text: Tamabi University

text: Tatehata

text: Beaux-arts de Paris

text: Chartres

text: Beauce

text: Eure et Loir

text: Royal College of Art

text: Greenpeace

text: Niigata

text: Saarland

text: Berlin Wall

text: Orient

text: Occident

text: Buddhism

text: Catholicism

text: Francoist Spain

text: Siresa-Hecho

text: Resistance

text: Deportation

text: tautology

text: 38th parallel north

text: environmental sculpture

text: aesthetic

text: Official Tetsuo Harada's website

text: First son Narito Harada's company website

text: Second son Cesar Harada website

categories: 1949 births,Land artists,Japanese sculptors,Japanese pacifists,Living people

paragraph: Tetsuo Harada

paragraph: He studied at Tamabi University Tokyo with Professor Tatehata, Beaux-arts de Paris with Professor Colamarigny, Jean Cardot . He now lives and works mostly in Paris France and carves granite in his large studio in Fresnay l'Eveque near Chartres in the Beauce area, Eure et Loir region. He produced quantities of skecthes, drawings and paintings, as finished art piece or researches for future sculptures.

paragraph: In late years his work was promoted actively by his wife Annie Harada and his second son Cesar Minoru Harada, now student at the Royal College of Art. His first son Narito Harada is an influential lawyer specialized in Environment working for NGO like Greenpeace. Tetsuo Harada teaches fine art and urban design at the National Superior Architecture School of Versailles (ENSAV), from which Since 30 years he is establishing educational programs and cultural bridges between Asian Universities and European Universities.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.

paragraph: After the 2nd world war Harada was born in a small village called Niitsu surrounded by rice fields (now turned into the actual city of Niigata). The Harada Family, were farmers, his father became a blacksmith then worked to construct buildings using metal structures. His first brother Shigeo became the chairman and now his son Hisao manages it. He is an architect. Niichiro and Kikuno Harada had 3 boys and 3 girls, Tetsuo was the 6th. His father was the chairman of the "Harada Tekojio" and he understood well the importance of education, so Niichiro Harada allows him to buy any books he wanted to provide for his education choosing at the same time the directions that he want to take. Well involved in Art, "Tetsuo" means Philosopher, studies music like jazz, songs, learn guitar by himself and sing in a group of friends, interpreting the Beatles. Tetsuo was attracted by art history, sculpture, painters, architecture...

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.:Education, Influences.

paragraph: Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niitsu koko is the high school where Tetsuo studied drawings under the teaching of Professor Nitta Sensei. To go to study to Tokyo was a chance to progress to his own wishes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graduate Tamabi Fine Arts University at Tokyo Japan (1968–1971). Tatehata Sensei was one of his teacher.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graduate teacher in plastic art (1971), he was teaching one year in a Highschool.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ecole Superieure des Beaux Arts de Paris E.N.S.B.A. (1973–1975), direct carving atelier of Professor Colamarigny, then Jean Cardot.

paragraph: Tetsuo Harada work is often compared to the one of Constantin Brâncuși, Isamu Noguchi, Barabara Epworth, Henry Moore.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.:Life in Japan.

paragraph: Teaching.

paragraph: Tetsuo HARADA studied in high school to "Niitsu Koko", he learned drawing with his professor Nitta Sensei. He graduated from Tokyo Tamabi Fine Arts University where he received academic training in sculpture (art history, drawing, modeling, pattern, pottery, casting, curving wood, granite, marble...)

paragraph: In 1969, he participated at a symposium on wood sculpture near Tazawako Lake, Akita, Japan, organized by sculptors Watanabe and Koyanagi. He created a monumental sculpture in wood "The bird" 250 cm high. Also participating, Mazuda, Hochiiho, Sakaï, Tsuboï.

paragraph: At the Salon of Kodo Bijutsu Kyokaï in Tokyo, he presents "The bird" a low relief in ceramic (150 x 120 cm).

paragraph: In a group exhibition in Niitsu, he presented "The bird" in ceramic and "The birds" low relief in plaster.

paragraph: In 1970 he carves a monumental sculpture in white granite "Silence and the sea" (150 x 90 x 70).

paragraph: In 1971 he is graduate as professor of Fine Arts at the Tama Fine Art University of Tokyo.

paragraph: At the Nirenoki Gallery in Tokyo he exhibited with sculptor Tsuboi, showing "Mother and child" in granite 60 x 50 x 60, "Matches" cast metal 40 x 34 x 15, "Rhythm" in polyester and cast metal 90 x 85 x 90, "Parallel Thoughts" in wood, "Declaration" in wood, "Composition" in green granite.

paragraph: He is the winner of the third prize of the "Kodo Bijutsu Kyokai" with "Work 71" 180 x 170 x 100, in black granite (Takahashi collection in Sado Island).

paragraph: In 1972 he taught Fine Arts in the Technical High School in Takada near Niigata. He studied Japanese garden, tea ceremony, member of a music band. With Tsuboï they exhibited at the Tokiwa gallery, he showed "Lotus" in metal, "Balance" in iron and polyester, "Composition" in green granite, "Union" in iron, "Lotus Leaf" in iron, "Peace" low-relief in aluminum, "Declaration For Look" in wood. At the salon Kodo Bijutsu Kyokaï, third participation, he presented "Composition" in black granite.

paragraph: He had personal exhibitions at the Oshima gallery, Joetsu, Niigata in Japan. By selling artworks he would like to study in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and work.:Arrival in Europe.

paragraph: In 1973, he traveled throughout Europe. In France he visited Paris, Chartres, the south of France, Switzerland, Germany, worked in Italy at the Nicoli studio in Carrare, met Japanese artists painters sculptors Taniguchi, Hihara, Kiomizu, Mickael Esbin, shared life with them. He studied at "Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux Arts de Paris, direct carving at atelier Colamarigny and Jean Cardot. So after a while he decided to live in Paris and rent a flat near Place Clichy. His dream is to try to earn his living as an artist was a real challenge. To give him a chance to hold up, he threw his return plane ticket in the Seine river.

paragraph: During the winter of 1973–1974 he built his sculpture "Prophetie" in cast cement in a studio in Meudon, which he exhibited at the Salon de la Jeune Sculpture in the gardens of the Champs Elysees in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.

paragraph: During the summer 1974, Tetsuo Harada took part in a symposium organized by the gallery Monika Beck for the city of Homburg, Saarland Germany. He carved an Italian marble making "Die Hand von Buddhas" (The Buddha's Hand) 220x140x75cm installed in the city. It is his first monumental sculpture in Europe, an ode to Peace, in reaction to the Berlin Wall, separating East and West Germany. For Tetsuo Harada it is his first symbolic act to bring Orient and Occident, Buddhism and Catholicism together.

paragraph: He met Pedro Tramullas sculptor that quickly became his friend while living in Paris and Jaca in Spain. Tramullas father was a painter and his family suffered in Francoist Spain: Pedro organised in 1975 the first international symposium of sculpture in Siresa-Hecho. Side to the Pyrenees, in the sculpture garden of Hecho, alongside Bonnard, Johner, Lesne, Miska, Tramullas, Vernier, Yamahata, Harada curved in two grey marble "La mano de la Paz", H160x240x110cm protesting against the dictatorship.

paragraph: Memorial

paragraph: In 1985, the city of Nanterre 92 (near Paris) organized a competition for the making of a monumental tribute, memorial to the Resistance and the Deportation. Out of 77 international participants, Harada won and carved two columns of Breton blue granite H450cm, firmly erected symbolizing the two victorious World Wars. On one hand two large "V" engraved successively in the columns are the signs of victories, but on the other hand the columns strewed over pebbles, representing the millions of victims killed during the two wars, without whom these victories would not have been possible.

paragraph: Earth Weaving

paragraph: UNION The work of Harada is about shapes but mainly connections, relations. A whole art of relation that disarms the apparent dialectic of his production between simplicity and complexity. The creative act turns over itself like a glove, and questions about its birth, pointing at the immanence and the fundamental tautology of creation.

paragraph: Harada declines this theme at various levels :

paragraph: BULLET::::- the union between artwork and nature or city,

paragraph: BULLET::::- the union between artwork and the beings,

paragraph: BULLET::::- the friendship of people, from the fusion of feelings to the fusion of cultures.

paragraph: A long list of countries attest to this cosmopolitism : Japan, the United States, India, France, Greece, Germany, Spain, Italy, Thailand, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Israel, ... but also, among hundreds, regions and landscapes : Toscany, Brittany, the Ardennes, the Beauce... or cities : Paris, New-York, Tokyo, Kyoto, Firense, Pietrasanta, Niigata, Lisbon, Athens, Leiden...

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Earth Weaving, le Tricot de la terre.:The 38th Parallel.

paragraph: The city of Kajigawa, Niigata, Japan, is located on the 38th parallel north (latitude).

paragraph: This is a public commission that is precisely on the 38th Parallel. This is the line that divided the two Koreas and the art piece as well. I wanted to show this border and, at the same time, link the two blocs with a sphere. I want to symbolize the act of getting over the feud. It represents a dream of peace: This sculpture is a part of the Earth Weaving project.

paragraph: In 1992 Tetsuo Harada won the international competition. The 38th Parallel has an axe 100 meters long. The two blocks of the pyramid meet exactly at the 38th parallel and are united by a Sphere. On the floor a large granite ring. On the right side of the pyramid a column is erected. The Earth Weaving links welding pyramid and ground, keeping the philosophy of Tetsuo Harada art work.Dimensions . Column H 400 cm, sphere diameter 120 cm, floor 570 x 500 cm = 28,5m2, around 35 tones, in Breton pink granite carved in France and transported by boat to Japan. As well Tetsuo Harada, the city of Kajigawa and the Equipment Ministry who commissioned the sculpture, wish to convey this message for peace. They invite other cities in the world located on the 38th parallel to express that hope by culture, art or sports.

