text:
Greek
ancient Egyptian
pharaoh
Fifth Dynasty
Sahure
Meretnebty
25th century BCE
Khentkaus II
Neferefre
Nyuserre Ini
Shepseskare
courtier
mastabas
royal titulary
nomen
prenomen
Nubia
Byblos
Levantine coast
a pyramid for himself
Abusir
Ba
step pyramid
Third Dynasty
temple
Ra
Ancient sources
funerary cult
Twelfth Dynasty
Middle Kingdom
Papyrus Westcar
Userkaf
Rededjet
Washptah
Akhethetep
Giza writing board
Sixth Dynasty
afterlife
New Kingdom
Abydos King List
Seti I
nomen
Ramesses II
prenomen
Saqqara Tablet
Turin canon
Miroslav Verner
Manetho
Greater and Lesser Enneads
Ian Shaw
Aegyptiaca
Ptolemy II
Sextus Julius Africanus
Eusebius
Byzantine
George Syncellus
hellenized
epitome
Egyptologists
Nicolas Grimal
William C. Hayes
Userkaf
Khentkaus I
Papyrus Westcar
Khufu
Ra
Rededjet
Khentkaus I
filiation
Shepseskare
Khentkaus II
Neferefre
crown prince
Nyuserre Ini
iry-pat
funerary cult
Khentkaus III
Menkauhor Kaiu
Shepseskare
Palermo Stone
cattle count
annal
Menes
First Dynasty
ascended the throne
the ninth month
Souls of Pe and Nekhen
Hathor
opening of the mouth
electrum
Ihy
Snefru
barques
Wadjet
Ptah
Abydos
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Khenti-Amentiu
mastabas
autobiographies
titulary of pharaohs
prenomen
nomen
William C. Hayes
Sinai
Canaan
Djedkare Isesi
Unas
Teti
Pepi I
Pepi II
Senedjemib Mehi
Nubia
ostracon
Buhen
second cataract
Byblos
Levantine coast
Rawer
Old Kingdom
Giza
Ptahshepses
Washptah
Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai
Ba
Pyramid of Menkaure
step pyramid
Third Dynasty
gable roof
own pyramid
mudbrick
Abusir papyri
University of Prague
Osiris
Late Period of ancient Egypt
calcite
Aramaic
fifth century BCE
Rainer Stadelmann
that attributed to Userkaf
Sed festival
Mark Lehner
Herbert Ricke
Paule Posener-Kriéger
Old Kingdom period
Metropolitan Museum
Votary
Hathor
Nekhbet
Ancient Egyptian offering formula
true of voice
Middle Kingdom period

paragraph: Neferirkare Kakai

paragraph: Neferirkare Kakai (known in Greek as Nefercherês, Νεφερχέρης) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the third king of the Fifth Dynasty. Neferirkare, the eldest son of Sahure with his consort Meretnebty, was known as Ranefer A before he came to the throne. He acceded the day after his father's death and reigned for eight to eleven years, sometime in the early to mid-25th century BCE. He was himself very likely succeeded by his eldest son, born of his queen Khentkaus II, the prince Ranefer B who would take the throne as king Neferefre. Neferirkare fathered another pharaoh, Nyuserre Ini, who took the throne after Neferefre's short reign and the brief rule of the poorly known Shepseskare.

paragraph: Neferirkare was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a kind and benevolent ruler, intervening in favour of his courtiers after a mishap. His rule witnessed a growth in the number of administration and priesthood officials, who used their expanded wealth to build architecturally more sophisticated mastabas, where they recorded their biographies for the first time. Neferirkare was the last pharaoh to significantly modify the standard royal titulary, separating the nomen or birth name, from the prenomen or throne name. From his reign onwards, the former was written in a cartouche preceded by the "Son of Ra" epithet. His rule witnessed continuing trade relations with Nubia to the south and possibly with Byblos on the Levantine coast to the north.

paragraph: Neferirkare started a pyramid for himself in the royal necropolis of Abusir, called "Ba-Neferirkare" meaning "Neferirkare is a Ba". It was initially planned to be a step pyramid, a form which had not been employed since the days of the Third Dynasty circa 120 years earlier. This plan was modified to transform the monument into a true pyramid, the largest in Abusir, which was never completed owing to the death of the king. In addition, Neferirkare built a temple to the sun god Ra called "Setibre", that is "Site of the heart of Ra". Ancient sources state that it was the largest one built during the Fifth Dynasty but as of the early 21st century it has not yet been located.

paragraph: After his death, Neferirkare benefited from a funerary cult taking place in his mortuary temple, which had been completed by his son Nyuserre Ini. This cult seems to have disappeared at the end of the Old Kingdom period, although it might have been revived during the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, albeit in a very limited form. In all probability, it was also around this time that the story of the Papyrus Westcar was first written, a tale where Userkaf, Sahure and Neferirkare are said to be brothers, the sons of Ra with a woman Rededjet.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Contemporaneous sources.

paragraph: Neferirkare is well attested in sources contemporaneous with his reign. Beyond his pyramid complex, he is mentioned in the tomb of many of his contemporaries such as his vizier Washptah, the courtier Rawer and the priest Akhethetep. Neferirkare also appears in the nearly contemporaneous Giza writing board, a short list grouping six kings from different dynasties dating to the later Fifth or early Sixth Dynasty. The writing board was uncovered in the tomb of a high official named Mesdjerw, who may have composed it for his use in the afterlife.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Historical sources.

paragraph: Neferirkare is attested in two ancient Egyptian king lists, both dating to the New Kingdom. The earliest of these is the Abydos King List written during the reign of Seti I (fl. 1290–1279 BCE). There, Neferirkare's nomen "Kakai" occupies the 28th entry, in between those of Sahure and Neferefre. During the subsequent reign of Ramesses II (fl. 1279–1213 BCE), Neferirkare's prenomen was recorded on the 27th entry of the Saqqara Tablet, but this time as a successor of Sahure and predecessor of Shepseskare.

paragraph: Neferirkare was also given an entry in the Turin canon, a document dating to the reign of Ramesses II as well. Neferirkare's entry is commonly believed to be in the third column-19th row; unfortunately this line has been lost in a large lacuna affecting the papyrus, and neither his reign length nor his successor can be ascertained from the surviving fragments. The Egyptologist Miroslav Verner has furthermore proposed that the Turin canon makes a new dynasty start with this entry and thus that Neferirkare would be its founder. The division of the Turin canon list of kings into dynasties is a currently debated topic. The Egyptologist Jaromír Málek, for example, sees the divisions between groups of kings occurring in the canon as marking transfers of royal residence rather than the rise and fall of royal dynasties, as this term is currently understood. That usage only began in the Egyptian context with the 3rd-century BCE work of the priest Manetho. Similarly, the Egyptologist Stephan Seidlmeyer, considers the break in the Turin Canon at the end of the Eighth Dynasty to represent the relocation of the royal residence from Memphis to Herakleopolis. The Egyptologist John Baines holds views that are closer to Verner's, believing that the canon was divided into dynasties, with totals for the time elapsed given at the end of each, though only a few such divisions have survived. Similarly, Professor John Van Seters views the breaks in the canon as divisions between dynasties, but in contrast, states that the criterion for these divisions remains unknown. He speculates that the pattern of dynasties may have been taken from the nine divine kings of the Greater and Lesser Enneads. The Egyptologist Ian Shaw believes that the Turin Canon gives some credibility to Manetho's division of dynasties, but considers the king lists to be a form of ancestor worship and not a historical record. This whole problem could be mooted by another of Verner's speculations, where he proposes that Neferirkare's entry may have been located on the 20th line rather than the 19th, as is usually believed. This would credit Neferirkare with a seven-year reign, and would make Sahure the dynasty founder, according to the hypothesis that the canon records such events. Archaeological evidence has established that the transitions from Userkaf to Sahure and from Sahure to Neferirkare were father–son transitions, so that neither Sahure nor Neferirkare can be dynasty founders in the modern sense of the term.

paragraph: Neferirkare was mentioned in the "Aegyptiaca", a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ptolemy II (283–246 BCE) by Manetho. No copies of the Aegyptiaca have survived to this day and it is now known only through later writings by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius. The Byzantine scholar George Syncellus reports that Africanus relates that the "Aegyptiaca" mentioned the succession "Sephrês → Nefercherês → Sisirês" for the early Fifth Dynasty. Sephrês, Nefercherês and Sisirês are believed to be the hellenized forms for Sahure, Neferirkare and Shepseskare, respectively. Thus, Manetho's reconstruction of the Fifth Dynasty is in agreement with the Saqqara tablet. In Africanus' epitome of the "Aegyptiaca", Nefercherês is reported to have reigned for 20 years.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Parents and siblings.

paragraph: Until 2005, the identity of Neferirkare's parents was uncertain. Some Egyptologists, including Nicolas Grimal, William C. Hayes, Hartwig Altenmüller, Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, viewed him as a son of Userkaf and Khentkaus I, and a brother to his predecessor Sahure. The main impetus behind this theory was the Papyrus Westcar, an Ancient Egyptian story narrating the rise of the Fifth Dynasty. In it, a magician prophesizes to Khufu that the future demise of his lineage will be in the form of three brothers - the first three kings of the Fifth Dynasty, born of the god Ra and a woman named Rededjet. Egyptologists such as Verner have sought to discern a historical truth in this account, proposing that Sahure and Neferirkare were siblings born of queen Khentkaus I.

paragraph: In 2005, excavations of the causeway leading up to Sahure's pyramid yielded new relief fragments which showed indisputably that pharaoh Sahure and his consort, queen Meretnebty, were Neferirkare's parents. Indeed, these reliefs—discovered by Verner and Tarek El Awady—depict Sahure and Meretnebty together with their two sons, Ranefer and Netjerirenre. While both sons are given the title of "king's eldest son", possibly indicating that they were twins, Ranefer is shown closer to Sahure and also given the title of "chief lector-priest", which may reflect that he was born first and thus given higher positions. Since Ranefer is known to have been the name of Neferirkare before he took the throne, as indicated by reliefs from the mortuary temple of Sahure (see below), no doubt remains as to Neferirkare's filiation. Nothing more is known about Netjerirenre, an observation which has led Verner and El-Awady to speculate that he could have attempted to seize the throne upon the unexpected death of Neferirkare's son and successor Neferefre, who died in his early twenties after two years on the throne. In this conjectural hypothesis, he would be the ephemeral Shepseskare. Finally, the same relief, as well as an additional one, record a further four sons of Sahure - Khakare, Horemsaf, Raemsaf and Nebankhre. The identity of their mother(s) is unknown, so they are, at minimum, half-brothers to Neferirkare.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Consort and children.

