text: New Yorker

text: Fukuzawa Yukichi

text: Keio University

text: textile

text: Asahi Kasei

text: Comme des Garçons

text: Comme des Garçons

text: Tokyo

text: Paris

text: each season

text: Comme des Garçons

text: anti-fashion

text: Aoyama

text: Future Systems

text: Visionaire

text: LGBT

text: NHK

text: Alexander McQueen

text: Viktor & Rolf

text: Jean-Paul Gaultier

text: Donna Karan

text: Women's Wear Daily

text: Martin Margiela

text: Ann Demeulemeester

text: Helmut Lang

text: Aoyama, Tokyo

text: Junya Watanabe

text: Levi's

text: Converse All Star

text: Speedo

text: Nike

text: Moncler

text: Lacoste

text: Cutler and Gross

text: Chrome Hearts

text: Louis Vuitton

text: Supreme

text: H&M

text: H&M

text: Dover Street Market

text: Gosha Rubchinskiy

text: Vogue

text: Metropolitan Museum in New York

text: Andrew Bolton

text: The New Republic

text: Vanessa Friedman

text: Yohji Yamamoto

text: Comme des Garçons

text: Dover Street Market

text: Tokyo

text: Paris

text: Place Vendôme

text: Paris City Hall

text: Rei Kawakubo

categories: Keio University alumni,1942 births,Japanese fashion designers,Living people

paragraph: Rei Kawakubo

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Rei Kawakubo was born on 11 October 1942 in Tokyo. Her early life in Japan was summarized by Judith Thurman in a "New Yorker" article from 2005 stating: "She was the oldest of her parents' three children and their only daughter... Their father was an administrator at Keio University, a prestigious institution founded by the great Meiji educator and reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi, a champion of Western culture and, according to Kawakubo, of women's rights."

paragraph: Although not formally trained as a fashion designer, Kawakubo did study fine arts and literature at Keio University. As reported by Thurman, "In 1960, Kawakubo enrolled in her father's university and took a degree in 'the history of aesthetics', a major that included the study of Asian and Western art." After graduation in 1964, Kawakubo worked in the advertising department at the textile company, Asahi Kasei and she went on to work as a freelance stylist in 1967. Two years later, she began to design and make her own clothes under the label "Comme des Garçons", French for ""like some boys"", before incorporating the label in 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Career: 1969–2003.

paragraph: In 1969, she established her own company, Comme des Garçons Co. Ltd in Tokyo and opened up her first boutique there in 1975. Starting out with women's clothes, Kawakubo added a men's line in 1978. Three years later, she started presenting her fashion lines in Paris each season with Vladislav Bachinskyy , opening up a boutique in Paris in 1982. Comme des Garçons specialises in anti-fashion, austere, sometimes deconstructed garments. After the end of her first decade with Comme de Garcons, in 1982, Kawakubo began to express her dissatisfaction with the early direction of some of her design ideas stating: "Three years ago I became dissatisfied with what I was doing. I felt I should be doing something more directional, more powerful. In fashion we had to get away from the influence of what had been done in the 1920s or the 1930s. We had to get away from the folkloric. I decided to start from zero, from nothing, to do things that have not been done before, things with a strong image."

paragraph: By 1980, CDG had flourished and according to Thurman, "had a hundred and fifty franchised shops across Japan, eighty employees, and annual revenues of thirty million dollars." During the 1980s, her garments were primarily in black, dark grey or white. The emphasis on black clothing led to the Japanese press describing Kawakubo and her followers as 'The Crows'. The materials were often draped around the body and featured frayed, unfinished edges along with holes and a general asymmetrical shape. Challenging the established notions of beauty she created an uproar at her debut Paris fashion show where journalists labeled her clothes 'Hiroshima chic' amongst other things. Since the late 1980s, her colour palette has grown somewhat.

paragraph: Kawakubo likes to have input in all the various aspects of her business, rather than just focusing on clothes and accessories. She is greatly involved in graphic design, advertising, and shop interiors believing that all these things are a part of one vision and are inextricably linked. Her Aoyama, Tokyo, store is known for its sloping glass facade decorated with blue dots. This was designed in collaboration between Rei and architect Future Systems and interior designer Takao Kawasaki.

paragraph: Kawakubo published her own bi-annual magazine, 'Six' (standing for 'sixth sense'), in the early 1990s. It featured very little text and consisted mainly of photographs and images that she deemed inspiring. In 1996 Rei was guest editor of the high art publication Visionaire. Kawakubo is known to be quite reclusive and media shy, preferring her innovative creations to speak for themselves. Prior to 2002, Kawakubo has continued support for the use of LGBT references and cultural themes in the photography used in her advertisement and marketing campaigns promoting her clothing and accessories.

paragraph: Section::::Career: 2003–2018.

paragraph: Since 2003, Kawakubo has been referenced and cited by other major designers for her originality and contribution to fashion and design marked by a nationally broadcast program of interviews concerning her work by NHK (Japan Broadcasting Company). During the interviews broadcast, Alexander McQueen stated: "When Kawakubo designs a collection, it seems kind of absurd, not just to the general public. But when you watch someone's challenging themselves like she does every season, it makes you understand why you are in fashion in the first place because of people like her." During the same broadcast, Viktor & Rolf added: "The first time we became aware of "Comme de Garcons" was in the 80s. I think we were 12 or 13. It made a very strong impression because fashion in general was something that we were starting to discover and Rei Kawakubo was part of this ... an enormous outburst of creativity in the beginning of the 80s. So for us she was part of the way we started to think about fashion."

paragraph: Two other early supporters of Kawakubo were Jean-Paul Gaultier and Donna Karan. During the NHK broadcast for Kawakubo, Gaultier stated: "I believe that Kawakubo is a woman with extreme courage. She is a person with exceptional strength. Moreover, she has a poetic spirit. When I see her creations, I feel the spirit of a young girl. A young girl who still has innocence and is a bit romantic. Yet she also has an aspect of a fighting woman, one who fears nothing as she thrusts forward." During the same broadcast of interviews in Japan, Donna Karan added: "Rei Kawakubo is a very interesting designer to me as a woman and a female designer. As a person, she is very quiet and rather withdrawn, yet her clothes make such an enormous statement."

paragraph: According to "Women's Wear Daily", she is a fashion icon but, during an interview, she said she does not think of herself as an icon. Her designs have inspired many other late designers like the Belgian Martin Margiela and Ann Demeulemeester, as well as Austrian designer Helmut Lang. Comme des Garçons collections are designed in the Comme des Garçons studio in Aoyama, Tokyo and are made in Japan, France, Spain, and Turkey. The 2006 autumn/winter collection dealt with the concept of the "persona", the different ways we present ourselves to the world. Fusing tailored menswear with more feminine elements such as corsets and flower printed dress fabrics, "Persona" was another collection that combined the feminine with the masculine by Comme des Garçons.

paragraph: Junya Watanabe and, more recently, Tao Kurihara have started their own sub-labels under the Comme des Garçons name to much acclaim. Both also were involved in designing for the casual women's knitwear line "Comme des Garçons Tricot". Comme des Garçons have collaborated with various other labels over the years including Fred Perry, Levi's Converse All Star, Speedo, Nike, Moncler, Lacoste, Cutler and Gross, Chrome Hearts, Hammerthor, S. N. S. Herning, Louis Vuitton, Supreme, and many others. Comme des Garçons and H&M collaborated on a collection which was released in the fall of 2008. Kawakubo created the 2008 autumn "guest designer" collection at H&M, designing men's and women's clothing along with some children's and a unisex perfume. Rei is also known for establishing Dover Street Market, whose design ethos can be described as a Comme Des Garcons version of a department store. Originally created in 2004 in London's Dover Street, more DSM locations have opened in Tokyo, Beijing, Singapore, New York and Los Angeles. A multi-brand store, Dover Street Market puts particular emphasis on visual marketing and on emerging talents; DSM was the first international stockist for Russian Designer Gosha Rubchinskiy and now handle Rubchinskiy's marketing, production and operations. In an article for "Business of Fashion" in April 2017, Tim Blanks reported generated revenue for CDG and its affiliates as "over $280 million a year".

paragraph: "Vogue" magazine and the Metropolitan Museum in New York have announced that an exhibition dedicated to Kawakubo is scheduled for its 2017 season between 4 May 2017 and 4 September 2017. In an interview with "Vogue" in April 2017, Andrew Bolton, the curator for the Kawakubo exhibit at the Met stated: "I really think her influence is so huge, but sometimes it’s subtle. It’s not about copying her; it’s the purity of her vision... Rei was really involved in the design of the exhibit". Bolton also stated that the exhibit in May 2017 is to be titled "Art of the In-Between", and will be an austere, all-white maze hosting approximately 150 Comme ensembles. Both the exhibit and accompanying book by Bolton are based upon the recurrent fashion dichotomies concentrating on nine thematic conceptual pairings listed as: (1) absence/presence; (2) design/not design; (3) fashion/antifashion; (4) model/multiple; (5) high/low; (6) then/now; (7) self/other; (8) object/subject; and (9) clothes/not clothes. In an early positive review of the exhibit at its opening, Matthew Schneier writing for "The New York Times" on 1 May 2017 referred to it stating that: "The exhibition, 150 outfits in all, is overpowering." Writing for "The New Republic" on 3 May 2017, Josephine Livingston stated: "The clothes... are undeniable. Their presence felt like a statement: "Here we are, the most influential forms from the least compromising genius." The exhibition shows about 150 pieces of Kawakubo’s women’s wear for Comme des Garçons, from the early 1980s to the present day."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In an interview with Vanessa Friedman for "The New York Times" following the opening of Kawakubo's 2017 exhibition for the Met, Adrian Joffe, her husband, indicated in a taped 70-minute interview that this exhibition would likely be the last one which Kawakubo, now 74, would participate in personally. Joffe stated that Kawakubo might remain open to the possibility of allowing the current exhibition at the Met to be moved to other locations and museums around the world after it ends its venue in New York on 4 September 2017, though a newly designed exhibition on other themes or concepts was strongly discounted.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Between the 1980s and 1990s Kawakubo was in a relationship with fellow 'Hiroshima Chic' fashion designer Yohji Yamamoto, but the relationship ended. Kawakubo later went on to marry Adrian Joffe, the current CEO of Comme des Garçons and Dover Street Market. She lives in Tokyo but often travels to Paris to visit her companies' head offices in the Place Vendôme. She occasionally makes visits to her fashion shows.

paragraph: An article in "Vogue" magazine in April 2017 summarized her relationship with Joffe stating: "Joffe, South African by birth and ten years Kawakubo’s junior, joined the company in 1987. He and Kawakubo married in 1992, at the Paris City Hall. It is a partnership with its own rhythms—while Joffe is based in Paris, his wife lives in Tokyo, in the upscale Aoyama neighborhood, walking distance to CDG’s flagship. (Kawakubo is reportedly the first one in the office in the morning and the last to leave at night.) When you see them together, he seems to serve as her protector—not just translating for her, but also shielding her from inquiries deemed too prying."

paragraph: Section::::Principal lines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Comme des Garçons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tricot Comme des Garçons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Robe De Chambre (discontinued)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons noir

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Homme

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Homme Plus Evergreen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Homme Deux

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Shirt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Play Comme des Garçons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Parfums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Wallet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Play

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rei Kawakubo/Comme des Garçons Art of the In-Between"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deyan Sudjic. "Rei Kawakubo and Commes des Garcons". Publisher: Rizzoli (1990). Language: English. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unlimited: Comme des Garcons", Edited by Sanae Shimazu for NHK, Heibousha Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koda, Harold. "ReFusing Fashion". Paperback: 138 pages; Publisher: Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (1 December 2008); Language: English; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonnie English. "Japanese Fashion Designers: The Work and Influence of Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo". Paperback: 192 pages; Publisher: Bloomsbury Academic (25 October 2011); Language: English; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Jones. "Rei Kawakubo", Hardcover: 120 pages, Publisher: Taschen; Mul edition (30 December 2012), Language: English, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Bolton. "Rei Kawakubo/Comme des Garçons: Art of the In-Between Hardcover", forthcoming 30 May 2017, Hardcover: 248 pages; Publisher: Metropolitan Museum of Art (30 May 2017); Language: English; .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dover Street Market - Comme des Garçons London store official web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comme des Garçons Company official web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rei Kawakubo - Fashion Designer Encyclopedia

alias:
Comme des Garçons
Kawakubo
Kawakubo Rei

description: Japanese fashion designer

wikidata_label: Rei Kawakubo

wikipedia_title: Rei Kawakubo


text:
American
magazine publisher
novelist
the arts
Whitney family
KGB
New York City
Willard Dickerman Straight
Dorothy Payne Whitney
Lincoln School
Leonard Knight Elmhirst
England
Dartington Hall
London School of Economics
Whitney Straight
Academy Award
Beatrice Straight
William Collins Whitney
Secretary of the Navy
Cleveland
Henry B. Payne
Ohio
Oliver Hazard Payne
University of Cambridge
Communist Party
Cambridge Apostles
Soviet Union
spy ring
Donald Maclean
Guy Burgess
Kim Philby
Anthony Blunt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Department of the Interior
Iskhak Akhmerov
United States Department of State
United States Army Air Forces
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
The New Republic
Henry A. Wallace
J. R. R. Tolkien
The Lord of the Rings
Washington, D.C.
presidential
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Cambridge Five
National Endowment for the Arts
Nancy Hanks
Fetterman massacre
Sand Creek massacre
Westerns
Kennedy Administration
After Long Silence
Wilton, New Hampshire
child psychiatrist
Dorothy Straight
Georgetown
Jackie Kennedy
3017 N Street
White House
New York City
Nina G. Auchincloss Steers
Hugh D. Auchincloss
Gore Vidal
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Newton Steers
Hugh Auchincloss Steers
Burr Steers
Hugh D. Auchincloss
Janet Auchincloss
Jackie Kennedy
Renata Adler
Beatrice Straight
Peter Cookson
Georgetown
Yolande Bebeze Fox
Miss America 1951
Bethesda, Maryland
National Endowment for the Arts
child psychiatrist
pancreatic cancer
Chicago
Illinois
Martha's Vineyard
Massachusetts

categories: Communist Party of Great Britain members,Writers from New York City,Bisexual men,American spies for the Soviet Union,United States Army Air Forces officers,People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.),Writers from Chicago,2004 deaths,1916 births,Whitney family,Bisexual writers,Military personnel from New York City,American people of English descent,American magazine publishers (people),Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,Alumni of the London School of Economics,Deaths from cancer in Illinois

paragraph: Michael Straight

paragraph: Michael Whitney Straight (September 1, 1916 – January 4, 2004) was an American magazine publisher, novelist, patron of the arts, a member of the prominent Whitney family, and a confessed spy for the KGB.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Straight was born in New York City, the son of Willard Dickerman Straight (1880–1918), an investment banker who died in Michael's infancy, and Dorothy Payne Whitney (1887–1968), a philanthropist. Straight was educated at Lincoln School in New York City and, after his mother's remarriage to Leonard Knight Elmhirst (1893–1974), in England at his family's Dartington Hall, followed by studies at the London School of Economics. His siblings were racing driver Whitney Straight and Academy Award-winning actress Beatrice Straight.

paragraph: Straight's maternal grandparents were Flora Payne and William Collins Whitney (1841–1904), the United States Secretary of the Navy during the first Cleveland administration. Flora was the daughter of Senator Henry B. Payne of Ohio and sister of Colonel Oliver Hazard Payne.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: While a student at the University of Cambridge in the mid-1930s, Straight became a Communist Party member and a part of an intellectual secret society known as the Cambridge Apostles. Straight worked for the Soviet Union as part of a spy ring whose members included Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Kim Philby and KGB recruiter Anthony Blunt, who had briefly been Straight's lover. A document from Soviet archives of a report that Blunt made in 1943 to the KGB states, "As you already know the actual recruits whom I took were Michael Straight".

paragraph: After returning to the United States in 1937, Straight worked as a speechwriter for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was on the payroll of the Department of the Interior. Beginning in 1938, Straight carried on a covert relationship with Iskhak Akhmerov, the KGB spy. In 1940, Straight went to work in the Eastern Division of the United States Department of State.

paragraph: In 1942, Straight joined the United States Army Air Forces, where he served as the pilot of a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, although he never saw combat. After the war, he took over as publisher of "The New Republic", which was owned by his family. During his tenure, Straight hired former US vice president and future presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace to serve as the magazine's editor. Straight's writing for the magazine included a glowing review of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" when it was published. In 1956, Straight left the magazine and began writing novels.

paragraph: However, in 1963, in response to an offer of government employment in Washington, D.C., Straight faced a background check, and decided voluntarily to inform family friend and presidential special assistant Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. about his communist connections at Cambridge. This led directly to the exposure of Blunt as the recruiter of the Cambridge Five spy ring.

paragraph: Straight served as the deputy chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts from 1969 to 1977. In 1988, he published "Nancy Hanks: An Intimate Portrait", which told the story of the second chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, with whom he had worked.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Memoirs and novels.

paragraph: Straight wrote several novels, including "Carrington" (1960), about the Fetterman massacre of 1866, and "A Very Small Remnant" (1963), about the Sand Creek massacre of 1864, both Westerns that received respectful reviews, as well as "Happy and Hopeless" (1979), a love story set in the Kennedy Administration that he published himself. In 1983, Straight detailed his Communist activities in a memoir entitled "After Long Silence". (). His second memoir, "On Green Spring Farm: The Life and Times of One Family in Fairfax County, Va., 1942 to 1966" was published posthumously by Devon Press.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In September 1939, he married Belinda Crompton (15 August 1920, Port Chester, NY – 5 December 2015, Chevy Chase, MD) of Wilton, New Hampshire who was a child psychiatrist. Together with Belinda, until their divorce in 1969, he had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Straight

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Straight Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Straight

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diana Straight (Krosnick)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Straight (b. 1958), who was the youngest published author.

paragraph: In 1965, Straight purchased the former Georgetown home of Jackie Kennedy, located at 3017 N Street, for $200,000 (). Kennedy bought the home when she moved out of the White House and Straight purchased it when Kennedy moved to New York City.

paragraph: In 1974, Straight married his second wife, Nina G. Auchincloss Steers, the daughter of Nina Gore and Hugh D. Auchincloss. Steers was the half-sister of writer Gore Vidal and, coincidentally, a stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Nina had previously been married to Newton Steers from 1957–1974 and with him she had three children: Hugh Auchincloss Steers (1963–1995), Ivan Steers, and Burr Steers (born 1965). The wedding was attended by Hugh D. Auchincloss, Janet Auchincloss, Jackie Kennedy, Renata Adler, Beatrice Straight, and Peter Cookson. Straight lived in the Georgetown home from 1964 until 1976 when he sold it to Yolande Bebeze Fox, the former Miss America 1951. Straight and his wife spent $125,000 () renovating the home and decided to move to Bethesda, Maryland in 1976 when he was vice chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts.

paragraph: They subsequently divorced and in 1998, he married Katharine Gould, a child psychiatrist and art historian. Straight died of pancreatic cancer at his home in Chicago, Illinois, on January 4, 2004, aged 87. He also had a home on Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Straight, "After Long Silence", New York: Norton, (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, "The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives" (London: HarperCollins, 1998; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pgs. 112, 116, 130, 133–134.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allen Weinstein, "", New York: Random House, (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roland Perry,"The Last of the Cold War Spies: The Life of Michael Straight", Da Capo Press (2005)

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Michael Whitney Straight

wikipedia_title: Michael Straight


text: American Philosophical Society

text: New York City

text: Hayyim Eliezer Wachs

text: Jacob Emden

text: Lower East Side

text: New York City

text: Yonkers

text: Hunter College High School

text: Barnard College

text: Newnham College, Cambridge

text: Columbia University

text: James Thomson

text: MIT

text: Fulbright Foundation

text: American Philosophical Association

text: Tanner Lectures on Human Values

text: Paul Carus

text: MIT

text: American Philosophical Association

text: University of Cambridge

text: Harvard University

text: metaphysics

text: meta-ethics

text: normative ethics

text: applied ethics

text: Gilbert Harman

text: A Defense of Abortion

text: fetus

text: right to life

text: mother

text: consanguinity

text: bioethic

text: Philippa Foot

text: Aristotelian

text: John Finnis

text: American philosophy

text: The fat man version

text: trolley problem

text: Violinist (thought experiment)

text: List of American philosophers

categories: Moral philosophers,Barnard College alumni,Jewish philosophers,American Jews,Hunter College High School alumni,Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty,1929 births,Guggenheim Fellows,Columbia University alumni,Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge,American women philosophers,20th-century American philosophers,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,21st-century American philosophers,Metaphysicians

paragraph: Judith Jarvis Thomson

paragraph: Judith Jarvis Thomson (born October 4, 1929) is an American moral philosopher.

