text: goldsmith

text: engraver

text: printer

text: terrestrial

text: celestial globe

text: Leuven

text: Erasmus

text: Gemma Frisius

text: Hungary

text: John Dee

text: Franciscus Monachus

text: Mechelen

text: Gemma Frisius

text: Gerardus Mercator

text: Philip II

text: Globe

text: Celestial globe

text: Gerardus Mercator

text: Gemma Frisius

text: Franciscus Monachus

text: Atlas Cosmographicae

text: History of cartography

text: Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography

text: Golden Age of Dutch cartography

text: Cartographic images of maps and globes

text: Biography of Gaspard vander Heyden

categories: 16th-century cartographers,Flemish engravers,1496 births,Dutch cartographers,Belgian inventors,Flemish cartographers,Belgian geographers,16th-century engravers,1549 deaths,Dutch inventors,16th-century Dutch scientists

paragraph: Gaspard van der Heyden

paragraph: Gaspard van der Heyden (also known as Gaspar à Myrica) (c. 1496 – c. 1549) was a goldsmith, engraver, master printer and builder of precision astronomical instruments including terrestrial and celestial globes from Leuven, Belgium. He was well known among the humanists in Leuven as well as among scientists and mathematicians.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gaspard was the son of the surgeon Peter van der Heyden and Katharina van den Berghe. He was born around 1496 in Leuven. He's recorded to have married his wife, Anna van Luye in 1521. Little of his early life and education are recorded, but he was considered to be more than an artist, an engraver, a highly qualified craftsman, and a metal worker. He certainly had scientific education, especially in mathematics. A letter from Prof. Goglenius of Leuven dated December 2, 1531, to a friend of Erasmus, namely, to John Dantiscus, Polish policeman in the Netherlands, and great protector of Gemma Frisius, shows us that he and several other local humanists were friends of Erasmus. Goglenius thanks Dantiscus for a gift sent to him by Jaspar aurifex(Gaspard van der Heyden). The fact that the family name is not given makes it seem plausible that the goldsmith had a very good reputation among the Humanists in Leuven and the Court of Marius of Hungary. Unfortunately, Goclenius does not mention what type of object the gift was.

paragraph: Section::::Metalwork and Engraving.

paragraph: Gaspard van der Heyden is referred to as "aurifaber" or goldsmith in demographic records starting in 1524. In city records from Leuven his name is mentioned several times. It's recorded that on 13 June 1526 he received a payment for the production of a copper seal intended for the payment of the beer tax; On August 31, 1526, he's recorded to have been commissioned to make a gilded silver chain, destined for a city musician. On August 17, 1527 he's shown to have made a Seal for the city, and on the following December 19, he's recorded to have repaired the chain of a city whistle. In 1531/32, he's commissioned to make a stamp for embossing cloth.

paragraph: Van der Heyden was considered an important member of the Leuven geographic circle, and was noted by English scholar John Dee when he went abroad to speak with "some learned men, and chiefly Mathematicians, as Gemma Phrysius, Gerardus Mercator, Gaspar à Myrica [Gaspard van der Heyden], Antonius Gogava." In 1526 or 1527 he made a terrestrial and a celestial globe in collaboration with Franciscus Monachus of Mechelen. These globes have not survived, but are described by Monachus in a letter to his patron, entitled "De Orbis Situ ac descriptione ad Reverendiss. D. archiepiscopum Panormitanum, Francisci, Monachi ordinis Franciscani, epistola sane qua luculenta". (A very exquisite letter from Francis, a monk of the Franciscan order, to the most reverend Archbishop of Palermo, touching the site and description of the globe.)

paragraph: He built another terrestrial globe with the assistance of Gemma Frisius in 1529, but they planned a new globe by 1535 to better represent new geographical discoveries. The new globe was completed in 1536 with Gerardus Mercator who apprenticed under van der Heyden. A celestial globe was produced by Frisius, Mercator and van der Heyden in 1537. Copies of the newer globes were produced until the 1570s. A legend engraved on the celestial globe reads "Made by Gemma Frisius, doctor and mathematician, Gaspar à Myrica [Van der Heyden], and Gerardus Mercator of Rupelmonde in the year of the virgin birth 1537."

paragraph: On July 4, 1549, he received compensation for a five-day stay in Antwerp, where he bought a cup from the goldsmith, Matthieu van Campen. This gilded silver cup was then decorated with the coat of arms of the town, inscribed with the inscription "insignia oppidi Lovaniensis", and gifted to Philip II on 5 July 1549, when he received the most prestigious notables in Leuven.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Globe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celestial globe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerardus Mercator

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gemma Frisius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franciscus Monachus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas Cosmographicae"

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of cartography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (also known as the Golden Age of Dutch cartography)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cartographic images of maps and globes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Gaspard vander Heyden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World by Jerry Brotton - Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mercator: The Man Who Mapped the Planet by Nicholas Crane - Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Globes: 400 Years of Exploration, Navigation and Power by Sylvia Sumiria - Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- A World of Innovation: Cartography in the Time of Gerhard Mercator, Cambridge Scholars Publishers - Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- The History of Cartography, Volume 3, The University of Chicago Press - PDF

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Discovery of Gerard Mercator's Astrolabes, G.L'E. Turner

wikidata_label: Gaspard van der Heyden

wikipedia_title: Gaspard van der Heyden


text:
rhythmic gymnastics
contortion
Cirque du Soleil
Amaluna
Franco Dragone
Ukraine
Chernivtsy
Deriugina School
Kiev
Al Arabiya English
Amaluna
Okada Manila
Philippines
Abu Dhabi
Dubai
Doha
China
Atlantic City
Koozå
Saarbrücken
Saarland
Rock Hard Festival
Gelsenkirchen
Germany
Hannover
Dusseldorf
Absinthe
New York
Anna Stankus' official website

categories: Contortionists,Gymnasts,Circus performers,Living people,Cirque du Soleil performers

paragraph: Anna Stankus

paragraph: Anna Stankus is a circus performer who specialises in hula hoop manipulation whilst also incorporating rhythmic gymnastics and contortion in her acts. She is currently on tour with Cirque du Soleil Amaluna for its European and South American tours. Since first beginning her career in 2007, she has gone on to perform in many productions worldwide including for Cirque du Soleil, Cirque Le Noir, Franco Dragone shows and in various variety shows in her hometown of Las Vegas.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Anna Stankus was born in west Ukraine in Chernivtsy City on April 9, 1986. At the age of only four-years-old Anna began training with the Ukraine's top rhythmic gymnastics academy, the Deriugina School located in Kiev. During her time there Anna went on to win national and international awards in ribbon, club, ball, rope and hoop events. When she was 18, inspired by videos of Cirque du Soleil artists, Anna began her professional career performing her own dynamic contortion with hoops manipulation act before joining her first Cirque production in 2010.

paragraph: Since then Anna has traveled the world performing in Japan, China, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Russia, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Monte Carlo, Netherlands, Austria, the Philippines and more. She is currently based in Las Vegas, Nevada. She has performed in many popular Las Vegas shows including "V - The Ultimate Variety Show" and 'Best New Show' winner in "Zombie Burlesque". In 2016 Anna told Al Arabiya English, “We’ve done this all our lives…it’s what we do for a living.”

paragraph: Section::::Performances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017-Present, "Cirque du Soleil Amaluna", ("Touring"), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016, "World of Wonders at Okada Manila", (Philippines), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016, "Cirque Le Noir - The Dark Side of Cirque Tour", (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Doha), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016, "Zombie Burlesque", (Las Vegas), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016, "V - The Ultimate Variety Show", (Las Vegas), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015, "Franco Dragone Show", (China), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014, "Cirque Le Noir - The Dark Side of Cirque", (China), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014, "Cirque Le Noir - The Dark Side of Cirque", (Atlantic City), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014, "Cirque Éloize, ("Dubai"), Performer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013-2014, "Cirque du Soleil Koozå", ("Touring"), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011-2012, "Alexander Kunz Theatre Dinnershow," (Saarbrücken, Saarland), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011, "Rock Hard Festival," (Gelsenkirchen, Germany), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010, "GOP Varieté-Theater", (Hannover), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009, "Roncalli's Apollo Variete", (Dusseldorf, Germany), Performer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008, "Absinthe," (New York), Performer

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Stankus' official website

wikidata_label: Anna Stankus

wikipedia_title: Anna Stankus


text: paddle steamer

text: British Columbia

text: Alberta

text: Canada

text: New Westminster

text: Fraser

text: Yukon River

text: Charlotte

text: BC Express Company

text: BX

text: Soda Creek

text: Pacific Great Eastern Railway

text: Athabasca River

text: Alberta

text: South Fort George

categories: 1948 deaths,Year of birth missing,Cariboo people,Steamship captains

paragraph: Owen Forrester Browne

paragraph: Owen Forrester Browne was a paddle steamer captain in British Columbia, and Alberta, Canada.

paragraph: He was born in New Westminster and worked on the lower Fraser and Yukon River sternwheelers before coming to the upper Fraser River in the early 1900s.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Owen Forrester Browne, of Hawaiian heritage, began work on the upper Fraser River in 1906 piloting the pioneer sternwheeler "Charlotte". Because of his familiarity with the river and his skill as a swift water pilot the BC Express Company hired him to pilot their first sternwheeler, the "BX". Hawaiian pilots were known for their confidence in rough waters and intuitive navigational skills.

paragraph: Browne skippered the "BX" for his entire career from May 13, 1910 until August 1919 when she sank in the Cottonwood Canyon carrying 100 tons of sacked cement bound for Soda Creek that had been intended for building the Deep Creek Bridge of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway.

paragraph: After he left the Fraser, Browne piloted the "Northland Echo" on the Athabasca River in Alberta.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1915, Browne married Margaret Seymour of South Fort George, daughter of the locally famous, Granny Seymour, and they had four sons and five daughters. One of Browne's daughters was named Tito who married Ranford Messer in 1952 and 4 children, 2 sons and 2 daughters. One of Messer's daughters was Colleen Messer, who married Bruce Holbrook and had 2 daughters, Stephanie and Sasha.

paragraph: Browne's Children include Hugh M. Browne, Betty O'Donnell, Tito Messer, Oni Browne, Blani Olson, William Browne, Earl Browne, Betty O’Donnell and May Thomas, and Leila Johnston.

paragraph: Browne retired in New Westminster, where he died in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steamboats of the Upper Fraser River in British Columbia

description: Canadian steamship captain

wikidata_label: Owen Forrester Browne

wikipedia_title: Owen Forrester Browne


text:
Tlatelolca
Otontin
warrior class
hero
Siege of Tenochtitlan
Bernardino de Sahagún
Pedro de Alvarado

categories: Year of birth unknown,Aztec warriors,16th-century Mexican people,Year of death unknown,16th-century indigenous people of the Americas

paragraph: Tzilacatzin

paragraph: Tzilacatzin was a Tlatelolca warrior. A member of the "Otomi" or "Otontin" warrior class, he became famous as a hero during the Siege of Tenochtitlan.

paragraph: Bernardino de Sahagún's Tlatelolca informants describe that during the siege Spanish brigantines led by Pedro de Alvarado landed on the island where Tlatelolco was situated. Initially the warriors did not dare attack them but Tzilacatzin who was strong of arm killed several Spaniards by throwing stones at them. The Spaniards focused their fire on him but he cleverly evaded it and proceeded to disguise as a common soldier in order to not attract attention. At other times he fought without armor or head protection in order to intimidate the Spaniards with his valor.

paragraph: Later when brigantines landed in the district called Xocotitlan, they were forced to return to the boats and flee by Tzilacatzin and his men. He is also described as one of only three warriors not being fearful when confronted by the Spanish invaders.

description: Tlatelolca warrior

wikidata_label: Tzilacatzin

wikipedia_title: Tzilacatzin


text: lieutenant

text: Royal Navy

text: Battle of Trafalgar

text: Captain

text: Trafalgar Day

text: Fife

text: Scotland

text: Merchant Navy

text: press ganged

text: Royal Navy

text: Able Bodied

text: HMS "Sibyl"

text: HMS "Doris"

text: master's mate

text: Midshipman

text: lieutenant

text: French

text: corvette

text: Brest

text: Admiral Sir William Cornwallis

text: HMS "Namur"

text: Peace of Amiens

text: HMS "Spartiate"

text: Battle of the Nile

text: Battle of Trafalgar

text: Union Jack

text: HMS "Dragon"

text: commander

text: HMS "Charybdis"

text: brig

text: privateer

text: American War of 1812

text: British expedition

text: New Orleans

text: the Peace

text: Deptford

text: Newington, Edinburgh

text: captain

text: Edinburgh

text: The Times

text: auction

text: National Maritime Museum

text: Privateer

text: H.M.S. Charybdis

text: Saba

text: Caribbean

categories: 1851 deaths,People from Fife,Royal Navy officers,Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,1768 births

paragraph: James Clephan

paragraph: James Clephan (1768–1851) was a lieutenant in the Royal Navy who took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. He rose from the ranks to become a Captain. A flag presented to him after the battle by the crew of the ship on which he served at Trafalgar was sold at auction for £384,000 on Trafalgar Day 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Scoonie in Fife in Scotland in 1768, Clephan was originally a weaver but joined the Merchant Navy when the weaving industry went into decline. He was press ganged into the Royal Navy on 23 July 1794 aged 26. Beginning as an Able Bodied 2nd Class Mate aboard HMS "Sibyl", he then made 2nd Class Gunner's Mate on HMS "Doris" and master's mate on 10 October 1796. He was promoted to Midshipman on 7 January 1801 and was promoted to lieutenant on 31 July 1801 for distinguished conduct during the successful capture of the French corvette "Chevrette" at Brest. Despite being wounded and knocked overboard, Clephan was still the first man to reach the enemy's deck. On his promotion Admiral Sir William Cornwallis said "..you well deserve your promotion; few officers have earned it so hardly."

paragraph: Assigned to the 90-gun HMS "Namur", Clephan served as her Second Lieutenant until the Peace of Amiens in April 1802. Taking the opportunity to marry during this brief interval, in March 1803 Clephan was appointed First Lieutenant of the 74-gun HMS "Spartiate", which had been captured from the French during the Battle of the Nile. He was on board "Spartiate" during the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, after which he was presented with the ship's Union Jack as a mark of esteem from the crew. He served on board "Spartiate" until December 1809.

paragraph: In 1811 he joined HMS "Dragon", and in April was promoted to commander and given the sloop HMS "Charybdis" in which he captured two American vessels, the brig "William Rathbone" and the privateer "Blockade" in 1813 during the American War of 1812. In 1814–15 he participated in the British expedition against New Orleans and, on its failure, conveyed the despatches. In August 1815, with the Peace, he was paid off at Deptford and placed on half pay.

paragraph: In the 1830s Clephan is recorded as living at 3 Salisbury Place in Newington, Edinburgh.

paragraph: He retired in 1840 with the rank of captain. He was one of only 16 press ganged men to attain the rank of Captain out of an estimated 300,000 men.

paragraph: Clephan retired to Edinburgh and died there in 1851 aged 83.

paragraph: Section::::Trafalgar flag.

paragraph: On 8 October 2009 "The Times" reported that the Union Jack which had been presented to Clephan after Trafalgar had been discovered in a drawer by a descendant and was to be auctioned. The 11 ft x 7 ft (3.5m x 2.1m) flag had been made by the crew out of 31 bunting panels and was riddled with holes made by cannonshot and bullets. As the only surviving Union Jack from the battle, it was expected to raise £15,000 but actually made £384,000 (A$687,774). Among the unsuccessful bidders was the National Maritime Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Blockade flag.

paragraph: A rare American flag of 17 Stars and 17 Stripes, flown by the U.S. Privateer "Blockade" descended in the Clephan family and surfaced in 2007, when it was sold in private sale to the Zaricor Flag Collection. Captain Clephan's ship, the H.M.S. Charybdis, captured the "Blockade" off of the island of Saba in the Caribbean on 31 October 1812. The ship was sold as a prize of war, and Captain Clephan kept the ship's flag. The flag is one of the earliest known Stars and Stripes in private hands, and the only 17-Star, 17-Stripe flag known to survive. The flag was sold in private sale to the Zaricor Flag Collection of Santa Clara, California. The Zaricor Flag Collection also purchased the Trafalgar flag, and both of Captain Clephan's early flags remain together.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clephan and the Union Jack in the "Daily Mail" 8 October 2009/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Last surviving Trafalgar flag expected to fetch £15,000 at auction' "The Times" 8 October 2009/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Miller Ltd:

description: British Royal Navy officer

wikidata_label: James Clephan

wikipedia_title: James Clephan


text:
Herbert Beerbohm Tree
Viola Tree
Felicity Tree
Iris Tree
Her Majesty's Theatre
Queen's College, London
classics
Sweethearts
W. S. Gilbert
Gaiety Theatre
Herbert Beerbohm Tree
Twelfth Night
The Times
Sarah Bernhardt
Pinero
Grundy
Wilde
Sheridan
Her Majesty's Theatre
A Woman of No Importance
Hamlet
Henry IV, Part 1
Julius Caesar
The Merry Wives of Windsor
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Much Ado About Nothing
The Manchester Guardian
Still Waters Run Deep
Little Dorrit
Wedding Rehearsal
The Girl from Maxim's
The Private Life of Henry VIII
The Man Who Could Work Miracles
The School for Scandal
The Rivals
George Robey
Ambassadors Theatre
Irene Vanbrugh
University College Hospital
Still Waters Run Deep
Little Dorrit
Such Is the Law
Wedding Rehearsal
Early to Bed
The Private Life of Henry VIII
The Girl from Maxim's
The Man Who Could Work Miracles

wikipedia_title:
Herbert Beerbohm Tree
Viola Tree
Felicity Tree
Iris Tree
Her Majesty's Theatre
Queen's College, London
Classics
Sweethearts (play)
W. S. Gilbert
Gaiety Theatre, London
Herbert Beerbohm Tree
Twelfth Night
The Times
Sarah Bernhardt
Arthur Wing Pinero
Sydney Grundy
Oscar Wilde
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
Her Majesty's Theatre
A Woman of No Importance
Hamlet
Henry IV, Part 1
Julius Caesar (play)
The Merry Wives of Windsor
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Much Ado About Nothing
The Guardian
Still Waters Run Deep (film)
Little Dorrit
Wedding Rehearsal
The Girl from Maxim's
The Private Life of Henry VIII
The Man Who Could Work Miracles
The School for Scandal
The Rivals
George Robey
Ambassadors Theatre (London)
Irene Vanbrugh
University College Hospital
Still Waters Run Deep (film)
Little Dorrit (1920 film)
Such Is the Law
Wedding Rehearsal
Early to Bed (1933 film)
The Private Life of Henry VIII
The Girl from Maxim's
The Man Who Could Work Miracles

categories: English stage actresses,1937 deaths,19th-century English actresses,English film actresses,Actresses from London,1858 births

paragraph: Helen Maud Holt

paragraph: Helen Maud Holt (5 October 1863 – 7 August 1937), professionally known as Mrs Beerbohm Tree and later Lady Tree, was an English actress. She was the wife of the actor Herbert Beerbohm Tree and the mother of Viola Tree, Felicity Tree and Iris Tree.

paragraph: After early stage appearances beginning in 1883, Mrs Tree married and established a theatrical partnership with her husband, in which they appeared in revivals of classic plays and productions of new plays, first at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket and then at Her Majesty's Theatre. Her performances in serious roles were well received, but she was most celebrated for her work in comedy, from Shakespeare to new works by Wilde and others.

paragraph: After her husband's death in 1917, Lady Tree continued to act steadily for almost two decades more until towards the end of her life, in plays and some films, making her last stage appearance in 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early years.

paragraph: Holt was born in London, the daughter of William Holt. She was educated at Queen's College, London, taking high honours in classics, and making her stage debut in a student production of a Greek drama. Her professional debut was in January 1883, playing Jenny Northcott in a revival of "Sweethearts", by W. S. Gilbert, at the Gaiety Theatre, London. Later that year, she married the young actor Herbert Beerbohm Tree. In May 1883, she played her first Shakespearean role, Olivia in "Twelfth Night".

paragraph: In September 1883, now billed under her married name, Mrs Beerbohm Tree, she had what "The Times" called "her first big hit" as Hester Gould in G. W. Godfrey's "The Millionaire". The reviewer in "The Times" wrote, "Another excellent impersonation is the Hester Gould of Mrs Beerbohm Tree, a lady who, although new to the stage, has manifestly the temperament and artistic sense of a fine actress. The viperine qualities of this mysterious mischief-maker … are rendered by Mrs Beerbohm Tree with extraordinary incisiveness, and with a concentration of nervous force suggestive of Madame Sarah Bernhardt."

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Partnership with Tree.

paragraph: For the next four years, Mrs Tree appeared in a range of roles, including that of Maud in Tree's one-act play "Six and Eightpence", but husband and wife did not appear in the same plays. In 1887, however, she joined Tree's company at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, appearing with him in numerous roles. Under Tree's direction she played in works by Pinero, Grundy, Wilde, Sheridan and Shakespeare. I

paragraph: Her husband opened the rebuilt Her Majesty's Theatre in 1887, where she then appeared under his direction, also assisting him in theatre management. In 1893, she created the role of Mrs Allonby in Wilde's "A Woman of No Importance", opposite Tree's Lord Illingworth.

paragraph: Although most celebrated for her performances in contemporary comedies, Mrs Tree appeared with success in more serious roles, including Ophelia in "Hamlet" (1891, 1882, and 1905), Lady Percy in "Henry IV, Part 1", Calpurnia in "Julius Caesar" (1900), Gertrude in "Hamlet" (1905), and Portia in "Julius Caesar" (1911).

paragraph: In Shakespearean comedy she was well known for her appearances in "The Merry Wives of Windsor", in which at various stages in her career she played the juvenile lead, Ann Page, and then both of the merry wives in different productions. Other Shakespeare roles were Titania in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1900), Beatrice in "Much Ado About Nothing" (1905), and Mistress Quickly in "Henry IV, Part 1" (1935).

paragraph: Although "fond of joking about her comparative importance as Mrs Tree and later as Lady Tree", she was, according to "The Manchester Guardian" "a witty woman, and by no means an unimportant actress." She exercised discreet influence on Tree's career, persuading him in 1898 that he should play Marc Antony in "Julius Caesar", rather than Brutus as he had intended. The effectiveness of her advice was shown when, in the words of "The Times", the production "made the name of Tree famous throughout the theatrical world."

paragraph: Both Tree and his wife were enthusiastic participants in the new medium of filmed drama. She appeared in "Still Waters Run Deep" (1916), "Little Dorrit" (1920), "Such is the Law" (1930), "Wedding Rehearsal" (1932), "Early to Bed", "The Girl from Maxim's", "The Private Life of Henry VIII" and "Her Imaginary Lover" (all in 1933), and "The Man Who Could Work Miracles" (1936).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Later years.

paragraph: Tree died in 1917. His wife continued acting after his death, working until almost the end of her life 20 years later. Among the roles for which she was most celebrated were Lady Teazle in "The School for Scandal" and Mrs Malaprop in "The Rivals", one of the highlights of her later career. Her colleague John Martin Harvey said of her, "In her latter years she created a distinct type of acting so clever that no one was able to imitate it."

paragraph: Lady Tree's last stage appearances were in 1935, as Mistress Quickly to George Robey's Falstaff at Her Majesty's Theatre, and as the Duchess of Stroud in "Our Own Lives" at the Ambassadors Theatre, with Irene Vanbrugh. A volume of correspondence between Maud and her literary, business and family contacts was edited and published by Susana Cory-Wright ("nee Torrents dels Prats"), the ex-wife of her great grandson, Anthony Jonathan Cory-Wright, titled "Lady Tree: A Theatrical Life in Letters" (2012).

paragraph: She died at University College Hospital, London, after an operation, at age 73.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Waters Run Deep" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Dorrit" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Such Is the Law" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wedding Rehearsal" (1932) as the Countess of Stokeshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early to Bed" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Private Life of Henry VIII" (1933) as The King's Nurse

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl from Maxim's" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Who Could Work Miracles" (1936)

alias:
Mrs Beerbohm Tree
Lady Tree

description: English actress

wikidata_label: Helen Maud Holt

wikipedia_title: Helen Maud Holt


text:
France
Constantine III
Constantius II
Heros of Arles
Palestine
Marseille
Lazarus
Jesus
relic
Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille
Autun Cathedral

wikipedia_title:
France
Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)
Constantius II
Heros of Arles
Palestine (region)
Marseille
Lazarus of Bethany
Jesus
Relic
Abbey of St Victor, Marseille
Autun Cathedral

categories: Bishops of Aix-en-Provence,Gallo-Roman saints,441 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Lazarus of Aix

paragraph: Saint Lazarus of Aix () (d. 441) was the first verifiable bishop of Aix-en-Provence, in France. He was appointed to his bishopric by the usurper emperor Constantine III in 408, and stripped of his office after Constantine was deposed by the future Constantius II in 411. Together with Heros of Arles, who had likewise been appointed by Constantine and deposed by Constantius, he then spent several years in Palestine before returning to Marseille, where he died on 3 August 441.

paragraph: Although never canonised, he is venerated as a saint thanks to a confusion with his namesake, Lazarus, the friend of Jesus. Some of his relics are preserved in the Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille, where his epitaph is also to be found, and others are kept in Autun Cathedral, which is dedicated to him.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: Lazarus of Bethany

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Lazarus of Aix

wikipedia_title: Lazarus of Aix


text:
Byzantine Emperor
Kourkouas
Armenian
Matthew of Edessa
Chmushkatzag
Fourth Armenia
Sophene
Nikephoros II Phokas
Phokadai
Cappadocia
Asia Minor
John Kourkouas
Melitene
Pantherios Skleros
Bardas Skleros
Skleros
Leo the Deacon
at war
Abbasid Caliphate
Hamdanid
Emirate of Aleppo
Sayf al-Dawla
Aleppo
Battle of Raban
Romanos II
Theophano
Michael Bourtzes
Leo Balantes
assassinate
Bardas Skleros
Bardas Phokas
Theodora
Constantine VII
Aleppo
Treaty of Safar
Kievan Rus'
Danube
Thrace
Battle of Arcadiopolis
Mt. Haemus
besieged the fortress of Dorostolon
Silistra
Svyatoslav I
Church of Christ of the Chalkè
Boris II
Paulicians
Muslim
Abbasid Empire
Mesopotamia
Syria
Emesa (Homs)
Baalbek
Damascus
Tiberias
Nazareth
Caesarea
Sidon
Beirut
Byblos
Tripoli
Jerusalem
Christ Chalkites
Basil Lekapenos
Basil II
Tsimiski Street
Thessaloniki
List of Byzantine emperors
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
Profile of Emperor John
Coinage of Tzimiskes

categories: Domestics of the Schools,Macedonian dynasty,Kourkouas family,960s in the Byzantine Empire,Armenian Byzantine emperors,Burials in Constantinople,10th-century Byzantine emperors,920s births,976 deaths,Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,970s in the Byzantine Empire,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: John I Tzimiskes

paragraph: John I Tzimiskes (, "Iōánnēs I Tzimiskēs"; – 10 January 976) was the senior Byzantine Emperor from 11 December 969 to 10 January 976. An intuitive and successful general, he strengthened the Empire and expanded its borders during his short reign.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: John I Tzimiskes was born into the Kourkouas clan, a family of Armenian origin. Scholars have speculated that his nickname ""Tzimiskes"" was derived either from the Armenian "Chmushkik" (Չմշկիկ), meaning "red boot", or from an Armenian word for "short stature". A more favorable explanation is offered by the medieval Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa, who states that Tzimiskes was from the region of Khozan, from the area which is now called Chmushkatzag." Khozan was located in the region of Paghnatun, in the Byzantine province of Fourth Armenia (Sophene).

paragraph: Tzimiskes was born sometime around 925 to an unnamed member of the Kourkouas family and the sister of the future Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas. Both the Kourkouai and the Phokadai were distinguished Cappadocian families, and among the most prominent of the emerging military aristocracy of Asia Minor. Several of their members had served as prominent army generals, most notably the great John Kourkouas, who conquered Melitene and much of Armenia.

paragraph: Contemporary sources describe Tzimiskes as a rather short but well-built man, with reddish blonde hair and beard and blue eyes who was attractive to women. He seems to have joined the army at an early age, originally under the command of his maternal uncle Nikephoros Phokas. The latter is also considered his instructor in the art of war. Partly because of his familial connections and partly because of his personal abilities, Tzimiskes quickly rose through the ranks. He was given the political and military command of the theme of Armenia before he turned twenty-five years old.

paragraph: His marriage to Maria Skleraina, daughter of Pantherios Skleros and sister of Bardas Skleros, linked him to the influential Skleros family. Little is known about her; she died before his rise to the throne, and the marriage was apparently childless. The contemporary historian Leo the Deacon remarks that she excelled in both beauty and wisdom.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to the throne.

paragraph: The Byzantine Empire was at war with its eastern neighbors, the various autonomous and semi-autonomous emirates emerging from the break-up of the Abbasid Caliphate. The most prominent among them was the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, under Sayf al-Dawla. Armenia served as the borderland between the two Empires, and Tzimiskes successfully defended his province. He and his troops joined the main part of the army, which was campaigning under the command of Nikephoros Phokas.

paragraph: Nikephoros justified his name (meaning "bearer of victory") with a series of victories, moving the borders further east with the capture of about 60 border cities including Aleppo. By 962 the Hamdanids had sued for peace with favorable terms for the Byzantines, securing the eastern border of the Empire for some years. Tzimiskes distinguished himself during the war both at the side of his uncle and at leading parts of the army to battle under his personal command, as in the Battle of Raban in 958. He was rather popular with his troops and gained a reputation for taking the initiative during battles, turning their course.

paragraph: On the death of Emperor Romanos II in 963, Tzimiskes urged his uncle to seize the throne. After helping Nikephoros to the throne and continuing to defend the Empire's eastern provinces, Tzimiskes was deprived of his command by an intrigue, for which he retaliated by conspiring with Nikephoros' wife Theophano and a number of disgruntled leading generals (Michael Bourtzes and Leo Balantes) to assassinate Nikephoros.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: After his coronation in December 969, Tzimiskes dispatched his brother-in-law Bardas Skleros to subdue a rebellion by Bardas Phokas, a cousin of Tzimiskes who aspired to succeed their uncle as emperor. To solidify his position, Tzimiskes married Theodora, a daughter of Emperor Constantine VII. He proceeded to justify his usurpation by repelling the foreign invaders of the Empire. The tributary of Aleppo was soon assured under the Treaty of Safar. In a series of campaigns against the Kievan Rus' encroachment on the Lower Danube in 970–971, he drove the enemy out of Thrace in the Battle of Arcadiopolis, crossed Mt. Haemus, and besieged the fortress of Dorostolon (Silistra) on the Danube for sixty-five days, where after several hard-fought battles he defeated Great Prince Svyatoslav I of Rus'. Tzimiskes and Svyatoslav ended up negotiating a truce, in which weaponry, armor and provisions were exchanged for the famished Rus' departure. On his return to Constantinople, Tzimiskes celebrated a triumph, built the Church of Christ of the Chalkè as thanksgiving, divested the captive Bulgarian Emperor Boris II of the Imperial symbols, and proclaimed Bulgaria annexed. He further secured his northern frontier by transplanting to Thrace some colonies of the Paulicians, whom he suspected of sympathising with their Muslim neighbours in the east.

paragraph: In 972 Tzimiskes turned against the Abbasid Empire and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. A second campaign, in 975, was aimed at Syria, where his forces took Emesa (Homs), Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos, and Tripoli, but they failed to take Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Tzimiskes died suddenly in 976 returning from his second campaign against the Abbasids and was buried in the Church of Christ Chalkites, which he had rebuilt. Several sources state that the Imperial chamberlain Basil Lekapenos poisoned the Emperor to prevent him from stripping Lekapenos of his ill-gotten lands and riches. Tzimiskes left all his own personal wealth to the poor and the sick. He was succeeded by his ward and nephew, Basil II, who had been nominal co-emperor since 960.

paragraph: Section::::Miscellaneous.

paragraph: Today, Tsimiski Street, the main commercial road in the center of Thessaloniki, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Emperor John

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Tzimiskes

description: Byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: John I Tzimiskes

wikipedia_title: John I Tzimiskes


text: Mansa

text: Mali Empire

text: Ghana Empire

text: Mauritania

text: Mali

text: gold

text: Time

text: Manding

text: Malian Empire

text: Al-Umari

text: Ibn Khaldun

text: Ibn Battuta

text: sahabiyy

text: Abu Bakr

text: Sundiata Keita

text: History of Mali

text: Mecca

text: Abubakari Keita II

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Al-Umari

text: Muslim

text: pilgrimage to Mecca

text: northern Africa

text: Middle East

text: brocade

text: slave

text: camel

text: Mecca

text: Cairo

text: Medina

text: mosque

text: Mamluk sultan of Egypt

text: Al-Nasir Muhammad

text: Mediterranean

text: Gao

text: Sakura

text: Niani

text: mosques

text: madrasas

text: Sankore Madrasah

text: arabesque

text: Niger Delta

text: Timbuktu

text: Gao

text: Mecca

text: Andalusia

text: Djinguereber Mosque

text: Hausaland

text: Djenné

text: Ségou

text: Venice

text: Granada

text: Genoa

text: University of Sankore

text: Mossi

text: Library of Alexandria

text: Maghan

text: Suleyman

text: Ibn-Khaldun

text: Tlemcen

text: De Villiers, Marq

text: archive.org

text: African Legends page

text: Mansa Musa

categories: Medieval Islamic travel writers,14th-century monarchs in Africa,Year of birth uncertain,Mansas of Mali,Guinean philanthropists,1280s births,Keita family,Mali Empire,1337 deaths

paragraph: Musa I of Mali

paragraph: Musa I ( – ) or Mansa Musa was the tenth "Mansa", which translates to "sultan", "conqueror", or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Islamic Mali Empire. At the time of Musa's rise to the throne, the Malian Empire consisted of territory formerly belonging to the Ghana Empire in present-day southern Mauritania and in Melle (Mali) and the immediate surrounding areas. Musa held many titles, including "Emir of Melle", "Lord of the Mines of Wangara", "Conqueror of Ghanata", and at least a dozen others. Mansa Musa conquered 24 cities, each with surrounding districts containing villages and estates. During his reign, Mali may have been the largest producer of gold in the world; it was at a point of exceptional demand for the commodity. He was one of the richest people in history; "Time" magazine reported: "There's really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth."

paragraph: Section::::Nomenclature.

paragraph: Musa Keita was referred to (and is most commonly found) as Mansa Musa in Western manuscripts and literature. His name also appears as Kankou Musa, Kankan Musa, and Kanku Musa. "Kankou" is a popular Manding female name, thus Kankou Musa reads "Musa whose mother was Kankou".

paragraph: Other alternatives are Mali-koy Kankan Musa, Gonga Musa, and the Lion of Mali.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage and accession to the throne.

paragraph: What is known about the kings of the Malian Empire is taken from the writings of Arab scholars, including Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibn Khaldun, and Ibn Battuta. According to Ibn-Khaldun's comprehensive history of the Malian kings, Mansa Musa's grandfather was Abu-Bakr Keita (the Arabic equivalent to Bakari or Bogari, original name unknown − not the sahabiyy Abu Bakr), a nephew of Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Malian Empire as recorded through oral histories. Abu-Bakr did not ascend the throne, and his son, Musa's father, Faga Laye, has no significance in the History of Mali.

paragraph: Mansa Musa came to the throne through a practice of appointing a deputy when a king goes on his pilgrimage to Mecca or some other endeavor, and later naming the deputy as heir. According to primary sources, Musa was appointed deputy of Abubakari Keita II, the king before him, who had reportedly embarked on an expedition to explore the limits of the Atlantic Ocean, and never returned. The Arab-Egyptian scholar Al-Umari quotes Mansa Musa as follows:The ruler who preceded me did not believe that it was impossible to reach the extremity of the ocean that encircles the earth (meaning Atlantic), and wanted to reach that (end) and obstinately persisted in the design. So he equipped two hundred boats full of men, as many others full of gold, water and victuals sufficient enough for several years. He ordered the chief (admiral) not to return until they had reached the extremity of the ocean, or if they had exhausted the provisions and the water. They set out. Their absence extended over a long period, and, at last, only one boat returned. On our questioning, the captain said: 'Prince, we have navigated for a long time, until we saw in the midst of the ocean as if a big river was flowing violently. My boat was the last one; others were ahead of me. As soon as any of them reached this place, it drowned in the whirlpool and never came out. I sailed backwards to escape this current.' But the Sultan would not believe him. He ordered two thousand boats to be equipped for him and for his men, and one thousand more for water and victuals. Then he conferred on me the regency during his absence, and departed with his men on the ocean trip, never to return nor to give a sign of life.Musa's son and successor, Mansa Magha Keita, was also appointed deputy during Musa's pilgrimage.

paragraph: Section::::Islam and pilgrimage to Mecca.

paragraph: Musa was a devout Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca made him well known across northern Africa and the Middle East. To Musa, Islam was "an entry into the cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". He would spend much time fostering the growth of the religion within his empire.

paragraph: Musa made his pilgrimage between 1324 and 1325. His procession reportedly included 60,000 men, all wearing brocade and Persian silk, including 12,000 slaves, who each carried of gold bars, and heralds dressed in silks, who bore gold staffs, organized horses, and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. Those animals included 80 camels which each carried of gold dust. Musa gave the gold to the poor he met along his route. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to Mecca, including Cairo and Medina, but also traded gold for souvenirs. It was reported that he built a mosque every Friday.

paragraph: Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts, and histories. Musa is known to have visited the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, Al-Nasir Muhammad, in July 1324. However, Musa's generous actions inadvertently devastated the economies of the regions through which he passed. In the cities of Cairo, Medina, and Mecca, the sudden influx of gold devalued the metal for the next decade. Prices on goods and wares greatly inflated. To rectify the gold market, on his way back from Mecca, Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the Mediterranean.

paragraph: Section::::Later reign.

paragraph: During his long return journey from Mecca in 1325, Musa heard news that his army had recaptured Gao. Sagmandia, one of his generals, led the endeavor. The city of Gao had been within the empire since before Sakura's reign and was an important − though often rebellious − trading center. Musa made a detour and visited the city where he received, as hostages, the two sons of the Gao king, Ali Kolon and Suleiman Nar. He returned to Niani with the two boys and later educated them at his court. When Mansa Musa returned, he brought back many Arabian scholars and architects.

paragraph: Section::::Later reign.:Construction in Mali.

paragraph: Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Most notably, the ancient center of learning Sankore Madrasah (or University of Sankore) was constructed during his reign.

paragraph: In Niani, Musa built the Hall of Audience, a building communicating by an interior door to the royal palace. It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by a dome and adorned with arabesques of striking colours. The wooden window frames of an upper storey were plated with silver foil; those of a lower storey with gold. Like the Great Mosque, a contemporaneous and grandiose structure in Timbuktu, the Hall was built of cut stone.

paragraph: During this period, there was an advanced level of urban living in the major centers of the Mali. Sergio Domian, an Italian scholar of art and architecture, wrote of this period: "Thus was laid the foundation of an urban civilization. At the height of its power, Mali had at least 400 cities, and the interior of the Niger Delta was very densely populated."

paragraph: Section::::Later reign.:Economy and education.

paragraph: It is recorded that Mansa Musa traveled through the cities of Timbuktu and Gao on his way to Mecca, and made them a part of his empire when he returned around 1325. He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Spain, and Cairo to build his grand palace in Timbuktu and the great Djinguereber Mosque that still stands today.

paragraph: Timbuktu soon became a center of trade, culture, and Islam; markets brought in merchants from Hausaland, Egypt, and other African kingdoms, a university was founded in the city (as well as in the Malian cities of Djenné and Ségou), and Islam was spread through the markets and university, making Timbuktu a new area for Islamic scholarship. News of the Malian empire's city of wealth even traveled across the Mediterranean to southern Europe, where traders from Venice, Granada, and Genoa soon added Timbuktu to their maps to trade manufactured goods for gold.

paragraph: The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians. The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu.

paragraph: In 1330, the kingdom of Mossi invaded and conquered the city of Timbuktu. Gao had already been captured by Musa's general, and Musa quickly regained Timbuktu, built a rampart and stone fort, and placed a standing army to protect the city from future invaders.

paragraph: While Musa's palace has since vanished, the university and mosque still stand in Timbuktu today.

paragraph: By the end of Mansa Musa's reign, the Sankoré University had been converted into a fully staffed University with the largest collections of books in Africa since the Library of Alexandria. The Sankoré University was capable of housing 25,000 students and had one of the largest libraries in the world with roughly 1,000,000 manuscripts.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The death date of Mansa Musa is highly debated among modern historians and the Arab scholars who recorded the history of Mali. When compared to the reigns of his successors, son Mansa Maghan (recorded rule from 1337 to 1341) and older brother Mansa Suleyman (recorded rule from 1341 to 1360), and Musa's recorded 25 years of rule, the calculated date of death is 1337. Other records declare Musa planned to abdicate the throne to his son Maghan, but he died soon after he returned from Mecca in 1325. According to an account by Ibn-Khaldun, Mansa Musa was alive when the city of Tlemcen in Algeria was conquered in 1337, as he sent a representative to Algeria to congratulate the conquerors on their victory.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Villiers, Marq, and Sheila Hirtle. "Timbuktu: Sahara’s Fabled City of Gold". Walker and Company: New York. 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- . First published in 1981.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient History Encyclopedia - Mansa Musa I

paragraph: BULLET::::- History Channel: Mansa Moussa: Pilgrimage of Gold at archive.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- African Legends page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mansa Musa, from Black History Pages

alias:
Musa I of Mali
Musa I

description: Historical ruler in West Africa

enwikiquote_title: Musa I of Mali

wikidata_label: nmanasna

wikipedia_title: Musa I of Mali


text:
ice hockey
defenceman
Straubing Tigers
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Hannover Scorpions
Düsseldorfer EG

categories: People from Ingolstadt,Düsseldorfer EG players,EV Landshut players,1988 births,ERC Ingolstadt players,Hannover Scorpions players,Straubing Tigers players,German ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Stephan Daschner

paragraph: Stephan Daschner (born August 5, 1988) is a German professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing for the Straubing Tigers in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He has formerly played for the Hannover Scorpions and Düsseldorfer EG.

paragraph: On March 26, 2018, after four seasons with DEG, Daschner signed as a free agent to a one-year deal with the Straubing Tigers.

description: German ice hockey defenceman

wikidata_label: Stephan Daschner

wikipedia_title: Stephan Daschner


text:
Frankish
Frankish
Gaul
Merovingian dynasty
Clovis I
Gregory of Tours
Merovech
Chlodio
Silva Carbonaria
Tournai
Cambrai
Somme
Belgica Secunda
Julius Caesar
Saint Remigius
Loire
Aegidius
Thuringia
Guy Halsall
Flavius Aetius
Attila
Syagrius
Soissons
Visigoths
Theodoric II
Orleans
Loire
Euric
Saxons
Adovacrius
Odoacer
Allemani
Clovis I
Audofleda
Theodoric the Great
Arian
Tournai
garnet
cloisonné
bee
cicada
Archduke Leopold William
Habsburgs
Louis XIV
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
Revolution
Napoleon
fleur-de-lys
French Empire
Livius.org on Childeric
Photo:
"A note on Childeric's bees"

categories: Magistri militum,Merovingian kings,5th-century Frankish people,Frankish warriors,480s deaths,437 births

paragraph: Childeric I

paragraph: Childeric I (; ; ; reconstructed Frankish: "*Hildirīk"; – 481 AD) was a Frankish leader in the northern part of imperial Roman Gaul and a member of the Merovingian dynasty, described as a King (Latin "Rex"), both on his Roman-style seal ring, which was buried with him, and in fragmentary later records of his life. He was father of Clovis I, who acquired lordship over all or most Frankish kingdoms, and a significant part of Roman Gaul.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Childeric's father is recorded by several sources including Gregory of Tours to have been Merovech, whose name is the basis of the Merovingian dynasty. Gregory reports that Merovech was reputed by some to be a descendant of Chlodio who was an earlier Frankish king who had conquered Roman Gaulish areas in the Silva Carbonaria, then in Tournai, Cambrai and as far south as the Somme. This is roughly the definition of the Roman province of "Belgica Secunda" (approximately the "Belgium" defined by Julius Caesar centuries earlier, the region stretching from north of Paris to the Flemish coast) and later a letter of Saint Remigius to Childeric's son Clovis I implies that Childeric had been the administrative chief of this Roman province.

paragraph: In records from Childeric's own lifetime, he is mainly associated with the Roman military actions around the Loire river, where he appears in records involving the Gallo-Roman general Aegidius. According to Gregory of Tours, Childeric was exiled at some point, the reason being given as Frankish unhappiness with Childeric's debauchery and seduction of the daughters of his subjects. Childeric spent eight years in exile in "Thuringia" waiting to make a return. In the meantime, according to Gregory, Aegidius himself took up the title of king of the Franks. Upon his return Childeric was joined by the wife of his host, Queen Basina, who bore Childeric his son Clovis.

paragraph: Guy Halsall connects the story to Roman politics, Aegidius being an appointee of Majorian:

paragraph: Halsall (p. 269) speculates that Childeric probably began a Roman military career in the service of Flavius Aetius who defeated Attila in Gaul, and he points out that much of his military career appears to have played out far from the Frankish homelands. Ulrich Nonn (map p. 37, and pp. 99–100), following his teacher Eugen Ewig, believes that the exile story reflects a real sequence of events whereby Childeric was a leader of "Salian" or "Belgian" Franks based in the Romanized areas conquered by Chlodio, who were allies under the lordship of Aegidius, but eventually able to take over his power when he and his imperial patron died. (Childeric's son Clovis I later fought Aegidius' son Syagrius who was remembered as a King of Romans, and who had control of Soissons in the south of "Belgica Secunda".)

paragraph: In a passage normally considered to have come from a lost collection of Annals, Gregory (II.18) gives a sequence of events which are very difficult to interpret. In 463 Childeric and Aegidius successfully repelled the Visigoths of Theodoric II from Orleans on the Loire. After the death of Aegidius soon after, Childeric and a "Comes" ("count") Paul are recorded defending the Loire region from Saxon raiders, who were possibly coordinating with the Goths now under Euric. Childeric and Paul fought Saxons under the command of a leader named "Adovacrius" (sometimes given by modern authors in either an Anglo-Saxon spelling form, Eadwacer, or in a spelling the same as used for his contemporary the future King of Italy Odoacer, with whom he is sometimes equated). The origin of these "Saxons" is however unclear, and they are described as being based upon islands somewhere in the region.

paragraph: Soon after this passage, Gregory of Tours (II.19) reports that Childeric coordinated with "Odovacrius", this time normally assumed to be the King of Italy, against Allemani who had entered Italy. While some authors interpret these Allemani to be Alans, a people established in the Loire region in this period, there is no consensus on this, because the reference in this case is not apparently to events near the Loire.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage, children, and death.

paragraph: Gregory of Tours, in his "History of the Franks", mentions several siblings of Clovis within his narrative, meaning that the following list of children of Childeric is known.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Clovis I (died 511), whose mother was Basina.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Audofleda, Queen of the Ostrogoths, wife of Theodoric the Great. Gregory III.31 also mentions their daughter Amalasuntha.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lanthechild. Gregory II.31 mentions she had been an Arian but converted to Catholicism with Clovis.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Albofleda (died approximately 500). Gregory II.31 mentions that she died soon after being baptized with Clovis.

paragraph: Childeric is generally considered to have died in 481 or 482 based on Gregory's reports that his son Clovis died in 511 and ruled 30 years.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Childeric's tomb was discovered in 1653 not far from the 12th-century church of Saint-Brice in Tournai, now in Belgium. Numerous precious objects were found, including jewels of gold and garnet cloisonné, gold coins, a gold bull's head, and a ring with the king's name inscribed. Some 300 golden winged insects (usually viewed as bees or cicadas) were also found which had been placed on the king's cloak. Archduke Leopold William, governor of the Southern Netherlands (today's Belgium), had the find published in Latin. The treasure went first to the Habsburgs in Vienna, then as a gift to Louis XIV, who was not impressed with the treasure and stored it in the royal library, which became the Bibliothèque Nationale de France during the Revolution. Napoleon was more impressed with Childeric's bees and when he was looking for a heraldic symbol to trump the Bourbon fleur-de-lys, he settled on Childeric's bees as symbols of the French Empire.

paragraph: On the night of November 5–6, 1831, the treasure of Childeric was among 80 kilos of treasure stolen from the Library and melted down for the gold. A few pieces were retrieved from where they had been hidden in the Seine, including two of the bees. The record of the treasure, however, now exists only in the fine engravings made at the time of its discovery and in some reproductions made for the Habsburgs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org on Childeric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo: Merovingian sword and scabbard mounts from the tomb of King Childeric featuring silver-gilt and cloisonné garnets

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A note on Childeric's bees": the discovery of his tomb: follow the links for the engravings of Childeric's treasure and the two remaining gold bees.

description: Frankish king

wikidata_label: Childeric I

wikipedia_title: Childeric I


text: graphic artist

text: the Tubes

text: Jefferson Starship

text: session musician

text: The Tubes

text: Journey

text: Neal Schon

text: Gregg Rolie

text: Chris Isaak

text: Todd Rundgren

text: Brian Eno

text: David Byrne

text: XTC

text: Tom Waits

text: Paul Kantner

text: George Harrison

text: Dick Dale

text: Glenn Frey

text: Richard Marx

text: Bill Spooner

text: Neil Hamburger

text: John Fogerty

text: Nicky Hopkins

text: Tommy Bolin

text: Phil Lesh

text: Grateful Dead

text: Vince Welnick

text: Ross Valory

text: patented

text: MouthMan

text: The New Cars

text: Todd Rundgren

text: Kasim Sulton

text: Utopia

text: The Cars

text: Elliot Easton

text: Greg Hawkes

text: The Tubes

text: Todd Rundgren

text: Jefferson Starship

text: Windows of Heaven

text: Jefferson's Tree of Liberty

text: Chuck Prophet

text: album cover

text: artwork

text: Healing

text: Missing Man Formation

text: Michael Cotten

text: Michael Jackson

text: Billy Joel

text: Bette Midler

text: N'Sync

text: Shania Twain

text: Styx

text: The Tubes

text: Todd Rundgren

text: Kenny Ortega

text: Super Bowl XXX

text: Caesars Palace

text: The Tubes official website

categories: Utopia (American band) members,Musicians from Charlotte, North Carolina,Journey (band) members,Jefferson Starship members,American rock drummers,1950 births,20th-century American drummers,The New Cars members,21st-century American drummers,Album-cover and concert-poster artists,The Tubes members,Living people

paragraph: Prairie Prince

paragraph: Charles Lempriere "Prairie" Prince (born May 7, 1950) is an American drummer and graphic artist. He came to prominence in the 1970s as a member of the San Francisco based rock group the Tubes, was a member of Jefferson Starship from 1992-2008, and has worked with a wide range of other performers as a session musician.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Prince is a member of The Tubes and was a founding member of Journey along with Neal Schon and Gregg Rolie. However, he quit Journey after a few months, before they made any recordings.

paragraph: He has subsequently worked with Chris Isaak (on his first four albums), Todd Rundgren, Brian Eno, David Byrne, XTC, Tom Waits, Paul Kantner, George Harrison, Dick Dale, Glenn Frey, Richard Marx, Bill Spooner, Neil Hamburger, John Fogerty, Nicky Hopkins, Tommy Bolin, Phil Lesh, Singer at Large Johnny J. Blair, and former Tubes and Grateful Dead keyboardist Vince Welnick.

paragraph: Prince collaborated with Ross Valory, bassist and founding member of Journey, on a line of patented eco-friendly, USA made hoodie shirts called MouthMan- where graphic designs of jaws and teeth on the sleeves form a mouth when the wearer "hugs himself".

paragraph: In 2006, he toured with The New Cars including Todd Rundgren, bassist Kasim Sulton (Rundgren's Utopia bandmate), and original The Cars guitarist Elliot Easton and keyboardist Greg Hawkes. He continues to play with The Tubes and Todd Rundgren.

paragraph: He was an original member of the reformed Jefferson Starship, known as "Jefferson Starship – The Next Generation" in 1992, and appears on both that band's studio albums (the 1999 release "Windows of Heaven" and the 2008 release, "Jefferson's Tree of Liberty"), along with numerous live albums. Prince announced in early 2008 that he was leaving the band on amicable terms and remains available for international performances.

paragraph: He is a sought after session musician and recently played drums and percussion on all tracks of Chuck Prophet's 2012 release "Temple Beautiful".

paragraph: As an artist he designed the album cover artwork for many artists including The Tubes, Todd Rundgren (1981 album "Healing"), Journey, Lyle Workman and Vince Welnick's 1998 album "Missing Man Formation", among many others. Along with his creative partner and fellow former Tubes Michael Cotten, he has created numerous set designs for major artists including Michael Jackson, Billy Joel, Bette Midler, N'Sync, Shania Twain, Styx, The Tubes, and Todd Rundgren. Prince and Cotten have teamed up with choreographer Kenny Ortega on several special events including the 1996 Summer Olympics of Atlanta, Super Bowl XXX Half Time Show (which featured Diana Ross singing "Take Me Higher" as she was lifted from the field in a helicopter), Michael Jackson's "This is It" concert, and Shania Twain's residency, SHANIA: STILL THE ONE, at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, NV.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Prairie Prince radio interview on Rundgren Radio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Prairie Prince radio interview on Rundgren Radio

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tubes official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prairie Prince audio interview on RundgrenRadio.com 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prairie Prince audio interview on RundgrenRadio.com 2009

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Prairie Prince

wikipedia_title: Prairie Prince


text: Elizabethan

text: Jacobean period

text: Shropshire

text: landed gentry

text: Inner Temple

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Bridgnorth

text: Francis

text: Shrewsbury School

text: Calvinist

text: Thomas Ashton

text: marks

text: call to the bar

text: buttery

text: King's Bench

text: Margaret Lowe

text: called to the bench

text: Reader

text: auditor

text: Sir Edward Coke

text: Sir John Jackson

text: Inn of Court

text: Bridgnorth

text: bailiff

text: aldermen

text: Henry Sidney

text: recorder

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: House of Commons

text: James I

text: Sir Lewis Lewknor

text: Master of the Ceremonies

text: Sir Richard Lewknor

text: recusant

text: perjurers

text: forgers

text: Francis Goodwin

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Thomas Lyttelton

text: John Lyttelton

text: attainted

text: Essex Rebellion

text: Thomas Bromley

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Sir Henry Bromley

text: Much Wenlock

text: Much Wenlock

text: Thomas Wolryche

text: Dudmaston Hall

text: John Chamberlain

text: Sir John Denham

text: Serjeant-at-law

text: barrister

text: Call to the Coif

text: Serjeant's Inn

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Exchequer of Pleas

text: equity

text: Chief Justice

text: Thomas Bromley

text: Inns of Chancery

text: Palace of Whitehall

text: Sir Lawrence Tanfield

text: Chief Baron of the Exchequer

text: Charles I

text: Sir John Walter

text: assize

text: Much Wenlock

text: Wistanswick

text: Staffordshire

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Gunpowder Plot

text: entailed

text: Heraldic Visitation

text: St Peter's church

text: armorial bearings

text: godchildren

text: jointure

text: codicil

text: Sir Richard Hutton

text: ship money

text: Sheriffhales

text: Enville, Staffordshire

text: Sir Henry Bromley

text: Thomas Wolryche

text: Lady Margaret Bromley

text: Loughborough

text: Calamy

text: Great Ejection

text: Presbyterian

text: Commonwealth

text: Puritan

text: Edmund Calamy

text: A continuation of the Account

text: "Lady Margaret Bromley"

text: Edward Foss

text: "The Judges of England, volume VI"

text: John Paul Rylands

text: Somerset Herald

text: Augustine Vincent

text: Rouge Croix Pursuivant

text: William Camden

text: Clarenceux king of arms

text: Harleian Society

text: Internet Archive

text: John Paul Rylands

text: Harleian Society

text: Internet Archive

text: Frederick Andrew Inderwick

text: Open Library

text: Internet Archive

text: "Worfield and its Townships"

text: Madeley, Shropshire

text: Open Library

text: William A. Shaw

text: "The Knights of England, volume 2"

categories: English MPs 1593,People from Shropshire,1563 births,People educated at Shrewsbury School,English MPs 1586–1587,English MPs 1597–1598,16th-century English judges,English MPs 1604–1611,Members of the Inner Temple,English MPs 1589,People of the Stuart period,English judges,1626 deaths,English landowners,English MPs 1601,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Edward Bromley

paragraph: Sir Edward Bromley (1563–1626) was an English lawyer, judge, landowner and politician of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. A member of a Shropshire legal and landed gentry dynasty, he was prominent at the Inner Temple and became a Baron of the Exchequer. He was elected MP for Bridgnorth on six consecutive occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Edward Bromley was the second son of

paragraph: Edward Bromley's elder brother, Francis, was the heir to the Bromley estates. He had two more brothers and three sisters, who all married into regionally powerful gentry families. The gentry dominated Shropshire and, generally, its boroughs politically and culturally, as there was unusually no resident aristocracy in the county.

paragraph: Section::::Background.:Family Tree.

paragraph: Section::::Education and legal training.

paragraph: Edward Bromley was sent to Shrewsbury School in 1577 at about the age of 14. The school was explicitly committed to a Christian and humanist ethos, reflecting Calvinist principles. The first head Thomas Ashton had established a tradition of using drama to develop students' confidence and self-expression.

paragraph: Bromley was admitted to the Inner Temple by its parliament on 27 November 1580: a special admission, without cost, in recognition of his father's status. An undated note states that he was in debt to the treasurer, Andrew Gray, to the tune of 20 marks: Gray was treasurer during 1585–6.

paragraph: Bromley's call to the bar was noted by the parliament on 5 July 1590. The same meeting noted that he was permitted to use a chamber over the buttery, which had been restored by Michael Lowe, and was used also by his nephew, Humphrey Lowe. In 1595 the shared chamber fell into disrepair and the Inner Temple itself was forced to take action, spending £40 on repairs and subsequently billing Lowe and his relative Abney, for 20 marks each. The chamber seems to have become a family institution, with Bromley on a similar footing to Lowe's blood relations. The association was entirely reciprocal: In November 1590 Lowe, a chief clerk of the King's Bench, was accorded a seat next to Bromley and "ancienty" of those under Bromley, i.e. recognised as their co-tutor. Bromley's marriage to Margaret Lowe in April 1593 was one result of this close association.

paragraph: Bromley went on to achieve prominence at the Inner Temple. He was called to the bench on 19 May 1603. Responsibilities, minor at first, quickly followed. In June 1604 it was steward for the Reader's dinner, and in November auditor for the steward's accounts, and in April 1605 he and Sir Edward Coke were nominated as attendants to the Reader – generally a signal that the appointee was himself to receive this high academic honour in the near future. As expected, on 3 November 1605 the Inn's parliament named Bromley Lent Reader for the following year, attended by Coke and Sir John Jackson Later in the year he was able to nominate students for special admissions, a sign of his greatly enhanced status. After this his career took a turn towards the administration of justice.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.:Elizabethan parliament.

paragraph: Bromley's parliamentary career unfolded alongside his progress at his Inn of Court. He was returned as an MP for Bridgnorth at every election between 1586 and 1604 – a total of six times. Bridgnorth was a small town, governed by a council of two bailiffs and 24 aldermen. Although the council nominally selected the MP, with the consent of the burgesses, the Council in the Marches and local gentry effectively shared parliamentary representation, ensuring that lawyers monopolised the seats. Bromley would have had little difficulty in securing election, as he had leverage on all counts. He was a landowner based very locally and Sir George Bromley, his father, was both acting head of the Council in the Marches, between the death of Henry Sidney and the arrival of his successor, and recorder of Bridgnorth. In 1586, 1588, 1593 and 1597 Bromley took the first of the two seats, with John Lutwich as his colleague. Lutwich shared Bromley's social and professional background: a Shropshire landowner prominent in London at Lincoln's Inn. In the last of the Elizabethan parliaments, elected in October 1601, Bromley was outranked by Thomas Horde, who had succeeded Sir George as recorder in 1589, and took the second seat. Bromley made no impact on the work of the Elizabethan House of Commons.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.:First parliament of James I.

paragraph: In 1604 Bromley was elected to the first parliament of James I, which was to last until 1611. This time he took second place to Sir Lewis Lewknor, a colourful scholar of Catholic leanings, who had been appointed the king's Master of the Ceremonies. Lewknor probably owed his election to the influence of his uncle, Sir Richard Lewknor, chief justice of Chester and an influential member of the Council in the Marches. Bromley left some traces in the record of the parliament, but despite his legal qualifications and acumen, was not as active as Lewknor.

paragraph: Bromley was sent to confer with the House of Lords on the king's proposals for a Union of the kingdoms of Scotland and England. He was also instructed to draft a bill to exclude "outlaws" – in this context referring to recusants as well as perjurers and forgers – from Parliament. This was a response to the election of Francis Goodwin to represent Buckinghamshire, which was challenged by the sheriff and led to a wrangle between king and parliament. The proposed bill was a sop to the king: although Bromley and others were appointed to a committee, it was allowed to fade from attention and no report was ever produced. As he was a trustee of the Worcestershire estates of Thomas Lyttelton, he was made chairman of the committee which prepared a bill to rehabilitate John Lyttelton, Thomas's father, who was attainted and died in prison after the Essex Rebellion of 1601. This was business of great importance to the Bromley family, as John Lyttelton's widow and Thomas's mother was Meriel Bromley, Edward Bromley's cousin and a daughter of Thomas Bromley, the former Lord Chancellor.Sir Henry Bromley, Meriel's brother and a close friend of Edward, sat alongside him on the committee.

paragraph: Bromley was compelled to resign his parliamentary seat in February 1610, when he was made a judge, occasioning a contested by-election – a very rare event.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.:Continuing political interest.

paragraph: Although Bromley never stood again for parliament, he remained influential at Bridgnorth and at Much Wenlock, in both of which he later became recorder. He seems to have avoided direct involvement in a bitterly contested by-election to find his successor at Bridgnorth, although the ultimate victor was Sir Francis Lacon, a Catholic sympathiser who was Bromley's cousin, once removed. His main interest was in the constituency of Much Wenlock, which was small and easier to manipulate. Bromley's nephew, Thomas Wolryche of Dudmaston Hall, was returned as MP in 1621, 1624 and 1625.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: As late as 23 January 1610 John Chamberlain, the noted letter writer, described Bromley "an obscure lawyer of the Inner Temple." Within two weeks he was promoted to the higher ranks of the judiciary.

paragraph: On 5 February 1610 Bromley, along with Sir John Denham, was made a Serjeant-at-law, one of an elite corps of barristers. The promotion was for the express purpose of making him a judge. Only Bromley and Sir Edward Coke received the Call to the Coif for this purpose in the reign of James I. He was presented with a purse containing £10 by the treasurer of the Inner Temple. The benchers and fellows of the Inner Temple then accompanied him in procession to Serjeant's Inn, where he was robed, and then to Westminster for his inauguration.

paragraph: Next day, 6 February, Bromley was appointed a Baron of the Exchequer in place of Edward Heron, who had died after serving only a little over two years. The Barons were judges in the Exchequer of Pleas, a court which dealt with important equity cases. He was the third in his family to be "adorned with the judicial ermine," after Chief Justice Thomas Bromley, and the Lord Chancellor. When he went to the Exchequer on his first day of service, wearing his judge's ermine, the entire available membership of the Inner Temple and the Inns of Chancery preceded him on foot. On 26 February he was knighted at the Palace of Whitehall. Bromley held his post at the Exchequer until his death, serving for all but the last year under Sir Lawrence Tanfield, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and sitting alongside Denham from 1617. Bromley and Denham had their patents renewed on the accession of Charles I in March 1625. Tanfield died a month after being reappointed and was replaced by Sir John Walter.

paragraph: Alongside his work in London at the Exchequer, Bromley also operated as a justice of assize, working on the Northern circuit from 1610 until 1618, when he moved to the Midland circuit. Before his transfer he had been appointed recorder of Much Wenlock in Shropshire and thereafter he took recorderships at two more towns in his own county: Shrewsbury and Bridgnorth.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner.

paragraph: As a second son, Edward Bromley can have had little expectation of inheriting substantial estates. He was installed in a modest property of the Bromley patrimony at Shifnal, which became his seat: he was known as “of Shifnall Grange” in his early career. When Sir George Bromley died in 1589, the estates passed to his first son, Francis Bromley, who thus held land at Hodnet, Wistanswick, and Allerton, as well as his mother's estate of Hallon and other lands in the Bridgnorth area. He survived for less than two years. The Bromley estates then passed to his young son, Thomas.

paragraph: Edward Bromley, meanwhile, start to build up his own landholding, in 1593 marrying the coheiress to the small estate of Tysoe, near Enville, in neighbouring Staffordshire, who brought a scattering of land across the Midlands. From this point he began to occupy a selection of the local and regional offices that pertained to the landed gentry. By 1595 he was serving as a Justice of the Peace for Shropshire. In 1603 he became steward of Morfa Forest in the west of the county. After the Gunpowder Plot he was appointed to the commission which investigated the conspirators' lands in Shropshire. He was a commissioner for the subsidy in 1608. Most of these posts brought some profit as well as responsibility.

paragraph: Only two weeks after Edward Bromley became Baron of the Exchequer, his nephew Thomas died, leaving him as heir to the entailed Bromley estates. However, matters were not so clear-cut at Hallon itself. Francis Bromley also left a daughter, Jane, who had married William Davenport, allegedly after a secret and forbidden courtship. Jane and William Davenport now laid claim to Hallon and the other lands that had been inherited through Edward and Francis's mother, Jane Waverton or Wannerton. Although Bromley now regarded Hallon as his seat, Davenport was described as "of Hawne" in the Heraldic Visitation of 1623. The dispute lasted for decades, with Hallon finally in the hands of the Davenport family and becoming their seat, Davenport House.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bromley died on 2 June 1626. He was interred in St Peter's church at Worfield. In his will, dated 14 October 1625, he asks for a night burial two days after his death "without funeral pompe." It appears that the Inner Temple had already installed a stained glass window displaying Bromley's armorial bearings and this was restored some time shortly after his death, presumably as a mark of respect.

paragraph: Bromley left £100 for "a monument to be set up in Shifnall church or elsewhere". He had installed a fine alabaster monument for his parents at Worfield and may have doubted it would be available. In the event, a substantial alabaster tomb was built at Worfield and dedicated to him by his wife. His epitaph reads:

paragraph: The tomb stood at the east end of the north aisle, together with his parents' tomb. The Bromley tombs were moved further west in 1866, following major restoration work to the church.

paragraph: The entailed patrimonial lands automatically went to Bromley's younger brother, George. Edward Bromley left plate to the value of £20 to each of his godchildren, Thomas Wolryche and Thomas and Dorothy Cotton. He had hoped to give his wife the use of his possessions during her lifetime but ultimately to have them divided among his godsons and servants. He had thought to secure Hallon and his mother's other lands by paying off Thomas Bromley's creditors with £700 but Jane and William Davenport were still pressing their claim. This affected an arrangement he had made with his wife, assigning her some of the properties as part of her jointure. Almost at the last moment he had attached a codicil giving all his personal property to his wife in compensation for her likely losses. He appointed as overseers of his will his three sisters, his brother-in-law Cotton and his friends, the judges John Denham and Sir Richard Hutton: both were later to defy Charles I over ship money. He left small sums for the poor of Worfield, Bridgnorth, Shifnal, Much Wenlock, Shrewsbury and Sheriffhales.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Edward Bromley married Margaret Lowe, daughter and heiress of Nicholas Lowe of Tymore, in the parish of Enville, Staffordshire on 18 March 1593. The marriage was without issue.

paragraph: Bromley cultivated close links with his godchildren, who were the children of his sisters, and with his cousins, the Bromleys of Worcestershire, particularly Sir Henry Bromley and his children. In October 1615 he arranged for the Inner Temple to admit Philip, one of Sir Henry's sons, whom he hoped to adopt as his heir, along with his own nephew, Thomas Wolryche, and, few months later, George Wolryche and John Lyttelton, a son of Meriel Bromley, were similarly admitted. Philip Bromley seems to have predeceased him.

paragraph: After a marriage of 33 years to Bromley, Lady Margaret Bromley was his widow for more than 30: she was buried on 23 March 1657 at Loughborough in Leicestershire, where she had lived in her later years. The austerity shown in her husband's will was amplified in hers, which was dated 6 March 1657. She asked that only one nephew, James Abney, attend her funeral and that even bell ringing be avoided. Most of the bequests relate to Abney and to other nephews and nieces, the Bromskills. Calamy, the historian who collated information about the Great Ejection, added a supplementary note to his account of Leicestershire for the 1702 edition:

paragraph: Bromskill, a Presbyterian minister of the Commonwealth period, was evidently related to Lady Bromley by marriage and her active support for his ministry, as well as Calamy's encomium, makes clear that she was a committed Puritan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund Calamy (1727). "A continuation of the Account of the ministers, lecturers, masters and fellows of colleges, and schoolmasters, who were ejected and silenced after the restoration in 1660, by or before the Act for uniformity," Ford. Accessed 21 May 2014 at Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.G.D.Fletcher. "Lady Margaret Bromley", in Transactions of the Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society, volume 8, 1893–4. Accessed at Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society, 19 May 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Foss (1848). "The Judges of England, volume VI", Longman. Accessed 19 May 2014 at Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors) (1889). "The Visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part I" by Robert Tresswell, Somerset Herald, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant of arms; marshals and deputies to William Camden, Clarenceux king of arms. With additions from the pedigrees of Shropshire gentry taken by the heralds in the years 1569 and 1584, and other sources, Harleian Society. Accessed 19 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors) (1889). "The Visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part II", Harleian Society. Accessed 10 May 2014 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Andrew Inderwick (editor) (1896). "The Inner Temple: its early history, as illustrated by its records, 1505–1603", Masters of the Inner Temple and H. Sotheran. Accessed 19 May 2014 at the Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Andrew Inderwick (editor) (1896)."A Calendar of the Inner Temple records, volume 2", Masters of the Bench and H. Sotheran. Accessed 19 May 2014 at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Randall (1887). "Worfield and its Townships", published by the author at Madeley, Shropshire. Accessed 19 May 2014 at the Open Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William A. Shaw (1906). "The Knights of England, volume 2", Sherratt and Hughes. Accessed 19 May 2014 at Open Library.

description: English judge and politician

wikidata_label: Edward Bromley

wikipedia_title: Edward Bromley


text: racing cyclist

text: UCI Women's Team

text: 2014 UCI Road World Championships

text: British Junior Road Race Champion

text: Mark Christian

categories: Manx female cyclists,People from Douglas, Isle of Man,1995 births,British female cyclists,Living people

paragraph: Anna Christian

paragraph: Anna Christian (born 6 August 1995) is a Manx racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Team . She rode at the 2014 UCI Road World Championships.

paragraph: Christian became British Junior Road Race Champion in 2013. In October 2014 it was announced that she would join the team in 2015. She is the sister of fellow racing cyclist Mark Christian. At the 2017 Tour of Wolds, which was part of the National Women's road series, Christian finished second. In 2017 she won the inaugural women's under-23 British National Time Trial Championships on home soil on the Isle of Man.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017

description: Manx cyclist

wikidata_label: Anna Christian

wikipedia_title: Anna Christian


text:
New York
Antwerp
Belgium
Benjamin Feigenbaum
Warsaw
United States
Brooklyn
Boys High School
A.B.
Columbia College
A.M.
Columbia University
Dartmouth College
Wisconsin University
National University School of Law
Interstate Commerce Commission
Washington, D.C.
New York Public Service Commission
Socialist Party of America
10th District
Reuben L. Haskell
New York State Assembly
Nathan D. Shapiro
Martin Solomon
141st New York State Legislature
The New Leader
New York State Senate
Philip M. Kleinfeld
Brooklyn

categories: Belgian emigrants to the United States,Belgian people of Polish-Jewish descent,Socialist Party of America politicians from New York (state),1886 births,American people of Belgian-Jewish descent,Politicians from Brooklyn,Members of the New York State Assembly,1949 deaths,Columbia College (New York) alumni,Belgian Jews,20th-century American politicians,20th-century American newspaper editors,People from Antwerp,American people of Polish-Jewish descent

paragraph: William M. Feigenbaum

paragraph: William Morris Feigenbaum (December 25, 1886 – April 23, 1949) was an American statistician, journalist and politician from New York.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on December 25, 1886, in Antwerp, Belgium, the son of Benjamin Feigenbaum (1860–1932) and Matilda (Kaminsky) Feigenbaum, both originally from Warsaw. The family emigrated to the United States and settled in Brooklyn where he attended the public schools and Boys High School. He graduated A.B. from Columbia College in 1907, and A.M. from Columbia University in 1908. He also took courses at Dartmouth College, Wisconsin University and National University School of Law. From 1909 to 1912, he worked in the Bureau of Statistics and Accounts of the Interstate Commerce Commission in Washington, D.C.. In 1912, he returned to New York and worked for the New York Public Service Commission (1st D.).

paragraph: He was a member of the Socialist Party of America. In November 1916, he ran for Congress in the 10th District, but was defeated by the incumbent Republican Reuben L. Haskell.

paragraph: In November 1917, he was elected to the New York State Assembly (Kings County, 6th District), defeating the incumbent Republican Nathan D. Shapiro. Feigenbaum polled 3,694 votes, Shapiro polled 3,184 votes, and Democrat Martin Solomon polled 2,217. Feigenbaum was one of ten Socialist members of the 141st New York State Legislature in 1918.

paragraph: Afterwards he became the associated editor of "The New Leader", and wrote for several newspapers and political magazines.

paragraph: In 1930 and 1932, he ran for the New York State Senate (4th D.) but was defeated both times by Democrat Philip M. Kleinfeld.

paragraph: He died on April 23, 1949, at the Montgomery Nursing Home in Brooklyn.

wikidata_label: William M. Feigenbaum

wikipedia_title: William M. Feigenbaum


text:
Russian Orthodox Church
Stowmarket
Suffolk
Southacre
Norfolk
Caius College, Cambridge
Barwick Parva
St Petersburg
Catherine the Great
Society of Antiquaries of London
Royal Society
Christ Church, Oxford
Wormley, Hertfordshire
Sir Abraham Hume, 2nd Baronet
Spring Gardens
John Warner
Drury Lane
George Macartney
Frederick, Prince of Wales

categories: 18th-century English Anglican priests,1787 deaths,People from Stowmarket,English antiquarians,Fellows of the Royal Society,1732 births,English numismatists,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

paragraph: John Glen King

paragraph: John Glen King D.D. (1732–1787) was an English cleric and antiquarian, known as an author on the Russian Orthodox Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Stowmarket. Suffolk, he was the son of George King, rector of Southacre in Norfolk. He was educated at Swaffham School, and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1752 and M.A. in 1763. After taking orders he was presented by the king in 1760 to the vicarage of Barwick Parva, Norfolk; and subsequently was appointed chaplain to the English factory at St Petersburg. During his residence in Russia he was appointed medallist to Catherine the Great; and studied the history and liturgical rites of Orthodox church.

paragraph: King became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 10 January 1771, and then on 21 February that year was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was incorporated M.A. at Oxford, on 19 March 1771, as a member of Christ Church, Oxford, and four days later took Oxford degrees of B.D. and D.D. He was presented to the rectory of Wormley, Hertfordshire, by Sir Abraham Hume, 2nd Baronet, in July 1783. In 1786 he purchased the chapel in Spring Gardens, London, and John Warner's chapel in Drury Lane, London.

paragraph: King died at his house in Edward Street, London, after a few hours' illness, on 3 November 1787, and was buried in the churchyard of Wormley.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: King's major scholarly work was "The Rites and Ceremonies of the Greek Church in Russia; containing an Account of its Doctrine, Worship, and Discipline", London, 1772, dedicated to the king, ad illustrated with copper-plate engravings. An earlier version had appeared in 1767, as an appendix to a work by George Macartney. While it made him a scholarly reputation, he struggled for church preferment, patronage and social acceptance.

paragraph: King was also the author of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verses in the Cambridge University collection on the death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1752.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Letter to the Bishop of Durham, containing some Observations on the Climate of Russia, and the Northern Countries, with a View of the Flying Mountains at Zarsko Sello, near St. Petersburg", 1778. Printed in the "Westminster Magazine", 1780.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations on the Barberini Vase", 1786; in "Archæologia", viii. 307.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catalogue of a small Library at St. Petersburg",’ London, 1786.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nummi Familiarum et Imperatorum Romanorum" [London? 1787?], 102 plates, no letterpress.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married, first, Ann Magdalene, daughter of Michael Combrune, by whom he had one daughter, Anna Henrietta; and secondly, in August 1776, at Greenwich, Jane, daughter of John Hyde, esq., of Blackheath (she died in August 1789).

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Attribution

description: Church of England clergyman

wikidata_label: John Glen King

wikipedia_title: John Glen King


text:
stage name
New York City
Broward County, Florida
studio album
Year of the Savage
reggae fusion
Shaggy
Clams Casino
SBTRKT
Aaliyah
OutKast
Tumblr
Year of the Savage
Chris Travis
300 Entertainment
XXXTentacion
Members Only (hip hop collective)
Cash Money Records
Birdman
Rich Gang
Twitter
EP
mixtape
Molly World
Empire Distribution
Cash Money
sampling
R&B
anime
Biggie Smalls
quiet storm
Sade
Lil' Wayne
Webbie
SpaceGhostPurrp
Slug
Skins
Japanese anime
Naruto
Femto
Berserk
Molly World
Wifisfuneral

categories: Living people,21st-century American rappers,American people of Jamaican descent,African-American male rappers,1994 births,Songwriters from Florida,American rappers of Jamaican descent,Rappers from Florida,Southern hip hop musicians

paragraph: Robb Banks

paragraph: Richard O'Neil Burrell (born September 24, 1994) better known by his stage name Robb Banks (often stylized as Robb Bank$), is an American rapper. Born in New York City, the rapper later moved to Broward County, Florida, at age six and has lived there ever since. He gained recognition in 2012 with his debut mixtape "Calendars" and his follow-up mixtape "Tha City" in 2013. His debut studio album, "Year of the Savage", was released on October 2, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Robb Banks was born Richard Burrell on September 24, 1994 in New York. He is the oldest child of Carol Johnson and Jamaican reggae fusion recording artist Shaggy. Burrell spent the first six years of his life in New York before he and his mother moved to Broward County, Florida. He dropped out of high school his senior year and began working on music.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2011–12: "Calendars" and rise to prominence.

paragraph: In 2012, after releasing his project with Lansky and a slew of other songs, Banks released his debut mixtape "Calendars". The solo project predominately consisted of Robb rapping over beats by artists like Clams Casino and SBTRKT, and samples from Aaliyah and OutKast. The project became a hit on the microblogging platform Tumblr. He collaborated with producers like Nuri and SpaceGhostPurrp and began touring the country, developing an underground following.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2013: "Tha City".

paragraph: After a brief hiatus, Robb began working on another project titled "Tha City". He promoted the mixtape by releasing singles off the project including "Practice", "All the Way Live", and "On Me". "Tha City" was released on October 1, 2013. Prior to the release of this tape rumors had surfaced as to whether or not Shaggy was Robb's father, a fact that was formerly denied, but was soon confirmed by him to be true by making the cover for "Tha City" an old family photo of Banks and Shaggy. After the release of this mixtape, Robb went on a year-long hiatus as he continued touring and spreading his music around the world.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2014–15: "2PhoneShawty", "No Trespassing" and "Year of the Savage".

paragraph: Throughout 2014, Robb began touring around the world and rarely released new music, only to show that he is still working on Year of the Savage. This was until the end of the year, when he began hinting new projects that have been in the work.

paragraph: In December, Banks put out the first (promotional) single for his debut commercial release, called "2PhoneShawty". It ended up being the only song recorded in 2014 on the entire album.

paragraph: In 2015, he started working on a new batch of music for YOTS, which would mainly feature production from his new affiliate Nuez.

paragraph: In April, Robb released two extended-plays: 2PhoneShawty and No Trespassing. The 2PhoneShawty EP consisted of outtakes from Year of the Savage, and No Trespassing was a collaboration between him and Memphis-born rapper Chris Travis, all recorded in 2014.

paragraph: On August 13, 2015, Banks released the lead single for his album, titled "Pressure". After that he continued to promote YOTS by releasing a bunch of freestyled tracks. It was during one of these freestyles ("Throw It Up") that he confirmed the release date for his long-awaited album.

paragraph: On October 2, 2015, Robb Banks released "Year of the Savage" through 300 Entertainment's Dorian Distribution.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2016–2017: "C2: Death of My Teenage and Rich Gang".

paragraph: On September 27, 2016, Banks released a sequel to "Calendars", titled "C2: Death of My Teenage", which featured guest appearances from Los Hosale and XXXTentacion (which one he will later join in his group Members Only (hip hop collective) . The mixtape was preceded by the release of the single "Bett".

paragraph: Following the release of the mixtape, Robb embarked on a tour of the same name, which was to feature fellow South Florida rappers Ski Mask the Slump God, Wifisfuneral and Ronny J. New Jersey's Da$h and Chicago's Warhol. SS were also set to open. Before the tour began, however, Da$h was arrested, causing him to be dropped from the tour.

paragraph: In early January 2017, it was announced by Cash Money Records founder Birdman that Banks was the newest member of the label's Rich Gang subsidiary. Robb later confirmed that while he was a part of Rich Gang, he would continue to be an independent artist, choosing not to sign with Cash Money.

paragraph: At this time, Banks also took to Twitter to announce a new project titled "Falconia", a sequel to his sophomore effort "Tha City".

paragraph: On September 26, 2017 Banks released EP "Cloverfield 2.0" Months later, on December 27, 2017, he dropped another EP called "2: Pillz".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018–present: "Molly World and Falconia".

paragraph: On February 12, 2018, Banks released single "A Milli (4 M's)" and announced the upcoming release of "No Rooftops 2: Reloaded". Weeks later Banks would released a mixtape titled "Molly World" through Empire Distribution on March 9, 2018. Track 14 of "Molly World" "Let Da Beat Build" was made part of Cash Money's "Before Anythang" Documentary Soundtrack. On April 7, 2018 Bank$ and Wifisfuneral released lead single "EA" from their upcoming collaborative project.

paragraph: On April 27, 2018, Banks announced that his long rumored project "Falconia" will be arriving sometime in Summer 2018. However, the date was delayed to sometime in 2019. According to Banks, "Falconia" will have 3 acts, or "arcs," and a grand total of 43+ songs. The first act will be subtitled "ARC 1: RICHARD," and will feature production from Nuri, Cris Dinero, Oogie Mane, F1LTHY, Brandon Finessin, & SpaceGhostPurrp.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Banks' style is notorious for its heavy sampling of old school R&B, pop culture and Japanese anime. Robb states his inspiration to rap comes from Biggie Smalls and that one of his favorite artists of all time is British quiet storm-style singer Sade. Robb has also mentioned Lil' Wayne, Webbie, SpaceGhostPurrp and Slug as an influence to his sound. His tag "I Think I Might Be Happy" is synonymous with his music and is taken from a scene of the U.S. version of "Skins". Banks frequently makes references to Japanese anime "Naruto" and calls it his favorite anime of all time. Banks also refers to himself as "Femto" from the Japanese manga, Berserk.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendars" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tha City" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Year of the Savage" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Rooftops" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "C2: Death of My Teenage" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Molly World" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cloverfield 3" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Connected" (2019) with "Wifisfuneral"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2PhoneShawty" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Trespassing" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cloverfield 2.0" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2 Pillz" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Age" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Practice" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All the Way Live" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Me" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2PhoneShawty" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "24/7" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solid" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pressure" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "BETT" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ILYSM" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ShootOut" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Can't Feel My Face" (2019)

alias:
Richard O'Neil Burrell
Robb Bank$
Femto
Young Savage

description: American hip-hop artist

wikidata_label: Robb Banks

wikipedia_title: Robb Banks