text: rock

text: electronic dance music

text: Radioactive

text: Pentatonix

text: YouTube Music Awards

text: Forbes

text: America's Got Talent

text: season five

text: "Billboard" 200

text: "Shatter Me"

text: eponymous debut album

text: 2014 Billboard Music Awards

text: Top Dance/Electronic Albums

text: 2015 Billboard Music Awards

text: Gilbert, Arizona

text: Mesquite High School

text: Junior Miss

text: America's Junior Miss

text: NewMediaRockstars

text: season five

text: America's Got Talent

text: Piers Morgan

text: Sharon Osbourne

text: Devin Graham

text: Pandora

text: Spotify

text: Last.FM

text: vlog

text: dubstep

text: The Decemberists

text: LMFAO

text: Tay Zonday

text: Peter Hollens

text: The Piano Guys

text: Sam Tsui

text: Tyler Ward

text: Kurt Hugo Schneider

text: John Legend

text: Chester See

text: Pentatonix

text: Alex Boye

text: eponymous debut album

text: Crystallize

text: Lady Gaga

text: Troy Carter

text: Classical Crossover

text: Andrea Bocelli

text: Passione

text: Miss Switzerland

text: Nathan Pacheco

text: Mormon Tabernacle Choir

text: LDS Conference Center

text: Pioneer Day

text: Scotland the Brave and Simple Gifts

text: first world tour

text: Dance Showdown

text: Laurieann Gibson

text: "Billboard" 200

text: Conan

text: Radioactive

text: YouTube Music Award

text: Portland, Oregon

text: RIAA

text: Mexico City

text: Echo

text: Shatter Me

text: PledgeMusic

text: Skype

text: Beyond the Veil

text: Owl City

text: Beautiful Times

text: "Billboard" Music Awards

text: San Diego

text: second world tour

text: Drew Steen

text: Billboard

text: Daft Punk

text: Random Access Memories

text: Artpop

text: Teen Choice award

text: Lzzy Hale

text: a cappella

text: PTX, Vol. III

text: Papaoutai

text: Stromae

text: Jessie J

text: Sweet Talker

text: tenor

text: Oceania

text: The Today Show

text: 2014 Year-End "Billboard" Charts

text: YouTube Music Award

text: Echo Music Awards

text: Andreas Bourani

text: 2015 Billboard Music Awards

text: Joy Enriquez

text: Variety

text: video album

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Gallery Books

text: The New York Times

text: cross-dominance

text: Otto Knows

text: Brave Enough

text: Dance/Electronic Albums

text: The International 2016

text: Dota 2

text: eSports

text: season 25

text: Dancing with the Stars

text: Mark Ballas

text: Bobby Bones

text: Sharna Burgess

text: Evanescence

text: Darci Lynne

text: Cirque du Soleil

text: Las Vegas

text: Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino

text: World Water Day

text: Yamaha

text: Silent Violin

text: Luis and Clark

text: Radioactive

text: Pentatonix

text: Ernst Heinrich Roth

text: eBay

text: Brigham Young University

text: Provo, Utah

text: missionary

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

text: Marriott School of Management

text: Bachelor of Science

text: Devin Graham

text: anorexia

text: Good Morning America

text: I'm a Mormon

text: Drew Steen

text: samples

text: samples

text: Lindsey Stirling

text: Shatter Me

text: Brave Enough

text: Warmer in the Winter

text: Artemis

text: Brave Enough

text: Evanescence

text: Synthesis Tour

text: List of female violinists

text: List of electric violinists

categories: Women violinists,Female Mormon missionaries,YouTube Diamond Play Button recipients,American electronic musicians,American Mormon missionaries in the United States,People from Gilbert, Arizona,American YouTubers,America's Got Talent contestants,1986 births,Dubstep musicians,Concord Records artists,American women in electronic music,Hip hop violinists,Capitol Records artists,Universal Music Group artists,Living people,21st-century Mormon missionaries,Brigham Young University alumni,Streamy Award winners,21st-century violinists,American violinists,Latter Day Saints from Arizona,Electric violinists

paragraph: Lindsey Stirling

paragraph: Lindsey Stirling (born September 21, 1986) is an American violinist, singer and songwriter. She presents choreographed violin performances, both live and in music videos found on her eponymous YouTube channel, which she created in 2007.

paragraph: Stirling performs a variety of music styles, from classical to pop and rock to electronic dance music. Aside from original work, her discography contains covers of songs by other musicians and various soundtracks. Her music video "Crystallize" finished as the eighth-most watched video of 2012 on YouTube, and her cover version of "Radioactive" with Pentatonix won Response of the Year in the first YouTube Music Awards in 2013. Stirling achieved one million singles sold worldwide by August 2014. As of September 30, 2017, her "Lindseystomp" YouTube channel exceeded 10 million subscribers and over 2 billion total views.

paragraph: Stirling has been named in "Forbes" magazine's 30 Under 30 In Music: The Class Of 2015. "Forbes" notes her quarter-finalist position on "America's Got Talent" season five in 2010, a No. 2 position on the "Billboard" 200 for her second album "Shatter Me" in 2014, and her 11 million subscribers on YouTube.

paragraph: Stirling's eponymous debut album was a commercial success in Europe, selling 200,000 copies in Germany, winning a platinum certification; three additional certifications were given by Austria, Switzerland and Poland. The album was nominated for the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Dance/Electronic Albums. Stirling's second album "Shatter Me" won Top Dance/Electronic Album at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stirling was born on September 21, 1986, the middle child of three daughters of Stephen and Diane Stirling. Stirling describes her childhood as being raised in a modest household and stated "I would not trade my humble childhood years for anything else." Due to her family's financial limitations, her parents could only afford to find a violin teacher who would give her half lessons. Although they were told by instructors that "a child isn't going to learn how to play in 15 minutes a week", her parents persisted, and at the age of five she began taking violin lessons.

paragraph: Living in Gilbert, Arizona, Stirling attended Greenfield Junior High, and at age sixteen, Stirling attended Mesquite High School and joined four friends in a rock band called Stomp on Melvin. As part of her experience with the group, Stirling wrote a solo violin rock song, and her performance helped her to win the state title of Arizona's Junior Miss and claim the Spirit Award in the America's Junior Miss Finals competition. Stirling was also a member of Charley Jenkins Band for about a year.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early years.

paragraph: From a young age, Stirling had a fascination for dance, and desired to take both dancing and violin lessons. In an interview with "NewMediaRockstars", she said, "...ever since I was a kid, I've always wished that I could dance, but my parents said, 'You [can] choose violin or you [can] choose dance, but we can't afford both', and I chose violin. So this is kind of a fulfillment – it's funny to say, but this is something I've always wanted to do."

paragraph: Stirling registered her YouTube channel on May 20, 2007, under the username lindseystomp.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2010–2012: "America's Got Talent" and debut studio album.

paragraph: In 2010, at the age of 23, Stirling was a quarter-finalist on season five of "America's Got Talent", where she was described as a "hip hop violinist". She impressed the judges on "America's Got Talent", not only by mixing hip-hop, pop, and classical music on the violin, but by incorporating dancing with playing the violin, which she also does on her tours and official music videos. On a live-chat, Stirling explained, "It is very unnatural to dance while playing the violin. I had to practice so hard to learn how to do it, but now it is part of my expression and it comes naturally. I have to know a song perfectly before I can even begin to move. Once I know a song really well, I can then have fun dancing." Not only in her performances, but also with her music, dancing made a huge impact: "I loved dance music so I started with that and wrote 'Transcendence', 'Electric Daisy', and 'Spontaneous Me'."

paragraph: Stirling's performances were dubbed "electrifying" by the judges, and won the acclaim of the audience, but after she attempted to step up the dance level in her quarter-final performance, judge Piers Morgan told her: "You're not untalented, but you're not good enough, I don't think, to get away with flying through the air and trying to play the violin at the same time." Sharon Osbourne commented: "You need to be in a group. ... What you're doing is not enough to fill a theater in Vegas." In her blog, Stirling confided: "I was devastated at the results ... It was painful, and a bit humiliating; however, I had to relearn where it was that I drew my strength." Stirling decided to continue to embrace her unique style of performance, promoting herself on the Internet. In a 2012 interview she remarked: "A lot of people have told me along the way that my style and the music I do ... is unmarketable. But the only reason I'm successful is because I have stayed true to myself."

paragraph: Shortly after her performance on "America's Got Talent", cinematographer Devin Graham contacted her in hopes of collaborating on a YouTube video together. They agreed to shoot a music video for her song, "Spontaneous Me". It was filmed the week of May 9, 2011. The video boosted Stirling's popularity, and she began making music videos for her YouTube channel regularly. Stirling's YouTube channel, Lindseystomp, which she created in 2007 and which is named after her first band Stomp on Melvin, is the main repository for her music videos. During 2011, the channel rapidly gained popularity and has over 2.4 billion total views and over 11 million subscribers, . Her music is featured on Pandora, Spotify, and Last.FM. Stirling also created a second YouTube channel, LindseyTime, in September 2012, in which she posts videos related to her life, vlogs, behind-the-scenes content, etc.

paragraph: Stirling has experimented in combining violin playing with hip hop and dubstep. Stirling's collaborations with other musicians and singers have included Shaun Barrowes ("Don't Carry It All" – The Decemberists), Jake Bruene and Frank Sacramone ("Party Rock Anthem" – LMFAO), Tay Zonday ("Mama Economy"), Peter Hollens ("Skyrim", "A Thousand Years", "Game of Thrones" and "Star Wars"), Lzzy Hale ("Shatter Me"), Alisha Popat ("We Found Love"), John Allred ("Tomb"), Amiee Proal ("A Thousand Years"), Megan Nicole ("Starships"), The Piano Guys ("Mission Impossible"), Debi Richards (nee Johanson) ("River Flows in You", "Phantom of the Opera"), Sam Tsui ("Heads Up"), Tyler Ward ("I Knew You Were Trouble", Thrift Shop"), Kurt Hugo Schneider ("Pokemón Dubstep Remix" and "A Thousand Years"), John Legend ("All of Me"), Chester See ("I Knew You Were Trouble"), and Pentatonix ("Radioactive", "Papaoutai"). She has also collaborated with the Salt Lake Pops orchestra and Alex Boye. Stirling's eponymous debut album was released on September 18, 2012 in conjunction with a North American tour that same month.

paragraph: In December 2012, YouTube announced that Stirling's song, "Crystallize", was the No. 8 top-viewed video of 2012 with over 42 million views.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2013–2014: First World Tour and "Shatter Me".

