text: King of Wessex

text: Cynric of Wessex

text: Cerdic of Wessex

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Saxons

text: Wessex

text: Anglo-Saxon

text: Britons

text: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

text: bretwalda

text: Ceol

text: Cuthwine

text: sub-Roman period in Britain

text: Angles

text: Saxons

text: Jutes

text: Frisians

text: Mons Badonicus

text: Gildas

text: De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: bretwalda

text: Alfred the Great

text: Wessex

text: Cerdic

text: Cynric

text: Gewis

text: Woden

text: Cynegils

text: joint kingship

text: Bede

text: Gewisse

text: Cædwalla

text: Isle of Wight

text: Bede

text: archaeological record

text: Thames valley

text: Surrey

text: Severn

text: Barbury Castle

text: Æthelberht

text: ealdormen

text: Limbury

text: Aylesbury

text: Benson

text: Eynsham

text: Bedford

text: Dyrham

text: Gloucester

text: Cirencester

text: Bath

text: Bristol Channel

text: Penda of Mercia

text: Nennius

text: Hwicce

text: Wansdyke

text: Bristol

text: Marlborough, Wiltshire

text: Stoke Lyne

text: Oxfordshire

text: Northumbria

text: Humber

text: Egbert of Wessex

text: Humber

text: Mercia

text: Æthelbald of Mercia

text: Ælle of Sussex

text: Æthelberht of Kent

text: Gregory the Great

text: Adam's Grave

text: Alton Priors

text: Wiltshire

text: William of Malmesbury

text: House of Wessex family tree

categories: 590s deaths,Anglo-Saxon warriors,6th-century English monarchs,Year of birth unknown,West Saxon monarchs

paragraph: Ceawlin of Wessex

paragraph: Ceawlin (also spelled Ceaulin and Caelin, died "ca." 593) was a King of Wessex. He may have been the son of Cynric of Wessex and the grandson of Cerdic of Wessex, whom the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" represents as the leader of the first group of Saxons to come to the land which later became Wessex. Ceawlin was active during the last years of the Anglo-Saxon expansion, with little of southern England remaining in the control of the native Britons by the time of his death.

paragraph: The chronology of Ceawlin's life is highly uncertain. The historical accuracy and dating of many of the events in the later "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" have been called into question, and his reign is variously listed as lasting seven, seventeen, or thirty-two years. The "Chronicle" records several battles of Ceawlin's between the years 556 and 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons, and indicates that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, some of which was later to be lost to other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Ceawlin is also named as one of the eight ""bretwaldas"", a title given in the "Chronicle" to eight rulers who had overlordship over southern Britain, although the extent of Ceawlin's control is not known.

paragraph: Ceawlin died in 593, having been deposed the year before, possibly by his successor, Ceol. He is recorded in various sources as having two sons, Cutha and Cuthwine, but the genealogies in which this information is found are known to be unreliable.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context.

paragraph: The history of the sub-Roman period in Britain is poorly sourced and the subject of a number of important disagreements among historians. It appears, however, that in the fifth century raids on Britain by continental peoples developed into migrations. The newcomers included Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians. These peoples captured territory in the east and south of England, but at about the end of the fifth century, a British victory at the battle of Mons Badonicus halted the Anglo-Saxon advance for fifty years. Near the year 550, however, the British began to lose ground once more, and within twenty-five years, it appears that control of almost all of southern England was in the hands of the invaders.

paragraph: The peace following the battle of Mons Badonicus is attested partly by Gildas, a monk, who wrote "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae" or "On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain" during the middle of the sixth century. This essay is a polemic against corruption and Gildas provides little in the way of names and dates. He appears, however, to state that peace had lasted from the year of his birth to the time he was writing. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" is the other main source that bears on this period, in particular in an entry for the year 827 that records a list of the kings who bore the title ""bretwalda"", or "Britain-ruler". That list shows a gap in the early sixth century that matches Gildas's version of events.

paragraph: Ceawlin's reign belongs to the period of Anglo-Saxon expansion at the end of the sixth century. Though there are many unanswered questions about the chronology and activities of the early West Saxon rulers, it is clear that Ceawlin was one of the key figures in the final Anglo-Saxon conquest of southern Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Early West Saxon sources.

paragraph: The two main written sources for early West Saxon history are the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List. The "Chronicle" is a set of annals which were compiled near the year 890, during the reign of King Alfred the Great of Wessex. They record earlier material for the older entries, which were assembled from earlier annals that no longer survive, as well as from saga material that might have been transmitted orally. The "Chronicle" dates the arrival of the future "West Saxons" in Britain to 495, when Cerdic and his son, Cynric, land at "Cerdices ora", or Cerdic's shore. Almost twenty annals describing Cerdic's campaigns and those of his descendants appear interspersed through the next hundred years of entries in the "Chronicle". Although these annals provide most of what is known about Ceawlin, the historicity of many of the entries is uncertain.

paragraph: The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List is a list of rulers of Wessex, including the lengths of their reigns. It survives in several forms, including as a preface to the [B] manuscript of the "Chronicle". As with the "Chronicle", the list was compiled during the reign of Alfred the Great, and both the list and the "Chronicle" are influenced by the desire of their writers to use a single line of descent to trace the lineage of the Kings of Wessex through Cerdic to Gewis, the legendary eponymous ancestor of the West Saxons, who is made to descend from Woden. The result served the political purposes of the scribe, but is riddled with contradictions for historians.

paragraph: The contradictions may be seen clearly by calculating dates by different methods from the various sources. The first event in West Saxon history, the date of which can be regarded as reasonably certain, is the baptism of Cynegils, which occurred in the late 630s, perhaps as late as 640. The "Chronicle" dates Cerdic's arrival to 495, but adding up the lengths of the reigns as given in the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List leads to the conclusion that Cerdic's reign might have started in 532, a difference of 37 years. Neither 495 nor 532 may be treated as reliable, however--the latter date relies on the presumption that the Regnal List is correct in presenting the Kings of Wessex as having succeeded one another, with no omitted kings, and no joint kingships, and that the durations of the reigns are correct as given. None of these presumptions may be made safely.

paragraph: The sources also are inconsistent on the length of Ceawlin's reign. The "Chronicle" gives it as thirty-two years, from 560 to 592, but the Regnal Lists disagree: different versions give it as seven or seventeen years. A recent detailed study of the Regnal List dates the arrival of the West Saxons in England to 538, and favours seven years as the most likely length of Ceawlin's reign, with dates of 581–588 proposed. The sources do agree that Ceawlin is the son of Cynric and he usually is named as the father of Cuthwine. There is one discrepancy in this case: the entry for 685 in the [A] version of the "Chronicle" assigns Ceawlin a son, Cutha, but in the 855 entry in the same manuscript, Cutha is listed as the son of Cuthwine. Cutha also is named as Ceawlin's brother in the [E] and [F] versions of the "Chronicle", in the 571 and 568 entries, respectively.

paragraph: Whether Ceawlin is a descendant of Cerdic is a matter of debate. Subgroupings of different West Saxon lineages give the impression of separate groups, of which Ceawlin's line is one. Some of the problems in the Wessex genealogies may have come about because of efforts to integrate Ceawlin's line with the other lineages: it was very important to the West Saxons to be able to trace their ancestors back to Cerdic. Another reason for doubting the literal nature of these early genealogies is that the etymology of the names of several early members of the dynasty do not appear to be Germanic, as would be expected in the names of leaders of an apparently Anglo-Saxon dynasty. The name Ceawlin is one of the names that do not have convincing Anglo-Saxon etymologies; it seems more likely to be of native British origin.

paragraph: The earliest sources do not use the term "West Saxon". According to Bede's "Ecclesiastical History of the English People", the term is interchangeable with the Gewisse. The term "West Saxon" appears only in the late seventh century, after the reign of Cædwalla.

paragraph: Section::::West Saxon expansion.

paragraph: Ultimately, the kingdom of Wessex occupied the southwest of England, but the initial stages in this expansion are not apparent from the sources. Cerdic's landing, whenever it is to be dated, seems to have been near the Isle of Wight, and the annals record the conquest of the island in 530. In 534, according to the "Chronicle", Cerdic died and his son Cynric took the throne; the "Chronicle" adds that "they gave the Isle of Wight to their nephews, Stuf and Wihtgar". These records are in direct conflict with Bede, who states that the Isle of Wight was settled by Jutes, not Saxons; the archaeological record is somewhat in favour of Bede on this.

paragraph: Subsequent entries in the "Chronicle" give details of some of the battles by which the West Saxons won their kingdom. Ceawlin's campaigns are not given as near the coast. They range along the Thames valley and beyond, as far as Surrey in the east and the mouth of the Severn in the west. Ceawlin clearly is part of the West Saxon expansion, but the military history of the period is difficult to understand. In what follows the dates are as given in the "Chronicle", although, as noted above, these are earlier than now thought accurate.

paragraph: Section::::556: Beran byrg.

paragraph: The first record of a battle fought by Ceawlin is in 556, when he and his father, Cynric, fought the native Britons at "Beran byrg", or Bera's Stronghold. This now is identified as Barbury Castle, an Iron Age hill fort in Wiltshire, near Swindon. Cynric would have been king of Wessex at this time.

paragraph: Section::::568: Wibbandun.

paragraph: The first battle Ceawlin fought as king is dated by the "Chronicle" to 568, when he and Cutha fought with Æthelberht, the king of Kent. The entry says "Here Ceawlin and Cutha fought against Aethelberht and drove him into Kent; and they killed two ealdormen, Oslaf and Cnebba, on Wibbandun." The location of "Wibbandun", which can be translated as "Wibba's Mount", has not been identified definitely; it was at one time thought to be Wimbledon, but this now is known to be incorrect. This battle is notable as the first recorded conflict between the invading peoples: previous battles recorded in the "Chronicle" are between the Anglo-Saxons and the native Britons.

paragraph: There are multiple examples of joint kingship in Anglo-Saxon history, and this may be another: it is not clear what Cutha's relationship to Ceawlin is, but it certainly is possible he was also a king. The annal for 577, below, is another possible example.

paragraph: Section::::571: Bedcanford.

