text:
Count Palatine
Tübingen
Vogt
Sindelfingen
Rudolph I
William
Bebenhausen Abbey
Henry VII of Germany
Frederick II
King of Germany
Hartmann I
Worms
Herman V
Sénéchal
Oppenheim
Hagenau
Louis I
imperial vicar
cup-bearer
Ulm
Esslingen
Bamberg
Albert IV
Frederick IV
Imperial Diet
Worms
Wimpfen
Conrad I
Pope Gregory IX
Holy Land
Conrad IV of Germany
Henry Raspe IV
papal legate
Hugo IV
Tübingen
Rudolf III
Scheer
Gertrude Anna
Rudolf I
House of Habsburg

categories: People from Tübingen,12th-century births,Counts Palatine of Germany,Year of birth unknown,1247 deaths

paragraph: Rudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen

paragraph: Rudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen (died 1 November 1247) was Count Palatine of Tübingen and Vogt of Sindelfingen. He was the younger son of Rudolph I and his wife Matilda of Gleiberg, heiress of Giessen.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rudolph II inherited the County Palatine of Tübingen when his elder brother Hugo III died in 1216. From 1224 onwards, he is described as "Count Palatine" in many imperial documents, while his younger brother William is merely styled as "Count". Rudolph II supported Bebenhausen Abbey, which his parents had founded.

paragraph: Next to his father, Rudolph II is the second most mentioned Count Palatine of Tübingen in imperial documents, mostly in documents by King Henry VII of Germany, the son of Emperor Frederick II, who had been elected King of Germany in 1220, at the age of 8. Frederick II spent much of his time in Italy, leaving his ancestral Swabia in the hands of his son. Later, in 1232, Henry revolted against his father, and did everything in his power to win the Swabian nobility over to his side. Rudolph II appears to have been among the noblemen who sided with Henry VII, at least, he is mentioned in 10 different documents of Henry VII and never by Frederick II. Considering Rudolph's energetic character, one can assume that he intended to use the conflict between Henry VII and Frederick II to expand his own power and aim at an independent position.

paragraph: Swabian noblemen, including Rudolph II and his brother William, Count Hartmann I of Württemberg and a Count of Dillingen, visited Henry VII in Worms on 8 January 1224. They met Margrave Herman V of Baden was also present, as was Eberhard, Sénéchal of Waldburg and councillor and former guardian of Henry VII in Oppenheim on 5 April 1227 and in Hagenau on 1 May. In the same year, Rudolph met Duke Louis I of Bavaria, who was an imperial vicar and Conrad of Winterstetten, who was imperial cup-bearer and also a councilor of Henry VII. He met the Lords of Neuffen and the imperial marshal Anselm of Justingen in Ulm on 23 February 1228. On 31 August 1228, Rudolph II appears, together with Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Henry of Wirtemberg, a Count of Dillingen, Conrad of Weinsperg and the councillors mentioned above, as witnesses of a deed in which King henry VII confirms the privileges of Adelber Abbey in Esslingen. Later that year, Rudolph II appeared as a witness in four deed by Duke Louis I of Bavaria and Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, together with, among others, Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Ulrich and Eberhard of Helfenstein, Counts Eberhard and Otto of Eberstein, Count Gottfried of Hohenlohe, and two councilors.

paragraph: Rudolph II stood at the head of a delegation of eight Swabian counts, among them Albert IV of Habsburg, Frederick IV of Zollern and a Count of Eberstein, at the Imperial Diet in Worms on 29 April 1231. On 22 November 1231, Rudolph II and his brother William met Counts Albert of Rottenburg, Ulrich of Hefenstein and Eberhard of Walpurg at Henry VII's castle in Ulm. On 31 December 1231, Rudolph witnessed a deed benefiting Neresheim Abbey in Wimpfen, together with Duke Conrad I of Teck and Margrave Hermann V of Baden. The last time Rudolph II witnessed a deed of Henry VII was on 4 June 1233 in Esslingen, again with his brother William.

