text:
Venerable
English
Catholic
priest
martyr
Elizabeth I
Protestant Reformation
Diocese of Exeter
Richard Challoner
Cornwall
Devon
tonsure
Cathedral of Reims
Cardinal of Guise
ordained
subdeacon
deacon
Laon
Valentine Douglas
O.S.B.
Newgate
Roman Catholic
Bishop of London
Elizabeth I
hung, drawn and quartered
Kingston upon Thames
Richard Flower

categories: Venerated Catholics,Martyred Roman Catholic priests,16th-century venerated Christians,Executed English people,Year of birth unknown,1588 deaths,People executed under Elizabeth I of England by hanging, drawing and quartering,16th-century English Roman Catholic priests,16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs

paragraph: William Way

paragraph: The Venerable William Way (alias May, alias Flower) (died 1588) was an English Catholic priest and martyr executed under Elizabeth I after the Protestant Reformation. He is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Wiliam Way was born in the Diocese of Exeter about c. 1560. Bishop Richard Challoner said he was born in Cornwall, and earlier authorities say in Devonshire.

paragraph: Since the Protestant Reformation had closed Catholic seminaries in England, Way went to France to study. On 31 March 1584, he received his first tonsure in the Cathedral of Reims from the Cardinal of Guise. On 22 March he was ordained subdeacon, on 5 April deacon, and priest on 18 September 1586, at Laon, probably by Bishop Valentine Douglas ("Valentine Duglas"), O.S.B.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Way departed for England on 9 December 1586, and by June 1587, was imprisoned. He was indicted at Newgate in September 1588, for being a Roman Catholic priest. He declined to be tried by a secular judge, whereupon the Bishop of London was sent for. Way, refusing to acknowledge him as a bishop or Elizabeth I as head of the Church, was immediately condemned as a traitor and to death.

paragraph: He was austere. When called to trial at the Sessions in August, "he had so much joy that he seemed past himself". On 23 September 1588, Way was "hung, drawn and quartered" at Kingston upon Thames.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Flower

description: English Catholic martyr

wikidata_label: William Way

wikipedia_title: William Way


text:
Cyrene
Libya
Library of Alexandria
Egypt
Greek
Pharaoh
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Pinakes
ancient Greek literature
Hellenistic
Greek
Cyrene
Battus I
Cyrenaica
Africa
Syracuse
Athens
North Africa
Alexandria
epigram
epic
Homer
Apollonius of Rhodes
Argonautica
Oxyrhynchus
Peter Green
Suda
six hymns
Hecale
papyri
Aetia
elegiac
Hellenic world
Muse
Paros
Charites
Argos
Leucas
Aetia
Coma Berenices
Catullus
hymns
Greek Anthology
Quintilian
Neoteric
Ovid
Catullus
Sextus Propertius
Latin poetry
Pinakes
Library of Alexandria
Pfeiffer, R.
Lloyd-Jones, H.
Hollis, A.S.
Lombardo, S.
Loeb Classical Library
Trypanis, C.A.
William Johnson Cory
Heraclitus
Cameron, A.
de Romilly, J.
Hunter, R.
Green, Peter
The Neoterics
p. 269f.
Callimachus
Dickinson College Commentaries: "Aetia"
Selected Poems by Callimachus
Google Books
archive.org
English translation of Hymns (HTML)
English translation of Epigrams (HTML)
Callimachus
Perseus Project

categories: Bibliographers,300s BC births,240 BC deaths,3rd-century BC poets,Iambic poets,Cyrenean Greeks,Librarians of Alexandria,Ancient Greek poets,Ancient Greek elegiac poets,Epigrammatists of the Greek Anthology,Ancient Greek educators

paragraph: Callimachus

paragraph: Callimachus (; , "Kallimakhos"; 310/305– 240 BC) was a native of the Greek colony of Cyrene, Libya. He was a poet, critic and scholar at the Library of Alexandria and enjoyed the patronage of the Egyptian–Greek Pharaohs Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Ptolemy III Euergetes. Although he was never made chief librarian, he was responsible for producing a bibliographic survey based upon the contents of the Library. This, his "Pinakes", 120 volumes long, provided the foundation for later work on the history of ancient Greek literature. He is among the most productive and influential scholar-poets of the Hellenistic age.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Callimachus was of Libyan Greek origin. He was born c. 310/305 BC and raised in Cyrene, as member of a distinguished family, his parents being Mesatme (or Mesatma) and Battus, supposed descendant of the first Greek king of Cyrene, Battus I, through whom Callimachus claimed to be a descendant of the Battiad dynasty, the Libyan Greek monarchs that ruled Cyrenaica for eight generations and the first Greek Royal family to have reigned in Africa. He was named after his grandfather, an "elder" Callimachus, who was highly regarded by the Cyrenaean citizens and had served as a general.

paragraph: Callimachus married the daughter of a Greek man called Euphrates who came from Syracuse. However, it is unknown if they had children. He also had a sister called Megatime but very little is known about her: she married a Cyrenaean man called Stasenorus or Stasenor to whom she bore a son, Callimachus (so called "the Younger" as to distinguish him from his maternal uncle), who also became a poet, author of "The Island".

paragraph: In later years, he was educated in Athens. When he returned to North Africa, he moved to Alexandria.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Elitist and erudite, claiming to "abhor all common things," Callimachus is best known for his short poems and epigrams. During the Hellenistic period, a major trend in Greek-language poetry was to reject epics modelled after Homer. Instead, Callimachus urged poets to "drive their wagons on untrodden fields," rather than following in the well worn tracks of Homer, idealizing a form of poetry that was brief, yet carefully formed and worded, a style at which he excelled. "Big book, big evil" (μέγα βιβλίον μέγα κακόν, "mega biblion, mega kakon") is another saying attributed to him, often thought to be attacking long, old-fashioned poetry. Callimachus also wrote poems in praise of his royal patrons (such as Ptolemy II Philadelphus), and a wide variety of other poetic styles, as well as prose and criticism.

paragraph: Due to Callimachus' strong stance against the epic, he and his younger student Apollonius of Rhodes, who favored epic and wrote the "Argonautica", had a long and bitter feud, trading barbed comments, insults, and personal attacks for over thirty years. It is now known, through a papyrus fragment from Oxyrhynchus listing the earliest chief librarians of the Library of Alexandria that Ptolemy II never offered the post to Callimachus, but passed him over for Apollonius Rhodius. Some classicists, including Peter Green, speculate that this contributed to the poets' long feud. According to the current scholarly consensus, however, the evidence for this putative feud is lacking, and it is likely to be specious; according to Alan Cameron, "there is no genuinely ancient evidence at all." Moreover, without knowing the precise nature of the role, it is impossible to conclude what should be inferred from Callimachus' failure to become chief librarian.

paragraph: Though Callimachus was an opponent of "big books", the "Suda" puts his number of works at (a possibly exaggerated) 800, suggesting that he found large quantities of small works more acceptable. Of these, only six hymns, sixty-four epigrams, and some fragments are extant; a considerable fragment of the "Hecale", one of Callimachus' few longer poems treating epic material, has also been discovered in the "Rainer papyri". His "Aetia" (Αἴτια, "Causes"), another rare longer work surviving only in tattered papyrus fragments and quotations in later authors, was a collection of elegiac poems in four books, dealing with the foundation of cities, obscure religious ceremonies, unique local traditions apparently chosen for their oddity, and other customs, throughout the Hellenic world. In the first three books at least, the formula appears to ask a question of the Muse, of the form, "Why, on Paros, do worshippers of the Charites use neither flutes nor crowns?" "Why, at Argos is a month named for 'lambs'?" "Why, at Leucas, does the image of Artemis have a mortar on its head?" A series of questions can be reconstituted from the fragments. One passage of the "Aetia", the so-called "Coma Berenices", has been reconstructed from papyrus remains and the celebrated Latin adaptation of Catullus (Catullus 66).

paragraph: The extant hymns are extremely learned, and written in a style that some have criticised as labored and artificial. The epigrams are more widely respected, and several have been incorporated into the Greek Anthology.

paragraph: According to Quintilian (10.1.58) he was the chief of the elegiac poets; his elegies were highly esteemed by the Romans (see Neoterics), and imitated by Ovid, Catullus, and especially Sextus Propertius. Many modern classicists hold Callimachus in high regard for his major influence on Latin poetry.

paragraph: Callimachus' most famous prose work is the "Pinakes" (Lists), a bibliographical survey of authors of the works held in the Library of Alexandria. The "Pinakes" was one of the first known documents that lists, identifies, and categorizes a library’s holdings. By consulting the "Pinakes", a library patron could find out if the library contained a work by a particular author, how it was categorized, and where it might be found. It is important to note that Callimachus did not seem to have any models for his pinakes, and invented this system on his own.

paragraph: Section::::Critical editions (Ancient Greek texts).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pfeiffer, R. "Callimachus, vol. i: Fragmenta" (Oxford, 1949). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pfeiffer, R. "Callimachus, vol. ii: Hymni et epigrammata" (Oxford, 1953). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lloyd-Jones, H. et al. "Supplementum Hellenisticum", (Berlin, 1983). .

paragraph: Section::::Commentaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bing, Peter. "Callimachus’ Hymn to Delos 1–99: Introduction and Commentary" (Dissertation, U. Michigan, 1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulloch, A. W. "Callimachus: The Fifth Hymn" (CUP, 1985). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harder, M.A. "Callimachus: Aetia" (OUP, 2012). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hollis, A.S. "Callimachus: Hecale" (OUP, 1990); 2nd ed. 2009. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hopkinson, Neil. "Callimachus: Hymn to Demeter" (CUP, 1984). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hopkinson, Neil. "A Hellenistic Anthology" (CUP, 1988). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kerkhecker, Arnd. "Callimachus' Book of Iambi" (OUP, 1999). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massimilla, G. "Aitia. libri primo e secondo" (Pisa: Giardini editori, 1996). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massimilla, G. "Aitia. libro terzo e quarto" (Pisa: F. Serra, 2010). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKay, K. J. "Erysichthon: A Callimachean Comedy" (Brill, 1962). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKay, K. J. "The Poet at Play: Kallimachus, The Bath of Pallas" (Brill, 1962).

paragraph: BULLET::::- McLennan, G. R. "Callimachus: Hymn to Zeus" (Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri, 1977).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephens, Susan A. "Callimachus: The Hymns. Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary" Oxford: Oxford University Press (2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Frederick. "Callimachus: Hymn to Apollo" (OUP, 1978). .

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lombardo, S. & Rayor, D.J. "Callimachus: Hymns, Epigrams, Select Fragments" (Johns Hopkins 1988).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mair, A.W. & Mair, G.R. "Callimachus: Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron and Aratus", Loeb Classical Library No. 129, 2nd rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: 1955) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nisetich, Frank. "The Poems of Callimachus" (Oxford 2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trypanis, C.A. et al. "Callimachus: Aetia, Iambi, Hecale and Other Fragments. Musaeus: Hero and Leander", Loeb Classical Library No. 421 (Cambridge, MA: 1958) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Johnson Cory 's well-known "Heraclitus" is a poetic translation of Callimachus's elegy for his friend Heraclitus.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism and history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acosta-Hughes, B. "Polyeideia: The Iambi of Callimachus and the Archaic Iambic Tradition" (U. California, 2002). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bing, P. "The Well-Read Muse: Present and Past in Callimachus and the Hellenistic Poets", 2nd ed. (University of Michigan Press, 2008). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blum, R. "Kallimachos. The Alexandrian Library and the Origins of Bibliography", trans. H.H. Wellisch (U. Wisconsin, 1991). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cameron, A. "Callimachus and his Critics" (Princeton, 1995). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Romilly, J. "A Short History of Greek Literature", trans. L. Doherty. (University of Chicago Press, 1985). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fantuzzi, M. & Hunter, R. "Tradition and Innovation in Hellenistic Poetry" (CUP, 2004). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Peter. "Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age" (U. California, 1990) , chapters 11 ('The Critic as Poet: Callimachus, Aratus of Soli, Lycophron') and 13 ('Armchair Epic: Apollonius Rhodius and the Voyage of "Argo"').

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunter, R. "The Shadow of Callimachus" (CUP, 2006). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hutchinson, G. O. (1988). Hellenistic Poetry. New York: Clarendon Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selden, D. "Alibis," "Classical Antiquity" 17 (1998), 289–411.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Neoterics, or the New Poets

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A history of the literature of ancient Greece", Vol. 1, J. W. Parker and son, 1858, p. 269f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Callimachus at Livius.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia - 2002

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dickinson College Commentaries: "Aetia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected Poems by Callimachus English translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. W. Mair's 1921 Loeb (Greek/English): Google Books, archive.org, English translation of Hymns (HTML), English translation of Epigrams (HTML)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Callimachus at the Perseus Project: Mair 1921 and Wilamowitz 1897

description: ancient poet and librarian

enwikiquote_title: Callimachus

wikidata_label: Callimachus

wikipedia_title: Callimachus


text: English

text: Hispania

text: Spain

text: Epigram

text: Rome

text: emperors

text: Domitian

text: Nerva

text: Trajan

text: satirises

text: elegiac couplet

text: epigram

text: Caligula

text: Claudius

text: Augusta Bilbilis

text: Calatayud

text: Hispania Tarraconensis

text: Celts

text: Iberia

text: Tagus

text: Hispania

text: hunting

text: fishing

text: Seneca the Elder

text: Seneca the Younger

text: Lucan

text: Quintilian

text: Licinianus

text: Decianus

text: Emerita

text: Canius

text: Catullus

text: Pedo

text: Marsus

text: Rome

text: Seneca the Younger

text: Lucan

text: (I. 113)

text: Quintilian

text: Bohemian

text: Titus

text: Domitian

text: equestrian

text: opening

text: Colosseum

text: Juvenal

text: Saturnalia

text: Nerva

text: Trajan

text: Agrippa

text: Nomentum

text: Sabine

text: Quirinal

text: Quirinus

text: Cisalpine Gaul

text: Aquileia

text: Timavus

text: Aemilian Way

text: Lucan

text: Quintilian

text: Silius Italicus

text: Juvenal

text: Pliny the Younger

text: Statius

text: relation of client to patron

text: Virgil

text: Horace

text: Augustus

text: Maecenas

text: Baiae

text: Tibur

text: Pliny the Younger

text: hypocrisy

text: cant

text: pedantry

text: Juvenal

text: oil lamp

text: insult comic

text: Roman graffiti

text: Latin obscene words

text: Renaissance

text: Juvenal

text: Carolingian revival

text: Siglo de Oro

text: Romantic movement

text: "The 'Epic' of Martial"

text: "Epigrammaton libri"

text: "Complete Epigrams"

text: Martial Blog

text: Selected "Epigrams"

text: Selected "Epigrams"

text: Theatre of Pompey

text: risqué "Epigrams"

text: Translations from Martial

text: Poems by Martial

text: Martial Quotations

text: Life and Times

text: Court Poet & Pornographer

text: Glen Bowersock

text: The New York Review of Books

categories: Roman-era satirists,2nd-century Romans,1st-century births,People from Calatayud,Silver Age Latin writers,1st-century Romans,2nd-century writers,Latin-language writers,100s deaths,Romans from Hispania,1st-century writers,Epigrammatists

paragraph: Martial

paragraph: Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial ) (March, between 38 and 41 AD – between 102 and 104 AD) was a Roman poet from Hispania (modern Spain) best known for his twelve books of "Epigrams", published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561 epigrams, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets.

paragraph: Martial has been called the greatest Latin epigrammatist, and is considered the creator of the modern epigram.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Knowledge of his origins and early life are derived almost entirely from his works, which can be more or less dated according to the well-known events to which they refer. In Book X of his "Epigrams", composed between 95 and 98, he mentions celebrating his fifty-seventh birthday; hence he was born during March 38, 39, 40 or 41 AD (x. 24, 1),

paragraph: under Caligula or Claudius. His place of birth was Augusta Bilbilis (now Calatayud) in Hispania Tarraconensis. His parents, Fronto and Flaccilla, appear to have died in his youth.

paragraph: His name seems to imply that he was born a Roman citizen, but he speaks of himself as "sprung from the Celts and Iberians, and a countryman of the Tagus"; and, in contrasting his own masculine appearance with that of an effeminate Greek, he draws particular attention to "his stiff Hispanian hair" (x. 65, 7).

paragraph: His home was evidently one of rude comfort and plenty, sufficiently in the country to afford him the amusements of hunting and fishing, which he often recalls with keen pleasure, and sufficiently near the town to afford him the companionship of many comrades, the few survivors of whom he looks forward to meeting again after his thirty-four years' absence (x. 104). The memories of this old home, and of other spots, the rough names and local associations which he delights to introduce into his verse, attest to the simple pleasures of his early life and were among the influences which kept his spirit alive in the stultifying routines of upper-crust social life in Rome.

paragraph: He was educated in Hispania, a part of the Roman Empire which in the 1st century produced several notable Latin writers, including Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Younger, Lucan and Quintilian, and Martial's contemporaries Licinianus of Bilbilis, Decianus of Emerita and Canius of Gades. Martial professes to be of the school of Catullus, Pedo, and Marsus. The epigram bears to this day the form impressed upon it by his unrivalled skill in wordsmithing.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Rome.

paragraph: The success of his countrymen may have been what motivated Martial to move to Rome, from Hispania, once he had completed his education. This move occurred in AD 64. Seneca the Younger and Lucan may have served as his first patrons, but this is not known for sure.

paragraph: Not much is known of the details of his life for the first twenty years or so after he came to Rome. He published some juvenile poems of which he thought very little in his later years, and he chuckles at a foolish bookseller who would not allow them to die a natural death (I. 113). His faculty ripened with experience and with the knowledge of that social life which was both his theme and his inspiration; many of his best epigrams are among those written in his last years. From many answers which he makes to the remonstrances of friends—among others to those of Quintilian—it may be inferred that he was urged to practice at the bar, but that he preferred his own lazy, some would say Bohemian kind of life. He made many influential friends and patrons and secured the favor of both Titus and Domitian. From them he obtained various privileges, among others the "semestris tribunatus", which conferred on him equestrian rank. Martial failed, however, in his application to Domitian for more substantial advantages, although he commemorates the glory of having been invited to dinner by him, and also the fact that he procured the privilege of citizenship for many persons on whose behalf he appealed to him.

paragraph: The earliest of his extant works, known as "Liber spectaculorum", was first published at the opening of the Colosseum in the reign of Titus. It relates to the theatrical performances given by him, but the book as it now stands was published about the first year of Domitian, i.e. about the year 81. The favour of the emperor procured him the countenance of some of the worst creatures at the imperial court—among them of the notorious Crispinus, and probably of Paris, the supposed author of Juvenal's exile, for whose monument Martial afterwards wrote a eulogistic epitaph. The two books, numbered by editors XIII and XIV, known by the names of "Xenia" and "Apophoreta"—inscriptions in two lines each for presents—were published at the Saturnalia of 84. In 86 he produced the first two of the twelve books on which his reputation rests.

paragraph: From that time till his return to Hispania in 98 he published a volume almost every year. The first nine books and the first edition of Book X appeared in the reign of Domitian; Book XI. appeared at the end of 96, shortly after the accession of Nerva. A revised edition of book X, that which we now possess, appeared in 98, about the time of Trajan's entrance into Rome. The last book was written after three years' absence in Hispania, shortly before his death about the year 102 or 103.

paragraph: These twelve books bring Martial's ordinary mode of life between the age of forty-five and sixty before us. His regular home for thirty-five years was the bustle of metropolitan Rome. He lived at first up three flights of stairs, and his "garret" overlooked the laurels in front of the portico of Agrippa. He had a small villa and unproductive farm near Nomentum, in the Sabine territory, to which he occasionally retired from the pestilence, boors and noises of the city (ii. 38, xii. 57). In his later years he had also a small house on the Quirinal, near the temple of Quirinus.

paragraph: At the time when his third book was brought out he had retired for a short time to Cisalpine Gaul, in weariness, as he tells us, of his unprofitable attendance to the bigwigs of Rome. For a time he seems to have felt the charm of the new scenes which he visited, and in a later book (iv. 25) he contemplates the prospect of retiring to the neighbourhood of Aquileia and the Timavus. But the spell exercised over him by Rome and Roman society was too great; even the epigrams sent from Forum Corneli and the Aemilian Way ring much more of the Roman forum, and of the streets, baths, porticos, brothels, market stalls, public houses, and clubs of Rome, than of the places from which they are dated.

paragraph: His final departure from Rome was motivated by a weariness of the burdens imposed on him by his social position, and apparently the difficulties of meeting the ordinary expenses of living in the metropolis (x. 96); and he looks forward to a return to the scenes familiar to his youth. The well-known epigram addressed to Juvenal (xii. I 8) shows that for a time his ideal was happily realized; but the evidence of the prose epistle prefixed to Book XII proves and that he could not live happily away from the literary and social pleasures of Rome for long. The one consolation of his exile was a lady, Marcella, of whom he writes rather platonically as if she were his patroness—and it seems to have been a necessity of his life to always have a patron or patroness—rather than his wife or mistress.

paragraph: During his life at Rome, although he never rose to a position of real independence, he seems to have known many writers of the time. In addition to Lucan and Quintilian, he numbered among his friends Silius Italicus, Juvenal and Pliny the Younger. The silence which he and Statius, although authors writing at the same time, having common friends, maintain in regard to one another may be explained by mutual dislike. Martial in many places shows an undisguised contempt for the artificial kind of epic on which Statius's reputation chiefly rests; and it is possible that the respectable author of the "Thebaid" and the "Silvae" felt little admiration for the life or the works of the bohemian epigrammatist.

paragraph: Section::::Martial and his patrons.

paragraph: Martial was dependent on his wealthy friends and patrons for gifts of money, for his dinner, and even for his dress, but the relation of client to patron had been recognized as an honourable one by the best Roman traditions. No blame had attached to Virgil or Horace on account of the favours which they received from Augustus and Maecenas, or of the return which they made for these favours in their verse. That old honourable relationship, however, greatly changed between Augustus and Domitian. Men of good birth and education, and sometimes even of high official position (Juv. i. 117), accepted the dole ("sportula"). Martial was merely following a general fashion in paying his court to "a lord," and he made the best of the custom. In his earlier career he used to accompany his patrons to their villas at Baiae or Tibur, and to attend their morning levees. Later on, he went to his own small country house, near Nomentum, and sent a poem, or a small volume of his poems, as his representative at the early visit.

paragraph: Section::::Martial's character.

paragraph: Pliny the Younger, in the short tribute which he pays to him on hearing of his death, wrote, "He had as much good-nature as wit and pungency in his writings". Martial professes to avoid personalities in his satire, and honour and sincerity ("fides" and "simplicitas") seem to have been the qualities which he most admires in his friends. Some have found distasteful his apparent servile flattery to the worst of the many bad emperors of Rome in the 1st century. These were emperors Martial would later censure immediately after their death (xii. 6). However, he seems to have disliked hypocrisy in its many forms, and seems to be free from cant, pedantry, or affectation of any kind.

paragraph: Though many of his epigrams indicate a cynical disbelief in the character of women, yet others prove that he could respect and almost revere a refined and courteous lady. His own life in Rome afforded him no experience of domestic virtue; but his epigrams show that, even in the age which is known to modern readers chiefly from the "Satires" of Juvenal, virtue was recognized as the purest source of happiness. The tenderest element in Martial's nature seems, however, to have been his affection for children and for his dependents.

paragraph: Section::::Martial's "Epigrams".

paragraph: Martial's keen curiosity and power of observation are manifested in his epigrams. The enduring literary interest of Martial's epigrams arises as much from their literary quality as from the colorful references to human life that they contain. Martial's epigrams bring to life the spectacle and brutality of daily life in imperial Rome, with which he was intimately connected.

paragraph: From Martial, for example, we have a glimpse of living conditions in the city of Rome:

paragraph: As Jo-Ann Shelton has written, "fire was a constant threat in ancient cities because wood was a common building material and people often used open fires and oil lamps. However, some people may have deliberately set fire to their property in order to collect insurance money." Martial makes this accusation in one of his epigrams:

paragraph: Martial also pours scorn on the doctors of his day:

paragraph: Martial's epigrams also refer to the extreme cruelty shown to slaves in Roman society. Below, he chides a man named Rufus for flogging his cook for a minor mistake:

paragraph: Martial's epigrams are also characterized by their biting and often scathing sense of wit as well as for their lewdness; this has earned him a place in literary history as the original insult comic. Below is a sample of his more insulting work:

paragraph: Or the following two examples (in translations by Mark Ynys-Mon):

paragraph: The Epigrams and Roman graffiti are often the only early sources for Latin obscene words.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: The works of Martial became highly valued on their discovery by the Renaissance, whose writers often saw them as sharing an eye for the urban vices of their own times. The poet's influence is seen in Juvenal, late classical literature, the Carolingian revival, the Renaissance in France and Italy, the Siglo de Oro, and early modern English and German poetry, until he became unfashionable with the growth of the Romantic movement.

paragraph: The 21st century has seen a resurgence of scholarly attention to Martial's work.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coleman, Kathleen M. (2006). "The Identity of Caesar." In "M. Valerii Martialis Liber Spectaculorum." Edited by Kathleen Coleman, xlv–lxiv. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fagan, Garrett G. (1999). "A Visit to the Baths with Martial" In "Bathing in Public in the Roman World." Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fitzgerald, William. (2007). "Martial: The World of the Epigram". Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howell, Peter. (2009). "Martial. Ancients in Action." London: Bristol Classical Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leary, Timothy John. (2012). "Modifying Martial in Nineteenth-Century Britain." In "Expurgating the Classics: Editing Out in Greek and Latin." Edited by Stephen Harrison and Christopher Stray. London: Bristol Classical Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nisbet, Gideon. (2003). "Greek Epigram in the Roman Empire: Martial’s Forgotten Rivals." Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rimell, Victoria. (2008). "Martial’s Rome: Empire and the Ideology of Epigram." Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sapsford, Francesca May (2012). "The 'Epic' of Martial". University of Birmingham PhD thesis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley, Farland. (2014). "Observations on Martial's Imagery of Provincial Spain." "Glotta", 90, 192-215.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sullivan, John P. (2004). "Martial: The Unexpected Classic: A Literary and Historical Study." Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sullivan, John P. (1989). "Martial’s “Witty Conceits”: Some Technical Observations." "Illinois Classical Studies" 14.1/2: 185–199.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Martial at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epigrammaton libri" (in Latin) at The Latin Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Complete Epigrams" (in English, 1897 edition) at The Tertullian Project—actually incomplete: scatological and sexually explicit material is left untranslated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martial Blog—translations from much of the first three books of "Epigrams"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected "Epigrams" translated by A. S. Kline

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected "Epigrams" translated by Elizabeth Duke

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected "Epigrams" in translation at Theatre of Pompey: 2:14; 6:9; 10:51; 11:1; 11:47; 14:29; 14:166

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some of Martial's more risqué "Epigrams" translated by Joseph S Salemi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations from Martial by Franklin P Adams

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Other links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems by Martial at PoemHunter.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martial Quotations at The Quotations Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- SORGLL: Martial I.96, V.41, and X.30; read by Wakefield Foster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life and Times at eduke.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court Poet & Pornographer Glen Bowersock on Martial from "The New York Review of Books"

alias:
Marcus Valerius Martialis
Marco Valerio Martiale

description: Latin poet from Hispania

enwikiquote_title: Martial

wikidata_label: Martial

wikipedia_title: Martial


text:
Orat
Italian
Cardinal
Roman Catholic Church
auxiliary bishop
of Brescia
Isola della Scala
merchant
Belgium
seminary
Brescia
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri
ordained
priesthood
pastoral
World War I
chaplain
Italian Army
spiritual director
Giovanni Battista Montini
Vatican Secretariat of State
Fascist
Rome
World War II
Italian Navy
Auxiliary Bishop
of Brescia
Titular Archbishop
College of Cardinals
episcopal consecration
Giuseppe Carraro
Carlo Manziana
co-consecrators
basilica
Cardinal Deacon
S. Girolamo della Carità
consistory
Pope
pastor
parish
cassock
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: World War I chaplains,World War II chaplains,Italian cardinals,Italian military chaplains,1881 births,1965 deaths,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,Royal Italian Army chaplains,Italian Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Giulio Bevilacqua

paragraph: Giulio Bevilacqua, Orat (November 14, 1881 – May 6, 1965) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of Brescia from 1965 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giulio Bevilacqua was born in Isola della Scala to a family of merchants. He studied at the University of Louvain in Belgium and the seminary in Brescia, and later entered the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri.

paragraph: Bevilacqua was ordained to the priesthood on June 13, 1908, and then did pastoral work in Brescia until 1914. During World War I, he served as a chaplain to the Italian Army, and was eventually captured in 1916. Following his release in 1918, he resumed his ministry in Brescia, where he became the spiritual director and a personal friend of Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI, while the latter was a student.

paragraph: The Oratorian priest was made an official of the Vatican Secretariat of State for his protection against Fascist threats in 1926; he also did pastoral work in Rome during this time. He returned to Brescia in 1933 and, during World War II, served as a chaplain again to the Italian Navy.

paragraph: On February 15, 1965, Bevilacqua was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Brescia and Titular Archbishop of "Gaudiaba" by Paul VI, in advance of his elevation to the College of Cardinals. He received his episcopal consecration on the following February 18 from Bishop Luigi Morstabilini, with Bishops Giuseppe Carraro and Carlo Manziana, Orat, serving as co-consecrators, in the basilica of "Ss. Faustus e Jovita".

paragraph: Pope Paul created him Cardinal Deacon of "S. Girolamo della Carità" in the consistory of February 22 of that same year. By the special permission of the Pope, Bevilacqua continued to serve as pastor of Sant'Antonio parish in Brescia. He assured his parishioners that he would also continue to wear a simple black cassock.

paragraph: The Cardinal died in Brescia, at age 83. He is buried in the church of Santa Maria della Pace.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Giulio Bevilacqua

wikipedia_title: Giulio Bevilacqua


text:
Italian
Florence
Madonna and Child
Giorgio Vasari
Andrea Pisano
Loggia del Bigallo
Florence Cathedral

categories: 14th-century Italian people,Year of birth unknown,People from Florence,Year of death unknown,Italian male sculptors,Italian sculptors

paragraph: Alberto Arnoldi

paragraph: Alberto Arnoldi (or di Arnoldo) was a 14th-century Italian sculptor and architect. He was born in Florence.

paragraph: In 1364, he made the colossal group of the Madonna and Child with two angels (originally attributed by an error of Giorgio Vasari to Andrea Pisano) for the Loggia del Bigallo in Florence. Arnoldi worked at this group from 1359 to 1364. As architect, he directed the works of Florence Cathedral about 1358.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicognara, "Storia della scultura"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , by Stephan Bourgeois; "Parnassus", Vol. 7, No. 3 (Mar., 1935), pp. 7–8

alias:
Alberto Di Arnoldo
Alberto Fiorentino
Alberto di Arnoldo

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Alberto Arnoldi

wikipedia_title: Alberto Arnoldi


text:
ring name
professional wrestler
WWE
Cruiserweight Classic
developmental territory
NXT
Hong Kong
independent promotions
Japan
mainland China
Taiwan
Singapore
Europe
World Wrestling Federation
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
Guangzhou
China
Shatin
Ladybeard
professional wrestling
Singapore
Singapore Pro Wrestling
United Kingdom
4 Front Wrestling
Portugal
Pro Wrestling Pride
PWP Catch Division Championship
Japanese wrestling
Pro Wrestling Zero1
Japan
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Yokohama
WWE Cruiserweight Classic
Ariya Daivari
Noam Dar
NXT
Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic
Tian Bing
Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa
cruiserweight
205 Live
Andrade "Cien" Almas
The Velveteen Dream
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI 500
WWE.com profile

paragraph: Ho Ho Lun

paragraph: Wong Yuk Lun (born July 19, 1987), better known by his ring name Ho Ho Lun (Hoholun, 何顥麟), is a Hong Kong professional wrestler. He is best known for his time with WWE, where he competed in their Cruiserweight Classic tournament and in their developmental territory NXT. He is the founder of the Hong Kong Pro-Wrestling Federation, Hong Kong's first professional wrestling promotion. Lun has also competed in various independent promotions in Japan, mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, and Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Early career.

paragraph: After being influenced by the stars of the World Wrestling Federation and New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Lun decided to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. His professional wrestling career began in 2007, when he started training with the Guangzhou, China-based China Wrestling Entertainment (CWE) promotion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Hong Kong Pro-Wrestling Federation/Zero1 Hong Kong (2009–present).

paragraph: After travelling back and forth from Guangzhou to Hong Kong every week for two years, Ho decided to open a wrestling gym of his own in his homeland of Hong Kong. He founded Hong Kong Pro-Wrestling Federation and launched its gym in Shatin, Hong Kong, where he and other Hong Kong wrestlers had been training. Notable wrestlers from the gym include Jason Lee, Ladybeard, and Bit Man. The group had their first show on June 6, 2009, this event served as a starting point for the sport of professional wrestling in Hong Kong. In 2012, Lun challenged Jason Lee for the AWGC Junior Heavyweight Championship but fell short. In 2015, he formed a new stable call Outer Space with fellow Hong Kong wrestlers Jeff Man, Kevin Man, Ham Sap Chan and Beijing wrestler Gao Yuan.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asian independent circuit (2010–present).

paragraph: Ho Ho Lun's first match outside Hong Kong took place for Taiwan Wrestling Taipei (TWT) at an event held in Taiwan in 2010. Since 2010, Lun has wrestled for many other companies in Taiwan including Impact Wrestling Love (IWL) and New Taiwan Wrestling (NTW). Lun has challenged for the NTW Tag Team Championship on multiple occasions. In 2014 and 2015, Ho Ho Lun toured in Chongqing, China for Crazy League Pro Wrestling. He is also a regular roster member of Mainland China based wrestling companies China Wrestling Entertainment (CWE) and Middle Kingdom Wrestling (MKW). Ho Ho Lun has also been wrestling in Singapore since 2012 and makes regular appearances for Singapore Pro Wrestling's City Asia sub-brand.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:European independent circuit (2010–2013, 2015).

paragraph: Ho Ho Lun first traveled to the United Kingdom in 2010, training with the 4 Front Wrestling promotion. In 2011, he traveled to the UK for a second time, this time staying in the nation for six months. During his 2011 tour in the UK, Lun wrestled for 4FW, Triple X Wrestling (TXW), Pro Wrestling Live (PWL) and other independent promotions. The most notable match of his 2011 tour was a BWE Championship match in Essex. In 2013, Ho Ho Lun return to the UK again and wrestled in a various promotions, including Attack Pro Wrestling and Fight Club Pro. During his 2013 European trip, Lun also wrestled in Spain and Portugal. In 2015, Lun returned to Europe for a short two week tour, wrestling in Portugal and in England for Pro Wrestling Pride where he would challenge for the PWP Catch Division Championship in a fatal-4-way.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Japanese promotions (2012–2016).

paragraph: Ho Ho Lun's first match at a Japanese wrestling event occurred in 2012, when he participated in the Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1) Tenkaichi Jr Tournament. Lun was eliminated in the first round by Irish wrestler Sean Guinness. Lun returned to Zero1 in 2014, where he wrestled primarily on the promotion's events held in North-Eastern Japan. During his 2014 Japanese tour, Lun would also wrestle for longtime Japanese independent group Michinoku Pro Wrestling. In 2016, Lun returned to Japan for the first time in two years, wrestling in Yokohama for Land's End Pro Wrestling.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:WWE (2016–2017).

paragraph: Ho Ho Lun was a participant in the 2016 WWE Cruiserweight Classic tournament. The tournament began on June 23 with Lun defeating Ariya Daivari in his first round match. On July 14, Lun was eliminated from the tournament by Noam Dar.

paragraph: On October 2, Lun was announced for NXT's 2016 Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, teaming with Tian Bing. Lun and Bing were eliminated from the tournament by Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa. On November 2, Lun was announced as a roster member for the cruiserweight-centric "205 Live" show.

paragraph: Lun made an appearance on the March 8, 2017 episode of NXT, in a losing effort against Andrade "Cien" Almas. On the June 28 episode of NXT, Lun was defeated by The Velveteen Dream, which would be his final appearance for WWE. On August 3, WWE announced that Lun had requested and was granted his release from his WWE contract, to care for his ailing mother.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Pro-Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- KOPW Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #409 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zero1 Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- AWGC Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE.com profile

description: Hong Kong professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Ho Ho Lun

wikipedia_title: Ho Ho Lun


text: Vetlanda

text: Jönköping County

text: Sweden

text: Ottumwa, Iowa

text: Sweden

text: Stockholm

text: Royal Institute of Technology

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Arts

text: Florence, Italy

text: Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze

text: Florence

text: Paris

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Harriet Lane Levy

text: Alice B. Toklas

text: Paris

text: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: Rupert Hughes

text: Los Angeles

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Christian Science Church

text: Who Among North American Authors.

text: Chapter 2 (pp. 11–12).

text: Chapter 4 (pp. 8, 9, 14, 21 n. 27).

text: Papers of David Edstrom.

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,Swedish emigrants to the United States,1873 births,People from Ottumwa, Iowa,Sculptors from Iowa,1938 deaths

paragraph: Peter David Edstrom

paragraph: Peter David Edstrom (a.k.a. Pehr David Emanuel Edström and David Edstrom; March 27, 1873 – August 12, 1938) was an American sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Edstrom was an immigrant from Vetlanda, Jönköping County, Sweden. In 1880, he immigrated to the United States with his parents, John Peter Edström (1829–1906) and Charlotte Gustavson Edström (1833–1903). Edstrom lived in Ottumwa, Iowa, from 1882 to 1894, which he embraced as his hometown and where he became aware of his artistic skills. He returned to Sweden after a hobo's journey started in a freight train car on July 29, 1894 and ended (after a wage earner's trip across the Atlantic) in Stockholm where he supported himself during his studies at the Stockholm's Royal Institute of Technology and Royal Swedish Academy of Arts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1900, Edstrom moved to Florence, Italy where he attended the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze. In Florence, he created the sculptures "Caliban" (1900), "Sphinx" (1900), Lucifer (1902), "The Cry of Poverty" (1903), "Despair" (1904), and "Pride" (1904). Edstrom also spent time in Paris, and became a member of the Gertrude Stein circle, appeared in some of Stein's word portraits, and sculpted the likeness of Harriet Lane Levy (the friend who brought Alice B. Toklas to Paris in 1907).

paragraph: Edstrom returned to the United States in 1915. In about 1918, he designed one of his main achievements. "The Soldiers and Sailors Monument" in Ottumwa, featuring four reliefs on a shaft topped with a large eagle. Around 1920, he located in Los Angeles, where he was one of the organizers of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: "Testament of Caliban" his autobiography was published in 1937. Rupert Hughes in his forward to the book "aver[ed]" Edstrom's self-story to be "garrulous and preposterous in its account of a man of huge appetites and colossal conceptions." Edstrom died in Los Angeles, after two marriages: "one to the daughter of a Swedish official, who wore men's attire"; and another to Cora Downer, who Gertrude Stein described as the bride of "the fat Swedish sculptor who married the head of the Christian Science Church in Paris and destroyed her."

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brigham, Gertrude Richardson: "The Story of David Edstrom" (referenced in Who Among North American Authors. Golden Syndicate Pub. Co., Los Angeles, 1921.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hildebrand, Carver Edstrom: David Edstrom, Swedish American Sculptor. "Swedish–American Genealogist", 10, 1: pp. 17–29. March, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lundén, Rolf: The Rise and Fall of a Swedish-American Sculptor: The Case of David Edström. "The Swedish–American Historical Quarterly" 54 (3), July 2003: pp. 145–163.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swanson, Mary Towley: "A Tangled Web: Swedish Immigrant Artists Patronage Systems, 1880–1940." St. Thomas University, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Related Reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kellner, Bruce, ed. (1988): "A Gertrude Stein Companion: Content with the Example". New York: Greenwood Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lundén, Rolf (2014): "Man Triumphant: The Divided Life of David Edstrom". Uppsala Universitet.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter 2 (pp. 11–12).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter 4 (pp. 8, 9, 14, 21 n. 27).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papers of David Edstrom. University of Iowa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Buckley MacGurrin (June 20, 1964). Smithsonian Archives of American Art / Oral History Transcript.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical summary and images of four representative sculptures. Brown University.

paragraph: vad

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Peter David Edstrom

wikipedia_title: Peter David Edstrom


text:
North Shields
folk-rock
Lindisfarne
Alan Hull
Ivor Novello Award
Jack the Lad
Ralph McTell
Bert Jansch
The King's School, Tynemouth
Durham School
Durham University
St. Cuthbert's Society
ancient history
anthropology
Duane Eddy
The Shadows
The Ventures
R&B
North Shields
Newcastle
Alan Hull
folk-rock
Lindisfarne
Ivor Novello Awards
Jack the Lad
Ralph McTell
Streets of London
Bert Jansch
A Rare Conundrum
Woody Guthrie
Leather Launderette
Back and Fourth
Nigel Stonier
Rab Noakes
Michael Chapman
Peter Hammill
Wizz Jones
Kathryn Tickell
Thea Gilmore
Melanie Safka
Joe Brown
Nicely Out of Tune
Fog on the Tyne
Dingly Dell
Back And Fourth
Discography
Odd Man Out

categories: English blues musicians,British folk rock musicians,English songwriters,British mandolinists,Slide guitarists,English folk guitarists,English bass guitarists,Alumni of St Cuthbert's Society, Durham,Lindisfarne (band) members,Folk fiddlers,English multi-instrumentalists,People from North Shields,English folk musicians,1947 births,People educated at The King's School, Tynemouth,Pentangle (band) members,Living people,English male guitarists,English blues guitarists,Male bass guitarists,21st-century violinists,English male singers

paragraph: Rod Clements

paragraph: Roderick Parry Clements (born 17 November 1947 in North Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British guitarist, singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He formed the folk-rock band Lindisfarne with Alan Hull in 1970, and wrote "Meet Me on the Corner", a UK Top 5 hit in March 1972, which won Clements an Ivor Novello Award. Lindisfarne broke up in 1973 and Clements became a founding member of Jack the Lad, also working with Ralph McTell and Bert Jansch. Lindisfarne reformed in 1977 and Clements continued to be part of the line-up until 2003. Rod rejoined Lindisfarne in 2015 and is currently touring and performing with the band.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Clements was an only child, and grew up in a household in which neither parent was especially active musically, though his mother did play the piano. His father was a lover of classical music and he encouraged his son to attend concerts. Clements attended The King's School, Tynemouth after which, at the age of 12, he was sent to Durham School. He subsequently attended Durham University (St. Cuthbert's Society), graduating with a BA in ancient history and anthropology.

paragraph: From an early age he had been able to pick up a tune and play it and his first inspiration to play the guitar came from hearing the hits of Duane Eddy, The Shadows and The Ventures. By 1965 he had formed an R&B group called Downtown Faction.

paragraph: As a bass guitarist, Clements teamed up with local musicians in North Shields to form a blues band (also called the Downtown Faction). The band was later renamed Brethren, and became regular performers at folk clubs in the North East. Clements befriended a Newcastle singer/songwriter called Alan Hull, and formed the folk-rock band Lindisfarne with him and several members of Brethren in 1970. Although Hull was Lindisfarne's main songwriter, Clements provided the band with its first hit in "Meet Me on the Corner", a UK Top 5 hit in March 1972. Clements won a Certificate of Honour at the Ivor Novello Awards for the song.

paragraph: Lindisfarne broke up in 1973 and Clements became a founding member of Jack the Lad, which also included two other former Lindisfarne members, on whose debut album "It's Jack The Lad" he played a significant role as multi-instrumentalist and songwriter. In 1974 he played bass on Ralph McTell's "Streets of London", which topped the UK charts at Christmas that year. Clements went on to tour and record several albums with McTell. He also worked with Bert Jansch, touring Britain and Europe and working as Producer on Bert's comeback album "A Rare Conundrum". Clements and Jansch also recorded a Woody Guthrie tribute album, "Woody Lives!", and the jointly credited "Leather Launderette".

paragraph: Lindisfarne reformed in 1977 and Clements continued to be part of the line-up, contributing many songs to albums such as "Back and Fourth", "The News", "Sleepless Nights" and "Dance Your Life Away". Following Alan Hull's death in 1995 Rod became the band's main songwriter who, in partnership with producer and co-writer Nigel Stonier, provided the bulk of material for Lindisfarne's two last albums, "Here Comes The Neighbourhood" (1998) and "Promenade" (2002). The band finally broke up following a concert in Newcastle Opera House in November 2003.

paragraph: Clements' main role in Lindisfarne was that of bassist until 1990, when he moved to slide guitar and mandolin; his former role was filled thereafter by Steve Cunningham and latterly Ian Thomson. Clements also played violin from time to time, most notably in the instrumental break of "Fog on the Tyne", both on stage and on disc.

paragraph: Clements has also toured and recorded with Rab Noakes and Michael Chapman and performed on albums by Peter Hammill, Wizz Jones and Kathryn Tickell amongst others. He has also supplied bass, dobro, and guitar parts to albums by singer/songwriter Thea Gilmore, who has herself appeared on Rod's solo albums.

paragraph: Clements released the album "One Track Mind" in 1994, and followed this with "Stamping Ground" in 2000, having written or co-written each of the tracks. Another album, "Odd Man Out" was released in 2006. It was produced by Nigel Stonier. Spring 2008 saw the reissue with bonus tracks of "One Track Mind". He continues to tour regularly, performing a mixture of Lindisfarne songs and his solo efforts.

paragraph: Songs written by Clements have been covered by artists including Melanie Safka and Joe Brown; and a Clements/Stonier composition, "Can't Do Right For Doing Wrong", was a British Top 30 hit for Erin Rocha at Christmas 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Track Mind" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stamping Ground" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live Ghosts" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Odd Man Out" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Track Mind 2008" (2008) – with bonus tracks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindisfarne albums with Clements

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nicely Out of Tune" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fog on the Tyne" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dingly Dell" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back And Fourth" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The News" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleepless Nights" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dance Your Life Away" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amigos" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elvis Lives on the Moon" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues from the Bothy" (EP) (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Here Comes the Neighbourhood" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Promenade" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack the Lad

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's Jack the Lad" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old Straight Track" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rough Diamonds" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jackpot" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Bert Jansch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Bleak Midwinter" (single) (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Rare Conundrum" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bert Jansch & Rod Clements

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leather Launderette" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Ralph McTell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Streets of London" (single) (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Streets" (album) (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Right Side Up" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs from Alphabet Zoo" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Prelude

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Owl Creek Incident" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Dando Shaft

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kingdom" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Michael Chapman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Who Hated Mornings" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Looking for Eleven" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plaindealer" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Jim Rafferty

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Talk Back" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Rab Noakes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rab Noakes" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Rain" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Throwing Shapes" (Rab Noakes & The Varaflames) (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Thea Gilmore

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lipstick Conspiracies" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs from the Gutter" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Nigel Stonier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Coins" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brimstone & Blue" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Peter Hammill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fool's Mate" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Wizz Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happiness Was Free" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Kathryn Tickell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borderlands" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Pentangle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Early in the Spring" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Mark Knopfler

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Newport Mount Rag" (recorded 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Woody Lives!" (Woody Guthrie tribute album) (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People on the Highway" (Bert Jansch tribute album) (2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odd Man Out

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Rod Clements

wikipedia_title: Rod Clements


text:
Cardinal
Naples
condottiero
Alfonso d'Avalos
Procida
Gulf of Naples
Kingdom of Naples
bishop of Mileto
bishop of Sabina
bishop of Frascati
bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina
Gaspar Dávalos de la Cueva
principal consecrator
principal co-consecrator
Francisco Pacheco de Toledo
Bishop of Burgos

categories: Cardinal-bishops of Frascati,Cardinal-bishops of Porto,People from Naples,Chancellors of Naples,Italian cardinals,D'Avalos family,1600 deaths,Cardinal-bishops of Sabina,1530s births

paragraph: Innico d'Avalos d'Aragona

paragraph: Innico d'Avalos d'Aragona (1535/36–1600) was an Italian Cardinal, from Naples.

paragraph: He was the son of condottiero Alfonso d'Avalos and Maria d'Aragona, from the family of the , Spanish nobility. In 1563, he constructed the Castello d'Avalos on Procida, a small island in the Gulf of Naples.

paragraph: After a period as lay administrator (he was for a while Chancellor of the Kingdom of Naples, he was made bishop of Mileto in 1566, bishop of Sabina in 1586, bishop of Frascati in 1589, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1591.

paragraph: In Spain, another clergyman member of this family was cardinal Gaspar Dávalos de la Cueva.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:

paragraph: and the principal co-consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francisco Pacheco de Toledo, Bishop of Burgos (1567).

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Innico d'Avalos d'Aragona

wikipedia_title: Innico d'Avalos d'Aragona


text: Dutch

text: expressionist

text: textile design

text: Sweden

text: Eskilstuna

text: Amsterdam

text: Rijksakademie

text: Heinrich Campendonk

text: printmaking

text: stained-glass

text: Nordingrå

text: Stockholm

text: Birger Jarlsgatan

text: Monreale

text: Palermo

text: Sicily

text: fascist

text: Mariefred

text: Stockholm

text: Gummeson Gallery

text: Van Gogh

text: mural

text: Alice Lund

text: Borlange

text: Greek Mythology

text: Homer's

text: Iliad

text: Sala

text: Vastmanland

text: Carlsberg's

categories: Post-impressionist painters,Dutch male sculptors,20th-century Swedish painters,Dutch male painters,Dutch painters,Swedish male painters,Swedish male sculptors,1913 births,Swedish artists,Expressionist painters,1983 deaths,Artists from Amsterdam

paragraph: Folke Heybroek

paragraph: Folke Heybroek (1913–1983) was a Dutch expressionist artist, monumental sculptor, illustrator, textile designer and stained-glass designer who spent his professional life in Sweden where his monumental works decorate more than 70 public spaces, churches and schools. Both he and his wife, Brita Horn-Heybroek, were prominent members of the prestigious Eskilstuna Art Society.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Folke Heybroek was born in Amsterdam to a Dutch banker and Swedish mother and was the youngest of four brothers. He studied art at the Amsterdam Rijksakademie under Heinrich Campendonk (1889–1957) a German expressionist who taught Decorative Art, printmaking and stained-glass.

paragraph: In 1938 Heybroek met his wife Brita Horn (born 1905) in the fishing village of Nordingrå, Sweden, where he was painting landscapes. She was a Swedish aristocrat who had studied art at the Konstakademie in Stockholm, travelled through Italy and Sicily, and become both an accomplished painter and published art critic.

paragraph: Section::::Working life.

paragraph: In 1939 Heybroek married Brita Horn in Birger Jarlsgatan, Stockholm; had his first solo exhibition at the van Lier gallery in Amsterdam; and moved to Monreale near Palermo in Sicily. In 1940, only Horn's Swedish nationality prevented their internment by the fascist Italian authorities. Thus their first daughter, Mieke Marion, was born in Mariefred near Stockholm in June 1940.

paragraph: In 1942 Heybroek held a critically acclaimed exhibition at the Gummeson Gallery in Stockholm, selling circa 60 works, oil paintings, gouaches and drawings, his expressionistic style at this stage was strongly redolent of Van Gogh. This show lead to a commission for the mural "Midsummer" for a factory canteen and started a career of public murals, sculptures and stained glass work. Throughout his career he created decorative art, public sculpture, installations and stained glass windows for more than thirty churches and forty schools plus courthouses and community halls.

paragraph: In the late 1940s Heybroek formed a professional partnership with the interior designer Alice Lund whereby he contributed abstract textile designs, an example of which still hangs in the courthouse in Borlange.

paragraph: In the early 1950s Heybroek illustrated a Swedish compendium of Greek Mythology and a copy of Homer's "Iliad".

paragraph: Since 1959 his sculpture of animals depicting human vices and virtues has fronted the Sala judicial center in Vastmanland.

paragraph: Section::::Public works.

paragraph: 1943 "Midsummer", L.M.K. Machine Tools, Skefco, Swedenbr

paragraph: 1961 "Earth, Wind, Sea", Eriksbergs School, Granitvägen, Swedenbr

paragraph: 1980 "The Chancel Window", Oglunda Church, Swedenbr

paragraph: ???? "Steel Balustrade", SSAB (Svenskt Stål AB), Domnarvet Steel Works, Stora Kopperbergbr

paragraph: ???? "Six Days of Creation", Falun Community Centre.br

paragraph: ???? "Story of Brewing", Carlsberg's Falcon brewery, Falkenberg.br

paragraph: ???? Church at Ånge, Västernorrlands län, Swedenbr

paragraph: ???? Church at Östersund,br

paragraph: ???? Church at Hörkenbr

paragraph: ???? Church at Aspebodabr

paragraph: ???? School at Lerumbr

paragraph: ???? School at Kalix, Upsala, Swedenbr

paragraph: ???? School at Uppsala.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Folke Heybroek profile and Gallery at FolkeHeybroek.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Folke Heybroek review at Saatchi-Online Gallery by Ana Finel Honigman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cows in Landscape" by Folke Heybroek at ArtNet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selection of Images at FolkeHeybroke.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of Public works at Saatchi Online

alias:
Folke Marius Heybroek
Folke Heijbroek

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Folke Heybroek

wikipedia_title: Folke Heybroek


text:
emperor
Xianbei
Northern Zhou
Emperor Xiaomin
Emperor Ming
Yuwen Hu
Northern Qi
Emperor Xuan
Yang Jian
Western Wei
Yuwen Tai
concubine
Lady Chinu
Weinan
Shaanxi
Emperor Fei of Western Wei
Yuwen Hu
Emperor Gong of Western Wei
Yuwen Jue
Tian Wang
regent
Yuwen Yu
Liang Dynasty
Wang Lin
Xiao Zhuang
Chen Dynasty
Northern Qi
Western Liang
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang
Hunan
empress dowager
Emperor Wen of Chen
Chen Xu
Liu Jingyan
Chen Shubao
Wuhan
Hubei
Guyuan
Ningxia
Chang'an
naming taboo
Tujue
Ashina Qijin
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Linfen
Shanxi
Yellow River
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
Luoyang
Chongqing
Baidicheng
Emperor Fei of Chen
Changsha
Hunan
Wu Mingche
Jiangling
daughter
Yuwen Xian
Luoyang
Henan
Buddhists
Daoists
Xiaodao Lun
Erjiao Lun
Tongdao Guan
Wushang Biyao
Wei Xiaokuan
Hulü Guang
Xiangfan
Hubei
Jingmen
Yichang
Hubei
King Cheng of Zhou
Yuwen Yun
crown prince
Gao Wei
Confucian
Taoist
Buddhist
Three Disasters of Wu
Xianyang
Shaanxi
Yangtze River
Huai River
Tuyuhun
Feng Xiaolian
Yecheng
Gao Yanzong
Gao Heng
Yellow River
Gao Anagong
Hengshui
Hebei
Gao Shaoyi
Tuobo Khan
Zhaoyang
Liaoning
Mu Tipo
Xuzhou
Jiangsu
Yang Jian
xiangqi
Xiang Jing
Yuwen Tai
Empress Xuan
Empress Wucheng
Ashina
Empress Dowager
Yuwen Yun
Yan Liben

categories: 578 deaths,543 births,Northern Zhou emperors

paragraph: Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou

paragraph: Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou ((北)周武帝) (543–578), personal name Yuwen Yong (宇文邕), nickname Miluotu (禰羅突), was an emperor of the Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou. As was the case of the reigns of his brothers Emperor Xiaomin and Emperor Ming, the early part of his reign was dominated by his cousin Yuwen Hu, but in 572 he ambushed Yuwen Hu and seized power personally. He thereafter ruled ably and built up the power of his military, destroying rival Northern Qi in 577 and annexing its territory. His death the next year, however, ended his ambitions of uniting China, and under the reign of his erratic son Emperor Xuan (Yuwen Yun), Northern Zhou itself soon deteriorated and was usurped by Yang Jian in 581.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Yuwen Yong was born in 543, as the fourth son of the Western Wei paramount general Yuwen Tai. His mother was Yuwen Tai's concubine Lady Chinu. He was born at Yuwen Tai's then-headquarters at Tong Province (同州, roughly modern Weinan, Shaanxi). He was considered filially pious, respectful, and intelligent in his youth. In 554, Emperor Fei of Western Wei created him the Duke of Fucheng.

paragraph: Yuwen Tai died in 556, and in spring 557, Yuwen Yong's cousin Yuwen Hu, entrusted with the governing authority by Yuwen Tai, forced Emperor Gong of Western Wei to yield the throne to Yuwen Yong's older brother Yuwen Jue, ending Western Wei and establishing Northern Zhou. Yuwen Jue took the throne as Emperor Xiaomin, but used the alternative title of "Heavenly Prince" ("Tian Wang"). Yuwen Hu served as regent, and later that year, when Emperor Xiaomin tried to seize power from him, Yuwen Hu deposed Emperor Xiaomin and then killed him, replacing him with another older brother of Yuwen Yong's, Yuwen Yu, who took the throne as Emperor Ming. Emperor Ming created Yuwen Yong the greater title of Duke of Lu and often consulted Yuwen Yong on important matters. Although Yuwen Yong did not speak much, Emperor Ming made the observation, "He did not often speak, but whatever he spoke was always right."

paragraph: In 559, Yuwen Hu formally returned his authorities to Emperor Ming, and Emperor Ming began to formally rule on governmental matters, but Yuwen Hu retained the command of the military. In 560, Yuwen Hu, apprehensive of Emperor Ming's abilities, had the imperial chef Li An (李安) poison him with sugar cookies. Emperor Ming, realizing that he was near death, designated Yuwen Yong as his successor, and after he soon died, Yuwen Yong took the throne as Emperor Wu. However, the control of the government again fell into Yuwen Hu's hands.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: Emperor Wu was said to be largely a silent emperor early in his reign, giving Yuwen Hu free rein over the government, although he appeared to start cultivating a group of officials who would be loyal to him as the years went by. He formally bestowed Yuwen Hu with not only the military authorities, but also authority over all six ministries.

paragraph: With the Liang Dynasty general Wang Lin and the throne claimant that he supported, Xiao Zhuang, having been defeated by Chen Dynasty in spring 560 and having fled to Northern Qi, Northern Zhou (and its vassal Western Liang, with Emperor Xuan of Western Liang as its emperor) contended for control of Xiao Zhuang's former territory with Chen, precipitating a confrontation. Starting in winter 560, the Northern Zhou generals Heruo Dun (賀若敦) and Dugu Sheng (獨孤盛) began a drawn-out stalemate with the Chen general Hou Tian (侯瑱), initially being successful in thwarting Hou's attacks. Around the new year 561, however, Dugu was forced to withdraw, and Heruo was isolated. In spring 561, Hou agreed to let Heruo withdraw if Heruo would yield, and so Heruo withdrew; the modern Hunan region thus became Chen territory. (Yuwen Hu, believing Heruo to be at fault for losing the region, removed him from his posts.)

paragraph: Also in 561, Emperor Wu honored his mother Lady Chinu empress dowager.

paragraph: In spring 562, to foster a peaceful relationship with Chen, Northern Zhou returned the brother of Emperor Wen of Chen, Chen Xu, as well as Chen Xu's wife Liu Jingyan and son Chen Shubao, to Chen. In exchange, Chen gave the city of Lushan (魯山, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) to Northern Zhou.

paragraph: In summer 562, Emperor Wu, seeing that previously, nobles were not receiving any material benefits from their titles, began to have the nobles receive stipends based on the size of their fiefs.

paragraph: In spring 563, while on a visit to Yuan Province (原州, roughly modern Guyuan, Ningxia), Emperor Wu suddenly returned to the capital Chang'an without explanation. One of his attendants, Houmochen Chong (侯莫陳崇) the Duke of Liang, speculated to his associates that Yuwen Hu had died. When Houmochen's speculations became known, Emperor Wu publicly rebuked Houmochen, and the same night, Yuwen Hu sent troops to surround Houmochen's mansion, forcing him to commit suicide. Soon thereafter, he publicly bestowed Yuwen Hu the honor of having his name be subject to naming taboo, an honor that Yuwen Hu declined.

paragraph: Also in spring 563, Emperor Wu promulgated a new 25-volume criminal code drafted by the official Tuoba Di (拓拔迪), which divided the criminal punishment into 25 classes.

paragraph: In fall 563, Northern Zhou entered into an alliance treaty with Tujue against Northern Qi, part of which involved a promise that Emperor Wu would marry the daughter of Ashina Qijin, Tujue's Mugan Khan. In winter 563, the joint forces of Northern Zhou and Tujue launched a two-prong attack on Northern Qi, with the northern prong attacking Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and the southern prong attacking Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi). The northern prong, commanded by the general Yang Zhong (楊忠), put Jinyang under siege, but was soon defeated by the Northern Qi general Duan Shao (段韶) and forced to withdraw. In response, the southern prong, commanded by Daxi Wu (達奚武), also withdrew. Still, the attack demonstrated the growing Northern Zhou strength—as previously, in the winter months, Northern Zhou forces would break the ice on the Yellow River to prevent possible Northern Qi attacks, but around this time and thereafter, Northern Qi forces broke the ice on the river to prevent possible Northern Zhou attacks.

paragraph: In fall 564, in order to placate Yuwen Hu, Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi returned Yuwen Hu's mother Lady Yan and his (and Emperor Wu's) aunt (Yuwen Tai's sister), who had been trapped in Northern Qi territory several decades earlier, to Northern Zhou. In order to celebrate Lady Yan's return, Emperor Wu issued a general pardon, and prostrated himself before her as an ordinary nephew would. In turn, Yuwen Hu considered calling off planned joint attacks with Tujue against Northern Qi, but was fearful that Tujue would believe that Northern Zhou was abandoning the alliance, and therefore launched another joint attack with Tujue in winter 564. The assault, the main brunt of which was against Luoyang, however, was unsuccessful, and soon was abandoned.

paragraph: In spring 565, Emperor Wu sent his brother Yuwen Chun (宇文純) the Duke of Chen, Yuwen Gui (宇文貴) the Duke of Xu, Dou Yi (竇毅) the Duke of Shenwu, and Yang Jian (楊薦, different person than the more-known Yang Jian, referenced above and below) the Duke of Nanyang, to lead a ceremonial guard corps to Tujue to welcome back Ashina Qijin's daughter for marriage to him. However, when they arrived at Ashina Qijin's headquarters, he turned against the treaty and detained Yuwen Chun and his attendants.

paragraph: Section::::Middle reign.

paragraph: In 566, the non-Chinese tribes of Xin Province (信州, modern eastern Chongqing) rebelled and captured Baidicheng, under the leadership of the chieftains Ran Lingxian (冉令賢) and Xiang Wuziwang (向五子王). The general Lu Teng (陸騰), however, was able to persuade some of Rang's subjects to turn against him, and he subsequently defeated Rang and Xiang, killing them and suppressing the revolts.

paragraph: In 567, in light of the death of Chen's Emperor Wen and succession by his son Emperor Fei of Chen in 566, the high level Chen officials engaged in infighting, and Emperor Wen's brother Chen Xu was victorious. The general Hua Jiao (華皎), the governor of Xiang Province (roughly modern Changsha, Hunan), felt uneasy, and therefore sought aid from Northern Zhou and Western Liang. Yuwen Hu, over the opposition by the official Cui You (崔猷), sent an army commanded by Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Zhi (宇文直) the Duke of Wei to assist Hua and Western Liang, which was also aiding Hua. The Chen general Wu Mingche, however, quickly defeated the joint forces of Northern Zhou, Western Liang, and Hua, forcing Hua and Yuwen Zhi to both give up the war and flee to the Western Liang capital Jiangling. Chen was able to retain all of Hua's territory and further make minor territorial gains against both Northern Zhou and Western Liang as well. Yuwen Hu relieved Yuwen Zhi from his posts, and while Yuwen Zhi was eventually restored to them, Yuwen Zhi, who had previously had a cordial relationship with Yuwen Hu, bore a grudge against Yuwen Hu and secretly encouraged Emperor Wu to act against Yuwen Hu.

paragraph: In spring 568, a major storm at Tujue's headquarters inflicted substantial damage, and Ashina Qijin took it as a sign of divine displeasure at his rescission of the marriage agreement with Northern Zhou. He therefore returned Yuwen Chun, along with the daughter he promised Emperor Wu, back to Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu personally welcomed her and created her empress.

paragraph: Perhaps in light of the new adversarial relationship with Chen, when Northern Qi made peace overtures in fall 568, Northern Zhou accepted, and there was peace between the states for about a year, until fall 569, when Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Xian the Prince of Qi led an army to siege Northern Qi's city of Yiyang (宜陽, in modern Luoyang, Henan) -- and for more than a year, the two states would engage in struggle for the control of Yiyang. Meanwhile, in fall 570, the Chen general Zhang Zhaoda (章昭達) put siege to Jiangling, nearly capturing it, but was eventually fought off by Northern Zhou and Western Liang's joint forces.

paragraph: In 569-570, Emperor Wu organized a debate between Buddhists and Daoists and commissioned two reports - the "Xiaodao Lun" and the "Erjiao Lun" - on the suitability of either religion for their adoption by the Chinese government. He came out with a more favorable impression of Daoism, and would found the Tongdao Guan () for Daoist research, which would eventually compile the first Daoist encyclopedia, the Wushang Biyao ().

paragraph: In winter 570—as forewarned by the Northern Zhou general Wei Xiaokuan, who advised against the Yiyang campaign—the famed Northern Qi general Hulü Guang left Yiyang and instead advanced onto Northern Zhou territory north of the Fen River (汾水, flowing through modern Linfen), building forts and capturing substantial territory from Northern Zhou. While a counterattack by Yuwen Xian subsequently fought Hulü to a stalemate, damage had been done, and Northern Zhou was further forced to give up on the Yiyang campaign in fall 571 to concentrate against Hulü.

paragraph: Also in 571, Hua went to Chang'an, and on the way, he met Yuwen Zhi at Xiang Province (襄州, roughly modern Xiangfan, Hubei), suggesting to Yuwen Zhi that Western Liang was in such a desperate shape that if Northern Zhou wanted to see it preserved, Northern Zhou should lend some land to Western Liang. Yuwen Zhi agreed and made the proposal to Emperor Wu; in response, Emperor Wu gave three provinces—Ji (基州), Ping (平州), and Ruo (鄀州) (together making up about modern Jingmen and Yichang, Hubei) to Western Liang.

paragraph: By 572, Yuwen Hu had controlled the military for 16 years and the government for nearly as long. Emperor Wu had long wanted him out of the way, although he showed few outward signs of it. He conspired with Yuwen Zhi, distant relatives Yuwen Shenju (宇文神舉) and Yuwen Xiaobo (宇文孝伯), and Wang Gui (王軌) against Yuwen Hu. In spring 572, he made his move. After Emperor Wu and Yuwen Hu had a meeting, he invited Yuwen Hu into the palace to meet with Empress Dowager Chinu. On the way to her palace, he told Yuwen Hu that Empress Dowager Chinu was having problem with alcoholism and not listening to his advice to stop her drinking, so he wanted Yuwen Hu to advise her to change her ways as well. He further gave Yuwen Hu the text of the "Jiu Gao" (酒誥) -- an anti-alcoholism declaration written by King Cheng of Zhou—and suggested that he read the "Jiu Gao" to Empress Dowager Chinu. Once they reached her palace, Yuwen Hu, pursuant to Emperor Wu's request, started reading the "Jiu Gao". Before he could finish it, Emperor Wu stepped behind him and used a jade tablet to strike the back of his head. Yuwen Hu fell to the ground, and Yuwen Zhi, who was hiding nearby, jumped out, and cut off Yuwen Hu's head, ending Yuwen Hu's hold on power. Yuwen Hu's sons, brothers, and key associates were all executed.

paragraph: Section::::Late reign.

paragraph: Having been instrumental in Yuwen Hu's death, Yuwen Zhi sought to take over Yuwen Hu's post, but Emperor Wu, who wanted to directly control the government, divided the authority between several officials, retaining most authorities in himself. He took the opportunity posthumously to honor his brother Emperor Xiaomin (Yuwen Hu had refused to do so previously) and create his son Yuwen Yun the Duke of Lu crown prince. He also began to oppose overt luxury and destroyed several palaces that he found overly luxurious as well as other items that he considered ornately decorated.

paragraph: Also in summer 572, Emperor Wu learned that Northern Qi's emperor Gao Wei, apprehensive of Hulü Guang, had executed Hulü. Being glad, Emperor Wu declared a general pardon.

paragraph: By 573, it had come to Emperor Wu's attention that Crown Prince Yun was not paying attention to matters of state but instead associated with immoral people. In response, Emperor Wu selected staff members for Crown Prince Yun who were known for their strict conduct. This made the crown prince unhappy.

paragraph: Around the new year 574, Emperor Wu gathered Confucian scholars, Taoist monks, and Buddhist monks, and had them debate about their philosophies. He ranked Confucianism the highest, then Taoism, and then Buddhism. Subsequently, in summer 574, he banned both Taoism and Buddhism, ordering their monks to return to secular life. He also banned the worship of minor deities whose cults were not registered with the government. (This became known as the second of the Three Disasters of Wu)

paragraph: In spring 574, Empress Dowager Chinu died. Emperor Wu mourned for more than a month, eating only a small amount of rice during this period.

paragraph: In fall 574, while Emperor Wu was at Yunyang (雲陽, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), Yuwen Zhi, who had long resented not receiving more authority, rebelled at Chang'an. The official Yuchi Yun (尉遲運), one of the officials in charge of the capital along with Crown Prince Yun, defeated Yuwen Zhi, forcing him to flee. Yuwen Zhi was soon captured and executed.

paragraph: Believing Northern Qi to have been substantially weakened not only by Hulü's death but also by the successful campaign that Chen waged against it in 573 (capturing the provinces between the Yangtze River and the Huai River), by 575, Emperor Wu was seriously considering a major campaign against Northern Qi. However, he kept the matter secret, consulting only Yuwen Xian, Wang Yi (王誼), and Yu Yi (于翼). Only until he was ready in fall 575 did he announce it generally. He aimed his attack at Luoyang, but he spent about 20 days sieging it and could not capture it, and became ill. He withdrew, with virtually no gain.

paragraph: In spring 576, pursuant to Emperor Wu's orders, Crown Prince Yun launched a campaign against Tuyuhun; a campaign that appeared to be moderately successful. Yet the campaign would bring another deterioration of the relationship between father and son, as Wang Gui, who officially served as the crown prince's lieutenant (along with Yuwen Xiaobo) but was in charge of the operation, reported a matter of immoral acts that the crown prince and his associates Zheng Yi (鄭譯) and Wang Duan (王端) engaged in. Emperor Wu himself caned the crown prince and his associates, expelling the associates from the crown prince's palace. (Crown Prince Yun, however, soon recalled his associates.) Emperor Wu was also exceedingly strict with Crown Prince Yun, disallowing him from resting or drinking. Whenever he had faults, Emperor Wu would batter him or whip him, and further warn him that he would be deposed. Emperor Wu further ordered the crown prince's staff to report all of his actions to the emperor. Fearful of his father, Crown Prince Yun learned to feign upright behavior, and the emperor thought that the crown prince had changed.

paragraph: In winter 576, Emperor Wu again attacked Northern Qi; this time, changing strategy and attacking Pingyang instead. He was able to capture Pingyang quickly, before Northern Qi troops could arrive. The Northern Qi emperor Gao Wei soon advanced toward Pingyang with a large army, and Emperor Wu, not wanting to engage Gao Wei's army directly, withdrew, leaving the general Liang Shiyan (梁士彥) in charge of defending Pingyang. Gao Wei put Pingyang under siege, and at one point nearly captured it. Emperor Wu, after reorganizing his forces, relaunched his army and headed for Pingyang, seeking to lift the siege. Around the new year 577, he arrived near Pingyang and Gao Wei chose to engage him—but, once the battle began, panicked when his favorite concubine Consort Feng Xiaolian falsely believed that the army had been defeated—and he abandoned the army, causing its collapse. Gao Wei fled to Jinyang, and Emperor Wu gave chase. No longer having the will to fight Emperor Wu, Gao Wei further fled back to the Northern Qi capital Yecheng, leaving his cousin Gao Yanzong in charge of Jinyang. Gao Yanzong launched a counterattack, catching Emperor Wu by surprise and nearly killing him. However, after the victory, Gao Yanzong's army went into a celebration, and he was unable to reorganize it, and Emperor Wu soon defeated and captured him, and headed for Yecheng.

paragraph: Gao Wei, after passing the throne to his young son Gao Heng to deflect ill omens, considered resisting, but instead decided to flee southeast across the Yellow River, planning to regroup and see if he could make a last stand—but if not, to flee to Chen. In spring 577, Emperor Wu entered Yecheng. With Gao Wei's official Gao Anagong feeding him intelligence on Gao Wei's location, he was able to capture Gao Wei. After Gao Wei was returned to Yecheng, he treated Gao Wei with respect and created Gao Wei the Duke of Wen. Gao Wei's uncle Gao Jie (高湝) and cousin Gao Xiaoheng (高孝珩), making one last stand at Xindu (信都, in modern Hengshui, Hebei), were also soon defeated and captured. Another of Gao Wei's cousins, Gao Shaoyi, after making a failed bid to resist, fled to Tujue and came under the protection of Ashin Qijin's successor Tuobo Khan. Other than Ying Province (營州, roughly modern Zhaoyang, Liaoning), held by the official Gao Baoning (高寶寧), a distant relative to Northern Qi's imperial Gao clan, all of Northern Qi's territory came under Northern Zhou rule.

paragraph: In summer 577, Emperor Wu returned to Chang'an with Gao Wei and other members of the Gao clan in tow. In winter 577, apprehensive of the Gao clan members, he falsely accused Gao Wei of conspiring with the former Northern Qi official Mu Tipo and killed Mu and ordered Gao Wei and the other members of the Gao clan to commit suicide.

paragraph: In light of Northern Qi's defeat, Chen, then ruled by Chen Xu (who had deposed Emperor Fei and took the throne himself as Emperor Xuan), launched an attack commanded by Wu Mingche on Pengcheng (modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), an important city on the former Chen/Northern Qi border. Emperor Wu sent Wang Gui to relieve Pengcheng, and in spring 578, Wang defeated Wu, capturing him.

paragraph: By summer 578, Emperor Wu was engaging in military campaigns on two fronts: against Tujue in the north and against Chen in the south. However, he suddenly grew ill and, after stopping at Yunyang, ended the attack against Tujue. He entrusted the important matters to Yuwen Xiaobo, and he soon died at the age of 35. Crown Prince Yun succeeded him (as Emperor Xuan), and by 581 Northern Zhou had fallen, its throne having been seized by Emperor Xuan's father-in-law Yang Jian.

paragraph: Section::::Relation with xiangqi.

paragraph: Yuwen Yong was a great fan of xiangqi, and wrote a book about it, Xiang Jing, in 569 AD

paragraph: Section::::Era names.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baoding" (保定 bǎo dìng) 561-565

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tianhe" (天和 tiān hé) 566-572

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jiande" (建德 jiàn dé) 572-578

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xuanzheng" (宣政 xuān zhèng) 578

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Tai, Emperor Wen (; 507–556)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xuan, of the Chinu clan (; d. 574)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Wucheng, of the Ashina clan (; 551–582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager, of the Li clan (; 535–588), personal name Ezi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Yun, Emperor Xuan (; 559–580), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Zan, Prince Han (; d. 581), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shifu", of the Xue clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Dui, Prince Cai (; d. 581), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Kuhan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Zhi, Prince Qin (; d. 581), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Yun, Prince Cao (; d. 581), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Feng clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Chong, Prince Dao (; d. 581), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Zheng clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Yuan, Prince Jing (; d. 581), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Qingdou ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yan Pi, Duke Shibao (), and had issue (two sons including Yan Liben)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yiyang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yu Xiangxian, Duke Qinchang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter (b. 570)

alias:
Yuwen Yong
Gao Zu
Wu Di

description: Northern Zhou emperor

wikidata_label: Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou

wikipedia_title: Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou


text:
Sallarid
Azerbaijan
Muhammad bin Musafir
Tarum
Wahsudan ibn Muhammad
Daisam
Isma'ilis
Dailamite
Ardebil
Tabriz
Ardzrunids
Vaspurakan
Kurds
Shirvanshah
Dvin
Caucasus
Armenia
Rus
Kura River
Barda
Caspian expeditions of the Rus
Hamdanid
Mosul
caliph
Salmas
Buwayhid
Baghdad
Jibal
Rukn al-Daula
Ray
Qazvin
Rawadids
Shaddadids
Dvin
Salmas
Aleppo
Saif al-Daula
Derbent
Justan
Ibrahim
Sallarids

categories: 10th-century Iranian people,957 deaths,Sallarid dynasty,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Marzuban ibn Muhammad

paragraph: Marzuban ibn Muhammad (died 957) was the Sallarid ruler of Azerbaijan (941/2–957). He was the son of Muhammad bin Musafir, the ruler of Tarum.

paragraph: Section::::Takeover of Azerbaijan.

paragraph: In 941 Marzuban and his brother Wahsudan ibn Muhammad, with the tacit approval of their mother, deposed and imprisoned their father Mahummad, whose harsh governance had alienated many of his subjects. Wahsudan replaced Muhammad as the ruler of Tarum. Muhammad, however, was approached by Abu'l-Qasim Ja'far b. 'Ali, the vizier of the ruler of Azerbaijan, Daisam. Ja'far, who had fled Azerbaijan, offered Marzuban the chance to overthrow his master and take over the administration of the province. Ja'far, Marzuban and Wahsudan were all Isma'ilis, perhaps explaining Ja'far's decision to turn to them. In any case, Marzuban agreed and invaded Azerbaijan. Daisam's Dailamite troops defected to the Sallarid and Marzuban was able to occupy Ardebil and Tabriz, while Daisam fled to the Ardzrunids of Vaspurakan.

paragraph: Although Marzuban made Ja'far his vizier, the latter began to fear for his position. He went to Tabriz and invited Daisam to come there, then killed the Dailamite leaders of the city. Daisam returned and gained the allegiance of the Kurds, who were unhappy with Marzuban's administration. Marzuban and his Dailamites, however, defeated them and laid siege to Tabriz. He convinced Ja'far to leave Daisam's side; Ja'far was stripped of his position as vizier, although he was later reinstated.

paragraph: Daisam and his followers, however, managed to escape from Tabriz before it fell and made their way to Ardebil. Marzuban, with aid from his brother Wahsudan, besieged the town. He bribed Daisam's vizier to convince him to surrender, which he did in 942 or 943. Daisam was allowed to take charge of Marzuban's castle in Tarum. The people of Arbedil, however, were punished for their treason; a heavy tribute was forced upon them and they had to dismantle the town wall.

paragraph: After establishing his rule in Azerbaijan proper, Marzuban sought to expand his authority to the north and west. The Shirvanshah, for example, had to face an invasion of his territories by Marzuban's Dailamites; he defeated them but eventually agreed become Marzuban's vassal and pay tribute. By 945 he had also taken over Dvin. This policy of expansion was effective, for by the end of his reign Marzuban had gained the allegiance of most of the minor princes of the Caucasus and Armenia.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion by the Rus and Hamdanids.

paragraph: In the spring of 945 the Rus invaded Azerbaijan. Coming up the Kura River, they occupied Barda (for details of this occupation, see Caspian expeditions of the Rus). Marzuban's army, which included many volunteers eager to fight the infidel Rus, was numerically superior to the raiders. Despite this, the Sallarid army was defeated several times. It was only after the Rus had been weakened by disease that he managed to ambush and kill 700 of them.

paragraph: Marzuban then laid siege to Barda, but received news that the Hamdanid amir of Mosul, Nasir al-Daula, had sent his nephew al-Husain b. Sa'id to take over Azerbaijan. In 942, during the war between Marzuban and Daisam, al-Husain had been invested with the government of the province by the caliph, and now he intended to make good on his claim. The Hamdanid had reached Salmas and had gained the support of the Kurds. Marzuban left a small force to keep the Rus in check, and in a winter campaign (945-946) defeated al-Husain. A short time later al-Husain was recalled by Nasir al-Daula, who was preparing for a war against the Buwayhid amir of Baghdad. The Rus meanwhile decided to leave, taking as much loot and prisoners as they could.

paragraph: Section::::Capture by the Buwayhids.

paragraph: In around 948 Marzuban, angered by an insult his envoy had received from the Buwayhid amir of Jibal, Rukn al-Daula, decided to take the city of Ray as punishment. Rukn al-Daula managed to delay Marzuban's campaign through diplomatic means, giving him time to gather reinforcements from his brothers. At Qazvin Marzuban's army was defeated and he was captured.

paragraph: The Dailamite officers who had managed to escape from the battle at Qazvin decided to rally around Marzuban's father Muhammad, who was still in prison. They released him and occupied Ardebil, but Muhammad soon alienated them and was forced to flee to Tarum. Wahsudan imprisoned him and sent Daisam to Azerbaijan, in the hopes that he could aid the sons of Marzuban against an army sent by Rukn al-Daula and led by Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Razziq. The latter soon decided to withdraw, allowing Daisam to take over Azerbaijan. This momentary weakness in the central administration allowed the Rawadids and Shaddadids to take control of the area to the northeast of Tabriz Dvin, respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Return and Death.

paragraph: In 953 Marzuban escaped from prison and sent an army to remove Daisam from power. The Sallarid army defeated him near Ardebil and forced him to flee to Armenia. In 954/5 Marzuban made peace with Rukn al-Daula, who married his daughter. He also reestablished his rule in other parts of Azerbaijan. He expelled the Shaddadids from Dvin; the Rawadids kept their territory but were forced to pay tribute.

paragraph: In 955 or 956 Daisam occupied Salmas with the support of the Hamdanid amir of Aleppo, Saif al-Daula. Marzuban, who had been putting down a revolt in Derbent, returned and defeated him. Daisam fled to Vaspurakan, but its king, responding to threats by Marzuban, handed him over to the Sallarid. He was blinded and imprisoned, ending his threat to the Sallarids.

paragraph: Marzuban died in 957. His will originally called for his three sons Justan, Ibrahim and Nasir to succeed him in turn. He later changed his mind and named his brother Wahsudan of Tarum as his successor, but he forgot to cancel his original will, resulting in an eruption of warfare after his death; for details of this, see Sallarids.

description: Sallarid ruler

wikidata_label: Marzuban ibn Muhammad

wikipedia_title: Marzuban ibn Muhammad