text: Florence

text: Florence

text: Florentine

text: priest

text: physician

text: herbalist

text: alchemist

text: glassmaker

text: Italy

text: Holland

text: Held

text: The art of glass

text: Held

categories: Glass makers,Italian chemists,17th-century Roman Catholic priests,1576 births,Italian male non-fiction writers,People from Florence,Catholic clergy scientists,Italian non-fiction writers,1614 deaths,17th-century Italian people,Italian Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Antonio Neri

paragraph: Antonio Neri (29 February 1576, Florence – 1614, Florence) was a Florentine priest who published "L’Arte Vetraria" or "The Art of Glass" in 1612. His father was a physician, and he was an herbalist, alchemist, and glassmaker. Neri traveled extensively in Italy and Holland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'arte vetraria distinta in libri sette (The art of glass), 1612 edition printed by Nella Stamperia de'Giunti in Firenze. Held by the Corning Museum of Glass. (Accessed 17 April 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The art of glass, 1662 edition printed by A.W. for O. Pulleyn in London, England. Originally owned by King Charles II. Held by the Corning Museum of Glass. (Accessed 17 April 2014)

description: Italian chemist

wikidata_label: Antonio Neri

wikipedia_title: Antonio Neri


text:
Kyrgyzstan
National University of Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Great Patriotic War
Kyrgyzstan
Order of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Order of the Badge of Honour
Prospect after Aaly Tokombaev
Bishkek
Bibliography

categories: 20th-century male writers,Recipients of the Order of Lenin,National University of Uzbekistan alumni,Soviet poets,Heroes of Socialist Labour,1904 births,1988 deaths,Soviet male writers,Male poets

paragraph: Aaly Tokombaev

paragraph: Aaly Tokombaev (, "Aalı Toqombayev", االى توقومبايەۋ) was born on November 7, 1904, in Kyrgyzstan in the village of Chon-Kemin, which is known as Kemin Raion. Tokombaev was a poet, composer, and a famous novelist who greatly influenced the Kyrgyz nation. In 1927 he graduated from the Middle Asian Community University (presently National University of Uzbekistan, in Tashkent. After graduation, he fully devoted himself to Soviet Kyrgyz literature.

paragraph: In the following years of 1927 through 1940 he began to write a collection of poems. Tokombaev published the collections "Lenin" (1927), "Flowers of Labor" (1932), and "Early Poems" (1934) and the novellas "The Dnieper Empties into the Deep Sea" (1939) and "The Wounded Heart" (1940). Throughout the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) he wrote patriotic and narrative poems through which he expressed his opinions, ideas, and beliefs.

paragraph: In his time Kyrgyzstan was the scene of a struggle between tsarism and Soviet rule. He wrote such novels as "Before the Dawn, Part 1"; "Bloody Years" (1935); "Before the Dawn, Part 2" (1947). Through those books he expressed opinions on the unfair rule and treatment of the Kyrgyz people.

paragraph: He died in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: "(Russian/Kyrgyz titles in parentheses)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "About Lenin" ("Ленин тууралу", 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirror of a woman" ("Зеркало женщины", 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flowers of work" ("Эмгек гүлү", 1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attack" ("Атака", 1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early verses" ("Абалкы ырлар", 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dnestr flow into deep sea" ("Днестр терең деңизге куят", 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wounded heart" ("Жараланган жүрөк", 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With my own eyes" ("Өз көзүм менен", 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My birth certificate" ("Менин метрикам", 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Face to Face" ("Лицом к лицу", 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time flies" ("Время летит", 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Investigation is going on" ("Тергөө жүрүп жатат", 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Melodies of komuz " ("Мелодии комуза", 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We were soldiers" ("Мы были солдатами", 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master" ("Мастер", 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toktogul" ("Токтогул", 2014)

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Lenin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Banner of Labour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Badge of Honour

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Eponyms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prospect after Aaly Tokombaev, a street in southern part of Bishkek, named in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Memorials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aaly Tokmbaev's memorial near Bishkek Opera and Ballet Theater.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Museums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum after A.Tokmbaev in Bishkek

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography at thefreedictionary.com

description: Soviet poet

wikidata_label: Aaly Tokombaev

wikipedia_title: Aaly Tokombaev


text:
City of London Sheriff
Lord Mayor of London
Hall Place
Bexley
Chew Magna
Somerset
Worshipful Company of Skinners
John Stow
Mincing Lane
List of Sheriffs of the City of London
List of Lord Mayors of London

categories: 16th-century Lord Mayors of London,1495 births,Sheriffs of the City of London

paragraph: John Champneys

paragraph: Sir John Champneys (1495–1556) was City of London Sheriff in 1522 and Lord Mayor of London in 1534, when he was knighted.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A merchant, Champneys began the building of Hall Place, Bexley, in about 1537. The son of Robert Champneys of Chew Magna, Somerset, he was a member of the Worshipful Company of Skinners. A contemporary chronicler, John Stow, noted that he was blind in later life: a divine judgment for having added 'a high tower of brick' to his house in Mincing Lane, 'the first that I ever heard of in any private man's house, to overlook his neighbours in this city.'

paragraph: He was buried on 8 October 1556 at St Mary the Virgin, Bexley.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Sheriffs of the City of London

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Lord Mayors of London

description: English merchant and Lord Mayor of London

wikidata_label: John Champneys

wikipedia_title: John Champneys


text:
German
chemist
Karl Fischer titration

paragraph: Karl Fischer (chemist)

paragraph: Karl Fischer (24 March 1901 – 16 April 1958) was a German chemist. In 1935 he published a method to determine trace amounts of water in samples. This method is now called Karl Fischer titration and was originally performed manually but has been automated. It remains the primary method of water content determination used worldwide by government, academia and industry laboratories, including all major chemical manufacturers and petroleum refiners.

description: German chemist

wikidata_label: Karl Fischer

wikipedia_title: Karl Fischer (chemist)


text:
Mérida
Cáceres
spanish civil war
Alianza Republicana
Unión General de Trabajadores
Juan Ramón Jiménez
Unión de Centro Democrático
Medal of Extremadura
Delgado Valhondo Foundation
Fundación Delgado Valhondo

categories: Extremaduran writers,Spanish male writers,1993 deaths

paragraph: Jesús Delgado Valhondo

paragraph: Jesús Delgado Valhondo (19 February 1909 – 23 July 1993) was a Spanish poet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jesús Delgado Valhondo was born in Mérida on 19 February 1909, but after the death of his father his family moved to Cáceres. When he was six he suffered an illness which left him lame. He studied teacher training and in 1934 began his career, but after the spanish civil war he was sanctioned for his affiliation to Alianza Republicana and for his work as Secretary of the Unión General de Trabajadores.

paragraph: He was co-founder of the spanish literary magazine "Alcántara" (1945), and of the Association of Extremaduran Writers (Asociación de Escritores Extremeños), of which today he is honorary president. Through his literary work he received the recognition of artists such as Nobel prize winner Juan Ramón Jiménez who declared:

paragraph: In 1978 he received the "Hispanidad" prize for poetry, in 1979 he became deputy mayor of Badajoz with the Unión de Centro Democrático (Union of the Democratic Centre) and in 1988 he was given the Medal of Extremadura for his human, professional and literary merits.

paragraph: Since his death on 23 July 1993, several compilation books have been published and the Delgado Valhondo Foundation has been created in order to promote his work. The Public State Library in Mérida bears his name.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hojas húmedas y verdes". Alicante, Colección "Leila", 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El año cero". San Sebastián, Cuadernos de poesía "Norte", 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La esquina y el viento". Santander, Colección "Tito Hombre", 1952.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La muerte del momento", en revista Gévora, número 32, Badajoz, 31 junio 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canto a Extremadura", en revista Gévora, números 33–45, Badajoz, 30 agosto 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La montaña". Santander, Colección "La cigarra", 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primera antología". Badajoz, Diputación Provincial, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El secreto de los árboles". Palencia, Colección "Rocamador", 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "¿Dónde ponemos los asombros?". Salamanca, Colección "Álamo", 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canas de Dios en el almendro". Sevilla, Colección "Angaro", 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cerrada claridad". Sevilla, Colección "Angaro", 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La vara de avellano". Sevilla, Colección "Angaro", 1974 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entre la hierba pisada queda noche sin pisar (antología)". Badajoz, Universitas Editorial, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un árbol solo". Badajoz, Institución cultural Pedro de Valencia, Diputación Provincial, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inefable noviembre". Algeciras, Colección "Bahía", 1981; reedited, with several variations under the title "Inefable domingo de noviembre", Cáceres, Institución Cultural "El Brocense", 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesía (1943–1988)". Obras completas. Badajoz, Diputación Provincial, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huir". Badajoz, Del Oeste ediciones, 1994

paragraph: Prose

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yo soy el otoño", colección Alcántara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuentos y narraciones". Cáceres, editorial Extremadura, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ayer y ahora". Badajoz, Universitas Editorial, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abanico". Mérida, Patronato de la Biblioteca Pública, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuentos". Badajoz, Diputación Provincial, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El otro día". Badajoz, Menfis, 1990.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fundación Delgado Valhondo

description: Spanish writer

wikidata_label: Jesús Delgado Valhondo

wikipedia_title: Jesús Delgado Valhondo


text: Hoya

text: Regensburg

text: Lüneburg

text: Johann Stephan Pütter

text: jurisprudence

text: University of Göttingen

text: Hanover

text: Principality of Calenberg

text: Charles Theodore

text: Munich

text: Electorate of the Palatinate

text: Bavaria

text: perpetual diet

text: Regensburg

text: George III

text: Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Ompteda

text: university of Tartu

text: international law

text: Karl Albert von Kamptz

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Napoleon

text: Ompteda, Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von.

text: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

text: Ompteda, Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von.

text: Neue Deutsche Biographie

text: Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

text: Family tree

text: Family tree and short biography

categories: German jurists,1746 births,German collectors,International law scholars,German politicians,German cartographers,1803 deaths,German diplomats,German judges

paragraph: Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda

paragraph: Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda (5 March 1746, Hoya - 18 May 1803, Regensburg) was a Hanoverian jurist and government minister.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda was born in 1746 on his father's estate of Wulmstorf in the Hoya region. His parents were the "hofmeister" and "oberhauptmann" Dietrich August von Ompteda and his wife Beata Magdalena (née von Horn). After an education befitting his noble birth, he studied from 1761 to 1763 at the Ritterakademie Lüneburg with Johann Stephan Pütter, with whom he became friends and who was already studying jurisprudence at the University of Göttingen. On successfully completing his degree, in 1767 Dietrich became ordinary assessor ("Beisitzer") to the Calenberger Hofgerichtes in Hanover, rapidly rising to "Hofrat" in 1770, full "Kriegsrat" in 1774, Hofrichter to the Calenberger Hofgericht in 1778 and to "Landrat" and "Schatzrat" to the Principality of Calenberg in 1782. Aged only 37, in 1783 he became minister-plenipotentiary to the court of Charles Theodore in Munich (who as elector of the Electorate of the Palatinate also became elector of Bavaria in 1777) and diplomatic representative to the perpetual diet at Regensburg for George III (king of Great Britain and prince-elector of Hanover). He held both posts simultaneously until his death in Regensburg in 1803 aged 57. He also educated his nephew Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Ompteda, later an officer in the Napoleonic Wars. In the meantime he studied extensively and accumulated more than two thousand maps for the study of international law, a collection that was acquired two years after his death by the library of the university of Tartu. He married a baroness ("freiin") von der Horst, who in 1770 wrote a French poem in honour of the celebrated founder and curator of the Göttinger Hochschule, prime minister Gerlach Adolph von Münchhausen.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In his 1785 two-volume magnum opus "Literatur des gesamten sowohl natürlichen als positiven Völkerrechts" ("Literature on the entirety of international law, both natural and positive"), von Ompteda significantly expanded on the system of international law begun by von Günther, which previously had only treated the laws of war and peace. Von Ompteda added a third sphere, "Rechte und Verbindlichkeiten der Völker" ("Rights and liabilities of the peoples"), which overrode the laws of war and peace and was only rarely influenced by them. In 1817, long after von Ompteda's death, Karl Albert von Kamptz added a third volume to von Ompteda's magnum opus.

paragraph: Other works by von Ompteda were published anonymously, since George III was regarded as very conservative and difficult and they dealt with the jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire, which were sometimes drastically changed by Napoleon.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:List.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda: "Literatur des ges. sowohl natürlichen als positiven Völkerrechts". Regensburg 1785 (dem kursächsischen Comtialgesandten Carl Anton Friedrich Graf von Hohenthal gewidmet)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (anonymous): "Beleuchtung der unparteiischen Gedanken über Einführung des Simultaneum in Fürstenau und Schlederhaufen". Regensburg 1780,

paragraph: BULLET::::- (anonymous): "Betrachtungen über die Materie der Senate des kaiserlichen und Reichskammergerichts". Regensburg 1788,

paragraph: BULLET::::- (anonymous): "Verzeichniss deren seit Anfang gegenwärtigen Reichstages an selbigen gelangten Receß-Beschwerden gegen kaiserlichen Reichshofrath". 1788,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda: "Geschichte der vormaligen ordentlichen Gerichtskammergerichts-Visitationen und der 200 jährigen fruchtlosen Bemühungen zu deren Wiederherstellung". Regensburg 1792

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Albert von Kamptz: "Neue Literatur des Völkerrechts von 1784-1794, als Ergänzung und Fortsetzung des Werks des Gesandten von Ompteda". Berlin 1817

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- August Ritter von Eisenhart: Ompteda, Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von. In: "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie" (ADB). Vol 24, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1887, S. 354 f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin: Ompteda, Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von. In: "Neue Deutsche Biographie" (NDB). Vol 19. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, S. 534 f.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literature on and by Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda in the catalogue of the Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree and short biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ompteda as founder of a collection of 2,000 maps

paragraph: BULLET::::- Further information on the map collection (PDF; 169 kB)

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda

wikipedia_title: Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda


text:
rugby league
London Broncos
Super League
Crusaders
Manly Sea Eagles
National Rugby League
Australian Schoolboys team
2007 NRL grand final
Melbourne Storm
2008 NRL Grand Final
London Broncos
Mark Bryant Celtic Crusaders Profile
Super League profile
RLeague.com Stats

categories: People from Cowra,Canberra Raiders players,1981 births,Australian rugby league players,Crusaders Rugby League players,Rugby league props,London Broncos players,Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players,Living people

paragraph: Mark Bryant (rugby league)

paragraph: Mark Bryant (born 10 April 1981) is a former professional rugby league footballer who last played for the London Broncos in the Super League. He had previously played for Crusaders and Manly Sea Eagles in the National Rugby League. He played as a .

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: While attending Cootamundra High School, Bryant played for the Australian Schoolboys team in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Bryant started his NRL career with the Canberra Raiders in 2002. Playing only seven first grade games for the Raiders, Bryant moved to the Sea Eagles in 2005. With Manly, he played in the 2007 NRL grand final defeat by the Melbourne Storm as well as the 2008 NRL Grand Final victory over the same opponents.

paragraph: Bryant made the move to the Super League for the 2009 season to play for the Crusaders in their first Super League campaign. Following the demise of the Crusaders, Byrant joined London Broncos, starting in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Bryant Celtic Crusaders Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Super League profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- RLeague.com Stats

description: Australian rugby league player

wikidata_label: Mark Bryant

wikipedia_title: Mark Bryant (rugby league)


text:
Syrian
pan-Arab
Mohammed Abdel Wahab
Bloudan
Arabic
Baligh Hamdi
Jamal Salameh
Ammar El Sherei
Anwar Sadat
Hosni Mubarak
Hani Shaker
Latifa
Assi El Helani
Oum Kulthoum
Bashar al-Assad
Discogs page

categories: Syrian female singers,Living people,1959 births

paragraph: Mayada El Hennawy

paragraph: Mayada El Hennawy (; born October 8, 1959) is a Syrian and pan-Arab singer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born Mayada Bent Bakri El Hennawy in a music-loving family, she was discovered by Egyptian pan-Arab composer musician and singer songwriter Mohammed Abdel Wahab when at age of 18, she was performing in Bloudan, Syria. Abdel Wahab named her "The Songstress of the Generation" (in Arabic مطربة الجيل transliterated as Moutribat el Jeel). and invited her to Egypt to write songs for her. Mayada's sister Faten was also a very promising singer as well.

paragraph: El Hennawy cooperated with some of the biggest known Arab lyricists and music composers, including Abdel Wahab and Mohammed El Mougy.

paragraph: But her biggest launch as a pan-Arab singer came with her collaboration with songwriter Baligh Hamdi in the 1980s. Her most famous songs from Hamdi include "Ana Ba'sha'ak", "El Hob illi Kan", "Ana A'mel Eh", "Sidi Ana", "Indi Kalam" etc. Riad El Sounbati also composed for El Hennawy.

paragraph: In her earlier career, she also sang songs written by Mohammed Sultan, Hilmi Bakr and Jamal Salameh and in the 1990s, Sami El Hefnawi, Salah al Sharnoubi, Mohammed Sultan, Ammar El Sherei, Khaled Al Amir. She was promoted by Egyptian music promoter Mohsen Jaber, owner of Alam El Fan record label and "Mazzika" music station.

paragraph: During the Anwar Sadat and early years of the Hosni Mubarak regimes in Egypt, she was reportedly forbidden from coming to Egypt. Despite that, Mayada El Hennawy has performed in some of the biggest music festivals in Syria and the Arab World, has appeared in great number of television specials, sang in praise of Damascus in "Ya Sham" and in praise of Beirut in "Beyrouth Ya Arous el Sharq" and in the operette composed by Haitham Ziad entitled "Yeslam Trabak Ya Sham" with some of the biggest Arab stars, Hani Shaker, Latifa, Assi El Helani etc.

paragraph: After her album "Touba", she went on a hiatus for many years, surfacing only with some Arab nationalist songs on certain occasions for Syria, Palestine, Algeria, Tunisia, Kurdistan etc. But later launched a new album in 2007 that includes a song written by Baligh Hamdi and originally destined to be sung by Oum Kulthoum. She has also been very verbal in supporting the Bashar al-Assad regime which reportedly led to Kuwaiti authorities banning her from a concert scheduled during the "Hala Febrayer" music festival in Kuwait. El Hennawi is planning a huge comeback reportedly with new albums with Alam El Fan.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discogs page

description: Syrian singer

wikidata_label: Mayada El Hennawy

wikipedia_title: Mayada El Hennawy


text: American

text: activist

text: BMX racer

text: concussion

text: post-concussion syndrome

text: The Knockout Project

text: Jay Fraga Interview Part I

text: Triax Technologies

text: Jay Fraga Interview Part II

categories: 1972 births,American activists,Concussion activists,American people of Azorean descent,Living people

paragraph: Jay Fraga

paragraph: Jason R. "Jay" Fraga (born 1972 in Massachusetts) is an American speaker, activist, and former BMX racer.

paragraph: Jay is the founder and executive director of The Knockout Project. He is an outspoken advocate on the topic of concussion education, having sustained multiple concussions. He suffers from post-concussion syndrome.

paragraph: Fraga argues that concussed athletes are unable to judge the severity of their own injuries and need oversight from medically-qualified sideline observers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Knockout Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jay Fraga Interview Part I, Triax Technologies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jay Fraga Interview Part II, Triax Technologies

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBS "Jay Fraga Concussion Follow Up" extended interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- BMX News "Riding Hurt With Robinson and Fraga" extended interview

wikidata_label: Jay Fraga

wikipedia_title: Jay Fraga


text:
Magic Giant
David Guetta
Listen
Big Time Rush
Jon Batiste
Stay Human
Steve Aoki
Moxie Raia
I Love It When You Cry
Paul Oakenfold
John Legend
Akon
Aloe Blacc
Diplo
will.i.am
Cody Simpson
Adam Levine
Gym Class Heroes
Benny Blanco
Mike Posner
Claude Kelly
Beast
Sammy Adams
Cisco Adler
Washington, D.C.
Summit
David Guetta
Listen
Billboard 200
Jon Batiste
Nickelodeon
Big Time Rush
Vanity Fair
The Colbert Report
Colbert
The Late Show
K-pop
Beast
Oricon Singles Chart
Billboard Hot 100
Steve Aoki
Neon Future II
Paul Oakenfold
Gym Class Heroes
Stereo Hearts
Adam Levine
Cisco Adler
Sammy Adams
Indie folk
MAGIC GIANT
Billboard
KROQ
Spotify
NBC
Today
Hoda Kotb
Kathie Lee Gifford
Elvis Duran
Artist of the Month
ALT 98.7
Rolling Stone
Firefly
Electric Forest
Lightning in a Bottle
Mike Posner
The Revivalists
Beats Antique
Eric Hutchinson
Atlas Genius
Grammy Award
Benny Blanco
Justin Bieber
Bruno Mars
Pitbull
Britney Spears
John Legend
Selena Gomez
Diplo
Robin Thicke
FUN.
Maroon 5
The Black Keys
B.O.B.
Miranda Lambert
MAGIC GIANT: Official site

categories: American male singer-songwriters,Songwriters from Washington, D.C.,1987 births,American singer-songwriters,American record producers,American electronic musicians,21st-century American singers,American multi-instrumentalists,Musicians from Washington, D.C.,Living people

paragraph: Austin Bisnow

paragraph: Austin Bisnow (born June 9, 1987), sometimes referred to as Austin Bis, is an American musician, songwriter, record producer, and lead singer of the band Magic Giant. He has written and produced songs for artists such as David Guetta ("Listen"), Big Time Rush (“Like Nobody’s Around”), Jon Batiste & Stay Human (“Express Yourself”), Steve Aoki & Moxie Raia ("I Love It When You Cry"), and Paul Oakenfold (“Who Do You Love”), where he was also the featured artist. In addition, Bisnow has collaborated with John Legend, Akon, Aloe Blacc, Diplo, will.i.am, Cody Simpson, Adam Levine, Gym Class Heroes, Benny Blanco, Mike Posner, Claude Kelly, Beast, Sammy Adams, and Cisco Adler.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bisnow grew up in Washington, D.C. and is the brother of Elliott Bisnow, best known for being the founder and CEO of Summit. Summit helped Austin co-found the organization Get Well Soon Tour. Austin is the son of Mark Bisnow, Harvard Law School graduate and media entrepreneur.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bisnow is a writer, producer and pianist on the title track of David Guetta’s 2014 album "Listen". The album went No. 1 on Billboard's Dance Electronic Chart the day it was released, reached No. 4 on the "Billboard 200" making it Guetta's highest charting album in the US, and has gone No. 1 in over 50 countries worldwide.

paragraph: Bisnow has two additional #1s on the Billboard charts for his work as a writer and producer on the Jon Batiste & Stay Human single, “Express Yourself” and on the Nickelodeon Boy Band, Big Time Rush single, “Like Nobody’s Around", which saw its music video premiere on Vevo during the 2013 "Kids' Choice Awards". According to Vanity Fair, Batiste & Stay Human's "stirring" performance of "Express Yourself" on "The Colbert Report" in 2014 must be connected with Colbert's decision to name Batiste as the bandleader on his new iteration of "The Late Show". In June 2015, Bisnow's work with K-pop group, Beast achieved 1st place on the daily Oricon Singles Chart (Japan's equivalent to US Billboard Hot 100). Bisnow also co-wrote the lead single "I Love It When You Cry (Moxoki)" off Steve Aoki's 2015 release, "Neon Future II."

paragraph: As a solo artist, Bisnow was featured on electronic music DJ Paul Oakenfold’s 2013 single, “Who Do You Love” which Bisnow also penned and performed on stage with Oakenfold in both Hollywood and Vancouver.

paragraph: As a musician, Bisnow played Fender Rhodes on the Billboard No. 1 (US Mainstream Top 40) Gym Class Heroes’ “Stereo Hearts" feat. Adam Levine” and organ on Cisco Adler’s “Classic” as well as the remix featuring Sammy Adams.

paragraph: Section::::MAGIC GIANT.

paragraph: In early 2014, Bisnow formed the Indie folk band MAGIC GIANT. Its singles "Set On Fire" charted top 30 on Billboard's Alternative chart, #1 on KROQ's "Locals Only" and #4 on Spotify's US Viral 50 while its single, "Window" has charted top 40 on Billboard's Hot AC and Adult Pop charts.

paragraph: The band appeared on NBC's "Today" show with Hoda Kotb and Kathie Lee Gifford as Elvis Duran's Artist of the Month, where they performed live their hit "Set on Fire". The group was chosen as ALT 98.7's Artist in Residence and named by Rolling Stone as one of 10 New Artists You Need to Know.

paragraph: The group has played festivals such as Firefly, Electric Forest, and Lightning in a Bottle and toured with artists such as Mike Posner, The Revivalists, Beats Antique, Eric Hutchinson, and Atlas Genius. It was announced the band would be performing at Coachella and BottleRock in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Get Well Soon Tour.

paragraph: In 2011, Bisnow teamed up with Grammy Award-winning producer Benny Blanco to create the non-profit Get Well Soon Tour, which aims to bring joy to children in hospitals through surprise visits from superstar musicians around the US. Since their first visit with Justin Bieber on Valentine's Day, 2011, the “tour” has brought artists like Bruno Mars, Pitbull, Britney Spears, John Legend, Selena Gomez, Diplo, Robin Thicke, FUN., and Maroon 5. In 2013, Get Well Soon Tour got several patients backstage access at The Grammys to meet The Black Keys, B.O.B. and Miranda Lambert.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MAGIC GIANT: Official site

wikidata_label: Austin Bis

wikipedia_title: Austin Bisnow


text:
crofting
Iochdar
South Uist
Outer Hebrides
Glasgow
marram grass
Gaelic
Lovat Scouts
Faroe Islands
schizophrenia
Craig Dunain Hospital
Daliburgh
art therapist
Jean Dubuffet
Tom McGrath
Art Brut
Pittenweem
Lochmaddy
Donnie Munro
Runrig
Britspotting
Roger Hutchinson
Horse and Bamboo Theatre
Am Baile: work
Weaver of Grass blog
Joanne B Kaar blog
Mike Inglis website
The Weaver of Grass

categories: British Yeomanry soldiers,Scottish artists,People with schizophrenia,People from the Outer Hebrides,1997 deaths,Outsider artists,History of mental health in the United Kingdom,Scottish soldiers,1916 births,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Angus McPhee

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: MacPhee was born into a crofting family from Eochar/Iochdar, South Uist (Outer Hebrides), although he was actually born in Nettlehole, west of Glasgow, whilst his father worked as a hired hand before returning to Uist to settle when Angus was 7. As a young boy on the croft, he learnt how to make ropes and horse-harness from the abundant marram grass or muirineach on the island. He showed some skills playing music and singing, loved horses, but otherwise appeared to be a normal child of a poor crofting family. Although as a young child he was brought up in a Scots English-speaking community, on the island he soon became a fluent speaker of Gaelic.

paragraph: MacPhee served with the Lovat Scouts, and rode on horseback to join them at Beaufort Castle, where the horse was sold for £70. Angus was garrisoned in the Faroe Islands during World War II, where he became increasingly mentally ill. No one knew what caused this illness. He returned home on the croft, but he became mute, sullen and self-absorbed. His family noticed his animals became neglected, and soon he was moved to Larbert Asylum. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1946, and spent much of the rest of his life in Craig Dunain Hospital. He fell largely silent and according to Joyce Laing, an art therapist who came across MacPhee in the 1970s, he didn't speak for more than 50 years. There is some uncertainty about how totally mute MacPhee actually was, and the first full biography of MacPhee, by Roger Hutchinson shows there was evidence that MacPhee spoke a little to a few close friends in Craig Dunain, in Gaelic. Whatever, the fact seems to be that he remained largely silent for 50 years.

paragraph: Described as 'the quiet big man', he was admitted to the farm ward of the hospital, Kinmylies House. There he tended the animals and worked on the lands. He was a steady and hard worker and had a particular affection for horses. During his free time, MacPhee wandered the hospital grounds in search of materials and created objects woven mostly from grass, sheep wool and beech leaves. He made garments, hats, caps, pouches, harnesses and the like, which he liked to hide under the bushes. He was completely silent as to their purpose.

paragraph: In the 1990s, as part of the movement to return psychiatric patients to the community, Angus was moved back to South Uist, and lived until his death in the Old People's Nursing Home in Daliburgh within an hours' drive of his remaining family. Joyce Laing recalls visiting him and showing him a photograph of a favourite horse. To her surprise Angus briefly spoke, commenting on the horse. She hoped that he might eventually reveal his story to her but within a short time he died.

paragraph: Section::::Work and influence.

paragraph: In 1977 he was found as an inmate of Craig Dunain by Joyce Laing, an art therapist. Under the influence of Jean Dubuffet and others, she was searching, with the playwright Tom McGrath, for 'Art Brut' artists. Laing was able to rescue a number of pieces of work by MacPhee which are now in the collection of the Pittenweem 'Art Extraordinary Gallery'. She wrote the book "Angus McPhee: Weaver of Grass" for an April 2000 exhibition for the Taigh Chearsabhagh Art Trust in Lochmaddy, and she continued to visit MacPhee until his death. In Roger Hutchinson's 'The Silent Weaver' he develops a case for seeing MacPhee's weaving as a way of Angus finding his way back to a kind of health or mental equilibrium by creatively using traditional craft skills and developing them into a unique form of expression.

paragraph: In 1997 the Mackenzie Sisters included a self-written song 'A'fighe le feur' (Weaver of Grass) on their first album Camhanach, inspired by the unusual story of Angus MacPhee. Sung in Gaelic the English translation of the opening is "Have you ever heard a stranger sound than Angus MacPhee knitting with grass?". In 2004 Donnie Munro (ex-Runrig) included his song 'Weaver of Grass' inspired by the story of Angus MacPhee in his album 'Fields of the Young'.

paragraph: In 2004, a documentary was made of his life by Nick Higgins: "Hidden Gifts: The Mystery of Angus MacPhee" (IMDB), which won the 2005 Britspotting award. This includes some home-movie footage of Angus back in Uist, towards the end of his life.

paragraph: In 2011 a new book entitled "The Silent Weaver" by Roger Hutchinson was published, the fullest and best researched account yet of MacPhee's life and his place as an artist. His story has also been developed as a theatre production, called 'Angus – Weaver of Grass', by Horse and Bamboo Theatre which has toured extensively in the Highlands and Islands during the summers of 2012 and 2013, also appearing in London, Oxford and Lancashire. The Caithness fibre artist, Joanne B Kaar, has worked alongside Horse + Bamboo Theatre on their production, and directly with Joyce Laing. In the process she has rediscovered the techniques used by Angus MacPhee and has recreated some of his garments both for the theatre production, and for the collection in Pittenweem.

paragraph: In 2011/2012 artist Mike Inglis incorporated textures and outfits directly influenced by the stories and artefacts of Angus into his 65-metre permanent Public Art wall installation in Inverness. He is currently developing a new body of work entitled "Chasing the Ghost of Angus McPhee" supported by Creative Scotland and University of Edinburgh research grants which further develops themes surrounding Scottish identity and culture as well as his obsession with Angus and it will be shown in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Am Baile: work

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weaver of Grass blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanne B Kaar blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mike Inglis website

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Weaver of Grass, biography, Weaver of Grass exhibition, Am Baile Gaelic village

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Angus McPhee

wikipedia_title: Angus McPhee


text: ink and wash painting

text: Muromachi period

text: samurai

text: Rinzai

text: Zen Buddhist

text: Tenshō Shūbun

text: Chinese

text: Song dynasty

text: Ming China

text: Bitchū Province

text: Okayama Prefecture

text: Zen

text: Sōja

text: calligraphy

text: Kyoto

text: Shōkoku-ji

text: Tenshō Shūbun

text: Chinese

text: Song dynasty

text: Ma Yuan

text: Xia Gui

text: Guo Xi

text: Yamaguchi Prefecture

text: Ōuchi clan

text: Ming dynasty

text: Beijing

text: Tokyo National Museum

text: Ōnin War

text: Ōita Prefecture

text: Kyūshū

text: Masuda

text: Shimane

text: Iwami Province

text: Haboku sansui

text: Tango Province

text: Hasegawa Tōhaku

text: Tenshō Shūbun

text: Xia Gui

text: National Treasure of Japan

text: Haboku Sansui

text: Landscape by Sesshū

text: Higashiyama Bunka

text: Muromachi period

text: Buddhism in Japan

text: List of Rinzai Buddhists

text: Haboku

text: "Ancien Japon."

text: Papinot, Edmond

text: Sesshū at Japanese Arts

text: Masterpieces by Sesshū

categories: Japanese Zen Buddhists,Zen Buddhist monks and priests,Rinzai Buddhists,Japanese portrait painters,People from Okayama Prefecture,1506 deaths,1420 births

paragraph: Sesshū Tōyō

paragraph: Sesshū Tōyō (; Oda Tōyō since 1431, also known as "Tōyō", "Unkoku", or "Bikeisai"; 1420 – 26 August 1506) was the most prominent Japanese master of ink and wash painting from the middle Muromachi period. He was born into the samurai Oda family (小田家), then brought up and educated to become a Rinzai Zen Buddhist priest. However, early in life he displayed a talent for visual arts, and eventually became one of the greatest Japanese artists of his time, widely revered throughout Japan and China.

paragraph: Sesshū studied under Tenshō Shūbun and was influenced by Chinese Song dynasty landscape painting. In 1468–69, he undertook a voyage to Ming China, where too he was quickly recognized as an outstanding painter. Upon returning to Japan, Sesshū built himself a studio and established a large following, painters that are now referred to as the "Unkoku-rin" school—or "School of Sesshū". Although many paintings survive that bear Sesshū's signature or seal, only a few can be securely attributed to him. His most well-known work is the so-called "Long Landscape Scroll" (山水長巻, "Sansui chōkan").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sesshū was born in Akahama, a settlement in Bitchū Province, which is now part of western Okayama Prefecture. His family name was Oda, but his original name is unknown. He received the name Tōyō in 1431, when he was enrolled at the Hōfuku-ji, a Zen temple in Sōja. Kanō Einō's "History of Japanese Painting" ("Honchogashi"), a 17th-century source, contains a well-known anecdote about the young Sesshū: apparently the future painter did not study Zen with enough dedication, preferring instead to spend his time drawing. Once, he was punished for disobedience and tied to a pillar in the hall of the temple. After a while, a priest came to see him and jumped up with surprise—there was a mouse very close to Sesshū's foot. However, it was actually a picture which Sesshū had painted with his tears. Although the story is famous, its authenticity is questionable. At any rate, during his early studies Sesshū would have received instruction not only in religion, but also calligraphy and painting.

paragraph: Around 1440 Sesshū left Bitchū for Kyoto, a large city which was then the capital of Japan. He lived as a monk at Shōkoku-ji, a famous Zen temple. There, Sesshū studied Zen under Shunrin Suto (春林周藤), a famous Zen master, and painting under Tenshō Shūbun, the most highly regarded Japanese painter of the time. Shūbun's style, like that of most Japanese Zen painters, was inspired by Chinese Song dynasty painters such as Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Guo Xi, and others. There are no surviving works by Sesshū from this period, but even his late work shows similar influences. Sesshū spent some 20 years in Kyoto, and then left for Yamaguchi Prefecture to become chief priest of Unkoku temple. It was around this time that he started calling himself "Sesshū" ("snow boat").

paragraph: Yamaguchi was where many Japanese expeditions to China started, and perhaps Sesshū's choice of the city was dictated by a wish to visit that country. He secured an invitation from Ōuchi clan, the lords of Yamaguchi and one of the most powerful families in Japan, and joined a trading trip; in 1468 he landed in Southern China. His duties were to buy Chinese works of art for wealthy Japanese patrons, and to visit and study at Chinese Zen temples. Although the artist himself was disappointed in the art of Ming dynasty, which deviated very far from Song models, he was very taken with Chinese nature and temples. He was quickly recognized as an important painter, and a contemporary source indicates that he may have received a commission from the Imperial Palace at Beijing. Whether this is true, or whether he accepted is unknown; the best surviving works of the period are four landscape scrolls currently in the collection of Tokyo National Museum.

paragraph: Sesshū stayed in China until 1469. Because of the Ōnin War, he could not stay in Yamaguchi, and settled instead in Ōita Prefecture in Kyūshū, where he built a studio, "Tenkai Zuga-rō". He occupied himself with painting and teaching, and frequently made trips to various areas of Japan. On one of such trips, in 1478, Sesshu went to Masuda, Shimane, on invitation from Kanetaka Masuda, the lord of Iwami Province. The painter entered the Sūkan-ji (崇観寺), made two Zen gardens there, and painted the portrait of Masuda Kanetaka, and "The Birds and Flowers of Four Seasons".

paragraph: In 1486 Sesshū came back to Yamaguchi. Many of his extant works date from the last years of his life, including "Long Landscape Scroll" ("Sansui Chōkan", 1486), "Splashed-ink Landscape" (破墨山水 "Haboku sansui") (1495), and others. One such work, "View of Ama-no-Hashidate" (c. 1501–05), is a bird's eye view of a famous sandbar in Tango Province. To paint it, the artist, who was already well into his eighties, had to climb a tall mountain, so evidently he was still in good health. In 1506, he died, aged 87. A single self-portrait of Sesshū is known through a later copy made by a follower.

paragraph: Section::::Paintings.

paragraph: Although numerous works from the period bear Sesshū's signature, name, or seal, only a few can be securely attributed to him. Many are either copies or works by the artist's pupils; and several painters, including Hasegawa Tōhaku, even used Sesshū's name for artistic reasons. Artists most influenced by Sesshū's approach to painting are referred to as belonging to the "School of Sesshū" ("Unkoku-rin" school).

paragraph: Perhaps the most important surviving work by the master is the so-called "Long Scroll of Landscapes" ("Sansui Chokan"): a 50-feet (15 meters) scroll depicting the four seasons in the sequence spring—summer—autumn—winter. As is usual for the period and the work of Sesshū's teacher Tenshō Shūbun, style and technique are heavily influenced by Song-dynasty Chinese paintings, in particular the works of Xia Gui. However, Sesshū alters the Chinese model by introducing more pronounced contrast between light and shadow, thicker, heavier lines, and a flatter effect of space. There are two other large landscape scrolls attributed to Sesshū. The smaller "Four Seasons" scroll ("Short Scroll of Landscapes") exhibits qualities similar to those of "Sansui Chokan", only featuring somewhat more free technique. "View of Ama-no-Hashidate", painted shortly before the artist's death, is a radical departure from the Chinese tradition: the painting presends a realistic bird's eye view of a particular landscape.

paragraph: Other famous works by Sesshū include the Buddhist picture "Huike Offering His Arm to Bodhidharma", painted in 1496 and designated as National Treasure of Japan in 2004, and a pair of decorative screens depicting flowers and birds.

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.:Landscapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Landscape of the Four Seasons", four landscape scrolls (before 1469; Tokyo National Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Landscapes of Autumn and Winter", two hanging scrolls (c. 1470–90; Tokyo National Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Short Scroll of Landscapes" (c. 1474–90; Kyoto National Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Long Scroll of Landscapes" ("Sansui Chokan") (c. 1486; Mori Collection, Yamaguchi, Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Haboku Sansui", "splashed-ink" technique scroll (1495; Tokyo National Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "View of Ama-no-Hashidate" (c. 1502–05; Kyoto National Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Landscape by Sesshū"

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Masuda Kanetaka" (1479; Masuda Collection, Tokyo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huike Offering His Arm to Bodhidharma" ("Daruma and Hui K’o") (1496; Sainen-ji, Aichi, Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flowers and Birds", pair of sixfold screens (undated; Kosaka Collection, Tokyo)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Higashiyama Bunka in Muromachi period

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhism in Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Rinzai Buddhists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haboku

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appert, Georges and H. Kinoshita. (1888). "Ancien Japon." Tokyo: Imprimerie Kokubunsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond. (1906) "Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon." Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha...Click link for digitized 1906 "Nobiliaire du japon" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kiyoshi Miyamoto, The former curator of Sesshu Memorial Museum (1997) Sesshu Memorial Museum Magazine Nos. 4–6 ...Click link for the information of Sesshu Memorial Museum

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sesshū at Japanese Arts, includes information on paintings and a picture of one of Sesshū's Zen gardens

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masterpieces by Sesshū, images of works attributed to Sesshū, from an album edited by Shiichi Tajima

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sesshū Memorial Museum at Masuda City Website, includes a large biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landscapes of Autumn and Winter by Sesshū, Tokyo National Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Sesshū Tōyō (see index)

alias:
雪舟
Toĭo Oda
Tōyō Sesshū
Tōyō Oda
Sesshū
Sesshu Toyo
Sesshuu Touyou

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Sesshū Tōyō

wikipedia_title: Sesshū Tōyō


text:
the Hague
Leiden
Hermann Boerhaave
University of Vienna
Vienna
Gerard van Swieten
post-mortem
thermometer
temperature
amenorrhea
pituitary
tumor
Digital edition
University and State Library Düsseldorf
Oxford Journals
Heirs of Hippocrates No. 868
German Wikipedia

categories: 1704 births,People from The Hague,18th-century Austrian physicians,1776 deaths

paragraph: Anton de Haen

paragraph: Anton de Haen (December 8, 1704 – September 5, 1776) was an Austrian physician of Dutch ancestry born in the Hague.

paragraph: He studied medicine in Leiden under Hermann Boerhaave, and in 1754 went to the University of Vienna, where he became head of its medical clinic. He is remembered for teaching students at the bedside of patients.

paragraph: At Vienna, Anton de Haen was an associate to Gerard van Swieten, whom he worked with in the establishment of structured medical classes. He was an advocate of post-mortem investigations, as well as maintaining detailed case histories of patients. He was one of the first physicians to make routine use of the thermometer in medicine, and perceived that temperature was a valuable indication of illness and health.

paragraph: Among his written works was "Ratio medendi in nosocomio practico", of which 18th century Viennese hospital practices and case histories are discussed. This treatise also described one of the earliest known cases of amenorrhea associated with a pituitary tumor.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aletophilorum quorundam Viennensium elucidatio necessaria Epistolae de cicuta" . J. Th. von Trattner, [S.l.]; Vindobonae 1766 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oxford Journals A Brief History of the Clinical Thermometer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heirs of Hippocrates No. 868 Anton de Haen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parts of this article are based on a translation of the equivalent article from the German Wikipedia."

description: Austrian physician

wikidata_label: Anton de Haen

wikipedia_title: Anton de Haen


text:
Baoshan
Communist Party of China
12 April Incident
Zhou Enlai
Chiang Kai-shek
Xiang Zhongfa
Suzhou
Philip Short
Frederic Wakeman

categories: Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,Chinese assassins,1903 births,Executed people from Shanghai,Chinese spies,Executed Republic of China people,Members of the 5th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,Chinese magicians,1934 deaths,People executed by the Republic of China

paragraph: Gu Shunzhang

paragraph: Gu Shunzhang (1903－1934), also known as Gu Fengming, born in Baoshan, Shanghai, was a leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC).

paragraph: In his earlier life worked at Nanyang Tobacco Factory, where he became an active participant of workers' movement, then of the Shanghai Trade Union and finally of the CPC. In 1926 Gu was sent to the Soviet Union (Vladivostok) for training as a spy; after his return he participated thrice in the armed uprisings in Shanghai.

paragraph: In 1927, after the 12 April Incident, he became an active member of the underground communist movement together with Zhou Enlai, held numerous posts and finally became the Head of the Chinese Politburo's security service. Known as a magician, in fact he personally participated in physical extermination of the CPC betrayers and thus became famous as a party activist.

paragraph: On 24 April 1931, while giving a performance in Wuhan (P.Short: he was assigned to assassinate Chiang Kai-shek), Gu was identified from a photograph by the GMD special service. After the arrest he was persuaded to defect, thus causing the execution of several thousand communists over the next three months (according to the estimation of the French intelligence bureau in Shanghai). Among those shot was Xiang Zhongfa, the General Secretary of CPC.

paragraph: As retribution, members of his family were killed, except his young daughter and nephew, allegedly on the order of Zhou Enlai.

paragraph: In the following years Gu was an effective coach of the Nanjing intelligence service, secretly organized a "New Communist Party" in 1934, and was ordered shot by Chiang. The execution took place in Suzhou in December 1934 (June 1935?).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Short, "Mao: a Life", pp 281–282

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederic Wakeman, "Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937", pp. 151–161

description: Chinese politician

wikidata_label: Gu Shunzhang

wikipedia_title: Gu Shunzhang


text:
Norwegian
cross country skier
1924 Winter Olympics
50 kilometre competition
18 kilometre event
Cross-country skiing 1924

categories: 1895 births,Olympic cross-country skiers of Norway,Norwegian male cross-country skiers,1977 deaths,Cross-country skiers at the 1924 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Jon Mårdalen

paragraph: Jon Mårdalen (August 18, 1895 – December 5, 1977) was a Norwegian cross country skier who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: In 1924 he finished fourth in the 50 kilometre competition as well as fourth in the 18 kilometre event.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross-country skiing 1924

description: Norwegian cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Jon Mårdalen

wikipedia_title: Jon Mårdalen


text:
American
United States House of Representatives
6th congressional district
Tennessee
Nashville, Tennessee
Davidson County
University of Nashville
Vanderbilt University
bar
Democrat
Fifty-fifth
Sixty-first Congress
interred
Mount Olivet Cemetery

categories: People from Nashville, Tennessee,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee,Vanderbilt University alumni,1926 deaths,1860 births,Tennessee Democrats

paragraph: John W. Gaines

paragraph: John Wesley Gaines (August 24, 1860 – July 4, 1926) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 6th congressional district of Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gaines was born in Wrecoe, near Nashville, Tennessee in Davidson County, son of John and Maria Wair Gaines. He attended private and public schools, in which he also taught. He studied law at home, studied medicine, and graduated from the University of Nashville. He graduated from the Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1882. He never practiced medicine, but the day after graduation he resumed the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1884 and commenced practice in Nashville in 1885.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-fifth and the five succeeding Congresses, Gaines served from March 4, 1897 to March 3, 1909. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1908 to the Sixty-first Congress. He continued to practice law in Nashville, Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On July 4, 1926 (age 65 years, 314 days), Gaines died in Nashville. He is interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: John W. Gaines

wikipedia_title: John W. Gaines


text:
Robert Louis Stevenson
Leslie Stephen
Walter Scott
Kirkcaldy
James Rae
Edinburgh
Walter Scott
measles
meningitis
Pilkington Jackson
Emily Pepys
H. B. Farnie
North British Review
John Brown
Robert Louis Stevenson
Leslie Stephen
Mark Twain
Pope
Gray
Ann Radcliffe
Maria Edgeworth
Hannah More
Oriel Malet
Trivia Library biography
Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Retrieved 21 February 2012.

categories: Women memoirists,Deaths from meningitis,Scottish women poets,Women diarists,19th-century Scottish poets,Scottish women writers,1811 deaths,Scottish diarists,19th-century British women writers,British child writers,People from Kirkcaldy,1803 births

paragraph: Marjorie Fleming

paragraph: Marjorie Fleming (also spelt Marjory; 15 January 1803 – 19 December 1811) was a Scottish child writer and poet. She gained appreciation from Robert Louis Stevenson, Leslie Stephen, and possibly Walter Scott.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland on 15 January 1803, Marjorie was the third child of the Kirkcaldy accountant James Fleming (died c. 1840) and his wife Isabella (daughter of James Rae), also the name of her elder sister and of her cousin and friend Miss Crauford (variously spelled). Her uncle Thomas Fleming was minister of Kirkaldy parish church. Her mother's relations were acquainted in Edinburgh with the young Walter Scott.

paragraph: Marjorie spent most of her sixth, seventh and eighth years in Edinburgh under the tutelage of a cousin, Isabella Keith, who was about 17. Her copybooks begin with a somewhat startling, laconic tribute to Isabella Keith: "Many people are hanged for Highway robbery Housebreking Murder &c. &c. Isabella teaches me everything I know and I am much indebted to her she is learnen witty & sensible."

paragraph: The diary includes a wide variety of observations: "The Monkey gets as many visitors as I or my cousins." "I like to here [sic] my own sex praised but not the other." "I never read Sermons of any kind but I read Novelettes and my bible."

paragraph: Marjorie returned to Kirkcaldy in July 1811, but wrote on 1 September in a letter to Isabella Keith, "We are surrounded with measles at present on every side." She herself contracted measles in November and apparently recovered, but then died, of what was described as "water on the head" and is now considered to have been meningitis, on 19 December 1811. She was a month short of her ninth birthday.

paragraph: The monument marking her grave, south of the old parish church in Kirkcaldy, was not erected until 1930. It was designed by Pilkington Jackson.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: Marjorie is best remembered for a diary that she kept for the last 18 months of her life. Diary keeping by children was encouraged in the United Kingdom throughout the 19th century. (A notable published example from a generation later is that of the English girl Emily Pepys.)

paragraph: The manuscripts of her writings are now kept in the National Library of Scotland. However, for fifty years after her death they remained unpublished. The first account of her, with long extracts from the journals, was given by a London journalist, H. B. Farnie, in the "Fife Herald", and then reprinted as a booklet entitled "Pet Marjorie: a Story of Child Life Fifty Years Ago.

paragraph: The rumour that Marjorie's poems were admired by Walter Scott derives from an 1863 article in the "North British Review" by Dr John Brown MD of Edinburgh. He acknowledged a debt to Marjorie's younger sister Elizabeth Fleming (1809–1881) for the loan of the letters and journals. He included twice as much as Farnie from the latter, as well as 100 lines of her verse. The direct, albeit sole evidence of Scott's interest appears in a long letter from Elizabeth to Brown.

paragraph: The life and writings of Marjorie Fleming became hugely popular in the Victorian period, although the editions published were severely truncated and re-worked, as some of her language was thought inappropriate for an eight-year-old to use. Even Lachlan Macbean's editions of 1904 and 1928 relied on earlier bowdlerized texts.

paragraph: The Sidgwick edition of 1934, which followed a facsimile edition of the same year, cites two other famous literary admirers. On the dust jacket, Robert Louis Stevenson is quoted as saying, "Marjory Fleming was possibly – no, I take back possibly – she was one of the noblest works of God." Leslie Stephen, in the entry he gave her in "The Dictionary of National Biography" in 1898, claimed that "no more fascinating infantile author has ever appeared."

paragraph: Mark Twain's account of her is something of a reaction to the "queasy sensations" caused by Brown's sentimentality: "She was made out of thunder-storms and sunshine, and not even her little perfunctory pieties and shop-made holinesses could squelch her spirits or put out her fires for long... and this tainted butter soon gets to be as delicious to the reader as are the stunning and worldly sincerities around it every time her pen takes a fresh breath."

paragraph: Marjory's "appetite for books" is noted, among others, by Kathryn Sunderland in her entry for the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography": "She records enjoying the poems of Pope and Gray, the Arabian Nights, Ann Radcliffe's 'misteris [sic] of udolpho', the Newgate calendar, and 'tails' by Maria Edgeworth and Hannah More." This literary bent is apparent also in the sometimes pithy comments in the journals and in her valiant attempts to write in rhyming couplets. Two of her verses are longer pieces probably inspired by history lessons: "The Life of Mary Queen of Scots by M. F." and "The Life of the King Jamess", dealing briefly with the first five Scottish kings of that name.

paragraph: "Marjorie" is a spelling popularized by her later editors. "Marjory" was the spelling used by the Fleming family. Her familiar names included Madgie, Maidie, Muff and Muffy, but Pet is not recorded before the appearance of Farnie's account of her. Nonetheless, "'Pet Marjorie' is now carved on her (modern) tombstone in Abbotshall Kirkyard at Kirkcaldy."

paragraph: Marjorie's life and the legend that formed around her writings is analysed in the first chapter of Alexandra Johnson's "The Hidden Writer: Diaries and the Creative Life". Johnson says that as Marjorie continued to write under the tutelage of her cousin, she "discovered that every writer has a critic shadowing her shoulder. The drama of her journals is watching who won."

paragraph: Fleming was also the subject of a fictionalized biography by Oriel Malet.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trivia Library biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- A sketch of Marjorie by Isabella Keith: Retrieved 21 February 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A picture of the 1930 monument in Abbotshall Kirkyard, with a close-up of the inscription: Retrieved 21 February 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plaques to Marjorie in Kirkaldy: Retrieved 21 February 2012.

description: British writer

wikidata_label: Marjorie Fleming

wikipedia_title: Marjorie Fleming


text: backstroke

text: swimmer

text: Croatia

text: 2003 World Aquatics Championships

text: 2000 in Athens

text: European Championships

text: Istanbul, Turkey

text: Summer Olympics

text: Rijeka

text: Croatian national swimming team

text: Tomislav Karlo

text: European Olympic Committees

categories: World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Male backstroke swimmers,Croatian male swimmers,Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Franjo Bučar Award winners,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Croatia,Croatian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent,Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Croatian sports executives and administrators,Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming,Living people,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),1976 births,Olympic swimmers of Croatia,Deloitte people,Sportspeople from Zagreb,Former world record holders in swimming,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Gordan Kožulj

paragraph: Gordan Kožulj (born 28 November 1976) is a former backstroke swimmer from Croatia.

paragraph: During his sporting career, Gordan achieved numerous successes some of them are: US (1998), Europe (2000, 2001, 2002) and World (2000) swimming championship titles, and breaking European (100m backstroke) and World (200m backstroke) short course swimming records. More specifically, at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships he won a silver medal in 200 m backstroke. In 2000 in Athens he became a world champion in 200 m backstroke (short course).

paragraph: In 1999 he won two silver medals at the European Championships in Istanbul, Turkey. Later on, in 2000 and 2002 he became a European champion in 200 m backstroke. Furthermore, Gordan competed in four consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in Atlanta 1996 and followed by Sydney 2000, Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008.

paragraph: Based on these results, Gordan was named Croatia's "Sportsman of the Year" (by Croatian sport journalists) and the Best Croatian Athlete in 2002 (by the Croatian Olympic Committee). Also, the President of Croatia awarded him with the Order for achievements in sports (1998) and received the special prize of the Croatian Olympic Committee for the best promoter of Croatian sport in the world.

paragraph: During his professional swimming career, he independently managed marketing / sponsorship and PR relations, and has introduced a new marketing approach to promoting athletes in the Croatian market.

paragraph: Academically, he graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, USA, with bachelor in Political economy, and gained MBA (Master of Business Administration) from the Faculty of Business and Economics, at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. Also, Gordana gained knowledge and experience in project management. In fact, he is a certified Project Manager Professional (PMP) issued by Project Management Institute (PMI).

paragraph: Kožulj retired from competitive swimming at the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Rijeka. In March 2008 he was appointed director of the Croatian national swimming team, replacing acting director Tomislav Karlo. In September 2009 Kožulj was elected to the European Olympic Committees Athletes' Commission. He was also elected to be a member of the European Olympic Committees' Marketing Commission.

paragraph: Later on he was employed by Madison Consulting where he worked for clients with regards to strategic communication consulting. In 2013 he started working as management consultant at Deloitte, where his objective is to help companies and institutions in planning, growth and restructuring through resolving key issues such as strategy, operations and change management.

paragraph: Since 2010, as a member of National Council for sport, Gordan is adviser to the Croatian Parliament on sport issues, and acts as an Expert for the European Commission's Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Furthermore, he was a member of the Expert Committee (assembled by the National Agency for Science and Higher Education) for conducting the re-accreditation of higher education institutions (2014).

paragraph: In the period 2009–2012 he volunteered as a General Secretary of the largest Croatian charity foundation “Korak u život” (engl. Step into the life).

paragraph: In 2012/2013 Gordan was the Chairman of the Zagreb-Rijeka Candidacy for the European Universities Games 2016, and after successful bidding he assumed the role of the Vice president of the Organizing Committee(2013–2016).

paragraph: Gordan is married to Ivana and they have two sons: Luka & Toma.

description: Croatian swimmer

wikidata_label: Gordan Kožulj

wikipedia_title: Gordan Kožulj


text: Dubrovnik

text: backstroke

text: swimmer

text: Croatia

text: 2004 Summer Olympics

text: Athens, Greece

text: Mokošica

text: 2013 Mediterranean Games

text: Mersin

text: Turkey

categories: Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games,Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Female backstroke swimmers,1986 births,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Croatian female swimmers,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Croatia,Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Croatia,Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games,Living people,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Croatia,Olympic swimmers of Croatia,Former world record holders in swimming,Female butterfly swimmers,Sportspeople from Dubrovnik,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games

paragraph: Sanja Jovanović

paragraph: Sanja Jovanović (born 15 September 1986 in Dubrovnik) is a female backstroke swimmer from Croatia, who made her Olympic debut for her native country at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. There she competed in the 100 m and 200 m backstroke, where she finished in 17th and 13th position. On 13 April 2008 she broke the world record in 50 meters backstroke on European Short Course Swimming Championships, improving her record set on 15 December 2007. She has a twin sister and two other sisters, and currently lives in suburb of Dubrovnik called Mokošica.

paragraph: Section::::Olympic results.

paragraph: At the 2013 Mediterranean Games held in Mersin, Turkey she won the gold medal in 50 meters backstroke (28:48)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World record progression 50 metres backstroke

description: Croatian swimmer

wikidata_label: Sanja Jovanović

wikipedia_title: Sanja Jovanović


text:
Cecil McBee
Pheeroan akLaff
Joe Lovano
Kunitachi College of Music
Terumasa Hino
Masabumi Kikuchi
avant-garde
free jazz
Akira Sakata
Takeo Moriyama
Cecil McBee
Pheeroan akLaff
Verve
Carnegie Hall
Inflatable Sex Doll of the Wastelands
Dr. Akagi
Senzoku Gakuen College of Music
Nagoya University of Arts
burning piano
The Japan Times
Fumio Nanri
Mainichi Film Concours
Dr. Akagi
Enja
Akira Sakata
West 54 Records
Adelhard Roidinger
Official site

categories: 1942 births,Enja Records artists,Japanese jazz pianists,Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon,Kunitachi College of Music alumni,People from Tokyo,Living people

paragraph: Yōsuke Yamashita

paragraph: Since the late 1980s Yamashita's main group has consisted of Cecil McBee (bass), Pheeroan akLaff (drums), and often Joe Lovano (saxophone).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yamashita was born in Tokyo on 26 February 1942. He had violin lessons between the ages of 9 and 15, and switched to piano in his teens.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.

paragraph: Yamashita first played piano professionally in 1959, at the age of 17, and attended the Kunitachi College of Music from 1962 to 1967. In the early 1960s he "was part of a group, with Terumasa Hino and Masabumi Kikuchi, that met at a jazz club called Gin-Paris [...] to play and discuss jazz every night". Yamashita's first released recording was in 1963, and he became a pioneer of avant-garde and free jazz. In 1969, he formed the Yosuke Yamashita Trio. In 1974, the trio of Yamashita, Akira Sakata (alto sax) and Takeo Moriyama (drums) went on the first of a series of successful European tours, which helped spread beyond Japan Yamashita's and the trio's reputation as driving, fully committed free jazz musicians. The trio broke up in 1983.

paragraph: In the 1980s, Yamashita formed the "New York Trio" with bassist Cecil McBee and drummer Pheeroan akLaff. In 1994 he was invited to perform at the 50th anniversary concert of jazz label Verve, held at Carnegie Hall. He provided the music for films such as "Inflatable Sex Doll of the Wastelands" and "Dr. Akagi". He has also led a big band "that combined swing music with free jazz". He has been a visiting professor of music at Senzoku Gakuen College of Music, Nagoya University of Arts, and his alma mater, Kunitachi College of Music, in addition to publishing work on improvisation and music.

paragraph: Yamashita performed on a burning piano in 1973 when asked by Japanese graphic designer Kiyoshi Awazu to be the subject in his short film, "burning piano". Thirty-five years later, clothed in a protective firefighter's uniform, Yamashita repeated the performance on a beach in western Japan, playing jazz improvisations on a piano which had been set alight.

paragraph: Section::::Playing style and influence.

paragraph: Critic Marc Moses, writing for "The Japan Times" in 1990, commented that "It is not an exaggeration to say that Yamashita is probably more responsible than any other individual for broadening the horizon of the creative Japanese jazz scene."

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1990, he was awarded the Fumio Nanri award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1999, at the Mainichi Film Concours he was awarded "Best Film Score" for "Dr. Akagi".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2003, he was awarded the Imperial Medal of Honor by the Japanese government for his contributions to the arts and academia.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Mina's Second Theme" studio trio with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Mokujiki" studio trio with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "April Fool/Coming Muhammad Ali" studio trio with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Clay" (Enja) studio trio with Akira Sakata, Takeo Moriyama

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Breathtake" (West 54 Records) solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Banslikana" (Enja) solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Chiasma" (MPS) with Sakata, Moriyama

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Inner Space" (Enja) with Adelhard Roidinger

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: "It Don't Mean A Thing" (DIW) solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: "Sakura" (Verve) with McBee, akLaff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Kurdish Dance" (Verve) with Lovano, McBee, akLaff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Dazzling Days" (Verve) with Lovano, McBee, akLaff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Ways of Time" (Verve) with Tim Berne, Lovano, McBee, akLaff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Spider" (Verve) with McBee, akLaff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Fragments 1999" (Verve) with McBee akLaff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Resonant Memories" (Verve) solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Delightful Contrast" (Universal) with McBee, akLaff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Grandioso" (Universal) with McBee, akLaff

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

alias:
Yosuke Yamashita
Yousuke Yamashita

description: Japanese jazz pianist, composer, author

wikidata_label: Yōsuke Yamashita

wikipedia_title: Yōsuke Yamashita


text:
Old Norse
King of Norway
Eric Bloodaxe
Haakon the Good
Kings' sagas
blond
Peter Sawyer
Haraldr Gormsson
Jelling stones
Ohthere
Alfred the Great
Adam of Bremen
Erik Bloodaxe
William of Malmesbury
Æthelstan
Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri
Ari Þorgilsson
Íslendingabók
skaldic poems
Haraldskvæði
Glymdrápa
Þorbjörn hornklofi
Þjóðólfr of Hvinir
Kings' sagas
Danish
Hafrsfjord
Haraldr Sigurðarson
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Orderic Vitalis
John of Worcester
William of Malmesbury
Gesta regum Anglorum
Marianus Scotus of Mainz
Gruffydd ap Cynan
origin myth
settlement of Iceland
Haraldr Sigurðarson
Sverrir Jakobsson
primogeniture
agnatic succession
Saga of Harald Fairhair
Heimskringla
Halfdan the Black Gudrödarson
Vestfold
unification of Norway
Gyda
Eirik, king of Hordaland
vow
Shockhead
petty kingdom
Värmland
saga
Erik Eymundsson
great victory at Hafrsfjord
Stavanger
Kongsgård
Avaldsnes
Alrekstad
Iceland
Orkney Islands
Shetland Islands
Hebrides Islands
Faroe Islands
Vikings
Íslendingabók
mead hall
Snorri Sturluson
Heimskringla
saga
Erik Eymundsson
Eirik Bloodaxe
Haugesund
Haugesund
Haraldshaugen
Battle of Hafrsfjord
Hákonarmál
Valhalla
Eric Bloodaxe
Jutland
Denmark
Håkon the Good
Tora Mosterstong
Moster
Sunnhordland
Norway
Bjørn Farmann
Heimskringla
Håkon Grjotgardssson
Guttorm Haraldsson
Rånrike
Trondheim
Halvdan Svarte Haraldsson
Sigrød Haraldsson
Gyda Eiriksdottir
Thorgest
Irish history
Bjørn Farmann
Vestfold
Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf
Vingulmark
Halfdan Halegg Haraldsson
Blood eagle
Torf-Einarr
Orkneyinga saga
Heimskringla
independence from Sweden
Haraldshaugen
Haugesund
Avaldsnes
Vikings
Peter Franzén
Rebellion
Leaves' Eyes
King of Kings
Unification of Norway

categories: Viking Age monarchs,850 births,Norwegian monarchs,933 deaths,Scandinavian Scotland,10th-century monarchs in Europe,Fairhair dynasty,9th-century monarchs in Europe,Founding monarchs

paragraph: Harald Fairhair

paragraph: Harald I Fairhair (Old Norse: "Haraldr inn hárfagri", ; putatively  850 –  932) is portrayed by medieval Icelandic historians as the first King of Norway. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, he reigned from  872 to 930. Supposedly, two of his sons, Eric Bloodaxe and Haakon the Good, succeeded Harald to become kings after his death.

paragraph: Most of Harald's biography remains uncertain, since the extant accounts of his life in the sagas were set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime. Indeed, although it is possible to write a detailed account of Harald as a character in medieval Icelandic sagas (as this entry does), it is even possible to argue that there was no such historical figure at all .

paragraph: His life is described in several of the Kings' sagas, none of them older than the twelfth century. Their accounts of Harald and his life differ on many points, but it is clear that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Harald was regarded as having unified Norway into one kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Meaning of epithet "hárfagri".

paragraph: Old Norse "hár" translates straightforwardly into English as 'hair', but "fagr", the adjective of which "fagri" is a form, is trickier to render, since it means 'fair, fine, beautiful' (but without the moral associations of English "fair", as opposed to "unfair"). Although it is convenient and conventional to render "hárfagri" in English as 'fair-hair(ed)', in English 'fair-haired' means 'blond', whereas the Old Norse fairly clearly means 'beautiful-haired' (in contrast to the epithet which, according to some sources, Haraldr previously bore: "lúfa", '(thick) matted hair'). Accordingly, some translators prefer to render "hárfagri" as 'the fine-haired' or 'fine-hair' (which, however, unhelpfully implies that Haraldr's hairs were slender) or even 'handsome-hair'.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity.

paragraph: Through the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries, historians broadly accepted the account of Harald Fairhair given by later Icelandic sagas. However, Peter Sawyer began to cast doubt on this in 1976, and the decades around 2000 saw a wave of revisionist research that suggested that Harald Fairhair did not exist, or at least not in a way resembling his appearance in sagas. The key arguments for this are as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is no contemporary support for the claims of later sagas about Harald Fairhair. The first king of Norway recorded in near-contemporary sources is Haraldr Gormsson (d. c. 985/986), who is claimed to be the king not only of Denmark but also Norway on the Jelling stones. The late ninth-century account of Norway provided by Ohthere to the court of Alfred the Great and the history by Adam of Bremen written in 1075 record no King of Norway for the relevant period. Although sagas have Erik Bloodaxe, who does seem partly to correspond to a historical figure, as the son of Harald Fairhair, no independent evidence supports this genealogical connection. The twelfth-century William of Malmesbury does describe a Norwegian king called Haraldus visiting King Æthelstan of England (d. 939), which is consistent with later saga-traditions in which Harald Fairhair fostered a son, Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri, on Æthelstan. But William is a late source and "Harald" a far from uncommon name for a Scandinavian character, and William does not give this Harald the epithet "fairhair", whereas he does give that epithet to the later Norwegian king Haraldr Sigurðarsson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Although Harald Fairhair appears in diverse Icelandic sagas, few if any of these are independent sources. It is plausible that all these were participating in a shared textual tradition begun by the earliest Icelandic prose account of Harald, Ari Þorgilsson's "Íslendingabók". Dating from the early twelfth century, this was written over 250 years after Harald's supposed death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The saga evidence is potentially pre-dated by two skaldic poems, "Haraldskvæði" and "Glymdrápa", which have been attributed to Þorbjörn hornklofi or alternatively (in the case of the first poem) to Þjóðólfr of Hvinir, and are according to the sagas about Harald Fairhair. Although only preserved in thirteenth-century Kings' sagas, they might have been transmitted orally (as the sagas claim) from the tenth century. The first describes life at the court of a king called Harald, mentions that he took a Danish wife, and that he won a battle at Hafrsfjord. The second poem relates a series of battles won by a king called Harald. However, the information supplied in these poems is inconsistent with the tales in the sagas in which they are transmitted, and the sagas themselves often disagree on the details of his background and biography. Meanwhile, the most reliable manuscripts of "Haraldskvæði" call the poem's honorand Haraldr Hálfdanarson rather than Haraldr hárfagri, and "Glymdrápa" offers no epithet at all. All the poems suggest is that there was once a king called Haraldr (Hálfdanarson).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources from the British Isles which are independent of the Icelandic saga-tradition (and partly of each other), and are mostly earlier than the sagas, do attest to a king whose name corresponds to the Old Norse name "Haraldr inn hárfagri"—but they use this name of the well attested Haraldr Sigurðarson (d. 1066, often known in modern English as Harald Hardrada). These sources include manuscript D of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ('Harold Harfagera', under the year 1066) and the related histories by Orderic Vitalis ('Harafagh', re events in 1066), John of Worcester ('Harvagra', s.aa. 1066 and 1098), and William of Malmesbury ("Gesta regum Anglorum", 'Harvagre', s.a. regarding 1066); Marianus Scotus of Mainz ('Arbach', d. 1082/1083); and the "Life" of Gruffydd ap Cynan ('Haraldum Harfagyr', later twelfth century, though this may refer to two different kings by this name).

paragraph: Thus the Icelandic saga-tradition of Harald Fair-Hair can be seen as part of an origin myth created to explain the settlement of Iceland, perhaps in which a cognomen of Haraldr Sigurðarson was transferred to a fictitious early king of all Norway. Sverrir Jakobsson has suggested that the idea of Iceland being settled by people fleeing an overbearing Norwegian monarch actually reflects the anxieties of Iceland in the early thirteenth century, when the island was indeed coming under Norwegian dominance. He has also suggested that the legend of Harald Fairhair developed in the twelfth century to enable Norwegian kings, who were then promoting the idea of primogeniture over the older custom of agnatic succession, to claim that their ancestors had had a right to Norway by lineal descent from the country's supposed first king.

paragraph: Section::::Saga descriptions.

paragraph: In the Saga of Harald Fairhair in "Heimskringla", which is the most elaborate although not the oldest or most reliable source to the life of Harald, it is written that Harald succeeded, on the death of his father Halfdan the Black Gudrödarson, to the sovereignty of several small, and somewhat scattered kingdoms in Vestfold, which had come into his father's hands through conquest and inheritance. His protector-regent was his mother's brother Guthorm.

paragraph: The unification of Norway is something of a love story. It begins with a marriage proposal that resulted in rejection and scorn from Gyda, the daughter of Eirik, king of Hordaland. She said she refused to marry Harald "before he was king over all of Norway". Harald was therefore induced to take a vow not to cut nor comb his hair until he was sole king of Norway, and when he was justified in trimming it ten years later, he exchanged the epithet "Shockhead" or "Tanglehair" (Haraldr lúfa) for the one by which he is usually known.

paragraph: In 866, Harald made the first of a series of conquests over the many petty kingdoms which would compose all of Norway, including Värmland in Sweden, which had sworn allegiance to the Swedish saga-king Erik Eymundsson (whose historicity is not confirmed). In 872, after a great victory at Hafrsfjord near Stavanger, Harald found himself king over the whole country, ruling from his Kongsgård seats at Avaldsnes and Alrekstad. His realm was, however, threatened by dangers from without, as large numbers of his opponents had taken refuge, not only in Iceland, then recently discovered; but also in the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, Hebrides Islands, Faroe Islands and the northern European mainland. However, his opponents' leaving was not entirely voluntary. Many Norwegian chieftains who were wealthy and respected posed a threat to Harald; therefore, they were subjected to much harassment from Harald, prompting them to vacate the land. At last, Harald was forced to make an expedition to the West, to clear the islands and the Scottish mainland of some Vikings who tried to hide there.

paragraph: The earliest narrative source which mentions Harald, the twelfth-century Íslendingabók, notes that Iceland was settled during his lifetime. Harald is thus depicted as the prime cause of the Norse settlement of Iceland and beyond. Iceland was settled by "malcontents" from Norway, who resented Harald's claim of rights of taxation over lands, which the possessors appear to have previously held in absolute ownership.

paragraph: There are several accounts of large feasting mead halls constructed for important feasts when Scandinavian royalty was invited. According to a legend recorded by Snorri Sturluson, in the Heimskringla, the late 9th-century Värmlandish chieftain Áki invited both the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair and the Swedish saga-king Erik Eymundsson, but had the Norwegian king stay in the newly constructed and sumptuous one, because he was the youngest one of the kings and the one who had the greatest prospects. The older Swedish king, on the other hand, had to stay in the old feasting hall. The Swedish king was so humiliated that he killed Áki.

paragraph: Section::::Saga descriptions.:Later life.

paragraph: According to the saga sources, the latter part of Harald's reign was disturbed by the strife of his many sons. The number of sons he left varies in the different saga accounts, from 11 to 20. Twelve of his sons are named as kings, two of them over the whole country. He gave them all the royal title and assigned lands to them, which they were to govern as his representatives; but this arrangement did not put an end to the discord, which continued into the next reign. When he grew old, Harald handed over the supreme power to his favourite son Eirik Bloodaxe, whom he intended to be his successor. Eirik I ruled side-by-side with his father when Harald was 80 years old. Harald died three years later due to age in approximately 933.

paragraph: Harald Harfager was commonly stated to have been buried under a mound at Haugar by the Strait of Karmsund near the church in Haugesund, an area that later would be named the town and municipal Haugesund. The area near Karmsund was the traditional burial site for several early Norwegian rulers. The national monument of Haraldshaugen was raised in 1872, to commemorate the Battle of Hafrsfjord which is traditionally dated to 872.

paragraph: Section::::Saga descriptions.:Issue.

paragraph: While the various sagas name anywhere from 11 to 20 sons of Harald in various contexts, the contemporary skaldic poem "Hákonarmál" says that Harald's son Håkon would meet only "eight brothers" when arriving in Valhalla, a place for slain warriors kings and Germanic heroes. Only the following five names of sons can be confirmed from skaldic poems (with saga claims in parenthesis), while the full number of sons remains unknown:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Bloodaxe (by Ragnhild Eiriksdotter from Jutland, Denmark)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Håkon the Good (by Tora Mosterstong from Moster, Sunnhordland, Norway)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ragnvald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bjørn (Bjørn Farmann?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halvdan, possibly two by that name

paragraph: Section::::Saga descriptions.:Issue.:According to "Heimskringla".

paragraph: The full list of sons according to Snorri Sturluson's "Heimskringla":

paragraph: Children with Åsa, daughter of Håkon Grjotgardssson, Jarl av Lade:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guttorm Haraldsson, king of Rånrike

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halvdan Kvite (Haraldsson), king of Trondheim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halvdan Svarte Haraldsson, king of Trondheim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigrød Haraldsson, king of Trondheim

paragraph: Children with Gyda Eiriksdottir:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ålov Årbot Haraldsdotter (Rogaland, 875 - Giske, Møre og Romsdal, 935), married þórir Teiande, "Thore/Tore den Tause" ("the Silent") Ragnvaldsson (c. 862 - Giske, Møre og Romsdal, a. 935), Jarl av Møre, and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rørek Haraldsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigtrygg Haraldsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frode Haraldsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torgils Haraldsson – identified as "Thorgest" in the (dates not correct) Irish history

paragraph: Children with Svanhild, daughter of Øystein Jarl:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bjørn Farmann Haraldssøon, king of Vestfold

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf, king of Vingulmark, later also Vestfold

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ragnar Rykkel Haraldsson

paragraph: Children with Åshild, daughter of Ring Dagsson:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ring Haraldsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dag Haraldsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gudrød Skirja Haraldsdotter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingegjerd Haraldsdotter

paragraph: Children with Snøfrid, daughter of Svåse the Finn:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halfdan Halegg Haraldsson or "Long-Leg", was executed with the Blood eagle ritual by Torf-Einarr detailed in the Orkneyinga saga and Heimskringla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gudrød Ljome Haraldsdotter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ragnvald Rettilbeine Haraldsson, murdered by Eirik Blodøks on Harald's orders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigurd Rise Haraldsson

paragraph: Other children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingebjørg Haraldsdotter (Lade, Trondheim, c. 865 - 920), married Halvdan Jarl (c. 865 - 920), Finnmarksjarl, and had issue through an only daughter

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:In Norway.

paragraph: Harald Fairhair became an important figure in Norwegian nationalism in the nineteenth century, during its struggle for independence from Sweden, when he served as 'a heroic narrative character disseminating a foundation story of Norway becoming an independent nation'. In particular, a national monument to Harald was erected in 1872 on Haraldshaugen, a prehistoric burial mound at the town of Haugesund then imagined to be Harald Finehair's burial place, despite opposition from left-wing politicians.

paragraph: The claim to Harald became important to the development of the tourism industry in the town and its region:

paragraph: today, King Harald Fairhair is associated with several archaeological sites where modern monuments and theme parks (obelisks, towers, sculptures, ‘reconstructions’ of ancient houses/villages) are constructed and where various commemorative practices (jubilees, rallies, festivals) are being performed. The Viking hero Harald Fairhair has become part of a vital re-enactment culture, which is evident in, among other things, a memorial park in central Haugesund with the erection of a statue of Harald Fairhair ... the performance of a Harald musical ... the building of ‘the largest’ Viking ship in the world ... the establishment of a theme park based on the Viking concept, and a historic centre where the mythology of King Harald is disseminated ... The main initiators behind these commemorative projects in the Haugesund region today are, as it was in the 1870s, local commercial entrepreneurs who are nourished by local patriotism.

paragraph: In 2013, commercially led archaeological excavations at Avaldsnes began with the explicit intention of developing the local heritage industry in relation to the Harald Fairhair brand, provoking a prominent debate in Norway over the appropriate handling of archaeological heritage.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Elsewhere.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the television show "Vikings", a character broadly based on Harald appears in Season 4 as one of the main protagonists and is portrayed by Finnish actor Peter Franzén.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The German power-metal band "Rebellion" has a song dedicated to Harald Fairhair, from the album "Sagas of Iceland".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leaves' Eyes", a symphonic metal band from Germany, wrote the album "King of Kings" about Harald and his conquests.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unification of Norway

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viking Empires" by Angelo Forte, Richard Oram and Frederik Pedersen (Cambridge University Press. June 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings" Peter Sawyer, Editor (Oxford University Press, September 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jakobsson, Sverrir, "Erindringen om en mægtig personlighed : den norsk-islandske historiske tradisjon om Harald Hårfagre i et kildekristisk perspektiv]," "Historisk tidsskrift", 81 (2002), 213–30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raffensperger, Christian, "Shared (Hi)Stories: Vladimir of Rus' and Harald Fairhair of Norway," "The Russian Review", 68,4 (2009), 569–582.

description: King of Norway

wikidata_label: Harald Fairhair

wikipedia_title: Harald Fairhair


text: jazz

text: Jazz Warriors

text: saxophone

text: flute

text: clarinet

text: bass clarinet

text: Kingsbury High School

text: reggae

text: Clint Eastwood & General Saint

text: Journey to the Urge Within

text: Jazz Warriors

text: Royal Festival Hall

text: International Youth Year

text: Island Records

text: drum and bass

text: UK garage

text: jazz

text: BBC Radio 2

text: Doctor Who

text: Silver Nemesis

text: University of Westminster

text: University of Southampton

text: Pierre Boulez

text: BBC World News

text: Jamaican immigrants

text: astronaut

text: Journey to the Urge Within

text: UK

text: Destiny's Songs

text: Modern Day Jazz Stories

text: "Underground" (1997)

text: Mica Paris

text: So Good

text: Trevor Jones

text: Angel Heart (Soundtrack)

text: Jazz Warriors

text: Harry Beckett

text: Like Dreamers Do

text: UK

text: Mica Paris

text: Carroll Thompson

text: Gussie Clarke

text: Elkie Brooks

text: Lynden David Hall

text: Jazz Warriors

categories: English people of Jamaican descent,1964 births,Musicians from London,Living people,English jazz saxophonists,Black British musicians,British male saxophonists,21st-century clarinetists,21st-century saxophonists,English bass clarinetists,English jazz musicians,Jazz fusion musicians,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Male jazz musicians,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Courtney Pine

paragraph: Courtney Pine, (born 18 March 1964 in London) is a British jazz musician, who was the principal founder in the 1980s of the black British band the Jazz Warriors. Although known primarily for his saxophone playing, Pine is a multi-instrumentalist, also playing the flute, clarinet, bass clarinet and keyboards. On his 2011 album, "Europa", he plays almost exclusively bass clarinet.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in London to Jamaican parents, Pine went to Kingsbury High School, where he studied classical clarinet, teaching himself the saxophone from the age of 14. He began his music career playing reggae, touring in 1981 with Clint Eastwood & General Saint.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1986 Pine's debut album "Journey to the Urge Within" entered the UK Top 40. He is the principal founder of the seminal black British big band the Jazz Warriors, which he established in 1985 through the community organisation "The Abibi Jazz Arts" (TAJA). The Jazz Warriors developed out of the Abibi All-Stars community band that did a series of performances at London's Royal Festival Hall foyer during the summer of the International Youth Year 1985. The Jazz Warriors recorded two albums under Pine's leadership: "Out of Many, One People", which was released on the Antilles division of the Island Records label in 1987, and "Afropeans", which was released on Pine's own label, Destin-e Records, for their 20th anniversary in 2007. The Jazz Warriors "Afropeans" project was commissioned by the Arts Council of England to commemorate the bicentennary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. Thirty years after Pine planted his idea to start the Jazz Warriors, he put together the "Venus Warriors" all-female jazz band for a charity performance to raise awareness of the Mary Seacole Memorial Statue Appeal, which was established to erect the first statue of a black heroine outside of London's St Thomas's Hospital.

paragraph: His recent music integrates modern British music like drum and bass and UK garage with contemporary jazz styles. He runs his own band and integrates many contemporary musicians in his performances. He also presents "Jazz Crusade" on BBC Radio 2, the seventh series of which was broadcast during spring 2007.

paragraph: In 1988 he appeared as himself in a jazz quartet in the Doctor Who serial "Silver Nemesis".

paragraph: Pine was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2000, and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours for services to jazz music. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Westminster on 6 December 2004. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Southampton on 15 July 2010.

paragraph: Pine appeared in August 2008 as an advocate for Pierre Boulez, on the BBC World News classical music programme "Visionaries".

paragraph: On Christmas Day 2018 Pine appeared on BBC Two's "Merry Christmas Baby - with Gregory Porter & Friends".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Pine's parents were Jamaican immigrants, his father a carpenter and his mother a housing manager. As a child he wanted to be an astronaut. He lives in London with his wife and their four children.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: As leader

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey to the Urge Within" (1986) – UK No. 39

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destiny's Songs" (1988) – UK No. 54

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vision's Tale" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closer To Home" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Within The Realms of Our Dreams" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To The Eyes of Creation" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern Day Jazz Stories" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Underground" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back in the Day" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devotion" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resistance" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transition in Tradition: En Hommage a Sidney Bechet" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Europa" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "House of Legends" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song (The Ballad Book)" (2015)

paragraph: As sideman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mica Paris, "So Good" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trevor Jones, "Angel Heart (Soundtrack)" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jazz Warriors, "Out of Many, One People" (1987), "Afropeans" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Beckett, "Les Jardins Du Casino" (1993, ITM)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Children of the Ghetto" (1986) (Courtney Pine featuring the vocal of Susaye Greene)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Like Dreamers Do" (1988) – UK No. 26 (Mica Paris featuring Courtney Pine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm Still Waiting" (1990) – UK No. 66 (Courtney Pine featuring Carroll Thompson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Busy" (1992), produced by Gussie Clarke – 12" vinyl, CD single

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Much To Lose" (1999) – Elkie Brooks, featuring Courtney Pine

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady Day (& John Coltrane)" (2000) – Courtney Pine featuring Lynden David Hall

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traditions Beckoning" – 10" limited edition (1988)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jazz Warriors

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – official site

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Courtney Pine

wikipedia_title: Courtney Pine