paragraph: In 1235, Pope Gregory IX called on the princes of the empire to organize a new crusade into the Holy Land, to render assistance to the beleaguered church there. Rudolph II is the only Swabian nobleman named in this call to arms; whether he actually went to the Holy Land is unknown. The fact that he is not mentioned in any deed between 1235 and 1243 suggests that he may have been absent for an extended period. In particular, no mention is made of his position in the struggle between King Conrad IV of Germany and anti-King Henry Raspe IV, which is remarkable, since this struggle took place mainly in Swabia. However, a deed in favour of Bebenhausen Abbey which the papal legate made at Rudolph II's request in the army camp outside Ulm on 28 January 1247, suggests that he supported Henry Raspe.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The name of Rudolph II's wife has not been preserved. She was a daughter of a Margrave Henry from the House of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugo IV, Count Palatine of Tübingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf III of Scheer (d. 12 May 1277), Count of Tübingen-Herrenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulrich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathilda, married Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg (d. 14 July 1253, struck by lightning). Their daughter Gertrude Anna ( – 16 February 1281) married Emperor Rudolf I, the first Emperor from the House of Habsburg.

description: Count Palatine of Tübingen

wikidata_label: Rudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen

wikipedia_title: Rudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen


text: Shanghai

text: Parsi

text: Canada

text: Montreal

text: Bombay

text: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Mahatma Gandhi

text: Michel Tremblay

text: Leonard Cohen

text: Michael Laucke

text: Irving Layton

text: George Bowering

text: Donald Sutherland

text: Alice Munro

text: Gilles Vigneault

text: Royal Canadian Academy of Arts

text: Sooke

text: British Columbia

text: "Sam Tata, Photographer 1911–2005"

text: "Sam Tata (1911–2005)."

text: Ms Coll. 00448. Sam Tata Collection

text: Sam Tata fonds

text: Honorary degree citation

categories: Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts,2005 deaths,Canadian photographers,1911 births,Photography in India,Artists from Shanghai,Photography in China,Street photographers,Parsi people

paragraph: Sam Tata

paragraph: Sam Tata (September 30, 1911 – July 3, 2005) was a photographer and photojournalist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sam Bejan Tata was born in Shanghai, China, on September 30, 1911, to a wealthy, mercantile Parsi family. He graduated from Shanghai Public School, and then studied business for two years at the University of Hong Kong. He took up photography at the age of twenty-four, and was one of the founding members of the Shanghai Camera Club. A friend at the club, Alex Buchman, who was working as a photojournalist for the "China Press", inspired Tata to buy his first Leica and roam the streets for meaningful images. In 1939, he learned academic studio portraiture with Oscar Seepol, and he later studied with the photographers Chin San Long and Liu Shu Chong. In his early photographs, he became adept in the use of lighting and in the additive techniques favoured by the pictorialists. His focus on portraiture in these years was partly dictated by the Japanese occupation of Shanghai in 1937, and Tata was not able to take up photography full-time until 1946. In 1956 Sam Tata immigrated to Canada and established himself in Montreal.

paragraph: Section::::Bombay and Henri Cartier-Bresson.

paragraph: In 1947, through the efforts of the Indian pictorialist Jehanghir Unwalla, Tata's work was shown in Bombay. Several months later, at a show sponsored by the Bombay Art Society, he met French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson, and through his influence and mentorship, was galvanized to take up photojournalism with renewed vigour. He began to contribute to Bombay periodicals such as "Trend" and "Flashlight." With Cartier-Bresson, Tata documented the Indian Independence movement from 1946–1948, including the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1949, Tata returned to Shanghai, where he recorded the fall of the Kuomintang and the takeover of the city by Communist troops; for a period he was accompanied by Cartier-Bresson who stayed with Tata and his family. Tata remained in the city until 1952, when he moved to Hong Kong. He made a trip to Kashmir and India in 1955, and his photo-essay, "Himalyan Pilgrimage", was published by "National Geographic" in October 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Montreal and later years.

