text:
Persian
physicist
Islamic Golden Age
Buwayhid
Baghdad
Roshdi Rashed
Ptolemy
Book of Optics
Ibn Al-Haytham
curved mirror
lenses
refraction
Snell's law
anaclastic lenses
parabolic mirror
ellipsoidal mirror
biconvex lens
hyperbolic arc
History of optics
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
List of Persian scientists and scholars
Isis
PDF version

categories: Medieval Iraqi mathematicians,Mathematicians of medieval Islam,10th-century Iranian people,10th-century mathematicians,Medieval Persian mathematicians,Medieval physicists,10th-century Muslims

paragraph: Ibn Sahl (mathematician)

paragraph: Ibn Sahl (full name "Abū Saʿd al-ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl" ; c. 940–1000) was a Persian mathematician and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age, associated with the Buwayhid court of Baghdad.

paragraph: Nothing in his name allows us to glimpse his country of origin.

paragraph: He is known to have written an optical treatise around 984. The text of this treatise was reconstructed by Roshdi Rashed from two manuscripts (edited 1993).: Damascus, al-Ẓāhirīya MS 4871, 3 fols., and Tehran, Millī MS 867, 51 fols.

paragraph: The Tehran manuscript is much longer, but it is badly damaged, and the Damascus ms. contains a section missing entirely from the Tehran ms.

paragraph: The Damascus ms. has the title "Fī al-'āla al-muḥriqa" "On the burning instruments", the Tehran ms. has a title added in a later hand "Kitāb al-harrāqāt" "The book of burners".

paragraph: Ibn Sahl is the first Muslim scholar known to have studied Ptolemy's "Optics", and as such an important precursor to the "Book of Optics" by Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen), written some thirty years later.

paragraph: Ibn Sahl dealt with the optical properties of curved mirrors and lenses and has been described as the discoverer of the law of refraction (Snell's law).

paragraph: Ibn Sahl uses this law to derive lens shapes that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses.

paragraph: In the remaining parts of the treatise, Ibn Sahl dealt with parabolic mirrors, ellipsoidal mirrors, biconvex lenses, and techniques for drawing hyperbolic arcs.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of optics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Persian scientists and scholars

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashed, R. "A pioneer in anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses", "Isis" 81, pp. 464–491, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashed, R., "Géométrie et dioptrique au Xe siècle: Ibn Sahl, al-Quhi et Ibn al-Haytham." Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- (PDF version)

description: mathematician (0940-1000)

wikidata_label: Ibn Sahl

wikipedia_title: Ibn Sahl (mathematician)


text: extreme metal

text: metal

text: Cradle of Filth

text: symphonic black metal

text: Dimmu Borgir

text: Brujeria

text: Old Man's Child

text: Lock Up

text: Gaahl and King ov Hell

text: Ancient

text: Atrocity

text: Leaves' Eyes

text: World Misanthropy

text: Neil Peart

text: Rush

text: Gene Hoglan

text: Dark Angel

text: Death

text: Strapping Young Lad

text: Clive Burr

text: Nicko McBrain

text: Iron Maiden

text: Dave Lombardo

text: Slayer

text: Pete Sandoval

text: Morbid Angel

text: Sadistic Intent

text: Brujeria

text: Brujerizmo

text: Roadrunner Records

text: Pocho Aztlan

text: Nuclear Blast

text: The Principle of Evil Made Flesh

text: Cacophonous Records

text: Dusk... and Her Embrace

text: Music for Nations

text: Cruelty and the Beast

text: From the Cradle to Enslave

text: Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia

text: Nuclear Blast

text: Alive in Torment

text: World Misanthropy

text: World Misanthropy

text: Death Cult Armageddon

text: Pleasures Pave Sewers

text: Hate Breeds Suffering

text: Play Fast Or Die

text: Necropolis Transparent

text: Demonization

text: Vinyl Solution

text: In Defiance of Existence

text: Century Media Records

text: Noctis Imperium

text: Ariah Records

text: Liquid Graveyard

text: By Nature So Perverse

text: Sleaszy Rider Records

text: Season Of Mist

text: Borknagar

text: Nightrage

text: Anaal Nathrakh

text: God Seed

text: Testament

text: Divine Heresy

text: Noctis Imperium

text: Exodus

text: The More I See

text: Anathema

text: Ancient

text: Criminal

text: Evile

text: Leaves' Eyes

text: Nuclear Assault

text: Maryland Deathfest

text: Voices

text: Obskkvlt

categories: Leaves' Eyes members,English drummers,Cradle of Filth members,Dimmu Borgir members,Lock Up (UK band) members,British male drummers,Black metal musicians,People from Chesterfield,21st-century drummers,God Seed members,Testament (band) members,English heavy metal drummers,Death metal musicians,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Nicholas Barker

paragraph: Nicholas Howard Barker is a British extreme metal drummer best known as the original drummer for British metal band Cradle of Filth.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Barker joined Cradle of Filth as their original drummer, playing on the first four albums. After leaving in 1999, he joined Norwegian symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir. After being removed from the line-up, Barker went on to play with Brujeria, Old Man's Child, Lock Up, Gaahl and King ov Hell, Ancient, Atrocity, Leaves' Eyes. In 2007 he recorded with Winter's Thrall, on their EP "In:Through:Out".

paragraph: On Dimmu Borgir's 2002 "World Misanthropy" video, Barker mentioned the following names as influences on his playing style: Neil Peart (Rush), Gene Hoglan (Dark Angel, Death, Strapping Young Lad), Clive Burr, Nicko McBrain (Iron Maiden), Dave Lombardo (Slayer), and Pete Sandoval (Morbid Angel).

paragraph: In 2011, Barker joined Los Angeles death metal band Sadistic Intent, replacing longtime drummer Emilio Marquèz.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Brujeria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brujerizmo" (2000, Roadrunner Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pocho Aztlan" (2016, Nuclear Blast)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Cradle of Filth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Principle of Evil Made Flesh" (1994, Cacophonous Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "V Empire or Dark Faerytales in Phallustein" (1996, Cacophonous Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dusk... and Her Embrace" (1996, Music for Nations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cruelty and the Beast" (1998, Music for Nations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From the Cradle to Enslave" (1999, Music for Nations) (only on the Funeral in Carpathia re-recording)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dimmu Borgir.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia" (2001, Nuclear Blast)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alive in Torment" EP (2001, Nuclear Blast)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Misanthropy" EP (2002, Nuclear Blast)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Misanthropy" DVD (2002, Nuclear Blast)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death Cult Armageddon" (2003, Nuclear Blast)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Lock Up.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pleasures Pave Sewers" (1999, Nuclear Blaster)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hate Breeds Suffering" (2002, Nuclear Blast)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Play Fast Or Die" (2004, Toy Factory)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Necropolis Transparent" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demonization" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Monolith.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleep with the Dead" 7" (1992, Cacophonous Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of the Macabre" (1993, Vinyl Solution)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Old Man's Child.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Defiance of Existence" (2003, Century Media Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Winter's Thrall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In:Through:Out" EP (2007, self-released)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Noctis Imperium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glorification of Evil: The Age Of The Golden Dawn" LP (2008, Ariah Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Liquid Graveyard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "By Nature So Perverse" LP & CD (2016, Sleaszy Rider Records/Season Of Mist)

paragraph: Section::::Live / session.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borknagar – live drums 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nightrage – live drums 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anaal Nathrakh – live drums 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- God Seed – live drums 2007 and 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Testament – live drums 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symbolic Death Tribute Band – recording of the DVD – live drums on 12 December 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Divine Heresy – session drums 2008 'Bleed the Fifth'

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noctis Imperium – session drums 2008 'Glorification of Evil: The Age Of The Golden Dawn'

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exodus

paragraph: BULLET::::- The More I See

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anathema – Bloodstock Open Air UK Festival 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient

paragraph: BULLET::::- Criminal – live drums in Santiago (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evile – Live drums in London (12/8/2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- River Freshney – Live drums in London (22 July 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leaves' Eyes - Live Drums 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nuclear Assault - Maryland Deathfest XIV (May 28, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voices - live drums 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obskkvlt (Galician band) session drums in 2017 for the 2019 album "Blackarhats".

description: British drummer

wikidata_label: Nicholas Barker

wikipedia_title: Nicholas Barker


text: Ningbo

text: Zhejiang

text: Chinese

text: gymnast

text: balance beam

text: Code of Points

text: 1992 Summer Olympics

text: 1989 World Championship

text: Chinese 1992 Summer Olympic team

text: Whatever Happened to Yang Bo?

text: Video of a Yang Bo leap

categories: Singers from Zhejiang,Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Gymnasts from Zhejiang,Asian Games medalists in gymnastics,Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,Sportspeople from Ningbo,Asian Games bronze medalists for China,Gymnasts at the 1990 Asian Games,Chinese female artistic gymnasts,Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics,Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games,Olympic gymnasts of China,Asian Games gold medalists for China,Musicians from Ningbo,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Yang Bo (gymnast)

paragraph: Yang Bo (; born July 8, 1973 in Ningbo, Zhejiang) is a Chinese gymnast. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest gymnasts ever on the balance beam, for which she created a move known as the "Yang Bo", which is rated as a D element in the Code of Points. Although widely renowned for her work on beam, Yang often had difficulty landing her dismounts which prevented her from medalling at several major competitions. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, placing 25th in the all-around and 7th on the beam. She won the 1990 World Cup Final on Balance Beam and won the bronze medal with her team at the 1989 World Championship.

paragraph: At the 1989 World Championships in Stuttgart, Yang performed an innovative beam routine during the team and individual all-round competitions, where she placed 5th. In the event finals, she under-rotated her dismount and placed 7th.

paragraph: In 1990, she competed at the Asian Games in Beijing, finishing 6th in the All-Around, 3rd on beam, and won the team all-around gold. Later that year, she won the beam title at the World Cup Final in Brussels. At the 1991 World Championships, she placed 5th in the balance beam with a score of 9.887.

paragraph: Yang was on the Chinese 1992 Summer Olympic team. She fell off the balance beam in the event finals, though was able to stick the landing of her dismount. She placed 7th in that event with a score of 9.300.

paragraph: Yang retired from gymnastics in 1993 and pursued her university studies in journalism. She went on to enter show business and has been seen in TV shows with singing and acting performances in the 2000s (decade).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whatever Happened to Yang Bo?

