text:
Old Norse
Norwegian
Norway
Battle of Stamford Bridge
England
Harald Hardrada
Bergen
Snorri Sturluson
Heimskringla
Harald Hardrada
Tora Torbergsdatter
invasion of England
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Orkney
Magnus II
body-guard
Bergen
Heimskringla
Snorri Sturluson
Bergen
Svend Estridsen
Ingerid
Ingegerd of Norway
Olaf I of Denmark
William the Conqueror
Archbishopric of Bremen
Christ Church
Nidaros Cathedral
Trondheim
guilds
Rånrike
Norway
Tanum Municipality
Sweden
Magnus III
Morkinskinna
Heimskringla
Snorri Sturluson
Bergen, Norway
Knut Steen
Maine penny
silver
coin
Maine
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
List of Norwegian monarchs
Saga of Olaf Kyrre
Heimskringla
King Olav Kyrre Sculpture in Bergen

categories: Norwegian monarchs,1093 deaths,Burials at Nidaros Cathedral,House of Hardrada,1050s births

paragraph: Olaf III of Norway

paragraph: Olaf Haraldsson (Old Norse: "Óláfr Haraldsson", Norwegian: "Olav Haraldsson"; c. 1050 – 22 September 1093), known as Olaf Kyrre (Old Norse: "kyrri", English: Peaceful), ruled Norway as King Olaf III from 1067 until his death in 1093.

paragraph: He was present at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in England in 1066 where his father, King Harald Hardrada, saw defeat and was killed in action, an event that directly preceded his kingship. During his rule, Olaf made peace with regards to earlier royal conflicts with the church, strengthened the power of the monarchy, and is traditionally credited with founding the city of Bergen circa 1070. Around 1225, Snorri Sturluson wrote "Olav Kyrres saga" about King Olaf in the Heimskringla.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Olaf was a son of King Harald Hardrada and Tora Torbergsdatter. Olaf joined his father during the invasion of England during 1066. However, he was only 16 years old during the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066. He stayed on a ship and did not participate in the fighting. After the Norwegian defeat, he sailed with the remains of the Norwegian strike force back to Orkney, where they wintered. The return journey to Norway took place in summer 1067.

paragraph: After the death of his father, Olaf shared the kingdom with his brother Magnus II ("Magnus 2 Haraldsson") who had become king the previous year. When King Magnus died during 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway.

paragraph: During his reign, the nation of Norway experienced a rare extended period of peace. He renounced any offensive foreign policy, rather he protected Norway as a kingdom through agreements and marriage connections. Domestically he laid emphasis on the church's organization and modernizing the kingdom. The latter resulted in, among other things, the reorganization of the body-guard and of measures under which key cities, especially Bergen, could better serve as a royal residence. According to the "Heimskringla" by Snorri Sturluson, Olaf is said to have founded the city of Bergen (originally called Bjørgvin).

paragraph: The death of Harald Hardrada and the serious defeat suffered by the Norwegians in 1066 tempted the Danish king, Svend Estridsen, to prepare for an attack on Norway. King Svend no longer felt bound by the ceasefire agreement signed with Harald Hardrada in 1064, since it would only be valid for the two kings during their own lives. However Olaf made peace with King Svend and married the king's daughter Ingerid. Later, Olav's half sister Ingegerd of Norway married King Svend's son and heir Olaf I of Denmark, who would later become the Danish king. Although there were some attacks on England by Danish forces, peace persisted between Denmark and Norway. Olaf also made peace with William the Conqueror of England.

paragraph: King Olaf broke with his father's line in his relationship to the church. Harald Hardrada had developed a continuing conflict with the Archbishopric of Bremen due to the archbishop's authority over the Norwegian church. Unlike his father, Olav recognized that authority fully. Political considerations may have been behind this conciliatory attitude, as may have been Olaf's concern with the church organization. Until his time bishops had formed part of the king's court and traveled with him around the country to take care of the ecclesiastical affairs while the king took care of worldly matters. The bishops established fixed residence in Oslo, Nidaros and Bergen. King Olaf also took the initiative for the construction of churches, including Christ Church in Bergen and Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.

paragraph: Olaf strengthened the power of the king and instituted the system of guilds in Norway. There are strong indications that the government of King Olaf began writing secure provincial laws to a greater extent. The Norwegian law was probably put in writing for the first time during his reign.

paragraph: King Olaf died of illness on 22 September 1093 in Haukbø, Rånrike, then part of Norway (now Håkeby, Tanum Municipality, Sweden). He was buried at the Nidaros Cathedral. His marriage to Ingerid did not produce any children. His successor as king, Magnus III nicknamed Magnus Barefoot ("Magnus Berrføtt"), was acknowledged to be his illegitimate son.

paragraph: Section::::Physical appearance.

paragraph: The Morkinskinna (c. 1220) describes Olaf III as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- [A] tall man, and everyone agrees that there has never been seen a fairer man or a man of nobler appearance.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He had blond hair, a light complexion, and pleasing eyes, and he was well proportioned. He was taciturn for the most part, and not much of a speechmaker, though he was good company after drink."

paragraph: Another description is found in the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olaf was a stout man, well grown in limbs; and every one said a handsomer man could not be seen, nor of a nobler appearance.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His hair was yellow as silk, and became him well; his skin was white and fine over all his body; his eyes beautiful, and his limbs well proportioned. He was rather silent in general, and did not speak much even at Things; but he was merry in drinking parties. He loved drinking much, and was talkative enough then; but quite peaceful.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was cheerful in conversation, peacefully inclined during all his reign, and loving gentleness and moderation in all things."

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: A memorial to King Olaf Kyrre was placed in Bergen, Norway in connection with the city's 900 year anniversary. The abstract equestrian statue by noted Norwegian sculptor, Knut Steen, was unveiled on 21 May 1998.

paragraph: Section::::The "Maine penny".

paragraph: The Maine penny - a Norwegian silver coin discovered in the US State of Maine in 1957 and suggested as evidence of Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - has been dated to the time of Olaf III. The circumstances of its arrival from Norway to a Native American village in the present US territory remain unclear and highly disputed.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Norwegian monarchs

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saga of Olaf Kyrre Part of Heimskringla

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Olav Kyrre Sculpture in Bergen

description: King of Norway

wikidata_label: Olaf III of Norway

wikipedia_title: Olaf III of Norway


text: Swiss

text: psychiatrist

text: existential psychology

text: German-Jewish

text: Kreuzlingen

text: Otto Binswanger

text: psychiatry

text: University of Jena

text: phenomenological psychologists

text: Europe

text: United States

text: University of Zurich

text: Carl Jung

text: Eugen Bleuler

text: Sigmund Freud

text: Neurasthenia

text: existential

text: philosophy

text: Martin Heidegger

text: Edmund Husserl

text: Martin Buber

text: psychotherapy

text: anthropological

text: lifeworld

text: Michel Foucault

text: Eugène Minkowski

text: Jacques Lacan

text: Ellen West

text: intersubjective

text: counterdependency

text: narcissism

text: Herbert Rosenfeld

text: existential psychology

text: Weltanschauung

text: R. D. Laing

text: Fritz Perls

text: Munich

text: Basle

text: Bern

text: Henrik Ibsen

text: Heidelberg

text: analysis of Dasein

text: Festschrift

text: Konstanz

text: Tübingen

text: Schizophrenia

text: Pfullingen

text: Phenomenological

text: neurology

text: Amriswil

text: Pfullingen

text: Michel Foucault

text: Binswanger/Freud Correspondence

text: Ellen West

categories: Existential therapists,Swiss people of Jewish descent,Daseinsanalysis,Psychotherapists,People from Kreuzlingen,History of psychiatry,1881 births,1966 deaths,Swiss psychiatrists

paragraph: Ludwig Binswanger

paragraph: Ludwig Binswanger (; ; 13 April 1881 – 5 February 1966) was a Swiss psychiatrist and pioneer in the field of existential psychology. His German-Jewish grandfather (also named Ludwig Binswanger) was founder of the "Bellevue Sanatorium" in Kreuzlingen, and his uncle Otto Binswanger was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Jena.

paragraph: He is considered the most distinguished of the phenomenological psychologists, and the most influential in making the concepts of existential psychology known in Europe and the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: In 1907 Binswanger received his medical degree from the University of Zurich. As a young man he worked and studied with some of the greatest psychiatrists of the era, such as Carl Jung, Eugen Bleuler and Sigmund Freud. He visited Freud (who had cited his uncle Otto's work on Neurasthenia) in 1907 alongside Jung, approvingly noting his host's "distaste for all formality and etiquette, his personal charm, his simplicity, casual openness and goodness". The two men became lifelong friends, Freud finding Binswanger's 1912 illness "particularly painful", and Binswanger offering Freud a refuge in Switzerland in 1938.

paragraph: Binswanger became a member of the early 'Freud Group' Jung led in Switzerland; but nevertheless wrestled throughout his life over the place of psychoanalysis in his thinking – his 1921 article on 'Psychoanalysis and clinical Psychiatry' being only one landmark of that lifelong struggle.

paragraph: Binswanger was further influenced by existential philosophy, particularly after World War I, through the works of Martin Heidegger, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Buber, eventually evolving his own distinctive brand of existential-phenomenological psychology.

paragraph: From 1911 to 1956, Binswanger was medical director of the sanatorium in Kreuzlingen.

paragraph: Section::::Thinking and influence.

paragraph: Binswanger is considered the first physician to combine psychotherapy with existential and phenomenological ideas, a concept he expounds in his 1942 book; "Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins" (Basic Forms and the Realization of Human "Being-in-the-World"). In this work, he explains existential analysis as an empirical science that involves an anthropological approach to the individual essential character of being human.

paragraph: Binswanger saw Husserl's concept of lifeworld as a key to understanding the subjective experiences of his patients, considering that "in the mental diseases we face modifications of the fundamental structure and of the structural links of being-in-the-world". For Binswanger, mental illness involved the remaking of a world - including alterations in the lived experience of time, space, body sense and social relationships. Where for example the psychoanalyst might only see "an overly strong 'pre-oedipal' tie to the mother", Binswanger would point out that "such overly strong filial tie is only possible on the premise of a world-design exclusively based on connectedness, cohesiveness, continuity".

paragraph: Binswanger's "Dream and Existence" — which was translated from German into French by Michel Foucault who added a substantial essay-introduction — highlighted in similar fashion the necessity of "steeping oneself in the manifest content of the dream - which, since Freud's epoch-making postulate concerning the reconstruction of latent thoughts, has in modern times receded all to[o] far into the background". Eugène Minkowski had earlier introduced Binswanger's ideas into France, influencing thereby among others the early work of Jacques Lacan.

