text: Ummayad

text: Kufa

text: Iraq

text: al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib

text: Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad

text: Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan

text: Muharram

text: Battle of Karbala

text: Encyclopedia of Islam

text: al-Tabari

text: Banu Tamim

text: Banu Nahshal

text: imam

text: Muhammad

text: Mecca

text: Muslim ibn Aqil

text: Medina

text: Yazid ibn Mu’awaiya

text: righteousness

text: Euphrates river

text: I. K. A. Howard

text: Burayr ibn Khuzayr al-Hamadani

categories: Banu Tamim,7th-century people,People killed at the Battle of Karbala,Muslim martyrs,Battle of Karbala

paragraph: Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi

paragraph: Al-Hurr ibn Yazid bin Najiyah Al-Tamimi Al-Yarbuʿi Ar-Riyahi () was the general of the Ummayad army dispatched from Kufa, Iraq to intercept al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib. The newly appointed governor of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, issued the command to guard all entrances and exits to Kufa in order to intercept al-Husayn for an oath of allegiance to Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan of the Ummayad dynasty. Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi al-Yarbu'i was ordered along with his 1,000 soldiers to sanction al-Husayn and his followers and bring them to Kufa. Initially responsible for holding al-Husayn and his followers captive, al-Hurr died fighting on al-Husayn's behalf after decisions fueled by corrupt intentions surfaced from Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. Provided below is the lineage of al-Hurr and a detailed recital of events that will illuminate what led to al-Hurr's death on the 10th of Muharram 61 AH/680 AD. Al-Hurr's short but provocative mark on history spans less than one week's time, but is embedded with complex details and fatal turns of events that led to the death of al-Husayn during the Battle of Karbala.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage and background.

paragraph: Minor discrepancies of al-Hurr's tribal lineage appear in various historical accounts. The "Encyclopedia of Islam" gives his full title as "al-Hurr ibn Yazid ibn Nadjiya ibn Ka'nab ibn Attab ibn al-Harith ibn Amr ibn Hamman al Riyahi al Yarbu'i al Tamimi". In one account from al-Tabari, Zakariyya ibn Yaha al Darir describes al-Hurr as a descendent of Al-Yarbu'i Riyahi from the tribe of Banu Tamim located in Kufa, Iraq. This is the most commonly accepted lineage of al-Hurr conveying a condensed title of al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi. However, another account of al-Tabari transmitted by al-Husayn ibn Abd al-Rahman conveys the title of al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Hanzali, deriving lineage a different clan, the Banu Nahshal. For the purpose of this entry, all references to al-Hurr ibn Yazid ibn Tamimi al Yarbu'i will be made as al-Hurr.

paragraph: Section::::Encounter with Al-Husayn.

paragraph: Al-Hurr's initial orders from Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad were not to fight or attack al-Husayn. Al-Hurr was ordered to meet and follow al-Husayn and his followers into Kufa, and not leave them to go elsewhere. An initial noncombatant encounter with Al-Husayn was stressed in many sources. Patrolling caravans within the vicinity of Kufa, al-Hurr encountered al-Husayn midday at Dhu Husam in the Iraqi desert. Al-Husayn and his followers included 32 horseman and 40 foot soldiers. According to multiple sources, female family members were present but their numbers were not included in the foot soldier count. Contrary to immediate warfare, al-Husayn greeted al-Hurr and the soldiers by personally serving them water from his own limited supply. No immediate animosity was present between al-Husayn and the opposing camp as they obliged. The hospitality of al-Husayn even extended to the cavalry of al-Hurr's troop. Al-Husayn's dwindling supply of water will be crucial to further events; his display of warrior virtue will stand in stark contrast to later treatment from the Ummayyad army.

paragraph: Numerous exchanges between al-Hurr and al-Husayn during this juncture lead to believe that the general Ummayad populace (in the microcosm of al-Hurr and his cavalry) was not averse to al-Husayn and his leadership. In fact, al-Husayn offered al-Hurr to lead the congregated party for prayer. Al-Hurr denied this request, and instead had al-Husayn lead prayer as imam for himself and his soldiers. Recognizing that an Ummayyad army of 1,000 horsemen praying behind Yazid ibn Mu'awaiya's rival is a testament to the respect and honor still given to the family of Muhammad. This will later change with increasing commands from the Kufan governor, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.

paragraph: Imam Hussain not only gave Al-Hurr and his companions water from his limited supply, but also gave his horse.

paragraph: Section::::Miscommunication of letters.

paragraph: Al Husayn quickly conveyed his disposition shortly after prayer. He asserted that his arrival to Iraq was only due an abundance of written pledges of support from the people of Kufa. However, al-Husayn pleaded that if people are averse to his arrival, he would return to Mecca peacefully. Al-Hurr replies that he is unaware of any letters of allegiance approved by the Kufan people. He was not amongst those who wrote them.

paragraph: Al-Hurr's response illuminates potential discrepancies within recorded history. Al-Hurr may have chosen the less controversial answer in reply to Al-Husayn, thereby eliminated an ethical decision at the scene. Also, supporters of al-Husayn may have been overestimated. Although al-Husayn had sent his cousin, Muslim ibn Aqil, to investigate the situation in Kufa, numerous sources describe inconsistent numbers of pledges of allegiance that Muslim ibn Aqil counted for al-Husayn personally. On the other hand, if al-Hurr was patrolling the desert during Muslim ibn Aqil's visit, there is reason to believe al-Hurr was simply absent from the events of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's atrocities including the threat of annihilation to any supporters of al-Husayn. The latter is more likely than to encroach upon the character of al-Hurr when he has visibly demonstrated good will towards al-Husayn by accepting his hospitality and position of prayer. At this point, al-Hurr is likely unaware of any deceit on behalf of the governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. Al-Hurr may be merely administrating orders on with the intent of soldier chivalry towards al-Husayn.

paragraph: Section::::Compromise of orders.

paragraph: After the afternoon prayer on the same day, al-Husayn calls his followers to prepare for departure. Al-Hurr swiftly prevents al-Husayn from retracting his steps towards Mecca. This incurs al-Husayn to deliver a speech entailing all present to fear God, recognize the rights of all people upon each other, the rights of Muhammad's family. He also mentions that if neither al-Hurr nor his soldiers understand these rights, he simply desires to leave in peace. Al-Hurr halts and reconsiders his stance.

paragraph: Hints of indecisiveness begin to accumulate for al-Hurr. He was not aware of the allegiance of the Kufan people to al-Husayn; now he may question why the rights of Muhammad's family were not emphasized more by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. Another discrepancy within historical accounts occurs here. The minority account conveys that al-Hurr began to fear al-Husayn and the outcome of his deeds of captivity. This fear pushes al-Hurr to follow al-Husayn on an alternative path, neither towards Kufa or Medina, in this account.

paragraph: Nevertheless, the overwhelming accounts by numerous sources convey that al-Hurr fashions a compromise. This very deed could be deemed direct treason by the Umayyad army. However, the fact that the rest of the soldiers complied to al-Hurr's position boldly prove that the ethical qualm of detaining al-Husayn may be eternally eclipsed by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's conceited demands.

paragraph: Al-Hurr offers al-Husayn the compromise of taking any road leading away from Kufa but not any closer to Medina. Additionally, al-Hurr writes to Ubady Allah ibn Ziyad about the affairs and due actions of al-Husayn, and encourages al-Husayn to do the same for Yazid ibn Mu’awaiya. Moreover, al-Hurr expresses to be relieved from this entire affair of al-Husayn. This shows an emerging conscience and questioning of dispatched demands. Complying quickly, al-Husayn begins to lead his followers towards al-Udhayb, Iraq while al-Hurr follows closely with his 1,000 horsemen.

paragraph: An analysis for this particular escorting move may be broad. Historians can surmise that al-Hurr may have tried to keep the impression of the offensive with al-Husayn in order to keep compliance with the Ummayad army. Al-Hurr's compromise could also be seen as stalling in order to investigate al-Husayn's claims further or the validity of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's commands. Though al-Hurr wants to avoid a painful ordeal, he notably issues al-Husayn a warning. If battle does ensue, al-Husayn may be killed. The reply of al-Husayn merely asserts fearlessness. Death of those in the path of righteousness have nothing to fear, is the condensed reply of al-Husayn.

paragraph: Section::::News from Kufa.

paragraph: During day two or day three with al-Hurr's company, Kufan civilians approach al-Husayn with news from Kufa. Immediately, al-Hurr made arrangements to detain these Kufans or send them back. However, al-Husayn extended his protection to the civilians under the compromised issued by al-Hurr himself. These dedicated supporters of al-Husayn convey news of the city's betrayal and Ubayd Allah's transgressions. Al-Husayn's cousin, Muslim ibn Aqil, had been initially successful in building amicable relations for al-Husayn with the Kufan people. However, in order to exterminate any opposition to the next Umayyad caliph, Yazid I ibn Mu’awiya, this caliph appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as the new Kufan governor to quell rising rebellion. Thus under the threat of bloodshed and violence from the Umayyad dynasty, the Kufans lapsed. Moreover, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad ordered Muslim ibn Aqil to be violently killed shortly after.

paragraph: This raises the desperation of al-Husayn's situation even further. The truth of Kufan desertion and failed allegiance is now a reality. Historical accounts are unclear whether al-Hurr realized the impending outcome of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's orders of execution. Without any room for lingering hesitation, al-Hurr responded immediately to al-Husayn's attempt to escape the army the following morning.

paragraph: In the marginal period after al-Husayn's escape attempt, Ubayd Allah reply to al-Hurr's earlier letter is brought by messenger. Ubayd Allah orders al-Hurr to halt Husayn in a barren region far from a populated village or immediate water source. Moreover, the governor commands al-Hurr to execute his orders under the observance of the sent messenger. Al-Hurr immediately compels al-Husayn and his followers to stop and pitch camp. Al-Husayn objects to the vulnerable location, deprived of water or natural fortification. Al-Hurr may have recognized this lapse in basic warrior virtue, but replied to al-Husayn that the orders must be obeyed. If Ubayd Allah's issued orders were not obeyed, the messenger, also sent as a spy, may have taken alternative measures to tighten the situation. This location of captivity has two names within in historical accounts. Less popular is the place of al-Taft, recognized to be near the Euphrates river. The most widely recognized name of al-Husayn's stopping point is Karbala, which is defined in Iraq as a place of sorrow. Camp at Karbala was made on the 2nd day of Muharram 61 A.H./680 A.D.

paragraph: Section::::Failed negotiation.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad dispatches another force of 4,000 Ummayad soldiers with commander Umar ibn Sa’d ibn Waqqas. This commander was initially reluctant to launch violence upon al-Husayn, but when threatened with loss of position, Umar ibn Sa’d complied. Al-Hurr is now under the leadership of Umar ibn S’ad. Numerous events occurring after the arrival of new troops affect al-Hurr's future change of alliance. First, Umar ibn Sa’d meets with al-Husayn to understand his intentions and goals. At this point, al-Tabari reports that al-Husayn offers multiple proposals, which are later rejected by the governor 'Ubayd Allah: to return to Medina, or be allowed to move to another region. The governor refuses all negotiations with Al-Husayn without the compliance of an additional clause: al-Husayn must pledge allegiance to the governor of Kufa himself. If not, wage war. Al-Husayn was not willing to pledge to the murderer of Muslim ibn Aqil and the rest of the governor's treachery. However, other reports in al-Tabari's account, as well as the analysis of I. K. A. Howard, assert that while al-Husayn did request to leave the area, he did not suggest pledging an oath to Yazid. In either case, messengers were exchanged between parties, and al-Husayn was at an impasse.

paragraph: Al-Hurr evaluates the situation and sought Umar ibn Sa’d's verbal affirmation of war. Inquiring if there was any other way was possible to prevent violence on al-Husayn and his people, al-Hurr wanted to confirm final actions and their intentions. Umar ibn Sa’d replied that they were going to fight al-Husayn because governor ibn Ziyad would not accept anything short of total submission. Battle preparations had begun.

paragraph: Section::::Changed alliance.

paragraph: Immediately after Umar ibn Sa'd's verdict to wage battle, al-Hurr approaches al-Husayn with 30 of his horsemen. He expresses his major transgressions to al-Husayn by preventing access back to Medina, and compelling them to halt at Karbala. Al-Hurr did not imagine the Umayyad leaders to refuse al-Husayn's proposals and conclude with a verdict of violence. Reaching a new intuition, al-Hurr asks for al-Husayn's forgiveness. The catalyst to this pivotal moment is described in al-Hurr's speech to the summoned Ummayad army made of up many Kufan soldiers. Al-Hurr calls them foolish and ill for initially inviting al-Husayn only to hand him over to death. They claimed to fight for him and now are ready to attack him. Al-Husayn is now trapped in the land where he was invited as an honorable guest and forbidden from using the nearby water. Al-Hurr ends by praying that the evil perpetrated on al-Husayn, the offspring of Mohammed, be reciprocated to the army on the day of judgement.

paragraph: Al-Hurr's final decision indicates that he did not have prior interaction with Ubayd Allah to gauge the governor's character or intentions. This reaffirms the fact that al-Hurr had no knowledge of any Kufan support for al-Husayn. By siding with al-Husayn at the brink of battle, al-Hurr demonstrates his emerging moral integrity in opposition to the political corruption of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad and its fearful influence on Umar ibn Sa’d. Although al-Hurr added 30 men to al-Husayn's existing 72 followers, death was confirmed against the total 5,000 soldiers of the Ummayad army. Al-Hurr challenged soldiers in single combat, killing two of them. With fleeting time to eliminate more enemies, al-Hurr was one of the first to fall while fighting for Al-Husayn. He was killed by the Kufan soldier named Ayyub bin Musarrih.

paragraph: Al-Hurr remains a testament to the awakening of warrior virtue in the path of justice for al-Husayn and his followers. His audacious decision, born out of increasing ethical qualms, took root when every extension of peace by al-Husayn was marred by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of casualties in Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burayr ibn Khuzayr al-Hamadani

description: Defected Ummayad General of the Battle of Karbala

wikidata_label: Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi

wikipedia_title: Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Fisher's Hill
Strasburg, Virginia
Valley Campaigns of 1864
Canajoharie, New York
43d New York Infantry
List of Medal of Honor recipients
Military Times Hall of Valor

categories: Irish soldiers in the United States Army,People from County Kildare,Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,People of New York (state) in the American Civil War,Union Army soldiers,Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923),1838 births,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,Year of death missing

paragraph: James Connors (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: James Connors (1838 – unknown) was an Irish born Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Fisher's Hill near Strasburg, Virginia fought September 21–22, 1864. The battle was one of the engagements of the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

paragraph: Connors enlisted in the Army from Canajoharie, New York in August 1861, and mustered out with his regiment in June 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private James Connors, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 22 September 1864, while serving with Company E, 43d New York Infantry, in action at Fisher's Hill, Virginia, for capture of flag."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Times Hall of Valor

description: Recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: James Connors

wikipedia_title: James Connors (Medal of Honor)


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Fisher's Hill
Strasburg, Virginia
Valley Campaigns of 1864
List of Medal of Honor recipients
Military Times Hall of Valor
Findagrave entry

categories: Irish soldiers in the United States Army,People of Illinois in the American Civil War,1872 deaths,19th-century Irish people,Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,People from County Tipperary,1819 births,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: John Creed (soldier)

paragraph: John Creed (1819 – November 28, 1872) was an Irish born Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Fisher's Hill near Strasburg, Virginia fought September 21–24, 1864. The battle was one of the engagements of the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

paragraph: Creed joined the 23rd Illinois Infantry in August 1862, and was discharged in June 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private John Creed, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 22 September 1864, while serving with Company D, 23d Illinois Infantry, in action at Fisher's Hill, Virginia, for capture of flag."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave entry

description: Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for gallantry

wikidata_label: John Creed

wikipedia_title: John Creed (soldier)


categories: People of Colorado in the American Civil War,People from Tyler County, West Virginia,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,People of West Virginia in the American Civil War,1844 births,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1925 deaths,Military personnel from West Virginia

paragraph: George G. Moore

paragraph: George G. Moore (July 2, 1844 – November 26, 1925) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Fisher's Hill near Strasburg, Virginia fought September 21–22, 1864. The battle was one of the engagements of the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: “The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private George G. Moore, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 22 September 1864, while serving with Company D, 11th West Virginia Infantry, in action at Fisher's Hill, Virginia, for capture of flag.”

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave entry

description: Recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: George G. Moore

wikipedia_title: George G. Moore


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Fisher's Hill
Strasburg, Virginia
Valley Campaigns of 1864
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Military Times Hall of Valor
Findagrave entry

categories: People from Luzerne County, Pennsylvania,1842 births,People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1904 deaths

paragraph: Sylvester D. Rhodes

paragraph: Sylvester D. Rhodes (December 1, 1842 – August 29, 1904) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Battle of Fisher's Hill near Strasburg, Virginia fought September 21–22, 1864. The battle was one of the engagements of the Valley Campaigns of 1864.

paragraph: Rhodes joined the army from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in September 1861. He was commissioned as an officer in December 1864, and was mustered out in June 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: "The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Sylvester D. Rhodes, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 22 September 1864, while serving with Company D, 61st Pennsylvania Infantry, in action at Fisher's Hill, Virginia. Sergeant Rhodes was on the skirmish line which drove the enemy from the first entrenchment and was the first man to enter the breastworks, capturing one of the guns and turning it upon the enemy."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave entry

description: Recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: Sylvester D. Rhodes

wikipedia_title: Sylvester D. Rhodes


text:
William Charles Ross
Royal Academy
Queen Victoria
Claremont
Royal Collection
Examples of Dixon's work
MutualArt.com
Works by Annie Dixon
Royal Collection

categories: Portrait miniaturists,1901 deaths,19th-century English painters,English women painters,1817 births,English portrait painters

paragraph: Annie Dixon

paragraph: Annie Dixon (1817 - 1901) was a 19th-century English miniature portrait painter. From 1859, she was commissioned for numerous royal portraits by Queen Victoria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dixon was the eldest daughter of seven children (two sons, five daughters) born to a corn chandler in Horncastle, Lincolnshire. She began working with water-colour by the mid-19th century, and completed portraits in Horncastle. She was instructed by Magdalene Dalton (née Ross), sister of portrait painter William Charles Ross. Despite this instruction, Dixon did not spend much time studying art, copying pictures, or pursuing further education.

paragraph: Dixon worked in Hull, on the Isle of Wight, and in London until the end of the 19th century. From 1844 to 1893, Dixon displayed 222 portraits at the Royal Academy. In 1859, Dixon received her first Royal commission from Queen Victoria, to paint a miniature of Princess Blanche d'Orléans (1857-1932) at Claremont. A number of her portraits remain in the Royal Collection. The royal favour she received from Queen Victoria allowed Dixon to earn further commissions from nobility.

paragraph: Her works are noted for having characteristics of using warm flesh tones (especially in the forehead) and yellow in the sky. Dixon occasionally used gilded backgrounds in her work. Her skill at capturing likenesses meant that she had a successful career during a time when many portraitists were facing competition from the advent of photography.

paragraph: Dixon died on 15 February 1901 at the age of 83 and was buried in Horncastle cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Examples of Dixon's work on MutualArt.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Annie Dixon in the Royal Collection

description: British artist of miniatures died 1901

wikidata_label: Annie Dixon

wikipedia_title: Annie Dixon


text:
alpine skier
Weilheim in Oberbayern
Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Åre
Sweden
Chmelar's official website

categories: Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,German female alpine skiers,1985 births,Olympic alpine skiers of Germany,Living people

paragraph: Fanny Chmelar

paragraph: Fanny Chmelar (; born 31 October 1985) is a German former alpine skier. Born in Weilheim in Oberbayern, she competed for Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics. She also competed in the World Cup, and had one podium finish, a second place in the slalom at Åre, Sweden in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chmelar's official website

description: Olympic alpine skier

wikidata_label: Fanny Chmelar

wikipedia_title: Fanny Chmelar


text:
Izmit
Ottoman Empire
Istanbul
Turkey
Ottoman Armenian
Turkish
architect
Büyükada
Izmit Clock Tower
Ottoman Armenian
Imperial School of Military Engineering
Hasköy
Constantinople
Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts
Izmit
Samsun

categories: 1952 deaths,Turkish architects,1876 births,People from İzmit,Armenians of the Ottoman Empire,Ethnic Armenian architects

paragraph: Mihran Azaryan

paragraph: Mihran Azaryan (Born Izmit, Ottoman Empire 1876 – died Istanbul, Turkey 1952) was an Ottoman Armenian and Turkish architect who is best known for having designed and constructed the Büyükada Pier and possibly the Izmit Clock Tower.

paragraph: He was the son of Bedros Azaryan, an Ottoman Armenian, who was a graduate of the Imperial School of Military Engineering in Hasköy, Constantinople. Mihran Azaryan graduated from Sanayi-i Nefise Mekteb-i Âlisi (today Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts). His military service was in Istanbul between 1914-1918 and it was during this period that he realized the Büyükada Pier. After this time in Istanbul, he lived and worked in Izmit for a while and then moved to Samsun where he continued his profession. In 1935 he returned to Istanbul and continued working as an architect. Azaryan died in Istanbul, in 1952.

description: Armenian architect

wikidata_label: Mihran Azaryan

wikipedia_title: Mihran Azaryan


text: serekh-name

text: early Egyptian

text: king

text: 1st dynasty

text: schist

text: alabaster

text: Merka

text: Qa'a

text: Djoser

text: 3rd dynasty

text: Archaeologists

text: Egyptologists

text: Abydos

text: Peter Kaplony

text: artifact

text: hieroglyph

text: Horus Bird

text: Wolfgang Helck

text: 2nd dynasty

text: Hotepsekhemwy

text: Kim Ryholt

text: Neferkara I

text: Ramesside

text: Neferkara II

text: Nebkara I

text: Aidan Dodson

categories: 30th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Second Dynasty of Egypt,29th-century BC Pharaohs,30th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Sneferka

paragraph: Sneferka is the serekh-name of an early Egyptian king who may have ruled at the end of the 1st dynasty. The exact length of his reign is unknown, but thought to have been very short and his chronological position is unclear.

paragraph: Section::::Name sources.

paragraph: Sneferka´s serekh-name is the object of current investigations, because of the unusual typographical order of the hieroglyphic signs within the serekh. This led to several different readings: his name is read as "Seneferka, Sneferka, Neferseka" and "Sekanefer".

paragraph: The serekh-name "Sneferka" appears on several schist- and alabaster vessels. One was found in the mastaba of the high official Merka who served under king Qa'a; a second one in the underground galleries of the step pyramid of king Djoser (3rd dynasty) and the third was found in an anonymous mastaba, also at Sakkara. A fourth artifact with Sneferka's name is found in the private Georges-Michailidis-Collection but its authenticity is questioned by Archaeologists and Egyptologists, since its origin is unknown. Additionally, the inscription on the Michailidis-object is a serekh with no Horus-falcon, which is highly unusual for any Egyptian artifact of that time period.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Beside Sneferka's serekh, the inscriptions mention several institutions and places already known thanks to finds dating to Qa'a's reign. They are called "Qau-Netjeru" ("Elevations of the gods") and "Ah-Netjer" ("Divine palace") and appear in several stone vessel inscriptions from Qa'a's tomb at Abydos. Egyptologists such as Peter Kaplony conclude that the inscriptions prove a chronological adjacency to king Qa'a or that the name "Sneferka" was an alternative name that Qa'a bore for a short time.

paragraph: Two artifacts of different origins show the serekh of a king, whose name is highly disputed, for the hieroglyphic sign used to write the king's name is almost illegible. Since at least the depiction of a bird was recognised, the king in question is called "Horus Bird". Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Peter Kaplony believe that Sneferka and "Horus Bird" fought each other to gain the throne of Egypt. The struggles peaked in the plundering of the royal cemetery of Abydos, which was therefore abandoned. The struggle for the throne was possibly brought to an end by the founder of the 2nd dynasty, king Hotepsekhemwy. An evidence supporting this theory is the Horus name of Hotepsekhemwy which means ""The two powers are reconciled"", and could relate to a re-unification of the Egyptian realm after a period of discord.

paragraph: In contrast, Egyptologist Kim Ryholt believes that Sneferka ruled during the midst of 2nd dynasty and was to be identified with Neferkara I, attested in Ramesside sources. He points to the circumstance that Ramesside scribes often added the symbol of the sun to the names of early dynastic kings, ignoring the fact that the sun was not yet an object of divine adoration at that early time. To support his view, Ryholt points to cartouche names such as Neferkara II and Nebkara I, which represent early kings and contradictorily have a sun-symbol in their names. Egyptologist Aidan Dodson thinks alike and points to the fact, that nearly all serekhs of Sneferka are made "on erasures", thus leading to the conclusion that Sneferka usurped Qa'a's vessels. This behavior was typical for kings that ruled somewhat later than the original owner of the re-used artefacts and who ruled for a very short time only.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Raffaele: Horus SNEFERKA - Horus Bird - Horus SEKHET (?) - Horus BA

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sneferka

wikipedia_title: Sneferka


text: Hungarian

text: Minister of Social Affairs and Labour

text: Prime Minister

text: Ferenc Gyurcsány

text: National Assembly of Hungary

text: Democratic Coalition

text: Hungarian Socialist Party

text: parliamentary group

text: Szűcs Erika országgyűlési adatlapja

text: Szűcs Erika életrajza az MSZP honlapján

categories: Democratic Coalition (Hungary) politicians,Women government ministers of Hungary,Government ministers of Hungary,21st-century women politicians,Women members of the National Assembly of Hungary,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2006–2010),Hungarian Socialist Party politicians,1951 births,Members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2002–2006),People from Budapest,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–2014),Living people

paragraph: Erika Szűcs

paragraph: Erika Mária Szűcs (born April 2, 1951) is a Hungarian politician and economist, who served as Minister of Social Affairs and Labour from May 5, 2008 to April 14, 2009 in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány. She was a member of the National Assembly of Hungary from August 27, 2004 to May 5, 2014.

paragraph: At the end of 2010 she joined Democratic Coalition Platform founded by Gyurcsány and became a member of its leadership. When the platform split from the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) on October 22, 2011 she joined to newly formed party and left the MSZP and its parliamentary group.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szűcs Erika országgyűlési adatlapja

paragraph: BULLET::::- Életrajz a Szociális és Munkaügyi Minisztérium honlapján

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szűcs Erika életrajza az MSZP honlapján

description: Minister of Social Affairs and Labour of Hungary

wikidata_label: Erika Szűcs

wikipedia_title: Erika Szűcs


text:
YouTube
Apple
iPhones
Samsungs
Galaxy S
Note Series
Ukrainian
stress test
smartphone
iPhone 5S
iPhone 6
Coca-Cola
iPhone 6
Samsung Galaxy S6
Apple Watch Edition
neodymium magnet
iPhone 6s
Mentos
DJI Phantom
drop test
Madagascar hissing cockroaches

paragraph: TechRax

paragraph: TechRax is a YouTube channel that focuses on making videos about the destruction of cell phones (particularly Apple iPhones and Samsungs Galaxy S and Note Series) and other technological devices. The channel was founded by Taras Maksimuk (Ukrainian: Тара́с Ма́ксимук) on September 20, 2009, and its most popular video is "Taking a Bath in a Giant 1,500 Gallon Coca-Cola Swimming Pool!" which surpassed 30,000,000 views in under one month. As of December 28, 2018, the channel has over 6 million subscribers and over 1.4 billion total views.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Maksimuk began the TechRax channel as a standard tech blog but switched over to tech destruction videos in 2012 after discovering a demand for them. Maksimuk used the advertising revenue to finance his college studies. The first destruction he did is "iPhone 5 Hammer Smash Drop Test -Episode #1-". The destruction of Apple products are the most popular on the channel.

paragraph: Section::::Format.

paragraph: TechRax's videos generally follow the same format, and involve 'stress tests', drop tests and experiments involving the deliberate destruction or damage of technology, typically smartphones.

paragraph: Maksimuk has crushed an iPhone 5S under a train, boiled an iPhone 6 in Coca-Cola, performed a head-to-head comparison between an iPhone 6 and Samsung Galaxy S6 to see which survives longer when boiled in water, and destroyed an Apple Watch Edition with neodymium magnets. The watch cost $10,000, which he raised through advertising in other videos. The video drew over six million views by February 2016. He subsequently melted crayons and dipped an iPhone 6s into them which then resulted in a major fire.

paragraph: His most popular video is "Taking a bath in a 1500 gallon swimming pool filled with Coca-Cola. He also added 200 pounds of ice a half bucket of Mentos which only made minor reactions. Later in that video, he destroyed a brand new DJI Phantom 4 by flying it into the pool, a video which has 70 million views as of December 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Format.:Drop tests.

paragraph: A common video format on the channel involves drop tests of iPhones and other brand of phones, sometimes after encasing them in a substance to see if they would survive the fall. Other videos involve dropping objects from tall buildings.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: TechRax is often criticized for destroying perfectly good and working devices, a huge majority of them being brand new. His most popular video, "Taking a Bath in a Giant 1,500 Gallon Coca-Cola Swimming Pool!" has over 208,000 dislikes. On March 4, 2017, Maksimuk released a video in which he poured molten aluminum on an iPhone and also onto several live Madagascar hissing cockroaches together with the phone, allegedly to see if the cockroaches would survive. Many viewers were disturbed by the video, which led to Maksimuk subsequently deleting the video from YouTube. However, in January 2019, the video was reuploaded.

wikidata_label: TechRax

wikipedia_title: TechRax


text:
Kherson Governorate
Russian Empire
Petrograd
journalist
essayist
publicist
publisher
Kiev University
Kievlyanin
Golos
feuilleton
Moskovskiye Vedomosti
Russky Mir
Grazhdanin
Dostoyevsky
Turkish War
General Skovelev
Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
Konstantin Arsenyev
Andrey Beketov
Vasily Bilbasov
Semyon Vengerov
Konstantin Pobedonostsev
Vasily Shulgin

categories: Russian journalists,Russian male essayists,People from Kherson Governorate,1842 births,Russian writers

paragraph: Grigory Gradovsky

paragraph: Grigory Konstantinovich Gradovsky (, 31 October 1842, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire, — 13 April 1915, Petrograd, Imperial Russia) was a Russian journalist, essayist, publicist and publisher.

paragraph: A Kiev University graduate, Gradovsky contributed first to "Kievsky Telegraf" and "Kievlyanin", later to "Golos" (where his popular Sunday feuilletons were published under the pseudonym Galin), "Moskovskiye Vedomosti", "Russky Mir" and "Molva". In the early 1870s for a short while he was the editor of "Grazhdanin", a magazine published by the Dostoyevsky brothers.

paragraph: In 1876 he started to publish his own newspaper "Russkoye Obozrenye". After eleven warnings and three suspensions it was closed by the authorities in 1878, and Gradovsky went to the Turkish War as a war correspondent for "Golos". Two books which collected his frontline reports and essays, "The War in Asia Minor in 1877" (1878) and "M.D. Skobelev. An Etude of Our Times and Its Heroes" (1884, later translated into German), caused much controversy for seemingly aiming to undermine General Skovelev's high standing as a popular hero and nationalistic emblem the time.

paragraph: Another scandal was caused by his 1884 "Voskhod"-published essay "On the Jewish Question" (К еврейскому вопросу) in which he criticised the Russian government's repressive policy towards the Jews. In 1895, alongside Nikolay Mikhaylovsky, Konstantin Arsenyev, Andrey Beketov, Vasily Bilbasov and Semyon Vengerov among others, he launched the campaign for freedom of speech and the liberalisation of the press legislation. In 1896 he sent a personal letter to Konstantin Pobedonostsev, trying to make him see the nessessity of establishing the principles of free press in Russia.

paragraph: He authored two dramas, "Stary liberal" (Старый либерал, Old Liberal) and "Vo imya lyubvi" (Во имя любви, In the Name of Love), both published in 1907.

paragraph: Gradovsky's daughter Yekaterina, a journalist too, was the wife of Vasily Shulgin.

wikidata_label: Grigory Gradovsky

wikipedia_title: Grigory Gradovsky


text:
Loseby
Member of Parliament
Leicestershire
Burton Lazars
tithes
parish
excommunicated
Battle of Stirling Bridge
Inquisition post mortem
Branteston
Huncote
Friseby
Galby
Loseby
Stretton
Maidford
Robert Burdet
Member of Parliament
Warwickshire

wikipedia_title: Leicestershire (UK Parliament constituency)

wikipedia_title: Warwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)

categories: Anglo-Normans,13th-century English MPs,Year of birth unknown,14th-century English people,English people of French descent,People from Harborough District,History of Leicestershire

paragraph: William Burdet

paragraph: Sir William Burdet (died pre-1309) of Loseby in Leicestershire, England, was a Member of Parliament for the county seat of Leicestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Career and Life.

paragraph: The Burdet family had been dedicated supporters of the Order of St Lazarus's English headquarters at Burton Lazars since its earliest days but relations soured in 1294 when the Order appropriated the tithes to Lowesby parish for themselves. This was not popular with the villagers and sporadic riots broke out over the following few years. The vicar was excommunicated and in 1297 the churchyard was "polluted by bloodshed" by the actions of Sir William Burdet. The dispute was resolved in 1298 when William agreed to pay for the reconsecration of the church and to reconfirm his family's former grants to the Order of St Lazarus but the former good relationship was never re-established.

paragraph: Sir William was summoned to Parliament in London on 6 Oct 1297 shortly after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and was mustered for service in the Scottish Wars on 24 Oct 1299.

paragraph: Sir William died before 8 Mar 1309 when his Inquisition post mortem was held to distribute his estate.

paragraph: He held lands at Branteston, Huncote, Friseby, Galby, Loseby, Stretton and Norton in Leicestershire and at Maidford, Northamptonshire.

paragraph: Section::::Progeny.

paragraph: He had at least one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Burdet (b. 1290)

paragraph: His lands soon passed to other members of the Burdet family. His nephew Sir Robert Burdet was a Member of Parliament for Warwickshire.

description: English Parliamentary representative for Leicestershire

wikidata_label: William Burdet

wikipedia_title: William Burdet


text:
admiral
World War II
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Nazi Germany
U-boat
World War I
Iron Cross
House Order of Hohenzollern
Hanseatic Cross
U-boat War Badge
Gallipoli Star
Order of Military Merit
Clasp to the Iron Cross
German Cross
Vizeadmiral
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Admiral

categories: Prisoners who died in Norwegian detention,Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,1945 deaths,Knights of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria),People from East Prussia,Suicides in Norway,Recipients of the Silver Imtiyaz Medal,People from Ełk,U-boat commanders (Imperial Navy),Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,Admirals of the Kriegsmarine,People who committed suicide in prison custody,Reichsmarine personnel,World War II prisoners of war held by Norway,Recipients of the Silver Liakat Medal,German military personnel of World War I,German military personnel who committed suicide,1888 births

paragraph: Otto von Schrader

paragraph: Otto von Schrader (18 March 1888 – 19 July 1945) was a German admiral during World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. As a U-boat commander during World War I, he was credited with the sinking of 57 ships for a total of , a further 6 ships damaged for a total of , including , and one ship taken as prize for a total of . Schrader was taken prisoner of war in Norway at the end of World War II. He committed suicide in Norwegian captivity on 19 July 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 1st Class (1 August 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (5 March 1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg (5 March 1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- U-boat War Badge (20 November 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallipoli Star (Ottoman War Medal - ) (20 November 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross with Crown of the Bulgarian Order of Military Merit (20 November 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 1st Class (5 May 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 20 November 1941 as "Vizeadmiral" and Admiral of the Norwegian West Coast

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 August 1943 as "Admiral" as commanding admiral of the Norwegian West Coast

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Böcker: "Admiral Otto von Schrader (1888-1945). Marineoffizier in der Zeit der Weltkriege." Dissertation in Form einer Biografie, Wuppertal April 2015, 352.S

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dörr, Manfred (1996) (in German). "Die Ritterkreuzträger der Überwasserstreitkräfte der Kriegsmarine—Band 2:L–Z". Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: German admiral

wikidata_label: Otto von Schrader

wikipedia_title: Otto von Schrader


text:
Smilets of Bulgaria
Byzantine
Smiltsena Palaiologina
Kran
Constantine Palaiologos
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Smiltsena
Ivan II of Bulgaria
Theodora
queen-consort of Serbia
Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia
Smilets
Ivan II of Bulgaria
Tarnovo
tsar
Radoslav
Voysil
Byzantine Empire
Mongol prince
Chaka
Aldimir
George Terter I
despotēs
Kran
Ivan Dragushin
Tarnovo
Theodore Svetoslav
Constantinople
Ivan Dragushin
Constantinople
Kingdom of Serbia
Stefan Dečanski
Theodora
nephew
Polog
Kavadarci
Pološko Monastery
Skopie

categories: 13th-century Bulgarian people,Smilets dynasty,Bulgarian princesses,Bulgarian royalty,13th-century Serbian women,14th-century Serbian royalty,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,13th-century Serbian people,1355 deaths,Bulgarian expatriates in Serbia,14th-century Bulgarian women,People of the Serbian Empire,13th-century Bulgarian women,14th-century Serbian women,13th-century births,14th-century Bulgarian people

paragraph: Marina Smilets of Bulgaria

paragraph: Marina Smilets (, before 1292 – 7 April 1355) was the eldest daughter of tsar Smilets of Bulgaria and his Byzantine wife, tentatively called Smiltsena Palaiologina.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The date and the place of Marina's birth are unknown, but she was born before her father's ascension on the Bulgarian throne in 1292, maybe in his official residence in Kran. Her mother was the daughter of sebastocrator Constantine Palaiologos and niece of Michael VIII Palaiologos. In the histories she was called just Smiltsena (Bulgarian: Смилцена; "the wife of Smilets"), without a name being given. Marina was the elder sister of tsar Ivan II of Bulgaria and Theodora, queen-consort of Serbia. Marina Smilets was maternal aunt of King - and later, Emperor - Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia.

paragraph: Section::::Despina of Kran.

paragraph: Tsar Smilets died in 1298 and Ivan II of Bulgaria succeeded him as emperor in Tarnovo. The new tsar was a child, and the government was in the hands of the widowed empress Smiltsena. Marina's mother apparently defeated Smilets' brothers Radoslav and Voysil, who sought refuge in the Byzantine Empire and entered into Byzantine service. To meet this threat and the invasion of the Mongol prince Chaka, Smiltsena sought an alliance with Aldimir (Eltimir), the brother of the former ruler George Terter I. Aldimir was accordingly married to Marina and, if this had not happened earlier, was given the title of despotēs and invested with an extensive landholding around Kran. As his wife, Marina was granted the title of "despina of Kran".

paragraph: Despina Marina gave birth to a son, called Ivan Dragushin.

paragraph: The regents of Ivan II were unable to strengthen their position, and abandoned Tarnovo to Chaka, who installed himself as emperor in 1299. Smiltsena and Ivan II settled in the possessions of Aldimir and Marina, where they may have remained until the accession of Aldimir's nephew Theodore Svetoslav to the throne in 1300. Aldimir entered into an alliance with Theodore Svetoslav and his own possessions around Kran were enlarged. As result Aldemir maybe asked Marina's family to leave Kran and they fled to Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Exile.

paragraph: In 1305 Aldemir appears to have entered into negotiations with the Byzantines, and Theodore annexed his uncle's lands. Marina may have had a strong influence over the policy of her husband and, after Aldimir's subjugation by the Tsar, she and Ivan Dragushin fled to Constantinople.

paragraph: After 1321, Marina and her son relocated to the Kingdom of Serbia, where the power was seized by King Stefan Dečanski, who was married to Marina's sister Theodora. Marina was treated with high respect by Dečanski and his son, Stefan Dušan, who was her nephew. In Serbia, Marina and her son were land in Polog. Later she retired to a monastery under the monastic name Maria.

paragraph: Marina was portrayed along with a boy, а grandson of her, in the church of Kavadarci in Pološko Monastery.

paragraph: Marina Smilets survived her son and died on 7 April 1355. She was buried in Skopie.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pavlov, Plamen, ""Търновските царици"". ДАР-РХ, 2006.

description: Bulgarian princess

wikidata_label: Marina Smilets of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: Marina Smilets of Bulgaria


text:
Quechua
the name of a god
Sapa Inca
Kingdom of Cusco
Yawar Waqaq
Pachacuti
Viracocha
Xaquixahuana
raid
looted
leagues

categories: Inca emperors,15th-century deaths,15th-century monarchs in South America,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Viracocha Inca

paragraph: Viracocha (in hispanicized spelling) or Wiraqucha (Quechua, the name of a god) was the eighth "Sapa Inca" of the Kingdom of Cusco (beginning around 1410) and the third of the Hanan dynasty.

paragraph: His father was Yawar Waqaq. His wife's name was Mama Runtucaya, and their sons included Inca Rocca, Tupac Yupanqui, Pachacuti and Ccapac Yupanqui. His original name was Hatun Tupaq Inca, but was named "Viracocha" after seeing visions of the god in Urcos. With Ccuri-chulpa, he had two additional sons, Inca Urco and Inca Socso.

paragraph: Events in Viracocha Inka's life have been recorded by several Spanish writers. The source closest to the original indigenous accounts comes from Juan de Betanzos, a Spanish commoner who rose to prominence by marrying an Inka princess and becoming the foremost translator for the colonial government of Cusco. Traditional oral histories of the Inka have been recorded by the Spanish Jesuit Bernabe Cobo. According to these accounts, including a widely recognized sixteenth century chronology written by Miguel Cabello Balboa, Viracocha Inka was a "warlike" and "valiant" prince. As a young man, Viracocha declared that after he took the throne "he would conquer half the world".

paragraph: However, in 1438 when, according to Cobo, the Chanka offensive took place,

paragraph: Viracocha was advised to leave Cusco before the Chanca attack. He left for Caquia Xaquixahuana, taking his illegitimate sons, Inca Urco and Inca Socso. However, his third son, Cusi Inca Yupanqui refused to abandon Cuzco and the House of the Sun. He remained with his brother Inca Rocca and six other chiefs, who together defeated the Chancas. The spoils were offered to Inca Viracocha to tread on, but he refused, stating Inca Urco should do so, as his successor. Inca Rocca later killed his brother Urco, and Inca Viracocha died of grief in Caquia Xaquixahuana.

paragraph: One chronicler, Sarmiento de Gamboa, states that Viracocha was the first Incan to rule the territories he conquered, while his predecessors merely raided and looted them. His captains, Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau, subdued the area within 8 leagues of Cuzco.

description: Inca emperor

wikidata_label: Wiracocha Inca

wikipedia_title: Viracocha Inca


href: Vienna Vienna Austrians ophthalmologist Maximilian%20Salzmann Austria Naser%20al-Din%20Shah%20Qajar Qajar%20dynasty Persia

text:
Vienna
Vienna
Austrian
ophthalmologist
Maximilian Salzmann
Austria
Naser al-Din
Qajar
Persia

categories: Austrian ophthalmologists,1930 deaths,1851 births,Physicians from Vienna

paragraph: Ernst Fuchs (doctor)

paragraph: Ernst Fuchs (14 June 1851, Vienna – 21 November 1930, Vienna) was an Austrian ophthalmologist, physician and researcher.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.

paragraph: The importance of Fuchs' life achievement must surely be based on his discovery and description of numerous ocular diseases and abnormalities. As a result of more than 250 scientific publications, the name Ernst Fuchs became well known throughout the world.

paragraph: Although his name is commonly recognized in conjunction with various corneal and anterior segment disorders, Ernst Fuchs' contribution to ophthalmology exceeds purely the delineation of ocular diseases and the detailed description of signs. Fuchs' collection of microscopic samples laid the foundation for anatomical and pathological understanding of blood vessels, muscles, and most other tissues of the eye. Additionally, Fuchs was able to pass on his unique knowledge, educating ophthalmologists at an international level. His Textbook of Ophthalmology was, for many decades, the most extensively used reference book in the field of ophthalmology worldwide.

paragraph: Fuchs' Textbook of Ophthalmology was first published in 1889. During the following 21 years, he edited 12 of the 18 English editions of the textbook himself. The Textbook of Ophthalmology was translated into numerous languages (including Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, French, Russian, and Italian). Between 1892 and 1933, 10 British and American editions were published. Later versions were edited by Maximilian Salzmann, his oldest pupil. In America as well as the Far East, the textbook was considered the bible of ophthalmology for approximately 50 years. The final edition was published in 1945 in German. Other books about normal and pathological anatomy have evolved from Fuchs' textbook.

paragraph: During his period of clinical practice and education, Austria and particularly Vienna became the centre of ophthalmology worldwide. Fuchs' success was not limited to Austria, but he was known globally and his works were published in Japanese, Chinese and German languages. Fuchs also had many international patients, including the wife of Naser al-Din, the Qajar Shah of Persia and a group of his entourage, who came to Fuchs for treatment of cataracts.

paragraph: Section::::International Recognition.

paragraph: Fuchs was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh) in 1905.

description: Austrian ophthalmologist

wikidata_label: Ernst Fuchs

wikipedia_title: Ernst Fuchs (doctor)


text:
Alexander
George
New South Wales
pastoralist
whalers
shipbuilders
Aberdeen, Scotland
Hobart Town
Launceston
Twofold Bay
Tahiti
New Zealand
Upolu
Samoa
New Zealand
Wanganui
Eden
Imlay Creek
Mount Imlay National Park
Imlay Shire
Bega Valley Shire
Auckland

categories: Settlers of New South Wales,1881 deaths,1791 births,Whaling in Australia,Australian whalers,Economic history of Australia,Australian pastoralists

paragraph: Peter Imlay

paragraph: Peter Imlay (1797–1881), along with his brothers Alexander (1794-1847) and George (1794?-1846) were Scottish-born pioneer settlers in southern New South Wales. They operated in the region as pastoralists, whalers and shipbuilders.

paragraph: Peter Imlay was baptised on 22 January 1797 at Aberdeen, Scotland. He came to Australia aboard the sailing ship "Greenock", reaching Hobart Town in February 1830. He was an inspector of stock at Launceston by July 1830.

paragraph: He and his brothers took up 3,885 square km of land near Twofold Bay in southern New South Wales. The brothers experienced financial difficulties in the economic depression that began in 1840. These saw them lose most of the land.

paragraph: Peter Imlay was on the chartered Hobart vessel "Breeze", sailing from Tahiti to New Zealand, when the vessel was wrecked at Upolu, Samoa, in July 1846 with no loss of life. George died at Twofold Bay in 1846, and Alexander in 1847.

paragraph: Peter Imlay married Jane McGuire on 23 February 1853 at St Andrews Presbyterian Church in Sydney. He and his family moved to New Zealand in 1851 and settled at Balgownie, Wanganui. He died there on 8 March 1881, survived by his wife and three daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Among the things named after the Imlay brothers in the New South Wales area is Imlay Street (the main street in Eden), Imlay Creek, the Mount Imlay National Park and Imlay Shire (absorbed into Bega Valley Shire in 1981). In New Zealand, Imlay Parish, in the County of Auckland, bears his surname.

description: (1797-1881) landowner and speculator

wikidata_label: Peter Imlay

wikipedia_title: Peter Imlay


text:
American
singer
songwriter
Seattle
Washington
gospel
R&B
Macklemore
Ryan Lewis
Can't Hold Us
MTV Video Music Awards
Mexican American
African American
Fleetwood Mac
Missy Elliott
Amy Winehouse
Kanye West
MTV News
tennis
Can't Hold Us
Ryan Lewis
Facebook
Macklemore
Wings
Can't Hold Us
music video
New Zealand
Ray Dalton
Facebook

categories: African-American Christians,African-American singer-songwriters,American musicians of Mexican descent,American male singers,American gospel singers,African-American male singers,African-American songwriters,American singer-songwriters,Musicians from Seattle,American hip hop singers,Songwriters from Washington (state),Singers from Washington (state),American rhythm and blues singers,21st-century American singers,1991 births,Living people,21st-century male singers

paragraph: Ray Dalton

paragraph: Ray Dalton (born May 10, 1991) is an American singer and songwriter based in Seattle, Washington. He began his career as a gospel and R&B singer. Dalton gained prominence as the featured singer on Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' 2011 hit song "Can't Hold Us", which gained popularity when it was re-released as a single in early 2013. The song was certified platinum in the U.S. in April 2013. He has won two MTV Video Music Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Dalton's mother is Mexican American and his father is African American. He began singing at the age of 6 on the advice of his music teacher, joining the Seattle Children's Choir. He continued to sing through high school. He has described himself as a fan of Fleetwood Mac. Dalton spent his senior year in high school listening to Missy Elliott, Amy Winehouse, and Kanye West, according to an interview with MTV News.

paragraph: Aside from music, Dalton is a tennis player who has worked as a tennis instructor. He gave up teaching tennis following the success of "Can't Hold Us" to pursue a full-time career as a musician. Dalton sings in the Total Experience Gospel Choir of Seattle, as of 2013.

paragraph: Dalton's work drew the attention of producer Ryan Lewis, who had heard Dalton's singing on a song for another artist. Lewis reached out to Dalton via Facebook. Dalton soon began collaborating with Lewis and Macklemore in the studio. The first song the trio worked on together was Macklemore's and Lewis' 2011 single, "Wings".

paragraph: In June 2012, Dalton released his first single, "So Emotional", which was mixed by Ryan Lewis. He also announced he was working on his 'own project' to be called "The Dalton Show."

paragraph: Dalton, Lewis and Macklemore created the hook for "Can't Hold Us" in one day. Dalton shot his scenes for the single's music video while on tour in New Zealand in March 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray Dalton on Facebook

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Ray Dalton

wikipedia_title: Ray Dalton


text:
French Revolutionary Wars
Italian campaign
Napoleon Bonaparte
Neustadt an der Weinstraße
Electorate of Bavaria
Seven Years' War
French Revolution
general of brigade
Army of the North
Battle of Valmy
Charles Dumouriez
Battle of Jemappes
Mechelen
Austrian Netherlands
Aldenhoven
Aachen
general of division
Army of Italy
Battle of Mondovì
Sardinian
Carcassonne
Saint-Helena
Chandler, David

categories: French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,People from Neustadt an der Weinstraße,Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,French Republican military leaders killed in the French Revolutionary Wars,1744 births,French generals,French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars killed in battle,1796 deaths

paragraph: Henri Christian Michel de Stengel

paragraph: Henri Christian Michel de Stengel (11 May 1744 – 28 April 1796) joined the French royal army, rapidly rose to general officer rank during the French Revolutionary Wars, and was mortally wounded in Italian campaign while serving in General Napoleon Bonaparte's army.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Born in Neustadt an der Weinstraße in the Electorate of Bavaria in 1744, Stengel joined the Bavarian army's "Palatine Guards" in 1758. He entered the French army in 1760 and fought in the Seven Years' War. He became a lieutenant in 1762, a captain in 1769, and a major in 1788. After the French Revolution he was appointed colonel of the 1st Hussar Regiment.

paragraph: Section::::French Revolutionary Wars.

paragraph: Soon after, Stengel served as a general of brigade in the Army of the North at the Battle of Valmy in September 1792. Still under the command of Charles Dumouriez, he fought at the Battle of Jemappes in November 1792. Later that year, he led Dumouriez's advance guard in successful actions at Mechelen (Malines) and Voroux-les-Liers in the Austrian Netherlands. In March 1793, he was defeated at Aldenhoven and driven out of Aachen by the Allies. For this he was arrested and tried before a Revolutionary Tribunal. He was acquitted but retired from military service.

paragraph: Restored to favor, Stengel was reappointed general of brigade on 1 March 1795. Promoted to general of division on 13 June, he was transferred to command the cavalry of the Army of Italy. At the Battle of Mondovì on 21 April 1796 he was seriously wounded in the arm while leading a charge against the Sardinian Army. On 28 April he died in Carcassonne following a surgery in which his arm was amputated. He was buried in the church of San Giovanni in Lupazzanio beside the altar "A cornu epistulae" (at the right side).

paragraph: At Saint-Helena, Napoleon wrote of Stengel, "Adroit, intelligent, alert; was a true general of outposts, collecting all military and topographic information without being directed; combined the qualities of youth with the experience of age."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chandler, David. "Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars." New York: Macmillan, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Digby. "The Napoleonic Wars Data Book." London: Greenhill, 1998.

description: French general

wikidata_label: Heinrich Christian Michael von Stengel

wikipedia_title: Henri Christian Michel de Stengel


text: Sergeant Major

text: Revolutionary War

text: Continental Army

text: double agent

text: Benedict Arnold

text: Aldie

text: Loudoun County, Virginia

text: sergeant major

text: Lee's Legion

text: Henry Lee III

text: Robert E. Lee

text: court martial

text: George Washington

text: Virginia Campaign of 1780-81

text: Continental Congress

text: Philadelphia

text: Trenton

text: Dover

text: Middleburg

text: Little River Turnpike

text: Kentucky

text: Augusta (now Pendleton) County

text: Mouth of Seneca

text: Prickett's Fort

text: Fairmont, West Virginia

text: Aldie, Virginia

text: John Champe High School

text: Aldie, VA

text: Aldie

text: Loudoun County, Virginia

text: Champe Rocks

text: Pendleton County, West Virginia

text: Prickett's Fort

text: Marion County, West Virginia

text: AMC

text: Jane Tuers

text: Three Pigeons

text: Rose, Alexander

categories: Virginia colonial people,People from Aldie, Virginia,Benedict Arnold,People from Pendleton County, West Virginia,1798 deaths,Continental Army officers from Virginia,1752 births,Continental Army soldiers

paragraph: John Champe (soldier)

paragraph: Sergeant Major John Champe ("ca." 1752– 30 September 1798) was a Revolutionary War senior enlisted soldier in the Continental Army who became a double agent in a failed attempt to capture the American traitor General Benedict Arnold (1741-1801).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Champe was born about 1752 near what is now Aldie in Loudoun County, Virginia.

paragraph: Champe enlisted in the Virginia Cavalry from Loudoun County in 1776 and was made sergeant major in "Lee's Legion", a unit commanded by (then Major) Henry Lee III, later and better known as Colonel "Light-horse Harry" Lee (and father of Gen. Robert E. Lee). Champe's family was said to be well known to Major Lee. A plan was formulated to kidnap the defecting General Benedict Arnold and bring him back to American lines to face court martial. A key motivation for the operation was to obtain information as to the possibility of other high-ranking American officers being involved in the treasonous Arnold's activities. Handpicked by George Washington and Lee for the spy mission, in 1780 Champe "defected" to the British side where he was introduced to Arnold and soon gathered intelligence that established that there were no other American generals involved with Arnold. Champe formulated a plot to capture Arnold on his regular evening stroll, but before he could act the entire British unit, Champe included, embarked in New York on the Virginia Campaign of 1780-81. Thus, the whole endeavor had to be called off.

paragraph: After the failed attempt, Champe served in the British army for many months before finding a way to escape back to the Continental Army. Upon rejoining the Americans, Champe voiced a desire to continue his service fighting the British, but Lee dissuaded him from it — pointing out that if captured, he could now be hanged as a spy. Nevertheless, Lee believed that Champe had acquitted himself well and had him discharged honorably from the Continental Army.

paragraph: According to "Legends of Loudoun: An Account of the History and Homes of a Border County of Virginia's Northern Neck" (1938) by Harrison Williams:

paragraph: ...after the war, it is said on the personal recommendation of General Washington, Sergeant Champe was appointed to the position of doorkeeper or sergeant-of-arms of the Continental Congress, then meeting at Philadelphia, but obliged, on account of rioting, to remove to Trenton. His name appears on the rolls of 25th August 1783 as holding that position. Soon afterwards, he returned to Loudoun County, married and acquired a small holding near what is now Dover, between the later towns of Aldie and Middleburg, close to the present Little River Turnpike.

paragraph: Champe may also have spent time in Kentucky. He and his wife had seven children. Champe then moved to Augusta (now Pendleton) County, then in Virginia, today in West Virginia. A local tradition, maintained by Champe's descendants, is that he had been promised a grant of lands in the area, but never received it. He died in poverty, unable to care for two of his sons, John and Thomas, who as teenagers were apprenticed to a tannery at Mouth of Seneca.

paragraph: Champe died on 30 September 1798 while staying at Prickett's Fort — near what is now Fairmont, West Virginia — on a trip to (according to different accounts) consider a land purchase or visit one of his children. He was buried near the fort, but the exact location of his grave remains unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Family.

paragraph: Champe's wife was Phebe Susan Barnard who, beginning in 1831 and then living in Ohio, received a pension of $120 annually based upon her husband's war service.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Namesakes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the American Civil War, the Confederate rifle company from Aldie, Virginia, "Champe's Rifles", named themselves in honor of Champe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Namesake for new John Champe High School in Aldie, VA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champe's Ford Road, a mile or two west of Aldie, Virginia, is named for John Champe's family.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Monuments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical markers to Sergeant Champe have been erected in at least three places:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Near Aldie in Loudoun County, Virginia, where he was born.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1934, a marker was placed by U.S. Highway 15 (now U.S. 50) at a lay-by close to the few stones that remained from Champe's home.

paragraph: BULLET::::- About 100 yards off US 50, an obelisk built in 1939 from the stones also stands nearby. It bears the inscription:

paragraph: BULLET::::- At Champe Rocks, Pendleton County, West Virginia, where he settled after the War. (A reference to his gravesite here is an error.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- At Prickett's Fort, Marion County, West Virginia, near where he died and was buried. The marker here is not at his grave, but was placed on 22 April 2001, in a ceremony with full military honors.

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: Champe is a character in season four of the AMC television show .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Tuers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Pigeons

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGroarty, William Buckner 1937. "Sergeant John Champe and Certain of His Contemporaries." The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 145–175.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall, Wilbur C 1938. "Sergeant Champe's Adventure." The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jul., 1938), pp. 322–342.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, Alexander 2007. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Dell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McBurney, Christian 2016. Abductions in the American Revolution: Attempts to Kidnap George Washington, Benedict Arnold and Other Military and Civilian Leaders. Jefferson NC: McFarland.

description: Continental Army soldier

wikidata_label: John Champe

wikipedia_title: John Champe (soldier)


text:
American
culture of Asia
George Whitefield Chadwick
New England Conservatory
Edward MacDowell
France
Germany
MD
South Asian music
Eastern music
Wagner’s operas
Europe
England
Breitkopf & Härtel
Romantic style
Indian music
orchestra
choir
opera
church music
song
string quartet
chamber works

categories: Pupils of George Whitefield Chadwick,1871 births,American opera composers,American male classical composers,1940 deaths,American classical composers,Male opera composers

paragraph: Bertram Shapleigh

paragraph: Bertram Shapleigh (15 January 1871 – 2 July 1940) was an American composer, heavily interested in the culture of Asia.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He studied composition with G.E. Whiting and George Whitefield Chadwick at the New England Conservatory; graduating in 1891. He continued his studies with Edward MacDowell in the United States and spent some time studying in France and Germany as well. A man of wide interests, he entered the Vermont Medical College graduating with an MD degree in 1893.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He became a lecturer on the arts, but a developing concern with South Asian music that led him to give his attention fully to music and to composition. He played the piano and cello, and gave lecture-recitals on music history, Eastern music and Wagner’s operas. In 1898 he left the United States for Europe, eventually settling in England in 1902. However, after his house, with his library of 7000 volumes, had been destroyed by fire, he returned to the USA in 1917, to serve as an adviser to Breitkopf & Härtel and editor of the Concert Exchange. He lectured widely, wrote for magazines and newspapers, published three books of poetry and a novel, and composed numerous pieces in various forms. His works are in a Romantic style, sometimes using themes and timbres imitative of Indian music.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After his death in 1940, a Bertram Shapleigh Foundation was established in Washington, DC, and his manuscripts are deposited there. He wrote a number of orchestral works, some including choir; several operas; church music; many songs, and a string quartet, among other chamber works.

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Bertram Shapleigh

wikipedia_title: Bertram Shapleigh


text:
Russian
ice hockey
goaltender
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk
Kontinental Hockey League
Karaganda
Kazakh SSR
Soviet Union
Kazakhstan
St. Louis Blues
2003 NHL Entry Draft
Gazovik Tyumen
SKA Saint Petersburg
Spartak Moscow
Khimik Moscow Oblast
Ak Bars Kazan
Avangard Omsk
2014–15
HC Sochi
2018–19
2011 IIHF World Championship
2012 IIHF World Championship
Konstantin Barulin

categories: HC Sochi players,Russian ice hockey goaltenders,HC Spartak Moscow players,Ak Bars Kazan players,1984 births,HC CSKA Moscow players,Atlant Moscow Oblast players,Avangard Omsk players,St. Louis Blues draft picks,Living people,SKA Saint Petersburg players

paragraph: Konstantin Barulin

paragraph: Konstantin Alexandrovich Barulin (, born 4 September 1984) is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender playing for HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was born in Karaganda, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union (now Kazakhstan), but plays internationally for Russia. He was drafted 84th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft but remained in Russia and never signed a contract with the Blues.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Barulin began his career with Gazovik Tyumen in 2001. He had a brief spell with SKA Saint Petersburg before returning to Gazovik. He went on to have spells at Spartak Moscow and Khimik Moscow Oblast before joining CSKA Moscow for the inaugural KHL season in 2008. On 29 July 2010, after two years with CSKA Barulin returned to Atlant signing as a free agent on a two-year contract. In 2012, he signed a three-year contract with Ak Bars Kazan.

paragraph: After one season with Avangard Omsk in 2014–15, Barulin left as a free agent to sign an initial one-year deal with HC Sochi of the KHL on 28 May 2015.

paragraph: Barulin remained as a standout starting goaltender in Sochi for four seasons. Following the 2018–19 season, Barulin left as a free agent to sign a one-year contract with Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk on 2 May 2019.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Barulin represented Russia in the 2011 IIHF World Championship in which he defeated Team Canada 2-1, and in the 2012 IIHF World Championship where he helped team Russia en route to winning the Gold Medal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konstantin Barulin profile at RussianProspects.com

description: Russian ice hockey goaltender

wikidata_label: Konstantin Barulin

wikipedia_title: Konstantin Barulin


text: Soviet

text: Jew

text: Moscow State Jewish Theater

text: Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

text: World War II

text: Joseph Stalin

text: anti-Semitic line

text: Daugavpils

text: Latvia

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Alexis Granowsky

text: Yiddish language

text: Moscow

text: Vladimir Lenin

text: policy on nationalities

text: Sholom Aleichem

text: Tevye the Milkman

text: Fiddler on the Roof

text: King Lear

text: the traditional story

text: Les Kurbas

text: intelligentsia

text: purges

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

text: Nazi Germany

text: World War II

text: bourgeoisie

text: Minsk

text: MGB

text: dacha

text: Sergei Ogoltsov

text: New Donskoy Cemetery

text: Doctors' plot

text: Mieczysław Weinberg

text: Solomon Mikhoels

text: Find A Grave

text: Виктор Левашов. Убийство Михоэлса

categories: People murdered in the Soviet Union,Russian and Soviet theatre directors,1890 births,Jewish socialists,Jewish male actors,Antisemitism in the Soviet Union,Latvian Jews,Soviet Jews,Soviet male stage actors,Yiddish theatre performers,Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union,1948 deaths,Stalin Prize winners,People from Daugavpils,People from Vitebsk Governorate,People's Artists of the USSR

paragraph: Solomon Mikhoels

paragraph: Solomon (Shloyme) Mikhoels ( [also spelled שלוימע מיכאעלס during the Soviet era], , – 13 January 1948), was a Soviet Jewish actor and the artistic director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater. Mikhoels served as the chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee during World War II. However, as Joseph Stalin pursued an increasingly anti-Semitic line after the War, Mikhoels's position as a leader of the Jewish community led to increasing persecution from the Soviet state.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born "Shloyme Vovsi" in Dvinsk (now Daugavpils, Latvia), Mikhoels studied law in Saint Petersburg, but left school in 1918 to join Alexis Granowsky's Jewish Theater Workshop, which was attempting to create a national Jewish theater in Russia based on the Yiddish language. Two years later, in 1920, the workshop moved to Moscow, where it established the Moscow State Jewish Theater. This was in keeping with Vladimir Lenin's policy on nationalities, which encouraged them to pursue and develop their own cultures under the aegis of the Soviet state.

paragraph: Section::::Theatrical career.

paragraph: Mikhoels was the company's leading actor and, as of 1928, its director. His memorable roles included Tevye, in an adaptation of Sholom Aleichem's novel "Tevye the Milkman" (which was adapted for an American audience as "Fiddler on the Roof"); and the title role in a Yiddish translation of Shakespeare's "King Lear", in 1935. As a director he commissioned a new "Bar Kochba", written by Shmuel Halkin, which the company successfully staged as a socialist turn on the traditional story.

paragraph: These plays were ostensibly supportive of the Soviet state; however, historian Jeffrey Veidlinger has argued that closer readings suggest they actually contained veiled critiques of Stalin's regime and assertions of Jewish national identity. It is now believed that the Ukrainian director Les Kurbas contributed to the original King Lear production after he was ousted from his Berezil theater in 1934. He seems to have had a lasting influence on Mikhoel's directing style.

paragraph: Section::::Anti-fascist activities and assassination.

paragraph: By the mid-1930s, Mikhoels' career was threatened because of his association with other leading intelligentsia, who were victims of Stalin's purges. Mikhoels actively supported Stalin against Adolf Hitler, and in 1942, he was made chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. In this capacity, he travelled around the world, meeting with Jewish communities to encourage them to support the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany.

paragraph: While this was useful to Stalin during World War II, after the war, Stalin opposed contacts between Soviet Jews and Jewish communities in non-Communist countries, which he deemed as "bourgeoisie". The Jewish State Theater was closed and the members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee were arrested – all except for two were eventually executed in the purges shortly before Stalin's death.

paragraph: Mikhoels was the most visible of the intellectual Jewish leadership, and a show trial would have cast aspersions on Stalin's rule. Thus in January 1948, he was assassinated on Stalin's personal orders in Minsk. His death was disguised as a hit-and-run car accident. Mikhoels was taken to an MGB dacha and killed, along with the theatre critic and MGB informer Golubov-Potapov, under supervision of Stalin's Deputy Minister of State Security Sergei Ogoltsov. Their bodies were then dumped on a road-side in Minsk and run over by a truck. Mikhoels received a state funeral and was buried at the New Donskoy Cemetery in Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Mikhoels was married to Anastasia Pototskaya, a Russian of Polish descent. He had two daughters from his first marriage to Sara Kantor, Nina and Natalya Vovsi.

paragraph: Mikhoels' cousin Miron Vovsi was Stalin's personal physician. He was arrested during the Doctors' plot affair but released after Stalin's death in 1953, as was Mikhoels' son-in-law, the Polish-born composer Mieczysław Weinberg. In 1983, Mikhoel's daughter, Natalia Vovsi-Mikoels, wrote a biography of her father: "My Father Shlomo Mikhoels: The Life and Death of a Jewish Actor".

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: A large international cultural center in Moscow is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solomon Mikhoels at Find A Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- Виктор Левашов. Убийство Михоэлса at lib.ru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video Lecture on Solomon Mikhoels by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South

description: Yiddish theatre performer

wikidata_label: Solomon Mikhoels

wikipedia_title: Solomon Mikhoels


text: sculptor

text: Angel of the North

text: public sculpture

text: Gateshead

text: Another Place

text: Crosby Beach

text: Liverpool

text: Event Horizon

text: London

text: Madison Square

text: New York City

text: São Paulo

text: Hong Kong

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: British culture

text: German

text: Irish

text: Irish Catholic

text: Derry

text: Walsall

text: Staffordshire

text: Gormley

text: Irish

text: Ulster

text: Donegal

text: Tyrone

text: Derry City

text: Strabane

text: County Donegal

text: Gormley

text: Roman Catholic

text: Hampstead Garden Suburb

text: Ampleforth College

text: Yorkshire

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: India

text: Dominion of Ceylon

text: Sri Lanka

text: Buddhism

text: Saint Martin's School of Art

text: Goldsmiths

text: London

text: Slade School of Fine Art

text: University College, London

text: Vicken Parsons

text: Whitechapel Art Gallery

text: metal

text: casts

text: Sydney Biennale

text: Margate Exodus

text: Event Horizon

text: cast iron

text: fiberglass

text: South Bank

text: Madison Square

text: One & Other

text: Fourth Plinth

text: The Archers

text: BBC Four

text: Zentrum Paul Klee

text: Bern

text: Landmark Trust

text: Lowsonford

text: Warwickshire

text: Lundy

text: Bristol Channel

text: Saddell Bay

text: Scotland

text: the Martello Tower

text: Aldeburgh

text: Suffolk

text: Clavell Tower

text: Kimmeridge Bay

text: Dorset

text: New Zealand

text: Stay

text: Avon River

text: Christchurch

text: central city

text: Arts Centre

text: Paintings in Hospitals

text: Southbank Centre

text: Koestler Trust

text: Delos

text: Cyclades

text: Delos

text: Ministry of Culture

text: Delos

text: UNESCO

text: World Heritage Site

text: Delos

text: Royal Academy

text: virtual reality

text: Priyamvada Natarajan

text: NASA

text: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: Turner Prize

text: Field for the British Isles

text: Royal Academician

text: British Museum

text: Royal Society of Arts

text: Royal Institute of British Architects

text: Teesside

text: Liverpool

text: University College London

text: Cambridge

text: Trinity

text: Jesus Colleges

text: Jeremy Hunt

text: Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Dance

text: set design

text: Sadler's Wells

text: Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui

text: Praemium Imperiale

text: knighted

text: Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture

text: maquette

text: Christie's

text: Tate Gallery

text: crypt

text: Winchester Cathedral

text: Brick Man

text: Leeds

text: Leeds City Art Gallery

text: Field

text: Victoria Square

text: Birmingham

text: Havmann

text: Mo i Rana

text: Norway

text: Another Place

text: Crosby Beach

text: Liverpool

text: Quantum Cloud

text: Greenwich

text: Stavanger

text: Norway

text: Angel of the North

text: Gateshead

text: Tyne and Wear

text: Mansfield College, Oxford

text: British Library

text: Manchester Art Gallery

text: Manchester

text: Lake Ballard

text: Catanzaro

text: Calabria

text: Hayward Gallery

text: South Bank

text: Event Horizon

text: South Bank

text: Thames

text: Madison Square

text: São Paulo

text: Hong Kong

text: DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park

text: Lincoln, Massachusetts

text: Trafalgar Square

text: Anchorage, Alaska

text: Anchorage Museum

text: Exeter College, Oxford

text: Broad Street

text: Horizon Field

text: Austrian Alps

text: Lelystad

text: Netherlands

text: Les Archives Nationales

text: Paris

text: France

text: Lillehammer

text: Norway

text: English PEN

text: Horizon Field Hamburg

text: Deichtorhallen

text: Germany

text: Stay

text: Christchurch

text: Delos

text: Mykonos

text: Greece

text: Cyclades

text: Ministry of Culture and Sports

text: What Do Artists Do All Day?

text: Official website

text: Antony Gormley on Artcyclopedia

text: Antony Gormley

text: Xavier Hufkens

text: Tate: In the Studio: Antony Gormley

text: Studio Visit: Antony Gormley

text: White Cube

text: Antony Gormley. A tour around his studio

text: Louisiana Channel

text: Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

categories: People educated at Ampleforth College,Trustees of the British Museum,Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London,21st-century sculptors,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,1950 births,English male sculptors,English sculptors,English contemporary artists,Knights Bachelor,Sculptures by Antony Gormley,Royal Academicians,Turner Prize winners,20th-century British sculptors,Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art,Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale,Alumni of the Slade School of Art

paragraph: Antony Gormley

paragraph: Sir Antony Mark David Gormley, (born 30 August 1950), is a British sculptor. His best known works include the "Angel of the North", a public sculpture in Gateshead in the North of England, commissioned in 1994 and erected in February 1998, "Another Place" on Crosby Beach near Liverpool, and "Event Horizon", a multi-part site installation which premiered in London in 2007, around Madison Square in New York City, in 2010, in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2012, and in Hong Kong in 2015–16.

paragraph: In 2008 "The Daily Telegraph" ranked Gormley number 4 in their list of the "100 most powerful people in British culture".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gormley was the youngest of seven children born to a German mother and a father of Irish descent. His paternal grandfather was an Irish Catholic from Derry who settled in Walsall in Staffordshire. The ancestral homeland of the Gormley Clan (Irish: "Ó Goirmleadhaigh") in Ulster was East Donegal and West Tyrone, with most people in both Derry City and Strabane being of County Donegal origin. Gormley has stated that his parents chose his initials, "AMDG", to have the inference "" - "to the greater glory of God". Gormley grew up in a Roman Catholic family living in Hampstead Garden Suburb. He attended Ampleforth College, a Benedictine boarding school in Yorkshire, before reading archaeology, anthropology and the history of art at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1968 to 1971. He travelled to India and the Dominion of Ceylon / Sri Lanka to learn more about Buddhism between 1971 and 1974. After attending Saint Martin's School of Art and Goldsmiths in London from 1974, he completed his studies with a postgraduate course in sculpture at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College, London, between 1977 and 1979.

paragraph: While at the Slade, he met Vicken Parsons, who was to become his assistant and, in 1980, his wife, as well as a successful artist in her own right. Gormley said of her:

paragraph: The couple have three children, a daughter and two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Gormley's career began with a solo exhibition at the Whitechapel Art Gallery in 1981. Almost all his work takes the human body as its subject, with his own body used in many works as the basis for metal casts.

paragraph: Gormley describes his work as "an attempt to materialise the place at the other side of appearance where we all live." Many of his works are based on moulds taken from his own body, or "the closest experience of matter that I will ever have and the only part of the material world that I live inside." His work attempts to treat the body not as an object but a place and in making works that enclose the space of a particular body to identify a condition common to all human beings. The work is not symbolic but indexical – a trace of a real event of a real body in time.

paragraph: The 2006 Sydney Biennale featured Gormley's "Asian Field", an installation of 180,000 small clay figurines crafted by 350 Chinese villagers in five days from 100 tons of red clay. The appropriation of others' works caused minor controversy and some of the figurines were stolen in protest. Also in 2006, the burning of Gormley's 25-metre high "The Waste Man" formed the zenith of the Margate Exodus.

paragraph: In 2007, Gormley's "Event Horizon", consisting of 31 life-size and anatomically correct casts of his body, four in cast iron and 27 in fiberglass, was installed on top of prominent buildings along London's South Bank, and installed in locations around New York City's Madison Square in 2010. Gormley said of the New York site that "Within the condensed environment of Manhattan's topography, the level of tension between the palpable, the perceivable and the imaginable is heightened because of the density and scale of the buildings" and that in this context, the project should "activate the skyline in order to encourage people to look around. In this process of looking and finding, or looking and seeking, one perhaps re-assess one's own position in the world and becomes aware of one's status of embedment." Critic Howard Halle said that "Using distance and attendant shifts of scale within the very fabric of the city, ["Event Horizon"] creates a metaphor for urban life and all the contradictory associations – alienation, ambition, anonymity, fame – it entails."

paragraph: In July 2009, Gormley presented "One & Other", a Fourth Plinth commission, an invitation for members of the public, chosen by lot, to spend one hour on the vacant plinth in Trafalgar Square in London. This "living art" happening initially attracted much media attention. It even became a topic of discussion on the long-running BBC radio drama series "The Archers", where Gormley made an appearance as himself.

paragraph: In 2012, Gormley began making sculptures that could be termed as "digital-cubism". Through solid steel cubes the human form is rendered into an array of different postures and poses, boldly standing in a white gallery space.

paragraph: In March 2014 Gormley appeared in the BBC Four series "What Do Artists Do All Day?" in an episode which followed him and his team in their Kings Cross studio, preparing a new work – a group of 60 enormous steel figures – called "Expansion Field". The work was shown at the Zentrum Paul Klee in Bern.

paragraph: In May 2015 five life-sized sculptures, "Land", were placed near the centre and at four compass points of the UK in a commission by the Landmark Trust to celebrate its 50th anniversary. They are at Lowsonford (Warwickshire), Lundy (Bristol Channel), Saddell Bay (Scotland), the Martello Tower (Aldeburgh, Suffolk), and Clavell Tower (Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset). The Dorset sculpture was knocked over into Kimmeridge Bay by a storm in September 2015.

paragraph: On 6 September 2015, "Another Place" saw its 10th anniversary at Crosby Beach in Liverpool. Talking of their 10th birthday.I'm just delighted by the barnacles!Every time I'm there, just like any other visitor, you're encouraged to linger a bit longer seeing the tide come in and how many of them disappear. And then you're encouraged to linger further until they're revealed again.In September 2015, Gormley had his first sculpture installed in New Zealand. "Stay" are identical cast iron human form sculptures, with the first installed in the Avon River in Christchurch's central city, and the other sculpture to be installed in the nearby Arts Centre in early 2016.

paragraph: Gormley is a Patron of Paintings in Hospitals, a charity that provides art for health and social care in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

paragraph: In 2017 Gormley curated "Inside", an exhibition at the Southbank Centre, London, presented by Koestler Trust showing artworks by prisoners, detainees and ex-offenders. In addition he judged their annual category prize, also on the theme 'inside'.

paragraph: In 2019 Gormley repopulated the island of Delos with iron 'bodyforms' with the unprecedented site-specific exhibition "SIGHT." Organized and commissioned by NEON Organization and presented in collaboration with the Ephorate of Antiquities of Cyclades this project marked the first time that an artist took over the archaeological site of Delos since the island was inhabited over 5,000 years ago and is the first time a contemporary art installation has been unanimously approved by the Greek Archaeological Council of the Ministry of Culture to take place in Delos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Talking about this exhibition Antony Gormley stated ""I treat the body as a place encouraging empathic occupation of that which lies the other side of appearance: what it feels like"""." He installed 29 sculptures made during the last twenty years, including 5 new works specially commissioned by NEON Organization, both at the periphery and integrated amongst Delos’s archaeological site and museum animating the geological and archaeological features of the island.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Virtual Reality.

paragraph: In 2017 the Royal Academy invited Gormley to consider the possibilities of virtual reality. In 2019 in collaboration with astronomer Priyamvada Natarajan he produced a VR experience called "Lunatick" which allows the viewer to seemingly travel through space to the Moon and fly over its surface, based on images from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Gormley won the Turner Prize in 1994 with "Field for the British Isles". He was quoted as saying that he was "embarrassed and guilty to have won...In the moment of winning there is a sense the others have been diminished. I know artists who've been seriously knocked off their perches through disappointment."

paragraph: Gormley has been a Royal Academician since 2003, and was a Trustee of the British Museum from 2007 to 2015. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and the Royal Institute of British Architects, honorary doctor of the universities of Teesside, Liverpool, University College London, and Cambridge, and a fellow of Trinity and Jesus Colleges, Cambridge. In October 2010, he and 100 other leading artists signed an open letter to the Culture Minister Jeremy Hunt protesting against cutbacks in the arts.

paragraph: On 13 March 2011, Gormley was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Dance for the set design for "Babel (Words)" at Sadler's Wells in collaboration with Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui and Damien Jalet. He was the recipient of the Obayashi Prize in 2012 and is the 2013 Praemium Imperiale laureate for sculpture. Gormley was knighted in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to the arts.

paragraph: For "Room" he received the 2015 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture.

paragraph: Section::::Art market.

paragraph: Gormley's auction record is £3,401,250 for a maquette of the "Angel of the North", set at Christie's, London, on 14 October 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Gormley's website includes images of nearly all of his works up to 2012. The most notable include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bed" (1981) - purchased by the Tate Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sound II" (1986) – in the crypt of Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, Hampshire, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brick Man" (1988) – Sculpture proposed in the 1980s for the city of Leeds. A maquette for the sculpture can be seen in Leeds City Art Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Field" (1991; and subsequent recreations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1993) – Victoria Square, Birmingham, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Havmann" (1995) – Mo i Rana, Arctic Circle City, Norway

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another Place" (1997) – permanently installed at Crosby Beach near Liverpool, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quantum Cloud" (1999)– Greenwich, London, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broken Column" (1999–2003) – Stavanger, Norway

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angel of the North" (1998) – Low Fell (overlooking the A1 and A167 roads), Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Present Time" (2001) – at Mansfield College, Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planets" (2002) – at the British Library, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Filter" (2002) – acquired by Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester, England, in 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inside Australia" (2003) permanent exhibition at Lake Ballard, Western Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time Horizon" – the Archaeological Park of Scolacium near Catanzaro in Calabria, Southern Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ferment" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blind Light" (2007), Hayward Gallery, South Bank, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Event Horizon" (2007) – along the South Bank of the Thames, London, England; (2010) around Madison Square, New York City; 2012 in São Paulo, Brazil; 2015-16 in Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reflection II" (2008) – acquired by DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, Massachusetts, in 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One & Other" (6 July – 14 October 2009) – Trafalgar Square, London, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Habitat" – Gormley's first permanent installation in the United States, in Anchorage, Alaska on the grounds of the Anchorage Museum, cost an estimated $565,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another Time XI" (2009) – Gormley's sculpture on top of Exeter College, Oxford, overlooking Broad Street

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horizon Field" (2010–2012) – sculpture installation in the Austrian Alps.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exposure" (2010) – Lelystad, Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cloud Chain" (2010) – Les Archives Nationales, Paris, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mothership with Standing Matter (2011) Lillehammer, Norway

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Witness" (2011) – on the piazza of the British Library, London; commissioned by English PEN to mark their 90th anniversary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horizon Field Hamburg" (2012) – Deichtorhallen, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stay" (2015/16) – Christchurch, New Zealand

paragraph: BULLET::::- "SIGHT" (2019) – Delos Island, Mykonos, Greece; organized and commissioned by NEON Organization and presented in collaboration with the Ephorate of Antiquities of Cyclades of the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Do Artists Do All Day?"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antony Gormley on Artcyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gormley's exhibition in Guernsey for the International Artist In Residence Programme IAIRP

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures of Gormley's sculpture in Oxford being erected on 15 February 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- An interview with Gormley by Edward Lucie Smith in RealMedia format

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interactive video interview with Gormley and interactive exploration of his work at the Tate Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antony Gormley audio: The artist considers his art and his research into the Wellcome collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antony Gormley at Xavier Hufkens, Brussels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate: In the Studio: Antony Gormley. A tour of the artist's studio. 1 September 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio Visit: Antony Gormley. London, 4 November 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gormley's artwork Mothership with Standing Matter in Lillehammer, Norway

paragraph: BULLET::::- White Cube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antony Gormley. A tour around his studio Video by Louisiana Channel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antony Gormley on the sacred island of Delos talking about "SIGHT" exhibition

alias:
Antony Mark David Gormley
Sir Antony Mark David Gormley
Anthony Gormley

description: British sculptor

wikidata_label: Antony Gormley

wikipedia_title: Antony Gormley