text:
courtesy name
Tang dynasty
Emperor Taizong
defeated
Göktürks
Jiali Khan
Li Shiji
Sui Dynasty
Northern Zhou
Chang'an
Northern Wei
Han Qinhu
Sun Tzu
Wu Qi
Yang Su
Emperor Yang
Shuozhou
Shanxi
Li Yuan
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Tujue
Yangzhou
Jiangsu
Yang You
regent
Li Shimin
Yuwen Huaji
Tang Dynasty
Wang Shichong
Kui Prefecture
Chongqing
Xiao Xian
Hubei
Hunan
Guangxi
Ankang
Shaanxi
Yichang
Hubei
Li Xiaogong
Yangtze River
Jingzhou
Hubei
Cen Wenben
Guangdong
Guangxi
Lin Shihong
Guilin
Guangxi
Fu Gongshi
Li Fuwei
Li Shiji
Ma'anshan
Anhui
Nanjing
Jiangsu
Han Xin
Bai Qi
Wei Qing
Huo Qubing
Yinchuan
Ningxia
Li Jiancheng
Crown Prince
Li Yuanji
Xuanwu Gate
chancellor
Jiali Khan
Li Shiji
Li Daozong
Chai Shao
Hohhot
Inner Mongolia
Xilin Gol League
Inner Mongolia
Empress Xiao
Tang Jian
Li Daozong
Xiao Yu
Wei Zheng
Shaanxi
Tuyuhun
Fang Xuanling
Hou Junji
Li Daozong
Li Daliang
Murong Fuyun
Murong Shun
Heze
Shandong
Zhangsun Wuji
Han Dynasty
Xiongnu
Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion
Goguryeo
Tongdian
Seven Military Classics
The Art of war
New Book of Mengde
Old Book of Tang
New Book of Tang
Romance of Sui and Tang
Qing Dynasty
Du Guangting
Zhang Chuchen
Fengshen Yanyi
Li Jing
Shang Dynasty
Old Book of Tang
New Book of Tang
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Chancellors under Emperor Taizong of Tang,Northern Zhou people,Tuyuhun,571 births,Sui dynasty people,Tang dynasty generals at war against the Göktürks,649 deaths

paragraph: Li Jing (Tang dynasty)

paragraph: Li Jing (571 – July 2, 649), courtesy name Yaoshi, posthumously known as Duke Jingwu of Wei (also spelled as Duke of Wey), was a Chinese general who lived in the early Tang dynasty and was most active during the reign of Emperor Taizong. In 630, Li Jing defeated the Göktürks, led by Jiali Khan, with just 3,000 cavalry soldiers in a surprise attack, allowing the Tang Empire to subjugate the Göktürks and reduce them to the status of a vassal under the Tang Empire. Li Jing and Li Shiji are considered the two most prominent early Tang generals.

paragraph: Section::::During Sui Dynasty.

paragraph: Li Jing was born in 571, during Sui Dynasty's predecessor state Northern Zhou. His clan was from the Chang'an region. His grandfather Li Chongyi (李崇義) served as a provincial governor during Northern Wei, and his father Li Quan (李詮) served as a commandery governor during Sui. In his youth, Li Jing was said to be handsome and ambitious, and was talented both in literary and military matters. His maternal uncle was the great Sui general Han Qinhu (韓擒虎), and it was said that Han was impressed by his talent, stating, "You are the only person that I can talk to about Sun Tzu's and Wu Qi's strategies."

paragraph: Early in his career, Li Jing served as a minor county official for Chang'an county—one of the two counties within Chang'an, which served as Sui's capital. He later served as a low level official within the imperial administration, and it was said that he impressed both the prime minister Yang Su and the important minister Niu Hong (牛弘).

paragraph: Near the end of the reign of Emperor Yang, Li Jing served as the Vice Prefect of Mayi Commandery (馬邑, roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), when he served under the general Li Yuan the Duke of Tang, who was in charge of the nearby important city of Taiyuan (太原, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) against Eastern Tujue forces. Li Jing came to suspect that Li Yuan was plotting a rebellion, and therefore pretended to commit a crime and asked to be locked up and delivered to Emperor Yang, who was then at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). However, he was first delivered to Chang'an, and then, as nearly the entire Sui state was engulfed in agrarian rebellions at that time, there was no way to deliver him to Jiangdu from there.

paragraph: In 617, Li Yuan indeed rebelled, and soon captured Chang'an, declaring Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You the Prince of Dai emperor (as Emperor Gong) but seizing power as regent. Knowing that Li Jing was planning to report his plans to Emperor Yang, Li Yuan set to execute him. At the execution, Li Jing yelled, "You, duke, rose in order to eliminate tyrannical rule for the people. You are not concerned about what is important, but instead are executing a brave man on account of personal enmity!" Li Yuan was impressed by his words, and Li Yuan's son Li Shimin interceded on Li Jing's behalf. Li Yuan released Li Jing, whom Li Shimin soon retained Li Jing to serve on his staff.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Gaozu's reign.

paragraph: In 618, after news arrived at Chang'an that Emperor Yang was killed in a coup at Jiangdu led by the general Yuwen Huaji, Li Yuan had Yang You yield the throne to him, establishing Tang Dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu. Li Jing continued serving the new dynasty. In 619, Li Jing participated in a campaign against one of Tang's major enemies, Wang Shichong the Emperor of Zheng, and was promoted for his accomplishments. Later that year, Emperor Gaozu sent him to Kui Prefecture (夔州, modern eastern Chongqing) to plan a military operation against another major enemy, Xiao Xian the Emperor of Liang, who then ruled the modern Hubei, Hunan, and Guangxi region. When he first reached Jin Prefecture (金州, roughly modern Ankang, Shaanxi), he encountered bandits in the mountain, who had several times defeated Li Yuàn (李瑗, note different tone and character than Emperor Gaozu's name (淵, yuān)) the Prince of Lujiang (Emperor Gaozu's distant nephew). Li Jing joined forces with Li Yuàn to defeat those bandits. However, as he arrived at the borders with Liang, he was blocked by Liang forces and long could not reach there, having to stop at Xia Prefecture (峽州, roughly modern Yichang, Hubei). Emperor Gaozu, believing that Li Jing was intentionally not advancing, was sufficiently angry that he secretly ordered the commandant at Xia Prefecture, Xu Shao (許紹), to execute Li Jing. Xu, however, was appreciative of Li Jing's talent, and submitted a petition urging that Li Jing be spared, and Emperor Gaozu relented. Meanwhile, in spring 620, around the same time, Ran Zhaoze (冉肇則) the leader of the Kaishan Tribe (開山蠻), rebelled against Tang rule and attacked Kui Prefecture. When Emperor Gaozu's distant nephew Li Xiaogong the Duke of Zhao Commandery fought Ran, he was initially unsuccessful, but Li Jing reinforced him with 800 men and defeated and killed Ran.

paragraph: In 621, Li Jing submitted 10 strategies against Liang, and Li Xiaogong submitted them to Emperor Gaozu. Emperor Gaozu approved of Li Jing's plans, and made Li Jing Li Xiaogong's assistant in the campaign against Liang. It was said that as Li Xiaogong was still inexperienced, Emperor Gaozu actually put Li Jing in charge of most of the operations, although Li Xiaogong was formally commander of the operations.

paragraph: In fall 621, Emperor Gaozu commissioned Li Xiaogong, with Li Jing as his assistant, to launch a major attack on Xiao Xian's Liang state, with Li Yuàn and the other generals Tian Shikang (田世康) and Zhou Faming (周法明) attacking on other fronts. At that time, the Yangtze River had a high water level and was flowing rapidly. While many officers under him suggested delaying the campaign, Li Jing suggested to Li Xiaogong that the rapid water was a good opportunity to launch a surprise attack on Xiao Xian's capital Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei). After defeating the Liang general Wen Shihong (文士弘), Li Xiaogong put Jiangling under siege, cutting off Xiao Xian's communications with the armies in the rest of his territory. Li Jing suggested floating the Liang ships that they captured down the Yangtze, to confuse the approaching Liang relief forces into believing that Jiangling had fallen already. Xiao, not knowing that the relief forces were only a few days away, surrendered to Li Xiaogong. By the suggestion of Li Jing and Xiao's official Cen Wenben, who had persuaded Xiao to surrender, Li Xiaogong strictly prohibited pillaging and retribution against Liang generals. The Liang provinces, upon hearing the news of Jiangling's fall, soon largely submitted to Tang. Li Xiaogong delivered Xiao to Chang'an, where Emperor Gaozu executed him. For his accomplishments, Li Jing was created the Duke of Yongkang. Subsequently, Emperor Gaozu commissioned Li Jing to head south to persuade the modern Guangdong and Guangxi region, which had submitted to Xiao Xian and another rebel ruler, Lin Shihong the Emperor of Chu, to submit to Tang. Li Jing advanced to Gui Prefecture (桂州, roughly modern Guilin, Guangxi) and was able to persuade several of the most major warlords of the region, including Feng Ang (馮盎), Li Guangdu (李光度), and Ning Zhenzhang (甯真長) to submit to Tang. Subsequently, Li Jing was made the commandant at Gui Prefecture.

paragraph: In fall 623, the Tang general Fu Gongshi, who had served as the deputy of the powerful general Li Fuwei the Prince of Wu as the military governor of the lower Yangtze region, rebelled against Tang rule while Li Fuwei was at Chang'an, declaring himself the Emperor of Song. Emperor Gaozu commissioned Li Xiaogong to attack Fu, again making Li Jing Li Xiaogong's assistant, and also sending other generals Huang Junhan (黃君漢) and Li Shiji to attack Fu from other fronts. Li Xiaogong and Li Jing sailed down the Yangtze, attacking and defeating the Song generals at multiple battles. Fu ordered his generals Feng Huiliang (馮慧亮) and Chen Dangshi (陳當世) to take up position at Mount Bowang (博望山, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui, preparing for the assault, instructing Feng and Chen not to engage Li Xiaogong, but to wear him down. However, Li Xiaogong, under Li Jing's suggestion, cut off their supply route, and when Feng and Chen's food supplies ran low, they challenged Li Xiaogong. Against suggestions by some officers that he bypass Feng and Chen and attack the Song capital Danyang (丹楊, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu) directly, Li Xiaogong, again with Li Jing's suggestion, confronted Feng and Chen, initially using the weaker segment of his forces to battle Feng and Chen and, after initial losses, draw Feng and Chen in deeper, and then attacked them, defeating them decisively, with the aid of Li Fuwei's subordinate general Kan Leng (闞稜). After the victory, Li Xiaogong and Li Jing attacked Danyang. Fu, in fear, abandoned Danyang and fled east, but was captured by the local men and delivered to Danyang. Emperor Gaozu, praising Li Jing, made the comment: "Li Jing is the fatal illness for Xiao and Fu. How could even Han Xin, Bai Qi, Wei Qing, or Huo Qubing exceed him?" Subsequently, Li Xiaogong was put in charge of the region, and Li Jing served as his assistant. it was said that Li Jing contributed much in pacifying the region after the region had seen much bloodshed for years.

paragraph: In 625, Eastern Tujue attacked Taiyuan, and Li Jing led some of his troops north to resist Eastern Tujue. It was said that all of the other Tang generals were defeated by Eastern Tujue forces, but Li Jing was able to preserve his troops. In 626, when Eastern Tujue attacked again, Li Jing was made the commandant at Ling Prefecture (靈州, roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), and he tried to cut off Eastern Tujue's return path, although soon Tang and Eastern Tujue made peace. It was said that at this time that Li Shimin, then engaged in an intense rivalry with his older brother Li Jiancheng the Crown Prince and fearing that Li Jiancheng might be intending to kill him, solicited advice from Li Jing and Li Shiji, and both refused to speak on the matter, drawing respect from Li Shimin for their unwillingness to be involved in an internecine struggle. In 626, Li Shimin set a show down for Li Jiancheng and another brother, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi at Xuanwu Gate, killing them, and then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to create him crown prince and then pass the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong).

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Taizong's reign.

paragraph: Li Jing continued to serve in Emperor Taizong's administration, and was soon made the minister of justice. In 628, in addition to that post, he also became acting "Zhongshu Ling" (中書令) -- the head of the legislative bureau of the government (中書省, "Zhongshu Sheng"), a post considered one for a chancellor. In 629, he was made the minister of war.

paragraph: Around the new year 630, with Eastern Tujue in internal turmoil, with its Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi attacking his nephew and subordinate khan, the Tuli Khan Ashina Shibobi (阿史那什鉢苾), Emperor Taizong commissioned Li Jing, Li Shiji, Wei Xiaojie, Li Daozong, Chai Shao (柴紹), and Xue Wanche (薛萬徹) to attack Eastern Tujue, with Li Jing in overall command. Li launched his attack in a surprise manner, from Mayi through Wuyang Range (惡陽嶺, in modern southern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), capturing the important city of Dingxiang (定襄, in modern Hohhot). In fear, Ashina Duobi retreated to Qikou (磧口, in modern Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia). Li Jing then sent secret messengers to persuade his associate to surrender. One of them, Kangsumi (康蘇密), took Emperor Yang's wife Empress Xiao and their grandson Yang Zhengdao (楊政道), whom Eastern Tujue had created the Prince of Sui, and surrendered to Li Jing. Ashina Duobi sent messengers to Emperor Taizong, offering to submit and to pay homage to him later, but was still considering fleeing further with his forces. Emperor Taizong sent the official Tang Jian (唐儉) as an envoy to Ashina Duobi, but also ordered Li Jing to escort Ashina Duobi. Li Jing, reading between the lines and believing that Emperor Taizong's order was to "attack" Ashina Duobi, after joining forces with Li Shiji, launched the attack. They defeated and captured most of Ashina Duobi's remaining forces and killed his wife, Sui's Princess Yicheng. Ashina Duobi fled further, and was soon captured by the generals Li Daozong and Zhang Baoxiang (張寶相). Eastern Tujue's nobles all submitted to Tang. In recognition of Li Jing's great victory, Emperor Taizong issued a general pardon and ordered his people to feast for five days. He also created Li Jing the greater title of Duke of Dai.

paragraph: When Li Jing returned to the capital, however, the imperial censor Xiao Yu accused him of allowing his soldiers to plunder the Eastern Tujue treasury. Emperor Taizong rebuked Li Jing, but still increased the size of his fief and awarded him with silk. Later, regretting rebuking Li Jing, he stated to Li Jing, "People have accused you to hurt you. I realize this now. Please do not mind it." He awarded Li Jing with even more silk. Later in 630, he made Li Jing "Shangshu Pushe" (尚書僕射), the head of the important executive bureau of government (尚書省, "Shangshu Sheng"), also a chancellor post. It was said that Li Jing spoke very little when conferencing with other chancellors—then considered a virtue. A more plausible explanation is that Taizong didn't trust his high officials, especially the generals, and Li Jing was very sure about it. He deliberately tried to keep a low profile in order not to raise Taizong's suspicion.

paragraph: In 634, Emperor Taizong wanted to send some officials to examine the circuits in the empire, to see whether the local officials were capable, to find out whether the people were suffering, to comfort the poor, and to select capable people to serve in civil service. Li Jing recommended Wei Zheng, but Emperor Taizong, believing that he needed Wei to stay at Chang'an to examine his own faults, declined, instead sending Li Jing and 12 other officials to the circuits to examine them. Li Jing's zone was Ji'nei Circuit (畿內道, roughly modern Shaanxi). After this tour, Li Jing, giving the reason that he had a foot illness, requested to retire. Emperor Taizong agreed, but still ordered that he maintain a staff and that, once he got better, he should visit the legislative and examination (門下省, "Menxia Sheng") bureaus every two or three days to serve as an alternative head of those bureaus.

paragraph: Later in 634, Tuyuhun attacked Tang. Emperor Taizong was considering who to send as the commander of the counterattacking force, and he made the comment, "It would have been wonderful to have Li Jing as commander." When Li Jing heard this, he personally met with the chancellor Fang Xuanling and offered to be the commander. Emperor Taizong was pleased, and made Li Jing the commander, assisted by the other generals Hou Junji, Li Daozong, Li Daliang, Li Daoyan (李道彥), and Gao Zengsheng (高甑生). Tang forces achieved initial victories against Tuyuhun forces; in response, Tuyuhun burned the grass on grazing fields to try to cut off the Tang horses' food supplies, and the Tang generals mostly believed that they should retreat them. Hou advocated attacking, however, and Li jing agreed, pushing deep into Tuyuhun territory and greatly defeating them, capturing the wives and sons of Tuyuhun's Busabo Khan Murong Fuyun. Murong Fuyun's son Murong Shun surrendered, and Murong Fuyun was soon killed by his subordinates. Emperor Taizong created Murong Shun the new khan, and Tang forces largely withdrew, although Li Daliang remained.

paragraph: During the campaign, on one occasion, Li Jing rebuked Gao for arriving late, but did not punish him. Gao nevertheless was displeased with Li Jing's rebuke, and he and the official Tang Fengyi (唐奉義) accused Li Jing of plotting treason. The matter was investigated, and the evidence was found lacking. Gao and Tang were accused of false accusations and exiled, notwithstanding pleas by others that Gao contributed to Emperor Taizong's ambush at Xuanwu Gate against Li Jiancheng. However, from this point on, Li Jing refused to receive guests, and he even did not see his relatives often.

paragraph: In 637, as a part of Emperor Taizong's scheme to bestow prefectures on his relatives and great generals and officials as their permanent domains, Li Jing's title was changed to Duke of Wei, and he was given the post of prefect of Pu Prefecture (濮州, roughly modern Heze, Shandong), to be inherited by his heirs. Soon, however, with many objections to the system, the strongest of which came from Zhangsun Wuji, Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme, although Li Jing's title remained Duke of Wei. In 640, Li Jing's wife died, and Emperor Taizong ordered that a large tomb, made in the shape of Mount Tie (鐵山) in Eastern Tujue territory and Mount Jishi (積石山) in Tuyuhun territory, under the precedents that the great Han Dynasty generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing had their tombs built in the shapes of mountains in Xiongnu territory to commemorate their victories, be constructed for Li Jing's wife (as Li Jing would eventually be buried there as well). In 643, when Emperor Taizong commissioned the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion to commemorate the 24 great contributors to Tang rule, Li Jing's portrait was one of the 24.

paragraph: In 644, when Emperor Taizong was set to attack Goguryeo, he summoned Li Jing to consult his opinion. Emperor Taizong stated to him:

paragraph: Li Jing responded:

paragraph: Emperor Taizong, however, saw that Li Jing was ill and decided not to send him. Emperor Taizong later personally led a largely unsuccessful attack on Goguryeo. Li Jing died in 649—briefly before Emperor Taizong's own death—and was buried with great honor, near Emperor Taizong's own tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Works attributed to Li Jing.

paragraph: As one of the best generals and strategists of Tang Dynasty remaining undefeated in career, Li Jing wrote several books about military doctrines. Although most of his work is not preserved today, fractions of them were cited by Tongdian, an encyclopedia about historic politic system in China. One of the Seven Military Classics of China, "Duke Li of Wei Answering Emperor Taizong of Tang" (唐太宗李衛公問對/唐太宗李卫公问对, "Táng Tàizōng Lǐ Wèigōng Wènduì"), is a purported dialogue between Li Jing and Emperor Taizong about the strategies, policies, tactics. They criticised The Art of war, Zhuge liang strategies book and New Book of Mengde. The work is attributed to Li Jing, although many modern scholars doubt the attribution, as neither the "Old Book of Tang" nor the "New Book of Tang" mentions the work in their biographies of Li Jing.

paragraph: Section::::Li Jing in fiction.

paragraph: Li Jing appears in many Chinese folk tales and novels. Many of his legends were recorded in Taiping Guangji (太平廣記), a record of stories in Song Dynasty. The novel "Romance of Sui and Tang" (隋唐演義), written by the Qing Dynasty author Chu Renhuo (褚人獲), for example, Li was prominently featured. The novel that most prominently features Li, however, was the late Tang Dynasty short story "Biography of the Dragon-Beard Man" (虬髯客傳), written by the official Du Guangting (杜光庭), which featured, as its three central characters, Li, his purported wife Zhang Chuchen (張出塵), and an ambitious man who taught Li military strategies, known only as the "Dragon-Beard Man." There is no evidence to show that any of the fictional treatments of Li's life had bases in fact. The novel "Fengshen Yanyi" also had a substantial character named Li Jing, apparently borrowing a number of the real Li's personal characteristics, but as the "Fengshen Yanyi" was set near the end of the legendary Shang Dynasty, more than 2,000 years before the historical Li Jing, it was not actually referring to the same person.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Book of Tang", vol. 67.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Book of Tang", vol. 93.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , , , , .

alias:
Li Yaoshi
Li weigong
Jingwu
Li Jing

description: Chinese general and Chancellor

wikidata_label: Li Jing

wikipedia_title: Li Jing (Tang dynasty)


text:
daimyō
Sengoku period
Later Hōjō clan
siege
Edo period
Odawara Castle
Hōjō Ujiyasu
Takeda Shingen
Toku Hime
Tokugawa Ieyasu
siege
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Mount Kōya
Kawachi Province
Hojo Ujimasa
Toku Hime

categories: Daimyo,Samurai,1591 deaths,Go-Hōjō clan,1562 births

paragraph: Hōjō Ujinao

paragraph: Hōjō Ujinao (北条 氏直: 1562 – December 19, 1591) was a Japanese "daimyō" of the late Sengoku period, and the final head of the Later Hōjō clan. An important figure in the history of Azuchi-Momoyama politics, he lost his entire domain following the siege in 1590. Despite this, he survived, and his family carried on as small daimyo in the Edo period.

paragraph: Born in Odawara Castle in 1562, Ujinao was the grandson of Hōjō Ujiyasu, and was first named Kuniōmaru (国王丸). His mother was the daughter of Takeda Shingen. Coming of age in early 1577, he took the formal name Ujinao. Ujinao married Toku Hime, the second daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu, as a condition for peace between their two clans. In maturity, Ujinao held junior 5th court rank, lower grade ("ju-go-i-ge") and the title "Sakyō-dayu".

paragraph: In 1590, Odawara fell to siege at the hands of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; his father and uncle were forced to commit suicide, but Ujinao was spared because he was Tokugawa Ieyasu's son-in-law. Ujinao and his wife were exiled to Mount Kōya, where he died late the following year.

paragraph: His adoptive son, Hōjō Ujimori, was the first daimyo of Sayama-han (Kawachi Province, 10,000 "koku").

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Hojo Ujimasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Obaiin (1543-1569)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Toku Hime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son by Tokuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoshuin-dono married Ikeda Toshitaka by Tokuhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manshuin-dono by Tokuhime

alias:
Hojo Ujinao
Houjou Ujinao

description: Japanese daimyo of the Sengoku period

wikidata_label: Hōjō Ujinao

wikipedia_title: Hōjō Ujinao


text:
Roman Republic
consul
Aemilius Paullus
Cornelii Scipiones
Scipio Africanus
Third Punic War
Carthage
Numantine War
Numantia
Polybius
Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus
Third Macedonian War
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Aemilia Tertia
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
Second Punic War
Hannibal
nomen
Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus
Plutarch
Battle of Pydna
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Celtiberians
Lucius Licinius Lucullus
Hispania
legates
military tribune
Macedon
Velleius Paterculus
mural crown
Florus
spolia opima
Cato the Elder
Carthage must be destroyed.
Massinissa
consul
Senate
Triumph
agnomen
Numantine War
Celtiberians
Numantia
Jugurtha
Numidia
Durius
Douro
censorship
Tiberius Claudius Asellus
censor
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
quaestor
Gaius Hostilius Mancinus
Plutarch
optimates
plebeian tribune
Odyssey
Gaius Papirius Carbo
Marcus Fulvius Flaccus
Appian
Caius Sempronius Gracchus
Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus
Plutarch
Lucius Licinius Crassus
Gellius
De re publica
Somnium Scipionis
Scipionic circle
Lucilius
Terence
Panaetius
philhellenic
Hellenisation
Scipio the African
Code Lyoko
Scipio–Paullus–Gracchus family tree
JSTOR reference

categories: Aemilii,Cornelii,185 BC births,Roman Republican consuls,Cornelii Scipiones,129 BC deaths,2nd-century BC Romans,Ancient Roman adoptees,Ancient Roman generals,Roman censors

paragraph: Scipio Aemilianus

paragraph: Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (185–129 BC), primarily known as Scipio Aemilianus, or also Scipio Africanus Minor, or Scipio Africanus the Younger, was an important politician and general of the Roman Republic, who served as consul twice, in 147 and 134 BC. He was the natural son of Aemilius Paullus, but was adopted into the Cornelii Scipiones—the most prominent family at the time—by a son of Scipio Africanus.

paragraph: In 147 BC, he took over the command of the Third Punic War (149–146 BC) and besieged and destroyed Carthage. In 134 BC he took over the Numantine War (143–133 BC), restored the discipline of the Roman army, and defeated Numantia. He was a prominent patron of writers and philosophers, the most famous of whom was the Greek historian Polybius.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Scipio Aemilianus was the second son of Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, the commander of the Romans' victorious campaign in the Third Macedonian War, and his first wife, Papiria Masonis. Scipio was adopted by his first cousin, Publius Cornelius Scipio, the eldest son of his aunt Aemilia Tertia and her husband Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the acclaimed commander who won the decisive battle of the Second Punic War against Hannibal. This made Scipio Africanus the adoptive grandfather of Scipio Aemilianus. On adoption, he became Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, assuming the name of his adoptive father, but keeping Aemilianus as a fourth name to indicate his original nomen. His elder brother was adopted by a son or grandson of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, another prominent commander in the Second Punic War, whose name became Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:First involvement in a war (Third Macedonian War, 171–168 BC).

paragraph: Lucius Aemilius Paullus took his two older sons with him on his campaign in Greece. Plutarch wrote that Scipio was his favorite son because he "saw that he was by nature more prone to excellence than any of his brothers". He related that during mopping-up operations after the Battle of Pydna, Aemilius was worried because his younger son was missing. Plutarch also wrote that "The whole army learned of the distress and anguish of their general, and springing up from their suppers, ran about with torches, many to the tent of Aemilius, and many in front of the ramparts, searching among the numerous dead bodies. Dejection reigned in the camp, and the plain was filled with the cries of men calling out the name of Scipio. For from the very outset he had been admired by everybody, since, beyond any other one of his family, he had a nature adapted for leadership in war and public service. Well, then, when it was already late and he was almost despaired of, he came in from the pursuit with two or three comrades, covered with the blood of the enemies he had slain ..." Scipio Aemilianus was seventeen at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:First involvement in the Numantine War (151–150 BC).

paragraph: In 152 BC, the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus urged the Senate to conclude a peace with the Celtiberians. The Senate rejected this proposal, and instead sent one of the consuls of 151 BC, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Hispania to continue the war. However, there was a crisis of recruitment due to rumors of incessant battles and heavy Roman losses. Additionally, Marcellus appeared to be afraid of continuing the war; this led to panic. Young men avoided enrollment as soldiers through unverifiable excuses. Men eligible to be legates (legion commanders) or military tribunes (senior officers) did not volunteer.

paragraph: Scipio Aemilianus was thought to have advised for the prosecution of the war. He asked the Senate to be sent to Hispania either as a military tribune or a legate, due to the urgency of the situation, even though it would have been safer to go to Macedon, where he had been invited to settle domestic disputes. The Senate was at first surprised. Ultimately, Scipio's decision made him popular, and many of those who had been avoiding their duty, ashamed by Scipio's example, began to volunteer as legates or to enroll as soldiers.

paragraph: Scipio served under Lucullus. Velleius Paterculus wrote that Scipio was awarded a mural crown, which was a military decoration awarded to the soldier who first climbed the wall of a besieged city or fortress and successfully placed the military standard on it. Florus wrote that "having been challenged by [the Celtiberian] king to a single combat, carried off the spolia opima, the armor and arms stripped from the body of an opposing commander slain in single combat. These were regarded as the most honorable of all war trophies."

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Third Punic War (149–146 BC).

paragraph: Although the power of Carthage had been broken with her defeat in the Second Punic War, there was still lingering resentment in Rome. Cato the Elder ended every speech with, "Carthage must be destroyed." In 150 BC an appeal was made to Scipio Aemilianus by the Carthaginians to act as a mediator between them and the Numidian prince Massinissa who, supported by the anti-Carthaginian faction in Rome, was incessantly encroaching on Carthaginian territory. In 149 BC Rome declared war, and a force sent to Africa (Tunisia), Carthage's homeland.

paragraph: In the early stages of the war, the Romans suffered repeated defeats. Scipio Aemilianus was a military tribune (senior officer) and distinguished himself repeatedly. In 147 BC he was elected consul, while still under the minimum age required by law to hold this office. Without the customary procedure of drawing lots, he was assigned to the African theater of war. After a year of desperate fighting and stubborn heroism on the part of the defenders, he took the city of Carthage, taking prisoner about 50,000 survivors (about one-tenth of the city's population). Complying with the mandate of the Senate, he ordered the city evacuated, burnt it, razed it to the ground and plowed it over, ending the Third Punic War. On his return to Rome he received a Triumph, having also established a personal claim to his adoptive "agnomen" of Africanus.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Numantine War (143–133 BC).

paragraph: In 134 BC Scipio was elected consul again because the citizens thought that he was the only man capable of defeating the Numantines in the Numantine War. The Celtiberians of the City of Numantia, which had strong defensive geographical features, held off the Romans for nine years. The army in Hispania was demoralized and ill-disciplined. Scipio concentrated on restoring discipline by forbidding luxuries the troops had become accustomed to, through regular tough exercises (all-day marches, building camps and fortifications and then demolishing them, digging ditches and then filling them up, and the like) and by enforcing regulations strictly. When he thought that the army was ready he encamped near Numantia. He did not proceed along the shorter route to avoid the guerrilla tactics the Numantines were good at. Instead, he made a detour though the land of the Vaccaei, who were selling food to the Numantines. He was ambushed several times but defeated the enemy. In one of these ambushes by a river which was difficult to cross, he was forced to make a detour along a longer route where there was no water. He marched at night when it was cooler and dug wells which had bitter water. He saved his men, but some horses and pack animals died of thirst. Then he passed through the territory of the Caucaei who had broken the treaty with Rome and declared that they could return safely to their homes. He returned to the Numantine territory and was joined by Jugurtha, the son of the king of Numidia, with archers, slingers, and twelve elephants.

paragraph: Eventually, Scipio prepared to besiege Numantia. He asked the allied tribes in Hispania for specified numbers of troops. He built a circuit of fortifications which was nine kilometers long. The wall was three meters high and two and a half meters wide. He built an embankment of the same dimensions as the wall around the adjoining marsh. He built two towers by the River Durius (Douro) to which he moored large timbers with ropes which were full of knives and spear heads and were constantly kept in motion by the current. This prevented the enemy from slipping through covertly. He managed to force Numantia into starvation. The Numantines surrendered. Some killed themselves. Scipio sold the rest into slavery, destroyed the city and kept fifty men for his triumph. For his success Scipio Aemilianus received the additional "agnomen" of "Numantinus".

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Censorship.

paragraph: In 142 BC Scipio Aemilianus was a censor. During his censorship, he endeavoured to check the growing luxury and immorality of the period. In 139 BC, he was unsuccessfully accused of high treason by Tiberius Claudius Asellus, whom he had degraded when censor. The speeches he gave on that occasion (now lost) were considered brilliant.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Tiberius Gracchus.

paragraph: Scipio helped his relative Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus who in 134 BC had served in the Numantine War as a quaestor (treasurer) under the consul Gaius Hostilius Mancinus. The consul was pinned down by the enemy and, unable to escape, made a peace treaty. Tiberius negotiated the peace terms. The treaty was rejected by the senate as a disgrace. Plutarch wrote that "the relatives and friends of the soldiers, who formed a large part of the people" blamed this on Mancinus and insisted "that it was due to Tiberius that the lives of so many citizens had been saved". Those who disagreed with the violation of the treaty "cast forth those who had taken hand and share in the treaty, as for instance the quaestors and military tribunes, turning upon their heads the guilt of perjury and violation of the pact. In the present affair, indeed, more than at any other time, the people showed their good will and affection towards Tiberius. For they voted to deliver up the consul unarmed and in bonds to the Numantines, but spared all the other officers for the sake of Tiberius." Scipio used his influence to help to save the men "but none the less he was blamed for not saving Mancinus, and for not insisting that the treaty with the Numantines, which had been made through the agency of his kinsman and friend Tiberius, should be kept inviolate."

paragraph: The Encyclopædia Britannica suggests that Scipio Aemilianus was not in sympathy with the optimates, the political faction which supported the aristocracy. Whatever the case, he was in disagreement with the militant actions of the movement led by Gracchus when he was a plebeian tribune, which pressed for a law to redistribute land to the poor. Plutarch wrote that "this disagreement certainly resulted in no mischief past remedy" and thought that if Scipio had been in Rome during the political activity of Gracchus, the latter would not have been murdered - he was fighting the war in Hispania. Still, he disliked the actions of Gracchus. Plutarch wrote "[while] at Numantia, when he learned of the death of Tiberius, he recited in a loud voice the verse of Homer: [from the Odyssey I.47] ""So may all who engage in such lawless conspiracies perish."" Plutarch also wrote that (after his return to Rome) "when Caius and Fulvius asked him in an assembly of the people what he thought about the death of Tiberius, he made a reply which showed his dislike of the measures advocated by him," this made him unpopular, "the people began to interrupt him as he was speaking, a thing which they had never done before, and Scipio himself was thereby led on to abuse the people." Gaius Papirius Carbo was a plebeian tribune and Marcus Fulvius Flaccus was a senator sympathetic to the Gracchian cause.

paragraph: Scipio made himself unpopular again. Appian related that Fulvius Flaccus, Papirius Carbo and Tiberius’ younger brother, Caius Sempronius Gracchus, chaired a commission to implement the Gracchian law. There never had been a land survey and land owners often did not have land deeds. The land was resurveyed. Some owners had to give up their orchards and farm buildings and go to empty land or move from cultivated to uncultivated land or swamps. As anyone was allowed to work undistributed land, many tilled land next to their own, blurring the demarcation between public and private land. Rome's Italian allies complained about lawsuits brought against them and chose Scipio Aemilianus to defend them. As the allies had fought in his wars, he accepted. In the senate Scipio did not criticise the Law, but argued that the cases should be heard by a court rather than the commission which did not have the confidence of the litigants. This was accepted and the consul Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus was appointed to give judgment. However, seeing that the job was difficult he found a pretext to fight a war in Illyria. The people were angry "because they saw a man, in whose favour they had often opposed the aristocracy and incurred their enmity, electing him consul twice contrary to law, now taking the side of the Italian allies against themselves" His enemies claimed that he was determined to abolish the Gracchian law and was about to start "armed strife and bloodshed". When the people heard these allegations they were in a state of alarm until Scipio died at home in his bed; according to Appian, without a wound.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Death and Possible Assassination.

paragraph: Appian wrote that it could not be known whether Scipio was murdered by Cornelia (the mother of the Gracchi brothers) and her daughter Sempronia (who was married to Scipio), who were worried that the Gracchian law might be repealed, or whether he committed suicide because he saw that he could not deliver on his promises. He added that "[s]ome say that slaves under torture testified that unknown persons were introduced through the rear of the house by night who suffocated him, and that those who knew about it hesitated to tell because the people were angry with him still and rejoiced at his death." Plutarch wrote that "although Scipio Africanus died at home after dinner, there is no convincing proof of the manner of his end, but some say that he died naturally, being of a sickly habit, some that he died of poison administered by his own hand, and some that his enemies broke into his house at night and smothered him. And yet Scipio's dead body lay exposed for all to see, and all who beheld it formed therefrom some suspicion and conjecture of what had happened to it." In another book Plutarch wrote "no cause of such an unexpected death could be assigned, only some marks of blows upon his body seemed to intimate that he had suffered violence." The heaviest suspicions fell on Fulvius Flaccus who "that very day had reflected upon Scipio in a public address to the people". Caius Gracchus also came under suspicion. However, "this great outrage, committed too upon the person of the greatest and most considerable man in Rome, was never either punished or inquired into thoroughly, for the populace opposed and hindered any judicial investigation, for fear that Caius should be implicated in the charge if proceedings were carried on. Gaius Papirius Carbo also came under accusation. During a trial Lucius Licinius Crassus accused Carbo of being a party to the murder of Scipio. Ian Worthington rejects all these speculations and argues that Scipio Aemilianus died of natural causes.

paragraph: Section::::Personal Character.

paragraph: Velleius Paterculus wrote that Scipio was "a cultivated patron and admirer of liberal studies and of every form of learning, and kept constantly with him, at home and in the field, two men of eminent genius, Polybius and Panaetius. No one ever relieved the duties of an active life by a more refined use of his intervals of leisure than Scipio, or was more constant in his devotion to the arts either of war or peace. Ever engaged in the pursuit of arms or his studies, he was either training his body by exposing it to dangers or his mind by learning." Polybius mentioned going to Africa with Scipio to explore the continent. Gellius wrote that Scipio "used the purest diction of all men of his time". Cicero cited him among the orators who were "a little more emphatic than the ordinary, [but] never strained their lungs or shouted …" It seems that he had a good sense of humour and Cicero cited a number of anecdotes about his puns. He is also a central character in Book VI of Cicero's De re publica, a passage known as the Somnium Scipionis or "Dream of Scipio".

paragraph: Culturally, Scipio Aemilianus was both philhellenic and conservative. He was the patron of the so-called Scipionic circle, a group of 15 to 27 philosophers, poets, and politicians. Besides Roman satirists and comedy writers such as Lucilius and Terence, there were Greek intellectuals, such as the scholar and historian Polybius and the Stoic philosopher Panaetius. Hence, Scipio had a philhellenic disposition (love and admiration for Greek culture). Such disposition was criticised by Roman traditionalists who disliked the growing Hellenisation of Rome—which, they thought, was corrupting Roman culture and life through alien influences—and advocated adherence to old Roman traditions and ancestral virtues and mores. Yet, Scipio was also a supporter of such traditions and mores. Gellius wrote that when he was censor, Scipio made a speech "urging the people to follow the customs of their forefathers". He criticised several things which "were done contrary to the usage of our forefathers," and found fault with adoptive sons being of profit to their adoptive father in gaining the rewards of paternity, and said: "A father votes in one tribe, the son in another, an adopted son is of as much advantage as if one had a son of his own; orders are given to take the census of absentees, and hence it is not necessary for anyone to appear in person at the census."

paragraph: Gellius wrote that after he was censor, Scipio was accused before the people by Claudius Asellus, a plebeian tribune, whom he had stripped of his knighthood during his censorship. He does not mention what the accusation was. Although under accusation, Scipio did not stop to shave and to wear white clothing and did not appear in the garb of those under accusation. He added that in those days noblemen started shaving in middle age. The satirist Lucilius wrote a verse about the episode: "Thus base Asellus did great Scipio taunt: Unlucky was his censorship and bad."

paragraph: Scipio Aemilianus will be forever be associated with the destruction of Carthage.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Scipio Aemilianus is portrayed as a young boy in the household of his adopted grandfather in the 1971 film "Scipio the African".

paragraph: The name "Scipio" was used in the animated series, "Code Lyoko" in reference to the general's destruction of Carthage.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scipio–Paullus–Gracchus family tree

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Roman History", Book 6, "The Wars in Spain", Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–8.1., Loeb, 1989;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Roman History", Book 8 Part 1, "The Punic Wars", Loeb Classical Library, Vol III, Books 1–3.26., Loeb, 1989;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Roman History", Book 13, "The Civil Wars" (Book I) in Spain, Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–81., Loeb, 1989;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicero, "De oratore I-III", Bloomsbury 3PL; new edition, 2013;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florus "Epitome of Roman History", CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Tiberius Gracchus", "Caius Gracchus", "Romulus," in "Plutarch's Lives" (two volumes), Modern Library, 2001; Vol. 1 ; Vol 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius, "The Histories", Oxford World's Classics, OUP Oxford, 2010;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, Hackett Publishing, 2011;

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astin, A. E., "Scipio Aemilianus", Oxford University Press, 1967;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etcheto, Henri, "Les Scipions. Famille et pouvoir à Rome à l’époque républicaine", Bordeaux, Ausonius Éditions, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warmington, B.H. "Carthage, A History", Barnes & Noble, New edition, 1994;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward, A. M., Heichelheim, F. M., and Yeo, C. A., "A History of the Roman People", Pearson; 3 edition, 1998. 158.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worthington, I, "The Death of Scipio Africanus", Hermes, Vol. 117, No. 2 (1989), pp. 253–256 ( JSTOR reference)

description: general and politician of the ancient Roman Republic

wikidata_label: Scipio Aemilianus

wikipedia_title: Scipio Aemilianus


text:
noble
Hugh Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford
Thomas
earldom
minor
wardship
Thomas, Duke of Gloucester
Pleshey
Essex
Tonbridge
Kent
Edmund
Inquisition Post Mortem

paragraph: William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford

paragraph: William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford (21 September 1375 – 6 April 1395) was an English noble in the fourteenth century. He was the third son of Hugh Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford (c. 1344 – 16 October 1386); Hugh's second son Thomas inherited the earldom in 1390. He died in 1392, still childless, and the title passed to William. He was still a minor, however, in the wardship of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, his dead brother's father-in-law, and the Stafford estates were administered by a ' group of senior officials and lawyers.' He was still so when he died on 6 April 1395 in Pleshey, Essex of natural causes. He was interred in Tonbridge, Kent. William also dying childless, the Stafford earldom descended to the next brother, Edmund, who became the fifth earl.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition Post Mortem, 1395.

wikidata_label: William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford

wikipedia_title: William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford


text: Medford, Massachusetts

text: Richard Price Hallowell

text: Edward Needles Hallowell

text: Norwood Penrose Hallowell

text: Lucretia Mott

text: Joseph Prince Loud

text: School of the Museum of Fine Arts

text: Otto Grundmann

text: Frank Weston Benson

text: Robert Reid

text: Académie Julien

text: Tony Robert-Fleury

text: Cowles Art School

text: Abbott Thayer

text: Denman W. Ross

text: Palace of Fine Arts

text: World's Columbian Exposition

text: Boston Water Color Club

text: darkroom

text: Quaker

text: Calhoun Colored School

categories: People from Medford, Massachusetts,American women painters,1916 deaths,School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts alumni,American Quakers,1860 births,19th-century American painters,Alumni of the Académie Julian

paragraph: May Hallowell Loud

paragraph: Maria "May" Mott Hallowell Loud (August 22, 1860 - February 1, 1916) was an American artist and suffragist.

paragraph: Section::::Family and personal life.

paragraph: Maria Mott Hallowell, known as "May", was born in 1860 in Medford, Massachusetts, to Richard Price Hallowell and Anna Coffin (Davis) Hallowell. Two of her uncles fought in the Civil War, Edward Needles Hallowell and Norwood Penrose Hallowell, and her great-grandmother was the abolitionist Lucretia Mott.

paragraph: May married architect Joseph Prince Loud in 1901.

paragraph: Section::::Art education.

paragraph: Loud received some early art training from her mother, who was an amateur artist. In 1871, they went to Paris together to study art for a few months. In 1879, she enrolled at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, where she studied with painter Otto Grundmann and became a friend of fellow student Frank Weston Benson. Together, she, Benson, and Robert Reid edited the school's publication, "The Art Student".

paragraph: After four years, Loud left the school and returned to France for further training, spending 1883–84 at the Académie Julien in Paris, studying with under Tony Robert-Fleury and others. On her return to the United States, she continued her training at the Cowles Art School in Boston. She also took private lessons with Abbott Thayer and Denman W. Ross.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.

paragraph: Loud worked mainly in oil, watercolor, and pastel and is best known for her portraits. Beginning in the late 1880s, she exhibited regularly for a quarter century, showing at the Paris Salon, the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois., the National Academy of Design, the Art Institute of Chicago, and other venues. She was active in arts organizations, sitting on the council of the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and joining the Boston Water Color Club, the Copley Society, and other organizations. In 1901, she worked as a designer for the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts.

paragraph: Later in her career, she took up photography, set up her own darkroom, and began exhibiting photographs as well as paintings.

paragraph: The Boston Museum of Fine Arts held a memorial exhibition of her work in late 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Public service.

paragraph: Loud and other members of her Quaker family were founding members of the Boston branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She sat on the branch's board of directors and was considered one of its key members. She also fund-raised for the Calhoun Colored School in Alabama.

wikidata_label: May Hallowell Loud

wikipedia_title: May Hallowell Loud


text: basketball

text: Akita Northern Happinets

text: B.League

text: University of Kansas

text: Western Kentucky

text: Liège Basket

text: Levanga Hokkaido

text: Wichita State bio

text: Kadeem Coleby Highlights Vs Manama

text: Kentucky vs Wichita State 2014, #20

text: RealGM Stats

text: Stats in Japan

categories: Sportspeople from Nassau, Bahamas,Power forwards (basketball),Bahamian men's basketball players,Daytona State Falcons men's basketball players,Centers (basketball),Akita Northern Happinets players,Odessa Wranglers basketball players,Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns men's basketball players,1989 births,Living people

paragraph: Kadeem Coleby

paragraph: Kadeem D'Arby Coleby (born November 8, 1989), nicknamed KC, is a Bahamian professional basketball player who plays for the Akita Northern Happinets of the B.League in Japan. He is the one of the league-leading skilled shot blockers.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: His younger brother, (born January 16, 1994- ) played college basketball for the University of Kansas and Western Kentucky.DC signed with the Liège Basket in Belgium, and was transferred to the Happinets. This KC/DC brother unit became successful in a 76-52 win to the Levanga Hokkaido on March 13, 2019. Their mother died at the age of 43, and KC wears #43. KC tied knot to Krystal Coleby on July 14, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wichita State bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kadeem Coleby: D1 Highlights (Junior and senior year)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kadeem Coleby Highlights Vs Manama

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kadeem Coleby: National Team Highlights 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kentucky vs Wichita State 2014, #20

paragraph: BULLET::::- RealGM Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stats in Japan

description: Bahamian professional basketball player

wikidata_label: Kadeem Coleby

wikipedia_title: Kadeem Coleby


text:
artist's model
Pablo Picasso
oil painter
vicar
Normandy
art dealer
Pablo Picasso
Vallauris
Sylvette
fiancé
Life
Brigitte Bardot
Cannes
muse
BBC2
Tate Gallery
Tate
Devon
Official website

categories: People from Paris,French painters,Muses,1934 births,French women painters,Living people

paragraph: Lydia Corbett

paragraph: Lydia Corbett, also known as Sylvette David, is a French artist and former artist's model known for being "the girl with the ponytail" in Pablo Picasso's "Sylvette" series of paintings.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Corbett was born in Paris to an English mother and a French father. Her mother, Honor Gell – who was an oil painter and the daughter of a vicar – moved to Normandy in the 1920s. Corbett's father was art dealer Emmanuel David. After her birth, Corbett's parents' marriage broke down, leading to her father being absent throughout much of her childhood.

paragraph: In the spring of 1954, when Corbett was nineteen, she met Pablo Picasso, who was "immediately entranced" by her. Picasso had a studio on Rue du Fournas in Vallauris, and Corbett – then known as Sylvette – would often walk past the artist's window en route to meet her fiancé.

paragraph: A few weeks later, Corbett was chatting with friends while smoking and drinking coffee when she spotted Picasso in his studio next door, holding up one of his pictures. The picture was a simple portrait of her, executed from memory. "It was like an invitation," she later recalled, so she and her friends went to knock on his door. Picasso was so happy to see her that he embraced her immediately. "I want to paint you, paint Sylvette!" he cried.

paragraph: In the months that followed, between April and June, Picasso persuaded Corbett to sit for him regularly and created a series of more than 60 portraits of her in various media, including drawings and sculptures as well as 28 paintings.

paragraph: In the summer of 1954, the "Sylvette" series was exhibited in Paris to critical acclaim. "Life" magazine announced a new epoch in Picasso's art – his "Ponytail Period" – and Brigitte Bardot is said to have adopted Sylvette's style after seeing her walking along the promenade in Cannes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Corbett started drawing to pass the time while she sat for Picasso, often posed in a rocking chair. She later married and, in 1968, moved to England, signing her work with her married name to avoid capitalising on her fame as a painter's muse.

paragraph: She began painting seriously, using both oil paint and watercolour, in her 40s, and has been represented by Francis Kyle Gallery since 1989. In 1991, her work was exhibited in Japan, and in 1993, a documentary film on Picasso and Corbett was shown on BBC2 to coincide with the Tate Gallery's exhibition of Picasso's paintings. Corbett's own work has also been exhibited at the Tate, and she counts the Anthony Petullo Foundation among her clients.

paragraph: In 2014, Corbett marked her 80th birthday with an exhibition at the Francis Kyle Gallery in London.

paragraph: Corbett's studio is based in Devon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: British artist, born 1934, known as Picasso's "Girl with a ponytail"

wikidata_label: Lydia Corbett

wikipedia_title: Lydia Corbett


text: Catalan

text: International Bureau of Education

text: Elisabeth Rotten

text: Jean Piaget

text: international organization

text: UNESCO

text: University of Lausanne

text: Rousseau Institute

text: Geneva

text: Edouard Claparède

text: Adolphe Ferrière

text: University of Geneva

categories: 1897 births,Spanish educators,1970 deaths

paragraph: Pedro Rosselló (educator)

paragraph: Pedro (Pere) Rosselló i Blanch (Calonge, Spain 1897-1970), was a Catalan lecturer and educator. He served as the deputy director of the International Bureau of Education (IBE) from 1928-1969, a position which he took over from Elisabeth Rotten. Working alongside director Jean Piaget, he played an integral role in shaping the IBE during its inception as an international organization until its merger with UNESCO in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Rosselló did his studies in Education first at the Escola Normal in Girona, then at Madrid Teacher's College, and followed his graduate studies at the Geneva Institute of Sciences of Education and at the University of Lausanne, completing his doctorate in social sciences at the latter in 1934 with the dissertation "Marc-Antoine Jullien, pére de l'éducation comparée". In 1927, he became a lecturer at the Rousseau Institute in Geneva. He collaborated with fellow Rousseau Institute colleagues Edouard Claparède and Adolphe Ferrière in turning the IBE into an intergovernmental organization, a status it achieved in 1929. During that time, he was appointed deputy director, serving under director Jean Piaget. Rosselló held this position until 1969. He taught in comparative education at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Geneva in the mid-1940s, and at the Institute of Educational Sciences from 1948 to 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Main areas of focus.

paragraph: During his tenure with the IBE, Rosselló promoted the comparative approach to the international debate on education, notably through overseeing the majority of the IBE's publications on the subject, including the "International Yearbook of Education". He was the chief organizer of the International Conference on Public Education, a renowned global forum dedicated to creating dialogues around educational themes and subjects, which he and Piaget were responsible for creating in 1934.

description: Spanish educationist (1897-1970)

wikidata_label: Pere Rosselló i Blanch

wikipedia_title: Pedro Rosselló (educator)


text: Dubrovnik

text: Dubrovnik

text: Croatia

text: theologian

text: philosopher

text: linguist

text: Dubrovnik

text: Dominicans

text: Bologna

text: lecturer

text: gymnasium

text: Croatian language

text: orthography

text: writing system

text: accent marks

text: letter

text: Croatian language

text: People from Dubrovnik

categories: 17th-century linguists,1587 births,Croatian philosophers,Linguists from Croatia,Members of the Dominican Order,People from the Republic of Ragusa,1647 deaths

paragraph: Rajmund Zamanja

paragraph: Rajmund Zamanja (Džamanjić) (1587 in Dubrovnik – March 1647 in Dubrovnik) or Raymundo Giamagnik was a Croatian theologian, philosopher and linguist from Dubrovnik.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Dubrovnik in 1587. He joined the Dominicans in 1601 from which he learned philosophy and theology. Four years later, in 1605, he went to the end of the study in Bologna. In 1612 he returned to Dubrovnik as a lecturer. Three times he was a general vicar of the Dominicans. Fourteen years later, in 1626, he established the first public gymnasium on the ground floor of the Dominican monastery (in 1685 it was taken over by the Jesuits). There he was a teacher and he emphasized the importance of learning Croatian language.

paragraph: He is the author of the first orthography of the Croatian language, which was intended for students of the gymnasium. In 1639 he published a language discussion "Nauk za piisati dobro latinskiema slovima rieci yezika slovinskoga koyiemse Dubrovcani, i sva Dalmatia kakko vlasctitiem svoyiem yezikom sluzci", where he proposed a simple and consistent consonant writing system: double letters only write voices ć, đ, lj, nj, š and ž, but also the complicated use of accent marks. His letter suggestions did not survive in practice.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croatian language

paragraph: BULLET::::- People from Dubrovnik

paragraph: Section::::External sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zamanja, Rajmund | Hrvatska enciklopedija

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pravopisi hrvatskoga jezika - Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje

wikidata_label: Rajmund Zamanja

wikipedia_title: Rajmund Zamanja


text: bishop

text: Catholic Church

text: Diocese of Juneau

text: Congregation of the Mission

text: Pope Francis

text: Juneau

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: People from Alhambra, California,Catholics from California,American Roman Catholic bishops,1956 births,Roman Catholic bishops of Juneau,Living people

paragraph: Andrew E. Bellisario

paragraph: Andrew Eugene Bellisario (born December 19, 1956) is an American bishop of the Catholic Church serving as the sixth and current bishop of the Diocese of Juneau. He also serves as apostolic administrator for the Archdiocese of Anchorage.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bellisario entered the Congregation of the Mission (Vicentians) in 1975 and was ordained to the priesthood on June 16, 1984.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed him bishop of the Diocese of Juneau on July 11, 2017. His was consecrated and installed on October 10, 2017 at St. Paul the Apostle Church in Juneau.

paragraph: At his installation mass, Bishop Bellisario, during his homily, said "We as bishops need a living encounter and relationship with Christ, and our people need us to be in close relationship with Christ. Our friendship with Christ, indeed, our love for Christ, will lead us to his cross. I pray that Christ may help you to see the crosses of your life also as a ‘friend,’ for it is solely from this ‘tree of life’ that we enjoy the gift of salvation."

paragraph: On June 7, 2019, Pope Francis appointed Bellisario apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Anchorage following the transfer of recent Archbishop Paul D. Eitenne, where he now serves as coadjutor Archbishop.

paragraph: Section::::Coat of Arms.

paragraph: Left Side of the Shield, Diocese of Juneau

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wavy Silver and Blue lines": Represents water, the highway uniting the parishes and missions of the diocese.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Constellation Ursa Major, the Great Bear": The constellation of the Northern Hemisphere includes the Big Dipper with its two pointers to the North Star.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The North Star (Polaris)": Represents the Blessed Virgin Mary, the ever constant guide of spiritual mariners, under her title "Our Lady, Star of the Sea" (Stella Maris). It also represents the constant guide of the mariner, explorer, hunter, trapper, prospector, woodsman and surveyor of Alaska.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crescent Moon": Represents the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and commemorates the Cathedral church of the diocese.

paragraph: Right Side of the Shield, Bishop Bellisario's Personal Coat of Arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cross of Saint Andrew": Represents Saint Andrew the Apostle, Bishop Bellisario's Patron Saint.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Long Stem Rose": Represents Bishop Bellisario's mother, Mildred (1922-2006), and his English heritage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ship": Represents the Church, the Bark of Saint Peter, putting out into the deep. It also represents Bishop Bellisario's father, Rocky (1915-2005), the Bellisario Family and his Italian heritage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sacred Heart of Jesus+": Represents Jesus, who died for our sins, and commemorates Bishop Bellisario's religious community, the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians), following Christ evangelizing the poor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Immaculate Heart of Mary+": Represents Mary, who intercedes for us and commemorates the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, serving persons who are poor.

paragraph: + Both hearts are taken from the reverse side of the Miraculous Medal.

paragraph: Motto: "Rich in Mercy" (Dives in Misericordia)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Juneau Official Site

wikidata_label: Andrew Eugene Bellisario

wikipedia_title: Andrew E. Bellisario


text:
Candlebox
Jimmie's Chicken Shack
Terry McDermott
NBC
The Voice
Niki Barr
The Cult
Shinedown
Chevelle
Trapt
Hinder
Sevendust
Puddle of Mudd
Armed Forces Entertainment
Annapolis, Maryland
Jimmie's Chicken Shack
post-grunge
Universal Music Group
Maryland
PRS Guitars
NAMM
Anaheim, California
Terry McDermott
third season
NBC
The Voice
Seattle Washington
Candlebox
multi-platinum and gold certification

categories: Living people,Candlebox members,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Island Styles (musician)

paragraph: Island Styles is an American rock guitarist. He is best known as the guitarist for American rock bands Candlebox and Jimmie's Chicken Shack, as well as singer Terry McDermott from NBC's The Voice.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: In 2005, Styles joined Singer/Songwriter Niki Barr as lead guitarist. With Barr, Styles performed domestically in the US, sharing the stage with The Cult, Shinedown, Chevelle, Trapt, Hinder, Sevendust, Puddle of Mudd and others. While touring with Barr, Styles also performed for the US military as part of multiple Armed Forces Entertainment tours overseas. After several years of working as a hired guitarist with Barr, the duo formed the "Niki Barr Band" along with bassist Scott Ensign and drummer BJ Kerwin. The group eventually went on to record several studio albums, including "Bloom" (2008) and "Radar Radio" (2010).

paragraph: In 2010, Styles joined Annapolis, Maryland-based Jimmie's Chicken Shack, which gained popularity in the 1990s through MTV as one of the first post-grunge bands and was signed to Universal Music Group.

paragraph: Styles holds an endorsement with Maryland-based, PRS Guitars. In January 2015, he performed as a demo artist for PRS at the NAMM Music Conference in Anaheim, California.

paragraph: In 2015, Styles began to work with Scottish-born singer and recording artist, Terry McDermott, who was runner-up of the third season of NBC's The Voice. Styles and McDermott went on to tour the US and Europe with the band "Lotus Crush."

paragraph: In 2016, Styles began touring with Seattle Washington-based band, Candlebox, which has achieved a multi-platinum and gold certification. He has toured extensively with Candlebox and has performed on their live EP "Disappearing Live" (2017).

wikidata_label: Island Styles

wikipedia_title: Island Styles (musician)


text: Roman Catholic

text: prelate

text: bishop

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of San Francisco

text: California

text: San Diego Diocese

text: Jesuits

text: America

text: San Francisco, California

text: A.B.

text: Harvard University

text: M.A.

text: American history

text: Stanford University

text: St. Patrick's Seminary

text: Menlo Park, California

text: M.Div.

text: S.T.L.

text: Berkeley, California

text: S.T.D.

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome, Italy

text: John Courtney Murray

text: Ph.D.

text: political science

text: Stanford University

text: priesthood

text: John Raphael Quinn

text: John Quinn

text: parochial vicar

text: Redwood City, California

text: Vicar General

text: San Francisco

text: Cardinal William Levada

text: Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

text: Pope John Paul II

text: San Mateo, California

text: America

text: abortion

text: euthanasia

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Eucharist

text: auxiliary bishop

text: titular Bishop

text: Gemellae

text: Byzacena

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: George Hugh Niederauer

text: John Raphael Quinn

text: John Charles Wester

text: America

text: Pope Francis

text: Catholic social teaching

text: Pope Francis

text: Cirilo Flores

text: San Diego

text: Imperial

text: abortion

text: euthanasia

text: poverty

text: degradation of the earth

text: Daniel DiNardo

text: Islamic

text: John R. Quinn

text: Donald Trump

text: Mexico–United States border

text: Statue of Liberty

text: Richard Sipe

text: Theodore McCarrick

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

text: List of Catholic bishops of the United States

text: Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

text: Profile page

categories: Harvard University alumni,Stanford University alumni,People from San Francisco,Graduate Theological Union alumni,American Roman Catholic bishops,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,Writers from San Francisco,1954 births,Living people,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco

paragraph: Robert W. McElroy

paragraph: Robert Walter McElroy (born February 5, 1954) is a Roman Catholic prelate and bishop. From 2010 through 2015 he was auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, California. In 2015, he became the sixth Bishop of the San Diego Diocese. McElroy was educated by the Jesuits and writes for their official publication in the United States, "America".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: McElroy was born into a Catholic family in San Francisco, California on February 5, 1954. One of five children, he was born to Walter and Roberta McElroy. He grew up in San Mateo county. He earned an A.B. in history from Harvard University in 1975 and a M.A. in American history from Stanford University in 1976. In 1979, McElroy graduated from St. Patrick's Seminary in Menlo Park, California, where he earned a M.Div. degree. In 1985, McElroy obtained a S.T.L. degree from the Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University in Berkeley, California, with a thesis entitled, "Freedom for Faith: John Courtney Murray and the Constitutional Question, 1942-1954". In 1986, he obtained a S.T.D. in moral theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy with a dissertation entitled, "John Courtney Murray and the Secular Crisis: Foundations for an American Catholic Public Theology", along with a Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University in 1989 with a dissertation entitled, "Morality and American Foreign Policy : The Role of Moral Norms in International Affairs".

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: On April 12, 1980, McElroy was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop John Raphael Quinn at St. Mary's Cathedral for the San Francisco Archdiocese. McElroy was assigned to St. Cecilia Church in San Francisco, California. From 1982 to 1985, McElroy served as secretary to Archbishop John Quinn.

paragraph: From 1989 to 1995, he was parochial vicar at Saint Pius Church in Redwood City, California. In 1995, Archbishop Quinn appointed McElroy to be Vicar General of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, an office he held under Archbishop Quinn and Cardinal William Levada until 1997. In 1996, McElroy was made a Honorary Prelate of His Holiness by Pope John Paul II. From 1997 to 2010, McElroy served as the pastor of St. Gregory Church in San Mateo, California.

paragraph: As a priest, McElroy authored "The Search for an American Public Theology: The Contribution of John Courtney Murray" (Paulist Press, 1989) and "Morality and American Foreign Policy: The Role of Ethics in International Affairs" (Princeton University Press, 1992). He has written four articles for "America m"agazine, a Jesuit magazine.

paragraph: In 2005, he published an essay on the denial of the Eucharist to public officials because of their political positions. He criticized those who adopt what he called the "sanctions position" for a lack of "pastoral solicitude", noted the expansion of grounds for sanctions from abortion to euthanasia and other issues by one diocese or another, questioned the lack of clarity as to what behavior triggers sanctions, and cited the occasions when Pope John Paul II distributed the Eucharist to political leaders who favored legalized abortion. He proposed that the church's traditional "theology of scandal" should be invoked rather than employing Eucharistic practice as a means of discipline. He warned that imposing sanctions on individuals harms the church by appearing coercive, strengthens the argument of abortion advocates that the church is attempting to impose its religious beliefs on society at large, downplays the breadth of the church's social agenda, and tends to "cast the church as a partisan actor in the American political system."

paragraph: He taught ethics at St. Patrick's Seminary and was guest professor of social ethics at the University of San Francisco in the Fall of 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.:Auxiliary Bishop of San Francisco.

paragraph: On July 6, 2010, McElroy was appointed an auxiliary bishop for San Francisco and titular Bishop of Gemellae in Byzacena by Pope Benedict XVI. On September 7, 2010, McElroy received his episcopal consecration from Archbishop George Hugh Niederauer of San Francisco, with Archbishop Emeritus John Raphael Quinn of San Francisco and Bishop John Charles Wester of Salt Lake City serving as co-consecrators. As auxiliary bishop, McElroy was the Archdiocesan Vicar for Parish Life and Development.

paragraph: Writing in "America" in 2014, he argued that the emphasis of Pope Francis on inequality in Catholic social teaching

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.:Bishop of San Diego.

paragraph: On March 3, 2015, McElroy was appointed the sixth Bishop of San Diego by Pope Francis, succeeding the late Bishop Cirilo Flores. The diocese serves about one million Catholics in San Diego and Imperial counties. His installation took place on April 15, 2015, at St. Therese of Carmel Catholic Church.

paragraph: McElroy is widely regarded as a supporter of the progressive policies of Pope Francis. He has written frequently and extensively on social inequality and the Church's social justice mission. In his first public appearance in San Diego, he pledged to champion the cause of the homeless, to support comprehensive immigration reform, and to ban anyone who has abused minors from serving in the clergy or other employment in the diocese.

paragraph: In a discussion between over the formation of the 2015 document "Forming Consciences for Faithful Citizenship" by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), McElroy argued that the document focused excessively on abortion and euthanasia. He said that "alongside the issues of abortion and euthanasia, which are central issues in our effort to transform this world, poverty and the degradation of the earth are also central. But this document keeps to the structure of the world view of 2007. It tilts in favor of abortion and euthanasia and excludes poverty and the environment." He called for it to be scrapped entirely. His comments were reported to have visibly irritated Cardinal Daniel DiNardo, who was then serving as vice president of the USCCB and who later became its president. In a speech delivered on February 17, 2016, McElroy called on Catholics "to recognize and confront the ugly tide of anti-Islamic bigotry" in the United States. He denounced as "repeated falsehoods" claims that Islam is a violent religion and compared these allegations to 19th century anti-Catholicism in America.

paragraph: McElroy is currently the vice-president of the California Catholic Conference and serves at the USCCB on the administrative committee, the ecumenical committee, the committee on domestic justice and the committee on international affairs.

paragraph: In 2017 he preached at the funeral of Archbishop John R. Quinn of San Francisco.

paragraph: McElroy, like most members of the Church hierarchy, including Pope Francis and the USCCB, has opposed plans by U.S. President Donald Trump to a build a wall along the Mexico–United States border to limit illegal immigration. In March 2018, Trump visited California to view prototypes for the wall. After the visit, McElroy said, "It is a sad day for our country when we trade the majestic, hope-filled symbolism of the Statue of Liberty for an ineffective and grotesque wall, which both displays and inflames the ethnic and cultural divisions that have long been the underside of our national history."

paragraph: At a 2018 meeting, McElroy was asked by several lay Catholics about an openly gay man, Aaron Bianco, who was working at St. John the Evangelist Parish. In response to one of their questions, McElroy said, "If the Church eliminated all the employees who are not living out the teachings of the Church in its fullness, we would be employing only angels."

paragraph: In 2016, McElroy received a letter from psychotherapist and clerical sex abuse expert Richard Sipe discussing alleged sexual misconduct by retired Cardinal Theodore McCarrick. In a previous discussion, had asked Sipes for any corroborating material to substantiate his allegations. "I asked if he could share this information with me, especially since some of his accusations involved persons still active in the life of the Church. Dr. Sipe said that he was precluded from sharing specific documentary information that corroborated his claims...Dr. Sipe made many significant contributions to understanding the dimensions of clergy sexual abuse in the United States and to the assistance of victims. But the limitations on his willingness to share corroborating information made it impossible to know what was real and what was rumor."

paragraph: McCarrick's alleged actions became public knowledge in June 2018 and he was removed from public ministry after an allegation was deemed credible by the Vatican.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile page at Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Robert W. McElroy

wikipedia_title: Robert W. McElroy


text:
Pennsylvania Republican Committee
John Wanamaker
Barclay Harding Warburton I

categories: Pennsylvania Republicans,1954 deaths,1869 births

paragraph: Mary Brown Wanamaker

paragraph: Mary Brown Wanamaker was a leader in welfare work and politics. She was the first woman to head the Pennsylvania Republican Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born in 1869 to John Wanamaker. On June 13, 1895 she married Barclay Harding Warburton I. She died on November 18, 1954.

description: American political leader

wikidata_label: Mary Brown Wanamaker

wikipedia_title: Mary Brown Wanamaker


text: Braceville, Ohio

text: Decatur, Illinois

text: Pratt Institute

text: Herbert Adams

text: Adeline

text: Cornish, New Hampshire art colony

text: Augustus Saint Gaudens

text: Saint Gaudens's studio

text: Trinity Church

text: caryatids

text: Albright-Knox Art Gallery

text: Macdougal Alley

text: Women's Suffrage Parade

text: Washington Irving High School

text: Lakeville, Connecticut

text: Ritz-Carlton Hotel

text: Daniel Chester French

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: National Sculpture Society

text: National Academy of Design

text: National Association of Women Artists

text: American Federation of Arts

text: Panama-Pacific International Exposition

text: Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site

text: Grace Episcopal Church

text: Toledo Museum of Art

text: Strong Museum

text: Rochester, New York

text: Brookgreen Gardens

text: Jacob D. Cox

text: Oberlin College

text: Kenyon Cox

text: Washington Irving High School

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Marine Biological Laboratory

text: Decatur Memorial Hospital

text: Hall of Fame for Great Americans

text: Hall of Fame for Great Americans

text: Chi Omega

text: Washington National Cathedral

categories: People from Trumbull County, Ohio,20th-century American sculptors,19th-century American women artists,Pratt Institute alumni,American women sculptors,1869 births,20th-century American women artists,19th-century American sculptors,1963 deaths,Sculptors from Ohio

paragraph: Frances Grimes

paragraph: Frances Taft Grimes (25 January 1869 – 9 November 1963) was an American sculptor, best remembered for her bas-relief portraits and busts.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Grimes was born in Braceville, Ohio, the daughter of two physicians, and grew up in Decatur, Illinois. After attending local schools, she operated a sculpture studio in Decatur for about two years, before moving to Brooklyn, New York City to study at the Pratt Institute.

paragraph: Following graduation from Pratt, she worked from 1894 to 1900 as the assistant to her former teacher, sculptor Herbert Adams, who called her "the best marble-cutter in America". During the summers, she joined Adams and his wife, Adeline, at the Cornish, New Hampshire art colony. It was there that she met sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens, who persuaded her to join him as his full-time studio assistant.

paragraph: Grimes worked with the terminally-ill Saint Gaudens from 1900 to his death in 1907. She stayed on at Saint Gaudens's studio to finish several of his commissions, including the "Phillips Brooks Memorial" at Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts (dedicated 1910); and eight larger-than-life caryatids for the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, which she executed from his sketch models. She recorded her experiences at Cornish in her unpublished "Reminiscences" (Special Collections, Dartmouth College Library). Following six months in France, Italy and Greece, she moved to New York City in 1908, taking a studio on Macdougal Alley in Greenwich Village.

paragraph: A strong advocate of voting rights for women, Grimes served as marshal of the Sculptors division in the 25,000-woman October 23, 1915 Women's Suffrage Parade in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Sleepy Hollow" panel.

paragraph: Grimes had a major success with her bas-relief panel "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1915). Designed as an overmantel for the lobby of the all-girls Washington Irving High School in New York City, it features three life-sized female seated figures reading Irving's classic story. Critic Adeline Adams saluted the work in the magazine "Art and Progress":

paragraph: "For me, this relief remains a most satisfying example of modern American sculpture. It delights because of the fitness of the theme and treatment to the purpose specified, the architectural strength of the design, the dignity, delicacy and sureness of the modeling, the harmonious rhythms of the figures and draperies; in short, because of its general state of grace as a modern classic."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Girls Singing" panels.

paragraph: In 1916, Joseph Parsons commissioned Grimes to create two bas-relief panels to flank a fountain at his country house in Lakeville, Connecticut. Each panel featured a nude seated young woman, one holding a dogwood branch and the other holding a Chinese lute, who share a joyful over-the-shoulder glance. The reliefs were completed in plaster in 1917, and carved in marble by Amadeo Merli and Alexandro Nicolai. In December 1917, the panels were part of the "Allies for Sculpture" exhibition at New York's Ritz-Carlton Hotel, the proceeds of which went toward aiding World War I refugees and prisoners of war. Daniel Chester French saw the panels, and asked Grimes to lend them for a 1918 exhibition of contemporary sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The marble panels remained on loan to MMA until 1944, when Parsons donated them to the museum.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exhibitions, honors and awards.

paragraph: Grimes worked in bronze and marble. She exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts: 1907, 1911–13, 1915–16, 1924, 1933. She exhibited regularly at the National Sculpture Society, whose 1929 catalog states that her work included "many bas-relief portraits, and busts, especially of children."

paragraph: Grimes was elected a member of the National Sculpture Society in 1912, and a member emeritus in 1961. She was elected an Associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1931, and a full Academician in 1945. She was also a member of National Association of Women Artists and of the American Federation of Arts.

paragraph: She was awarded a Silver Medal for numismatic design at the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. She received the 1916 McMillan Sculpture Prize from the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors. She was awarded the 1920 National Association Medal of Sculpture from the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors.

paragraph: Grimes died at age 94 in New York City in November 1963. The following summer, a memorial exhibition of her sculpture was held at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site in Cornish, New Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief portrait: "Arthur Whiting" (bronze, 1907), Music Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Lincoln Center, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust: "Bishop Henry C. Potter" (marble, 1911), Grace Episcopal Church, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boy with Duck" (bronze, 1912), Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Other casts are at the Strong Museum in Rochester, New York, and elsewhere.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girl by Pool" (bronze, 1913), Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. A larger version in marble is at Brookgreen Gardens in Murrells Inlet, South Carolina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief portrait: "General Jacob D. Cox Memorial Tablet" (bronze, 1915), Administration Building, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, collaboration with muralist Kenyon Cox (Gen. Cox's son).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief panel: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (plaster, 1915), Washington Irving High School, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief panels: "Girls Singing" (marble, 1916–17), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief portrait: "Charles Otis Whitman Memorial Tablet" (1918), Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief portrait: "Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth Pearsons" (1919), Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur, Illinois.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief portrait: "Dr. William Barnes", (1919), Decatur Memorial Hospital, Decatur, Illinois.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust: "Charlotte Cushman" (bronze, 1925), Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust: "Emma Willard" (bronze, 1929), Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chi Omega National Achievement Medal" (gold, 1930). Grimes designed the sorority's gold medal – awarded 1930 to 1958 – and was the first recipient of it.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relief portrait: "Lt. General Nelson A. Miles Memorial Tablet" (1931), Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Frances Grimes

wikipedia_title: Frances Grimes


text:
Bristol
Bern
Gonga
Crippled Black Phoenix
Adrian Utley
Portishead
Boris
Glitterhouse Records
Geoff Barrow
Magnus Volk
List of bands from Bristol
Culture of Bristol
Official Joe Volk website
Official Glitterhouse Records website

paragraph: Joe Volk

paragraph: Joe Volk is an English musician and songwriter from Bristol now based in Bern, Switzerland. He was lyricist and singer with the bands Gonga and Crippled Black Phoenix, and is a solo recording artist.

paragraph: Section::::Solo.

paragraph: As a solo artist, Volk was first signed to Invada Records and released his debut album 'Derwent Waters Saint' in 2006. The album was recorded, engineered and produced by Adrian Utley, guitarist with the band Portishead. In December 2012, Volk released a split 12" EP on Invada Records with the experimental Japanese band Boris.

paragraph: In 2015, Volk signed to Glitterhouse Records and released his second solo album 'Happenings and Killings' in February 2016. The album was produced by Volk, with additional production and orchestration by the Emmy nominated composer Ben Salisbury along with Geoff Barrow.

paragraph: Section::::Bands.

paragraph: He was first signed to Invada Records as the singer with extreme hard rock band Gonga. Volk left the band in 2007, after writing and releasing two albums with the group. Volk was the original singer and lyricist in Crippled Black Phoenix, a band founded by Justin Greaves in 2004. He left the band in 2012 after releasing six studio albums, one live album and one EP with the band.

paragraph: Section::::Other.

paragraph: He is the Great Grandson of electrical engineer and inventor Magnus Volk.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of bands from Bristol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of Bristol

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Joe Volk website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Glitterhouse Records website

wikidata_label: Joe Volk

wikipedia_title: Joe Volk


text:
Kampen
architectural painter
Hans Vredeman de Vries
Hendrik van Steenwijk II
Aachen
Antwerp
Dutch Golden Age
Flemish Baroque painting
Vermeer and The Delft School

categories: Dutch Renaissance painters,1550s births,1603 deaths

paragraph: Hendrik van Steenwijk I

paragraph: Hendrik van Steenwijck I (also "Steenwyck", "Steenwijk") ("c". 1550 – buried 1 September 1603) was a Dutch painter.

paragraph: Van Steenwijck was born in Kampen, and was a student of the architectural painter Hans Vredeman de Vries, and the father of Hendrik van Steenwijk II He is known to have worked in Aachen (1573-6), Antwerp (1577–85) and Frankfurt (from 1586 on), where he died.

paragraph: Van Steenwijck is the earliest-known painter of architectural interiors, a genre that was popular in Dutch Golden Age and Flemish Baroque painting. In addition to introducing the new genre, he also worked with more natural lighting and perspectival space than found in the works of his teacher Vredeman de Vries.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (see index, v.1).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Hendrik van Steenwijk I

alias:
Hendrik van (I) Steenwijck
Hendrik van Steenwyck I
Henrick van, the elder Stenwyck
Hendrick van, den ouden Steenwijck
Hendrick van, the elder Steenwyck
Henrick van, the elder Stenwick
Hendrik I Van Steenwyck
Hendrick van, I Steenwyck
Hendrick van Steenwijck the Elder
Henrick van, the elder Steinwick
Hendrick van, the elder Stainwick
Hendrik, the elder Steenwyck
Hendrik van Steenwyck
Hendrick van, the elder Steenwijck
Hendrick van, the elder Steenwick
Hendrik van, the elder Steenwyck
Hendrick van, I Steenwijk
Hendrik Van (The Elder) Steenwyck
Steenwyck le vieux
le vieux Henry Stéenwyck
Steenwick
Henri Steenwick le pere
d'oude Steenwijck
Steinwick
Stainwick
h. van steenwijck
Enrico Stervik
steinwych
Hendrick van Steenwyk
le vieux Henri van Steenwyck
Henri Van Steenvyk il vecchio
Sten Wieke
Stenwick
h. steenwyck d. ä.
vom Heinrich van Steinwyk dem ältern
Hendrik van Steenwigk d. Ä.
älteren Steenwijck
Hendrik steenwijck
den ouden Steenwijck
Steenwyck
hendrik steenwijk d. ae.
Henri Stenwyck
Henri Van Steenvyk Le Vieux
hendrik steenwijck d. ae.
Henri Steenvyk il vecchio
Hendrik van Steenwijck
Hendrik Van Steenwyck
Stenwyck
Old Hen. Steenwyck
d. Ä. Hendrik Steenwyck
h. steenwijck

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands (1550-1603)

wikidata_label: Hendrik van Steenwijk I

wikipedia_title: Hendrik van Steenwijk I


href: Amsterdam architectural%20painting Leiden Westham Hendrik%20van%20Steenwijk%20II cabinetry

text: Amsterdam

text: Leiden

text: Westham

text: Hendrik van Steenwijk II

text: cabinet

categories: 1600s births,1664 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters,Artists from Amsterdam,Dutch women painters

paragraph: Susanna van Steenwijk

paragraph: Susanna van Steenwijk (born after 1601 as Susanna Gaspoel – probably buried 2 August 1664, Amsterdam) was a painter of small architectural exteriors active in Leiden and Amsterdam.

paragraph: Susanna's father, Johan Gaspoel, was buried in 1622 in Westham in England, when his three children were not yet 21 years of age. In 1630 she married the architectural painter Hendrik van Steenwijk II, who was at least 20 years her elder. She baptized a son in Amsterdam in 1632 and one in Leiden in 1634.

paragraph: Her known paintings are from the 1640s, and were made in Leiden and Amsterdam. Like her husband, she also made paintings of church interiors and a cabinet drawing of a church interior is known dated 1664 and signed "Susanna v. Steenwijk".

paragraph: Section::::Paintings.

paragraph: Steenwijk being a local in Leiden was able to commission a piece in 1642 when the pure woolen industry took off. She created a painting of the brand new guildhall. She rendered the building in such a way that it emphasizes the architectural details, most likely due to her husband’s architectural painting background leading her to take an interest in such details one might not normally. She also made sure to include the five sculptured plaques on the façade that gave insight on the cloth production process.

alias:
Susanna van Steenwijck-Gaspoel
Jouffrouw Steenwijck
Susanna van Steenwijck
Susanna van Steenwyck

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Susanna van Steenwijk

wikipedia_title: Susanna van Steenwijk


text: Prussian

text: minister of war

text: Halberstadt

text: Uradel

text: Hohenzollern

text: Frederick William II of Prussia

text: ensign

text: Royal Guard

text: Frederick William III

text: Battle of Jena–Auerstedt

text: Gerhard von Scharnhorst

text: Stabskapitän

text: Battle of Lützen

text: Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher

text: Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake

text: Landwehr

text: needle gun

text: Invalids' Cemetery

text: Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel

text: Charlottenburg

text: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

text: Liszkowo

text: West Prussia

text: freemason

text: Iron Cross

text: Order of the Red Eagle

text: Order of the Zähringer Lion

text: Service Award Cross

text: Military William Order

text: Netherlands

text: Brilliant

text: Order of St. Alexander Nevsky

text: Ludwigsorden

text: Grand Cross

text: Digitalisat

categories: Knights Commander of the Military Order of William,1837 deaths,People from Halberstadt,1783 births,Lieutenant generals of Prussia,Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery,Thuringian nobility

paragraph: Job von Witzleben

paragraph: Karl Ernst Job Wilhelm von Witzleben (20 July 1783 – 9 July 1837) was a Prussian lieutenant general, adjutant-general to the king, and minister of war.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Halberstadt, Witzleben was the first-born son of Lieutenant Heinrich Günther von Witzleben (1755–1825) and his wife Amalie Karoline Luise Wilhelmine, née von Wulffen (1766–1807). Of Thuringian "Uradel", he became a personal squire to the Hohenzollern king Frederick William II of Prussia in 1793, and then an ensign in the Royal Guard in 1799. His active career was promoted by King Frederick William III who became a close friend.

paragraph: Witzleben achieved the rank of Second Lieutenant in 1802. He was captured in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt fought on 14 October 1806, but was exchanged in August 1807. His work "Ideas on the Reorganisation of the Light Infantry", caught the attention of Gerhard von Scharnhorst, so that he was transferred in December 1808 to the newly formed "Garde-Jäger-Bataillon" as a Stabskapitän. In early 1812 he was promoted to major and fought on 2 May 1813 in the Battle of Lützen. During the war in France he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In spring 1815 he joined the general staff of the army of Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and was then made a colonel.

paragraph: Having been made a lieutenant general in 1821, he was appointed the successor of the Prussian Minister of War Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake upon his resignation in 1833. He worked to integrate the standing army and the "Landwehr". He also managed the introduction of the needle gun, and revised the military criminal code. Job von Witzleben retired due to severe illness in 1835 and died two years later, aged 53. He was buried in the Berlin Invalids' Cemetery, close to Scharnhorsts's grave.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Witzleben married Auguste Henriette, née von Splittgerber in 1812. The couple had eight children. His daughter Hertha (1815–1879) was married to Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel. In 1823, he acquired a large estate close to Charlottenburg, where he had a manor house erected. Later named "Witzleben" quarter, the area is today part of Berlin's Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf borough. He also held Liszkowo manor in West Prussia.

paragraph: General Lieutenant Witzleben was musically talented and a gifted violinist. As a freemason, he was amemebr of the Grand National Mother Lodge, "The Three Globes".

paragraph: Section::::Decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross, second (1813) and first class (1814)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Eagle, third class (1817)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Stanislaus, first class (1818)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Eagle, second class with oak leaf cluster (1820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Zähringer Lion (1822)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Service Award Cross (1825)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Military William Order of the Netherlands (1825)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brilliant to the Order of Stanislaus, first class (1829)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Star to the Order of the Red Eagle, second class (1830)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Eagle, first class with oak leaf cluster (1832)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1834)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diamond to the Russian Order of Alexander Nevsky (1835)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwigsorden, Grand Cross (1835)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Dorow: "Job von Witzleben, königl. Preuß. Kriegsminister. Mittheilungen desselben und seiner Freunde zur Beurteilung preuß. Zustände und wichtiger Zeitfragen". Tauchnitz, Leipzig 1842 (Digitalisat)

description: Prussian general

wikidata_label: Job von Witzleben

wikipedia_title: Job von Witzleben