paragraph: Tata immigrated to Canada in 1956 and settled in Montreal. He quickly found work doing stills for documentary films made at the National Film Board, and he became a photo editor for "The Montrealer" magazine. His work appeared in publications and magazines such as "Macleans", "Perspectives", "Chatelaine", and "Time". Sometimes on assignment, but increasingly on his own initiative, he began to amass a portfolio of Canadian literary and artistic figures, including Michel Tremblay, Leonard Cohen, Michael Laucke, Irving Layton, George Bowering, Donald Sutherland, Alice Munro, and Gilles Vigneault. Tata preferred to take pictures with a 35mm camera and use the available light in the homes of his subjects, where they would feel more at ease and their personalities be more fully evoked by posing amidst their personal possessions. In 1988, a major retrospective of his life and work, "The Tata Era / L’Epoque Tata" was mounted by the Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography and toured the country. He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, and was awarded the lifetime achievement award in 1990 from the Canadian Association of Professional Image Creators (CAPIC). In 1991, forty of his photographs appeared in the National Library of Canada exhibition, "Canadian Writers" at the National Library of Canada. Books devoted to his photography include "Montreal" (with Frank Lowe, 1963), "Expo 67: Sculpture" (1967), "A Certain Identity: 50 Portraits" (1983), "Shanghai 1949: The End of an Era" (1989), "Portraits of Canadian Writers" (1991), and "India: Land of My Fathers" (2005). Sam Tata died July 3, 2005 at the age of 93 in Sooke, British Columbia, Canada.

paragraph: On April 8, 2015, Canada Post issued a permanent domestic stamp with a photograph entitled "Angels, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day", taken in Montreal by Sam Tata in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evacuating Nuns, Shanghai, 1949", The Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [Anonymous] (n.d.) Fisher Library, University of Toronto, Mss Collection 00448. Introductory notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dessureault, Pierre (1988). "The Tata Era / L'Epoque Tata." Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography. Ottawa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawthorn, Tom (August 29, 2005). "Sam Tata, Photographer 1911–2005." "Globe & Mail".

paragraph: BULLET::::- James, Geoffrey (1983). In: "A Certain Identity." Deneau Publishers, Toronto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunard, Andrea (November 20, 2012). "Sam Tata's Life and Photographs". In: "BlackFlash" Magazine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McLachlan, Ian; and Sam Tata (1989). "Shanghai 1949: The End of an Era." B. T. Batsford Ltd: London.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawthorn, Tom. "Sam Tata, Photographer 1911–2005" "Globe & Mail". August 29, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sam Tata (1911–2005)." Virtual Shanghai.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dubin, Zan. "His Camera Captured Mao's Conquest of Shanghai" "Los Angeles Times". January 11, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ms Coll. 00448. Sam Tata Collection. Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sam Tata fonds. Library and Archives Canada.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tweedie, Katherine. Honorary degree citation. Concordia University. June 1982.

alias:
Sam B. Tata
Sam Bejan Tata

description: Canadian photographer

wikidata_label: Sam Tata

wikipedia_title: Sam Tata


href: Urdu pen%20name Urdu Pakistan Ambala British%20India Saharanpur Amritsar Jalandhar Ludhiana Gurdaspur Pakistan Partition%20of%20India Lahore morphine Miani%20Sahib%20Graveyard Julien%20Columeau

text:
Urdu
pen name
Urdu
Pakistan
Ambala
British India
Saharanpur
Amritsar
Jalandhar
Ludhiana
Gurdaspur
Pakistan
independence
Lahore
morphine
Miani Sahib
Julien Columeau

categories: 1974 deaths,Punjabi-language poets,Poètes maudits,Urdu poets,20th-century poets,1928 births,Poets from Lahore,People from Ambala,Pakistani poets

paragraph: Saghar Siddiqui

paragraph: Saghar Siddiqui (Urdu: ساغر صدیقی) is a pen name of Muhammad Akhtar (1928 – 19 July 1974), an Urdu poet from Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Siddiqui was born in 1928 in Ambala (British India) to a well-to-do middle-class family. There are few historic records of Saghar's personal life. He rarely spoke to any one in this regard and most of what is known of him tends to be from witness accounts.

paragraph: Siddiqui was the only child of his parents and spent the early years of his life in Ambala and Saharanpur. He was home tutored and received his early education from Habib Hassan حبیب حسن, a family friend. Young Muhammad Akhtar (later known as Saghar Siddiqui) was much impressed by Habib Hassan, and he got interested in Urdu poetry because of him. Siddiqui started writing poetry as a child. He moved to Amritsar(Punjab), in search of work and used to make wooden combs while writing Urdu poetry. For some time, he used "Nasir Hijazi" as his pen name, but later he switched to Saghar Siddiqui. When 15 years old, he regularly started attending "mushairas" (poetry recitals) in Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Gurdaspur.

paragraph: In 1947, when he was 19, he migrated to Pakistan during the independence and settled in Lahore. In those days with his slim appearance, wearing pants and boski (yellow silky cloth) shirts, with curly hair, and reciting beautiful ghazals in a melodious voice, he became a huge success. He had some tragic turns in his life.

paragraph: Siddiqui continued to write poetry for the film industry and moved on to publish a literary magazine. The magazine was a critical success but a commercial flop. Disappointed, Saghar shut down the magazine. In his later life, he fell into depression, financially ruined and addicted to drugs.

paragraph: Siddiqui chose to stay in cheap hotels, rather than settle into a house given by the government to refugees. He would pay the rent with meager amounts earnt by selling his poems to magazines. Sometimes he would have to sell his poetry to other poets for a few rupees. He would use the waste paper spread around to light fires to stay warm during winter nights. Some of these poems were re-sold by these people as their own work.

paragraph: Within a decade of coming to Pakistan, he became disillusioned as he saw corruption and nepotism being rewarded at the expense of genuine talent. In despair, he turned to morphine, buying it from janitors of hospitals in Lahore. As friends and strangers continued to exploit him, Siddiqui fell further into despair and was soon turned out of hotels and had to live on the streets . He was often seen along Circular Road of Lahore, and in Anarkali Bazar, Akhbaar Market, Aibak Road, Shah Alami, and around the Data Darbar area. He would often hold "mushairas" on the footpaths, in candle light. He continued to write poems, though most of them are lost and unpublished.

paragraph: In July 1974, Siddiqui was found dead on a street corner of Lahore at age 46. He was buried at the Miani Sahib graveyard. His dog also died a year later, reportedly at the same spot. His mausoleum at Miani Sahib graveyard in Lahore is marked with a commemorative shrine which was built later.

paragraph: Julien Columeau, a French writer in Pakistan, wrote a semi-fictional Urdu novel "Saghar" based on Saghar Siddiqui's life.

description: poet

wikidata_label: Sagar Siddiqui

wikipedia_title: Saghar Siddiqui


text:
Belgian
42nd Prime Minister of Belgium
Elio Di Rupo
Socialist Party
Elio Di Rupo
Jean-Pierre
Minister of State
Order of Leopold
Order of Leopold II
Croix de Guerre
Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Order of Orange-Nassau
Order of the Oak Crown
Order of the Aztec Eagle
Order of Isabella the Catholic
Order of King Abdul Aziz
Legion of Honour
Politics of Belgium
Obituary

categories: Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic,1915 births,People from Waremme,Prime Ministers of Belgium,Belgian Socialist Party politicians,Presidents of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium),Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1997 deaths,Belgian Ministers of State,Grand Crosses of the Order of the Oak Crown,Recipients of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau,Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II,Grand Crosses of the Order of the Aztec Eagle

paragraph: Edmond Leburton

paragraph: Edmond Jules Isidore Leburton (18 April 1915 – 15 June 1997) was a Belgian politician and former Prime Minister.

paragraph: He first entered Parliament representing Huy, Belgium.

paragraph: Section::::Prime Minister of Belgium.