paragraph: As of the early 21st century, the only known queen of Neferirkare is Khentkaus II. This is due to the position of her pyramid next to that of Neferirkare as was normal for the consort of a king, as well as her title of "king's wife" and several reliefs representing both of them together. Neferirkare could possibly have had at least one other spouse, as suggested by the presence of a small pyramid next to that of Khentkaus, but this remains conjectural.

paragraph: Neferirkare and his consort Khentkaus II were, in all likelihood, the parents of prince Ranefer B, the future pharaoh Neferefre.

paragraph: This relationship is confirmed by a relief on a limestone slab discovered in a house in the village near Abusir depicting Neferirkare and his wife Khentkaus with "the king's eldest son Ranefer", a name identical with some variants of Neferefre's own. This indicates that, just as for Neferirkare, Ranefer was Neferefre's name when he was still only a crown prince, that is, before his accession to the throne.

paragraph: Neferirkare and Khentkaus II had at least one other child together, the future pharaoh Nyuserre Ini. Indeed, Neferirkare's consort Khentkaus II is known to have been Nyuserre's mother, since excavations of her mortuary temple yielded a fragmentary relief showing her facing Nyuserre and his family. Remarkably, on this relief both Khentkaus and Nyuserre appear on the same scale, an observation which may be connected with Khentkaus' enhanced status during Nyuserre's reign, as he sought to legitimise his rule following the premature death of Neferefre and the possible challenge by Shepseskare. Further evidence for the filiation of Nyuserre are the location of his pyramid next to that of Neferirkare, as well as his reuse for his own valley temple of materials from Neferikare's unfinished constructions.

paragraph: Yet another son of Neferirkare and Khentkhaus has been proposed, probably younger than both Neferefre and Nyuserre: Iryenre, a prince "iry-pat" whose relationship is suggested by the fact that his funerary cult was associated with that of his mother, both having taken place in the temple of Khentkaus II.

paragraph: Finally, Neferirkare and Khentkaus II may also be the parents of queen Khentkaus III, whose tomb was discovered in Abusir in 2015. Indeed, based on the location and general date for her tomb, as well as her titles of "king's wife" and "king's mother", Khentkaus III was almost certainly Neferefre's consort and the mother of either Menkauhor Kaiu or Shepseskare.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Duration.

paragraph: Manetho's "Aegyptiaca" assigns Neferirkare a reign of 20 years, but the archaeological evidence now suggests that this is an overestimate. First, the damaged Palermo Stone preserves "the year of the 5th cattle count" for Neferirkare's time on the throne. The cattle count was an important event aimed at evaluating the amount of taxes to be levied on the population. By the reign of Neferirkare, this involved counting cattle, oxen and small livestock. This event is believed to have been biennial during the Old Kingdom period, that is occurring once every two years, meaning that Neferirkare reigned at least ten years. Given the shape of the Palermo stone, this record must correspond to his final year or be close to it, so that he ruled no more than eleven years. This is further substantiated by two cursive inscriptions left by masons on stone blocks from the pyramids of Khentkaus II and Neferirkare, both of which also date to Neferirkare's fifth cattle count, its highest known regnal year. Finally, Verner has pointed out that a 20-year-long reign would be difficult to reconcile with the unfinished state of his pyramid in Abusir.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities in Egypt.

paragraph: Beyond his construction of a pyramid and sun temple, little is known of Neferirkare's activities during his time on the throne. Some events dating to his first and final years of reign are recorded on the surviving fragments of the Palermo stone, a royal annal covering the period from the start of the reign of Menes of the First Dynasty until around the time of Neferirkare's rule. According to the Palermo stone, the future pharaoh Neferirkare, then called prince Ranefer, ascended the throne the day after his father Sahure's death, which occurred on the 28th day of the ninth month.

paragraph: The annal then records that in his first year as king, Neferirkare granted land to the agricultural estates serving the cults of the Ennead, the Souls of Pe and Nekhen and the gods of Keraha. To Ra and Hathor, he dedicated an offering table provided with 210 daily offerings, and ordered the construction of two store rooms and the employment of new dependents in the host temple.

paragraph: Neferirkare also commanded "the fashioning and opening of the mouth of an electrum statue of [the god] Ihy, escorting [it] to the "mrt"-chapel of Snefru of the "nht"-shrine of Hathor". Later in his reign, in the year of the fifth cattle count, Neferirkare had a bronze statue of himself erected and set up four barques for Ra and Horus in and around his sun temple, two of which were of copper. The Souls of Pe and Nekhen and Wadjet received electrum endowments, while Ptah was given lands.

paragraph: The fact that the Palermo stone terminates around Neferirkare's rule led some scholars, such as Grimal, to propose that they might have been compiled during his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Administration.

paragraph: Few specific administrative actions taken by Neferirkare are known. One decree of his inscribed on a limestone slab was excavated in 1903 in Abydos and is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The decree exempts personnel belonging to a temple of Khenti-Amentiu from undertaking compulsory labour in perpetuity, under penalty of forfeiture of all property and freedom and be forced to work the fields or in a stone quarry. This decree indirectly suggests that taxation and compulsory labour was imposed on everybody as a general rule.

paragraph: More generally, Neferirkare's reign saw the growth of the Egyptian administration and priesthood, which amassed more power than in earlier reigns, although the king remained a living god. In particular the positions of viziers and overseer of the expedition, that is the highest offices, were opened to people from outside the royal family.

paragraph: In conjunction with this trend, the mastabas of high officials started to become more elaborate, with, for example, chapels including multiple rooms, and from the mid to late Fifth Dynasty, wide entrance porticoes with columns and family tomb complexes. It is also at this time that these officials started to record autobiographies on the walls of their tombs.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Modification of the royal titulary.

paragraph: The reign of Neferirkare Kakai saw the last important modification to the titulary of pharaohs. He was the earliest pharaoh to separate the "nswt-bjtj" ("King of Upper and Lower Egypt") and "S3-Rˁ" ("Son of Ra") epithets of the royal titulary. He associated these two epithets with two different, independent names: the prenomen and nomen, respectively. The prenomen or throne name, taken by the new king as he ascended the throne, was written in a cartouche immediately after the bee and sedge signs for "nswt-bjtj". From Neferirkare's time onwards, the nomen, or birth name, was also written in a cartouche systematically preceded by the glyphs for "Son of Ra", an epithet which had seen little use in preceding times.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Trade and military activities.

paragraph: There is little evidence for military action during Neferirkare's reign. William C. Hayes proposed that a few fragmentary limestone statues of kneeling and bound prisoners of war discovered in his mortuary temple possibly attest to punitive raids in Libya to the west or the Sinai and Canaan to the east during his reign. The art historian William Stevenson Smith commented that such statues were customary elements of the decoration of royal temples and mastabas, suggesting that they may not be immediately related to actual military campaigns. Similar statues and small wooden figures of kneeling captives were discovered in the mortuary complexes of Neferefre, Djedkare Isesi, Unas, Teti, Pepi I and Pepi II as well as in the tomb of vizier Senedjemib Mehi.

paragraph: Trade relations with Nubia are the only ones attested to during Neferirkare's reign. The archaeological evidence for this are seal impressions and ostracon bearing his name uncovered in the fortress of Buhen, on the second cataract of the Nile. Contacts with Byblos on the Levantine coast might also have happened during Neferirkare's rule, as suggested by a single alabaster bowl inscribed with his name unearthed there.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Neferirkare's reign was unusual for the significant number of surviving contemporary records which describe him as a kind and gentle ruler. When Rawer, an elderly nobleman and royal courtier, was accidentally touched by the king's mace during a religious ceremony—a dangerous situation which could have caused this official to be put immediately to death or banished from court since the pharaoh was viewed as a living god in Old Kingdom mythology—Neferirkare quickly pardoned Rawer and commanded that no harm should occur to the latter for the incident. As Rawer gratefully states in an inscription from his Giza tomb:

paragraph: Similarly, Neferirkare gave the Priest of Ptah Ptahshepses the unprecedented honour of kissing his feet rather than the ground in front of him. Finally, when the vizier Washptah suffered a stroke while attending court, the king quickly summoned the palace's chief doctors to treat his dying vizier. When Washptah died, Neferirkare was reportedly inconsolable and retired to his personal quarters to mourn the loss of his friend. The king then ordered the purification of Washptah's body in his presence and ordered an ebony coffin made for the deceased vizier. Washptah was buried with special endowments and rituals courtesy of Neferirkare. The records of the king's actions are inscribed in Washptah's tomb itself and emphasize Neferirkare's humanity towards his subjects.

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.:Pyramid complex.:Pyramid.

paragraph: The Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, known to the Ancient Egyptians as "Ba-Neferirkare" and variously translated as "Neferirkare is a Ba" or "Neferirkare takes form", is located in the royal necropolis of Abusir. It is the largest one built during the Fifth Dynasty, equalling roughly the size of the Pyramid of Menkaure.

paragraph: The pyramid construction comprised three stages: first built were six steps of rubble, their retaining walls made of locally quarried limestone indicating that the monument was originally planned to be a step pyramid, an unusual design for the time which had not been used since the Third Dynasty, some 120 years earlier. At this point the pyramid, had it been completed, would have reached . This plan was then altered by a second construction stage with the addition of filling between the steps meant to transform the monument into a true pyramid. At a later stage, the workers enlarged the pyramid further, adding a girdle of masonry and smooth casing stones of red granite. This work was never finished, even after the works implemented by Nyuserre.

paragraph: With a square base of sides, the pyramid would have reached high had it been completed. Today it is in ruins owing to extensive stone robbing. The entrance to the pyramid's substructures was located on its north side. There, a descending corridor with a gable roof made of limestone beams led into a burial chamber. No pieces of the sarcophagus of the king were found there.

paragraph: The pyramid of Neferirkare is surrounded by smaller pyramids and tombs which seem to form an architectural unit, the cemetery of his close family. This ensemble was meant to be reached from the Nile via a causeway and a valley temple near the river. At the death of Neferirkare, only the foundations of both had been laid and Nyuserre later diverted the unfinished causeway to his own pyramid.

