text:
Geneva
Geneva International School
League of Nations
International Labour Organization
International Baccalaureate
Paul Dupuy
École Normale Supérieure
International Labour Organization
Albert Thomas
International School of Geneva
League of Nations
UNESCO
Paul Dupuy
IB

categories: 1890 births,People from Paris,1989 deaths

paragraph: Marie-Thérèse Maurette

paragraph: Marie-Thérèse Maurette (September 28, 1890 – June 25, 1989) was a French educator who worked in Geneva at the Geneva International School (Ecolint). She was the author of an original pedagogy of peace inspired by the international institutions present in Geneva: the League of Nations and International Labour Organization. Her pedagogy is the basis for the International Baccalaureate.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born Marie-Thérèse Charlotte Dupuy September 28, 1890, at 45 Rue d'Ulm in Paris, she was the daughter of Paul Dupuy (1856–1948), master supervisor, supervisor and secretary general from 1885 to 1925 of the École Normale Supérieure and Louise Marthe Lecoeur. Raised in the premises of the school of the rue d'Ulm, she met her husband; Fernand Maurette became a geographer and economist. They married on March 30, 1911, in Paris and in 1915 they had a son, filmmaker Marc Maurette.

paragraph: She moved to Geneva soon after her marriage with her husband, who in 1924 joined the International Labour Organization (ILO) at the request of his former prep school colleague Albert Thomas.

paragraph: In Geneva, she worked as an educator at the International School of Geneva, founded by local educators and officials of the League of Nations and the ILO.

paragraph: She led the school from 1925 until 1950 and influenced its teaching advocating education for peace, based on respect and openness to others and with a strong international orientation. In 1948 she published the main lines of her teaching following a request of the UNESCO in a booklet entitled "Do Education Techniques for Peace Exist?"

paragraph: She died June 25, 1989, in Paris at the age of 98.

paragraph: Section::::Pedagogy.

paragraph: The pedagogy advocated by Marie-Thérèse Maurette is based on several elements:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. The Synthetic Geography invented by her father Paul Dupuy or International Culture that introduces children first to a global image of the world (globe or world map) and to ignore for a time the country from which they come. They study the great elements regardless of frontiers to put the world into perspective. This knowledge is complemented by human geography, which includes demographics to introduce the concepts of relativity between countries and regions.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Teaching of national history begins much later than in most national schools. History is taught from twelve years old. First the world history is taught, then insertion of national history is done to its proper and relative importance.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The practice of two languages: French and English (official languages of the League of Nations), to practice the two modes of thinking inherent in these languages, and generally to understand the thinking of one's interlocutors.

paragraph: The IB draws heavily on the educational principles of Marie-Thérèse Maurette.

description: French educationist (1890-1989)

wikidata_label: Marie-Thérèse Maurette

wikipedia_title: Marie-Thérèse Maurette


text:
coloratura soprano
New York Hippodrome
Richard Rodgers
"Good Times"
Belle Story
1917 photo

categories: 20th-century American actresses,Vaudeville performers,People from Pennsylvania,American stage actresses,1887 births

paragraph: Belle Story

paragraph: Belle Story (born Grace Leard, c. 1887 - ?) was an American vaudeville performer and singer, noted for her coloratura soprano style. She appeared in a number of productions at the New York Hippodrome.

paragraph: In his autobiography, composer Richard Rodgers recalled that Story "had been a leading singer at the New York Hippodrome. She had a lovely coloratura voice and made a big hit wherever we played, particularly with her singing of 'The Marriage of the Lily and the Rose.' "

paragraph: Section::::Selected performances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chin Chin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hip Hip Hooray" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy Days" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Times" (1920)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belle Story at the Internet Broadway Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1917 photo, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collection Division

description: actor

wikidata_label: Belle Story

wikipedia_title: Belle Story


text: Cologne

text: Rhine Province

text: Peter

text: Käthe Millowitsch

text: puppets

text: theater

text: inflation

text: Volkstheater Millowitsch

text: Lini Lüttgen

text: World War II

text: German chancellor

text: Konrad Adenauer

text: Gerda Millowitsch

text: television

text: Search for Majora

text: Hermann Pfeiffer

text: Kölsch

text: Der Etappenhase

text: WDR

text: culture

text: Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk

text: Adolf Grimme

text: Rhineland

text: dialect theater

text: detective series

text: Kommissar Klefisch

text: National Lampoon's European Vacation

text: Chevy Chase

text: Nazi

text: Kölsch

text: Chlodwigplatz

text: Kölnarena

text: heart failure

text: Peter Millowitsch

text: Mariele Millowitsch

text: Search for Majora

text: Madonna in Chains

text: The Tiger Akbar

text: Love, Girls and Soldiers

text: Two Hearts in May

text: The True Jacob

text: Robert and Bertram

text: Die Fledermaus

text: The Gypsy Baron

text: Charley's Uncle

text: Old Barge, Young Love

text: National Lampoon's European Vacation

text: Millowitsch Theatre Homepage

categories: 1999 deaths,German theatre directors,1909 births,People from Cologne,Members of the Zentrale Dombauverein zu Köln von 1842,German male television actors,People from the Rhine Province,Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,German male stage actors

paragraph: Willy Millowitsch

paragraph: Willy Millowitsch (, ) (8 January 1909 – 20 September 1999) was a German stage and TV actor and the director of the "Volkstheater Millowitsch" in Cologne.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Millowitsch was born in Cologne, Rhine Province. His parents were Peter and Käthe Millowitsch and came from a long family tradition of engagement with the theater which can be traced back to 1792. It was not until 1895 however, that Millowitsch's grandfather stopped using puppets and resorted to real actors instead.

paragraph: Millowitsch was interested in theater at an early age and took to the stage for the first time in 1922 at just 13. He quit school without a degree to pursue his acting career full-time. At first he worked under the auspices of his father who had to give up his theater after the inflation hit. This forced them to go on tour in and around Cologne until they got a permanent theater in 1936, the now famous "Volkstheater Millowitsch", which Willy took over from his father in 1940. In 1939 he married his first wife Lini Lüttgen, but they got divorced soon after.

paragraph: During World War II the theater was damaged, but not severely, and by October 1945 it was fully restored, owing to the support of mayor and later German chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, who proclaimed that the people need something to laugh about again. Consequently, in the time from 1945 to 1949 there were daily performances in the theater. It was during this time that he met his second wife, Gerda Millowitsch, formerly Feldhoff.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1949, when the postwar theater euphoria died down, Millowitsch focused on his film and television career and in 1949 his first film ("Search for Majora", directed by Hermann Pfeiffer) was released. Many more were to follow. He did not content himself just transferring from one medium to the other, but brought the theater with him. On 27 October 1953 the Kölsch dialect play "Der Etappenhase" was broadcast on the Western regional channel WDR, the first live broadcast of a theatrical performance with real audience in German television history. Despite bitter criticism of the entry of low 'folk culture' into television by the director of the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, Adolf Grimme, it was an instant success. This remains one of Millowitsch's most popular plays and has been performed more than 1,000 times. "Der Etappenhase" was so popular that just six weeks later it was broadcast again, live from the "Volkstheater".

paragraph: He continued to put on television plays that were instant successes, gaining national popularity. It is in great part Millowitsch's achievement to have popularized Kölsch throughout Germany. People were now associating the "Rhinelander" with a relaxed lifestyle and genial humor. Theaters from other dialectal areas scrambled to catch up with him and soon the dialect theater became an important part of the German television landscape.

paragraph: With the success of these plays on television, interest in theater gradually increased and by the 1960s flocks of people took to the theater again to witness performance of Millowitsch's popular plays first hand. Until the beginning of the 1960s Millowitsch had to rent out his theater now and again, but with the arrival of the new crowds Millowitsch could afford to concentrate his career on theater from then on. He renovated the theater in 1967 and the "Volkstheater" once again became a focal point of local culture, and many young dialect artists started their careers there.

paragraph: Throughout the 1970s, Millowitsch stuck to the folk theater, and it wasn't until the end of the 1980s that he also turned back to television and took the title role in a detective series as Kommissar Klefisch, whom he played until 1996. He played a small part in the Hollywood comedy "National Lampoon's European Vacation" with Chevy Chase (1985). Aside from his theatrical merits, he also wrote classic popular folk songs, such as "Schnaps, das war sein letztes Wort" and "Wir sind alle kleine Sünderlein". He also embraced political causes and in 1992 he participated in the important anti-Nazi campaign, "" (Kölsch, meaning: Move your butts and pipe up!), which culminated in a major concert by local acts attended by 100,000 people at Cologne's Chlodwigplatz.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: In 1989, the city of Cologne conferred honorary citizenship on to Millowitsch, which is a very exclusive honor in Germany. He celebrated his 90th birthday on 8 January 1999, with 18,000 fans at a sold-out event at the Kölnarena and told people all he wanted for his birthday was to stay healthy. However, he died of heart failure on 20 September that year.

paragraph: Two of his four children, Peter Millowitsch, who is now the director of the "Volkstheater", and Mariele Millowitsch have continued the family tradition and have both become successful actors. The city of Cologne has named a square near the Millowitsch theater "Willy-Millowitsch-Platz" in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Search for Majora" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna in Chains" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tiger Akbar" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love, Girls and Soldiers" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Hearts in May" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The True Jacob" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robert and Bertram" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Fledermaus" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gypsy Baron" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charley's Uncle" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Barge, Young Love" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "National Lampoon's European Vacation" (1985)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millowitsch Theatre Homepage (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Internet Log "in Memoriam" Willy Millowitsch

description: German actor and director

wikidata_label: Willy Millowitsch

wikipedia_title: Willy Millowitsch


text:
Maidstone Manor Farm
Berkeley County, West Virginia
Maryland Institute
Royal Academy in Munich
cyclorama
William Colston Leigh, Sr.
Carl Akeley
American Museum of Natural History
National Academy of Design
astrobiological
Cosmopolitan
H. G. Wells
Edmond Hamilton
Gilcrease Museum
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Autobiography
Biography
Artist Bio
"Bears in the Path (Surprise)", 1904
"The Hold Up (The Ambush)", 1903
Artwork by William Leigh

categories: People from Hedgesville, West Virginia,Federal Art Project artists,20th-century American painters,Artists from West Virginia,Artists of the American West,1955 deaths,American male painters,1866 births,19th-century American painters

paragraph: William Robinson Leigh

paragraph: William Robinson Leigh (September 23, 1866 – March 11, 1955) was an American artist who specialized in Western scenes.

paragraph: He was born at Maidstone Manor Farm, Berkeley County, West Virginia. He entered the Maryland Institute at age 14, then attended the Royal Academy in Munich. He returned to the United States after twelve years abroad and worked painting cycloramas and as a magazine illustrator. An example is the cover illustration of the August 4, 1904 Leslie's Weekly featuring a policeman "Piloting Children to Safety at a Crowded New York Crossing." He married twice, and fathered William Colston Leigh, Sr. (1901–1992).

paragraph: In 1906, Leigh traveled to the American West and maintained a studio in New York City. In 1926 he travelled to Africa at the invitation of Carl Akeley for the American Museum of Natural History, and from this experience wrote and illustrated "Frontiers of Enchantment: An Artist's Adventures in Africa". In 1933, he wrote and illustrated "The Western Pony." His adventures were chronicled in a number of popular magazines including Life, the Saturday Evening Post, and Colliers. He is known for painting the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Park, but his primary interest were the Hopi and Navajo Indians. In 1953 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1955.

paragraph: Leigh also made astrobiological art for the March 1908 issue of "Cosmopolitan", with four full-page illustrations of an article written by H. G. Wells, "The Things that Live on Mars", which speculated about Martian life. Science fiction writer Edmond Hamilton, born October 1904, described looking and re-looking at the issue as a defining experience in his life. "I wasn't yet able to read it, to read the article, but those pictures!"

paragraph: After his death, Leigh's New York studio was given to the Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leigh, William Robinson, Autobiography, (MSS SC 171), L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Medicine Man Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist Bio at Ackerman's Fine Art, LLC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bears in the Path (Surprise)", 1904 at Sid Richardson Museum – with biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hold Up (The Ambush)", 1903 at Sid Richardson Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artwork by William Leigh

alias:
William R. Leigh
W. R. Leigh
William Leigh
w.r. leigh

description: American artist

wikidata_label: William Robinson Leigh

wikipedia_title: William Robinson Leigh


text:
Jihlava
Czech
ice hockey
goaltender
HC Dukla Jihlava
1. národní hokejová liga
HC Karlovy Vary
Czech Extraliga
2010–11 Czech Extraliga season

categories: Motor České Budějovice players,1976 births,HC Zlín players,Orli Znojmo players,People from Jihlava,Czech ice hockey players,Living people,HC Karlovy Vary players

paragraph: Lukáš Sáblík

paragraph: Lukáš Sáblík (born August 5, 1976 in Jihlava) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing with HC Dukla Jihlava of the 1. národní hokejová liga (Czech.1). He previously played with HC Karlovy Vary in the Czech Extraliga during the 2010–11 Czech Extraliga season.

description: Czech ice hockey goaltender

wikidata_label: Lukáš Sáblík

wikipedia_title: Lukáš Sáblík


text:
guitarist
composer
blues
punk
free improvisation
Muddy Waters
The Last Waltz
Miami
Harry Pussy
Adris Hoyos
indie
Sonic Youth
Sebadoh
no wave
hardcore punk
free jazz
Noise
San Francisco
Wire
NPR
Hopscotch
Incubate
Hardly Strictly Bluegrass
Donau
Big Ears
Loren Mazzacane Connors
Chris Corsano
Peter Brötzmann
Alan
Richard Bishop
Audible Hiss
Palilalia
Editions Mego
Editions Mego
Editions Mego
Vin Du Select Qualitite
Palilalia

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,American experimental guitarists,1962 births,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Bill Orcutt

paragraph: Bill Orcutt (born February 2, 1962) is an American guitarist and composer whose work combines elements of blues, punk, and free improvisation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Inspired by seeing Muddy Waters in "The Last Waltz", Orcutt began playing the guitar as a teenager in Miami. In 1992, he formed the band Harry Pussy with his wife, Cuban/American drummer and vocalist Adris Hoyos. The group recorded three LPs and toured the US frequently, often in support of indie bands like Sonic Youth and Sebadoh. Their music, which drew from American no wave, hardcore punk and free jazz was influential and "served as a progenitor for the Noise movement." In 1997 the band dissolved and the couple divorced. Orcutt moved to San Francisco and took a long hiatus from music, returning in 2009, with an LP of solo guitar entitled "A New Way To Pay Old Debts" which was well received, ranking third of 2009 in the Wire magazine's annual "Rewind" list. His follow-up release "How The Thing Sings" was similarly praised, reaching number 3 on NPR's "The Best Outer Sound Albums Of 2011". Since 2009, Orcutt has toured often appearing at festivals in the US and Europe, including Hopscotch, Incubate, Le Nouveau Festival du Centre Pompidou, Hardly Strictly Bluegrass, Donau and Big Ears. Typically a solo performer, Orcutt has also recorded or performed with Loren Mazzacane Connors, Chris Corsano, Peter Brötzmann and Alan & Richard Bishop.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Untitled" (Audible Hiss 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A New Way To Pay Old Debts" (Palilalia 2009, reissued Editions Mego 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How the Thing Sings" (Editions Mego 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History Of Every One" (Editions Mego 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solo Acoustic Volume Ten" (Vin Du Select Qualitite 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bill Orcutt" (Palilalia 2017)

description: American guitarist

wikidata_label: Bill Orcutt

wikipedia_title: Bill Orcutt


text: Electric Guest

text: Tony Taccone

text: Berkeley, California

text: Jorma Taccone

text: Saturday Night Live

text: The Lonely Island

text: Dunkin Donuts

text: Bay-area

text: Souls Of Mischief

text: Mac Dre

text: Jorma

text: Saturday Night Live

text: Digital Shorts

text: The Lonely Island

text: Danger Mouse

text: Los Angeles

text: Digital Shorts

text: Saturday Night Live

text: Lady Gaga

text: The Simpsons

text: Kanye West

text: The Cleveland Show

text: Charles Bradley

text: American Dad

text: Portugal The Man

text: Feel It Still

text: Universal Music Publishing Group

text: The Guardian

text: Jagger

text: Incredibad

text: Motherlover

text: The Lonely Island

text: Turtleneck & Chain

text: Stage Whisper

text: Kitsuné Soleil Mix

text: The Wack Album

text: Feel It Still

text: Bridge and Tunnel

text: Dick in a Box

categories: 1983 births,Living people,Musicians from Berkeley, California

paragraph: Asa Taccone

paragraph: Asa Taccone is a musician and the lead singer of the band Electric Guest.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Asa Taccone was born on September 21, 1983, the second son to Suellen and Tony Taccone (a theater director) in Berkeley, California. His brother is Jorma Taccone, former Saturday Night Live cast member and one third of the comedy music trio The Lonely Island. He is of mixed Italian and Puerto Rican ancestry. His interest in music began playing trumpet in his elementary school choir during religious holidays; the choir director included a bongo section where he and other children could sing and play the drums. During high school, he became interested in jazz, continuing to play trumpet in the band. Taccone was eventually kicked out of his high school, and sent to a boot camp that he could only leave on the weekends. While there, he began to frequent a local Dunkin Donuts. There, he met an elderly woman who remarked that he was "an electric guest of the universe."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Taccone had long been a fan of hip/hop music, and was influenced by Bay-area rappers like Souls Of Mischief, E-40, and Mac Dre. He moved on to synths and started producing hip/hop music, however, he eventually grew weary of the "bullshit" of the hip-hop world. One day—while visiting an incarcerated friend—another inmate recognized Taccone, requesting that they work together after his release. The incident rattled Taccone, and he left the genre for good. His already budding interest in 1960s music increased, and he began making music that stemmed from that era.

paragraph: Taccone's older brother, Jorma, joined the writing staff of "Saturday Night Live" in 2005, and enlisted Asa in composing music for the show's Digital Shorts performed by his comedy group The Lonely Island.

paragraph: Jorma asked his friend Brian Burton (professionally known as Danger Mouse) to listen to some of Asa's music over the phone. Burton provided positive feedback, encouraging the younger Taccone to continue making music. At the age of 24, Asa made the move from his hometown to Los Angeles to pursue a music career. Burton recommended that Asa take his former room in a boarding house full of musicians.

paragraph: Initially, Taccone found it difficult to collaborate with others creatively, after years of writing alone. He kept "grinding", producing and writing music for projects that included Digital Shorts on comedy show "Saturday Night Live", as well as scores for his father's theatrical productions, making enough money to support himself and his own music. He wrote music for Lady Gaga’s episode on "The Simpsons", Kanye West’s episode on "The Cleveland Show" and Charles Bradley's episode on "American Dad". Taccone was a co-writer and co-producer on the Portugal The Man hit "Feel It Still". The song became number one, and garnered the band a 2018 Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.

paragraph: In April 2018, Universal Music Publishing Group signed Taccone to a global administration deal.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: "The Guardian" calls Taccone "a strutting junior Jagger with an androgynous falsetto prepared to front EG's tunes with as much gall as it takes."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Composer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One Unit at a Time and 2 more Various - The Network 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Incredibad" (2009) – The Lonely Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take You Home and 2 more - Joyo Velarde - Love & Understanding 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Motherlover" (2011) - from The Lonely Island album "Turtleneck & Chain"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stage Whisper" (2011) Anna - Charlotte Gainsbourg -

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitsuné Soleil Mix" (2012) – Gildas* & Jerry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wack Album" (2013) – The Lonely Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2016) — The Lonely Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feel It Still" – co-writer and co-producer

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Theater.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bridge and Tunnel" (2006) – Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taking Over" (2009) – Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lemony Snicket’s The Composer Is Dead" (2010) – Film underscoring

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics – "Dick in a Box"

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Asa Taccone

wikipedia_title: Asa Taccone


text:
Royal Air Force
Second World War
Battle of Britain
Eric Lock
No. 41 Squadron RAF
King James Grammar School
Knaresborough
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
Perth, Scotland
No. 501 Squadron RAF
Bétheniville
Sedan
Heinkel He 111
KG 53
Messerschmitt Bf 109
Messerschmitt Bf 110
Croix de guerre
Battle of Britain
Gravesend
Croydon
Jagdgeschwader 27
Dornier Do 17
Jagdgeschwader 3
Distinguished Flying Medal
Thames Estuary
Kampfgeschwader 55
Buckingham Palace
Battle of Britain Day
Ashford
Junkers Ju 88
Bar
Mention in Despatches
flight lieutenant
Heinkel He 59
Kenley
Republic P-47 Thunderbolts
Spitfire VIII
Nakajima Ki 43
Bridlington
Guy Hamilton
Battle Of Britain
Priory Church
Bridlington
Beverley/Linley Hill Airfield
blue plaque

categories: British World War II flying aces,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),Royal Air Force pilots of World War II,1917 births,Royal Air Force officers,People from Wetherby,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Medal,1989 deaths

paragraph: James Harry Lacey

paragraph: James Harry Lacey, (1 February 1917 – 30 May 1989) was one of the top scoring Royal Air Force fighter pilots of the Second World War and was the second highest scoring RAF fighter pilot of the Battle of Britain, behind Pilot Officer Eric Lock of No. 41 Squadron RAF. Lacey was credited with 28 enemy aircraft destroyed, five probables and nine damaged.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lacey left King James Grammar School, Knaresborough in 1933 continuing his education at Leeds Technical College. He spent four years as an apprentice pharmacist.

paragraph: Section::::RAF career.

paragraph: Lacey joined the RAFVR (Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve) in January 1937 as a trainee pilot at Perth, Scotland. In 1938, he then took an instructor's course, becoming an instructor at the Yorkshire Flying School, accumulating 1,000 hours of flight time before the war. Called up at the outbreak of war, he joined No. 501 Squadron RAF.

paragraph: Section::::RAF career.:Second World War.:Battle of France.

paragraph: On 10 May 1940, the Squadron moved to Bétheniville in France where Lacey experienced his first combat. On the afternoon of 13 May over Sedan, he destroyed a Heinkel He 111 of KG 53 and an escorting Messerschmitt Bf 109 on one sortie, followed by a Messerschmitt Bf 110 later in the afternoon. He claimed two more He 111s on 27 May, before the squadron was withdrawn to England on 19 June, having claimed nearly 60 victories. On 9 June, his aircraft was damaged in combat and he crash landed and almost drowned in a swamp. During his operational duties in France, he was awarded the French "Croix de guerre".

paragraph: Section::::RAF career.:Second World War.:Battle of Britain.

paragraph: Flying throughout the Battle of Britain with No. 501 based at Gravesend or Croydon, Lacey became one of the highest scoring pilots of the battle. His first kill of the battle was on 20 July 1940, when he shot down a Bf 109E of "Jagdgeschwader 27". He then claimed a destroyed Ju 87 and a "probable" Ju 87 on 12 August along with a damaged Bf 110 and damaged Do 17 on 15 August, a probable Bf 109 on 16 August. He destroyed a Ju 88, damaged a Dornier Do 17 on 24 August and shot down a Bf 109 of "Jagdgeschwader 3" on 29 August. He bailed out unharmed after being hit by return fire from a Heinkel He 111 on 13 August.

paragraph: On 23 August 1940, Lacey was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal after the destruction of 6 enemy aircraft.

paragraph: On 30 August 1940, during combat over the Thames Estuary, Lacey shot down a He 111 and damaged a Bf 110 before his Hurricane was badly hit from enemy fire. His engine stopped and he decided to glide the stricken aircraft back to the airfield at Gravesend instead of bailing out into the Estuary.

paragraph: A highly successful August was completed when he destroyed a Bf 109 on 31 August.

paragraph: On 2 September 1940, Lacey shot down two Bf 109s and damaged a Do 17. He then shot down another two Bf 109s on 5 September. During a heavy raid on 13 September, he engaged a formation of "Kampfgeschwader 55" He 111s over London where he shot down one of the bombers that had just bombed Buckingham Palace. He then bailed out of his aircraft, sustaining slight injuries, as he could not find his airfield in the worsening visibility.

paragraph: Returning to the action shortly thereafter, he shot down a He 111, three Bf 109s and damaged another on 15 September 1940, one of the heaviest days of fighting during the whole battle, which later became known as "Battle of Britain Day". During the battle he attacked a formation of 12 Bf 109s, shooting down two before the other had noticed before escaping into cloud

paragraph: Two days later on 17 September, he was shot down over Ashford, Kent during a dogfight with Bf 109s and bailed out without injury. On 27 September, he destroyed a Bf 109 and damaged a Junkers Ju 88 on 30 September. During October he claimed a probable Bf 109 on 7 October, shot down a Bf 109 on 12 October, another on 26 October and on 30 October, he destroyed a Bf 109 before damaging another.

paragraph: During the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain, Lacey had been shot down or forced to land due to combat no less than nine times.

paragraph: On 26 November 1940, with 23 claims (18 made during the Battle of Britain) Lacey received a Bar to his Distinguished Flying Medal for his continued outstanding courage and bravery during the Battle of Britain. The citation in the "London Gazette" read:

paragraph: Section::::RAF career.:Second World War.:After 1940.

paragraph: Lacey's final award for outstanding service during 1940 was a Mention in Despatches announced on 1 January 1941. Lacey was commissioned a pilot officer (on probation) on 25 January 1941 (seniority from 15 January) and promoted to acting flight lieutenant in June. On 10 July 1941, as "A" flight commander, he shot down a Bf 109 and damaged another a few days later on 14 July. On 17 July, he claimed a Heinkel He 59 seaplane shot down and on 24 July, two Bf 109s (by causing them to collide). He was posted away from combat operations during August 1941, serving as a flight instructor with No. 57 Operational Training Unit. He was promoted to war substantive flying officer on 22 September.

paragraph: During March 1942, Lacey joined No. 602 Squadron, based at Kenley flying the Spitfire Mk V and by 24 March had claimed a Fw 190 as damaged. He damaged another Fw 190 on 25 April 1942 before a posting to No. 81 Group as a tactics officer. Promoted to war substantive flight lieutenant on 27 August, in November he was posted as Chief Instructor at the No. 1 Special Attack Instructors School, Milfield.

paragraph: In March 1943, Lacey was posted to No. 20 Squadron, Kaylan in India before joining 1572 Gunnery Flight in July of the same year to convert from Blenheims to Hurricanes and then to Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. He stayed in India, being posted to command No. 155 Squadron flying the Spitfire VIII in November 1944 and then as commanding officer of No. 17 Squadron later that month. While based in India, Lacey claimed his last aircraft on 19 February 1945, shooting down a Japanese Army Air Force Nakajima Ki 43 "Oscar" with only nine 20mm cannon rounds.

paragraph: Lacey was one of the few RAF pilots on operational duties on both the opening and closing day of the war. His final tally was 28 confirmed, four probables and nine damaged.

paragraph: Section::::RAF career.:Postwar.

paragraph: After the war was over, Lacey went to Japan with No. 17 Squadron, becoming the first Spitfire pilot to fly over Japan on 30 April 1946. He returned to the UK in May 1946. He received a permanent commission in the rank of flight lieutenant on 8 December 1948 (seniority from 1 September 1945), and retired from the RAF on 5 March 1967 as a flight lieutenant; he retained the rank of squadron leader.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and legacy.

paragraph: After retirement, Lacey ran an air freight business and instructed at a flight school near Bridlington. He was an adviser to director Guy Hamilton on the set of his 1969 film "Battle Of Britain". Said Hamilton in an interview 30 years later "I entrusted Ginger Lacey to be my main adviser. He really was a good chap, totally invaluable."

paragraph: Lacey died on 30 May 1989 at the age of 72. In September 2001, a plaque was unveiled at Priory Church, Bridlington, Yorkshire in memory of the fighter pilot and ace. There is also a plaque at the location of the house Lacey grew up in, on the old site of Nidd Vale Motors, Sandbeck Lane, Wetherby.

paragraph: In 2016, Beverley/Linley Hill Airfield named their new flight training centre after Lacey, and on 23 July 2017, a blue plaque was unveiled on the site of the house where he was born.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bickers, Richard Townshend. "Ginger Lacey: Fighter Pilot". London: Hale Ltd., 1962. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop, Edward, ed. "The Daily Telegraph Book of Airmen's Obituaries". London: Grub Street, 2002. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shores, Christopher and Clive Williams. "Aces High". London: Grub Street, 1994. .

description: British flying ace

wikidata_label: James Harry Lacey

wikipedia_title: James Harry Lacey


text: Arabic

text: House of Saud

text: King Abdullah

text: Sudairi Seven

text: Riyadh

text: Ibn Saud

text: Prince Badr

text: Prince Abdul Ilah

text: Riyadh

text: Royal Saudi Navy

text: United Kingdom

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Tabuk province

text: Medina Province

text: Makkah Province

text: Prophet's Mosque

text: Medina

text: Prince Muqrin

text: hajj

text: Mecca

text: Jeddah

text: Two Holy Mosques

text: Masjid al-Haram

text: Masjid-e-Nabawi

text: Hajj

text: Arab Thought Foundation

text: Makkah

text: leukaemia

text: the US

text: Seattle

text: Dhuhr prayers

categories: Deaths from leukemia,Burials at Al Oud cemetery,1942 births,Deaths from cancer in Washington (state),Governors of provinces in Saudi Arabia,2007 deaths

paragraph: Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Abdul Majeed bin Abdul Aziz (Arabic: عبد المجيد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود, "") (1942 – 5 May 2007) was a prominent member of House of Saud. He was seen as a close ally of King Abdullah, but was also regarded as long-time ally of Sudairi Seven.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Majeed was born in Riyadh in 1942 as the 33rd son of Ibn Saud. His mother was Ibn Saud's tenth wife, Haya bint Sa'ad Al Sudairi who died on 18 April 2003 at age 90. She was a member of the powerful Sudairi family and the sister of Jawhara bint Saad who was another spouse of Ibn Saud. Prince Abdul Majeed's full brothers are Prince Badr and Prince Abdul Ilah.

paragraph: Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz received his early education in Riyadh in traditional schools, including the Sheikh Abdullah Al Khayyat and the Al Anjal School. He joined in the Royal Saudi Navy in 1954 and then, studied in the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Abdul Majeed served as governor of three significant provinces in Saudi Arabia during his lifetime: Tabuk province, Medina Province and Makkah Province.

paragraph: After completing his education, he was firstly appointed governor of the northerly Tabuk province in 1980. Agriculture was developed in the province during his governorship, and the region became one of the kingdom's main producers of crops such as wheat and fruit. His tenure lasted for six years until 1986.

paragraph: After the death of his half-brother, Prince Abdul Muhsin, in 1986, Prince Abdul Majeed replaced him as governor of Medina Province. The Prophet's Mosque in Medina and surrounding areas were redeveloped during his 14-year term of office. He also established the Taiba Investment Corporation in Medina. His tenure lasted until 1999 when he was succeeded by Prince Muqrin in the post.

paragraph: In 2000, he was appointed governor of Makkah province and chairman of the Mecca development authority. He was also chief of the central hajj committee. In 2000, Mecca became the provincial capital of the region including Jeddah. An ambitious program of development was undertaken in Mecca under his stewardship at a cost of more than US$27 billion. The developments were centered on the Two Holy Mosques, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and the Masjid-e-Nabawi in Medina, the key destinations of the annual Hajj pilgrimage, attracting millions of visitors each year. Huge commercial developments sprouted in surrounding areas, such as the Jebel Omar scheme, including hotels, convention and conference centers, and prayer facilities. Architectural historians criticized the accompanying destruction of historic sites. On the other hand, communication links were improved, including port facilities in Jeddah, airports, and roads. In addition, Abdul Majeed initiated the restoration and development plans of old city of Jeddah.

paragraph: Abdul Majeed also called for greater participation of women in public life. "Prince Abdul Majeed has been a major supporter of Saudi businesswomen," said Hussa Al Aun, a member of the Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry (JCCI). He called for women's participation in public life in Saudi Arabia. The Khadeeja bint Khuwailed Centre for Businesswomen was established in Jeddah in 2003 by the Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry, under his patronage. He also supported the launch of an antiterror initiative in the province's schools in December 2006.

paragraph: He also served on many public and charitable committees. He pushed for the creation of a motor racing track in Jeddah, the first in the Kingdom. He was also an early supporter of blood testing before marriage so as to avoid blood diseases. The procedure has since become obligatory.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Succession.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Majeed was considered to be one of the potential candidates for the throne at the beginning of the 2000s. He was also considered as eligible contender following the death of King Fahd in August 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Majeed was married to Sara bint Abdul Mohsen Al Angari, and had one son, Faisal bin Abdul Majeed. His son, Faisal, is a businessman and a member of the board of trustees of the Arab Thought Foundation.

paragraph: His wife, Sara bint Abdul Mohsen, donated 1 million riyals to a psychiatric hospital in Makkah during his governorship of Makkah Province. During the same period, Sara bint Abdul Mohsen paid the hospital expenses of a woman who experienced serious domestic violence by her husband in 2001.

paragraph: Abdul Majeed's daughter, Jamila, is the first Saudi woman to participate in a camel race.

paragraph: Section::::Death & Legacy.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Majeed suffered from leukaemia and had undergone a surgery earlier in the US and then, had traveled back to Saudi Arabia. However, he was flown back to the US when his condition worsened. He died in Seattle on 5 May 2007 at age 65. His body was taken from the US to Riyadh on 6 May 2007. Funeral prayers for him were performed at Imam Turki ibn Abdullah Mosque in Riyadh after Dhuhr prayers on 7 May 2007.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdul Aziz Domestic Airport in Madinah was named after Prince Abdul Majeed.

description: Saudi royal and former governor

wikidata_label: Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text: Belgian

text: cytologist

text: biochemist

text: cell organelles

text: peroxisome

text: lysosome

text: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

text: Albert Claude

text: George E. Palade

text: autophagy

text: endocytosis

text: exocytosis

text: Belgian

text: First World War

text: Thames Ditton

text: Surrey

text: England

text: Belgium

text: Antwerp

text: Catholic University of Leuven

text: MD

text: insulin

text: diabetes mellitus

text: penicillin

text: Hugo Theorell

text: Karolinska Institutet

text: Carl

text: Gerti Cori

text: Washington University in St. Louis

text: Rockefeller University

text: University of Louvain

text: Viscount

text: King Baudouin

text: Francqui Prize

text: Gairdner Foundation International Award

text: Heineken Prize

text: E. B. Wilson Medal

text: L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science

text: London

text: Jesuits

text: Onze-Lieve-Vrouwinstituut

text: Antwerp

text: Catholic University of Leuven

text: endocrinology

text: drafted

text: France

text: prisoner of war

text: MD

text: insulin

text: glucose metabolism

text: pancreatic hormone

text: glucagon

text: Brussels

text: Paris

text: MSc

text: penicillin

text: Hugo Theorell

text: Nobel Medical Institute

text: Rockefeller Foundation

text: Carl

text: Gerti Cori

text: Washington University in St. Louis

text: Rockefeller University

text: Université catholique de Louvain

text: emeritus

text: University of Louvain

text: enzymes

text: rat

text: liver

text: centrifugation

text: cell fractionation

text: biochemistry

text: cell biology

text: cell organelle

text: glucagon

text: hyperglycaemic

text: pancreatic

text: Eli Lilly and Company

text: Carl Cori

text: Gerty Cori

text: Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.

text: gastric mucosa

text: pancreatic islets

text: beta cells

text: alpha cells

text: glycogen

text: glycogenolysis

text: cobalt-damaged

text: guinea pigs

text: homeostasis

text: glucose 6-phosphatase

text: glycolysis

text: blood sugar levels

text: cell fractionation

text: acid phosphatase

text: substrate

text: Alex B. Novikoff

text: University of Vermont

text: electron microscopy

text: acid hydrolases

text: urate oxidase

text: catalase

text: D-amino acid oxidase

text: microbodies

text: Tetrahymena pyriformis

text: American Society for Cell Biology

text: l-α hydroxyacid oxidase

text: β-oxidation

text: glyoxysomes

text: glycosome

text: endosymbiotic theory

text: eukaryotic

text: prokaryotic

text: endosymbionts

text: DNA

text: origin of life

text: thioester

text: Roman Catholic

text: agnosticism

text: atheism

text: Le Soir

text: biological evolution

text: creation science

text: intelligent design

text: Louisiana Science Education Act

text: Thierry

text: cancer

text: atrial fibrillation

text: Francqui Prize

text: King Baudouin

text: Viscount

text: Gairdner Foundation International Award

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: Biochemical Society

text: Albany Medical College

text: Medical College of Virginia

text: E.B. Wilson Medal

text: Royal Academy of Sciences, Arts

text: Pontifical Academy of Sciences

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Academy of Sciences of Paris

text: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina

text: American Philosophical Society

text: honorary doctorates

text: autophagy

text: endocytosis

text: exocytosis

categories: Foreign Members of the Royal Society,People from Thames Ditton,2013 deaths,Winners of the Heineken Prize,Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences,Catholic University of Leuven alumni (pre-1968),Belgian scientists,Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,Rockefeller University faculty,1917 births,Catholic University of Leuven alumni,Deaths by euthanasia,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,Belgian academics,Belgian agnostics,Belgian Nobel laureates,Belgian atheists

paragraph: Christian de Duve

paragraph: Christian René Marie Joseph, Viscount de Duve (2 October 1917 – 4 May 2013) was a Nobel Prize-winning Belgian cytologist and biochemist. He made serendipitous discoveries of two cell organelles, peroxisome and lysosome, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Albert Claude and George E. Palade ("for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"). In addition to peroxisome and lysosome, he invented the scientific names such as autophagy, endocytosis, and exocytosis in a single occasion.

paragraph: The son of Belgian refugees during the First World War, de Duve was born in Thames Ditton, Surrey, England.

paragraph: His family returned to Belgium in 1920. He was educated by the Jesuits at Onze-Lieve-Vrouwinstituut in Antwerp, and studied medicine at the Catholic University of Leuven. Upon earning his MD in 1941, he joined research in chemistry, working on insulin and its role in diabetes mellitus. His thesis earned him the highest university degree "agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur" (equivalent to PhD) in 1945.

paragraph: With his work on the purification of penicillin, he obtained an MSc degree in 1946. He went for further training under (later Nobel Prize winners) Hugo Theorell at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, and Carl and Gerti Cori at the Washington University in St. Louis. He joined the faculty of medicine at Leuven in 1947. In 1960 he was invited to the Rockfeller Institute (now Rockefeller University). With mutual arrangement with Leuven, he became professor in both universities from 1962, dividing his time between Leuven and New York. He became emeritus professor of the University of Louvain in 1985, and of Rockefeller in 1988.

paragraph: De Duve was granted the rank of Viscount in 1989 by King Baudouin of Belgium. He was also a recipient of Francqui Prize, Gairdner Foundation International Award, Heineken Prize, and E. B. Wilson Medal. In 1974 he founded the International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Brussels, eventually renamed the de Duve Institute in 2005. He was the founding President of the L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: De Duve was born of an estate agent Alphonse de Duve and wife Madeleine Pungs in the village of Thames Ditton, near London. His parents fled Belgium at the outbreak of the First World War. After the war in 1920, at age three, he and his family returned to Belgium. He was a precocious boy, always the best student ("primus perpetuus" as he recalled) in school, except for one year when he was pronounced "out of competition" to give chance to other students.

paragraph: He was educated by the Jesuits at Onze-Lieve-Vrouwinstituut in Antwerp, before studying at the Catholic University of Leuven in 1934. He wanted to specialize in endocrinology and joined the laboratory of the Belgian physiologist Joseph P. Bouckaert.

paragraph: During his last year at medical school in 1940, the Germans invaded Belgium. He was drafted to the Belgian army, and posted in southern France as medical officer. There, he was almost immediately taken as prisoner of war by Germans. His ability to speak fluent German and Flemish helped him outwit his captors. He escaped back to Belgium in an adventure he later described as "more comical than heroic".

paragraph: He immediately continued his medical course, and obtained his MD in 1941 from Leuven. After graduation, de Duve's primary research was on insulin and its role in glucose metabolism. He made an initial discovery that a commercial preparation of insulin was contaminated with another pancreatic hormone, the insulin antagonist glucagon.

paragraph: However, laboratory supplies at Leuven were in shortage, therefore he enrolled in a programme to earn a degree in chemistry at the Cancer Institute. His research on insulin was summed up in a 400-page book titled "Glucose, Insuline et Diabète" ("Glucose, Insulin and Diabetes") published in 1945, simultaneously in Brussels and Paris. The book was condensed into a technical dissertation which earned him the most advanced degree at the university level "agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur" (an equivalent of a doctorate – he called it "a sort of glorified Ph.D.") in 1945. His thesis was followed by a number of scientific publications.

paragraph: He subsequently obtained a MSc in chemistry in 1946, for which he worked on the purification of penicillin.

paragraph: To enhance his skill in biochemistry, he trained in the laboratory of Hugo Theorell (who later won The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1955) at the Nobel Medical Institute in Stockholm for 18 months during 1946-47. In 1947, he received a financial assistance as Rockefeller Foundation fellow and worked for six months with Carl and Gerti Cori at Washington University in St. Louis (the husband and wife were joint winners of The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947).

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.

paragraph: In March 1947 de Duve joined the faculty of the medical school of the Catholic University of Leuven teaching physiological chemistry. In 1951 he became full professor. In 1960, Detlev Bronk, the then president of the Rockfeller Institute (what is now Rockefeller University) of New York City, met him at Brussels and offered him professorship and a laboratory. The rector of Leuven, afraid of entirely losing de Duve, made a compromise over dinner that de Duve would still be under part-time appointment with a relief from teaching and conducting examinations. The rector and Bronk made an agreement which would initially last for five years. The official implementation was in 1962, and de Duve simultaneously headed the research laboratories at Leuven and at Rockefeller University, dividing his time between New York and Leuven.

paragraph: In 1969, the Catholic University of Leuven was split into two separate universities. He joined the French-speaking side, Université catholique de Louvain. He took emeritus status at the University of Louvain in 1985 and at Rockefeller in 1988, though he continued to conduct research. Among other subjects, he studied the distribution of enzymes in rat liver cells using rate-zonal centrifugation. His work on cell fractionation provided an insight into the function of cell structures. He specialized in subcellular biochemistry and cell biology and discovered new cell organelles.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Rediscovery of glucagon.

paragraph: The hormone glucagon was discovered by C.P. Kimball and John R. Murlin in 1923 as a hyperglycaemic (blood-sugar elevating) substance among the pancreatic extracts.

paragraph: The biological importance of glucagon was not known and the name itself was essentially forgotten. It was a still a mystery at the time de Duve joined Bouckaert at Leuven University to work on insulin. Since 1921, insulin was the first commercial hormonal drug originally produced by the Eli Lilly and Company, but their extraction methods introduced an impurity that caused mild hyperglycaemia, the very opposite of what was expected or desired. In May 1944 de Duve realised that cystallisation could remove the impurity. He demonstrated that Lilly's insulin process was contaminated, showing that, when injected into rats, the Lilly insulin caused initial hyperglycaemia and the Danish Novo insulin did not. Following his research published in 1947, Lilly upgraded its methods to eliminate the impurity. By then de Duve had joined Carl Cori and Gerty Cori at Washington University in St. Louis, where he worked with a fellow researcher Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr., who later won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971.

paragraph: Sutherland had been working on the puzzle of the insulin-impurity substance, which he had named hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic (HG) factor. He and de Duve soon discovered that the HG factor was synthesised not only by the pancreas but also by the gastric mucosa and certain other parts of the digestive tract. Further, they found that the hormone was produced from pancreatic islets by cells differing from the insulin-producing beta cells; presumably these were alpha cells. It was de Duve who realised that Sutherland's HG factor was in fact the same as glucagon; this rediscovery led to its permanent name, which de Duve reintroduced it in 1951. The pair's work showed that glucagon was the major hormone influencing the breakdown of glycogen in the liver—the process known as glycogenolysis—by which more sugars are produced and released into the blood.

paragraph: De Duve's original hypothesis that glucagon was produced by pancreatic alpha cells was proven correct when he demonstrated that selectively cobalt-damaged alpha cells stopped producing glucagon in guinea pigs; he finally isolated the purified hormone in 1953, including those from birds.

paragraph: De Duve was first to hypothesise that the production of insulin (which decreased blood sugar levels), stimulated the uptake of glucose in the liver; he also proposed that a mechanism was in-place to balance the productions of insulin and glucagon in order to maintain normal blood sugar level, (see homeostasis). This idea was much disputed at the time, but his rediscovery of glucagon confirmed his theses. In 1953 he experimentally demonstrated that glucagon did influence the production (and thus the uptake) of glucose.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Discovery of lysosome.

paragraph: Christian de Duve and his team continued studying the insulin mechanism-of-action in liver cells, focusing on the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase, the key enzyme in sugar metabolism (glycolysis) and the target of insulin. They found that G6P was the principal enzyme in regulating blood sugar levels, but, they could not, even after repeated experiments, purify and isolate the enzyme from the cellular extracts. So they tried the more laborious procedure of cell fractionation to detect the enzyme activity.

paragraph: This was the moment of serendipitous discovery. To estimate the exact enzyme activity, the team adopted a procedure using a standardised enzyme acid phosphatase; but they were finding the activity was unexpectedly low—"quite" low, i.e., some 10% of the expected value. Then one day they measured the enzyme activity of some purified cell fractions that had been stored for five days. To their surprise the enzyme activity was increased back to that of the fresh sample; and similar results were replicated every time the procedure was repeated. This led to the hypothesis that some sort of barrier restricted rapid access of the enzyme to its substrate, so that the enzymes were able to diffuse only after a period of time. They described the barrier as membrane-like—a "saclike structure surrounded by a membrane and containing acid phosphatase."

paragraph: An unrelated enzyme (of the cell fractionation procedure) had come from membranous fractions that were known to be cell organelles. In 1955, de Duve named them "lysosomes" to reflect their digestive properties. That same year, Alex B. Novikoff from the University of Vermont visited de Duve's laboratory, and, using electron microscopy, successfully produced the first visual evidence of the lysosome organelle. Using a staining method for acid phosphatase, de Duve and Novikoff further confirmed the location of the hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) of lysosomes.

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Discovery of peroxisome.

paragraph: Serendipity followed de Duve for another major discovery. After the confirmation of lysosome, de Duve's team was troubled by the presence (in the rat liver cell fraction) of the enzyme urate oxidase. De Duve thought it was not a lysosome because it is not an acid hydrolase, typical of lysosomal enzymes; still, it had similar distribution as the enzyme acid phosphatase. Further, in 1960 he found other enzymes (such as catalase and D-amino acid oxidase), that were similarly distributed in the cell fraction—and it was then thought that these were mitochondrial enzymes. (W. Bernhard and C. Rouillier had described such extra-mitochodrial organelles as microbodies, and believed that they were precursors to mitochondria.) de Duve noted the three enzymes exhibited similar chemical properties and were similar to those of other peroxide-producing oxidases.

paragraph: De Duve was skeptical of referring to the new-found enzymes as microbodies because, as he noted, "too little is known of their enzyme complement and of their role in the physiology of the liver cells to substantiate a proposal at the present time". He suggested that these enzymes belonged to the same cell organelle, but one different from previously known organelles. But, as strong evidences were still lacking, he did not publish his hypothesis. In 1955 his team demonstrated similar cell fractions with same biochemical properties from the ciliated protozoan "Tetrahymena pyriformis"; thus, it was indicated that the particles were undescribed cell organelles unrelated to mitochondria. He presented his discovery at a meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology in 1955, and formally published in 1966, creating the name peroxisomes for the organelles as they are involved in peroxidase reactions. In 1968 he achieved the first large-scale preparation of peroxisomes, confirming that l-α hydroxyacid oxidase, d-amino acid oxidase, and catalase were all the unique enzymes of peroxisomes.

paragraph: De Duve and his team went on to show that peroxisomes play important metabolic roles, including the β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids by a pathway different from that in mitochondria; and that they are members of a large family of evolutionarily related organelles present in diverse cells including plants and protozoa, where they carry out distinct functions. (And have been given specific names, such as glyoxysomes and glycosomes.)

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Origin of cells.

paragraph: De Duve's work has contributed to the emerging consensus towards accepting the endosymbiotic theory; which idea proposes that organelles in eukaryotic cells originated as certain prokaryotic cells that came to live inside eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts. According to de Duve's version, eukaryotic cells with their structures and properties, including their ability to capture food by endocytosis and digest it intracellularly, developed first. Later, prokaryotic cells were incorporated to form more organelles.

paragraph: De Duve proposed that peroxisomes, which allowed cells to withstand the growing amounts of free molecular oxygen in the early-Earth atmosphere, may have been the first endosymbionts. Because peroxisomes have no DNA of their own, this proposal has much less evidence than similar claims for mitochondria and chloroplasts. His later years were mostly devoted to origin of life studies, which he admitted was still a speculative field (see thioester).

paragraph: Section::::Career and research.:Publications.

paragraph: De Duve was a prolific writer, both in technical and popular works. The most notable works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Guided Tour of the Living Cell" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La cellule vivante, une visite guidée", Pour la Science (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Construire une cellule", Dunod (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blueprint for a Cell: the Nature and Origin of Life" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poussière de vie", Fayard (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vital Dust: Life as a Cosmic Imperative" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "À l’écoute du vivant", éditions Odile Jacob, Paris (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singularities: Landmarks on the Pathways of Life" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singularités: Jalons sur les chemins de la vie", éditions Odile Jacob (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Science et quête de sens", Presses de la Renaissance, (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Génétique du péché originel. Le poids du passé sur l’avenir de la vie", éditions Odile Jacob (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genetics of Original Sin: The Impact of Natural Selection on the Future of Humanity" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Jesus a Jesus... en passant par Darwin", éditions Odile Jacob (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Religious beliefs.

paragraph: De Duve was brought up as a Roman Catholic. In his later years he tended towards agnosticism, if not strict atheism.

paragraph: However, de Duve believed that "Most biologists, today, tend to see life and mind as cosmic imperatives, written into the very fabric of the universe, rather than as extraordinarily improbable products of chance. "It would be an exaggeration to say I'm not afraid of death", he explicitly said to a Belgian newspaper "Le Soir" just a month before his death, "but I'm not afraid of what comes after, because I'm not a believer."

paragraph: He strongly supported biological evolution as a fact, and dismissive of creation science and intelligent design, as explicitly stated in his last book, "Genetics of Original Sin: The Impact of Natural Selection on the Future of Humanity". He was among the seventy-eight Nobel laureates in science to endorse the effort to repeal the Louisiana Science Education Act of 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Marriage.

paragraph: De Duve married Janine Herman on 30 September 1943. Together they had had two sons, Thierry and Alain, and two daughters, Anne and Françoise. Janine died in 2008, aged 86.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Death.

paragraph: De Duve died on 4 May 2013, at his home in Nethen, Belgium, aged 95. He decided to end his life by legal euthanasia, performed by two doctors and in the presence of his four children. He had been long suffering from cancer and atrial fibrillation, and his health problems were exacerbated by a recent fall in his home. He is survived by two sons and two daughters; two brothers, Pierre and Daniel; seven grandchildren; and two greatgrandchildren.

paragraph: De Duve was cremated as he had willed, and his ashes were distributed among family members and friends.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: De Duve won the Francqui Prize for Biological and Medical Sciences in 1960, and the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1974. King Baudouin of Belgium honoured him to Viscount in 1989. He was the recipient of the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1967, and the Dr H.P. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics in 1973 from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

paragraph: He was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences (United States) in 1975. He won the Harden Medal of the Biochemical Society of Great Britain in 1978; the Theobald Smith Award from the Albany Medical College in 1981; the Jimenez Diaz Award in 1985; the Innovators of Biochemistry Award from Medical College of Virginia in 1986; and the E.B. Wilson Medal from the in 1989.

paragraph: He was also a member of the Royal Academies of Medicine and the Royal Academy of Sciences, Arts, and of Literature of Belgium; the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Vatican; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the French National Academy of Medicine; the Academy of Sciences of Paris; the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina; the American Philosophical Society. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1988. In addition, he received honorary doctorates from eighteen universities around the world.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.:Legacy.

paragraph: De Duve founded a multidisciplinary biomedical research institute at Université catholique de Louvain in 1974, originally named the International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology (ICP)

paragraph: He remained its president until 1991. On his 80th birthday in 1997 it was renamed the Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology. In 2005 its name was further contracted to simply the de Duve Institute.

paragraph: De Duve was one of the founding members of the Belgian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, established on 15 September 1951.

paragraph: De Duve is remembered as an inventor of important scientific terminology. He coined the word "lysosome" in 1955, "peroxisome" in 1966, and "autophagy", "endocytosis", and "exocytosis" in one instance at the "Ciba Foundation Symposium on Lysosomes" held in London during 12–14 February 1963, while he, "was in a word-coining mood."

paragraph: De Duve's life, including his work resulting in a Nobel Prize, and his passion for biology is the subject of a documentary film "Portrait of a Nobel Prize: Christian de Duve (Portrait de Nobel : Christian de Duve)", directed by Aurélie Wijnants. It was first aired on Eurochannel in 2012.

description: Belgian biochemist, cytologist

enwikiquote_title: Christian de Duve

wikidata_label: Christian de Duve

wikipedia_title: Christian de Duve


categories: Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games,Water polo players at the 2018 Asian Games,Olympic water polo players of Japan,Japanese male water polo players,Water polo players at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Water polo players at the 2010 Asian Games,Asian Games silver medalists for Japan,Water polo players at the 2014 Asian Games,1991 births,Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan,Asian Games medalists in water polo,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games,Living people

paragraph: Mitsuaki Shiga

description: Waterpolo player

wikidata_label: Mitsuaki Shiga

wikipedia_title: Mitsuaki Shiga


text:
water polo
2016 Summer Olympics

categories: World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo,Olympic medalists in water polo,1987 births,Croatian male water polo players,Water polo players at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games medalists in water polo,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Croatia,Olympic water polo players of Croatia,Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games,Sportspeople from Zagreb,Olympic silver medalists for Croatia,Living people

paragraph: Luka Lončar

paragraph: Luka Lončar (born 26 June 1987) is a Croatian professional water polo player. He was part of the Croatian team at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where the team won the silver medal.

description: Waterpolo player

wikidata_label: Luka Lončar

wikipedia_title: Luka Lončar


text:
French
sprinter
1948 Summer Olympics

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics,People from Saint-Lô,Olympic athletes of France,French male sprinters,1924 births,Sportspeople from Manche,Living people

paragraph: Julien Lebas

paragraph: Julien Lebas (born 9 June 1924) is a retired French sprinter who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics.

description: French sprinter

wikidata_label: Julien Lebas

wikipedia_title: Julien Lebas


text: Gijón

text: Támara Echegoyen

text: Sofía Toro

text: Snipe

text: List of Olympic medalists in sailing

categories: Olympic sailors of Spain,Olympic gold medalists for Spain,Spanish female sailors (sport),Living people,Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Colegio de la Inmaculada (Gijón) alumni,1984 births,Olympic medalists in sailing,Snipe class sailors,Sailors at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Elliott 6m,Real Club Astur de Regatas sailors

paragraph: Ángela Pumariega

paragraph: Ángela Pumariega Menéndez (born 12 November 1984 in Gijón) is a Spanish sailor who won the gold medal in sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Elliott 6m class, in the crew led by Támara Echegoyen and accompanied by Sofía Toro.

paragraph: Previously, she was a junior Spanish champion and second at the Europeans in the Snipe class in 2002 and second at the Spanish women's nationals in 2008 also in Snipe.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in sailing

description: Spanish yacht racer

wikidata_label: Ángela Pumariega

wikipedia_title: Ángela Pumariega


text: cricket

text: football

text: stone

text: Derbyshire County Cricket Club

text: 1900 season

text: goalkeeper

text: Sheffield United

text: Chelsea

text: Bradford City

text: Blackwell

text: Ilkeston Town

text: West Bromwich Albion

text: FA Cup

text: League Championship

text: Who ate all the pies?

text: Sheffield United

text: England

text: Wales

text: 1902 Cup Final

text: Southampton

text: Tom Kirkham

text: Burslem Port Vale

text: Bradford City

text: Sheffield

text: cirrhosis

text: Mitchell and Kenyon

text: Jim Simmons

text: First Division

text: FA Cup

text: Film of Foulke in the 1901 FA Cup Final

text: BBC Guide

text: Chelsea profile

categories: People from Dawley,Chelsea F.C. players,1916 deaths,1874 births,England international footballers,English footballers,English cricketers,Deaths from cirrhosis,Sheffield United F.C. players,English Football League representative players,Bradford City A.F.C. players,Association football goalkeepers

paragraph: William Foulke (footballer)

paragraph: William Henry "Fatty" Foulke (12 April 1874 – 1 May 1916; sometimes spelled "Foulk", "Foulkes") was a professional cricketer and football player in England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Foulke was renowned for his great size ( by some estimates) and weight, reaching perhaps 24 stone (152 kg; 336 lb) at the end of his career, although reports on his weight vary.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: He played four first-class matches for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in the 1900 season, but is remembered primarily as a goalkeeper for Sheffield United although he later played for Chelsea and Bradford City.

paragraph: After being discovered playing for village side Blackwell in a Derbyshire Cup tie at Ilkeston Town, Foulke made his debut for Sheffield United against West Bromwich Albion on 1 September 1894 and led the team to three FA Cup finals (winning two) and a League Championship.

paragraph: According to "The Cat's Pyjamas: The Penguin Book of Cliches" (), the "Who ate all the pies?" chant was first sung in 1894 by Sheffield United supporters, and directed at

paragraph: Foulke's 300 lb (about 136 kg).

paragraph: He also won a single international cap for England in 1897 against Wales.

paragraph: At the end of the first match in the 1902 Cup Final Foulke protested to the officials that Southampton's equalising goal should not have been allowed. Foulke left his dressing room unclothed and pursued the referee, Tom Kirkham, who took refuge in a broom cupboard. Foulke had to be stopped by a group of F.A. officials from wrenching the cupboard door from its hinges to reach the hapless referee. In the replay, Sheffield United won 2–1, with Foulke being required to make several saves to keep United in the match. He was also in goal for United when they suffered an FA Cup exit to Second Division Burslem Port Vale in 1898.

paragraph: He then moved to Chelsea for a fee of £50 and was made club captain. Foulke by now was remarkably temperamental. If he thought his defenders were not trying hard enough, he would walk off the field. Opposing forwards who incurred his displeasure would be picked up and thrown bodily into his goal. He was, however, a great crowd puller, and Chelsea decided to exploit this. To draw even more attention to his size, they placed two small boys behind his goal in an effort to distract the opposition even more. The boys would sometimes run and return the ball when it went out of play, and quite by accident, ball boys came into being. Foulke stayed for just one season before moving to his final club, Bradford City.

paragraph: Foulke died in 1916 and was buried in Burngreave cemetery, Sheffield. His death certificate gives "cirrhosis" as the major cause of death. At some stage after his retirement Foulkes had played a beat-the-goalie contest in Blackpool. In a short obituary to Foulkes a Blackpool newspaper reminded its readers that Foulkes had "appeared in a good [sic] scoring side-show on the spare ground, Britannia Place, South Shore, where many a football aspirant tried their goal-scoring prowess against the once noted goalkeeper" (Blackpool Times, 6 May, 1916).

paragraph: Foulke appears in the Mitchell and Kenyon films, playing in a match on 6 September 1902. His nephew, Jim Simmons, was also a professional footballer.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Sheffield United

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Division: 1898; Runner-up: 1897 and 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup: 1899, 1902; Finalist: 1901

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of English cricket and football players

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film of Foulke in the 1901 FA Cup Final

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Guide

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chelsea profile

description: English footballer

wikidata_label: William Foulke

wikipedia_title: William Foulke (footballer)


text:
Rome
Italian
motorcycle racer
European Superstock 600
2013
2017 Moto2 World Championship
EG 0,0 Marc VDS
Thomas Lüthi
Morbidelli
Grand Prix racing bikes
F1
Gianni Morbidelli
Brazil

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Italian motorcycle racers,1994 births,Sportspeople from Rome,Marc VDS Racing Team MotoGP riders,Italian people of Brazilian descent,Living people

paragraph: Franco Morbidelli

paragraph: Franco Morbidelli (born 4 December 1994 in Rome) is an Italian motorcycle racer. He was the European Superstock 600 champion in 2013. He won the 2017 Moto2 World Championship with EG 0,0 Marc VDS after his closest championship contender Thomas Lüthi was declared unfit for the Malaysian GP following a crash at qualifying.

paragraph: Despite the common misconception, he is not related to Giancarlo Morbidelli, manufacturer of the famed Morbidelli Grand Prix racing bikes, or his son, former Italian F1 driver Gianni Morbidelli. Morbidelli's father is Italian, but his mother is Brazilian.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Grand Prix motorcycle racing.:Races by year.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Franco Morbidelli

wikipedia_title: Franco Morbidelli


text: Urbino

text: Italian

text: motorcycle racer

text: Valentino Rossi

text: wildcard

text: same place

text: Pons Racing Junior Team

text: Kalex

text: Forward Team

text: Qatar

text: Germany

text: Profile on MotoGP.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Italian motorcycle racers,Moto3 World Championship riders,1997 births,Living people

paragraph: Luca Marini

paragraph: Luca Marini (born 10 August 1997 in Urbino) is an Italian motorcycle racer. He is the maternal half-brother of Valentino Rossi.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Marini made his début in the Moto3 World Championship at the 2013 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix as a wildcard, failing to finish the race. In 2015 he got another wildcard entry at the same place, this time in the Moto2 class with Pons Racing Junior Team aboard a Kalex, finishing the race in 21st place.

paragraph: For 2016 Marini was signed by the Forward Team to compete full-time in the same class; he got his first Grand Prix points in Qatar, where he finished in 10th place, and his best result in Germany, where he had a 6th place. Marini still remained with the team for 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Grand Prix motorcycle racing.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Luca Marini

wikipedia_title: Luca Marini


text:
Swiss
motorcycle racer
MotoE World Cup
Energica Ego
2018
Randy Krummenacher
Sepang
2015
Kalex
Indianapolis
Motegi
Phillip Island
2016
Jerez
Sachsenring
Profile on MotoGP.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Living people,1996 births,Sportspeople from Zürich,Swiss motorcycle racers

paragraph: Jesko Raffin

paragraph: Jesko Raffin (born 12 June 1996) is a Swiss motorcycle racer. He currently competes in the MotoE World Cup, aboard a Energica Ego Corsa. He was the FIM CEV Moto2 champion in 2014 and 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Raffin made his debut in the Moto2 World Championship in with GP Team Switzerland as a replacement for the injured Randy Krummenacher; in three races he had an 18th place at Sepang as best finish.

paragraph: After winning the CEV Moto2 Championship in 2014, in 2015 Raffin was back to the Moto2 World Championship as a full-time rider, competing with a Kalex for the Sports-Millions–Emwe–SAG team. He failed to score championship points, as his best result was 17th place, obtained in third occasions—Indianapolis, Motegi and Phillip Island.

paragraph: Raffin remained with the same team for 2016. He achieved his first Grand Prix points at Jerez with a 14th place and a best result of 8th at Sachsenring.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

description: Swiss motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Jesko Raffin

wikipedia_title: Jesko Raffin


text: Afro-Brazilian

text: colony of Brazil

text: Afro-Brazilians

text: Portuguese

text: Dutch forces

text: First

text: Second Battles of Guararapes

text: Salvador, Bahia

text: Portuguese

text: Pernambuco

text: Knighthood

text: Afro-Brazilians

text: Colonial Brazil

text: Dutch Brazil

categories: Brazilian military personnel,People of the Dutch–Portuguese War,Brazilian Roman Catholics,Colonial Brazil,Knights of the Military Order of Christ,1662 deaths

paragraph: Henrique Dias

paragraph: Henrique Dias (died 8 June 1662) was a literate Afro-Brazilian soldier and militia leader born in the Portuguese colony of Brazil. There is no consensus among historians whether he was born free or captive.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Dias led a military regiment composed of enslaved and free Afro-Brazilians and was known as "Governor of the Blacks" in 1636. Dias defended Portuguese settlements from Dutch forces and played important roles in the First and Second Battles of Guararapes, in the defense of Salvador, Bahia, and to restore Portuguese control over Pernambuco. Dias' title was expanded to "Governor of All Creoles, Blacks, and Mulattoes," in 1639.

paragraph: It is debated whether Dias received nobility status within Brazil, some believe Dias was granted Knighthood in The Order of Christ, while others debate Dias never received this title and requested knighthood be granted to the men who marry his daughters. Dias traveled to Portugal and petitioned the crown to grant his requests. Dias requested the enslaved blacks who served with him be freed should have "all the rights and privileges of white units." Dias also requested to be compensated for his efforts and allowed to serve as long as he wished.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allen, Judith L. "Henrique Dias" in "Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture", vol. 2, p. 375. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boxer, C.R., "The Dutch in Brazil, 1624-1654". 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gonsalves de Mello, José Antonio. "Henrique Dias: Governador dos pretos, crioulos, e mulatos do estado do Brasil". 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mattos, Hebe. "Black Troops and Hierarchies of Color in the Portuguese Atlantic World: The Case of Henrique Dias and his Black Regiment," "Luso-Brazilian Review" Volume 45, Number 1, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pita, Sebastião da Rocha, "História da América Portuguesa", Ed. Itatiaia, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell-Wood, A.J.R. "The Black Man in Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Brazil". 1982.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Portuguese America, in Portuguese, by Sebastião da Rocha Pita

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afro-Brazilians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonial Brazil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch Brazil

description: Brazilian soldier

wikidata_label: Henrique Dias

wikipedia_title: Henrique Dias


text: National Freedom Party

text: Zululand District Municipality

text: Inkatha Freedom Party

text: Premier of KwaZulu-Natal

text: 2009 general election

text: 2014 South African general election

text: National Assembly

text: University of Zululand

text: University of Natal

text: University of Durban-Westville

text: Inkatha Freedom Party

text: National Democratic Convention

text: Mangosuthu Buthelezi

text: 2009 general elections

text: National Freedom Party

text: Durban

text: KwaZulu-Natal

text: 2014 general election

text: Jacob Zuma

text: DA

text: Constitution of South Africa

text: Politics in South Africa

text: Provincial governments of South Africa

wikipedia_title: National Democratic Convention (South Africa)

categories: Mayors of places in South Africa,Inkatha Freedom Party politicians,Members of the National Assembly of South Africa,1962 births,Living people

paragraph: Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi

paragraph: Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi was a Member of Parliament and the Deputy Minister of Science and Technology of South Africa, appointed on 5 June 2014. She is also President of the National Freedom Party (NFP). Prior to being elected to Parliament, she served for nineteen years as a councillor, fifteen of those years as Mayor of the Zululand District Municipality. She was formerly chairperson of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the IFP's candidate for Premier of KwaZulu-Natal in the 2009 general election.

paragraph: On 7 May 2014 her new party successfully contested the 2014 South African general elections by receiving 288,742 (1.57%) of the national votes. This outcome placed the NFP in fifth place, winning 6 seats in the National Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Health.

paragraph: She was reported to have suffered a stroke on 16 November 2014 and was taken to hospital in a critical condition.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and Career.

paragraph: Born in rural Makhosini, Magwaza-Msibi is a former school principal who holds a BA degree from the University of Zululand and diplomas (in further education) from the then-University of Natal and (in local government) from the then-University of Durban-Westville.

paragraph: Having joined the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) as a teenager in 1975, Magwaza-Msibi grew up within the IFP. She first served as branch chairperson in 1976. Thereafter, she joined the executive committee of the Youth and the Women’s Brigade 13 years later (1988). This was followed by the deputy chairperson’s position of the Youth Brigade (1998-2003) and later she became the national secretary of the Women’s Brigade.

paragraph: Prior to this, she had occupied several senior administrative positions in the local and town councils, and played a leading role in numerous community projects. In 1995, she was the only woman on the executive board of the Nongoma Transitional Local Council. The following year (1996) she became chairperson of the Emakhosini sub-region, which comprised Ulundi and Babanango.

paragraph: She was appointed as the first mayor of the Zululand District Municipality in 2000 after the first local government elections in the new dispensation.

paragraph: In 2005 she unsuccessfully contested the position of IFP Deputy National Chairperson, losing to Stanley Dladla. However, when the National Chairperson, Ziba Jiyane, left the party to form the National Democratic Convention, Magwaza-Msibi was put forward as a candidate and elected unopposed at the 2006 national conference. As second-in-command in the IFP, she was touted as a potential successor to party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi when he decided to step down.

paragraph: Section::::Party Switch and Formation of NFP.

paragraph: After the IFP's dismal results in the 2009 general elections, members of the party began debating a change in leadership for the upcoming 2011 local government elections. With party leader Buthelezi previously stating in 2005 that he would not seek re-election, the succession battle brewed down to those supporting Magwaza-Msibi (including the Youth Brigade and SADESMO), old-guard leaders supporting general secretary Musa Zondi, and those in the National Council advocating Buthelezi to remain leader to preserve unity. Relations between Magwaza-Msibi and IFP leadership soured after her supporters began openly campaigning for her, with some being expelled from the party for "sowing division" in the party. Magwaza-Msibi eventually left the Inkatha Freedom Party and announced the formation of the National Freedom Party on 25 January 2011 in Durban, saying she accepted her expulsion from the IFP after "more than two years of marginalisation and ostracism". IFP leader Buthelezi, in response, described Magwaza-Msibi's actions as establishing a party based on "disgruntlement and ambition" rather than ideologies or values and that he "struggled to understand how she could inflict such damage on a party she professed to love."

paragraph: The first election contested by the National Freedom Party was the 2011 local government election, a few months after the party's foundation. The NFP achieved success in KwaZulu-Natal and Magwaza-Msibi became Mayor of Zululand District Municipality following a coalition deal between the NFP and the ANC to co-govern 19 hung municipalities in the province.

paragraph: Following the National Freedom Party's success in the 2014 general election, Magwaza-Msibi decided to resign as Mayor of Zululand District Municipality in order to lead the NFP in Parliament. On 25 May 2014, President Jacob Zuma notified Magwaza-Msibi of his intention to appoint her as Deputy Minister of Science & Technology. After consulting with party leadership, she accepted but stated her intention to remain autonomous and maintain her own views. The appointment was derided by members of the DA and IFP as Magwaza-Msibi having "sold out her supporters". She was sworn in on the evening of 6 June.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constitution of South Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the African National Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Politics in South Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Provincial governments of South Africa

description: South African politician

wikidata_label: Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi

wikipedia_title: Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi


text:
athlete
men's high jump
1960 Summer Olympics

categories: Olympic athletes of the United Team of Germany,Sportspeople from Brandenburg,1937 births,People from Jüterbog,Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics,German male high jumpers,People from the Province of Brandenburg,Living people

paragraph: Werner Pfeil

paragraph: Werner Pfeil (born 19 December 1937) is a German athlete. He competed in the men's high jump at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

description: German athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Werner Pfeil

wikipedia_title: Werner Pfeil


text:
Warsaw
Kwadryga
Warsaw Uprising
Polish People's Army

categories: Polish People's Army personnel,Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta,Recipients of the Order of the Banner of Work,Warsaw Uprising insurgents,Polish United Workers' Party members,Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery,1985 deaths,Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland),Polish poets,1907 births

paragraph: Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski

paragraph: Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski (14 March 1907 in Warsaw–27 November 1985 in Warsaw) was a poet, prose writer and translator, a member of the left-wing avant-garde poetry group Kwadryga (Quadriga). Dobrowolski was a participant of the Warsaw Uprising. After the war he served as a political officer of the Polish People's Army.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ю. Л. Булаховская. Станислав Рышард Добровольский: Жизнь и творчество / АН УССР, Ин-т лит. им. Т. Г. Шевченко, Киев. Наук. думка 1990 (Yu. L. Bulakhovskaya. Stanislav Ryshard Dobrovolsky: Life and work / Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Institute of Literature.. T. Shevchenko, Kiev. 1990)

description: Polish poet

wikidata_label: Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski


text:
India
Madras presidency
M.Baliah Naidu
Buchi Babu Naidu
Ranji Trophy
Holkar
Hindu
Ranji
Trophy
Frank Worrell
Fazal Mahmood
Amir Elahi
Peter Loader
V Ramnarayan

categories: Hindus cricketers,Indian cricketers,2010 deaths,Tamil Nadu cricketers,1930 births,India Test cricketers

paragraph: M. Suryanarayan

paragraph: M. Suryanarayan (1930 – 2010) was an Indian first-class cricketer who was born on February 1, 1930 during Madras presidency. M. Suryanarayan is the first son of M.Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the 'Father of South Indian Cricket' the doyen of Madras Cricket. He was also a member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamil Nadu in 1954-1955, which the Madras team won against Holkar. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium bowler. The Hindu describing his Cricket, once said: " His batting resembles very closely that of his father -dashing and carefree -and his cover-drive, a joy to watch, has amazing impetus..."And it added that he had "enriched Madras sport as his father had". His only younger brother M.M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: M.Suryanarayan was a stylish right-hand middle order batsman who played off and cover drives in particularly elegant fashion. A stalwart of Madras cricket in the forties and fifties, `Suri' as he was popularly known, played 11 matches for the state in the Ranji Trophy and earned selection for the Indian team for the fifth and final `Test' against the SJOC team at Lucknow in 1953-54. Suryanarayan proved his mettle by scoring two unbeaten half-centuries against bowlers of the class of Frank Worrell, Fazal Mahmood, Amir Elahi, Khan Mohamed, Loxton, Peter Loader, and Jim McConnel. He Captained Madras and Mysore at the highest levels, besides scoring three centuries before lunch in first-class cricket in Madras and Bangalore. He won the All-India University Tennis Doubles title, Partnering Ramanathan Krishnan, and played in the qualifying rounds of the doubles tournament at Wimbledon. He also won several titles in Table tennis and golf in South Indian Competitions.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: M.Suryanarayan followed in his father's footsteps in many ways. He was a natural at all ball games. M.Suryanarayan did a University of Madras Science degree from Presidency College, then moved into the British Indian world of commerce in Madras and Bangalore before going into business on his own. He also spent some years abroad promoting Indian handlooms on behalf of the Government of India. He published a book written by Suri & Raja (ed), "Buchi Babu (Father of Madras Cricket) and his sporting clan", 1993.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Ramaswami, "My reminiscences", The Sunday Standard(undated), reproduced in Suri & Raja (ed), "Buchi Babu (Father of Madras Cricket) and his sporting clan", 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- V Ramnarayan, "Mosquitos and other Jolly Rovers"

description: Indian cricketer (1930-2010)

wikidata_label: M. Suryanarayan

wikipedia_title: M. Suryanarayan


text:
athlete
women's high jump
1964 Summer Olympics

categories: Brazilian female high jumpers,1937 births,Brazilian pentathletes,Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of Brazil,Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Aída dos Santos

paragraph: Aída dos Santos (born 1 March 1937) is a Brazilian athlete. She competed in the women's high jump at the 1964 Summer Olympics, finishing in 4th place.

description: Brazilian athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Aída dos Santos

wikipedia_title: Aída dos Santos