text: billionaire

text: Interactive Brokers

text: American Stock Exchange

text: electronic trading platform

text: securities

text: Forbes

text: richest Hungarian

text: Florida

text: Budapest

text: Hungary

text: American Stock Exchange

text: options

text: Interactive Brokers

text: Securities and Exchange Commission

text: banking regulation

text: Republican Party

text: CNN

text: CNBC

text: Bloomberg

text: socialism

text: 527 group

text: Mitt Romney

text: Democratic

text: Barack Obama

text: Bloomberg Businessweek

text: Ohio

text: Hungarian American

text: Connecticut

text: 2016 presidential election

text: Donald Trump

text: discount brokerage

text: American Stock Exchange

text: stock

text: futures

text: bonds

text: forex

text: options

text: ticker symbol

text: Nasdaq

text: IEX

text: Barron's Magazine

text: IB Exchange Group

text: Chicago Board Options Exchange

text: CME Group

text: Securities and Exchange Commission

text: Commodity Futures Trading Commission

text: Chicago Board of Trade Building

text: single-stock futures

text: IBM

text: Apple

text: Google

text: Options Clearing Corporation

text: Connecticut

text: Forbes 400

text: equestrian

text: Palm Beach, Florida

categories: American chief executives of financial services companies,20th-century American businesspeople,American technology company founders,1944 births,American money managers,American philanthropists,Hungarian billionaires,Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut,American financial analysts,Stock and commodity market managers,American billionaires,American financial company founders,Living people,American computer programmers,Hungarian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Thomas Peterffy

paragraph: Thomas Peterffy (born 1944) is a Hungarian-born American billionaire businessman. He is the founder, chairman, CEO, and the largest shareholder of Interactive Brokers. Peterffy worked as an architectural draftsman after emigrating to the United States, and later became a computer programmer. In 1977, Peterffy purchased a seat on the American Stock Exchange and played a role in developing the first electronic trading platform for securities. According to "Forbes" he is the richest Hungarian, and the richest person in Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Thomas Peterffy was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1944, in a hospital basement during a Russian air raid. He left his engineering studies and emigrated to the United States as a refugee in 1965. When he moved to New York City, he did not speak English. Peterffy began his career in the US as an architectural draftsman working on highway projects for an engineering firm. It was at this firm that he volunteered to program a newly-purchased computer, ultimately shaping the course of his future. Of his background in programming Peterffy said, "I think the way a CEO runs his company is a reflection of his background. Business is a collection of processes, and my job is to automate those processes so that they can be done with the greatest amount of efficiency."

paragraph: Peterffy left his career designing financial modelling software and bought a seat on the American Stock Exchange to trade equity options. During his career in finance, he has consistently pushed to replace manual processes with more efficient automated ones. He would write code in his head during the trading day and then apply his ideas to computerized trading models after hours. Peterffy created a major stir among traders by introducing handheld computers onto the trading floor in the early 1980s. His business related to his AMEX seat eventually developed into Interactive Brokers.

paragraph: Section::::Regulatory influence and political views.

paragraph: In 1999, Peterffy was influential in persuading the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that US options markets could be linked electronically, which would ensure that investors receive the best possible options prices. He has also testified before the United States Senate Banking Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment about adding banking regulations.

paragraph: During the 2012 United States presidential campaign, Peterffy created political ads in support of the Republican Party. Peterffy bought millions of dollars of air time on networks such as CNN, CNBC, and Bloomberg. The ads consisted of a minute-long spot narrated by Peterffy that warned against creeping socialism in the United States. The ads were considered remarkable in part because Peterffy is not a candidate and did not buy the ads through a 527 group but instead paid for them directly.

paragraph: In the spot Peterffy said, "America's wealth comes from the efforts of people striving for success. Take away their incentive with badmouthing success and you take away the wealth that helps us take care of the needy. Yes, in socialism the rich will be poorer±but the poor will also be poorer. People will lose interest in really working hard and creating jobs." Peterffy did not directly mention Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney or Democratic President Barack Obama, but clearly favored the former.

paragraph: Peterffy's ad received mixed responses. Joshua Green, writing for "Bloomberg Businessweek", said "The ad, while slightly ridiculous, is deeply sincere and also quite affecting." Green also asked Peterffy whether the comparison between the United States and Hungary made in the ad was a fair one: "[Peterffy] couldn't really think that the U.S. was turning into socialist Hungary, could he? The government isn't suppressing speech and throwing political opponents in jail. No, he conceded, it wasn't. But it sure feels like that's the path we're on." "Politico" reported that the ad was "being hailed as one of the best spots this election cycle", and said that it could have been influential in Ohio due to its large Hungarian American population.

paragraph: Voter registration records in Connecticut show that Peterffy is registered as an independent voter. Campaign contribution records show that he donated at least $60,000 to the Republican National Committee in 2011 and that over the past few years has mostly donated to Republican candidates.

paragraph: During the 2016 presidential election cycle, Peterffy donated $100,000 to the campaign of Republican nominee Donald Trump.

paragraph: Section::::Interactive Brokers.

paragraph: Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (IB) is an online discount brokerage firm in the United States. The company traces its origin to 1977 when Peterffy bought a seat on the American Stock Exchange as an individual market maker, and formed T.P. & Co. the following year. IB consists of many subsidiaries operating on most major stock, futures, bonds, forex, and options exchanges worldwide. The company commenced a public offering on 4 May 2007 under the ticker symbol on the Nasdaq exchange. On October 5, 2018, Interactive Brokers moved its listing to IEX, becoming the exchange's founding issuer. "Barron's Magazine" stated in 2009 that Interactive Brokers maintains a position as "the least expensive trading venue for investors", and continued to be ranked by Barron's as the lowest cost broker as well as the Best Online Broker in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Interactive Brokers.:OneChicago.

paragraph: OneChicago is an all-electronic exchange owned jointly by IB Exchange Group (IB), Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and CME Group. It is a privately held company that is regulated by both the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The OneChicago corporate headquarters is located in the Chicago Board of Trade Building in Chicago's financial district. OneChicago offers approximately 2,272 single-stock futures (SSF) products with names such as IBM, Apple and Google. All trading is cleared through Options Clearing Corporation (OCC). OneChicago currently operates the only U.S. based securities futures marketplace.

paragraph: Section::::Net worth.

paragraph: Peterffy owns 75% of Interactive Brokers and his net worth is estimated at $19.5 billion as of January 2018 Previously, he was the 76th richest person in the United States, and the 3rd richest in Connecticut. In the same year, Thomas Peterffy was ranked 22nd in the Forbes' annual list of the Forbes 400.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is divorced, with three children. He is an avid equestrian. He lives in Palm Beach, Florida. In 2015 it was reported that he had listed his 80-acre Connecticut estate for $65 million , but it eventually sold for $21m.

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Thomas Peterffy

wikipedia_title: Thomas Peterffy


text:
Caivano
Province of Naples
Italian
Cardinal
Roman Catholic Church
Secretary
Apostolic Signatura
Roman Curia
cardinalate
Caivano
Province of Naples
seminary
Aversa
Pontifical Lateran University
doctorate
philosophy
theology
canon and civil law
Royal University
diploma
physics
Sacred Congregation of the Council
lawyer
Roman Curia
Rome
ordained
priesthood
Holy Office
Vatican Observatory
Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness
referendary
prelate
Apostolic Signatura
voting
auditor
Roman Rota
Secretary
Pope John XXIII
Cardinal Deacon
Santi Cosma e Damiano
consistory
Titular Archbishop
episcopal consecration
Giuseppe Pizzardo
Benedetto Aloisi Masella
co-consecrators
Lateran Basilica
Second Vatican Council
cardinal elector
1963 papal conclave
Pope Paul VI
Vatican City
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: People from the Province of Naples,1872 births,Italian cardinals,1968 deaths,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: Francesco Morano

paragraph: Francesco Morano (8 June 1872, Caivano, Province of Naples – 12 July 1968) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Apostolic Signatura in the Roman Curia from 1935 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1959.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Caivano, Province of Naples, Francesco Morano attended the seminary in Aversa, and the Pontifical Lateran University (from where he obtained his doctorates in philosophy, theology, and canon and civil law), the Royal University (earning a doctorate and a teaching diploma in physics), and the "Studio" of the Sacred Congregation of the Council (graduating with a diploma of lawyer of the Roman Curia) in Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1897, and then finished his studies in 1900. Before serving as an officer of the Holy Office from 1903 to 1925, Morano was made an assistant at the Vatican Observatory in 1900. He was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on 20 July 1918.

paragraph: Entering the Roman Curia as a referendary prelate of the Apostolic Signatura on 21 April 1921, Morano became a voting prelate of the same on 28 December 1922. He was named auditor of the Roman Rota on 30 January 1925, and later Secretary of the Apostolic Signatura on 20 December 1935. Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal Deacon of "Santi Cosma e Damiano" in the consistory of 14 December 1959. Morano was the oldest of the cardinals elevated in that ceremony.

paragraph: He was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Fallaba" on 5 April 1962, and received his episcopal consecration on the following 19 April from Pope John, with Cardinals Giuseppe Pizzardo and Benedetto Aloisi Masella serving as co-consecrators, in the Lateran Basilica. From 1962 to 1965, Morano participated the Second Vatican Council, during the course of which he served as a cardinal elector in the 1963 papal conclave that selected Pope Paul VI.

paragraph: Morano died in Vatican City, at age 96. He is buried in his native Aversa.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Francesco Morano

wikipedia_title: Francesco Morano


text:
English
prelate
Roman Catholic Church
Bishop of Nottingham
Liverpool
ordained
priesthood
Kitchener
Battle of Omdurman
Auxiliary Bishop
Titular Bishop
consecration
Episcopate
consecrator
Francesco Satolli
Edmund Stonor
Bishop
Diocese of Nottingham
Alfonso XIII of Spain
Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
Edward VII
Miramar Palace
Distinguished Service Order
Egypt Medal
Queen's Sudan Medal
Turkish
Order of Osmania
Order of the Medjidie
Khedive's Star
Khedive's Sudan Medal
Order of Isabella the Catholic

categories: 1837 births,1916 deaths,Post-Reformation Roman Catholic bishops in England,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from Liverpool

paragraph: Robert Brindle

paragraph: Robert Brindle (4 November 1837 – 27 June 1916) was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Bishop of Nottingham from 1901 to 1915.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Liverpool on 4 November 1837, he was ordained to the priesthood on 27 December 1862. Brindle served as an army chaplain. He was specially mentioned in Kitchener's dispatches for his services to the wounded during the Battle of Omdurman and "only some technical difficulty prevented his receiving a knighthood at the end of the campaign."

paragraph: He was appointed an Auxiliary Bishop of Westminster and Titular Bishop of Hermopolis Maior on 29 January 1899. His consecration to the Episcopate took place on 12 March 1899, the principal consecrator was Cardinal Francesco Satolli, assisted by and the principal co-consecrators were Archbishop Edmund Stonor. Nearly three years later, he was appointed the Bishop of the Diocese of Nottingham on 2 January 1902.

paragraph: When King Alfonso XIII of Spain of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg wished to be married, the Princess agreed to convert to Catholicism. Her uncle King Edward VII suggested that she take instruction from former army chaplain Monsignor Brindle. Despite anti-Catholic rhetoric on the part of her countrymen, Victoria was received into the Catholic Church in March 1906 at Miramar Palace in a ceremony presided over by Bishop Brindle and the Bishop of Vitoria.

paragraph: He resigned as Bishop of Nottingham on 1 June 1915 and appointed Titular Bishop of Tacapae. He died on 27 June 1916, aged 78. The Bishop was given a military funeral, his coffin covered with the Union Jack with his bishop's mitre on it.

paragraph: Section::::Medals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Distinguished Service Order

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egypt Medal (three clasps, Suakin 1884, El-Teb-Tamaai, The Nile 1884-85)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen's Sudan Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turkish Order of Osmania, Fourth Class

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turkish Order of the Medjidie, Third Class

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khedive's Star 1882

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khedive's Sudan Medal (three clasps, Hafir, The Atbara, Khartou).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Isabella the Catholic

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Robert Brindle

wikipedia_title: Robert Brindle


text: tennis player

text: grand slam

text: 2011 Wimbledon Championships

text: 2012 Australian Open

text: Australian Institute of Sport

text: 2013 Australian Open

text: Berri, South Australia

text: Carlton Blues

text: Australian Football League

text: Russia

text: Australian

text: Daria Gavrilova

text: James Duckworth

text: Nikala Sholtz

text: Jason Kubler

text: Dominic Thiem

text: Nikola Milojević

text: Lucas Pouille

text: Roberto Carballes

text: 2011 Australian Open

text: Jiri Vesely

text: Thiago Moura Monteiro

text: Liam Broady

text: Filip Peliwo

text: Bernard Tomic

text: 2012 Wimbledon Championships

text: Filip Peliwo

text: Ben Mitchell

text: Mildura

text: Berri, South Australia

text: Darwin

text: John Millman

text: Australian Open

text: Alexandre Sidorenko

text: Nicolas Mahut

text: Paolo Lorenzi

text: Tatsuma Ito

text: Andre Begemann

text: Ivo Minar

text: 2013 Brisbane International

text: Sydney International

text: John Millman

text: Tatsuma Ito

text: 2013 Australian Open

text: Go Soeda

text: Little Rock

text: Austin Krajicek

text: Toowoomba

text: Andrew Whittington

text: Cairns

text: Alice Springs

text: Jordan Thompson

text: Sydney

text: Jordan Thompson

text: 2013 Melbourne Challenger

text: Traralgon Challenger

text: Australian Open Wildcard Playoff

text: Ben Mitchell

text: qualifying

text: 2014 Australian Open

text: Paul Capdeville

text: 2014 Burnie International

text: Futures

text: Happy Valley

text: Jarmere Jenkins

text: Port Pirie

text: Jordan Thompson

text: Mildura

text: Dane Propoggia

text: Glen Iris

text: Alex Bolt

text: Gimcheon Challenger

text: Tatsuma Ito

text: Thomaz Bellucci

text: qualifying

text: 2014 Wimbledon Championships

text: Rhyne Williams

text: Yann Marti

text: Dominic Thiem

text: Grigor Dimitrov

text: 2014 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships

text: Newport

text: Hiroki Moriya

text: Peter Polansky

text: Nicolas Mahut

text: Granby Challenger

text: US Open

text: Jarmere Jenkins

text: 2014 Traralgon Challenger 1

text: John-Patrick Smith

text: 2014 Traralgon Challenger 2

text: John Millman

text: Toyota Challenger

text: Australian Open Wildcard Playoff

text: Jordan Thompson

text: 2015 Australian Open

text: Tim Smyczek

text: 2015 Delhi Open

text: French Open qualifying

text: ATP Challenger Tour

text: Sam Groth

text: Manchester Challenger

text: Wimbledon

text: Luca Vanni

text: Richard Gasquet

text: US Open

text: Karen Khachanov

text: Canberra International

text: Benjamin Mitchell

text: 2016 Apia International Sydney

text: 2016 Australian Open

text: 2016 Launceston Tennis International

text: 2016 French Open

text: Surbiton Challenger

text: 2016 Wimbledon Championships

text: Marc Polmans

text: Columbus Challenger

text: Luke Saville

text: Australian Open

text: Luke Saville

text: French Open

text: Luke Saville

text: The Championships, Wimbledon

categories: Australian Institute of Sport tennis players,Tennis people from South Australia,1994 births,Australian male tennis players,Living people,Wimbledon junior champions

paragraph: Luke Saville

paragraph: Luke Saville (born 1 February 1994) is an Australian professional tennis player. As a junior, Saville enjoyed a successful career in which he won two junior grand slam singles titles at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships and 2012 Australian Open respectively. Saville is also a former junior World No. 1 and an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. In January 2013, he competed in his first ATP main draw event at the 2013 Australian Open, but has struggled in transitioning from Juniors onto the professional circuit, reaching a highest singles ranking of only 152. However he has had greater success as a doubles player where he broke into the top 100 by reaching his highest ranking of 82.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Saville was born in Berri, South Australia. He is a keen supporter of the Carlton Blues in the Australian Football League. He has a brother Troy and a sister Katie, who also play club tennis. His relationship with Russian-born Australian tennis player, Daria Gavrilova influenced her decision to become an Australian citizen.

paragraph: Section::::Junior career.

paragraph: Saville began to compete in big junior events at the start of 2009, when he was given wildcards into G1 tournaments in Australia. He only managed to reach the round of 16 in the both tournaments, being taken out by James Duckworth and Nikala Sholtz. Saville had no titles at the start of the Australian Open 2009. He beat Greivis Valadziemer, but lost to Dino Marcan in three sets. Later in 2009, Saville was a part of the victorious Australian Junior Davis Cup Team with teammates Jason Kubler and Joey Swaysland.

paragraph: Saville had a great start to the 2011 with a run against Adam Pavlásek, Dominic Thiem, Nikola Milojević, Lucas Pouille, and Roberto Carballes to reach the final of the 2011 Australian Open, but losing to Jiri Vesely in straight sets in the final.

paragraph: Saville then won the junior 2011 Wimbledon title, beating Lucas Vrnac, Evgyny Lovskiy, Thiago Moura Monteiro, Joris De Looreand, and Kaichi Uchida on his way to the final. He then defeated home player Liam Broady in three sets.

paragraph: In 2012, Saville once again made it to the final of the junior Australian Open, where he beat opponent Filip Peliwo in three sets. He became the first Australian to win the Australian Open juniors title since Bernard Tomic in 2008. Later that year, Saville reached the final of 2012 Wimbledon Championships, where he again faced Filip Peliwo. He lost in straight sets.

paragraph: As a junior, Saville posted a singles win/loss record of 96–39 (and 65–38 in doubles), reaching the no. 1 combined world ranking in January 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2008–2011: Professional tour debut.

paragraph: Saville entered his first professional event in October 2008 as a 14-year-old. The event was held in his home state of South Australia. Saville was awarded a bye in the first round of qualifying but lost in the second round to Ben Mitchell 5–7 0–6.

paragraph: Saville competed in his first main draw of a futures tournament in February 2009 when he was awarded a wildcard into a futures tournament in Mildura, he fell in the first round to Miles Armstrong 5–7 0–6. The following week he was awarded a second wildcard into the main draw of a futures tournament held in Berri, South Australia, the birthplace of Saville. He would lose in the first round to Matt Reid 4–6 4–6. In preparation for the junior Davis Cup finals Saville was awarded his third wildcard into a futures event held in Darwin. As a fifteen-year-old he won his first round against Steven Goh 7–6(3) 6–3 and in doing so earned his first ever ATP ranking points as well as becoming the youngest player on the ATP rankings. Saville would go on to lose to John Millman in the second round 2–6 0–6.

paragraph: Saville was awarded a wildcard into the 2010 Australian Open qualifying draw where he fell in the first round to Frenchman Alexandre Sidorenko 1–6 1–6. Following the Australian Open Saville was awarded a wildcard into his first ever challenger event in Burnie, he went down gallantly in three sets to Dayne Kelly 6–4 3–6 4–6. In March Saville traveled to Spain to train at the AIS headquarters and in doing so entered a Spanish futures tournament, he would lose in the first round of qualifying. On return to Australia Saville continued to play clay court tournaments leading up to the Roland Garros juniors by receiving wildcards into future tournaments in Ipswich and Bundaberg respectively. He would reach the second round of both tournaments. Saville entered three more Australian future tournaments later that year but failed to make it past the first round.

paragraph: Saville once again began his year with a wildcard into the Australian Open qualifying but failed to make it past the first round after losing to Nicolas Mahut in the first round. Following his runner up appearance at the Australian Open juniors he was once again granted a wildcard into the challenger held in Burnie but fell in the first round to Paolo Lorenzi. Throughout the rest of the year Saville competed in futures tournaments across Australia, Thailand, Italy, Netherlands, Great Britain and USA but failed to make it past the first round of the main draw in all tournaments. He would hit some form at the end of 2011 where he made his first ever professional quarterfinal in the last future tournament of the year held in Australia. Saville would finish the year ranked 1,176 in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2012.

paragraph: Saville was awarded qualifying wildcards into the events held in Brisbane, Sydney, and the Australian Open. In Brisbane, Saville reached the second round of qualifying, after defeating Alex Bolt, 6–4, 1–6, 6–3, but later fell to Tatsuma Ito in the second round, 2–6, 2–6. In Sydney qualifying, Saville was knocked out in the first round by Andre Begemann, 4–6, 4–6. Saville lost in the first round of Australian Open qualifying, going down to Ivo Minar, 6–7(3), 1–6.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2013.

paragraph: Saville began his year by losing in the opening rounds of qualifying at both the 2013 Brisbane International and Sydney International to John Millman and Tatsuma Ito, his first top 100 opponent. Saville was awarded a wild card into the 2013 Australian Open. In his ATP main draw debut, he lost in round one to Japanese Go Soeda in four sets. After a number of early round losses in futures and challenger tournaments in Australia, Japan and the United States. After a number of early losses, Saville made the final of the USA futures F10 event in Little Rock. He lost in straight sets to Austin Krajicek.

paragraph: From May to August, Saville competed in tournaments throughout Asia and North America, with a record of five wins to seven losses. His top result being in the Korea futures F5 event where he reached the quarterfinals. In September, Saville returned to form competing in Australian Futures tournaments. He reached the semifinal at the F6 event in Toowoomba, going down to Andrew Whittington in three sets. After losing in the second round of the Australia F7 in Cairns, he again won through to a semifinal at the Australia F8 tournament in Alice Springs. He lost to Jordan Thompson in a third set tiebreak. After a first round loss in the Australia F9 tournament in Sydney to Blake Mott, Saville won his first title of the year at the Australia F10 event in Sydney. He defeated Yasutaka Uchiyama in a three set final. He was forced to withdraw from his match with Jordan Thompson with a hamstring injury. Saville then returned to the challenger circuit with first round and second round losses in the 2013 Melbourne Challenger and the Traralgon Challenger. In November, Saville made the final of the Thailand F4, but lost to Yasutaka Uchiyama in three sets. He lost to Uchiyama again in round 2 the following week in the Thailand F5. Saville finished his year with a semifinal loss at the Australian Open Wildcard Playoff to Ben Mitchell in straight sets. Saville finished 2013 ranked World No. 398.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2014.

paragraph: Saville was given a wild card into qualifying at the 2014 Australian Open where he lost in the first round to Paul Capdeville in three sets. Saville then lost in the first round of the 2014 Burnie International and the second round of the 2014 Charles Sturt Adelaide International.

paragraph: Saville next competed in the Australia 2014 Futures F1 event in Happy Valley where he reached the final, and went down in straights sets to Jarmere Jenkins. The next week in the Australia F2 in Port Pirie, Saville went on to win the title against Jordan Thompson after he was forced to withdraw while Saville led by a set and a break. Saville then claimed another title in the Australia F3 event in Mildura with a three set win over Dane Propoggia. After losing in the second round of the Australia F4 event, Saville went on to win his third Futures title of the year in Glen Iris. Saville defeated Alex Bolt in the final in a match where he was forced to save multiple match points. Saville's run of form in the futures tournaments lifted his ranking from World No. 397 to No. 250.

paragraph: In May, Saville, made the quarterfinals of the Gimcheon Challenger, but lost to eventual finalist Tatsuma Ito. This was his best result at a Challenger tour event. Saville scored his first top 100 win against top seed Thomaz Bellucci in the first round of qualifying at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. After defeating Rhyne Williams in three sets, Saville won a long five set final round against Yann Marti which meant he had qualified for the main draw. This would be just his second main draw ATP match of his career. In the first round, he prevailed against Dominic Thiem in four sets. This was his first win in a major championship and as a result, he broke into the top 200 for the first time. He lost to Grigor Dimitrov in the second round. Saville played his final grass court tournament for the year at the 2014 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships in Newport. He defeated Sarvar Ikramov and Hiroki Moriya to qualify for his third ATP main draw. He defeated Peter Polansky in straight sets before losing to Nicolas Mahut in the second round.

paragraph: In July, Saville sustained a lower back issue in the quarterfinals of the Granby Challenger. This injury sidelined him from the US Open and competition for almost three months. Saville returned from injury in October and made the final of the Australia futures F8 event, but lost to Jarmere Jenkins in straight sets. Saville reached the quarterfinals of the 2014 Traralgon Challenger 1, going down to John-Patrick Smith, after taking the first set. He then reached the semifinals of the 2014 Traralgon Challenger 2, before losing to eventual champion John Millman. This result gave him a career high ranking of World No. 158. He lost in the first round of the Toyota Challenger in a third set tiebreak to Mao-Xin Gong. Saville finished the year at the Australian Open Wildcard Playoff where he reached the semifinal. He was forced to withdraw from his match with Jordan Thompson with a hamstring injury. Saville finished the year with a ranking of World No. 164.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2015.

paragraph: Saville was given a wild card into the 2015 Australian Open, where he lost in round 1 to Tim Smyczek in straight sets. In February, Saville reached the quarter final of the 2015 Delhi Open. In May, Saville made the second round of French Open qualifying. In June, Saville made his first final on the ATP Challenger Tour, losing to compatriot Sam Groth in the Manchester Challenger. In June, Saville qualified for Wimbledon for the second year in a row, saving a match point and fighting back from two sets down to defeat higher-ranked Italian Luca Vanni in the final round of qualifying. Saville lost in round 1 to number 21 seed Richard Gasquet in straight sets. In August, Saville won the USA F24 title against Kevin King, but lost in round 1 of qualifying for the US Open to Karen Khachanov.

paragraph: In October, Saville returned to Australia where he made the final of the Brisbane F9, losing to Gavin van Peperzeel in three sets 6–7, 6–2, 6–7. He made the final of the Canberra International but lost to Benjamin Mitchell 7–5, 0–6, 1–6. Saville finished the year with a ranking of world number 174.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2016.

paragraph: Saville lost in round one of qualifying for the 2016 Apia International Sydney and 2016 Australian Open. In February, Saville made the semi-final of the 2016 Launceston Tennis International before heading to Asia where he played in a number of Challenger tournaments, with limited success. In May, Saville lost in round 1 of qualifying for the 2016 French Open. In June, Saville made the quarter final of the Surbiton Challenger before qualifying for the 2016 Wimbledon Championships for the third year in a row Saville finished the year with a ranking of world number 266.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017.

paragraph: After a disappointing 2016 campaign, Saville admitted that the pressure of expectation had gotten to him in the past, but was "finding his mojo" again after reuniting with former coach Des Tyson. Despite his hopes, 2017 was a disaster year for Saville, who posted just nine main draw singles wins on the Challenger and Futures circuit and failed to make it past the second round at any tournament. Saville also failed to feature in a grand slam main draw since 2012. As a result, Saville's ranking plummeted to 521 to close out the year, his worst year-end ranking since 2011. Despite having a horror year in singles, Saville managed to make seven Challenger doubles finals in 2017, winning once. He finished the season ranked 130 in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018.

paragraph: Saville commenced the 2018 year on the Australian Challenger circuit, with limited success. In March Saville reached the final of the Australia F1, losing to Marc Polmans. It was Saville's first singles final in over 2 years. Saville travelled to Asia and qualified for 2 Challenger main draws from 5 attempts. Saville experiences similar limited success across Europe and North American challenger circuit, his best result being a quarterfinal appearance at the Columbus Challenger in September.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luke Saville at the Australian Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luke Saville at the French Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luke Saville at The Championships, Wimbledon

description: Australian tennis player

wikidata_label: Luke Saville

wikipedia_title: Luke Saville


text:
Southampton
Calais
eccentric
philanthropist
University of Southampton
mayor
Justice of the Peace
Calvinist
Holyrood Church
King Edward VI School, Southampton
libertine
venereal disease
St Mary's Church, Portsea
Newington, Surrey
Calais
Bunhill Fields
University of Southampton

categories: Deaths in France,1777 births,1850 deaths,Founders of English schools and colleges,People from Southampton,English philanthropists

paragraph: Henry Robinson Hartley

paragraph: Henry Robinson Hartley (12 November 1777 Southampton – 24 May 1850 Calais, France) was an English eccentric and philanthropist. He was the benefactor behind the founding of Southampton's Hartley Institute or Hartley Institution, which later became the University of Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Henry's parents were Henry Hartley (1731–1800) and Susanna née Lavender (1742–1821). His father was a mayor of Southampton, a Justice of the Peace, and also a strict Calvinist who had inherited a successful wine business from his childless uncle George Robinson (1700–1776).

paragraph: The young Henry was baptised at Holyrood Church, Southampton. Later, he attended Southampton Grammar School (now King Edward VI School, Southampton). As a youth, probably as a reaction against his strict upbringing, he adopted a libertine lifestyle. This left him with venereal disease which gave him problems during the rest of his life. His marriage to Celia Anne Crowcher (1779–1848) on 24 November 1798 at St Mary's Church, Portsea was a failure and was annulled in 1802. He disputed the paternity of their only daughter, Sarah Anne, and never publicly acknowledged her.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: In 1821 he inherited a townhouse and a considerable fortune on his mother's death. He led a reclusive life and, in 1825, left Southampton never to return, spending his time between Calais in France and Newington, Surrey, near London. In 1842, he made a will leaving most of his estate to the city of Southampton. He wished his house to become a museum designed to promote the study of natural history, astronomy, antiquities, classics, and oriental literature. In 1850, he died in Calais, France, and was buried in the Dissenters' burial ground, Bunhill Fields, in London.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Death duties swallowed one half of Hartley's £100,000 estate. His daughter challenged his will and took a portion of the residual value. Using the remaining funds, the City of Southampton founded the Hartley Institute (1862) by combining a museum, library and venue for public lectures. This Institute became, in turn, Hartley College (1896), Hartley University College (1902), University College of Southampton (1914), and eventually the University of Southampton (1952). Hartley's house was demolished.

description: Founder of University of Southampton

wikidata_label: Henry Robertson Hartley

wikipedia_title: Henry Robinson Hartley


text:
physiologist
Härnösand Municipality
Hans Blix
Uppsala
Lund
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
somatic
temperature
cutaneous
tactile
neurologist
Alfred Goldscheider
Johns Hopkins University
physiology
muscle
Lund
Hematocrit
law of specific nerve energies
Biography of Magnus Blix

categories: Lund University faculty,Swedish physiologists,1849 births,Uppsala University faculty,1904 deaths

paragraph: Magnus Blix

paragraph: Magnus Gustaf Blix (25 December 1849 – 14 February 1904) was a Swedish physiologist born in the parish Säbrå, presently located in Härnösand Municipality. He is the grandfather of UN weapons inspector Hans Blix.

paragraph: During his career he was a professor at the Universities of Uppsala and Lund. Blix was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1892.

paragraph: Blix is best known for his work in the 1880s involving somatic sensation. He discovered that electrical stimulation on different points on the surface of the skin caused distinct warm or cool sensations. Subsequently he built a "temperature stimulator" which showed that a decreased skin temperature produced cool sensations from localized spots at separate skin locations. He also discovered that increased temperature induced warm sensations from different cutaneous locations. In addition he performed tests that involved localized tactile sensitivity.

paragraph: In 1881–82 Blix published his findings in two important documents. During this time frame, German neurologist Alfred Goldscheider (1858–1935), and American physician Henry Herbert Donaldson (1857–1938) of Johns Hopkins University were performing similar experiments, independent of Blix.

paragraph: Blix is also credited for conducting extensive research on the physiology of muscles.

paragraph: He died in Lund.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Hematocrit

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cutaneous sensory spots and the law of specific nerve energies (biography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Magnus Blix

description: Swedish physiologist

wikidata_label: Magnus Blix

wikipedia_title: Magnus Blix


text:
French
jurist
Paris
Parlement de Paris
Third Estate
Paris
Estates-General
National Constituent Assembly
Louis XVI
Adrien Duport
Antoine d'André
Flight to Varennes
King Louis XVI
Directory
Council of the Ancients
Consulate
common law
Roman law
Panthéon
François de Neufchâteau

categories: People from Paris,1806 deaths,French jurists,Burials at the Panthéon, Paris,1726 births,18th-century jurists

paragraph: François Denis Tronchet

paragraph: François Denis Tronchet (23 March 1726 – 10 March 1806) was a French jurist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Paris, he became an "avocat" at the "Parlement de Paris", and gained a great reputation in a consultative capacity. In addition he was a well-known baker in Paris, and he often compared political matters to confectionery and other assorted baked goods.

paragraph: In 1789, he was elected by the Third Estate of Paris as deputy to the Estates-General. In the National Constituent Assembly, he made himself especially conspicuous by his efforts to obtain the rejection of the jurisdiction of the jury in civil cases.

paragraph: Tronchet had an interesting relationship with Louis XVI. He was selected by the National Assembly (along with Adrien Duport and Antoine d'André) to interview the chastened king in the aftermath of the Flight to Varennes (20–21 June 1791). Eighteen months later, Tronchet was chosen by King Louis XVI as his defense counsel at his trial, and performed this difficult and dangerous task with ability and courage.

paragraph: During the period of the Directory, he was a deputy at the Council of the Ancients, where he unsuccessfully opposed the resolution that judges be nominated by the executive directory. Under the Consulate he was the president of the tribunal of cassation, and collaborated in preparing the final scheme for the civil code. He had a marked influence on the code, and succeeded in introducing common law principles in spite of the opposition of his colleagues, who were deeply imbued with Roman law. Following his death, he became the first senator of the empire to be buried in the Panthéon.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: François de Neufchâteau, "Discours sur Tronchet" (Paris, undated); Coqueret, "Essai sur Tronchet" (Caen, 1867).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: French jurist

wikidata_label: François Denis Tronchet

wikipedia_title: François Denis Tronchet


text:
Old English
Kent
Eadberht III Præn
Coenwulf
client king
Lichfield
Council of Clovesho
Archbishopric of Canterbury
Offa of Mercia
Vikings
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
List of monarchs of Kent

categories: 807 deaths,9th-century English monarchs,8th-century English monarchs,Kentish monarchs

paragraph: Cuthred of Kent

paragraph: Cuthred (Old English: "Cuþræd") was the King of Kent from 798 to 807.

paragraph: After the revolt of Kent under Eadberht III Præn was defeated in 798 by Coenwulf, Cuthred was established as a client king. During Cuthred's reign, the Archbishopric of Lichfield was formally abolished at the Council of Clovesho on 12 October 803, and the Archbishopric of Canterbury thus regained the status of which Offa of Mercia had sought to deprive it. Cuthred's reign also saw the first raids of Kent by the Vikings. After his death in 807, Cœnwulf seems to have acted as King of Kent.

paragraph: Cuthred died in 807, according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". He issued coins and charters. His surviving charters are both dated 805, one precisely to 26 July 805, in the eighth year of his reign, so his accession fell between 27 July 797 and 26 July 798. In two charters issued by Cœnwulf, King of Mercia, he is described as brother of that king.

paragraph: Cuthred may have had two sons called Cyneberht and Coenwald.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: List of monarchs of Kent

description: King of Kent

wikidata_label: Cuthred of Kent

wikipedia_title: Cuthred of Kent


text: avant-garde

text: LGBTQ

text: Layton, Blackpool

text: drag queen

text: Comedy Nation

text: Channel 4

text: Nathan Barley

text: Royal Vauxhall Tavern

text: Uncle David

text: The Times

text: Anglican

text: Ken Dodd

text: Dorothy Squires

text: pulmonary vein

text: The Rocky Horror Show

text: Gay Village

text: narcissism

text: Faith No More

text: I Started a Joke

text: Todd Haynes

text: Velvet Goldmine

text: Comedy Nation

text: Channel 4

text: David Bowie

text: Rock 'n' Roll Suicide

text: nervous breakdown

text: Nathan Barley

text: Charlie Brooker

text: Chris Morris

text: David A. Stewart

text: Eurythmics

text: Justin Bond

text: Royal Vauxhall Tavern

text: Duckie

text: HIV test

text: Chelsea Theatre

text: Sigmund Freud

text: Hampstead

text: Vauxhall

text: polygamy

text: arms trade

text: social housing

text: Isle of Sheppey

text: Ashley Ryder

text: Chéries-Chéris

text: The Guardian

text: 2010 United Kingdom general election

text: David Joseph Henry

text: Hazel Blears

text: Launch Party

text: Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition

text: Soho Theatre

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: Hurt

text: New Order

text: True Faith

text: Joseph McCarthy

text: Stephen Sondheim

text: Losing My Mind

text: Tony Christie

text: The Stage

text: Pink Paper

text: Richard Thomas

text: Kylie

text: mental health

text: Nathan Barley

text: GT

text: Battersea Arts Centre

text: Tom Zenk

text: Derngate

text: Live Art Development Agency

text: Timeout London, Interview by Ben Walters: ’Magazine‘ star David Hoyle plans to raise our consciousness through dogging'

text: Gavin Butt: ‘Hoyle’s Humility’

text: The Skinny, Posted by Paul Mitchell: David Hoyle – Still Really Rather Divine

text: The Times, Interview by Nancy Durrant: Comedian David Hoyle is no drag

text: Gay Icons Performance at the National Portrait Gallery

text: The Independent, Interview by Nancy Groves: Observations: Freud family sofa's takes a starring role in Theatre of Therapy

text: David Hoyle on Twitter

text: Gay Times interview

text: Gay Times - Merrie Hell

categories: English drag queens,LGBT singers,LGBT comedians,British performance artists,LGBT musicians from England,English socialists,People from Blackpool,Gay artists,Gay musicians,1962 births,English male comedians,Living people

paragraph: David Hoyle (performance artist)

paragraph: David Hoyle (born 19 September 1962) is an English performance artist, avant-garde cabaret artist, singer, actor, comedian and film director. His performances are known to combine many disparate elements, from satirical comedy to painting, surrealism and even striptease, much of which is aggressive in nature. Himself homosexual, Hoyle's work has often focused on themes in the LGBTQ community, attacking what he sees as dominant trends in "bourgeois Britain and the materialistic-hedonistic gay scene". His performances have led him to become "something of a legend" on the London cabaret circuit.

paragraph: Born into a lower-middle-class background in Layton, Blackpool, Lancashire, Hoyle was heavily bullied for his homosexuality as a child, leading to a mental breakdown aged fourteen. He began performing at a local working men's club before moving to London and then Manchester. It was here that he began performing at gay clubs in the city in the early 1990s, eventually developing the character known as The Divine David, an "anti-drag queen" who combined "lacerating social commentary" with "breathtaking instances of self-recrimination and even self-harm." Eventually taking his character to television, he appeared on the BBC's "Comedy Nation" (1998) and produced two shows for Channel 4, "The Divine David Presents" (1998) and then "The Divine David Heals" (2000). That year, he decided to bring an end to The Divine David character, performing a farewell show at Streatham Ice Arena entitled "The Divine David on Ice".

paragraph: Retreating from his public appearances, Hoyle returned to his home in Manchester where he suffered from a mental breakdown that lasted several years. In 2005 he returned to television, appearing as the character Doug Rocket on Channel 4 sitcom "Nathan Barley", and the next year he returned to the stage, performing as himself in a show entitled "David Hoyle's SOS". Over the next few years he continued with a string of shows, most of which were held at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern in London, and which included "Magazine" (2007), "Dave's Drop-In" (2009), "Licking Wounds" (2010) and "Lives" (2011). In 2010 he also released his own feature film, "Uncle David", in which he both directed and starred.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life: 1963–1989.

paragraph: Hoyle found it difficult growing up as a homosexual in Blackpool, later telling a reporter from "The Times" that people found out about his sexuality whilst at secondary school. He was subsequently bullied, and felt that going to school was "like walking to your death on a daily basis. Knowing that you were going to get assaulted, knowing that you didn't have anybody to talk to." Although the teachers knew of the bullying that he faced, they did nothing to stop it, believing that "by subjecting me to violence it would make me heterosexual." The stress led him to suffer a mental breakdown when he was fourteen, although the doctors who treated him "pathologised my natural behaviour and tried to give me tablets for it", something which he thought caused him even greater suffering. Hoyle's family were Anglican, and he sang in the local church choir, however he had a problem with those Christians who were "very quick to seize on the Bible to condemn you". His parents recognised his sexuality, but had difficulty accepting it, although Hoyle has remarked that they did so out of "kindness and concern" for how he would develop as an adult. Hoyle gained some relief from the persecution he faced however by visiting the comedians and performers that used to appear at Blackpool every summer, such as Ken Dodd and Dorothy Squires, and he particularly adored the circus, later relating that "I thought its performers were the most glamorous people. Beyond beautiful."

paragraph: It was when he was seventeen that he first went out on to the gay scene, but was put off when the first thing that anyone said to him was "you're not fuckable." It was around the same time that he began performing in the Belle Vue,a pub in Blackpool, where he did comedy routines whilst in the character of Paul Munnery-Vain (the name being a pun on pulmonary vein), the illegitimate offspring of the Duke of Edinburgh and Dorothy Squires. He found that many of the punters enjoyed his performances, although was unnerved that some of them made sexual advances toward him.

paragraph: Aged twenty-one, he then left Blackpool and moved south to London, where he began to actively socialise in the city's gay scene. Here he temporarily gained a job playing the role of hunchbacked butler Riff-Raff in a stage production of "The Rocky Horror Show", although was forced to quit when his alcohol and illegal drug intake got out of control. He would later comment that in London during these years he had "a lovely time. It was like going out for a night and it carried on for three years." However, it was during the 1980s that the HIV/AIDS epidemic hit the gay population and with little education or medical treatments, several of his friends' contracted and died of the virus; "people started to drop like flies. In our early twenties, we were losing our friends similarly to people of pension age." Partly because of the epidemic, Hoyle decided to leave London, moving back up north and settling down in Manchester.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The Divine David: 1990–2000.

paragraph: David Hoyle first came to prominence through the clubbing scene around Manchester's Gay Village in the early 1990s, when club nights introduced performance elements to add to their experience. Hoyle was the host and compere at Manchester's Paradise Factory nightclub, and was also involved in the early days of the superclub Manumission, when it started as a club night in Manchester. He came to the notice of a London audience via his weekly performances at Duckie, from 1995 onwards. Soon after, Louise Gray published the first national press interview with Hoyle ('David versus Goliath', 29 November 1996). He also performed at the Queer Up North festival and the Leeds conceptual art club 'Freakshow'. Hoyle began appearing as a character whom he called 'The Divine David', which would later be described by reporter Ben Walters as "a sort of anti-drag act caustically lamenting the narcissism of the gay mainstream... through song, dance, painting and whatever else took his fancy." Other elements of his performance included pole dancing, mural painting and even striptease. Meanwhile, Hoyle had begun indulging in large quantities of alcohol and illegal drugs, leading to a "lot of near-death experiences".

paragraph: Aside from his performances as the Divine David, Hoyle also acted in various other roles; in 1998, he appeared prominently in the music video for Faith No More's cover of "I Started a Joke", whilst that same year, he also appeared as a cameo in Todd Haynes's film "Velvet Goldmine" playing Freddi, a member of Brian Slade's entourage.

paragraph: Hoyle appeared regularly as The Divine David in the BBC's sketch show "Comedy Nation" (1998) and achieved national prominence with his 1998 arts TV show "The Divine David Presents" on Channel 4, also under his stage persona. This was followed a year later by the series "The Divine David Heals".

paragraph: In 2000, Hoyle publicly killed off the Divine David in a show entitled "The Divine David on Ice" which was held at Streatham Ice Rink in London; at the end of the show, the character died to the soundtrack David Bowie's "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide". Commenting on the reason for killing off The Divine David, Hoyle would relate that:

paragraph: Temporarily abandoning his career and retreating to his Manchester home, he spent several years in a period of reflection, later relating that he spent much of this time simply staring at his wallpaper, "just rocking to and fro, you know, the days merging, the seasons coming and going." Suffering a nervous breakdown, Hoyle gained most of his satisfaction from helping out his neighbours at their local housing association-backed communal garden, finding that being amongst plants aided his mental recovery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Nathan Barley" and a return to the stage: 2005–2008.

paragraph: Emerging from five years as a recluse, in 2005 Hoyle appeared in the Channel 4 sitcom "Nathan Barley", written by television satirists and comedians Charlie Brooker and Chris Morris. In "Nathan Barley", which only ran for one series, Hoyle played an ageing popstar named Doug Rocket, a founding member of a band named The Veryphonics (thereby being a parody of David A. Stewart, the founding member of 1980s synthpop band Eurythmics).

paragraph: In 2006 he finally returned to the stage, taking part in the "It's Queer Up North" festival, during which he constructed a garden inside Manchester's Contact Theatre. His garden project was a success, with the run having to be extended to meet demand. In June of that year he also appeared in a one-off informal show at Bush Hall, London, entitled "When David met Justin" and during which he chatted and shared music with transgender American cabaret performer Justin Bond.

paragraph: He subsequently met theatre director Sarah Frankcom, who helped him to produce a show known as "David Hoyle's SOS", which toured the UK in 2006. Considering it to be his most autobiographical show to date, Hoyle told a reporter that it was inspired by his childhood growing up in Blackpool, commenting that "you've got all that showbusiness seaside stuff going on" in it.

paragraph: In 2007, Hoyle launched a new ten-part show at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern in London, produced by fellow avant-garde performer Duckie, entitled "Magazine". Each week, Hoyle would deal with a different subject, examining such topics as immigration, crime and punishment, dogging, HIV/AIDS, women's issues and alcoholism. In doing so he hoped that he could get his audience thinking about intellectual topics, stating that "All I can provide with "Magazine" is a microcosm of a macrocosm... But at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern the truth will be revealed and it will be a shared experience and there will be a mass lifting of consciousness. That's all I can say." For the performance dealing with HIV/AIDS, Hoyle screened a short film of his own HIV test that was taken earlier that day, the first which he had had in twenty years. The result came out negative, but as reporter Lyn Gardner remarked, "had it been positive, I am certain he would still have shown us the clip." That same year, Hoyle also worked with the experimental theatre troup Victoria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Continuing stage work and the Avant Garde Alliance: 2009.

paragraph: In 2009, Hoyle also opened a new show named "Dave's Drop-in Centre" at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern in London. Describing the show to a reporter, he commented that it was "loosely inspired by a psychiatric daycare centre, and all the activities that go on, from occupational therapy to hobbies to empowerment, group catharsis." Spread over a series of six Thursday nights, in each show Hoyle collaborated with a different performer to explore a variety of topics; for instance with burlesque comedian Fancy Chance he dealt with nationalism and immigration whilst with Dickie Beau he looked into the theme of childhood.

paragraph: In October–November 2009, Hoyle presented a piece of performance art at London's Chelsea Theatre as a part of their SACRED season. Entitled "Theatre of Therapy" and directed by Nathan Evans, it involved Hoyle interviewing audience members whilst sitting on a couch that once belonged to pioneering psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) when the latter had lived in Hampstead, North London. Describing the use of such an artefact, Hoyle told a journalist that "The couch will be electrically charged with the vibration of Freud's voice. I plan to have a relationship with it."

paragraph: In 2009, Hoyle publicly proclaimed that he was intending to stand for election as a member of parliament in the Vauxhall constituency in south London. Standing as a representative of the Avant-Garde Alliance Party, he proclaimed (ironically) that, should he come into power, he would advocate killing local priests and other authority figures to bring about "a new way, a new way of being, a new way of living, a new way of responding. No longer are we going to look to others to tell us how to be." These "pseudo-faux-adult parental figures", Hoyle claimed, "have had a jolly good run for their money and it's now time for them to fuck off". He further went on to advocate polygamy and encouraged more sex (including "inter-species love [and] inter-generational sex"), believing that it would cut crime rates. Furthermore, he argued for an overhaul of the workplace system, encouraging people to adopt a "spiritual dimension" to their jobs, and called for the abolition of the arms trade, with weapons factories being converted into social housing.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Uncle David" and further stage work: 2010–present.

paragraph: In 2010, Hoyle premiered his first feature film, "Uncle David", which he had both directed and starred in, at the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival. Set in and around a caravan park in the Isle of Sheppey in Kent, "Uncle David" featured Hoyle in the title role as a man living with his adolescent nephew (played by Ashley Ryder, a "boyish porn actor" who had collaborated with Hoyle in some of his stage shows). The film explored the relationship between the two characters, with the action unfolding over a couple of days, with one reviewer writing that "Suspense and dread accumulate as the low-key naturalism and the characters' obvious affection for one another play-off against the enormity of what looms ahead." In November of that year, Hoyle and Ryder were awarded a shared Best Actor Award for their roles in the film at Chéries-Chéris, Paris Gay, Lesbian, Trans, Film Festival. Meanwhile, in December of that year he filmed a special Christmas message for the socially liberal newspaper "The Guardian". In the run up the 2010 United Kingdom general election Hoyle announced his support for fellow queer-identified figure David Joseph Henry running against Hazel Blears in Salford and Eccles (UK Parliament constituency) by hosting the "Hazel Must Go" campaign's Launch Party standing for the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition.

paragraph: In August 2011, Hoyle produced his first musical show, "Unplugged", at London's Soho Theatre, during which he sang a medley of songs, some of which were covers and others which were his own creation. Directed by regular Hoyle collaborator Nathan Evans, the music was directed by Michael Roulston, and included a series of songs that had a "personal connection" to him; covers of Nine Inch Nails's "Hurt", New Order's "True Faith", Joseph McCarthy's "You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It)", Stephen Sondheim's "Losing My Mind" and Tony Christie's "How Can I Entertain?", as well as a new song, "A Return to Trauma". Journalist Paul Vale of "The Stage" noted that it was "something of a departure" from Hoyle's earlier work, and that he was "almost sanitised" in his behaviour, providing "a healthy dialogue with his audience", discussing his "progressive views on education and a tongue-in-cheek dissection of avant-garde performance art, but mostly the chit-chat is either friendly or amiably abusive." Whilst noting that "Hoyle's anecdotes and wit were in full flow from the start", the reporter Jamie Fisher of the "Pink Paper" was more critical, noting that many would be "put off by his reliance on lavatorial humour and random avant-garde style", believing that he was destined to appeal "to a cult audience only".

paragraph: In December 2012 Hoyle returned to the Soho Theatre with a stage show collection of songs written with Richard Thomas, covering a variety of topics raging from 'Gays in the Military' to the scandals of the BBC over the ages. "Merrie Hell" covers the dark side of the Christmas holidays set against melodies disjointed from the reality of subject covered within the show, with Thomas, who scored , helping bring levity alongside reflection and filthy humour.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: A fierce and vocal supporter of LGBTQ rights, Hoyle has publicly stated that should he ever be in a position of political power, "I would remove anyone who's vaguely homophobic to a concentration camp outside the M25, where they could keep each other company until such time as it was deemed appropriate for them to be dispatched." Nonetheless, Hoyle remains highly critical of the mainstream gay culture in Britain, believing it to be "off-the-peg" and generic, and describing it as "the biggest suicide cult in history". In his work he has attempted to fight against the idea that gay people are "not socialist, not political, not left-field, just as pathetic and ridiculous as anybody else, that we couldn't give a fuck about anything as long as we can listen to Kylie and go shopping."

paragraph: Hoyle suffers from mental breakdowns, something which he blames on his abusive childhood. He often raises the issue of mental health in his performances, relating that "It's one of the last great taboos. People who would rush to help someone with a broken leg run away when someone has a mental health problem." Hoyle is also a painter, often reflecting his own life in his work; one of his works was for instance titled "Hi, I'm David and 48 and Returning to Psychiatric Help Which Is in the Public Interest". His character, Doug Rocket in "Nathan Barley" mentions nervous breakdowns, saying "it induced the first of many nervous breakdowns, all of which I've chosen to ignore", talking about the fictional group The Veryphonics.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography and resume.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography and resume.:Television credits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magazine: The Reprint" (2007) – a DVD with some of these performances has been published by Duckie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "David's Debatables" (2007 – ) monthly column for GT(Gay Times) Magazine since 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Is My Fucking Truth" – Performance at the Project Arts Centre, Dublin on 26 June 2009 as part of the Dublin LGBTQ Pride Festival 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pride London 2009 – Appearance on the stage in Leicester Square, featuring a duet with Boy George, "Spoiling it for the Others"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gay Icons at the National Portrait Gallery – Promenade Performance with Escalator Finale 11 September 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Hoyle's Aural Assault – Four Thursdays in September 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rules and Regulations – an art Installation as Artist in Residence at Battersea Arts Centre, 25 and 26 Sep 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobody Got The Z-Man's Back – Spoken word piece on the life and career of former professional wrestler Tom Zenk, 25 January 2011, Northampton Derngate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revelations (2012) – a DVD comprising the short films of David Hoyle and Nathan Evans published by Live Art Development Agency

paragraph: Section::::Reviews and press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: Gavin Butt: ‘Hoyle’s Humility’, (interview with David Hoyle), in Dance Theatre Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20110805144011/http://www.davidhoyle.info/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20120330150100/http://theavantgardealliance.com/

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Hoyle on Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gay Times interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gay Times - David Hoyle at the Royal Court

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gay Times - Merrie Hell

description: British entertainer

wikidata_label: David Hoyle

wikipedia_title: David Hoyle (performance artist)


text: novelist

text: playwright

text: poet

text: World War II

text: Heerlen

text: Traunstein

text: Bavaria

text: Hitler Youth

text: Seekirchen

text: apprenticeship

text: grocer

text: George Steiner

text: tuberculosis

text: sanatorium

text: Sankt Veit im Pongau

text: Mozarteum

text: Salzburg

text: Georg Büchner Prize

text: Gmunden

text: Upper Austria

text: publication

text: monologue

text: Andreas Dorschel

text: contumacy

text: Burgtheater

text: Anti-Catholic

text: claim

text: emigration

text: Suhrkamp Verlag

text: Frost

text: Michael Hofmann

text: Gargoyles

text: Richard and Clara Winston

text: The Lime Works

text: Sophie Wilkins

text: Correction

text: Yes

text: Ewald Osers

text: Ewald Osers

text: Concrete

text: David McLintock

text: Wittgenstein's Nephew

text: The Loser

text: Woodcutters

text: Old Masters: A Comedy

text: Extinction

text: On the Mountain

text: Am Ziel

text: Heldenplatz

text: Thomas Bernhard's Heldenplatz in the press

text: Links to various related resources

text: Random Evidence on Thomas Bernhard

text: Theo Breuer

text: Blast Books

text: Ferry Radax

text: Five stories

text: Shooting of "Monologe auf Mallorca"

text: Thomas Bernhard for life

text: "The Genius of Bad News"

text: The New York Review of Books

text: "The Darkest Comedian,"

categories: Austrian expatriates in the Netherlands,Georg Büchner Prize winners,Prix Médicis étranger winners,1931 births,Male dramatists and playwrights,Austrian dramatists and playwrights,Anton Wildgans Prize winners,People from Heerlen,20th-century dramatists and playwrights,Austrian people of Dutch descent,German-language poets,20th-century Austrian novelists,Male novelists,Male poets,1989 deaths

paragraph: Thomas Bernhard

paragraph: Nicolaas Thomas Bernhard (; 9 February 1931 – 12 February 1989) was an Austrian novelist, playwright and poet. Bernhard's body of work has been called "the most significant literary achievement since World War II." He is widely considered to be one of the most important German-speaking authors of the postwar era.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Thomas Bernhard was born in 1931 in Heerlen in the Netherlands, where his unmarried mother Herta Bernhard worked as a maid. From the autumn of 1931 he lived with his grandparents in Vienna until 1937 when his mother, who had married in the meantime, moved him to Traunstein, Bavaria, in Germany. There he was required to join the Deutsches Jungvolk, a branch of the Hitler Youth, which he hated. Bernhard's natural father Alois Zuckerstätter was a carpenter and petty criminal who refused to acknowledge his son. Zuckerstätter died in Berlin from gas poisoning in an assumed suicide in 1940; Bernhard never met him.

paragraph: Bernhard's grandfather, the author , pushed for an artistic education for the boy, including musical instruction. Bernhard went to elementary school in Seekirchen and later attended various schools in Salzburg including the "Johanneum" which he left in 1947 to start an apprenticeship with a grocer. George Steiner describes Bernhard's schooling as "hideous... under a sadistically repressive system, run first by Catholic priests, then by Nazis".

paragraph: Bernhard's "Lebensmensch" (a predominantly Austrian term, which was coined by Bernhard himself and which refers to the most important person in one's life) was Hedwig Stavianicek (1894–1984), a woman more than thirty-seven years his senior, whom he cared for alone in her dying days. He had met Stavianicek in 1950, the year of his mother's death and one year after the death of his beloved grandfather. Stavianicek was the major support in Bernhard's life and greatly furthered his literary career. The extent or nature of his relationships with women is obscure. Thomas Bernhard's public persona was asexual.

paragraph: Suffering throughout his teens from lung ailments, including tuberculosis, Bernhard spent the years 1949 to 1951 at the Grafenhof sanatorium in Sankt Veit im Pongau. He trained as an actor at the Mozarteum in Salzburg (1955–1957) and was always profoundly interested in music. In 1970, he won the Georg Büchner Prize. His lung condition, however, made a career as a singer impossible. After that he worked briefly as a journalist, mainly as a crime reporter, and then became a full-time writer.

paragraph: After a decade of needing constant medical care for his lungs, Bernhard died in 1989 in Gmunden, Upper Austria, by assisted suicide. His death was announced only after his funeral. In his will, which aroused great controversy on publication, Bernhard prohibited any new stagings of his plays and publication of his unpublished work in Austria; however, in 1999 this was annulled by his heir, his half-brother Dr. Peter Fabjan. Bernhard's attractive house in Ohlsdorf-Obernathal 2 where he had moved in 1965 is now a museum and centre for the study and performance of his work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Often criticized in Austria as a "Nestbeschmutzer" (one who dirties his own nest) for his critical views, Bernhard was highly acclaimed abroad. Nevertheless, while reviled by some Austrians for his outspoken and harsh views of his homeland, including its Nazi past, he was, during his lifetime, also highly acclaimed in Austria, winning a number of major awards, and was seen by many as the pre-eminent writer of the time.

paragraph: His work is most influenced by the feeling of being abandoned (in his childhood and youth) and by his incurable illness, which caused him to see death as the ultimate essence of existence. His work typically features loners' monologues explaining, to a rather silent listener, his views on the state of the world, often with reference to a concrete situation. This is true for his plays as well as for his prose, where the monologues are then reported "second hand" by the listener. Alongside his serious and pessimistic views, his works also contain some very funny observations on life. Bernhard is often considered a verbose writer, but Andreas Dorschel has broadened this view by showing that Bernhard’s characters (specifically in "Das Kalkwerk") oscillate between excessive speech and highly economical expressions. As Dorschel argues, the two modes produce a series of oppositions with mutually informing sides.

paragraph: Bernhard's main protagonists, often scholars or, as he calls them, "Geistesmenschen" (intellectuals), denounce everything that matters to the Austrian in contumacy-filled tirades against a "stupid populace". He also attacks the state (often called "Catholic-National-Socialist"), generally respected institutions such as Vienna's Burgtheater, and much-loved artists. His work also continually deals with the isolation and self-destruction of people striving for an unreachable perfection, since this same perfection would mean stagnancy and therefore death. Anti-Catholic rhetoric is not uncommon.

paragraph: "Es ist alles lächerlich, wenn man an den Tod denkt" (Everything is ridiculous, when one thinks of Death) was his comment when he received a minor Austrian national award in 1968, which resulted in one of the many public scandals he caused over the years and which became part of his fame. His novel "Holzfällen" (1984), for instance, could not be published for years due to a defamation claim by a former friend. Many of his plays—above all "Heldenplatz" (1988)—were met with criticism from many Austrians, who claimed they sullied Austria's reputation. One of the more controversial lines called Austria "a brutal and stupid nation ... a mindless, cultureless sewer which spreads its penetrating stench all over Europe." "Heldenplatz", as well as the other plays Bernhard wrote in these years, were staged at Vienna's famous Burgtheater by the controversial director .

paragraph: Even in death Bernhard caused disturbance by his, as he supposedly called it, " literary emigration", by disallowing all publication and stagings of his work within Austria's borders. The International Thomas Bernhard Foundation, established by his executor and half-brother Dr. Peter Fabjan, has subsequently made exceptions, although the German firm of Suhrkamp remains his principal publisher.

paragraph: The correspondence between Bernhard and his publisher Siegfried Unseld from 1961 to 1989 – about 500 letters – was published in December 2009 at Suhrkamp Verlag, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Works (in translation).

paragraph: Section::::Works (in translation).:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frost" (1963), translated by Michael Hofmann (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gargoyles" ("Verstörung", 1967), translated by Richard and Clara Winston (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lime Works" ("Das Kalkwerk", 1970), translated by Sophie Wilkins (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Correction" ("Korrektur", 1975), translated by Sophie Wilkins (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yes" ("Ja", 1978), translated by Ewald Osers (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cheap-Eaters" ("Die Billigesser", 1980), translated by Ewald Osers (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concrete" ("Beton", 1982), translated by David McLintock (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wittgenstein's Nephew" ("Wittgensteins Neffe", 1982), translated by David McLintock (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Loser" ("Der Untergeher", 1983), translated by Jack Dawson (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Woodcutters" ("Holzfällen: Eine Erregung", 1984), translated by Ewald Osers (1985), and by David McLintock (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Masters: A Comedy" ("Alte Meister. Komödie", 1985), translated by Ewald Osers (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Extinction" ("Auslöschung", 1986), translated by David McLintock (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Mountain" ("In der Höhe", written 1959, published 1989), translated by Russell Stockman (1991)

paragraph: Section::::Works (in translation).:Novellas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amras" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Playing Watten" ("Watten", 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walking" ("Gehen", 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collected as "Three Novellas" (2003), translated by Peter Jansen and Kenneth J. Northcott

paragraph: Section::::Works (in translation).:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Force of Habit" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immanuel Kant" (1978); a comedy, no known translation to English, first performed on 15 April 1978, directed by Claus Peymann at the Staatstheater Stuttgart.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The President and Eve of Retirement" (1982): Originally published as "Der Präsident" (1975) and "Vor dem Ruhestand. Eine Komödie von deutscher Seele" (1979), translated by Gitta Honegger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destination" (1981), originally titled "Am Ziel".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histrionics: Three Plays" (1990): Collects "A Party for Boris" ("Ein Fest für Boris", 1968), "Ritter, Dene, Voss" (1984) and "Histrionics" ("Der Theatermacher", 1984), translated by Peter Jansen and Kenneth Northcott.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heldenplatz" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Claus Peymann Buys Himself a Pair of Pants and Joins Me for Lunch" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Over All the Mountain Tops" (2004): Originally published as "Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh" (1981), translated by Michael Mitchell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World-fixer" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minetti" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Works (in translation).:Miscellaneous.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gathering Evidence" (1985, memoir): Collects "Die Ursache" (1975), "Der Keller" (1976), "Der Atem" (1978), "Die Kälte" (1981) and "Ein Kind" (1982), translated by David McLintock.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voice Imitator" (1997, stories): Originally published as "Der Stimmenimitator" (1978), translated by Kenneth J. Northcott.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Hora Mortis / Under the Iron of the Moon" (2006, poetry): Collects "In Hora Mortis" (1958) and "Unter dem Eisen des Mondes" (1958), translated by James Reidel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Prizes" (2010, stories): Originally published as "Meine Preise" (2009), translated by Carol Brown Janeway.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Prose " (Seagull Books London Ltd, United Kingdom, 2010, short stories); originally published in Germany, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Halfwit: A Winter's Tale" (2011, illustrated story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Earth and in Hell: Early Poems" (2015) translated by Peter Waugh

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Goethe Dies " (2016, short stories) Published by Seagull Books, Ltd. Translated by James Reidel.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website dedicated to Thomas Bernhard: works, essays, reviews

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Bernhard's Heldenplatz in the press (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Links to various related resources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Random Evidence on Thomas Bernhard

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theo Breuer, Die Arbeit als Leidenschaft, die fortgesetzte Partitur als Leben. Hommage zum 80. Geburtstag.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick, Samuel. "Narratives Unsettled: Digression in Robert Walser, Thomas Bernhard, and Adalbert Stifter". Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gitta Honegger, "Thomas Bernhard: The Making of an Austrian", Yale University Press, 2002, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kay Link: Die Welt als Theater - Künstlichkeit und Künstlertum bei Thomas Bernhard. Akademischer Verlag Stuttgart, Stuttgart 2000, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- JJ Long, "The Novels of Thomas Bernhard: Form and its Function", Camden House Inc.,U.S., 2001, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thomas Bernhard: 3 Days, From the film by Ferry Radax", Blast Books, 2016, .

paragraph: Reviews

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of "Concrete".

paragraph: Section::::Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferry Radax: "Thomas Bernhard – Drei Tage" (Thomas Bernhard – three days, 1970). Directed by Ferry Radax and based on a written self-portrait by Thomas Bernhard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferry Radax: "Der Italiener" (The Italian, 1972), a feature film directed by Ferry Radax and based on a script by Thomas Bernhard.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five stories from "The Voice Imitator".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shooting of "Monologe auf Mallorca" Pictures by Stephan Mussil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon.com review by Ben Marcus of "The Voice Imitator"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bernhardiana", a critical anthology on/of Thomas Bernhard (English/Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Bernhard for life, 1986 interview with Thomas Bernhard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Genius of Bad News", Tim Parks, "The New York Review of Books"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Darkest Comedian," Adam Kirsch, "The New York Review of Books", 10 February 2011

description: Austrian writer

wikidata_label: Thomas Bernhard

wikipedia_title: Thomas Bernhard


text:
Bishop of Chichester
Lord Chancellor
John
Great Seal
Archbishop-elect of Canterbury
Bishop-elect of Winchester
chancery
Henry III
Chancery Lane
canon
Chichester Cathedral
see of Chichester
prebend
Lincolnshire
Chancellor of the Exchequer
baron of the Exchequer
Hugh de Neville
chief forester
Marlborough Castle
Dean of Lichfield
diocese of London
Peter des Roches
Bishop of Winchester
Henry III
Richard Marsh
Bishop of Durham
Pandulf
Hubert de Burgh
Justiciar
dispensation
illegitimacy
Stephen Langton
Guala Bicchieri
temporalities
Honorius III
Matthew Paris
liberate roll
letters close
Charter Roll
writ
precentor
cathedral chapter
Earl of Arundel
Canterbury
Gregory IX
Simon Langton
Archdeacon of Canterbury
barons of the exchequer
royal justice
Llywelyn the Great
Ranulf
Earl of Chester
sanctuary
see of Winchester
William de Raley
William
Bishop of Valence
Eleanor of Provence
National Archives
Public Record Office
William Henry Blaauw
Silvester de Everdon
Bishop of Carlisle

categories: 1244 deaths,Bishops of Chichester,Archbishops of Canterbury,Year of birth missing,13th-century English people,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Lord Chancellors of England,Deans of Lichfield,Lord Chancellors of Ireland,Neville family

paragraph: Ralph Neville

paragraph: Ralph Neville (or Ralf Nevill; died 1244) was a medieval clergyman and politician who served as Bishop of Chichester and Lord Chancellor of England. Neville first appears in the historical record in 1207 in the service of King John, and remained in royal service throughout the rest of his life. By 1213 Neville had custody of the Great Seal of England, although he was not named chancellor, the office responsible for the seal, until 1226. He was rewarded with the bishopric of Chichester in 1222. Although he was also briefly Archbishop-elect of Canterbury and Bishop-elect of Winchester, both elections were set aside, or quashed, and he held neither office.

paragraph: As keeper of the seal, and subsequently as chancellor, Neville was noted for his impartiality, and he oversaw a number of changes in the way the chancery operated. Neville was deprived of the Great Seal in 1238 after quarrelling with King Henry III, but continued to hold the title of chancellor until his death. He died in his London palace, built on a street later renamed Chancery Lane owing to his connection with the chancery.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Neville, who was illegitimate, had at least three brothers: Nicholas de Neville, a canon at Chichester Cathedral; William de Neville, treasurer of the see of Chichester; and Robert de Neville, holder of a prebend at Chichester. The identity of their father is unknown, but another likely sibling was Roger, who held land in Lincolnshire. Robert became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Nicholas a baron of the Exchequer. Ralph Neville was also related to Hugh de Neville, King John of England's chief forester.

paragraph: Neville was a royal clerk to King John in the spring of 1207, and in December of that year was at Marlborough Castle on royal business. Earlier references to a Ralph Neville who in 1207 delivered items to Hugh de Neville, or the Ralph Neville who was the same Hugh de Neville's chaplain, may be to the future bishop, but the evidence is inconclusive. Hugh de Neville and Neville subsequently worked together, and corresponded on both business and personal affairs. Both men claimed the other as a kinsman.

paragraph: Neville's activities during the years immediately after 1207 are unknown, owing to the lack of royal records, but in December 1213 he was given custody of the Great Seal of the kingdom. He was Dean of Lichfield by 11 April 1214, at which time he held a prebend in the diocese of London. Neville was appointed to the royal chancery in about 1214, largely through the patronage of Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester and one of the king's favourites. From March to October 1214, Neville was in France with the king. After the king returned to England after 1214, Neville remained in royal service until at least May 1216, although without custody of the Great Seal. His activities during the final period of John's reign prior to the king's sudden death in October 1216 are unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Royal service and Bishop of Chichester.

paragraph: Neville was keeper of the royal seal under the new king, Henry III (r. 1216–1272) from about 6 November 1218. He had been at the royal court since May 1218, and was given custody of the seal as soon as it was made up. One of the first documents subsequently sealed was a declaration that no charters or other rights would be granted in perpetuity until Henry attained his majority. Neville was also vice-chancellor of England under the chancellorship of Richard Marsh, who had been elected as Bishop of Durham in 1217 and spent most of his time attending to ecclesiastical affairs in his northern diocese. In fact, if not in name, Neville was responsible for all the duties of the chancellorship, and he exercised most of the power of that office, although Marsh continued to hold the title of chancellor until his death in 1226. When instability threatened the royal government in May and June 1219 Neville was ordered by Pandulf, the papal legate, to remain in London with the Great Seal while a royal council was held at Gloucester. The council resulted in royal government coming under the control of Hubert de Burgh the Justiciar, Pandulf, and Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester.

paragraph: Neville received a papal dispensation for his illegitimacy on 25 January 1220, on the recommendation of the king, Stephen Langton the Archbishop of Canterbury, other bishops, and the papal legate Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, all of whom testified to his good reputation and character. In late October he was named chancellor of the see of Chichester, but was then elected Bishop of Chichester on about 1 November 1222. He was given control of the temporalities of the bishopric on 3 November 1222, and was consecrated on 21 April 1224. In April 1223 Neville was ordered by Pope Honorius III to cease using the Great Seal on the command of the justiciar or other members of the minority council, but instead to do so only at the king's command, essentially ending the royal minority. But it did not finally end until December 1223, and even then, as the king had not yet been officially declared of age, the ban on grants without a fixed time limit remained in force.

paragraph: Section::::Lord Chancellor.

paragraph: Neville was named Lord Chancellor of England on 17 May 1226. The appointment was made by the great council during the minority of King Henry III, and Neville obtained a grant of the office for life. Unlike Hubert de Burgh, who lost his offices when Henry III attained his majority and took control of the government, Neville remained chancellor with only slight disagreements until 1238, although a confirmation of the lifetime nature of his tenure was made in 1232. Under Neville, the first signs that the chancery was becoming a department of the government, rather than just a royal department that was part of the royal household, began to emerge. The contemporary writer Matthew Paris praised Neville for his actions as chancellor, claiming that he treated all equally and was transparent in discharging his duties, which was important, as the chancellor's office controlled access to the king. Neville oversaw a number of changes in chancery procedures, splitting off the liberate rolls from the letters close in 1226 and reviving the keeping of the Charter Rolls in 1227. He also issued writs on his own authority, the so-called writs "de cursu". Neville received a number of gifts and privileges from the king while chancellor, including the right of exemption from the seizure of his possessions by any royal or other secular official. The king also agreed not to interfere with the execution of Neville's last will and testament.

paragraph: Surviving letters from the precentor of Chichester Cathedral beg the bishop to come to Chichester over Easter to celebrate the Easter Mass and to deal with pressing issues in the diocese. Neville's duties as chancellor kept him from attending to much of the business of his diocese, but he employed clerics to administer the ecclesiastical offices of his diocese and in general his relationship with his cathedral chapter appears to have been good. He employed a teacher of theology for his cathedral, and supported students at schools in Lincoln, Oxford, and Douai. He worked to protect the rights, lands, and privileges of his diocese and cathedral chapter from encroachment by others, both secular and clerical. On one occasion he threatened to excommunicate the Earl of Arundel or the earl's men for hunting on land the bishop considered to be his own.

paragraph: Neville was elected Archbishop of Canterbury on about 24 September 1231 by the monks of Canterbury, but his election was quashed in early 1232 by Pope Gregory IX, on the grounds that Neville was an or illiterate, even though he had been found to be "literatus" in 1214 when appointed dean; "literatus" in this sense meant "learned" rather than "literate". Other concerns were that Simon Langton, the Archdeacon of Canterbury, described Neville as a courtier instead of a true priest, and claimed that Neville's goal was to free England from its feudal ties to the papacy.

paragraph: As well as his chancery duties, Neville occasionally sat with the barons of the exchequer or with royal justices, and he had a role in the appointment of royal justices. In 1230 he was regent of England while Henry was absent in France, during which time he met with Llywelyn the Great in an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate an agreement that would resolve the disputes between the English and the Welsh. In 1232, during the events surrounding the de Burgh's downfall Neville, along with Ranulf, the Earl of Chester, urged that de Burgh should not be dragged from sanctuary to face the royal accusations against him. Neville's pleas prevailed for a time, but eventually de Burgh was removed from sanctuary.

paragraph: The king attempted to deprive Neville of the chancellorship in 1236, which the bishop countered by claiming that as he had been appointed during the royal minority with the consent of the great council, only the council could dismiss him. In 1238 the cathedral chapter of the see of Winchester elected as Bishop of Winchester first William de Raley in opposition to the king's choice of William the Bishop of Valence, and when that election was quashed, they elected Neville. His election to Winchester was quashed in 1239, leading to a quarrel with Henry III. Valence was the uncle of Eleanor of Provence, whom Henry had married in 1236. Valence had gained much influence with the king quite quickly, and worked to eliminate the older royal officials and institute reforms in the royal administration. This, along with the disputed election to Winchester, was the cause of Neville's fall from favour. Although Henry deprived Neville of the custody of the Great Seal from 1238 until 1242, Neville retained the title of chancellor until his death, thus entitling him to the revenues he would normally have received from the office. The Great Seal itself was held by a number of minor officials, probably to allow Henry greater control over its use by preventing the establishment of another powerful official who might interfere with his plans. But they lacked the power base that Neville had possessed, which enabled him to oppose the king.

paragraph: In 1239 Neville may have been offered the custody of the Great Seal, which he refused. In May 1242 Neville was once again responsible for the seal while Henry was in France, a responsibility apparently shared with the regent. After the king's return in September 1243 Neville did seal a few documents with the Great Seal until his death a few months later.

paragraph: Section::::Death and writings.

paragraph: Neville died between 1 and 4 February 1244 at the palace he had built in London in what was then New Street, subsequently renamed Chancery Lane because of his being Lord Chancellor. He was buried in Chichester Cathedral, behind the high altar. After Neville's death Matthew Paris described him as "a man laudable in all things, and a pillar of fidelity in the business of the kingdom and the king". Some of the provisions of his will are known: he left some jewellery and gems to the king, some of his lands were given to his successors as bishop, and other lands and items were bequeathed to his cathedral chapter at Chichester. He also endowed a distribution of bread to the poor residents of Chichester, a gift that continued into the 20th century. Neville also endowed a chapel near Chichester with two clergy to pray for the soul of King John.

paragraph: Many of Neville's letters survive, as they were collected by him during his lifetime. They are currently in the National Archives of the United Kingdom, having previously formed part of the Public Record Office. The letters were published in "Sussex Archaeological Collections" volume 3 in 1850 and were edited by William Henry Blaauw. Neville was instrumental in promoting the career of his brother William, but non-relatives also benefited from his patronage: one of Neville's clerks, Silvester de Everdon, was a member of the chancery until 1246, when he was selected as Bishop of Carlisle.

description: Chancellor of England; Bishop of Chichester; Archbishop of Canterbury-elect

wikidata_label: Ralph Neville

wikipedia_title: Ralph Neville


text:
Lord Chancellor
Bishop of Ely
Bishop of Ossory
Nicholas of Farnham
Richard Poore
Henry III of England
Archdeacon of Coventry
see of Ely
Archbishop of Canterbury
Boniface of Savoy
Ely Cathedral

categories: Anglo-Normans in Ireland,Archdeacons of Coventry,Burials at Ely Cathedral,Burials in Spain,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Lord Chancellors of England,1256 deaths,Bishops of Ely

paragraph: William of Kilkenny

paragraph: William of Kilkenny (died 21 September 1256) was a Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: William may be the same William of Kilkenny who was elected Bishop of Ossory in 1231, but resigned the office in 1232 before being consecrated. Whether that William is the same William that later became Bishop of Ely, the man who later became bishop was a king's clerk by 1234. He was sent to Rome on royal business twice, once in 1234–1235 and again in 1237. In 1238 he left royal service, and was employed by two successive bishops of Durham, Nicholas of Farnham and Richard Poore. By May 1247 he was back in royal service, for in that month King Henry III of England sent him overseas.

paragraph: William was Archdeacon of Coventry, from November 1247, as well as controller of the wardrobe from 1249 to 1252, and chancellor from 1250 to 1255.

paragraph: William was elected to the see of Ely about 29 September 1254 and consecrated on 15 August 1255 at Bellay in Savoy by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Boniface of Savoy.

paragraph: William died on 21 September 1256, in Spain where he had gone on a diplomatic mission for the king. His heart was sent to Ely for burial in Ely Cathedral. His only known relative was a nephew who held land in Waterford and was knighted in 1254. He had constructed an elaborate tomb that remained empty, and is now located near the high altar in the north choir aisle of Ely Cathedral. His heart was buried near the altar of Saint Etheldreda.

description: Lord Chancellor of England; Bishop of Ely

wikidata_label: William of Kilkenny

wikipedia_title: William of Kilkenny