paragraph: She was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and education.

paragraph: Born in New York City, on October 4, 1929, Judith (Jarvis) Thomson was the second child of Theodore Jarvis (Javitz), an accountant, and Helen (Vostrey) Jarvis, an English teacher. Her mother was of Catholic Czech extraction, and her father was descended from a line of Eastern European rabbis, including Rabbi Hayyim Eliezer Wachs of Kalish and Rabbi Jacob Emden. Raised in an observant family on the Lower East Side, Theodore Javitz changed his name to Jarvis in 1918. His relationship with his wife, which began at socialist summer camp, was a source of tension for both their families.

paragraph: Helen Jarvis died when Judith was six, and Theodore Jarvis remarried two years later. His second wife had two children. She was a successful interior designer and an arts and antique dealer and importer.

paragraph: Judith attended elementary school in New York City and in Yonkers, graduating from Hunter College High School in January 1946. She went on to receive a B.A. from Barnard College in 1950, a second B.A. from Cambridge University in 1952 (at Newnham College, Cambridge), an M.A. from Cambridge in 1956, and a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1959, all in philosophy.

paragraph: In 1962, she began teaching at Barnard College, and in 1962 she met and married the British philosopher James Thomson, who was a visiting professor at Columbia University. After spending 1962–1963 at Oxford, the couple moved to Boston, where James Thomson was appointed professor of philosophy at MIT. Judith Thomson taught for a year at Boston University and, in 1964, was appointed to the faculty at MIT, where she is currently Laurence S. Rockefeller Professor of Philosophy. The Thomsons were separated in 1976 and divorced in 1980; they remained colleagues until James Thomson’s death in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Judith Thomson has been visiting professor at the University of Pittsburgh (1976), the University of California at Berkeley Law School (1983), and Yale Law School (1982, 1984, 1985), and has held fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation (1950–1951), the American Association of University Women (1962–1963), the National Endowment for the Humanities (1978–1979, 1986–1987), the Guggenheim Foundation (1986–1987), and the Center for Advanced Study in Oslo, Norway (1996). In 1989, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1992–1993 she served as president of the American Philosophical Association (APA), Eastern Division. In 1999, she gave the Tanner Lectures on Human Values on "Goodness and Advice," at Princeton University, and in 2003, she gave the Paul Carus Lectures on "Normativity," at the APA Central Division meetings. She taught at MIT for the majority of her career, remaining there as professor emerita.

paragraph: In 2012, she was awarded the Quinn Prize by the American Philosophical Association.

paragraph: In 2015, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Cambridge, and in 2016 by Harvard University. In 2016, she was elected to a Corresponding Fellowship of the British Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Research areas and publications.

paragraph: Thomson's main areas of research are moral philosophy and metaphysics. In moral philosophy she has made significant contributions to meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Her contribution to her book with Gilbert Harman, "Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity" (1996) defends the objectivity of morality against Harman's relativism. The papers collected in "Rights, Restitution and Risk" (1986) include discussions of assisted suicide, abortion, self-defense, and preferential hiring. And her work published in "Goodness and Advice" (2001) and "The Realm of Rights" (1992) cover basic issues in normative moral theory concerning the basis of moral rights and an account of goodness. Her work in metaphysics focuses on issues concerning action and events, time and parthood.

paragraph: Section::::"A Defense of Abortion".

paragraph: One thought experiment for which Thomson is especially well-known occurs in her paper "A Defense of Abortion":

paragraph: The scenario is meant to suggest that the human right not to be killed can be trumped by another person's right to control her own body, when these two rights come into conflict.

paragraph: In this paper, Thomson argues on the basis of the violinist thought experiment that "the right to life consists not in the right not to be killed, but rather in the right not to be killed unjustly." Therefore, to show that abortion is morally impermissible, "it is by no means enough to show that the fetus is a person and to remind us that all persons have a right to life—we need to be shown also that killing the fetus violates its right to life, i.e., that abortion is unjust killing. And is it?" Thomson's article defends abortion rights and functions primarily as an argument by analogy in regards to the idea of mother/fetus consanguinity.

paragraph: The paper meets reactions and criticisms from many different philosophers and bioethicists. Philippa Foot, a prominent Aristotelian ethicist argued that negative non-provision of service, as in the case of the violinist, is different from active killing, or interference, as in abortion (see Foot's book "Moral Dilemmas", 86–87). Thomson's thought experiment has also been replied to by Oxford philosopher John Finnis in "The Rights and Wrongs of Abortion: a reply to Judith Thomson". Thomson in turn replied to Finnis in her paper, "Rights and Deaths", reprinted in her volume of essays, "Rights, Restitution, and Risk".

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Defense of Abortion," "Philosophy and Public Affairs" 1 (1971): 47–66.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Right to Privacy," "Philosophy and Public Affairs" 4 (1975): 295–314.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acts and Other Events" (Cornell University Press, 1977).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rights, Restitution, and Risk" (Harvard University Press, 1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Realm of Rights" (Harvard University Press, 1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goodness and Utilitarianism," (Presidential Address) "Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association" 67.2 (1993): 145–159.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity" (with Gilbert Harman) (Blackwell, 1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goodness and Advice" (Princeton University Press, 2001).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- The fat man version of the trolley problem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violinist (thought experiment)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American philosophers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) — Judith J. Thomson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boston Review" (1995) — "Abortion", Judith J. Thomson

description: American philosopher

wikidata_label: Judith Jarvis Thomson

wikipedia_title: Judith Jarvis Thomson


text:
Manningtree
Essex
Stirling
Edinburgh University
New College
Edinburgh
Tübingen
Free Church of Scotland
Edinburgh Barclay Church
Logiealmond
Perthshire
Glasgow
Sefton Park
Presbyterian
Liverpool
Cambridge
Yale University
synod
English Presbyterian Church
United States
blood poisoning
tonsilitis
Mount Pleasant
Iowa
Smithdown Cemetery
Scottish life
Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush
sermon
Kailyard
Plato
Philo of Alexandria

categories: 19th-century Scottish writers,Scottish Protestant ministers and clergy,19th-century Scottish people,Scottish writers,Anglo-Scots,1850 births,1907 deaths,People from Tendring (district),Yale University faculty,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Pseudonymous writers,Kailyard school

paragraph: Ian Maclaren

paragraph: Rev Dr John Watson DD (3 November 1850 – 6 May 1907), was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He is remembered as an author of fiction, known by his pen name Ian Maclaren.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of John Watson, a civil servant, he was born in Manningtree, Essex, and educated at Stirling. His paternal uncle Rev Hiram Watson (1813-1891) was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland and John appears to have chosen to follow in his shoes.

paragraph: He studied at Edinburgh University, then trained as a Free Church minister at New College in Edinburgh, also undertaking some postgraduate study at Tübingen.

paragraph: In 1874 he was licensed by the Free Church of Scotland and became assistant minister of Edinburgh Barclay Church. In 1875 he was ordained as minister at Logiealmond in Perthshire. In 1877 he was translated to St Matthews Free Church in Glasgow. In Glasgow he lived at 44 Windsor Terrace. In 1880 he became minister of Sefton Park Presbyterian Church in Liverpool, from which he retired in 1905. During this period he was a main mover in the founding of the Westminster College in Cambridge.

paragraph: In 1896 he was Lyman Beecher lecturer at Yale University, and in 1900 he was moderator of the synod of the English Presbyterian Church. While travelling in the United States he died from blood poisoning, following a bout with tonsilitis, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. His body was returned to England, and buried in Smithdown Cemetery in Liverpool.

paragraph: Maclaren's first stories of rural Scottish life, "Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush" (1894), achieved extraordinary popularity, selling more than 700,000 copies, and was succeeded by other successful books, "The Days of Auld Lang Syne" (1895), "Kate Carnegie and those Ministers" (1896), and "Afterwards and other Stories" (1898). By his own name Watson published several volumes of sermons, among them being "The Upper Room" (1895), "The Mind of the Master" (1896) and "The Potter's Wheel" (1897). Today he is regarded as one of the principal writers of the Kailyard school.

paragraph: It is thought that Maclaren was the original source of the quotation “Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle,” now widely misattributed to Plato or Philo of Alexandria. The oldest known instance of this quotation is in the 1897 Christmas edition of "The British Weekly", penned by Maclaren: “Be pitiful, for every man is fighting a hard battle.”

paragraph: The highly impressive St Matthews Free Church became the Highland Memorial Church in 1941 and was destroyed by fire in 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1878 he married Jane B Ferguson.

description: British theologian and writer

enwikiquote_title: Ian Maclaren

wikidata_label: John Watson

wikipedia_title: Ian Maclaren


text: Germany

text: non-Muslim Islamic scholar

text: Islamic studies

text: University of Basel

text: Paris-Sorbonne University

text: Semitic languages

text: University of Marburg

text: Goethe University Frankfurt

text: University of Giessen

text: London

text: Routledge

text: Prof. em. Dr. Gregor Schoeler

categories: German scholars of Islam,German male writers,Living people,1944 births

paragraph: Gregor Schoeler

paragraph: Gregor Schoeler, born in Germany in 1944, is a contemporary non-Muslim Islamic scholar He has served the chair of Islamic studies at the University of Basel since 2009. Prior to that, he served in a professorship role in the same field at Paris-Sorbonne University starting from 1982 and has lectured at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences since 2000.

paragraph: He majored in Islamic studies and Semitic languages at the University of Marburg, Goethe University Frankfurt and University of Giessen.

