text:
Pope
Order of Preachers
Pope Clement XII
Treviso
Treviso
Order of Preachers
Master of the Order of Preachers
Pope Boniface VIII
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Sabina
episcopal consecration
papal legate
Anagni
Basilica of Saint John Lateran
College of Cardinals
King Philip IV of France
excommunication
Guillaume de Nogaret
Edward I of England
Perugia
poison
Clement V
Rome
Avignon
Babylonian Captivity
Consistories
Gospel of Matthew
Psalms
Book of Job
Book of Revelation
Caesar Baronius
Pope Clement XII
beatification
Pope Benedict XIV
Republic of Venice
Benedict X
antipope
List of popes
Benedetto XI
Fachbesprechung
"St. Benedict XI., Pope and Confessor"

categories: Italian beatified people,1304 deaths,Dominican beatified people,Dominican popes,Popes,Italian Dominicans,14th-century popes,Italian popes,People from Treviso,Cardinal-bishops of Ostia,1240 births,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,13th-century Italian people,Masters of the Order of Preachers

paragraph: Pope Benedict XI

paragraph: Pope Benedict XI (; 1240 – 7 July 1304), born Nicola Boccasini, (Niccolò of Treviso) was Pope from 22 October 1303 to his death on 7 July, 1304. He was also a member of the Order of Preachers.

paragraph: He was beatified with his cultus confirmed by Pope Clement XII in 1736. He is a patron of Treviso.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Niccolò Boccasini was born in Treviso to Boccasio, a municipal notary (died 1246), whose brother was a priest; and Ber(n)arda, who worked as a laundress for the Dominican friars of Treviso. Niccolò had a sister, Adelette. The family lived outside the walls of Treviso, in a suburb called S. Bartolommeo. In 1246, a Dominican friar left a sum of money in his will to Bernarda and her children, recently orphaned. A condition was that if Niccolò were to enter the Dominican Order he would receive half of the entire legacy. From the age of six, it seems, Niccolò was destined for the monkish life. His first teacher was his uncle, the priest of S. Andrea.

paragraph: He entered the Order of Preachers in 1254, at the age of fourteen, taking the habit of a novice in his native Treviso. He was taken to Venice by his Prior and presented to the Provincial, who assigned him to the convent of SS. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice. For the next seven years or so, Niccolò pursued his basic education in Venice. Toward the end of this period, he served as tutor to the young sons of Romeo Quirini of Venice, whose brother was a Canon in the Cathedral of Treviso. In 1262, Niccolò was transferred to Milan, to the new "studium" of S. Eustorgio. He spent the next six years at S. Eustorgio. By the end of his term at S. Eustorgio he must have become a professed member of the Order of Preachers; the actual date, however, is unknown. As a professed brother he served in the responsible position as a Lecturer in the "studium" in Venice, that is to say, he was in charge of the elementary education of the brothers in his convent. Each convent had its "lector". He served as "lector" for fourteen years, from 1268 to 1282, according to Bernardus Guidonis. In 1276 he is attested as being "lector" at the Dominican convent in his native Treviso, a post he was still holding in 1280. In February, 1282, he is found at Genoa, again as "lector". He was not a professor, since he had never taken a university degree, being one of the last popes who was not a university graduate.

paragraph: Section::::Office and Responsibility.

paragraph: In 1286, at the meeting of the Provincial Chapter, which took place that year in Brescia, Fr. Niccolò was elected Provincial Prior of Lombardy. As Provincial of Lombardy, Fr. Niccolò's lifestyle changed considerably. Instead of being firmly attached to a single convent for years, he would instead become peripatetic, moving from one convent to another on visits of inspection, encouragement and correction. In Lombardy at the time there were some fifty-one convents. He also had responsibility as an Inquisitor, a task for which popes considered Franciscans and Dominicans especially suited. He also had the responsibility of convening the Provincial Chapters. In 1287, the Chapter was at Venice; in 1288, it was at Rimini; in 1289 at the General Chapter, which was held at Trier, Fr. Niccolò was released from the office of Provincial of Lombardy, having completed his three-year term. It is probable that, without office, he returned to a convent, possibly that of Treviso—though the evidence is scanty and based on wills and codicils. He was elected Provincial Prior of Lombardy again, however, at the Provincial Chapter held at Brescia in 1293. In 1294 it was held at Faventia, in 1295 at Verona, and in 1296 at Ferrara, where Fr. Niccolò's successor was elected, since he had a new assignment.

paragraph: Section::::Office and Responsibility.:Master General of the Order of Preachers.

paragraph: At the Capitulum Generale of the Order of Preachers, which was held at Strasbourg in 1296, Frater Niccolò of Treviso was elected Master of the Order of Preachers, and issued ordinances that forbade public questioning of the legitimacy of Pope Boniface VIII's papal election (which had taken place on Christmas Eve, 1295) on the part of any Dominican.

paragraph: Section::::Office and Responsibility.:Cardinalate.

paragraph: Boccasini was elevated to the cardinalate on December 4, 1298, by Boniface VIII, and assigned the title of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Sabina. He entered the Roman Curia on March 25, 1299, and thus began to receive his share of the profits of the Chamber of the College of Cardinals.

paragraph: He was promoted to the rank of Cardinal-Bishop of the See of Ostia on March 2, 1300, and also received episcopal consecration. On May 13, 1301 he was appointed Apostolic Legate to Hungary. He made his official departure on June 22, 1301, and returned on May 10, 1303. He also served as papal legate to France.

paragraph: When Pope Boniface VIII was seized at Anagni in September, 1303, Boccasini was one of only two cardinals to defend the Pope in the Episcopal Palace itself. The other was Pedro Rodriguez, Bishop of Sabina. They were imprisoned for three days. On Monday, September 10, they were liberated by forces led by Cardinal Luca Fieschi, and on September 14, the Pope and his retinue returned to Rome, with an escort organized by Cardinal Matteo Rosso Orsini.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Papal election.

paragraph: The conclave to elect the successor of Boniface VIII was held in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran and the College of Cardinals desired an appropriate candidate who would not be hostile towards King Philip IV of France. After one ballot in a conclave that lasted a day, Boccasini was elected as pope.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Actions.

paragraph: He was quick to release King Philip IV from the excommunication that had been put upon him by Boniface VIII. Nevertheless, on 7 June 1304, Benedict XI excommunicated Philip IV's implacable minister Guillaume de Nogaret and all the Italians who had played a part in the seizure of his predecessor at Anagni. Benedict XI also arranged an armistice between Philip IV of France and Edward I of England.

paragraph: After a brief pontificate that spanned a mere eight months, Benedict XI died suddenly at Perugia. As original reports had it, suspicion fell primarily on Nogaret with the suspicion that his sudden death was caused by poisoning. There is no direct evidence, however, to either support or disprove the contention that Nogaret poisoned the pope. Benedict XI's successor, Clement V was in France when elected and never journeyed to Rome. His successors resided principally in Avignon, inaugurating the period sometimes known as the Babylonian Captivity. He and the French popes who succeeded him were completely under the influence of the kings of France.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XI also celebrated two Consistories for the purpose of creating new cardinals. The first, on December 18, 1303, elevated Fr. Nicholas Alberti da Prato, OP, the Bishop of Spoleto; and Fr. William Macclesfield (Marlesfeld), OP, of Canterbury, Prior of the English Province of the Dominicans. On February 19, 1304, he elevated Walter Winterburn, OP, of Salisbury, the confessor of King Edward I of England, who did not want to part with him, and kept him in England for some time. By the time he arrived in Perugia on November 28, 1304, Pope Benedict was dead. Cardinal Winterburn died at Genoa on September 24, 1305. It cannot escape notice that all three new cardinals were members of the Dominican Order.

paragraph: Benedict XI was the author of a volume of sermons and commentaries on the Gospel of Matthew, the Psalms, the Book of Job, and the Book of Revelation.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Stories.

paragraph: Cardinal Caesar Baronius (1538–1607) wrote that, on the Monday of Easter week in 1304, Pope Benedict XI was celebrating Mass, but a pilgrim interrupted it, because he wanted the pope to hear his confession. Rather than telling him to find another time or another priest to have his confession, the Pope left the mass to hear his confession and then returned to continue the mass. This appears to be an anecdote, appropriate for a sermon recommending frequent confession, placed in an age when twice annual confession was the norm. It is unlikely that a pilgrim would attempt to interrupt a Mass, that a priest would interrupt a Mass for some other function, or that the protocols of the papal Court would permit such an unfettered close approach to the pontiff during a sacred service.

paragraph: There is also a story that, at the General Chapter of the Dominicans at Lucca in May, 1288, the Provincial of the Roman Province, Thomas de Luni predicted to Fr. Niccolò that he would someday be pope. On another occasion, when he was in Venice, a friar of Torcello predicted that he would be Provincial, Master General, Cardinal and Pope. This is a sort of flattery often used upon, and then anecdotally reported about ecclesiastical persons, after they have reached the height of their eminence. The thousands of times when the prediction does not turn out to be true are not reported. One need not place much significance in such tales.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Beatification.

paragraph: Benedict XI earned a reputation for holiness and the faithful came to venerate him. His tomb gained a reputation for the amount of miracles that emerged from the site. Pope Clement XII approved his cultus on 24 April 1736 which acted as his formal beatification. Pope Benedict XIV extended his veneration to the Republic of Venice in 1748 after a request from the Venetians.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Beatification.:Papal numbering.

paragraph: A note on the numbering: Pope Benedict X (1058–1059) is now considered an antipope by the Catholic Church. At the time of Benedict XI's election, however, Benedict X was still considered a legitimate pope, and thus the man the Catholic Church officially considers the tenth true Pope Benedict, Niccolo Boccasini, took the official number XI rather than X. This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Benedict by one digit. Popes Benedict XI-Benedict XVI are, from an official point of view, the tenth through fifteenth popes by that name.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ch. Grandjean (editor), "Le Registre de Benoit XI" (Paris 1905).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacobus Echard, "Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum recensiti" Tomus I (Paris 1719), pp. 444–447.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard Guidone, "Vita Benedicti Papae XI," and "Vita Clementis Papae V," in Ludovicus Antonius Muratori, "Rerum Italicarum Scriptores" Tomus Tertius (Milan 1723), 672-679.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Touron, "Histoire des hommes illustres de l' Ordre de Saint D"ominique Tome premier (Paris 1743), pp. 655–704.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.-B. Christophe, "L' histoire de la papauté pendant le XIV. siècle" Tome premier (Paris: L. Maison 1853) 78-175.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzo Fietta, "Niccolò Boccasini e il suo tempo" (Padova 1874).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Souchon, "Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VIII bis Urban VI" (Braunschweig: Benno Goeritz 1888).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Grandjean, "Benoît XI avant son Pontificat, 1240–1303," "Mélanges d' archéologie et d' histoire "8 (1888), 219-291.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Funke, "Papst Benedikt XI." (Munster 1891).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Finke, "Aus den Tage Bonifaz VIII. Funde und Forschungen" (Münster 1902).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinando Ferretton, "Beato Benedetto XI Trivigiano" (Treviso:Enrico Martinelli 1904).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Antonin Mortier, "Histoire des Maîtres généraux de l' Ordre des Frères Prêcheurs" II (Paris 1905), pp. 319–353.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Gregorovius, "History of Rome in the Middle Ages", Volume V.2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906), Book X, chapter 6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Finke, "Acta Aragonensia. Quellen zur deutschen, italianischen, franzosischen, spanischen, zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte aus der diplomatischen Korrespondenz Jaymes II. (1291–1327)" (Berlin und Leipzig 1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingeborg Walter, "Benedetto XI, bl." Enciclopedia dei Papi (2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marina Benedetti, "Benedetto XI, frate Predicatore e papa" (Milano: Biblioteca francescana, 2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vito Sibilio: "Benedetto XI. Il papa tra Roma e Avignone" (= "Dissertationes historicae." Band 30). Roma 2004. (Fachbesprechung)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Benedict XI., Pope and Confessor", "Butler's Lives of the Saints"

alias:
Nicola Boccasini
Pope Benedict XI
Pope Blessed Benedict XI

description: 194th Pope of the Catholic Church

wikidata_label: Benedict XI

wikipedia_title: Pope Benedict XI


text:
Pope
Narbonne
Saint Augustine of Hippo
Pope Damasus I
Pope Zosimus
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura
Eulalius
Lateran
Pope Innocent
Church of Saint Marcellus
Campus Martius
Urban Prefect
Aurelius Anicius Symmachus
Honorius
Spoleto
Galla Placidia
Constantius III
Pelagianism
Theodosius II
Illyricum
Holy See
List of popes
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina

categories: 422 deaths,Popes,Year of birth unknown,Papal saints,5th-century archbishops,5th-century Christian saints,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Pope Boniface I

paragraph: Pope Boniface I (; died 4 September 422) was Pope from 28 December 418 to his death in 422. His election was disputed by the supporters of Eulalius, until the dispute was settled by the Emperor. Boniface was active maintaining church discipline and he restored certain privileges to the metropolitical sees of Narbonne and Vienne, exempting them from any subjection to the primacy of Arles. He was a contemporary of Saint Augustine of Hippo, who dedicated to him some of his works.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little is known of his life antecedent to his election. The "Liber Pontificalis" calls him a Roman, and the son of the presbyter Jocundus. He is believed to have been ordained by Pope Damasus I (366-384) and to have served as representative of Innocent I at Constantinople (c. 405).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Election.

paragraph: On the day of the funeral for Pope Zosimus, which was held at San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, partisans of Eulalius occupied the Lateran. Later that day, Eulalius arrived there with a crowd consisting of deacons, laity and a few priests, and was elected bishop. The new Pope and his supporters remained at the church until Sunday, 29 December, for the formal ordination customarily took place on a Sunday.

paragraph: Meanwhile, on the Saturday after Eulalius had been elected, a majority of the priests of the church elected Boniface, who had previously been a councilor of Pope Innocent, and he too was consecrated on 29 December, at the Church of Saint Marcellus in the Campus Martius. The Urban Prefect Aurelius Anicius Symmachus warned both parties to keep the peace, and wrote to the Emperor Honorius that Eulalius, who had been elected first and in due order, was in the right. The Emperor answered on 3 January 419, recognizing Eulalius as the rightful Bishop of Rome. Despite these official acts, violence broke out between the two groups, and Boniface was seized by the Prefect's police and taken to a lodging outside the walls where he was detained under the surveillance of the Prefect's agents.

paragraph: Boniface's partisans did not let the matter rest there and sent a petition to Emperor Honorius alleging irregularities in the election of Eulalius. In response, the Emperor suspended his previous order and summoned both parties to appear for judgment before him and other Italian bishops on 8 February. The hearing deferred a decision to a synod which was scheduled to meet at Spoleto on 13 June, but commanded both Boniface and Eulalius to stay out of Rome. Since Easter was approaching, the bishop of Spoleto, an outside party, was asked to celebrate the rites of this important holy day in Rome.

paragraph: Both the Empress Galla Placidia and her husband Constantius III favored Eulalius, who had been elected first. Stewart Oost observes that papal elections at the time were "still quite indefinite and both parties could thus with right claim proper election and consecration." Although Eulalius appeared to be destined to be confirmed to the post, by boldly entering Rome on 18 March—Easter Sunday that year fell on 30 March—and disobeying Imperial orders, he lost the support of the authorities. Symmachus sent his police to occupy the Lateran, where Eulalius had established himself, and escorted him to a house outside the walls of Rome. Bishop Achilleus of Spoleto celebrated the Mass in the Lateran. The proposed Council of Spoleto was canceled, and on 3 April 419, Emperor Honorius recognized Boniface as the rightful Pope.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.

paragraph: Boniface ordered the singing of the Gloria, in excelsis on Maundy-Thursday, and regulated several points of Church discipline. He reversed some of his predecessor's policies regarding church administration. He reduced the vicariate authority giving Patroclus, Bishop of Arles, jurisdiction over other Gallic sees and restored the metropolitan powers of the chief bishops of provinces. He supported Hilary, Archbishop of Narbonne, in his choice of a bishop of the vacant See of Lodeve, against Patroclus, who tried to install someone else. He also insisted that Maximus, Bishop of Valence, should be tried for his alleged crimes, not by a primate, but by a synod of the bishops of Gaul, and promised to sustain their decision.

paragraph: Boniface supported St. Augustine in combating Pelagianism forwarding to him two Pelagian letters Boniface had received calumniating Augustine. In recognition of this solicitude Augustine dedicated to Boniface his rejoinder contained in "Contra duas Epistolas Pelagianoruin Libri quatuor".

paragraph: He persuaded Emperor Theodosius II to return Illyricum to Western jurisdiction, and defended the rights of the Holy See.

paragraph: Boniface I died Sept. 4, 422, in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina

alias:
Pope Boniface I
Boniface
Bonifacius I

description: pope

wikidata_label: Boniface I

wikipedia_title: Pope Boniface I


text:
Pope
Christianising
England
Neapolitan
Pope Adeodatus I
Eleutherius
Exarch of Ravenna
Rome
Liber Pontificalis
sanctuary
notaries
wills
acolyte
martyrs
Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano
deacon
baptism
Saint Nicomedes
Via Nomentana
Bede
Mellitus
Archbishop of Canterbury
Justus
Bishop of Rochester
no longer extant
pallium
Edwin of Northumbria
Æthelburg of Kent
H.E.
St. Peter's Basilica
Pope Honorius I
List of Catholic saints
List of popes
Bede
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Gasquet, Francis Aidan
Liber Pontificalis
Mansi, Gian Domenico

categories: People from Naples,Popes,625 deaths,6th-century births,Popes of the Byzantine Papacy,7th-century archbishops,Italian popes

paragraph: Pope Boniface V

paragraph: Pope Boniface V (; died 25 October 625) was Pope from 23 December 619 to his death in 625. He did much for the Christianising of England, and enacted the decree by which churches became places of sanctuary. Boniface V was a Neapolitan who succeeded Pope Adeodatus I after a vacancy of more than a year. Before his consecration, Italy was disturbed by the rebellion of the eunuch Eleutherius, Exarch of Ravenna. The patrician pretender advanced towards Rome, but before he could reach the city, he was slain by his own troops.

paragraph: The "Liber Pontificalis" records that Boniface made certain enactments relative to the rights of sanctuary, and that he ordered the ecclesiastical notaries to obey the laws of the empire on the subject of wills. He also prescribed that acolytes should not presume to translate the relics of martyrs and that, in the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, they should not take the place of deacons in administering baptism. Boniface completed and consecrated the cemetery of Saint Nicomedes on the Via Nomentana. In the "Liber Pontificalis", Boniface is described as "the mildest of men", whose chief distinction was his great love for the clergy.

paragraph: The Venerable Bede writes of the pope's affectionate concern for the English Church. The "letters of exhortation" which he is said to have addressed to Mellitus, Archbishop of Canterbury, and to Justus, Bishop of Rochester, are no longer extant, but certain other letters of his have been preserved. One is written to Justus after he had succeeded Mellitus as Archbishop of Canterbury in 624, conferring the pallium upon him and directing him to "ordain bishops as occasion should require." According to Bede, Pope Boniface also sent letters to King Edwin of Northumbria in 625 urging him to embrace the Christian faith, and to the Christian Princess Æthelburg of Kent, Edwin's spouse, exhorting her to use her best endeavours for the conversion of her consort (Bede, H.E., II, vii, viii, x, xi).

paragraph: Boniface V was buried in St. Peter's Basilica on 25 October 625. He was succeeded by Pope Honorius I.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bede. "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gasquet, Francis Aidan. "A Short History of the Catholic Church in England", 19

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregorovius, Ferdinand. II, 113

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt, William. "The English Church from Its Foundation to the Norman Conquest". Vol. 1. "A History of the English Church", W. R. W. Stephens and William Hunt, ed. London: Macmillan and Co., 1912. 49, 56, 58

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaffé, "Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum 1198". Berlin, 1851; 2d ed., Leipsic, 1881–88. I, 222

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jungmann, "Dissertationes Selectae in Historiam Ecclesiasticam", II, 389.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Langen, 506

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber Pontificalis" (ed. Duchesne), I, 321–322

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mansi, Gian Domenico. X, 547–554

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mann, Horace K. "Lives of the Popes" I, 294–303

description: pope

wikidata_label: Boniface V

wikipedia_title: Pope Boniface V


text:
pre-Socratic
Greek
philosopher
sophist
Plato
Protagoras
Abdera, Thrace
Thasos
Xanthi regional unit
Aulus Gellius
porter
Democritus
Pericles
Socrates
Prodicus
Hippias
Meno
Plutarch
Prodicus
Diogenes Laërtius
Aristotle
Olympic games
relativism
John Wild
phenomenalism
Theaetetus
agnosticism
Cicero
John Burnet
atheist
Anthropocentrism
Paradox of the Court
Guthrie, W. K. C.

categories: Ancient Thracian Greeks,Ancient Greek rhetoricians,Presocratic philosophers,Relativism,420s BC deaths,Abderites,Metic philosophers in Classical Athens,Philosophers of ethics and morality,490s BC births,Philosophers of mind,Ancient Greek agnostics,Ancient Greek epistemologists,5th-century BC philosophers,Founders of philosophical traditions,5th-century BC Greek people

paragraph: Protagoras

paragraph: Protagoras (; ; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue "Protagoras", Plato credits him with inventing the role of the professional sophist.

paragraph: Protagoras also is believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that, "Man is the measure of all things", interpreted by Plato to mean that there is no absolute truth but that which individuals deem to be the truth.

paragraph: Although there is reason to question the extent of the interpretation of his arguments that has followed, that concept of individual relativity was revolutionary for the time, and contrasted with other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside human influence or perceptions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Protagoras was born in Abdera, Thrace, opposite the island of Thasos (today part of the Xanthi regional unit). According to Aulus Gellius, he originally made his living as a porter, but one day he was seen by the philosopher Democritus carrying a load of small pieces of wood he had tied with a short cord. Democritus realized that Protagoras had tied the load together with such perfect geometric accuracy that he must be a mathematical prodigy. Democritus promptly took him into his own household and taught him philosophy. Protagoras became well known in Athens and even became a friend of Pericles.

paragraph: The dates of his lifetime are not recorded, but extrapolated from writings that have survived the ages. In "Protagoras" Plato wrote that, before a gathering of Socrates, Prodicus, and Hippias, Protagoras stated that he was old enough to be the father of any of them. This suggests a birth date of not later than 490 BC. In the "Meno" he is said to have died at approximately the age of 70, after 40 years as a practicing Sophist. His death, then, may be presumed to have occurred circa 420 BC, but is not known for certain, since assumptions about it are based on an apparently fake story about his trial for impiety in Athens.

paragraph: Plutarch wrote that Pericles and Protagoras spent a whole day discussing an interesting point of legal responsibility, that probably involved a more philosophical question of causation: "In an athletic contest a man had been accidentally hit and killed with a javelin. Was his death to be attributed to the javelin, to the man who threw it, or to the authorities responsible for the conduct of the games?"

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Even though he was mentored by Democritus, Protagoras did not share his enthusiasm for the pursuit of mathematics. "For perceptible lines are not the kind of things the geometer talks about, since no perceptible thing is straight or curved in that way, nor is a circle tangent to a ruler at a point, but the way Protagoras used to say in refuting the geometers" (Aristotles, Metaphysics 997b34-998a4). Protagoras was skeptical about the application of theoretical mathematics to the natural world; he did not believe they were really worth studying at all. According to Philodemus, Protagoras said that "The subject matter is unknowable and the terminology distasteful". Nonetheless, mathematics was considered to be by some a very viable form of art, and Protagoras says on the arts, "art ("tekhnê") without practice and practice without art are nothing" (Stobaeus, "Selections" 3.29.80).

paragraph: Protagoras also was known as a teacher who addressed subjects connected to virtue and political life. He especially was involved in the question of whether virtue could be taught, a commonplace issue of fifth century BC Greece, that has been related to modern readers through Plato's dialogue. Rather than educators who offered specific, practical training in rhetoric or public speaking, Protagoras attempted to formulate a reasoned understanding, on a very general level, of a wide range of human phenomena, including language and education. In Plato's "Protagoras", he claims to teach "the proper management of one's own affairs, how best to run one's household, and the management of public affairs, how to make the most effective contribution to the affairs of the city by word and action".

paragraph: He also seems to have had an interest in "orthoepeia"—the correct use of words—although this topic is more strongly associated with his fellow sophist Prodicus. In his eponymous Platonic dialogue, Protagoras interprets a poem by Simonides, focusing on the use of words, their literal meaning, and the author's original intent. This type of education would have been useful for the interpretation of laws and other written documents in the Athenian courts. Diogenes Laërtius reports that Protagoras devised a taxonomy of speech acts, such as assertion, question, answer, command, etc. Aristotle also says that Protagoras worked on the classification and proper use of grammatical gender.

paragraph: The titles of his books, such as "Technique of Eristics" ("Technē Eristikōn", literally "Practice of Wranglings"—with wrestling used as a metaphor for intellectual debate), prove that Protagoras also was a teacher of rhetoric and argumentation. Diogenes Laërtius states that he was one of the first to take part in rhetorical contests in the Olympic games.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Relativism.

paragraph: Protagoras also said that on any matter, there are two arguments ("logoi") opposed to one another, and according to Aristotle, Protagoras was criticized for having claimed "to make the weaker argument stronger ("ton hēttō logon kreittō poiein")".

paragraph: Protagoras is credited with the philosophy of relativism, which he discusses in his work, "Truth" (also known as "Refutations"). Although knowledge of his work is limited, discussion of Protagoras' relativism is based on one of his most famous statements: "Man is the measure of all things: of the things that are, that they are, of the things that are not, that they are not." By this, Protagoras meant that each individual is the measure of how things are perceived by that individual. Therefore, things are, or are not, true according to how the individual perceives them. For example, Person X may believe that the weather is cold, whereas Person Y may believe that the weather is hot. According to the philosophy of Protagoras, there is no absolute evaluation of the nature of a temperature because the evaluation will be relative to who is perceiving it. Therefore, to Person X, the weather is cold, whereas to Person Y, the weather is hot. This philosophy implies that there are no absolute "truths". The truth, according to Protagoras, is relative, and differs according to each individual.

paragraph: As with many fragments of the pre-Socratic philosophers, this phrase has been passed down through the ages, without any context, and consequently, its meaning is open to interpretation. His use of the word χρήματα ("chrēmata", "things used") instead of the general word ὄντα ("onta", "entities") signifies, however, that Protagoras was referring to things that are used by, or in some way, related to, humans, such as properties, social entities, ideas, feelings, judgments, which originate in the human mind. Protagoras did not suggest that humans must be the measure of the motion of the stars, the growing of plants, or the activity of volcanoes.

paragraph: As many modern thinkers will, Plato ascribes relativism to Protagoras and uses his predecessor's teachings as a foil for his own commitment to objective and transcendent realities and values. Plato ascribes to Protagoras an early form of what John Wild categorized as phenomenalism. That being an assertion that something that is, or appears for a single individual, is true or real for that individual.

paragraph: However, as described in Plato's "Theaetetus", Protagoras's views allow that some views may result from an ill body or mind. He stressed that although all views may appear equally true, and perhaps, should be equally respected, they certainly are not of equal gravity. One view may be useful and advantageous to the person who has it, while the perception of another may prove harmful. Hence, Protagoras believed that the sophist was there to teach the student how to discriminate between them, i.e., to teach "virtue".

paragraph: Both Plato and Aristotle argue against some of Protagoras's claims regarding relativity; however, they argue that the concept provides Protagoras with too convenient an exemption from his own theory and that relativism is true for him yet false for those who do not believe it. They claim that by asserting that truth is relative, Protagoras then could say that whatever further theory he proposed "must" be true.

paragraph: Because knowledge of most of his work is limited or missing, modern attempts to apply the Protagoras theory of relativism tend to result in disagreement and refer to scientific reasoning. Carol Poster states that with a modern preference toward scientific reasoning and objective truth, for example, rather than considering individuals evaluating their sense of comfort, a modern philosopher would look at a modern instrument, the thermometer, objectively to see the scientific measure of the temperature, whereas the Greek method would entail looking at larger philosophical implications.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Agnosticism.

paragraph: Protagoras also was a proponent of agnosticism. Reportedly, in his lost work, "On the Gods", he wrote: "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not, nor of what sort they may be, because of the obscurity of the subject, and the brevity of human life." According to Diogenes Laërtius, the outspoken, agnostic position taken by Protagoras aroused anger, causing the Athenians to expel him from the city, and all copies of his book were collected and burned in the marketplace. The deliberate destruction of his works also is mentioned by Cicero.

paragraph: The classicist John Burnet doubts this account, however, as both Diogenes Laërtius and Cicero wrote hundreds of years later and as no such persecution of Protagoras is mentioned by contemporaries who make extensive references to this philosopher. Burnet notes that even if some copies of the Protagoras books were burned, enough of them survived to be known and discussed in the following century. A claim has been made that Protagoras is better classified as an atheist, since he held that if something is not able to be known it does not exist.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Spectrum of topics.

paragraph: Nonetheless, very few fragments from Protagoras have survived, although he is known to have written several different works: "Antilogiae" and "Truth". The latter is cited by Plato, and was known alternatively as, "The Throws" (a wrestling term referring to the attempt to floor an opponent). It began with the "Man is the measure" (ἄνθρωπος μέτρον) pronouncement. According to Diogenes Laërtius other books by Protagoras include: "On the Gods", "Art of Eristics", "Imperative", "On Ambition", "On Incorrect Human Actions", "On those in Hades", "On Sciences", "On Virtues", "On the Original State of Things" and "Trial over a Fee".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthropocentrism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paradox of the Court

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guthrie, W. K. C., "The Sophists". New York: Cambridge University Press (May 27, 1977). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- van Ophuijsen, J.M., van Raalte, M., Stork, P., "Protagoras of Abdera: The Man, His Measure". Brill, 2013. (hardback); (e-book)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartlett, R., "Sophistry and Political Philosophy: Protagoras' Challenge to Socrates". Univ. of Chicago, 2016. (hardback)

description: pre-Socratic Greek philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Protagoras

wikidata_label: Protagoras

wikipedia_title: Protagoras


text:
Baden-Durlach
Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
Ernest Frederick
Rupert of Veldenz
Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
Heidelberg
Lutheran
Ernest Frederick
Louis VI
Louis "the Pious"
James
Emmendingen
Catholicism
arsenic
George Frederick
Ernest Frederick
James
George Frederick
Information about Johannes Zehender

categories: Margravines of Baden,House of Wittelsbach,Countesses Palatine of Germany,1540 births,1586 deaths,16th-century German people

paragraph: Countess Palatine Anna of Veldenz

paragraph: Countess Palatine Anna of Veldenz (12 November 1540 – 30 March 1586) was Margravine of Baden-Durlach by marriage to Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, and co-regent of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach during the minority of her son Ernest Frederick from 1577 to 1584.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Anna was the eldest child of the Count Palatine Rupert of Veldenz (1506–1544) from his marriage to Ursula (1515–1601), daughter of Wild- and Rhinegrave John VII of Salm-Kyrburg.

paragraph: She married Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach on the first of August 1558 in Heidelberg; it was his second marriage. Like her husband, Anna held a Lutheran faith and the children from both his marriages were also raised as Lutherans.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Regency.

paragraph: When her husband died, his sons were still minors. Therefore, she acted as guardian and regent from 1577 until her son Ernest Frederick came of age in 1584. Her co-regents were Elector Palatine Louis VI and Duke Louis "the Pious" of Württemberg. In 1584, Baden-Durlach was split: her eldest son Ernest Frederick, received the largest part and became Margrave of Baden-Durlach. Her second son James received Baden-Hachberg and had his residence at Emmendingen. He converted to Catholicism in 1590 and reverted his territory to the Catholic faith. However, a short while later, he died of arsenic poisoning and Baden-Hachberg fell to his brother Ernest Frederick.

paragraph: When Ernest Frederick died in 1604, all parts of Baden were reunited under his brother George Frederick.

paragraph: Margravine Anna's young chaplain John Zehender was responsible for her pastoral care in the last years of her life and held an impressive funeral sermon on 5 April 1586.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: From her marriage Anna had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothea Ursula (1559–1583)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest Frederick (1560–1604), Margrave of Baden-Durlach

paragraph: BULLET::::- James (1562–1590), Margrave of Baden-Hachberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Marie (1565–1573)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth (1570–1611)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Frederick (1573–1638), Margrave of Baden-Durlach

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Zehender: "Dritte der "Drey Leichpredigen von christlichem unnd Gottseligem Absterben/ der Durchleuchtigen...Anna Marggräfin zu Baden", Tübingen, 1586

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information about Johannes Zehender

description: Margrave of Baden

wikidata_label: Anna of Veldenz

wikipedia_title: Countess Palatine Anna of Veldenz


text: Scottish

text: golf

text: European Tour

text: Stirling

text: qualifying school

text: European Tour

text: Challenge Tour

text: English Challenge

text: Saint-Omer Open

text: European Tour

text: Northern Open

text: PGA EuroPro Tour

text: 2011 Challenge Tour graduates

categories: European Tour golfers,Scottish male golfers,Sportspeople from Stirling,1977 births

paragraph: Craig Lee

paragraph: Craig Lee (born 9 May 1977) is a Scottish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lee had a successful amateur career in his home country, culminating with a win in the national Boys Stroke Play event in 1995. He turned professional the following year, but struggled to replicate his success, spending many years working as a club professional in the Stirling area. In 2007, despite not having a sponsor, he advanced through all three stages of qualifying school to gain his European Tour card for the first time. However, a poor debut season left Lee without a tour to play on at the start of 2009. He battled back to the second tier Challenge Tour in 2010 courtesy of a runner-up finish in the English Challenge, and his good form on that tour continued through 2011: another second-place finish at the Saint-Omer Open, a tournament co-sanctioned by the European Tour, helped Lee to 14th place in the season-end standings and a return to the European Tour.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur wins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Scottish Boys Stroke Play Championship

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (7).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (7).:Other wins (5).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Scottish Assistants Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Northern Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Dunlop Masters (PGA EuroPro Tour)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 American Golf Holiday Scottsdale Classic Pro-Am, Deer Park Masters

paragraph: Section::::Playoff record.

paragraph: European Tour playoff record (0–1)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 European Tour Qualifying School graduates

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Challenge Tour graduates

description: professional golfer

wikidata_label: Craig Lee

wikipedia_title: Craig Lee


text: American

text: pictorial

text: Dayton, Ohio

text: West Jefferson, Ohio

text: American Civil War

text: Zanesville, Ohio

text: spinal meningitis

text: tuberculosis

text: Southern Pines, North Carolina

text: Alfred Stieglitz

text: Camera Notes

text: Camera Work

text: Eva Watson-Schütze

text: Clarence H. White

text: Columbia University

text: Gertrude Käsebier

text: Andromeda

text: Perseus

text: Catalina Island

text: Dayton Art Institute

text: Edward Weston

text: Tina Modotti

text: common-law husband

text: Roubaix de l'Abrie Richey

text: Edward Fitzgerald

text: Omar Khayyam

text: Rubaiyat

text: Naomi Rosenblum

text: Harry Losée

text: Man Ray

text: Autochrome

text: Ilya Tolstoy

text: Jan Kubelik

text: Margaret Woodrow Wilson

text: Herman Sachs

text: Robert Frost

text: Roland Hayes

text: Helen Keller

text: Wright State University

categories: Artists from Dayton, Ohio,American women photographers,20th-century American photographers,20th-century American women artists,1868 births,1961 deaths

paragraph: Jane Reece (photographer)

paragraph: Jane Reece (June 18, 1868 – June 10, 1961) was a highly acclaimed American pictorial photographer of the early 20th century. She lived most of her life in Dayton, Ohio and was active in the local, national and international photography scenes. During her 40-year career she exhibited in more than 100 photography salons and shows around the world, receiving many awards, prizes and honors. Reece is now recognized as one of Dayton's most prominent artists.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Reece was secretive about her age and many facts about her life. At times she appears to have embellished or exaggerated details of her history. Much of what is known to be true about her was assembled from her studio records, letters and interviews with friends and family members. She claimed to have been born in a log cabin near West Jefferson, Ohio; she never revealed, and may not have known, the exact date. Records indicate she was one of four children born to William L. Reece (1833-1879) and Mary Augsburger Ransomer (1837-1934). William Reece was a veteran of the American Civil War, during which he was a prisoner of war. Following his death, she and her siblings were raised in reduced circumstances in nearby Zanesville, Ohio. Her brother Lawson took up photography there and worked in the photographic studio of Muntz and Pack. Reece also worked there briefly and was listed as an "artist" or "artist-retoucher".

paragraph: Like many photographers during this period Reece began her artistic career as a painter, and she claimed she only began to photograph in earnest when a serious illness, thought to be spinal meningitis or tuberculosis, forced her to abandon painting in 1903. She said that she took up photography while recovering from the illness at the home of relatives in Southern Pines, North Carolina, at the insistence of the nurse who cared for her. However, in 1901-02 Reece was listed in the Dayton City Directory as having a "studio", and there are dozens of photographic portraits taken by her that appear to be from this period.

paragraph: In December 1903 Reece returned from her North Carolina recuperation, and moved to Dayton, where she opened a large photographic studio (she called it "The Rembrandt," hoping the artistic name would help attract clients who wanted studio portraits - her strategy worked well, for within the next year she recorded that she made more than 600 photographic silhouette portraits).

paragraph: Within a few years Reece's photographic style evolved from simple portraiture to a more artistic vision. For inspiration she subscribed to Alfred Stieglitz's important magazines "Camera Notes" and "Camera Work". In 1907 she produced one of her best known images, a self-portrait known as "The Poinsettia Girl." In this work, Reece may have been influenced by another woman photographer, Eva Watson-Schütze, whose photograph "The Rose" was published in "Camera Work" in 1905.

paragraph: By 1909 she felt the need of advanced training in photography, and she moved briefly to New York to study with Clarence H. White at Columbia University. She stayed there for slightly less than four months, and later she claimed that White found her work too advanced for her to remain his student. Both White's and Reece's records and notes from that period are unclear about her actual attendance at Columbia, although she did produce a portrait of White in his studio. She is also known to have met Gertrude Käsebier during this visit, although the extent of their connection is unclear. Reece returned to Dayton in October of that year and opened a new portrait studio. Within a short while she had numerous clients, and for the next several years she made many commercial portraits of Dayton's prominent families.

paragraph: In 1911 Reece traveled to California, where she made a small series of photographs that both define her artistic style and her life at the time. The series, called "The Soul in Bondage", interpreted the mythological story of Andromeda who was bound to rocks by the ocean and rescued by Perseus. Reece took the pictures on Catalina Island, and the model is thought to have been former Dayton resident Marie Peiza. Dominque Vasseur, former curator at the Dayton Art Institute, said this series "symbolizes a psychological and emotional struggle of great proportion which one must assume to be autobiographical." At the time, Reece was questioning her commitment to photography and to the career she had chosen; she was experiencing financial hardships, and her health was poor.

paragraph: She must have resolved whatever doubts she had before going to California, for after she returned to Dayton in 1912 she expanded her artistic repertoire to include both her portrait business, and artistic images. Among her more famous works from this period are "The Veteran" (1912) and "Whence" (1916).

paragraph: In 1919 Reece returned to visit friends in Los Angeles, and while there she photographed Edward Weston, Tina Modotti and her common-law husband Roubaix de l'Abrie Richey. In keeping with her pictorial style, she posed both Modotti and Richey in costume and gave them "artistic" characters. A photograph of Richey posing as Christ was titled "Son of Man", while one of Modotti was called "Have Drowned My Glory in a Shallow Cup"; this has become one of her best known images. The title comes from a line (from stanza 93) taken from Edward Fitzgerald's 1859 translation of Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat, "Have drown'd my Glory in a shallow Cup/And sold my Reputation for a Song."

paragraph: Reece, who suffered from both mental and physical ailments throughout her life, became ill while in Los Angeles and remained there until late 1920. When she returned to Dayton, she entered into the most prolific and artistically significant period of her career. During most of the 1920s and early 1930s she achieved both national and international acclaim for her work, receiving international recognition and awards. One reason for her success was that she incorporated a variety of different styles in her work; she regularly experimented with different genres, models and subject matter. Photography historian Naomi Rosenblum said Reece "was a scavenger of styles, finding ideas both in portraiture and for salon work in Naturalists, Symbolist, and on occasion, Cubist art." Susan Talbot-Stanaway, Director of the Zanesville (Ohio) Museum of Art, which holds about 70 of Reece's photographs, said Reece loved to create "carefully constructed little stories" in her images.

paragraph: Some of her most striking photographs were created in 1922, when she overlaid negatives she took of dancer Harry Losée with stencils to create bold, geometric lighting patterns reminiscent of later work by Man Ray. Also during this time Reece experimented with Autochromes and short films.

paragraph: Due to her increased fame in the 1920s Reece was engaged to take portraits of many artists and celebrities of the time, including Count and Countess Ilya Tolstoy, Jan Kubelik, Margaret Woodrow Wilson, Herman Sachs, Robert Frost, Roland Hayes and Helen Keller. After a visit to Europe in 1923-24, she was in demand for many international exhibitions. During the three-year period from 1928 to 1930 her photographs were included in at least 65 salons and exhibitions, including major shows in New York, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, Paris, London, Prague, Amsterdam, Tokyo, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Toronto, Edinburgh, Madrid and Antwerp.

paragraph: Sometime in the mid-1930s Reece's eyesight began to fail, and, coupled with the decline in the popularity of pictorialism, she began to produce less and less. In 1944, at the age of 76, she finally said she was giving up photography altogether due to "my silent ears and my dimming vision".

paragraph: She continued to exhibit her works and was honored with one-person shows at the Carmel Art Institute and the Dayton Art Institute in 1947. By the 1950s, however, pictorialism had largely fallen out of favor in the photography world, and Reece, finding no further use for her archives, donated over 400 photographs to the Dayton Art Institute. She lived out her last years in increasing ill health, isolation and poverty. She died in Dayton eight days before her 93rd birthday. Her collection of more than 10,000 glass plate negatives was left to Wright State University.

paragraph: Since Reece's death her work has been rediscovered, and she is now recognized for her strong artistic vision and her leadership in photography during a changing time in the medium's history. The Dayton Art Institute has held two retrospectives of her work since her death, one in 1986 and again in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brannick, John A. "Jane Reece and her Autochromes." "History of Photography." Vol 13, No 1 (Jan-Mar 1989), pp. 1–4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fulton, Marianne with Bonnie Yochelson and Kathleen A. Erwin. "PIctorialism into Modernism: The Clarence H. White School of Photography." NY: Rizzoli, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenblum, Naomi. "A History of Women Photographers." NY: Abbeville Press, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco Museum of Art. "Women of Photography: An Historical Survey." San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Art, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasseur, Dominique H. "The Soul Unbound: The photographs of Jane Reece." Dayton, OH: Dayton Art Institute, 1997

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Reece Photograph Collection at Wright State University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Reece in CLARA, database of the National Museum of Women in the Arts

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: Jane Reece

wikipedia_title: Jane Reece (photographer)


text:
count of Flanders
Theoderic II of Lorraine
Robert I of Flanders
Second Crusade
Syria
Shaizar
invasion of Egypt
Charles the Good,
Robert I
William Clito
Louis VI of France
Bruges
Ghent
Lille
Saint-Omer
Imperial
Raymond of Martigné
Archbishop of Reims
Henry I of England
Aalst
Godfrey I of Leuven
Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut
crusade
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Sibylla of Anjou
Fulk of Jerusalem
Holy Land
Caesarea Phillippi
Gilead
Lower Lotharingia
Godfrey III of Leuven
Second Crusade
Maeander River
Anatolia
Council of Acre
Damascus
Siege of Damascus
Baldwin III of Jerusalem
Louis VII of France
Conrad III of Germany
Beirut
William of Tyre
Artois
Hainaut
Bouchain
Henry I, Count of Namur
Henry II of Leez
Bishop of Liège
Marguerite
Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
Elizabeth of Vermandois
Raoul I of Vermandois
Shaizar
Raynald of Châtillon
St. Lazarus
Bethany
Philip
Amalric I
Antioch
Tripoli
date palm
laurel
Watten
Gravelines
Laurette of Flanders
Iwain, Count of Aalst
Henry II, Duke of Limburg
Raoul I of Vermandois
Count of Vermandois
Henry IV of Luxembourg
Sibylla of Anjou
Fulk V of Anjou
Ermengarde of Maine
William Clito
Philip of Flanders
Matthew of Alsace
Marie I of Boulogne
Margaret I of Flanders
Ralph I
Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
Gertrude of Flanders
Humbert III of Savoy
Fontevrault
Peter of Flanders
Bishop of Cambrai
Galbert of Bruges
Steven Runciman
Cambridge University Press

categories: 1168 deaths,House of Metz,1090s births,Christians of the Second Crusade,Counts of Flanders

paragraph: Thierry, Count of Flanders

paragraph: Theoderic (, , ; – January 17, 1168), commonly known as Thierry of Alsace, was the fifteenth count of Flanders from 1128 to 1168. He was the youngest son of Duke Theoderic II of Lorraine and Gertrude of Flanders (daughter of Robert I of Flanders). With a record of four campaigns in the Levant and Africa (including participation in the Second Crusade, the failed 1157–1158 siege of the Syrian city Shaizar, and the 1164 invasion of Egypt), he had a rare and distinguished record of commitment to crusading.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After the murder of his cousin, Charles the Good, in 1127, Theoderic claimed the county of Flanders as grandson of Robert I, but William Clito became count instead with the support of King Louis VI of France. William's politics and attitude towards the autonomy of Flanders made him unpopular, and by the end of the year Bruges, Ghent, Lille, and Saint-Omer recognized Theoderic as a rival count. Theoderic's supporters came from the Imperial faction of Flanders.

paragraph: Louis VI of France had Raymond of Martigné, the Archbishop of Reims, excommunicate Theoderic. Louis VI then besieged Lille, but was forced to retire when Henry I of England, William Clito's uncle, transferred his support to Theoderic. However, Theoderic was defeated at Axspoele and fled to Bruges. He was forced to flee Bruges as well, and went to Aalst, where he was soon under siege from William, Godfrey I of Leuven, and Louis VI. The city was about to be captured when William was found dead on July 27, 1128, leaving Theoderic as the only claimant to the seat.

paragraph: Theoderic set up his government in Ghent and was recognized by all the Flemish cities as well as King Henry, who had his Flemish lords in England swear fealty to him. Theoderic himself swore homage to Louis VI after 1132, in order to gain the French king's support against Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, who had advanced his own claim on Flanders.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Pilgrimage and Second Crusade.

paragraph: In 1132, his wife, Suanhilde, died, leaving only a daughter. In 1139, he went on pilgrimage to the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and married Sibylla of Anjou, daughter of King Fulk of Jerusalem and the widow of William Clito; a very prestigious marriage. This was the first of Theoderic's four pilgrimages to the Holy Land. While there he also led a victorious expedition against Caesarea Phillippi, and fought alongside his father-in-law in an invasion of Gilead. He soon returned to Flanders to put down a revolt in the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, ruled at the time by Godfrey III of Leuven.

paragraph: Theoderic joined the Second Crusade in 1147. He led the crossing of the Maeander River in Anatolia and fought at the Battla of Attalya in 1148, and after arriving in the crusader Kingdom he participated in the Council of Acre, where the ill-fated decision to attack Damascus was made.

paragraph: Theoderic participated in the Siege of Damascus, led by his wife's half-brother Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and with the support of Baldwin, Louis VII of France, and Conrad III of Germany, he lay claim to Damascus. However, the native crusader barons preferred one of their own nobles, Guy Brisebarre, lord of Beirut. According to William of Tyre, the resulting dispute contributed to the final failure of the siege: 'for the local barons preferred that the Damascenes should keep their city rather than to see it given to the count', and so did all they could to ensure the siege collapsed. Therefore, William continues, many contemporaries blamed Theoderic for the ultimate failure of the Second Crusade (though it is notable that William himself declines to say whether he believed Theoderic responsible).

paragraph: During his absence, Baldwin IV of Hainaut invaded Flanders and pillaged Artois; Sibylla reacted strongly and had Hainaut pillaged in response. The Archbishop of Reims intervened and a treaty was signed. When Theoderic returned in 1150, he took vengeance on Baldwin IV at Bouchain, with the aid of Henry I, Count of Namur and Henry II of Leez, Bishop of Liège. In the subsequent peace negotiations, Theoderic gave his daughter Marguerite in marriage to Baldwin IV's son, the future Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Returns to Holy Land.

paragraph: In 1156, Theoderic had his eldest son married to Elizabeth of Vermandois, daughter and heiress of Raoul I of Vermandois. In 1156, he returned to the Holy Land, this time with his wife accompanying him. He participated in Baldwin III's siege of Shaizar, but the fortress remained in Muslim hands when a dispute arose between Theoderic and Raynald of Châtillon over who would possess it should it be captured. He returned to Flanders 1159 without Sibylla, who remained behind to become a nun at the convent of St. Lazarus in Bethany. Their son Philip had ruled the county in their absence, and he remained co-count after Theoderic's return. In 1164, Theoderic returned once more to the Holy Land. He accompanied King Amalric I, another half-brother of Sibylla, to Antioch and Tripoli. He returned home in 1166, and adopted a date palm as his seal, with a crown of laurels on the reverse.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on January 17, 1168, and was buried in the Abbey of Watten, between Saint-Omer and Gravelines. His rule had been moderate and peaceful; the highly developed administration of the county in later centuries first began during these years. There had also been great economic and agricultural development, and new commercial enterprises were established; Flanders' greatest territorial expansion occurred under Theoderic.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His first wife, Swanhilde, died in 1132, leaving only one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Laurette of Flanders, who married four times: 1)Iwain, Count of Aalst; 2)Henry II, Duke of Limburg; 3)Raoul I of Vermandois, Count of Vermandois; 4)Henry IV of Luxembourg. Laurette finally retired to a nunnery, where she died in 1170.

paragraph: Theoderic secondly married Sibylla of Anjou, daughter of Fulk V of Anjou and Ermengarde of Maine, and former bride of William Clito. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Philip of Flanders (died 1191)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Matthew of Alsace (died 1173), married Countess Marie I of Boulogne

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Margaret I of Flanders (died 1194), married Ralph II, count of Vermandois and Valois (died 1167, son of Ralph I), and then she married Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Gertrude of Flanders (died 1186), married Humbert III of Savoy

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Matilda of Flanders, abbess of Fontevrault

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Peter of Flanders (died 1176), Bishop of Cambrai

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galbert of Bruges

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Runciman, "A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem", Cambridge University Press, 1952.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Le Glay, "Histoire des comtes de Flandre jusqu'à l'avènement de la Maison de Bourgogne", Comptoir des Imprimeurs-unis, Paris, 1853.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Platelle and Denis Clauzel, "Histoire des provinces françaises du Nord, 2. Des principautés à l'empire de Charles Quint (900–1519)", Westhoek-Editions Éditions des Beffrois, 1989;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges-Henri Dumont, "Histoire de la Belgique", Histoire/le cri, Brusells 1977,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cécile and José Douxchamps, "Nos dynastes médiévaux", Wepion-Namur 1996, ed. José Douxchamps,

alias:
Thierry, Count of Flanders
Thierry of Alsace, Count of Flandrers
Thierry d'Alsace

description: Count of Flanders

wikidata_label: Thierry of Lorraine, Count of Flanders

wikipedia_title: Thierry, Count of Flanders


text:
Margrave of Flanders
Judith
Charles the Bald
West Francia
Æthelwulf
Æthelbald
Senlis, Oise
Rorik of Dorestad
Bishop Hungar
excommunicate
Rome
Pope Nicholas I
Auxerre
Saint Peter's Abbey
Ghent
Flanders
Waasland
Vikings
Louis the Stammerer
Western Francia
Abbey of St-Bertin
Saint-Omer
Baldwin II
Cambrai
Zwentibold of Lotharingia
Vermandois
Arras
Saint-Quentin
Peronne
Count Herbert
Baldwin I of Flanders
Counts of Flanders

categories: Counts of Ternois,House of Flanders,9th-century people from West Francia,Counts of Flanders,Frankish warriors,830s births,879 deaths

paragraph: Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders

paragraph: Baldwin I (probably 830s – 879), also known as Baldwin Iron Arm (the epithet is first recorded in the 12th century), was the first Margrave of Flanders.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: At the time Baldwin first appears in the records he was already a count, presumably in the area of Flanders, but this is not known. Count Baldwin rose to prominence when he eloped with princess Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of West Francia. Judith had previously been married to Æthelwulf and his son (from an earlier marriage) Æthelbald, kings of Wessex, but after the latter's death in 860, she returned to France.

paragraph: Around the Christmas of 861, at the instigation of Baldwin and with her brother Louis's consent, Judith escaped the custody into which she had been placed in the city of Senlis, Oise after her return from England. She fled north with Count Baldwin. Charles had given no permission for a marriage and tried to capture Baldwin, sending letters to Rorik of Dorestad and Bishop Hungar, forbidding them to shelter the fugitive.

paragraph: After Baldwin and Judith had evaded his attempts to capture them, Charles had his bishops excommunicate the couple. Judith and Baldwin responded by travelling to Rome to plead their case with Pope Nicholas I. Their plea was successful and Charles was forced to accept the situation. The marriage took place on 13 December 862 in Auxerre. By 870, Baldwin had acquired the lay-abbacy of Saint Peter's Abbey in Ghent and is assumed to have also acquired the counties of Flanders and Waasland, or parts thereof by this time.

paragraph: Baldwin developed himself as a very faithful and stout supporter of Charles and played an important role in the continuing wars against the Vikings. He is named in 877 as one of those willing to support the emperor's son, Louis the Stammerer. During his life, Baldwin expanded his territory into one of the major principalities of Western Francia. He died in 879 and was buried in the Abbey of St-Bertin, near Saint-Omer.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Baldwin was succeeded by his and Judith's son, Baldwin II (c. 866 – 918). The couple's first son, Charles, named after his maternal grandfather, died at a young age. His third son Raoul ("Rodulf") (c. 869 – murdered 896) became Count of Cambrai around 888, but he and his brother joined king Zwentibold of Lotharingia in 895. In 896, they attacked Vermandois and captured Arras, Saint-Quentin and Peronne, but later that year Raoul was captured by Count Herbert and killed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin I of Flanders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Counts of Flanders

description: margrave of Flanders

wikidata_label: Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders

wikipedia_title: Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders


text:
French
French
Breton
French
World War I
Urvillers
Cerizy
Aisne
Breton Scouting organization "Bleimor"
Groix
Roman Catholic
seminary
major seminary
Vannes
mental illness
canon law
bardic name
Sea Bass
Breton language
Achille Collin
Brittany
French Army
World War I
Panthéon
Roman Catholic
University of Iowa

categories: French Catholic poets,Breton-language writers,French poets,French male poets,People from Groix,French soldiers,20th-century French male writers,1917 deaths,French World War I poets,1888 births,Breton writers

paragraph: Yann-Ber Kalloc'h

paragraph: Yann-Ber Kalloc'h (born "Jean-Pierre Calloc'h" in French) (21 July 1888 – 10 April 1917) was a French writer in Breton and French. He died in combat in World War I, near Urvillers/Cerizy (Aisne).

paragraph: The Breton Scouting organization "Bleimor" is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Yann-Ber Kalloc'h was born on the island of Groix as the son of a fisherman (who died in October 1902) and his wife. He describes his childhood in the autobiographical poem "". Kalloc'h at first wanted to become a Roman Catholic priest and entered the minor seminary of St Anne d'Auray in 1900, then the major seminary at Vannes in October 1905. He was forced to renounce his vocation after his two sisters and his younger brother revealed signs of mental illness, since canon law forbade the priesthood to those who had relatives suffering from such diseases. He became tutor in various cities including Paris. Taking the bardic name of "Bard Bleimor" (Sea Bass), Kalloc'h wrote for various regionalist and autonomist newspapers in the Breton language.

paragraph: On October 12, 1915, he wrote a letter to Achille Collin which became the basis for a 1919 petition in favor of Breton.

paragraph: In Brittany, at least six streets bear his name.

paragraph: Yann-Ber Kalloc'h enlisted in the French Army during World War I and was killed in action; his name appears in the Panthéon with those of 546 other writers who were killed in the war.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: The literary work which reveals him to be one of the greatest Breton authors is a posthumous collection, of poems often mystical, as in "Ar deulin" (Kneeling, War daoulin year in KLT) published by his friend Pierre Mocaer in 1925. This collection includes the famous poem "Me 'zo Ganet kreiz ar e mor" (I was born in the middle of the sea).

paragraph: In these poems composed in large part to the front, he expresses his deep Roman Catholic faith, love of his native language and feelings in favor of Breton political autonomy.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tim Cross (1989) "The Lost Voices of World War I: an international anthology of writers, poets and playwrights". Iowa City: University of Iowa Press

description: writer

wikidata_label: Jean-Pierre Calloc'h

wikipedia_title: Yann-Ber Kalloc'h


text: fl.

text: Alt Clut

text: Brittonic

text: Hen Ogledd

text: Welsh

text: Latin

text: Harleian genealogies

text: Adomnán

text: Vita Columbae

text: Tutagual of Alt Clut

text: Miracula Nyniae Episcopi

text: Ailred of Rievaulx

text: Vita Sancti Niniani

text: Saint Ninian

text: Dumnagual Hen

text: Welsh

text: Welsh Triads

text: Y Gododdin

text: Welsh

text: Black Book of Chirk

text: Kingdom of Gwynedd

text: North Wales

text: Arfon

text: Clydno Eiddin

text: Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn

text: River Forth

text: Clyddno Eiddin

text: Arvon

text: Run

text: Anglo-Saxon

text: Bernicia

text: Historia Brittonum

text: Urien

text: Rheged

text: Morcant Bulc

text: Áedán mac Gabráin

text: Dál Riata

text: Saint Columba

text: Gaels

text: Hadrian's Wall

text: Vortigern

text: Pictavia

text: Northumbria

text: Dyrnwyn

text: hagiography

text: Kentigern

text: Glasgow

text: Joceline of Furness

text: Cumbria

text: Partick

text: Adomnan

text: Columba

text: Dyrnwyn

text: Bromwich, Rachel

categories: 6th-century Scottish monarchs,Monarchs of Strathclyde,Year of birth unknown,7th-century Scottish monarchs,614 deaths,Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth

paragraph: Rhydderch Hael

paragraph: Rhydderch Hael (, fl. 580 – c. 614) was a ruler of Alt Clut, a Brittonic kingdom in the "Hen Ogledd" or "Old North" of Britain. He was one of the most famous kings in the "Hen Ogledd", and appears frequently in later medieval works in Welsh and Latin.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: According to sources such as the Harleian genealogies and Adomnán's "Vita Columbae", Rhydderch's father was Tutagual of Alt Clut, who was probably his predecessor as king. A tyrannical king named "Tuduael", "Tudwaldus" or some variation appears in the 9th-century poem "Miracula Nyniae Episcopi" and in Ailred of Rievaulx's "Vita Sancti Niniani" as a contemporary of Saint Ninian; this is possibly a reference to the father of Rhydderch. Genealogies record Rhydderch as a descendant of Dumnagual Hen. Outside of these pedigrees Rhydderch's kinsmen appear only in Welsh texts, chiefly the heroic poetry and the fragments of saga preserved in the Welsh Triads. One such kinsman, Senyllt Hael, is credited in the poem "Y Gododdin" with him seen presiding over a royal court famed for its liberality. Another, Senyllt's son Nudd Hael, appears with Rhydderch in the triad of the "Three Generous Men of Britain".

paragraph: In a curious tale preserved in the 12th-century Welsh law code known as the Black Book of Chirk, Rhydderch accompanies other rulers from the North on a military expedition to the Kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales. According to the story, Elidir Mwynfawr, another prince of the North, had been killed in Arfon in Gwynedd. In response Rhydderch joined Clydno Eiddin, the aforementioned Nudd Hael, and the otherwise unknown Mordaf Hael to seek vengeance on King Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn of Gwynedd. They traveled by sea and ravaged Arfon, but were expelled by Rhun's forces. Rhun attacked Strathclyde and pushed as far as the River Forth.

paragraph: Here Elidyr Muhenvaur, a man from the north was slain and, after his death, the men of the north, came here to avenge him. The chiefs, their leaders, were Clyddno Eiddin; Nudd Hael, son of Senyllt; and Mordaf Hael, son of Seruari, and Rydderch Hael, son of Tudwal Tudglyd; and they came to Arvon, and because Elidyr was slain at Aber Mewydus in Arvon, they burned Arvon as a further revenge. And then Run, son of Maelgwn, and the men of Gwynedd, assembled in arms, and proceeded to the banks of the [River] Gweryd in the north, and there they were long disputing who should take the lead.

paragraph: The textual uncertainties suggest that the story of the Arfon expedition and Rhun's response is likely to be apocryphal, its creation owing less to actual sixth century events than to later north Welsh propagandists who, in seeking to glorify their own kings, portrayed Rhun as an ancestor of those kings and as a mighty warlord who could wage war far beyond his own lands and against figures whose fame may already have become enshrined in Welsh tradition.

paragraph: Welsh tradition regards Rhydderch as one of the northern British kings who fought against the early Anglo-Saxon realm of Bernicia. The "Historia Brittonum" depicts him as an enemy of several Bernician kings of the late sixth century, but the theatre of the wars between them is not identified. It is said he joined with Urien of Rheged and Morcant Bulc in their ill-fated alliance:

paragraph: The war with Bernicia is one of only two military campaigns in which Rhydderch Hael is said to have been involved, the other being a raid on the Strathclyde court by Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata and a fellow-contemporary of Saint Columba which is recorded in the gloriously named "Three Unrestrained Ravagings of the Island of Britain" in the Welsh Triads:

paragraph: Apart from this work there are no other supporting texts to prove the accuracy of these events. However, in a broad context it is indeed not unlikely as Alt Clut and Dál Riata were neighbours and fought many times during the Sub-Roman and Early Medieval periods. Dál Riata was a relative newcomer to the politics of Britain and raids by the Gaels, as the Scots of Dál Riata were commonly known, on the "Brythonic" border kingdoms around Hadrian's Wall had been typical since the time of Vortigern and before. Furthermore, Áedán mac Gabráin is known to have been a particularly belligerent warlord whose campaigns extended from Pictavia to Northumbria. It is tempting to ascribe the ultimate origin of this material to Strathclyde court-poets of Rhydderch's own time. One Triad mentions Rhydderch's horse Rudlwyt, meaning "Dun-Grey," while another poetical fragment names his sword Dyrnwyn, "White Hilt," as one of the legendary Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain.

paragraph: Aside from the Welsh sources, the other main repository of information on Rhydderch Hael is the Latin hagiography surrounding Kentigern, the patron saint of Glasgow, whose most complete surviving Life was written in the late twelfth century by Joceline of Furness, in modern Cumbria, on behalf of the Bishop of Glasgow. Attempts have been made to identify possible archaic elements and indeed it now seems likely that it draws together several strands of very early Strathclyde tradition, possibly originating in the seventh or eighth centuries. Rhydderch Hael appears as "King Rederech" and is portrayed as Kentigern's royal patron and benefactor, from whom the saint received land at Glasgow upon which to establish the principal bishopric of the greater Strathclyde region. The king is said to have had a royal residence at Partick.

paragraph: Rhydderch's date of death is unknown, although the "Life of Kentigern" places his death in the same year as the saint's which, according to the "Welsh Annals", occurred in 612, which is adjusted by historians to 614. This date is supported by Adomnan who refers to Rhydderch as a contemporary of Saint Columba who died in 597. Adomnan's assertion that Rhydderch did not die in battle can probably be taken at face value: the fulfillment of Columba's prophecy was the important issue for Iona and there was nothing to be gained by producing a fictional end for a king whose life and death were presumably already recorded in Glasgow and Dumbarton traditions.

paragraph: Welsh collections name Rhydderch's sword's "Dyrnwyn" as one of the so-called Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain. When drawn by a worthy or well-born man, the entire blade would blaze with fire. Rhydderch was never reluctant to hand the weapon to anyone, which is said to explain his epithet "Hael" (The Generous), but no one ever dared touch it.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bromwich, Rachel, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain". Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978; revised ed. 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarkson, Tim. "Rhydderch Hael." "The Heroic Age", Autumn/Winter 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacQuarrie, Alan, "The Kings of Strathclyde", in A. Grant & K.Stringer (eds.) "Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G. W. S. Barrow", (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 1–19.

description: Ruler of Alt Clut

wikidata_label: Rhydderch Hael

wikipedia_title: Rhydderch Hael


href: Charlemagne Westphalia abbess Ecgberht%2C%20King%20of%20Wessex

text:
Charlemagne
Westphalia
abbess
Ecgberht, King of Wessex

wikipedia_title:
Charlemagne
Westphalia
Abbess
Ecgberht, King of Wessex

categories: 9th-century Saxon people,Female saints of medieval Germany,788 births,Medieval German saints,Women of the Carolingian Empire,8th-century Saxon people,825 deaths,Saints of the Carolingian Empire

paragraph: Ida of Herzfeld

paragraph: Saint Ida of Herzfeld (c. 770 – 4 September 825) was the widow of a Saxon duke who devoted her life to the poor following the death of her husband in 811. Her feast day is September 4.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: While there is disagreement as to her precise parentage, it is generally agreed that she was closely related to the Carolingians. The daughter of a count, Ida received her education at the court of Charlemagne, who gave her in marriage to a favourite lord of his court, named Egbert, and bestowed on her a great fortune in estates to recompense her father's services. It was an apparently happy marriage.

paragraph: Her "Life" is sometimes quoted in support of the proposition that sexual congress within the institution of marriage reflects spiritual unities as well:

paragraph: Together they built the church of Herzfeld, Westphalia, sometimes recorded as Hirutveldun.

paragraph: She was reportedly the mother of Warin, the abbot of Corvey from 826 to 856, Count Cobbo the Elder, and Addila or Mathilde, the abbess of Herzfeld. She was left a widow at a young age. The available biographies of Saint Ida report that her husband died in 811.

paragraph: He was buried on the south side of the Herzfeld church. She then built a portico over his grave, where she lived a life devoted to prayer and works of charity. Among her reported acts of kindness were filling a stone coffin with food each day, then giving it to the poor; she reportedly founded the church at Hovestadt, Westphalia.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Ida died 4 September 825 and was buried at the church in Herzfeld, which became the first pilgrimage site in Westphalia. In 2011 the pilgrim Church of St. Ida in Herzfeld (Lippetal) was designated a minor basilica. In Herzfeld, the folk festival of "Ida Week" is held every year in September in memory of the saint. During the week, the bones of the saints are carried through the village in a solemn procession; then the "Ida Blessing" is granted.

paragraph: The "Vita sanctae Idae Hertzfeldensis" written in 980, by the monk Uffing of the Abbey of Werden, focuses on her exemplary life, including suffering endured in divine trust. She was canonized on 26 November 980.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.:Patronage.

paragraph: Saint Ida is the patron saint of brides and widows, the poor and the weak.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.:Iconography.

paragraph: She is frequently depicted either as carrying a church or with a dove hovering over her head. During the 32-year war between the Saxons and the Franks, Ida extended her protection to the Saxons in their. The deer with which Ida is often portrayed represents the Saxons, who are besieged by the Franks. Even today the deer is in the coat of arms of Herzfeld.

paragraph: She is sometimes identified in ancestry websites with Redburga or Rædburh, who was, according to a fifteenth-century chronicle, a relative of Charlemagne who married Ecgberht, King of Wessex. However, modern academic historians ignore Redburga as the only source for her existence is so late.

description: Saxon saint

wikidata_label: Ida of Herzfeld

wikipedia_title: Ida of Herzfeld


text:
Canadian
ornithologist
Guelph
Ontario
naturalist
Canadian Museum of Nature
Point Pelee National Park
Canada
Bonaventure Island
Ottawa
Beechwood Cemetery
Ontario
Quebec
timberline sparrow
sub-species
Brewer's sparrow
sub-species
Canada goose
Dendragapus obscurus
James Henry Fleming

categories: Canadian naturalists,1947 deaths,1875 births,Canadian people of English descent,People from Guelph

paragraph: Percy A. Taverner

paragraph: Percy Algernon Taverner (June 10, 1875 – May 9, 1947) was a Canadian ornithologist and architect.

paragraph: He was born Percy Algernon Fowler in Guelph, Ontario in 1875. When his parents separated and his mother remarried, he took on his new parent's surname, Tavernier, which he later changed to Taverner. Taverner, a self-taught naturalist, was the first ornithologist at the National Museum of Canada, now the Canadian Museum of Nature, from 1912 to 1942. Taverner was one of a handful of federal bureaucrats who convinced the Canadian Government to sign the 1916 Canada-U.S. Migratory Birds Convention. He helped establish Point Pelee National Park and a number of bird sanctuaries across Canada, including Bonaventure Island. As an architect, Taverner designed in Chicago, Detroit and Ottawa, including homes on Rosedale Avenue and Leonard Avenue in Ottawa.

paragraph: A pillar of the Ottawa naturalist community, he was president of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club in the 1930s and was substantially responsible for the survival of this organization and its journal, "The Canadian Field-Naturalist", which he founded.

paragraph: He died in Ottawa in 1947 and is buried in Beechwood Cemetery. Taverner is the subject of a biography titled "A Life With Birds: Percy A. Taverner, Canadian Ornithologist".

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: The Taverner Cup, a 24-hour competitive birdathon held in eastern Ontario and western Quebec, is named after him. The timberline sparrow ("Spizella breweri taverneri"), considered to be a sub-species of Brewer's sparrow, and a sub-species of Canada goose ("Branta canadensis taverneri") carry the last part in his honour. In turn, he named the Fleming's grouse ("Dendragapus obscurus flemingi") after Canadian ornithologist James Henry Fleming.

paragraph: In 2015, in recognition of his contributions, the City of Ottawa named a new park at 130 Woodbine Place “Percy Taverner Park.”

paragraph: Section::::Partial works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birds of Eastern Canada" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birds of Western Canada" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birds of Canada" (1934)

description: Canadian naturalist

wikidata_label: Percy A. Taverner

wikipedia_title: Percy A. Taverner


text:
Llandanwg
Gwynedd
Wales
St Tanwg's Church
Harlech
medieval
Armorica
St Cadfan
Ithel Hael
St Cadfan
Vortigern
St Cadfan
Bardsey
Baglan
Trillo
Tegai
Twrog
Tecwyn
Gredifael
Flewyn
Llechid

categories: Medieval Welsh saints,Companions of Cadfan

paragraph: Tanwg

paragraph: Saint Tanwg is the patron saint of Llandanwg, Gwynedd, Wales. He is presumed to be the founder of St Tanwg's Church, the small church at Llandanwg near Harlech, although the presence of an inscribed stone which has been dated to the 5th century suggests the church was already in existence when Tanwg and his brothers arrived in the area early in the 6th century. This " Llandanwg Stone" is inscribed with two names, one being Ingenui (meaning 'of Ingenuus'); the other is indecipherable. The stone is not local. It is thought to have come from the Wicklow Hills in Ireland. This means that it was probably brought over by a rich person. It is a reasonable conjecture that Ingenuus may have been the founder of the church in the late fifth century, and that St. Tanwg lived at this llan a generation or two later. Another stone, called the "Equester Stone", is of 6th century date. It is inscribed "Equestrinomine", an unusual form of wording otherwise known only from 4th century inscriptions in Italy and Gaul.

paragraph: The church building is medieval, probably dating from the 13th century.

paragraph: The parish church of Harlech was built in 1840 to replace the Llandanwg church is also dedicated to Saint Tanwg.

paragraph: Saint Tanwg is said to have been the son of Ithel the Generous of Armorica and the cousin of St Cadfan. According to "Enwogion Cymru", he was 'a saint who lived in the early part of the sixth century. He was one of the sons of Ithel Hael and he accompanied St Cadfan from Armorica to Britain. (" Enwogion" says this was in the time of Vortigern "who procured wise men and divines from Gaul, now called France, to renovate Christianity in this Island, in consequence of the decay and failure that had befallen the faith in Christ" but this is impossible as Vortigern ruled from c425 to c474. Besides, he is not known to have favoured Christianity.) St Cadfan reportedly was one of the founders of the college of Bardsey as a monastery in 516 AD and to have been Abbot there until 542. He was the brother of Sts. Baglan, Trillo, Tegai, Twrog, Tecwyn, Gredifael, Flewyn and Llechid, and is commemorated 10 October.

description: 6c Welsh saint

wikidata_label: Tanwg

wikipedia_title: Tanwg


text: Metropolitan

text: Asyut

text: Lycopolis

text: Hieracon

text: Hierakonopolis

text: Apollonopolis Parva

text: Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

text: Abbot

text: Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great

text: Scetes

text: Lower Egypt

text: Hegumen

text: Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great

text: Egypt

text: Coptic

text: Christians

text: Nag Hammadi

text: "Qena" Governorate

text: monk

text: Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

text: priest

text: Asyut

text: episcopal

text: Oriental Orthodox

text: bishop

text: List of Copts

text: Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great

text: The Holy Synod

categories: Egyptian Christian monks,2014 deaths,1921 births,Coptic Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut

paragraph: "Anba" Mikhail () (4 July 1921 - 23 November 2014), was the Elder Metropolitan of the Holy Metropolis of Asyut (Lycopolis), (Hieracon, (Hierakonopolis) and (Apollonopolis Parva) of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and was the Abbot of the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, in Scetes, Lower Egypt until early 2009, when he decided to resign this responsibility due to his failing health and also due to the demise of Matta El-Meskeen, the Chief Hegumen in-charge of the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great in 2008.

paragraph: Metropolitan Mikhail was born in 1921, in the poor family of Egyptian Coptic Christians in the village of "Al-Rahmaniya", in the district of "Nag Hammadi" in "Qena" Governorate. He became a monk of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria on 19 February 1939. He was ordained priest on 17 November 1939. He has served as Coptic Orthodox Metropolitan of Asyut since 1946. His episcopal ordination took place on 25 August 1946. For many years, he was the most senior Oriental Orthodox bishop in the date of episcopal ordination in the world.

paragraph: He died on 23 November 2014 in Asyut, Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Copts

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20080724094819/http://www.theholysynod.copticpope.org/m001.htm

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Holy Synod (in Arabic and English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.anbawissa.org/vb/showthread.php?t=11930 (in Arabic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.hierarchy.religare.ru/h-aincvost-monofiz.html (in Russian)

description: Egyptian bishop

wikidata_label: Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut

wikipedia_title: Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut


text: Archbishop

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vancouver

text: St. Vital, Winnipeg

text: religious institute

text: Society of Mary

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: ordain

text: priest

text: Bishop of Gravelbourg

text: Bishop of Victoria

text: Archbishop of Vancouver

text: Diocese of Gravelbourg

text: Saskatchewan

text: Archdiocese of Regina

text: Diocese of Saskatoon

text: Victoria, British Columbia

text: Diocese of Victoria

text: Telus Mobility

text: Henry Morgentaler

text: Order of Canada

text: J. Michael Miller

text: Archdiocese of Vancouver

text: St. Mary's University

text: Archdiocese of Vancouver former bishops

categories: 2015 deaths,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Marianists,1939 births,Archbishops of Vancouver

paragraph: Raymond Roussin

paragraph: Raymond O. Roussin was the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vancouver from 2004 to January 2009, when his resignation was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI.

paragraph: Section::::Curriculum vitae.

paragraph: Born, Raymond Roussin, on June 17, 1939, in St. Vital, Winnipeg, Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Curriculum vitae.:Ordination.

paragraph: Raymond Roussin entered the religious institute of the Society of Mary in 1961 in St. Louis, Missouri and was ordained as a priest in 1970.

paragraph: Section::::Curriculum vitae.:Consecration.

paragraph: In 1995, Raymond Roussin was appointed Bishop of Gravelbourg and in 1999, Bishop of Victoria. Raymond Roussin was appointed Archbishop of Vancouver on January 10, 2004. His request for early retirement (for reasons of health since he had been suffering from depression) was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on January 2, 2009.

paragraph: He was open with his depression long before his resignation which is unusual for bishops and other high churchmen. Psychologists lauded his coming forward as heroic.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Due to the declining Catholic population in the Diocese of Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan, Raymond Roussin was entrusted with dissolving the Diocese in 1995. On September 14, 1998 the Diocese reverted to the Archdiocese of Regina and the Diocese of Saskatoon.

paragraph: In 1998, Raymond Roussin became Bishop of Victoria, British Columbia. Because earlier questionable investments left the Diocese of Victoria in financial trouble, Raymond Roussin reorganized its finances by selling off unused property and brought the situation under control.

paragraph: On February 2007, Archbishop Raymond Roussin called for pornography-free mobile service. The call was for Catholics & non-Catholics to divest from Telus Mobility and to write to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission to stop downloading of pornography onto cell phones. Roussin's call, whose story drew the attention of The New York Times and Bloomberg News, was key to Telus dropping its adult content offerings.

paragraph: On July 7, 2008, James Wingle, Bishop of St. Catharines and Raymond Roussin, Archbishop of Vancouver, spoke out strongly against the decision to grant Dr. Henry Morgentaler the Order of Canada, and called for this award to be revoked.

paragraph: On September 5, 2008, Raymond Roussin, asked for support of Bill C-484, which would help protect the unborn as victims of crime. Presently, if a pregnant woman is attacked, and her unborn child is killed, the attacker is not charged with the murder of the child.

paragraph: On January 2, 2009 he was succeeded by J. Michael Miller.

paragraph: On April 24, 2015 he died in Winnipeg.

paragraph: Section::::Other positions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- member of Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- member of the Episcopal Commission for Christian Education (French Sector)

paragraph: BULLET::::- member of Episcopal Commission for Liturgy (English Sector)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Vancouver

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary's University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Vancouver former bishops

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Raymond Roussin

wikipedia_title: Raymond Roussin