text:
Shaddadid dynasty
Arran
Azerbaijan
Ganja
Dvin
Armenia
Turkey
Armenian
Byzantine Empire
Bagratid Armenia
Anurshirvan
Georgia
Shirvan
Emirate of Tiflis
Alans
Seljuk Empire
Transcaucasia
vassal
Ani
Shaddadids
Ottoman
Münejjim Bashi
Kurdish
Muhammad ibn Shaddad
Dvin
Ganja
Arran
Lashkari (I)
Marzuban
Fadl (I)
Armenia
Syunik
Abu'l-Hasan Lashkari (II)
Shapur
kunya
Daylamite
Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia
Gagik I of Armenia
David I Anhoghin
King of Tashir
second son
Byzantines
Matthew of Edessa
Ashot IV
Hovhannes-Smbat III
Ani
King of Kapan
King of Georgia
Catholicos of Albania
Gagik II
Michael IV the Paphlagonian
Constantine IX Monomachos
chrysobull
Michael Iasites
magistros
Constantine the Alan
Katakalon Kekaumenos
parakoimomenos
Surmari
Anberd
Khor Virap
Yerevan
Leo Tornikios
Khachen
first large-scale raid
Seljuk Turks
Qutlumush ibn Arslan Isra'il
Ibrahim Inal
A.F. Gfrörer
rhaiktor
Nikephoros
John Skylitzes
Anushirvan
hajib
Shamkur
Ziyarid
Keikavus
mirror for princes
Qabusnameh
jihad
Maw'dud of Ghazni
Toghrul Beg
Alp Arslan
Emirate of Tiflis
vizier
Alan
Darial Pass
Demetrius I
Gelati Monastery
Georgia
Shirvanshah
Fariburz I
Sallar
Shirvan
Shamakhi
gold dinar
Ibn al-Athir
Vardan Areveltsi
Fadl
Shakki
Barda'a
Araxes
bay'ah
Manuchihr
Fadlun (Fadl III)
ghulam
Sav Tegin

categories: 11th-century rulers in Asia,History of Dvin,Emirs of Ganja,1067 deaths,Shaddadids

paragraph: Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl

paragraph: Abu'l-Aswar or Abu'l-Asvar Shavur ibn Fadl ibn Muhammad ibn Shaddad was a member of the Shaddadid dynasty. Between 1049 and 1067 he was the eighth Shaddadid ruler of Arran (today in western Azerbaijan) from Ganja. Prior to that, he ruled the city of Dvin (in what is now Armenia and northeastern Turkey) from 1022 as an autonomous lord. A capable warrior, and a wise and cunning ruler, Abu'l-Aswar was engaged in several conflicts with most of his neighbours. During his rule over Dvin, he was mostly involved in the affairs of the Armenian principalities. He collaborated with the Byzantine Empire in its conquest of the last remnants of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, but when the Byzantines later turned on him, he survived three successive offensives that sought to take Ganja. In 1049, a revolt in Ganja overthrew his infant great-great-nephew, Anurshirvan. The rebels invited him to take up the family's emirate, and he moved from Dvin to Ganja. Under his rule, the Shaddadid dynasty reached its zenith. He undertook successful campaigns into Georgia and Shirvan, although the limits of Shaddadid power were exposed by his failure to take over the Emirate of Tiflis and by devastating raids by the Alans. At the same time, his reign witnessed the rapid rise of the Seljuk Empire and the extension of its control over the Transcaucasian principalities. Abu'l-Aswar became a Seljuk vassal in 1054/5. Although he gained control over the former Armenian capital of Ani through Seljuk patronage in 1065, this association also paved the way for the dynasty's decline after his death in November 1067.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origin.

paragraph: The main historical source on the Shaddadids is the work of the Ottoman historian Münejjim Bashi (died 1702). Münejjim Bashi considered the family to be of Kurdish origin, a view widely accepted by modern scholars. The family's founder, Muhammad ibn Shaddad, briefly seized control of Dvin in the early 950s. The family then moved to Ganja, the main Muslim town of Arran, which was seized by Muhammad's sons Lashkari (I), Marzuban, and Fadl (I) . The brothers successively ruled the city as emirs after that. Abu'l-Aswar Shavur was the second son of the youngest of the three brothers, and fourth Shaddadid ruler, Fadl. In his long reign (985–1031), Fadl expanded the family's control over much of Arran as well as parts of Armenia, capturing Syunik. Fadl was succeeded as emir at Ganja by his eldest son Musa () who was in turn murdered by his own son Abu'l-Hasan Lashkari (II) (). Abu'l-Aswar Shavur's name is an Arabic–Persian hybrid: "Shavur" is the old Persian name "Shapur", while his "kunya" contains the Arabicized form of the Iranian (possibly Daylamite) name "Asvar" (cognate with "savar", "horseman, knight").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Lord of Dvin (1022–49).

paragraph: Münejjim Bashi records that at the time of his death in 1067, Abu'l-Aswar's total reign, both in Ganja and before that "over some territories", had lasted 46 years. "Some territories" clearly refers to his rule over Dvin, known from other sources, meaning that he became ruler of the city in . The city, although part of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia, had been left defenceless after the death of Gagik I of Armenia in 1020 and the dispute of his sons over their inheritance, and suffered a devastating Daylamite raid in 1021 which effectively cut it off from the remainder of the Armenian kingdom. In the aftermath, the city appears to have sought the protection of the Shaddadids, and Abu'l-Aswar became its ruler. From this base, he pursued a virtually independent course from his brother, and later his nephew, in Ganja, focused more on Armenia than Arran. Abu'l-Aswar was intimately connected with the Armenian princely houses, having married a sister of David I Anhoghin, King of Tashir. His second son even bore the typically Armenian name of Ashot. Due to his focus on the affairs of his domain, he is not mentioned by Münejjim Bashi until his takeover of the main family seat at Ganja in 1049. For his activities in the period 1022–49, the main sources derive from his opponents, the Armenians and the Byzantines.

paragraph: Abu'l-Aswar is first recorded by the history of Matthew of Edessa in 1040, when the Armenian nobleman Abirat, who had become embroiled in the dispute between Gagik I's sons Ashot IV and Hovhannes-Smbat III, came to Dvin. Fearful of the latter's displeasure, Abirat with 12,000 horsemen sought Abu'l-Aswar's protection. Abu'l-Aswar initially welcomed Abirat and gave him a high position, but soon came to mistrust him, and had him killed, whereupon Abirat's lieutenant Sare departed for Ani with Abirat's supporters. Despite their kinship, at about the same time Abu'l-Aswar attacked David of Tashir. The Shaddadid army, numbering an impossible 150,000 according to Matthew of Edessa, captured much of Tashir, but David was able to assemble a broad alliance against Abu'l-Aswar. David himself fielded 10,000 troops, Hovhannes-Smbat III of Ani sent 3,000 men, the King of Kapan sent 2,000, and even the King of Georgia sent 4,000, while David also secured the public backing of the Catholicos of Albania. As a result, Abu'l-Aswar was defeated and evicted from Tashir.

paragraph: Ashot IV and Hovhannes-Smbat III died at almost the same time (), and Ashot's son Gagik II () succeeded them both and began consolidating his position. The chief danger to his throne was the Byzantine Empire, which throughout the early 11th century had been encroaching on the Armenian principalities. Hovhannes-Smbat had even bequeathed his kingdom to the Empire, and after his death, Emperor Michael IV the Paphlagonian () sent troops to capture Ani. Gagik managed to repel the attack, and political turmoil in Constantinople gained him a couple of years of reprieve after that, but in 1042 a new emperor, Constantine IX Monomachos (), came to the throne determined to secure Byzantine claims in Armenia.

paragraph: To this end, he contacted Abu'l-Aswar and called upon him to attack the Armenians from the rear. Abu'l-Aswar agreed, in exchange for guarantees that he would retain his conquests, a request granted in an imperial chrysobull. Faced with a two-pronged assault, Gagik was forced to visit Constantinople. There he was kept hostage and Ani was surrendered to the Byzantines in 1045. Notwithstanding his previous promises, immediately after taking possession of Ani, the emperor requested that Abu'l-Aswar vacate the fortresses he had conquered. When the latter refused, a large army under Michael Iasites and the "magistros" Constantine the Alan, containing numerous Armenians, marched against Dvin. Abu'l-Aswar let them approach, and then opened the irrigation canals and flooded the plain around the city. Stuck in the mud, the besiegers were easy prey for the Shaddadid archers, who inflicted huge casualties on the Byzantine force. Constantine IX responded by placing Katakalon Kekaumenos and the "parakoimomenos" Constantine in charge of Armenia. Instead of attacking Dvin, however, the new Byzantine leadership concentrated its efforts on recovering the forts captured by Abu'l-Aswar. Surmari, Anberd, and Khor Virap fell to the Byzantine army, but Chelidonion (modern Yerevan) resisted until September 1047, when the outbreak of a rebellion led by Leo Tornikios forced the army's recall to Constantinople. A peace treaty was hastily concluded, whereby Abu'l-Aswar agreed not to raid Byzantine territory and to recognize the authority of the emperor.

paragraph: The successful resistance of Dvin put an end to the Byzantine advance in Armenia, helping preserve the independence of the smaller Armenian realms of Syunik, Tashir and Khachen. Soon after, the regional balance of power was permanently altered with the first large-scale raid of the Seljuk Turks under Qutlumush ibn Arslan Isra'il and Ibrahim Inal into Byzantine Armenia in 1048. While the Shaddadids may have been tempted to see in them welcome allies against the Byzantines, they were equally likely to be a threat, as demonstrated by the attack on Ganja by Qutlumush in 1046/47.

paragraph: Shortly after, in late 1048 or early 1049—although some authors have suggested a later date, (A.F. Gfrörer and M.H. Yinanç) or even (E. Honigmann)—the Byzantines launched another offensive against Dvin under the "rhaiktor" Nikephoros. According to the contemporary Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, this was because Abu'l-Aswar ("Aplesphares", as the Byzantines called him) had violated the previous agreement and raided Byzantine lands. The Shaddadid ruler remained ensconced in Dvin, while the Byzantines devastated its environs "as far as the Iron Bridge and Ganja", forcing Abu'l-Aswar to renew his previous oath of subservience and hand over his great-nephew Ardashir, the son of Abu'l-Hasan Lashkari, as a hostage.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Emir of Ganja (1049–67).

paragraph: In 1049, Abu'l-Aswar's nephew Lashkari, the emir of Ganja, died, after a troubled reign of 15 years. He was succeeded by his infant son Anushirvan, but actual power was in the hands of his chamberlain ("hajib"), Abu Mansur. After barely two months, a group of elders opposed to the new regime's policies deposed Abu Mansur while he was at Shamkur and called upon Abu'l-Aswar to assume control of Ganja as well. Abu'l-Aswar agreed and abandoned Dvin, which had become too exposed to the Byzantines. The city was left in the hands of a series of governors until 1053, when he appointed his son Abu Nasr Iskandar as ruler of the city and the surrounding regions. The Shaddadid ruler first set things in order in Shamkur, and then entered Ganja, taking possession "all the lands of Arran and its fortresses".

paragraph: At this point in his career, Abu'l-Aswar had achieved a considerable reputation as a ruler and a warrior; the Ziyarid prince Keikavus (), who later wrote a well-known mirror for princes, the "Qabusnameh", even came to Ganja and spent several years at the Shaddadid court to participate in the "jihad" against the Christians, after having spent eight years at the court of Maw'dud of Ghazni. According to Keikavus, his host was "a great king, a man firm and clever, [...] just, courageous, eloquent dialectician, of pure faith and far-sighted". This estimate was shared by the Byzantines, for Skylitzes likewise calls him "as clever a strategist as anybody else, capable of thwarting the enemies' tactics and policies", while Münejjim Bashi writes that after his takeover of Ganja, "Abu'l-Aswar [...] restored the name of the dynasty to life after it had nearly died out. He became strong and the situation of the subjects and the army became orderly."

paragraph: According to Münejjim Bashi, in 1053, Abu'l-Aswar seized the (unidentified) fortress of Basra from the Georgians, and refortified and garrisoned it with many men. In 1054/5, along with many of the neighbouring rulers, he became a vassal of the Seljuk Sultan Toghrul Beg (), although at least initially the impact of Seljuk overlordship seems to have been light, as neither Toghrul nor his successor Alp Arslan () appeared on Shaddadid coinage at this time. In 1062, Abu'l-Aswar received a delegation from the Emirate of Tiflis, an isolated Muslim stronghold within the Christian Georgian kingdoms. Following the death of Emir Ja'far ibn Ali, the locals had evicted his quarrelling sons, and now asked Abu'l-Aswar to assume control of the city. The Shaddadid ruler was inclined to accept, but his vizier, Bakhtiyar ibn Salman, dissuaded him by warning that such an action would disperse his limited forces. After Abu'l-Aswar's refusal, Tiflis was occupied by the Georgians, until they were evicted by Alp Arslan in 1068. This event highlighted the limitations of Shaddadid power, which was further demonstrated by an Alan invasion through the Darial Pass in the same year: more than 20,000 inhabitants of Arran were carried off as slaves according to Münejjim Bashi's account. In response to the Alan threat, Abu'l-Aswar built a wall and moat around the suburb ("rabad") of his capital Ganja. The gates installed by Abu'l-Aswar for this new fortification were carried off by the Georgians under Demetrius I in 1139, and are still preserved at the Gelati Monastery in modern Georgia. In 2012–14, replicas of the original gates were installed in Ganja's Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography.

paragraph: At the same time, Abu'l-Aswar's relations with his neighbour, Shirvanshah Fariburz I (), abruptly deteriorated. The two dynasties were linked by family ties—Fariburz's predecessor, Sallar (), had even been married to a daughter of Abu'l-Aswar—but now the Shaddadid ruler launched a series of invasions against Shirvan. In spring 1063, Abu'l-Aswar captured the Quylamiyan castle, marched on to the capital of Shirvan, Shamakhi, defeated the Shirvanshah's forces in battle, plundered their camp, and captured his own daughter, her treasure and retinue. He then withdrew to Arran, but in July returned to Shirvan to raid it. In the next year, he again invaded Shirvan and captured a number of fortresses, while the local Kurdish tribes went over to him. After his return to Ganja, a peace treaty was signed with the Shirvanshah in June/July 1064, whereby Abu'l-Aswar returned Quylamiyan in exchange for 40,000 gold dinars.

paragraph: In 1064, the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan invaded Byzantine Armenia and took Ani. Abu'l-Aswar himself led raids into the area, capturing the unidentified fortress of Wyjyn ("one of the best in Armenia" according to Münejjim Bashi). Münejjim Bashi further records that Alp Arslan handed over control of Ani to him; Ibn al-Athir reports the transfer to an unnamed emir, while Vardan Areveltsi records that the fortress was granted only to Abu'l-Aswar's son and successor, Fadl. Immediately after his return to Ganja and the dispersal of his army, however, the Alans again crossed the Darial Pass in October 1065, and, allied with the inhabitants of Shakki, raided Arran. At Shamkur they killed more than 200 volunteers for the "jihad", and raided even to the very gates of Ganja itself, before moving on to raid the environs of Barda'a. Abu'l-Aswar and his troops preferred to remain within the protection of the walled cities rather than face the raiders in the field, and the Alans reached all the way to the Araxes before turning back north, along with the prisoners they had taken.

paragraph: Abu'l-Aswar died on 19 November 1067, and was buried at the main mosque of Ganja. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Fadl II, whom he had already announced as his heir, and to whom the oath of allegiance ("bay'ah") had been taken by the Shaddadid family, the army and the people of Arran. Apart from Fadl, Abu'l-Aswar had four more sons—Ashot, Iskandar, Manuchihr, and Marzuban—as well as an unnamed daughter, wife of the Shirvanshah Sallar.

paragraph: Abu'l-Aswar's reign represented the zenith of the Shaddadid dynasty, but their fall began almost immediately after his death: the Seljuks strengthened their grip on Arran and the other principalities of the region, and Alp Arslan visited Ganja in person to extract an enormous tribute. Fadl II's reign was troubled—at one point he was captured and held by the Georgians for eight months—but he managed to capture Derbent. Fadl II was overthrown by his son Fadlun (Fadl III) in 1073, who was in turn deposed in 1075 by the Turkish "ghulam" Sav Tegin, to whom the Seljuks had assigned control of Arran and Derbent. This ended the family's rule over Arran, but a junior line, led by Abu'l-Aswar's third son Manuchihr, continued to govern Ani as emirs, initially as Seljuk, and later as Georgian, vassals. This last branch of the Shaddadids maintained a precarious independence until the end of their dynasty in .

wikidata_label: Abu-l-Aswar Shavur I bin al-Fadl I

wikipedia_title: Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl


text:
Javanese
military
Mahapatih
Indianized
Majapahit
ascetic
Southeast Asia
Nusantara
Majapahit
Indonesia
symbol
patriotism
Hindu epics
Ramayana
Mahabharata
performing arts
wayang kulit
Pararaton
Nagarakretagama
Javanese language
epic poem
Bhayangkara
Rakrian Kuti
Jayanegara
Arya Tadah
Trowulan
Rakrian Tanca
assassinated
Kertarajasa
Dyah Dewi Gayatri
surgeon
surgery
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi
Muslim
Ibn Battuta
Sumatera
Pararaton
Javanese
Temasek
Nusantara
Gurun
Seram
Tanjungpura
Pahang
Dompo
Bali
Sunda
Palembang
Tumasik
archipelago
Bedahulu
Bali
Lombok
thalassocratic
Sriwijaya
Palembang
Adityawarman
Minangkabau
West Sumatra
sultanate
Southeast Asia
Samudra Pasai
Sumatra
Bintan
Singapore
Melayu
Kalimantan
Hayam Wuruk
military campaign
Seram
Hutankadali
Sasak
Buton
Banggai
Galiyan
Salayar
Sumba
Saparua
Solor
Bima
Ambon
Timor
Indonesia
Temasek
Singapore
Malaysia
Brunei
Philippines
East Timor
hegemony
Sunda
West Java
Trowulan
queen consort
Battle of Bubat
Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi
suicide
Probolinggo
East Java
Indianisation
sanskritization
mask dance drama
Indonesian Nationalist movement
Sukarno
Mohammad Yamin
Nagarakretagama
Dutch colonialism
Indonesian National Revolution
Dutch
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta
telecommunication
satellite
"Satelit Palapa"
Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk
shuttlecock
Army Military Police Corps
Indonesian Army
expansion pack
video game
Sid Meier's Civilization V
Indonesia
Age of Empires II
Majapahit
Palapa Oath
Bubat Tragedy
Langit Kresna Hariadi
Gajah Mada inscription
Negarakertagama
Hinduism in Indonesia
Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Hindu Agamas
Hindu temple
Kidung Sunda
List of Hindu temples in Indonesia
Gadjah Mada University
Gajah Mada article

categories: Indonesian Hindus,1364 deaths,Majapahit,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Gajah Mada

paragraph: Gajah Mada (c. 1290 – c. 1364) was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and "Mahapatih" or (equal to) Prime Minister of the Indianized Hindu empire of Majapahit, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. He delivered an oath called "Sumpah Palapa", in which he vowed to live ascetic (by not consuming food containing spices) until he had conquered all of the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara for Majapahit. In modern Indonesia, he serves as an important national hero, a symbol of patriotism and national unity. Due to their reign the Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, became ingrained in the culture and worldview of the Javanese through the performing arts of wayang kulit (“leather puppets”).

paragraph: This account of his life, political career and administration was taken from several sources. Mainly Pararaton ("The Book of Kings"), the Nagarakretagama (a Javanese language epic poem dating from the 14th century), and inscriptions dating from the late 13th and early 14th century.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Not much is known about Gajah Mada's early life, but he was born into an ordinary family. Some of the first accounts mention his career as commander of the "Bhayangkara", an elite royal guard for the Majapahit king and royal family.

paragraph: When Rakrian Kuti, one of the officials in Majapahit, rebelled against the Majapahit king Jayanegara (ruled 1309–1328) in 1321, Gajah Mada and the then mahapatih Arya Tadah helped the king and his family to escape the capital city of Trowulan. Later Gajah Mada helped the king return to the capital and crush the rebellion. Seven years later, Jayanegara was murdered by the court physician Rakrian Tanca, one of Rakrian Kuti's aides.

paragraph: Another version suggested that Jayanagara was assassinated by Gajah Mada in 1328. Jayanagara was overly protective of his two half sisters, born from Kertarajasa's youngest queen, Dyah Dewi Gayatri. Complaints by the two young princesses led to the intervention of Gajah Mada. His solution was to arrange for a surgeon to murder the king while pretending to perform a surgery.

paragraph: Jayanegara was immediately succeeded by his half-sister Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (ruled 1328–1350). It was under her leadership that Gajah Mada was appointed mahapatih (Prime Minister) in 1329, after the retirement of "Arya Tadah".

paragraph: As mahapatih under Tribhuwana Tunggadewi, Gajah Mada went on to crush another rebellion by "Sadeng" and "Keta" in 1331.

paragraph: It was during Gajah Mada's reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller, Ibn Battuta visited Sumatera.