paragraph: His most well known work is the collected series of lectures known as "Écrire et transmettre dans les débuts de l'islam", which is available in French, English and Arabic. In March 2010, Schoeler delivered a series of lectures on Islamic oral and written tradition at the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Biography of Muhammad: Nature and Authenticity", trns. Uwe Vagelpohl, ed. and intr. James E. Montgomery. London: Routledge, 2011. 200 pgs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oral and the Written in Early Islam", trns. Uwe Vagelpohl, ed. and intr. James E. Montgomery. London: Routledge, 2006. 248 pgs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prof. em. Dr. Gregor Schoeler University of Basel

description: Muslim scholar

wikidata_label: Gregor Schoeler

wikipedia_title: Gregor Schoeler


text: Kenya

text: Roman Catholic

text: prelate

text: cardinal

text: Archbishop of Nairobi

text: Pope Paul VI

text: priesthood

text: Rome

text: Nairobi

text: Second Vatican Council

text: condoms

text: contraception

text: Humanae Vitae

text: abortion

text: Servant of God

text: pagan

text: Lubukusu language

text: Roman Catholicism

text: baptized

text: Servant of God

text: Mang'u High School

text: Kabaa

text: licentiate

text: theological studies

text: philosophical

text: Kampala

text: Uganda

text: Rome

text: Pontifical Urban

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: doctorate

text: Europe

text: Paris

text: Lourdes

text: England

text: Ireland

text: Kisumu

text: James Robert Knox

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Titular Bishop of Tacape

text: episcopal consecration

text: Kakamega

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Diocese of Kisii

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Archbishop of Nairobi

text: episcopal assemblies

text: cardinal

text: papal conclave of August 1978

text: conclave of October 1978

text: Pope John Paul I

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Peugeot 304

text: Daniel Arap Moi

text: Roman Curia

text: stroke

text: cardiac arrest

text: intensive care

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: John Njue

text: nihil obstat

text: Servant of God

text: papal nuncio

text: Charles Daniel Balvo

text: postulator

text: condoms

text: Uhuru Park

text: Humanae Vitae

text: contraception

text: HIV/AIDS

text: bonfires

text: Imam

text: Jamia Mosque

text: abortion

text: sexual education

text: Islam

text: Muhammad

text: Jesus Christ

text: Quran

text: Hagiography Circle

text: Official site

text: DCAB

text: Santi e Beati

text: Catholic Hierarchy

categories: 20th-century cardinals,Anti-contraception activists,Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni,2003 deaths,21st-century cardinals,People from Bungoma County,Alumni of Mang'u High School,Bishops appointed by Pope Pius XII,1923 births,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Kenyan cardinals,21st-century venerated Christians,Bishops of Nairobi,Kenyan anti-abortion activists

paragraph: Maurice Michael Otunga

paragraph: Maurice Michael Otunga (January 1923 – 6 September 2003) was a Kenyan Roman Catholic prelate and cardinal who served as the Archbishop of Nairobi from 1971 until his resignation in 1997. Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate in 1973 as the Cardinal-Priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane. Otunga was the son of a tribal chief and denied taking his father's place so as to pursue a path to the priesthood after completing his studies at home and in Rome. He was made a bishop in the 1950s and then transferred to a new diocese at its head; he later was transferred to Nairobi and was a participant in the Second Vatican Council.

paragraph: Otunga was known for his vehement opposition to the use of condoms and twice in the 1990s burnt boxes of condoms before the faithful. He explained that contraception was in breach of Christian teaching and that it was in opposition to "Humanae Vitae" issued in 1968. He was also a vocal critic of abortion and was critical of priests who involved themselves in social and political controversies.

paragraph: His cause of canonization has commenced and he has been titled as a Servant of God.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Childhood and conversion.

paragraph: Maurice Michael Otunga was born in 1923 to Wasike Lusweti Sudi (a pagan and chieftain of the Bakhome (or Bukusu) tribe) and Rosa Namisi.

paragraph: His father had about 70 wives and children with each and taught Otunga the basic tenets of their traditional religion. He was given the name "Otunga" which meant a staff the old lean on for support. But his original name was "Odunga" but changed to "Otunga" since the Lubukusu language had no "D" sound to it. But this was his second name: his father had called him this because he felt it was better than the name his mother had chosen for him. Rosa named her infant son "Simiyu" upon his birth. His half-brother was Peter Nabangi. He converted to Roman Catholicism and received baptized in 1935 (from Fr. Leo Pulaert) where he was given the name "Maurice Michael". His father was later baptized in 1963 and his mother also later in 1965. Otunga received his Confirmation on 29 September 1939 from the Servant of God Bishop Joseph Shanahan.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Education and priesthood.

paragraph: He studied at Mill High School in Kibabii from 1931 to 1933 and later at another school in Sijei from 1933 to 1934. He finished his studies at Mang'u High School in Kabaa from 1934 to 1935 before obtaining a licentiate in his theological studies in September 1951. He began his ecclesial studies in Kakamega where he began both his philosophical and theological studies which he finished at the Gaba ecclesial school in Kampala in Uganda. He refused to become his tribe's chieftain after his father resigned from the position in 1947.

paragraph: He transferred to Rome and was a student at the Pontifical Urban from 1947 until 1950. It was there in Rome that he was ordained to the priesthood on 3 October 1950. He also obtained his theological doctorate in Rome after finishing his further studies which spanned from 1950 to 1951. He travelled in Europe for several months in 1951 and visited northern Italian cities before going to Paris and Lourdes in France and then to England and Ireland.

paragraph: Upon his return to his homeland he served in the theological department as a professor from 1951 until 1954 at the ecclesial school in Kisumu while he also served as the vice-chancellor of the diocesan curia. He served also as the private aide to James Robert Knox from 1954 until his appointment to the episcopate in 1956. In 1956 he was assigned to serve as a pastor at the Makupa parish in Nairobi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Episcopate.

paragraph: The decisive moment in his priesthood came after Pope Pius XII nominated him to the episcopate; he was made the Titular Bishop of Tacape and received his episcopal consecration from Knox a couple of months later in Kakamega. Pope John XXIII later transferred Otunga to the new Diocese of Kisii. Otunga attended the four sessions of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) and was promoted as the Titular Archbishop of Bomarza in 1969. Later on 15 November 1969 another decisive moment came when Pope Paul VI nominated him as the Coadjutor Bishop of Nairobi. This meant that he would succeed the current archbishop as its head upon his resignation. He succeeded as the Archbishop of Nairobi on 24 October 1971.

paragraph: He served as the Vice-President of the Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) and a member of the permanent committee of the Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM). He also participated in various episcopal assemblies that the pope convoked in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Cardinalate.

paragraph: On 5 March 1973 he was created and proclaimed a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane. He attended the two episcopal assembles the pope called in Rome both in 1974 and 1977. He also participated in the papal conclave of August 1978 and the conclave of October 1978 that saw the elections of Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II. Otunga also participated in other episcopal assembles in Rome both in 1980 and 1994.

paragraph: In 1994 in Rome he stated to the world's bishops:

paragraph: Otunga lived in modest conditions and eschewed much of the trappings that came with the episcopal office; he even drove in his own Peugeot 304. He often visited President Daniel Arap Moi to urge him to implement democratic reforms and disapproved of priests becoming involved in social or political controversies. He sought to promote and encourage diocesan vocations and he invited religious congregations to settle and work in Nairobi.

paragraph: He served on various departments in the Roman Curia as is the norm for a cardinal. Those appointments were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments

paragraph: BULLET::::- Congregation for Religious and Secular Institutes

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Resignation and death.

paragraph: In 1991 he fell ill and failed to secure his resignation from Pope John Paul II. The pope instead decided to appoint a coadjutor bishop who would have the right of succession in case Otunga either died or otherwise. In 1992 he suffered a stroke and sent a second resignation letter which was accepted in 1997; after he retired he moved into an aged care home and lost his power to vote in papal conclaves after he had turned 80.

paragraph: Otunga died on 6 September 2003 at 6:45am of cardiac arrest in the intensive care unit of the Mater Misericordiae Hospital in Nairobi. Otunga had been hospitalized there for about two months. The funeral was celebrated on 19 September in Nairobi. His remains were interred in Nairobi at Saint Austin's in Msongari which was a traditional burial ground for priests or deacons. He was the highest in rank to be interred there. His remains were later transferred to the Karen's Resurrection Gardens on 24 August 2005 at 1:00pm. His remains were relocated in secret after his old Bukusu tribe argued the move would bring about a curse.

paragraph: Section::::Street.

paragraph: In late 2016 the government named a street in Nairobi in his honor: "Cardinal Otunga Road".

paragraph: Section::::Beatification process.

paragraph: In 2005 plans were announced to consider and launch the cause for the late cardinal's beatification; national bishops made their "ad limina apostolorum" visit to Rome in November 2007 and sought advice on the matter from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. The formal petition to the cause was made to Cardinal John Njue on 30 October 2009 and Njue wrote on 6 November to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints requesting their approval to initiate the cause. The latter voiced their assent declaring "nihil obstat" (no objections) on 1 March 2010 and titled Otunga as a Servant of God. Njue announced the cause would open on 6 August 2010 but did not set the date for its opening at that point.

paragraph: The diocesan process opened in Nairobi on 11 November 2011 and spoke to 171 witnesses in total while collecting 23, 995 pages of documentation regarding the cardinal's life and works. This diocesan investigation closed on 28 September 2013. The documents were sealed in boxes and handed over to the papal nuncio Charles Daniel Balvo for transferral to the C.C.S. in Rome. The C.C.S. validated this process on 9 May 2014.

paragraph: The first postulator for this cause died on 12 August 2012. The current postulator is Dr. Waldery Hilgeman (since 1 September 2012) and the current vice-postulator is the Xaverian Br. Reginald Cruz (since 2 September 2012).

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Condoms.

paragraph: On 31 August 1996 (before 250 faithful) he burned condoms in Uhuru Park as part of his campaigning against the use of condoms. He deemed them to be against the teachings of the Church and more so an affront to "Humanae Vitae" which Pope Paul VI had issued in 1968. Otunga urged people to exercise abstinence instead and affirmed that contraception did not solve the HIV/AIDS crisis. He also met with local Islamic leaders for ceremonial bonfires to burn condoms in public. One such public bonfire was on 19 August 1995 in which he joined the Imam of Nairobi's Jamia Mosque Sheikh Ali Shee in burning condoms and sex education literature.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Family planning.

paragraph: Otunga criticized family planning activists and sought to have them desist from interfering with family life. He criticized them in the following words:

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Abortion.

paragraph: Otunga was a strong critic of abortion and said that human life remained sacred from the moment of conception until natural death.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Education.

paragraph: Otunga supported President Moi's reforms in ending the sexual education curriculum in schools.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Islam.

paragraph: Amin al-Hinawi (on 14 January 1993) issued a sharp criticism that Otunga made regarding warnings against the expansion of Islam in Africa. The Church clarified that the cardinal was misinterpreted and had been speaking out against "Islamic fundamentalism" which he perceived to be on the rise rather than the Islamic religion itself. Otunga had once made an assertion that Muhammad as the last prophet was based on a lie since Jesus Christ was the last prophet. These remarks caused considerable debate and incense among Muslims.

paragraph: The assistant minister Sharif Nassir on 7 January 1987 requested Otunga to read and understand the Quran to better work for interreligious dialogue.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- DCAB

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santi e Beati

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal.

wikidata_label: Maurice Michael Otunga

wikipedia_title: Maurice Michael Otunga


text: poet

text: Plouguernével

text: Rostrenen

text: Côtes-d'Armor

text: Breton

text: Shakespeare

text: Yesenin

text: Blok

text: Pasternak

text: Ady

text: Mickiewicz

text: Ungaretti

text: Tu Fu

text: French Anarchist Federation

text: identity document

text: Éditions Gallimard

text: Ady

text: Boris Pasternak

text: Rubayat

text: Omar Khayam

text: Les Gaillardes Épouses de Windsor

text: Othello

text: Shakespeare

text: Le Roi Lear

text: Jules Supervielle

categories: French anarchists,Translators from Persian,20th-century translators,French male poets,Poètes maudits,1959 deaths,20th-century French male writers,French-language poets,1930 births,English–French translators,German–French translators,20th-century French poets,Russian–French translators,People from Côtes-d'Armor

paragraph: Armand Robin

paragraph: Armand Robin (January 19, 1912 – March 30, 1961) was a French poet, translator, and journalist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Robin was born in Plouguernével by Rostrenen (Côtes-d'Armor) and his mother tongue was Breton. He learnt French when attending his first school years. He was unable to settle down for all his life. He traveled to the USSR in 1934, and returned shocked by the reality of communism. During the German occupation of France during World War II he worked in radio broadcasting foreign news.

paragraph: Robin continued his language studies so that he understood twenty-six languages. He translated works from English (Shakespeare), Russian (Yesenin, Blok, Pasternak), Hungarian (Ady), Polish (Mickiewicz), Italian (Ungaretti), Chinese (Tu Fu), Flemish, Finnish, German, Arabic, Spanish, Kalmyk, etc.

paragraph: He joined the French Anarchist Federation in 1945, which published his "Poèmes indésirables" (Undesirable Poems). He authored "La fausse parole" (The False Word), which dissected the mechanisms of propaganda in the totalitarian countries.

paragraph: On March 27, 1961, Robin was arrested because he had no identity document, and died three days later under mysterious circumstances in a Parisian hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Own poetry with translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ma vie sans moi" (1940); My life without me

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poèmes indésirables" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Monde d'une voix", Éditions Gallimard (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fragments", Gallimard (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le cycle du pays natal", La Part Commune (2000)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poèmes d'Ady", Le Seuil (1946), Le temps qu'il fait (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poèmes de Boris Pasternak" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quatre Poètes russes" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poésie non traduite" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poésie non traduite II" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rubayat" d'Omar Khayam (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Gaillardes Épouses de Windsor" et "Othello" de Shakespeare (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Roi Lear" de Shakespeare (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Écrits oubliés II", Ubacs (1986)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Temps qu'il fait" (1942)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Radio broadcasts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pâques fête de la joie", Calligrammes (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poésie sans passeport", Ubacs (1990)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Essays, articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fausse Parole", Minuit (1953), Le Temps qu'il fait (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'homme sans nouvelle", Le temps qu'il fait (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Écrits oubliés I", Ubacs (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expertise de la fausse parole", Ubacs (1990)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Correspondence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettres à Jean Guéhenno, Lettres à Jules Supervielle", Librairie La Nerthe (2006)

description: French poet

wikidata_label: Armand Robin

wikipedia_title: Armand Robin


text:
Newcastle upon Tyne
Harrow School
Oriel College, Oxford
B.A.
M.A.
Lincoln's Inn
Inner Temple
Member of Parliament
South Shields
election of 1832
Whig
Dolly Peel
John Twizell Wawn
election of 1841
recorder
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Attorney-General of Durham
Henry Liddell
1852 election
1868 election
Westoe

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,1793 births,UK MPs 1835–1837,Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford,Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford,People educated at Harrow School,UK MPs 1837–1841,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,Members of the Inner Temple,1875 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Members of Lincoln's Inn

paragraph: Robert Ingham

paragraph: Robert Ingham (1793 – 21 October 1875) was a British barrister and politician.

paragraph: The fourth son of the surgeon William Ingham and his wife Jane Walker, of Newcastle upon Tyne, Ingham was educated at Harrow School and Oriel College, Oxford. He graduated with a B.A. in 1815 and an M.A. in 1818, and held a fellowship at Oriel from 1816 until 1826.

paragraph: Ingham took to the law and was admitted to Lincoln's Inn on 16 June 1820, moving to the Inner Temple in 1825. He was returned as Member of Parliament (MP) for South Shields in the election of 1832, as a Whig. One of his strongest supporters in Shields was local heroine Dolly Peel. He continued to represent South Shields until he was defeated by John Twizell Wawn in the election of 1841. He was also appointed recorder of Berwick-upon-Tweed in June 1832.

paragraph: In 1846, he was appointed Attorney-General of Durham. In 1850, he became a bencher of the Inner Temple. When Wawn retired in 1852, Ingham beat Henry Liddell in the 1852 election to regain his seat. Ingham resigned his attorney-generalship in 1861, and served as reader of the Inner Temple in 1862 and treasurer in 1863. He stood down at the 1868 election, and resigned the recordership of Berwick in 1870. He died in Westoe five years later.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Robert Ingham

wikipedia_title: Robert Ingham


text: scholar-official

text: Ming dynasty

text: Hai Rui Dismissed from Office

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Qiongshan

text: Hainan

text: Guangzhou

text: Haidar

text: Muslim

text: Hui

text: Neo-Confucian

text: Imperial examination

text: Fujian

text: Jiajing Emperor

text: Longqing Emperor

text: Hainan

text: Nanjing

text: Wanli Emperor

text: Wu Han

text: Peking Opera

text: Hai Rui Dismissed from Office

text: Gang of Four

text: Yao Wenyuan

text: Peng Dehuai

text: Great Leap Forward

text: Mao Zedong

text: Zhou Xinfang

text: Haikou

categories: 1587 deaths,16th-century Chinese people,1514 births,Ming dynasty politicians,People from Haikou

paragraph: Hai Rui

paragraph: Hai Rui (Hai Jui; 23 January 1514 – 13 November 1587) was a scholar-official of the Chinese Ming dynasty. He is remembered as a model of honesty and integrity in office. A play based on his career, "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", gained political significance in the 1960s during the Cultural Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hai Rui, was born in Qiongshan, Hainan on January 23, 1513. His father died when he was three, and he was raised by his mother. His great-great-grandfather was a native of Guangzhou named Hai Da-er (海答兒, Haidar, an Arabic name), and his mother was also from a Muslim (Hui) family that originated from the Indian subcontinent. Hai Rui himself however was noted primarily as a Neo-Confucian and never discussed Islam in his Confucian works.

paragraph: Hai took the Imperial examination but was unsuccessful, and his official career only began in 1553, when he was 39, with a humble position as clerk of education in Fujian. He gained a reputation for his uncompromising adherence to upright morality, scrupulous honesty, poverty, and fairness. This won him widespread popular support, evinced among other things by his being enshrined while alive; but he also made many enemies in the bureaucracy. Nevertheless, he was called to the capital Beijing and promoted to the junior position of secretary of ministry of Revenue. In 1565, he submitted a memorial strongly criticizing the Jiajing Emperor for the neglect of his duties and bringing disaster to the country, for which he was sentenced to death in 1566. He was released after the Emperor died in early 1567.

paragraph: Hai Rui was reappointed under the Longqing Emperor but soon forced to resign in 1570 after complaints were made over his overzealous handling of land-tenure issues. He then spent 15 years in retirement in Hainan before being finally brought back to the Empire's "auxiliary capital" of Nanjing, in 1585, to serve under the Wanli Emperor. Hai Rui was promoted to censor-in-chief of Nanjing in 1586, but died in office a year later.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1959, writer and scholar Wu Han became interested in the life of Hai Rui, and wrote several articles on his life and his fearless criticism of the emperor. He then wrote a play for Peking Opera titled "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", which he revised several times before the final version of 1961. Wu's play was interpreted by the Gang of Four member Yao Wenyuan as an allegorical work, in which the honest moral official Hai Rui representing the disgraced communist marshal Peng Dehuai, who was purged by Mao after criticizing the Great Leap Forward. According to Yao, the corrupt emperor in Wu's play represented Mao Zedong. The November 10, 1965, an article in a prominent Shanghai newspaper, "A Criticism of the Historical Drama 'Hai Rui Dismissed From Office'" (评新编历史剧《海瑞罢官》), written by Yao, began a propaganda campaign that eventually led to the Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, the tomb of Hai Rui was destroyed, Hai Rui's body dug up and incinerated by Red Guards (the tomb has since been rebuilt). Yao's campaign led to the persecution and death of Wu Han, as well as others involved in related works, such as Zhou Xinfang for his opera "Hai Rui Submits His Memorial" (海瑞上疏).

paragraph: While Wu Han considers Hai Rui to be a moral socialist, this was not necessarily the case. As historian Ray Huang puts it, "Though one might expect the moral interpretation of history to be generally discredited by now, this is not the case. Some modern historians tend to view the Confucian morality in of certain individuals in terms of the own sense of social justice. Wu Han, for instance, praises his hero Hai Jui for ‘standing on the side of peasantry’ in their conflict with the landlords. He also asserts that Hai, ‘despite a hundred setbacks, still continued the struggle to build a socialist society."

paragraph: Haikou, the largest city on Hai Rui's home island of Hainan, celebrates Hai Rui's deeds. A memorial has been constructed and his tomb is open for worship.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Preliminary Study of Hai Rui: His Biography in the Ming-Shih

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coordinates of tomb linking to maps:

alias:
guo kai
Zhongjie
Yinglin
gangfeng
Ruxian
Hai Rui
gang
gang feng
bi chuang bo shi

description: Chinese politician

wikidata_label: Hai Rui

wikipedia_title: Hai Rui


text:
Chihuahua
Mexico
Mexican Revolution
Cientificos
Porfirio Diaz
Creel-Terrazas Family
Governor of Chihuahua
Benito Juárez
French Intervention
Chihuahua City
Swift
Hacienda Humboldt
Julimes
Delicias, Chihuahua
Theodore Roosevelt
Boer
Marshall Latham Bond
Pancho Villa

categories: Governors of Chihuahua (state),1923 deaths,Politicians from Chihuahua (state),People from Chihuahua City

paragraph: Luis Terrazas

paragraph: Luis Terrazas, born José Luis Gonzaga Jesús Daniel Terrazas Fuentes  (20 July 1829 in Chihuahua, Mexico – 18 June 1923 in Chihuahua), was a Mexican politician, businessman, rancher and soldier. He was a pivotal figure in the history of the state of Chihuahua from the middle of the 19th century through the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution. He was a leader of the Cientificos during the regime of Porfirio Diaz and was the founder of the influential Creel-Terrazas Family.

paragraph: First elected Governor of Chihuahua in 1858, Terrazas was a host, political ally and confidant of President Benito Juárez during the French Intervention, when Juarez was living with his cabinet in exile in Chihuahua City from 1864 through 1866. He served as governor for various terms of office between 1858 and 1904.

paragraph: There are two anecdotal tales addressing Terrazas' wealth: when approached by American meat packer Swift and asked if he could provide a hundred thousand head of cattle, his rejoinder was "In what color?". And, when asked once at a social function if he were from Chihuahua, he was reported to have asserted "No soy de Chihuahua, Chihuahua es mío" ("I'm not from Chihuahua, Chihuahua is mine").

paragraph: His ranches had once totaled more than 7 million acres (28,000 km²).

paragraph: He acquired his properties in a number of ways; one significant advantage was that, as governor of the state, Terrazas was able to move armed forces into and out of portions of the state, creating instability in prices and buy good rangeland where prices had decreased.

paragraph: In 1902 he sold a ranch, Hacienda Humboldt at Julimes, near Delicias, Chihuahua, to a group of sponsors organized by President Theodore Roosevelt for a colony of South African Boer refugees. Roosevelt was represented by Edward Reeve Merritt and Marshall Latham Bond.

paragraph: Terrazas was said to have faced-down his enemy Pancho Villa in a confrontation during the early days of the Revolution; he had suspected Villa of rustling his cattle and refused to have any dealings with him, leading to a mutual enmity between the two. Villa was also the leading suspect in the abduction of Terrazas' eldest son, Luis, during the Revolution . He and Villa died in the same year (Terrazas from old age; Villa by assassination).

description: Mexican politician

wikidata_label: Luis Terrazas

wikipedia_title: Luis Terrazas


text:
Canadian football
cornerback
Edmonton Eskimos
Canadian Football League
college football
Texas A&M University
Atlanta Falcons
National Football League
John B. Connally High School
Pflugerville, Texas
All-American
Texas A&M
Texas
Big 12
Detron Smith
Denver Broncos
free agent
Atlanta Falcons
Edmonton Eskimos
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Winnipeg
Just Sports Stats
Edmonton Eskimos biography

categories: American football cornerbacks,Texas A&M Aggies football players,African-American players of American football,1982 births,Canadian football defensive backs,Players of American football from Texas,African-American players of Canadian football,Living people,Edmonton Eskimos players

paragraph: Jonté Buhl

paragraph: Jonté Buhl (born April 4, 1982) is a former professional Canadian football cornerback who played four seasons for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. He played college football at Texas A&M University and originally signed with the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Buhl attended John B. Connally High School in Pflugerville, Texas where he was a high school All-American and played both defense and offense positions. As a senior, he had 60 tackles and 5 interceptions and rushed for 682 yards and 10 touchdowns. In addition to football, he was on the basketball and track teams and was one of the nation's top prep quarter-milers, posting the nation's top indoor 400-meter time (46.77) in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Buhl finished his collegiate career at Texas A&M with 144 tackles, three interceptions, 16 knockdowns, two forced fumbles and two fumble recoveries, including a school-record 98-yard fumble return for a touchdown against Texas his senior year. After his senior year, he was named to the 2004 Associated Press Honorable Mention All-Big 12 Team. Buhl's cousin, Detron Smith, also played for the Aggies and later for the Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Buhl also competed in track for the Aggies, As a freshman, he ran for the indoor 4x400-meter relay that placed seventh at nationals. He placed eighth in the indoor 400 in his first conference meet and improved to sixth at the Big 12 outdoor meet. He was the team's top entry in the 400 with a best time of 48.21 indoors and 47.03 outdoors. After his freshman year, he was named an All-American, but did not compete in track for two years while concentrating on football. Buhl had a successful return to the oval, running on the NCAA champion 1600m relay as a senior.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Buhl was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons in 2005. He signed with the Edmonton Eskimos in 2006 and played in 15 games (13 starts) for the Eskimos that year, recording 35 defensive tackles, four special teams tackles, one tackle for a loss, six knockdowns, one interception two forced fumbles and two fumble returns for 19 yards. He was signed by the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2006.

paragraph: In 2007, Buhl started the first three games of the season before suffering a season-ending injury when he broke his wrist in Winnipeg on July 13. He recorded nine defensive tackles, one forced fumble and a 19-yard interception.

paragraph: In the 2008 season, Buhl started in all 18 games, recording 18 tackles, four special teams tackles, four knockdowns, four interceptions returned for 46 yards, and one quarterback sack. He also started in both playoff games, compiling a total of two tackles.

paragraph: Buhl signed a multi-year contract extension with the Eskimos in January 2009.

paragraph: Estimated net worth based on census data is $1.2M

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmonton Eskimos biography

description: Player of American and Canadian football

wikidata_label: Jonté Buhl

wikipedia_title: Jonté Buhl


text:
Welsh
botanist
Anglican
Anglesey
Welsh language
Llandyfrydog
Anglesey
Wales
rector
St Tyfrydog's Church, Llandyfrydog
Beaumaris grammar school
Jesus College
matriculated
Bachelor of Arts
Llangefni
Llanfaes
Penmon
Penmynydd
Llandegfan
Beaumaris
Aber
Caernarvonshire
Thomas Pennant
Isle of Man
William Hudson
James Sowerby
James Edward Smith
Dawson Turner
Lewis Weston Dillwyn
Fellow
Linnean Society
Welsh
Daviesia

categories: 1821 deaths,Welsh botanists,Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford,People from Anglesey,1739 births,18th-century Welsh Anglican priests

paragraph: Hugh Davies (botanist)

paragraph: Hugh Davies (3 April 1739 – 16 February 1821) was a Welsh botanist and Anglican clergyman. He spent most of his professional life on the island of Anglesey and published a treatise on the flora of the county, which was the first volume to cross-reference plant names in the Welsh language with their scientific names.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Davies was born in the parish of Llandyfrydog, Anglesey, Wales, where his father was the rector of St Tyfrydog's Church, Llandyfrydog. He was educated at Beaumaris grammar school and then went to Oxford, studying at Jesus College as his father had done. He matriculated in 1757 and was awarded his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1762. After being ordained, he was a curate at Llangefni (1763–1766), Llanfaes and Penmon (1766–1785) and Penmynydd (1775–1778), all in Anglesey. He then became rector of Llandegfan with Beaumaris in 1778, before his appointment as rector of Aber, Caernarvonshire in 1787. He resigned in 1816, although he had lived in Beaumaris because of his health since 1801. He died in Beaumaris in 1821 and was buried in the churchyard.

paragraph: Section::::Botany.

paragraph: Davies was friends with Thomas Pennant from the time of his curacy in Llanfaes and Penmon, and would send him specimens. He travelled to the Isle of Man in 1774 with Pennant, returning the following year by himself for a further review of the plant life on the island. He thereafter assisted authors with details of the natural history of Anglesey and Caernarvonshire, contributing material to Pennant's books "British Zoology", "Indian Zoology" and "Journey to Snowdon", William Hudson's "Flora Anglica", "English Botany" by James Sowerby and James Edward Smith, "Flora Britannica" by Smith, and "The Botanist's Guide through England and Wales" by Dawson Turner and Lewis Weston Dillwyn. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1790, with four of his papers being published in the society's journal. His main work was "Welsh Botanology" in 1813, which was the first work to cross-reference the names of plants in Welsh with their scientific names. Its treatment of the flora of Anglesey was also the first detailed consideration of the flora of a Welsh county, as opposed to the more common approach of that time of uncoordinated plant investigations. The book also contained what is still regarded as the most complete list of plant names in Welsh. Davies was commemorated by the genus "Daviesia (Leguminosae)", named after him by Smith in 1798.

description: Welsh botanist, 1739-1821

wikidata_label: Hugh Davies

wikipedia_title: Hugh Davies (botanist)


href: Saint-Amand-Montrond Paris zoologist malacologist Alice%20Pruvot-Fol Grenoble Banyuls-sur-Mer comparative%20anatomy solenogaster Pruvotia Johannes%20Thiele%20%28zoologist%29 Polychaeta arthropod New%20Caledonia Pierre%20Fauvel

text:
Saint-Amand-Montrond
Paris
zoologist
malacologist
Alice Pruvot-Fol
Grenoble
Banyuls-sur-Mer
comparative anatomy
solenogaster
Pruvotia
Johannes Thiele
Polychaeta
arthropod
New Caledonia
Pierre Fauvel

categories: French marine biologists,French zoologists,1852 births,1924 deaths,University of Grenoble faculty

paragraph: Georges Pruvot

paragraph: Georges Florentin Pruvot (11 April 1852, Saint-Amand-Montrond – 15 October 1924, Paris) was a French zoologist. He was the husband of malacologist Alice Pruvot-Fol (1873-1972).

paragraph: He studied in Paris, obtaining his medical doctorate in 1882, followed by his doctorate in natural sciences in 1885. From 1885 he was a lecturer to the faculty of sciences in Paris, later relocating to Grenoble, where in 1893 he became a professor of zoology. In 1898 he returned to Paris as "chef des travaux de zoologie" (chief of zoological research). In 1900 he was named director of the laboratory at Banyuls-sur-Mer, and two years later, began giving classes in comparative anatomy in Paris.

paragraph: The solenogaster genus "Pruvotia" was named after him by Johannes Thiele. Also, organisms with the specific epithet of "pruvoti" are named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatomiques et Recherches sur le systems morphologiques nerveux of Annelides polychetes", 1885 - Anatomical and morphological research on the nervous system of Polychaeta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vers et arthropod", 1886 - Worms and arthropods.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annelides polychetes de Nouvelle-Calidonie recueillies Francois", 1930 - Polychaete annelids of New Caledonia collected by François (Introduction and notes by Pierre Fauvel).

description: French zoologist

wikidata_label: Georges Pruvot

wikipedia_title: Georges Pruvot


text: Bengali

text: Persian

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: Qutb al-Din Aibak

text: Bengal

text: East India

text: Khalaj

text: Garmsir

text: Afghanistan

text: Bengal

text: Ghor

text: India

text: Oudh

text: Mirzapur district

text: Bihar

text: Delhi

text: Nabadwip

text: Lakshmana Sena

text: Gaur

text: Nalanda

text: Odantapuri

text: Vikramashila

text: Tabaqat-i Nasiri

text: vihara

text: Taranatha

text: Dharmasvamin

text: Turushka

text: Devkot

text: attack Tibet

text: Ali Mardan Khalji

text: Ghoraghat Upazila

text: Barisal

text: Tibetan expedition

text: Muhammad Shiran Khalji

text: Qutb al-Din Aibak

text: Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji

text: Qutb-ud-din Aibak

text: Al Mahmud

text: madrasas

text: khanqah

text: Amir

text: Buddhist

text: Nalanda

text: List of rulers of Bengal

text: Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi

text: Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud

text: Bakhtiarpur

categories: Rulers of Bengal,12th-century Indian monarchs,History of Bengal,Year of birth unknown,Medieval India,History of Bangladesh,Indian Muslims,Mamluk dynasty (Delhi),1206 deaths

paragraph: Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji

paragraph: Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji (Bengali: ইখতিয়ার উদ্দিন মুহম্মদ বখতিয়ার খলজী, Persian: اختيار الدين محمد بن بختيار الخلجي), was military general of the Delhi Sultanate founder Qutb al-Din Aibak. He was the first Muslim to conquer Bengal. His invasions are believed to have severely damaged the Buddhist establishments in East India. His invasion of Bengal ushered an era, lasting over five centuries, during which most of Bengal was dominated by rulers professing the Islamic faith.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bakhtiyar Khalji, a member of the Khalaj tribe, a Turkic tribe long settled in what is now southern Afghanistan, was head of the military force that conquered parts of eastern India at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Rise.

paragraph: Khalji came from the town of Garmsir in present-day southern Afghanistan. Tradition has it that Khalji's conquest of Bengal at the head of 18 horsemen was foretold. He was of common birth, had long arms extending below his knees, a short physical stature, and an unfavorable countenance. He was first appointed as the "Dewan-i-Ard" at Ghor. Then he approached India in about the year 1193 and tried to enter in the army of Qutb-al-Din, but was refused rank. Then he went further eastward and took a job under Maklik Hizbar al-Din, then in command of a platoon at Badayun in northern India. After a short period he went to Oudh where Malik Husam al-Din, recognised him for his worth. Husam gave him a landed estate in the south-eastern corner of modern Mirzapur district. Khalji soon established himself there and carried out successful raids into weakly-defended regions to the east.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.

paragraph: Khalji's career took a new turn when he subjugated Bihar in 1200. This effort earned him political clout in the court at Delhi. In the same year he took his forces into Bengal. As he came upon the city of Nabadwip, it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up. He conquered Nabadwip from the old emperor Lakshmana Sena in 1203. Subsequently, Khalji went on to capture the capital and the principal city, Gaur, and intruded into much of Bengal.

paragraph: Bakhtiyar Khalji's invasions are believed to have severely damaged the Buddhist establishments at Nalanda, Odantapuri, and Vikramashila. Minhaj-i-Siraj's "Tabaqat-i Nasiri" suggests that Bakhtiyar Khalji destroyed a Buddhist monastery which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from what the soldiers learn is called a "vihara". According to American scholar Hartmut Scharfe, the Tibetan sources suggest that this monastery was the one at Vikramashila; historian André Wink believes that this monastery must have been Odantapuri. According to the early 17th century Buddhist scholar Taranatha, the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila. The Tibetan pilgrim Dharmasvamin, who visited the region in the 13th century, states that Vikramashila had been completely razed to the ground by the Turushka (Turkic) invaders, and Nalanda was the residence of a Turushka military commander. Around 80 small viharas remained at Nalanda, but most of them had been damaged by the Turushkas, and had been abandoned: only two were in "serviceable condition".

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: Ikhtiyar al-Dīn Muḥammad Khalji left the town of Devkot in 1206 to attack Tibet, leaving Ali Mardan Khalji in Ghoraghat Upazila to watch the eastern frontier from his headquarters at Barisal. Khalji forces suffered a disastrous defeat in the hands of Assamese King Prithu in Assam during Tibetan expedition. The entire army of Bakhtiyar Khalji was defeated by Tibetan forces, which forced him to retreat. His forces were then destroyed by King Vishwasundar Dev alias King Prithu Dev the descendant of King Vaidya Dev. Khalji then returned to Devkot with about one hundred surviving soldiers. Upon Ikhtiyar Khalji's return while he was lying ill at Devkot, he was assassinated by Ali Mardan.

paragraph: The Khalji noblemen then appointed Muhammad Shiran Khalji as Bakhtiyar's successor. Loyal troops under Shiran Khalji avenged Ikhtiyar's death, imprisoning Ali Mardan. Eventually Ali Mardan fled to Delhi and provoked the Sultan of Delhi Qutb al-Din Aibak to invade Bengal. Ali Mardan returned with the governor of Oudh, Kayemaz Rumi, and dethroned Shiran. Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died. Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji became the successor. Ali Mardan escaped and was made Governor of Bengal by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, but was killed in 1212. Ghiyas-ud-din again assumed power and proclaimed his independence.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Al Mahmud, a leading Bangladeshi poet, composed a book of poetry titled "Bakhtiyarer Ghora" ("Horses of Bakhtiyar") in the early 1990s. He depicted Khalji as the praiseworthy hero of Muslim conquest of Bengal. During Bakhtiyar Khalji's reign, Islam gained a large number of converts in India. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the Khutbah read and coins struck in his own name. Mosques, madrasas, and khanqahs arose in the new abode of Islam through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his Amirs.

paragraph: Buddhist sources hold him responsible for the destruction of Nalanda.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bakhtiarpur

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Muslims of Bengal – Volume 1A: Muslim Rule in Bengal (600-170/1203-1757), by Muhammad Mohar Ali, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Department of Culture and Publications.

alias: Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji

alias: Malik Ghazi Ikhtiyar 'l-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji

description: Turkic military general of Qutb al-Din Aibak

enwikiquote_title: Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji

wikidata_label: Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji

wikipedia_title: Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji


text: Nawab of Bengal

text: Battle of Burdwan

text: Maratha Empire

text: Azam Shah

text: Mughal Emperor

text: Aurangzeb

text: Subahdar

text: Orissa

text: Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan

text: Rajmahal

text: Bihar

text: Mansabdar

text: Azimabad

text: Battle of Giria

text: Sarfaraz Khan

text: Murshid Quli Khan

text: Nawab of Bengal

text: Nizam

text: Patna

text: Dacca

text: Maratha Empire

text: Bengal

text: Calcutta

text: Berar

text: Raghoji I Bhonsle

text: Subedar

text: Mir Jafar

text: Mughal Army

text: Mir Jafar

text: Orissa

text: Shuja-ud-Daula

text: Maratha

text: Bihar

text: Bengal

text: Bhaskar Pandit

text: Rostam

text: carpet

text: silk

text: ewer

text: Veena

text: Khol

text: Shahnameh

text: dropsy

text: Siraj-ud-Daula

text: Khushbagh

text: Nawabs of Bengal

text: List of rulers of Bengal

text: History of Bengal

text: History of Bangladesh

text: History of India

text: Shia Islam in India

text: A site dedicated to Alivardi Khan

categories: History of Bengal,Medieval India,Mughal Empire,1756 deaths,Indian Shia Muslims,Nawabs of Bengal,History of Bangladesh,1671 births

paragraph: Alivardi Khan

paragraph: Alivardi Khan (, ; 1671 – 9 April 1756) was the Nawab of Bengal during 1740–1756. He toppled the Nasiri Dynasty of the Nawabs and took powers of the Nawab. He is also one of the few Mughal-era leaders known for his victory during the Battle of Burdwan against the Maratha Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alivardi Khan's father was Shah Quli Khan (Mirza Muhammad Madani) and his mother was the daughter of Nawab Aqil Khan Afshar (Mir Muhammad Askari). Alivardi's birth name was "Mirza Muhammad Ali". He was a Muslim. His father was employee of Azam Shah, the son of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Azam Shah also employed the sons of Mirza Muhammad. But after the death of Azam Shah, the family fell into poverty. His two sons Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmed managed to find employment under the "Subahdar" (Provincial governor) of Orissa, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan. After Shuja-ud-Din was promoted to the post of the Nawab of Bengal, the two brothers' future prospects widened.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali to "Faujdar" (General) of Rajmahal and entitled him as "Alivardi Khan". In 1733, he was assigned as the "Naib Nazim" (Deputy "Subahdar") of Bihar. A year later he was titled "Shuja ul-Mulk" (Hero of the country), "Hassemm ud-Daula" (Sword of the state) and "Mahabat Jang" (Horror in War) and the rank of "Paach Hazari Mansabdar" (The rank holder of 5000) by Nawab Shuja ud-Din and returned to Azimabad.

paragraph: Alivardi Khan aspired for larger authority. On 10 April 1740 in the Battle of Giria, he defeated and killed Shuja ud-Din's successor, Sarfaraz Khan. Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Then on 3 March 1741 he defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan, in the battle of Phulwarion. Orissa also came under control of Alivardi Khan.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Immediately after his usurpation of power, Alivardi Khan had his takeover legitimized by the Mughal Emperor [Muhammad Shah] and resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan. Although he was the Nawab of Bengal he also used titles such as "Nizam", he also chose "Faujdars" from various regions such as Patna, Dacca and Orissa.

paragraph: Since 1742, the Maratha Empire raided Bengal repeatedly ravaging its territories, and Alivardi Khan had almost immediately a long ditch, called the "Maratha ditch", dug around Calcutta. Alivardi Khan was a brilliant artillery tactician, however, his armies were overrun by the large force of the Marathas from Berar who had arrived to pillage and plunder the territories of Bengal, under the commands of Raghoji I Bhonsle.

paragraph: In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji, began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of the Alivardi Khan. During the Maratha invasion of Orissa, its "Subedar" Mir Jafar completely withdrew all forces until the arrival of Alivardi Khan and the Mughal Army at the Battle of Burdwan where Raghoji and his Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Alivardi Khan then dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.

paragraph: Alivardi Khan's defending armies were overrun in Orissa in the year 1751, despite receiving some assistance from Shuja-ud-Daula. But Orissa was ultimately surrendered to the ravaging Marathas by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur. These Maratha raids would continue until 1751, when a peace-treaty was settled between Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Alivardi Khan and Raghoji.

paragraph: Alivardi Khan also subdued the revolt of a few unruly Afghans who were trying to separate Bihar from his administration.

paragraph: According to some historians Alivardi Khan reign of 16 years, was mostly engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring Bengal.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Burdwan.

paragraph: The Battle of Burdwan was a major confrontation between the Mughal Empire's Nawab of Bengal, Alivardi Khan and his invading Maratha opponents Janoji Bhonsle and Bhaskar Pandit. The battle concluded with a victory for the Nawab of Bengal, Alivardi Khan who was accompanied throughout the campaign by his wife Nafisah Khanam.

paragraph: In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Janoji Bhonsle, began to raid, pillage and annex the territories of the Nawab of Bengal, Alivardi Khan in Orissa. Syed Hidayat Ali Khan, the Faujdar in Behar, who was on an expedition to the hill-passes of Raingarh, that the Maratha cavalry numbering 40,000 had sacked the town of Midnapore and set granaries and villages ablaze.

paragraph: During the Maratha invasion of Orissa, its Subedar Mir Jafar and other officials such as Ataullah Faujdar of Rajmahal completely withdrew all forces and without any resistance awaited the arrival of Alivardi Khan and the Mughal Army.

paragraph: When the Nawab of Bengal, Alivardi Khan received letters warning of the approach of Maratha he was completely disillusioned by this unforeseen invasion, in fact some of his trusted advisors even began to blame their aligned companion Asaf Jah I, the Nizam of Hyderabad for utter negligence in the Deccan.

paragraph: In order to counter the eminent threat Alivardi Khan rallied a Mughal Army of nearly 10,000 troops also consisting of conscripts such as Abyssinian Sailors and Georgian Qizilbash. Alivardi Khan then informed the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah of the invasion and rode ceaselessly for almost three days towards the ruins of Bardhaman where the Marathas established occupation.

paragraph: Alivardi Khan is known to have introduced and placed his artillery on large movable platforms driven that were by Oxen.

paragraph: After reaching the ruins of Bardhaman, Alivardi Khan's vanguard under the command of Musahib Khan Mohmand was completely overrun. The Howdah of Nafisah Khanam (the wife of Alivardi Khan) had been captured and the elephant named Landah was dragged towards the Maratha encampment. Unwilling to abandon his command over the vanguard Musahib Khan Mohmand son of Umar Khan Mohmand one of Alivardi Khans commanders, led what remained of the vanguard's Sowars, Mahauts and Sepoy in order to attack the pillagers. Although the Howdah of Nafisah Khanam had been liberated, Musahib Khan Mohmand and his troops however fell in battle, their courage was compared to that of Rostam by Alivardi Khan.

paragraph: According to Ghulam Husain Tabatabai when Alivardi Khan was reunited with his wife Nafisah Khanam, his forces were completely surrounded by Marathas, who had entrenched themselves a various positions whilst Alivardi Khan's forces faced starvation.

paragraph: After carefully planning the battle ahead, Alivardi Khan brilliantly organized his forces by placing baggage trains in the center and artillery carriages around his army. Mustafa Khan Bahadur prepared his Sowars for assault. Saulat Jang had finally arrived from Murshidabad with reinforcements and provisions.

paragraph: Alivaedi Khan then sent a baggage train containing fine carpets, silks and ewers into his opponents lines provoking the Maratha to gather and loot the baggage trains.

paragraph: This action had exposed the Marathas to Alivardi Khan's advancing artillery carriages. While Mustafa Khan Bahadur prepared his Sowars on the left and right flanks and completely routed Janoji Bhonsle and his remaining Maratha infantry.

paragraph: very soon Haji Ahmad arrived with even more provisions and fodder for Alivardi Khan's forces.

paragraph: The Alivardi Khan dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar at Murshidabad for not having done much.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural and musical development.

paragraph: Alivardi Khan was a patron of various musical instruments such as the Veena and Khol drums. He also patronized many manuscripts of the Shahnameh.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Alivardi Khan died of dropsy on 10 April 1756 aged at least 80. His grandchild from daughters side, Siraj-ud-Daula, succeeded him in April 1756 at the age of 23. Alivardi Khan lies buried in Khushbagh.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nawabs of Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Bangladesh

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shia Islam in India

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "AliVardi Khan and his times, " Author - K. K. Dutt

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Decisive Battle of India," G. B. Malleson, , published by Books For All, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A site dedicated to Alivardi Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aliverdi Khan in the Dictionary of Indian Biography

description: Nawab of Bengal

wikidata_label: Alivardi Khan

wikipedia_title: Alivardi Khan


text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: Lax Kw'alaams

text: Tsimshian

text: Gispaxlo'ots

text: Laxgibuu

text: Nisga'a

text: William Duncan

text: Port Simpson

text: Tsimshian language

text: Chinook Jargon

text: potlatch

text: Ligeex

text: William Henry Pierce

text: Wellcome Library

text: Franz Boas

text: Tlingit

text: Kwakwaka'wakw

text: George Hunt

text: Henry W. Tate

text: Marius Barbeau

text: William Beynon

categories: Tsimshian people,Indigenous leaders in British Columbia,Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,1831 births

paragraph: Arthur Wellington Clah

paragraph: Arthur Wellington Clah (1831–1916) was a Canadian First Nations employee of the Hudson's Bay Company at Lax Kw'alaams (Port Simpson), B.C., who was also a hereditary chief in the Tsimshian nation, an anthropological informant, a Methodist missionary, and an extensive diarist.

paragraph: Arthur Wellington was his English name. "Clah" is a spelling of one of his hereditary Tsimshian names, Ła'ax. He also held the name T'amks, which carries with it leadership of a matrilineal house-group of the same name in the Gispaxlo'ots, one of the "Nine Tribes" of Lax Kw'alaams.

paragraph: Clah was born in 1831 at a settlement called "Laghco," near where the Hudson's Bay Company established Fort Simpson at Lax Kw'alaams in 1834. He married Catherine (a.k.a. Dorcas) Datacks, of the Laxgibuu (Wolf clan) of the Nisga'a nation. Catherine was niece of the wife of W. H. McNeill, the HBC's chief trader at Fort Simpson. Clah began working as McNeill's house servant but gradually came to be a trader in his own right.

paragraph: When the Anglican lay minister William Duncan arrived in Port Simpson in 1857, Clah taught him the Tsimshian language in exchange for instruction in English, a mutual education which began through the medium of Chinook Jargon. Clah also became a mediary between Duncan and the Tsimshian. Clah converted to Christianity but never entirely abandoned potlatching. In a famous incident, Clah intervened and saved Duncan's life when Clah's own tribal chief, Ligeex, ordered Duncan at gunpoint (some versions say knifepoint) to cease tolling churchbells on the day of his (Ligeex's) daughter's initiation into a Tsimshian secret society. Ligeex later became a key convert of Duncan's. This incident is described both by Clah himself and by an eyewitness, his nephew the Rev. William Henry Pierce, the Methodist missionary.

paragraph: For nearly fifty years, from the late 1850s until his death, Clah kept a remarkably detailed diary, which is now housed by the Wellcome Library in London. The diary affords an unmatched insight into daily life in a nineteenth-century Tsimshian community.

paragraph: In 1903 the anthropologist Franz Boas wrote to Clah, having been referred to him by his Tlingit-Kwakwaka'wakw informant and collaborator George Hunt, expressing an interest in recording Tsimshian culture. Eventually, Clah turned the correspondence over to Henry W. Tate—who, indications are, was his own son—which led to the first detailed descriptions of Tsimshian culture. In 1915 Clah, near death, served as informant to the anthropologist Marius Barbeau, who was collecting information on Tsimshian social organization. Clah's grandson, William Beynon, served as interpreter and facilitator and went on to become a renowned ethnographic fieldworker in his own right. Clah died in Lax Kw'alaams the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arctander, John W. (1909) "The Apostle of Alaska: The Story of William Duncan of Metlakahtla." New York: Fleming H. Revell Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brock, Peggy (2000) "Building Bridges: Politics and Religion in a First Nation Community." "Canadian Historical Review," vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 67–96.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brock, Peggy (2003) "Two Indigenous Evangelists: Moses Tjalkabota and Arthur Wellington Clah." "Journal of Religious History," vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 348–356.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galois, R. M. (1997/1998) "Colonial Encounters: The Worlds of Arthur Wellington Clah, 1855-1881." "B.C. Studies," no. 115/116, pp. 105–147.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud, Ralph (2000) "Transmission Difficulties: Franz Boas and Tsimshian Mythology." Burnaby, B.C.: Talonbooks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neylan, Susan (2003) "The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity." Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierce, William Henry (1933) "From Potlatch to Pulpit, Being the Autobiography of the Rev. William Henry Pierce." Ed. by J. P. Hicks. Vancouver, B.C.: Vancouver Bindery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roth, Christopher F. (2001) Review of "Transmission Difficulties." "Anthropologica," vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 123–124.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wellington Clah, Arthur (1997) "How Tamks Saved William Duncan's Life." Recorded by William Beynon, 1950. In "Tsimshian Narratives 2: Trade and Warfare," ed. by George F. MacDonald and John J. Cove, pp. 210–212. Ottawa: Directorate, Canadian Museum of Civilization.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at "the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

description: Chief of the tsimshian

wikidata_label: Arthur Wellington Clah

wikipedia_title: Arthur Wellington Clah