paragraph: Leburton served as the 42nd Prime Minister of Belgium from January 1973 to April 1974. A number of reforms were carried out under Leburton's government, including a law on 'prolonged minority' (June 1973) to safeguard people with mental disabilities, the introduction of annual adjustments to pensions to the level of economic prosperity (March 1973), and the passage of an Act which strengthened the rights of tenants (November 1973). In addition, improvements were made to various social welfare benefits. He was the last native French speaker to hold that office, disregarding the bilingual Paul Vanden Boeynants from Brussels, until Elio Di Rupo took office in December 2011. He was a member of the Socialist Party. Leburton was also the last member of that party to hold the office of Prime Minister until Elio Di Rupo.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 20 December 1947, Leburton married Charlotte (Joniaux) (born 20 August 1922) and had two sons, Jean-Pierre (born 4 March 1949), and Eddy (born 28 July 1951).

paragraph: He died on 15 June 1997 in Waremme, aged 82.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: The list of all Honours is published on the carte de Deuil, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Minister of State, by Royal Decree.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold, by Royal Decree of 16.04.1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Croix de Guerre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Oak Crown.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Aztec Eagle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Isabella the Catholic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of King Abdul Aziz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Officer in the Legion of Honour

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Politics of Belgium

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II by Peter Flora

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://aei.pitt.edu/9801/1/9801.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.pomonaproject.org/Annex_VIII2_Belgium_Report.pdf

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary

description: Belgian politician (1915-1997)

wikidata_label: Edmond Leburton

wikipedia_title: Edmond Leburton


text:
Wells Fargo & Company
Shelbyville, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
St. Louis, Missouri
California
Sacramento
James Ben Ali Haggin
San Francisco
Rancho Del Paso
California Steam Navigation Company
Western Union Telegraph Company
Darius Ogden Mills
Leland Stanford
Mark Hopkins
Charles Crocker
Virginia City, Nevada
Central Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad
Wells Fargo & Company
Spring Valley Water Company
Occidental & Oriental Steamship Company
Sutro Tunnel
Southern Pacific Railroad
Collis P. Huntington
California
Nevada
Utah
Idaho
South Dakota
George Hearst
Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Co.
Homestake gold mine
Black Hills
Ontario silver mine
Marcus Daly
Anaconda copper strike
Montana
John D. Rockefeller
John J. Valentine, Sr.
Emma Eames
Marcella Sembrich
History of Wells Fargo

categories: American chief executives,1824 births,American people of Welsh descent,People from Shelbyville, Kentucky,1899 deaths,Wells Fargo

paragraph: Lloyd Tevis

paragraph: Lloyd Tevis (March 20, 1824 – July 24, 1899) was a banker and capitalist who served as president of Wells Fargo & Company from 1872 to 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lloyd Tevis was born in Shelbyville, Kentucky, the son of Samuel and Sarah (Greathouse) Tevis. His father was a prominent attorney and circuit court clerk, and from 1842 to 1844 Lloyd studied law in his office and assisted him as court clerk. After a further period of study and work in a neighboring county, he became a salesman with a wholesale dry goods company in Louisville, Kentucky. He was highly regarded, and when the company failed he was appointed assignee.

paragraph: On the basis of his performance in this position, Tevis was offered, and accepted, a place in the Bank of Kentucky in 1848. He left the bank shortly, however, to accept a position with an insurance company in St. Louis, Missouri.

paragraph: Section::::California.

paragraph: Tevis went to California to join the gold rush in the spring of 1849. Finding little success in the diggings, at the end of the year he went to Sacramento and secured a position in the county recorder's office. Saving money from his salary, after a few months he made his first investment in land, purchasing a lot for $250. In October 1850 he joined a recent acquaintance, James Ben Ali Haggin, in opening a law office in Sacramento. They moved to San Francisco in 1853. Haggin and Tevis acquired the Rancho Del Paso land grant near Sacramento.

paragraph: Haggin and Tevis married sisters, daughters of Colonel Lewis Sanders, a Kentuckian who had emigrated to California. Tevis married Susan G. Sanders on April 20, 1854. The Tevises were the parents of three sons and two daughters.

paragraph: Tevis was one of the principal owners of the California Steam Navigation Company and one of the projectors of telegraph lines throughout California. In the negotiations for the sale of the California State Telegraph Company to the Western Union Telegraph Company, it is said that his profits and commissions amounted to $200,000. He was also the leading promoter of the California Dry Dock and the California Market in San Francisco, the president and principal owner of the Pacific Ice Company; and one of the early manufacturers of illuminating gas in California. At one time Tevis owned 1,300 miles of stagecoach lines in California, horse-drawn streetcar lines in San Francisco, and ranch lands with thousands of head of cattle and sheep.

paragraph: He was a pioneer in the reclamation of "tule" or swamp lands in central California.

paragraph: Section::::Wells Fargo.

paragraph: In May 1868 Tevis joined Darius Ogden Mills, H.D. Bacon, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker in forming the Pacific Union Express Company. This concern began operating in 1868 between Reno and Virginia City, Nevada, and received a ten-year exclusive contract to operate over the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad. Stock of Wells Fargo & Company declined in price, Tevis and his associates purchased quantities of it, and by the fall of 1869 he was in a position to control Wells Fargo. Faced with the need to get Tevis' exclusive railroad contract, in the so-called Omaha Conference of October 4, 1869, Wells Fargo accepted Tevis' controlling interest and arranged for the consolidation of Pacific Union Express and Wells Fargo, which occurred in 1870. Tevis was elected vice president and a director of Wells Fargo in 1870.

paragraph: Elected president of Wells Fargo in 1872, Tevis served in that capacity until 1892. He was also a large shareholder of the Spring Valley Water Company, the Risdon Iron Works, the Occidental & Oriental Steamship Company, and the Sutro Tunnel Company of Virginia City. Tevis was also one of the promoters of the Southern Pacific Railroad, serving briefly as acting president of the company (in place of Stanford) in 1869-70 after its acquisition by the Big Four - Stanford, Hopkins, Crocker and Collis P. Huntington.

paragraph: Section::::Mining interests.

paragraph: A sound operator, Tevis made his most risky ventures when he went into gold, silver and copper mining on a large scale. He was owner or part-owner of gold and silver mines in California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and South Dakota. Tevis, Haggin and George Hearst, as Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Co., owned the Homestake gold mine in the Black Hills and the Ontario silver mine in Utah, and Tevis, Haggin, Hearst and Marcus Daly owned the great Anaconda copper strike in Montana.

paragraph: In 1897 the Hearst share of the Anaconda copper properties was sold to an English syndicate. Two years later in May 1899, Tevis, Haggin and Daly sold their shares to a syndicate led by John D. Rockefeller. For his share Tevis is said to have received $8 million.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Tevis said he could think five times as fast as any man in San Francisco. Often he proved it. However, in later years it is said that he relaxed banking practices too much. John J. Valentine, Sr. and other Wells Fargo directors were critical of his administration following an extensive audit in 1891. On August 11, 1892, Tevis was forced out as president of Wells Fargo with Valentine elected his successor. Further pressure resulted in Tevis' resignation from the board of directors a year later, on August 10, 1893.

paragraph: Two months after selling his interest in the Anaconda properties, Tevis died in San Francisco on July 24, 1899, survived by his wife and five children.

paragraph: Section::::Earthquake of 1906.

paragraph: In the San Francisco earthquake and fire of April 18, 1906, Tevis' son, Dr. Harry Tevis, rescued the opera singers Emma Eames and Marcella Sembrich and brought them to the wooden Tevis mansion on Nob Hill. When it became obvious the next day that the house would be destroyed by the advancing fires, Tevis led them to the safety of North Beach.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Wells Fargo

