text:
Belgian
stage magician
phantasmagoria
Charles Dickens
balloonist
Liège
Leuven
physics
optics
natural science
Collège de France
Jacques Charles
French Revolution
Royal Navy
mirror
galvanism
illusion
Paul Philidor
Johann Georg Schröpfer
phantasmagoria
pre-cinema
Athanasius Kircher
magic lantern
slide projector
ventriloquism
rear projection
gauze
Jean-Paul Marat
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Bordeaux
Place Vendôme
optical illusion
trompe-l'œil
glass harmonica
sulphuric acid
ghostly apparitions
montgolfière
meteorological activity
Ether
Pigeons
Butterflies
Annalen der Physik
spring scale
Rosenborg Castle
Roskilde
Hans Christian Ørsted
Jardin de Tivoli, Paris
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Library of Congress

wikipedia_title:
Belgium
Magic (illusion)
Phantasmagoria
Charles Dickens
Balloon (aeronautics)
Liège
Leuven
Physics
Optics
Natural science
Collège de France
Jacques Charles
French Revolution
Royal Navy
Mirror
Galvanism
Illusion
Paul Philidor
Johann Georg Schröpfer
Phantasmagoria
Precursors of film
Athanasius Kircher
Magic lantern
Slide projector
Ventriloquism
Rear projection effect
Gauze
Jean-Paul Marat
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Bordeaux
Place Vendôme
Optical illusion
Trompe-l'œil
Glass harmonica
Sulfuric acid
Apparitional experience
Montgolfier brothers
Meteorology
Ether
Columbidae
Butterfly
Annalen der Physik
Spring scale
Rosenborg Castle
Roskilde
Hans Christian Ørsted
Jardin de Tivoli, Paris
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Library of Congress

categories: Belgian balloonists,Belgian physicists,1837 deaths,Phantasmagoria,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Balloon flight record holders,1763 births,People from Liège,Belgian magicians,Flight altitude record holders

paragraph: Étienne-Gaspard Robert

paragraph: Étienne-Gaspard Robert (15 June 1763 – 2 July 1837), often known by the stage name of "Robertson", was a prominent Belgian physicist, stage magician and influential developer of phantasmagoria. He was described by Charles Dickens as "an honourable and well-educated showman". Alongside his pioneering work on projection techniques for his shows Robert was also a physics lecturer and a keen balloonist at a time of great development in aviation.

paragraph: Section::::Early work.

paragraph: Born in Liège Robert studied at Leuven and became a professor of physics specialising in optics. He was an avid painter and intended to move to France to pursue a career in art. He moved to Paris in the 1791 and maintained a living as a painter and draughtsman. While there he attended lectures in natural science at the Collège de France as well as those by Jacques Charles, a fellow scientist and important figure in ballooning history. Charles would go on to become a mentor for Robert.

paragraph: In 1796, during the French Revolution and three years after the declaration of war between France and Great Britain, Robert met with the French government and proposed a method of burning the invading ships of the British Royal Navy. Based on the myth of the mirrors of Archimedes he wanted to employ enormous mirrors to direct intense amounts of sunlight onto the approaching vessels. The government turned down his suggestion.

paragraph: Robert experimented with various areas of physics, giving public demonstrations about his research into galvanism and optics in the 1790s and early 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Phantasmagoria.

paragraph: Robert attended a new form of illusion performance in 1793 in the form of a magic lantern show by Paul Philidor (then under the name of Paul de Philipsthal). Philidor was one of the earliest known performers of such shows having adapted what he himself had seen by Johann Georg Schröpfer. With his understanding of optics, Robert realised the potential of what would become "phantasmagoria". His further technological developments were combined with his skills in painting and showmanship, developing a pre-cinema horror show.

paragraph: Section::::Phantasmagoria.:Fantoscope.

paragraph: Robert read the works of 17th-century scholar Athanasius Kircher and was particularly interested in the magic lantern, an early form of slide projector. He created his own version of the device with several improvements, adding adjustable lenses and a moveable carriage system that would allow the operator to change the size of the projected image. He also made it possible to project several different images at once using more than one painted glass slider. The resultant display had a very ghostly effect especially when in a smoky atmosphere. Through this the operator had the ability to manipulate images projected from an unseen location. In 1799, after further refining the system, he received a patent for his "magic lantern on wheels", naming it the Fantoscope.

paragraph: Section::::Phantasmagoria.:Shows.

paragraph: Robert developed a phantasmagoria show based around his projection system and the use of other effects and techniques. Robert scripted scenes that involved actors and ventriloquism alongside his projections, creating a convincing impression of the appearance of ghosts. Robert used several projection devices in a variety of ways, including rear projection and projection onto large pieces of wax-coated gauze (giving the image a more translucent appearance). He also used smoke and mirrors to further disguise the mechanisms behind his show. His painting skills allowed him to create accurate depictions of famous French heroes such as Jean-Paul Marat, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

paragraph: Robert appeared at the Pavillon de l'Echiquier on 23 January 1798 and performed his first show. His charisma and the never-before-seen visual effects left the audience convinced that they had seen real ghosts, with many left terrified by the performance.

paragraph: After being investigated by the authorities, Robert's show was shut down in Paris. He moved to Bordeaux and continued to perform, before returning to Paris a few weeks later. It was during this trip to Bordeaux that Robert first experience balloon flight as a passenger – an experience that would have a massive influence on his life. On his return to Paris Robert discovered that two of his former assistants had continued the performances without him. He refined his show, making it more elaborate and inventive and started performing in a more permanent location from 3 January 1799. The Gothic surroundings of the crumbling Convent des Capucines near the Place Vendôme gave Robert the ideal eerie home for his show.

paragraph: The shows began with the audience being shown optical illusions and trompe-l'œil effects on their way to the showroom. Inside the candlelit room the audience would be seated as audio effects emulate the sound of wind and thunder and an unseen glass harmonica plays unsettling music. Robert would then enter the room and start a monologue about death and the afterlife. He then began the show in earnest, creating smoky mix of sulphuric acid and aqua fortis before projecting his ghostly apparitions.

paragraph: The shows were performed at the Convent des Capucines for four years, and Robert went on to take the show around the world, visiting Russia, Spain, and the United States among others. During his travels he dedicated a lot of his time to ballooning.

paragraph: Section::::Balloon flights.

paragraph: Robert was a keen balloonist who designed and flew balloons in different countries around the world. On 18 July 1803 in Hamburg he set an altitude record in a montgolfière. He spent many flights investigating meteorological activity.

paragraph: Robert's two hydrogen-balloon flights in Hamburg, a third in St. Petersburg and a fourth in Riga were claimed to be "scientific" by himself. In fact, he did numerous observations: Observations of barometer and thermometer, on shapes and altitudes of cloud formations, the behaviour of parachutes at different altitudes, the evaporation of Ether, the electrical properties of different materials and the air, behavior of a magnetic needle, the boiling point of Water at great altitudes, sound propagation, influence of the high altitudes on animals (Pigeons and Butterflies), strength of solar radiation, the solar spectrum, gravity properties, chemical composition of the air and pressure of the air.

paragraph: Nevertheless, close examination of the results shows, that many of them contradict with laws of physics, which were already known at the time of the flights. Prof. L.W. Gilbert discussed the results published by Robert in his Annalen der Physik. and showed why Robert was wrong. For example, Robert claimed, that a spring scale with attached weights showed a lower weight at altitude as compared to the ground. Such an effect is existing, but only becomes apparent at altitudes in excess of 70,000 feet (20,000 metres).

paragraph: In 1806 an audience of 50,000, including the royal family, gathered at Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen to see Robert and his balloon. Robert flew all the way to Roskilde – a remarkable feat for the time. The event made a lasting impression on Hans Christian Ørsted, an influential Danish physicist who went on to write a series of poems about the flight.

paragraph: Section::::Other details.

paragraph: Robert officially opened the third Jardin de Tivoli, Paris on 14 May 1826. He died in Paris in 1837 and is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sauvage, Emmanuelle. "Les fantasmagories de Robertson: entre «spectacle instructif» et mystification" (French).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Levie, Françoise : "Étienne-Gaspard Robertson. La vie d'un fantasmagore", 355 p., Le Préambule (Collection Contrechamp), 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mémoires From the Harry Houdini Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- David J. Jones, (2011). 'Gothic Machine: Textualities, Pre-Cinematic Media and Film in Popular Visual Culture', 1670-1910, Cardiff: University of Wales Press

alias:
Etienne-Gaspard Robert
Etienne Robertson
Etienne Gaspard Roberts
Étienne-Gaspard Robertson
Etienne-Gaspard Robertson
Etienne Gaspard Robertson
Étienne Gaspard Robertson
EG Robert
E.G. Robert
E. G. Robert
E.G. Robertson
EG Robertson
E. G. Robertson
Fantoscope

description: Belgian stage magician and influential developer of phantasmagoria

wikidata_label: Étienne-Gaspard Robert

wikipedia_title: Étienne-Gaspard Robert


text: early Christian

text: Carthage

text: Roman province of Africa

text: Berber

text: Latin

text: Christian apologist

text: heresy

text: Christian Gnosticism

text: Latin Christianity

text: trinity

text: Nicene Creed

text: First Council of Constantinople

text: Athanasian Creed

text: persona

text: una substantia

text: Koine Greek

text: hypostases

text: homoousioi

text: Stoic

text: Montanist

text: Church fathers

text: saint

text: catholic

text: Carthage

text: Eusebius of Caesarea

text: Church History

text: Jerome

text: De viris illustribus

text: Jerome

text: Roman army

text: Pandects

text: cognomen

text: Adolf Harnack

text: Bonwetsch

text: Montanism

text: Augustine

text: Cyprian

text: Augustine

text: Codex Agobardinus

text: apologetics

text: polemic

text: Christian

text: Miles Christi

text: Montanistic

text: Septimius Severus

text: Marcion

text: Apologeticus

text: anti-Jewish

text: Gnosticism

text: freedom of religion

text: celebration of the Lord's Supper

text: Pliny the Younger

text: martyr

text: Apologeticum

text: burden of proof

text: De spectaculis

text: Origen of Alexandria

text: Middle Platonism

text: realism

text: materialism

text: traducian theory

text: Plato

text: Aristotle

text: Socrates

text: Aesculapius

text: Marcion

text: Praxeas

text: metempsychosis

text: reincarnation

text: Pythagoreans

text: traducianism

text: creationism

text: traducian

text: Satan

text: Stoic

text: Nicene doctrine

text: Logos doctrine

text: immanent Trinity

text: patripassianism

text: Modalist

text: J.N.D. Kelly

text: subordination

text: Arianism

text: soteriology

text: crucifixion

text: baptism

text: Holy Spirit

text: ichthys

text: penance

text: rule of faith

text: four Gospels

text: Athens

text: Jerusalem

text: Stoicism

text: apostolic succession

text: church of Smyrna

text: Polycarp

text: John

text: Clement

text: Peter

text: Fornicators

text: murder

text: Callixtus I

text: premillennialist

text: Daniel 2

text: Daniel 7

text: Irenaeus

text: Antichrist

text: Babylon

text: New Jerusalem

text: seventy weeks

text: Darius

text: Montanism

text: rigor

text: chiliasm

text: Vestal Virgin

text: Apostle Paul

text: misogynistic

text: Eve

text: Adam

text: Patrologia Latina

text: Corpus Christianorum Latinorum

text: Sidney Thelwall

text: Philip Holmes

text: Ante-Nicene Fathers

text: Apologeticus pro Christianis

text: De Spectaculis

text: D. Le Nourry

text: Adversus Valentinianos

text: De Carne Christi

text: Valentinians

text: Marcion

text: Praxeas

text: Victorinus of Pettau

text: Cyprianus Gallus

text: Cyprianus Gallus

text: Perpetua

text: Christian pacifism

text: Septimia (gens)

text: Pseudo-Tertullian

text: Tertulia

text: Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross

text: List of Christian women of the patristic age

text: Tertullian's works in many languages, including Latin, and English

text: Vol. 7 (Tertullian's Against Marcion)

text: Vol. 11(Tertullian's Treatises, Pt. 1)

text: Vol. 15 (Tertullian's Treatises, Pt.2)

text: Vol. 18 (Tertullian's Treatises, Pt. 3)

text: Works by Tertullian at Perseus Digital Library

text: EarlyChurch.org.uk

text: On Famous Men

text: The Tertullian Project

categories: 3rd-century Romans,3rd-century Christian theologians,2nd-century Romans,Church Fathers,Christian anti-Judaism,Christian anti-Gnosticism,Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,Christian apologists,Romans from Africa,Historians of the Catholic Church,3rd-century Berber people,Septimii,Christian pacifists,Carthage,Ancient Christians involved in controversies,155 births,2nd-century Berber people,240 deaths,2nd-century Christian theologians,Berber Christians,Post–Silver Age Latin writers

paragraph: Tertullian

paragraph: Tertullian (; full name "Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus"; c. 155 – c. 240 AD) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. Of Berber origin, he was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was an early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology."

paragraph: Though conservative in his worldview, Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term "trinity" (Latin: "trinitas"). According to "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Tertullian's trinity [is] not a triune God, but rather a triad or group of three, with God as the founding member". A similar word had been used earlier in Greek, though Tertullian gives the oldest extant use of the terminology as later incorporated into the Nicene Creed at the Second Ecumenical Council, the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, or as the Athanasian Creed, or both. Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "three persons, one substance" as the Latin ""tres personae, una substantia"", ('consubstantial', in English), itself from the Koine Greek ""treis hypostases, homoousioi""). Influenced by Stoic philosophy, the "substance" of Tertullian, however, was a material substance that did not refer to a single God, but to the sharing of a portion of the substance of the Father (the only being who was fully God) with the Son and, through the Son, with the Holy Spirit. He wrote his understanding of the three members of the trinity after becoming a Montanist.

paragraph: Unlike many Church fathers, Tertullian was never recognized as a saint by the Eastern or Western catholic tradition churches. Several of his teachings on issues such as the clear subordination of the Son and Spirit to the Father, and his condemnation of remarriage for widows and of fleeing from persecution, contradicted the doctrines of these traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Scant reliable evidence exists to inform us about Tertullian's life; most history about him comes from passing references in his own writings. Roman Africa was famous as the home of orators and this influence can be seen in his writing style with its archaisms or provincialisms, its glowing imagery and its passionate temper. He was a scholar with an excellent education. He wrote at least three books in Greek. In them he refers to himself, but none of these is extant.

paragraph: According to church tradition, Tertullian was raised in Carthage and was thought to be the son of a Roman centurion; Tertullian has been claimed to have been a trained lawyer and an ordained priest. These assertions rely on the accounts of Eusebius of Caesarea, "Church History", II, ii. 4, and Jerome's "De viris illustribus" (On famous men) chapter 53. Jerome claimed that Tertullian's father held the position of "centurio proconsularis" ("aide-de-camp") in the Roman army in Africa. However, it is unclear whether any such position in the Roman military ever existed.

paragraph: Further, Tertullian has been thought to be a lawyer based on his use of legal analogies and an identification of him with the jurist Tertullianus, who is quoted in the "Pandects". Although Tertullian used a knowledge of Roman law in his writings, his legal knowledge does not demonstrably exceed that of what could be expected from a sufficient Roman education. The writings of Tertullianus, a lawyer of the same "cognomen," exist only in fragments and do not denote a Christian authorship. (Tertullianus was misidentified only much later with the Christian Tertullian by church historians.) Finally, any notion of Tertullian being a priest is also questionable. In his extant writings, he never describes himself as ordained in the church and seems to place himself among the laity.

paragraph: His conversion to Christianity perhaps took place about 197–198 (cf. Adolf Harnack, Bonwetsch, and others), but its immediate antecedents are unknown except as they are conjectured from his writings. The event must have been sudden and decisive, transforming at once his own personality. He said of himself that he could not imagine a truly Christian life without such a conscious breach, a radical act of conversion: "Christians are made, not born" ("Apol.", xviii). Two books addressed to his wife confirm that he was married to a Christian wife.

paragraph: In middle life (about 207), he was attracted to the "New Prophecy" of Montanism, though today most scholars reject Saint Jerome's assertion that Tertullian ever left the mainstream Church or was ever excommunicated. "[W]e are left to ask whether [Saint] Cyprian could have regarded Tertullian as his master if Tertullian had been a notorious schismatic. Since no ancient writer was more definite (if not indeed fanatical) on this subject of schism than Cyprian, the question must surely be answered in the negative."

paragraph: In the time of Augustine, a group of "Tertullianists" still had a basilica in Carthage which, within that same period, passed to the orthodox Church. It is unclear whether the name was merely another for the Montanists or that this means Tertullian later split with the Montanists and founded his own group.

paragraph: Jerome says that Tertullian lived to a great age, but there is no reliable source attesting to his survival beyond the estimated year 225 AD. By the doctrinal works he published, Tertullian became the teacher of Cyprian and the predecessor of Augustine, who, in turn, became the chief founder of Latin theology.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:General character.

paragraph: Thirty-one works are extant, together with fragments of more. Some fifteen works in Latin or Greek are lost, some as recently as the 9th century ("De Paradiso, De superstitione saeculi, De carne et anima" were all extant in the now damaged "Codex Agobardinus" in 814 AD). Tertullian's writings cover the whole theological field of the time—apologetics against paganism and Judaism, polemics, polity, discipline, and morals, or the whole reorganization of human life on a Christian basis; they gave a picture of the religious life and thought of the time which is of the greatest interest to the church historian.

paragraph: Tertullian did not hesitate to call his opponents blind, utterly perverse, or utterly stupid.

paragraph: Like other early Christian writers Tertullian used the term "paganus" to mean "civilian" as a contrast to the "soldiers of Christ". The motif of Miles Christi did not assume the literal meaning of participation in war until Church doctrines justifying Christian participation in battle were developed around the 5th century. In the 2nd century writings of Tertullian "paganus" meant a "civilian" who was lacking self-discipline. In "De Corona Militis" XI.V he wrote":

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Chronology and contents.

paragraph: The chronology of these writings is difficult to fix with certainty. It is in part determined by the Montanistic views that are set forth in some of them, by the author's own allusions to "this" writing, or "that," as antedating others (cf. Harnack, "Litteratur" ii.260–262), and by definite historic data (e.g., the reference to the death of Septimius Severus, "Ad Scapulam", iv). In his work against Marcion, which he calls his third composition on the Marcionite heresy, he gives its date as the fifteenth year of the reign of Severus ("Adv. Marcionem", i.1, 15)—which would be approximately the year 208.

paragraph: The writings may be divided with reference to the two periods of Tertullian's Christian activity, the mainstream and the Montanist (cf. Harnack, ii.262 sqq.), or according to their subject-matter. The object of the former mode of division is to show, if possible, the change of views Tertullian's mind underwent. Following the latter mode, which is of a more practical interest, the writings fall into two groups. Apologetic and polemic writings, like "Apologeticus", "De testimonio animae", the anti-Jewish "", "Adv. Marcionem", "Adv. Praxeam", "Adv. Hermogenem", "De praescriptione hereticorum", and "Scorpiace" were written to counteract Gnosticism and other religious or philosophical doctrines. The other group consists of practical and disciplinary writings, e.g., "De monogamia", "Ad uxorem", "De virginibus velandis", "De cultu feminarum", "De patientia", "De pudicitia", "De oratione", and "Ad martyras".

paragraph: Among his apologetic writings, the "Apologeticus," addressed to the Roman magistrates, is a most pungent defense of Christianity and the Christians against the reproaches of the pagans, and an important legacy of the ancient Church, proclaiming the principle of freedom of religion as an inalienable human right and demands a fair trial for Christians before they are condemned to death.

paragraph: Tertullian was the first to disprove such charges as that the Christians sacrificed infants at the celebration of the Lord's Supper and committed incest. He pointed to the commission of such crimes in the pagan world and then proved by the testimony of Pliny the Younger that Christians pledged themselves not to commit murder, adultery, or other crimes. He adduced also the inhumanity of pagan customs such as feeding the flesh of gladiators to beasts. He argued that the gods have no existence and thus there is no pagan religion against which Christians may offend. Christians do not engage in the foolish worship of the emperors, that they do better: they pray for them, and that Christians can afford to be put to torture and to death, and the more they are cast down the more they grow; "the blood of the martyrs is seed" ("Apologeticum", 50). In the "De Praescriptione" he develops as its fundamental idea that, in a dispute between the Church and a separating party, the whole burden of proof lies with the latter, as the Church, in possession of the unbroken tradition, is by its very existence a guarantee of its truth.

paragraph: The five books against Marcion, written in 207 or 208, are the most comprehensive and elaborate of his polemical works, invaluable for gauging the early Christian view of Gnosticism. Of the moral and ascetic treatises, the "De patientia" and "De spectaculis" are among the most interesting, and the "De pudicitia" and "De virginibus velandis" among the most characteristic.

paragraph: Tertullian has been identified by Jo Ann McNamara as the person who originally invested the consecrated virgin as the “bride of Christ” which helped to bring the independent virgin under patriarchal rule.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.:General character.

paragraph: Though thoroughly conversant with the Greek theology, Tertullian remained independent of its metaphysical speculations. He had learned from the Greek apologies, and offered a direct contrast to Origen of Alexandria, who drew many of his theories regarding creation from Middle Platonism. Tertullian carried his realism to the verge of materialism. This is evident from his ascription to God of corporeity and his acceptance of the traducian theory of the origin of the soul. He despised Greek philosophy, and, far from looking at Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek thinkers whom he quotes as forerunners of Christ and the Gospel, he pronounces them the patriarchal forefathers of the heretics ("De anima", iii.). He held up to scorn their inconsistency when he referred to the fact that Socrates in dying ordered a cock to be sacrificed to Aesculapius ("De anima", i). Tertullian always wrote under stress of a felt necessity. He was never so happy as when he had opponents like Marcion and Praxeas, and, however abstract the ideas may be which he treated, he was always moved by practical considerations to make his case clear and irresistible. It was partly this element which gave to his writings a formative influence upon the theology of the post-Nicene period in the West and has rendered them fresh reading to this day. Although he was by nature a polemicist no mention is made of his name by other authors during the 3rd century. Lactantius at the opening of the 4th century is the first to do so: Augustine, however, treats him with respect. Cyprian, Tertullian's North African compatriot, though nowhere mentioning his name, was well read in his writings, according to Cyprian's secretary in a letter to Jerome.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.:Specific teachings.

paragraph: Tertullian's main doctrinal teachings are as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. The soul was not preexistent, as Plato affirmed, nor subject to metempsychosis or reincarnation, as the Pythagoreans held. In each individual it is a new product, proceeding equally with the body from the parents, and not created later and associated with the body ("De anima", xxvii). This position is called traducianism in opposition to 'creationism', or the idea that each soul is a fresh creation of God.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The soul's sinfulness is easily explained by its traducian origin ("De anima", xxxix). It is in bondage to Satan (whose works it renounces in baptism), but has seeds of good ("De anima", xli), and when awakened, it passes to health and at once calls upon God ("Apol.", xvii.) and is naturally Christian. It exists in all men alike; it is a culprit and yet an unconscious witness--by its impulse to worship, its fear of demons, and its musings on death--to the power, benignity, and judgment of God as revealed in the Christian's Scriptures ("De testimonio," v-vi).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Tertullian reserves the appellation God, in the sense of the ultimate originator of all things, to the Father, who made the world out of nothing through his Son, the Word, has corporeity though he is a spirit ("De praescriptione", vii.; "Adv. Praxeam," vii.). However Tertullian used 'corporeal' only in the Stoic sense, to mean something with actual material existence, rather than the later idea of flesh. Tertullian is often considered an early proponent of the Nicene doctrine, approaching the subject from the standpoint of the Logos doctrine, though he did not state the later doctrine of the immanent Trinity. In his treatise against Praxeas, who taught patripassianism in Rome, he used the words "trinity", "economy" (used in reference to the three persons), "persons", and "substance," maintaining the distinction of the Son from the Father as the unoriginate God, and the Spirit from both the Father and the Son ("Adv. Praxeam," xxv). "These three are one substance, not one person; and it is said, 'I and my Father are one' in respect not of the singularity of number but the unity of the substance." The very names "Father" and "Son" indicate the distinction of personality. The Father is one, the Son is another, and the Spirit is another ("dico alium esse patrem et alium filium et alium spiritum" "Adv. Praxeam", ix), and yet in defending the unity of God, he says the Son is not other ("alius a patre filius non est", "Adv. Prax." 18) as a result of receiving a portion of the Father's substance. At times, speaking of the Father and the Son, Tertullian refers to "two gods". He says that all things of the Father belong also to the Son, including his names, such as Almighty God, Most High, Lord of Hosts, or King of Israel. Though Tertullian considered the Father to be God (Yahweh), he responded to criticism of the Modalist Praxeas that this meant that Tertullian's Christianity was not monotheistic by noting that even though there was one God (Yahweh, who became the Father when the Son became his agent of creation), the Son could also be referred to as God, when referred to apart from the Father, because the Son, though subordinate to God, is entitled to be called God "from the unity of the Father" in regards to being formed from a portion of His substance. "The Catholic Encyclopedia" comments that for Tertullian, "There was a time when there was no Son and no sin, when God was neither Father nor Judge." Similarly J.N.D. Kelly has stated: "Tertullian followed the Apologists in dating His 'perfect generation' from His extrapolation for the work of creation; prior to that moment God could not strictly be said to have had a Son, while after it the term 'Father', which for earlier theologians generally connoted God as author of reality, began to acquire the specialized meaning of Father and Son.". As regards the subjects of subordination of the Son to the Father, the "New Catholic Encyclopedia" has commented: "In not a few areas of theology, Tertullian’s views are, of course, completely unacceptable. Thus, for example, his teaching on the Trinity reveals a subordination of Son to Father that in the later crass form of Arianism the Church rejected as heretical." Though he did not fully state the doctrine of the immanence of the Trinity, according to B. B. Warfield, he went a long distance in the way of approach to it.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. In soteriology, Tertullian does not dogmatize; he prefers to keep silence at the mystery of the cross ("De Patientia", iii). The sufferings of Christ's life as well as of the crucifixion are efficacious to redemption. In the water of baptism, which (upon a partial quotation of John 3:5) is made necessary ("De baptismo", vi.), humans are born again; the baptized does not receive the Holy Spirit in the water, but is prepared for the Holy Spirit. Humans are little fishes—after the example of the "ichthys", fish, Jesus Christ—are born in water ("De baptismo", i). In discussing whether sins committed subsequent to baptism may be forgiven, Tertullian calls baptism and penance "two planks" on which the sinner may be saved from shipwreck—language which he gave to the Church ("De penitentia", xii).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. With reference to the 'rule of faith', it may be said that Tertullian is constantly using this expression, and by it means "now" the authoritative tradition handed down in the Church, "now" the Scriptures themselves, and, "perhaps", a definite doctrinal formula. While he nowhere gives a list of the books of Scripture, he divides them into two parts and calls them the "instrumentum " and "testamentum" ("Adv. Marcionem", iv.1). He distinguishes between the four Gospels and insists upon their apostolic origin as accrediting their authority ("De praescriptione", xxxvi; "Adv. Marcionem", iv.1–5); in trying to account for Marcion's treatment of the Lucan Gospel and the Pauline writings he sarcastically queries whether the "shipmaster from Pontus" (Marcion) had ever been guilty of taking on contraband goods or tampering with them after they were aboard ("Adv. Marcionem", v.1). The Scripture, the rule of faith, is for him fixed and authoritative ("De corona", iii-iv). As opposed to the pagan writings they are divine ("De testimonio animae", vi). They contain all truth ("De praescriptione", vii, xiv) and from them the Church drinks ("potat") her faith ("Adv. Praxeam", xiii). The prophets were older than the Greek philosophers and their authority is accredited by the fulfilment of their predictions ("Apol.", xix-xx). The Scriptures and the teachings of philosophy are incompatible, insofar as the latter are the origins of sub-Christian heresies. "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" he exclaims, "or the Academy with the Church?" ("De praescriptione", vii). Philosophy as pop-paganism is a work of demons ("De anima", i); the Scriptures contain the wisdom of heaven. However, Tertullian was not averse to using the technical methods of Stoicism to discuss a problem ("De anima"). The rule of faith, however, seems to be also applied by Tertullian to some distinct formula of doctrine, and he gives a succinct statement of the Christian faith under this term ("De praescriptione", xiii).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Tertullian was a defender of the necessity of apostolicity. In his "Prescription Against Heretics", he explicitly challenges heretics to produce evidence of the apostolic succession of their communities. "Let them produce the original records of their churches; let them unfold the roll of their bishops, running down in due succession from the beginning in such a manner that [that first bishop of theirs] bishop shall be able to show for his ordainer and predecessor some one of the apostles or of apostolic men—a man, moreover, who continued steadfast with the apostles. For this is the manner in which the apostolic churches transmit their registers: as the church of Smyrna, which records that Polycarp was placed therein by John; as also the church of Rome, which makes Clement to have been ordained in like manner by Peter. In exactly the same way the other churches likewise exhibit (their several worthies), whom, as having been appointed to their episcopal places by apostles, they regard as transmitters of the apostolic seed."

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Fornicators and murderers should never be readmitted into the church under any circumstances. In "De pudicitia", Tertullian condemns Pope Callixtus I for allowing such people to be readmitted if they show repentance.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.:Eschatology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Resurrection at the Second Coming

paragraph: Tertullian was a premillennialist, affirming a literal resurrection at the second advent of Jesus at the end of the world, not at death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesus, the stone that strikes and destroys the image

paragraph: Concerning the image prophecy of Daniel 2, Tertullian identified Jesus, at his second advent, as the stone cut out of a mountain that strikes and destroys the image of "secular kingdoms". He compares this with Daniel 7, 'Behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days; and they brought Him before Him, and there was given Him dominion and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away; and His kingdom that which shall not be destroyed."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antichrist is the Beast

paragraph: Like Irenaeus, Tertullian equated the Antichrist with the '"Man of Sin" and the "Beast". He expected a specific Antichrist to appear as a persecutor of the church just before the resurrection, under whom a second company of martyrs will be slain. Unlike Irenaeus, however, Tertullian does not consider the Antichrist to be a Jew sitting in a Jewish temple at Jerusalem. Rather, the Antichrist comes out of the church.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rome symbolized as Babylon

paragraph: Tertullian applied the Biblical figure of Babylon to the city of Rome and her domination. He portrayed Rome as drunk with the blood of martyred saints.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Last Days events

paragraph: The order of Last Days events, according to Tertullian, are the plagues, Babylon's doom, Antichrist's warfare on the saints, the devil cast into the bottomless pit, the Advent, the resurrection of the saints, the Judgment, and the Second Resurrection, with the harvest at the end of the World; and the sixth seal extending to the final dissolution of the earth and sky, including the stars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millennium follows resurrection of the righteous dead

paragraph: Tertullian maintained that the thousand years of Revelation will follow the resurrection of the righteous dead on the earth with the New Jerusalem, proceeding the eternity of heaven. The earth is destroyed after the one thousand years and the saints moved to the kingdom of heaven.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seventy weeks fulfilled by First Advent

paragraph: Tertullian contended that Daniel's seventy weeks foretold the time of Christ's incarnation and death. He started the seventy weeks from the first year of Darius, and continued to Jerusalem's destruction by the Romans under the command of Titus, fully completing the vision and prophecy. It is sealed by the advent of Christ, which he places at the end of the sixty-two and one-half weeks.

paragraph: Section::::Moral principles.

paragraph: Tertullian was a determined advocate of strict discipline and an austere code of practise, and like many of the African fathers, one of the leading representatives of the rigorist element in the early Church. These views may have led him to adopt Montanism with its ascetic rigor and its belief in chiliasm and the continuance of the prophetic gifts. In his writings on public amusements, the veiling of virgins, the conduct of women, and the like, he gives expression to these views.

paragraph: On the principle that we should not look at or listen to what we have no right to practise, and that polluted things, seen and touched, pollute ("De spectaculis", viii, xvii), he declared a Christian should abstain from the theater and the amphitheater. There pagan religious rites were applied and the names of pagan divinities invoked; there the precepts of modesty, purity, and humanity were ignored or set aside, and there no place was offered to the onlookers for the cultivation of the Christian graces. Women should put aside their gold and precious stones as ornaments, and virgins should conform to the law of St. Paul for women and keep themselves strictly veiled ("De virginibus velandis"). He praised the unmarried state as the highest ("De monogamia", xvii; "Ad uxorem", i.3) and called upon Christians not to allow themselves to be excelled in the virtue of celibacy by Vestal Virgins and Egyptian priests. He even labeled second marriage a species of adultery ("De exhortationis castitatis", ix), but this directly contradicted the Epistles of the Apostle Paul. Tertullian’s resolve to never marry again and that no one else should remarry eventually led to his break with Rome because the orthodox church refused to follow him in this resolve. He, instead, favored the Montanist sect where they also condemned second marriage. One reason for Tertullian’s disdain for marriage was his belief about the transformation that awaited a married couple. He believed that marital relations coarsened the body and the soul and would dull their spiritual senses and avert the Holy Spirit since husband and wife became one flesh once married.

paragraph: Tertullian is sometimes criticized for being misogynistic, on the basis of the contents of his "De Cultu Feminarum," section I.I, part 2 (trans. C.W. Marx): "Do you not know that you are Eve? The judgment of God upon this sex lives on in this age; therefore, necessarily the guilt should live on also.

paragraph: You are the gateway of the devil; you are the one who unseals the curse of that tree, and you are the first one to turn your back on the divine law; you are the one who persuaded him whom the devil was not capable of corrupting; you easily destroyed the image of God, Adam. Because of what you deserve, that is, death, even the Son of God had to die."

paragraph: Tertullian had a radical view on the cosmos. He believed that heaven and earth intersected at many points and that it was possible that sexual relations with supernatural beings can occur.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Tertullian's writings are edited in volumes 1–2 of the "Patrologia Latina," and modern texts exist in the "Corpus Christianorum Latinorum." English translations by Sidney Thelwall and Philip Holmes can be found in volumes III and IV of the "Ante-Nicene Fathers" which are freely available online; more modern translations of some of the works have been made.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apologetic

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apologeticus pro Christianis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertatio Mosheim in Apol".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libri duo ad Nationes".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Testimonio animae".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ad Martyres".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Spectaculis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Idololatria".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Accedit ad Scapulam liber".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertatio D. Le Nourry in Apologet. libr. II ad Nat. et libr. ad Scapulam".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polemical

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Oratione".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Baptismo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Poenitentia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Patientia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ad Uxorem libri duo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Cultu Feminarum lib. II".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dogmatic

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Corona Militis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Fuga in Persecutione".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adversus Gnosticos Scorpiace".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adversus Praxeam".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adversus Hermogenem".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adversus Marcionem libri V".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adversus Valentinianos".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adversus Judaeos".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Anima".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Carne Christi".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Resurrectione Carnis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- On morality

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De velandis Virginibus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Exhortatione Castitatis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Monogamia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Jejuniis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Pudicitia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Pallio".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Possible chronology.

paragraph: The following chronological ordering was proposed by John Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln in the 19th century:

paragraph: Probably mainstream (Pre-Montanist):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. "De Poenitentia" (On Repentance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2. "De Oratione" (On Prayer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3. "De Baptismo" (On Baptism)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4.,5. "Ad Uxorem", lib. I & II, (To His Wife),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6. "Ad Martyras" (To the Martyrs),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7. "De Patientia" (On Patience)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8. "Adversus Judaeos" (Against the Jews)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9. "De Praescriptione Haereticorum" (On the Prescription of Heretics),

paragraph: Indeterminate:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10. "Apologeticus pro Christianis" (Apology for the Christians)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11.,12. "ad Nationes", lib. I & II (To the Nations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13. "De Testimonio animae" (On the Witness of the Soul)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14. "De Pallio" (On the Ascetic Mantle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15. "Adversus Hermogenem" (Against Hermogenes)

paragraph: Probably Post-Montanist:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16. "Adversus Valentinianus" (Against the Valentinians)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17. "ad Scapulam" (To Scapula, Proconsul of Africa),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18. "De Spectaculis" (On the Games),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19. "De Idololatria" (On Idolatry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20., 21. "De cultu Feminarum", lib. I & II (On Women's Dress)

paragraph: Definitely Post-Montanist:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 22. "Adversus Marcionem", lib I (Against Marcion, Bk. I),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 23. "Adversus Marcionem", lib II

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24. "De Anima" (On the Soul),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25. "Adversus Marcionem", lib III

paragraph: BULLET::::- 26. "Adversus Marcionem", lib IV

paragraph: BULLET::::- 27. "De Carne Christi" (On the Flesh of Christ),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28. "De Resurrectione Carnis" (On the Resurrection of Flesh)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 29. "Adversus Marcionem", lib V

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30. "Adversus Praxean" (Against Praxeas),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 31. "Scorpiace" (Antidote to Scorpion's Bite)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 32. "De Corona Militis" (On the Soldier's Garland),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 33. "De velandis Virginibus" (On Veiling Virgins),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 34. "De Exhortatione Castitatis" (On Exhortation to Chastity),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 35. "De Fuga in Persecutione" (On Flight in Persecution)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 36. "De Monogamia" (On Monogamy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 37. "De Jejuniis, adversus psychicos" (On Fasting, against the materialists),

paragraph: BULLET::::- 38. "De Puditicia" (On Modesty)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Spurious works.

paragraph: There have been many works attributed to Tertullian in the past which have since been determined to be almost definitely written by others. Nonetheless, since their actual authors remain uncertain, they continue to be published together in collections of Tertullian's works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. "Adversus Omnes Haereses" (Against all Heresies) – poss. Victorinus of Pettau

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 "De execrandis gentium diis" (On the Execrable Gods of the Heathens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 "Carmen adversus Marcionem" (Poem against Marcion)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 "Carmen de Iona Propheta" (Poem about the Prophet Jonas) – poss. Cyprianus Gallus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 "Carmen de Sodoma" (Poem about Sodom) – poss. Cyprianus Gallus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 "Carmen de Genesi" (Poem about Genesis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7 "Carmen de Judicio Domini" (Poem about the Judgment of the Lord)

paragraph: The popular "Passio SS. Perpetuae et Felicitatis" (Martyrdom of SS. Perpetua and Felicitas), much of it the personal diary of St. Perpetua, was once assumed to have been edited by Tertullian. That view is no longer held, and it is usually published separately from Tertullian's works.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian pacifism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Septimia (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pseudo-Tertullian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tertulia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Christian women of the patristic age

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ames, Cecilia. 2007. "Roman Religion in the Vision of Tertullian." In A "Companion to Roman Religion." Edited by Jörg Rüpke, 457–471. Oxford: Blackwell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunn, Geoffrey D. 2004. "Tertullian." New York: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gero, Stephen. 1970. "Miles gloriosus: The Christians and Military Service according to Tertullian." "Church History" 39:285–298.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hillar, Marian. 2012. "From Logos to Trinity. The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian." Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lane, Anthony N. S. 2002. "Tertullianus Totus Noster? Calvin’s use of Tertullian." "Reformation and Renaissance Review" 4:9–34.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O’Malley, Thomas P. 1967. "Tertullian and the Bible. Language, Imagery, Exegesis." Latinitas christianorum primaeva 21. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Dekker & Van de Vegt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otten, Willemien. 2009. "Views on Women in Early Christianity: Incarnational Hermeneutics in Tertullian and Augustine." In "Hermeneutics, Scriptural Politics, and Human Rights." Between text and context. Edited by Bas de Gaay Fortman, Kurt Martens, and M. A. Mohamed Salih, 219–235. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osborn, Eric. 1997. "Tertullian: First Theologian of the West." Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rankin, David. 1995. "Tertullian and the Church." Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhite, David E. 2007. "Tertullian the African. An Anthropological Reading of Tertullian’s Context and Identities." Millennium Studien 14. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tertullian's works in many languages, including Latin, and English, website intratext.com.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations of all Tertullian's works can be found in Rev. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, editors, 1867–1872, "Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translation of the Writings of the Fathers, Down to AD 325", Edinburgh: T&T Clark: Vol. 7 (Tertullian's Against Marcion), Vol. 11(Tertullian's Treatises, Pt. 1), Vol. 15 (Tertullian's Treatises, Pt.2), Vol. 18 (Tertullian's Treatises, Pt. 3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Tertullian at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- EarlyChurch.org.uk Detailed bibliography and on-line articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerome's On Famous Men Chapter 53 is devoted to Tertullian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tertullian Project, a site which provides all of the works of this Father of Church in Latin, translations in many languages, manuscripts etc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln (1845, third edition) "The Ecclesiastical History of the Second and Third Centuries, illustrated from the writings of Tertullian". London: Rivington.

description: Christian theologian

enwikiquote_title: Tertullian

wikidata_label: Tertullian

wikipedia_title: Tertullian


text: mathematician

text: university of Naples

text: Jesuit

text: university of Naples

text: Napoleonic

text: Capodimonte

text: stroke

text: kingdom of the Two Sicilies

text: Risorgimento

text: Gioacchino Ventura di Raulica

text: force

categories: 1824 deaths,1753 births,18th-century Italian people

paragraph: Nicola Fergola

paragraph: Nicola Fergola (1753-1824) was an Italian mathematician, professor in the university of Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Fergola studied in the Jesuit school; he then went to the university of Naples in 1667, but he studied mathematics by his own because the university was only strong in law and medicine. From 1770 he was teaching, by royal appointment, in the "Liceo del Salvatore", a school founded in the same building where the Jesuit school had been (the Jesuit order was suppressed three years before).

paragraph: In 1799, during the Napoleonic period, he lived in Capodimonte but, when the Borbonic monarchy was restated, he was appointed to the mathematics chair in the Neapolitan university.

paragraph: In 1821 he suffered a stroke which left him disabled for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Fergola was one of the protagonists of an ideological quarrel among the Neapolitan scientists at the end of 18th and the first half of the 19th century. In the field of mathematics, the quarrel was about the use of synthetic or analytic methods. These polemics were coincident with the politically conservative conceptions of the former and the progressive views of the followers of the analytic method.

paragraph: The Borbonic restoration in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with his ultraconservative profile, made possible the maintenance of this school until the Risorgimento, but at the end of 19th century it was absolutely forgotten. To see a taste of the quarrel, here are the words pronounced by Gioacchino Ventura di Raulica in the obituary of Nicola Fergola:

paragraph: The only work of Fergola is "Prelezioni sui Principi matematici della filosofia naturale del cavalier Isacco Newton", published in two volumes in 1792 and 1793. It is interesting to see the religious point of view of the Newtonian "force" concept.

paragraph: This religious conception is seen in all of Fergola's mathematical works. In 1839, was published Fergola's manuscript entitled "Teorica de miracoli esposta con metodo dimostrativo" in which Fergola tried to demonstrate the possibility of the miracles in a mathematical way: proposition, demonstration, theorem, lemma, scolium, i.e.

description: Italian mathematician

wikidata_label: Nicola Fergola

wikipedia_title: Nicola Fergola


text:
Playboy
Punch
The Sunday Telegraph
Kingsbury
Gerard Hoffnung
National Service
Tit-Bits
Lilliput
The Daily Sketch
Tommy Eytle
Mayfair
Michelle Urry
Hugh Hefner
Reader’s Digest
High Life
Robert Holles
Ritsumeikan Peace Museum
Kyoto Seika University
Rowlandson
Ronald Searle
André François
Tomi Ungerer
Quentin Blake
Adolf Born

categories: 1929 births,People from Grantham,Playboy cartoonists,2009 deaths,British cartoonists

paragraph: Roy Raymonde

paragraph: Roy Raymonde (1929–2009) was a British editorial cartoonist best known for his work in "Playboy", "Punch" and "The Sunday Telegraph". He was much admired for his stylish comic drawings and flamboyant use of colour.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Roy Stuart Raymonde was born in 1929 in Grantham, Lincolnshire to Juliana Patricia Quinn and Barry Raymonde, an advertising agent and theatrical impresario. They were living in Bristol in 1938 when Barry contracted pneumonia and died, leaving Patricia (who was pregnant with her second child, Patsy) to fend for her family. Their life became peripatetic as Patricia took a series of jobs around the country. During this period Raymonde attended at least 16 different schools. They finally settled in North London just in time for the Blitz. He recounted that the Kingsbury house they lived in was completely demolished one night by a German land mine. Fearing that he had been killed, the firemen feverishly cleared the rubble only to find him soundly asleep in his bed, blankets pulled over his head.

paragraph: At the age of 15 Raymonde attended Harrow School of Art. There he met and was influenced by the yet to become well-known cartoonist Gerard Hoffnung who was at that time a junior tutor. Raymonde told a story of how he was nearly expelled for defacing one of Hoffnung’s demonstration drawings by adding funny captions. Hoffnung himself came to his defense and saved his position by arguing that this act in itself demonstrated a certain latent talent. They remained friends until Hoffnung’s death in 1959.

paragraph: On leaving art school Raymonde took a job in a commercial art studio, where he believed that his association with professional illustrators really taught him his drawing skills. At 18 he was called up to do National Service in Malaya, and worked for British Army intelligence in photoreconnaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: When demobilised in 1950 he took a Job at Charles Gilbert’s advertising agency in Fleet Street and continued there for the next ten years. During this period he also free-lanced as a cartoonist in his spare time and had his work first published in "Tit-Bits". He then contributed to Lilliput, The Daily Sketch and drew a regular weekly feature in Drapery and Fashion Weekly called ‘Lil’. In 1953 he married Guyanese journalist Patricia Eytle – sister of Ernest Eytle (BBC Cricket Commentator) Tommy Eytle (actor and musician) and Les Eytle (first black Mayor of and Freeman of Lewisham).

paragraph: By 1960 he had started working for "Punch" and was busy enough to become a full-time cartoonist. Shortly after this he sold a regular cartoon strip ‘Patsy & John’ to "The Sunday Telegraph" and started a long relationship with that newspaper. Other features followed, notably ‘Them’, ‘Boffins at Bay’, ‘Raymonde’s Rancid Rhymes’ (when he forayed into the world of comic poetry) and ‘Raymonde’s Blooming Wonders’ – clever character sketches of notable personalities in the guise of a Victorian botanical encyclopedia. In 1966 he won the Cartoonist’s Club of Great Britain’s Feature Cartoonist of the Year award. He also produced two books of cartoons in the 1960s, "The Constant Minx: From the Beginning" (1961) and "More Constant Minx" (1961). They were a cartoonist’s view of women’s ability to bewitch men.

paragraph: In 1963 he bought a thatched cottage near Great Dunmow in Essex, where he spent the rest of his life.

paragraph: During this period Raymonde also had a feature in "Mayfair" under the editorship of Kenneth Bound. At the same time he started sending cartoon ideas to "Playboy". Michelle Urry had just become Hugh Hefner’s art editor at "Playboy Magazine", and was busy assembling an international stable of talented cartoonists. Raymonde’s cartoons were accepted, though as far as men’s magazines were concerned, on the proviso that he work exclusively for "Playboy". From then on he was given a monthly full-colour page for the next 30 years.

paragraph: His colour cartoons were much admired and he was commissioned to create many "Punch" covers, a long series of illustrations for Punch’s ‘Doc Brief’ (Robert Buckman’s humorous take on the medical world) and regular cartoons for "Reader’s Digest". "Time & Tide" magazine also made a short resurgence in the 1990s and he drew covers for it and for British Airways’ "High Life".

paragraph: He collaborated with his friend Robert Holles (novelist, playwright and film writer) during this period and illustrated two of his books: "The Guide to Real Village Cricket" (1983) and "The Guide to Real Subversive Soldiering" (1985).

paragraph: Section::::Technique.

paragraph: After creating an idea/situation Raymonde’s drawings were first sketched out in pencil on watercolour paper and then inked in Indian ink with a steel dip pen. The colour was applied using sable brushes, from a variety of water-based mediums – watercolour, coloured inks, acrylics or gouache. A great experimenter. he would use whatever came to hand and whatever would give him the effect he was looking for. As with most cartoonists he produced many ‘rough ideas’, which were either accepted of rejected by various magazine’s editors. The accepted ‘roughs’ were then re-drawn as a final drawings.

paragraph: His original colour paintings have always been sought after and hang in many public and private collections including the Victoria & Albert Museum, the British Cartoon Archive at the University of Kent, the Simavi Foundation Cartoon Museum (Istanbul), the Ritsumeikan Peace Museum (Kyoto), Kyoto Seika University and the Punch Library.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Raymonde collected 18c prints and was particularly fond of Rowlandson. Other influences were Gerard Hoffnung, his first teacher, Ronald Searle and he also admired the drawings or André François, Tomi Ungerer, Quentin Blake and Adolf Born.

paragraph: Section::::Far East.

paragraph: In the late 1980s he visited Japan as a part of an Anglo-French cartoonists delegation, which became the start of a long association with the Far East. He was invited back for lecture tours in both Japan and Korea, and then to exhibit at the Marunie Gallery, Kyoto. In 1996 he won Gold Prize at the Kyoto International Cartoon Festival and was asked to return to Japan several times after this as a judge.

paragraph: Section::::Summary.

paragraph: Raymonde was a voracious reader and in particular a lover of poetry. He had assembled a fine collection of antiquarian books. He and his wife had also developed a great passion for Venice and spent almost all of their holidays exploring its sights and communing with their many friends who lived there.

paragraph: In 2002 whilst returning from Japan, Raymonde suffered a stroke, which affected his eyesight and his ability to concentrate, making it impossible for him to continue working. He died in 2009 after a fall at his home in Essex. He was survived by his wife Patricia, son Paul and daughter Kate.

description: cartoonist

wikidata_label: Roy Raymonde

wikipedia_title: Roy Raymonde


text:
Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska
Koalicja Otwartej Edukacji
free culture
Gold Cross of Merit
Jarosław Lipszyc

categories: 1975 births,Polish activists,Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland),Polish poets,Living people

paragraph: Jarosław Lipszyc

paragraph: Jarosław Lipszyc (born 1975) - Polish poet and journalist, president of the board of "Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska" (Modern Poland Foundation) and of the Koalicja Otwartej Edukacji (Open Education Coalition), free culture activist.

paragraph: He has been decorated with the Gold Cross of Merit.

paragraph: He published three volumes of poetry:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "bólion w kostce" (Warszawa 1997, Lampa i Iskra Boża)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "poczytalnia" (Warszawa 2000, Lampa i Iskra Boża)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mnemotechniki" (Warszawa 2008)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jarosław Lipszyc

wikidata_label: Jarosław Lipszyc

wikipedia_title: Jarosław Lipszyc


text: Diocese of Brooklyn

text: Jersey City, New Jersey

text: Archdiocese of Newark

text: Yale Divinity School

text: New Haven, Connecticut

text: Francis Mugavero

text: Bardstown

text: Pope Francis

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1960 births,Boston College alumni,Yale Divinity School alumni,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,American titular bishops,Living people

paragraph: James Massa

paragraph: James Massa (born September 3, 1960) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He currently serves as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: James Massa was born on September 3, 1960 in Jersey City, New Jersey in the Archdiocese of Newark. He studied at Yale Divinity School in New Haven, Connecticut and the Seminary of the Immaculate Conception in Huntington, New York. He holds a B.A. from Boston College (1982), a Masters in theology from Yale University School of Divinity (1985), and a doctorate in systematic theology from Fordham University (1997). He has published several articles and book reviews.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Brooklyn on Oct. 25, 1986 by Bishop Francis Mugavero.

paragraph: After priestly ordination he held the following positions: assistant priest of Our Lady Queen of Martyrs Parish in Forest Hills, NY (1986-1990); adjunct professor at Saint John's University in Queens (1987-1989); Chaplain of Queens College (1990-1993); Chaplain and professor of Kansas Newman College (1993-1996); Professor of Pope John XXIII National Seminary (1997-2001) and the Seminary of the Immaculate Conception in Huntington (2001-2005); Executive Director of the Committee ecumenical and interreligious US bishops' conference (2005-2011); Consultant to the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (since 2007), Professor of Saint Joseph Seminary in Dunwoodie, New York (since 2012), Moderator of the Curia of the Diocese of Brooklyn and administrator of Holy Name Parish in Brooklyn (2014).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn.

paragraph: Massa was appointed Titular Bishop of Bardstown and Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn on May 19, 2015 by Pope Francis. He received his episcopal consecration on July 20, 2015.

paragraph: In addition to English, he speaks Spanish and German.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Official Site

wikidata_label: James Massa

wikipedia_title: James Massa


text: Diocese of Brooklyn

text: Augustów, Poland

text: Lublin

text: Juliusz Paetz

text: Pope Francis

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

text: List of Catholic bishops of the United States

text: Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Official Site

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1966 births,Living people,American titular bishops

paragraph: Witold Mroziewski

paragraph: Witold Mroziewski (born March 25, 1966) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He currently serves as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mroziewski was born in Augustów, Poland. He went to the Catholic university in Lublin, Poland where he earned his masters in theology in 1991. He was ordained a priest by Bishop Juliusz Paetz on June 29, 1991.

paragraph: Mroziewski was appointed Titular Bishop of Walla Walla and Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn and labeled a leader on May 19, 2015 by Pope Francis. He received his episcopal consecration on July 20, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: Section::::External links.

wikidata_label: Witold Mroziewski

wikipedia_title: Witold Mroziewski


text:
rapper
Wu-Tang Clan
Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)
No Said Date
Brooklyn
New York
GZA
kung fu
Shaolin Master Killer
Killah Priest
Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)
Inspectah Deck
Ghostface Killah
Chinese
martial art
Wu-Tang Forever
No Said Date
Nature Sounds
Made in Brooklyn
Pete Rock
MF Doom
Bronze Nazareth
PETA
animal rights
vegetarian
Selling My Soul
Kurupt
Ol' Dirty Bastard
Gladys Knight
Patti LaBelle
Barry White
Parliament-Funkadelic
Ohio Players
GZA
vegetarian
Marvin Gaye
Nat Turner
Of Mics and Men
Shaolin Master Killer
36th Chamber of Shaolin
No Said Date
Made in Brooklyn
Selling My Soul
Loyalty is Royalty
Masta Killa's Myspace
Masta Killa Biography

categories: Musicians from Brooklyn,East Coast hip hop musicians,Wu-Tang Clan members,1969 births,21st-century American rappers,Five percenters,African-American male rappers,Rappers from New York City,Living people

paragraph: Masta Killa

paragraph: Jamel Irief (born Elgin Turner; August 18, 1969), better known by his stage name Masta Killa, is an American rapper and member of the Wu-Tang Clan. Though one of the lesser-known members of the group (he was featured on only one track on their 1993 debut album "Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)"), he has been prolific on Clan group albums and solo projects since the mid-1990s. He released his debut album "No Said Date" in 2004 to positive reviews, and has since released three additional albums.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Brooklyn, New York, Masta Killa was the last member to join the Wu-Tang Clan; consequently he did not appear on the group's debut single "Protect Ya Neck". He was also the only member who was not a rapper at the time of the group's formation. He was extensively mentored by the GZA during his early days with the group, evident in the similar flow they both employ. He derived his rap name from the 1978 kung fu film "Shaolin Master Killer", (Shao Lin san shi liu fang). Masta only appeared on one track on the Wu-Tang Clan's first album, in the closing verse to "Da Mystery of Chessboxin". Masta only narrowly made the track, and was almost left off in favor of Killah Priest. In fact, on the "No Said Date" DVD, Killah Priest claims that he and Masta Killa were in competition for the spot on "Da Mystery of Chessboxin'", and while Killah Priest fell asleep, Masta Killa stayed up all night writing and Killah Priest woke up the next morning to Masta Killa's verse. Since he was a developing rapper at the time "Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)" was being written, his verse in "Da Mystery of Chessboxin" was the only one that could hold up with the other, more experienced Wu-Tang members.

paragraph: During the first round of solo projects, he made several appearances on tracks now considered Wu-Tang classics, such as "Winter Warz", "Duel of the Iron Mic", and "Glaciers of Ice". His flow at the time attracted attention for being very slow and laid-back, in contrast to the more manic, forceful styles of members like Inspectah Deck and Ghostface Killah. Masta Killa is also the Clansman fondest of Chinese martial arts imagery. In 1997, the Wu-Tang Clan's second album "Wu-Tang Forever" saw Masta become a mainstay in the group's line-up with regular appearances throughout the double album.

paragraph: Masta Killa was the last member to release a solo project, after it was delayed for several years and finally released in June 2004 with the title "No Said Date"; critically acclaimed, it became independent label Nature Sounds' best-selling album, notable for featuring every core member of the Wu-Tang Clan on the album after a period in the group's history that lacked unity. His second album, "Made in Brooklyn", was released on August 8, 2006, and includes production from Pete Rock and MF Doom. "Ringing Bells", the Bronze Nazareth-produced lead single from the album, was released in March 2006. Also in 2006, Masta Killa became the latest in a succession of hip hop artists to endorse PETA, and participated in an advertisement for the organization to promote animal rights and a vegetarian lifestyle.

paragraph: In December 2012 he released his third album titled "Selling My Soul", an LP with heavy soul grooves and guests including Kurupt and the late Ol' Dirty Bastard. The album was intended as a precursor to his long-awaited album "Loyalty is Royalty", first announced in 2010 and eventually released in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On the Wu-Tang Corp. website, Masta Killa stated, "I know I seem serious and quiet to a lot of the fans. That's because I take my work seriously. It's not a game. The Clan and I work hard to give you the best." He is a fan of Gladys Knight, Patti LaBelle, Barry White, Parliament-Funkadelic and Ohio Players.

paragraph: Like fellow Wu-Tang Clan member GZA, Masta Killa is a vegetarian.

paragraph: Masta Killa is related to both Marvin Gaye and Nat Turner, as revealed in the 2019 Wu-Tang documentary ‘’Of Mics and Men’’.

paragraph: Section::::Moniker and aliases.

paragraph: Masta Killa gets his name from the 1978 kung fu movie "Shaolin Master Killer", also known as the "36th Chamber of Shaolin". He is often referred to as Jamel Irief.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Said Date" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Made in Brooklyn" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selling My Soul" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loyalty is Royalty" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masta Killa's Myspace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masta Killa Biography

enwikiquote_title: Masta Killa

wikidata_label: Masta Killa

wikipedia_title: Masta Killa


text:
Rapperswil-Laufenburg
Habsburg
Habsburg-Laufenburg
House of Rapperswil
Rapperswil Castle
Rapperswil
Johann
Elisabeth von Rapperswil
Grynau Castle
Rüti Abbey
Rapperswil
feud
Grafschaft Rapperswil
city of Zürich
House of Toggenburg
Einsiedeln Abbey
vassals
Bilgeri
Herrschaft Rapperswil
"Obersee"
Grynau Castle
Tuggenersee
Vogt
Münsterhof
Rapperswil
its castle
Zürichsee
Bäretswil
Tösstal
Jona
Habsburg
Höfe
condottiere
Petermann Etterlin
Aegidius Tschudi
Elisabeth von Rapperswil
Johann I
Roger Sablonier

categories: 14th-century House of Habsburg,1380 deaths,Medieval Swiss nobility,14th-century Swiss people,House of Rapperswil,People from Rapperswil-Jona

paragraph: Johann II (Habsburg-Laufenburg)

paragraph: Johann II von Habsburg-Laufenburg (also "Johannes von Rapperswil-Laufenburg-Habsburg", "von Laufenburg-Rapperswil"; born around 1330; died 17 December 1380) was the Count of Habsburg-Laufenburg and later Count of the House of Rapperswil.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Johann was born around 1330, probably in the Rapperswil Castle in the Swiss medieval city of Rapperswil, as the oldest son of "Agnes von Werd" († 1354) and Johann († 1337), Countess Elisabeth von Rapperswil's († 1309) son of second marriage with Count "Rudolf von Habsburg-Laufenburg" († 1315). He had three younger siblings: Agnes who became a nun, Rudolf (IV) and Gottfried (II). Johann may be raised in Rapperswil and even educated at the royal Habsburg court after the dead of his father on 21 December 1337 on occasion of a battle against Zürich-Toggenburg invaders at the Grynau Castle. As his grandmother, Johann II also supported the Rüti Abbey and assigned an estate and all rights in the name of his younger siblings on 17 June 1340.

paragraph: Section::::Count of Habsburg-Rapperswil.:Feud between "äusseres Zürich" and Brun's regime.

paragraph: On 18 July 1336, Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich, defeated his political opponents, and probably the majority of the former members of the "Rat" (council) of Zürich found refuge by count Johann I in Rapperswil. In feud (German: "Fehde"), an approved tradition in medieval law, the so-called "Äusseres Zürich", meaning the banned councilors, formed a coalition that was supported by Johann I, some knights and noble families of the Grafschaft Rapperswil, and Count Johann I became the leader of the opposition in the city of Zürich. Brun's regime was supported among others by the House of Toggenburg as its military arm, as well as by the Einsiedeln Abbey. Some, if not most of the refugees, were decades before their exile vassals of the Counts of Rapperswil, including the ancient councilors family Bilgeri those members lost four of their seats in the council of Zürich. The counselors hoped for support by the House of Rapperswil and offered probably in return the forgiveness of debt of the Herrschaft Rapperswil, as some sources hypothesize. On 21 September 1337 Graf "Diethelm von Toggenburg" moved from Zürich over the "Obersee" to the Grynau Castle at the confluence of the Linth river in the former "Tuggenersee". Johann's father was killed by the Zürich troops, while his opponent was killed by the count's vassals.

paragraph: Count Johann I's underaged children – Johann II, Rudolf and Gotfrid and Agnes – were set under guardianship of Albrecht, Duke of Austria, sealed by a document between the city of Zürich and the German king respectively Duke Albrecht on 21 November 1337. The document included also a peace contract and regulations, but as well as the documents in the following years − between the city of Zürich and Austria – It included among others: "Johann's children got the documents related to their rights in Raprechtswile" and their possessions in the "March" (Alt-Rapperswil) area. Furthermore, the document also included the Zürich councils ("äussere Bürger") who refuged to Rapperswil and financial compensations by the former councils to Brun's entourage, they remained banned until 1342, and the "äussere" former councils had to "pledge allegiance to the King and to the citizenry of Zürich". In compensation, the goods and lands of the "äussere" former councils had to be refund by the "innere" (meaning the Guild councils), "as long as their property was not sold" (by Brun's entourage). These restrictions also included Johann I's children – the German king had to vouch for Brun's regime, Duke Albrecht for Rapperswil and the underage Rapperswil Counts.

paragraph: On the basis of these facts, the feud was continued by Johann II in the late 1340s, but there also was a short time alliance with the city of Zürich: On 28 September 1343 Count Johann II and his brothers Rudolf and Gotfried "von Habsburg" and the citizens of Rapperswil signed a document for an "eternal confederacy" with the city council and the citizens of Zürich. The archives of the Einsiedeln Abbey, then the most important ally of the city Zürich, mention: "Between 31 July 1347 and 26 June 1348, Johannes II von Rapperswil, assisted by the citizens of Rapperswil, raided the fortress Pfäffikon and jailed the abbot of Einsiedeln ... but released him on 26 June 1348, and pledged to act as Vogt of the abbey in return that the abbey resolved the ban".

paragraph: An attempted coup by Brun's opposition, known as "äusseres Zürich", in the city of Zürich was forcefully put down after intensively forced street fights around the "Münsterhof" plaza on 23/24 February 1350: Count Johann II, now the opposition's leader, was arrested for two years, and the town walls of Rapperswil, its castle and Altendorf castle were destroyed by Brun. On 1 September 1352, a peace agreement between Count Albrecht von Oesterreich and the city of Zürich was adjusted by two furthers documents. The first one was the agreement between the Counts "Hans" (Johann II), Rudolf and Gotfrid, and the city of Zürich was sealed on 19 September 1352, and the brothers had to confirm among others that they will also "condone their relatives who supported the city of Zürich". The second document included that "Johann's II imprisonment in Zürich shall be forgotten", all prisoners shall be released, and even Count Albrecht would support the city of Zürich against the counts "Johans, Rudolf und Gotfrid von Habsburg" so needed, sealed by "Markgraf Ludwig von Brandenburg" on 23 September 1352. Another document was related to the costs of the captivity of Rapperswil citizens in Zürich which was sealed on 20 May 1358 by relatives of the "new lord" Count "Rudolf von Österreich" in "Rapreswile", namely Ott von Missouw, Fridrich von Waslze, Heinrich der Raspe, Heinrich der Brunner, Wolfgang von Winden, Johanse von Platzhein and Vogt Johans von Langenhart.

paragraph: Section::::Count of Habsburg-Rapperswil.:Division of the estate.

paragraph: The division of the estate between the Counts "Rudolf, Gotfrid" and "Johan von Habsburg" was regulated in a document on 1 July 1354: "Johan" received the "town of Rapperswil with all accessories and what is on this side of Zürichsee"; 110 pound annual interest on the tax from Glarus that was pledged for 400 silver marks to the Dukes of Austria; the right to initiate all pledged assets at the right bank of the lake and the Greifenberg castle (present Bäretswil) and the valley of Fischental (Tösstal). Johann's brother Rudolf received the city and castle of Laufenburg with all accessories, the Sisgau county, an estate in Reinach, the mortgaged castle Herznach, and if Rudolf should trigger this pledge he has to his sister Agnes, a nun in the Säckingen Abbey, to pay an annuity of 14 marks of silver annually. He is committed to adhere debt of the three brothers by his personal property liability for the amount of 4300 "Gulden". Gotfrid received Alt-Rapperswil with all accessories, the March and the Wägital area, the pledged property on the left bank of Zürichsee, the city of Rheinau and the Klettgau county with all accessories. Shared ownership of the three brothers were their feud; the Homberg castle and a good at Blanckenburg. Johan, Rudolf and Gotfrid confirmed that the division took place by mutual consent. In support, they ask her uncle Count Imer von Strassberg, the baron Hug von Gutenberg and knight Cuonrat Berensess who were present at the division to seal the document. Sealed by the three brothers and the three witnesses on 1 July 1354.

paragraph: Section::::Late years.

paragraph: The remains of the former "Herrschaft Rapperswil" – Rapperswil and some surrounding villages excluding Jona – were sold to the Habsburg family and partially (Höfe) to the city of Zürich, as the house of Rapperswil was not able to rebuild the town and the destroyed castles – the rights passed over to Albrecht II, Duke of Habsburg-Austria. All rights related to lands in the "Höfe" district including the settlements at Bäch, Pfäffikon and Wollerau were sold by Count "Goetfrid von Habsburg"-Rapperswil on 19 May 1358.

paragraph: In 1352 Johann married Varenne de Neufchâtel-Blamont, the daughter of Thiébaud, Seigneur de Neuchâtel-Urtière and Blamont, Vicomte de Baume-les-Dames. They had two children: Verena and Johann (Jean) III. In fact, Johann had lost his bailywick by the alliance of the city of Zürich and the House of Habsburg as the historical opponents of the House of Rapperswil. With his brother Rudolf IV, Johann was mentioned around 1354 and 1364 in Italy as a "condottiere" (military leader) for the Italian city republic of Florence. He may come back to Switzerland in April 1372, but returned to Italy around 1375 where he may found the death as soldier.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Johann II was called by the historians as the "unlucky count" as he lost his bailywick, and among others Petermann Etterlin and Aegidius Tschudi memorized the count's poem respectively song "Blümli blawe" (literally: "blue flower") which inspired Goethe to the ballade "Das Blümlein Wunderschön – Lied des gefangenen Grafen" (literally: Song by the imprisoned Count); referring to Count Johann's imprisonment in Zürich between 1350 and 1352.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth von Rapperswil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann I

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erwin Eugster: "Adlige Territorialpolitik in der Ostschweiz. Kirchliche Stiftungen im Spannungsfeld früher landesherrlicher Verdrängungspolitik". Zürich 1991, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Sablonier: "Gründungszeit ohne Eidgenossen: Politik und Gesellschaft in der Innerschweiz um 1300". hier + jetzt, Baden 2008, .

wikidata_label: Johann II

wikipedia_title: Johann II (Habsburg-Laufenburg)


text:
Polish
volleyball player
ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
PlusLiga
Cuprum Lubin
Cuprum Lubin
2017–18 PlusLiga
ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
FIVB Nations League
PlusLiga player profile

categories: Sportspeople from Greater Poland Voivodeship,People from Krotoszyn,1994 births,Cuprum Lubin players,Zaksa Kędzierzyn-Koźle players,Polish men's volleyball players,Living people

paragraph: Łukasz Kaczmarek

paragraph: Łukasz Kaczmarek (born 29 June 1994) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He started his sporting career as beach volleyball player. In 2015 he debuted in PlusLiga as Cuprum Lubin player. He started career as outside hitter, currently he has been playing as opposite. In 2016 he signed a new two-year contract with Cuprum Lubin and became one of the best scorer in PlusLiga. After successful season for Kaczmarek and debut in national team, he went to runner-up of 2017–18 PlusLiga, ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting achievements.:National team.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 FIVB Nations League

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PlusLiga player profile

description: Polish volleyball player

wikidata_label: Łukasz Kaczmarek

wikipedia_title: Łukasz Kaczmarek


text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Major League Baseball

text: Iván Rodríguez

text: Minnesota Twins

text: 2011 MLB draft

text: outfielder

text: he batted

text: home run

text: at bat

text: Rookie-level

text: Minor League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: Elizabethton Twins

text: win–loss record

text: strikeout

text: games started

text: Cedar Rapids Kernels

text: Fort Myers Miracle

text: Indios de Mayagüez

text: Criollos de Caguas

text: 2017 Caribbean Series

text: Puerto Rican national baseball team

text: 2017 World Baseball Classic

text: Chattanooga Lookouts

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Sacramento River Cats

text: Class AAA

text: Pacific Coast League

text: Jeff Samardzija

text: Colorado Rockies

text: disabled list

text: Grade 1 right hamstring strain

text: Dodgers

text: Yasiel Puig

text: Nick Hundley

text: Arlington, Texas

text: Baseball Hall of Fame

text: Iván Rodríguez

text: Florida

text: Monsignor Edward Pace High School

text: Opa-locka, Florida

text: Puerto Rican food

text: Fortnite

categories: Elizabethton Twins players,Chattanooga Lookouts players,American sportspeople of Puerto Rican descent,Gulf Coast Twins players,Cedar Rapids Kernels players,Baseball players from Texas,1992 births,Fort Myers Miracle players,Sportspeople from Arlington, Texas,Indios de Mayagüez players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Sacramento River Cats players,San Francisco Giants players,Living people,Criollos de Caguas players

paragraph: Dereck Rodríguez

paragraph: Iván Dereck Rodríguez (born June 5, 1992), nicknamed D-Rod, is an American professional baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2018. He is the son of Hall of Famer Iván Rodríguez and is affectionately known to fans as Son of Pudge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Minor league baseball.

paragraph: The Minnesota Twins selected Rodríguez in the sixth round of the 2011 MLB draft as an outfielder. After he batted .216 with six home runs in 352 at bats at the Rookie-level in Minor League Baseball over his first three professional seasons, the Twins converted him into a pitcher in 2014. He was 2–2 with a 1.05 ERA in 17 relief appearances for the Elizabethton Twins. In 2015, Rodríguez had a 6–3 win–loss record and a 2.85 ERA with 61 strikeouts in 12 games started for Elizabethton, and was named the league's Pitcher of the Year. He also played in three games for the Cedar Rapids Kernels and Fort Myers Miracle. The next season, he pitched for Cedar Rapids, where he had a 4–11 win–loss record and a 5.08 ERA, and for Fort Myers where he pitched to a 1–2 record with a 2.56 ERA. During the 2016–17 offseason, he pitched for the Indios de Mayagüez of the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League, and then pitched for the Criollos de Caguas in the 2017 Caribbean Series. He was named to the Puerto Rican national baseball team's roster for the 2017 World Baseball Classic. In 2017, he pitched for both Fort Myers and the Chattanooga Lookouts where he compiled a combined 10–6 record and 3.27 ERA in 26 games (24 starts) between both teams.

paragraph: Rodríguez signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants organization for the 2018 season. He began the season with the Sacramento River Cats of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. Rodriguez had a 4–1 win–loss record and a 3.40 ERA before the Giants promoted him to the major leagues on May 28.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: Rodríguez made his major league debut in relief of Jeff Samardzija on May 29, 2018 against the Colorado Rockies. He also hit an RBI double. On August 16, Rodríguez was placed 10-day disabled list(DL) with a Grade 1 right hamstring strain. The injury was apparently sustained when Rodríguez stepped into the physical altercation between Dodgers outfielder Yasiel Puig and Giants catcher Nick Hundley.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rodríguez was born in Arlington, Texas to Maribel Rivera and Baseball Hall of Famer Iván Rodríguez. He has three siblings. He grew up in Texas and at age 10 moved to Florida where he later on attended Monsignor Edward Pace High School in Opa-locka, Florida. Rodríguez likes to cook and mostly cooks the Puerto Rican food he grew up with. He also likes videogames, including Fortnite. Rodríguez is engaged to Ashley Negrón, who he met in 2015 at a basketball game in Puerto Rico. They plan to marry in November 2019.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

description: American baseball pitcher (1992-)

wikidata_label: Dereck Rodríguez

wikipedia_title: Dereck Rodríguez


text:
German
Romantic period
Goethe
Schiller
Hamburg
city senator
Law
University of Jena
Johann Georg Rist
Johann Friedrich Herbart
Georg Arnold Heise
August Ludwig Hülsen
Justus Christian Loder
Goethe
Schiller
Herder
Fichte
Hamburg
Johann Albert Heinrich Reimarus
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
Dresden
Schlegel
Schelling
Freiberg
Schiller's Musenalmanach
Wieland's
Teutsche Merkur
Jena
Göttingen
Hamburg
Hamburg
Syndic
Novalis
Romantic movement
Johann Heinrich Voss
Heidelberg
Clemens Brentano
Josephvon Eichendorff
Wolf von Baudissin
Stuttgart
Gustav Schwab
Ludwig Uhland
Goethe
gout
Hamburg
great fire
Torquato Tassos Befreites Jerusalem
Ariosts Rasender Roland
Calderon's Plays

categories: German lawyers,People from Hamburg,1775 births,German translators,German poets

paragraph: Johann Diederich Gries

paragraph: Johann Diederich Gries (7 February 1775 - 9 February 1842) was a German poet and socialite during the Romantic period. His extensive list of friends and acquaintances included Goethe and Schiller. Viewed through the prism of intervening years, his most enduring contribution is as a translator.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Johann Diederich Gries was born into a prosperous Hamburg family, the fourth of his parents' seven recorded sons. Franz Lorenz Gries (1731-1803), his father, was a merchant and city senator. His mother Johanna also came from a mercantile background. He undertook an apprenticeship in business with a Hamburg wholesale merchant for three years between 1793 and 1795 which, he let it be known, was a miserable thing to have to do. After his elder brother Ludwig had intervened with their father on his behalf he was permitted to embark on a period of study in Law, enrolling at the University of Jena in October 1795. At Jena his naturally affability, his abundance of inoffensive humour and his exceptional talent as a piano player all combined to gain him ready access to the homes and social circles of the professors. He also acquired an extensive network of lifelong friend among his student contemporaries, such as Johann Georg Rist, Johann Friedrich Herbart, , also including a couple of years later Georg Arnold Heise, August Ludwig Hülsen and . At the home of the anatomist Justus Christian Loder he got to know Goethe and Schiller, Herder and Fichte. It was nevertheless striking that while his literary awareness and social circle developed rapidly, he approached his studies in jurisprudence with a marked absence of diligence. Early in 1797 he returned to Hamburg for a visit during which he renewed his friendship with Johann Albert Heinrich Reimarus and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. That summer he accompanied Caroline Schlegel and her daughter to Dresden where Schlegel was staying. That also gave him the opportunity to meet Schelling by whom he was much impressed. Around this time he also visited Freiberg where he was warmly received by .

paragraph: His own first published poems were enthusiastically received when they appeared in the Schiller's Musenalmanach and in Wieland's Teutsche Merkur.

paragraph: In April 1799, after seven or eight terms, a faced serious warnings from his father about his perceived failure to engage seriously in his legal studies, and was obliged, with a heavy heart, to leave Jena. He completed his degree in Göttingen and obtained his doctorate of laws in 1800, his doctoral dissertation being entitled "De litt. cambialium acceptione". In Hamburg a serious family meeting about the future now took place. Two of his brothers were already qualified and working as Hamburg lawyers while a third was a Hamburg Syndic. There seems to have been an acceptance on the part of their father that his fourth son, Diederich, was destined for a literary future rather than a life in the law. A meeting in 1798 with "Novalis" and other representatives of the Romantic movement had persuaded him that this should be the direction of his own literary future. During the next three and a half decades he continued to take frequent lengthy trips, socialising with the luminaries of the age, and supporting himself - at times barely - through his own writing and through translation into German of (primarily) Italian and Spanish language literature, returning to his beloved Jena every few years. He based himself with Johann Heinrich Voss in Heidelberg between 1806 and 1808, during which time his circle included Clemens Brentano, Josephvon Eichendorff and Wolf von Baudissin. Between 1824 and 1827 he lived in Stuttgart, where friends included Gustav Schwab and Ludwig Uhland.

paragraph: During the early 1830s he was affected deeply by the deaths of various friends, including, in 1832, Goethe himself. In April 1831 Gries was laid low by gout, an inherited family affliction. This affected his grip so that he was no longer able to play card games or write without some difficulty. Meanwhile, sources speculate that he had, by this stage, probably exhausted his inherited wealth. Relatives in Hamburg became concerned and repeatedly urged him not to return to live there. However, in 1837 his youngest brother, Franz and his energetic wife took him into their Hamburg home, where Diederich was able to complete his translation of "Bojardos Verliebter Roland".

paragraph: His death in February 1842 came after several years of debilitating illness, but he was spared from the traumatic experience of the great fire which destroyed much of Hamburg three months later.

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation.

paragraph: During his lifetime Gries certainly published several of his own poems, but they never really rose above a certain level of mediocrity. He himself was conscious of his limited talent in this respect, and insisted that he would "rather provide good translations than mediocre originals". As a translator he excelled, providing German language readers with artistically primed translations that were true to the original texts of well known foreign language texts, which remain of value two centuries later.

paragraph: Section::::Translations into German (not a complete list).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torquato Tassos Befreites Jerusalem", 1800–1803

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ariosts Rasender Roland", 1804–1808;newly reworked edition: "Lodovico Ariosto's Rasender Roland", 5 volumes, Jena 1827–1828

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calderon's Plays", 1815–1826

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bojardos Verliebter Roland", 1835–1837

description: German poet and translator

wikidata_label: Johann Diederich Gries

wikipedia_title: Johann Diederich Gries


text: Edinburgh

text: George Buchanan

text: Arbuthnot family tree

categories: People from Edinburgh,Arbuthnot family,Scottish printers,1585 deaths

paragraph: Alexander Arbuthnot (printer)

paragraph: Alexander Arbuthnot (died 1 September 1585) was an early printer in Edinburgh, Scotland, the fourth son of John Arbuthnot Sr in Portertown and of Legasland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He printed the first edition of George Buchanan's first "History of Scotland" in 1582.

paragraph: "The Scots Buik of the most noble and vailyzeand Conqueror Alexander the Great", printed by Alexander Arbuthnot about 1580, reprinted in 1831 for the Bannatyne Club, is not really a life. It contains three episodes of the cycle, the "Forray of Gadderis" (not taken from the Fuerre de Gadres but from the Assaut de Tyr in the Romans d'Alixandre), " The Avowes of Alexander," and "The Great Battel of Effesoun," taken from the Viceux du paon.

paragraph: Found in the British Library Catalogue: "Letter of the Privy Council 8 March 1575 to every parish to advance to Alexander Arbuthnet [sic] five pounds Scots for the printing of the Bible issued at Edinburgh with his imprint 1579".

paragraph: He married one Agnes Pennycuick and died intestate.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arbuthnot family tree

description: 16th-century Scottish printer

wikidata_label: Alexander Arbuthnot

wikipedia_title: Alexander Arbuthnot (printer)