text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Wu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Sun Ce

text: Cao Cao

text: Liu Bei

text: Sun Jian

text: Yangtze River

text: Jiangdong

text: Xu Gong

text: Zhou Yu

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Zhang Hong

text: Cheng Pu

text: Huang Zu

text: Liu Biao

text: Lu Su

text: Huang Gai

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Cao Pi

text: Emperor of China

text: Han dynasty

text: vassal

text: Sun Deng

text: Luoyang

text: era name

text: Sun He

text: Lu Xun

text: Zhuge Ke

text: Sun Ba

text: Quan Cong

text: Bu Zhi

text: Sun Liang

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sun Tzu

text: Spring and Autumn Period

text: The Art of War

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Zhang Jue

text: Zhu Jun

text: Shou County

text: Zhou Yu

text: Lady Wu

text: Yuan Shu

text: Lü Fan

text: Wu Jing

text: Xuancheng

text: Anhui

text: Liu Yao

text: Lu Kang

text: Zhu Zhi

text: conquests

text: Yangtze River

text: Pan Zhang

text: Zhou Tai

text: Zhu Ran

text: Hu Zong

text: Sun Yi

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Zhang Hong

text: Cao Cao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Cheng Pu

text: Lu Su

text: Zhuge Jin

text: Lu Xun

text: Bu Zhi

text: Gu Yong

text: Shi Yi

text: Yan Jun

text: Xu Sheng

text: Zhu Huan

text: Shanyue

text: Liu Biao

text: Huang Zu

text: Liu Qi

text: Liu Cong

text: Lady Cai

text: Xinzhou District, Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: Liu Bei

text: Yichang

text: Hubei

text: Jing Province

text: Huang Gai

text: Jing Province

text: Lady Sun

text: Liu Zhang

text: Zhang Lu

text: Shaanxi

text: Guangdong

text: Guangxi

text: Vietnam

text: Jianye

text: Lü Meng

text: Gan Ning

text: Ling Tong

text: Yi Province

text: Lu Su

text: Lü Meng

text: Ling Tong

text: Changsha

text: Guiyang

text: Lingling

text: Lu Su

text: Gan Ning

text: Guan Yu

text: Gong'an County

text: Hanzhong

text: attacking Hefei

text: Changsha

text: Guiyang

text: Xiang River

text: Guan Yu

text: Fancheng

text: Cao Ren

text: Jiang Qin

text: Jing Province

text: Cao Wei

text: Shu Han

text: Liu Ye

text: nine bestowments

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Lu Xun

text: crown prince

text: Sun Deng

text: Luoyang

text: era name

text: launched a major attack on Wu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Liu Shan

text: Lu Xun

text: Zhuge Jin

text: Liu Shan

text: Zhuge Liang

text: courtesy names

text: chancellor

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Lü Fan

text: Cao Pi

text: Xinzhou District, Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: Jiao Province

text: Vietnam

text: Lü Dai

text: Cambodia

text: Laos

text: Vietnam

text: Book of Liang

text: the arrival in 226 of a merchant

text: Roman Empire

text: Daqin

text: Jiaozhi

text: Nanjing

text: Zhou Fang

text: Cao Xiu

text: Jia Kui

text: Ezhou

text: Hubei

text: Jianye

text: East China Sea

text: Yizhou

text: Taiwan

text: Ryukyu

text: Quan Cong

text: Gongsun Yuan

text: Liaodong Commandery

text: Liaoning

text: Yu Fan

text: Wuzhou

text: Guangxi

text: nine bestowments

text: Cao Rui

text: northern expedition

text: Hefei

text: Xiangyang

text: siege Hefei

text: Cao Rui

text: under attack

text: Sima Yi

text: Lü Yi

text: Bu Zhi

text: Zhu Ran

text: Lü Dai

text: Sun Deng

text: Sun He

text: crown prince

text: Sun Ba

text: Sun Luban

text: Lu Xun

text: Sun Liang

text: Zhu Ju

text: Sun Luyu

text: Consort Pan

text: Lady Bu

text: Sun Jun

text: Zhuge Ke

text: Hu Sanxing

text: Sima Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: empress dowager

text: East Asian age reckoning

text: Purple Mountain

text: Nanjing

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Puzzle & Dragons

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: San Guo Sha

text: Zhang Bo

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Zheng wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Chang Chen

text: John Woo

text: Red Cliff

text: Deng hai feng

text: The Advisors Alliance

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: List of Chinese monarchs

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Burials in Nanjing,Sun Ce and associates,Politicians from Xuzhou,252 deaths,2nd-century Chinese monarchs,182 births,Political office-holders in Jiangsu,Generals from Jiangsu,Han dynasty warlords,Political office-holders in Hubei,Eastern Wu emperors

paragraph: Sun Quan

paragraph: Sun Quan () (5 July 182 – 21 May 252), courtesy name Zhongmou, formally known as Emperor Da of Wu (literally "Great Emperor of Wu"), was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He inherited control of the warlord regime established by his elder brother, Sun Ce, in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from 222 to 229 as the King of Wu and from 229 to 252 as the Emperor of Wu. Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Sun Quan was much younger than they were and governed his state mostly separate of politics and ideology. He is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he adopted a flexible foreign policy between his two rivals with the goal of pursuing the greatest interests for the country.

paragraph: Sun Quan was born while his father Sun Jian served as the adjutant of Xiapi County. After Sun Jian's death in the early 190s, he and his family lived at various cities on the lower Yangtze River, until Sun Ce carved out a warlord regime in the Jiangdong region, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of Xu Gong in 200, the 18-year-old Sun Quan inherited the lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years as Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, and Cheng Pu supported the succession. Thus throughout the 200s, Sun Quan, under the tutelage of his able advisers, continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over Huang Zu, a military leader under Liu Biao, who dominated the middle Yangtze.Huang Zu was killed in battle.

paragraph: In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of approximately 220,000 to conquer the south to complete the reunification of China. Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and Lu Su, opposed capitulation. Eventually, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in the middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and Huang Gai, they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the Battle of Red Cliffs.

paragraph: In 220, Cao Pi, King of Wei, Cao Cao's son and successor, seized the throne and proclaimed himself to be the Emperor of China, ending and succeeding the nominal rule of the Han dynasty. At first Sun Quan nominally served as a Wei vassal with the Wei-created title of King of Wu, but after Cao Pi demanded that he send his son Sun Deng as a hostage to the Wei capital Luoyang and he refused, in 222, he declared himself independent by changing his era name. It was not until the year 229 that he formally declared himself emperor.

paragraph: After the death of his original crown prince, Sun Deng, two opposing factions supporting different potential successors slowly emerged. When Sun He succeeded Sun Deng as the new crown prince, he was supported by Lu Xun and Zhuge Ke, while his rival Sun Ba was supported by Quan Cong and Bu Zhi and their clans. Over a prolonged internal power struggle, numerous officials were executed, and Sun Quan harshly settled the conflict between the two factions by exiling Sun He and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Quan died in 252 at the age of 70. He enjoyed the longest reign among all the founders of the Three Kingdoms and was succeeded by his son, Sun Liang.

paragraph: The "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi") describes Sun Quan as a tall man with bright eyes and oblong face. He was known as a wise and outgoing man who was fond of making jokes and playing tricks. Because of his skill in valuing the strength of his subordinates and avoiding their shortcomings, as well as treating them like his family, Sun Quan was able to delegate authority to capable figures. This primary strength served him well in gaining the support of the common people and surrounding himself with capable generals.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: The "Records of the Three Kingdoms" mentioned that Sun Jian was a descendant of Sun Wu (better known as Sun Tzu), a militarist in the Spring and Autumn Period and the author of "The Art of War". Sun Quan was born in 182, while his father Sun Jian was still a low-ranking official of the Han dynasty. In 184, two years after Sun Quan was born, the Yellow Turban Rebellion led by Zhang Jue broke out across the country. Sun Jian joined the general Zhu Jun to quell the rebellion and allocated his family to stay in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui). When Sun Quan's elder brother Sun Ce met Zhou Yu in 189, Sun Ce decided to take his mother Lady Wu and younger brothers to Shu County, Zhou Yu's hometown. There, the Sun family became acquainted with Zhou Yu.

paragraph: After Sun Jian's death in 191, the Sun family moved again to Jiangdu in order to mourn him. Two years later, Sun Ce decided to join Yuan Shu's army so he ordered Lü Fan to take his family members to his maternal uncle Wu Jing's home in Danyang (丹楊; present-day Xuancheng, Anhui). However, Liu Yao, the Governor (牧) of Yang Province became angry when Sun Ce and Yuan Shu defeated Lu Kang, the administrator of Lujiang in 194. He felt worried that they would attack him further so he drove Wu Jing away from Danyang. Since Suan Quan and his mother were still in Liu Yao's territory, Zhu Zhi sent people to rescue them. Sun Quan and his mother moved to Fuling later.

paragraph: When Sun Ce defeated Liu Yao in 195, he ordered Chen Bao to bring his family back to Danyang. As Sun Quan grew up, he served his brother during the conquests of the region south of the Yangtze River. He was made Yangxian county (present-day Yixing, Jiangsu) magistrate in 196, at the age of 14, and continued to rise through the ranks as his brother gave him more and more important tasks. Since he was passionate about gathering the retainers like Pan Zhang and Zhou Tai, his fame soon approached his father and elder brother. Zhu Ran and Hu Zong, the men he met during his schooldays, later became ministers of Eastern Wu. He was loved by his brother Sun Ce, who said that he would put his men under Sun Quan's management in the future. In 199, Sun Quan was promoted to the rank of Colonel (校尉) and followed his brother to conquer Lujiang and Yuzhang. While Cao Cao attempted to further reinforce the alliance with Sun Ce, both Sun Quan and his younger brother Sun Yi were invited to be officials in Xuchang, but they refused.

paragraph: Section::::Succeeding Sun Ce.

paragraph: Sun Ce was assassinated in 200 during a hunt. On his deathbed, he knew that his son was still too young to be considered a realistic heir, so he entrusted the 18-year-old Sun Quan to his faithful subordinates. Initially, Sun Quan mourned his brother's death so much that he couldn't stop crying, but at Zhang Zhao's behest, he dressed himself in military uniform and set out to visit the commanderies under his brother's control. Many of Sun Ce's subordinates thought that Sun Quan was too young to sustain Sun Ce's domain and wanted to leave. Particularly, Li Shu, the Administrator of Lujiang, defected to Cao Cao. Sun Quan wrote a letter to Cao Cao to state Li Shu's crime then headed his troops to defeat Li Shu and regain Lujiang.