paragraph: On April 22, 2013, it was announced that Lady Gaga's manager (Troy Carter) signed a deal with Stirling after being impressed by her rise in the media. "By looking at the numbers, automatically you could see this girl knew how to move the needle and understood YouTube was a venue to engage fans both online and offline," Carter said. Stirling, who had previously refused to work with other management companies explained her new deal with Carter: "But with Atom Factory, they were up to date on current things and trying new stuff all the time, and I felt so creatively alive when I met with them."

paragraph: On June 21, Stirling received her first golden certification for her album, "Lindsey Stirling", in Germany and in the next month, she earned golden certifications from Switzerland and Austria. On August 2, 2013, "Billboard" announced that Stirling's studio album had sold more than 158,000 copies in the United States and that she was the second best-selling artist on the Classical Crossover charts in 2013, behind Andrea Bocelli's album "Passione".

paragraph: In June 2013, she performed at Miss Switzerland, and in July, she joined Nathan Pacheco, The Orchestra at Temple Square and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir at the 21,000-seat LDS Conference Center in Salt Lake City, UT for their annual Pioneer Day concert where she performed Scotland the Brave and Simple Gifts. Stirling also announced her first ever tour dates in Australia, South Korea and Japan. Stirling's YouTube channel reached three million subscribers on August 31 and on September 4, after almost a year of touring, she completed her first world tour with her last appearance in London. On September 12, Stirling performed at the Dreamball 2013 charity gala at Ritz Carlton in Berlin, Germany. Two weeks later, Stirling announced on her official website that she had started making her second album.

paragraph: In October 2013, Stirling announced that she would take part in season three of "Dance Showdown", a dance competition web series created by DanceOn in which the winner is awarded $50,000 USD. Stirling was the second of three finalists, but she did not win the fifty thousand dollars despite receiving critical acclaim on her three performances with her partner Anze Skrube. One of the three judges, Laurieann Gibson, classified her second performance as "one of the best" in "Dance Showdown" and the last one as the best she had ever seen.

paragraph: Almost a year after its official release, Stirling's self-titled studio album was re-released on October 29, 2013, as an exclusive deluxe version featuring newly recorded versions and remixes of her best-known songs such as "Crystallize", "Elements", and "Transcendence". Target carried four bonus tracks while all other retailers had two additional tracks. Stirling sold 10,000 copies of her extended-version album in the first week of sales, which was a record for her, and her album as it peaked from No. 79 to No. 23, becoming its highest position in "Billboard" 200. Days before, she had performed on "Conan" on October 24.

paragraph: On November 3, 2013, Stirling and Pentatonix's version of "Radioactive" won a YouTube Music Award in the category Response of the Year. Stirling also performed during the live-streamed event. On December 16, Stirling announced the first tour dates in Canada and U.S. on her 2014 World Tour; some pre-sales were sold out after the first day of selling and the first concert to be sold out was in Portland, Oregon on January 29.

paragraph: Stirling appeared on several "Billboard" 2013 year-end charts; notably, No. 3 on Classical Album Artists, No. 2 on Classical Albums, and No. 3 on Dance/Electronic Albums (both for "Lindsey Stirling").

paragraph: At the beginning of 2014, Stirling's self-titled album hit gold on Poland, received its first platinum certification in Germany and later on in Austria. Stirling received her first RIAA gold certification on February 4 for her hit single "Crystallize". On February 26 Stirling released for the first time her debut album in France which entered in number 17 selling 4,900 copies in its first week of sales. On March 5, Stirling performed three concerts at the El Plaza Condesa in Mexico City, being her first time to do so in Latin America.

paragraph: In 2014, Stirling was nominated for the Echo music award in two categories: Crossover National/International and Newcomer International, receiving the Crossover National/International award on March 28.

paragraph: On March 12, 2014, Stirling posted a video announcing her second studio album, "Shatter Me", would be released in May. She also created a PledgeMusic account where consumers could buy her new album, signed or not, and also exclusive items, such as signed posters, personalized video and even Skype calls with Stirling herself. At the end of the first day, the signed "Shatter Me" CD was already sold out. On March 25, Stirling officially released her first single from "Shatter Me", entitled "Beyond the Veil", along with its accompanying music video. On April 3, Stirling posted that she collaborated with Owl City for his fifth album. The song, "Beautiful Times", was released on April 8.

paragraph: On April 23, 2014, Stirling released the second single of her upcoming album: "Shatter Me". The song, the album's title track, accumulated 1.3 million views its first day online. The album was released in the U.S. on April 29 and in Europe on May 2. In the U.S., the album sold 56,000 copies in its first week and reached No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200, becoming Stirling's biggest sales week ever. In Europe, "Shatter Me" was also a commercial success as it reached the Top 5 in Sweden and Germany and also peaking the first position in Austria. On May 18, Stirling assisted to the "Billboard" Music Awards where her debut album had been nominated in the category "Top Electronic/Dance Album". Stirling also performed her first single "Beyond the Veil" during the ceremony.

paragraph: On May 13, 2014, Stirling performed in San Diego, the first show of her second world tour, which consisted of 77 shows in total, 48 in North America and 29 in Europe. This world Tour was in support of her new album "Shatter Me" and the crew consisted of Jason Gaviati and Drew Steen (which had been part of her First World Tour) plus the adding of two new dancers: Stephen Jones and Pter Styles and the choreographer Anže Škrube.

paragraph: On July 2, "Billboard" posted that Stirling's second studio album "Shatter Me" had been the third dance/electronic album with most sales in the first half of the year (119,000) only behind Daft Punk's "Random Access Memories" and Lady Gaga's "Artpop". In the same chart, Stirling's debut studio album was at sixth place with 108,000 copies sold in the first half of 2014. On July 27 Stirling's hit single "Crystallize" reached 100 million views, being Stirling's first music video in doing so. Six days later, on August 2, Stirling posted on her Twitter account that she had been nominated for her first ever Teen Choice award. On August 6, Stirling came back after four years to "America's Got Talent" to perform as host, along with Lzzy Hale their single "Shatter Me".

paragraph: In August, it was revealed that Stirling would be part of two collaborations. The first one was revealed on August 13, and was about Stirling collaborating for a second time with the "a cappella" group Pentatonix for their third studio album "PTX, Vol. III" on the song "Papaoutai", by Stromae. The second collaboration was revealed nine days later, on August 22, when it was announced Stirling had been part of a song with singer Jessie J for her upcoming album "Sweet Talker". On September 29, Stirling announced she would be joining tenor Andrea Bocelli for his UK and Ireland Tour in November 2014. On October 4, Stirling started the European leg of her second world tour by performing in Finland, on support of her album "Shatter Me". On November 24, Stirling extended her tour to the year of 2015 by adding dates in North America and Oceania. That same day Stirling performed at "The Today Show" to promote her album by performing "Roundtable Rival". On December 5, Stirling performed at the Video Game Awards.

paragraph: On the 2014 Year-End "Billboard" Charts, Stirling peaked the categories of Classical Albums with "Shatter Me" and the Classical Album Artist. Her second studio album also appeared tenth in the year-end charts of independent albums and fourth in Dance/Electronic Albums. Stirling had the second position in the Dance/Electronic Album Artists and fifth in the charts of independent artist and Top dance/electronic artists.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015–2018: "The Only Pirate at the Party", "Brave Enough", and "Dancing with the Stars".

paragraph: On January 9, 2015, Stirling was featured on the Forbes list '30 Under 30' as one of the few musicians featured in the top thirty of recognized celebrities under the age of thirty. On the same day "Billboard" announced that "Shatter Me" and "Lindsey Stirling" had reached the first and second position as the best-selling dance-electronic albums in 2014. On February 7, 2015, Stirling performed at the Grammy Foundation's 17th annual Legacy Concert. A few days later, Stirling announced that public television would be airing her shows from London under the name "Lindsey Stirling: Live from London", starting in March. It was later noted that the shows would also air in the U.S.

paragraph: On March 2, it was announced that Stirling had won a YouTube Music Award among other forty-nine artists. The fifty selected artists were the ones with biggest growth in views, subscribers and engagement over the last six months. This is Stirling's second YouTube Music Award. On March 23, the 2015 YouTube Music Awards were broadcast online, with thirteen selected artists releasing original music videos. Stirling released the music video for "Take Flight". On March 26, Stirling participated in the 2015 Echo Music Awards, where she won the category of "Best Crossover Act" for the second consecutive year. Stirling also performed at the Echo Awards with artist Andreas Bourani. On April 7, the 2015 Billboard Music Awards nominees were announced and Stirling was mentioned in two categories: Top Dance/Electronic Artist and Top Dance/Electronic Album, for her album "Shatter Me". Stirling won the latter category, her first Billboard Music Award. On May 4, a single from Marina Kaye'e "Fearless" album was released under the title "Sounds Like Heaven", featuring Stirling. A day later a collaboration between Stirling and Joy Enriquez was released on iTunes.

paragraph: On July 1, while being interviewed by "Billboard" in New York, Stirling announced that when her current tour finished in August she would begin work on her third studio album: "As soon as we finish this tour, mid-August, I'm just gonna jump straight into the studio, it's pretty exciting and it's also terrifying to start thinking about a new album again. But I'm honestly so excited to see where it goes. I have a lot of ideas on directions it could go, and I'm really excited to see which way it could go. But the truth is, I don't know where it's going!"

paragraph: In its July 22 issue, "Variety" magazine ranked Stirling eleventh on its Digital Star Ranking, which ranks the top twelve stars in the digital world. It was also estimated that Stirling's annual Ad Income was $364,000. On August 8, 2015, Stirling released her first video album under the name "", which included part of her Shatter Me World Tour (The Music Box World Tour)".

paragraph: In late December 2015, Stirling earned her first US "Billboard" Hot 100 entry with "Hallelujah" debuting at number 81 on the issue dated January 9, 2016 and peaking at number one on the Hot Christian Songs Chart, being her first single in doing so as well.

paragraph: Stirling had announced in June 2015 that over the course of two and a half years, she had completed an autobiography, "The Only Pirate at the Party", published by Gallery Books. Co-authored by Brooke S. Passey, Stirling's sister, the book was released on January 12, 2016, and was listed at #10 on "The New York Times" hardcover nonfiction best-seller list for January 31, 2016. The book's title owed its origin to Stirling's diagnosis of cross-dominance in the second grade, for which an eye patch was prescribed. She was uncomfortable with the treatment until she began pretending she was a pirate. Stirling became intrigued by the pirate lifestyle, and said:

paragraph: In January 2016, Stirling's autobiography was released under the name of "The Only Pirate at the Party", which would later reach the tenth position at "The New York Times" hardcover nonfiction best-seller list. Three days later, a collaboration between Stirling and the Swedish DJ/producer Otto Knows was released under the title "Dying for You", with its official video premiering on February 1.

paragraph: In June 2016, Stirling announced her new studio album "Brave Enough", which was set to be released on August 19, 2016. Shortly after, she uploaded a new music video "The Arena" to her main channel. Upon its release, "Brave Enough" debuted at number one on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart and number 5 on the Billboard 200, where it peaked.

paragraph: In August 2016, Stirling performed in the opening ceremony of The International 2016, a "Dota 2" tournament which had the biggest prize pool in eSports history.

paragraph: In September 2017, Stirling was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 25 of "Dancing with the Stars". She was paired with professional dancer Mark Ballas. Stirling and Ballas finished in second place. She returned for a guest appearance on the October 15, 2018 episode, dancing a "trio dance" with Bobby Bones and Sharna Burgess.

paragraph: In 2018, she appeared on the track "Hi-Lo", the third track of Evanescence's fourth studio album "Synthesis", and toured with the band in the U.S. during that summer.

paragraph: In December 2018, Stirling was a guest on "Darci Lynne: My Hometown Christmas".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2019: "Artemis".

paragraph: On June 21, 2019, Stirling released a new single, called "Underground". At the end of the music video, it was announced that her new album would be called "Artemis", and it would be released on September 6th, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: On October 1, 2013, Stirling teamed with the non-profit Atlanta Music Project to help spread appreciation of music to children who might not otherwise have the chance. The Atlanta Music Project's mission was "to inspire social change by providing Atlanta's under-served youth the opportunity to learn and perform music in orchestras and choirs." For this, Stirling made available two limited edition Lindsey Stirling/The Power of Music shirts. The money collected from the sale of those shirts went directly to the Atlanta Music Project with the combined goal of raising enough to provide music training for 50 children.

paragraph: On March 22, 2014, Stirling joined Cirque du Soleil for the second annual "One Night for One Drop" in Las Vegas. The non-profit organization presented the show in the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in celebration of World Water Day, a day which encourages people to conserve water resources in an effort to make clean water accessible to all.

paragraph: During her 2017 Warmer in the Winter tour, VIP guests were encouraged to bring an unopened toy to donate to Toys for Tots. Donators received an exclusive photo laminate of Stirling and pet chihuahua Luna Latte.

paragraph: On December 15, 2018, as part of Ronald McDonald House Charities of Western New York's concert series, Stirling performed at Shea's Buffalo Theatre. All proceeds from the show went to Buffalo Ronald McDonald House and the Family Lounge & Happy Wheel Cart at John R. Oishei Children’s Hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Instruments.

paragraph: Stirling uses a variety of violins depending on her performance. For live performances, she mostly uses Yamaha SV-250 Silent Violin Pro and Luis and Clark ""Nero"" carbon fiber acoustic violin. Stirling has been using the Yamaha Electric Violin since 2000, and the Luis and Clark violin was made famous after she used it in her cover version of "Radioactive" with Pentatonix in 2013. For studio recording, Stirling uses an early 1900s Ernst Heinrich Roth ""Roth"" acoustic violin for most of the time and her Yamaha silent violin for an extremely clean sound. Before using the "Nero", Stirling used her "Roth" during live performances. However, she stopped using the "Roth" live because she was sweating so much during the show. Stirling also owns three more violins which are a $40 eBay violin "Ingrid", a purple Wood Viper Violin "Viper" and a Yamaha Silent Violin "Steampunk". "Steampunk" is her first ever electric violin, and "Ingrid" is used for dangerous stunts in her music videos.

paragraph: In an interview on August 2016 with Strings Magazine, Stirling stated that the Yamaha Silent Violin Pro is her weapon of choice while the 'Roth' is her favourite.

paragraph: Other violins include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleopatra - An electric with gem-encrusted body. Featured often when performing "Master of Tides"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anastasia - A gift from Russian fans. Red body with various fauna decoration on the front body.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pickles - A children's violin used for concert interludes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violumpet - A converted stunt violin with horn attachment; featured in "Roundtable Rival".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excellsiusse - odd shape violin. Featured in one of her YouTube Music videos Endgame Of Thrones

paragraph: Stirling uses the L.R. Baggs Violin Pickup for her "Roth" and "Nero".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Stirling attended Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah, to study film making. She later served as a missionary in New York City for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). A story she wrote about her mission was later published in the compilation "Do Not Attempt in Heels: Mission Stories and Advice from Sisters Who've Been There". Stirling returned to Provo in 2009 to continue studying at BYU. She then moved back to Arizona, in December 2012, to be with her family. In August 2015, she graduated from the BYU Marriott School of Management with a Bachelor of Science degree in recreation management. She resides in Los Angeles.

paragraph: For a short time she dated film maker Devin Graham, who had attended the same university and church. The two began dating shortly after the filming of "Crystallize" and Graham moved to Utah. The two have since ended their professional and personal relationship.

paragraph: Stirling has publicly spoken about her battle with anorexia. She discovered her disorder while working for a treatment center for troubled girls. Stirling said in an interview with "Good Morning America" that her song "Shatter Me" was "actually my story of overcoming my eating disorder". The cover art of the album is a reference to her struggle which showcases a "seemingly perfect-looking ballerina standing in the middle of a cracked glass globe". In 2013, Stirling was featured by the LDS Church in its I'm a Mormon campaign in which she spoke openly about how her faith helped in her battle during high school and college. On November 25, 2014, she performed and answered questions in a live world broadcast to LDS youth. A one-hour video recording of the event was featured on the LDS.org home page.

paragraph: Lindsey has a celestial body named after her, , about 2-3km diameter, semi-major axis of 2.72AU, eccentricity of 0.051, inclined 3.7 degrees to ecliptic

paragraph: Section::::Touring band members.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drew Steen – drums, percussion (2012–present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kit Nolan – keyboards, guitars, and samples (2015–present)

paragraph: Former

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jason "Gavi" Gaviati – keyboards, samples (2012–15); Gaviati died on November 21, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lindsey Stirling" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shatter Me" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brave Enough" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Warmer in the Winter" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artemis" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Tours.

paragraph: Section::::Tours.:2012–2013 Tour.

paragraph: Stirling's first tour lasted almost a year with 122 dates around North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The Lindsey Stirling Tour began three days before the CD release of her first album, "Lindsey Stirling". Her tour began in 2012 with dates in North America within the United States and Canada. At the beginning of 2013, Stirling continued her tour in Europe as a "test tour". Her official European leg kicked off in Russia on May 22, 2013. In August 2013, she continued her tour, adding dates around Asia and Australia. Finishing her tour, Stirling added a last date in the UK on September 4, 2013. The shows were a success in that 46 dates were sold out, and on Ticketmaster.com the audience gave a rating to the tour of 4.7 out of 5 stars.

paragraph: Section::::Tours.:2014–2015 Tour.

paragraph: In 2014 and 2015, Stirling played the Shatter Me World Tour and The Music Box Tour. The 2014 North and European American leg of Lindsey Stirling's tour consisted of her performing 77 shows over a five-month time span. For 2015, Stirling did 67 shows over five continents. Stirling toured around North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America, being her first time to present a show on this continent. In December 2014, it was confirmed that more than 200,000 people had attended Stirling's shows, more than half of them being from the European continent.

paragraph: Section::::Tours.:2016–2017 Tour.

paragraph: After taking nine months off to record a new album, "Brave Enough", which was released on August 19, 2016, Stirling returned to touring. Her mid-2016 "Summer Tour" consisted of more than 20 dates throughout North America, including several popular music festivals in the US and Canada, ending in early August 2016. After a couple of weeks, Stirling then started her tour in support of her "Brave Enough" album. Stirling continued throughout Europe and Latin America with her last show in Guadalajara, Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Tours.:Warmer in the Winter Tour (2017).

paragraph: Stirling's first Christmas tour. Lindsey Stirling announced her 2017 Warmer in the Winter Tour, slated to kick off in the fall on November 8 in Albany, NY at Palace Theatre. It concluded in Phoenix, AZ at Comerica Theatre on December 23. Stirling broadcast the concert live on Twitter on November 28.

paragraph: Section::::Tours.:Synthesis Live (2018).

paragraph: Stirling and Evanescence announced they would be co-headlining together for the second leg of Evanescence's "Synthesis Tour". They were also accompanied by a full orchestra.

paragraph: Section::::Tours.:Wanderland Tour (2018).

paragraph: On September 4, 2018, Lindsey announced the 2018 Christmas-themed Wanderland Tour was slated to kick off in the fall on November 23 in Reno, NV. The tour concluded on December 22 in North Charleston, SC.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of female violinists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of electric violinists

description: American violinist, musician, dancer, performance artist, singer and composer

wikidata_label: Lindsey Stirling

wikipedia_title: Lindsey Stirling


text: type design

text: calligrapher

text: Darmstadt

text: Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse

text: Palatino

text: Optima

text: Zapfino

text: Nuremberg

text: German Revolution of 1918–1919

text: Berlin

text: World War I

text: Wilhelm

text: Bavaria

text: free state

text: Kurt Eisner

text: Spanish flu pandemic

text: Famine

text: Herbert Hoover

text: crystal radio

text: cipher

text: electrical engineering

text: Third Reich

text: Dachau concentration camp

text: lithographer

text: retoucher

text: Rudolf Koch

text: calligraphy

text: Frankfurt

text: journeyman

text: work permit

text: typography

text: type foundries

text: D. Stempel, AG

text: Linotype GmbH

text: typeface

text: fraktur

text: conscripted

text: Pirmasens

text: Siegfried Line

text: Fraktur

text: World War II

text: Wehrmacht

text: Luftwaffe

text: artillery

text: Weimar

text: Jüterbog

text: cartographer

text: Dijon

text: Bordeaux

text: First Army

text: map

text: Francisco Franco

text: narrow-gauge tracks

text: Spanish Civil War

text: prisoner of war

text: field hospital

text: Tübingen

text: air raids

text: Frankfurt

text: Offenbach

text: Gudrun von Hesse

text: Städel

text: book design

text: Suhrkamp Verlag

text: Insel Verlag

text: Büchergilde Gutenberg

text: Hanser Verlag

text: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag

text: Verlag Philipp von Zabern

text: type design

text: hot metal

text: phototypesetting

text: digital

text: typeface

text: Palatino

text: Optima

text: August Rosenberger

text: Giambattista Palatino

text: PostScript

text: Justus Erich Walbaum

text: URW Grotesk

text: Futura

text: superellipse

text: Maxim Zhukov

text: Adrian Frutiger

text: URW Grotesk

text: Dan Margulis

text: x-height

text: Monotype's

text: Book Antiqua

text: Microsoft Office

text: ATypI

text: Preamble to the United Nations Charter

text: Pierpont Morgan Library

text: Darmstadt University of Technology

text: Harvard University

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: Darmstadt

text: Rochester Institute of Technology

text: Rochester

text: IBM

text: Xerox

text: Kris Holmes

text: Charles Bigelow

text: Lucida

text: Julian Waters

text: Jerry Kelly

text: Herb Lubalin

text: Hz-program

text: TeX

text: URW++

text: Adobe Systems

text: InDesign

text: AMS Euler

text: Donald Knuth

text: Stanford University

text: American Mathematical Society

text: fraktur

text: Greek

text: Boston

text: Macintosh

text: Zapfino

text: Linotype

text: dingbat

text: Apple Advanced Typography

text: OpenType

text: Darmstadt

text: Frederic W. Goudy Award

text: Bundesverdienstkreuz

text: Hallmark Cards

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: Dreieichenhain

text: Helvetica

text: Gary Hustwit

text: Cusick, Rick

text: Rosenberger

text: Cary Graphic Arts Collection

text: Zapf's autobiography

text: Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg

text: Postage stamps designed by Zapf

categories: German graphic designers,Children of Holocaust survivors,2015 deaths,German calligraphers,German typographers,People from Nuremberg,1918 births,Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

paragraph: Hermann Zapf

paragraph: Hermann Zapf (; November 8, 1918 – June 4, 2015) was a German type designer and calligrapher who lived in Darmstadt, Germany. He was married to the calligrapher and typeface designer Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse. Typefaces he designed include Palatino, Optima, and Zapfino.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Zapf was born in Nuremberg during turbulent times marked by the German Revolution of 1918–1919 in Munich and Berlin, the end of World War I, the exile of Kaiser Wilhelm, and the establishment of Bavaria as a free state by Kurt Eisner. In addition, the Spanish flu pandemic took hold in Europe in 1918 and 1919. Two of Zapf's siblings died of the disease. Famine later struck Germany, and Zapf's mother was grateful to send him to school in 1925, where he received daily meals in a program organized by Herbert Hoover. In school, Zapf was mainly interested in technical subjects. One of his favorite books was the annual science journal "Das neue Universum" ("The New Universe"). He and his older brother experimented with electricity, building a crystal radio and an alarm system for his house. Even at this early age, Zapf was already getting involved with type, inventing cipher alphabets to exchange secret messages with his brother.

paragraph: Zapf left school in 1933 with the ambition of pursuing a career in electrical engineering. However, his father had become unemployed and was in trouble with the newly established Third Reich, having been involved with trade unions, and was sent to the Dachau concentration camp for a short time.

paragraph: Section::::Introduction to typography.

paragraph: Under the new political regime, Zapf was not able to attend the Ohm Technical Institute in Nuremberg, and therefore he needed to find an apprenticeship. His teachers, aware of the new political difficulties, noticed Zapf's skill in drawing and suggested that he become a lithographer. Each company that interviewed him for an apprenticeship would ask him political questions, and every time he was interviewed, he was complimented on his work but was rejected. Ten months later, in 1934, he was interviewed by the last company in the telephone directory, and the company did not ask any political questions. They also complimented Zapf's work, but did not do lithography and did not need an apprentice lithographer. However, they allowed him to become a retoucher, and Zapf began his four-year apprenticeship in February 1934.

paragraph: In 1935, Zapf attended an exhibition in Nuremberg in honor of the late typographer Rudolf Koch. This exhibition gave him his first interest in lettering. Zapf bought two books there, using them to teach himself calligraphy. He also studied examples of calligraphy in the Nuremberg city library. Soon, his master noticed his expertise in calligraphy, and Zapf's work shifted to retouching lettering and improving his colleagues' retouching.

paragraph: Section::::Frankfurt.

paragraph: A few days after finishing his apprenticeship, Zapf left for Frankfurt. He did not bear a journeyman's certificate and thus would not be able to get a work permit at another company in Nuremberg, as they would not have been able to check on his qualifications. Zapf went to the Werkstatt Haus zum Fürsteneck, a building run by Paul Koch, son of Rudolf Koch. He spent most of his time there working in typography and writing songbooks.

paragraph: Through print historian Gustav Mori, Zapf came into contact with the type foundries D. Stempel, AG, and Linotype GmbH of Frankfurt. In 1938, he designed his first printed typeface for them, Gilgengart, a fraktur.

paragraph: Section::::War service.

paragraph: On April 1, 1939, Zapf was conscripted and sent to Pirmasens to help reinforce the Siegfried Line against France. As a consequence of hard labor, he developed heart trouble in a few weeks and was given a desk job, writing camp records and sports certificates in Fraktur.

paragraph: World War II broke out in September, and Zapf's unit was to be taken into the Wehrmacht. However, because of his heart trouble, Zapf was not transferred to the Wehrmacht but was instead dismissed. On April 1, 1942, he was summoned again for the war effort. Zapf had been chosen for the Luftwaffe, but instead was sent to the artillery in Weimar. He did not perform well, confusing left and right during training and being too cautious and clumsy with his gun. His officers soon brought an unusually early end to his career in the artillery.

paragraph: Zapf was sent back to the office and then to Jüterbog to train as a cartographer. After that, he went to Dijon and then Bordeaux, joining the staff of the First Army. In the cartography unit at Bordeaux, Zapf drew maps of Spain, especially the railway system, which could have been used to transport artillery had Francisco Franco not used narrow-gauge tracks to repair bridges after the Spanish Civil War. Zapf was happy in the cartography unit. His eyesight was so good that he could write letters 1 millimeter in height without using a magnifying glass, and this skill probably prevented him from being commissioned back into the army.

paragraph: After the war had ended, Zapf was held by the French as a prisoner of war at a field hospital in Tübingen. He was treated with respect because of his artwork and, on account of his poor health, was sent home only four weeks after the end of the war. He went back to Nuremberg, which had suffered great damage in air raids.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar career.

paragraph: Zapf taught calligraphy in Nuremberg in 1946. He returned to Frankfurt in 1947, where the type foundry Stempel offered him a position as artistic head of their printshop. They did not ask for qualifications, certificates, or references, but instead only required him to show them his sketchbooks from the war and a calligraphic piece he did in 1944 of Hans von Weber's "Junggesellentext".

paragraph: One of Zapf's projects was the book "Feder und Stichel" ("Pen and Graver"), printed from metal plates designed by Zapf and cut by the punchcutter August Rosenberger during the war. It was printed at the Stempel printshop in 1949.

paragraph: From 1948 to 1950, Zapf taught calligraphy at the Arts and Crafts School in Offenbach, giving lettering lessons twice a week to two classes of graphics students. On August 1, 1951 he married Gudrun von Hesse, who taught at the school of Städel in Frankfurt.

paragraph: Most of Zapf's work as a graphic artist was in book design. He worked for various publishing houses, including Suhrkamp Verlag, Insel Verlag, Büchergilde Gutenberg, Hanser Verlag, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, and Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

paragraph: Section::::Type design.

paragraph: Zapf's career in type design spanned the three most recent stages of printing: hot metal composition, phototypesetting (also called cold type), and digital typesetting. His two most famous typefaces, Palatino and Optima, were designed in 1948 and 1952, respectively. Palatino was designed in conjunction with August Rosenberger, with careful attention to detail. It was named after the 16th-century Italian writing master Giambattista Palatino. It became better known after it became one of the core 35 PostScript fonts in 1984, bundled with virtually all PostScript devices from laser printers to imagesetters. Optima, a flared sans-serif, was released by Stempel in 1958. Zapf intended the design to bridge serifs and sans serifs and to be suitable for both headings and continuous passages of text.

paragraph: Zapf's work reached into a range of genres. While Palatino and Optima are warm, organic designs inspired by Italian Renaissance calligraphy, printing and stonecarving, he also designed a number of serif text fonts, such as Melior, in the more austere, classical style, following the work of the great German neoclassical printer Justus Erich Walbaum. His sans serif series URW Grotesk was designed for newspaper use and presents a wide range of widths and weights, reminiscent of geometric sans serif fonts like Futura but in a more eccentric style. Several of his more geometric designs, like both of these, make use of superellipses, squarish designs incorporating a slight curve. Opinion on Zapf's later designs has not always been favourable: Maxim Zhukov remembered his contemporary Adrian Frutiger commenting, with reference to URW Grotesk, that Zapf was "not a sans-serif man" at a conference in 1990, and graphic designer Dan Margulis commented on a retrospective that "he participated in the 1980s trend toward faces with very large x-heights and tight letterfits; his major works in that genre, Zapf Book and Zapf International, have deservedly been forgotten... you would have to say that his historical standing will be based on the first ten years of his professional career."

paragraph: Zapf's later releases for Linotype in the 1990s and 2000s, often created in collaboration with Akira Kobayashi, were radical reformations of his previous work, often removing compromises that had been necessary in the manufacture of metal type. In this period he created Palatino Sans, a more informal modulated sans serif than Optima.

paragraph: Zapf's typefaces have been widely copied, usually but not always against his will. The best-known example may be Monotype's Book Antiqua, which was included in Microsoft Office and is often considered an imitation of Palatino. In 1993, Zapf resigned from ATypI (Association Typographique Internationale) over what he viewed as its hypocritical attitude toward unauthorized copying by prominent ATypI members. At a 1994 conference of the Raster Imaging and Digital Typography association in Darmstadt, Germany, a panel discussion on digital typefaces and designers' rights strongly criticized the alleged plagiarism of Zapf's Palatino, while several Microsoft attendees listened in the audience. In 1999, Microsoft worked with Zapf and Linotype to develop a new, authorized version of Palatino for Microsoft, called Palatino Linotype.

paragraph: Sometimes, however, Zapf worked with a font maker to make new versions of his existing typefaces created for another company. For example, in the 1980s Zapf worked with Bitstream to make versions of many of his prior typefaces, including Palatino, Optima and Melior, all with "Zapf" in their new names.

paragraph: Section::::Calligraphy.