paragraph: BULLET::::- Animation of Yang Bo performing the move, named after her

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video of a Yang Bo leap

description: Chinese gymnast

wikidata_label: Yang Bo

wikipedia_title: Yang Bo (gymnast)


text:
Vladimir-Suzdal
Alexander Nevsky
Novgorod
Pereslavl-Zalessky
Daumantas of Pskov
Livonian Knights
Battle of Rakvere
Yaroslav III
Vasily of Kostroma
Vladimir
Novgorod
Koporye
Andrey of Gorodets
Golden Horde
Rostov
Yaroslavl
Koporye
Scandinavia
Mongols
Black Sea
Nogai Khan
Golden Horde
Gorodets
Rulers of Russia family tree
Biography

categories: 1294 deaths,Grand Princes of Vladimir,Yurievichi family,Rurik dynasty,1250 births,Eastern Orthodox monarchs

paragraph: Dmitry of Pereslavl

paragraph: Dmitry Alexandrovich (ca. 1250–1294) was Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1276 until 1281 and then from 1283 until 1293.

paragraph: Dmitry was the second son of Alexander Nevsky. When his elder brother Vasily died young, Dmitry remained the chief heir to his illustrious father. As early as 1259, he was left by Alexander in charge of Novgorod. Upon Alexander's death in 1264, however, the Novgorodians expelled Dmitry to his native Pereslavl-Zalessky, citing his youth as a pretext.

paragraph: Four years later, when Dmitry had turned 18, he was welcomed back to Novgorod and — together with his future son-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov — led a local militia against Livonian Knights in the Battle of Rakvere. During the following decade, he struggled for control of Novgorod against his uncles, Yaroslav III and Vasily of Kostroma. In 1276, when his elders died, he finally ascended the coveted thrones of Vladimir and Novgorod. Two years later, he founded a great fortress of Koporye, which he intended to rule himself. The Novgorodians revolted, forcing Dmitry to leave Koporye and Novgorod altogether.

paragraph: While Dmitry was preoccupied with pacifying Novgorod, Andrey of Gorodets (Dmitry's younger brother) went to the Golden Horde and received from the khan permission to replace Dmitry as the Grand Prince. In 1281, Andrey returned to Russia, joined his forces with princes of Rostov and Yaroslavl and, after much devastation to Dmitry's lands, seized his capital Pereslavl. Dmitry fled to Koporye but, failing to win support of Novgorodians, had to retreat further northward, probably to Scandinavia.

paragraph: Two years later, Dmitry returned to Russia, only to find his lands ravaged by the Mongols and his brother Andrey. Thereupon he went to the Black Sea and met Nogai Khan, who was the greatest enemy of the Golden Horde at that time. Wishing to increase his authority in Russia, Nogai vowed to support Dmitry in his struggle for the grand ducal throne. On hearing about this, Andrey renounced his claims to Vladimir and Novgorod and returned to Gorodets.

paragraph: In 1285 Andrey again brought Mongol hordes to Russia, but these were expelled by Dmitry and his allies. Finally, in 1293 Andrey managed to unite the Mongols and Russian princes in opposition to Dmitry. Reluctant to renew fratricidal hostilities, Dmitry took monastic vows in 1293 and died the next year. He was buried in the Saviour Cathedral of Pereslavl-Zalessky.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulers of Russia family tree

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

description: Russian Grand Prince

wikidata_label: Dmitry of Pereslavl

wikipedia_title: Dmitry of Pereslavl


text:
Dacia
king
Banat
Oltenia
Romania
Horace
Suetonius
Florus
Danube
Coson
stater
Burebista
Augustus
Mark Antony
Appian
Suetonius
Suetonius
betrothed
Julia
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Dio
Romans
ode
Horace
Rome
Res Gestae
Marcus Vinicius
Jordanes
Comosicus
lictor
Marcus Junius Brutus
Theodor Mommsen

categories: Dacian kings,1st-century BC rulers in Europe

paragraph: Cotiso

paragraph: Cotiso or Cotison (flourished c. 30 BC) was a Dacian king who apparently ruled the mountains between Banat and Oltenia (modern-day Romania). Horace calls him king of the Dacians. Suetonius calls him king of the Getae. He is mentioned also by Florus, who wrote that Cotiso and his armies used to attack towards south when the Danube froze.

paragraph: Several scholars believe he is identical to Coson, a Dacian king whose name appears on many gold staters found in Transylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: After the death of Burebista, the Dacian kingdom fell apart amid turnoil and civil strife. Cotiso appears to have emerged as the dominant figure in Dacia at this time, but nothing is known about his background. The new king found himself courted by the two Roman antagonists, Octavian and Mark Antony. Cotiso was in a strong position to dictate terms of any alliance to either of the conflicting parties. Octavian/Augustus worried about the frontier and possible alliance between Mark Antony and the Dacians, and plotted an expedition around 35 BC. Despite several small conflicts, no serious campaigns were mounted. Cotiso chose to ally himself with Antony. According to Alban Dewes Winspear and Lenore Kramp Geweke he "proposed that the war should be fought in Macedonia rather than Epirus. Had his proposal been accepted, the subjection of Antonius might have been less easily accomplished."

paragraph: Section::::Proposed marriage.

paragraph: According to Appian, Antony is responsible for the statement that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso, king of the Getae (Dacians) by giving him his daughter, and he himself marrying a daughter of Cotiso. According to Suetonius, Cotiso refused the alliance and joined the party of Antony. Suetonius (LXIII, "Life of Augustus") says Mark Antony wrote that Augustus betrothed his daughter Julia to marry Cotiso ("M. Antonius scribit primum eum Antonio filio suo despondisse Iuliam, dein Cotisoni Getarum regi") to create an alliance between the two men. This failed when Cotiso betrayed Augustus. Julia ended up marrying her cousin Marcus Claudius Marcellus.

paragraph: According to Dio, the story about the proposed marriages is hardly credible and may have been invented by Mark Antony as propaganda to offset his own alliance with Cleopatra.

paragraph: Section::::Conflicts and death.

paragraph: After Augustus's victory in the civil wars, the Romans punished the Dacian ruler, who was apparently defeated in battle around 25 BC. In an ode dedicated to his protector, Horace advises him not to worry about Rome's safety, because Cotiso's army has been crushed. In his account of his achievements as emperor, the "Res Gestae", Augustus claimed that the Dacians had been subdued. This was not entirely true, because Dacian troops frequently crossed the Danube to ravage parts of Pannonia and Moesia. He may have survived until the campaign of Marcus Vinicius in the Dacian area c.9 BC. Vinicius was the first Roman commander to cross the Danube and invade Dacia itself. Ioana A. Oltean argues that Cotiso probably died at some point during this campaign. He may have been killed in the war. According to Jordanes Cotiso was succeeded by Comosicus, about whom nothing is known beyond the name.

paragraph: Section::::Cotiso and Coson.

paragraph: In the 16th century a large number of gold coins were discovered in hoards in Romania. They were patterned after Roman coins, with a depiction of a Roman consul accompanied by lictors apparently copied from coins issued by Marcus Junius Brutus. The coins bore the name "Coson" or "Koson" written in Greek lettering. Theodor Mommsen argued that Koson was probably a Dacian ally of Brutus, since the imagery was taken from Brutus's coins. Recent scholars have argued that he is very likely to be identical to Cotiso, since "Cotiso[n]" is an easy transcription error for Coson. Horace always spells the name with an "n" at the end. Ioana A. Oltean, however, argues that Coson and Cotiso are different people, suggesting that Cotiso was Coson's successor.

description: King of Dacia

wikidata_label: Cotiso

wikipedia_title: Cotiso


text: Portuguese

text: infante

text: House of Aviz

text: bishop

text: cardinal

text: Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra

text: Isabella of Urgell

text: battle of Alfarrobeira

text: Burgundy

text: Isabella of Portugal

text: Philip III the Good

text: Flanders

text: Bishop of Arras

text: Rome

text: Pope Nicholas V

text: Archbishop of Lisbon

text: Pope Calixtus III

text: cardinal-deacon

text: Santa Maria in Portico

text: Sant'Eustachio

text: Bishop

text: Paphos

text: Cyprus

text: John

text: Charlotte of Lusignan

text: conclave

text: Pius II

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: The Hague

text: Mantua

text: Florence

text: basilica

text: San Miniato al Monte

text: Renaissance Florence

text: Saint Vincent Panels

text: Nuno Gonçalves

text: "Jaime Cardinal de Portugal"

text: Catholic-Hierarchy.org

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,Knights of the Golden Fleece,Portuguese cardinals,1433 births,1459 deaths,House of Aviz,15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Portuguese infantes,Archbishops of Lisbon

paragraph: James of Portugal

paragraph: James of Portugal (17 September 1433 – 27 August 1459), also known as James of Coimbra, James of Lusitania, was a Portuguese "infante" (prince) of the House of Aviz, and a bishop and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: James was the 3rd son of Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, and Isabella of Urgell. At the age of just 14, he took part in the battle of Alfarrobeira (1449) where his father's army was defeated by the Portuguese royal army.

paragraph: James was taken captive after the battle, but he escaped and, together with his brother John and his sister Beatrice, took refuge in Burgundy, under the protection of his aunt, Isabella of Portugal (the consort of Duke Philip III the Good).

paragraph: James of Portugal studied in Flanders and, on March 23, 1453, was appointed Bishop of Arras. On his aunt’s advice, he traveled to Rome, where Pope Nicholas V, hearing of the disgraces inflicted upon his family after Alfarrobeira, resolved to appoint the young James as the new Archbishop of Lisbon, which had been recently vacated by the death of D. Luís Coutinho. However, not being old enough to be consecrated to the dignity, James was only appointed administrator in perpetuity of the Archdiocese on April 30, 1453. Given the political situation in Portugal, James was unable to return to Lisbon to take possession of it, and so remained in Italy and governed his archdiocese from afar, via the vicar-general Luís Anes.

paragraph: Nicholas V having died in early 1455, the new Pope Calixtus III elevated James to a cardinal-deacon of the Church (despite not having the requisite 30 years of age for the office), assigning him the titular diaconate of Santa Maria in Portico Octaviae, soon substituted for the diaconate of Sant'Eustachio. Callixtus III also gave James the Bishopric of Paphos, in Cyprus, where his brother, John, had married Charlotte of Lusignan, Princess of Cyprus.

paragraph: Following the death of Callixtus III, James of Portugal participated in the conclave that elected Pius II as the new pope. He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, number 58, at the 9th Chapter of the order, held in 1456 at The Hague.

paragraph: While travelling from Rome to Mantua, James of Portugal fell ill and died in Florence on August 15, 1459, at the age of twenty-six. He was buried in the basilica of San Miniato al Monte in Florence, the only tomb in that church. Some of the best artists in Renaissance Florence were commissioned to design and decorate the chapel of the "Cardinale del Portogallo" in San Miniato.

paragraph: Portuguese art historian António Bélard da Fonseca, in his multi-volume "O Mistério dos Painéis" (1957-1967), controversially claimed that it is James of Portugal, and not St. Vincent, who is depicted as the radiant saintly figure in the central panels of the famous Saint Vincent Panels of Nuno Gonçalves.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil", Vol. I, page 271. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon, 1989

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical information on Jaime of Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jaime Cardinal de Portugal" "Catholic-Hierarchy.org". David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016

description: Portuguese cardinal

wikidata_label: James of Coimbra

wikipedia_title: James of Portugal


text:
Colombia
motorcycle racer
Santiago Hernández
Profile on MotoGP.com
Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Aspar Racing Team MotoGP riders,Avintia Racing MotoGP riders,1988 births,Superbike World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Medellín,Colombian motorcycle racers,Pramac Racing MotoGP riders,Living people

paragraph: Yonny Hernández

paragraph: Yonny Hernández Vega (born 25 July 1988) is a Colombian motorcycle racer. He is the older brother of Santiago Hernández.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: Colombian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Yonny Hernández

wikipedia_title: Yonny Hernández


text:
CE
Paradise
companion
Islamic "Nabi"
Prophet
Muhammad
Ali
Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib
Fatima bint Asad
Talib
Aqil
Ali
Fakhita
Jumana
Raytah
Mecca
Abbas
Islam
Asma bint Umays
Abyssinia
second flight
Negus
Ashama ibn Abjar
God
Abdullah
Muhammad
Awn
Quraysh
'Amr ibn al-'As
prayer
alms
Allah
"Surah" Maryam
Quran
Isa
Jesus
Maryam
Mary
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
Chittagong
Manipur
Tibet
Khotan
China
Xinjiang
Taklamakan Desert
Medina
Khaybar
battle
Abu Hurairah
Syria
Byzantine
Zayd ibn Harithah
Abdullah ibn Rawahah
angel
Gabriel
Fatimah
Kerak
Dawoodi Bohra
Mohammed Burhanuddin
Abdullah
Zaynab bint Ali
Battle of Karbala
Muhammad
Awn
Yahya ibn Umar
Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya

categories: 7th-century Arabs,629 deaths,Male Sahabah,Medieval Arabs killed in battle,Year of birth unknown,Ahl al-Bayt

paragraph: Ja'far ibn Abi Talib

paragraph: Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib (, c.590–629 CE), also known as "Jaʿfar aṭ-Ṭayyār" ( (of Paradise)), was a companion of the Islamic "Nabi" (Prophet) Muhammad, and an older brother of Ali.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ja'far was the third son of Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, hence a cousin of Muhammad. His older brothers were Talib and Aqil, his younger brothers were Ali and Tulayq, and his sisters were Fakhita, Jumana and Raytah.

paragraph: When there was a drought in his birthplace of Mecca, Abu Talib could not afford to support his family. His brother Abbas therefore took charge of the young Ja'far.

paragraph: Ja'far was an early convert to Islam. He married Asma bint Umays, who converted to Islam in 614-615.

paragraph: Section::::Migration to Abyssinia.

paragraph: When the Muslims were harassed in Mecca, several of them migrated to Abyssinia. Ja'far joined the second flight in 616. There they obtained the protection of the Negus, Ashama ibn Abjar, and could worship God unhindered.

paragraph: Ja'far and Asma lived in Abyssinia for about twelve years. Three sons were born to them there: Abdullah, Muhammad and Awn.

paragraph: Section::::Migration to Abyssinia.:The Quraysh Delegation.

paragraph: The Quraysh, suspicious of their motives for leaving Arabia, sent Abdullah ibn Abi Rabiah and 'Amr ibn al-'As to negotiate with the Negus to bring the emigrants back to Mecca. They gave presents of leather-goods to the Negus and his officials and gave him a bad report of the Muslims. The Negus replied that he had promised protection to the Muslims and therefore could not hand them over without hearing their side of the story. When the Muslims were called to answer to the Negus, Ja’far was their spokesman.Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 151.

paragraph: The Negus asked them what was the religion for which they had forsaken their people, without entering into his religion or any other. Ja'far replied: "We were an uncivilised people. God sent us an apostle who commanded us to speak the truth, be faithful to our engagements, mindful of the ties of kinship and kindly hospitality, and to refrain from crimes and bloodshed. He forbade us to commit abominations and to speak lies, and to devour the property of orphans, to vilify chaste women. He commanded us to worship God alone and not to associate anything with Him, and he gave us orders about prayer, alms and fasting [enumerating the commands of Islam]. So we believed in him and what he brought to us from Allah, and we follow what he asked us to do and we avoid what he forbade us to do."

paragraph: The Negus asked if Ja'far had with him anything that Muhammad had received from God. Ja'far recited for him the first portion of "Surah" Maryam in the Quran, which narrates the story of Isa (Jesus) and his mother Maryam (Mary). On hearing these words, "the Negus wept until his beard was wet and the bishops wept until their scrolls were wet." The Negus said that he would never harm the Muslims.Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 152.

paragraph: The two Quraysh delegates alleged that the Muslims called Jesus a created being, so the Negus asked Ja'far what he thought of Jesus. Ja'far answered: "Our prophet says he is God's slave, apostle, spirit and word, which he cast into Mary the blessed virgin."

paragraph: At this the Negus returned the gifts of the Quraysh, calling them "bribes," and "they left his presence crestfallen." The Muslims continued to live with the Negus “comfortably in the best security.”

paragraph: Section::::Migration to Abyssinia.:Overseas Preaching.

paragraph: It is said that Ja'far left Abyssinia to preach in other countries. He accompanied Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and others in their mission to the Chittagong-Manipur-Tibet-Khotan-China region. The Muslims of the oasis-city of Khotan (in the Xinjiang Province, south of the Taklamakan Desert, west of Tibet) trace their origin to Ja'far. Thereafter Ja'far returned to Abyssinia. Arnold however claims "there is not the slightest historical base for this legend."

paragraph: Section::::Return to Arabia.

paragraph: In summer 628, the last of the Muslim immigrants departed from Abyssinia to join the Muslim community in Medina. Ja'far and his family were among them.

paragraph: On arriving at Medina, Ja'far heard that Muhammad was in Khaybar. Ja'far immediately set out to join the army, and arrived just as Muhammad had won the battle. Muhammad greeted him with the words: "I do not know which event makes me happier – the arrival of Ja'far or the conquest of Khaybar!"

paragraph: Ja'far was famous for his acts of charity in Medina. Abu Hurairah recalled: "The most generous of all the people to the poor was Ja'far ibn Abi Talib. He used to take us to his home and offer us what was available therein. He would even offer us an empty folded leather container (of butter) which we would split and lick whatever was in it."

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Mu'tah.

paragraph: In September 629, Muhammad mobilized an army to confront Byzantine forces in Syria,Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 532. because a Byzantine governor had killed one of his emissaries.Waqidi/Faizer p. 372. He appointed Zayd ibn Harithah as commander of the army and instructed: "If Zayd is wounded or killed, Ja’far ibn Abu Talib will take over the command. If Ja'far is killed or wounded, Abdullah ibn Rawahah will take his place. If Abdullah is killed, then let the Muslims appoint themselves a commander."

paragraph: The Muslims met the Byzantines at Mu'tah,Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 534. where they were heavily outnumbered. Zayd was among the first Muslims to be killed in the battle, and Ja'far then took over his standard and assumed command. Mounted on his horse, he penetrated deep into the Byzantine ranks. As he spurred his horse on, he called out: "How wonderful is Paradise as it draws near! How pleasant and cool is its drink! Punishment for the Byzantines is not far away!" Ja'far fought until both his arms were cut off, but he was eventually killed. "A Roman struck him and cut him in two halves. One half fell on the grape vine, and roughly thirty wounds were found on it. The body of Ja'far held seventy-two scars between his shoulders, where he had been either struck by a sword or pierced by a spear."

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Mu'tah.:Aftermath.

paragraph: When the news reached Muhammad, he wept and prayed for Ja'far's soul. He later reported that the angel Jibril (Gabriel) came down to console him, saying: "Jafar was a brave and loyal soldier. God has given him everlasting life, and in place of his arms which were cut off in the battle, the Lord has given him a pair of wings." Thereafter Ja'far had the byname "Dhul-Janāḥīn" (, "The Winged").

paragraph: Ja'far's widow Asma recalled: "God's Messenger came to me and asked, 'Where are Jafar's children?' I brought them to him and he embraced them and smelled them, then his eyes welled up and he cried. 'O God's Messenger,' I asked, 'Have you heard something about Jafar?' 'Yes,' he replied. 'He was killed today.' I stood up and screamed, and the women came to me. The Prophet began to say, 'O Asma, do not speak obscene words or beat your chest!'" Her son Abdullah remembered: "He said, 'O Asma, will you not rejoice? Indeed, God most high has made two wings for Ja'far, that he may fly with them in Paradise!'" Then Muhammad told his daughter Fatimah, "Prepare food for the family of Ja'far, for they are preoccupied today."

paragraph: Ja'far's tomb is located in Al-Mazar, near Kerak, Jordan. It is enclosed in an ornate shrine of gold and silver made by the Dawoodi Bohra's 52nd Da'i, Mohammed Burhanuddin.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdullah married Zaynab bint Ali; their sons were killed in the Battle of Karbala

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yahya ibn Umar – a descendant who led a rebellion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya – a descendant whom the Shia in Kufa set up as Imam and led a rebellion

alias:
Ja’far al-Tayyar
Ja'afar ibn Abi Thalib

description: Companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

wikidata_label: Ja'far ibn Abī Tālib

wikipedia_title: Ja'far ibn Abi Talib


text: Knight of the Shire

text: Nottinghamshire

text: Charles I of England

text: English Civil War

text: Baron Lexinton

text: Laxton

text: Commonwealth

text: Charles II of England

text: Kelham Hall

text: Averham

text: Nottinghamshire

text: John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland

text: Anne Palmes

text: Sir Thomas Browne, 2nd Baronet

text: Robert

text: Conyers Darcy, 2nd Earl of Holderness

categories: 1668 deaths,Barons in the Peerage of England,1594 births,English MPs 1640–1648,English MPs 1624–1625,English MPs 1640 (April)

paragraph: Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton

paragraph: Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton (21 December 159413 October 1668) was a Royalist MP in 1625 and 1640.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1624 he was elected Knight of the Shire (MP) for Nottinghamshire and re-elected in April and November 1640. He was disabled as a Royalist from sitting in 1643.

paragraph: He served Charles I of England during the English Civil War, making great monetary sacrifices for the royal cause, and in 1645 the king created him Baron Lexinton, this being a variant of the name of the Nottinghamshire village of Laxton. His estate suffered during the time of the Commonwealth, but some money was returned to him by Charles II of England.

paragraph: He commissioned the building of the first Kelham Hall. He died on 13 October 1668. There is a wall monument to him in Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Averham.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was the son of Sir William Sutton of Averham, Nottinghamshire,

paragraph: Lord Lexinton was thrice married.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 14 April 1616, he married Elizabeth Manners, the sister of John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland, who died without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His second wife was Anne Palmes, widow of Sir Thomas Browne, 2nd Baronet, who also died without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 21 February 1660, he married Mary St. Leger, by whom he had one son and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert, 2nd Baron Lexington (1662–1723)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridget, married Hon. John Darcy only son of Conyers Darcy, 2nd Earl of Holderness and Lady Frances Howard

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton

wikipedia_title: Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton


text:
interpreter
United States federal courts
La Amistad
Mende
English
Sierra Leone
West Africa
Lomboko
Atlantic slave trade
Cuba
Freetown
Church Missionary Society
Royal Navy
Charles Fitzgerald
New York City
Josiah Gibbs
Yale University
abolition of slavery
La Amistad
New Haven
Lewis Tappan
Hartford, Connecticut
U.S. Supreme Court
United States v. The Amistad
Freetown
Sierra Leone
Steven Spielberg
Amistad
Chiwetel Ejiofor
Deposition of James Covey

categories: 1850 deaths,Interpreters,1820s births,Sierra Leonean sailors

paragraph: James Covey

paragraph: James Benjamin Covey ("né" Kaweli; c. 1825 – 12 October 1850) was a sailor, remembered today chiefly for his role as interpreter during the legal proceedings in the United States federal courts that followed the 1839 revolt aboard the Spanish slave ship "La Amistad". Covey, who spoke Mende and possibly other African languages as well as English, was instrumental for enabling the Mende passengers of the "Amistad" to communicate with the court and to defend themselves successfully against charges of mutiny and murder.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Covey was born "circa" 1825 or 1826 in the southwestern highlands of what is now Sierra Leone, in West Africa. His African name, "Kaweli", means "war road" in Mende. At the age of five or six, he was kidnapped in a raid and sold to the wife of a chief of the Bulom tribe.

paragraph: Three years later he was sold to a European slaver and probably taken to the Lomboko slave camp before transport to the Americas. At a time when the Atlantic slave trade had already been officially outlawed, Covey was illegally shipped to Cuba on board the Spanish ship "Segundo Socorro". That ship was intercepted by the British fleet and the captives, including Covey, were freed.

paragraph: Covey was put into the care of the Rev. John William Weeks, of the Freetown branch of the Church Missionary Society. He spent five years at school in Freetown before joining the British Royal Navy. In 1838 he joined the crew of , where he served under Captain Charles Fitzgerald. Covey arrived in New York City on board "Buzzard" in June 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement with the "Amistad" case.

paragraph: Josiah Gibbs, a professor of linguistics at Yale University who was personally committed to the abolition of slavery, sought to assist the legal defense of the Africans who had come into the custody of the U.S. federal courts after their uprising on board "La Amistad". To that end, Prof. Gibbs learned to count to ten in the language spoken by most of the Africans, which turned out to be Mende. He went around the harbor in New Haven and later in New York, counting aloud, until he was approached by sailors who recognized the words. In this way, Gibbs came into contact with Covey and fellow British sailor Charles Pratt in New York, in October 1839.

paragraph: Gibbs took both Covey and Pratt to New Haven, where they were housed under the protection of Lewis Tappan and the committee for the defense of the captives of the "Amistad". Covey stayed in New Haven for four months, until he had translated the testimonies of three Mende-speaking captives in the Amistad civil trial in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1841. Because of his own experience, Covey was instrumental in interpreting and communicating the details of the kidnapping, terror, and eventual rebellion. The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in "United States v. The Amistad" that the captives were not slaves, but freeborn men and had legally defended themselves in gaining their freedom.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In November 1841, Covey, along with the 35 Africans of the "Amistad," who chose to return to Africa, boarded the ship "Gentleman" for the voyage. Funds had been raised for them from private sources. The Africans were accompanied to Freetown by an American missionary, William Raymond.

paragraph: Covey appeared to drift in and out of the Christian missionary communities in Sierra Leone. There is some evidence that he became involved with a local warlord and may have participated in a slaving expedition in 1845. After falling ill, he was shuffled back and forth between the village of Kaw-Mendi and the main mission compound, "America". Covey died on 12 October, 1850 and was given a Christian burial.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In Steven Spielberg's drama film "Amistad" (1997), Covey is played by British actor Chiwetel Ejiofor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deposition of James Covey

description: Sierra Leonean interpreter

wikidata_label: James Covey

wikipedia_title: James Covey


text: professional golfer

text: Champions Tour

text: Roxboro, North Carolina

text: Morgan State University

text: PGA Tour

text: senior major championship

text: Tradition

text: career money list

text: Orlando, Florida

text: PGA Tour

text: Champions Tour

text: Canadian PGA Championship

text: Jerry Ford Invitational

text: Jay Delsing

text: Donnie Hammond

text: Big Cedar Lodge Legends of Golf

text: Jim Colbert

categories: Winners of senior major golf championships,1949 births,PGA Tour Champions golfers,American male golfers,African-American golfers,PGA Tour golfers,People from Roxboro, North Carolina,Golfers from North Carolina,Golfers from Florida,American people convicted of tax crimes,People from Heathrow, Florida

paragraph: Jim Thorpe (golfer)

paragraph: Jimmy Lee Thorpe (born February 1, 1949) is an American professional golfer, currently playing on the Champions Tour.

paragraph: Thorpe was born in Roxboro, North Carolina, the ninth of the twelve children of a fairway superintendent. He attended Morgan State University before turning pro in 1972. He won three times on the PGA Tour in the mid-1980s. He has surpassed this at senior level by winning over ten times, including one senior major championship (the 2002 Tradition) and making the top ten of the Champions Tour's career money list in 2004.

paragraph: Thorpe's late success has been clouded by charges filed in federal court in Orlando, Florida, charging him with failure to pay $1.6 million in taxes between the years 2002 and 2004. After his lawyer stated that Thorpe intended to plead innocent to the charges, Thorpe pleaded guilty in September 2009. On January 22, 2010, Thorpe was sentenced to one year in prison for the crime.

paragraph: Thorpe was released from prison on January 17, 2011. He was under suspension by the PGA Tour until March 31 and then resumed his career on the Champions Tour.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (20).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (20).:PGA Tour wins (3).

paragraph: PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (20).:Other wins (3).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 Canadian PGA Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 Amoco Centel Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 Jerry Ford Invitational (tie with Jay Delsing, and Donnie Hammond)

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (20).:Champions Tour wins (13).

paragraph: Champions Tour playoff record (3–1)

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (20).:Other senior wins (1).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Big Cedar Lodge Legends of Golf - Legends Division (with Jim Colbert)

paragraph: CUT = missed the half-way cutbr

paragraph: WD = withdrewbr

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place

paragraph: Section::::Results in major championships.:Summary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (twice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (three times)

paragraph: Section::::Results in The Players Championship.

paragraph: CUT = missed the halfway cut

paragraph: WD = withdrew

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place

paragraph: Section::::Senior major championships.

paragraph: Section::::Senior major championships.:Results timeline.

paragraph: "Results not in chronological order before 2016."

paragraph: "The Senior British Open was not a Champions Tour major until 2003."br

paragraph: DNP = Did not playbr

paragraph: CUT = missed the halfway cutbr

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a placebr

paragraph: Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of golfers with most Champions Tour wins

description: professional golfer

wikidata_label: Jim Thorpe

wikipedia_title: Jim Thorpe (golfer)


text:
Belgrade
Zeta
Balšić noble family
Đurađ II
Jelena Lazarević
Zeta
Đurađ II
Battle of Tripolje
Serbia
Stefan Lazarević
Orthodox Christianity
Catholicism
First Scutari War
Ulcinj
Bar
Budva
Ladislaus of Naples
Saint Nicholas
Praskvica Monastery
ktitor
Moračnik Monastery
Shkodër
Venetians
Budva
Belgrade
Stefan Lazarević
Stefan Lazarević
Niketa Thopia
Koja Zaharia
Stjepan Vukčić Kosača
Catherine of Bosnia
Vladislav Hercegović

categories: 1421 deaths,15th-century Serbian nobility,1387 births,People of the Serbian Despotate,Balšić noble family

paragraph: Balša III

paragraph: Balša Stracimirović (last name is sometimes Balšić or Đurđević) or Balša III (1387 – 28 April 1421, Belgrade) was the fifth and last ruler of Zeta from the Balšić noble family, from April 1403 to April 1421. He was the son of Đurađ II and Jelena Lazarević.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: In April 1403, the seventeen-year-old Balša became the ruler of Zeta when his father Đurađ II died as a result of the injuries he had suffered at the Battle of Tripolje. As he was young and inexperienced, his main advisor was his mother, Jelena, a sister of the ruler of Serbia at the time, Stefan Lazarević. Under the influence of his mother, Balša reverted the order of the state religion, passing a law declaring Orthodox Christianity as the official confession of the state, while Catholicism became a tolerant confession.

paragraph: Balša waged a 10-year war against Venice, the First Scutari War. In 1405, Ulcinj, Bar and Budva were seized by the Venetians. Balša then became a vassal to the Ottoman Turks. In 1409, however, Venice had purchased the rights to Dalmatia from King Ladislaus of Naples and began fighting for control of Dalmatian cities. After a huge effort, Balša seized Bar from the Venetians in 1412. Venice, pressed with difficulties, had no choice but to agree to return territories it had previously seized. In 1413 he built a church dedicated to Saint Nicholas in Praskvica Monastery. According to a chapter Balša issued in 1417 he was probably a ktitor of the Moračnik Monastery.

paragraph: Balša had waged a new war against Venice, which was connected to the war with the Hungarians and the Turks. In 1418, he conquered Shkodër from the Venetians, but lost Budva and Luštica with its salt works. In the next year, 1419, he made an unsuccessful attempt to recapture Budva. He went to Belgrade to ask for aid from Stefan Lazarević, but never returned to Zeta. In 1421, before his death and under the influence of his mother, he passed the rule of Zeta to his uncle, Despot Stefan Lazarević.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1407 Balša III married Mara, a daughter of Niketa Thopia. In his second marriage, Balša III married Bolja, a daughter of Koja Zaharia, in 1412 or at the beginning of 1413. They had two daughters, Jelena (named after Balša's mother) and Teodora.

paragraph: Jelena married Stjepan Vukčić Kosača and was mother of Queen Catherine of Bosnia and Vladislav Hercegović. In 1415 Balša's only son and the only male descendant of the Balša family died.

description: Serbian noble

wikidata_label: Balša III

wikipedia_title: Balša III


href: Croatian%20people inventor Labin Istria %C5%BDupani%C4%87i Pazin professor Koper speedometer Austria-Hungary Exposition%20Universelle%20%281889%29

text:
Croatian
inventor
Labin
Istria
Županići
Pazin
professor
Koper
speedometer
Austria-Hungary
Exposition Universell

categories: Croatian inventors,Year of death missing,1847 births,People from Istria

paragraph: Josip Belušić

paragraph: Josip Belušić (1847 - ?) was a Croatian inventor. He was born in the region of Labin in Istria, and later lived in the settlement of Županići. Belušić was schooled in Pazin. He eventually became a professor in Koper.

paragraph: In 1888 Josip Belušić invented and designed the first electric speedometer. This invention was patented in Austria-Hungary under the name of "velocimeter."

paragraph: Belušić exhibited his invention on the 1889 Exposition Universell in Paris, and later renamed it 'Controllore Automatico per Vetture'. On the same year, the Municipality of Paris created a tender in which over 120 patents were registered to compete. His design won as the most precise and reliable and was accepted in June 1890.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamičić, Željko: Josip Belušić – izumitelj tahografa. In: časopis MUP (Mir-Ugled-Povjerenje) 3. Jg., Zagreb, Januar 2008, S. 15

description: inventive person

wikidata_label: Josip Belušić

wikipedia_title: Josip Belušić


text:
field hockey
1984 Summer Olympics
André Bolhuis

categories: Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Amsterdamsche Hockey & Bandy Club players,Olympic field hockey players of the Netherlands,Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in field hockey,1961 births,Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands,Sportspeople from Haarlem,Dutch female field hockey players,Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands,Living people

paragraph: Marjolein Eijsvogel

paragraph: Maria Yolanda Caroline Gertrude "Marjolein" Bolhuis-Eijsvogel (born 16 June 1961) is a retired Dutch field hockey forward, who won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics and a bronze at the 1988 Games. From 1980 to 1988 she played 123 international matches for the Netherlands, in which she scored 56 goals.

paragraph: Bolhuis-Eijsvogel is a daughter of sports journalist . She is married to hockey coach Peter Bolhuis, a brother of former hockey player and president of the Dutch Olympic Committee André Bolhuis.

description: field hockey player

wikidata_label: Marjolein Eijsvogel

wikipedia_title: Marjolein Eijsvogel


text:
field hockey
1984 Summer Olympics
1984 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles, California
Personal website

categories: 1949 births,Olympic field hockey players of the Netherlands,People from Helmond,Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in field hockey,Dutch female field hockey players,Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands,Living people

paragraph: Lisette Sevens

paragraph: Elisabeth "Lisette" Anthonius Maria Ignatius Sevens (born 29 June 1949) is a retired Dutch field hockey defender, who won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: From 1974 to 1984, she played a total number of 125 international matches for Holland, in which she scored five goals. Sevens retired from international field hockey after the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, where she captained the team.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal website

description: field hockey player

wikidata_label: Lisette Sevens

wikipedia_title: Lisette Sevens


text: Azerbaijani

text: General of the Artillery

text: Imperial Russian Army

text: Minister of Defense

text: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

text: Mehmandarov

text: Lankaran

text: Azerbaijan

text: Shusha

text: St. Petersburg

text: podporuchik

text: Turkestan

text: poruchik

text: shtabs-kapitan

text: Caucasus

text: Poland

text: court martial

text: lieutenant-colonel

text: battery

text: Transbaikal

text: China Relief Expedition

text: colonel

text: Tsarskoye Selo

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: siege of Port Arthur

text: major general

text: Order of Saint George

text: capitulation

text: Japan

text: 3rd Siberian Army Corps

text: lieutenant-general

text: 21st Infantry Division

text: World War I

text: 3rd Caucasus Army Corps

text: Order of Saint George

text: Saint George Sword

text: Ivangorod

text: 2nd Caucasus Army Corps

text: General of the Artillery

text: February Revolution

text: Russia

text: Baku

text: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

text: Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan

text: 11th Red Army troops invaded

text: Azerbaijan SSR

text: Baku

text: Russian Army in World War I

categories: Azerbaijani military personnel of the Armenian–Azerbaijani War,Azerbaijani nobility,Imperial Russian Army generals,1931 deaths,Azerbaijani generals,Recipients of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky,People from Lankaran,Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree,Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War,Azerbaijan Democratic Republic politicians,Ministers of Defense of Azerbaijan,Azerbaijani military personnel of World War I,1855 births,Azerbaijani people of the Armenian–Azerbaijani War,Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russian),Russian military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Samad bey Mehmandarov

paragraph: Samadbey Sadykhbey oglu Mehmandarov (, ; October 16, 1855 – February 12, 1931) was an Azerbaijani General of the Artillery in the Imperial Russian Army and served as Minister of Defense of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Samedbey Mehmandarov was born on October 16, 1855 in Lankaran, Azerbaijan in a noble family originally from Shusha. He graduated from 2nd Constantine Military School in St. Petersburg in 1875, was conferred the rank of podporuchik and assigned to 1st Turkestan artillery brigade. In the course of military service he was promoted to poruchik in 1877 and seconded two years later to 2nd artillery brigade in St. Petersburg.

paragraph: Section::::Active duty.

paragraph: In 1885 shtabs-kapitan Mehmandarov was assigned to 38th artillery brigade in the Caucasus, where he served 9 years. In 1894, 38th artillery brigade was transferred to Poland, where he became a member of court martial. In 1898, captain Mehmandarov was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and appointed the commander of 1st battery of 3rd artillery battalion. The same year, Mehmandarov’s battery was moved to Transbaikal region and took part in China Relief Expedition in 1901. For the services in battle Mehmandarov was conferred the rank of colonel. In 1903 he completed a course in Tsarskoye Selo Officer's Artillery College.

paragraph: When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, Mehmandarov was appointed the commander of 7th Eastern Siberia artillery battalion. During the siege of Port Arthur he was the commander of the Eastern Front Artillery. For the services in battle he was promoted to major general and decorated with the Order of Saint George of IV degree. After the capitulation of the fortress the garrison was in Japanese captivity. When Japanese commanders allowed the captured Russian officers to return home in exchange to signing an obligation not to fight against Japan, Mehmandarov refused and preferred to stay with his soldiers.

paragraph: Upon his return from captivity Mehmandarov was appointed the commander of 7th East Siberian Artillery Brigade in 1906, and became the commander of 3rd Siberian Army Corps artillery a year later. In 1908, he was conferred the rank of lieutenant-general. In 1910, he was appointed the commander of 1st Caucasus Division; in 1913 he became the commander of 21st Infantry Division and in this position entered World War I within 3rd Caucasus Army Corps. Under Mehmandarov’s command the division earned the reputation of one of the best in the Russian Army, and 81st Apsheron and 83rd Samur regiments especially distinguished themselves. He was decorated with the Order of Saint George of III degree for the battles of 27 – 29 September 1914, and Saint George Sword decorated with diamonds for the battle near Ivangorod on 14 February 1915. The latter was a very rare military award, only eight Russian commanders received it during the entire course of the World War I.

paragraph: On December 11, 1914 Mehmandarov was appointed the commander of 2nd Caucasus Army Corps. Mehmandarov’s corps was engaged in the fiercest battles with German troops and during the whole war had not surrendered to the enemy a single piece of ordnance. On 22 March 1915 Samedbey Mehmandarov was promoted to the rank of the General of the Artillery. He was decorated with British, French and Romanian orders.

paragraph: Section::::Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

paragraph: After the February Revolution in Russia Mehmandarov resigned and left for Baku. With the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, Samedbey Mehmandarov became the third and last Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan. He held this position until 11th Red Army troops invaded Azerbaijan in 1920. After the fall of the national government and establishment of Soviet rule in Azerbaijan Mehmandarov was arrested, but he was released two months later. He taught in military schools and was an advisor to the Commissariat of Military and Naval Forces of the Azerbaijan SSR until his retirement in 1928.

paragraph: Samedbey Mehmandarov died on February 12, 1931 in Baku.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: This article incorporates material translated from Russian Wikipedia

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian Army in World War I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Encyclopaedia of Sytin. Samad bey Mehmandarov

description: Azerbaijani general

wikidata_label: Samad bey Mehmandarov

wikipedia_title: Samad bey Mehmandarov


href: Shu-Sin Sumer Akkadian%20Empire Third%20Dynasty%20of%20Ur Short%20chronology Amorite Elam Ur Nippur Isin Ishbi-Erra Ur Shimashki Akkadian%20Empire Persian%20Gulf Tigris Euphrates

text:
Shu-Sin
Sumer
Akkad
Ur III
Short chronology
Amorite
Elam
Ur
Nippur
Isin
Ishbi-Erra
Ur
Shimashki
Akkadian Empire
Persian Gulf
Tigris
Euphrates

paragraph: Ibbi-Sin

paragraph: Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned c. 1963–1940 BCE (Short chronology). During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. As faith in Ibbi-Sin's leadership failed, Elam declared its independence and began to raid as well.

paragraph: Ibbi-Sin ordered fortifications built at the important cities of Ur and Nippur, but these efforts were not enough to stop the raids or keep the empire unified. Cities throughout Ibbi-Sin's empire fell away from a king who could not protect them, notably Isin under the Amorite ruler Ishbi-Erra. Ibbi-Sin was, by the end of his kingship, left with only the city of Ur. In 1940 BCE, the Elamites, along with "tribesmen from the region of Shimashki in the Zagros Mountains" sacked Ur and took Ibbi-Sin captive; he was taken to the city of Elam where he was imprisoned and, at an unknown date, died.

paragraph: Section::::The success of the Amorite invasion.

paragraph: The Amorites were considered a backward people by Mesopotamian standards; Ibbi-Sin's 17th year was officially named ""Year the Amorites, the powerful south wind who, from the remote past, have not known cities, submitted to Ibbi-Sin the king of Ur"." However, despite his father Shu-Sin having built a "wall of Martu" across Mesopotamia against Amorite incursions, these were penetrated early in Ibbi-Sin's reign.

paragraph: Scholars have suggested that, by the reign of Ibbi-Sin, the empire was already in decline due to long-term drought – in fact, the same drought that helped to take down the Akkadian Empire c. 2193 BCE may have been responsible for the fall of Ur III.

paragraph: Studies of Persian Gulf sediments indicate that the stream flow of the Tigris and Euphrates was very low around 2100–2000 BCE. [...] Any damage to the agricultural system by enemy raids, bureaucratic mismanagement, or an inattentive ruler would result in food shortages

paragraph: In years seven and eight of Ibbi-Sin's kingship, the price of grain increased to 60 times the norm, which means that the success of the Amorites in disrupting the Ur III empire is, at least in part, a product of attacks on the agricultural and irrigation systems; these attacks brought famine and caused an economic collapse in the empire, paving the way for the Elamites under Kindattu to strike into Ur and capture the king.

description: King of Sumer and Akkad

enwikiquote_title: Ibbi-Sin

wikidata_label: Ibbi-Sin

wikipedia_title: Ibbi-Sin


text:
Georgian
Bagratid dynasty
Tao-Klarjeti
Klarjeti
Adarnase II of Tao-Klarjeti
mampali
Guaram Mampali
Byzantine title
antipatos
patrician
Ardanuç
Turkey
Constantine Porphyrogenitus
De Administrando Imperio
Adjara
Nigali
David
Bagrat
Art Museum of Georgia
Tbilisi

categories: Monarchs of Georgia,Bagrationi dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti,Year of birth unknown,9th-century rulers in Europe,899 deaths

paragraph: Sumbat I of Klarjeti

paragraph: Sumbat I () (died 899) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and hereditary ruler of Klarjeti from c. 870 until his death.

paragraph: A son of Adarnase II of Tao-Klarjeti, Sumbat received the province of Klarjeti as an appanage where he ruled with the title of "mampali", which seems to have passed on to Sumbat and his progeny after the extinction of the line of Guaram Mampali. He also bore the Byzantine title of antipatos patrician ("antipatrikios", ανθύπατος πατρίκιος). Sumbat had a residence at Artanuji (modern Ardanuç, Turkey), which towards the end of the 9th century began to develop into a thriving trading centre. Hence comes his territorial epithet Artanujeli (არტანუჯელი), i.e., "of Artanuji". Sumbat is referred to as "the Great" by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, author of "De Administrando Imperio", where his name is rendered as Symbatius.

paragraph: Apart from Klarjeti, Sumbat must also have possessed Adjara and Nigali, since the latter two appear among the possessions of his son David (died 943). Sumbat also had a younger son Bagrat (died 900). The Art Museum of Georgia in Tbilisi possesses a late 9th-century reliquary cross whose donation inscription refers to Khosrovanush, wife of Sumbat, and her sons Bagrat and David. Khosrovanush is unattested elsewhere.

description: Monarch of Klarjeti

wikidata_label: Sumbat I of Klarjeti

wikipedia_title: Sumbat I of Klarjeti


text:
Alfred Stieglitz
Photo-Secession
Brooklyn
New Woman
Pratt School of Art and Design
Gertrude Käsebier
23rd Street
William Butler Yeats
Madison Avenue
Alfred Stieglitz
Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession
Photo-Secession
Camera Work
Kykuit
Pocantico Hills, New York
Eugene O'Neill
Albert Pinkham Ryder
George Arliss
Robert Louis Stevenson
John Singer Sargent
Ida C. Haskell
pneumonia
Metropolitan Museum of Art
National Portrait Gallery
National Portrait Gallery
George Eastman House
William Butler Yeats
Julia Ward Howe
Henry James
Walter de la Mare
G. K. Chesterton
Maxim Gorky
John Burroughs
Ruth St. Denis
Eleonora Duse
Yvette Guilbert

categories: Fine art photographers,1943 deaths,19th-century American women artists,Deaths from pneumonia,American women photographers,Theatrical photographers,Artists from New York City,Infectious disease deaths in New York (state),1866 births,Portrait photographers,People from Brooklyn,20th-century American women artists,Pratt Institute alumni,19th-century American photographers,20th-century American photographers,1867 births,Photographers from New York City

paragraph: Alice Boughton

paragraph: Alice Boughton (14 May 1866 – 21 June 1943) was an early 20th-century American photographer known for her photographs of many literary and theatrical figures of her time. She was a Fellow of Alfred Stieglitz's Photo-Secession, a circle of photographers whose artistic efforts succeeded in raising photography to a fine art form.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alice Boughton was born in Brooklyn, New York, on 14 May 1866. Her parents were Frances Ayres and William H. Boughton, a lawyer in New York.

paragraph: Section::::New Woman.

paragraph: As educational opportunities were made more available in the 19th-century, women artists became part of professional enterprises, including founding their own art associations. Artwork made by women was considered to be inferior, and to help overcome that stereotype women became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman". Artists then, "played crucial roles in representing the New Woman, both by drawing images of the icon and exemplyfying this emerging type through their own lives."

paragraph: In the 1880s, Boughton began studying art and photography at the Pratt School of Art and Design. It was there that she met fellow student Gertrude Käsebier, with whom she later studied in Paris. Käsebier also employed her an assistant in her studio, most likely at the same time Boughton was studying at Pratt.

paragraph: In 1890, she opened her own portrait studio on East 23rd Street in New York, which she maintained for the next forty years. In 1904, she sent a letter to William Butler Yeats that listed a studio address on Madison Avenue, indicating that she established or used more than one studio for at least a brief period.

paragraph: Around 1901, Boughton studied art in Rome and photography in Paris, where she worked in Käsebier’s summer studio. She won an honorable mention for her work at the Turin International Decorative and Fine Arts Exhibition in 1902.

paragraph: It is not known when she met Alfred Stieglitz, but it is clear he knew of and admired her work by 1902 when he included two of her works in the inaugural exhibition at his Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession in New York City. Four years later, in 1906, Boughton was appointed by Stieglitz as a Fellow of the Photo-Secession. The following year Stieglitz gave her, along with fellow photographers C. Yarnall Abbot and William B. Dyer, an exhibition at the Little Galleries. In 1909 she had six of her photographs and an essay called “Photography, A Medium of Expression” published in Stieglitz's journal "Camera Work" (No 26, April, 1909).

paragraph: During this same period, her photographs were included in major exhibitions around the world, including shows in London, Paris, Vienna, The Hague and New York.

paragraph: Boughton became one of the most distinguished portrait photographers of New York, although she did many landscapes in this country and Europe including the famous Rockefeller estate Kykuit at Pocantico Hills, New York. She produced studies of children, as well as female nudes in allegorical or natural settings. Among her more famous works are portraits of Eugene O'Neill, Albert Pinkham Ryder, George Arliss and Robert Louis Stevenson. Her portrait of Robert Louis Stevenson was an inspiration for John Singer Sargent's own portrait of the writer.

paragraph: From at least 1920 until her death, Boughton shared her residences with artist and art teacher Ida C. Haskell (1861–1932). Haskell is known to have been an instructor at Pratt while Käsebier and Boughton studied there. When Boughton traveled to Europe in 1926, Haskell, her partner, accompanied her on the trip.

paragraph: In 1931, Boughton closed her studio and discarded thousands of prints. She moved permanently to the home in Brookhaven, Long Island, that she shared with Haskell.

paragraph: Boughton died of pneumonia on 21 June 1943.

paragraph: Her works are in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the British National Portrait Gallery, the U.S. National Portrait Gallery, the George Eastman House and other important museums.

paragraph: Section::::Work and publications.

paragraph: A collection of her portraits, "Photographing the Famous", was published in 1928, and included such luminaries as William Butler Yeats, Julia Ward Howe, Henry James, Walter de la Mare, G. K. Chesterton, Maxim Gorky, John Burroughs, Ruth St. Denis, Eleonora Duse and Yvette Guilbert.

paragraph: Her work was also published in "Camera Work" in 1909.

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: Alice Boughton

wikipedia_title: Alice Boughton


text:
County of Holland
Delft
Beguine
mystic
Stigmata
domestic service
beguinage
Delft
nun
religious vows
contemplation
Incarnation
Passion
Stigmata
prophecy
feast day
Epiphany
Roman Martyrology
"cultus"

categories: Flemish Christian mystics,People from Delft,Beguines and Beghards,Roman Catholic mystics,Stigmatics,14th-century venerated Christians,1358 deaths

paragraph: Gertrude van der Oosten

paragraph: Gertrude van der Oosten (or Gertrude of Delft) was born in Voorburcht in the County of Holland, whose location is unclear, and died at Delft, 6 January 1358. She was a Dutch Beguine and was considered a mystic, who had received the Stigmata.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gertrude was born of peasant parents, and entered into domestic service at Delft. Her surname of "van Ooten", or "of the East", came from her custom of singing a hymn which began: "Het daghet in den Oosten", i.e., "Daylight breaks in the East", which she is thought to have composed herself.

paragraph: After living a pious life for many years, Gertrude obtained admission into the beguinage in Delft. Here, though not a nun, or bound by religious vows, she profited by the ample opportunities for contemplation afforded by life in this community. She had great devotion to the mysteries of the Incarnation, especially to the Passion of Christ. She is believed to have received the Stigmata. She begged God that this grace might be withdrawn, and her prayer was granted to the degree that the blood ceased to flow, but the marks of the Stigmata remained. At the same time she displayed the gift of prophecy.

paragraph: Gertrude died on the feast day of the Epiphany and was buried in the Church of St. Hippolytus in Delft, as that beguinage did not have its own church or cemetery. Her name has never been inscribed in the "Roman Martyrology", though she is commemorated in various others, and her "cultus" is a purely local one.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Dutch mystic

wikidata_label: Gertrude van der Oosten

wikipedia_title: Gertrude van der Oosten


text: Irish

text: architect

text: Newry

text: County Down

text: Roman Catholic

text: cathedral

text: St. Patrick's Church, Dundalk

text: King's College Chapel, Cambridge

text: Belfast

text: National School

text: Gothic Revival

text: Belfast Natural History Society

text: Catholic Emancipation

text: famine

text: J.J. McCarthy

text: St. Patrick's Church, Dundalk

categories: Irish architects,1848 deaths,People from Newry,1792 births

paragraph: Thomas Duff

paragraph: Thomas John Duff (1792–1848) was an Irish architect from the town (now city) of Newry, County Down. Duff was the principal architect of a number of Roman Catholic churches and cathedrals in the northeast of Ireland.

paragraph: His work included three churches dedicated to St.Patrick: St. Patrick's Church, Dundalk (modelled on King's College Chapel, Cambridge); Cathedral Church of St. Patrick and St. Colman, Newry, and Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh city. Duff also designed St. Patrick's School in Belfast, the city's first National School and believed to be the last remaining Gothic Revival building in Belfast and the museum of the Belfast Natural History Society

paragraph: Section::::The Cathedral Church of St. Patrick and St. Colman, Newry.

paragraph: The cathedral in Newry was constructed between 1823 and 1829, and was the first Catholic church to be erected following Catholic Emancipation. The cathedral was described by a contemporary guide book in glowing terms: "This edifice may be ranked among the finest public buildings in Ireland, and is another enduring monument of the genius of Mr. Duff, who has studded the north of the kingdom, as it were, with evidence of his own ability, and of the good sense of his countrymen in employing a native artist."

paragraph: Section::::St. Patrick's, Armagh.

paragraph: The construction of St. Patrick's in Armagh began in 1840, but was suspended due to the intervention of the famine. Duff had died by the time construction resumed in 1854, the project being completed by J.J. McCarthy who finished the project in a decorated gothic style as opposed to the 16th century gothic preferred by Duff. This led to the situation, more familiar in genuine Gothic churches, whereby the cathedral was constructed in one style up to the aisles and a different style above this point.

paragraph: Section::::St. Patrick's, Dundalk.

paragraph: St. Patrick's Church, Dundalk was also under development at the time of Duff's death and was likewise completed by McCarthy.

paragraph: Section::::Presbyterian Church Building, Dundalk.

paragraph: The present church was opened it 1839. The site upon which the church on Jocelyn St. was built was leased by the Dundalk Presbyterian Congregation from the local landlord the Rt. Hon. Robert Earl of Roden on 30 March 1839. It was recorded as a:

paragraph: The following description of the Church is taken from ‘The Buildings of Ireland – North Lenister’ by Christine Casey and Alistair Rowan:

paragraph: "Presbyterian Church. 1839 by Thomas Duff. Small four-bay gabled hall in a Tudor-Gothic idiom whose site and proportions blend nicely with the classical Methodist church across the street. Like Duff’s nearby St. Patrick’s, this small building has a Perp window in each gable, four-centred arched entrances and pinnacled buttresses defining each bay. It is also of coursed brownish granite with granite dressings. Inside, a single-bay vestibule leads through two Tudor arches into the tree-bay rectangular hall which is the church proper. A very pretty interior, with curved U-shape pine gallery carried on cast-iron quatrefoil columns. Plaster panelled ceiling with decorative hammerbeams and rosettes. – STAINED GLASS. Central light of s window: Christ the Good Shepherd, by Clokey of Belfast, 1944."

paragraph: The description of the Church being in a style of Tudor-Gothic is unusual in itself. While many contemporary churches of this period are often described as being of Gothic architecture, a more accurate description would be that of ‘Gothic-Revival’ architecture, as this was essentially a style that became popular in the late eighteen and nineteen centuries. Gothic is a style that incorporated pointed arches over doors and windows, flying buttresses, and spires. And the features can be clearly seen to the exterior of this Church include such pointed arches over doors and windows, and it has buttressed walls, which incorporate pinnacles to their top. The reference to the Tudor styling refers to chiefly the interior of the Church. The Tudor style of architecture tended to contain mullioned windows, half-timbered work, and warm interior panelling and more comfortable furnishings. Naturally any Tudor style incorporated into this Church would again be of a revivalist nature. Therefore, it would be more accurate to describe the Church as being a ‘Tudor-Gothic Revival’ style of architecture.

description: Irish architect

wikidata_label: Thomas Duff

wikipedia_title: Thomas Duff


text:
TOM'S
Super GT
Super Formula
Honda
Super Aguri
Force India
Formula One
karting
Formula Renault
British Formula 3
Formula 3 Euro Series
Jeremy
Oxford
Rotax Max
Audi
Bedford Autodrome
Fortec Motorsport
Lewis Hamilton
Macau Formula Three Grand Prix
Formula 3 Euro Series
Hockenheimring
BAR
World Series by Renault
Super Aguri F1
BGP 001
Jenson Button
2009
Formula One World Drivers' Championship
American Le Mans Series
Acura
Andretti Green Racing
Formula One
2010 season
US F1
2010 Formula One season
IZOD IndyCar Series
KV Racing Technology
Barber Motorsports Park
Mario Moraes
Sky Sports
Lotus Cars
Lotus Cars
1000 km of Spa
Le Mans Series
24 Hours of Le Mans
Lotus Evora
2012 Formula One season
Force India
VJM06
Jerez
2013
James Rossiter's news
James Rossiter's profile

categories: English racing drivers,British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,American Le Mans Series drivers,European Le Mans Series drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,McLaren Autosport BRDC Award nominees,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,Super Formula drivers,Formula 3.5 V8 drivers,1983 births,Formula 3 Euro Series drivers,Living people

paragraph: James Rossiter

paragraph: James Rossiter (born 25 August 1983) is a professional racing driver from England. He is currently driving for TOM'S in Super GT and in Super Formula. Previously he was an F1 test driver for the Honda, Super Aguri and Force India Formula One teams. He has participated in karting, Formula Renault, British Formula 3 and Formula 3 Euro Series. His father, Jeremy, was also a racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Oxford, Rossiter started his race career at 14 when he started Karting in TKM and Rotax Max karts and within 3 years, in 2001, he graduated to single seaters initially testing a Formula Palmer Audi at the Bedford Autodrome. Rossiter then graduated to Formula Renault testing and racing with Falcon Motorsport in 2002. He moved to Fortec Motorsport for 2003 and finished third in the British Formula Renault Championship after a race winning season. Rossiter was recognised by a leading journalist as "the only driver to take the fight to Lewis Hamilton".

paragraph: In 2004 Rossiter stayed with the Fortec Motorsport team and graduated to the British Formula 3 Championship, winning three races and the British Formula 3 Avon tyres rookie of the year award. Rossiter also competed at the Macau Formula Three Grand Prix and the Masters of Formula 3 events. His performances also led to Rossiter winning the BRDC John Cooper Award and being selected as the winner of the BAR young F1 driver search selected from a group of upcoming drivers, several now being established F1 racers.

paragraph: In 2005, Rossiter left Britain and went into the Formula 3 Euro Series with Signature-Plus supporting him; he finished 7th in the series, winning in wet conditions the second race of the year at the Hockenheimring. He was also added to the roster of the BAR team development drivers. For 2006, Rossiter moved up to the World Series by Renault with Pons Racing, combining racing with his Formula One testing duties.

paragraph: For 2007, Rossiter was retained as one of Honda's test and development drivers with his main work being with the Super Aguri F1 team.

paragraph: Honda retained Rossiter for the 2008 season as their primary test and development driver for their Formula One program, mainly working with the team in Japan. During this time he played a part in developing the Honda RA109 which would become the BGP 001, which Jenson Button drove to the 2009 Formula One World Drivers' Championship title. Through his Honda connections Rossiter competed and won in the American Le Mans Series for Acura with Andretti Green Racing.

paragraph: After leaving Honda he spent 2009 trying to secure a Formula One drive with one of the four new teams entering in the 2010 season.

paragraph: Rossiter was signed by US F1 to race in the 2010 Formula One season; however it was not officially confirmed before the team collapsed. Rossiter was expected to join the IZOD IndyCar Series in 2010, driving for KV Racing Technology, after testing for the team at Barber Motorsports Park. However the team re-signed Mario Moraes, leaving him without a drive for the year. He then joined Sky Sports as a commentator for their coverage of IndyCar. He also drove in the Evora Cup with Lotus.

paragraph: Rossiter is currently a lead test and development driver working on the Lotus T-125 track day car. His relationship with Lotus Cars has put him back in the frame for a drive in IndyCar with KV Racing Technology, who are now backed and sponsored by Lotus Cars, although it is likely to be only part-time.

paragraph: In 2011, he drove in the 1000 km of Spa as part of the Le Mans Series, and retired after 21 laps. He also took part in the 24 Hours of Le Mans driving a Lotus Evora GTE, finishing 22nd overall, 7th in the GTE class, and 3rd in the International Le Mans Cup standings.

paragraph: Mid way through the 2012 Formula One season he was signed by Force India as a test and simulator driver, and he drove the VJM06 at the first pre-season test in Jerez in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete Super GT results.

paragraph: Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Rossiter's news

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Rossiter's profile

description: English racecar driver

wikidata_label: James Rossiter

wikipedia_title: James Rossiter


text:
bare-knuckle
Holborn
Fownhope
Herefordshire
butcher
John Hollands
Tom Cribb
Mordiford
left hook
Ned Painter
Tom Cribb
Bill Neat
Pitchcroft
Worcester
Irish
Jack Langan
Inn
Holborn
Bob Gregson
Fair Play Club
London Prize Ring rules
Jack Broughton
Simon Byrne
Jem Ward
Gilbert Odd
James Burke
Andy Bowen
Jack Burke
workhouse
West Norwood Cemetery
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
List of bare-knuckle boxers
Jon Hurley
The History Press
Record of Spring's fights

categories: English male boxers,1851 deaths,1795 births,Bare-knuckle boxers,Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

paragraph: Tom Spring

paragraph: Tom Spring (born Thomas Winter) (22 February 1795 – 20 August 1851) was an English bare-knuckle fighter. He was heavyweight champion of England from 1821 until his retirement in 1824. After his retirement he became landlord of the Castle Inn at Holborn in London, where he arranged the patronage and contracts of many of the major boxing events of the period while overseeing fair play in the ring.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Spring was born at Witchend in Fownhope, Herefordshire on 22 February 1795. His true surname was "Winter", which he changed to Spring when he became a professional boxer. His first career was as a butcher, the trade in which he was employed when he had his first known fight in 1812, against John Hollands. He had been encouraged to box from a young age by his father, who had constructed a sand bag for him to train with. Later his father was jailed for debt, which destroyed Spring's relationship with him. In 1814 Spring met the legendary heavyweight champion Tom Cribb who was staying nearby. Cribb was impressed by Spring's prowess, and persuaded him to go to London under his patronage; this was the beginning of Spring's boxing career. That year, Spring travelled to Mordiford and won a fight in 11 rounds, after which he won a £3 stake.

paragraph: Section::::Boxing.

paragraph: Spring is considered one of the most scientific of the early English boxers, an approach that set him apart from most of his contemporaries. Not possessing a strong punch he honed a fine defense, and a powerful left hook.

paragraph: Spring's first fight in the Prize Ring was with a Yorkshireman named Stringer, the bout taking place on 9 September 1817 at Moulsey Hurst. After 29 rounds in 39 minutes, Spring won by knocking out his opponent.

paragraph: Aged 23 Spring twice fought the very experienced Ned Painter, winning the first bout and losing the second. His defeat of Jack Carter in 1819 earned him some notoriety, and he toured the country giving exhibition matches with the reigning English heavyweight champion Tom Cribb. Cribb on his retirement in 1821 handed over the championship title to Spring. To defend the title Spring offered to fight anyone in England. No one challenged him until 1823, when he fought Bill Neat. Neat referred to Spring as a "lady’s maid fighter" because of his weak punch. The fight lasted just 37 minutes, with Spring victorious after knocking Neat down in the first round and cutting him severely in the second. This victory ensured that Spring was officially recognized as the heavyweight champion of England.

paragraph: In January 1824 at Pitchcroft, Worcester Spring fought against the Irish fighter Jack Langan. The fight was for a purse of 300 sovereigns (about £25,000 in 2010), and drew a crowd of some 40,000 and lasted 77 rounds.

paragraph: The two boxers had very different styles – Spring was light on his feet and fast, while Langan was slower and heavier. Spring was victorious against Langan on a second occasion.

paragraph: In 1824 Spring decided to retire from boxing, his hands, never strong and always easily damaged, were now weakened. Throughout his career Spring had often managed to avoid damage with his fast hits and what became known as his Harlequin Step; this was a technique he developed of putting himself just within reach of his opponent, then avoiding the instinctive punch while simultaneously delivering one himself.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: On his retirement he purchased the Castle Inn at Holborn (previously owned by the pugilist Bob Gregson), which under his management became the unofficial headquarters of English boxing; fights were arranged and contacts signed under his supervision. English boxing at that time has been described as full of "gambling-related corruption" when "disqualification and open cheating were common". On 25 September 1828 an organization known as the Fair Play Club was formed to try and clean up boxing's image, "to ensure fair play to the combatants" and "to preserve peace and order in the outer ring"; this was in addition to the London Prize Ring rules, which had been devised by Jack Broughton almost a century earlier. Spring was elected as the club's first treasurer, and was also authorised to employ officials to enforce the new rules and prevent invasions of the ring by supporters.

paragraph: Spring, however, was not immune from criticism himself. Vast amounts of money were bet on the outcome of fights and inside knowledge could make the holder enormous sums. Spring twice arranged fights for, and personally seconded, the Irish heavyweight champion Simon Byrne. In 1831 he put Byrne in the ring against the heavyweight champion Jem Ward, knowing that Byrne was unfit and out of condition; Ward was known to be corrupt, having once thrown a fight for £100. Spring finally pulled Byrne out of the fight in the 33rd round, allowing Ward to retire and retain his title. The boxing commentator Gilbert Odd described this fight as a "disgraceful affair".

paragraph: On the second occasion he seconded for Byrne, in 1833, Byrne was fighting James Burke for the heavyweight title. This was the longest fight in boxing history until the famous bout between Andy Bowen and Jack Burke in 1893, which went 111 rounds. It was brutal and bloody, but vast sums were riding on the fight. In the 99th round Spring had to carry the barely conscious Byrne to the mark to fight. Byrne was quickly knocked unconscious and died three days later. The death finally led to a reform in the rules governing English boxing.

paragraph: In retirement Spring became very wealthy. He is known to have married and had two children. He split from his wife, and, in spite of the wealth Spring later acquired, she died destitute in the Holborn workhouse. But Spring remained well respected for his kindness and good manners outside of the boxing ring. His reputation was in itself an achievement for a fight promoter of this era.

paragraph: After his death on 20 August 1851 his funeral was well attended, with many neighbours from The Castle, Holborn, walking with his coffin to West Norwood Cemetery. Spring was buried under his real name of Thomas Winter.

paragraph: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a short story, "The Lord of Falconbridge", with Spring as the protagonist.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of bare-knuckle boxers

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tom Spring: Bare-Knuckle Champion of All England" by Jon Hurley (The History Press, 2005)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Record of Spring's fights

description: British boxer

wikidata_label: Tom Spring

wikipedia_title: Tom Spring


text: Augsburg

text: Venice

text: Regiomontanus

text: Appianus

text: Euclid's Elements

text: Poeticon astronomicon

text: Haly Abenragel

text: Alchabitius

text: woodcut

text: William Morris

categories: 1442 births,1528 deaths,German printers,Medieval German merchants

paragraph: Erhard Ratdolt

paragraph: Erhard Ratdolt (1442–1528) was an early German printer from Augsburg. He was active as a printer in Venice from 1476 to 1486, and afterwards in Augsburg. From 1475 to 1478 he was in partnership with two other German printers.

paragraph: The first book the partnership produced was the "Calendarium" (1476), written and previously published by Regiomontanus, which offered one of the earliest examples of a modern title page. Other noteworthy publications are the "Historia Romana" of Appianus (1477), and the first edition of "Euclid's Elements" (1482), where he solved the problem of printing geometric diagrams, the "Poeticon astronomicon", also from 1482, Haly Abenragel (1485), and Alchabitius (1503). Ratdolt is also famous for having produced the first known printer's type specimen book (in this instance a broadsheet displaying the fonts with which he might print).

paragraph: His innovations of layout and typography, mixing type and woodcuts, have subsequently been much admired. His graphic choices and technical solutions influenced also those of William Morris.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Ratdolt (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erhard Ratdolt - first publisher of Euclid

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. R. Redgrave: "Erhard Ratdolt and his work at Venice". London, 1894

description: Geometria Euklidesa

wikidata_label: Erhard Ratdolt

wikipedia_title: Erhard Ratdolt


text: Goiás

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: London

text: Slade School of Art

text: Norwich School of Art

text: polychrome

text: Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery

text: National Gallery, London

text: Pollaiuolo

text: Stoke-on-Trent

text: National Garden Festival

text: Muscarelle Museum of Art

text: KOCIEJOWSKI, Marius

categories: 1943 births,Brazilian women artists,Brazilian sculptors,People associated with Norwich University of the Arts,Living people

paragraph: Ana Maria Pacheco

paragraph: Ana Maria Pacheco (born 1943) is a Brazilian artist who works in the United Kingdom. Following degrees in both Sculpture and Music in Goiás and Rio de Janeiro, she taught and lectured for several years at Universities in Goiás before she moved to London in 1973 to study at the Slade School of Art; from 1985 to 1989, she was Head of Fine Art at the Norwich School of Art.

paragraph: Despite also being a painter and printmaker, Pacheco is best known for her multi-figure groups of polychrome sculptures carved from wood. These are typically exhibited as installation pieces and include "Man and his Sheep" (Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery) and "Dark Night of the Soul" (1999), created during her residency at the National Gallery, London as a response to "The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian" by the Pollaiuolo brothers.

paragraph: Pacheco (with a team of two helpers) produced a large figure in yellow limestone for the Stoke-on-Trent National Garden Festival of 1986.

paragraph: The Muscarelle Museum of Art exhibited Pacheco's "Study for St. Sebastian II" in an exhibition titled "Women With Vision" from February 10, 2018 - May 13, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ADLER, Kathleen. "The Power of Imagination". "Art Quarterly", Autumn 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- SZIRTES, George. "Exercise of Power: The Art of Ana Maria Pacheco". 1994 Lund Humphries

paragraph: BULLET::::- CAREY, Frances. "The Prints of Ana Maria Pacheco". "Print Quarterly", V, September 1988, pp. 272-283

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KOCIEJOWSKI, Marius. "God's Zoo: Artists, Exiles, Londoners" (Carcanet, 2014) contains a biographical chapter "Ana Maria Pacheco's Journey to the Underworld, or, Misfortunes of a Sardine".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pratt Contemporary, Pacheco's representative gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 touring exhibition of Pacheco's work

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dark Night of the Soul" (exhibition); Danforth Museum, Framingham, Massachusetts, 9 Nov 2007- 3 Aug 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2013./a

description: Brazilian artist

wikidata_label: Ana Maria Pacheco

wikipedia_title: Ana Maria Pacheco


text:
Margareta Seuerling
Peter Lindahl
William Shakespeare
Romeo and Juliet
Norrköping
Charlotta Seuerling

categories: Swedish theatre directors,18th-century Swedish male actors,Age of Liberty people,1727 births,1795 deaths

paragraph: Carl Seuerling

paragraph: Carl Gottfried Seuerling (1727-1795) was a German born, Swedish stage actor and theater director. He was the director of the Seuerling theater Company in 1768-93 and as such the leader of one of only two professional Swedish language theater companies in Sweden of the era.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Carl Seuerling was originally from Germany and arrived to Sweden as the leader of a travelling theater company in 1760. He married the Swedish actress Margareta Seuerling (1747–1820) in 1768 and took over the theater company of her father, Peter Lindahl (1712–1792).

paragraph: The Seuerling travelling theater company performed all over Sweden and Finland, and was in many parts they visited the first theater performing. Historically, they have not been described as a theater company of great quality - they often experienced a shortage of staff, inexperienced actors and performed in conditions which did not give the chance of high quality scenery, the strong German accent of Carl Seuerling was caricatured, and anecdotes of failed performances circulated, particularly among the upper classes. However, these judgement are likely overreactions from an elite audience used to the theatres in the capital; in the provincial press, the company are often given positive reviews, and they were popular among the public in the towns and the countryside in which they toured, playing a pioneering role in Swedish theater history.

paragraph: Seuerling introduced the works of William Shakespeare on the Swedish stage by staging the first performance of Romeo and Juliet at the Egges theater in Norrköping 5 August 1776, with himself and his wife in the main parts.

paragraph: In 1793 Carl Seuerling left his theater to Johan Peter Lewenhagen (1770-1832). However after his death in 1795, his wife took over the company.

paragraph: Seuerling had seven children. He was the father of Carl Fredrik Seuerling (d. 1831), the actor Gustaf Wilhelm Seuerling, the school teacher Gottfrid Ferdinand Seuerling (1775-1826), the actress Carolina Seuerling (1769-1821), the musician Charlotta Seuerling and the governess Gustafva Margaretha Seuerling (1786-1863).

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schöldström, Birger (1889). Seuerling och hans "comædietroupp" : ett blad ur svenska landsortsteaterns historia. Stockholm. Libris 281714

description: Swedish actor

wikidata_label: Carl Seuerling

wikipedia_title: Carl Seuerling


text: Royal Dramatic Theatre

categories: 1748 births,18th-century Swedish male actors,1811 deaths,19th-century Swedish male actors

paragraph: Carl Schylander

paragraph: Carl Schylander (1748-1811), was a Swedish stage actor. He belonged to the elite of the pioneer generation actors of the Royal Dramatic Theatre. He was famous for his roles as old women in comedies.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917

description: Swedish actor

wikidata_label: Carl Schylander

wikipedia_title: Carl Schylander