text: Roanoke Colony

text: English child

text: New World

text: English overseas possession

text: John White

text: vanilla

text: North Carolina

text: Southern United States

text: Roanoke Colony

text: Eleanor

text: John White

text: Ananias Dare

text: tile

text: bricklayer

text: St Bride's Church

text: Fleet Street

text: City of London

text: Spanish Armada

text: Maltese cross

text: Hatteras Island

text: John Smith

text: Jamestown Colony

text: Chesapeake

text: Indians

text: Chief Powhatan

text: musket

text: mortar and pestle

text: William Strachey

text: Chowan River

text: Bertie County, North Carolina

text: myth

text: folklore

text: innocence

text: purity

text: hope

text: bravery

text: suffrage

text: black

text: Raleigh, North Carolina

text: white

text: VDARE

text: white supremacy

text: white nationalism

text: alt-right

text: feminist

text: Equal Rights Amendment

text: first white child

text: myth

text: Pocahontas

text: Sallie Southall Cotten

text: doe

text: witch doctor

text: warrior

text: arrow

text: Pocahontas

text: Rojhaz

text: Peter Parquagh

text: Master Norman Osborne

text: Philip José Farmer

text: aliens

text: Steve Cannon

text: New Orleans

text: flight engineer

text: Mark Chadbourn

text: Celtic

text: Otherworld

text: Gregory Keyes

text: Tales of the Slayer

text: "Buffy the Vampire Slayer"

text: Croatoan

text: wizard

text: FreakyLinks

text: The X-Files

text: The Blair Witch Project

text: SciFi Channel

text: Michael Scott's

text: Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel

text: Sabotaged

text: Margaret Peterson Haddix

text: Roanoke Island

text: Croatoan Island

text: Southern Gothic

text: The Heart, She Holler

text: telekinesis

text: extrasensory perception

text: Sleepy Hollow (TV series)

text: Sleepy Hollow (season 1)

text: tourist attraction

text: Dare County, North Carolina

text: NC 12

text: Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge

text: Croatan Sound

text: Roanoke Island

text: Manns Harbor

text: US 64

text: Roanoke Island

text: Elizabethan

text: Renaissance fair

text: Smith Mountain Lake

text: tour boat

text: Prohibition

text: mob cap

text: Rancho Cucamonga, California

text: U.S. Route 66

text: SS Virginia Dare

text: Liberty ship

text: World War II

text: Schooner

text: Essex

text: Gloucester

text: Steamship

text: Galveston Island

text: 1871 Atlantic hurricane season

text: First white child

text: Martín de Argüelles

text: Snorri Thorfinnsson

text: Vinland

text: Peregrine White

text: "Smithsonian"

text: Virginia Dare and The Lost Colony

text: Women in the Roanoke Colony

text: Searching for the Lost Colony Blog

text: Account of the Roanoke settlements

categories: 1587 births,American people of English descent,Women of the Tudor period,American children,People of the Roanoke Colony,Colonial American women,American folklore,1590s missing person cases,16th-century English women

paragraph: Virginia Dare

paragraph: Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587 in Roanoke Colony, date of death unknown) was the first English child born in a New World English overseas possession.

paragraph: What became of Virginia and the other colonists remains a mystery. The fact of her birth is known because John White, Virginia's grandfather and the governor of the colony, returned to England in 1587 to seek fresh supplies. When White eventually returned three years later, the colonists were gone.

paragraph: During the past four hundred years, Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American myth and folklore, symbolizing different things to different groups of people. She has been featured as a main character in books, poems, songs, comic books, television programs, and films. Her name has been used to sell different types of goods, from vanilla products to soft drinks, as well as wine and spirits. Many places in North Carolina and elsewhere in the Southern United States have been named in her honor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Virginia Dare was born in the Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina in August 1587, the first child of English parents born in the New World. "Elenora, daughter to the governor of the city and wife to Ananias Dare, one of the assistants, was delivered of a daughter in Roanoke".

paragraph: Little is known of the lives of either of her parents. Her mother Eleanor was born in London around 1563, and was the daughter of John White, the governor of the ill-fated Roanoke Colony. Eleanor married Ananias Dare (born c. 1560), a London tiler and bricklayer, at St Bride's Church on Fleet Street in the City of London. He, too, was part of the Roanoke expedition. Virginia Dare was one of two infants born to the colonists in 1587 and the only female child born to the settlers.

paragraph: Nothing else is known of Virginia Dare's life, as the Roanoke Colony did not endure. Virginia's grandfather John White sailed for England for fresh supplies at the end of 1587, having established his colony. He was unable to return to Roanoke until August 18, 1590 due to England's war with Spain and the pressing need for ships to defend against the Spanish Armada—by which time he found that the settlement had been long deserted. The buildings had collapsed and "the houses [were] taken down". Worse, White was unable to find any trace of his daughter or granddaughter, or indeed any of the 80 men, 17 women, and 11 children who made up the "Lost Colony".

paragraph: Section::::Mystery of the "Lost Colony".

paragraph: Nothing is known for certain of the fate of Virginia Dare or her fellow colonists. Governor White found no sign of a struggle or battle. The only clue to the colonists' fate was the word "Croatoan" carved into a post of the fort, and the letters "Cro" carved into a nearby tree. All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled, suggesting that their departure had not been hurried. Before he had left the colony, White had instructed them that, if anything happened to them, they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby, indicating that their disappearance had been forced. There was no cross, and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island (now known as Hatteras Island), but he was unable to conduct a search.

paragraph: There are a number of theories regarding the fate of the colonists, the most widely accepted one being that they sought shelter with local Indian tribes, and either intermarried with the natives or were killed. In 1607, John Smith and other members of the successful Jamestown Colony sought information about the fate of the Roanoke colonists. One report indicated that the survivors had taken refuge with friendly Chesapeake Indians, but Chief Powhatan claimed that his tribe had attacked the group and killed most of the colonists. Powhatan showed Smith certain artifacts that he said had belonged to the colonists, including a musket barrel and a brass mortar and pestle. However, no archaeological evidence exists to support this claim. The Jamestown Colony received reports of some survivors of the Lost Colony and sent out search parties, but none were successful. Eventually they determined that they were all dead.

paragraph: William Strachey, a secretary of the Jamestown Colony, wrote in "The History of Travel into Virginia Britannia" in 1612 that there were reportedly two-story houses with stone walls at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen. The Indians supposedly learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers. There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period. Strachey also wrote that four English men, two boys, and one maid had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc, under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco. The captives were forced to beat copper. The captives, he reported, had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river, the present-day Chowan River in Bertie County, North Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Modern legacy.

paragraph: Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American myth and folklore in the more than four hundred years since her birth, representing different things to different people. A 2000 article in the Piedmont (North Carolina) Triad "News and Record" noted that she symbolizes innocence and purity for many Americans (particularly Southerners), "new beginnings, promise, and hope" as well as "adventure and bravery" in a new land. She also symbolizes mystery because of her mysterious fate.

paragraph: For some residents of North Carolina, she has been an important symbol of the state and the desire to keep it predominantly European-American. In the 1920s, a group that opposed suffrage for women feared that black women would get the vote. One group in Raleigh, North Carolina urged "that North Carolina remain white ... in the name of Virginia Dare". Today, Virginia Dare's name is used for the VDARE website which is associated with white supremacy, white nationalism, and the alt-right. "Anti-Immigration in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia" describes VDARE as "one of the most prolific anti-immigration media outlets in the United States" and states that it is "broadly concerned with race issues in the United States".

paragraph: Some people also see her as a symbol of women's rights. In the 1980s, feminists in North Carolina called for state residents to approve the Equal Rights Amendment and "Honor Virginia Dare."

paragraph: There is a memorial to Virginia Dare in St Bride's Church, Fleet St, where her parents were married prior to their journey to Roanoke. The bronze sculpture was created by Clare Waterhouse in 1999. It replaced a marble sculpture of Dare carved by Marjorie Meggit in 1957, which was stolen in 1999 and never recovered.

paragraph: Section::::Modern legacy.:Eleanor Dare stones.

paragraph: Virginia's death and the fate of the other colonists were purportedly described in a series of inscribed stones written by Eleanor Dare and others. These were later revealed to be forgeries.

paragraph: Section::::Modern legacy.:1937 Roanoke commemorative coin.

paragraph: In 1937, the United States Mint issued a half-dollar commemorative coin that depicted Virginia Dare as the first English child born in the New World. This was also the first time that a child was depicted on United States currency.

paragraph: Section::::Modern legacy.:Literary and cultural references.

paragraph: Virginia Dare quickly entered into folklore as the first white child born in British America. The fate of Virginia Dare and the Lost Colony has been the subject of many literary, film, and television adaptations, all of which have added to her myth:

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of the first was Cornelia Tuthill's 1840 novel "Virginia Dare, or the Colony of Roanoke", in which Virginia marries a Jamestown settler. Virginia Dare met the Indian princess Pocahontas in E.A.B. Shackleford's 1892 novel "Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century". Virginia Dare was the main character in Sallie Southall Cotten's 1901 book in verse "The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare". In the book, she is turned into a white doe by an Indian witch doctor after she rejects his advances. When her true love, an Indian warrior, shoots her with a silver arrow, she turns back into a woman just before she dies in his arms. Cotten has asserted, however, that the tale of Dare as the White Doe had survived for some three centuries as part of colonial folklore. In the 1908 novel "The Daughter of Virginia Dare", author Mary Virginia Wall made Pocahontas the daughter of Virginia Dare. In Herbert Bouldin Hawes' 1930 novel "The Daughter of the Blood", Virginia Dare is involved in a romantic triangle with John Smith and Pocahontas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neil Gaiman has extended this story in his comic book series "1602", where a Native American named Rojhaz meets Virginia Dare when she is about twelve, and an artifact of his travels causes her to transform into a series of white creatures whenever she is in danger. The storyline ends when Peter Parquagh and Virginia Dare head home to her father to plot the rescue of those left in England. In later stories in the "1602" universe (much like the figure of legend), when attempting to flee in the form of a white doe, she is shot by Master Norman Osborne and reverts to human form in front of Peter before dying.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other authors have given the myth a fantasy twist. In Philip José Farmer's 1965 novel "Dare", Virginia and the other Lost Colonists are abducted by aliens and settled on a planet called Dare. In 1969, Steve Cannon wrote "Groove, Bang and Jive Around", in which Virginia Dare is one of two stewardesses aboard the Statecraft One who engages in a wild orgy with Annette, the foxy adolescent girl from New Orleans, and Estavanico, "Little Stevie" to some, the flight engineer. Near the end, in the land of Oobladee, she is eventually magically transformed into a frail, old woman with a cane, who explains the reasons for which she was left to explore much darker horizons, sexually. Ultimately, she falls to the floor as a pile of ashes. Virginia Dare appears in Mark Chadbourn's fantasy sequence "Kingdom of the Serpent", comprising the novels "Jack of Ravens" and "The Burning Man" with a third yet to be published. She is kidnapped along with the other Roanoke colonists and taken to the Celtic Otherworld, the home of all myth and legend. She plays a key role in the final volume of the trilogy. A woman named Virginia Dare appears in Gregory Keyes' fantasy novel "The Briar King". Keyes uses several hints and word clues to indicate this character is meant to be the historical figure. In Volume I of "Tales of the Slayer", a horror story collection set in the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" universe, Virginia Dare appears as the vampire slayer "White Doe", an English girl adopted by the Croatoan Indians. She is turned into a white doe by a wizard of the tribe when she rejects his advances. Her true love, Seal of the Ocean, finds her but later kills her because he does not recognize her as a deer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She is the main villain in the short-lived television show "FreakyLinks". Inspired by "The X-Files" and "The Blair Witch Project", it follows a young man who takes over his twin brother's paranormal Web site, "Freakylinks", after his death. It is later found that his brother's death was related to his investigations into the lost colony of Roanoke. It is implied that Virginia Dare was a demon who destroyed the colonists, either directly or indirectly. However, the show was canceled before the end of the first season, and the mystery was never resolved.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 2007 made-for-TV movie on the SciFi Channel, "Wraiths of Roanoke", Virginia Dare is the sole survivor after the colony is wiped out by Old Norse ghosts, or wraiths, who had died on the island centuries earlier but failed to achieve transit to Valhalla. In the movie the infant Virginia, whose innocence is needed by the wraiths, is used by her father to lure the wraiths onto a flaming raft set adrift for a Viking funeral. The last act of Ananias is to cast Virginia away from the raft in a wicker basket. She is found and adopted by the mainland Indians the next day.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "", the fourth book in Michael Scott's "Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel" series, Virginia Dare was introduced as an immortal who disables her enemies with charms from a magic flute. It is later revealed in the story that her father is the one who carved the word "Croatoan" onto the fence post and part of the tree.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "Sabotaged" the third book of the "Missing Series" by Margaret Peterson Haddix, Virginia Dare is a missing child from history who had been kidnapped by one of the evil villains when she was a child, but then accidentally landed in the twenty-first century. The main characters, Jonah and Katherine, are sent back into time, again, to return her to the colony. However Andrea (also called Virginia) is tricked by a mysterious character named Second to sabotage the mission. The book takes place in Roanoke Island and they eventually travel to Croatoan Island.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the ongoing faux-Southern Gothic show "The Heart, She Holler" (premiered in 2011) the town matriarch, commonly referred to as "Meemaw", is named Virginia Dare. in Season 3 it is confirmed that she is the actual Virginia Dare, "the first white person born on this continent". Her birth so offended the gods of the indigenous peoples that she was "cursed" with immortality and various psychic powers including but not limited to telekinesis, extrasensory perception, and as yet unexplained reality bending powers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She is a character in the novel "The Last American Vampire" written by Seth Grahame-Smith.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She is mentioned in the Sleepy Hollow (TV series) Sleepy Hollow (season 1) episode John Doe, which features the lost Roanoake colony.

paragraph: Section::::Modern legacy.:Tourism and advertising.

paragraph: Virginia Dare's name has become a tourist attraction for North Carolina. Many locations are named after her, including Dare County, North Carolina; the Virginia Dare Trail, a section of NC 12; Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge, the second, newest, and widest bridge spanning the Croatan Sound connecting Roanoke Island to Manns Harbor, carrying US 64. Residents of Roanoke Island celebrate Virginia Dare's birthday each year with an Elizabethan Renaissance fair. A statue of Virginia as a grown woman, nude and wrapped in a fishnet, is on display in the Elizabethan Gardens on the island. At Smith Mountain Lake, there is an active tour boat named Virginia Dare.

paragraph: Virginia Dare's name has also been used to sell a number of products. Virginia Dare was the name of the first commercial wine to sell after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. The Virginia Dare Extract Company, a maker of vanilla products, sells its products with a symbol of Virginia as a fresh-faced, blonde girl wearing a white ruffled mob cap. The company's Web site notes that Virginia Dare symbolizes "wholesomeness and purity". In Rancho Cucamonga, California, a now-defunct winery called Virginia Dare is on the corner of Haven Avenue and Foothill Boulevard (U.S. Route 66).

paragraph: Section::::Ships named after her.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SS Virginia Dare was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schooner Virginia Dare, 89.41 tons, built in 1883 in Essex and owned by "Pool, Gardner & Co." of Gloucester.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steamship Virginia Dare, which was grounded on an offshore sandbar at Galveston Island during 1871 Atlantic hurricane season.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First white child

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martín de Argüelles, first child born in St. Augustine, Florida (born 1566)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorri Thorfinnsson, said to have been born between 1005 and 1013 in Vinland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peregrine White

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Lee, "Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony" (2000), Penguin Books,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milton, Giles, "Big Chief Elizabeth – How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World", Hodder & Stoughton, London (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgan, Dewi, "Phoenix of Fleet St – 2,000 years of St Bride's", Charles Knight & Co., London (1973),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stick, David, "Roanoake Island: The Beginnings of English America" (1983), University of North Carolina Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tucker, Abigail, "Sketching the Earliest Views of the New World", "Smithsonian" magazine, December 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- White, Robert W., "A Witness For Eleanor Dare" (1992), Lexikos,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott, Michael. The Necromancer. New York: Delacorte, 2010

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Chief Elizabeth: How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World", Giles Milton, Sceptre, 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century, Mrs. E. A. B. Shackelford, Published by Thomas Whittaker, New York, 1892

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Dare and The Lost Colony

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in the Roanoke Colony November 22, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Searching for the Lost Colony Blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lost Colony Center for Science and Research

paragraph: BULLET::::- Account of the Roanoke settlements

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Bride's Church – Virginia Dare at St Bride's Church Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Webpage discussing authenticity of the Virginia Dare Stones

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in the "Saturday Evening Post" discussing debunking the Dare Stones

description: first child born in the Americas to English parents

wikidata_label: Virginia Dare

wikipedia_title: Virginia Dare


text:
mountaineer
Mt. Everest
Nanda Devi
Sunanda Devi
Kanglacha
Hathi Parbat
Tirsuli
Rathong
Nanda Khat
Nun Kun
Central Intelligence Agency
Nanda Devi
Uttarakhand
lung cancer
New Delhi
Indian Mountaineering Foundation
List of Mount Everest records of India

categories: Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports,Mountain climbers from Uttarakhand,1934 births,Indian summiters of Mount Everest

paragraph: Harish Chandra Singh Rawat

paragraph: Harish Chandra Singh Rawat (3 July 1934 – 20 January 2008) was a mountaineer who scaled the Mt. Everest in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rawat participated in a number of expeditions including Nanda Devi, Sunanda Devi, Kanglacha, Hathi Parbat, Tirsuli, Rathong, Nanda Khat and Nun Kun.

paragraph: In 1962, he led a party, including Sonam Wangyal, another Everester of the 1965 expedition, to Kanglacha, 30 miles south of Leh. In 1963, Rawat climbed Hathi Parbat and a year later he was part of the Tirsuli and Sunanda Devi expedition. In the pre-Everest preparations, he climbed Rathong.

paragraph: Rawat also participated in a joint ascent by the Indian intelligence and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency to the Nanda Devi peak to test the Chinese missile program development, and later worked for social welfare in Uttarakhand. He died of a lung cancer in New Delhi, aged 74. He was vice president of the Indian Mountaineering Foundation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Mount Everest records of India

description: Indian mountaineer

wikidata_label: Harish Chandra Singh Rawat

wikipedia_title: Harish Chandra Singh Rawat


text:
New Kingdom
ancient Egypt
Thebes
Luxor
Amun
Tomb of Nebamun
British Museum
Nebamun

categories: Year of birth missing,Art of ancient Egypt,Year of death missing,Ancient Egyptian scribes

paragraph: Nebamun

paragraph: Nebamun was a middle-ranking official "scribe and grain accountant" during the period of the New Kingdom in ancient Egypt. He is thought to have lived and worked at the vast temple complex near Thebes (now Luxor) where the state-god Amun was worshipped. His name was translated as "My Lord is Amun", and his association with the temple, coupled with the importance of grain supplies to Egypt, meant that he was a person of considerable practical importance, though not of the highest rank.

paragraph: Nebamun is known today because of the 1820 discovery of the richly-decorated Tomb of Nebamun on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes. Although the exact location of that tomb is now lost, a number of wall paintings from the tomb were acquired by the British Museum where they are now on display. They are considered to be one of that museum's greatest treasures.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nebamun: Illustrated description of tomb and its erotic dancers

description: Ancient Egyptian scribe

wikidata_label: Nebamun

wikipedia_title: Nebamun


text:
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Kea

categories: 1845 deaths,19th-century Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople,Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople,People from Kea,19th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,1772 births

paragraph: Meletius III of Constantinople

paragraph: Meletius III (1772 – 28 November 1845) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in 1845. He was born at the island of Kea in 1772.

description: Patriarch of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Patriarch Meletius III of Constantinople

wikipedia_title: Meletius III of Constantinople


text: Groningen

text: Netherlands

text: Haren

text: Netherlands

text: Dutch

text: poet

text: painter

text: surrealist

text: Spain

text: Spanish

text: Constantijn Huygensprijs

text: P.C. Hooftprijs

categories: 20th-century Dutch male writers,Constantijn Huygens Prize winners,1896 births,20th-century Dutch painters,Dutch male poets,Dutch male painters,P. C. Hooft Award winners,People from Groningen (city),20th-century Dutch poets,1989 deaths

paragraph: Hendrik de Vries

paragraph: Hendrik (Henry) de Vries (17 August 1896 in Groningen, Netherlands – 18 November 1989 in Haren, Netherlands) was a significant Dutch poet and painter. He was an early surrealist, was liberal-minded, and preached vitality. The subconscious mind plays a crucial role in his poetry.

paragraph: Much his inspiration came from his interest in Spain and Spanish culture. He visited Spain frequently and became proficient enough to write many poems in Spanish.

paragraph: De Vries had many collections of his poetry, writings, and artworks published during his lifetime. He also contributed to the literary magazine "Het Getij" ("The Tide").

paragraph: Section::::Prizes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 - Henrdrik Vriesprijs (Hendrik de Vries Prize)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 - Lucy B. and C.W. van der Hoogtprijs (Lucy B. and C.W. van der Hoog Prize) for "Toovertuin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 - Special prize from the Jan Campert Foundation for his essay-writing poetry about poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 - Additional prize from Jan Campert Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 - Cultural prize of the province of Groningen for his entire oeuvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 - Constantijn Huygensprijs for his entire oeuvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 - P.C. Hooftprijs for his entire oeuvre

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1917 - "Het gat in Mars en het Milagrat (The Hole in Mars and Milagrat)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 - "De nacht (The Night)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 - "Vlamrood (Flame red)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923 - "Lofzangen (Praise Songs)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 - "Silenen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 - "Spaansche volksliederen (Spanish Folk songs)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 - "Stormfakkels"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 - "Copla's"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 - "Atlantische balladen (Atlantic Ballads)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 - "Geïmproviseerd bouquet (Improvised Bouquet)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 - "Nergal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 - "Romantische rhapsodie (Romantic Rhapsody)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 - "Robijnen (clandestien gedrukt) / Ruby (clandestinely printed during WWII)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 - "Capricho's en rijmkritieken"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 - "Toovertuin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 - "Distels en aloë's"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 - "Gitaarfantasieën (Guitar Fanasties)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 - "Groninger symphonie (Groninger symphony)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 - "Iberia, krans van reisherinneringen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 - "Diseño jondo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 - "Cantos extraviados"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 - "Goyescos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 - "Impulsen (Impulses)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - "Verzamelde gedichten (Collected Poems)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 - "Sprookjes (Storytelling)"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendrik de Vries in the Digital Library for the Dutch Arts

alias:
Hendrik De Vries
Enrique de Vries
Henk de Vries
Hendrick de Vries
Henk de  Vries (1896-1989)
Hendrik de (1896-1989) Vries

description: Dutch poet and painter

wikidata_label: Hendrik de Vries

wikipedia_title: Hendrik de Vries


text:
Reykjavík
Iceland
expressionistic
figurative
Gothenburg
Sweden
Valand School of Fine Arts
Nordic countries
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
Copenhagen
Denmark
Buenos Aires
Argentina
printmaking
Ljubljana
Yugoslavia
Auschwitz
Poland
pop
figurative
expressionistic
oil on canvas
printmaking
sculpture
stained glass
enamels
mosaic
Icelandic sagas
the Holocaust
communism
composition
portrait
Icelandic sagas
ceramics
workshop
seminar
Valand School of Fine Arts
Hovedskou art School
Domens Art School
art historians
Kjarvalstadir
Sonja Sorillo
The West Nordic Fund
Haukur Dor
Oli G
Hässelby Slott
Hólmavík
Morgunblaðið
Morgunblaðið
Morgunblaðið
RÚV
Morgunblaðið
Morgunblaðið
Morgunblaðið
The Icelandic Printmakers Association
Morgunblaðið
Morgunblaðið
Morgunblaðið

categories: Icelandic painters,Icelandic artists,1945 births,Living people,Contemporary artists

paragraph: Einar Hákonarson

paragraph: Einar Hákonarson (born 14 January 1945, in Reykjavík, Iceland) is one of Iceland's best known artists. He is an expressionistic and figurative painter who brought the figure back into Icelandic painting in 1968. He is a pioneer in the Icelandic art scene and art education. He has been called “The crusader of the painting”, due to his involvement in those conflicts many Icelandic painters have had with the public fine art centers over the last 20 years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Einar Hákonarson was raised in Kleppsholt, Reykjavík. He started to paint and draw at a very young age. His father was a part-time artist and his 2 uncles were avid art lovers which was uncommon at that time in Iceland.

paragraph: Einar was only 15 years old when he was accepted to The National Art School of Iceland. There he received his education for the next 4 years following which he went abroad to Gothenburg Sweden and to study at Valand School of Fine Arts where he received influence from new modes of art and was influenced by figurative painting.

paragraph: Whilst Einar was still studying in Sweden he won the Nordic countries art prize after an exhibition in the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Copenhagen, Denmark. He won a prize in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for his printmaking, and an international printmaking prize in Ljubljana, former Yugoslavia, for a series of pictures after a trip to the German concentration camp of Auschwitz in Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: Einar returned to Iceland after his education and held his first solo exhibition in Bogasalur Reykjavík 1968. His show distinguished itself from its Icelandic art scene then current as Einar's paintings were pop, figurative and expressionistic. This exhibition brought the figure back into the Icelandic painting, which had been dominated by the abstract art for years.

paragraph: Einar has always been consistent in his art and his values. He paints in oil on canvas but also works with other mediums like printmaking, sculpture, stained glass, enamels and mosaic. The human in its environment has been a visible thread through his 40 year career. Einar claims that he gets more influenced by feeling for nature, rather than by trying to paint a specific part of it.

paragraph: In his work can be seen different kinds of focus, for example on city life and the modern family unit. He has done a series about The Icelandic sagas, the Holocaust and communism, to name but a few. Religious themes are common in Einar’s art and he frequently makes pictures from the Bible.

paragraph: In later years Einar’s painting style has become loosed from the strict style at the beginning of his career, but without having abandoned a disciplined composition. Apart from Iceland, Einar has lived in Sweden (7 years on and off) and for shorter periods in USA, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Einar is one of the principal portrait painters in Iceland. He has painted some of the most influential people of the nation, from politicians to national poets and artists. His work can be found in large numbers in official buildings, for example schools, banks, churches and the Icelandic parliament. Einar has held over 30 solo exhibitions and numerous group exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Art.:Printmaking.

paragraph: Einar has won international awards for his printmaking. He was the first Icelandic artist to exhibit only printmaking in an art show (1968) and to publish printmaking folders (Icelandic sagas). He was a driving force in founding The Icelandic Printmaking Association in 1969 and its first president. Later Einar founded the printmaking department in The National Art School (MHÍ) when he became its director. Einar has also decorated numerous books with his printmaking.

paragraph: Section::::Art.:Teaching.

paragraph: Einar was only 21 years old when he started teaching in the National Art School of Iceland. He grew a beard, since he was younger than most of his students, and has kept it ever since. Einar founded an art school in 1970 (Myndsýn) with his colleague Ingiberg Magnússon. Einar was appointed director of The National Art school of Iceland in 1978, then 33 years of age. He founded the department of printmaking and the department of sculpture, which did not exist in Iceland before and reconstructed the department of ceramics. Einar has held many art workshops and seminars through his career. He held teaching positions in Sweden, Valand School of Fine Arts (1964–1967), Hovedskou art School (1989–1991) and Domens Art School (2000–2002).

paragraph: Section::::The painters' conflict.

paragraph: In the 1990s, painters in Iceland became discontent with the public exhibition rooms. They felt that the painting was totally left out in the Icelandic art world, and the directors of the National galleries only focused on conceptual art. The painting was even declared dead by some of the country’s art historians. Einar said Icelandic painters had not had a public place to show their work in 20 years. Einar, who previously was the artistic counselor of the City Museum (Kjarvalstadir), became the most energetic spokesman of the Icelandic painting and its right of existence in the Public museums, to this date.

paragraph: Section::::The Art Center.

paragraph: In 1997 Einar Hákonarson built, the first private owned cultural center in Iceland. The Art Center (Listaskalinn in Hveragerdi) was a 1000 square meters multi-cultural center, with the main focus on fine art and the art Einar felt was left out in the public art centers.

paragraph: The Art Center produced over 20 exhibitions of paintings and sculptures, together with numerous concerts, theater performances, poetry and book readings. Some of the exhibitions were the most attended in Iceland’s fine art history to date. Einar said ”Finally there is a place for painters and other artists who do not fit into the governmental art, run by its long lasting directors”.

paragraph: But the pioneering drive could not cope with the loan system of its time, or politics. The Art Center went under after 2 active years.

paragraph: Section::::The Art Center.:Loss of the Art Center.

paragraph: The loss of the Art Center was bigger than most people know. Iceland’s biggest art collector Sonja Sorillo wanted to get The Art Center to house 100 of her collected art works, including works of Picasso, Matisse, Bacon, De Kooning and Pollock. That fell through when The Art Center was sold in an auction to The West Nordic Fund. No international art collection exists in Iceland like Mrs. Sorillo's. Her collection was broken up and sold abroad after her death. The Art Center was then sold to The Arnesinga Art Museum (Museum of the region) who had previously declined any collaboration with Hákonarson’s Art Center.

paragraph: Section::::The Art Center.:The Painters House.

paragraph: Einar lost his home and all of his possessions with the downfall of The Art Center. But he stood up after being knocked down and started The Painters House in 2002, a non profitable exhibition place with co painter Haukur Dor. Later, another painter, Oli G took Dor's place and 19 exhibitions were made in two years.

paragraph: Einar opened an unusual exhibition in the so-called “Cultural night” in Reykjavík 2005. He put up 600 square meters tents and showed 90 paintings in the city centers park, to demonstrate the exclusion of the painting in the public art centers for the last 20 years. He called the show “In the Grass Root”. What followed is unheard of in the Icelandic art history. 3000 people (1% of the country’s population) attended the exhibition in one day and showed their support in Einar and the Icelandic painting. After this show, Icelandic painters formed a group to push for more democracy in the Public art world. This struggle continues to date.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural scene.

paragraph: Einar has held various prominent positions in the Icelandic art world, where he has been active in promoting Icelandic art nationally and internationally. He was the artistic counselor of Kjarvalstadir, The City Gallery of Reykjavík 1987–1988 and a chairman of many exhibition committees. He designed and directed the exhibition of The History of Iceland, on Iceland’s 1100 birthday in 1974. He was a deputy to the mayor in the governing body of the Hässelby Slott, cultural site of the Nordic capital cities 1982–1992.

paragraph: Einar Hákonarson lives in Hólmavík with his wife Solveig Hjalmarsdottir. He works in Reykjavík. (2007)

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.:Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "19.8 2005 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-2000-part2.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "7.6 1966 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part4.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Handels Tindningen "15.12 1966 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part3.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part2.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visir "23.3 1968 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part1.pdf.

paragraph: BULLET::::- RÚV (Icelandic state TV) interviews "1976 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media.html.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-80s-part1.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "4.10 2003)http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-2000-part1.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "17.11 1968 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-70s-part4.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Icelandic Printmakers Association "https://web.archive.org/web/20080518033555/http://www.islenskgrafik.is/page1/page15/page15.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "17.9 1978 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-70s-part1.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "7.9 2002 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-90s-part1.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgunblaðið "19.8 1997 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-90s-part3.pdf

description: Icelandic artist

wikidata_label: Einar Hákonarson

wikipedia_title: Einar Hákonarson


text:
composer
conductor
Serge Diaghilev
Kiev
starshyna
Alexander II of Russia
St. Petersburg
Russian Musical Society
Paris
Switzerland
World War I
Alfred Cortot
École Normale
Nadia Boulanger
Serge Diaghilev
Boris Kochno
Schott
Igor Stravinsky
Leonid Massine
L'envol d'Icare
Serge Lifar
Icarus
quarter-tones
Béla Bartók
J. S. Bach
Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
Pierre Monteux
Hermann Scherchen
Second World War
partisan movement
Orchestre Lamoureux
Spanish RTVE Orchestra
Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra
heart attack
Antibes
Mykola Markevych
ethnographer
Andriy Markevitch
ethnographer
Ivan Pokhitonov
Dimitry Markevitch
musicologist
cellist
Ukrainian
Serbian
Kyra Nijinsky
Vaslav Nijinsky
Romola de Pulszky
Oleg Caetani
Melbourne Symphony Orchestra
Carlota Garriga
Jean Cocteau
L'envol d'Icare
Schumann
John Milton
Plato
Goethe
Lorenzo de Medici
Handel
Johann Strauss
Mussorgsky
The Musical Offering
BWV
Johann Sebastian Bach
"The New York Times"
Igor Markevitch biography
Boosey & Hawkes
Igor Markevitch biography
František Sláma (musician)
Archive

categories: 20th-century classical composers,20th-century Italian composers,French conductors (music),People from Kiev,People from Kiev Governorate,École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni,Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire,Italian male conductors (music),French classical composers,Pupils of Nadia Boulanger,French male conductors (music),20th-century French composers,1912 births,Ukrainian conductors (music),Ukrainian classical composers,Italian classical composers,Mozarteum University of Salzburg faculty,Imperial Russian emigrants to Switzerland,1983 deaths,Imperial Russian emigrants to France,French male classical composers,20th-century conductors (music),Italian conductors (music),Naturalized citizens of France,Imperial Russian emigrants to Italy,Naturalised citizens of Italy

paragraph: Igor Markevitch

paragraph: Igor Borisovitch Markevitch (, "Igor Borisovich Markevich", , "Ihor Borysovych Markevych"; July 27, 1912 – March 7, 1983) was an avant-garde Ukrainian composer and eminent conductor who studied and worked in Paris and became a naturalized Italian and French citizen in 1947 and 1982 respectively. He was commissioned in 1929 for a piano concerto by impresario Serge Diaghilev of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.

paragraph: Markevitch settled in Italy during World War II. After the war, he moved to Switzerland. He had an international conducting career from there. He was married twice and had three sons and two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Origin.

paragraph: He was born in Kiev, now the capital of Ukraine but at that time part of imperial Russia, to an old family of Cossacks "starshyna" who were ennobled in the 18th century. His great-grandfather Andrey Markevitch was a Secretary of State at the time of Alexander II of Russia, Actual Privy Councilor in St. Petersburg and co-founder of the Russian Musical Society. Igor was the son of pianist Boris Markevitch and Zoia Pokhitonova (daughter of painter Ivan Pokhitonov). The family moved to Paris in 1914 when he was two years old. They moved again to neutral Switzerland in 1916 during World War I because of his father's failing health (he later died of tuberculosis). Pianist Alfred Cortot, perhaps the greatest French pianist of his time, recognized the boy's talent. He advised him at age 14 in 1926 to go to Paris for training in both composition and piano at the École Normale, where he studied piano under Cortot and composition under Nadia Boulanger.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Markevitch gained important recognition in 1929 when choreographer-impresario Serge Diaghilev discovered him and commissioned a piano concerto from him. In addition, Diaghilev invited him to collaborate on a ballet with Boris Kochno, a dancer and librettist. In a letter to the London Times, Diaghilev hailed Markevitch as the composer who would put an end to 'a scandalous period of music ... of cynical-sentimental simplicity'. The ballet project came to an end with Diaghilev's death on 19 August 1929, but Markevitch's compositions were accepted by the publisher Schott.

paragraph: He produced at least one major work per year during the 1930s. He was rated among the leading contemporary composers of the time, even to the extent of being hailed as "the second Igor", after Igor Stravinsky. Markevitch collaborated on the ballet score "Rébus" with Leonid Massine in 1931; and "L'envol d'Icare" in 1932 with Serge Lifar. Neither was staged, but both scores were performed in concert. "L'envol d'Icare", based on the legend of the fall of Icarus, which Markevitch recorded in 1938 conducting the Belgian National Orchestra, was especially radical, introducing quarter-tones in both woodwinds and strings. (In 1943 he revised the work under the title "Icare", eliminating the quarter tones and simplifying the rhythms and orchestration.) Béla Bartók once described Markevitch as "...the most striking personality in contemporary music..." and claimed him as an influence on his own creative work. An independent version of "L'envol d'Icare" for two pianos and percussion, which Bartók heard, is believed to have influenced the latter's own "Sonata for 2 Pianos and Percussion".

paragraph: Markevitch continued composing as war approached, but in October 1941, not long after completing his last original work, the "Variations, Fugue and Envoi on a Theme of Handel" for piano, he fell seriously ill. After recovering, he decided to give up the composition and focus exclusively on conducting. His last compositional projects were the revision of "L'envol d'Icare" and arrangements of other composers' music. His version of J. S. Bach's "Musikalisches Opfer" (Musical Offering) is especially notable.

paragraph: He had débuted as a conductor at age 18 with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. After presiding at the Dutch premiere of "Rébus", Markevitch had studied conducting with Pierre Monteux and Hermann Scherchen. As a conductor, he was much admired for his interpretations of the French, Russian and Austro-German repertory, and of twentieth-century music in general.

paragraph: He settled in Italy, and during the Second World War was active in the partisan movement. He married and settled in Switzerland in 1947 following the war. He pursued his conducting career worldwide. He became permanent conductor of the Orchestre Lamoureux in Paris in the 1950s, conducted the Spanish RTVE Orchestra in 1965, the London Symphony Orchestra in 1966 and was also permanent conductor of the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra.

paragraph: In 1970, after ignoring his own compositions for nearly 30 years, Markevitch began to conduct his own music frequently, triggering its slow revival. His last concert was in Kiev, his birthplace. He died suddenly from a heart attack in Antibes on March 7, 1983, after a concert tour in Japan and Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Family.

paragraph: A great-great-grandfather, Mykola Markevych, was a Ukrainian historian, ethnographer, composer and poet. A great-grandfather, Andriy Markevitch, was an activist, ethnographer, lawyer, philanthropist, and musician. His maternal grandfather was well-known painter Ivan Pokhitonov (1850-1923). His brother Dimitry Markevitch became a noted musicologist and cellist.

paragraph: The Ukrainian Markevitch (also spelled in Polish as Markewiscz) family is believed to have originated 300 years ago from a common paternal ancestor and his wife. Their ethnicity is disputed as Polish, Ukrainian, or Serbian, as the patronymic name is widespread among central European peoples.

paragraph: Markevitch married Kyra Nijinsky (1913-1998), daughter of the great ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky and his wife Romola de Pulszky. they had a son Vaslav Markevitch (b. 1936) before they divorced.

paragraph: Secondly, Markevitch married Donna Topazia Caetani (1921-1990), the only child of Don Michelangelo Caetani dei Duchi di Sermoneta and his wife, the former Cora Antinori. Cora Caetani ran the boutique of Jansen, the Paris decorating firm. Their son, Oleg Caetani Markevitch, became chief conductor and artistic director of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra in Australia. They also had two daughters together: Allegra (b. 1950) and Nathalie (b. 1951), and another son, Timour Markevitch (1960-1962).

paragraph: Toward the end of his life, Markevitch and the Spanish pianist Carlota Garriga became companions.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noces", suite for piano (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinfonietta in F major" (1928-9)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piano Concerto" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cantate" for soprano, male chorus & orchestra (1929–30) (text by Jean Cocteau)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concerto Grosso" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Partita" for piano and small orchestra (1930–31)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serenade" for violin, clarinet and bassoon (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rébus", ballet (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinéma-Ouverture" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Galop" for 8 or 9 players (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'envol d'Icare", ballet (1932); recomposed as "Icare" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hymnes" for orchestra (1932–33) (revised version 1980 with ad lib contralto and extra movement orchestrated from No. 3 of "Trois poèmes" of 1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petite suite d’apres Schumann" for small orchestra (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psaume" for soprano and small orchestra (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le paradis perdu", oratorio (1934–35) (text by Markevitch after John Milton)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trois poèmes" for high voice and piano (1935) (texts by Cocteau, Plato, Goethe); No.3 orchestrated 1936 as "Hymne à la mort", incorporated 1980 into "Hymnes" for orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cantique d’amour" for orchestra (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le nouvel âge", sinfonia concertante for orchestra with 2 pianos (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Taille de l’homme", 'concert inachevée' for soprano and 12 instruments (1938–39, unfinished, but Part I complete and performable)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stefan le poète", 'impressions d’enfance' pour piano (1939–40)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lorenzo il magnifico", sinfonia concertante for soprano and orchestra (1940) (texts by Lorenzo de Medici)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variations, Fugue et Envoi on a Theme of Handel" for piano (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Bleu Danube", valse de concert on themes by Johann Strauss (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "6 Songs of Mussorgsky" arranged for voice and orchestra (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Musical Offering, BWV 1079" by Johann Sebastian Bach arranged for triple orchestra (1949–50)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Theory.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historical, analytical and practical studies of Beethoven symphonies" ("Die Sinfonien von Ludwig van Beethoven: historische, analytische und praktische Studien"; published by Edition Peters, Leipzig, 1982) - popular literature for conductors, although disputed .

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New York Times"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tempo 133/4" (September 1980) Igor Markevitch double issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birth centenary exhibition "Igor Markevitch compositeur et chef d'orchestre 1912/2012" Château de Chillon, Switzerland. Catalogue.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Igor Markevitch biography at Boosey & Hawkes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Igor Markevitch biography at Classical Composers Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- František Sláma (musician) Archive. More on the history of the Czech Philharmonic between the 1940s and the 1980s: "Conductors"

description: Ukrainian conductor and composer

wikidata_label: Igor Markevitch

wikipedia_title: Igor Markevitch


text: cookery book

text: The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy

text: Northumberland

text: subaltern

text: half-pay

text: Earls of Donegall

text: pilau

text: vanilla

text: English cuisine

text: jelly

text: trifle

text: Yorkshire pudding

text: Covent Garden

text: Princess Augusta

text: Princess of Wales

text: copyright

text: Madeleine Hope Dodds

text: Elizabeth David

text: Fanny Cradock

text: Clarissa Dickson Wright

text: Hatton Garden

text: Nunwick Hall

text: Hexham

text: Northumberland

text: vintner

text: St Andrews, Holborn

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: subaltern

text: half-pay

text: Lord Polwarth

text: special licence

text: Piccadilly

text: Broomfield, Essex

text: 4th Earl of Donegall

text: Eton

text: Westminster

text: Daffy's Elixir

text: patent medicine

text: The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy

text: Fleet-Ditch

text: shillings

text: Statute of Anne

text: copyright

text: Eliza Smith

text: The Compleat Housewife

text: John Hill

text: James Boswell

text: Life of Johnson

text: Samuel Johnson

text: Charles Dilly

text: saltpetre

text: sal prunella

text: dressmaker

text: Tavistock Street

text: Covent Garden

text: Princess Augusta

text: conger

text: Madeleine Hope Dodds

text: Marshalsea

text: Fleet Prison

text: syllabub

text: Clarissa Dickson Wright

text: their cooking

text: partridge

text: pilau

text: thyme

text: sixpence

text: Welsh rarebit

text: Richard Mead

text: vanilla

text: jelly

text: trifle

text: piccalilli

text: Yorkshire pudding

text: pocket soop

text: stock cube

text: Louis Pasteur

text: Elizabeth Raffald

text: The Experienced English Housekeeper

text: caudle

text: gruel

text: Archaeologia Aeliana

text: Isabella Beeton

text: colonial America

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: hare

text: Oxford English Dictionary

text: Prospect Books

text: glossary

text: Alan Davidson

text: BBC

text: Google Doodle

text: Elizabeth David

text: Fanny Cradock

text: Jane Grigson

text: British Library

categories: Inmates of Fleet Prison,People imprisoned for debt,English food writers,Place of death missing,Inmates of the Marshalsea,1770 deaths,People from Hexham,1708 births,English non-fiction writers,Writers from London,Women cookbook writers

paragraph: Hannah Glasse

paragraph: Hannah Glasse (March 1708 – 1 September 1770) was an English cookery writer of the 18th century. Her first cookery book, "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy", published in 1747, became the best-selling recipe book that century. It was reprinted within its first year of publication, appeared in 20 editions in the 18th century, and continued to be published until well into the 19th century. She later wrote "The Servants' Directory" (1760) and "The Compleat Confectioner", which was probably published in 1760; neither book was as commercially successful as her first.

paragraph: Glasse was born in London to a Northumberland landowner and his mistress. After the relationship ended, Glasse was brought up in her father's family. When she was 16 she eloped with a 30-year-old Irish subaltern then on half-pay and lived in Essex, working on the estate of the Earls of Donegall. The couple struggled financially and, with the aim of raising money, Glasse wrote "The Art of Cookery". She copied extensively from other cookery books, around a third of the recipes having been published elsewhere. Among her original recipes are the first known curry recipe written in English, as well as three recipes for pilau, an early reference to vanilla in English cuisine, the first recorded use of jelly in trifle, and an early recipe for ice cream. She was also the first to use the term "Yorkshire pudding" in print.

paragraph: Glasse became a dressmaker in Covent Garden—where her clients included Princess Augusta, the Princess of Wales—but she ran up excessive debts. She was imprisoned for bankruptcy and was forced to sell the copyright of "The Art of Cookery". Much of Glasse's later life is unrecorded; information about her identity was lost until uncovered in 1938 by the historian Madeleine Hope Dodds. Other authors plagiarised Glasse's writing and pirated copies became common, particularly in the United States. "The Art of Cookery" has been admired by English cooks in the second part of the 20th century, and influenced many of them, including Elizabeth David, Fanny Cradock and Clarissa Dickson Wright.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Glasse was born Hannah Allgood at Greville Street, Hatton Garden, London to Isaac Allgood and his mistress, Hannah Reynolds. Isaac, a landowner and coal-mine owner, was from a well-known, respected family from Nunwick Hall, Hexham, Northumberland; he was married to Hannah Clark, the daughter of Isaac of London, a vintner. Glasse was christened on 24 March 1708 at St Andrews, Holborn, London. Allgood and Reynolds had two other children, both of whom died young. Allgood and his wife also had a child, Lancelot, born three years after Glasse.

paragraph: Allgood took Reynolds and the young Hannah back to Hexham to live, and she was brought up with his other children, but according to A. H. T. Robb-Smith in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Reynolds was "banished from Hexham"; no reason is recorded. By 1713, Allgood and Reynolds were again living together back in London. The following year, while drunk, Allgood signed papers transferring all his property to Reynolds. Once he realised the magnitude of his mistake, the couple separated. The Allgood family tried to have the property returned, which they managed in 1740, providing Glasse with an annual income and a sum of capital. She did not have a good relationship with her mother, who had little input into her daughter's upbringing; Glasse described her in correspondence as a "wicked wretch!"

paragraph: Soon after the death of his wife in 1724, Allgood fell ill and Glasse was sent to live with her grandmother. Although Glasse was banned from attending social events by her grandmother, she began a relationship with an older man: John Glasse. He was a 30-year-old Irish subaltern then on half-pay who had previously been employed by Lord Polwarth; John was a widower. On 4 August 1724 the couple were secretly married by special licence. Her family found out about the marriage a month later, when she moved out of her grandmother's house and in with her husband in Piccadilly. Although her family were angered by the relationship, they soon resumed cordial dealings, and continued a warm and friendly correspondence. Hannah's first letter to her grandmother apologised for the secrecy surrounding her elopement, but did not express regret for getting married. "I am sorry at what I have done, but only the manner of it".

paragraph: By 1728 the Glasses were living in New Hall, Broomfield, Essex, the home of the 4th Earl of Donegall; John Glasse was probably working as an estate steward. They had their first child while living at New Hall. The Glasses moved back to London in November 1734 where they lodged for four years before moving to Greville Street, near Hatton Garden. Over the coming years Glasse gave birth to ten children, five of whom died young. She considered education important, and sent her daughters to good local schools and her sons to Eton and Westminster. The couple struggled constantly with finances, and in 1744 Glasse tried to sell Daffy's Elixir, a patent medicine; the project did not take off. She then decided to write a cookery book.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"The Art of Cookery".

paragraph: In a letter dated January 1746 Glasse wrote "My book goes on very well and everybody is pleased with it, it is now in the press". "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy" was printed the following year and sold at "Mrs. Ashburn's, a China Shop, the corner of Fleet-Ditch", according to the title page. The book was available bound for 5 shillings, or plainly stitched for 3 shillings. As was the practice for publishers at the time, Glasse provided the names of subscribers—those who had pre-paid for a copy—who were listed inside the work. The first edition listed 202 subscribers; that number increased for the second and third editions. On the title page Glasse writes that the book "far exceeds any Thing of the Kind ever yet published". In the introduction she states "I believe I have attempted a Branch of Cookery which Nobody has yet thought worth their while to write upon", which, she explains, is to write a book aimed at the domestic staff of a household. As such, she apologises to readers, "If I have not wrote in the high, polite Stile, I hope I shall be forgiven; for my Intention is to instruct the lower Sort, and therefore must treat them in their own Way".

paragraph: Glasse extensively used other sources during the writing: of the 972 recipes in the first edition, 342 of them had been copied or adapted from other works. This plagiarism was typical of the time as, under the Statute of Anne—the 1709 act of parliament dealing with copyright protection—recipes were not safeguarded against copyright infringement. The chapter on cream was taken in full from Eliza Smith's 1727 work, "The Compleat Housewife", and, in the meat section, 17 consecutive recipes were copied from "The Whole Duty of a Woman", although Glasse had rewritten the scant instructions intended for experienced cooks into more complete instructions for the less proficient.

paragraph: A second edition of "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy" appeared before the year was out, and nine further versions were published by 1765. The early editions of the book did not reveal its authorship, using the vague cover "By a Lady"; it was not until the fourth imprint, published in 1751, that Glasse's name appeared on the title page. The absence of an author's name permitted the erroneous claim that it was written by John Hill; in James Boswell's "Life of Johnson", Boswell recounts a dinner with Samuel Johnson and the publisher, Charles Dilly. Dilly stated that "Mrs. Glasse's Cookery, which is the best, was written by Dr Hill. Half the trade know this." Johnson was doubtful of the connection because of confusion in the book between saltpetre and sal prunella, a mistake Hill would not have made. Despite this, Johnson thought it was a male writer, and said "Women can spin very well; but they cannot make a good book of cookery".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later years.

paragraph: The same year in which the first edition was published, John Glasse died. He was buried at St Mary's church, Broomfield, on 21 June 1747. That year, Glasse set herself up as a "habit maker" or dressmaker in Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, in partnership with her eldest daughter, Margaret. The fourth edition of her book included a full-page advertisement for her shop, which said she was the "habit maker to Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales", Princess Augusta. When her half-brother Lancelot came to stay with her, he wrote:

paragraph: Hannah has so many coaches at her door that, to judge from appearances, she must succeed in her business ... she has great visitors with her, no less than the Prince and Princess of Wales, to see her masquerade dresses.

paragraph: Glasse was not successful in her line of business and, after borrowing heavily, she was declared bankrupt in May 1754 with debts of £10,000. Among the assets sold off to pay her debts was the copyright of "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy" to Andrew Miller and a conger of booksellers, and 3,000 copies of the fifth edition; the syndicate held the rights for the next fifty years. It is not clear what subsequent involvement Glasse had in any of the printings after the fifth. She was issued with a certificate of conformity, which marked the end of her bankruptcy, in January 1755.

paragraph: In 1754 the cookery book "Professed Cookery: containing boiling, roasting, pastry, preserving, potting, pickling, made-wines, gellies, and part of confectionaries" was published by Ann Cook. The book contained what was titled "an essay upon the lady's Art of Cookery", which was an attack on Glasse and "The Art of Cookery", described by the historian Madeleine Hope Dodds as a "violent onslaught", and by the historian Gilly Lehman as "appalling doggerel". Dodds established that Cook had been in a feud with Lancelot Allgood and used the book to gain a measure of revenge against him.

paragraph: Glasse continued to live at her Tavistock Street home until 1757, but her financial troubles continued and she was imprisoned as a debtor at Marshalsea gaol in June that year before being transferred to Fleet Prison a month later. By December she had been released and registered three shares in "The Servants' Directory", a work she was writing on how to manage a household; it included several blank pages at the end for recording kitchen accounts. The work was published in 1760, but was not commercially successful. Glasse also wrote "The Compleat Confectioner", which was published undated, but probably in 1760. As she had with her first book, Glasse plagiarised the work of others for this new work, particularly from Edwards Lambert's 1744 work "The Art of Confectionery", but also from Smith's "Compleat Housewife" and "The Family Magazine" (1741). Glasse's work contained the essentials of sweet-, cake- and ices-making, including how to boil sugar to the required stages, making custards and syllabubs, preserving and distilled drinks.

paragraph: There are no records that relate to Glasse's final ten years. In 1770 "The Newcastle Courant" announced "Last week died in London, Mrs Glasse, only sister to Sir Lancelot Allgood, of Nunwick, in Northumberland", referring to her death on 1 September.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy" consists mainly of English recipes, and is aimed at providing good, affordable food, and the television cook Clarissa Dickson Wright sees the work as "a masterly summary" of English cuisine of well-to-do households in the mid-18th century. Glasse saw that household education for young ladies no longer included confectionery and grand desserts, and many of the recipes in "The Compleat Confectioner" move away from the banqueting dishes of the 17th century to new style desserts of the 18th and 19th. In "The Art of Cookery" she shows signs of a modern approach to cooking with more focus on savoury dishes—which had a French influence—rather than the more prestigious but dated sweet dishes that had been favoured in the 17th century. In "The Compleat Confectioner" she writes:

paragraph: every young lady ought to know both how to make all kind of confectionary, and dress out a desert; in former days, it was look'd on as a great perfection in a young lady to understand all these things, if it was only to give directions to her servants[.]

paragraph: Glasse was not averse to criticising the French or their cooking, and her introduction states:

paragraph: A Frenchman in his own country will dress a fine dinner of twenty dishes, and all genteel and pretty, for the expence he will put an English lord to for dressing one dish. ... I have heard of a cook that used six pounds of butter to fry twelve eggs; when every body knows ... that half a pound is full enough, or more than need be used: but then it would not be French. So much is the blind folly of this age, that they would rather be imposed on by a French booby, than give encouragement to a good English cook!

paragraph: Despite Glasse's overtly hostile approach to French cuisine, there is, Stead detects, a "love-hate relationship with French cookery, scorn coupled with sneaking admiration". In "The Art of Cookery", Glasse introduced a chapter of eight recipes—all detailed and intricate, and all French in origin—with the advice "Read this chapter and you will find how expensive a French cook's sauce is". The first recipe, "The French way of dressing partridges" ends with her comment "This dish I do not recommend; for I think it an odd jumble of trash ... but such receipts as this, is what you have in most books of cookery yet printed." Henry Notaker, in his history of cookery books, observes that Glasse has included what she sees to be a poor recipe, only because her readers would miss it otherwise. Throughout the book she introduced recipes that were French in origin, although these were often anglicised to remove the heavily flavoured sauces from meat dishes. With each new publication of the book, the number of non-English recipes rose, with additions from German, Dutch, Indian, Italian, West Indian and American cuisines.

paragraph: The first edition introduced the first known English-written curry recipe, as well as three recipes for pilau; later versions included additional curry recipes and an Indian pickle. These—like most of her recipes—contained no measurements or weights of ingredients, although there are some practical directions, including "about as much thyme as will lie on a sixpence".

paragraph: Glasse added not just a recipe for "Welch rabbit" (later sometimes called Welsh rarebit), but also "English Rabbit" and "Scotch Rabbit". The book includes a chapter "For Captains of the Sea"—containing recipes for curing and pickling food—and recipes for "A Certain Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog" (copied from Richard Mead) and a "Receipt [recipe] against the Plague". The 1756 edition also contained an early reference to vanilla in English cuisine and the first recorded use of jelly in trifle; she called the trifle a "floating island". Later printings added hamburgers ("hamburgh sausages"), piccalilli ("Paco-Lilla" or "India Pickle") and an early recipe for ice cream. Glasse was the first to use the term "Yorkshire pudding" in print; the recipe had first appeared in the anonymously written 1737 work "The Whole Duty of a Woman" under the name "dripping pudding".

paragraph: Anne Willan, in her examination of historical cooks and cookery books, suggests that although it is written in an easy style, "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy" "can never have been an easy book to use", as there was no alphabetical index in the early editions, and the organisation was erratic in places. Although the early versions did not contain an index at the end of the book, they have what Wendy Hall describes in her study "Literacy and the Domestic Arts" as a "jaw-droppingly extensive table of contents that categorized the subject matter over the course of twenty-two pages".

paragraph: According to the historian Caroline Lieffers, Glasse was part of an increased rationalisation in cookery; although she did not give timings for all her recipes there were more than authors of earlier cookery books had printed. She was also ahead of her time in other respects: she gave a recipe for "pocket soop" years before the introduction of branded stock cube; over a century before Louis Pasteur examined microbiology and sterilisation, Glasse advised cooks, when finishing pickles and jams, to "tye them close with a bladder and a leather" to aid preservation. She went to great lengths in her books to stress the need for cleanliness in the house, particularly in the kitchen, where dirty equipment will either mar the flavour or cause illness. Her advice reflects the trend of increasing hygiene in England at the time, with piped water more widely available. The food historian Jennifer Stead writes that many visitors to England reported that the servants were clean and well turned out.

paragraph: In "The Art of Cookery", Glasse departs from many of her predecessors and does not provide a section of medical advice—a pattern followed in 1769 by Elizabeth Raffald in "The Experienced English Housekeeper"—although chapter ten of "The Art of Cookery" is titled "Directions for the sick", and contains recipes for broth, dishes from boiled and minced meats, caudles, gruel and various drinks, including "artificial asses milk". Glasse also did not give instructions on how to run the household. In her preface, she writes:

paragraph: I shall not take upon me to meddle in the physical Way farther than two Receipts which will be of Use to the Publick in general: One is for the Bite of a mad Dog; and the other, if a Man shoud be near where the Plague is, he shall be in no Danger; which, if made Use of, would be found of very great Service to those who go Abroad.

paragraph: Nor shall I take it upon me to direct a Lady in the Oeconomy of her Family, for every Mistress does, or at least ought to know what is most proper to be done there; therefore I shall not fill my Book with a deal of Nonsense of that Kind, which I am very well assur'd none will have Regard to.

paragraph: Glasse aimed "The Art of Cookery" at a city-dwelling readership and, unlike many predecessors, there was no reference to "country gentlewomen" or the tradition of the hospitality of the gentry. "The Servants' Directory" was aimed solely at female members of staff, and each role undertaken by the female staff was examined and explained fully. The historian Una Robertson observes that "the torrent of instructions addressed to 'my little House-maid' must have severely confused that individual, had she been able to read".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Information about Glasse's identity was lost for years. In 1938 Dodds confirmed the connection between her and the Allgood family in an article in "Archaeologia Aeliana".

paragraph: "The Art of Cookery" was the most popular cookery book of the 18th century and went through several reprints after Glasse's death. With over twenty reprints over a hundred years, the last edition was well into the 19th century. Glasse's work was plagiarised heavily throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th century, including in Isabella Beeton's bestselling "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management" (1861). The words "plain and easy" from the title were also used by several others. Copies of "The Art of Cookery" were taken to America by travellers, and it became one of the most popular cookery books in colonial America; it was printed in the US in 1805. It is possible that Benjamin Franklin had some of the recipes translated to French for his trip to Paris. Copies of "The Servants' Directory" were also extensively pirated in America.

paragraph: The instruction "First catch your hare" is sometimes wrongly attributed to Glasse. The "Oxford English Dictionary" observes that the use is "(i.e. as the first step to cooking him): a direction jestingly ascribed to Mrs. Glasse's Cookery Book, but of much more recent origin". The mis-provenance is from the recipe for roast hare in "The Art of Cookery", which begins "Take your hare when it be cas'd", meaning simply to take a skinned hare. The saying is one of around 400 of her quotations used in the "Oxford English Dictionary".

paragraph: In 1983 Prospect Books published a facsimile of the 1747 edition of "The Art of Cookery" under the title "First Catch Your Hare", with introductory essays by Stead and the food historian Priscilla Bain, and a glossary by the food writer Alan Davidson; it has been reissued several times. When Stead was asked to contribute to the 1983 printing, she examined the 1747 publication and made what Davidson and the food writer Helen Saberi described as a "truly pioneering work", studying each recipe and tracing which of them were original or had been copied from other writers. It was Stead who established that Glasse had copied 342 of them from others. In 2006 Glasse was the subject of a BBC drama-documentary presented by the television cook Clarissa Dickson Wright; Dickson Wright described her subject as the "mother of the modern dinner party" and "the first domestic goddess". The 310th anniversary of Glasse's birth was the subject of a Google Doodle on 28 March 2018.

paragraph: Glasse has been admired by several modern cooks and food writers. The 20th century cookery writer Elizabeth David considers that "it is plain to me that she is reporting at first hand, and sometimes with an original and charming turn of phrase"; the television cook Fanny Cradock provided a foreword to a reprint of "The Art of Cookery" in 1971, in which she praised Glasse and her approach. Craddock found the writing easy to follow and thought Glasse an honest cook, who seemed to have tried most of the recipes in the book. The food writer Jane Grigson admired Glasse's work, and in her 1974 book she included many of Glasse's recipes. Dickson Wright affirms that she has "a strong affinity for Hannah Glasse. I admire her straightforward, unpretentious approach to cookery." For Dickson Wright, "she is one of the greats of English food history."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- from the British Library (and biographical information)

description: British writer

enwikiquote_title: Hannah Glasse

wikidata_label: Hannah Glasse

wikipedia_title: Hannah Glasse


text:
Swiss
ice hockey
defenceman
captain
New York Islanders
Swiss national team
swingmen
forward
NHL
NHL 08
NHL 11
Jonas Hiller
NHL 12
Nationalliga A
Fribourg-Gottéron
Davos
National Hockey League
Springfield Falcons
American Hockey League
ZSC Lions
IIHF Continental Cup
2004 NHL Entry Draft
Montreal Canadiens
lockout
2005–06 season
Carolina Hurricanes
David Aebischer
Martin Gerber
2007–08 season
Nicklas Lidström
Sergei Gonchar
Bill Masterton Trophy
unrestricted free agent
New York Islanders
Roger Federer
soccer
NHL All-Star Game
2009
Ľubomír Višňovský
Los Angeles Kings
2005–06
Matt Moulson
2012–13 lockout
SC Bern
National League A
Philadelphia Flyers
Shane Harper
2014 NHL Entry Draft
Tampa Bay Lightning
Valtteri Filppula
2017 NHL Draft
Pittsburgh Penguins
2018 NHL Entry Draft
Stanley Cup
Nashville Predators
Laval Rocket
European Junior Championships
World Junior Championships
1996
1997
1998
World Championships
Czech Republic
2005
Sweden
Winter Olympics
2002
Salt Lake City
team captain
2006 Winter Olympics
Turin
Canada
game-winning goal
Sweden

categories: Swiss ice hockey players,New York Islanders players,HC Davos players,Springfield Falcons players,Montreal Canadiens players,1977 births,Philadelphia Flyers players,Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Montreal Canadiens draft picks,Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics,SC Bern players,Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people,Tallahassee Tiger Sharks players,Olympic ice hockey players of Switzerland,Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Stanley Cup champions,Pittsburgh Penguins players,Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players,HC Fribourg-Gottéron players

paragraph: Mark Streit

paragraph: Mark Thomas Streit (born 11 December 1977) is a former Swiss professional ice hockey defenceman. He was formerly the captain of both the New York Islanders and the Swiss national team. Streit was one of the few swingmen in the NHL who could play both as a defenceman and as a forward.

paragraph: He was featured on the front cover of the Swiss versions of the "NHL" series of hockey games, from "NHL 08" to "NHL 11" and was replaced by Jonas Hiller for "NHL 12".

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Switzerland.

paragraph: Streit began his career in the Swiss Nationalliga A with Fribourg-Gottéron in 1995–96 as an 18-year-old. The following year, he transferred to Davos and improved to a 25-point campaign in 44 games in 1998–99, his third season with the team.

paragraph: Garnering attention from the National Hockey League (NHL), but being undrafted at the time, he bounced around the minor leagues in the 1999–2000 season, playing the majority of the season with the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League (AHL).

paragraph: Streit returned to the Nationalliga and spent five seasons with the ZSC Lions after his brief North American stint. He helped the ZSC Lions to a Swiss championship in 2001, as well as back-to-back IIHF Continental Cups in 2001 and 2002. After a 12-goal, 36-point season in 48 games in 2003–04, Streit was drafted in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, 262nd overall, by the Montreal Canadiens at 26 years old (players are typically drafted at the age of 18).

paragraph: As the 2004–05 NHL season was cancelled due to a lockout, Streit remained with the Lions for one more season and posted a career high 14 goals, 29 assists and 43 points in 44 games.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Montreal Canadiens.

paragraph: In the 2005–06 season, Streit made his NHL debut with the Canadiens, appearing in 48 games and recording 11 points. On 16 March 2006, in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes, Streit was joined by two other Swiss players playing in the NHL at the time, the Canadiens' goaltender David Aebischer and the Hurricanes' goaltender Martin Gerber.

paragraph: Streit continued to make strides the following season, improving to 36 points in 76 games before emerging as an elite NHL defenceman in his third season with the Canadiens. In the 2007–08 season, he finished third in league scoring among defencemen, behind Nicklas Lidström and Sergei Gonchar, with 62 points in 81 games. Streit was made the Canadiens' nomination for the Bill Masterton Trophy, awarded for perseverance and dedication to hockey.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:New York Islanders.

paragraph: Coming off a breakout campaign, Streit became an unrestricted free agent on 1 July 2008, and signed a five-year, $20.5 million contract with the New York Islanders. Upon signing with the Islanders, Streit became the second-highest paid Swiss professional athlete to Roger Federer, earning more than top national soccer players. During his first season with the Islanders, Streit was selected to appear in his first NHL All-Star Game in 2009. In his first season with the team, Streit led the Islanders in scoring with 56 points, becoming only the second defenseman to lead his team in scoring since the NHL lockout. The first was Ľubomír Višňovský, who led the Los Angeles Kings with 67 points in 2005–06.

paragraph: On 25 September 2010, Streit tore his shoulder labrum and rotator cuff after a routine check into the boards by teammate Matt Moulson during a scrimmage. He was sidelined for the entire 2010–11 season.

paragraph: Streit became the first Swiss-born team captain in NHL history, when the Islanders appointed him to the position in September 2011.

paragraph: During the 2012–13 lockout, Streit played for SC Bern of the Swiss National League A.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Philadelphia Flyers.

paragraph: Streit, who became an unrestricted free agent entering the summer of 2013, had his rights traded from the Islanders to the Philadelphia Flyers on 12 June 2013, for Shane Harper and a fourth-round draft pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft. On 28 June, Streit signed a four-year, $21 million deal with the Flyers.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Pittsburgh Penguins.

paragraph: On 1 March 2017, Streit was traded hours before the deadline in a deal with the Tampa Bay Lightning where the Flyers received Valtteri Filppula, a fourth-round pick in the 2017 NHL Draft, and a conditional seventh-round pick. The Tampa Bay Lightning then instantly traded him to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a fourth-round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraph: On 11 June 2017, Streit and the Pittsburgh Penguins won the Stanley Cup after defeating the Nashville Predators.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Return to Montreal and retirement.

paragraph: On 25 July 2017, Streit signed as a free agent to a one-year, $700,000 deal in a return to the Montreal Canadiens. On 12 October 2017, the Canadiens placed Streit on waivers just 4 games into the season. He cleared waivers, but refused to report to the Canadiens' AHL affiliate, the Laval Rocket. Consequently, Streit was placed on unconditional waivers on October 15 effectively ending his NHL career. He and the Canadiens came to a mutual agreement to terminate his contract the next day.

paragraph: On 30 October 2017, Streit announced his retirement from professional hockey after 12 NHL seasons.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Streit made his international debut at the 1995 European Junior Championships, then appeared in his first of two World Junior Championships in 1996. He scored one goal in five games as Switzerland finished ninth. In 1997, he scored two goals and Switzerland improved to seventh.

paragraph: In 1998, Streit appeared in his first of ten consecutive World Championships. Playing as the host nation, Switzerland finished a surprising fourth, falling to the Czech Republic in the bronze-medal game. He scored an international career-best seven points in seven games in 2005, as Switzerland advanced to the quarter-finals, losing to Sweden 2–1.

paragraph: Streit competed in his first Winter Olympics in 2002 in Salt Lake City. He scored two points in four preliminary games as Switzerland finished 11th.

paragraph: As Streit was named team captain at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Switzerland improved to sixth, topping international giants Czech Republic and Canada in their preliminary games. Streit scored the game-winning goal against the Czechs to defeat them 3–2 in the Swiss' second round-robin game, then assisted on the second goal of a 2–0 upset against Canada two days later. Following the stunning Swiss victory over Canada, an incredulous Streit admitted, "I never thought we could do that." In the quarter-finals, Streit scored in the first period to tie the game 1–1, but the Swiss were overpowered by Sweden 6–2.

description: ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Mark Streit

wikipedia_title: Mark Streit


text:
Zimbabwe
politician
Mugabe
Harare
student leader
University of Rhodesia
United Kingdom
University of Southampton
Ph.D.
London School of Economics
Foreign Minister
Education
Agriculture
Information
Zanu-PF

categories: Government ministers of Zimbabwe,2005 deaths,21st-century politicians,Foreign ministers of Zimbabwe,University of Zimbabwe alumni,Alumni of the University of Southampton,1946 births,Alumni of the London School of Economics,National Heroes of Zimbabwe,ZANU–PF politicians,20th-century politicians

paragraph: Witness Mangwende

paragraph: Witness Pasichigare Magunda Mangwende (15 August 1946 – 26 February 2005) was a Zimbabwean politician who served as head of several government ministries in the Mugabe administration, and as provincial governor for Harare.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Mangwende began his political career as a student leader at the University of Rhodesia. He also studied in the United Kingdom at the University of Southampton and earned a Ph.D. in international relations from the London School of Economics.

paragraph: He became Deputy Foreign Minister upon Zimbabwe's independence in 1980. He was promoted to Foreign Minister in 1981, and held that post until 1987. He later was head of several other ministries, including Education, Agriculture, and Information. In 2004, he was appointed governor of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, a post he held until his death in February 2005. Upon his death, he was declared a national hero by the Politburo of Zanu-PF, Zimbabwe's majority party, and buried with military honors.

description: Zimbabwean politician

wikidata_label: Witness Mangwende

wikipedia_title: Witness Mangwende


text: sculptor

text: Solihull

text: William Bloye

text: Birmingham School of Art

text: National Service

text: Royal Army Medical Corps

text: Stourbridge College of Art

text: Guildford School of Art

text: socialist

text: Josip Broz Tito

text: Yugoslavia

text: African National Congress

text: International Brigades

text: Jubilee Gardens

text: South Bank

text: Nelson Mandela

text: Royal Festival Hall

text: Fenner Brockway

text: Harold Wilson

text: Stephen Hawking

text: Centre for Theoretical Cosmology

text: Cambridge

categories: Alumni of Birmingham Institute of Art and Design,2006 deaths,English socialists,English male sculptors,1930 births,English sculptors,People from Birmingham, West Midlands,Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers,20th-century British sculptors

paragraph: Ian Walters

paragraph: Ian Homer Walters (9 April 1930 – 6 August 2006) was an English sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Solihull, Walters was educated at Yardley Grammar school and under William Bloye at the Birmingham School of Art. After National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps he taught sculpture first at Stourbridge College of Art and then from 1957 to 1981 at Guildford School of Art.

paragraph: A committed socialist from his schooldays, Walters took part in Josip Broz Tito's public sculpture programmes in Yugoslavia in the early 1960s and worked with the African National Congress in the 1970s.

paragraph: His work includes the memorial to the International Brigades in Jubilee Gardens South Bank, London and a large head of Nelson Mandela (now outside the Royal Festival Hall, London). He had finished the clay sculpture for the statue of Nelson Mandela in Parliament Square, but died of cancer before it was cast in bronze. He also sculpted a statue of Fenner Brockway in London, a statue of Harold Wilson in Huddersfield. A statue of Stephen Hawking at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology in Cambridge was his last public work.

description: British sculptor

wikidata_label: Ian Walters

wikipedia_title: Ian Walters


text: Archbishop of Sweden

text: University of Paris

text: Dominican

text: Franciscan

text: Cistercian

text: Folkung

text: Eric XI of Sweden

text: Sparrsätra

text: clerical celibacy

text: Skänninge

text: celibacy

text: Nordisk familjebok, article "Jarler"

categories: Roman Catholic archbishops of Uppsala,13th-century Swedish people,1255 deaths,13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops

paragraph: Jarler

paragraph: Jarler (Latin Jarlerius) was Archbishop of Sweden from 1236 to 1255.

paragraph: Jarler was one of the two earliest known Swedish students at the University of Paris.

paragraph: During his time as archbishop, the Dominican and Franciscan friars settled in Sweden. These orders benefited the Christian awareness among the common populations through their preaching. (The previously only order in Sweden, the Cistercians, did not preach.)

paragraph: In Sweden, the political climate was shaky. In 1247, the house of Folkung, revolted against the king, Eric XI of Sweden, resulting in the battle at Sparrsätra.

paragraph: Also in 1247, a vigorous delegate from the Pope, Vilhelm of Sabina, was sent to Sweden to investigate the recurring accusations of marriage among priests, and other alleged problems (clerical celibacy was a long-standing doctrine). At a church meeting in Skänninge 1248, where Jarler participated, it was decided to consecrate the rule of celibacy, the Church's independence of the King, and finally that the archbishop should be elected through a cathedral chapter and not as previously by the King personally. As these rules show, the Swedish Church was still in a rather unstable state. The rules established an important foundation, even though they were not always followed.

paragraph: In 1254 Jarler sent a letter to the Pope, requesting permission to resign his post. He was one of the few Swedish archbishops to have made this request. The reasons he gave were that he was old and crippled. The Pope granted his resignation, but before the message had arrived in 1255, Jarler had already died.

paragraph: Section::::External links and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nordisk familjebok, article "Vilhelm av Sabina" In Swedish

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nordisk familjebok, article "Jarler" In Swedish

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Svea Rikes Ärkebiskopar", 1935, Uppsala

description: Swedish archbishop

wikidata_label: Jarler

wikipedia_title: Jarler