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.:Pyramid complex.:Mortuary temple.

paragraph: The mortuary temple was far from finished at the death of Neferirkare but it was completed later, by his sons Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini using cheap mudbricks and wood rather than stone. A significant cache of administrative papyri, known as the Abusir papyri, was uncovered there by illegal diggers in 1893 and subsequently by Borchardt in 1903. Further papyri were also uncovered in the mid-seventies during a University of Prague Egyptological Institute excavation. The presence of this cache is due to the peculiar historical circumstances of the mid-Fifth Dynasty.

paragraph: As both Neferirkare and his heir Neferefre died before their pyramid complexes could be finished, Nyuserre altered their planned layout, diverting the causeway leading to Neferirkare's pyramid to his own. This meant that Neferefre's and Neferirkare's mortuary complexes became somewhat isolated on the Abusir plateau, their priests therefore had to live next to the temple premises in makeshift dwellings, and they stored the administrative records onsite. In contrast, the records of other temples were kept in the pyramid town close to Sahure's or Nyuserre's pyramid, where the current level of ground water means any papyrus has long since disappeared.

paragraph: The Abusir papyri record some details pertaining to Neferirkare's mortuary temple. Its central chapel housed a niche with five statues of the king. The central one is described in the papyri as being a representation of the king as Osiris, while the first and last ones depicted him as the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively. The temple also comprised store-rooms for the offerings, where numerous stone vessels—now broken—had been deposited. Finally the papyri indicate that of the four boats included in the mortuary complex, two were buried to the north and south of the pyramid, one of which was unearthed by Verner.

paragraph: During the Late Period of ancient Egypt (664–332 BCE) the mortuary temple of Neferirkare was used as a secondary cemetery. A gravestone made of yellow calcite was discovered by Borchardt bearing an Aramaic inscription reading "Belonging to Nesneu, son of Tapakhnum". Another inscription in Aramaic found on a limestone block and dating to the fifth century BCE reads "Mannukinaan son of Sewa".

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.:Sun temple.

paragraph: Neferirkare is known from ancient sources to have built a temple to the sun god Ra, which is yet to be identified archaeologically. It was called "Setibre", meaning "Site of the heart of Ra", and was, according to contemporary sources, the largest one built during the Fifth Dynasty. It is possible that the temple was only built out of mudbricks, with a planned completion in stone which had not started when Neferirkare died. In this case, it would rapidly have turned into ruins that would be very difficult to locate for archaeologists. Alternatively, the Egyptologist Rainer Stadelmann has proposed that the "Setibre" as well as the sun temples of Sahure and Userkaf were one and the same known building, that attributed to Userkaf in Abusir. This hypothesis has been dispelled in late 2018 thanks to advanced analyses of the verso of the Palermo stone by the Czech Institute of Archeology, which enabled the reading of inscriptions mentioning precisely the architecture of the temple as well as lists of donations it received.

paragraph: Of all the sun temples built during the Fifth Dynasty, the "Setibre" is the one most commonly cited in ancient sources. Due to this, some details of its layout are known: it had a large central obelisk, an altar and store-rooms, a sealed barque room housing two boats and a "hall of the 'Sed festival. Religious festivals did certainly take place in sun temples, as is attested to by the Abusir papyri. In the case of the "Setibre", the festival of the "Night of Ra" is specifically said to have taken place there. This was a festival concerned with Ra's journey during the night and connected with the ideas of renewal and rebirth that were central to sun temples.

paragraph: The temple played an important role in the distribution of food offerings which were brought everyday from there to the mortuary temple of the king. This journey was made by boat, indicating that the "Setibre" was not adjacent to Neferirkare's pyramid. This also underscores the dependent position of the king with respect to Ra, as offerings were made to the sun god and then to the deceased king.

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.:Sun temple of Userkaf.

paragraph: The Egyptologist Werner Kaiser proposed, based on a study of the evolution of the hieroglyph determinative for "sun temple", that Neferirkare completed the sun temple of Userkaf—known in Ancient Egyptian as "Nekhenre"—sometime around the fifth cattle count of his reign. This opinion is shared by the Egyptologists and archaeologists Ogden Goelet, Mark Lehner and Herbert Ricke. In this hypothesis, Neferirkare would have provided the "Nekhenre" with its monumental obelisk of limestone and red granite.

paragraph: Verner and the Egyptologist Paule Posener-Kriéger have pointed out two difficulties with the hypothesis. Firstly, it would imply a long interlude between the two phases of construction of Userkaf's temple: nearly 25 years between the erection of the temple and that of its obelisk. Secondly, they observe that both the pyramid and sun temple of Neferirkare were unfinished at his death, raising the question as to why the king would have devoted exceptional effort on a monument of Userkaf when his own still required substantial works to be completed. Instead, Verner proposes that it was Sahure who finished the "Nekhenre".

paragraph: Section::::Funerary cult.

paragraph: As with the other pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty, Neferirkare was the object of a funerary cult after his death. Cylinder seals belonging to priests and priestesses serving in this cult attest his existence during the Old Kingdom period.

paragraph: For example, a black steatite seal, now in the Metropolitan Museum bears the inscription "Votary of Hathor and priestess of the good god Neferirkare, beloved of the gods". Some of these officials had roles in the cults of several kings, as well as in their sun temples.

paragraph: Offerings for the funerary cult of deceased rulers were provided by dedicated agricultural estates set up during the king's reign. A few of these are known for Neferirkare, including "The estate of Kakai (named) the "i3gt" of Kakai", "Strong is the power of Kakai", "The plantations of Kakai", "Nekhbet desires that Kakai lives", "Neferirkare is beloved of the ennead" and "The mansion of the Ba of Neferirkare".

paragraph: Traces of the continued existence of the funerary cult of Neferirkare beyond the Old Kingdom period are scant. A pair of statues belonging to a certain Sekhemhotep were uncovered in Giza, one of which is inscribed with the standard Ancient Egyptian offering formula followed by "of the temple of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Neferirkare, true of voice". The statues, which date to the early 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom period are the only archaeological evidence that Neferirkare's funerary cult still existed or had been revived around Abusir at the time, albeit in a very limited form.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Neferirkare Kakai

wikipedia_title: Neferirkare Kakai


text: civil servant

text: Sedbergh School

text: Keble College, Oxford

text: University of Durham

text: Civil Service

text: Treasury

text: Clement Attlee

text: Ministry of Food

text: First Civil Service Commissioner

text: Permanent Secretary

text: Ministry of Labour

text: Permanent Secretary to the Treasury

text: Head of the Home Civil Service

text: life peer

text: Companion of the Order of the Bath

text: Honorary Fellowship

categories: Permanent Secretaries of HM Treasury,British civil servants,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,1908 births,Civil servants in the Ministry of Food,Alumni of Keble College, Oxford,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Permanent Secretaries of the Ministry of Labour,People educated at Sedbergh School,1978 deaths

paragraph: Laurence Helsby, Baron Helsby

paragraph: Laurence Norman Helsby, Baron Helsby (27 April 1908 – 5 December 1978) was a British civil servant.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Laurence Norman Helsby was born on 27 April 1908 and educated at Sedbergh School in Cumbria, before studying at Keble College, Oxford. He lectured in economics at the University College of the South West of England (a predecessor institution of the University of Exeter) between 1930 and 1931 and at the University of Durham between 1931 and 1945. In 1946, he joined the Civil Service, initially as an Assistant Secretary in the Treasury, before becoming Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, between 1947 and 1950.

paragraph: After a period working in the Ministry of Food, he was appointed First Civil Service Commissioner in 1954, transferring in 1959 to become Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Labour. In 1963, he was made joint Permanent Secretary to the Treasury and Head of the Home Civil Service. Following his retirement, he was created a life peer on 21 May 1968 with the title Baron Helsby,of Logmore in the County of Surrey.

paragraph: Helsby was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1950, and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1963; he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1955. He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of Keble College in 1959, and received honorary degrees from the universities of Exeter and Durham. He died on 5 December 1978.

description: British civil servant and life peer

wikidata_label: Laurence Helsby, Baron Helsby

wikipedia_title: Laurence Helsby, Baron Helsby


text:
Haganah Intelligence Service
Israel
Meir Tobianski
Military Intelligence Directorate
Russia
Poland
Migdal
Palestine
Kibbutz Artzi
Israel Military Industries
Kfar Giladi
Shai
Shin Bet
Mossad
Military Intelligence Directorate
Meir Tobianski
Second World War
Haganah
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Jerusalem Electric Corporation
Binyamin Gibli
drumhead court-martial
Palmach
Yiftach Brigade
Jerusalem
Bayt Jiz
David Ben-Gurion
manslaughter
Chaim Weizmann
Shabtai Teveth
Lavon affair
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Israeli Security Forces

categories: Haganah members,1901 births,Recipients of Israeli presidential pardons,Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine,People from the Province of Silesia,Israeli people of German-Jewish descent,Israeli military personnel,Jews in Mandatory Palestine,1958 deaths,People from Będzin

paragraph: Isser Be'eri

paragraph: Isser Be'eri (, born Isser Birenzweig 1901, died January 1958) was the director of the Haganah Intelligence Service in Israel and was responsible for helping to reorganise Israeli intelligence services in 1948, as well as ordering the execution of Meir Tobianski, who had been convicted of treason but was later found to have been innocent. He was the founding director of the Israeli Intelligence Department (between 1948 and 1949), which later became the Military Intelligence Directorate.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born Isser Birenzweig in Radomsko in Russia (today in Poland), Be'eri was one of a group of young men known as the "Six from Bedzin", who were later the founders of Migdal. Be'eri emigrated to Palestine in 1921 and became a member of Kibbutz Artzi. He worked in construction until 1938. Between 1944 and 1945 he managed Israel Military Industries, and from 1946 to 1947 managed the Na'aman factory.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Haganah intelligence.

paragraph: Be'eri joined the Haganah in 1938 and was in its work battalions, before becoming commander of the Kfar Giladi region. In 1947 he joined Shai, and in February 1948 was appointed its head.

paragraph: On 30 June 1948 Shai was disbanded as part of a reorganization of the Israeli secret service. Three agencies were created: Shin Bet (Shabak), Mossad and Military Intelligence Directorate, with Be'eri appointed the Director of the latter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tobianski drumhead court martial.

paragraph: Meir Tobianski was a Major in the British army during the Second World War and was a captain in the Haganah. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Tobianski was working for the Jerusalem Electric Corporation and had knowledge of the exact location of several arms manufacturers in Jerusalem. These factories had received direct hits from Jordanian artillery.

paragraph: On 30 June 1948, Tobianski was taken into custody and interrogated by Be'eri, David Kron, Binyamin Gibli and Avraham Kidron during a drumhead court-martial. Be'eri had already prepared a firing squad consisting of six soldiers from the Palmach Yiftach Brigade, which was in control of the Jerusalem corridor zone. Tobianski was found guilty and executed in Bayt Jiz, where his body was buried. Tobianski had received neither a lawyer nor a right to appeal, and his case was not reviewed by a higher court. Be'eri knew of his innocence, but still ordered his execution.

paragraph: On 3 July 1949, David Ben-Gurion issued a public exoneration of Tobianski and restitution of his rank and rights. Following Tobianski's posthumous rehabilitation, Be'eri was forced to resign as chief of military intelligence. In November 1949 Isser Be'eri stood trial in the Tel Aviv District Court for Tobianski's wrongful execution. The civilian court found that, as there was a ceasefire in effect at the time, any information supposedly passed by Tobianski could not have served the Jordanian artillery. Be'eri was found guilty of manslaughter and given a symbolic punishment of one day of prison, "from sunrise to sunset, 30 days after sentencing", before which he was pardoned by the president, Chaim Weizmann. Be'eri reportedly left the trial a broken man and ensconced himself in his home until his fatal heart attack in January 1958.

paragraph: Be'eri's three fellow interrogators, Binyamin Gibli, David Kron and Avraham Kidron, who also were Tobianski's judges in the afternoon field court-martial, they themselves were not charged and tried in court. Later they reached high military and civilian positions. Gibli, who had acted as presiding judge, prosecutor, interrogator, witness and record-keeper in Tobianski's court martial, also appeared as a witness for the prosecution in Be'eri's trial. In his memoir David Kron wrote that despite the official investigation, he was convinced that Tobianski had been guilty and that Be'eri had the full authority to act the way he had. Later Shabtai Teveth placed the fault with Gibli's overbearing ambitions and manipulation, personal traits that led to the Lavon affair.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 Arab–Israeli War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israeli Security Forces

description: Director of the Haganah Intelligence Service, Israel

wikidata_label: Isser Be'eri

wikipedia_title: Isser Be'eri


text: fl.

text: Kingdom of Galicia

text: Historia compostelana

text: Diego Gelmírez

text: Emperor Alfonso VI

text: Emperor Alfonso VII

text: Urraca

text: Santiago de Compostela

text: Cathedral of Saint James

text: Froila Vermúdez de Traba

text: San Martín de Jubia

text: Alfonso VI of León

text: Froila Arias

text: Rodrigo Muñoz

text: Lugo Cathedral

text: Sahagún

text: Bermudo

text: Fernando

text: Munio Peláez

text: Gómez Núñez

text: Arias Pérez

text: Gutierre Vermúdez

text: Rodrigo

text: García

text: cartulary

text: Sobrado

text: province of León

text: García Garcés de Aza

text: Enrique Flórez

text: Gómez Núñez

text: Pedro González de Lara

text: Coristanco

text: Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada

text: count

text: Abbey of Samos

text: Traba

text: Raymond of Galicia

text: Urraca

text: Alfonso Raimúndez

text: Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela

text: Lugo

text: Mondoñedo

text: Tui

text: Ourense

text: Suero Vermúdez

text: monastery of Caabeiro

text: Sancho Alfónsez

text: Battle of Uclés (1108)

text: river Tambre

text: A Coruña

text: William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

text: Alfonso the Battler

text: King of Aragon

text: Navarre

text: Castrojeriz

text: Henry, Count of Portugal

text: Santa María de Castrelo

text: Arias Pérez

text: steward

text: Battle of Viadangos

text: Oleiros

text: Nendos

text: Celanova

text: Theresa, Countess of Portugal

text: bridewealth

text: Guter Vermúdez

text: Rodrigo Vélaz

text: Cathedral of León

text: Salnes

text: Iria Flavia

text: Toledo

text: Triacastela

text: Mellid

text: Gómez Núñez

text: Sobroso

text: Deza

text: Sahagún

text: Kingdom of Toledo

text: appanage

text: Pope Calixtus II

text: Cira

text: Tabeiros

text: San Martín de Pinario

text: Lugo

text: Chronicon iriense

text: Benedictine monasticism

text: Cluniac reform

text: Nemeño

text: Abbey of Cluny

text: regular clergy

text: Cospindo

text: Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

text: Cines

text: Carboeiro

text: Dei ancilla

text: Pope Paschal II

text: Mondoñedo

text: Lugo

text: Bernard de Sedirac

text: Rome

text: curia Romana

text: Tresancos

text: Némitos

text: Trastámara

text: Richard A. Fletcher

text: R. A. F

text: "Ensayo de historiografía medieval: El "Cronicón Iriense"."

text: "La fundación del monasterio de san Salvador de Cines."

text: Journal of Medieval History

text: "La explicación sociopolítica del éxito cirterciense en Galicia."

text: "The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126".

text: "The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109".

categories: Counts of Spain,Medieval Galician people,1120s deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Pedro Fróilaz de Traba

paragraph: Pedro Fróilaz de Traba ("fl." 1086–1126) was the most powerful secular magnate in the Kingdom of Galicia during the first quarter of the twelfth century. According to the "Historia compostelana", he was "spirited ... warlike ... of great power ... a man who feared God and hated iniquity," for Diego Gelmírez himself had "fed him, like a spiritual son, with the nutriment of holy teaching." Brought up at the court of the Emperor Alfonso VI, Pedro raised the future Emperor Alfonso VII in his household. Around the latter he and Diego formed a "Galician party" that dominated that region during the turbulent reign of Urraca (1109–26). In September 1111 they even had the child Alfonso crowned king at Santiago de Compostela, but it was Pedro who was "imperator in orbe Galletiae" ("emperor in the ambit of Galicia").

paragraph: Widely travelled and well-connected, especially through the prestigious marriages of his many daughters—he had at least sixteen legitimate children by his two wives—Pedro was, besides a political and military figure, a religious one. Sometime before 1109 he founded the first religious house for women in Galicia. As a result of his generosity to the Cathedral of Saint James in Compostela, Pedro is the best known Spanish nobleman of his era. One modern historian has written that he "needs a modern biography, and the materials are adequate for one." Most existing coverage is outdated or too heavily reliant on the "Historia compostelana".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Pedro was the son of Froila Vermúdez de Traba and his wife, Elvira de Faro. The first reference to Pedro is from 9 November 1086, when he subscribed to his father's donation to the monastery of San Martín de Jubia, now Couto. According to the "Historia compostelana", Pedro was raised from childhood at the court of Alfonso VI of León. His first wife was Urraca Fróilaz, daughter of Froila Arias and Ardio Díaz. They were married sometime before 12 August 1088, although a document surviving only in an eighteenth-century copy records their marriage on 11 August 1102. By 6 May 1105 Pedro had remarried to Mayor (Guntroda) Rodríguez (de Bárcena), daughter of Rodrigo Muñoz. Mayor was a major benefactress of Lugo Cathedral (14 June 1112) and the monasteries of Jubia (26 December 1114) and Sahagún (26 March 1125). She is last recorded alive on 6 January 1129 and probably died not long afterwards.

paragraph: By his first wife Pedro had three sons and two daughters. The eldest son, Bermudo, would eventually be overshadowed, politically, by the second, Fernando. His other son was Froila and his daughters Jimena and Lupa (married Munio Peláez). By his second wife Pedro had six daughters—Elvira (married Gómez Núñez), Estefanía, Ilduara (married Arias Pérez and, as her second husband, the Portuguese nobleman Afonso Egas), Sancha, Toda (married Gutierre Vermúdez), and Urraca—and five sons—Rodrigo, García, Martín, Sancho, and Velasco. The assignment of any one of Pedro's children to one of his two wives is in many cases uncertain. The record of the cartulary of the monastery of Sobrado lists only five sons and a daughter without naming a mother, for instance.

paragraph: There may have been a second daughter named Toda who married Gutierre Osorio, from the province of León, as well as a daughter named Eva, wife of García Garcés de Aza. The historian Enrique Flórez named Gómez Núñez as another son-in-law by at the latest 1117. Pedro's son García may have married Elvira, illegitimate daughter of Queen Urraca and her lover Pedro González de Lara. This marriage would have taken place, if at all, between 1120 and 1126, and would have been designed to reconcile the Galician faction and the court faction.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Follower of Raymond of Galicia (1090–1107).

paragraph: In January 1090 Pedro was governing Ferreira in Galicia and is described in a royal charter as "dominator Ferrarie" (lord of Ferreira, today part of Coristanco). The only contemporary reference to Pedro which names him in the way by which he is now generally known is an undated fragment of a charter of Alfonso VI, which calls him "Petro Froillaz de Traua". It was the thirteenth-century historian Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada some hundred years later who initiated the historiographic tradition, still followed today, which names Pedro and his descendants "de Traba". His wording—"Comes Petrus de Trava in Gallecia"—may be derived from the corresponding passage in the "Historio compostelana", where Pedro is named "Petrus Froylaz Comes de Trava".

paragraph: By 11 January 1096 Pedro had received the title of "count" ("comes" in Latin), the highest title bestowed in the kingdoms of León and Castile. In that year he appealed to the king to intervene to settle a dispute he had with the Abbey of Samos, which the king did. By March 1098 he was governing Traba, from which his family was to derive its recurring toponym. In royal charters he is sometimes called "comes de Ferraria" (count of Ferreira) and sometimes "comes de Traba" (count of Traba). Pedro was a supporter and vassal of Raymond of Galicia and his wife, Urraca, whom he probably knew from his time in the household of her father, Alfonso VI. Shortly after his birth in 1105, Raymond and Urraca's son, Alfonso Raimúndez, was placed in the care of Count Pedro. It was not uncommon for the scions of noble houses to be raised in others, commonly in those of higher standing.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Formation of a "Raimundist party" (1107–1109).

paragraph: After the death of Raymond, his widow Urraca donated a Galician monastery to the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela, signing the charter, dated 13 December 1107, as "imperatoris filia et totius gallecie domina". The important Galician bishops of Lugo, Mondoñedo, Tui, and Ourense, along with Pedro Fróilaz and the Asturian magnate Suero Vermúdez were present to confirm the donation, which was probably designed to secure the support of Diego Gelmírez for Urraca's rule in Galicia. In 1107 Pedro also confirmed a royal donation to the monastery of Caabeiro, signing as "Count Pedro of Galicia", with his two eldest sons beside him, although the comital title (count) and the territorial designation (Galicia) were not directly connected. It is not clear whether he was named as Raymond's successor in Galicia by Alfonso VI. The authors of the "Historia compostelana" certainly did not recognise it, but perhaps for partisan reasons. Beginning in 1109, however, Pedro's power and influence in Galicia was such that he was calling himself "Count of Galicia" ("Gallecie comes"), although he did not control the entire province. This had occurred by 22 July, shortly after the death of Alfonso VI and the succession of Urraca, who was his heiress after the death of Sancho Alfónsez at the Battle of Uclés (1108). He continued using this title until 1122. A judicial document, and thus one not having royal approval in its particulars, dated 1 November 1109 refers to "duke Don Pedro Fróilaz who [is] ruling the nearby territory of Sobrado". A royal charter dated 23 May 1121 and calling Pedro a count "in maritimis" ("in the maritime province") is probably an accurate description of the realm of his public authority: the Atlantic coastlands of Galicia, specifically those north of the river Tambre and encompassing A Coruña. It is a sign of his fame that he was referred to as "Petro Galliciensi comite" ("Pedro, Galician count") in a letter from William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, to Diego Gelmírez on the occasion of his pilgrimage to Santiago.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:War with Alfonso the Battler (1110–1112).

paragraph: When, in the autumn of 1109, Urraca married Alfonso the Battler, the King of Aragon and Navarre, Pedro opposed the marriage, which might have interfered with the succession of Urraca's son by Raymond. Within months of the wedding Pedro had rebelled in Galicia against Urraca's authority. Early in May 1110 Alfonso the Battler entered Galicia with an army. At some point before early July he ravaged the lands of Pedro Fróilaz, but without much effect. Late that summer, a faction of Galicians, led by Pedro with the young Alfonso in tow, visited Urraca at Castrojeriz and there became convinced that she was making peace with her estranged husband. This prompted Pedro to seek the advice of Henry, Count of Portugal, a relative of Raymond of Galicia and the most powerful man in the west of the kingdom. On Henry's advice Pedro arrested the partisans of the queen who had journeyed with him and returned to Galicia, where he opened negotiations with the queen. In exchange for the freedom of her supporters she surrendered the castle of Santa María de Castrelo on the Galician border with Portugal. This acquisition secured communication with Henry for the future.

paragraph: In the fall of 1110 Pedro placed his wife, Mayor Rodríguez, and his ward, Alfonso, in his newly acquired castle. One of the queen's supporters, a minor nobleman named Arias Pérez, attacked suddenly and forced Pedro to retreat, leaving his wife and charge besieged in the castle. Pedro pleaded with Diego Gelmírez to negotiate terms, but no sooner had he done so and the siege had been lifted than Urraca imprisoned Pedro, Diego, Alfonso, and Mayor. The bishop was soon released so that negotiations could begin with Count Pedro directly. He was released probably in January 1111.

paragraph: On 19 September 1111, Diego and Pedro had the young Alfonso crowned king in Santiago de Compostela. According to the "Historia compostelana", Pedro acted as steward ("dapifer") at the coronation festivities. After the coronation, Pedro and Diego gathered an army to subject Galicia to his rule, first attacking Lugo, which was still loyal to Alfonso the Battler. They captured it and probably left a detachment there before crossing the mountains in the direction of the capital, León. They were ambushed about twenty miles from the city by Alfonso and defeated in the Battle of Viadangos, whereat Pedro was captured. Diego escaped with the young Alfonso Raimúndez and brought the boy to Urraca in Galicia, marking the first time the queen had physical custody of her son since she began ruling in 1109.

paragraph: By May 1112 Pedro had been released, possibly in order to cause division among the Galicians, who had gone over to Urraca after Viadangos. Urraca was soon forced to recognise Alfonso as her heir and co-ruler, although he was then too young to possess any real power, making the effect of such a concession the increase in power of Pedro and Diego. At about this time, the young Alfonso was put once again in the physical custody of Diego and Pedro in return for their support against Alfonso the Battler. In May 1112, a royal castle at "Leyro" (perhaps Oleiros) in the north of Nendos was granted to Pedro. For the duration of the year 1112, however, no divisions appear among the followers of Urraca, united in their opposition to Alfonso the Battler.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Guardian of Alfonso Raimúndez (1112–1122).

paragraph: Between 1112 and 1122 Pedro served Alfonso Raimúndez in various capacities as a tutor. In the earliest instance, May 1112, he is described by Alfonso's mother, Queen Urraca, as he "who raised and nourished my son the lord king Alfonso", a fact justified by his being raised at the court of her father, the previous lord king Alfonso. On 5 July 1118, in a document from Celanova, Alfonso is called a "clientulus" ("little dependent") of Pedro. As late as 22 March 1122 Alfonso was still referring to Pedro as "regis altor" (royal protector). It was around this time, in 1121 or 1122, that Pedro made a final peace with his old enemy, Arias Pérez, by marrying to him his own daughter Ildaria. By 1121 Pedro's second son, Fernando, was already a count, because of his influence at the court of Theresa, Countess of Portugal. On 25 July 1122, Pedro's eldest son, Vermudo, made over the bridewealth to his wife Urraca Enríquez, daughter of Theresa of Portugal. This marriage was contracted through Fernando and the bridewealth was given to Vermudo by his father for that express purpose. At some point early in the century Pedro gave a Moorish cook named Martín to Fernando. This has been taken to indicate Pedro's "taste for Moorish cooking".

paragraph: In July 1114 Urraca ventured into Galicia with the intention of depriving Diego of his secular powers. In this she was joined by Pedro Fróilaz, Munio Peláez, Suero Vermúdez, Guter Vermúdez, and Rodrigo Vélaz, but not by her son. A contemporary charter records that "the queen Doña Urraca reigning with her son Don Alfonso in the kingdom of Spain [and] discord also remaining between them." The conspiracy against Diego is mentioned in a royal charter of 23 July, in the "Historia compostelana", and in a private document of the Cathedral of León (26 July). Diego and Pedro were not always on good terms, with the "Historia compostelana" accusing of Pedro of depredating the Galician church and at times even robbing the poor. In July 1114, however, Pedro changed his mind and supported Diego. After Diego successfully defended himself from Urraca's charges, the queen left Compostela for Salnes, planning to kidnap Diego at Iria Flavia. The archbishop was warned in a secret message from Pedro and evaded the queen's men. Negotiations were then opened and the queen, Pedro, Muño, and Rodrigo all swore oaths to respect the rights of the archdiocese to its tenancies.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Pedro and Alfonso against Diego and Urraca (1116–1118).

paragraph: In March or April 1116 Pedro was fighting along with Alfonso Raimúndez in the region around Toledo on behalf of Urraca. Through this he learned of a plot by the queen to have the archbishop seized and for a second time duly forewarned him. Pedro and Alfonso promptly returned to Galicia and raised the standard of revolt. Urraca marched via Triacastela and Mellid, the route usually taken by pilgrims to Compostela, into Galicia, gaining many supporters on the way. Surprisingly, the citizens of Compostela were prepared to fight for her against their lord, Diego, and his allies. The rebels were forced to abandon the capital of Galicia to Urraca, who hastily arranged a new alliance with Diego.

paragraph: On 18 May 1116 Urraca granted Diego a charter that was subscribed by Pedro, indicating that at least initially he too was drawn into the alliance with the queen. But when Urraca campaigned against Gómez Núñez, whose lands guarded the roads into Portugal from Galicia, she was surprised and besieged in Sobroso by Pedro in alliance with the Countess Theresa. The queen was forced to retreat to Compostela and thence to León. Pedro's breach with Urraca mirrored a temporary change in his relations with Diego. Not perfectly respecting his oath to the archbishop, in 1116 Pedro was chased by Diego from the territories of his archiepiscopal lordship into the mountains around Deza. The "Historia" also records that he led raids to scoff serfs and cattle.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1116 Urraca held court at Sahagún and there opened negotiations with the party of her son Alfonso, led by Diego and Pedro. The only secure date for these negotiations comes from a charter of 15 October, which the queen issued from Sahagún. Urraca was able to draw her son Alfonso at least temporarily out of the orbit of Pedro Fróilaz and Diego Gelmírez by granting him the Kingdom of Toledo as an appanage. By November, when Alfonso was twelve years old, he had entered Toledo to rule it. The "Historia compostelana" also claims that Urraca conceded to her son, and by implication to his guardians, the rule of Galicia, although there is no documentary evidence of this. It seems especially unlikely in light of the apparent weakness of Diego and Pedro's alliance at the time, and the lack of support for them in Santiago de Compostela itself.

paragraph: In the spring of 1117, probably in June, Urraca, after campaigning against Theresa in southern Galicia, came to Santiago to mediate between Diego and the council ("concejo"), which had been ruling the town "de facto" for the past year. During a private meeting between Urraca and Diego in the episcopal palace, the townspeople revolted and forced the two to take refuge in a cathedral tower then under construction, which they promptly lit on fire. When the queen came out she was seized by the mob, stripped, and pelted with stones before certain moderates rescued her. Extracting from her promises of amnesty, they freed her to leave the city. She and Diego—who had managed to escape unscathed—then joined the army that had assembled under Pedro Fróilaz and Alfonso. On seeing the approach of Pedro's forces the town surrendered. Its leaders were exiled and their properties confiscated. The town was assessed an indemnity and the rule of the archbishop was restored.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Final war with Urraca (1120–1123).

paragraph: In the years 1118–19, Pedro Fróilaz is revealed in the surviving documents of the period to have been the most important lay supporter of the royal prerogative and the imperial pretensions of Alfonso Raimúndez. In the spring of 1120 Urraca returned to Galicia and formed a tenuous military alliance with Diego against certain supporters of Pedro Fróilaz. The local campaigning was a success. During the subsequent campaign against Theresa of Portugal, however, Urraca had imprisoned Diego and attempted to assert her authority in his lordship directly. At that juncture her son left her camp and joined that of Pedro in the vicinity of Santiago. This incited some citizens to riot in support of Diego, and Urraca was forced to release him on 28 July 1120, although she would not restore his secular authority. The archbishop then enlisted the aid of Pedro, Alfonso, and Theresa. In the fall the queen was forced to concede the fiscal lands around Sahagún to her son's direct rule.

paragraph: In 1121 Urraca confiscated the secular lordship of the archbishop of Santiago, including his fortresses and castles. This led to a dispute with the papacy, and Pope Calixtus II sent letters to the queen threatening excommunication. Negotiations between the monarch and the bishop were reopened, but they were soon broken off and Urraca gathered an army and invaded Galicia. She marched to the castle of Cira, thence to Tabeiros and Salnes, and finally camped at the mount of Picosacro, close by Santiago de Compostela. Archbishop Diego and Count Pedro raised an army and fought a few skirmishes, but the prelate soon arranged a peace. A royal document of 23 May records Urraca "in obsidione super Acromonte" ("in siege above Acromonte"), probably a reference to Picosacro. It indicates that, contrary to the testimony of the "Historia compostelana", Alfonso Raimúndez was then with his mother's forces, not those of Pedro Fróilaz. Diego was able ultimately to force the return of his church's lands, and probably Pedro received an equally favourable settlement from the queen. He was with the queen on 22 March 1122, when she confirmed Alfonso's donation of the monastery of San Martín de Pinario to the church of Compostela, and was with her again on 8 March 1123 at Lugo, with most of the Galician high nobility. Sometime after this, and perhaps before she came to an understanding with Diego on 27 March, Queen Urraca had Pedro arrested and imprisoned along with his sons. Her exact motive is unclear, although his fiefs were confiscated. Pedro remained a royal prisoner at least until Urraca's death, and his sons continued to support her enemy, Theresa of Portugal. The "Chronicon iriense", a history of the diocese of Santiago de Compostela, may have been written between the years 1121, when Pedro and the Galician magnates were forced to swear oaths to Bishop Diego, and 1123, when Pedro and his sons were imprisoned by the queen. On this account, the "Chronicon" was designed to bolster Diego's claims by a recourse to the history.

paragraph: Section::::Religious patronage.

paragraph: Pedro was a major patron of Benedictine monasticism and of the Cluniac reform. He made donations to Jubia, Nemeño, and Pedroso. On 14 December 1113 Pedro and his siblings granted Jubia to the Abbey of Cluny. There are also three suspicious donations recorded to the regular clergy of Caabeiro. Sometime in the early 1120s, persuaded by Diego Gelmírez, Pedro granted the church a Cospindo near Traba to the archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. His other benefactions to the see were so numerous that the author of the "Historia compostelana" refused to list them all. The motive behind this generosity was Pedro and his second wife's desire to be buried in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. Pedro is also known to have made donations to the diocese of Mondoñedo, to the immediate east of his domains.

paragraph: The "Historia compostelana" records that there were no nunneries in Galicia around the year 1100. This was rectified by Pedro Fróilaz sometime before 1108. The monastery of Cines ("Cinis"), long abandoned, he had recently resurrected as a community of nuns. Early in 1108, with papal and episcopal support, a certain Abbot Nuño (Munio), with a community of monks, expelled the ladies and re-established a monastery there. Pedro in turn removed the men and in their place re-installed the women. These may have included two of his three known sisters. Visclavara, who never married and was a prolific religious donor—to Jubia, Cines, Carboeiro, and the cathedral of Santiago—was still in secular life in 1097, but was described as a "handmaid of the handmaids of God" ("ancillarum Dei ancilla") in 1114. The other sister, Munia, is consistently called "vowed to God" ("Deo vota") in the sources. She lived until 1145 and was also a donor to Jubia.

paragraph: The removal of the monks of Cines provoked a controversy which was eventually brought before Pope Paschal II. Initially he was persuaded by the expelled monks and sent a letter dated 1 May 1109 to the bishops of Compostela, Mondoñedo, and Lugo ordering them to protest Count Pedro's actions. A second letter was sent to Bernard de Sedirac, the apostolic legate, at the same time. Pedro responded by making a pilgrimate to Rome with the archives of the monastery of Cines to plead his case before the "curia Romana". There he persuaded Paschal that the monastery was a family possession. Paschal sent a new letter to Bernard and Diego, dated 11 April 1110, ordering them to re-establish the women at Cines.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pedro is not recorded in any royal document after his imprisonment in 1123. His wife does name him as co-donor of the Tresancos and Némitos to Jubia on 27 February 1125. A document of Caabeiro, dated 1125, refers to Pedro as count in Trastámara, a title his descendants would frequently bear. Pedro is last recorded in a document dated 25 March 1126. On 3 May his widow made a donation to the monastery of Sahagún for the sake of his soul, possibly indicating that he had died in the interim. The "Historia compostelana" records that Pedro made a division of his properties amongst his heirs on his deathbed, with the consent of his wife and children, although no written record of this division has survived. Several modern sources date Pedro's death to 1128, but few give reasons. The deathbed munificence of Pedro in favour of the see of Compostela, which is recorded in the "Historia compostelana", has been dated to 1128.

paragraph: The historian Richard A. Fletcher has noted how well-travelled and well-connected Pedro was for a nobleman of his time: "His upbringing at the peripatetic court of Alfonso VI must have familiarized him with most corners of the kingdom of León-Castile; he had spent some time in captivity in Aragon; [and] he numbered among his acquaintances the princes of southern France." He was buried in the cathedral of Compostela, where his tomb, surmounted by an effigy carved in stone, still lies in the "Chapel of Relics". In the central plaza of Compostela, he had once had an iron statue of himself put up, which does not survive.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. A Á. "Los promotores de la orden del Císter en los reinos de Castilla y León: Familias aristocráticas y damas nobles." "Anuario de estudios medievales", 37 (2007), 653–710.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. B. "The Aristocracy in Twelfth-century León and Castile". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. B. "From Tyrants to Soldiers of Christ: The Nobility of Twelfth-century León-Castile and the Struggle Against Islam." "Nottingham Medieval Studies", 44 (2000), 28–48.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. G. B. "Diego Gelmírez, First Archbishop of Compostela". Washington, D.C.: 1949.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. J. B. "Fernando I and the Origins of the Leonese–Castilian Alliance With Cluny." "Studies in Medieval Spanish Frontier History". London: Variorum, 1980. Originally published in "Cuadernos de Historia de España", 47 (1968), 31–135, and 48 (1969), 30–116.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. J. B. "Count Henrique of Portugal, Cluny, and the Antecedents of the "Pacto Sucessório"." "Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History, 600–1300". London: Variorum, 1983. Originally published in "Revista Portuguesa de História", 13 (1971), 155–190.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. M. C S-P. "Don Pedro Fernández, primer maestre de la Orden Militar de Santiago: Su familia, su vida." "Anuario de estudios medievales", 14 (1984), 33–71.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. M. C S-P. "Casamientos de los condes de Urgel en Castilla." "Anuario de estudios medievales", 19 (1989), 119–135.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. M. C S-P. "Jimena Muñoz, amiga de Alfonso VI." "Anuario de estudios medievales", 21 (1991), 11–40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. A. F. "Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. X. G. "La actuación del Arzobispo Gelmírez a través de los documentos de la "Historia Compostelana"." "Hispania", 3:12 (1943), 355–408.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. I F. "Ensayo de historiografía medieval: El "Cronicón Iriense"." "En la España medieval", 5 (1984), 413–431.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. L F. "Don Alfonso VII, Rey de Galicia, y su ayo el Conde de Traba". Santiago de Compostela: 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. L. L S. "La nobleza altomedieval gallega: La familia Froilaz–Traba". A Coruña: 2002. Originally published in "Estudios Mindonienses", 12 (1996), 275–403.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. L. L S. "La fundación del monasterio de san Salvador de Cines." "Asociación de Estudios Históricos de Galicia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. M G. "Carta de Coruña romana." "Emerita", 20 (1952), 466–490.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. C. P M and E. P S. "Aristocracia y sistema de parentesco en la Galicia de los siglos centrales de la Edad Media: El grupo de los Traba." "Hispania", 53:185 (1993), 823–840.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. P. "South of the Pyrenees: Kings, Magnates and Political Bargaining in Twelfth-century Spain." "Journal of Medieval History", 27 (2001), 101–120.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. P T. "Diego Gelmírez, une mentalité à la page: A propos du rôle de certaines élites de pouvoir." "Mélanges offerts à René Crozet", 1 (1966), 597–608.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. P G. "Narón, un Concello con Historia de Seu", II (1992), 54–192.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. P S. "La explicación sociopolítica del éxito cirterciense en Galicia." "En la España medieval", 3 (1982), 319–330.

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. F. R. "Santiago and Saint Denis: The French Presence in Eleventh-century Spain." "Catholic Historical Review", 54:3 (1968), 467–483.

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. F. R. "The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. F. R. "The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. S. S. "El monasterio de Santa María de Ribeira." "Hispania", 4:15 (1944), 163–210.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. S B. "Pedro Fróilaz, Conde de Traba." "Diccionario de Historia de España". Madrid: 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. C. T S-Q L. "Relaciones fronterizas entre Portugal y León en tiempos de Alfonso VII: El ejemplo de la casa de Traba." "Revista da Faculdade de Letras: Historia", 15:1 (1998), 301–312.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. M. V. "Fróilaz, Pedro, Count of Trava." "Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia". E. Michael Gerli and Samuel G. Armistead, edd. Taylor & Francis, 2003, 341.

description: Count of Traba

wikidata_label: Pedro Froilaz de Traba

wikipedia_title: Pedro Fróilaz de Traba


text:
Queen
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
pharaoh
Sneferu
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafra
Hetepheres II
Two Lands
Harvard University
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Giza
George Reisner
rais
Battiscombe Gunn
Dahshur
Mark Lehner
Pyramid G1-a
Dr. Zahi Hawass
Great Pyramid of Giza
sarcophagus
Canopic chest
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Egyptian Museum
Cairo
Museum of Fine Arts
Boston, Massachusetts
faience
Palanquins
London
Egyptian Fourth Dynasty Family Tree

categories: 3rd-millennium BC births,3rd-millennium BC deaths,27th-century BC women,Sneferu,Queens consort of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt,Khufu

paragraph: Hetepheres I

paragraph: Queen Hetepheres I was a Queen of Egypt during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (c. 2600 BC).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hetepheres I may have been a wife of pharaoh Sneferu, and the mother of King Khufu. It is possible that Hetepheres was only a minor wife of Sneferu and only rose in prominence after her son ascended the throne. She was the grandmother of Kings Djedefre and Khafra and Queen Hetepheres II. Her titles include: King's Mother ("mwt-niswt"), Mother of the King of the Two Lands ("mwt-niswt-biti"), Attendant of Horus ("kht-hrw"), God's Daughter of his body ("s3t-ntr-nt-kht.f"). Hetepheres I's marriage to Snefru solidified his rise to the throne. Two great lines were joined when they married, as she had carried the blood royal from one dynasty to the next. Her title as "Daughter to the God" began when her father, Huni, ruled, and continued when she married Snefru and gave birth to the next ruler, Khufu, who is the one who commissioned her tomb and pyramid.

paragraph: Hetepheres died during the reign of her son Khufu.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery of the tomb.

paragraph: Starting in 1902, a joint expedition of Harvard University and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts took over the excavation of Giza. For 23 years they methodically cleared and documented the area. On the 9th of March, 1925, while the leader of the expedition, George Reisner, was back in the US, the staff photographer noticed a patch of plaster where he was expecting limestone. Under the direction of Ahmed Said, Reisner's head rais, they cleared the area and removed the plaster, revealing a deep shaft. They dug down 85 feet before reaching a masonry wall which, when penetrated revealed a jumble of grave goods including a white alabaster sarcophagus, gold encased rods used to frame a canopy or tent, gold, wood furniture, and more. Using binoculars and mirrors, Battiscombe Gunn identified an inscription identifying Sneferu. But this, contrary to newspaper reports at the time, only meant that the owner of the tomb had lived during the reign of Sneferu.

paragraph: Reisner concluded that this represented a secret reburial, possibly because robbers had gotten into the original tomb. By April, he had identified the owner of the tomb as Hetepheres, wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu. In 1927 they gathered to open the sarcophagus only to find that it was empty.

paragraph: Reisner conjectured that Hetepheres had been originally buried near her husband's pyramid in Dahshur, but the tomb was broken into shortly after her burial. He thought the robbers had opened the sarcophagus, stolen the mummy with all its gold trappings, but had fled before taking the rest of the treasures. Reisner proposed that the officials responsible for the tomb, in order to avoid his wrath, told Khufu that the mummy was still safely inside the sarcophagus. Khufu then ordered the sarcophagus and all the funerary equipment reburied at Giza, near his own pyramid.

paragraph: The exact sequence of events is still a mystery however. Dr. Mark Lehner has suggested that G7000X was Hetepheres' original tomb and that her second tomb was the Pyramid G1-a. He conjectured that the mummy of the queen was removed from G7000X when the pyramid was completed and that some of the grave goods were left behind when the queen was reburied. A third possibility, outlined by I.E.S. Edwards in his review of Lehner's theory, is that G7000X was meant to be Hetepheres' final resting place and that the mummy was robbed from that structure shortly after her burial. It may be possible that a superstructure in the form of a pyramid was planned for shaft G7000X.

paragraph: Dr. Zahi Hawass has suggested that Hetepheres was originally buried at G1-a, the northernmost of the small pyramids, and that after the robbery a new shaft was excavated for a new tomb. This would explain the evidence of tampering on the tomb objects.

paragraph: Section::::Grave treasures.

paragraph: Hetepheres' sarcophagus and funerary furniture were discovered in 1925 near the satellite pyramids of the Great Pyramid of Giza in shaft G7000X of a pit tomb. Although the sarcophagus was sealed and the Canopic chest were intact, Hetepheres' mummy was missing. The chest, a large square box with four smaller square compartments inside, is one of the oldest examples known, so it has been suggested that Hetepheres may have been one of the first Egyptian royals to have her organs preserved. Of the four interior squares all contained organic matter but two of the squares also contained liquid. Ensuing test revealed the liquid to be a three percent solution of Egyptian natron in water, which was used in the mummification process.

paragraph: The contents of the tomb provide us with many details of the luxury and ways of life of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. The items found in the tomb are on display the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, with replicas of the main funerary furnishings in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts.

paragraph: The funeral furniture in G 7000X included the following items:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bed canopy — (inscribed), gold covered, presented by Snefru, in Cairo Museum Ent. 57711 (restored).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bed with inlaid footboard— gold covered, in Cairo Museum Ent. 53261 (restored).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curtain box (inscribed) — gold covered, faience inlaid, presented by Snefru, with King seated on north end, and names and winged disk on south end, in Cairo Museum Ent. 72030 (restored).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armchair with papyrus — flower decoration, gold covered, in Cairo Museum Ent. 53263 (restored).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armchair — with inlays of Neith-standards on both faces of back, with hawk standing on palm column on arms (wood perished), gold covered, in Cairo Museum (recreated 2016).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold fragments — with deceased seated smelling lotus, probably from lid of small box, in Cairo Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palanquins (inscribed on back) — gold covered, in Cairo Museum Ent. 52372 (restored).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remains of tubular leather case — containing two long staves covered with gold ribbed casing and wooden stick with inlaid Min-emblem decoration, in Cairo Museum. (89619 a and b).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chest — with inlaid lid with text and Min-emblem decoration, gold covered, in Cairo Museum. The chest contained a box with eight alabaster ointment jars (inscribed) in stand, and copper toilet-spoon, a box (inscribed), gold covered, containing silver bracelets with butterfly design, and a head-rest, wood, covered with gold and silver (uninscribed).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarcophagus — alabaster.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canopic box — alabaster.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfram Grajetzki: "Ancient Egyptian Queens – a hieroglyphic dictionary", London, 2005

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egyptian Fourth Dynasty Family Tree

description: Queen of Egypt during the 4th dynasty

wikidata_label: Hetepheres I

wikipedia_title: Hetepheres I


text: American football

text: cornerback

text: 2009 NFL Draft

text: Chicago Bears

text: college football

text: Vanderbilt

text: Spartanburg, South Carolina

text: Wide Receiver

text: Defensive Back

text: college football

text: Vanderbilt

text: school history

text: SEC

text: Associated Press

text: sophomore

text: junior

text: All-America

text: 2008 Music City Bowl

text: bowl

text: Chicago Bears

text: Charles Tillman

text: Corey Graham

text: nickelback

text: Tony Romo

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: Donovan McNabb

text: Washington Redskins

text: Detroit Lions

text: Matthew Stafford

text: Carolina Panthers

text: Lovie Smith

text: Chicago Bears bio

text: Vanderbilt Commodores bio

text: Chicago Bears Player Bio - D.J. Moore

categories: Players of American football from South Carolina,Vanderbilt Commodores football players,1987 births,Sportspeople from Spartanburg, South Carolina,Chicago Bears players,Carolina Panthers players,American football cornerbacks,Living people

paragraph: D. J. Moore (cornerback)

paragraph: David James "D.J." Moore (born March 22, 1987) is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted 119th overall in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. He played college football at Vanderbilt.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: In high school, he was a four-year football varsity player at Broome High School in Spartanburg, South Carolina. He was a player that played both offense and defense, starting at Wide Receiver and Defensive Back. As a senior, had 48 receptions for 896 yards and 14 touchdowns; one rush for an 84-yard touchdown; three punt return touchdowns; 39 tackles and 6 interceptions on defense. He also played basketball in high school, helping squad to state title as a junior. As a senior in basketball, he averaged 15 points, 10 rebounds, and five assists.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.:Accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AA Special Teams Player of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- Region 2-2A Player of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two-time All-State Wide Receiver

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 State Title for Football

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 State Championship Football MVP

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three-time All-State in Basketball

paragraph: BULLET::::- Track and Field State Champion as High jumper

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Moore played college football at Vanderbilt for three seasons, playing in 37 games, while starting 34 of them as defensive back. Moore recorded 13 interceptions in his career, which is tied for third in school history.

paragraph: While playing at Vanderbilt, he garnered First Team All-SEC honors from the Associated Press in his sophomore and junior years. He was also named an All-American in his junior year, as he helped lead Vanderbilt to victory in the 2008 Music City Bowl, exactly 53 years since the team's last victory at a bowl. In an interview following the game, Moore announced that he would forgo his senior season to enter the NFL draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Moore was selected by the Chicago Bears in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. On May 29, 2009, he signed a 4-year deal with Chicago, signing him through 2012. Moore appeared in three games in his rookie season, serving as a backup cornerback behind Charles Tillman and Corey Graham at the left cornerback position. During the 2010 season, Moore saw considerable playing time contributing as the nickelback when the team left its base 4–3 coverage. He intercepted two passes from Tony Romo during a game against the Dallas Cowboys. On October 24, 2010, he intercepted a pass from Donovan McNabb of the Washington Redskins and ran it back 54 yards for a touchdown. Moore also returned another McNabb interception for a touchdown, but it was nullified due to a holding penalty. In the 2011 season against the Detroit Lions, Moore was ejected from the game for starting a brawl after Lions quarterback Matthew Stafford pulled him down by the helmet.

paragraph: After the 2012 season the Bears decided not to resign Moore.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On March 19, 2013, Moore signed a one-year contract with the Carolina Panthers. He was released on October 21, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: On February 14, 2014, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed Moore, reuniting him with his former coach in Chicago, now with Tampa Bay, Lovie Smith.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vanderbilt Commodores bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL Events: Combine Player Profiles - D.J. Moore

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears Player Bio - D.J. Moore

description: American football player

wikidata_label: D. J. Moore

wikipedia_title: D. J. Moore (cornerback)


text:
American football
safety
San Francisco 49ers
2009 NFL Draft
college football
Louisiana State University
high school football
Frankliinton High School
Franklinton, Louisiana
Oakland Raiders
Arizona Cardinals
Sacramento Mountain Lions
San Francisco 49ers
2009 NFL Draft
Oakland Raiders
practice squad
Arizona Cardinals
Tyrann Mathieu
San Diego Chargers
Brandon Taylor
2012 NFL Draft
San Francisco 49ers bio
LSU Tigers bio

categories: San Francisco 49ers players,LSU Tigers football players,1985 births,Players of American football from Louisiana,American football safeties,People from Bogalusa, Louisiana,Sacramento Mountain Lions players,Living people

paragraph: Curtis Taylor

paragraph: Curtis Trishton Taylor (born July 13, 1985) is an American football safety who is currently a free agent. The San Francisco 49ers drafted him in the seventh round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisiana State University (LSU). He played high school football at Frankliinton High School in Franklinton, Louisiana.

paragraph: He also played for the Oakland Raiders, Arizona Cardinals and Sacramento Mountain Lions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: Taylor was drafted in the seventh round, 219th overall pick, by the San Francisco 49ers in the 2009 NFL Draft. He was released by the 49ers on September 3, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: On January 5, 2012, Taylor signed a future/reserve contract with the Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second Stint with 49ers.

paragraph: The 49ers re-signed Taylor to the team's practice squad on December 26, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Taylor signed with the Arizona Cardinals on April 3, 2013. He was released on August 30, 2013. After re-signing with the team and spending time on the practice squad, Taylor was elevated to the active roster on December 10, 2013, after a season-ending injury to safety Tyrann Mathieu. The Cardinals released Taylor on August 30, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His younger brother is former San Diego Chargers safety, Brandon Taylor, who was selected by the Chargers in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft after also playing for Louisiana State.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- LSU Tigers bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Curtis Taylor

wikipedia_title: Curtis Taylor


text:
Irish
manager
treasurer
secretary
physiotherapist
Scottish
football
Hibernian
sprinter
Phil Kelso
Arsenal
Coatbridge
Easter Road
Leith Central Station
Scottish Cup
1902
Scottish league championship
1903
limited liability company
committee
Spanish flu
Scottish Cup
1901-02
Scottish Cup Runners-Up
1913-14
Scottish League
1902-03
History of Hibernian F.C.
List of Scottish Cup winning managers

categories: Hibernian F.C. managers,1919 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,Hibernian F.C. non-playing staff,Deaths from Spanish flu

paragraph: Dan McMichael

paragraph: Dan McMichael (circa 1860 — 6 February 1919) was an Irish manager, treasurer, secretary and physiotherapist of the Scottish football club Hibernian during the late 19th Century and early 20th Century. He was also a sprinter in his youth and a referee in Lanarkshire. He is the only manager to have taken charge of Hibs in two separate spells, being the first manager of the club from 1900–03 and returning in 1904 after Phil Kelso left for Arsenal. He subsequently held this position for fifteen years, also making him the club's longest serving manager to date.

paragraph: He was a saw-miller by trade and settled in Coatbridge in the 1880s before moving to Edinburgh sometime between 1895 and 1898. His brother-in-law, James “Judge” Murphy, was with Hibernian from 1893 to 1903 and seems likely to have started McMichael’s connection with Hibs. He was living with Murphy and his father-in-law Thomas Murphy at 20 Ferrier Street, between Easter Road and Leith Central Station, close to the local sawmill. He helped revive the club after it was threatened with closure during the early 1890s. He was appointed Secretary for season 1900-01, effectively the manager, and he led the team that won the Scottish Cup in 1902 and the Scottish league championship in 1903. He officially became the club's manager in 1904 after the club became a limited liability company, which meant that the team was no longer run by committee.

