text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: imina

text: Emperor Go-Sanjō

text: Fujiwara no Kenshi

text: Princess Yasuko

text: Princess Reishi

text: Emperor Horikawa

text: Grand Shrine of Ise

text: cloistered rule

text: father

text: proclaimed a "shinnō"

text: Crown Prince

text: Enkyū

text: kampaku

text: sekkan

text: Jōhō

text: Fujiwara Yorimichi

text: Jōryaku

text: Kamo Shrines

text: Kiyomizu-dera

text: Hosshō-ji

text: Fushimi Inari-taisha

text: Yasaka Shrine

text: Eihō

text: Miidera

text: Ōtoku

text: Daijō-tennō

text: cloistered rule

text: Emperor Horikawa

text: cloistered rule

text: Kanji

text: Daijō-tennō

text: Uji

text: daijō-daijin

text: Kahō

text: Shinto

text: Iwashimizu Shrine

text: Kamo Shrines

text: Buddhist

text: Mt. Hiei

text: Enryaku-ji

text: daijō-daijin

text: Emperor Toba

text: Emperor Sutoku

text: cloistered Emperor

text: cloistered rule

text: Mikado

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Kampaku

text: Kampaku

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Nadaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Enkyū

text: Jōhō

text: Jōryaku

text: Eihō

text: Ōtoku

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: OCLC 164803926

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns."

text: OCLC 59145842

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Emperor Go-Shirakawa

categories: 1129 deaths,People of Heian-period Japan,1053 births,Japanese emperors,11th-century Japanese monarchs

paragraph: Emperor Shirakawa

paragraph: Shirakawa's reign lasted from 1073 to 1087.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name ("imina") was Sadahito"-shinnō" (貞仁親王).

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-Sanjō and Fujiwara Shigeko (藤原茂子).

paragraph: Shirakawa had one Empress and one Imperial Consort and nine Imperial sons and daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress (chūgū): Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原賢子)—Minamoto Akifusa‘s daughter, adopted by Fujiwara Morozane

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Son: Imperial Prince Atsufumi (敦文親王; 1075–1077)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Yasuko (媞子内親王) later Ikuhomon’in (郁芳門院)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Reishi (令子内親王) "saigū"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Son: Imperial Prince Taruhito (善仁親王) later Emperor Horikawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth Daughter: Imperial Princess Shinshi (禛子内親王; 1081–1156)—Tsuchimikado Saiin (土御門斎院)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort (Nyogo): Fujiwara Michiko (藤原道子; 1042–1132), Fujiwara no Yoshinaga‘s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (善子内親王; 1076–1131) Rokkaku "saigū" at the Grand Shrine of Ise

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-Waiting: Fujiwara Tsuneko (藤原経子), Fujiwara no Tsunehira's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kakugyō (覚行法親王; 1075–1105)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court Lady: Minamoto Raishi (源師子; 1070–1148), Minamoto Akifusa's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kakuhō (覚法法親王; 1092–1153)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto Yoriko (源頼子), Minamoto Yoritsune's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kanshi (官子内親王; b.1090)—Saiin (斎院)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara Suesane's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixth Daughter: Imperial Princess Junko (恂子内親王; 1093-1132)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kasuga-dono (春日殿), Fujiwara Morokane's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Shōe (聖恵法親王; 1094–1137)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto Masanaga's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gyōkei (行慶; 1101–1165)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bizen-dono (備前), Minamoto Arimune's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engyō (円行, b.1128)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto Akifusa's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josho (静證)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gion Nyōgo (祇園女御)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gion Nyōgo‘s younger sister

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rō-no-Kata (廊御方), Fujiwara Michisue's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamo Nyōgo (賀茂女御, 1070 - 1148）, Kamo Shigesuke's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamo Nyōgo‘s younger sister, Kamo Shigesuke's daughter

paragraph: Section::::Events of Shirakawa's life.

paragraph: He was the first emperor to ostensibly retire to a monastery, but in fact continue to exert considerable influence over his successor. This process would become known as cloistered rule.

paragraph: When he was very young, his relations with his father were very cold, but in 1068, when his father was enthroned, he was proclaimed a "shinnō" (Imperial Prince), becoming Imperial Prince Sadahito. In 1069, he became Crown Prince and in due course, he became emperor at the age of 19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 18, 1073 ("Enkyū 4, on the 8th day of the 12th month"): In the 5th year of Emperor Go-Sanjō"-tennō" 's reign (桓武天皇六年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shirakawa is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).

paragraph: A "kampaku" was put in place, but Shirakawa attempted to rule directly, like his father. He attempted to regulate the "shōen" (manor) system, working to weaken the influence of the "sekkan" lines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1074 ("Jōhō 1, 1st month"): "Dianagon" Minamoto- no Takakune asked to be relieved of his duties because of his age. He was 71, and he wanted to retire to Uji. In his retirement, he was visited by many friends with whom he pursued research into the history of Japan. He brought this work together in a book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1074 ("Jōhō 1, 7th day of the 2nd month"): The former "kampaku" Fujiwara Yorimichi died at the age of 83. In this same period, his sister, the widow of Emperor Ichijo, died at the age of 87.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1074 ("Jōhō 1, 3rd day of the 10th month"): Empress Jōtō-mon In died at the age of 87.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1077 ("Jōryaku 1, 1st month"): Shirakawa went to the Kamo Shrines; and he visited Kiyomizu-dera and other Buddhist temples.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1077 ("Jōryaku 1, 2nd month"): "Udaijin" Minamoto no Morofusa died at of an ulcer at the age of 70.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1077 ("Jōryaku 1"): The emperor caused Hosshō-ji (dedicated to the "Superiority of Buddhist Law") to be built at Shirakawa in fulfillment of a sacred vow. This temple became only the first of a series of "sacred vow" temples to be created by Imperial decree. Hosshō-ji's nine-storied pagoda would become the most elaborate Imperial-sponsored temple structure ever erected up to this time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1079 ("Jōryaku 3, i10th month"): The emperor visited the Fushimi Inari-taisha at the foot of Mount Fushimi and the Yasaka Shrine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 26, 1081 ("Eihō 1, 15th day of the 4th month"): The Buddhist Temple of Miidera was set on fire by the monks of a rival sect on Mt. Hiei.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1081 ("Eihō 1, 4th day of the 6th month"): Miidera was burned again by monks from Mt. Hiei.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1083 ("Eihō 3, 10th month"): At Hosshō-ji, construction begins on a nine-story pagoda.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1084 ("Ōtoku 1, 9th month"): The empress Kenshi, the emperor's principal consort, died. Shirakawa was afflicted with great grief, and for a time, he turned over the administration of the government to his ministers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1087 ("Ōtoku 3, 9th month"): Shirakawa announced his intention to abdicate in favor of his son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 3, 1087 ("Ōtoku 3, 26th day of the 11th month"): Shirakawa formally abdicated, and he took the title "Daijō-tennō." Shirakawa had personally occupied the throne for 14 years; and for the next 43 years, he would exercise broad powers in what will come to be known as cloistered rule.

paragraph: Go-Sanjō had wished for Shirakawa's younger half-brother to succeed him to the throne. In 1085, this half-brother died of an illness; and Shirakawa's own son, Taruhito"-shinnō" (善仁親王) became Crown Prince.

paragraph: On the same day that Taruhito was proclaimed as his heir, Shirakawa abdicated;, and Taruhito became Emperor Horikawa. The now-retired Emperor Shirakawa was the first to attempt what became customary cloistered rule. He exercised power, ruling indirectly from the Shirakawa-in (lit. "White River Mansion/Temple"); nevertheless, nominal "sesshō" and "kampaku" offices continued to exist for a long time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1087 ("Kanji 1, 5th month"): "Daijō-tennō" Shirakawa retired himself to Uji.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1088 ("Kanji 2, in the 1st month"): The emperor paid a visit to his father's home.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1088 ("Kanji 2, 10th month"): Shirakawa visited the temples at Mt. Hiei.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1088 ("Kanji 2, 14th day of the 12th"): The "sesshō" Fujiwara Morozane was given additional honors with the further title of "daijō-daijin". In this context, it matters a great deal that the mother of Emperor Horikowa, formerly the daughter of "udaijin" Minamoto no Akifusa, was also formerly the adopted child of Morozane.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1089 ("Kanji 3, 5th month"): Shirakawa made a second visit to Mt. Hiei; and this time, he stayed seven days.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1090 ("Kanji 4, 12th month"): Fujiwara Morozane was relieved of his responsibilities as "sesshō" and he was simultaneously named "kampaku."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1094 ("Kanji 8, 8th day of the 3rd month"): Morozane resigned from his position as "kampaku."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1095 ("Kahō 2, i4th month"): Emperor Horikawa paid visits to the Shinto Iwashimizu Shrine and to the Shinto Kamo Shrines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1095 ("Kahō 2, 8th month"): The emperor was stricken with intermittent fevers; and he ordered prayers to be offered for his return to good health. After Horikawa recovered his health, he was generous and appreciative to the Buddhist priests who had prayed for his recovery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1095 ("Kahō 2, 11th month"): The Buddhist priests of Mt. Hiei came down from their mountain to protest a dispute with Minamoto Yoshitsuna and other government officials which had led to military action and bloodshed. The priests carried a portable shrine as far as the central hall of Enryaku-ji, where a curse was laid on "daijō-daijin" Fujiwara Moromichi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1096 ("Kahō 3, 9th day of the 11th month"): Former-Emperor Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 44.