paragraph: Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu saw special qualities in the young man and chose to stay to serve Sun Quan. Zhang Hong, whom Sun Ce had earlier sent as a liaison to the warlord Cao Cao, also returned from Cao's domain to assist Sun Quan (at Zhang Hong's request, Cao Cao, in the name of Emperor Xian,who was controlled by Cao Cao at the time, commissioned Sun Quan as General Who Attacks Barbarians (), a title that he would be known for a long time). He listened carefully to his mother Lady Wu's encouraging words, and greatly trusted Zhang Zhao and Zhang Hong with regard to civilian affairs and Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lü Fan with regard to military matters. Sun Quan also sought out talented young men to serve as his personal advisors, and it was around this time that he befriended Lu Su and Zhuge Jin, who would later play prominent roles in his administration. In addition, Lu Xun, Bu Zhi, Gu Yong, Shi Yi, Yan Jun, Xu Sheng and Zhu Huan also became his men. Throughout this period and decades to come, Sun Quan's leadership would be characterised by his ability to find men of character and entrust important matters to him, and his ability to react swiftly to events.

paragraph: For the next several years, Sun Quan was largely interested in expanding against the Shanyue, hill tribes which controlled the most southern part of China and outside the reach of the Han government, in order to ensure his realm. Sun Quan launched numerous campaigns against the Shanyue. In 206, he conquered the fortress of shanyue in Matun and Baodun and captured more than 10,000 men. Furthermore, He gradually sought to harass and weaken Liu Biao's key subordinate, Huang Zu (who controlled the northeastern region of Liu Biao's domain) – particularly because Huang Zu had killed his father in battle. He made war on Huangzu twice in 203 and 207. In 208, he was finally able to defeat and kill Huang Zu in battle, as the result, he obtained the most of the territory of Jiangxia. Soon after, Liu Biao died while Cao Cao was preparing a major campaign to subjugate both Liu Biao and Sun Quan under his control, precipitating a major confrontation.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Red Cliffs.

paragraph: At the end of 208. After Liu Biao's death, a succession struggle for his domain came into being, between his sons Liu Qi and younger son Liu Cong, whom Liu Biao's second wife Lady Cai favoured (because he had married her niece). After Huang Zu's death, Liu Qi was therefore given Huang's post as the governor of Jiangxia Commandery (around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei). Liu Cong therefore succeeded Liu Biao after his death, and Liu Qi was displeased and considered, but did not carry out, an attack against his brother. Nevertheless, Liu Cong, in fear of having to fight Cao Cao and his brother on two fronts, surrendered to Cao Cao against the advice of Liu Biao's key ally Liu Bei. Liu Bei, unwilling to submit to Cao Cao, fled south. Cao caught up to him and crushed his forces, but Liu Bei escaped with his life; he fled to Dangyang (當陽, in present-day Yichang, Hubei). Cao Cao took over most of Jing Province, and appeared set on finally unifying the empire.

paragraph: Sun Quan was well aware of Cao Cao's intentions, and he quickly entered into an alliance with Liu Bei and Liu Qi to prepare for an attack by Cao. Cao Cao wrote Sun Quan with a letter intending to intimidate, and in face of Cao's overwhelming force (estimated to be about 220,000 men, although Cao claimed 800,000, against Sun's 30,000 and the Lius' combined force of 10,000), many of Sun's subordinates, including Zhang Zhao, advocated surrender. Sun Quan refused, under advice from Zhou Yu and Lu Su that Cao Cao would surely not tolerate him even if he surrendered.

paragraph: Sun Quan put Zhou Yu in charge of his 30,000 men, largely stationed on naval ships, and Zhou set up a defensive position in conjunction with Liu Bei, whose army was stationed on land. About this time, there was a plague developing in Cao Cao's forces which significantly weakened it. Zhou Yu set up a trap where he pretended to be punishing his subordinate Huang Gai, and Huang pretended to surrender to Cao Cao in fear. Zhou Yu then sent ships under Huang Gai's command to pretend to surrender and, as Huang's ships approached Cao Cao's fleet, they were set aflame to assault Cao's fleet, and Cao's fleet was largely destroyed by fire. Cao Cao led his forces to escape on land, but much of the force was destroyed by Sun Quan and Liu Bei's land forces.

paragraph: Section::::Uneasy alliance with Liu Bei.

paragraph: Immediately after Cao Cao withdrew, Sun Quan took over the northern half of Jing Province. Liu Bei marched south and took over the southern half. The Sun-Liu alliance was further cemented by a marriage of Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun, to Liu Bei. Zhou Yu was suspicious of Liu Bei's intentions, however, and suggested to Sun Quan that Liu be seized and put under house arrest (albeit be very well-treated) and his forces be merged into Sun's; Sun Quan, believing that Liu Bei's forces would rebel if he did that, declined. Sun Quan did agree to Zhou Yu's plans to consider attacking Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu (who controlled the modern southern Shaanxi) to try to take over their territories, but after Zhou Yu died in 210, the plans were abandoned. However, Sun Quan was able to persuade the warlords in present-day Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam to submit to him, and they became part of his domain. He then yielded parts of northern Jing Province to Liu Bei as well, agreeing with Liu that the south was insufficient to supply his troops. At the same time, Sun Quan appointed his subordinate Bu Zhi as the Inspector () of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship. Sun Quan took over the entire Jiao Province.

paragraph: In 211, Sun Quan moves his headquarters from Dantu to the city of Moling, and in the next year he rebuilt the walls and renamed the city Jianye. This new location gave him better control of the Yangtze River and better communications with his various other commanders. He also constructed fortresses at Ruxu, since Lü Meng anticipated an invasion there from Cao Cao.

paragraph: The invasion Lü Meng expected came at the start of 213. Sun Quan personally led the army there to resist Cao Cao and relied heavily on the fortresses Lü Meng built to give his soldiers strong positions from which to defend. At one point, Cao Cao tried to send his navy across the river to break Sun Quan's lines, but Sun Quan's own ships surrounded them and destroyed them. Due to the stalemate in the war, Sun Quan drove a big ship to enter the military camp of Cao cao on the other side of Yangtze River to observe his enemy situation. Cao Cao was very impressed with the military discipline of his opponent so he said that he should have a child like Sun Quan and didn't launch an attack on this occasion. Sun Quan ordered people to play music on the ship and returned to his camp safely. Ultimately, Lü Meng's defences held and Sun Quan wrote a letter to Cao Cao to warn that the spring rains would come a month later, Cao Cao had to take his advice and pull back.

paragraph: After Cao Cao's defeat at Ruxu, many people along the Yangtze River fled south to join Sun Quan. With the exception of Wan County and the immediate area, the region became abandoned. In 214, Cao Cao sent a man named Zhu Guang to Wan County with orders to revitalise the region and bring it under Cao Cao's control. Zhu Guang began extensive agricultural projects, and he also stirred up bandits and malcontents into rebellion in Sun Quan's territory. Lü Meng feared that if Zhu Guang's programmes were successful, it would make Cao Cao's hold in the area unbreakable and urged for a campaign against Huan. Sun Quan followed Lü Meng's strategy and used the seasonal flooding to travel to the city by boat, which allowed them to attack unexpectedly. Rather than a lengthy siege, Lü Meng, Gan Ning and Ling Tong led a quick strike and broke Zhu Guang's defences, capturing the city.

paragraph: After Liu Bei's conquest of Yi Province, he was able to supply his troops on his own, so Sun Quan sent Lu Su as an emissary to demand for the return of Jing Province, but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent Lü Meng and Ling Tong to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jing Province and they succeeded in capturing Changsha, Guiyang, and Lingling commanderies. Meantime, Lu Su and Gan Ning advanced to Yiyang (益陽) with 10,000 men (to block Guan Yu) and took over command of the army at Lukou (陸口). Liu Bei personally went to Gong'an County and Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang. When an all-out war was about to break out, the news that Cao Cao planned to attack Hanzhong was received by Liu Bei, and he requested for a border treaty with Sun Quan as he became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong. Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to give him back Lingling Commandery and create a diversion for Cao Cao by attacking Hefei; in return, Liu Bei ceded Changsha and Guiyang commanderies to Sun Quan, setting the new border along the Xiang River. Sun Quan's attack on Hefei was disastrous - he was nearly captured on one occasion, if not saved by Ling Tong.

paragraph: In 217, Cao Cao brought a massive army to attack Ruxu again. Sun Quan personally led 70,000 men to defend the city, though he left actual command of the battle to Lü Meng. It was a furious campaign, and after several weeks of gruelling battle, Lü Meng's defences held and the spring floods forced Cao Cao to retreat once again.

paragraph: Still, this was not a complete victory. Most of Cao Cao's army was still intact and he had a huge force under Xiahou Dun north of Sun Quan's position. This resulted in a stalemate in which as long as Sun Quan kept his army in Ruxu, Xiahou Dun could not hope to invade him; but as soon as Sun Quan pulled out of Ruxu, Xiahou Dun could break through. Also, Xiahou Dun's force was simply too large and too well-entrenched to be driven away. Sun Quan had no military options, so he settled on a diplomatic solution. In 217, Sun Quan allied with Cao Cao, recognising him as the legitimate representative of the Han central government. While officially this was a surrender, Cao Cao knew that Sun Quan would not be content with being treated like a subject, so he confirmed all of the titles Sun Quan had claimed for himself and formalised his control over the lands he held. Sun Quan was permitted to continue to rule independently but was now officially one of Cao Cao's subordinates.

paragraph: Section::::Breaking of alliance with Liu Bei.

paragraph: In 219, Guan Yu advanced north, attacking Fancheng, scoring a major victory over Cao Ren. While Fancheng did not fall at this time, Guan Yu put it under siege, and the situation was severe enough that Cao Cao considered moving the capital away from Xu. However, Sun Quan, resentful of Guan Yu's prior constant instigation of hostilities (including seizing Sun's food supplies to use for his campaign north), took the opportunity to attack Guan from the rear, and Guan's forces collapsed. Guan Yu was captured by forces under Lü Meng and Jiang Qin; Guan Yu was executed, Jing Province came under Sun's control, and the Sun-Liu alliance ended.

paragraph: After Cao Cao's death in 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to yield the throne to him, ending the Han dynasty and establishing the state of Cao Wei. Sun Quan did not immediately submit to Wei or declare independence after Cao Pi's enthronement, but took a wait-and-see attitude; by contrast, in early 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor, establishing the state of Shu Han. Immediately, Liu Bei planned a campaign against Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu. After attempting to negotiate peace and receiving no positive response from Liu Bei, fearing attack on both sides, Sun Quan became a vassal of Wei. Cao Pi's strategist Liu Ye suggested that Cao Pi decline — and in fact attack Sun Quan on a second front, effectively partitioning Sun's domain with Shu, and then eventually seek to destroy Shu as well. Cao Pi declined, in a fateful choice that most historians believe doomed his empire to ruling only the northern and central China — and this chance would not come again. Indeed, against Liu Ye's advice, on 23 September 221 he appointed Sun Quan the King of Wu and granted him the nine bestowments.

