text: Baroque

text: Jean Rebel

text: Jean-Baptiste Lully

text: Académie royale de musique

text: Les Vingt-quatre Violons du Roi

text: Louis XIV

text: Concert Spirituel

text: George Frideric Handel

text: Lully

text: François Rebel

text: François Francœur

text: Les Élémens

text: Ulysse

text: Pandora: "Jean-Féry Rebel"

categories: 1747 deaths,French male classical composers,French classical violinists,18th-century classical composers,French male violinists,French classical composers,French opera composers,French Baroque composers,1666 births,Musicians from Paris,Male opera composers

paragraph: Jean-Féry Rebel

paragraph: Jean-Féry Rebel (18 April 1666 – 2 January 1747) was an innovative French Baroque composer and violinist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rebel (pronounced « re-BEL »), a child violin prodigy, was the most famous offspring of Jean Rebel, a tenor in Louis XIV's private chapel. He later became a student of the great violinist, singer, conductor, and composer Jean-Baptiste Lully.

paragraph: By 1699, at age 33, Rebel became first violinist of the Académie royale de musique (also known as the Opéra). He travelled to Spain in 1700. Upon his return to France in 1705, he was given a place in the prestigious ensemble known as the Les Vingt-quatre Violons du Roi. He was chosen Maître de Musique in 1716. His most important position at court was Chamber Composer, receiving the title in 1726. Rebel served as court composer to Louis XIV and "maître de musique" at the Académie, and directed the Concert Spirituel (during the 1734-1735 season).

paragraph: Rebel was one of the first French musicians to compose sonatas in the Italian style. Many of his compositions are marked by striking originality that include complex counter-rhythms and audacious harmonies that were not fully appreciated by listeners of his time. His opus "Les caractères de la danse" combined music with dance, a French tradition, and presented innovative metrical inventions. The work was popular and was performed in London in 1725 under the baton of George Frideric Handel. In honor of his teacher, Rebel composed "Le tombeau de M. Lully" (literally, "The Tomb of Monsieur Lully"; figuratively, "A Tribute to Lully"). Some of Rebel's compositions are described as choreographed "symphonies." Among his boldest original compositions is "Les Élémens" ("The Elements") which describes the creation of the world – the beginning, « Le Chaos », is surprisingly modern.

paragraph: His son François Rebel (1701-1775) was also a composer, noted violinist, and member of the "Vingt-quatre violons du roi." He co-wrote and co-directed operas with François Francœur.

paragraph: The Rebel Baroque Orchestra, formed in 1991, was named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Aria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Receuils d’airs sérieux et à boire", airs for voice (1695-1708)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Ballet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caprice", ballet d'action (ballet-pantomime) (1711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boutade", (1712)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les caractères de la danse", (1715)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Terpsichore", (1720)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les plaisirs champêtres", (1724)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantaisie", (1729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Élémens", (1737)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Opera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ulysse", tragédie lyrique (1703)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Trio Sonata.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recueil de douze sonates à 2 ou 3 parties", Book of twelve sonatas in 2 or 3 parts (composed in 1695, published in Paris in 1712)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (includes: "Le tombeau de M. de Lully, en hommage à son maître")

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Violin Sonata.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "12 Sonates à violon seul mellées de plusieurs récits pour la viole", 12 sonatas for violin solo mixed with récits for viol, (Paris 1713)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- EarlyMusic.com: "Jean-Féry Rebel (1666-1747)", biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pandora: "Jean-Féry Rebel", biography from "All Music Guide"

description: French Baroque composer and violinist

wikidata_label: Jean-Féry Rebel

wikipedia_title: Jean-Féry Rebel


text: Polish

text: Warsaw University

text: medievalist

text: modern historian

text: methodologist

text: Warsaw

text: Imperial Warsaw University

text: Berlin

text: Unter den Linden University

text: socialist

text: Paris

text: Zürich

text: doctorate

text: Rapperswil

text: Vienna

text: London

text: World War I

text: Warsaw

text: Warsaw University

text: modern history

text: Polish Academy of Learning

text: Paris

text: London

text: Royal Society

text: Interbellum

text: Adam Jerzy Czartoryski

text: Hôtel Lambert

text: World War II

text: Jew

text: noms de guerre

text: Home Army

text: Gestapo

text: Gross-Rosen concentration camp

text: Mittelbau-Dora

text: Stanisław Arnold

text: Artur Eisenbach

text: Aleksander Gieysztor

text: Stefan Kieniewicz

text: Tadeusz Manteuffel

text: Emanuel Ringelblum

text: Mieczysław Żywczyński

text: List of Poles

text: Encyklopedia Polski

categories: Polish people executed in Nazi concentration camps,1945 deaths,Polish historians,Polish civilians killed in World War II,Jewish writers,Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War,Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust,20th-century historians,People who died in Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp,1882 births,Writers from Warsaw,Executed people from Masovian Voivodeship

paragraph: Marceli Handelsman

paragraph: Marceli Handelsman (1882 – 1945) was a Polish historian, a Warsaw University professor, medievalist, modern historian, and historical methodologist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Marceli Handelsman was born on 8 July 1882, in Warsaw, to a family of distant Jewish ancestry. After graduating in law at the Russian-language Imperial Warsaw University, he moved to Berlin, where he began studies in the history department of Unter den Linden University. In 1906, however, he was dismissed from the school because of his involvement in socialist organizations. Afterwards Handelsman continued his studies at various European universities including Paris, Zürich (where he received his doctorate in 1908), Rapperswil, Vienna and finally London.

paragraph: During World War I, in 1915, he returned to Warsaw and joined Warsaw University as a professor of modern history. He was also appointed a member of the Polish Academy of Learning. One of the most prominent historians of the age, between 1918 and 1939 he was also the editor-in-chief of the "Historical Review" and the head of a Commission for the Atlas of History of Polish Lands (1920–35). He was also a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in Paris and the London-based Royal Society.

paragraph: Initially a medievalist, in the Interbellum Handelsman devoted much study to 19th-century Polish political history, including the works of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and the Hôtel Lambert circle.

paragraph: After the outbreak of World War II Marceli Handelsman hid from the Germans because of his Jewish roots. Nevertheless, he took an active part in underground education in Poland during World War II and served as a professor in the underground Warsaw University. After 1942, under the "noms de guerre" "Maciej Romański" and "Maciej Targowski," he worked with the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Headquarters of the Home Army.

paragraph: Arrested by the Gestapo in 1944, he was sent to Gross-Rosen concentration camp. Subsequently transferred to Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, he was murdered on 20 March 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Students.

paragraph: Among his students were many figures such as Stanisław Arnold, Artur Eisenbach, Aleksander Gieysztor, Stefan Kieniewicz, Tadeusz Manteuffel, Emanuel Ringelblum, and Mieczysław Żywczyński.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handelsman, Marceli," "Encyklopedia Polski", p. 213.

description: Polish historian

wikidata_label: Marceli Handelsman

wikipedia_title: Marceli Handelsman


text: King of Armenia

text: Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

text: Roman–Parthian conflict

text: Vologases I of Parthia

text: Nero

text: client kingdom

text: de facto

text: Parthian Empire

text: Zoroastrian

text: magi

text: Franz Cumont

text: Mithraism

text: Iranian

text: George Frideric Handel

text: Radamisto

text: Reinhard Keiser

text: Octavia

text: Vonones II

text: Media Atropatene

text: Parthia

text: concubine

text: Armeno-Parthian god

text: Avesta

text: Tishtrya

text: Greek

text: Apollo

text: procurator

text: Cappadocia

text: Iberia

text: Rhadamistus

text: Mithridates

text: Gornea

text: Vologases I of Parthia

text: Artaxata

text: Augustus

text: Phraates IV

text: Vardanes

text: Araxes

text: Pharasmanes I of Iberia

text: Parthia

text: Corbulo

text: Lesser Armenia

text: Nicopolis

text: Satala

text: Sohaemus of Emesa

text: Armenia Sophene

text: Antiochus IV of Commagene

text: Moschoi

text: Tigranocerta

text: kings of Cappadocia

text: Glaphyra

text: Archelaus of Cappadocia

text: Alexander

text: Judea

text: Herod Archelaus

text: Herod the Great

text: Tigranes

text: Tigranes V

text: Gaius Julius Alexander

text: Iotapa

text: Antiochus IV of Commagene

text: Polemon

text: Aristobolus

text: Hyrcania

text: Adiabene

text: Monobazes

text: spahbod

text: cataphract

text: Verulanus Severus

text: Marcus Vettius Bolanus

text: Euphrates

text: Lucius Caesennius Paetus

text: Battle of Rhandeia

text: XII "Fulminata"

text: Calvisius Sabinus

text: IV "Scythica"

text: Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus

text: Melitene

text: Lucius Annius Vinicianus

text: Thrace

text: Illyria

text: Adriatic

text: Picenum

text: Cassius Dio

text: Naples

text: gladiatorial

text: Pozzuoli

text: Ethiopian

text: gladiator

text: gladiatrices

text: Forum

text: dais

text: Praetor

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Tacitus

text: Theatre of Pompey

text: chariot race

text: zither

text: Imperator

text: sesterces

text: pancratium

text: Three Magi

text: Acts of St. Thomas

text: Gondophares

text: Temple of Janus

text: artisan

text: Garni

text: Vespasian

text: First Jewish–Roman War

text: Legio XII Fulminata

text: Gobustan

text: Azerbaijan

text: Caspian Sea

text: Trajan

text: Alans

text: Sarmatian

text: Pacorus

text: Vespasian

text: Harmozica

text: Mtskheta

text: Tbilisi

text: Franz Cumont

text: Mithraism

text: George Frideric Handel

text: Radamisto

text: Reinhard Keiser

text: Octavia

text: Corbulo, Armenia and Parthia

categories: Arsacid kings of Armenia,Roman client kings of Armenia,Mithraic mysteries,Place of birth unknown,People of the Roman–Parthian Wars,1st-century births,1st-century clergy,Place of death unknown,Year of birth unknown,1st-century Armenian people,Iranian people of Greek descent,Year of death unknown,1st-century Iranian people,1st-century deaths,Zoroastrian priests

image: 512px-Տրդատ_Ա_թագավոր._ընդօրինակություն_քանդակից.jpg

paragraph: Tiridates I of Armenia

paragraph: Tiridates I (, "Trdat A"; , "Tīridāt"; , "Tiridátes") was King of Armenia beginning in 53 AD and the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia. The dates of his birth and death are unknown. His early reign was marked by a brief interruption towards the end of the year 54 and a much longer one from 58 to 63 AD. In an agreement to resolve the Roman–Parthian conflict in and over Armenia, Tiridates I (one of the brothers of Vologases I of Parthia) was crowned king of Armenia by the Roman emperor Nero in 66 AD; in the future, the king of Armenia was to be a Parthian prince, but his appointment required approval from the Romans. Even though this made Armenia a client kingdom, various contemporary Roman sources thought that Nero had "de facto" ceded Armenia to the Parthian Empire.

paragraph: In addition to being a king, Tiridates I was also a Zoroastrian priest and was accompanied by other magi on his journey to Rome in 66 AD. In the early 20th century, Franz Cumont speculated that Tiridates was instrumental in the development of Mithraism which became the main religion of the Roman Army and spread across the whole empire. Furthermore, during his reign, he started reforming the administrative structure of Armenia, a reform which was continued by his successors, and which brought many Iranian customs and offices into it.

paragraph: Tiridates I is one of the principal characters in George Frideric Handel's opera "Radamisto" and Reinhard Keiser's opera "Octavia."

paragraph: Section::::Ascension.

paragraph: Tiridates I was one of the sons born to Vonones II, king of Media Atropatene and later king of Parthia, by a Greek concubine. Virtually nothing is known about Tiridates' youth, which he spent in Media Atropatene. "Tiridates" means "given by Tir". Tir was the Armeno-Parthian god of literature, science and art based on the Avestan Tishtrya and fused with the Greek Apollo.

paragraph: In 51 AD the Roman procurator of Cappadocia, Julius Paelignus, invaded Armenia and ravaged the country, then under an Iberian usurper Rhadamistus. Rhadamistus had killed his uncle Mithridates, the legitimate king of Armenia, by luring the Roman garrison that was protecting him outside of the fortress of Gornea.

paragraph: Acting without instruction, Paelignus recognized Rhadamistus as the new king of Armenia. Syrian governor Ummidius Quadratus sent Helvidius Priscus with a legion to repair these outrages, but he was recalled so as not to provoke a war with Parthia.

paragraph: In 52 AD King Vologases I of Parthia took the opportunity to invade Armenia, conquering Artaxata ("Artashat" in Armenia) and proclaiming his younger brother Tiridates I as king. This action violated the treaty that had been signed by the Roman emperor Augustus and Parthian king Phraates IV which gave the Romans the explicit right to appoint and crown the kings of Armenia. Vologases I considered the throne of Armenia to have been once the property of his ancestors, now usurped by a foreign monarch in virtue of a crime. A winter epidemic as well as an insurrection initiated by his son Vardanes forced him to withdraw his troops from Armenia, allowing Rhadamistus to come back and punish locals as traitors; they eventually revolted and replaced him with the prince Tiridates I in early 55. Rhadamistus escaped along with his wife Zenobia who was pregnant. Unable to continue fleeing, she asked her husband to end her life rather than be captured. Rhadamistus stabbed her with a Median dagger and flung her body into the river Araxes. Zenobia was not fatally injured and was recovered by shepherds who sent her to Tiridates. Tiridates I received her kindly and treated her as a member of the monarchy. Rhadamistus himself returned to Iberia and was soon put to death by his father Pharasmanes I of Iberia for having plotted against the royal power.

paragraph: Section::::War with Rome.

paragraph: Unhappy with the growing Parthian influence at their doorstep, Roman Emperor Nero sent General Corbulo with a large army to the east in order to restore Roman client kings. A Hasmonean named Aristobulus was given Lesser Armenia (Nicopolis and Satala) and Sohaemus of Emesa received Armenia Sophene. In the spring of 58, Corbulo entered Greater Armenia from Cappadocia and advanced towards Artaxata, while Parasmanes I of Iberia attacked from the north, and Antiochus IV of Commagene attacked from the southwest. Supported by his brother, Tiridates I sent flying columns to raid the Romans far and wide. Corbulo retaliated using the same tactics and the use of the Moschoi tribes who raided outlying regions of Armenia. Tiridates I fled from the capital, and Corbulo burned Artaxata to the ground. In the summer, Corbulo began moving towards Tigranocerta through rough terrain and passing through the Taronitida (Taron), where several of his commanders died in an ambush by the Armenian resistance; however, the city opened its doors, with the exception of one of the citadels, which was destroyed in the ensuing assault. By this time the majority of Armenians had abandoned resistance and accepted the prince favored by Rome.

paragraph: Nero gave the crown to the last royal descendant of the kings of Cappadocia, the grandson of Glaphyra (daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia) and Alexander of Judea (the brother of Herod Archelaus and the son of Herod the Great), who assumed the Armenian name Tigranes (his uncle was Tigranes V). His son, named Gaius Julius Alexander, married Iotapa, the daughter of Antiochus IV of Commagene and was made King of Cilicia. Nero was hailed vigorously in public for this initial victory and Corbulo was appointed governor of Syria as a reward. A guard of 1000 legionary soldiers, three auxiliary cohorts and two wings of horses were allotted to Tigranes in order to defend the country. Border districts were bestowed to Roman allies that assisted Corbulo including Polemon, Parasmanes, Aristobolus and Antiochus.

paragraph: Vologases I was infuriated by the fact that an alien now sat on the Armenian throne but hesitated to reinstate his brother as he was engaged in a conflict with the Hyrcanians who were revolting. Tigranes invaded the Kingdom of Adiabene and deposed its King Monobazes in 61, who was a vassal of Parthians.

paragraph: Vologases I considered this an act of aggression from Rome and started a campaign to restore Tiridates I to the Armenian throne. He placed under the command of spahbod Moneses a well-disciplined force of cataphracts along with Adiabenian auxiliaries and ordered him to expel Tigranes from Armenia. Having quelled the Hyrcanian revolt, Vologases I gathered the strength of his dominions and embarked toward Armenia. Corbulo, having been informed of the impending attack, sent two legions under the commands of Verulanus Severus and Marcus Vettius Bolanus to the assistance of Tigranes with secret directions that they should act with caution rather than vigour. He also dispatched a message to Nero, urging him to send a second commander with the explicit purpose of defending Armenia as Syria was now also in peril. Corbulo placed the remainder of the legions on the banks of the Euphrates and armed irregular troops of the nearby provinces. Since the region was deficient in water, he erected forts over the fountains and concealed the rivulets by heaping sand over them.

paragraph: Moneses marched towards Tigranocerta but failed to break the defense of the city walls as his troops were unfit for a long siege. Corbulo, although eminently successful thought it prudent to use his good fortune with moderation. He sent a Roman centurion by the name of Casperius to the camp of Vologases I in Nisibis located from Tigranocerta with the demand to raise the siege. Because of a recent locust storm and the scarcity of fodder for his horses Vologases I agreed to raise the siege of Tigranocerta and petitioned to be granted Armenia in order to achieve a firm peace. Vologases I demanded that both the Roman and Parthian troops should evacuate Armenia, that Tigranes should be dethroned, and that the position of Tiridates I be recognized. The Roman government declined to accede to these arrangements and sent Lucius Caesennius Paetus, governor of Cappadocia, to settle the question by bringing Armenia under direct Roman administration.

paragraph: Paetus was an incapable commander and suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Rhandeia in 62, losing the legions of XII "Fulminata" commanded by Calvisius Sabinus and IV "Scythica" commanded by Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus. The command of the troops was returned to Corbulo, who the following year led a strong army into Melitene and beyond into Armenia, eliminating all of the regional governors he suspected were pro-Parthian. Finally in Rhandeia, Corbulo and Tiridates I met to make a peace agreement. The location of Rhandeia suited both Tiridates I and Corbulo. It appealed to Tiridates I because that is where his army had beaten the Romans and sent them away under a capitulation; on the other hand, it appealed to Corbulo because he was about to wipe out the ill repute earned before in the same location. When Tiridates I arrived at the Roman camp he took off his royal diadem and placed it on the ground near a statue of Nero, agreeing to receive it back only from Nero in Rome. Tiridates I was recognized as the vassal king of Armenia; a Roman garrison would remain in the country permanently, in Sophene while Artaxata would be reconstructed. Corbulo left his son-in-law Lucius Annius Vinicianus to accompany Tiridates I to Rome in order to attest his own fidelity to Nero.

paragraph: Section::::Visiting Rome.

paragraph: Prior to embarking for Rome, Tiridates I visited his mother and two brothers in Media Atropatene and Parthia. On his long trek he was accompanied by his wife and children and two of his brothers. His escort included an imposing retinue, comprising many feudal lords, several sages, 3,000 Parthian horsemen, and also a large number of Romans. His route lay across Thrace, through Illyria, on the eastern shores of the Adriatic and Picenum, in northeastern Italy. The journey took nine months, and Tiridates I rode on horseback, with his children and queen at his side. The children of Vologases, Monobazes and Pacorus also accompanied Tiridates I.

paragraph: Cassius Dio, a second-century Roman historian, described Tiridates I favorably at the time of his arrival: "Tiridates himself was in the prime of his life, a notable figure by reason of his youth, beauty, family, and intelligence." Nero greeted Tiridates I at Neapolis (Naples) in October, sending a state chariot to carry the visitor over the last few miles.

paragraph: According to Dio's account, Tiridates I refused to remove his sword as he approached the ruler of the Roman Empire (though as a compromise, he agreed to have his sword firmly fastened in the sheath, so that it could not be drawn). Nero was reportedly so impressed by this act that he ordered a gladiatorial games be staged in honor of his guest at Puteolis (present day Pozzuoli, near Naples). According to Cassius Dio, the Armenian king himself had an opportunity to display his ability as a marksman by shooting an arrow through the bodies of two buffaloes. Ethiopian women, men and children fought as gladiators and gladiatrices at the games to impress the Armenian king.

paragraph: The climax of the ceremonies was reserved for the capital. Rome was profusely decorated with flags, torches, garlands and bunting, and was gorgeously illuminated at night with great crowds of people seen everywhere.

paragraph: On the day after Tiridates I's arrival, Nero came to the Forum clothed in triumphal vestments and surrounded by dignitaries and soldiers, all resplendent in expensive attire and glittering armor. While Nero sat on the imperial throne, Tiridates I and his retinue advanced between two lines of soldiers. Arriving in front of the dais, Tiridates I knelt, with hands clasped on his breast. After the thundering shouts and acclamations excited by this spectacle had subsided, Tiridates I addressed the emperor:

paragraph: To which Nero replied:

paragraph: Tiridates I then mounted the steps of the platform and knelt, while Nero placed the royal diadem on his head. As the young king was about to kneel a second time, Nero lifted him by his right hand and after kissing him, made him sit at his side on a chair a little lower than his own. Meanwhile, the populace gave tumultuous ovations to both rulers. A Praetor, speaking to the audience, interpreted and explained the words of Tiridates, who spoke in Greek. According to Pliny the Elder, Tiridates I then introduced Nero to magian feasts ("magicis cenis"). Tacitus claimed that Tiridates I was also interested in all things Roman.

paragraph: Public festivities continued for some time after the coronation ceremony. The interior of the Theatre of Pompey and every piece of its furniture was entirely gilded for the occasion; for this reason, Rome thenceforth recalled that date as "the Golden Day." Daytime festivities were on a scale no less lavish than those of the night: Royal purple awnings stretched as protection against the heat of the sun. Nero, clad in green and wearing a chariot driver's headdress, took part in a chariot race. At the evening banquets, Nero, in gold-embroidered vestments, sang and played the lyre with zither accompaniment. Tiridates I was amazed and disgusted by Nero's extravagance, but he had only praise for Corbulo and expressed to Corbulo his surprise at his serving such a master. He made no concealment of his views to Nero's face and said to him sarcastically: "Sire, you have a wonderful servant in the person of Corbulo."

paragraph: In memory of these events, the Senate honored Nero with the laurel wreath and the title of Imperator, or commander-in-chief of the armies. No reception comparable to this in magnitude and splendor is recorded in the history of Rome. Besides the enormous sum spent in festivities, the Roman Government bore the entire cost of the journey of Tiridates I and his retinue, both from and to their homeland. Nero also made a gift to Tiridates I of fifty million sesterces.

paragraph: On his journey back to Armenia, Tiridates I viewed an exhibition of pancratium. When seeing that one of the contestants fell on his back and was being beaten by his opponents, Tiridates I saw exclaimed: "That's an unfair contest. It isn't fair that a man who has fallen should be beaten."

paragraph: Later, Nero summoned the Parthian King Vologases I to Rome several times, but when the invitations became burdensome to Vologases I, he sent back a dispatch to this effect: "It is far easier for you than for me to traverse so great a body of water. Therefore, if you will come to Asia, we can then arrange to meet each other."

paragraph: It has been suggested that the visit of Tiridates I, an event that greatly impressed contemporaries, was adapted by Christians to become the story of the adoration of the Christ Child by the Three Magi. The Christian legend changed Rome into Bethlehem, the birthplace of the Ruler of the coming Kingdom of God, and replaced Tiridates I with that contemporary king who was already connected with Christianity through the Acts of St. Thomas: Gondophares, otherwise known as Kaspar.

paragraph: Section::::Fragile peace.

paragraph: Peace prevailed at this time throughout the Roman Empire. Nero therefore closed the gates of the Temple of Janus, which were never shut save in times of universal peace. When Tiridates I returned to Armenia, he took with him a great number of skilled artisans for the reconstruction of Artaxata. He renamed the capital Neronia in honor of the emperor; he embellished the royal residence at Garni, nearby, with colonnades and monuments of dazzling richness and also the addition of a new temple. Trade between the two continents also grew, allowing Armenia to secure its independence from Rome. Rome now counted upon Armenia as a loyal ally, even after Nero's death and through the entire duration of Vespasian's rule in the East. Peace was a considerable victory for Nero politically.

paragraph: The immediate dividend of the peace was Rome's ability to turn its full attention to the mounting problems at Judea, which broke into open warfare culminating in the First Jewish–Roman War just one year after Tiridates' coronation. Large numbers of legions were diverted to Judea from Syria, which would otherwise have been impossible. Nero became very popular in the eastern provinces of Rome and with the Armenians and Parthians. The name of Legio XII Fulminata discovered carved on a mountain in Gobustan (in modern Azerbaijan), attests to the presence of Roman soldiers by the shores of the Caspian Sea in 89 AD, farther east than any previously known Roman inscription. The peace between Parthia and Rome lasted 50 years, until emperor Trajan invaded Armenia in 114.

paragraph: Section::::War with Alans and aftermath.

paragraph: In 72 the Alans, a warlike nomadic Sarmatian tribe, made an incursion into Media Atropatene as well as various districts of northern Armenia. Tiridates I and his brother Pacorus, King of Media Atropatene, faced them at a number of battles, during one of which Tiridates I was briefly captured, narrowly escaping being taken alive. He was lassoed from a distance and caught, but he quickly managed to whip out his sword and slash the rope in time. The Alans withdrew with a lot of booty after plundering Armenia and Media Atropatene. The King of Iberia asked for protection against the Alans from Vespasian, who helped reconstruct the fortress of Harmozica around the Iberian capital Mtskheta, near modern Tbilisi. An Aramaic inscription found near Tbilisi indicates that Tiridates I also warred with Iberia during his final years. The exact date of the end of Tiridates I's reign is unknown; various sources name Sanatruces as his successor. It is known that Tiridates' nephew, Axidares, the son of Pacorus II of Parthia, was King of Armenia by 110.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Franz Cumont in "Les Réligions Orientales dans le Paganisme Romain" ("The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism") pointed out that Tiridates I was instrumental in the development of Mithraism in Rome, which ultimately became the most dominant Roman religion throughout the empire.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girolamo Cardano "Nero: An Exemplary Life" Inkstone 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corbulo, Armenia and Parthia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domicio Corbulon: Y la Guerra de Armenia - analysis of the conflict with Corbulo, includes detailed maps

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perceptions of Classical Armenia:. Romano-Parthian Relations, 70 BC-220 AD.

description: King of Armenia

wikidata_label: Tiridates I of Armenia

wikipedia_title: Tiridates I of Armenia


text: Dutch

text: explorer

text: Australia

text: "'t Gulden Zeepaerdt"

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: Batavia

text: Australia

text: Cape Leeuwin

text: Pieter Nuyts

text: Pieter Nuyts

text: VOC

text: Nuyts Archipelago

text: Middelburg

text: Zeeland

text: Hessel Gerritsz

text: Jean Pierre Purry

text: Gulliver's Travels

text: Jonathan Swift

text: Lilliput and Blefuscu

text: Nuyts Archipelago

text: South Australia

text: Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux

text: La Pérouse

text: Pulicat

categories: Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company,Explorers of South Australia,Year of birth missing,Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company,1638 deaths,16th-century births,17th-century Dutch explorers,Explorers of Western Australia

paragraph: François Thijssen

paragraph: François Thijssen or Frans Thijsz (died 13 October 1638?) was a Dutch explorer who explored the southern coast of Australia.

paragraph: He was the captain of the ship "'t Gulden Zeepaerdt" ("The Golden Seahorse") when sailing from Cape of Good Hope to Batavia. On this voyage, he ended up too far to the south and on 26 January 1627 he came upon the coast of Australia, near Cape Leeuwin.

paragraph: Thijssen continued to sail eastwards, mapping more than 1500 kilometres of Australia's coast. He called the land "'t Land van Pieter Nuyts" ("The Land of Pieter Nuyts"), referring to the highest VOC official aboard his ship. Part of Thijssen's map shows the islands St Francis and St Peter, now known collectively with their respective groups as the Nuyts Archipelago. The ship, which had been built in Middelburg and left Zeeland on 22 May 1626, finally arrived in Batavia on 10 April 1627. Thijssen's observations were included as soon as 1628 by the VOC cartographer Hessel Gerritsz in a chart of the Indies and New Holland.

paragraph: This voyage defined most of the southern coast of Australia and discouraged the notion that "New Holland", as it was then known, was linked to Antarctica. Much later, Thijssen's findings led Jean Pierre Purry to propose a Dutch colony on the mainland there in 1717-18. In his 1726 novel "Gulliver's Travels", Jonathan Swift placed Lilliput and Blefuscu near the unimaginably remote Nuyts Archipelago a hundred years after their discovery. Indeed, present day South Australia would not be visited again by Europeans for 165 years, when in 1792 the French explorer Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux searched there for his lost compatriot La Pérouse.

paragraph: Thijssen took the "Gulden Zeepaerdt" back to Middelburg on a 1629-1630 voyage. He was captain on the ship "Valk" which sailed in 1636 from Zeeland to Batavia. Later, this ship perished near Pulicat in southeast India on 13 October 1638, though it is unclear if François Thijssen was its captain at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Pearson "Great Southern Land. The maritime explorations of Terra Australis" (2005) (published by the Australian government department of the environment and heritage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Data on trips of the VOC ships ‘’Gulden Zeepaard’’ and ‘’Valk’’

description: Dutch explorer

wikidata_label: François Thijssen

wikipedia_title: François Thijssen


text:
king of Kent
Ceolwulf I
Mercia
Beornwulf
Æthelwulf
Egbert of Wessex

categories: 9th-century English monarchs,Kentish monarchs,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Baldred of Kent

paragraph: Baldred was king of Kent, from 823 until 826 or 827. Ceolwulf I, king of Mercia, had ruled Kent directly, but in 823 he was deposed by Beornwulf, and at about the same time moneyers at Canterbury started issuing coins in the name of Baldred, king of Kent. It is uncertain whether he was independent or a Mercian under-king. In 826 or 827 he was expelled by Æthelwulf, son of King Egbert of Wessex, and Kent was ruled directly by Wessex thereafter.

paragraph: Nineteen of his coins are known.

description: 9th-century English monarch

wikidata_label: Baldred of Kent

wikipedia_title: Baldred of Kent


text:
alpine ski racer
2015 World Championships
Beaver Creek
Super-G

categories: Sportspeople from Rijeka,Living people,Olympic alpine skiers of Croatia,Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,1997 births,Croatian female alpine skiers

paragraph: Leona Popović

paragraph: Leona Popović (; born 13 November 1997) is a Croatian alpine ski racer.

paragraph: She competed at the 2015 World Championships in Beaver Creek, USA, in the Super-G.

description: Croatian alpine skier

wikidata_label: Leona Popović

wikipedia_title: Leona Popović


text: Bosnia

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: FK Sarajevo

paragraph: Haad (company)

paragraph: Haad is a Bosnian fashion house launched by designer Adnan Hajrulahović. His fashion studio is based in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2013 Adnan Hajrulahović started his "Get a game" sports line, signing a kit sponsorship agreement with Bosnian football club FK Sarajevo.

paragraph: On 31 March 2015 the label signed a kit sponsorship agreement with the Basketball Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In May 2015 "Haad Get a game" opened a new factory in Zenica for the purpose of expanding its production.

description: Bosnia fashion designer

wikidata_label: Haad

wikipedia_title: Haad (company)


text:
Italian
volcanologist
Catholic
priest
Mercalli intensity scale
earthquake
Milan
Roman Catholic
Italian
Domodossola
Reggio di Calabria
University of Catania
Naples University
Vesuvius Observatory
Mercalli intensity scale
earthquake
Richter magnitude scale
earthquake engineering
Stromboli
Vulcano
Aeolian Islands
Volcanic Explosivity Index
Strombolian eruption
Vulcanian eruption
Vesuvius
Rossi–Forel scale
Mercalli intensity scale
Adolfo Cancani
August Heinrich Sieberg
Harry O. Wood
Frank Neumann
Charles Richter
Richter scale

categories: People from Milan,Earthquake engineering,Italian geologists,19th-century Roman Catholic priests,Seismologists,Italian volcanologists,1850 births,Catholic clergy scientists,1914 deaths

paragraph: Giuseppe Mercalli

paragraph: Giuseppe Mercalli (21 May 1850 – 19 March 1914) was an Italian volcanologist and Catholic priest. He is best remembered for the Mercalli intensity scale for measuring earthquakes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Milan, Mercalli was ordained a Roman Catholic priest and soon became a professor of the Natural Sciences at the seminary of Milan. The Italian government appointed him a professor at Domodossola, followed by a post at Reggio di Calabria. He was professor of geology at the University of Catania in the late 1880s and finally was given a post at the Naples University. He was also director of the Vesuvius Observatory until the time of his death.

paragraph: He is best remembered for the Mercalli intensity scale for measuring earthquakes which, in modified form, is still used today. Unlike the Richter magnitude scale, which measures the energy released by an earthquake, the Mercalli intensity scale measures the subjectively assessed effects of an earthquake. It is poorly suited for measuring earthquakes in sparsely populated areas but ideal for comparing damage done by various tremors, and is useful in earthquake engineering. The scale in use today assigns indices ranging from I - "Not felt, except by a few under favorable conditions", to XII - "Damage total; objects thrown into the air."

paragraph: Giuseppe Mercalli also observed eruptions of the volcanoes Stromboli and Vulcano in the Aeolian Islands. His descriptions of these eruptions became the basis for two indices in the Volcanic Explosivity Index: 1 - Strombolian eruption, and 2 - Vulcanian eruption. He also photographed Vesuvius immediately after its eruption in 1906.

paragraph: In 1914, Mercalli burnt to death under suspicious circumstances, allegedly after knocking over a paraffin lamp in his bedroom. He is thought to have been working through the night, as he often did (he once was found working at 11 a.m. when he had set an examination, upon hearing which he replied, “It surely can't be daylight yet!”), when the fatal accident occurred. His body was found, carbonized, by his bed, holding a blanket which he attempted to use to fend off the flames. The authorities, however, stated a few days later that the professor was quite possibly murdered by strangling and soaked in petrol and burned to conceal the crime because they determined that money now worth about $1,400 was missing from the professor's apartment.

paragraph: Section::::Intensity scales.

paragraph: Mercalli devised two earthquake intensity scales, both modifications of the Rossi–Forel scale. The first, now largely forgotten, had six degrees whereas the Rossi–Forel scale had ten. The second, now known as the Mercalli intensity scale, had ten degrees, and expanded on the descriptions in the Rossi–Forel scale.

paragraph: Italian physicist Adolfo Cancani expanded the ten-degree Mercalli scale with the addition of two degrees at the top of the scale: XI (catastrophe) and XII (enormous catastrophe). This was later completely rewritten by the German geophysicist August Heinrich Sieberg and became known as the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale. This was modified and published in English by Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931 as the Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN) scale. It was later improved by Charles Richter, developer of the Richter scale. The scale is known today as the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI).

description: Italian volcanologist

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Mercalli

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Mercalli


text:
Nicholas Poussin
Jacques Stella
Lyon
goldsmith
Jacques Stella
Antoinette
Joseph Strutt
Nicolas Poussin

categories: People from Lyon,French engravers,1697 deaths,1636 births,17th-century women artists,French women painters,French women printmakers,17th-century engravers

paragraph: Claudine Bouzonnet-Stella

paragraph: Claudine Bouzonnet-Stella (1636–1697) was a French engraver, most of whose prints were after works by Nicholas Poussin, or by her uncle Jacques Stella, from whom she received her artistic education.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born at Lyon in 1636, the daughter of Étienne Bouzonnet, a goldsmith, and his wife, Madeleine Stella. She studied art in Paris under her uncle, Jacques Stella. Having collaborated with various engravers for many years before achieving considerable success as a painter, Stella had decided to set up a workshop to produce prints after his designs. To staff it he brought in his sister's children, Claudine, Antoinette, Francoise and Antoine, all of whom moved from Lyon to live in his apartments in the Louvre. It is, however, likely that Claudine Bouzonnet-Stella also had some training in engraving from another practitioner, as her uncle's printmaking activities had been restricted to etching.

paragraph: Following Jacques Stella's death in 1657 she became head of the workshop, and was granted exclusive rights by the king to publish prints after Stella's designs. In the same year she issued "Les Jeux et Plaisirs de l'Enfance", a set of 50 plates which she had engraved herself after a series of drawings by Jacques Stella.

paragraph: In 1667 she published "Les Pastorales", a set of 16 prints of rural subjects. Although these too were published as works after Jacques Stella, no originals have been traced, nor are any drawings mentioned in a surviving inventory of the workshop, leading some art historians to suggest that the designs may have been by Bouzonnet-Stella herself. She also produced prints after works by Nicholas Poussin, who had been a close friend of her uncle, and after her own designs. For the latter, however, she did not act as her own publisher.

paragraph: Her technique combined both etching and engraving. In the late 18th century Joseph Strutt wrote of her prints:If they be not executed with that precision and neatness, which are found in the best French masters, they possess such beauties as overbalance all defects of that nature. The naked parts of the figures are exceedingly well-drawn; and the characters of the heads are finely expressed. She delineated the other extremities with great taste and correctness.

paragraph: She died in Paris in 1697.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Her plates are mostly after Jacques Stella and Nicolas Poussin. They include:

paragraph: Section::::Works.:After Jacques Stella.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Jeux et Plaisirs de l'Enfance"(1657), a set 50 plates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Pastorales" (1667), a set of 17 plates, including a title page.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Marriage of St. Catharine".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ at the Column"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:After Nicolas Poussin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moses found in the Bulrushes", in two plates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moses striking the Rock".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crucifixion", called "the Great Calvary".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Peter and St. John curing the Lame Man".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holy Family with St John Offering an Apple to the Christ Child".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holy Family with Children Bringing Flowers".

alias:
Claudine Bouzonnet Stella
Claudine Bouzounet Stella
Claudine Bouzonnet
Claudio Stella
Claudine Stella
Claude Stella
Cl. Bouf. Stella
Mademoiselle Stella

description: French engraver

wikidata_label: Claudine Bouzonnet-Stella

wikipedia_title: Claudine Bouzonnet-Stella


text:
Catholic
Cardinal
Savoy
Mondovì
Savoy
Marquis
Ceva
Rome
prelate
Pope Urban VIII
France
conclavist
1623 conclave
prelate
nuncio
Santa Prisca
conclave of 1644
Pope Innocent X
conclave of 1655
Pope Alexander VII

categories: Italian cardinals,1655 deaths,1580 births

paragraph: Francesco Adriano Ceva

paragraph: Francesco Adriano Ceva (1580 - 12 October 1655) was a Catholic Cardinal from Savoy.

paragraph: Francesco Adriano Ceva was born in 1580 in Mondovì, Savoy to the House of Ceva; Marquises of Ceva. His birth name may have been "Hadriano" or simply "Adriano" only.

paragraph: As a young man he went to Rome and became a prelate to Cardinal Maffeo Barberini who was later elected to the papal throne as Pope Urban VIII. He served as the secretary of Barberini's legation to France and as a conclavist to the Cardinal during the 1623 conclave. It is said he was responsible, at least in part, for masterminding Barberini's ascent to the papacy.

paragraph: Pope Urban's election meant promotion for Ceva and he became a domestic prelate to the Pope. Later he was sent as a nuncio "extraordinaire" to France.

paragraph: He was further rewarded when Urban elevated him to cardinal in 1643 and he was made Cardinal-Priest at Santa Prisca. The following year, Pope Urban died and Ceva participated in the conclave of 1644, which elected Pope Innocent X. He later participated in the conclave of 1655, which elected Pope Alexander VII. He died a few months later on 12 October 1655.

description: Roman Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Francesco Adriano Ceva

wikipedia_title: Francesco Adriano Ceva


text:
American football
punter
Jacksonville Jaguars
undrafted free agent
college football
Fresno State
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Detroit Lions
San Diego Chargers
New York Jets
Washington Redskins
college football
Fresno State
WAC
Jacksonville Jaguars
Adam Podlesh
Chris Bryan
Detroit Lions
Ryan Donahue
Ben Graham
New York Jets
T. J. Conley
Washington Redskins
Tom Malone
college football
USC
Fresno State Bulldogs bio
New York Jets bio
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

categories: American football punters,Washington Redskins players,Detroit Lions players,1988 births,Players of American football from California,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,New York Jets players,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Fresno State Bulldogs football players,Living people

paragraph: Robert Malone

paragraph: Robert James Malone (born February 4, 1988) is an American football punter who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Fresno State.

paragraph: He has also been a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Detroit Lions, San Diego Chargers, New York Jets, and Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Malone played college football at Fresno State. There he was a first-team All-WAC selection after punting 44 times for a 45.2-yard average, with 17 of his kicks downed inside the opponent's 20-yard line. He also kicked 15 punts for 50 or more yards, including a career long of 74. In his collegiate career, Malone played in 41 games and punted 120 times for 5,117 yards with a 42.6-yard average and 44 punts inside the 20.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Malone originally entered the NFL as an undrafted free agent with the Jacksonville Jaguars in the spring of 2010. However, he was released before training camp by the Jaguars, who stuck with their incumbent punter Adam Podlesh.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: Malone was signed by the Buccaneers on October 13, 2010 to replace Chris Bryan as the team's punter. He was waived on August 29, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On November 11, 2011, Malone signed with the Detroit Lions after an injury to Ryan Donahue. He was waived on November 15 and was replaced by Ben Graham.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: He signed with the Chargers on May 30, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Malone was signed by the New York Jets on September 4, 2012. He became the team's starting punter with the release of incumbent T. J. Conley. He was released on September 16, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Malone signed a reserve/future contract with the Washington Redskins on December 31, 2013. He was waived for final roster cuts on August 29, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: Malone signed a contract with the New York Giants in 2015. On September 1, 2015, he was waived by the Giants.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Robert Malone grew up in Riverside, CA and went to Martin Luther King High School. He punted for the high school football team. His cousin, Tom Malone, was an NFL punter and played college football at USC.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fresno State Bulldogs bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Jets bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Robert Malone

wikipedia_title: Robert Malone


text:
Uglich
Governorate of Yaroslavl
Russian Empire
Bayside
Russia
Leon Benois
H.H. Richardson
Eliel Saarinen
Ellis Island
Beaux-Arts
Great Depression
Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
Constructivism
New York City Planning Commission
Saint Petersburg
German Theatre
Tallinn
Aleksey Fyodorovich Bubyr
civil registry
Saint Petersburg Mosque

categories: 1875 births,Russian architects,1958 deaths,People from Yaroslavl Oblast

paragraph: Nikolai Vasilyevich Vasilyev

paragraph: Nicholas B. Vassilieve (; born in Uglich uyezd, Governorate of Yaroslavl, Russian Empire, died 16 October 1958 in Bayside, New York, USA) was a Russian architect who emigrated to the United States in 1923.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nicholas B. Vassilieve was born on November 26 (8 December) 1875 in the village of Uglich in the Pogorelki county of the Yaroslavl province. His father, a native peasant, later became a member of the merchant class in St. Petersburg.

paragraph: Section::::Russia.

paragraph: After completing his military service, Vassilieve joined the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1896. Upon graduation in 1901, he received a silver medal "for architectural design". After the Institute, he entered the Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied in the studio Leon Benois. He graduated from the Academy in 1904.

paragraph: Before the Revolution, he lived and worked in St. Petersburg. In 1906, he entered the Charitable Office of Empress Maria, simultaneously maintaining a private practice. Nicholas Vassilieve's primary activity was working on architectural competitions, of which he won over 90 before the Revolution. He frequently collaborated with fellow architects and former classmates. Vassilieve's outstanding creativity and imagination dominated most of his collaborative work, as his colleagues were left to finesse the plans and determine the structural engineering of the project.

paragraph: Among his most successful alliances was one with his friend and former classmate Alexey Bubyr. Together they designed the Apartment House at 11 Stremianaya Street (доходный дом Угрюмовых), the German theater (Немецкий театр) in Reval (Tallinn) and the Luther House (Вилла-особняк А. Лютера) also in Reval.

paragraph: Amongst the most visible works of Vassilieve remaining in St. Petersburg are the Mosque (Санкт-Петербургская соборная и кафедральная мечеть) on Kronverkski Prospect, 7., The New Passage («Новый Пассаж») at Liteiny Prospect, 57 and the Guards Economic Society Building (Торговый дом Гвардейского экономического общества) at Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street, 21-23.

paragraph: Vassilieve is considered one of the leaders of the "Northern Modern" architectural movement, that emerged in St. Petersburg around 1900, influenced both by the American architect H.H. Richardson and the Finnish master Eliel Saarinen. In 1910, Nicholas Vassilieve, keeping it with a national trend, moved towards a more "neo-classical" style.

paragraph: In 1918, he emigrated first to Constantinople, Turkey and then to Belgrade, Serbia before permanently emigrating to the United States in 1923, having entered and won an honorable mention prize in the 1922 Chicago Tribune Tower competition.

paragraph: Section::::NYC.

paragraph: Upon arrival in the USA his name was changed to Nicholas Vassilieff at Ellis Island and in 1928 to Nicholas B. Vassilieve in his "Petition for Naturalization".

paragraph: In New York City, he worked for the Beaux-Arts firm of Warren & Wetmore from 1923 to 1931. Later, unemployed due to the Great Depression, he, nevertheless, continued to work on a part-time basis for Shreve, Lamb and Harmon as well as a freelancer for competitions. Disillusioned by the "American Dream", he entered and won a prize in the 1931 Palace of the Soviets Competition, switching formal idioms once more, now to a radical modernism influenced by Constructivism. In 1936, he joined the New York City Tunnel Authority and in 1938 joined the New York City Planning Commission, where he worked until his retirement at age 77.

paragraph: Vassilieve is an emblematic figure, representing an entire "lost generation" or Russian emigre architects who fled the fallen Tsarist empire for New York City, only to face a life of non-assimilation and discrimination, in the "New World".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1901: Kazan church and chapel on the Krasnenkoe cemetery, Saint Petersburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910: German Theatre (Pärnu mnt 5; now Estonian Drama Theatre) in Tallinn, with Aleksey Fyodorovich Bubyr

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909–1910: Luther Villa (Pärnu mnt 67; now a civil registry office) in Tallinn, with Aleksey Fyodorovich Bubyr

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909: Saint Petersburg Mosque

alias:
Nikolay Vasil'yev
Nikolay Vasil'yevich Vasil'yev

description: Russian architect

wikidata_label: Nikolai Vasilyevich Vasilyev

wikipedia_title: Nikolai Vasilyevich Vasilyev


text: race car

text: driver

text: BMW

text: Los Angeles

text: motocross

text: IMSA

text: GTU

text: Formula Three

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: American Le Mans Series

text: BMW V12 LMR

text: Schnitzer Motorsport

text: Petit Le Mans

text: Road Atlanta

text: Yannick Dalmas

text: Porsche 911 GT1

text: Daytona Prototype

text: BMW 325i

text: Turner Motorsport

text: Turner Motorsport

text: Panoz Racing

text: IMSA

text: Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing

text: IMSA

text: WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

text: BMW Z4 GTE

text: BMW M6 GTLM

text: GTD class

text: BMW M6 GT3

text: Turner BMW #96

text: Grassroots Motorsports

text: Grand-Am driver profile

text: Profile on TheRaceSite.com

categories: 24 Hours of Daytona drivers,Sportspeople from Redondo Beach, California,American Le Mans Series drivers,Racing drivers from California,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,20th-century American racing drivers,Atlantic Championship drivers,1968 births,United SportsCar Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Bill Auberlen

paragraph: Bill Auberlen (born October 12, 1968) is an American factory race car driver known for his affiliation with BMW, driving cars made and run by the famous German marque for a number of years.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career and affiliation with BMW.

paragraph: Auberlen was born in Redondo Beach, California, located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. His career started in the 1970s in motocross, with Auberlen moving to IMSA GTU in 1987. He stayed there until 1997, his last year resulting in him winning the championship. During his time in the IMSA Series he had also become the 1996 Peruvian Formula Three champion. Other competitions Auberlen has competed in during his career include the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the American Le Mans Series (1999-2003), driving a BMW V12 LMR in 1999 and 2000 for Schnitzer Motorsport. During the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta in 2000, his BMW did a spectacular "back flip" over the same hump over which Yannick Dalmas backflipped in a Porsche 911 GT1 in 1998.

paragraph: Auberlen briefly stepped up to Grand-Am's Daytona Prototype class in 2003, in addition to driving a BMW 325i for Turner Motorsport in World Challenge touring. Auberlen won both the 2003 and 2004 Speed World Challenge Touring Car Championship behind the wheel of a Turner Motorsport BMW 325i. By doing so, Auberlen ended an eight-year Honda / Acura domination of the series. For 2004, Auberlen dedicated himself to the production-based World Challenge GT class for BMW Motorsport's Prototype Technology Group team, earning the series championship for BMW. In 2005, Auberlen continued to drive for BMW PTG in Grand-Am's GT series, while also driving for Panoz Racing in IMSA's American Le Mans Series. In 2006, Auberlen is once again exclusively driving BMW's — an M3 for Sigalsport's Grand-Am GT team, an M3 for Turner's Grand-Am team and an M3 for BMW PTG's ALMS team.

paragraph: Bill Auberlen has driven BMW cars in more races than any other driver in the world. He has won six professional auto-racing championships, four with BMW power. He has competed in over 500 professional races to date, 339 in BMWs. His results include 91 race victories, 188 podium finishes, 56 pole positions, 83 fastest race laps and 110 records.

paragraph: For four seasons (2014-2017), Auberlen drove full-time for Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing in the IMSA GTLM class of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship; first in a BMW Z4 GTE then BMW M6 GTLM. In November 2017, Auberlen was named a BMW Brand Ambassador, but stepped down as a full-time driver in GTLM for 2018. He continued to compete part-time for RLLR in the endurance races, while driving for Turner Motorsports in the IMSA GTD class in shorter events, driving a BMW M6 GT3.

paragraph: In 2019, Auberlen is returning to full-time competition for BMW, partnering with Robby Foley in the Turner BMW #96 in the GTD class.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In addition to his racing success, Auberlen has designed and built fast boats and bikes. Using motorsport technology, he developed X Power Drive, a high-performance boating outdrive, engineered a custom 1554-hp Chevrolet engine that powered his open-bow Carrera catamaran to numerous world speed and acceleration records. He also built a custom turbocharged 420 hp motorcycle.

paragraph: Section::::Career highlights.

paragraph: 1987-94 IMSA GTU – eight poles (five record), five wins including pole and win in East-West Challenge 1993 (Fuji, Japan) and 1994 (Autopolis, Japan), 16 podiums including second in 12 Hours of Sebring 1987 and 24 Hours of Daytona 1988, three fastest race laps (one record); co-drove with father Gary 1987 to 1989.

paragraph: 1995 IMSA GTS-2 – second, record seven-consecutive record poles, five wins including 12 Hours of Sebring on 10th anniversary of father Gary's Sebring win, eight podiums and seven record fastest race laps in 11 races; Speedvision Cup – two wins, three podiums, two record fastest race laps; Atlantic Championship – second in series debut, record fastest race lap.

paragraph: 1996 Bill joined BMW Team PTG after his very successful privateer effort. He became the 1996 Peruvian Formula Three champion – four wins, five podiums; IMSA GTS-2 – one record pole, three podiums, one fastest race lap; competed in all three classes at the 12 Hours of Sebring; first WSC start, in Rolex 24 At Daytona

paragraph: In 1997, Bill was the IMSA GTS-3 champion – six poles (three record), five wins including Rolex 24 At Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, eight podiums, three fastest race laps (two record); three WSC starts; Speedvision Cup – one record pole, two podiums; Atlantic Championship podium.

paragraph: 1998 fourth, 24 Heures du Mans GT1; test driver, BMW V8 race engine development; SPORTS CAR – first BMW prototype victory; SPORTS CAR and USRRC GT2 and GT3 – six record poles, seven wins including Rolex 24 At Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, two class wins in same race, nine podiums, seven fastest race laps (six record); International Sports Racing Series – two podiums; Won the final IMSA GT Championship race overall at Laguna Seca Raceway

paragraph: 1999 fifth, 24 Heures du Mans Prototype; American Le Mans Series Prototype – three podiums; USRRC GT3 – one record fastest race lap

paragraph: 2000 American Le Mans Series Prototype – two podiums; Grand American Road Racing Association GTU – two wins, two record fastest race laps

paragraph: 2001 American Le Mans Series GT – Petit Le Mans win, one record fastest race lap; Rolex Sports Car Series GT – one overall and GT podium, one record fastest race lap; World Challenge TC – one pole, record 43-place last-to-first victory at Lime Rock Park, one fastest race lap

paragraph: 2002 Rolex Sports Car Series GT co-champion – two poles (one record), five wins, seven podiums, one record fastest race lap; 24 Heures du Mans LMP 900; American Le Mans Series LMP 900 – one podium; Grand-Am Cup GS1 – one podium, one record fastest race lap

paragraph: 2003 World Challenge TC champion – three poles (two record), four wins including three flag-to-flag, record eight podiums, seven fastest race laps (five record), two record race speeds; World Challenge GT – second, four poles (three record), three wins, one flag-to-flag and one last-to-first at Lime Rock Park in heavy rain, four podiums, four fastest race laps (three record), one record race speed; Rolex Sports Car Series DP – one record pole, two podiums, one record fastest race lap; American Le Mans Series LMP 900 – one podium

paragraph: 2003 "Grassroots Motorsports" Editors' Choice Award.

paragraph: 2004 Rolex Sports Car Series GT champion – five record poles, record eight wins including record six consecutive wins, nine podiums, six fastest race laps (three record), career GT victory record; World Challenge TC champion – three record poles, three wins, five podiums, two record fastest race laps, one record race speed, record career winning percentage; Grand-Am Cup ST – one win; selected as All-American Team member, American Auto Racing Writers and Broadcasters Association

paragraph: 2005 24 Heures du Mans GT2 – qualified third; American Le Mans Series GT – one record pole, one win, two podiums; Rolex Sports Car Series GT – three poles (one record), three wins, five podiums, three fastest race laps (two record); Grand-Am Cup GS – five wins, six podiums, one record fastest race lap; World Challenge TC – one pole, two wins, three podiums, two fastest race laps (one record), one record race speed, series record fifth career win at Lime Rock Park

paragraph: 2006 American Le Mans Series GT2 – three podiums; Rolex Sports Car Series – one DP podium, one GT record fastest race lap; Grand-Am Cup GS – third, two wins, five podiums, two fastest race laps (one record); World Challenge TC – one record pole, one win, one record fastest race lap

paragraph: 2007 American Le Mans Series GT2 – one podium; Rolex Sports Car Series DP – one win; KONI Challenge Series GS – three wins, five podiums, two fastest race laps (one record)

paragraph: 2008 Rolex Sports Car Series DP – two podiums; KONI Sports Car Challenge GS – one pole, one win, four podiums, four fastest race laps

paragraph: 2009 American Le Mans Series GT2 - one win, two podiums; KONI Sports Car Challenge GS – one win, four podiums, one fastest race lap

paragraph: 2010 American Le Mans Series GT – team champion, third in driver points, six podiums including 12 Hours of Sebring; Rolex Sports Car Series GT – one win, two podiums, two fastest race laps(one record); Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge GS – one fastest race lap

paragraph: 2011 American Le Mans Series GT – five podiums, including second, 12 Hours of Sebring; 24H Dubai – fifth, third-fastest race lap; Rolex Sports Car Series GT – two wins, four podiums, one fastest race lap; Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge GS – one win, five podiums, two fastest race laps (one record)

paragraph: 2012 American Le Mans Series GT – one record pole, one win, four podiums, one record fastest race lap; Rolex Sports Car Series GT – two wins, four podiums, two fastest race laps (one record)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand-Am driver profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio and career highlights (Rahal Letterman Racing)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on TheRaceSite.com

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Bill Auberlen

wikipedia_title: Bill Auberlen


text:
British
racing car
driver
Grantham
Spanish GT Championship
Saleen S7R
Balfe Motorsport
FIA GT Championship

categories: English racing drivers,1972 births,Sports car racing team owners,People from Grantham,International GT Open drivers,FIA GT Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Shaun Balfe

paragraph: Shaun Balfe (born 4 June 1972) is a British racing car driver from Grantham who won the 2004 Spanish GT Championship. In 2006 he raced a Saleen S7R for Balfe Motorsport

paragraph: in the FIA GT Championship He currently races in the amateur Radical UK Cup.

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Shaun Balfe

wikipedia_title: Shaun Balfe


text:
Battle of Fujigawa
Minamoto no Yoshinaka
Battle of Kurikara
Tale of the Heike
Fujiwara no Shunzei
Senzaishu
Battle of Ichi-no-Tani
Taira no Tadayuki
Noh
Zeami
Heike Monogatari

categories: Japanese warriors killed in battle,1144 births,1184 deaths,Taira clan

paragraph: Taira no Tadanori

paragraph: Tadanori also took part in the Battle of Fujigawa.

paragraph: Tadanori also fought against Minamoto no Yoshinaka in the Battle of Kurikara.

paragraph: According to the "Tale of the Heike", before fleeing the capital, he visited Fujiwara no Shunzei to deliver a "hundred or so" poems. Shunzei included one anonymously in the "Senzaishu". The poem read, "In ruins now, the old capital of Shiga by the waves, yet the wild cherries of Nagara still bloom as before."

paragraph: He was killed in the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani. Tadanori had a son named Taira no Tadayuki.

paragraph: Tadanori is featured as the title character in a Noh play by Zeami; in the play, his spirit returns to the mortal world to plead for recognition for having authored a well-known poem. According to the "Heike Monogatari", a poem was found in his quiver after his death. The poem reads: "Were I, still traveling as night falls, to make a sheltering tree my inn, then would my host tonight be the blossoms themselves?" In reference to this, Zeami designates a cherry tree as Tadanori's grave marker, and makes it the site of his play.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen (1998). "The Samurai Sourcebook." London: Cassell & Co.

description: General in the Genpei War

wikidata_label: Taira no Tadanori

wikipedia_title: Taira no Tadanori


text:
African-American
baseball
pitcher
Negro Leagues
Detroit
Michigan
Frank Leland
Mike Moore
Grant Johnson
Harry Buckner
Dan McClellan
Big Bill Smith
Frank Leland
Jimmy Smith
Chicago Giants
Negro National League
Chicago
Blue Island, Illinois
Pittsburgh Courier
Walter Ball
George Walter Ball on Find a Grave

categories: 1946 deaths,Baseball pitchers,Leland Giants players,1877 births,Baseball players from Michigan

paragraph: Walter Ball (baseball)

paragraph: George Walter Ball (September 13, 1877 – December 15, 1946) was an African-American baseball pitcher in the Negro Leagues. Born in Detroit, Michigan, from 1893 he played ten years as the only black player on minor white teams in Minnesota and North Dakota. For more than a decade beginning 1903, he played for major teams, mainly in the Chicago region. Sources say he was given the nickname "The Georgia Rabbit" and "Diamond."

paragraph: He began his baseball career in 1893 in St. Paul, Minnesota playing for the Young Cyclones team. He also played briefly with the Osceola team until 1899, when he went to Grand Forks, North Dakota where he played until the end of the 1900 season. In the first season, Ball won 25 out of 28 games, and helped the team win the state baseball championship of North Dakota.

paragraph: Ball played with the Lakota, North Dakota team for the first part of the 1901 season. He captained the York, North Dakota baseball team the last half of the season and finished the season there.

paragraph: In 1902 he played on the St. Cloud baseball team, helping them win the championship of eastern Minnesota. He wintered in Grand Forks, North Dakota and was signed by Frank Leland to play for his Chicago Union Giants in 1903. It was the first colored baseball team Ball had ever played for, and until then he had always been the only black player on white teams.

paragraph: After the 1903 season with the Chicago Union Giants, Ball was signed and played for the Cuban X-Giants for the 1904 season, playing with Mike Moore, Grant Johnson, Harry Buckner, Dan McClellan, and Big Bill Smith.

paragraph: In 1905 Ball played the first half of the season for the Brooklyn Royal Giants. During the last half of the season, he was back playing for the Chicago Union Giants, reportedly winning 48 straight games.

paragraph: In 1906 Ball went to New York to play a season with the Quaker Giants, but the team folded by July 1 of that year. He came back to Chicago and finished the year with the Leland Giants.

paragraph: Working with Reid and Hirshfield, Ball organized and managed the St. Paul Gophers in 1907. He even played on the team part of the season, but didn't finish the season there and moved back to Chicago to finish the year with the Leland Giants.

paragraph: In 1908 Ball went back to Minneapolis, Minnesota and played for the Keystones. However, Frank Leland got Ball released from his contract, and he returned to Chicago to finish the season. He played winter ball in 1908-1909 for the Fe club of Havana, Cuba, winning 12 out of 15 games. He prevented the Almendares from winning the pennant which they had won five years in a row. When the winter season closed on March 31, 1909, he joined the Lelands at spring training in Memphis, Tennessee in April and toured the south, never losing a game in Spring Training.

paragraph: Ball opened the 1909 season with the Leland Giants, losing only one out of 25 league games that year.

paragraph: Sportswriter and fellow player Jimmy Smith put Ball on his 1909 "All American Team."

paragraph: He was still pitching for the Chicago Giants into his 40s when the Negro National League formed in 1920 and 1921.

paragraph: Ball died in Chicago. He is buried at the Lincoln Cemetery at Blue Island, Illinois.

paragraph: Six years after his death, Ball received votes listing him on the 1952 "Pittsburgh Courier" player-voted poll of the Negro Leagues' best players ever.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Riley.) Walter Ball, Personal profiles at Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. – identical to Riley (confirmed 2010-04-14)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Walter Ball on Find a Grave

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Walter Ball

wikipedia_title: Walter Ball (baseball)


text:
footballer
CA Osasuna
right or left back
Aspe
Alicante
Valencian Community
Valencia CF
the reserves
2006–07
2009–10
third division
2008–09 campaign
Real Murcia
second level
La Liga
UD Almería
Elche CF
his first season
Andalusia
B-side
free agent
CD Alcoyano
SD Eibar
freshly promoted to the second division
his debut campaign
Basques
Sporting de Gijón
free agent
CA Osasuna
Segunda División
2013–14
Segunda División
2018–19
Mediterranean Games
2009

wikipedia_title: Football at the 2009 Mediterranean Games

categories: Spanish footballers,Sporting de Gijón players,Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games,CD Alcoyano footballers,UD Almería B players,Segunda División players,Valencian footballers,Valencia CF Mestalla footballers,People from Vinalopó Mitjà,UD Almería players,La Liga players,Spain youth international footballers,Mediterranean Games medalists in football,Living people,CA Osasuna players,Real Murcia players,Association football defenders,Segunda División B players,Valencia CF players,1989 births,Tercera División players,SD Eibar footballers

paragraph: Lillo (footballer)

paragraph: Manuel Castellano Castro (born 27 March 1989), commonly known as Lillo, is a Spanish footballer who plays for CA Osasuna as a right or left back.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Born in Aspe, Alicante, Valencian Community, Lillo began his career with local Valencia CF, playing three seasons with the reserves. In 2006–07 and 2009–10, he totalled 23 appearances combined, with the team being relegated from the third division on both occasions; in between, he spent the 2008–09 campaign on loan at Real Murcia, playing in less than one third of the games as the club finished 14th in the second level.

paragraph: On 21 March 2010, Lillo appeared in his first official match with the main squad, playing the first 45 minutes of a 2–0 La Liga home win against UD Almería. In late May, as his contract with the "Che" was expiring, he signed with Elche CF; however, due to a mistake from his agent, the move was declared void and, two months later, he joined Almería.

paragraph: Lillo spent the vast majority of his first season with the Andalusians with the B-side in division three, playing in only two games with the first team. In November 2012, the free agent joined another club in that tier, CD Alcoyano.

paragraph: On 18 July 2013, Lillo moved to SD Eibar, freshly promoted to the second division. He appeared in 26 matches during his debut campaign, with the "Armeros" being promoted to the top flight for the first time ever, and on 11 July 2014 renewed his link with the Basques for a further year.

paragraph: On 31 December 2014, Lillo extended his contract with the club until 2017. On 5 July 2016 he mutually agreed to terminate his contract, and signed a two-year deal with Sporting de Gijón just hours later.

paragraph: On 1 September 2017, free agent Lillo agreed to a two-year contract with CA Osasuna in the second level.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: Eibar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Segunda División: 2013–14

paragraph: Osasuna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Segunda División: 2018–19

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Country.

paragraph: Spain U20

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mediterranean Games: 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CiberChe biography and stats

description: Spanish footballer

wikidata_label: Manuel Castellano

wikipedia_title: Lillo (footballer)


text:
Cilicia
Ammonius Hermiae
Damascius
Neoplatonists
pagan
Justinian
Persian
Aristotle
commentaries on Aristotle
Ammonius Hermiae
Damascius
Neoplatonist school
Athens
Hellenistic religion
Christianity
Justinian
Empire
Proclus
Eulamius
Priscian
Damascius
Persian
Chosroes
Aristotle
Alexandria
Ammonius
Athens
Damascius
Constantinople
Persia
Epictetus
de Caelo
Physica Auscultatio
Categories
Enchiridion of Epictetus
de Anima
Priscian of Lydia
Theophrastus
Aristotle
Plato
Plotinus
Syrianus
Proclus
Ammonius
Orphic
Hermetic
Chaldean
Eleatics
Empedocles
Anaxagoras
Diogenes of Apollonia
Eudemus
Stoics
Zeno
Andronicus of Rhodes
Alexander of Aphrodisias
Porphyry
Christianity
John Philoponus
Ethics
mystical
πάντα ῥεῖ
the concept
Heraclitus
George Stanhope

wikipedia_title:
Cilicia
Ammonius Hermiae
Damascius
Neoplatonism
Paganism
Justinian I
Sasanian Empire
Aristotle
Commentaries on Aristotle
Ammonius Hermiae
Damascius
Neoplatonism
Athens
Hellenistic religion
Christianity
Justinian I
Byzantine Empire
Proclus
Eulamius
Priscian of Lydia
Damascius
Sasanian Empire
Khosrow I
Aristotle
Alexandria
Ammonius Hermiae
Athens
Damascius
Constantinople
Sasanian Empire
Epictetus
On the Heavens
Physics (Aristotle)
Categories (Aristotle)
Enchiridion of Epictetus
On the Soul
Priscian of Lydia
Theophrastus
Aristotle
Plato
Plotinus
Syrianus
Proclus
Ammonius Hermiae
Orphism (religion)
Hermeticism
Chaldean Oracles
Eleatics
Empedocles
Anaxagoras
Diogenes of Apollonia
Eudemus of Rhodes
Stoicism
Zeno of Citium
Andronicus of Rhodes
Alexander of Aphrodisias
Porphyry (philosopher)
Christianity
John Philoponus
Ethics
Mysticism
Heraclitus
Heraclitus
Heraclitus
George Stanhope

categories: Byzantine astronomers,Roman-era philosophers,Neoplatonists,5th-century Byzantine people,6th-century Byzantine writers,6th-century mathematicians,Commentators on Aristotle,490s births,Ancient Greek mathematicians,6th-century Byzantine scientists,6th-century Greek people,6th-century philosophers,Byzantine philosophers,5th-century Greek people,Byzantine-era pagans,6th-century Byzantine people,560s deaths

paragraph: Simplicius of Cilicia

paragraph: Simplicius of Cilicia (; ; c. 490 – c. 560) was a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae and Damascius, and was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. He was among the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into the empire. He wrote extensively on the works of Aristotle. Although his writings are all commentaries on Aristotle and other authors, rather than original compositions, his intelligent and prodigious learning makes him the last great philosopher of pagan antiquity. His works have preserved much information about earlier philosophers which would have otherwise been lost.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Simplicius was a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae, and Damascius, and was consequently one of the last members of the Neoplatonist school. The school had its headquarters in Athens. It became the centre of the last efforts to maintain Hellenistic religion against the encroachments of Christianity. Imperial edicts enacted in the 5th century against paganism gave legal protection to pagans against personal maltreatment. In the year 528 the emperor Justinian ordered that pagans should be removed from government posts. Some were robbed of their property, some put to death. The order specified that if they did not within three months convert to Christianity, they were to be banished from the Empire. In addition, it was forbidden any longer to teach philosophy and jurisprudence in Athens. Probably also the property of the Platonist school, which in the time of Proclus was valued at more than 1000 gold pieces, was confiscated; at least, Justinian deprived the physicians and teachers of the liberal arts of the provision-money which had been assigned to them by previous emperors, and confiscated funds which the citizens had provided for spectacles and other civic purposes.

paragraph: Seven philosophers, among whom were Simplicius, Eulamius, Priscian, and others, with Damascius, the last president of the Platonist school in Athens at their head, resolved to seek protection at the court of the famous Persian king Chosroes, who had succeeded to the throne in 531. But they were disappointed in their hopes. Chosroes, in a peace treaty concluded with Justinian c. 533 stipulated that the philosophers should be allowed to return without risk and to practise their rites, after which they returned. Of the subsequent fortunes of the seven philosophers we learn nothing.

paragraph: We know little about where Simplicius lived and taught. That he not only wrote, but taught, is proved by the address to his hearers in the commentary on the "Physica Auscultatio" of Aristotle, as well as by the title of his commentary on the "Categories". He had received his training partly in Alexandria, under Ammonius, partly in Athens, as a disciple of Damascius; and it was probably in one of these two cities that he subsequently took up his abode; for, with the exception of these cities and Constantinople, it would have been difficult to find a town which possessed the collections of books he needed, and he is unlikely to have gone to Constantinople. As to his personal history, especially his migration to Persia, no definite allusions are to be found in the writings of Simplicius. Only at the end of his explanation of the treatise of Epictetus, Simplicius mentions, with gratitude, the consolation which he had found under tyrannical oppression in such ethical contemplations; which might suggest that it was composed during, or immediately after, the above-mentioned persecutions.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: The works which have survived are his commentaries upon Aristotle's "de Caelo", "Physica Auscultatio", and "Categories", as well as a commentary upon the "Enchiridion of Epictetus". There is also a commentary on Aristotle's "de Anima" under his name, but it is stylistically inferior and lacks the breadth of historical information usually used by Simplicius. It has been suggested that it was written by Priscian of Lydia, but other scholars see it as authentic.

paragraph: The commentary on "de Caelo" was written before that on the "Physica Auscultatio", and probably not in Alexandria, since he mentions in it an astronomical observation made during his stay in that city by Ammonius. Simplicius wrote his commentary on the "Physica Auscultatio" after the death of Damascius, and therefore after his return from Persia. When it was that he wrote his explanations of the "Categories", whether before or after those on the above-mentioned Aristotelian treatises, it is impossible to ascertain. Besides these commentaries of Simplicius which have been preserved, the "de Anima" commentary mentions explanations on the metaphysical books, and an epitome of the "Physica" of Theophrastus.

paragraph: Simplicius, as a Neoplatonist, endeavoured to show that Aristotle agrees with Plato even on those points which he controverts, so that he may lead the way to their deeper, hidden meaning. In his view not only Plotinus, but also Syrianus, Proclus, and Ammonius, are great philosophers, who have penetrated into the depths of the wisdom of Plato. Many of the more ancient Greek philosophers he also brings into a connection with Platonism. He is, however, distinguished from his predecessors, whom he so admires, in making less frequent application of Orphic, Hermetic, Chaldean, and other "Theologumena" of the East; partly in proceeding carefully and modestly in the explanation and criticism of particular points, and in striving with diligence to draw from the original sources a thorough knowledge of the older Greek philosophy. His commentaries can, therefore, be regarded as the richest in their contents of any that have come down to us concerning Aristotle. But for them, we should be without the most important fragments of the writings of the Eleatics, of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Diogenes of Apollonia, and others, which were at that time already very scarce, as well as without many extracts from the lost books of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Eudemus: but for them we should hardly be able to unriddle the doctrine of the Categories, so important for the system of the Stoics. It is true he himself complains that in his time both the school and the writings of the followers of Zeno had perished. But where he cannot draw immediately from the original sources, he looks round for guides whom he can depend upon, who had made use of those sources. In addition, we have to thank him for such copious quotations from the Greek commentaries from the time of Andronicus of Rhodes down to Ammonius and Damascius, that, for the Categories and the Physics, the outlines of a history of the interpretation and criticism of those books may be composed. With a correct idea of their importance, Simplicius made the most diligent use of the commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias and Porphyry; and although he often enough combats the views of the former, he knew how to value, as it deserved, his (in the main) sound critical sense. He has also preserved for us intelligence of several more ancient readings, which now, in part, have vanished from the manuscripts without leaving any trace, and in the paraphrastic sections of his interpretations furnishes us with valuable contributions for correcting or settling the text of Aristotle. Not less valuable are the contributions towards a knowledge of the ancient astronomical systems for which we have to thank him in his commentary on the books "de Caelo". We even find in his writings some traces of a disposition for the observation of nature.

paragraph: Although averse to Christianity he abstains from assailing Christian doctrines, even when he combats expressly the work of his contemporary, John Philoponus, directed against the Aristotelian doctrine of the eternity of the universe. In Ethics he seems to have abandoned the mystical pantheistic purification-theory of the Neoplatonists, and to have found full satisfaction in the ethical system of the later Stoics, however little he was disposed towards their logical and physical doctrines.

paragraph: While some sources attribute to Simplicius the coining of the phrase πάντα ῥεῖ ("panta rhei"), meaning "everything flows/is in a state of flux", to characterize the concept in the philosophy of Heraclitus, the essential phrasing "everything changes" and variations on it, in contexts where Heraclitus's thought is being alluded to, was current in both Plato and Aristotle's writings.

paragraph: Section::::Works in English translation.:On Aristotle's Categories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Categories 1-4", translated by Michael Chase (2003). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Categories 5-6", translated by Frans A.J. de Haas and Barrie Fleet (2001). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Categories 7-8", translated by Barrie Fleet (2002). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Categories 9-15", translated by Richard Gaskin (2000). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: Section::::Works in English translation.:On Aristotle's On the Heavens.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens 1.1-4", translated by Robert J. Hankinson (2001). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens 1.3-4", translated by Ian Mueller (2011). Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens 1.5-9", translated by Robert J. Hankinson (2004). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens 1.10-12", translated by Robert J. Hankinson (2006). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens 2.1-9", translated by Ian Mueller (2004). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens 2.10-14", translated by Ian Mueller (2005). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens" 3.1-7, translated by Ian Mueller (2009). Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Heavens" 3.7-4.6, translated by Ian Mueller (2009). Duckworth, London:

paragraph: Section::::Works in English translation.:On Aristotle's Physics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 1.3-4", translated by Pamela M. Huby and C. C. W. Taylor (2011). Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 1.5-9", translated by Han Baltussen (2011). Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 2", translated by Barrie Fleet (1997). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 3", translated by James O. Urmson (2002). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 4.1-5, 10-14", translated by James O. Urmson (1992). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 5", translated by James O. Urmson (1997). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 6", translated by David Konstan (1989). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 7", translated by Charles Hagen (1994). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, Physics 8.6-10", translated by Richard McKirahan (2001). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: Section::::Works in English translation.:On Aristotle's On the Soul.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Aristotle, On the Soul 1.1-2.4", translated by James O. Urmson (1995). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Priscian: On Theophrastus on Sense-Perception, with "Simplicius": On Aristotle, On the Soul 2.5-12", translated by Carlos Steel (1997). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Simplicius": On Aristotle, On the Soul 3.1-5", translated by Henry J. Blumenthal (2000). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: Section::::Works in English translation.:On Epictetus' Handbook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Epictetus, Handbook 1-26", translated by Tad Brennan and Charles Brittain (2002). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: On Epictetus, Handbook 27-53", translated by Tad Brennan and Charles Brittain (2002). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: Section::::Works in English translation.:Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplicius: Corollaries on Place and Time", translated by James O. Urmson (1992). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philoponus: Corollaries on Place and Void", with "Simplicius: Against Philoponus On the Eternity of the World", translated by David Furley and Christian Wildberg (1991). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philoponus: On Aristotle, Physics 5-8", with "Simplicius: On Aristotle on the Void", translated by Paul Lettinck and J. O. Urmson (1994). Cornell University Press: , and Duckworth, London:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilsetraut Hadot (ed.), "Simplicius, sa vie, son œuvre, sa survie. Actes du Colloque international de Paris (28 septembre - 1 octobre 1985) / organised by the Centre de recherche sur les œuvres et la pensée de Simplicius (RCP 739-CNRS)", Berlin & New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1987, X-406 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilsetraut Hadot: "The life and work of Simplicius in Greek and Arabic sources". In: Richard Sorabji (Ed.): "Aristotle Transformed". Duckworth, London 1990, pp. 275–303.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Han Baltussen: "Philosophy and Exegesis in Simplicius. The methodology of a commentator". Duckworth, London 2008, 292 p.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simplicius, "Commentary on the Enchiridion of Epictetus", translated by George Stanhope, 1722

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extract from Taylor's translation of Aristotle's "Physics" with Simplicius' "Commentary"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek text of Simplicius' Commentary on the Enchiridion of Epictetus ("Simplicii Commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti") on archive.org.

description: disciple of Ammonius Hermiae and Damascius, and one of the last of the Neoplatonists

wikidata_label: Simplicius of Cilicia

wikipedia_title: Simplicius of Cilicia


text:
DFC and Bar
RAF
Canadian
fighter pilot
flying ace
Royal Air Force
World War II
Henry Wallace McLeod
British Columbia
Little Rissington
No. 33 Squadron RAF
Libya
Hawker Hurricane
Distinguished Flying Cross
Operation Battleaxe
Haifa
Controller of Aircraft
Constable.com
RCAF.com

categories: Canadian World War II flying aces,Canadian World War II pilots,Royal Air Force officers,People from Victoria, British Columbia,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar (United Kingdom),2000 deaths,1916 births

paragraph: Vernon Crompton Woodward

paragraph: "Woody" Vernon Crompton Woodward DFC and Bar RAF (22 December 1916 – 26 May 2000) was a Canadian fighter pilot and flying ace with the Royal Air Force during World War II. With 18 and 4 shared destroyed, 2 unconfirmed destroyed, 3 probables, and 11 damaged, Woodward tied Henry Wallace McLeod as Canada's second highest scoring pilot of the war.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Victoria, British Columbia, Woodward was unable to join the RCAF as he did not have a degree. He sailed for the UK in 1938 and resided in Gloucestershire farming. After attending the Civil Flying School in Perth, Scotland by August 1938 he was accepted on a short service commission in the RAF as an Acting Pilot Officer. In September 1938 he attended 6 FTS at Little Rissington.

paragraph: Woodward was posted to No. 33 Squadron RAF in Egypt in May 1939. He became a Flying Officer in September. Following Italy's entry into the war in June 1940, he was to gain early successes over Libya during June–July 1940.

paragraph: He gained more success during December, by which time the squadron had re-equipped with Hawker Hurricanes. Late in February 1941 the squadron moved to Greece. On 9 May he was decorated with the Distinguished Flying Cross.

paragraph: Late in April Woodward was ordered to Egypt to bring back a reinforcement Hurricane. He rejoined the Squadron, now in Crete, in May 1941 as a flight commander. The unit personnel retreated on foot across the island after the German invasion, and were evacuated on a Royal Navy destroyer later in the month.

paragraph: The squadron reformed in June and was back in action, supporting Operation Battleaxe, with a flight of experienced pilots from 33 Squadron led by Woodward attached to No. 274 Squadron.

paragraph: On 11 September his tour expired and he was sent to Rhodesia to become instructor at 20 SFTS, Cranbourne, Salisbury until June 1942, when he was posted to the Training Group HQ in Salisbury on Air Staff duties.

paragraph: On 2 July 1942 Woodward was promoted to Squadron Leader, and in January 1943 he returned to Egypt to command No. 213 Squadron until August 1943. A Bar to his DFC was awarded on 6 August 1943.

paragraph: After he went to AHQ, Levant, before attending the Middle East Staff College, Haifa in September. In December he was posted to HQ, Middle East on staff duties, and promoted to Wing Commander in June 1944.

paragraph: In February 1945 he took command of the Mediterranean Middle East Communications Squadron, flying various transport aircraft.

paragraph: In December 1946 he returned to the UK, going to the Visual Interservice Training and Research Establishment as Chief Ground Instructor.

paragraph: In 1947 he joined CFE as SASO, and in August commanded No. 19 Squadron until March 1950. He then was posted to HQ, Fighter Command, in September 1950. Various peace time posts followed, until following a difference of opinion with a superior, he was moved to command No. 69 (PR) Squadron on Canberras in 1958. He remained with this unit until October 1959, when he went to the Ministry of Aviation, Controller of Aircraft, as SAdO.

paragraph: He retired in January 1963 and settled in Australia, where he formed an air charter company.

paragraph: In August 1967 he returned to British Columbia in retirement as a member of the Corps of Commissionaires.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCaffery, Dan. "Air Aces: The Lives and Times of Twelve Canadian Fighter Pilots."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constable.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- RCAF.com

description: Canadian flying ace

wikidata_label: Vernon Crompton Woodward

wikipedia_title: Vernon Crompton Woodward


text:
SC Dynamo Berlin
Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo

categories: 1949 births,Olympic medalists in rowing,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Olympic rowers of East Germany,People from East Berlin,Rowers from Berlin,Rowers at the 1972 Summer Olympics,East German male rowers,Living people

paragraph: Harold Dimke

paragraph: Harold Dimke (born 21 November 1949) is a German rower who competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo. He won medals at international rowing competitions.

description: East German rower

wikidata_label: Harold Dimke

wikipedia_title: Harold Dimke


text:
Wittich
SC Dynamo Berlin
Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo

categories: Olympic medalists in rowing,World Rowing Championships medalists for East Germany,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics,1944 births,Olympic rowers of East Germany,Rowers at the 1972 Summer Olympics,East German male rowers,Living people

paragraph: Hartmut Schreiber

paragraph: Hartmut Schreiber (born 28 January 1944 in Wittich) is a German rower, who competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo. He won several medals at international rowing competitions.

description: East German rower

wikidata_label: Hartmut Schreiber

wikipedia_title: Hartmut Schreiber