paragraph: In his study of existentialism, his most famous subject was Ellen West, a deeply troubled patient whose case-study was translated into English for the 1958 volume "Existence". Binswanger ascribed "schizophrenia" to her, and her case is included in his book "Schizophrenie". But few contemporary psychiatrists would accept this diagnosis. "Anorexia nervosa" is also misplaced. She felt an extreme urge for weight loss.

paragraph: Through his adoption from Buber of the importance of the concept of dialogue, Binswanger can also be seen as an ancestor to intersubjective approaches to therapy. Binswanger emphasised the importance of mutual recognition, as opposed to the counterdependency of destructive narcissism, as described by Herbert Rosenfeld for example.

paragraph: Section::::Binswanger on existence.

paragraph: Ludwig Binswanger contributed much to the idea of existence in the school of existential psychology. He believed that human existence was complex in that one has control over how one exists. As he described, humans have the choice of existing as,"being a hunter, of being romantic, of being in business, and thus (we are) free to design (ourselves) toward the most different potentialities of being." He therefore believed that such an existence "transcends the being," making the being accessible to itself in numerous different outcomes in life based on the existential path one chooses. In addition to this belief, Binswanger also thought that you can only observe one's existence and/or unique personality by looking at it holistically, emphasized in this quote from Binswanger:

paragraph: ""It is a question of attempting to understand and to explain the human being in the totality of his/her existence. But that is possible only from the perspective of our total existence: in other words, only when we reflect on and articulate our total existence, the "essence" and "form" of being human.""

paragraph: Section::::Binswanger on existence.:Modes of existence.

paragraph: Binswanger argued that there are certain modes of existence. These modes of existence, he believed, allowed humans and non-human animals to be separated based on this concept. These modes include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Umwelt" (the "around world")

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Mitwelt" (the "with world")

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Eigenwelt" (the "own world")

paragraph: The "Umwelt" can apply to both non-human animals and humans. It is the relationship between the organism and its environment. However, according to Binswanger, non-human animal cannot possess the world as humans do. Non-human animals, "can neither design world nor open up world nor decide independently in and for a situation. As for humans, they do possess the world in the way that they can transcend their being above the level of non-human animals by, "climbing above it (the world) in care and of swinging beyond it in love."

paragraph: The "Mitwelt" refers to the mode of existence involved in inter-species relations. Specifically, this mode applies mainly to humans in the sense of human interaction. It also refers to the "shared world" that we have with other people, i.e., viewing our lives according to our relationships with other humans.

paragraph: The "Eigenwelt" refers to a person's own subjective experience, or the "self world." In other words, the "Eigenwelt" is the relationship that one has with themselves. This mode of existence is the most difficult to grasp because of its vague definition.

paragraph: Binswanger believed that to fully understand a person, you must take into account the specificities of all three modes of existence.

paragraph: Section::::Binswanger on existence.:Weltanschauung.

paragraph: Weltanschauung (world-design) also applies to one's existence. An individual experiences the world through their own "Weltanschauung", or world-design. A person's world-design is essentially how they view and open up to the world around them. This concept also is related to the modes of existence, as Binswanger points out:

paragraph: ""The world-design""...""is by no means confined to the environment to the world of things, or to the universe in general, but refers equally to the world of one's fellow men (Mitwelt) and to the self world (Eigenwelt")"

paragraph: Section::::Binswanger on existence.:Being-in-the world vs. being-beyond-the-world.

paragraph: Two other concepts relate to Binswanger's view on existence, relating to the relationship between humans and the world or objects around them. "Being-in-the-world" is, "the normal and lawful interaction with the real-world environment that is considered primary to our way of existing in the world". It explains how we interact with our environment and the impact of that relationship. When "being-in-the-world," there are 3 general steps of assessment:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Identify the situation in reference to known objects and their properties

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Assign general rules to that situation according to those objects and properties

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Use logical rules in the situation and draw conclusions as to what must be done

paragraph: "Being-beyond-the-world" is the second of these concepts. This idea refers to how people can change their circumstances in the world by using free will. Similar to the concept of "being-in-the-world", a person is transcended and is able to transform their world following their own motivations. Binswanger relates this idea to love, believing that, "it (love) takes us beyond the world of one's own self to the world of we-hood".

paragraph: Section::::Criticism.

paragraph: R. D. Laing criticised Binswanger's phenomenology of space for insufficiently realizing the extent to which one's sense of space is structured by "others".

paragraph: Fritz Perls criticized Binswanger's existential therapy for leaning too heavily upon psychoanalysis.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907: "Über das Verhalten des psychogalvanischen Phänomens beim Assoziationsexperiment. Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien." (On the behavior of the psycho-galvanic phenomenon in association experiments. Diagnostic association studies).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910: "Über Entstehung und Verhütung geistiger Störungen". (Origin and prevention of mental disorders).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922: "Einführung in die Probleme der allgemeinen Psychologie" (Introduction to the problems of general psychology), Berlin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928: "Wandlungen in der Auffassung und Deutung des Traumes" (Transformations in the view and interpretation of the dream), Berlin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930: "Traum und Existenz" (Dream and existence).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932: "Zur Geschichte der Heilanstalt Bellevue. Kreuzlingen 1857–1932" (The history of the Bellevue sanatorium. Kreuzlingen, from 1857 to 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933: "Über Ideenflucht" (On "flight of ideas"), Zürich.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936: "Freuds Auffassung des Menschen im Lichte der Anthropologie". Erweiterter Festvortrag gehalten zur Feier des 80. Geburtstags von Sigmund Freud im Akad. Verein für medizin. Psychologie. (Freud's conception of man in the light of anthropology. Extended lecture held to celebrate the 80th Birthday of Sigmund Freud in the Academic Association for Medicine).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942: "Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins" (Basic forms and realization of human existence), Zurich (3rd édition, Munich/Basle, 1962).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946: "Über Sprache und Denken" (On language and thinking), Basle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947: "Ausgewählte Aufsätze und Vorträge, Bd. 1: Zur phänomenologischen Anthropologie" (Selected essays and lectures, Volume 1: To phenomenological anthropology), Bern.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949: "Henrik Ibsen und das Problem der Selbstrealisation in der Kunst" (Henrik Ibsen and the problem of self-realization in art), Heidelberg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949: "Die Bedeutung der Daseinsanalytik Martin Heideggers für das Selbstverständnis der Psychiatrie" (The importance of Martin Heidegger's analysis of Dasein for the self-understanding of psychiatry).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: "Über Martin Heidegger und die Psychiatrie." Festschrift zur Feier des 350jährigen Bestehens des Heinrich-Suso-Gymnasium zu Konstanz (Martin Heidegger and psychiatry. Festschrift to celebrate the 350th anniversary of Heinrich Suso-Gymnasium in Konstanz).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "Ausgewählte Vorträge und Aufsätze, Bd. II: Zur Problematik der psychiatrischen Forschung und zum Problem der Psychiatrie" (Selected lectures and essays, Volume II: On the problem of psychiatric research and the problem of psychiatry) Bern.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "Erinnerungen an Sigmund Freud" (Memories of Sigmund Freud), Berne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "Drei Formen missglückten Daseins: Verstiegenheit, Verschrobenheit, Manieriertheit" (Three forms of failed existence), Tübingen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "Schizophrenie" (Schizophrenia), Pfullingen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "Der Mensch in der Psychiatrie" (Man in psychiatry), Pfullingen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: "Melancholie und Manie: Phänomenologische Studien" (Melancholy and mania: Phenomenological studies), Pfullingen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Geleitwort zu Hans Häfners "Psychopathien". Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiet der Neurologie und Psychiatrie." (Foreword to Hans Häfner's "Psychopathic". Monographs from the entire field of neurology and psychiatry), Berlin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Der Musische Mensch. Vorwort zu "Musische Erziehung"" (Man in arts. Preface to "Education in arts"), Amriswil.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "Wahn. Beiträge zu seiner phänomenologischen und daseinsanalytischen Erforschung" (Delusion. Contributions to phenomenological and analytical investigations), Pfullingen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Traum und Existenz" (Dream and existence), Einleitung von Michel Foucault. Verlag Gachnang & Springer, Bern / Berlin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Aby Warburg: La guarigione infinita. Storia clinica di Aby Warburg." A cura di Davide Stimilli. Vicenza 2005 (auf Deutsch: "Die unendliche Heilung. Aby Warburgs Krankengeschichte", diaphanes, Zürich/Berlin).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:German editions of selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ausgewählte Werke" in 4 Bänden. Roland Asanger, Heidelberg 1992–1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Band 1: "Formen missglückten Daseins", hrsg. v. Max Herzog, 1992,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Band 2: "Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins", hrsg. v. Max Herzog und Hans-Jürg Braun, 1993, bzw.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Band 3: "Vorträge und Aufsätze", hrsg. v. Max Herzog, 1994, bzw.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Band 4: "Der Mensch in der Psychiatrie", hrsg. v. Alixe Holzhey-Kunz, 1994, bzw.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Binswanger/Freud Correspondence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Existential Psychology by Dr. C. George Boeree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellen West

description: Swiss psychiatrist & essayist

wikidata_label: Ludwig Binswanger

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Binswanger


text:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
K. 454
Mantua
Vivaldi
Ospedale della Pietà
Venice
Joseph II
Munster, Germany
Gotha
Dresden
Robert Levin: Mozart Explored

categories: 1760s births,Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,Italian classical violinists,1839 deaths,People from Mantua

paragraph: Regina Strinasacchi

paragraph: Regina Schlick née Strinasacchi (c. 1761 - June 11, 1839) was a violin virtuoso and guitarist in a time when women rarely performed on the violin in public. She knew Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart well enough that he composed the Sonata in B flat for Violin and Keyboard, "Strinasacchi," (K. 454) at her request.

paragraph: Strinasacchi was born in either 1761, 1762 or 1764, at Ostiglia, near Mantua. In addition to her skill with the violin, she played guitar and composed, having studied at Vivaldi's school, the "Ospedale della Pietà" in Venice. She toured Italy, France and Germany between 1780-1783, arriving in Vienna in 1784, where she met Mozart. In a letter to his father, Mozart wrote: "We now have here the famous Strinasacchi from Mantua, a very good violinist. She has a great deal of taste and feeling in her playing. I am this moment composing a sonata which we are going to play together on Thursday at her concert in the theater." On April 29, 1784, she performed a concert with Mozart for Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, where they debuted the sonata. Famously, Mozart performed his piano portion without sheet music.