paragraph: In 222, at the Battle of Xiaoting, Sun Quan's general Lu Xun dealt Liu Bei a major defeat, stopping the Shu offensive. Shu would not again pose a threat to Sun Quan from that point on. Later that year, when Cao Pi demanded that Sun Quan send his crown prince Sun Deng to the Wei capital Luoyang as a hostage (to guarantee his loyalty), Sun Quan refused and declared independence (by changing era name), thus establishing Eastern Wu as an independent state. Cao Pi launched a major attack on Wu, but after Wei defeats in early 223, it became clear that Wu was secure. After Liu Bei's death later that year, Zhuge Jin's brother Zhuge Liang, the regent for Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan, reestablished the alliance with Sun Quan, and the two states would remain allies until Shu's eventual destruction in 263.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: Early in Sun Quan's reign, the Wu administration was known for its efficiency, as Sun showed a knack for listening to correct advice and for delegating authorities to the proper individuals. For example, he correctly trusted the faithful Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin, so much so that he made a duplicate imperial seal and left it with Lu Xun; whenever he would correspond with Shu's emperor Liu Shan or regent Zhuge Liang, he would deliver the letter to Lu Xun first (as Lu's post was near the Shu border), and then if, in Lu's opinion, changes were needed, he would revise the letter and then restamp it with Sun's imperial seal. Further, Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin were authorised to coordinate their actions with Shu without prior imperial approval. Sun Quan treated his high-level officials as friends and addressed them accordingly (with courtesy names), and in accordance they dedicated all effort to Wu's preservation. He also knew what were the proper roles for officials that he trusted; for example, in 225, when selecting a chancellor, while the key officials all respected Zhang Zhao greatly and wanted him to be chancellor, Sun Quan declined, reasoning that while he respected Zhang greatly, a chancellor needed to handle all affairs of state, and Zhang, while capable, had such strong opinions that he would surely be in conflict with Sun Quan and other officials at all times. He also repeatedly promoted his official Lü Fan even though, while he was young, Lü Fan had informed to Sun Ce about his improper spending habits, understanding that Lü did so only out of loyalty to Sun Ce.

paragraph: In 224 and 225, Cao Pi again made attacks on Wu, but each time the Wu forces were able to repel Wei's with fair ease — so easily that Cao Pi made the comment, "Heaven created the Yangtze to divide the north and south." However, Sun Quan was himself equally unsuccessful in efforts to make major attacks on Wei. After Cao Pi's death in 226, for example, Sun Quan launched an attack on Wei's Jiangxia Commandery (around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei), but was forced to withdraw as soon as Wei reinforcements arrived. However, later that year, he was able to increase his effective control over Jiao Province (交州, present-day northern Vietnam) when his general Lü Dai was able to defeat the warlord Shi Hui (士徽) and end the effective independence that the Shi clan had. In addition, the several independent kingdoms in modern Cambodia, Laos, and southern Vietnam all became Wu vassals as well.

paragraph: The "Book of Liang" records the arrival in 226 of a merchant from the Roman Empire (Daqin) at Jiaozhi (Chinese-controlled northern Vietnam). The Prefect of Jiaozhou sent him to the court of Sun Quan in Nanjing. Sun Quan requested that he provide him with a report on his native country and its people. An expedition was mounted to return the merchant along with 10 female and 10 male "blackish coloured dwarfs" he had requested as a curiosity and a Chinese officer who, unfortunately, died en route.

paragraph: The one major victory that Wu would have over Wei during this period came in 228, when, with Sun Quan's approval, his general Zhou Fang pretended to be surrendering to Wei after pretending to have been punished repeatedly by Sun Quan. This tricked the Wei general Cao Xiu, who led a large army south to support Zhou Fang. He walked into the trap set by Zhou Fang and Lu Xun and suffered major losses, but was saved from total annihilation by Jia Kui.

paragraph: In 229, Sun Quan declared himself emperor, which almost damaged the alliance with Shu, as many Shu officials saw this as a sign of betrayal of the Han dynasty — to which Shu claimed to be the legitimate successor. However, Zhuge Liang opposed ending the alliance and in fact confirmed it with a formal treaty later that year, in which the two states pledged to support each other and divide Wei equally if they could conquer it. Later that year, he moved his capital from Wuchang (武昌; in present-day Ezhou, Hubei) to Jianye, leaving his crown prince Sun Deng, assisted by Lu Xun, in charge of the western parts of Eastern Wu.

paragraph: Section::::Middle reign.

paragraph: In 230, however, the first sign of the deterioration of Sun Quan's reign occurred. That year, he sent his generals Wei Wen (衛溫) and Zhuge Zhi (諸葛直) with a navy of 10,000 into the East China Sea to seek the legendary islands of Yizhou (夷洲) and Danzhou (亶洲), likely Taiwan or Ryukyu, to seek to conquer them, despite strenuous opposition of Lu Xun and Quan Cong. The navy was not able to locate Danzhou but located Yizhou, and returned in 231 after capturing several thousand men — but only after 80-90% of the navy had died from illness. Instead of seeing his own fault in this venture, Sun Quan simply executed Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi. Perhaps concerned about this deterioration in Sun Quan's judgment, Sun Deng left the western empire in Lu Xun's hands in 232 and returned to Jianye, and would remain at Jianye until his own death in 241.

paragraph: In 232, Sun Quan had another misadventure involving his navy — as he sent his generals Zhou He (周賀) and Pei Qian (裴濳) to the nominal Wei vassal Gongsun Yuan, in control of Liaodong Commandery (present-day central Liaoning), to purchase horses, against the advice of Yu Fan - and indeed, he exiled Yu Fan to the desolate Cangwu Commandery (roughly modern Wuzhou, Guangxi) as punishment. Just as Yu Fan predicted, however, the venture would end in failure — as Zhou He and Pei Qian, on their way back, were intercepted by Wei forces and killed. Regretting his actions, Sun Quan tried to recall Yu Fan back to Jianye, only to learn that Yu had died in exile.

paragraph: The next year, however, Sun Quan would have yet another misadventure in his dealings with Gongsun Yuan, as Gongsun sent messengers to him, offering to be his subject. Sun Quan was ecstatic, and appointed Gongsun Yuan the Prince of Yan and granted him the nine bestowments, and further sent a detachment of 10,000 men by sea north to assist Gongsun Yuan in his campaign against Wei, against the advice of nearly every single one of his high-level officials, particularly Zhang Zhao. Once the army arrived, however, Gongsun Yuan betrayed them, killing Sun Quan's officials Zhang Mi (張彌) and Xu Yan (許晏), whom Sun had sent to grant the bestowments and seized their troops. Once that happened, the enraged Sun Quan wanted to personally head north with a fleet to attack Gongsun Yuan, and initially, not even Lu Xun's opposition was able to stop him, although he eventually calmed down and did not follow through. To his credit, he also personally went to Zhang Zhao's house and apologised to him. Further, despite the deterioration in his previous clear thinking, he was still capable of making proper decisions at times. For example, in 235, when, as a sign of contempt, Wei's emperor Cao Rui offered horses to him in exchange for pearls, jade, and tortoise shells, Sun Quan ignored the implicit insult and made the exchange, reasoning that his empire needed horses much more than pearls, jade or tortoise shells.

paragraph: In 234, in coordination with Zhuge Liang's final northern expedition against Wei, Sun Quan personally led a major attack against Wei's border city Hefei, while having Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin attack Xiangyang, with the strategy of trying to attract Wei relief forces and then attacking them. However, Wei generals correctly saw the situation and simply let Sun Quan siege Hefei. Only after Sun Quan's food supplies ran low did Cao Rui personally arrive with reinforcements, and Sun withdrew, as did Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin.

paragraph: In 238, when Gongsun Yuan was under attack by Wei's general Sima Yi, Sun Quan, despite his prior rage against Gongsun, correctly judged the situation as one where he might be able to take advantage if Sima Yi were initially unsuccessful, so he did not immediately refuse Gongsun's request for help. However, as Sima Yi was able to conquer Gongsun Yuan quickly, Sun Quan never launched the major attack that he considered if Sima got stuck in a stalemate with Gongsun. That year, he also recognised how Lü Yi, the supervisor of the audit bureau, had been abusing his powers, and had Lü Yi executed; he then further confirmed his trust in the high-level officials by personally writing an emotional letter to Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran, and Lü Dai, blaming himself for the recent problems with his administration while urging them to speak out honestly whenever they saw faults in him.

paragraph: In 241, Sun Quan would launch the last major assault against Wei of his reign, in light of Cao Rui's death in 239, but he rejected a strategy offered by Yin Zha (殷札) to attack Wei in coordinated effort with Shu on four different fronts, and the campaign ended in failure as well.

paragraph: Section::::Late reign.

paragraph: Later in 241, the crown prince Sun Deng died — an event that left open the issue of succession and appeared to mark the start of a precipitous decline in Sun Quan's mental health. In 242, he appointed his son Sun He, born to Consort Wang, crown prince. However, he also favoured another son by Consort Wang, Sun Ba, and permitted Sun Ba to have the same staffing level as the crown prince — a move that was objected to by a number of officials as encouraging Sun Ba to compete with Sun He, but Sun Quan did not listen to them. After 245, when Sun He and Sun Ba began to have separate residences, their relationship deteriorated further, and Sun Ba began to scheme at how to seize heir status from Sun He. Fanned by gossip from his daughter Sun Luban, Sun Quan blamed Sun He's mother Consort Wang for this — and she died in fear. He also cut off Sun He and Sun Ba's access to the officials who supported them in hopes of receiving future favours, but this could not stop Sun Ba's machinations. Indeed, when Lu Xun tried to intervene to protect Sun He, Sun Ba falsely accused him of many crimes, and Sun Quan became provoked so much that he repeatedly rebuked Lu Xun, causing him to die in frustration.

paragraph: In 250, fed up with Sun Ba's constant attacks against Sun He, Sun Quan carried out an inexplicable combination of actions, He forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, while deposing Sun He (who had not been shown to have committed any crimes), and instead creating his youngest son, Sun Liang, crown prince to replace Sun He. This move was opposed by his son-in-law Zhu Ju (the husband of Sun Quan's daughter Sun Luyu), but Zhu Ju's pleas not only did not help Sun He, but also resulted in his own death, as Sun Quan forced him to commit suicide. Many other officials who also opposed the move, as well as officials who had supported Sun Ba, were executed.