paragraph: In 1096, on the occasion of his daughter's death, Shirakawa entered a monastery under the name of Yūkan (融観); and thus, he became a "hō-ō" (法皇), which is the title accorded to a former emperor who has become a monk.

paragraph: After the death of Emperor Horikawa, Shirakawa's grandson became Emperor Toba. Shirakawa was still alive when Toba abdicated in turn to his son, who became Emperor Sutoku. By the time of his death in 1129, he had ruled as cloistered Emperor for 41 years and through the reigns of three emperors who were effectively little more than figureheads.

paragraph: This emperor's posthumous name comes from "Shirakawa-in" (白河院), the name of the residence from which he conducted his cloistered rule after abdicating the throne. Another name was Rokujō no Mikado (六条帝, Mikado being an old name for the Emperor of Japan).

paragraph: Section::::Events of Shirakawa's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Shirakawa's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Fujiwara Norimichi, 997–1075.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Fujiwara Morozane, 1042–1101.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin", Fujiwara Morozane.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin", Fujiwara Moroomichi, 1062–1099.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon", Minamoto no Takakune.

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Shirakawa's reign.

paragraph: The years of Shirakawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enkyū" (1069–1074)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jōhō" (1074–1077)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jōryaku" (1077–1081)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eihō" (1081–1084)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ōtoku" (1084–1087)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Burce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. OCLC 164803926

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Shirakawa

alias: 白河天皇 Shirakawa-tennō Shirakawa

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Emperor Shirakawa

wikipedia_title: Emperor Shirakawa


text:
Warner Bros. Cartoons
MGM Cartoons
his collaboration
Hugh Harman
golden age of American animation

categories: Film directors from Kansas,1992 deaths,20th-century American artists,1903 births,American animated film directors,American animators,American animated film producers

paragraph: Rudolf Ising

paragraph: Rudolf Carl Ising was an American animator known for creating the Warner Bros. Cartoons and MGM Cartoons and his collaboration with Hugh Harman during the golden age of American animation.

alias:
Rudolf C. "Rudy" Ising
Rudolf C. Ising

description: American film director and film producer

wikidata_label: Rudolf Ising

wikipedia_title: Rudolf Ising


text:
Heian era
northern branch
Fujiwara clan
Fujiwara no Yorinaga
Fujiwara no Tadajitsu
ōdono
Kanpaku
Kugyo
middle counsellor
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Fujiwara no Tadamichi
Hōgen rebellion
Tosa province
Kyoto
Daijō-daijin
Taira no Kiyomori
Coup d'etat
Matsudono Motofusa
Owari province
Koto
Biwa
Jinchi Yoroku
Sango Yoroku
Benzaiten
Japanese Buddhism
Rao Zongyi
Pipa
Fujiwara no Narichika
Fujiwara no Morotae
Fujiwara no Moroyoshi
Fujiwara no Narimune
Takuboku
Shishang Liuquan

paragraph: Fujiwara no Moronaga

paragraph: Fujiwara no Moronaga was a Japanese politician, noble and musician during the Heian era. He was also known as Myo-On-In Daishokoku (Grand chancellor of Myo-On-In).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Moronaga was born into the northern branch of Fujiwara clan. He was the second son of Fujiwara no Yorinaga. He also retained a special relationship of "Quasi-son" with his grandfather Fujiwara no Tadajitsu. Thanks to this relationship with the ōdono Tadajistsu，Moronaga's political security was guaranteed and he was seen as one of the potential successor of the position of supreme chancellor Kanpaku.

paragraph: In 1151, Moronaga was entered into the noble rank of Kugyo at the age of 14. In 1154, he was appointed the acting-middle counsellor. In 1156, Moronaga's father Yorinaga planned a rebellion against Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Fujiwara no Tadamichi. Historically, the rebellion was known as the Hōgen rebellion. The result of Yorinaga's rebellion was disastrous, he died during the rebellion while Moronaga was seen as a potential threat to the Japanese monarch. Consequently,Moronaga was ostracized to Tosa province.

paragraph: In 1164, Moronaga was allowed to return to Kyoto. Soon after his return, his noble rank was also recovered. In 1177, Moronaga was promoted to the position of Daijō-daijin(Chancellor).

paragraph: Quite unfortunately for Moronaga, he became a political enemy of the military strongman Taira no Kiyomori who initiated a Coup d'etat in the year of 1179 and took over the power in Japan. He was dismissed together with Kanpaku Matsudono Motofusa and once more exiled. Later, he forfeited all his titles and became a Buddhist monk in Owari province. He died in Kyoto in the year of 1192 when he was 55 years old.

paragraph: Section::::As a Musician.

paragraph: Moronaga was a prominent musician of Heian era. He was especially skillful in playing Koto and Biwa. He wrote two books on Musicology:Jinchi Yoroku and Sango Yoroku. The two books contain numerous contemporary Chinese and Korean classical musical scores. In addition, he was a devoted worshiper of Benzaiten, the patron deity of Musicians in Japanese Buddhism.

paragraph: According to sinologist Rao Zongyi, Sango Yoroku contains some of the oldest surviving musical scores of the instrument Pipa/Biwa.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Moronaga gave birth to three sons,one daughter and adopted one son from Fujiwara no Narichika.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Morotae

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Moroyoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Narimune

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chokaku

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter whose name is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takuboku, one of the Biwa score recorded by Moronaga.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shishang Liuquan, one of the ancient Chinese musical score recorded by Moronaga.

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Moronaga

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Moronaga


text: Spanish

text: conquistador

text: Mexico

text: Kansas

text: United States

text: Seven Cities of Gold

text: Grand Canyon

text: Colorado River

text: Salamanca, Spain

text: Emirate of Granada

text: New Spain

text: Mexico

text: Viceroy

text: Antonio de Mendoza

text: Treasurer

text: Governor

text: Picón

text: de la Caballería

text: converso

text: Jewish

text: Nueva Galicia

text: Mexican state

text: Jalisco

text: Sinaloa

text: Nayarit

text: Marcos de Niza

text: Estevanico

text: Narváez expedition

text: Compostela

text: New Mexico

text: Cíbola

text: Zuni

text: Hernando de Alarcón

text: Antonio de Mendoza

text: Seven Cities of Gold

text: Melchior Díaz

text: San Miguel de Culiacán

text: Vázquez de Coronado

text: European

text: Spaniards

text: Mexican Indian

text: Franciscan

text: Juan de Padilla

text: provincial superior

text: Marcos de Niza

text: Gulf of California

text: San Miguel de Culiacán

text: Melchior Díaz

text: San Hieronimo

text: Corazones

text: Culiacan

text: Mota Padilla

text: Sinaloa River

text: Yaqui River

text: Rio Sonora

text: Santa Cruz

text: San Pedro

text: Arizona

text: Chichilticalli

text: Arizona

text: Sulfur Springs Valley

text: Dos Cabezas

text: Chiricahua Mountains

text: pueblo

text: Zuni

text: New Spain

text: Arkansas River

text: Kansas River

text: Little Colorado River

text: Zuni River

text: Zuni people

text: Hawikuh

text: Pedro de Tovar

text: Hopi

text: Colorado

text: Colorado River

text: Hernando de Alarcón

text: Melchior Díaz

text: Garcia Lopez de Cárdenas

text: Sea of Cortés

text: Colorado River

text: Gila River

text: Grand Canyon

text: Rio Grande

text: New Mexico

text: Hernando de Alvarado

text: Rio Grande

text: Bernalillo

text: Albuquerque, New Mexico

text: Tiguex War

text: Quivira

text: Great Plains

text: Wichita

text: Pawnee

text: Llano Estacado

text: Texas Panhandle

text: Eastern New Mexico

text: Hereford

text: Canadian

text: bison

text: Querechos

text: Apache

text: caprock

text: Teyas

text: Cabeza de Vaca

text: Caddoan

text: Blanco Canyon

text: Crosby County

text: Texas

text: Floydada

text: Floyd County

text: Quivira

text: Arkansas

text: Dodge City, Kansas

text: garrot

text: Indian Pueblo Cultural Center

text: Kansas

text: Lyons

text: Little Arkansas River

text: Lindsborg

text: Smoky Hill River

text: Salina

text: Abilene

text: Nueva Galicia

text: Mexico City

text: Church of Santo Domingo

text: Tiguex War

text: The Chamuscado and Rodriguez Expedition

text: Antonio de Espejo

text: Coronado National Memorial

text: Sierra Vista, Arizona

text: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

text: Hernán Cortés

text: Tyler Jakes

text: Steve Tilston

text: Coronado Heights

text: Lubbock

text: El Paso

text: Colorado Springs

text: Scottsdale

text: Bernalillo, New Mexico

text: Coronado Center

text: Albuquerque, New Mexico

text: Phoenix, Arizona

text: Interstate 40 through Albuquerque

text: Coronado, California

text: Coronado Islands

text: Sebastián Vizcaíno

text: Beatriz de Estrada

text: Alonso de Estrada

text: Marina de la Caballería

text: Diego de Caballeria

text: encomienda

text: Gerónimo

text: Salvador

text: Juan

text: Alonso

text: Isabel

text: María

text: Luisa

text: Mariana

text: Mayor

text: New Laws

text: negative

text: Ebook at questia.com

text: George Parker Winship

text: PBS - The West

text: Ebook at questia.com

text: The Search for Chichilticale

text: archive.org

text: Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer

text: The Portal to Texas History

text: Coronado Cross

text: List of Men Who Were Part of the Coronado Expedition

text: Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Coronado

categories: Colonial New Mexico,Pre-statehood history of Kansas,People of New Spain,1540s in New Mexico,Spanish explorers of North America,Explorers of Mexico,Spanish conquistadors,16th-century Spanish people,People from Salamanca,Explorers of the United States,16th-century explorers,1510s births

paragraph: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

paragraph: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (; 1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities of Cíbola, often referred to now as the mythical Seven Cities of Gold, which is a term not invented until American gold-rush days in the 1800s. His expedition marked the first European sightings of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River, among other landmarks. His name is often Anglicized as "Vasquez de Coronado" or just "Coronado."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado was born into a noble family in Salamanca, Spain, in 1510 as the second son of Juan Vázquez de Coronado y Sosa de Ulloa and Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions in the administration of the recently captured Emirate of Granada under Iñigo López de Mendoza, its first Spanish governor.

paragraph: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in 1535 at about age 25, in the entourage of its first Viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, the son of his father's patron and Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend. In New Spain, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" ("la Santa"), sister of Leonor de Estrada, ancestor of the de Alvarado family and daughter of Treasurer and Governor Alonso de Estrada y Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez de la Caballería, from a converso Jewish family. Vázquez de Coronado inherited a large portion of a Mexican encomendero estate through Beatriz and had eight children by her.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Preparation.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Spain located northwest of Mexico and comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. In 1539, he dispatched Friar Marcos de Niza and Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), a survivor of the Narváez expedition, on an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day New Mexico. When de Niza returned, he told of a city of vast wealth, a golden city called Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have killed Estevan. Though he did not claim to have entered the city of Cíbola, he mentioned that it stood on a high hill and that it appeared wealthy and as large as Mexico City.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado assembled an expedition with two components. One component carried the bulk of the expedition's supplies, traveling via the Guadalupe River under the leadership of Hernando de Alarcón. The other component traveled by land, along the trail on which Friar Marcos de Niza had followed Esteban. Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested large sums of their own money in the venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the commander of the expedition, with the mission to find the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. This is the reason he pawned his wife's estates and was lent 70,000 pesos.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1539, Mendoza ordered Melchior Díaz, commander of the Spanish outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán, to investigate Friar de Niza's findings, and on November 17, 1539, Díaz departed for Cíbola with fifteen horsemen. At the ruins of Chichilticalli, he turned around because of "snows and fierce winds from across the wilderness". Díaz had encountered Vázquez de Coronado before he had departed San Miguel de Culiacán, and reported that initial investigations into Friar de Niza's report disproved the existence of the bountiful land he had described. Díaz's report was delivered to Viceroy Mendoza on March 20, 1540.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado set out from Compostela on February 23, 1540, at the head of a much larger expedition composed of about 400 European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 to 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, four Franciscan friars (the most notable of whom were Juan de Padilla and the newly appointed provincial superior of the Franciscan order in the New World, Marcos de Niza), and several slaves, both natives and Africans. Many other family members and servants also joined the party.

paragraph: He followed the Sinaloan coast northward, keeping the Gulf of California on his left to the west until he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement in Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about March 28, 1540, whereupon he rested his expedition before they began trekking the inland trail. Aside from his mission to verify Friar de Niza's report, Melchior Díaz had also taken notice of the forage and food situation along the trail, and reported that the land along the route would not be able to support a large concentrated body of soldiers and animals. Vázquez de Coronado, therefore, decided to divide his expedition into small groups and time their departures so that grazing lands and water holes along the trail could recover. At intervals along the trail, Vázquez de Coronado established camps and stationed garrisons of soldiers to keep the supply route open. For example, in September 1540, Melchior Díaz, along with "seventy or eighty of the weakest and least reliable men" in Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained at the town of San Hieronimo, in the valley of Corazones, or Hearts. Once the scouting and planning was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first group of soldiers up the trail. They were horsemen and foot soldiers who were able to travel quickly, while the main bulk of the expedition would set out later.

paragraph: After leaving Culiacan on April 22, 1540, Vázquez de Coronado followed the coast, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, by an extremely rough way, to the Sinaloa River. The configuration of the country made it necessary to follow the river valley until he could find a passage across the mountains to the course of the Yaqui River. He traveled alongside this stream for some distance, then crossed to the Rio Sonora, which he followed nearly to its source before a pass was discovered. On the southern side of the mountains he found a stream he called the "Nexpa", which may have been either the Santa Cruz or the San Pedro in modern Arizona of modern maps, most likely the northward-flowing San Pedro River. The party followed this river valley until they reached the edge of the wilderness, where, as Friar Marcos had described it to them, they found Chichilticalli. Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona in the Sulfur Springs Valley, within the bend of the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Mountains. This fits the chronicle of Laus Deo description, which reports that "at Chichilticalli the country changes its character again and the spiky vegetation ceases. The reason is that ... the mountain chain changes its direction at the same time that the coast does. Here they had to cross and pass the mountains in order to get into the level country." There Vázquez de Coronado met a crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the great golden city that de Niza had described. Instead, it was just a village of simple pueblos constructed by the Zuni Native Americans. The soldiers were upset with de Niza for his mendacious imagination, so Vázquez de Coronado sent him back south to New Spain in disgrace.

paragraph: Despite what is shown in the accompanying map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in 2005 revealed evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli and Zuni primarily on the future New Mexico side of the state line, not the Arizona side as has been thought by historians since the 1940s. Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about thirty miles east of the great bend of the Arkansas River, ending about twenty miles west-southwest of the location depicted on the map, with Quivira being mostly on tributaries of the Arkansas River instead of directly on the Kansas River. For details, see the heading below, "Location of Quivira..."

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition.:Conquest of Cíbola.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado traveled north on one side or the other of today's Arizona–New Mexico state line, and from the headwaters of the Little Colorado River, he continued on until he came to the Zuni River. He followed the Zuni until he found the region inhabited by the Zuni people. The members of the expedition were almost starving and demanded entrance into the village of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Zuni word is Hawikku). The natives refused, denying the expedition entrance to the village. Vázquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The ensuing skirmish constituted the extent of what can be called the Spanish "Conquest of Cíbola". During the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured. He never personally led his men-at-arms in any subsequent battles. During the weeks that the expedition stayed at Zuni, he sent out several scouting expeditions.

paragraph: The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest to the Hopi villages, which they recorded as "Tusayan". Upon arrival, the Spanish were also denied entrance to the village that they came across and, once again, resorted to using force to enter. Materially, the Hopi region was just as poor as the Zuni in precious metals, but the Spaniards did learn that a large river (the Colorado) lay to the west.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition.:Exploration of the Colorado River.

paragraph: Three leaders affiliated with the Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the Colorado River. The first was Hernando de Alarcón, then Melchior Díaz and lastly Garcia Lopez de Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and to establish contact with the main body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable to do so because of the extreme distance to Cibola. He traveled up the Sea of Cortés and then the Colorado River. In this exploration, he hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, but eventually, he buried them with a note in a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down from Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado to take charge of the camp of Corazones and to establish contact with the fleet. Soon after arriving at the camp he set out from the valley of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland in a north/northwesterly direction until he arrived at the junction of the Colorado River and Gila River. There the local natives, probably the CocoMaricopa (see Seymour 2007b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had buried supplies and left a note in a bottle. The supplies were retrieved, and the note stated that Alarcón's men had rowed up the river as far as they could, searching in vain for the Vázquez de Coronado expedition. They had given up and decided to return to their departure point because worms were eating holes in their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the natives in the area used firebrands to keep their bodies warm in the winter. Díaz died on the trip back to the camp in the valley of the Corazones.

paragraph: While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado River, led by Don Garcia López de Cárdenas. The expedition returned to Hopi territory to acquire scouts and supplies. Members of Cárdenas's party eventually reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, where they could see the Colorado River thousands of feet below, becoming the first Europeans to do so. After trying and failing to climb down into the canyon to reach the river, the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado River to link up with Hernando de Alarcón's fleet. After this, the main body of the expedition began its journey to the next populated center of pueblos, along another large river to the east, the Rio Grande in New Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition.:Tiguex War.

paragraph: Hernando de Alvarado was sent to the east, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for his winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the river from present-day Bernalillo near Albuquerque, New Mexico. During the winter of 1540–41, his army found themselves in conflict with the Rio Grande natives, which led to the brutal Tiguex War. This war resulted in the destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of hundreds of Native Americans.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition.:Search for Quivira.

paragraph: From an Indian the Spanish called "the Turk" ("el turco"), Vázquez de Coronado heard of a wealthy civilization called Quivira far to the east. In spring 1541 he led his army and priests and Indian allies onto the Great Plains to search for Quivira. The Turk was probably either a Wichita or a Pawnee and his intention seems to have been to lead Vázquez de Coronado astray and hope that he got lost in the wilderness.

paragraph: With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez de Coronado and his army might have crossed the flat and featureless steppe called the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford and Canadian. The Spanish were awed by the Llano. "The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was so smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became lost in the featureless plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like he had been swallowed up by the sea.

paragraph: On the Llano, Vázquez de Coronado encountered vast herds of bison—the American buffalo. "I found such a quantity of cows ... that it is impossible to number them, for while I was journeying through these plains ... there was not a day that I lost sight of them."

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition.:Querechos and Teyas.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado found a settlement of people he called Querechos. The Querechos were not awed or impressed by the Spanish, their weapons, and their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual when they saw our army, except to come out of their tents to look at us, after which they came to talk to the advance guard, and asked who we were." As Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, following the buffalo herds on the plains. The Querechos were numerous. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement of two hundred tipis—which implies a population of more than one thousand people living together for at least part of the year. Authorities agree that the Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast in the direction in which the Turk told him that Quivira was located. He and his army descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado into the caprock canyon country. He soon met with another group of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.

paragraph: The Teyas, like the Querechos, were numerous and buffalo hunters, although they had additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had trees and flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, but not corn. The Spanish, however, did note the presence of mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, and plums.

paragraph: An intriguing event was Vázquez de Coronado's meeting among the Teyas an old blind bearded man who said that he had met many days before "four others like us". He was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors of the Narváez expedition to Florida made his way across southern Texas six years before Vázquez de Coronado.

paragraph: Scholars differ in their opinions as to which historical Indian group were the Teyas. A plurality believe they were Caddoan speakers and related to the Wichita. The place where Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas has also been debated. The mystery may have been cleared up—to the satisfaction of some—by the discovery of a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon country, his army suffered one of the violent climatic events so common on the plains. "A tempest came up one afternoon with a very high wind and hail ... The hail broke many tents and tattered many helmets, and wounded many of the horses, and broke all the crockery of the army, and the gourds which was no small loss."

paragraph: In 1993, Jimmy Owens found crossbow points in Blanco Canyon in Crosby County, Texas, near the town of Floydada in Floyd County. Archaeologists subsequently searched the site and found pottery sherds, more than forty crossbow points, and dozens of horseshoe nails of Spanish manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. This find strengthens the evidence that Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas in Blanco Canyon.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition.:Quivira.

paragraph: Another guide, probably Pawnee and named Ysopete, and probably Teyas as well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in the wrong direction, saying Quivira lay to the north. By this time, Vázquez de Coronado seems to have lost his confidence that fortune awaited him. He sent most of his expedition back to New Mexico and continued with only forty Spanish soldiers and priests and an unknown number of Indian soldiers, servants, and guides. Vázquez de Coronado, thus, dedicated himself to a reconnaissance rather than a mission of conquest.

paragraph: After more than thirty days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger than any he had seen before. This was the Arkansas, probably a few miles east of present-day Dodge City, Kansas. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and fear but calmed down when one of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them in their own language.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after a few more days of traveling. He found Quivira "well settled ... along good river bottoms, although without much water, and good streams which flow into another". Vázquez de Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans were nearly naked. Vázquez de Coronado was impressed with the size of the Quivirans and all the other Indians he met. They were "large people of very good build". Vázquez de Coronado spent twenty-five days among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the horizon. He found nothing but straw-thatched villages of up to two hundred houses and fields containing corn, beans, and squash. A copper pendant was the only evidence of wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost certainly the ancestors of the Wichita people.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where the neighboring land of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet with the Spanish. He was disappointed. The Harahey Indians were "all naked -- with bows, and some sort of things on their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered". They were not the wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought. Disappointed, he returned to New Mexico. Before leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk garroted. The Turk is regarded as an Indian hero in a display at Albuquerque's Indian Pueblo Cultural Center because he led Vázquez de Coronado onto the Great Plains and thus relieved the beleaguered pueblos of Spanish depredations for at least a few months.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Location of Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey.

paragraph: Archaeological evidence suggests that Quivira was in central Kansas with the western-most village near the small town of Lyons on Cow Creek, extending twenty miles east to the Little Arkansas River, and north another twenty miles to the town of Lindsborg on a tributary of the Smoky Hill River. Tabas was likely on the Smoky Hill River. Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas that probably include some of the settlements visited by Vázquez de Coronado.

paragraph: At Harahey "was a river, with more water and more inhabitants than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River near Salina or Abilene. It is a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Little Arkansas and is located at roughly the 25 league distance from Lyons that Vázquez de Coronado said he traveled in Quivira. The people of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was the same sort of a place, with settlements like these, and of about the same size" as Quivira. They were probably the ancestors of the Pawnee.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition.:Expedition end.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably in March 1542. During a long convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to return to New Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado and his expedition departed New Mexico in early April 1542, leaving behind two friars. His expedition had been a failure. Although he remained governor of Nueva Galicia until 1544, the expedition forced him into bankruptcy and resulted in charges of war crimes being brought against him and his field master, Cárdenas. Vázquez de Coronado was cleared by his friends on the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of basically the same charges by the Council of the Indies. Vázquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where he died of an infectious disease on September 22, 1554. He was buried under the altar of the Church of Santo Domingo in Mexico City.

paragraph: Vázquez de Coronado caused a large loss of life among the Puebloans, both from the battles he fought with them in the Tiguex War and from the demands for food and clothing that he levied on their fragile economies. However, thirty-nine years later when the Spanish again visited the Southwestern United States, they found little evidence that Vázquez de Coronado had any lasting cultural influences on the Indians except for their surprise at seeing several light-skinned and light-haired Puebloans. See: The Chamuscado and Rodriguez Expedition and Antonio de Espejo.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition.

paragraph: "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" references the "Cross of Coronado". According to the film, this gold cross, discovered in a Utah cave system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in 1521. Such an event never happened because Vázquez de Coronado would have been 11 or 12 years old in 1521 and still living in Spain. In addition, when Indy captures the cross from robbers aboard a ship off the coast of Portugal, the ship can be seen to be named 'The Coronado'.

paragraph: In 1992, underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin made the film "O No Coronado!" detailing the expedition of Vázquez de Coronado through the use of recycled images from Westerns, conquest films, and "The Lone Ranger" television series.

paragraph: The song "Hitchin' to Quivira" from independent singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's 2016 album "Mojo Suicide" is based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

paragraph: The song "Coronado And The Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's 1992 album "Of Moor And Mesa" is based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

paragraph: There is a large hill just northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, that is called Coronado Heights. The former owner of the land built a small castle atop the hill to commemorate Vázquez de Coronado's 1541 visit to the area. The castle and the area around it is now a public camping and recreation area. The soft sandstone rocks at the peak of the hill are covered in the names of past visitors to the area.

paragraph: Coronado High Schools in Lubbock, Texas, El Paso, Texas, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Scottsdale, Arizona, were named for Vázquez de Coronado. Because a don is a name for a Spanish nobleman, the Coronado Don became the school mascot in Scottsdale.

paragraph: Bernalillo, New Mexico, calls itself the "City of Coronado" because he stayed there for two winters.

paragraph: Coronado Center, a two-story indoor shopping mall in Albuquerque, New Mexico is named after Vázquez de Coronado.

paragraph: Coronado Road in Phoenix, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been named the Coronado Freeway.

paragraph: Coronado, California is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but is named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them "Los Cuatro Coronados" (the four crowned ones) to honor four martyrs.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Within a year of arriving in New Spain, he married Beatriz de Estrada, called "the saint".

paragraph: Beatriz was the second daughter of Alonso de Estrada and Marina de la Caballería; niece of Diego de Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political union that Francisco and Marina orchestrated. Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man. Beatriz brought to the marriage the encomienda of Tlapa, the third largest encomienda in New Spain. This marriage was an important source of funding for Francisco´s expedition.

paragraph: Beatriz and Francisco have been reported, through different sources, to have had at least four sons( Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, and Alonso ) and five daughters ( Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana and Mayor ).

paragraph: After Alonso´s death, Beatriz ensured that three of their daughters were married into prominent families of New Spain. She never remarried.

paragraph: Beatriz reported that her husband had died in great poverty, since their encomiendas had been taken away from them due to the New Laws, and that she and her daughters lived in misery too, a shame for the widow of a conqueror that had provided such valuable service to his majesty. This, as most reports from the early days of New Spain, both positive and negative and regarding all things, have been proven to be false, part of the power struggles among settlers and attempts to exploit the budding new system that tried to find a way to administer justice in land the king could not see nor the army reach. Francisco, Beatriz and their children actually ended their days comfortably.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winship, George Parker, translator and editor (1990) "The Journey of Coronado 1540–1542". Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blakeslee, D. J., R. Flint, and J. T. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence and a Discussion of its Place in the Coronado Route". In "The Coronado Expedition to Terra Nueva". Eds. R. and S. Flint, University of Colorado Press, Niwot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolton, Herbert Eugene. (1949) "Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains" (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press).Ebook at questia.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolton, Herbert E. (1949) "Coronado on the Turquoise Trail: Knight of Pueblos and Plains." Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Reprinted in 1949 jointly with Whittlesey House, New York, under the title "Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolton, H. E. (1960) "Rim of Christendom". Russell and Russell, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolton, Herbert E. (1921) "The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest." Chronicles of America Series, vol. 23. Yale University Press, New Haven.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castañeda, Pedro de. (1990) "The Journey of Coronado". Translated with an extensive introduction by George Parker Winship, modern introduction, Donald C. Cutter, "The Journey of Coronado", Fulcrum Publishing, hardcover, 233 pages, On-line at PBS - The West

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) "Coronado's Friars.". Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington D.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Day, Arthur Grove. (1981) "Coronado's Quest: The Discovery of the Southwestern States" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, ). Ebook at questia.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Voto, Bernard. (1952) "The Course of Empire." Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duffen, W., and Hartmann, W. K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin and the Location of Chichilticale". In "The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest". Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1997) "The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest", edited by Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint. (1993) "Coronado's Crosses, Route Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition". "Journal of the Southwest" 35(2) (1993):207–216.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2003) "The Coronado Expedition from the Distance of 460 Years". University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2005) "Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539–1541: They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty nor Did They Wish to Be His Subjects." Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forbes, Jack D. (1960) "Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard." University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammond, George P. (1940) "Coronado's Seven Cities." United States Coronado Exposition Commission, Albuquerque.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammond, George P., and Edgar R. Goad. (1938) "The Adventure of Don Francisco Vásquez de Coronado." University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) "Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542". University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint by AMS Press, New York, 1977).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds. (1940) "Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542." Coronado Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Search for Chichilticale". "Arizona Highways" 60(4):14–19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Location of Corazones". In "Across the Chichimec Sea". Ed. C. Riley, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herrick, Dennis (2013) "Winter of the Metal People: The Untold Story of America's First Indian War, Sunbury Press, Mechanicsburg, PA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore H. Lewis, ed. (1907) "Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States", Vol. II (1907, xiii, 413 p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Association, 1985, 411 pages, , pbk.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee, Betty Graham. (1966) "The Eagle Pass Site: An Integral Part of the Province of Chichilticale". Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Publication No. 5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mill, J. P., and V. M. Mills (1969) "The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Village in Southeastern Arizona". El Paso Arch. Soc. Spec. Report for 1967, No. 6, El Paso.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reff, Daniel T. (1991) "Disease, Depopulation and Culture Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518–1764". (University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reff, Daniel T. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology to the Routing of the Coronado Expedition in Sonora". In "The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest". pp. 165–176, Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sauer, Carl O. (1932) "The Road to Cibola". Ibero-Americana III. University of California Press, Berkeley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schroeder, Albert E. (1955) "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". "New Mex. Hist. Rev." 30:265–296; see also 31:24–37.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour, Deni J., (2007) "An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum". "Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin" No. 51, December 2007:1–7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area". Chapter 5 in "Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin", pp. 121–162, edited by David E. Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour, Deni J. (2009) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples Along the Coronado Trail From the International Border to Cibola". "New Mexico Historical Review" 84(3):399–435.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour, Deni J. (2009) "Where the Earth and Sky are Stitched Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism". Book manuscript.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Udall, Steward S. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". "Arizona Highways" 60(4):3.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Search for Chichilticale

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the city of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as told by himself and his followers", written by Pedro de Castañeda and translated by George Parker Winship, 1922 publication, searchable copy with page numbers at archive.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coronado Cross June 29, 1541, Ford County, KS

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Men Who Were Part of the Coronado Expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Coronado

alias:
Francisco Coronado
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Vásquez de Coronado
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

description: Spanish explorer of the American southwest

wikidata_label: Vázquez de Coronado

wikipedia_title: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado


text:
Danish
Nicolas-Henri Jardin
Caspar Frederik Harsdorff
Funen
Assens
Copenhagen
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Nicolas-Henri Jardin
Lihme House
Kongens Nytorv
Krengerup Manor
Kragsberg
Hindsgavl Castle

categories: 1723 births,18th-century Danish people,Danish architects,People from Assens Municipality,Danish neoclassical architects,1795 deaths

paragraph: Hans Næss (architect)

paragraph: Hans Pedersen Næss (October 1723 – 3 January 1795) was a Danish architect. He was one of a generation of Neoclassical architects educated under Nicolas-Henri Jardin and Caspar Frederik Harsdorff; he mainly designed manor houses.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His exact date of birth remains unknown, but Hans Næss was born the son of a farmer at Næs on the island of Funen near Assens, Denmark. He was baptized on 24 October 1723. He worked as a notary at the Brahesborg estate and then for three years as a local functionary at Assens Town Hall before travelling to Copenhagen where he attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. There he studied under Nicolas-Henri Jardin and won the large silver medal in 1758, the small gold medal in 1760 and 1762, and then finally, the large gold medal in 1763.

paragraph: After completing his education, he taught geometry and perspective at the Academy of Arts from 1765 to 1782 and worked for Harsdorff. From 1781 to 1782 he served as architect at the royal chapels in Copenhagen and North Zealand and then as head of the new Building Office until 1793.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lihme House ("Lihmes Gård"), Kongens Nytorv 18, Copenhagen (1768 by attribution, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonigade 9, Copenhagen (1766 and co-owned by Næs until 1770; listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hallings Gård, 14 Lille Strandstræde, Copenhagen (c. 1775 by attribution, alterations, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krengerup Manor ("Krengerup Gods"), Funen (c. 1772–1776, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kragsberg, Funen (c. 1776, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindsgavl Castle ("Hindsgavl Slot"), Funen (1784, listed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Langesø Manor House ("Langesø Gods"), Funen (exit gate 1774)

description: architect

wikidata_label: Hans Næss

wikipedia_title: Hans Næss (architect)


text:
1981 European Aquatics Championships
short course
1982 World Aquatics Championships
1983 European Aquatics Championships
boycott
1984 Los Angeles
Friendship Games
Olaf Heukrodt
performance-enhancing drugs
anabolic steroids
birth control pills

categories: East German female swimmers,1964 births,German women physicians,German sportspeople in doping cases,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Sportspeople from Berlin,East German physicians,People from East Berlin,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,German surgeons,20th-century German physicians,Doping cases in swimming,Living people

paragraph: Birgit Meineke

paragraph: Birgit Meineke (later Heukrodt, born 4 July 1964) is a retired East German swimmer. She was the fastest female swimmer in the 100 m freestyle between 1980 and 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Meineke was strongest in the early 1980s, winning a gold medal as part of the East German team for the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay in the 1981 European Aquatics Championships, as well as two silver medals in the same year for the 200 meter and 100 meter freestyle. In the same year, she also established a world record in the short course 100 m freestyle, with a time of 54.04 seconds. While her performance at the 1982 World Aquatics Championships was similarly strong, the pinnacle of her career was a sweep of five golds at the 1983 European Aquatics Championships in Rome.

paragraph: Meineke was unable to compete in the Olympics due to the boycott of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics by 14 Eastern Bloc countries, including East Germany. However, she won several medals at the Friendship Games, including two gold medals as part of the teams for the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay and the 4 × 100 m medley relay, the latter of which broke a world record. She ended her swimming career in that year, later becoming a general surgeon.

paragraph: Meineke was married to canoer Olaf Heukrodt.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:East German doping.

paragraph: Like many other East German female athletes, Meineke was subject to systematic administration of performance-enhancing drugs. These caused health problems for her in later life, including a liver tumor she attributed to the use of anabolic steroids and birth control pills.

paragraph: In 1998, former coach Rolf Gläser admitted to administering steroids to Meineke and her teammates and was fined $4000 for causing bodily harm.

description: East German swimmer

wikidata_label: Birgit Meineke

wikipedia_title: Birgit Meineke


text:
Aosta Valley
Challant family
Fénis
Aymon of Challant
Fénis
Fénis castle
James of Roussillon
Bresse
Counts of Savoy
Piedmont
France
Saint Catherine's Monastery
Mount Sinai
Egypt
Pierre-Châtel
Aosta
Aymavilles Castle
Aosta Cathedral

paragraph: Boniface I of Challant

paragraph: Boniface I of Challant (French: "Boniface I de Challant", Italian: "Bonifacio I di Challant"; died 26 February 1426) was a nobleman of Aosta Valley, Italy, a member of the Challant family who was lord of Fénis.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the elder son of Aymon of Challant and inherited the lordship of Fénis, including Fénis castle (whose enlargement he continued). In 1381 he married Françoise of Roussillon, daughter of count James of Roussillon and received as dowry several lands in the Bresse region of France.

paragraph: Boniface held several military positions for the Counts of Savoy, including those of marshal of Savoy from 1384 to 1418, governor of Piedmont (since 1410), as well as that of Savoyan ambassador to France and other countries. In 1407-1408, he perhaps visited the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt.

paragraph: He died at Pierre-Châtel in 1426. He was buried in the convent of St. Francis in Aosta. His tomb was later transferred in 1798 by Philippe-Maurice de Challant in the Aymavilles Castle, to avoid vandalisms by the French revolutionary army. It was eventually transferred in the Aosta Cathedral cloister in 1872.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Boniface I of Challant

wikipedia_title: Boniface I of Challant


text:
Challant family
Aosta Valley
Aosta
Challant
Graines
Ussel
Fénis
Saint-Marcel
Montjovet
counts of Savoy
Amadeus V of Savoy
Marquisses of Montferrat
William VII of Montferrat
John I
Challant
Aymon
Ebal II of Challant
Historical notes on Aosta Valley

paragraph: Ebal I of Challant

paragraph: Ebal I of Challant (French: "Ébal I de Challant" or "Ébal le Grand", Italian: "Ebalo I di Challant" or "Ebalo Magno"; died 1323) was a nobleman of the Challant family of Aosta Valley.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Godefroi I of Challant, viscount of Aosta, and Beatrice of Geneva. He inherited from his paternal uncle the titles of Aosta and the fiefs of Challant, Graines, Ussel, Fénis and Saint-Marcel. Ebal married Alasia of Montjovet, from whom he obtained part of Montjovet.

paragraph: In 1295 he renounced to the title of viscount of Aosta, which thus returned to the counts of Savoy, receiving in exchange the remaining lands of Montjovet. During his c. 50 years of countship, he was a faithful ally of Amadeus V of Savoy, but kept good relationships with the latter's main enemies, the Marquisses of Montferrat. In 1280 he intervened with Amadeus to obtain the releasing of William VII of Montferrat. In 1297 he was appointed as general lieutenant of Montferrat by Marquis John I.

paragraph: His death in 1323 at Challant was followed by a dispute among his heirs. This lasted until 1337, when his sons agreed to give Fénis to Ebal's grandson Aymon and Ussel and Saint-Marcel to Ebal II of Challant.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical notes on Aosta Valley

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Ebal I of Challant

wikipedia_title: Ebal I of Challant


text:
marquess of Montferrat
John Jacob
William VIII
War of Ferrara
Dukes of Savoy
Charles I of Savoy
John IV of Montferrat
Casale Monferrato
Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo
Langhe
Pietro Campofregoso
doge of Genoa
John II of Brosse
Maria of Serbia
Stefan Branković
Serbia
William IX
John George
Montferrat

categories: Palaiologos dynasty,1494 deaths,1424 births

paragraph: Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: Boniface III Palaeologus (10 August 1426 – 1494) was marquess of Montferrat from 1483 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of marquis John Jacob and Joanna of Savoy. He succeeded his brother William VIII who had got involved in the War of Ferrara. When the conflict's eastern front settled, Boniface had to face the advance of the Dukes of Savoy. Boniface signed a treaty of non belligerence, and had his niece Bianca married to Duke Charles I of Savoy. He also conceded to the latter the title of Montferrat in case he would die without a male heir.

paragraph: This decision was spurred by the assassination of Scipione Palaiologos, the illegitimate son of John IV of Montferrat who tried to gain the throne, at Casale Monferrato by his relative Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo, who was also a candidate to the succession. Boniface sided the House of Savoy in the war against Saluzzo of 1486, and occupied several lands in the Langhe belonging to Ludovico II.

paragraph: Boniface married three times, the first with Orvietana di Campofregoso, daughter of Pietro Campofregoso, doge of Genoa. His second wife was Helena of Brosse, a daughter of John II of Brosse. His third wife was Maria of Serbia, daughter of despot Stefan Branković of Serbia. He had two sons from his last marriage.

paragraph: At his death, Boniface was succeeded by his eldest son William IX (1486-1518), who became Marquess of Montferrat between 1494 and 1518.br

paragraph: His other son John George (1488-1533) became the last Marquess of Montferrat between 1530 and 1533.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montferrat

description: Marquess of Montferrat

wikidata_label: Boniface III

wikipedia_title: Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
Doge of Genoa
Tommaso di Campofregoso
Visconti
Gavi
Battista II
Lodovico di Campofregoso
eastern colonies
Republic of Genoa
Pera
Turkey
Caffa
Crimea
Chios
Greece
Ghibelline
Charles VII of France
Porta Soprana
Ali Ersin Yenar
Fetih 1453
Giovanni Giustiniani
Cengiz Coşkun
Byzantine Empire
Ottoman Empire
Bosphorus
Biography of Pietro

categories: 1459 deaths,1417 births,House of Campofregoso

paragraph: Pietro di Campofregoso

paragraph: Pietro Campofregoso (1417 – 14 September 1459) was Doge of Genoa from 1450 to 1458.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was a grandson of Tommaso di Campofregoso, he was a vassal of the Visconti as lord of Gavi. Married to Bartolomea Grimaldi, he had six sons, one of which, Battista II, was later also doge of Genoa.

paragraph: He was elected as doge on 8 September 1450, succeeding his cousin Lodovico di Campofregoso. His rule was one of the most disastrous for the eastern colonies of the Republic of Genoa. In this period Genoa lost Pera in Turkey, Caffa in Crimea and Chios in Greece, while the flourishing trade with those regions declined. In 1458, after turmoil with Turk and Aragonese soldiers, and with the Ghibelline faction in Genoa, Pietro asked King Charles VII of France for help. This however turned into an effective submission of Genoa to France, which lasted until 1461.

paragraph: After a vain attempt at insurrection against the French, Pietro was stoned by the populace near the Porta Soprana on 14 September 1459. He was the first Grand Master of the Military Order of St. George.

paragraph: Section::::In popular media.

paragraph: Pietro di Campofregoso is played by Ali Ersin Yenar in 2012 film "Fetih 1453". In the film, Pietro, not mentioned by name, orders Giovanni Giustiniani (Cengiz Coşkun) to command Genoese army to help Byzantine Empire preparing for war against the Ottoman Empire after an assault towards a Genoese freight by the Turks in the Bosphorus.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Pietro (in Italian)

paragraph: br

description: Doge of the Republic of Genoa

wikidata_label: Pietro di Campofregoso

wikipedia_title: Pietro di Campofregoso


text:
consul
Roman Republic
Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
dictator
Fabian strategy
Second Punic War
military tribune
Battle of Cannae
Canusium
curule aedile
praetor
legions
Luceria
Ardoneae
Apulia
Arpi
legatus
Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus
surprise attack
Hannibal
Sicily
fleet
Marcus Valerius Laevinus
senate
Venusia
Marcus Livius Salinator
Cisalpine Gaul

categories: Roman Republican consuls,Year of death missing,3rd-century BC Romans,Ancient Roman generals,3rd-century BC births

paragraph: Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 213 BC)

paragraph: Quintus Fabius Maximus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 213 BC. He was the son of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, the famous "dictator" who invented Fabian strategy, and served with his father during the Second Punic War.

paragraph: The younger Fabius was a military tribune in 216 BC, and was among the survivors of the Battle of Cannae who ended up at Canusium. In 215, he was curule aedile. As praetor in 214, he commanded two legions with which he captured Acuca in Luceria as well as a fortified camp near Ardoneae.

paragraph: As consul for the following year, he took over his father's command of the army in Apulia and recaptured Arpi. He seems to have remained in Arpi with a few troops as a "legatus", a legate or lieutenant, in 212 BC. In 209–208, he was serving still or again as a "legatus" during his father's fifth consulship. The elder Fabius sent him to recover the survivors of the army under Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus, who had been killed in a surprise attack by Hannibal in 210. They accompanied him to Sicily, where Fabius took over the legions and fleet assigned to the proconsul Marcus Valerius Laevinus. In 208, he was sent by the senate to the army at Venusia. He may have been the envoy of the consul Marcus Livius Salinator in 207 who reported to the senate that it was safe to withdraw the consular army from Cisalpine Gaul.

alias:
Quintus Fabius Q.f. Maximus
Quintus Maximus Fabius

description: Roman consul in 213 BC

wikidata_label: Quintus Fabius Maximus

wikipedia_title: Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 213 BC)


href: Syphax Masaesyli Berbers Numidia

text: Syphax Masaesyli Berber Numidia

categories: Kings of Numidia,200s BC deaths,Year of birth missing,People of the Second Punic War,3rd-century BC Berber people

paragraph: Vermina

paragraph: Vermina () was the son of king Syphax, king of Masaesylian Berbers, a Berber tribe of western Numidia which was an ancient Berber kingdom in North Africa.

description: Berber military commander

wikidata_label: Vermina

wikipedia_title: Vermina


text:
American football
halfback
University of Michigan
Gerald Ford
Kalamazoo, Michigan
Kalamazoo Central High School
Wolverines football
Big Ten Conference
point after touchdown kicks
Cornell
Iowa
Associated Press
Gerald Ford
Delta Kappa Epsilon
United Press
Chuck Bernard
East-West Shrine Game
San Francisco
NFL
Soldier Field
Chicago
Chicago Bears
Detroit Lions
Penn State

categories: American football halfbacks,1912 births,Michigan Wolverines football players,1980 deaths,Penn State Nittany Lions football coaches,Sportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan

paragraph: Herman Everhardus

paragraph: Herman "Flying Dutchman" Everhardus (September 11, 1912 – July 1980) was an American football player who played halfback for the University of Michigan teams from 1931 to 1933. He was an All-Big Ten halfback who led the conference in scoring in 1933. In his junior and senior seasons at Michigan, he led the team to two consecutive undefeated seasons and national championships. While playing football at Michigan, Everhardus was a teammate and fraternity brother of future U.S. President Gerald Ford.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Everhardus was a native of Kalamazoo, Michigan where he attended Kalamazoo Central High School. He enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1930 and was a three-year starter at halfback for the Wolverines' football teams. He became known as the "Flying Dutchman" while playing for Michigan. During his junior and senior years, the Wolverines football teams won back-to-back national championships with a two-year record of 15–0–1, outscoring opponents by a combined total of 254–31.

paragraph: In 1933, Everhardus was the leading scorer in the Big Ten Conference with 64 points on eight touchdowns and ten point after touchdown kicks. He scored three touchdowns and three extra points in a 1933 game against Cornell, including a 52-yard touchdown run and an 85-yard kickoff return to open the second half. Everhardus contributed to the Wolverines' second straight undefeated season as much with his kicking as with his running. In a 10–6 win over Iowa in 1933, Everhardus had a 47-yard run and kicked for a field goal and extra-point. After the Iowa game, the Associated Press reported:"Herman Everhardus, the flying Dutchman from Kalamazoo, unleashed a toe as true as a navy siege gun and Bill Renner displayed uncanny passing aim today as Michigan's powerful football team, playing in snow and ice, swept toward a fourth consecutive Big Ten championship with a hard-earned victory over Iowa."

paragraph: While playing for Michigan, Everhardus was a teammate and fraternity brother of future U.S. President Gerald Ford. When Ford tried out for the freshman football team, he needed a job to help pay his expenses. Everhardus arranged to get Ford a job waiting tables at the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity house, where Ford later became a fraternity brother of Everhardus.

paragraph: At the end of the 1933 season, Everhardus was selected as a first-team back on the All-Big Ten teams selected by the United Press and the Newspaper Editors Association (NEA). He was also selected as a second-team All-American by the NEA and the International News Service. In announcing the 1933 All-Big Ten team, the United Press wrote: "Everhardus was Michigan's foremost back, with his running and stellar defensive work. He kicked three field goals in crucial games and won the Illinois game with his extra point after touchdown, 7–6." The NEA wrote the following in naming Everhardus as its first-team All-Big Ten fullback:"The fullback post is well filled by Herman Everhardus, Michigan. Although playing a halfback post, the flying Dutchman is a typical fullback. He showed he could crash tackles and the center of the line equally as well as he could run the ends or snare a pass. Defensively, he was a Gibraltar."

paragraph: Everhardus was also selected to play in both of the major post-season all-star games. On January 1, 1934, Everhardus and Michigan teammate Chuck Bernard played for the East team in the annual East-West Shrine Game in San Francisco. Although the East team lost, Everhardus was credited with "a phenomenal 70-yard punt ... which traveled 50 yards

paragraph: from the line in the air." And in August 1934, Everhardus was selected as a member of the College All-American team to play the annual game against the NFL champions at Soldier Field in Chicago. The College All-Americans played the NFL champion Chicago Bears to a scoreless tie, and the Associated Press cited Everhardus as one of three college stars who "stood out on the floodlighted field." In addition to his performance in the backfield, Everhardus gained attention for a 60-yard kick that pinned the Bears deep in their own territory late in the game.

paragraph: After graduating from Michigan, Everhardus signed a contract to play professional football for the Detroit Lions, but obtained a release from the contract so that he could accept a position as an assistant football coach at Penn State.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Herman Everhardus

wikipedia_title: Herman Everhardus


text: Dutch American

text: artisan

text: coppersmith

text: metalsmith

text: copper

text: mica

text: Arts and Crafts Movement

text: Oakland

text: San Francisco

text: California

text: Leeuwarden

text: Netherlands

text: Union Iron Works

text: the Yukon

text: Klondike Gold Rush

text: Vallejo, California

text: coppersmith

text: Mare Island Naval Shipyard

text: brass

text: shell casings

text: Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition

text: World's Fair

text: Seattle, Washington

text: Elizabeth Eleanor D'Arcy Gaw

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: London

text: Charles Robert Ashbee

text: Panama-Pacific International Exposition

text: World War I

text: Fairfax, California

text: Oakland Museum of California

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: New York City

text: US$

text: Lambertville, New Jersey

text: Public Broadcasting Service

text: Antiques Roadshow

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Michoacán

text: Dirk van Erp on artnet

categories: Dutch emigrants to the United States,Arts and Crafts Movement artists,1933 deaths,1860 births,American coppersmiths,Dutch coppersmiths

paragraph: Dirk van Erp

paragraph: Dirk Koperlager van Erp (1862–1933) was a Dutch American artisan, coppersmith and metalsmith, best known for lamps made of copper with mica shades, and also for copper vases, bowls and candlesticks. He was a prominent participant in the Arts and Crafts Movement, and was active in Oakland and San Francisco, California.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dirk van Erp was born January 4, 1862, in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, the son of Willem van Erp and Agatha (born Agatha Tjepkema). Dirk's father and other family members were coppersmiths. He emigrated to the United States in 1890, and arrived in San Francisco in 1891, where he went to work for Union Iron Works. In 1892, he married Mary Richardson Marino and their first child, a daughter named Agatha, was born in 1894. In 1898, he traveled to the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush, but failed to find his fortune. He returned to work at the Union Iron Works later that same year. The couple's son, William Henry van Erp, was born in April 1901.

paragraph: In 1900, van Erp moved to Vallejo, California, and got a job as a coppersmith at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. He began making vases from brass shell casings as gifts to friends. About 1907 van Erp began selling to art galleries.

paragraph: In 1908, he opened the Art Copper Shop in Oakland, and began exhibiting his work at local Arts and Crafts exhibitions. In 1909, he exhibited more than two dozen pieces at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, a World's Fair held in Seattle, Washington. His shop won a gold medal.

paragraph: In September 1909 van Erp entered into a partnership with Elizabeth Eleanor D'Arcy Gaw (1868–1944), who had attended the Art Institute of Chicago. She had also studied English Arts and Crafts in London at the Guild and School of Handicraft, founded by Charles Robert Ashbee. They opened a studio at 376 Sutter Street, San Francisco in mid-September. From February 1910 the partnership began marking their wares with a stamped device of a windmill, with their names underneath. The partnership ceased on 30 January 1911; van Erp continued marking with the windmill device, with D'Arcy Gaw's name cut out from the stamp. The cutting-out of her name was not complete, and some wares can be found with a faint impress of some or all of the letters.

paragraph: Although their partnership lasted less than a year, D'Arcy Gaw exerted a strong and lasting influence on van Erp's design sensibility. He began making lamps to her design during this period, with shades incorporating mica panels.

paragraph: In 1915, van Erp exhibited at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, a World's Fair held in San Francisco. During World War I, van Erp significantly reduced his artisan production, and returned to employment at Union Iron Works to contribute to the war effort. He resumed his prolific artisan production after the war ended in 1918. At some point van Erp's nephew, Auguste Tiesselinck, emigrated from the Netherlands to join his business.

paragraph: His career continued until his retirement in 1929. He died in Fairfax, California, on July 18, 1933. His wife, Mary van Erp, died four hours later. His son, William van Erp, continued to operate the shop until 1977, when he died.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Kenneth Trapp, curator for decorative arts at the Oakland Museum of California summarized van Erp's legacy as follows: "Although most famous for his lamps, many of which are commanding in size and stunning in design, van Erp produced other pieces of such exceptional beauty and strength as to stand unrivaled in American metalwork." Trapp concluded, "Dirk van Erp is widely considered the most important metalsmith of the Arts and Crafts movement"

paragraph: A copper and mica lamp ca. 1912 - 1915, designed by D'Arcy Gaw and Dirk van Erp, is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. It was donated in 1989 by Charles and Jane Kaufman.

paragraph: In June, 2002, a copper and mica lamp designed by D'Arcy Gaw and made by Dirk van Erp was sold for US$180,000 at Craftsman Auctions in Lambertville, New Jersey. A van Erp copper vase sold for US$36,000 at the same auction.

paragraph: On July 28, 2007, appraiser David Rago discussed a Dirk van Erp lamp on a segment of the Public Broadcasting Service series "Antiques Roadshow" filmed in Louisville, Kentucky. The value of the copper and mica lamp made around 1912 was estimated at US$40,000 to $50,000.

paragraph: Mass-produced copies of van Erp's designs are widely reproduced today, but tend to be of lower quality.

paragraph: Modern artisans continue to produce higher quality copper works inspired by van Erp and other classical Arts and Crafts coppermiths. Among them are the artisans of Michoacán, Mexico, whose works are sold under the Cobre brand name.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A table lamp by Dirk van Erp from the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dirk van Erp on artnet

description: American coppersmith

wikidata_label: Dirk van Erp

wikipedia_title: Dirk van Erp


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: World War II

text: VC

text: John Niel Randle

text: Battle of Kohima

text: Abdul Hafiz (VC)

text: Battle of Imphal

text: Bedales School

text: Clifton College

text: Martin Coles Harman

text: Lundy Island

text: lance-corporal

text: Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment

text: posthumously

text: Victoria Cross

text: Battle of Kohima

text: British India

text: Imperial Japanese Army

text: machine-gun

text: grenade

text: Bren gun

text: Lee–Enfield

text: bayonet

text: Japanese soldiers

text: Donald Easten

text: Beckenham

text: London Borough of Bromley

text: Lundy Island

text: Victoria Cross

text: British VCs of World War 2

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: CWGC entry

text: World War II Photograph of Harman grave

categories: Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment soldiers,People educated at Bedales School,British military personnel killed in World War II,1944 deaths,People educated at Clifton College,British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Beckenham,1914 births,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: John Harman (soldier)

paragraph: John Pennington Harman VC (20 July 1914 – 9 April 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: His was one of three World War II VC's awarded for action in India, the others being awarded to John Niel Randle (also at the Battle of Kohima) and Abdul Hafiz (VC) at the Battle of Imphal.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Harman was educated at Bedales School and Clifton College.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: John Harman was the son of millionaire Martin Coles Harman, owner of Lundy Island, and followed his father's interest in natural history.

paragraph: Harman was 29 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 4th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.

paragraph: On 8/9 April 1944 at the Battle of Kohima, British India, Lance-Corporal Harman was commanding a section of a forward platoon where soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army had established a machine-gun post within 50 yards of his company and were becoming a menace. Since it was not possible to bring fire on to the enemy post the lance-corporal went forward by himself and threw a grenade into the position, destroying it. He returned carrying the enemy machinegun as a trophy. Early next morning, having ordered covering fire from his Bren gun team, he went out alone, with a Lee–Enfield gun and fixed bayonet and charged a party of Japanese soldiers who were digging in. He shot four and bayoneted one. On his way back, Lance Corporal Harman was severely wounded by a burst of enemy machine-gun fire and died soon after reaching British lines.

paragraph: Having been shot Harman was recovered to the nearest trench by his company commander, Captain Donald Easten, and died in his arms. A plaque is displayed on the house where he was born in Shrewsbury Road, Beckenham, located in the London Borough of Bromley. There is also a memorial to him erected by his father in VC Quarry, on the east side of Lundy Island.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment Museum in Maidstone, Kent, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CWGC entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- World War II Photograph of Harman grave

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: John Pennington Harman

wikipedia_title: John Harman (soldier)


text: GCB

text: PC

text: British

text: Liberal

text: Elizabeth Barbara

text: Richard Warburton-Lytton

text: Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton

text: Viceroy of India

text: Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer

text: Harrow School

text: Trinity College

text: Downing College

text: Cambridge

text: Life Guards

text: 58th Regiment of Foot

text: Hertford

text: Diplomatic Service

text: Vienna

text: The Hague

text: House of Commons

text: rotten borough

text: Wilton

text: Brussels

text: Belgian Revolution

text: Coventry

text: Marylebone

text: General Evans

text: Isabella II of Spain

text: First Carlist War

text: Belgium

text: legation

text: William IV

text: Constantinople

text: St Petersburg

text: Bedchamber Crisis

text: Russia

text: London Straits Convention

text: Madrid

text: Narváez

text: Europe

text: KCB

text: Washington

text: America

text: GCB

text: Florence

text: Tuscany

text: Italy

text: Lord Stratford de Redcliffe

text: Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire

text: Tamworth

text: peerage

text: Georgiana

text: Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley

text: Duke of Wellington

text: Hatfield House

text: Egypt

text: Naples

text: Freemason

text: Turkey

text: United Grand Lodge of England

text: Burke's Peerage & Gentry

categories: 19th-century British diplomats,UK MPs 1832–1835,British Life Guards officers,1801 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Spain,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Ottoman Empire,58th Regiment of Foot officers,Lytton family,UK MPs 1835–1837,British Freemasons,1872 deaths,People educated at Harrow School,UK MPs 1830–1831,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1831–1832,Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1868–1874,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

paragraph: Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer

paragraph: (William) Henry Lytton Earle Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer GCB, PC (13 February 180123 May 1872) was a British Liberal politician, diplomat and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Bulwer was the second son of General William Bulwer and his wife, Elizabeth Barbara, daughter of Richard Warburton-Lytton. He was an elder brother of Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, uncle of Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, Viceroy of India, 1876–1880, and the uncle of Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer. He was educated at Harrow School, Trinity College and then the recently founded Downing College, both at Cambridge. After graduating and touring the continent, he joined the Life Guards in 1824 and exchanged to the 58th Regiment of Foot two years later.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic and political career.

paragraph: After having unsuccessfully contested Hertford in 1826, Bulwer joined the Diplomatic Service in 1827 and was sent to Berlin in August that year, to Vienna in April 1829 and then to The Hague in April 1830. In July 1830, he entered the House of Commons as MP for the rotten borough of Wilton and was sent to Brussels the following month to report on the Belgian Revolution. A year later, he was returned for Coventry, again in 1833, then for Marylebone in 1835. That year, Bulwer planned to join General Evans, who was raising a legion to help Isabella II of Spain in the First Carlist War, but was instead sent back to the newly independent Belgium as secretary of legation. When a general election was called two years later on the death of William IV, Bulwer decided not to contest his current seat for Marylebone and after having commuted between Parliament and his diplomatics posts for seven years, decided to become a full-time diplomat and was sent to Constantinople.

paragraph: A year later, Bulwer was due to go to St Petersburg after accepting a new post there, but caught a fever just before leaving Constantinople and instead went back to London. Upon his arrival, the government was embroiled in the Bedchamber Crisis and because of the delays involved, Bulwer did not take up his post in Russia and was instead sent to Paris in June 1839. After having dealt with the poor Anglo-French relations prior to the London Straits Convention, Bulwer was sent to Madrid in November 1843 and served there until Narváez instructed him to leave in 1848, after being accused of implicating liberal risings against the former's conservative government. By now a diplomatic embarrassment in Europe, the British government formally showed its support of Bulwer by making him a KCB that year, but sent him far from Europe, to Washington a year later.

paragraph: Bulwer enjoyed his three years in America, having been promoted to GCB during his office, but wished to return to Europe and so was posted to Florence, Tuscany, in 1852. His two years in Italy were largely uneventful and ill health forced him back to London in 1854. He was granted a pension a year later and it was at this time that he and his wife separated. When his health improved, Bulwer was in Eastern Europe from 1856–58. In 1858, he succeeded Lord Stratford de Redcliffe as Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire and his wife joined him. This was his final diplomatic post before his semi-retirement in 1865.

paragraph: On his return to England, Bulwer went back to politics and successfully contested Tamworth in 1868. He returned to literature after his retirement and was also raised to the peerage as Baron Dalling and Bulwer, of Dalling in the County of Norfolk, in 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lord Dalling and Bulwer married the Honourable Georgiana, youngest daughter of Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley and a niece of the Duke of Wellington, at Hatfield House in December 1848. They had no children. On his return from a trip to Egypt in 1872, Bulwer died suddenly in Naples, aged 71, when the barony became extinct. His will was valued at less than £5,000. His estranged wife died in August 1878, aged 61.

paragraph: A Freemason, he became the first District Grand Master for Turkey under the United Grand Lodge of England in 1862.

paragraph: Section::::Principal works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ode on the Death of Napoleon; Lines on the Neapolitan Revolution; and Other Poems." 1822

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Autumn in Greece; Comprising Sketches of the Character, Customs, and Scenery of the Country; with a View of Its Present Critical State. In Letters, Addressed to C.B. Sheridan, Esq." 1826

paragraph: BULLET::::- "France, Social, Literary, Political." 1834

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monarchy of the Middle Classes. France, Social, Literary, Political, Second Series." 1836

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historical characters: Talleyrand, Cobbett, Mackintosh, Canning" 2 vols. 1868

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston: With Selections from His Diaries and Correspondence." 1870

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Robert Peel. An Historical Sketch." 1874

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Peerage & Gentry

description: British Liberal politician, diplomat and writer (1801-1872)