paragraph: In 1785, Strinasacchi married Johann Conrad Schlick (born Munster, Germany, 1759— died Gotha, 1825), composer, cellist, mandolinist and konzertmeister of the Gotha ducal band. He was already a professional musician when they married, playing at the Bishop's Chapel of Munster. They performed some concert tours together after their marriage, playing duos for violin and cello and mandolin and guitar. Their son, Johann Friedrich William Schlick, was born in 1801 and became a cellist and instrument maker. Upon her husband's death, she moved with her son to Dresden, where she lived out the remainder of her life. She was also reported to have died in Gotha.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Levin: Mozart Explored

description: Italian musician

wikidata_label: Regina Strinasacchi

wikipedia_title: Regina Strinasacchi


text: Marquess of Ferrara

text: condottiero

text: Ferrara

text: Alberto d'Este

text: Republics of Venice

text: Florence

text: Bologna

text: Battle of Portomaggiore

text: Azzo X d'Este

text: Obizzo II d'Este

text: Astorre I Manfredi

text: Gigliola

text: da Carrara

text: Francesco II da Carrara

text: Padua

text: Gian Maria Visconti

text: Captain General

text: Pope Boniface IX

text: Este

text: Fiore dei Liberi

text: Fior di Battaglia

text: Western martial arts

text: Holy Land

text: Parisina Malatesta

text: Andrea Malatesta

text: Filippo Maria Visconti

text: Parma

text: council

text: Gigliola da Carrara

text: Francesco II da Carrara

text: Padua

text: Parisina Malatesta

text: Andrea Malatesta

text: Ugo d'Este

text: Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta

text: Carlo Gonzaga of Milan

text: Sabbioneta

text: Ricciarda of Saluzzo

text: Thomas III of Saluzzo

text: Marguerite of Pierrepont

text: Ercole I d'Este

text: Ugo d'Este

text: Malatesta

text: Medici

text: Leonello d'Este

text: Stella de’ Tolomei

text: Borso d'Este

text: Oddantonio da Montefeltro

text: Duke of Urbino

text: Krk

text: Senj

text: Modruš

text: Frankopan

text: Galeotto I Pico

text: Camerino

text: L. A. Muratori

categories: Condottieri,House of Este,1441 deaths,15th-century Italian people,Margraves of Ferrara,1383 births,People from Ferrara,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara

paragraph: Niccolò III d'Este (9 November 1383 – 26 December 1441) was Marquess of Ferrara from 1393 until his death. He was also a condottiero.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Ferrara, the son of Alberto d'Este and Isotta Albaresani, he inherited the rule of the city in 1393 when only 10 years old. As a minor he was guided by a Regency Council supported by the Republics of Venice, Florence and Bologna.

paragraph: In 1395 the troops of the Regency Council were attacked at the Battle of Portomaggiore by Niccolò's relative Azzo X d'Este, a descendant of Obizzo II d'Este, who contested Niccolò's right to rule in Ferrara due to his illegitimate birth, even though Niccolò had been legitimated by his father. However, Azzo's mercenary forces were defeated in the battle and Azzo himself taken prisoner and subsequently imprisoned by Astorre I Manfredi, commander of the Regency Council forces, thus removing the threat to Niccolò's rule.

paragraph: In 1397 Niccolò married Gigliola da Carrara, daughter of Francesco II da Carrara, lord of Padua.

paragraph: In 1403 he joined the league formed against Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, being appointed Captain General of the Papal Army by Pope Boniface IX. In 1405 he ceded the ancestral family lands near Este to Venice.

paragraph: In 1410 the fighting master Fiore dei Liberi dedicated his treatise, the Fior di Battaglia, to him.

paragraph: This manuscript is a large part of the foundation of modern attempts to rebuild the Western martial arts. In 1413 he made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In 1418 he remarried to Parisina Malatesta, daughter of Andrea Malatesta. Two years later, fearing the ambitions of Filippo Maria Visconti, he ceded to him the possession of Parma.

paragraph: In 1425 Niccolò had both his wife Parisina and his illegitimate son Ugo executed on charges of adultery, as well as decreeing that all women within his domains found to be guilty of adultery were to be put to death. He had to rescind this order once it was determined that this action would depopulate Ferrara. In that year he was again commander-in-chief of the anti-Visconti league. In 1429 his illegitimate son was named heir of the Marquisate.

paragraph: The role of Niccolò as a prestigious leader in Italy was confirmed when his city was chosen as the seat of a council in 1438.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Niccolò had children with at least eleven different women.

paragraph: He married first Gigliola da Carrara, daughter of Francesco II da Carrara, lord of Padua in June 1397. She died of the plague in 1416. They had no known children.

paragraph: He married secondly Parisina Malatesta, daughter of Andrea Malatesta. He had her executed on 21 May 1425 for allegedly having an affair with his illegitimate son Ugo d'Este. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ginevra d'Este (born 1419). Married her maternal relative Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luzia d'Este (24 March 1419 – 28 June 1437). Married Carlo Gonzaga of Milan, Lord of Sabbioneta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberto Carlo d'Este (born and deceased in 1421).

paragraph: He married thirdly Ricciarda of Saluzzo in 1429. She was a daughter of Thomas III of Saluzzo and Marguerite of Pierrepont. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ercole I d'Este (26 October 1431 – 15 June 1505).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigismondo d'Este (1433 – 1 April 1507).

paragraph: He also had eleven illegitimate children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ugo d'Este (1405-1425). Son by Stella de' Tolomei. Executed by his father on 21 May 1425 for allegedly having an affair with his stepmother Parisina Malatesta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meliaduse d'Este, Abbot of Pomposa and Ferrara, (1406–1452). Son by Caterina of Medici.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonello d'Este (1407–1450). Son by Stella de’ Tolomei.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borso d'Este (1413–1471). Son by Stella de' Tolomei.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberto d'Este (1415 – 8 April 1502). Son by Filippa della Tavola.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isotta d'Este (1425–1456). Daughter by Filippa della Tavola. Married first Oddantonio da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino and secondly Stjepan III Frankopan Modruški (Stephen Frangipani), Prince of Krk, Senj and Modruš, a member of Frankopan noble family (Croatia).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice d'Este (1427–1497). Married Niccolò of Correggio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rinaldo d'Este, Lord of Ostellato (c. 1435 – 1535). Son by Anna de Roberti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bianca Maria d'Este (18 December 1440 – 12 January 1506). Daughter by Anna de Roberti. Married Galeotto I Pico, Lord della Mirandola.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gurone d'Este (d. 1484). An Abbot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Camilla d'Este. Married Rodolfo da Varano of Camerino.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. A. Muratori. "Delle antichità Estensi". 1717, Modena;

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. B. Pigna. "Historia dei Principi d'Este". 1570, Ferrara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Menniti Ippolito, Este, Niccolò III d’, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, XLIII, Roma 1993, pp. 396–403.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A listing of descendants of the d'Este family

paragraph: BR

description: Marquis of Ferrara

wikidata_label: Niccolò III d'Este

wikipedia_title: Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara


text:
blog
zine
Austin Chronicle
misanthropic
bitch
current events
society
politics
politically correct
iconoclastic
Megan's Law
tubal ligation
John F. Kennedy Jr.
Mother Teresa
Diana, Princess of Wales
Terri Schiavo
Catholic Church
PETA
tobacco
affirmative action
satirical
homophobia
creationism
Pledge of Allegiance
Elian Gonzalez
Cuba
9/11 attacks
Archive of original site
Mailing List
Archive of www.misanthropic-bitch.com

categories: American women journalists,21st-century American non-fiction writers,Zines,Internet properties established in 1997,American bloggers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: The Misanthropic Bitch

paragraph: The Misanthropic Bitch (TMB) was a personal blog maintained by a person who referred to herself by the same title. Although originally referred to as a zine, TMB represented one of the earliest online personal "blogs," having originally appeared in 1997. One of her most widely known quotes is "Nothing can make one a misogynist faster than being born a woman."

paragraph: The blog is often cited by other websites as a means of supporting a number of often controversial and opposing viewpoints, including Childfree By Choice, and White Male Supremacy/Misogyny, among others, and has been cited by columnists including Stephen MacMillan Moser at the Austin Chronicle.

paragraph: Section::::Concept.

paragraph: The concept of TMB was a 19-year-old journalism student (in 1997), and self-described misanthropic bitch, who comments on current events, society, politics, and various social issues. The vast majority of the writing was presented as being unapologetically controversial. The website was deliberately non-politically correct, with TMB expressing iconoclastic views geared specifically against what would be considered societal norms. In particular, the most recurring theme she steadfastly maintained was her antipathy toward children and parenthood. She stated that she does not like children or ever intend to have any, opined that society places an irrational emphasis on children and parenthood, criticized Megan's Law for de-emphasizing parental responsibility, and excoriated pregnant teenagers as "poster children for forced euthanasia" She also claimed to have almost undergone a tubal ligation, which her doctor refused to perform as she was "too young" (doctors generally will not perform this procedure on women under a certain age who have not yet had children).

paragraph: Section::::Controversial stances.

paragraph: TMB openly mocked much-beloved public figures after their deaths, such as John F. Kennedy Jr., Mother Teresa and Diana, Princess of Wales, whom she regarded as a "pathetic slut". She leveled criticism at Terri Schiavo's parents and their advocates for their treatment of Michael Schiavo, criticized various aspects of organized religion in general, and the Catholic Church in particular, criticized PETA, opined that the suing of tobacco companies ignores the fact that cigarettes were long-known to be unhealthy since the late 19th century, indicated that she is against affirmative action because it is little more than "hand-holding", and wrote articles satirical of homophobia and creationism.

paragraph: TMB advocated legalized pornography, legalized abortion, removing the words "Under God" from the American Pledge of Allegiance, and the return of Elian Gonzalez to his father in Cuba in 2000.

paragraph: Among the controversial topics covered on The Misanthropic Bitch:

paragraph: TMB was evicted from shutdown.com (her original web host) by the administrator after a personal disagreement regarding the 9/11 attacks. The most productive period for the blog was from its inception until 2001, but updates noticeably declined in later years. The final post was made in March 2005, with the blog going offline by mid-2007. The domain was later sold.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Archive of original site

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Mailing List

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Archive of www.misanthropic-bitch.com

description: American journalist

wikidata_label: The Misanthropic Bitch

wikipedia_title: The Misanthropic Bitch


text: Israel

text: Irgun

text: Six-Day War

text: Old City

text: Jerusalem

text: Jewish Quarter

text: Hurva Synagogue

text: Cardo

text: Jewish Quarter

text: Visual arts in Israel

categories: Israeli Jews,1932 births,Irgun members,Contemporary art galleries in Israel,Israeli artists,2004 deaths,Jews in Mandatory Palestine

paragraph: Elyada Merioz

paragraph: Elyada Merioz (1932–2004) was an Israeli art collector and gallery owner.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Before the establishment of the state, Elyada Merioz was a member of the Irgun. In 1967, after the Six-Day War, Merioz was the first Jew to settle in the Old City of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Immediately upon his arrival to the Jewish Quarter, Merioz worked on salvaging the remains of the synagogues bombed by the Jordanians during the war. The remains were displayed at a museum he established on Hayehudim Street #1. Among the most important remains were from the Hurva Synagogue.

paragraph: Merioz later established the Blue and White Art Gallery, located in the old Roman Cardo in the middle of the Jewish Quarter. The gallery is now run by his son, Udi Merioz.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visual arts in Israel

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerusalem: Center of a sacred struggle but Jews, Arabs coexist in city claimed by both

description: Israeli art dealer

wikidata_label: Elyada Merioz

wikipedia_title: Elyada Merioz


text:
Voortrekker
hero
Great Trek
Piet Retief
Dingaan
Zulu
impi
Piet Uys
Hendrik Potgieter
Orange Free State
commando
Battle of Italeni
assegai
frieze
Voortrekker Monument
"The Battle of Italeni"

categories: Afrikaner people,White South African people,1823 births,Great Trek,South African people of Dutch descent,1838 deaths

paragraph: Dirkie Uys

paragraph: Dirkie Uys (1823–1838) was a Voortrekker hero during the Great Trek.

paragraph: After the massacare of Piet Retief and his men by Dingaan on 6 February 1838, a number of Voortrekker camps were also attacked by the Zulu impis. These Voortrekkers appealed to other treks, particularly those of Piet Uys and Hendrik Potgieter in the Orange Free State, for help. Both treks send out commandos to help, including Uys' fifteen-year-old son, Dirkie. During the subsequent Battle of Italeni, Piet Uys was mortally wounded by an assegai while riding to the rescue of two of his cornered men. The rescue party failed.

paragraph: Opinions of what happened next differ: According to the most common version (mostly told by people who had not been present at the battle), Dirkie Uys was ahead of his father with most of the party when he heard his father ordering one of his men to leave him where he had fallen. Seeing the Zulus closing in on his father, Dirkie Uys turned around his horse, shouting "I will die with my father", and charged. He shot three Zulu warriors, briefly forcing them to retreat, but they rushed at him and stabbed him off his horse. Dirkie Uys fell beside his father, where they were both stabbed to death. This version of events is depicted on one of the historical friezes of the Voortrekker Monument.

paragraph: South Africa has a deep and significant history, one that is complex and integral to the identity of the modern Rainbow Nation. The Dirkie Uys Monument is one small part of the South African mosaic, a beautiful chapter in the long tale that has brought this country to the democratic, united point that we now enjoy.

paragraph: Dirk Uys and his father, Piet, served together in the Boer War, when the Voortrekkers fought against the Zulu warriors in bloody battles that led to the devastating loss of tens of thousands of British, Boer and African lives. Dirkie was only 15 years old, fighting under the command of his father, when the Zulu impis lured their commando into an attack. Piet was fatally wounded and, as he lay dying, commanded that his men, including Dirkie, flee and save themselves. But his son loyally stayed behind. Unable to leave his dying father at the mercy of the warring Zulu fighters, Dirkie stuck by his side, fighting off as many of the warriors as he could before he was finally killed, laid to a bloody rest next to his father.

paragraph: The Dirkie Uys Monument is situated in Somerset West, less than an hour’s drive outside Cape Town. It commemorates the loss of these two war heroes, but also the loss of the lives of all of the many other men, women and children that succumbed during this turbulent time in South Africa’s history. The monument comprises a stone bench, fashioned after an ox wagon wheel, as well as an ox wagon atop a stone structure bearing the date 1938 to celebrate the centenary of the Great Trek. The monument faces true north and is situated on the large piece of land between two churches (the NG Moedergemeente and the Ou Pastorie Church and Rectory). This is open to the public and there are no charges involved in seeing the monument.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ian S. Uys, "The Battle of Italeni", South African Military History Society.

description: Voortrekker hero

wikidata_label: Dirkie Uys

wikipedia_title: Dirkie Uys


text:
Croatian
Knez
Croatia
vassal
Frankish Empire
Nin
Croats
Dalmatia
Višeslav of Croatia
Vladislav
Royal Frankish Annals
Duke
Guduscani
Lika
Dalmatia
Timociani
Kučevo
Dalmatian Croatia
Royal Frankish Annals
Herstal
Frankish Emperor
Louis the Pious
Obotrites
Timociani
Ljudevit
March of Friuli
Guduscani
Lika
Gacka
Ingelheim
met Ljudevit's advancing army
Kupa
springtime
Noric Alps
Carinthia
Bavaria
Upper Pannonia
Drava
Carniola
Vladislav
A. K. Miošić
A. Dimitz
V. Klaić
F. Šišić
A. P. Vlasto
T. Macan
I. Perić
Neven Budak
R. Novaković
Una river
M. Atlagić
Slavonia
S. Prvanović
Timok
Kučevo
M. S. Milojević
F. Racki
P. J. Šafárik
V. Karić
Fine Jr.
Višeslav
Nin
B. W. Scholz
R. McKitterick
C. R. Bowlus
F. Curta
Gacka
De Administrando Imperio's
Porga
Krumbacher
Branimir
Royal Frankish Annals

categories: People of the Carolingian Empire,9th-century Croatian people,9th-century people from East Francia,821 deaths,Dukes of Croatia,Year of birth unknown,Christian monarchs,9th-century Slavs,History of Dalmatia,9th-century rulers in Europe

paragraph: Borna of Croatía

paragraph: Borna was the Duke (, Croatian: "Knez") of Croatia from to 821 and vassal of the Frankish Empire. He resided in Nin and was the ruler of most of the Croats in northern Dalmatia.

paragraph: Borna's predecessor was Višeslav of Croatia, most probably his father. After his death in 821, he was succeeded by his nephew Vladislav.

paragraph: He is mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals ("Annales regni Francorum") in entries regarding 818–821. His titles were "Duke of the Guduscani" (a Croatian tribe from Lika and northern Dalmatia or a Serbian tribe from Eastern Serbia near Timociani, today Kučevo -- see below on the controversy) in 818; "Duke of Dalmatia" in 819; "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" in 821. Historiography treats him as a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia".

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Borna is documented in the "Royal Frankish Annals" ("Annales regni Francorum"). He is first mentioned regarding an 818 meeting at Herstal of Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious with envoys of the Obotrites, Borna (duke of the Guduscani), and of the Timociani, who had recently revolted against the Bulgars and switched sides to the Franks, and also Ljudevit (duke of Lower Pannonia), the commander of the March of Friuli. Historiography predominantly treats the Guduscani as a tribe in Lika, along the river Gacka.

paragraph: In July 819, another Frankish assembly was held at Ingelheim, and because of Ljudevit's rebellion against the Franks, Frankish troops were sent from Italy to Pannonia, but returned without accomplishment. Ljudevit sent envoys to the Franks with conditions that were not accepted by the Frankish emperor; Ljudevit continued the rebellion and sent envoys to neighbouring tribes to join him, managing to win over the Timociani who had initially submitted to the Franks. A small Frankish army clashed with Ljudevit's army in Carinthia, destroyed much of it and drove it out. Borna, now the "Duke of Dalmatia", with a large army met Ljudevit's advancing army on the Kupa river. The Guduscani deserted Borna at the first encounter, but he fled safely with his bodyguard. During this battle, Dragomuž ("Dragomosus"), Ljudevit's father-in-law who had joined Borna with the outbreak of the rebellion, fell. Borna conquered the Guduscani again after they had returned home. In December, Ljudevit used the opportunity to attack Dalmatia with a large army, ravaging the country. Borna attacked Ljudevit with crack troops, after storing as much as he could in his castles, seeing that he was no match for him. Worn down, attacked in the rear and flank, with heavy losses, Ljudevit was forced to retreat from Borna's territory. Ljudevit had 3,000 lost soldiers, and Borna seized more than 300 horses, and spoils of all kinds, then informed the Frankish emperor through his envoys of this.

paragraph: In January 820 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen. It was decided that Ljudevit's rebellion be quelled with three armies from three directions. Borna offered his opinions on the operation, first through envoys and then in person. In springtime, the three armies were dispatched, the first from Italy through the Noric Alps, the second through Carinthia, the third from Bavaria through Upper Pannonia. The first and third moved slowly, one hindered by enemies and the other by the long route, while the second crossed the Drava, successfully overcoming three enemy encounters, moving fast. The armies united and ravaged the land, and returned home without significant losses, while Ljudevit had stayed safe in a mountainous castle. Carniola, on the border with Friuli, and the Carinthians that had defected from the Franks to Ljudevit, surrendered to the Franks.

paragraph: In February 821 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen. War against Ljudevit was planned, with three armies to ravage lands of traitors. Meanwhile, Borna, now mentioned as the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia", died, and was succeeded by his nephew (by his sister), Vladislav, by the people's will and emperor's approval. Ljudevit's lands were ravaged, the armies returning home by October.

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.

paragraph: There are differing views over Borna's tribal belonging and regnal title in historiography.

paragraph: A. K. Miošić (1801) called him a "Dalmatian king" ("kragl Dalmatinski") and then "Slavic king" ("kragl Slovinskii"). A. Dimitz called him "Duke of the Dalmatian Slavs".

paragraph: Croatian historiography treats him as a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia": V. Klaić (1886) called him a "White Croatian duke" that later became the "Duke of Dalmatian Croats". F. Šišić (1920) deemed him a "Dalmatian-Croatian duke". A. P. Vlasto (1970) called him a "Dalmatian Croat" ruler, and believed he was at least nominally Christian. T. Macan (1971) called him a "duke of the southern Croatian duchy". I. Perić (1997) called him a "Croatian-Dalmatian duke". Similarly, Croatian historian Neven Budak also mentions him as "first known Croatian duke".

paragraph: R. Novaković (1973) does not support that he was a duke of Dalmatian Croatia, as no contemporary sources name him as such. According to him, Borna could only be the duke of that area that was at the time under Frankish supreme rule, and that he was active only in the area included in the rebellion against Frankish rule, that is, only west of the Una river. It is possible that Borna was the duke of an archonty not yet part of Croatia in the beginning of the 9th century, neither was Croatia at all included in the events of Ljudevit's rebellion. The war was fought only in the area under Frankish rule, while Dalmatian Croatia was outside those events, as it at that time was under Byzantine supreme rule. M. Atlagić and B. Milutinović (2002) treat him as a Dalmatian Slavic ruler. Another view is that it seems that after the Timociani did not receive aid, a part of them settled in Slavonia, it seems also that Borna moved with them; S. Prvanović (1962) viewed him as a duke from Timok-Kučevo that founded the first Croatian state, while M. S. Milojević (1872) treated him as a Frankish vassal in "Littoral Croatia" that originally held three counties in the Timok region. Prvanović claimed that F. Racki had falsified the RFA, that Borna actually was the duke of Guduscani and Timociani, combined, and that Racki had put a comma after Guduscani, based on the identification with Gacka in Lika and presumption that due to the geographical distance between the two meant that the two could not have had nearer contact nor a joint duke. Prvanović was not the first to put the Guduscani in the Timok region; 19th-century P. J. Šafárik and V. Karić located them around the Timok and Danube.

paragraph: Fine Jr. first (1983, 1991) called him a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia", in c. 810–821, having succeeded Višeslav and "who resided at Nin and seems to have been the ruler of most of the Croatians in northern Dalmatia, was also a Frankish Vassal." then (2010) called him simply a Slavic prince, and also noted that the Franks did not use the term "Croats", suggesting that those usually called Croats in scholarship did not actually use that name. B. W. Scholz (1970) uses the original titles found in the primary source, and in the index uses "duke of Dalmatia". R. McKitterick (1983) called him a "leader of the Dalmatian Croats". C. R. Bowlus (1995) treated him as the ""dux" of the Guduscani and Timocian Slavs" and a "Dalmatian prince". F. Curta (2006) treats him as a Slavic ruler, of the Guduscani, a Slavic tribe in the Gacka region (modern Croatia). Garipzanov, Geary and Urbańczyk (2008) call him "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia".

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.:Identification with other rulers.

paragraph: Marquart, in "Osteuropäische u. ostasiatische Streifzöge" (1903), identified "De Administrando Imperio's" "Porinos" and Porga with Borna. Krumbacher (1906) supported that Porinos and Borna were the same, but not Porga. However, on the mere basis of the chronology of arrival and baptism in the 7th century, as well the non-Slavic origin of personal names of early Croatian rulers in the 7th century, Porga could not be Borna or Branimir (r. 879–892), with whom some scholars tried to identify him with.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: In the Royal Frankish Annals Borna is named "Duke of the Guduscani" () in 818. In 819 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia" (), while in 821 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" ().

paragraph: The gradual ascent of his title should be due to his growing importance during the Frankish conflict with Ljudevit.

description: Duke of Croatia

wikidata_label: Borna of Croatia

wikipedia_title: Borna (duke)

wikipedia_title: Borna of Croatía


text: physician

text: painter

text: Vincent van Gogh

text: Auvers-sur-Oise

text: Lille

text: Mechelen

text: University of Paris

text: Gustave Courbet

text: Édouard Manet

text: Bicêtre

text: Salpêtrière

text: Armand Trousseau

text: Auvers-sur-Oise

text: Camille Pissarro

text: Paul Cézanne

text: Gustave Courbet

text: Champfleury

text: Victor Hugo

text: Henri Nestlé

text: Charles Méryon

text: Charenton

text: Auguste Renoir

text: pneumonia

text: Édouard Manet

text: Père Lachaise Cemetery

text: Paris

text: Theo van Gogh

text: Goeneutte

text: Mathieu Amalric

text: Julian Schnabel

text: At Eternity's Gate

text: Willem Dafoe

text: Jerome Flynn

text: Loving Vincent

text: Rod MacDonald

text: Medic@

categories: 1909 deaths,People from Mechelen,French art collectors,19th-century French painters,1828 births,French male painters,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,People from Lille,20th-century French painters

paragraph: Paul Gachet

paragraph: Paul-Ferdinand Gachet (30 July 1828 – 9 January 1909) was a French physician most famous for treating the painter Vincent van Gogh during his last weeks in Auvers-sur-Oise. Gachet was a great supporter of artists and the Impressionist movement. He was an amateur painter, signing his works "Paul van Ryssel", referring to his birthplace: "Rijssel" is the Dutch name of Lille.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born and raised in Lille, his family moved to Mechelen, where Gachet's father was transferred to in 1844/1845 to start a new branch of the firm he was working for.

paragraph: While a student at the University of Paris, he learnt drawing in his spare time, and collected paintings by Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet.. After gaining his BA degree, he worked at the mental hospitals of Bicêtre and Salpêtrière. His teachers included Armand Trousseau. In 1858 he received a medical degree for his thesis "Étude sur la Mélancolie" (Éditeur du Montpellier Médecal).

paragraph: He returned to Paris and set up a private homeopathic practice. In 1872 he moved to Auvers-sur-Oise, a town around from the centre of the city that was popular with artists. There he continued his medical practice, but also associated with artists such as Camille Pissarro and Paul Cézanne, Cézanne helping him establish his own studio in his attic.

paragraph: Gachet also knew Gustave Courbet, Champfleury and Victor Hugo. He was a friend of the chemist Henri Nestlé and prescribed Nestlé's new powdered milk supplement to some of his child patients. Under the pen-name Blanche de Mézin, he published books in medicine and art-criticism.

paragraph: He spent much time with Charles Méryon after the etcher's committal to Charenton. He oversaw Auguste Renoir's recovery from pneumonia in 1882. He advised Édouard Manet against the amputation of his leg. However, Manet did not follow this advice.

paragraph: Gachet's tomb is situated in section 52 of Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Gachet and Vincent van Gogh.

paragraph: Vincent's brother, Theo van Gogh, thought that Gachet's background and sensitivity toward artists would make him an ideal doctor for Vincent during his recovery. Very soon after he began seeing Gachet, however, Vincent began to doubt the doctor's usefulness. Vincent described Gachet as: "sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much".

paragraph: Gachet has come in for much criticism over the years regarding Van Gogh's suicide after ten weeks of consultation. However, Van Gogh was either unable or unwilling to follow his doctors' advice to cut back on alcohol and smoking. According to Arnold, "there was not much else available to any physician of the day which could have reversed the course of Vincent's illness," and he summarizes the medical treatment that Van Gogh received from his various doctors thus: "The overall assessment is rather that they did as well as expected with an unfamiliar disease and a difficult patient."

paragraph: Section::::Subject in art.

paragraph: Gachet was friends with and treated Pissarro, Renoir, Manet, Cézanne and Goeneutte, to name just a few. He had amassed one of the largest impressionist art collections in Europe before he died in 1909. Gachet, his wife and his home were the subjects of several pieces of art by celebrated artists including:

paragraph: Section::::Portrayals.

paragraph: Mathieu Amalric plays Gachet in Julian Schnabel's "At Eternity's Gate", which depicts van Gogh (Willem Dafoe) painting Gachet's portrait in one scene.

paragraph: Jerome Flynn plays Gachet in the 2017 film "Loving Vincent" (notable for being animated entirely through oil paintings in van Gogh's style), in a scene where he discusses his own role in Vincent's final days.

paragraph: Section::::In Popular Culture.

paragraph: "Dr. Gachet", a song written and sung by Rod MacDonald in 1997, tells the painting's history and notes "the painting Van Gogh couldn't sell / has become too valuable / for anyone to ever see again."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical note by Jacqueline Sonolet and Paul Gachet's works digitized  by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris), see its digital library Medic@.

alias:
Paul Van Ryssel
Dr. Paul Gachet
Docteur Paul Gachet
Van Ryssel Gachet
Dr Paul-Ferdinand Gachet
Docteur Gachet Ryssel
Dr Paul Gachet
Dr. Paul-Ferdinand Gachet
Gachet
Paul Ferdinand Gachet
Paul van Ryssel

wikidata_label: Paul Gachet

wikipedia_title: Paul Gachet


text: Walton on Thames

text: Bosham

text: Conservative Party

text: Minister of Defence

text: Night of the Long Knives

text: Queen's College, Taunton

text: King's College London

text: Lieutenant-Commander

text: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve

text: Second World War

text: Member of Parliament

text: Woking

text: Surrey

text: Parliamentary Private Secretary

text: John Maclay

text: Winston Churchill

text: Sir Anthony Eden

text: cabinet

text: Minister of Defence

text: Harold Macmillan

text: Night of the Long Knives

text: Privy Counsellor

text: Companion of Honour

text: British Institute of Management

text: Confederation of British Industry

text: Cadbury Schweppes

text: rock climber

categories: 1995 deaths,Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II,People educated at Queen's College, Taunton,Alumni of King's College London,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1959–1964,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Royal Navy officers,Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour,1910 births,UK MPs 1950–1951,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Secretaries of State for Defence (UK),UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Harold Watkinson

paragraph: Harold Arthur Watkinson, 1st Viscount Watkinson, (25 January 1910, in Walton on Thames – 19 December 1995, in Bosham) was a British businessman and Conservative Party politician. He was Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation between 1955 and 1959 and a cabinet member as Minister of Defence between 1959 and 1962, when he was sacked in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1964 he was ennobled as Viscount Watkinson.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early life.

paragraph: Educated at Queen's College, Taunton, and at King's College London, Watkinson worked for the family engineering business between 1929 and 1935 and in technical and engineering journalism between 1935 and 1939. He saw active service as a Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Watkinson was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for the new constituency of Woking, Surrey in 1950, holding the seat until 1964, and was initially Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation, John Maclay, from 1951 to 1952. He became a government member under Winston Churchill as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour and National Service in 1952, a post he held until December 1955, when he was made Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation by Sir Anthony Eden, entering the cabinet in January 1957, and remaining there when promoted to Minister of Defence under Harold Macmillan in 1959. Watkinson was one of seven cabinet ministers sacked in July 1962 in Macmillan's Night of the Long Knives. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1955, a Companion of Honour in 1962, and raised to the peerage as Viscount Watkinson, of Woking in the County of Surrey, in 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Lord Watkinson held a number of public and business appointments, including senior positions in the British Institute of Management; President of the Confederation of British Industry between 1976 and 1977; and Chairman of Cadbury Schweppes Ltd between 1969 and 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Watkinson had been an active rock climber in his younger days. He married Vera (Peggy) Langmead in 1939 and they had two daughters. Lord Watkinson died in December 1995, aged 85, and the viscountcy became extinct.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Harold Watkinson, 1st Viscount Watkinson

wikipedia_title: Harold Watkinson


href: Rossano Calabria Roman%20citizenship Renaissance ciphers serif Hermann%20Zapf

text:
Rossano
Calabria
Roman citizenship
Renaissance
ciphers
serif
Hermann Zapf

categories: 1510s births,People from the Province of Cosenza,1570s deaths

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Palatino

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Palatino ( 1515 - 1575), also known as Giambattista, was an Italian calligrapher. He was born in Rossano, Calabria, but moved to Rome as a young man. In 1538, Palatino acquired Roman citizenship, much to his pride. Palatino's "Libro nuovo d'imparare a scrivere" is the best-known Renaissance treatise on calligraphy. He dedicated it to the "Academia dello sdegno" (Academy of the Disdainful), of which he was secretary. As a calligrapher, Palatino was fascinated by ciphers and generally by the metamorphosis of the alphabet. The serif typeface designed by Hermann Zapf and released in 1948 was named after Giambattista Palatino.

wikidata_label: Giambattista Palatino

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Battista Palatino


text:
Itō Yoshisuke
Eiroku
Shimazu clan
Tenshō
Takachiho
Hyūga Province
Battle of Mimigawa
Iyo Province
sake
Yamabushi
Horo
Himeji
Harima Province
Oda clan
Hashiba Hideyoshi
Honnō-ji incident
Battle of Yamazaki
Kawachi Province
Kiyotake
Japanese invasions of Korea
In the year Keichō
Battle of Sekigahara
Osaka Castle
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Kuroda Kanbei
Osaka
Edo period

categories: Daimyo,People from Miyazaki Prefecture,People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan,1600 deaths,1559 births,16th-century Japanese people

paragraph: Itō Suketaka

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Suketaka was Itō Yoshisuke's third son.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Warrior.

paragraph: In the year Eiroku 11 (1568), Suketaka entered Obi castle and conquered the Shimazu clan. In the year Tenshō 5 (1577), Yoshisuke's vassals, in particular Fukunaga Suketomo and Mera Norishige, betrayed Suketaka. The Shimazu clan used this opportunity to invade the Itō clan. As a result, Suketaka and his father were forced to flee. They walked from Mera mountain to Takachiho, where they asked Otomo Sōrin for protection.

paragraph: Sōrin agreed to this request, as his ambition was to "[make] Hyuga province a Christian land." Sōrin invaded Hyūga Province and fought against the Shimazu clan, but his army was defeated in the Battle of Mimigawa at the Mimi river. Sōrin lost most of his vassals and Suketaka and Yoshisuke felt shamed. Sōrin moved to Iyo Province and asked the Kōno clan for help with their 20 retainers, without Yoshikatsu and Yoshikata. However, they fell into poverty and Kawazaki Sukenaaga, one of his vassals, ran a sake brewery to earn money.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Vassal.

paragraph: At that time, Sanpō, a member of the Yamabushi, was asked by Kawazaki Sukenaga to pray for the revival of the Itō clan. He met Itō Kamon-no-suke (Itō Nagazane, one of the Yellow Horo Military Commanders) in Himeji, Harima Province. Suketaka was introduced to the Oda clan and became Hashiba Hideyoshi's vassal by Nagazane whose ancestor he shared with Suketaka. After the Honnō-ji incident, Suketaka became the immediate vassal of Hideyoshi. In the year Tenshō 10 (1582), at the Battle of Yamazaki, Suketaka played an active part and was bestowed the Kurikara spear and 500 Koku territory in the Kawachi Province as a reward. In the year Tenshō 15 (1587), Suketaka successfully planned the Kyushu conquest. For this achievement, Suketaka was given 28,000 Koku in Kiyotake and Miyazaki city. Finally, Suketaka succeeded in reviving the Itō clan, with himself as daimyo. In the following year, Suketaka's territory was added to the 36,000 Koku and he regained his home of Nichinan city. Suketaka then joined the Japanese invasions of Korea.

paragraph: In the year Keichō 4 (1599), Suketaka bestowed the original surname "Toyotomi".

paragraph: In Keichō 5 (1600), in the Battle of Sekigahara, Suketaka was at Osaka Castle. However, because Suketaka was very ill, he did not join the battle. He sent his son Itō Sukeyoshi to his home and ordered him to prepare for battle. Furthermore, Suketaka communicated secretly to Tokugawa Ieyasu via Kuroda Kanbei. In Suketaka's home, his vassal Inazu Shigemasa commanded the Itō army and conquered Miyazaki castle (Akizuki Mototane's castle). Mototane betrayed the West army and communicated with the East army. Due to this situation, the Itō clan was forced to return that castle after the battle, but Ieyasu recognized Suketaka's achievement and promised not to take the territory of the Itō clan.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Death.

paragraph: In 1600, Suketaka died in Osaka due to an unknown illness.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Suketaka's son survived as lord of the Obi domain during the Edo period. The present leader of the Itō clan is Itō Sukeaki ().

wikidata_label: Itō Suketaka

wikipedia_title: Itō Suketaka


text:
Swiss
Swiss historiography
Old Swiss Confederacy
Battle of Sempach
Habsburg
Leopold III of Austria
pikemen
Halbsuterlied
Aegidius Tschudi
Wernher Steiner
shoe-tips
Stans
Zürcher Chronik
Eidgenossen
Diebold Schilling of Berne
Diebold Schilling of Lucerne
Lucerne
Aegidius Tschudi
Unterwalden
Sempacherlied
Burgundian Wars
Basel
Swiss Reformation
Winkelried
Stans
Hermann von Liebenau
foreign service
landamman
Regensburg
pikes
spiesse
pike square
Sempacherlied
Mail
gambeson
coat of plates
Battle of Visby
William Tell
Swiss federal state
during World War II
Napoleon
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Sempacherlied
Restoration
Jorge Luis Borges
Juliusz Słowacki
dramatic poem
Kordian
Tsar
Russia
Poland
Borges, Jorge Luis

categories: Historiography of Switzerland,Fictional Swiss people,Swiss folklore,People from Stans,Swiss nobility,14th-century Swiss people,Folk saints

paragraph: Arnold von Winkelried

paragraph: Arnold von Winkelried or Arnold Winkelried is a legendary hero of Swiss history.

paragraph: According to 16th century Swiss historiography, Winkelried's sacrifice brought about the victory of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Battle of Sempach (1386) against the army of the Habsburg Duke Leopold III of Austria.

paragraph: Section::::The legend.

paragraph: According to legend, the Swiss initially could not break the close ranks of the Habsburg pikemen. Winkelried cried: "I will open a passage into the line; protect, dear countrymen and confederates, my wife and children..." He then threw himself upon the Austrian pikes, taking some of them down with his body. This broke up the Austrian front, and made an opening through which the Swiss could attack.

paragraph: As phrased in the Halbsuterlied printed in the 1530s by Aegidius Tschudi and Wernher Steiner:

paragraph: Two other verses describe the order of battle of the Austrian side.

paragraph: According to this testimony, the knights dismounted, presumably because they were forced to fight from the lower ground, and they cut off their shoe-tips for better mobility. Even though they would have had a sufficient force of mercenaries to engage the outnumbered Swiss, the nobility wanted to engage the enemy on their own, because they were concerned that the mercenaries would make such short work of the peasants that they themselves would not see any action at all, which would have been to their dishonour:

paragraph: This is given by means of explanation as to how the breaking of the first rank of pikes by Winkelried could lead to immediate disaster for the Austrian side, as the leaders of the army were fighting in the van.

paragraph: Haller ("Schweizerschlachten", 1828) reports that in the early 19th century, a pierced mail shirt identified as that worn by Winkelried in the battle was preserved in Stans. Haller also reports a folk tradition according to which Winkelried was found still alive after the battle, and only died of his wounds on the way home in a boat on Lake Sempach.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity.

paragraph: The historicity of Winkelried and his deed has been taken for granted in 19th-century historiography, but in the 20th century it was commonly deconstructed as pure legend. Since the late 20th century, scholarship is again inclined to consider its historicity as plausible, even though no positive proof can be given to substantiate it.

paragraph: The earliest record of the deed is in the Zürcher Chronik, a manuscript compiled in the 1480s based on older sources. The hero in this account is unnamed, identified just as "ein getrüwer man under den Eidgenozen" (a faithful man among the "Eidgenossen" ("confederates")).

paragraph: In the chronicle of Diebold Schilling of Berne (c. 1480), in the picture of the battle of Sempach there is a warrior pierced with spears falling to the ground, which may possibly be meant to be Winkelried. In the chronicle of Diebold Schilling of Lucerne (1511), though in the text no allusion is made to any such incident, there is a similar picture of a man who has accomplished Winkelried's feat, though he is dressed in the colours of Lucerne.

paragraph: The name of Winkelried first appears in the 16th century. The hero is still nameless in "De Helvetiae origine" by Rudolph Gwalther (1538), but Aegidius Tschudi (1536) has "a man of Unterwalden, of the Winkelried family," this being expanded in the final recension of the chronicle (1564) into "a man of Unterwalden, Arnold von Winckelried by name, a brave knight,". He is entered (in the same book, on the authority of the "Anniversary Book" of Stans, now lost) on the list of those who fell at Sempach at the head of the Nidwalden (or Stans) men as "Herr Arnold von Winckelriet, Ritter," this being in the first draft "Arnold Winckelriet."

paragraph: Some recensions of the "Sempacherlied", which originally dates to about the time of the Burgundian Wars in the 1470s, do mention Winkelried, but these sections are mostly considered additions from the early 16th century, as in the additions by H. Berlinger of Basel to Etterlin's chronicle (made between 1531 and 1545), or the version in Werner Steiner's chronicle (1532). Also from the 16th century is evidence from lists of those who fell at Sempach; the "Anniversary Book" of Emmetten in Unterwalden (drawn up in 1560) has "der Winkelriedt" at the head of the Nidwalden men. A book by Horolanus, a pastor at Lucerne (about 1563), has "Erni Winckelried" some way down the list of Unterwalden men.

paragraph: It thus appears that the legend may have originated by the 1430s, or at the latest the 1470s, that is within 50 or at the most 90 years of the battle, but the name of "Winkelried" was not associated with the hero before the 1530s or perhaps the 1520s, i.e. the time of the Swiss Reformation, more than 130 years after the battle.

paragraph: The history of the Winkelried family of Stans has been minutely worked out from the original documents by Hermann von Liebenau in 1854. According to his research, they were a knightly family when we first hear of them about 1250, though towards the end of the 14th century they seem to have been but simple men without the honours of knighthood, and not always using their prefix "von."

paragraph: Liebenau was the first to draw attention to one Erni Winkelried who signed as a witness on a document dated 1 May 1367.

paragraph: This is the only candidate on record for a possible identification of Winkelried with a historical character.

paragraph: Liebenau supposes that because this Erni signed as the last of five witnesses, after one Hans Winkelried, he was presumably still a young man at this time, which would make him of mature age at the date of the battle.

paragraph: He further reasons that the fact that this Erni is absent from record during the 1370s, while Hans is repeatedly seen as a witness, might indicate that during this time the young Erni was abroad in foreign service.

paragraph: The same name Erni Winkelried however resurfaces on a document dated 29 September 1389, after the battle.

paragraph: Liebenauer again notes how the Erni Winkelried of 1389 signs as the last of the three in his party, which again indicates that he was the youngest among them. Furthermore, an Arnold Winkelried is again attested as "landamman" of Unterwalden in 1417, it is clear that there were at least two people with this name, perhaps father and eldest son. The older Erni would then have been born around 1350, and the younger around 1370.

paragraph: As for the plausibility of Winkelried's deed, the single-handed breaking of a line of pikes to open a breach, which is then exploited to turn the course of the battle, a parallel is adduced by Liebenau is that of one Johann Stühlinger, a "ministerialis" in the service of Regensburg, who in a 1332 battle against Berne and Solothurn broke through the ranks of the enemy with his warhorse, creating just such an opening, which was exploited to the cost of 400 men on the Bernese side.

paragraph: The pikes ("spiesse") of the Austrian knights in historical paintings are commonly depicted as the long pole weapons of the 15th-century pike square, but this is an anachronism. The pikes of the late 14th century would still have been considerably shorter. As according to the testimony of the Sempacherlied, the Austrian nobility insisted on fighting against the underestimated Swiss in the front rank, it would have been sufficient to break into just the van of the Austrian army to kill Leopold and other leaders of the army, which would have ended the battle immediately.

paragraph: It is even possible Winkelried has actually survived alive. Mail is basically impervious to spear and pike thrusts. A padded gambeson is usually worn under the hauberk. If he in addition has worn a coat of plates like the Swedish peasants in the Battle of Visby 1361, he basically has been invulnerable except his groin and face. By throwing himself down, he has formed a living bridge upon which his comrades could have attacked the Austrians.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Similar to William Tell, the figure of Winkelried was an important symbol during the formation of the Swiss federal state, and an icon of Swiss independence during World War II. Napoleon referred to Winkelried as “the Swiss Decius immortalized” at Sempach.

paragraph: Arnold Winkelried is also mentioned in "Nature" (1836) by Ralph Waldo Emerson and in "The Maine Woods" (1864) by Henry David Thoreau.

paragraph: The "Sempacherlied" of ca. 1836, one of the expressions of Swiss patriotism during the period of Restoration, is dedicated to the heroism of Winkelried. The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges uses his name, among many other known Swiss, as a paradigm of the Swiss spirit in one of his late poems: "Los Conjurados" (The Conspirators), which also gives its name to the book.

paragraph: There is a philosophy called "Winkelriedism", which name is taken from the hero's name. It is based on an individual giving himself up idealistically and sacrificially to the enemy for the betterment of others. Juliusz Słowacki created this way of thinking in his dramatic poem "Kordian", where the titular character decides to kill the Tsar of Russia to take Poland's suffering on himself, easing a breakthrough to freedom for his nation. Słowacki considered Poland the "Winkelried of Nations", a bitter and fatalistic sentiment.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lienert, Meinrad. "Schweizer Sagen und Heldengeschichten" Stuttgart, 1915.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This contains a detailed discussion of arguments concerning the identity and exploits of von Winkelried.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borges, Jorge Luis: "Los Conjurados" ("The Conspirators"), in Spanish. Alianza Editorial, 1985.

description: legendary Swiss hero

wikidata_label: Arnold von Winkelried

wikipedia_title: Arnold von Winkelried


text:
Member of Parliament
Elton Hall
Sir Peter Proby
John Proby
Sir Edward Winter
Tewin
Gabriel Roberts
Fort St George
Madras
East India Company
Elihu Yale
Surat
Nicholas Waite
William Aislabie
Sir John Osborne, 7th Baronet
Robert Cornewall
Elton Hall
Huntingdonshire
Amersham
High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire
Jesus College, Cambridge
House of Commons
Huntingdonshire
Stamford
John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower
Baptist Proby
Dean
Lichfield
John
Baron Carysfort
www.thepeerage.com

categories: British MPs 1734–1741,Year of birth uncertain,British MPs 1722–1727,1762 deaths,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies

paragraph: John Proby (died 1762)

paragraph: John Proby (c. 1698 – 15 March 1762) was an English Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::William Proby.

paragraph: Proby was the son of William Proby of Elton Hall, Huntingdonshire and formerly of Fort St George, Madras, who was son of Charles Proby, and a remote heir of Sir Peter Proby through his cousin John Proby. John Proby died in 1710, then his daughter Frances in 1711, and William Proby inherited. He was also heir to his paternal grandfather, Emmanuel Proby who was the fourth son of Sir Peter Proby.

paragraph: Charles Proby was a close ally of Sir Edward Winter in the power struggles in Madras of the 1660s. He predeceased Dorothy his wife, who died in 1685; he is said to have been living in 1684. He had another son, Charles, who became rector of Tewin, and there was a daughter, Elizabeth, who married Gabriel Roberts at Fort St. George in 1687.

paragraph: William Proby went to Fort St George, Madras as an employee of the East India Company, and was a writer there in 1683. He was secretary of the Council there in 1688, under Elihu Yale as President. In 1702 he moved to Surat, where he was second on the Council. He served in that capacity for about a decade, under Nicholas Waite, Ephraim Bendall and William Aislabie. According to "Inscriptions on Tombs or Monuments in Madras", William Proby was discharged by the Company.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: There is conflicting information about William Proby and his family. His mother Dorothy (née Torriano) went on to marry Thomas Lucas, and died in 1685, in Madras. According to one source, William married Frances Gray (née English, widow of Thomas Gray) in 1693, and had two children with her, John and Editha. The children returned with him to England. Editha married Sir John Osborne, 7th Baronet, with whom she had six sons and four daughters, and died in 1745.

paragraph: William Proby is also recorded as married to Henrietta, daughter of Robert Cornewall, and Henrietta is given as mother of John Proby. The family seat was Elton Hall, then in Huntingdonshire. The Proby inheritance also included the manor of Ranes (Raans, Raynes, Amersham) in Buckinghamshire; it was sold in 1735. William Proby was High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1719. John Proby succeeded his father William in 1739.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Proby was admitted to Jesus College, Cambridge in 1715. He was elected to the House of Commons for Huntingdonshire in 1722, a seat he held until 1727, and later represented Stamford from 1734 to 1747.

paragraph: Proby died in March 1762.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Proby married the Hon. Jane, daughter of John Leveson-Gower, 1st Baron Gower, in 1719. They had five sons and one daughter.

paragraph: One of their sons, Baptist Proby (d. 1807), became Dean of Lichfield. Another son, John, succeeded him as Member of Parliament for Stamford and was elevated to the peerage as Baron Carysfort. Jane Proby died in 1726.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.thepeerage.com

description: British politician, died 1762

wikidata_label: John Proby

wikipedia_title: John Proby (died 1762)


text:
American football
running back
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Canadian Football League
college football
Auburn
St. Louis Rams
2014 NFL Draft
Park Vista Community High School
Boynton Beach, Florida
basketball
track
Sun-Sentinel
track & field
sprinter
100 meters
long jump
high jump
Rivals.com
running back
Auburn
West Virginia
Mississippi
Utah State
2013 SEC Championship Game
LSU
Justin Vincent
Southeastern Conference
Heisman Trophy
2014 BCS National Championship Game
Florida State Seminoles
Heisman
Bo Jackson
Herschel Walker
1981
Darren McFadden
2007
Alabama's
Derrick Henry
LSU's
Leonard Fournette
NFL Draft
St. Louis Rams
2014 NFL Draft
Greg Robinson
Ricardo Louis
Jerome Messam
Banjo Bowl
William Powell
Vincent Mason
De La Soul
no contest
Auburn profile

categories: African-American players of American football,St. Louis Rams players,Players of American football from New York (state),Los Angeles Rams players,Auburn Tigers football players,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,1993 births,American football running backs,Living people,Sportspeople from Suffolk County, New York,People from Amityville, New York

paragraph: Tre Mason

paragraph: Trence Mason (born August 6, 1993) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He was most recently a member of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Auburn and was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Mason attended Park Vista Community High School in Boynton Beach, Florida, where he was a standout football and basketball player, and also ran track. He rushed for 1,643 yards and 24 touchdowns as a senior in 2011, and was named the 2009 Palm Beach Large School Offensive Player of the Year and First-Team All-Palm Beach County by the Sun-Sentinel.

paragraph: He was also on the school's track & field team, where he competed as a sprinter and jumper. He placed 7th in the 100 meters at the 2009 Park Vista Meet, with a time of 10.9 seconds. At the 2010 Palm Beach County Championship, he earned a sixth-place finish in the long jump event, recording a career-best jump of 6.63 meters. He also competed in high jump, he got a top-jump of 1.88 meters at the 2011 Warrior Invitational.

paragraph: Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, he was rated the 14th best running back in his class. He committed to Auburn over offers from West Virginia and Mississippi.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In his first college game, Auburn against Utah State, Mason returned a kick-off 97 yards for a touchdown.

paragraph: In the 2013 SEC Championship Game against Missouri, Mason set an SEC Championship rushing record with 304 yards (breaking LSU's Justin Vincent's previous 2003 record of 201 yards), touchdown record with four touchdowns, rushing attempts record with 46 carries and was named the game's most valuable player.

paragraph: As a junior in 2013, Mason was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. He was named one of the six finalists for the 2013 Heisman Trophy.

paragraph: In the 2014 BCS National Championship Game, Mason rushed for 195 yards on 34 carries and a touchdown in a 34–31 defeat by the Florida State Seminoles. He finished his season with 1,816 rushing yards, breaking the school record held by Heisman winner Bo Jackson (1,786 set in 1985). It was also the third-highest rushing yards total in a single season in SEC history, behind only Herschel Walker (1,891 yards in 1981) and Darren McFadden (1,830 yards in 2007). Later single-season yardage marks set by Alabama's Derrick Henry (2,219 yards), and LSU's Leonard Fournette (1,953 yards) placed Mason's 2013 performance at fifth-highest all-time.

paragraph: Statistics

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams.

paragraph: Mason announced on January 9, 2014 that he would forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the NFL Draft. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the third round (75th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. Mason was the Rams' third pick in the draft, behind former teammate and second overall pick, Greg Robinson.

paragraph: In Week 7, 2014 in a game against Seattle, Mason ran for 85 yards on 18 carries with 1 touchdown in a St. Louis win. In Week 11, he had 113 yards on 29 carries in a game against Denver. During a Week 13 matchup against Oakland, Mason ran for 117 yards on 14 carries and 2 touchdowns, to go along with one receiving touchdown. After rushing for 765 yards and 4 touchdowns in 2014, Mason was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team.

paragraph: Following the 2015 season and going into the 2016 season, it was reported that Mason had not been in contact with coaches or players from the Rams since the end of the season. Coach Jeff Fisher stated "I tried numerous times to reach him, he has made a decision not to communicate with us, not to talk. Not talking to his teammates. Right now we're more concerned about his well-being than we are his football career." Mason had several run-ins with the law and displayed erratic behavior throughout the summer. On July 30, the Rams placed Mason on the reserve/did not report list.

paragraph: On March 10, 2017, Mason was released by the Rams. Former college teammate Ricardo Louis stated in April 2017 that Mason was working towards coming back to the NFL for the upcoming season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: On May 30, 2018, Mason signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL. Mason's usage increased following the suspension and release of Jerome Messam on voyeurism charges. With increased playing time, Mason proved to be a key contributor to a lackluster Roughriders offense, including producing a 20 carry 117 yard effort during the 2018 Banjo Bowl, a Riders win. Despite playing in all 18 games, Mason was held without a score until near the end of the year, when he had three rushing touchdowns in the final six games of the regular season. Mason finished the year with a higher rushing average than a receiving average. He missed the Roughrider's lone playoff game due to injury. During the off-season Roughriders signed William Powell in free agency, at which time Mason's injury was revealed to be a damaged ACL requiring surgery, which could keep Mason from playing in 2019. He was released by the Riders on May 10, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His father, Vincent Mason, is a member of hip hop group De La Soul.

paragraph: After Mason led police on a high-speed ATV chase, Mason's mother stated that Mason had the "mindset of a 10-year-old" due to head injuries sustained during his career. She noticed her son’s behavior was different after the 2015 season: “Clearly, we could see the change. Like, completely... As much as he’s accomplished, as hard as he’s worked, as much as he’s built his character, in record-breaking time it’s going downhill because of what’s going on." In November, Mason pleaded no contest to charges related to the ATV chase. Mason was arrested in January 2017 for the incident and charged with a third degree felony of fleeing and eluding without regard for others' safety or property.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auburn profile

description: American gridiron football player

wikidata_label: Tre Mason

wikipedia_title: Tre Mason


text: Florence

text: Lausanne

text: Wisdom tradition

text: Traditionalist School

text: Studies in Comparative Religion

text: patrician

text: Burckhardt

text: Basel

text: Orientalist

text: Islam

text: Johann Ludwig Burckhardt

text: Jacob Burckhardt

text: Carl Burckhardt

text: Frithjof Schuon

text: Ibn Arabi

text: Abd-al-karim Jili

text: Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi

text: Walter-Verlag

text: Callwey Verlag

text: Philip Sherrard

text: Islamic Texts Society

text: World Wisdom

text: Lord Northbourne

text: World Wisdom

text: World Wisdom

text: World Wisdom

text: Martin Lings

text: Jean-Louis Michon

text: Leo Schaya

text: Tage Lindbom

text: Kurt Almqvist

text: Ivan Aguéli

text: René Guénon

text: Julius Evola

text: William Stoddart

text: Seyyed Hossein Nasr

text: Whitall Perry

text: Perennialist school

text: The Matheson Trust

text: Works of Titus Burckhardt in Hungarian

categories: Swiss scholars of Islam,1984 deaths,1908 births,20th-century Swiss philosophers,Swiss art historians,Swiss Sufis,Traditionalist School,People from Florence,Italian Muslims,Swiss philosophers,Swiss orientalists,Sufi writers,Converts to Islam

paragraph: Titus Burckhardt

paragraph: Titus Burckhardt (who also used Ibrahim Izz al-Din as his Islamic name), a German Swiss, was born in Florence, Italy in 1908 and died in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1984. He devoted all his life to the study and exposition of the different aspects of Wisdom tradition.

paragraph: He was an eminent member of the "Traditionalist School" of twentieth-century authors. He was a frequent contributor to the journal "Studies in Comparative Religion" along with other prominent members of the school.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Burckhardt came from the patrician Burckhardt family of Basel, who had also produced the Orientalist and convert to Islam, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1784 – 1817). He was the great-nephew of the art-historian Jacob Burckhardt and the son of the sculptor Carl Burckhardt. Titus Burckhardt was a contemporary of Frithjof Schuon – leading exponent of traditionalist thought in the twentieth century – and the two spent their early school days together in Basel around the time of the First World War. This was the beginning of an intimate friendship and harmonious intellectual and spiritual relationship that was to last a lifetime.

paragraph: Burckhardt was, like his grandfather, a connoisseur of Islamic art, architecture and civilisation. He compiled and published work from the Sufi masters: Ibn Arabi (1165–1240), Abd-al-karim Jili (1365–1424) and Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi (1760–1823).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Books of Titus Burckhardt:

paragraph: Books in German

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Land am Rande der Zeit". Basel: Urs Graf Verlag, 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schweizer Volkskunst/Art Populaire Suisse". Basel: Urs Graf Verlag, 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tessin ("Das Volkserbe der Schweiz", Band I). Basel: Urs Graf Verlag, 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vom Sufitum—Einführung in die Mystik des Islams". Munich: Otto Wilhelm Barth-Verlag, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vom Wesen heiliger Kunst in den Weltreligionen". Zurich: Origo-Verlag, 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Siena, Stadt der Jungfrau". Olten (Switzerland) and Freiburg-im-Breisgau (Germany): Urs Graf Verlag, 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tessin ("Das Volkserbe der Schweiz", Band I [Greatly enlarged edition]). Basel: Urs Graf Verlag, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alchemie, Sinn- und Weltbild". Olten and Freiburg-im-Breisgau: Walter-Verlag, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fes, Stadt des Islam". Olten and Freiburg-im-Breisgau: Urs Graf Verlag, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chartres und die Geburt der Kathedrale". Lausanne: Urs Graf Verlag, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Von wunderbaren Büchern". Olten and Freiburg: Urs Graf Verlag, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lachen und Weinen". Olten and Freiburg: Urs Graf Verlag, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Jagd". Olten and Freiburg: Urs Graf Verlag, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der wilde Westen". Olten and Freiburg: Urs Graf Verlag, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die maurische Kultur in Spanien". Munich: Callwey Verlag, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marokko, Westlicher Orient: ein Reiseführer". Olten and Freiburg: Walter-Verlag, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiegel der Weisheit: Texte zu Wissenschaft und Kunst". Munich: Diederichs, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scipio und Hannibal: Kampf um das Mittelmeer" by Friedrich Donauer. Cover design and six illustrations by Titus Burckhardt. Olten and Freiburg: Walter-Verlag, 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallis ("Das Volkserbe der Schweiz", Band 2) by Charles Ferdinand Ramuz. Translated and edited by Titus Burckhardt. Basel: Urs Graf Verlag, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zeus und Eros: Briefe und Aufzeichnungen des Bildhauers Carl Burckhardt" (1878–1923), edited by Titus Burckhardt. Basel: Urs Graf Verlag, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Ewige im Vergänglichen" by Frithjof Schuon. Translation from the French by Titus Burckhardt of "Regards sur les Mondes anciens". Weilheim: Otto Wilhelm Barth-Verlag, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Athos, der Berg des Schweigens" by Philip Sherrard. Translation from the English by Titus Burckhardt of "Athos, the Mountain of Silence". Lausanne and Freiburg: Urs Graf Verlag, 1959.

paragraph: Books in French

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clef spirituelle de l’astrologie musulmane". Paris: Les Éditions Traditionnelles, 1950; Milan, Archè, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du Soufisme". Lyons: Derain, 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Principes et Méthodes de l’art sacré". Lyons: Derain, 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction aux Doctrines ésotériques de l’Islam". Paris: Dervy-Livres, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alchimie" (translated from the English edition by Madame J. P. Gervy). Basle: Fondation Keimer, 1974; Milan: Archè, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symboles: Recueil d’essais". Milan: Archè, 1980; Paris: Dervy-Livres, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Science moderne et Sagesse traditionnelle". Milan: Archè, 1985; Paris: Dervy-Livres, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Art de l’Islam". Paris: Sindbad, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chartres et la Naissance de la Cathédrale" (translated from the German by Genia Catalá). Milan: Archè, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fès, Ville de l’Islam" (translated from the German by Armand Jacoubovitch), in preparation.

paragraph: Books in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Introduction to Sufi Doctrine" (translated from the French by D. M. Matheson). Lahore: Ashraf, 1959; Wellingborough, England: Thorsons, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art of Islam: Language and Meaning" (translated from the French by Peter Hobson). London: Islamic Festival Trust Ltd, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Siena, City of the Virgin" (translated from the German by Margaret Brown). Oxford: University Press, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Famous Illuminated Manuscripts" (partial translation of "Von wunderbaren Büchern"). Olten and Lausanne: Urs Graf Verlag, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirror of the Intellect: Essays on Traditional Science and Sacred Art", translated by William Stoddart. Cambridge, England: Quinta Essentia, 1987; Albany, NY: SUNY, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fez, City of Islam" (translated from the German by William Stoddart). Cambridge, England: Islamic Texts Society, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chartres and the Birth of the Cathedral",translated by William Stoddart. Ipswich, England: Golgonooza Press, 1995; Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom Books, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Universality of Sacred Art, a précis of Sacred Art in East and West" by Ranjit Fernando, published in The Unanimous Tradition, Institute of Traditional Studies. Colombo, Sri Lanka: 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moorish Culture in Spain" (new edition, translated from the German by Alisa Jaffa and William Stoddart). Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Art in East and West" (translated from the French by Lord Northbourne). Bedfont, Middlesex, England: Perennial Books, 1967; Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae, 2001; Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom Books, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alchemy, Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul" (translated from the German by William Stoddart). London: Stuart and Watkins, 1967; Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books, 1972; Longmead, Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1986; Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mystical Astrology according to Ibn ‘Arabî" (translated from the French by Bulent Rauf). Sherbourne, England: Beshara, 1977; Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Essential Titus Burckhardt: Reflections on Sacred Art, Faiths, and Civilizations" (The Perennial Philosophy), Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom Books, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Foundations of Christian Art (Sacred Art in Tradition Series), Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom Books; Ill edition, 2006

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Lings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Louis Michon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leo Schaya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tage Lindbom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurt Almqvist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivan Aguéli

paragraph: BULLET::::- René Guénon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius Evola

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Stoddart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seyyed Hossein Nasr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitall Perry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perennialist school

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Matheson Trust

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books by Titus Burckhardt (Fons Vitae publishing)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Titus Burckhardt in Hungarian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Burckhardt resource page (at World Wisdom): excerpts, detailed biography, photos, extensive bibliography, additional links

description: Swiss academic

wikidata_label: Titus Burckhardt

wikipedia_title: Titus Burckhardt