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text: mystic

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text: comparative religion

text: spirituality

text: social justice

text: pacifism

text: essay

text: The Seven Storey Mountain

text: National Review

text: interfaith

text: Dalai Lama

text: D. T. Suzuki

text: Buddhadasa

text: Thich Nhat Hanh

text: Zen Buddhism

text: Confucianism

text: Taoism

text: Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales

text: France

text: Owen Merton

text: New Zealand

text: Europe

text: United States

text: Quaker

text: baptized

text: Church of England

text: World War I

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text: New York

text: Douglaston

text: Flushing, New York

text: stomach cancer

text: Bellevue Hospital

text: Bermuda

text: Evelyn Scott

text: common-law married

text: husband

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text: boarding school

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text: Santi Cosma e Damiano

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text: Santa Costanza

text: Basilica di San Clemente

text: Santa Prassede

text: Santa Pudenziana

text: Vulgate

text: New Testament

text: Tre Fontane

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text: Flushing, New York

text: Quaker

text: Clare College

text: Alan Jacobs

text: Columbia University

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text: Ad Reinhardt

text: Robert Lax

text: Mark Van Doren

text: Young Communist League

text: Gettysburg Academy

text: Pennsylvania

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text: Ed Rice

text: Alpha Delta Phi

text: Philolexian Society

text: Italy's invasion of Ethiopia

text: Étienne Gilson

text: medieval French literature

text: nihil obstat

text: Aldous Huxley

text: Ends and Means

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text: Gerard Manley Hopkins

text: catechism

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text: Greenwich Village

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text: Jacques Maritain

text: Catholic Action

text: Thomism

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text: Friendship House

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text: Harlem

text: Abbey of Gethsemani

text: Cistercian sign language

text: Lent

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text: English Channel

text: vows

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text: US Navy

text: Camaldolese

text: eremitical

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text: Louisville

text: Ascension Thursday

text: centenary

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text: loneliness

text: stress

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text: Vietnam War

text: Ernesto Cardenal

text: hermitage

text: abbot

text: Dalai Lama

text: Tibetan Buddhist

text: Dzogchen

text: Chatral Rinpoche

text: Darjeeling

text: Tsewang Yishey Pemba

text: Mary Gordon

text: jazz

text: Samut Prakan

text: Bangkok

text: Thailand

text: Rembert Weakland

text: anointed

text: Matthew Fox

text: Central Intelligence Agency

text: James W. Douglass

text: Martyrdom

text: electrocution

text: Eastern religions

text: Aldous Huxley

text: Ends and Means

text: Catholicism

text: Buddhism

text: Confucianism

text: Taoism

text: Hinduism

text: Sikhism

text: Jainism

text: Sufism

text: Christianity

text: Cartesian

text: Zen

text: Desert Fathers

text: D. T. Suzuki

text: apophatic theology

text: American Indian

text: fasting

text: missionary

text: mystic

text: proliferation of nuclear arms

text: Abbey of Gethsemani

text: Cistercian

text: Bellarmine University

text: Thomas Merton Center

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Thomas Merton Award

text: Thomas Merton Center for Peace and Social Justice

text: Pittsburgh

text: Columbia University

text: St. Bonaventure University

text: repository of Merton materials

text: Bishop Marrocco/Thomas Merton Catholic Secondary School

text: Toronto, Ontario

text: Conyers, Georgia

text: Pope Francis

text: United States Congress

text: Anglican Communion

text: First Reformed

text: Paul Schrader

text: Ethan Hawke

text: Protestant

text: List of peace activists

text: List of works about Thomas Merton

text: Thomas Merton bibliography

text: Horan, Daniel

text: Deignan, Kathleen

text: Thomas Berry

text: Thomas Merton Archives at St. Bonaventure University

categories: Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge,American spiritual teachers,American people of New Zealand descent,Catholics from Kentucky,Columbia University alumni,Christian radicals,British emigrants to the United States,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,American autobiographers,Roman Catholic mystics,20th-century Christian mystics,St. Bonaventure University faculty,Christian humanists,American people of the Vietnam War,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism,Writers from Kentucky,Burials in Kentucky,People from Nelson County, Kentucky,1968 deaths,Accidental deaths in Thailand,American Roman Catholic poets,People from Conflent,American Christian monks,1915 births,People educated at Oakham School,20th-century American poets,American Christian pacifists,Cistercian mystics,American Roman Catholic priests,American anti-war activists,Bellarmine University people,Accidental deaths by electrocution,Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis,Trappists

paragraph: Thomas Merton

paragraph: Thomas Merton (January 31, 1915 – December 10, 1968) was an American Trappist monk, writer, theologian, mystic, poet, social activist, and scholar of comparative religion. On May 26, 1949, he was ordained to the priesthood and given the name Father Louis.

paragraph: Merton wrote more than 70 books, mostly on spirituality, social justice and a quiet pacifism, as well as scores of essays and reviews. Among Merton's most enduring works is his bestselling autobiography "The Seven Storey Mountain" (1948), which sent scores of World War II veterans, students, and even teenagers flocking to monasteries across the US, and was also featured in "National Review"s list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the century. Merton was a keen proponent of interfaith understanding. He pioneered dialogue with prominent Asian spiritual figures, including the Dalai Lama, the Japanese writer D. T. Suzuki, the Thai Buddhist monk Buddhadasa, and the Vietnamese monk Thich Nhat Hanh, and authored books on Zen Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Thomas Merton was born in Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, France, on January 31, 1915, to Owen Merton, a New Zealand painter active in Europe and the United States, and Ruth Jenkins, an American Quaker and artist. They had met at painting school in Paris. He was baptized in the Church of England, in accordance with his father's wishes. Merton's father was often absent during his son's upbringing.

paragraph: During World War I, in August 1915, the Merton family left France for the United States. They settled first with Ruth's parents on Long Island, New York, and then near them in Douglaston, New York. In 1917, the family moved into an old house in Flushing, New York, where Merton's brother, John Paul, was born on November 2, 1918. The family was considering returning to France when Ruth was diagnosed with stomach cancer, from which she died on October 21, 1921, in Bellevue Hospital. Merton was six years old.

paragraph: In 1922, Owen Merton and Thomas traveled briefly to Bermuda, where Owen fell in love with the American novelist Evelyn Scott, a common-law married woman. Still grieving for his mother, Thomas never quite warmed to Scott.

paragraph: Happy to get away from Scott, Thomas returned to Douglaston in 1923 to live with his mother's family and his brother. Owen Merton, Scott, and her common-law husband sailed to Europe and traveled through France, Italy, England and Algeria. During the winter of 1924, while in Algeria, Owen Merton became ill and was thought to be near death. By March 1925, Owen Merton was well enough to organize a show of his paintings at the Leicester Galleries in London. He then returned to New York and took Thomas to live with him in Saint-Antonin, France. Thomas returned to France with mixed feelings, as he had lived with his grandparents for the last two years and had become attached to them. During their travels, Merton's father and Scott had discussed marriage on occasion. After the trip to New York, Owen Merton realized that Thomas would not be reconciled to Scott and broke off his relationship with her.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:France 1926.

paragraph: In 1926, when Merton was eleven, his father enrolled him in a boys' boarding school in Montauban, the Lycée Ingres. There, Merton felt lonely, depressed and abandoned. During his initial months at the school, Merton begged his father to remove him. With time, however, he grew comfortable with his surroundings. He befriended a circle of aspiring writers at the Lycée and he himself wrote two novels.

paragraph: Sundays at the Lycée offered a nearby Catholic Mass, but Merton never attended, instead often taking an early train home. A Protestant clergyman came Sundays to teach at the Lycée to those who did not attend Mass, but Merton took scant interest. During the Christmas breaks of 1926 and 1927, he spent his time with friends of his father in Murat, Auvergne.

paragraph: He admired a devout Catholic couple, whom he saw as good and decent people, but religion only once came up as a topic between them. Merton expressed his belief that all religions "lead to God, only in different ways, and every man should go according to his own conscience, and settle things according to his own private way of looking at things." He wanted them to argue with him, but they did not. As he came to understand later, they realized that his attitude "implied a fundamental and utter lack of faith, and a dependence on my own lights, and attachment to my own opinion"; furthermore, since "I did not believe in anything... anything I might say I believed would be only empty talk."

paragraph: Meanwhile, Merton's father was traveling, painting and attending to an exhibition of his work in London. In the summer of 1928, he took Merton out of the Lycée Ingres, informing him that they were headed together to England.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:England 1928.

paragraph: Merton and his father moved to the home of Owen's aunt and uncle in Ealing, West London. Merton was soon enrolled in Ripley Court Preparatory School, another boarding school, this one in Surrey. Merton enjoyed his studies there and benefited from a greater sense of community than had existed at the Lycée. On Sundays, all students attended services at the local Anglican church. Merton began routinely praying, but discontinued the practice after leaving the school.

paragraph: During holidays, Merton stayed at his great-aunt and uncle's home, where occasionally his father visited. Toward the end of 1929, Merton learned that his father was ill and living in Ealing. Merton went to see him and together they left for Scotland, where a friend had offered his house for Owen's recovery. Shortly after, Owen was taken to London to the North Middlesex Hospital. Merton soon learned his father had a brain tumor. He took the news badly, but later, when he visited Owen in hospital, the latter seemed to be recovering.

paragraph: In 1930, Merton was sent to Oakham School, a boarding school in Rutland, England. At the end of the first year, his grandparents and John Paul visited him. His grandfather discussed his finances, explaining that he would be provided for if Owen died. Merton and the family spent most of that summer visiting the hospital to see his father, who was so ill he could no longer speak. On January 16, 1931, at the start of term at Oakham, Owen died. Tom Bennett, Owen's physician and former classmate in New Zealand, became Thomas's legal guardian. He allowed Merton to use his unoccupied house in London during the holidays. That year, Merton visited Rome and Florence for a week and also saw his grandparents in New York. Upon his return to Oakham, Merton became joint editor of the school magazine, the "Oakhamian".

paragraph: At that time in his life, Merton was an agnostic. In 1932, on a walking tour in Germany, he developed an infection under a toenail. He ignored it, and it developed into a case of blood poisoning so severe that at one point he thought he was going to die. But "the thought of God, the thought of prayer did not even enter my mind, either that day, or all the rest of the time that I was ill, or that whole year. Or if the thought did come to me, it was only as an occasion for its denial and rejection." His declared "creed" was "I believe in nothing."

paragraph: In September, he passed the entrance exam for Clare College, Cambridge. On his 18th birthday, and tasting new freedom, he went off on his own. He stopped in Paris and Marseille, then walked to Hyères, where he ran out of money and wired Bennett for more. Scoldingly, Bennett granted his request. Merton then walked to Saint Tropez, where he took a train to Genoa and then another to Florence. From Florence he left for Rome, a trip that in some ways changed the course of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rome 1933.

paragraph: Two days after arriving in Rome in February 1933, Merton moved out of his hotel to a small pensione with views of Palazzo Barberini and San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, two magnificent pieces of architecture rich with history. In "The Seven Storey Mountain", Merton remarks: "I had been in Rome before, on an Easter vacation from school, for about a week. I had seen the Forum and the Colosseum and the Vatican museum and St. Peter's. But I had not really seen Rome. This time, I started out again, with the misconception common to Anglo-Saxons, that the real Rome is the Rome of the ugly ruins, the hills and the slums of the city."

paragraph: Merton began visiting churches, not knowing why he felt drawn to them. He did not participate in Masses, but simply observed and appreciated them. One day, he happened upon a church near the Roman Forum, called Santi Cosma e Damiano. In its apse, he saw a great mosaic of Jesus Christ come in judgment in a dark blue sky and was transfixed. Merton had found the Rome he said he did not see on his first visit: Byzantine Christian Rome.

paragraph: From this point on in his trip he set about visiting the various churches and basilicas in Rome, such as the Lateran Baptistery, Santa Costanza, the Basilica di San Clemente, Santa Prassede and Santa Pudenziana among others. He purchased a Vulgate ("Latin Bible"), reading the entire New Testament. One night in his "pensione", Merton sensed for a few moments that Owen was in the room with him. The mystical experience focused him on the emptiness he felt in his life, and, for the first time, he "really" prayed, asking God to deliver him from darkness. "The Seven Storey Mountain" also describes a visit to Tre Fontane, a Trappist monastery in Rome. While visiting the church there, he was at ease, yet when entering the monastery he was overtaken with anxiety. Alone that afternoon, he remarked to himself, "I should like to become a Trappist monk." He would eventually become a Trappist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:United States 1933.

paragraph: Merton took a boat from Italy to the United States to visit his grandparents in Douglaston for the summer, before entering Clare College. Initially he retained some of the spirit he had had in Rome, continuing to read his Latin Bible. He wanted to find a church to attend, but had still not quite quelled his antipathy towards Catholicism. He went to Zion Episcopal Church in Douglaston, but was irritated by the services there, so he went to Flushing, New York, and attended a Quaker Meeting. Merton appreciated the silence of the atmosphere but did not feel at home with the group. By mid-summer, he had lost nearly all the interest in organized religion that he had found in Rome. At the end of the summer he returned to England.

paragraph: Section::::College.

paragraph: Section::::College.:Cambridge University.

paragraph: In October 1933, Merton, now 18, entered Clare College as an undergraduate to study Modern Languages (French and Italian). Some of Merton's Oakham schoolmates, who had gone up to Cambridge at the same time, recalled that Merton drifted away and became isolated there. He drank to excess, frequenting local pubs instead of studying. He also indulged in sexual licence, with some friends calling him a womanizer. He spent freely—far too freely in Bennett's opinion—and was summoned for the first of what was to be a series of stern lectures in his guardian's London consulting rooms. Although details are sketchy—they appear to have been excised from a franker first draft of the autobiography by the Trappist censors—most of Merton's biographers agree that he fathered a child with one of the women he encountered at Cambridge and there was some kind of legal action pending that was settled discreetly by Bennett. By any account, this child has never been identified. Professor Alan Jacobs suggests that at least some of Merton's conduct may have been due to his father's death two years earlier.

paragraph: By this time Bennett had had enough and, in a meeting in April, Merton and his guardian appear to have struck a deal: Merton would return to the United States and Bennett would not tell Merton's grandparents about his indiscretions. In May Merton left Cambridge after completing his exams.

paragraph: Section::::College.:Columbia University.

paragraph: In January 1935, Merton, age 21, enrolled as a sophomore at Columbia University in Manhattan. He lived with the Jenkins family in Douglaston and took a train to the Columbia campus each day. There he established close and long-lasting friendships with the proto-minimalist painter Ad Reinhardt and poet Robert Lax.

paragraph: Merton began an 18th-century English literature course during the spring semester taught by Mark Van Doren, a professor with whom he maintained a friendship until death. Van Doren did not "teach" his students in any traditional sense; instead he "engaged" them, sharing his love of literature. Merton was also interested in Communism at Columbia, where he briefly joined the Young Communist League; however, the first meeting he attended failed to interest him further, and he never went back.

paragraph: During summer break, His brother John Paul returned home from Gettysburg Academy in Pennsylvania. They spent the summer together. Merton later claimed they saw every movie produced between 1934 and 1937. When the fall semester arrived, John Paul left to enroll at Cornell University while Tom returned to Columbia. He began working for two school papers, a humor magazine called the "Jester" and the "Columbia Review". Also on the "Jester"'s staff were his friend Robert Lax and the journalist Ed Rice. Rice later founded the Catholic magazine "Jubilee", to which Merton frequently contributed essays. Merton also became a member of Alpha Delta Phi that semester and joined the Philolexian Society, the campus literary and debate group.

paragraph: In October 1935, in protest of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, Merton joined a picket of the Casa Italiana. The Casa Italiana, established in 1926, was conceived of by Columbia and the Italian government as a "university within a university". Merton also joined the local peace movement, having taken "the Oxford Pledge" to not support any government in any war they might undertake.

paragraph: In 1936, Merton's grandfather, Samuel Jenkins, died. In February 1937, Merton read a book that opened his mind to Catholicism, "The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy" by Étienne Gilson. He had purchased the book for a class on medieval French literature, not seeing the "nihil obstat" in the book. In it he encountered an explanation of God that he found logical and pragmatic. "That book, and the extraordinary variety of Catholic churches in Manhattan, almost all of which he seems to have visited, led Merton inexorably to an embrace of Catholicism." Another author Merton began reading was Aldous Huxley, whose book "Ends and Means" introduced Merton to mysticism. In August that year, Tom's grandmother, Bonnemaman, died.

paragraph: In January 1938, Merton was graduated from Columbia with a B.A. in English. He then continued at Columbia, doing graduate work in English. In June, a friend, Seymour Freedgood, arranged a meeting with Mahanambrata Brahmachari, a Hindu monk visiting New York from the University of Chicago. Merton was impressed by the man, whom he saw as profoundly centered in God. While Merton expected Brahmachari to recommend Hinduism to him, instead he advised Merton to reconnect with his own spiritual roots and traditions. He suggested Merton read "The Confessions" of Augustine and "The Imitation of Christ". Although Merton was surprised to hear the monk recommend Catholic books, he read them both.

paragraph: Merton began to consider Catholicism as something to explore further. Finally, in August 1938, he decided to attend Mass and went to Corpus Christi Church located near to the Columbia campus on West 121st Street in Morningside Heights. Mass was foreign to him, but he listened attentively. Following the experience, Merton's reading list became increasingly geared toward Catholicism. While doing his graduate work, he was writing his thesis on William Blake, whose spiritual symbolism he was coming to appreciate in new ways.

paragraph: One evening in September, Merton was reading about Gerard Manley Hopkins' conversion to Catholicism and becoming a priest. Suddenly, he could not shake the sense that he, too, should follow such a path. He headed quickly to the Corpus Christi Church rectory, where he met Fr. George Barry Ford, and expressed his desire to become Catholic. In the following weeks Merton started catechism, learning the basics of his new faith. On November 16, 1938, Thomas Merton underwent the rite of baptism once again at Corpus Christi Church and received Holy Communion. On February 22, 1939, Merton received his M.A. in English from Columbia University. Merton decided he would pursue his Ph.D. at Columbia and moved from Douglaston to Greenwich Village.

paragraph: In January 1939, Merton had heard good things about a part-time teacher named Daniel Walsh, so he decided to take a course on Thomas Aquinas with Walsh. Through Walsh, Merton was introduced to Jacques Maritain at a lecture on Catholic Action, which took place at a Catholic Book Club meeting the following March. Merton and Walsh developed a lifelong friendship, and it was Walsh who convinced Merton that Thomism was not for him. On May 25, 1939, Merton received Confirmation at Corpus Christi, and took the confirmation name "James".

paragraph: Section::::Franciscans.

paragraph: Section::::Franciscans.:Vocation.

paragraph: In October 1939, Merton invited friends to sleep at his place following a long night out at a jazz club. Over breakfast, Merton told them of his desire to become a priest. Soon after this, Merton visited Fr. Ford at Corpus Christi to share his feeling. Ford agreed with Merton, but added that he felt Merton was suited for the priesthood of the diocesan priest and advised against joining an order.

paragraph: Soon after, Merton met with his teacher Dan Walsh, whose advice he trusted. Walsh disagreed with Ford's assessment. Instead, he felt Merton was spiritually and intellectually suited for a priestly vocation in a specific order. They discussed the Jesuits, Cistercians and Franciscans. Merton had appreciated what he had read of Saint Francis of Assisi; as a result, he felt that might be the direction in which he was being called.

paragraph: Walsh set up a meeting with a Fr. Edmund Murphy, a friend at the monastery of St. Francis of Assisi on 31st Street. The interview went well and Merton was given an application, as well as Fr. Murphy's personal invitation to become a Franciscan friar. He noted that Merton would not be able to enter the novitiate until August 1940 because that was the only month in which they accepted novices. Merton was excited, yet disappointed that it would be a year before he would fulfill his calling.

paragraph: By 1940 Merton began to doubt about whether he was fit to be a Franciscan. He felt he had not been candid about his past with Fr. Murphy or Dan Walsh. Merton arranged to see Fr. Murphy. Fr. Murphy was understanding during the meeting, but told Tom he ought to return the next day once he had time to consider this new information. That next day Fr. Murphy told Merton that he no longer felt Merton was suitable material for a vocation as a Franciscan friar, and that the August novitiate was now full. Merton believed that his religious calling was finished.

paragraph: Section::::Franciscans.:St. Bonaventure University.

paragraph: In early August 1940, the month he would have entered the Franciscan novitiate, Merton went to Olean, New York, to stay with friends, including Robert Lax and Ed Rice, at a cottage where they had vacationed the summer before. Merton now needed a job. Nearby was St. Bonaventure University, a Franciscan university he had learned about through Bob Lax a year before. The day after arriving in Olean, Merton went to St. Bonaventure for an interview with then-president Fr. Thomas Plassman. Fortuitously, there was an opening in the English department and Merton was hired on the spot. Merton chose St. Bonaventure because he still harbored a desire to be a friar; he decided that he could at least live among them even if he could not be one of them. St. Bonaventure University holds a repository of Merton materials.

paragraph: In September 1940, Merton moved into a dormitory on campus. (His old room in Devereux Hall has a sign above the door to this effect.) While Merton's stay at Bonaventure would prove brief, the time was pivotal for him. While teaching there, his spiritual life blossomed as he went deeper and deeper into his prayer life. He all but gave up drinking, quit smoking, stopped going to movies and became more selective in his reading. In his own way he was undergoing a kind of lay renunciation of worldly pleasures. In April 1941, Merton went to a retreat he had booked for Holy Week at the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani near Bardstown, Kentucky.

paragraph: Returning to St. Bonaventure with Gethsemani on his mind, Merton returned to teaching. Still unsure about his future plans,in May 1941 Merton resorted to the ancient bibliomantic ritual of the Sortes Sanctorum. Using his old Vulgate, purchased in Italy back in 1933, he would randomly pointed his finger, to see if it would render him some sort of sign. On his second try Merton laid his finger on a verse which read, "ecce eris tacens" (Luke 1:20 ; ). Immediately Merton thought of the Cistercians.

paragraph: In August 1941, Merton attended a talk at the school given by Catherine de Hueck. Hueck had founded the Friendship House in Toronto and its sister house in Harlem, which Merton visited. Appreciative of the mission of Hueck and Friendship House, which was racial harmony and charity, he decided to volunteer there for two weeks. Harlem was such a different place, full of poverty and prostitution. Merton felt especially troubled by the situation of children being raised in the environment there. Friendship House had a profound impact on Merton, and he would speak of it often in his later writing.

paragraph: In November 1941, Hueck asked if Merton would consider becoming a full-time member of Friendship House, to which Merton responded cordially yet noncommittally. In early December Merton let Hueck know that he would not be joining Friendship House, explaining his persistent attraction to the priesthood.

paragraph: Section::::Monastic life.

paragraph: On December 10, 1941, Thomas Merton arrived at the Abbey of Gethsemani and spent three days at the monastery guest house, waiting for acceptance into the Order. The novice master would come to interview Merton, gauging his sincerity and qualifications. In the interim, Merton was put to work polishing floors and scrubbing dishes. On December 13 he was accepted into the monastery as a postulant by Frederic Dunne, Gethsemani's abbot since 1935. Merton's first few days did not go smoothly. He had a severe cold from his stay in the guest house, where he sat in front of an open window to prove his sincerity. During his initial weeks at Gethsemani, Merton studied the complicated Cistercian sign language and daily work and worship routine.

paragraph: In March 1942, during the first Sunday of Lent, Merton was accepted as a novice at the monastery. In June, he received a letter from his brother John Paul stating he was soon to leave for the war and would be coming to Gethsemani to visit before leaving. On July 17 John Paul arrived in Gethsemani and the two brothers did some catching up. John Paul expressed his desire to become Catholic, and by July 26 was baptized at a church in nearby New Haven, Kentucky, leaving the following day. This would be the last time the two saw each other. John Paul died on April 17, 1943, when his plane failed over the English Channel. A poem by Merton to John Paul appears in "The Seven Storey Mountain".

paragraph: Section::::Monastic life.:Writer.

paragraph: Merton kept journals throughout his stay at Gethsemani. Initially, he felt writing to be at odds with his vocation, worried it would foster a tendency to individuality. Fortunately his superior, Dunne, saw that Merton had both a gifted intellect and talent for writing. In 1943 Merton was tasked to translate religious texts and write biographies on the saints for the monastery. Merton approached his new writing assignment with the same fervor and zeal he displayed in the farmyard.

paragraph: On March 19, 1944, Merton made his temporary profession of vows and was given the white cowl, black scapular and leather belt. In November 1944 a manuscript Merton had given to friend Robert Lax the previous year was published by James Laughlin at New Directions: a book of poetry titled "Thirty Poems". Merton had mixed feelings about the publishing of this work, but Dunne remained resolute over Merton continuing his writing. In 1946 New Directions published another poetry collection by Merton, "A Man in the Divided Sea", which, combined with "Thirty Poems", attracted some recognition for him. The same year Merton's manuscript for "The Seven Storey Mountain" was accepted by Harcourt Brace & Company for publication. "The Seven Storey Mountain", Merton's autobiography, was written during two-hour intervals in the monastery scriptorium as a personal project.

paragraph: By 1947 Merton was more comfortable in his role as a writer. On March 19 he took his solemn vows, a commitment to live out his life at the monastery. He also began corresponding with a Carthusian at St. Hugh's Charterhouse in England. Merton had harbored an appreciation for the Carthusian Order since coming to Gethsemani in 1941, and would later come to consider leaving the Cistercians for that Order. On July 4 the Catholic journal "Commonweal" published an essay by Merton titled "Poetry and the Contemplative Life".

paragraph: In 1948 "The Seven Storey Mountain" was published to critical acclaim, with fan mail to Merton reaching new heights. Merton also published several works for the monastery that year, which were: "Guide to Cistercian Life", "Cistercian Contemplatives", "Figures for an Apocalypse", and "The Spirit of Simplicity". That year Saint Mary's College (Indiana) also published a booklet by Merton, "What Is Contemplation?" Merton published as well that year a biography, "Exile Ends in Glory: The Life of a Trappistine, Mother M. Berchmans, O.C.S.O". Merton's abbot, Dunne, died on August 3, 1948, while riding on a train to Georgia. Dunne's passing was painful for Merton, who had come to look on the abbot as a father figure and spiritual mentor. On August 15 the monastic community elected Dom James Fox, a former US Navy officer, as their new abbot. In October Merton discussed with him his ongoing attraction to the Carthusian and Camaldolese Orders and their eremitical way of life, to which Fox responded by assuring Merton that he belonged at Gethsemani. Fox permitted Merton to continue his writing, Merton now having gained substantial recognition outside the monastery. On December 21 Merton was ordained as a subdeacon. From 1948 on, Merton identified as an anarchist.

paragraph: On January 5, 1949, Merton took a train to Louisville and applied for American citizenship. Published that year were "Seeds of Contemplation", "The Tears of Blind Lions", "The Waters of Siloe", and the British edition of "The Seven Storey Mountain" under the title "Elected Silence". On March 19, Merton became a deacon in the Order, and on May 26 (Ascension Thursday) he was ordained a priest, saying his first Mass the following day. In June, the monastery celebrated its centenary, for which Merton authored the book "Gethsemani Magnificat" in commemoration. In November, Merton started teaching mystical theology to novices at Gethsemani, a duty he greatly enjoyed. By this time Merton was a huge success outside the monastery, "The Seven Storey Mountain" having sold over 150,000 copies. In subsequent years Merton would author many other books, amassing a wide readership. He would revise "Seeds of Contemplation" several times, viewing his early edition as error-prone and immature. A person's place in society, views on social activism, and various approaches toward contemplative prayer and living became constant themes in his writings.

paragraph: In this particularly prolific period of his life, Merton is believed to have been suffering from a great deal of loneliness and stress. One incident indicative of this is the drive he took in the monastery's jeep, during which Merton, acting in a possibly manic state, erratically slid around the road and almost caused a head-on collision.

paragraph: During long years at Gethsemani, Merton changed from the passionately inward-looking young monk of "The Seven Storey Mountain" to a more contemplative writer and poet. Merton became well known for his dialogues with other faiths and his non-violent stand during the race riots and Vietnam War of the 1960s.

paragraph: By the 1960s, he had arrived at a broadly human viewpoint, one deeply concerned about the world and issues like peace, racial tolerance, and social equality. He had developed a personal radicalism which had political implications but was not based on ideology, rooted above all in non-violence. He regarded his viewpoint as based on "simplicity" and expressed it as a Christian sensibility. His "New Seeds of Contemplation" was published in 1962. In a letter to Nicaraguan Catholic priest, liberation theologian and politician Ernesto Cardenal (who entered Gethsemani but left in 1959 to study theology in Mexico), Merton wrote: "The world is full of great criminals with enormous power, and they are in a death struggle with each other. It is a huge gang battle, using well-meaning lawyers and policemen and clergymen as their front, controlling papers, means of communication, and enrolling everybody in their armies."

paragraph: Merton finally achieved the solitude he had long desired while living in a hermitage on the monastery grounds in 1965. Over the years he had occasional battles with some of his abbots about not being allowed out of the monastery despite his international reputation and voluminous correspondence with many well-known figures of the day.

paragraph: At the end of 1968, the new abbot, Flavian Burns, allowed him the freedom to undertake a tour of Asia, during which he met the Dalai Lama in India on three occasions, and also the Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen master Chatral Rinpoche, followed by a solitary retreat near Darjeeling, India. In Darjeeling, he befriended Tsewang Yishey Pemba, a prominent member of the Tibetan community. Then, in what was to be his final letter, he noted, "In my contacts with these new friends, I also feel a consolation in my own faith in Christ and in his dwelling presence. I hope and believe he may be present in the hearts of all of us."

paragraph: Merton's role as a writer is explored in novelist Mary Gordon's "On Merton" (2019).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: According to "The Seven Storey Mountain", the youthful Merton loved jazz, but by the time he began his first teaching job he had forsaken all but peaceful music. Later in life, whenever he was permitted to leave Gethsemani for medical or monastic reasons, he would catch what live jazz he could, mainly in Louisville or New York.

paragraph: In April 1966, Merton underwent a surgery to treat debilitating back pain. While recuperating in a Louisville hospital, he fell in love with Margie Smith, a student nurse assigned to his care whom he referred to in his personal diary as "M." He wrote poems to her and reflected on the relationship in "A Midsummer Diary for M." Merton struggled to maintain his vows while being deeply in love. It is unclear whether he ever consummated the relationship.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.:Death.

paragraph: On December 10, 1968, Merton was at a Red Cross retreat center named Sawang Kaniwat in Samut Prakan, a province near Bangkok, Thailand, attending a monastic conference. After giving a talk at the morning session, he was found dead later in the afternoon in the room of his cottage, wearing only shorts, lying on his back with a short-circuited Hitachi floor fan lying across his body. His associate, Jean Leclercq, states: "In all probability the death of Thomas Merton was due in part to heart failure, in part to an electric shock." Since there was no autopsy, there was no suitable explanation for the wound in the back of Merton's head, "which had bled considerably." Arriving from the cottage next to Merton's, the Primate of the Benedictine Order and presiding officer of the conference, Rembert Weakland, anointed Merton.

paragraph: His body was flown back to the United States on board a US military aircraft returning from Vietnam. He is buried at the Gethsemani Abbey.

paragraph: In 2016, theologian Matthew Fox claimed that Merton had been assassinated by agents of the Central Intelligence Agency. James W. Douglass made a similar claim in 1997. In 2018, Hugh Turley and David Martin published "The Martyrdom of Thomas Merton: An Investigation", questioning the claim of accidental electrocution.

paragraph: Section::::Spirituality beyond Catholicism.

paragraph: Section::::Spirituality beyond Catholicism.:Eastern religions.

paragraph: Merton was first exposed to and became interested in Eastern religions when he read Aldous Huxley's "Ends and Means" in 1937, the year before his conversion to Catholicism. Throughout his life, he studied Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Sufism in addition to his academic and monastic studies.

paragraph: While Merton was not interested in what these traditions had to offer as doctrines and institutions, he was deeply interested in what each said of the depth of human experience. This is not to say that Merton believed that these religions did not have valuable rituals or practices for him and other Christians, but that, doctrinally, Merton was so committed to Christianity and he felt that practitioners of other faiths were so committed to their own doctrines that any discussion of doctrine would be useless for all involved.

paragraph: He believed that for the most part, Christianity had forsaken its mystical tradition in favor of Cartesian emphasis on "the reification of concepts, idolization of the reflexive consciousness, flight from being into verbalism, mathematics, and rationalization." Eastern traditions, for Merton, were mostly untainted by this type of thinking and thus had much to offer in terms of how to think of and understand oneself.

paragraph: Merton was perhaps most interested in—and, of all of the Eastern traditions, wrote the most about—Zen. Having studied the Desert Fathers and other Christian mystics as part of his monastic vocation, Merton had a deep understanding of what it was those men sought and experienced in their seeking. He found many parallels between the language of these Christian mystics and the language of Zen philosophy.

paragraph: In 1959, Merton began a dialogue with D. T. Suzuki which was published in Merton's "Zen and the Birds of Appetite" as "Wisdom in Emptiness". This dialogue began with the completion of Merton's "The Wisdom of the Desert". Merton sent a copy to Suzuki with the hope that he would comment on Merton's view that the Desert Fathers and the early Zen masters had similar experiences. Nearly ten years later, when "Zen and the Birds of Appetite" was published, Merton wrote in his postface that "any attempt to handle Zen in theological language is bound to miss the point", calling his final statements "an example of how not to approach Zen." Merton struggled to reconcile the Western and Christian impulse to catalog and put into words every experience with the ideas of Christian apophatic theology and the unspeakable nature of the Zen experience.

paragraph: In keeping with his idea that non-Christian faiths had much to offer Christianity in experience and perspective and little or nothing in terms of doctrine, Merton distinguished between Zen Buddhism, an expression of history and culture, and Zen. What Merton meant by Zen Buddhism was the religion that began in China and spread to Japan as well as the rituals and institutions that accompanied it. By Zen, Merton meant something not bound by culture, religion or belief. In this capacity, Merton was influenced by Aelred Graham's book "Zen Catholicism" of 1963. With this idea in mind, Merton's later writings about Zen may be understood to be coming more and more from within an evolving and broadening tradition of Zen which is not particularly Buddhist but informed by Merton's monastic training within the Christian tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Spirituality beyond Catholicism.:American Indian spirituality.

paragraph: Merton also explored American Indian spirituality. He wrote a series of articles on American Indian history and spirituality for "The Catholic Worker", "The Center Magazine", "Theoria to Theory", and "Unicorn Journal". He explored themes such as American Indian fasting and missionary work.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Merton's influence has grown since his death and he is widely recognized as an important 20th-century Catholic mystic and thinker. Interest in his work contributed to a rise in spiritual exploration beginning in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. Merton's letters and diaries reveal the intensity with which their author focused on social justice issues, including the civil rights movement and proliferation of nuclear arms. He had prohibited their publication for 25 years after his death. Publication raised new interest in Merton's life.

paragraph: The Abbey of Gethsemani benefits from the royalties of Merton's writing. In addition, his writings attracted much interest in Catholic practice and thought, and in the Cistercian vocation.

paragraph: In recognition of Merton's close association with Bellarmine University, the university established an official repository for Merton's archives at the Thomas Merton Center on the Bellarmine campus in Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraph: The Thomas Merton Award, a peace prize, has been awarded since 1972 by the Thomas Merton Center for Peace and Social Justice in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: An annual lecture in his name is given at his alma mater, Columbia University.

paragraph: The campus ministry building at St. Bonaventure University, the school where Merton taught English briefly between graduating from Columbia University with his M.A. in English and entering the Trappist Order, is named after him. St. Bonaventure University also holds an important repository of Merton materials worldwide.

paragraph: Bishop Marrocco/Thomas Merton Catholic Secondary School in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which was formerly named St. Joseph's Commercial and was founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph, is named in part after him.

paragraph: Some of Merton's manuscripts that include correspondence with his superiors are located in the library of the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Conyers, Georgia.

paragraph: Merton was one of four Americans mentioned by Pope Francis in his speech to a joint meeting of the United States Congress on September 24, 2015. Francis said, "Merton was above all a man of prayer, a thinker who challenged the certitudes of his time and opened new horizons for souls and for the Church. He was also a man of dialogue, a promoter of peace between peoples and religions."

paragraph: Merton is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of some church members of the Anglican Communion.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The play "Glory of the World" celebrates the life of Thomas Merton. The play is written by Charles Mee. Roy Cockrum, a former monk who won the Powerball lottery in 2014, helped finance the production of the play in New York. Prior to New York the play was being shown in Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraph: In the movie "First Reformed", written and directed by Paul Schrader, Ethan Hawke's character (a middle-aged Protestant reverend) is influenced by Merton's work.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of peace activists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of works about Thomas Merton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Merton bibliography

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 - Gordon, Mary, "On Merton" (2019), Shambhala Publications,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - Turley, Hugh and David Martin, "The Martyrdom of Thomas Merton" (2018), McCabe,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - Merton, Thomas and Paul M. Pearson. "Beholding Paradise: The Photographs of Thomas Merton." Paulist Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - Lipsey, Roger. "Make Peace before the Sun Goes Down: The Long Encounter of Thomas Merton and His Abbot, James Fox". Boulder, CO. Shambhala Publications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - Shaw, Jeffrey M. "Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition". Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - Horan, Daniel. "The Franciscan Heart of Thomas Merton: A New Look at the Spiritual Inspiration of His Life, Thought, and Writing" Notre Dame: Ave Maria Press. (2014).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – Graham, Terry, , 2008, "SUFI: a journal of Sufism", Issue 30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – Deignan, Kathleen, "A Book of Hours: At Prayer With Thomas Merton" (2007), Sorin Books, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – Weis, Monica, Paul M. Pearson, Kathleen P. Deignan, "Beyond the Shadow and the Disguise: Three Essays on Thomas Merton" (2006), The Thomas Merton Society of Great Britain and Ireland, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – Merton, Thomas, Kathleen Deignan Ed., John Giuliani, Thomas Berry, "When The Trees Say Nothing" (2003), Sorin Books, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – Shannon, William H., Christine M. Bochen, Patrick F. O'Connell "The Thomas Merton Encyclopedia" (2002), Orbis Books, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 – Merton, Thomas, "Learning to Love", "The Journals of Thomas Merton, Volume Six 1966-1967"(1997), . (see notes for page numbers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 – Shannon, William H., "Silent Lamp: The Thomas Merton Story" (1992), The Crossroad Publishing Company, , biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 – Forest, Jim, "Living With Wisdom: A Life of Thomas Merton (revised edition)" (2008), Orbis Books, , illustrated biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 – Mott, Michael, "The Seven Mountains of Thomas Merton" (1984), Harvest Books 1993: , authorized biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 – Merton, Thomas, "The Seven Storey Mountain" (1978), A Harvest/HBJ Book, . (see notes for page numbers)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Merton Archives at St. Bonaventure University

description: priest and author

enwikiquote_title: Thomas Merton

wikidata_label: Thomas Merton

wikipedia_title: Thomas Merton


text:
Gary
Indiana
American
stand up comedian
actor
African American
albinistic
Huntsville
Alabama
Minneapolis
Minnesota
improvisation
Full Moon Rising
Elton John
Recover Your Soul
Harmony Korine
Julien Donkey-Boy
Ewen Bremner
Werner Herzog
Chloë Sevigny
End of Days
1999
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Eddie Murphy
The Adventures of Pluto Nash
2002
Montreal
Hacks
Stan Lee
Sony
PlayStation 3
Chicago City Limits
Keith and The Girl
Official website
Victor Varnado
MySpace

categories: People with albinism,African-American male actors,1969 births,American stand-up comedians,Actors from Huntsville, Alabama,American male film actors,People from Gary, Indiana,Male actors from Indiana,Living people

paragraph: Victor Varnado

paragraph: Victor Varnado (born May 15, 1969 in Gary, Indiana) is an American stand up comedian and actor. He is African American and albinistic. He was born legally blind due to his Albinism. He grew up in Huntsville, Alabama and later moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In Minneapolis, Varnado worked with the local improvisation troupes ComedySportz, The Bad Mamma Jammas and several regional theater companies, before landing his first role in the Big River Productions film "Full Moon Rising", playing a copy clerk.

paragraph: Soon after, his role in Giraffe Films' "Kids Adventures in Oz" spurred him on move to New York to pursue an acting career. His first "big break" came when he landed a role in Elton John's music video "Recover Your Soul".

paragraph: Shortly after, he starred in Harmony Korine's "Julien Donkey-Boy" with Ewen Bremner, Werner Herzog and Chloë Sevigny. He was subsequently cast in Universal's feature film "End of Days" (1999), starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. He co-starred in Eddie Murphy's space-age comic thriller, "The Adventures of Pluto Nash" (2002).

paragraph: Winner of the Most Valuable Performer award in the 2001 Montreal Just For Laughs Improv Championship, and bronze medalist in the 2002 Comedy Central Laugh Riots National Stand-Up Competition, Varnado can currently be seen as Otis, an outrageous urban comic, in the independent film "Hacks". Showing in the New York International Film Festival playing in Los Angeles, "Hacks" was an official selection for The Milan Film Festival.

paragraph: Varnado is working on a superhero film with famous comic book legend Stan Lee. He has performed character voices for a new video game for Sony PlayStation 3 called "Rat Race".

paragraph: Varnado is a member of Chicago City Limits, New York¹s longest running comedy improv theater company for which he writes and direct as well as performing regularly as a stand up comedian. He has also been a guest on the popular podcast "Keith and The Girl".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Varnado on MySpace

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Victor Varnado

wikipedia_title: Victor Varnado


text: South African

text: extraterrestrials

text: Natal

text: KwaZulu-Natal midlands

text: Pietermaritzburg

text: Florence

text: meteorology

text: Cambridge University

text: George Adamski

text: friendly space alien

text: Drakensberg Mountains

text: Alpha Centauri

text: Beyond the Light Barrier

text: Jim Neversink

categories: Ufologists,1910 births,1994 deaths,20th-century women writers,Contactees,UFO writers,South African women writers,South African non-fiction writers

paragraph: Elizabeth Klarer

paragraph: Elizabeth Klarer ("née" Wollatt; 1 July 1910 – February 1994) was a South African who claimed to have been contacted by extraterrestrials between 1954 and 1963. She was one of the first women to claim a sexual relationship with an extraterrestrial.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born in Mooi River, Natal. At age seven she and her older sister had their first supposed alien encounter outside their parents' farmhouse in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands. Klarer claimed that they witnessed a plummeting pocked-marked meteor which was intercepted by a silver disc bathed in a pearly luster. She matriculated from St. Anne’s Diocesan College in Pietermaritzburg, and moved to Florence, Italy, to study art and music. Thereafter she completed a four-year diploma in meteorology at Cambridge University, and learned to fly light aircraft.

paragraph: After reading George Adamski's "Flying Saucers Have Landed" (1953) and "Inside the Space Ships" (1955), Klarer recalled that she had been receiving occasional telepathic messages from a friendly space alien named Akon since childhood. Akon was presumably unrelated to Adamski's Venusian space friend Orthon. She was able to take photos of the ship from the Drakensberg Mountains on July 17, 1955. This was a similar arrangement to that made by Adamski with Orthon in 1952.

paragraph: Klarer managed to call down Akon and his scout ship on April 7, 1956, for an actual landing. She was carried up to the mother ship in earth orbit, and – now the story becomes somewhat different from the mid-1950s contactee standard – was eventually transported in 1957 to Akon's home planet, Meton, orbiting in the nearby multiple-star system Alpha Centauri, where she and Akon had sex, she became pregnant, and eventually delivered a male child. Her son, Ayling, stayed behind on Meton to be educated, while Klarer came home. The whole process, trip, lovemaking, pregnancy, delivery and return trip, supposedly required less than four months. Klarer took far more time before publishing a book, "Beyond the Light Barrier" (1980), about her extraterrestrial adventures. On his world lecture tour in the late 1950s, George Adamski made a point of visiting South Africa and looking up Klarer for a chat on their variety of experiences with the friendly, wise "Space Brothers." By that time, Klarer was not the only Adamski follower to experience claimed space-motherhood.

paragraph: Elizabeth Klarer died of breast cancer at age 84, leaving her second book "The Gravity File" unfinished. The book would have filled in the gaps of the first, besides explaining Akon’s "electro-gravity propulsion" technology.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beyond the Light Barrier (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jenseits der Lichtmauer: Vorgeschichte und Bericht einer Weltraumreise (1977)

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Elizabeth Klarer is mentioned in the song "Even Elizabeth Klarer" off the album "Shakey is Good" (2008) by South African singer-songwriter Jim Neversink.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An uncritical summary of stories of contactees who claimed sexual contact with aliens, originally published in Pravda

paragraph: BULLET::::- A 1999 summary of some of the same material

description: South African writer

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Klarer

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Klarer


text: United States Navy

text: Medal of Honor

text: Massachusetts

text: coxswain

text: "Polaris"

text: Greenland

text: topgallant sail

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients,1884 deaths,1839 births,People from Boston,Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Navy sailors

paragraph: George Willis (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: George Willis (b. 1839 - d. 1884) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Willis enlisted in the Navy from his birth state of Massachusetts and served as a coxswain aboard the during the search for the missing exploration ship "Polaris". When an Arctic gale struck "Tigress" off the coast of Greenland on the night of September 22, 1873, Willis volunteered to single-handedly furl (lower, roll up and secure) the loose fore topgallant sail, an act which prevented damage to the ship. For his conduct on that occasion, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Coxswain Willis' official Medal of Honor citation reads simply:

paragraph: Serving on board the U.S.S. "Tigress", Willis displayed gallant and meritorious conduct on the night of September 22, 1873 off the coast of Greenland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients during Peacetime

wikidata_label: George Willis

wikipedia_title: George Willis (Medal of Honor)


text:
zoologist
Alsfeld
Grand Duchy of Hesse
malacology
curator
Senckenberg Museum
Frankfurt am Main
mollusk
Fusinus kobelti
Cymatium kobelti
Hyalinia kobelti
Kobeltia
conchology
Algeria
Tunis
Zoogeographical
Cyclophoridae
temperate zone
97
Senckenberg Museum

categories: People from Alsfeld,1916 deaths,1840 births,German curators,People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse,German malacologists

paragraph: Wilhelm Kobelt

paragraph: Wilhelm Kobelt (February 20, 1840 – March 26, 1916) was a German zoologist born in Alsfeld, Grand Duchy of Hesse. He specialized in the field of malacology.

paragraph: Kobelt is remembered for his work as curator of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main.

paragraph: Several species of mollusk contain his name, including "Fusinus kobelti" (Kobelt's spindle), "Cymatium kobelti" and "Hyalinia kobelti". Subgenus of slugs "Kobeltia" is named in honor of him.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archiv für Molluskenkunde", 1868 - Archive of malacology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft", 1874 - Yearbook of the German Malaco-zoology Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Illustrirtes conchylienbuch", 1876 - Illustrated book of conchology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reiseerinnerungen aus Algerien und Tunis", 1885 - Travel memoirs of Algeria and Tunis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prodromus faunae molluscorum testaceorum maria europaea inhabitantium, 1886.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Studien zur Zoogeographie", 1897 - Zoogeographical studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cyclophoridae", 1902 - Cyclophoridae.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Verbreitung der Tierwelt : gemässigte Zone", 1902 - Distribution of wildlife; temperate zone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kobelt W. (1909). "Die Gattung "Paludina" Lam. ("Vivipara" Montfort) (Neue Folge). In Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen". "Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz", Nürnberg, 1(21a): pp. 97-430, plates 15-77.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senckenberg Museum Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft (DMG)

description: German zoologist

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Kobelt

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Kobelt


text:
Tokyo
Japan
Nagahama
Shiga Prefecture
schizophrenia

categories: Chinese people imprisoned abroad,1972 births,Chinese prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment,Chinese expatriates in Japan,People with schizophrenia,Chinese people convicted of murder,People convicted of murder by Japan,Living people,Chinese female murderers

paragraph: Zheng Yongshan

paragraph: Zheng Yongshan (鄭 永善, born 1972), who also goes by the name of Mie Taniguchi (谷口 充恵), is a Chinese immigrant in Japan who was convicted of killing two children and sentenced to life imprisonment.

paragraph: Section::::Murders.

paragraph: Zheng moved to Japan in 2004 and married a Japanese man. She lived near Tokyo, Japan.

paragraph: On February 17, 2006, Zheng was supposed to drive her child, and two of the child's classmates, to school as part of a carpool arrangement. She stabbed the two classmates in the stomach and back with a 20-centimeter, thin, fish-cutting blade. One child, a girl named Wakana Taketomo, was stabbed 19 times; the other, a boy named Jin Sano, was stabbed 13 times. Both children were five years old. Zheng then dumped the bodies in Nagahama, Shiga Prefecture, a small town southwest of Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::Recovery of evidence and sentencing.

paragraph: A passer-by discovered the body of Taketomo on a rural road; Sano's body was recovered in an irrigation stream. After dumping the bodies, Zheng parked the car away from the crime scene; she still had the knife used in the killings in her possession. Taketomo was declared dead at 9:45am, shortly after she was taken to the hospital. Sano died around noon at the same hospital. Prosecutors demanded death, but Zheng was sentenced to life imprisonment after she was diagnosed with schizophrenia.

description: Chinese murderer

wikidata_label: Zheng Yongshan

wikipedia_title: Zheng Yongshan


text:
enameller
porcelain
entrepreneur
Royal Crown Derby
Bow
Chelsea
Derby
Longton Hall
Cannock
painting china
Cockpit Hill
Andrew Planche
Nottingham Road
Covent Garden
Royal Warrant
George III
Kentish Town
George, Prince of Wales
Carlton House
St Alkmund's Church, Derby
William Duesbury (1763–1796)
Blue Plaque

categories: 1786 deaths,Porcelain painters,People from Derby,English male painters,People from Longton, Staffordshire,18th-century English painters,1725 births

paragraph: William Duesbury

paragraph: William Duesbury (1725–1786) was an English enameller, in the sense of a painter of porcelain, who became an important porcelain entrepreneur, founder of the Royal Crown Derby and owner of porcelain factories at Bow, Chelsea, Derby and Longton Hall.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Duesbury was born on 7 September 1725. to William Duesbury, currier, of Cannock in Staffordshire.

paragraph: Around 1742 he was working as an "enameller" painting china in London, where he remained until 1753; he decorated Chelsea porcelain and perhaps other wares. Subsequently, between 1754-5, he lived and worked in Longton Hall, where his father lived and where there was a small china works.

paragraph: On 1 January 1756 he moved with his father to Derby having acquired a share in the Derby potworks on Cockpit Hill with his new partners John Heath and Andrew Planche (1728–1805) a talented French Huguenot potter. Planche did not remain long in the partnership and left Derby. Duesbury with Heath's financial backing opened a new factory on the Nottingham Road. This new venture proved to be a success. A London agent was engaged in April 1757.

paragraph: In 1770 Duesbury was able to purchase the failing Chelsea porcelain factory and for the next few years he probably used it to decorate porcelain produced in Derby destined for the London market. He continued the tradition at Chelsea of holding an annual auction.

paragraph: The first was on 17 April 1771 and the three following days, the next in 1773. In June 1774 he opened a warehouse in London at No. 1 Bedford Street, Covent Garden, and held periodical auctions of his wares at that address and stopped the Chelsea auctions. The ware was announced sometimes as Derby and Chelsea, and sometimes as Chelsea alone; and specimens of the various wares were on permanent view at the warehouse in Bedford Street, Covent Garden.

paragraph: In March 1775 Duesbury and John Heath were given a Royal Warrant by George III appointing them "China Manufacturers in Ordinary to His Majesty". This allowed them to include a crown on their porcelain mark. The Duesbury "D" was now capped with a crown to record that they were "Derby China Manufacturers to His Majesty". Also in 1775 Duesbury acquired the manufactory of Bow and in 1777 those of Giles's manufactory, Kentish Town, and others.

paragraph: In 1779 Duesbury faced a severe financial crisis because his business partner Heath went bankrupt. Duesbury managed to survive the crisis and in August 1780 was able to purchase Heath's share of the business from his creditors. He was now the sole proprietor of "the leading porcelain manufacturer in England". In 1783 his business was helped when George, Prince of Wales chose to use Duesbury's wares furnish Carlton House. The next year, 1784, Duesbury centralised all his manufacturing processes in Derby.

paragraph: Duesbury died of a heart attack on 30 October 1786 at the china factory in Nottingham Road Derby and was buried on 2 November at St Alkmund's Church, Derby. His business passed to his eldest son and partner William Duesbury (1763–1796).

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: In early 2013 Derby City Council and Derby Civic Society announced they would erect a Blue Plaque as a memorial to him at Landau Forte college, in Derby.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British entrepreneur, founder of the Royal Crown Derby factory

wikidata_label: William Duesbury

wikipedia_title: William Duesbury


text: Jane Austen fan fiction

text: Pride & Prejudice

text: Phoenixville

text: Pennsylvania

text: Library and Information Science

text: Coeur d'Alene, Idaho

text: Jane Austen

text: Pride and Prejudice

text: BBC

text: A&E

text: regency

text: An Assembly Such as This

text: Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman

text: An Assembly Such as This

text: Duty and Desire

text: These Three Remain

categories: Novelists from Idaho,American women novelists,Women romantic fiction writers,1953 births,21st-century American novelists,American romantic fiction writers,Living people,21st-century American women writers

paragraph: Pamela Aidan

paragraph: Pamela Mogen (born October 18, 1953), better known by the pen name Pamela Aidan, is an American writer. Her novels are Jane Austen fan fiction, based on "Pride & Prejudice".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pamela Aidan was born in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, United States. She has a master's degree in Library and Information Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and has been a librarian for over 30 years. She and her husband Michael live in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; they each have three grown children from previous marriages.

paragraph: While Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" has been her favorite novel since high school. The author credits the 1995 BBC and A&E TV miniseries, of the story for inspiring her to write her first regency novel. " An Assembly Such as This" became the start of her "Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman" trilogy (former title was "The Chronicles of Pemberley").

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "A Lesson in Honour" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "An Assembly Such as This" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Duty and Desire" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "These Three Remain" (2005)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamela Aidan's author page at Simon & Schuster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamela Aidan's author page at Amazon.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamela Aidan's page at Wytherngate Press

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Pamela Aidan

wikipedia_title: Pamela Aidan


text: Isma'il ibn Jafar

text: Ismāʿīlī

text: Imam

text: Ismāʿīlī

text: Wafi Ahmad

text: Abdullah ibn Mohammad

text: Fatimid Empire

text: Nizari

text: Mustaali

text: Ja'far as-Sadiq

text: Abbasid caliph

text: Harun al-Rashid

text: Kufa

text: Abdullah ibn Mohammad "(Wafi Ahmad)"

text: Abbasid dynasty

text: List of Ismaili imams

text: MUHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL (158-197/775-813)

text: Maymūn’āl-Qaddāh

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Isma'il

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl alias Maymūn Al-Qaddāḥ was the son of Isma'il ibn Jafar; he was an Ismāʿīlī Imam. The majority of Ismāʿīlī follow his descendants through his son Wafi Ahmad (Abdullah ibn Mohammad). His descendants further founded the Fatimid Empire, also called the Nizari and Mustaali.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Muhammad was born on 12th Rabi' al-Awwal 128 AH/740 AD. His early childhood was spent under the protection of his grandfather Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq in Medina. Throughout his time in Medina he wore a disguise to protect his identity, with only selected missionaries and loyal members knowing about his true identity.

paragraph: As per the 4th volume of Uyun'l-Akhbar (comp. 842/1438), Mohammad resided in Medina to spread Ismailism and to search for place of hiding himself. The Abbasid caliph of the time, Harun al-Rashid, was investigating Muhammad's whereabouts and had forces deployed throughout Medina in search for him. On search of his place by Harun al Rashid, he concealed himself in underground passage constructed in his house and then left his place keeping his whereabouts a secret. Due to Harun al-Rashid's wife, Rabaida, and her loyalty to Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl, Muhammad was able to evade enemy forces and migrate to Kufa.

paragraph: He remained in Kufa for an extended period of time and completed his Imamate, which lasted 45 years. He died on 11 th Shawwal 193 AH/27 July 809 AD in the region of Farghana. A letter written in 354/965 by the Fatimid Imam al-Muizz (d. 365/975) states that, "The da'is used their own names as nick-names for the Imams in order to protect them from persecution; some people were misled by this to such a degree that they said that the Imam, descendant of Muhammad bin Ismail was Abdullah bin Maymun al-Qaddah." According to Arif Tamir in al-Qaramita (p. 87), "When Muhammad bin Ismail fled from the east and established in Palmyra in Syria, the centers of his activities; he called himself Maymun al-Qaddah."

paragraph: His father Imam Ismāʿīl died during the lifetime of Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq. Idris Imad al-Din, the 19th Dai of Tayyibis (d 872 AH), in the book, ‘Zahr al Ma’ani’, says that Imam al-Sadiq (as) appointed Musa al-Kadhim as his successor, but his goal in doing so was to protect the Imamate of Muhammad Ibn Ismail. Mohammad was succeeded by his son Abdullah ibn Mohammad "(Wafi Ahmad)", who became the 8th Ismāʿīlī Imam. The 8th, 9th and 10th Ismāʿīlī Imams are believed to have gone into seclusion because of the constant threat of death from the Abbasid dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ismaili imams

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Muhammad#Family tree linking prophets to Imams

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MUHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL (158-197/775-813)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maymūn’āl-Qaddāh

description: imam

wikidata_label: Muhammad ibn Ismail

wikipedia_title: Muhammad ibn Isma'il


text: Tunisia

text: extrajudicial detention

text: United States

text: Guantanamo Bay detainment camp

text: Cuba

text: Department of Defense

text: Unfidel

text: Bush

text: Presidency

text: war on terror

text: Geneva Conventions

text: United States Supreme Court

text: Rasul v. Bush

text: Department of Defense

text: Brookings Institution

text: Benjamin Wittes

text: members of the Taliban

text: traveled to Afghanistan for jihad

text: fought for the Taliban

text: were at Tora Bora

text: al Qaeda operative

text: habeas corpus

text: David Hicks

text: Civil Action No. 02-cv-0299

text: Combatant Status Review Tribunal

text: Military Commissions Act of 2006

text: United States Supreme Court

text: Boumediene v. Bush

text: Military Commissions Act

text: Guantanamo captives

text: Brent N. Rushforth

text: WikiLeaks

text: Joint Task Force Guantanamo

text: Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment

text: Rear Admiral

text: Mark H. Buzby

text: United States President

text: Barack Obama

text: Executive orders

text: Joint Review Task Force

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: Washington Post

text: Donald Trump

categories: Tunisian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States,Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,Living people

paragraph: Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi

paragraph: Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi is a citizen of Tunisia held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba since the day it opened, on January 11, 2002.

paragraph: Al Yazidi's Guantanamo detainee ID number 38.

paragraph: The Department of Defense reports that he was born on January 24, 1965, in Unfidel, Tunisia.

paragraph: Section::::Official status reviews.

paragraph: Originally the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the ""war on terror"" were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention.

paragraph: In 2004 the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them.

paragraph: Section::::Official status reviews.:Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants.

paragraph: Following the Supreme Court's ruling the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants.

paragraph: Scholars at the Brookings Institution, lead by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain common allegations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who the Wittes team unable to identify as presently cleared for release or transfer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who ""The military alleges ... are members of the Taliban.""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who ""The military alleges ... traveled to Afghanistan for jihad.""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who ""The military alleges that the following detainees stayed in Al Qaeda, Taliban or other guest- or safehouses.""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who ""The military alleges ... took military or terrorist training in Afghanistan.""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who ""The military alleges ... fought for the Taliban.""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who ""The military alleges ... were at Tora Bora.""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who ""The military alleges that the following detainees were captured under circumstances that strongly suggest belligerency.""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the captives who was an ""al Qaeda operative"".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi was listed as one of the ""82 detainees made no statement to CSRT or ARB tribunals or made statements that do not bear materially on the military’s allegations against them.""

paragraph: Section::::Official status reviews.:Habeas corpus petitions.

paragraph: Al Yazidi's original habeas corpus petition was amalgamated with David Hicks's -- Civil Action No. 02-cv-0299.

paragraph: 179 captives who had habeas petitions files on their behalf had a dossier of unclassified documents from their Combatant Status Review Tribunals published. But Al Yazidi's documents were withheld. The Bush administration has not offered an explanation as to why his documents were withheld.

paragraph: The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system, so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed.

paragraph: On June 12, 2008, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system. And all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated.

paragraph: Al Yazidi's counsel have submitted requests to re-instate his habeas petition.

paragraph: On July 7, 2008, Brent N. Rushforth filed a ""PETITIONER’S UNOPPOSED MOTION TO ENTER PROTECTIVE ORDER""' on behalf of Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi.

paragraph: Section::::Official status reviews.:Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment.

paragraph: On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.

paragraph: His Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was drafted on June 6, 2007.

paragraph: It was signed by camp commandant Rear Admiral Mark H. Buzby. He recommended continued detention.

paragraph: Section::::Official status reviews.:Joint Review Task Force.

paragraph: On January 21, 2009, the day he was inaugurated, United States President Barack Obama issued three Executive orders related to the detention of individuals in Guantanamo.

paragraph: He put in place a new review system composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request.

paragraph: Al Yazidi was one of the 126 individuals approved for transfer.

paragraph: Section::::Official status reviews.:Status during the Donald Trump administration.

paragraph: Observers noted that President Barack Obama's administration made a push to transfer as many individuals from Guantanamo, as possible, during his last year. The "Washington Post" reported that Ridah bin Saleh al Yazidi was one of the five individuals who had been cleared for release, who remained in Guantanamo when Donald Trump was inaugurated. During the election campaign Trump had promised that, once he took power, no one would ever leave detention at Guantanamo, that he would bring more individuals to be detained there. The "Washington Post" reported that Obama administration officials had gotten a country to accept him, but he declined their hospitality.

wikidata_label: Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi

wikipedia_title: Ridah Bin Saleh Al Yazidi


text:
folk metal
Finntroll
funeral doom
Shape of Despair
doom metal
The Mist and the Morning Dew
Funebre

categories: 21st-century bass guitarists,Finnish heavy metal bass guitarists,Finntroll members,1977 births,Living people

paragraph: Sami Uusitalo

paragraph: Sami "Tundra" Uusitalo (born 1977) is a bass guitarist best known from the folk metal band Finntroll and the funeral doom band Shape of Despair. He also plays in the folk/doom metal group The Mist and the Morning Dew. Despite sharing the same name with a member of Funebre, he is not the same person.

description: Finnish musician

wikidata_label: Sami Uusitalo

wikipedia_title: Sami Uusitalo


text:
Canadian
Spark
CBC Radio One
CBC Radio
Definitely Not the Opera
The Sunday Edition
Ideas
Spark
The Sniffer
Cathi Bond
Northern Voice
Toronto Star
"Spark"
Putting together CBC's "Spark"
The Sniffer

categories: CBC Radio hosts,Living people,Female broadcasters,CBC Television people,Women radio presenters,Canadian podcasters,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Nora Young

paragraph: Nora Young is a Canadian broadcaster and writer, currently the host of "Spark" on CBC Radio One. Previously she was the original host of CBC Radio's "Definitely Not the Opera", a guest host of "The Sunday Edition" and has produced documentaries for CBC shows such as "Ideas".

paragraph: In September 2007, Young, Elizabeth Bowie, Tom Howell, and Dan Misener launched "Spark" on CBC Radio One. The show, which Young hosts, focuses on "the way technology affects our lives, and the world around us". The show utilizes a unique format, in which users can contribute to future shows by posting ideas, interview questions for upcoming guests, and stories on Spark's blog.

paragraph: Young also hosts a podcast called The Sniffer with Cathi Bond. The podcast focuses on technology and trends and airs five-minute segments two or three times a week.

paragraph: In 2012, Young wrote a book called "The Virtual Self". She has spoken about her experiences in various media at events such as the Podcasters Across Borders and Northern Voice conferences, and has contributed to the "Toronto Star". Young lives in Toronto.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spark"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Putting together CBC's "Spark"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sniffer Trend sniffing by Nora Young and Cathi Bond

description: Canadian broadcaster

wikidata_label: Nora Young

wikipedia_title: Nora Young


text:
Tours Cathedral
Archbishop of Reims
Manasses I
Council of Soissons
Roscellin
nominalism
Anselm
archbishop
Canterbury
Catholic Church in France

categories: 11th-century births,Archbishops of Reims,11th-century Roman Catholic archbishops

paragraph: Renaud du Bellay

paragraph: Renaud du Bellay was the treasurer of Tours Cathedral and Archbishop of Reims from  1083 to 1096. He succeeded Manasses I after a vacancy of around three years. He presided over the Council of Soissons in 1092–93 which declared Roscellin's nominalism heretical. The acts of the council have not survived but it is known from contemporary correspondence, as with Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in France

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelle Biographie Générale". Vol 33 Mal-Mar. Paris, 1859.

description: Roman Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: Renaud du Bellay

wikipedia_title: Renaud du Bellay