text: Barbadian

text: pirate

text: English

text: Barbados

text: militia

text: Eastern Seaboard

text: United States

text: Nassau

text: Bahamas

text: pirates' republic

text: Spanish

text: Blackbeard

text: Queen Anne's Revenge

text: North Carolina

text: Charles Eden

text: privateer

text: Cape Fear River

text: careen

text: William Rhett

text: South Carolina

text: Robert Johnson

text: fought each other

text: Charles Town

text: Sullivan's Island

text: clemency

text: Bridgetown

text: liberal education

text: A General History of the Pyrates

text: Charles Johnson

text: nagging

text: major

text: slave revolts

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: ton

text: sloop

text: guns

text: mutiny

text: boarding

text: privateer

text: Royal Navy

text: Carlisle Bay, Barbados

text: Colony of Virginia

text: Chesapeake Bay

text: New York City

text: Gardiners Island

text: the Carolinas

text: Boston

text: inlet

text: careening

text: Nassau

text: New Providence

text: Bahamas

text: man of war

text: Captain

text: Benjamin Hornigold

text: Edward Teach

text: anchor

text: Delaware Bay

text: Philadelphia

text: Caribbean

text: Martinique

text: Grenadines

text: Queen Anne's Revenge

text: King George I

text: Honduras

text: henchman

text: Queen Anne's Revenge

text: David Herriot

text: South Carolina

text: Charles Town

text: Topsail Island

text: Queen Anne's Revenge

text: Bath

text: North Carolina

text: Charles Eden

text: Denmark's Caribbean colony

text: St. Thomas

text: letter of marque

text: privateer

text: marooned

text: sandbar

text: bumboat

text: Ocracoke Inlet

text: Atlantic hurricane season

text: James Stuart

text: Jacobite

text: estuary

text: Cape Fear River

text: careening

text: shallop

text: boatswain

text: Robert Johnson

text: William Rhett

text: jurisdiction

text: canoe

text: flagship

text: Battle of Cape Fear River

text: sailing master

text: Richard Tookerman

text: Sullivan's Island

text: Exchange and Provost

text: Nicholas Trott

text: Vice-Admiralty

text: hang

text: King's evidence

text: character witness

text: clemency

text: hanged

text: White Point Garden

text: admiralty law

text: quartermaster

text: early modern era

text: flogged

text: flag

text: Georgian

text: provenance

text: National Maritime Museum

text: Boston News-Letter

text: walk the plank

text: University of Pittsburgh

text: Marcel Schwob

text: Imaginary Lives

text: Tim Powers

text: On Stranger Tides

text: Frank Stockton

text: "Sid Meier's Pirates!"

text: The Devil and Daniel Webster

text: Floyd Ireson

text: Southport, North Carolina

text: This American Life

text: Ira Glass

text: Elna Baker

text: Time-Life Books, Inc.

text: A Biography of Stede Bonnet

text: Proceedings of Stede Bonnet's Trial

text: Google Books

categories: Executed English people,18th-century pirates,English pirates,18th-century English people,Pardoned pirates,18th-century Barbadian people,1718 deaths,17th-century English people,17th-century Barbadian people,People from Bridgetown,People executed by the Thirteen Colonies by hanging,Privateers,British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession,People executed for piracy,English Jacobites,Escapees from South Carolina detention,Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons,English escapees,People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain,Barbadian pirates,People executed by South Carolina by hanging,1688 births,Executed Barbadian people

paragraph: Stede Bonnet

paragraph: Stede Bonnet (1688 – 10 December 1718) was an early eighteenth-century Barbadian pirate, sometimes called "The Gentleman Pirate" because he was a moderately wealthy land-owner before turning to a life of crime. Bonnet was born into a wealthy English family on the island of Barbados, and inherited the family estate after his father's death in 1694. In 1709, he married Mary Allamby, and engaged in some level of militia service. Because of marital problems, and despite his lack of sailing experience, Bonnet decided he should turn to piracy in the summer of 1717. He bought a sailing vessel, named it "Revenge", and travelled with his paid crew along the Eastern Seaboard of what is now the United States, capturing other vessels and burning other Barbadian ships.

paragraph: Bonnet set sail for Nassau, Bahamas, to the haven for pirates known as the "pirates' republic", but he was seriously wounded "en route" during an encounter with a Spanish warship. After arriving in Nassau, Bonnet met Edward Teach, the infamous pirate Blackbeard. Incapable of leading his crew, Bonnet temporarily ceded his ship's command to Blackbeard. Before separating in December 1717, Blackbeard and Bonnet plundered and captured merchant ships along the East Coast. After Bonnet failed to capture the "Protestant Caesar", his crew abandoned him to join Blackbeard aboard the "Queen Anne's Revenge". Bonnet stayed on Blackbeard's ship as a guest, and did not command a crew again until summer 1718, when he was pardoned by North Carolina governor Charles Eden and received clearance to go privateering against Spanish shipping. Bonnet was tempted to resume his piracy, but did not want to lose his pardon, so he adopted the alias "Captain Thomas" and changed his ship's name to "Royal James". He had returned to piracy by July 1718.

paragraph: In August 1718, Bonnet anchored the "Royal James" on an estuary of the Cape Fear River to careen and repair the ship. In late August and September, Colonel William Rhett, with the authorization of South Carolina governor Robert Johnson, led a naval expedition against pirates on the river. Rhett and Bonnet's men fought each other for hours, but the outnumbered pirates ultimately surrendered. Rhett arrested the pirates and brought them to Charles Town in early October. Bonnet escaped on 24 October, but was recaptured on Sullivan's Island. On 10 November, Bonnet was brought to trial and charged with two acts of piracy. Judge Nicholas Trott sentenced Bonnet to death. Bonnet wrote to Governor Johnson to ask for clemency, but Johnson endorsed the judge's decision, and Bonnet was hanged in Charles Town on 10 December 1718.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-criminal life.

paragraph: Bonnet was born in 1688, as he was christened at Christ Church parish on 29 July 1688. His parents, Edward and Sarah Bonnet, owned an estate of over southeast of Bridgetown, which was bequeathed to Bonnet upon his father's death in 1694. It is not known where Bonnet received his education, but many who knew him described him as bookish, and Judge Nicholas Trott alluded to Bonnet's liberal education when sentencing him. Bonnet married Mary Allamby in Bridgetown on 21 November 1709. They had three sons—Allamby, Edward, and Stede—and a daughter, Mary. Allamby died before 1715, while the other children survived to see their father abandon them for piracy. Edward's granddaughter, Anne Thomasine Clarke, was the wife of General Robert Haynes, for 36 years Speaker of the Assembly of Barbados.

paragraph: In "A General History of the Pyrates", Charles Johnson wrote that Bonnet was driven to piracy by Mary's nagging and "[d]iscomforts he found in a married State".

paragraph: Details of Bonnet's military service are unclear, but he held the rank of major in the Barbados militia. The rank was probably due to his land holdings, since deterring slave revolts was an important function of the militia. Bonnet's militia service coincided with the War of the Spanish Succession, but there is no record that he took part in the fighting.

paragraph: Section::::Early career as a pirate.

paragraph: During the spring of 1717, Stede Bonnet decided to become a pirate, despite having no knowledge of shipboard life. He contracted a local shipyard to build him a sixty-ton sloop, which he equipped with ten guns and named the "Revenge". This was unusual, as most pirates seized their ships by mutiny or by boarding them or by converting a privateer vessel to a pirate ship. Bonnet enlisted a crew of more than seventy men. He relied on his quartermaster and officer for their knowledge of sailing, and as a result, he was not highly respected by his crew. In another break from tradition, Bonnet paid his crew wages, not shares of plunder as most pirates did. Royal Navy intelligence reported that he departed Carlisle Bay, Barbados under cover of darkness.

paragraph: Bonnet's initial cruise took him to the coast of the Colony of Virginia, near the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay, where he captured and plundered four vessels, and burned the Barbadian ship "Turbet" to keep news of his crimes from his home island. He then sailed north to New York City, taking two more ships, and picking up naval supplies and releasing captives at Gardiners Island. By August 1717, Bonnet had returned to the Carolinas, where he attacked two more ships, a brigantine from Boston and a Barbadian sloop. He stripped the brigantine, but brought the cargo-filled Barbadian sloop to an inlet off North Carolina to use for careening and repairing the "Revenge". After the Barbadian sloop's tackle was used to careen the "Revenge", the ship was dismantled for timber, and the remains were then burned. In September 1717, Bonnet set course for Nassau, which was then an infamous pirate den on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas. "En route", he encountered, fought, and escaped from a Spanish man of war. The "Revenge" was badly damaged, Bonnet was seriously wounded, and half the crew of the sloop was killed or wounded in the encounter. Putting in at Nassau, Bonnet replaced his casualties and refitted the "Revenge," increasing the sloop's armament to twelve guns.

paragraph: Section::::Collaboration with Blackbeard.

paragraph: While at Nassau, Bonnet met Captain Benjamin Hornigold and Edward Teach for the first time; Teach, better known as Blackbeard, played a large role in the remainder of Bonnet's life. Disabled by his wounds, Bonnet temporarily ceded command of the "Revenge" to Blackbeard, but remained aboard as a guest of the more experienced pirate captain. Blackbeard and Bonnet weighed anchor and sailed northward to Delaware Bay, where they plundered eleven ships. On 29 September 1717, the "Revenge", captained by Blackbeard, plundered the sloop "Betty", which had a cargo full of Madeira wine. Captain Codd, whose merchant ship was taken on 12 October, described Bonnet as walking the deck in his nightshirt, lacking any command and still unwell from his wounds. The "Revenge" later captured and looted the "Spofford" and "Sea Nymph", which were leaving Philadelphia. On 22 October, the "Revenge" stopped and robbed the "Robert" and "Good Intent" of their supplies.

paragraph: Blackbeard and Bonnet left Delaware Bay and returned to the Caribbean in November, where they successfully continued their piracy. On 17 November, a 200-ton ship named the "Concorde" was attacked by two pirate craft nearly away from the island of Martinique. The lieutenant on board described the pirate vessels as one having 12 guns and 120 men and the other having eight guns and 30 men. The crew of the "Concorde" put up a fight, but surrendered after the pirates bombarded them with "two volleys of cannons and musketry". Blackbeard took the "Concorde" and sailed south into the Grenadines, where he renamed the ship "Queen Anne's Revenge", possibly as an insult to King George I. Some time after 19 December, Bonnet and Blackbeard separated. Bonnet now sailed into the western Caribbean. In March 1718, he encountered the 400-ton merchant vessel "Protestant Caesar" off Honduras. The ship escaped him, and his frustrated crew became restive. When Bonnet encountered Blackbeard again shortly afterwards, Bonnet's crew deserted him to join Blackbeard. Blackbeard put a henchman named Richards in command of the "Revenge". Bonnet, surprised that his colleague had betrayed him, found himself as a guest aboard the "Queen Anne's Revenge". Bonnet confided in a few loyal crew members that he was ready to give up his criminal life if he could exile himself in Spain or Portugal. Bonnet would not exercise command again until the summer of 1718.

paragraph: Under Captain Richards, the "Revenge" captured a Jamaican sloop, the "Adventure", captained by David Herriot. Herriot joined the pirates, and Blackbeard now possessed three ships. Bonnet accompanied Blackbeard to South Carolina, where Blackbeard's four vessels blockaded the port of Charles Town in the late spring of 1718. Needing a place to rest and refit their vessels, Blackbeard and Bonnet headed north to Topsail Island, where the "Queen Anne's Revenge" ran aground and was lost. Leaving the remaining three vessels at Topsail Island, Blackbeard and Bonnet went ashore and journeyed to Bath, which was then capital of North Carolina. Once there, both men accepted pardons from Governor Charles Eden under King George's Act of Grace, putatively on condition of their renouncing piracy forever. While Blackbeard quietly returned to Topsail Island, Bonnet stayed in Bath to get a "clearance" to take the "Revenge" to Denmark's Caribbean colony of St. Thomas, where he planned to buy a letter of marque and go privateering against Spanish shipping. Eden granted Bonnet this clearance.

paragraph: Section::::Resumption of pirate command.

paragraph: Bonnet returned to Topsail Island to find that Blackbeard had beached the majority of their former crew, robbed the "Revenge" and two other vessels of the squadron of most of their supplies, and sailed away for parts unknown aboard the sloop "Adventure," carrying all the loot with him. Bonnet now (probably late June or early July 1718) resumed command of the "Revenge." Few, if any, of his original crew from Barbados were still aboard. Bonnet reinforced the "Revenge" by rescuing a number of men whom Blackbeard had marooned on a sandbar in Topsail Island.

paragraph: Shortly after Bonnet resumed command, a bumboat's crew told him that Blackbeard was moored in Ocracoke Inlet. Bonnet set sail at once to hunt down his treacherous ex-confederate, but could not find him, and Bonnet never met Blackbeard again. Although Bonnet apparently never discarded his hopes of reaching St. Thomas and getting his letter of marque, two pressing problems now tempted him back into piracy. First, Blackbeard had stolen the food and supplies he and his men needed to subsist (one pirate testified at his trial that no more than ten or eleven barrels remained aboard the "Revenge"). Second, St. Thomas was now in the midst of the Atlantic hurricane season, which would last until autumn. However, returning to freebooting meant nullifying Bonnet's pardon.

paragraph: Hoping to preserve his pardon, Bonnet adopted the alias "Captain Thomas" and changed the "Revenge"'s name to the "Royal James". The name "Royal James" that Bonnet conferred on his sloop was presumably a reference to the younger Prince James Stuart, and may suggest that Bonnet or his men had Jacobite sympathies. One of Bonnet's prisoners further reported witnessing Bonnet's men drinking to the health of the "Old Pretender" and wishing to see him king of the English nation.

paragraph: Bonnet further tried to disguise his return to piracy by engaging in a pretence of trade with the next two vessels he robbed. Soon afterward, Bonnet quit the charade of trading and reverted to naked piracy. In July 1718, he cruised north to Delaware Bay, pillaging another eleven vessels. He took several prisoners, some of whom joined his pirate crew. While Bonnet set loose most of his prizes after looting them, he retained control of the last two ships he captured: the sloops "Francis" and "Fortune". On 1 August 1718, the "Royal James" and the two captured sloops sailed southward from Delaware Bay. The captured sloops lagged behind, and Bonnet threatened to sink them if they did not stay closer. During the passage, Bonnet and his crew divided their loot into shares of about £10 or £11 and distributed them amongst themselves. This is the only time Bonnet is known to have practised this important pirate custom, and it suggests he had by then abandoned his unorthodox practice of paying regular wages to his crew.

paragraph: Twelve days out of Delaware Bay, Bonnet entered the estuary of the Cape Fear River and anchored near the mouth of a small waterway now known as Bonnet's Creek. The "Royal James" had begun to leak badly and was in need of careening. Shortly afterwards, a small shallop entered the river and was captured. Bonnet had the shallop broken up to help repair the "Royal James". The work of careening was done, in whole or in part, by the prisoners Bonnet had captured. Bonnet threatened at least one man with marooning if he did not work with the slaves to repair the "Royal James"'. Bonnet remained in the Cape Fear River for the next 45 days. According to Bonnet's boatswain, Ignatius Pell, the pirates intended to wait out the hurricane season there.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Cape Fear River.

paragraph: By the end of August, news had reached Charles Town that Bonnet's vessels were moored in the Cape Fear River. Robert Johnson, governor of South Carolina, authorised Colonel William Rhett to lead a naval expedition against the pirates, even though the Cape Fear River was in North Carolina's jurisdiction. After a false start due to the appearance of another pirate ship near Charles Town, Rhett arrived at the mouth of the Cape Fear River on 26 September with two eight-gun sloops, the "Henry" and the "Sea Nymph", and a force of 130 militia men. Bonnet initially mistook Rhett's squadron for merchantmen and sent three canoes to capture them. Unfortunately for Rhett, his flagship "Henry" had run aground in the river mouth, enabling Bonnet's canoe crews to approach, recognize the heavily armed and manned sloops as hostile and return uninjured to warn Bonnet. The sun had set by the time the rising tide lifted the "Henry" off the river bottom.

paragraph: The 46 pirates were scattered among the three sloops. During the night, Bonnet brought all of them aboard the "Royal James" and planned to fight his way out to sea in the morning rather than risk the Cape Fear River's narrow channels in the dark. Bonnet also wrote a letter to Governor Johnson, threatening to burn all the ships in Charles Town Harbour. At daybreak, on 27 September 1718, Bonnet set sail toward Rhett's force, and all three sloops opened fire, initiating the Battle of Cape Fear River. The two South Carolinian sloops split up in an effort to bracket the "Royal James". Bonnet tried to avoid the trap by steering the "Royal James" close to the river's western shore, but ran aground in the process. Rhett's closing sloops also ran aground, leaving only the "Henry" in range of the "Royal James".

paragraph: The battle was at a stalemate for the next five or six hours, with all the participants immobilized. Bonnet's men had the advantage that their deck was heeled away from their opponents, giving them cover, while the "Henry"'s deck was tilted toward the pirates, thus exposing Rhett's men to punishing musket volleys. Bonnet's force suffered twelve casualties while killing ten and wounding fourteen of Rhett's 70-man crew. Most of Bonnet's men fought enthusiastically, challenging their enemies to board and fight hand to hand, and tying a knot in their flag as a mock signal to come aboard and render aid. Bonnet himself patrolled the deck with a pistol drawn, threatening to kill any pirate who faltered in the fight. Nevertheless, some of the prisoners who had been forced to join the pirate crew refused to fire on Rhett's men, and one narrowly escaped death at Bonnet's hands in the confusion of the engagement.

paragraph: The battle was ultimately decided when the rising tide lifted Rhett's sloops free while temporarily leaving the "Royal James" stranded. Bonnet was left helpless, watching while the enemy vessels repaired their rigging and closed to board his paralysed vessel. Outnumbered almost three to one, Bonnet's men would have had little hope of winning a boarding action. Bonnet ordered his gunner, George Ross, to blow up the "Royal James's" powder magazine. Ross apparently attempted this, but was overruled by the remainder of the crew, who surrendered. Rhett arrested the pirates and returned to Charles Town with his prisoners on 3 October.

paragraph: Section::::Escape, recapture, and execution.

paragraph: In Charles Town, Bonnet was separated from the bulk of his crew and held for three weeks along with his boatswain, Ignatius Pell, and his sailing master, David Herriott, at the home of Town Marshal Nathaniel Partridge. Pirate Edward Robinson and the remaining crew were held outside of Charles Town at the Watch House, at White Point. On 24 October, Bonnet and Herriott escaped, probably by colluding with local merchant Richard Tookerman. Governor Johnson at once placed a £700 bounty on Bonnet's head and dispatched search teams to track him down. Bonnet and Herriott, accompanied by a slave and an Indian, obtained a boat and made for the north shore of Charles Town Harbour, but foul winds and lack of supplies forced the four of them onto Sullivan's Island. Governor Johnson sent a posse under Rhett to Sullivan's Island to hunt for Bonnet. The posse discovered Bonnet after an extensive search, and opened fire, killing Herriott and wounding the two slaves. Bonnet surrendered and was returned to Charles Town. While awaiting trial, some sort of civil uprising in his support took place within the city, an event authorities would later describe as having nearly resulted in the burning of the town and the overthrow of the government. Bonnet possibly awaited his execution in the Court of Guard, a militia guardhouse in the city where the current Exchange and Provost stands today.

paragraph: On 10 November 1718, Bonnet was brought to trial before Sir Nicholas Trott, sitting in his capacity as Vice-Admiralty judge. Trott had already sat in judgment on Bonnet's crew and sentenced most of them to hang. Bonnet was formally charged with only two acts of piracy, against the "Francis" and the "Fortune", whose commanders were on hand to testify against Bonnet in person. Ignatius Pell had turned King's evidence in the trial of Bonnet's crew and now testified, somewhat reluctantly, against Bonnet himself. Bonnet pleaded not guilty and conducted his own defence without assistance of counsel, cross-examining the witnesses to little avail, and calling a character witness in his favour. Trott rendered a damning summation of the evidence, and the jury delivered a guilty verdict. Two days later, after treating the convicted man to a stern lecture on his violation of Christian duties, Trott sentenced Bonnet to death.

paragraph: While awaiting his execution, Bonnet wrote to Governor Johnson, begging abjectly for clemency and promising to have his own arms and legs cut off as assurance that he would never again commit piracy. Charles Johnson wrote that Bonnet's visibly disintegrating mind moved many Carolinians to pity, particularly the female population, and London papers later reported that the governor delayed his execution seven times. Bonnet was eventually hanged at White Point Garden, in Charles Town, on 10 December 1718.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Bonnet's authority.

paragraph: The actual degree of authority any pirate captain exercised over his crew was questionable, as he had no access to the procedures and sanctions of admiralty law that supported government captains. Many pirate captains were elected by their crews and could be deposed in the same manner. Because of his ignorance of nautical matters, Bonnet was in an even weaker position than other pirate captains, as is demonstrated by the utter domination Blackbeard exercised over him during their collaboration. During Bonnet's early career, his crew seems to have been less than loyal to him and to have greatly preferred the more charismatic and experienced Blackbeard.

paragraph: At his trial, Bonnet downplayed his own authority over his pirate crew. He told the court that his crew engaged in piracy against his will, and said he had warned them that he would leave the crew unless they stopped robbing vessels. He further stated that he had been asleep during the capture of the sloop "Francis". The court did not accept these protestations. Boatswain Ignatius Pell testified that Bonnet's quartermaster, Robert Tucker, had more power than Bonnet. A powerful quartermaster appears to have been a common feature of pirate crews in the early modern era.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Bonnet's crew represented him as being a leader, and it appears likely that, after his rescue of Blackbeard's marooned crewmen, he became at least a co-equal commander aboard the "Royal James". He appears to have been entrusted with the company's treasure, and made most major command decisions such as the direction of the ship and what vessels to attack. Most significantly, at Delaware Bay he ordered two of his crew to be flogged for breaches of discipline. Pirates did not lightly submit to flogging, as they resented the frequent use of this punishment in the naval and merchant services from which most of them came, and thus only a leader who commanded the obedience of his crew could successfully order such penalties.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Bonnet's pirate flag.

paragraph: Bonnet's flag is traditionally represented as a white skull above a horizontal long bone between a heart and a dagger, all on a black field. Despite the frequent appearance of this flag in modern pirate literature, no known early-Georgian period source describes any such device, much less attributes it to Bonnet. This version of Bonnet's flag is probably one of a number of pirate flags appearing on an undated manuscript with unknown provenance in Britain's National Maritime Museum, which was donated by Dr. Philip Gosse in 1939. Bonnet's crew and contemporaries generally referred to him flying a "bloody flag", which likely means a dark red flag. There is also a report from the 1718 "Boston News-Letter" of Bonnet flying a death's-head flag during his pursuit of the "Protestant Caesar", with no mention of color or of any long bone, heart, or dagger.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Walking the plank.

paragraph: Bonnet is alleged to have been one of the few pirates to make his prisoners walk the plank. No contemporary source makes any mention of Bonnet forcing prisoners to walk the plank, and modern scholars such as Marcus Rediker, Professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh, generally agree that the whole concept of pirates forcing prisoners to walk the plank belongs to a later age than Bonnet's.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Popular culture.

paragraph: Bonnet has been portrayed several times in literature. His life was turned into a story by Marcel Schwob in his book Imaginary Lives. He is a major character in Tim Powers' "On Stranger Tides," along with other famous piratical characters, particularly Blackbeard. In this novel, Bonnet takes up piracy after having been framed by Blackbeard, who has used Bonnet's hatred for his wife (only married two years in the novel) against him. "Kate Bonnet: The Romance of a Pirate's Daughter", by 19th century author Frank Stockton, is a satirical novel relating the adventures of a fictional daughter of Bonnet named Kate. Portrayals of Bonnet also extend to video games, such as "Sid Meier's Pirates!" and "". In the 1941 film "The Devil and Daniel Webster", the Devil summons Bonnet to join a Jury of the damned, announcing Bonnet and fellow seaman Floyd Ireson as "the fiendish butchers".

paragraph: A plaque commemorating Bonnet stands near Bonnet's Creek in Southport, North Carolina, on the Cape Fear River. The Yacht Basin Provision Company also holds an annual Stede Bonnet Regatta near Southport, commemorating the infamous pirate's dash for the ocean.

paragraph: The radio program "This American Life" produced a feature on May 5, 2017 on pirates. In the Prologue, host Ira Glass spoke to producer Elna Baker about the life of Stede Bonnet.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botting, Douglas. "The Pirates". Time-Life Books, Inc., 1978. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fox, Edward Theophilus. "Piratical Schemes and Contracts: Pirate Articles and Their Society 1660-1730". Exeter: University of Exeter, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Biography of Stede Bonnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proceedings of Stede Bonnet's Trial from "A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783" by Thomas Bayly Howell and William Cobbett, from Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Link to Hero's Island at imdb.com, a 1962 movie about Bonnet

description: early 18th-century Barbadian pirate

wikidata_label: Stede Bonnet

wikipedia_title: Stede Bonnet


text:
ancient Athenian
Socrates
Lamprocles
Menexenus
blond
horse
Lamprocles
Sophroniscus
Plato
Phaedo
Xenophon
Memorabilia
Symposium
Antisthenes
Aelian
Alcibiades
Diogenes Laërtius
Aristotle
Myrto
Plutarch
chamber pot
William Shakespeare
The Taming of the Shrew
Henry Fielding
Amy Levy
Edgar Allan Poe
Doctor Thorne
Anthony Trollope
Salomon Maimon
"Scylla and Charybdis"
Robert Graves
Maxwell Anderson
Barefoot in Athens
Hallmark Hall of Fame
Geraldine Page
Peter Ustinov
Henry Winterfeld
American
Cynthia Ozick
The Puttermesser Papers
National Book Award
Brockley Jack Theatre
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Autobiography
Asteroid
156 Xanthippe
patronym
Xanthippe
Socratea
phoretic
Wilfred Hudson Osgood
Xanthippe's shrew
List of speakers in Plato's dialogues

categories: Ancient Athenian women,Family of Socrates,5th-century BC Greek people,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Xanthippe

paragraph: Xanthippe (; , ; 5th – 4th century BC) was an ancient Athenian, the wife of Socrates and mother of their three sons: Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus. She was likely much younger than Socrates, perhaps by as much as 40 years.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Xanthippe means "yellow horse", from "xanthos" "blond" and "hippos" "horse". Hers is one of many Greek personal names with a horse theme (cf. "Philippos" "Friend of Horses", "Hippocrates" "Horse-tamer" etc.). The "hippos" in an ancient Greek name often suggested aristocratic heritage.

paragraph: One additional reason for thinking Xanthippe's family was socially prominent was that her eldest son was named Lamprocles instead of "Sophroniscus" after Socrates' father Sophroniscus: the ancient Greek custom was to name one's first child after the more illustrious of the two grandfathers. Xanthippe's father is believed to have been named Lamprocles. If he was even more well-established in Athenian aristocracy than was Socrates' father, his name would have been the preferred choice for the name of the first-born son.

paragraph: Section::::Character.

paragraph: Plato's portrayal of Xanthippe in the "Phaedo" suggests that she was a devoted wife and mother; She is mentioned nowhere else in Plato. Xenophon, in his "Memorabilia", portrays her in much the same light, although he does make Lamprocles complain of her harshness. It is only in Xenophon's "Symposium" where we have Socrates agree that she is (in Antisthenes' words) "the hardest to get along with of all the women there are." Nevertheless, Socrates adds that he chose her precisely because of her argumentative spirit:

paragraph: It is the example of the rider who wishes to become an expert horseman: "None of your soft-mouthed, docile animals for me," he says; "the horse for me to own must show some spirit" in the belief, no doubt, if he can manage such an animal, it will be easy enough to deal with every other horse besides. And that is just my case. I wish to deal with human beings, to associate with man in general; hence my choice of wife. I know full well, if I can tolerate her spirit, I can with ease attach myself to every human being else.

paragraph: Perhaps this picture of Xanthippe originated with the historical Antisthenes, one of Socrates' pupils, since Xenophon initially puts this view into his mouth. Aelian also depicts her as a jealous shrew in his description of an episode in which she tramples underfoot a large and beautiful cake sent to Socrates by Alcibiades. Diogenes Laërtius tells of other stories involving Xanthippe's supposed abusiveness.

paragraph: It seems that Xenophon's portrayal of her in his "Symposium" has been the most influential: Diogenes Laërtius, for example, seems to quote the "Symposium" passage, though he does not mention Xenophon by name, and the term "Xanthippe" has now come to mean any nagging scolding person, especially a shrewish wife.

paragraph: Later writers, such as Diogenes Laërtius who cite Aristotle as the earliest source, say that Socrates had a second wife called Myrto. Plutarch tells of a similar story, reporting that it comes from a work entitled "On Good Birth", but he expresses doubt as to whether it was written by Aristotle. In Plutarch's version of the story, Socrates, who was already married, attended to Myrto's financial concerns when she became a widow; this does not entail marriage. We have no more reliable evidence on this issue.

paragraph: An unconfirmed anecdote purports that Xanthippe was once so enraged with her husband that she took a chamber pot and poured it out over Socrates' head, which – according to the tale  – the philosopher accepted with the allegory: “After thunder comes the rain.”

paragraph: Section::::Literary references.

paragraph: In William Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew", Petruchio compares Katherina ""As Socrates' Xanthippe or a worse"" in Act 1 Scene 2. ()

paragraph: Addison discusses matrimony in "The Spectator" no. 482, dated Friday 12 September 1712:

paragraph: The novelist Henry Fielding describes the shrewish Mrs. Partridge thus:

paragraph: The English Victorian poet Amy Levy wrote a dramatic monologue called "Xantippe".

paragraph: In his poem 'An Acrostic', Edgar Allan Poe makes references to her although he (allegedly purposely) misspells her name and instead writes 'Zantippe'.

paragraph: In "Doctor Thorne" by Anthony Trollope the author says of wives 'There may possibly have been a Xantippe here and there, but Imogenes are to be found under every bush.'

paragraph: Salomon Maimon refers to a woman's "Xanthippe-like character" in Chapter 10 of his autobiography. ("A widow, celebrated for her superior talents, as well as for her Xanthippe-like character, kept a public house at the extremity of one of the suburbs. She had a daughter who yielded to her in none of the above-mentioned qualities, and who was indispensable to her in the management of the house. [...]"

paragraph: James Joyce in episode 9 of Ulysses ("Scylla and Charybdis") has John Eglinton ask Stephen Dedalus, ″What useful discovery did Socrates learn from Xanthippe?″

paragraph: In his essay "The Case for Xanthippe," (1960) Robert Graves suggested that the stereotype of Xanthippe as a misguided shrew is emblematic of an ancient struggle between masculinity (rationality, philosophy) and femininity (intuition, poetry), and that the rise of philosophy in Socrates' time has led to rationality and scientific pursuit coming to exercise an unreasonable dominance over human life and culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Xanthippe has a fairly important role in Maxwell Anderson's 1951 play "Barefoot in Athens". In the 1966 Hallmark Hall of Fame television production, she was played by Geraldine Page opposite Peter Ustinov as Socrates.

paragraph: In the 1953 young-adult detective novel "Detectives in Togas" (1953) by Henry Winterfeld, the schoolboys often joke about their schoolmaster Xanthos, saying his name reminds them of Xanthippe.

paragraph: "Puttermesser and Xanthippe" is the title of one of the chapters of American novelist Cynthia Ozick's 1997 novel "The Puttermesser Papers", a National Book Award finalist.

paragraph: In Cynthia Ozick's 1997 novel, "The Puttermesser Papers," Ruth Puttermesser creates a golem who insists on being called Xanthippe.

paragraph: A fictional account of Xanthippe's relationship with her husband is presented in the play "Xanthippe" by the British author and playwright Deborah Freeman. "Xanthippe" was first produced at the Brockley Jack Theatre, London, in 1999.

paragraph: A rebellious, dramatic, female teen is named "Xanthippe" in the Netflix comedy "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" which first aired on Netflix in 2015.

paragraph: Emanuel Carnevali, Italian-American poet, in his "Autobiography" refers to women he meets while being treated for encephalitis in an Italian sanatorium as "Xanthippes all."

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Asteroid 156 Xanthippe is named in her honour.

paragraph: In 1995, P. Naskrecki and R.K. Colwell gave the patronym "Xanthippe" to a genus of flower mite that inhabits flowers of palms of the genus "Socratea" and is probably phoretic on the beetles that pollinate the palm.

paragraph: A species of African white-toothed shrew was described by Wilfred Hudson Osgood in 1910 as "Crocidura xantippe," common name "Xanthippe's shrew."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of speakers in Plato's dialogues

enwikiquote_title: Xanthippe

wikidata_label: Xanthippe

wikipedia_title: Xanthippe


text:
Vila-real
Spain
Estel Solé
Elisenda Roca
PUC
NYU
Porto
Florencia
Paris
Barcelona
Valencia

categories: 1980 births,People from Villarreal,Spanish muralists,Spanish illustrators,Living people

paragraph: Paula Bonet

paragraph: Paula Bonet (born 1980 in Vila-real, Spain) is a Spanish book illustrator and painter. She has taken part in various projects and books, such as, the book of poems called "Si uneixes tots els punts" (“If you connect all the points”) written by Estel Solé and the work "T'estimo, ets perfecte, ja et canviaré" directed by Elisenda Roca. She became famous mainly because of the illustrations she began doing in 2009, she has hundred of thousands of followers in social networks.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born in Vila-real. Since she was a child loved everything related to drawings and the way of expressing herself artistically. At the age of 14 she joined into a drawing academy in the city she was born, thanks to this she started flirting with what would be years later her profession. After completing secondary school, she decided to study Fine Arts against lots of her closest familiars and friends who told her that she should study other careers which have more professional output. When Paula was 17 was admitted in the Polytechnic University of Valencia for studying Fine Arts. Once she had already completed these studies, she decided to spend time abroad completing her university studies. She travelled to Santiago de Chile and for four months she studied at PUC. After that, she went to New York thanks to a scholarsship and studied at the NYU six months. Almost every summer since she was 25, travelled to Urbino (Italy) to take some prestigious short courses.

paragraph: She was very clear that studying abroad would help her open her mind, searching for new horizons and discovering new influences. For four years she found it difficult to combine her teacher job in a school of Valencia (Spain) and her illustrator job. So she decided to concentrate totally in illustration. After five months, she moved to Barcelona where she could find greater artistic movements.

paragraph: Nowadays, she receives new job offers almost every day. She gained lots of fans because of people talking about her, most of her public was women. After that, her illustration skills appeared in buses, murals and advertisements. She has exhibit in some European cities, such as, Porto, Florencia or Paris, without forgetting Barcelona and Valencia. She is almost a fan phenomenon, she has 200.000 followers in social networks.

paragraph: Section::::Illustration techniques.

paragraph: She used to work engraving (lithography, screen printing, chalcography) and oil painting techniques. In 2009 started introducing illustration in her works.

paragraph: She feels comfortable drawing illustrations and adding texts. Paula tryes to make it fifty-fifty. The illustrations to support the texts and vice versa. “They are not explained illustrations neither illustrated texts.”

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "813" (La Galera, Spanish and Catalan edition, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La pequeña Amelia se hace mayora" (Spanish edition) / "La petita Amèlia es fa gran" (Catalan edition) (Combel Editorial, 2014).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Qué hacer cuando en la pantalla aparece The End" (Lunwerg, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Léeme" (Spanish edition) / "Llegeix-me" (Catalan edition) (Andana Editorial, 2012).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Spanish book illustrator and urban mural painter

wikidata_label: Paula Bonet

wikipedia_title: Paula Bonet


text:
Phalsbourg
Nancy
Meurthe-et-Moselle
French Revolutionary Wars
French Revolution
Valmy
Hondschoote
Mainz
Seven Years' War
Order of Saint Louis
Salm-Salm
Valmy
Anne Rene Joseph Petigny
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
Rudolf Eickemeyer
Army of the North
Army of the Rhine
right wing
Strasbourg
Revolutionary Tribunal

categories: 1734 births,1801 deaths,French generals,French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,People from Moselle (department)

paragraph: Louis Dominique Munnier

paragraph: Louis Dominique Munnier or Meunier, born 17 December 1734 in Phalsbourg (Moselle ), died in 1800 in Nancy, (Meurthe-et-Moselle), was a general of the French Revolutionary Wars. He joined the military in 1748 as an ensign, and progressed through the ranks. Embracing the French Revolution's principles, he became a colonel in the 62nd Infantry Regiment, serving at Valmy, Hondschoote, and Mainz.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: He entered service 21 May 1748 as an ensign in the Regiment Lowendal (Colonel and proprietor: (1) Woldemar de Lowendal, and (2) François Xavier Joseph, comte de Lowendal), and was promoted to second lieutenant on 1 October 1756 and first lieutenant 5 November 1758. This regiment served throughout the Seven Years' War but on 18 January 1760, the first battalion, to which he was attached, merged into the Regiment Anhalt, and the second merged into the Regiment de La Marck. On 2 March 1773 he was made a knight of Order of Saint Louis. On 28 February 1778, he became captain of grenadiers, and on 20 March he was promoted to major. During this time, also, the regiment served in the American colonies in the war against the British. He was appointed lieutenant colonel in the Regiment Salm-Salm on 2 January 1783, and 25 July 1791, he became the regimental colonel, in the renamed 62nd Infantry Regiment, replacing the prince of Salm-Salm. The regiment subsequently distinguished itself at Valmy. He was promoted to brigadier general on 7 September 1792, and Ernest, Baron Ruttemberg replaced him as regimental commander for a short time (until his own defection to the emigre army). On 21 October 1792, he, Anne Rene Joseph Petigny, and Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine accepted the capitulation of the city of Mainz, offered by Rudolf Eickemeyer. While 22,000 of Custine's men remained at Mainz, Munnier commanded a column that moved on Oppenheim and Speyer.

paragraph: Munnier was promoted to major general on 28 October, at the time part of the Army of the North. On 15 March 1793, his column was transferred to the Army of the Rhine, where he commanded the right wing. That summer, his commander, Custine was arrested, tried for treason and executed; from 30 September to 2 October of that year, Munnier temporarily commanded the Army of the Rhine but on 23 October 1793, he was relieved of his command and arrested in Strasbourg; subsequently, he too was accused of treason, tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal, but acquitted. On 18 November 1794, he was released from prison and reinstated to his rank. He was admitted to retirement on 10 February 1795.

description: French general

wikidata_label: Louis Dominique Munnier

wikipedia_title: Louis Dominique Munnier


text:
Colmar
Alsace
Sélestat
Bas-Rhin
French Revolutionary Wars
First Empire
Legion of Honour
Order of St. Louis
French Revolution
Siege of Mainz (1792)
Army of the Rhine
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
1795 engagement at Mainz
André Masséna
Army of Helvetia
Arc de Triomphe
Sélestat
Henri-Jacques Martin de Lagarde

categories: French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,Order of Saint Louis recipients,1747 births,French generals,French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,Counts of the First French Empire,People from Colmar

paragraph: François Ignace Schaal

paragraph: François Ignace Schaal, born and baptized on 5 December 1747 in Colmar (Alsace) and died on 30 August 1833 at Sélestat (Bas-Rhin), was a French general and statesman of the French Revolutionary Wars and the First Empire. He was one of six children (four of whom grew to adulthood) of Jean-Baptiste Schaal, a lawyer in Colmar and Anne Barbe Kubler.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: He entered service on 1 August 1768, as an ensign in the artillery, and was appointed second lieutenant on 8 May 1770. When the French Revolution started, he was a captain in the Nassau Regiment (later the 96th regiment). He was raised to general of brigade provisionally on 8 March 1793, he was appointed major general on 13 June 1795. He was a Commander of the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour on 17 October 1814, Knight of Order of St. Louis. He married Josephine Aglaée Bon Fabry.

paragraph: During the French Revolution, he was one of the commanders of the Republican army, especially during the Siege of Mainz (1792) and he distinguished himself in Cassel (Mainz). In 1793, shortly after the military reorganization, he was a lieutenant colonel of the 93rd Regiment, formerly the Duke of Enghien's regiment; the first battalion of this regiment served in the Army of the Rhine under Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine; the second at Strasbourg, and the grenadiers at Mainz. Although only a brigadier general, he commanded the Army of the Rhine from 14 February to 29 April 1795. He had not sought command of the Army of the Rhine—indeed, Desaix, and others had flat out refused to take command and had finally convinced the Committee in Paris that Schaal was the man for the job, despite his being a brigadier and they, generals of division—but Schaal had taken the command against his better judgement and executed it as best he could. To give the others credit, they had followed his orders precisely, as uninspired as they were.

paragraph: At the 1795 engagement at Mainz, Schaal commanded two columns, one from the Army of the Rhine and the other from the Army of Moselle, that had been separated from their respective armies to take Mainz. However, when it came to the renewal of siege at Mainz, he commanded the united columns, one from each army, that comprised the "Armée devant Mayence" (the Army before Mainz). When the critical time came, however, Schaal was a mere figurehead implementing a strategy at Mainz that he had neither thought of, or approved. He entered retirement.

paragraph: He tried to re-enter the military in 1799, seeking an appointment to André Masséna's Army of Helvetia. He entered full retirement on 4 September 1815. His name is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe, on the eastern side of the fourteenth column facing the Champs-Élysées. He was mayor of Sélestat from 1800–1807 and a delegate of the Bas-Rhin to the Legislative Assembly from 1808–1812.

paragraph: He was the father-in-law of General Henri-Jacques Martin de Lagarde, who married his daughter, Marie, Augustine (born 1796) in Mainz, on 1 February 1815.

description: French politician

wikidata_label: François Ignace Schaal

wikipedia_title: François Ignace Schaal


text: Anna Seward

text: Lunar Society

text: Bath

text: Thomas Seward

text: Lichfield

text: Staffordshire

text: Anna Seward

text: John André

text: Thomas Day

text: Richard Edgeworth

text: Maria Edgeworth

text: tuberculosis

text: Weston

text: Practical Education

text: Bishton

text: Staffordshire

text: Sible Hedingham

text: Essex

text: Bath

text: Royal Horse Guards

text: Gentleman Usher

text: Thomas Seward

text: Lichfield

text: Bishop's Palace

text: Cathedral Close

text: female education

text: Rousseau

text: Julie

text: David Garrick

text: Erasmus Darwin

text: Samuel Johnson

text: James Boswell

text: Lillian Faderman

text: lesbian

text: Richard Edgeworth

text: John André

text: Thomas Day

text: Lunar Society

text: Shrewsbury

text: Lyons

text: puerperal fever

text: Lichfield Cathedral

text: Thomas Seward

text: Edgeworthstown

text: County Longford

text: Ireland

text: Maria

text: boarding school

text: Derby

text: Charterhouse

text: Rousseau

text: Northchurch

text: Hertfordshire

text: Erasmus Darwin

text: consumption

text: William Heberden

text: Shifnal

text: Shropshire

text: Uglow

text: cameo

text: Rousseau

text: Anna Barbauld

text: Northchurch

text: Locke

text: Hartley

text: Priestley

text: Erasmus Darwin

text: Dugald Stewart

text: Practical Education

text: Lichfield

text: Bodleian Library

text: Bluestockings

text: feminists

text: Anna Seward

text: mezzotinto

text: George Romney

text: Figure, above

text: John André

text: jasper

text: John Flaxman

text: Wedgwood

text: André; a Tragedy in Five Acts

text: William Dunlap

text: Volume 1

text: Volume 2

text: Review: Lady's Monthly Museum

text: Edgeworthstown

categories: 18th-century English writers,1751 births,18th-century deaths from tuberculosis,1780 deaths,18th-century British women writers

paragraph: Honora Sneyd

paragraph: Honora Edgeworth ("née" Sneyd; 1751 – 1 May 1780) was an eighteenth-century English writer, mainly known for her associations with literary figures of the day particularly Anna Seward and the Lunar Society, and for her work on children's education. Sneyd was born in Bath in 1751, and following the death of her mother in 1756 was raised by Canon Thomas Seward and his wife Elizabeth in Lichfield, Staffordshire until she returned to her father's house in 1771. There, she formed a close friendship with their daughter, Anna Seward. Having had a romantic engagement to John André and having declined the hand of Thomas Day, she married Richard Edgeworth as his second wife in 1773, living on the family estate in Ireland till 1776. There she helped raise his children from his first marriage, including Maria Edgeworth, and two children of her own. Returning to England she fell ill with tuberculosis, which was incurable, dying at Weston in Staffordshire in 1780. She is the subject of a number of Anna Seward's poems, and with her husband developed concepts of childhood education, resulting in a series of books, such as "Practical Education", based on her observations of the Edgeworth children. She is known for her stand on women's rights through her vigorous rejection of the proposal by Day, in which she outlined her views on equality in marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life 1751–1773.

paragraph: Honora Sneyd was born the third daughter to Edward Sneyd who lived in Bishton, Staffordshire and Susanna Cook of Sible Hedingham, Essex, in Bath in 1751. Her father was a Major in the Royal Horse Guards, with an appointment at Court as a Gentleman Usher. her parents married in 1742 and she was one of eight children and the second surviving daughter of six, and only six years old when her mother died in 1757. Her father found himself unable to take care of all of his children and various friends and relations then offered to take them in.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life 1751–1773.:Adoption by the Seward family 1756–1771.

paragraph: Honora Sneyd, who was seven years younger than the thirteen-year-old Anna Seward, moved into the home of family friends, Canon Thomas Seward and his wife Elizabeth and their family at Lichfield, Staffordshire, where they lived in the Bishop's Palace in the Cathedral Close. The Sewards had lost five children after their first two daughters, and such fostering was not uncommon at the time. There she was brought up by the Sewards as one of their own, being variously described as an adopted or foster sister. Anna Seward describes how she and her younger sister Sarah first met Honora, on returning from a walk, in her poem "The Anniversary" (1769). Initially Honora was more attached to Sarah, to whom she was closer in age, but Sarah died of typhus at the age of nineteen (1764), when Honora Sneyd was thirteen. Following Sarah's death Honora became the responsibility of Anna, the older sister. Anna consoled herself with her affection for Honora Sneyd, as she describes in "Visions", written a few days after her sister's death. In the poem she expresses the hope that Honora ('this transplanted flower') will replace her sister (whom she refers to as 'Alinda') in her and her parents' affections. Throughout her life Honora Sneyd's health was fragile, experiencing the first bout of the tuberculosis that would later claim her life in 1766, at the age of fifteen. However, Anna Seward believed she detected the first signs in 1764, at thirteen, writing presciently

paragraph: This dear child will not live; I am perpetually fearing it, notwithstanding the clear health which crimsons her cheek and glitters in her eyes. Such early expansion of intelligence and sensibility partakes too much of the angelic, too little of the mortal nature, to tarry long in these low abodes of frailty and of pain, where the harshness of authority, and the impenetrability of selfishness, with the worse mischiefs of pride and envy, so frequently agitate by their storms, and chill by their damps, the more ingenious and purer spirits, scattered, not profusely, over the earth.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life 1751–1773.:Education.

paragraph: At Lichfield Honora Sneyd came under the influence of Canon Seward, who raised her, and his progressive views on female education, which he expressed in his poem "The Female Right to Literature" (1748). She was described as clever and interested in science, From Anna she developed a great love of literature.

paragraph: Honora Sneyd was an accomplished scholar, attending day school in Lichfield where she became fluent in French, translating Rousseau's "Julie" for her older foster sister. Though Canon Seward's (but not his wife's) attitudes towards the education of girls was progressive relative to the times, they were "by no means excessively liberal". Amongst the subjects he taught them were theology and numeracy, and how to read, appreciate, write and recite poetry. Although this deviated from what were considered "conventional drawing room accomplishments", he encouraged them away from traditional female roles. However, the omissions were also notable, including languages and science, although they were left free to pursue their own inclinations in this regard. To that end they were exposed to the circle of learned men who frequented the Bishop's Palace at Lichfield where they lived, and which became the centre of a literary circle including, David Garrick, Erasmus Darwin, Samuel Johnson and James Boswell. The children were encouraged to participate in the conversations, as Anna later relates.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life 1751–1773.:Relationships.

paragraph: Honora Sneyd and Anna Seward lived under the same roof for thirteen years and formed a close friendship which has given rise to much speculation as to its exact nature, located as it was within the tradition of "female friendship", and forming the basis of a body of Anna Seward's poetical works. Various authors differ in their interpretation of the relationship between the two women, with Lillian Faderman who first suggested that it was lesbian, supported by Barrett although the term relates more to twentieth- rather than eighteenth-century concepts of identity. On the other hand, Teresa Barnard argues against this based more on examination of the correspondence rather than poetry, which is generally based within the lesbian poetic canon, the relationship between these two women being frequently cited.

paragraph: Sneyd had a reputation for both intelligence and beauty, as commented on by many, including Anna Seward and Richard Edgeworth (see below). In 1764 Seward described Sneyd as "fresh and beautiful as the young day-star, when he bathes his fair beams in the dews of spring". At seventeen Honora Sneyd was briefly engaged to a Swiss born Derbyshire merchant, John André, a relationship that Seward had fostered, and wrote about in her "Monody on Major André" (1781) when André became a British officer in 1771 and was hanged as a spy by the Americans. The respective parents did not support this attachment for reasons of his financial status.

paragraph: Around Christmas 1770, Thomas Day and Richard Edgeworth, who like Thomas Seward were members of the Lunar Society that met in Lichfield amongst other places, were spending increasing amounts of time at the Seward household and both had fallen for Sneyd, although Edgeworth was already married. In 1771 she declined an offer of marriage from Thomas Day. Edgeworth gives an account of her letter of rejection stating that it "contained an excellent answer to his [Day's] arguments in favour of the rights of men, and a clear dispassionate view of the rights of women". Edgeworth continues that Sneyd had very determined views on the role of women and their rights within marriage.

paragraph: Miss Honora Sneyd would not admit the unqualified control of a husband over all her actions; she did not feel, that seclusion from society was indispensably necessary to preserve female virtue, or to secure domestic happiness. Upon terms of reasonable equality, she supposed, that mutual confidence might best subsist; she said, that, as Mr Day had decidedly declared his determination to live in perfect seclusion from what is usually called the world, it was fit she should decidedly declare, that she would not change her present mode of life, with which she had no reason to be dissatisfied, for any dark and untried system, that could be proposed to her.

paragraph: However, Honora Sneyd's father moved to Lichfield from London in 1771, and reassembled his family of five daughters there. By now Honora was nineteen and Anna viewed her friend's departure with considerable dismay. Although Day was much distressed by his rejection by Honora Sneyd, he transferred his affections to the fifth daughter, Elizabeth Sneyd, who had been in the care of Mr Henry Powys and his wife, Susannah Sneyd, of the Abbey, Shrewsbury, Mrs. Powys being Mr Sneyd's niece. However, Elizabeth Sneyd was not inclined to accept Day.

paragraph: Richard Edgeworth comments on how Honora Sneyd had affected him;

paragraph: He continued, describing the unhappiness of his marriage, and how that made him vulnerable to her attributes, which were shared by all the learned gentlemen of his circle. He also believed that Anna Seward had noticed the effect her friend was having on him, and would regularly place her actions in the best light for his benefit. The elimination of Day as a suitor for Honora Sneyd's hand placed Edgeworth in a difficult situation and he resolved to end it by moving to Lyons France, to work, in the autumn of 1771.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Marriage to Richard Edgeworth 1773–1780.:Marriage and move to Ireland 1773–1776.

paragraph: On 17 March 1773, Edgeworth's first wife Anna Maria Elers gave birth to their fifth child, Anna Maria Edgeworth, at the age of 29. Ten days later she died from puerperal fever. Edgeworth was still in Lyon to avoid temptation leaving his expectant wife in the care of Day. On learning of the death of his wife, Edgeworth travelled to London, where he consulted Day as to Honora Sneyd's situation. On learning that she remained in good health and unattached, he promptly headed to Lichfield to see Honora at the Sneyds, with the intention of proposing. His offer was accepted immediately, and there was no mention of the conventional waiting period before remarrying after widowhood. Although Mr. Sneyd was opposed to his daughter's marriage, the couple were married at Lichfield Cathedral on 17 July 1773, officiated by Canon Thomas Seward, Anna Seward being a bridesmaid. After marrying, problems with the Edgeworth family estates in Ireland required the couple to immediately move to Edgeworthstown, County Longford in Ireland.

paragraph: Through this marriage Sneyd became step-mother to Edgeworth's four surviving children by his first wife, Anna Maria, ranging from seven months to nine years in age; Richard, Maria, who became a writer in her own right, Emmeline and Anna Maria. On encountering her new family she observed that Maria, then aged five, was exhibiting behavioural problems, and expressed her views that speedy and consistent punishment were the keys to ensuring good behaviour in children, a view she proceeded to practice. However, she believed that such discipline needed to be imposed "before the age of 5 or 6", and was therefore rather late in the case of the older children; however, she imposed a strict discipline. Following a period of ill health on Sneyd's part, Maria Edgeworth was sent away to boarding school in Derby (1775–1781), and later London upon the death of Honora Sneyd (1781–1782). Similarly, her older brother Richard was sent to Charterhouse (1776–1778) and then went to sea, and she never saw him again. Later Richard Edgeworth would comment on how difficult the first two years were for Sneyd in her new role as stepmother to undisciplined children, a role her relatives had advised her against.

paragraph: Honora Sneyd was soon pregnant, giving birth to her daughter Honora on 30 May 1774, who died at the age of sixteen. Her second child, Lovell, who inherited the property, was born the following year on 30 June 1775. The Edgeworth children were raised according to the system of Rousseau, as refined and modified by the Edgeworths. Richard Edgeworth considered his early educational efforts a failure, the older children from his first marriage growing up unruly and then being sent away to school, and readily concurred with his new wife's stricter rules. However, he had seen very little of them in their early years.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Marriage to Richard Edgeworth 1773–1780.:Return to England 1776–1780.

paragraph: After three years in Ireland, in 1776 they moved to England again, taking up residence in Northchurch,Hertfordshire Despite Anna Seward's despair at the loss of her friend, she and Honora had maintained regular correspondence and visits. However, these suddenly ceased, an event that Anna blamed Honora Sneyd's father for. During a temporary absence of Edgeworth on business in Ireland in the spring of 1779, Honora Sneyd fell ill with a fever, just as he was summoning her to let the house and join him there. On his return they consulted Dr. Erasmus Darwin at Lichfield, who was of the opinion the illness was more severe than at first thought, being a recurrence of consumption (T.B.) from which she had had a brief bout at the age of fifteen. He advised against returning to Ireland but rather, moving closer to Lichfield. For a while they stayed at the Sneyd house that was temporarily vacant while consulting a wide range of physicians including Dr. William Heberden (Samuel Johnson's physician), and even staying with Day near London to be close to medical care. but only received news of incurability. Eventually they rented Bighterton, near Shifnal, Shropshire, closer to the Sneyds, Darwin and others of their circle, where Honora Sneyd drew up her will in April.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Four years after returning to England Honora Sneyd died of consumption at six in the morning on 1 May 1780 at Bighterton, surrounded by her husband, her youngest sister, Charlotte and a servant. Honora Sneyd was buried in the nearby Weston church where a plaque on the wall (see box) bears witness to her life. Honora Sneyd died within eight years of her marriage to Richard Edgeworth, at almost the same age as her predecessor. The same disease which had taken the life of her mother and five maternal aunts would soon claim the life of her young daughter, Honora Edgeworth (1790), as well as her younger sister, Elizabeth, seven years later (1797), as well as at least two of Elizabeth's children, Charlotte (1807) and Henry (1813). Honora's brother, Lovell was also affected by the consumption. At the time it was thought this was a hereditary weakness carried by the family.

paragraph: On Honora Sneyd's death, Edgeworth married her younger sister, Elizabeth Sneyd, stating that this had been the dying wish of Honora. Uglow speculates that this was a marriage of convenience, for the sake of the children. Although it was technically legal to marry one's wife's sister, the marriage was considered scandalous, and was opposed by the Sneyds, Sewards and Edgeworths as well as the Bishop. The couple fled to London where they were married on Christmas Day with Thomas Day as witness, before proceeding to live at Northchurch. The scandal may have given rise to less charitable interpretations of Edgeworth's actions, although there is no direct evidence to support or refute these. Honora Sneyd's will, drawn up during the last month of her life refers only to "that Woman whom he shall think worthy to call his, for her to wear, so long as they both shall LOVE", referring to a cameo she owned of Richard Edgeworth.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Practical Education.

paragraph: The Edgeworths jointly developed the concept of "Practical Education", a principle that would become a new paradigm by the 1820s. Having determined that after eight years, Richard Edgeworth's attempt to raise his eldest son Richard according to the principles of Rousseau was a failure, he and Honora were determined to find better methods. After the birth of Honora's first child (1774), the Edgeworths embarked on a plan, partly inspired by Anna Barbauld, to write a series of books for children. After trying many other methods, Barbauld's "Lessons for Children from two to three years old" was published in 1778, and the Edgeworths used it on Anna (5) and Honora (4), and were delighted to find that the girls learned to read in six weeks. Now back in England, at Northchurch the Edgeworths were in closer contact with the intellectuals of the Lunar society. Richard Edgeworth and Honora were determined to design a plan for the education of their children. They started by reviewing the existing literature on childhood education (including Locke, Hartley, Priestley in addition to Rousseau), and then proceeded to document their observations of the behaviour of children and then developed their own "practical" system. To this end Erasmus Darwin suggested they start by reading the work of Dugald Stewart. Honora Sneyd then started recording extensive notes on her observations of the Edgeworth children. These then became the dialogues in the final book.

paragraph: Richard and Maria Edgeworth state that "She [Honora] was of opinion that the art of education should be considered as an experimental science", and that the failures of the past were due to "following theory rather than practice". Richard Edgeworth and Honora then set about applying the emerging principles of educational psychology to the actual practice of education. From their reading of theory they determined that the reason Barbauld was successful was that the child's reading was rewarded (thus departing radically from Rousseau), because it was associated with pleasure. Honora Sneyd conceived of the title of their work therefore as "Practical Education". With her husband, Honora wrote the first version of "Practical Education" as a children's book "Practical education: or, the history of Harry and Lucy" for Honora her daughter, which was begun in 1778 and privately published in February 1780 in Lichfield as "Practical Education", vol 2. The book tells a simple story of two parents and their two model children, Harry and Lucy, who carry out domestic chores and ask their parents many questions, the answers to which may be deemed educational. The children explain their discoveries and how they learn, the whole presented as nine forms of learning. As originally conceived it was intended to be the second part of a series of three books, but the remaining parts remained unwritten. The original plan had been for a collaborative work, contributed to by various members of the Lunar Society. it was an ambitious project designed to fill what they perceived of as major deficiencies in the field of both technical and scientific education and to introduce early ideas on morality, science and other academic disciplines into the developing mind of the young child. After Honora Sneyd's premature death, her sister Elizabeth continued the work, in her role as the third wife of Richard Edgeworth. The final version of the book was authored by Richard and Maria Edgeworth and published after both Honora and her sister Elizabeth's deaths, in 1798, and further revised under Maria's name as "Early lessons" (1801–1825). In reality this was a family project contributed to by a number of their members that would extend over 50 years, beyond Richard Edgeworth's death in 1817 (c. 1774–1825).

paragraph: Richard Edgeworth observed on his wife's death that being familiar with the experimental method in science, she was surprised to find that educational theory was based on very little empirical evidence, and set out to apply experimental science to child education and devised, executed and recorded experiments with children. She conceived and executed a register (2 volumes 1778–1779) of the reaction of children to new knowledge and experience, given her interest in applying experimental science to the field of child education. She observed the questions that children asked, what they did, and how they solved problems. An extensive example of her recorded dialogue is given by Richard and Maria Edgeworth in ""Practical Education"". This formed the basis of Richard Edgeworth's "Essays on professional education" (1809). In the Bodleian Library there is a short story in manuscript dated 1787 and other fragments attributed to Honora Sneyd. Her parents' principles of childhood education were to be a profound influence on Maria Edgeworth's own career as a writer for children.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Other.

paragraph: Honora Sneyd, through her early contact with members of the Lunar Society, had always taken a keen interest in science, an attribute that drew the intention of Richard Edgeworth who considered himself an inventor. Following their marriage, she worked on his projects with him and in his words, "became an excellent theoretic mechanick" herself.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Since little of Honora Sneyd's own words have survived, our image of her is largely through the eyes of others, in particular Anna Seward and Richard Edgeworth. Honora Sneyd is often listed amongst the members or associates of the Bluestockings, educated upper class literary women who disdained traditional female accomplishments and often formed close female friendships. The depiction of the effect of consumption on her has been used as a symbol of the pervasiveness of the disease in eighteenth-century culture. The work she started on educational psychology would prove to be immensely influential throughout the nineteenth century. Her name is also inextricably entwined with that of Anna Seward in the literature of lesbian relationships and female friendship.

paragraph: From growing up in the Seward household with Canon Seward and the members of the Lunar Society, Honora Sneyd and her childhood friend Anna Seward developed relatively progressive views for the times on the status of women and equality in marriage, a key to which was female education. Sneyd entered into marriage with Richard Edgeworth on the understanding that they were equal partners in his work. Anna, and later Honora's stepdaughter, Maria Edgeworth, were to take those values and promote them in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Britain, the ancestors of modern feminists. Today Honora's position on women's rights is best remembered for her rebuke of Thomas Day and his theory of the "perfect wife".

paragraph: Anna Seward's will mentions two likenesses of Honora Sneyd in her possession that she wished to bequeath. The first of these was a mezzotinto engraving after George Romney, which she had modeled for as "Serena" (see Figure, above) to Honora's brother Edward. The other was a drawn miniature portrait by John André (1776) which she left to her cousin and confidante Mary Powys. A jasper medallion, after an image by John Flaxman, was issued by the Wedgwood factory in 1780 (right). Honora Sneyd was the subject of many of Seward's poems, When Sneyd married Edgeworth, she became the subject of Seward's anger, yet the latter continued to write about Sneyd and her affection for her long after her death. In addition to being immortalised in Anna Seward's poetry, Sneyd appears semi-fictionalised as a character in a play about Major André and herself, "André; a Tragedy in Five Acts" by William Dunlap, first produced in New York in 1798.

paragraph: The plaque in St. Andrew's Church, Weston, where she is buried, on the north wall of the tower, reads;

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books and articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Anna Seward.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 2

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:The Edgeworths.:Honora.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In

paragraph: BULLET::::- In

paragraph: BULLET::::- In

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:The Edgeworths.:Maria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , In

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Works by the Edgeworths.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review: Lady's Monthly Museum 1820 p. 326/a

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Historical sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edgeworthstown

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Reference materials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , see Bibliography p. 501

description: English writer (1751-1780)

wikidata_label: Honora Sneyd

wikipedia_title: Honora Sneyd


text:
London
Good Words
Kensington
Jonathan Couch
Cornish English
Joseph Wright
English Dialect Dictionary
Dinah Mulock Craik

categories: 1840s births,19th-century British writers,Writers from London,1903 deaths

paragraph: Louisa Parr

paragraph: Louisa Sarah Ann Parr (1848? – 2 November 1903) was a British writer who wrote under the name of Mrs Olinthus Lobb.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Louisa Sarah Ann Taylor was born in London in about 1848. She was brought up in Plymouth as her father was a Naval officer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Her first published writing was a success. It was published in English in 1868 in the evangelical magazine "Good Words" as "How it all happened" and the story was soon reprinted in French and later in German. The English version was also printed as an American pamphlet. The story was issued under the pen name of "Mrs Olinthus Lobb" but for most of her work she used her own name.

paragraph: In 1869 she married a surgeon and collector named George Parr and they lived in Kensington. The following year "Dorothy Fox", her first novel, was published. The story of Quaker life was another success and an American publisher paid her an advance of £300 against her next novel. Her next two novels were published in 1874 and 1875 but neither of them were very successful. Her next novel was titled "Adam and Eve" and this was another success in 1880. This novel recalled her nautical childhood; it was set in Cornwall where the protagonist "Adam" lives and smuggles. The "Eve" in the book's title is the name of Adam's cousin who lives in London. The stories in this novel were based on fact as she re-used situations recorded in the "History of Polperro" which was written by Jonathan Couch in 1871. The dialect used in the novel was used as a source for Cornish English by Joseph Wright in his "English Dialect Dictionary".

paragraph: Parr published several other books, but none was as successful as her ""tour de force"", "Adam and Eve". Her books were written with style and humour that dealt pointedly with the oppression of women. Her last novel, "Can This Be Love?", told the story of a woman looked down on by her lover and his ill-mannered family. It was published in 1893.

paragraph: In 1897, "Women Novelists of Queen Victoria's Reign" was published and this included a short biography written by Parr about her fellow writer Dinah Mulock Craik.

paragraph: Parr died at her home in London in 1903 leaving £6,400.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dorothy Fox" (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hero Carthew" or "The Prescotts of Pamphillon" (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gosau Smithy" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adam and Eve" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robin" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loyalty George" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dumps and I" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Squire" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Can This Be Love?" (1893)

alias:
Louisa Sarah Ann Parr
Louisa Taylor
Mrs Olinthus Lobb

description: English novelist

wikidata_label: Louisa Parr

wikipedia_title: Louisa Parr


text:
Manhattan, New York City
Warsaw, Poland
New York College of Music
Jerome Kern
Alfred Newman
Manhattan, New York City
net value
Washington Cemetery
Brooklyn

categories: Polish emigrants to the United States,Pedestrian road incident deaths,American pianists,American male pianists,1863 births,1929 deaths,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Alexander Lambert

paragraph: Alexander Lambert (November 1, 1863 – December 31, 1929) was a pianist and a piano teacher, who was struck and killed by a taxicab in Manhattan, New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on November 1, 1863 in Warsaw, Poland to Henry Lambert.

paragraph: After moving to New York, he was faculty of New York College of Music. Among his students included Jerome Kern and Alfred Newman.

paragraph: He died on New Year's Eve 1929 in Manhattan, New York City when he was struck and killed by a taxicab. He left an estate with a net value of $273,457, , and was buried in Washington Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

description: Polish-American pianist

wikidata_label: Alexander Lambert

wikipedia_title: Alexander Lambert


text:
Italian
Turin
Italy
Letizia Quaranta
Dante Testa
Edoardo Bencivenga
Aquila Films
Dante Cappelli
Ambrosio Film
Cabiria
Giovanni Pastrone
Gabriele D’Annunzio
Sicily
Carthage
Cirta
Second Punic War
Mt. Etna
Carthage
Hannibal
Archimedes
Siege of Syracuse
Scipio Africanus
Maciste
Bartolomeo Pagano
lire
Mario Camerini
Alberto Collo
pneumonia

categories: Italian silent film actresses,People from Turin,Deaths from pneumonia,Infectious disease deaths in Italy,Italian film actresses,1891 births,Italian stage actresses,20th-century Italian actresses,1928 deaths

paragraph: Lidia Quaranta

paragraph: Lidia Quaranta (6 March 1891 - 5 March 1928) was an Italian stage and film actress of the early 20th-century.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Lidia Gemma Mattia Quaranta was born in Turin, Italy, the older sister of twins Isabella and Letizia Quaranta. She began her stage career in the theatre company of Italian actor and director Dante Testa. In 1910 Quaranta and her sister Letizia were hired by Itala Film. However, she made her film debut in the 1910 Edoardo Bencivenga-directed short "L'ignota" (English release title: "The Unknown Woman") for the little-known Aquila Films. In 1911, she would appear in her first film for Itala titled "Clio e Filete" ("Clio and Filete"), directed by Oreste Mentasti. She would go on to perform in a number of short films for Itala, including the popular 1913 crime-drama "Tigris" opposite actor Dante Cappelli. During the 1910s, she would also work for such film companies as Tiber, Excelsa and Ambrosio Film.

paragraph: Section::::Stardom.

paragraph: In 1914, Quaranta was cast in the title role in the lavish epic silent film "Cabiria", directed by Giovanni Pastrone and with author Gabriele D’Annunzio cited as a scriptwriter. The film is set in ancient Sicily, Carthage, and Cirta during the period of the Second Punic War (218–202 BC). It follows a melodramatic main plot about an abducted girl, Cabiria, and features an eruption of Mt. Etna, heinous religious rituals in Carthage, the alpine trek of Hannibal, Archimedes' defeat of the Roman fleet at the Siege of Syracuse and Scipio Africanus maneuvering in North Africa. Apart from being a classic on its own terms, the film is also notable for being the first film in which the long-running film character Maciste (played by Bartolomeo Pagano) makes his debut. Running nearly three hours (14 reels), the film was one of the first feature-length films and was both critically and financially successful and launched Quaranta into international stardom. From 1915-20, she appeared in several films for Turin-based production companies such as Gloria and Savoia Studios. At the height of her popularity, she was earning a then unprecedented ₤10,000 lire a month during her contract with Itala Film, making her Italy's highest paid film actress of the era.

paragraph: Section::::Later career and death.

paragraph: After 1920, Quaranta would appear in several films for Fert Studios, Photodrama and Circe Film. Her last film appearance was in the 1925 Mario Camerini-directed "Voglio tradire mio marito", starring Augusto Bandini and Alberto Collo.

paragraph: In early 1928, while at home in Turin, Quaranta fell ill with pneumonia. She languished in illness for several months before dying on the day before her 37th birthday. She had appeared in over seventy films.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moliterno, Gino. "Historical Dictionary of Italian Cinema". Scarecrow Press, 2008.

description: Italian actress

wikidata_label: Lidia Quaranta

wikipedia_title: Lidia Quaranta