paragraph: Section::::The Palapa Oath and Empire Expansion.

paragraph: It is said that it was during his appointment as "mahapatih" under queen "Tribhuwanatunggadewi" that Gajah Mada took his famous oath, the "Palapa Oath" or "Sumpah Palapa". The telling of the oath is described in the "Pararaton" (Book of Kings), an account on Javanese history that dates from the 15th or 16th century:

paragraph: "“Sira Gajah Mada pepatih amungkubumi tan ayun amukita palapa, sira Gajah Mada : Lamun huwus kalah nusantara Ingsun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seram, Tanjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Temasek, samana ingsun amukti palapa “"

paragraph: ""Gajah Mada, the prime minister, said he will not taste any spice. Said Gajah Mada : If Nusantara (Nusantara= Nusa antara= external territories) are lost, I will not taste "palapa" ("fruits and/or spices"). I will not if the domain of Gurun, domain of Seram, domain of Tanjungpura, domain of Haru, Pahang, Dompo, domain of Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik (Singapore), in which case I will never taste any spice.""

paragraph: While often interpreted literally to mean that Gajah Mada would not allow his food to be spiced (palapa is the prose combination of pala apa= any fruits/spices) the oath is sometimes interpreted to mean that Gajah Mada would abstain from all earthly pleasures until he conquered the entire known archipelago for Majapahit.

paragraph: Even his closest friends were at first doubtful of his oath, but Gajah Mada kept pursuing his dream to unify Nusantara under the glory of Majapahit. Soon he conquered the surrounding territory of Bedahulu (Bali) and Lombok (1343). He then sent the navy westward to attack the remnants of the thalassocratic kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang. There he installed Adityawarman, a Majapahit prince as vassal ruler of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra.

paragraph: He then conquered the first Islamic sultanate in Southeast Asia, Samudra Pasai, and another state in Svarnadvipa (Sumatra). Gajah Mada also conquered Bintan, Tumasik (Singapore), Melayu (now known as Jambi), and Kalimantan.

paragraph: At the resignation of the queen, Tribuwanatunggadewi, her son, Hayam Wuruk (ruled 1350–1389) became king. Gajah Mada retained his position as mahapatih (Prime Minister) under the new king and continued his military campaign by expanding eastward into Logajah, Gurun, Seram, Hutankadali, Sasak, Buton, Banggai, Kunir, Galiyan, Salayar, Sumba, Muar (Saparua), Solor, Bima, Wandan (Banda), Ambon, Timor, and Dompo.

paragraph: He thus effectively brought the modern Indonesian archipelago under Majapahits's control, which spanned not only the territory of today's Indonesia, but also that of Temasek (old name of Singapore), the states comprising modern-day Malaysia, Brunei, the southern Philippines and East Timor.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Bubat.

paragraph: In 1357, the only remaining state refusing to acknowledge Majapahit's hegemony was Sunda, in West Java, bordering the Majapahit Empire. King Hayam Wuruk intended to marry Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, a princess of Sunda and the daughter of Sunda's king. Gajah Mada was given the task to go to the "Bubat" square in the northern part of Trowulan to welcome the princess as she arrived with her father and escort to Majapahit palace.

paragraph: Gajah Mada took this opportunity to demand Sunda submission to Majapahit rule. While the Sunda King thought that the royal marriage was a sign of a new alliance between Sunda and Majapahit, Gajah Mada thought otherwise. He stated that the Princess of Sunda was not to be hailed as the new queen consort of Majapahit, but merely as a concubine, as a sign of submission of Sunda to Majapahit. This misunderstanding led to embarrassment and hostility, which quickly rose into a skirmish and then the full scale Battle of Bubat. The Sunda King with all of his guards as well as the royal party were overwhelmed by Majapahit troops and subsequently killed in the field of Bubat. Tradition mentioned that the heartbroken princess, Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, committed suicide.

paragraph: Hayam Wuruk was deeply shocked by the tragedy. Majapahit courtiers, ministers and nobles blamed Gajah Mada for his recklessness, and the brutal consequences were not to the taste of the Majapahit royal family. Gajah Mada was promptly demoted and spent the rest of his days at the estate of Madakaripura in Probolinggo in East Java.

paragraph: Gajah Mada died in obscurity in 1364. King Hayam Wuruk considered the power Gajah Mada had accumulated during his time as "mahapatih" too much to handle for a single person. Therefore, the king split the responsibilities that had been Gajah Mada's, between four separate new "mahamantri" (equal to ministries), thereby probably increasing his own power. King Hayam Wuruk, who is said to have been a wise leader, was able to maintain the hegemony of Majapahit in the region, gained during Gajah Mada's service. However Majapahit slowly fell into decline after the death of Hayam Wuruk.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His reign helped further Indianisation of Javanese culture through the spread of Hinduism and sanskritization.

paragraph: The Blahbatuh royal house in Gianyar, Bali, has been performing Gajah Mada's mask dance drama ritually for the past 600 years. The mask of Gajah Mada has been protected and brought to life every couple of years to unite and harmonize the world, this sacred ritual was intended to bring peace to Bali.

paragraph: Gajah Mada's legacy is important for Indonesian Nationalism, and invoked by the Indonesian Nationalist movement in the early 20th century. The Nationalists prior to the Japanese invasion, notably Sukarno and Mohammad Yamin, often cited Gajah Mada's oath and Nagarakretagama as the inspiration and a historical proof of Indonesian past greatness — that Indonesians could unite, despite vast territory and various cultures. The Gajah Mada campaign that united the far flung islands within the Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit suzerainty, was used by Indonesian nationalists to argue that an ancient form of unity had existed prior to Dutch colonialism. Thus, Gajah Mada was a great inspiration during the Indonesian National Revolution for independence from Dutch colonization.

paragraph: In 1942, only 230 Indonesian natives held a tertiary education. The Republicans sought to mend the Dutch apathy and established the first state university, which freely admitted native "pribumi" Indonesians. "Universitas Gadjah Mada", in Yogyakarta is named in honour of Gajah Mada and was completed in 1945, and had the honour of being the first Medicine Faculty freely open to natives. Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite was called "Satelit Palapa" signifying its role in uniting the country. Many cities in Indonesia have streets named after Gajah Mada, such as Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk. There is a brand of badminton shuttlecock named after him as well.

paragraph: The Army Military Police Corps of the Indonesian Army has honored Gajah Mada as their unit symbol. The symbol of the Army MP corps also has the picture of Gajah Mada.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gajah Mada appeared in the expansion pack "" for the PC video game "Sid Meier's Civilization V" as the leader of the "Indonesian" civilization.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gajah Mada has a campaign for the Malay civilization in the "Age of Empires II" expansion pack, "Rise of the Rajas". The campaign revolves around the establishment of the Majapahit empire with the Mongol invasion, the conquest of the archipelago after the Palapa Oath and the Bubat Tragedy that led to his downfall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gajah Mada appears centrally in a pentalogy of novels by Langit Kresna Hariadi, which were published between 2004 and 2007.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gajah Mada inscription

paragraph: BULLET::::- Negarakertagama

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hinduism in Indonesia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hinduism in Southeast Asia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindu Agamas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindu temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidung Sunda

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Hindu temples in Indonesia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gadjah Mada University

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gajah Mada article

description: Javanese military leader and prime minister of the Majapahit Empire

wikidata_label: Gajah Mada

wikipedia_title: Gajah Mada


text: mountaineer

text: Dhaulagiri

text: Jerzy Kukuczka

text: Mount Everest

text: Kangchenjunga

categories: Mountaineering deaths,1948 births,Sportspeople from Zabrze,Polish summiters of Mount Everest,Polish mountain climbers,People associated with the Eiger,1986 deaths

paragraph: Andrzej Czok

paragraph: Andrzej Czok (November 11, 1948 – January 11, 1986) was a Polish mountaineer best known for the first winter ascent of Dhaulagiri on January 21, 1985 with Jerzy Kukuczka and for the first ascent of Mount Everest through South Pillar in 1980 (new route also with Jerzy Kukuczka). He died while making a winter attempt on Kangchenjunga.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MountEverest.net Polish mountaineering timeline

description: Polish mountaineer

wikidata_label: Andrzej Czok

wikipedia_title: Andrzej Czok


text:
East Coast
Christian rap
atheist
conversion
Reformed
soteriology
limited atonement
Lecrae
Trip Lee
Timothy Brindle
Flame
Hazakim
116 Clique
13 Letters
Matt Papa
prosperity theology
Joel Osteen
Creflo Dollar
T. D. Jakes
Benny Hinn
Paula White
Joyce Meyer
rhyme scheme
algorithm
Inspectah Deck
Wu-Tang Clan
Rakim
Redrama
Capitol Hill Baptist Church

categories: African-American Christians,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,Performers of Christian hip hop music,American Calvinist and Reformed Christians,Rappers from Philadelphia,Living people,1974 births

paragraph: Shai Linne

paragraph: Shai Linne (born August 21, 1974) is an American East Coast Christian rapper. Shai Linne has been collaborating with other Christian Rap artists and releasing studio albums since 2002. As of 2005, Shai Linne has recorded studio albums under the Lamp Mode Records label.

paragraph: Linne was an atheist for most of his childhood and dates his conversion to 1999. Linne is Reformed in his soteriology (doctrine of salvation), and his 2008 album "The Atonement" included a song "Mission Accomplished", which defended limited atonement.

paragraph: Linne has collaborated with Lecrae, Trip Lee, Timothy Brindle, Flame, Hazakim, and numerous other Christian rappers. He appeared on the 116 Clique album "13 Letters". In 2011, Linne was featured on "The Lord is a Warrior", the tenth track from Matt Papa's "This Changes Everything".

paragraph: In 2013, Linne released a controversial single called "Fal$e Teacher$", in which he criticized prosperity theology, and named those whom he regards as false teachers, including Joel Osteen, Creflo Dollar, T. D. Jakes, Benny Hinn, Paula White, and Joyce Meyer.

paragraph: In addition to being recognized as a pioneer in "lyrical theology", Linne has been touted for the complexity of his rhyme schemes when rapping.{[citation needed|date=February 2019}} According to a study performed by a Finnish doctoral candidate, Eric Malmi, Linne placed as the fourth-best rapper alive. The study took the lyrics of 94 artists and plugged 10,082 songs into an algorithm that Malmi created to detect assonance rhymes. Linne was preceded in the rankings only by Inspectah Deck of Wu-Tang Clan, Rakim and Redrama.

paragraph: Linne is married to Blair, and has a son Sage. He is currently an assistant pastor at Del Ray Baptist Church in Alexandria, VA, having previously been a member of Capitol Hill Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. and Epiphany Fellowship in Philadelphia.

paragraph: In 2016 Shai Linne, along with Brian Davis, planted, Risen Christ Fellowship in Philadelphia.

description: Rap artist

wikidata_label: Shai Linne

wikipedia_title: Shai Linne


text:
Charles Griffith-Wynne
Charles Griffith-Wynne
Denbighshire
Earls of Aylesford
Charlotte
John Robert Godley
New Zealand
National Library of Wales
Queen Victoria

categories: Gentry families,1835 births,Welsh women artists

paragraph: Frances Elizabeth Wynne

paragraph: Frances Elizabeth Wynne (1835–1907) was the daughter of Charles Griffith-Wynne M.P. She toured Europe on several occasions between the 1850s and 1900. She was a prolific amateur artist and sketched many scenes in Britain and Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Wynne was the youngest child of Charles Griffith-Wynne who owned the Voelas and Cefn Amlwch estates in Denbighshire. The family were descended from a cadet branch of the Earls of Aylesford. Frances' older sister Charlotte married John Robert Godley and is notable for her letter writing and community leadership in the colony of New Zealand. Frances Elizabeth never married and died in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Sketch books.

paragraph: Frances Elizabeth travelled widely with her family in England, Wales and on the European tour circuit. She was a prolific amateur artist and about 1850 images dated 1854-1901 survive in the collections of the National Library of Wales. Her sketches ranged from fantasy art and satirical observations to classic portraiture. The collection includes a sketch of Queen Victoria at the opera in 1857 with King Leopold I and other European Royalty.

description: amateur Welsh artist

wikidata_label: Frances Elizabeth Wynne

wikipedia_title: Frances Elizabeth Wynne


text: Cotton Club

text: Duke Ellington

text: Boston

text: Africville

text: Nova Scotia

text: Africville

text: Nova Scotia

text: Black Loyalists

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Civil War

text: tap dance

text: Harlem Renaissance

text: Cotton Club

text: Henri Wessell

text: Sugar Hill, Manhattan

text: Mood Indigo

text: Sophisticated Lady

text: Solitude

text: In a Sentimental Mood

text: Mercer Ellington

text: Sophisticated Lady

text: Joe Sealy

text: Clara Carvery Adams

categories: African-American female dancers,African-American dancers,American people of Canadian descent,American dancers,American female dancers,2001 deaths,1904 births,People from Boston

paragraph: Mildred Dixon

paragraph: Mildred Dixon (November 21, 1904 –September 18, 2001) was a dancer at the Cotton Club in Harlem who became a longtime companion of composer and musician Duke Ellington, and manager of his company. She was born in Boston to parents from Africville, Nova Scotia. She became a dancer and moved to New York in the mid-1920s, where she became known as part of the dance couple, "Mildred and Henri."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mildred Dixon was born and grew up in Boston, where she attended local schools. Her parents had emigrated from Africville, Nova Scotia. They were descendants of Black Loyalists, freed American slaves who had been relocated to the area after the American Revolutionary War by British forces, who had promised them freedom. She and Ellington visited her extended family in Africville throughout her life.

paragraph: South Boston had a thriving black community, which included descendants of freedmen and free blacks who had migrated from the South after the Civil War, for better opportunities in the North. She learned tap dance and other forms of stage dancing.

paragraph: Dixon moved to New York to work as a dancer. In the mid 1920s during the Harlem Renaissance, she joined the Cotton Club in Harlem, a premiere nightspot in the city. She gained renown together with Henri Wessell; they were a dance couple known as "Mildred and Henri". "Mildred and Henri" have been described as one of the "most exciting dance acts" in America. She met Ellington on December 4, 1927, the first night he and his orchestra played at the Club. It became his venue for years. They worked together on numerous productions including: "It’s the blackberries," "Springbirds" and "Pepper-pot Revue".

paragraph: They started a relationship in 1928 and, in 1930, Dixon and Ellington moved in together at 381 Edgecombe Avenue, Apt. 142, Sugar Hill, Manhattan. Their household included Ellington’s son and his parents. While Dixon was Ellington’s companion (1928 – 1938), she worked as manager of his company Tempo Music. During this decade, Ellington wrote his most famous works: "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" (1932); "Mood Indigo" (1930), "Sophisticated Lady" (1933), "Solitude" (1934), and "In a Sentimental Mood" (1935).

paragraph: When Dixon moved in with Ellington, his son Mercer Ellington was age 10. Mercer later wrote in his biography of his father that he considered Dixon his mother, as he lived with her for a decade. Mercer wrote: "She had innate class comparable to Ellington’s own."

paragraph: Their relationship ended after he became involved with someone else.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mildred is the namesake of Ellington’s song "Sophisticated Lady" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe Sealy’s "Africville Stories in Music" contains the song "Duke’s in Town", which is about the visits Ellington and Dixon made to Africville.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dixon's cousin from Africville, Clara Carvery Adams, is the namesake of Duke Ellington's song "Clara"

wikidata_label: Mildred Dixon

wikipedia_title: Mildred Dixon


text:
hip hop
R&B
YG Entertainment
Teddy Park
K-pop
G-Dragon
Zico
T-Pain
Dok2
Crucial Star
Simon D
Primary
Gray
Gaeko
Infinite H
Dynamic Duo
Swings
G-Dragon
Pinocchio
Seo In-young
The Quiett
Crush
SHINee
Jonghyun
Psy
MBC
Infinite Challenge
Haha
Mnet Asian Music Awards
Amoeba Culture
The Black Label
YG Entertainment
OO

categories: South Korean hip hop singers,Melon Music Award winners,Korean Music Award winners,21st-century South Korean singers,South Korean pop singers,1989 births,South Korean singer-songwriters,South Korean record producers,South Korean male singers,Mnet Asian Music Award winners,Living people

paragraph: Zion.T

paragraph: Kim Hae-sol (born April 13, 1989), known as Zion.T (), is a South Korean hip hop and R&B singer signed to The Black Label, a subsidiary label of YG Entertainment managed by Teddy Park and Kush. He has released a studio album, "Red Light" (2013), and two extended plays. He has also been featured on tracks by well-known K-pop artists such as G-Dragon and Zico.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In an exclusive interview with Kpopeurope in 2014, Zion.T explained that he chose his stage name because "I am a Christian and so the “T” in my name is representative of the cross."

paragraph: In a 2017 CBS "No Cut News" interview, Zion.T said he was influenced by American musician T-Pain:

paragraph: "There was a time when T-Pain's style of hip hop vocals were in. I really like T-Pain, so I used to emulate him a lot. [Evident in his debut single 'Click Me'.] This is something only my friends know, but I even had the nickname 'Zion.T-Pain.'"

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Zion.T made his musical debut in 2011, collaborating with Korean hip hop artists such as Dok2, Crucial Star, Simon D, Primary, and Gray. His first single, "Click Me", featuring Dok2, was released in April 2011.

paragraph: On April 9, 2013, Zion.T's first studio album, "Red Light", was released with the title track "Babay", featuring Gaeko. The album was critically well received.

paragraph: That year, he featured on tracks by Infinite H, Dynamic Duo, Swings, and G-Dragon.

paragraph: In December, he released the EP "Mirrorball" ("") with the title track "Miss Kim ()".

paragraph: In 2014, he promoted the digital single "Yanghwa BRDG", which became a hit and contributed to his rising mainstream success as an artist in Korea. The song's honest, personal nature connected with a wide range of audiences.

paragraph: He also appeared on the soundtrack of the television drama series "Pinocchio" with the song "Kiss Me", and featured on songs by Seo In-young and The Quiett.

paragraph: On February 1, 2015, he collaborated with Korean R&B singer Crush on the single "Just ()". The same year, he released the digital singles "Zero Gravity ()", "Eat ()" and "No Make Up ()" and featured on singles by SHINee's Jonghyun, Yankie, and Psy.

paragraph: That July, he participated in the biennial music festival event hosted by MBC variety show "Infinite Challenge", which resulted in a spike in domestic sales of his previously released singles. For the event, Zion.T partnered with "Infinite Challenge" cast member Haha to perform under the name "Eutteugeottasi ()" with the song "$ponsor", later released in an album of the songs performed at the event.

paragraph: Zion.T capped off the year with two wins at the annual Mnet Asian Music Awards: Best Vocal Performance (Male), for " (Eat)"; and Best Collaboration, with Crush, for the song " (Just)", beating out more well-established artistes in an idol-focused industry.

paragraph: In 2016, following the end of his contract with hip hop label Amoeba Culture, he signed with The Black Label, a sub-label of YG Entertainment. On February 1, 2017, Zion.T released his first EP under The Black Label, "OO."

paragraph: In December 2017, he released his collaboration with veteran singer Lee Moon-se, the song "Snow". The song was very well received by the public, and topped all major music charts in South Korea. Lee Moon-se said he listened to Zion.T's song for more than 200 times to faithfully represent his song, and showed great affection towards Zion.T and his musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Light" (2013)

description: South Korean singer


text:
footballer
Udinese
left winger
Sarandí
Greater Buenos Aires
Racing Club
Vélez Sarsfield
replacing
Mauro Camoranesi
Atlético de Rafaela
San Martín de San Juan
2012–13 campaign
2013–14
Valencia CF
$
La Liga
Paco Alcácer
Sevilla FC
sent off
Aleix Vidal
Serie A
Udinese

categories: Argentine expatriate footballers,Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy,Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers,Serie A players,Udinese Calcio players,Expatriate footballers in Italy,Association football wingers,Argentine Primera División players,La Liga players,1994 births,Valencia CF players,Argentine footballers,Expatriate footballers in Spain,Argentine people of Spanish descent,Living people,Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain

paragraph: Rodrigo De Paul

paragraph: Rodrigo Javier De Paul (; born 24 May 1994) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Italian club Udinese as a left winger.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Racing Club.

paragraph: Born in Sarandí, Greater Buenos Aires, De Paul joined Racing Club's youth setup in 2002, aged eight. He was called up to the main squad on 24 June 2012, while still a junior, for a match against Vélez Sarsfield, but remained unused in the 1–2 home loss.

paragraph: On 10 February 2013, De Paul played his first match as a professional, replacing Mauro Camoranesi in the 76th minute of a 0–3 loss at Atlético de Rafaela. He scored his first goal a month later, netting the last through a long-range shot in a 3–0 win at San Martín de San Juan.

paragraph: De Paul appeared in 19 matches during the 2012–13 campaign. He then played a key part in 2013–14, featuring in 35 matches and scoring four times.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Valencia.

paragraph: On 9 May 2014, it was announced that Valencia CF agreed to a $6.5 million deal for De Paul with Racing. He signed a five-year deal with "Los Che" on 6 June, and made his La Liga debut on 23 August, replacing Paco Alcácer in the 65th minute in a 1–1 away draw against Sevilla FC, but being sent off just one minute later due to fouling Aleix Vidal.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Udinese.

paragraph: On 20 July 2016, after a six-month loan deal back at his former club Racing, De Paul was transferred to Italian Serie A club Udinese.

description: Argentine association football player

wikidata_label: Rodrigo De Paul

wikipedia_title: Rodrigo De Paul


text:
Yamanobe, Yamagata
Chargé d'affaires
Prize Court
Russo-Japanese War
Paris Peace Conference
Commission of Responsibilities
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Amsterdam

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,People from Yamagata Prefecture,1870 births,Ambassadors of Japan to Belgium,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,Japanese judges,Japanese diplomats,1934 deaths,Members of the Institut de Droit International,University of Tokyo alumni,Permanent Court of International Justice judges,Ambassadors of Japan to France

paragraph: Mineichirō Adachi

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Adachi was born in what is now the town of Yamanobe, Yamagata, Japan. In 1892, he graduated from the law school of Tokyo University, and began his legal and diplomatic career.

paragraph: Section::::Legal and diplomatic work.

paragraph: In 1892–1893, he lectured on law at Tokyo University. In 1893, he was appointed Chargé d'affaires of the Japanese Legation in Rome, and served in that position until 1896. From 1899 to 1902, he served as Chargé d'affaires of the Japanese Legation in Paris. In 1903–1904, he served as Counsellor to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and also taught international law and diplomatic history at Tokyo University. In 1904–1905, he sat as judge at the Sasebo and Yokosuka Prize Courts.

paragraph: In 1905, he was a member of the Japanese delegation that negotiated in Portsmouth the peace treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War. In 1907–1910, he served again as Chargé d'affaires at the Japanese Legation in Paris, and in 1912–1915 served as Japanese Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico. In 1915–1916, he took part in a Japanese Red Cross mission in Russia, then suffering from revages of the First World War. In 1917, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Belgium, and in that capacity participated in the Japanese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. During that conference, he also served as member of the Commission of Responsibilities, which recommended prosecuting German leaders accused of war crimes.

paragraph: From 1920 to 1927, he served as Ambassador to Belgium, and in 1927–1930 he was Ambassador to France.

paragraph: On September 25, 1930, he was elected to serve as judge at the Permanent Court of International Justice. On January 16, 1931, he was elected President of the same court, a position he held until January 1, 1934, shortly prior to his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1932. He died Amsterdam, Netherlands, on December 28, 1934.

paragraph: During his tenure as President of the court, most of Adachi's rulings were in line with the majority opinions of the court, except for his ruling in September 1931 regarding the proposed Customs Union between Germany and Austria. As the majority opinion viewed that step as contravening the obligations of the German and Austrian governments not to compromise their own independence, Adachi claimed in his separate opinion that:

paragraph: His argument was that the proposed economic union did not compromise Austria's independence, just as membership in the League of Nations did not constitute a violation of that independence despite the practical restrictions it imposed on each one of its member states.

paragraph: Section::::Works (partial list).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Japon et le Traites Internationaux" (1927)

alias:
Mineichiro Adachi
Mineichirou Adachi

description: jurist

wikidata_label: Mineichirō Adachi

wikipedia_title: Mineichirō Adachi


text:
Tsaritsa
Russia
Boris Godunov
Feodor II of Russia
Ivan the Terrible
Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy
Maria Feodorovna Pozharskaya
Xenia Borisovna
Feodor II of Russia

categories: 1605 crimes,17th-century Russian people,Murdered Russian royalty,1605 deaths,Deaths by strangulation,16th-century Russian women,House of Godunov,16th-century births,16th-century Russian people,Russian tsarinas,17th-century women rulers,17th-century Russian women

paragraph: Maria Skuratova-Belskaya

paragraph: Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya (died 10/20 June 1605), was a Tsaritsa of Russia as the spouse of Tsar Boris Godunov. She served as regent of Russia during the minority of her son, Tsar Feodor II of Russia, in 1605.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Maria Skuratova-Belskaya was the daughter of Tsar Ivan the Terrible's favorite, Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy. In 1570, she married Boris Godunov. The marriage was reportedly arranged because Godunov wished to strengthened his position at court by becoming the son-in-law of the Tsar's favorite.

paragraph: In 1598, her spouse became Tsar of Russia, making her Tsaritsa. During her tenure as tsarina, Maria Feodorovna Pozharskaya was her favorite and reportedly exerted influence over her. Upon the death of her spouse in April 1605, her son was proclaimed Tsar. As he was a minor, a regency was needed to govern Russia during his minority, and Maria Skuratova-Belskaya was proclaimed regent. Her regency, and that of her son, was however only to last for a couple of months.

paragraph: On 10/20 June 1605, she was strangled with her son Feodor in his apartment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Tsarevna Xenia Borisovna

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Tsar Feodor II of Russia

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Мария Григорьевна // Славянская энциклопедия: XVII век в 2-х томах. A-M. Том 1

description: Russian noble

wikidata_label: Maria Skuratova-Belskaya

wikipedia_title: Maria Skuratova-Belskaya


text: Latgale

text: Latvia

text: Varniai

text: Lithuania

text: Jesuit

text: graphic artist

text: Polatsk Jesuit College

text: Vitsebsk

text: Mahiliou

text: Polatsk

text: Orsha

text: Vilnius University

text: Varniai

text: Salantai

text: Georg Braun

text: Uprising of 1831

text: Phaedrus

text: Ode to God

text: Gavrila Derzhavin

text: Samogitia

text: Karol Hoffman: Krajoznawcy polscy

categories: Polish Roman Catholic priests,1833 deaths,Polatsk Jesuit College alumni,1777 births,Polish Jesuits,Polish translators

paragraph: Stanisław Czerski

paragraph: Stanislaw Czerski (October 10, 1777 in Latgale, Latvia – April 30, 1833 in Varniai, Lithuania) was a Polish Jesuit priest, graphic artist, and translator.

paragraph: Czerski attended Polatsk Jesuit College. In 1794, he became a regular Jesuit, in 1807, a priest. He taught German language at Vitsebsk, Mahiliou, Polatsk, Orsha Jesuit colleges and Vilnius gymnasium. In 1814, he was a canon of Brest. Between 1819–1821, Czerski visited Paris, Germany, England, Italy for the scientific study tasks assigned by Vilnius University. In 1814, he became a canon of Varniai and in 1825, he was a priest in Salantai. It was here where he established wooden engraving workshop for making the maps and artworking the books. In 1822 he engraved Vilnius map in copper according to Georg Braun's Atlas, made in 1550, two vignettes for the Latin–Polish dictionary. He participated in the Uprising of 1831 and was arrested.

paragraph: Czerski wrote in Polish and Latin. He translated fables by Phaedrus into Polish and "Ode to God" by Gavrila Derzhavin into Latin, published the history of the land of Samogitia with engraved maps of Samogitian episcopate and Salantai parish, created Latin-Polish dictionary, wrote about lexicography issues.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanislovas Čerskis’ Journey Across Western Europe Between 1819 And 1821 (Summary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karol Hoffman: Krajoznawcy polscy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stanislovas Čerskis", in Lietuvių literatūros enciklopedija

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Giżycki: Materyały do dziejów Akademii Połockiej i szkół od niej zależnych

description: Latvian priest, artist, and translator

wikidata_label: Stanisław Czerski

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Czerski


text:
Fernando I, Duke of Braganza
Afonso V of Portugal
Montemor-o-Novo
Constable of Portugal
Nuno Álvares Pereira
Christopher Columbus
Pedro de Noronha
Fernando I of Portugal
Henry II of Castile
John II of Portugal
Braganza
Viseu
Castile
Abrantes
Seville
List of Marquesses in Portugal
House of Braganza

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,1484 deaths,House of Braganza,1430 births,Marquesses

paragraph: João of Braganza, Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo

paragraph: João of Braganza, born ca. 1430, was the second son of Fernando I, Duke of Braganza and of his wife, the duchess Joan of Castro.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Through a letter issued on 30 October 1471, king Afonso V of Portugal granted him the Lordship of Montemor-o-Novo and on 25 April 1473, he was appointed the 7th Constable of Portugal, as was his great-grandfather, Nuno Álvares Pereira. Later, in 1478, the same king granted him the title of Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo – he was the first and sole marquis of this title.

paragraph: Before 25 July 1460, he married his 3rd cousin, Isabel of Noronha (niece of Christopher Columbus), a natural daughter of the Archbishop of Lisbon Pedro de Noronha (who was himself, a grandson of king Fernando I of Portugal and grandson of king Henry II of Castile through an illegitimate line).

paragraph: When king John II of Portugal succeeded to the Portuguese throne and started actively his policy against the high nobility power (namely the Braganza and the Viseu families) João was soon one the king's targets. He escaped to Castile but in Portugal he was condemned for treason, and his statue was symbolically executed in Abrantes, on 12 September 1483.

paragraph: He died in Seville, on 30 April 1484, where he was buried, together with his wife, in the Santa Paula Monastery.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Marquesses in Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Braganza

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil" - Vol. II, pages 29 and 30. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O Marquês de Montemor e a sua vida pública" de Anastásia Mestrinho Salgado, Edições Cosmos, Lisbon 1997.

description: Portuguese noble

wikidata_label: John, Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo


text:
Spanish
Baroque sculptor
Holy Week in Seville
Córdoba
Juan Martínez Montañés
Seville
tuberculosis
Catholic Church
aesthetic program
Council of Trent
Sevillian school of sculpture

categories: 17th-century Spanish sculptors,People from Córdoba, Andalusia,1627 deaths,Baroque sculptors,1583 births

paragraph: Juan de Mesa

paragraph: Juan de Mesa y Velasco (1583–1627) was a Spanish Baroque sculptor. He was the creator of several of the effigies that are used in the procession during the Holy Week in Seville.

paragraph: De Mesa was born in Córdoba and baptised on 26 June 1583. He entered the workshop of Juan Martínez Montañés in Seville in 1606. He died in the city in 1627. His early death, coupled with the large gaps in his biography, has led to speculation that he suffered from a chronic disease such as tuberculosis.

paragraph: Like his master, Montañés, de Mesa's works were realistic rather than imaginative in form, his sculptures closely replicate the human form. This was in line with the Catholic Church's aesthetic program for the visual arts following the Council of Trent, which sought to make the arts accessible to the poorly educated by using realistic forms.

paragraph: Processional effigies make up the bulk of de Mesa's extant work and are still objects of devotion. These works include "Cristo del Amor", "Cristo de la Buena Muerte" and "Jesus del Gran Poder".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sevillian school of sculpture

alias:
Juan de Mesa y Velasco
Juan de Mesa Velasco
Juan De Mesa

description: Spanish artist

wikidata_label: Juan de Mesa

wikipedia_title: Juan de Mesa


text: African American

text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Battle of Chaffin's Farm

text: Norfolk, Virginia

text: Corporal

text: 36th United States Colored Troops

text: Virginia

categories: United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1829 births,African Americans in the Civil War,1871 deaths,American amputees,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,People from Virginia Beach, Virginia

paragraph: Miles James

paragraph: Miles James was an African American Union Army soldier during the American Civil War and a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: James joined the Army in Norfolk, Virginia, and by September 30, 1864, he was serving as a Corporal in Company B of the 36th United States Colored Troops. On that day, his unit participated in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm in Virginia, where he was seriously wounded, resulting in the amputation of his left arm. Six months after the battle, on April 6, 1865, James was issued the Medal of Honor for his actions at Chaffin's Farm. He was discharged for disability the following October..

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Corporal, Company B, 36th U.S. Colored Troops. Place and date: At Chapins Farm, Va., September 30, 1864. Entered service at: Norfolk, Va. Birth: Princess Anne County, Va. Date of issue: April 6, 1865.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Having had his arm mutilated, making immediate amputation necessary, he loaded and discharged his piece with one hand and urged his men forward; this within of the enemy's works.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of African American Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melvin Claxton and Mark Puls, "Uncommon valor : a story of race, patriotism, and glory in the final battles of the Civil War", (Wiley, 2006) ()

wikidata_label: Miles James

wikipedia_title: Miles James


text:
Viking Age
runemaster
Uppland
Gästrikland
Sweden
Urnes style
runes
stonemason
runestone
runestone style
Lidingö
Rundata
U Fv1986;84
U 956
patronym
Osmundus
Emund the Old
Rundata
U 346
U 356
U 824
U 871
Uppsala Cathedral
U 956
U 969
U 1144
Gs 13
r-rune
Nationalencyklopedin

paragraph: Åsmund Kåresson

paragraph: Åsmund Kåresson was a Viking Age runemaster who flourished during the first half of the 11th century in Uppland and Gästrikland, Sweden. The early Urnes style is represented in his art.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Most early medieval Scandinavians were probably literate in runes, and most people probably carved messages on pieces of bone and wood. However, it was difficult to make runestones, and in order to master it one also needed to be a stonemason. During the 11th century, when most runestones were raised, there were a few professional runemasters. Åsmund was active mainly in Uppland, and about twenty runestones are signed by him and an additional thirty stones have been attributed to him. The ornamentation is characterized by variation with firmness and security in the composition. Åsmund is the inventor of the classic Uppland runestone style with one or two animals ("rundjur") showing their heads in profile.

paragraph: One inscription that was found at Bo gård on the island of Lidingö, listed in Rundata as U Fv1986;84, is signed by Åsmund and dedicated to his grandfather named Steinn. The stone's runic text also states that Steinn's sons were named Sibbi, Geirbjôrn, and Ulfr, but it is not known if one of these was the father of Åsmund. In addition, in two inscriptions, U 956 in Vedyxa and Gs 11 in Järvsta, Åsmund listed his patronym with the text osmuntr kara sun or "Ásmundr Kári's son."

paragraph: It has been suggested that Åsmund was identical with the English clergyman Osmundus who became bishop at the court of king Emund the Old, but the reasons for this identification are not deemed sufficient.

paragraph: Section::::Inscriptions.

paragraph: Over twenty inscriptions are listed in the Rundata catalog as being signed by Åsmund including U 301 in Skånela, the now-lost U 346 in Frösunda, U 356 in Ängby, the now-lost U 368 in Helgåby, U 824 in Holm, U 847 in Västeråker, U 859 in Måsta, U 871 in Ölsta, U 884 in Ingla, U 932 at Uppsala Cathedral, U 956 in Vedyxa, U 969 in Bolsta, the now-lost U 986 in Kungsgården, U 998 in Skällerö, U 1142 in Åbyggeby, U 1144 in Tierp, U 1149 in Fleräng, U Fv1986;84 in Bo gård, U Fv1988;241 in Rosersberg, Gs 11 in Järvsta, Gs 12 in Lund, and Gs 13 in Söderby. On inscriptions U 859, U 986, U 969, U 998, U 1149, and Gs 13, Åsmund shifted the r-rune over one space to spell his name as osmunrt.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The article "Åsmund" in "Nationalencyklopedin" (1996).

description: Viking Age runecarver

wikidata_label: Åsmund Kåresson

wikipedia_title: Åsmund Kåresson


text: Prague

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Zürich

text: Switzerland

text: photographer

text: Bauhaus

text: World War II

text: László Moholy-Nagy

text: Walter Gropius

text: philosophy

text: philology

text: art history

text: University of Prague

text: Expressionist

text: László Moholy-Nagy

text: Bauhaus

text: Otto Eckner

text: Weimar

text: Dessau

text: Neue Sachlichkeit

text: New Objectivity

text: photogram

text: Stuttgart

text: Precisionism

text: Johannes Itten

text: Nazi Party

text: microfilm

text: London Science Museum

text: UNESCO

text: Zollikon, Switzerland

text: art criticism

text: Bauhaus

text: Communist

text: Prague

text: glass negative

text: Walter Gropius

text: Bauhaus

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: 99% Invisible

text: László Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946)

text: Walter Gropius (1883-1969)

text: Florence Henri (1893-1982)

text: Georg Muche (1895-1987)

text: Franz Roh (1890-1965)

text: Marianne Brandt (1893-1983)

text: Gunta Stölzl (1897-1983)

text: Otti Berger (1898-1944/45)

text: Grete Stern (1904-1999)

text: Bauhaus (1919-1933)

categories: Bauhaus,Women photographers,Czech photographers,1894 births,20th-century photographers,1989 deaths

paragraph: Lucia Moholy

paragraph: Lucia Moholy, born Lucia Schulz, (18 January 1894, Prague, Austria-Hungary — 17 May 1989, Zürich, Switzerland) was a photographer and publications editor. Her photos documented the architecture and products of the Bauhaus, and introduced their ideas to a post-World War II audience. However Moholy was seldom credited for her work, which was often attributed to her husband László Moholy-Nagy or to Walter Gropius.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In the early 1910s Lucia Moholy studied philosophy, philology, and art history at the University of Prague. In 1915 she shifted her attention to publishing, and worked as an editor for several publishing houses in Germany. In 1919 she published radical, Expressionist literature under the pseudonym "Ulrich Steffen". She met Hungarian artist László Moholy-Nagy in 1920 in Berlin, and married him on her 27th birthday in January 1921. The two would spend five years at the Bauhaus school, where Lucia Moholy would explore her affinity with photography.

paragraph: Her husband became a master teacher at the Bauhaus in 1923, with Lucia Moholy as his primary darkroom technician and an important collaborator. She also became an apprentice in Otto Eckner’s Bauhaus photography studio. Moholy studied at the Leipzig Academy for Graphic and Book Arts (Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig), where she became a skilled photographer. Moholy documented the interior and exterior of Bauhaus architecture and its facilities in Weimar and Dessau, as well as the students and teachers. Her aesthetic was part of the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) movement, which focused on documentation from a straightforward perspective. Moholy’s Bauhaus photographs helped construct the identity of the school and create its image.

paragraph: Lucia Moholy and her husband experimented with different processes in the darkroom, such as making photograms. In numerous publications, all of the experimentation the couple had done was credited solely to "László Moholy-Nagy", such as the book "Malerei, Photografie, Film" (1925; "Painting, Photography, Film"), which was published only under her husband’s name.

paragraph: In 1929 the couple separated. That same year Lucia Moholy was included in the landmark exhibition in Stuttgart, "Film and Foto". It featured artists working in the New Vision aesthetic (Precisionism).

paragraph: Moholy then taught photography at a private art school in Berlin directed by Johannes Itten. In 1933 when the Nazi Party rose to power, she emigrated to London. There, she focused on commercial photography and teaching. She also published a book, "A Hundred Years of Photography, 1839-1939", written in English, which discussed in depth the history of the medium. Moholy ran a microfilm operation based at the London Science Museum Library, for the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux (ASLIB), where she reduced the scale of photographic documents for storage at the Library. She started a campaign to emigrate to the United States, but it never succeeded, even though her ex-husband offered her a teaching position in photography in Chicago around 1940.

paragraph: In 1946 to 1957, immediately after the World War II, she traveled to the Near and Middle East for projects for UNESCO, where she did photographic reproduction processes of graphic material and directed documentary films. Moholy moved in 1959 to Zollikon, Switzerland, where she wrote about her time at the Bauhaus, and focused on art criticism.

paragraph: In 1972 she published "Moholy-Nagy Notes" which discussed the shared collaboration between herself and László Moholy-Nagy at the Bauhaus, and attempted to reclaim artistic credit for her photographs and experimentation.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Lucia Moholy struggled to receive recognition for her work. Her images were widely used for marketing and in the Bauhaus school’s sales catalogs, as well as Bauhaus-published books that she edited. In 1933 Moholy was dating a Communist Member of Parliament, who was arrested in her apartment one day while she was out. She fled to Prague and stayed with family, and then to Switzerland, then Austria, then Paris, and finally settled in London. She had left everything behind in Berlin, including the bulky glass negatives of her Bauhaus photographs, which ended up in the hands of Walter Gropius.

paragraph: While she resided in London, an interest in the Bauhaus started to grow, and she saw numerous catalogs of the Bauhaus printed with her lost images. Gropius had been using her photographs without crediting her. In an exhibition on the Bauhaus at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in 1938, Gropius used nearly 50 of Moholy’s images for the exhibition and the accompanying catalogue without crediting her once. She repeatedly reached out to Gropius to reclaim her images and he would continuously protest. Moholy resorted to hiring a lawyer to retrieve her work.

paragraph: Some relevant letters between Walter Gropius and Lucia Moholy are displayed on the website "99% Invisible".. Moholy stated, "These negatives are irreplaceable documents which could be extremely useful, now more than ever" to which Gropius replied, "[...]long years ago in Berlin, you gave all these negatives to me. You will imagine that these photographs are extremely useful to me and that I have continuously made use of them; so I hope you will not deprive me of them." Lucia Moholy responded, "Surely you did not expect me to delay my departure in order to draw up a formal contract stipulating date and conditions of return? No formal agreement could have carried more weight than our friendship. It is a friendship I have always relied on, and which, also, I am now invoking."

paragraph: Moholy did not get physical possession of her original material until the 1960s, but even then she only could recover a portion of them. Her 1972 publication, "Moholy-Nagy Notes", was an attempt to reclaim credit for her work that was printed without permission.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- László Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Gropius (1883-1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florence Henri (1893-1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georg Muche (1895-1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Roh (1890-1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marianne Brandt (1893-1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gunta Stölzl (1897-1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otti Berger (1898-1944/45)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grete Stern (1904-1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bauhaus (1919-1933)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucia Moholy's work at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

alias:
Lucia née Schultz
Lucia Schulz
Luca Schulz
Lucia Moholy-Nagy
Lucia nee Schultz

description: Czech photographer

wikidata_label: Lucia Moholy

wikipedia_title: Lucia Moholy


text: clergyman

text: Pembroke College

text: John Roysse

text: Free School

text: Abingdon School

text: Doctor of Divinity

text: Coln St Rogers

text: Gloucester cathedral

text: List of Old Abingdonians

categories: 18th-century English Anglican priests,1682 births,1738 deaths,Masters of Pembroke College, Oxford,People educated at Abingdon School

paragraph: Matthew Panting

paragraph: Matthew Panting (1682–1738) was a clergyman and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: The son of Matthew Panting of Oxford, the young Matthew entered John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon (now Abingdon School) and was scholar of Pembroke College. BA 1702, MA 1705, BD and Doctor of Divinity 1715.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was Master of Pembroke from 3 September 1714 until his death in 1738. rector of St Ebbe's church, Oxford (1714–19), rector of Coln St Rogers and canon of Gloucester cathedral (1718–38). He was author of "Religious Vows, a Sermon" (1732).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Old Abingdonians

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pembroke College, Oxford, people

description: British academic

wikidata_label: Matthew Panting

wikipedia_title: Matthew Panting


text:
Dafydd ap Gruffudd
Prince of Wales
Elizabeth Ferrers
England
Gwynedd
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Edward I
Llywelyn
Owain
Gilbertine
Sixhills
Lincolnshire

categories: 14th-century women,Gilbertine Order,13th-century Welsh people,14th-century Welsh people,1336 deaths,13th-century Welsh women,Welsh royalty,13th-century births

paragraph: Gwladys ferch Dafydd

paragraph: Gwladys ferch Dafydd was the daughter of Dafydd ap Gruffudd, the last free Prince of Wales, and Elizabeth Ferrers. She probably spent most of her early life in the company of her father in England and Gwynedd.

paragraph: Upon the death of his brother Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, on 10 December 1282, Dafydd ap Gruffydd briefly took over as Prince of Wales. Hearing the news, Edward I gathered his forces to unseat the newly named prince. Dafydd, his family and a few stalwart supporters went into hiding in the forests of Snowdonia. Sensing a losing effort, most of his countrymen gave up hope of continuing the Gwynedd regime. In June 1283, Gwladys was arrested with her father, mother, brothers (Llywelyn and Owain) and sisters.

paragraph: Dafydd was hanged, drawn and quartered for treason. Dafydd's sons were imprisoned. Gwladys was dispatched to the Gilbertine convent in Sixhills, Lincolnshire, as a young child. Edward I ordered annual payment of 20 pounds for Gwladys's upkeep at the Sixhills convent, where she spent the remainder of her life. She is thought to have died there in 1336, outliving her brothers. She is known to have had sisters, who were illegitimate. Their names and fates are unknown, but Edward I considered sending them to Lincolnshire convents; whether he did so is not entirely clear.

description: Welsh royal

wikidata_label: Gwladys ferch Dafydd

wikipedia_title: Gwladys ferch Dafydd


text:
Dermot MacMurrough
King of Leinster
Mor O'Toole
St Lawrence O'Toole
Norman invasion of Ireland
Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
Waterford
Dermot MacMurrough
Tiernan O'Rourke
Brehon law
Anglo-Norman law
Kingdom of Leinster
Isabel de Clare
nobility
Robert I
England
Great Britain
United Kingdom
Henry IV
Anne of Cleves
queen consorts
Henry VIII
Aoife

categories: Gaels,1145 births,Women in medieval European warfare,People from County Wexford,12th-century Irish people,Medieval Gaels from Ireland,Irish expatriates in England,1188 deaths,MacMorrough Kavanagh dynasty,Irish princesses,12th-century Irish women,Women in 12th-century warfare

paragraph: Aoife MacMurrough

paragraph: Aoife MacMurrough (c. 1145 – 1188, ), also known by later historians as Eva of Leinster, was an Irish noble, princess of Leinster and countess of Pembroke. She was the daughter of Dermot MacMurrough (c. 1110 – 1171) (), King of Leinster and his second wife, Mór Ní Tuathail or Mor O'Toole (c. 1114 – 1191), a relation of St Lawrence O'Toole; (the Brehon law of Ireland allowed a man to have two wives in secular marriage).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: As the daughter of a Gaelic king, the young Aoife would have been raised in much higher dignity than most other girls in Ireland who were of poorer stock than her; her privileged status ensured that she was educated in the law of the land and would have ensured that she was literate in Church-Latin. Since her mother (who also produced one son and another daughter) was the second wife of Diarmait, her station was automatically lower than that of her husband's first wife, Sadb Ní Faeláin, and her issue of two sons and one daughter. It has been asserted by some historians that the children of the second wife were illegitimate as per the European laws which specified that marriage was a contract between one man and one woman and until the death of either party - this was not the case in Ireland, where the law allowed two wives, trial marriages and divorce was quite normal. In fact, Aoife's brother Domhnall, would in actuality succeed their father to the kingship of Leinster once elected upon his decease.

paragraph: On the 25 August 1170, following the Norman invasion of Ireland that her father had requested, she married Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, better known as Strongbow, the leader of the Norman invasion force, in Christchurch cathedral in Waterford. Her father, Dermot MacMurrough, who was seeking a military alliance with Strongbow in his feud with the King of Breffney, Tiernan O'Rourke, had promised Aoife to Pembroke. However, according to Brehon law, both the man and the woman had to consent to the marriage, so it is fair to conclude that Aoife accepted her father's arrangements.

paragraph: Under Anglo-Norman law, this gave Strongbow succession rights to the Kingdom of Leinster. Under Irish Brehon law, the marriage gave her a life interest only, after which any land would normally revert to male cousins; but Brehon law also recognised a transfer of "swordland" following a conquest. Aoife led troops in battle and is sometimes known as Red Eva ().

paragraph: She had two sons and a daughter with her husband Richard de Clare and through their daughter, Isabel de Clare, within a few generations their descendants included much of the nobility of Europe including all the monarchs of Scotland since Robert I (1274–1329) and all those of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom since Henry IV (1367–1413); and, apart from Anne of Cleves, all the queen consorts of, as well as, Henry VIII.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: While the exact date of the death of Aoife of Leinster is unknown (one suggested year is 1188), there is in existence one tale of her demise. As a young woman, she lived many years following the death of Strongbow in 1176, and devoted herself to raising their children and defending their territory. She had a fortress tower constructed at Cappamore where she was to conduct a feud with the Quinns. One day, while walking in the grounds of Cappamore, she was shot through the throat by one of the Quinns while talking with the captain of her guard. Her remains were interred in the crypt of Kilkenny Castle.

paragraph: It's also been said that she was sent to live in Wales at one of Strongbow's castles and in fact never set foot in Ireland again. She was 13 when she married Strongbow who was more interested in cementing his control over Leinster.

paragraph: BULLET::::- note* She was born c. 1145 and married in 1170. She could not have been thirteen.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aoife

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O Croinin, Daibhi (1995) "Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200" London: Longman Press; p. 281

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salmonson, Jessica Amanda.(1991) "The Encyclopedia of Amazons. Paragon House". Page 160.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weis, Frederick Lewis "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700", Lines: 66-26, 175-7, 261-30

alias:
Aoife Ní Diarmait
Eva of Leinster
Aoife of Leinster
Aoife Ni Diarmait

description: Wife of Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

wikidata_label: Aoife MacMurrough

wikipedia_title: Aoife MacMurrough


text: American

text: guitarist

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: Sun

text: The Commodores

text: Earth, Wind & Fire

text: Cincinnati

text: Ohio

text: The University of Cincinnati

text: Millie Jackson

text: Sun

text: The Commodores

text: United

text: Earth, Wind, & Fire

text: Touch The World

text: The Best of Earth, Wind & Fire, Vol. 2

text: Heritage

text: Millennium

text: In The Name of Love

text: Grammy

text: Sunday Morning

text: NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame

text: Jimi Hendrix

text: Maurice White

text: self titled album

text: The Ride

text: Take 6

text: Brothers

text: Urban Knights

text: Urban Knights II

text: Astronomy magazine

text: Janie Hendrix

text: Jimi Hendrix

categories: Jazz musicians from Ohio,Earth, Wind & Fire members,American rhythm and blues guitarists,20th-century American guitarists,1959 births,Living people,Commodores members,21st-century American guitarists,21st-century male musicians,Musicians from Cincinnati,American jazz guitarists,Guitarists from Ohio,20th-century male musicians,American male guitarists,American funk guitarists

paragraph: Sheldon Reynolds (guitarist)

paragraph: Sheldon Reynolds (born September 13, 1959) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Reynolds is a former member of bands Sun, The Commodores and Earth, Wind & Fire.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Reynolds began playing the guitar when he was eight years old, and by the age of 12 was considered a prodigy. He went on to become an alumnus of The University of Cincinnati. Reynolds eventually embarked upon a professional musical career. At first he toured with singer Millie Jackson. Reynolds later joined up with R&B band Sun with whom he recorded three albums. During 1983 he became a member of The Commodores. With the Commodores he played upon their 1986 album United. Altogether he featured with the band for a sum of four years.

paragraph: Reynolds then joined up within the roles of lead guitarist and co-vocalist with Earth, Wind, & Fire. He went on to play upon the band's LPs "Touch The World", The Best of Earth, Wind & Fire, Vol. 2, "Heritage", "Millennium" and "In The Name of Love". With EWF he earned a Grammy nomination in 1994 within the category of Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for the song "Sunday Morning". As a member of the band Reynolds was also inducted into the NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame. After 14 years with the elements Reynolds linked up with Experience Hendrix, the family company of Jimi Hendrix.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo work.

paragraph: Reynolds played on Maurice White's 1985 self titled album and 4Him's 1994 LP The Ride. He also featured on Take 6's 1996 LP Brothers and jazz group Urban Knights 1997 album Urban Knights II.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Reynolds is a contributing editor to Astronomy magazine. He also has a talk show upon Twilight Radio.

paragraph: He was once married to Janie Hendrix, the adopted sister of Jimi Hendrix.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Sheldon Reynolds

wikipedia_title: Sheldon Reynolds (guitarist)


text:
Conservative Party
Eton College
Brasenose College, Oxford
Member of Parliament
Salisbury
1886 general election
House of Commons
resigned his seat
Steward of the Manor of Northstead
Sir Edward Levy-Lawson
Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry
Second Boer War
Imperial Yeomanry
South Africa
lieutenant
South Africa
captain
mentioned in dispatches
stock exchange
Johannesburg

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,UK MPs 1892–1895,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1903 deaths,Suicides by firearm in South Africa,UK MPs 1895–1900,UK MPs 1886–1892,Imperial Yeomanry officers,Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry officers,1859 births

paragraph: Sir Edward Hulse, 6th Baronet

paragraph: Sir Edward Henry Hulse, 6th Baronet (25 Aug 1859 – 29 May 1903) was a British Conservative Party politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Educated at Eton College and Brasenose College, Oxford, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Salisbury at the 1886 general election, and was returned to the House of Commons at the next two general elections. He resigned his seat on 16 January 1897 by becoming Steward of the Manor of Northstead.

paragraph: In 1888 he married Edith Maud Levy-Lawson, daughter of Sir Edward Levy-Lawson. They had one son, Edward Hamilton Westrow Hulse, born in 1889, who was to succeed to the baronetcy.

paragraph: Hulse held a commission in the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry. With the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, the Imperial Yeomanry was formed from contingents of the Yeomanry regiments. Hulse volunteered for active service in South Africa and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 56th (Buckinghamshire) Company, attached to the 15th Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry on 3 March 1900. The company left for South Africa in the middle of March 1900. Promoted to captain on 4 September 1900, he was mentioned in dispatches for his service. His brother, Major Charles Westrow Hulse was killed in action during the war, and Sir Edward was himself severely injured in 1901.

paragraph: In late May 1902 he was appointed assistant press censor on the military staff. Following the end of the war only days later, he remained in South Africa, and was appointed chief press censor in the new colonies in early July that year. In his final months he was in financial difficulty, having lost considerable sums of money on the stock exchange and at horse races. He was also suffering considerable pain from his injuries. His body was discovered in his bedroom in Johannesburg on the morning of 30 May 1903 after he had committed suicide with his revolver.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir Edward Hulse, 6th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Edward Hulse, 6th Baronet


text:
American
guitar
Lifter Puller
The Hold Steady
Janesville, Wisconsin
Brooklyn, New York
ADD
University of Wisconsin–Rock County
Madison
Queen
Led Zeppelin
Kiss
AC/DC
Judas Priest
Thin Lizzy
ZZ Top
Cheap Trick
Rick Nielsen
Gibson Les Paul Standard
Gibson SG
Gibson Les Paul Junior
Gibson ES-335
Gibson Explorer
Gibson EDS-1275
Old Navy
J.Crew
The Jessica Simpson Collection
Maddie Ziegler

categories: Musicians from Minneapolis,Musicians from Brooklyn,American rock guitarists,American indie rock musicians,Guitarists from New York (state),People from Janesville, Wisconsin,Lead guitarists,Guitarists from Minnesota,Living people,American male guitarists,The Hold Steady members

paragraph: Tad Kubler

paragraph: Tad Kubler is an American guitarist, known for his work with Lifter Puller, Song of Zarathustra, and, most-notably, The Hold Steady. He previously worked with Brett Johnson, bass player for Atmosphere, in the band Ten-fold Hate, in Minneapolis. He grew up in Janesville, Wisconsin and currently lives in Brooklyn, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Kubler was considered bright and energetic but difficult to handle by most of his high school teachers before he was diagnosed with ADD. He spent a year in college with a major in music at University of Wisconsin–Rock County before dropping out to move to Madison.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Kubler grew up listening to bands like Queen, Led Zeppelin, Kiss, AC/DC, Judas Priest, Thin Lizzy, ZZ Top and, perhaps most importantly, Cheap Trick. When he was seven years old, Cheap Trick's manager of the time had a wife and two daughters who lived across the street, giving Kubler the opportunity to meet Rick Nielsen.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electric Guitars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson Les Paul Standard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson SG

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson Les Paul Junior

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson ES-335

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson Explorer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson EDS-1275 (doubleneck)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kubler's 13-year-old daughter Murphy is a model, working with companies such as Old Navy, J.Crew, The Jessica Simpson Collection and Maddie Ziegler's own clothing line "Maddie Style".

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Tad Kubler

wikipedia_title: Tad Kubler


text: Welsh

text: Blaenau Ffestiniog

text: Llandovery College

text: Paris Salon

text: David Lloyd George

text: Owen Morgan Edwards

text: Comrades of the Great War

text: Royal Welch Fusiliers

categories: 1875 births,1934 deaths,People from Blaenau Ffestiniog,Welsh cartoonists,Welsh artists

paragraph: John Kelt Edwards

paragraph: John Kelt Edwards (4 March 1875 – 11 October 1934) was a Welsh artist and cartoonist. The son of a shopkeeper from Blaenau Ffestiniog, Edwards was educated at Llandovery College. After leaving college he toured Europe, and exhibited his artwork at the Paris Salon.

paragraph: Notable for his portraits of famous Welsh individuals, his works included paintings of David Lloyd George and Owen Morgan Edwards. He was also known for designs connected to the military, he designed the badge and banner for the Comrades of the Great War and the roll of honour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. He also contributed book illustrations and produced war cartoons.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Kelt Edwards letters at the National Library of Wales/a

description: cartoonist

wikidata_label: John Kelt Edwards

wikipedia_title: John Kelt Edwards


text:
Dwingeloo, Drenthe
Utrecht
Archbishop
Utrecht
Utrecht
George van Egmond
Sasbold Vosmeer
Georg Schenck van Toutenburg
Reichskammergericht
Speyer
archdeacon
Pieterskerk
Bishopric of Utrecht
Sint-Plechelmusbasiliek
Oldenzaal
episcopate
Philip II
Archbishop of Utrecht
Pope Pius IV
Archbishop of Cologne
Counter-Reformation
Seventeen Provinces
archbishopric
Mechelen
Cambrai
Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
Margaret of Parma
synod
canon
Protestantism
Dutch Revolt
William the Silent
stadtholder
Maximilien de Hénin-Liétard
stadtholder
Vredenburg (castle)
Capture of Brielle
The Hague
Dordrecht
Battle on the Zuiderzee
Oudewater
Pacification of Ghent
Cathedral of Utrecht
psalm 130
Sasbold Vosmeer

categories: People from Steenwijkerland,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1503 births,Archbishops of Utrecht,1580 deaths

paragraph: Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg

paragraph: Frederik Schenck van Toutenburg (Dwingeloo, Drenthe, ca. 1503 – Utrecht, 25 August 1580) was the first Archbishop of Utrecht (1559-1580). Prior to Schenck's ministry as archbishop, Utrecht was a bishopric with a succession of sixty bishops. The last bishop of Utrecht, prior to Schenck was George van Egmond. After Schenck's death in 1580, the see would remain vacant until Sasbold Vosmeer assumed the archbishopric in 1602.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of Georg Schenck van Toutenburg, he graduated in law at the Reichskammergericht in Speyer. After being made a priest, he became archdeacon of the Pieterskerk in Bishopric of Utrecht and priest at the Sint-Plechelmusbasiliek in Oldenzaal.He spent his time writing tracts on church law until he was promoted to the Dutch episcopate in 1559 by Philip II, who named him as the very first Archbishop of Utrecht (which was then confirmed in 1561 by Pope Pius IV). Until that time, the Bishopric of Utrecht reported to the Archbishop of Cologne. By agreement between Philip II and Rome in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation, the low countries (at that time a loose set of Seventeen Provinces) received its own archbishoprics, which besides Utrecht were Mechelen and Cambrai. This was an attempt to give the various parts of the low countries some self-government as a way of fending off the Protestant Reformation. These measures were not very successful, and Scheck van Toutenburg's archbishopric saw the Catholic reaction against the Council of Trent in the northern Netherlands. Governor Margaret of Parma forced him to lead support for the decrees of the Council of Trent and led him to call a provincial synod in 1565. The clergy and canons were fiercely opposed to the new disciplinary measures and tried to frustrate their introduction, but Schenck van Toutenburg used his power to break the opposition and to give leadership in the fight against Protestantism.

paragraph: Section::::Protestant Reformation.

paragraph: Schenck van Toutenburg was unable to unite the Catholics under his archbishopric. Under his tenure, many good Catholic Utrecht burgers became secret Protestants. As the Dutch Revolt began and William the Silent, stadtholder since 1559, fled, Maximilien de Hénin-Liétard was named the official stadtholder of the Netherlands in 1567 with his base in Utrecht at Vredenburg (castle). Like Schenck van Toutenburg, he met with insurrection with those under his command. After unsuccessfully preventing the Capture of Brielle in April–June 1572, he convened a meeting of the States General in The Hague in July 1572, but many representatives convened a new meeting in Dordrecht later that month, in which they pledged allegiance to William the Silent (or now, William of Orange). As the country turned to Protestantism and the Orange sympathies grew, Hénin-Liétard was taken prisoner at the Battle on the Zuiderzee on 11 October 1573. His Spanish troops based at Vredenburg thus lost their local leader.

paragraph: The nearby city of Oudewater was massacred by Spanish troops for its participation in rebellion on 7 August 1575. Only those who could pay ransom money escaped. This shocked many leading Utrecht burgers. Though Hénin-Liétard was released as a term of treaty in the Pacification of Ghent in 1576, he no longer had command of Vredenburg and chose the side of William of Orange. This caused a problem of loyalties among the Spanish stationed at Utrecht. The city council of Utrecht sent representatives to Archbishop Schenk van Toutenburg to borrow money to pay the Spanish mercenaries at Vredenburg who had as a result pointed their canons at the city itself. These Spanish troops still had no leader and worse, had not been paid. Schenk van Toutenburg refused to pay, and the city fathers forced the lock on his money chest to "loan" 40,000 guilders. This was the end of Utrecht's allegiance with Catholicism, as they feared a fate like Oudewater. In June 1580 the city council of Utrecht decided to ban Catholic services in Utrecht. The archbishop died later that summer, on 25 August.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He became the first and last Archbishop of Utrecht until 1853 The Cathedral of Utrecht was closed from June 1580 onwards, though Roman Catholics still received permission to bury their dead (including their late archbishop) in the cathedral. Schenck van Toutenburg's funeral ceremony on 30 August 1580 was the last Catholic service in Utrecht for a long while and was disturbed by Protestants, who sang their version of psalm 130 against the Catholic version ("De Profundis"). After Schenck's death, the archbishopric would remain vacant until the election of Sasbold Vosmeer in 1602.

description: Dutch bishop

wikidata_label: Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg

wikipedia_title: Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg