text: Ancient Greek

text: pre-Socratic philosopher

text: atomic theory

text: universe

text: Abdera

text: Thrace

text: Leucippus

text: ancient Athens

text: Plato

text: burned

text: philosopher

text: Aristotle

text: Abdera

text: Thrace

text: Ionian

text: Teos

text: Milesian

text: Olympiad

text: Apollodorus of Athens

text: Thrasyllus

text: John Burnet

text: Anaxagoras

text: Xerxes

text: inheritance

text: Babylon

text: Meroe

text: Egypt

text: Diodorus Siculus

text: Egyptian mathematicians

text: Theophrastus

text: Chaldean

text: Ostanes

text: Xerxes

text: philosophy

text: Leucippus

text: atomism

text: Anaxagoras

text: Hippocrates

text: Aristotle

text: pre-Socratic

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: natural phenomena

text: Diodorus Siculus

text: Popularly known as

text: Leucippus

text: materialist

text: atomists

text: prime mover

text: final cause

text: mechanistic

text: aesthetics

text: Aristotle

text: Leucippus

text: Isaac Newton

text: Mochus the Phoenician

text: Posidonius

text: Strabo

text: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

text: sense experience

text: Lucretius

text: De rerum natura

text: atomistic void

text: Parmenides

text: Zeno

text: absolute space

text: causality

text: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

text: History of Western Philosophy

text: Bertrand Russell

text: cone

text: pyramid

text: volume

text: cylinder

text: prism

text: humans

text: there are many worlds

text: Bertrand Russell

text: Karl R. Popper

text: Protagoras

text: Democritus University of Thrace

text: National Centre of Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS"

text: reverse

text: drachmas

text: obverse

text: drachmas

text: Atom

text: Democrates

text: John Dalton

text: Kanada

text: Leucippus

text: Lucretius

text: Mochus

text: Pseudo-Democritus

text: Vaisheshika

text: Early Greek Philosophy

text: Diodorus Siculus

text: Bibliotheca historica

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers

text: Diels

text: Heracleitus

text: Milan

text: Lombardy

text: Renaissance

text: Fortuna

text: topos

text: Petronius

text: Satyricon

text: Russell, Bertrand

text: Sextus Empiricus

categories: Presocratic philosophers,460s BC births,4th-century BC writers,Abderites,Ancient Greek atomist philosophers,Ancient Greek mathematicians,370s BC deaths,Metic philosophers in Classical Athens,Ancient Greek metaphysicians,5th-century BC philosophers,4th-century BC Greek people

paragraph: Democritus

paragraph: Democritus (; , "Dēmókritos", meaning "chosen of the people"; 460 – 370 BC) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.

paragraph: Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace, around 460 BC, although there are disagreements about the exact year. His exact contributions are difficult to disentangle from those of his mentor Leucippus, as they are often mentioned together in texts. Their speculation on atoms, taken from Leucippus, bears a passing and partial resemblance to the 19th-century understanding of atomic structure that has led some to regard Democritus as more of a scientist than other Greek philosophers; however, their ideas rested on very different bases.

paragraph: Largely ignored in ancient Athens, Democritus is said to have been disliked so much by Plato that the latter wished all of his books burned. He was nevertheless well known to his fellow northern-born philosopher Aristotle.

paragraph: Many consider Democritus to be the "father of modern science". None of his writings have survived; only fragments are known from his vast body of work.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Democritus was said to be born in the city of Abdera in Thrace, an Ionian colony of Teos, although some called him a Milesian.

paragraph: He was born in the 80th Olympiad (460–457 BC) according to Apollodorus of Athens, and although Thrasyllus placed his birth in 470 BC, the later date is probably more likely.

paragraph: John Burnet has argued that the date of 460 is "too early" since, according to Diogenes Laërtius ix.41, Democritus said that he was a "young man ("neos")" during Anaxagoras's old age (440–428).

paragraph: It was said that Democritus's father was from a noble family and so wealthy that he received Xerxes on his march through Abdera. Democritus spent the inheritance which his father left him on travels into distant countries, to satisfy his thirst for knowledge. He traveled to Asia, and was even said to have reached India and Ethiopia.

paragraph: It is known that he wrote on Babylon and Meroe; he visited Egypt, and Diodorus Siculus states that he lived there for five years. He himself declared that among his contemporaries none had made greater journeys, seen more countries, and met more scholars than himself. He particularly mentions the Egyptian mathematicians, whose knowledge he praises. Theophrastus, too, spoke of him as a man who had seen many countries.

paragraph: During his travels, according to Diogenes Laërtius, he became acquainted with the Chaldean magi. "Ostanes", one of the magi accompanying Xerxes, was also said to have taught him.

paragraph: After returning to his native land he occupied himself with natural philosophy. He traveled throughout Greece to acquire a better knowledge of its cultures. He mentions many Greek philosophers in his writings, and his wealth enabled him to purchase their writings. Leucippus, the founder of atomism, was the greatest influence upon him. He also praises Anaxagoras. Diogenes Laertius says that he was friends with Hippocrates, and he quotes Demetrius saying: "It would seem that he also went to Athens and was not anxious to be recognized, because he despised fame, and that while he knew of Socrates, he was not known to Socrates, his words being, `I came to Athens and no one knew me.'" Aristotle placed him among the pre-Socratic natural philosophers.

paragraph: The many anecdotes about Democritus, especially in Diogenes Laërtius, attest to his disinterest, modesty, and simplicity, and show that he lived exclusively for his studies. One story has him deliberately blinding himself in order to be less disturbed in his pursuits; it may well be true that he lost his sight in old age. He was cheerful, and was always ready to see the comical side of life, which later writers took to mean that he always laughed at the foolishness of people.

paragraph: He was highly esteemed by his fellow citizens, because as Diogenes Laërtius says, "he had foretold them some things which events proved to be true," which may refer to his knowledge of natural phenomena. According to Diodorus Siculus,

paragraph: Democritus died at the age of 90, which would put his death around 370 BC, but other writers have him living to 104, or even 109.

paragraph: Popularly known as the Laughing Philosopher (for laughing at human follies), the terms "Abderitan laughter", which means scoffing, incessant laughter, and Abderite, which means a scoffer, are derived from Democritus.

paragraph: To his fellow citizens he was also known as "The Mocker".

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.

paragraph: Most sources say that Democritus followed in the tradition of Leucippus and that they carried on the scientific rationalist philosophy associated with Miletus. Both were thoroughly materialist, believing everything to be the result of natural laws. Unlike Aristotle or Plato, the atomists attempted to explain the world without reasoning as to "purpose", "prime mover", or "final cause". For the atomists questions of physics should be answered with a mechanistic explanation ("What earlier circumstances caused this event?"), while their opponents search for explanations which, in addition to the material and mechanistic, also included the formal and teleological ("What purpose did this event serve?").

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.:Aesthetics.

paragraph: Later Greek historians consider Democritus to have established aesthetics as a subject of investigation and study, as he wrote theoretically on poetry and fine art long before authors such as Aristotle. Specifically, Thrasyllus identified six works in the philosopher's oeuvre which had belonged to aesthetics as a discipline, but only fragments of the relevant works are extant; hence of all Democritus's writings on these matters, only a small percentage of his thoughts and ideas can be known.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.:Atomic hypothesis.

paragraph: The theory of Democritus held that everything is composed of "atoms", which are physically, but not geometrically, indivisible; that between atoms, there lies empty space; that atoms are indestructible, and have always been and always will be in motion; that there is an infinite number of atoms and of kinds of atoms, which differ in shape and size. Of the mass of atoms, Democritus said, "The more any indivisible exceeds, the heavier it is". However, his exact position on atomic weight is disputed.

paragraph: Leucippus is widely credited with having been the first to develop the theory of atomism, although Isaac Newton preferred to credit the obscure Mochus the Phoenician (whom he believed to be the biblical Moses) as the inventor of the idea on the authority of Posidonius and Strabo. The "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" notes, "This theologically motivated view does not seem to claim much historical evidence, however".

paragraph: Democritus, along with Leucippus and Epicurus, proposed the earliest views on the shapes and connectivity of atoms. They reasoned that the solidness of the material corresponded to the shape of the atoms involved. Thus, iron atoms are solid and strong with hooks that lock them into a solid; water atoms are smooth and slippery; salt atoms, because of their taste, are sharp and pointed; and air atoms are light and whirling, pervading all other materials.

paragraph: Using analogies from humans' sense experiences, he gave a picture or an image of an atom that distinguished them from each other by their shape, their size, and the arrangement of their parts. Moreover, connections were explained by material links in which single atoms were supplied with attachments: some with hooks and eyes others with balls and sockets.

paragraph: The Democritean atom is an inert solid (merely excluding other bodies from its volume) that interacts with other atoms mechanically. In contrast, modern, quantum-mechanical atoms interact via electric and magnetic force fields and are far from inert.

paragraph: The theory of the atomists appears to be more nearly aligned with that of modern science than any other theory of antiquity. However, the similarity with modern concepts of science can be confusing when trying to understand where the hypothesis came from. Classical atomists could not have had an empirical basis for modern concepts of atoms and molecules.

paragraph: However, Lucretius, describing atomism in his "De rerum natura", gives very clear and compelling empirical arguments for the original atomist theory. He observes that any material is subject to irreversible decay. Through time, even hard rocks are slowly worn down by drops of water. Things have the tendency to get mixed up: Mix water with soil and mud will result, seldom disintegrating by itself. Wood decays. However, there are mechanisms in nature and technology to recreate "pure" materials like water, air, and metals. The seed of an oak will grow out into an oak tree, made of similar wood as historical oak trees, the wood of which has already decayed. The conclusion is that many properties of materials must derive from something inside, that will itself never decay, something that stores for eternity the same inherent, indivisible properties. The basic question is: Why has everything in the world not yet decayed, and how can exactly some of the same materials, plants, and animals be recreated again and again? One obvious solution to explain how indivisible properties can be conveyed in a way not easily visible to human senses, is to hypothesize the existence of "atoms". These classical "atoms" are nearer to humans' modern concept of "molecule" than to the atoms of modern science. The other central point of classical atomism is that there must be considerable open space between these "atoms": the void. Lucretius gives reasonable arguments that the void is absolutely necessary to explain how gasses and liquids can flow and change shape, while metals can be molded without their basic material properties changing.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.:Void hypothesis.

paragraph: The atomistic void hypothesis was a response to the paradoxes of Parmenides and Zeno, the founders of metaphysical logic, who put forth difficult to answer arguments in favor of the idea that there can be no movement. They held that any movement would require a void—which is nothing—but a nothing cannot exist. The Parmenidean position was "You say there "is" a void; therefore the void is not nothing; therefore there is not the void". The position of Parmenides appeared validated by the observation that where there seems to be nothing there is air, and indeed even where there is not matter there is "something", for instance light waves.

paragraph: The atomists agreed that motion required a void, but simply ignored the argument of Parmenides on the grounds that motion was an observable fact. Therefore, they asserted, there must be a void. This idea survived in a refined version as Newton's theory of absolute space, which met the logical requirements of attributing reality to not-being. Einstein's theory of relativity provided a new answer to Parmenides and Zeno, with the insight that space by itself is relative and cannot be separated from time as part of a generally curved space-time manifold. Consequently, Newton's refinement is now considered superfluous.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.:Epistemology.

paragraph: The knowledge of truth, according to Democritus, is difficult, since the perception through the senses is subjective. As from the same senses derive different impressions for each individual, then through the sensual impressions we cannot judge the truth. We can interpret the senses' data and grasp the truth only through the intellect, because the truth is in an abyss:

paragraph: And:

paragraph: There are two kinds of knowing, the one he calls "legitimate" (γνησίη, "gnēsiē", "genuine") and the other "bastard" (σκοτίη, "skotiē", "secret"). The "bastard" knowledge is concerned with the perception through the senses; therefore it is insufficient and subjective. The reason is that the sensual perception is due to the effluences of the atoms from the objects to the senses. When these different shapes of atoms come to us, they stimulate our senses according to their shape, and our sensual impressions arise from those stimulations.

paragraph: The second sort of knowledge, the "legitimate" one, can be achieved through the intellect, in other words, all the sense data from the "bastard" must be elaborated through reasoning. In this way one can get away from the false perception of the "bastard" knowledge and grasp the truth through inductive reasoning. After taking into account the sense impressions, one can examine the causes of the appearances, draw conclusions about the laws that govern the appearances, and discover the causality (αἰτιολογία, "aetiologia") by which they are related. This is the procedure of thought from the parts to the whole or else from the apparent to nonapparent (inductive reasoning). This is one example of why Democritus is considered to be an early scientific thinker. The process is reminiscent of that by which science gathers its conclusions:

paragraph: And:

paragraph: As well as:

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.:Ethics and politics.

paragraph: The ethics and politics of Democritus come to us mostly in the form of maxims. As such, the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy has gone as far as to say that: "despite the large number of ethical sayings, it is difficult to construct a coherent account of Democritus's ethical views," noting that there is a "difficulty of deciding which fragments are genuinely Democritean".

paragraph: He says that "Equality is everywhere noble", but he is not encompassing enough to include women or slaves in this sentiment. Poverty in a democracy is better than prosperity under tyrants, for the same reason one is to prefer liberty over slavery. In his History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell writes that Democritus was in love with "what the Greeks called democracy." Democritus said that "the wise man belongs to all countries, for the home of a great soul is the whole world." Democritus wrote that those in power should "take it upon themselves to lend to the poor and to aid them and to favor them, then is there pity and no isolation but companionship and mutual defense and concord among the citizens and other good things too many to catalogue". Money when used with sense leads to generosity and charity, while money used in folly leads to a common expense for the whole society—excessive hoarding of money for one's children is avarice. While making money is not useless, he says, doing so as a result of wrongdoing is the "worst of all things". He is on the whole ambivalent towards wealth, and values it much less than self-sufficiency. He disliked violence but was not a pacifist: he urged cities to be prepared for war, and believed that a society had the right to execute a criminal or enemy so long as this did not violate some law, treaty, or oath.

paragraph: Goodness, he believed, came more from practice and discipline than from innate human nature. He believed that one should distance oneself from the wicked, stating that such association increases disposition to vice. Anger, while difficult to control, must be mastered in order for one to be rational. Those who take pleasure from the disasters of their neighbors fail to understand that their fortunes are tied to the society in which they live, and they rob themselves of any joy of their own. Democritus believed that happiness was a property of the soul. He advocated a life of contentment with as little grief as possible, which he said could not be achieved through either idleness or preoccupation with worldly pleasures. Contentment would be gained, he said, through moderation and a measured life; to be content one must set one's judgment on the possible and be satisfied with what one has—giving little thought to envy or admiration. Democritus approved of extravagance on occasion, as he held that feasts and celebrations were necessary for joy and relaxation. He considers education to be the noblest of pursuits, but cautioned that learning without sense leads to error.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.:Mathematics.

paragraph: Democritus was also a pioneer of mathematics and geometry in particular. We only know this through citations of his works (titled "On Numbers", "On Geometrics", "On Tangencies", "On Mapping", and "On Irrationals") in other writings, since most of Democritus's body of work did not survive the Middle Ages. Democritus was among the first to observe that a cone and pyramid with the same base and height has one-third the volume of a cylinder or prism respectively .

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy and science.:Anthropology, biology, and cosmology.

paragraph: His work on nature is known through citations of his books on the subjects, "On the Nature of Man", "On Flesh" (two books), "On Mind, On the Senses", "On Flavors", "On Colors", "Causes concerned with Seeds and Plants and Fruits", and "Causes concerned with Animals" (three books). He spent much of his life experimenting with and examining plants and minerals, and wrote at length on many scientific topics. Democritus thought that the first humans lived an anarchic and animal sort of life, going out to forage individually and living off the most palatable herbs and the fruit which grew wild on the trees. They were driven together into societies for fear of wild animals, he said. He believed that these early people had no language, but that they gradually began to articulate their expressions, establishing symbols for every sort of object, and in this manner came to understand each other. He says that the earliest men lived laboriously, having none of the utilities of life; clothing, houses, fire, domestication, and farming were unknown to them. Democritus presents the early period of mankind as one of learning by trial and error, and says that each step slowly led to more discoveries; they took refuge in the caves in winter, stored fruits that could be preserved, and through reason and keenness of mind came to build upon each new idea.

paragraph: Democritus held that originally the universe was composed of nothing but tiny atoms churning in chaos, until they collided together to form larger units—including the earth and everything on it. He surmised that there are many worlds, some growing, some decaying; some with no sun or moon, some with several. He held that every world has a beginning and an end and that a world could be destroyed by collision with another world. To epitomize Democritus's cosmology, Russell calls on Shelley: "Worlds on worlds are rolling ever / From creation to decay, / Like the bubbles on a river / Sparkling, bursting, borne away".

paragraph: Section::::Twentieth-century appraisals.

paragraph: According to Bertrand Russell, the point of view of Leucippus and Democritus "was remarkably like that of modern science, and avoided most of the faults to which Greek speculation was prone."

paragraph: Karl R. Popper admired Democritus's rationalism, humanism, and love of freedom and writes that Democritus, along with fellow countryman Protagoras, "formulated the doctrine that human institutions of language, custom, and law are not taboos but man-made, not natural but conventional, insisting, at the same time, that we are responsible for them."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Ethics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pythagoras"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Disposition of the Wise Man"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Things in Hades"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tritogenia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Manliness or On Virtue"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Horn of Amaltheia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Contentment"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ethical Commentaries"

paragraph: Natural science

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great World-ordering" (may have been written by Leucippus)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cosmography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Planets"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Nature"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Nature of Man or On Flesh" (two books)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Mind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Senses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Flavours"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Colours"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Different Shapes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Changing Shape"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buttresses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Images"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Logic" (three books)

paragraph: Nature

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heavenly Causes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atmospheric Causes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terrestrial Causes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Causes Concerned with Fire and Things in Fire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Causes Concerned with Sounds"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Causes Concerned with Seeds and Plants and Fruits"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Causes Concerned with Animals" (three books)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miscellaneous Causes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Magnets"

paragraph: Mathematics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Different Angles or On contact of Circles and Spheres"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Geometry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geometry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Numbers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Irrational Lines and Solids" (two books)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planispheres"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Great Year or Astronomy" (a calendar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contest of the Waterclock"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Description of the Heavens"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Description of the Poles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Description of Rays of Light"

paragraph: Literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Rhythms and Harmony"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Poetry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Beauty of Verses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Euphonious and Harsh-sounding Letters"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Homer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Song"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Verbs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Names"

paragraph: Technical works

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prognosis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Diet"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medical Judgment"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Causes Concerning Appropriate and Inappropriate Occasions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Farming"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Painting"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tactics"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fighting in Armor"

paragraph: Commentaries

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Sacred Writings of Babylon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Those in Meroe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circumnavigation of the Ocean"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On History"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chaldaean Account"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phrygian Account"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Fever and Coughing Sicknesses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legal Causes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Problems"

paragraph: Section::::Eponymous institutions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Democritus University of Thrace

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Centre of Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS"

paragraph: Section::::Numismatics.

paragraph: Democritus was depicted on the following contemporary coins/banknotes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The reverse of the Greek 10 drachmas coin of 1976–2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The obverse of the Greek 100 drachmas banknote of 1967–1978.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Democrates

