text:
doctor
Adolf Hitler
physician
Battle of Berlin
Münzenberg
Hesse
Jew
Grenoble
Paris
obstetrics
gynecology
Munich
medical doctor
First World War
Berlin
actress
Shah of Persia
King of Romania
Nazi Party
Heinrich Hoffmann
hydrolyzed
E. coli
bacteria
Mutaflor
syphilis
Parkinson's disease
Hermann Göring
Heinrich Himmler
Albert Speer
SS
Ernst-Günther Schenck
methamphetamine
Karl Brandt
body odor
Hermann Göring
psychoactive drug
heroin
Atropa belladonna
Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
strychnine
atropine
seminal vesicle
bromide
methamphetamine
caffeine
chamomile
cocaine
adrenaline
E. coli
oxycodone
"Eupaverinum"
metformin
Methamphetamine
Pervitin
morphine
Mutaflor
flatulence
E. coli
oxedrine tartrate
potassium bromide
Phenazone
proteins
lipids
tissue
fat
sodium barbitone
strychnine
sulfonamide
testosterone
Hugh Trevor-Roper
Czechoslovakia
Emil Hacha
methamphetamine
Reinhard Heydrich
Czechoslovakia
Sudetenland
Heinrich Himmler
gangrene
20 July 1944 assassination attempt
penicillin
U.S. Army
The Bunker
jaundice
ear, nose and throat
strychnine
belladonna
oxycodone
Führerbunker
Reich Chancellery
Wolf's Lair
Rastenburg
East Prussian
Battle of Berlin
cyanide
Eva Braun
Joseph Goebbels
Magda
Albert Bormann
Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer
Hugo Blaschke
Johanna Wolf
Christa Schroeder
Obersalzberg
Werner Haase
Heinz Linge
valet
"Fliegerstaffel des Führers"
obesity
hygiene
Buchenwald
Tegernsee
Adolf Hitler's health
People referred to as "Doctor Feelgood"
Adolf Hitler's Medical Care
Schramm, Percy Ernst
Picker, Henry
Hitler's Table Talk

categories: German military personnel of World War I,1886 births,Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross,Nazis who served in World War I,Personal staff of Adolf Hitler,Nazi physicians,German military doctors,People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse,People from Wetteraukreis,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni,Pseudoscientific diet advocates

paragraph: Theodor Morell

paragraph: Theodor Gilbert Morell (22 July 1886 – 26 May 1948) was a German doctor known for acting as Adolf Hitler's personal physician. Morell was well known in Germany for his unconventional treatments. He assisted Hitler daily in virtually everything he did for several years and was beside Hitler until the last stages of the Battle of Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Morell was the second son of a primary school teacher, born and raised in the small village of Trais-Münzenberg in Upper Hesse. A 1945 newspaper article described him as half-Jewish. He studied medicine in Grenoble and Paris, then trained in obstetrics and gynecology in Munich in 1910. On 23 May 1913, he obtained a doctoral degree and was fully licensed as a medical doctor. He served as a ship's doctor until 1914, when he volunteered for service at the Front during the First World War. Morell served as an army battalion medical officer until 1917. By 1918, he was in Berlin with his own medical practice, and in 1920 he married Hannelore Moller, a wealthy actress. He furnished his office with the latest medical technology through his wife's fortune. He targeted his unconventional treatments at an upscale market, his practice becoming fashionable for treatment of skin and venereal diseases, and turned down invitations to be personal physician to both the Shah of Persia and the King of Romania.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Hitler's physician.

paragraph: Morell joined the Nazi Party when Hitler came to power in 1933. In 1935, Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann, was successfully treated by Morell. Hoffmann told Hitler that Morell had saved his life. Hitler met Morell in 1936, and Morell began treating Hitler with various commercial preparations, including a combination of vitamins and hydrolyzed "E. coli" bacteria called Mutaflor, which successfully treated Hitler's severe stomach cramps. Through Morell's prescriptions, a leg rash which Hitler had developed also disappeared. Hitler was convinced of Morell's medical genius and Morell became part of his social inner circle.

paragraph: Some historians have attempted to explain this by citing Morell's reputation in Germany for success in treating syphilis, along with Hitler's own (speculated) fears of the disease, which he associated closely with Jews. Others have commented on the possibility that Hitler had visible symptoms of Parkinson's disease, especially towards the end of the war.

paragraph: Hitler recommended Morell to others of the Nazi leadership, but most of them, including Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, dismissed Morell as a quack. As Albert Speer related in his autobiography:

paragraph: When Hitler was troubled with grogginess in the morning, Morell would inject him with a solution of water mixed with a substance from several small, gold-foiled packets, which he called "Vitamultin". Hitler would arise, refreshed and invigorated. Hitler gave a packet to Himmler, who immediately became suspicious and instead secretly ordered one of his SS physicians, Ernst-Günther Schenck, to have it tested in a laboratory. It was found to contain methamphetamine. On at least one occasion, Hitler ordered his private train stopped so that Morell could inject him without worrying about the train jostling.

paragraph: Speer characterised Morell as an opportunist, who once he achieved status as Hitler's physician, became extremely careless and lazy in his work. By 1944, Morell developed a hostile rivalry with Dr. Karl Brandt, who had been attending Hitler since 1934. Though criticized by Brandt and other physicians, Morell was always "restored to favor".

paragraph: Morell was not popular with Hitler's entourage, who complained about the doctor's gross table manners, poor hygiene and body odor. Hitler is said to have responded "I do not employ him for his fragrance, but to look after my health." Hermann Göring called Morell "Der Reichsspritzenmeister", ("Reich Master of Injections"), and variations on that theme, implying that Morell resorted to using drug injections when faced with medical problems, and overused them.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Substances administered to Hitler.

paragraph: Morell kept a medical diary of the drugs, tonics, vitamins and other substances he administered to Hitler, usually by injection (up to 20 times per day) or in pill form. Most were commercial preparations, some were Morell's own mixes. Since some of these compounds are considered toxic, historians have speculated that Morell inadvertently contributed to Hitler's deteriorating health. The fragmentary list "(below)" of some 74 substances (in 28 different mixtures) administered to Hitler include psychoactive drugs such as heroin as well as commercial poisons. Among the compounds, in alphabetical order, were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Atropa belladonna (2–4 pills with every meal, for a total of 8-16 tablets a day, in Doktor Koster's Antigaspills, a compound also containing strychnine)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. atropine (extract of seminal vesicles)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Brom-Nervacit" (bromide, since August 1941 a spoonful almost every night, to counteract stimulation from methamphetamine and permit sleep)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. caffeine

paragraph: BULLET::::5. chamomile

paragraph: BULLET::::6. cocaine and adrenaline (via eyedrops)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "E. coli"

paragraph: BULLET::::8. enzymes

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Eukodal" or "Eukodol" (trade name for oxycodone)

paragraph: BULLET::::10. "Eupaverinum" (papaverine, antispasmotic)

paragraph: BULLET::::11. "Glyconorm" (metformin)

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Methamphetamine (as "Pervitin" and "Vitamultin")

paragraph: BULLET::::13. morphine

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Mutaflor (pills prescribed to Hitler for flatulence in 1936, the first unorthodox drug treatment from Morell; bacteria extracted from human faeces, see: "E. coli")

paragraph: BULLET::::15. oxedrine tartrate

paragraph: BULLET::::16. potassium bromide

paragraph: BULLET::::17. prophenazone (a derivative of Phenazone)

paragraph: BULLET::::18. proteins and lipids derived from animal tissues and fats

paragraph: BULLET::::19. sodium barbitone

paragraph: BULLET::::20. strychnine

paragraph: BULLET::::21. sulfonamide

paragraph: BULLET::::22. testosterone

paragraph: BULLET::::23. vitamins

paragraph: An "almost" complete listing of the drugs used by Morell, wrote historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, was compiled after the war from his own meticulous daily records unlikely to have been exaggerated.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:World War II.

paragraph: In 1939, Morell inadvertently became involved with the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak president, Emil Hacha, became so scared at Hitler's outburst that he fainted. Morell injected stimulants into Hacha to wake him, and although he claimed these were only vitamins, they may have included methamphetamine. Hacha soon gave in to Hitler's demands.

paragraph: When Reinhard Heydrich, who was serving as Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia – the rump left of Czechoslovakia after Hitler's annexation of the Sudetenland – was the victim of an assassination attempt in May 1942, Morell was one of the doctors brought in by Heinrich Himmler to treat the badly-wounded SS man. Despite this, gangrene set in, and Heydrich died a week later.

paragraph: After the 20 July 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler, Morell treated him with topical penicillin, which had only recently been introduced into testing by the U.S. Army. Where he acquired it is unknown, and Morell claimed complete ignorance of penicillin when he was interrogated by American intelligence officers after the war. When members of Hitler's inner circle were interviewed for the book "The Bunker," some claimed Morell owned a significant share in a company fraudulently marketing a product as penicillin.

paragraph: When Hitler developed jaundice in September 1944, Dr. Erwin Geising – an ear, nose and throat specialist who had originally been brought in to treat the dictator after the damage done to his eardrums from the bomb explosion of the 20 July plot – began to be suspicious of Morell's treatment of Hitler. Suspecting that he knew the cause of the jaundice, Geising deliberately dosed himself with some of the "Dr. Koester's Anti-Gas Pills" which Morell had Hitler taking in large numbers every day, and found that they had effects that were mildly harmful. Having them analyzed, he found they contained strychnine and belladonna, the strychnine being the cause of the jaundice. Geising reported his results to two of Hitler's other doctors, Karl Brandt and Hanskarl von Hasselbach, who in turn told other members of Hitler's retinue. When word of this came to Hitler, he was furious. Declaring that he had total faith in Morell and his treatments, he dismissed all three doctors – Geising, Brandt and Hasselbach – even though the latter two had been with him since his early days in power. Several months later, Brandt was imprisoned and condemned to death at the Nuremberg trials.

paragraph: By April 1945, Hitler was taking many pills a day, along with numerous injections. The personal notes of Morell describe how he treated Hitler over the years, including notations such as, "injection as always", and, "Eukodal", an early German trade name for the opioid oxycodone.

paragraph: Morell was one of the occupants of the "Führerbunker", located in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, once Hitler and his entourage relocated there from the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg in East Prussian. As the Battle of Berlin progressed and the outlook became dire, it was Morell who provided the cyanide capsules which Eva Braun would later use to kill herself, and which Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda used to murder their six children before killing themselves.

paragraph: On 20 April 1945, Morell, Albert Bormann, Admiral Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer, Dr. Hugo Blaschke, secretaries Johanna Wolf, Christa Schroeder, and several others were ordered by Hitler to leave the bunker and Berlin by aircraft for the Obersalzberg. Hitler told Morell he did not need any more medical help, although he continued to take many of the medications Morell had prescribed for him; during the last week of Hitler's life, it was administered by Dr. Werner Haase and by Heinz Linge, Hitler's valet. The group flew out of Berlin on different flights by aircraft of the "Fliegerstaffel des Führers" over the following three days. Morell was on the flight which left Berlin on 23 April.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and death.

paragraph: Morell was captured by American forces and interrogated on 18 May 1945. One of his interrogators was reportedly "disgusted" by his obesity and lack of hygiene. Although he was held in an American internment camp on the site of the former Buchenwald concentration camp, and questioned because of his proximity to Hitler, Morell was never charged with a crime. Grossly obese and suffering from poor health, he died in a Tegernsee hospital on 26 May 1948.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolf Hitler's health

paragraph: BULLET::::- People referred to as "Doctor Feelgood"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doyle, D. (2005), "Adolf Hitler's Medical Care" (PDF), "Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh", 35, pp. 75–82.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schramm, Percy Ernst (1978) "The Anatomy of a Dictator" in "Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader". Detwiler, Donald S., ed. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Company. ; originally published as the introduction to Picker, Henry (1963) "Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquarter" ("Hitler's Table Talk")

description: Personal physician to Adolf Hitler

enwikiquote_title: Theodor Morell

wikidata_label: Theodor Morell

wikipedia_title: Theodor Morell


text:
Lewis and Clark Expedition
European
Yellowstone National Park
Teton Mountain Range
mountain man
Stuarts Draft
Augusta County
Colony of Virginia
Captain William Clark
Maysville, Kentucky
Simon Kenton
George Shannon
Patrick Gass
Pittsburgh
Elizabeth, Pennsylvania
Meriwether Lewis
private
John Ordway
court-martial
hunters
game meat
passes
Rocky Mountains
Salmon River
Bitterroot Mountains
Nez Perce
Manuel Lisa
Snake River
Columbia River
Tushepawe Flatheads.
Washington
Mandan
North Dakota
Missouri River
fur
honorably discharged
trappers
Blackfeet
Crows
Yellowstone River
Gallatin
Jefferson
Madison River
Three Forks, Montana
Wyoming
J.K. Rollinson
Clark's Fork Canyon
Platte River
Manuel Lisa
George Drouillard
John Potts
Peter Weiser
Bighorn River
Fort Raymond
Manuel Lisa
Yellowstone
Grand Teton National Park
geyser
Cody, Wyoming
geothermal
Jackson Lake
Continental Divide
Togwotee Pass
Wind River Range
Teton Pass
Pierre's Hole
Idaho
Yellowstone Lake
mudpot
Colter's Hell
Shoshone River
Nicholas Biddle
Dr. Ferdinand Hassler
beaver lodge
Tetonia, Idaho
rhyolite
Fritiof Fryxell
Hayden Survey
Miller's Landing, Missouri
War of 1812
Nathan Boone
Rangers
jaundice
Washington Irving
Jackson Lake
Colter Peak
Absaroka Mountains
U.S. Route 340
silent film
John Colter's Escape
Cornel Wilde's
The Naked Prey
Run of the Arrow
The Mountain Men
Roger Zelazny
Gerald Hausman
Hugh Glass
T. Coraghessan Boyle
The Harder They Come

categories: People from Montana,People from Augusta County, Virginia,Lewis and Clark Expedition people,Mountain men,American explorers,1770s births,People from Park County, Wyoming

paragraph: John Colter

paragraph: John Colter (c.1770–1775 – May 7, 1812 or November 22, 1813) was a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806). Though party to one of the more famous expeditions in history, Colter is best remembered for explorations he made during the winter of 1807–1808, when he became the first known person of European descent to enter the region which later became Yellowstone National Park and to see the Teton Mountain Range. Colter spent months alone in the wilderness and is widely considered to be the first known mountain man.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John Colter was born in Stuarts Draft, Augusta County, Colony of Virginia, 1774 based on assumptions by his family. The Colter family patriarch Micajah Coalter is believed to have migrated from Ireland in 1700. There is some debate as to which variation of the family name, Coalter, Coulter, or Colter, is correct and the issue was further convoluted by Captain William Clark utilizing all three spelling variations during his daily journals. It is unknown whether or not Colter was literate and knew how to write. Two signatures possessed by the Missouri State Historical Society assert that the proper spelling of the family name was "Colter" and that Colter was at least able to write his own name. Sometime around 1780, the Colter family moved west and settled near present-day Maysville, Kentucky. As a young man Colter may have served as a ranger under Simon Kenton. He was tall.

paragraph: Section::::Lewis and Clark Expedition.

paragraph: John Colter, along with George Shannon, Patrick Gass and dog Seaman all joined the expedition while Lewis was waiting for the completion of their vessels in Pittsburgh and nearby Elizabeth, Pennsylvania. The outdoor skills he had developed from this frontier lifestyle impressed Meriwether Lewis, and on October 15, 1803, Lewis offered Colter the rank of private and a pay of five dollars a month when he was recruited to join what became the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Prior to the expedition, leaving their base camp near St. Louis, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were away from the main party, securing last minute supplies and making other preparations, leaving Sergeant John Ordway in charge. A group of recruits including Colter disobeyed orders from Ordway. Upon hearing of this infraction Lewis confined Colter and the others to ten days in the base camp. Soon thereafter, Colter was court-martialed after threatening to shoot Ordway. After a review of the situation, Colter was reinstated after he offered an apology and promised to reform.

paragraph: During the expedition John Colter was considered to be one of the best hunters in the group, and was routinely sent out alone to scout the surrounding countryside for game meat. Colter was often trusted with responsibilities that went beyond hunting and woodsman activities. He was instrumental in helping the expedition find passes through the Rocky Mountains. In one instance, Colter was handpicked by Clark to deliver a message to Lewis, waylaid at a Shoshone camp, concerning the impracticability of following a route along the Salmon River. In another instance he was charged with retracing a route in the Bitterroot Mountains to recover lost horses and supplies, and not only returned with some of the recovered resources and horses, but also retrieved deer to gift the hospitable Nez Perce tribes and strengthen sick corp members. Colter was also noted by Lewis for his ability to barter with various tribes, an attribute which may have led to his later role with Manuel Lisa. During the expedition Colter never appeared on sick lists, suggesting very advantageous health. He was often one of the few hunters allowed to leave the camp during points of illness and recuperation, proving Lewis and Clark's trust in him. Another major contribution Colter made to the Corps of Discovery was providing the expedition with the means to swiftly descend the Bitterroot Mountains, allowing access to the Snake River, Columbia River and subsequently, the Pacific Ocean. While hunting far ahead of the main party, Colter encountered three Tushepawe Flatheads. Through non-verbal peace symbols and communication, Colter was able to persuade the Flatheads to abandon their search for two Shoshones who had stolen twenty three head of horses, and accompany him to the expedition's camp. One of the young Flatheads agreed to act as the party's guide down the mountains and through Flathead country, a great advantage in challenging and unfamiliar terrain plagued by a scarcity of game. Once at the mouth of the Columbia River, Colter was among a small group selected to venture to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, as well as explore the seacoast north of the Columbia into present-day Washington state.

paragraph: After traveling thousands of miles, in 1806 the expedition returned to the Mandan villages in present-day North Dakota. There, they encountered Forest Hancock and Joseph Dickson, two frontiersmen who were headed into the upper Missouri River country in search of furs. On August 13, 1806, Lewis and Clark permitted Colter to be honorably discharged almost two months early so that he could lead the two trappers back to the region they had explored. Upon his discharge, Colter had earned payment for 35 months and 26 days, totaling $179.33 1/3rd dollars. However, a discrepancy in the books provided Colter with payment for the two months he had skipped to accompany Hancock and Dickson trapping. However, this over-payment may have been justified by Colter's significant work ethic and personal praise by Thomas Jefferson himself. In 1807, Colter's settlement was retracted after Congress passed a mandate supplying all members of the Corps of Discovery with doubled wages and land grants of 320 acres. Lewis personally took responsibility for Colter's reparations, and following Lewis' death and Colter's subsequent return to St. Louis, a court decided Colter was owed an amount of $377.60.

paragraph: Section::::Mountain man beginnings.

paragraph: Colter, Hancock, and Dixon ventured into the wilderness with 20 beaver traps, a two-year supply of ammunition, and numerous other small tools gifted to them by the expedition such as knives, rope, hatchets, and personal utensils. The exact route of the trapping party is not known. It is speculated that unfriendly Blackfeet in the region of the Lower Missouri and a lack of horses forced the company to seek their fortunes in the tributaries of the less-prosperous Yellowstone Valley, a region inhabited by the friendlier Crows. The dangers of the narrow and rapid Yellowstone River, and the absence of game may explain the quick dissolution of the trapping party. After reaching a point where the Gallatin, Jefferson and Madison Rivers meet, known today as Three Forks, Montana, the trio managed to maintain their partnership for only about two months. There is much speculation as to where the party, at that point only consisting of Colter and Hancock following a falling out with Dixon, spent the winter of 1806-1807. However, Wyoming historian J.K. Rollinson asserted in a personal letter that he had met the stepson of one of Colter's companions, mostly likely Hancock's as Dixon is known to have left the region for Wisconsin in 1827. This stepson, Dave Fleming, accompanied his stepfather on a hunting trip to Clark's Fork Canyon as a boy and was informed that his stepfather had made camp in this exact spot while trapping with Colter many years earlier. Fleming reportedly remembered and passed on this detail as his stepfather asserted that during winter of 1806-1807, Colter had grown restless with taking shelter and ascended the canyon into the Sunlight Basin of modern-day Wyoming, which would make him the first known white man to have ever entered this region.

paragraph: Colter headed back toward civilization, in 1807, and was near the mouth of the Platte River, when he encountered Manuel Lisa, a founder of the Missouri Fur Trading Company, who was leading a party that included several former members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, towards the Rocky Mountains. Among the band were George Drouillard, John Potts, and Peter Weiser. Colter once again decided to return to the wilderness, even though he was only a week from reaching St. Louis. At the confluence of the Yellowstone and Bighorn Rivers, Colter helped build Fort Raymond, and was later sent by Manuel Lisa to search out the Crow Indian tribe to investigate the opportunities of establishing trade with them.

paragraph: Section::::Yellowstone, Grand Teton and Jackson Hole.

paragraph: Colter left Fort Raymond in October, 1807 with a pack weighing roughly thirty five pounds (not including his rifle and ammunition,) and traveled over five hundred miles to establish trade with the Crow nation. Over the course of the winter, he explored the region that later became Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Colter reportedly visited at least one geyser basin, though it is now believed that he most likely was near present-day Cody, Wyoming, which at that time may have had some geothermal activity to the immediate west. Colter probably passed along portions of the shores of Jackson Lake after crossing the Continental Divide near Togwotee Pass or more likely, Union Pass in the northern Wind River Range. Colter then explored Jackson Hole below the Teton Range, later crossing Teton Pass into Pierre's Hole, known today as the Teton Basin in the state of Idaho. After heading north and then east, he is believed to have encountered Yellowstone Lake, another location in which he may have seen geysers and other geothermal features. Colter then proceeded back to Fort Raymond, arriving in March or April 1808. Not only had Colter traveled hundreds of miles, much of the time unguided, he did so in the dead of winter, in a region in which nighttime temperatures in January are routinely .

paragraph: Colter arrived back at Fort Raymond and few believed his reports of geysers, bubbling mudpots and steaming pools of water. His reports of these features were often ridiculed at first, and the region was somewhat jokingly referred to as "Colter's Hell". The area Colter described is now widely believed to be immediately west of Cody, Wyoming, and though little thermal activity exists there today, other reports from around the period when Colter was there also indicate observations similar to those Colter had originally described. The exact location of Colter's Hell remains partially contested, as the name could have been applied to several different areas prone to geothermic activity. It is commonly believed that Colter's Hell referred to the region of the Stinking Water, now known as the Shoshone River, particularly the section running through Cody. The river's original title was thanks to presence of sulphur in the surrounding area. His detailed exploration of this region is the first by a white man of what later became the state of Wyoming.

paragraph: Section::::Colter's Route.

paragraph: It is not known if Colter produced his own crude map that informed Clark's version or if the details were simply dictated to Clark by Colter following his return to St. Louis after a six-year absence. Colter's Route was included in a version of Clark's map, titled "A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean," which was published in 1814. Clark's original field sketches, drawn on numerous separate sheets that traced the flows of principal rivers as opposed to traditional rectangular or square maps, were shown to President Jefferson in 1807 and did not include Colter's Route, as he was still traveling at the time. A version of these original field maps were produced in 1810 by Clark and Nicholas Biddle so that inaccurate recordings of latitude and longitude could be corrected by astronomer and mathematician, Dr. Ferdinand Hassler. This 1810 manuscript provided the details of Colter's Route that were published in 1814. Several unexplained geographical discrepancies were printed on the 1814 map, including the Big Horn Mountains and Basin being drawn about two times too large, an error believed to be Clark's. The nature behind these discrepancies eludes historians, as Clark had not only his own personal information of the region but information from George Drouillard and John Colter as well. It is likely that Colter never saw Clark's full field maps, as another major discrepancy places Colter's starting point at the midsection of Pryor Creek, as opposed to only geographically likely departing point at the mouth of the Big Horn River. The inaccuracies that plague the 1814 map's details of the area between Manuel's Fort on the Yellowstone and the likely location of Colter's Hell have fueled much of the scholarly disagreements surrounding Colter's Route.

paragraph: Section::::Colter's Run.

paragraph: The following year, Colter teamed up with John Potts, another former member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, once again in the region near Three Forks, Montana. In 1808, Colter and Potts set out from Fort Raymond once more to negotiate trade agreements with local nations. While leading a group of eight hundred Flathead and Crow Indians back to the trading fort, Colter's party was attacked by a mass of Blackfeet numbering over fifteen-hundred. The Flatheads and Crows managed to force the Blackfeet into retreat, but Colter suffered a leg wound from either a bullet or arrow. This wound was non-serious as Colter quickly recuperated and left Fort Raymond with Potts once more the following year. In 1809, another altercation with the Blackfeet resulted in John Potts' death and Colter's capture. While going by canoe up the Jefferson River, Potts and Colter encountered several hundred Blackfeet who demanded they come ashore. Colter went ashore and was disarmed and stripped naked. When Potts then refused to come ashore he was shot and wounded. Potts in his turn shot one of the Indian warriors and died riddled with bullets fired by the Indians on the shore. His body was brought ashore and hacked to pieces. After a council, Colter was motioned, told in Crow to leave, and encouraged to run. It soon became apparent that he was running for his life pursued by a large pack of young braves. A fast runner, after several miles the still-naked Colter was exhausted and bleeding from his nose but far ahead of most of the group with only one assailant still close to him. He then managed to overcome the lone man:

paragraph: Colter got a blanket from the Indian he had killed. Continuing his run with a pack of Indians following he reached the Madison River, five miles (eight km) from his start, and, hiding inside a beaver lodge, escaped capture. Emerging at night he climbed and walked for eleven days to a trader's fort on the Little Big Horn.

paragraph: In 1810, Colter assisted in the construction of another fort located at Three Forks, Montana. After returning from gathering fur pelts, he discovered that two of his partners had been killed by the Blackfeet. This event convinced Colter to leave the wilderness for good and he returned to St. Louis before the end of 1810. He had been away from civilization for almost six years.

paragraph: Section::::The Colter Stone.

paragraph: Sometime between 1931 and 1933, an Idaho farmer named William Beard and his son discovered a rock carved into the shape of a man's head while clearing a field in Tetonia, Idaho, which is immediately west of the Teton Range. The rhyolite lava rock is long, wide and thick and has the words "John Colter" carved on the right side of the face and the number "1808" on the left side and has been dubbed the "Colter Stone". The stone was reportedly purchased from the Beards in 1933 by A.C. Lyon, who presented it to Grand Teton National Park in 1934. Fritiof Fryxell, noted mountain climber of numerous Teton Range peaks, geologist and Grand Teton National Park naturalist, concluded that the stone had weathering that indicated that the inscriptions were likely made in the year indicated. Fryxell also believed that the Beards were not familiar with John Colter or his explorations. The stone has not been authenticated to have been carved by Colter, and may have instead been the work of later expeditions, possibly as a hoax, by members of the Hayden Survey in 1877. If the stone is ever proven to be an actual carving made by Colter, in the year inscribed, it would coincide with the period he is known to have been in the region, and that he did cross the Teton Range and descend into Idaho, as descriptions he dictated to William Clark indicate. Another possible artifact of Colter's was discovered within Yellowstone National Park in the 1880s. A log with the carved initials "J C" underneath a large X was discovered by Philip Ashton Rollins near Coulter Creek, a coincidentally named stream of no relation to Colter. Rollins and his party determined that the carving was roughly eighty years old. The authenticity of this artifact has never been identified as it was lost by Yellowstone employees around 1890 while being transferred to the Park museum.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and death.

paragraph: After returning to St. Louis, Colter married a woman named Sallie and purchased a farm near Miller's Landing, Missouri, now New Haven, Missouri. Somewhere around 1810, he visited with William Clark, his old commander from the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and provided detailed reports of his explorations since they had last met. From this information, Clark created a map which, despite its previously mentioned discrepancies, was the most comprehensive map produced of the region of the explorations for the next seventy-five years. During the War of 1812, Colter enlisted and fought with Nathan Boone's Rangers. Sources are unclear about when John Colter died or the exact cause of death. In one case, after suddenly turning ill, Colter is reported to have died of jaundice on May 7, 1812 and was buried near Miller's Landing, Missouri. Other sources indicate he died on November 22, 1813.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Colter's legacy has had a profound impact on the image of the American West and frontier, with Colter's Run seeing many incarnations and recreations, including a retelling by the likes of Washington Irving. The stereotypes of reclusive frontier mountain men may be thanks to Nicholas Biddle's written characterizations of Colter, which paint him a man easily beguiled by the trapping prospects of the wilderness and intimidated by the possibility of returning to regular society. Because no written materials attributed to Colter have ever been discovered (besides his signature,) Biddle's characterizations cannot be directly contested.

paragraph: Traditionally, it is thought that Lewis and Clark's Expedition played a major role in heightening tensions between white explorers and the Blackfeet Indians. Despite this notion, Manuel Lisa's party originally interacted peacefully with the Blackfeet. However, it was after Colter and Potts were forced to battle the Blackfeet alongside the Flatheads and Crows that the relations between white explorers/trappers and the Blackfeet nation seemed to deteriorate. This led Major Biddle and many other frontiersman to draw the conclusion that Colter had actually upset relations with the Blackfeet, which was only expounded upon by the notoriety of Colter's Run.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A number of locations in northwestern Wyoming have been named after him, notably, Colter Bay on Jackson Lake in Grand Teton National Park and Colter Peak in the Absaroka Mountains in Yellowstone National Park.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A plaque commemorating Colter was displayed at a roadside pulloff on U.S. Route 340 just east of Stuarts Draft, near his birthplace. When the road was widened in 1998, the plaque was moved just north of the intersection of 340 and Route 608.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Kentucky Historical Marker commemorating John Colter as one of the Lewis and Clark Expedition's "nine young men from Kentucky" is located in Maysville, Kentucky at Limestone Landing, McDonald Parkway & Limestone St.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first motion picture of John Colter's life, was the 1912 silent film, "John Colter's Escape".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The original script for director Cornel Wilde's 1965 movie "The Naked Prey" was largely based on Colter being pursued by Blackfeet Indians in Montana.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Films such as "Run of the Arrow" (1957) and "The Mountain Men" (1980) also have incidents closely based upon Colter's Run.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Zelazny and Gerald Hausman meshed the stories of John Colter and Hugh Glass in the 1994 novel "Wilderness".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colter's life and legend feature prominently in T. Coraghessan Boyle's 2015 novel "The Harder They Come".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anglin, Ronald M. and Larry E. Morris (2016). "The Mystery of John Colter: The Man Who Discovered Yellowstone." Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield.

description: mountain man, explorer

wikidata_label: John Colter

wikipedia_title: John Colter


text:
Western Han dynasty
Liu Bang (Emperor Gao)
Qin dynasty
Chu–Han Contention
Xiang Yu
chancellor
Han Xin
Zhang Liang
Commandery
Feng County
Jiangsu
Pei County
Cao Shen
Fan Kuai
Xiahou Ying
Zhou Bo
Mount Li
Yongcheng
Henan
Chen Sheng
Wu Guang
Dazexiang Uprising
Qin dynasty
Ziying
Xianyang
Epang Palace
Xianyang
Xiang Yu
Eighteen Kingdoms
Han
Sichuan
Guanzhong
Emperor Yi of Chu
three surrendered Qin generals
chancellor
Han Xin
Three Qins
Guanzhong
Western Chu kingdom
Battle of Gaixia
Luoyang
Zhang Liang
Xianyang
Weiyang Palace
Western Han dynasty
Xin dynasty
Chang'an
Chen Xi
Han Xin
Empress Lü Zhi
Jie
Zhou
Emperor Hui
Cao Shen
Zaozhuang
Shandong
Southern and Northern Dynasties
Xiao Daocheng
Southern Qi
Xiao Yan
Liang dynasty
Chinese idiom
Han Xin
Hangul
Cao Shen
chancellor
Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI
Koei
Prince of Qin
Sima Qian
Records of the Grand Historian
Ban Gu
Book of Han

categories: Politicians from Xuzhou,193 BC deaths,Han dynasty politicians from Jiangsu,Chu–Han contention people,Year of birth unknown,Han dynasty prime ministers

paragraph: Xiao He

paragraph: Xiao He (died 193 BC) was a Chinese statesman of the early Western Han dynasty. He served Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founder of the Han dynasty, during the insurrection against the Qin dynasty, and fought on Liu's side in the Chu–Han Contention against Liu's rival, Xiang Yu. After the founding of the Han dynasty, Xiao He became the chancellor and held office until his death. For his contributions, he is also known as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty" (漢初三傑), along with Han Xin and Zhang Liang.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Xiao He was born in Fengyi County, Sishui Commandery (present-day Feng County, Jiangsu). In his early days, he served as a "gongcao" (功曹; magistrate's secretary) in the administrative office of Pei County. He was studious, tactful and amiable. He was well versed in law and had a wide network of friends and acquaintances, among whom include Liu Bang, Cao Shen, Fan Kuai, Xiahou Ying and Zhou Bo.

paragraph: Section::::Insurrection against the Qin dynasty.

paragraph: Once, Liu Bang released some prisoners he was escorting to Mount Li to be labourers, and became a fugitive. He hid in an outlaw stronghold on Mount Mangdang (in present-day Yongcheng, Henan) and maintained secret contact with Xiao He and Cao Shen. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang started the Dazexiang Uprising to overthrow the Qin dynasty, and was followed by numerous other rebellions throughout China. The magistrate of Pei County considered rebelling as well, so he heeded Xiao He and Cao Shen's advice to invite Liu Bang back to support him. However, he changed his mind later and denied Liu Bang's party entry into the city. As he was afraid that Xiao He and Cao Shen might open the gates for Liu Bang, he intended to have them executed, but Xiao and Cao escaped and joined Liu. As suggested by Xiao He, Liu Bang had letters sent to the townsfolk, fired into the city on arrows, urging them to join him. The people responded to Liu Bang's call and killed the magistrate and welcomed him back into the city.

paragraph: After returning to Pei County, the townsfolk wanted Liu Bang to lead them to overthrow the Qin dynasty. However, Liu Bang expressed reluctance in taking up the leadership position and the people agreed to decide their leader by luck. Xiao He was in charge of the process and he had the names of ten respectable men in town, including Liu Bang, written on separate pieces of paper and shuffled. Xiao He then asked Liu Bang to pick any piece from the pile, without seeing the name on it, and Liu picked his own name by chance. Liu Bang looked at Xiao He and wanted to decline again. Xiao He immediately grabbed the remaining pieces of paper, put them into his mouth and chewed them to shreds, after which he proclaimed Liu Bang as their leader. Liu Bang became known as the "Duke of Pei" and built his rebel army in Pei County, with Xiao He and his friends supporting him. Liu Bang learnt from Xiao He later that actually all the ten pieces of paper contained his name, and Xiao had deliberately tampered with the system to help him.

paragraph: In 206 BC, the Qin dynasty collapsed after the last Qin ruler, Ziying, surrendered to Liu Bang. Liu Bang's army occupied the Qin capital Xianyang. Upon entering the Epang Palace, Liu Bang and most of his men seized treasures and women for themselves, while Xiao He rushed to the chancellor's office and ordered it to be heavily guarded. Xiao He then brought a few men with him to collect all official documents in the office and bring them out safely. Xiao He later explained that the documents were more valuable than riches and women, because they contained crucial information about the Qin Empire and would be useful in intelligence.

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Recommending Han Xin.

paragraph: Liu Bang was forced to retreat from Xianyang later as Xiang Yu's army arrived and occupied the city. After plundering Xianyang and destroying the palace, Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. Liu Bang received the title of "King of Han" and was relocated to the remote Bashu region (in present-day Sichuan), with Xiao He and his followers accompanying him. Liu Bang was unhappy and wanted to attack Xiang Yu because the land of Guanzhong rightfully belonged to him, according to an earlier promise by Emperor Yi of Chu, but was granted by Xiang to three surrendered Qin generals instead. However, Xiao He and others managed to persuade Liu Bang to temporarily remain in Bashu and build up his forces in preparation for a battle for supremacy with Xiang Yu later. Xiao He was appointed by Liu Bang as the chancellor of the Han kingdom.

paragraph: During that time, Xiao He met Han Xin, who had recently joined Liu Bang's army and was serving as a low-ranking soldier, and recognised Han Xin's brilliance in military strategy. Not long later, many of Liu Bang's men deserted as they were unable to cope with living in remote Bashu, and Han Xin also left as he was disappointed because he felt his talent would go to waste in Liu Bang's camp. When Xiao He learnt that Han Xin had left, he immediately rushed to find Han and bring him back, without managing to inform Liu Bang in time. Xiao He caught up with Han Xin after trailing him for a few days, even at night, and succeeded in persuading Han to return. Meanwhile, Liu Bang thought that Xiao He had also deserted him and was shocked, but was relieved when he saw Xiao returning with Han Xin days later. Liu Bang asked Xiao He, "Of all those who deserted, why did you choose to bring back Han Xin only?" Xiao He then strongly recommended Han Xin to Liu Bang, saying that Han's talent was unmatched. Liu Bang heeded Xiao He's suggestion and appointed Han Xin as a general.

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Conquest of the Three Qin.

paragraph: In 206 BC, Liu Bang conquered the Three Qins and left Xiao He in charge of Guanzhong and Bashu, while he led his army eastward to attack Xiang Yu's Western Chu kingdom. Xiao He governed those territories effectively and provided support to Liu Bang's army at the warfront in the form of supplies, provisions and reinforcements. While in Guanzhong, Xiao He restored peace and order by implementing a new system of governance and reconstructing destroyed buildings. Under the new system, taxes were readjusted to reduce the burden on the poor; land that used to belong to the Qin aristocracy was redistributed to peasants, in order to increase agricultural output; capable and respectable men were selected from among commoners to assist government officials in administration.

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Battle of Gaixia.

paragraph: Liu Bang eventually defeated Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia in 202 BC and unified China under his rule. He was proclaimed "Emperor" and became historically known as "Emperor Gaozu of Han". The following year, when Gaozu rewarded his subjects according to their contributions, Xiao He received the title of "Marquis of Zan" (酇侯) in addition to his appointment as chancellor. Besides, Gaozu also granted Xiao He a rare special privilege: Xiao was allowed to enter the imperial court carrying a sword and with his shoes on, and not required to walk in briskly while others had to.

paragraph: In 201 BC, Emperor Gaozu wanted to build his capital in Luoyang but Zhang Liang suggested Xianyang instead, because it was surrounded by natural defences such as mountain passes, and had fertile land for agriculture. Gaozu put Xiao He in charge of the constructions in Xianyang. Two years later, the project was completed and Xiao He took Gaozu on a tour of Xianyang. The new palace was called Weiyang Palace and served as the central imperial palace throughout the Western Han dynasty and Xin dynasty. Gaozu also renamed Xianyang to "Chang'an", which meant "long-lasting peace".

paragraph: Section::::In service during the Western Han dynasty.:Role in Han Xin's downfall.

paragraph: In 196 BC, while Gaozu was away on a military campaign to suppress a rebellion by Chen Xi, one of Han Xin's servants reported to Empress Lü Zhi that his master was involved in a conspiracy with Chen Xi and was planning a coup in Chang'an. Empress Lü approached Xiao He for help and they formulated a plan to lure Han Xin into a trap. Xiao He had an imperial edict sent to Han Xin, announcing news of Gaozu's victory over Chen Xi, asking Han to meet the emperor and offer his congratulations. As soon as Han Xin arrived in Changle Palace, he was arrested and executed in a torturous manner for alleged treason.

paragraph: Section::::In service during the Western Han dynasty.:Later life and death.

paragraph: In 195 BC, Xiao He saw that Chang'an was becoming more congested and the imperial garden was full of uncultivated land, hence he suggested to Gaozu to carve out parts of the garden and grant them to peasants as farmland. Gaozu was unhappy and accused Xiao He of accepting bribes and dishonouring imperial authority. Xiao He was arrested and imprisoned, but was released later after Gaozu was convinced that Xiao He had the people's interests at heart. Gaozu summoned Xiao He to see him and he responded with jest and embarrassment, "The chancellor was asking for the fields in the imperial garden out of interest for the people, but I did not approve. This showed that I'm only like Jie and Zhou", and that you're the most understanding chancellor. Therefore, I intentionally imprisoned you to show the people that I'm a tyrant."

paragraph: After the death of Gaozu, Xiao He continued serving Gaozu's successor Emperor Hui as chancellor until he died in 193 BC. Before his death, Xiao He recommended Cao Shen to succeed him. Cao Shen inherited the system of governance left behind by Xiao He and maintained it well but did not implement any new changes.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Xiao He's great-grandson, Xiao Biao (蕭彪), moved to Lanling (near present-day Zaozhuang, Shandong) and led a reclusive life there.

paragraph: Two of his descendants would later found imperial dynasties during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Xiao Daocheng would found the Southern Qi, while his distant cousin Xiao Yan would found the subsequent Liang dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Some Chinese idioms and sayings originated from the events in Xiao He's life and are listed as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiao He chases Han Xin under the moonlight" (蕭何月下追韓信): Originated from the event where Xiao trailed Han Xin for a few days, even at night, in order to catch up with the latter and bring him back to Liu Bang. It is used to describe an urgent situation in which action has to be taken immediately without notification.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Success is due to Xiao He, downfall is also due to Xiao He" (成也蕭何 敗也蕭何 Hangul: 성야소하 폐야소하): Xiao He helped Han Xin become a general, which enabled Han to put his talent to good use. However, Xiao also played an important role in Han's death. It is used to describe a situation where one's success and failure are both due to the same factor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cao following Xiao's rules" (萧规曹随): Cao Shen, Xiao He's successor as chancellor, inherited the system of governance left behind by Xiao and maintained it well but did not implement any new changes. It is used to describe the continuation of the work of one's predecessor.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: Xiao He is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game "Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI" by Koei. He also appears as a non-playable character in the action RPG "Prince of Qin".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Qian. "Records of the Grand Historian", Volume 53.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ban Gu et al. "Book of Han", Volume 39.

description: Han dynasty chancellor

wikidata_label: Xiao He

wikipedia_title: Xiao He


text: Baron Beauchamp

text: peer

text: Stoke-sub-Hamdon

text: Somerset

text: John de Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp

text: Hatch Beauchamp

text: Margaret St. John

text: Warden of the Cinque Ports

text: Edward III

text: Kent

text: Gascony

text: Edward III

text: Admiral of the Fleet

text: Alice Beauchamp

text: Katherine Mortimer

text: googlebooks

text: Beauchamps

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,1329 births,14th-century English people,Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports,1361 deaths

paragraph: John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp

paragraph: John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp de Somerset (20 January 1329 – 8 October 1361) was an English peer.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was born at Stoke-sub-Hamdon in Somerset, the eldest son and heir of John de Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Hatch Beauchamp in Somerset by his wife Margaret St. John.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was Warden of the Cinque Ports from 1359 to about 1361.

paragraph: King Edward III issued a commission to Beauchamp from 1359 to act as Warden and Keeper of the Ports of Kent. In 1359 he participated in the expedition to Gascony by King Edward III. In 1360 he was appointed Admiral of the Fleet.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: He married Lady Alice Beauchamp, daughter of Sir Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick (who was no relation to the Beauchamp family of Hatch) by his wife Katherine Mortimer. The marriage was without progeny.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Beauchamp, 3rd Lord Beauchamp (of Somerset)", "The Peerage", 12 May 2007. Accessed 18 February 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke, Bernard. "A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire." Lond: Harrison, 1866.(p. 33) googlebooks Retrieved 22 February 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beauchamps

wikidata_label: John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp

wikipedia_title: John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Somerset

wikipedia_title: John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp


text: Major-General

text: The Hon.

text: CB

text: Whig

text: Anson family

text: Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson

text: Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester

text: Holkham Hall

text: Thomas Anson, 1st Earl of Lichfield

text: Eton College

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: Battle of Waterloo

text: Member of Parliament

text: Great Yarmouth

text: Stoke-upon-Trent

text: Staffordshire South

text: Storekeeper of the Ordnance

text: Lord Melbourne

text: Clerk of the Ordnance

text: Lord John Russell

text: Madras Army

text: Commander-in-Chief in India

text: 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot

text: Lord Canning

text: Indian Rebellion of 1857

text: greased cartridge

text: Delhi

text: cholera

text: Kurnaul

text: Kensal Green cemetery

text: Cecil Weld-Forester, 1st Baron Forester

text: The Derby

text: Attila

text: The Oaks

text: Matthew Pinsent

text: 1835 Wolverhampton riot

text: Maj.-Gen. Hon. George Anson

categories: Infectious disease deaths in India,UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1837–1841,1797 births,Anson family,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,People educated at Eton College,British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857,Companions of the Order of the Bath,Younger sons of viscounts,UK MPs 1852–1857,Scots Guards officers,UK MPs 1820–1826,1857 deaths,UK MPs 1818–1820,British Army generals,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832,Battle of Waterloo,UK MPs 1847–1852,Politics of the Borough of Great Yarmouth,British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,Deaths from cholera,Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery

paragraph: George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797)

paragraph: Major-General The Hon. George Anson CB (13 October 1797 – 27 May 1857) was a British military officer and Whig politician from the Anson family.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Anson was the second son of Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson, and his wife Lady Anne Margaret Coke, daughter of Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester of Holkham Hall, Norfolk. Thomas Anson, 1st Earl of Lichfield was his elder brother.

paragraph: He was educated at Eton College.

paragraph: Section::::Military and political career.

paragraph: Anson entered the Army in 1814 as an Ensign in the 3rd (Scots Fusiliers) Guards and served at an early age in the Napoleonic Wars and fought at the Battle of Waterloo.

paragraph: He later sat as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Great Yarmouth from 1818 to 1835, for Stoke-upon-Trent from 1836 to 1837, and for Staffordshire South from 1837 to 1853 and served as Storekeeper of the Ordnance under Lord Melbourne from 1835 to 1841 and as Clerk of the Ordnance under Melbourne in 1841 and under Lord John Russell from 1846 to 1852.

paragraph: Section::::Indian appointment.

paragraph: In 1853 Anson was promoted to the rank of Major-General. The following year he was appointed to the command of the Madras Army in 1854, and early in 1856 became Commander-in-Chief in India. He was Colonel of the 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot from 12 December 1856. Since Anson's prior military career consisted of a few months' active service as a subaltern in the Guards (admittedly including Waterloo), a decade on home service in London while also sitting in Parliament as an MP, and 26 and a half years on half-pay, these appointments caused disgruntled comment in some quarters and were presented as an example of "Horse Guards Patronage" at its worst. His decision to accept the Madras appointment caused surprise in English political and social circles, where he was noted mainly for his gentlemanly ways, his good looks and attractive wife, and his skill at cards.

paragraph: Section::::In India.

paragraph: During his short period as Commander-in-Chief in India Anson caused resentment by showing bias against the East India Company's army and its sepoys. He appointed all of his aides-de-camp from the Queen's Army, from which he had come. He was quoted as stating that he could never see a sepoy sentry "without turning away in disgust at his unsoldierlike appearance". The Governor-General Lord Canning commented that Anson "was rather a disappointment - but that it would be very difficult to quarrel with anyone so imperturbably good tempered, and so thoroughly a gentleman".

paragraph: Anson's appointment as C-in-C coincided with the beginning of the period of tension and disaffection leading up to the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. On 23 March 1857 Anson told a parade of Indian officers of the Bengal Army that rumors that the government would interfere with their religious beliefs and caste were completely false. He called on the officers to satisfy the sepoys under their command that this was the case. Anson himself reported a week later that the greased cartridge issue was simply a pretext for protest, adding that "the sepoys have been pampered - and have grown insolent beyond bearing". He did however order the postponement of target practice at musketry depots; which would have involved the actual biting of cartridges and was accordingly the immediate cause of distrust amongst the soldiers. While Anson appears to have realised the seriousness of the situation and to have ordered an analysis of the cartridge wrappings in question, he left the training centre at Ambala without taking more decisive action. "Redress and inquiry were both inconvenient so the headquarters' camp marched to Simla" commented the British Instructor of Musketry, left at the depot in the midst of swirling discontent amongst the sepoys there.

paragraph: On 12 May Anson and his staff were, at Simla when the news of the actual outbreak of the mutiny at Meerut and Delhi reached him. He immediately ordered that European troops take possession of the various arsenals in the Punjab but delayed his own departure for the centre of rebellion while logistical problems were resolved. Anson finally left Ambala for Delhi on 23 May at the head of three regiments of British troops and some sepoy units that he considered reliable. His intention was to join with the Meerut Brigade and press on to retake Delhi. However Anson died of cholera four days into the march, at the age of 59. He was buried in Kurnaul (now Karnal). The body was later exhumed and taken back to England to be buried in Kensal Green cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Character.

paragraph: In spite of his personal charm Anson did not enjoy much professional respect amongst his fellow officers in Bengal. A staff colonel commented immediately after his sudden death that the sepoys had "a great hatred for him, honestly thinking that he was commissioned to convert them". A more valid criticism was that his immediate response to the outbreak of the mutiny was a laborious one, at a moment when quick and energetic action could still have been decisive.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: Anson married The Hon. Isabella Elizabeth Annabella Weld-Forester, daughter of Cecil Weld-Forester, 1st Baron Forester, and wife Lady Katherine Mary Manners, in 1830. They had three daughters. Isabella survived her husband by only a year and died in December 1858.

paragraph: Anson was a prominent owner of racehorses: he won The Derby with Attila in 1842 and The Oaks two years later with The Princess.

paragraph: Section::::Other.

paragraph: It has been asserted mistakenly that 'Famous British Olympian Sir Matthew Pinsent is George's great-great-great-grandson', but in fact that was a different George Anson - the uncle of the subject of this article.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1835 Wolverhampton riot

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maj.-Gen. Hon. George Anson (thePeerage.com)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Parliament account of George Anson's parliamentary career

description: British Army major-general

wikidata_label: George Anson


text: Old Norse

text: Norwegian

text: Norway

text: Inge Haraldsson

text: Sigurd Munn

text: civil war era in Norway

text: Scotland

text: Harald Gille

text: Bjaðǫk

text: Ireland

text: lendmenn

text: Archiepiscopacy

text: Nidaros

text: Trondheim

text: Heimskringla

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: England

text: Harald Maddadson

text: earl of Orkney

text: Caithness

text: Aberdeen

text: Hartlepool

text: Whitby

text: viking

text: Bergen

text: Moster

text: Oslofjord

text: Bohuslän

text: Tunge Hundred

text: Haakon the Broadshouldered

text: gentlewoman

text: Eystein Meyla

text: Birkebeiner

text: kings’ sagas

text: Heimskringla

text: Fagrskinna

text: Morkinskinna

text: Ágrip

text: Hryggjarstykki

text: Cornell University Press

text: University of Texas Press

categories: Scandinavian Scotland,Norwegian monarchs,12th-century Norwegian people,Norwegian civil wars,Year of birth unknown,12th-century murdered monarchs,Norse-Gaels,House of Gille,1157 deaths

paragraph: Eystein II of Norway

paragraph: Eystein Haraldsson (Old Norse: "Eysteinn Haraldsson", Norwegian: "Øystein Haraldsson"); c.1125–1157) was king of Norway from 1142 to 1157. He ruled as co-ruler with his brothers, Inge Haraldsson and Sigurd Munn. He was killed in the power-struggle against his brother, Inge, in an early stage of the civil war era in Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Eystein was born, apparently in Scotland, the son of Harald Gille, who was king of Norway from 1130 to 1136, and a woman named Bjaðǫk. Harald was born and raised in Ireland or Scotland, and Eystein was born there. When Harald went to Norway in 1127 to press his claim to royal inheritance, Eystein did not go with him. However, Harald let it be known that he had fathered a son before coming to Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Eystein first appears in the sagas in 1142, when several Norwegian lendmenn travelled west and fetched him back to Norway from Scotland. His mother came with him to Norway. There, he was recognised as king, and given a share of the kingdom with his younger brothers. The division of the kingdom does not seem to have been territorial, all brothers seem to have held equal regal status over all parts of the country. This period of their reign saw the establishment of an independent Norwegian Archiepiscopacy in Nidaros (Trondheim) in 1152.

paragraph: The sagas "Heimskringla" and "Orkneyinga saga" relates that at some point in the early 1150s, king Eystein went on a campaign to Scotland and England. He captured Harald Maddadson, earl of Orkney in Caithness, and forced him to ransom himself for a considerable sum. He then proceeded to loot along the Scottish and English coast, attacking Aberdeen, Hartlepool and Whitby, in a voyage reminiscent of the earlier viking expeditions.

paragraph: Section::::Civil war.

paragraph: According to the sagas, relations between the three brothers were peaceful as long as the two younger brothers' guardians were alive. But as the younger brothers grew up, tensions arose. In 1155, a meeting between the brothers in Bergen resulted in fighting breaking out between the men of king Inge and king Sigurd, in which king Sigurd was killed. King Eystein was late in arriving for the meeting, and only approached the city after Sigurd was already dead. An uneasy settlement was reached between Inge and Eystein. The reasons for the fighting in Bergen remain disputed. According to the sagas, Eystein and Sigurd had plotted to strip Inge of his royal title and divide his share of the kingdom between them. Some modern historians doubt this version, seeing it as Inge’s excuse for his own aggressive actions. In any event, peace between Inge and Eystein did not hold for long after the events of 1155. In 1157, both sides gathered their forces for a confrontation. Inge’s forces outnumbered Eystein’s, and when they met, on the west coast near Moster, Eystein’s forces melted away. Eystein was forced to flee, over land to Viken (the Oslofjord-area). Abandoned by his own men, he was caught, somewhere in the area of present-day Bohuslän, and killed by his captors. Whether or not king Inge ordered his killing seems to have been a disputed question at the time. Eystein's body was buried in the church of "Foss" in Tunge Hundred. According to Heimskringla, the local population of the area started worshipping Eystein as a saint.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: After Eystein's death, his supporters rallied around the young Haakon the Broadshouldered, Sigurd Munn's son, Eystein's nephew. They continued the war against king Inge, in an early stage of the so-called "civil war era", which was to last on and off until 1240. The sagas draw a rather negative picture of both Eystein and his brother Sigurd, generally choosing to portray Inge as the just ruler of the three brothers. "Heimskringla" states of Eystein:

paragraph: Eystein was married to Ragna Nikolasdottir, a Norwegian gentlewoman. His bastard son Eystein Meyla was proclaimed king by the Birkebeiner party in 1176, but was defeated and killed the year after.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: The main sources to Eystein’s reign are the kings’ sagas "Heimskringla", "Fagrskinna", "Morkinskinna" and "Ágrip". The three former base at least part of their account on the older saga "Hryggjarstykki", which was written some time between 1150 and 1170, and was thus a near-contemporary source. This saga itself has not been preserved.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew James Driscoll (ed.); (1995). "Agrip Af Noregskonungasogum". Viking Society for Northern Research.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kari Ellen Gade & Theodore Murdock Andersson (eds.); (2000) "Morkinskinna : The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030–1157)". Cornell University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alison Finlay; editor and translator (2004). "Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway". Brill Academic Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorri Sturluson; translator Lee M. Hollander (repr. 1991). "Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway". University of Texas Press.

description: King of Norway

wikidata_label: Eystein II of Norway

wikipedia_title: Eystein II of Norway


text:
Richardson
Texas
American
bouldering
Switzerland
South Africa
Rocky Mountain National Park
United States
American Bouldering Series
Dallas
Longmont
Colorado
Justin Sjong
Jimmie Redo
American Bouldering Series
Teva Mountain Games
Dave Graham
Innsbruck
Austria
Kilian Fischhuber
David Lama
Switzerland
Paul Robinson
Hueco Tanks Rock Rodeo
Notable first free ascents
27 Crags Profile

categories: 1989 births,Living people,American rock climbers

paragraph: Daniel Woods

paragraph: Daniel Woods (born August 1, 1989 in Richardson, Texas) is an American professional climber who specializes in bouldering. He has also established many bouldering problems in areas such as Magic Wood in Switzerland, Rocklands in South Africa, and in Rocky Mountain National Park in the United States.

paragraph: Woods has climbed more than twenty bouldering problems graded , making him the most prolific climber of that grade. He also won many competitions such as the U.S. National Bouldering Championship (American Bouldering Series), the Teva Mountain Games, and some international competitions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Woods began climbing at the age of 5 in Dallas, Texas and immediately became fascinated by the sport. In 1997, when he was 8 years old, his family moved to Longmont, Colorado. Woods then began competing and was part of a junior climbing team coached by Justin Sjong and Jimmie Redo.

paragraph: In 2003, he climbed his first bouldering problem rated , "Fuck You Finger". Then in 2004 he made the first ascent of "Echale", grading it when he was 15. He won the American Bouldering Series national championship in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 and the Teva Mountain Games in the bouldering category in 2006, 2007 and, 2010.

paragraph: On 19 June 2007, when he was traveling in the Rocky Mountain National Park in the area of Chaos Canyon, he made the first ascent of "Jade", formerly named "Green Project 45", a project he worked for several years with Dave Graham. He graded it , making it his hardest problem until then. However, it was later reassessed, and its grade lowered to .

paragraph: In early 2008 at the age of 18, Woods moved to Innsbruck, Austria and spent part of his time training with Kilian Fischhuber and David Lama. In May 2008, he made the first ascent of "In Search of Time Lost" at Magic Wood in Switzerland and evaluated it .

paragraph: In November 2011, Woods began filming a climbing movie called "Welcome to the Hood" with Paul Robinson, Guntram Jörg, and Anthony Gullsten. The filming would last five months, during which they climbed at some of the most famous and difficult bouldering sites in the world. The first part of the film was the Magic Wood in Switzerland, where Woods climbed "Somewhere in Between" .

paragraph: Section::::Competition.

paragraph: Despite primarily focusing on hard outdoor bouldering, Daniel Woods is the most accomplished American male competition climber. He has won the ABS National Championship 9 times, the SCS National Championship, and has competed in many IFSC World Cup events earning a Gold Medal in the Vail World Cup in 2010. Woods also has the most open wins at the Hueco Tanks Rock Rodeo including another first place in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notable first free ascents

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 27 Crags Profile

description: American rock climber

wikidata_label: Daniel Woods

wikipedia_title: Daniel Woods


text:
Vaxholm
Dan Sundquist
Ratata
MNW
Metronome
Wilmer X
Alingsås

wikipedia_title:
Vaxholm
Dan Sundquist
Ratata (band)
MNW Music
Warner Music Sweden
Wilmer X
Alingsås

categories: Swedish-language singers,2016 deaths,1961 births,Swedish male musicians

paragraph: Olle Ljungström

paragraph: Lars Olof "Olle" Gustaf Ljungström (12 August 1961 – 4 May 2016) was a Swedish singer, songwriter, and musician. Ljungström grew up in Vaxholm. He was vocalist and guitarist in the group Reeperbahn from 1979 to 1984; since the early 1990s he performed solo.

paragraph: Section::::Reeperbahn.

paragraph: Ljungström began his musical career as vocalist and guitarist in the Swedish rock group Reeperbahn. The group, which initially also consisted of Dan Sundquist (bass), Eddie Sjöberg (guitar) and Peter Korhonen (drums), made their self-titled debut album in 1979. On their first LP, Reeperbahn used both Swedish and English lyrics, but later on settled for only Swedish songs. The group made three more full-length albums, "Venuspassagen" (1981), "Peep-Show" (1983) and "Intriger" (1983) before splitting up in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Heinz and Young.

paragraph: After Reeperbahn, Ljungström briefly formed a duo named Heinz & Young with Heinz Liljedahl (from the band Ratata). The duo released only one album entitled "Buzzbuzzboys..." in 1984, with only English lyrics. The album included compositions by both artists with the double A-side single "No Matter at All" / "California dreamin'" released as a 7" single.

paragraph: Liljedahl has also collaborated with Ljungström on the latter's first six solo albums 1993-2002.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.

paragraph: In 1993, Ljungström made his debut as a solo performer with a self-titled album. He was first signed to MNW and later on to Metronome. As a solo performer, Ljungström sang in Swedish.

paragraph: Ljungström has also appeared on songs by other artists from time to time; he contributed to the group Wilmer X's record "Hallå Världen", with the song "Jag är bara lycklig när jag dricker" (translates to "I'm only happy when I'm drinking").

paragraph: He was found dead in his home in Alingsås on 4 May 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Reeperbahn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: "Reeperbahn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: "No / Time / Outside Wall / Flowers" (EP / maxi-single)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: "Venuspassagen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: "Samlade singlar" (compilation album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Peep-Show"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Intriger"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "79-83" (compilation album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Stry Terrarie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "R U Sockudåpad?"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Nåt för dom som väntar"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jag är både listig och stark" (Norstedts, 2011)

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Olle Ljungström

wikipedia_title: Olle Ljungström


text:
golf
tennis
social worker
Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts
colonel
Union Army
American Civil War
lawyer
New York City
United States Secretary of the Treasury
William Howard Taft
United States Golf Association
Harriot
U.S. Women's Amateur
England
London
May Hezlet
gorse bush
Katherine Harley
Dorothy Campbell
Canadian Women's Amateur
U.S. Open
Evelyn Sears
Boston
World War I
Paris
France
Red Cross
Curtis Cup
Great Britain
Bob Jones Award
United States Golf Association

wikipedia_title: United States Women's Amateur Golf Championship

wikipedia_title: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

categories: People from Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts,American female golfers,Simmons College (Massachusetts) alumni,Winners of ladies' major amateur golf championships,Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles,Tennis people from Massachusetts,American female tennis players,American social workers,Golfers from Massachusetts,1883 births,United States National champions (tennis)

paragraph: Margaret Curtis

paragraph: Margaret Curtis (October 8, 1883 – December 24, 1965) was an American golf and tennis champion and lifelong social worker.

paragraph: From the Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts area, she was the youngest of ten children. Her father was a colonel in the Union Army cavalry during the American Civil War. Her brother James Freeman Curtis became a lawyer in New York City, and was the Assistant United States Secretary of the Treasury under President William Howard Taft. Her cousin Laurence Curtis, who served as the second President of the United States Golf Association in 1897–98, encouraged the family to take up the game of golf. As a result, Margaret and her sister Harriot began playing golf at a young age and as young ladies became members of the Women's Golf Association of Massachusetts. Founded in 1900, it was the first state women's golf association in the United States.

paragraph: In 1897, 13-year-old Curtis qualified fourth in her first appearance at the U.S. Women's Amateur. In 1906 her sister Harriot won the Championship. Although health problems had prevented Margaret from competing for several years, she captured her first of three U.S. championships in 1907 by beating her sister in the finals. That year she played in England and in a stroke-play tournament at Walton Heath, near London, she was leading playing partner May Hezlet by five stokes going into the final hole. Curtis hit her drive into gorse bush, a very spiny and dense evergreen shrub common throughout western Europe but unfamiliar to an American. Curtis ended up taking a disastrous 13 on the hole to lose the tournament.In 1908 she lost in the quarter-finals of the U.S. Championship to eventual winner Katherine Harley. In the 1911 U.S. Championship semi-finals she beat Dorothy Campbell, that year's Canadian Women's Amateur and British Ladies Amateur champion, then defeated Lillian B. Hyde in the championship match. Curtis made it back-to-back U.S. titles in 1912 when she also was the medalist for the sixth time.

paragraph: Besides her skill at golf, Curtis was an excellent tennis player. In 1908 she won the U.S. Open doubles tennis championship with Evelyn Sears, becoming the only woman to simultaneously hold the U.S. golf and tennis titles.

paragraph: In 1904, Curtis was a student at Simmons College School of Social Work in Boston, training that would lead to her being a Board member of the Family Service Society for 51 years. With her career over in competitive golf, during World War I, she went to Paris, France where she joined the Red Cross, serving as the head of its Bureau for Refugees for three years. Her time in Paris marked the beginning of several more years spent in various places across Europe with the Red Cross.

paragraph: In 1932, Curtis and her sister donated the Curtis Cup for a biennial golf competition between amateur teams representing the United States and Great Britain. She remained active in golf matters for most of her life. In December 1955, the Women's Golf Association of Massachusetts established a tournament in her and her sister's honor. The trophy, known as "The Curtis Bowl," is a replica of the Curtis Cup.

paragraph: Curtis was the recipient of the 1958 Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf. She died in 1965 at the age of 82.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curtis Family Papers.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

description: US tennis player and golfer

wikidata_label: Margaret Curtis

wikipedia_title: Margaret Curtis


text:
Providence, Rhode Island
Lightning Bolt
Thumper
video game
Harmonix
tapping
cello
banjo
whammy pedal
pitch shifter
octaver
delay pedal
Music Man StingRay
BOSS
Line 6
Ampeg
Crown
Wah-wah pedal
The Power of Salad
DVD
watt
Lightning Bolt
Ride the Skies
The Power of Salad
Wonderful Rainbow
Hypermagic Mountain
Hidden City of Taurmond
Earthly Delights
Megasus

wikipedia_title:
Providence, Rhode Island
Lightning Bolt (band)
Thumper (video game)
Video game
Harmonix
Tapping
Cello
Banjo
DigiTech Whammy
Pitch shift
Octave effect
Delay (audio effect)
Music Man StingRay
Boss Corporation
Line 6 (company)
Ampeg
Crown International
Wah-wah pedal
The Power of Salad
DVD
Watt
Lightning Bolt (Lightning Bolt album)
Ride the Skies
The Power of Salad
Wonderful Rainbow
Hypermagic Mountain
Hidden City of Taurmond
Earthly Delights (album)
Megasus (album)

categories: Rhode Island School of Design alumni,Living people,American rock guitarists,Guitarists from Rhode Island,1975 births,21st-century American guitarists,American male guitarists,Musicians from Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: Brian Gibson (musician)

paragraph: Brian Gibson (born July 25, 1975) is a musician and artist based out of Providence, Rhode Island. Gibson is best known as the bassist for the band Lightning Bolt. In the summer of 2015 he co-founded the game development company Drool. At Drool, he created the art and music for the video game Thumper and co-designed the game alongside Marc Flury. Thumper was released with critical acclaim in October 2016. He was previously a lead artist working at video game company Harmonix since 2001, but quit in the summer of 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Sound.

paragraph: Brian Gibson is particularly known for his unique and complex set-up, tuning, and use of his bass guitar. The majority of Gibson's playing draws on fairly simple loops and major/minor chord structures, yet also employs more advanced guitar techniques, such as tapping. Gibson uses a high amount of distortion, feedback and effects. In juxtaposition to Chippendale's frenetic drums, Gibson's playing often acts as a rhythm section of sorts. With the use of his many effect pedals, Gibson often creates multiple layers of his own bass riffs. Due to the high level of distortion used, "lead" playing style, and high register tuning of his instrument, Gibson is often mistaken for a guitarist.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: According to Gibson, his bass guitar is set to standard cello tuning, in intervals of fifths (C G D A) with a banjo string for the high A (contrasted with the typical bass guitar tuning of E A D G). He used this four-string setup for several years, but has recently been using a five-string setup, tuned to C G D A E, with banjo strings for the A and E. The banjo string is also tuned down an octave.

paragraph: Gibson also uses several effects pedals, including a bass whammy pedal (pitch shifter), an octaver, two overdrive pedals, and more recently a delay pedal. A complete list of equipment Gibson typically uses, in order, is:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5-String Music Man StingRay

paragraph: BULLET::::- DigiTech Bass Whammy pedal

paragraph: BULLET::::- BOSS OC-2 Octave pedal

paragraph: BULLET::::- BOSS ODB-3 Bass Overdrive pedal

paragraph: BULLET::::- BOSS SD-1 Overdrive pedal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Line 6 DL-4 Delay modeler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ampeg SVT4 Pro with 4x10 cabinet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crown Macro-Tech MA-3600VZ power amp

paragraph: BULLET::::- More cabinets ranging from 18" to 4x10

paragraph: As of 2007, Gibson has added a Boss PW-10 Wah-wah pedal to his touring gear. In The Power of Salad DVD, Brian says his rig is rated to 3000 watts.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lightning Bolt" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ride the Skies" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Power of Salad" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wonderful Rainbow" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hypermagic Mountain" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hidden City of Taurmond" (Load) (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earthly Delights" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Megasus" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Menace Of The Universe" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantasy Empire" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wizardzz homepage on Load Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Load Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- DROOL

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Brian Gibson

wikipedia_title: Brian Gibson (musician)


text: P.C.

text: James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond

text: Henry VII

text: Edward IV

text: James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond

text: Joan de Beauchamp

text: James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond

text: John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond

text: John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury

text: Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond

text: Irish peer

text: Irish Parliament

text: Henry VII

text: English Parliament

text: James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond

text: John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond

text: Privy Council of England

text: Kilkenny

text: Tipperary

text: Lord Chamberlain

text: Catherine of Aragon

text: Anne Hankford

text: Richard Hankford

text: Annery, Monkleigh

text: jure uxoris

text: feudal baron of Bampton

text: William Hankford

text: Chief Justice of the King's Bench

text: John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury

text: Margaret Butler

text: William Boleyn

text: Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire

text: Anne Boleyn

text: King Henry VIII

text: John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy

text: Faulkbourne

text: Essex

text: Beverston Castle

text: Gloucestershire

text: Hospital of St Thomas of Acre

text: City of London

text: heir male

text: Edmund MacRichard Butler

text: James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond

text: Gowran Castle

text: Butler dynasty

categories: 1420s births,Butler dynasty,1515 deaths,16th-century Irish people,15th-century Irish people

paragraph: Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond

paragraph: Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, P.C. (1426 – 3 August 1515) was the youngest son of James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond. He was attainted, but restored by Henry VII' s first Parliament in November 1485, and the statutes made at Westminster, by Edward IV, which declared him and his brothers traitors, were abrogated.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Thomas Butler was the third son of James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond, by his first wife, Joan de Beauchamp (d. 3 or 5 August 1430). He had two elder brothers, James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, and John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond, as well as two sisters, Elizabeth Butler, who married John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, and Anne Butler (d. 4 January 1435), who was contracted to marry Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond, although the marriage appears not to have taken place.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Thomas Butler, as an Irish peer, should only have sat in the Irish Parliament. However, as a personal friend of Henry VII he was summoned to the English Parliament in November 1488 as "Thomas Ormond de Rochford "chevaler"". At this time he was already 8th Earl of Carrick and 7th Earl of Ormond, having succeeded his elder brothers James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond and John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond, neither of whom left legitimate issue.

paragraph: He was afterwards sworn of the Privy Council of England.

paragraph: He was known as "The Wool Earl", due to his enormous wealth. Besides being in the possession of major lands in the Irish counties of Kilkenny and Tipperary, he owned 72 manors in England, making him one of the richest subjects in the realm.

paragraph: In 1509, he was appointed Lord Chamberlain to Catherine of Aragon. He held this post until 1512.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: He married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly in 1445 to Anne Hankford (1431–1485), daughter and co-heiress of Sir Richard Hankford (c. 1397 – 1431) of Annery, Monkleigh, Devon, "jure uxoris" feudal baron of Bampton (grandson of Sir William Hankford (c. 1350 – 1423), Chief Justice of the King's Bench) by his 2nd wife Anne Montagu (d. 1457), a daughter of John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (c. 1350 – 1400). By Anne Hankford he had two daughters and co-heiresses who inherited the Butler estates in England:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Anne Butler (1455-June 5, 1533), heiress through her mother of Annery, who married firstly Ambrose Cressacre, esquire, by whom she had no issue, and secondly Sir James St Leger (d. 1509), by whom she had two sons, Sir George St Leger, and James St Leger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Margaret Butler (1465–1537), who married Sir William Boleyn, by whom she had six sons and five daughters, including Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, father of Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly in 1486 , he married Lora Berkeley (1454–1501), widow successively of John Blount, 3rd Baron Mountjoy (by whom she had two sons and two daughters), and Sir Thomas Montgomery (d. 2 January 1495) of Faulkbourne, Essex, and daughter of Edward Berkeley (d. March 1506) of Beverston Castle, Gloucestershire, by his wife Christian Holt (d.1468), second daughter and coheir of Richard Holt. By his second wife Lora Berkeley, Ormond had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Butler (d. 1510).

paragraph: Section::::Death & succession.

paragraph: Ormond died on 3 August 1515 and was buried in the Mercers' Chapel of the Hospital of St Thomas of Acre in the City of London. As he died without male progeny the barony supposedly created in 1488 fell into abeyance. The Earldom devolved to his heir male and distant cousin Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond, 1st Earl of Ossory (1467–1539), the grandson of his first cousin Sir Edmund MacRichard Butler (1420–1464) of Polestown, County Kilkenny, Ireland, a grandson of James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond (c. 1359 – 1405) of Gowran Castle in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Butler dynasty

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Marie Louise Bruce, "Anne Boleyn", p. 11

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Antonia Fraser, "The Wives of Henry VIII", pp. 59, 117

description: Irish Earl

wikidata_label: Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond

wikipedia_title: Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond


text:
Anglo-Irish
nobleman
soldier
Lancastrian
Queen consort
Margaret of Anjou
Wars of the Roses
Yorkists
Battle of Towton
James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond
Joan de Beauchamp, Countess of Ormond
John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond
Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond
John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury
Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond
Earl of Wiltshire
Peerage of England
Henry VI
Lancastrian
Lord Deputy
Ireland
Earldom of Ormond
Lord Lieutenant
Lord High Treasurer of England
Knight of the Garter
Frome
St Andrew
Wars of the Roses
Queen consort
Margaret of Anjou
Gaelic Irish
First Battle of St Albans
Battle of Wakefield
Battle of Mortimer's Cross
Battle of Towton
Newcastle
Yorkists
John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond
Eleanor Beaufort
Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of Somerset
Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick
First Battle of St Albans
Butler dynasty

categories: Earls of Ormond (Ireland),Lord High Treasurers of England,People of the Wars of the Roses,1461 deaths,Butler dynasty,Knights of the Garter,People executed under the Yorkists,Lords Lieutenant of Ireland,People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation,Executed English people,Earls of Wiltshire,Executed Irish people,15th-century Irish people,1420 births

paragraph: James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond

paragraph: James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (24 November 1420 – 1 May 1461) was an Anglo-Irish nobleman and soldier. Butler was a staunch Lancastrian and supporter of Queen consort Margaret of Anjou during the Wars of the Roses. He was beheaded by the victorious Yorkists following the Battle of Towton.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: James Butler, born on 24 November 1420, was the eldest son of James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond, by his first wife, Joan de Beauchamp, Countess of Ormond (d. 3 or 5 August 1430). He had two younger brothers, John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond, and Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, as well as two sisters, Elizabeth Butler, who married John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury, and Anne Butler (d. 4 January 1435), who was contracted to marry Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond, although the marriage appears not to have taken place.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was created Earl of Wiltshire, in the Peerage of England, by King Henry VI on 8 July 1449, for his fidelity to the Lancastrian interest. In 1451 he became Lord Deputy of Ireland; the next year he succeeded his father in the Earldom of Ormond and was additionally appointed Lord Lieutenant for ten years. In 1454, he was constituted Lord High Treasurer of England and made a Knight of the Garter in 1459.

paragraph: By virtue of the rights of his wife, Avice, in the manor of Frome he exercised patronage of the chantry of St Andrew in the parish church at Frome in appointments made in 1452, 1453 and 1458.

paragraph: When the dynastic civil wars - known as the Wars of the Roses - broke out, Wiltshire fought on the Lancastrian side, becoming one of Queen consort Margaret of Anjou's staunchest supporters. He raised a significant force of Gaelic Irish troops to serve in England. He was present at the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, Battle of Wakefield in 1460, Battle of Mortimer's Cross in 1461 and at the Battle of Towton.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on 1 May 1461, beheaded at Newcastle by the Yorkists after the Lancastrian army was soundly defeated at the Battle of Towton. He has been described by Dan Jones (The Hollow Crown) as "perhaps the greatest coward of his generation, (having) previously run away from the first battle of St. Albans and the battle of Mortimer's Cross. He brought his tally to three desertions by abandoning Towton, but this time his luck had run out".

paragraph: He was succeeded by his brother, John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and Children.

paragraph: He married firstly Avice Stafford (1423-1457), daughter and heiress of Sir Richard Stafford by Maud Lovell, daughter and heiress of Robert Lovell, esquire, by whom he had no children.

paragraph: He married secondly Eleanor Beaufort (1431-1501), daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset by Eleanor Beauchamp, Duchess of Somerset, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, by whom he had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Appearance and Character.

paragraph: The Earl of Wiltshire was described as the most handsome man in the Kingdom and as Gregory records, at the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, Wiltshire "fought mainly with the heels, for he was frightened of losing his beauty"; prudently he had taken off his armour and hidden it in a ditch, donning a monk's habit.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Butler dynasty

description: Lancastrian of the Wars of the Roses

wikidata_label: James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond

wikipedia_title: James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond