text: professional wrestler

text: manager

text: commentator

text: World Wrestling Federation

text: Masterpiece Theatre

text: diction

text: Oxford accent

text: North-Western Polytechnic

text: World War II

text: black belt

text: Sir Atholl Oakeley

text: Bt

text: blue-eye

text: Dr Death

text: Dory Funk Jr.

text: NWA World Heavyweight Championship

text: Dory Funk

text: Bruno Sammartino

text: Sam Muchnick

text: St. Louis

text: AWA

text: Florida

text: Montreal

text: Billy Robinson

text: Baron von Raschke

text: Jimmy Valiant

text: It was explained

text: babyface

text: Bobby Heenan

text: Super Destroyer II

text: Bobby Jaggers

text: Oliver Humperdink

text: Dusty Rhodes

text: Ivan Koloff

text: Nikolai Volkoff

text: Lutte Internationale

text: Masked Superstar

text: World Wrestling Federation

text: Vince McMahon

text: Tuesday Night Titans

text: "Captain" Lou Albano

text: Hulk Hogan

text: Hillbilly Jim

text: "Rowdy" Roddy Piper

text: Bobby "The Brain" Heenan

text: Sgt. Slaughter

text: WrestleMania

text: WWF Women's Championship

text: The Fabulous Moolah

text: Leilani Kai

text: Wendi Richter

text: WrestleMania 2

text: Jesse "The Body" Ventura

text: "Mistress of the Dark" Elvira

text: Los Angeles

text: pay-per-view

text: King Kong Bundy

text: WWF World Heavyweight Championship

text: Coliseum Video

text: WrestleMania III

text: Gorilla Monsoon

text: WWF's video library

text: table manners

text: Sensational Sherri

text: The Brooklyn Brawler

text: Kayfabe

text: WrestleMania VII

text: "Love Story"

text: "Macho Man" Randy Savage

text: Miss Elizabeth

text: The Ultimate Warrior

text: WrestleMania VIII

text: Royal Rumble 1993

text: Monday Night RAW

text: Intercontinental Championship

text: Mr Perfect

text: Big Boss Man

text: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: "Mean" Gene Okerlund

text: Akeem

text: Slick

text: Koko B. Ware

text: The Bushwhackers

text: Jake "The Snake" Roberts

text: the Hart Foundation

text: The Honky Tonk Man

text: The Headshrinkers

text: Right Guard

text: Fatu

text: Sione

text: All American Wrestling

text: Gorilla Monsoon

text: Sean Mooney

text: Prime Time Wrestling

text: WWF Mania

text: Star Trek

text: Bobby Heenan

text: Edouard Carpentier

text: Raymond Rougeau

text: Réseau des sports

text: province

text: Quebec

text: American Wrestling Federation

text: gangrene

text: Texas

text: Monday Night RAW

text: ten-bell salute

text: Big Time Wrestling

text: NWA Texas Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Big O

text: Central States Wrestling

text: 2 times

text: Bob Brown

text: Eastern Sports Association

text: ESA International Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Mike Dubois

text: NWA Western States Sports

text: 5 times

text: 3 times

text: Ricky Romero

text: Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

text: Class of 2014

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: Inspirational Wrestler of the Year

text: WWE

text: WWE Hall of Fame

text: Class of 2018

categories: Professional wrestling announcers,People from Dallas,2005 deaths,English male judoka,1928 births,Alumni of the University of North London,Fictional lords and ladies,Professional wrestling managers and valets,Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum,English male professional wrestlers,Sportspeople from London,Professional wrestling trainers

paragraph: Lord Alfred Hayes

paragraph: Alfred George James Hayes (8 August 1928 – 21 July 2005) was an English professional wrestler, manager and commentator, best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation between 1982 and 1995 where he was known as Lord Alfred Hayes. Hayes was distinguished by his "Masterpiece Theatre diction" and "Oxford accent".

paragraph: Born in London, Hayes attended the North-Western Polytechnic, which was evacuated to Luton Modern School during World War II. He attained a black belt in judo before training as a wrestler under Sir Atholl Oakeley, Bt. Wrestling as "Judo" Al Hayes, he appeared on the British circuit from the late 1950s to the late 1960s, when he left the United Kingdom and travelled to the United States. He was a blue-eye who battled all of the heavyweight heels of his time, and held the Southern Area Heavyweight Championship for a number of years. He traded heavily on his judo background, and specialised with judo chops and nerve holds. His most famous period was when he fought for Paul Lincoln Promotions as The White Angel, with a massive feud against Dr Death. Death eventually won, and unmasked Hayes.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:America (1970s).

paragraph: Hayes later went to wrestle in America. In 1972, he defeated Dory Funk Jr. for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship but the decision was changed when Funk's father Dory Funk Sr. attacked the referee after the match. In a fit of anger, the official disqualified Funk Jr., thus inadvertently returning the title to the champion. Hayes also wrestled in brief stints for his future employer the WWWF, battling Bruno Sammartino for the World Heavyweight Championship on occasion.

paragraph: While wrestling for Sam Muchnick in St. Louis during the mid-1970s, Hayes turned heel and adopted the gimmick of the aristocratic "Lord Alfred" Hayes. Hayes adopted the role as a manager after he had decided wrestling was taking a toll on his knees. As this character, Hayes later became a manager in the AWA, Florida and later Montreal, managing fellow Brit Billy Robinson, Baron von Raschke, Jimmy Valiant (whom he rebranded as "King James" Valiant) and the Super Destroyers. He became notorious for delivering TV interviews in a sneering aristocratic English accent, often sipping cups of tea and wearing a bow tie and frilly shirt.

paragraph: During this period, Hayes also made a homecoming tour of the United Kingdom, including televised matches. During these bouts, he remained a heel and fought his way through most of his former tag partners. It was explained that Hayes had inherited the dreaded "American style" in his adopted country.

paragraph: Hayes reverted to babyface and began a feud with fellow manager Bobby Heenan after an incident in November 1979 where Super Destroyer II fired Hayes and replaced him with Heenan. In other territories however, Hayes remained a heel. In Florida in 1980, Hayes began managing Bobby Jaggers while his regular manager Oliver Humperdink was busy acting as Dusty Rhodes' servant for thirty days (after another protege of his, Ivan Koloff lost a match to Rhodes with that stipulation.) When "Rooster" Humperdink, who had become a figure of sympathy during his thirty days' servitude, returned to management and attempted to claim back Jaggers, Hayes and another protege Nikolai Volkoff brutally beat on Humperdink, thus starting a feud with Humperdink and Rhodes.

paragraph: Hayes later worked again as a heel manager for Robinson in Lutte Internationale in the early 1980s during Robinson's reign with the Canadian International Heavyweight Championship. Hayes also managed Masked Superstar, around this time.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Federation (1982–1995).

paragraph: Hayes joined the World Wrestling Federation in 1982. Hayes started as a road agent but then started doing television for McMahon as well, starting work as an interviewer during the December 26, 1983 edition of wrestling at Madison Square Garden. He was a sidekick to Vince McMahon on "Tuesday Night Titans", a WWF-style talk show from 1984 to 1986. Hayes became familiar to WWF viewers as a light-spoken Englishman (using a softer accent than during his period as a heel manager) with an uproarious laugh. On "TNT", Hayes usually was the victim of several slapsticks; some instances included getting a face-full of powder, being slopped with pumpkin-innards by "Captain" Lou Albano, drinking one of Hulk Hogan's diet shakes, then promptly vomiting, being nearly bitten by one of Hillbilly Jim's goats, and getting slapped in the face by "Rowdy" Roddy Piper. He would later become the introductory announcer on "Prime Time Wrestling", on which he would give rousing and complimentary introductions to the face hosts and slightly less flattering but coolly worded intros to Bobby "The Brain" Heenan. He was once "taken hostage" from the show by Sgt. Slaughter and his "Iraqi" allies.

paragraph: Hayes appeared at WrestleMania in 1985 where he was the backstage commentator introducing matches and pre-recorded comments by the wrestlers. As Hayes was announcing the upcoming WWF Women's Championship match to the TV audience, he was affectionately kissed on the cheek by his real life friend The Fabulous Moolah as she and her charge, WWF Women's Champion Leilani Kai walked to the ring for Kai's title defence against Wendi Richter (Kai also kissed a visibly blushing Hayes). Moolah would also kiss Hayes full on the lips during an episode of "Tuesday Night Titans". At WrestleMania 2, he served as commentator alongside Jesse "The Body" Ventura and the "Mistress of the Dark" Elvira for the Los Angeles portion of the event. This was the only WWF pay-per-view on which Hayes commentated on the main event (Hulk Hogan vs King Kong Bundy in a steel cage for Hogan's WWF World Heavyweight Championship belt). For the Coliseum Video release of WrestleMania III, Hayes briefly appeared alongside Gorilla Monsoon hyping the event.

paragraph: As the WWF's video library began to expand, Hayes became a mainstay in many of the releases; such as "Etiquette With Lord Alfred Hayes", a short segment on the WWF World Tour 1991 tape, where he attempted to teach table manners to Sensational Sherri and The Brooklyn Brawler. Another great segment on the tape collections took place on the "Supertape" series when Lord Alfred Hayes would voice "The Call of the Action" in which a match or two would be slowed down and each manoeuvre named and explained (for instance, the audience could learn what a reverse crescent kick was, long before it became more famously known as "Sweet Chin Music"). It was also an example of how as late as 1990 or so, professional wrestling was still presented with "Kayfabe", the veneer of reality. He later appeared on the video releases of WrestleMania VII where he had a corny "Love Story"-like part regarding the reunion of "Macho Man" Randy Savage and his former manager Miss Elizabeth following Savage's career-ending loss to The Ultimate Warrior, WrestleMania VIII, and Royal Rumble 1993 where he famously asked to watch Sensational Sherri put on her stockings while interviewing her in her dressing room, prompting Sherri to mockingly call him a "dirty old man". He also appeared on some early episodes of "Monday Night RAW"). Wrestlemania VII also saw the last Wrestlemania match called by Hayes when he joined Monsoon in calling the Intercontinental Championship match between champion Mr Perfect and challenger the Big Boss Man. This was due to Monsoon's co-commentator for the event Bobby Heenan being Perfect's manager at the time and he was required to be at ringside.

paragraph: Lord Alfred also appeared on many episodes of "Saturday Night's Main Event", often performing silly recorded acts with fellow WWF commentator/interviewer "Mean" Gene Okerlund. One skit involved Hayes and Okerlund (referred to as "Jim" by Hayes despite Okerlund protesting his name was "Gene") taking a safari through Africa, encountering many strange sights along the way (Akeem "The African Dream" and his manager Slick, Koko B. Ware and his parrot "Frankie", The Bushwhackers, and Jake "The Snake" Roberts and his pet python "Damien").

paragraph: Hayes is known for having spoken the phrase "Promotional consideration paid for by the following", which was heard at the end of "Superstars of Wrestling" and "Wrestling Challenge" syndicated shows. At WrestleMania fan access, fans would ask him to repeat his line.

paragraph: As a commentator, Hayes maintained his reserved mannerisms; though not specifically a heel, he would be quicker to give praise to heelish characters, though disapproving of underhanded methods (in one match, after being told by Gorilla Monsoon that the Hart Foundation had "broken every rule in the book," he replied with a conceding "yes, they've done that"). He was jokingly referred to by Hulk Hogan as "Awful Alfred" during interviews. It was during this time that his hearty uproarious laugh would become his trademark, bursting into laughter after a witty comment by his regular broadcast partner Gorilla Monsoon. He would quietly absorb criticism and insults from heel commentators such as Heenan and The Honky Tonk Man. However, toward the end of his WWF run he quietly shifted to a more heelish style, where he would be quicker to take the sides of heels (such as Owen Hart after he turned on Bret) and quicker to insult the faces (calling Paul Bearer a "little toad"). His final famous WWF promo took place in November 1994, when The Headshrinkers did a promo for "Left Guard Sport stick (a parody of Right Guard Sport Stick)" and Fatu and Sione (The Headshrinkers) ate the deodorant causing Alfred to keep telling them to stop.

paragraph: Hayes' various roles for the WWF included co-hosting "All American Wrestling" with Gene Okerlund and doing commentary for shows at Madison Square Garden with Gorilla Monsoon sporadically from 1984–1990. Hayes' most common broadcast partner was Sean Mooney, whom was paired with Hayes on "Prime Time Wrestling", "WWF Mania", as well as most all releases for Coliseum Video starting in 1989 until 1993. Hayes and Mooney often participated in comedic skits together, including a "Star Trek" parody. Hayes was also the announcer for Bobby Heenan's "The Bobby Heenan Show", which aired briefly in the Summer of 1989.

paragraph: At one point, he also assisted Edouard Carpentier, Raymond Rougeau and Guy Hauray as a commentator on the French-language broadcasts of the WWF on RDS (Réseau des sports) in the province of Quebec and throughout Canada.

paragraph: After leaving the WWF, Hayes would later appear as a full-on heel commentator alongside Mick Karch, calling the action in 1996 for the short-lived American Wrestling Federation.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: Hayes retired from the WWF in 1995 after enduring a series of pay cuts. McMahon and the rest of the office were reportedly very upset at the news as Hayes was someone that they didn't want to lose. Around this time he was also involved in a serious car accident. As a result of the accident he suffered gangrene and part of a leg had to be amputated. Hayes was a wheelchair user for the remainder of his life. He spent the last few years of his life in a retirement home, only venturing out of the home to make appearances at wrestling conventions sporadically. He later suffered a series of strokes and died on 21 July 2005 at his home in Texas. On the first episode of "Monday Night RAW" to air after his death, WWE paid tribute to Hayes with a ten-bell salute and a video memorial. On 15 November 2010 "Old School" edition of "Raw", his voice-over was a part of the broadcast.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big Time Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Big O

paragraph: BULLET::::- Central States Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship "(Central States version)" (2 times) – with Bob Brown (1) and Roger Kirby (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eastern Sports Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- ESA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mike Dubois

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (5 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Ricky Romero (1), Ricki Starr (1) and Nick Kozak (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)

description: British professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, and commentator

wikidata_label: Alfred Hayes

wikipedia_title: Lord Alfred Hayes


text: Scottish

text: peer

text: chief

text: Clan Mackenzie

text: Rannoch School

text: Perthshire

text: Strathclyde University

text: Glasgow

text: Lanarkshire

text: Scotland

text: explosives engineer

text: Castle Leod

text: Strathpeffer

text: Ross-shire

text: steel

text: Lanarkshire

text: Strathpeffer

categories: Alumni of the University of Strathclyde,1948 births,British engineers,People from Ross and Cromarty,Earls of Cromartie,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,British geologists,Living people

paragraph: John Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie

paragraph: John Ruaridh Grant Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie (born 12 June 1948) is a Scottish engineer and peer. He is the current chief of Clan Mackenzie.

paragraph: He is the only child of Roderick Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Cromartie and his second wife, Olga Laurence.

paragraph: He was educated at Rannoch School, Perthshire and at Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, and registered as a Member of the Institution of Explosives Engineers (M.I.Exp.E.) as an explosives engineer.

paragraph: He has held the position of Chief of Clan Mackenzie since 1980, wrote the book "Selected Climbs in Skye", published in 1982. He succeeded to the titles of 5th Baron Castlehaven, of Castlehaven, 5th Viscount Tarbat, of Tarbat, 5th Baron MacLeod of Castle Leod, and 5th Earl of Cromartie on 13 December 1989.

paragraph: The seat of the Earl is at Castle Leod, Strathpeffer, Ross-shire.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Cromartie married firstly Helen Murray, daughter of John Murray, a steelworker at Lanarkshire, in 1973, and divorced in 1983, by whom he had an only son, Kenneth Mackenzie, who died in infancy (19 January 1980 – 6 March 1980).

paragraph: He married secondly Janet Clare Harley, daughter of Christopher James Harley of Strathpeffer, Ross-shire, in 1985. They have two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colin Ruaridh Mackenzie, Viscount Tarbat (7 September 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Alasdair Kenelm Stuart Mackenzie (6 December 1989)

description: British peer

wikidata_label: John Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie

wikipedia_title: John Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie


text:
nobleman
Spanish Empire
Río de la Plata
17th century
Corrientes Province
Viceroyalty of Peru
São Miguel Island
Amador Vaz de Alpoim
Margarida Cabral de Melo
Buenos Aires
Rio de Janeiro
colony of Brazil
Jesuit
Lisbon
Maestre de Campo
Cabildo de Buenos Aires
Spanish Jesuits
Roque González de Santa Cruz
cacique
San Nicolás
Uruguay River
Guarani
Itatí
Rio Grande do Sul
cattle
livestock
ranch
Monte Grande
Luján
Indians
Calchaquí Valleys
arquebus
sword
spear
Portugal
Castile
France
England
Charles de La Cerda
Afonso III of Portugal
John of England
Álvaro Martins Homem
Lisbon
King of Arms of Portugal
France
Norman
Gonçalo Velho Cabral
Pedro Álvares Cabral

categories: People from São Miguel Island,Azorean nobility,Ranchers,Explorers of Argentina,Corrientes,People from Corrientes,17th-century Portuguese military personnel,1676 deaths,1589 births,Portuguese nobility,Portuguese military personnel

paragraph: Manuel Cabral de Alpoim

paragraph: Manuel Cabral de Melo e Alpoim (1589–1676) was a Portuguese nobleman in the service of the Spanish Empire. He was one of the most prominent military and politicians of the Río de la Plata towards the beginning of the 17th century.

paragraph: He served as alcalde and teniente de gobernador de Corrientes Province (Argentina). He also had an outstanding participation as a landowner, dedicated to cimarron cattle, being one of the most powerful accioneros (hunting) of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Vila do Porto, São Miguel Island, son of Amador Vaz de Alpoim and Margarida Cabral de Melo, belonging to the Portuguese nobility. He arrived in Buenos Aires from Rio de Janeiro in the company of their parents in 1598. His family had lived for five years in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, in which they had taken refuge after the earthquake in the Azores islands of 1591.

paragraph: He began his studies in the Jesuit College of Buenos Aires, to continue his education at Lisbon (Portugal). In 1613, he returned to Buenos Aires, and began to work in his father's business. By the year of 1617 his father dies in Buenos Aires, and his mother towards the year of 1630.

paragraph: After completing his studies, he occupied several military and government posts, including the positions of alcalde, regidor and Maestre de Campo. His first public office was in 1621, when he was appointed as Alcalde de la Hermandad, serving in the suburban and provincial area of Buenos Aires. Later he held the position of Regidor of the Cabildo de Buenos Aires, having an active participation in matters related to the Río de la Plata.

paragraph: Towards the middle of 1620 he moved to the city of Corrientes, where he was appointed to the position of Lieutenant Governor of Province in 1629. He led the crackdown against the rebel Indians, who in 1628, had murdered the Spanish Jesuits among them Roque González de Santa Cruz, cowardly attacked by the cacique Ñezú in reduction of San Nicolás, located across the Uruguay River. Commanding an army of 200 soldiers of Guarani origin, departed from the city of Itatí to Rio Grande do Sul, in support of the Jesuits. The rapid intervention of Alpoim, saved the lives of hundreds of people. Also gave approximately 40.000 cattle for creating stays in the area.

paragraph: The heart of Roque González de Santa Cruz, burned and pierced with an arrow, was found by Alpoim inside a bag of relics. His heart wrapped in the blanket, was escorted by soldiers of Captain Alpoim to the city of Corrientes.

paragraph: He held the position of Lieutenant of Governor of Corrientes between 1629 and 1633, and 1634 and 1636. And was elected Alcalde of first vote of Corrientes in 1656.

paragraph: He also devoted himself to agriculture and livestock in Buenos Aires and Corrientes. In 1620 he had obtained permission for the exploitation of "ganado cimarron" (wild cattle and horses), of great abundance in the areas of the Province of Buenos Aires. He had a ranch in Monte Grande, and also ran his mother's ranch in Luján. In 1627 Pedro de Vera y Aragón made sale of his rights of "Accionero Mayor del Ganado Vacuno", with jurisdiction in the city of San Juan de Vera de las Siete Corrientes.

paragraph: Alpoim was a man highly respected by the natives of the area. He granted free licenses for cattle hunting to the Indians of the Reductions, to feed their families.

paragraph: In 1637 and 1638, he participated in expeditions against the rebel tribes that inhabited in the region of Calchaquí Valleys. The expeditions were led by Governor and its successor Mendo de la Cueva.

paragraph: Manuel Cabral de Melo y Alpoim had an active participation as a member of the provincial militias of the Spanish army in Buenos Aires. He used various weapons for combat and defense, including two arquebus, a sword and an iron spear.

paragraph: Section::::Family and Ancestors.

paragraph: Manuel Cabral de Melo was twice married, 1st, to Inés Arias de Mansilla, daughter of Francisco Arias de Mansilla (regidor) and Lucía de Espinosa. And to 2dly, with Juana Delgado de Espinosa, daughter of Captain Francisco Delgado de Ledesma and Jerónima de Espinosa. He had two daughters Margarita and Gregoria, and a son, Juan Cabral de Alpoim y Arias de Mansilla, alcalde, regidor and landowner of Corrientes Province.

paragraph: He was a distant descendant of the Royal Houses of Portugal, Castile, France and England. His father, was a descendant of Charles de La Cerda, through his fourth grandfather, João Gonçalves de Alpoim. His mother Margarida Cabral de Melo, was directly related to the Portuguese Royal houses by paternal and maternal line. Among his illustrious ancestors include the kings Afonso III of Portugal and John of England, through of Álvaro Martins Homem, a great-great-grandfather of Manuel Cabral de Melo y Alpoim.

paragraph: His ancestry was certified by a Cartório da Nobreza (certificate of nobility) delivered in Lisbon by the King of Arms of Portugal.

paragraph: Manuel Cabral de Melo e Alpoim claimed that his direct paternal ancestors were medieval knights of France, probably of Norman origin. His maternal ancestors were relatives to Gonçalo Velho Cabral and Pedro Álvares Cabral, discoverers of Azores and Brazil.

paragraph: In the city of Corrientes is found the National Historical Museum named, "Museo Histórico de Corrientes Tte. Gdor. Manuel Cabral de Melo Alpoín".

description: Portuguese politician

wikidata_label: Manuel Cabral de Melo y Alpoim

wikipedia_title: Manuel Cabral de Alpoim


text:
Milan
Bologna
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Montevideo
Roman Republic
Ugo Bassi
Comacchio
Luigi Magni
In nome del popolo sovrano
Luca Barbareschi

categories: People executed by the Austrian Empire,People from Milan,1849 deaths,People executed by firing squad,Italian people of the Italian unification,Italian soldiers,1819 births

paragraph: Giovanni Livraghi

paragraph: Giovanni Livraghi (1819 in Milan – 8 August 1849 in Bologna) was an Italian patriot, who took part in various enterprises of Giuseppe Garibaldi, being part of the Italian legion which he founded in Montevideo in 1843 and participating, as a result, the defense of the Roman Republic.

paragraph: Captured with Ugo Bassi by the Austrians in Comacchio on August 2, 1849 he was transferred to Bologna in the evening of 7 August; considered, as Milanese and then Austrian subject, a deserter, he was shot with great haste on August 8, 1849. His story was portrayed in the Luigi Magni's film "In nome del popolo sovrano", in which Luca Barbareschi played Livraghi.

wikidata_label: Giovanni Livraghi

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Livraghi


text:
footballer
goalkeeper
Uruguayan Primera División
Nacional
Danubio
AZ
Esteban Alvarado
Erik Heijblok
FC Dordrecht
AZ profile

categories: Uruguayan people of Italian descent,Uruguayan Primera División players,Uruguayan expatriate footballers,Uruguayan footballers,Süper Lig players,1993 births,Danubio F.C. players,Uruguay youth international footballers,Sivasspor footballers,Uruguay under-20 international footballers,AZ Alkmaar players,Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands,Living people,Association football goalkeepers,Eredivisie players

paragraph: Sergio Rochet

paragraph: Sergio Rochet Álvarez (born 23 March 1993) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Uruguayan Primera División club Nacional.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Rochet started his career with Danubio with whom he made no appearances.

paragraph: In April 2014, he went to trial with Dutch club AZ as they wanted a goalkeeper to serve as backup for Esteban Alvarado after the departure of Erik Heijblok. On 19 May 2014, he underwent medicals. Finally on 24 May 2014, he was signed by AZ for a contract until 2016.

paragraph: Rochet made his debut against FC Dordrecht after Alvarado was injured.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AZ profile

description: Uruguayan footballer

wikidata_label: Sergio Rochet

wikipedia_title: Sergio Rochet


text: Christchurch

text: London

text: three-sector theory

text: Australia

text: Scotch College

text: University of Melbourne

text: Australian Army

text: Camel Corps Field Ambulance

text: Palestine and Jerusalem

text: British Library

text: London School of Economics

text: LSE archives

text: Australia

text: University of Otago

text: Rockefeller Fellowship

text: Russia

text: University of Western Australia

text: Oxford

text: online archive issue from Chatham house

text: Bank of New South Wales

text: F.A.O.

text: New Zealand Legation in Washington D.C.

text: Bretton Woods Conference

text: 1946 Paris Peace Conference

text: International Monetary Fund

text: The constitution and work of UNRRA

text: Humphrey J. Fisher

categories: New Zealand economists,Australian Army personnel,Australian military personnel of World War I,1895 births,People from Christchurch,1976 deaths,Alumni of the London School of Economics,University of Western Australia faculty,University of Otago faculty

paragraph: Allan George Barnard Fisher

paragraph: Allan George Barnard Fisher (26 Oct 1895 in Christchurch, New Zealand – 8 January 1976 in London, England) was a noted New Zealand-born economist.

paragraph: Perhaps his most notable contribution was to investigate economic development in terms of the sequential dominance of different sectors of the economy: the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors (three-sector theory).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Allan was born in New Zealand but moved with his parents to Australia, where he attended the Scotch College and the University of Melbourne. From 1916 to early 1918, Allan served in the Australian Army at the 14th Australian General Hospital at Cairo and Port Said, later moving to Palestine and spending 5 months on the Jaffa-Jerusalem road with the Australian 5th Camel Corps Field Ambulance. On his return to the University of Melbourne in 1919 he became a lecturer in the philosophy department. He gave a talk on 'Palestine and Jerusalem', copies of which are in the University of Melbourne Library and the British Library.

paragraph: In 1924 he gained his PhD from the London School of Economics. The notes he made on lectures attended are in the LSE archives. He returned to Australia in 1925 and was Professor of Economics at the University of Otago from 1925 to 1935.

paragraph: In 1930 and 1931 Allan was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship, which enabled him to travel and study in China, Russia, Poland, Geneva, England and the United States.

paragraph: During 1936–1937, Allan was Professor of Economics at the University of Western Australia in Perth. In 1938 the family moved to England, when Allan accepting the Price Research Professorship at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, familiarly known as Chatham House, in London and became Professor of International Economics in London. This involved trips to Scandinavia and the Balkans, and in 1939, the family moved to Oxford. Lectures given by AGB Fisher are included in a special online archive issue from Chatham house

paragraph: 1934 Alan became chief editor, Economist, Bank of New South Wales. During the War, he paid two visits to the United States, to an F.A.O. preparatory commission and 1944 was Counsellor at the New Zealand Legation in Washington D.C. He also attended the Bretton Woods Conference as well as the 1946 Paris Peace Conference, before taking up his job later that year, on the staff of the International Monetary Fund. Allan retired in 1960 and lived in England for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some Problems of Wages and Their Regulation", P. S. King & Son, 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Clash of Progress and Security", Macmillan, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Economic self-sufficiency", The Clarendon Press (Oxford, England), 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- International problems of economic change, by Allan G. B. Fisher, March–April 1938,

paragraph: BULLET::::- The constitution and work of UNRRA, by Allan G. B. Fisher, July 1944,

paragraph: BULLET::::- International collaboration and the economic and social council, by Allan G. B. Fisher, October 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Economic Progress and Social Security", Macmillan, 1945.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "International Implications of Full Employment", Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (With son, Humphrey J. Fisher) "Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa: The Institution in Saharan and Sudanic Africa and the Trans-Saharan Trade", C. Hurst, 1970, Doubleday, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Editor and translator with Humphrey J. Fisher) Gustav Nachtigal, Sahara and Sudan, Volume IV: Wadai and Darfur, University of California Press, 1972, Volume I: Tripoli and Fezzan, Tibesti or Tu, Barnes & Noble, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fisher, Allan GB. "Production, primary, secondary and tertiary." "Economic Record" 15.1 (1939): 24–38.

description: New Zealander economist (1895-1976)

wikidata_label: Allan George Barnard Fisher

wikipedia_title: Allan George Barnard Fisher


text:
singer-songwriter
Syracuse, Sicily
Denovo
Carmen Consoli
Carmen Consoli
Delta-V
Raf
Antonella Ruggiero
Sanremo Music Festival
Mario Venuti
Discogs

categories: People from Syracuse, Sicily,1963 births,Italian pop singers,Italian male singers,Living people

paragraph: Mario Venuti

paragraph: Mario Venuti (born 28 October 1963) is an Italian singer-songwriter, musician and record producer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born in Syracuse, Sicily, he started his career as a member of the new wave band Denovo. After the group disbanded, he debuted as a solo singer-songwriter in 1994, with the album "Un po' di febbre". Following "Mai come ieri", a quite successful duet with Carmen Consoli, his solo career had his breakout in 2003, with the hit "Veramente". He collaborated as a songwriter with several artists, including Carmen Consoli, Delta-V, Raf and Antonella Ruggiero. He entered the main competition at the Sanremo Music Festival three times, winning the "Mia Martini" Critics Award in 2004 with the song "Crudele".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Album

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 - "Un po' di febbre"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 - "Microclima"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - "Mai come ieri"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - "Grandimprese"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 - "Magneti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - "Recidivo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - "L'ultimo romantico"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - "Il tramonto dell'occidente"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mario Venuti at Discogs

description: Italian singer

wikidata_label: Mario Venuti

wikipedia_title: Mario Venuti


text:
University of Montpellier
entomologists
herpetologists
Peyriéras's dwarf chameleon
Peyriéras's chameleon
Peyriéras's woolly lemur
Brookesia
Peyriéras Reserve Madagascar Exotic
Antananarivo
Madagascar

categories: Coleopterists,French entomologists,French zoologists,University of Montpellier alumni,1927 births,Living people

paragraph: André Peyriéras

paragraph: Dr André Peyriéras (born December 11, 1927 in Saint Moreil (Le Monthioux), France - deceased December 24, 2018 in Limoges, France)

paragraph: received his doctorate from the University of Montpellier in France. He settled in Madagascar in 1954 and lived there until 2005. He became one of Madagascar's most eminent entomologists, herpetologists and plant collectors.

paragraph: He discovered over 3,000 new insects.

paragraph: Peyriéras's dwarf chameleon ("Brookesia peyrierasi" ), Peyriéras's chameleon ("Calumma peyrierasi" ), and Peyriéras's woolly lemur ("Avahi peyrierasi" ) are all named after him. He discovered a new "Brookesia" species, "Brookesia vadoni", in 1968, prospecting for insects in Iaraka, in the Masoala massif, that was described by and from the "Institut Pasteur de Tananarive".

paragraph: Peyriéras founded and ran the Mandraka Nature Farm, now known as Peyriéras Reserve Madagascar Exotic, about east of Antananarivo in Madagascar. Here they breed many of Madagascar's' rare and endangered reptiles, frogs and insects.The farm is now run by his daughter Sylviane Peyriéras.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: In French:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contribution à l'étude des Scaritinae de Madagascar" (thesis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faune de Madagascar: Issue 41, Insectes Coléoptères Carabidae Scaritinae, part II: Biologie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faune de Madagascar: Issue 57, Insectes Coléoptères Cetoniidae Euchroeina, part II: Biologie et formes larvaires"

paragraph: In English:

paragraph: BULLET::::- A new species of "Hapalemur" (Primates) from south east Madagascar

paragraph: This list is incomplete.

description: French entomologist, worked in Madagagascar

wikidata_label: André Peyriéras

wikipedia_title: André Peyriéras


text:
Civil War
National Guard
major general
28th Infantry Division
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
Union Army
American Civil War
private
Company
8th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment
corporal
Antietam
quartermaster
Venango County
Oil City
Pennsylvania National Guard
First Sergeant
captain
regiment
colonel
16th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
brigadier general
2nd Brigade
Franklin
Spanish–American War
First Corps
major general
28th Infantry Division
Wendell P. Bowman

categories: United States Army generals,American businesspeople in the oil industry,1909 deaths,People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War,19th-century American businesspeople,Military personnel from Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania Reserves,Burials in Pennsylvania,People from Franklin, Pennsylvania,American militia generals,American military personnel of the Spanish–American War,1843 births,National Guard of the United States officers

paragraph: John A. Wiley

paragraph: John A. Wiley (September 3, 1843 – December 28, 1909) was a Pennsylvania business executive, Civil War veteran, and National Guard officer who attained the rank of major general as commander of the organization now known as the 28th Infantry Division.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John Alexander Wiley was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 3, 1843. He was educated in Pittsburgh, and in 1861 joined the Union Army for the American Civil War, enlisting as a private in Company C, 8th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment. This organization was mustered into federal service as the 37th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and Wiley attained the rank of corporal while taking part in numerous battles, including Antietam, before receiving his discharge in 1864.

paragraph: After his discharge, Wiley was assigned to Camp Reynolds, near Pittsburgh, where he served as chief quartermaster clerk until the end of the war in 1865.

paragraph: After the war, Wiley moved to Venango County to begin a career in the oil industry, and he was employed at different times as a pipeline manager and operator of refineries and other oil-related facilities.

paragraph: Wiley returned to military service in 1871, when he enlisted as a private in the Oil City Grays, a Venango County unit of the Pennsylvania National Guard. He soon received promotion to First Sergeant, and in 1873 he received his commission as a captain and became commander of the Oil City Grays. He became regimental commander of the Venango Grays as a colonel in 1876, and this organization was subsequently designated the 16th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment.

paragraph: In 1886 Wiley was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to command the Pennsylvania National Guard's 2nd Brigade.

paragraph: Wiley was active in local politics and government, and served as Mayor of Franklin in 1894 and 1895. He also served as principal of the high school in Franklin and as Franklin's school superintendent.

paragraph: In 1898 Wiley volunteered for the Spanish–American War, and he commanded 2nd Division, First Corps.

paragraph: Wiley was promoted to major general in 1907 and assigned as commander of the Pennsylvania Division, the organization now known as the 28th Infantry Division. He served until retiring from the military in 1909. He was succeeded by Wendell P. Bowman.

paragraph: He died in Franklin on December 28, 1909, and was buried at Franklin Cemetery.

description: American Army General

wikidata_label: John A. Wiley

wikipedia_title: John A. Wiley


text: American

text: baseball

text: New Jersey

text: Ireland

text: Hugh Campbell

text: Irvington, New Jersey

text: Essex County

text: Brooklyn Atlantics

text: first base

text: center field

text: Rynie Wolters

text: Andy Leonard

text: Lip Pike

text: Union of Morrisania

text: hands lost

text: New York Mutuals

text: Andy Leonard

text: Charlie Sweasy

text: Cincinnati

text: first baseman

text: Elizabeth Resolutes

text: National Association

text: runs batted in

text: runs scored

text: Hugh Campbell

text: starting pitcher

categories: Elizabeth Resolutes players,New Jersey Irvingtons players,Major League Baseball first basemen,1850 births,19th-century baseball players,Major League Baseball players from Ireland

paragraph: Mike Campbell (first baseman)

paragraph: Mathew "Mike" Campbell (1850 – January 12, 1926) was an American baseball player at the beginning of the professional era, primarily with teams in northern New Jersey. He was born in Ireland.

paragraph: 1866. Mike and his older brother Hugh Campbell joined the Irvington club of Irvington, New Jersey, for the 1866 season. The Irvingtons were a new member of the National Association of Base Ball Players, and a "country club" in that Irvington was still outside the growing metropolis. (Irvington is in Essex County, closer to Newark and the Hudson River than to the western boundary.) In one sense most of the Association was new; membership boomed to 98 clubs for 1866, up from merely 30 including 22 in Greater New York. Hugh Campbell and at least two Irvington teammates had played for the Newark club in 1865.

paragraph: In their first match of the season on June 14, Irvington shocked the champion Brooklyn Atlantics 23 to 17, who were undefeated for two seasons. Irvington would take the championship from Atlantic if it could schedule a rematch or two and win at least one of them before any other club beat the champions in two of three.

paragraph: Location helped Irvington get two rematches but they did not get the one win. Atlantic won 28–11 in September and 12–6 in ten innings on October 29.

paragraph: Sixteen-year-old Mike Campbell played 13 of 17 team games on record and he was the regular at first base. He made more than an equal share of outs and scored less than an equal share of runs. Hugh Campbell played 17 games on record, primarily at center field. The best players were pitcher Rynie Wolters and catcher Andy Leonard.

paragraph: 1867. All nine regular players returned to the Irvingtons for 1867 and they were joined by Lip Pike for part of the season. Pike had moved from New York to play for the 1866 Athletics, presumably for some compensation; his subsequent move to the Irvingtons suggests compensation too. They were again one of the stronger teams in the association, winning 16 of 23 matches on record; in June and July they won two close ones from Union of Morrisania, who would take the crown in October.

paragraph: Pitcher Wolters was against the team's outstanding batter, measured by runs scored and hands lost. Otherwise the attack was balanced and Mike Campbell at seventeen was one among equals. He played 21 matches, tie for the lead.

paragraph: 1868. The New York Mutuals acquired Lip Pike during the 1867 season and two more of the Irvingtons for 1868, shortstop Mahlon Stockman and the great Wolters. At the same time Andy Leonard and Charlie Sweasy moved to the Buckeyes, an ambitious club in Cincinnati. Although five regular players remained, the team was much weakened and no longer adequately covered in the known records. Mike Campbell may have been the best remaining batter-runner. In 10 matches he scored 24 runs with 22 hands lost (times put out), the highest ratio on the team.

paragraph: Section::::League play.

paragraph: In 1873 Mike Campbell was the starting first baseman for the Elizabeth Resolutes of the National Association.

paragraph: Campbell was an average fielder and a poor hitter for the 2-21 Resolutes. In 21 games he batted 12-for 83 (.145) with three runs batted in and nine runs scored.

paragraph: His older brother, Hugh Campbell, was the team's main starting pitcher.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of players from Ireland in Major League Baseball

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Mike Campbell

wikipedia_title: Mike Campbell (first baseman)


text:
São Paulo
Royal College of Art
São Paulo
Brazil
Suba
Crammed Discs
Celso Fonseca
Brick Lane
Dalston
abravanista
Rick Castro
Assume Vivid Astro Focus
Cássia Cabatini
Fábio Gurjão
Supine Studios
GIF
Devendra Banhart
The Real Tuesday Weld
Seu Jorge
Cocorosie
Rio en Medio
Gilberto Gil
Júnio Barreto
Vanessa da Mata
Orquestra Imperial
Vetiver
Lightspeed Champion
Josh Weller
David Shrigley
Doug Aitken
Vanessa da Silva
Adem
Tom Zé
Johnny Flynn
Quist
Tunng
Nação Zumbi
The Legendary Tigerman

categories: 1978 births,Brazilian contemporary artists,Musicians from London,21st-century Brazilian singers,Singers from São Paulo,21st-century women singers,Brazilian female singers,Living people

paragraph: Cibelle

paragraph: Cibelle (born Cibelle Cavalli Bastos in São Paulo, Brazil, 1978) is a visual artist and musician based in London, Berlin and São Paulo. She graduated in 2015 from the Royal College of Art in London. Cibelle has released four music albums and has performed and presented work in venues such as Martin-Gropius-Bau Berlin, Museo Reina Sofia Madrid, ICA London, Carnegie Hall New York, Serpentine Marathon, 28th and 31st São Paulo Biennial among others.

paragraph: Cibelle Cavalli Bastos has a conceptual, expanded field and interdisciplinary practice that includes thought production, performance, sound art, video, painting, sculpture and installation. Currently operating daily through social media stories under @aevtarperform, researching intrapolitics and devising nanopolitics through deprogramming self/ID of societal malware at a personal and collective level, their work addresses the deconstruction and formation of identities and what stands in between the self and presence as our multi-selves interact with each other and our surroundings. #deprogramming

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cibelle Cavalli Bastos was born in São Paulo, Brazil, 2 January 1978. She attended the Marcelo Tupinambá Conservatory in São Paulo from the age of 6, where she studied guitar, piano, percussion and theatre. She had a short career modelling in her teens, but left it to dedicate herself to acting. She worked in musicals, short films, and Brazilian TV, until music took a stronger lead in her life.

paragraph: After meeting the Serbian-born producer Suba, she appeared as the main vocalist on his album, "São Paulo Confessions", on Ziriguiboom (Crammed Discs' Brazilian imprint) in 1999. A mixture of traditional and electronic sounds "São Paulo Confessions" is regarded as an important precursor and a landmark album for Brazilian Electronic Music. Suba died shortly after the album's release.

paragraph: Cibelle next appeared on Celso Fonseca's album, "Natural" (2003).Her first solo album, "Cibelle", was also released in 2003. Signed to Belgian record label Crammed Discs at the age of 22, she started spending more time in Europe, specifically Paris. By the completion of her first album, she moved to London's Brick Lane, and has since been living in East London.

paragraph: Section::::Music and Methodology.

paragraph: Cibelle creates concept albums.

paragraph: Her band is made up of around 10 musicians or more who each get together as trios. depending on the country of performance. Her latest performances ranged from having two drum kits on stage, to having none at all.

paragraph: Cibelle works by building tracks live on stage, with special guests and audience members contributing to her "bric-a-brac DIY" sound through vocals, playfulness and instrumental experimentation. Since moving to Dalston, she has been working more with visual arts and performance, taking part in the abravanista movement with Rick Castro – also a part of Assume Vivid Astro Focus – and collaborating as a part of collective and artzine FUR, run by photographer Cássia Cabatini and artist/printmaker Fábio Gurjão. She is also a part of Supine Studios, a collective of artists/musicians based in Dalston.

paragraph: In visual arts, she sometimes takes on other names, and mostly goes by Sonja Khalecallon, working with GIF animation, collages, multimedia pieces, videos, performances and vivid watercolors.

paragraph: Section::::Music and Methodology.:Collaborations.

paragraph: Cibelle has collaborated with a range of music and visual artists all over the world for recordings, film, performance, and installation, including: Devendra Banhart, The Real Tuesday Weld, Seu Jorge, Cocorosie, Rio en Medio, Gilberto Gil, Júnio Barreto, Vanessa da Mata, Orquestra Imperial, Vetiver, Lightspeed Champion, Josh Weller, David Shrigley, Doug Aitken, Vanessa da Silva, Adem, Tom Zé, Johnny Flynn, Quist, Tunng, members of Nação Zumbi and The Legendary Tigerman.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cibelle" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shine of Dried Electric Leaves" (2006) (cover art by Cibelle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Las Vênus Resort Palace Hotel" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unbinding (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "About a Girl EP" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noite de Carnaval/Matthew Herbert Remixes" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Green Grass EP" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "White Hair EP" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- : 1 track by Kocani Orkestar remixed by Cibelle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : vocals on 3 tracks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Worried Noodles" (TomLab Records, 2008): 1 original track

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Femina" by The Legendary Tiger Man (2009): vocals on 2 tracks

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: Brazilian singer

wikidata_label: Cibelle

wikipedia_title: Cibelle


text:
Madrid
Spain
bullfighter
Ecuador
Mexico
Portuguese
banderillero
feminist
United States
Maria Celeste Arraras
Univision
Primer Impacto
List of female bullfighters
Bullfighting
"Cristina Sánchez (bullfigher)"

categories: Female bullfighters,1972 births,Spanish bullfighters,Spanish feminists,Sportspeople from Madrid,Living people

paragraph: Cristina Sánchez

paragraph: Cristina Sánchez de Pablos (born February 20, 1972 in Madrid, Spain) was one of the first female bullfighters to gain prominence.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Sánchez enjoyed international fame. She was successful at bullrings in Ecuador and Mexico and is one of the most well-recognized bullfighters at home. She debuted as a bullfighter in Madrid on February 13, 1993.

paragraph: During her career in Spain, she cut a total of 316 bull ears. She retired in 1999 and got married in 2000 to the Portuguese "banderillero" Alexandre da Silva.

paragraph: Sánchez was considered by many to be a representative of the feminist movement of the 1990s, as bullfighting is typically a male-dominated activity. Her fame even reached the United States, where Maria Celeste Arraras presented an article about her on the Univision TV news program "Primer Impacto".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of female bullfighters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bullfighting

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cristina Sánchez (bullfigher)", in "Outstanding Women Athletes: Who They Are and How They Influenced Sports in America" by Janet Woolum (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998), pp. 214–215

description: Spanish bullfighter

wikidata_label: Cristina Sánchez

wikipedia_title: Cristina Sánchez


text: Richard II

text: Henry IV

text: 5th earl of the second creation

text: Elizabeth de Bohun

text: John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter

text: Arundel

text: Thomas Arundel

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Henry Bolingbroke

text: Earl of Arundel

text: Earl of Surrey

text: Welsh Marches

text: Epiphany Rising

text: Hereford

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Battle of Shrewsbury

text: Archbishop of York

text: Richard le Scrope

text: Earl of Norfolk

text: Thomas de Mowbray

text: Philippa of Lancaster

text: John I of Portugal

text: Beatrice

text: London

text: Wales

text: Welsh Marches

text: Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter

text: Burgundy

text: Armagnac

text: Knight of the Garter

text: archers

text: Battle of St Cloud

text: Treaty of Bourges

text: Henry V

text: Dover Castle

text: Warden of the Cinque Ports

text: Sir John Rothenhale

text: siege of Harfleur

text: John, 13th Earl of Arundel

text: abeyance

text: See Thomas's Inquisition Post Mortem

text: Earl of Arundel

categories: 1381 births,Earls of Arundel,Knights of the Garter,1415 deaths,15th-century English people,Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports,FitzAlan family,Lord High Treasurers of England,Knights of the Bath,Earls of Surrey

paragraph: Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel

paragraph: Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel and 10th Earl of Surrey (13 October 138113 October 1415) was an English nobleman, one of the principals of the deposition of Richard II, and a major figure during the reign of Henry IV.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage.

paragraph: He was the only surviving son of 5th earl of the second creation and his first wife, Elizabeth de Bohun. When he was 16 his father was executed (1397) and his lands and titles forfeited. Fitzalan was a royal ward of King Richard's half-brother John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, along with a large part of the Arundel estates. Holland greatly mistreated him, a matter FitzAlan would cruelly repay many years later.

paragraph: Section::::Escape, exile, return and restoration.

paragraph: Eventually Fitzalan escaped from his guardian and joined his uncle Thomas Arundel, the deposed Archbishop of Canterbury, in exile. The two eventually joined with another exile, the King's cousin Henry Bolingbroke.

paragraph: Fitzalan followed Henry in his return to England in July 1399, and in the following events which led to the deposition of King Richard II and Henry's crowning as King Henry IV. He functioned as butler at the coronation, and shortly afterward the new King restored him to his titles and estates. These included two notable Earldoms; those of Earl of Arundel and Earl of Surrey, and large estates in the Welsh Marches.

paragraph: Section::::The Epiphany Rising.

paragraph: Early the next year a group of Barons who had been close to the deposed King Richard II revolted—known as the Epiphany Rising—amongst them Fitzalan's former guardian John Holland. The latter was captured by followers of Fitzalan's aunt Joan, Countess of Hereford, and at Fitzalan's behest was soon executed (some claim he was tortured first).

paragraph: Section::::The rebellion of Owain Glyndwr in Wales.

paragraph: The next few years Fitzalan was much occupied by events in the Welsh marches, where he had to help deal with the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr which ran in full from 1400 to maybe 1412 but gained a great deal of early momentum until 1405. After the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 he was appointed to defend the Marches from further attacks along its full length and then focused on defeating Glyndwr in the northern March adjacent to North Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt in the North.

paragraph: In 1405 there was a revolt in the north of England, led by the Archbishop of York, Richard le Scrope, and the Earl of Norfolk, Thomas de Mowbray. Fitzalan was the head of the Commission which condemned the pair to death. This apparently led to a falling out between Fitzalan and his uncle, Archbishop Thomas Arundel, who objected to the execution of a fellow prelate.

paragraph: Section::::Portuguese alliance and marriages.

paragraph: King Henry's sister, Philippa of Lancaster, had married King John I of Portugal, and to further cement the alliance between England and Portugal, Fitzalan married Beatrice, the illegitimate daughter of King John. The wedding took place in London on 26 November 1405, with King Henry IV in attendance.

paragraph: Section::::Welsh conflicts and alliance with Burgundy.

paragraph: In the following years Fitzalan again had to help suppress revolts in Wales and the Welsh Marches. Politically, Fitzalan allied himself with the King's half-brothers the Beauforts, and when Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter was appointed Chancellor in 1410, Fitzalan became one of the King's principal councillors. Beaufort favored an alliance with Burgundy, and Fitzalan was one of the leaders of those sent to help fight the rival Armagnac faction in France. Sometime in this period Fitzalan was made a Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: Henry IV fell seriously ill in 1411, but was determined to forge an alliance with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. The King announced his intention that a fleet would be sailing to Calais, and issued instructions to ambassadors to go to Burgundy's offer of a military aid against Orleans. But two days before the fleet was due to sail, the king changed his mind, and on 21 September 1411 declared Parliament would meet in November. Instead Arundel set sail with a private fleet and a mercenary force hired by the Burgundians from the Prince of Wales. Arundel found himself in a difficult dilemma: the king wanted an Armagnac alliance, but the prince preferred to deal with Burgundy. A double-dealing policy commenced negotiating with the duke of Berry while continuing to reinforce Burgundy. But the old king recovered at the November Parliament, and the prince's Regency council was dismissed. On 9 November, Arundel led 1000 archers to aid the Burgundians to victory before the bridge at the Battle of St Cloud, near Paris. Some of Arundel's men fought in the ranks of Duke's bodyguard.

paragraph: The Peace of Chartres signed by Henry IV in 1409 was broken. His policy of pro-Valois Armagnac diplomacy was enshrined in the Treaty of Bourges. But no sooner had it been signed on 20 May, the friends of the Burgundian elites declared it illegal, because it was. John the Fearless raised a royal army forcing Berry to surrender Bourges in the name of Charles VI on 15 July. The very next day the peace was renewed by the French nobility in a promissory letter to Henry IV signed by the dukes of Berry, Orleans, Bourbon and Burgundy. On 10 August 1412, the peace was again threatened by Thomas, Duke of Clarence who extorted an humiliating ransom from the Armagnacs after he had landed at St Vaast-le-Hogue. The King favoured Clarence over his older brother, so the Beauforts lost influence, and Arundel retired to his estates. Clarence was instructed to proceed to Gascony to await; the next spring King Henry IV died.

paragraph: Section::::Great friend and soldier of Henry V.

paragraph: The new King Henry V restored the Earl of Arundel to a place of influence, immediately appointing him Lord Treasurer, as well as constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports. On 19 March 1415 The Lord Warden was ordered to summon and array seamen for a forthcoming fleet operations: 57 ships from the Cinque Ports in 40 days were expected to assemble. No ship more than 20 tuns was permitted to leave port. All requisitioned vessels were to be taken to Southampton by 8 May. On St George's Day at Windsor Arundel was made a Knight of the Garter with precedence. He was among 16 of the 25 knights preparing for war that summer. The following day 24 April, the king rewarded his friend with an additional £300 on top of a modest salary as Lord Treasurer of £100 per annum. Arundel's experience deploying massed ranks of longbowmen was vital to Henry's strategy to succeed; as many as 2000 had been used at St Cloud.

paragraph: But the invasion date was put back to 1 July, at the end of April. On 15 June a service was held at St Paul's; Arundel could not have known he would not return in triumph, so he lingered at least until 24 June. Meanwhile, he was despatched on an expedition "into parts of Wales" to raise more archers to add complement to existing units. The royal household paid him £18 12s expenses, but the coffers being bare, Arundel's troops did not receive all their wages.

paragraph: On 27 May 1415, Arundel and Thomas Beaufort had been put in charge of provisioning Calais and the army in Normandy. This included a scheme devised by the Keeper of the Privy Seal to extort money out of Italian merchants in London that raised nearly £2000. As they were about to leave (8 August) Southampton by ship, King Henry replaced Arundel with a new Treasurer, Sir John Rothenhale; Arundel was on the campaign to fight. He wrote a will signing over his estates to trustees for his wife, Beatrice, Countess Arundel and the children for which he gained the King's consent.

paragraph: "Noblesse oblige" was one of Arundel's personal chivalric codes. When it was revealed the earl of March was inveigled into the Southampton Plot, Arundel and Lord Scrope provided the bulk of 10,000 marks fine imposed by Henry for this illegal marriage to Anne Stafford. Arundel's astute business dealings saved March and the King at the Michaelmas Council, which was in uproar. Bishop Richard Countenay of Norwich had died, the duke of Clarence was ill, but Arundel remained the King's "great friend". The Southampton plotters attempted to implicate Arundel, but as their testimony unravelled it became clear Sir Thomas Gray was speaking spiteful lies, and the young earl was held to be without blame.

paragraph: Arundel was one of the initial commanders of Henry V's 1415 French campaign, he sailed with a minimum one hundred men-at-arms, and three hundred archers. Of his own retinue two men-at-arms and thirteen archers died at the siege of Harfleur. At least fourteen men-at-arms and sixty-eight archers were sick, and sent home on the Feast of St Wenceslas (29 Sept); Arundel was among them with five men-at-arms to help him. The Council advised the king against a proposed march to Calais; but Arundel had to return to Sussex on 10 October 1415. He was nursed by a faithful retainer's wife, Elizabeth Ryman. In his will made on 10 October, he asked to be buried in the church of the Holy Trinity, Arundel. He left 200 marks for a funeral, and required a statue be erected over his father's grave. He had pledged a vow to pray to St John of Bridlington when he was a servant of Prince Hal; and now at Mary Gate, Arundel a chapel was to be built dedicated to the Virgin. Arundel wanted all the wages arrears to be paid by his heirs that were owed to soldiery.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Fitzalan left no legitimate children. The castle and lordship of Arundel was inherited by his cousin John, 13th Earl of Arundel. The Earldom of Surrey fell into abeyance (or became extinct; authorities differ on this matter). The rest of his property was split amongst his three surviving sisters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Lord High Treasurers of England and Great Britain

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See Thomas's Inquisition Post Mortem #654-671, dated 1416.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: "Note: Some sources do not include the first seven earls in their list of Earls of Arundel (see Earl of Arundel). In such sources this Earl is the sixth."

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel

wikipedia_title: Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl of Arundel

wikipedia_title: Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel


text:
Goguryeo
Three Kingdoms of Korea
Sui China
military history of Korea
Pyongyang
Goguryeo
Sui Empire
Goguryeo
martial
literary
Sui
Goguryeo
Yeongyang
Battle of Linyuguan
Emperor Yang
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
Yeongyang
Liao River
Liao River
Yodong
Yalu River
Pyongyang
Battle of Salsu
Sin Fortress
Sui dynasty
Emperor Yang
Goguryeo
Tang dynasty
Goguryeo
Sui
Kim Bu-sik
Samguk Sagi
Sui
Korea
Hyeonjong
Goryeo
Pyongyang
Joseon
Yang Seong-ji
An Jeong-bok
Silhak
Sukjong
Japanese Imperialism
Shin Chaeho
Lee Ki-baik
South Korea
Seoul
Euljiro
military decoration
South Korea
Republic of Korea Navy
Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer
Eulji Mundeok Hansi
Combined Forces Command
United States
Ulchi-Focus Lens
Ulchi-Freedom Guardian
North Korea
Yeon Gaesomun

categories: Korean generals,Goguryeo people,Military history of Korea

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok (을지문덕) (Ulchi Mundok) was a military leader of early 7th century Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, who successfully defended Goguryeo against Sui China. He is often numbered among the greatest heroes in the military history of Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok was born in the mid-6th century and died sometime after 618, although the exact date is unknown. "Haedong Myeongjangjeon", known as the "Biographies of Famed Korean Generals", written in the 18th century, states that he was from Seokda Mountain () near Pyongyang. At the time of his birth, Goguryeo was a powerful state, frequently at war with its neighbors.

paragraph: In 589, the Sui Empire conquered several surrounding states and launched several large military campaigns against Goguryeo which was unwilling to submit to its dominance.

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok was a cultured man, skilled in both the martial and literary arts. He eventually rose to become the supreme commander of Goguryeo. The name "Eulji" may actually be a Goguryeo title.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Salsu River.

paragraph: After the founding of Sui in 589, a precarious peace was maintained for several years between the new Chinese dynasty and Goguryeo. However, in 597, Yeongyang launched an attack on the Sui at the Battle of Linyuguan. In response, Sui invaded Goguryeo, but the invasion was defeated due to constant ambushes and unfavorable weather.

paragraph: In the early 7th century, Emperor Yang learned of a secret correspondence between Goguryeo and the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Emperor Yang demanded Yeongyang come and submit personally to him or face an "imperial tour of his territories". When Yeongyang failed to do so, Emperor Yang prepared for war. He mustered an army of over 1,133,000 troops and more than 2 million auxiliaries and personally led them against Goguryeo in 612. The Sui army quickly overran Goguryeo's border defenses, then camped on the banks of the Liao River and prepared to bridge it.

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok, commissioned as the Field Marshal, was called upon to defend the nation. He prepared his troops to meet the numerically superior Sui forces with a strategy of deception, using feigned retreats and sudden attacks. After the Sui forces crossed the Liao River, a small contingent was sent to attack the city of Yodong, but was repulsed by Eulji Mundeok's forces. As the rainy season progressed, the Sui forces launched other small probing attacks, but held off from making any large moves before the end of the rainy season.

paragraph: When the rains stopped, Emperor Yang moved his forces to the banks of the Yalu River in northwestern Korea and prepared for a major battle. Fighting only small engagements at times and places of his choosing, Eulji Mundeok drew the Sui forces further and further from their supply centers. Emperor Yang sent an advance force of over 305,000 troops to take the city of Pyongyang. After allowing the force to approach the city, Field Marshal Eulji Mundeok ambushed it. His forces attacked from all sides, driving the Sui troops back in utter confusion. His troops pursued the retreating army, slaughtering them at will. Records claim that only 2,800 men of the massive force returned alive to the main Chinese army. This battle, the Battle of Salsu, came to be known as one of the most glorious military triumphs in Korea's national history.

paragraph: After the battle, winter began to set in and the Sui forces, short on provisions, were forced to return home in defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok managed to protect Sin Fortress from another Sui invasion force, but he died not long after.

paragraph: The Sui dynasty was beginning to disintegrate and Emperor Yang decided that he urgently needed to expand his empire in order to regain power, but two more attacks on Goguryeo in the following spring were met with similar disasters, and eventually internal rebellion in China forced him to abandon his desire for Goguryeo. By 618, the relatively short-lived Sui dynasty was replaced by the Tang dynasty. Field Marshal Eulji Mundeok's strategy and leadership had protected Goguryeo from Chinese expansion into the Korean peninsula.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: One of the most distinguished military leaders of the Goguryeo period, Eulji Mundeok's leadership and tactical acumen were the decisive factors in defeating the Sui invasion. Facing numerically superior forces, he developed a strategy that allowed him to secure a decisive victory. Such brilliant tactical success earned him a permanent place among Korea's most famous leaders. Kim Bu-sik, the author of the Samguk Sagi, also attributed the victory over Sui to Eulji Mundeok.

paragraph: In Korea, Eulji Mundeok is recognized as one of the greatest figures in its national history. During the reign of Hyeonjong in the Goryeo period, a shrine to Eulji Mundeok was built near Pyongyang. In the succeeding Joseon period, he remained just as revered a figure. Yang Seong-ji, a scholar and high-ranking bureaucrat of 15th century Joseon, and An Jeong-bok, a Silhak historian of 18th century Joseon, both thought highly of him. Furthermore, King Sukjong ordered the construction of another shrine in honor of Eulji Mundeok in 1680.

paragraph: At a time when Korea was suffering under the yoke of Japanese Imperialism, a fuller assessment of Eulji Mundeok was commenced by the Korean historian Shin Chaeho, who published a biography of the famed general in 1908 and held him out as an example of Korea's traditional nationalist spirit. Eulji Mundeok is still celebrated as a national hero. One of the most preeminent Korean scholars of the 20th century, Lee Ki-baik, noted that Eulji Mundeok's efforts in halting the Sui attempt at conquest stand as one of the earliest examples of Korean attempts to fend off foreign domination.

paragraph: In South Korea, a main thoroughfare in downtown Seoul, Euljiro, is named after Eulji Mundeok.

paragraph: The second highest military decoration of South Korea is named after Eulji Mundeok.

paragraph: The Republic of Korea Navy named a Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer in honor of Eulji Mundeok.

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok's literary work, the Eulji Mundeok Hansi, is one of the oldest surviving poems in Korean literature.

paragraph: One of the biannual Combined Forces Command exercises between South Korea and the United States was called Ulchi-Focus Lens (UFL) in honor of Eulji Mundeok. It was renamed to Ulchi-Freedom Guardian (UFG) in 2015. UFG is the world's largest computerized command and control exercise, focusing on how US and ROK forces would defend against a North Korean attack.

paragraph: Section::::Modern Depictions.

paragraph: The playable character "MoonDuck" in the popular mobile game Crusaders Quest is based on Eulji Mundeok.

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok appears in the 2006 television series Yeon Gaesomun.

paragraph: Euji can be obtained through a seven days log-in event in the mobile game Mini Warriors

paragraph: Eulji Mundeok can be used as one of the commander in Rise of Civilizations, can be obtained by using “Korea” as your chosen Civilization and can be obtained in the tavern using silver and golden chests.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriel, Richard A. and Donald W. Boose, “The Korean Way of War: Salsu River”, from The "Great Battles of Antiquity: A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles that Shaped the Development of War". Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.

description: Korean general

wikidata_label: Eulji Mundeok

wikipedia_title: Eulji Mundeok


text: Onondaga

text: First Nations

text: Iroquois

text: Onondaga people

text: Mohawk people

text: Great Peacemaker

text: Huron

text: Senecas

text: Cayugas

text: Oneidas

text: Tuscarora people

text: Hiawatha

text: Augustus Saint-Gaudens

text: Syracuse, New York

text: Onondaga County

text: Monogram Pictures

text: bike trail

text: northern Idaho

text: Montana

text: fiberglass

text: Ironwood, Michigan

text: Hiawatha National Forest

text: national forest

text: Upper Peninsula of Michigan

text: Amtrak

text: Hiawatha Service

text: Chicago

text: Milwaukee

text: Metro Blue Line

text: Hennepin County

text: Minnesota

text: Minneapolis

text: Toronto Islands

text: Sid Meier's Civilization III

text: Age of Empires 3

text: Sid Meier's Civilization V

text: Europa Universalis IV

text: chasmataspidid

text: Hoplitaspis hiawathai

text: USS "Hiawatha"

text: United States Navy

text: Starfleet

text: starship

text: The Song of Hiawatha

text: Minnehaha

text: Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe

text: Chapter V, "The Iroquois Confederacy"

categories: Legendary American people,Year of birth unknown,Native American leaders,Iroquois mythology,Iroquois people

paragraph: Hiawatha

paragraph: Hiawatha (also known as Ayenwathaaa, Aiionwatha, or [ha.jẽʔ.waʔ.tha] in Onondaga; born 1525) was a precolonial First Nations leader and co-founder of the Iroquois Confederacy. He was a leader of the Onondaga people, the Mohawk people, or both. According to some accounts, he was born an Onondaga but adopted into the Mohawks.

paragraph: Hiawatha was a follower of the Great Peacemaker (Deganawida), a Huron prophet and spiritual leader who proposed the unification of the Iroquois peoples, who shared common ancestry and similar languages, but he suffered from a severe speech impediment which hindered him from spreading his proposal. Hiawatha was a skilled orator, and he was instrumental in persuading the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks to accept the Great Peacemaker's vision and band together to become the Five Nations of the Iroquois confederacy. The Tuscarora people joined the Confederacy in 1722 to become the Sixth Nation.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiawatha", a sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1872–1874).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha Council, former name of the Longhouse Council, BSA in Onondaga County (succeeded by Hiawatha-Seaway Council after merger with Seaway Valley Council)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha Boulevard is a street in Syracuse, New York, in Onondaga County.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha Lake, in Onondaga Park in Syracuse, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1950, plans for a film about the historical Hiawatha by Monogram Pictures were scrapped. The reason given was that Hiawatha's peacemaker role could be seen as communist propaganda.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A film was released in 1997 based on the Longfellow poem. It was a joint production between the U.S. and Canada, filmed in Ontario, Canada.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hiawatha bike trail in northern Idaho and Montana is over a former railroad right-of-way on old bridges and through old tunnels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A tall, fiberglass statue of Hiawatha was built in 1964 and stands in Ironwood, Michigan. It is billed as the "World's Tallest and Largest Indian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha National Forest is a national forest in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amtrak, a railroad serving the continental United States and parts of Canada, has a train called "Hiawatha Service," which runs several times daily between Chicago, Illinois and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was named for a series of trains formerly operated by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Metro Blue Line in Hennepin County, Minnesota was formerly known as the Hiawatha Line. The line runs largely along its namesake Hiawatha Avenue in Minneapolis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Island of Hiawatha is the former name of the Toronto Islands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha appears as a playable leader for the Iroquois in the video games "Sid Meier's Civilization III", "Age of Empires 3", and "Sid Meier's Civilization V", and serves as the visual representation of the Iroquois in "Europa Universalis IV".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha Elementary School in Essex Jct. VT.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha Park, Chicago Park District park, northwest City of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiawatha Beach neighborhood was established in 1926. These homes surround Buck Lake and line the Huron River in Hamburg Township, MI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Links at Hiawatha Landing. A golf course in Apalachin, NY.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The species name of the chasmataspidid "Hoplitaspis hiawathai" honors Hiawatha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The USS "Hiawatha" is the name of several ships of the United States Navy, as well as a Starfleet starship that appeared on a 2019 episode of "".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Song of Hiawatha", which includes the fictitious Aboriginal woman Minnehaha

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonvillain, Nancy (2005). "Hiawatha: founder of the Iroquois Confederacy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hale, Horatio (1881). "Hiawatha and the Iroquois confederation: a study in anthropology."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatzan, A. Leon (1925). "The true story of Hiawatha, and history of the Six Nations Indians."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1856). "The Myth of Hiawatha, and Other Oral Legends, Mythologic and Allegoric, of the North American Indians."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laing, Mary E. (1920). "The hero of the longhouse."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saraydarian, Torkom and Joann L Alesch (1984). "Hiawatha and the great peace."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siles, William H. (1986). "Studies in local history: tall tales, folklore and legend of upstate New York."

paragraph: Juvenile audience

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonvillain, Nancy (1992). "Hiawatha: founder of the Iroquois Confederacy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fradin, Dennis B. (1992). "Hiawatha: messenger of peace."

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClard, Megan, George Ypsilantis and Frank Riccio (1989). "Hiawatha and the Iroquois league."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malkus, Alida (1963). "There really was a Hiawatha."

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. John, Natalie and Mildred Mellor Bateson (1928). "Romans of the West: untold but true story of Hiawatha."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, C. J. (2004). "Peace walker: the legend of Hiawatha and Tekanawita."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historica's Heritage Minute "Peacemaker", a mini-docudrama about the co founders of the Iroquois Confederacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter V, "The Iroquois Confederacy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Mohawk Valley: Dekanawida and Hiawatha, Schenectady Digital History Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google Books overview of "Ancient Society"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Peacemaker Deganawidah and his follower Hiawatha", theater play by Living Wisdom School

description: Founder of the Iroquois League

wikidata_label: Hiawatha

wikipedia_title: Hiawatha


text:
Gazi
Osman I
Ottoman Empire
Suleyman Shah
Kayı tribe
Oghuz Turks
Iran
Anatolia
Mongol conquests
Seljuks of Rum
Söğüt
Byzantine Empire
Osman
Ghazi
Islam
Kayı tribe
Oghuz Turks
Seljuks
Karaca Dağ
Ankara
Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I
Seljuk Sultan of Rûm
Söğüt
Osman I
Abdul Hamid II
Ottoman Navy
frigate
Ertuğrul
Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque
Ashgabat
Turkmenistan
Engin Altan Düzyatan
Halime Hatun
Osman I
Sheik Edebali
Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan
Modu Chanyu
Alp Arslan
Kılıç Arslan
Bumin Khan
Bilge Khan

categories: 13th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Turkic rulers,1280 deaths,Ottoman dynasty,13th-century rulers in Asia

paragraph: Ertuğrul

paragraph: Ertugrul (, , Erṭoġrıl; often with the title "Gazi") (died c. 1280) was the father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. While his historicity is proven by coins minted by Osman I which identify Ertuğrul as the name of his father, nothing else is known for certain about his life or activities. According to Ottoman tradition, he was the son of Suleyman Shah, leader of the Kayı tribe of Oghuz Turks, who fled from eastern Iran to Anatolia to escape the Mongol conquests. According to this legend, after the death of his father, Ertuğrul and his followers entered the service of the Seljuks of Rum, for which he was rewarded with dominion over the town of Söğüt on the frontier with the Byzantine Empire. This set off the chain of events that would ultimately lead to the founding of the Ottoman Empire. Like his son, Osman, and their descendants, Ertuğrul is often referred to as a "Ghazi", a heroic champion fighter for the cause of Islam.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nothing is known with certainty about Ertuğrul's life, other than that he was the father of Osman; historians are thus forced to rely upon stories written about him by the Ottomans more than a century later, which are of questionable accuracy. According to these later traditions, Ertuğrul was chief of the Kayı tribe of Oghuz Turks. As a result of his assistance to the Seljuks against the Byzantines, Ertuğrul was granted lands in Karaca Dağ, a mountainous area near Angora (now Ankara), by Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I, the Seljuk Sultan of Rûm. One account indicates that the Seljuk leader's rationale for granting Ertuğrul land was for Ertuğrul to repel any hostile incursion from the Byzantines or other adversary. Later, he received the village of Söğüt which he conquered together with the surrounding lands. That village, where he later died, became the Ottoman capital under his son Osman I. Ottoman historians have differing opinions on whether Ertuğrul had two or possibly three other sons in addition to Osman: Gündüz Bey, and Saru Batu Savcı Bey or Saru Batu and Savcı Bey.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A tomb and mosque dedicated to Ertuğrul is said to have been built by Osman I at Söğüt, but due to several rebuildings nothing certain can be said about the origin of these structures. The current mausoleum was built by sultan Abdul Hamid II in the late nineteenth century. The town of Söğüt celebrates an annual festival to the memory of the early Osmans.

paragraph: The Ottoman Navy frigate "Ertuğrul", launched in 1863, was named after him. The Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, completed in 1998, is also named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: The Turkish television series "" is based on his life. Ertuğrul is portrayed by Engin Altan Düzyatan in the series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halime Hatun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osman I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheik Edebali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modu Chanyu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alp Arslan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kılıç Arslan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bumin Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bilge Khan

description: Ottoman ruler, father of Osman I

wikidata_label: Ertuğrul

wikipedia_title: Ertuğrul


text: archaeologist

text: Venezuela

text: Catalonia

text: Spain

text: culture history

text: Paleoindian

text: archaeology

text: University of Barcelona

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Nueva Cádiz

text: Taima-Taima

text: Late Pleistocene

text: El Jobo

text: projectile point

text: Paleoindian

text: La Isabella

text: Christopher Columbus

text: Ciudad Colonial de Santo Domingo

text: Museo de Ciencias Naturales

text: abstract expressionism

text: cave painting

categories: 2005 deaths,1911 births,Spanish emigrants to Venezuela,Venezuelan archaeologists

paragraph: José Cruxent

paragraph: José Maria Cruxent (January 16, 1911 – February 23, 2005) was a professional archaeologist considered to be the "Father of Scientific Archaeology" in Venezuela. He was born in Catalonia, Spain. Cruxent is known for making significant contributions to understanding the culture history of Venezuela from the Paleoindian period to the early Colonial period.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Cruxent was a student in archaeology at the University of Barcelona until the Spanish Civil War cut short his academic career in 1939. After the war, he moved to Venezuela where he eventually gained renown for reshaping its archaeology by applying the scientific method in field work (something that had been rare in archaeological excavations there).

paragraph: Section::::Discoveries.

paragraph: Cruxent was responsible for the discovery of archaeological sites at Nueva Cádiz and Taima-Taima. He extended the archaeological evidence for human presence in South America backward into the Late Pleistocene epoch.

paragraph: It was at Taima-Taima that he discovered El Jobo projectile points and other stone artifacts dating to as early as 13,000 B.P., a major discovery in Paleoindian archaeology.

paragraph: Cruxent was later asked to excavate La Isabella, the first Spanish settlement, as well as the tomb of Christopher Columbus in the Ciudad Colonial de Santo Domingo.

paragraph: Section::::Museum Administration.

paragraph: Cruxent eventually became the head curator and archaeologist for the Museo de Ciencias Naturales and founded the Department of Archaeology at the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas in Caracas.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic career.

paragraph: In the latter portion of his life, Cruxent became an artist in the abstract expressionism movement. His paintings often depicted his archaeological discoveries and were reminiscent of cave painting. He did not stick to one medium, but rather experimented with many different materials and textures. He continued to work as a professor and artist until his death in 2005 at the age of 94.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venezuelan Archaeology", 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Archaeological Chronology of Venezuela", V2: Social Science Monographs, V6, 20, 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archaeology at La Isabela: America's First European Town", 2002

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Man in the West Indies, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Foothold in the Americas,1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Tiama-Taima, Venezuela, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archaeology of Cotua Island, Amazonas Territory, Venezuela, 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- Determination of the Provenience of Majolica Pottery Found in the Caribbean Area Using Its Gamma-Ray Induced Thermoluminescence, 1975

alias:
José Cruxent
Jose Cruxent

description: Venezuelan anthropologist

wikidata_label: Josep Maria Cruxent

wikipedia_title: José Cruxent


text:
colours
political party
flowers
ties
Labour party
official song
Conservative party
Liberal Democrat party
Green party
UK Independence Party
SNP
Plaid Cymru
polling station
election agent
Neil Kinnock
New Labour
Blair
Cockade
Political uniform
List of political party symbols

paragraph: Rosette (politics)

paragraph: In politics, a rosette is a coloured fabric decoration worn by political candidates to identify them in many countries. The rosette, worn on the chest or suit jacket, will show the colours of the political party that the candidate represents.

paragraph: Section::::British politics.

paragraph: In British politics, rosettes (or sometimes flowers and ties) of a political party are often worn by candidates. As of 2016, the normal colours used are red for the Labour party (referenced in the party's official song), blue for the Conservative party, orange-yellow for the Liberal Democrat party, Green for the Green party and heather for the UK Independence Party. Of the nationalist parties, the SNP use yellow and Plaid Cymru gold and green.

paragraph: As of 2015, the only people allowed to wear a rosette at a polling station are candidates and their election agents. "An X in a [coloured] rosette would/wouldn't get elected here" or variants of this phrase is often used to indicate a very safe seat, where X is a deeply undesirable candidate for the likely winning party or a saintly potential candidate for a losing party. During the 1980s and 90s, first Neil Kinnock and then the New Labour movement under Blair encouraged the use of red roses as a symbol of the Labour party, and the party used the rose as a logo.

paragraph: In the U.K., despite its relatively long-lasting set of major parties, colours worn by parties have not always been constant. In some areas, non-standard colours were worn up to around the 1970s as a local tradition. This may have been for a variety of reasons, such as association of colours with leading families of the area and then the political parties they supported. Major political parties have now standardised on the colours used nationally, a trend accelerated by the arrival of colour television.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cockade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Political uniform

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of political party symbols

wikidata_label: Rosette

wikipedia_title: Rosette (politics)


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Diocese of Dallas

text: Texas

text: Le Mars, Iowa

text: Holy Trinity Seminary

text: Irving, Texas

text: University of Dallas

text: Pope Francis

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

wikipedia_title: List of Catholic bishops in the United States

wikipedia_title: Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops

categories: American Roman Catholic bishops,1956 births,Catholics from Iowa,People from Le Mars, Iowa,University of Dallas alumni,Living people

paragraph: Gregory Kelly

paragraph: John Gregory Kelly (born February 15, 1956) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church serving as an auxiliary bishop for the Diocese of Dallas, Texas since 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Le Mars, Iowa, Kelly attended Holy Trinity Seminary in Irving, Texas. He received his bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1978 and his Master of Divinity degree in 1982 from the University of Dallas. On May 15, 1982, Kelly was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Dallas, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Dallas.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed Kelly auxiliary bishop for the Diocese of Dallas on December 16, 2015. On February 11, 2016, Kelly was ordained bishop.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas Official Site

wikidata_label: Gregory Kelly

wikipedia_title: Gregory Kelly


text: Roman Catholic

text: Archbishop of Santo Domingo

text: Calahorra

text: Spain

text: Pope Paul III

text: Bishop of Santo Domingo

text: Bishop of Coro

wikipedia_title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo

categories: 1502 births,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul III,People from Calahorra,1554 deaths,Roman Catholic bishop stubs,Archbishops of Santo Domingo

paragraph: Alfonso de Fuenmayor

paragraph: Alfonso de Fuenmayor (1502- 1 March 1554) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of Santo Domingo (1546–1554) and Bishop of Santo Domingo (1538–1546).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alfonso de Fuenmayor was born in Calahorra, Spain.

paragraph: On 27 October 1538, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Paul III as Bishop of Santo Domingo.

paragraph: In March 1538, he was consecrated bishop by Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera, Bishop of Coro.

paragraph: On 12 February 1546, he was named by Pope Paul III as Archbishop of Santo Domingo after the elevation of the diocese.

paragraph: He served as Archbishop of Santo Domingo until his death on 1 March 1554.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Alfonso de Fuenmayor

wikipedia_title: Alfonso de Fuenmayor