paragraph: Around this time, Sun Quan also had his generals destroy a number of levees near the border with Wei, creating large areas of flooding, in order to obstruct potential attacks from Wei.

paragraph: In 251, Sun Quan created the first empress of his reign — Sun Liang's mother Consort Pan (previously, he had a succession of wives, but never made any of them empress, except for his favourite, Lady Bu, who was created empress posthumously after her death in 238). Later that year, however, he realised that Sun He was blameless and wanted to recall him from his exile, but was persuaded not to do so by his daughter Sun Luban and Sun Jun, who had supported Sun Liang's ascension. He realised that he was getting very old (69 by this point) and, at Sun Jun's recommendation, commissioned Zhuge Jin's son Zhuge Ke as the future regent for Sun Liang, even though he correctly had misgivings about how Zhuge Ke was arrogant and had overly high opinions of his own abilities. At that time virtually the entire empire, awed by Zhuge's prior military victories, was convinced that Zhuge would be the correct choice for regent.

paragraph: In 252, as Sun Quan neared death, Empress Pan was murdered, but how she was murdered remains a controversy. Wu officials claimed that her servants, unable to stand her temper, strangled her while she was asleep, while a number of historians, including Hu Sanxing, the commentator to Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian", believed that top Wu officials were complicit, as they feared that she would seize power as empress dowager after Sun Quan's death. On 21 May 252, Sun Quan died at the age of 70 (by East Asian age reckoning), and Sun Liang succeeded him. Sun Quan was buried in August or September 252 in a mausoleum at the Purple Mountain in present-day Nanjing.

paragraph: Section::::Era names.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huangwu" () 222–229

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huanglong" () 229–231

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jiahe" () 232–238

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiwu" () 238–251

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taiyuan" () 251–252

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shenfeng" () 252

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Video games.

paragraph: Sun Quan appears as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

paragraph: Sun Quan also appears in the mobile video game "Puzzle & Dragons" as part of the "Three Kingdoms Gods" serie

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Card games.

paragraph: In the collectible card game "" there is a card named "Sun Quan, Lord of Wu", in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

paragraph: In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game "San Guo Sha", there is also a Sun Quan hero that players can select at the beginning of the game.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Film and television.

paragraph: Zhang Bo, in the 2010 Chinese television series Three Kingdoms.

paragraph: Zheng wei as a child, in the 2010 Chinese television series Three Kingdoms.

paragraph: Taiwanese actor Chang Chen portrayed Sun Quan in John Woo's 2008 two-part epic war film "Red Cliff".

paragraph: Deng hai feng, in the 2017 Chinese television series The Advisors Alliance.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese monarchs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xu, Song ( 8th century). "Jiankang Shilu" ().

alias:
Sun Kuen
Suen Kuen
Zhongmou
Da Di
Sun Quan

description: Eastern Wu emperor

wikidata_label: Sun Quan

wikipedia_title: Sun Quan


text:
Italian
cross-country skier
World Cup
2009-10 Tour de Ski
2010 Winter Olympics
Canmore
10 km freestyle
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Olympic cross-country skiers of Italy,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,1985 births,Italian female cross-country skiers,Living people

paragraph: Silvia Rupil

paragraph: Silvia Rupil (born May 15, 1985) is an Italian cross-country skier. She has competed in the World Cup since 2006, and competed in the 2009-10 Tour de Ski and the 2010 Winter Olympics. Her best World Cup result is a sixth place at a 6 km freestyle event in Canmore in 2010. In her Olympic debut, Rupil finished fourth in the relay, 14th in the 10 km freestyle event, and 16th in the 7.5 km + 7.5 km double pursuit event.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Team podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 victoriy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 podiums

description: Italian cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Silvia Rupil

wikipedia_title: Silvia Rupil


text:
mummy
Egypt
Valley of the Kings
KV35
Victor Loret
Egyptian Museum
Cairo
Tutankhamun
Amenhotep III
Tiye
Nefertiti
Webensenu
Tiye
Grafton Elliot Smith
autosomal
mitochondrial DNA
KV55
Amenhotep III
Egyptologists
Zahi Hawass
Akhenaten
anthropologist
Smenkhkare
Nefertiti
Kiya
Sitamun
Isis
Henuttaneb
Nebetah
Beketaten
Meritaten
Smenkhkare
Thuya
mitochondrial DNA
anterior
axe
stab wound
University of York
Joann Fletcher
CT scan
sinus
cause of death
double-pierced ear
New Kingdom of Egypt
wig
CT scan
chest
disarticulation
mutilation
skull
pelvis
cranial sutures
vertex
heel
humerus
femur
tibia
base of skull
brain
dura mater
cranial cavity
frontal bone
coronal suture
sclerosis
cheek
maxillary sinus
alveolar process
mandible
linen
resin
orbits
globes
nasal cavity
mouth
throat
auricles
ear
earlobe
teeth
jaw
distal
incisor
sockets
canine tooth
nonerupted
third molar
molar
premolar
attrition
occlusal
spine
lumbar
scoliosis
thoracic vertebra
lumbar vertebra
Cobb angle
congenital anomalies
torso
viscera
heart
pelvic floor
evisceration
upper limb
hip
humerus
callus
wrist
human leg
iliac crest
inferior pubic ramus
tibia
ankle
metatarsal bones
phalanx bone
subcutaneous
buttock
18th dynasty
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Thutmose III
trauma
kick
horse
bleeding
Zahi Hawass
chariot
regnal year
Akhenaten
Kiya
Aidan Dodson
Meritaten
Ankhesenamun
historical record
Ancient Egypt
inscription
relief
statue
KV62
memorabilia
queen mother
Tiaa
Thutmose IV
Mutemwiya
Amenhotep III
Tiye
Akhenaten
Willeke Wendrich
concubine
Expedition Unknown
Josh Gates
Élisabeth Daynès
List of unsolved deaths

categories: Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,Unidentified murder victims,1898 archaeological discoveries,14th-century BC Egyptian people,Tutankhamun,Ancient murder victims,People murdered in Egypt,Female murder victims,14th-century BC women,Princesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Egyptian murder victims,Egyptian Museum,Murdered royalty,Unidentified decedents,Amenhotep III,Unidentified people,14th-century BC births,14th-century BC deaths

paragraph: The Younger Lady

paragraph: The Younger Lady is the informal name given to a mummy discovered in the Egyptian Valley of the Kings, in tomb KV35 by archaeologist Victor Loret in 1898. The mummy also has been given the designation KV35YL ("YL" for "Younger Lady") and 61072, and currently resides in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Through recent DNA tests, this mummy has been identified as the mother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, and a daughter of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye. Early speculation was that this mummy was the remains of Queen Nefertiti, which remains possible, but DNA tests have not confirmed this and questions about that possibility remain.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery and identification.

paragraph: The mummy was found adjacent to two other mummies in KV35: a young boy who died at around the age of 10, thought to be Webensenu, and another, older woman, identified as Queen Tiye by the recent DNA studies on Tutankhamun's lineage. All were found together, lying naked side-by-side and unidentified in a small antechamber of the tomb. All three mummies had been extensively damaged by ancient tomb robbers.

paragraph: There has been much speculation as to the identity of the Younger Lady mummy. Upon finding the mummy, Victor Loret initially believed it be that of a young man as the mummy's head had been shaved. A closer inspection later made by Dr. Grafton Elliot Smith confirmed that the mummy was that of a female, although Loret's original interpretation persisted for many years.

paragraph: Recently, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA tests have shown conclusively that the mummy is that of a female and that she was the mother of Tutankhamun. The results also show that she was a full-sister to her husband, the mummy from KV55, and that they were both the children of Amenhotep III and Tiye. There is speculation over the identity of the mummy from KV55 (sister marriage existed), with some Egyptologists, including Zahi Hawass, claiming the mummy is Akhenaten, and others, including anthropologist Joyce Filer, claiming the mummy as Smenkhkare. This family relationship would lessen the possibility that the Younger Lady (and, by extension, Tutankhamun's mother) was either Nefertiti, or Akhenaten's secondary wife Kiya, because no known artifact accords either wife titles such as "King's sister" or "King's Daughter". The possibility of the younger lady being Sitamun, Isis, or Henuttaneb is considered unlikely, as they were Great Royal Wives of their father Amenhotep III, and had Akhenaten married any of them, they would have taken the place of Nefertiti as the principal queen of Egypt. The report concludes that the mummy is likely to be Nebetah or Beketaten, daughters of Amenhotep III not known to have married their father, although he is known to have had eight daughters with Tiye.

paragraph: There is also a theory that the Younger Lady is Meritaten, daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, and wife of Smenkhkare, based on a study of the alleles inherited by Tutankhamun. The theory goes that Meritaten married Smenkhkare, believed to be her uncle, thereby making Tutankhamun a maternal grandson of Akhenaten. The theory holds weight as inbreeding makes it harder to distinguish the generations, but there is one problem with this theory. Meritaten must be a mitochondrial descendant of Queen Tiye, or her mother Thuya, as the younger lady's mitochondrial DNA fits with her being Tiye's daughter. Nefertiti's lineage is nowhere specified, and if Meritaten is the younger lady, Nefertiti must be a mitochondrial relation of Thuya.

paragraph: It has been suggested that, indeed, the Younger Lady is Nefertiti, as incest was not uncommon. This would mean that Akhenaten did marry his own sister and that he and Nefertiti are the parents of Tutankhamun. Furthermore, Nefertiti, who may have survived her husband, may be identical with Smenkhkare and may have adopted this name if she took over the reign after Akhenaten's death (and having her daughter move into her official roles of chief priestess and 'wife'). All this is not proven, but should be mentioned as a further plausible scenario. One difficulty posed by this identification is the mummy's age at death, because Nefertiti gave birth to Meritaten no later than year 1 of Akhenaten's reign and there is evidence that she was still alive during year 16.

paragraph: Section::::Description of the mummy.

paragraph: Grafton Elliot Smith provided an extensive description of the mummy in his survey of the ancient royal mummies at the beginning of the twentieth century. He found the mummy to be in height, and judged her to have been no older than 25 years old at the time of death. He also noted the major damage done by ancient tomb robbers, who smashed the anterior wall of the mummy's chest, and had torn the right arm off just below the shoulder. Smith presumed that she was a member of the royal family.

paragraph: The Younger Lady has a gaping wound in the left side of her mouth and cheek. It had been thought that this wound, which also destroyed part of the jaw, had been the result of actions of the tomb robbers, but a more recent re-examination of the mummy while it was undergoing genetic tests and CT scans determined that the wound had happened prior to death and that the injury had been lethal. Julian Heath suggests that the wound was likely the result of an axe blow.

paragraph: Below her left breast there is another wound, likely to be the result of a stab wound. In 2003, a scientific team from University of York, working under Joann Fletcher, examined the mummy. A member of the team realized that the face wound could have been a premortem wound, and not a postmortem wound as previously assumed. Instead of the Younger Lady's remains simply being mutilated after her death by tomb robbers motivated by malice, it seemed likely the Lady had been injured while still alive. The conclusion was considered uncertain. At a later point, Ashraf Selim lent support to this theory. He noted that if the Younger Lady had been damaged following the embalming process, then bits of dried bone and flesh could be located in the mummy's wounds. Since no such findings occurred, he was certain that this was a pre-mortem wound. Further, Selim viewed the wound as too violent to be the result of an accident. The Lady had been injured in an act of deliberate violence. The Egyptian Mummy Project which used a CT scan to examine the mummy, located "very few pieces of the relevant broken bones" in the sinus cavity. They concluded that the Younger Lady's face had been damaged before the embalming process, and likely prior to her death. Indeed, the face wound was determined to be a probable cause of death for the Lady.

paragraph: The missing right arm of the mummy was the cause of a minor controversy between researchers. Two severed arms had been located within KV35, and either one was thought likely to belong to the Younger Lady. One was a bent arm with a clenched fist, while the other was a straight arm. It was typical for Egyptian royal female mummies to be positioned with one of their arms bent and the other one in a straight position. The hand more likely to be positioned as bent was the left hand. The Egyptian Mummy Project of Ashraf Selim examined both arms to resolve the controversy. The bent arm was compared to the Younger Lady's attached left hand, and was found to be too long to belong to the same woman. The bones of the two compared arms were also found "different in consistency". The straight arm was then compared to the Younger Lady's left arm. It was found to be of similar length and similar bone density, so the Project concluded that the straight arm most likely did belong to the Younger Lady. The identified right arm of the Younger Lady has two breaks, "one in the upper arm and one at the wrist". The hand has been severed from the rest of the limb.

paragraph: A finding of lesser importance is that the Younger Lady has a double-pierced ear. Pierced ears were rather common for women of the New Kingdom of Egypt, including royals and nonroyal women. The Lady's pierced ear can not help researchers determine her identity or social position. Similarly inconclusive for identification purposes was the discovery of a wig in KV35, which could have belonged to the Younger Lady. Supporters of the theory identifying the Lady with Nefertiti, pointed to the wig's perceived similarities with the type of wigs used by Nefertiti. They are fashion items used by Egyptian women of the same era; they can not help us identify the wig's user with the Queen.

paragraph: Section::::CT scan findings.

paragraph: Following the CT scan of the Younger Lady, more detailed descriptions of the mummy have been published. A large defect in the anterior wall of the Lady's chest, and the disarticulation of the right upper limb (arm) are the main indications that the body suffered mutilation by ancient tomb robbers. Otherwise the mummy has been fairly preserved. Despite previous disputes about the Lady's gender, the morphology of the skull and pelvis confirms that she was indeed a woman. The condition of the epiphyseal union and the closure of the cranial sutures suggest that the Lady was between 25 and 35 years old at the time of her death. The Lady's height was 1,58 meters from the vertex to the heel. Her left humerus was 29.3 centimeters in length. Her left femur was 40.5 centimeters in length. Her left tibia was 35.2 centimeters in length.

paragraph: The base of skull was found intact. The back of the skull cavity contains the shrunken and desiccated brain and dura mater of the Lady. There is no evidence of embalming material within the cranial cavity. Researchers located an oval defect in the skull. It is located in the central part of the frontal bone, in front of the coronal suture. The defect has sharp, beveled, and festooned edges. The lack of evidence for attempted healing or sclerosis indicate that the defect was caused by a postmortem alteration of the body, probably during the embalming process. The embalmers likely used a sharp instrument on the skull.

paragraph: The left side of the lower face includes a large defect. The defect involves the Lady's left cheek, her left maxillary sinus, her alveolar process, and part of her left mandible. There are sharp edges in this bony defect, with no evidence of attempted healing or sclerosis. Fragments of the broken lateral wall of the left maxillary sinus were located within the antral cavity. Fragments for most of the Lady's fractured bones are missing, and were apparently not placed in her tomb.

paragraph: The soft tissues located next to the facial defect were relatively thicker than the corresponding tissues on the intact and uninjured right side of her face. On top of the facial gap and partly beneath the remaining skin, there was located a rolled embalming pack. The composition of the pack is undetermined, though researchers consider it probable that is composed of linen which has been impregnated with resin. A similar substance was located on the right side of the face, particularly the cheek and the mid-face. More clearly identified packs of linen were located in the periphery of the Lady's orbits, placed in front of the globes of the eyes. Resin was also located in the Lady's right nasal cavity. The Lady's mouth is filled with linen. No embalming materials were placed within the Lady's throat.

paragraph: The auricles of her ears were found in much different condition. Part of the right auricle is missing, and can not be used to determine her appearance in life. Her left auricle is in a better condition, and two piercings were located in its earlobe. The Lady had a double-pierced ear.

paragraph: The Lady has several missing teeth due to her facial injury. Her left alveolar plate and part of her left jaw were fractured, explaining what happened to her teeth. One tooth is visible within her mouth. The fracture involved most of her left alveolar plate distal to the left first incisor. This incisor is among the missing teeth. The right alveolar plate is in a better condition, though the sockets of the first incisor and the right canine tooth are empty, with these teeth missing. The rest of the teeth are still present, including a nonerupted third molar (wisdom tooth).

paragraph: The fracture of mandible involved the midline and the adjacent part of the left mandible. Her right and left first incisors and the left canine tooth were affected by this fracture. The sockets of the right second incisor, the left first molar, and the left second molar are empty, with these teeth missing. The first and second left upper molars are partially fractured. Both the right and the left upper third molars are nonerupted. Conversely, the Lady's upper right canine, premolars, first molar, and second molar are still present. This group of teeth has no visible attrition, and no occlusal irregularity of their surface.

paragraph: Research on the Lady's spine located a smooth lateral curve on the lumbar region (lower spine), with a convexity towards the left. This is an indication of lumbar scoliosis. The limits of the curve have been determined. The upper limit is between the twelfth thoracic vertebra and the first lumbar vertebra. The lower limit is between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. The center of the curve is between the second and third lumbar vertebrae. The scoliosis of the Lady is mild, with a Cobb angle of less than 20°. Researchers found no evidence of structural abnormalities in the vertebrae, no fractures, and no congenital anomalies (birth defects). The researchers suspect that the Lady may not have actually suffered from scoliosis while still alive. The curved spine of the mummy may be a postmortem condition, resulting from the position of the body during the mummification process.

paragraph: There is a large defect in the anterior wall of the Lady's torso. The viscera (internal organs) were removed by the mummy's embalmers, with the exception of the Lady's heart which is still visible within the body. The heart was apparently never moved. The embalming incision has been located in the left inguinal region. This tissue gap is 56 millimetres in length and 135 millimetres in depth. The torso contains both linen fibers which were mildly smeared with resin, and with linen packs treated with resin. One of the resin-treated linen packs was placed within the pelvis. The pelvic floor has a large defect, possibly used during the mummification process to remove the viscera. This would be an example of perineal evisceration.

paragraph: The left upper limb (arm) of the Lady extends beside her body, with the hand placed over the left hip. There is a complete transverse fracture of the proximal portion of the shaft, in the right humerus. The fracture has gaping ends. There is no evidence of attempted healing or for the formation of a callus in this area. The disarticulated right upper limb (arm) has been placed beside the body. The right hand has been broken and completely separated from the wrist. This hand has been placed at the feet of the mummy.

paragraph: The lower limbs (human legs) have also been damaged. The left iliac crest contains small fractures. The inferior pubic ramus also contains similar fractures. Due to the lack of evidence of healing, it is likely that all these fractures were part of the postmortem damage to the Lady's body. The right tibia has a defective area at the front of the distal shaft. The defective area extends 33.5 millimetres above the ankle joint. The metatarsal bones of both feet are broken, and missing from the body. The phalanx bones of both feet are also missing. There is a subcutaneous (hypodermic) filling at the back of the Lady's right hip region, where her buttock is located.

paragraph: Researchers have noted some peculiarities in the mummification process used on the Lady. The evisceration of the body and the stuffing of the torso with embalming materials were standard parts of the mummification process used during the entire reign of the 18th dynasty. This was not the case with the intact skull base and lack of effort to remove the brain, seen in the case of the Lady. This process had been used on early rulers of the 18th dynasty, as seen in the mummies currently identified with Thutmose I, Thutmose II, and Thutmose III. By the time of the later rulers of the 18th dynasty, when the Lady lived and died, the process had changed. All mummies from this later era contain some treatment of the brain, in attempts to remove it from the body. The mummification process used on the Lady seems like a throwback to an earlier era. Another peculiarity is the evidence that the people behind the mummification process were trying to repair and cover injured areas of the body. They used subcutaneous fillings and packs to remodel the injured left side of the face, the contralateral side of the face, and the right hip region. This was not part of the regular efforts of an embalmer.

paragraph: The results of the CT scan support the idea that the Lady's facial injury took place prior to her mummification. The researchers consider this to have been a perimortem injury, happening either shortly before the Lady's death or following her death; in the short period between the death and the mummification. Either way the embalmers would have started work on an already damaged body. The lack of signs of healing would support the idea that the Lady received a mortal wound, and her body had no time to attempt recovery. The nature of the injury, however, could not be fully determined. The small fragments of bone found within the maxillary antral sinus, at least indicate the direction of the trauma. Something was "pushing" the bones within, rather than "pulling" them out. A heavy object hitting the Lady's face would have such an effect. If not an intentional act, an accident involving the Lady receiving a strong kick from an animal would have the same result. A horse would have sufficient strength to kill with its kicks. In any case, an acute facial trauma to a living woman would cause severe shock and bleeding. Then this shock and the bleeding would likely cause her death.

paragraph: While the CT scan researchers thought the Lady's death likely to be violent or accidental, they were less certain of what caused the skull defect and the defect in the anterior wall of the body. Whether they were perimortem or postmortem injuries to the body could not be determined. They could be the result of the same mysterious lethal incident as the facial injury, or caused long after the Lady's death by the ancient tomb robbers.

