text:
nationalist
al-Fatat
Ottoman Empire
Arab
Hejaz
Hashemites
Emir Faisal
King of Syria
Arab Revolt
French Mandate of Syria
Great Syrian Revolt
1936 general strike
National Bloc
Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
Jordan
Adib al-Shishakli
People's Party
Damascus
Abdul Hamid II
Constantinople
Sunni Muslim
descent
Islam
Muhammad
al-Shaghour
Qaboun
Ghouta
Jaramana
Druze
Young Turk Revolution
Arab nationalist
Turkish nationalist
Hashemite
Hejaz
Sharif of Mecca
Hussein bin Ali
Abdullah
Maktab Anbar
Beirut
Faisal
al-Fatat
Hauran
Sultan al-Atrash
World War I
Great Arab Revolt
King of Syria
pan-Arabist
Battle of Maysalun
Amman
Transjordan
King Abdullah
Iraq
Saudi
Great Syrian Revolt
Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
Jabal al-Arab
destroyed a French column
al-Kafr
Battle of Mazraa
al-Suwayda
Bab Musalla
al-Midan
Hasan al-Kharrat
Druze
citadel
Azm Palace
Maurice Sarrail
Bab Saghir
al-Qadam
Armenians
Circassians
Bab al-Jabiyah
Qanawat
Said al-'As
Saqba
Ramadan al-Shallash
Deir ez-Zor
Douma
al-Qisa
Harran al-Awamid
al-Midaa
Amman
Transjordan
Fares al-Khoury
Shukri al-Quwatli
Hashim al-Atassi
National Bloc
Taj al-Din al-Hasani
general strike
Umayyad Mosque
Jamil Mardam Bey
Souq al-Hamidiyya
Army of the Levant
Jabal al-Arab
People's Party
Lutfi al-Haffar
justice minister
Khalid al-Azm
People's Party
Jordan
Saudi Arabia
Adib al-Shishakli

categories: Syrian Arab nationalists,Syrian ministers of economy,1888 births,People from Damascus,Place of death missing,People of the Great Syrian Revolt,1966 deaths,Agriculture ministers of Syria,Ambassadors of Syria to Jordan,National Bloc (Syria) politicians,Syrian nationalists,People's Party (Syria) politicians

paragraph: Nasib al-Bakri

paragraph: Nasib al-Bakri () (1888–1966) was a Syrian politician and nationalist leader in the first half of the 20th century. He played a major role in establishing al-Fatat, an underground organization which sought the independence and unity of the Ottoman Empire's Arab territories. As the chief envoy between al-Fatat and the Hejaz-based Hashemites, al-Bakri became a close aide to Emir Faisal when the latter became King of Syria following the success of the 1916 Arab Revolt. Al-Bakri opposed the establishment of the French Mandate of Syria and became one of the chief commanders of the Great Syrian Revolt, leading the rebels' brief capture of Damascus. He escaped a death warrant in Syria in 1927, but returned the following year after being amnestied.

paragraph: Al-Bakri served as a representative of Damascus in the Syrian Parliament between 1932 and 1946. He was one of the main coordinators of the 1936 general strike and became Vice President of the National Bloc. He defected to join Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar's party in 1938. During the post-independence period, al-Bakri was appointed Syria's ambassador to Jordan but resigned in 1953 in protest against Adib al-Shishakli's seizure of power. The following year, he became President of the People's Party, but retired in 1957.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nasib was born in Damascus in 1888 to father 'Ata al-Bakri. Nasib was the second oldest of five sons. 'Ata was an influential official in the city and district councils of Damascus between the 1890s and 1914, and was one of the most prominent Arabs to serve in the imperial Ottoman court of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in Constantinople. The al-Bakri family were Sunni Muslims and claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad. They were landowners, possessing lands, homes and commercial venues in their native al-Shaghour quarter and in Qaboun, a village in the Ghouta countryside of Damascus. They also owned land in Jaramana, a Druze village outside of Damascus and maintained good relations with the local Druze chiefs.

paragraph: When Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, 'Ata lost his favor from the central authorities because of his closeness with the deposed sultan and criticized the revolutionary officers. Consequently, the al-Bakri family realigned itself with Arab nationalists in Syria who opposed the increased Turkish nationalist efforts in the Arabic-speaking territories of the empire. 'Ata had also developed close ties with the Hashemites of the Hejaz. In 1909 he hosted the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, his brother Nasir, and Abdullah, Sharif Hussein's son, in his Damascus home.

paragraph: Nasib attended Maktab Anbar, a preparatory school in Damascus that attracted the children of the elite and produced several future Arab nationalists. In 1912, Nasib graduated from the al-Sultaniya School of Beirut. When Sharif Hussein's son, Faisal, visited Syria in early 1916, he lodged in the al-Bakris' summer house in Qaboun, outside of Damascus. Prior to this, Nasib and his brothers Fawzi and Sami had joined the budding al-Fatat movement, an underground society advocating Arab independence from the Ottomans. Nasib had become the movement's secretary.

paragraph: Section::::Leader in Syrian independence movement.:Ally of the Hashemites.

paragraph: In 1915, Nasib hosted Faisal at his Ghouta country house and invited him join al-Fatat, which he reportedly agreed to. At the same time, al-Bakri organized a meeting between him, some members of al-Fatat, and the Druze chiefs of the Hauran, Hussein and Sultan al-Atrash with the intention of gaining Druze support for the planned Arab rebellion against the Ottomans (the Druze had launched several uprisings against the Ottomans prior). The meeting concluded with the Druze offering Faisal and the nationalists their backing, though short of any military support. The meeting was the first of its kind between the Hashemites and the Druze, and afterward Faisal appointed al-Bakri to be his personal secretary and his envoy to the Druze, a post he would serve until 1920.

paragraph: In the summer of 1916, amid World War I, Sharif Hussein launched the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans from Mecca with the backing of the British military. Al-Bakri joined the revolt and moved to the Hejaz where he served as a channel between al-Fatat based in Damascus and the Hashemite forces leading the uprising. When the Ottomans were defeated in 1918 and Arab and British forces reached Damascus, Faisal would soon become the King of Syria and al-Bakri served as one of his advisers. The next year al-Bakri co-founded the first legal political party in Faisal's Syria, the pan-Arabist al-Istiqlal ("Independence") which sought to unify all the former Ottoman-held Arab territories under the leadership of the Hashemites. During this period until 1920, al-Bakri was a member of the Syrian National Congress as a representative of Damascus.

paragraph: France invaded and began occupying Syria in 1919 and following the Battle of Maysalun in July 1920, Faisal was exiled and the kingdom annulled. Al-Bakri left for Amman in Transjordan, which was under the authority of Faisal's brother King Abdullah. Al-Bakri would later serve as Abdullah's aide in 1921, a position he held for about two years before returning to Syria after the French issued amnesty for political exiles. On his return, he became a member of al-Shahbandar's People's Party and actively sought to topple the French authorities in Syria and align the country with the ruling Hashemites in Iraq, Transjordan and the Hejaz. The Hashemites were driven out of the latter in 1925 by the Saudis.

paragraph: Section::::Leader in Syrian independence movement.:Role in Great Syrian Revolt.

paragraph: The summer of 1925 also saw the beginning of the Great Syrian Revolt, launched by Sultan Pasha al-Atrash in the Jabal al-Arab region in southern Syria. After Atrash's men destroyed a French column at al-Kafr, al-Bakri received a letter from al-Atrash on 23 July calling on the nationalists in Damascus to join the revolt; al-Bakri subsequently joined. Following the French defeat at the Battle of Mazraa on 3 August, al-Bakri began working with Abd al-Ghaffar al-Atrash, the Druze chief of al-Suwayda, to advance the revolt to other parts of the country outside of Hauran. Al-Bakri set up a meeting between the Damascus-based nationalists and Sultan al-Atrash at his home in Qaboun, after which the two sides agreed to work together to uproot the French from Syria.

paragraph: Following the meeting, al-Bakri conferred with al-Shahbandar, who agreed to bring Damascus into the revolt, although this initial attempt did not materialize. As al-Atrash's men headed towards Damascus to launch their attack against French forces there, al-Bakri assembled some 260 armed volunteers from various neighborhoods and villages in and around Damascus, including al-Shaghour, Bab Musalla, al-Midan, and Jaramana. Al-Bakri maintained particularly close ties to Hasan al-Kharrat, the local boss ("qabaday") of al-Shaghur and a friend of the al-Bakri family. In early August, upon al-Bakri's urging, al-Kharrat formed a militia, which would become one of the most effective rebel bands in the country. When the French authorities were informed of nationalist rebel plans, they began a wide-scale arrest campaign in the city on 27 August, detaining nearly all of Damascus's nationalist leaders and spokesmen, although al-Bakri, his brothers, and al-Shahbandar managed to evade arrest.

paragraph: He participated in attacks alongside Druze warriors against French positions and offices in the Hauran, and of all the rebel commanders from Damascus, al-Bakri was the most respected among the Druze. As fighting between rebels and French forces in the Ghouta escalated, al-Bakri devised an operation to wrest control of Damascus from the French by capturing the citadel and the Azm Palace. The former housed the city's French garrison, while the latter housed the French Mandate High Commissioner Maurice Sarrail. Al-Bakri requested reinforcements from al-Atrash and his men, but they were occupied by fighting in the Hauran and notified al-Bakri that any help would be delayed. Al-Bakri decided to move ahead nonetheless. On 17 October, he assembled al-Kharrat's group and another group of rebels from al-Midan and Jaramana inside Damascus. The next day al-Kharrat launched the operation.

paragraph: While al-Kharrat's men managed to capture the Azm Palace and the police station in Bab Saghir, al-Bakri led a band of 200 fighters from their base in al-Midan to raid an Armenian refugee camp in al-Qadam, killing several Armenian refugees. The rebels accused the Armenians—who along with the Circassians were typically allied with the French authorities—of participating in the French military assaults against several Ghouta villages in the preceding weeks. After attacking al-Qadam, al-Bakri's forces swept through the city, capturing the police stations at Bab al-Jabiyah, Bab Musalla and Qanawat. With each captured neighborhood, their forces increased in size as enthusiastic bystanders joined in the attacks.

paragraph: Sarrail, who was not in Damascus at the time of the rebel assault, ordered aerial bombardment of the city, leading to the destruction of whole neighborhoods and the deaths of hundreds of Damascus residents. By 24 October, the rebels were routed, and al-Bakri escaped. He became the target of criticism among other rebel leaders, namely Said al-'As. Al-'As stated that al-Bakri sought personal glory when he decided to prematurely launch a mostly uncoordinated attack with small numbers of armed volunteers, instead of waiting for the arrival of al-Atrash's reinforcements, who numbered around 1,000. Al-Bakri was the only member of the Damascus nationalist elite to directly participate in the fighting on the ground.

paragraph: In early December, al-Bakri chaired a meeting of rebel leaders in the Ghouta village of Saqba. During the meeting, he launched scathing criticism of Ramadan al-Shallash, the rebel commander from Deir ez-Zor, condemning him for levying heavy fines and other fees against the residents of the villages of Douma, al-Qisa, Harran al-Awamid and al-Midaa which had been captured by the rebels. However, these taxes were almost entirely directed at the major landowners and city elites, rather than the commoners or peasants. 'As defended al-Shallash as a skilled commander, criticized al-Bakri's leadership and accused him of holding "secret hatreds and ambitions". Nonetheless, al-Bakri and his ally al-Kharrat managed to have al-Shallash "expelled from the rebellion" during the meeting, and stripped of his arms and insignia. However, subsequent French bombardment of Saqba allowed al-Shallash to escape punishment. Al-Kharrat was killed in a French raid two weeks later, while al-Shallash defected to the French following his expulsion. Al-Bakri's younger brother As'ad was killed in action in 1926.

paragraph: Section::::Leader in Syrian independence movement.:Politician during French Mandatory rule.

paragraph: The revolt dissipated by June 1927. Al-Bakri was sentenced to death "in absentia" by French military tribunal. Consequently, he fled to Amman in Transjordan. In March 1928, al-Bakri, his brother Fawzi, and Fares al-Khoury were amnestied by the French authorities and the al-Bakri family's properties, which had been bombed by the French during the revolt, were restored to them. According to historian Peter A. Shambrook, al-Bakri's inclusion on the amnesty list was surprising for two reasons: he maintained a strong relationship with France's chief rivals in the region, the Hashemites and their British patrons, and he held "unrivaled" influence among the bosses of "the popular quarters of Damascus". The French sought to divide the ranks of the rebels and the nationalist politicians by pardoning some leaders and blacklisting others like al-Atrash, al-Shahbandar, and Shukri al-Quwatli. Al-Bakri's relations with the latter two subsequently grew tense as he accused them of diverting funds for the revolt to their personal ventures.

paragraph: He and Hashim al-Atassi founded the National Bloc political party. It sought to use diplomatic means to end French rule. He was a part of the 1928 Constitutional Assembly, helping draft a constitution for the Syrian Republic. Al-Atassi appointed him Vice President of the National Bloc in 1930. Al-Bakri successfully ran for parliament as a representative of Damascus on the National Bloc's ticket in 1932, after winning a run-off vote by a large margin.

paragraph: In January 1936, Syrian nationalist sentiments became incensed as the French authorities suspended parliament and appointed the pro-French president Taj al-Din al-Hasani. Following the arrest of some nationalist leaders, a general strike was declared against the French Mandate and President al-Hasani. Speeches denouncing the arrests and colonialism were made at the Umayyad Mosque, after which demonstrators, including students and local youths, gathered at al-Bakri's home where they coordinated a march to the Serail (French government headquarters). The protests were led by al-Bakri, al-Quwatli and Jamil Mardam Bey, but they were confronted by the security forces before leaving al-Bakri's street.

paragraph: On 24 January, al-Bakri led a sermon at the mosque calling for calm among the 3,000 demonstrators in attendance. Nonetheless, some 300 left to attack French roadblocks and the police station at Souq al-Hamidiyya, before withdrawing back into the mosque. One protester was killed and the following day, al-Bakri led the funeral procession, which was attended by thousands of mourners. By mid-February, unrest spread throughout Syria and the authorities clashed with Syrian protesters in several cities. The commander of the French Army of the Levant declared martial law and forbade public assemblies. Al-Bakri was arrested and deported on 11 February.

paragraph: He went on to win the election for his seat in 1936, 1943 and 1947. When al-Atassi became president in 1936, al-Bakri became the chief leader of the National Bloc. The following year, he was appointed by al-Atassi to serve as Governor of Jabal al-Arab. In 1938, he defected from the National Bloc to join the rival People's Party led by his former colleague al-Shahbandar. In the short-lived 1939 cabinet of Prime Minister Lutfi al-Haffar, Bakri was made justice minister, while in Prime Minister Khalid al-Azm's cabinet he served as national economy and agriculture minister.

paragraph: Section::::Post-independence career.

paragraph: After Syria became independent in 1946, al-Bakri joined the pro-Western and Arab nationalist People's Party. President al-Atassi assigned him ambassador to Jordan, ruled by the Hashemites, after al-Bakri refused the ambassadorial post to Saudi Arabia, a government that he opposed ideologically. Following Adib al-Shishakli's seizure of the presidency in 1953, al-Bakri resigned. After al-Shishakli stepped down in 1954, al-Bakri became president of the People's Party. He was unsuccessful in establishing a significant support base in Damascus and resigned from political life in April 1957. He died in 1966.

wikidata_label: Nasib al-Bakri

wikipedia_title: Nasib al-Bakri


text:
Christian rock
Contemporary Christian
singer
songwriter
musician
Essential Records
Krystal Meyers
Dying for a Heart
Make Some Noise
The Way to Begin
The Beauty of Grace
Hallelujah
Anticonformity
Make Some Noise
Krystal Meyers
Dying for a Heart
Make Some Noise
California
Eugene, Oregon
Nashville, Tennessee
Jesus Christ
Tower Records
UNIQLO
Essential Records
Krystal Meyers
Ian Eskelin
Wizardz of Oz
Red Hot Chili Peppers
The Way to Begin
My Savior
Anticonformity
Fire
Top Heatseekers
Dying for a Heart
Collide
The Beauty of Grace
Hallelujah
The Situation
The Situation
Make Some Noise
Shine
Make Some Noise
Love it Away
My Freedom
Krystal Meyers
Dying for a Heart
Make Some Noise
Make Some Noise
37th GMA Dove Awards
38th GMA Dove Awards
39th GMA Dove Awards
Sony Music
Official YouTube channel

categories: American female rock singers,American performers of Christian music,Performers of Christian rock music,American female pop singers,Musicians from Orange County, California,Living people

paragraph: Krystal Meyers

paragraph: Krystal Nicole Meyers is an American Christian rock / Contemporary Christian singer, songwriter, and musician. She released three albums under Essential Records: "Krystal Meyers", "Dying for a Heart", and "Make Some Noise" and is known best for her songs: "The Way to Begin", "The Beauty of Grace" and "Hallelujah" and for her international crossover singles "Anticonformity" and "Make Some Noise".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Meyers states that she started singing at home at the age of two; sang her first solo in church at the age of five; started writing songs by age ten and was playing the acoustic guitar by thirteen, later releasing her self-titled first album "Krystal Meyers" at age sixteen in 2005. Her second album, "Dying for a Heart", was released on September 19, 2006, and her third "Make Some Noise" was released on September 9, 2008, and was later used by NBC in promoting its fall 2008 line-up. A sampling of her music was also used on ABC's high-impact Sunday-Night Lineup.

paragraph: Born in California, she and her family later moved to Eugene, Oregon and when she was six they moved from there to Nashville, Tennessee.

paragraph: While at Barefoot Republic youth camp, at the age of fourteen and before entering the ninth grade, she wrote "Anticonformity" (the song she says got her started) with a friend, Hannah Dwinell. When she entered the ninth grade she says she saw her peers falling into drugs and sex and then "anticonformity" became "really real" to her: [What's important is] "becoming the person God wants you to be and refusing to become the person that the world wants you to be...and to pursue the plan that God has for you... I know exactly what you're going through... I just want to encourage you."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Faith.

paragraph: Meyers stated that she knew she would be in music ministry from the time she could talk: "A lady in our church told my mom 'Your daughter is going to travel the world and be a missionary.' That’s what this is—a mission field and music is the outlet... My faith means everything to me," she says. "It's who I am. It's the basis of everything I do. Jesus Christ is everything. He's given me peace and joy that is so unreal that I just have to sing about it. It comes out in my music. I have to share what I believe! ...I want[ed] God to be speaking through my music. So I stepped back and prayed about it. I surrendered the whole writing process to God."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Magazine covers and modeling.

paragraph: In Japan, where Meyers' first record went gold, she was on the cover of "Nylon" Japan,"AERA English" magazine, twice (their second issue in 2007 and their eleventh issue in 2008) and Tower Records' "Bounce" magazine. Meyers was on the cover of "In Roc" which is Japan's version of "Rolling Stone" magazine. She was on the cover of South Africa's "Vision" magazine and in the United States was on the cover of "ONCOURSE" magazine. She also appeared as a worldwide model for UNIQLO.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Section::::Music.:"Krystal Meyers".

paragraph: Meyers signed with Essential Records for her self-titled album, "Krystal Meyers", from which came four top ten singles on the U.S. Christian charts. Working with CCM artist and producer Ian Eskelin and the Wizardz of Oz production team, her song, "Anticonformity" became the number one pop single in Japan, taking that number one spot from the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

paragraph: The album's lead single "The Way to Begin" charted at No. 1 on the Christian CHR Charts. Other singles "My Savior" and "Anticonformity" peaked at No. 8 and "Fire" peaked at No. 9. The album peaked at No. 48 on Top Heatseekers and went Gold in Japan.

paragraph: The album was a Pop/Rock album comparable to Ashlee Simpson or Avril Lavigne. It was released on June 7, 2005, in the US and on May 30, 2006, worldwide.

paragraph: Section::::Music.:"Dying for a Heart".

paragraph: Meyers' second album, "Dying for a Heart", was released on September 19, 2006, in the US and on October 24, 2006, worldwide.

paragraph: The album peaked at No. 19 on Top Heatseekers. Its first single "Collide" hit No. 6 on the Christian Rock Charts. The second single "The Beauty of Grace" hit No. 4 on the Christian CHR Charts and No. 2 in Japan. The third single, "Hallelujah", peaked at No. 28 on the Christian Rock Charts.

paragraph: "The Situation", a song written together with her guitarist Brian Hitt, is about temptation and having the strength to make the right choice in a relationship. The song openly opposes premarital sex. "We wanted to write a controversial kind of song that would totally challenge the youth of this generation... With 'The Situation' being about premarital sex, we wanted to make it more challenging and in-your-face."

paragraph: Section::::Music.:"Make Some Noise".

paragraph: "Make Some Noise", Meyers' third studio album, was released September 9, 2008, in the US when she was 20 years old and July 9, 2008, in Japan; making its world-wide Internet video premier on Yahoo Music on July 10, 2008. The album was very different from her first two albums as she moved more into a pop dance realm with her songs. The lead single, "Shine", charted well in the Christian CHR charts. Other songs released from the album are "Make Some Noise", the title track, "Love it Away", and "My Freedom".

paragraph: An iTunes store worldwide deluxe edition of "Make Some Noise" contains a bonus song, "Sweet Dreams", and three versions of "Make Some Noise" where the chorus is performed in each of Indonesian, Mandarin and Thai, for a total of fourteen songs. Also included is a "Make Some Noise" video Digital Booklet.

paragraph: When asked about the album Meyers said, "It's a fun album. It's new. It's different... stylistically from what I had been doing before. It's kind of more of a... 80's pop, disco esque, European dance kind of album."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Krystal Meyers" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dying for a Heart" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Make Some Noise" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Awards / nominations and notable mentions.

paragraph: "Make Some Noise" was selected to be included in the official 2008 Olympics Album: "Olympics 2008 - One World, One Dream".

paragraph: Meyers received four Dove Award nominations: two at the 37th GMA Dove Awards (New Artist of the Year and Special Event Album), one for the 38th GMA Dove Awards (Female Vocalist of the Year) and one for the 39th GMA Dove Awards for Female Vocalist of the Year."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sony Music page (in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official YouTube channel

description: American Christian singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Krystal Meyers

wikipedia_title: Krystal Meyers


text:
Leusden
Huy
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
Lambert, a nobleman
Ansfried the elder
Robert, Archbishop of Trier
Otto III
Thorn
Michael
reichsunmittel
monk
Notker of Liège
Bishop of Utrecht
Heiligenberg
Amersfoort
Saints of May 11: Ansfrid

categories: 10th-century bishops,11th-century bishops,11th-century Christian saints,Bishops of Utrecht,Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht,1010 deaths,People from Utrecht (city),Medieval Dutch saints,Dutch Roman Catholic saints

paragraph: Ansfried of Utrecht

paragraph: Saint Ansfried (Ansfrid, Ansfridus) of Utrecht (died 3 May 1010 near Leusden) was Count of Huy and the sword-bearer for Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. He became Bishop of Utrecht in 995. He appears to have been the son or grandson of Lambert, a nobleman of the Maasgau, the area where he later founded the Abbey of Thorn, and to have been related to various important contemporaries including the royal family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The principal source of information regarding Ansfried is the "De diversitatem temporum" by the Benedictine Albert of Metz, written around 1022.

paragraph: Ansfried had the same name as a paternal uncle ("patruus"), Ansfried the elder, a count who supposedly held 15 counties. The young Ansfried studied secular and clerical subjects under another uncle, Robert, Archbishop of Trier, before attending the cathedral school at Cologne. In 961, Otto I took Ansfried into his personal service and made him his swordbearer. When Otto was in Rome the following year to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, he directed Ansfried to keep close at hand with the sword as a precaution against any unforeseen eventualities. Karl Leyser describes this as a valuable lesson in practicality.

paragraph: Because of his Christian commitment, he was highly respected and an important knight of the emperor's circle, holding rich possessions along the Meuse, in Brabant and Gelderland. As Count, he had considerable success in suppressing piracy and armed robbery. In 985, Otto III granted Ansfried the right to mint coins at Medemblik, on the north-south shipping route through the Vlie, as well as, the income from tolls and tax collecting.

paragraph: He was married to Heresuint or Hilsondis. They had one child, Benedicta. He founded a Romanesque abbey church on his wife's estate at Thorn under the patronage of St. Michael. The abbey itself had a double cloister that housed both man and women. Ansfried planned it as a place of retirement for him and his family after he left public service. Under his control, the abbey and lands, of about 1.5 kilometers square, was reichsunmittel, making it subject only to the Emperor. Hereswitha was to be the first abbess but died on her way there; and Benedicta took her place.

paragraph: After his wife's death, Ansfried wanted to become a monk. However, in 995, Emperor Otto III and Bishop Notker of Liège persuaded the reluctant Ansfried to assume the then vacant see of Utrecht. Ansfried objected that as he had borne weapons as a knight, he was unworthy of the office; but the emperor prevailed. The elderly count laid down his sword on the altar of St. Mary in Aachen and was ordained priest and consecrated eighteenth Bishop of Utrecht in the same ceremony. Bishop Ansfried never took a commission in the royal army, in contrast to Notger and the Bishop of Cologne.

paragraph: In 1006 Bishop Ansfried founded the abbey of Heiligenberg, also under the patronage of St. Michael. Toward the end of his life he became increasingly weakened through fasting, and retired there as a monk, caring for the sick, although almost blind himself.

paragraph: Upon his death, townsfolk from Heiligenberg took possession of his body, while the people of Utrecht were extinguishing a not coincidental fire. The abbess of Thorn mediated and Ansfried was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Martin in Utrecht.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: His feast day was 3 May but was later moved to 11 May.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.:Patronage.

paragraph: St. Ansfried is the patron saint of Amersfoort.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.:Iconography.

paragraph: Ansfried is portrayed holding a small church building (as a founder); as a knight with weapons at his feet, because he renounced the knighthood; with a bishop's miter and staff; or as a Benedictine monk.

paragraph: The stained glass windows in St. John's Cathedral in Den Bosch depicting the seven sacraments. The sacrament of Holy Orders portrays St. Ansfried.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints of May 11: Ansfrid

description: Dutch bishop

wikidata_label: Ansfried of Utrecht

wikipedia_title: Ansfried of Utrecht


text: Han Chinese

text: Bordered Yellow Banner

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: lunar

text: Yongzheng Emperor

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Eastern Qing tombs

text: Yongyan

text: Retired Emperor

text: Yongzheng Emperor

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty

text: Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace

text: Story of Yanxi Palace

categories: Qing dynasty imperial consorts,1774 deaths,1724 births

image: 512px-《心写治平》庆嫔部分.jpg

paragraph: Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong

paragraph: Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong (12 August 1724 – 21 August 1774), of the Han Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner Lu clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 13 years his junior.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family background.

paragraph: Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong's personal name was not recorded in history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Shilong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four brothers

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Yongzheng era.

paragraph: The future Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong was born on the 24th day of the sixth lunar month in the second year of the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, which translates to 12 August 1724 in the Gregorian calendar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Qianlong era.

paragraph: It is not known when Lady Lu entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title "First Attendant" by the Qianlong Emperor. She was elevated on 8 May 1748 to "Noble Lady", on 30 July 1751 to "Concubine Qing", and on 4 February 1760 to "Consort Qing".

paragraph: In 1765, she joined the Qianlong Emperor and his other consorts on an inspection tour to the southern Yangtze delta region. On 14 November 1768, she was elevated to "Noble Consort Qing". She died on 21 August 1774 and was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Jiaqing era.

paragraph: On 9 February 1796, the Qianlong Emperor abdicated in favour of his 15th son, Yongyan, and became a Retired Emperor. As the Jiaqing Emperor was raised by Lady Lu in his childhood, he felt grateful to her, so after the Qianlong Emperor died on 7 February 1799, he posthumously elevated her to "Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong".

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Lu (from 12 August 1724)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Attendant (), seventh rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noble Lady (; from 8 May 1748), sixth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine Qing (; from 30 July 1751), fifth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort Qing (; from 4 February 1760), fourth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noble Consort Qing (; from 14 November 1768), third rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong" (; from 8 February 1799), second rank consort

paragraph: Section::::In fiction and popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Au Oi-ling in "The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Yu Yang in "Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Li Ruoning in "Story of Yanxi Palace" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

description: Qing Dynasty imperial noble consort

wikidata_label: Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong

wikipedia_title: Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong


text: Manchu

text: Bordered Blue Banner

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Viceroy of Liangguang

text: Viceroy of Liangguang

text: lunar

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing

text: Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

categories: 1758 births,Qing dynasty imperial consorts,1798 deaths

image: 512px-《心写治平》循嫔部分.jpg

paragraph: Noble Consort Xun

paragraph: Noble Consort Xun (29 October 1758 – 10 January 1798), of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner Irgen Gioro clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 47 years his junior.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family background.

paragraph: Noble Consort Xun's personal name was not recorded in history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Guilin (), served as the Viceroy of Liangguang from 1778–1780

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paternal grandfather: Henian (; d. 1758), served as the Viceroy of Liangguang from 1757–1758

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Qianlong era.

paragraph: The future Noble Consort Xun was born on the 28th day of the ninth lunar month in the 23rd year of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, which translates to 29 October 1758 in the Gregorian calendar.

paragraph: On 28 December 1776, Lady Irgen Gioro entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title "Concubine Xun" by the Qianlong Emperor. It is not known when she was demoted to "Noble Lady". On 14 November 1779, she was restored as "Concubine Xun". In December 1794 or January 1795, she was elevated to "Consort Xun".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Jiaqing era.

paragraph: Lady Irgen Gioro died on 10 January 1798 during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor, the Qianlong Emperor's 15th son. The Jiaqing Emperor posthumously elevated her to "Noble Consort Xun" and arranged for her a funeral befitting that of a Noble Consort.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Irgen Gioro (from 29 October 1758)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine Xun (; from 28 December 1776), fifth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noble Lady (), sixth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine Xun (; from 14 November 1779), fifth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort Xun (; from December 1794 or January 1795), fourth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noble Consort Xun" (; from 9 October 1799), third rank consort

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: Qing Dynasty imperial consort

wikidata_label: Noble Consort Xun

wikipedia_title: Noble Consort Xun


text: Korea

text: Joseon Dynasty

text: His Royal Highness

text: Jeongjo

text: Lady Subin

text: King Jeongjo

text: Lady Kim

text: Andong

text: Queen Sunwon

text: Kim Jo-sun

text: Queen Dowager Jeongsun

text: King Yeongjo

text: Hong Gyeong-nae

text: Jangneung

text: Paju

text: King Injo

text: Queen Inyeo

text: Seoul

text: King Jeongjo of Joseon

text: King Jangjo of Joseon

text: Bak Jiwon

text: Queen Sunwon of the Andong Kim clan

text: Yi Yeong, Crown Prince Hyomyeong

text: List of Korea-related topics

text: History of Korea

text: Hong Gyeong-nae

paragraph: Sunjo of Joseon

paragraph: Sunjo of Joseon (29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834, reigned 1800–1834) was the 23rd king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was born with the title of His Royal Highness Prince Yi Gong. Sunjo was the 2nd son of King Jeongjo which King Jeongjo had with Lady Subin, one of King Jeongjo's concubines.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sunjo ascended to the throne at age 10 in 1800 upon the death of his father, King Jeongjo.

paragraph: In 1802, King Sunjo married Lady Kim of Andong, known posthumously as Queen Sunwon, daughter of Kim Jo-sun who was a leader of Andong Kim clan.

paragraph: Since he ascended the throne at a young age, Queen Dowager Jeongsun, the second queen of King Yeongjo, ruled as queen regent, which allowed her to wield power over state affairs. Despite King Sunjo's efforts to reform politics, the fundamental principles of government deteriorated. The state examination became disordered and corruption in the government personnel administration prevailed. This resulted in disorder in society and various riots broke out among the people, including the revolt by Hong Gyeong-nae in 1811-1812. The Ogajaktongbeop (五家作統法), a census registration system to group five houses as one unit, was carried out in this period, and oppression against Roman Catholicism began in earnest.

paragraph: King Sunjo died after reigning for 35 years in 1834 at the age of 44. He was first buried next to Jangneung, Paju, the tomb of King Injo and Queen Inyeo but later moved to Illeung, Seoul as the Feng Shui at the old site was deemed to be unfavourable.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: King Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800) (조선 정조)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather : King Jangjo of Joseon (13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762) (조선 장조)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother : Queen Heongyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816) (헌경왕후 홍씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan (8 May 1770 – 26 December 1822) (수빈 박씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather : Park Jun-Won (1739 – 1807) (박준원), third cousin of Bak Jiwon, a famous philosopher and politician.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother : Lady Won of the Wonju Won clan (1740 – 1783) (원주 원씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Queen Sunwon of the Andong Kim clan (8 June 1789 – 21 September 1857) (순원왕후 김씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Yeong, Crown Prince Hyomyeong (18 September 1809 – 25 June 1830) (이영 효명세자)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Princess Myeongon (13 October 1810 – 13 June 1832) (명온공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Princess Bokon (26 October 1818 – 12 May 1832) (복온공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. An unknown Prince (1820 – ?) (대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Princess Deokon (10 June 1822 – 24 May 1844) (덕온공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Miryang Park clan (? – 30 June 1854) (숙의 박씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Princess Yeongon (11 October 1817 – 8 April 1829) (영온옹주)

paragraph: Section::::His full posthumous name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English: King Sunjo Seongak Yeondeok Hyeondo Gyeongin Sunhui Cheseong Eungmyeong Heumgwang Seokgyeong Gyecheon Baegeuk Yungwon Donhyu Euihaeng Soyun Huihwa Junryeol Daejung Jijeong Honghun Cheolmo Geonsi Taehyeong Changun Honggi Gomyeong Bakhu Ganggeon Sujeong Gyetong Suryeok Gongyu Beommun Anmu Jeongryeong Gyeongseong-hyo the Great of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korea-related topics

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hong Gyeong-nae

alias:
Li Hong
Xuanke

description: 23rd King of Joseon Dynasty in Korean history

wikidata_label: Sunjo of Joseon

wikipedia_title: Sunjo of Joseon


text: Budapest, Hungary

text: King's College London

text: Hungary

text: Holocaust

text: World War II

text: Holocaust Museum

text: Washington DC

text: Hungary

text: Red Army

text: Gerson Leiber

text: United States Army

text: National Academy of Design

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Smithsonian Museum

text: Israel Museum

text: Swarovski

text: First Ladies

text: Mamie Eisenhower

text: Barbara Bush

text: Hillary Clinton

text: Luxury Institute

text: Visionary Woman Award

text: Moore College of Art & Design

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Taubman Museum of Art

text: Springs, New York

text: Coty Award

text: New Delhi

text: Jakarta

text: Singapore

text: Kuala Lumpur

text: Neiman Marcus

text: Harvey Nichols

text: Lane Crawford

text: Holt Renfrew

text: Harrods

text: Springs, New York

text: Gerson Leiber

text: Judith Leiber Official Site

categories: Luxury brands,American fashion designers,Jewish fashion designers,Hungarian Jews,American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent,American fashion businesspeople,Women fashion designers,1921 births,High fashion brands,2018 deaths,Hungarian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Judith Leiber

paragraph: Judith Leiber (born Judit Pető; January 11, 1921 – April 28, 2018) was a Hungarian-American fashion designer and businesswoman.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Leiber was born Judit Pető in 1921 in Budapest, Hungary, to Helene, a Vienna-born homemaker, and Emil, a commodities broker. She also had one sister named Eva. Leiber was sent to King's College London in 1938 by her family to study chemistry for the cosmetics industry, in part since her father thought she would be safer in London in the case of a war.

paragraph: She returned to Hungary before World War II, where thanks to family connections she obtained a traineeship at a handbag company, where she learned to cut and mold leather, make patterns, frame and stitch bags. She was the first woman graduated to master craftswoman, becoming the first woman to join the Hungarian Handbag Guild in Budapest.

paragraph: She avoided Nazi persecution when she escaped the Holocaust of World War II to the safety of a house set aside for Swiss citizens, when her father, a Hungarian Jew who managed the grain department of a bank, was able to obtain a Swiss "schutzpass", a document that gave the bearer safe passage. This pass is on view at the Holocaust Museum in Washington DC. The flat where Leiber survived the war housed 26 people.

paragraph: In December 1944, those living in the apartment were taken to one of the Hungarian Nazi-run ghettos. After the liberation of Hungary by the Red Army, Leiber's family moved into a basement with 60 other people.

paragraph: In 1946, she married Gerson Leiber (Gus), who was a sergeant in the United States Army serving in Eastern Europe. They met when she was making purses for the secretaries of the American Legation in Budapest, and they moved to New York City in 1947. He was an abstract expressionist painter, member of the National Academy of Design, with some of his works displayed at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Smithsonian Museum, the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, and other institutions.

paragraph: Section::::Fashion career.

paragraph: After working as a handbag designer for other companies, Leiber founded her own business in 1963. She is known for her crystal "minaudières", evening purses made of a metal shell often encrusted with Swarovski crystals, plated with silver or gold and with various forms, such as baby pigs, slices of watermelon, cupcakes, peacocks, penguins, and snakes. Sold at exclusive boutiques around the world, her purses may cost up to several thousand dollars and have become a status symbol for many women, including several Presidential First Ladies to whom she has given them as a present, from Mamie Eisenhower to Barbara Bush and Hillary Clinton. Animals are a recurring theme in her designs, and often ornament the most expensive purses of the collection, with prices on some animal-shaped minaudières exceeding US$7,000. Some wealthy women collect them; Bernice Norman, an arts patron in New Orleans, owns close to 300 of the Leiber bags.

paragraph: In 1994, Leiber received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of Fashion Designers. She retired in 1998. In September 2008, she was rated the most prestigious luxury handbag brand for the second year running by the New York-based Luxury Institute. In 2010, Leiber received a Visionary Woman Award from Moore College of Art & Design. Examples of her work can be found in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia, has had a gallery of her work on display since it opened in 2008.

paragraph: The Leibers bought property in Springs, New York in 1956 and it became their primary residence in 2011. In 2005 they opened the Leiber Museum across the street from their home to display the bags as well as paintings by Gerson Leiber. The Leibers sought to buy back an example of all of the purses to be displayed at the museum. The museum also displays various awards including the 1973 Coty Award.

paragraph: Section::::Stores.

paragraph: The Judith Leiber boutiques are exclusive as there are only four in the world. They are located in New Delhi, Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. However, some of her collection is available at selected fashion stores like Neiman Marcus, Harvey Nichols, Lane Crawford, Holt Renfrew and Harrods.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Leiber died at her home in Springs, New York, on April 28, 2018, just a few hours after her husband Gerson Leiber had died.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judith Leiber Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Leiber Collection - Judith and Gerson Leiber's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bag Lady of Park Avenue - Moment Magazine profile of Judith Leiber

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://agingandcreativity.blogspot.com/2013/11/an-interview-with-judith-leiber-from.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://easthamptonstar.com/News/2018429/Famed-Evening-Bag-Designer-Judith-Leiber-and-Artist-Husband-Die-Hours-Apart

description: American fashion designer

wikidata_label: Judith Leiber

wikipedia_title: Judith Leiber


text:
Bishop of Tours
Saint Perpetuus
Ruricius of Limoges
Visigoths
Toulouse
martyred
feast day
patron saint
Foix
Gregory of Tours
Saint Volusien

categories: Bishops of Tours,5th-century bishops,Merovingian saints,5th-century Christian saints,5th-century births,5th-century deaths

paragraph: Volusianus of Tours

paragraph: Saint Volusianus () was the seventh Bishop of Tours, from 491 to 498. He came from a rich and pious senatorial family, and was a close relative of his predecessor Saint Perpetuus, as well as of Ruricius of Limoges. He was deprived of his see by the Visigoths, exiled to Toulouse, and perhaps martyred. His feast day is January 18. He is the patron saint of Foix.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Franks", book X, by Gregory of Tours.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Volusien

description: Bishop of Tours

wikidata_label: Volusianus of Tours

wikipedia_title: Volusianus of Tours


text:
Bering Strait
Vitus Bering
Kolyma River
Anadyr River
Pomor
Veliky Ustyug
Pinega
Lydia Black
service man
Tobolsk
Yeniseisk
Yakutia
Cossack
Beketov
Yakutsk
Lena River
Yakut
tribute
Yasak
Indigirka River
Mikhail Stadukhin
Kolyma River
ostrog
Fedot Alekseyev
Chukchi Peninsula
Gerasim Ankudinov
koch
Srednekolymsk
Anadyrsk
Anaul
Anyuy River
Penzhina River
Walrus ivory
Olenyok River
Vilyuy River
East Cape
Diomede Islands
Bering Strait
Anadyr River
Anadyr ostrog
Kamchatka River
Kamchatka
Russian-American Company
Strait of Anián
Giacomo Gastaldi
Marco Polo
Vitus Bering
Gerhardt Friedrich Müller
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
Chukotka
Bering Sea
Amur River
Cape Dezhnyov
Eurasia
Dejnev
Soviet Union
icebreakers
Cape Dezhnyov
Lydia Black

categories: Russian explorers,Pomors,1600s births,Chukchi Sea,East Siberian Sea,Russian and Soviet polar explorers,17th-century explorers,Bering Strait,1673 deaths,Explorers of Siberia

paragraph: Semyon Dezhnev

paragraph: Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (; sometimes spelled Dezhnyov; c. 1605 – 1673) was a Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the Bering Strait, 80 years before Vitus Bering did. In 1648 he sailed from the Kolyma River on the Arctic Ocean to the Anadyr River on the Pacific. His exploit was forgotten for almost a hundred years and Bering is usually given credit for discovering the strait that bears his name.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dezhnyov was a Pomor, born about 1605, possibly in the town of Veliky Ustyug or the village of Pinega. According to the anthropologist Lydia Black (2004: 17), Dezhnyov was recruited for Siberian service in 1630, possibly as a service man or government agent. He served for eight years in Tobolsk and Yeniseisk, and then went to Yakutia in 1639, or possibly earlier. He is said to have been a member of the Cossack detachment under Beketov, who is credited with founding Yakutsk (on the Lena River) in 1632. In any case, no later than 1639 he was sent to Yakutia, where he married a Yakut captive and spent the next three years collecting tribute ( Yasak ) from the natives.

paragraph: In 1641 Dezhnyov moved northeast to a newly discovered tributary of the Indigirka River where he served under Mikhail Stadukhin. Finding few furs and hostile natives and hearing of a rich river to the east, he, Stadukhin and Yarilo Zyrian sailed down the Indigirka, then east along the coast to the Kolyma River, where they built an ostrog (1643). This was at the time the easternmost Russian frontier. The Kolyma soon proved to be one of the richest areas in eastern Siberia. In 1647, 396 men paid head-tax there and 404 men received passports to travel from Yakutsk to the Kolyma.

paragraph: From about 1642, Russians began hearing of a 'Pogycha River' to the east which flowed into the Arctic and that the nearby area was rich in sable fur, walrus ivory and silver ore. An attempt to reach it in 1646 failed. In 1647 Fedot Alekseyev, an agent of a Moscow merchant, organized an expedition and brought in Dezhnyov because he was a government official. The expedition reached the sea but was unable to round the Chukchi Peninsula because it had to turn back due to thick drift ice.

paragraph: They tried again the following year (1648). Fedot Alekseyev was joined by two others, Andreev and Afstaf'iev, representing the Guselnikov merchant house, with their own vessels and men, while Alekseyev provided five vessels and the majority of the men. Gerasim Ankudinov, with his own vessel and 30 men, also joined the expedition. Dezhnyov recruited his own men, 18 or 19, for fur gathering for private profit, as was the custom at the time. The whole group numbered between 89 and 121 people, travelling in traditional koch vessels. At least one woman, Alekseyev's Yakut wife, was with this group.

paragraph: On 20 June 1648 (old style, 30 June new style) they departed from (most likely) Srednekolymsk and sailed down the river to the Arctic. During the next year it was learned from captives that two koches had been wrecked and their survivors killed by the natives. Two other koches were lost in a way that is not recorded. Some time before 20 September (o.s) they rounded a 'great rocky projection'. Here Ankudinov's koch was wrecked and the survivors were transferred to the remaining two vessels. At the beginning of October a storm blew up and Fedot's koch disappeared. (In 1653/4, Dezhnyov rescued from the indigenous Koryaks Fedot's Yakut woman, who had accompanied him from the Kolyma. She said that Fedot died of scurvy, that several of his companions were killed by the Koryaks, and that the rest had fled in small boats to an unknown fate). Dezhnyov's koch was driven by the storm and was eventually wrecked somewhere south of the Anadyr. The remaining 25 men wandered in unknown country for 10 weeks until they came to the mouth of the Anadyr. Twelve men went up the Anadyr, walked for 20 days, found nothing and turned back. Three of the stronger men got back to Dezhnyov and the rest were never heard of again. In the spring or early summer of 1649 the 12 remaining men built boats from driftwood and went up the Anadyr. They were probably trying to get out of the tundra into forested country to obtain sables and firewood. About 320 miles upriver they built a zimov'ye (winter quarters) somewhere near Anadyrsk and subjected the local Anauls to tribute. Here they were effectively stranded.

paragraph: In 1649 Russians on the Kolyma ascended the Anyuy River branch of the Kolyma and learned that one could travel from its headwaters to the headwaters of the Pogycha-Anadyr. In 1650 Stadukhin and Semyon Motora followed this route and stumbled onto Dezhnyov's camp. The land route was clearly superior and Dezhnyov's sea route was never used again. Dezhnyov spent the next several years exploring and collecting tribute from the natives. More cossacks arrived from the Kolyma; Motora was killed and Stadukhin went south to find the Penzhina River. Dezhnyov found a walrus rookery at the mouth of the Anadyr and ultimately accumulated over 2 tons of Walrus ivory, far more valuable than the few furs found at Anadyrsk.

paragraph: In 1659 Dezhnyov transferred his authority to Kurbat Ivanov, the discoverer of Lake Baikal. In 1662 he was at Yakutsk. In 1664 he reached Moscow in charge of a load of tribute goods. He later served on the Olenyok River and the Vilyuy River. In 1670 he escorted 47,164 rubles (a soldier was paid about 5 rubles a year) of tribute to Moscow and died there in late 1672.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Dezhnyov's 1648 expedition results.

paragraph: As stated above, Dezhnyov traveled with Fedot Alekseyev and two others, Andreev and Afstaf'iev. Except for Dezhnyov, none of the other leaders of this expedition survived to tell their tale. Dezhnyov rounded the eastern extremity of Asia, East Cape, now known to Russians as mys Dezhenyova ('Cape Dezhnyov'), possibly made landfall on the Diomede Islands, sailed through the Bering Strait, reached the Anadyr River, ascended it and founded the Anadyr ostrog. Four of the seven vessels were lost before reaching Bering Strait, and Ankudinov's koch was wrecked in or near Bering Strait. This meant that only two vessels went beyond the strait. Alekseyev's boat is believed by some to had made landfall in the vicinity of the Kamchatka River, further down the coast of Kamchatka. It appears that scholars agree only on the fate of Dezhnyov's vessel, which was not lost. It was widely believed at the time that these vessels had reached the American shore and that their men had founded a Russian settlement there. Such a colony was searched for by many Russian expeditions launched by the Russian-American Company from 1818 on and during the early 1820s.

paragraph: From at least 1575 European geographers had heard of a Strait of Anián connecting the Pacific and Atlantic. Some had it at the Bering Strait (map at right) and others had it running from the Gulf of California to Baffin Bay. It is not certain that Russians in Siberia had heard of it. The first Western map to show a Strait of Anian between Asia and North America was probably that of Giacomo Gastaldi in 1562. Many cartographers followed this lead until the time of Bering. The source is said to be an interpretation of Marco Polo, but otherwise the documents do not explain where the idea came from.

paragraph: Dezhnyov was illiterate or semi-literate and probably did not understand the importance of what he had done. He certainly did not sail across to Alaska, prove that there was no land bridge to the north or south, or compare his knowledge to that of learned geographers. Nowhere did he claim to have discovered the eastern tip of Asia, merely that he had rounded a great rocky projection on his way to the Anadyr.

paragraph: Dezhnyov left reports at Yakutsk and Moscow but these were ignored, probably because his sea route was of no practical use. For the next 75 years garbled versions of the Dezhnyov story circulated in Siberia. Early Siberian maps are quite distorted but most seem to show a connection between the Arctic and Pacific. A few have hints of Dezhnyov. Dutch travelers heard of an 'Ice Cape' at the east end of Asia. Bering heard a story that some Russians had sailed from the Lena to Kamchatka. In 1728 Vitus Bering entered the Bering Strait and, by reporting that venture in Europe, gained credit for the discovery. In 1736 Gerhardt Friedrich Müller found Dezhnyov's reports in the Yakutsk archives and parts of the story began filtering back to Europe. In 1758 he published 'Nachricten von Seereisen ...', which made the Dezhnyov story generally known. In 1890 Oglobin found a few more documents in the archives. In the 1950s some of the originals that Muller copied were rediscovered in the Yakutsk archives.

paragraph: Section::::A discovery and its re-discovery.:Doubts about Dezhnyov's route.

paragraph: From at least 1777 various people have doubted the Dezhnyov story. The reasons are: 1) poor documentation, 2) that no one was able to repeat Dezhnyov's route until Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld in 1878/79 (eight unsuccessful attempts were made between 1649 and 1787; there is some evidence that 1648 was unusually ice-free), 3) and most important, that the documents can be read to imply only that Dezhnyov rounded a cape on the Arctic coast, was wrecked on that coast and wandered for 10 weeks south to the Anadyr. However, most scholars seem to agree that the Dezhnyov story as we have it is basically correct.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: A mountain ridge in Chukotka, a bay of the Bering Sea, a settlement on Amur River, and Cape Dezhnyov (the easternmost cape of Eurasia) are named after Dezhnyov, as is the Dejnev crater on Mars.

paragraph: Both the Soviet Union and Russia have named icebreakers after Dezhnyov.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.:Cape Dezhnyov.

paragraph: In 1898 the east cape of Asia was officially renamed Cape Dezhnyov, and a large monument was erected in the explorer's memory on the seacoast, complete with stone bust and iron star.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raymond H Fisher: "The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648", The Hakluyt Society, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lydia Black: "Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867", p. 17. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, Alaska, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ogloblin, N. N.: "Semeon Dezhnyov", SPb, 1890.

description: Russian explorer

wikidata_label: Semyon Dezhnyov

wikipedia_title: Semyon Dezhnev


text:
PC
DL
member of Parliament
Bishop Auckland
County Durham
Labour Party
1979 general election
Chief Whip
Privy Council
Tony Blair
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1997 election
Parliamentary Secretary
Cabinet Office
David Clark
2005 general election
Deputy Lieutenant
County Durham
Post Nominal Letters
life peer
Durham
The Salvation Army
Labour Friends of Israel

categories: English Salvationists,UK MPs 1992–1997,UK MPs 1997–2001,1937 births,Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1983–1987,UK MPs 1979–1983,Labour Party (UK) life peers,People educated at Bede Grammar School for Boys,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,2019 deaths,Labour Friends of Israel,Deputy Lieutenants of Durham,UK MPs 1987–1992

paragraph: Derek Foster, Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland, PC, DL (25 June 1937 – 5 January 2019) was the British member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland, County Durham from 1979 to 2005. He was a member of the Labour Party.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Foster was first elected to represent Bishop Auckland at the 1979 general election, and held this seat until his retirement in 2005. He served as opposition Chief Whip between 1985 and 1995, becoming a member of the Privy Council in 1993. After Tony Blair became leader in 1994, he was keen to appoint a new Chief Whip and asked Foster to stand aside, in return for the promise of a seat in the Cabinet if and when Labour returned to power. Foster eventually agreed and became Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1995.

paragraph: However, when Labour won the 1997 election, Foster was appointed to the relatively junior role of Parliamentary Secretary in the Cabinet Office, under David Clark. After giving the matter further thought, Foster stood down from the government after just two days, and later publicly accused Mr Blair of having broken his promise to him. He was eventually appointed chair of the Commons sub-committee on employment, becoming something of a thorn in the Government's side during Mr Blair's first term. However, the employment sub-committee was abolished in 2001 and he became a backbencher, retiring from the Commons at the 2005 general election.

paragraph: He was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of County Durham in 2001, giving him the Post Nominal Letters "DL" for Life. On 13 May 2005 it was announced that he would be created a life peer, and in June 2005 the peerage was gazetted as Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland, of Bishop Auckland in the County of Durham. He died on 5 January 2019 at the age of 81 from cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Other interests.

paragraph: Foster was deeply committed to The Salvation Army, serving at the Sunderland Millfield Corps, whilst also a member of the Labour Friends of Israel Policy Council.

description: British politician


text: Montreal

text: trader

text: justice of the peace

text: political prisoner

text: epistle

text: French

text: Huguenot

text: Caussade

text: Guyenne

text: Tarn-et-Garonne

text: Calvinist

text: Montalzat

text: Toulouse

text: François Calvet

text: Reform

text: Montauban

text: Humanities

text: French law

text: Law of Nations

text: Enlightenment

text: Pufendorf

text: Gratian

text: Grotius

text: Locke

text: Machiavelli

text: Bordeaux

text: Miramichi

text: Restigouche

text: Halifax

text: Jean-François Bourdon de Dombourg

text: William Caesar McCormick

text: Petitcodiac River Campaign

text: Vaudreuil

text: capitulation

text: Boishébert

text: Sainte-Foy

text: last important battle

text: capitulation

text: de Lévis

text: Jeffery Amherst

text: James Murray

text: Thomas Gage

text: Brook Watson

text: Robert Rashleigh

text: seigniory of Rivière-David

text: Sorel

text: South Carolina

text: London

text: Jean Dumas-Saint-Martin

text: Pierre Jusseaume dit Saint-Pierre

text: Lord Elibank

text: Greenock

text: Scotland

text: George Montagu-Dunk

text: Earl of Halifax

text: Francis Seymour-Conway

text: Marquess of Hertford

text: British Ambassador to France

text: David Hume

text: Comte de Saint-Florentin

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Court of Common Pleas

text: William Hey

text: Marie-Louise Boulay-dit-Boulet

text: Guy Carleton

text: Guy Carleton

text: Quebec Gazette"/"Gazette de Québec

text: Secretary of State for the Colonies

text: Wills Hill, Earl of Hillsborough

text: Francis Maseres

text: William Hey

text: Edward Southouse

text: René-Ovide Hertel de Rouville

text: Thomas Walker

text: Continental Congress

text: letter to the inhabitants of the province

text: Quebec Act

text: Philadelphia

text: Joseph Simon Léonard

text: Pointe-aux-Trembles

text: Richard Montgomery

text: Valentin Jautard

text: John Burgoyne

text: Trois-Rivières

text: Benedict Arnold

text: Frederick Haldimand

text: Fleury Mesplet

text: Edward Southouse

text: René-Ovide Hertel de Rouville

text: James Monk

text: libel

text: William Dummer Powell

text: Allan Maclean

text: François Lévesque

text: Louis-Joseph Papineau

text: Institut canadien de Montréal

text: Louis Fréchette

text: Éva Circé-Côté

text: Frederick Haldimand

text: Fleury Mesplet

text: Valentin Jautard

text: Michel Bastarache dit Basque

text: Pierre Du Calvet en 1785

text: "The Papers of Benjamin Franklin"

text: "Pierre du Calvet House, Montreal"

text: Haldimand Collection

categories: 1786 deaths,1735 births,French Quebecers,Pre-Confederation Quebec people,Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople

paragraph: Pierre du Calvet

paragraph: Pierre du Calvet (1735 – March 28, 1786) was a Montreal trader, justice of the peace, political prisoner and epistle writer of French Huguenot origin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Pierre du Calvet was born in the Summer of 1735 in Caussade in the French province of Guyenne (today the Tarn-et-Garonne "département"). He was the oldest of a family of five children. His father, Pierre Calvet, of Calvinist confession, had his children baptized as Catholics. He however passed on his Protestant faith to them. His mother was Anne Boudet. His family is said to be of noble origin and owned a domain at Montalzat, north of Toulouse.

paragraph: An ancestor, François Calvet, was hanged on June 23, 1563 for introducing the Reform in Montauban.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: He received a Catholic education without renouncing his Calvinism. Judging from his writings, he certainly studied the Humanities, French law, the Law of Nations and the philosophy of his time, that of the Enlightenment. In the main epistle of his "Appel à la Justice de l'État", he quotes long excerpts from Pufendorf, Gratian, Grotius, Locke and Machiavelli.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Emigration to New France.

paragraph: A cousin-in-law, Mr. Guireaud, provided him with the capital needed to purchase the goods he intended to trade in New France. Du Calvet thus embarked for Quebec City on board the merchant ship "Le Lion", which left Bordeaux in April 1758. His boat was shipwrecked about 100 miles from Quebec. His cargo lost, he was forced to find employment on his arrival in the capital of Canada towards mid-June.

paragraph: On behalf of the government of New France, he was store keeper at Miramichi and Restigouche in Acadia. He was responsible to provide for the needs of three to four thousand Acadians deported by the British government in 1755. He remained there until autumn 1759.

paragraph: In the summer of 1759, he took part to a mission to transfer British war prisoners to Halifax under officer Jean-François Bourdon de Dombourg. Lieutenant William Caesar McCormick, who was a prisoner captured in the Petitcodiac River Campaign, wrote him a letter of appreciation dated August 28 for the good care given to all the prisoners. On September 10, he was also given a certificate recognizing the humane treatment of the said prisoners.

paragraph: Du Calvet thereafter left for Montreal after having learned, while passing through Quebec City, that the Vaudreuil government had removed there following the city's capitulation. He remained in Montreal until January 1760.

paragraph: He was again charged with a mission in Acadia, this time to perform a population census on the Acadians and determine ways to provide assistance to them. He left Montreal on January 18, at the head of a group of some 60 Acadians and a few Amerindian guides. With him was the commander in chief of French Acadia, Mr. Boishébert. Upon his return, he was almost immediately sent to Sainte-Foy for the last important battle between the French and British Armies before the capitulation and surrender of Montreal on September 8. He left for Quebec City on April 20, accompanying the expedition commanded by de Lévis. In a letter to his father date June 28, du Cavet recites the historic battle and the subsequent siege. The siege was lift up on May 16, and du Calvet returned to Montreal with everyone else still alive.

paragraph: Following the capitulation of the government of New France on September 8, 1760, he remained in Montreal. During the winter, he met with William Caesar McCormick again and was recommended to General Jeffery Amherst by him. Du Calvet, was determined to return to Europe and consequently was in need to get to Quebec to obtain a passport from governor James Murray, not without first obtaining another passport from governor Thomas Gage to be authorized to leave the district of Montreal. Governor Murray however requested that du Calvet delays his departure to go on yet another mission in Acadia. His task was to count the number of Acadians still left in Acadia and offer them to be transported safely to Quebec. This last humanitarian mission, which he accepted, kept him busy from July to October 1761. It seems he abandoned his project to return to Europe afterward because in January 1762, he was in Montreal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Trader and Justice of the Peace.

paragraph: In January 1762, he settled in Montreal where he finally started his import-export business. He exported corn and peltries which he loaded aboard the trading vessels of the "Watson & Rashleigh" company (Brook Watson and Robert Rashleigh) bound for England and Spain. In return he imported various goods from Europe such as spirits and products for domestic use. His trade was prosperous. Between 1772 and 1776, he exported approximately 35,000 "minots" of corn, 800 pea "minots" plus some peltries, and imported great quantities of goods which he sold off in the district of Montreal. On March 3, 1774, he purchased the seigniory of Rivière-David, close to Sorel.

paragraph: In 1763, he learned of the death of one of his uncles living in South Carolina and two months later that of his father in France.

paragraph: In the summer of 1764, he left the province of Quebec for London from where he dealt with the succession of his uncle. He then passed to France to sell the family domain of Montalzat. He only came back to Montreal in June 1766. During his absence, Jean Dumas-Saint-Martin and Pierre Jusseaume dit Saint-Pierre conducted his private affairs in America. During this long voyage in Europe, he made several contacts in the English-speaking world. Even if his English was defective, he was well received a little everywhere, helped as he was with invaluable letters of introductions from governor Murray. Amongst others, he met the governor's brother, Lord Elibank, who resided at Greenock in Scotland. In London, he met with George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, British Secretary of State for the Southern Department.

paragraph: In Paris, he landed with letters of introductions for Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, the British Ambassador to France and his secretary, David Hume, the already famous philosopher, who both interceded in his favour before the Comte de Saint-Florentin. All this support was necessary for him to ensure the liquidation of his succession because he was Protestant and the French laws were then unfavourable to non-Catholics. In January 1766, after a year-long sojourn, the business was over with and he went back to London. In the Spring, he embarked for Quebec on board a vessel named the "General Conway".

paragraph: On June 23, 1766, governor Murray appointed him Justice of the Peace at the new Court of Common Pleas for the district of Montreal. Hardly just returned, he again left Canada, in November, to deal with trade matters in England, and only returned home in April 1767, called by his duty of Justice of the Peace.

paragraph: Du Calvet seemed to have put a great zeal in the exercise of his public duties and was soon praised by the Chief Justice the province, William Hey. He handled a very great number of causes and did not ask for any fees at all.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage.

paragraph: On October 3, 1771, at 36 years of age, he married Marie-Louise Jusseaume. 20 years old, she was the daughter of his friend Pierre Jusseaume and Marie-Louise Boulay-dit-Boulet. The new couple settled in a city house at the corner of Saint-Paul and Bonsecours streets. A first child, a boy, was born July 7, 1772. The small Jean-Pierre died in early age on the coming August 31. On November 8, 1773, Marie-Louise gave birth to a second boy, whom they name Jean Dumas, in honour of the child's godfather Jean Dumas Saint-Pierre. The couple had a third boy on October 16, 1774. He was named Guy, in honour of governor Guy Carleton. Sadly, this last child died on May 11, having had one too difficult winter. The mother joined her first and her last in the tomb in December of the same year.

paragraph: Du Calvet found a nurse, dame La Prise, to take care of Jean Dumas, his second son.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Political engagement.

paragraph: In 1769, he submitted a reform plan to the new governor Guy Carleton which aimed for the uniformisation of the administration of justice in the Province of Quebec. The new administrative measures promulgated on February 1 did not satisfy him and he continued to voice for reform thereafter. He wrote a few open letters which he published in the "Quebec Gazette"/"Gazette de Québec", the only newspaper in the colony at the time.

paragraph: On October 28, 1770, he submitted the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Wills Hill, Earl of Hillsborough, a memoir entitled "Mémoire sur la forme judiciaire actuelle de la Province de Québec".

paragraph: His public denunciation of the abuses of justice by certain judges among his colleagues attracted him both friends and enemies. His actions for the improvement of the system and administration of justice were praised by Governor Carleton, attorney general Francis Maseres and Chief Justice William Hey. He however was placed at odds with a few fellow-members in the magistracy, including his neighbour John Fraser, as well as Edward Southouse and René-Ovide Hertel de Rouville.

paragraph: John Fraser, captain of 60th British Royal Regiment, became Justice of the Peace in 1765, shortly after being released, for lack of evidence, in a case of violence involving him and merchant Thomas Walker, friend of du Calvet, who on September 6, 1764 lost an ear during an assault on his person. According to du Calvet, John Fraser entertained animosity towards him from this period. On June 29, 1771, Fraser and du Calvet engaged in a fist fight in front of du Calvet's house, that is opposite that of Fraser.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:American Revolutionary War.

paragraph: On October 26, the first Continental Congress addressed a letter to the inhabitants of the province in which the form of government given to the people by the "Quebec Act" was severely criticized. The people were invited to give themselves the provincial representation the "Quebec Act" did not provide for, and have this representative body send delegates to the upcoming continental Congress, to be held in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775.

paragraph: In the climate of high suspicion that precedes the entry of the Congress's army on the territory of the Province of Quebec, many citizens were arrested and among them was du Calvet. Joseph Simon Léonard, officer of militia at Pointe-aux-Trembles, accused du Calvet of collaboration with the "rebels". On the 6h of October, his case was heard before the court and on the 9th a jury rejected the accusation as unfounded.

paragraph: On November 13, Montreal was taken by the army of Brigadier General Richard Montgomery without a fight. Du Calvet was part of a committee of citizens who greeted the representatives of the Continental Congress with an address, written by Valentin Jautard on November 14. During the 6-month long occupation of Montreal by the Congress' armies, du Calvet's stores were under requisition for the service of the army.

paragraph: On May 6, British reinforcements commanded by John Burgoyne arrived at Quebec. The Congress' troops were defeated at Trois-Rivières on June 8, and on the 15th of the same, Benedict Arnold withdrew his men from the province of Quebec. Before leaving the country, the army of the Congress had delivered du Calvet promissory notes of reimbursement which he later used to claim back 56,394 pounds to the Congress.

paragraph: Frederick Haldimand was appointed to replace Guy Carleton in the spring of 1777 and landed in the province's capital on June 26, 1778. A month before, Fleury Mesplet had founded the first newspaper of Montreal and the first French-only one in the history of Quebec as well. Pierre du Calvet continued his public denunciation of the administration of justice by publishing open letters in it.

paragraph: On May 26, he published an open denunciation of his colleagues Edward Southouse and René-Ovide Hertel de Rouville. James Monk, the attorney general, sued du Calvet for libel. He was defended by lawyer William Dummer Powell and acquitted by a jury declaring no grounds for the accusation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Political prisoner.

paragraph: On September 27, 1780, brigadier general Allan Maclean proceeded to arrest du Calvet. He was incarcerated during three years, from September 27, 1780 to May 2, 1783. From the first day of his arrest, he never ceased to claim his innocence and requested that a legal trial be given to him.

paragraph: On December 6, 1780, a little over a month after his arrest, governor Haldimand accepted the request for the release of du Calvet which legislative councillor François Lévesque had submitted him. The Governor however changed his mind the day after.

paragraph: On May 2, 1783, he was finally released from prison.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Appel à la Justice de l'État" and death.

paragraph: Out of prison, du Calvet left the continent for London where he intended to put governor Haldimand to trial for violating the British constitution.

paragraph: In March 1784, he published "The Case of Peter du Calvet" to let his cause be known to the English public. Not conversant in the English language, he received the help of Francis Maseres and Petier Livius to write the document, which contains a detailed account of his confrontation with judge Fraser, his arrest, sequestration, his numerous letters asking to be trialled before a jury of his peers, etc.

paragraph: In July, he published "Appel à la Justice de l'État", a collection of letters to British officials and to the people of Quebec, intended to inform them of his actions to obtain both justice in his personal cause and a new constitution for the province.

paragraph: The same year, Félix de Berey, mocked by du Calvet in one of his open letters, published "Réplique par le P. de Berey aux calomnies de Pierre du Calvet".

paragraph: To finance his lawsuit against Haldimand, he needed money. While in London he decided to cross the Atlantic to reach Philadelphia and recover the money owed to him by the American Congress. He presented himself before the Congressmen to claim the amount he believed was his, but was paid back only parts of it. On March 3, the Spanish ship transporting him to Paris left the port of New York. On March 15, the Spanish ship was declared lost in sea.

paragraph: Section::::Political heritage.

paragraph: While the trial of Haldimand never took place, the actions taken by du Calvet had a decisive influence on the course of Quebec's history. He undoubtedly contributed to the involvement of citizens, French-speaking and English-speaking, Catholic and Protestant, in a common effort to obtain a House of Assembly for the Province of Quebec. Indeed, a few months after the probable arrival of the first copies of his collection of letters, numerous persons were signing the "Petition of Ancient and New Subjects for a House of Assembly" dated November 24, 1784.

paragraph: Louis-Joseph Papineau evoked his memory in his last public speech at the Institut canadien de Montréal in December 1867. Like numerous others of his generation, he knew the story of du Calvet.

paragraph: In 1877, Louis Fréchette dedicated a poem entitled "Du Calvet" in his collection of poems "La Légende d'un peuple". Relating in verse the story of his fight, he made him a national hero, the "first champion of our civic battles".

paragraph: Éva Circé-Côté dedicated chapter V of her book "Papineau - Son influence sur la pensée canadienne" to "the one who inaugurated the most glorious period of our annals".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur la forme judiciaire actuelle de la Province de Québec", Quebec City, 1770

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Province de Québec, district de Montréal, Cour des plaidoyers communs, Brook Watson & Robert Rashleigh, négociants de Londres, stipulant pour eux, Pierre Panet, écuyer, fondé de leur procuration, demandeurs contre Pierre du calvet, de Montréal, écuyer, défendeur : défenses", 1778

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire en réponse à l'écrit public, de Me Panet, fondé de procuration de Watson & Rasleigh de Londres, demandeurs, contre Pierre du Calvet de Montréal, écuyer, défendeur [...]", Quebec City, 1779

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Case of Peter Du Calvet, Esq., of Montreal in the Province of Quebeck, containing, amongst other things worth notice, an account of the long and severe imprisonment he suffered in the said province [...]", London, March 1784 (in collaboration with Francis Maseres and Peter Livius)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Appel à la justice de l’État; ou recueil de lettres au roi, au prince de Galles, et aux ministres; avec une lettre à messieurs les Canadiens, ...", London, July 1784

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Haldimand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fleury Mesplet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentin Jautard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Bastarache dit Basque

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanchet, Renée (2007). "Pierre du Calvet. 1735-1786", Montréal: Éditions Maxime, 193 pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint-Germain, Annie (2000). "L'héroïsation dans le discours épistolaire et l'autobiographie : le cas de Pierre du Calvet (1735–1786)", Master's Thesis, département d'études littéraires, UQUAM, Montréal, 302 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrès, Bernard. "La passion du combat dans les lettres de Pierre du Calvet", in Manon Brunet (dir.) "Érudition et passion dans les écritures intimes", Québec: Éditions Nota bene, 1990, p. 17-27

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Lagrave, Jean-Paul and Ruelland, Jacques G. (1986). "Pierre du Calvet, Appel à la Justice de l'État", (Excerpts), Sainte-Foy: Le Griffon d'argile, 64 pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Légaré, Michel (1976). "Pierre du Calvet, l'homme et l'oeuvre", Master's Thesis, Université de Montréal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gascon, Adélard (1947). "Pierre du Calvet, monographie", Doctoral thesis in philosophy, Université d'Ottawa, 280 pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sulte, Benjamin. "Monographie de Pierre du Calvet", in "Mélanges historiques", Montréal: G. Ducharme Libraire-éditeur, vol. 7, 1921, p. 76-98

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapais, Thomas. "Pierre du Calvet", in "La Presse", July 15, August 26, and September 9, 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ville de Montréal. "Pierre Du Calvet en 1785", in the official Web site of the Vieux-Montréal, February 3, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du Calvet, Pierre. "Correspondence between Pierre du Calvet and Benjamin Franklin", in "The Papers of Benjamin Franklin" (four letters from Pierre du Calvet to Benjamin Franklin)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre du Calvet House, Montreal", tableau by Nancy Macina, Ward-Nasse Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haldimand Collection

description: Montreal trader, magistrate, political prisoner and epistle writer of French Huguenot origin

wikidata_label: Pierre du Calvet

wikipedia_title: Pierre du Calvet


text: Nazi

text: Reichsjugendführer

text: Hitler Youth

text: Reichsführer

text: Hagen

text: Westphalia

text: Berlin

text: Wedding

text: Hitler Youth

text: Joseph Goebbels

text: Nazi Party

text: Nazi seizure of power

text: Reichsberufswettkampf

text: Golden Party Badge

text: Western Front

text: Baldur von Schirach

text: 23rd Infantry Division

text: Eastern Front

text: 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend

text: Heinrich Himmler

text: Volkssturm

text: Battle of Seelow Heights

text: Battle in Berlin

text: Hitler

text: Führerbunker

text: German Order

text: Konstantin Hierl

text: committing suicide

text: Obergruppenfuehrer

text: Hans Rattenhuber

text: Walther PP

text: Heinz Linge

text: Martin Bormann

text: Werner Naumann

text: Ludwig Stumpfegger

text: Soviet

text: River Spree

text: Weidendammer Bridge

text: Lehrter railway station

text: Stettiner station

text: Red Army

text: Invalidenstraße

text: Lübeck

text: U.S. Army

text: Nuremberg

text: denazification

text: West Berlin

text: mark

text: Gran Canaria

text: British

text: Glossary of Nazi Germany

categories: Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany,German Nazi politicians,Officials of Nazi Germany,People from Hagen,German military personnel of World War II,1996 deaths,German amputees,1913 births,Hitler Youth members,People from the Province of Westphalia

paragraph: Artur Axmann

paragraph: Artur Axmann (18 February 1913 – 24 October 1996) was the German Nazi national leader ("Reichsjugendführer") of the Hitler Youth ("Hitlerjugend") from 1940 to the war's end in 1945. He was the last living Nazi with a rank equivalent to "Reichsführer".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Axmann was born in Hagen, Westphalia, the son of an insurance clerk. In 1916, his family moved to Berlin-Wedding, where his father died two years later. Young Axmann was a good student and received a scholarship to attend secondary school. He joined the Hitler Youth in November 1928, after he heard Nazi "Gauleiter" Joseph Goebbels speaking, and became leader of the local cell in the Wedding district. He also joined the National Socialist Schoolchildren's League, where he distinguished himself as an orator.

paragraph: Section::::Nazi career.

paragraph: In September 1931, Axmann joined the Nazi Party and the next year he was called to the NSDAP "Reichsjugendführung" to carry out a reorganisation of Hitler Youth factory and vocational school cells. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, he rose to a regional leader and became Chief of the Social Office of the Reich Youth Leadership.

paragraph: Axmann directed the Hitler Youth in state vocational training and succeeded in raising the status of Hitler Youth agricultural work. In November 1934, he was appointed Hitler Youth leader of Berlin and from 1936 presided at the annual "Reichsberufswettkampf" competitions. On 30 January 1939 he was awarded the Golden Party Badge. Since October 1941, Axmann became a member of the Reichstag constituency of East Prussia.

paragraph: After World War II began, Axmann was on active service on the Western Front until May 1940. On 1 May 1940, he was appointed deputy to Nazi "Reichsjugendführer" Baldur von Schirach, whom he succeeded three months later on 8 August 1940. As a member of the Wehrmacht 23rd Infantry Division, he was severely wounded on the Eastern Front in 1941, losing his right arm.

paragraph: In early 1943, Axmann proposed the formation of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend to Heinrich Himmler, with servicemen drawn from the Hitler Youth. Hitler approved the plan for the combat division to be made up of Hitler Youth members born in 1926. Thereafter, recruitment and training began. In the last weeks of the war in Europe, Axmann commanded units of the Hitler Youth, which had been incorporated into the Home Guard ("Volkssturm"). His units consisted mostly of children and adolescents. They fought in the Battle of Seelow Heights and the Battle in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Nazi career.:Berlin, 1945.

paragraph: During Hitler's last days in Berlin, Axmann was among those present in the "Führerbunker". During that time it was announced in the German Press that Axmann had been awarded the German Order, the highest decoration that the Nazi Party could bestow on an individual for his services to the Reich. He and one other recipient, Konstantin Hierl, were the only holders of the award to survive the war and its consequences. All other recipients were either awarded it posthumously, or were killed during the war or its aftermath.

paragraph: On 30 April 1945, just a few hours before committing suicide, Hitler signed the order to allow a breakout. According to a report made to his Soviet captors by "Obergruppenfuehrer" Hans Rattenhuber, the head of Hitler's bodyguard, Axmann took the Walther PP pistol that had been removed from Hitler's sitting room in the "Fuehrerbunker" by Heinz Linge, Hitler's valet, which Hitler had used to commit suicide; saying that he would "hide it for better times".

paragraph: On 1 May, Axmann left the "Führerbunker" as part of a breakout group that included Martin Bormann, Werner Naumann and SS doctor Ludwig Stumpfegger. Attempting to break out of the Soviet encirclement, their group managed to cross the River Spree at the Weidendammer Bridge.

paragraph: Leaving the rest of their group, Bormann, Stumpfegger, and Axmann walked along railway tracks to Lehrter railway station. Bormann and Stumpfegger followed the railway tracks towards Stettiner station. Axmann decided to go in the opposite direction of his two companions. When he encountered a Red Army patrol, Axmann doubled back. He saw two bodies, which he later identified as Bormann and Stumpfegger, on the Invalidenstraße bridge near the railway switching yard (Lehrter Bahnhof); the moonlight clearly illuminating their faces. He did not have time to check the bodies thoroughly, so he did not know how they died. His statements were confirmed by the discovery of Bormann's and Stumpfegger's mortal remains in 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war.

paragraph: Axmann avoided capture by Soviet troops and lived under the alias of "Erich Siewert" for several months. In December 1945, Axmann was arrested in Lübeck when a Nazi underground movement which he had been organising was uncovered by a U.S. Army counterintelligence operation.

paragraph: In May 1949, a Nuremberg denazification court sentenced Axmann to a prison sentence of three years and three months as a 'major offender'. He was not found guilty of war crimes. On 19 August 1958, a West Berlin court fined the former Hitler Youth leader 35,000 marks (approximately £3,000, or $8,300 USD) (), about half the value of his property in Berlin. The court found him guilty of indoctrinating German youth with National Socialism until the end of the war in Europe, but concluded he was not guilty of war crimes.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After his release from custody, Axmann worked as a businessman with varying success. From 1971 he left Germany for a number of years, living on the Spanish island of Gran Canaria. Axmann returned to Berlin in 1976, where he died on 24 October 1996, aged 83. His cause of death and details of his surviving family members were not disclosed.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayal in the media.

paragraph: Axmann was portrayed by Harry Brooks, Jr. in the 1973 British television production "The Death of Adolf Hitler".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossary of Nazi Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Axmann, Artur : ""Das kann doch nicht das Ende sein." Hitlers letzter Reichsjugendführer erinnert sich." Koblenz: Bublies, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selby, Scott Andrew (2012). "The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It". Berkley (Penguin). .

description: Nazi official

wikidata_label: Artur Axmann

wikipedia_title: Artur Axmann