text: cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

text: cardinalate

text: College of Cardinals

text: traditionalist

text: Tridentine Mass

text: clerical celibacy

text: Neunkirchen

text: Vienna

text: Salesians of Don Bosco

text: novitiate

text: Turin

text: canon law

text: Pontifical Athenaeum of S. Apollinare

text: doctorate

text: Pontifical Lateran University

text: ordained

text: Stephan Kuttner

text: Salesian Pontifical University

text: rector

text: peritus

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Institutum Altioris Latinitas

text: Titular Archbishop

text: episcopal consecration

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Eduardo Martínez Somalo

text: Rosalio José Castillo Lara

text: co-consecrators

text: Sistine Chapel

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: San Giorgio in Velabro

text: consistory

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Padre Pio

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Johannes Willebrands

text: Stephan Kuttner

text: Tridentine Mass

text: Mass of Paul VI

text: Latin Mass Society of England and Wales

text: Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI)

text: Mayer

text: Oddi

text: Casaroli

text: Gantin

text: Innocenti

text: Palazzini

text: Tomko

text: Ignatius Press

text: theological

text: scriptural

text: magisterial

text: celibacy for Catholic priests

text: Bio from Catholic-Hierarchy

text: catholic-pages bio

text: Obituary of Cardinal Stickler

categories: 21st-century Austrian people,Austrian cardinals,Salesians of Don Bosco,21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,20th-century Austrian people,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1910 births,Roman Catholic titular archbishops,2007 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,People from Neunkirchen District, Austria

paragraph: Alfons Maria Stickler

paragraph: Alfons Maria Stickler (23 August 1910 – 12 December 2007) was an Austrian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church from 1985 to 1988. Stickler was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985, and was the oldest member of the College of Cardinals. A traditionalist, he was a strong supporter of the Tridentine Mass and clerical celibacy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stickler was born in Neunkirchen, near Vienna, as the second of twelve children. He entered the Salesians of Don Bosco in a German novitiate, and made his profession on 15 August 1928. Thereafter, Stickler studied philosophy in Germany and then in Austria, Turin, and Rome. He studied canon law at the Pontifical Athenaeum of S. Apollinare (from where he received his doctorate) and the Pontifical Lateran University, and was ordained to the priesthood on 27 March 1937. (Stickler studied with Stephan Kuttner, who lived to see his first pupil in the history of canon law become a cardinal.)

paragraph: Stickler taught at the Salesian Pontifical University as Professor of Canon Law and Church Legal History for eight years. From 1958 to 1966 he served as rector of the University, having previously served as Dean of the Canon Law Faculty since 1953. Stickler participated as a "peritus", or expert, at the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), working as a member on the Commission for the Clergy, the Commission for the Liturgy, and (in his capacity as rector of the Salesian University) the commission directed by the Congregation for Seminaries and Universities. From the close of the Council until 1968, Stickler was president of the newly founded "Institutum Altioris Latinitas".

paragraph: On 8 September 1983, he was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Volsinium", Pro-Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, and Pro-Archivist of the Holy Roman Church. Stickler received his episcopal consecration on the following 1 November from Pope John Paul II himself, with Archbishops Eduardo Martínez Somalo and Rosalio José Castillo Lara serving as co-consecrators, in the Sistine Chapel. He was created Cardinal-Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro by John Paul II in the consistory of 25 May 1985, becoming full Librarian and Archivist two days later, on 27 May.

paragraph: Stickler reported that Karol Wojtyła, the future Pope John Paul II had confided to him that during his time as a student at the "Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum" (subsequently renamed the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas and often known simply as the "Angelicum") Wojtyła made a pilgrimage in 1947 to Pietrelcina to visit Padre Pio who told Wojtyła that one day he would ascend to "the highest post in the Church." Stickler added that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.

paragraph: Stickler served as Librarian and Archivist until his resignation on 1 July 1988. During his tenure he promoted the construction of underground storage for the conservation and consultation of all the codices and printed books of the library. He chose to be raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest (with the same title) on 29 January 1996, after spending ten years as a Cardinal Deacon.

paragraph: Upon the death of Johannes Willebrands on 1 August 2006, Stickler became the oldest living cardinal. In 2007, he celebrated the seventieth anniversary of his priestly ordination.

paragraph: Stickler studied the history of canon law with Stephan Kuttner and published on that subject.

paragraph: Section::::Support for tradition.

paragraph: Stickler consistently defended the position that the Tridentine Mass was never forbidden or suppressed. He believed that the Mass of Paul VI contradicted the true wishes of the Second Vatican Council, and told the Latin Mass Society of England and Wales that its movement "has full legitimacy in the Church".

paragraph: On 20 May 1995, Stickler stated that in 1986 a commission of nine cardinals (Stickler, Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), Mayer, Oddi, Casaroli, Gantin, Innocenti, Palazzini, and Tomko) appointed by Pope John Paul II unanimously gave a negative answer to the question "Did Pope Paul VI or any other competent authority legally forbid the widespread celebration of the Tridentine Mass in the present day?" and to the question "Can any bishop forbid any priest in good standing from celebrating the Tridentine Mass?" He said that eight of the nine were in favour of drawing up a general permission declaring that everyone could choose the old form of the Mass as well as the new.

paragraph: "The Case for Clerical Celibacy: Its Historical Development and Theological Foundations", written by Stickler, was published in 1995 by Ignatius Press. It treats of the theological reasons and scriptural and magisterial roots of celibacy for Catholic priests.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio from Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- catholic-pages bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal letter 70 years priesthood of Cardinal Stickler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary of Cardinal Stickler

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Alfons Maria Stickler

wikipedia_title: Alfons Maria Stickler


text:
Los Angeles
California
show jumping
jockey
pony
hunters
jumper
soccer
Stanford University
Olympic Show Jumping Team
Rio de Janeiro
Barron
World Equestrian Games
2014 FEI World Equestrian Games
2016 Summer Olympics
Harvard-Westlake School
Studio City, Los Angeles
Stanford University
Lucy Davis

categories: Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Harvard-Westlake School alumni,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in equestrian,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,1992 births,American female equestrians,Olympic equestrians of the United States,Living people

paragraph: Lucy Davis (equestrian)

paragraph: Lucy Davis (born October 22, 1992 in Los Angeles, California) is an American show jumping competitor and 2016 Olympian.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Davis was born October 22, 1992 in Los Angeles. She grew up in California and started taking riding lessons at the age of five. She grew as a rider and was supported by her family, who had some equestrian background, as her grandfather, Robert Barron Frieze, was a jockey's agent, and her mother rode casually. Davis accompanied her mother to the barn a few times a week and quickly became interested in horses. Her early riding career was with trainer Chacha Levinson at the Sullivan Canyon Preservation Association. She later moved to train with Archie Cox at Middle Ranch to compete in the hunters and equitation on the A and AA levels. During her time with Cox, Davis won many national championships in the equitation and hunters which include World Champion Hunter Rider in 2007. Davis showed in the pony and junior hunters competitive divisions before convincing her mother to let her compete in the jumper ring when she was fourteen. From then on, she advanced from the Low Junior Jumpers (1.20m) on her first junior jumper, Mister Mind. Growing up, Davis also played soccer, but she later dropped the sport at age sixteen to pursue equestrian competition full-time.

paragraph: Davis went to her first international competition when she attended the North American Junior and Young Rider Championships (NAJYRC). In 2009, she was the Individual Silver medalist with True Love, and in 2010 was on the Zone 10 Gold Medal winning team.

paragraph: Davis graduated from Stanford University (California). She is now based in Europe and travels the Western European circuit while still making frequent appearances in the United States show circuit.

paragraph: Davis is now in the upper levels of show jumping and was selected to be a member on the 2016 US Olympic Show Jumping Team that competed in Rio de Janeiro. She was selected to compete with her top mount, Barron, whom she has competed with in Nations Cups, World Cup Finals, and the 2014 World Equestrian Games.

paragraph: Davis placed tenth at the 2012 U.S. Olympic trials but did not make the Olympic team that year. Davis and her teammates earned a bronze medal in team jumping at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games. Davis qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics in the individual and team show jumping events. She went on to take the silver medal in the team competition and qualified for the individual final.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Davis is a 2011 graduate of Harvard-Westlake School in Studio City, Los Angeles. Davis graduated from Stanford University in 2015 with a degree in architecture.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Team USA profile for Lucy Davis

wikidata_label: Lucy Davis

wikipedia_title: Lucy Davis (equestrian)


text:
Avignon
Mollégès
Duke de la Valliere
archbishop of Aix
bibliothèque Méjanes
Révolution
Dominique Varry
Raphaële Mouren
François-Xavier de Feller
Jean-Joseph Rive
data.bnf.fr

categories: French bibliographers,French librarians,1791 deaths,People from Provence,1730 births,People of the French Revolution

paragraph: Jean-Joseph Rive

paragraph: Jean-Joseph Rive (19 May 1730 – 20 October 1791) was an 18th-century French bibliographer, librarian and revolutionary leader.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of a goldsmith, abbot Rive was gifted with a vast memory, a penetrating mind and the immense erudition that can give an infinite reading. He began to raise his literary treasures barely fourteen years old. After embracing the ecclesiastical state, he first taught philosophy at St. Charles College of Avignon.

paragraph: He then resigned in 1767 the cure of Mollégès which he had been provided, and came to live in Paris. The following year he became librarian of the Duke de la Valliere, a position he held until the death of the Duke in 1780, who bequeathed him 6000 pounds. Although he increased the library which he had charge of with large number of rare and valuable books, he did not participate in drafting the catalog of the collection for the duchess of Châtillon, heir to the Duke of La Valliere commissioned Debure and Vanpraet to catalog the rare books of the library. This preference offended Rive who revenged himself by bitter criticisms against the two scientists. His pride and his irascible and annoying nature quarreled with those caring like him of bibliography, and whom he stigmatized with insulting epithets, to the point that his career was punctuated by continual disputes and debates, even if he was said to have been, in his interior, good parent and friend, and excellent master.

paragraph: When the Marquis de Méjanes bequeathed a considerable library to the , the archbishop of Aix proposed, on behalf of his fellow Provençaux, that abbot Rive be the librarian of the bibliothèque Méjanes. Rive accepted this post, but his exorbitant claims gave rise to endless disputes, that his presence at Aix, where he had returned, made even more difficult to close. Meanwhile, the Révolution broke out and put an end to this project.

paragraph: Abbot Rive then founded in the Provençal capital, the faction of the Frères Anti-Politiques (Anti-Political Brethren), gathering little people who were sowing terror. Their misdeeds lead to the in which was notably murdered lawyer , of which Rive was even accused of causing death. No one knows where he would have stopped had he not died in 1792 of a stroke at age 62.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1770: "Lettres philosophiques contre le Système de la nature", Portefeuille hebdomadaire de Bruxelles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1790: "Lettre vraiment philosophique".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1791: "Au trés-integre et au trés-respectable tribunal judiciaire de Marseille".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1793: "Chronique littéraire des ouvrages imprimés et manuscrits de l’abbé Rive", Imp. des" Anti-Copet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1780: "Eclaircissements historiques et critiques sur l’invention des cartes à jouer", François-Ambroise Didot, Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dominique Varry, "Les morsures du 'dogue' du duc de La Vallière", dans Gilles Bertrand, Anne Cayuela, Christian Del Vento, Raphaële Mouren, dir., "Bibliothèques et lecteurs dans l'Europe moderne, (XVII-XVIII siècle)", Genève, Droz, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- François-Xavier de Feller, "Biographie universelle ou Dictionnaire historique des hommes qui se sont fait un nom", vol.VII, Paris, Gaume frères, 1850, (p. 257).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Joseph Rive on data.bnf.fr

description: French librarian

wikidata_label: Jean-Joseph Rive

wikipedia_title: Jean-Joseph Rive


text:
Blessed
Italian
Roman Catholic
priest
Order of Preachers
Monte Cerignone
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Benedict XV
Randazzo
Constantinople
Maletto
Perugia
Padua
Venice
Order of Preachers
convent
Palermo
ordained
priesthood
Messina
Rome
Le Mans
Kingdom of France
passion
Jesus Christ
Madonna
Monte Cerignone
Pope Innocent VII
Pope Alexander VI
Marco Vigerio della Rovere
Mass
Salve Regina
Congregation of Rites
Pope Benedict XV
Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
postulator
Saints SQPN

categories: Italian beatified people,Dominican beatified people,Venerated Catholics,15th-century Roman Catholic priests,1450 births,15th-century Italian people,16th-century venerated Christians,15th-century Roman Catholics,Italian Dominicans,Beatifications by Pope Benedict XV,1521 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholics,16th-century Roman Catholic priests,15th-century venerated Christians,People from Catania,Italian Roman Catholic priests,16th-century Italian people

paragraph: Domenico Spadafora

paragraph: Blessed Domenico Spadafora (1450 - 21 December 1521) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Order of Preachers. Spadafora was a noted evangelist and attracted countless to the Dominican fold while also converting the hearts of others who led dissolute lives. He is best known for being the first superior of a church he oversaw construction of in Monte Cerignone after receiving the papal approval of Pope Alexander VI to commence such work.

paragraph: Spadaforo received beatification from Pope Benedict XV in 1921 after the pontiff confirmed the late priest's 'cultus' (or popular and widespread devotion) as being enduring.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Domenico Spadafora was born in 1450 in Randazzo to nobles that came from Constantinople. He was born as the third of five children to the Baron of Maletto Giovanni Spadafora and his lower-class wife Marina. His elder brother was Giovanni while he had two sisters - one being Bartolomea - and another brother named Pietro.

paragraph: He studied in Perugia after moving there in 1477 and was later sent to Padua where he earned his bachelor's degree on 23 June 1479. In Venice on 7 June 1487 he was granted his master's degree in theological studies after a public dissertation alongside eleven other candidates. He joined the Order of Preachers at the convent of Santa Zita in Palermo after returning following the dissertation when his superiors recalled him.

paragraph: Spadaforo was ordained to the priesthood in 1479. He participated at the General Chapter of the order in Venice in 1487. He was supposed to be assigned to a convent in Messina in 1487 but the Father General of the order Gioacchino Torriani decided to have him as his collaborator in Rome; in 1487 he participated in the General Chapter in Le Mans in the Kingdom of France. Spadaforo became a noted preacher and evangelist and won the hearts of converts that had led dissolute lives - such an example of holiness also prompted countless others to join the Dominican fold as religious themselves. He was known for his intense devotion to the passion of Jesus Christ. He taught theological studies in the Sicilian area.

paragraph: He founded the convent of Madonna delle Grazie - that housed a miraculous image of the Madonna - in 1491 in Monte Cerignone and served for the remainder of his life as its first superior. This came about when the faithful of the area wanted to enhance the small chapel and thus the Master General of the Dominicans sent for Spadaforo to oversee its renovation. The priest arrived there in the town on 15 September 1491 and set off on foot to Rome in 1492 to receive papal approval for this work. At this point Pope Innocent VII died and Pope Alexander VI was elected in a chain of events that postponed their meeting until 22 February 1493 when papal permission was granted; he returned with the decree of approval in 1493. Construction of the church commenced in 1494 and the work concluded in 1491. The Bishop Marco Vigerio della Rovere consecrated the new church on 16 July 1498.

paragraph: Domenico Spadaforo died in his cell on 21 December 1521 after his health deteriorated during the previous few months. He died after the celebration of Mass and asking the forgiveness of his brother Dominicans for his mistakes; the ailing priest also received the last sacraments and died at sunset as his fellow brothers sang the "Salve Regina".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Exhumation.

paragraph: The priest's remains were exhumed in 1545 and were deemed to be incorrupt and moved once again in 1653 after the convent he was interred in was suppressed - the remains were instead taken to the Santa Maria in Recluso church. His remains were relocated on 3 October 1677. The remains were relocated once more on 4 April 2005 to the Chiesa della Santissima Trinità.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: The beatification process was initiated in April 1920 and on 12 January 1921 the members of the Congregation of Rites voted in favor of approving the local 'cultus' (or popular devotion) of the late priest without the need for following the normal canonical process.

paragraph: His beatification was confirmed on 14 January 1921 after Pope Benedict XV granted formal approval to the recognition of the 'cultus'.

paragraph: The process for subsequent sanctification was revitalized decades later when the diocesan process of canonization opened on 10 September 2006 in the Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro when the Bishop Luigi Negri inaugurated the process. The diocesan process concluded on 14 September 2008 and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the process on 17 July 2009.

paragraph: The current postulator assigned to the cause - since 2006 - is Father Cristoforo M. Bialowas.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints SQPN

wikidata_label: Domenico Spadafora

wikipedia_title: Domenico Spadafora


text:
Gordon Bennett Trophy
Saint-Denis
industrial suburb
Paris
Gnome
Robert Loraine
Blériot
Pau
1911 Paris to Madrid air race
Morane-Borel monoplane
violet
Mi-carême
Place de la Concorde
Circuit of Britain
Circuit of Europe
Deperdussin 1912 Racing Monoplane
Gordon Bennett Trophy
Socialist
Chamber of Deputies
Limoux
propaganda
dropping leaflets
Cairo
Nancy
German
Prague
tried in absentia
Sofia
Constantinople
Sultan
Turkish flag
Beirut
Jaffa
Heliopolis
Khedive
laurel wreath
tricolour
duel
René Quinton
Ligue Aérienne
First World War
clandestine
Limousin
French Army
Caudron G.3
Galeries Lafayette
Caudron C.23
Villacoublay
Rome, Italy
St Rambert d'Albon
Lyon

paragraph: Jules Védrines

paragraph: Jules Charles Toussaint Védrines (21 December 1881 – 21 April 1919) was an early French aviator, notable for being the first pilot to fly at more than 100 mph and for winning the Gordon Bennett Trophy race in 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jules Védrines was born in Saint-Denis, an industrial suburb of Paris, on 21 December 1881.

paragraph: He was raised in the tough back alleys of Paris, shaping his rough and foul-mouthed nature which nevertheless made him a favorite of the French public. He was apprenticed to the Gnome engine manufacturing company, after which he spent six months in England as Robert Loraine's mechanic in 1910, and then returned to France, where he gained his pilot's license (no. 312) on 7 December 1910 at the Blériot school at Pau. His rise to become one of the most prominent pilots of the time started when he won the 1911 Paris to Madrid air race in May 1911 flying a Morane-Borel monoplane, although the previous month he had attracted attention by dropping bouquets of violets onto the Mi-carême procession as it entered the Place de la Concorde in Paris. That year he also came second in the Circuit of Britain race and third in the Circuit of Europe race. In 1912, flying the Deperdussin 1912 Racing Monoplane he was the first person to fly an aircraft at more than and he also won the Gordon Bennett Trophy race.

paragraph: Vedrines was politically active and in 1912 he stood unsuccessfully as a Socialist candidate for the Chamber of Deputies for the constituency of Limoux. He also made an early use of an aircraft for propaganda purposes, dropping leaflets demanding more aircraft for the French Army over the Chamber of Deputies in Paris in January 1912.

paragraph: In 1913 he flew from Paris to Cairo in a Blériot monoplane. The flight was attended by controversy at both its beginning and its end.

paragraph: On arrival at Nancy he was prevented from proceeding, since it was rightly thought that it was his intention to violate German airspace. This was a controversial issue at the time: aviators were pressing for the freedom to fly anywhere without regard to national boundaries. Védrines' action helped to bring about a conference on the matter which was held the following year.

paragraph: After a long delay in Nancy, on 20 November Védrines circumvented the ban by the transparent ruse of heading west on taking off from Nancy, changing course for Prague when out of sight of the airfield. He was tried in absentia for this by the Germans and sentenced to a year's imprisonment. After Prague he proceeded via Sofia, Constantinople (where he pleased the Sultan by dropping a Turkish flag on the Imperial palace), reaching Beirut on 25 December, Jaffa on the 27th, and finally, on the 29th, landing on the polo ground at Heliopolis, where he was greeted by a representative of the Khedive and by the French Agent, who placed a laurel wreath bound with a tricolour around his neck. Shortly after his arrival, however, he became involved in a dispute with Henri Roux, who had been a passenger in a rival attempt to fly to Cairo. A refusal to retract an accusation of unpatriotic behaviour led to Védrines being challenged to a duel: he refused to fight, saying he was not brave enough. An attempt by René Quinton, president of the French "Ligue Aérienne", to resolve the matter by asking Védrines to fight or leave Cairo merely resulted in Védrines returning to Paris and challenging Quinton to a duel in Roux's place, Vedrines desiring to fight with French Army revolvers at ten paces. The affair made headlines in the Parisian press for several weeks, but experts in duelling protocol eventually decided that there was no cause for attempted bloodshed.

paragraph: During the First World War he was largely involved in clandestine missions, landing behind enemy lines to drop or pick up agents. His Blériot XXXVIbis aircraft was named "La Vache" (The Cow) and was emblazoned with a picture of a cow, in homage to his family's roots in the Limousin region. On 15 July 1915 he was mentioned in the French Army Order of the Day for his work with the Sixth Army, for whom he had flown over 1,000 hours on reconnaissance missions.

paragraph: On 19 January 1919 he succeeded in landing a Caudron G.3 on the by roof of the Galeries Lafayette department store in Paris, winning a 25,000 franc prize which had been offered before the war. His feat was considered a success despite a hard landing that seriously damaged the plane and injured the aviator. After his death a stone commemorating the achievement was placed there.

paragraph: Three months later, on 21 April 1919, he was killed when attempting to fly a Caudron C.23 from Villacoublay to Rome, Italy. After an engine failed he attempted a forced landing but crashed near St Rambert d'Albon near Lyon killing himself and his mechanic Marcel Guillain.

alias:
Jules Charles Toussaint Védrines
Jules Vedrines
Jules Charles Toussaint Vedrines

description: French aviation pioneer

wikidata_label: Jules Védrines

wikipedia_title: Jules Védrines


text:
Bates Method
William H. Bates
Los Angeles
Bates method
Aldous Huxley
The Art of Seeing
optometry
ophthalmology
Helmholtz
Tscherning
Young
Maddox
Gullstrand
Donders
Duke-Elder
Fincham

paragraph: Margaret Darst Corbett

paragraph: Margaret Darst Corbett (January 17, 1889 – December 5, 1962) was an American vision educator who used the Bates Method for better eyesight. She became famous after her prosecution and acquittal on a charge of violating Californian law against the practice of medicine without a licence.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Margaret Darst was born in Boston, Mass, January 17, 1889, the daughter of Edward Washington Darst and his wife Minnie Ann. During the First World War she was a yeoman first class in the US Naval Reserve. She married Daniel Lithgow Corbett, who died in 1930. She died in Los Angeles, December 5, 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Methods and Teaching.

paragraph: Margaret Corbett met Dr. William H. Bates after consulting him about her husband’s eyesight. She became interested in his approach and became his pupil, and eventually taught his methods of vision education in her Los Angeles “School of Eye Education”.

paragraph: The principles of her teaching may be summed up as follows:”The purpose of the ... method is to teach activity under relaxed conditions by which the eye and mind co-ordinate normally, thus returning the function of seeing to the involuntary system, and permitting vision to take place. Relaxation, which is the secret of normal vision, should therefore be the basis of eye training. There are two types of relaxation:

paragraph: After this habit of relaxed visual activity becomes automatic with you, the eye will grow keener and stronger with use, just as any other portion of the body, if used correctly, will improve in health and power. ... No athlete is good until he relaxes. Slow motion pictures of a good boxer or runner show that even though his working muscles may tighten for an instant to provide power, he is boxing or running while relaxed. This is largely the reason that athletes warm up, by slight exercise, before engaging in contests.”

paragraph: Her specific techniques included the classic Bates method drills, such as sunning, shifting and swinging. She also, like Bates, placed great emphasis on mental drills, and one’s attitude to seeing. Amongst her many pupils was Aldous Huxley, who as a result of his education by Mrs. Corbett was inspired to write "The Art of Seeing".

paragraph: Section::::Prosecution and Acquittal.

paragraph: In late 1940 Mrs. Corbett and her assistant were charged with violations of the Medical Practice Act of California for treating eyes without a licence. At the trial, many witnesses testified on her behalf. They described in detail how she had improved their sight and had enabled them to discard their glasses. One witness testified that he had been almost blind from cataracts, but that, after receiving treatment, his vision had improved to such an extent that for the first time he could read for eight hours at a stretch without glasses. Mrs. Corbett explained in court that she was practising neither optometry nor ophthalmology and represented herself not as a doctor but only as an “instructor of eye training”.

paragraph: The trial attracted widespread interest, as did the “not guilty” verdict. The optometrists and the ophthalmologists caused a bill to be introduced into the Californian State Legislature to make such vision education illegal without an optometric or medical licence. After a lively campaign in the media, the bill was defeated.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism.

paragraph: Established optometrists and ophthalmologists continue to be unimpressed by Mrs. Corbett’s work. Speaking of her work, amongst others, Philip Pollack wroteTo anyone trained in the science of vision, the ignorance and the sheer absurdity of ideas explained in these books are appalling. The authors by-pass completely the discoveries and the experimental findings of such celebrated scientists and ophthalmologists as Helmholtz, Tscherning, Young, Maddox, Gullstrand, Donders, Duke-Elder, Fincham, etc. Their methods of treatment of defective vision and of diseased eyes are totally without value. ... The ideas of Bates and his disciples, far from being new, are a throwback to medieval habits of thought.

description: American vision educator

wikidata_label: Margaret Darst Corbett

wikipedia_title: Margaret Darst Corbett


text: Robert Gould

text: Delarivier Manley

text: The New Atalantis

text: The Nine Muses

text: John Dryden

text: Robert Gould

text: moniker

text: social construct

text: Sarah Fyge Egerton

text: The Emulation

text: The Repulse to Alcander

text: To Philaster

categories: 1668 births,17th-century writers,English women poets,17th-century English women writers,Writers from London,18th-century British women writers,1723 deaths

paragraph: Sarah Fyge Egerton

paragraph: Sarah Fyge Egerton (1668–1723) was an English poet who wrote in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In her works "The Female Advocate" and "Poems on Several Occasions", Egerton wrote about gender, friendship, marriage, religion, education, politics, and other topics. She is chiefly known as the spirited teen who responded in defense of women to Robert Gould's misoygnist satire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sarah Fyge was born in London, she was baptized on 20 December 1668. She was the daughter of Thomas Fyge (d. 1705) and his first wife Rebecca Alcock (d. 1672). Her mother died when she was three years old, and she was raised by her father's second wife, Mary Beacham (d. 1704). Fyge, in addition to being an apothecary in London, was a descendant of the Figge family of Winslow, Buckinghamshire, from which he inherited a plot of land. As the daughter of a landowning apothecary, Egerton had the benefit of living in a relatively wealthy environment. Based on her family's wealth and references found within her works, it appears that she had some education, whether formal or informal, in fields such as mythology, philosophy, and geography. When she was 14 years old, Egerton wrote her most popular work, "The Female Advocate" (1686). "The Female Advocate" is a poem written in response to Robert Gould's "Love Given O'er: Or a Satyr on the Inconstancy of Woman", which accuses women of being a source of evil. Upon the publication of a second edition of "The Female Advocate", Thomas Fyge banished his daughter from their London home, and she went to live with family members in Winslow, Buckinghamshire. Egerton later recalled this tumultuous time in her poem "On my leaving London," included in her collection "Poems on Several Occasions" (1703).

paragraph: Sarah Fyge was married two times, first to attorney Edward Field in the late 1680s or early 1690s. Egerton was reluctant to enter into the marriage and describes her concerns in the poem "On my wedding Day." However, the marriage was brief, ended by Edward's death sometime before 1700. She went on to marry her much older second cousin Thomas Egerton, a widowed clergyman who presided over Adstock, Buckinghamshire. Both before and during her second marriage, Egerton maintained feelings for Henry Pierce, an associate of her first husband. She wrote him many letters, and she addresses him as "Alexis" in several poems. The Egertons' marriage was well known for its open hostility, and in 1703 they filed for divorce, but for one reason or another it was not granted. The author Delarivier Manley and Egerton had a genial relationship at one time; however, Egerton's testimony against Manley in a trial marked the beginning of a period of animosity. By 1709, Manley openly criticised Egerton and her second marriage in "The New Atalantis" with lines like, "Her face protects her chastity," and a scene featuring a violent fight during which Sarah threw a pie at her husband. Manley's infamous commentary upon Egerton and her marriage appear to mark the end of Egerton's public life. Few, if any, references can be found about her aside from the inscription of her name on her husband's burial monument in 1720 and the record of her own death 13 February 1723.

paragraph: In her will made in 1721 (with two codicils in 1722), Egerton asked to be buried either in Winslow church or Westminster Abbey. She made bequests to the poor of Winslow, Adstock, and Shenley (Bucks), where she owned property probably inherited from her first husband. There were numerous bequests to various friends and relatives, including her three sisters. She also specified: "Six Ladys to bear the Pall each to have 20s Ring enameld with white wrote within only remember Clarinda 1721." The sole executor and apparently the main beneficiary was Thomas Aldridge.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Like many other 17th- and 18th-century women authors, Egerton probably shared her work amongst a coterie of female poets. She states in her dedication to the Earl of Hallifax in "Poems on Several Occasions" (1703), "They [her poems] never were abroad before, nor e'er seen but by my own sex, some of which have favour'd me with their compliments." At times her works were not only reviewed by her peers, but were also part of collaborative pieces like "The Nine Muses"—an elegiac tribute to John Dryden. She is best known for her own work "The Female Advocate" (1686), which argued against social customs that she felt restricted female freedom. In the dedication to "Poems on Several Occasions", Egerton wrote that love was "the only proper theme" for women. Her lasting legacy, however, derives from for her works advocating women's rights.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"The Female Advocate".

paragraph: Egerton first entered the literary world with her publication of "The Female Advocate" (1686), a defiant response to Robert Gould's "Love Given O're: Or, A Satyr Against the Pride, Lust and Inconstancy of Women" (1682). She responds to Gould’s misogynistic endeavours to, “Discover all their [women] various sorts of vice,/The Rules by which they ruine and intice,/Their folly, Falshood, lux'ry, Lust, and Pride." Her reply in heroic couplets not only challenges the merit of his claim, but goes farther to suggest that women are in fact the superior sex because, when found alone, man is "A barren Sex and insignificant" and "So Heaven made Woman to supply the want,/And to make perfect what before was scant" Egerton also argued that it was the same God that created both men and women, and in doing so applied generally accepted theological points to counter Gould's argument. The second edition of her work in 1687 featured the same arguments, but underwent heavy editing and almost doubled in length.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Poems on Several Occasions".

paragraph: Egerton's "Poems on Several Occasions Together with a Pastoral" (1703) contains many of her best known pieces. Unlike "The Female Advocate", this work consists of 56 individual poems. Many of these poems are loosely biographical and continue to challenge gender stereotypes as she did in "The Female Advocate". She also addresses love, especially within the context of her personal life. The works related to female advocacy address the right for females to receive education, female equality or superiority, and the roles women should have in society. Poems concerning love express doubt and emotional vulnerability while in love.

paragraph: Section::::Selections from "Poems on Several Occasions".:"To Philaster".

paragraph: “To Philaster", consists of twenty-two lines in which the speaker shifts between fond reminiscence of the love she shared with Philaster (a moniker for a lover appearing in several of Egerton's works) and attacks upon his character as a deceiver. The work begins by calling Philaster a "perjur'd Youth" and likening his passion to a "disease." The speaker then recalls that Philaster "had innocence when [he] was mine", suggesting that perhaps the memory of his passion was, according to Medoff, a comfort to her. The tone returns to remonstrance a few lines later, "Perjur'd imposing youth, cheat who you will,/Supply deficit of Truth with amourous skill" (19–20). The final lines of the poem suggest that the speaker acknowledges Philaster's deceitfulness, but she also claims her experience to be exceptional. She believes that the "first ardour of thy soul was all possessed by me" (22). The piece reveals Egerton's ability to capture uncertainty and emotional vulnerability in love.

paragraph: Section::::Selections from "Poems on Several Occasions".:"Emulation".

paragraph: “Emulation" is a thirty nine-line poem written in heroic couplets that challenges the "tyrant Custom" that makes females "in every state a slave" (4). The speaker indicts the social construct of women being confined to subservient roles within society: “The nurse, the mistress, parent” (5). She believes that men deliberately place women in such roles to prevent females from receiving educations, because males “fear [that] we should excel their sluggish parts,/Should we attempt the science and arts" (19–20). In other words, she suggests that if given the chance, females would not only equal men in learning, but also surpass them. The piece argues that there is no legitimate reason for women to serve menial roles based on their gender, because they are as capable as men to perform any role requiring intellectual prowess. The poem ends on a positive note, suggesting that women will eventually educate themselves, and that when they do "Wit's empire now shall know a female reign" (33), ending the monopoly males enjoyed over the intellectual realm.

paragraph: Section::::Selections from "Poems on Several Occasions".:"To Mariana".

paragraph: “To Mariana", written in heroic couplets, is a complaint against a woman that spoke against progressive female attitudes—a recurrent argumentative stance amongst Egerton's group of peers.

paragraph: Section::::Selections from "Poems on Several Occasions".:"The Liberty".

paragraph: “The Liberty" opens with "Shall I be one, of those obsequious fools,/That square there lives, by customs scanty rules" (1–2). The poem builds upon the theme that rules of custom are inadequate, and that adherence to such rules is servile obedience. The poem expresses frustration with the educational system that inculcates customs designed to reflect adherence to proper form rather than intellectual knowledge. The poem is especially sensitive to the customs that dictate the roles women play within society.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Female Advocate or, an Answer to a Late Satyr Against the Pride, Lust and Inconstancy, c. of Woman. Written by a Lady in Vindication of her Sex" (1686)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems on Several Occasions" (1703)

paragraph: Section::::E-texts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Fyge Egerton at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Female Advocate or, an Answer to a Late Satyr Against the Pride, Lust and Inconstancy, &c. of Woman. Written by a Lady in Vindication of her Sex" (Women Writers Resource Project)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Emulation" (Representative Poetry Online [RPO])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Repulse to Alcander" (RPO)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Philaster" (RPO)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (features Sarah Fyge Egerton as the person throwing the pie)

description: British writer

enwikiquote_title: Sarah Egerton

wikidata_label: Sarah Fyge Egerton

wikipedia_title: Sarah Fyge Egerton


text:
marchioness of Bodonitsa
Ubertino
Parma
Guy
Charles of Anjou
bailli
Glarentsa
Principality of Achaea
Galeran d'Ivry
vicar general
William I of Athens
Albert
Karl Hopf
Anthony le Flamenc
trobairitz
Ysabella

categories: Marquesses of Bodonitsa,13th-century women rulers,House of Pallavicino,13th-century rulers in Europe,Year of birth unknown,1286 deaths,13th-century Greek people,13th-century Italian people,13th-century Italian women,Christians of the Crusades,13th-century Greek women

paragraph: Isabella Pallavicini

paragraph: Isabella Pallavicini (died 1286), sometimes Jezebel, was sovereign marchioness of Bodonitsa from 1278 to 1286.

paragraph: She succeeded her brother Ubertino and also inherited her elder sister Mabilia's Italian possessions in Parma. The three were the only children of the first margrave Guy. In 1278, the year of her succession, Isabella was requested by her new lord, Charles of Anjou, to do homage to his new "bailli" at Glarentsa. When the barons of the Principality of Achaea, of which the ruler of Bodonitsa was chiefest of twelve peers, refused to do homage to the "bailli" Galeran d'Ivry as vicar general, the primary reason was the absenteeism of their "primus inter pares", Isabella.

paragraph: Isabella was old at her accession and did not live long thereafter. She died childless and left open a succession dispute, which was eventually solved by the arbitration of William I of Athens, then acting bailiff of Achaea, in favour of her cousin Albert. According to an unfounded conjecture by Karl Hopf, she was married to Anthony le Flamenc.

paragraph: She is possibly the trobairitz known only as Ysabella.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Setton, Kenneth M. (general editor) "A History of the Crusades: Volume III — The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975.

description: Marchioness of Bodonitsa

wikidata_label: Isabella Pallavicini

wikipedia_title: Isabella Pallavicini


text: American football

text: cornerback

text: Citra, Florida

text: college football

text: The Citadel

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: San Diego

text: California

text: North Marion High School

text: Citra, Florida

text: The Citadel

text: track and field

text: Bulldogs

text: Furman

text: Samford

text: Southern Conference

text: Southern Conference

text: red zone

text: Mel Kiper Jr.

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: contract

text: signing bonus

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: special teams

text: Arnaz Battle

text: Seattle Seahawks

text: Leon Washington

text: kickoff

text: Arizona Cardinals

text: New England Patriots

text: Tom Brady

text: Cleveland Browns

text: nickel

text: dime

text: Dick LeBeau

text: Ike Taylor

text: Thursday night

text: Tennessee Titans

text: Cincinnati Bengals

text: Andy Dalton

text: A. J. Green

text: Cleveland Browns

text: Josh Gordon

text: Lawrence Timmons

text: Travis Benjamin

text: William Gay

text: Arizona Cardinals

text: Matt Flynn

text: Jarret Boykin

text: Ike Taylor

text: Buccaneers

text: Blake Bortles

text: Brice McCain

text: Pittsburgh Steelers bio

categories: Players of American football from California,1988 births,Pittsburgh Steelers players,Players of American football from Florida,People from Citra, Florida,American football cornerbacks,The Citadel Bulldogs football players,Living people

paragraph: Cortez Allen

paragraph: Cortez Lequon Allen (born October 29, 1988) is a former American football cornerback. Allen grew up in Citra, Florida and played college football at The Citadel. Allen was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round of the 2011 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Born in San Diego, California, Allen graduated from North Marion High School of Citra, Florida in 2006 prior to being recruited to The Citadel. While in high school, Allen played varsity football only in his senior year and also ran on the track and field team. Allen earned all-state and all-city football honors in his one year of varsity football and was part of the 2005 regional championship team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Allen posted 120 tackles and 5 interceptions in his career with the Bulldogs football team of The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, returning two for touchdowns. As a freshman in 2006, Allen played in four games and had one assisted and one solo tackle. He redshirted the 2007 season. In 2008, as a sophomore, Allen played all 12 games and started 6. Against Furman (October 18), Allen made a season-high seven tackles, and against Samford (October 25), Allen made six tackles (including one for loss) and broke up one pass.

paragraph: In his junior season (2009), Allen played and started in all 11 games. Of his 57 total tackles in 2009, 36 were solo. Following Citadel's victory over Samford on October 31, the Southern Conference named Allen the Defensive Player of the Week for six solo tackles and two interceptions returned for 110 yards. For 2009, Allen earned second-team All-Southern Conference honors. Allen would again earn second-team honors in his senior season (2010), having made 23 tackles (13 solo), 6 passes defended (most in the team), and 2 interceptions (returned for 18 yards). Allen also made 8 red zone stops, including two at the one-yard line.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Before the draft, analyst Mel Kiper Jr. considered Allen a "sleeper" who would be selected in the third or fourth round. Kiper also described Allen as "a big corner who runs well, tests well athletically and has good strength". Allen was invited to the NFL combine and performed all the position drills and workouts. At the Citadel's Pro Day on March 28, 2011, he stood on his combine numbers but performed the vertical again, posting 37 1/2 inches this time. Scouts were very high on his physical tools and size but said he had to develop his awareness and was a raw prospect lacking the natural coverage instincts that are needed to be an NFL starter.

paragraph: The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Allen in the fourth round (128th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2011.

paragraph: On July 28, 2011, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Allen to a four-year, $2.43 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $293,625. Due to injury, Allen missed much of training camp.

paragraph: Allen played 15 games in the 2011 season and missed Week 6 (October 9) due to an ankle injury. He debuted professionally in Week 1 (September 11) against the Baltimore Ravens on special teams. In Week 2 (September 18), Allen and Arnaz Battle made a special teams tackle of the Seattle Seahawks' Leon Washington during a third quarter kickoff return. On October 23 (Week 7) against the Arizona Cardinals, Allen made his first defensive tackle. Allen made four defensive tackles on October 30 (Week 8) against the New England Patriots and was part of a defense that limited Tom Brady to 198 passing yards. In Week 9 (November 6) against Baltimore, Allen made three defensive and one special teams tackle. Allen left the Week 17 (January 1, 2012) game against the Cleveland Browns due to a shoulder injury. He did not return to that game and was inactive for the Steelers' game. Allen finished his rookie season with 15 tackles. He regularly played on nickel and dime defenses. Defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau commented about Allen: "We always liked his size to speed ratio and he's got an innate feel for the ball."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2012.

paragraph: For the 2012 season, Allen played in 15 games with three starts. He had 55 tackles, 10 passes defended, 2 interceptions returned for 6 yards, and 3 forced fumbles. Twice in the season, Allen substituted for injured cornerback Ike Taylor. Allen made a career-high five tackles in Week 6 (October 11), a Thursday night match against the Tennessee Titans. In Week 16 (December 23) against the Cincinnati Bengals, Allen picked off two passes from Andy Dalton and returned the interceptions for a cumulative 6 yards. Allen also forced a fumble from Cincinnati receiver A. J. Green. In the season finale on Week 17 (December 30) against the Cleveland Browns, Allen forced two fumbles, both of which were followed by Steelers touchdowns. In the second quarter, Allen stripped a received ball from Josh Gordon, with Lawrence Timmons recovering. Then in the fourth quarter, Allen forced a fumble from Travis Benjamin after Benjamin caught a pass. Allen returned the fumble 21 yards and set up a possession that led to a touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2013.

paragraph: Allen played in 14 games in the 2013 season. Allen struggled with injuries during the 2013 season, as well as the return of veteran cornerback William Gay to the Steelers after a 1-year stint with the Arizona Cardinals. Allen scored his first touchdown against the Packers after intercepting a pass from Matt Flynn that was intended for Jarret Boykin. The Steelers won the game 38-31. Allen finished the season with 51 total tackles, 2 interceptions, 1 touchdown, and 13 pass deflections.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2014.

paragraph: On September 6, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Allen to a five-year, $24.6 million contract extension that includes $9.75 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $6.75 million. In Week 3 of the 2014 season, the Steelers lost cornerback Ike Taylor to a forearm injury. Allen stepped in as his replacement. While playing the Buccaneers the week after, he recorded 7 tackles as well as an interception. The next week, facing the Jaguars, he intercepted a pass from rookie quarterback Blake Bortles in the 2nd quarter. He finished the game with 7 tackles and an interception. On October 17, the Steelers benched Allen in favor of veteran Brice McCain.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2015.

paragraph: Allen played in one game for the Steelers in 2015. He was placed on injured reserve in October. He was released by the Steelers on April 15, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pittsburgh Steelers bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Cortez Allen

wikipedia_title: Cortez Allen


text:
Bradford
Vulcan Iron Works
Edward Carbutt
Bessemer process
London Exhibition
steam hammer
drilling machine
screw cutting lathe
planing machine
lathe
Landore
Eston
Bolckow Vaughan
Edward Carbutt
Chilton
Roots ventilator
steam engine
St Petersburg
Roots
Scientific American
Consett Iron Works
Bow Street Magistrates' Court
John Alexander

categories: 1884 deaths,English inventors,English mechanical engineers,Mining equipment companies,1807 births,Industrial machine manufacturers

paragraph: Robinson Thwaites

paragraph: Robinson Thwaites (1807 – 22 October 1884) was a nineteenth-century mechanical engineer and mill-owner in Bradford, Yorkshire. His companies included at different times Robinson Thwaites and Co, Thwaites and Carbutt and Thwaites Brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Companies.

paragraph: Robinson Thwaites' father Thomas was a master plumber. Robinson trained as a plumber to follow in his father's business, and started to practice as a plumber.

paragraph: But instead, by 1848 he founded the Vulcan Iron Works at Bradford, as shown in an 1858 lithograph in the Illustrated Commerce Guide. His firm, Robinson Thwaites and Co, later (1862) in partnership with Edward Carbutt as Thwaites and Carbutt, and (in 1880) Thwaites Brothers, acquired a high reputation for its machinery used in the production and manufacture of iron and Bessemer process steel.

paragraph: Robinson Thwaites and Co grew from a firm of "3 seniors, 50 men and 6 boys" in 1851 to "130 men and 13 boys" (as Thwaites and Carbutt) by 1871. Thwaites Brothers continued in production until at least 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Products and patents.

paragraph: In 1862, Thwaites and Carbutt exhibited a selection of machine tools at the London Exhibition. These included a seven hundredweight double-action self-acting steam hammer; a four hundredweight double-action single standard hammer; a pillar radial drilling machine; a six-inch centre slide and screw cutting lathe; a "very powerful" planing machine; and a ten-inch centre double-geared slide lathe.

paragraph: In 1866, Thwaites and Carbutt Vulcan Works manufactured three locomotives "of 0-6-0 type" for Boulton.

paragraph: In 1869, Thwaites and Carbutt supplied the engines for a reversing rolling mill at Landore steel works.

paragraph: In 1877 Thwaites and Carbutt supplied a rolling mill engine (see illustration) for the Eston Ironworks of Bolckow Vaughan and Co. It had a 36-inch (91.44 cm) bore, and a 54-inch (137.16 cm) stroke. That same year, the firm produced a coke crusher to prepare carbon for ironmaking.

paragraph: The pioneering engineering work of Thwaites and his partners is evident from the numerous patents they took out. One was for improvements to steam hammers.

paragraph: Another patent, taken out by Robinson's son William Henry Thwaites in 1877 with help from Edward Carbutt was for mine ventilation equipment, as installed at Chilton Colliery (see illustration). The Roots ventilator had two 25 foot diameter rotary pistons, each 13 foot wide. They were driven by a steam engine whose cylinders had a 28-inch diameter and a 48-inch stroke. The firm exhibited an "air blowing machine" at the St Petersburg Exhibition of New and Improved Mechanisms, Devices and Tools in 1875, alongside a similar one by Roots.

paragraph: In 1891, Scientific American published "illustrations of a Thwaites suspension pneumatic power 1/2 cwt. hammer of a new design, for planishing pipes and plates, for which we are indebted to "Engineering" [magazine]". The machine could deliver "500 blows per minute".

paragraph: In 1893, the foundry at the Consett Iron Works was using a Roots blower made by Thwaites Brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Family firm.

paragraph: Thwaites' work as a mechanical engineer was continued by three of his sons, Thomas Hirst Thwaites, Arthur Hirst Thwaites, and Edward Hirst Thwaites, all of whom became engineers in the firm.

paragraph: A fourth son who also worked at the Vulcan Iron Works, William Henry Thwaites, married Mary Ann Stuttard of Colne, Lancashire on 23 October 1879, but died in 1882 aged 32.

paragraph: From being purely a family firm, Thwaites Brothers had a professional managing director by 1895, Arthur Devonshire Ellis.

paragraph: Thwaites Brothers were still in business as Engineers in 1914, continuing to make steam hammers, "Roots' blowers" (to ventilate mines) and assorted foundry equipment.

paragraph: Thwaites' eldest daughter, Mary Elizabeth Thwaites, married the Chief Clerk to Bow Street Magistrates' Court, John Alexander.

description: Engineer, Company Director

wikidata_label: Robinson Thwaites

wikipedia_title: Robinson Thwaites


text:
American football
tight end
Arizona Cardinals
National Football League
college football
Tulsa
Miami Dolphins
2011 NFL Draft
Buffalo Bills
fullback
H-back
Little Rock Central High School
Arkansas
Rivals.com
senior
touchdown
University of Tulsa
majored
halfback
2007
receptions
C-USA
honorable mention
2008
2009
2010
2011 Senior Bowl
NFL Scouting Combine
2011 NFL Draft
Miami Dolphins
San Diego Chargers
Buffalo Bills
2013
Dustin Keller
H-Back
Pittsburgh Steelers
safety
Troy Polamalu
2014 edition
NFL Top 100
2014 season
Minnesota
$
2015
Giants
Bengals
2016
New York Jets
Atlanta
Scott Chandler
Arizona Cardinals
Fellowship of Christian Athletes
college football
Arkansas
Miami Dolphins bio
Buffalo Bills bio

categories: American football fullbacks,Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players,African-American players of American football,Living people,1986 births,Players of American football from Arkansas,Sportspeople from Little Rock, Arkansas,American football tight ends,Miami Dolphins players,Buffalo Bills players

paragraph: Charles Clay (American football)

paragraph: Charles Clay (born February 13, 1989) is an American football tight end for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tulsa and was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the sixth round (174th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Clay began his career as a fullback and often lines up in the backfield as an H-back.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Clay attended Little Rock Central High School where he was ranked as the 13th top overall prospect in the state of Arkansas by Rivals.com his senior season. As a senior, he rushed for 891 yards and 11 touchdowns, he also had four receiving touchdowns. He was rated a three-star recruit by Rivals.com.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After high school, Clay attended the University of Tulsa, where he majored in business as well as played halfback and fullback from 2007 to 2010. As a true freshman in 2007, he appeared in all 14 games (10 starts). He recorded 69 receptions for 1,024 yards and seven touchdowns. His receiving yards ranked him second on the school's all-time freshman receiving list. He also recorded 304 rushing yards and one touchdown. He was named to the C-USA All-Freshman team as well as All-C-USA honorable mention. He was also named Second-team Freshman All-American by Rivals.com as an All-purpose player. As a sophomore in 2008, he appeared in all 14 games (nine starts). He recorded 38 receptions for 464 yards and nine touchdowns. He also carried the ball 25 times for 145 yards and two touchdowns. In 2009, as a junior, he appeared in all 12 games (11 starts). He recorded 39 receptions for 530 yards and five touchdowns. He also rushed the ball 63 times for 236 yards and seven touchdowns. As a senior in 2010, he appeared in 13 games. He recorded 43 receptions for 526 yards and seven touchdowns. He also, rushed the ball 34 times for 226 yards.

paragraph: During his career Clay accumulated 685 rushing yards on 145 carries with 10 rushing touchdowns and also added over 2,000 yards receiving with 21 receiving touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pre-draft.

paragraph: After playing in the 2011 Senior Bowl and participating in the NFL Scouting Combine, NFL.com's scouts noted that "Clay is an athletic fullback that is a weapon in the receiving game. Possesses good lateral agility and makes people miss in the open field. Delivers powerful shots blocking and shows good leg drive. Strong enough to push the pile in short yardage situations and can break tackles in the secondary."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Clay was drafted in the sixth round (174th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Miami Dolphins. He signed his 4-year rookie deal on July 29.

paragraph: Clay recorded his first career reception on October 2, 2011, against the San Diego Chargers. On November 20, he recorded his first touchdown against the Buffalo Bills. He finished the 2011 seasons with 16 receptions for 233 yards (14.6 avg.) and three touchdowns and the 2012 season with 18 receptions for 2012 yards (11.8 avg.) and two touchdowns as one of the team's fullbacks.

paragraph: In 2013, after starting tight end Dustin Keller suffered a season-ending knee injury in the preseason, Clay assumed the starting tight end role after being an H-Back on the team. In his second start, he recorded his first career rushing touchdown and 109 yards receiving in a Week 2 matchup with the Colts. During Week 14, against the Pittsburgh Steelers he broke multiple tackles, including one of veteran safety Troy Polamalu, on his way to a touchdown in a Miami win. He finished the season with 69 catches (7th among tight ends), 759 yards (tied for 9th), 11.0 avg. and six touchdowns; in addition to 15 yards rushing on seven carries and a rushing touchdown. His performance earned him the 89th ranking position on the 2014 edition of the NFL Top 100.

paragraph: In the 2014 season, he started all 14 games he appeared in, missing games 11 and 12 due to injury. In week 16, he had a career best 114 yards on six catches in a win over Minnesota. On the season, he recorded 58 receptions for 605 yards (10.4 avg.) and three touchdowns.

paragraph: On March 19, 2015, Clay signed a five-year, $38 million contract with the Buffalo Bills, after the Dolphins elected not to match the offer.

paragraph: In 2015, his first season in Buffalo, he started 13 games. He had a career best nine catches in game 4 against the Giants, and matched it two weeks later against the Bengals, both losses. He recorded 51 receptions for 528 yards (10.4 avg.) and three touchdowns.

paragraph: He played all 16 games in 2016, but reached 50 yards receiving in only five of them. All four of his touchdowns came in games 13 to 15.

paragraph: On September 10, 2017, Clay caught four passes for 53 yards and a touchdown in the season opener against the New York Jets. He played a pivotal role in a 23-17 week 4 victory over undefeated Atlanta with 112 yards.

paragraph: In 2018, Clay had 21 receptions for a career-low 184 yards and no touchdowns.

paragraph: On February 15, 2019, Clay was released by the Bills.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.:Buffalo Bills franchise records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Bills tight end with back-to-back seasons with 50+ receptions, 500+ receiving yards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most consecutive games with 1+ receiving TD by a Bills tight end: 3, tied with Scott Chandler

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: On February 19, 2019, Clay signed with the Arizona Cardinals. NFL Network's Tom Pelissero reported the deal is worth up to $3.25 million with a $350K signing bonus.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Clay is the son of Charles and Jerrilyn Clay. He was a member of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. The elder Clay played college football at Arkansas.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Dolphins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bills bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Charles Clay

wikipedia_title: Charles Clay (American football)


text:
Greek
Greco-Bactrian
Alexander the Great
Euthydemid
Indo-Greek
Indus
Bactria
Euthydemus I
Demetrius
India
Antimachus I
Bactria
Seleucid
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Justin
Mithridates
Laodice
Demetrius I
Demetrius II
Apollodotus I
Antimachus II
Menander I
Parthia
Mithradates I
Strabo
Eucratideia
Eucratides II
Heliocles I
Demetrius II
Eucratides II
Heliocles I
Yuezhi
Hindu Kush
Plato of Bactria
Demetrius II
Indo-Greeks
Scythian
Strato II
Da Afghanistan Bank
central bank
Afghanistan
Heliocles I
W. W. Tarn
Coins of Eucratides
More coins of Eucratides
Catalogue of the Coins of Eucratides I

categories: 145 BC deaths,Greco-Bactrian kings,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Eucratides I

paragraph: Eucratides I (Greek: ; reigned c. 171–145 BC), sometimes called Eucratides the Great, was one of the most important Greco-Bactrian kings, descendants of dignitaries of Alexander the Great. He uprooted the Euthydemid dynasty of Greco-Bactrian kings and replaced it with his own lineage. He fought against the Indo-Greek kings, the easternmost Hellenistic rulers in northwestern India, temporarily holding territory as far as the Indus, until he was finally defeated and pushed back to Bactria. Eucratides had a vast and prestigious coinage, suggesting a rule of considerable importance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Coup d'état.

paragraph: Eucratides came to the throne by overthrowing the dynasty of Euthydemus I in Bactria, whose son Demetrius was conquering northwestern India. The king whom Eucratides dethroned in Bactria was probably Antimachus I.

paragraph: It is unclear whether Eucratides was a Bactrian official who raised a rebellion, or, according to some scholars, a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes who was trying to regain the Bactrian territory. Justin explains that Eucratides acceded to the throne at about the same time as Mithridates, whose rule is accurately known to have started in 171 BC, thereby giving an approximate date for the accession of Eucratides:

paragraph: Some of the coins of Eucratides probably represent his parents, where his father is named Heliocles, and his mother, who is thought to be Laodice, is wearing a royal diadem. Laodice may have been a member of the Seleucid imperial house.

paragraph: Having become master of Bactria, Eucratides also conquered the western parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom. According to the single remaining source, Roman historian Justin, Eucratides defeated Demetrius of India, but the identity of this king is uncertain: he could be either Demetrius I, or Demetrius II.

paragraph: Numismatic evidence suggests that Eucratides I was a contemporary of the Indo-Greek kings Apollodotus I, Antimachus II and Menander I. In any case, Eucratides' advances into India are proved by his abundant bilingual coinage.

paragraph: In the west the Parthian king Mithradates I began to enlarge his kingdom and attacked Eucratides; the city of Herat fell in 167 BC and the Parthians succeeded in conquering two provinces between Bactria and Parthia, called by Strabo the country of Aspiones and Turiua.

paragraph: Eucratides I is most likely the founder of Eucratideia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Justin ends his account of Eucratides' life by claiming that the warlike king was murdered on his way back from India by his own son (either Eucratides II or Heliocles I, although there are speculations that it could be his enemy's son Demetrius II), who hated his father so much that he dragged his dead body after his chariot:

paragraph: The murder of Eucratides probably brought about a civil war amongst the members of the dynasty. The successors to Eucratides were Eucratides II and Heliocles I (145–130 BC), who was the last Greek king to reign in Bactria. Once the Yuezhi tribes overpowered Heliocles, the Greco-Bactrians lost control of the provinces north of the Hindu Kush.

paragraph: Two other members of the dynasty were Plato of Bactria and probably Demetrius II, who in that case was not identical with the king Justin claimed was the enemy of Eucratides I.

paragraph: The rule of the Greco-Bactrians soon crumbled following these numerous wars:

paragraph: However, the rule of the Indo-Greeks over territories south of the Hindu Kush lasted for a further 150 years, ultimately collapsing under the pressure of the Yüeh-chih and Scythian (Saka) invasions in around 10 BC, with the last Indo-Greek ruler Strato II.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Full account of Justin on Eucratides:

paragraph: Section::::Modern.

paragraph: Da Afghanistan Bank which is the central bank of Afghanistan, in its seal has a Eucratides I-era coin having the Greek text, "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ" which means “Of the great king Eucratides.”

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heliocles I

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies" by Thomas McEvilley (Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buddhism in Central Asia" by B. N. Puri (Motilal Banarsidass Pub, January 1, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Eucratides

paragraph: BULLET::::- More coins of Eucratides

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of the Coins of Eucratides I

description: Bactarian King

wikidata_label: Eucratides I

wikipedia_title: Eucratides I


text: Greek

text: Greco-Bactrian

text: Eucratides the Great

text: Bactrian country

text: Justin

text: Menander I

text: Bactria

text: Yuezhi

text: nomadic

text: Yuezhi

text: Bactria

text: Greeks

text: Indo-Greek Kingdom

text: Heliocles II

text: W. W. Tarn

text: Coins of Heliocles

text: More coins of Heliocles

paragraph: Heliocles I

paragraph: Heliocles (Greek: ; reigned 145–130 BCE) was a Greco-Bactrian king, relative (son or brother) and successor of Eucratides the Great, and probably the last Greek king to reign over the Bactrian country. His reign was a troubled one; according to Roman historian Justin, Eucratides was murdered by his son and co-ruler, though Justin fails to name the perpetrator. The patricide might have led to instability, even civil war, which caused the Indian parts of the empire to be lost to Indo-Greek king Menander I and southern Bactria to be lost to the Yuezhi.

paragraph: Section::::Yuezhi invasion.

paragraph: From 130 BCE a nomadic people, the Yuezhi, started to invade Bactria from the north and we could assume that Heliocles was killed in battle during this invasion. Details from Chinese sources seem to indicate that the nomad invasion did not end civilisation in Bactria entirely. Hellenised cities continued to exist for some time, and the well-organised agricultural systems were not demolished.

paragraph: The Yuezhi would copy and adapt the coin types of Heliokles for a long time.

paragraph: Section::::Continuation of the Indo-Greek kingdom.

paragraph: Even if this was the end of the original Greco-Bactrian kingdom, the Greeks continued to rule in northwestern India to the end of the 1st century BCE, under the Indo-Greek Kingdom. It is unclear whether the dynasty of Eucratides was extinguished with the death of Heliocles I or if members of the family emigrated eastwards. Several later Indo-Greek kings, including Heliocles II, struck coins which could be associated with the dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Heliocles

paragraph: BULLET::::- More coins of Heliocles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of the Coins of Heliocles I and Scythian Imitations

wikidata_label: Heliocles I

wikipedia_title: Heliocles I


text: American

text: anthropologist

text: cryptozoologist

text: Bigfoot

text: human evolution

text: Europe

text: China

text: Java

text: evolutionary anthropology

text: primatology

text: fringe science

text: tenure

text: Kennewick Man

text: naturalists

text: Salt Lake City

text: Latter Day Saints

text: Mormons

text: Rockford, Illinois

text: University of Utah

text: Air National Guard

text: Clovis, New Mexico

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Bachelor of Science

text: Master's degree

text: University of Minnesota

text: Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology

text: Berkeley, California

text: Washington State University

text: unified field theory

text: military history

text: Ramapithecus

text: Homo erectus

text: phonemic

text: prehistoric Europe

text: Indo-European languages

text: mastoid process

text: stone tools

text: Neanderthal

text: Quaternary extinction event

text: sea level

text: Kennewick Man

text: The New Yorker

text: Native Repatriation Act

text: Current Anthropology

text: Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World

text: In Search of...

text: Anglicization

text: Halkomelem

text: gigantopithecines

text: Bering land bridge

text: humans to enter North America

text: International Society of Cryptozoology

text: Sussex, England

text: binomen

text: taxon

text: holotype

text: plaster casts

text: Patterson–Gimlin film

text: Argosy

text: plaster cast

text: Bossburg, Washington

text: John Willison Green

text: dermal ridges

text: clubfoot

text: John Napier

text: University of Groningen

text: FBI

text: Scotland Yard

text: thenar eminence

text: Skookum cast

text: Outside

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: Evelyn Einstein

text: Miller Analogies Test

text: Intertel

text: Duane Gish

text: Valentine's Day

text: Port Angeles, Washington

text: pancreatic cancer

text: body farm

text: National Museum of Natural History

text: Irish Wolfhound

text: forensics

text: osteology

text: George Washington University

text: Current Anthropology

text: American Anthropologist

text: American Journal of Archaeology

text: American Antiquity

text: Roderick Sprague

categories: Washington State University faculty,People from Pullman, Washington,American anthropologists,Cryptozoologists,1931 births,2002 deaths,Scientists from Salt Lake City,Bigfoot,People from Port Angeles, Washington,American paleoanthropologists,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,University of California, Berkeley alumni,University of Utah alumni,People from Rockford, Illinois,University of Minnesota alumni

paragraph: Grover Krantz

paragraph: Grover Sanders Krantz (November 5, 1931 – February 14, 2002) was an American anthropologist and cryptozoologist; he was one of few scientists not only to research Bigfoot, but also to express his belief in the being's existence. Throughout his professional career, Krantz authored more than 60 academic articles and 10 books on human evolution, and conducted field research in Europe, China, and Java.

paragraph: Outside of Krantz's formal studies in evolutionary anthropology and primatology, his cryptozoological research on Bigfoot drew heavy criticism and accusations of "fringe science" from his colleagues, costing him research grants and promotions, and delaying his tenure at the university. Further, his articles on the subject were rejected by peer-reviewed scholarly journals. However, Krantz was tenacious in his work and was often drawn to controversial subjects, such as the Kennewick Man remains, arguing for their preservation and study. He has been described as having been the "only scientist" and "lone professional" to seriously consider Bigfoot in his time, in a field largely dominated by amateur naturalists.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Krantz was born in Salt Lake City in 1931 to Carl Victor Emmanuel Krantz and Esther Maria (née Sanders) Krantz. His parents were devout Latter Day Saints often referred to as Mormons, and while Krantz tried to follow the basic Christian philosophy of behaviour and morality, he was not active in the religion. He was raised in Rockford, Illinois until the age of 10, when his family relocated back to Utah. He attended the University of Utah for a year beginning in 1949 before joining the Air National Guard, where he served as a desert survival instructor at Clovis, New Mexico from 1951 to 1952. Krantz then transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed a Bachelor of Science degree in 1955 and a Master's degree in 1958. With the submission of his doctoral dissertation, titled "The Origins of Man", Krantz obtained his doctorate in anthropology from the University of Minnesota in 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional career.

paragraph: In the early 1960s, Krantz worked as a technician at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology in Berkeley, California before acquiring a full-time teaching position at Washington State University, where he taught from 1968 until his retirement in 1998. He was a popular professor despite giving notoriously difficult exams, and often ate lunch with students and talked about anthropology, unified field theory in physics, military history, and current events. After his death, a scholarship named after Krantz was established at the University to promote "interest in the fields of physical/biological anthropology, linguistic archaeology, and/or human demography."

paragraph: In the 1970s, Krantz studied the fossil remains of "Ramapithecus", an extinct genus of primates then thought by many anthropologists to be ancestral to humans, although Krantz helped prove this notion false. Krantz's research on "Homo erectus" was extensive, including studies of phonemic speech and theoretical hunting patterns, and argued that this led to many of the anatomical differences between "H. erectus" and modern humans. He also wrote an influential paper on the emergence of humans in prehistoric Europe and the development of Indo-European languages, and was the first researcher to explain the function of the mastoid process. His professional work was diverse, including research on the development of Paleolithic stone tools, Neanderthal taxonomy and culture, the Quaternary extinction event, sea level changes, and the evidence of sex in the human fossil record.

paragraph: In 1996 Krantz was drawn into the Kennewick Man controversy, arguing both in academia and in court that direct lineage to extant human populations could not be demonstrated. In an interview appearing in "The New Yorker", Krantz stated his view that "this skeleton cannot be racially or culturally associated with any existing American Indian group" and "the Native Repatriation Act has no more applicability to this skeleton than it would if an early Chinese expedition had left one of its members there." In 2001 he attempted to submit the last paper he wrote before his death, titled "Neanderthal Continuity in View of Some Overlooked Data," although it was rejected by the peer-reviewed journal "Current Anthropology", with then editor Benjamin Orlove stating that it did not make enough reference to the most current research.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bigfoot research.

paragraph: Krantz's specialty as an anthropologist included all aspects of human evolution, but he was best known outside of academia as the first serious researcher to devote his professional energies to the scientific study of Bigfoot, beginning in 1963. Because his cryptozoology research was ignored by mainstream scientists, despite his academic credentials, in a bid to find an audience Krantz published numerous books aimed at casual readers and also frequently appeared in television documentaries, including "Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World", "In Search of...", and "".

paragraph: Krantz's studies of Bigfoot, which he called "Sasquatch," (an Anglicization of the Halkomelem word "sásq’ets" (, meaning "wild man") led him to believe that this was an actual creature. He theorized that sightings were due to small pockets of surviving gigantopithecines, with the progenitor population having migrated across the Bering land bridge, which was later used by humans to enter North America. ("Gigantopithecus" lived alongside humans but is thought to have gone extinct 100,000 years ago in eastern Asia, while the Bering land bridge existed between 135,000 to 70,000 years BP.)

paragraph: In January 1985 Krantz tried to formally name Bigfoot by presenting a paper at the meeting of the International Society of Cryptozoology held in Sussex, England, assigning it the binomen "Gigantopithecus blacki", although this was not permitted by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature because "G. blacki" was an existing taxon and because the creature was lacking a holotype. Krantz argued that his plaster casts were suitable holotypes, later suggesting "G. canadensis" as a name. Krantz then tried to have his paper, titled "A Species Named from Footprints," published in an academic journal although it was rejected by reviewers.

paragraph: After seeing footage stills of the Patterson–Gimlin film which appeared on the February 1968 cover of "Argosy", Krantz was skeptical, believing the film to be an elaborate hoax, saying "it looked to me like someone wearing a gorilla suit" and "I gave Sasquatch only a 10 percent chance of being real." After years of skepticism, Krantz finally became convinced of Bigfoot's existence after analyzing the "Cripplefoot" plaster casts gathered at Bossburg, Washington in December 1969. Krantz later studied the Patterson–Gimlin film in full, and after taking notice of the creature's peculiar gait and purported anatomical features, such as flexing leg muscles, he changed his mind and became an advocate of its authenticity. While in Bossburg, he also met John Willison Green and the two remained friends until Krantz's death.

paragraph: The Cripplefoot tracks, left in snow, purportedly showed microscopic dermal ridges (fingerprints) and injuries tentatively identified as clubfoot by primatologist John Napier. Krantz asked Dutch professor A.G. de Wilde of the University of Groningen to examine the prints, who concluded that they were "not from some dead object with ridges in it, but come from a living object able to spread its toes." Krantz also attempted to have both the FBI and Scotland Yard study the dermal ridge patterns, and was told by renowned fingerprint expert John Berry, an editor of the journal "Fingerprint Whorld", that Scotland Yard had concluded the prints were "probably real." To his disappointment, a subsequent 1983 article in the journal "Cryptozoology", titled "Anatomy and Dermatoglyphics of Three Sasquatch Footprints," was largely ignored.

paragraph: After constructing biomechanical models of the Cripplefoot casts by calculating their distance, leverage, weight dynamics and distribution, and comparing the data to the track's heel, ankle and toe base, Krantz concluded that the footprints had been left by an animal about 2.44 m (8 ft) tall and weighing roughly 363 kg (800 lb). The morphological detail in the cast, particularly impressions of the thenar eminence muscle, also helped convince Krantz, who argued that a hoax "would require someone quite familiar with the anatomy of the human hand to make the connection between a non-opposable thumb and an absence of the thenar eminence." This culminated in Krantz's first publication on the subject of Bigfoot, with his article "Sasquatch Handprints" appearing in the journal "North American Research Notes" in 1971.

paragraph: Shortly before his death, Krantz also examined the Skookum cast. He did not publicly endorse its authenticity, saying in an interview with "Outside" magazine, "I don't know what it is. I'm baffled. Elk. Sasquatch. That's the choice."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life and death.

paragraph: Grover Krantz had one brother, Victor Krantz, who worked as a photographer at the Smithsonian Institution. Krantz was married four times and divorced three times. His first wife was Patricia Howland, whom he married in 1953; he was later married to Joan Brandson in 1959 and Evelyn Einstein in 1964. He married his fourth wife, Diane Horton, on November 5, 1982. He also had a stepson, Dural Horton. Krantz was a road enthusiast and frequently took road trips, traveling to all 48 continental states. In 1984, he received high scores on the Miller Analogies Test and was subsequently accepted into the high IQ society Intertel. On March 3, 1987, Krantz debated Duane Gish on creationism and evolution at Washington State University; the well-publicized three-hour debate was attended by more than 1000 people.

paragraph: On Valentine's Day 2002, Krantz died in his Port Angeles, Washington home from pancreatic cancer after an eight-month battle with the disease. At his request, there was no funeral. Instead, his body was shipped to the body farm at the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility, where scientists study human decay rates to aid in forensic investigations. In 2003, his skeleton arrived at Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and was laid to rest in a green cabinet, alongside the bones of his three favorite Irish Wolfhounds – Clyde, Icky, and Yahoo – as was his last request (See "Epilogue" by Dave Hunt of the Smithsonian in "Only A Dog").

paragraph: In 2009, Krantz's skeleton was painstakingly articulated and, along with the skeleton of one of his dogs, included on display in the Smithsonian's "Written in Bone: Forensic Files of the 17th Century Chesapeake" exhibition at the National Museum of Natural History. His bones have also been used to teach forensics and advanced osteology to George Washington University students.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: Non-Sasquatch works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Climatic Races and Descent Groups" (North Quincy, MA: Christopher Publishing House, 1980. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Process of Human Evolution" (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing, 1981. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geographical Development of European Languages" (New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, 1988. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Only A Dog" (Hong Kong: William Meacham, 2008. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Numerous scholarly papers, published in "Current Anthropology", "American Anthropologist", "American Journal of Physical Anthropology", "American Journal of Archaeology", "American Antiquity", and other journals

paragraph: Among his works on Sasquatch are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Scientist Looks at the Sasquatch" (Moscow: University Press of Idaho, 1977, with anthropologist Roderick Sprague. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Scientist Looks at the Sasquatch II" (Moscow: University Press of Idaho, 1979, also with Roderick Sprague. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids" (Calgary: Western Publishing, 1984, with archaeologist Vladimir Markotić. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Footprints: A Scientific Inquiry Into the Reality of Sasquatch" (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1992. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bigfoot Sasquatch Evidence" (Surrey, BC: Hancock House, 1999. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Numerous scholarly papers, published in "Northwest Anthropological Research Notes", "Cryptozoology", and other journals

description: American biological anthropologist

wikidata_label: Grover Krantz

wikipedia_title: Grover Krantz


text:
epithet
Indo-Greek
Paropamisade
Hindu-Kush
Alexandria of the Caucasus
Kabul
Afghanistan
Philoxenus
Diomedes
Yuezhi
Bactria
Yuezhi
Sakas
Kushan
Kujula Kadphises
Hippostratos
Zeus
Mithras
Hanshu
Indo-Scythian
Hanshu
Spalirises
Kabul
Gansu
Yonaka
Yuezhi
Emperor Yuandi
Emperor Chengdi
Heraios
Kujula Kadphises
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire
Coins of Hermaeus
More coins of Hermaeus

paragraph: Hermaeus

paragraph: Hermaeus Soter or Hermaios Soter (; epithet means "the Saviour") was a Western Indo-Greek king of the Eucratid Dynasty, who ruled the territory of Paropamisade in the Hindu-Kush region, with his capital in Alexandria of the Caucasus (near today's Kabul, Afghanistan). Bopearachchi dates Hermaeus to c. 90–70 BCE and R. C. Senior to c. 95–80 BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hermaeus seems to have been successor of Philoxenus or Diomedes, and his wife Kalliope () may have been a daughter of Philoxenus, according to Senior. Judging from his coins, Hermaeus' rule was long and prosperous, but came to an end when the Yuezhi, coming from neighbouring Bactria, overran most of his Greek kingdom in the Paropamisade around 70 BCE. According to Bopearachchi, these nomads were the Yuezhi, the ancestors of the Kushans, whereas Senior considers them Sakas.

paragraph: Kushan ruler Kujula Kadphises associated himself to Hermaeus on his coins, either in attempt to solidify legitimacy or due to the difficulties minting early coins. In any case, the Yuezhi-Kushans preserved a close cultural interaction with the Greeks as late as the 3rd century CE.

paragraph: Given the importance of Hermaeus to the nomad rulers, it is possible that Hermaeus himself was partially of nomad origin.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Hermaeus.

paragraph: Hermaeus issued Indian silver coins of three types. The first type has a diademed or sometimes helmeted portrait, with reverse of sitting Zeus making benediction gesture. Hermaeus also issued a rare series of Attic silver tetradrachms of this type, which were issued for export to Bactria.

paragraph: The second type was a joint series of Hermaeus with his queen Kalliope. The reverse departs from the traditional Hermaeus format, in that it shows the king on a prancing horse. The "king on a prancing horse" is characteristic of the contemporary Greek kings in the eastern Punjab such as Hippostratos, and it has been suggested that the coin represented a marital alliance between the two dynastic lines. The horseman on Hermaeus' version is however portrayed somewhat different, being equipped with a typical Scythian longbow.

paragraph: The third series combined the reverses of the first series, without portrait.

paragraph: Hermaeus also issued bronze coins with the head of Zeus-Mithras and a prancing horse on the reverse.

paragraph: Section::::Contacts with China.

paragraph: A Chinese historical record from the Hanshu Chap. 96A could possible be related to Hermaeus, even though this is very speculative and the record more likely refers to later Saka kings. The chronicle tells how a king who may possibly be identified as Hermaeus received the support of the Chinese against Indo-Scythian occupants, and may explain why his kingdom was suddenly so prosperous despite the general decline of the Indo-Greeks during the period. The Chinese records would put Hermaeus's dates later, with his reign ending around 40 BCE.

paragraph: According to the Hanshu, Chap. 96A, Wutoulao (Spalirises?), king of Jibin (Kophen, upper Kabul Valley), killed some Chinese envoys. After the death of the king, his son (Spaladagames) sent an envoy to China with gifts. The Chinese general Wen Zhong, commander of the border area in western Gansu, accompanied the escort back. Wutoulao's son plotted to kill Wen Zhong. When Wen Zhong discovered the plot, he allied himself with Yinmofu (Hermaeus?), "son of the king of Rongqu" (Yonaka, the Greeks). They attacked Jibin (possibly with the support of the Yuezhi, themselves allies of the Chinese since around 100 BCE according to the Hanshu) and killed Wutoulao's son. Yinmofu (Hermaeus?) was then installed as king of Jibin, as a vassal of the Chinese Empire, and receiving the Chinese seal and ribbon of investiture.

paragraph: Later Yinmofu (Hermaeus?) himself is recorded to have killed Chinese envoys in the reign of Emperor Yuandi (48–33 BCE), then sent envoys to apologize to the Chinese court, but he was disregarded. During the reign of Emperor Chengdi (51–7 BCE) other envoys were sent, but they were rejected as simple traders.

paragraph: Section::::Imitations by Indo-Scythian and Yuezhi invaders.

paragraph: These events may have initiated an alliance between the Greeks and the Yuezhi (even possibly a dynastic alliance), explaining why the Yuezhi gained pre-eminence after the reign of Hermaeus, why their rulers such as Heraios then minted coins in a way very faithful to the Greek type, and why the first Kushan emperor Kujula Kadphises associated himself with Hermaeus on his coins, in a way characteristic of a ruler asserting his pedigree.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Coin Types of the Indo-Greek Kings, 256-54 B.C.", A. K. Narain

paragraph: BULLET::::- "China in Central Asia, the Early Stage: 125 B.C.-A.D. 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty", A. F. P. Hulsewé, and M. A. N. Loewe, 1979. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Hermaeus

paragraph: BULLET::::- More coins of Hermaeus

wikidata_label: Hermaeus

wikipedia_title: Hermaeus