text: Spasmodic School

text: Paisley

text: Kilmarnock

text: Glasgow

text: James Hedderwick

text: Edinburgh University

text: landscape painter

text: Horatio McCulloch

text: Isle of Skye

text: Cuillin

text: Alexander Nicolson

text: Sleat

text: Indigo

text: diphtheria

text: typhoid fever

text: Warriston Cemetery

text: John Rhind

text: William Brodie

text: "Spasmodic" School

text: P. J. Bailey

text: Sydney Dobell

text: W. E. Aytoun

text: Crimean War

text: Edwin of Deira

text: Northumbria

text: epic poem

text: brooch

text: Highlands

text: Lowlands

text: Dictionary of Literary Biography

text: Jason R. Rudy

text: Google Book Search

text: "A Summer in Skye"

categories: Scottish male poets,1829 births,19th-century Scottish poets,1867 deaths

paragraph: Alexander Smith (poet)

paragraph: Alexander Smith (1829/30, likely 31 December 18295 January 1867) was a Scottish poet, labelled as one of the Spasmodic School, and essayist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alexander Smith was the eldest of eight, possibly nine, children born to John Smith (1803-1884) and Christina née Murray (1804-1881). John Smith was a pattern designer for the textile trade; he worked variously in Paisley and in Kilmarnock, where Alexander was born, before moving to Glasgow when Alexander was about eight years old.

paragraph: When Alexander was still at school, he was stricken by a fever that left him with a squint in one eye. Details of his schooling are sparse, but it is known that it began in Paisley and continued at a school in John Street in Glasgow. There was talk of him being trained for the ministry, but the family's finances required that he leave school at the age of eleven and follow his father's trade in the muslin factory.

paragraph: Alexander was an avid reader, and became co-founder, with like-minded youngsters, of the Glasgow Addisonian Literary Society. Early poems were published in "The Glasgow Citizen", whose proprietor and editor James Hedderwick became a patron and friend. The success of his first volume of poems, "A Life Drama and other Poems" (1853), brought him fame and influential supporters that led to him being appointed Secretary of Edinburgh University in 1854.

paragraph: In Edinburgh, Smith was a near neighbour of landscape painter Horatio McCulloch, who had also grown up in Glasgow, and the two became firm friends.

paragraph: McCulloch's wife, Marcella MacLellan, was from the Isle of Skye, where the Cuillin were the subjects of many of McCulloch's paintings. He and Alexander Nicolson, a Skyeman living in Edinburgh, introduced Smith to the island. That introduction had a profound effect on Smith's remaining years.

paragraph: On 24 April 1857 Smith married Marcella's cousin, Flora Nicolson Macdonald (1829–1873), at Ord House, her parents' home on Sleat peninsula in Skye. The couple returned to Skye every summer, and the island inspired the work for which Smith is most remembered today: "A Summer in Skye".

paragraph: Smith's later years brought financial worry. His salary from the university had been increased to £200 per annum, but sales of his writing was damaged by hostile criticism. He had to support a growing family, and maintain `Gesto Villa', a large house in Wardie that had been bought for them an uncle of Flora who had made his fortune in India from Indigo. Although Alexander's working hours at the university left time to write, that time was largely absorbed in entertaining his many friends and relatives.

paragraph: He contracted diphtheria in November 1866. That became compounded with typhoid fever. By the end of the year he seemed to be rallying but the combination was too much. He died at home on 5 January 1867 aged thirty-seven, and was buried five days later in Warriston Cemetery. His red sandstone cross stands close to the old East Gate (now sealed). It was designed by James Drummond (1816–1877) and stonework carved by John Rhind with a bronze head added by William Brodie.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: As a poet he was one of the leading representatives of what was called the "Spasmodic" School, now fallen into oblivion. Smith, P. J. Bailey and Sydney Dobell were satirized by W. E. Aytoun in 1854 in "Firmilian: a Spasmodic Tragedy".

paragraph: In the year Sydney Dobell came to Edinburgh, and an acquaintanceship sprang up between the two which resulted in their collaboration in a book of "War Sonnets" (1855), inspired by the Crimean War. Smith also published "City Poems" (1857) and "Edwin of Deira" (1861), a Northumbrian epic poem.

paragraph: Although his early work "A Life Drama" was highly praised, his poetry was later less well thought of and was ridiculed as being a Spasmodic. "Edwin of Deira" was alsso attacked, unjustly, as plagiarism. Smith turned his attention to prose, and published "Dreamthorp: Essays written in the Country" (1863), noted especially for the essay "A Lark's Flight", in which Smith describes the song of a lark breaking the silence just before the trapdoor is sprung under two condemned men. Two years later he published his most celebrated work, "A Summer in Skye" (1865). As well as these and many magazine articles, he edited the Golden Treasury edition of Burns, and wrote a novel, "Alfred Hagart's Household", which was serialised in "Good Words" in 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Alexander and Flora had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flora Macdonald (1858-1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jessie Catherine (Murray) (1860-1941) went to Australia where she married James Morris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Kenneth Macleod (1862-1890) died in Calcutta, India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcella MacLellan (1864-1865) (7 months)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella Mary Macdonald (1866-1939) went to an uncle at Ord; she married Dr James Pender Smith

paragraph: With Alexander's death, Flora's life turned to tragedy. Her mother had died the previous summer. Now, in the space of three months and a few days, she lost her husband, her father, and her eldest child. Only two months after that, McCulloch, who was probably the family's best friend in Edinburgh, died. McCulloch's widow, Flora's cousin, left for Australia, and died on the voyage. Flora, who had come from a beautiful and fairly isolated place, was left in a Victorian metropolis with three small children. She died in 1873, aged forty-four; her death certificate gives the causes of death as cardiac disease, apoplexy and alcoholism.

paragraph: Section::::Quotations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stirling, like a huge brooch clasps Highlands and Lowlands together".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Scotland one is continually coming into contact with an unreasonable prejudice against English manners, institutions, and forms of thought; and in her expression of these prejudices Scotland is frequently neither great nor dignified. There is a narrowness and touchiness about her which is more frequently found in villages than in great cities. She continually suspects that the Englishman is about to touch her thistle rudely, or to take liberties with her unicorn."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eyre-Todd, George, "The Glasgow Poets / Their Lives and Poems", William Hodge & Co. (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of Literary Biography: "Alexander Smith", Detroit: Gale, (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victorian Poetry 42.4, Special issue on the Spasmodics, ed. Jason R. Rudy, West Virginia University Press (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary reviews of Smith's work can be found online by using Google Book Search.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Summer in Skye" : full book available online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essays by Alexander Smith at Quotidiana.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Alexander Smith

description: Scottish poet and essayist

enwikiquote_title: Alexander Smith

wikidata_label: Alexander Smith

wikipedia_title: Alexander Smith (poet)


text: Benedictine

text: monk

text: Abbey of Saint Gall

text: Switzerland

text: Charlemagne

text: Jonschwil

text: Thur

text: Wil

text: Elgg

text: Tuotilo

text: Ekkehard IV

text: stuttering

text: beatified

text: martyrology

text: Saint Gall

text: St Columba

text: St Columba

text: St Gall

text: Adomnan of Iona

text: Liber Hymnorum

text: Sequences

text: hymn

text: melisma

text: plainchant

text: Alleluia

text: Media Vita

text: Middle Ages

text: Ekkehard IV

text: sequence

text: Alleluia

text: Mass

text: Gospel

text: Latin

text: Liutward of Vercelli

text: Thurgau

text: Saxons

text: Avars

text: Hildegard

text: Alcuin

text: Charlemagne

text: Charles the Fat

text: Pepin

text: Bede

text: Charles Martel

text: Pepin the Hunchback

text: trope

text: Livy

text: Tarquin and the poppies

text: Prüm Abbey

text: Virgil

text: Carloman

text: Arnulf

text: Prüm Abbey

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: Frankish Benedictines,9th-century musicians,Writers of the Carolingian Empire,Male musicians,Benedictines,Carolingian poets,Medieval Latin poets,9th-century composers,Beatified people,9th-century Christian monks,9th-century Latin writers,Medieval writers,10th-century Christian monks,Frankish historians,840 births,Music theorists,912 deaths,10th-century musicians

paragraph: Notker the Stammerer

paragraph: Notker the Stammerer (; 840 – 6 April 912 AD), also called Notker I, Notker the Poet or Notker of Saint Gall, was a musician, author, poet, and Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Saint Gall, now in Switzerland. He is commonly accepted to be the "Monk of Saint Gall" ("Monachus Sangallensis") who wrote "Gesta Karoli" (the "deeds of Charlemagne").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Notker was born around 840, to a distinguished family. He would seem to have been born at Jonschwil on the River Thur, south of Wil, in what would become much later (in 1803) the canton of Saint Gall in Switzerland; some sources claim Elgg to be his place of birth. He studied with Tuotilo at Saint Gall's monastic school, and was taught by , and the Irishman, Moengall. He became a monk there and is mentioned as librarian in 890 and as master of guests in 892–4. He was chiefly active as a teacher, and displayed refinement of taste as poet and author.

paragraph: Ekkehard IV, the biographer of the monks of Saint Gall, lauds him as "delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine, a vessel of the Holy Spirit without equal in his time". He died in 912. He was beatified in 1512.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He completed Erchanbert's chronicle, arranged a martyrology, composed a metrical biography of Saint Gall, and authored other works.

paragraph: In his martyrology, he appeared to corroborate one of St Columba's miracles. St Columba, being an important father of Irish monasticism, was also important to St Gall and thus to Notker's own monastery. Adomnan of Iona had written that at one point Columba had through clairvoyance seen a city in Italy near Rome being destroyed by fiery sulphur as a divine punishment and that three thousand people had perished. And shortly after Columba saw this, sailors from Gaul arrived to tell the news of it. Notker claimed in his martyrology that this event happened and that an earthquake had destroyed a city which was called 'new'. It is unclear what this city was that Notker was claiming, although some thought it may have been Naples (previously called 'Neapolis' - new city). However Naples was destroyed by a volcano in 512 before Columba was born, and not during Columba's lifetime.

paragraph: His "Liber Hymnorum", created between 881 and 887, is an early collection of "Sequences", which he called "hymns", mnemonic poems for remembering the series of pitches sung during a melisma in plainchant, especially in the Alleluia. It is unknown how many or which of the works contained in the collection are his. The hymn "Media Vita", was erroneously attributed to him late in the Middle Ages.

paragraph: Ekkehard IV wrote of fifty sequences composed by Notker. He was formerly considered to have been the inventor of the sequence, a new species of religious lyric, but this is now considered doubtful, though he did introduce the genre into Germany. It had been the custom to prolong the Alleluia in the Mass before the Gospel, modulating through a skillfully harmonized series of tones. Notker learned how to fit the separate syllables of a Latin text to the tones of this jubilation; this poem was called the sequence (q.v.), formerly called the "jubilation". (The reason for this name is uncertain.) From 881–7 Notker dedicated a collection of such verses to Bishop Liutward of Vercelli, but it is not known which or how many are his.

paragraph: Section::::The Monk of Saint Gall.

paragraph: The "Monk of Saint Gall" (Latin: "Monachus Sangallensis"; the name is not contemporary, being given by modern scholars), the ninth-century writer of a volume of didactic eulogistic anecdotes regarding the Emperor Charlemagne, is now commonly believed to be Notker the Stammerer. This monk is known from his work to have been a native German-speaker, deriving from the Thurgau, only a few miles from the Abbey of Saint Gall; the region is also close to where Notker is believed to have derived from. The monk himself relates that he was raised by Adalbert, a former soldier who had fought against the Saxons, the Avars ("Huns" in his text) and the Slavs under the command of Kerold, brother of Hildegard, Charlemagne's second wife; he was also a friend of Adalbert's son, Werinbert, another monk at Saint Gall, who died as the book was in progress. His teacher was , the Abbot of Saint Gall from 841 to 872, who was, the monk claims, himself a pupil of Alcuin.

paragraph: The monk's untitled work, referred to by modern scholars as "De Carolo Magno" ("Concerning Charles the Great") or "Gesta Caroli Magni" ("The Deeds of Charles the Great"), is not a biography but consists instead of two books of anecdotes relating chiefly to the Emperor Charlemagne and his family, whose virtues are insistently invoked. It was written for Charles the Fat, great-grandson of Charlemagne, who visited Saint Gall in 883. It has been scorned by traditional historians, who refer to the Monk as one who "took pleasure in amusing anecdotes and witty tales, but who was ill-informed about the true march of historical events", and describe the work itself as a "mass of legend, saga, invention and reckless blundering": historical figures are claimed as living when in fact dead; claims are attributed to false sources (in one instance, the Monk claims that "to this King Pepin [the Short] the learned Bede has devoted almost an entire book of his "Ecclesiastical History""; no such account exists in Bede's history – unsurprisingly, given that Bede died in 735 during the reign of Charlemagne's grandfather Charles Martel); and Saint Gall is frequently referenced as a location in anecdotes, regardless of historical verisimilitude (Pepin the Hunchback, for example, is supposed to have been sent to Saint Gall as punishment for his rebellion, and – in a trope owed to Livy's tale of Tarquin and the poppies – earns a promotion to rich Prüm Abbey after advising Charlemagne through an implicit parable of hoeing thistles to execute another group of rebels). The Monk also mocks and criticizes bishops and the prideful, high-born incompetent, showy in dress and fastidious and lazy in habits, whilst lauding the wise and skillful government of the Emperor with nods to the deserving poor. Several of the Monk's tales, such as that of the nine rings of the Avar stronghold, have been used in modern biographies of Charlemagne.

paragraph: The Monk of Saint Gall is commonly believed to be Notker the Stammerer: Louis Halphen has delineated the points of similarity between the two: the Monk claims to be old, toothless and stammerering; and both share similar interests in church music, write with similar idioms, and are fond of quoting Virgil. The text is dated to the 880s from mentions in it of Carloman (died 880), half-brother of Charles the Fat, the "circumscribed lands" of Carloman's son Arnulf, who succeeded as King of the Germans in 887, and the destruction of Prüm Abbey, which occurred in 882.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoppin, Richard. "Medieval Music". New York: Norton, 1978. Pages 155–156.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thorpe, Lewis, "Two Lives of Charlemagne"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yudkin, Jeremy. "Music in Medieval Europe". Page 221

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia, accessed on 25 April 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint of the Day, April 6: "Notker Balbulus" at "SaintPatrickDC.org"

alias:
Notker I
Notker of Saint Gall
Notker the Poet

description: Benedictine monk and musician

wikidata_label: Notker the Stammerer

wikipedia_title: Notker the Stammerer


text:
German
painter
Albrecht Adam
Nördlingen
Augsburg
Munich
Lake Como
Milan
Munich Stadtmuseum
Metropolitan Museum
List of German painters

categories: German male painters,1787 births,1862 deaths,People from Nördlingen,19th-century German painters

paragraph: Heinrich Adam

paragraph: Heinrich Adam (1787 – 15 February 1862) was a German painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Heinrich Adam, a brother of Albrecht Adam, was born in Nördlingen in 1787. He studied painting in Augsburg and Munich, and distinguished himself as a painter of landscapes and as an engraver. In 1811 he stayed with Albrecht at Lake Como, and painted in watercolours. He also engraved six hunting-pieces, after his brother Albrecht, at Milan, in 1813.

paragraph: Subsequently he painted landscapes and views of towns, which are executed with great accuracy. His "Das neue München mit den Bauten König Ludwigs I." (1839), a view in oils of the Max-Josephs-Platz, surrounded by 14 smaller pictures of new buildings in Munich, mounted together in one frame, is in the collection of the Munich Stadtmuseum. A set of watercolours in a similar format is in the Metropolitan Museum in New York.

paragraph: He died in Munich in 1862.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German painters

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Heinrich Adam

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Adam


text:
blacksmith
vaudeville
playwright
Homer
upstate New York
typesetter
handyman
amateur theater
Yankee
Broadway
Hornellsville, New York
Higgins Beach
Boston, Massachusetts

categories: Vaudeville performers,1901 deaths,People from Homer, New York,American male stage actors,People from Tully, New York,1863 births,19th-century American male actors

paragraph: Arthur C. Sidman

paragraph: Arthur C. Sidman (August 3, 1863 – 16 August 1901) was the son of a blacksmith who became a popular American vaudeville performer and playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sidman was born on August 3, 1863, to Peter and Elvira Sidman at the small town of Homer in upstate New York. Sidman began at an early age working as a typesetter, handyman and eventually reporter for a small newspaper in his home town before moving to the nearby town of Tully to work on the local paper there. In Tully he became involved with an amateur theater that soon found success with their production of the play "Foiled" which the group later performed in a number of towns across the region. At this point Sidman decided to abandon his newspaper career in favor of the theater.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1891 Sidman entered vaudeville with his character sketch "A Bit of True Life". In time he would gain fame as a vaudeville comedian and character actor for his dead-on portrayals of the stereotypical Yankee farmer. Of the plays and skits he wrote, "Summer Showers" (ca. 1895) and "York State Folks" (ca. 1900) were his most successful. The latter, one of several comedies he wrote about pastoral life in upstate New York, would go on after his untimely death to be produced on Broadway and have successful runs across the country. A film version of "York State Folks" starring veteran actor James Lackaye was released in 1915.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In 1887 Sidman married Bertha Gardner, the daughter of a Tully area farmer. She died some months before her twentieth birthday on May 31, 1888, ten days after giving birth to their son Ralph. On April 20, 1891, he married actress Ella (Eleanor) M. Brooks at Hornellsville, New York. After his death, both Ella and later their daughter, Marjorie, would tour for a number of years in productions of “York State Folks”.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Arthur Sidman died suddenly on August 12, 1901, at Higgins Beach, Maine, a small community 100 miles north of Boston, Massachusetts. He had gone there with his family to rest and to put final touches on "York State Folks" before the fall touring season began.

description: Caudevill performer and playwright

wikidata_label: Arthur C. Sidman

wikipedia_title: Arthur C. Sidman


href: Huddersfield Cyprus Russia professional Huddersfield Gary%20Sykes Carl%20Johanneson

text:
Huddersfield
Cyprus
Russia
professional
Huddersfield
Gary Sykes
Carl Johanneson

paragraph: Jason McCalmon

paragraph: Jason Aaron McCalmon (born December 1, 1987) is a professional boxer who currently resides in Huddersfield.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: As an amateur boxer McCalmon represented Rawthorpe ABC.

paragraph: Jason McCalmon won a silver medal at the Lemesia Cup event in Cyprus facing off against the European Champion Evgeniy Tischenko from Russia.

paragraph: McCalmon had lost by split decision however McCalmon was awarded the boxer of the tournament for his display where he fought three fights in three days whereas Tischenko only fought one fight due to withdrawals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: McCalmon turned pro at the age of 22. He made his professional debut on October 9, 2010 at the Leisure Centre in Huddersfield, where he fought against James Tucker. McCalmon punished Tucker for four rounds until the referee halted a stop to the contest declaring McCalmon the winner by TKO.

paragraph: Jason fought once more before the end of 2010 he fought on December 2, 2010 at the Cedar Court Hotel in Huddersfield against Jamie Ambler. Jason cruised his way to a well-deserved 40-35 victory with Ambler losing a point in the third round for holding.

paragraph: His third fight was against the experienced Dean Walker on the Gary Sykes vs Carl Johanneson undercard. Jason McCalmon battered Sheffield’s Dean Walker over four rounds, decking the experienced man twice on his way to a comfortable 40-34 victory. Dean Walker went down in the third round from a right to the temple and went down again in the fourth and final round.

description: British boxer

wikidata_label: Jason McCalmon

wikipedia_title: Jason McCalmon


text:
Boucher
Le Moyne
Piranesi
François Lemoyne
François Boucher
Prix de Rome
Nicolas de Largillière
Charles van Loo
French Academy in Rome
Raphael Stanze
Gobelins
Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain
Ennemond- Alexandre Petitot
Charles-Louis Clérisseau
Menus Plaisirs
Piranesi
François Boucher
Jean Siméon Chardin
Etienne Jeaurat
Jean-Marc Nattier
Jean Restout
Louis Tocque
Louis-Michel
Charles van Loo
Salon
Louis XV
Philippe de Bourbon
Louis-Ferdinand,
Stanislas Leszczynski
Elisabeth Farnese
Maria Josepha of Saxony
Queen of France
Charles-Emmanuel III of Savoy
Louis XV
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
order of Saint Miche
Jean-Marc Nattier
Turgot
Louis XVI
Reims
Piranesi
École des beaux-arts de Paris
musée du Louvre
Paris
musée du Louvre
Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec
Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec
église Saint-Roch
château de Fontainebleau
mystères
église Saint-Médard
église Saint-Bruno
Lyon
château de Fontainebleau
Musée Magnin
Musée Magnin
Teyler Museum
Haarlem
Portugal National Library
Lisbon
Dictionnaire Bénézit

categories: French male painters,18th-century French architects,18th-century French painters

paragraph: Charles-Michel-Ange Challe

paragraph: Charles Michel-Ange Challe, born in Paris on February 13, 1718 and died January 8, 1778 is a painter, draftsman and French architect.

paragraph: Having studied with Boucher and Le Moyne, he was one of the most appreciated painters of his time and enjoyed a huge success across Europe. His architectural drawings in the style of Piranesi contributed to his appointment in 1764 as Draftsman of the Chamber and the Cabinet of the King, charge for which he would produce many ephemeral architectures for parties and great royal funerals.

paragraph: He played a pivotal role in the transition between rococo and classical styles and was one of the essential contributors to the creation of aesthetics known as the Louis XVI style .

paragraph: Section::::The first years (1718 - 1742).

paragraph: Charles Michel-Ange Challe was born in Paris to a modest family from March 18, 1718. He first studied architecture with the Dominican friar Brother André before joining the workshop of François Lemoyne, then at the height of his glory. After the latter's suicide in 1731, he became a pupil of François Boucher, whose friend he became and whose technique would have a lasting influence on him.

paragraph: In 1738, he first runs for the Prix de Rome and came second. He will be a candidate again in 1740 and 1741, the year he receives the Grand Prize for his "Tobit Healing". Among the members of the jury are Nicolas de Largillière and Charles van Loo. His brother, Simon, won the second prize in sculpture the same year.

paragraph: Section::::The Roman years (1742 - 1749).

paragraph: He arrived in Rome on November 3, 1742, as a resident at the French Academy in Rome. Under the direction of Jean-Francois de Troy, he made copies of Raphael Stanze in the Vatican to send them to the Gobelins as cartons for tapestries. Challe copied in particular "The Encounter between Leo I the Great and Attila". He took advantage of his stay to travel in Italy, from which he brought back a number of architectural drawings and landscapes.

paragraph: In Campania, he visits Herculaneum and ventured into the crater of Vesuvius, then active, which he will report in a scientific treatise.

paragraph: As part of the Academy of Rome, he also plays a leading role in the development of festive decorations, or farandoles, in the context of the carnival of 1748 and is brought to collaborate with the architects Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain, Ennemond- Alexandre Petitot and Charles-Louis Clérisseau who will reinforce his neoclassical way. The success of these initiatives will play a significant role in his appointment as head of Menus Plaisirs a few years later.

paragraph: He remains in Rome for seven years while the normal length of a stay was not supposed to exceed three years.

paragraph: But it is especially by his drawings of monuments in the style of Piranesi that this period will mark the work of Challe. The influence of the great draftsman on the Académie de France, near the studio where his works were engraved, is well known. Throughout his career, Challe will produce a large number of high quality drawings in the style of Piranesi and will work on the French translation of his theoretical works.

paragraph: He designs temples, triumphal arches, monumental sculptural groups, and bridges for which he uses a number of monumental motifs: columns, funerary urns, obelisks.

paragraph: Section::::The Great Years (1749 - 1764).

paragraph: Back in Paris in 1749, he enjoys a huge success and becomes one of the most prominent painters. In 1752, he is an accredited member of the Royal Academy of Painting and becomes a member two years later. In 1758, he is appointed professor of perspective to replace Sébastien Leclerc. His reception piece at the Academy, "The Union of Painting and Sculpture Arts by Drawing", ornates the ceiling of the meeting room.

paragraph: A prolific painter, he produced many pieces, showing the influence of François Boucher and Nicolas de Troy ("Les Charmes multipliés", "The Crowned Shepard"), which enjoyed considerable success in France but also in Prussia, in all German states, England and Russia. Many European courts invited him without success. The best of his works were engraved ("Jupiter and Leda", engraved in 1761 by Jean-Baptiste Tillard).

paragraph: He exhibited at the Salon of 1753 and will continue to participate in the following years, alongside Jean Siméon Chardin, Etienne Jeaurat, Jean-Marc Nattier, Jean Restout, Louis Tocque, Louis-Michel and Charles van Loo. He displayed religious paintings ("Saint Sebastien", "Last Judgment", "Ascension"), history paintings ("Lucretia and Brutus", "Death of Cleopatra") and portraits ("Mignot, sculptor of the king".)

paragraph: But his work for the Salon will earn him in 1763 violent criticism of Diderot after some praise on his "Socrates on the Verge of Drinking Hemlock" in 1761:"It looks like being painted a hundred years ago; but it is much older for the way than for the color. It looks like it's a copy after some ancient bas-relief. There reigns a simplicity, a tranquility, especially in the main figure, which is hardly of our time."His "Sleeping Venus" is very much appreciated especially at the court:"It is about this painting that Louis XV asked a lady of his court, famous for her taste in the arts, what she thought of the Salon, she replied that she remembered only the "Venus" from Challe."In 1765, he presented a monumental painting: "Hector Entering the Palace of Pâris" which earned him unanimous negative reviews and dissuaded him from exhibiting the following years.

paragraph: Nevertheless, he continued to be very much in demand and became one of the most expensive painters of his time. He decorated many churches (Oratoire du Louvre, Convent of Feuillants, Saint-Hippolyte and Saint-Roch in Paris) and mansions (hotels of Palatine of Lithuania, of Soyecourt, of Malta, of Duke of Praslin, of Duke of Aiguillon.)

paragraph: Section::::Draftsman of the King's Chamber and Cabinet (1764 - 1778).

paragraph: After the death of the sculptor and ornamanist René Michel Slodz in 1764, he was appointed, by a royal decree of 23 February 1765, Draftsman of the Chamber and Cabinet of the King, a position he obtained thanks to the support of the Duke d'Aumont in competition with other brilliant candidates (de Wailly, Bocquet, Géraud.) This charge is then important to the court:"Machinist, composer of theater clothes and ballet costumes, organizer of funerals, artificer, scenery painter, in a word, man of common taste and easy elegance, such was the draftsman of the cabinet of His Majesty."He will be particularly famous in the early years for the ephemeral architectures he creates for the great funerals at a time when the taste is in transition to neoclassicism "the greak way". Thus he conceives the monuments of the infant Philippe de Bourbon, Duke of Parma, of Louis-Ferdinand,, Dauphin of France, of Stanislas Leszczynski, King of Poland, of Elisabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain, of the Dauphine Maria Josepha of Saxony, of the Queen of France, of Charles-Emmanuel III of Savoy and finally of King Louis XV himself. The label of the moment wants indeed that great funeral"Corroborate the elaboration of a rhetoric that attempts to compose a kind of figurative eulogy that also obeys a precise geography"They constitute a graphic counterpart to the funeral oration. The king's draftsman also creates sets for other royal ceremonies: entrances, weddings, law courts, parties and entertainment. In 1770, he creates the ephemeral decoration of the marriage of the Dauphin, future Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette at Versailles and the Orangery with the assistance of Moreau the Younger who will succeed him:"This palace of the Sun, raised at one end of the canal, whose waters reflected torrents of light will remembered for a long time. These groves and beds of fire, basins where the two elements seemed to be confused, the variety of amusements and shows distributed throughout the park to share the crowd."He is the first to engrave his drawings, which allows us to rediscover today this less known part of French art of the seventeenth century, all the achievements of Menus Plaisirs having been dismantled after being used.

paragraph: Section::::The last years.

paragraph: In November 1770, an aging Challe was named knight of the order of Saint Michel and ennobled. He is filled with honors and received at the Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts of Lyon.

paragraph: In 1762 he married Madeline-Sophie Nattier, the youngest daughter of Jean-Marc Nattier with whom he had no children.

paragraph: In the last years of his life, he worked on a project to expand the city of Marseille which was first approved by Turgot, Minister of the Navy, before being abandoned. His declining health did not allow him to participate actively in the decor of the coronation of Louis XVI in Reims in June 1775, which will be directed by his assistant Moreau le Jeune . He died on January 8, 1778 from a violent fever, at the age of 59 years.

paragraph: Beyond his painted and engraved work, he leaves many books, plays in verse, dramatic works, travel stories and translations of Piranesi, not to mention his scientific essay on Vesuvius but none has been published under his name and it is difficult to trace his aliases.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Paintings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guérison de Tobie", 1741, École des beaux-arts de Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vénus et Amour", 1752, 98 x 150 cm, musée du Louvre, Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danaé", 1752, 97 x 152 cm, musée du Louvre, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jupiter et Léda", collection particulière, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Repas d'Emmaüs, 1754 - 1759, 117 x 126 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Résurrection, 1754 - 1758, 253 x 364 cm, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Christ et le centurion ", 1758, église Saint-Roch, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Génie qui unit la Peinture et la Sculpture", 1753, château de Fontainebleau

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Religion invitant à ses saints mystères", église Saint-Médard, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Mort de Didon", décoration du plafond de l'académie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Mort d'hercule", Salon de 1763

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Mariage de la Vierge", église Saint-Bruno, Lyon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Louis XV glorifié par la Peinture et la Sculpture", plafond du petit salon Louis XV, château de Fontainebleau

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vue de l'intérieur du Colisée", dessin préparatoire, Musée Magnin, Dijon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vue des souterrains du Colisée", dessin préparatoire, Musée Magnin, Dijon

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Engravings from Challe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jupiter and Leda", engraved by Jean-Baptiste Tilliard, Teyler Museum, Haarlem

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cleopatra's Death", 1770-1778, engraved by Jean-Baptiste Michel, Portugal National Library, Lisbon

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire Bénézit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard P. Wunder, « Charles Michel Ange Challe, A Study of his Life and Work », in Apollo, janvier 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie-Catherine Sahut, « Deux tableaux de Charles-Michel-Ange Challe destinés aux salles du mobilier du XVIIe siècle », in "Bulletin de la Société des Amis du Louvre", décembre 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon, K.G. Saur , München / Leipzig, K.G. Saur Verlag, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Journal de Paris, numéro 154, 3 juin 1778.

alias:
M. C. Challe
Charles Michel-Ange Challe
Charles-Michel-Ange Challes
Charles Michel-Ange Chasles
Michel-Ange-Charles Challe
Chasles
M. Châles
Charles Michelange Challe
M. Chasles
Charles Michel-Ange Challes
Challes
Chales
charles michel-ange challe
Challe
michelange challe
Chasle
M. Challe
Chale
michel-ange challe

description: painter

wikidata_label: Charles-Michel-Ange Challe

wikipedia_title: Charles-Michel-Ange Challe


text:
Italian
Renaissance
Venetian School
madrigalist
Monteverdi
Chioggia
Adriatic
Venice
Gioseffo Zarlino
St. Mark's
Chioggia Cathedral
Baldassare Donato
Giulio Cesare Martinengo
polychoral
Andrea
Giovanni Gabrieli
cori spezzati
Adrian Willaert
parody mass
Roman School
concertato
Viadana
polychoral
Palestrina
canzonetta
madrigal comedy
capriccio
Netherlands
England
Thomas Morley
John Dowland
Gustave Reese
Denis Arnold
Description of Croce's masquerade music

categories: 1557 births,Italian male classical composers,Renaissance composers,1609 deaths,People from the Metropolitan City of Venice

paragraph: Giovanni Croce

paragraph: Giovanni Croce (; also Ioanne a Cruce Clodiensis, Zuanne Chiozotto; 1557 – 15 May 1609) was an Italian composer of the late Renaissance, of the Venetian School. He was particularly prominent as a madrigalist, one of the few among the Venetians other than Monteverdi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Chioggia, a fishing town on the Adriatic coast south of Venice, the same town as Gioseffo Zarlino, and he came to Venice early, becoming a member of the boy's choir at St. Mark's under Zarlino's direction by the time he was eight years old. Zarlino evidently found him in a choir in Chioggia Cathedral, and recruited him for St. Mark's. Croce may have been a parish priest at the church of Santa Maria Formosa, and he took holy orders in 1585; during this period he also served as a singer at St. Mark's. He evidently maintained some connection, probably as a director of music, with Santa Maria Formosa alongside his duties at St. Mark's.

paragraph: After the death of Zarlino, he became assistant "maestro di cappella"; this was during the tenure of Baldassare Donato. When Donato died in 1603 Croce took over the principal job as "maestro di cappella" but the singing standards of the famous St. Mark's cathedral declined under his direction, most likely due more to his declining health than his lack of musicianship. He died in 1609; the position of "maestro di cappella" went to Giulio Cesare Martinengo until 1613, at which time Monteverdi took the job.

paragraph: Section::::Music and influence.

paragraph: Croce wrote less music in the grand polychoral style than Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, although he left a grand mass for four choirs, composed for Ferdinand of Austria (the future Emperor Ferdinand II) and several triple-choir Psalm settings (only one of which has survived), and as a result his music has not maintained the same fame to the present day; however he was renowned as a composer at the time, and was a large influence on music both in Italy and abroad. As a composer of sacred music he was mostly conservative, writing "cori spezzati" in the manner of Adrian Willaert, and parody masses more like the music composed by the members of the contemporary Roman School. However, later in his career he wrote some music in a forward-looking concertato style, which attempted to combine the innovations of Viadana with the grand Venetian polychoral manner. This posthumous collection, the Sacre Cantilene Concertate of 1610, is for 3, 5 or 6 solo voices, continuo and a 4-voice Ripieno which can be multiplied ad lib (presumably in different parts of the church). Most of Croce's sacred music is for double-choir: this includes three masses, two books of motets, and sets of music for Terce, Lauds and Vespers. Although most of his sacred music was written for the professional singers of St Mark's (including several pieces written for their participation in a freelance company of musicians under Croce's direction, who performed for the Scuole Grande of Venice) much of his music is technically simple: for that reason much of it, especially the secular music, has remained popular with amateurs. One collection, the motets for 4 voices of 1597, is clearly designed for less ambitious church choirs.

paragraph: Croce is also credited with the first published continuo parts, many of his double-choir collections being issued either with a 'Basso per sonare nell'organo' or a 'Partidura' (or Spartidura) which indicated both choirs.

paragraph: Stylistically, Croce was more influenced by Andrea Gabrieli than his nephew Giovanni, even though they were exact contemporaries; Croce preferred the emotional coolness, the Palestrina clarity and the generally lighter character of Andrea's music. Croce was particularly important in the development of the canzonetta and the madrigal comedy, and wrote a large quantity of easily singable, popular, and often hilarious music. Some of his collections are satirical, for example setting to music ridiculous scenes at Venetian carnivals ("Mascarate piacevoli et ridicolose per il carnevale", 1590), some of which are in dialect.

paragraph: Croce was one of the first composers to use the term capriccio, as a title for one of the canzonettas in his collection "Triaca musicale" ("musical cure for animal bites") of 1595. Both this and the "Mascarate piacevoli" collections were intended to be sung in costumes and masks at Venetian carnivals.

paragraph: His canzonettas and madrigals were influential in the Netherlands and in England, where they were reprinted in the second book of "Musica transalpina" (1597), one of the collections which inaugurated the mania for madrigal composition there. Croce's music remained popular in England and Thomas Morley specifically singled him out as a master composer; indeed Croce may have been the biggest single influence on Morley. John Dowland visited him in Italy as well.

paragraph: Section::::References and further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles "Giovanni Croce, Canzonetta" in "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Reese, "Music in the Renaissance". New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Harvard Dictionary of Music", ed. Don Randel. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denis Arnold, "Giovanni Gabrieli and the Music of the Venetian High Renaissance." London, Oxford University Press, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A complete edition of the sacred music of Croce, the Croce Quatercentenary Edition, is appearing in 14 volumes. Edited by Richard Charteris, Martin Morell and Michael Procter, the Edition is published by Edition Michael Procter (Weingarten, Baden). Details are at www.Croce-Edition.com and at www.Edition-MP.com. Volume I includes a new biography by Martin Morell.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Description of Croce's masquerade music, by DonnaMae Gustafson (Ph.D., 1992, on Giovanni Croce)

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Giovanni Croce

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Croce


text:
Boxtel
North Brabant
association football
goalkeeper
NEC Nijmegen
FC Groningen
Vitesse Arnhem
Netherlands national football team
Belgrade
NEC Profile
FC Groningen Profile

categories: People from Boxtel,Association football goalkeepers,Dutch footballers,FC Groningen players,1952 births,NEC Nijmegen players,Living people,SBV Vitesse players

paragraph: Harry Schellekens

paragraph: Harry Schellekens (born 5 November 1952 in Boxtel, North Brabant) is a former association football goalkeeper, who played for NEC Nijmegen, FC Groningen and Vitesse Arnhem. Once he was a reserve player for the Netherlands national football team, on 30 May 1975 against Yugoslavia in Belgrade.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NEC Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- FC Groningen Profile

description: Dutch footballer

wikidata_label: Harry Schellekens

wikipedia_title: Harry Schellekens


text:
Monaco
Charles I, Lord of Monaco
Lucchina Spinola
Charles I, Lord of Monaco
Antonio, Lord of Monaco
Gabriele, Lord of Monaco
Menton
Roquebrune
Languedoc
Piedmont
Battle of Poitiers
Charles V of France
English Channel
John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
Edward III of England
Ambroise, Lord of Monaco
Antonie, Lord of Monaco
Jean I, Lord of Monaco

categories: Roman Catholic monarchs,House of Grimaldi,1407 deaths,1350 births,Lords of Monaco

paragraph: Rainier II, Lord of Monaco

paragraph: Rainier II, Lord of Monaco (1350–1407), was the monarch of Monaco from June 29, 1352 to August 15, 1357. He was the son of Charles I, Lord of Monaco, and Lucchina Spinola. He ruled jointly with his father Charles I, Lord of Monaco, his father's uncle Antonio, Lord of Monaco and his brother Gabriele, Lord of Monaco. He yielded Monaco to the besieging Genoese for 20,000 fl. but retained Menton and Roquebrune.

paragraph: He was Admiral of Languedoc and Seneschal of Piedmont. He fought with the French army in the Battle of Poitiers. France's terrible losses in that epic battle led to sweeping military reforms by King Charles V of France. Monaco's port benefited directly from these. While escorting convoys of French merchant ships in the English Channel, he was captured by John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. John of Lancaster sold his noble prisoner to his King, Edward III of England.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: First childless marriage to Ilaria del Carretto, daughter of Giorgio Marchese di Finale e Noli & his wife Leonora Fieschi.

paragraph: He married secondly to Isabella Asinari.

paragraph: Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Ambroise, Lord of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Antonie, Lord of Monaco (alternately "Antoine")

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Giacomo of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Giovanna of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Jean I, Lord of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Gaspare of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Maria of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Griffeta of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Enrico of Monaco

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his three sons Ambroise, Antoine, and Jean who ruled Monaco jointly.

wikidata_label: Rainier II, Lord of Monaco

wikipedia_title: Rainier II, Lord of Monaco


text: House of Lorraine

text: Duke of Joyeuse

text: Charles de Lorraine

text: Henry IV of France

text: Gabrielle d'Estrées

text: Henri, Duke of Elbeuf

text: Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf

text: Claude, Duke of Guise

text: René II, Duke of Lorraine

text: Foreign Prince

text: Royal Family

text: Princes of the Blood

text: Chevalier de Lorraine

text: Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

text: Count of Armagnac

text: Louis XIV of France

text: Cardinal Mazarin

text: Thirty Years War

text: Siege of Lleida

text: Battle of Nördlingen

text: Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf

text: Louis XIV

text: Maria Teresa of Austria

text: François Annibal d'Estrées

text: Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine

text: Nancy

text: "Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Montmartre"

text: Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine

text: Abbess

text: Remiremont Abbey

text: Anne Julie Adélaïde de Melun

text: Charles de Rohan

text: princesse de Condé

text: duc d'Enghien

text: Château de Vincennes

text: Charles François de Lorraine

text: Battle of Luzzara

text: Béatrice Hiéronyme de Lorraine

text: Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine

text: Louis de Melun, Prince of Epinoy

text: Anne Julie de Melun

text: princesse de Soubise

text: Battle of Landen

categories: 1694 deaths,Dukes of Elbeuf,People from Paris,French nobility,House of Lorraine,Dukes of Joyeuse,House of Guise,17th-century French people,1624 births

paragraph: François Marie, Prince of Lillebonne

paragraph: François Marie de Lorraine (4 Apr 1624 – 19 January 1694) was a French nobleman and member of the House of Lorraine. He was known as the "prince de Lillebonne". He was also the Duke of Joyeuse.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: François Marie was born to Charles de Lorraine, Duke of Elbeuf, and his wife Catherine Henriette de Bourbon, "Légitimée de France", legitimised daughter of Henry IV of France and Gabrielle d'Estrées. He was the couple's fourth and youngest son. In his youth, he was styled as the Count of Lillebonne, later styling himself as Prince. He was only sold the County of Lillebonne in 1692 by his nephew Henri, Duke of Elbeuf, who had recently lost his father Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf.

paragraph: A member of the "House of Guise" founded by Claude, Duke of Guise, he was a "Prince of Lorraine" as a male line descendant of René II, Duke of Lorraine. At court, he, like members of his Lorraine family, held the rank of "Foreign Prince", a rank which was below that of the immediate Royal Family and Princes of the Blood.

paragraph: His paternal first cousins included the Chevalier de Lorraine (lover of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans) and the Count of Armagnac; his maternal cousins included Louis XIV of France "and" the above-mentioned Duke of Orléans.

paragraph: He was a captain of cavalry in a regiment of Cardinal Mazarin. He served in the Thirty Years War taking part in the Siege of Lleida in 1644 and, the following year in the Battle of Nördlingen in which he was injured (his brother Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf, also served in this battle). A good military man, he later fought against Spain prior to the marriage between Louis XIV and Maria Teresa of Austria, which cemented peace between the two nations.

paragraph: He married twice, first on 3 September 1658 to Christine d'Estrées, daughter of François Annibal d'Estrées. The couple had no issue. Christine died in December 1658 having had no children. He married again on 7 October 1660, this time his cousin Anne de Lorraine, daughter of Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine. As a wedding gift, the Duke of Lorraine gave his daughter the "Hôtel de Beauvau" later renamed the "Hôtel de Lillebonne", in Nancy. They were married at the "Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Montmartre".

paragraph: His brother in law was Charles Henri de Lorraine, "prince de Vaudémont", son of Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, and his secret spouse, Béatrix de Cusance.

paragraph: His eldest son, the Prince of Commercy, died in battle in 1702; his eldest daughter, Béatrice Hiéronyme, was the Abbess of the prestigious abbey at Remiremont Abbey. His other surviving daughter, Élisabeth, married the Prince of Epinoy; Élisabeth was the mother of Anne Julie Adélaïde de Melun, mother of Charles de Rohan. Charles de Rohan was the father of "princesse de Condé", grandmother of duc d'Enghien, who was executed in the moat of the Château de Vincennes in March 1804.

paragraph: François Marie de Lorraine died in Paris at the age of sixty-nine, his wife outliving him by twenty-six years.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Charles François de Lorraine, Prince of Commercy (11 July 1661 – 15 August 1702), never married, died during the Battle of Luzzara in Cremona;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Béatrice Hiéronyme de Lorraine, "Mademoiselle de Lillebonne", Abbess of Remiremont (1 July 1662 – 9 February 1738), never married, no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Thérèse de Lorraine (12 May 1663 – 17 September 1671) died in childhood;

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Marie Françoise de Lorraine (28 May 1666 – 10 May 1669) died in childhood;

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, "Mademoiselle de Commercy" (5 April 1664 – 7 March 1748), married Louis de Melun, parents of Louis de Melun, Prince of Epinoy, and Anne Julie de Melun, "princesse de Soubise";

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Sebastienne de Lorraine (19 April 1667 – 15 August 1669) died in infancy;

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Jeanne Françoise de Lorraine (6 September 1668 – 1680) died in childhood;

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Henri Louis de Lorraine (26 October 1669 – 17 March 1670) died in infancy;

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Jean Paul de Lorraine (10 June 1672 – 29 July 1693) died in the Battle of Landen, no issue.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Poull, "La maison ducale de Lorraine", 1991

description: Prince Of Lillebonne

wikidata_label: François Marie of Lorraine, prince of Lillebonne

wikipedia_title: François Marie, Prince of Lillebonne


text:
Major League Baseball
infielder
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago Cubs
Tampa Bay
Detroit
Colorado
Toronto
Arizona
disabled list
Kansas City Royals
free agent
Lance Berkman
Austin Davis
NFL

wikipedia_title:
Major League Baseball
Infielder
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago Cubs
Tampa Bay Rays
Detroit Tigers
Colorado Rockies
Toronto Blue Jays
Arizona Diamondbacks
Injured list
Kansas City Royals
Free agent
Lance Berkman
Austin Davis
National Football League

categories: Toledo Mud Hens players,Houston Astros players,Toronto Blue Jays players,Colorado Rockies players,Major League Baseball infielders,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Detroit Tigers players,Omaha Royals players,Rockford Cubbies players,Visalia Oaks players,1977 births,Meridian Eagles baseball players,Kansas City Royals players,Tampa Bay Devil Rays players,Chicago Cubs players,Durham Bulls players,Williamsport Cubs players,West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players,Baseball players from Mississippi,Iowa Cubs players,Living people,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,Daytona Cubs players,Arizona Diamondbacks players,Round Rock Express players,Tucson Sidewinders players

paragraph: Jason Smith (baseball)

paragraph: Jason William Smith (born July 24, 1977) is a retired Major League Baseball infielder.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1995, Smith was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 42nd round of the 1995 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign. A year later, he was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 23rd round of the 1996 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his major league debut with the Cubs on June 17, 2001.

paragraph: After stints in Tampa Bay, Detroit and Colorado, Smith was claimed in the Rule 5 Draft by Toronto in December 2006.

paragraph: Smith was claimed off waivers by Arizona on May 15, 2007. He played 2 games for the Diamondbacks going 1-4 before being placed on the disabled list. On July 11, 2007, while on the disabled list, he was claimed off waivers by the Kansas City Royals, for whom he batted .188 in 2007 and .214 in 2008.

paragraph: He became a free agent after the 2008 season and signed a minor league contract with the Houston Astros on January 5, 2009.

paragraph: On May 10, 2009 Smith was recalled to Houston for added depth as Lance Berkman suffered a wrist injury.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Smith's cousin, Austin Davis, plays in the NFL. He currently resides in Mobile, Alabama.

description: Major League Baseball infielder from the United States

wikidata_label: Jason Smith

wikipedia_title: Jason Smith (baseball)


text:
Kiev
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Jogaila
Algirdas
Uliana of Tver
Kęstutis
Vytautas the Great
Teutonic Knights
Treaty of Dovydiškės
Kreva
Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)
Duchy of Trakai
Union of Kreva
Jadwiga of Poland
King of Poland
Andrei
Sviatoslav II of Smolensk
battle of the Vikhra River
Mstislavl
Yury of Smolensk
started a new civil war
Vilnius
Teutonic Knights
Ostrów Agreement
Duchy of Trakai
Volhynia
Kiev
Kiev Pechersk Lavra
Gediminids
List of Belarusian rulers
List of Lithuanian rulers

categories: 1350s births,1397 deaths,Burials at Kiev Pechersk Lavra,Grand Dukes of Lithuania,Gediminids

paragraph: Skirgaila

paragraph: Skirgaila (; ; , also known as Ivan/Iwan; ca. 1353 or 1354 – 11 January 1397 in Kiev; baptized 1383/1384 as "Casimir") was a regent of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for his brother Jogaila from 1386 to 1392. He was the son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife Uliana of Tver.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After Algirdas' death in 1377, Jogaila became the Grand Duke. It is believed that the dynastic disputes that soon erupted between him and his uncle Kęstutis and his cousin Vytautas the Great were largely inspired by Skirgaila. It is known about his travels to the Teutonic Knights in 1379 just a year prior to the controversial Treaty of Dovydiškės. Skirgaila was the chief supporter of his brother Jogaila and helped him to imprison both Kęstutis and Vytautas in Kreva castle during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384). Some historians speculate that Kęstutis' death after a week in prison was in fact assassination carried out by Skirgaila. As a reward for a job well done, Skirgaila received the Duchy of Trakai.

paragraph: When Jogaila was preparing for the Union of Kreva, Skirgaila was actively involved in the negotiations and even headed a diplomatic mission to Poland. The negotiations succeeded and Jogaila married Jadwiga of Poland and was crowned as King of Poland in 1386. He appointed Skirgaila on 13 March 1386 as governor in Lithuania, not only on his behalf but also on behalf of queen Jadwiga and Polish Crown.

paragraph: As ruler of Lithuania, Skirgaila had to deal with his oldest brother Andrei, who still was refusing to accept Jogaila as a Grand Duke. First he defeated Andrei's ally Sviatoslav II of Smolensk in a battle of the Vikhra River near Mstislavl on 29 April 1386, during which Sviatoslav lost his life. Sviatoslav son Yury of Smolensk was forced to accept Lithuanian suzerainty in exchange of princely throne. Later Skirgaila attacked Polatsk; his first expedition in October was unsuccessful, but the next on March 1387 resulted in Andrei's capture and death of his son Simeon, who was killed in a battle. Next month Skirgaila was invested in Polatsk and once again pledged his loyalty to Jogaila, Jadwiga and Polish Crown, promising return of his land in case of his heirless death. Skirgaila was now directly rulling over large portion of Lithuania, including duchy of Vilnius, ruled on behalf of Jogaila. February 20th 1387 Jogaila elevated his brother above other Lithuanian princes and extended his authority over Ruthenian lands.

paragraph: In 1389 he started a new civil war, but after an unsuccessful attack on Vilnius he had to seek help from the Teutonic Knights. In 1392 Jogaila and Vytautas signed the Ostrów Agreement, and Vytautas became his regent of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Duchy of Trakai was returned to Vytautas as his patrimony.

paragraph: As a compensation Skirgaila received a portion of Volhynia and Kiev since 1395. The circumstances surrounding his death are not entirely clear. He was interred in Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gediminids

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Belarusian rulers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Lithuanian rulers

description: Grand Duke of Lithuania

wikidata_label: Skirgaila

wikipedia_title: Skirgaila


text:
Polish
bon-vivant
Warsaw
Ostrołęka
polonised
Stanisław Fiszer
Polish gentry
Udziałowa
Ziemiańska
IPS
Blikle
Bolesław Leśmian
Stefan Żeromski
Władysław Reymont
Skamandrites
Antoni Słonimski
Julian Tuwim
Jan Lechoń
Miriam
Artur Rubinstein
Antoni Lange
Stanisław Tatarkiewicz's
Leszek Kołakowski
Roman Loth

categories: Polish philosophers,1937 deaths,People from Warsaw,1860 births,Polish gourmands

paragraph: Franciszek Fiszer

paragraph: Franciszek Fiszer (better known as Franc Fiszer; March 25, 1860 – April 9, 1937) was a Polish bon-vivant, gourmand, erudite and philosopher, a friend of the most notable writers and philosophers of contemporary Warsaw and one of Warsaw's semi-legendary people. He is best remembered for a large number of anecdotes, jokes and sayings coined by him and about him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Franciszek Józef Marian Fiszer was born in 1860 in the Ławy manor near Ostrołęka, to Teresa née Glinczanka and Józef Fiszer. His father was from among the German nobility, polonised in the 18th century and a distant relative of General Stanisław Fiszer, while his mother was a member of the Polish gentry and owner of the said manor and village. Very little is known of Fiszer's childhood apart from the fact that he was a late child (both of his parents being over 40 at his birth) and that he became an orphan relatively soon.

paragraph: In the 1880s Fiszer moved to Warsaw, where he started spending most of his time in Warsaw's cafes, restaurants and some of the most notable clubs of the era. With time, he became a characteristic part of the Warsaw's social panorama and became friends with most of the contemporary Polish writers, poets, artists and politicians. Renowned for his existential monologues and anecdotes, Fiszer's only pastime was the restaurants. In the interbellum, Fiszer became one of the most notable members of Warsaw's high society. Frequent guest at balls and parties, he became a living legend. His family village became neglected and soon had to be parcellated for debts. However, Fiszer's lifestyle did not suffer, as he barely ever had to pay for his meals, since he was seen by the gastronomers as an advertisement for their restaurants. That is why he often was a guest of "Udziałowa", "Ziemiańska", "IPS", Oaza, Astoria or "Blikle".

paragraph: Among the closest friends of Franc Fiszer were Bolesław Leśmian (Fiszer is said to have invented his pen-name), Stefan Żeromski, Władysław Reymont, the "Skamandrites" Antoni Słonimski and Julian Tuwim, Jan Lechoń, Miriam, Artur Rubinstein and Antoni Lange. Although Fiszer never published any book himself, he is mentioned in nearly all memoirs by Warsaw's artists of the inter-war period. Also, he became the only person never to publish a book to be mentioned in both Stanisław Tatarkiewicz's "Polish Biographical Dictionary" and Leszek Kołakowski's "Philosophy in Poland; Dictionary of Writers".

paragraph: In 1985, most of the memoirs mentioning Franciszek Fiszer were collected by Roman Loth in a book titled "Na rogu świata i nieskończoności" ("At the Crossing of World and Infinity").

description: Polish philosopher

wikidata_label: Franciszek Fiszer

wikipedia_title: Franciszek Fiszer


text: German

text: Issum

text: elector of Brandenburg

text: Berlin

text: Austria

text: Italy

text: Spain

text: Frederick William I of Prussia

text: Frederick the Great

text: Liège

text: German

text: Frankfurt

text: Amsterdam

text: Breslau

text: London

text: J. G. Droysen

text: Leipzig

text: Project Gutenberg

categories: 1775 deaths,1692 births,Barons of Germany,People from the Duchy of Cleves

paragraph: Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz

paragraph: Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Pöllnitz (25 February 1692 – 23 June 1775) was a German adventurer and writer from Issum.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His father, Wilhelm Ludwig von Pöllnitz (d. 1693), was in the military service of the elector of Brandenburg, and much of his son's youth was passed at the electoral court in Berlin. He was a man of restless and adventurous disposition, unscrupulous even for the age in which he lived, visited many of the European courts, and served as a soldier in Austria, Italy and Spain.

paragraph: Returning to Berlin in 1735, he obtained a position in the household of King Frederick William I of Prussia and afterwards in that of Frederick the Great, with whom he appears to have been a great favorite; and he died in Berlin on June 23, 1775.

paragraph: Pöllnitz's "Mémoires" (Liège, 1734), which were translated into German (Frankfurt, 1735), give interesting glimpses of his life and the people whom he met, but they are very untrustworthy. He also wrote "Nouveaux mémoires" (Amsterdam, 1737); "Etat abrégé de la cour de Saxe sous le règne d'Auguste III." (Frankfurt, 1734; Ger. trans., Breslau, 1736); and "Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire des quatres derniers souverains de la maison de Branderibourg", published by F. L. Brunn (Berlin, 1791; Ger. trans., Berlin, 1791).

paragraph: Perhaps his most popular works are "La Saxe galante" (Amsterdam, 1734, English translation 1929), an account of the private life of Augustus the Strong, elector of Saxony and king of Poland; and "Histoire secrete de la duchesse d'Hanovre, épouse de Georges I" (London, 1732). There is an English translation of the "Mémoires" (London, 1737-1738). See P. von Pöllnitz, "Stammtafeln der Familie von Pöllnitz" (Berlin, 1894); and J. G. Droysen, "Geschichte der preussischen Politik", pt. iv. (Leipzig, 1870).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The English translation of the "Memoirs" of Pöllnitz can be found a Project Gutenberg.

description: German Baron

wikidata_label: Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz

wikipedia_title: Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz


text: first baseman

text: Major League Baseball

text: Philadelphia Athletics

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Cleveland Indians

text: American League

text: San Francisco Seals

text: Pacific Coast League

text: batting champion

text: All-Star

text: marijuana

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: Oscar Fain

text: jockey

text: 1912 Kentucky Derby

text: Oakland, California

text: San Francisco Seals

text: Pacific Coast League

text: Lefty O'Doul

text: runs batted in

text: Connie Mack

text: at bat

text: rookie

text: home run

text: double play

text: Most Valuable Player Award

text: Yogi Berra

text: Jimmie Dykes

text: doubles

text: on-base percentage

text: hits

text: Bobby Shantz

text: Eddie Robinson

text: Ed McGhee

text: Joe DeMaestri

text: Frank Lane

text: New York Yankees

text: Eddie Joost

text: Maryland

text: fined

text: All-Star Game

text: Nellie Fox

text: George Kell

text: Chico Carrasquel

text: on-base percentage

text: walks

text: hits

text: doubles

text: Vic Power

text: Hall of Famer

text: Joe Gordon

text: Georgetown, California

text: Placerville, California

text: marijuana

text: grow house

text: The Sacramento Bee

text: leukemia

text: diabetes

text: Van Lingle Mungo (song)

text: Biography from SABR.ORG

categories: Chicago White Sox players,Deaths from leukemia,Cleveland Indians players,American League All-Stars,Major League Baseball first basemen,Detroit Tigers players,American sportspeople convicted of crimes,Baseball players from Texas,2001 deaths,Prisoners and detainees of California,1921 births,American people convicted of drug offenses,American League batting champions,Deaths from cancer in California,Philadelphia Athletics players,Deaths from diabetes

paragraph: Ferris Fain

paragraph: Ferris Roy Fain (March 29, 1921 – October 18, 2001) was an American baseball first baseman in Major League Baseball who played nine seasons with the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians in the American League.

paragraph: Fain started his career with the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League. He was signed by the Philadelphia Athletics prior to the 1947 season where he became a two-time American League batting champion and five time All-Star. Known as one of the Athletics' last stars before moving to Kansas City, he had an explosive temper on and off the field. Eventually it affected his playing ability, and the Athletics traded him after the 1952 season. Fain bounced around the league for a couple of years before retiring in 1955. In his later life, Fain made headlines for his troubles with the law, mainly growing marijuana.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ferris Fain was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Oscar Fain, a jockey best known for leading his horse Duval to a second-place finish in the 1912 Kentucky Derby, and a domestic maid. He had a "very abusive" childhood, mainly at the hands of the father, who died when he was still a child. His mother did domestic work in order for the family to survive. He grew up in Oakland, California, where he graduated from Roosevelt High School as student body president. He joined the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League during his senior year of high school, when Seals manager Lefty O'Doul offered to pay $200 a month "under the table", as Fain's amateur status made him ineligible to join the team. He spent 1939–1942 and 1946 with the Seals, where he led the league in runs batted in (RBIs) in 1941. He missed three seasons, 1943–45, due to military service, during which he played baseball for the Army.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Connie Mack paid the Seals $6,500 for Fain's services in order for Fain to play for the Athletics in 1947. Playing a full schedule, the left-handed hitter had 461 at bats in his rookie season. That year, he batted .291 with seven home runs and 71 RBIs in 136 games. In the 1948 season, Fain played in 145 games, with an .288 batting average, seven home runs, and what would be a career high 88 runs batted in. Fain was a member of the 1949 Philadelphia Athletics team that set a major league team record by turning 217 double plays, a record which still stood as of ; Fain himself took part in 194 double plays as a first baseman. In 1950 Fain played in a career high 150 games, batting .282 with 10 home runs and 83 RBI as he was named to his first All-Star team.

paragraph: Fain broke through during the 1951 season, leading the American League with a .344 batting average. He also hit six homers and 57 RBIs, although a broken foot limited him to 425 at-bats. That year he finished sixth in the Most Valuable Player Award voting as Yogi Berra won the award. During the 1952 season, Fain again led the American League with a .324 batting average, despite breaking his hand in a bar fight and hiding the injury from his manager Jimmie Dykes near the end of the season. He also led the league in doubles (43), and on-base percentage and third in hits as he finished sixth in the Most Valuable Player award behind winner and A's teammate Bobby Shantz. However, Fain was known for a hot temper in the field, along with a drinking problem, which caused tension with the team. After the 1952 season, the Athletics traded Fain to the Chicago White Sox for fellow first baseman Eddie Robinson and infielders Ed McGhee and Joe DeMaestri. After the trade, White Sox general manager Frank Lane proclaimed with his acquisition of Fain, the White Sox had the "finest defensive infield in baseball". The New York Yankees were also interested on Fain, but a deal couldn't get completed.

paragraph: According to former teammate Eddie Joost, Fain "had a lifestyle of his own and would do exactly what he wanted to do. There were many things the players didn't like about him. Occasionally he'd overdrink and wouldn't be attentive on the field." Fain had an off-year in 1953 after getting into a brawl in a Maryland café with several White Sox fans. He was fined $600 by the White Sox, then sued for $50,000. In the 1953 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Fain scored the only run for the American League in the ninth inning of a 5-1 loss. After suffering a knee injury the following year, Fain never really got back on track. But on June 16, 1954, he hit an inside-the-park grand slam. He participated in his last All-Star Game as a starter alongside his White Sox infield teammates Nellie Fox, George Kell and Chico Carrasquel. It made the 1954 White Sox the first team ever to have four infield starters from the same team starting the All-Star Game. In 1955, he played for the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians. He batted .260 with two home runs and 31 RBIs; however he was hobbled by knee issues and retired after the season.

paragraph: Fain finished with an on-base percentage of over .400 every full year that he played, and was in the top 10 in that category seven times in his career; he ranked in the top 10 in walks eight times.

paragraph: In a nine-season career, he hit .290 with 48 home runs, 570 RBIs, and 1139 career hits in 3930 at bats. He also had 213 career doubles and a career .424 on-base percentage (13th best all-time). Not least of all, Fain was regarded by some as the best fielding first baseman in the majors until Vic Power assumed Fain's old position for the A's. Future Hall of Famer Joe Gordon stated that Fain was the greatest fielding first baseman he ever saw.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Fain became a custom home builder in Georgetown, California, in the 1970s. In 1985 the Placerville, California police department raided his home where they found several marijuana plants in his possession. He was charged with growing marijuana and sentenced to five years probation. In 1988, the police conducted another raid at his home, where he was found growing another 400 plants of marijuana in a barn used as a grow house. Fain was charged with possession to sale marijuana and was held without bail. He was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. In a 1994 interview with The Sacramento Bee, Fain discussed his legal issues, stating that he "knew how to grow the stuff. I was as adept at it as I was in playing baseball", and that he was trying to make a living out of it. He led a mostly reclusive lifestyle with his second wife in his final years, with only the occasional interview.

paragraph: Fain died October 18, 2001 at the age of 80, in Georgetown, California from complications from leukemia and diabetes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball batting champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Lingle Mungo (song)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from SABR.ORG

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Ferris Fain

wikipedia_title: Ferris Fain


text: diplomat

text: great-great-great grandson

text: John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl

text: Rector

text: Kirby Knowle

text: Rt Revd

text: Dr George Murray

text: Bishop of Rochester

text: Hay-Drummond

text: Stephen Murray

text: Clan Murray

text: Brentwood School

text: St Edmund Hall, Oxford

text: Spanish flu pandemic

text: Greek

text: BBC

text: Bristol

text: Saarland

text: Plebiscite

text: Special Operations Executive

text: Bletchley Park

text: Josip Broz Tito

text: Information Research Department

text: SOE

text: Minister

text: Cairo

text: Suez crisis

text: Nasser

text: British Ambassador to Greece

text: Greek Army

text: Colonel

text: Greek military junta of 1967-1974

text: George Brown

text: Foreign Secretary

text: BBC governor

text: Reichsgräfin

text: Count

text: Al Murray

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,British radio people,British spies,1908 births,Clan Murray,Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Greece,Military intelligence,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,British propagandists,1983 deaths,People educated at Brentwood School, Essex

paragraph: Ralph Murray

paragraph: Sir Francis Ralph Hay Murray (3 March 1908 – 11 September 1983), was a British journalist, radio broadcaster and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: A great-great-great grandson of John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl, he was the son of the Revd Charles Murray, Rector of Kirby Knowle, Yorkshire, by his wife Mabel (née Umfreville). His great-grandfather was the Rt Revd Dr George Murray, Bishop of Rochester (who married Lady Sarah Hay-Drummond), while the actor Stephen Murray was his younger brother and both were proud members of Clan Murray. He was educated at Brentwood School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford. His father died in 1919 from the Spanish flu pandemic.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Murray was a talented linguist, he spoke many languages fluently including French, German, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Hungarian and some Russian. Before the Second World War he worked for the BBC as a journalist, having previously worked for a Bristol newspaper. In 1935 he reported the Saarland Plebiscite – and succeeded in broadcasting live during the 9 o'clock news holding a microphone out of the window to capture the chants of the mob – a major technical feat, and possibly the first time an international live outside broadcast had been undertaken. In common with many on the periphery of Special Operations Executive (SOE), knowledge of his wartime service is hazy. He was most closely associated with propaganda, and from 1941 was a member of the Underground Propaganda Committee (UPC) which had been formed to fuel a whispering campaign to undermine any invasion. He was also associated with Bletchley Park, and was involved in supporting resistance activity, notably, from 1943, of the Yugoslavian Partisans where he met Josip Broz Tito. His wife Mauricette was involved in propaganda broadcasting to occupied Europe, notably to Sweden where she had spent several years as a child.

paragraph: In 1949 he became the director of the Information Research Department (IRD), This organisation, which had close links with SIS/MI6, was formed by Attlee in 1947 to carry on the work of the wartime "Political Warfare Executive", itself closely affiliated with SOE. At that time the intention was to promote a socialist Britain as an international third way, although in practice its resources were mainly devoted to attacking Communism and the Soviet Union. During this time Murray coined the phrase "Communo-fascism" to emphasise the similarity between Soviet communism and the Nazis.

paragraph: In a pattern that was later to be repeated, Murray was appointed Minister at the British Embassy in Cairo in Egypt during the tense run up to the Suez crisis in 1956. Personally fond of, and having some admiration for, President Nasser, he found himself in the invidious situation of having considerable distaste for the policy he was required to implement.

paragraph: Murray was knighted in 1962 (, 1950), when he was appointed British Ambassador to Greece. He held this post until 1967 and the right wing coup of the Greek Army Colonels which led to the formation of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. He appears to have been frustrated with the passivity of the British government's actions both in the lead up to the coup of which there was some intelligence foreknowledge, and its ineffectual response. In particular he had little regard for George Brown, the then Foreign Secretary. He retired from HM diplomatic service in 1967, when he was appointed a BBC governor.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1935, he married Mauricette Vladimira Marie Reichsgräfin , an Austrian aristocrat, the only child of Count Berhard von Kuenburg.

paragraph: They had four children; Ingram, Nicholas, Georgina and Simon. The comedian, TV personality and parliamentary candidate, Al Murray, is his grandson.

paragraph: Sir Ralph died in 1983.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Radio Report by Murray from occupied Czechoslovakia, 1938

description: British journalist and diplomat

wikidata_label: Ralph Murray

wikipedia_title: Ralph Murray


text:
Finnish
ice hockey
National Hockey League
Ottawa Senators
Jokerit
Jokerit
Ilves
Jarmo Wasama memorial trophy
Ottawa Senators
National Hockey League
2001 NHL Entry Draft
Grand Rapids Griffins
American Hockey League
Ottawa Senators
Binghamton Senators
NHL
Ilves
Jokerit
Glen Metropolit
Marko Jantunen
Jokerit
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Kazakhstan
Arystan Temirtau
VHL
Sputnik Nizhny Tagil
Ciarko PBS Bank STS Sanok
Poland
Finland
IIHF
Jarmo Wasama memorial trophy
SM-liiga

categories: Sportspeople from Helsinki,HIFK (ice hockey) players,1979 births,Finnish ice hockey players,Grand Rapids Griffins players,Ottawa Senators players,Graz 99ers players,Ilves players,KalPa players,EHC Wolfsburg players,Mora IK players,Arystan Temirtau players,Jokerit players,Braehead Clan players,Sputnik Nizhny Tagil players,Binghamton Senators players,Oulun Kärpät players,Ottawa Senators draft picks,HK Acroni Jesenice players,Living people,Lukko players

paragraph: Toni Dahlman

paragraph: Toni Dahlman (born 3 September 1979) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player. He played 22 games in the National Hockey League with the Ottawa Senators.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Dahlman began playing hockey in the first division Kiekko-Kissat in the 1996–97 season, and moved on to the Jokerit junior team, and eventually to Jokerit for the 1998–99 season. In 2000 Dahlman transferred to Ilves and went on to win the bronze medal and the 2001 Jarmo Wasama memorial trophy as best rookie.

paragraph: He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League as their 9th round pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, 286th overall.

paragraph: Dahlman played two seasons in North America firstly in 2001–02 with the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League and ten games with the Ottawa Senators. In the 2002–03 season, Dahlman played briefly for Ottawa before returning to the AHL with affiliate, the Binghamton Senators. Over his 22 NHL games Dahlman only scored one goal and assist.

paragraph: Dahlman returned to Finland for the 2003–04 season and represented Ilves in a total of 41 games, scoring 9 goals and 18 assists. He returned to Jokerit for the 2004–05 season, where he scored 16 goals and 7 assists, sharing the top goal scorer spot on his team with Glen Metropolit and Marko Jantunen. Jokerit won the silver medal that season.

paragraph: On 20 April 2011, Dahlman left the Grizzly Adams after a finals appearance in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, and returned to Austria on a one-year contract to play with Graz.

paragraph: After a two-year stint in Kazakhstan with Arystan Temirtau and a one-year stint with the VHL's Sputnik Nizhny Tagil, he signed with Ciarko PBS Bank STS Sanok in Poland for the 2015-16 season.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Dahlman represented Finland in the IIHF 1998 under-20's world championships where they won the gold medal. He played in six games and scored two goals.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 -Awarded the Jarmo Wasama memorial trophy as the best rookie in the SM-liiga.

description: ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Toni Dahlman

wikipedia_title: Toni Dahlman


text: FRS

text: Institution of Civil Engineers

text: Suez Canal

text: Cowes

text: Isle of Wight

text: Aaron

text: Saint-Servan

text: Rennes

text: Horseley Ironworks

text: Tipton

text: John Rennie

text: Thomas Telford

text: West India Docks

text: paddleship

text: Aaron Manby

text: Surrey Canal Dock

text: River Thames

text: Charles Napier

text: English Channel

text: Daniel Wilson

text: Le Creusot

text: Beaufort Iron Works

text: Beaufort, Blaenau Gwent

text: Bristol Iron Works

text: Henry Cruger Price

text: John Ross

text: India Steamship Company

text: steamship

text: Thomas Webster

text: Robert Stephenson

text: James Forrest

text: Samuel Colt

text: company

text: Pimlico

text: Great Exhibition

text: Robert Peel

text: Crimean War

text: Royal Society

text: Robert Stephenson and Company

text: James Rendel

text: John Robinson McClean

text: Suez Canal

text: Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire

text: W. U. Hood

text: Territorial Army

text: Engineer and Logistic Staff Corps

text: lieutenant-colonel

text: blue plaque

text: Legion of Honour

text: Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

categories: Fellows of the Royal Society,1884 deaths,1804 births,People from the Isle of Wight

paragraph: Charles Manby

paragraph: Charles Manby, FRS (4 February 1804 – 31 July 1884) was Secretary of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1839 to 1856, and engineer of the first iron steamer to cross the English Channel. Fluent in French, he installed gas piping into Paris and advised on the construction of the Suez Canal.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Manby was born in Cowes on the Isle of Wight to Aaron and Juliana Manby, née Fewster. Aaron Manby was a successful engineer building bridges, ships and engines. As a child Charles attended a Roman Catholic seminary; in 1814 he attended well disciplined Saint-Servan College near Rennes, but returned to England in 1815 having turned down the opportunity of joining the military under a commission organised by his uncle.

paragraph: Section::::Engineering career.

paragraph: Manby's father was the founder, and from 1812, the managing partner of the Horseley Ironworks at Tipton, Staffordshire. In 1817, Charles began training as an engineer at the Ironworks working for such notable engineers as John Rennie and Thomas Telford. During his training he helped with projects at West India Docks and the iron paddleship which was named "Aaron Manby". This was made in parts at the Ironworks and then transported to the Surrey Canal Dock on the River Thames in London. The ship was then reassembled with Charles Manby supervising the installation of the vessel's steam engine. Despite being only 18 years old, Manby was designated as the chief engineer during its maiden voyage on 10 June 1822 with Sir Charles Napier as captain. During this voyage across the English Channel, the vessel became the first iron ship to carry cargo from London to Paris.

paragraph: In 1823 Manby started work installing hydrogen gas pipes in Paris, employed by the French company "Compagnie d'Carriage par de gaz Hydrogen"; The company had been founded by Daniel Wilson and Manby's father the year before. Still employed in France by his father, Manby worked at a gas works at Ternes, then later reorganised the ironworks at Le Creusot. Manby's fluency in the French language was an asset throughout his life. Manby was then employed by the French government creating France's state-owned tobacco factories.

paragraph: Charles then returned to the UK and took over the management of the Beaufort Iron Works in Beaufort, Blaenau Gwent where he married Ellen Jones in 1830.

paragraph: He briefly managed the Bristol Iron Works, but in 1834 he moved to London and began practising there as a civil engineer. He and Henry Cruger Price marketed the 'Price and Manby System' a new type of ventilation system for whole buildings. The business lasted until 1843 when their offices in Bristol and London closed. Manby had become involved with the Arctic explorer Sir John Ross's India Steamship Company which he joined in 1838. The company's objective was to establish a steamship service to India, but it was quickly taken over by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company.

paragraph: Charles Manby then became Secretary of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in November 1839, succeeding Thomas Webster. He nominally retired from this role in 1856 and was awarded a testimonial, a prize and a purse of 2,000 pounds from the chairman Robert Stephenson. The next secretary was Manby's former assistant James Forrest. Manby remained involved in the organisation and participated in its activities as Honorary Secretary until his death.

paragraph: Manby helped Samuel Colt's company to create a factory in Pimlico to manufacture firearms. Colt had received a lot of interest in his revolvers at the Great Exhibition in 1851 and Manby had been involved in the organisation of the exhibition arranging financial underwriting for Sir Robert Peel. Manby negotiated a lease with the British Government which enabled Colt to go into full production three years later. Colt was able to make a profit during the Crimean War, but the factory closed in 1856 shortly after the end of the war.

paragraph: In 1853 Manby became a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1856 he became the London representative of locomotive manufacturer Robert Stephenson and Company. Manby moved next door to Stephenson and travelled across Europe to represent the locomotive company using the contacts which he had created during his 17 years as secretary of the ICE.

paragraph: Charles Manby was chosen with James Rendel and John Robinson McClean to join the International Scientific Commission on the Suez Canal. This was based in Paris where his French language was again useful. His knowledge of engineering and his linguistic skills helped him serve as one of the secretaries to the International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez, with Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire and Lieutenant Lieussou.

paragraph: In 1858, Manby, by now a childless widower, married Harriet Willard, the widow of publisher W. U. Hood. This second marriage also had no issue. He died on 31 July 1884, at Ranelagh House, 10 Lower Grosvenor Place, London.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1860, Manby helped create the Engineer & Railway Volunteer Staff Corps (today, the British Territorial Army's Engineer and Logistic Staff Corps. As a result, Manby became a lieutenant-colonel.

paragraph: Manby left an estate of just under £250. Today his home at 60 Westbourne Terrace in London is identified by a blue plaque.

paragraph: In addition to British honours he received acknowledgement being made Honorary Member for his work by the Institute of Civil Engineers in the Netherlands, an officer of the Legion of Honour and an Italian knight of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and with similar honours from Turkey, Brazil and Sweden.

description: engineer

wikidata_label: Charles Manby

wikipedia_title: Charles Manby


text: Gujarati

text: Surat

text: Surat

text: Durgaram Mehta

text: Dadoba Pandurang

text: Atmaram Pandurang

text: Prarthana Samaj

text: Manav Dharma Sabha

text: Elphinstone Institute

text: Bombay

text: T. C. Hope

text: England

text: Prarthana Samaj

text: Gujarat Vernacular Society

text: Ahmedabad Municipality

text: Ahmedabad

text: Ramanbhai Nilkanth

text: Pico Iyer

text: Karsandas Mulji

text: Durgaram Mehta

text: Akbar

text: Akbarnama

text: Jayasimha Siddharaja

text: Vanraj Chavda

text: Bhavai

text: Garbi

text: Columbus

text: Galileo Galilei

text: Isaac Newton

text: Nanabhai Haridas

categories: 19th-century Indian essayists,Indian social reformers,Novelists from Gujarat,1891 deaths,Indian historical novelists,Prarthana Samaj,19th-century Indian educators,19th-century Indian novelists,1829 births,Gujarati-language writers,Indian male novelists,Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire,People from Surat,19th-century Indian biographers

paragraph: Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth

paragraph: Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth () was a Gujarati educationist, reformer, novelist and biographer from 19th century India.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Surat on 3 December 1829 to Vadnagara Nagar Brahmin family of Rupram Nilkanth and Girijagauri. He lost his mother when he was one and half years old. He was engaged, when four years old, to three years old girl Parvatikunwar. He completed elementary education of local 'village school' in Gopipura, Surat known as Pranshankar Mehtaji's school. Later he joined Government English school. During his school days, he was influenced by his teachers and reformers Durgaram Mehta and Dadoba Pandurang, brother of Atmaram Pandurang who founded Prarthana Samaj. He also attended weekly meetings of Manav Dharma Sabha run by them.

paragraph: Later he joined his alma mater as an associated teacher in 1851. In 1852, he joined Highschool department of Elphinstone Institute, Bombay and was appointed as an assistant teacher in 1854. He was closely associated with reformist organisations; Gyan Prasarak Sabha and Buddhivardhak Sabha in Bombay. He was later appointed as an acting headmaster at the Ahmedabad High School in 1857 and later made a deputy education inspector there. In 1859, he was appointed as a member of school textbooks committee, the textbooks known by T. C. Hope's name as "Hope Series", and was sent to England on 27 March 1860 to experience training colleges by Education Department. After returning on 13 April 1861, he served as a principal of P. R. Training College in Ahmedabad until his retirement. He was excommunicated from community for twelve years by his Nagar Brahmin community for crossing the sea. He was not even allowed to perform last rites of his father. He had to seek compromise and went to several rituals to enter his community again.

paragraph: He had edited "Parhejdar" magazine in 1850 and also edited educational monthly "Gujarat Shala Patra" (1862–78, 1887–91). He was an incharge of reformist weekly "Satyaprakash" for ten months in 1857. In 1885, he was awarded Rao Saheb and Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) by the British government. He was associated with Ahmedabad Prarthana Samaj and Gujarat Vernacular Society as well several other organisations seeking social reforms like widow remarriage, prohibition of child marriage. He had also served as commissioner and chairman of Ahmedabad Municipality.

paragraph: He died in Ahmedabad on 30 May 1891. His wife Parvatikunwar had supported and participated in his social reform activities. His son Ramanbhai Nilkanth was also writer and he also served as a mayor of Ahmedabad. An orphanage named Mahipatram Rupram Ashram is established on 17 December 1892 in Raipur, Ahmedabad in his memory which is now one of the largest and the oldest orphanages in India. British travel writer Pico Iyer is his great-great-grandson.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He wrote the first travelogue of Gujarati literature, "Englandni Musafarinu Varnan" (1862) in which he had described political, social, education condition of England then as well as descriptions of some popular places in England. "Uttam Kapol Karsandas Mulji Charitra" (1877) is a biography of his public figure and friend Karsandas Mulji. "Mehtaji Durgaram Manchharam Charitra" (1879) is a biography based on diary of Durgaram Mehta. "Parvatikunwar Akhyan" (1881, second edition) is biography of his wife. "Akbarcharitra" (1887, second edition) is his historical biography of Akbar which is mostly based on English translation of "Akbarnama".

paragraph: His initial, basic and historically important three novels of Gujarati literature are as follows: "Sasuvahuni Ladai" (1866) is about family life with mild humour which is considered as the first social novel in Gujarati. "Sadhara Jesang" (1880) and "Vanraj Chavdo" (1881) are basic historical novels on Jayasimha Siddharaja and Vanraj Chavda respectively. They are chiefly based on folklores and cultural history.

paragraph: He collected and edited the first collection "Vesha"s of folk theatre Bhavai as "Bhavai Sangrah". He wrote his wish to reestablish Bhavai in its preface. He also published a collection of "Garbi"s. He published "Bodhvachan", a collection of sayings in poetic form.

paragraph: From 1856 onward, he wrote booklets on life-sketches of Columbus, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton etc. He also translated work of Chamber with Nanabhai Haridas. He also wrote school textbooks; "Gujarati Bhashanu Navu Vyakaran" (New Grammar of Gujarati language, 1883) and "Vyutpattiprakash" (1889). He had also written books on education, geography, geology, science, medicine which were mostly translated works for students.

wikidata_label: Mahipatram Nilkanth

wikipedia_title: Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth


text:
Manx
World War II
Polish Air Force
Ramsey
St. Maughold's
Catholic School
Ramsey Grammar School
thatching
Sulby
melodeon
Manx
Brian Stowell
alcoholism
Yn Chruinnaght
Culture Vannin

paragraph: Paul Lebiedzinski

paragraph: Paul Lebiedzinski (17 August 1951 – 30 April 1995) was a Manx poet best known for his politically-charged poetry of the 1970s and 80s. He has been described as 'one of the finest poets the Island has produced in modern times.'

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Lebiedzinski's father, Aleksander Lebiedzinski, came to the Isle of Man during World War II as a Flight Lieutenant in the Polish Air Force. He married Kathleen (née Dempsey) in February 1947, and they set up business as hairdressers at 14 Lezayre Road, Ramsey, where they were living at the time of Paul Lebiedzinski's birth on 17 August 1951.

paragraph: Lebiedzinski's parents divorced when he was four, at which point he moved with his mother to Forest View on Bowring Road, north Ramsey. Due to the demands of running her own hairdressing business, Lebiedzinski's mother sent Paul to live with his grandmother at 44 Church Street, south Ramsey. From here he attended St. Maughold's Catholic School until the age of eleven, when he transferred to Ramsey Grammar School. He did not enjoy school and left at the earliest possible point at the age of fifteen.

paragraph: Section::::Professional life.

paragraph: Lebiedzinski tried numerous jobs, including: hairdresser, builder's labourer, upholsterer, shop proprietor, farm labourer, die-caster, pottery worker, laundry worker and supermarket assistant. In 1977 he became a self-employed gardener, an occupation which ‘suited him more than any other.’ He also took up traditional Manx thatching, which he learnt in 1972 from master thatcher, Thomas Brew of Sulby, who was also responsible for encouraging Lebiedzinski to take up the melodeon.

paragraph: Lebiedzinski also took up politics, serving on the Ramsey Town Commissioners during 1976-9 and 1988-90. Although his initiation into local politics came about through an uncontested seat becoming available, friends still saw this move as 'very surprising,' as he was generally viewed as 'a natural challenge to many people in authority.'

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Lebiedzinski first began writing poetry at the age of twelve, and published his first poem as a teenager in the 1960s in the "Isle of Man Examiner". By the 1970s he had become a prolific poet, publishing regularly in the Manx papers and becoming very popular for his performances of his own poetry at folk evenings.

paragraph: Lebiedzinski's poetry has been characterised as frequently satirical and full of invective, reflecting his anger and sadness at the loss of the old Manx way of life. These elements appear frequently in his work and it is well represented in the opening lines of 'Colonel Pimp', a poem about a fictional property developer who moves to the Isle of Man:

paragraph: Other of his poems display a more tender, nostalgic or emotional side. Poems such as 'Hung Goodbyes' are a good example of this:

paragraph: Lebiedzinski was the subject of a film, "Yn Gareyder" ('The Gardener' in Manx), made by George Broderick and Peter Maggs and produced by Foillan Films in 1986. It was also with George Broderick, Brian Stowell and Freddie Cowle that he formed a loosely-knit group, "Yn Ravvalyn" ('The Rebels').

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In the 1990s Lebiedzinski began to struggle with alcoholism, entering a period friends described as 'a very dark one for him.' He died on 30 April 1995 at the age of 43.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Even though none of Lebiedzinski's poetry ever appeared in book form, his place as an important figure in Manx literature came to be asserted by friends and organisations after his death. Yn Chruinnaght organised a lecture on Lebiedzinski's life and work in 1995, wherein Paul Broderick spoke of him as 'one of the finest poets the Island has produced in modern times.' A Paul Lebiedzinski prize for Manx Affairs was created at his former school, Ramsey Grammar, in 1995, where it is awarded annually to the pupil who has made the most significant contribution on the subject of Manx politics. In 1998 Culture Vannin released a cassette tape of recordings of Lebiedzinski performing at various events between the 1970s and 1990s. Today this forms the key source of access to his poetry.

wikidata_label: Paul Lebiedzinski

wikipedia_title: Paul Lebiedzinski