paragraph: McMichael served as Hibs manager and in other capacities until 1919, when he was one of the casualties of the Spanish flu pandemic. Like many of the pandemic victims, McMichael was buried in an unmarked grave. Several decades later, a group of Hibs supporters found the grave site from local records and raised funds for a gravestone. A dedication ceremony was carried out in December 2013, attended by 400 people.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hibernian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Cup (1) : 1901-02

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Cup Runners-Up (1) : 1913-14

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish League (1) : 1902-03

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Hibernian F.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Scottish Cup winning managers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

description: Scottish footballer

wikidata_label: Dan McMichael

wikipedia_title: Dan McMichael


text:
Venezuelan
folk
Apure
José Catire Carpio
El Carrao de Palmarito
Eneas Perdomo
Cristóbal Jiménez
María Teresa Chacín
Quinto Criollo
Juan Galea
Javier Solis
Venezuela
Venezuelan music
Venezuelan cuatro blog

categories: 2012 deaths,Venezuelan folk musicians,Venezuelan composers,Male composers,1918 births

paragraph: Augusto Bracca

paragraph: Augusto Bracca (23 April 1918 – 25 December 2012) was a Venezuelan folk composer.

paragraph: Bracca was born in Trinidad de Orichuna, Apure. In addition to his activity as a composer, he became a singer, through the help of Cándido Herrera, who also helped him in the interpretation of his compositions.

paragraph: Augusto Bracca recognised in the singers José Catire Carpio and "Juan de los Santos Contreras" (El Carrao de Palmarito) two of his best interpreters. The former recorded, among others, two of the most famous pieces in his career - "Mi llano es un paraíso" and "Mi rancho llanero", and the latter made popular the famous piece "Chaparralito llanero".

paragraph: There are many other singers who have successfully interpreted works of Augusto Bracca, for instance Eneas Perdomo, and "Roiman Meza" with the song "Traigo polvo del camino", Cristóbal Jiménez with "Dios te puso en mi camino", and Edith Salcedo, who recorded "Amorcito de mi vida"; also the "Cuarteto Pueblo", María Teresa Chacín, Quinto Criollo, Lila Moreno, Juan Galea and Lilia Madrigal. The compositions of Bracca have travelled beyond the borders of Venezuela, to become favourite pieces of singers like Javier Solis, Olimpo Cárdenas, Irma Dorante and the Mariachi México.

paragraph: Some of his most famous songs are: "A mi ranchito escondido, Alto Apure, Amorcito de mi vida, Chaparralito llanero, Cariño lindo, El beso que te di, El negro José, Fiesta llanera en Elorza, Lindo amanecer, Traigo polvo del camino yo no olvido mi llanura, Qué bonito es Camaguán", among others.

paragraph: Bracca died in Guasdualito, Apure, on December 25, 2012, aged 94.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venezuela

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venezuelan music

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venezuelan cuatro blog

description: Venezuelan folk musician

wikidata_label: Augusto Bracca

wikipedia_title: Augusto Bracca


text:
Conrad III of Germany
Gertrude von Sulzbach
Emperor Henry IV
Berengar II of Sulzbach
Sophia
Béla II of Hungary
Géza II
King of Germany
Regensburg
Second Crusade
Laetare Sunday
Aachen
Wibald
Heinrich von Wiesenbach
Battle of Flochberg
Welf VI
Welf VII
Würzburg
Byzantine emperor
Manuel I
Irene
monastery of Lorch

categories: Hohenstaufen,12th-century Kings of Germany,Kings of the Romans,Year of birth unknown,1130s births,1150 deaths,12th-century Kings of the Romans

paragraph: Henry Berengar

paragraph: Henry Berengar (1136/7–1150), sometimes numbered Henry (VI), was the eldest legitimate son of Conrad III of Germany and his second wife, Gertrude von Sulzbach. He was named after his father's maternal grandfather, the Emperor Henry IV, and his mother's father, Count Berengar II of Sulzbach. He was groomed for the succession, but predeceased his father.

paragraph: In 1139, Henry was betrothed to Sophia, daughter of King Béla II of Hungary. She moved to Germany to learn German language and court culture, but relations between Germany and Hungary cooled after the death of her father in 1141. The marriage was cancelled while Sophia was still residing in Germany. After several letters to her brother, King Géza II, she received permission to remain in the German monastery where she had been living. Conrad and Henry likewise approved.

paragraph: Conrad had the princes elect Henry, then ten years old, as co-King of Germany at a diet in Regensburg on 13 March 1147, before Conrad left on the Second Crusade. Henry was anointed and crowned on Laetare Sunday (30 March) in Aachen. During his father's absence on crusade (June 1147–May 1149), he was placed under the tutorship of the powerful abbot Wibald and the notary Heinrich von Wiesenbach. For his services, Heinrich was raised to the rank of master ("magister") or protonotary ("protonotarius"). Nine letters (eight in full) written by or for Henry survive from this period of his reign.

paragraph: The young Henry was the winning general at the Battle of Flochberg (1150) against Welf VI and Welf VII. The military prowess of the young ruler was emphasised in letters (dated the week of 16–20 April 1150 at Würzburg) to the Byzantine emperor Manuel I and the empress Irene, Gertrude's sister, informing them of the victory. Henry died later that year and was buried at the monastery of Lorch.

description: German king

wikidata_label: Henry Berengar

wikipedia_title: Henry Berengar


text: O.Praem.

text: Premonstratensian

text: canon regular

text: Roman Catholic

text: priest

text: Apostolic Administrator

text: Auchtermuchty

text: Free Presbyterian

text: St Benet's Hall, Oxford

text: Terence Brain

text: Gorton

text: Manchester

text: Chelmsford

text: Fernando Cardinal Filoni

wikipedia_title: Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands

categories: Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism,Premonstratensian Order,Falkland Islands Roman Catholics,21st-century English Roman Catholic priests,Living people

paragraph: Hugh Allan (prelate)

paragraph: Hugh Allan, O.Praem. (born 3 August 1976) is a Premonstratensian canon regular and Roman Catholic priest who is the Apostolic Administrator of the Prefecture of the Falkland Islands and Ecclesiastical Superior of the Missions sui iuris of the islands of Ascension, St Helena and Tristan da Cunha.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hugh Allan was born in Hertfordshire, England, to a Scottish family from the town of Auchtermuchty, located close to the village of Falkland. Raised as a Free Presbyterian, Allan converted to Catholicism at the age of 16. He trained to be a teacher at St Mary’s University, Twickenham. On leaving university, he joined the Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré, also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines or ‘White Canons’. Following his novitiate, he was sent to complete further studies at St Benet's Hall, Oxford. He made his solemn profession on 27 October 2001 and was ordained a priest on 22 November 2002 by Bishop Terence Brain.

paragraph: Following ordination, he worked as a full-time school chaplain in North Manchester. In 2004, he was appointed parish priest of Gorton, Manchester. In 2006, he was appointed superior of the Norbertine community in Manchester, aged only 29. At the time, he was the youngest Catholic religious superior in the world. In 2008, the Norbertines opened a new Priory in Chelmsford and he was appointed superior to this new canonry. At the same time, he was appointed parish priest of Chelmsford and has also recently served as the Area Dean for Mid-Essex.

paragraph: He was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the Falkland Islands and Ecclesiastic Superior of St. Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha by Fernando Cardinal Filoni on 26 October 2016 for a period of five years. In recognition of this ecclesiastical appointment, Allan was also elevated to the title of ‘Titular Abbot of Beeleigh’ by the Abbot General of the Norbertine Order, the Most Revd. Thomas Handgrätinger, O.Praem., in which capacity he was officially installed on 8 December 2016.

wikidata_label: Hugh Allan

wikipedia_title: Hugh Allan (prelate)


text:
Wittenberg
Sturmabteilung
University of Berlin
philosophy
Dickinson College
Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Bachelor of Arts
economics
political science
Asia
Heidelberg University
Nazi Party
Shanghai
XGRS
Tokyo, Japan
Heidelberg
Federal Republic of Germany
Paris
London
Bonn
Romania
People's Republic of China
John Rabe
Ulrich Wickert
Emily Wood

wikipedia_title:
Wittenberg
Sturmabteilung
Humboldt University of Berlin
Philosophy
Dickinson College
Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Bachelor of Arts
Economics
Political science
Asia
Heidelberg University
Nazi Party
Shanghai
XGRS
Tokyo
Heidelberg
Germany
Paris
London
Bonn
Romania
China
John Rabe
Ulrich Wickert
Emily Wood

categories: Ambassadors of West Germany,2008 deaths,1915 births,Nazi Party members,Dickinson College alumni,Heidelberg University alumni,Ambassadors of Germany to Romania,People from Bad Freienwalde,Nazi propagandists,Ambassadors of Germany to China,People from the Province of Brandenburg,German people of World War II,German diplomats

paragraph: Erwin Wickert

paragraph: Erwin Wickert (7 January 1915 – 26 March 2008) was a German diplomat who, during the 1970s, served as the ambassador to Romania and China.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in Bralitz and raised in Wittenberg, Wickert applied to join the "Sturmabteilung" at the age of 18 before ultimately enrolling at the University of Berlin in 1934, where he studied philosophy. The following year, in 1935, he won a scholarship to Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and transferred there to complete his studies, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in economics and political science in 1936.

paragraph: Wickert spent the year following graduation traveling the United States and Asia, before returning to Germany. During his travels, he worked odd jobs, including as a waiter in San Francisco and for a travel agency in New York City. In 1939 he completed a doctorate in philosophy at Heidelberg University.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: By September 1939, Wickert had joined the Nazi Party and was hired by the German foreign ministry. That year he was appointed "radio attaché" at the German consulate in Shanghai, where he was responsible for managing the German propaganda station XGRS. Towards the end of the war he was reassigned to Tokyo, Japan.

paragraph: From 1947 Wickert worked as a freelance writer in Heidelberg. Upon the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1955, Wickert resumed working for the foreign ministry, holding posts in Paris, London, and a domestic assignment in Bonn. From 1971 to 1976 he served as German ambassador to Romania and, from 1976 to 1980, as ambassador to the People's Republic of China.

paragraph: Wickert retired in 1980. Shortly after, he returned to Dickinson College for the first time since his graduation 44 years earlier and led a question-and-answer session at the college's Memorial Hall.

paragraph: During his life, Wickert wrote more than a dozen fiction and non-fiction books. In 1998 he edited the diaries of John Rabe.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1939 Wickert married Ingeborg Weides, with whom he had two sons and one daughter. Wickert was the father of the German journalist Ulrich Wickert and grandfather of actress Emily Wood.

description: German diplomat and writer

wikidata_label: Erwin Wickert

wikipedia_title: Erwin Wickert