text:
Greek
epithet
Indo-Greek
Paropamisade
Arachosia
Menander I
Euthydemus I
Euthydemus II
Demetrius
Dharma
Buddhism
Scythian
recurve bow
Indo-Scythians
Yuezhi
Agathokleia
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
W. W. Tarn
Main coins of Zoilus I
Catalog of the coins of Zoilus I
Le Roi Zoile le Juste

paragraph: Zoilos I

paragraph: Zoilus I Dikaios (Greek: ; epithet means "the Just") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled in Afghanistan and Pakistan and occupied the areas of the Paropamisade and Arachosia previously held by Menander I. He may have belonged to the dynasty of Euthydemus I.

paragraph: Section::::Time of reign.

paragraph: Zoilos used to be dated after the death of Menander, c. 130–120 BCE (Bopearachchi). Two coins of Zoilus I were however overstruck by Menander I so Zoilos came to power while Menander was still alive and was perhaps his enemy. R. C. Senior has suggested some time between 150–135 BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Coin types of Zoilos I.

paragraph: Zoilos I uses a silver coin type similar to that of Euthydemus II, son of Demetrius: Crowned Herakles standing, holding a wreath or diadem in his right hand, and a club and the lion skin in his left hand. On some of the coins, which are of lower artistic quality, Herakles is crowned by a small Nike. Zoilos I also struck rare gold-plated silver coins with portrait and Heracles.

paragraph: The Indian-standard coins of Zoilos I also bear the Pali title "Dhramikasa" ("Follower of the Dharma"), probably related to Buddhism, appearing for the first time on Indo-Greek coinage. A few monolingual Attic tetradrachms of Zoilos I have been found. Zoilos inherited (or took) several monograms from Menander I.

paragraph: His bronze coins are square and original in that they combine the club of Herakles with a Scythian-type bowcase (for a short recurve bow) inside a victory wreath, suggesting contacts or even an alliance with horse-mounted people originating from the steppes, possibly either the Scythians (future Indo-Scythians), or the Yuezhi who had invaded Greco-Bactria. This bow can be contrasted to the traditional Hellenistic long bow depicted on the coins of the eastern Indo-Greek queen Agathokleia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Greek Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Main coins of Zoilus I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalog of the coins of Zoilus I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Roi Zoile le Juste

description: Indo-Greek king

wikidata_label: Zoilos I

wikipedia_title: Zoilos I


text:
Baroque
Camaiore
Lucca
Rome
Corelli
Pasquini
Venice
Shakespeare
Marcello
Quantz
Domenico Scarlatti
Ospedale della Pietà
Antonio Vivaldi
Metastasio
List of operas by Francesco Gasparini
Johann Sebastian Bach
cornett
Kyrie
Gloria
St. Thomas Church, Leipzig
St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig
Auser Musici
Kennedy, Michael

categories: Italian male classical composers,1727 deaths,Italian Baroque,Italian music theorists,Italian Baroque composers,18th-century classical composers,Italian classical composers,Pupils of Bernardo Pasquini,People from the Province of Lucca,1661 births

paragraph: Francesco Gasparini

paragraph: Francesco Gasparini (19 March 1661 – 22 March 1727) was an Italian Baroque composer and teacher whose works were performed throughout Italy, and also on occasion in Germany and England.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Camaiore, near Lucca, he studied in Rome with Corelli and Pasquini. His first important opera, "Roderico" (1694), was produced there. In 1702 he went to Venice and became one of the leading composers in the city. In 1720 he returned to Rome for his last important work, "Tigrane" (1724). He wrote the first opera using the story of Hamlet ("Ambleto", 1705) though this was not based on Shakespeare's play.

paragraph: Gasparini was also a teacher, the instructor of Marcello, Quantz and Domenico Scarlatti. He was musical director of the Ospedale della Pietà, where he employed Antonio Vivaldi as a violin master. He wrote a treatise on the harpsichord (1708). At one time, Metastasio was betrothed to his daughter. He died in Rome in 1727.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Operas.

paragraph: See List of operas by Francesco Gasparini.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missa canonica" for four voices and basso continuo (Venice, 1705)

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Gasparini's works were performed throughout Italy, and also on occasion in Germany and England.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.:Missa canonica.

paragraph: Gasparini's "Missa Canonica" was known to Johann Sebastian Bach, who, in 1740, copied it out and—after adding parts for strings, oboes, cornett, trombone, and organ—performed its Kyrie and Gloria in both the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig and St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.:Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dori & Daliso – Mirena & Floro", Auser Musici, Carlo Ipata, director, Symphonia SY 03207 (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cantate da Camera a voce e basso continuo" – Susanna Rigacci soprano; Gabriele Micheli harpsichord. Tactus TC 660701 (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Il Bajazet" – Auser Musici; Carlo Ipata, director; Giuseppina Bridelli, soprano; Ewa Gubańska, mezzo-soprano; Benedetta Mazzucato, contralto; Giorgia Cincirpi, mezzo-soprano; Antonio Giovanni, countertenor; Filippo Mineccia, countertenor; Raffaele Pè, countertenor; Leonardo De Lisi, tenor. Glossa GCD923504 (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Arie Sacre "-Eleonora Alberici, soprano; Mario Genesi, harsichord (2007), includes motect "Panis Angelicus" by F. Gasparini

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennedy, Michael (2006), "The Oxford Dictionary of Music",

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), "The Oxford Dictionary of Opera",

description: Italian composer and teacher

wikidata_label: Francesco Gasparini

wikipedia_title: Francesco Gasparini


text:
Greek
epithet
Indo-Greek
Punjab
Apollodotus II the Great
Pallas Athene
Zoilus I
Virgil
Battle of Actium
Aeneid
Strato II
Strato III
Indo-Scythian
Bhadayasa
Kharoshthi
monogram
Strato I
Apollodotus II
Apollophanes
Kharoshthi
Kharoshthi
Sialkot
Punjab
Jhelum
Taxila
Peshawar
Azes I
Azilises
Azes II
Apollodotus II
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire

wikipedia_title:
Greek language
Epithet
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Punjab
Apollodotus II
Athena
Zoilos I
Virgil
Battle of Actium
Aeneid
Strato II
Strato III
Indo-Scythians
Bhadayasa
Kharosthi
Monogram
Strato I
Apollodotus II
Apollophanes
Kharosthi
Kharosthi
Sialkot
Punjab
Jhelum River
Taxila
Peshawar
Azes I
Azilises
Azes II
Apollodotus II
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire

paragraph: Zoilos II

paragraph: Zoilos II Soter (Greek: ; epithet means "the Saviour") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled in eastern Punjab. Bopearachchi dates his reign to c. 55–35 BCE, a date approximately supported by R. C. Senior. The name is often Latinized as "Zoilus". It is possible that some of his coins were issued by a separate king, Zoilos III.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: Zoilos seems to have been one of the rulers who succeeded the last important Indo-Greek king Apollodotus II the Great in the eastern parts of his former kingdom. All these kings use the same symbol as Apollodotus II, the fighting Pallas Athene introduced by Menander I, and usually also the same epithet "Soter" (Saviour). It is therefore possible that they belonged to the same dynasty, and Zoilus II could also have been related to the earlier king Zoilus I, but the lack of written sources make all such conjections uncertain.

paragraph: He may have been the Bactrian ally of Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) and Cleopatra VII referred to by Virgil in his vision of the Battle of Actium in "The Aeneid," Bk.VIII, 688:

paragraph: Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis,

paragraph: victor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro,

paragraph: Aegyptum viresque Orientis et ultima secum

paragraph: Bactra vehit.

paragraph: (Antony, with barbarous wealth and strange weapons, conqueror of eastern peoples and the Indian shores, bringing Egypt,

paragraph: and the might of the Orient, with him, and furthest Bactria).

paragraph: Section::::Rule.:Coins of Zoilos II.

paragraph: Zoilos II issued silver drachms with diademed portrait and Pallas Athene in rather crude style, and two sorts of bronzes in various denominations: "Apollo, with tripod and small elephant", and "Elephant and tripod".

paragraph: Section::::Zoilos III, a separate king?

paragraph: The portraits attributed to Zoilos II could be divided into two groups; one depicting a balding man with hollow cheeks, the other a seemingly younger man with a fringe and round cheeks. As numismatic evidence indicates that the younger portraits are later, recent research has suggested that they be attributed to a younger king, Zoilos III Soter, who would then have been a son and successor of the older Zoilos.

paragraph: In particular, the mint mark which is characteristic of the coins of Zoilos with a full head of hair, is a later mint mark used down to the last Indo-Greek kings Strato II and Strato III, suggesting a later reign for Zoilos III. This mint-mark however was never used by the "balding" Zoilos II, or by any king before him.

paragraph: Section::::Zoilos III, a separate king?:Indo-Scythian imitations.

paragraph: The Indo-Scythian king Bhadayasa also copied coins of Zoilos II, or the hypothetical Zoilos III, only mentioning his own name on the Kharoshthi legend of his coins.

paragraph: Section::::Monograms.

paragraph: Many of the monograms on the coins of Zoilos II are in Kharoshti, indicating that they were probably made by an Indian moneyer. This is a characteristic of several of the Indo-Greek kings of the eastern Punjab, such as Strato I, Apollodotus II, and sometimes Apollophanes and Dionysios. Furthermore, the monogram is often identical on their coins, indicating that the moneyer, or the place of mint, were the same.

paragraph: The coins of Zoilos II combine Greek monograms with Kharoshthi ones, indicating that some of the celators may have been native Indians. The Kharoshthi monograms are the letters for: sti, ji, ra, ga, gri, ha, stri, ri, bu, a, di, stra, and śi. The "Apollo and tripod" and "Elephant and tripod" types only have Kharoshthi monograms, while the portrait types usually have combinations of Greek and Kharoshthi monograms. The monogram 62 (below) has been shown to be the last Indo-Greek monogram, and only appears on the younger portraits that may belong to Zoilus III.

paragraph: Section::::Findplaces.

paragraph: The coins of Zoilos II have been found in the Sutlej and Sialkot II hoards, and in Punjab hoards east in the Jhelum (Bopearachchi, p138).

paragraph: Also, 25 coins of Zoilos II were found under the foundations of a 1st-century BCE rectangular chapel in the monastery of Dharmarajika, near Taxila.

paragraph: Two coins of Zoilos II were also found in the Bara hoard near Peshawar, together with coins of the Indo-Scythian kings Azes I, Azilises, Azes II.

paragraph: Section::::Overstrikes.

paragraph: A coin of Zoilus II was overstruck on a coin of Apollodotus II.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indo-Greek Coins", R. B. Whitehead, 1914.

wikidata_label: Zoilos II

wikipedia_title: Zoilos II


text:
Greek
epithet
Indo-Greek
Punjab
India
Pakistan
Indo-Scythians
Apollodotus II Soter
Macedon
Alexander Mosaic
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire

wikipedia_title:
Greek language
Epithet
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Punjab
India
Pakistan
Indo-Scythians
Apollodotus II
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Alexander Mosaic
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire

paragraph: Apollophanes

paragraph: Apollophanes Soter (Greek: ; epithet means "the Saviour"; reigned c. 35 – 25 BCE) was an Indo-Greek king in the area of eastern and central Punjab in modern India and Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: Little is known about him, except for some of his remaining coins. The dating is Osmund Bopearachchi's, but R. C. Senior suggests approximately the same dates. Earlier scholars, such as Professor Ahmed Hasan Dani, W.W. Tarn and A.K. Narain dated Apollophanes considerably earlier, but the style and finding places of his coins make it clear that he belonged to the last line of eastern Indo-Greek kings, not long before they were overcome completely by pressure from the Indo-Scythians.

paragraph: He may have been a relative of Apollodotus II Soter since both kings share the epithet "Soter" (Saviour), have names related to Apollo and use Pallas Athene as their reverse.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Apollophanes.

paragraph: Apollophanes issued a few debased silver drachms of the type seen above, struck with a single monogram and of little artistic quality. He seems to have been an insignificant local ruler. Apollophanes wears what appears to be a Macedonian helmet of the type seen on the Alexander Mosaic which he was the last Indo-Greek ruler to use.

paragraph: Apollophanes used exclusively a single "boxy" mint-mark, in keeping with late Indo-Greek kings.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W.W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bactrian and Indus Greeks", Ahmed Hasan Dani, Lahore Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Indo-Greeks - Revisited and Supplemented", A.K. Narain, BR Publishing Corporation

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", Osmund Bopearachchi, Bibliothèque Nationale de France.

description: Indo-Greek king

wikidata_label: Apollophanes

wikipedia_title: Apollophanes


text: Earl of Douglas

text: Mar

text: magnate

text: Kingdom of Scotland

text: William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas

text: Margaret, Countess of Mar

text: Liddesdale

text: King Robert

text: David II

text: Douglas family

text: French

text: Franco-Scots Allies

text: England

text: Montrose

text: Geoffroi de Charny

text: Perth

text: Sir David Lindsay

text: Percy

text: Earl of Northumberland

text: Mowbray

text: Earl of Nottingham

text: Chevauchée

text: English

text: Leith

text: Jean de Vienne

text: Admiral of France

text: Richard II of England

text: Edinburgh

text: Melrose

text: Newbattle

text: Dryburgh

text: Haddington

text: Carlisle

text: Durham

text: Galloway

text: Archibald the Grim

text: John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby

text: Earl of Fife

text: Cumberland

text: Cockermouth

text: Aberdeen

text: Jedburgh

text: March

text: Moray

text: Redesdale

text: Brancepeth

text: Newcastle

text: Sir Henry Percy

text: Sir Ralph Percy

text: Alnwick Castle

text: pennon

text: Froissart

text: Ponteland

text: Otterburn

text: Newcastle

text: Walter Skirlaw

text: Melrose Abbey

text: Jean Froissart

text: The Ballad of Chevy Chase

text: The Battle of Otterburn

text: Robert II of Scotland

text: William

text: Marquess of Queensberry

text: Isabel

text: entail

text: Bonjedward

text: Archibald Douglas

text: The "Good" Sir James Douglas

text: Sadler, John

text: Brown Michael

text: Maxwell, Sir Herbert

text: Fraser, Sir William

text: Tranter, Nigel

text: The Stewart Trilogy

wikipedia_title: Historical novels by Nigel Tranter set between 1286 and 1603

categories: Earls of Douglas,14th-century Scottish earls,Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action,Burials at Melrose Abbey,1388 deaths,House of Douglas and Angus,1358 births

paragraph: James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas

paragraph: Sir James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas and Mar (c. 1358 – 14 August 1388) was an influential and powerful magnate in the Kingdom of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the eldest son and heir of William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas and Margaret, Countess of Mar. By the time his father had made over lands in Liddesdale to him in 1380, he had been knighted, being known as Sir James Douglas of Liddesdale. Earlier his father had been in dispute with King Robert over the latter's succession to King David II, but returned to royal favour by concluding a marriage contract between his son and the Princess Isabel, thus binding the Douglas family close to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Earl of Douglas and Mar.

paragraph: In May 1384, the 1st Earl of Douglas died from a fever, and his son inherited. Around the same time a French embassy arrived in Scotland to negotiate a truce between the Franco-Scots Allies and England. While deliberations were taking place in Edinburgh, a further party of French knights arrived at Montrose. These adventurers led by Geoffroi de Charny, sent word to the court at Edinburgh, from Perth where they had marched to, in which they offered their services against the English

paragraph: The new Earl of Douglas, and Sir David Lindsay mustered their men and joined forces with the French knights. They then led a raid into England where they ravaged lands belonging to the Percy Earl of Northumberland, and the Mowbray Earl of Nottingham. While this Chevauchée was happening, the Scots agreed to the tripartite truce on 7 July which was to last until May the following year. De Charny and his knights returned to France but promised to Douglas that they would return as soon as possible.

paragraph: In 1385 when the truce expired, Douglas made war on the English. The French were as good as their word and had previously arrived at Leith with a contingent of Chivalry, armour and monies. The French under Jean de Vienne, Admiral of France joined forces with the Scots. Finding that the army of Richard II of England was numerically superior to the Franco-Scots, Douglas allowed the English to advance to Edinburgh, wisely refusing battle, the English army destroyed the Abbies of Melrose, Newbattle and Dryburgh, as well as burning the burgh of Haddington and the capital itself. Douglas contented himself with a destructive counter-raid on Carlisle and Durham, leading the French, and the men of Galloway, under his cousin Archibald the Grim. Disputes soon arose between the allies, and the French returned home at the end of the year.

paragraph: 1386 saw squabbling between the Earl of Northumberland, and John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby over the wardenship of the Eastern March. Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford, the warden of the Western March, was engaged to keep the peace between the rivals. While Clifford was away from his duties in the west, Douglas accompanied by the Earl of Fife led a force deep into Cumberland, and raided and burnt the town of Cockermouth.

paragraph: Section::::Otterburn and death.

paragraph: Section::::Otterburn and death.:Invasion of England.

paragraph: In 1388 Richard II had domestic troubles with his recalcitrant barons and was occupied far to the south, and the time seemed right for invasion to avenge the destruction of 1385.

paragraph: The Scots, following an agreement made between the nobility at Aberdeen, mustered at Jedburgh in August, including the levies of the earls of Fife, March, Moray and those of Archibald the Grim. Upon finding from an English spy, that the English warden Percy was aware of the muster, and was planning a counter strike, the Scots command decided to split the army, with Fife leading the main body into Cumberland, while a smaller mounted force under Douglas was to go east and despoil Northumberland.

paragraph: Douglas' force entered England through Redesdale and proceeded south to Brancepeth laying waste to the countryside. From there the turned east to encircle Newcastle.

paragraph: Newcastle was held by Northumberland's sons, Sir Henry Percy, known as ""Hotspur"", and his brother Sir Ralph Percy. Northumberland himself remained at Alnwick Castle, hoping to outflank Douglas should he attempt to return to Scotland.

paragraph: The Scots, without the siege equipment to invest the Castle, encamped around it. The week that followed saw constant skirmishes and challenges to single combat between the two sides, that culminated when Douglas challenged Hotspur to a duel. In the ensuing joust Douglas successfully felled Hotspur and was able to capture his pennon. According to Froissart, Douglas announced that he would ""carry [the pennon] to Scotland and hoist it on my tower, where it may be seen from afar"", to which Hotspur retorted ""By God! You will never leave Northumberland alive with that.""

paragraph: Section::::Otterburn and death.:Battle of Otterburn.

paragraph: The following day the Scots struck camp and marched to Ponteland where they destroyed its castle, and then on to Otterburn just 30 miles from Newcastle, Douglas appeared to be tarrying to see whether Hotspur would react.

paragraph: Douglas chose his encampment in a wood with an eye to protect his force from English archery. But on the evening of the 5 August, the Percies surprised the Scots and a bloody moonlit battle ensued. Douglas was mortally wounded during the fight, but because of the confusion of fighting in darkness this fact was not transmitted to his men who carried on the battle. Froissart gives account in detail of the various individuals wounded, captured or killed, but what is known is that the Scots won the encounter taking Hotspur and many others prisoner. Douglas' body was found on the field the following day. The Scots, albeit saddened by the loss of their leader, were heartened enough by the victory, to frighten off English reinforcements led by Walter Skirlaw, the Bishop of Durham the following day.

paragraph: Douglas' body was then removed back across the Border and he was interred at Melrose Abbey.

paragraph: The battle, as narrated by Jean Froissart, forms the basis of the English and Scottish ballads "The Ballad of Chevy Chase" and "The Battle of Otterburn".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Douglas married Isabel, a daughter of King Robert II of Scotland. He left no legitimate male issue. His natural sons William and Archibald became the ancestors of the families of Douglas of Drumlanrig (see Marquess of Queensberry) and Douglas of Cavers. His sister Isabel inherited the lands and earldom of Mar, and the unentailed estates of Douglas. Isabel arranged for the Bonjedward estate to be passed to their half-sister, Margaret, who became 1st Laird of Bonjedward.

paragraph: The earldom and entailed estates of Douglas reverted by the patent of 1358 to Archibald Douglas, called "The Grim", cousin of the 1st Earl and a natural son of The "Good" Sir James Douglas.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadler, John, "Border Fury-England and Scotland at War 1296-1568". Pearson Education. 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown Michael, "Black Douglases: War and Lordship in Late Medieval Scotland, 1300-1455". Tuckwell Press. 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell, Sir Herbert, "A History of the House of Douglas II vols". London. 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brenan, Gerald, "A History of the House of Percy II vols". London 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser, Sir William, "The Douglas Book IV vols". Edinburgh. 1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 , K.M. Brown "et al." eds (St Andrews, 2007–2011).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tranter, Nigel, "The Stewart Trilogy", Dunton Green, Sevenoaks, Kent : Coronet Books, 1986. . "Lords of Misrule, 1388-1396. A Folly of Princes, 1396-1402. The Captive Crown, 1402-1411".

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas

wikipedia_title: James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas


text:
Queen
León
Alfonso V of León
Elvira Menéndez
Monastery of San Pelayo
political marriage
García Sánchez of Castile
Ferdinand I of León and Castile
Battle of Tamarón
Bermudo III of León
crucifix that bears their name
Basilica of San Isidoro
Urraca of Zamora
Sancho II of León and Castile
Elvira of Toro
Alfonso VI of León and Castile
García II of Galicia
León
Basilica of San Isidoro

categories: Leonese infantas,Beni Alfons,Queen mothers,House of Jiménez,1013 births,11th-century Spanish women,Galician queens consort,1067 deaths,Hispanic empresses and queens,11th-century people from the Kingdom of León,Burials in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro

paragraph: Sancha of León

paragraph: Sancha of León (8 November 1067) was a Queen of León.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sancha was a daughter of Alfonso V of León by his first wife, Elvira Menéndez. She became a secular abbess of the Monastery of San Pelayo.

paragraph: In 1029, a political marriage was arranged between her and count García Sánchez of Castile. However, having traveled to León for the marriage, García was assassinated by a group of disgruntled vassals. In 1032, Sancha was married to García’s nephew and successor, Ferdinand I of León and Castile, when the latter was 11 years old.

paragraph: At the Battle of Tamarón in 1037 Ferdinand killed Sancha’s brother Bermudo III of León, making Sancha the heir and allowing Ferdinand to have himself crowned King of León, Sancha thereby became queen. Following Ferdinand’s death in 1065 and the division of her husband’s kingdom, she is said to have played the futile role of peacemaker among her sons.

paragraph: She was a devout Catholic, who, with her husband, commissioned the crucifix that bears their name as a gift for the Basilica of San Isidoro.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Sancha had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urraca of Zamora

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho II of León and Castile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elvira of Toro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso VI of León and Castile

paragraph: BULLET::::- García II of Galicia

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: She died in the city of León on 8 November 1067. She was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the Basilica of San Isidoro, along with her parents, brother, husband, and her children Elvira, Urraca and García.

paragraph: The following Latin inscription was carved in the tomb in which were deposited the remains of Queen Sancha:

paragraph: "H. R. SANCIA REGINA TOTIUS HISPANIAE, MAGNI REGIS FERDINANDI UXOR. FILIA REGIS ADEFONSI, QUI POPULAVIT LEGIONEM POS DESTRUCTIONEM ALMANZOR. OBIIT ERA MCVIII. III N. M."

paragraph: Which translates to:

paragraph: "Here lies Sancha, Queen of All Spain, wife of the great king Ferdinand and daughter of king Alfonso, who populated León after the destruction of Almanzor. Died 3 November 1108."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanco Lozano, Pilar. "Colección diplomática de Fernando I" (1037–1065). León: Centro de Estudios e Investigación «San Isidoro» (CSIC-CECEL) y Archivo Histórico Diocesano, 1987. .

description: Queen consort of Castile and León

wikidata_label: Sancha of León

wikipedia_title: Sancha of León


text: Canon

text: Milan

text: Pope Paul II

text: benefice

text: Corbetta

text: Catholic Church

text: Holy Land

text: Jerusalem

text: Ragusa

text: Corfu

text: Zante

text: Modone

text: Corone

text: Cerigo

text: Cerigotto

text: Paros

text: Candia

text: Rhodes

text: Limaso

text: Famagusta

text: Episcopia

text: Jaffa

text: Nabule (Nablus)

text: Rama (Ramallah)

text: Lydda

text: Jerusalem

text: Bethlehem

text: Jericho

text: Francesco Suriano

categories: 1507 deaths,Italian Renaissance writers,1427 births,Holy Land travellers

paragraph: Pietro Casola

paragraph: Pietro Casola (1427 – November 6, 1507) was a Catholic Canon, born to a noble Italian family in Milan. He is most notable for the journal of his "Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494". He served in Rome as a secretary attache to the Milanese Embassy in Rome and later as senior of the Cardinal Deacons of the Duomo. In 1467, Pope Paul II nominated him for the benefice of St. Victor at Corbetta as a reward for his service to the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

paragraph: On May 15, 1494, Casola started his journey to the Holy Land of Jerusalem. His journal included detailed notes of the places that he visited along the way including their economic industries, food and culture as well as the status of their churches. He traveled to Ragusa, Corfu, Zante, Modone, Corone, Cerigo, Cerigotto, Paros, Candia, Rhodes. Limaso, Famagusta, Episcopia, Jaffa, Nabule (Nablus), Rama (Ramallah), Lydda (Lod), and finally Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Jericho. Another such guide is that of Francesco Suriano from a few decades earlier.

paragraph: For a description of a trip in the late 18th century see Viaggio da Venezia al S. Sepolcro, ed al monte Sinai by Noe Bianco and Ettore Azzi (1791).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://chass.csupueblo.edu/history/seminar/casola/yoji.htm

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Pietro Casola

wikipedia_title: Pietro Casola


text: Roman Republic

text: consul

text: dictator

text: Cincinnatus

text: Cornelius Cossus

text: Furius Camillus

text: Valerius Corvus

text: torque

text: plebeian tribune

text: military tribune

text: Titus Quinctius Poenus

text: Gauls

text: torc

text: agnomen

text: Caere

text: Falisci

text: Latin League

text: Lucius Annius

text: Jupiter

text: Safe conduct

text: magistrate

text: Samnites

text: Publius Decius Mus

text: battle of Vesuvius

text: Trifanum

text: Antiates

text: Lucius Papirius Crassus

text: Neoclassical

text: French Revolution

text: Manlia (gens)

text: Livy

text: History of Rome

text: Valerius Maximus

text: Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium

text: T. Robert S. Broughton

text: American Philological Association

text: Michael Crawford

text: Friedrich Münzer

text: August Pauly

text: Georg Wissowa

text: Robert Rosenblum

text: Lily Ross Taylor

text: F. W. Walbank

text: R. M. Ogilvie

text: The Cambridge Ancient History

text: The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C.

categories: Ancient Roman dictators,Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid,Roman Republican consuls,4th-century BC Romans,Filicides,Manlii,4th-century BC deaths

paragraph: Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus

paragraph: Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus was a famous politician and general of the Roman Republic. He had an outstanding career, being consul three times in 347, 344, and 340 BC, and dictator three times 353, 349, and 320 BC. He was one of the early heroes of the Republic, alongside Cincinnatus, Cornelius Cossus, Furius Camillus, or Valerius Corvus. As a young military tribune, he defeated a giant Gaul in single combat in one of the most famous duels of the Republic, which earned him the cognomen Torquatus after the torque he took from the Gaul's body. He was also known for his moral virtues, especially his severity as he killed his own son after he had disobeyed his orders in a battle. His life was seen as a model for his descendants, who tried to emulate his heroic deeds, even centuries after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: His father Lucius was appointed dictator in 363 BC in order to fulfil religious duties, but instead undertook preparations for war. This resulted in strong opposition from the plebeian tribunes and he was brought to trial at the beginning of the next year, after he had resigned the dictatorship. Amongst the charges against him was that he had banished Titus from Rome on account of his speaking difficulties and made him work as a labourer. Upon hearing of these accusations against his father, Titus went to the home of the tribune Marcus Pomponius, where he was expected by the latter to provide further charges and was thus promptly admitted. However, once they were alone, he drew his hidden knife and threatened to stab the tribune unless he made a public oath not to hold an assembly to accuse Lucius Manlius, which Pomponius agreed to and duly performed. Titus Manlius' reputation grew on account of his filially pious actions, which helped him to be elected as a military tribune later in the year.

paragraph: In 361 BC, Titus Manlius fought in the army of Titus Quinctius Poenus against the Gauls. When a Gaul of enormous size and strength challenged the Romans to single combat, Manlius accepted the challenge with the approval of Poenus after the rest of the army had held back from responding for a long period of time. Despite being physically inferior, he killed the Gaul with blows to the belly and groin, after which he stripped the corpse of a torc and placed it around his own neck. From this, he gained the agnomen Torquatus, a title that was passed down also to his descendants.

paragraph: In 353 BC, he was named dictator and prepared to attack Caere, but they responded by sending envoys and were granted peace. The campaign was then directed towards the Falisci, but the Roman army found on arrival that the Falisci had disappeared. They ravaged the land but spared the cities before returning to Rome. He was appointed dictator again in 348 BC to oversee elections. A year later, he was elected to his first consulship. His second consulship came in 345 BC.

paragraph: In 340 BC, when Manlius was consul for the third time, Rome had leadership over the Latin League. It received a delegation from member states headed by Lucius Annius, demanding coequal status in Roman government, such as a place in the senate and a consulship, but Manlius, appealing to Jupiter, refused them. Roundly abusing the Roman Jupiter, Annius fell down the steps of the public assembly, senseless. Manlius said he would strike down Rome's enemies as Jupiter struck down Annius. The Latin embassy required a Safe conduct and an escort of magistrates to leave Rome unmolested. Rome realigned itself with the Samnites against the Latins.

paragraph: During the conduct of the war, Manlius and his co-consul, Publius Decius Mus, decided that the old military discipline would be reinstated, and no man was allowed to leave his post, under penalty of death. Manlius's son, seeing an opportunity for glory, forgot this stricture, left his post with his friends, and defeated several Latin skirmishers in battle. Having the spoils brought to him, the father cried out in a loud voice and called the legion to assemble. Berating his son, he then handed him over for execution to the horror of all his men. Thus, "Manlian discipline."

paragraph: After Decius Mus sacrificed himself to achieve victory at the battle of Vesuvius, Manlius was able to crush the Latin allies and pursue them into Campania. He defeated them again at Trifanum, bringing the war to an end, and returned to Rome. He was unable on account of ill health to conduct a further campaign against the Antiates and appointed Lucius Papirius Crassus as dictator to fulfil this role instead.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In painting.

paragraph: Sacrifice to the state was one of the favourite themes of French Neoclassical painters at the end of the 18th century and especially during the French Revolution. The story of Torquatus' execution of his son was logically used by several of them.

paragraph: Section::::"Stemma" of the Manlii Torquati.

paragraph: "Stemma" taken from Münzer until "A. Manlius Torquatus, d. 208", and then Mitchell, with corrections. All dates are BC.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manlia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Ancient works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Livius (Livy), "History of Rome".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valerius Maximus, "Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium" (Memorable Deeds and Sayings).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Modern works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Robert S. Broughton, "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic", American Philological Association, 1952–1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Crawford, "Roman Republican Coinage", Cambridge University Press, 1974–2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane F. Mitchell, "The Torquati", in "Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte", vol. 15, part 1, (January 1966), pp. 23–31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Münzer, "Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families", translated by Thérèse Ridley, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 (originally published in 1920).

paragraph: BULLET::::- August Pauly, Georg Wissowa, "et alii", "Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft" (abbreviated "PW"), J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart (1894–1980).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Rosenblum, Transformations in Late Eighteenth Century Art, Princeton University Press, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lily Ross Taylor and T. Robert S. Broughton, "The Order of the Two Consuls' Names in the Yearly Lists", "Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome", 19 (1949), pp. 3-14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (editors), "The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C.", Cambridge University Press, 1989.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Titus Manlius Torquatus

wikipedia_title: Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus


text: cognitive scientist

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Science Citation Index

text: Humberto Maturana

text: Warren McCulloch

text: Walter Pitts

text: Oliver Selfridge

text: grandmother cell

text: neurology

text: physiology

text: philosophy

text: politics

text: Concourse Program

text: Maggie

text: Bexley dorm

text: Chicago

text: Theodore Lettvin

text: Jewish

text: Ukraine

text: Battle of the Bulge

text: Boston City Hospital

text: Norbert Wiener

text: reductio ad absurdum

text: Robert Provine

text: Leibniz

text: logician

text: Walter Pitts

text: polymath

text: Warren McCulloch

text: Kropotkin

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Ezra Pound

text: Kresge Auditorium

text: Lettvin debated

text: Timothy Leary

text: Ig Nobel Prize

text: What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain

text: Translations of Poems by Morgenstern

text: Tech Engineering News

text: The Colors of Colored Things, "MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics Quarterly Progress Reports", No. 87, October 15, 1967

text: Functional Properties of Regenerated Optic Axons Terminating in the Primary Olfactory Cortex

text: The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography

text: "Jerome Lettvin, Poet, Psychiatrist, Electrical Engineer, Neurophysiologist"

text: "In a Frog's Eye"

text: MIT News: Jerome Lettvin, MIT Professor Emeritus, dies at 91

categories: 1920 births,American neurologists,Cognitive neuroscientists,American neuroscientists,American psychiatrists,Cognitive scientists

paragraph: Jerome Lettvin

paragraph: Jerome Ysroael Lettvin (February 23, 1920 – April 23, 2011), often known as Jerry Lettvin, was an American cognitive scientist, and Professor of Electrical and Bioengineering and Communications Physiology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is best known as the lead author of the paper, "What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain" (1959), one of the most cited papers in the Science Citation Index. He wrote it along with Humberto Maturana, Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, and in the paper they gave special thanks and mention to Oliver Selfridge at MIT. Lettvin carried out neurophysiological studies in the spinal cord, made the first demonstration of "feature detectors" in the visual system, and studied information processing in the terminal branches of single axons. Around 1969, he originated the term "grandmother cell" to illustrate the logical inconsistency of the concept.

paragraph: Lettvin was also the author of many published articles on subjects varying from neurology and physiology to philosophy and politics. Among his many activities at MIT, he served as one of the first directors of the Concourse Program, and, along with his wife Maggie, was a houseparent of the Bexley dorm.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lettvin was born February 23, 1920 in Chicago, the eldest of four children (including the pianist Theodore Lettvin) of Solomon and Fanny Lettvin, Jewish immigrants from Ukraine. After training as a neurologist and psychiatrist at the University of Illinois (BS, MD 1943), he practiced medicine during the Battle of the Bulge. After the war, he continued practicing neurology and researching nervous systems, partly at Boston City Hospital, and then at MIT with Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch under Norbert Wiener.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific philosophy.

paragraph: Lettvin considered any experiment a failure from which the experimental animal does not recover to a comfortable happy life. He was one of the very few neurophysiologists who successfully recorded pulses from unmyelinated vertebrate axons. His main approach to scientific observation seems to have been "reductio ad absurdum", finding the least observation that contradicts a key assumption in the proposed theory. This led to some unusual experiments. In the paper "What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain", he took a major risk by proposing feature detectors in the retina. When he presented this paper at a conference, he was laughed off the stage by his peers, yet for the next ten years it was the single most cited scientific paper. For Lettvin, a corollary to finding contradictions was taking risks: the bigger the risk, the likelier a new finding. Robert Provine quotes him as asking, "If it does not change everything, why waste your time doing the study?"

paragraph: Lettvin made a careful study of the work of Leibniz, discovering that he had constructed a mechanical computer in the late 17th century.

paragraph: Lettvin is also known for his friendship with, and encouragement of the cognitive scientist and logician Walter Pitts, a polymath who first showed the relationship between the philosophy of Leibniz and universal computing in a seminal paper Pitts co-authored with Warren McCulloch.

paragraph: Lettvin continued to research the properties of nervous systems throughout his life, culminating in his study of ion dynamics in axon cytoskeleton.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Lettvin was a firm advocate of individual rights and heterogeneous society. His father nurtured these views with ideas from Kropotkin's book "". Lettvin became an expert witness in trials in both the United States and in Israel, always on behalf of individual rights.

paragraph: During the anti-war demonstrations of the 1960s, Lettvin helped to negotiate agreements between police and protesters, and in 1968 he took part in the student takeover of the MIT Student Center in support of an AWOL soldier. He deplored the making of laws based on false science and false statistics, and the distortion of observations for political or economic advantage.

paragraph: When the American Academy of Arts and Sciences withdrew its award of the annual Emerson-Thoreau medal from Ezra Pound because of his vocal support for Italian Fascism, Lettvin resigned from the Academy and wrote in his resignation letter: "It is not art that concerns you but politics, not taste but special interest, not excellence but propriety."

paragraph: Section::::Debating.

paragraph: On May 3, 1967, in the Kresge Auditorium at MIT, Lettvin debated with Timothy Leary about the merits and dangers of LSD. Leary took the position that LSD is a beneficial tool in exploring consciousness. Lettvin took the position that LSD is a dangerous molecule that should not be used.

paragraph: Lettvin was a regular invitee at the Ig Nobel Prize ceremony as "the world's smartest man," and debated extemporaneously against groups of people on their own subjects of expertise.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lettvin married his wife, Maggie in 1947. They had three children: David, Ruth, and Jonathan.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lettvin died on April 23, 2011, in Hingham, Massachusetts at the age of 91.

paragraph: Section::::Published papers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Year Title, Publication, Issue; Contributing Authors

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 A Mathematical Theory of the Affective Psychoses, "Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics", Vol. 5; (with Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 Somatic Functions of the Central Nervous System, "Annual Review of Physiology" Vol. 10; (with McCulloch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 The Path of Suppression in the Spinal Grey Matter, "Federation Proceedings", Vol. 7, No. 1, March; (with McCulloch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 An Electrical Hypothesis of Central Inhibition and Facilitation, "Proceedings of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases", Vol. 30, December; (with McCulloch, Pitts, and Dell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Positivity in Ventral Horn During Bulbar Reticular Inhibition of Motoneurons "Federation Proceedings", Vol. 9, No. 1, March; (with Dell and McCulloch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Changes Produced in the Central Nervous System by Ultrasound, "Science", Vol. 114, No. 2974; (with Wall, Fry, Stephens, and Tucker)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 Sources and Sinks of Current in the Spinal Cord, "Federation Proceedings", Vol. 11, No. 1, March; (with Pitts and Brazier)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Comparaison entre les machines à calculer et le cerveau, "Les machines à calculer et la pensée humaine", Vo.l. 37, pp. 425–443; (with McCulloch, Pitts, and Dell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 On Microelectrodes for Plotting Currents in Nervous Tissue, "Proceedings of the Physiological Society", Vol. 122; (with Howland, McCulloch, Pitts, and Wall)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Maps Derived by Bipolar Microelectrode Stimulation Within the Spinal Cord, "Federation Proceedings", Vol. 13, March; (with Pitts, McCulloch, Wall, and Howland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Physiology of a Primary Chemoreceptor Unit, "Science", Vol. 122, No. 3166, September; (with Hodgson and Roeder)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Reflex Inhibition by Dorsal Root Interaction, "Journal of Neurophysiology', vol.18; (with Howland, McCulloch, Pitts, and Wall)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Effects of Strychnine, with Special Reference to Spinal Afferent Fibers, "Epilepsia", Series III, Vol. 4; (with Wall, McCulloch, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 The Terminal Arborisation of the Cat's Pyramidal Tract Determined by a New Technique, "The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine", Vol. 28, Nos. 3-4, Dec.-Feb.; (with Wall, McCulloch, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Excitability Changes in Anatomical Components of the Monosynaptic Arc Following Tetanic Stimulation, "Federation Proceedings", Vol. 15, No. 1, March; (with McCulloch and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Limits on Nerve Impulse Transmission, "IRE Convention Record, National", Part 4, March 19–20; (with Wall, Pitts, and McCulloch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Central Effects of Strychnine on Spinal Afferent Fibers, "A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry", Vol. 75: 323-324; (with McCulloch, Pitts, and Wall)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 Membrane Currents in Clamped Vertebrate Nerve, "Nature", Vol. 180, pp. 1290–1291, Dec. 7; (with McCulloch, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956/1957 Footnotes on a Headstage, "IRE Transactions on Medical Electronics"; (with Howland and Gesteland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Evidence that Cut Optic Nerve Fibers in a Frog Regenerate to their Proper Places in the Tectum, "Science", Vol. 130, No. 3390, December; (with Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 How Seen Movement Appears in the Frog's Optic Nerve, "Federation Proceedings" Vol. 18, No. 1, March; (with Maturana, Pitts, and McCulloch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain, "Proceedings of the IRE", Vol. 47, No. 11, November; (with Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Comments on Microelectrodes, "Proceedings of the IRE", Vol. 47, No. 11, November; (with Gesteland, Howland, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Number of Fibers in the Optic Nerve and the Number of Ganglion Cells in the Retina of Anurans, "Nature", Vol. 183, pp. 1406–1407, May 16; (with Maturana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Bridge for Measuring the Impedance of Metal Microelectrodes, "The Review of Scientific Instruments", Vol. 30, No. 4, April; (with Gesteland and Howland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 Anatomy and Physiology of Vision in the Frog (Rana pipiens), "The Journal of General Physiology", Vol. 43, No. 6, Supplement pp. 129–175; (with Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 Two Remarks on the Visual System of the Frog, "Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT", Vol. 38; (with Maturana, Pitts, and McCulloch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Translations of Poems by Morgenstern, "The Fat Abbot", Fall/Winter 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Odor Specificities of the Frog's Olfactory Receptors, "Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste" (Pergamon Press); (with Gesteland, Pitts, and Rojas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 A Theory of Passive Ion Flux through Axon Membranes, "Nature", Vol. 202, No. 4939, pp. 1338–1339, June; (with Pickard, McCulloch, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Microelectrodes Research Laboratory of Electronics, "MIT Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry", (Reinhold Publishing Corporation: New York), pp. 822–826; (with Gesteland, Howland, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Receptor Model of the Frog's Nose, "NEREM Record"; (with Gesteland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Caesium Ions Do Not Pass the Membrane of the Giant Axon, "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 1177–1183; (with Pickard, Moore, Takata, Pooler, and Bernstein)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964? Lanthanum Simulates High Calcium and Reduces Conductance Changes in Nerve Membranes, "XXIII International Congress of Physiological Sciences" ; (with Moore, Takata, and Pickard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Passive Transport of Ions Across Nerve membranes, "Minutes of the APS-NES 1964 Spring Meeting of the New England Section", 4 April; (with Pickard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Experiments in Perception, Tech Engineering News, November;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Chemical Transmission in the Nose of the Frog, "Journal of Physiology", Vol. 181, pp. 525–559; (with Gesteland, and Pitts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Octopus Optic Responses, "Experimental Neurology", Vol. 12, No. 3, July; (with Boycott, Maturana, and Wall)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Glass-Coated Tungsten Microelectrodes, "Science", Vol. 148, No.3676, pp. 1462–1464; (with Baldwin, and Frenk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Speculations on Smell, "Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology", Vol. 30; (with Gesteland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 General Discussion: Early Receptor Potential, "Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology", vol. 30; (with Platt, Wald, and Brown)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Ionic Conductance Changes in Lobster Axon Membrane When Lanthanum is Substituted for Calcium, "Journal of General Physiology", Vol. 50, Number 2, November; (with Takata, Pickard, and Moore)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Alkali Cation Selectivity of a Squid Axon Membrane, "N.Y. Academy of Sciences", vol. 137, pp. 818–829; (with Moore, Anderson, Blaustein, Takata, Pickard, Bernstein, and Pooler)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 A Demonstration of Ion-Exchange Phenomena in Phospholipid Mono-Molecular Films, "Nature", Vol. 209, No. 5026, pp. 886–887, February; (with Rojas and Pickard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 You Can't Even Step in the Same River Once, "Journal of the American Museum of Natural History ", Vol. 76, No. 8, October;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 The Colors of Colored Things, "MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics Quarterly Progress Reports", No. 87, October 15, 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "A Code in the Nose", "Cybernetic Problems in Bionics" (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers); (with Gesteland, Pitts, and Chung)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Pure Renaissance, "Natural History", June–July, p. 62

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 The Annotated Octopus, "Natural History", Vol. 78, No. 9, p. 10; (Sokolski with notes by Lettvin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 Multiple Meaning in Single Visual Units, "Brain, Behavior and Evolution", vol.3, pp. 72–101; (with Chung and Raymond)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 The Rise and Fall of Progress, "Natural History", Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 80–82, March

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Scratched and Chiseled Marks of Man, "Natural History"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 The CLOOGE: A Simple Device for Interspike Interval Analysis, "Proceedings of the Physiological Society", vol. 239, pp. 63–66, February; (with Chung and Raymond)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 A Physical Model for the Passage of Ions through an Ion-Specific Channel - I. The Sodium-Like Channel, "Mathematical Biosciences", vol.32, pp. 37–50; (with Pickard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 Probability of Conduction Deficit as Related to Fiber Length in Random-Distribution Models of Peripheral Neuropathies, "Journal of the Neurological Sciences", Vol. 29, pp. 39–53; (with Waxman, Brill, Geschwind, and Sabin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 The Use of Myth, "Technology Review", Vol. 78(7), pp. 52–57

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 On Seeing Sidelong, "The Sciences", Vol. 16, No. 4, July/August

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 The Gorgon's Eye, "Technology Review", Vol. 80(2), pp. 74–83

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Freedoms and Constraints in Color Vision, "Brain Theory Newsletter", Vol. 3, No. 2, December; (with Linden)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Aftereffects of Activity in Peripheral Axons as a Clue to Nervous Coding, "Physiology and Pathobiology of Axons", edited by Waxman (Raven Press: New York); (with Raymond)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Relation of the E-Wave to Ganglion Cell Activity and Rod Responses in the Frog, "Vision Research", Vol. 18, pp. 1181–1188; (with Newman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Anatomy and Physiology of a Binocular System in the Frog Rana pipiens, "Brain Research" Vol. 192, pp. 313–325; (with Gruberg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 Processing of Polarized Light by Squid Photoreceptors, "Nature", Vol. 304, pp. 534–536; (with Saidel and MacNichol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 The Colors of Things, "Scientific American", Vol.255.3, pp. 84–91; September (with Brou, Philippe, Sciascia, and Linden)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Functional Properties of Regenerated Optic Axons Terminating in the Primary Olfactory Cortex

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jerome Lettvin," "The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography" Volume 2, ed. Larry R. Squire (New York: Academic Press, 1998), 224-243.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jerome Lettvin, Poet, Psychiatrist, Electrical Engineer, Neurophysiologist", The Learning Project; interview by Lincoln Stoller, May 2, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myhrvold, Conor, "In a Frog's Eye", "MIT Technology Review", January 2, 2013

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MIT News: Jerome Lettvin, MIT Professor Emeritus, dies at 91

description: American psychiatrist

wikidata_label: Jerome Lettvin

wikipedia_title: Jerome Lettvin


text: Lyric Opera of Chicago

text: Melbourne Symphony Orchestra

text: Toronto Symphony Orchestra

text: BBC Symphony Orchestra

text: Ashridge

text: Chesham

text: Watford

text: Watford Boys' Grammar School

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: King's College, Cambridge

text: organ scholar

text: Franco Ferrara

text: BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra

text: Toronto Symphony Orchestra

text: Glyndebourne

text: Gianna Rolandi

text: John Drummond

text: BBC Symphony Orchestra

text: Malcolm Sargent

text: The Proms

text: The Pirates of Penzance

text: Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Mother Teresa

text: Georg Solti

text: Knight Bachelor

text: Prom at the Palace

text: Buckingham Palace

text: Queen's Golden Jubilee

text: Lyric Opera of Chicago

text: Der Ring des Nibelungen

text: Richard Wagner

text: Michael Tippett

text: The Midsummer Marriage

text: Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra

text: Melbourne Symphony Orchestra

text: Michael Tippett

text: NMC Recordings

text: Harrison Birtwistle

text: The Mask of Orpheus

text: Knox College

text: Two interviews with Sir Andrew Davis

categories: 21st-century conductors (music),Musicians from Hertfordshire,Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods,British male conductors (music),Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,Angel Records artists,Music directors (opera),Alumni of the Royal College of Music,Male organists,Glyndebourne Festival Opera,Knights Bachelor,1944 births,English classical organists,People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys,Living people,BBC Symphony Orchestra,English conductors (music),Juno Award for Classical Album of the Year – Vocal or Choral Performance winners,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,People of the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra (formerly known as the Stockholm Concert Society)

paragraph: Andrew Davis (conductor)

paragraph: Sir Andrew Frank Davis (born 2 February 1944) is an English conductor. He is currently music director and principal conductor of Lyric Opera of Chicago, chief conductor of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and conductor laureate of both the Toronto Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra.

paragraph: Born in Ashridge, Hertfordshire to Robert J. Davis and his wife Florence Joyce (née Badminton), Davis grew up in Chesham, Buckinghamshire, and in Watford. Davis attended Watford Boys' Grammar School, where he studied classics in his sixth form years. His adolescent musical work included playing the organ at the Palace Theatre, Watford. Davis studied at the Royal Academy of Music and King's College, Cambridge where he was an organ scholar, graduating in 1967. He later studied conducting in Rome with Franco Ferrara.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Davis' first major post was as associate conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, beginning in 1970. In 1975, he became music director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO). He held the post until 1988, and then took the title of Conductor Laureate with the TSO.

paragraph: In 1988, Davis became music director at Glyndebourne, where he met the American soprano Gianna Rolandi, who became his third wife. Davis concluded his Glyndebourne tenure in 2000. In 1989, Sir John Drummond appointed Davis as chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra (BBC SO). During his BBC SO tenure, Davis restored the tradition established by Malcolm Sargent of the chief conductor of the BBC SO conducting the Last Night of The Proms. He was noted for his humorous Last Night speeches, including giving two speeches after the Major-General's patter song from "The Pirates of Penzance", but he also more seriously addressed the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales, Mother Teresa, and Sir Georg Solti in his 1997 Last Night speech. Davis stepped down as the BBC SO's chief conductor in 2000 and now holds the title of conductor laureate of the BBC SO.

paragraph: In May 1992, Davis was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) and in the 1999 New Year Honours List he was appointed a Knight Bachelor. In 2002, he conducted the Prom at the Palace concert, held in the gardens of Buckingham Palace as part of the celebrations for the Queen's Golden Jubilee.

paragraph: Davis became the music director and principal conductor of the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 2000. His work in Chicago has included his first conducting of "Der Ring des Nibelungen" cycle of Richard Wagner in 2005 and the first Chicago production of Michael Tippett's "The Midsummer Marriage". His current contract with Lyric Opera of Chicago is through the 2020–2021 season.

paragraph: In 2005, Davis became Music Advisor to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, for a designated three-year period. In September 2006, he announced that he would relinquish this position with Pittsburgh after the 2007–2008 season. In October 2007, Davis and the orchestra mutually agreed to terminate his contract early and for him not to conduct his scheduled Pittsburgh Symphony concerts in the 2007–2008 season, because of increased demands on his schedule. Outside of the USA, in June 2012, the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra named Davis its chief conductor, effective in January 2013, with an initial contract of 4 years. In July 2015, the MSO extended Davis' contract through 2019. In April 2018, the MSO announced that Davis is to conclude his MSO chief conductorship at the end of December 2019.

paragraph: Davis has performed a wide range of repertoire, with a particular focus on contemporary British music. He is particularly associated with Michael Tippett, including the British premiere of his work "The Mask of Time". Davis has recorded for a number of labels, including NMC Recordings, Teldec and Deutsche Grammophon. He has also made a critically acclaimed recording of Harrison Birtwistle's opera, "The Mask of Orpheus".

paragraph: Davis and his wife reside in Chicago. Their son Edward, born in 1989, is a 2012 graduate of Knox College.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An interview with Andrew Davis recorded in 1995 – a British Library sound recording

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two interviews with Sir Andrew Davis, 8 November 1993 & 30 October 2000

alias:
Sir Andrew Davis
Andrew Frank Davis

description: British conductor

wikidata_label: Andrew Davis

wikipedia_title: Andrew Davis (conductor)


text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Second World War

text: Governor of the Bank of England

text: British Ambassador to the United States

text: Baring family

text: 2nd Earl of Cromer

text: Eton

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Grenadier Guards

text: Second World War

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Barings Bank

text: Sir Francis Baring

text: International Monetary Fund

text: International Finance Corporation

text: Governor of the Bank of England

text: Labour

text: Harold Wilson

text: Privy Council

text: Lloyd's of London

text: Order of St Michael and St George

text: Atlantic Institute

text: Pilgrims Society

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Fairey Owners Club

categories: People educated at Eton College,British bankers,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States,English Anglicans,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Members of the Order of the British Empire,Knights of the Garter,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George,1918 births,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Diplomatic peers,Governors of the Bank of England,Baring family,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1991 deaths,Grenadier Guards officers,British Army personnel of World War II,Pages of Honour

paragraph: Rowland Baring, 3rd Earl of Cromer

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel George Rowland Stanley Baring, 3rd Earl of Cromer, (28 July 1918 – 16 March 1991), styled Viscount Errington before 1953, was a British banker and diplomat. After serving during the Second World War, he was Governor of the Bank of England (1961–1966) and British Ambassador to the United States (1971–1974).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military career.

paragraph: A member of the Baring family and the eldest son of the 2nd Earl of Cromer and his wife Ruby Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, he was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he left after a year. He served with the Grenadier Guards during the Second World War, where he gained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and became a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Banking and diplomatic career.

paragraph: After serving as private secretary to the Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon in 1938, he joined Barings Bank, founded by his ancestor Sir Francis Baring, as a clerk. After military service during the war, he was managing director of Barings between 1949 and 1959 He then served as Economic Minister at the British Embassy in Washington as well as holding executive directorships at the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the International Finance Corporation.

paragraph: In 1961, he was appointed Governor of the Bank of England, a position he held until 1966. During his governorship, he clashed with the incoming Labour Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, over Cromer's desire to see government spending contained, which may have contributed to his decision not to seek a second term. He was subsequently appointed to the Privy Council. He was responsible for the Cromer Report into Lloyd's of London.

paragraph: From 1971 to 1974 he served as British Ambassador to the United States. Following his appointment he became a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, and was raised to the rank of Knight Grand Cross in 1974. He was a Governor of the pro-NATO Atlantic Institute, and a member of the Pilgrims Society executive committee.

paragraph: In 1977, he was made a Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Cromer married Hon. Esmé Mary Gabriel Harmsworth (1922–2011) in 1942, daughter of Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere. At their wedding, she walked barefoot down the aisle to avoid appearing taller than the best man.

paragraph: They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Lana Mary Gabriel (1943–1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evelyn Rowland Esmond (born 1946), who succeeded as 4th Earl of Cromer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Vivian John Rowland (born 1950), married his second cousin Lavinia Baring.

paragraph: Both the Countess of Cromer and her daughter-in-law were royal attendants. Esme Harmsworth was a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Elizabeth II, while Lavinia Baring was a Lady-in-Waiting to Diana, Princess of Wales.

paragraph: In 1964, during the period he was at the Bank of England, Cromer purchased a Fairey Huntsman 28 sports cruiser from Fairey Marine, Hamble. Bearing the name Le Reve, the vessel was taken to France. The boat still exists and details can be seen on the Fairey Owners Club website.

paragraph: The 3rd Earl died on 16 March 1991 in London. Esme remarried in 1993 to Gerrit van der Woude.

description: British diplomat

wikidata_label: Rowland Baring, 3rd Earl of Cromer

wikipedia_title: Rowland Baring, 3rd Earl of Cromer


text:
Governor of the Bank of England
Wandsworth School
Bank of England
chief cashier
deputy governor
devaluation
Order of the British Empire
Privy Council
life peer
City of London
Tandridge, Surrey
Obituary: Lord O'Brien of Lothbury
The Independent

categories: 1995 deaths,Crossbench life peers,1908 births,Deputy Governors of the Bank of England,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Governors of the Bank of England,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

paragraph: Leslie O'Brien, Baron O'Brien of Lothbury

paragraph: Leslie Kenneth O'Brien, Baron O'Brien of Lothbury (8 February 1908 – 24 November 1995) was Governor of the Bank of England.

paragraph: After attending Wandsworth School in London, he joined the Bank of England in 1927 and rose through the ranks, becoming chief cashier in 1955, deputy governor in 1966, before serving as governor from 1966 until 1973.

paragraph: As governor, O'Brien presided over the devaluation of the pound in 1967.

paragraph: He became a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1967 and was appointed to the Privy Council in 1970. Following his retirement as governor in 1973 he was created a life peer as Baron O'Brien of Lothbury, of the City of London.

paragraph: He married firstly Isabelle Pickett (1908–1987) in 1932, and secondly Marjorie Taylor (born 1923) in 1989. He died in Tandridge, Surrey, in 1995.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary: Lord O'Brien of Lothbury from "The Independent"

description: Governor of the Bank of England


text: Wraxall

text: Bristol

text: Bristol

text: Member of Parliament

text: Bristol

text: Mayor of Bristol

text: William Canynges

text: Member of Parliament

text: Bristol

text: lord of the manor

text: William de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley

text: 1st Marquess of Berkeley

text: Berkeley Castle

text: Battle of Nibley Green

text: monumental brass

text: tabard

text: Master of Arts

text: Thornbury

text: heir apparent

text: Berkeley Castle

text: Baron Berkeley

text: John Smith

text: Nibley

text: chantry

text: Dissolution of the Monasteries

text: Chantry

text: monumental brass

text: Wraxall

text: Easton in Gordano

categories: 1475 deaths,1410s births,15th-century English MPs

paragraph: Philip Mede

paragraph: Philip Mede (c. 1415-1475) ("alias" Meade, Meede, etc.) of Mede's Place in the parish of Wraxall in Somerset and of the parish of Saint Mary Redcliffe in Bristol, was a wealthy merchant at Bristol, then in Gloucestershire, and was twice elected a Member of Parliament for Bristol in 1459 and 1460, and was thrice Mayor of Bristol, in 1458-9, 1461-2 and 1468-9.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the son (possibly the brother) of Thomas Mede, Bailiff of Bristol in 1438, and Sheriff of Bristol in 1452. The Mede family, anciently "atte Mede", was possessed, before 1461, of an ancient capital messuage with 100 acres of land at Overton, in the parish of Arlingham, still known as 'Medes Land' in 1900.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Philip was Bailiff of Bristol in 1444, Mayor of Bristol in 1458, succeeding the great William Canynges, and again in 1461 and 1468, and was a Member of Parliament for Bristol in 1460. He was lord of the manor of Barrow, in Tickenham. In 1461 he obtained valuable charters for the City of Bristol from King Edward lV. In 1470 he raised in a single night a contingent of fighting men to support William de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (1426-1492), later created 1st Marquess of Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle (north of Bristol), in his private Battle of Nibley Green.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: He married Isabel, the daughter of Philip Ricard, of Bristol, merchant. She is identified in an entry of the plea rolls of the Court of Common Pleas in Easter term, 1442: Bristol. Philip Mede; Isabel his wife, formerly Isabel Ricard, daughter of Philip Ricard, burgess and merchant of Bristol. They had progeny including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Mede (d.1491), of Barrow Court in Tickenham, son and heir, who married twice, firstly to Elizabeth Sharpe, daughter of John Sharpe, and secondly to Anne Pauncefoot, daughter of Thomas Pauncefoot of Hasfield, in Gloucestershire. Anne survived her husband and remarried to Arthur Kemys. Richard's children all died young, and his heir was his sister Isabel Mede. Richard's monumental brass survives in the easternmost compartment of the "Mede Chantry" erected by his father (see below) in St. Mary Redcliffe Church, Bristol. It is an oblong plate, upon which are incised figures of a man kneeling opposite a kneeling woman with another woman standing behind him. He is of youthful appearance with smooth face and long flowing hair, and is clad in complete plate armour, over which he wears a tabard embroidered with the arms of Mede. He is without spurs and his helmet lies on the ground. His second wife kneeling opposite him wears a pedimental headdress with veil hanging down behind, necklace and girdle, and plain gown, over which is her mantle emblazoned with the arms of Pauncefoot: "Gules, three lions rampant argent". The standing figure, Richard's first wife, is similarly clad, but without mantle. From the kneeling figures arise speech scrolls inscribed: from mouth of Richard: "Sanct.. Trinitas un(us) de(us) miserere nobis" "O Holy Trinity, one God, have pity on us"); Speech scroll from mouth of his wife: "Pater de caelis, deus miserere nobis" ("Father from Heaven, God have pity on us") addressed to the Holy Father, whose radiated demi-figure is engraved above, supported by a cloud (indicated by a line "nebulée") with his hands raised in blessing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rev. John Mede, a younger son, who obtained the degree of Master of Arts at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, and in 1467 was appointed vicar of Wraxall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Mede (d.1516/17), who in 1465 married secondly Maurice Berkeley, "de jure" 3rd Baron Berkeley (1435-1506), of Thornbury in Gloucestershire, the younger brother and heir apparent of William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley of Berkeley Castle. The latter considered that his brother had married beneath his social status and, regardless of the assistance received from Philip Mede at the Battle of Nibley Green, disinherited him. Maurice Berkeley never bore the title Baron Berkeley, although he is deemed by later historians to have been his brother's valid heir and "de jure" 3rd Baron Berkeley. John Smith of Nibley (d.1641), steward of the Berkeley estates, the biographer of the family and author of "Lives of the Berkeleys" wrote as follows concerning the disinheritance:

paragraph: Section::::Death and will.

paragraph: Philip Mede died in 1475, having dated his will on 11 January 1471. He ordered his body to be buried at the altar of St.

paragraph: Stephen, in the church of St Mary Redcliffe, to which he was a benefactor. His will included the following Latin text:

paragraph: Section::::Mede Chantry.

paragraph: By his will Philip Mede founded and endowed a chantry, known as "Mede's Chantry". Its purpose was for a priest to say masses for the souls of Thomas Mede, Philip Mede and Isabel his wife, John Sharpe and Elizabeth his wife, and Richard Mede and Elizabeth and Anne his wives, as specified in his will. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the subsequent suppression of chantries, the ornaments owned by the chantry were valued at 52 shillings and 8 pence and were in 1547-8 confiscated to the king's use. The income of the chantry at the Dissolution was £17 1 shilling, a large sum. It had been endowed with various lands, including the land now covered by 8-11 Park Row, Bristol, then comprising two gardens, a lodge and a close.

paragraph: Section::::Burial and monument.

paragraph: From his will it appears that the surviving fine double monument, known as the "Mede Chantry (chapel)", at the east end of the North aisle of the choir of St. Mary Redcliffe Church, was erected on his order. The monument comprises a beautiful heavily canopied double altar-tomb standing against the north wall of which the westernmost contains the recumbent effigies of a man and his wife, their heads resting upon cushions supported by angels. The man is bare-headed, his hair combed back, and is clad in a sleeveless mantle, from which emerge the arms and cuff of an undergown, a scarf hangs from his left shoulders, and a leathern gypciere from his girdle, his feet resting upon a couchant dog. His wife wears a broad fillet across her forehead, her head-dress falling back, a tight-fitting gown with cuffs at the wrists, and a short girdle, her pointed shoes enveloped in the folds of her dress, resting upon two little dogs. On the wall behind the effigies is an heraldic escutcheon displaying the arms of Mede: "Gules, a chevron ermine between three trefoils slipped argent", and upon a fillet of brass along its front is an incomplete Latin inscription: "... predicti Thoma(e) Mede, ac ter maioris istius villae Bristolliae, qui ob(ii)t 20 die mensis Decembris Anno D(omi)ni 1475 quoram animabus propicietur Deus, Amen" ("... of the foresaid Thomas Mede and thrice Mayor of this town of Bristol, who died on the 20th day of the month of December in the year of our Lord 1475, on the souls of whom may God look upon favourably, Amen"). It is reasonable to suppose that the missing word before "predicti" may have been "filius" ("son") or "frater" ("brother"). The other compartment remains empty, but has the monumental brass of his son Richard Mede affixed to the rear wall (see above). Above both compartments is a handsome continuous canopy of rich stone carving, supported by demi-angels bearing open books, and wearing upright caps with hexagonal flowers upon their heads. Above them rise crocketed and finialled niches, surmounted by cornice and cresting.

paragraph: Section::::Mede's Place.

paragraph: Mede's Place, the seat of the Mede family in the parish of Wraxall in Somerset, is believed to have been situated on the high ground known as "the bowling green" and would have had a magnificent situation. No trace of it remains today. In 1467 (two years after his daughter's marriage) "Philip Mede of Bristol, merchant" together with his wife Isabel and son Richard, jointly leased Mede's Place to his daughter Isabel and her husband Maurice Berkeley ("Maurice Bercley, Esquire"), for a term of 20 years. The original deed is held in the Berkeley Castle Muniments, and is summarised as: ""Philip, Isabel and Richard have leased to Maurice and Isabel the holding in Feylond in the parish of Wroxsale called Medeisplace; for a term of 20 years, rent 45s. 8d. a year. Witnesses: Richard Arthur, Esquire, Ralph Percevale, Thomas Feylond"". Soon after the death of Lady Berkeley (née Isabel Mede) in 1516, Mede's Place appears to have been acquired by the Morgan family, lords of the manor of Easton in Gordano, as Thomas Morgan "of Feilond", by his will dated 1567, bequeaths to Edmund Morgan, his eldest son, "the house of Feilonde called Medes Court".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Master, George Streynsham, "Collections for a Parochial History of Wraxall", 1900, pp.58-64, "Family of Mede"

wikidata_label: Philip Mede

wikipedia_title: Philip Mede


text:
chalk
Guinness World Record
Tracy Lee Stum's Official Web Page

categories: American artists,Living people,Pavement artists

paragraph: Tracy Lee Stum

paragraph: Tracy Lee Stum is an American artist best known for her 3D street paintings or chalk drawings. She at one point held the Guinness World Record for the Largest Chalk Painting by an Individual. Tracy Lee Stum began drawing as soon as she could clutch a crayon. She studied privately as a child and earned a Bachelor’s degree at Tyler School of Art in Philadelphia. She continued her studies in naturalism at the Florence Academy of Art in Italy.

paragraph: A gregarious graffiti lover, Tracy began street painting in 1998 and is considered by Madonnari peers, festival directors and viewers alike as one of the finest street painters today.  Known for splashing color in festivals and events in all corners and crevices of the globe, her paintings have won numerous awards & accolades – her only regret is that her masterpieces rarely fit on the fridge.

paragraph: In 2006 Tracy added the Guinness World Record to her collection of vinyl for the largest street painting by an individual.  In 2013 she was honored to be a contributor on the Cannes Gold Lion award winning team for their work in the now iconic Honda CRV commercial.

paragraph: Experienced in multi-city campaigns for such clients as Cadillac, SoBe, and Dos Equis, Tracy is continually creating commissioned 3D and 4D works in chalk for advertising, public and private events, corporate PR and educational sectors. Her international team building skills have been utilized in developing street painting festivals in China, Mexico, India, Russia and throughout the United States.  Her art travels well and is always up to date on all of its shots.

paragraph: Tracy has been privileged and honored to serve as the US State Department’s 2012 cultural ambassador.  She’s toured Tajikistan and India creating 3D street paintings and teaching workshops at distinguished universities and art colleges to promote education, awareness and positive cross-cultural communication.

paragraph: In 2013 Tracy put on clean pants and stepped effortlessly into management as she curated the first annual DO/AC 3D Chalk Festival in Atlantic City, New Jersey, showcasing 14 renowned international 3D street art & chalk artists.

paragraph: Tracy’s chalk conversations speak to her vast audience with imagination, beauty and playfulness – often with a thick Italian accent.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tracy Lee Stum's Official Web Page

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Tracy Lee Stum

wikipedia_title: Tracy Lee Stum


text: French Revolution

text: Citizen Genêt Affair

text: asylum

text: Versailles

text: Seven Years' War

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan

text: Marshal Ney of France

text: ambassador

text: ancien régime

text: Catherine the Great

text: persona non grata

text: Girondist

text: United States

text: France

text: Spain

text: Britain

text: Charleston

text: South Carolina

text: "Embuscade"

text: Philadelphia

text: U.S. President

text: George Washington

text: privateer

text: Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit

text: Florida

text: Democratic-Republican societies

text: Tammany Society

text: Neutrality Proclamation

text: Secretary of State

text: Thomas Jefferson

text: Federalist

text: Alexander Hamilton

text: Republican

text: Jacobins

text: guillotine

text: presidential election of 1808

text: Embargo Act of 1807

text: Berlin Decree

text: Notes on the State of Virginia

text: George Clinton

text: East Greenbush

text: Hudson River

text: Henry James Genet

text: Nicholas Van Rensselaer

text: Samuel Osgood

text: Postmaster General

text: Edmond Charles Clinton Genet

text: Lafayette Escadrille

text: First World War

text: United States

text: Franco-U.S. relations

text: Genêt Family Papers

categories: 18th-century French diplomats,Ambassadors of France to Russia,1834 deaths,People from Versailles,1763 births,Ambassadors of France to the United States,18th-century French people,French emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Edmond-Charles Genêt

paragraph: Edmond-Charles Genêt (January 8, 1763July 14, 1834), also known as Citizen Genêt, was the French envoy to the United States during the French Revolution. His actions on arriving in the United States led to a major political and international incident, which was termed the Citizen Genêt Affair. Because of his actions, President George Washington asked the French government to recall him. During this time, the government in France changed and an arrest warrant was issued for Genêt. Fearing for his life, he asked for asylum in America, which was granted. Genêt stayed in the United States until his death. Historian Carol Berkin, argues that the Genet affair strengthened popular respect for the president and strengthened his role in dealing with in foreign affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Genêt was born in Versailles in 1763. He was the ninth and final child of a French civil servant, Edmond Jacques Genêt (1726–1781), who was a head clerk in the ministry of foreign affairs. The elder Genêt analyzed British naval strength during the Seven Years' War and monitored the progress of the American Revolutionary War. His eldest sister was Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, who became an educator and author. Aglaé-Louise Auguié (1782-1854), who was the wife of Marshal Ney of France, was Genêt's niece.

paragraph: Genêt was a prodigy who could read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, Greek, and German by the age of 12.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At 18, Genêt was appointed court translator, and in 1788 he was sent to the French embassy in Saint Petersburg to serve as ambassador. Over time, Genêt became disenchanted with the "ancien régime", learning to despise not just the French monarchy but all monarchical systems, including Tsarist Russia under Catherine the Great. In 1792, Catherine declared Genêt "persona non grata", calling his presence "not only superfluous but even intolerable." The same year, the Girondists rose to power in France and appointed Genêt to the post of minister to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Citizen Genêt Affair.

paragraph: The Citizen Genêt affair began in 1793 when he was dispatched to the United States to promote American support for France's wars with Spain and Britain.

paragraph: Genêt arrived in Charleston, South Carolina on the French frigate "Embuscade" on April 8. Instead of traveling to the then-capital of Philadelphia to present himself to U.S. President George Washington for accreditation, Genêt stayed in South Carolina. There he was greeted with enthusiasm by the people of Charleston, who threw a string of parties in his honor.

paragraph: Genêt's goals in South Carolina were to recruit and arm American privateers who would join French expeditions against the British. He commissioned four privateering ships in total, including the "Republicaine", the "Anti-George", the "Sans-Culotte", and the "Citizen Genêt". Working with French consul Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit, Genêt organized American volunteers to fight Britain's Spanish allies in Florida. After raising a militia, Genêt set sail toward Philadelphia, stopping along the way to marshal support for the French cause and arriving on May 16. He encouraged Democratic-Republican societies, but President Washington denounced them and they quickly withered away. He was also hosted by the Democratic-Republican society, the Tammany Society, in 1793.

paragraph: His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, which Washington had pointedly declared in his Neutrality Proclamation of April 22. When Genêt met with Washington, he asked for what amounted to a suspension of American neutrality. When turned down by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and informed that his actions were unacceptable, Genêt protested. Meanwhile, Genêt's privateers were capturing British ships, and his militia was preparing to move against the Spanish.

paragraph: Genêt continued to defy the wishes of the United States government, capturing British ships and rearming them as privateers. Washington sent Genêt an 8,000-word letter of complaint on Jefferson's and Hamilton's advice – one of the few situations in which the Federalist Alexander Hamilton and the Republican Jefferson agreed. Genêt replied obstinately. President Washington and his Cabinet then demanded that France recall Genêt as its Ambassador.

paragraph: The Jacobins, having taken power in France by January 1794, sent an arrest notice which asked Genêt to come back to France. Genêt, knowing that he would likely be sent to the guillotine, asked Washington for asylum. It was Hamilton – Genêt's fiercest opponent in the cabinet – who convinced Washington to grant him safe haven in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later life.

paragraph: After obtaining asylum in the United States from Washington, Genêt moved to New York State. On June 26, 1808, Genêt wrote an article, "Madison as a 'French Citizen,'" for the "New York Register" in an attempt to promote the prospects of his father-in-law, the incumbent Vice President George Clinton, over James Madison in the presidential election of 1808. Noting the honorary French citizenship afforded Madison in 1792, Genêt reasoned that the Embargo Act of 1807 had been intended by Secretary of State Madison to aid Napoleon in the enforcement of the Berlin Decree, especially seeing that American trade with Britain was more important than that with France. Playing to a northeastern audience, Genêt continued that, judging by Jefferson's glorification of an agricultural lifestyle in Notes on the State of Virginia, the Embargo was also acting as a covert means to destroy New England's commercial heritage. As such, New Englanders would be forced to turn to agriculture, and Virginia's dominance of American politics would continue.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Genêt married Cornelia Tappen Clinton (1774–1810) in 1794, the daughter of New York Governor George Clinton. Genêt lived on a farm he called Prospect Hill located in East Greenbush, New York overlooking the Hudson River. Living the life of a gentleman farmer, he wrote a book about inventions. Their children included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Charles Genet (1797–1802), who died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry James Genet (1800–1872), a member of the State Assembly in 1832 who married Martha Elizabeth Taylor (1809–1896).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Louisa Genet (1802–1888), who married Cornelius Van Buren Van Rensselaer (1793–1868), son of Col. Nicholas Van Rensselaer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Alexander Genet (1805–1838)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelia Tappen Genet (1808–1877), who married Andrew Conkey Getty (1810–1891).

paragraph: His wife Cornelia died in 1810, and on July 31, 1814, Genêt remarried to Martha Brandon Osgood (1787–1853), the daughter of Samuel Osgood, the United States' first Postmaster General. Together, they were the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henriette Campan Genet (1815–1826), who died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Charles Genet (b. 1816), who died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Osgood Genet (1819–1824), who died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edme Jacques Genet (1821–1891), who married Magdelene Van Rensselaer Witbeck (1813–1900). They had no children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Clinton Genet (1824–1904), who married Augusta Georgia Kirtland (1838–1911). They had no children.

paragraph: He died on July 14, 1834 and is buried in the churchyard behind the Greenbush Reformed Church, about two miles east of his farm.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Descendants.

paragraph: Edmond Charles Clinton Genet (1896–1917), who served with the Lafayette Escadrille and was the first American flier to die in the First World War after the United States declared war against Germany in 1917, was Genêt's great-grandson.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The elementary school in East Greenbush, New York is named "Citizen Genet Elementary School".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franco-U.S. relations

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ammon, Harry. "The Genet Mission". New York: W.W. Norton, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berkin, Carol. "A Sovereign People: The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism" (2017) pp 81–150.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Childs, Frances Sergeant. "French Refugee Life in the United States, 1790–1800: An American Chapter of the French Revolution" Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elkins, Stanley, and Eric McKitrick. "The Age of Federalism". New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Link, Eugene Perry. "Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800". New York: Columbia University Press, 1942.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheridan, Eugene R. "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy". "Diplomatic History", Vol. 18 (Fall 1994), 463-68.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, Charles Marion. "American Neutrality in 1793: A Study in Cabinet Government". New York: Columbia University Press, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unger, Harlow Giles. "The French War Against America: How a Trusted Ally Betrayed Washington and the Founding Fathers". Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Origin of Genet's Projected Attack on Louisiana and the Floridas – (AHR 3:650‑671)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information about Citizen Genêt can be found in the Genêt Family Papers, which contains manuscripts, letters, correspondences, compilations, circulars, and photographs related to Edmond Charles Genêt and his diverse career as diplomat, inventor, farmer, and correspondent with the leaders of American government, society, and scientific thought, in the Albany Institute of History & Art Library.

alias:
Edmond-Charles Genet
Citizen Genêt

description: French ambassador to the United States, during the French Revolution

wikidata_label: Edmond-Charles Genêt

wikipedia_title: Edmond-Charles Genêt