paragraph: The annal for 571 reads: "Here Cuthwulf fought against the Britons at Bedcanford, and took four settlements: Limbury and Aylesbury, Benson and Eynsham; and in the same year he passed away." Cuthwulf's relationship with Ceawlin is unknown, but the alliteration common to Anglo-Saxon royal families suggests Cuthwulf may be part of the West Saxon royal line. The location of the battle itself is unidentified. It has been suggested that it was Bedford, but what is known of the early history of Bedford's names does not support this. This battle is of interest because it is surprising that an area so far east should still be in Briton hands this late: there is ample archaeological evidence of early Saxon and Anglian presence in the Midlands, and historians generally have interpreted Gildas's "De Excidio" as implying that the Britons had lost control of this area by the mid-sixth century. One possible explanation is that this annal records a reconquest of land that was lost to the Britons in the campaigns ending in the battle of Mons Badonicus.

paragraph: Section::::577: The lower Severn.

paragraph: The annal for 577 reads "Here Cuthwine and Ceawlin fought against the Britons, and they killed three kings, Coinmail and Condidan and Farinmail, in the place which is called Dyrham, and took three cities: Gloucester and Cirencester and Bath." This entry is all that is known of these Briton kings; their names are in an archaic form that makes it very likely that this annal derives from a much older written source. The battle itself has long been regarded as a key moment in the Saxon advance, since in reaching the Bristol Channel, the West Saxons divided the Britons west of the Severn from land communication with those in the peninsula to the south of the Channel. Wessex almost certainly lost this territory to Penda of Mercia in 628, when the "Chronicle" records that "Cynegils and Cwichelm fought against Penda at Cirencester and then came to an agreement."

paragraph: It is possible that when Ceawlin and Cuthwine took Bath, they found the Roman baths still operating to some extent. Nennius, a ninth-century historian, mentions a "Hot Lake" in the land of the Hwicce, which was along the Severn, and adds "It is surrounded by a wall, made of brick and stone, and men may go there to bathe at any time, and every man can have the kind of bath he likes. If he wants, it will be a cold bath; and if he wants a hot bath, it will be hot". Bede also describes hot baths in the geographical introduction to the "Ecclesiastical History" in terms very similar to those of Nennius.

paragraph: Wansdyke, an early medieval defensive linear earthwork, runs from south of Bristol to near Marlborough, Wiltshire, passing not far from Bath. It probably was built in the fifth or sixth centuries, perhaps by Ceawlin.

paragraph: Section::::584: Fethan leag.

paragraph: Ceawlin's last recorded victory is in 584. The entry reads "Here Ceawlin and Cutha fought against the Britons at the place which is named Fethan leag, and Cutha was killed; and Ceawlin took many towns and countless war-loot, and in anger he turned back to his own [territory]." There is a wood named "Fethelée" mentioned in a twelfth-century document that relates to Stoke Lyne, in Oxfordshire, and it now is thought that the battle of Fethan leag must have been fought in this area.

paragraph: The phrase "in anger he turned back to his own" probably indicates that this annal is drawn from saga material, as perhaps are all of the early Wessex annals. It also has been used to argue that perhaps, Ceawlin did not win the battle and that the chronicler chose not to record the outcome fully – a king does not usually come home "in anger" after taking "many towns and countless war-loot". It may be that Ceawlin's overlordship of the southern Britons came to an end with this battle.

paragraph: Section::::Bretwaldaship.

paragraph: About 731, Bede, a Northumbrian monk and chronicler, wrote a work called the "Ecclesiastical History of the English People". The work was not primarily a secular history, but Bede provides much information about the history of the Anglo-Saxons, including a list early in the history of seven kings who, he said, held "imperium" over the other kingdoms south of the Humber. The usual translation for "imperium" is "overlordship". Bede names Ceawlin as the second on the list, although he spells it "Caelin", and adds that he was "known in the speech of his own people as Ceaulin". Bede also makes it clear that Ceawlin was not a Christian—Bede mentions a later king, Æthelberht of Kent, as "the first to enter the kingdom of heaven".

paragraph: The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle," in an entry for the year 827, repeats Bede's list, adds Egbert of Wessex, and also mentions that they were known as "bretwalda", or "Britain-ruler". A great deal of scholarly attention has been given to the meaning of this word. It has been described as a term "of encomiastic poetry", but there also is evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership.

paragraph: Bede says that these kings had authority "south of the Humber", but the span of control, at least of the earlier bretwaldas, likely was less than this. In Ceawlin's case the range of control is hard to determine accurately, but Bede's inclusion of Ceawlin in the list of kings who held "imperium", and the list of battles he is recorded as having won, indicate an energetic and successful leader who, from a base in the upper Thames valley, dominated much of the surrounding area and held overlordship over the southern Britons for some period. Despite Ceawlin's military successes, the northern conquests he made could not always be retained: Mercia took much of the upper Thames valley, and the north-eastern towns won in 571 were among territory subsequently under the control of Kent and Mercia at different times.

paragraph: Bede's concept of the power of these overlords also must be regarded as the product of his eighth-century viewpoint. When the "Ecclesiastical History" was written, Æthelbald of Mercia dominated the English south of the Humber, and Bede's view of the earlier kings was doubtless strongly coloured by the state of England at that time. For the earlier "bretwaldas", such as Ælle and Ceawlin, there must be some element of anachronism in Bede's description. It also is possible that Bede only meant to refer to power over Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, not the native Britons.

paragraph: Ceawlin is the second king in Bede's list. All the subsequent bretwaldas followed more or less consecutively, but there is a long gap, perhaps fifty years, between Ælle of Sussex, the first bretwalda, and Ceawlin. The lack of gaps between the overlordships of the later bretwaldas has been used to make an argument for Ceawlin's dates matching the later entries in the "Chronicle" with reasonable accuracy. According to this analysis, the next bretwalda, Æthelberht of Kent, must have been already a dominant king by the time Pope Gregory the Great wrote to him in 601, since Gregory would have not written to an underking. Ceawlin defeated Æthelberht in 568 according to the "Chronicle". Æthelberht's dates are a matter of debate, but recent scholarly consensus has his reign starting no earlier than 580. The 568 date for the battle at Wibbandun is thought to be unlikely because of the assertion in various versions of the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List that Ceawlin's reign lasted either seven or seventeen years. If this battle is placed near the year 590, before Æthelberht had established himself as a powerful king, then the subsequent annals relating to Ceawlin's defeat and death may be reasonably close to the correct date. In any case, the battle with Æthelberht is unlikely to have been more than a few years on either side of 590. The gap between Ælle and Ceawlin, on the other hand, has been taken as supporting evidence for the story told by Gildas in "De Excidio" of a peace lasting a generation or more following a Briton victory at Mons Badonicus.

paragraph: Æthelberht of Kent succeeds Ceawlin on the list of bretwaldas, but the reigns may overlap somewhat: recent evaluations give Ceawlin a likely reign of 581–588, and place Æthelberht's accession near to the year 589, but these analyses are no more than scholarly guesses. Ceawlin's eclipse in 592, probably by Ceol, may have been the occasion for Æthelberht to rise to prominence; Æthelberht very likely was the dominant Anglo-Saxon king by 597. Æthelberht's rise may have been earlier: the 584 annal, even if it records a victory, is the last victory of Ceawlin's in the "Chronicle", and the period after that may have been one of Æthelberht's ascent and Ceawlin's decline.

paragraph: Section::::Wessex at Ceawlin's death.

paragraph: Ceawlin lost the throne of Wessex in 592. The annal for that year reads, in part: "Here there was great slaughter at Woden's Barrow, and Ceawlin was driven out." Woden's Barrow is a tumulus, now called Adam's Grave, at Alton Priors, Wiltshire. No details of his opponent are given. The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury, writing in about 1120, says that it was "the Angles and the British conspiring together". Alternatively, it may have been Ceol, who is supposed to have been the next king of Wessex, ruling for six years according to the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List. According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", Ceawlin died the following year. The relevant part of the annal reads: "Here Ceawlin and Cwichelm and Crida perished." Nothing more is known of Cwichelm and Crida, although they may have been members of the Wessex royal house – their names fit the alliterative pattern common to royal houses of the time.

paragraph: According to the Regnal List, Ceol was a son of Cutha, who was a son of Cynric; and Ceolwulf, his brother, reigned for seventeen years after him. It is possible that some fragmentation of control among the West Saxons occurred at Ceawlin's death: Ceol and Ceolwulf may have been based in Wiltshire, as opposed to the upper Thames valley. This split also may have contributed to Æthelberht's ability to rise to dominance in southern England. The West Saxons remained influential in military terms, however: the "Chronicle" and Bede record continued military activity against Essex and Sussex within twenty or thirty years of Ceawlin's death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Wessex family tree

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Primary sources

paragraph: Secondary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2003 edition: )

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- —separate PASE entry for "Celm" (Celin ?), a variant for Ceawlin found in the genealogical preface of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle texts A and G

description: King of Wessex

wikidata_label: Ceawlin of Wessex

wikipedia_title: Ceawlin of Wessex


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
defenceman
Chicago Blackhawks
1995 NHL Entry Draft
Syracuse Crunch
American Hockey League

categories: Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany,Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players,SHC Fassa players,Indianapolis Ice players,Hartford Wolf Pack players,Iowa Stars players,Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players,Norfolk Admirals players,Columbus Chill players,1977 births,Canadian ice hockey defencemen,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy,Milwaukee Admirals players,Chicago Blackhawks draft picks,Oshawa Generals players,Living people,Hamburg Freezers players,St. John's Maple Leafs players,Iserlohn Roosters players,Cleveland Lumberjacks players,Belleville Bulls players,Anaheim Ducks coaches

paragraph: Marty Wilford

paragraph: Marty Wilford (born April 17, 1977) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He was selected by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 6th round (149th overall) of the 1995 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraph: In August 2011 Wilford began his coaching career as an assistant coach with the Syracuse Crunch of the American Hockey League. He is married to Michelle Wilford.

