text: Czech

text: Židenice

text: Brno

text: province of Moravia

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Austro-Hungarian Army

text: World War I

text: Italian front

text: Battle of Austerlitz

text: Polná

text: Nymburk

text: River Labe

text: Nymburk

text: Milan Kundera

text: Latin

text: Český Brod

text: Charles University

text: Prague

text: law degree

text: Nazi occupation

text: Kostomlaty

text: Vladimír Boudník

text: Kladno

text: Libeň

text: Divadlo pod Palmovkou

text: Břeclav

text: Kersko

text: Jiří Kolář

text: Josef Škvorecký

text: Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age

text: Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

text: samizdat

text: Ivan "Magor" Jirous

text: Kampa Island

text: Karel Kryl

text: Ludvík Vaculík

text: Too Loud a Solitude

text: Charter 77

text: I Served the King of England

text: Jiří Menzel

text: Closely Observed Trains

text: Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

text: Larks on a String

text: Václav Havel

text: Bill Clinton

text: Madeleine Albright

text: Bulovka Hospital

text: suicide

text: Hradištko

text: Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age

text: Vita Nuova

text: wise fool

text: Jaroslav Hašek

text: Karel Čapek

text: Milan Kundera

text: Ewa Mazierska

text: Ladislav Grosman

text: Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age

text: I Served the King of England

text: samizdat

text: Too Loud a Solitude

text: 68 Publishers

text: Toronto

text: 68 Publishers

text: 68 Publishers

text: Closely Watched Trains (novel)

text: Edith Pargeter

text: Josef Škvorecký

text: Closely Watched Trains

text: Jiří Menzel

text: I Served the King of England

text: Too Loud a Solitude

text: Karolinum Press

text: Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age

text: Ivan Passer

text: Jiří Menzel

text: Pearls of the Deep

text: Jan Nemec

text: Pearls of the Deep

text: Evald Schorm

text: Pearls of the Deep

text: Vera Chytilová

text: Pearls of the Deep

text: Pearls of the Deep

text: Jiří Menzel

text: Jiří Menzel

text: Jiri Menzel

text: Jiří Menzel

text: Bohumil Hrabal - the Close Watcher of Trains

text: "Bohumil Hrabal"

text: London Review of Books

text: James Wood

text: Hrabal and Prague

text: Bohumil Hrabal at Czechoslovak book network Baila.net

categories: People from the Margraviate of Moravia,Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic),Accidental deaths from falls,Czech novelists,Charles University in Prague alumni,1997 deaths,Male novelists,Czech male writers,Accidental deaths in the Czech Republic,1914 births,Dispatchers,People from Brno,20th-century novelists

paragraph: Bohumil Hrabal

paragraph: Bohumil Hrabal (; 28 March 1914 – 3 February 1997) was a Czech writer, often cited as one of the best Czech writers of the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hrabal was born in Židenice (suburb of Brno) on 28 March 1914, in what was then the province of Moravia within Austria-Hungary, to an unmarried mother, Marie Božena Kiliánová (1894–1970). According to the organisers of a 2009 Hrabal exhibition in Brno, his biological father was probably Bohumil Blecha (1893–1970), a teacher's son a year older than Marie, who was her friend from the neighbourhood. Marie's parents opposed the idea of their daughter marrying Blecha, as he was about to serve in the Austro-Hungarian Army. World War I started four months after Hrabal's birth, and Blecha was sent to the Italian front, before being invalided out of service. Blecha's daughter, Drahomíra Blechová-Kalvodová, says her father told her when she was 18 that Hrabal was her half-brother. Bohumil and his biological father never met formally, according to Blechová-Kalvodová. Hrabal and Blechová-Kalvodová met twice; a dedication in a picture from 1994 says: "To sister Drahomíra, Hrabal!"

paragraph: Hrabal was baptised Bohumil František Kilián. Until the age of three, he lived mainly with his grandparents, Kateřina Kiliánová (born Bartlová)(d. 1950) and Tomáš Kilián (died 1925), a descendant of a French soldier injured at the Battle of Austerlitz, in Brno, while his mother worked in Polná as an assistant book-keeper in the town's brewery. She worked there with her future husband, František Hrabal (b. 1889-d. 5 June 1966); one František Hrabal was listed as Bohumil's godfather when he was baptised on 4 February 1914, but František was also the first name of Bohumil's future step-grandfather, a soft-drinks trader. František Hrabal, Hrabal's stepfather, was a friend of Blecha, Hrabal's probable biological father, according to Blechová-Kalvodová.

paragraph: Marie and František married in February 1917, shortly before Bohumil's second birthday. Hrabal's half-brother, Břetislav Josef Hrabal (25 September 1916 - 30 May 1985), was born later that year; Břetislav, known as Slávek, is said to have been an excellent raconteur. The family moved in August 1919 to Nymburk, a small town on the banks of the River Labe, where František Hrabal became the manager of a brewery. Both of Hrabal's parents were active in amateur dramatics.

paragraph: Hrabal's uncle was Bohuslav Kilián (1892–1942), a lawyer, journalist and publisher of the cultural magazines "Salon" and "Měsíc". The latter had a German version, "Der Monat", that was distributed throughout Europe, but not in Nazi Germany.

paragraph: In 1920, Hrabal started primary school in Nymburk. In September 1925, he spent one year at a grammar school in Brno (now Gymnázium třída Kapitána Jaroše, later attended by Milan Kundera). He failed the first year, and later attended a technical secondary school in Nymburk. There too he struggled to concentrate on his studies, despite extra tutoring from his uncle.

paragraph: Section::::War-time activities and early adulthood.

paragraph: In June 1934 Hrabal left school with a certificate that said he could be considered for a place at university on a technical course. Hrabal took private classes in Latin for a year, passing the state exam in the town of Český Brod with an "adequate" grade on 3 October 1935. Four days later, on 7 October 1935, he registered at Charles University in Prague to study for a law degree. He graduated only in March 1946, as Czech universities had been shut down in November 1939 and remained so until the end of Nazi occupation. During the war, he worked as a railway labourer and dispatcher in Kostomlaty, near Nymburk, an experience reflected in one of his best-known works, "Closely Observed Trains" (). He worked variously as an insurance agent (1946–1947), a travelling salesman (1947–1949) and a manual labourer alongside the graphic artist Vladimír Boudník in the Kladno steelworks (1949–1952), an experience that inspired the "hyper-realist" texts he was writing at the time. After a serious injury, he worked in a recycling mill in the Prague district of Libeň as a paper packer (1954–1959), before working as a stagehand (1959–1962) at the S. K. Neumann Theatre in Prague (today Divadlo pod Palmovkou).

paragraph: Hrabal lived in the city from the late 1940s onward, for much of it (1950–1973) at 24 Na Hrázi ul. in Prague - Libeň; the house was demolished in the spring of 1988. In 1956, Hrabal married Eliška Plevová (known as "Pipsi" to Hrabal, and referred to by that name in some of his works), the 30-year-old daughter of Karel Pleva, procurator and manager of a wood factory in the South Moravian town of Břeclav. In 1965, the couple bought a country cottage in Kersko, near Nymburk; the cottage became home to his numerous cats. Eliška died in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Early writing career.

paragraph: Hrabal began as a poet, producing a collection of lyrical poetry in 1948, entitled "Ztracená ulička". It was withdrawn from circulation when the communist regime was established. In the early 1950s, Hrabal was a member of an underground literary group run by Jiří Kolář, an artist, poet, critic and central figure in Czechoslovak culture. Another member of the group was the novelist Josef Škvorecký. Hrabal produced stories for the group, but did not seek publication.

paragraph: Two stories by Hrabal ("Hovory lidí") appeared in 1956 as a supplement in the annual "Report of the Association of Czech Bibliophiles" (), which had a print-run of 250. Hrabal's first book was withdrawn a week before publication, in 1959. It was eventually published in 1963, as "Pearls of the Deep" (). In the same year, he became a professional writer. "Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age" () followed in 1964 and "Closely Observed Trains" () in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Ban from publication and later career.

paragraph: After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, Hrabal was banned from publishing. In 1970, two of his books – "Domácí úkoly" and "Poupata" – were banned, after they had been printed and bound but before they were distributed. In the following years, he published several of his best known works in samizdat editions (including "The Little Town Where Time Stood Still" () and "I Served the King of England" ().

paragraph: In 1975, Hrabal gave an interview to the publication "Tvorba" in which he made self-critical comments, which enabled some of his work to appear in print, albeit typically in heavily edited form. Hrabal's interlocutors were anonymous in the journal, but it was later discovered that the published interview was at least a third version of the text, and that the more explicitly ideological statements were inserted by editors Karel Sýs and Jaromír Pelc according to contemporary party doctrine. One such passage reads "...as a Czech writer I am connected to the Czech people, with its Socialist past and future". Some young dissidents were incensed by Hrabal's actions; poet Ivan "Magor" Jirous organised an event on Kampa Island at which his books were burned, and the singer Karel Kryl called him a "whore". However, his defenders point out that an edited version of a key text, "Handbook for the Apprentice Palaverer" (), was published alongside the interview, which ended the ban on publication and permitted his work once again to reach the broader Czechoslovak public. Ludvík Vaculík, who had published his work in samizdat and would later continue to do so, defended him, saying that the interview demonstrated that Hrabal was a writer of such standing that he could not be suppressed and the regime had had to acknowledge him. Additionally, some of his writings continued to be printed only in samizdat and as underground editions abroad, including "Too Loud a Solitude" () which circulated in a number of samizdat editions until it was finally published officially in 1989. Hrabal avoided political engagement, and he was not a signatory of the Charter 77 civic initiative against the communist regime in 1977.

paragraph: Hrabal's two best-known novels are "Closely Observed Trains" () (1965) and "I Served the King of England" (1971), both of which were made into movies by the Czech director Jiří Menzel (in 1966 and 2006, respectively). Hrabal worked closely with Menzel on the script for "Closely Observed Trains" which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1968. The two men became close friends and subsequently collaborated on other film projects, including the long-banned 1969 film "Larks on a String".

paragraph: Hrabal was a noted raconteur, and much of his story-telling took place in a number of pubs including, most famously, U zlatého tygra (At the Golden Tiger) on Husova Street in Prague. He met the Czech President Václav Havel, the American President Bill Clinton and the US ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright at U zlatého tygra on 11 January 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hrabal died in February 1997 after falling from a window on the fifth floor of the Bulovka Hospital in Prague, attempting to feed pigeons. It was noted, however, that suicides were mentioned in several of his books, and early in the morning on the day of his death he mentioned an "invitation" he received in his dream from a dead poet, who was buried in the cemetery next to hospital. His doctor had no doubts about his death being a suicide. He was buried in his family's crypt in a cemetery in Hradištko. According to his wishes, he was buried in an oak coffin marked with the inscription "Pivovar Polná" (Polná Brewery), the brewery where his mother and stepfather had met.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Hrabal wrote in an expressive, highly visual style. He affected the use of long sentences; his works "Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age" (1964) and "Vita Nuova" (1987) consist entirely of one single sentence. Political quandaries and the accompanying moral ambiguities are recurrent themes in his works. Many of Hrabal's characters are portrayed as "wise fools" — simpletons with occasional inadvertently profound thoughts — who are also given to coarse humour, lewdness, and a determination to survive and enjoy life despite harsh circumstances they found themselves in.

paragraph: Much of the impact of Hrabal's writing derives from his juxtaposition of the beauty and cruelty found in everyday life. Vivid depictions of pain human beings casually inflict on animals (as in the scene where families of mice are caught in a paper compactor) symbolise the pervasiveness of cruelty among human beings. His characterisations also can be comic, giving his prose a baroque or mediaeval tinge.

paragraph: Alongside fellow satirists Jaroslav Hašek, Karel Čapek and Milan Kundera, Hrabal is often described as one of the greatest Czech writers of the 20th century. Author Ewa Mazierska compared his works to Ladislav Grosman's, in that his literary works typically contained a mixture of comedy and tragedy. His works have been translated into 27 languages.

paragraph: Section::::Quotations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's interesting how young poets think of death while old fogies think of girls." — Bohumil Hrabal in "Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bohumil Hrabal embodies as no other the fascinating Prague. He couples people's humor to baroque imagination." — Milan Kundera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To spend our days betting on three-legged horses with beautiful names " — Bohumil Hrabal

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ztracená ulička" (A Lost Alley), Nymburk: Hrádek, 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perlička na dne" (Pearls of the Deep), Prague: CS, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pábitelé" (Palaverers), Prague: MF, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age" ("Taneční hodiny pro starší a pokročilé"), Prague: CS, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ostře sledované vlaky" (Closely Observed Trains), Prague: CS, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inzerát na dům, ve kterém už nechci bydlet" (An Advertisement for the House I Don't Want to Live in Anymore), Prague: MF, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Automat svět" (The World Cafeteria/The Death of Mr Baltisberger), 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toto město je ve společné péči obyvatel" (This Town is Jointly Administered by its Inhabitants), Prague: CS, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morytáty a legendy" (Murder Ballads and Other Legends), Prague: CS, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Domácí úkoly" (Home Work), Úvahy a rozhovory. Prague: MF, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poupata" (Buds), Prague: MF, 1970, confiscated and burnt by the Communist regime

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Served the King of England" ("Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále"), Prague: Petlice, 1971 (samizdat)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Něžný barbar" (The Gentle Barbarian), Prague: Petlice, 1973 (secret anti-Communist publishing house); Exile edition: Index, Koeln, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Postřižiny" (Cutting It Short), Prague: Petlice, 1974 (secret anti-Communist publishing house)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Městečko, kde se zastavil čas" (The Little Town Where Time Stood Still), Prague: Petlice, 1974 (secret anti-Communist publishing house); Exile Edition: Comenius, Innsbruck, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Loud a Solitude" ("Příliš hlučná samota"), Prague: Ceska expedice 1977 (secret anti-Communist publishing house); Exile edition: Index, Koeln, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slavnosti sněženek" (Snowdrop Festival), Prague: CS, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Krasosmutnění" (Joyful Blues/Beautiful Sadness), Prague: CS, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harlekýnovy milióny" (Harlequin's Millions), Prague: CS, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kluby poezie" (Poetry Clubs), Prague: MF, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Domácí úkoly z pilnosti", Prague: CS, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Život bez smokingu" (Life Without a Tuxedo), Prague: CS, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Svatby v domě" (In-House Weddings), Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1986 (secret anti-Communist publishing house); Exile edition: 68 Publishers, Toronto, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita nuova", Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1986 (secret anti-Communist publishing house); Exile edition: 68 Publishers, Toronto, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proluky" (Vacant Lot/Gaps), Prague: Petlice, 1986 (secret anti-Communist publishing house) Exile edition: 68 Publishers, Toronto, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kličky na kapesníku – Kdo jsem" (Knots on a Handkerchief – Who I Am: Interviews), Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1987 (secret anti-Communist publishing house)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Totální strachy" (Total Fears: Letters to Dubenka), 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Listopadový uragán" (November Hurricane), Prague: Tvorba, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ponorné říčky" (Underground Rivers), Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Růžový kavalír" (Pink Cavalier), Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aurora na mělčině" (Aurora on the Sandbank), Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Večerníčky pro Cassia" (Cassius's Evening Fairytales), Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atomová mašina značky Perkeo", sc, Prace, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bambino di Praga; Barvotisky; Krásná Poldi", Prague: Československý spisovatel, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Básnění", Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliografie dodatky rejstříky", Prague: Pražská imaginace, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buďte tak hodná, vytáhněte rolety: výbor z milostné korespondence", Prague: Triton, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chcete vidět Zlatou Prahu?: výbor z povídek", Prague: Mladá fronta, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Já si vzpomínám jen a jen na slunečné dny", Nymburk: S Klos, 1998

paragraph: Complete works edition in 19 volumes was published in the 1990s by Pražská imaginace.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected English-language editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closely Watched Trains (novel)", translated by Edith Pargeter with a foreword by Josef Škvorecký, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cutting It Short; The Little Town Where Time Stood Still", London: Abacus, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Death of Mr Baltisberger", translated by Michael Henry Heim, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closely Watched Trains: A Film by Jiří Menzel and Bohumil Hrabal", London: Lorrimer Publishing Ltd, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closely Watched Trains: A Film", New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Served the King of England", translated by Paul Wilson, New York: Vintage International, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Loud a Solitude", translated by Michael Henry Heim, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Total Fears: Letters to Dubenka", translated by James Naughton, Prague: Twisted Spoon Press, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In-House Weddings", translated by Tony Liman, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pirouettes on a Postage Stamp", translated by David Short, Prague: Karolinum Press, Charles University, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita Nuova: A Novel", translated by Tony Liman, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gaps: A Novel", translated by Tony Liman, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age", translated by Michael Henry Heim, NY: The New York Review of Books, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harlequin's Millions", translated by Stacey Knecht, NY: Archipelago Books, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rambling On: An Apprentice's Guide to the Gift of the Gab", translated by David Short, Karolinum Press, Charles University, 2014

paragraph: Section::::Film Adaptations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fádní odpoledne (Boring Afternoon) (1964 . 14 min), dir. Ivan Passer (from a short story Śnięte afternoon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perličky gout (Pearls On The Ground) (1965 . 107 min)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smrt Mr. Baltazar (The Death of Mr. Baltazar) (1966), dir. Jiří Menzel (from the short story The Death of Mr. Baltisbergera) a segment of the film Pearls of the Deep

paragraph: BULLET::::- Podvodníci (Cheaters) (1966), dir. Jan Nemec (from a short story Swindlers) a segment of the film Pearls of the Deep

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dům radosti (House of Joy) (1966 . 22 min), dir. Evald Schorm (from chapter V on the motifs of the novel Bambini di Praga 1947) a segment of the film Pearls of the Deep

paragraph: BULLET::::- Automat Svět (At the World Cafeteria) (1966), dir. Vera Chytilová (from a short story World Bar) a segment of the film Pearls of the Deep

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romance (Romance) (1966), dir. Jaromil Jireš (from a short story Gypsy Romance) a segment of the film Pearls of the Deep

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sběrné surovosti /Makabratura (Junk Shop) (1965, 31 min), dir. Juraj Herz (from a short story Baron Munchhausen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ostře sledované vlaky (Closely Watched Trains) (1966, 79 min), dir. Jiří Menzel (based on motifs from the novel Closely Watched Trains)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skřivánčí on niti (Larks on a String) (1969, 90 min), dir. Jiří Menzel (from motifs of stories from Buy A House In Which I Do Not Want To Live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postřižiny (Postriziny) (1980, 94 min), dir. Jiří Menzel (based on the novel Postriziny)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morské Miss (completed as Magdaléna Příhodová) (1981) (based on motifs from the chapter Such A Beautiful Mourning of the novel Siren)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slavnosti sněženek (The Snowdrop Festival) (1983, 87 min), dir. Jiri Menzel (from motifs of stories from The Snowdrop Festival)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Něžný barbar (Tender Barbarian) (1989, 88 min), dir. Petr Koliha (based on the novel Tender Barbarian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andělské oči (Angel Eyes) (1994, 90 min), dir. Dušan Klein (from the novel by Bambini di Praga 1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Příliš hlučná samota / Une trop bruyante solitude / Allzu laute Einsamkeit (Too Loud Solitude) (1995, 110 min), dir. Vera Cais (based on motifs from the novel Too Loud Solitude)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále / Ich habe den König englischen bedient / Obsluhoval som anglického Král / Öfelsége pincer Volta (I Served the King of England) (2006, 120 min), dir. Jiří Menzel (based on the novel I Served the King of England)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohumil Hrabal - the Close Watcher of Trains, article on Hrabal by Mats Larsson (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bohumil Hrabal", a literary biography in "London Review of Books" by James Wood (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hrabal and Prague

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohumil Hrabal at Czechoslovak book network Baila.net

description: Czech bookwriter and writer

wikidata_label: Bohumil Hrabal

wikipedia_title: Bohumil Hrabal


text: loyalist

text: Belfast

text: Northern Ireland

text: Ulster Volunteer Force

text: Catholic

text: British Army

text: Belfast

text: Northern Ireland

text: Protestant

text: loyalist

text: Shankill Road

text: Ulster Volunteer Force

text: Davy McCullough

text: Crumlin Road

text: Irish nationalist

text: Ardoyne

text: Catholic

text: British Army

text: Special Air Service

text: Vauxhall Astra

text: Fiat

text: Irish National Liberation Army

text: Trevor King

text: Union Jack

text: Orange Order

text: Roselawn Cemetery

text: Apprentice Boys

text: Special Air Service

categories: People killed by security forces during The Troubles (Northern Ireland),Ulster Volunteer Force members,People from Belfast,1962 births,1989 deaths

paragraph: Brian Robinson (loyalist)

paragraph: Brian Robinson (c. 1962 - 2 September 1989) was a loyalist from Belfast, Northern Ireland and member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) who was witnessed murdering a Catholic civilian. His death at the hands of an undercover British Army unit is one of the few from the alleged shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland to have involved a loyalist victim.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Robinson was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland to Rab and Margaret Robinson, and brought up a Protestant on Disraeli Street in the staunchly loyalist Woodvale district of the Shankill Road. It is not known when he became a member of the local Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF). He held the rank of volunteer in its "B Company", 1st Battalion Belfast Brigade. By the time of his death he had moved to Forthriver Crescent in the Glencairn estate, an area immediately northwest of Woodvale.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 2 September 1989, Robinson and fellow UVF member Davy McCullough were travelling on a motorbike, with Robinson as the passenger armed with a gun, in Belfast's Crumlin Road, close to the Irish nationalist area of Ardoyne. Upon seeing Paddy McKenna, a Catholic civilian, walking along the street, Robinson opened fire, hitting McKenna a total of 11 times and killing him. Unbeknownst to the two UVF members, an undercover British Army unit, linked to the Special Air Service, was in the area. Giving chase in a Vauxhall Astra car and a Fiat, the soldiers rammed the motorbike, forcing both men off the road. Robinson was shot twice in his torso, then twice more in the back of the head by a female soldier standing over him. He was 27. Upon hearing the news of her son's death, Robinson's mother Margaret suffered a fatal heart attack. The two were buried on the same day.

paragraph: The UVF leadership in west Belfast would later claim that the intelligence leading to Robinson's death had been provided by one of their own men, Colin "Crazy" Craig, who had—they alleged—been a police informer for several years. Craig was killed by the Irish National Liberation Army on 16 June 1994, along with fellow UVF members Trevor King and David Hamilton. A UVF commander was quoted as mourning King and Hamilton, but adding that Craig was in line to be shot by the UVF anyway.

paragraph: Section::::Funeral.

paragraph: Robinson's funeral was well-attended as it left his home in Forthriver Crescent. Despite his membership of the UVF there were no paramilitary displays at the funeral, and the coffin was covered in the Union Jack instead of a UVF standard. Robinson was a member of the 'Old Boyne Heroes' lodge of the Orange Order, and several members wearing their sashes flanked the coffin. The cortege then met up with Margaret Robinson's funeral as it left her home in Crimea Street. A lorry carrying floral tributes led the cortege. Both mother and son were buried in Roselawn Cemetery. A death notice from Robinson's Orange lodge was published in the local press, which caused controversy.

paragraph: Section::::Commemorative parades.

paragraph: Robinson's death is commemorated annually in a band parade attended by loyalist bands in the Belfast area. One band, Star of the Shankill, has "In Memory of Brian Robinson" written on its crest and emblazoned upon its bass drum. The band also attracted controversy when it appeared at a parade organised by the Apprentice Boys that passed near the area in which Robinson killed his victim. In 2010, Rab Robinson, the brother of Brian, issued an appeal to the parades organisers to postpone the parade that year, owing to the death of his younger brother earlier that year.

paragraph: Robinson is commemorated in a mural on Disraeli Street, off Woodvale Road in Belfast.

paragraph: In 2015, his son Robert removed a Special Air Service flag that had been erected by the loyalists at the Twaddell Avenue protest camp. The Shankill UVF was later said to be reviewing its policy of flying the flag.

description: British loyalist

wikidata_label: Brian Robinson

wikipedia_title: Brian Robinson (loyalist)


href: Italy Bishop Famagusta Treviso Italy House%20of%20Pola Gregorio%20Barbarigo

text:
Italian
Bishop
Famagusta
Treviso
Italy
House of Pola
Gregorio Barbarigo

categories: 1674 births,People from Treviso,1748 deaths,Italian Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Sergio Pola

paragraph: Sergio Pola (1 November 1674 – 1748) was an Italian Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Famagusta from his appointment by on 19 June 1706, until his death in 1748.

paragraph: Sergio Pola was born in Treviso, Italy as a member of the House of Pola. He was a member of the team, which prepared the background papers for the beatification of cardinal Gregorio Barbarigo. Sergio died in 1748 in Italy, at the age of 73.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (It) Florio Miari: "Cronache Bellunesi inedite dal conte Florio Miari", 1865, p. 137

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Italian bishop

wikidata_label: Sergio Pola

wikipedia_title: Sergio Pola


href: Lauraguais Villars-les-Dombes France French%20Academy%20of%20Sciences

text:
Lauraguais
Villars
French
French Academy of Sciences

categories: 18th-century French writers,Peers of France,18th-century male writers,French generals,1733 births,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,French male writers,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,1824 deaths

paragraph: Louis-Léon de Brancas

paragraph: Louis-Léon de Brancas (3 July 1733 – 9 October 1824), 3rd duc de Lauraguais, 6th duc de Villars, was a French general and author, and a member of the French Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: He was the son of Louis de Brancas-Villars and Adelaide-Genevieve d'O, Marquise de Franconville. He married Elisabeth-Pauline de Gand, Princess d'Isenghien, in 1755.

alias:
Louis-Léon-Félicité, Duc de Brancas
Duc de Louis-Léon-Félicité Brancas
Louis-Leon de Brancas
Duc de Louis-Leon-Felicite Brancas

description: French general

wikidata_label: Louis-Léon de Brancas

wikipedia_title: Louis-Léon de Brancas


text:
Old English
Henry III
Eleanor of Provence
deaf-mute
deaf
Windsor
Matthew Paris
Archbishop of Canterbury
Boniface of Savoy
feast
Catherine of Alexandria
Edward the Confessor
deaf-mute
deaf
betrothed
Gascony
Windsor Castle
wet nurse
Swallowfield
Windsor Great Park
France
Windsor Castle

categories: English princesses,1253 births,13th-century English people,Deaf royalty and nobility,13th-century women,House of Plantagenet,1257 deaths,Deaf people from England

paragraph: Katherine of England

paragraph: Katherine of England (Old English: "Katerine"; 25 November 12533 May 1257) was the fifth child of Henry III and his wife, Eleanor of Provence. She was born either a deaf-mute or just deaf and mentally challenged and was very sickly. She possibly had a degenerative disease, did not survive her fourth year and died at Windsor.

paragraph: Section::::Birth.

paragraph: Katherine was born early in the morning at Westminster Palace, Westminster, London. She was described as the most beautiful of all Henry's daughters, even though it was obvious something was wrong with her. Matthew Paris described her as "the most beautiful girl, but dumb and useless", although this did not matter to her parents. They adored her for her beauty and delicacy. She was christened by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Boniface of Savoy, Katherine's maternal granduncle, who also stood as her godfather. She received the name "Katherine" because she was born on the feast of Saint Catherine of Alexandria. A few days after her christening, on the day of Saint Edward the Confessor's death, 5 January 1254, the King held a massive banquet, to which he invited all the nobility, including Emma le Despencer and her son, John. The provisions for this banquet included "fourteen wild boars, twenty-four swans, one hundred and thirty-five rabbits, two hundred and fifty partridges, fifty hares, two hundred and fifty wild ducks, sixteen hundred and fifty fowls, thirty-six female geese and sixty-one thousand eggs".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Katherine, who possibly had a degenerative disease, was either a deaf-mute or simply deaf and mentally challenged. In any case, this ruined their parents' hopes of marriage for her and she was never betrothed to anyone. Soon after the banquet, the Queen had to leave England and join her husband in Gascony, leaving the infant Katherine at Windsor Castle. The aforementioned Emma le Despencer was appointed governess and her aides were two wet nurses, Agnes and Avisa. The next year, the King and Queen returned and the King ordered "gold clothes, with borders embroidered with the King's coat-of-arms", on 2 May 1255 for Katherine.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1254, Katherine became gravely ill and was sent to Emma le Despencer's house in Swallowfield. She had a few companions of her own age and, for her own amusement, the King sent one of his men into Windsor Great Park to capture a goat, for his daughter to play with. The change seemed to benefit the sickly little princess and she was not brought back, but she had a relapse in late 1256. By the King's command, a report of her condition was sent to him by a special messenger during his expedition to France and when he heard of her convalescence he ordered that a "silver image made after the likeness of a woman" should be placed in Westminster Abbey as a votive offering, and the bearer of the news was given "a good robe". Katherine died on , after she was urgently brought back to Windsor Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Burial and legacy.

paragraph: The King presented the nurses with a present equal to £100 of our money. There was a magnificent funeral, which cost £51-12s–4d. Katherine was buried in the ambulatory in Westminster Abbey, in the space between the chapels of King Edward and St. Benet, close to the tomb of her uncle William de Valence. A splendid monument was raised to her memory by the King, rich with serpentine and mosaics, and surmounted by a silver image of his child, made by the King's goldsmith at the cost of 70 marks (£46-13s–4d). The Hermit of Charing was paid fifty shillings a year as long as he lived, that he might support a chaplain to pray daily at the Chapel of the Hermitage for the soul of Katherine.

paragraph: After Katherine died, both Henry and Eleanor were heartbroken, the Queen becoming sick with grief. They did not have any further children.

description: Princess of England

wikidata_label: Katherine of England

wikipedia_title: Katherine of England


text:
political economist
Physiocracy
István Hont
John Law
paper currency
Montesquieu
Bordeaux
fall of the Roman Empire
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Louis XIV
Afghan
Persia
Punjab
England
three-stages theory
free trade
balance of trade
François Fénelon
sumptuary laws
balance of trade
Charles Coquelin
Rebière, Alphonse

categories: 1738 deaths,1675 births,People from Tulle

paragraph: Jean-François Melon

paragraph: Jean-François Melon (; 1675–1738) was a French political economist, considered one of the precursors of the Physiocracy movement. According to István Hont, his "Political Essay upon Commerce" was the most widely available defense of in France in the early 18th century.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Melon was a close associate of John Law. Melon sought to adapt Colbertiste ideas with the views of English mercantilist economists. Melon followed John Law on monetary theory and defended paper currency.

paragraph: Melon was a contemporary of Montesquieu, and belonged to the same Bordeaux coterie. His "Political Essay upon Commerce" followed Montesquieu's argument in "Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans" and "Universal Monarchy". Melon and Montesquieu defended luxury against those who believed that decadence had been the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire, and who suggested parallels with the policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Louis XIV. In a novel evoking Montesquieu's "Persian Letters", Melon presented a parable of military and peaceful means by which a country might achieve national greatness through the example of a Afghan ruler who conquered Persia and the Punjab.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Political Essay upon Commerce".

paragraph: In his "Political Essay upon Commerce", Melon argued that states follow either a "spirit of conquest" or a "spirit of preservation". To provide a modern illustration of this distinction, Melon proposed three models of commercial policy. He used these models to demonstrate that war against a country with a commercial monopoly was just—significant for the reason that England was regarded as a commercial monopolist in France in this period, and that a country with a commercial monopoly in food would defeat a country without such a monopoly. Melon did not desire a monopolistic empire for France, however, and preferred that countries become self-sufficient in food. Instead, Melon proposed that France seek a commercial monopoly and establish hegemony over Europe.

paragraph: Melon's political economy was founded on a three-stages theory, in which basic necessities were followed by manufactured goods, which were in turn followed by luxuries. Progression from necessities to luxuries was only possible with a surplus in goods of each kind. Like the physiocrats, Melon believed that agriculture was the foundation of a nation's economy, but believed that manufactured goods were the source of a nation's greatness. Melon argued in favour of free trade in grain and inflationary monetary policies to improve France's balance of trade.

paragraph: Melon presented arguments against those who opposed luxury, which they associated with decadence and the decay of civic virtue—a view popularised by the writings of François Fénelon—advocated sumptuary laws to correct the French balance of trade. For Melon, luxury was a promoter of trade, and represented a "spur for the multitude" oresent in every "well-governed society". Melon popularised Bernard Mandeville's defense of luxury in "The Fable of the Bees" in France.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahmoud le Gasnévide", 1729

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essai politique sur le commerce", 1734

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry in "Dictionnaire d’économie politique" de Charles Coquelin, Éd. Guillaumin , 1864, p. 152-153

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bouzinac, J., "Jean-François Melon, économiste", Toulouse, 1906; New York, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duffrenoy, Marie-Louise, "L'idée de progrès et la recherche de la matière d'Orient: Jean François Melon et les sciences économiques", Paris, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Megnet, Franz, "Jean-François Melon (1675 bis 1738). Ein origineller Vertreter der vorphysiokratischen Ökonomen Frankreichs", Zurich, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rebière, Alphonse, "Jean-François Melon: l'économiste", Tulle, 1896.

description: French economist

wikidata_label: Jean-François Melon

wikipedia_title: Jean-François Melon


text: French

categories: 1843 births,1931 deaths,French scientists

paragraph: Georges Le Monnier

paragraph: Georges Le Monnier (1843–1931) was a French scientist.

description: Is noted in art history books as the inventor, in 1867, of concrete as we know it today

wikidata_label: Georges Le Monnier

wikipedia_title: Georges Le Monnier


text:
art historian
Artibus Asiae
New York University
Charles Lang Freer Medal
Chicago
Hamilton College
Princeton University
architecture
Bryn Mawr College
Artibus Asiae
Chinese
Japanese architecture
Charles Lang Freer Medal
Smithsonian Institution
New Hampshire
Rosemont, Pennsylvania

wikipedia_title:
Art history
Artibus Asiae
New York University
Charles Lang Freer Medal
Chicago
Hamilton College
Princeton University
Architecture
Bryn Mawr College
Artibus Asiae
Chinese architecture
Japanese architecture
Charles Lang Freer Medal
Smithsonian Institution
New Hampshire
Rosemont, Pennsylvania

categories: People from Chicago,New York University faculty,American art historians,Princeton University alumni,1993 deaths,Bryn Mawr College faculty,Hamilton College (New York) alumni,1904 births,Historians of East Asian art,20th-century American non-fiction writers,Historians from New York (state)

paragraph: Alexander Soper

paragraph: Alexander Coburn Soper III (February 18, 1904 – January 13, 1993) was an American art historian who specialized in Asian art. He was a longtime editor of the journal "Artibus Asiae" and professor at the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University. He won the Charles Lang Freer Medal in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Alexander Soper was born in Chicago on February 18, 1904. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1925 with a bachelor's degree, and from Princeton University in 1929 with a master's degree in architecture. He lived in Japan for some time, before returning to Princeton and earning a Ph.D. in art history in 1944. He taught at Bryn Mawr College, and then at the Institute of Fine Arts (IFA) for more than 30 years from 1960. After retiring from full-time teaching in the 1980s, he remained a doctoral adviser at IFA.

paragraph: Soper served as editor of the academic journal "Artibus Asiae" from 1958 until his death in 1993. His scholarship covered the breath of Asian art, ranging from Chinese and Japanese architecture to Indian Buddhist sculpture.

paragraph: In 1990, he became the ninth person to be awarded the Charles Lang Freer Medal by the Smithsonian Institution.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Soper had a son, John, who lived in New Hampshire, and four grandchildren. He died at his home in Rosemont, Pennsylvania on January 13, 1993, at the age of 88.

description: American art historian

wikidata_label: Alexander Soper

wikipedia_title: Alexander Soper


text:
Polish
Warta Poznań

wikipedia_title:
Poland
Warta Poznań

categories: Association footballers not categorized by position,Polish footballers,Poland international footballers,1899 births,People from Rogoźno,1985 deaths,Sportspeople from Greater Poland Voivodeship,Warta Poznań players

paragraph: Wawrzyniec Staliński

paragraph: Wawrzyniec Staliński was a Polish international footballer who played for the national team in the 1920s. He is regarded as the very first star of Polish football. During his career he played for Posnania Poznań, and Warta Poznań where he won the Polish national championship in 1929. He appeared 13 times for his country scoring 11 goals.

description: Polish association football player

wikidata_label: Wawrzyniec Staliński

wikipedia_title: Wawrzyniec Staliński


text:
House of Dietrichstein
Major general
Fürst
Nikolsburg
Freiherr
Hollenburg
Finkenstein
Thalberg
St. Petersburg
Franz Joseph
Italy
Prague
Emanuel Max
Nikolsburg Castle
Moritz
Frýdlant
the family crypt
Libochovice
Vienna
Dolní Kounice
Ptuj Castle
Count Alexander of Mensdorff-Pouilly
Nikolsburg
Lipník nad Bečvou
Hranice na Moravě
Eduard of Clam-Gallas
Žďár nad Sázavou
Přibyslav
Dietrichstein Palace

wikipedia_title: Alexander von Mensdorff-Pouilly, Prince Dietrichstein von Nicolsburg

paragraph: Joseph Franz, Prince of Dietrichstein

paragraph: Joseph Franz, Prince of Dietrichstein (28 March 1798 – 10 July 1858), was a German prince member of the House of Dietrichstein, Major general, 9th Prince ("Fürst") of Dietrichstein zu Nikolsburg, Count of Proskau-Leslie, Baron ("Freiherr") of Hollenburg, Finkenstein and Thalberg.

paragraph: Born in St. Petersburg, he was the only child of Franz Joseph, 8th Prince of Dietrichstein, and Countess Alexandra Andrejevna Shuvalova.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Shortly after the birth of Joseph Franz, the marriage of his parent ended. His mother moved to Italy, where she remained the rest of her life. The child was left under the care of his father, who raised him with English views, which are considered at that time as the most progressive. Franz Joseph studied in Prague and Viena, where he attended to lectures of the called "Austrian Bolzano", Vincenz Weindtridta, later provost of Nikolsburg.

paragraph: Shortly after his marriage in 1821, Joseph Franz received from his father the Bohemian states of the family, and thanks to this he was one of the members of the family who became more close to the Czech nobility. Often stayed in Prague, he came into contact with Czech patriots and his ideas.

paragraph: Joseph Franz was one of the initiators of the Unity to encourage industry in the Czech Republic ("Jednota ku povzbuzení průmyslu v Čechách"), which was founded in Prague on 1 March 1833, and during 1833-1840 he was his President. He further participated in the associational Prague life: he was a member of the Economic Company ("Hospodářské společnosti") and the Society of the National Museum of the Kingdom of Bohemia ("království českého a Společnosti vlasteneckého muzea království českého").

paragraph: An avid collector of art and paintings, when he assumed the title of Prince of Dietrichstein after his father's death (10 July 1854), he called from Prague the sculptor Emanuel Max to create his sculpture, which was placed after his completion in the Hall of Ancestors at Nikolsburg Castle.

paragraph: Having fathered only four daughters and also neither of his male relatives had surviving male issue, in the 1850s for Joseph Franz was clear that the House of Dietrichstein was doomed to extinction. In 1856, he entered into an agreement with the last surviving male of the family, his uncle Moritz about the future of the family's heritage. Moritz, following the primogeniture, assumed the succession of the princely title, but the lands and properties where divided among the four daughters of Joseph Franz.

paragraph: During a visit to his youngest daughter, Joseph Franz died at Frýdlant Castle in 1858, aged 60. He was buried in the family crypt at Nikolsburg Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Issue.

paragraph: On 21 February 1821, Joseph Franz married with Gabriela Antonia Maria Apollonia Johanna Nepomuzena Felizitas (2 November 1804 – 22 September 1880), a daughter of Josef Antonín, Count Wratislav of Mitrowic and Countess Marie Gabriele Valentine des Fours. They had four daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theresia (15 October 1822 – 12 March 1895), married on 15 November 1849 to Count Johann Frederick of Herberstein. She inherited the "Fideikomiss" received from Gundacar of Dietrichstein in 1690, who contained, among other things, Libochovice Palace and the Austrian estates in Vienna, in addition with Dolní Kounice, Ptuj Castle in Slovenia and the Hungarian estates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandrine Maria (28 February 1824 – 22 February 1906), married on 28 April 1857 to Count Alexander of Mensdorff-Pouilly. She inherited the most important assets: Nikolsburg (for centuries the seat of the family) with his castle, another palaces in Vienna and the Weidlingau villa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriele (8 December 1825 – 24 December 1909), married on 1 September 1852 to Count (later Prince) Alfred of Hatzfeld-Wildenburg. She inherited Lipník nad Bečvou, Hranice na Moravě with the rest of the Moravian estates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clothilde (26 June 1828 – 31 October 1899), married on 28 April 1850 to Count Eduard of Clam-Gallas. She inherited the Bohemian estates: Žďár nad Sázavou and Přibyslav, along with the Dietrichstein Palace in Währinger Strasse, Vienna.

paragraph: An important and extensive ancestral graphic collection, which dates have not yet been processed, where inherited by both Theresia and Gabriele. The four sisters also shared a collection of paintings and family portraits later held in Vienna. The core of the family portraits, however, remained intact at Nikolsburg Castle.

paragraph: In late 1868, Alexandrine's husband, Count Alexander of Mensdorff-Pouilly, obtained from the Emperor the title of "Prince of Dietrichstein-Nikolsburg", thus reviving the title of his wife's family. The title of Count of Proskau passed to the only son of Theresia, who in 1896 changed his title to "Count of Herberstein-Proskau".

wikidata_label: Joseph Franz, Prince of Dietrichstein

wikipedia_title: Joseph Franz, Prince of Dietrichstein


text: bare-knuckle

text: nickname

text: stone

text: George Robinson

text: Bill Abbott

text: Pugilistic Society

text: London Prize Ring rules

text: George III

text: stigma

text: Nick Ward

text: Ned Baldwin

text: Joe Rickens

text: bookmaker

text: Josh Hudson

text: Tom Spring

text: Tom Cribb

text: Stanfield Park

text: Peter Crawley

text: Simon Byrne

text: James Burke

text: William ‘Bendigo’ Thompson

text: Liverpool

text: Tom King

text: Jem Mace

text: International Boxing Hall of Fame

text: Nunhead Cemetery

text: List of bare-knuckle boxers

text: Table of English heavyweight boxers

text: qualitycards famous prizefighters

categories: English male boxers,1800 births,Bare-knuckle boxers

paragraph: Jem Ward

paragraph: Jem Ward (26 December 1800 – 3 April 1884) was an English bare-knuckle boxer. "A fine fighter and powerfully built man", he was the English champion boxer from 1825 until 1831. However, he is most notable for being the first boxer to be officially disciplined for deliberately losing a fight. During his fighting career he was nicknamed "The Black Diamond". In his retirement he became a successful artist.

paragraph: Section::::Boxing career.

paragraph: Ward first became a professional boxer in 1815, at 15 years of age. He was 5 ft 11 inches (1.80 m) tall, and weighed 12 stone (76 kg). His first fight was victorious against George Robinson and from this point he never lost a match, until he lost to Bill Abbott in 1822. This was the controversial bout that wrecked Ward's early professional career. He was heard to call to his opponent "Now, Bill, look sharp, hit me and I’ll go down." He was promptly hit and fell to the ground. Abbott was considered to be an inferior boxer to Ward, and suspicions were immediately aroused. The Pugilistic Society, the body which then governed boxing and enforced the London Prize Ring rules, held an inquiry. Eventually after confessing he had received a £100 bribe to lose, Ward was banned from fighting in any contest governed by the Society. In this era boxing was heavily betted upon, by members of all strata of society, including the sons of King George III.

paragraph: The incident has left Ward's reputation with a lasting stigma. Ward was the elder brother of the boxer Nick Ward, who also had a reputation for using unfair tactics. Nick Ward, however, did not achieve the same success as his brother in the ring.

paragraph: Deprived of his living Ward was reduced to travelling the country fighting under assumed names at fairs or in any chance ungoverned brawl where he could possibly pick up a prize. Once early in 1823 when attending a bout as a spectator, he was called upon to enter the ring, when the planned fight ended prematurely, and someone was needed to provide entertainment to keep the crowd present and spending money. He fought Ned Baldwin and defeated him, but the match was void due to his ban. Under the pseudonym Sawney Wilson and claiming to be an inexperienced boy, he beat the champion Joe Rickens, thus making the bookmakers a fortune. Later in 1823, the Pugilistic Society decided to re-allow him to enter their fights.

paragraph: After his reinstatement, he lost his first fight to Josh Hudson. In 1825, anxious for publicity and thus money, he challenged and fought the reigning heavyweight champion Tom Cannon. This proved to be the very high-profile match Ward needed, with Cannon seconded by two previous champions Tom Spring and Tom Cribb, names guaranteed to draw the crowds. The match took place on 19 July 1825 at Stanfield Park on a very hot day with the temperature reputedly over 90 degrees Fahrenheit. It took Ward just over 10 minutes to dispatch Cannon and become the new English champion.

paragraph: Following the victory Ward led a life of ease and dissipation for two years, having bought a public house. In 1827 he was finally forced by public opinion to return to the ring, and accept a challenge from Peter Crawley. He was defeated by Crawley but quickly reclaimed the title when Crawley retired immediately after their match. Ward's last match was in 1831. On 12 July, he fought his last fight against the Irish champion, Simon Byrne. After an hour and seventeen minutes Ward was victorious, and retained his heavyweight title until his retirement in 1831.

paragraph: His 1831 retirement was forced. Ward had received criticism for refusing to face the younger challenger, James Burke, and rather than fight he retired and relinquished his title. However he did not relinquish to Burke his championship belt, when pressed he agreed to hand it over to the victor of Burke's match against his last adversary Simon Byrne in 1833. However, Ward refused to hand over the belt when Burke beat Byrne who Ward supported. Byrne, who had been knocked unconscious died three days later after the fight, Burke was tried and acquitted of his murder, but Ward still refused to part with the championship belt. He finally handed the belt over to William ‘Bendigo’ Thompson at the Queen’s Theatre in Liverpool following the latter's defeat of Burke in 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: In retirement he kept the "York Hotel" in Liverpool, where he was taught to paint by his great friend the artist William Daniels. He became an accomplished and proficient artist exhibiting his work in London and Liverpool. As a musician he played both the violin and flute, and sang in concerts. He also taught the boxing arts to students, one of whom, Tom King, went on to defeat the legendary Jem Mace to become heavyweight champion in 1863. Ward died in 1884 at his home in London. He was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1995. He is buried in Nunhead Cemetery, London.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of bare-knuckle boxers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Table of English heavyweight boxers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jem Ward at the International Boxing Hall of Fame website

paragraph: BULLET::::- qualitycards famous prizefighters

alias:
James Ward
The Black Diamond
James, II Ward
James II Ward

description: English bare knuckle boxer and artist

wikidata_label: Jem Ward

wikipedia_title: Jem Ward


text: Emperor Aemilianus Valerian

categories: 3rd-century Romans,Cornelii,3rd-century Roman women,Roman empresses,Crisis of the Third Century

paragraph: Cornelia Supera

paragraph: Gaia Cornelia Supera (died after 253 AD) was the Empress of Rome and wife of Emperor Aemilianus.

paragraph: Nothing is known about her life, except through numismatic evidences. Her full name on the coins is , or alternatively or . Her coins are extremely rare. Her name and monuments were condemned after Valerian was hailed as emperor in October of 253.

wikidata_label: Cornelia Supera

wikipedia_title: Cornelia Supera


text:
Claudius
M. Furius Camillus
Tiberius
L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Lucius Arruntius the Younger
Aemilia Lepida
Augustus
pedagogue
Suetonius
Lives of the Twelve Caesars
ill
coup d'etat
Dalmatia
Robert Graves
I, Claudius
Livia Drusilla
Germanicus
Augustus
Levick, Barbara

categories: Ancient Roman women,1st-century Romans,Julio-Claudian dynasty,1st-century women,Livii

paragraph: Livia Medullina

paragraph: Livia Medullina Camilla (fl. 1st century) was the second fiancee of the future Emperor Claudius. She was the daughter of M. Furius Camillus, the consul of 8 AD, who was a close friend of the Emperor Tiberius. Her brother was L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, who served in 32 AD as consul along with Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and had been adopted by Lucius Arruntius the Younger.

paragraph: She was betrothed to Claudius sometime after his first engagement to his relative Aemilia Lepida was broken by Augustus in 8 AD, due to the disgrace of Aemilia's parents. Tiberius probably pushed for the new betrothal in order to reward his friend with a connection to the imperial family. The betrothal of Medullina and Claudius is confirmed outside the written records by an extant inscription erected by Medullina's pedagogue. The dedication is to "Medullina Camilli f. Ti Claudi Neronis Germanici sponsa (Medullina, daughter of Camillus, betrothed of Ti. Claudius Nero Germanicus)."

paragraph: Suetonius in "Lives of the Twelve Caesars" states that Medullina unexpectedly fell ill and died on the day of her wedding to Claudius, possibly in 9 or 10 AD.

paragraph: Medullina's brother Scribonianus was the instigator of the first major coup d'etat attempt of Claudius' reign, while governor of Dalmatia in 42 AD.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livia Medullina is referred to in Robert Graves' novel I, Claudius as Medullina Camilla; she is depicted as an early love of Claudius who is able to look past his infirmities. Against Livia Drusilla's wishes Claudius is permitted to marry Camilla by Germanicus and Augustus, but is robbed of happiness on the day of their engagement as she is assassinated for an unrelated vendetta against Camilla's uncle.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Levick, Barbara. Claudius. Yale University Press. New Haven.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuart, M. "The Date of the Inscription of Claudius on the Arch of Ticinum" "Am. J. Arch." 40 (1936). 314-322.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius The Twelve Caesars "Life of Claudius"

wikidata_label: Livia Medullina

wikipedia_title: Livia Medullina


text:
Perth
cartoonist
New York City
comic strip
gag cartoon
editorial cartoon
book illustration
caricature
commercial art
The New Yorker
MAD Magazine
Australian Cartoonists' Association
National Cartoonists Society
Ginger Meggs
James Kemsley
Bancks
Andrews McMeel Universal
Perth Mint
Redheads
Instagram
stand-up comedy
Melbourne International Comedy Festival
National Cartoonists Society
New York Comic Con
National Cartoonists Society
San Diego Comic Con
National Cartoonists Society
New York Comic Con
National Cartoonists Society
New York Comic Con
National Cartoonists Society
San Diego Comic Con
National Cartoonists Society
New York Comic Con
National Cartoonists Society
New York Comic Con
National Cartoonists Society
National Cartoonists Society
National Cartoonists Society
Australian Cartoonists' Association
WA
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Canberra
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Australian Cartoonists' Association
Stanley Award
Jason Chatfield Official Website
Jason Chatfield Stand-up Comedy
National Cartoonists Society
Australian Cartoonists' Association

categories: Australian comics artists,Cartoonists from Melbourne,1984 births,Australian editorial cartoonists,Living people

paragraph: Jason Chatfield

paragraph: Jason Chatfield (born Perth, 1984) is an Australian cartoonist and stand-up comedian, based in New York City. At 23 he became Australia's most widely-syndicated cartoonist, appearing daily in over 120 newspapers in 34 countries. His art spans the disciplines of comic strip, gag cartoon, editorial cartoon, book illustration, caricature and commercial art. His work has appeared in The New Yorker and MAD Magazine. At 26 he was elected president of the Australian Cartoonists' Association, making him the youngest person to hold the position since the organization began in 1924. He currently serves as President of the National Cartoonists Society (Est. 1946).

paragraph: Section::::Ginger Meggs.

paragraph: Chatfield took over writing and drawing the iconic internationally syndicated comic strip "Ginger Meggs" in 2007, becoming the strip's fifth artist, succeeding James Kemsley. Kemsley wrote to the Bancks family to secure approval for Chatfield to succeed him. "Ginger Meggs" is currently syndicated by Andrews McMeel Universal to 34 countries.

paragraph: On 1 July 2011, the Perth Mint released a commemorative 1oz Silver Australian $1 coin to celebrate the 90th anniversary year of Ginger Meggs. The coin's design pays homage to Bancks’ 1945 Sunbeams Annual (Series 22) cover, which featured Ginger Meggs on the back of a kangaroo with his dog, Mike and his pet monkey, Tony. The obverse portrays the Ian Rank-Broadley effigy of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the 2011 year-date and is issued as legal tender under the Australian Currency Act 1965. There were 3000 coins produced in total.

paragraph: The coin was designed by Chatfield with the assistance of fellow Australian artist Peter Broelman. Stock at the mint sold out within an hour of the coin being announced.

paragraph: Swiss company Redheads also released a limited edition of matchboxes featuring five custom Ginger Meggs designs, produced by Chatfield.

paragraph: In January 2017, an online-only version of Ginger Meggs was launched under the name of "Instameggs". The site is designed for young fans to read the comic strip on their phone, scrolling vertically as they would on Instagram.

paragraph: Section::::Stand-up comedy.

paragraph: Chatfield has performed stand-up comedy since 2007. He has performed and produced shows at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival (2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013).

paragraph: He performs regularly in New York City and at clubs and colleges around the United States. He has been represented by CESD Talent Agency for Voice Acting work since 2015. He is managed by Avanti Talent Management.

paragraph: Section::::Comic Con appearances (USA).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - Invited as a guest of Universal Uclick and the National Cartoonists Society at New York Comic Con.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - Invited as a guest of Universal Uclick, Wacom and the National Cartoonists Society at San Diego Comic Con.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - Invited as a guest of Universal Uclick and the National Cartoonists Society at New York Comic Con.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - Invited as a guest of the National Cartoonists Society at New York Comic Con.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - Invited as a guest of the National Cartoonists Society at San Diego Comic Con.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - Invited as a guest of the National Cartoonists Society at New York Comic Con.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - Invited as a guest of the National Cartoonists Society at New York Comic Con.

paragraph: Section::::Professional affiliations.

paragraph: National Cartoonists Society:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015–2019: Vice President of National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019–Present: President of National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: Australian Cartoonists' Association:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006-2008: WA Vice President of the Australian Cartoonists' Association.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008-2010: Deputy President of the Australian Cartoonists' Association.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010-2012: President of the Australian Cartoonists' Association.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012-2014: Deputy President of the Australian Cartoonists' Association.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014-2016: Deputy President of the Australian Cartoonists' Association.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Winner, Bill Mitchell Award for Best Young Australian Cartoonist at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Finalist, Gold Stanley (Cartoonist of the Year) at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Winner, Peoples' Choice Prize at the 'Behind the Lines' political cartooning exhibition at the National Gallery in Canberra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Finalist, Comic Strip Artist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Finalist, Single Gag Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Finalist, Single Gag Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonists' Association Stanley Awards.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jason Chatfield Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jason Chatfield Stand-up Comedy

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Cartoonists' Association

description: Cartoonist, comic strip artist, standup comedian

wikidata_label: Jason Chatfield

wikipedia_title: Jason Chatfield


text:
born
Iranian-Swedish
comedian
actor
writer
Teheran
Iran
Täby
Only When I Laugh
E6
Uddevalla
Sjukan
1996
Tratten och Finkel
Sanning eller konsekvens
Beck – Pensionat Pärlan
Beck – Spår i mörker
Beck – Öga för öga
Beck – The Money Man

categories: Swedish comedians,1999 deaths,People from Tehran,1972 births,Swedish people of Iranian descent,Road incident deaths in Sweden

paragraph: Lasse Lindroth

paragraph: Lars "Lasse" Erik Oliver Lindroth (born Cambiz Fachericia; 9 November 1972 – 11 July 1999) was an Iranian-Swedish comedian, actor and writer.

paragraph: Lindroth was born in Teheran, Iran, as Cambiz Fachericia, and was adopted by a Swedish family from Täby around the age of six months.

paragraph: He became popular in Sweden as a comedian in the mid-1990s, under the stage name "Ali Hussein". From there he went on to also write books and play parts in films and on TV. For example, he played in the TV series "Sjukan", which was a Swedish version of British sitcom "Only When I Laugh".

paragraph: His Iranian origin allowed him to play on the prejudices about immigrants from different countries, while also making jokes about racists of all sorts. This made him unpopular in the nationalist movements.

paragraph: He died in an automobile accident on E6 near Uddevalla at 26 years of age.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 - "Sjukan" (television)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 - "Tratten och Finkel" (television)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 - "Sanning eller konsekvens"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 - "Beck – Pensionat Pärlan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 - "Beck – Spår i mörker"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - "Beck – Öga för öga"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - "Beck – The Money Man"

description: Swedish comedian

wikidata_label: Lasse Lindroth

wikipedia_title: Lasse Lindroth


text:
Stanford-on-Teme
Lucy Fortescue Lyttelton
George Butt
George III
Chaplain-in-Ordinary
Reading Abbey Girls' School
Emma
Jane Austen
Mary Martha Sherwood
Gerrard Andrewes
St James's Church, Piccadilly
Bluestocking
Elizabeth Carter
Humphry Davy
Hannah More
Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck
Bridgnorth
Sunday School
Snedshill
Lilleshall
Swaby
Isaac Hawkins Browne
Mary Martha Sherwood

categories: People from Malvern Hills District,British magazine editors,British women writers,British children's writers,1781 births,British women children's writers,19th-century women writers,1858 deaths

paragraph: Lucy Lyttelton Cameron

paragraph: Lucy Lyttelton Cameron (29 April 1781 – 6 September 1858, nee Butt) was a British magazine editor and a writer for children with religious themes.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Lucy Lyttelton Cameron was born in Stanford-on-Teme, taking her name from her godmother Lady Lucy Fortescue Lyttelton. Her mother was born Martha Sherwood and her father George Butt was the vicar in Stanford at her birth and a minor poet. Her father was well connected and he became George III's Chaplain-in-Ordinary in 1783. Her father took positions at several different churches, although he died in 1795, having returned to Stanford.

paragraph: In childhood she studied French, Italian and Greek. Between 1792 and 1797 she attended Reading Abbey Girls' School, depicted in the novel "Emma" by another former pupil, Jane Austen. She and her sister Mary (later Mary Martha Sherwood) had a strict upbringing and if it was not for her supposed delicacy then she would have been required to wear a backboard and an iron ring, like her sister, to improve her posture.

paragraph: Through her family's connection to Gerrard Andrewes, who by 1802 was vicar of St James's Church, Piccadilly, Lucy was introduced to London cultural figures such as the Bluestocking Elizabeth Carter and Humphry Davy, the inventor. In Bristol she met writers Hannah More and Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck.

paragraph: The year after leaving school she wrote "The History of Margaret Whyte, , or, The life and death of a good child", joining her sister, who was already published. By this time she was living with her mother in Bridgnorth. Both of the daughters taught at Sunday School, which is where their writings were targeted.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Butt married in 1806, taking the name of the evangelical Reverend Charles Richard Cameron. Together they moved to Snedshill where he was the first curate at St Michaels Church at Donington Wood at Lilleshall in Shropshire where they had twelve children. The Camerons also adopted a niece when her sister followed her husband to India. The Camerons stayed in Shropshire for twenty five years before they took "the living of" Swaby in Lincolnshire, but they still lived at Snedshill. The Cameron family grew further in 1818 when her only brother's wife died. Her brother was unable to cope so her sister adopted his four sons and Cameron took his three daughters into her household. The extra expense was offset by a £50 a year allowance given to her by the industrialist, Isaac Hawkins Browne, when he died that same year.

paragraph: Section::::Writing career.

paragraph: Throughout her life Cameron wrote as did her brother and sister. Her brother was not so productive, but her elder sister was and she enjoyed more popularity. She also published under her married name of Mary Martha Sherwood. Cameron's best known work might be "The Raven and the Dove", "The Nosegay of Honeysuckles", "Martin and his Two Sunday Scholars" or "The Pink Tippet". During her life she wrote about 400 works of varying sizes which like her sister were published by a Shropshire company. This was in addition to serving as the editor of "Nursery and Infants' Schools Magazine", a role she performed from 1831 to 1852. She was published in America too. Both sisters do seem to have been controlled by their publishers. Some of their work was written around existing illustrations rather than the other way round.

paragraph: She and her sister are credited with creating a different focus in children's literature. Previously fiction would concentrate on moral and religious themes whose purpose was to teach conformity that would benefit society. Cameron and her sister's stories gave more emphasis to the individual and their objectives. This led to their fiction being popular not only in Sunday schools but as childhood fiction in general. They both received wide recognition. However around 1870 the fashion again moved on and their books were generally only found in Sunday schools.

paragraph: Cameron died in 1858 and was buried in Swaby.

description: British magazine editor and writer for children

wikidata_label: Lucy Cameron

wikipedia_title: Lucy Lyttelton Cameron


text: Dunster Castle

text: Member of Parliament

text: pocket borough

text: Minehead

text: Colonel

text: Alexander Luttrell

text: Churston Ferrers

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Sir John Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet

text: Margaret Luttrell

text: Pocket Borough

text: Tory

text: House of Commons

text: Chancery

text: Margaret Luttrell

text: Henry Fownes

text: pocket borough

text: John Vanderbank

text: Feudal barony of Dunster

text: one

text: two

categories: 1737 deaths,British MPs 1734–1741,British MPs 1727–1734,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,English landowners,1705 births

paragraph: Alexander Luttrell (1705–1737)

paragraph: Alexander Luttrell (10 May 1705 – 4 June 1737) of Dunster Castle, Somerset, was an English land-owner who served as Member of Parliament for his family's pocket borough of Minehead from 1727 until his death. He was the last in the male line of the Luttrell family, which had owned Dunster Castle since 1376.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Alexander Luttrell was born on 10 May 1705, the eldest son of Colonel Alexander Luttrell, of Dunster Castle, by his wife Dorothy Yard, daughter of Edward Yarde of Churston Ferrers, Devon. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1722, where he was sent with his younger brother Francis.

paragraph: In 1726 he married Margaret Trevelyan, daughter of Sir John Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet of Nettlecombe, Somerset, by whom he had a daughter and sole heiress Margaret Luttrell.

paragraph: Section::::Career and later life.

paragraph: The Luttrell family's ownership of the manor and castle of Dunster gave them a "natural interest" over the seat of Minehead, thus a Pocket Borough, and he was returned as a Tory Member of Parliament for that borough shortly after coming of age. In the House of Commons he generally voted against the Government. He held the seat until his death on 4 June 1737. He was buried on 16 June 1737.

paragraph: Following his death his estate was in a poor financial condition and was put into Chancery. His widow remarried in 1741 to Edward Dyke of Tetton, and cared for her young daughter as well as Luttrell's niece, Anne Luttrell (daughter of Alexander Luttrell's brother Francis), and Dyke's niece and heiress Elizabeth Dyke. Mrs Dyke died in 1764. Margaret Luttrell was Luttrell's heiress and, when she married Henry Fownes, he inherited her estates and adopted the surname and arms of Luttrell as required by his father-in-law's will. Fownes served as Member of Parliament for the Luttrell family's pocket borough of Minehead.

paragraph: Section::::Portraits.

paragraph: Several portraits of Alexander Luttrell are listed by Maxwell Lyte (1909), but there is some difficulty in identifying him due to his similar appearance to his brother Francis. Maxwell Lyte lists a 1729 portrait of him by John Vanderbank at Dunster Castle, and others existed at one time at Nettlecombe Court and Bathealton Court. Portraits of his wife also existed at Dunster in 1909, and two portraits of her second husband Edward Dyke existed at Pixton at that time also. One portrait of Edward Dyke hangs at Dunster Castle in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feudal barony of Dunster

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Foster (1887). "Alumni Oxonienses", volume iii.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Matthews (1970). "Luttrell, Alexander (1705-37), of Dunster Castle and East Quantoxhead, nr. Minehead, Som.", "The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715-1754", ed. R. Sedgwick

paragraph: BULLET::::- H.C. Maxwell-Lyte (1909). "A History of Dunster". (Two volumes: one and two)

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Alexander Luttrell

wikipedia_title: Alexander Luttrell (1705–1737)


text: visionary architecture

text: Lakewood, Colorado

text: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Boulder, Colorado

text: Parsons School of Design

text: New York, New York

text: Harvard Graduate School of Design

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: Catholic University of America

text: Washington D.C.

text: Columbia University

text: New Jersey Institute of Technology

text: Newark, New Jersey

text: University of Colorado Denver

text: Artists Space

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: Architectural League of New York

text: Graham Foundation

text: American Academy in Rome

text: Peter Eisenman

text: Frank Gehry

text: Lebbeus Woods

text: Eric Owen Moss

text: chronic myelogenous leukemia

text: Clemson University

text: blast crisis

text: Stanley Tigerman

text: Marcel Duchamp

text: Jean-Jacques Lequeu

text: Étienne-Louis Boullée

text: Giovanni Battista Piranesi

text: Giuseppe Terragni

text: Danteum

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Esposizione universale (1942)

text: Dante Alighieri

text: World War II

text: Divine Comedy

text: Thomas L. Schumacher

text: Princeton Architectural Press

text: Herman Melville

text: Moby-Dick

text: William Faulkner

text: As I Lay Dying

text: Victor Hugo

text: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

text: Romulus and Remus

text: Arthur Rimbaud

text: Le Bateau ivre

text: Marquis de Sade

text: Juliette

text: Justine

text: Adam and Eve

text: William Shakespeare

text: Hamlet

text: parti pris

text: Le Corbusier

text: Castor and Pollux

text: Gemini

text: Helen of Troy

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Columbia University

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: BldgBlog

categories: 1951 births,American artists,Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni,1996 deaths

paragraph: Douglas Darden

paragraph: Joseph Douglas Darden (October 20, 1951 – April 3, 1996) was an American architectural designer, artist, writer, and instructor. He is most notable for his collection of visionary architecture published in his book, "Condemned Building", in 1993. Darden died at the age of 44 in the spring of 1996 from leukemia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Darden was born in Lakewood, Colorado on October 20, 1951, to Joseph Darden and Nancy Lee Darden.

paragraph: In the fall of 1969 he enrolled at the University of Colorado Boulder in Boulder, Colorado. He graduated in the spring of 1974 with his Bachelor of English and Psychology, Magna Cum Laude. He then attended Parsons School of Design in New York, New York from September 1977 to December 1978 on a design scholarship to study industrial design. Darden then went on to study architecture at Harvard Graduate School of Design in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the fall 1979, and graduated with his Master of Architecture, with distinction, in January 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: While still attending the GSD, Darden became the chief studio instructor for the Architecture Career Discovery Program in 1982. After graduate school he became a visiting lecturer at the Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. for the spring semester 1984, teaching a graduate seminar on the American industrial landscape. From September 1984 until 1987 Darden began teaching architectural design as an adjunct assistant professor at Columbia University in New York, New York. Then from January 1987 until 1988 he taught architectural design as a special lecturer at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey. In 1989 Darden moved back to his home state of Colorado to teach. He became a senior instructor at the University of Colorado Denver in the fall of 1990 teaching advanced level architectural design studios and lecture courses. He would continue to teach at the University of Colorado Denver until his death.

paragraph: Beginning soon after the completion of his graduate school career at Harvard, Darden began writing and designing, publishing essays on architectural theory, as well as publishing theoretical architectural designs of his (which were later printed in "Condemned Building"), lecturing at various universities and conferences, and also exhibiting various works in galleries and group shows (one notable exhibition was of his "Museum of Impostors" in the gallery Artists Space in the group show "From Here to Eternity").

paragraph: In the course of his career he was the recipient of several fellowships, honors, and awards. Some of the most distinguished include the Entering Professional Designer Project Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1984 for his work on "Museum of Impostors"; The Young Architects Forum winner (now Architectural League of New York) in 1985 for his project "Museum of Impostors"; recipient of a traveling grant from the Graham Foundation in 1988 for "Hostel"; and was a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome in 1989, the experience from which he developed "Hostel", "Temple Forgetful", and "Confessional" (see also List of Fellows of the American Academy in Rome). Darden was also listed as one of the leading fifty contemporary architects by Yoichi Iijima in 1993, along with Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Lebbeus Woods, and Eric Owen Moss.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life and death.

paragraph: Darden was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) on February 12, 1990. Darden references this date in his letter from Burnden Abraham for the project "Oxygen House", which is a house for dying in. He began chemotherapy, and after a few years began to go into remission, although it was never cured.

paragraph: In 1991–92 Robert Miller, having found out that Darden was dying of leukemia, conducted a film interview with Darden—with grant monies from the Clemson University School of Architecture, and first screened at their Graduate Symposium—in order to capture and preserve some of Darden's ideas on film, called "Douglas Darden: Looking After the Underbelly".

paragraph: Darden began his blast crisis—the final and terminal stage of CML—in September 1995. Around the same time, on September 16 Darden married Allison Jo Rosen, just six months before his death. On the morning of April 3, 1996, Darden died of leukemia in Denver at the age of 44.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: The last year he attended the GSD Darden took a studio with Stanley Tigerman, in whose class he designed the project "Saloon for Jesse James". It was Tigerman's radical approach to architecture that would significantly change Darden's own approach to architecture. Darden dedicates "Condemned Building"—in addition to his parents—to Tigerman.

paragraph: Among the numerous drawings, sketches, and studies found after Darden's death was found a study for the frontispiece of "Condemned Building". It was found in a box and drawn on yellow tracing paper. This study depicts four leaning books: Marcel Duchamp's "La Boite Vert", Jean-Jacques Lequeu's "Architecture Civile", Étienne-Louis Boullée's "Treatise", and Giovanni Battista Piranesi's "Le Carcieri". While this version of the frontispiece was not used for "Condemned Building", those four artists/architects and the works contained within their respective books were influential to the frontispiece that was ultimately published in "Condemned Building".

paragraph: One very notable work of visionary architecture that had a very strong influence on Darden was Giuseppe Terragni's "Danteum", an unbuilt monument commissioned by Benito Mussolini for the Esposizione universale (1942), which was inspired by and dedicated to Dante Alighieri, but was never built due to the outbreak of World War II. The entire project is meant to recreate Dante's "Divine Comedy" in architectural form. As a representation of narrative in architecture, it became quite impressionable on Darden. Darden wrote a review of Thomas L. Schumacher's "Terragni's Danteum" (Princeton Architectural Press, 1985), in which he comments: "...the Danteum does not 'illustrate' the "Divine Comedy": Terragni's project is not a literal narrative that makes figures of space; instead it is an architectural poem..." "The Danteum" is a work of what Darden called "narrative architecture", and it would become a significant aspect of how he approached his later works.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.:Pre-text, Con-texts, Sub-texts, and Archi-texts.

paragraph: Darden would use a number of terms that he himself devised to describe how a quote, image, sketch, et cetera might influence a project. He would use the term "pre-texts" to describe passages that in-form the initial portion of the design process, but simultaneously cloaks and conceals the real intention. "Con-texts" are the writings by Darden or the inspirational elements that condition the design and give it a sense of believability. "Sub-text" was the underlining story behind the project—in a sense, Darden's own personal life found in the project (e.g. Darden's letter to "The Southern Quarterly" on how he related "Oxygen House" with his leukemia). Finally, there are "archi-texts", which are writings, thoughts, or ideas by Darden himself that color the project and give it sustenance.

paragraph: Of Darden's influences, literature was particularly influential on him and his work. Darden writes: "I wish to demonstrate that a work of literature could not only be a source of inspiration for an architectural project, but that a novel could more directly "in-form" architecture; that is, a novel could be the veritable client for a building design." After Darden's death a note of his was found in the project file box for "Oxygen House" that read: "Literature continues to create an agenda for representation which I deem to be pertinently as large as life. I wish architecture to have that same agenda, and literature has thus been my inspiration and, effectively, my sponsor."

paragraph: Certainly one of the greatest influences on Darden was Herman Melville, and especially his magnum opus "Moby-Dick". One of Darden's later projects was named after Herman Melville: "Melvilla". Darden writes concerning this project: "The building honors "Moby-Dick" as the greatest novel in American history" Darden quotes an extensive passage from Chapter XLVII: "The Mat-Maker" from "Moby-Dick" in "Condemned Building", and the passage is inscribed on rough-hewn stone on the side of the building. Darden also references another passage from "Moby-Dick" in the title image of "Condemned Building": "How many, think ye, have likewise fallen into Plato's honey head and sweetly perished there?"; which comes from Chapter LXXVIII: "Cistern and Buckets".

paragraph: Other writers who influenced Darden and his projects were William Faulkner and book "As I Lay Dying", from which Darden quotes extensively from the first chapter in the letter from Burnden Abraham; Victor Hugo's "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame" is referenced in the project "Temple Forgetful", and a passage from Book V, Chapter II "This Will Kill That" can be found at the end of "Condemned Building"; the myth of Romulus and Remus was also influential to "Temple Forgetful"; the French poet, Arthur Rimbaud's poem, "Le Bateau ivre" is extensively quoted from in the doctor-patient interview given "Condemned Building", and even makes use of the fact that Darden and Rimbaud share the same birthday; The Marquis de Sade's writings "Juliette" and "Justine" were a couple of the sources of inspiration for "Sex Shop", along with the Biblical story of Adam and Eve; and passages from William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" can be found throughout "Condemned Building"

paragraph: Section::::Influences.:Dis/continuous genealogies.

paragraph: For each of Darden's projects he would take a set of four images that were meaningful and inspiration for him concerning the project, and then overlay those four images into what he would call the "ideogram", and that, in turn, would become the "parti pris" of sorts—i.e. the overall basis of the form of the architectural design. This process of compiling, overlaying, and deriving from inspirational images Darden called "Dis/continuous Genealogy". The term originates with a friend of Darden's from The GSD, Ben Ledbetter, who termed a similar design process "archaeologies"; Darden said that it would be better termed "genealogies", and then later called it "Discontinuous Genealogy".

paragraph: In some ways the "Dis/continuous Genealogies" are a "pre-text" (as Darden would term it), which in-forms the origins of the project, but also conceals its actual inspiration. The term itself is not unlike a term Duchamp used to "cover his tracks": "archaeology of knowledge".

paragraph: Section::::The underbelly.

paragraph: Darden had a rather idiosyncratic term he used to describe the underside, substratum of architecture (and certainly this applied to anything in general), which he termed "the underbelly". It was a term/idea that Darden himself did not feel could be fully defined, as he expresses in "Douglas Darden: Looking After the Underbelly", but generally refers to the unknown and the unknowable, the unconventional, unexpected, improper, obscene, and ultimately the inverse of custom and tradition.

paragraph: He writes a short piece of prose—entitled " Dweller by the Dark Stream"—on the "Contents" page of "Condemned Building": "I am inclined while watching the turtle to turn it over and study its underbelly. From this unnatural position I see how this platonically solid creature makes its way through the world."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Condemned Building".

paragraph: In 1993 Darden published his only book, entitled "Condemned Building: An Architect's Pre-Text", which exhibits ten of his visionary architectural designs he had completed in prior years. These ten designs explore and attempt to understand architecture as it is commonly comprehended, but done so by overturning and inverting common notions and canons and studying, as Darden would call it, "architecture's underbelly". As is written in the "Forewords":

paragraph: The following are the projects with their respective canon and "reversa".

paragraph: Thus, for instance, in the project "Oxygen House" the canon used is: "A house is for living"; its "reversa" is: "A house is for dying." This would most likely have come from Le Corbusier's infamous aphorism: "A house is a machine for living in." Darden overturns this canon and designs a house for a dying man—a fictitious character he named Burden Abraham—who suffered a collapsed lung from a railroad accident, and now must live in an oxygen tent for the rest of his life; the house would eventually become Abraham's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Laughing Girls".

paragraph: Around the time of working on producing "Condemned Building" Darden began to work on a new project with a former student of his, James Trewitt, entitled "The Laughing Girls from Troy, New York", but was never completed due to Darden's untimely death. The project was meant to be an architectural graphic novel, in which they would "design and make sites, spaces, forms, objects, etc. as the narrative itself." That narrative was driven by laughter, and that laughter would become the process for architecture. The laughter was the laughter of three young girls, who were, in essence, their clients: the fourteen year-old twins, Cass and Polly, and their nineteen-year-old friend, Helen. Cass and Polly are most likely feminized renderings of the celestial twins of Greek mythology, Castor and Pollux (better known as Gemini), and their sister, Helen of Troy.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Remainder of works.

paragraph: Many of his original sketches and drawings for Oxygen House are now owned by the Museum of Modern Art, along with a select few of "Sex Shop" drawings; gifts of Darden's widow.

paragraph: The remainder of his drawings are held at the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University, New York, New York, with the exception of a select few others, which remain in private collections, such as a couple of the final drawings for "Temple Forgetful", which are held and displayed in the office of David Tryba Architects in Denver, Colorado.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BldgBlog.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Douglas Darden papers and drawings, 1979-1996" Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University

wikidata_label: Douglas Darden

wikipedia_title: Douglas Darden


text:
Flacq District
Mauritian
track and field
100 metres
200 metres
2013 Jeux de la Francophonie
2014 African Athletics Championships
Morocco
Stephan Buckland
Eric Milazar

categories: Mauritian male sprinters,People from Flacq District,Commonwealth Games competitors for Mauritius,1994 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games,Living people

paragraph: Jonathan Permal

paragraph: Jonathan Olivier Permal (born 15 January 1994 in Flacq District) is a Mauritian track and field athlete competing in the 100 metres and 200 metres. At the 2013 Jeux de la Francophonie, he won a bronze medal in the 200 m. He also reached the semifinals of both the 100 m and 200 m at the 2014 African Athletics Championships in Marrakech, Morocco.

paragraph: Permal is currently the third fastest Mauritian sprinter in the 200 m with a time of 20.85 seconds after Stephan Buckland's 20.06 and Eric Milazar's 20.66. He is currently the fastest man actively competing for Mauritius.

wikidata_label: Jonathan Permal

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Permal


text:
Kamakura Period
Southern Court
Nanboku-chō period
Kitabatake Chikafusa
Kitabatake Shrine
Tsu, Mie

paragraph: Kitabatake Akiyoshi

paragraph: Kitabatake Akiyoshi (北畠顕能) (1326–1383) was a Kamakura Period military figure who defended the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period.

paragraph: The son of Kitabatake Chikafusa, he helped lead Loyalist forces in the capture of Kyoto in 1352.

paragraph: He is enshrined at Kitabatake Shrine in Tsu, Mie Prefecture.

description: Busho (Japanese military commander) and Waka poet in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).

wikidata_label: Kitabatake Akiyoshi

wikipedia_title: Kitabatake Akiyoshi