text:
Earl of Surrey
English
Henry III of England
Edward I of England
Second Barons' War
Lewes
Guardian of Scotland
wars in Scotland
William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
Maud Marshal
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk
royal ward
Peter of Savoy
Alice le Brun de Lusignan
Spain
Eleanor of Castile
Simon de Montfort
Provisions of Oxford
Roger de Leybourne
siege
Rochester Castle
Battle of Lewes
Lewes Castle
Prince Edward
Battle of Evesham
Battle of Chesterfield
Kenilworth Castle
Lordship of Bromfield and Yale
Scotland
treaty of Birgham
Battle of Dunbar
William Wallace
Battle of Stirling Bridge
York
Falkirk
Edward I
Gloucester
Walter of Guisborough
quo warranto
William the Bastard
Kennington, Kent
Lewes Priory
Archbishop of Canterbury
Alice de Lusignan
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
Alnwick
Percy Family
Isabella
John Balliol
Edward Balliol
William
Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford
John
Alice de Warenne
Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel

categories: English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence,1304 deaths,13th-century English people,14th-century English people,English generals,Burials at Lewes Priory,Earls of Sussex (Peerage of England),1231 births,De Warenne family,Earls of Surrey

paragraph: John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey

paragraph: John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (1231c. 29 September 1304) was a prominent English nobleman and military commander during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. During the Second Barons' War he switched sides twice, ending up in support of the king, for whose capture he was present at Lewes in 1264. Warenne was later appointed a Guardian of Scotland and featured prominently in Edward I's wars in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and marriage.

paragraph: Warenne was the son and heir of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, and Maud Marshal. His mother was the daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and widow of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, making Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk his elder half-brother.

paragraph: A boy when his father died, Warenne became a royal ward. Peter of Savoy was appointed guardian of his holdings and Warenne was raised at the royal court. In 1247, he married Henry III's half-sister Alice le Brun de Lusignan, a marriage that created resentment amongst the English nobility, who did not like seeing a wealthy English nobleman marrying a penniless foreigner.

paragraph: During the following years, Warenne was closely associated with the court faction centering on his in-laws. In 1254, he accompanied the king's son Edward (the future Edward I) on Edward's journey to Spain to marry Eleanor of Castile.

paragraph: During the conflicts between Henry III and his barons, Warenne started as a strong supporter of the king, switched to support for Simon de Montfort, and then returned to the royalist party. He opposed the initial baronial reform plan of May 1258, but along with other opponents capitulated and took the oath of the Provisions of Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Second Barons' War.

paragraph: By 1260, Warenne had joined the party of Simon de Montfort, but switched back to the king's side in 1263. In April 1264, he and Roger de Leybourne were besieged by de Montfort at Rochester Castle. In April of the same year Warenne was present for the Battle of Lewes (fought near his ancestral home, Lewes Castle). After the capture of the king and Prince Edward he fled to the Continent, where he remained for about a year. His estates were confiscated but were subsequently restored. He returned to fight in the campaign which culminated in the Battle of Evesham, the Battle of Chesterfield and the siege of Kenilworth Castle.

paragraph: Warenne served in Edward I's Welsh campaigns in 1277, 1282, and 1283. In 1282 he received the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale in Wales. A good part of the following years were spent in Scotland. He was one of the negotiators for the 1289 treaty of Salisbury and for the 1290 treaty of Birgham, and accompanied the king on Edward's 1296 invasion of Scotland where he commanded the only major field action of that year in the Battle of Dunbar.

paragraph: Section::::Scotland.

paragraph: On 22 August 1296, the king appointed him "warden of the kingdom and land of Scotland". However Warenne returned to England a few months later claiming that the Scottish climate was bad for his health. The following spring saw the rebellion of William Wallace, Warenne was ordered to lead his army North by the King after initially refusing to return to Scotland. He was defeated by Wallace at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and fled to York.

paragraph: Nevertheless, the king appointed Warenne captain of the next campaign against the Scots in early 1298. He raised the siege of Roxburgh and re-took the town of Berwick. The king himself took the field later that year, and Warenne was one of the commanders during the decisive English victory at Falkirk.

paragraph: Section::::Quo Warranto?

paragraph: In 1278, Edward I called a parliament at Gloucester with the intention of determining which lords had usurped royal rights—specifically, rights of adjudication—and reclaiming those rights. Walter of Guisborough tells the story that the earl was served a writ of "quo warranto" ("by what warrant?") as a result of these proceedings. Warenne supposedly responded by drawing a rusty sword and exclaiming that this was his warrant, saying, "My ancestors came with William the Bastard, and conquered their lands with the sword, and I will defend them with the sword against anyone wishing to seize them."

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Warenne died on 29 September 1304 in Kennington, Kent. He was interred in Lewes Priory at a service conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was succeeded by his grandson, also called John.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Warenne and Alice de Lusignan had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor, who married Henry Percy and was the mother of Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Alnwick (see Percy Family)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella, who married John Balliol (briefly the King of Scots), and was the mother of Edward Balliol;

paragraph: BULLET::::- William, who married Joan, daughter of Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford, and was accidentally killed at a tournament on 15 December 1286. Their son John succeeded his grandfather as earl of Surrey; their daughter Alice de Warenne married Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700" by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 83-28, 153A-20, 153A-29, 161-27.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pegge, Samuel (1769). "A succinct and authentic narrative of the Battle of Chesterfield, A.D 1266 in the reign of King Henry III". Archaeologica. XXXVI: 276–285.

description: English Earl and general

wikidata_label: John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey

wikipedia_title: John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey


text: French science fiction

text: young adult

text: erotic

text: Anticipation

text: journey into the microcosmos

text: psychic

text: biologist

text: archeologist

text: UFO

text: close encounter

text: Erich Von Däniken

text: ancient astronauts

text: secret societies

text: lost civilizations

text: occult

text: conspiracies

text: Mars

text: aliens

text: Polaris

text: Deneb

text: crossover

text: investigative reporters

text: Jean Cocteau

text: tyrants

text: drug cartels

text: Knights Templar

text: parallel universe

text: sharecropping

text: Roland C. Wagner

text: Philippe Randa

text: Nicolas Gauthier

text: Laurent Genefort

text: Grey alien

text: Milton William Cooper

text: soucoupes volantes

text: Fleuve noir

text: soucoupes volantes

text: Paranormal

text: Cergy-Pontoise

text: Éditions du Rocher

text: Éditions Belfond

text: Presses de la Cité

text: Montségur

text: Rennes le Château

text: Rennes le Château

text: Théopolis

text: Le Monde du fleuve (noir)

categories: 20th-century French novelists,French male novelists,French science fiction writers,2000 deaths,1926 births

paragraph: Henri René Guieu

paragraph: Henri René Guieu (19 March 1926 – 2 January 2000) was a French science fiction writer and ufologist, who published primarily with the pseudonym Jimmy Guieu. He occasionally used other pseudonyms as well, including "Claude Vauzière" for a young adult series, "Jimmy G. Quint" (with Georges Pierquin) for a number of espionage novels, "Claude Rostaing" for two detective novels and "Dominique Verseau" for six erotic novels.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.

paragraph: Guieu was one of the authors published by Fleuve Noir company's "Anticipation" science fiction imprint.

paragraph: His first novel, "Le Pionnier de l'Atome" [The Pioneer of the Atom] (1952), concerned a journey into the microcosmos through psychic powers. With his second novel, "Au-delà de l'Infini" [Beyond Infinity] (1952), Guieu introduced the character of American biologist "Jerry Barclay" and reversed the theme. This time, it was our universe that was a microcosmos contained within the knee of a beautiful woman from a macrocosmos.

paragraph: Guieu continued the "Jerry Barclay" series for three more books.

paragraph: With "La Dimension X" [Dimension X] (1953) and "Nous les Martiens" [We The Martians] (1954), Guieu introduced a new hero: archeologist "Jean Kariven". In the "Kariven" series, Guieu began to explore his favorite themes such as UFOs, close encounters, Erich Von Däniken-like theories of ancient astronauts, secret societies, lost civilizations and occult conspiracies. Throughout his novels he featured footnotes claiming that the various facts upon which he was basing his tales were indeed "authentic". In "Nous les Martiens" [We The Martians], Kariven discovers that, during the remote past, men had emigrated to Earth from Mars. Eight more Kariven novels were published subsequently, often pitting good aliens from Polaris versus evil aliens from Deneb with Earth secretly caught in the middle. "Univers Parallèles" [Parallel Universes] featured a crossover with Jerry Barclay.

paragraph: Guieu continued to exploit his UFO and occult theme with increasing success. After the "Kariven" series, he published a number of novels unrelated to each other, except for two that featured a team of American investigative reporters, "Ericksson and Wendell": "Les Monstres du Néant" [The Monsters From The Void] (1956) and "Les Êtres de Feu" [The Beings of Fire] (1956).

paragraph: He also wrote two non-fiction books about UFOs, one of the very first published into the story of ufology, "Les Soucoupes Volantes viennent d'un Autre Monde" [The Flying Saucers Come From Another World] and "Black-Out sur les Soucoupes Volantes" [Black-Out on the Flying Saucers], the latter prefaced by Jean Cocteau, and by the 1970s, had become a major French ufologist.

paragraph: Simultaneously, Guieu began to chronicle the exploits of two daring space traders, Blade and Baker. The series began with "Les Forbans de l'Espace" [The Space Pirates] (1963).