paragraph: Though his calligraphy is considered superb by calligraphers, Zapf did not work extensively as a calligrapher. His largest calligraphic project was the "Preamble to the United Nations Charter", written in four languages, commissioned by the Pierpont Morgan Library in 1960, for which he received $1000.

paragraph: Section::::Computer typography.

paragraph: Zapf worked on typography for computer programs from the 1960s onwards. His ideas were considered radical, not taken seriously in Germany, and rejected by the Darmstadt University of Technology, where he lectured from 1972 to 1981. Because he had no success in Germany, Zapf went to the United States, where he lectured about computerized typesetting, and was invited to speak at Harvard University in 1964. The University of Texas at Austin was also interested in Zapf and offered him a professorship, which he did not take, because his wife opposed a move to that state.

paragraph: Because Zapf's plans for the United States had come to nothing, and because their house in Frankfurt had become too small, Zapf and his wife moved to Darmstadt in 1972.

paragraph: In 1976, the Rochester Institute of Technology offered Zapf a professorship in typographic computer programming, the first of its kind in the world. He taught there from 1977 to 1987, flying between Darmstadt and Rochester. There he developed his ideas further, with the help of his connections in companies such as IBM and Xerox and his discussions with computer specialists at Rochester. A number of Zapf's students from this time at RIT went on to become influential type designers, including Kris Holmes and Charles Bigelow, who together created the Lucida type family. Other prominent students include the calligrapher and type designer Julian Waters and the book designer Jerry Kelly.

paragraph: In 1977, Zapf and his friends Aaron Burns and Herb Lubalin founded Design Processing International, Inc., in New York and developed typographical computer software. It existed until 1986, when Lubalin died. Zapf and Burns founded Zapf, Burns & Company in 1987. Burns, also an expert in typeface design and typography, was in charge of marketing until his death in 1992. Shortly before, two of their employees had stolen Zapf's ideas and founded a company of their own.

paragraph: Zapf knew that he could not run an American company from Darmstadt and did not want to move to New York. Instead, he used his experience to begin the development of a typesetting program, the "Hz-program", building on the hyphenation and justification system in TeX.

paragraph: During financial problems and bankruptcy of URW++ in the mid-1990s, Adobe Systems acquired the Hz patent(s) and later made some use of the concepts in their InDesign program.

paragraph: Section::::Zapfino.

paragraph: In 1983, Zapf completed the typeface "AMS Euler" with Donald Knuth and graduate students in Knuth's and Charles Bigelow's digital typography program at Stanford University, including students Dan Mills, Carol Twombly, and David Siegel and Knuth's computer science Ph.D. students Scott Kim and John Hobby, for the American Mathematical Society. Euler digital font production was eventually finished by Siegel as his M.S. thesis project in 1985. Euler is a typeface family for mathematical composition including Latin, fraktur and Greek letters. After Siegel finished his studies at Stanford and was interested in entering the field of typography, he told Zapf his idea of making a typeface with a large number of glyph variations and wanted to start with an example of Zapf's calligraphy, which had been reproduced in a publication of the Society of Typographic Arts in Chicago.

paragraph: Zapf was concerned that this was the wrong way to go, and while he was interested in creating a complicated program, he was worried about starting something new. However, Zapf remembered a page of calligraphy from his sketchbook from 1944 and considered the possibility of making a typeface from it. He had tried to create a calligraphic typeface for Stempel in 1948, but hot metal composition placed too many limits on the freedom of swash characters. Such a pleasing result could only be achieved using modern digital technology, and so Zapf and Siegel began work on the complicated software necessary. Siegel also hired Gino Lee, a programmer from Boston, Massachusetts, to work on the project.

paragraph: Unfortunately, just before the project was completed, Siegel wrote a letter to Zapf, saying that his girlfriend had left him and that he had lost all interest in anything. Thus Siegel abandoned the project and started a new life, working on bringing color to Macintosh computers and later becoming a website design expert.

paragraph: The development of Zapfino had become seriously delayed until Zapf presented the project to Linotype. The company was prepared to complete it and reorganized the project. Zapf worked with Linotype to create four alphabets and various ornaments, flourishes, and other dingbats. Zapfino was released in 1998.

paragraph: Later versions of Zapfino using the Apple Advanced Typography and OpenType technologies were able to make automatic ligatures and glyph substitutions (especially contextual ones, in which the nature of ligatures and substituted glyphs is determined by other glyphs nearby or even in different words), to more accurately reflect the fluid and dynamic nature of Zapf's calligraphy.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Zapf died on June 4, 2015, at the age of 96 in Darmstadt, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::List of typefaces.

paragraph: Zapf designed the following typefaces:

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 Frederic W. Goudy Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse

paragraph: Section::::Appearances in film.

paragraph: Zapf starred in the film "The Art of Hermann Zapf", produced in 1967 at Hallmark Cards in Kansas City, Missouri, and in Zapf's design studio in Dreieichenhain, Germany. He was also featured in the 2007 documentary "Helvetica," by Gary Hustwit.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cusick, Rick (2011). "What Our Lettering Needs: The Contribution of Hermann Zapf to Calligraphy & Type Design at Hallmark Cards". RIT Cary Graphic Arts Press. An account of Zapf’s contributions to the artistry and success of Hallmark Cards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly, Jerry (2009). "Hermann Zapf: A survey of his early books". "Parenthesis" 16. pp. 12–15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weichselbaumer, Nikolaus. "Der Typograph Hermann Zapf: Eine Werkbiographie." Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calligraphic Salutations: Hermann Zapf’s Letterheadings to Paul Standard". Collection of calligraphic embellishments that appeared at the heads of letters written by Zapf to Paul Standard in the 1940s and 1950s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "August Rosenberger 1893–1980: A Tribute to One of the Greatest Masters of Punchcutting, an Art Now All but Extinct". Zapf's tribute to Rosenberger, with his recollections of their collaboration in Germany during and after World War II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World of Alphabets by Hermann Zapf: A Kaleidoscope of Drawings and Letterforms". CD-ROM illustrating Zapf's typographic designs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spend Your Alphabets Lavishly!: The Work of Hermann & Gudrun Zapf". Collection of works by Hermann and Gudrun Zapf.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments by Hermann Zapf" ("Alphabetgeschichten", in the German edition). Narrative encompassing Zapf's life and work from his childhood in Nuremberg though the release of his typeface designs by Linotype GmbH. The first edition was published in 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The second edition, published in 2008, includes an added a two-colour insert of letterpress-printed broadsides designed by Zapf, typeset in his metal Virtuosa and printed at the RIT Cary Graphic Arts Collection.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Font Feature: The Lifestory of Hermann Zapf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zapf's autobiography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postage stamps designed by Zapf

description: German type-designer, calligrapher, author and artist

wikidata_label: Hermann Zapf

wikipedia_title: Hermann Zapf


text: ARCA

text: South Moor

text: South Moor

text: Craghead

text: Sunderland College of Art

text: Royal College of Art

text: John Skeaping

text: Jacob Epstein

text: Michelangelo

text: Donatello

text: Cycladic art

text: Newcastle-upon-Tyne College of Art

text: Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic

text: Bishops Conference of England and Wales

text: St. Nicholas' Cathedral, Newcastle-upon Tyne

text: Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle

text: Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art

text: Royal Academy

text: Royal Institute of British Architects

text: The Princess Royal

text: St Paul's, Jarrow

text: St Paul's, Jarrow

text: Bede

text: St Paul's, Jarrow

text: Durham Cathedral

text: York Minster

text: Cuthbert

text: Farne

text: Lindisfarne Abbey

text: station of the cross

text: Durham Cathedral

text: Castington

text: Beda Pontifico Collegio

text: County Londonderry

text: Cuthbert

text: Lindisfarne

text: St Aidan's College, Durham

text: St Mary's College

text: Durham University

text: Grey College, Durham

text: Durham University

text: His website

categories: English sculptors,1932 births,English male sculptors

paragraph: Fenwick Lawson

paragraph: Fenwick Justin John Lawson, ARCA (born 19 May 1932 in South Moor, County Durham), commonly known as Fenwick Lawson, is an English sculptor based in the north-east of England.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fenwick Lawson was born in 1932 in South Moor, Co. Durham and spent his childhood in the neighbouring village of Craghead.

paragraph: He studied at the Sunderland College of Art (1951–54) and Royal College of Art, London (1954–57), under John Skeaping and under the influence of Jacob Epstein (then in the college working on the Llandaff Christ). In 1958 and 1959, having been awarded the Sir James Knott Travelling Scholarship, he completed his studies by travel in France, Italy and Greece, being influenced by the sculptural masters such as Michelangelo and Donatello and by the simplicity of form in Cycladic art.

paragraph: In 1961, he was appointed Lecturer in Sculpture at Newcastle-upon-Tyne College of Art and when this merged into Newcastle-upon-Tyne Polytechnic 9 years later (1970). He became a Principal Lecturer and Head of Sculpture before retiring from teaching in 1984.

paragraph: He has been a member of various bodies, such as the Art and Architects Department of the Bishops Conference of England and Wales (1972–77), the Fabrics Advisory Committee of St. Nicholas' Cathedral, Newcastle-upon Tyne (1991–94), and the Advisory Committee for Historic Churches in the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle (1995–2000). He was also visiting Lecturer at the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art, Dundee, Scotland (1987) and at the Royal Academy in London (1987–89). He has been an Honorary Member of the Northumbria Branch of the Royal Institute of British Architects since 1986, and was a trustee of Durham City Trust from 1979 to 1995.

paragraph: Lawson has been awarded an Honorary Doctor of Letters from Durham University (2008). Durham City's new public sculpture, by Lawson is 'The Journey'. It was unveiled by The Princess Royal on 26 September 2008. Lawson was granted the Freeman of the City of Durham on 10 November 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Some of Fenwick's work.

paragraph: Name, date, and current location.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coventry Christ", 1955–1956, St Peter's, Jarrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Michael and the Devil", 1956, St Paul's, Jarrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interaction", 1962, Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holy Family", 1967, Church of the Holy Family, Grindon, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Risen Christ", 1968, St Paul's, Jarrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Bede", 1970, St Bede's, Washington, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 1972, RC Chaplaincy, Newcastle University

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venerable Bede",1973, St Paul's, Jarrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pieta", 1974–1981, east end of Durham Cathedral since 2004 (shown at York Minster 1984 – 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuthbert of Farne", 1984, Durham Heritage Centre (originally shown in the cloister of Durham Cathedral from 1984 to 1996; full-size bronze cast made in 2000 is on show at Lindisfarne Abbey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 1974, St Michael's, Houghton-le-Spring

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pulpit Christ", 1976, Southwick Cathedral, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lord of the Dance", 1956, St Peter and Paul, Fareham, Hampshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annunciation", 1977, St Mary-le-Bow, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lectern with Carved Dove", 1978–79, Bill Quay Methodist Church, Pelaw, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Processional Cross", 1981, St Pancras Parish Church, Euston Road, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Processional Cross", 1982, St Gregory's, South Shields, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 1982, St Gregory's, South Shields, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annunciation", 1982, St Gregory's, South Shields, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pascal Candle", 1982, St Gregory's, South Shields, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dove", 1982, St Gregory's, South Shields, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trinity", 1982, Church of the Holy Trinity, Carlisle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 1983, St Oswald's, South Shields, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Condemned", 1984, Ushaw College, Co Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hostage", 1984, Ushaw College, Co Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Scream", 1985, Ushaw College, Co Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ in the Tomb", 1985, (14th station of the cross, with casts of the hands of the Ascended Christ at Jarrow), 1988, east end of Durham Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stations of the Cross", 1986, St Joseph's, Wetherby

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Lady", 1986, St Joseph's, Wetherby

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 1986, St Joseph's, Wetherby

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stations of the Cross", 1986, Ecumenical Chapel, Youth Custody Centre, Castington, Northumberland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Lady", 1986, Ecumenical Chapel, Youth Custody Centre, Castington, Northumberland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 1988, St Francis of Assisi, Sheffield

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weeping Women", 1989–90, Ushaw College, Co Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celtic Spirit 2", 1990, Teikyo University, Durham City

paragraph: BULLET::::- "San Damiano Christ", 1991, Beda Pontifico Collegio, Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pascal Candle", 1991, St Anthony's, Hull

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiral Floor Mosaic", 1992, The Crypt, Cathedral Church of St Marie, Sheffield

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 1992, The Crypt, Cathedral Church of St Marie, Sheffield

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Standing Cross", 1992, St. Bede's, Bedlington, Northumberland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Lady of Bedlington", 1992, St Bede's, Bedlington, Northumberland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ Is the Morning Star", Stained glass window, 1992, St. Bede's, Bedlington, Northumberland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Star of David", 1992, St Bede's, Bedlington, Northumberland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Altar", 1993, St Augustine's, Darlington, Co. Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lectern", 1993, St Augustine's, Darlington, Co. Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chair", 1993, St Augustine's, Darlington, Co. Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Font", 1993, St Augustine's, Darlington, Co. Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Wilfred", 1993, St Wilfred's, Preston, Lancashire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lectern", 1995, St Cuthbert's, Durham City

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memorial Processional Cross", 1995, St Cuthbert's, Durham City

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stained Glass Sanctuary Screen", 1995, St Mary's, Jarrow, Tyne and Wear

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hidden Life", 1996, St Wilfred's, Preston, Lancashire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annunciation", 1991, St Francis of Assisi, Hull

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cross", 1991, St Francis of Assisi, Hull

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Augustin", 1997, St Augustine's, Darlington, Co. Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derry Cross', 1998, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stained Glass Screen', 1991, St Benedict's, Garforth, Yorkshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuthbert's Journey" or "The Journey", 1999, from 2005 at St Mary's, Lindisfarne (first shown at The Red Box, Newcastle-upon-Tyne;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beda Bede", 2001, Beda Pontifico Collegio, Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wheel Cross", 2001, Gospel Garden, Lindisfarne. Also Bronze Cast thereof at St Aidan's College, Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burning Bush", 2003, Family Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finial", 2005, St Luke's, Grimethorpe, Yorkshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mary", 2006, St Mary's College, Durham University

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risen Christ", 2008 Grey College, Durham, Durham University

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Journey" 2008 Bronze, Millennium Square, Durham City

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His website

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Fenwick Lawson

wikipedia_title: Fenwick Lawson


text:
silent film
film director
screenwriter
The Last Pardon
The Cameo
The Gaieties of the Squadron
The Corsican Brothers
Imperial Violets
The Promised Land
The Farewell Waltz
Les Nouveaux Messieurs
Fun in the Barracks
Imperial Violets
Orange Blossom
Imperial Violets

categories: 1946 deaths,French male silent film actors,French male screenwriters,French screenwriters,French male film actors,1875 births,Basque male actors,20th-century French male actors,Silent film directors,French male writers,French film directors

paragraph: Henry Roussel

paragraph: Henry Roussel (1875–1946), also known as Henry Roussell, was a French silent film actor, film director and screenwriter best known for his silent films of the 1910s and 1920s.

paragraph: He starred in well over 40 films between 1912 and 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Pardon" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cameo" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gaieties of the Squadron" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Corsican Brothers" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imperial Violets" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Promised Land" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Farewell Waltz" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Nouveaux Messieurs" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fun in the Barracks" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imperial Violets" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orange Blossom" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imperial Violets" (1952, original story)

wikidata_label: Henry Roussel

wikipedia_title: Henry Roussel


text:
Bohemian
hermit
saint
Schwarzburg
St. Gotthard
Hersfeld
Bishop of Hildesheim
Abbey of Hersfeld
Göllingen
monastery of Niederaltaich
abbacy
monk
monastery
Lalling
Rinchnach
St. John Baptist
mortification
sermons
churches
Conrad II
Emperor Henry III
Niederaltaich Abbey
Bretislaus I of Bohemia
Henry III
Battle at Brůdek
at Chlumec
Hartmanice
Bishop
Prague
Brevnov Monastery
Hussites
Niederalteich Abbey
Guntherstein

categories: 11th-century Christian mystics,955 births,Czech Roman Catholic saints,11th-century venerated Christians,Roman Catholic mystics,1045 deaths

paragraph: Gunther of Bohemia

paragraph: Gunther (c. 955–1045) was a Bohemian Catholic hermit and saint in the eleventh century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gunther was born in around 955 to a noble family, related to the Royal Otto Family as well as with the Hungarian Arpades. He was a Duke of Thuringia, and is numbered among the ancestors of the princely house of Schwarzburg. He spent the early part of his life at court in the midst of worldly pleasures and ambitious intrigues.

paragraph: He was converted in 1005 at the age of fifty by St. Gotthard, Abbot of Hersfeld, later Bishop of Hildesheim, and resolved to embrace the monastic life in order to do penance for his past faults. With the consent of his heirs, he bequeathed all his goods to the Abbey of Hersfeld, reserving the right to richly endow and maintain the monastery of Göllingen, the ownership of which he persisted in retaining despite all the efforts of St. Gotthard to prevent him. In 1006, the novice made a pilgrimage to Rome, and in the following year made his vows as lay brother in the monastery of Niederaltaich before the holy Abbot Gotthard. Gunther helped to bring civilization to the region by clearing the forests and planting fields.

paragraph: Soon afterwards, Gunther urgently entreated to be allowed to govern his monastery of Göllingen, and St. Gotthard's remonstrances could not turn him aside from his purpose. Shortly after his elevation to the abbacy, the former lay brother fell ill, and as he could not agree with his monks, the affairs of the monastery were soon in a perilous condition. By his charitable counsels mingled with severe reprimands, St. Gotthard succeeded in dispelling the ambitious views of Gunther, who returned once more to his humble condition at Niederaltaich, and led an edifying life.

paragraph: In 1008, he withdrew to a wild, steep place near Lalling, to live as a hermit. In 1011, he penetrated farther north in the forest with several companions and settled at Rinchnach, where he built cells and a church of St. John Baptist. Here he lived for thirty-four years a life of the greatest poverty and mortification. The very water was measured out to the brothers, guests alone being free to use at as they would.

paragraph: It is said that Gunther received the gift of infused knowledge and became a powerful preacher though deficient in ordinary ecclesiastical learning: he could probably neither read nor write. Wolfher, his biographer, relates that he knew him intimately, and often heard his admirable sermons on his patron, St John the Baptist—sermons which drew tears from all who heard them.

paragraph: Gunther paid many visits to his relative the King of Hungary, obtained from him large sums for the poor, and urged him to build a number of churches and monasteries. Mabillon has reproduced the deed of donation made by King Stephen on 6 June 1009. In 1029 Conrad II richly endowed the monastery of Rinchnach, and in 1040 Emperor Henry III affiliated it with Niederaltaich Abbey.

paragraph: In his old age, Gunther was highly respected by the rulers of Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland.

paragraph: This allowed him to successfully negotiate between the Bohemian and German factions in the conflict

paragraph: Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia and the German king Henry III in 1040. Gunther was likely present at the German defeat in the Battle at Brůdek on 22/23 August 1040, and he was the leader of the delegation negotiating with Bretislaus at Chlumec in the aftermath of the battle.

paragraph: Gunther died at about the age of ninety in Hartmanice, Bohemia, on 9 October 1045, in the arms of Duke Bretislaus and of the Bishop of Prague. He was buried in Brevnov Monastery but his remains were destroyed by the Hussites in 1420.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: St. Gunther's Way (the "Gunthersteig") is a walking holiday route that runs from Niederalteich Abbey on the Danube via Rinchnach and the Guntherstein into Bohemia. Departing from the Niederalteich Monastery on the Danube, the path goes deep into the Bavarian Forest and across the border to the Bohemian village of Dobrá Voda.

paragraph: The Capuchin Mor (Hungary) has a statue of Saint Gunther Anchoret statue on its tower.

description: Christian mystic

wikidata_label: Saint Gunther of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Gunther of Bohemia


text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Calama

text: Roman province

text: Numidia

text: Prosper

text: Vandal

text: Gaiseric

text: Arian

text: Tillemont

text: Carthage

text: Donatist

text: presbyter

text: heresy

text: riot

text: Council of Milevum

text: Pelagianism

text: Vandals

text: capture

text: Carthage

text: Hurter

text: Ceillier

text: Tillemont

text: Tertullian Project

text: St. Possidius - Midwest Augustinians

categories: 5th-century bishops,4th-century Romans,Numidian saints,4th-century births,Christian writers,5th-century deaths,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Possidius

paragraph: Possidius (5th century) was a friend of Augustine of Hippo who wrote a reliable biography and an "indiculus" or list of his works. He was bishop of Calama in the Roman province of Numidia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The dates of his birth and death are unknown; he was alive and in exile in 437 according to Prosper, who, in his "Chronicle", records that Possidius and two other bishops were persecuted and expelled from their sees by the Vandal king, Gaiseric, who was an Arian. Possidius (Vita S. Augustini, xxxi), after describing the death of Augustine, speaks of his unbroken friendship with him for forty years. He also, speaking of himself in the third person, lets it be known that he was one of the clergy of Augustine's monastery (ibid., xii).

paragraph: The date of his promotion to the episcopate was, according to Tillemont, about 397. He followed Augustine's example and established a monastery at Calama. At a council held at Carthage, Possidius challenged Crispinus, the Donatist Bishop of Calama, to a public discussion which the latter declined. Shortly afterwards one of Crispinus's clergy, bearing the same name as his bishop, attempted to assassinate Possidius. Legal proceedings were instituted against Crispinus, the bishop, who refused to punish his presbyter. He was condemned for heresy and was heavily fined, but at the intercession of Possidius the fine was not exacted ("Vita", xii; Augustine, "Ep.", cv, 4; "Contra Crescon.", III, xlvi).

paragraph: In 407, Possidius served, with Augustine and five other bishops, on a committee appointed to adjudicate upon some ecclesiastical matter, the particulars of which are not known. In 408 he nearly lost his life in a riot stirred up by the pagans at Calama (Augustine, "Epp.", xc, xci, xciii). In 409 he was one of four bishops deputed to go to Italy to obtain the protection of the emperor against the Donatists. He was one of the seven bishops chosen to represent the Catholic party at the "collatio" of 411.

paragraph: In 416 he assisted at the Council of Milevum, where fifty-nine Numidian bishops addressed a synodal letter to Innocent I, asking him to take action against Pelagianism. He joined with Augustine and three other bishops in a further letter to Innocent on the same subject, and was at the conference between Augustine and the Donatist Emeritus. When the Germanic Vandals invaded Africa, he fled to Hippo and was present at the death of Augustine (430).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His "Vita S. Augustini", composed before the capture of Carthage (439), is included in all editions of the works of Augustine, and also printed in Hurter's "Opusc. SS. Patr.".

paragraph: BULLET::::- His "indiculus" ('small index') will be found in the last volume of Migne's edition of the works of Augustine and in the tenth volume of the Benedictine edition.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceillier, "Hist. des auteurs ecclés.", XII

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tillemont, "Mémoires", XIII.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of the "Life of St. Augustine" at the Tertullian Project.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Critical Latin text and English translation of the "Life of St. Augustine" in PDF form at Archive.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Possidius - Midwest Augustinians

alias:
Dioecesis Calamensis
Possidi

description: Friend of Augustine of Hippo

wikidata_label: Possidius

wikipedia_title: Possidius


text: Grand Prix

text: motorcycle

text: road racing

text: World Champion

text: Isle of Man TT

text: Huntly

text: rugby league

text: Ginger Molloy

text: factory racing team

text: Suzuki

text: 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours

text: New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame

text: New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame

categories: New Zealand rugby league players,Huntly United players,350cc World Championship riders,50cc World Championship riders,New Zealand motorcycle racers,125cc World Championship riders,Isle of Man TT riders,1936 births,New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire,Living people

paragraph: Hugh Anderson (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Hugh Robertson Anderson (born 18 January 1936) is a four-time Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion and a 19-time New Zealand national champion. He is also a two-time Isle of Man TT winner.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Growing up in Huntly, Anderson played rugby league for Huntly United alongside fellow future motorcycle champion Ginger Molloy.

paragraph: He joined the Suzuki factory racing team in 1961, racing the factory's 50cc, 125cc and occasionally 250cc racers. During his team membership, Anderson was double World Champion (50cc and 125cc) in 1963 and retained his 50cc World Title the following year. In 1965, he was crowned 125cc World Championship on his factory Suzuki. Anderson's last race for the Suzuki factory was at the 1966 Japanese Grand Prix at Fisco in October 1966.

paragraph: In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, Anderson was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to motor sport. In 1995 he was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame

description: New Zealand rugby league player

wikidata_label: Hugh Anderson

wikipedia_title: Hugh Anderson (motorcyclist)


text:
Rolling Stone
Z340 Polaroid Camera
Grey's Anatomy
One Tree Hill
Jane By Design
Switched At Birth
Royal Pains
Ghost Whisperer
Make it or Break It
Against the Wall

categories: American female songwriters,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Skyler Stonestreet

paragraph: Skyler Stonestreet is an American musician and singer-songwriter based in Los Angeles, California. She is a writer and vocalist on hit tracks such as The Chainsmokers' "Kanye", Dua Lipa (“IDGAF”) and has also written songs for artists such as Marshmello ("Chasing Colors"), Sabrina Carpenter (We'll Be The Stars"), and many more. As a writer and a featured vocalist Skyler can be heard on tracks from acts such as Seven Lions ("Freesol") and Cheat Codes and Nicky Romero ("Sober").

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Skyler Stonestreet was in a competition for "Rolling Stone", to become the first ever unsigned artist to be on the cover. After making it to the final eight, she wrote a song called "Polaroid" which became part of the campaign for the new Z340 Polaroid Camera and debuted on Polaroid.com. "Rolling Stone" has described her music as "Flirty pop, full of bells, finger snaps and breathy vocals."

paragraph: Her music has been featured on Grey's Anatomy (ABC), One Tree Hill (CW), Jane By Design (ABC Family), Switched At Birth (ABC family), Royal Pains (USA), Ghost Whisperer (CBS), Make it or Break It (ABC Family), Against the Wall (Lifetime), Spotlight 25 (Lifetime) as well as on MTV, VH1 and Oxygen.

wikidata_label: Skyler Stonestreet

wikipedia_title: Skyler Stonestreet


text: mathematics

text: Karl Franzens University

text: Graz

text: Austria

text: World War II

text: Wilhelm Fenner

text: Ernst Witt

text: Georg Aumann

text: Oswald Teichmueller

text: Johann Friedrich Schultze

text: Wolfgang Franz

text: physiologist

text: histologist

text: Alexander Rollett

text: mathematics

text: physics

text: University of Graz

text: Karl Brauner

text: Dr. Phil

text: Tonio Rella

text: Karl Franzens University

text: OKW/Chi

text: Erich Hüttenhain

text: Academic ranks in Germany

text: literary

text: Styrian Writers' Union

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,Austrian cryptographers,1909 births,People from Graz,1988 deaths,Austrian mathematicians

paragraph: Alexander Aigner

paragraph: Alexander Aigner (* 18 May 1909 in Graz, † 1988 in Graz) was a full university professor for mathematics at the Karl Franzens University in Graz, Austria. During World War II he was part of a group of five mathematicians, which was recruited by the military cryptanalyst Wilhelm Fenner, and which included Ernst Witt, Georg Aumann, Oswald Teichmueller and Johann Friedrich Schultze, to form the backbone of the new mathematical research department in the late 1930s, which would eventually be called Section IVc of Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht. (abbr. OKW/Chi). The group was led by the German professor of mathematics Wolfgang Franz.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alexander Aigner was the son of noted medical doctor and grandson of noted physiologist and histologist of Alexander Rollett. He studied mathematics and physics in at the University of Graz. In 1936, he was put forward by Dr. Karl Brauner for promotion to Dr. Phil, with Dr. Tonio Rella advising, with a thesis titled: "Mathematical treatment of the hermit game in the plane and in space. About the possibility of formula_1 in square bodies" (German: Mathematische Behandlung des Einsiedlerspieles in der Ebene und im Raume. Über die Möglichkeit von formula_1 in quadratischen Körpern). He was offered a position as assistant at the 2nd Chair (Lehrkanzel) for Mathematics at Karl Franzens University. During World War II, he was recruited along with a number of other mathematicians to make up the backbone of a new cipher bureau for the German Army. He would eventually work at the mathematical research department IV/Section IVc of OKW/Chi under Erich Hüttenhain in the deciphering of complex foreign encryption systems. In 1947 he qualified as a professor at the Karl Franzens University in Graz, where he received an assistant position from . In 1957, he became an extraordinary professor (Academic ranks in Germany) and finally a full professor. Even after becoming professor emeritus in 1979 he continued to give lectures about the theory of numbers, his primary focus. In addition to his professional activities, he also developed a literary interest. He was a member of the Styrian Writers' Union and the confederation of Styrian home poets. After two volumes of poetry, in 1978 he published a collection of cheerful mathematical poems titled "Tangents to the Frohsinn" (Tangenten an den Frohsinn), a special edition of the reports of the Mathematical-Statistical Section at the Research Center Graz.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literature from and about Alexander Aigner in the catalog of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Aigner: Number theory. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter 1975; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Aigner: Tangents to the joy. Graz, 1978. Special number of the reports of the Mathematical-Statistical Section at the Research Center Graz.

description: Austrian author

wikidata_label: Alexander Aigner

wikipedia_title: Alexander Aigner


text:
Tokusō
Shikken
Kamakura shogunate
Hōjō clan
Hōjō Sadatoki
Hōjō Morotoki
Adachi Tokiaki
Nagasaki Takasuke
Emperor Go-Daigo
cloistered rule
Nanboku-chō
George Sansom
Burei-kō plot
Hino clan
Ashikaga Takauji
Minamoto
Ashikaga shogunate
Siege of Kamakura
Nitta Yoshisada
Kamakura
Hojo Kunitoki
Siege of Kamakura
Hojo Tokiyuki
Hojo Clan
Hojo Yasuei
Hojo Tokiyuki

categories: People of Kamakura-period Japan,1333 deaths,1303 births,Hōjō clan

paragraph: Hōjō Takatoki

paragraph: Hōjō Takatoki (北条 高時) (1303 – 23 May 1333) was the last "Tokusō" and ruling Shikken (regent) of Japan's Kamakura shogunate; the rulers that followed were his puppets. A member of the Hōjō clan, he was the son of Hōjō Sadatoki, and was preceded as "shikken" by Hōjō Morotoki.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Takatoki became regent at the age of eight, and thus actual power was held for a time by Adachi Tokiaki, his grandmother, and Nagasaki Takasuke, a minister assigned to him. Takatoki fell ill in 1326, at the age of twenty-three, some time after having taken power himself; the shogunate was under attack at this time, and would fall within a few years. Takatoki retired and became a Buddhist monk, though he still held some influence at court. That same year, the shogunal government asked Emperor Go-Daigo to abdicate in favor of his successor, in order to continue the tradition of cloistered rule and the alternation of branches of the Imperial family within the line of succession; Go-Daigo chose to maintain rule, and the ensuing controversy would lead to the Nanboku-chō Wars in which agents of the two Imperial branch families would come to outright war.

paragraph: George Sansom thus describes this move on the part of the shogunate a "fatal blunder" and describes Takatoki as "scarcely sane. His judgement was poor, his conduct erratic. He indulged in extremes of luxury and debauch". Upon retirement, he handed over his duties to "certain unworthy deputies". In 1331, as events began to come to a boil, Takatoki argued with his advisor Nagasaki over how to react to the Burei-kō plot, in which members of the Hino clan, loyal to Go-Daigo, conspired against the shogunate. This was but one of many events leading up to the outbreak of war, and the conflicts within the shogunal administration, between Takatoki and others, meant slow reactions and inadequate handling of such situations. Ashikaga Takauji would soon be placed in command of the shogunate's armies, to be mobilized against Go-Daigo's supporters; strongly supported by Takatoki, this support and trust was misplaced, for Takauji would soon use these same armies against Kamakura, tearing down the Minamoto/Hōjō government and establishing his own Ashikaga shogunate.

paragraph: Takatoki committed suicide alongside his family during the 1333 Siege of Kamakura, one of the most dramatic events of that war, when forces of Nitta Yoshisada set fire to Kamakura, putting an end to the Kamakura shogunate.His oldest son, Hojo Kunitoki was killed in Siege of Kamakura and his second son Hojo Tokiyuki was the last son of Hojo Clan also Takatoki's brother Hojo Yasuei who help Hojo Tokiyuki from suicide.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sansom, George (1961). "A History of Japan: 1334-1615." Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

alias:
Hojo Takatoki
Houjou Takatoki

description: 14th Shikken of the Kamakura shogunate; the last Tokusō

wikidata_label: Hōjō Takatoki

wikipedia_title: Hōjō Takatoki


text:
Jewish
Ladenburg
Mannheim
Germany
The Holocaust
Max Reger
Aquarellen Op. 25
Switzerland
Leipzig
Wiesbaden
Zurich
Switzerland
Darmstadt
Géza Zichy
Franz Liszt
Robert Volkmann
Josef Rheinberger
Vaduz
Liechtenstein
Kurt Weill
Dessau
Haverstraw
New York
The Threepenny Opera
Mack the Knife
Lotte Lenya
Vienna
Mannheim
Theresienstadt concentration camp
Brussels
Wilhelm Busch
Lisy Fischer
Newcastle upon Tyne
England
Switzerland

categories: 20th-century deaths,Jewish musicians,German organists,Male organists,German pianists,Composers for pipe organ,1863 births,Composers for piano

paragraph: Caesar Hochstetter

paragraph: Caesar Hochstetter (also known by the pen name Caesar Ahrlsteller) was an organist and a composer, arranger and critic of music from a talented Jewish family. Born 12 January 1863 in Ladenburg, a suburb of Mannheim, Germany – his date and place of death are unknown but he is thought to have disappeared during The Holocaust. Caesar Hochstetter was a friend and admirer of the well known composer Max Reger who dedicated Aquarellen Op. 25 and Five pittoresque Pieces for 4-hand Piano, Op. 34 to him.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: On 13 February 1888, Caesar married Blanche Marie Coppex who a short time later gave birth to their daughter, Blanche. Caesar lived and worked in Germany and Switzerland. He moved to Leipzig in 1889, was in Wiesbaden in 1901 and later returned to Zurich, Switzerland. He was last heard of in August 1928 when he left for Darmstadt. His marriage to Blanche ended in divorce after 10 years and in 1904 he married Emma Marie Ficinus in Zurich. Their daughter, Hella Leonora was born in Zurich in 1905. Their son, Fritz Caesar Werner died a few weeks after birth in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Max Reger.

paragraph: In 1898 Hochstetter published an article entitled “Noch einmal Max Reger" in a music magazine (Die Redenden Künste 5 nr. 49, s. 943 f). Caesar recommends Reger as “a highly talented young composer" to the publishers. Reger then thanks Hochstetter with the dedications of his Op. 25 and 34.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions and arrangements.

paragraph: Caesar Hochstetter published his arrangement “Album fuer einhändige Klavierspiel: 8 Stuecke von Bach, Chopin, Schumann, Reger und Zichy”, for right or left hand (Breitkopf & Haertel, 1915). His known works also include “Zwei Clavierstücke” Op. 2 (R. Forberg, Leipzig), arrangements for Bach's “Sarabande und Bourrée” for piano (A. Holzmann, Zurich) and “10 kleine Stücke Op. 24” (A. Holzmann, Zurich).

paragraph: Section::::One-hand compositions.

paragraph: Hochstetter published an article in "Musikalisches Wochenblatt" in Leipzig on 24 January 1901 giving a positive critique of a concert given in Budapest by Count Géza Zichy of Hungary, who suffered a riding accident in his teens and lost his right arm. Determined to become a pianist, he studied under Franz Liszt and Robert Volkmann and in spite of his physical limitations enjoyed a successful career as a composer and pianist spanning some 40 years.

paragraph: Hochstetter also corresponded with Josef Rheinberger, a notable composer, organist and pianist from Vaduz, Liechtenstein who composed "Piano studies for one hand and for two hands, Op. 113".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Caesar was one of four members of the same Hochstetter family to lead distinguished careers in the fields of music and literature.

paragraph: His first cousin once removed (also a Hochstetter descendant) was Kurt Weill (born 2 March 1900 in Dessau and died 3 April 1950 in Haverstraw, New York), the famous music composer of "The Threepenny Opera" and "Mack the Knife" who married Lotte Lenya (born 18 October 1898 in Vienna and died 27 November 1981 in Haverstraw, New York), the famous Austrian singer and actress.

paragraph: Caesar's younger brother was Professor (born 12 May 1873 in Mannheim and died in 1942 in Theresienstadt concentration camp), Professor of Literature at the University of Brussels, writer and poet and friend of Wilhelm Busch.

paragraph: Another first cousin once removed was the childhood prodigy pianist, Lisy Fischer (born 22 Aug 1900 in Zurich, Switzerland and died 6 June 1999 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England), with whom Caesar was in regular contact (she also lived in Switzerland), whose career he followed and to whom he gave support and encouragement.

description: German pianist

wikidata_label: Caesar Hochstetter

wikipedia_title: Caesar Hochstetter


text: Indonesia

text: 2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Prema Powerteam

text: Scuderia Toro Rosso

text: Formula Pilota China

text: BVM

text: 2012 Formula Abarth

text: Monza

text: Double R Racing

text: Carlin

text: Pau Grand Prix

text: 2013 British Formula 3

text: Antonio Giovinazzi

text: Silverstone

text: 2013 Masters of Formula 3

text: 2015 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season

text: Tom Dillmann

text: GP2 Series

text: Carlin Motorsport

text: Hungary

text: GP2 Series

text: Campos Racing

text: Mitch Evans

text: Catalunya

text: Pertamina Arden

text: Norman Nato

text: Prema Racing

text: Nyck de Vries

text: 2019 season

text: Mick Schumacher

text: Scuderia Toro Rosso

text: 2017 season

text: Singapore

text: Malaysia

text: United States

text: Mexico

text: Kentucky Fried Chicken

text: Sean GP

text: Sean Gelael Kian Mendekat ke F1

categories: Indonesian racing drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,Indonesian people of Chinese descent,GP2 Series drivers,Indonesian socialites,1996 births,Formula 3.5 V8 drivers,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,Asian Le Mans Series drivers,Formula Abarth drivers,Formula Masters China drivers,Living people,People from Jakarta

paragraph: Sean Gelael

paragraph: Muhammad Sean Ricardo Gelael (born 1 November 1996) is an Indonesian racing driver. He competes in the 2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship for Prema Powerteam. He is also currently a test driver for Scuderia Toro Rosso Formula One team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: He won first place in Asian Karting Open Championship – Formula 125 Senior Open 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Asian series.

paragraph: Sean began his car racing career in his native continent, competing in the Formula Pilota China in 2012. He finished his debut season fourth in the overall standings and second in the "Best Asian Trophy" standings. Sean raced for the BVM team in the last round of the 2012 Formula Abarth season at Monza.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA European Formula 3 Championship.

paragraph: In 2013, he participated in the 2013 FIA European Formula 3 Championship season, joining the Double R Racing team. In 2014, he signed with Carlin to compete in the 2014 FIA European Formula 3 Championship season. He scored his first ever point in the championship on 10 May 2014 finishing 10th gaining 1 point in Pau Grand Prix. He finished the 2014 FIA European Formula 3 Championship season in 18th position with 25 points.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:British Formula 3 Championship.

paragraph: He also competed in the 2013 British Formula 3 season alongside Antonio Giovinazzi. He claimed his first podium in F3 at Silverstone by finishing 3rd in the second race. He finished eight in the final overall standing.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Masters of Formula 3.

paragraph: He made his debut in the 2013 Masters of Formula 3 on 7 July 2013, but was forced to retire.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault 3.5 Series.

paragraph: On 20 January 2015, it was announced that he will compete in the 2015 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season with Carlin partnering with Tom Dillmann.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP2 Series.

paragraph: Sean Gelael made his GP2 Series début with Carlin Motorsport in Hungary on 24–26 July 2015. Gelael finished 18th in the feature race and 20th in the sprint race.

paragraph: In 2016, Gelael competed full time in the GP2 Series with Campos Racing partnering Mitch Evans. At Catalunya, Gelael finished 19th in the feature race having started from 22nd on the grid. Gelael had his first podium in Spielberg, Austria, where he finished in 2nd alongside his teammate Mitch Evans who won the race.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA Formula 2 Championship.

paragraph: For 2017 Gelael moved to the Pertamina Arden team, joining Norman Nato. Gelael lost the team battle, finishing in points-paying positions just in four races.

paragraph: In 2018 Gelael raced for the Prema Racing team, joining Dutch driver Nyck de Vries.

paragraph: For the 2019 season, Gelael will remain with Prema, partnered by 2018 FIA Formula 3 European Championship winner Mick Schumacher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: Gelael was contracted to four Free Practice drives for Scuderia Toro Rosso during the 2017 season - in Singapore, Malaysia, the United States and Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sean Gelael's father Ricardo runs the Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise for Indonesia.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: † As Gelael was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.br

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 3 European Championship results.

paragraph: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 2 Championship results.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sean GP

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sean Gelael Kian Mendekat ke F1

description: Indonesian racing driver

wikidata_label: Sean Gelael

wikipedia_title: Sean Gelael