description: Canadian ice hockey defenceman

wikidata_label: Marty Wilford

wikipedia_title: Marty Wilford


text:
thermochemistry
Académie des Sciences
French Chemical Society
Chemical Society
Saint-Maurice-aux-Riches-Hommes
Burgundy
Troyes
Ecole Normale
Collège de France
University of Lille
Institut Industriel du Nord
Sorbonne
Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur
Académie des Sciences
French Chemical Society
Chemical Society
heat of combustion
standard enthalpy of formation
ethanol
formic acid
acetic acid
urea
derivatives
alkyl
ester
formylurea
Walther Nernst
sublimation
calcium carbonate
rare-earth element
samarium
ferromanganese
World War I
alumina
ammonia
oxalic acid

categories: French chemists,1867 births,1934 deaths,Lycée Condorcet alumni

paragraph: Camille Matignon

paragraph: Arthème Camille Matignon (3 January 1867 – 18 March 1934) was a French chemist noted for his work in thermochemistry. He was a member of the Académie des Sciences, President of the French Chemical Society and an honorary Fellow of the British Chemical Society.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Matignon was born in a small village of Saint-Maurice-aux-Riches-Hommes in Burgundy. He studied first at the school of St. François de Salles at Troyes and then at the Lycée Condorcet and Ecole Normale in Paris (1886). After graduating in 1889 he became an assistant at the Collège de France. His experimental work in thermochemistry was summarised in a doctorate thesis. In 1893 Matignon became a lecturer at the University of Lille and in 1894 Director of bleaching, dyeing and finishing at the Institut Industriel du Nord. In 1898, he was appointed a lecturer at the Sorbonne and an assistant professor at the Collège de France, where he later served as Chair of Inorganic Chemistry from 1908 till his death. He was decorated as a Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur in 1908 and elected a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1926. Matignon became President of the French Chemical Society in 1932 and an honorary Fellow of the British Chemical Society in 1933. Matignon was a talented orator and writer, noted for his enthusiasm and extravagant dressing style.

paragraph: Section::::Research.

paragraph: In his early years, Matignon studied heat of combustion for major gaseous hydrocarbons and standard enthalpy of formation for ethanol, formic acid, acetic acid and various sugars. He extended this work to a family of 70 urea derivatives and formulated several thermochemical rules, for example, that the replacement of hydrogen attached to nitrogen by an alkyl radical increases the heat of combustion more than when the replacement is carried out at a carbon atom. This led to such practical conclusions as nitric esters are more powerful explosives than nitro-derivatives. Those urea studies aimed to understand the processes occurring in living organisms and hinted that formic acid and urea should react at ambient conditions and form formylurea.

paragraph: After his return to the Collège de France in 1898 Matignon generalised his work to the thermodynamics of chemical systems and formulated an empirical law which Walther Nernst named the "Le Chatelier-Matignon rule". The law stated that for an equilibrated system of one gaseous

paragraph: and one or more solid phases the ratio of the heat Q evolved at constant pressure and of the temperature T at which the gaseous pressure is equal one atmosphere is Q/T = 32. This law can be applied to such cases as sublimation and dissociation of calcium carbonate and can predict whether a chemical reaction will proceed and whether it will be reversible.

paragraph: At the Sorbonne, Matignon mostly worked on rare-earth elements. He was heating the metal oxide with magnesium to produce the pure metal in an atmosphere of a certain gas, and demonstrated that most rare earths easily react with nitrogen and absorb hydrogen. He also studied the chemistry of numerous rare-earth salts and revealed that samarium can have the valence of two in addition to the common 3+ state. For other metals, Matignon showed that technical-grade zinc, aluminium and ferromanganese powders always contain some nitrogen (e.g. 0.2–0.4% for zinc).

paragraph: World War I urged most chemists to work on urgent technological problems, and Matignon had studied the water-sodium sulfate-ammonium system aiming for the production of sulfuric acid. He also worked on the stability of the ammonium carbonate-urea system, which was important for fertilizers, and discovered an iron-alumina catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia. By applying an oxidation reaction to a cargo of sugar spoiled by seawater he managed to convert it into oxalic acid. Matignon also tried to design recycling procedures for waste products of grape processing and brandy distillation.

paragraph: Section::::Major publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with multiple re-editions)

description: French chemist

wikidata_label: Camille Matignon

wikipedia_title: Camille Matignon


text: Saarbrücken

text: Reichelsheim

text: House of Nassau

text: William Louis of Nassau-Saarbrücken

text: Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach

text: Metz

text: Saarbrücken

text: Saumur

text: Grand Tour

text: Peace of Westphalia

text: Nassau-Saarbrücken

text: Nassau-Usingen

text: Ironworks

text: Neunkirchen

text: Ottweiler

text: Franco-Spanish War

text: Homburg

text: Lorraine

text: Louis XIV

text: Reichstag

text: Franco-Dutch war

text: Reunion Policy

text: Nassau-Weilburg

text: Gustav Adolph

text: House of Nassau

text: Upper Rhenish Circle

text: War of the Palatine Succession

text: French Revolution

text: Dorothea Catherine

text: Christian I

text: Frederick Louis

text: Anna Catherine

text: Digitized

categories: Counts of Nassau,1690 deaths,1625 births,House of Nassau,17th-century German people

paragraph: John Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler

paragraph: John Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler (23 May 1625, Saarbrücken – 9 February 1690, Reichelsheim, was first Count of Nassau-Ottweiler. At times, he was Major General, Regent of the other Nassau territories and chief of the House of Nassau.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the second son of William Louis of Nassau-Saarbrücken and his wife Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach. At the age of ten years he had to flee to Metz with his parents. His father died in 1640. John Louis and his mother were able to return to Saarbrücken three years later. Before his return, he had studied at the University of Saumur. Between 1644 and 1645 he completed his Grand Tour to Paris. The Peace of Westphalia restored all the Nassau territories in 1648.

paragraph: John Louis took up the government of Nassau-Saarbrücken and Nassau-Usingen. After the death of his mother in 1651 he also became guardian of his younger brothers. In 1653, he founded the Ironworks in Neunkirchen. In 1659 John Louis and his brothers split their father's inheritance. John Louis received the area around Ottweiler.

paragraph: This made him the founder of the Nassau-Ottweiler branch, which existed until 1728.

paragraph: He entered French military service in 1656 and was Colonel of the Royal-Alsace Regiment. He was taken prisoner during the Franco-Spanish War.

paragraph: Even when he was still a minor, John Louis sought the return of Homburg, which had been taken by Lorraine. He was assisted by Louis XIV and it came to negotiations before the Reichstag. John Louis was granted sovereign rights over the Homburg district, but the fortress remained in the hands of Lorraine until the Empire had paid its war debts to Lorraine. When another war broke out between France and Lorraine, John Louis surrendered Homburg to the Electorate of Trier.

paragraph: During the Franco-Dutch war, John Louis's territories were devastated. Later, the Nassau territories were threatened by Louis XIV's Reunion Policy. John Louis refused to pay homage to the French king as count of Homburg and Ottweiler. Instead, he resigned from the government and in 1680 handed over the reign to his son Frederick Louis. John Louis then went to the Nassau territories East of the Rhine.

paragraph: When in 1675, Frederick of Nassau-Weilburg died, John Louis took up guardianship of his children and the regency of Nassau-Weilburg. When in 1677 Gustav Adolph died, John Louis became the senior member of the House of Nassau.

paragraph: John Louis was in the service of the Upper Rhenish Circle and founded a new imperial army. He was appointed General Sergeant and in 1682, he was promoted to General Major. He led his own infantry regiment against the French into the War of the Palatine Succession.

paragraph: He died in 1690 and was buried in the Protestant Church of Ottweiler. His remains were destroyed in the looting of the church during the French Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1649, he married Dorothea Catherine (1634-1715) a daughter of the Count Palatine Christian I of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler. This had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Louis (1650-1650)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Louis (1651-1728)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Catherine (1653-1731)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolrad (1656-1705)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Siegfried (1659-1679)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis (1661-1699)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise (1662-1741)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice (1664-1666)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "General Encyclopedia of Science and Arts", vol. 21, Leipzig, 1642, p. 144

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Köllner: "Geschichte des vormaligen Nassau-Saarbrück'schen Landes und seiner Regenten", Saarbrücken, 1841, pp. 337–340, Digitized

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography at saarland-biographien.de

alias:
Juan Luis de Nassau-Ottweiler
Johan Lodewijk van Nassau-Ottweiler

description: Count of Nassau-Ottweiler (1659-1680)

wikidata_label: John Louis of Nassau-Ottweiler

wikipedia_title: John Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler


text:
Mayan city
Guatemala
Ruler A
Bird Jaguar II
Yaxchilan
Turtle Tooth

paragraph: Kʼan Ahk II

paragraph: Kʼan Ahk II, also known as Ruler B was the second ruler of that Mayan city in Guatemala. He was a successor of Ruler A. He reigned c. 478.

paragraph: Nothing is known of this king except that one of his lieutenants, a "yajawte"' ("lord of the tree"), was captured by Yaxchilan ruler Bird Jaguar II, probably in AD 478, as recorded at Yaxchilan.

paragraph: His successor was Turtle Tooth.

wikidata_label: Piedras Negras Ruler B

wikipedia_title: Kʼan Ahk II


text:
Mayan city-state
Piedras Negras
Guatemala
Yaxchilan
Knot-eye Jaguar I
Piedras Negras Ruler C
K'inich Yat Ahk II

paragraph: Yat Ahk I

paragraph: Yat Ahk I was the third king of Mayan city-state Piedras Negras in Guatemala. He is also known as Ah Cauac Ah K'in, and by the English translation of his name, Turtle Tooth.

paragraph: The first mention of Yat Ahk I comes in the inscriptions of Yaxchilan when one of his sublords is captured by Knot-eye Jaguar I. However, it is likely that Piedras Negras had gained some degree of ascendancy over Yaxchilan.

paragraph: It is possible that he is depicted on Panel 2.

paragraph: His successor was Piedras Negras Ruler C. He could be his son.

paragraph: The eleventh and final "ajaw" of Piedras Negras, K'inich Yat Ahk II, appears to have taken his name in memory of Yat Ahk I.

alias:
Yat Ahk I
Ah Cauac Ah K'in

wikidata_label: Turtle Tooth

wikipedia_title: Yat Ahk I


text:
Shaftesbury
Winchester College
Merton College, Oxford
grand tour
fellow of the Royal Society
Salisbury
Newton Tony
Prince Hoare
Society of Arts
Monthly Miscellany
Etna
Lord Winchilsea
John Earle
Edward Blount
glee
Salisbury Cathedral

categories: Fellows of the Royal Society,1796 deaths,1740 births,People from Shaftesbury,Alumni of Merton College, Oxford,English philanthropists,18th-century English people,People educated at Winchester College

paragraph: William Benson Earle

paragraph: William Benson Earle (1740–1796) was an English philanthropist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Earle was the eldest son of Harry Benson Earle. He was born at Shaftesbury, Wiltshire, in 1740, but his life was passed at Salisbury, with the history and charities of which city his name is inseparably associated. After spending his boyhood, first at the school in the Close, and then as a commoner at Winchester College, he went on to Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1761, M.A. in 1764. He then made the grand tour of the continent (1765–1767). In 1773 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

paragraph: On the death of his father in 1776 Earle succeeded to an ample fortune. He died at Salisbury on 2 March 1796, and was buried at Newton Tony. By his will he bequeathed large sums to various learned and charitable institutions. A profile of him was engraved by Prince Hoare in 1769 at the expense of the Society of Arts.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: On his return from his continental tour, Earle prepared several tracts in which he described his travels. Two of these, "A Description of Vallombrosa" and "A Picturesque View of the Glaciers in Savoy", he communicated to the "Monthly Miscellany". A third is "A Letter to Lord Littelton, containing a description of the last great Eruption of Mount Ætna, A.D. 1766", Lond. 1775, a sequel to the reprint of a letter on the eruption of Etna in 1669 addressed to Charles II by Lord Winchilsea.

paragraph: In 1786, having discovered who was the real author, he published a new edition of Bishop John Earle's "Characters", which on its first appearance only bore the name of the publisher and editor, Edward Blount. He was also a musician, and composed glees; also a "Sanctus" and a "Kyrie" which were occasionally performed in Salisbury Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Fellow of the Royal Society

wikidata_label: William Benson Earle

wikipedia_title: William Benson Earle


categories: 19th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights,18th-century German dramatists and playwrights,19th-century German dramatists and playwrights,19th-century Danish writers,1832 deaths,19th-century German novelists,Danish nobility,18th-century Danish women writers,German women dramatists and playwrights,19th-century German women writers,19th-century Danish women writers,Danish women novelists,Danish women dramatists and playwrights,18th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights,18th-century German novelists,1751 births,18th-century Danish novelists,19th-century Danish novelists,German women novelists,18th-century Danish writers,House of Stolberg,18th-century German writers,18th-century German women writers

paragraph: Catharine Stolberg

paragraph: Catharine Stolberg (1751–1832), was a Danish-German countess and writer. She published novels and plays, and was also known for her biography and her preserved correspondence.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bjørn, Claus (2001). Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. Rosinante.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engelstoft, Povl & Dahl, Svend (1933-1944). Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. Gyldendal

description: German poet (1751-1832)

wikidata_label: Catharine Stolberg

wikipedia_title: Catharine Stolberg


text:
United States Army
Medal of Honor
Chiricahua Mountains
1st Cavalry Regiment
Cincinnati, Ohio
Chiricahua Mountains
Arizona Territory
Camp Bidwell
California

categories: People from Covington, Kentucky,1840s births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Thomas Sullivan (Medal of Honor, 1869)

paragraph: Thomas Sullivan was a United States Army soldier who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Chiricahua Mountains.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sullivan was born in 1846 or 1847 in Covington, Kentucky. He enlisted in the 1st Cavalry Regiment of the U.S. Army on June 20, 1868 in Cincinnati, Ohio; his U.S. Army enlistment record reflects an age of 21 (birth year )

paragraph: On October 20, 1869, while serving with Company G, 1st Cavalry Regiment, Sullivan distinguished himself through gallantry in action against Indians concealed in a ravine on in action at Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona Territory.

paragraph: Sullivan was discharged for disability on May 27, 1871 at Camp Bidwell, California.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: (possible)

description: United States Army soldier

wikidata_label: Thomas Sullivan

wikipedia_title: Thomas Sullivan (Medal of Honor, 1869)


text: Philippine Scouts

text: Medal of Honor

text: Moro Rebellion

text: Asian

text: Filipino

text: Asian

text: Bell

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: People from San Fernando, La Union,1922 deaths,Military personnel of the Philippine–American War,Philippine–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel of Filipino descent,1887 births

paragraph: José B. Nísperos

paragraph: José Balitón Nísperos (December 30, 1887 – September 1, 1922) was a member of the Philippine Scouts who received the Medal of Honor during the Moro Rebellion. He was the first Asian to be awarded the medal. On September 24, 1911, at Lapurap, Basilan, Philippines, Nísperos, a member of the U.S. Army's 34th Company of the Philippine Scouts, defended his unit's position against natives armed with spears despite being severely wounded. Nísperos became the first Filipino and Asian to receive the Medal of Honor; the medal was presented by Brigadier General Bell in February 1913.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Having been badly wounded (his left arm was broken and lacerated and he had received several spear wounds in the body so that he could not stand) continued to fire his rifle with one hand until the enemy was repulsed, thereby aiding materially in preventing the annihilation of his party and the mutilation of their bodies.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: José B. Nísperos

wikipedia_title: José B. Nísperos


text: Greek

text: geographer

text: philosopher

text: historian

text: Asia Minor

text: Roman Republic

text: Roman Empire

text: Amaseia

text: Pontus

text: Turkey

text: Mithridates V

text: Dorylaeus

text: Mithridates VI

text: Mithridatic Wars

text: Pontic

text: Persian

text: Tigranes

text: Egypt

text: Kush

text: Tuscany

text: Ethiopia

text: Asia Minor

text: Rome

text: relative peace

text: Augustus

text: Corinth

text: Gyaros

text: Nile

text: Philae

text: Tiberius

text: Juba II

text: Mauretania

text: Homer

text: Hecataeus

text: Aristotle

text: University of Milan

text: Nysa

text: Sultanhisar

text: Aristodemus

text: Rhodes

text: Homer

text: Peripatetic

text: Xenarchus

text: Stoic

text: Tyrannion of Amisus

text: Athenodorus Cananites

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Venice

text: Isaac Casaubon

text: Eratosthenes

text: Hipparchus

text: Geographica

text: India

text: Herodotus

text: Aristotle

text: Flavius Josephus

text: Charles Lyell

text: Principles of Geology

text: Geography

text: Eratosthenes

text: Xanthus

text: Strato

text: Jupiter

text: Ammon

text: Nummulite

text: A.M. Celâl Şengör

text: effusive eruption

text: Katakekaumenē

text: Pliny the Younger

text: Vesuvius

text: Pompeii

text: Typhon

text: "Geography"

text: Biography of Strabo

categories: 24 deaths,1st-century BC historians,Ancient Greek geographers,Roman Pontus,People from Amasya,60s BC births,Roman-era Greek historians,Ancient Pontic Greeks,Roman-era geographers

paragraph: Strabo

paragraph: Strabo (; "Strábōn"; 64 or 63 BC AD 24) was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Strabo was born to an affluent family from Amaseia in Pontus (in present-day Turkey) in around 64BC. His family had been involved in politics since at least the reign of Mithridates V. Strabo was related to Dorylaeus on his mother's side. Several other family members, including his paternal grandfather had served Mithridates VI during the Mithridatic Wars. As the war drew to a close, Strabo's grandfather had turned several Pontic fortresses over to the Romans. Strabo wrote that "great promises were made in exchange for these services", and as Persian culture endured in Amasia even after Mithridates and Tigranes were defeated, scholars have speculated about how the family's support for Rome might have affected their position in the local community, and whether they might have been granted Roman citizenship as a reward.

paragraph: Strabo's life was characterized by extensive travels. He journeyed to Egypt and Kush, as far west as coastal Tuscany and as far south as Ethiopia in addition to his travels in Asia Minor and the time he spent in Rome. Travel throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, especially for scholarly purposes, was popular during this era and was facilitated by the relative peace enjoyed throughout the reign of Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). He moved to Rome in 44 BC, and stayed there, studying and writing, until at least 31 BC. In 29 BC, on his way to Corinth (where Augustus was at the time), he visited the island of Gyaros in the Aegean Sea. Around 25 BC, he sailed up the Nile until reaching Philae, after which point there is little record of his proceedings until AD 17.

paragraph: It is not known precisely when Strabo's "Geography" was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius. Some place its first drafts around 7 BC, others around AD 17 or 18. The latest passage to which a date can be assigned is his reference to the death in AD 23 of Juba II, king of Maurousia (Mauretania), who is said to have died "just recently". He probably worked on the "Geography" for many years and revised it steadily, not always consistently. It is an encyclopaedical chronicle and consists of political, economic, social, cultural, geographic description of almost whole Europe: British Isles, Iberian Peninsula, Gaul, Germania, the Alps, Italy, Greece, Northern Black Sea region, Anatolia, Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa. The "Geography" is the only extant work providing information about both Greek and Roman peoples and countries during the reign of Augustus.

paragraph: On the presumption that "recently" means within a year, Strabo stopped writing that year or the next (AD 24 ), when he died.

paragraph: He was influenced by Homer, Hecataeus, and Aristotle. The first of Strabo's major works, "Historical Sketches" ("Historica hypomnemata"), written while he was in Rome (c. 20 BC), is nearly completely lost. Meant to cover the history of the known world from the conquest of Greece by the Romans, Strabo quotes it himself and other classical authors mention that it existed, although the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered [Papyrus] 46).

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Strabo studied under several prominent teachers of various specialties throughout his early life at different stops along his Mediterranean travels. His first chapter of education took place in Nysa (modern Sultanhisar, Turkey) under the master of rhetoric Aristodemus, who had formerly taught the sons of the very same Roman general who had taken over Pontus. Aristodemus was the head of two schools of rhetoric and grammar, one in Nysa and one in Rhodes, the former of the two cities possessing a distinct intellectual curiosity of Homeric literature and the interpretation of epics. Strabo was an admirer of Homer's poetry, perhaps a consequence of his time spent in Nysa with Aristodemus.

paragraph: At around the age of 21, Strabo moved to Rome, where he studied philosophy with the Peripatetic Xenarchus, a highly respected tutor in Augustus's court. Despite Xenarchus's Aristotelian leanings, Strabo later gives evidence to have formed his own Stoic inclinations. In Rome, he also learned grammar under the rich and famous scholar Tyrannion of Amisus. Although Tyrannion was also a Peripatetic, he was more relevantly a respected authority on geography, a fact obviously significant, considering Strabo's future contributions to the field.

paragraph: The final noteworthy mentor to Strabo was Athenodorus Cananites, a philosopher who had spent his life since 44 BC in Rome forging relationships with the Roman elite. Athenodorus endowed to Strabo three important items: his philosophy, his knowledge, and his contacts. Unlike the Aristotelian Xenarchus and Tyrannion who preceded him in teaching Strabo, Athenodorus was Stoic in mindset, almost certainly the source of Strabo's diversion from the philosophy of his former mentors. Moreover, from his own first-hand experience, Athenodorus provided Strabo with information about regions of the empire which he would not otherwise have known.

paragraph: Section::::"Geographica".

paragraph: Strabo is most notable for his work "Geographica" ("Geography"), which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era.

paragraph: Although the "Geographica" was rarely utilized in its contemporary antiquity, a multitude of copies survived throughout the Byzantine Empire. It first appeared in Western Europe in Rome as a Latin translation issued around 1469. The first Greek edition was published in 1516 in Venice. Isaac Casaubon, classical scholar and editor of Greek texts, provided the first critical edition in 1587.

paragraph: Although Strabo cited the antique Greek astronomers Eratosthenes and Hipparchus, acknowledging their astronomical and mathematical efforts towards geography, he claimed that a descriptive approach was more practical, such that his works were designed for statesmen who were more anthropologically than numerically concerned with the character of countries and regions.

paragraph: As such, "Geographica" provides a valuable source of information on the ancient world, especially when this information is corroborated by other sources. He traveled extensively, as he says: "Westward I have journeyed to the parts of Etruria opposite Sardinia; towards the south from the Euxine to the borders of Ethiopia; and perhaps not one of those who have written geographies has visited more places than I have between those limits." We do not know when he wrote "Geographica", but we know that he spent a lot of time in the famous library taking notes from his sources and his "the works of his predecessors" are most likely to have been noted at the library there. A first edition was published in 7 BC and a final edition no later than 23 AD, in the last year of Strabo's life. "Geographica", unfortunately, had an infinitesimal influence in his lifetime. It took about five years for scholars to give him a credit and for it to become a standard.

paragraph: In his last book of "Geographica", he wrote quite extensively about the thriving port city of Alexandria. He emphasized that the harbor was well-encompassed by the embankments and that the shore was so deep-watered that even the largest ships could traverse. These ships were sent out to India, Ethiopia to supply them with products. Strabo juxtaposes Dichaiarchia (Naples, one of the largest ports in Europe) and Alexandria ports and says that the ships in Alexandria were clearly bigger. Thus, freight transporting and shipping were essential to foreign trade in products from all over the world, suggesting a highly developed local economy at that time.

paragraph: Strabo also describes the city itself. According to him, there were a lot of beautiful public parks and the city was reticulated with perfectly designed streets that were wide enough for chariots and horsemen. "Two of these are exceeding broad, over a plethron in breadth, and cut one another at right angles ... All the buildings are connected one with another, and these also with what are beyond it." Hence, the architecture was also developed in Egypt.

paragraph: Strabo is pro-Roman politically, but culturally he reserves primacy to Greece: "... pro-Roman throughout the Geography. But while he acknowledges and even praises Roman ascendancy in the political and military sphere, he also makes a significant effort to establish Greek primacy over Rome in other contexts."

paragraph: In India, Strabo described small flying reptiles that were long with a snake-like body and bat-like wings. Other historians, such as Herodotus, Aristotle, and Flavius Josephus, mentioned similar creatures.

paragraph: Section::::Geology.

paragraph: As quoted from Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology":

paragraph: Strabo... enters largely, in the Second Book of his "Geography", into the opinions of Eratosthenes and other Greeks on one of the most difficult problems in geology, "viz"., by what causes marine shells came to be plentifully buried in the earth at such great elevations and distances from the sea.

paragraph: He notices, amongst others, the explanation of Xanthus the Lydian, who said that the seas had once been more extensive, and that they had afterwards been partially dried up, as in his own time many lakes, rivers, and wells in Asia had failed during a season of drought. Treating this conjecture with merited disregard, Strabo passes on to the hypothesis of Strato, the natural philosopher, who had observed that the quantity of mud brought down by rivers into the Euxine was so great, that its bed must be gradually raised, while the rivers still continued to pour in an undiminished quantity of water. He therefore conceived that, originally, when the Euxine was an inland sea, its level had by this means become so much elevated that it burst its barrier near Byzantium, and formed a communication with the Propontis, and this partial drainage had already, he supposed, converted the left side into marshy ground, and that, at last, the whole would be choked up with soil. So, it was argued, the Mediterranean had once opened a passage for itself by the Columns of Hercules into the Atlantic, and perhaps the abundance of sea-shells in Africa, near the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, might also be the deposit of some former inland sea, which had at length forced a passage and escaped.

paragraph: But Strabo rejects this theory as insufficient to account for all the phenomena, and he proposes one of his own, the profoundness of which modern geologists are only beginning to appreciate. 'It is not,' he says, 'because the lands covered by seas were originally at different altitudes, that the waters have risen, or subsided, or receded from some parts and inundated others. But the reason is, that the same land is sometimes raised up and sometimes depressed, and the sea also is simultaneously raised and depressed so that it either overflows or returns into its own place again. We must, therefore, ascribe the cause to the ground, either to that ground which is under the sea, or to that which becomes flooded by it, but rather to that which lies beneath the sea, for this is more moveable, and, on account of its humidity, can be altered with great celerity. It is proper,' he observes in continuation, "'to derive our explanations from things which are obvious, and in some measure of daily occurrences, such as deluges, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and sudden swellings of the land beneath the sea;" for the last raise up the sea also, and when the same lands subside again, they occasion the sea to be let down. And it is not merely the small, but the large islands also, and not merely the islands, but the continents, which can be lifted up together with the sea; and both large and small tracts may subside, for habitations and cities, like Bure, Bizona, and many others, have been engulfed by earthquakes.'

paragraph: In another place, this learned geographer [Strabo], in alluding to the tradition that Sicily had been separated by a convulsion from Italy, remarks, that at present the land near the sea in those parts was rarely shaken by earthquakes, since there were now open orifices whereby fire and ignited matters and waters escaped; but formerly, when the volcanoes of Etna, the Lipari Islands, Ischia, and others, were closed up, the imprisoned fire and wind might have produced far more vehement movements. The doctrine, therefore, that volcanoes are safety valves, and that the subterranean convulsions are probably most violent when first the volcanic energy shifts itself to a new quarter, is not modern.

paragraph: The very first written definition/discussion on the fossil formation (mentioning Nummulite quoted from A.M. Celâl Şengör).

paragraph: "One extraordinary thing which I saw at the pyramids must not be omitted. Heaps of stones from the quarries lie in front of the pyramids. Among these are found pieces which in shape and size resemble lentils. Some contain substances like grains half peeled. These, it is said, are the remnants of the workmen's food converted into stone; which is not probable. For at home in our country (Amasia), there is a long hill in a plain, which abounds with pebbles of a porus stone, resembling lentils. The pebbles of the sea-shore and of rivers suggest somewhat of the same difficulty [respecting their origin]; some explanation may indeed be found in the motion [to which these are subject] in flowing waters, but the investigation of the above fact presents more difficulty. I have said elsewhere, that in sight of the pyramids, on the other side in Arabia, and near the stone quarries from which they are built, is a very rocky mountain, called the Trojan mountain; beneath it there are caves, and near the caves and the river a village called Troy, an ancient settlement of the captive Trojans who had accompanied Menelaus and settled there."

paragraph: The first written definition/discussion of volcanism (effusive eruption) observed at Katakekaumenē (modern Kula, Western Turkey) until Pliny the Younger witnessed to the eruption of Vesuvius on 24 August AD 79 in Pompeii:

paragraph: "... There are no trees here, but only the vineyards where they produce the Katakekaumene wines which are by no means inferior from any of the wines famous for their quality. The soil is covered with ashes, and black in color as if the mountainous and rocky country was made up of fires. Some assume that these ashes were the result of thunderbolts and sub-terranean explosions, and do not doubt that the legendary story of Typhon takes place in this region. Ksanthos adds that the king of this region was a man called Arimus. However, it is not reasonable to accept that the whole country was burned down at a time as a result of such an event rather than as a result of a fire bursting from underground whose source has now died out. Three pits are called "Physas" and separated by forty stadia from each other. Above these pits, there are hills formed by the hot masses burst out from the ground as estimated by a logical reasoning. Such type of soil is very convenient for viniculture, just like the Katanasoil which is covered with ashes and where the best wines are still produced abundantly. Some writers concluded by looking at these places that there is a good reason for calling Dionysus by the name ("Phrygenes")."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bowersock, Glen W. 2005. "La patria di Strabone." In "Strabone e l’Asia Minore." Edited by Anna Maria Biraschi and Giovanni Salmieri, 15–23. Studi di Storia e di Storiografia. Göttingen, Germany: Edizione Scientifiche Italiane.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braund, David. 2006. "Greek Geography and Roman Empire: The Transformation of Tradition in Strabo’s Euxine." In "Strabo’s Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia." Edited by Daniela Dueck, Hugh Lindsay, and Sarah Pothecary, 216–234. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarke, Katherine. 1997. "In Search of the Author of Strabo’s Geography." "Journal of Roman Studies" 87:92–110.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diller, Aubrey. 1975. "The Textual Tradition of Strabo’s Geography." Amsterdam: Hakkert.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irby, Georgia L. 2012. "Mapping the World: Greek Initiatives from Homer to Eratosthenes." In "Ancient Perspectives: Maps and their Place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome." Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert, 81–107. Kenneth Nebenzahl Jr. Lectures in the History of Cartography. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim, Lawrence. 2007. "The Portrait of Homer in Strabo’s Geography." "Classical Philology" 102.4: 363–388.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kuin, Inger N.I. 2017. "Rewriting Family History: Strabo and the Mithridatic Wars." "Phoenix" 71.1-2: 102-118.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pfuntner, Laura. 2017. "Death and Birth in the Urban Landscape: Strabo on Troy and Rome." "Classical Antiquity" 36.1: 33-51.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pothecary, Sarah. 1999. "Strabo the Geographer: His Name and its Meaning." "Mnemosyne", 4th ser. 52.6: 691–704

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richards, G. C. 1941. "Strabo: The Anatolian who Failed of Roman Recognition." "Greece and Rome" 10.29: 79–90.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Strabo at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Strabo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Map of the Toponyms in the Geography of Strabo

description: Greek geographer, philosopher and historian

enwikiquote_title: Strabo

wikidata_label: Strabo

wikipedia_title: Strabo


text:
Edward I of England
Holy Land
Mongol
Il-Khanate
Ghazan
Genoa
Buscarel of Gisolfe
Tabriz
Edmond of Lancaster

categories: 13th-century diplomats,Christians of the Ninth Crusade,Ilkhanate,13th-century English people,Medieval English diplomats,1290s in the Mongol Empire,Ambassadors of England

paragraph: Geoffrey of Langley

paragraph: Geoffrey of Langley was an English knight and ambassador of the 13th century. He participated in the crusade of Edward I of England in the Holy Land in the years 1270-71.

paragraph: Geoffrey de Langley was also sent to the Mongol Il-Khanate court of Ghazan in 1291. Geoffrey left from Genoa, where he was joined by the Khan's ambassador to the West Buscarel of Gisolfe to go to the Mongol capital of Tabriz. The embassy is known in some detail because the financial accounts of it have remained. Geoffrey returned to Genoa on 11 January 1293.

paragraph: Geoffrey of Langley was a member of the English knights under Edmond of Lancaster who went to France in 1294.

description: English knight and ambassador

wikidata_label: Geoffrey of Langley

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey of Langley


text:
Topsham, Devon
Honourable East India Company's
1st Bengal European Regiment
Royal Munster Fusiliers
Bhurtpore
Bolan Pass
Order of the Dooranee Empire, 3rd class
South Bersted
Sussex
Portsea, Portsmouth
Southsea
Fitzwilliam Museum
Cambridge
Calcutta Cathedral
Dublin
Francis Perceval Eliot
Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia

categories: British Indian Army generals,1801 births,1884 deaths,Royal Munster Fusiliers officers,British East India Company Army generals,British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War,People from Exeter

paragraph: George Warren (East India Company officer)

paragraph: George Warren (cir 1801-1884) was a British General who was a major figure in the Afghan and Indian wars of the early 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: George Warren was born in Topsham, Devon about 1801. He joined the Honourable East India Company's 1st Bengal European Regiment (which, much later after several mergers, became the Royal Munster Fusiliers) and was stationed to India. On 4 March 1823, Lieutenant Warren arrived in Madras aboard . On 18 January 1826, he took part in the Storming of the Jungeena Gate at Bhurtpore. On 16 March 1839, as a Brigadier, he described the soldiers' appearance during the passage of the Bolan Pass as

paragraph: On 17 September of the same year, he was awarded the Order of the Dooranee Empire, 3rd class. He progressed quickly to the rank of General and remained in India until the early 1860s. He retired to the United Kingdom, firstly to Sudley Lodge, South Bersted, Sussex, and then to Portsea, Portsmouth and Southsea, where he died.

paragraph: His medals from the 1839 campaign are in the Watson Medal Collection (Afghan War), Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 15 August 1840 at Calcutta Cathedral, India, Lt-Col George Warren married Isabella Barry Fitzgerald (1818 Dublin - 15 January 1900 'Granville', Pelham Road, Portsea, Hampshire), the daughter of William Fitzgerald of Dublin, and had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William Henry Oakes Warren (born 19 January 1843 Calcutta)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Isabella Palmer Warren (28 June 1846 Calcutta - 1880 Portsea)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Emily Grace Warren (29 July 1848 Calcutta - 1915 Slinfold, Sussex), who married Roger Granville Pulteney Eliot (a grandson of Francis Perceval Eliot) in 1871

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Frederick Penrose Warren (born 2 FEB 1850 • Fort William, Calcutta, Bengal, India) who married Maria Goodfellow 13 Oct 1888 • Bexhill, Sussex, England

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Edward Harrington Warren (born 16 August 1852 Barrackpore, India - 1893 Portsea), who married Eliza Salter Talbot in 1880 Portsea Island

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Walter Gilbert Warren (born 12 MAY 1851 • Fort William, Bengal, India

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Arthur Septimus Warren (born 20 JUN 1854 • Fort William, Calcutta, Bengal, India, DEATH 27 DEC 1943 • Surrey, England married Lily Edith Tindall 1891 Chorlton, Lancs)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Florence Temple Warren (born 1860 Brompton, London) who married Arthur Nathaniel Davis in 1883

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Harriette Annie Sloper (Annie) Warren (born 1863 Belgium) who married Harry Bingham Thomas on 8 January 1885 at St John's Church, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia

paragraph: On 22 June 1884, at his home in 1 Brandon Terrace, Southsea, Hampshire, Warren died, aged 83.

description: general

wikidata_label: George Warren


text: Norse

text: Scotland

text: Aberdeen Breviary

text: Colosse

text: Constantinople

text: Saint Rule

text: Saint Andrew

text: Rescobie

text: Forfar

text: Angus

text: King of the Picts

text: Restalrig

text: Acta Sanctorum

text: Earl of Orkney

text: Harald Maddadsson

text: John of Caithness

text: Orkneyinga Saga

text: Edinburgh

text: Thomas Ross

text: Caithness

text: Sutherland

text: Papa Westray

text: Orkney

text: Saint Lucy

text: Papa Westray

text: Orkney

text: broch

text: NMAS

text: St Boniface

text: John Brand

text: Roman Catholic

categories: Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown,Medieval Scottish saints

paragraph: Triduana

paragraph: Saint Triduana, also known as Trodline, Tredwell, and in Norse as Trøllhaena, was an early Christian woman, associated with various places in Scotland. She lived at an unknown time, probably between the 4th and 8th centuries AD.

paragraph: According to the 16th-century "Aberdeen Breviary", Triduana was born in the Greek city of Colosse, and travelled from Constantinople with Saint Rule, who brought the bones of Saint Andrew to Scotland in the 4th century AD. A pious woman, she settled at Rescobie near Forfar in Angus, but her beauty attracted the attentions of a King of the Picts named Nectan. To stall these unwanted attentions, Triduana tore out her own eyes and gave them to Nechtan. Afterwards, she was associated with curing eye disorders. She spent her later years in Restalrig, Lothian, and healed the blind who came to her. She was buried at Restalrig when she died.

paragraph: The 17th-century "Acta Sanctorum" records a story of a blind English woman miraculously cured by Triduana. The saint appears to her in a dream, and instructs her to travel to Restalrig. She does so, and regains her sight at Triduana's tomb. The woman's daughter is later cured of blindness after praying to Triduana.

paragraph: In the 12th century, the Norse Earl of Orkney Harald Maddadsson punished bishop John of Caithness by having him blinded. According to the 13th-century Orkneyinga Saga, John prayed to "Trøllhaena", and later regained his sight when brought to her "resting place", possibly referring to a local northern shrine rather than Restalrig.

paragraph: The principal centre of devotion to Triduana was at Restalrig, now part of Edinburgh. The parish church has been rebuilt, but the associated 15th-century St Triduana's Aisle (originally two-storeyed) survives. This partly subterranean structure often flooded in the past, and was at one time assumed to be an unusually large and elaborate holy well (St Triduana's Well). The exterior of the aisle was heavily restored by the architect Thomas Ross in 1907, though its interior (which has a remarkable echo) retains its original rib-vault, and is a refined example of Scottish 15th-century architecture. Other dedications to Triduana include chapels at Ballachly (Caithness), Loth (Sutherland), and on Papa Westray in Orkney.

paragraph: The Sicilian Saint Lucy is also said to have torn out her own eyes to put off an unwelcome suitor.

paragraph: In Buddhist scripture (Therigatha 14.1) the Buddhist nun Subha also removed her eye in response to admiration from a suitor. In that case, the act served as a lesson in non-attachment to worldly things.

paragraph: Section::::St Tredwell's Chapel, Papa Westray.

paragraph: St Tredwell's Chapel, Papa Westray is a renowned Orkney pilgrimage-centre, standing on a conical mound on a small peninsula (about 4.5 metres high and 35 metres across at the water level) in St Tredwell's Loch. The remains of the late medieval walls can be seen, built over Iron Age remains, including an underground tunnel leading to a circular building or broch. The thick walls of the chapel and records of tracery work indicate an important and well-founded establishment.

paragraph: The chapel was surveyed by Sir H. Dryden in 1870 when its walls, of variable thickness, were still up to 6 feet high and the interior measured 20 ft 3in by 13 ft 10ins. The chapel was cleared of rubble by William Traill around 1880. He found 30 copper coins dating between the reigns of Charles II and George III under the chapel floor, along with a female skeleton.

paragraph: In "The Archaeological Sites and Monuments of Papa Westray and Westray", R.G. Lamb (1983:19) notes:

paragraph: Immediately outside the W wall Traill broke into a subterranean passage which he followed N then NW for some 10m, passing several sets of door-checks and a side-chamber and entering a 'circular building'. Finds from this structure, including a stone ball, are in NMAS (...); others are in Tankerness House Museum (...). The opening into the passage is now blocked by rubble; it is likely that this was part of a complex of late Iron Age buildings, on the wreckage of which the chapel was built. It is possible that that a broch lies at the core of the mound, on the lower SE slope of which a revetment-wall, 1.9m high and traceable for 11m, may be part of an outer wall or ringwork. A few metres to the N of the chapel are the footings of two small subrectangular buildings of indeterminate date. A cross-slab is said to have been seen some years ago in the deep water besides the islet, but an attempted recovery was unsuccessful.

paragraph: St Tredwell or Triduana is associated as a 'holy virgin' with St Boniface in a medieval account of the mission from Jarrow to Pictland in 710 invited by King Nechtan. Legend has it that Nechtan fell in love with Triduana and praised her beautiful eyes. She responded by plucking them out and sending them to him skewered on a twig. Miraculous cures are associated with St Tredwell, particularly in those suffering from eye afflictions. Pilgrims travelled to Papay from all of Orkney and the north seeking a cure. Marwick, in a paper written in 1925, cites John Brand in his "Brief Description of Orkney" (1700) as having much to say of the chapel:

paragraph: People used to come to it from other isles; before the chapel door was a heap of small stones, "into which the Superstituous People when they come, do cast a small stone or two for their offering, and some will cast in Money"; the loch is "held by the People as Medicinal"; "a Gentleman in the Countrey, who was much distressed with sore Eyes, went to this Loch and Washing there became sound and whole...with both which persons he who was Minister of the place for many years was well acquainted and told us that he saw them both before and after the Cure: The present minister of Westra told me that such as are able to walk use to go so many times about the Loch, as they think will perfect the cure before they make any use of the water, and that without speaking to any... not long since, he went to this Loch and found six so making their circuit..." "As for this Loch's appearing like Blood, before any disaster befal the Royal Family, as some do report, we could find no ground to believe any such thing.

paragraph: In the 19th century the Minister of Westray, John Armit, noted that:

paragraph: Such was the veneration entertained by the inhabitants for this ancient saint, that it was with difficulty that the first Presbyterian minister of the parish could restrain them, of a Sunday morning, from paying their devotions at this ruin, previous to their attendance on public worship in the reformed church. Wonders, in the way of cure of bodily disease, are said to have been wrought by this saint, whose fame is now passed away and name almost forgotten.

paragraph: Section::::Dedication to St Triduana.

paragraph: Ss Ninian and Triduana’s Church, Edinburgh is a Roman Catholic church dedicated to St. Triduana.

description: Scottish saint

wikidata_label: Triduana

wikipedia_title: Triduana


text:
Munich
Ambach
University of Munich
Donaueschingen
court and city librarian in Munich
Maximilianeum
Bavaria
Karl Theodor von Heigel

categories: Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,German historians,1927 deaths,1843 births,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni,People from Munich

paragraph: Sigmund von Riezler

paragraph: Sigmund Riezler or Siegmund Riezler (after 1900 von Riezler; 2 May or 5 May 1843 in Munich – 28 January 1927 in Ambach) was a German historian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was educated at the University of Munich, and became a docent in 1869, and after ten years as head of the archives and library of Donaueschingen was made court and city librarian in Munich, in 1883, and director of the Maximilianeum in 1885.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His works, dealing for the most part with Bavarian history, include: "Das Herzogtum Bayern zur Zeit Heinrichs des Löwen" (1867, with Karl Theodor von Heigel), "Der Kreuzzug Kaiser Friedrichs I." (1869), the great "Geschichte Baierns" (8 volumes, 1878–1932), "Die bayrische Politik im Schmalkaldischen Kriege" (1895), and "Geschichte der Hexenprozesse in Bayern" (1896).

description: German historian

wikidata_label: Sigmund von Riezler

wikipedia_title: Sigmund von Riezler


text:
Beatport
Kryder
Wolfgang Gartner
Style of Eye
Kaz James
Kryder
Knife Party
Robbie Rivera
Daddy's Groove
David Guetta
Marina and the Diamonds
Radioactive
Afrojack
Shermanology
Can't Stop Me
Kryder
Tommy Trash
Francesco Rossi
Dirty South
Dave Spoon
Arno Cost
Norman Doray
Armin van Buuren
Galantis
You
Alex Vargas
Sam Feldt
Ummet Ozcan
Thomas Gold
David Guetta
Anne-Marie
Don't Leave Me Alone
Basement Jaxx
Bingo Bango
The Chainsmokers
Kelsea Ballerini
This Feeling
David Guetta
Black Coffee
Cedric Gervais
Oliver Heldens

wikipedia_title: Radioactive (Marina and the Diamonds song)

categories: House DJs,People from London,English DJs,British DJs,English house musicians,British dance musicians,Remixers,Living people,British record producers

paragraph: Tom Staar

paragraph: Thomas Ingamells (born London, England), better known by his stage name Tom Staar, is an English DJ and record producer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Many of his singles remain for several consecutive weeks in the top 100 on downloading platform Beatport, including "Totem", "Jericho", or "Wide Awake" and "Bora". These four singles, with the remix of "Apocalypse" (with Kryder), are his four largest performances.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Home" (We Are Friends Vol.1) [Mau5trap]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Cheyenne" [Kindergarten Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Evil Lurks" (with Wolfgang Gartner) [Ultra]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Kingdom" [Mixmash Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "After Dark" (with Style of Eye) [Wall Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Trident" [Staar Traxx]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Staars" (featuring in Atlanta) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Faces" (with Chrom3) [Kindergarten Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Rocket" [Toolroom Records/Armada Trice]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Matterhorn" (with Kaz James) [Staar Traxx]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Totem" (with Ansolo) [Size Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Jericho"' (with Kryder) [Size Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Wide Awake" (with Still Young) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Bora" [Axtone Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Higher" [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "De Puta Madre" (with Kryder and The Wulf) [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Kraken" (with Knife Party) [Earstorm / Big Beat Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Empire" (with Dimitri Vangelis & Wyman) [Buce Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "The Funkatron" (with Robbie Rivera) [Axtone Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Disappear" (with New_ID) [Sprs]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Me Sueño" (featuring Martina Carmago) [Cartel Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Railgun" (with Daddy's Groove) [Doorn Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Sunshine" (with Rob & Jack) [Staar Traxx / Armada Deep]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Bird Flu" (with Corey James) [Cartel Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Drift" [Size Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Nighttrain" [Musical Freedom]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Come Together" (with Matt Hope) [Axtone Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Flight Of The Buzzard" [Armada Music]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Otherside" (with Eddie Thoneick) [Axtone Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Bombs Away" (with Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano) [Size Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019: "This Ain't Techno" (with David Guetta) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019: "Easy Soul" (with Trace) [Spinnin' Records]

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Marina and the Diamonds – "Radioactive" (Tom Staar Remix) [679 Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: My Digital Enemy and Rob Marmot – "African Drop" (Tom Staar Remix) [Wall Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Afrojack and Shermanology – "Can't Stop Me" (Kryder and Staar Remix) [Wall Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Tommy Trash – "Monkey See Monkey Do" (Tom Staar Remix) [mau5trap]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Francesco Rossi – "Paper Aeroplane" (Tom Staar Remix) [d:vision]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Dirty South featuring Joe Gil – "Until The End" (Tom Staar Mix) [Phazing]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Dave Spoon – "At Night" (Tom Staar Remix) [Toolroom Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Arno Cost and Norman Doray – "Apocalypse 2014" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Spinnin Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Armin van Buuren – "Ping Pong" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Armind (Armada)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Galantis – "You" (Tom Staar Remix) [Big Beat Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Dansson and Marlon Hoffstadt – "Shake That" (Tom Staar Remix) [Ffrr]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Above & Beyond featuring Alex Vargas – "All Over The World" (Tom Staar's 5 am Black Remix) [Anjunabeats]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Sam Feldt – "Show Me Love" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Spinnin Remixes]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Will K – "Here Comes The Sun" (Tom Staar Remix) [Armada Trice]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike vs Ummet Ozcan – "The Hum" (Kryder and Tom Staar Remix) [Smash The House]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Federico Scavo – "Que Pasa" (Tom Staar Remix) [d:vision]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Thomas Gold - "Begin Again" (Tom Staar Remix) [Armada Music]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: David Guetta featuring Anne-Marie - "Don't Leave Me Alone" (Tom Staar Remix) [What a Music]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Basement Jaxx - "Bingo Bango" (Tom Staar and Kryder Remix) [XL Recordings]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: The Chainsmokers featuring Kelsea Ballerini - "This Feeling" (Tom Staar Remix)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: David Guetta and Black Coffee featuring Delilah Montagu - "Drive" (Tom Staar Remix) [Ultra Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: Cedric Gervais - "Do It Tonight" (Tom Staar Remix) [Delecta Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019: Oliver Heldens featuring Shungduzo - "Fire In My Soul" (Tom Staar Remix) [RCA Records]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019: Cliq featuring Caitlyn Scarlett, Kida Kudz amd Double S - "Dance on the Table" (Tom Staar Remix) [Sony Music]

paragraph: Section::::Staar Traxx.

paragraph: In 2013, Staar started his own imprint entitled Staar Traxx.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Did not enter the Ultratop 50, but peaked on the Dance Bubbling Under chart.

wikidata_label: Tom Staar

wikipedia_title: Tom Staar


text:
Ancient Egypt
Sobekhotep III
Seneb

wikipedia_title:
Ancient Egypt
Sobekhotep III
Seneb (king's son)

paragraph: Mentuhotep (god's father)

paragraph: Mentuhotep was the non-royal father of the Ancient Egyptian king Sobekhotep III who ruled for about three years in the Thirteenth Dynasty, around 1750 BC. Mentuhotep is mainly known from monuments of his son while he was king. On these monuments appears also his wife Iuhetibu, who was called "king's mother". On the monuments relating to Sobekhotep III, Mentuhotep bears the title "god's father". The latter title is often given to non-royal fathers of kings. Furthermore, from a high number of scarab seals there is known a military official with the title "commander of the ruler's crew". This official had a son with the same title named Sobekhotep. It seems possible that these scarabs belong to the "god's father" Mentuhotep before his son became king. It is not known under which circumstances Sobekhotep III became king. However, his father Mentuhotep had no known royal connections. Two further sons are known, Seneb and Khakau. They were bearing the title "king's son", albeit being evidently not the son of a king, but brothers of one.

wikidata_label: Mentuhotep

wikipedia_title: Mentuhotep (god's father)


text:
Tōdō Takatsugu
Iga Province
Shigaraki
Ōmi Province
tairō
Sakai Tadakiyo
Shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu
Tōdō Takachika

wikipedia_title:
Tōdō Takatsugu
Iga Province
Shigaraki, Shiga
Ōmi Province
Tairō
Sakai Tadakiyo
Shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu
Tōdō Takachika

paragraph: Tōdō Takahisa

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Takahisa was the eldest son of Tōdō Takatsugu, the 2nd daimyo of Tsu Domain. In 1669, he became daimyo upon his father’s retirement. Takahisa initially was popular for implementing many of the economic reforms begun by the previous administration, including large-scale irrigation works and the development of new rice lands. However, his ban on mining of clay around Shiratoyama effectively destroyed the ceramics industry in Iga Province, and caused many potters to leave his domain for nearby Shigaraki in Ōmi Province.

paragraph: Takahisa was married to the daughter of the "tairō" Sakai Tadakiyo, who fell from favor in 1680 and who died under sudden circumstances in 1681. To avoid political troubles, Takahisa quickly associated himself with "Shōgun" Tokugawa Tsunayoshi's favorite, Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, to the extent that he was derided by his peers as "Yanagisawa's footmat". However, when Yanagisawa attempted to force the childless Takahisa to adopt his younger son as heir, the suicides of a number of his senior retainers prevented this from occurring. Instead, the domain went to Takahisa's younger brother, Tōdō Takachika on his death in 1703.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tōdō family information

wikidata_label: Tōdō Takahisa

wikipedia_title: Tōdō Takahisa


text: House of Saud

text: Riyadh Province

text: Mohammad bin Salman

text: Riyadh Metro

text: King Abdullah

text: king of Saudi Arabia

text: King Faisal Air College

text: the United States

text: Lackland Air Force Base

text: Texas

text: Taif

text: the United Kingdom

text: the University of Wales

text: the University of Leeds

text: the Royal Saudi Air Force

text: King Abdulaziz Air Base

text: Dhahran

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Muhammad bin Saad

text: Khalid bin Bandar

text: Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud

text: PetroSaudi

text: 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

text: Najib Razak

text: $700 million

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Mohammad Bin Salman

text: Riyadh

text: King Abdulaziz

text: Prince Khalid bin Sultan

categories: Governors of Riyadh Province,Grandsons of Ibn Saud,Alumni of the University of Wales,Saudi Arabian military personnel,1971 births,Living people

paragraph: Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud

paragraph: Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud (born 21 October 1971) is the seventh son of the late King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, who ruled Saudi Arabia from 2005 until his death in 2015 and a member of the House of Saud. He served as deputy governor of Riyadh Province from 2013 to 2014 and as governor of Riyadh Province from 14 May 2014 to 29 January 2015. He was one of the 11 princes detained by Mohammad bin Salman as a part of his anti-corruption drive, on accusations of corruption in the Riyadh Metro project and taking advantage of his influence to award contracts to his own companies.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Turki bin Abdullah was born on 21 October 1971. He is the seventh son of King Abdullah, late king of Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Prince Turki began his higher education at King Faisal Air College. Then he went to the United States to continue his education, and trained at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas. He was also trained at King Fahd Air Base in Taif. Then he attended a course of command and staff at Joint Command College in the United Kingdom and received a master's degree in military science. He also holds a master's degree in strategic studies, which he obtained from the University of Wales. Prince Turki is a PhD candidate in international strategic studies at the University of Leeds.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Turki bin Abdullah was a military officer and a jet pilot at the Royal Saudi Air Force. In October 1997, he was promoted to the rank of captain pilot. Then he was promoted to the rank of colonel. In July 2006, Prince Turki was decorated with the rank of lieutenant colonel pilot. Then Prince Turki worked at King Abdulaziz Air Base in Dhahran as the commander of Squadron 92, 3rd air wing with a rank of group captain. In 2010, Prince Turki served as the commander of the ‘Red Flag-4’ exercise group.

paragraph: In addition, Prince Turki is the head of the board of directors of the Saudi Equestrian Fund, and has also several business investments in Saudi Arabia, including Al Obayya Corp.

paragraph: He was appointed deputy governor of the Riyadh province on 14 February 2013, replacing Muhammad bin Saad in the post. Therefore, Prince Turki became deputy of the governor, Khalid bin Bandar, who was also appointed the same day. On 14 May 2014, he was appointed governor of Riyadh at rank of minister. Prince Turki's term as governor ended on 29 January 2015 when Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud was appointed to the post.

paragraph: In 2005 Prince Turki bin Abdullah co-founded of PetroSaudi, a private oil company. The company grew from drilling and oilfield management into trading, opening offices in London’s Mayfair district with pictures of Saudi royalty and decked with national flags. The company that is embroiled in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal. Prince Turki bin Abdullah is claimed to be the Saudi royal who gifted Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak $700 million.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest.

paragraph: On 4 November 2017, Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud was detained on accusations of corruption in the Riyadh Metro project and taking advantage of his influence to award contracts to his own companies in a "corruption crackdown" conducted by a new royal anti-corruption committee in Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: This was done on authority of Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman. As of a year later (that is, early November 2018), Prince Turki remains in captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Prince Turki was one of the key characters for Riyadh's metro creation.

paragraph: Prince Turki is an active member of King Abdulaziz Foundation, as well as Prince Muhammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital in Riyadh. He assisted in the "intellectual security" inauguration ceremony alongside the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice.

paragraph: A street called after Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud's name exists in the Sulaimania area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Turki is the son-in-law of Prince Khalid bin Sultan, via his marriage to Princess Hala bint Khalid which was contracted on 14 January 2010.

description: Saudi Arabian noble

wikidata_label: Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud


text:
Sikh
Gurmukhi
Persian
Arabic
Sanskrit
Ludhiana
Indian Civil Service
British raj
Punjab
Indian Independence
Kangra district
Punjab
insubordination
Akali
3rd Lok Sabha
Swatantra Party
Vidhan Sabha
Punjab
Sikhism
Guru Nanak Dev University
Amritsar
Punjabi University

categories: Sikh philosophy,20th-century Indian linguists,Writers from Punjab, India,3rd Lok Sabha members,Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India,Indian religious writers,People from Ludhiana district,1909 births,Swatantra Party politicians,Indian male writers,Shiromani Akali Dal politicians,Indian Sikhs,1986 deaths

paragraph: Kapur Singh

paragraph: Sirdar Kapur Singh, ICS (2 March 1909 – 13 August 1986) was an eminent Sikh philosopher, theologian, politician-parliamentarian, and a prolific writer of the twentieth century. As a distinguished linguist he had a mastery over English, Gurmukhi, Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and education.

paragraph: Kapur Singh was born in a farming family at village Chakk in the district of Ludhiana. His father's name was Didar Singh. He post-graduated from Government College, Lahore. Later he completed studies in Moral Sciences from Cambridge University.

paragraph: Section::::Career in bureaucracy and dismissal.

paragraph: Returning from UK, Kapur Singh joined the Indian Civil Service (ICS). After serving at a number of administrative posts under the British raj, he was summarily dismissed from service by Chandu Lal Trivedi, the governor of Punjab, shortly after Indian Independence, while he was serving as the deputy commissioner of Kangra district.

paragraph: Kapur Singh was incensed at a circular issued by the government that targeted his community. Kapur Singh filed a protest and made the circular public and invited the wrath of Chandu Lal Divedi, the governor of Punjab. The charges leveled against him were of corruption and insubordination. Kapur Singh fought a protracted legal battle but was not restored to the administrative service.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: On insistence of Akali leaders, Kapur Singh joined the Akali politics. In 1962, he was elected to the 3rd Lok Sabha as a candidate of the Swatantra Party from the Ludhiana constituency. In 1969 Kapur Singh was elected to the Vidhan Sabha in the new Punjab state. He also remained the National Professor of Sikhism.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Kapur Singh was a prolific writer. The books written in English by him include Parasaraprasna a classic treatise on Sikhism, The Sacred Writings of the Sikhs (a UNESCO publication), Me Judice (English Miscellany), Contributions of Guru Nanak, The Hour of Sword, Guru Arjan and Sukhmani. Hashish (poems), Saptsaring (Biographies), Bahu Vistaar (Essays), Pudrik (Essays) and Mansur-al-Hallaj (Monograph of a Sufi saint). His works have also been published by Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar and Punjabi University, Patiala.

paragraph: He is also believed to have scripted the Anandpur Sahib Resolution of the Akali Dal.

description: Indian politician

wikidata_label: Kapur Singh ICS

wikipedia_title: Kapur Singh


text:
country music
singer-songwriter
St. Catharines
Ontario
Dallas Smith
Chad Brownlee
Florida Georgia Line
Neil Sanderson
Three Days Grace
Canadian Hot 100
Niagara Falls

categories: Musicians from the Niagara Region,Canadian male singers,1979 births,Canadian Country Music Association Rising Star Award winners,People from Niagara Falls, Ontario,Canadian country singers,21st-century Canadian singers,Living people

paragraph: Tim Hicks

paragraph: Tim Hicks is a Canadian country music singer-songwriter from St. Catharines, Ontario. In 2012, Hicks opened for Dallas Smith and Chad Brownlee on the Boys of Fall tour. In 2014 Hicks opened for Dierks Bentley during some of the Riser Tour. His debut single, "Get By", was released in December 2012 by RGK Entertainment Group. Hicks co-wrote the song with Tyler Hubbard and Brian Kelley of Florida Georgia Line, Neil Sanderson of Three Days Grace, Casey Marshall and Shawn Hamm. In February 2013, the song debuted on the Canadian Hot 100.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: At the age of 6, Tim started taking music lessons at the Ontario Conservatory of Music in Niagara Falls.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Current single.

description: Canadian singer

wikidata_label: Tim Hicks

wikipedia_title: Tim Hicks


text:
Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
Gelug
Tibetan Buddhism
Outer Mongolia
2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
Genghis Khan
Chingünjav
Qianlong Emperor
Tibet

categories: 1758 births,1773 deaths,Jebtsundamba Khutuktus

paragraph: 3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu

paragraph: The 3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (1758-1773), was the third incarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the spiritual heads of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Outer Mongolia. His personal name was "Ishdambiynyam" and his Tibetan ceremonial name "Ye-shes-bstan-pa'i-nyi-ma".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He came from Tibet and was chosen as the third incarnation after the death of the 2nd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu.

paragraph: The second Jebtsundamba was a member of Mongolia's highest nobility and direct descendant of Genghis Khan. After Chingünjav's rebellion and the successive demise of the second Jebtsundamba Khutugtu, the Qianlong Emperor decreed in 1758 that all future reincarnations were to be found from among the population of Tibet, making the third incarnation the first one from there.

description: Leading Buddhist in Mongolia

wikidata_label: 3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu

wikipedia_title: 3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu