text: Maratha Empire

text: India

text: Peshwa

text: Chhatrapati

text: Shahu

text: Bajirao

text: Ashta Pradhan

text: Bhat family

text: Sinnar

text: Balaji Vishwanath

text: Peshwa

text: Chhatrapati Shahu

text: Chimaji Appa

text: Deshastha

text: fief

text: Saswad

text: Damaji Thorat

text: Delhi

text: Mughal Empire

text: Mughal

text: Muhammad Shah

text: Shivaji

text: chauth

text: sardeshmukhi

text: provinces

text: Deccan

text: Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi

text: Malhar Rao Holkar

text: Ranoji Shinde

text: Nizam-ul-Mulk

text: Asaf Jah I

text: Chhatrapati Shahu

text: Sambhaji II

text: Malwa

text: Gujarat

text: Siddi

text: Janjira

text: Asaf Jah I

text: Vizier

text: Awadh

text: Nizam

text: Battle of Sakhar-kheda

text: Nizam

text: mansabdari

text: Carnatic region

text: Sambhaji II

text: Kolhapur State

text: Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi

text: Deshastha Brahmin

text: Jalna

text: Burhanpur

text: Khandesh

text: Battle of Palkhed

text: Saswad

text: Pune

text: kasba

text: Shaniwar Wada

text: Mutha River

text: Malwa

text: Ranoji Shinde

text: Malhar Rao Holkar

text: chauth

text: Gwalior

text: Indore

text: Dhar

text: Dewas States

text: Junior

text: Senior

text: Ujjain

text: Rajasthan

text: Bundelkhand

text: Chhatrasal

text: Muhammad Khan Bangash

text: Jaitpur

text: jagir

text: Mastani

text: Gujarat

text: Chimaji Appa

text: senapati

text: Trimbak Rao Dabhade

text: Dabhade

text: Gaekwad

text: Jai Singh II

text: Muhammad Khan Bangash

text: Dabhoi

text: Siddi

text: Janjira

text: Shivaji

text: Konkan

text: Yakut Khan

text: Kanhoji Angre

text: Raigad Fort

text: Anjanvel

text: Gowalkot

text: Underi

text: Raigad

text: Rewas

text: Chaul

text: Battle of Mandsaur

text: Delhi

text: Pune

text: Saadat Ali Khan I

text: Agra

text: Yamuna

text: Ganga-Yamuna Doab

text: Mathura

text: Talkatora

text: Battle of Delhi

text: Sironj

text: Bhopal

text: Battle of Bhopal

text: Doraha

text: indemnity

text: Koran

text: Portuguese

text: Salsette Island

text: Ghodbunder Fort

text: Vasai

text: Battle of Vasai

text: Kashibai

text: Chas

text: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Raghunath Rao

text: Peshwa

text: Chhatrapati Shahu

text: Raghunath Rao

text: Mastani

text: Chhatrasal

text: Bundelkhand

text: Krishna Rao

text: upanayana

text: Shamsher Bahadur

text: Kalpi

text: Third Battle of Panipat

text: heat stroke

text: Khargone district

text: Indore

text: Narmada River

text: Scindia

text: chhatri

text: dharmashala

text: Shiva

text: Rama

text: Santaji Ghorpade

text: Dhanaji Jadhav

text: Bernard Montgomery

text: William Tecumseh Sherman

text: March to the Sea

text: total warfare

text: Battle of Palkhed

text: Deccan

text: Muhammad Shah

text: Delhi

text: General Montgomery

text: Rau

text: Marathi

text: novel

text: Nagnath S. Inamdar

text: fiction

text: Bajirao Mastani

text: Sanjay Leela Bhansali

text: Ranveer Singh

text: Peshwa Bajirao

text: Sony TV

text: Karan Suchak

text: Bajirao

text: Maratha emperors

text: Godse, D. G.

categories: 1700 births,1740 deaths,Peshwa dynasty,Marathi people

paragraph: Baji Rao I

paragraph: Baji Rao (18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740) was a general of the Maratha Empire in India. He served as "Peshwa" to the fifth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu from 1720 until his death. Bajirao was Peshwa in the Ashta Pradhan (8-minister council) of Shahu. He is also known by the name Bajirao Ballal.

paragraph: Baji Rao is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire in India. Maratha empire reached its zenith later on under reign of Chhatrapati Shahu and Bajirao and he was one of the major contributors in expansion over the Indian subcontinent. In his military career spanning 20 years, Baji Rao never lost a battle.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bajirao was born into the Bhat family in Sinnar. His father Balaji Vishwanath was a Peshwa of Chhatrapati Shahu; his mother was Radhabai Barve. Baji Rao had a younger brother Chimaji Appa and two sisters, Bihubai Joshi and Anubai Ghorpade. The eldest of his sisters was married into a Deshastha family. He spent his childhood in his father's newly acquired fiefdom of Saswad.

paragraph: Bajirao would often accompany his father on military campaigns. He was with his father when the latter was imprisoned by Damaji Thorat before being released for a ransom. When Vishwanath died in 1720, Chhatrapati Shahu appointed the 20-year old Baji Rao as the Peshwa. He is said to have preached the ideal of "Hindu Pad Padshahi" (Hindu Empire),

paragraph: Bajirao intended to plant the Maratha flag upon the walls of Delhi and other cities governed by the Mughals and their subjects. He intended to replace the Mughal Empire and create a "Hindu-Pat-Padshahi".

paragraph: Section::::Early Life as a Peshwa.

paragraph: The twenty year old Bajirao was appointed Peshwa in succession to his father by Chhatrapati Shahu. By the time of Baji Rao's appointment, Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah had in 1719 recognized Marathas' rights over the territories possessed by Shivaji at his death.The treaty also included the Maratha rights to collect taxes (chauth or chauthaii and sardeshmukhi) in the six provinces of Deccan. Bajirao believed that the Mughal Empire was in decline and wanted to take advantage of this situation with aggressive expansion in north India. Sensing the declining fortune of the Mughals, he is reported to have said, "Strike, strike at the roots and the biggest tree will also fall down." However, as a new Peshwa, he faced several challenges:

paragraph: BULLET::::- His appointment as the Peshwa at a young age had evoked jealousy from senior officials like Naro Ram Mantri, Anant Ram Sumant and Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi. This led Bajirao to promote as commanders young men like himself who were barely out of teens such as Malhar Rao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde, and the Pawar brothers. Also, these men did not belong to families that held hereditary Deshmukhi rights under the Deccan Sultanates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mughal viceroy of Deccan Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, had practically created his own independent kingdom in the region. He challenged Shahu's right to collect taxes in Deccan on the pretext that he did not know whether Chhatrapati Shahu or his cousin Sambhaji II of Kolhapur were the rightful heir to the Maratha throne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Marathas needed to assert their rights over the nobles of the newly gained territories in Malwa and Gujarat.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several areas that were nominally part of the Maratha territory, were not actually under Peshwa's control. For example, the Siddis controlled the Janjira fort.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against the subjects of the Mughal Empire.:Campaign against the Nizam.

paragraph: On 4 January 1721, Baji Rao met Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I at Chikhalthan to settle their disputes through agreement. However, Nizam refused to recognize the Maratha rights to collect taxes from the Deccan provinces. Nizam was made Vizier of Mughal Empire in 1721

paragraph: , but alarmed at his growing power, emperor Muhammad Shah transferred him from Deccan to Awadh in 1723. Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as the Vizier and marched towards Deccan. The emperor sent an army against him, which the Nizam defeated in the Battle of Sakhar-kheda. In response, Mughal emperor was forced to recognize him as the viceroy of Deccan. The Marathas, led by Bajirao, helped Nizam win this battle. In fact, for his bravery in the battle, Baji Rao was honored with a robe, a mansabdari of 7,000, an elephant and a jewel. After the battle, Nizam tried to appease both the Maratha "Chhatrapati" Shahu as well as the Mughal emperor. However, in reality, he wanted to carve out a sovereign kingdom and considered the Marathas his rivals in the Deccan.

paragraph: In 1725, Nizam sent an army to clear out the Maratha revenue collectors from the Carnatic region. The Marathas dispatched a force under Fateh Singh Bhosle to counter him; Baji Rao accompanied Bhosle, but did not command the army. The Marathas were forced to retreat. They launched a second campaign after the monsoon season, but once again, they were unable to prevent the Nizam from ousting the Maratha collectors.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in Deccan, Sambhaji II of Kolhapur State had become a rival claimant to the title of the Maratha "Chhatrapati". Nizam took advantage of this dispute among the Marathas. He refused to pay the "chauth" or "sardeshmukhi" on the grounds that it was unclear who was the real "Chhatrapati": Shahu or Sambhaji II (and therefore, to whom the payment needed to be made). Nizam offered to act as an arbitrator in this dispute. At the court of Shahu, Nizam's spokesman was Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi, a Deshastha Brahmin and a rival of Bajirao(who was a Chitpavan Brahmin). At the court of Sambhaji II, his supporter was Chandrasen Jadhav, who had fought Bajirao's father a decade earlier. Bajirao convinced Shahu not to accept Nizam's arbitration offer and instead launch an assault against him.

paragraph: On 27 August 1727, Baji Rao started a march against Nizam. He raided and plundered several of Nizam's territories, such as Jalna, Burhanpur and Khandesh. While Bajirao was away, Nizam invaded Pune, where he installed Sambhaji II as "Chhatrapati". He then marched out of the city, leaving behind a contingent headed by Fazal Beg. On 28 February 1728, the armies of Bajirao and Nizam faced each other at the Battle of Palkhed. Nizam was defeated and forced to make peace. On 6 March, he signed the Treaty of Mungi Shevgaon, recognizing Shahu as the "Chhatrapati" as well as the Maratha right to collect taxes in Deccan.

paragraph: Baji Rao moved his base of operations from Saswad to Pune in 1728 and in the process laid the foundation for turning what was a kasba into a large city. Bajirao also started construction of Shaniwar Wada on the right bank of the Mutha River. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against the subjects of the Mughal Empire.:Malwa campaign.

paragraph: In 1723, Baji Rao had organized an expedition to the southern parts of Malwa. The Maratha chiefs such as Ranoji Shinde, Malhar Rao Holkar, Udaji Rao Pawar, Tukoji Rao Pawar and Jivaji Rao Pawar had successfully collected chauth from several areas in Malwa.(Later, these chiefs carved out their own kingdoms of Gwalior, Indore, Dhar and Dewas States- Junior and Senior respectively). To counter the Maratha influence, Mughal emperor had appointed Girdhar Bahadur as the Governor of Malwa.

paragraph: After defeating Nizam, Baji Rao turned his attention towards Malwa. In October 1728, he consigned a huge army commanded by his younger brother Chimaji Appa, and aided by the generals like Shinde, Holkar and Pawar. On 29 November 1728, Chimaji's army defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Amjhera. Girdhar Bahadur and his commander Daya Bahadur were killed in the battle. Chimaji also marched towards Ujjain, but had to retreat due to lack of supplies. By February 1729, the Maratha forces had reached the present-day Rajasthan.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against the subjects of the Mughal Empire.:Bundelkhand campaign.

paragraph: In Bundelkhand, Chhatrasal had rebelled against the Mughal empire and established an independent kingdom. In December 1728, a Mughal force led by Muhammad Khan Bangash defeated him and imprisoned his family. Chhatrasal had repeatedly sought Bajirao's assistance, but the latter was busy in Malwa at that time. In March 1729, Peshwa finally responded to Chhatrasal's request and marched towards Bundelkhand. Chhatrasal also escaped his captivity and joined the Maratha force. After they marched to Jaitpur, Bangash was forced to leave Bundelkhand. Chhatrasal's position as the ruler of Bundelkhand was restored. Chhatrasal assigned a large jagir to Baji Rao and also married his daughter Mastani to him. Before his death in December 1731, he ceded some of his territories to the Marathas.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against the subjects of the Mughal Empire.:Gujarat campaign.

paragraph: After consolidating Maratha influence in central India, Peshwa Baji Rao decided to assert Maratha rights to collect taxes from the rich province of Gujarat. In 1730, he sent a Maratha force under Chimaji Appa to Gujarat. Sarbuland Khan, the Mughal Governor of the province, ceded to Marathas, the right to collect "chauth" and "sardeshmukhi" from Gujarat. He was soon replaced by Abhay Singh, who also recognized the Maratha rights to collect taxes. However, this success irked Chhatrapati Shahu's senapati(commander-in-chief) Trimbak Rao Dabhade. His ancestors from Dabhade clan had raided Gujarat several times, asserting their rights to collect taxes from that province. Annoyed at Bajirao's control over what he considered his family's sphere of influence, he rebelled against the Peshwa. Two other Maratha nobles of Gujarat — Gaekwad and Kadam Bande — also sided with Dabhade.

paragraph: Meanwhile, after the defeat of Girdhar Bahadur in 1728, the Mughal emperor had appointed Jai Singh II to subdue the Marathas. However, Jai Singh recommended a peaceful agreement with the Marathas. The emperor disagreed and replaced him with Muhammad Khan Bangash. Bangash formed an alliance with the Nizam, Trimbak Rao and Sambhaji II. On 1 April 1731, Baji Rao defeated the allied forces of Dabhade, Gaekwad and Kadam Bande: Trimbak Rao was killed in the Battle of Dabhoi. On 13 April, Baji Rao resolved the dispute with Sambhaji II by signing the Treaty of Warna, which demarcated the territories of Chhatrapati Shahu and Sambhaji II. Subsequently, the Nizam met Baji Rao at Rohe-Rameshwar on 27 December 1732 and promised not to interfere with the Maratha expeditions.

paragraph: Even after subduing Trimbak Rao, Shahu and Baji Rao avoided a rivalry with the powerful Dabhade clan: Trimbak's son Yashwant Rao was made the new senapati of Shahu. Dabhade family was allowed to continue collecting "chauth" from Gujarat on the condition that they would deposit half the collections in the Chhatrapati Shahu's treasury.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against the subjects of the Mughal Empire.:Campaign against Siddis.

paragraph: The Siddis of Janjira controlled a small but strategically important territory on the western coast of India. They originally held only the Janjira fort, but after Shivaji's death, they had expanded their rule to a large part of the central and northern Konkan region. After the death of the Siddi chief Yakut Khan in 1733, a war of succession broke out among his sons. One of his sons, Abdul Rehman, requested Baji Rao for help. Baji Rao sent a Maratha force led by Sekhoji Angre(son of Kanhoji Angre). The Marathas regained control of several places in Konkan and besieged Janjira. However, their strength was diverted after Peshwa's rival Pant Pratinidhi occupied the Raigad Fort near Janjira in June 1733. In August, Sekhoji Angre died, further weakening the Maratha position. As a result, Baji Rao decided to sign a peace treaty with the Siddis. He allowed the Siddis to retain control of Janjira on the condition that they would accept Abdul Rehman as the ruler. The Siddis were also allowed to retain control of Anjanvel, Gowalkot and Underi. The Marathas retained the territories of Raigad, Rewas, Thal and Chaul, which they had gained during the offensive.

paragraph: Soon after the Peshwa marched back to Satara, the Siddis launched an offensive to regain their lost territories. In June 1734, Bajirao dispatched a force to prevent them from taking over the Raigad fort. Subsequently, on 19 April 1736, Chimnaji launched a surprise attack on a Siddi camp near Rewas, killing around 1,500 of them, including their leader Siddi Sat. On 25 September, the Siddis signed a peace treaty, which confined them to Janjira, Gowalkot and Anjanvel.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against the subjects of the Mughal Empire.:March to Delhi.

paragraph: After death of Trimbak Rao, Bangash's alliance against the Marathas had fallen apart. Consequently, Mughal emperor recalled him from Malwa, and re-appointed Jai Singh II as the governor of Malwa. However, Maratha chief Holkar defeated Jai Singh in the Battle of Mandsaur in 1733. After two more battles, Mughals decided to offer Marathas the right to collect 22 lakh as "chauth" from Malwa. On 4 March 1736, Baji Rao and Jai Singh came to an agreement at Kishangad. Jai Singh convinced the emperor to agree to the plan and Baji Rao was appointed as Deputy Governor of the province. Jai Singh is also believed to have secretly informed Bajirao that it was a good time to subdue the weakening Mughal emperor.

paragraph: On 12 November 1736, the Peshwa started a march to the Mughal capital Delhi from Pune. On hearing about the advancing Maratha army, Mughal emperor asked Saadat Ali Khan I to march from Agra and check the Maratha advance. The Maratha chiefs Malhar Rao Holkar and Pilaji Jadhav crossed Yamuna and plundered the Mughal territories in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab. Saadat Khan led a force of 150,000 against them, and defeated them. He then retired to Mathura, thinking that the Marathas had retreated. However, Baji Rao advanced to Delhi and encamped at Talkatora. The Mughal emperor dispatched a force led by Mir Hasan Khan Koka to check his advance. The Marathas defeated this force in the Battle of Delhi on 28 March 1737. Baji Rao then retreated from Delhi, apprehensive about the approach of a larger Mughal force from Mathura.

paragraph: The Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah then sought help from Nizam. Nizam set out from Deccan and met Baji Rao's returning force at Sironj. Nizam told Baji Rao that he was going to Delhi to repair his relationship with the Mughal emperor. On reaching Delhi, he was joined by other Mughal chiefs and a massive Mughal army set out against the Peshwa. Peshwa also assembled a force of 80,000 soldiers and marched towards Delhi, leaving behind a force of 10,000 under Chimnaji to guard Deccan. The two armies met mid-way at Bhopal, where the Marathas defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Bhopal on 24 December 1737. Once again, Nizam was forced to sign a peace agreement, this time at Doraha on 7 January 1738. The province of Malwa was formally ceded to the Marathas and the Mughals agreed to pay 5,000,000 as indemnity. This time, Nizam took an oath on Koran to abide by the treaty.

paragraph: Section::::Campaign against the subjects of the Mughal Empire.:Against the Portuguese.

paragraph: The Portuguese had captured several territories on the west coast of India. They had violated an agreement to give the Marathas a site on Salsette Island for building a factory and had been practising religious intolerance against Hindus in their territory. In March 1737, Peshwa dispatched a Maratha force led by Chimaji against them. Marathas captured the Ghodbunder Fort and almost all of Vasai, after the Battle of Vasai. They also managed to gain control of Salsette on 16 May 1739, after a prolonged siege. However, the Marathas had to turn their attention away from the Portuguese due to Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire in north India.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bajirao's first wife was Kashibai. She was the daughter of Mahadji Krishna Joshi and Shiubai of Chas, a wealthy banker family. The relationship between the couple was a happy one. They had three sons together: Balaji Baji Rao (also called "Nanasaheb"), Raghunath Rao (also called "Ragoba") and Janardhan Rao (who died young). Nanasaheb was appointed as the successor to Bajirao as Peshwa by Chhatrapati Shahu in 1740. Raghunath Rao as a military commander is credited with extending Maratha influence all the way to Punjab in 1758

paragraph: He took a second wife Mastani. She was the daughter of the Hindu king Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand from his Muslim wife. The marriage was purely a political one and was accepted out of regard for the sentiments of the Bundela king. In 1734, Mastani bore a son who was to be named Krishna Rao at birth. Being born of a Muslim mother, the priests refused to conduct the Hindu upanayana ceremony for him. The boy was eventually named Shamsher Bahadur and brought up as a Muslim.

paragraph: After Baji Rao's and Mastani death in 1740, Kashibai took the 6 year-old Shamsher Bahadur boy under her care and raised him as one of her own.Shamsher was bestowed upon a portion of his father’s dominion of Banda and Kalpi. In 1761, he and his army contingent fought alongside the Peshwa in the Third Battle of Panipat between the Marathas and Afghans. He was wounded in that battle and died a few days later at Deeg.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Baji Rao died on 28 April 1740, at the age of 39 of a sudden fever, possibly heat stroke, while inspecting his occupied parts of territory that were also called jagirs at that time At that time, he was en route Delhi with nearly 100,000 troops under his command at his camp in the Khargone district, near the city of Indore. He was cremated on the same day at Raverkhedi on Narmada River.

paragraph: The Scindias built a chhatri as a memorial at this place. The memorial is enclosed by a dharmashala. The compound has two temples, dedicated to Nilkantheshwara Mahadeva(Shiva) and Rameshvara(Rama).

paragraph: Section::::Battle tactics.

paragraph: Baji Rao was renowned for rapid tactical movements in battle, using his cavalry inherited from Maratha generals including Santaji Ghorpade, Dhanaji Jadhav and Ananatrao Makaji. Field-Marshal Bernard Montgomery, in his "History of Warfare" likened Bajirao's approach to that subsequently made famous by U.S. Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman during his 1864 March to the Sea: the use of rapid movements where his troops lived off the land, with minimal concern for their own supply and communication lines and employing "total warfare" on the enemy civilian population. He is often called a cavalry general. Two examples are the Battle of Palkhed in 1728 when he outmaneuvered the Mughal Governor of Deccan province and again in the battle against the Mughal Emperor, Muhammad Shah at Delhi during 1739. British General Montgomery called Bajirao's victory at Palkhed as a "masterpiece of strategic mobility".

paragraph: Baji Rao concentrated on using local terrain to cut the enemy supply-lines with the help of rapid troop movement. He followed Maratha traditional tactics of encircling the enemy quickly, appearing from the rear of enemy, attacking from the unexpected direction, distracting the enemy's attention, keeping the enemy off balance and deciding the battlefield on his own terms.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 – "Rau", the Marathi novel by Nagnath S. Inamdar featuring a fictionalized love story between Baji Rao I and Mastani.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2015 historical drama film "Bajirao Mastani" directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, he is portrayed by Ranveer Singh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2017, a TV series titled "Peshwa Bajirao" aired on Sony TV starring Rudra Soni in the role of young Bajirao and Karan Suchak as Bajirao.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maratha emperors

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palsolkar, Col. R. D. "Bajirao I: An Outstanding Indian Cavalry General," India: Reliance Publishers, 248pp, 1995, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul, E. Jaiwant. "Baji Rao - The Warrior Peshwa," India: Roli Books Pvt Ltd, 184pp, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dighe, V.G. "Peshwa Bajirao I and the Maratha Expansion", 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- N. S. Inamdar, "Rau" (1972), a historical novel about Baji Rao and Mastani.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Godse, D. G. "Mastani", Popular Prakashan, 1989

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaniwar Wada - the Peshwa palace at Pune

description: Indian warrior

wikidata_label: Baji Rao I

wikipedia_title: Baji Rao I


text:
Ottoman
Abdülaziz
Gevheri Kadın
Dolmabahçe Palace
Abdülaziz
Gevheri Kadın
Murad V
Feriye Palace
Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin
Saliha Sultan
Nazime Sultan
Zekiye Sultan
Yıldız Palace
Abdulmejid I
Naile Sultan
Esma Sultan Mansion
New Mosque
Eminönü
Istanbul
Esma Sultan Mansion

categories: 1873 births,1899 deaths,Daughters of Ottoman sultans,19th-century Ottoman royalty

paragraph: Esma Sultan (daughter of Abdülaziz)

paragraph: Esma Sultan (; 21 March 1873 – 7 May 1899) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Abdülaziz and Gevheri Kadın.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Esma Sultan was born on 21 March 1873 in the Dolmabahçe Palace. Her father was Sultan Abdülaziz, and her mother was Gevheri Kadın, the daughter of Salih Svanba and Şaziye Tsamba. She was the youngest daughter of her father and the second child of her mother. She was the younger full sister of Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin.

paragraph: Her father, Abdülaziz was deposed by his ministers on 30 May 1876, his nephew Murad V became the Sultan. He was transferred to Feriye Palace the next day. The of Abdülaziz's entourage didn't wanted to leave the Dolmabahçe Palace. So they were grabbed by hand and were send out to the Feriye Palace. In the process, they were searched from head to toe and everything of value was taken from them. On 4 June 1876, Abdülaziz died under mysterious circumstances.

paragraph: Emine Sultan, who was three years old at that time, grew up under the supervision of her elder half brother, the crown prince Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin. She was tall, had slanting eyebrows, big black eyes, long face, white-skin, and short hair.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In 1889 Sultan Abdul Hamid II arranged her trousseaux and marriage together with her two sisters, princesses Saliha Sultan and Nazime Sultan, as well as his own daughter, Zekiye Sultan.

paragraph: On 20 April 1889 at the age of sixteen, she married Kabasakal Çerkes Mehmed Pasha in the Yıldız Palace. He was the widower of Sultan Abdulmejid I's daughter Naile Sultan. She moved in her palace known as "Esma Sultan Mansion", in which Mehmed Pasha and Naile Sultan previously lived.

paragraph: In 1890, a year after the marriage, she gave birth to twin sons, Sultanzade Hasan Bedreddin Bey and Sultanzade Hüseyim Hayreddin Bey. In 1894, she gave birth to Fatma Sıdıka Hanımsultan, who died young. A year later, on 14 June 1895, she gave birth to Sultanzade Mehmed Saadeddin Bey.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Esma Sultan died during the birth of her last child, Sultanzade Abdullah Bey, on 7 May 1899 and was buried in the mausoleum of imperial ladies at New Mosque, Eminönü, Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Together with Mehmed Pasha, Esma had four sons and one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultanzade Hasan Bedreddin Bey (1890 – 29 January 1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultanzade Hüseyin Hayreddin Bey (1890 – Istanbul 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatma Sıdıka Hanımsultan (1894 – 1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultanzade Saadeddin Mehmed Bey (14 June 1895 – Beirut 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultanzade Abdullah Bey (1899 – 1899)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Esma Sultan Mansion

description: Ottoman princess

wikidata_label: Esma Sultan

wikipedia_title: Esma Sultan (daughter of Abdülaziz)


text:
romantic movement
Lake District
Manchester
Helvellyn
Grasmere
Striding Edge
Red Tarn
Claude glass
Carlisle
Thomas Clarkson
Tirril
Penrith, Cumbria
Francis Danby
Edwin Landseer
Royal Academy
Walter Scott
William Wordsworth
Humphry Davy
Tirril Brewery

categories: 1784 births,English male painters,18th-century English painters,19th-century English painters,1805 deaths,English romantic painters

paragraph: Charles Gough (artist)

paragraph: Charles Gough (1784 – April 1805) was an artist of the early English romantic movement in the 18th and 19th centuries. He did not achieve significant fame in his lifetime, but after his mysterious death in 1805, he became seen as a martyr, and an icon of the romantic vision. The story of his death was visualised by some of the leading poets and artists of the period.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Gough was a tourist visiting the Lake District from Manchester in April 1805, when on 17 April he decided to walk over Helvellyn to Grasmere. He took his dog, Foxie, with him and set off via Striding Edge. He was never seen alive again. Three months later on 27 July a shepherd heard barking near Red Tarn, and on investigating, discovered Foxie beside the body of her master. The shepherd summoned assistance, and a crowd returned to the scene. They collected skeletal remains and some of Gough's belongings, which included fishing tackle, a gold watch, silver pencil and two Claude glasses. Also recovered was Gough's hat, which had been split in two. From this it was surmised that he had fallen to his death from Striding Edge. Foxie was found to have not only survived the months beside her dead master, but had also given birth to a puppy, which died shortly afterwards. The healthy dog and the skeletal remains of Gough led a Carlisle newspaper to report that

paragraph: Another report suggested that Gough had been eaten by ravens.

paragraph: Mystery surrounded the circumstances of Gough's death, not only as to how he had died but why he had attempted the dangerous ascent of Helvellyn without a guide. Gough had been contracted by a local artist to copy drawings, but was renowned for being adventurous to the point of taking dangerous risks. Thomas Clarkson, who had met him reported afterwards that Gough was a "venturesome person" whose headstrong nature had caused the local shepherds alarm". Gough was to have been guided by a man who was a volunteer in the local militia, but who was busy on parade that day. Gough's body was subsequently buried in the Quaker graveyard in Tirril near Penrith, Cumbria.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.

paragraph: The nature of Gough's death, in search of the romantic ideal and subsequently guarded by his dog inspired both poets and artists to interpret the scene and so elevate Gough to the level of a martyr to the romantic vision. Such interpretations stressed man's bond with nature, as represented by the faithful dog contrasted with the wildness and savagery of the landscape that caused his death. Francis Danby and Edwin Landseer painted the scene, Landseer titling his "Attachment". The painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1830, accompanied by the poem "Helvellyn", written about the death by Sir Walter Scott. William Wordsworth also produced a poem describing the scene, entitled "Fidelity". Wordsworth lived in the lakes, and had brought both Scott and the chemist Humphry Davy to see the spot where Gough's body was found.

paragraph: Gough's demise was investigated by Simon Morley in "The Unfortunate Tourist of Helvellyn", and is commemorated today in an ale brewed by the Tirril Brewery entitled 'Charles Gough's Old Faithful'.

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Charles Gough

wikipedia_title: Charles Gough (artist)


text:
Neustadt an der Haardt
Erlangen
German
mathematician
algebraic topologist
Künneth theorem
First World War
University of Erlangen
Bettischen Zahlen
Produktmannigfaltigkeit
Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze
University of Erlangen
Bundesverdienstkreuz
Haupt, Otto
Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung
online

categories: People from Neustadt an der Weinstraße,20th-century German mathematicians,1975 deaths,People from the Palatinate (region),1892 births,German military personnel of World War I,Topologists

paragraph: Hermann Künneth

paragraph: Hermann Lorenz Künneth (July 6, 1892 Neustadt an der Haardt – May 7, 1975 Erlangen) was a German mathematician and renowned algebraic topologist, best known for his contribution to what is now known as the Künneth theorem.

paragraph: In the winter semester 1910/11, Künneth joined the students' fraternity “Studentengesangverein Erlangen“, now ““ (“Students' Choral Society Erlangen“, now “Akademic Musical Fraternity Fridericiana Erlangen“). He carried out a variety of posts during his studies as well as after having left university in 1914.

paragraph: He participated in the First World War and was captured by British forces.

paragraph: His 1922 doctoral thesis at the University of Erlangen was titled "Über die Bettischen Zahlen einer Produktmannigfaltigkeit" (“On the Betti numbers of a product manifold”), it was supervised by Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze.

paragraph: From 1923, he was a teacher at secondary schools in Kronach and Erlangen. After retiring, he became professor at the University of Erlangen.

paragraph: In 1964, he was decorated with the Bundesverdienstkreuz, the highest German decoration.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haupt, Otto: “Hermann Künneth zum Gedenken”, "Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung", 78 (1976) pp. 61–66 (online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haas, Karl Eduard: “Die Akademisch-Musikalische Verbindung Fridericiana im Sondershäuser Verband“, Erlangen 1982, p. 295

description: mathematician

wikidata_label: Hermann Künneth

wikipedia_title: Hermann Künneth


text:
Flemish
painter
still life
genre paintings
Antwerp
Guild of St. Luke
Victor Wolfvoet I
Victor Wolfvoet II
Victor
Gaspar Peeter Verbruggen the Elder
Pieter Claesz
Willem Claeszoon Heda
Jan Pauwel Gillemans the Elder
vanitas
David Teniers the Younger
Adriaen van Ostade
Jan Miense Molenaer
Abraham Teniers
Anton Goubau
Gillis van Tilborch
Jan Baptist Tijssens the Younger
Wallace Collection
Staatliche Kunstsammlungen
vanitas
Pieter Aertsen
Joachim Beuckelaer
Bonaventura Peeters
Jan Porcellis
Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585-1700

categories: 1689 deaths,Flemish marine artists,Flemish still life painters,People from Antwerp,Flemish genre painters,1613 births,Flemish Baroque painters,Flemish landscape painters

paragraph: Cornelis Mahu

paragraph: Cornelis Mahu (1613 – 16 November 1689) was a Flemish painter of still lifes, genre paintings and seascapes who showed a very high level of craftsmanship in his compositions.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mahu was born in Antwerp. Nothing is known about his training before he became master of the Guild of St. Luke in 1638. In 1633 he married Brigitta Wolfvoet, who was the daughter of the painter and art dealer Victor Wolfvoet I and brother of the painter Victor Wolfvoet II. It is possible that his father-in-law was his master.

paragraph: In addition to his son Victor, he had three pupils of whom Gaspar Peeter Verbruggen the Elder is the best known. His son Victor (c. 1665 – 1700/01) continued painting genre scenes in the style of his father.

paragraph: Mahu died in Antwerp in 1689,

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Mahu was a versatile painted who practiced in various genres including still lifes, genre scenes and seascapes. He was not always an original painter but showed a very high level of craftsmanship in his compositions.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Still lifes.

paragraph: An important influence on his still lifes were the monochromatic "breakfast pieces" ("ontbijtjes") or 'banquet pieces' ("banketjes") of the Haarlem school of still life painters such as Pieter Claesz and Willem Claeszoon Heda. He stressed realism in his still lifes. He also painted Flemish style still lifes more in the style of Jan Pauwel Gillemans the Elder.

paragraph: A good example of his still lifes is the "" (sold at the De Jonckheer Master Paintings). It shows in its arrangement of the various elements an influence of the Haarlem style. The work captures the spectator’s eye with its vibrant contrasts of light and dark (chiaroscuro). The still life conveys the implicit message of vanitas so typical for northern European still lifes of the time. This message is conveyed through the usual symbols of the genre: the cut orange, which evokes the passing of life that is bitter in essence, and meaningless if not combined with a higher spiritual reality, and the burning candle, which inexorably measures time and the limits of our material and sensual aspirations.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Genre scenes.

paragraph: Cornelis Mahu was a skilled painter of genre scenes depicted in an interior or outside setting. He was inspired by the various subjects developed by David Teniers the Younger, Adriaen van Ostade and Jan Miense Molenaer such as barn interiors, guardroom scenes and tavern interiors. These lively paintings are full of figures with exaggerated and rough features.

paragraph: Cornelis Manu was one of a few Flemish artists who painted 'guardroom scenes'. Guardroom scenes are a type of genre scene that had become popular in the mid-17th century, particularly in the Dutch Republic. In Flanders there were also a few practitioners of the genre including David Teniers the Younger, Abraham Teniers, Anton Goubau, Gillis van Tilborch and Jan Baptist Tijssens the Younger. A guard room scene typically depicts an interior scene with officers and soldiers engaged in merrymaking. Guardroom scenes often included mercenaries and prostitutes dividing booty, harassing captives or indulging in other forms of reprehensible activities.

paragraph: Mahu painted a "" (Sold at Agraa Art on 17 October 2004), which is freely inspired by two compositions of David Teniers the Younger in the Wallace Collection and the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen in Dresden. Cornelis Mahu's work depicts soldiers and officers on three different planes engaging in various activities such as gambling, smoking and talking. At the front left there is a pile of weapons and a drum. The armour depicted in the picture was already out of date at the time it was painted since metal armours, breast plates and helmets fell out of use from the 1620s. It is possible that in line with the moralizing intent of the genre, the armour is a reference to the vanitas motif of the transience of power and fame. The composition also includes a religious scene of the 'Release of St. Peter', which is visible through a gate in the background of the painting. This inclusion of a religious scene in a larger composition is reminiscent of the work of 16th century painters in Antwerp such as Pieter Aertsen and Joachim Beuckelaer who placed small religious scenes in the background of lush scenes of markets.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Marine paintings.

paragraph: Although better known for his still lifes and genre scenes, Mahu produced a number of seascapes that show his originality. The seascapes usually depict ships on a wild sea occasionally with a harbour scene or ships in distress. His palette uses a mixture of greens and browns. Mahu's marine scenes with their heavy clouds and raging seas are similar to those of Bonaventura Peeters, the leading representative of the “monochrome” movement in marine painting. Other marine paintings show a similarity with those of the painter Jan Porcellis.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Vlieghe (1998). "Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585-1700". Pelican History of Art. New Haven: Yale University Press.

alias:
Cornelis Mahue
C.O. MAHV
C. Mahu

description: Flemish painter

wikidata_label: Cornelis Mahu

wikipedia_title: Cornelis Mahu


text:
Armenian
printer
Venice
Urbatagirk
Parzatumar
printer's mark
Armenian printing
Parzatumar

paragraph: Hakob Meghapart

paragraph: Hakob Meghapart (, Jacob the Sinner) (date of birth and death are unknown), was the first Armenian printer, the founder of the Armenian printing. His activities were developed in Venice in the beginning of the 16th century.

paragraph: In 1512-1513 his publishing house gave birth to the following publications:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Urbatagirk" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pataragatetr" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aghtark" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parzatumar" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tagharan" ()

paragraph: The first book that he printed was called "Urbatagirk", which had 124 paper pages, also 24 are colored and the pages are printed in red and black.

paragraph: The books printed by him have a special printer's mark.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armenian printing

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Levonyan, "Armenian book and Art of the printing" ["«Հայ գիրքը և տպագրության արվեստը»"], Yerevan, 1958

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parzatumar

description: Armenian painter

wikidata_label: Hakob Meghapart

wikipedia_title: Hakob Meghapart


text:
Persian
Twelver
Shia Islam
hadith
Tahdhib al-Ahkam
al-Istibsar
Hawza
al-Shaikh al-Mufid
al-Sharif al-Murtada
al-Qadir
Tughril-bek
Khorasan
Shafi'i
Baghdad
Shia
Baghdad
bibliography
caliph
Sābūr b. Ardas̲h̲īr
Shia
Shia
Hanbali
Najaf
al-Mufid
ilm-ul-hadith
seminary
Najaf
Hawza#Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf
Sheikh Tusi Digital Library
Sallar Deylami
Akhbari
Usuli
Baghdad
Shiites
Tahdhib al-Ahkam
Hadiths
Al-Nihayah
Al-Tibyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran
Al-Istibsar
Tahdhib Al-osul
Oddat Al-osul
Al-fatawa
Al-Mabsut
Al-Iqtisad Al Hadi Ila Tariq Al Rashad
Al-Ghaybah
Ekhtiyar Ma'refat Al- Rijal
Shia Islam
Ja'fari jurisprudence
The Four Books
Holiest sites in Islam
Sayyid Murtadhā
Shaykh al-Mufīd
Shaykh al-Sadūq
Muhammad al-Kulaynī
Allāmah Majlisī
Shaykh al-Hur al-Āmilī
Shaykh Nasīr ad-Dīn Tūsi
Shaykh Tusi

categories: Shia Muslim scholars,Iranian Shia Muslims,People from Tus, Iran,1067 deaths,Medieval Persian people,996 births,11th-century Iranian people,Iranian scholars,Buyid scholars

paragraph: Shaykh Tusi

paragraph: Shaykh Tusi (), full name "Abū Ja'far Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan Tūsī" (), known as Shaykh al-Taʾifah () was a prominent Persian scholar of the Twelver school of Shia Islam. He became known as "Sheikh of the Sect (Shaikh al-Ta'ifah)," authored two of the four main Shi'i books of hadith, "Tahdhib al-Ahkam" and "al-Istibsar", and is believed to have founded the Najaf Hawza. He also counts as the founder of Shia jurisprudence.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Birth.

paragraph: Abu Jaʿfar Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. ʿAli b. al-Hasan al-Tusi was born in Tus in Persia in the year 995 AD/385 of the Islamic era.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Middle Years.

paragraph: Al-Shaikh ali-Tusi grew up in Tus and began his studies there. In 1018 AD/408 A.H. he left Tus to study in Baghdad. There he first studied under al-Shaikh al-Mufid, who died in 1022 AD/413 A.H. Leadership of the Shi'ite scholars then fell to al-Sharif al-Murtada. The latter remained in this position until his death in 1045 AD/436 A.H. During this time al-Shaikh al-Tusi was closely associated with al-Sharif al-Murtada. His vast scholarship and learning made him a natural successor of al-Sharif al-Murtada as the leading spokesman of Shi'ite Islam. So impressive was his learning that the Abbasid caliph, al-Qadir, attended his lectures and sought to honour him.

paragraph: In the closing years of al-Shaikh al-Tusi's life the political situation in Baghdad and the domains of the Abbasid caliphate was in turmoil. The Saljuqids fiercely anti-Shia, were gaining commanding power in the centre of the Islamic Empire at the expense of the Buyids who had always seemed tolerant to Shi'ite views. In 1055 AD/447 A.H Tughril-bek the leaders of the Saljuqids entered Baghdad. At this time many of the 'ulama' in Baghdad, both Sunni and Shiʿite were killed. The house of al-Shaikh al-Tusi was burnt down, as were his books and the works he had written in Baghdad, together with important libraries of Shi'ite books. Fanaticism against the Shi'a was great.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Al-Shaikh al-Tusi, seeing the danger of remaining in Baghdad, left and went to al-Najaf. Al-Najaf, the city where 'Ali b. Abi Talib is buried, was already a very important city in the hearts of Shi'ite Muslims. However, it was al-Shaikh al-Tusi's arrival which was to give that city the impetus to become the leading centre of Shi'ite scholarship. This is a role, which it has maintained down to the present day. Al-Shaikh al-Tusi died in al-Najaf on the 22nd of Muharram in the year 460 A.H/2 December 1067. His body was buried in a house there, which was made into a mosque as he had enjoined in his will. Al-Tusi was succeeded by his son al-Hasan, who was known as al-Mufid al-Thani, and was himself considered an outstanding scholar.

paragraph: Section::::His Ideas.

paragraph: After completing his preliminary studies, in 408/1017 he left Khorasan, fundamentally Shafi'i and to an increasing degree controlled by the G̲h̲aznawid Maḥmūd, in favour of Baghdad, where the Shia Buwayhids were dominant. There, he studied under leading Imāmī masters including Abu ʾl-Ḥasan Ibn Abī Ḏj̲ūd, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-Ahwāzī, al-G̲h̲ad̓āʾirī, Ibn ʿAbdūn, and, in particular, the powerful doyen of Imāmī rationalists permeated by Muʿtazilī dialectic, al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Mufīd [q.v.], of whom hequickly became, in spite of his youth, one of the favourite pupils (on the rationalist evolution of Imāmism, see Amir Moezzi, 1992, 15-48). On the deathof al-Mufīd in 413/1022, his disciple al-S̲h̲arīf al-Murtad̓ā ʿAlam al-Hudā [q.v.], who had also studied under the Muʿtazilī ʿAbd al-Ḏj̲abbār [q.v.], took over the leadership of the Imāmīs of the capital. Ṭūsī subsequently became his principal disciple. Eminent scholars and former pupils of al-Mufīd, such as al-Nad̲j̲ās̲h̲ī, al-Karād̲j̲akī or Abū Yaʿlā al-Ḏj̲aʿfarī, were still living in Baghdad, but on the death of al-Murtad̓ā in 436/1044 he was succeeded by Ṭūsī. In fact, by this time he had already amassed an impressive bibliography and had succeeded in gaining the support of numerous Buwayhids and of the caliph Ḳāʾim (422-67/1031-75), who appointed him to the principal chair of theology, the most prestigious of the capital. Heir to a substantial proportion of the great Imāmī libraries of the time, that of the dār al-ʿilm founded by Sābūr b. Ardas̲h̲īr (more than 100,000 works) and that of al-Murtad̓ā (almost 80,000 works), Ṭūsī composed some fifty books and his house, in the Shia quarter of Kark̲h̲ [q.v.], became for a period of more than ten years the virtual intellectual centre of Imāmism.

paragraph: Under the Buwayhids, numerous religious riots had caused bloodshed in the capital. In 447-8/1056-7, ¶ after the al-Basāsīrī episode, the invasion of Bag̲h̲dād by the Sald̲j̲ūḳṬog̲h̲ri̊l and the end of the Buwayhids, the anti-Shia coalition, led by Hanbali traditionalists, sacked the quarters of Kark̲h̲ and of Bāb al-Ṭāḳ. Al-Ṭūsī’s home and library were burnt and he himself took refuge in Najaf. There he remained until his death, continuing to teach a limited circle of disciples, including his own son Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan who succeeded him. Also worthy of mention among his disciples were Sulaymān al-Ṣahras̲h̲tī, al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥusayn b. Bābawayh (nephew of Ibn Bābawayh al-Ṣadūḳ), Isḥāḳb. Muḥammad al-Ḳummī (grandson of al-Ṣadūḳ), S̲h̲ahrās̲h̲ūb al-Māzandarānī (grandfather of the famous author of the Manāḳib ) and also al-Fattāl al-Nīsābūrī.

paragraph: In his work, Ṭūsī attempts to modify the radically rationalist and pragmatic positions of al-Murtad̓ā (positions already present in embryonic form in the work of al-Mufid): rehabilitation of the first traditionists, ilm-ul-hadith attested by a single authority so long as these are conveyed by reliable sources and conditional validity of traditions conveyed by transmitters professing “deviant” doctrines. In politics, serving an unlawful government (in this instance, the ʿAbbāsid caliphate) is in certain circumstances desirable, and collaboration with a power claiming that its authority derives from the Hidden Imām (a clear reference to the Buwayhids) can be commendable, but neither the one nor the other is ever obligatory (as was apparently advocated by al-Murtad̓ā). At the same time, Ṭūsī has constant recourse to reasoned argumentation based on id̲j̲tihād and he begins to sketch the notion of the “general representation” (al-niyāba al-ʿāmma) of the Hidden Imām entrusted to jurist-theologians who may, if the need arises, exercise the prerogatives traditionally reserved for the historical Imāms. In completing and modifying the work of al-Mufīd and of al-Murtad̓ā, Ṭūsī succeeded in endowing Imāmī law with a structure and a scope of activity practically independent of the figure of the Imām. Thus his work was to provide rationalist Imāmism, known from the following century onward as al-uṣūliyya, with solid intellectual bases, enabling it to experience a lengthy evolution which would lead ultimately to an ever-increasing assumption of power by Imāmī mud̲j̲tahids in the economic, social and political fields. The immense and lasting influence of the work of Ṭūsī earned him the honorific nickname of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Ṭāʾifa [al-Imāmiyya] or simply al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ .

paragraph: In his Fihrist, Ṭūsī gives a list of 43 of his own works; later he would have composed several more (Ṭihrānī, introd. to Tibyān). They are devoted to exegesis (3 titles), law (11), the foundations of law (2), ḥadīt̲h̲ (3), rid̲j̲āl (3), theology and heresiography (16), prayers and Imāmī piety (5), historiography (2), replies to the questions of disciples (3) [introd. by Wāʿiz̦-zāda toal-Ḏj̲umalwa ʾl-ʿuḳūd]. The following list is confined to the best known of these works (and the most widely available editions): al-Istibṣār and Tahd̲h̲īb al-aḥkām, ed. al-Ḵh̲arsān, Nad̲j̲af, respectively 1375-6 and1378–82, which form with the Kāfī of al-Kulaynī (329/949-1) and the Kitāb man lā yaḥd̓uruhu ʾl-faḳīh of Ibn Bābawayh al-Ṣadūḳ(381/991), the Four Canonical Books (al-kutub al-arbaʿa) of Imāmī ḥadīt̲h̲; al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Ḳurʾān (first great Imāmī rationalist commentary; ed. S̲h̲awḳī and ʿĀmilī, Nad̲j̲af 1376-83, 10 vols., with introd. by Āg̲h̲ā Buzurg al-Ṭihranī); Fihrist kutub al-s̲h̲īʿa (ed. Sprenger and ʿAbd Ḥaḳḳ, Calcutta 1848, repr. Mas̲h̲had 1972); Kitāb al-G̲h̲ayba (on the occultation of the Twelfth Imām, ed. Nad̲j̲af 1385); Rid̲j̲āl (revised summary of al-Kas̲h̲s̲h̲ī’s Maʿrifat al-nāḳilīn, Nad̲j̲af ¶ 1381); al-Iḳtiṣād fīmā yataʿallaḳ bi ʾl-iʿtiḳād, Beirut 1406; al-Amālī, Nad̲j̲af 1384; ʿUddat uṣūl, Nad̲j̲af 1403 (these three last works concern ḥadīt̲h̲ and dogma); al-Mabsūṭ fi ʾl-fiḳh, ed. Bihbūdī, repr. Tehran 1387-8; al-Nihāya fī mud̲j̲arrad fiḳh wa ʾl-fatāwā, Beirut 1390; al-Ḏj̲umal wa ʾl-ʿuḳūd fi ʾl-ʿibādāt (with introd. and Persian tr. by Wāʿiz̦-zāda, Mas̲h̲had 1374; Miṣbāḥ al-mutahad̲j̲d̲j̲id (in two versions—al-kabīr and al-ṣag̲h̲īr—on Imāmī piety, Tehran 1398; (the two works entitled Duʿāʾ al-d̲j̲aws̲h̲an al-kabīr and al-d̲j̲aws̲h̲an al-ṣag̲h̲īr, mentioned by Hidayet Hosain in EI 1, are not al-Ṭūsī’s and are probably drawn from the Miṣbāḥof al-Kafʿamī [9th/15th century]).

paragraph: Section::::His Ideas.:Among modern studies.

paragraph: Among modern studies, see the 102-page introd. by Ṭihrānī to al-Ṭūsī’s Tibyān, in Yād-nāma-yi S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Ṭāʾifa... Ṭūsī, Mas̲h̲had 1348/1970; R. Brunschvig, Les uṣūl al-fiqh imâmites ā leur stade ancien, in Le shiisme imâmite, Colloque de Strasbourg, Paris 1970; M. Ramyar, Al-Shaikh al-Tusi, his life and works, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of London 1971, unpubl.; H. Löschner, Die dogmatischen Grundlagen des schiʿitischen Rechts, Erlangen-Nuremberg-Cologne 1971, index, s.n.; M.J. McDermott, The theology of al-Shaikh al-Mufīd, Beirut 1978, index; S.A. Arjomand, The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam, Chicago-London 1984, 32-65; H. Halm, Die Schia, Darmstadt 1988, 62-73, Eng. tr. Shiism, Edinburgh 1991, 56-8; E. Kohlberg, A medieval Muslim scholar at work. Ibn Ṭāwūs and his library, Leiden 1992, index; M.A. Amir-Moezzi, Le guide divin dans le shiʿisme originel, Paris 1992; idem, Remarques sur les critēres d’authenticité du hadithet l’authorité du juriste dans le shiʿisme imâmite, in SI, lxxxv (1997), 22 ff.

paragraph: He's the founder of seminary of Najaf.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Al-Tusi was succeeded by his son al-Hasan, who was known as al-Mufid al-Thani, and was himself considered an outstanding scholar. The seminary of Najaf Hawza#Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf, founded by Al-Tusi, remains the top Shi'ite theological institute in the world.

paragraph: In Najaf, one of the largest collection of Shi'ite texts exists in a library named after al-Tusi. Online, the largest repository of Shi'ite digital e-books has been also labeled the Sheikh Tusi Digital Library. Both libraries are free for public use.

paragraph: Tusi had important role in formation and revival of Shia jurisprudence and law. since that his time was coincidence with the burning of the great books and library, nearly he must to revive the hadith and jurisprudence in a way. He innovated in the sphere of jurisprudence. He tried to defend the application of jurisprudence in respect of religious laws. One of his accomplishments was that he could be successful in propagation and coherence of methodologies of argumentation and inference. His dominance was unrivaled until long Time. Nearly all jurisprudents only were affected by shaykh Tusi's opinions. The influence of shaykh Tusi continued until the emergence of Ibn Idris Hilli who criticized some views od shaykh Tusi. Also Tusi Had given to shaykh Mufid a definite formulation in Ijtihad. In fact three people including Shaykh Tusi had important role in leadership of Shia's school of law. Some works of Tusi shows that he was influenced by precedent jurists like Sallar Deylami.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Usuli School.

paragraph: in confliction between two schools of Akhbari and Usuli, Shaykh Tusi defended of Usuli school and calls akhbari as followers of literate or literalists. Shaykh Tusi believed in principles of jurisprudence as a fundamental knowledge in acquiring the judgments of Islam religion. he wrote in introduction of 'Al-Iddah' book as follow:

paragraph: " thus you may say, it is essential to attach the greatest importance to this branch of knowledge( namely Usul) because the whole of shariah is based on it and the knowledge of the any aspect thereof is not complete without mastering the principles.

paragraph: Also he tries to compare different schools of law in Islam with each other and show there is a little divergence between them and they are near to each other and differences among them is in minor subject not major. Shaykh Tusi, like his Masters, refuted the legal analogy(Qiyyas Fiqhi) in his manual of usul Fiqh.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Importance of reason.

paragraph: His emphasis was on the rational dimension of religion such a way that he know principles like commanding to good and prohibiting of evil as something which is indispensable according to reason.

paragraph: Even shaykh Tusi try to give validity to Consensus(Ijma) according to rational rule of Lutf. according to principle of Lutf, God must provide believers with conditions and situation for doing religious acts and nearing to good.principle of lutf requires the appointment of infallible imam and necessitates that the Imam reveals the truth about any problem on which a wrong agreement may have been reached.

paragraph: Section::::Pioneering.

paragraph: Tusi was leading in different majors of religious sciences such as Ilm-rijal(Biography),traditions(Hadiths) and Fihrist(Catalogue).He also starts important developments in that allow shia clerics to comprehend some of the roles permitted before only for Imam. these roles are to collecting and distributing the religious taxes and organizing the Friday prayers.

paragraph: Section::::Najaf Seminary.

paragraph: According to some scholars, Sheykh Tusi established the Hawzeh of Najaf after migrating from Baghdad.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He wrote nearly over fifty works in different Islamic branch of knowledge such as philosophy, hadith,theology, biography,historiography,exegesis and tradition. Of the four authoritative resources of the Shiites, two are written by Shaykh Tusi. These two basic reference books are: Tahdhib al-Ahkam and Al-Istibsar. Both of these pertain to Hadiths of Islamic Jurisprudential decrees and injunctions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Nihayah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Tibyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Istibsar in 4 volumes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tahdhib Al-osul in two volumes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oddat Al-osul this book provide us with advantage information about development of Osul Science and this knowledge between Sunnis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-fatawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Mabsut

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Iqtisad Al Hadi Ila Tariq Al Rashad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Ghaybah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ekhtiyar Ma'refat Al- Rijal in the science of Rijal

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Al-Khilaf.

paragraph: This book is one of the first books in the sphere of comparative jurisprudence written by Tusi. He tries to collect all opinions of law schools of Islam in this book. this book also shows that there is great accordance between Shia school of law and other schools.the differences exist merely in minor problem namely furu. This book, as a compendium, not only rendered those opinions which Shia hold uniquely but also the conflicting Sunni opinions in much greater detail.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shia Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ja'fari jurisprudence

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Four Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holiest sites in Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayyid Murtadhā

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaykh al-Mufīd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaykh al-Sadūq

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad al-Kulaynī

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allāmah Majlisī

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaykh al-Hur al-Āmilī

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaykh Nasīr ad-Dīn Tūsi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaykh Tusi

description: Iranian scholar

wikidata_label: Shaykh Tusi

wikipedia_title: Shaykh Tusi