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Earth Weaving, le Tricot de la terre.:Earth Weaving Olympics Games.

paragraph: In 1991 the Alberville city – Savoie – France has organized an international competition, Tetsuo Harada won facing 46 candidates. The monumental red granite sculpture should be at the entrance of the City. The idea was as follows: column powerful is a symbol of strength and righteousness. The international event translated by a large globe based on a pyramid form divine, also exploit the fruit of men. This composition is a significant mind and soul of Sports men and links the spirit of games.The 5 pink granite blocks had been extracted from the careers for this order. But because of financial problems, the project has not been completed. It was a bitter episode in the career of the sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Earth Weaving, le Tricot de la terre.:Olympics Games 2004.

paragraph: The City of Athens in Greece with the Curator Maria Polychronopoulos for Kifisia and Skironio Art Museums, also located on the 38th parallel, has adopted the theme "38th parallel horizon" for the artistic and cultural Olympics Games. They were working with many 38th Parallel countries artists, that Harada encourages.

paragraph: The 38th Parallel walks through: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, China, Korea, Japan, California, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Interbreeding.

paragraph: From this human and geographical development, from his own family, beautifully mix-raced, from his itinerary made of teaching and sharing, Harada builds up the arguments of an initiatory route :

paragraph: -a life and a work of art like a metaphor in progress, convening in curious alchemy the union of art and the forms of union,

paragraph: -a path of sympathy with the world and the things as well as the beings, that probably is ' environment-art '. Though this path undeniably and essentially belongs to sculpture, it carries along close ties with landscape art, architecture and urbanism.

paragraph: One of Harada's adventure is particularly representative of this aspect of his work : the cycle of the Earth Weaving, a huge and protean sculpture supposed to traverse the globe and spring up from the earth bringing a message of peace; its most spectacular emergence is the Tazawako dam in Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Early Formal Experimentions.

paragraph: Mineral Garden "This sculpture is a 80m2 mineral garden, a signposting sculpture landscape composed of pavement, pebbles and sculpture.There is a superimposition of three granite blocks that form a five meters high culumn : In Japan, it is impossible to build such a tall and heavy sculpture because of earthquakes."In 1989, for "Hôtel des Impôts" of Saint Brieuc, Brittany region, he carves a landscape sculpture "Mineral garden" on the Earth Weaving concept. 47 tons of pink granite, totems of 5 meters, 80 m2 pavement in pink granite, pyramid, steps, ring tied with the Earth. Organized by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, with architect Caron in Nantes.

paragraph: HARADA, Environment-art : an art of union and relation.

paragraph: To try and grasp architecture or sculpture simply through shapes would not lead to a clear understanding of the meaning and the sensation they convey : it would amount to forget, on the one hand, that the empty space has a meaning and on the other hand, that the meaning not only lies in space as such, but also in its occupancy, in the relations that emanate from it.

paragraph: Fountain "For the sculpture I wanted to make something welcoming, a place where the kids would play and an art piece that adults could easily INTEGRATE in their environment. I mixed grey granite from the Tarn and some pink "de la clarte", which blends the sculpture with its context by reference to a typical architectural pattern of Sainte Memehould : diagonal lines of brick and limestone".In 1986 He realizes a Fountain placed in the quartier des Vertes Voyes in Sainte Menehould, Champagne, France. Organized by the Ministry of Education and the City of Sainte Ménéhould. Directe carving in grey granite encrusted with pink granite. H 300 cm, basins 800 cm x 600 cm, pebbles. Totems H 300 cm.

paragraph: Theatral sculpture"For this sculpture I used raw materials. I wanted to play with the architecture of the location, create a harmony with the surroundings, make the sculpture follow the inclination of the roof. It is a dry fountain, a meeting place, to welcome people of exchange and communication. This artwork is also on the Earth Weaving concept. I carved Fountain in 1989 for the high school "Highschool Basse-Goulaine" in Loire-Atlantique, France."Organized by the Ministry of Education, with architect Pélerin in Nantes. First part : 4 blocks H 300, 250, 240, 210 cm and a square dry basin 750 x 750 cm in pink granite, for pupils to gather.

paragraph: Prophecy

paragraph: Shape, space, relation : an environment

paragraph: HOSPITALITY

paragraph: But to try and feel Harada's personality, as well as the two hundred tons of granite of

paragraph: Tazawako, one would eventually have to mention all the people that approached him, or followed him in his teaching or in the adventure of the construction of his atelier in Frenay-l'Evêque. They have seen the quality of his welcome, his humble and insatiable curiosity, this other art of relation, hospitality, which is a foundation of his art, much more than a 'simple' practice, which he undoubtedly fully possesses. Just like environment-sculptures, the spectator is led to participate : if he cannot physically walk through a sculptural space as it is the case in monumental sculptures, he is this time the guest and the actor of an encounter of a more private kind...

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Sexuality, simplicity.

paragraph: Though it speaks to the senses, and sometimes to sensuality in its most carnal dimension, it is above all the primal meaning that Harada's work pursues, a meaning that finds its source in the imaginary of creation, in a literal meaning : union, fold, interweaving, mating, birth. A creation appearing on the edges, the lips, in the intervening space.[Hubert Lempereur] "On earth males and females coexist, their complementarity being an essential condition to life. Sexuality is part of life, there is no provocation on my part. I do things as I feel them and the audience is free to find it shocking or pleasant and natural. Representation of sex in my work has nothing to do with obsession. Sexuality is a universal subject that cannot be made to fit in particular cultural slot. It is neither primitive, nor modern, nor occidental, nor oriental. I just hope people can receive my message simply."

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Nature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public commission for the High School Cantau in Anglet-Biarritz, Pays Basque. Carves a monumental landscape sculpture "Atlantic". Many elements placed in a circle : "Sun" diam : 330 x 110, "Waves, Roots, Rocks" : 500 x 170 x 140, "Waves, Roots, Rocks" 500 x 240 x 110, using grey Sidobre granite from the Pyrénées (80 tons of granite reduced to 50 tons of finished sculpture). Works for 18 months in the Bousquet Marbrerie in Bayonne with assistants sculptors Xavier Boggio and Gildas Berthelot. Architects Lefèvre and Fougeroux of Paris. Order from the Ministry of Education.

paragraph: Tetsuo Harada's major artwork in 1995 : "the Earth Weaving" for the Tazawako dam. An environmental sculpture in granite integrated on the dam. Ordered by the Japanese Ministry of Equipment as the first realization of the Japanese ecological program. Inaugurated on October 19. The artwork is made of four types of red and pink granite. With its waves, roots, links, rocks, sun, it stands in harmony with the dam, the mountain of Tazawako city and Komagatake volcano. Law relief, 120 meters in length, 16 meters high, around 500 polished pieces produced in Madras, India and Brittany, France, transported by boat and truck into the Akita mountain at about 1200 m of altitude.

paragraph: Also free standing landscape sculpture. On the right side of the dam : "Friendship bench", circle 6 m, platform 25m2, in massive black granite. On the left side, a blue granite sculpture "River" H 2,9 m, floor 36 m2. In the entrance "le Tricot du Parc Culturel", H 4m, surface 12 x 12 m, in pink granite.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scenography and realization of a land art in 2003 "Les champs de la Beauce" in Louville-la-Chenard, Eure-et-Loir, France, in the plain of Beauce near Chartres. On 5 hectares, use a hundred varieties of plants, in collaboration with two farmers, Hervé Mardelet and Claude Viollette. Eight sculptures decorated the promenades. More than 7.000 visitors. Beginning of plantations in October 2002, harvest in August 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Realization of the sculpture "Window of the Heart" in the Fudanji Temple, Niitsu, Niigata. Composition of wood and painted metal, H 450, ground 400 x 400, with César Minoru Harada as assistant (Coll. Kobayashi).

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Intimate production.

paragraph: Whether it be through his big environment-sculptures or through smaller pieces, Harada's artwork involves the public and invites it to participate in more intimate encounters.

paragraph: Away from public spaces, in the intimacy of his studio, Harada draws, shapes, curves, models and molds small dimension works. These artworks show unceasing returns, reflexion, dissatisfaction, research, constituting the milestones of an aesthetic intrigue. Sometimes a peaceful moment after a large scale public work, or a class at the university, Harada always needed the intimacy of his studio to prepare large creative public sculptures and installations.

paragraph: Section::::Political, social.:Methodology.

paragraph: Study drawing, clay modeling, plaster casting, technical drawing, Template, direct carving

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Technique, enseignement,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Tetsuo Harada's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- First son Narito Harada's company website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second son Cesar Harada website

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Tetsuo Harada

wikipedia_title: Tetsuo Harada


text:
cinematographer
pitcher
Major League Baseball
University of Oregon
Vernon Tigers
Pacific Coast League
Fatty Arbuckle
Buster Keaton
Sherlock, Jr.
Seven Chances
The General

categories: St. Louis Browns players,Philadelphia Athletics players,Portland Beavers players,Vernon Tigers players,1891 births,1969 deaths,Spokane Indians players,Brooklyn Tip-Tops players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Baseball players from Minnesota

paragraph: Byron Houck

paragraph: Byron Simon Houck (August 28, 1891 – June 17, 1969) was an American cinematographer and pitcher in Major League Baseball during the 1910s. He attended the University of Oregon.

paragraph: Section::::Films.

paragraph: Houck later pitched for the Vernon Tigers of the Pacific Coast League. Fatty Arbuckle owned the team and he worked with Buster Keaton. This connection led to Houck doing camera work on such Keaton silent films as "Sherlock, Jr.", "Seven Chances" and "The General".

description: American baseball player and cinematographer

wikidata_label: Byron Houck

wikipedia_title: Byron Houck


text: Scottish

text: Kingdom of Strathclyde

text: patron saint

text: Glasgow

text: Wales

text: England

text: British

text: hound

text: Old Welsh

text: Old English

text: pet name

text: Cumbric

text: hypocorism

text: Kirkmahoe

text: Bromfield

text: Crosthwaite Parish Church

text: Cumberland

text: monastic

text: hagiographer

text: Jocelyn of Furness

text: Old Irish

text: Cottonian

text: British Library

text: John of Tynemouth

text: Teneu

text: King Lleuddun

text: Lothian

text: Scotland

text: Gododdin

text: Old North

text: Owain mab Urien

text: British Library

text: Traprain Law

text: coracle

text: River Forth

text: Culross

text: Fife

text: Saint Serf

text: Picts

text: Clyde

text: Saint David

text: St David's

text: Gwynedd

text: cathedral

text: Llanelwy

text: Rome

text: Riderch Hael

text: Saint Asaph/Asaff

text: Bishop of Llanelwy

text: Episcopal seat

text: Hoddom

text: Dumfriesshire

text: Galloway

text: Kilmacolm

text: Saint Columba

text: verse

text: Maelgwn

text: Saint Asaph

text: Bonedd y Saint

text: Rheged

text: Gododdin

text: Lothian

text: Bishop of Glasgow

text: Bishopric of Glasgow

text: Cumbria

text: St Asaph

text: Norman

text: Annales Cambriae

text: Lailoken

text: Merlin

text: Battle of Arfderydd

text: Chrétien de Troyes

text: Yvain, the Knight of the Lion

text: Yvain

text: Laudine

text: cathedral

text: shrine

text: Scottish Reformation

text: Bollandist

text: feast day

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: motto

text: Ripon

text: fireboat

text: "St. Mungo"

text: Arthur H. Peppercorn's A1

text: LNER

text: BR

text: Tornado

text: Stobo Kirk

text: Townhead

text: Dennistoun

text: Glasgow

text: Roman Catholic

text: Scottish Episcopal Church

text: St Mungo's Academy

text: Roman Catholic

text: co-educational

text: comprehensive

text: secondary school

text: Bridgeton, Glasgow

text: St Kentigern's Church

text: Lanark

text: St Kentigern's

text: Kilmarnock

text: Church of Scotland

text: St. Kentigern's Academy

text: Blackburn, West Lothian

text: Alloa

text: Church of Scotland

text: St. Mungo's Parish Church

text: Cumbernauld

text: Lake District

text: Caldbeck

text: Dearham

text: Blackpool

text: Grinsdale

text: Fallowfield

text: Eyeries

text: Presbyterian church

text: Auckland

text: New Zealand

text: Saint Kentigern College

text: Pakuranga

text: Remuera

text: Father Brown

text: G. K. Chesterton

text: Harry Potter

text: J. K. Rowling

text: The Cuckoo's Calling

text: J. K. Rowling

text: pseudonym

text: St Kentigern's Church

text: Baring-Gould, Sabine

text: Chrétien de Troyes

text: Burton Raffel

text: Historic Scotland

text: "St. Kentigern"

text: Druid Sacrifice

text: Jocelyn's "Life of Saint Mungo"

text: St Mungo's Holy Well, Alloway, Ayrshire

categories: Northern Brythonic saints,Bishops of Glasgow,People from Glasgow,History of Glasgow,614 deaths,Bishops of St Asaph,City founders,Arthurian characters,Medieval Scottish saints,Scottish Roman Catholic saints,People of medieval Scotland,7th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Saint Mungo

paragraph: Kentigern (; ), known as Mungo, was an apostle of the Scottish Kingdom of Strathclyde in the late sixth century, and the founder and patron saint of the city of Glasgow.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: In Wales and England, this saint is known by his birth and baptismal name Kentigern (). This name probably comes from the British *"Cuno-tigernos", which is composed of the elements *"cun", a hound, and *"tigerno", a lord, prince, or king. The evidence is based on the Old Welsh record "Conthigirn(i)". Other etymologies have been suggested, including British *"Kintu-tigernos" 'chief prince' based on the English form Kentigern, but the Old Welsh form above and Old English "Cundiʒeorn" do not appear to support this.

paragraph: Particularly in Scotland, he is known by the pet name Mungo, possibly derived from the Cumbric equivalent of the 'my dear (one)'.. The Mungo pet name or hypocorism has a Gaelic parallel in the form Mo Choe or Mo Cha, under which guise Kentigern appears in Kirkmahoe, for example, in Dumfriesshire, which appears as 'ecclesia Sancti Kentigerni' in the "Arbroath Liber" in 1321.

paragraph: An ancient church in Bromfield is named after him, as are Crosthwaite Parish Church and some other churches in the northern part of Cumberland.

paragraph: Section::::Biographers.

paragraph: The "Life of Saint Mungo" was written by the monastic hagiographer Jocelyn of Furness in about 1185. Jocelin states that he rewrote the 'life' from an earlier Glasgow legend and an Old Irish document. There are certainly two other medieval lives: the earlier partial life in the Cottonian manuscript now in the British Library, and the later "Life", based on Jocelyn, by John of Tynemouth.

paragraph: Section::::Hagiographic life.

paragraph: Mungo's mother Teneu was a princess, the daughter of King Lleuddun (Latin: Leudonus) who ruled a territory around what is now Lothian in Scotland, perhaps the kingdom of Gododdin in the Old North. She became pregnant after being raped by Owain mab Urien according to the British Library manuscript. However, other historic accounts claim Owain and Teneu (also known as Thaney) had a love affair whilst he was still married to his wife Penarwen and that her father, King Lot, separated the pair after she became pregnant. Later, allegedly, after Penarwen died, Tenue/Thaney returned to King Owain and the pair were able to marry before King Owain met his death battling Bernicia in 597 AD.

paragraph: Her furious father had her thrown from the heights of Traprain Law. Surviving, she was then abandoned in a coracle in which she drifted across the River Forth to Culross in Fife. There Mungo was born.

paragraph: Mungo was brought up by Saint Serf who was ministering to the Picts in that area. It was Serf who gave him his popular pet-name. At the age of twenty-five, Mungo began his missionary labours on the Clyde, on the site of modern Glasgow. He built his church across the water from an extinct volcano, next to the Molendinar Burn, where the present medieval cathedral now stands. For some thirteen years, he laboured in the district, living a most austere life in a small cell and making many converts by his holy example and his preaching.

paragraph: A strong anti-Christian movement in Strathclyde, headed by a certain King Morken, compelled Mungo to leave the district, and he retired to Wales, via Cumbria, staying for a time with Saint David at St David's, and afterwards moving on to Gwynedd where he founded a cathedral at Llanelwy (St Asaph in English). While there, he undertook a pilgrimage to Rome. However, the new King of Strathclyde, Riderch Hael, invited Mungo to return to his kingdom. He decided to go and appointed Saint Asaph/Asaff as Bishop of Llanelwy in his place.

paragraph: For some years, Mungo fixed his Episcopal seat at Hoddom in Dumfriesshire, evangelising thence the district of Galloway. He eventually returned to Glasgow where a large community grew up around him. It was nearby, in Kilmacolm, that he was visited by Saint Columba, who was at that time labouring in Strathtay. The two saints embraced, held long converse, and exchanged their pastoral staves. In old age, Mungo became very feeble and his chin had to be set in place with a bandage. He is said to have died in his bath, on Sunday 13 January.

paragraph: Section::::Miracles.

paragraph: In the "Life of Saint Mungo", he performed four miracles in Glasgow. The following verse is used to remember Mungo's four miracles:

paragraph: poemHere is the bird that never flew

paragraph: Here is the tree that never grew

paragraph: Here is the bell that never rang

paragraph: Here is the fish that never swam/poem

paragraph: The verses refer to the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bird": Mungo restored life to a robin, that had been killed by some of his classmates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tree": Mungo had been left in charge of a fire in Saint Serf's monastery. He fell asleep and the fire went out. Taking a hazel branch, he restarted the fire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bell": the bell is thought to have been brought by Mungo from Rome. It was said to have been used in services and to mourn the deceased. The original bell no longer exists, and a replacement, created in the 1640s, is now on display in Glasgow.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fish": refers to the story about Queen Languoreth of Strathclyde who was suspected of infidelity by her husband. King Riderch demanded to see her ring, which he claimed she had given to her lover. In reality the King had thrown it into the River Clyde. Faced with execution she appealed for help to Mungo, who ordered a messenger to catch a fish in the river. On opening the fish, the ring was miraculously found inside, which allowed the Queen to clear her name. (This story may be confused with an almost identical one concerning King Maelgwn of Gwynedd and Saint Asaph.)

paragraph: Section::::Analysis.

paragraph: Mungo's ancestry is recorded in the Bonedd y Saint. His father, Owain was a King of Rheged. His maternal grandfather, Lleuddun, was probably a King of the Gododdin; Lothian was named after him. There seems little reason to doubt that Mungo was one of the first evangelists of Strathclyde, under the patronage of King Rhiderch Hael, and probably became the first Bishop of Glasgow.

paragraph: Jocelin seems to have altered parts of the original life that he did not understand; while adding others, like the trip to Rome, that served his own purposes, largely the promotion of the Bishopric of Glasgow. Some new parts may have been collected from genuine local stories, particularly those of Mungo's work in Cumbria. S. Mundahl-Harris has shown that Mungo's associations with St Asaph were a Norman invention. However, in Scotland, excavations at Hoddom have brought confirmation of early Christian activity there, uncovering a late 6th-century stone baptistery.

paragraph: Details of Mungo's infirmity have a ring of authenticity about them. The year of Mungo's death is sometimes given as 603, but is recorded in the Annales Cambriae as 612. 13 January was a Sunday in both 603 and 614. David McRoberts has argued that his death in the bath is a garbled version of his collapse during a baptismal service.

paragraph: In a late 15th-century fragmentary manuscript generally called 'Lailoken and Kentigern', Mungo appears in conflict with the mad prophet, Lailoken alias Merlin. Lailoken's appearance at the Battle of Arfderydd in 573 has led to a connection being made between this battle, the rise of Riderch Hael and the return of Mungo to Strathclyde.

paragraph: The "Life of Saint Mungo" bears similarities with Chrétien de Troyes's French romance "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion". In Chrétien's story, Yvain, a version of Owain mab Urien, courts and marries Laudine, only to leave her for a period to go adventuring. This suggests that the works share a common source.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: On the spot where Mungo was buried now stands the cathedral dedicated in his honour. His shrine was a great centre of Christian pilgrimage until the Scottish Reformation. His remains are said to still rest in the crypt. A spring called "St. Mungo's Well"

paragraph: fell eastwards from the apse.

paragraph: His festival was kept throughout Scotland on 13 January. The Bollandists have printed a special mass for this feast, dating from the 13th century. His feast day in the West is 13 January. His feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church is 14 January.

paragraph: Mungo's four religious miracles in Glasgow are represented in the city's coat of arms. Glasgow's current motto "Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of His word and the praising of His name" and the more secular "Let Glasgow flourish", are both inspired by Mungo's original call ""Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word"".

paragraph: Saint Mungo's Well was a cold water spring and bath at Copgrove, near Ripon, North Yorkshire, formerly believed effective for treating rickets.

paragraph: Glasgow Fire Brigade also named their fireboat "St. Mungo", which served the around the Clyde from 1959 to 1975.

paragraph: One of Arthur H. Peppercorn's A1 Pacific locomotives (ordered by the LNER but not built until after nationalisation of Britain's railways) was named Saint Mungo, entering service in 1949 and carrying the BR number 60145. This was the last of the design to be withdrawn in 1966, and it would be over 40 years before a member of the class would be seen running again, in the form of the brand-new 60163 Tornado.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.:Other churches and schools.

paragraph: Saint Mungo founded a number of churches during his period as Archbishop of Strathclyde of which Stobo Kirk is a notable example. At Townhead and Dennistoun in Glasgow there is a modern Roman Catholic church and a traditional Scottish Episcopal Church respectively dedicated to the saint.

paragraph: St Mungo's Academy is a Roman Catholic, co-educational, comprehensive, secondary school located in Bridgeton, Glasgow.

paragraph: Another church established by the saint himself was St Kentigern's Church of Lanark, founded shortly before his death, and which now stands in ruins. Another church called St Kentigern's was built in the town in the late 19th century. It is still present but has been converted to housing and office space.

paragraph: In Kilmarnock, a Church of Scotland congregation is named St Kentigern's.

paragraph: St. Kentigern's Academy opened in Blackburn, West Lothian in September 1974.

paragraph: In Alloa, a chapel dedicated to St. Mungo is thought to have been erected during the fourteenth or fifteenth-century. The present Church of Scotland St. Mungo's Parish Church in Alloa was built in 1817.

paragraph: In Cumbernauld, there is St. Mungo’s Parish Church in the centre of the New Town.

paragraph: In the Lake District village of Caldbeck there is a church and a well named after him. The Cumbrian parish churches at Crossthwaite in Keswick, Mungrisdale, Castle Sowerby, and Irthington are also dedicated to St Kentigern. There are two Cumbrian churches dedicated to St Mungo, one at Bromfield (also a well and castle) and one at Dearham.

paragraph: There is a St Kentigern's school and church in Blackpool.

paragraph: In Grinsdale, Cumbria there is a church venerated to St. Kentigern.

paragraph: In Fallowfield, a suburb of the city of Manchester, a Roman Catholic church is dedicated to Saint Kentigern.

paragraph: St Kentigern's is a small Roman Catholic Church in the village of Eyeries, on the Beara peninsula in West Cork, Ireland.

paragraph: Mungo or Kentigern is the patron of a Presbyterian church school in Auckland, New Zealand, which has three campuses: Saint Kentigern College, a secondary co-ed college in the suburb of Pakuranga, Saint Kentigern Boys School, a boys-only private junior primary school in the suburb of Remuera, and Saint Kentigern Girls School, a girls-only private junior primary school also in Remuera.

paragraph: There is a United Church of Canada charge in Cushing Quebec Canada, Saint Mungos United Church. built in the 1836 originally as a Church of Scotland, it has recently been restored for its 180th anniversary.

paragraph: Section::::Fiction.

paragraph: St. Mungo is referenced in the "Father Brown" series of books by G. K. Chesterton, as the titular saint of Father Brown's parish.

paragraph: St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries is the primary hospital of Magical Britain in the "Harry Potter" series of books by J. K. Rowling.

paragraph: Kentigern Gardens is the location of a murder in "The Cuckoo's Calling", a novel published under J. K. Rowling's pseudonym of Robert Galbraith.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Kentigern's Church - dedicated churches

paragraph: Section::::Sources and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Magnificent Gael [Reginald B. Hale] 1976, World Media Productions* Baring-Gould, Sabine & Fisher, John (1907: 2000) "Lives of the British Saints". 8 vols. Felinfach: Llanerch (Facsim. reprint in 8 parts of the 4 vol. ed. published: London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1907–1913.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chrétien de Troyes; Burton Raffel, ed. (1987) "Yvain, the Knight of the Lion". New Haven: Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davies, John Reuben, "Bishop Kentigern among the Britons," in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds), "Saints' Cults in the Celtic World" (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2009) (Studies in Celtic History),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delaney, John J. (1983) "Pocket Dictionary of Saints". Image Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowe, Chris (1999) "Angels, Fools and Tyrants". Edinburgh: Canongate Books & Historic Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rees, Elizabeth (2000) "Celtic Saints: passionate wanderers". London: Thames & Hudson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Kentigern". "The Catholic Encyclopedia". New Advent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tranter, Nigel (1993) "Druid Sacrifice". London: Hodder & Stoughton (historical novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wade-Evans, A. W. (1934) "Welsh Christian Origins". Oxford: Alden Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- McArthur Irvin, Lindsay, "Building a British Identity: Jocelin of Furness's Use of Sources in Vita Kentigerni," in "Identity and Alterity in Hagiography and the Cult ofSaints", eds. Ana Marinkovic and Trpimir Vedris (Zagreb: Hagiotheca, 2010), 103–117

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jocelyn's "Life of Saint Mungo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glasgow Museums: St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kentigern and Gonothigernus ("Heroic Age Online Journal")

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mungo's Holy Well, Alloway, Ayrshire

alias: Kentigern Mungo Conval

description: an apostle of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde in the late 6th century

wikidata_label: Saint Mungo

wikipedia_title: Saint Mungo


text: Greek

text: Ptolemais

text: ancient Libya

text: Cyrenaica

text: Bayda, Libya

text: Cyrene

text: Alexandria

text: Neoplatonist

text: Hypatia

text: Athens

text: Aurelianus

text: Arcadius

text: Constantinople

text: Osiris

text: Typhon

text: Goth

text: Gainas

text: Alexandria

text: Theophilus

text: praeses

text: Andronicus

text: Hypatia

text: hydrometer

text: alchemy

text: pseudo-Democritus

text: Dio Chrysostom

text: Gainas

text: Aurelianus

text: Caesarius

text: Editio princeps

text: Turnebus

text: Collection Budé

text: A. Cameron

text: Hartwin Brandt

text: Mostafa El-Abbadi

text: Ki Longfellow

text: Synesius of Cyrene

text: Jona Lendering

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: 5th-century Byzantine people,413 deaths,5th-century bishops,Greek alchemists,Bayda, Libya,4th-century Romans,Cyrenean Greeks,Church Fathers,Ancient alchemists,Libyan Christians,Christian clerical marriage,Romans from Africa,Dream,Christianity and Hellenistic philosophy,373 births

paragraph: Synesius

paragraph: Synesius (; ; c. 373 – c. 414), a Greek bishop of Ptolemais in ancient Libya, a part of the Western Pentapolis of Cyrenaica after 410, was born of wealthy parents at Balagrae (now Bayda, Libya) near Cyrene between 370 and 375.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: While still a youth (393) he went with his brother Euoptius to Alexandria, where he became an enthusiastic Neoplatonist and disciple of Hypatia. Between 395 and 399 he spent some time in Athens.

paragraph: In 398 he was chosen as an envoy to the imperial court in Constantinople by Cyrene and the whole Pentapolis. He went to the capital in occasion of the delivery of the "aurum coronarium" and his task was to obtain tax remissions for his country. In Constantinople he obtained the patronage of the powerful praetorian prefect Aurelianus. Synesius composed and addressed to Emperor Arcadius a speech entitled "De regno", full of topical advice as to the studies of a wise ruler, but also containing a bold statement that the emperor's first priority must be a war on corruption and a war on the interpenetration of barbarians into the Roman army.

paragraph: His three years' stay in Constantinople was wearisome and otherwise disagreeable; the leisure it forced upon him he devoted in part to literary composition. Aurelianus succeeded in granting him the tax remission for Cyrene and the Pentapolis and the exemption from curial obligations for him, but then he fell in disgrace and Synesius lost everything. Later Aurelian returned in power, restoring his own grants to Synesius. The poet, then, composed "Aegyptus sive de providentia", an allegory in which the good Osiris and the evil Typhon, who represent Aurelian and the Goth Gainas (ministers under Arcadius), strive for mastery, and the question of the divine permission of evil is handled.

paragraph: In 402, during an earthquake, Synesius left Constantinople to return to Cyrene. Along the road he passed through Alexandria, where he returned in 403; it was in the Egyptian city that he married and lived, before returning at Cyrene in 405. The following years were busy for Synesius. His major concern was the organisation of the defence of the Pentapolis from the yearly attacks of neighbouring tribes.

paragraph: In 410 Synesius, whose Christianity had until then been by no means very pronounced, was popularly chosen to be bishop of Ptolemais, and, after long hesitation on personal and doctrinal grounds, he ultimately accepted the office thus thrust upon him, being consecrated by Theophilus at Alexandria. One personal difficulty at least was obviated by his being allowed to retain his wife, to whom he was much attached; but as regarded orthodoxy he expressly stipulated for personal freedom to dissent on the questions of the soul's creation, a literal resurrection, and the final destruction of the world, while at the same time he agreed to make some concession to popular views in his public teaching.

paragraph: His tenure of the bishopric was troubled not only by domestic bereavements (his three sons died, the first two in 411 and the third in 413) but also by the barbarian invasions of the country (in repelling which he proved himself a capable military organizer) and by conflicts with the "praeses" Andronicus, whom he excommunicated for interfering with the Church's right of asylum. The date of his death is unknown, but it is most likely in 413, as he wrote a farewell letter to Hypatia that year from his death bed.

paragraph: His many-sided activity, as shown especially in his letters, and his loosely mediating position between Neoplatonism and Christianity, make him a subject of fascinating interest. His scientific interests are attested by his letter to Hypatia, in which occurs the earliest known reference to a hydrometer, and by a work on alchemy in the form of a commentary on pseudo-Democritus.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His extant works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. A speech before the emperor Arcadius, "De regno" (On Kingship)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Dio, sive de suo ipsius instituto", in which he signifies his purpose to devote himself to true philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Encomium calvitii", a literary "jeu d'esprit", suggested by Dio Chrysostom's "Praise of Hair"

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Aegyptus sive de providentia", in two parts, also known as "The Egyptian Tale", about the war against the Goth Gainas and the conflict between the two brothers Aurelianus and Caesarius

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "De insomniis", a treatise on dreams

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Constitutio"

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Catastasis", a description of the end of Roman Cyrenaica

paragraph: BULLET::::8. 159 "Epistolae" (letters, including one text -Letter 57- that is in fact a speech)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. 9 "Hymni", of a contemplative, Neoplatonic character

paragraph: BULLET::::10. 2 homilies

paragraph: BULLET::::11. An essay on making an astrolabe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lost works

paragraph: BULLET::::- A book on dog breeding

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems, mentioned in Synesius' letters

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Editio princeps", Turnebus (Paris, 1553)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Garzya, (ed.), "Opere di Sinesio di Cirene", Classici greci, Torino: UTET, 1989 (with Italian translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lacombrade, Garzya, and Lamoureux (eds.), "Synésios de Cyrène", Collection Budé, 6 vols., 1978–2008 (with French translation by Lacombrade, Roques, and Aujoulat)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T.D. Barnes, "Synesius in Constantinople," "Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies" 27 (1986): 93-112.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.J. Bregman, "Synesius of Cyrene, Philosopher-Bishop" (Berkeley, 1982).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Cameron and J. Long, "Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius" (Berkeley, 1993).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. de Francisco Heredero, "Bárbaros en la Cirenaica a través dela obra de Sinesio de Cirene" in: D. Álvarez Jiménez, R. Sanz Serrano and D. Hernández de la Fuente, El Espejismo del bárbaro : ciudadanos y extranjeros al final de la Antigüedad (Castellón, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. de Francisco Heredero, "Synesios of Cyrene and the Defence of Cyrenaica" in: A. de Francisco, D. Hernández y S. Torres (eds.), New Perspectives on Late Antiquity in the Eastern Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chr. Lacombrade, "Synesios de Cyrène. Hellène et Chrétien" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, "Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom" (Oxford 1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konstantinos D.S. Paidas, "He thematike ton byzantinon "katoptron hegemonos" tes proimes kai meses byzantines periodoy (398-1085). Symbole sten politike theoria ton Byzantinon" (Athens, 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ib"., 'Why Did Synesius Become Bishop of Ptolemais?', "Byzantion" 56 (1986): 180-195.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Roques, "Etudes sur la correspondance de Synesios de Cyrene" (Brussels, 1989).

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Schmitt, "Die Bekehrung des Synesios von Kyrene" (2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartwin Brandt, "Die Rede peri basileias des Synesios von Kyrene – ein ungewoehnlicher Fuerstenspiegel," in Francois Chausson et Etienne Wolff (edd.), "Consuetudinis amor. Fragments d'histoire romaine (IIe-VIe siecles) offerts a Jean-Pierre Callu" (0Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2003) (Saggi di storia antica, 19), 57-70.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilinca Tanaseanu-Doebler, "Konversion zur Philosophie in der Spaetantike. Kaiser Julian und Synesios von Kyrene" (Stuttgart, Steiner, 2005) (Potsdamer altertumswissenschaftliche Beitraege, 23).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dimitar Y. Dimitrov, "Sinesius of Cyrene and the Christian Neoplatonism: Patterns of Religious and Cultural Symbiosis," in Mostafa El-Abbadi and Omnia Fathallah (eds), "What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria?" (Leiden, Brill, 2008) (Library of the Written Word, 3).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synesius is portrayed in Ki Longfellow's "Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria" in a highly imaginative way.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heresy: the Life of Pelagius" (2012) by David Lovejoy though fictional contains a portrait of Synesius based on his letters

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synesius of Cyrene at livius.org (introduction by Jona Lendering and translations of all epistles, all speeches, all hymns, both homilies, all treatises)

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Roques, Études sur la correspondance de Synésios de Cyrène reviewed by John Vanderspoel, University of Calgary, in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 02.01.16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cameron and Long reviewed by R.W. Burgess in BMCR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia

description: Greek bishop of Ptolemais

wikidata_label: Synesius of Cyrene

wikipedia_title: Synesius


text: Alcaide

text: Montemor-o-Velho

text: Coimbra

text: Mendo de Alpoim

text: Évora

text: Pereira

text: Covilhã

text: Fleur-de-lis

text: Ferdinand I of León

text: geneall.net

categories: People from Coimbra,15th-century Portuguese people,1400s deaths,People from Montemor-o-Velho,Portuguese nobility,1400 births

paragraph: Lopo de Alpoim

paragraph: Lopo de Alpoim (c.1400-?) was a Portuguese nobleman, Alcaide of Montemor-o-Velho.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alpoim was born in Coimbra, son of Mendo de Alpoim and Guiomar de Vera, belonging to a noble family of Évora. He was married to Dominga Diaz, daughter of Gil Pires Gusmão, senhor de Pereira.

paragraph: Lopo de Alpoim died in Covilhã, being buried in the Church of Montemor-o-Velho, having his grave, a shield with Fleur-de-lis. His family descended from noble families of French, Portuguese and Galician origin, and by paternal maternal line he was a remote descendant of the King Ferdinand I of León.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- geneall.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobiliário de familias de Portugal (ALPUINS)

description: Portuguese noble

wikidata_label: Lopo de Alpoim

wikipedia_title: Lopo de Alpoim


text: 13th Century

text: England

text: France

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Portugal

text: Afonso III of Portugal

text: Castro Verde

text: Pinhel

text: Martim de Freitas

text: Coimbra

text: João de Alpoim

text: Castile

text: Amador Vaz de Alpoim

text: Buenos Aires

text: José Maria de Alpoim

text: Minister of Justice

text: José Luciano de Castro

text: purl.pt

text: Nobiliário de familias de Portugal (ALPUINS)

categories: Portuguese people of French descent,Portuguese nobility,14th-century Portuguese people,People from Coimbra

paragraph: Luis de Alpoim

paragraph: Luís de Alpoim (13th Century) was a medieval Knight, ambassador to England, France and the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Luís was born in Portugal, son of Gomes de Alpoim, a knight of Afonso III of Portugal and Ximena Pereira, daughter of Gonçalo Pereira, Lord of Castro Verde. His wife was Dominga Cabral, daughter of João de Sella Cabral, Lord of Pinhel. Alpoim was descendant of Martim de Freitas, Alcaide of Coimbra.

paragraph: His descendants included João de Alpoim, ambassador to Castile, Amador Vaz de Alpoim, colonizer of Buenos Aires in the 17th century. And José Maria de Alpoim, Minister of Justice of José Luciano de Castro.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- purl.pt

description: Portuguese politician

wikidata_label: Luis de Alpoim

wikipedia_title: Luis de Alpoim


text:
Sufyān al-Thawrī
Wāsiṭ
Tigris River
ʿIrāq
Baṣra
Sufyān al-Thawrī
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī
Abū Ḥanīfa
al-Dhahabi
Anas Ibn Mālik
Ḥasan al-Baṣrī
al-Bukhari

categories: 8th-century Islamic religious leaders,Hadith narrators,Hadith compilers,Hadith scholars,People from Basra

paragraph: Shu'ba Ibn al-Ḥajjāj

paragraph: Shuʿba bin al-Ḥajjāj bin al-Ward, Abū Bisṭām al-ʿAtakī () (c. 85–160/704–776 AH/CE) was an early, devout Muslim, who was known for both his knowledge of poetry and of ḥadīth. His scrupulousness in ḥadīth transmission, alongside other scholars such as Sufyān al-Thawrī, is understood to have laid the foundation for the concretization of ḥadīth sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shuʿba bin al-Ḥajjāj was born with a speech impediment ("althagh") sometime between the years 80–86 AH, though likely 85, in Wāsiṭ, a historical city located on the west bank of the Tigris River in central ʿIrāq. He then moved to Baṣra as a child, where lived, studied, and later died in 160/776 AH/CE due to plague. Another famous scholar and ḥadīth transmitter, Sufyān al-Thawrī, called Shuʿba "commander of the faithful concerning ḥadīth" ("amīr al-mu'minīn fī al-ḥadīth"), but Shuʿba himself is quoted by Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī as saying "By God, truly in poetry I am more sound than in ḥadīth." He was instrumental in transmitting ḥadīth, and is understood to be one of the first individuals mentioned as a zāhid amongst the early ḥadīth transmitters. Although Abū Ḥanīfa and ʿAbd Allāh bin Ṣāliḥ al-ʿAjlī al-Kūfī levelled critiques against his transmissions. It is mentioned in al-Dhahabi's Tārīkh al-Islām that Shuʿba studied "masāʿil" (juridical affairs) under both Anas Ibn Mālik and Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, but not much is known of his juridical endeavors. However, his appearance in the ḥadīth transmitted by individuals such as Sufyan al-Thawri and al-Bukhari show the prominent place he held in the early circles of ḥadīth transmitters and other scholars. Furthermore, there are many reports that mention the devotion of Shuʿba, including: helping the poor, avoiding ostentatious displays of knowledge and wealth, and participating in renunciatory acts.

description: King of Hadith

wikidata_label: Shu'ba Ibn al-Ḥajjāj

wikipedia_title: Shu'ba Ibn al-Ḥajjāj


text:
Shanghai Municipal Council
Shanghai Volunteer Corps
Manchester
Shanghai Volunteer Corps
commandant
Shanghai Municipal Council
Henry Keswick
French Concession
Bubbling Well Road Cemetery
Sidney Barton
Crown Advocate
Hiram Parkes Wilkinson
Edward Pearce

categories: 1857 births,Chairmen of the Shanghai Municipal Council,1924 deaths,History of Shanghai

paragraph: Cecil Holliday

paragraph: Cecil Holliday was the Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1906. He also served as commandant of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Holliday was born in Kersemoor, Manchester in 1857, the youngest son of John Holliday.

paragraph: Holliday moved to Shanghai in the early 1877 to join Messrs Holliday, Wise & Co., a partnership that had been established by his father soon after China opened to trade in 1842. He was a member of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps and was promoted through its ranks eventually becoming commandant on two occasions.

paragraph: He was elected to and became chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council in January 1906. (The drawing of him in the info box is from the Eastern Sketch when he became chairman). He resigned with effect from 24 August 1906 due to difference with other members of the council over management of the city, in particular it seems the management of the Mixed Court Gaol. He was replaced as Chairman by Henry Keswick Holliday campaigned for greater transparency in council meetings proposing resolutions to allow the public access to their records and to allow the press to attend meetings.

paragraph: He died on 31 July 1924 at St Marie's Hospital in the French Concession in Shanghai and was buried at the Bubbling Well Road Cemetery at a funeral attended by the British Consul-General, Sidney Barton, and the British Crown Advocate for China, Hiram Parkes Wilkinson. The pall bearers were Sir Edward Pearce and Messrs A.W. Burkill, C.R. Burkill, Calder Marshall, C.H. Arnhold and C.W. Porter.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Holliday was married to Eliza. She died in April 1920. They had one son, John Cecil Hamilton Holliday, who served in the army. John married Eileen Mabel Howden in 1914.

wikidata_label: Cecil Holliday

wikipedia_title: Cecil Holliday


text:
American
Cleveland, Ohio
Thomas Dixon Jr.
Raleigh, North Carolina
Mark of the Beast
The Misleading Widow
The Hidden Truth

categories: 1975 deaths,1894 births,20th-century American actresses,Actresses from Cleveland

paragraph: Madelyn Clare

paragraph: Madelyn Clare (18 November 1894 – 20 September 1975; also known as Madelyn Klare or Madelyn Donovan) was an American actress during the early twentieth century. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, she was married to writer and director Thomas Dixon Jr.. She died in Raleigh, North Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mark of the Beast" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "False Fronts" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Supreme Passion" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If Women Only Knew" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Discarded Woman" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Misleading Widow" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hidden Truth" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Woman" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young America" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lincoln Cycle" (1917)

description: Early 20th century American actor

wikidata_label: Madelyn Clare

wikipedia_title: Madelyn Clare


text:
Queensland
Drayton
Toowoomba
West Quantoxhead
Somerset
Paterson, New South Wales
Darling Downs
Drayton
Somerset
Henry King Alford
mayor
Toowoomba
Anglican
Drayton and Toowoomba Cemetery

categories: Burials in Drayton and Toowoomba Cemetery,People from Somerset,1864 deaths

paragraph: Thomas Alford (Queensland pioneer)

paragraph: Thomas Alford (1817-1864) was a pioneer in Queensland, Australia. He was instrumental in establishing the townships of Drayton and Toowoomba.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Thomas Alford was born on 6 September 1817 in The Rectory, St Audries church, West Quantoxhead, Somerset, England, the son of Charles Alford (the rector of West Quantoxhead) and his wife Elizabeth (née Symes).

paragraph: On 7 August 1839 he married Elizabeth Boulton at Paterson, New South Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Drayton.

paragraph: Drayton started out as a settlement known as "The Springs" near a number of pastoral properties in the eastern Darling Downs in the early half of the 1840s. Thomas Alford was an early settler in the area who built a house and general store in the area. He named his house "St Audries" (the name of his father's church in England) and the town after his home village, Drayton in Somerset. Alford obtained a license to sell alcohol from his store in 1844, after which it became known as "The Downs Inn". In 1846 the inn was transferred to Stephen Mehan (or Meehan) and Alford built a house and store that incorporated the first post office on the Darling Downs, opening on 1 January 1846.

paragraph: Thomas Alford's son, Henry King Alford, was born on 22 July 1842, apparently the first white child born in Toowoomba. Henry King was to be the mayor of Toowoomba from 1911-1912. Henry's christening on 29 August 1852 was the first Anglican church service in Toowoomba and the first time the name "Toowoomba" appears in a written document, the name being attributed to Henry's mother, Elizabeth Alford.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Thomas Alford died at his residence in Russell Street, Toowoomba, on Saturday 9 January 1864 aged 46 years after a long illness. He was buried in the Drayton and Toowoomba Cemetery.

wikidata_label: Thomas Alford

wikipedia_title: Thomas Alford (Queensland pioneer)


text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Liège

text: Godfrey III, Count of Leuven

text: Margareta van Limburg

text: Henry I, Duke of Brabant

text: Liège

text: Henry of Albano

text: Archdeacon

text: subdiaconate

text: Baldwin V of Hainaut

text: Albert de Rethel

text: Empress Constance

text: Lothar of Hochstaden

text: Dietrich of Hochstaden

text: Rome

text: Pope Celestine III

text: deacon

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Guillaume de Champagne

text: episcopal consecration

text: Reims Cathedral

text: Otto of Barenste

text: martyr

text: Pope Paul V

text: Brussels

categories: Murdered Roman Catholic priests,1192 deaths,House of Reginar,12th-century Christian saints,1166 births,Prince-Bishops of Liège,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Belgian Roman Catholic saints,Belgian Roman Catholics,12th-century venerated Christians,Murdered cardinals,French cardinals

paragraph: Albert of Louvain

paragraph: Albert of Louvain (1166 – 24 November 1192) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Prince-Bishop of Liège. He was canonized as a saint on 9 August 1613 and his feast falls on the date of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Albert de Louvain was born in 1166 as the second of two sons to Duke Godfrey III, Count of Leuven, and his first wife Margareta van Limburg. He was the brother of Henry I, Duke of Brabant.

paragraph: Albert was educated at the cathedral school of Saint-Lambert in Liège. In 1187, when news of the fall of Jerusalem reached Liege, Albert resigned his offices, took the cross, and had himself knighted. The following year Cardinal Henry of Albano, restored his ecclesiastical status.

paragraph: In 1188, he became the Archdeacon of Liège and later received the subdiaconate in 1191. That same year he was elected Bishop of Liège and despite the fact that he had not reached the canonical age of 30, his appointment was widely approved. Gilbert of Mons, chancellor of Count Baldwin V of Hainaut, who attended the election, along with other princes and nobles, described the proceedings as a power struggle between Albert's brother Henry and Baldwin.

paragraph: Albert's appointment was opposed by Baldwin, who had a second group of canons elect his own relative, Albert de Rethel. Albert de Rethel was a maternal-uncle of Empress Constance who had planned to support him with the Emperor but had been captured by Sicilians earlier. As the election appeared to be in dispute, the Emperor supported Lothar of Hochstaden, provost of the church of St Cassius in Bonn and brother of Count Dietrich of Hochstaden.

paragraph: Albert took the matter to Rome and appealed to Pope Celestine III. In May 1192, Pope Celestine III made Albert a cardinal, and ordained him in Rome as a deacon on 30 May 1192. He was then ordained to the priesthood on 19 September 1192 by Cardinal Guillaume de Champagne. He received episcopal consecration the next day and celebrated his first mass on 21 September in the Reims Cathedral.

paragraph: Albert met three German knights in 1192 who persuaded him to ride on horseback with them outside of Reims. Outside of the city they attacked Albert with their swords and struck him on the head which crushed his skull and caused him to fall, where they made sure they killed him prior to making an escape.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: The immediate reaction to the murder was an uprising of the princes of Lower Lorraine led by the dukes of Brabant and Limburg, brother and uncle respectively of the slain bishop. They formed a group that eventually came to include the archbishops of Cologne and Mainz and other princes, and laid waste the territory of Dietrich of Hochstaden. Faced with the hostility of the people of Leige, Bishop-elect Lothar fled to the imperial court. He was excommunicated by Pope Celestine. The assassins, including one Otto of Barenste, fled to the imperial court, where Henry seems to have taken no particular action against them. Historians are divided as to the part the Emperor may or may not have played in planning the murder of the Bishop Albert.

paragraph: Section::::Canonization.

paragraph: The reputation of the holiness of Albert de Louvain soon spread after his death and was hailed as a martyr, thus, leading to the opening of his cause for canonization. Pope Paul V canonized him on 9 August 1613 and instituted his feast day as the date of his death. His body reposed at Rheims until 1921, when it was moved to Brussels.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: The "Vita Alberti episcopi Leodiensis" was probably written around 1194 or 1195 by an anonymous monk of Lobbes, from information supplied by Abbot Werrich, who knew Albert well. Although a panegyric for the murdered bishop, Raymond H. Schmandt considers it generally accurate. A different viewpoint is found in the "Chronicon Hanoniense" of Gislebert of Mons, written shortly after 1196.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmandt, Raymond H. "The Election and Assassination of Albert of Louvain, Bishop of Liège, 1191-92." "Speculum" 42.4 (1967): 639-60

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Albert of Louvain

wikipedia_title: Albert of Louvain


text:
Islamic scholar
muhaddith
reformer
historiographer
bibliographer
theologian
philosopher
Shah Abdur Rahim
Aurengzeb
Hanafi
Fatawa-e-Alamgiri
Shah Abdur Rahim
Madrasah-i Rahimiyah
Aurangzeb
Fatawa-e-Alamgiri
Shah Jahan
Shah Abdul Aziz
Zuhr prayer
Old Delhi
aqidah
fiqh
Hanafi
Prophet
Hujjat Allah al-baligha
Rae Bareily
India
Hijri
Fuyud al-haramayn
Mecca
Medina
translate the Quran
Persian
Indian subcontinent
Quran
Maratha Empire
Mughal Empire
Ahmed Shah Abdali
Battle of Panipat in 1761

categories: Hanafi fiqh scholars,1703 births,Islamic philosophers,Indian Muslims,Mujaddid

paragraph: Shah Waliullah Dehlawi

paragraph: "Quṭb ad-Dīn Aḥmad Walī Allāh ibn ʿAbd ar-Raḥīm al-ʿUmarī ad-Dihlawī" (; 1703–1762), commonly known as Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, was an Islamic scholar, muhaddith reformer, historiographer, bibliographer, theologian, and philosopher.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shah Waliullah was born on 21 February 1703 to Shah Abdur Rahim, during the reign of Aurengzeb. He was known as Shah Walliullah because of his piety. He was a prominent Islamic scholar of Delhi. He memorized the Qur'an by the age of seven. Soon thereafter, he mastered Arabic and Persian letters. He was married at fourteen. By sixteen he had completed the standard curriculum of Hanafi law, theology, geometry, arithmetic and logic.

paragraph: He lived during the time when Fatawa-e-Alamgiri was being compiled and he was asked to join the team of scholars that was working on it. However he joined the team for a very brief period of time and then dissociated himself from the task.

paragraph: His father, Shah Abdur Rahim was the founder of the Madrasah-i Rahimiyah. He was on the committee appointed by Aurangzeb for compilation of the code of law, Fatawa-e-Alamgiri. His grandfather, Sheikh Wajihuddin, was an important officer in the army of Shah Jahan.

paragraph: He had a son who was also a famous religious scholar, Shah Abdul Aziz. He went to Arabia to do Hajj.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: He died on Friday the 29th of Muharram 1186 AH/ 20 August 1762 at Zuhr prayer in Old Delhi, aged 59.

paragraph: His works relate to aqidah and fiqh Hanafi. He states:

paragraph: Some people think that there is no usefulness involved in the injunct of Islamic law and that in actions and rewards as prescribed by God there is no beneficial purpose. They think that the commandments of Islamic law are similar to a master ordering his servant to lift a stone or touch a tree in order to test his obedience and that in this there is no purpose except to impose a test so that if the servant obeys, he is rewarded, and if he disobeys, he is punished. This view is completely incorrect. The traditions of the Prophet and consensus of opinion of those ages, contradict this view.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (The Sacred Knowledge)", ed. D. Pendlebury, trans. G. Jalbani, The Sacred Knowledge, London: Octagon, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Khayr al-kathir" (The Abundant Good), trans. G. Jalbani, Lahore: Ashraf, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hujjat Allah al-baligha" (The Profound Evidence of Allah), Lahore: Shaikh Ghulam Ali and Sons, 1979. Considered his most important work. First published in Rae Bareily, India in 1286 Hijri. This book explains how Islam was found suitable for all races, cultures and people of the world and how successfully it solves social, moral, economic and political problems of human beings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sata'at" (Manifestations), trans. into Urdu by S.M. Hashimi, Lahore: Idarah Thaqafat Islamiyya, 1989; trans. into English by G. Jalbani, Sufism and the Islamic Tradition: the Lamahat and Sata'at of Shah Waliullah, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lamahat" (Flashes of Lightning), Hyderabad: Shah Wali Allah Academy, 1963; trans. G. Jalbani, Sufism and the Islamic Tradition: the Lamahat and Sata'at of Shah Waliullah, London, 1980. (One of the important writings on Sufism.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fuyud al-haramayn" (Emanations or Spiritual Visions of Mecca and Medina).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Tafhimat" (Instructions or Clear Understanding), Dabhail, 1936, 2 vols. (One of the most comprehensive metaphysical works.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Budur al-bazighah" (The Full Moons Rising in Splendour).

paragraph: Besides these, he is also credited being the first to translate the Quran into Persian in the Indian subcontinent.

paragraph: Shah Walliullah worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for other Muslims. His deep understanding of the Qur'an, Hadith, Fiqah and Tasawwuf made him highly knowledgeable scholar at an early age.

paragraph: Since he believed that an emphasis of the Quranic teachings was made vital to Muslims, he translated Arabic Qur'an into Persian. Few Muslims spoke Arabic and so the Qur'an had not been widely studied previously. Some "clerics" criticised Shah Walliullah, but his work proved very popular. In addition to translating the Quran, Shah Walliullah wrote 51 books in Persian and Arabic. Amongst the most famous were "Hujjat Allah al-Baligha" and "Izalah al Khifa".

paragraph: His writings bought him great fame and prestige and enabled him to have influence in other areas too. One of his most important contributions to the Muslim community was his organisation of opposition to the Maratha Empire, who had captured large parts of India which belonged to the Mughal Empire before and had reduced the Mughal emperor to a mere puppet. It was partly his influence which helped to persuade Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan to intervene. He joined forces with local Muslim leaders and defeated the Marathas at The Battle of Panipat in 1761.

paragraph: He felt a debt to the Sufis for spreading Islam throughout India. He also appreciated Sufi spirituality. Waliullah built a bridge between Sufis and the Ulama (Islamic scholars).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.J. Ahmed, "Hundred Great Muslims," Library of Islam, 1987.

alias:
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
Shah Wali Allah

description: Indian muslim scholar

enwikiquote_title: Shah Waliullah Dehlawi

wikidata_label: Shah Waliullah

wikipedia_title: Shah Waliullah Dehlawi


text:
East German
race walker
Berlin

categories: East German male racewalkers,Sportspeople from Berlin,Olympic athletes of East Germany,1953 births,2018 deaths,Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Karl-Heinz Stadtmüller

paragraph: Karl-Heinz Stadtmüller (20 January 1953 – 13 September 2018) was an East German race walker. He was born in Berlin.

description: German race walker

wikidata_label: Karl-Heinz Stadtmüller

wikipedia_title: Karl-Heinz Stadtmüller


text:
knight
Hussite wars
Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
Duke William III
Saxon Fratricidal War
knight
Limbach-Oberfrohna
Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg
Hussite wars
Saxon Fratricidal War
Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
Duke William III
Division of Altenburg
Bohemia
Hussites
Gera
gulden
Naumburg
arbitrators
Isenburg
Ernest
Albert
Altenburg
collier
marketplace
Freiberg

categories: People executed by Germany by decapitation,Executed German people,15th-century German people,People executed by the Holy Roman Empire,15th-century executions,Year of birth unknown,1455 deaths,People from the Electorate of Saxony,People from Freiberg

paragraph: Kunz von Kaufungen

paragraph: Kunz von Kaufungen (also known as Conrad von Kaufungen, or Kunz von Kauffungen; c. 1410 - 14 July 1455) was a German knight and military commander. A veteran of the Hussite wars, he also fought for Frederick II, Elector of Saxony against Frederick's brother Duke William III during the Saxon Fratricidal War (1446–1451). Afterwards, Kunz was not repaid or recognized for his services and loss of property during the war, and eventually during the "Prinzenraub" (English: "The stealing of the princes") he kidnapped Frederick II's two sons. He was caught and later executed.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Kunz von Kaufungen was a knight who lived in the tower of Kaufungen located near modern-day Limbach-Oberfrohna. Kunz was known for defeating and holding for ransom Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg, one of the best fighters of the time. Kunz also fought in the Hussite wars.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Frederick II, Elector of Saxony.:Saxon Fratricidal War.

paragraph: The Saxon Fratricidal War first broke out between Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Duke William III in 1446 when they were unable to resolve their dispute in the Division of Altenburg. Frederick proved stronger, and William brought in forces from Bohemia, including Hussites. Frederick's forces were led by various commanders and captains, including Kunz von Kaufungen. Kunz won a victory at Gera while commanding Frederick's forces and occupied the small town, however William's forces and Bohemian allies caused a large amount of damage to the area around Kaufungen in return. Kunz had much of his property destroyed and was captured by Bohemian forces. Eventually he paid the sum of 4,000 golden gulden for his freedom, which was a very large sum for the time. No side could gain a clear advantage throughout the war and the fighting turned out to be an extended period of "ruinous confusion" for the region. The war lasted five years and ended on 27 January 1451, when a peace was reached at Naumburg.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Frederick II, Elector of Saxony.:The "Prinzenraub".

paragraph: After the war, Kunz von Kaufungen expected to be repaid by Frederick II for the massive losses of his property during the fighting. Frederick also had losses of his own, and, therefore, followed his contract with Kunz and did not repay the damages or the ransom Kunz paid to the Bohemians. Frederick stated that Kunz was just his hired soldier, and he was not bound to protect him or repay his losses. Frederick eventually agreed upon bringing in arbitrators to settle the case, but Kunz left the arbitration before hearing the verdict when he realized it would not reach his expectations. Kunz continued to complain and insult Frederick until Frederick banished him from his land. Kunz left to Bohemia and lived in the castle of Isenburg until, on 7 July 1455, Kunz kidnapped Frederick's two sons, Ernest and Albert, from the castle of Altenburg in what was called the "Prinzenraub" (English: "The stealing of the princes"). Kunz planned and did this as revenge for the lack of recognition and payment for his previous services to Frederick II. Prince Albert was found on the same night of the kidnapping when Kunz was overwhelmed and captured by a collier. Prince Ernst was released four days later when Kunz's accomplices released him for a pardon. On 14 July 1455 Kunz von Kaufungen was beheaded by order of Frederick at the marketplace of Freiberg.

alias:
Conrad von Kaufungen
Kunz von Kauffungen

description: German knight and military commander

wikidata_label: Kunz von Kaufungen

wikipedia_title: Kunz von Kaufungen


text:
Obuasi
footballer
Arminia Bielefeld
hat-trick
Germany
Erzgebirge Aue
VfL Osnabrück
Ghana

categories: FC Erzgebirge Aue players,1980 births,Arminia Bielefeld players,People from Obuasi,Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Germany,Ghanaian footballers,3. Liga players,Expatriate footballers in Germany,SC Pfullendorf players,Ashanti Gold SC players,SV Wacker Burghausen players,Association football forwards,Kickers Emden players,FC St. Pauli players,Living people,1. FC Magdeburg players

paragraph: Eric Agyemang

paragraph: Eric Agyemang (born 11 January 1980 in Obuasi) is a German footballer. He currently plays for Arminia Bielefeld.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On 10 April 2010, Agyemang scored his first hat-trick in Germany for Erzgebirge Aue against VfL Osnabrück.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was born in Ghana.

description: German footballer

wikidata_label: Eric Agyemang

wikipedia_title: Eric Agyemang


text:
French
Admiral of France
Châteauneuf-sur-Cher
Culan
Ainay-le-Vieil
Château de Culan
Arnon
Philippe de Culant
Marshal of France
Grand Master of France
Jean de Brosse
Hundred Years' War
Joan of Arc
the Battle of Orleans

categories: Admirals of France,1444 deaths,1360 births,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Louis de Culant

paragraph: Admiral Louis de Culant (or Culan) (1360–1444) was a French nobleman and Admiral of France. He held the titles of Baron of Châteauneuf-sur-Cher, Lord of Culant and Ainay-le-Vieil. As Lord of Culant, the Château de Culan, a medieval fortress built in the 12th-15th centuries, which overlooks the valley of the Arnon belonged to him.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: De Culant's family included brother John Culant, Lord of Crete; nephew Philippe de Culant, Marshal of France; and nephew Charles de Culant († ca.1451), Grand Master of France, who plotted a conspiracy against him. He was also cousin to Jean de Brosse, the royal army's commander, Marshall of Boussac and Sainte-Sévère, with whom he fought alongside as lieutenant during the Hundred Years' War.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: De Culant and De Brosse were chosen to accompany Joan of Arc at the head of a troupe that joined the bulk of the forces royal march on Orleans, participating in the Battle of Orleans. From Orleans to Paris, De Culant fought on land with Joan of Arc.

paragraph: He served as Admiral of France in 1421 through 1437 when he lost office because of allegations of misappropriation of public funds. De Culant participated in several other battles, including those at Beaugency, Jargeau, Meung, and Patay.

description: Admiral of France

wikidata_label: Louis de Culant

wikipedia_title: Louis de Culant


text: Georgian

text: House of Bagrationi

text: Safavid

text: vali

text: Kartli

text: Georgia

text: Daud Khan

text: Islam

text: Muslim

text: slave recruits

text: Abbas I of Safavid

text: darugha

text: Isfahan

text: Battle of Marabda

text: Battle of Ksani

text: gholam

text: qollar-aghasi

text: Shah Safi

text: Ottoman

text: Baghdad

text: Undiladze

text: Kakheti

text: Teimuraz I

text: Daud Khan

text: Georgian

text: Rustam Khan

text: Georgian Orthodox

text: Svetitskhoveli

text: Mtskheta

text: catholicos

text: Eudemus I of Georgia

text: Imereti

text: Mamuka

text: Luarsab

text: Luarsab I of Kartli

text: Vakhtang of Mukhrani

text: Mukhrani

text: Bagrationi

text: Qum

text: Marie-Félicité Brosset

text: Cyril Toumanoff

text: Abashidze

text: Baratashvili

text: Dadiani

text: Mingrelia

text: Mariam

text: Levan II Dadiani

text: Prince of Mingrelia

text: Simon Gurieli

text: Prince of Guria

text: Iranian Georgians

text: Georgians in the Safavid administration

categories: Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kartli,Illegitimate children of Georgian monarchs,Shia Muslims from Georgia (country),1565 births,Safavid appointed kings of Kartli,Iranian people of Georgian descent,Safavid prefects of Isfahan,Burials in Iran,16th-century people of the Safavid Empire,Safavid generals,1658 deaths,Kings of Kartli,Safavid governors of Kartli,Qollar-aghasi

paragraph: Rostom of Kartli

paragraph: Rostom or Rustam Khan () (1565 – 17 November 1658) was a Georgian royal, from the House of Bagrationi, who functioned as a Safavid-appointed vali (i.e. viceroy)/king of Kartli, eastern Georgia, from 1633 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A son of Daud Khan, a Georgian prince and convert to Islam, by a concubine, he was born Khosro Mirza and brought up Muslim at the Persian court by eunuchs alongside young slave recruits. An intelligent and resolute in his decisions, he soon attracted the attention of Shah Abbas I of Safavid who appointed him, in 1618, a "darugha" (prefect) of the capital Isfahan. From 1625 to 1626, he took part in suppression of the Georgian opposition: he commanded a right flank at the victorious Battle of Marabda and saved part of the Persian troops from a complete disaster at the Battle of Ksani. In 1626, Khosro Mirza was recalled from Georgia and appointed the commander of the Shah's élite "gholam" corps ("qollar-aghasi") three years later. In 1629, Abbas, lying on a deathbed, urged him to protect a grandson and heir Sam Mirza, the future Shah Safi, whom Khosro served faithfully. In 1630, he led a Persian army which defeated the Ottoman forces and captured Baghdad. In the early 1630s, he took part in sidelining and destruction of the Undiladze family, also of Georgian origin, who had dominated the Safavid court for years. Afterwards, he was sent to suppress the opposition of Georgians who had managed to unite the eastern regions of Kartli and Kakheti under Teimuraz I for a brief period of 1630-1633. Teimuraz was joined by a surviving Undiladze, Daud Khan. For his loyalty, Shah Safi appointed him as the new vali of Kartli, and granted him the name of "Rostam Khan" (Rostom, როსტომი, in Georgian transliteration). Rostom then came to Georgia with a large Persian army commanded by his fellow Georgian Rustam Khan. He soon took control of Kartli and garrisoned all major fortresses with Persian forces, bringing them, however, under his tight control. His willingness to cooperate with his suzerain won for Kartli a larger degree of autonomy. A period of relative peace and prosperity ensued, with the cities and towns being revived, many deserted areas repopulated and commerce flourished. Although Muslim, Rostom helped to restore a major Georgian Orthodox cathedral of Living Pillar (Svetitskhoveli) at Mtskheta, and patronised Christian culture. However, Islam and Persian habits predominated at his court. He ruthlessly crushed an opposition of local nobles, putting to death the catholicos Eudemus I of Georgia, and invaded, in 1648, Kakheti, forcing Teimuraz to flee to Imereti (western Georgia).

paragraph: Throughout his reign, a question of succession appeared to be a challenging task. As he had no children, Rostom intended to make the Imeretian prince Mamuka his heir. The latter, however, was soon suspected to have been involved in a plot, and he had to return to his native Imereti. In 1642, Rostom adopted his kinsman Luarsab, Luarsab I of Kartli's great-grandson, but he was assassinated in 1652 while hunting. Another candidate for the succession, Rostom's stepson Otia, also died young, in 1646. Only in 1653 was able Rostom to choose his successor. It was Vakhtang of Mukhrani, a representative of a junior Mukhrani branch of the Bagrationi dynasty, who actually ran government in the last years of Rostom, and succeeded on his death on November 17, 1658. Rostom was buried in Qum, Persia, close to his late suzerain Abbas I. The 19th-century British diplomat Robert Grant Watson reported in his "A History of Persia", "in one of the finest of tho gardens adjacent to tho city was the mausoleum of Rustem Khan, a prince of the royal house of Georgia who had embraced the tenets of the Mahomedan religion in order to obtain tho viceroyalty of his native country."

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Rostom was married twice. After his return to Kartli, he wed c. 1635 Ketevan, daughter of Prince Gorjasp Abashishvili. Marie-Félicité Brosset, followed by Cyril Toumanoff, erred in identifying her surname as Abashidze. The Abashishvili was a branch of the Baratashvili family. The wedding was celebrated in Christian and Muslim rites and Ketevan added a Persian name, Guldukhtar. The marriage was childless and Ketevan died shortly thereafter.

paragraph: In 1638, Rostom concluded a strategic marital alliance with the Dadiani princely dynasty of Mingrelia. His second wife was Mariam, sister of Levan II Dadiani, the reigning Prince of Mingrelia, and the former wife of Simon Gurieli, Prince of Guria. They had no children. After Rostom's death, Mariam was married his adopted son and successor, Vakhtang V.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iranian Georgians

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iranian-Georgian Relations in the 16th- 19th Centuries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgians in the Safavid administration

description: King of Kartli

wikidata_label: Rostom of Kartli

wikipedia_title: Rostom of Kartli


text:
Tallinn
Estonia
racing driver
single-seater
junior formula
British Formula 3 Championship
Formula One
Williams BMW
Toivo Asmer
Formula Renault V6 Eurocup
Formula Three
Britain
Japan
British series
Hitech Racing
Croft
All-Japan F3
BMW Sauber
Christian Klien
GP2 Series
FMS International
Formula 1
Superleague Formula
GP3 Series
Double R Racing
Silverstone
Pau Grand Prix
Macau Grand Prix
Dallara
Mercedes
Macau Grand Prix
Dallara
Mercedes
Double R Racing
Valtteri Bottas
Mitch Evans
Autosport
DTM
Formula 2
Kazim Vasiliauskas
McLaren MP4-12C GT3
2014 24 Hours of Spa
GT Russian Team
ADAC GT Masters
2015 Blancpain GT Series
FIA GT1 World Championship
Zandvoort
Dubai 24 Hour
Marko Asmer official website

categories: Blancpain Endurance Series drivers,Formula Ford drivers,Estonian racing drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,Sportspeople from Tallinn,Living people,Formula Renault V6 Eurocup drivers,1984 births,GP2 Series drivers,ADAC GT Masters drivers,All-Japan Formula Three Championship drivers,Karting World Championship drivers

paragraph: Marko Asmer

paragraph: Marko Asmer (born 30 July 1984 in Tallinn) is an Estonian racing driver, whose career in single-seater junior formula is notable for his British Formula 3 Championship title in 2007. Asmer is also the first Estonian to test a Formula One car, having tested for the Williams BMW team in 2003, after just half a season of car racing in British Formula Ford. Asmer's father is a former racing driver Toivo Asmer, who was Estonian Minister of Regional Affairs between 1999 and 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Asmer began karting in 1995, aged eleven, and had won the Estonian, Baltic, Finnish and Scandinavian kart championships by 2001. Asmer went on to make his car racing debut in 2003 and raced in British Formula Ford for team JLR. He scored six wins that season and finished in second place in the Formula Ford festival. Apart from a brief participation in the Formula Renault V6 Eurocup in 2003, Asmer's career was henceforth focused on Formula Three in Britain and Japan. He made his British series début in 2004 with Hitech Racing and, apart from a move to Japan in 2006, he has remained with the team in the years since. He became a championship title contender on his return to the British series in 2007, led the points standings for most of the season, and secured the title at Croft with three races remaining. His participations in All-Japan F3 have been confined to one and a half seasons with Three Bond Racing in 2006 and 2007, the latter of which was limited by competing in Britain.

paragraph: In 2008 Asmer was BMW Sauber's second test driver alongside Christian Klien and competed in seven of ten rounds in the GP2 Series for FMS International,

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Following the conclusion of the 2008 GP2 season Asmer parted ways with Fisichella Motor Sport and was unable to find a new team in GP2 for the 2009 season. Due to new rules restricting the amount of testing Formula 1 teams could carry out in-season he also lost his role as test and reserve driver for the BMW Formula 1 Team. With no competitive race seat for the 2009 season Asmer became a test and reserve driver in Superleague Formula series.

paragraph: On 8 April 2010 Toivo Asmer, the father of Marko Asmer, announced that Marko had ended his career in motorsport he had no race seat or test/reserve driver role for the 2010 season, and lack of funding meant that his son's career was finished. Despite this Asmer made a quick return to the cockpit the following week when he tested for the Atech team in a GP3 Series test session in Barcelona. However, a race seat in GP3 did not materialise and Asmer's motorsport career did appear to be over.

paragraph: Section::::Return to competitive racing.

paragraph: In February 2011 Asmer returned to motorsport when he tested a British Formula 3 car for the Double R Racing team at Silverstone, during which he set competitive times. Staying with Double R Asmer finally returned to competitive racing when he competed in the Pau Grand Prix on 21–22 May 2011. Asmer qualified 10th and after a bad start found himself in last place, but showed good race pace and overtaking nous to finish 7th.

paragraph: Following his return to racing Asmer was interviewed by Autosport.com and revealed that he had spent his time out of professional motorsport "testing some cars, doing karting and ... doing some driver coaching". He went on to say that he had no firm plans for the future, although he did want to take part in the Macau Grand Prix. Asmer also said that he would welcome a return to racing "if something good comes up", although a full-time return to British F3 would not interest him.

paragraph: Despite these claims it was announced on 28 July 2011 that Asmer would return to British Formula 3, again racing a Dallara-Mercedes for the Double R team at the Spa-Francorchamps round. Asmer qualified 18th (of 28 cars) for Race One at Spa, but then scored Double R's best qualifying result of the season, lining up second on the grid for the Feature Race. Asmer failed to finish in Race One or Two, but drove solidly to finish sixth in the Feature Race. However, his status as an invitational driver meant that he was not eligible to score championship points for this weekend. During this weekend it was also announced that Asmer had sponsorship in place to take part in the 2011 Macau Grand Prix, where he would drive a Dallara-Mercedes for a three-man Double R Racing team, alongside GP3 champion Valtteri Bottas and current GP3 Series racer Mitch Evans.

paragraph: In an interview with Autosport carried out over the Macau Grand Prix weekend Asmer reiterated his desire to get back into racing full-time, and said his future may lie in DTM.

paragraph: Section::::Return to regular racing.

paragraph: In recent years Asmer has returned to actively racing in competitive international motorsport. He raced as part of a four-man team alongside Formula 2 race winner Kazim Vasiliauskas, driving a McLaren MP4-12C GT3 in the 2014 24 Hours of Spa with the GT Russian Team. He also competed in several rounds of the ADAC GT Masters. Asmer continued to race for GT Russian Team, taking part in the 2015 Blancpain GT Series (the successor to FIA GT1 World Championship), with his best result being a 7th-place finish in the main race in the final round in Zandvoort. He also raced in the top A6 category of the Dubai 24 Hour, again for the GT Russia Team.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marko Asmer official website

description: Estonian racing driver

wikidata_label: Marko Asmer

wikipedia_title: Marko Asmer


text:
Sidon
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Sidon
Hephaestion
Strato
Alexander Sarcophagus
Istanbul Archaeological Museum
Mazaeus
Persian
Babylon
Quintus Curtius
Justin
Diodorus
Plutarch
Paphos
List of Kings of Tyre
Livius.org: Abdalonymus

categories: Alexander the Great,Kings of Sidon,Horticulturists and gardeners

paragraph: Abdalonymus

paragraph: Abdalonimus (; literally "servant of the most high gods") was a gardener, but of royal descent, who was made king of Sidon by Alexander the Great in 332 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After Alexander the Great had subdued Sidon, he gave permission to Hephaestion to bestow its crown on whom he pleased. Hephaestion offered it to two brothers with whom he lodged, but they declined it, alleging that according to their laws it could only be worn by one of royal blood. Instead, they named Abdalonymus, who, notwithstanding his birth, had fallen into such poverty that he supported himself by the cultivation of a kitchen garden.

paragraph: Hephaestion directed the brothers to carry the royal crown and robes to Abdalonymus. They obeyed and found him weeding in his garden. After causing him to wash, they invested him with the ensigns of royalty and conducted him to Alexander. This prince, who discerned in him an aspect not unworthy of his origin, turning to those around him, said "I wish to know how he bore his poverty."—"Would to heaven," replied Abdalonymus, "I may as well bear my prosperity! These hands have ministered to all my necessities, and as I possessed nothing, I wanted nothing." Alexander was so well pleased with this reply, that he confirmed the nomination of Hephaestion, and gave the new king the palace and private estate of Strato his predecessor, and even augmented his dominions from the neighboring country.

paragraph: The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum, is now generally thought to be that of Abdalonymus, though some scholars now believe the sarcophagus was that of Mazaeus, a Persian noble and governor of Babylon.

paragraph: While Quintus Curtius confirms this story, as does Justin, Diodorus calls this person Ballonimus, and says he was made king of Tyre, not Sidon. Plutarch removes the scene to Paphos, and names him Alonymus. Curtius likely adorned the story with fictitious circumstances.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Kings of Tyre

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Abdalonymus

alias: Abdolonymus Ballonimus Alonymus Abdylonymus Abdolonimus Abdalonimus Ballonymus

description: king and sovereign

wikidata_label: Abdalonymus

wikipedia_title: Abdalonymus


text:
actor
Antinopolis
convert
Apollonius
martyr
Diocletian
feast day
Philemon at "Catholic Online"
Philemon at "Patron Saints Index"
8 March saints at St. Patrick's Church

categories: Ancient actors,Saints from Roman Egypt,305 deaths,Year of birth unknown,4th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Philemon the actor

paragraph: Saint Philemon (died 305) was an actor at Antinopolis, Egypt, who was converted by saint Apollonius. They were martyred together under the persecutions of Diocletian.

paragraph: He is the patron saint of dancers, the athletes of God.

paragraph: Their feast day is 8 March.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philemon at "Catholic Online"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philemon at "Patron Saints Index"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8 March saints at St. Patrick's Church

description: Egyptian saint

wikidata_label: Philemon the actor

wikipedia_title: Philemon the actor


text:
footballer
midfielder
Mogán, Las Palmas
UD Las Palmas
UD Vecindario
fourth
third divisions
Atlético Madrid
the reserves
La Liga
substitute
Luciano Galletti
Gimnàstic de Tarragona
Canary Islands
Universidad de Las Palmas CF
the second
second tier

categories: Spanish footballers,UD Vecindario players,Living people,Universidad de Las Palmas CF footballers,Segunda División B players,Segunda División players,La Liga players,Tercera División players,UD Las Palmas Atlético players,UD Las Palmas players,1983 births,Atlético Madrid B players,Association football midfielders,Canarian footballers,Atlético Madrid footballers,People from Mogán, Las Palmas

paragraph: Pollo

paragraph: Adrián José Hernández Acosta (born 2 May 1983), known as Pollo, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: Born in Mogán, Las Palmas, Pollo played youth football at UD Las Palmas. His professional debuts were made at neighbours UD Vecindario, where he went on to appear in the fourth and third divisions during three years.

paragraph: In 2005, Pollo signed for Atlético Madrid, spending two seasons with the reserves also in the third level. On 6 January 2007 he played his first and only game in La Liga, coming on as a substitute for Luciano Galletti in the last minute of the home fixture against Gimnàstic de Tarragona (0–0).

paragraph: Pollo returned to his native Canary Islands in the 2007 summer, joining Universidad de Las Palmas CF in division three. After two solid campaigns, especially the second, he returned to former youth club Las Palmas, now in the second tier.

description: Spanish footballer

wikidata_label: Pollo

wikipedia_title: Pollo