text: American

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Charleston

text: Archbishop of Atlanta

text: Painesville

text: Ohio

text: Ireland

text: Cathedral Latin School

text: Cleveland

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Indiana

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: curate

text: St. Aloysius Church

text: Army

text: chaplain

text: Australia

text: New Guinea

text: Philippines

text: captain

text: Biak Island

text: Purple Heart

text: Diocese of Cleveland

text: St. John's Cathedral

text: Newman Clubs

text: G.I. Bill

text: Master of Arts

text: John Carroll University

text: chaplain

text: Western Reserve University

text: Monsignor

text: Bishop of Charleston

text: South Carolina

text: Pope Pius XII

text: episcopal

text: consecration

text: Amleto Giovanni Cicognani

text: Edward Francis Hoban

text: John Krol

text: co-consecrators

text: Cathedral of St. John the Baptist

text: motto

text: South

text: civil rights movement

text: racial integration

text: African American

text: ecumenism

text: Francis Edward Hyland

text: Georgia

text: Archbishop

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Cathedral of Christ the King

text: University of Georgia

text: Washington

text: Atlanta

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Joseph Bernardin

text: cardinal

text: Archbishop of Chicago

text: Ph.D.

text: Richard Gilmour

text: Bishop of Cleveland

text: Selma to Montgomery marches

text: Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: Nobel Peace Prize

text: Second Vatican Council

text: vernacular

text: Mass

text: Sacrosanctum Concilium

text: Hans Küng

text: Leo Joseph Suenens

text: U.S. Bishops

text: Pope Paul VI

text: clergy

text: laymen

text: laity

text: liberal

text: theologian

text: Charles Curran

text: Francis Spellman

text: New York

text: Vietnam War

text: hepatitis

categories: Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland,United States Army chaplains,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta,Catholic University of America trustees,World War II chaplains,Roman Catholic bishops of Charleston,1911 births,People from Painesville, Ohio,University and college chaplains in America,Roman Catholic archbishops by diocese in the United States,Roman Catholic bishops of Atlanta,American people of Irish descent,American Roman Catholic archbishops,American civil rights activists,1968 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Deaths from hepatitis,Activists from Ohio

paragraph: Paul John Hallinan

paragraph: Paul John Hallinan (April 8, 1911 – March 27, 1968) was an American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Charleston (1958–1962) and Archbishop of Atlanta (1962–1968). He was known as a champion of racial equality and liturgical reform.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Paul Edward Hallinan was born in Painesville, Ohio, to Clarence C. and Rose Jane (née Laracy) Hallinan. Both sets of his grandparents were from Ireland. From 1924 to 1928, he attended Cathedral Latin School in Cleveland, where he served as editor of the high school yearbook. He then studied at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, and there earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy in 1932. He again edited the yearbook while at Notre Dame, and worked for the "Painesville Telegraph" during his summer vacations. He made his theological studies at St. Mary's Seminary in Cleveland.

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: Hallinan was ordained to the priesthood on February 20, 1937. His first assignment was as a curate at St. Aloysius Church in Cleveland, where he remained for five years. In 1942, he became an Army chaplain with the 542nd Engineer Amphibian Regiment, serving in Australia, New Guinea, and the Philippines. Holding the rank of captain, he was wounded in action on Biak Island and received the Purple Heart in 1944.

paragraph: Upon his return to the Diocese of Cleveland, he served as a curate at St. John's Cathedral (1945–1947) and diocesan director of Newman Clubs (1947–1958). Using the G.I. Bill to finance his graduate school education, he earned a Master of Arts degree from John Carroll University in 1953. His father, who died in 1955, lived the last three years of his life with Paul while he was a chaplain at Western Reserve University. From 1952 to 1954, he served as national chaplain of the National Newman Club Federation. He was named a Monsignor during this time as well.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Charleston.

paragraph: On September 9, 1958, Hallinan was appointed the eighth Bishop of Charleston, South Carolina, by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following October 28 from Archbishop Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, with Archbishop Edward Francis Hoban and Bishop John Krol serving as co-consecrators. His installation took place at the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist on November 25, 1958. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Ut Diligatis Invicem", meaning, "That You Love One Another" ().

paragraph: Recognized as one of the South's "foremost advocates of social and religious liberalism", Hallinan became known for his personal dedication to the civil rights movement and the cause of racial equality. In February 1961, he issued a pastoral letter in which he wrote, "With racial tension mounting, the Church must speak out clearly. In justice to our people, we cannot abandon leadership to the extremists whose only creed is fear and hatred." However, he delayed full racial integration at Catholic institutions in the diocese out of fear for the safety of African American students. Explaining this decision, he said, "The Catholics are 1.3% of the population in our state. If the full federal power cannot carry this off, it's fatuous to think we can. I would take the risk on high moral principles, but it would be a hollow victory if it wrecked our school system or did harm to our children."

paragraph: Hallinan was also an advocate of ecumenism, and once wrote, "Never has this longing for Christian unity been more evident...We are growing more conscious that the Holy Spirit of God, brooding over our distressed world and our divided Christendom, is stirring now the souls of men in many places, providing the light and strength without which reunion remains an empty dream."

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Atlanta.

paragraph: Following the resignation of Bishop Francis Edward Hyland as Bishop of Atlanta, Georgia, Atlanta was raised to the rank of archdiocese, and Hallinan was named its first Archbishop by Pope John XXIII on February 19, 1962. His installation took place at the Cathedral of Christ the King on the following March 29.

paragraph: During his six years as Archbishop, he opened several churches and missions, as well as the John Lancaster Spalding Catholic Center at the University of Georgia. He transferred St. Joseph's Boys Home in Washington to Atlanta and converted it into the Village of St. Joseph for boys and girls. He also established "The Georgia Bulletin", the weekly archdiocesan newspaper. In his final years, he was assisted in the governance of the archdiocese by his protégé and auxiliary bishop, Joseph Bernardin, who would later become a cardinal and Archbishop of Chicago.

paragraph: In 1963, he earned a Ph.D. in History from Western Reserve University; his dissertation was a biography of Richard Gilmour, who served as Bishop of Cleveland from 1872 to 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Atlanta.:Civil rights.

paragraph: Continuing his advocacy for civil rights in Atlanta, Hallinan's first act as Archbishop was to order the integration of all Catholic institutions under his jurisdiction. "To call this action courageous," he said of his decision, "is a reflection on this community. We decided to move at this time to desegregate archdiocesan schools, first, because it's right, and second, because an excellent climate of opinion and action already exists here." He also sent priests and nuns to participate in the Selma to Montgomery marches, and encouraged Atlanta Catholics to open their neighborhoods "so Negroes can exercise the right of every American to live where he wishes."

paragraph: In 1964, he was one of four Atlanta civic leaders who sponsored a banquet honoring Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., after he received the Nobel Peace Prize. He praised King as a "pioneer in a new dynamic of peace, expressed in the formula, 'I will walk in liberty, O Lord, because I seek thy precepts' ()."

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Atlanta.:Second Vatican Council.

paragraph: Between 1962 and 1965, Hallinan attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. Appointed to the Council's Commission on the Sacred Liturgy, he became a prominent advocate for the use of the vernacular in the Mass. He described "Sacrosanctum Concilium", the Council's constitution on the liturgy, as "a vote against old ideas...[it] paves the way for everything else." In one of his last talks, he said, "Through the Sacred Constitution on the Liturgy, we are now emerging from a period of fixity and rigidity which was unnatural in the Church's life." He befriended such progressive minds as Hans Küng and Cardinal Leo Joseph Suenens. In July 1964, he published a pamphlet, "How to Understand Changes in the Liturgy," that was distributed throughout the United States and abroad. He later served as chairman of the U.S. Bishops' Committee on the Liturgy and as member of the International Commission on English in the Liturgy.

paragraph: Hallinan supported the cautious approach of Pope Paul VI towards internal renewal in the Church, saying, "We need some kind of brake for safety's sake. If we move too fast, we may not have time to communicate properly with our clergy and our laymen". In an attempt to increase the role of the laity in the Church, he appointed more than 125 lay men and women to ecclesiastical positions. He also called the first Lay Congress in the archdiocese.

paragraph: He sat on the Board of Trustees of The Catholic University of America, and opposed the removal of liberal theologian Charles Curran.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Atlanta.:Vietnam War.

paragraph: Unlike Cardinal Francis Spellman of New York, Hallinan was a staunch opponent of the Vietnam War. At a study conference of the Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam (CALCAV), he declared, "Our conscience and our voice must be raised against the savagery and terror of war." In August 1967, he was one of four American Catholic bishops who endorsed the "Negotiation Now!" campaign to end the war.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Atlanta.:Illness and death.

paragraph: Hallinan contracted hepatitis on his return from the second session of the Second Vatican Council in December 1963. He was hospitalized for almost seven months and never fully regained his health, suffering from recurring bouts of the disease for the rest of his life. He eventually died from hepatitis at his residence in Atlanta in 1968, aged 57.

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Paul John Hallinan

wikipedia_title: Paul John Hallinan


text:
Bishop of Orleans
Tours
Ivo, Bishop of Chartres
Pope Urban II
courtesan
Archbishop of Tours
Philip I King of France

categories: 11th-century bishops,Bishops of Orléans,LGBT people from France,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Jean, Bishop of Orleans

paragraph: Jean was appointed Bishop of Orleans in France in 1096, and consecrated in on 1 March 1098. Jean had previously been archdeacon at Tours.

paragraph: In 1100, Ivo, Bishop of Chartres complained bitterly in a letter to Pope Urban II about a certain promiscuous youth named Jean have been made the Bishop of Orleans despite a reputation for sexual looseness, as well as being underage. He reported that he had been given the nickname of "Flora", after a well-known local courtesan, and had become the subject of a number of lewd street songs. In an attempt to head off Jean's elevation to the bishopric, Ivo had previously sent examples of the lurid lyrics to the Archbishop of Lyons but to no avail.

paragraph: It seems that the installation of Jean as bishop had been arranged by Jean's then lover, Raoul II, Archbishop of Tours (1086-1117), who had remained on good terms with Philip I King of France - despite excommunication by Hugues, legate of the Holy See. In exchange for Raoul's support, Philip subsequently agreed to arrange a bishopric for Jean. Pope Urban, nevertheless, took no direct action, and Jean remained as bishop until his death around 1125.

description: Bishop of Orleans

wikidata_label: Jean

wikipedia_title: Jean, Bishop of Orleans


href: Athens pole%20vault mixed-race Greeks Uganda

text:
Athens
pole vault
mixed-race
Greek
Uganda

categories: 1999 births,Sportspeople from Athens,Greek male pole vaulters,Greek people of Ugandan descent,Living people

paragraph: Emmanouil Karalis

paragraph: Emmanouil Karalis (), born 20 October 1999 in Athens, is a Greek pole vaulter. He is mixed-race, the son of a Greek father and a Ugandan mother.

alias:
Εμμανουήλ Κάραλης
Emmanouil Karalis

description: Greek male pole vaulter

wikidata_label: Emmanouil Karalís

wikipedia_title: Emmanouil Karalis


text:
Boxers
Boxer Uprising
Tianjin
Prince Duan
Empress Dowager Ci Xi
Lü Dongbin
Memorial Hall of the Boxer Uprising
Eight-Nation Alliance
Zhang Decheng
bilocation

categories: Chinese nationalists,1901 deaths,Year of birth missing,Boxer Rebellion,Chinese rebels,19th-century Chinese people

paragraph: Cao Futian

paragraph: Cao Futian (Chinese: 曹福田) was a Chinese nationalist and leader of the Boxers during the Boxer Uprising.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little is known of the early life of Cao Futian but he was born during the 19th century, in Jinghai, Zhili province, China.

paragraph: Before the uprising, Cao had been a soldier, considered a bandit "known for his brutality" by some sources. He raised a militia in Tianjin, formed in its' majority by illiterate people such as laid-off railway workers, Chinese religious fanatics, criminals and unemployed youth. He was a master of Kung Fu and a charismatic leader. Cao hated foreigners because of the establishment of the foreign concessions, but even more because of the spread of Christianity by missionaries. He thought Chinese Christians should be expelled for tainting the purity of the Chinese culture. First hostile to the Chinese Imperial Army, he fought them in August 1899. The Qing government was divided towards how to react to the Boxers activities, but conservatives element of the court were in favour of them. Prince Duan, a fervent supporter of the cause, arranged a meeting between Cao and Empress Dowager Ci Xi. At the meeting, the crown prince even wore a Boxer uniform to show alliance.

paragraph: In 1900, he set his headquarters at 18 Hejia Lane, Ruyyi'an Street of Hongqiao District, at an old temple venerating Lü Dongbin, which is now the Boxer Museum, Memorial Hall of the Boxer Uprising (Lu Zu Tang).

paragraph: On July 14, 1900, Tianjin was captured by the Allied forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance after a three-day battle. Cao Futian, who was present, had to flee to Jinghai. In May 1901, he was captured by the government.

paragraph: Cao Futian was also a spiritual leader for the Boxers, and many believed he had divine abilities. Along with Zhang Decheng, another Boxer leader, he was said to be able to make himself disappear, as well as powers of bilocation.

paragraph: Cao was executed in 1901 following his arrest in Jinghai for conspiring to stir up conflict. He was beheaded.

wikidata_label: Cao Futian

wikipedia_title: Cao Futian


text:
Hawera
Taranaki
1964 Summer Olympics
Tokyo
vault
floor exercise
uneven bars
balance beam
Women's individual all-around
World Gymnastics Championships
World Masters Games
New Zealand Olympic Committee
2016 Summer Olympics
Gisborne
Photo of Hill
Nelson

categories: Gymnasts at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Hawera,1946 births,Living people,Olympic gymnasts of New Zealand

paragraph: Theodora Hill

paragraph: Theodora "Dido" Mary Hill (later Gotz; born 11 January 1946) is a New Zealand Olympic gymnast.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hill was born in 1946 in Hawera, Taranaki, New Zealand. She won her first women's national championship in 1963 and in total, she was national champion five times.

paragraph: Hill represented her country at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, in gymnastics. In the vault, she came 72nd. In the floor exercise, she was 68th. On the uneven bars, she came 77th. On the balance beam, she was 70th. In the Women's individual all-around, she was ranked 75th of 86 competitors. She is listed as New Zealand Olympic competitor number 180. She represented New Zealand at a number of World Gymnastics Championships.

paragraph: Later in life, Gotz worked as a coach and judged gymnastics competitions. She remains active in gymnastics herself and by 2013, she had competed in four World Masters Games. She was present in May 2016 when the New Zealand Olympic Committee announced the three gymnasts that were to represent the country at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Hill was a judge at the mid-island gymnastics champs in Gisborne in June 2017. In May 2017, she was made a life member of Gymnastics New Zealand.

paragraph: Gotz lives in Auckland. She is known in gymnastics circles as Dido.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Hill from the 1964 gymnastic championships held in Nelson

description: New Zealand Olympic gymnast

wikidata_label: Theodora Mary Hill

wikipedia_title: Theodora Hill


text:
Orivesi
Beijing
Bern
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Lisbon
The Hague

categories: 1897 births,Ambassadors of Finland to the Netherlands,Ambassadors of Finland to Portugal,Ambassadors of Finland to Switzerland

paragraph: Helge von Knorring

paragraph: Helge von Knorring (17 March 1897 Orivesi – 1985) was a Finnish diplomat. He served as Chancellor in Pretoria from 1949 to 1952, and as Envoy to Beijing in 1952-1953 and Ambassador to Bern 1953-1956, Head of the Protocol Department of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and as rapporteur for Foreign Ministry ambassadors, he worked in 1956-1959 and as ambassador to Lisbon and The Hague from 1959 to 1964

wikidata_label: Helge von Knorring

wikipedia_title: Helge von Knorring


text:
Prince Carl Philip
Princess Sofia
King Carl XVI Gustaf
Queen Silvia
Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland
substantive title
Duke of Dalarna
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Te Deum
Drottningholm Palace
Princess Madeleine
Duke of Dalarna
Royal Order of the Seraphim
Order of Charles XIII

categories: 2017 births,Swedish people of Danish descent,Swedish people of German descent,Swedish people of Brazilian descent,House of Bernadotte,Royal children,Swedish princes,Living people

paragraph: Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna

paragraph: Prince Gabriel of Sweden, Duke of Dalarna (Gabriel Carl Walther; born 31 August 2017) is the second child of Prince Carl Philip and Princess Sofia. He is a grandson of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia. His elder brother is Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland. Prince Gabriel is sixth in the line of succession to the Swedish throne as of June 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Birth.

paragraph: Prince Gabriel was born on 31 August 2017 at Danderyd Hospital in Danderyd, Sweden. The Prince's full name is "Gabriel Carl Walther" and substantive title is "Duke of Dalarna", which was announced by his grandfather King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden on 4 September 2017. A Te Deum service took place on 4 September 2017, to honour and celebrate the birth of Prince Gabriel.

paragraph: Prince Gabriel was christened on 1 December 2017 at the Chapel of the Drottningholm Palace. His godparents are his paternal aunt Princess Madeleine, his father's cousin Thomas de Toledo Sommerlath, his maternal aunt Sara Hellqvist, his father's friend Oscar Kylberg and his mother's friend Carolina Pihl.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and honours.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and honours.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: Gabriel is styled as: "His Royal Highness" Prince Gabriel of Sweden, Duke of Dalarna.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and honours.:Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of Charles XIII (RCXIII)

description: second child of Prince Carl Philip and Princess Sofia of Sweden

wikidata_label: Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna

wikipedia_title: Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna


text:
Ethiopian
Music Producer
electronic musician
Addis Abeba
Azmari Culture
Mixes on Boiler Room
Shows on NTS

categories: Electronic musicians,1987 births,Ethiopian DJs,Ethiopian musicians,Experimental musicians

paragraph: Ethiopian Records

paragraph: Endeguena Mulu (born August 14, 1987), also known by his stage name Ethiopian Records, is an Ethiopian Music Producer , and electronic musician, who produces a genre he refers to as Ethiopiyawi Electronic .

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Addis Abeba, in Feluha and was raised there. His debut EP Qen Sew (2014), was released on 1432R.

paragraph: He first started making music while in high school, experimenting with a wide spectrum of sound palettes. Endeguena started experimenting with Ethiopian Traditional Music from all corners of his country while he was studying in college experimentation is still his main approach.

paragraph: Ethiopiyawi electronic (sometimes spelled Ethiopiawi Electronic) is a genre that uses Electronic Music tools, and Music Technology to make music that is very deeply rooted in the music from all over Ethiopia. One of the main pillars of the genre is Azmari Culture. Ethiopiyawi means Ethiopian in Amharic.

paragraph: In an artist statement Ethiopian Records published in 2015, he affirmed that his music aims to transcend constraints of genre and geography, declaring that the label ‘Ethiopiyawi electronic’ refers, “more to the process and not to the outcome” of his experimentations.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ethiopian Records has his roots in traditional music, Ethiopian contemporary music and computer made music. He has been making music since he was a teenager, he first started making music when he was 16. His sound as a teenager was first rooted in mixing genres like dub, reggae, hip hop, trance, DnB, ambient music, industrial, and a string of different genres with Ethiopian contemporary and traditional music. He started Djing in 2014 in different clubs and venues in his hometown Addis Ababa.

paragraph: His first release was an EP with the Washington Record Label 1432 R entitled Qen Sew in 2014, since then he has released two other EPs' with the same label called Letu Sinega and Benqelf Lebe/ In my sleep.

paragraph: Ethiopian Records released his fourth EP album on Warp Records 'offshoot Arcola on the 21rst of June 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixes on Boiler Room

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shows on NTS

wikidata_label: Ethiopian Records

wikipedia_title: Ethiopian Records


text: Margrave of Montferrat

text: Aleramid

text: William III

text: March of Montferrat

text: Henry of Montferrat

text: William IV

text: Henry

text: Occimiano

text: Oddone II at Marchesi Monferrato

categories: Marquesses of Montferrat,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century Italian people,1015 births,Aleramici,1084 deaths

paragraph: Otto II, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: Otto II (also "Otho", "Ottone", or "Oddone") (c. 1015 – 20 November 1084) was the fourth Margrave of Montferrat from 1042 until his death. He was a member of the Aleramid dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Otto was the son and successor of William III and Waza. After his father's death in 1042, Otto ruled the March of Montferrat alongside his younger brother, Henry of Montferrat until Henry's death, c.1045. Thereafter, Otto ruled alone until his own death in 1084.

paragraph: He was succeeded by their son William IV. His second son Henry was the founder of the dynasty of the margraves of Occimiano.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schwennicke, Detlev. "". Marburg: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1978. (in German)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oddone II at Marchesi Monferrato (in Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto II, Margraf von Montferrat (1042-1084) (in German)

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Otto II, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: Otto II, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
Zürich
Swiss
botanist
Zürich
Freiburg
Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule
University of Zurich
botanical garden
physiology
genealogy
growth
plant cell
bacteriology
teratology
cryptogamic
Carl Joseph Schröter
"Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen"

categories: ETH Zurich faculty,1901 deaths,1831 births,People from Zürich,Swiss botanists,University of Freiburg alumni

paragraph: Carl Eduard Cramer

paragraph: Carl Eduard Cramer (4 March 1831 in Zürich – 24 November 1901 in Zürich) was a Swiss botanist.

paragraph: He studied at the universities of Zürich and Freiburg, where he received his doctorate in 1855. As a young man his mentor was the famed botanist Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891). He became a lecturer (1857) and later a professor of botany (1861–1901) at the "Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule" (Federal Polytechnic School) in Zurich. He also taught classes at the University of Zurich (1880–1883) and was director of its botanical garden from 1882 until 1893.

paragraph: Cramer's specialty dealt with the physiology, genealogy and growth of plant cells. He did extensive research in the fields of bacteriology, plant teratology and cryptogamic botany. In his obituary, Carl Joseph Schröter referred to Cramer as the "Altmeister botanischer Forschung" ("Doyen of Botanical Research").

paragraph: He was the author of a number of botanical works, including "Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen" (4 volumes 1855–58), which he co-wrote with Karl von Nägeli.

description: Swiss botanist

wikidata_label: Carl Eduard Cramer

wikipedia_title: Carl Eduard Cramer


text: CB

text: British East India Company

text: First Anglo-Afghan War

text: Jalalabad

text: long retreat

text: Kabul

text: University College London

text: University of Edinburgh

text: British Army

text: Kabul

text: Jalalabad

text: Major-General

text: William George Keith Elphinstone

text: camp follower

text: Afghan tribesmen

text: attack

text: final stand

text: Gandamak

text: 44th Foot

text: sniping

text: Captain

text: regimental colours

text: Blackwood's Magazine

text: Lady Sale

text: sepoy

text: havildar

text: Delhi

text: Pollock

text: Lady Butler

text: Remnants of an Army

text: Second Anglo-Burmese War

text: Sepoy Rebellion

text: Bengal Army

text: Lucknow

text: Lucknow residency

text: Companion of the Order of the Bath

text: Nigg

text: Ross-shire

text: Rosemarkie

text: Donald MacIntyre VC

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857,British Indian Army officers,British surgeons,1873 deaths,Alumni of University College London,British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War,British East India Company Army officers,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,1811 births

paragraph: William Brydon

paragraph: William Brydon CB (10 October 1811 – 20 March 1873) was an assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, famous for reportedly being the only member of an army of 4,500 men, plus 12,000 accompanying civilians, to reach safety in Jalalabad at the end of the long retreat from Kabul.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Brydon was born in London of Scottish descent. He studied medicine at University College London and at the University of Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Attack.

paragraph: The British Army began its retreat from Kabul in January 1842, following the killing of the two British representatives there. The nearest British garrison was in Jalalabad, away, and the army would need to go through mountain passes with the January snow hindering them.

paragraph: Under the command of Major-General William George Keith Elphinstone, 4,500 British and Indian soldiers plus 12,000 civilian camp followers, including wives and children, set out for Jalalabad on 6 January 1842, on the understanding that they had been offered safe passage. Afghan tribesmen intercepted them and proceeded to attack them during the next seven days.

paragraph: The final stand took place at Gandamak on the morning of 13 January 1842 in the snow. Twenty officers and forty-five British soldiers, mostly of the 44th Foot, found themselves surrounded on a hillock. The Afghans attempted to persuade the soldiers that they intended them no harm. Then the sniping began, followed by a series of rushes. Captain Souter wrapped the regimental colours around his body and was dragged into captivity with a sergeant named Fair and seven privates. The remainder were shot or cut down.

paragraph: Surgeon Brydon was one of twelve mounted officers who had become separated from the remnants of the main column before the final stand at Gandamak. This small group had ridden to Futtehabad, but half had been killed there while six escaped. All but Brydon were killed, one by one, further along the road as their horses became exhausted. On the afternoon of 13 January 1842, the British troops in Jalalabad, watching for their comrades of the Kabul garrison, saw a single figure ride up to the town walls. It was Dr Brydon. Part of his skull had been sheared off by an Afghan sword, and he survived only because he had stuffed a copy of "Blackwood's Magazine" into his hat to fight the intense cold weather. The magazine took most of the blow, saving the doctor's life.

paragraph: Brydon became widely, if inaccurately, known as being the only survivor of the entire army. In fact, he was not the only European to survive the retreat; about 115 British officers, soldiers, wives and children were captured or taken as hostages and survived to be subsequently released. These included Sir Robert Sale's wife Lady Sale, though not Elphinstone, who died in captivity. Nor was Brydon the only European to survive the trek from Kabul to Jalalabad without spending time in captivity; by Brydon's own account a "Greek merchant", a Mr Baness, also made it to Jalalabad, arriving two days after Brydon but surviving for only one day. In addition a small number of Indian sepoys reached Jalalabad on foot over the subsequent weeks. One sepoy, havildar Sita Ram, escaped from Afghanistan after 21 months of slavery and rejoined his former regiment at Delhi. About 2,000 sepoys and an unrecorded number of camp followers were eventually found in Kabul and brought back to India by Pollock's "Army of Retribution" following their occupation of the city.

paragraph: The episode was made the subject of a famous painting by the Victorian artist Lady Butler, who portrayed Brydon approaching the gates of the Jalalabad fort perched on his exhausted horse (which according to Brydon collapsed and died when put in a stable after arrival in the city). The painting is titled "Remnants of an Army".

paragraph: Section::::After attack.

paragraph: Brydon fought in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, when Rangoon was taken.

paragraph: In the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, Brydon was a surgeon of the Bengal Army at Lucknow and, along with his wife and children, survived his second siege, that of the Lucknow residency (June – November 1857), in which he was badly wounded in the thigh. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in November 1858. His wife, Colina Maxwell Brydon, published a memoir of the siege.

paragraph: Brydon died at his home Westfield near Nigg in Ross-shire on 20 March 1873, and is buried in Rosemarkie churchyard alongside his brother-in-law Donald MacIntyre VC.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claire E. J. Herrick, "Brydon, William (1811–1873)", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article about William Brydon's report of the massacre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Butler (Lady Butler) The Remnants of an Army 1879, Henry Tate Collection

wikidata_label: William Brydon

wikipedia_title: William Brydon


text:
Nordic combined skier
Maria
Traunstein, Germany
Hausham, Germany
Maria Lux
Wilhelm (Willy Jr.)
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
nordic combined
1936 Winter Olympics
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Olympic Oath
nordic skiing
Matthias Wörndle
Gustav "Gustl" Müller
Trofeo Mezzalama
POW
World War II
Marilyn Monroe
Jayne Mansfield
Ingrid Bergman
Willy Bogner Jr.
alpine skier
1960 Winter Olympics
Squaw Valley
1964 Winter Olympics
Innsbruck
filmmaking
IOC 1936 Winter Olympics
Bogner Ski

categories: German male Nordic combined skiers,German male cross-country skiers,Nordic combined skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics,1909 births,German fashion designers,German male ski mountaineers,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,Oath takers at the Olympic Games,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in Nordic combined,1977 deaths

paragraph: Willy Bogner Sr.

paragraph: Wilhelm Bogner Sr. (7 February 1909 – 27 July 1977) was a German Nordic combined skier who competed in the 1930s. He and his wife, Maria, co-founded a ski apparel company that bore their name.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bogner was born on in Traunstein, Germany and died on in Hausham, Germany. In 1937 He married Maria Lux, an athletic woman who joined his company to design sports apparel in 1932. Together, they had three children, Rosemarie, Michael, and Wilhelm (Willy Jr.) They established a clothing line led to outfitting the German national ski team at the 1936 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Skiing career.

paragraph: Bogner won a pair of medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a silver in the 4 x 10 km event in 1934 and a bronze in the nordic combined in 1935. Bogner Sr. also finished 6th in the 4 x 10 km event and 12th in the Nordic combined at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, where he also took the Olympic Oath. During his career, Bogner Sr. was an eleven-time German and five-time nordic skiing champion. In 1933, he participated together with Matthias Wörndle and Gustav "Gustl" Müller at the first Trofeo Mezzalama event, where they placed third.

paragraph: Section::::Ski apparel company.

paragraph: Bogner's success as a skier allowed him and his wife, Maria, to establish a clothing line in 1932, that included outfitting the German national ski team at the 1936 Winter Olympics. Following his stay as a POW during World War II, Bogner Sr. returned to their business in 1947. His wife's development of stretch pants in the early 1950s led to their adoption by such celebrities as Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, and Ingrid Bergman and contributed to the prosperity of the firm.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His son, Willy Bogner Jr. (born 1942), was a successful alpine skier in the late 1950s and 1960s who competed for Germany at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley and the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck. Bogner Jr. would later go into filmmaking in 1967, then follow into Bogner Sr.'s footsteps and start his own ski collection in 1971.

paragraph: Bogner Sr. died in 1977. Bogner Jr. took over the line and oversaw further growth and marketing success until 2014 when its costumes for the German Winter Olympics team drew unfavorable review and the company was seeking a buyer. As of 2018, sales were in decline and the company had not found a new buyer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IOC 1936 Winter Olympics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogner Ski

description: German skier and entrepreneur

wikidata_label: Willy Bogner

wikipedia_title: Willy Bogner Sr.


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: Sergeant

text: 17th Cavalry Regiment

text: Song Mao

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: bunker

text: Felton, Georgia

text: reconnaissance

text: automatic weapon

text: bamboo

text: helicopter gunship

text: first aid

text: hand grenade

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1945 births,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,1968 deaths,People from Haralson County, Georgia,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Ray McKibben

paragraph: Ray McKibben (October 27, 1945 or 1946 – December 6, or December 8, 1968) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: McKibben joined the Army from Atlanta, Georgia in 1967, and by December 1968 was serving as a Sergeant in Troop B, 7th Squadron (Airmobile), 17th Cavalry Regiment. Near Song Mao in the Republic of Vietnam, McKibben single-handedly destroyed an enemy bunker, rescued a wounded comrade from under heavy fire, and attacked and destroyed two more bunkers by himself before being mortally wounded while attacking a fourth bunker.

paragraph: McKibben, aged 22 or 23 at his death, was buried at Center Baptist Church in his birth city of Felton, Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Sergeant McKibben's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Sgt. McKibben distinguished himself in action while serving as team leader of the point element of a reconnaissance patrol of Troop B, operating in enemy territory. Sgt. McKibben was leading his point element in a movement to contact along a well-traveled trail when the lead element came under heavy automatic weapons fire from a fortified bunker position, forcing the patrol to take cover. Sgt. McKibben, appraising the situation and without regard for his own safety, charged through bamboo and heavy brush to the fortified position, killed the enemy gunner, secured the weapon and directed his patrol element forward. As the patrol moved out, Sgt. McKibben observed enemy movement to the flank of the patrol. Fire support from helicopter gunships was requested and the area was effectively neutralized. The patrol again continued its mission and as the lead element rounded the bend of a river it came under heavy automatic weapons fire from camouflaged bunkers. As Sgt. McKibben was deploying his men to covered positions, he observed one of his men fall wounded. Although bullets were hitting all around the wounded man, Sgt. McKibben, with complete disregard for his safety, sprang to his comrade's side and under heavy enemy fire pulled him to safety behind the cover of a rock emplacement where he administered hasty first aid. Sgt. McKibben, seeing that his comrades were pinned down and were unable to deliver effective fire against the enemy bunkers, again undertook a single-handed assault of the enemy defenses. He charged through the brush and hail of automatic weapons fire closing on the first bunker, killing the enemy with accurate rifle fire and securing the enemy's weapon. He continued his assault against the next bunker, firing his rifle as he charged. As he approached the second bunker his rifle ran out of ammunition; however, he used the captured enemy weapon until it too was empty, at that time he silenced the bunker with well placed hand grenades. He reloaded his weapon and covered the advance of his men as they moved forward. Observing the fire of another bunker impeding the patrol's advance, Sgt. McKibben again single-handedly assaulted the new position. As he neared the bunker he was mortally wounded but was able to fire a final burst from his weapon killing the enemy and enabling the patrol to continue the assault. Sgt. McKibben's indomitable courage, extraordinary heroism, profound concern for the welfare of his fellow soldiers and disregard for his personal safety saved the lives of his comrades and enabled the patrol to accomplish its mission. Sgt. McKibben's gallantry in action at the cost of his life above and beyond the call of duty are in the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Ray McKibben

wikipedia_title: Ray McKibben


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Beckley, West Virginia

text: private first class

text: 14th Infantry Regiment

text: 4th Infantry Division

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: Greensboro, North Carolina

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

text: Phil G. McDonald Bridge

categories: 1941 births,Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor,People from McDowell County, West Virginia,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,1968 deaths,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Phill G. McDonald

paragraph: Phill Gene McDonald (September 13, 1941 – June 7, 1968) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: McDonald joined the Army from Beckley, West Virginia in 1967, and served as a private first class in Company A, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during a June 7, 1968 firefight near Kontum City in the Republic of Vietnam, during which he was killed.

paragraph: McDonald, aged 26 at his death, was buried in Guilford Memorial Park, Greensboro, North Carolina.

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Pfc. McDonald distinguished himself while serving as a team leader with the 1st platoon of Company A. While on a combat mission his platoon came under heavy barrage of automatic weapons fire from a well concealed company-size enemy force. Volunteering to escort 2 wounded comrades to an evacuation point, Pfc. McDonald crawled through intense fire to destroy with a grenade an enemy automatic weapon threatening the safety of the evacuation. Returning to his platoon, he again volunteered to provide covering fire for the maneuver of the platoon from its exposed position. Realizing the threat he posed, enemy gunners concentrated their fire on Pfc. McDonald's position, seriously wounding him. Despite his painful wounds, Pfc. McDonald recovered the weapon of a wounded machine gunner to provide accurate covering fire for the gunner's evacuation. When other soldiers were pinned down by a heavy volume of fire from a hostile machine gun to his front, Pfc. McDonald crawled toward the enemy position to destroy it with grenades. He was mortally wounded in this intrepid action. Pfc. McDonald's gallantry at the risk of his life which resulted in the saving of the lives of his comrades, is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phil G. McDonald Bridge – a West Virginia bridge officially renamed from the Glade Creek Bridge in his honor

wikidata_label: Phill G. McDonald

wikipedia_title: Phill G. McDonald


text:
Orthodox
Jew
rabbi
Aish HaTorah
Lower East Side
Slonimer
Hasid
Slonimer
Rebbe
Jacob ben Jacob Moses of Lissa
Avraham of Slonim
Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin
Brooklyn
Yeshivas Ner Yisroel
Baltimore
rabbinic ordination
Johns Hopkins University
Loyola Graduate School
Yaakov Weinberg
Israel
Chazon Ish
Orthodox Judaism outreach
Jerusalem
Ohr Somayach
Nota Schiller
Mendel Weinbach
Aish HaTorah
Old City
St. Louis, Missouri
Hasbara Fellowships
Western Wall
Denah Goldman
Mea Shearim
Six-Day War
Kiryat Sanz
Shraga Simmons

wikipedia_title:
Orthodox Judaism
Jews
Rabbi
Aish HaTorah
Lower East Side
Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)
Hasidic Judaism
Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)
Rebbe
Yaakov Lorberbaum
Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)
Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin
Brooklyn
Yeshivas Ner Yisroel
Baltimore
Semikhah
Johns Hopkins University
Loyola University Maryland
Yaakov Weinberg
Israel
Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz
Orthodox Judaism outreach
Jerusalem
Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem
Nota Schiller
Mendel Weinbach
Aish HaTorah
Old City (Jerusalem)
St. Louis
Hasbara Fellowships
Western Wall
Denah Weinberg
Mea Shearim
Six-Day War
Kiryat Sanz, Jerusalem
Shraga Simmons

categories: Rabbis in Jerusalem,Burials at Har HaMenuchot,Haredi rabbis in Israel,Slonim (Hasidic dynasty),Aish HaTorah,Religious leaders from New York City,21st-century rabbis,Rabbis of Ohr Somayach,1930 births,Rabbis of Aish HaTorah,2009 deaths,American emigrants to Israel,20th-century rabbis,Rosh yeshivas

paragraph: Noah Weinberg

paragraph: Yisrael Noah Weinberg (; February 16, 1930 – February 5, 2009) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and the founder of Aish HaTorah.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Weinberg was born on the Lower East Side of New York in 1930. His father, Yitzchak Mattisyahu Weinberg was a Slonimer Hasid, and a grandson of the first Slonimer Rebbe, Avrohom Weinberg. His mother, Hinda, was a direct descendant of Jacob ben Jacob Moses of Lissa. Weinberg was the great-great-grandson of Avraham of Slonim.

paragraph: Weinberg studied at Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin in Brooklyn and Yeshivas Ner Yisroel in Baltimore where he received his rabbinic ordination. He completed his undergraduate studies at Johns Hopkins University and his post-graduate studies at Loyola Graduate School.

paragraph: His older brother, Yaakov Weinberg, later became head of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1953, Weinberg traveled to Israel to consult with the Chazon Ish regarding the response needed to counter the threat of assimilation in the Jewish world. However, the Chazon Ish died while Weinberg was en route to Israel.

paragraph: Weinberg was a salesman for his brother's company and in the course of his travels to many small cities in the United States he said he discovered Jews of all kinds who were distant from their heritage.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Aish HaTorah.

paragraph: In 1966, Weinberg decided to enter the field of Orthodox Judaism outreach, and he opened the first yeshiva in this style for Jewish men in Jerusalem. The school was short-lived, as were several other attempts, before he co-founded Yeshivas Shma Yisrael (later renamed Ohr Somayach) in 1970 with Nota Schiller, Mendel Weinbach and Yaakov Rosenberg .

paragraph: After a few years, Weinberg broke away from the partnership over a difference in educational philosophy. He believed that the times called for the call up of "kiruv soldiers" who would be given a few years of basic education training and then sent out to give introductory classes to other young Jews at risk of assimilation and intermarriage. Weinberg established Aish HaTorah with 5 students in a small apartment in Jerusalem's Old City in 1974.

paragraph: In addition to its Jerusalem headquarters, Weinberg helped establish an Aish HaTorah branch in St. Louis, Missouri in 1979. The organization later grew to 30 branches worldwide.

paragraph: In 1985, Weinberg launched the Discovery Seminar, a multi-day seminar designed to introduce proofs of God's existence to audiences all over the world. The organization claims that the Discovery Seminar has been presented to over 100,000 people worldwide. That same year, Weinberg launched the Jerusalem Fellowships, which brought college age Jewish people to Israel.

paragraph: In 2001, Weinberg founded the Hasbara Fellowships program to bring university students to Israel for an intensive 2 week Israel activism training course.

paragraph: In recognition of Aish HaTorah, the Israeli government awarded Weinberg the last two building sites adjacent to the Western Wall. In 1996 Weinberg dedicated his newly designed yeshiva as the central location for Aish HaTorah's manpower and leadership training programs.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Weinberg married Denah Goldman. They established their first home in the Mea Shearim neighborhood of Jerusalem, and shortly before the Six-Day War in 1967 they moved into a new apartment in the Kiryat Sanz neighborhood.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Weinberg was a smoker and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2007. He died February 5, 2009.

paragraph: Weinberg left behind his wife Denah, 12 children and more than 100 grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Weinberg created new curricula to teach the fundamentals of Jewish belief and practice to Jews. These include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 48 Ways to Wisdom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 6 Constant Mitzvot"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foundations"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 5 Levels of Pleasure"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "48 Ways to Wisdom" (co-authored with Shraga Simmons and Nechemia Coopersmith; Artscroll, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What the Angel Taught You: Seven Keys to Life Fulfillment" (co-authored with Yaakov Salomon; Artscroll, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 5 Levels of Pleasure: Enlightened Decision Making for Success in Life" (SelectBooks, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wisdom for Living" (Nechemia Coopersmith; Artscroll, )

description: American rabbi

wikidata_label: Noah Weinberg

wikipedia_title: Noah Weinberg


text: Schieringer

text: Weidum

text: Baard

text: potestate

text: Sneek

text: Albrecht of Saxony

text: Baarderadeel

categories: Medieval West Frisians,15th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire,1450 births,1523 deaths,People from Littenseradiel,16th-century Dutch people,Potestaats of Friesland

paragraph: Juw Dekama

paragraph: Juw Dekema (1449/50 – October 24, 1523) was a Frisian chieftain and Schieringer in Weidum and Baard, who was elected as potestate of Friesland in 1494 at the diet of Sneek. In 1498 he asked Albrecht of Saxony to rule the land. Juw served as a councilor at the Court of Friesland (1500–1515) and magistrate of Baarderadeel (1510–1512).

paragraph: Section::::Sources and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brouwer, J.H., J.J. Klama, W. Kok, and M. Wiegersma, eds., Encyclopedie van Friesland, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1958) s.v. "Juw Dekema".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vries, O., B.S. Hempenius-van Dijk, P. Nieuwland, and P. Baks. "De Heeren van den Raede. Biografieen en Groepsportret van de Raadsheren van het Hof van Friesland, 1499-1811". Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.J. Andreae, "Nalezing op de Nieuwe Naamlijst van Grietmannen van Jhr. Mr. H. Baerdt van Sminia", Leeuwarden 1893.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H.B. van Sminia, "Juw Hettes Dekema, de laatste Potestaat in Friesland", in: De Vrije Fries VII (1856), pages 257-273.

description: Potestaat of Friesland

wikidata_label: Juw Dekama

wikipedia_title: Juw Dekama


text: Sikh

text: Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee

text: Partition of India

text: Punjab, India

text: Rajinder Kaur

text: RAJINDER KAUR, DR. (SHRIMATI)

text: Khatri

text: Rawalpindi

text: Khalsa College, Amritsar

text: Mohandas K. Gandhi

text: Shiromani Akali Dal

text: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee

text: gurdwara

text: Lahore

text: Punjabi-speaking

text: hunger strike

text: Golden Temple

text: Prime Minister of India

text: Jawaharlal Nehru

text: Hindi

text: Haryana

categories: 1885 births,Scholars from Chandigarh,Indian independence activists from Punjab (British India),Punjabi people,Sikh politics,Prisoners and detainees of British India,Chandigarh politicians,Shiromani Akali Dal politicians,1967 deaths,Indian Sikhs,People from Rawalpindi

paragraph: Tara Singh (activist)

paragraph: Master Tara Singh (24 June 1885 – 22 November 1967) was a Sikh political and religious leader in the first half of the 20th century. He was instrumental in organising the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee and guiding the Sikhs during the Partition of India. He later led their demand for a Sikh-majority state in Punjab, India. His daughter, the Indian journalist and politician Rajinder Kaur, was killed by Sikh militants in bhatinda

paragraph: RAJINDER KAUR, DR. (SHRIMATI). Rajya Sabha Council of States/ref.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Tara Singh was born on 24 June 1885 to a Khatri family in Rawalpindi, which was then a part of Punjab Province in British India. Later he became a high school teacher upon his graduation from Khalsa College, Amritsar, in 1907. Singh's career in education was within the Sikh school system and the use of "Master" as a prefix to his name reflects this period.

paragraph: Tara Singh was ardent in his desire to promote and protect the cause of Sikhism. This often put him at odds with civil authorities and he was jailed on 14 occasions for civil disobedience between 1930–1966. Early examples of his support for civil disobedience came through his close involvement with the movement led by Mohandas K. Gandhi. He became a leader of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) political party, which was the major force in Sikh politics, and he was similarly involved with the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (Supreme Committee of Gurdwara Management), an apex body that dealt with the Sikh places of worship known as gurdwaras.

paragraph: During the Partition of India, over one million Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims were killed and families were displaced as they migrated across the new India-Pakistan border. During this period, many alleged that Tara Singh was endorsing killing. On 3 March 1947, at Lahore, Singh along with about 500 Sikhs declared from a dais "Death to Pakistan".

paragraph: Tara Singh's most significant cause was the creation of a distinct Punjabi-speaking state. He believed that this would best protect the integrity of Sikh religious and political traditions. He began a hunger strike in 1961 at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, promising to continue it to his death unless the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to his demand for such a state. Nehru argued that India was a secular country and the creation of a state based on religious distinction was inappropriate. Nonetheless, Nehru did promise to consider the issue. Tara Singh abandoned his fast after 48 days. Singh's fellow Sikhs turned against him, believing that he had capitulated, and they put him on trial in a court adjudged by pijaras. Singh pleaded guilty to the charges laid against him and found his reputation in tatters. The community felt he had abandoned his ideals and replaced him in the SAD.

paragraph: The linguistic division of the Indian state of Punjab eventually took place in 1966, with the Hindi-speaking areas redesignated as a part of the state of Haryana. Tara Singh himself died in Chandigarh on 22 November 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20051127052932/http://allaboutsikhs.com/person/mastertarasingh.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heritage of the Sikhs", by Sardar Harbans Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://sikhtimes.com/bios_082103a.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20060510120617/http://www.sikhpoint.com/religion/sikhcommunity/mastertarasingh.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20060413213546/http://www.punjabheritage.com/sfk.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH TWAREEKH (Sikh History in Punjabi in 5 volumes), Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY (in English in 10 volumes), Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2010–11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Master Tara Singh's Contribution to Punjabi Literature (thesis, granted Ph.D. by the Panjab University in 1982).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durlab Singh, Valiant Fighter. 1945.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manohar Singh Batra, Master Tara Singh, Delhi, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaswant Singh, Jeewan Master Tara Singh, Amritsar, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Master Tara Singh, Meri Yaad, Amritsar, 1945

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Master Tara Singh materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

description: Sikh political and religious leader

wikidata_label: Master Tara Singh

wikipedia_title: Tara Singh (activist)


text:
Riom
Melun
French
prelate
diplomat
Paris
Jean de La Forest
Constantinople
England
Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon
Henry VIII
Anne of Cleves
Thomas Cromwell
Henry II
Switzerland
German
Mark
Ardres
Rome
Diet of Augsburg
bishopric of Vannes
archbishopric of Vienne
Assembly of Notables
Fontainebleau
Guise
Melun
France
Leipzig

categories: 1510s births,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Archbishops of Vienne,Bishops of Vannes,16th-century French diplomats,People of the Tudor period,1560 deaths

paragraph: Charles de Marillac

paragraph: Charles de Marillac (c.1510 in Riom, France – 2 December 1560 in Melun, France) was a French prelate and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: De Marillac was, by the age of twenty-two, an advocate in parliament in Paris. Suspected, however, of sympathizing with the reformers, he deemed it prudent to leave Paris, and in 1535 went to the East with his cousin Jean de La Forest, the first French ambassador at Constantinople. Cunning and ambitious, he soon made his mark, and his cousin having died during his embassy, Marillac was appointed his successor.

paragraph: He did not return from the East until 1538, when he was sent almost immediately to England, to replace Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon at the court of Henry VIII where he remained until 1543. He is known to have sent dispatches back to France detailing events such as the king's first meeting with his fourth wife Anne of Cleves, which resulted in the sudden downfall and demise of the seemingly all-powerful Thomas Cromwell, who was responsible for the ill-fated marriage. Marillac reported in the spring of 1540 that "Cromwell is tottering". While Henry at first sight found Anne of Cleves so unattractive that he could not consummate the marriage, Marillac was impressed by her gravity and dignity: though he did not think her a great beauty, in his view she would be a perfectly acceptable Queen of England (she was a distant relative of both the French and English royal families), and he seems to have found Henry's attitude to her rather baffling. He later noted drily that Cromwell was not dead more than a few months before the King was bewailing the loss of his finest minister, and, typically, blaming Cromwell's enemies for persuading him to destroy Cromwell on a trivial pretext. His dispatches are a valuable source of information about the English Court in this tumultuous period, although he was not an entirely reliable source. Marillac himself admitted that the vagaries of English politics were often beyond the understanding of foreigners "so great is the inconstancy of the English".

paragraph: He retained his influence during the reign of Henry II, fulfilling important missions in Switzerland and later at the imperial court (1547–1551), and at the courts of the German princes (1553–1554).

paragraph: In 1555 he was one of the French deputies at the conferences held at Mark near Ardres to discuss peace with England. His two last missions were at Rome (1557) and at the Diet of Augsburg (1559). In 1550 he was given the bishopric of Vannes, and in 1557 the archbishopric of Vienne; he also became a member of the privy council. He distinguished himself as a statesman at the Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau in 1560, when he delivered an exceedingly brilliant discourse, in which he opposed the policy of violence and demanded a national council and the assembly of the states general. Irritated by his opposition, the Guises compelled him to leave the court, and he died on 2 December of the same year, at Melun, France.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Works by Marillac include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (Paris, 1556)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " published in Ranke's "Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation", vol. vi. (Leipzig, 1882).

description: French bishop

wikidata_label: Charles de Marillac

wikipedia_title: Charles de Marillac


href: Elam Elamite Humban-Numena Napir moon Susa Chogha%20Zanbil Ziggurat Ashurbanipal Chogha%20Zanbil Susa Pergamon%20Museum Burna-Buriash%20II

text:
Elam
Elamite
Humban-Numena
Napir
moon
Susa
Chogha Zanbil
Ziggurat
Ashurbanipal
Chogha Zanbil
Susa
Pergamon Museum
Burna-Buriash II

categories: Elamite kings,Elamite people,14th-century BC rulers

paragraph: Untash-Napirisha

paragraph: Untash-Napirisha was king of Elam (in present-day southwest Iran) during the Middle Elamite period. He was the son of the previous Elamite king, Humban-Numena. He was named after Napir, the Elamite god of the moon.

paragraph: He founded and built extensively a new city, Dur-Untash, 40 km SE of Susa, modern Chogha Zanbil. He built extensively in this city, and its main temple, the famous Ziggurat, still stands there. Although construction in this religious city complex abruptly ended after Untash-Napirisha's death, the site was not abandoned, but continued to be occupied until it was destroyed by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 640 BC.

paragraph: Untash Napirirsha also left numerous building inscriptions for more than 50 temples and buildings, either built or renovated during his reign, in Chogha Zanbil, Susa, Choga Gotvand and other places.

paragraph: A later Elamite letter from Berlin Pergamon Museum (VAT17020) mentions that he married to “the daughter of Burna-buriash (a Babylonian king) and she bore him a son (and the future Elamite king) Kidin-hudurdish (Hutran)". If this was the Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II, then the reign of Untash-Napirisha could be dated ca 1340–1300 BC. However, some scholars consider a different model for the synchronism between Kassite dynasty in Babylone and the Elamite kings, and suggest that the mentioned Burna-buriash was a later prince, and that the reign of Untash-Naprisha could be dated ca. 1275–1240 BC; see, for example The Berlin Letter, Middle Elamite Chronology and Sutruk-Nahhunte I’s Genealogy.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: br

wikidata_label: Untash-Napirisha

wikipedia_title: Untash-Napirisha


text:
FRS
numismatist
Charles Combe
Harrow School
Oriel College, Oxford
British Museum
Zante
Phigaleian marbles
Fellow of the Royal Society
Philosophical Transactions
Society of Antiquaries of London
Vetusta Monumenta
Archæologia
Bloomsbury
Sotheby's
Benedetto Pistrucci
W. J. Taylor
Edward Hawkins
Charles Robert Cockerell
Samuel Birch
Edward Whitaker Gray

categories: Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford,1774 births,Fellows of the Royal Society,English archaeologists,1826 deaths,English numismatists,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

paragraph: Taylor Combe

paragraph: Taylor Combe FRS (1774 – 7 July 1826) was an English numismatist and archæologist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Dr. Charles Combe, the physician and numismatist. He was educated at Harrow School and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. on 5 June 1795, M.A. 10 July 1798.

paragraph: In 1803, he obtained an appointment in the British Museum, and superintended the collection of coins and medals. In 1807, he became keeper of the department of antiquities, the coins still remaining in his charge. In 1814, he was sent to Zante, to carry out the purchase of the Phigaleian marbles.

paragraph: Combe was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1806, and was secretary to it from 1812 to 1824, during which period he edited the "Philosophical Transactions". He joined the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1796, became its director in 1813, and superintended the publication of the later portions of the "Vetusta Monumenta". He contributed many articles to "Archæologia".

paragraph: Combe held his keepership till his death, which took place, after a long illness, at the British Museum on 7 July 1826. He was buried on 14 July, in the family vault in the Bloomsbury burial-ground.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Combe's library of classical and numismatic books, together with a collection of prints and some of his manuscripts, was sold by auction at Sotheby's on 7 December 1826 and eleven following days. The sum realised was £1,879 15"s". 6"d". A medal of Combe, by Benedetto Pistrucci and W. J. Taylor, was struck after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: As numismatist and archæologist Combe published these works, issued officially by the Museum trustees:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Veterum populorum et regum numi qui in Museo Britannico adservantur", London, 1814. This catalogue of the Museum Greek coins was superseded by the "Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum", begun in 1873.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Description of the Anglo-Gallic Coins in the British Museum", London, with engraved plates. The volume was edited and published after his death by Edward Hawkins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Description of the Collection of Ancient Terracottas in the British Museum", London, 1810, with forty engraved plates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Description of the Collection of Ancient Marbles in the British Museum", London, 4to—parts i–iv. (1812–20), and a considerable portion of part v. (1826), which was completed and published after his death by Hawkins. The "Description" was carried on by Hawkins, Charles Robert Cockerell, and Samuel Birch (parts vi–xi. 1830–61).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Combe married, in 1808, Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Edward Whitaker Gray.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British numismatist and archaeologist

wikidata_label: Taylor Combe

wikipedia_title: Taylor Combe


text:
old-time
The Carolina Tar Heels
Caldwell, North Carolina
Gastonia, North Carolina
Coble "Dock" Walsh

categories: People from Orange County, North Carolina,Old-time musicians,American country harmonica players,1903 births,People from Gastonia, North Carolina,20th-century American musicians,1954 deaths

paragraph: Gwin Foster

paragraph: Gwin Stanley Foster (December 25, 1903 – November 25, 1954), also known as Gwen or Gwyn, was an old-time/country harmonica and guitar player who was known for work in The Carolina Tar Heels and the .

paragraph: He was born in Caldwell, North Carolina, and died in Gastonia, North Carolina, the son of Joe Foster and Myra Elizabeth (nee Day). He worked in the textile mills, where he met banjoist Coble "Dock" Walsh, and they formed the band.

paragraph: Section::::Further references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Russell: Country Music Originals (2007), S. 111 f.; Oxford University Press, ,

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Gwen Foster

wikipedia_title: Gwin Foster


text:
Canadian
cross-country
mountain biker
Collingwood, Ontario
2011 Pan American Games

categories: Canadian mountain bikers,Sportspeople from Collingwood, Ontario,Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada,Cross-country mountain bikers,Cyclists from Ontario,Pan American Games medalists in cycling,Canadian female cyclists,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Cyclists at the 2011 Pan American Games

paragraph: Amanda Sin

paragraph: Amanda Sin is a Canadian cross-country mountain biker from Collingwood, Ontario. She is a member of the Canadian National team. She had great success for Canada at the 2011 Pan American Games when the 34-year-old won Canada's first medal at those games.

description: cyclist

wikidata_label: Amanda Sin

wikipedia_title: Amanda Sin


text:
Medal of Honor
New York City
Hong Kong
List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients,Military personnel from New York City,Korean Expedition (1871) recipients of the Medal of Honor,1849 births,United States Marines,Year of death missing

paragraph: Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: Charles Brown (born 1849) was a U.S. Marine who received the United States' highest honor for bravery, the Medal of Honor. He was born in New York City, and enlisted in the Marine Corps from Hong Kong in June 1870, aboard the . His Medal of Honor was approved under General Order No. 169, dated 8 February 1872. There is no record of Brown having received his medal, as he deserted from the Marine Corps in October 1871, before the medal was approved.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Marine Corps. Born: New York, N.Y. Enlisted at: Hong Kong, China. G.O. No.: 169, 8 February 1872.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

description: american soldier, born 1849

wikidata_label: Charles Brown

wikipedia_title: Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)


text:
Chief Justice of the King's Bench
Swingfield
Fuller
Fuller
Gray's Inn
Tenterden
Lydd
Christ Church, Canterbury
serjeant-at-law
council
Dover Castle
Norfolk
king's serjeant
Brittany
common pleas
chief-justiceship of the king's bench
Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of York
Staffordshire
Wiltshire
Leicestershire
king
Cardinal Morton
king
king
benefit of clergy
Winchcombe
Paul's Cross
Friars Minors
Bishop of London
Richard Hunne
Blackfriars
Baynard's Castle
Archbishop of Canterbury
archbishop
archbishop
king
Lord Chancellor Ellesmere
Post nati
Augustinian Eremites

categories: Justices of the Common Pleas,1526 deaths,Lord Chief Justices of England and Wales,16th-century English judges,15th-century English people,People from Kent,1440s births,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: John Fineux

paragraph: Sir John Fineux (or Fyneux) ( 1441 – 1526) was an English judge and Chief Justice of the King's Bench.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Fineux was the son of William Fyneux of Swingfield, Kent, his mother's name being Monyngs. The family of Fyneux or Fineux (sometimes also written Finiox or Fineaux) was of great antiquity in Kent. The judge is said by Fuller, on the authority of one of his descendants, a certain Thomas Fyneux, to have begun the study of law at the age of twenty-eight, to have practised at the bar for twenty-eight years, and to have sat on the bench for the same period. As he died not earlier than 1526, he must, if Fuller's statements are correct, have been born about 1441. He was a member of Gray's Inn and a reader there, though the dates of his admission, call, and reading are alike uncertain. He was appointed in 1474 one of the commissioners for administering the marsh lands lying between Tenterden and Lydd, and in 1476 seneschal of the manors of the prior and chapter of Christ Church, Canterbury. This is probably the origin of David Lloyd's statement that he 'was steward of 129 manors at once' (Christ Church Letters, Camden Soc. p. 95). On 20 November 1485 he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, his motto for the occasion being "Quisque suae fortunae faber". This is the earliest recorded instance of a motto being assumed by a serjeant on occasion of his call. In 1486 he was sworn of the council. On 18 May 1488 he was appointed steward of Dover Castle, on 10 May 1489 he received a commission of justice of assize for Norfolk, and on 14 August following he was appointed king's serjeant. Lloyd says that he opposed the subsidy of a tithe of rents and goods demanded for the expenses of the war in Brittany. This must have been in 1488-9.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: On 11 February 1493-4 he was raised to the bench as a puisne judge of the common pleas, when on 24 November 1495 he was transferred to the chief-justiceship of the king's bench. He was one of the triers of petitions in the parliament of 1496, and the same year was joined with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York and certain other peers as feoffee of certain manors in Staffordshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Kent, and Leicestershire to the use of the king. He was one of the executors of the will of Cardinal Morton, who died in 1500. In 1503 he was again a trier of petitions in parliament, and was enfeoffed of certain other manors to the uses of the king's will. In the act of parliament declaring the feoffment he is for the first time designated 'knight.' In 1509 he was appointed one of the executors of the king's will. He was also a trier of petitions in the parliament of 1515.

paragraph: Section::::Benefit of clergy.

paragraph: In 1512 an act had been passed depriving all murderers and felons not in holy orders of benefit of clergy. This act, though its duration was limited to a single year, was vehemently denounced by Richard Kidderminster, abbot of Winchcombe, in a sermon preached at Paul's Cross in 1505, as altogether contrary to the law of God and the liberties of the church. The defence of the act was undertaken by Standish, warden of the Friars Minors. The general question of the amenability of the clergy to the temporal courts was thus raised and hotly debated, the controversy being further exacerbated by a murder committed by the direction of the Bishop of London on one Richard Hunne, who had rendered himself obnoxious to the clergy. The ferment of the public mind being general and extreme, the judges and the council were assembled by order of the king first at Blackfriars and subsequently at Baynard's Castle, for a solemn conference upon the entire question. On the latter occasion a very dramatic incident occurred in which Fineux played a principal part. Towards the close of the debate the Archbishop of Canterbury cited the authority of 'divers holy fathers' against the pretensions of the temporal courts to try clerical offenders; to which Fineux replied that 'the arraignment of clerks had been maintained by divers holy kings, and sundry good holy fathers of the church had been obedient and content with the practice of the law on this point; which it was not to be presumed they would have been if they had believed or supposed that it was altogether contrary to the law of God; on the other hand they [the clergy] had no authority by their law to arraign any one of felony.' The archbishop having interposed that they had sufficient authority, but without saying when or whence they derived it, Fineux continued that 'in the event of a clerk being arrested by the secular power and then committed to the spiritual court at the instance of the clergy, the spiritual court had no jurisdiction to decide the case, but had only power to do with him according to the intention and purpose for which he had been remitted to them.' To this, the archbishop making no reply, the king said : 'By the ordinance and sufferance of God . . . we intend to maintain the right of our crown, and of our temporal jurisdiction, as well in this point as in all other points, in as ample a manner as any of our progenitors have done before our time; and as for your decrees, we are well assured that you of the spirituality yourselves act expressly against the tenor of them, as has been well shown to you by some of our spiritual council, wherefore we will not comply with your desires more than our progenitors in times past have done.' Shortly after this emphatic declaration, the assembly was dissolved. Fineux's statement of the law on this occasion was referred to by Lord Chancellor Ellesmere in the case of the Post nati in 1608 as a precedent in favour of the authority of the extrajudicial opinions of judges then beginning to be seriously impugned.

paragraph: Section::::Later career and death.

paragraph: In 1522 Fineux was elected into the fraternity of the Augustinian Eremites of Canterbury. There is evidence that he was living on 5 February 1526-7; but he likely died or retired in that year.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English judge

wikidata_label: John Fineux

wikipedia_title: John Fineux


text:
Slovene
Protestant
Slovene
Duchy of Styria
Brestanica
Slovenia
Latin
Slovene alphabet
Bohorič alphabet
Gaj's Latin alphabet
Primož Trubar
Jurij Dalmatin
Sebastian Krelj

categories: 1590s deaths,16th-century Lutherans,Grammarians from Carniola,1520s births,Carniolan Lutherans,16th-century linguists,16th-century Carniolan writers

paragraph: Adam Bohorič

paragraph: Adam Bohorič () ( – after 20 November 1598) was a Slovene Protestant preacher, teacher and author of the first grammar of Slovene.

paragraph: Bohorič was born in the market town of in the Duchy of Styria (now Brestanica in Slovenia). In 1584, he wrote his most notable work, (English: Free Winter Hours). The book, written in Latin, was the first grammar of Slovene and the first Slovene normative guide. In this work, Bohorič codified the first Slovene alphabet, now called the Bohorič alphabet. It was used up to the 1840s, when it was replaced by Gaj's Latin alphabet.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primož Trubar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jurij Dalmatin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sebastian Krelj

description: Protestant reformer

wikidata_label: Adam Bohorič

wikipedia_title: Adam Bohorič


text: American

text: Irvine Company

text: real estate investment

text: Marion (Newbert)

text: Milton Bren

text: Irish

text: Jewish

text: Academy Award

text: Claire Trevor

text: University of Washington

text: Olympic

text: United States Marine Corps

text: Newport Beach

text: Orange County, California

text: Mission Viejo, California

text: International Paper

text: Irvine Company

text: OC Weekly

text: Howard Hughes

text: Forbes

text: The 400 Richest Americans

text: real estate developer

text: BusinessWeek

text: University of California, Irvine

text: University of California, Santa Barbara

text: Chapman University

text: Bren Events Center

text: Claire Trevor School of the Arts

text: Bren Hall

text: UC Irvine School of Law

text: Erwin Chemerinsky

text: California Institute of Technology

text: Marine Corps University

text: THINK Together

text: The (London) Sunday Times'

text: Urban Land Institute

text: Caltech

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: American Academy of Arts & Sciences

text: Cary Bren

text: Steve Bren

text: Episcopalian

text: La Jolla, California

text: Beverly Hills, California

text: Newport Beach, California

text: Caleb Nichol

text: The O.C.

text: Republicans

text: Dianne Feinstein

text: Biography at the Irvine Company

categories: People from Newport Beach, California,Businesspeople from California,American people of Irish descent,California Institute of Technology trustees,1933 births,American real estate businesspeople,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,University of Washington alumni,Real estate and property developers,Living people,American people of Jewish descent,American philanthropists,United States Marines,Philanthropists from California,American billionaires,American Episcopalians

paragraph: Donald Bren

paragraph: Donald Leroy Bren (born May 11, 1932) is an American businessman who is chairman and sole owner of the Irvine Company, a US real estate investment company. Bren's net worth is approximately $16.3 billion, making him number 30 on the 2018 Forbes 400 list.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Bren is the son of Marion (Newbert) and Milton Bren. His father Milton was a naval officer, talent agent, and successful movie producer while his mother Marion was a prominent civic leader. His mother was of partial Irish descent while his father was of Jewish descent. His parents divorced in 1948. Bren's father remarried in 1948 to Academy Award-winning actress Claire Trevor. His mother remarried in 1953 to steel business man Earle M. Jorgensen.

paragraph: Bren graduated from the University of Washington where he received a bachelor's degree in business administration and economics. He tried out for the 1956 Olympic ski team but did not qualify following an injury. After college, he served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Bren built his first house in Newport Beach with a $10,000 loan in 1958. He began his business career in 1958 when he founded the Bren Company, which built homes in Orange County, California. In 1963, he and two others started the Mission Viejo Company (MVC) and purchased 10,000 acres to plan and develop the city of Mission Viejo, California. Bren was President of MVC from 1963 to 1967. International Paper bought the Bren Co. for $34 million in 1970, then sold it back to Bren for $22 million in 1972 following the recession. Bren took the proceeds and in 1977 joined a group of investors to purchase the 146-year-old Irvine Company. Bren was the largest shareholder of the resulting consortium, owning 34.3% of the company and received the title of Vice-chair of the board. By 1983, he was the majority owner of the firm and was elected chairman of the board. By 1996, he had bought out all outstanding shares to become the sole owner.

paragraph: By 2005, "OC Weekly" wrote that Bren "wields more power than Howard Hughes ever did, probably as much as any man in America over a concentrated region—determining not only how people live and shop but who governs them." In 2006 the "Los Angeles Times" wrote "[s]imply put, Orange County looks like Orange County...because of the influence of [Donald Bren]." In an interview in 2011, Bren summarized his real estate investment strategy: "What I learned was that when you hold property over the long term, you're able to create better values and you have something tangible to show for it."

paragraph: "Forbes", in its 2015 edition of, "The 400 Richest Americans", ranked Bren as the wealthiest real estate developer in the US and 30th "Richest American" with an estimated net worth of $15.2 billion.

paragraph: It is believed that the Irvine Company owns more than 120,000,000 ft.² of real estate – the majority of which is located in Southern California. The company's holdings include several hotels, marinas, golf courses, 550 office buildings, 125 apartment complexes and more than 40 shopping centers.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: In 2008, "BusinessWeek" named Bren one of the top ten philanthropists in the nation, with his contributions to various causes such as education, conservation and research among other areas exceeding $1 billion.

paragraph: In 2010, Bren was honored with the National Philanthropy Day of Orange County "Donald Bren Legacy of Giving Award." At the time Bren spoke about his work in philanthropy, saying that "I do try to bring the same level of attention to both my philanthropic and business ventures."

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:Education.

paragraph: Bren has donated more than $200 million to support programs in K-12 public schools and higher education institutions in Southern California.

paragraph: Many of Bren's contributions have benefited universities in California, including the University of California, Irvine, University of California, Santa Barbara, and Chapman University. At the University of California, Bren "has contributed more to support endowed chairs than any other single donor in UC's history." Privately and through the Donald Bren Charitable Trust, he has directed contributions to support its faculty and programs. At UC Irvine, the Bren Events Center, the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences and the recently built Donald Bren Hall are named after him, honoring his patronage of the school. The University also named its Claire Trevor School of the Arts after his stepmother. Additionally, UC Santa Barbara named Bren Hall and the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, a graduate school, after him as well. Bren made a donation to the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management to "enhance and strengthen the school's core interdisciplinary programs, personnel, and special activities." When commenting about the continued support from Bren, UC Santa Barbara Chancellor Henry T. Yang said, "Bren's vision for developing a peerless, world-leading institution offering an interdisciplinary program of environmental science, management, and policy has been a tremendous source of inspiration and leadership for the Bren School."

paragraph: In August 2007, Bren pledged $20 million to the recently established UC Irvine School of Law. The purpose of the gift was to establish an endowment to help recruit and support a nationally recognized dean and 11 distinguished law scholars, and also to provide the dean with discretionary start-up funding. In recognition of the gift, the school was initially named the "UC Irvine Donald Bren School of Law". In 2008 an agreement was reached between Bren and the University that the school would not bear his name. Erwin Chemerinsky, dean of the law school, said, "We are deeply grateful for the Bren gift, but it was decided between the chancellor and Mr. Bren that our name should be parallel to other UC schools."

paragraph: Bren, a trustee at the California Institute of Technology, supported new faculty as Bren Scholars and endowed five Bren Professorships.

paragraph: In 2003, Bren also donated $1 million to the Marine Corps University in Quantico, Virginia. The funds were used to endow two academic chairs focusing on ethics & leadership and innovation & transformation.

paragraph: In addition to higher education, Bren has also contributed significantly to K-12 public schools in California.

paragraph: He has supported THINK Together, a provider of after-school services for K-12 students in Southern California. Bren first donated to this organization in 2001 with a contribution that helped the after-school program expand its services to 40 schools in the Santa Ana district. According to officials, the contribution would benefit more than 10,000 students over 10 years.

paragraph: In 2006, Bren also made a contribution to the Irvine Unified School District in Irvine, California, in the amount of $20 million. This donation would be used by the district to hire art, music and science teachers. The funding would benefit students in grades fourth through sixth over a 10-year period, giving them access to music, arts and science programs. This contribution is in addition to the $25 million that Bren provided to Irvine schools in 2000. According to Tim Shaw, former chief executive officer of the Irvine Public Schools Foundation, the annual gift "seeded the strong public support of elementary arts, music and science instruction."

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:Conservation.

paragraph: In March 2009, he was ranked 9th in "The (London) Sunday Times'" "Green Rich List"—a list of the 100 wealthiest people who have either invested in green technology/businesses or made large contributions to environmental causes. Bren's placement on the list was due to his $20 million in donations to UC Santa Barbara's School of Environmental Science.

paragraph: Throughout a 30-year time span, Bren donated of land to be used for parks, greenways, recreation and wilderness preserves. The donated land fulfills Bren's plans and commitment to preserve more than 50-percent of historic Irvine Ranch of . Of this, were designated as the Irvine Ranch National Natural Landmark. During the 2006 ceremony at Crystal Cove State Park to celebrate this designation, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said "it is really a spectacular gift that [Bren's] given to [California]. Donald Bren is...the ultimate of generosity. Not only what he contributes to the environment, but what he contributes continuously to the community, if it is in education, if it is in arts, if it is music, if it is the environment, the 10s of millions of dollars he's invested in the environment, to protect the environment. He's an extraordinary man."

paragraph: In 2008, the state of California also designated the land as the first California Natural Landmark because of the land's ecological value. The protected land, once a part of Irvine Ranch, is operated by The Irvine Ranch Conservancy. Recently, Bren completed his pledge to set aside more than 50,000 acres of the original 93,000 acre ranch as open space by designating 20,000 acres (81 km2) to Orange County, California, as an open-space and parklands gift in June 2010. The gift was accepted in a unanimous decision by the Orange County Board of Supervisors and was the largest donation of private property to public ownership in Orange County history. In a ceremony in the same year, he was recognized for donating more than 20,000 acres of pristine wilderness that he gave to Orange County, asking only that it remain open space forever. In August 2014, the Irvine Company announced plans to donate and preserve 2,500 additional acres of land previously approved for housing, bringing the preserved lands of the Irvine Ranch to 60%.

paragraph: Gale Norton, former U.S. Secretary of the Interior, speaking about Bren's history of land donations, said, "The Irvine Ranch illustrates what cooperative conservation is all about. A conservation-minded corporate citizen is working hand-in-hand with federal and state agencies, The Nature Conservancy, local communities, private citizens and other partners to thoughtfully and purposefully create an environment where both people and wildlife can thrive."

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:Research.

paragraph: In 2007, Bren made a $2.5 million commitment to the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in La Jolla, California. The contribution established The Donald Bren Presidential Chair and the money donated was used to support research conducted by the Institute such as cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and childhood diseases among others.

paragraph: From a 2011 interview, solar energy is one of the areas he is exploring for a future philanthropic gift. Bren said, "It's my view that solar energy may be the ultimate solution for energy for most of the world. I believe, based on what little I know about it, that there is a possibility of a breakthrough."

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: In 2006 the "Los Angeles Times" named Bren as both the most powerful and wealthiest person in Southern California, and the "Orange County Business Journal" named him "Businessperson of the Year" based on the company's office expansion, new building construction, and Bren being recognized for his conservation efforts by the federal government. In 2011 the Urban Land Institute awarded Bren its first Vanguard Award, calling him "one of the most consequential developers in American history." In 2014 he was named on OC Register's list of the 100 most influential people in Orange County.

paragraph: In 2004 Bren received the University of California Presidential Medal, the University's highest honor, because of his financial support throughout the years which at the time was more than $43 million. During the award ceremony, former UC President, Robert Dynes said, "[Bren's] passionate philanthropy and commitment to educational excellence have helped strengthen the university."

paragraph: In 1998, Bren received the Marine Corps University Foundation's Semper Fidelis Award, which recognizes a distinguished American leader whose commitment to personal and professional excellence embodies those qualities of leadership and character uniquely associated with the United States Marine Corps. Past award recipients include former President George H.W. Bush and former Secretary of State George P. Schultz. The Foundation also presented Bren with its most prestigious award in 2003, the General Leonard F. Chapman Medallion named in honor of the 24th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps.

paragraph: Bren serves on the board of trustees at Caltech and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. He was elected a Fellow with the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2007 in the category of Business, Corporate and Philanthropic Leadership.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bren has been married three times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- His first marriage was to Diane Bren and they had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cary Bren (born 1959), served as president of Orange County home builder California Pacific Homes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steve Bren (born 1960), a former professional auto racing driver and real estate developer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His second marriage was to Mardelle Bren in 1977. They had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashley Bren (born 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In May 1998, Bren, an Episcopalian, married Brigitte Muller, an entertainment lawyer born in La Jolla, California, in a church ceremony at the All Saints Episcopal Church in Beverly Hills, California. He and his wife reside in Newport Beach, California. They had a son in 2003.

paragraph: Bren also has three children by two former companions.

paragraph: Bren keeps a low public profile and as he explains, "I'm not a public official. I'm a businessman, I'm a builder, I'm a planner... And if I feel that I've done the job well, that's the satisfaction I get, not from doing interviews or being more public." "OC Weekly" described Bren in 2005 as "one of the nation's least public billionaires", who guards his privacy "jealously". The "Los Angeles Times" that year canceled a pending article discussing how the fictional Caleb Nichol of the popular television show "The O.C." was based on Bren, allegedly because the Irvine Company threatened to withdraw advertising. The "Times" denied the allegation and stated that the story was canceled for timing reasons.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Bren is a supporter of Republicans. He backed Pete Wilson's Senate and gubernatorial campaigns. He's also long supported Democrat Dianne Feinstein, whom he calls "a great senator for California."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the Irvine Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donald Bren, Chairman of the Board of the Irvine Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at UCI's Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donald Bren: Southern California's richest man in his own words by Los Angeles Times

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Donald Bren

wikipedia_title: Donald Bren