text:
Stan Kenton
Ontario, California
saxophone
Benny Carter
tone poem
Russell Garcia
Charles Ives
Igor Stravinsky
Aaron Copland
Arnold Schoenberg
Thermopylae
Everything Happens To Me
A Presentation of Progressive Jazz
Innovations in Modern Music
Stan Kenton Presents
City of Glass
The Kenton Era
This Modern World
June Christy
June Christy
Irwin Chusid

categories: 20th-century American composers,American male composers,1957 deaths,Outsider musicians,People from Ontario, California,Writers from California,Musicians from California,1923 births

paragraph: Robert Graettinger

paragraph: Robert Frederick Graettinger (October 31, 1923 – March 12, 1957) was an American composer, best known for his work with Stan Kenton.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Graettinger grew up in Ontario, California, learning to play the saxophone in high school. While at school he also began arranging music. In the 1940s he played alto sax with Benny Carter among others. Around this time he focused more on composing.

paragraph: In 1947 he offered a short composition, "Thermopylae", to Stan Kenton, who decided to record it. Graettinger then came up with "City of Glass", a four-part tone poem. At this time he was studying composition under Russell Garcia.

paragraph: Graettinger's radical polystylistic soundworld, with its polyphonic density and bracing atonality, while drawing on ideas previously explored by the likes of Charles Ives, Igor Stravinsky, Aaron Copland and even Arnold Schoenberg, still remains truly distinctive. He died aged only 33, of lung cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Capitol recordings with Stan Kenton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thermopylae" (78) 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything Happens To Me" (78) 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Presentation of Progressive Jazz" (includes "Thermopylae")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Innovations in Modern Music" (includes "Incident in Jazz") 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stan Kenton Presents" (includes "House of Strings") 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "City of Glass" (10") 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kenton Era" (includes "Modern Opus" and "You Go to My Head") 1952

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Modern World" 1953

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Ebony Big Band.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "City of Glass: Robert Graettinger" 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ebony Big Band: Live at the Paradiso — Robert Graettinger" 1998

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Terry Vosbein and the Knoxville Jazz Orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Progressive Jazz 2009" [Max Frank Music] 2009

paragraph: Section::::Arrangements & compositions created for Kenton.

paragraph: + indicates original composition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afternoon + (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- April in Paris (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- April in Paris (1949) woodwinds, brass and strings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Autumn in New York (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Beachcomber (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Cello (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cello Solo (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Glass (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Glass (1951) Innovations Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Condolence + (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cuban Pastorale + (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everything Happens to Me (1948) June Christy vocal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fine and Dandy (1948) June Christy vocal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graettinger No. 2 + (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Horn + (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Strings + (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Only Have Eyes for You (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I'm in the Mood for Love (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Incident in Jazz + (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irresistible You (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lover Man June Christy vocal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Opus + (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molshoaro + (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Orchestra + (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some Saxophones + (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thermopylae + (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Thought + (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Thought + (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Too Marvelous for Words (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transparency (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Trumpet + (1952) Maynard Ferguson feature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled [3] + (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled [In Three Tempi] + (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled Piece for Innovations Orchestra + (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled Piece for Jazz Band + (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled Piece for Jazz Band + (1952) Conte Candoli feature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled Piece for Jazz Band + (1952) Frank Rosolino feature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled Piece for Jazz Band + [Two In One, parts 1 & 2] (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled Piece For Jazz Band + (1948) [Unfinished]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untitled Piece for Strings + (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walkin' By The River

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yenta +

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Badgett Morgan: "The Music and Life of Robert Graettinger", University of Illinois, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irwin Chusid: "Songs in the Key of Z" (), chapter 18

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.F. Lee: "Stan Kenton: Artistry in Rhythm", Los Angeles, 1980.

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Robert Graettinger

wikipedia_title: Robert Graettinger


text:
Bletsoe
Henry VII
Bletsoe
Bedfordshire
Stourton, Wiltshire
Roger Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp
Bletsoe
Haigh
Lancashire
Lydiard Tregoze
Wiltshire
Settrington
Yorkshire
Stoke Rochford
Lincolnshire
4th Baron Scrope of Bolton
John Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Masham
5th Baron Zouche
Harringworth
John Scrope, 5th Baron Scrope of Bolton
Shaftesbury
John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset
Lady Margaret Beaufort
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond
Henry VII
Lionel de Welles, 6th Baron Welles
John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles
Cecily of York
Edward IV of England
Wimborne Minister
Philippa Gregory
The Red Queen
Frances Tomelty
The White Queen
The Lady of the Rivers
Margaret St John
thePeerage.com entry

categories: 1482 deaths,English duchesses,English baronesses,Daughters of knights,15th-century English women,Year of birth uncertain,15th-century English people,Wives of knights,1410 births,Burials at Wimborne Minster (church)

paragraph: Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso

paragraph: Margaret Beauchamp (c. 1410 – before 3 June 1482) was the daughter of Sir John Beauchamp, "de jure" 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Bletsoe, and his second wife, Edith Stourton. She was the maternal grandmother of Henry VII.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Margaret Beauchamp, born about 1410, was the daughter of Sir John Beauchamp, "de jure" 3rd Baron Beauchamp (d. 1412–1414) of Bletsoe, Bedfordshire, and his second wife, Edith Stourton (d. 13 June 1441), daughter of Sir John Stourton of Stourton, Wiltshire.

paragraph: In 1421 she became heiress to her only brother, John Beauchamp, who died young and unmarried, from whom she inherited the manors of Lydiard Tregoze in Wiltshire, Ashmore in Dorset, and Bletsoe and Keysoe in Bedfordshire, and, according to modern doctrine, the right to any barony of Beauchamp created by summons to Parliament directed to her great-great-grandfather, Roger Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (d. 3 January 1380) of Bletsoe.

paragraph: She married firstly Sir Oliver St John (d. 1437), son and heir of Sir John St John and Isabel Paveley, daughter and heiress of Sir John Paveley, by whom she had two sons and five daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John St John (d. 1513/14) of Bletsoe, who married Alice Bradshagh, daughter of Sir Thomas Bradshagh, of Haigh, Lancashire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliver St John (d. 1497), esquire, of Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire, who married Elizabeth Scrope, widow successively of Sir John Bigod (d. 1461) of Settrington, Yorkshire, and Henry Rochford (d. 25 October 1470), esquire, of Stoke Rochford, Lincolnshire, and daughter of Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton, and Elizabeth le Scrope, daughter of John Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Masham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edith St John, who married Geoffrey Pole, esquire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary St John, who married Sir Richard Frogenall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth St John (d. before 3 July 1494) who married firstly, before 2 April 1450, as his second wife, William la Zouche, 5th Baron Zouche (d. 25 December 1462) of Harringworth, and secondly, before 10 December 1471, as his second wife, John Scrope, 5th Baron Scrope of Bolton (d. 17 August 1498).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes St John, who married David Malpas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret St John, Abbess of Shaftesbury.

paragraph: She married secondly, after 2 August 1441, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, by whom she had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, who married Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, by whom she was the mother of Henry VII.

paragraph: She married thirdly, by licence dated 14 April 1447, as his second wife, Lionel de Welles, 6th Baron Welles, by whom she had one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles, who married Cecily of York, the daughter of Edward IV of England.

paragraph: She is buried with her second husband at Wimborne Minister in Dorset.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: Margaret Beauchamp figures prominently in the 2010 Philippa Gregory novel "The Red Queen", and was played by Frances Tomelty in the 2013 television adaptation "The White Queen". Gregory also includes Beauchamp in her 2011 prequel novel "The Lady of the Rivers".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret St John Retrieved 10 October 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- thePeerage.com entry

description: English noblewoman

wikidata_label: Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso

wikipedia_title: Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso


text: FRCP

text: Ceylonese

text: statesmen

text: physician

text: banker

text: Executive Council

text: Legislative Council

text: Chairman

text: St Benedict's College Colombo

text: Colombo Academy

text: Royal College Colombo

text: Turnour Prize

text: Gilchrist Educational Trust

text: University College London

text: BSc

text: University of London

text: Gold Medals

text: Forensic Medicine

text: MB

text: MD

text: Registrar

text: Ceylon Medical College

text: Consultant Physician

text: General Hospital Colombo

text: James Peiris

text: Ponnambalam Ramanathan

text: Executive Council

text: Donoughmore Constitution

text: Bank of Ceylon

text: James Peiris

text: Ponnambalam Arunachalam

text: University of Ceylon

text: Knight Batchelor

text: New Year Honours List

text: Rotary Club

text: Mudaliyer

text: Colombo

text: Charles Henry de Soysa

text: Advocate

text: Crown Counsel

text: Chevalier

text: universal suffrage

text: Lenin

text: SLFP

text: Surendra Ramachandran

text: Nimal Senanayake

text: Hithanadura Janaka De Silva

text: University of Peradeniya

text: Colombo 7

categories: Members of the Executive Council of Ceylon,People from Colombo,People of British Ceylon,Alumni of Royal College, Colombo,1936 deaths,Sri Lankan bankers,Sri Lankan Christians,Sinhalese physicians,People associated with Ceylon Medical College,1864 births,Members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon,Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians,Ceylonese Knights Bachelor,Alumni of University College London,Families from Western Province, Sri Lanka

paragraph: Marcus Fernando

paragraph: Sir Hilarian Marcus Fernando, FRCP (1864–1936) was a pre-independence Ceylonese statesmen, physician and banker. He was a member of both the Executive Council and Legislative Council as well as the Chairman of the State Mortgage Bank of Ceylon.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Fernando was educated at St Benedicts Academy (later known as St Benedict's College Colombo) and the Colombo Academy which was later renamed Royal College Colombo. At the Colombo Academy he won the Turnour Prize, Junior Cambridge Scholarship, and Mathematical Prize. He received a Ceylon Government Scholarship and Scholarship from the Gilchrist Educational Trust, enabling him to study medicine at University College London. He graduated with a BSc winning the Atchinson Scholarship and University of London Gold Medals in Physiology, Medicine, Forensic Medicine and Obstetrics. He graduated with an MB in 1888, an MD in 1889 and in 1890 was elected a Fellow of University College London.

paragraph: Section::::Medical career.

paragraph: On his return to Ceylon he served as Registrar of the Ceylon Medical College and the Superintendent of the De Soysa Maternity Home and was appointed the first Consultant Physician to be appointed to the General Hospital Colombo. He contributed to scientific discussions on a wide range of diseases and is associated with a discussion on Diabetes in the Tropics, where he is credited with the observation that it was more common among the affluent Ceylonese. He was a member of the Ceylon Branch of the British Medical Association, and was Secretary from 1891–1897 and President in the years 1905 and 1914. He was the founding Director of the Bacteriological Institute in Colombo and Chemical Examiner to the Government of Ceylon.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: At the age of 43 he resigned from the medical service to take up a career in business and politics. He contested unsuccessfully for the newly created seat (proposed by Sir James Peiris) in the legislative assembly losing to Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, but subsequently served on both the Executive Council and Legislative Councils. He supported the Donoughmore Constitution enabling general elections with adult universal suffrage and was largely responsible for devising wider representation to the Eastern Muslims and Northern Tamils.

paragraph: In 1931 the State Mortgage Bank of Ceylon (the first state-owned bank) was established with Sir Marcus Fernando as its chairman. He also assisted to create the Bank of Ceylon.

paragraph: He, along with Sir James Peiris and Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam, were instrumental in the creation of the University of Ceylon. He was made a Knight Batchelor in 1923 (New Year Honours List). In 1929 he co-founded the Rotary Club of Colombo.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His father was Andrew Fernando Jr. and his grandfather Andrew Fernando Sr. was the Mudaliyer of Colombo. In 1891 he married Mary Frances, second daughter of Sir Charles Henry de Soysa and had two daughters and a son. Advocate Charles Matthew Fernando, the first Ceylonese Crown Counsel was his brother. His nephews were Chevalier C.H.Z. Fernando, a pioneer labour unionist councillor and campaigner for universal suffrage, the only Ceylonese to have met Lenin, and C. M. Fernando, a founder member of the SLFP.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Association Sri Lanka Medical Association commemorates his life through an endowed oration. Orators include Surendra Ramachandran, Nimal Senanayake and Hithanadura Janaka De Silva. A hall of residence in the University of Peradeniya and a road in Colombo 7 are named after him in his honour.

description: physician

wikidata_label: Marcus Fernando

wikipedia_title: Marcus Fernando


text:
Jew
medieval Poland
Kazimierz
Kraków
Jewish folklore
tzedakah
Remah Cemetery
Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller
legend
Miser
bury his body
rabbi
Tzadik
HaTzadik
Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller
Maimonides

wikipedia_title:
Jews
History of Poland in the Middle Ages
Kazimierz
Kraków
Jewish folklore
Tzedakah
Remah Cemetery
Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller
Legend
Miser
Bereavement in Judaism
Rabbi
Tzadik
Honorifics for the dead in Judaism
Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller
Maimonides

categories: Polish Jews,Jewish Polish history,Jewish folklore,Kraków,People from Kraków,17th-century Polish people

paragraph: Yossele the Holy Miser

paragraph: Yossele the Holy Miser was a Jew who lived in medieval Poland in the Kazimierz Jewish quarter of Kraków. His apparent stinginess but hidden generosity is at the center of a well-known tale of Jewish folklore that speaks to one of the highest levels of "tzedakah" (charity) in the Jewish tradition: giving anonymously. The Holy Miser's tombstone can be found in the Remah Cemetery of Kraków next to the grave of the renowned Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller.

paragraph: Section::::Jewish folktale.

paragraph: According to the general outline of the legend, the richest Jew in Kraków in the 17th century was Yossele the Miser. He was known by this title because in the community he was reviled for his stinginess and refusal to contribute to "tzedakah" (charity) despite his great wealth. When the Miser died, the townspeople who long despised him refused to bury his body for several days. Out of scorn, they eventually buried him in the back of the cemetery, an area normally reserved for paupers and other societal outcasts.

paragraph: Within a week of the Miser's death, strange occurrences began to unfold in the town. All the poor began beseeching the local rabbi for money because the weekly allowances they had regularly been receiving from an anonymous benefactor had ceased arriving. Eventually, the rabbi realized that Yossele was the source of these charitable donations and in fact, the notorious miser was a great "Tzadik" (righteous man).. In fact, a word "haTzadik" (The tzadik) was appended to the inscription on the stone.

paragraph: Immediately, the rabbi commanded the entire town to converge on Yossele's grave and beg for forgiveness. And on the tombstone which read "Yossele the Miser," the rabbi added the word "HaTzadik"—the Righteous One. According to the story, the rabbi involved was the famed sage Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller, who requested to be buried next to the Holy Miser. This is understood as the reason why the grave of the venerated Rabbi Yom-Tov is found at the back of the Remuh Cemetery next to Yossele today.

paragraph: The tale underlines one of the highest forms of "tzedakah" according to the pre-eminent Jewish philosopher Maimonides — giving anonymously.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audio: Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach tells the story of Yossele The Holy Miser

wikidata_label: Yossele the Holy Miser

wikipedia_title: Yossele the Holy Miser


text:
First Serbian Uprising
Serbian Revolution
Greek War of Independence
Ottoman Empire
Nevade
Takovo
Gornji Milanovac
hajji
Holy Land
Jerusalem
Suvodol
Belgrade
Čačak
Požega
Čačak
Austria
Wallachia
Greek War of Independence
Giorgakis Olympios
Vasos Mavrovouniotis
Hadži-Prodan's Cave

wikipedia_title:
First Serbian Uprising
Serbian Revolution
Greek War of Independence
Ottoman Empire
Nevade
Takovo
Gornji Milanovac
Hajji
Holy Land
Jerusalem
Battle of Suvodol
Belgrade
Čačak
Požega, Serbia
Čačak
Austria
Wallachia
Greek War of Independence
Giorgakis Olympios
Vasos Mavrovouniotis
Hadži-Prodan's Cave

categories: 19th-century Serbian nobility,Serbian revolutionaries,1760 births,People of the First Serbian Uprising,Serb volunteers in the Greek War of Independence,18th-century Serbian nobility,Šumadija

paragraph: Hadži-Prodan

paragraph: Prodan Gligorijević, known simply as Hadži-Prodan (; 1760–1825) was a Serbian "voivode" (military commander) in the First Serbian Uprising of the Serbian Revolution, then the Greek War of Independence, against the Ottoman Empire. He led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1814, dubbed "Hadži Prodan's Revolt".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Prodan Gligorijević was born around 1760, and he hailed from Nevade, near Takovo, modern Gornji Milanovac (then "Despotovac"). His epithet, "hajji", derives from honorific title given to Christians that complete the pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Jerusalem).

paragraph: He joined the fighting in 1806. Prodan participated in the battles of Sjenica, Nova Varoš, Prijepolje, Bijelo Polje, and Suvodol (1809). After the fall of the uprising (Hursid Pasha captured Belgrade in October 1813), his unit stayed in Mučnja for some months. He gave himself up to the Ottomans and settled in the Trnava monastery in Čačak.

paragraph: As the Ottoman tyranny continued, he was put to lead the rebellion in the "Požega nahija". His badly organized rebellion against the Ottomans in the Čačak region in 1814, known as Hadži Prodan's Revolt, was quickly beaten. He fled first to Austria in 1815, then Wallachia, where he joined the Greek War of Independence in 1821. He died in 1825.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgakis Olympios (1772–1821), fellow Greek revolutionary in the First Serbian Uprising and Greek War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasos Mavrovouniotis (1797–1847), fellow Montenegrin Serb revolutionary in the Greek War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadži-Prodan's Cave

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Хаџи Продан Глигоријевић војвода Старог Влаха

paragraph: BULLET::::- Хаџи Проданова буна

description: Serbian military commander

wikidata_label: Hadži-Prodan Gligorijević

wikipedia_title: Hadži-Prodan


text:
American football
defensive end
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
undrafted free agent
college football
Rutgers
Minnesota Vikings
Detroit Lions
New Orleans Saints
Glassboro, New Jersey
Glassboro High School
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
undrafted free agent
Minnesota Vikings
Detroit Lions
New York Giants
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
New Orleans Saints
New York Jets
Atlanta Falcons

wikipedia_title:
American football
Defensive end
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Free agent
College football
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football
Minnesota Vikings
Detroit Lions
New Orleans Saints
Glassboro, New Jersey
Glassboro High School
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Free agent
Minnesota Vikings
Detroit Lions
New York Giants
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
New Orleans Saints
New York Jets
Atlanta Falcons

categories: Minnesota Vikings players,Detroit Lions players,African-American players of American football,Living people,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,American football defensive ends,Players of American football from New Jersey,1989 births,Sportspeople from Gloucester County, New Jersey,People from Glassboro, New Jersey,Rutgers Scarlet Knights football players

paragraph: George Johnson (American football)

paragraph: George Johnson (born December 11, 1987) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He was originally signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Rutgers. He has also played for the Minnesota Vikings, Detroit Lions, and New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: Johnson grew up in Glassboro, New Jersey and starred at Glassboro High School, where he returns annually to run a football camp.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: Johnson was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on May 3, 2010. The Buccaneers released him on August 10, 2010 but signed him two weeks later. On September 5, 2010, Tampa Bay signed him to their practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 14, but did not play in a game that season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: On November 9, 2012, Johnson was signed to the Minnesota Vikings' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 22, 2012. He was released on October 9, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On April 21, 2014, Johnson was signed by the Detroit Lions. In the first game of the 2014 season against the New York Giants, he recorded 1.5 sacks.

paragraph: Set to be a restricted free agent in 2015, the Lions tendered a one-year contract to Johnson. On April 7, 2015, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers extended a three-year offer sheet to Johnson. The Lions then disputed the sheet on April 13, 2015, sending it to arbitration.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with Buccaneers.

paragraph: On April 15, 2015, the Lions then traded Johnson and a seventh-round pick to the Buccaneers in exchange for a fifth-round pick. He played in 15 games with 5 starts his first year in Tampa, recording 23 tackles and two forced fumbles.

paragraph: On August 5, 2016, Johnson was placed on season-ending injured reserve with a hip injury.

paragraph: On September 1, 2017, Johnson was released by the Buccaneers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with the Lions.

paragraph: On September 20, 2017, Johnson was signed by the Lions. He was released on October 18, 2017. He was re-signed again on November 14, but was released the next day.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On December 12, 2017, Johnson signed with the New Orleans Saints. In his first game with New Orleans against the New York Jets, he recorded a sack. In the following contest against the Atlanta Falcons, he was credited with another 1.5 sacks.

paragraph: On March 7, 2018, Johnson signed a one-year contract extension with the Saints for $1.005 million. He was released on September 1, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Lions bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: George Johnson

wikipedia_title: George Johnson (American football)


text:
Zulu
Shaka
Ndwandwe–Zulu War

wikipedia_title:
Zulu people
Shaka
Ndwandwe–Zulu War

categories: Zulu people,People from KwaZulu-Natal,History of South Africa,History of KwaZulu-Natal,19th-century African people

paragraph: Utimuni

paragraph: Utimuni was a warrior of the Zulu tribe and nephew of the king Shaka. He commanded one of his uncle's regiments during the Ndwandwe–Zulu War.

description: Nephew of Shaka

wikidata_label: Utimuni

wikipedia_title: Utimuni


text:
American football
safety
New Orleans Saints
undrafted free agent
Detroit Lions
Miami Dolphins
college football
Fordham University
New Orleans Saints
2011 NFL Draft
Detroit Lions
Buffalo Bills

wikipedia_title:
American football
Safety (gridiron football position)
New Orleans Saints
Free agent
Detroit Lions
Miami Dolphins
College football
Fordham University
New Orleans Saints
2011 NFL Draft
Detroit Lions
Buffalo Bills

categories: Detroit Lions players,New Orleans Saints players,Sportspeople from Newark, New Jersey,Players of American football from New Jersey,Fordham Rams football players,1989 births,American football safeties,Miami Dolphins players,Living people

paragraph: Isa Abdul-Quddus

paragraph: Isa Abdul-Quddus (born August 3, 1989) is a former American football safety. He was signed by the New Orleans Saints as an undrafted free agent in 2011 and has also played for the Detroit Lions and Miami Dolphins. He played college football for Fordham University.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Abdul-Quddus was signed by the New Orleans Saints as an undrafted rookie free agent following the 2011 NFL Draft. On January 7, 2014, Abdul-Quddus was released by the Saints.

paragraph: Abdul-Quddus was claimed off waivers by the Detroit Lions on February 3, 2014. On March 10, 2015, the Lions re-signed Abdul-Quddus to a one-year contract.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On March 9, 2016, the Miami Dolphins signed Abdul-Quddus to a three-year contract totaling $12.75 million. He started 15 games in his first season with the Dolphins. He recorded a career-high 78 tackles along with five passes defended, two interceptions, and one sack. He was placed on injured reserve on December 28, 2016 after suffering a neck injury in Week 16 against the Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On March 9, 2017, Abdul-Quddus was released by the Dolphins.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Dolphins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Lions bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Orleans Saints bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fordham Rams bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Isa Abdul-Quddus

wikipedia_title: Isa Abdul-Quddus


href: tattoo Tahiti Polynesian%20culture M%C4%81ori%20people Hawaii Tahiti Papeete Tahiti

text: tattoo Tahiti Polynesian Māori Hawaii Tahiti Papeete Tahiti

wikipedia_title:
Tattoo
Tahiti
Polynesian culture
Māori people
Hawaii
Tahiti
Papeete
Tahiti

categories: People from Tahiti,French artists,Polynesian culture,Tiki culture,Tattoo artists,Living people

paragraph: Manu Farrarons

paragraph: Manu Farrarons is a Polynesian tattoo artist born in France in 1967, who grew up in Tahiti. With his Polynesian designs, he contributes to the art of tattooing.

paragraph: Farrarons' art is a mix of Polynesian styles and designs, mostly Tahitian and Marquesan, which he mixes with Māori and Hawaiian influences.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in 1967 in Cholet (France), of a painter mother and tattoo artist father, he spent his childhood in Tahiti and was immersed in Polynesian life and culture. At an early age he started drawing Tahitian and Marquesan designs.

paragraph: His father opened the first professional tattoo shop in Tahiti, which he owned until he passed it down to Manu. He started tattooing when he was age 15.

paragraph: After finishing high school, he studied to become a school teacher. Even during his time as a school teacher, he increased his knowledge of Polynesian designs by researching them in Tahiti and Hawaii, where he had access to anthropological archives stored at Bishop Museum of Honolulu.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Manu has been tattooing professionally since 1991, after he left his job as a school teacher in order to fulfill his passion. He took over his father’s tattoo shop in Papeete, Tahiti, and renamed it "Mana’o Tattoo". In the Tahitian language the word "Mana’o" means "idea, knowledge or thought".

paragraph: Prizes and honors

paragraph: 2018 - Featured in December issue of Tattoo Magazine USA

paragraph: 2016 - Best of Day - NZ Tattoo & Art Festival, Taranaki, New Zealand

paragraph: 2016 - Best Tribal artist - Art Gathering LA, Long Beach CA

paragraph: 2015 - Best Tribal Artist - INK N IRON , Long Beach CA

paragraph: 2015 - Air Tahiti Nui ambassador

paragraph: 2014 - Featured in the France Télévisions TV documentary "Tatau, la culture d'un art"

paragraph: 2014 - President Of the Jury - Polynesia Tatau Convention Tahiti

paragraph: 2013 - 1st Place open category Polynesia Tatau Convention, Tahiti

paragraph: 2011 - Best Tribal Artist - INK & IRON, Long Beach CA

paragraph: 2010 - 2nd Best Polynesian (male) Sydney Tattoo Expo, Australia

paragraph: 2010 - 2nd Best Polynesian (female) Sydney Tattoo Expo, Australia

paragraph: 2008 - Best Tribal Artist - INK & IRON, Long Beach CA

paragraph: 2005 - Best of day, Tattoonesia convention, Moorea, French Polynesia

paragraph: Manu left Tahiti and his studio to settle in Los Angeles in 2015. He opened his new studio "Mana'o Tattoo Los Angeles" in February 2018.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allen, Tricia (2010). "The Polynesian Tattoo Today", p. 10, 19, 29, 58, 59, 63, 92, 244, 245. Mutual Publishing, Hawai'i. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manu Farrarons' official website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Facebook

description: French artist

wikidata_label: Manu Farrarons

wikipedia_title: Manu Farrarons


text:
1380
Nardo di Cione
Jacopo di Cione
Andrea di Cione
Orsanmichele

wikipedia_title:
1380 in Italy
Nardo di Cione
Jacopo di Cione
Orcagna
Orsanmichele

categories: 14th-century people of the Republic of Florence,Gothic sculptors,1380 deaths,Sibling artists,Florentine sculptors,1330 births,Italian male sculptors,14th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Matteo di Cione

paragraph: Matteo di Cione (1330–1380) was an Italian sculptor, notable for being the brother of three of the great painters of Gothic Florence, Nardo di Cione, Jacopo di Cione and Andrea di Cione. The di Cione (pronounced dee choh’ nay) brothers often worked collaboratively, and Matteo is known to have supplied marble for Orcagna's altarpiece in the Orsanmichele (c.1381).

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Matteo di Cione

wikipedia_title: Matteo di Cione


text:
Belgian
VTM
BRT
Romanian Revolution
Geraardsbergen
Belgium
Bucharest
Romania
Nicolae Ceauşescu
Sofia
Bulgaria
Bucharest
Bucharest
Romanian
Drumul Taberei

categories: 1943 births,Belgian television journalists,Deaths by firearm in Romania,Belgian radio personalities,People from Geraardsbergen,Belgian journalists,People of the Romanian Revolution,1989 deaths

paragraph: Danny Huwé

paragraph: Danny Huwé (1 December 1943 – ) was a Belgian journalist who was working for VTM, Vlaamse Televisie Maatschappij (English: Flemish Television Company), at the time of his death. Before VTM he worked as a radio journalist at the BRT (national radio and television) for many years together with journalists such as Rudi Dufour, , Mark Ooms, and Piet Deslé. He was killed during the Romanian Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Geraardsbergen (Belgium), and killed on 24 or 25 December 1989 in Bucharest (Romania) during the Romanian Revolution. He was shot by a sniper who thought that Huwé was loyal to Nicolae Ceauşescu. Huwé was travelling from Sofia, Bulgaria to Bucharest.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: A square has been named after Huwé in Bucharest. The Danny Huwé Square (Piața Danny Huwé in Romanian) is located in the neighborhood of Drumul Taberei, at the Razoare traffic circle which is at the intersection of Timișoara Boulevard, Drumul Taberei Boulevard and Progresului Street. Also, the bus stations in the area bear his name.

description: journalist

wikidata_label: Danny Huwé

wikipedia_title: Danny Huwé


text: Józef

categories: Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,1949 births,Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Wrestlers at the 1976 Summer Olympics,2005 deaths,Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics,People from Wałbrzych County,Olympic wrestlers of Poland,Polish male sport wrestlers,Wrestlers at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Lower Silesian Voivodeship,Olympic gold medalists for Poland,Olympic medalists in wrestling,Olympic bronze medalists for Poland

paragraph: Kazimierz Lipień

paragraph: Kazimierz Lipień (6 February 1949 – 13 November 2005) was a featherweight Greco-Roman wrestler from Poland. He competed at the 1972, 1976 and 1980 Olympics and placed third, first and sixth, respectively. Between 1971 and 1979 he collected 12 medals at the world and European championships, including five gold medals. His twin brother Józef was also an Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler.

paragraph: Lipień was born in a large family, and besides Józef had four brothers, Edward, Stanisław, Bogdan and Zbigniew, and two sisters, Ewa and Michalina. He graduated from a technical school in 1972, and in 1980 received a coaching degree in Warsaw. In 1981 he moved to Sweden, where he won three national titles (in 1981 and 1985 in Greco-Roman and in 1982 in freestyle wrestling) and trained wrestlers at various clubs for ten years. In 1991 he returned to Poland and headed the national junior wrestling team. He died in the United States, and was survived by wife Antonina and sons Peter and Jacob.

description: Olympic wrestler

wikidata_label: Kazimierz Lipień

wikipedia_title: Kazimierz Lipień


text:
Etruscan
Etruscan
Aulus Vibenna
Etruscan
Romulus
Titus Tatius
Tarquinius Superbus
Tacitus
Querquetulanus
Caelian Hill
Deposito de' Dei
Chiusi
Claudius
Servius Tullius
François Tomb
Vulci

paragraph: Caelius Vibenna

paragraph: Caelius Vibenna, (Etruscan "Caile Vipina", was a noble Etruscan who lived c.750  BCE (but see below) and brother of Aulus Vibenna (Etruscan "Avile Vipina").

paragraph: Upon arriving at Rome, Vibenna aided Romulus in his wars against Titus Tatius. He and his brother Aulus are also recorded as having aided King Tarquinius Superbus, although Tarquinius Superbus lived some five generations after Romulus. Tacitus relates that a certain hill in Rome, previously named Querquetulanus (after the trees covering the hill) was renamed the Caelian Hill after Caelius Vibenna.

paragraph: A burial urn inscribed "Arnth Caule Vipina" can be found at Deposito de' Dei at Chiusi, Italy. It is likely that the ashes within belong to a different Etruscan of the same name.

paragraph: Section::::In legend.

paragraph: Caelius and Aulus Vibenna seem to have been well-known figures in Etruscan legend. Claudius, in a speech to the Senate referred to the 'adventures' of Caelius Vibenna and his companion 'Mastarna', whom Claudius equates with Servius Tullius. Claudius claimed that Mastarna left Etruria with the remnants of Caelius' army and occupied the Caelian Hill, naming it after Vibenna.

paragraph: The François Tomb at Vulci contains a scene showing Caelius and Aulus Vibenna taking part in one of these adventures. The scene appears to show Caelius and Aulus Vibenna and Mastarna with companions named 'Larth Ulthes', 'Rasce' and 'Marce Camitlnas'. These figures are shown slaughtering foes named as 'Laris Papathnas Velznach', 'Pesna Aremsnas Sveamach', 'Venthical[...]plsachs' and 'Cneve Tarchunies Rumach' (interpreted as 'Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome'). It appears that the group of foes had taken Caelius, Aulus, Mastarna, Rasce and Marce Camitlnas prisoner, but while they were sleeping, Larth Ulthes has crept into their camp armed with swords which he has given to his companions. The erstwhile prisoners are shown killing their former captors. Mastarna is shown freeing Caelius Vibenna.

wikidata_label: Caelius Vibenna

wikipedia_title: Caelius Vibenna


text:
Doge of Venice
Venetian
War of Chioggia
Genoa
Andrea Contarini
San Zanipolo
Prato della Valle
Padova

categories: 14th-century Doges of Venice,House of Morosini,14th-century deaths from plague (disease),1308 births

paragraph: Michele Morosini

paragraph: Michele Morosini (1308 – 16 October 1382) was the Doge of Venice for a few months, from 10 June 1382 to his death in October the same year.

paragraph: Born in one of the most important Venetian families, Morosini was extremely wealthy. Opinions about him are varied, though, and he is seen either as a devoted servant of the Republic, or as a speculator who enriched himself on real estate during the hard times of the War of Chioggia, fought between Venice and Genoa between 1378 and 1381.

paragraph: Elected after the death of Doge Andrea Contarini, he died very soon of the plague and was buried in the church of San Zanipolo, a traditional burial place of the doges. He was married to Cristina Condulmiero.

paragraph: His statue (number 31) is erected in the outer ring in the southeast quarter of the Prato della Valle in Padova.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Michele Morosini

wikipedia_title: Michele Morosini


text:
Duke of Benevento
Langobardia minor
Thrasimund II
Spoleto
Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Romuald II
Greece
Paul the Deacon
"Historia Langobardorum"

categories: Lombard warriors,8th-century Lombard people,Dukes of Benevento,8th-century rulers in Europe,743 deaths,Assassinated Italian people

paragraph: Godescalc of Benevento

paragraph: Godescalc (also known as Godescalco, Gottschalk, Godescalcus or Gotteschalchus) was the Duke of Benevento in Langobardia minor from 740 until his assassination in 743. Godescalc's accession was without approval of the King.

paragraph: With the return of Thrasimund II to power in Spoleto, the wrath of Liutprand, King of the Lombards, was brought down upon central and southern Italy. After taking care of Thrasimund, Liutprand turned to Benevento, where Godescalc was preparing to flee. The Duke had already loaded a ship with supplies and, together with his wife, Anna, and the rest of his family, were attempting to flee when the people, faithful to the memory of Romuald II, killed him. Godescalc's wife and family escaped to Greece.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul the Deacon, "Historia Langobardorum". Available at Northvegr.

description: 8th-century Italian duke

wikidata_label: Godescalc of Benevento

wikipedia_title: Godescalc of Benevento


text: Pasha

text: Kapudan Pasha

text: Ottoman

text: admiral of the fleet

text: Lesbos

text: Battle of Preveza

text: Battle of Lepanto

text: Khayr ad-Din

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Oruç Reis

text: Spanish

text: Algeria

text: linguistic reborrowing

text: Palaiokipos

text: Ottoman

text: Midilli (Lesbos)

text: Greece

text: Yakup Ağa

text: sipahi

text: Albanian

text: Giannitsa

text: Greek

text: Greek Orthodox

text: Oruç

text: Genoese

text: Gattilusio dynasty

text: Lord of Lesbos

text: privateers

text: Knights Hospitaller

text: Rhodes

text: until 1522

text: Levant

text: Anatolia

text: Aegean Sea

text: Mytilene

text: Oruç

text: Tripoli, Lebanon

text: Knights' castle

text: Bodrum

text: Antalya

text: Şehzade Korkut

text: Manisa

text: İzmir

text: Apulia

text: Euboea

text: Selim I

text: Cairo

text: Mamluk

text: Qansuh al-Ghawri

text: Alexandria

text: Liguria

text: Sicily

text: Djerba

text: Beni Hafs

text: La Goulette

text: Papal

text: Elba

text: Lipari

text: Sicilian

text: Aragon

text: Naples

text: Calabria

text: Kurtoğlu

text: Diano Marina

text: Mudéjar

text: Bougie

text: Oran

text: Algiers

text: Reggio Calabria

text: Andalusia

text: Tabarca

text: Menorca

text: Valencia

text: Alicante

text: Málaga

text: Cherchell

text: Majorca

text: Ceuta

text: Jijel

text: Mahdiya

text: Sardinia

text: Balearic Islands

text: Selim I

text: Kurtoğlu (Curtogoli)

text: Peñón

text: Charles V

text: Miliana

text: Medea

text: Ténès

text: Island of Capo Rizzuto

text: Selim I

text: sanjak

text: janissaries

text: Tlemcen

text: Oran

text: Fall of Tlemcen (1517)

text: Charles V

text: Oran

text: Bedouins

text: Beylerbey

text: Selim I

text: Mudéjar

text: Bone

text: Provence

text: Toulon

text: Îles d'Hyères

text: New World

text: Cadiz

text: Kurtoğlu

text: Rhodes

text: Crotone

text: fusta

text: Castignano

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Messina

text: Tuscany

text: Andrea Doria

text: Piombino

text: Campania

text: Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera

text: Morisco

text: Andalusia

text: Marseilles

text: barque

text: Viareggio

text: Cabrera

text: Andrea Doria

text: Jijel

text: Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera

text: Favignana

text: Tripoli

text: Suleiman I

text: Habsburg Austria

text: Coron

text: Patras

text: Lepanto

text: Morea

text: Bonifacio

text: Montecristo

text: Lampedusa

text: Preveza

text: Topkapı Palace

text: Kapudan-i Derya

text: Beylerbey

text: Rhodes

text: Euboea

text: Chios

text: Aegean Sea

text: Francis I

text: Ottoman embassy to France (1533)

text: Antonio Rincon

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Asia Minor

text: Ottoman embassy to France (1534)

text: Jehan de la Forest

text: Coron

text: Patras

text: Lepanto

text: Strait of Messina

text: San Lucido

text: Cetraro

text: Campania

text: Procida

text: Naples

text: Lazio

text: Gaeta

text: Villa Santa Lucia

text: Sant'Isidoro

text: Sperlonga

text: Fondi

text: Terracina

text: Ostia

text: Tiber

text: Ponza

text: Hafsid

text: Mulay Hassan

text: captured Tunis' strategic port of La Goulette

text: scimitar

text: recaptured Tunis

text: Bone

text: Mahdiya

text: Tyrrhenian Sea

text: Capri

text: Tlemcen

text: Habsburg

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Otranto

text: Castro

text: Ugento

text: Lütfi Pasha

text: Aegean

text: Ionian

text: Republic of Venice

text: Syros

text: Aegina

text: Ios

text: Paros

text: Tinos

text: Karpathos

text: Kasos

text: Kythira

text: Naxos

text: Corfu

text: Calabria

text: Pope Paul III

text: Papacy

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Sinan Reis

text: Andrea Doria

text: Battle of Preveza

text: Battle of Lepanto

text: Skiathos

text: Skyros

text: Andros

text: Serifos

text: Castelnuovo

text: Risan

text: Cattaro

text: Santa Veneranda

text: Pesaro

text: Hernán Cortés

text: Diego Gaetani

text: Siege of Nice

text: Francis I

text: Antibes

text: Île Sainte-Marguerite

text: Cannes

text: San Remo

text: La Turbie

text: Toulon

text: Cathedral of St. Mary in Toulon

text: Borghetto Santo Spirito

text: Ceriale

text: Turgut Reis

text: Corsica

text: Giannettino Doria

text: Andrea Doria

text: Fassolo

text: ducat

text: Vado Ligure

text: Piombino

text: Sinan Reis

text: Castiglione della Pescaia

text: Talamone

text: Orbetello

text: Grosseto

text: Bartolomeo Peretti

text: Mytilene

text: Montiano

text: Porto Ercole

text: Isle of Giglio

text: Civitavecchia

text: Leone Strozzi

text: Ischia

text: Forio

text: Procida

text: Pozzuoli

text: Salerno

text: Cape Palinuro

text: Catona

text: Fiumara

text: Calanna

text: Cariati

text: Lipari

text: Bosphorus

text: Büyükdere

text: Sarıyer

text: Hasan Pasha

text: Topkapı Palace

text: Istanbul University

text: Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı

text: Ahmet Şimşirgil

text: Mika Waltari

text: "The Wanderer"

text: Bosphorus

text: mausoleum

text: türbe

text: Beşiktaş

text: Mimar Sinan

text: Arabic calligraphy

text: Quran

text: Muhammad

text: Abu Bakr

text: Umar

text: Uthman

text: Ali

text: Rashidun Caliphate

text: Dhu'l-Fiqar

text: six-pointed star

text: Star of David

text: Seal of Solomon

text: Beylik

text: Anatolia

text: pasha

text: Jandarids

text: Catalan Atlas

text: A. Cresques

text: Karamanids

text: Battle of Lepanto

text: Cyprus

text: Morea

text: Dalmatia

text: Republic of Venice

text: Tunisia

text: Spain

text: Kemal Reis

text: Oruç Reis

text: Turgut Reis

text: Salih Reis

text: Piri Reis

text: Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis

text: Piyale Pasha

text: Murat Reis

text: Seydi Ali Reis

text: Uluç Ali Reis

text: Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis

text: Beşiktaş

text: Istanbul Naval Museum

text: Yahya Kemal Beyatlı

text: Levent

text: Maslak

text: Üsküdar

text: Eminönü

text: Kadıköy

text: Beşiktaş

text: Turkish Navy

text: Pasha, pirates and Paros

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: An article on the Barbarossa brothers

text: Another article on the Barbarossa brothers

text: Original Gazawat by Seyyid Muradi

text: Hayreddin Barbarossa's tomb in Beşiktaş

text: Hayreddin Barbarossa'nın Hatıraları

categories: Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars,1546 deaths,Ottoman Navy officers,People from Lesbos,People of the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent,Ottoman Empire admirals,Barbary pirates,People of the Ottoman Empire of Albanian descent,16th-century pirates,Privateers,Heads of state of Algeria,15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,16th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Kapudan Pashas,Suleiman the Magnificent,1476 births,Turkish people of Greek descent,Turkish people of Albanian descent,Piri Reis,Turks of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Hayreddin Barbarossa

paragraph: Hayreddin Barbarossa (), or Barbaros Kheireddin Pasha ( or "Hızır Hayrettin Paşa"; also "Hızır Reis" before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kapudan Pasha), born Khizr or Khidr (c. 1478 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman admiral of the fleet who was born on the island of Lesbos and died in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. Barbarossa's naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid 16th century, from the Battle of Preveza in 1538 until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

paragraph: "Hayreddin" (from Arabic "Khayr ad-Din", "goodness of the faith" or "best of the faith") was an honorary name given to him by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He became known as "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard" in Italian) in Europe, a name he inherited from his elder brother Oruç Reis after he was killed in a battle with the Spanish in Algeria. Oruç was also known as "Baba Oruç" ("Father Oruç"), which sounded like "Barbarossa" to the Europeans, and since Oruç did have a red beard, the nickname stuck. In a process of linguistic reborrowing, the nickname then stuck back to Hayreddin's native Ottoman name, in the form "Barbaros".

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Khizr was born in 1466 or around 1478 in the village Palaiokipos on the Ottoman island of Midilli (Lesbos) (now Greece), the son of Yakup Ağa, a converted Ottoman "sipahi" of Albanian origin from Giannitsa (Greece), and an Orthodox Christian Greek woman, named Katerina, from Mytilene (Lesbos). His mother was a widow of a Greek Orthodox priest. His parents were married and had two daughters and four sons: Ishak, Oruç, Khizr and Ilyas. Yakup took part in the Ottoman conquest of Lesbos in 1462 from the Genoese Gattilusio dynasty (who held the hereditary title of Lord of Lesbos between 1355 and 1462) and as a reward, was granted the fief of the Bonova village in the island. He became an established potter and purchased a boat to trade his products. The four sons helped their father with his business, but not much is known about the daughters. At first Oruç helped with the boat, while Khizr helped with pottery.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: All four brothers became seamen, engaged in marine affairs and international sea trade. The first brother to become involved in seamanship was Oruç, who was joined by his brother Ilyas. Later, obtaining his own ship, Khizr also began his career at sea. The brothers initially worked as sailors, but then turned privateers in the Mediterranean to counteract the privateering of the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St. John) who were based in the island of Rhodes (until 1522). Oruç and Ilyas operated in the Levant, between Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. Khizr operated in the Aegean Sea and based his operations mostly in Thessaloniki. Ishak, the eldest, remained on Mytilene and was involved with the financial affairs of the family business.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Death of Ilyas, captivity and liberation of Oruç.

paragraph: Oruç was a very successful seaman. He also learned to speak Italian, Spanish, French, Greek and Arabic in the early years of his career. While returning from a trading expedition in Tripoli, Lebanon, with his younger brother Ilyas, they were attacked by the Knights of St. John. Ilyas was killed in the fight, and Oruç was wounded. Their father's boat was captured, and Oruç was taken as a prisoner and detained in the Knights' castle at Bodrum for nearly three years. Upon learning the location of his brother, Khizr went to Bodrum and managed to help Oruç escape.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Oruç the corsair.

paragraph: Oruç later went to Antalya, where he was given 18 galleys by the Şehzade Korkut, an Ottoman prince and governor of the city, and charged with fighting against the Knights of St. John, who were inflicting serious damage on Ottoman shipping and trade. In the following years, when Korkut became governor of Manisa, he gave Oruç a larger fleet of 24 galleys at the port of İzmir and ordered him to participate in the Ottoman naval expedition to Apulia in Italy, where Oruç bombarded several coastal castles and captured two ships. On his way back to Lesbos, he stopped at Euboea and captured three galleons and another ship. Reaching Mytilene with these captured vessels, Oruç learned that Korkut, who was the brother of the new Ottoman sultan Selim I, had fled to Egypt in order to avoid being killed because of succession disputes – a common practice at that time. Fearing trouble due to his well-known association with the exiled Ottoman prince, Oruç sailed to Egypt, where he met Korkut in Cairo and managed to get an audience with the Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri, who gave him another ship and appointed him with the task of raiding the coasts of Italy and the islands of the Mediterranean that were controlled by Christians. After passing the winter in Cairo, he set sail from Alexandria and frequently operated along the coasts of Liguria and Sicily.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Khizr's career under Oruç.

paragraph: In 1503, Oruç managed to seize three more ships and made the island of Djerba his new base, thus moving his operations to the Western Mediterranean. Khizr joined Oruç at Djerba. In 1504, the brothers contacted Abu Abdullah Mohammed Hamis, Sultan of Tunisia from the Beni Hafs dynasty, and asked permission to use the strategically located port of La Goulette for their operations. They were granted this right with the condition of leaving one-third of their gains to the sultan. Oruç, in command of small galliots, captured two much larger Papal galleys near the island of Elba. Later, near Lipari, the two brothers captured a Sicilian warship, the "Cavalleria", with 380 Spanish soldiers and 60 Spanish knights from Aragon on board, who were on their way from Spain to Naples. In 1505, they raided the coasts of Calabria. These accomplishments increased their fame, and they were joined by several other well-known Muslim corsairs, including Kurtoğlu (known in the West as Curtogoli). In 1508, they raided the coasts of Liguria, particularly Diano Marina.

paragraph: In 1509, Ishak also left Mytilene and joined his brothers at La Goulette. The fame of Oruç increased when, between 1504 and 1510, he transported Muslim Mudéjars from Christian Spain to North Africa. His efforts of helping the Muslims of Spain in need and transporting them to safer lands earned him the honorific name Baba Oruç (Father Oruç), which eventually – due the similarity in sound – evolved in Spain, France and Italy into Barbarossa (meaning "Redbeard" in Italian).

paragraph: In 1510, the three brothers raided Cape Passero in Sicily and repulsed a Spanish attack on Bougie, Oran and Algiers. In August 1511, they raided the areas around Reggio Calabria in southern Italy. In August 1512, the exiled ruler of Bougie invited the brothers to drive out the Spaniards, and during the battle, Oruç lost his left arm. This incident earned him the nickname "Gümüş Kol" ("Silver Arm" in Turkish), in reference to the silver prosthetic device that he used in place of his missing limb. Later that year, the three brothers raided the coasts of Andalusia in Spain, capturing a galliot of the Lomellini family of Genoa, who owned the Tabarca island in that area. They subsequently landed on Menorca and captured a coastal castle and then headed towards Liguria, where they captured four Genoese galleys near Genoa. The Genoese sent a fleet to liberate their ships, but the brothers captured their flagship as well. After capturing a total of 23 ships in less than a month, the brothers sailed back to La Goulette.

paragraph: There, they built three more galliots and a gunpowder production facility. In 1513, they captured four English ships on their way to France, raided Valencia, where they captured four more ships, and then headed for Alicante and captured a Spanish galley near Málaga. In 1513 and 1514, the three brothers engaged the Spanish fleet on several other occasions and moved to their new base in Cherchell, east of Algiers. In 1514, with 12 galliots and 1,000 Turks, they destroyed two Spanish fortresses at Bougie, and when the Spanish fleet under the command of Miguel de Gurrea, viceroy of Majorca, arrived for assistance, they headed towards Ceuta and raided that city before capturing Jijel in Algeria, which was under Genoese control. They later captured Mahdiya in Tunisia. Afterwards, they raided the coasts of Sicily, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands and the Spanish mainland, capturing three large ships there. In 1515, they captured several galleons, a galley and three barques at Majorca. Still in 1515, Oruç sent precious gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, who, in return, sent him two galleys and two swords embellished with diamonds. In 1516, joined by Kurtoğlu (Curtogoli), the brothers besieged the Castle of Elba, before heading once more towards Liguria, where they captured 12 ships and damaged 28 others.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Rulers of Algiers.

paragraph: In 1516, the three brothers succeeded in capturing Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards but eventually assumed control over the city and surrounding region, forcing the previous ruler, Abu Hamo Musa III of the Beni Ziyad dynasty, to flee. The Spaniards in Algiers sought refuge on the island of Peñón off the Moroccan coast and asked Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, to intervene, but the Spanish fleet failed to force the brothers out of Algiers.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Algiers joins the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: After consolidating his power and declaring himself Sultan of Algiers, Oruç sought to enhance his territory inland and took Miliana, Medea and Ténès. He became known for attaching sails to cannons for transport through the deserts of North Africa. In 1517, the brothers raided Capo Limiti and later, the Island of Capo Rizzuto in Calabria.

paragraph: For Oruç, the best protection against Spain was to join the Ottoman Empire, his homeland and Spain's main rival. For this, he had to relinquish his title of Sultan of Algiers to the Ottomans. He did this in 1517 and offered Algiers to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The Sultan accepted Algiers as an Ottoman "sanjak" ("province"), appointed Oruç as the Governor of Algiers and Chief Sea Governor of the West Mediterranean, and promised to support him with janissaries, galleys and cannons.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Final engagements and death of Oruç and Ishak.

paragraph: The Spaniards ordered Abu Zayan, whom they had appointed as the new ruler of Tlemcen and Oran, to attack Oruç Reis from land, but Oruç learned of the plan and pre-emptively struck against Tlemcen, capturing the city and executing Abu Zayan in the Fall of Tlemcen (1517). The only survivor of Abu Zayan's dynasty was Sheikh Buhammud, who escaped to Oran and called for Spain's assistance.

paragraph: In May 1518, Emperor Charles V arrived at Oran and was received at the port by Sheikh Buhammud and the Spanish governor of the city, Diego de Córdoba, marquess of Comares, who commanded a force of 10,000 Spanish soldiers. Joined by thousands of local Bedouins, the Spaniards marched overland towards Tlemcen. Oruç and Ishak awaited them in the city with 1,500 Turkish and 5,000 Moorish soldiers. They defended Tlemcen for 20 days, but were eventually killed in combat by the forces of Garcia de Tineo.

paragraph: Khizr Reis, now given the title of "Beylerbey" by Sultan Selim I, along with janissaries, galleys and cannons, inherited his brother's place, his name (Barbarossa) and his mission.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Pasha of Algiers.

paragraph: With a fresh force of Turkish soldiers sent by the Ottoman sultan, Barbarossa recaptured Tlemcen in December 1518. He continued the policy of bringing Mudéjars from Spain to North Africa, thereby assuring himself of a sizable following of grateful and loyal Muslims, who harbored an intense hatred for Spain. He captured Bone, and in 1519, he defeated a Spanish-Italian army that tried to recapture Algiers. In a separate incident, he sank a Spanish ship and captured eight others. Still in 1519, he raided Provence, Toulon and the Îles d'Hyères in southern France. In 1521, he raided the Balearic Islands and later captured several Spanish ships returning from the New World off Cadiz. In 1522, he sent his ships, under the command of Kurtoğlu, to participate in the Ottoman conquest of Rhodes, which resulted in the departure of the Knights of St. John from that island on 1 January 1523.

paragraph: In June 1525, he raided the coasts of Sardinia. In May 1526, he landed at Crotone in Calabria and sacked the city, sank a Spanish galley and a Spanish fusta in the harbor, assaulted Castignano in Marche on the Adriatic Sea and later landed at Cape Spartivento. In June 1526, he landed at Reggio Calabria and later destroyed the fort at the port of Messina. He then appeared on the coasts of Tuscany, but retreated after seeing the fleet of Andrea Doria and the Knights of St. John off the coast of Piombino. In July 1526, Barbarossa appeared once again in Messina and raided the coasts of Campania. In 1527, he raided many ports and castles on the coasts of Italy and Spain.

paragraph: In May 1529, he captured the Spanish fort on the island of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera that controlled the north Algerian coast. In August 1529, he attacked the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and later helped 70,000 Moriscos to escape from Andalusia in seven consecutive journeys. In January 1530, he again raided the coasts of Sicily and, in March and June of that year, the Balearic Islands and Marseilles. In July 1530, he appeared along the coasts of the Provence and Liguria, capturing two Genoese ships. In August 1530, he raided the coasts of Sardinia and, in October, appeared at Piombino, capturing a barque from Viareggio and three French galleons before capturing two more ships off Calabria. In December 1530, he captured the Castle of Cabrera, in the Balearic Islands, and started to use the island as a logistic base for his operations in the area.

paragraph: In 1531, he encountered Andrea Doria, who had been appointed by Charles V to recapture Jijel and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and repulsed the Spanish-Genoese fleet of 40 galleys. Still in 1531, he raided the island of Favignana, where the flagship of the Maltese Knights under the command of Francesco Touchebeuf unsuccessfully attacked his fleet. Barbarossa then sailed eastwards and landed in Calabria and Apulia. On the way back to Algiers, he sank a ship of the Maltese Knights near Messina before assaulting Tripoli, which had been given to the Knights of St. John by Charles V in 1530. In October 1531, he again raided the coasts of Spain.

paragraph: In 1532, during Suleiman I's expedition to Habsburg Austria, Andrea Doria captured Coron, Patras and Lepanto on the coasts of the Morea (Peloponnese). In response, Suleiman sent the forces of Yahya Pashazade Mehmed Bey, who recaptured these cities, but the event made Suleiman realize the importance of having a powerful commander at sea. He summoned Barbarossa to Istanbul, who set sail in August 1532. Having raided Sardinia, Bonifacio in Corsica, and the islands of Montecristo, Elba and Lampedusa, he captured 18 galleys near Messina and learned from the captured prisoners that Doria was headed to Preveza. Barbarossa proceeded to raid the nearby coasts of Calabria and then sailed towards Preveza. Doria's forces fled after a short battle, but only after Barbarossa had captured seven of their galleys. He arrived at Preveza with a total of 44 galleys, but sent 25 of them back to Algiers and headed to Istanbul with 19 ships. There, he was received by Sultan Suleiman at Topkapı Palace. Suleiman appointed Barbarossa "Kapudan-i Derya" ("Grand Admiral") of the Ottoman Navy and "Beylerbey" ("Chief Governor") of North Africa. Barbarossa was also given the government of the "Sanjak" ("province") of Rhodes and those of Euboea and Chios in the Aegean Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Pasha of Algiers.:Diplomacy with France.

paragraph: In 1533, Barbarossa sent an embassy to the king of France, Francis I, the Ottoman embassy to France (1533). Francis I would in turn dispatch Antonio Rincon to Barbarossa in North Africa and then to Suleiman the Magnificent in Asia Minor. Following a second embassy, the Ottoman embassy to France (1534), Francis I sent his ambassador Jehan de la Forest to Hayreddin Barbarossa, asking for his naval support against the Habsburg:

paragraph: In 1534, Barbarossa set sail from Istanbul with 80 galleys, and in April, he recaptured Coron, Patras and Lepanto from the Spaniards. In July 1534, he crossed the Strait of Messina and raided the Calabrian coasts, capturing a substantial number of ships around Reggio Calabria as well as the Castle of San Lucido. He later destroyed the port of Cetraro and the ships harbored there. Still in July 1534, he appeared in Campania and sacked the islands of Capri and Procida before bombarding the ports in the Gulf of Naples. He then appeared in Lazio, shelled Gaeta and in August landed at Villa Santa Lucia, Sant'Isidoro, Sperlonga, Fondi, Terracina and Ostia on the River Tiber, causing the church bells in Rome to ring the alarm. He then sailed south, appearing at Ponza, Sicily and Sardinia, before capturing Tunis in August 1534 and sending the Hafsid Sultan Mulay Hassan fleeing. He also captured Tunis' strategic port of La Goulette in 1534.

paragraph: Charles then dispatched an agent to offer Barbarossa "the lordship of North Africa" for his changed loyalty, or if that failed, to assassinate him. However, upon rejecting the offer, Barbarossa decapitated him with his scimitar.

paragraph: Mulei Hassan asked Emperor Charles V for assistance to recover his kingdom, and a Spanish-Italian force of 300 galleys and 24,000 soldiers recaptured Tunis as well as Bone and Mahdiya in 1535. Recognizing the futility of armed resistance, Barbarossa had abandoned Tunis well before the arrival of the invaders, sailing away into the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he bombarded ports, landed once again at Capri and reconstructed a fort (which still today carries his name) after largely destroying it during the siege of the island. He then sailed to Algiers, from where he raided the coastal towns of Spain, destroyed the ports of Majorca and Menorca, captured several Spanish and Genoese galleys and liberated their Muslim oar slaves. In September 1535, he repulsed another Spanish attack on Tlemcen.

paragraph: In 1536, Barbarossa was called back to Istanbul to take command of 200 ships in a naval attack on the Habsburg Kingdom of Naples. In July 1537, he landed at Otranto and captured the city, as well as the Fortress of Castro and the city of Ugento in Apulia.

paragraph: In August 1537, Lütfi Pasha and Barbarossa led a huge Ottoman force that captured the Aegean and Ionian islands belonging to the Republic of Venice, namely Syros, Aegina, Ios, Paros, Tinos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kythira, and Naxos. In the same year, Barbarossa raided Corfu and obliterated the agricultural cultivations of the island while enslaving nearly all the population of the countryside. However, the Old Fortress of Corfu was well defended by a 4,000-strong Venetian garrison with 700 guns, and when several assaults failed to capture the fortifications, the Turks reluctantly re-embarked and once again raided Calabria. These losses caused Venice to ask Pope Paul III to organize a "Holy League" against the Ottomans.

paragraph: In February 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in assembling a Holy League (composed of the Papacy, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Maltese Knights) against the Ottomans, but Barbarossa's forces led by Sinan Reis defeated its combined fleet, commanded by Andrea Doria, at the Battle of Preveza in September 1538. This victory secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean for the next 33 years, until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

paragraph: In the summer of 1539, Barbarossa captured the islands of Skiathos, Skyros, Andros and Serifos and recaptured Castelnuovo from the Spanish, who had taken it from the Ottomans after the battle of Preveza. He also captured the nearby Castle of Risan, and with Sinan Reis, later assaulted the Venetian fortress of Cattaro and the Spanish fortress of Santa Veneranda near Pesaro. Barbarossa later took the remaining Christian outposts in the Ionian and Aegean Seas. Venice finally signed a peace treaty with Sultan Suleiman in October 1540, agreeing to recognize the Ottoman territorial gains and to pay 300,000 gold ducats.

paragraph: In September 1540, Emperor Charles V contacted Barbarossa and offered him to become his Admiral-in-Chief as well as the ruler of Spain's territories in North Africa, but he refused. Unable to persuade Barbarossa to switch sides, in October 1541, Charles himself laid siege to Algiers, seeking to end the corsair threat to the Spanish domains and Christian shipping in the western Mediterranean. The season was not ideal for such a campaign, and both Andrea Doria, who commanded the fleet, and Hernán Cortés, who had been asked by Charles to participate in the campaign, attempted to change the Emperor's mind but failed. Eventually, a violent storm disrupted Charles's landing operations. Andrea Doria took his fleet away into open waters to avoid being wrecked on the shore, but much of the Spanish fleet went aground. After some indecisive fighting on land, Charles had to abandon the effort and withdraw his severely battered force.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Kapudan-i Derya of the Ottoman Navy.:Franco-Ottoman alliance.

paragraph: In 1543, Barbarossa headed towards Marseilles to assist France, then an ally of the Ottoman Empire, and cruised the western Mediterranean with a fleet of 210 ships (70 galleys, 40 galliots and 100 other warships carrying 14,000 Turkish soldiers, thus an overall total of 30,000 Ottoman troops). On his way, while passing through the Strait of Messina, he asked Diego Gaetani, the governor of Reggio Calabria, to surrender his city. Gaetani responded with cannon fire, which killed three Turkish sailors. Barbarossa, angered by the response, besieged and captured the city. He then landed on the coasts of Campania and Lazio and, from the mouth of the Tiber, threatened Rome, but France intervened in favor of the pope's city. Barbarossa then raided several Italian and Spanish islands and coastal settlements before laying the Siege of Nice and capturing the city on 5 August 1543 on behalf of the French king, Francis I. The Ottoman captain later landed at Antibes and the Île Sainte-Marguerite near Cannes before sacking the city of San Remo, other ports of Liguria, Monaco and La Turbie. He spent the winter with his fleet and 30,000 Turkish soldiers in Toulon, but occasionally sent his ships from there to bombard the coasts of Spain. The Christian population had been evacuated, and the Cathedral of St. Mary in Toulon was transformed into a mosque for the Turkish soldiers, while Ottoman money was accepted for transactions by the French tradesmen in the city.

paragraph: In the spring of 1544, after assaulting San Remo for the second time and landing at Borghetto Santo Spirito and Ceriale, Barbarossa defeated another Spanish-Italian fleet and raided deeply into the Kingdom of Naples. He then sailed to Genoa with his 210 ships and threatened to attack the city unless it freed Turgut Reis, who had been serving as a galley slave on a Genoese ship and then was imprisoned in the city since his capture in Corsica by Giannettino Doria in 1540. Barbarossa was invited by Andrea Doria to discuss the issue at his palace in the Fassolo district of Genoa, and the two admirals negotiated the release of Turgut Reis in exchange for 3,500 gold ducats. Barbarossa then successfully repulsed further Spanish attacks on southern France, but was recalled to Istanbul after Charles V and Suleiman had agreed to a truce in 1544.

paragraph: After leaving Provence from the port of Île Sainte-Marguerite in May 1544, Barbarossa assaulted San Remo for the third time, and when he appeared before Vado Ligure, the Republic of Genoa sent him a substantial sum to save other Genoese cities from further attacks. In June 1544, Barbarossa appeared before Elba. Threatening to bombard Piombino unless the city's Lord released the son of Sinan Reis who had been captured and baptized 10 years earlier by the Spaniards in Tunis, he obtained his release. He then captured Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone and Orbetello in the province of Grosseto in Tuscany. There, he destroyed the tomb and burned the remains of Bartolomeo Peretti, who had burned his father's house in Mytilene the previous year, in 1543. He then captured Montiano and occupied Porto Ercole and the Isle of Giglio. He later assaulted Civitavecchia, but Leone Strozzi, the French envoy, convinced Barbarossa to lift the siege.

paragraph: The Ottoman fleet then assaulted the coasts of Sardinia before appearing at Ischia and landing there in July 1544, capturing the city as well as Forio and the Isle of Procida before threatening Pozzuoli. Encountering 30 galleys under Giannettino Doria, Barbarossa forced them to sail away towards Sicily and seek refuge in Messina. Due to strong winds, the Ottomans were unable to attack Salerno but managed to land at Cape Palinuro nearby. Barbarossa then entered the Strait of Messina and landed at Catona, Fiumara and Calanna near Reggio Calabria and later at Cariati and at Lipari, which was his final landing on the Italian peninsula. There, he bombarded the citadel for 15 days after the city refused to surrender and eventually captured it.

paragraph: He finally returned to Istanbul and, in 1545, left the city for his final naval expeditions, during which he bombarded the ports of the Spanish mainland and landed at Majorca and Menorca for the last time. He then sailed back to Istanbul and built a palace on the Bosphorus, in the present-day quarter of Büyükdere in the Sarıyer district.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:Retirement and death.

paragraph: Barbarossa retired in Istanbul in 1545, leaving his son Hasan Pasha as his successor in Algiers. He then dictated his memoirs to Muradi Sinan Reis. They consist of five hand-written volumes known as "Gazavat-ı Hayreddin Paşa" ("Conquests of Hayreddin Pasha"). Today, they are exhibited at the Topkapı Palace and Istanbul University Library. They are prepared and published by Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı as "Kaptan Paşa'nın Seyir Defteri" ("The Logbook of the Captain Pasha") by Prof. Dr. Ahmet Şimşirgil, a Turkish academic. They are also fictionalised as "Akdeniz Bizimdi" ("The Mediterranean was Ours") by M. Ertuğrul Düzdağ. Barbarossa is also one of the main characters in Mika Waltari's book "The Wanderer" (1949).

paragraph: Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 in his seaside palace in the Büyükdere neighbourhood of Istanbul, on the northwestern shores of the Bosphorus. He is buried in the tall mausoleum ("türbe") near the ferry port of the district of Beşiktaş on the European side of Istanbul, which was built in 1541 by the famous architect Mimar Sinan, at the site where his fleet used to assemble. His memorial was built in 1944, next to his mausoleum.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.:The Flag (Sanjak) of Hayreddin Barbarossa.

paragraph: The Arabic calligraphy at the top of the standard reads, "" ("nasrun mina'llāhi wa fatḥhun qarībun wa bashshiri'l-mu’minīna yā muḥammad"), translated as "Victory from Allah and an eminent conquest; and give good tidings to the believers, O Muhammad." The text comes from verse 61:13 of the Quran, with the addition of "O Muhammad", since the last part of the verse addresses the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

paragraph: Within the four crescents are the names, from right to left, beginning at the top right, of the first four caliphs — Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali — whose rule of the Islamic state after Muhammad is referred to as the Rashidun Caliphate.

paragraph: The two-bladed sword represents Dhu'l-Fiqar, a famous sword in Islamic history, belonging first to Muhammad and then Ali. To the left of the sword's hilt is a small hand.

paragraph: Between the two blades of the sword is a six-pointed star. The star may be confused with the Star of David, a Jewish symbol. However, in medieval times, this star was a popular Islamic symbol known as the Seal of Solomon and was widely used by the Beyliks of Anatolia. The seal was later used by the Ottomans in their mosque decorations, coins and the personal flags of the pashas, including Hayreddin Barbarossa. One of the Turkish beyliks known to use the seal on its flag was the Jandarids. According to the Catalan Atlas of 1375 by A. Cresques, the flag of the Karamanids, another Anatolian beylik, consisted of a blue six-edged star.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hayreddin Barbarossa established the Ottoman supremacy in the Mediterranean, which lasted until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. However, even after their defeat in Lepanto, the Ottomans quickly rebuilt their fleet, gained Cyprus and other territories in Morea and Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice between 1571 and 1572, and reconquered Tunisia from Spain in 1574.

paragraph: However, during these centuries of great seamen such as Kemal Reis before him; his brother Oruç Reis and other contemporaries Turgut Reis, Salih Reis, Piri Reis and Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis; or Piyale Pasha, Murat Reis, Seydi Ali Reis, Uluç Ali Reis and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis after him, few other Ottoman admirals ever achieved the overwhelming naval power of Hayreddin Barbarossa.

paragraph: His mausoleum is in the Barbaros Park of Beşiktaş, Istanbul, where his statue also stands, next to the Istanbul Naval Museum. On the back of the statue are verses by the Turkish poet Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, which may be translated as follows:

paragraph: "Whence on the sea's horizon comes that roar?"

paragraph: "Can it be Barbarossa now returning"

paragraph: "From Tunis or Algiers or from the Isles?"

paragraph: "Two hundred vessels ride upon the waves,"

paragraph: "Coming from lands the rising Crescent lights:"

paragraph: "O blessed ships, from what seas are ye come?"

paragraph: Barbaros Boulevard starts from his mausoleum on the Bosphorus and runs up to the Levent and Maslak business districts and beyond. The port of Üsküdar and Eminönü (before 10 January 2009, Kadıköy) in Beşiktaş is named after him.

paragraph: In the centuries following his death, even today, Turkish seamen salute his mausoleum with a cannon shot before leaving for naval operations and battles.

paragraph: Several warships of the Turkish Navy and passenger ships have been named after him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Pasha, pirates and Paros

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article on the Barbarossa brothers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another article on the Barbarossa brothers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Original Gazawat by Seyyid Muradi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayreddin Barbarossa's tomb in Beşiktaş

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayreddin Barbarossa'nın Hatıraları (Memoirs of Hayreddin Barbarossa in Turkish)

description: Ottoman admiral

wikidata_label: Hayreddin Barbarossa

wikipedia_title: Hayreddin Barbarossa


text:
Australian hip hop
Obese Records
Triple J
Triple J Hottest 100, 2012
Bliss N Eso
Drapht
The Herd
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360
Triple J Unearthed
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triple j
mX
FBi Radio
Gotye
RAGE!
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FBi Social
RAGE!
Shock Records
Bertie Blackman
Like a Version
Mumford & Sons
J Award
Triple J Hottest 100, 2012
Big Day Out
Nannup Music Festival
FBi Radio
Christies Beach, South Australia
Melbourne
Balmain
North Rocks Public School
Fort Street High School
Petersham
Josh Pyke
Horrorshow
Spit Syndicate
Obese
Bertie Blackman
Official Website

categories: Australian hip hop musicians,Living people,Musicians from Sydney,1987 births

paragraph: Chance Waters

paragraph: Chance Dylan Waters (previously known as Phatchance), is an independent Australian hip hop artist and record producer. As Phatchance, Waters was a founder of the group, Natural Causes, in 2003 which issued an album, "The Incidental Noise Demo" (August 2007), and toured nationally. The group disbanded later that year.

paragraph: In 2009 Waters independently released his debut album, "Inkstains", as Phatchance, via Obese Records distribution. His second album, "Infinity", was issued in November 2012. Waters' solo songs include "Maybe Tomorrow" and "Young & Dumb", both received significant national airplay on Triple J and were placed in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Waters has toured in support of many of Australia's biggest hip-hop acts, including Bliss N Eso, Drapht, The Herd, Pez & 360. In 2009 he was a Featured Artist on Triple J Unearthed, an initiative run by the national youth broadcaster Triple J to expose and promote talented unsigned Australian artists – since being unearthed he has received airplay and accolades from the station. In the same year he was also awarded a front page feature on social networking website Myspace and received coverage in The Australian.

paragraph: In 2011 he released the extended player "Inkstains (Acoustic)" an acoustic re-imagining of various songs from "Inkstains" including an acoustic version of the title track and lead single to his second record "Infinity". The EP's single "Build It Up (Acoustic)" featured independent Brisbane folk band Charlie Mayfair and received airplay on triple j. To promote the EP Waters appeared on the front cover of mX in Sydney and gave an interview and live performance on the Triple J Hip Hop Show and FBi Radio. In support of the EP Waters embarked on the "Hey, Where's Your DJ?" east coast tour, which was billed as the first ever acoustic Australian hip hop tour and included a three-week capacity residency at Oxford Art Factory in Sydney. At the end of 2011 Waters released the "Approaching Infinity" mixtape, his final release under the Phatchance moniker. The release included a remix of Gotye's international hit "Somebody That I Used To Know" which amassed well over 100,000 plays on YouTube as well as seeing chart success on radio in Europe.

paragraph: In 2012 Waters announced he was nearing completion of his follow up album "Infinity" and that he was relinquishing the Phatchance moniker in favour of his given name. In February 2012 he released the first single from Infinity in the form of the title track and accompanying video clip. The song received airplay on triple j and the video clip received national play on ABC's RAGE!. In support of the single Waters embarked on his first east coast tour for the year, the "Approaching Infinity" tour, which included a capacity show with fellow rapper Seth Sentry at The Evelyn in Melbourne and a Sydney performance at FBi Social. In May 2012 Waters released the second single from Infinity "Maybe Tomorrow" featuring Sydney Soul singer Lilian Blue. The song was added to the triple j hit list and achieved high rotation on the station, it was also picked up by National Geographic as the promotional music to their internationally franchised program "Doomsday Preppers". The song was the 9th most added track to radio in Australia in the second week of May and peaked at No. 2 on the AIR national independent radio charts in June. The accompanying video clip was named RAGE! Indie of the Week and would later place at No. 7 in the 2012 RAGE! Top 50.

paragraph: In August 2012 Chance Waters announced he was releasing his new album "Infinity" through the Shock Records imprint Permanent Records. The same month in an interview with Sarah Howells on triple j Waters said he was working on a new single with Bertie Blackman and that "Infinity" would be released on 2 November. The single, "Young and Dumb" was exclusively premiered on triple j on 20 September and performed live for the first time on Like a Version alongside a cover of Mumford & Sons little lion man. In November 2012 Waters was nominated for the Unearthed J Award and released his sophomore record Infinity which also signified his first top 100 album, debuting at No. 54 on the ARIA Album Charts. "Young & Dumb" would later go on to place at No. 45 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2012 alongside "Maybe Tomorrow" at No. 89.

paragraph: Chance has been booked for festivals including Sydney Big Day Out, Insert To Play, Rip It Up, The Big Pineapple Festival and Nannup Music Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Natural Causes.

paragraph: From 2003 to 2007 Phatchance was one of the founding members of the Sydney Hip-Hop group Natural Causes the flagship act for Independent record label Nurcha Records. Prior to the collapse of Nurcha Records and the eventual collapse of the band, they played more than 70 live shows across Australia.

paragraph: Natural Causes first and only release "The Incidental Noise Demo" was released on Nurcha Records in 2007. The first single from the release "Introductions" received Single of the Week on FBi Radio, Sydney's largest Independent Broadcaster.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Chance Waters was born in Sydney but grew up in Christies Beach, South Australia after a short stint in Melbourne. At the age of twelve Waters moved back to Sydney, living in Balmain, with his single parent mother and brother. Waters completed his primary schooling at North Rocks Public School and then attended Fort Street High School in Petersham a school whose alumni includes artists and bands such as Josh Pyke, Horrorshow and Spit Syndicate.

paragraph: Waters is an active vegan and is vocal in support of animal rights issues.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inkstains" – Obese (November 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Infinity" – I Forget, Sorry! (November 2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EP's.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nobody Give Raph a Guest Spot" with Coptic Soldier – I Forgot, Sorry! (August 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inkstains (Acoustic)" – Permanent/I Forgot, Sorry! (18 February 2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inkstains" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Build It Up" (Acoustic) (ft. Charlie Mayfair) (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Infinity" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maybe Tomorrow" (ft. Lilian Blue) (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young and Dumb" (ft. Bertie Blackman) (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Looking for Something" (ft. Patience Hodgson) (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Break of Dawn" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Approaching Infinity" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Natural Causes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Incidental Noise Demo" – Nurcha (2007)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: Australian musician

wikidata_label: Chance Waters

wikipedia_title: Chance Waters


href: keyboardist Scotland Texas%20%28band%29

text: keyboardist Scottish Texas

categories: People from Glasgow,Texas (band) members,Scottish keyboardists,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Michael Bannister

paragraph: Michael Bannister is a musician, best known as the keyboardist from the Scottish band Texas since 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mixed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Born Innocent (CD) Unguarded Moments, Bor... Persevere Records 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dear Catastrophe Waitress (Album) ◄ (2 versions) Rough Trade (UK) 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dear Catastrophe Waitress (CD, Album) Rough Trade (UK) 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dear Catastrophe Waitress (2xLP) Rough Trade (UK) 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lead Us Not Into Temptation - Music From The Film Young Adam (Album) ◄ (2 versions) Thrill Jockey ... 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lead Us Not Into Temptation - Music From The Film Young Adam (CD, Album) Thrill Jockey, Headz 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lead Us Not Into Temptation - Music From The Film Young Adam (LP, Album) Thrill Jockey 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Step Into My Office, Baby (7") Love On The March Rough Trade (UK) 2003

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sings Like Hell (CD, Album) Walkin' Bum, Well Runs... Vanguard 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stamping Ground (CD, Album) Columbia, Sony Music Entertainment (Germany) 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Y'All Get Scared Now, Ya Hear! (Album) ◄ (2 versions) If There Is I Haven't ... Bright Star Recordings ... 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Y'All Get Scared Now, Ya Hear! (CD) If There Is I Haven't ... Bright Star Recordings 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Y'All Get Scared Now, Ya Hear! (CD, Album) Play It Again Sam [PIAS], Play It Again Sam [PIAS] 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hate (Album) ◄ (3 versions) Mantra Recordings 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hate (CD, Album) Mantra Recordings 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hate (CD, Album, Enh) Mantra Recordings 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hate (LP) Mantra Recordings 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Storytelling (Album) ◄ (2 versions) Matador 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Storytelling (CD, Album) Matador 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Storytelling (CD, Album, Promo) Matador 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amorino (CD, Album) October's Sky Instinct Records 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Happy Songs For Happy People (Album) ◄ (3 versions) PIAS UK ... 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Happy Songs For Happy People (CD, Album, Enh) PIAS UK, Play It Again Sam [PIAS] 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Happy Songs For Happy People (CD, Album, Enh) Matador 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Happy Songs For Happy People (CD, Enh, Album) Soyuz Music, Soyuz Music, [PIAS] Recordings, [PIAS] Recordings 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proterra (CD, Album) Columbia 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crazy Glue (CD) Royal Jelly Records 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take Me Out (7", Single) Truck Stop Domino Recording Company Ltd. 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Am Come (Album) ◄ (2 versions) Rock Action Records ... 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Am Come (CD, Album) Rock Action Records 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Am Come (CD, Album) Monitor Records 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Book (Album) ◄ (6 versions) 036, Getaway, Sleep, N... Mercury ... 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Book (CD, Album) 036, Getaway, Sleep, N... Mercury 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Book (CD, Album) 036, Getaway, Getaway... Mercury 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Book (CD, Album, Enh) 036, Getaway, Sleep, N... Mercury 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Book (CD, Album) 036, Getaway, Sleep, N... Mercury, Ukrainian Records 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Book: Deluxe Edition (CD, Album, Enh, Ltd + DVD, PAL, Asp) 036, Getaway, Getaway... Mercury 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleep (Single) ◄ (3 versions) Mercury 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleep (CD, Single, CD1) Mercury 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleep (CD, Single, CD2) Sleep Mercury 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleep (DVD, Single, PAL, Asp) Sleep (Video) Mercury 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melody (Album) ◄ (3 versions) Mercury 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melody (CD, Album, Enh) Mercury 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melody (CD, Enh, Sup) Mercury 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melody (CD, Album, Sup) Mercury 2008

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Michael Bannister

wikipedia_title: Michael Bannister


href: Italy engineer University%20of%20Pavia

text:
Italian
engineer
University of Pavia

categories: 1863 deaths,French engineers,Italian engineers,1781 births

paragraph: Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis

paragraph: Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis (Frenchified as Joseph Antoine Borgnis) 1781-1863, was an Italian engineer professor of "Applied mathematics" and then of "Architecture" at the University of Pavia. His book 'Theorie de la Mecanique Usuelle' is considered by historian Donald Cardwell to be one of the great engineering textbooks of the early 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Des machines employées dans les constructions diverses, 1818

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux art, 1818

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Des machines d'agriculture, 1819

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux arts, 1819

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Traité complet de mécanique appliquée aux arts, 1820

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Théorie de la mécanique usuelle, ou Introduction à l'étude de la mécanique appliquée aux arts, 1821

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Traité élémentaire de construction appliquée à l'architecture civile, 1823

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-A. Borgnis: Dictionnaire de mécanique appliquée aux arts, 1823

description: French engineer

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis


text: Brno

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra

text: Canada

text: Czechoslovakia Symphony Orchestra

text: Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

text: Calgary, Alberta

text: senior

text: University of Calgary

text: Indiana

text: Toronto Symphony Orchestra

text: Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra

categories: Musicians from Calgary,Concertmasters,Date of birth missing (living people),1947 births,21st-century classical violinists,Canadian Latter Day Saints,Czech expatriates in Canada,Male violinists,Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada,Canadian classical violinists,Czechoslovak people,Living people

paragraph: Cenek J. Vrba

paragraph: Cenek J. Vrba (born 11 April 1947 in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is a violinist and concertmaster of the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra between 1975 and 2011. He is one of Canada's foremost violinists, being described as a "True inheritor of the Czech string tradition…violinist of a rare distinction". (Tokyo – Japan).

paragraph: He began music training at the age of eight and six years later, he joined the state music conservatory. Later he attended the music academy. He won prizes including the first place in the Beethoven National Violin Competition. He went on to play with the Czechoslovakia Symphony Orchestra, before leaving Czechoslovakia due to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.

paragraph: After immigrating to the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 1968, he pursued further studies in the United States and Europe. While a senior at the University of Calgary in 1970 he won the Greater Spokane Music and Allied Arts Festival Grand Award. After two years at Calgary, Vrba moved to Indiana in order to continue his studies. Vrba went on to play First Violin with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, where he stayed for four years.

paragraph: Vrba was appointed concert master of the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra in August 1975. He remained there for 36 years until his retirement in 2011.

paragraph: Vrba is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

description: Canadian classical violinist

wikidata_label: Cenek J. Vrba

wikipedia_title: Cenek J. Vrba


text:
contemporary art
graphic design
Hereford College of Arts
Hereford
New Palace Yard
Westminster
Birmingham Airport
J. C. Bamford
Rocester
Hereford City Council
Ross-on-Wye
River Wye
Ludlow
Royal British Legion
magpie
Weobley
Calor Gas
Daily Telegraph
Colin Grazier
Tamworth
Benfica
Estádio da Luz
Hereford Times
Royal National College for the Blind
Hereford
loss of memory
Futurist
Great Malvern
Sculpture by Walenty Pytel

categories: 21st-century sculptors,Polish sculptors,20th-century sculptors,Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom,Living people

paragraph: Walenty Pytel

paragraph: Walenty Pytel is a Polish-born contemporary artist based in the United Kingdom, recognised as a leading metal sculptor of birds and beasts.

paragraph: Pytel came to England at the age of five and later studied graphic design at Hereford College of Arts. He opened two studios in Hereford in 1963, initially focusing on paper sculptures for window displays but turned to metal two years later.

paragraph: His creations are often inspired by nature and his artworks include the Jubilee Fountain in New Palace Yard, Westminster, a piece titled "Take Off" which is located at Birmingham Airport and Europe's largest (in 1979) metalwork sculpture, "The Fossor", at the headquarters of J. C. Bamford in Rocester, Staffordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His first public commission came in 1965. Hereford City Council paid £100 for Christmas decorations. 400 thin metal angels were erected in the city. In the wind they came loose and caused some damage to windows. The work has been lost.

paragraph: "The Fossor", which takes its name from the Latin for "digger" is the most significant of the sculptures around the JCB site at Rocester. The piece is made entirely of digger parts and is a powerful representation of JCB. It weighs 36 tonnes, stands 45 feet high and was the largest steel sculpture in Europe at the time of its creation in 1979.

paragraph: "Take Off" was erected at Birmingham Airport in 1985 and stands in a roundabout on the approach road to the airport. It is tall. The unpolished steel sculpture of three egrets was designed to commemorate forty years of peace in Europe.

paragraph: Pytel has created a number of sculptures for the town of Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire including two prominently displayed on the banks of the River Wye.

paragraph: He created Ludlow's first out-of-church public war memorial, commissioned by the local Royal British Legion branch and unveiled in 2000. Some 5 metres high, situated in Ludlow Square, it consists of a cross with squat upper arms, with two doves of peace rising from near its top. In relief the front bears a sword overlying a wreath with the motto "Lest we forget" and a small plaque whose inscription concludes, "at the end of a millennium of conflict, looks forward to a millennium of peace".

paragraph: In 2001 Pytel completed a sculpture of a magpie for the village of Weobley in Herefordshire (a magpie is the village's emblem). The sculpture was commissioned after the village won the Calor Gas/"Daily Telegraph" Great Britain Village of the Year in 1999. In 2002, he made a memorial to Colin Grazier and others, which stands in Tamworth.

paragraph: In 2005 Pytel was commissioned to create four huge steel eagles for Portuguese club Benfica, which would be displayed at their Estádio da Luz. Measuring from wingtip to wingtip each bird had its own specially built column at each corner of the stadium.

paragraph: In December 2008 the "Hereford Times" reported that Pytel would design a sculpture for the Royal National College for the Blind in Hereford which he would create using an original drawing produced by a student at the college. At the time he was seeking inspiration to restart his career following a fall in 2006 which had resulted in a loss of memory. The piece, depicting a man running in the Futurist style and titled the "4Runner" was unveiled in September 2009 and stands on a plinth outside the entrance of the college's sports and leisure complex.

paragraph: A sculpture by Pytel of two buzzards, which he has said will be his last major art-work, was installed in Rosebank Gardens, Great Malvern in November 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculpture by Walenty Pytel

description: Polish sculptor

wikidata_label: Walenty Pytel

wikipedia_title: Walenty Pytel