paragraph: During 1967, with "Le Retour des Dieux" [The Return of the Gods], Guieu revamped the Kariven character into that of journalist Gilles Novak who, with the help of his girl-friend Régine Véran, and various friends and allies, often real-life friends of Guieu or thinly-disguised real-life figures, fought against would-be tyrants, communists, terrorists, drug cartels and various alien menaces. Novak was helped in his struggles by Michael Merkavim, the commander of a new, powerful Order of Knights Templar, equipped with futuristic weapons and based in a parallel universe. Merkavim was introduced in "Les Sept Sceaux du Cosmos" [The Seven Seals of the Cosmos] (1968) and "L'Ordre Vert" [The Green Order] (1969).

paragraph: The theme was later developed as the Les Chevaliers de Lumière ("The Knights of Light") sub-series.

paragraph: Guieu was granted his own imprint during 1979. At first, it reprinted rewritten, updated versions of his original novels, then it began publishing a series of "sharecropping" novels, featuring "Gilles Novak", "Blade and Baker", "Jean Kariven," etc., written by other writers, mostly Roland C. Wagner, but also Philippe Randa, Nicolas Gauthier and Laurent Genefort.

paragraph: During the early 1990s, Jimmy Guieu wrote two docu-dramas, using as plot the Grey aliens / Majestic-12 conspiracy as described by John Lear and Milton William Cooper : the series "E.B.E." (for "Extraterrestrial Biological Entity") : "E.B.E. : Alerte rouge" (first part) (1990) and "E.B.E. : L'entité noire d'Andamooka" (second part) (1991).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Documentaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les soucoupes volantes viennent d'un autre monde", Fleuve noir, 1954, 254 pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black-Out sur les soucoupes volantes", Vaugirard, 1956, 392 pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Livre du Paranormal", 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contacts Ovni Cergy-Pontoise", J. Guieu, F. Fontaine, J.P. Prévost, S. N'diaye, Éditions du Rocher 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le monde étrange des contactés", Éditions Belfond 1986 / Re-published with the title : "Nos « Maîtres » les extraterrestres", Presses de la Cité, 1992, 344 pages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terre, ta civilisation fout le camp" (unpublished, but has been divulgated on the Web), 1998

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Science fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Pionnier de l'atome" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Au-delà de l'infini" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Invasion de la Terre" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hantise sur le monde" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Univers vivant" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La dimension X" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nous les martiens" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La spirale du temps" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le monde oublié" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'homme de l'espace" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opération Aphrodite" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commandos de l'espace" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'agonie du verre" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Univers parallèles" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nos ancêtres de l'avenir" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Monstres du néant" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prisonniers du passé" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les êtres de feu" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La mort de la vie" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le règne des mutants" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Créatures des neiges" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cité Noé 2" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le rayon du cube" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Convulsions solaires" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Réseau dinosaure" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La force sans visage" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expédition cosmique" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les cristaux de Capella" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piège dans l'espace" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chasseurs d'hommes" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les sphères de Rapa-Nui" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'ère des biocybs" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expérimental X-35" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spoutnik VII a disparu" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planète en péril" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La caverne du futur" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La grande épouvante" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'invisible alliance" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trafic interstellaire" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le secret des Tshengz" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opération Ozma" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'âge noir de la Terre" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oniria" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Echec aux Végans" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mission "T"" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les forbans de l'espace" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Projet King" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les destructeurs" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les portes de Thulé" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le retour des Dieux" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les sept sceaux du cosmos" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joklun-n'ghar la maudite" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La terreur invisible" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Refuge cosmique" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'ordre vert" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traquenard sur Kenndor" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demain l'apocalypse" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'arche du temps" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le triangle de la mort" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plan catapulte" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les orgues de Satan" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La voix qui venait d'ailleurs" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le grand mythe" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La charnière du temps" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enjeu cosmique" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les maîtres de la galaxie" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les rescapés du néant" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La mission effacée" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opération Neptune" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les germes du chaos" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les veilleurs de Poséïdon" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'exilé de Xantar" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le maître du temps" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manipulations psi" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les pièges de Koondra" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les fugitifs de Zwolna" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Krolls de Vorlna" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le bouclier de Boongoha" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La stase achronique" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La colonie perdue" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La lumière de Thot" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les légions de Bartzouk" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les yeux de l'épouvante" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiéroush, la planète promise" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La clé du mandala" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les fils du serpent" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La force noire" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le pacte de Kannlor" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La terreur venue du néant" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narkoum, finances rouges" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plan d'extermination" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Réseau Alpha" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'héritage de Noé" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les sentiers invisibles" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'empire des ténèbres" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le piège du val maudit" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magie rouge" (1992) (Adaptation from a project of TV scenario written in 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psiboy, l'enfant du cosmos" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un terrestre extra" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "E.B.E. 1: Alerte rouge" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "E.B.E. 2: L'entité noire d'Andamooka" (1991)

paragraph: Into the 2000s, the éditions "Rivières blanches" have published some unpublished novels: "Les dossiers du glaive" (2008) and "Psycho-évolution Rh" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Espionage/detective (co-writing with Georges Pierquin, and under the name Jimmy G. Quint).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Habanita n'y est pour rien" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prisonnières des sadiques" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destination cataclysme" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vengez ma trahison" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pouvoirs spéciaux" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vipères sous roche" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alerte zone 54" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le repaire des maudits" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Une garce nommée Bianca" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moscou, heure espace" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traquenard à l'OTAN" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plan Hérode 65" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baroud à Bendor" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terreur à Ouranos" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les corruptibles" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rhapsodie en rouge" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ombres sur l'Ancerville" (1967)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Erotic stories (under the name Dominique Verseau).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yolanda et les voluptés cosmiques" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yolanda et la planète aux supplices" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les esclaves de l'espace" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'univers érotique" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holocauste pour une momie" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Des nymphes pour le diable" (1991)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Documentary films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O.V.N.I. - E.B.E. - L'invasion a commencé" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les vies antérieures - Etapes vers la lumière" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Cathares - Le message de Montségur" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rennes le Château 1 - Le grand mystère" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les lieux hantés - Au-delà ou autres dimensions ?" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les gouvernants secrets 1 - Nos visiteurs : les extraterrestres" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les gouvernants secrets 2 - Nos maîtres : les extraterrestres" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les gouvernants secrets 3 - Extraterrestres : les ambassadeurs" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contacts espace-temps - Jean-Claude Pantel et ses étranges visiteurs" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "OVNI - USA - Nouvelles révélations" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les vortex - Les dimensions cachées" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rennes le Château 2 - Demain : l'héritage révélé" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Théopolis - La cité oubliée" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "OVNI en France - Les vérités cachées" (1994)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Four reference articles on Jimmy Guieu by Richard D. Nolane, written in French, are available at the Le Monde du fleuve (noir) website.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jimmy Guieu's complete international bibliography (1952–2009)

alias:
Jimmy Guieu
Claude Vauzière
Jimmy G. Quint
Claude Rostaing
Dominique Verseau
Henri Rene Guieu
Claude Vauziere

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Henri René Guieu

wikipedia_title: Henri René Guieu


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Castleford
West Riding of Yorkshire
lance-corporal
Tyneside Irish
Northumberland Fusiliers
British Army
First World War
Battle of Arras
Arras
Rugby league
Castleford
Imperial War Museum
Victoria Cross Trust
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Castleford info
Stourbridge-born VC hero
Location of grave and VC medal
VC medal auction details

categories: English rugby league players,British Army personnel of World War I,People from Stourbridge,Castleford Tigers players,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers soldiers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1945 deaths,1882 births

paragraph: Thomas Bryan (VC)

paragraph: Thomas Bryan VC (21 January 1882 – 13 October 1945) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Byran was born in Worcestershire, but grew up in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He moved as a toddler with his family who headed north to find work in the Yorkshire collieries. His father worked as a miner at the Whitwood Colliery. Byran followed his father into the mines working at Askern Colliery.

paragraph: Section::::VC action.

paragraph: Bryan was 35 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 25th (Service) Battalion (2nd Tyneside Irish), Northumberland Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War at the Battle of Arras when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 9 April 1917 near Arras, France, during an attack Lance-Corporal Bryan although wounded, went forward alone in order to silence a machine-gun which was inflicting much damage. He worked his way along the communication trench, approached the gun from behind, disabled it and killed two of the team. The results obtained by Lance-Corporal Bryan's action were very far-reaching.

paragraph: Section::::Rugby league.

paragraph: Bryan played Rugby league for Castleford in the 1906-07 season, at the end of which the club withdrew from the Northern Union for financial reasons.

paragraph: His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London. His grave is maintained by the Victoria Cross Trust

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Sutton, 1998)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (archived by web.archive.org) Castleford info

paragraph: BULLET::::- (archived by web.archive.org) Stourbridge-born VC hero

paragraph: BULLET::::- (archived by web.archive.org) Location of grave and VC medal "(South Yorkshire)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (archived by web.archive.org) VC medal auction details

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Thomas Bryan

wikipedia_title: Thomas Bryan (VC)


text: East German

text: Gleiwitz

text: Upper Silesia

text: Poland

text: Breslau

text: Kiel

text: Communist Party of Germany

text: Nazis

text: Moscow

text: Marx-Engels Institute

text: Anti-fascist School

text: German prisoners of war

text: Socialist Unity Party

text: National Democratic Party of Germany

text: Wehrmacht

text: People's Chamber

text: Deputy Prime Ministers of the GDR

text: Anton Ackermann

text: Presidium

text: National Front

text: Society for German-Soviet Friendship

text: East Berlin

categories: Communist Party of Germany politicians,Members of the 7th Volkskammer,National Committee for a Free Germany members,Members of the 4th Volkskammer,Members of the 6th Volkskammer,Recipients of the Star of People's Friendship,Members of the 2nd Volkskammer,Members of the 8th Volkskammer,Grand Cordons of the Order of the Nile,1986 deaths,Recipients of the Banner of Labor,Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union,Members of the 3rd Volkskammer,Foreign Ministers of East Germany,Members of the Provisional Volkskammer,People from Gliwice,People from the Province of Silesia,National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany) politicians,Members of the 1st Volkskammer,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp),Members of the 5th Volkskammer,Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta,1903 births,Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians

paragraph: Lothar Bolz

paragraph: Lothar Bolz (3 September 190328 December 1986) was an East German politician. From 1953 to 1965 he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of East Germany (GDR).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lothar Bolz was born in Gleiwitz in Upper Silesia, now Poland, on 3 September 1903. His father was a watchmaker.

paragraph: He studied law at the universities of Breslau and Kiel. After his study he worked as a lawyer in Breslau In 1930, he joined the Communist Party of Germany. After the Nazis came to power in 1933 he was no longer allowed to work as a lawyer because of his political affiliation. Bolz went to Moscow, finding work as a teacher at the Marx-Engels Institute. From 1941 to 1945 he was headteacher of the Anti-fascist School, which aimed to indoctrinate German prisoners of war against fascism. During his stay in the Soviet Union, he became a Soviet citizen and retained dual citizenship.

paragraph: In 1947, he returned to Germany and joined the East German Socialist Unity Party, but in 1948 he founded the Communist-sponsored National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD). Many members of the NDPD were former Nazis and former Wehrmacht officers. From 1948 to 1972 he was the chairman of the NDPD. In 1949 he became a member of the People's Chamber (Parliament) and from 1949 to 1953 he was the Minister of Construction. From 1950 to 1967 he was one of the Deputy Prime Ministers of the GDR. In 1953, being the successor of Foreign Minister Anton Ackermann. He stayed in the office until 1965. From 1950 to his death he was a member of the Presidium of the National Front. He also acted as the chairman of Society for German-Soviet Friendship from 1968 to 1978.

paragraph: Bolz died on 28 December 1986 in East Berlin at the age of 83.

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Lothar Bolz

wikipedia_title: Lothar Bolz


text: VC

text: Victoria Cross

text: Indian Mutiny

text: Stalybridge

text: Bengal Artillery

text: Commissary

text: Bengal Establishment

text: British East India Company

text: Indian Mutiny

text: Delhi

text: India

text: George Forrest

text: William Raynor

text: Battle of Badli-ki-Serai

text: Provost Marshal

text: Meerut

text: Queen Victoria

text: Southsea Common

text: Poplar

text: Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park

text: Royal Army Ordnance Corps

text: The Royal Logistic Corps Museum

text: Camberley

text: public house

text: Stalybridge

text: Buckley Barracks

text: Royal Logistic Corps

text: Hullavington

text: Defence Storage and Distribution Centre

text: Bicester

text: Jim Fitzpatrick

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: People from Stalybridge,British recipients of the Victoria Cross,1813 births,1876 deaths,British Indian Army officers,British East India Company Army officers

paragraph: John Buckley (VC)

paragraph: Major John Buckley VC (24 May 1813 – 14 July 1876) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross. He was the 115th recipient of the award and the first of 182 awarded during the Indian Mutiny (1358 have been awarded in total).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Buckley was born in a cottage on Cocker Hill in Stalybridge, Cheshire on 24 May 1813 and was baptised in Old St George's Church. He was destined to have a tragic family life though he himself thwarted death many times. His early employment was in the textile industry, working locally at Harrison's Mill and then Bayley's Mill. Recognising that his ambitions went beyond mill work, Buckley left home at Christmas 1831 to travel to Manchester, where he enlisted at the Recruiting Office into the Bengal Artillery. He joined the Regiment as a Gunner at Chatham and on 20 June 1832 he embarked on HMS Layton at Gravesend to join his unit in India.

paragraph: He married fourteen year old Mary Ann Broadway on 28 July 1835 at Chunar, India. He was then stationed at Fort William, Calcutta. By 1845 his wife and two of his three children had died of tropical disease. He then married Esther Hunter at Allahabad, India on 17 August 1846. In 1852 the surviving daughter from his first marriage died, and in the following year two sons by his second marriage also died.

paragraph: He was promoted Corporal on 31 August 1840, Sergeant on 1 September 1853, and being able to speak several Indian dialects he gained a position with the Bengal Veterans' Establishment as a Sub-Conductor on 21 April 1854. He was appointed Staff Conductor on 26 May 1856, and in 1857 he took his wife and three surviving children to Delhi, where he became Assistant Commissary of Ordnance and was employed at the Great Magazine, a storehouse for guns and ammunition.

paragraph: Section::::Defence of the Magazine at Delhi.

paragraph: Buckley was 43 years old, and a Deputy Assistant Commissary of Ordnance in the Commissariat Department (Bengal Establishment) of the British East India Company during the Indian Mutiny when the following took place on 11 May 1857 at Delhi, India for which he was awarded the VC. Deputy Assistant Commissary Buckley was one of nine men who defended the ammunition storehouse for more than five hours against large numbers of mutineers. When the wall was being scaled and hope of outside help was gone, they blew up the ammunition, killing many of the mutineers. Of the defenders, five died in the explosion and one shortly afterwards, while Buckley, George Forrest, and William Raynor survived. His citation in the London Gazette reads:

paragraph: Section::::Remaining life.

paragraph: He was captured by the enemy and soon learnt that his entire family had been ruthlessly murdered by the rebels. He had now lost two wives and eight children in total and wanted to live no longer. He begged for death from his captors but they refused to kill him on account of his bravery at the magazine.

paragraph: On escaping to the British lines he volunteered for every dangerous mission he could in order to vent his anger and seek revenge. He was present at the Battle of Badli-ki-Serai on 8 June 1857, and three attacks of sunstroke left him weak and ill, but he survived. He was then appointed Provost Marshal at Meerut, where one of his duties was to superintend the execution of 150 rebels. He devised their punishment of being strapped to the muzzle of a cannon and blown apart. Buckley was promoted to Lieutenant on 18 October 1858. He became ill again and the Medical Board at Fort William, Calcutta, granted him two years leave. He departed for Britain on 21 May 1858 and arrived home on 6 July.

paragraph: John Buckley was invested with his Victoria Cross by Queen Victoria on the 2nd August 1858 during a parade of the garrison on Southsea Common, Portsmouth.

paragraph: He returned to Stalybridge in September 1858, but soon left again for India. Buckley retired as a Major on 1 October 1861, returned to England and lived for may years with his final wife, Sara, at 213 East India Dock Road, Poplar until his death on 14 July 1876, aged 63. He was laid to rest at Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park, Mile End in common ground.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: Buckley has no direct descendants but a great-niece survived until 1955, at which time his VC was purchased by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps for ₤11,000. His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Royal Logistic Corps Museum at Camberley, Surrey, England.

paragraph: Section::::Commemorations.

paragraph: A blue plaque to commemorate Buckley's life is sited at the Travellers Call public house in Stalybridge.

paragraph: Buckley Barracks, home of 9 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps (formed from the amalgamation of the RAOC/RCT) at Hullavington, Wiltshire is named for him.

paragraph: Buckley House, the official residence of the commander of the Defence Storage and Distribution Centre at Bicester is also named after Buckley.

paragraph: His grave was left unmarked for 136 years until it was found by Doreen Kendall in 2012. Two years later the grave was marked with a headstone in a ceremony on 14 July 2014, which was attended by Jim Fitzpatrick MP, soldiers from 9 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps and the Victoria Cross Trust.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(E. London)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- An account of the Indian Mutiny and the Buckley VC – extract from RAOC Gazette, February 1988, pp386–388 at www.rlc-conductor.info

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: John Buckley

wikipedia_title: John Buckley (VC)


text:
English
educationalist
Eton College
Eton College
King's College, Cambridge
John Keate
Francis Hodgson
Old Christopher Inn
Montem
Prince Albert
essay
provost of Eton
Mapledurham
Mezzofanti
hexameter
Homer
Iliad
Matthew Arnold
On Translating Homer

categories: People educated at Eton College,Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,1862 deaths,Members of The Club,1789 births

paragraph: Edward Craven Hawtrey

paragraph: Edward Craven Hawtrey (7 May 1789 – 27 January 1862) was an English educationalist, headmaster and later provost of Eton College.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Burnham, Bucks, the son of the vicar of the parish. He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and in 1814 was appointed assistant master at Eton under John Keate. In 1834 he became headmaster of Eton, which role he performed until 1853, when he was elected Provost of Eton following the death of Francis Hodgson. While he was headmaster and Hodgson was Provost, new buildings were erected, including the school library and the sanatorium, the college chapel was restored, the Old Christopher Inn was closed, and the custom of Montem, the collection by street begging of funds for the university expenses of the captain of the school, was suppressed.

paragraph: Hawtrey is supposed to have suggested the modern language prizes given by Prince Albert, and himself founded the prize for English essay. In 1852 he became provost of Eton, and in 1854 vicar of Mapledurham. He was buried in the Eton College chapel.

paragraph: On account of his command of languages, he was known in London as "the English Mezzofanti", and he was a book collector of the finest taste. Among his own books are some translations from the English into Italian, German and Greek. He had a considerable reputation as a writer of English hexameters and as a judge of Homeric translation: his translation of a brief passage from the "Iliad" was described by Matthew Arnold, in "On Translating Homer", as "the most successful attempt hitherto made at rendering Homer into English".

description: Head MAster of Eton College

wikidata_label: Edward Craven Hawtrey

wikipedia_title: Edward Craven Hawtrey


text:
Chippenham
rector
Langley Burrell
Bath
Francis Kilvert
Wadham College, Oxford
Church of England
curate
Welsh Marches
Hereford
Hay on Wye
curate
Clyro
Llanigon
vicar
St Harmon
Bredwardine
Paris
Scotland
peritonitis
diaries
William Plomer
abridged
Ardizzone's
World War II
The Folio Society
Blitz
Cornish
Cornwall
National Library of Wales
Weston-super-Mare
machine
paedophilia
John Betjeman
BBC
Film - Kilvert's Diary (1977)
Audio recording – Kilvert's Diary

categories: People from Chippenham,1879 deaths,Social nudity advocates,Deaths from peritonitis,1840 births,English diarists,Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford

paragraph: Francis Kilvert

paragraph: Robert Francis Kilvert (3 December 184023 September 1879), always known as Francis, or Frank, was an English clergyman whose diaries reflected rural life in the 1870s, and were published over fifty years after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kilvert was born on 3 December 1840 at The Rectory, Hardenhuish Lane, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, to the Rev. Robert Kilvert, rector of Langley Burrell, Wiltshire, and Thermuthis, daughter of Walter Coleman and Thermuthis Ashe.

paragraph: He was educated privately in Bath by his uncle, Francis Kilvert, before going up to Wadham College, Oxford. He then entered the Church of England and became a rural curate, working primarily in the Welsh Marches between Hereford and Hay on Wye.

paragraph: Initially, from 1863 to 1864, he was curate to his father at Langley Burrell, and in 1865 he became curate of Clyro, Radnorshire. Kilvert started his diary on 1 January 1870 whilst incumbent at Clyro and, from his writings, seemed to have basked in his life within the Welsh countryside, often writing numerous pages describing his surroundings and the parishioners that he visited.

paragraph: In late 1871 he fell in love with Frances Eleanor Jane Thomas, the youngest daughter of the vicar of Llanigon, a parish not far from Clyro, and asked her father permission to wed her. Due to his position as a lowly curate, Frances' father looked unfavourably on the diarist and refused his request. After receiving this rejection he wrote in his diary that "The sun seemed to have gone out of the sky". It was shortly after this, in 1872, that Kilvert resigned his position as curate of Clyro, and left the village forever returning to his father's parish of Langley Burrell. From 1876 to 1877 he was vicar of St Harmon, Radnorshire, and from 1877 to his death in 1879 he was vicar of Bredwardine, Herefordshire.

paragraph: In August 1879 he married Elizabeth Ann Rowland (1846–1911), whom he had met on a visit to Paris, but he died a few days after returning from his honeymoon in Scotland from peritonitis, aged 38, and was buried at Bredwardine.

paragraph: Section::::Diaries.

paragraph: Kilvert is best known as the author of voluminous diaries describing rural life. After his death, his diaries were edited and censored, possibly by his widow. Later they were passed on to William Plomer who transcribed the remaining diaries and edited and published a three-volume selection "Selections from the Diary of the Rev. Francis Kilvert" (Jonathan Cape, Vol I: 1870–1871 pub. 1938, Vol II: 1871–1874 pub.1939, Vol III: 1874–1879 pub.1940), and later a one-volume selection "Kilvert's Diary, 1870–1879" (Jonathan Cape, 1944—corrected in 1960, and with an abridged and illustrated version for children published as "Ardizzone's Kilvert" in 1976). Published in the wake of World War II, the first editions of the diaries were well received by the public when, in a period of bombing and rationing they provided an escapism back to the simpler and happier times of the mid Victorian era, still just within living memory.

paragraph: A different selection from Plomer's original version was published as "Journal of a Country Curate: Selections from the Diary of Francis Kilvert" by The Folio Society in 1960. In 1992 a new selection was published under the editorship of David Lockwood, "Kilvert, the Victorian: A New Selection from Kilvert's Diaries" (Seren Books, 1992). Out of print since 1970, the three-volume indexed edition was reprinted in 2006 by O'Donoghue Books. In the 1950s, whilst Plomer was contemplating further publication of the remaining journals, it was found that the majority of the surviving diaries had been destroyed by their then owner; an elderly niece of Kilvert's, who claimed to have done so to protect "private family matters." This had occurred during a clear out of various personal papers, prior to moving into a residential care home. When confronted by this information Plomer was said to have recalled he "could have strangled her with his bare hands." Only the three volumes listed below survived, which the said niece gave to other people. Plomer's own transcription was destroyed by fire in the Blitz.

paragraph: Despite Kilvert's niece's actions she ironically was a Vice-President, and an avid member of the Kilvert Society for many years up until her death in 1964.

paragraph: Francis Kilvert was also known to have privately published pleasant but conventional poetry.

paragraph: The "Cornish Diary: Journal No.4, 1870—From 19 July to 6 August, Cornwall" was published by Alison Hodge in 1989. The National Library of Wales, which holds two of the three surviving volumes, published "The Diary of Francis Kilvert: April–June 1870" in 1982 and "The Diary of Francis Kilvert: June–July 1870" in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Nudism.

paragraph: Kilvert was an enthusiast for public bathing in the nude, which he regarded as natural and healthy. The first entry in Kilvert's diaries in which he records his naked bathing was for 4 September 1872, at Weston-super-Mare. He writes: "Bathing in the morning before breakfast from a machine. Many people were openly stripping on the sands a little further on and running down into the sea and I would have done the same but I had brought down no towels of my own". However, next day Kilvert joins in the fun: "I was out early before breakfast this morning bathing from the sands. There was a delicious feeling of freedom in stripping in the open air and running down naked to the sea where the waves were curling white with foam and the red morning sunshine glowing upon the naked limbs of the bathers".

paragraph: Section::::Relationships with girls.

paragraph: Several modern writers have commented on passages in the diaries describing interactions with young girls which these days might raise suspicions of paedophilia.

paragraph: Section::::Adaptations to film.

paragraph: A John Betjeman BBC television documentary on Kilvert, "Vicar of this Parish", was shown in 1976. This led to "Kilvert's Diary" being dramatised (18 × 15-minute episodes) on British television between 1977 and 1978, with Timothy Davies in the title role. All episodes survive.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film - Kilvert's Diary (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audio recording – Kilvert's Diary

description: British writer

wikidata_label: Francis Kilvert

wikipedia_title: Francis Kilvert


text: VC

text: Limerick

text: Ireland

text: Irish

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: County Limerick, Ireland

text: 94th Regiment of Foot

text: Dublin

text: Burslem

text: Taku Forts

text: China

text: Second China War

text: 67th Regiment of Foot

text: British Army

text: Thomas Lane

text: captain

text: New Zealand

text: North Island

text: Thames River

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Ireland's VCs

text: Monuments to Courage

text: Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,1837 births,People from County Limerick,Irish officers in the British Army,19th-century Irish people,Deaths by drowning,1865 deaths,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,British Army personnel of the Second Opium War,Accidental deaths in New Zealand,Settlers of New Zealand,67th Regiment of Foot officers

paragraph: Nathaniel Burslem

paragraph: Nathaniel Godolphin Burslem VC (2 February 1837 – 14 July 1865), born in Limerick, Ireland; was by birth both Irish and by descent English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Burslem was born 2 February 1836 in County Limerick, Ireland, the son of George James Burslem of the 94th Regiment of Foot and Susan (née Vokes), of Limerick (married Dublin 15 March 1836). His father was English, and traced his family back to the town of Burslem in Staffordshire. His grandfather was Colonel Nathaniel Godolphin Burslem who was awarded the Gold Medal - the forerunner of the VC Medal.

paragraph: On 21 August 1860 at the Taku Forts, China, during the Second China War Lieutenant Burslem, then aged 24 and serving in the 67th Regiment of Foot, British Army, and Private Thomas Lane of his regiment displayed great gallantry for which they were both awarded the VC. They swam the ditches of the North Taku Fort and attempted, during the assault and before an entrance had been effected by anyone, to enlarge an opening in the wall, through which they eventually entered. In doing so, they were both severely wounded.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Royal Hampshire Regiment Museum & Memorial Garden, Winchester, England. He later achieved the rank of captain before selling his commission and sailing, along with his brother John Godolphin Burslem, to New Zealand. He arrived in 1865 and bought land in the North Island and was planning to grow flax, but he and an acquaintance capsized their canoe on the Thames River, both drowning on 14 July 1865. His body was not recovered.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Nathaniel Burslem

wikipedia_title: Nathaniel Burslem


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Southport

text: Uppingham School

text: Belmont, Lancashire

text: Egerton

text: Bolton

text: lieutenant

text: Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)

text: British Army

text: Second World War

text: Guiriat El Atach

text: Tunisia

text: Gen. Walter Congreve

text: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Lt. Frederick Roberts

text: Maj. William La Touche Congreve

text: British VCs of World War 2

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: British military personnel killed in World War II,1943 deaths,People from Southport,People educated at Uppingham School,British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,1919 births,Loyal Regiment officers,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke

paragraph: Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke VC (8 June 1919 – 23 April 1943) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was born in Southport, and was educated at Uppingham School. He married Dorothy Irene Deakin at the United Reformed Church in Belmont, Lancashire in 1941, and they lived in Egerton, near Bolton.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Sandys-Clarke was a 23-year-old lieutenant in the 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire), British Army during the Second World War when he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 23 April 1943 at Guiriat El Atach, Tunisia, Lieutenant Clarke's company was counter-attacked and almost wiped out, he being the sole remaining officer. Although wounded in the head, he gathered a composite platoon together and advancing to attack the position again met heavy fire from a machine-gun post. He manoeuvred his men to give covering fire and then tackled the post single-handed, killing or capturing the crew and knocking out the gun. He dealt similarly with two other posts and then led his platoon to the objective, but was killed when he later went forward to tackle two sniper posts single-handed.

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: Sandys-Clarke was related to four other recipients of the award:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gen. Walter Congreve (Colenso)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (Khudaganj)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lt. Frederick Roberts (Colenso)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maj. William La Touche Congreve (Somme)

paragraph: The medal is retained by his family and is not on public display.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commonwealth War Graves Commission for Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke

wikipedia_title: Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke


text: General

text: British Indian Army

text: Victoria Cross

text: Commonwealth

text: Anglo-Indian

text: Wellington College

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: second lieutenant

text: South Wales Borderers

text: London Gazette

text: South Wales Borderers

text: Indian Army

text: India Medal

text: Relief of Chitral

text: Northwest Frontier

text: Central Africa Medal

text: Africa General Service Medal

text: Central African Rifles

text: Ghana

text: Ashanti Wars

text: War of the Golden Stool

text: Kumasi

text: Charles John Melliss

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: Erigo

text: Maxim gun

text: Central Africa Battalion

text: Victoria Cross

text: Somali campaign

text: Africa General Service Medal

text: brevet

text: Sir John French

text: Companion of the Order of the Bath

text: British Indian Army

text: Sir Douglas Haig

text: Mesopotamia

text: III Indian Corps

text: Kut-al-Amara

text: Baghdad

text: Sharqat

text: Commander of the Legion of Honour

text: Military Secretary to the India Office

text: General Officer Commanding

text: Northern Command

text: South Wales Borderers

text: Sir Albert Bowen, 1st Baronet

text: Sharnbrook

text: Anne Philippa

text: flying officer

text: Royal Air Force

text: Battle of Britain

text: Malawi army

text: Zomba

text: King's African Rifles

text: Malawi Rifles

text: Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh

text: The Barracks, Brecon

text: Powys

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British military personnel of the Third Somaliland Expedition,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,King's African Rifles officers,Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus,Indian Staff Corps officers,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,Indian Army personnel of World War I,British military personnel of the War of the Golden Stool,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition,People from Nainital,Cobbe family,1870 births,People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire,British Indian Army generals,1931 deaths,South Wales Borderers officers,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India

paragraph: Alexander Cobbe

paragraph: General Sir Alexander Stanhope Cobbe (6 June 1870 – 29 June 1931) was a senior British Indian Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alexander Stanhope Cobbe was born on 5 June 1870 in Naini Tal, Bengal Presidency, India, the third child and second son of Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Hugh Cobbe and Emily Barbara Cobbe, née Jones. Through his father's family he was descended from Charles Cobbe (1686–1765), archbishop of Dublin; his grandmother, the wife of Colonel Thomas Cobbe, was Nuzzeer Begum Khan, thereby making Alexander a distinguished Anglo-Indian. Alexander had two sisters and four brothers; of the latter two became lieutenant colonels in the British Army and one a captain in the Royal Navy. In 1881 he was a pupil at Eagle House School, Wimbledon. He went on to Wellington College and then followed his elder brother Henry Hercules Cobbe to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from where he passed out in 1889. At the age of 19 he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the South Wales Borderers.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: The highlights of Cobbe's military career can be tracked by the regular records of his promotions and deeds published in the "London Gazette". In March 1892 he was promoted to lieutenant and later in the same year he was seconded to the Indian Army Staff Corps. This secondment led to his permanent transfer from the South Wales Borderers in 1894. The purpose of the Indian Staff Corps was not only to provide officers for headquarters' staff but, far more broadly, for the native Indian regiments, the army departments and also for civil and political appointments for which Indian Army officers might be eligible. In 1903, in order to avoid confusion, the designation 'Indian Staff Corps' as applied to officers on regimental duty was withdrawn and replaced by the more appropriate term 'Indian Army', which is how Cobbe was referred to in all later "Gazette" entries. In India in 1895 Cobbe gained his first medal, the India Medal (1895–1902), with the clasp “Relief of Chitral”. This campaign was one of the many on the Northwest Frontier to quell unrest against British rule.

paragraph: His next medals, however, were to be gained in Africa. At this time many regiments of the Indian Army were sent to Africa to support British foreign policy in the region. On this continent Cobbe was kept busy on several minor colonial campaigns gaining him the Central Africa Medal with clasp “Central Africa 1894–1898”, the East and West Africa Medal (1887–1900) and the Africa General Service Medal with the clasp “B.C.A 1898–1899” (British Central Africa, later Nyasaland and today Malawi). In October 1899 Cobbe was appointed second in command of the 1st Battalion, Central African Rifles, and given the local rank of captain.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Ashanti War.

paragraph: By July 1900 Cobbe was commanding the Central Africa Regiment and had been given the local rank of major. Earlier that year, a major rebellion had erupted in West Africa, in what is now Ghana, and this developed into the final campaign of the Ashanti Wars, known as the War of the Golden Stool.

paragraph: The initial thrust of the campaign was to relieve the fort at Kumasi, which was achieved by the end of July. Cobbe was then sent out with a column of 300 men to help clear the surrounding area. In the dense bush he came across a large body of the enemy protected by stout stockades. After heavy fighting Cobbe managed to outflank the enemy and put them to flight, although himself being "severely wounded". This did not prevent some veiled criticism from his commander concerning the delay in putting in the final attack and Cobbe did not feature among the 20 or so individuals mentioned in the despatch as being recommended for favourable notice for having "rendered good service", although he was listed among those "having done good work". Despite his wounds, by late September he was involved in further clearing up operations and led his men on the left flank of a major attack. On the right was Major Charles John Melliss, who was to be awarded the VC in this campaign. In the next despatch Cobbe was individually mentioned: "Captain (local Major) A. S. Cobbe, Indian Staff Corps. – Severely wounded 6 August. He is an Officer to be thoroughly trusted, and commanded in several fights, where he invariably did well. I hope he will be rewarded." Cobbe was indeed rewarded as in November 1900 he was promoted to the substantive rank of captain in the Indian Staff Corps, and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), as well as being awarded the Ashanti Medal with clasp "Kumassi".

paragraph: In January 1902 Cobbe was granted the local rank of lieutenant colonel and appointed Commandant of the 1st (Central Africa) Battalion, the King's African Rifles, and in this post he deployed with his men to British Somaliland to take part in the "Mad Mullah War". The Mullah (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) had been agitating against British rule in the Somaliland protectorate since 1899 and in 1901 a first British expedition beat him and his Dervish forces and caused him to retreat into the desert interior. However, by the end of the year the Mullah had recommenced raiding and a second expedition, including Cobbe and his men, was mounted against him. On 6 October, while marching through dense bush at Erigo, the British force was ambushed and then rushed by the Dervishes. Although the north face of the square was pierced and a Maxim gun lost the Yao Company of the Central Africa Battalion recovered the situation. The Mullah lost some 700 men and retreated. The British force was not able to continue the pursuit, and returned to Berbera. The Maxim lost during the battle was recovered in the last campaign against the Mullah in 1920, and stands in the Malawi Army’s "Cobbe Barracks" in Zomba.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Somaliland Campaign.:Victoria Cross.

paragraph: It was at Erigo (or Erego) during this campaign that Cobbe won his Victoria Cross. The announcement of the award was made in the London Gazette of 20 January 1903 with the description of his act of courage as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Further campaigning.

paragraph: Still in Somaliland in 1903, Cobbe was commanding a flying column ahead of the main body moving against the Mullah. He had orders to secure the water supply at Wardair. Having established a zariba (a camp fortified with a thorn hedge) near Gumburu, he had cause to send forward a company of men under Lieutenant Colonel Plunkett to secure the return of a small scouting party. The company was overwhelmed by a large Dervish force and Plunkett, all his British and Indian soldiers, and most of the native levies with him were killed. It was a major disaster. Cobbe testified that he had given Plunkett strict instructions not to engage the main body of the enemy and explicitly stated that Plunkett had disobeyed his orders. Cobbe was at the final major battle of the war, Jidballi, on 10 January 1904, but seems to have attracted no mention in despatches. The Somali campaign added two clasps to his Africa General Service Medal: "Somaliland 1902–04" and "Jidballi".

paragraph: As a further reward for his services, in September 1904 Cobbe was "noted for consideration of the Brevet rank of Lieutenant-Colonel on attaining the rank of Major" and in December 1907, immediately after having been promoted to the substantive rank of major, he was duly further promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel. In February of that year Cobbe, had been appointed a staff captain at headquarters in India, but that lasted only until February 1908, his new rank presumably deserving a more senior post. In April 1910 he was appointed a Staff Officer Grade 1 and in May 1912 he was promoted colonel with seniority from 2 December 1911 although, when appointed an Aide-de-Camp to the King in June 1912, he is described as a brevet colonel. In 1911 he was awarded King George V’s Coronation Medal.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:First World War.

paragraph: Cobbe's Grade I staff posting in India lasted until June 1914 and three months later he was in France. Michael Jones, in his book "Colworth in Context", says, "Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Cobbe VC, a career soldier, left in September 1914 to join an Indian Sikh regiment at the front line with William Eyre, one of Albert Bowen's employees, as his personal servant". In February 1915 Cobbe was appointed a Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster General with temporary rank of brigadier general. In a despatch of 14 January 1915 Field Marshal Sir John French, Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, mentioned Colonel Cobbe for gallant and distinguished service in the field. A similar mention was published in June 1915 and was soon after followed by the appointment of Cobbe as a Companion of the Order of the Bath. In November 1915, he was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel in the British Indian Army. In the following month Cobbe was yet again mentioned in French's despatches for gallant and distinguished service in the field, this time in a list which also included his brother, Lieutenant Colonel H. H. Cobbe, DSO, 13th Lancers.

paragraph: In February 1916 Cobbe handed over his staff job in France and in March was posted back to India as Director of Staff Duties and Military Training in Army Headquarters, while retaining his temporary rank. Following yet another mention for his good services in France, this time in a despatch from Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig dated April 1916, he was promoted to major general in June 1916, the appointment specifically stating that it was a reward for "Distinguished Service in the Field". Within two months Cobbe was promoted to temporary lieutenant general and in March 1917 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath.

paragraph: By this time Cobbe was in Mesopotamia, where he would spend the rest of the war and stay until late 1919. As the commander of III Indian Corps, he served under three successive C-in-Cs, Mesopotamian Field Force, all of whom mentioned him generously in their despatches to the War Office. He was present at the capture of Kut-al-Amara in February 1917, and the capture of Baghdad the following month. Playing a notable role in the British successes at Samarrah in April, and at Ramadi in September 1917, Cobbe also defeated a Turk force at Sharqat in October 1918 (the final action on the Mesopotamian Front) before peacefully capturing Mosul in November 1918.

paragraph: His service in the First World War added to Cobbe’s medal collection: the 1914 Star with clasp "5thAug-22ndNov 1914", the British War Medal 1914–1920 and the Victory Medal 1914–1919. France appointed him a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and the King of Italy made him a Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. In March 1919 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: In June 1919 Cobbe was made a substantive lieutenant general, and was appointed Military Secretary to the India Office in 1920. Promotion to general came in March 1926 just prior to his appointment as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of India's Northern Command. On his return to England he was reappointed in June 1930 as Military Secretary to the India Office.

paragraph: Honours continued to come Cobbe's way. In 1922 he was appointed Colonel of his first regiment, The South Wales Borderers. In the New Year Honours of 1928 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and in June 1930 he was appointed ADC General to His Majesty. The following month he was appointed Colonel of the Sikh Pioneers. However, a lifetime of soldiering in severe climates and arduous conditions had had its effect and, at the age of just 61, General Sir Alexander Cobbe died on 29 June 1931. He is buried alone in the churchyard of Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: On 1 October 1910 the 40-year-old Cobbe married the 23-year-old Winifred Ada Bowen, daughter of Sir Albert Bowen, 1st Baronet, and his wife Alice Anita Crowther. Sir Albert was the lord of the manor of Colworth, in the parish of Sharnbrook. It is not clear how much time Alexander Cobbe was able to spend with his wife in their 21 years of marriage, the First World War certainly caused them to be parted for long periods, with Winifred mainly staying at Colworth, however, they had two daughters, Winifred Alice (b 1912) and Anne Philippa and a son, Alexander William Locke, known as Bill, born 1919. As a flying officer in the Royal Air Force, Bill Cobbe was killed on 8 September 1940 during the Battle of Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The headquarters of the Malawi army are named the "Cobbe Barracks" in his honour. They are located at Zomba, the former capital, and are home to what were the King's African Rifles (now the Malawi Rifles).

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh "(The Barracks, Brecon, Powys, Wales)".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Bedfordshire)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Alexander Cobbe

wikipedia_title: Alexander Cobbe


text:
Brigadier
VC
OBE
MC
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Karachi
Karachi Grammar School
lieutenant colonel
12th Frontier Force Regiment
Indian Army during World War II
Battle of Malaya
National Army Museum
Kuantan
Malaya
Singapore
9th Jat Regiment
brigadier
63rd Indian Brigade
Burma Campaign
National Army Museum
Chelsea
Japanese Invasion of Malaya
British VCs of World War 2
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
National Army Museum
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: 1896 births,Recipients of the Military Cross,Indian Army personnel of World War I,Military of Singapore under British rule,British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,Indian World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,British Indian Army officers,1971 deaths,Indian Army personnel of World War II,Military personnel from Karachi

paragraph: Arthur Edward Cumming

paragraph: Brigadier Arthur Edward Cumming VC OBE MC (18 June 1896 – 10 April 1971) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: He was born in Karachi, British India of Scottish parentage and attended Karachi Grammar School.

paragraph: Cumming was 45 years old, and a lieutenant colonel commanding the 2/12th Frontier Force Regiment, in the Indian Army during World War II. Lt. Col Cumming and his battalion were defending an airfield during the Battle of Malaya when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC (currently displayed at the National Army Museum).

paragraph: On 3 January 1942 near Kuantan, Malaya, the Japanese made a furious attack on the battalion and a strong enemy force penetrated the position. Lieutenant Colonel Cumming, with a small party of men, immediately led a counter-attack and although all his men became casualties and he, himself, had two bayonet wounds in the stomach he managed to restore the situation sufficiently for the major portion of the battalion and its vehicles to be withdrawn. Later he drove in a carrier, under very heavy fire, collecting isolated detachments of his men and was again wounded. His gallant actions helped the brigade to withdraw safely.

paragraph: Cumming was one of a small number of officers and men who were ordered to be evacuated from Singapore before the island was surrendered on 15 February 1942. Cumming commanded a battalion of the 9th Jat Regiment before his promotion to brigadier and command of the 63rd Indian Brigade during the Burma Campaign. From 1944 to his retirement in 1947 Brigadier Cumming was in command of the Dehra Dun District in India.

paragraph: His VC is on display at the National Army Museum, Chelsea.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese Invasion of Malaya

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Army Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Edinburgh)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Arthur Edward Cumming

wikipedia_title: Arthur Edward Cumming


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Bedford School

text: Second Lieutenant

text: The Hampshire Regiment

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Ypres

text: Belgium

text: Major

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: People educated at Bedford School,1896 births,Royal Hampshire Regiment officers,British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross,British Army personnel of World War I,1966 deaths,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Worthing,King's African Rifles officers,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)

paragraph: Montague Shadworth Seymour Moore

paragraph: Montague Shadworth Seymour Moore VC (9 October 1896 – 12 September 1966) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born at 13 Montague Place, Worthing, he attended Bedford School from 1906 to 1913.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 20 years old, and a Second Lieutenant in the 15th Bn., The Hampshire Regiment (later the Royal Hampshire Regiment), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 20 September 1917 near Tower Hamlets, east of Ypres, Belgium, Second Lieutenant Moore volunteered to make a fresh attack on a final objective and went forward with some 70 men, but they met such heavy opposition that when he arrived at his objective he had only one sergeant and four men. Nothing daunted he at once bombed a large dug-out, taking 28 prisoners, two machine-guns and a light field-gun. Gradually more officers and men arrived, numbering about 60 and he held the post for 36 hours beating off counter-attacks, until his force was reduced to 10 men. He eventually got away his wounded and withdrew under cover of thick mist.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of Major.

paragraph: Lance Corp G Kenton of the Hampshire Regiment received the following citation from Major General Sydney Lawford, comdg 41st Division: "I wish to place on record my appreciation of your gallantry and devotion to duty on the 20th September 1917 when you were held up by an Enemy Strong Point you collected up your men and led them with great dash to the attack and captured the enemy Strong Point."

paragraph: The citation was given for his actions on the 20 September 1917 near Tower Hamlets, east of Ypres, Belgium, when he went forward with some 70 men, but met such heavy opposition that when he arrived at his objective only five men were left standing. Nothing daunted he led his men with great dash and captured the enemy strong point: a large dug-out, taking 28 prisoners, two machine-guns and a light field-gun. Gradually more officers and men arrived, numbering about 60 they held the post for 36 hours beating off counter-attacks, until the force was reduced to 10 men. They eventually got away with their wounded and withdrew under cover of thick mist. Sadly, Lance Corp G. Kenton didn't receive a VC for his actions, as a working class lad of lowly rank he received a citation that his son kept in a tin beneath his bed - a cherished possession.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - Passchendaele 1917 (Stephen Snelling, 1998)

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Montague Shadworth Seymour Moore

wikipedia_title: Montague Shadworth Seymour Moore


text:
Colonel
VC
CB
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
lieutenant
Bengal Staff Corps
28th Bombay Native Infantry
British Indian Army
Second Afghan War
Kandahar
Afghanistan
Private
Thomas Elsdon Ashford
colonel
Army Museum of Western Australia
Burial location of William Chase
News item

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,1908 deaths,Second Anglo-Afghan War recipients of the Victoria Cross,British military personnel of the First Mohmand Campaign,British military personnel of the Tirah Campaign,1856 births,British West Indies recipients of the Victoria Cross,East Yorkshire Regiment officers,Bengal Staff Corps officers

paragraph: William St Lucien Chase

paragraph: Colonel William St. Lucien Chase VC CB (2 July 1856 – 24 June 1908) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Chase was 24 years old, and a lieutenant in the Bengal Staff Corps, serving with the 28th Bombay Native Infantry, British Indian Army during the Second Afghan War. On 16 August 1880 at Deh Khoja, near Kandahar, Afghanistan, Chase, with the help of Private Thomas Elsdon Ashford, rescued a wounded soldier and finally brought him to a place of safety. He was awarded the VC for his actions.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of colonel. The medal is now on display in the Army Museum of Western Australia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burial location of William Chase "Pakistan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- News item "William Chase's Victoria Cross donated to the Army Museum of Western Australia"

description: British recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: William St Lucien Chase

wikipedia_title: William St Lucien Chase


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
private
The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)
British Army
Mahdist War
Battle of Tamai
Sudan
Gatling gun
Balhousie Castle
Perth, Scotland
Location of grave and VC medal
Victoriacross.org

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,British Army personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War,British Army personnel of the Mahdist War,1953 deaths,Black Watch soldiers,People from Aylesbury Vale,1863 births

paragraph: Thomas Edwards (VC)

paragraph: Thomas Edwards VC (19 April 1863 – 27 March 1953) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 20 years old, and a private in the 1st Battalion, The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), British Army during the Mahdist War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 13 March 1884 at the Battle of Tamai, Sudan, when both members of the crew of one of the Gatling guns had been killed, Private Edwards, after bayoneting two Arabs and himself receiving a wound from a spear, remained with the gun, defending it throughout the action. His citation reads:

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Black Watch Museum in Balhousie Castle, Perth, Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Essex)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoriacross.org

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Thomas Edwards

wikipedia_title: Thomas Edwards (VC)


text:
monastic name
Austro-Hungarian
Romania
Metropolitan-Primate
Greater Romania
Patriarch
Romanian Orthodox Church
Carol II
Prime Minister of Romania
Toplița
Bistrița
Greek-Catholic
Năsăud
Sibiu
philosophy
philology
University of Budapest
doctorate
Mihai Eminescu
Hungarian
deacon
Hodoș Bodrog
Arad County
Nicolae Popea
bishop of Caransebeş
World War I
Oradea
World War I
Transylvania
Vasile Goldiș
Iuliu Hossu
Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
Austro-Hungarian
Romanian
Romania
Transylvania
Michael the Brave
Câmpia Turzii
Turda
Tisa River
German occupation troops
Conon Arămescu-Donici
Synod
bonds
nationalist
statist
patriotism
obedience
Gregorian calendar
Roman Catholic Church
Old Calendarists
Gurie Grosu
Ionel Brătianu
regent
King
Michael I of Romania
Prince Nicholas of Romania
Gheorghe Buzdugan
Epoca
Rasputin
camarilla
Nae Ionescu
Nativity Fast
turkey
Patriarchal Cathedral in Bucharest
leucocythemia
Dragoslavele
Muscel County
Carol II
Constantin Sărățeanu
fascist
Iron Guard
Octavian Goga
decree
Lăncieri
Time
Armand Călinescu
inaugural speech
liberal
pluralism
antisemitic legislation
Nichifor Crainic
political theology
state of siege
censorship
death penalty
United Kingdom
France
Axis
Poland
an alliance
Protestant
Baptists
National Renaissance Front
Armand Călinescu
new constitution
guild
plebiscite
The Manchester Guardian
Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
Nicolae Iorga
National Renaissance Front
Fascist salute
Cannes
France
Nice railway station
bronchopneumonia
Patriarchal Cathedral
Greater Romania
ecumenical
Anglican Church
Cosmo Gordon Lang
Archbishop of Canterbury
Concordat
Old Calendar Romanian Orthodox Church
Glicherie Tănase
Cucova Monastery
William Temple
Archbishop of York
Golden Rule
Iron Guard
anti-semitic
xenophobic
Wilhelm Fabricius
Toplița
National Bank of Romania
Patriarchs of All Romania
Radu Ioanid
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

categories: Burials at the Romanian Patriarchal Cathedral,People from Toplița,Patriarchs of the Romanian Orthodox Church,1939 deaths,Regents of Romania,Deaths from pneumonia,Prime Ministers of Romania,Romanian nationalists,Infectious disease deaths in France,Honorary members of the Romanian Academy,1868 births,Romanian Austro-Hungarians

paragraph: Patriarch Miron of Romania

paragraph: Miron Cristea (; monastic name of Elie Cristea ; 20 July 1868 – 6 March 1939) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian cleric and politician.

paragraph: A bishop in Hungarian-ruled Transylvania, Cristea was elected Metropolitan-Primate of the Orthodox Church of the newly unified Greater Romania in 1919. As the Church was raised to a rank of Patriarchate, Miron Cristea was enthroned as the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1925.

paragraph: In 1938, after Carol II banned political parties and established a royal dictatorship, he chose Cristea to be Prime Minister of Romania, a position from which he served for about a year, between 11 February 1938, and his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Toplița to Gheorghe and Domnița Cristea, a peasant family, he studied at the Saxon Evangelical Gymnasium of Bistrița (1879–1883), at the Greek-Catholic Lyceum of Năsăud (1883–1887), at the Orthodox Seminary of Sibiu (1887–1890), after which he became a teacher and principal at the Romanian Orthodox school of Orăștie (1890–1891).

paragraph: Cristea then studied philosophy and modern philology at the University of Budapest (1891–1895), where he was awarded a doctorate in 1895 – with a dissertation about the life and works of Mihai Eminescu (given in Hungarian).

paragraph: Returning to Transylvania, he was a secretary (between 1895 and 1902), then a counselor (1902–1909) at the Archbishopric of Sibiu. It was then that he was ordained deacon in 1900 and archdeacon in 1901. Cristea became a monk at the Hodoș Bodrog Monastery, Arad County in 1902, taking the monastic name of Miron. He climbed the monastery hierarchy, becoming an archmonk in 1903 and a protosingel in 1908.

paragraph: In 1908, following the death of bishop Nicolae Popea, the election of the bishop of Caransebeş led to a dispute between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Imperial authorities, when, twice in a row, the elected bishops were not recognized by emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, at the recommendation of the Hungarian government. Cristea was the third choice, being chosen on 21 November 1910, and obtaining the recognition from the authorities; he became an archbishop in 1919.

paragraph: During World War I, as Romania joined the war on the Allies' side, Cristea signed on 1 September 1916, a public letter to the parishioners printed at Oradea by the Orthodox Bishopric of Transylvania. The letter called to arms all believers against "Romania the new enemy which sinfully covets to ruin the borders, coming to conquer Transylvania".

paragraph: Towards the end of World War I, on 18 October 1918, the Central National Romanian Central Council was formed, an organization which fought for the union of Transylvania and Romania. On 21 November, Cristea, as archbishop of Caransebeș joined the organization and recognized it as the only ruling body of the Romanian nation in Transylvania. On 1 December, he was (with Vasile Goldiș, Iuliu Hossu, and Alexandru Vaida-Voevod) a member of Austro-Hungarian Romanian delegation that called for the unification of Romania and Transylvania.

paragraph: On 28 May 1919, the King and government of Romania went to the grave of Michael the Brave in Câmpia Turzii and Bishop Cristea lead the religious service of commemoration and held a nationalist speech in which he drew a parallel between King Ferdinand I and Michael the Brave and recommended the King to not stop at Turda, but continuing all the way to the Tisa River.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Head of church.

paragraph: Because of his collaboration with the German occupation troops, the Metropolitan-Primate Conon Arămescu-Donici was forced to resign on 1 December 1919 and on 31 December 1919, Cristea was chosen by the Great Electoral College as the first Metropolitan-Primate of Greater Romania with 435 votes out of 447. The Romanian Orthodox Church was elevated to a patriarchate in 1925. On 1 November 1925, after a Synod was held, Cristea was named Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church.

paragraph: As Metropolitan-Primate and later Patriarch, Cristea continued the tradition of his predecessors to support whatever government was in power. The church acted as an agency of the state, for instance, in 1920, Cristea asked the clergymen to aid the state financially by encouraging the faithful to buy government bonds. Cristea's discourse incorporated nationalist and statist elements, arguing that Orthodox religion was integral to the Romanian soul, and he argued that the church's values include "patriotism" and "obedience to [civil] authorities" alongside "faith and morality".

paragraph: Cristea introduced reforms such as the Gregorian calendar to the church, including, briefly, the celebration of Pascha (Easter) on the same date as the Roman Catholic Church. This was opposed by various groups of traditionalists and Old Calendarists, especially in Moldavia, where Metropolitan Gurie Grosu of Bessarabia refused to accept the orders given by the Patriarchate.

paragraph: In 1927, he was chosen by Ionel Brătianu to be one of the three regents of King Michael I of Romania, alongside Prince Nicholas of Romania and Gheorghe Buzdugan.

paragraph: Cristea's involvement in politics was, however, controversial, being criticised by journalists at "Epoca" newspaper, who accused him of trying to play the role of Rasputin and being a member of the palace camarilla. This resulted in the issue being confiscated by the police and their offices being vandalized by hooligans, allegedly incited by the government.

paragraph: A dispute arose with philosopher Nae Ionescu after Ionescu attacked Cristea for hypocrisy in newspaper articles following a lavish dinner with Cristea during the Nativity Fast at which they were served turkey. In retaliation, Cristea requested that the iconographer Belizarie paint Ionescu's face on a devil in the Patriarchal Cathedral in Bucharest's Apocalypse-themed mural.

paragraph: In 1929, because of a serious illness (identified as leucocythemia by his medics), Cristea retired for several months to a country house in Dragoslavele, Muscel County, but despite the bleak predictions about his health state, he was soon able to return to Bucharest.

paragraph: On 6 July 1930, Carol II returned to Romania to assume power. On 7 July, Miron Cristea and Constantin Sărățeanu resigned from the regency and the following day, the Parliament revoked the 1926 law which gave the throne to Mihai, Carol becoming King again.

paragraph: Cristea kept his loyalty to King Carol II throughout his rule. In March 1937, as the King attempted to suppress the influence of the fascist movement known as the Iron Guard, Cristea responded to the request sent by the Tătărescu government on limiting the relationship between the clergy and the Iron Guard. Cristea invoked a Holy Synod which banned clergy from joining the Legion and disallowed political demonstrations and symbols in the churches.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Prime Minister of Romania.

paragraph: In a bid for political unity against the Iron Guard, which was gaining popularity, in 1938, Carol dismissed the government of Prime Minister Octavian Goga and seized emergency powers. He suspended the constitution, suspended all political activity, and ruled by decree. Cristea was named Prime Minister on 11 February 1938. He headed a government that included seven former prime ministers and members of all major parties except for Codreanu's Iron Guard and Goga's Lăncieri, which had violently clashed. "Time" magazine described him as a "puppet Premier" of Carol II, whereas historian Joseph Rothschild considered that it was Cristea's vice-prime-minister, Armand Călinescu, who held the power in the Cristea government.

paragraph: In his inaugural speech, Cristea denounced liberal pluralism, arguing that "the monster with 29 electoral heads was destroyed" (referring to the 29 political parties which were to be banned) and claiming that the king shall bring salvation.

paragraph: The new government stopped the antisemitic violence that was unleashed under Goga's rule, but the antisemitic legislation in place was not altered, as Nichifor Crainic's racist, fascist ideology fit comfortably with the social views and political theology of the Romanian Orthodox Church.

paragraph: At Carol's direction, Cristea's government declared state of siege, which allowed among other things, searches without warrant and the military appropriation of privately held guns. He also imposed harsh press censorship and restored the death penalty. However, Cristea promised prosperity through some constitutional and social reforms, which were to include the "organized emigration of Jewish surplus population", that is, expulsion of all Jews who came to Romania during or after World War I. However, it eased the anti-Semitic restrictions imposed by the Goga government.

paragraph: The external politics of the Cristea government were based on seeking an alliance with the United Kingdom and France, away from the friendship with the Berlin-Rome Axis supported by the Goga government. Cristea also visited Poland, with which Romania had an alliance and with which it tried to create a neutral block between Nazi Germany and the USSR.

paragraph: Among the policies Cristea introduced during his rule as Prime Minister was a crackdown on the Protestant minority, by disallowing religious service to small congregations with less than 100 heads of families, basically banning the services in around 1500 small chapels belonging to various non-Orthodox Christian denominations. Despite worldwide protests from the Baptists, the ban was only lifted after Cristea's death by his successor, the National Renaissance Front's Armand Călinescu.

paragraph: On 20 February, a new constitution was announced, which organized Romania as a "corporatist state" similar to the one of Fascist Italy, with a parliament made up of representatives of the guilds of farmers, workers and intellectuals. Four days later, on 24 February, the constitution was approved, with 99.87% of votes for, through a plebiscite, described by a contemporary article in "The Manchester Guardian" as a "farse" for its lack of vote secrecy and the lack of information given to rural voters .

paragraph: Upon the approval of the new constitution, Cristea's government resigned on 30 March. He formed a new government later that day. The new government banned all political parties, their activity being only suspended before that.

paragraph: In March 1938, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the leader of the Iron Guard, attacked in a letter the politicians who supported Carol II, including Prime Minister Cristea and members of his government. Codreanu was arrested for slander against Nicolae Iorga and killed "while attempting to escape".

paragraph: By the end of 1938, Carol II introduced even more Fascist-inspired elements. In December 1938, the National Renaissance Front was formed as the only legally permitted party. On 1 January 1939; Cristea's government visited the Royal Palace wearing uniforms. When they met Carol, Cristea and the ministers greeted him with the Fascist salute.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Deteriorating health and death.

paragraph: His health deteriorated in January 1939, suffering from two heart attacks, which prompted his doctors to recommend him to stay in a warmer place for a few months, in order to avoid the harsher Romanian winter. In response, on 1 February 1939, Călinescu took over most of Cristea's powers, while Cristea remained nominally the Prime Minister at the King's insistence.

paragraph: On 24 February 1939, Cristea arrived in Cannes, France, but contracted pneumonia while waiting for his niece in the Nice railway station. He stayed in Cannes for treatment, but died two weeks later, on 6 March, of bronchopneumonia complicated by heart disease.

paragraph: His body was sent by train to Bucharest, the funeral train stopping in all stations in Romania to permit believers to pay their last respects and say prayers before the body. On 7 March, a state of national mourning was ordered and all festivities were canceled. A week later, on 14 March, funeral services were held in Bucharest, Cristea being buried in the Patriarchal Cathedral.

paragraph: Cristea's political positions were nationalistic, seeing for Romania external threats from both the east, in the form of communism and the Soviet Union and from the capitalist and modernist west.

paragraph: Section::::Political positions and policies.:Toward other Christian denominations.

paragraph: As he became the head of the Orthodox Church in Greater Romania, a multiethnic and multireligious state, Cristea feared that the ethnic minorities, as well as Romanians belonging to non-Orthodox creeds such as the Greek-Catholicism and the Jews would challenge the privileged status which the Orthodox Church had in pre-World War I Romania.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Cristea attempted an ecumenical close-up with the Anglican Church, by visiting Cosmo Gordon Lang, the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1936.

paragraph: Cristea strongly opposed the idea of a Concordat with the Vatican and the Romanian Orthodox Church issued a statement against it saying that "the treaty subordinates the interests of the country and the sovereignty of the state to a foreign power". The Romanian Senate ratified it anyway on 26 May 1929, and Cristea, as a member of the regency, was forced to sign it. This has led again to discussions about the incompatibility between his two posts and there were discussions on whether Cristea would have resigned rather than sign the Concordat.

paragraph: After Cristea introduced reforms such as switching to the Gregorian calendar, the Old Calendar Romanian Orthodox Church, led by Glicherie Tănase seceded many parishes from the Orthodox Church and by 1936 they had built more than 40 churches. However, after 1935, the Romanian government began to suppress any opposition to the Orthodox Church and the churches were razed and some of the activists the imprisoned, while a number of clerics, including hieromonk Pambo and five monks from the Old Calendarist Cucova Monastery, were beaten to death. Protests against the authorities' actions were met with repression by police and the leader of Old Calendarists, Tănase, was accused of being an instigator and sentenced to death.

paragraph: In 1937, William Temple, the Archbishop of York, sent a letter to Cristea in which he questioned religious freedom in Romania, referring especially to the treatment of the Baptists. Cristea denied such claims and responded in a long document in which he said Temple was misled by the "perverse propaganda" and the "false mystification" of the Magyars, as well as the "ferocious and barbaric proselytism of the Pope". He further added, referring to neo-Protestants, that Romania should not allow to be "undermined by foreigners dressed in innocent pseudo-religious garb".

paragraph: Section::::Political positions and policies.:Toward the Jews.

paragraph: Early during his tenure as Patriarch, Cristea supported tolerance towards the Jewish people. For instance, in 1928, he made an appeal towards the Romanian students to observe the Golden Rule and he expressed regrets for attacks and profanations of synagogues.

paragraph: In the 1930s, as the Fascist Iron Guard rose in popularity, initially, Cristea's position towards them was of acceptance, especially since their program included loyalty to Orthodoxism. Many Orthodox priests were attracted by the movement and it was common that their banners were blessed in churches.

paragraph: In 1937, Cristea realized that the Iron Guard was decreasing the loyalty of both the Orthodox Christians and the lower-ranked clergy to the church hierarchy and began to oppose the Guard, while adopting their anti-semitic and xenophobic rhetoric: he supported the revocation of the Romanian citizenship for Jewish people and their deportation, the Jews being in his opinion the major obstacle in "assuring preponderant rights to ethnic Romanians".

paragraph: On 18 August 1937, he issued a statement which called the Romanian nation "to fight the Jewish parasites" who spread "epidemics of corruption" throughout Romania and that the Romanians have "a national and patriotic duty" to protect themselves against the Jews:

paragraph: In 1938, during a meeting with Wilhelm Fabricius, the German ambassador, Cristea praised the anti-semitic policy conducted by Nazi Germany and supporting such a policy in Romania, and the British Ambassador wrote in his report to London that "Nothing would induce him [i.e., Cristea] to talk about anything but the Jewish problem."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His birthplace home in Toplița is currently a museum dedicated to his life. Each year, on Cristea's birthday, the Romanian Orthodox Patriarchate organizes the "Miron Cristea Days", dedicated to the first patriarch of the Church and which feature various cultural activities.

paragraph: In July 2010, the National Bank of Romania minted a commemorative coin bearing Cristea's image as a part of a collectors' series of five coins showing the Patriarchs of All Romania. In response, Radu Ioanid, international archives director at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, called for the coin be withdrawn. On 20 August, the National Bank of Romania announced that it would not withdraw the Cristea coin.

description: Romanian politician

wikidata_label: Miron Cristea

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Miron of Romania