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Dalton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leucippus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucretius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mochus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pseudo-Democritus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaisheshika

paragraph: Section::::Citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bailey, C. (1928). "The Greek Atomists and Epicurus". Oxford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bakalis, Nikolaos (2005). "Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics: Analysis and Fragments", Trafford Publishing, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnes, Jonathan (1982). "The Presocratic Philosophers", Routledge Revised Edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- _____ (1987). "Early Greek Philosophy", Penguin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnet, J. (2003). "Early Greek Philosophy", Kessinger Publishing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC). "Bibliotheca historica".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diogenes Laërtius (3rd century AD). "Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freeman, Kathleen (2008). "Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels", Forgotten Books, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guthrie, W. K. (1979) "A History of Greek Philosophy—The Presocratic tradition from Parmenides to Democritus", Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirk, G. S., J. E. Raven and M. Schofield (1983). "The Presocratic Philosophers", Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pyle, C. M. (1997). 'Democritus and Heracleitus: An Excursus on the Cover of this Book,' "Milan and Lombardy in the Renaissance. Essays in Cultural History." Rome, La Fenice. (Istituto di Filologia Moderna, Università di Parma: Testi e Studi, Nuova Serie: Studi 1.) (Fortuna of the Laughing and Weeping Philosophers topos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petronius (late 1st century AD). "Satyricon." Trans. William Arrowsmith. New York: A Meridian Book, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell, Bertrand (1972). "A History of Western Philosophy," Simon & Schuster.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus Empiricus (c. 200 AD). "Adversus Mathematicos".

description: Ancient Greek philosopher, pupil of Leucippus, founder of the atomic theory

enwikiquote_title: Democritus

wikidata_label: Democritus

wikipedia_title: Democritus


text: Leo I

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Basiliscus

text: Ariadne

text: Zeno

text: Anastasius I

text: Leo II

text: Basiliscus

text: Balkans

text: Daniel the Stylite

text: Odoacer

text: King of Italy

text: John of Antioch

text: John of the Sedre

text: Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch

text: Armatus

text: Onoulphus

text: Alexander Demandt

text: Patrick Amory

text: hagiography

text: Daniel the Stylite

text: Suda

text: Penny Macgeorge

text: John Malalas

text: Malchus

text: House of Leo

text: barbarian

text: Goths

text: Rugians

text: Scirii

text: Thuringii

text: Germanic peoples

text: East Germanic tribes

text: Edeko

text: Huns

text: Attila the Hun

text: foederati

text: Thraco-Roman

text: East Roman army

text: Jordanes

text: John Malalas

text: Bessi

text: Thracians

text: Theodorus Lector

text: Theophanes the Confessor

text: Georgios Kedrenos

text: Michael the Syrian

text: Thrace

text: Bibliotheca

text: Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople

text: Candidus

text: Dacia

text: Patria

text: George Codinus

text: Constantinople

text: Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire

text: Basil II

text: Alexios I Komnenos

text: Ariadne

text: Marcian

text: Leontia

text: Julius Patricius

text: Aspar

text: Ardabur

text: Marcian

text: Anthemius

text: Marcia Euphemia

text: Isauria

text: horoscope

text: Rhetorius

text: hagiography

text: Daniel the Stylite

text: gangrene

text: Anthemius

text: tribune

text: Latin

text: mace

text: Augustus

text: Pulcheria

text: Theodosian dynasty

text: Byzantine army

text: Byzantine Senate

text: Aspar

text: magister militum

text: Eastern Roman Empire

text: Alans

text: Sarmatian

text: Arianism

text: Nicene Creed

text: kingmaker

text: Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople

text: Aelia

text: Excubitors

text: Germanic

text: Ardabur

text: treason

text: Greek-speaking

text: Constantinople

text: Leo II

text: Great Palace of Constantinople

text: nickname

text: Butcher

text: Byzantine army

text: Caesar

text: dysentery

text: Praetorian prefect

text: John Malalas

text: Basiliscus

text: Isauria

text: Illus

text: Theodoric Strabo

text: Constantinople

text: Hebdomon

text: Daniel the Stylite

text: Magister Officiorum

text: Candidus

text: Theodoric the Great

text: Pannonia

text: foederati

text: slave

text: Tarsus

text: Dalisandus

text: Pamphylia

text: Marcian

text: Anthemius

text: Porphyrogenita

text: coup d'état

text: Chalcedon

text: Jordanes

text: Leontius

text: Chalcedonian

text: Monophysitism

text: Antioch

text: Papyrius

text: Ostrogoths

text: John the Scythian

text: Georgian Chronicle

text: Vakhtang I of Iberia

text: Cyril Toumanoff

text: Guaram I of Iberia

categories: 5th-century Byzantine people,House of Leo,Byzantine empresses,484 deaths,Aelii,5th-century births

paragraph: Verina

paragraph: Aelia Verina (died 484) was the Empress consort of Leo I of the Byzantine Empire. She was a sister of Basiliscus. Her daughter Ariadne was Empress consort of first Zeno and then Anastasius I. Verina was the maternal grandmother of Leo II.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The origins of Verina and her brother Basiliscus are unknown. They are considered likely to have ancestry in the Balkans but nothing more specific is known. They are assumed to have at least one sister as a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite names a brother-in-law of Verina and Basiliscus as Zuzus.

paragraph: Stefan Krautschick in his historical work "Zwei Aspekte des Jahres 476" (1986) advanced a theory that the two siblings were related to Odoacer, the first barbarian King of Italy. The theory relies on passage 209.1 in the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th-century monk. The chronicler has been tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648. The passage records the assassination of Armatus by Onoulphus. Based on interpretation Odoacer was brother to either Onoulphus alone or to both men. The second interpretation was introduced by Krautschick and has gained the support of (among others) Alexander Demandt and Patrick Amory. Armatus was identified as nephew of Verina and Basiliscus in other Byzantine sources, including a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite and the Suda. The theory would make both Onoulphus and Odoacer nephews of Verina and Basiliscus.

paragraph: However a counterargument to the theory is given by Penny Macgeorge in her own study "Late Roman Warlords" (2003), pages 284-285, based on the silence of both John Malalas and Malchus on a blood relation of Odoacer to the House of Leo. Both historians were chronologically closer to the recorded events than John of Antioch.

paragraph: If accepted the theory of Krautschick would give Verina a barbarian origin. Her ancestry would still be uncertain due to contradictory accounts on the ancestry of Odoacer. Various sources have identified him as one of the Goths, the Rugians, the Scirii and the Thuringii. All four were Germanic peoples, with the Goths, Rugians and Scirii grouped by ethnologists within the East Germanic tribes. His father Edeko was leader of the Scirii but it is unclear if he was born in the tribe or married into it. Other sources identify Edeko as one of the Huns, possibly because of his service under Attila the Hun. According to Amory, the varying ethnographic identities of both men may reflect both their mixed ancestry and their political association with the various groups.

paragraph: The presence of Verina in the Roman court has been attributed by Demandt to "the osmosis of the late Roman and Germanic aristocracies". In other words, the practice of intermarriage between the Roman military aristocracy and the dynasties derived from it on the one hand and various Germanic families of foederati.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Verina married Leo, a Thraco-Roman officer of the East Roman army. According to Jordanes and John Malalas, her husband was one of the Bessi, a tribe of Thracians. Theodorus Lector, Theophanes the Confessor, Georgios Kedrenos and Michael the Syrian report Leo born in Thrace. However the Bibliotheca of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople quotes Candidus in placing his birthplace in Dacia.

paragraph: Leo was not from a prominent family. His only known relation prior to his marriage was a sister named Euphemia. According to "Patria", attributed to George Codinus, Euphemia never married. She resided in Constantinople and was visited by her brother on a weekly basis. She reportedly erected a statue in honor of her brother. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire notes that the source is not considered particularly reliable. The Patria was written during the reign of Basil II (976–1025) and revised during the Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118). So at least five centuries separate the time of Leo and Euphemia and this written account of their relationship.

paragraph: Verina and Leo had three children. Their eldest daughter Ariadne was born prior to the death of Marcian (reigned 450–457). Ariadne had a younger sister, Leontia. Leontia was first betrothed to Julius Patricius, a son of Aspar, but their engagement was probably annulled when Aspar and another of his sons, Ardabur, were assassinated in 471. Leontia then married Marcian, a son of Anthemius and Marcia Euphemia. The couple led a failed revolt against Zeno in 478–479. They were exiled to Isauria following their defeat.

paragraph: An unnamed son was born in 463. He died five months following his birth. The only sources about him are a horoscope by Rhetorius and a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite.

paragraph: Section::::Empress consort.

paragraph: In January, 457 Marcian succumbed to a disease, allegedly gangrene. He was survived by his daughter Euphemia and his son-in-law Anthemius. Leo was at this point the tribune of the Mattiarii, a regiment wielding the mattea (Latin for mace) as their weapon.

paragraph: Marcian had been proclaimed an Augustus as consort of Pulcheria, a member of the Theodosian dynasty. With his death the dynastic succession ended. His only daughter was from a previous marriage and thus not considered heiress to the dynasty. The Byzantine army and the Byzantine Senate had to elect a new Augustus. Aspar, the magister militum ("Master of soldiers") of the Eastern Roman Empire, was unable to claim the throne for himself due to his origins and religious affiliations. He was one of the Alans, a Sarmatian tribe. Though his family had served in the Roman military for generations, Aspar was still considered a barbarian. He was also an adherent of Arianism while the majority of the ruling class of the Eastern Roman Empire had accepted the Nicene Creed. Therefore, an unpopular choice for the throne.

paragraph: Aspar used his influence in order to be become a kingmaker, having earlier engineered the elevation of Marcian who had served a middler-rank officer under him. He was able to pick a candidate among his own subordinate officers, probably counting on their continued loyalty. He chose Leo and the Senate accepted the choice. On 7 February 457, Leo was crowned by Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople, the first such coronation known to involve a Patriarch. At this point Verina became the Empress consort. She probably added "Aelia" to her name at her proclamation as an Augusta. The name had become standard for Augustas of the Theodosian dynasty.

paragraph: In 461, Leo founded the Excubitors as a counterbalance to the Germanic soldiers under Aspar. He recruited the majority of its members from among the sturdy and warlike Isaurians. In 466, Tarasicodissa, an Isaurian officer of the Excubitors came forth with evidence that Ardabur, a son of Aspar, was guilty of treason. The scandal caused a rift in the relations of Leo and Aspar, leaving the former relying even more on the Excubitors.

paragraph: In 467, the alliance of Leo and Tarasicodissa was sealed with the marriage of Ariadne to the officer. To make himself more acceptable to the Roman hierarchy and the native Greek-speaking population of Constantinople, the new son-in-law of the imperial couple changed his name to Zeno. Their only known son of Ariadne and Zeno, Leo II, was born within the year.

paragraph: In 471, Aspar and Ardabur were murdered within the Great Palace of Constantinople by orders of Leo. Leo earned the nickname "Macelles" (the Butcher) for the manner of the deaths. Zeno was left by default as the main supporter of Leo within the Byzantine army.

paragraph: Leo II was proclaimed Caesar in October, 473 and effectively became the designated heir to the throne by virtue of being the closest male relative of Leo I. On 18 January 474, Leo I died of dysentery. Their grandson immediately succeeded him. Verina remained at the Palace.

paragraph: Section::::Widowed empress.

paragraph: Since Leo II was too young to rule himself, Verina and Ariadne prevailed upon him to crown Zeno as co-emperor, which he did on February 9, 474. When Leo became ill and died on November 17, Zeno became sole emperor with Ariadne as his Empress consort.

paragraph: Verina was not content in the role of a widow. According to both Candidus and John of Antioch, she found a lover in the person of Patricius, a former Praetorian prefect. Verina had originally supported Zeno while the young emperor Leo II was still alive. Not long after her grandson's death, Verina turned against her son-in-law. John Malalas attributes her hostility to an argument between them over a request the senior Augusta had made on her son-in-law. Malalas does not clarify what was the request. A modern interpretation suggests that the request concerned her second marriage to Patricius. Which Zeno had reasons to refuse to prevent Patricius from emerging as a rival candidate for the throne.

paragraph: Verina conspired against Zeno with her lover Patricius, her brother Basiliscus, the Isaurian general Illus, and general Theodoric Strabo, forcing Zeno to flee Constantinople in 475. Zeno fled to his native lands, bringing with him some of the Isaurians living in Constantinople, and the imperial treasury. Basiliscus was then acclaimed as "Augustus" on 9 January 475 at the Hebdomon palace, by the palace ministers and the Senate.

paragraph: John of Antioch and the hagiography of Daniel the Stylite imply that Verina was tricked in supporting the conspiracy. Candidus and John of Antioch report that Verina was hoping to use the conspiracy to replace Zeno with Patricius, restoring herself to the position of Empress consort in the process. However, Basiliscus was crowned as soon as Zeno had abandoned the city. According to Malalas, Verina had to crown Basiliscus herself as the only person of imperial rank present within the capital. There is some doubt whether the description of Verina's motivation by Candidus and John of Antioch was accurate or just reflected the hostility of the chroniclers to her.

paragraph: Whatever the case, Patricius served early in the new reign as the "Magister Officiorum". Eventually, Basiliscus ordered the death of Patricius, as the officer was a natural candidate to overthrow the new emperor. Consequently, Verina later intrigued against Basiliscus, seeking revenge for her lover's execution. According to Candidus, after the death of Patricius, Verina intrigued in favour of Zeno, but her plan was discovered by Basiliscus, and only the intercession of Armatus spared her life.

paragraph: In 476, both Illus and Armatus defected to the side of Zeno, who, in August, besieged Constantinople. Theodoric the Amal (later known as Theodoric the Great), the leader of the Pannonian Goths, had allied to Zeno. Theodoric would have attacked Basiliscus and his Thracian Goth "foederati" led by Theodoric Strabo, receiving, in exchange, the title of "magister militum" held by Strabo and the payments previously given to the Thracian Goths. It has been suggested that Constantinople was defenseless during Zeno's siege because the "Magister Militum" Strabo had moved north to counter this menace. The Senate opened the gates of the city to Zeno, allowing the deposed emperor to retake the throne with Ariadne as his Empress consort.

paragraph: Section::::Rivalry with Illus.

paragraph: The brief reign of Basiliscus does not seem to have resulted in lasting hatred between Verina and either Zeno or Ariadne. However it did result in hatred between Verina and Illus. The hagiography of Daniel the Stylite considers Illus responsible for pulling Verina into the initial conspiracy while hiding its actual goals. He was, in her mind, directly or indirectly responsible for the death of Patricius.

paragraph: In 477, a first assassination attempt on Illus was prevented by a slave. Though primary sources do not associate Verina with it, later historians have suggested that this was indeed the case. In 478, a second assassination attempt on Illus was prevented by Epinicus, a long-time favourite of Verina. Epinicus allowed Illus custody of the prisoner and the interrogation resulted in a confession implicating Verina.

paragraph: Illus recuperated from the attack in his native Isauria and reportedly refused to return to Constantinople while Verina was still residing in the Palace. Zeno agreed to banish her from the capital and she indeed never returned during her life. According to John of Antioch, Verina was at first confined in a monastery located at Tarsus. She was then sent first to Dalisandus (two namesake cities existed in Isauria and Pamphylia) and secondly to Cherris in Isauria.

paragraph: In 478-479, the revolt of Marcian, a son of Anthemius took place. He was married to Leontia, the second daughter of Leo I and Verina. His claim to the throne relied on his wife being a Porphyrogenita. In theory Leontia outranking her older sister Ariadne who was born previous to the elevation of her parents to the throne. Marcian and his brothers Procopius and Romulus launched their coup d'état in Constantinople. They were besieging the palace when Illus arrived with reinforcements from Chalcedon. John of Antioch attributes the entire revolt to Verina but the actual extent of her involvement is uncertain.

paragraph: In 480, Verina was still confined in Isauria under the custody of Illus. However she was able to correspond with Ariadne and convinced her daughter to intervene on her behalf. Ariadne endeavoured to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the emperor referred her. Illus not only refused her request, but charged her with wishing to place another person on her husband's throne. This irritated her; and she, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. Jordanes ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to try an attempt on her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed failed to kill Illus, but cut off his ear in the attempt. The assassin was taken, and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with Illus.

paragraph: In 483 or 484, Illus rose in rebellion against Zeno. Verina still had her imperial rank and so could still crown another Augustus. He released her from confinement and had her crown Leontius, a general, as an Augustus in Tarsus. The revolt also had religious meaning as the rebels were Chalcedonian Christians while Zeno was an adherent of Monophysitism.

paragraph: John Malalas describes that Verina joined the new alliance with fervor, corresponding with various cities and trying to win their support for the revolt. However, there is some doubt over the sincerity of both her new convictions and her political "friendship" with her old enemy. She may in effect have still been Illus' prisoner and acted under his command to preserve her safety. She notably did not join Leontius and Illus in their campaign for Antioch but was sent to the fortress of Papyrius in Isauria.

paragraph: The revolt failed to gain sufficient support and the rebels had to withdraw from Antioch back to Papyrius. Zeno sent an army including both Romans and Ostrogoths under John the Scythian which managed to defeat them. The fort was besieged from 484 to 488. Verina died early in the siege Whether her death was violent or not is uncertain. According to Malalas, when the siege ended the corpse of Verina was recovered and sent to Ariadne for burial.

paragraph: Section::::Possible descendants.

paragraph: The "Georgian Chronicle", a 13th-century compilation drawing from earlier sources, reports a marriage of Vakhtang I of Iberia to Princess Helena of Byzantium, identifying her as a daughter of the predecessor of Zeno. This predecessor was probably Leo I, the tale attributing a third daughter to Verina.

paragraph: Cyril Toumanoff identified two children of this marriage. Mithridates of Iberia and Leo of Iberia. This younger Leo was father of Guaram I of Iberia. The accuracy of the descent is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article on her by Geoffrey B. Greatrex

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passage of "People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489-554" of Patrick Amory, discussing theory of barbatian origins

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of her husband in The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of her sister-in-law Euphemia in The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- A pedigree of her alleged daughter Helena

description: Byzantine empress

wikidata_label: Verina

wikipedia_title: Verina


text:
comic book creator
manga
Blue Monday
Fresno, California
Roosevelt School of the Arts
Oakhurst, California
Yosemite High School
"Blue Monday"
Fantaco
Sarah Dyer
Dark Horse Presents
Jamie S. Rich
Oni Press
manga
Blue Monday
Blue Monday
Scooter Girl
Image Comics
Eisner Awards
Harvey Award
Guy Major
colorist
Japanese
Irish
British culture
mod
britpop
San Diego
California
Hopeless Savages
Scooter Girl
California
Ultimate Marvel Team-Up
Peter Parker
Ultimate X-Men
Four Letter Worlds
Image Comics
Queen Bee
middle school
Scholastic Press
Legion Of Super-Heroes
DC Comics
Superman
Johnny DC
Chynna Clugston Flores sketch blog
Chynna Clugston Flores on Tumblr
Chynna Clugston Flores on Twitter
Valenti. Kristy. "Chynna Clugston"
The Comics Journal
"American Manga"
Chynna Clugston Flores

categories: Artists from San Diego,American comics writers,American cartoonists,People from Fresno, California,Women cartoonists,1975 births,Female comics writers,American female comics artists

paragraph: Chynna Clugston Flores

paragraph: Chynna Clugston Flores (born August 19, 1975) is a freelance American comic book creator known for her manga-influenced teen comedy series "Blue Monday". Based in Coarsegold, Chynna has been drawing comics since 1994 and has worked with  Oni Press, Dark Horse Presents, Double Feature, Action Girl Comics, DC Comics and several digital comics as an editor, penciler, writer, inker, colorist, letterer and cover artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Clugston Flores grew up in Fresno, California and attended the Roosevelt School of the Arts. After her freshman year, she moved to Oakhurst, California and attended Yosemite High School, where she would take inspiration for "Blue Monday".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Shortly after graduation, Clugston Flores submitted some of her minicomics to Fantaco, which signed her to write and draw the vampire miniseries "Bloodletting". Clugston Flores followed "Bloodletting" with one-pagers and shorts in Sarah Dyer's "Action Girl" and Dark Horse Presents, eventually following editor Jamie S. Rich to Oni Press. At Oni, Clugston Flores produced her manga-influenced comic book 'series, "Blue Monday", which debuted in 1999 in "Oni Double Feature" #11. In 2000 Oni published the first Blue Monday miniseries, "Blue Monday: The Kids Are Alright".

paragraph: She was assistant editor for CMX Manga, assistant editor for DC Comics' Wildstorm division until 2011, and an assistant editor for DC Comics working on various titles, editing Looney Tunes, co-editing Tiny Titans, as well as several digital comics in La Jolla, CA until 2011. She eventually moved "Blue Monday" and "Scooter Girl" to Image Comics to be re-released and later produce a new segment in 2017an/Scooby-Doo Halloween ComicFest as an editor.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Clugston Flores has been nominated for three Eisner Awards for Best Limited Series for "Blue Monday" (2001), and her participation on "Hopeless Savages" (2002), and Best Writer/Artist-Humor (2002); The Russ Manning award (2000); and a Harvey Award. Clugston Flores was also nominated for the 2001 Lulu of the Year Award by Friends of Lulu for "Blue Monday".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Clugston Flores started her career as Chynna Clugston-Major, before her divorce from Guy Major (a colorist and toner on most of her books to this day), and is currently billed under her married name, Chynna Clugston Flores. Clugston Flores holds an interest in Japanese, Irish, and British culture, including mod fashion, britpop, and film. She lives in San Diego, California, with her husband, Jon Flores.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: In addition to "Blue Monday", Clugston Flores's other notable works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloodletting" — Fantaco/Tundra (1995–1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hopeless Savages" — Clugston Flores illustrated the flashback scenes. Oni Press (2001), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scooter Girl" — a miniseries telling the story of two contemporary mods living in California. Oni Press (2003), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ultimate Marvel Team-Up" #11 — a story about Peter Parker running into the Ultimate X-Men in a mall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anew" — a 1940s romance short story in the anthology "Four Letter Worlds". Image Comics (2005), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen Bee" — a middle school drama. graphix /Scholastic Press (2005), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strangetown" — about a ten-year-old girl named Vanora Finnar who mysteriously washed onto the Oregon shore in 1973. Oni Press (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legion Of Super-Heroes In The 31st Century" — based on the animated version of the DC Comics property, featuring Superman. Johnny DC (2007)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chynna Clugston Flores sketch blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chynna Clugston Flores on Tumblr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chynna Clugston Flores on Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valenti. Kristy. "Chynna Clugston" "The Comics Journal" no. 277 (July 11, 2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, Jason. "American Manga" Interview with Chynna Clugston-Major at "Pulp" magazine; Accessed July 25, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comic Book Database Chynna Clugston Flores

description: artist

wikidata_label: Chynna Clugston

wikipedia_title: Chynna Clugston Flores


text:
Rastrick
West Yorkshire
prop maker
Vision On
Rastrick
West Yorkshire
lip-reading
Bradford
James Mason
Joan Bakewell
Late Night Line-Up
Magpie
Tony Hart
Sylvester McCoy
Jigsaw
Eureka
Newcastle upon Tyne
b3ta
Late Night Line-Up
Magpie
Vision On
Eureka
Jigsaw
Ask Aspel
Jim'll Fix It
Game for a Laugh
The 6 O'Clock Show
The Word
See It Saw It
3-2-1
Mooncat
Fun Factory
Rolf on Saturday, OK!
Jonathan Ross
pantomime
Theatre Museum
Covent Garden
Prix Jeunesse
Wilf Lunn's web site
BBC -Vision On
British Film Institute - Vision On

categories: People from Rastrick,1942 births,People from Brighouse,British television presenters,Living people,People educated at Hipperholme Grammar School

paragraph: Wilf Lunn

paragraph: Wilfred Makepeace Lunn (born 1942 in Rastrick, West Yorkshire, England) is an English inventor, prop maker and TV presenter. He is best known for his regular appearances on the 1960s and 1970s UK children's television show "Vision On".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Lunn was born in Rastrick, West Yorkshire, England to deaf parents. His upbringing was to later allow him to teach lip-reading as well as religious education at Odsal House School for the Deaf in Bradford. In the first part of this self-made interview video series "My Best Cellar", available through his website, Lunn claims he was "brought up in a cellar by deaf mutes".

paragraph: The parents of actor James Mason lived on the same street as Lunn who met Mason when he was visiting them. Mason introduced Lunn to agent Blanche Marvin. Lunn had already written a TV play entitled "Benny Rolly" which, unusually for the time, was without dialogue and Marvin thought it would be of interest to the deaf. She arranged an interview with Patrick Dowling the producer of BBC's "Vision On" and Lunn took along some of his models to demonstrate. Dowling was unable to employ Lunn but suggested an exhibition of his cycles. On the opening night of the exhibition, which had been arranged by Marvin, TV presenter Joan Bakewell visited and invited Lunn to appear on "Late Night Line-Up" that night. This was Lunn's first television appearance.

paragraph: Lunn was later invited to appear on the children's TV show "Magpie" on which he spoke on a variety of subjects including bottles and the history of the domestic smoothing iron. Meanwhile Dowling approached Lunn with a request to make a 'door-bell machine'. Lunn constructed the device and appeared with it on "Vision On". Lunn would go to appear on the programme for many years, with Tony Hart and Sylvester McCoy, demonstrating his latest inventions. He later appeared in several other series, including "Jigsaw" and "Eureka".

paragraph: Lunn is a prolific constructor of novelty bicycles and an inventor of strange devices, amongst which was a collection formerly to be found in the Inventions Bar, Newcastle upon Tyne. Lunn has also appeared as an after-dinner speaker for many functions including the Edinburgh School of Architecture Winter School, and the Society of Industrial Artists Golden Jubilee. He has also been a member of the panel of judges for the World Disco Championship.

paragraph: When asked, in an interview with the b3ta website, "In the event of the end of the world, what would be the last thing you'd do before death?" Lunn answered: "I'm constantly being told at the end I would turn to God. I always point out it was your God that made me an atheist. I have been teetotal for fifteen years, so I would turn to drink."

paragraph: Section::::Television appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Late Night Line-Up"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magpie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vision On"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eureka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jigsaw"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ask Aspel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patently Obvious"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Object in Question"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jim'll Fix It"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What's the Idea" (writer and presenter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Game for a Laugh"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 6 O'Clock Show"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home James" (James Mason documentary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mad Science"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Word"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "See It Saw It"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3-2-1" (game designer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mooncat" - presenter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magic Music Man" (art director)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fun Factory"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rolf on Saturday, OK!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantastic Facts" (with Jonathan Ross)

paragraph: Section::::Stage shows.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huddersfield Novelty Suicide Company - Disco Queen (pantomime)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theatre Museum, Covent Garden (one-man-show)

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mad Things to Make from 'Vision On"' (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cheap, Cheerful and Sometimes Grotty Gifts to Make" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Best Cellar: An Autobiography Up to the Age of Eleven... and Other Stuff " (2008), Shaffron Publishing Ltd ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Animals Were Harmed Making These Christmas Cards" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prix Jeunesse

paragraph: BULLET::::- BAFTA Harlequin Award for Drama/Light Entertainment (for "Jigsaw")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Critic's Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohio State Award

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilf Lunn's web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC -Vision On

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Film Institute - Vision On

description: British television presenter

wikidata_label: Wilf Lunn

wikipedia_title: Wilf Lunn


paragraph: Kyōgoku Takatomo

alias:
Kyogoku Takatomo
Kyougoku Takatomo

description: daimyo of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period and the early Edo Period; 1st lord of Miyazu

wikidata_label: Kyōgoku Takatomo

wikipedia_title: Kyōgoku Takatomo


text:
oil painter
seascape
marine art
Victorian Era
New Walk Museum & Art Gallery
Public Catalogue Foundation
Public Catalogue Foundation
BBC Your Paintings
New Walk Museum & Art Gallery

categories: 1882 deaths,1837 births,English male painters,British marine artists,19th-century English painters

paragraph: John Cheltenham Wake

paragraph: John Cheltenham Wake (1837–1882) was an English oil painter who specialised in seascape and marine art.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little is known of Wake's personal life, other than it bridged the Victorian Era.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Leicester Arts and Museums Service owns a painting by Wake titled Landing the Catch. It is housed in The New Walk Museum & Art Gallery. The Public Catalogue Foundation digitised it as an oil painting in public ownership, in the UK's national collection.

paragraph: Examples of Wake's paintings are the illustrated "Landing the Catch" and the work "Fishermen in coastal waters at the end of the day".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public Catalogue Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Your Paintings

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Walk Museum & Art Gallery

description: English artist

wikidata_label: John Cheltenham Wake

wikipedia_title: John Cheltenham Wake


text:
Szczyrk
Poland
alpine skier
Poland
Poland at the 2014 Winter Olympics
alpine skiing events

categories: Polish male alpine skiers,1988 births,Living people,Olympic alpine skiers of Poland,Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,People from Bielsko County

paragraph: Maciej Bydliński

paragraph: Maciej Bydliński (born March 11, 1988 in Szczyrk, Poland) is an alpine skier from Poland. He competed for Poland at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the alpine skiing events.

description: Polish alpine skier

wikidata_label: Maciej Bydliński

wikipedia_title: Maciej Bydliński


text:
King's Lynn
British
auto racing
Snetterton
SEAT Cupra Championship
Donington Park
Spanish
Circuit de Catalunya
SEAT León Eurocup
Circuit de Valencia
British Touring Car Championship
SEAT Toledo
Official Site.
BTCC Official Site.

categories: 1990 births,English racing drivers,British Touring Car Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Liam McMillan

paragraph: Liam McMillan (born 2 March 1990 in King's Lynn) is a British auto racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: McMillan first competed in saloon racing in 2006, competing in the 750 Motor Club's SAXMAX Championship. McMillan dominated the championship starting every one of the ten races from pole, recording eight fastest laps and scoring nine wins to win by over fifty points in the championship standings. The only blip in the win tally was at the penultimate round at Snetterton, when he finished in eighth position. In 2007 he stepped up to the SEAT Cupra Championship, driving in the New Leon Cupra Class. His best result of the year was a sixth place in the rain-shortened round eleven at Donington Park. and finished the season in twelfth place from a field of thirteen runners. He also entered three rounds of the Spanish SEAT Leon Supercopa, scoring a solitary point. For 2008 he competed a full season in the SEAT Leon Supercopa with the Triple R Team and ended the season tenth on points, including three podium finishes – all coming at the triple-header Circuit de Catalunya season finale. This was combined with four rounds entered in the inaugural SEAT León Eurocup, scoring four points and a best finish of sixth in the opening race at Circuit de Valencia.

paragraph: In 2009 he competed in the British Touring Car Championship in a self prepared ex-works SEAT Toledo for his independent family-run Maxtreme Team, which was managed by his father Paul. However, the team never got its engine back after sending it for a refit, forcing them out of the series after just 3 rounds.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BTCC Official Site.

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Liam McMillan

wikipedia_title: Liam McMillan


text:
Kaunas
Lithuania
boxer
Soviet Union
1956 Summer Olympics
Stockholm
Sweden
Sports-reference

categories: 1979 deaths,Lithuanian male boxers,Olympic medalists in boxing,1934 births,Soviet male boxers,Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union,Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Boxers at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Olympic boxers of the Soviet Union,Sportspeople from Kaunas

paragraph: Romualdas Murauskas

paragraph: Romualdas Murauskas (2 October 1934 in Kaunas, Lithuania – 23 May 1979) was a boxer from the Soviet Union. He competed for the USSR in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Stockholm, Sweden in the light-heavyweight event where he finished in third place.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports-reference

description: boxer

wikidata_label: Romualdas Murauskas

wikipedia_title: Romualdas Murauskas


text:
motorcycle
road racer
Endurance
Barcelona
Spain
Jerez
Le Mans

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,American expatriate sportspeople in Spain,Sportspeople from Barcelona,1979 births,American motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Kenny Noyes

paragraph: Kenny Noyes (born 18 June 1979) is an American motorcycle road racer. His parents Dennis and Heidi Noyes are both American, but lived in Spain for over 20 years where Dennis raced winning the Spanish Endurance Championship and the Motociclismo Series twice.

paragraph: Born in Barcelona, Spain, Noyes began dirt-track racing in the US, winning the national championship before returning to Spain to begin road racing. In 2003 he became Spanish Superstock Champion, and won the Endurance title 2 years later. His first CEV 1000cc Extreme National podium came in 2008, and he challenged for the title in 2009.

paragraph: Noyes made his international racing debut in the new Moto2 series in 2010. He was competitive immediately, briefly leading at Jerez. and starting from pole at Le Mans, however he was less competitive in the next three races. Finished championship in 24th position (of 30).

paragraph: Noyes raced for 2012 in the Spanish CEV Moto2 championship for PL Racing Moto2 aboard a Suter finishing 3rd overall with four podiums. Noyes signed for the LaGlisse team (renamed Team Calvo) for the 2013 season, staying in CEV Moto2 once again aboard a Suter.

description: American motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Kenny Noyes

wikipedia_title: Kenny Noyes


text:
Italian
Prelate
Roman Catholic Church
Arzano, Italy
Archdiocese of Capua
List of oldest Catholic bishops
Archdiocese of Capua
Catholic-Hierarchy
Capua diocese website

categories: Archbishops of Capua,1921 births,2011 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Luigi Diligenza

paragraph: Luigi Diligenza (10 February 1921 – 25 May 2011) was an Italian Prelate of Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Luigi Diligenza was born in Arzano, Italy ordained a priest on 8 August 1943. Diligenza was appointed bishop of Archdiocese of Capua on 1 March 1978 and ordained bishop on 23 April 1978. Diligenza would retire from the diocese on 29 April 1997.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of oldest Catholic bishops

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Capua

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capua diocese website (Italian)

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Luigi Diligenza

wikipedia_title: Luigi Diligenza


text:
Rachel Stamp
Adam Ant
Dinas Powys
Games Workshop
Blizzard Entertainment
Will Crewdson
Eurythmics
David A. Stewart
Thighpaulsandra
Spiritualized
Coil
WEA
Stampax
Oceans of Venus
Melody Maker
Pigface
My Passion
Romo
The Importance of Being Earnest
Bay City Rollers
Eric Faulkner
Adam Ant
LIVAN
Angie Bowie
Peter Murphy
Nick Marsh
Screaming Banshee Aircrew
Savages

wikipedia_title:
Rachel Stamp
Adam Ant
Dinas Powys
Games Workshop
Blizzard Entertainment
Will Crewdson
Eurythmics
David A. Stewart
Thighpaulsandra
Spiritualized
Coil (band)
Warner Music Group
Stampax
Oceans of Venus
Melody Maker
Pigface
My Passion
Romo
The Importance of Being Earnest
Bay City Rollers
Eric Faulkner
Adam Ant
Livan (band)
Angie Bowie
Peter Murphy (musician)
Nick Marsh
Screaming Banshee Aircrew
Savages (band)

paragraph: David Ryder Prangley

paragraph: David Ryder Prangley is a musician best known for his work with the glam punk band Rachel Stamp and as bass player for Adam Ant. Born in Dinas Powys, South Wales, Ryder Prangley started his music career aged 9 years old as a member of Welsh language boy-band Bechgyn Sêr (often referred to as the 'Welsh Menudo'). At 13 Ryder Prangley took up guitar and toured and recorded with Rock Bottom (alongside and future Games Workshop and Blizzard Entertainment artist/designer Mark Gibbons) before taking up singing and forming Rockets (later Hollyweird). After limited local success in the Cardiff area including an appearance on ITV's Welsh music showcase 'Rough Mix', Ryder Prangley moved to London in 1994 and formed Rachel Stamp (as lead singer and bassist) with guitarist Will Crewdson.

paragraph: Having signed a publishing deal with Eurythmics guitarist David A. Stewart's Anxious Music on the strength of a demo tape produced by Thighpaulsandra (Spiritualized/Coil), Rachel Stamp signed a recording contract with WEA after playing only four gigs but the liaison was cut short when the band's A&R man Clive Black (who signed the group) left the label. The album recorded for WEA ('Rachel Stamp Fight The Force of Evil') remains unreleased. However, after the addition of Robin Guy and Shaheena Dax to the band Rachel Stamp achieved commercial and critical success in the UK with three independently released albums ('Hymns For Strange Children', 'Stampax' and 'Oceans of Venus') reaching the Independent Chart top ten. During this time Ryder Prangley was known for his androgynous appearance (the Melody Maker called him 'the most beautiful frontman since David Sylvian') and unique fashion style. After a 2003 tour of the USA supporting Chicago Industrial collective Pigface (on which Ryder Prangley regularly appeared onstage with the headliners) and a final single 'Honey'/Queen of the Universe' Rachel Stamp went on hiatus before reforming in 2009 for a sell out show at London's Islington Academy in support of the Serena/Cargo release 'Now I'm Nailed To Your Bedroom Wall, I've Only Got Myself To Blame – The Best of Rachel Stamp'.

paragraph: In 2005 Ryder Prangley formed David Ryder Prangley and the Witches (as lead singer and guitarist) with a revolving group of musicians. The band played several concerts but never recorded (a conscious decision by Ryder Prangley to 'eliminate any commercial expectations'). During this time Ryder Prangley acted in the pilot for the comedy movie 'Big FM' playing the part of a Welsh Glam Rock DJ and also moved into music production, producing the first two singles by My Passion ('Bitter Too' and 'Hot in the Doll's House') and the first single 'Diamonds' by Lilygun. He was also a member of Paul St Paul and the Apostles led by Paul "St Paul" Wilkinson, alias Xavior Roide, previously frontman of the Romo band DexDexTer and who had supported the Witches on tour in 2005 as a solo vocal/piano act. He also became involved in London's East End cabaret scene, regularly performing at Wilkinson's Hanky Panky Cabaret where he invented the Sans bouche mime style after being drafted into a production of 'The Importance of Being Earnest' at the last minute and not having time to learn the lines. From 2008 to 2010 Ryder Prangley toured as bass guitarist with former Bay City Rollers guitarist Eric Faulkner. He has also performed as bass guitarist with Adam Ant, LIVAN, Angie Bowie and Peter Murphy.

paragraph: Ryder Prangley has directed two music videos for former Flesh For Lulu singer Nick Marsh's 'A Universe Between Us' album, written and recorded the music for the short film 'Annabelle's Tea Party' and collaborated on a comic book ('Vampire Deluxe') with New York artist Lawrence Gullo. In April 2012 he produced the second EP by London art rock band Partly Faithful called 'The Beehive' The EP features vocals from former Screaming Banshee Aircrew frontman Ed Banshee and Savages guitarist Gemma Thompson.

paragraph: From 2014 to 2015 David Ryder Prangley performed with the band T. Rextasy as bass guitarist and continued production work with Alberteen, John E. Vistic and Bordello Rose. On January 16, 2015 he released 'David Ryder Prangley's Birthday Suite', a 3 song medley that was recorded, mixed and released in an 8-hour period as a limited edition download available for only 48 hours.

paragraph: In 2015 he formed the band Sister Witch with vocalist Lux Lyall. Their debut album "'7"' was released on July 7, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.myspace.com/video/vid/575410649

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/david-ryder-prangley-purple-turtle-londonbr-ghosts-water-rats-london-432091.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=025MEH6EGKk

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://theblackletters.net/vampire-deluxe-by-lawrence-gullo-david-ryder-prangley-2009-e/

description: Welsh musician

wikidata_label: David Ryder Prangley

wikipedia_title: David Ryder Prangley


text:
Major League Baseball
Jacksonville Tarpons
South Atlantic League
Canal Zone League
Panama
Cuban League
Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame
St. Louis Terriers
Federal League
Cincinnati Reds

categories: Jacksonville Tarpons players,Portsmouth Truckers players,Rochester Hustlers players,St. Louis Terriers players,Chattanooga Lookouts players,Seattle Indians players,Tampa Krewes players,1942 deaths,Major League Baseball players from Cuba,Portsmouth Cubs players,Mobile Bears players,1892 births,Major League Baseball outfielders,Tampa Smokers players,Cincinnati Reds players,Atlanta Crackers players

paragraph: Manuel Cueto

paragraph: Manuel Cueto Melo (February 8, 1892 – June 29, 1942) was a Cuban Major League Baseball player. His professional career lasted from at least 1911, when he played for the Jacksonville Tarpons of the South Atlantic League until 1939, when he played professionally in the Canal Zone League in Panama.

paragraph: From 1912 to 1933, Cueto played 20 seasons in the Cuban League, batting over .300 11 times. He led the league in batting average twice, in 1918/19 with an average of .344 and in 1926/27 with an average of .398. He ranks tenth all-time in career batting average in the Cuban League, with an average of .301. He was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1950.

paragraph: In the major leagues, Cueto played one season for the St. Louis Terriers of the Federal League in 1914, then three seasons for the Cincinnati Reds from 1917 until 1919. He mostly played in the outfield, but also played at least 10 games at second base, shortstop, third base, and catcher.

description: Cuban baseball player

wikidata_label: Manuel Cueto

wikipedia_title: Manuel Cueto


text:
lieutenant colonel
Confederate Army
American Civil War
Fort Moultrie
Morris Island
First
Second Battle of Fort Wagner
Charleston and Savannah Railroad

categories: American railroad executives,Burials at St. Michael's Churchyard (Charleston),Confederate States Army officers,Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War,19th-century American politicians,1820s births,1862 deaths,South Carolina state senators

paragraph: Thomas M. Wagner

paragraph: Thomas M. Wagner (c. 1824 – July 17, 1862) was a lieutenant colonel in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He was killed when a cannon exploded during an inspection at Fort Moultrie. The main fortification on Morris Island was subsequently named for him and was the site of the First and Second Battle of Fort Wagner.

paragraph: Before the war, he was a South Carolina state senator and an executive of the Charleston and Savannah Railroad.

description: American military officer

wikidata_label: Thomas M. Wagner

wikipedia_title: Thomas M. Wagner


text:
baseball
outfielder
St. Louis Cardinals
Major League Baseball
Tampa Bay Rays
Terrebonne High School
Houma, Louisiana
home runs
runs batted in
Arizona Diamondbacks
2013 Major League Baseball draft
college baseball
Louisiana State University
Arizona League Diamondbacks
Missoula Osprey
South Bend Silver Hawks
Andrew Velazquez
Tampa Bay Rays
Jeremy Hellickson
Bowling Green Hot Rods
Charlotte Stone Crabs
Montgomery Biscuits
Génesis Cabrera
St. Louis Cardinals
Tommy Pham

categories: Montgomery Biscuits players,Baseball players from Louisiana,Peoria Javelinas players,Brisbane Bandits players,Charlotte Stone Crabs players,Tampa Bay Rays players,Sportspeople from Houma, Louisiana,Bowling Green Hot Rods players,Arizona League Diamondbacks players,1995 births,South Bend Silver Hawks players,Missoula Osprey players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Living people

paragraph: Justin Williams (baseball)

paragraph: Justin Paul Williams (born August 20, 1995) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played for the Tampa Bay Rays.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Williams attended Terrebonne High School in Houma, Louisiana. He hit .443 with 22 home runs and 67 runs batted in (RBI) over 79 games. Williams was drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the second round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Diamondbacks rather than play college baseball at Louisiana State University (LSU) and made his professional debut that season with Arizona League Diamondbacks. He also played with the Missoula Osprey and South Bend Silver Hawks that season. He hit .351 with one home run in 51 games. In 2014, he played for Missoula and South Bend. In 74 games he hit .351 with four home runs and 46 RBIs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Tampa Bay Rays.

paragraph: On November 14, 2014, Williams along with Andrew Velazquez was traded from the Diamondbacks to the Tampa Bay Rays for Jeremy Hellickson. He spent 2015 with the Bowling Green Hot Rods and Charlotte Stone Crabs, compiling a combined .277 batting average with seven home runs and 48 RBIs in 122 games, and 2016 with Charlotte and the Montgomery Biscuits where he batted .295 with ten home runs and 59 RBIs in 90 total games. In 2017, Williams played for Montgomery where he slashed .301/.364/.489 with 14 home runs and 72 RBIs in 96 games.

paragraph: The Rays added him to their 40-man roster after the 2017 season. Williams was promoted to the major leagues for the first time on July 21, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:St. Louis Cardinals.

paragraph: On July 31, 2018, Williams, along with Génesis Cabrera and Roel Ramirez, were traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for Tommy Pham.

wikidata_label: Justin Williams

wikipedia_title: Justin Williams (baseball)


text:
King
Croatia
Trpimirović dynasty
ban
John the Deacon
Stephen Držislav
duke
Krešimir III
Gojslav
Samuil
Byzantine Empire
Venice
Croatian-Bulgarian wars
Krešimir
Gojslav
Venetian Doge
Pietro II Orseolo
Cres
Lošinj
Krk
Rab
Pašman
Biograd
Dmitar Zvonimir
Croatian-Bulgarian Wars
Trpimirović dynasty
History of Croatia
List of rulers of Croatia

categories: Trpimirović dynasty,Kings of Croatia,10th-century Croatian monarchs

paragraph: Svetoslav Suronja

paragraph: Svetoslav Suronja (), was King of Croatia from 997 to 1000. A member of the Trpimirović dynasty, he reigned with the help of his "ban", Varda. John the Deacon (d. 1009) called him "Surinja" (), adopted in Croatian historiography as "Suronja", meaning "dark man" or "cold man", probably due to his temper. He was the oldest son of king Stephen Držislav, from whom he received the title of duke, and was designated as his successor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rebellion.

paragraph: After the death of their father, his brothers Krešimir III and Gojslav started organizing a rebellion against him since Svetoslav rejected sharing power over the kingdom. The brothers had asked Bulgarian emperor Samuil for aid, even though the emperor was at war with the Byzantine Empire. In the war, the Byzantines were supported by Venice and Svetoslav Suronja, who had continued his father's policy. Samuil had accepted the revolters' invitation and attacked Croatia in 998, which started the last of three Croatian-Bulgarian wars. In his rampage, he took all of Croatian Dalmatia up to Zadar after which he ended his rampage, returning home to Bulgaria through Bosnia. Samuil gave all the territory he took to the revolters Krešimir and Gojslav. Using this newly gained territory and further Bulgarian aid, the brothers overthrew their elder brother, Svetoslav Suronja, and became rulers of Croatia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:War with Venice.

paragraph: Svetoslav's reign was particularly unpleasant for the Dalmatian cities, as they were occasionally raided and pillaged by his supporters. The cities asked the Venetian Republic for help in autumn of 999, which encouraged Venice to make a pact with the Byzantine Empire in order to secure the cities for themselves. Using events like the casus belli, the Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo launched a campaign in Dalmatia against Croatia in 1000.

paragraph: During May, Croatia lost the islands Cres, Lošinj, Krk and Rab to the Doge, who was eventually received in Zadar and recognised as its master. Svetoslav sent envoys to the city offering peace, but the Doge declined and decided to further his campaign. From here the island Pašman was taken and, with negotiations, the city of Biograd.

paragraph: Svetoslav's descendant, Dmitar Zvonimir, later became the Croatian king in 1074.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croatian-Bulgarian Wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trpimirović dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Croatia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Croatia

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intervju - ДИНАСТИЈЕ и владари јужнословенских народа". Special Edition 12, 16 June 1989.

wikidata_label: Svetoslav of Croatia

wikipedia_title: Svetoslav Suronja


text:
samurai
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Azuchi-Momoyama period
Seven Spears of Shizugatake
Battle of Sekigahara
Toyotomi clan
siege of Osaka
hatamoto
Edo period

paragraph: Hirano Nagayasu

paragraph: Hirano Nagayasu (平野長泰) (1559 – 1628) was a samurai retainer to Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Azuchi-Momoyama period of the 17th century.

paragraph: He was known as one of the "Seven Spears of Shizugatake". He fought alongside the Eastern Army at the Battle of Sekigahara, and changed sides once again, requesting to serve under the Toyotomi clan in the siege of Osaka fifteen years later, but was denied.

paragraph: Nagayasu became a "hatamoto" in the Edo period.

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Hirano Nagayasu

wikipedia_title: Hirano Nagayasu


text:
Battle of Shizugatake
Seven Spears of Shizugatake
stipend
Korean campaign
Kakogawa Castle
Harima Province
Battle of Sekigahara
Ishida Mitsunari
Fushimi Castle
hatamoto
Nagahama Castle
Kasuya Tomomasa
Aizu
Kasuya Takenari

categories: Toyotomi retainers,Daimyo,Samurai,1562 births,1607 deaths

paragraph: Kasuya Takenori

paragraph: Takenori achieved notoriety due to his distinguished combat at the Battle of Shizugatake, where he was known as one of the Seven Spears of Shizugatake, and for this distinction he received a stipend of 3,000 "koku" from Hideyoshi. Also served in the Korean campaign, and subsequently was granted Kakogawa Castle in Harima Province.

paragraph: At the Battle of Sekigahara, he was to be the only one out of the "Seven Spears" to side with Ishida Mitsunari's "western" army, and joined in the attack on Fushimi Castle. While his holdings were confiscated after the battle, his family was later allowed a 500 "koku" stipend, and was given the status of hatamoto under the Tokugawa family's care. Despite this slight restoration of family fortunes, soon after Takenori's death the Kasuya line would end.

paragraph: Today, Takenori's extra-long "yari" is on display at the Nagahama City Museum, in Nagahama Castle.

paragraph: While greatly famous himself, Takenori had other famous relatives. His brother was fellow Sengoku-era warrior Kasuya Tomomasa, while his nephew was the famed archer and Aizu domain retainer Kasuya Takenari (糟屋 武成).

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Kasuya Takenori

wikipedia_title: Kasuya Takenori


text: c.

text: Prince-Bishop of Durham

text: Lord Chancellor of England

text: Archbishop of York

text: lord of the manor

text: Barton

text: Eccles

text: Lancashire

text: Dunham Massey

text: Cheshire

text: civil

text: canon law

text: Cambridge

text: licentiate

text: Doctor of Divinity

text: Master

text: Pembroke Hall

text: Cambridge

text: School

text: Arts

text: School of Civil Law

text: miracle

text: beatification

text: canonization

text: William Booth

text: Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield

text: Archbishop of York

text: prebendary

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: Dean

text: St Paul's

text: York Minster

text: Lichfield Cathedral

text: Archdeacon of Richmond

text: Church

text: chancellor

text: Margaret of Anjou

text: Keeper of the Privy Seal

text: Prince of Wales

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: Provost of Beverley Minster

text: Prince-Bishop of Durham

text: Lancastrian

text: Yorkist

text: Henry VI

text: Edward (the former Earl of March)

text: Lord

text: de Ros

text: Dacre

text: Rugemont-Grey

text: confessor

text: palatinate of Durham

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Scotland

text: James IV of Scotland

text: James III

text: Cecily

text: translated

text: see of York

text: prelate

text: Collegiate Church of Southwell

categories: Clerks of the Closet,1420s births,Bishops of Durham,Deans of St Paul's,Lord Chancellors of England,15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge,Archbishops of York,Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge,Chancellors of the University of Cambridge,Archdeacons of Richmond,15th-century venerated Christians,Lords Privy Seal,1480 deaths

paragraph: Lawrence Booth

paragraph: Lawrence Booth (c. 1420 – 1480) served as Prince-Bishop of Durham and Lord Chancellor of England, before being appointed Archbishop of York.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The illegitimate son of John Booth, lord of the manor of Barton, near Eccles, Lancashire, he was half-brother of Sir Robert Booth of Dunham Massey, Cheshire.

paragraph: Booth read civil and canon law at Cambridge, graduating as licentiate (Lic.C.L.), before receiving a Doctor of Divinity (D.D.). He was elected Master of Pembroke Hall in 1450, a post he held until his death, and also served as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Whilst at Cambridge, where he started a movement for both a School of Arts and a School of Civil Law, he is believed to have produced his first miracle, but cause for his beatification or canonization is yet to be introduced.

paragraph: Outside Cambridge, Booth's career was helped by his half-brother William Booth, who was Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield (1447–1452) and Archbishop of York (1452–1464). In 1449, he was appointed a prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral and, on 2 November 1456, became Dean of St Paul's. He was also a prebendary of York Minster and of Lichfield Cathedral. From 1454 to 1457 he was Archdeacon of Richmond.

paragraph: Booth's influence was not confined to the Church; he was also active in government. He was chancellor to Margaret of Anjou and, in about 1456, he became Keeper of the Privy Seal, and in that same year on 28 January he was also appointed one of the tutors and guardians of the Prince of Wales. He was Lord Privy Seal until 1460. In 1457 he also served briefly as Provost of Beverley Minster.

paragraph: On 25 September 1457, Booth was installed as Prince-Bishop of Durham.

paragraph: Although from a Lancastrian family, he cultivated relations with the Yorkists and, after the fall of Henry VI, Booth adapted himself to the new "status quo". He submitted himself to King Edward (the former Earl of March) in April 1461, and by the end of June, Booth defeated a raid led by the Lords de Ros, Dacre and Rugemont-Grey who brought Henry VI over the border to try to raise a rebellion in the north of England. King Edward named him his confessor. Although he temporarily lost control of the palatinate of Durham, he was restored in 1464, after making a submission to Edward IV; he was successful in part by being a prelate who was never imprisoned in that era. He resumed activity in Edward's government thereafter being appointed, on 27 July 1473, Lord Chancellor, serving until May 1474. In October 1473 he led a delegation to Scotland to formally sign the marriage treaty between the newborn son (later James IV of Scotland) of James III and Edward's third daughter Cecily.

paragraph: In 1476 Booth was translated to the see of York, previously held by his half-brother. He was the only prelate after King Edward IV's accession ever promoted to higher office.

paragraph: Booth served as Archbishop of York until his death on 19 May 1480, and is buried beside William Booth, in the Collegiate Church of Southwell, which they both generously endowed.

description: Lord Privy Seal; Lord Chancellor; Bishop of Durham; Archbishop of York

wikidata_label: Lawrence Booth

wikipedia_title: Lawrence Booth


text: Siedlce

text: Polish

text: Sejm

text: Siedlce

text: Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej

text: Members of Polish Sejm 2005–2007

text: Skwierczyński

text: Ślepowron coat of arms

categories: 1974 births,Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007,People from Siedlce,Living people,Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland politicians

paragraph: Grzegorz Skwierczyński

paragraph: Grzegorz Krzysztof Skwierczyński (born July 25, 1974 in Siedlce) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 6963 votes in 18 Siedlce district, candidating from Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej list.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Members of Polish Sejm 2005–2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skwierczyński

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ślepowron coat of arms

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grzegorz Skwierczyński – parliamentary page – includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.

description: Polish politician

wikidata_label: Grzegorz Skwierczyński

wikipedia_title: Grzegorz Skwierczyński


text: American

text: singer-songwriter

text: multi-instrumentalist

text: Lake Station

text: Tufts University

text: country

text: Nashville

text: instrumentalists

text: Steve Earle

text: Sam Bush

text: Emmylou Harris

text: John Cowan

text: Verlon Thompson

text: Guy Clark

text: Tim O'Brien

text: Kate Rusby

text: Jimmie Dale Gilmore

text: Mary Gauthier

text: Dan Tyminski

text: "Song of the Year" award

text: Americana Music Association

text: Band of Joy

text: Robert Plant

text: Brad Paisley

text: Justified

text: Dave Alvin

text: Ruby Friedman

text: It's a Great Day to Be Alive

text: Travis Tritt

text: Cory Morrow

text: Harlan

text: Montgomery Gentry

text: Brad Paisley

text: Patty Loveless

text: Kathy Mattea

text: Murder By Death (band)

text: Red Molly

text: Dave Alvin

text: Ruby Friedman

text: Maxida Märak

text: Long Time Gone

text: Dixie Chicks

text: Faith Hill

text: Keb' Mo'

text: Guy Clark

text: Brad Paisley

text: Alan Jackson

text: Montgomery Gentry

text: Sam Bush

text: Heartbreak Town

text: Dixie Chicks

text: Robinella

text: Darryl Worley

text: John Cowan

text: Mountain Heart

text: Johnsmith

text: Daddy Lessons

text: Beyoncé

text: Dixie Chicks

text: Born to Fly

text: Sara Evans

text: Official Website

text: Fresh Air

text: WHYY-FM

categories: American male singer-songwriters,Guitarists from Kentucky,Independent Music Awards winners,Band of Joy members,1959 births,20th-century American guitarists,American country guitarists,Real World Records artists,People from London, Kentucky,American country singer-songwriters,Country musicians from Kentucky,Singers from Kentucky,American mandolinists,Tufts University alumni,American multi-instrumentalists,Songwriters from Kentucky,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Darrell Scott

paragraph: James Darrell Scott, known as Darrell Scott (born August 6, 1959), is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. The son of musician Wayne Scott, he moved as a child to East Gary, Indiana (known today as Lake Station, Indiana). He was playing professionally by his teens in Southern California. Later, Darrell moved to Toronto then Boston. He attended Tufts University, where he studied poetry and literature. He has lived in Nashville, Tennessee since about 1995. He has written several mainstream country hits, and he has also established himself as one of Nashville's premier session instrumentalists. His younger brother, David Scott, occasionally accompanies Darrell on the keyboard.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Scott has collaborated with Steve Earle, Sam Bush, Emmylou Harris, John Cowan, Verlon Thompson, Guy Clark, Tim O'Brien, Kate Rusby, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Mary Gauthier, Dan Tyminski, and many others. His music has attracted a growing fanbase, and he tours regularly with his own band. His album, "Crooked Road", was released May 25, 2010.

paragraph: In early 2005, Scott's "Theatre Of The Unheard" won in The 4th Annual Independent Music Awards for Album of the Year.

paragraph: He won the 2007 "Song of the Year" award from the Americana Music Association for his song "Hank William's Ghost" which appears on his album "The Invisible Man" released in 2006.

paragraph: In 2010, he was announced as part of the Band of Joy, alongside Robert Plant, credited as performing vocals, mandolin, guitar, accordion, pedal, lap steel and banjo.

paragraph: In 2010, Brad Paisley's cover of the song "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" was the closing song played on the TV drama Justified during the final scene of the final episode of the first season. It was used again in the final episode of the second season. The fourth season's final episode used a version by Dave Alvin. The fifth season's final episode used a version by the Ruby Friedman Orchestra. The final episode of the series featured the original composition by Darrell Scott himself.

paragraph: In January 2011, his album "A Crooked Road" won the award for the Country Album category from The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Songs by Darrell Scott covered by other musicians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's a Great Day to Be Alive" - Travis Tritt, Cory Morrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" - Montgomery Gentry, Brad Paisley, Patty Loveless, Kathy Mattea, Murder By Death (band), Red Molly, Dave Alvin, Ruby Friedman Orchestra, Maxida Märak, Jonah Michea Judy, and Downhill Bluegrass Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Long Time Gone" - Dixie Chicks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We've Got Nothing But Love to Prove" - Faith Hill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proving You Wrong" - Keb' Mo'

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out In The Parking Lot" - Guy Clark, Brad Paisley with Alan Jackson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "River Take Me" - Montgomery Gentry, Sam Bush

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heartbreak Town" - Dixie Chicks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head South" - Robinella

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Family Tree" - Darryl Worley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With A Memory Like Mine" - John Cowan, Mountain Heart

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love's Not Through With Me Yet" - Johnsmith

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daddy Lessons" - Beyoncé (remix with Dixie Chicks sampled "Long Time Gone")

paragraph: Section::::Singles composed with others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Born to Fly" - Sara Evans

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wayne and Darrell Scott: Father-Son Country", "Fresh Air from WHYY-FM", July 3, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "WoodSongs Old-Time Radio Hour", Archive, see episodes #103, #109, #326, #584

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darrell Scott's audio series released each new moon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songwriting courses taught by Darrell Scott

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Darrell Scott

wikipedia_title: Darrell Scott