paragraph: Hermann Schögl, a Swiss Egyptologist, agrees with the medical and DNA findings of the teams working under Zahi Hawass, but disputes several of the identifications of the royal and noble mummies. Schögl agrees that the head injuries which the Lady received were lethal, and has suggested that she was killed in a chariot accident. Schögl believes that the Younger Lady is Nefertiti, and that she was killed in a chariot accident during regnal year 14 of Akhenaten's reign. However, the archaeological findings from Akhenaten's reign seem to indicate that Nefertiti was still alive during regnal year 16, two years following the date Schögl has chosen for her death. Marianne Eaton-Krauss, another Egyptologist, finds Schögl's alternative royal genealogy for the 18th dynasty and his attempted reconstruction of the final years of Akhenaten's reign to be rather unconvincing.

paragraph: Natalia Klimczack, a historian and journalist, reports that several Egyptologists consider it likely that the Younger Lady may be Kiya. Kiya was one of Akhenaten's queens, but disappears from the historical record by regnal year 12 or 13 of Akhenaten's reign. Her time of death is not indicated in the primary sources. As Aidan Dodson, an Egyptologist, has pointed out, several of the monuments and objects originally dedicated to Kiya were later usurped by other royals. A Pharaoh whose identity is unclear was buried in Kiya's coffin instead of her. Relief representations of Kiya were altered to instead depict Meritaten and/or Ankhesenamun. To Aiden this suggests that Kiya had fallen from grace, and that there was an effort to erase her from the historical record. The premortem facial injury of the Younger Lady would fit this theory. The Lady did not die of natural causes, the facial injury indicates that she was murdered. If she was Kiya, this would explain her sudden disappearance from the historical record and efforts to remove her depictions in it.

paragraph: Section::::Historical record.

paragraph: Marianne Eaton-Krauss has called attention to the apparent absence of the Younger Lady, as Tutankhamun/Tutankhaten's mother, from the available historical record of Ancient Egypt. As of the 2010s, nobody has been able to find an inscription, a relief, or a statue dedicated to this young Pharaoh's mother. KV62, the tomb of Tutankhamun, contains memorabilia from his life and reign. None of these items ever mentions his mother.

paragraph: There is a contrast between the Younger Lady and a number of influential queen mothers from the later reigns of the 18th dynasty, who had a large presence in the reigns of their sons. Tiaa served as queen mother to Thutmose IV, Mutemwiya as queen mother to Amenhotep III, and Tiye as queen mother to Akhenaten. It seems likely that Tutankhamun/Tutankhaten never had a queen mother, indicating that the Younger Lady (or any other mother) had died before his rise to the throne.

paragraph: Despite the Younger Lady being daughter to a Pharaoh (Amenhotep III), full sister and probable wife to a second Pharaoh (Akhenaten), and mother to a third Pharaoh (Tutankhamun/Tutankhaten), she herself does not appear to have been a prominent figure in her lifetime. Willeke Wendrich, an Egyptologist, considers it likely that the Lady was a minor wife or a concubine to Akhenaten, rather than his Queen. Wendrich notes that the Pharaohs of Egypt typically had multiple wives. This often resulted in multiple sons serving as viable heirs to the throne, and potential competition between the sons to gain the right to succeed their father.

paragraph: Section::::Facial reconstruction.

paragraph: On 7 February 2018, The Younger Lady was featured on the 7th episode of the 4th season of "Expedition Unknown" titled "Great Women of Ancient Egypt". On the assumption that she is indeed to be identified as Nefertiti and using preserved remains, modern technology and artistry, a team led by Expedition Unknown's host Josh Gates presented a reconstruction of what The Younger Lady would have looked like in her full royal regalia. The bust was created by French paleoartist Élisabeth Daynès.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of unsolved deaths

description: mummy identified as the mother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun

wikidata_label: The Younger Lady

wikipedia_title: The Younger Lady


text: DSO

text: first-class cricket

text: batsman

text: British Army

text: Waltair

text: India

text: lieutenant

text: captain

text: Norfolk Regiment

text: Superintendent of Gymnasia

text: South Africa

text: Second Boer War

text: major

text: mentioned in Despatches

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: lieutenant colonel

text: colonel

text: Gloucestershire

text: Kent

text: Middlesex

text: Scotland

text: Scotland

text: Ireland

text: Dublin University

text: Marylebone Cricket Club

text: Yorkshire

text: Hampshire

text: Lancashire

text: Essex

text: County Championship

text: Surrey

text: batting average

text: Guildford

text: Surrey

text: Arthur Luard

text: Cricinfo

text: Arthur Luard

categories: Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,1861 births,English cricketers,1944 deaths,Cricketers from Visakhapatnam,Gloucestershire cricketers

paragraph: Arthur Luard

paragraph: Colonel Arthur John Hamilton Luard, DSO (3 September 1861 – 22 May 1944) was an English first-class cricketer. Luard was a right-handed batsman and an officer in the British Army.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military career.

paragraph: Luard was born at Waltair, India, the son of Colonel George Francis Luard and Jane Hamilton, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Johnstone Hamilton. He joined the Army as a lieutenant in May 1882, took part in the Burmese Expedition and was on 1 May 1889 promoted to captain, 2nd Battalion Norfolk Regiment. Luard held a staff appointment as Superintendent of Gymnasia until January 1900, when he went to South Africa to serve in the Second Boer War from 1900 to 1902. He was promoted to major on 8 September 1900, mentioned in Despatches in 1901, awarded two medals and created a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1901.

paragraph: He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1908, and colonel in April 1912, before resigning in September 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career.

paragraph: Luard made his first-class debut for Gloucestershire against Kent. From 1892 to 1896, Luard played 42 first-class matches for the county, with his final first-class match in his first spell at the county coming against Middlesex.

paragraph: Luard toured Scotland with the county in 1893, playing two non first-class matches against Scotland and a Scotland XI. In 1894 Luard toured Ireland with the county, playing a single non first-class match against Dublin University. During Luard's spell with the county he also played two first-class matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1893, against Yorkshire and Kent.

paragraph: In 1897 Luard made his debut for Hampshire against Lancashire. Luard played five first-class matches for Hampshire in 1897, with his final first-class match coming against Essex.

paragraph: Ten years after his last first-class appearance, Luard returned to Gloucestershire in 1907 for his second spell with the county, playing three matches in the 1907 County Championship, with his final first-class match for the county coming against Surrey. In his 45 matches for Gloucestershire, Luard scored 1,140 runs at a batting average of 14.43, with four half centuries and a career high score of 75* in 1892 against Surrey.

paragraph: Luard died at Guildford, Surrey on 22 May 1944.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Luard at Cricinfo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Luard at CricketArchive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matches and detailed statistics for Arthur Luard

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Arthur Luard

wikipedia_title: Arthur Luard


text:
Croatia
alpine skier
Zagreb
SR Croatia
SFR Yugoslavia
2006
2010 Winter Olympics
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships
2009 World Championships
Val d'Isere
France
World Cup
Beaver Creek
FIS profile
Croatian Ski Federation profile
Predstavljamo: Ivan Ratkić

categories: Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,1986 births,Croatian male alpine skiers,Sportspeople from Zagreb,Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Olympic alpine skiers of Croatia,Living people

paragraph: Ivan Ratkić

paragraph: Ivan Ratkić (born 22 February 1986) is a former Croatian alpine skier.

paragraph: Ratkić was born in Zagreb, at the time in SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia.

paragraph: He is a member of SK Medveščak. Ratkić has competed at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. He competed at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships on three occasions. His best result is 13th place in super combined at the 2009 World Championships in Val d'Isere, France.

paragraph: His best World Cup result is 30th position at the super combined race in Beaver Creek in 2009. He has entered 9 World Cup races in his career.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIS profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croatian Ski Federation profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Predstavljamo: Ivan Ratkić

description: Croatian alpine skier

wikidata_label: Ivan Ratkić

wikipedia_title: Ivan Ratkić


text: Luchador

text: professional wrestler

text: ring name

text: professional wrestling promotion

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: Lady Apache

text: Charly Manson

text: Los Vipers

text: La Legión Extranjera

text: Rey de Reyes

text: AAA Mega Champion

text: Torreón

text: Coahuila

text: Mexico City, Mexico

text: Tláhuac

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger

text: Axel

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Arturo Beristain

text: Paco Alonso

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: Antonio Peña

text: Hanibal Lecter

text: Silence of the Lambs

text: Goaltender

text: Los Vipers

text: Heel

text: Cibernético

text: Abismo Negro

text: Psicosis II

text: Histeria

text: Mosco de la Merced

text: Maniaco

text: Perro Aguayo

text: Perro Aguayo, Jr.

text: Mexican National Tag Team Championship

text: Cuervo

text: Mini Abismo Negro

text: Héctor Garza

text: Michinoku Pro Wrestling

text: Tiger Mask

text: Gran Hamada

text: Charly Manson

text: Heavy Metal

text: Chessman

text: La Parka, Jr.

text: Máscara Sagrada

text: Lady Apache

text: AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship

text: Triplemania XI

text: Gran Apache

text: Faby Apache

text: El Brazo

text: Martha Villalobos

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Parejas Suicida

text: Luchas de Apuestas

text: Triplemania XVI

text: Konnan

text: La Legión Extranjera

text: Face

text: Antonio Peña Memorial Show

text: El Zorro

text: El Intocable

text: Bobby Lashley

text: Kenzo Suzuki

text: Silver King

text: Antonio Peña Memorial Show

text: Rellik

text: Latin Lover

text: Octagón

text: Super Fly

text: Steel cage elimination match

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Nicho "El Millionaire"

text: Triplemania XVII

text: Teddy Hart

text: El Hijo del Santo

text: Vampiro

text: Jack Evans

text: Dr. Wagner, Jr.

text: AAA Mega Championship

text: Último Gladiador

text: Verano de Escandalo

text: Marco Corleone

text: Heroes Inmortales III

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: El Elegido

text: Extreme Tiger

text: Pimpinela Escarlata

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Mr. Anderson

text: Silver King

text: Pimpinela Escarlata

text: Steel Cage match

text: La Sociedad

text: Héroes Inmortales IV

text: Hernandez

text: L.A. Park

text: Dark Ozz

text: Naucalpan

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Triplemanía XIX

text: Joe Líder

text: Tables, Ladders and Chairs match

text: Héroes Inmortales

text: Copa Antonio Peña

text: Triplemanía XX

text: Jeff Jarrett

text: Kurt Angle

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: AAA Latin American Championship

text: Blue Demon, Jr.

text: Triplemanía XXII

text: El Hijo de Pirata Morgan

text: Máscara Año 2000 Jr.

text: AAA vs. Elite

text: L.A. Park

text: Puma King

text: Psycho Clown

text: El Hijo del Fantasma

text: Rey Wagner

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: AAA Mega Championship

text: 1 time

text: AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Lady Apache

text: 1 time

text: Mexican National Tag Team Championship

text: 3 times

text: Abismo Negro

text: Chessman

text: Copa Antonio Peña

text: Rey de Reyes

text: 1 time

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: AAA profile

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,Mexican male mixed martial artists,Sportspeople from Torreón,1970 births,Living people

paragraph: Electroshock (wrestler)

paragraph: Edgar Luna Pozos (born April 22, 1970) is a Mexican "Luchador" or professional wrestler best known under the ring name Electroshock, which he has used while working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) since 1997. Pozos is married to "luchadora" Lady Apache and is the brother of Luchador Charly Manson. As Electroshock Pozos has been a member of the groups Los Vipers, "La Legión Extranjera" and "Los Wagnermaniacos". He is the winner of the 2009 "Rey de Reyes" ("King of Kings") tournament and a one-time AAA Mega Champion.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Edgar Pozos was born in Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico on April 22, 1970. After his younger brother Jesús was born in 1975 the family moved to Mexico City, Mexico, settling in the Tláhuac "delegacion". Edgar Pozos was a quiet kid, focusing on school until he as a teenager saw a picture of Arnold Schwarzenegger in a gym in Mexico City, which inspired him begin bodybuilding. He was also a big fan of wrestling, with their father being a wrestling trainer the Pozos boys often attended wrestling matches as the "Toreo de Cuatro Caminos", one of the most popular wrestling venues in the early 1980s. Pozos combined his bodybuilding training with wrestling, hoping to become a professional wrestler one day. In order to get a wrestlers license from the Mexican Boxing and Wrestling commission he had to wrestle a tryout match, he faced Axel in his tryout match and wrestled well enough to get a license.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Consejo Mundial de Lucha libre (1992-1997).

paragraph: After getting his license Pozos created the "enmascarado" (masked) character "Ultimatum" after seeing a band called "Ultimatum" and discovering that the term meant "final warning", a name he found appropriate for the showmanship of professional wrestling. As Ultimatum he earned a contract with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and began working at their wrestling school to hone his skills under the tutelage of Arturo Beristain. As Ultimatum Pozos worked low card matches on various CMLL shows, not rising about the first or second match even after almost five years with the company. He was unable to talk to CMLL owner Paco Alonso, but when he talked with CMLL booker Juan Mar Manuel he told him flat out that CMLL had no plans to give him a higher profile on the shows, after which Pozos left the company.

paragraph: Almost ready to quit wrestling Pozos friend José Mercado, who wrestles as Pentagón Black, convinced him to apply for a job with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). In the AAA offices he met AAA owner Antonio Peña, who remembered Pozos from the time Peña worked for CMLL. Peña gave Pozos a job with AAA and together they came up with a new character to replace "Ultimatum". Pozos was inspired by the Hanibal Lecter character from the movie Silence of the Lambs and had turned an ice hockey Goaltender's mask into a mouthguard like the one Lecter wore in the movie. Peña commented that the mask made Pozos look like a mad man and asked "How do you deal with madmen?" and answered "Electroshock therapy", giving the name "Electroshock" to Pozos new character. Electroshock made his in ring debut in September 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Los Vipers (1997–2006).

paragraph: Electroshock was quickly made part of a group called "Los Vipers", a "Rudo" (Heel or "bad guy") group led by Cibernético and that besides Electroshock consisted of Abismo Negro, Psicosis II, Histeria, Mosco de la Merced and Maniaco. The group soon became the top "rudo" group in AAA, bolstered by several title wins, including Electroshock and Abismo Negro teaming up to defeat Perro Aguayo and Perro Aguayo, Jr. for the Mexican National Tag Team Championship on May 2, 1999. In late 1999 Los Vipers began fighting amongst themselves with Abismo Negro making a bid to take control of the group. This led to Abismo Negro breaking away to form "Los Vipers Extreme" along with Electroshock, Pentagón, Shiiba, Cuervo and Mini Abismo Negro. On November 7, 1999 Electroshock and Abismo Negro lost the National Tag Team title to Hator and the Panther. the Los Vipers factions joined back up in early 2000 without much resolution to the tension between Abismo Negro and Cibernético. The unity allowed Electroshock and Abismo Negro to focus on regaining the titles, a feat they accomplished on May 7, 2000 defeating Hator and the Panther. The team only held onto the title for 63 days before losing the belts to the duo of Perro Aguayo, Jr. and Héctor Garza.

paragraph: In the fall of 2000 Electroshock travelled to Japan to work for Michinoku Pro Wrestling, specifically to participate in their 2000 Futaritabi Tag Team League tournament. Electroshock teamed up with Pentagón to earn 9 points in the tournament, tying for first with Tiger Mask and Gran Hamada. The Mexican team lost to Tiger Mask and Hamada in the finals on November 3, 2000- Back in Mexico Cibernético created a new "super faction" in AAA called "Lucha Libre Latina" (LLL), a faction that included Los Vipers as well as several other Rudos. Over the following couple of years Electroshock separated himself from the other Los Vipers members, choosing to team more often with his brother who worked for AAA under the name Charly Manson. On June 8, 2001 Electroshock defeated Heavy Metal to win the UWA World Light Heavyweight Championship, a title he would hold for four to five months. On June 15, 2001 Electroshock defeated Héctor Garza to win the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship, a title he would hold and defend for the next 310 days until losing it to Perro Aguayo, Jr. Electroshock won the Mexican National Tag Team Title for the third time when he teamed with Chessman to defeat La Parka, Jr. and Máscara Sagrada for the title. The two teamed together, representing AAA for 427 days before losing the title back to La Parka, Jr. and Máscara Sagrada. Following the title match Electroshock and Chessman had a falling out, starting a storyline between the two that would soon involve Electroshock's wife Lady Apache and Chessman's storyline girlfriend Tiffany. The storyline between the two mixed teams was the driving force behind the creation of a new championship, the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship. On June 15, 2003 as part of Triplemania XI Electroshock and Lady Apache defeated Chessman and Tiffany, Gran Apache and Faby Apache and El Brazo and Martha Villalobos in a four way match to become the inaugural Mixed Tag Team Champions. The team held the title until September 16, 2003 when Chessman and Tiffany won the belts from them. The storyline between the two couples came to its conclusion at the 2004 "Rey de Reyes" event where the two teams faced off in a "Parejas Suicida" where the losing team would be forced to wrestle each other under "Luchas de Apuestas" (Bet match) rules. Electroshock and Lady Apache lost and Electroshock subsequently pinned Lady Apache in their match. After the match Electroshock apologized for pinning his wife, then had his hair shaved off instead of forcing Lady Apache to be shaved bald. Following the storyline with Chessman, Electroshock began a storyline with his own brother, publicly acknowledging that they were brothers for the first time. The two faced off in a singles match at Triplemania XVI where the loser would be forced to retire. Manson won the match but Lady Apache pleaded with him to not force Electroshock to retire but instead shave her hair off as "payment". After some consideration Manson accepted and shaved her hair off, with Electo Shock voluntarily shaving his own hair off in sympathy. In 2005 Electroshock briefly left AAA and wrestled for CMLL as "Electro" but returned to AAA after only a few matches with CMLL.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:La Legión Extranjera (2006–2009).

paragraph: Following his brief departure from AAA Electroshock became part of Konnan's La Legión Extranjera, feuding with a group of AAA Loyalists. In 2006 Charly Manson, Chessman and Cibernético turned "tecnico" (Face or "good guys") and formed a group called "Los Hell Brothers". At the first ever Antonio Peña Memorial Show Electroshock, Abismo Negro and El Zorro defeated Chessman, Cibernético and El Intocable in the main event. La Legión's success continued as Electroshock, Bobby Lashley and Kenzo Suzuki defeated Chessman, La Parka and Silver King in one of the featured events. At the 2008 Antonio Peña Memorial Show Konnan, Electroshock, Rellik and Kenzo Suzuki defeated "Team AAA" (Latin Lover, Octagón, La Parka and Super Fly) in a Steel cage elimination match where "La Legión" won control of AAA (in storyline terms). In the following months Electroshock was featured more through the "Takeover storyline", an exposure that also led to him qualifying for the 2009 "Rey de Reyes" tournament. Electroshock outlasted Octagón, Super Fly and Nicho "El Millionaire" to qualify for the final and outlasted La Parka, Silver King and Latin Lover to become the 2009 "Rey de Reyes". The long running "AAA vs. La Legión" storyline came to an end at Triplemania XVII where La Legión (Electroshock, Silver King, Chessman, Kenzo Suzuki and Teddy Hart) faced and lost to "Team AAA" (El Hijo del Santo, La Parka, Vampiro, Octagón and Jack Evans) in a Steel Cage match with control of AAA on the line. After the loss Konnan was fired by AAA owner Joaquin Roldan and "La Legión" was disbanded.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Los Wagnermaniacos (2009–2010).

paragraph: Following Dr. Wagner, Jr.'s AAA Mega Championship victory at Triplemania XVII, a group composed of Dr. Wagner, Jr., Silver King, Último Gladiador and Electroshock formed, taking the name "Los Wagnermaniacos" after the group leader Dr. Wagner, Jr.. At the 2009 "Verano de Escandalo" event Electroshock, Silver King and Último Gladiador teamed up to defeat La Parka, Marco Corleone and Octagón. At Heroes Inmortales III Charly Manson was scheduled to face Chessman in a "Lucha de Apuesta" match, but in the days leading up to the event Manson decided to leave AAA, leaving the main event of Heroes Inmortales III up in the air. On the night of the show Electroshock came out to take his brother's place in the match, losing to Chessman. After the match he had his head shaved completely bald, taking the loss that his brother was originally scheduled to take. At the 2009 "Guerra de Titanes" Los Wagnermaniacos lost to El Elegido, Extreme Tiger and Pimpinela Escarlata while Dr. Wagner, Jr. lost the AAA title to El Mesias. In early 2010 Electroshock stated that since he was the 2009 "Rey de Reyes" he deserved to take part in the title match with El Mesias scheduled for the 2010 "Rey de Reyes" event, a comment that led to animosity between Electroshock and Dr. Wagner, Jr.. On March 12, 2010 Electroshock submitted Mr. Anderson in the main event of the 2010 "Rey de Reyes", thus winning the AAA Mega Championship without actually defeating the champion El Mesias. Following the match Dr. Wagner, Jr. and the other Wagnermaniacos came to the ring to congratulate Electroshock, seemingly ending any concerns about animosity in the group. On a subsequent AAA show Dr. Wagner, Jr. asked Electroshock for a title match, a request Electroshock declined leading to a fight between the two, ending Electroshock's association with Los Wagnermaniacos.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Los Maniacos (2010).

paragraph: At a later show Silver King, Dr. Wagner, Jr.'s brother, interfered in a fight between the two by attacking his brother, siding with Electroshock. Silver King stated that he chose friendship over family and was siding with Electroshock in the storyline. The two, along with Último Gladiador became known as "Los Maniacos" Dr. Wagner, Jr. after turning "técnico" continued Los Wagnermaniacos with Pimpinela Escarlata and Octagón to even the numbers. On April 26, 2010 AAA confirmed on their website that Electroshock would defend the title against Dr. Wagner, Jr.. In the lead up to the title match the two faced off in a Steel Cage match on May 19, 2010, a match that Electroshock won with the help of "Los Maniacos", Silver King and Último Gladiador. On June 6, 2010, at Triplemanía XVIII, Electroshock lost the AAA Mega Championship to Dr. Wagner, Jr. After losing the title, Electroshock began feuding with Heavy Metal. In September 2010 Silver King and Último Gladiador announced they were joining "La Sociedad", and although Electroshock made no official announcement on whether or not he would be following them, he agreed to represent the group at "Héroes Inmortales IV" in order to get his hands on Heavy Metal. At the event Electroshock, El Zorro, Hernandez and L.A. Park were defeated by Heavy Metal, La Parka, Dark Ozz and Dark Cuervo in an elimination steel cage match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Turning technico (2010–2014).

paragraph: On November 14 Electroshock officially announced that he was not part of "La Sociedad" and urged Silver King and Último Gladiador to leave the group. At the November 18 event in Naucalpan he once again turned down an offer to join "La Sociedad" and was as a result beaten down by Silver King, Último Gladiador and "La Milicia", turning him "technico" in the process. When Heavy Metal returned from his injury on February 4, 2011, he and Electroshock entered a Best of Five series, with the loser having his hair shaved off. The fifth match, a Two Out of Three Falls Bull Terrier match, took place on March 18 at Rey de Reyes, where Heavy Metal was victorious after a guitar shot. After the match both Electroshock and Heavy Metal were attacked by members of "La Sociedad", bringing the former rivals together to fight a common enemy. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Electroshock, Heavy Metal and Joe Líder defeated Silver King, Último Gladiador and Chessman in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. On October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, Electroshock defeated eight other men to win the Copa Antonio Peña. On August 5, 2012, at "Triplemanía XX", Electroshock teamed up with L.A. Park as Team Joaquín Roldán in a Hair vs. Hair match, where they faced Team Dorian Roldán (Jeff Jarrett and Kurt Angle), with the Roldáns' hairs on the line. Electroshock won the match for his team by pinning Angle, forcing Dorian to have his head shaved bald. However, after the match, the "rudos" overpowered the "technicos" and shaved Joaquín bald. On December 8, 2013, at "Guerra de Titanes", Electroshock received his first shot at the AAA Latin American Championship, but was unable to dethrone the defending champion, Blue Demon, Jr.. On August 17, 2014, at Triplemanía XXII, Electroshock lost his hair to fellow "técnico" El Mesías in a six-way steel cage "Lucha de Apuestas".

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Holocausto (2014–2016).

paragraph: After losing his hair to El Mesías, Electroshock entered a storyline, where he began teasing retirement from professional wrestling. However, on January 23, 2015, Electroshock instead turned "rudo" and formed a new partnership with El Hijo de Pirata Morgan. Electroshock's new stable was later named Holocausto. On May 2, 2016, Electroshock lef AAA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2016–present).

paragraph: Following his departure from AAA, Pozos adopted the new ring name "Mr. Elektro" or "Mr. Electro" due to his old ring name being owned by AAA. On June 12, 2016 Mr. Electro defeated Máscara Año 2000 Jr. by disqualification, thus winning the IWRG Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship in the process as IWRG rules state a championship changes hands on a disqualification.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to AAA (2018).

paragraph: On June 26 at the press conference, Electroshock makes its return to the AAA company representing itself as part of the Elite League. On July 21, 2018, at "AAA vs. Elite", Electroshock teams with L.A. Park and Puma King as representatives of Liga Elite defeating the Team AAA (Psycho Clown, El Hijo del Fantasma and Rey Wagner).

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA Mega Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Lady Apache

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Abismo Negro (2), Chessman (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa Antonio Peña (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rey de Reyes (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Federation of Radio and Television Associations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Microphone (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Wrestling Revolution Group

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #57 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA profile

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Electroshock

wikipedia_title: Electroshock (wrestler)


text:
Dutch Golden Age
Amsterdam
Abraham Lambertsz van den Tempel
Mennonite
Govert Flinck
Jacob Adriaensz Backer
Leeuwarden
National Gallery of Victoria
musée des beaux-arts de Rouen
Lambert Jacoobsz
RKD
Gallery of works

categories: 1636 deaths,Dutch male painters,Dutch Golden Age painters,Artists from Amsterdam,1598 births

paragraph: Lambert Jacobsz

paragraph: Lambert Jacobsz, also Lambert Jacobsz. or Lambert Jacobszoon (1598 – 27 June 1636), was a Dutch Golden Age painter and preacher.

paragraph: Jacobsz was born in Amsterdam. He was the father of Abraham Lambertsz van den Tempel, and primarily painted figures. He was also active in his local Mennonite community. According to the RKD, his apprentices were Govert Flinck, Jacob Adriaensz Backer, Heere Innes, and his son. He died at Leeuwarden in 1636 during an outbreak of plague there. Much of his work is still located in the buildings for which it was painted in Leeuwarden. Some of his works are displayed at the National Gallery of Victoria and a series of four saints portraits at the musée des beaux-arts de Rouen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lambert Jacoobsz in the RKD

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallery of works

alias:
Lambert Jacobsen
Lambert Jacobsz.
Lambert Jacobs

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Lambert Jacobsz

wikipedia_title: Lambert Jacobsz


text:
Time of the Innocent
14th Berlin International Film Festival
Tony Curtis
Some Like It Hot
Cary Grant
Bringing Up Baby
Jack Nicholson
Prizzi's Honor

categories: 2007 deaths,German male film actors,1924 births,German male television actors

paragraph: Erik Schumann

paragraph: Erik Schumann (15 February 1925 – 9 February 2007) was a German actor. He appeared in 100 films and television shows between 1942 and 1997. He was most successful during the 1950s and 1960s, when he played leading roles in several German films. He starred in the 1964 film "Time of the Innocent", which was entered into the 14th Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraph: Schumann also worked as a stage and dubbing-voice actor in German synchronisations. Among his dubbing roles were Tony Curtis in "Some Like It Hot", Cary Grant in "Bringing Up Baby" and Jack Nicholson in "Prizzi's Honor".

description: German actor

wikidata_label: Erik Schumann

wikipedia_title: Erik Schumann


text:
Danish
architect
Historicist
Danish architecture
Copenhagen University Library
Fiolstræde
Copenhagen
Ferdinand Meldahl
Vilhelm Dahlerup
Royal Academy
Gustav Hetsch
Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll
Norway
Germany
architectural competition
Copenhagen University Library
Neo-Gothic
Danish architecture
cast iron
Odense City Hall
College of Advanced Technology
Funen
Kalundborg
Copenhagen University Library
Fiolstræde
P. C. Skovgaard
Johanne Luise Heiberg
Holmens Kanal
Vedbæk
Copenhagen Central Station
Gyldenholm Manor
Slagelse
National Bank of Denmark
Gisselfeld Castle
Hans Jørgen Holm
Odense City Hall
Odense
Copenhagen Botanical Garden
Godtersgade
College of Advanced Technology
Helsingør
Næstved
List of Danish architects

categories: Danish architects,1902 deaths,Historicist architects,1818 births

paragraph: Johan Daniel Herholdt

paragraph: Johan Daniel Herholdt (13 August 1818 – 11 April 1902) was a Danish architect, professor and royal building inspector. He worked in the Historicist style and had a significant influence on Danish architecture during the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. His most famous work is the Copenhagen University Library in Fiolstræde in Copenhagen which heralded a new trend. The strong use of red brick in large-scale cultural and civic buildings was to characterize Danish architecture for several decades. He was a leading proponent of the "national" school in Danish architecture of the period as opposed to Ferdinand Meldahl's and Vilhelm Dahlerup's "European" school.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Johan Daniel Herholdt was born in 1818 in Copenhagen. He first trained and worked as a carpenter until 1840. In quiet months when work was scarce, he attended evening classes at the Royal Academy and took drawing lessons in the daytime, studying first under Gustav Hetsch and later Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll. From 1841, he travelled in Denmark, Norway and Northern Germany, studying buildings and working along the way. In 1845, he returned to Copenhagen to complete his studies in architecture.

paragraph: Herholdt's first assignments were mainly large villas and a few manor houses. His major breakthrough came when he won the first architectural competition of its kind in Denmark, for the design of a new building for the Copenhagen University Library. His winning Neo-Gothic design started a trend in Danish architecture which was typified by the strong use of red brick in large-scale cultural and civic buildings. It was to last for the next half century. His building was also the first in Denmark to rely on a structural system of cast iron. The library was completed in 1861 and the same year he became a member of the Academy.

paragraph: His later works include Copenhagen's second Central Station and a building for the National Bank of Denmark, both demolished, and Odense City Hall. He was responsible for the design of a building complex for the College of Advanced Technology where he also served as a teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Selected buildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erholm Manor, Funen (1851–1854, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selchausdal Manor, Kalundborg (1856, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copenhagen University Library, Fiolstræde, Copenhagen (1857–1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Own Villa, 8 Ewaldsgade, Copenhagen (1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa for P. C. Skovgaard, Østerbro, Copenhagen (1869, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa for Johanne Luise Heiberg, Østerbro, Copenhagen (1862–1863, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grøns Warehouse, Holmens Kanal, Copenhagen (1862–1863, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enrum Manor, Vedbæk (1862–1864, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Copenhagen Central Station (1862–1864, demolished in 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gyldenholm Manor, Slagelse (1863–64(

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Bank of Denmark, Holmens Kanal, Copenhagen (1865–1870, demolished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glasshouses, Gisselfeld Castle (1876, rebuilt by Hans Jørgen Holm in 1894, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odense City Hall, Odense (1881–1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bikuben Bank, Silkegade, Copenhagen (1883–1884, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botanical Laboratory, Copenhagen Botanical Garden, 140 Godtersgade, Copenhagen (designed 1881–1883, built 1889–1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- College of Advanced Technology, Sølvgade, Copenhagen (1887–1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helsingør Custom House, Helsingør (1887–1891, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Næstved Custom House, Næstved (1887–1891)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Danish architects

description: architect

wikidata_label: Johan Daniel Herholdt

wikipedia_title: Johan Daniel Herholdt