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Lloyd Tevis

wikipedia_title: Lloyd Tevis


text:
New York World
Second Boer War
Pennsburg, Pennsylvania
Michael Hillegas
Treasurer of the United States
Franklin & Marshall College
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
New York City
South Africa
South African Wars
South African Republic
Paul Kruger
Saratoga Springs, New York
The Evening World
New York Herald
city editor
South Africa
New Brighton, Staten Island

categories: American male non-fiction writers,People from Pennsburg, Pennsylvania,1872 births,American military historians,American non-fiction writers,American newspaper reporters and correspondents,1918 deaths,American war correspondents

paragraph: Howard C. Hillegas

paragraph: Howard Clemens Hillegas (December 30, 1872 – January 29, 1918) was an American author, newspaper correspondent, and newspaper editor. Hillegas traveled to South Africa as a correspondent for the "New York World" to cover the Second Boer War.

paragraph: Section::::Family and education.

paragraph: Howard Clemens Hillegas was born in Pennsburg, Pennsylvania on December 30, 1872. Hillegas was the son of John Gery Hillegas and Catharine (Zeigler) Hillegas. He was a descendant of Michael Hillegas who was the first Treasurer of the United States.

paragraph: Hillegas graduated from Perkiomen Seminary in 1890, and Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1894. After briefly working for newspapers in Pennsylvania, in 1895 he moved to New York City to pursue a career in journalism.

paragraph: Hillegas was married and had two sons and a daughter. Hillegas's daughter was born in Saratoga Springs, N.Y in February 1902.

paragraph: Hillegas's youngest son, Fred Hillegas, worked as a newsperson on the radio, television, and for newspapers. Although Fred followed in his father's line of work, he did not directly know his father since he died approximately a year after Fred was born.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1895 Hillegas began employment as a writer for the New York World and was sent to South Africa to cover the hostilities between the Brits and the Boers. Hillegas was the first journalist to report that the fighting between Britain and the Boers had started in the Second Boer War.

paragraph: After his return to the United States he authored several books about South African Wars, including "Oom Paul's People" and "With the Boer Forces". Hillegas recounts his interview with South African Republic President Paul Kruger in the book "Oom Paul's People". While in the county, Hillegas developed a friendly relationship with South African Republic statesmen. PostmasterGeneral Van Alpen, Commissioner of Mines P. Kroebler, Commissioner of War J. J. Smidt, Justice of the Peace Dillingham, and former Commandant-General Stephanne Schoeman attended the meeting between Hillegas and the President. According to Murat Halstead in "Briton and Boer in South Africa", Hillegas "holds the Boers to be a nation, and his pages are full of highly colored partiality for their cause". An article written by Hillegas about President Kruger appeared in the December 1900 issue of "Outing" magazine.

paragraph: In May 1901, "The New York Times" reported that Hillegas's book "The Boers in War", published as "With The Boer Forces" in Britain, was suppressed by the British authorities.

paragraph: In 1901, after returning from traveling abroad, Hillegas worked for the Saratoga Sun in Saratoga Springs, New York as an editor and publisher. Additionally, Hillegas worked on the staff of The World, The Evening World, and The New York Herald. During his time at the New York Herald, he held positions as the city editor and an editorial writer.

paragraph: Hillegas resigned from the New York Herald in September 1917 and began employment at The Hotel Reporter as associate editor.

paragraph: Section::::Second Boer War.

paragraph: Section::::Second Boer War.:War correspondent.

paragraph: In 1895 Hillegas traveled as a special correspondent for the New York World newspaper to South Africa to cover the conflict between Britain and the Boers. During the several years that Hillegas spent in the area, he reported on the long campaign from the Boer point of view. Hillegas's account included details about the composition and organization of the Boer forces.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hillegas died at his home in New Brighton, Staten Island from pneumonia on January 29, 1918. He was survived by his wife, two sons, and a daughter.

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Howard C. Hillegas

wikipedia_title: Howard C. Hillegas


text: Mexican

text: Mexican Revolution

text: Second World War

text: Excélsior

text: 1968 student protests in Mexico City

text: a family

text: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Stanisław August Poniatowski

text: Porfirio Díaz

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: Pita Amor

text: National Geographic

text: Tina Modotti

text: Zone libre

text: D-Day in Normandy

text: Guillermo Haro

text: Álvaro Obregón

text: Mexico City

text: Francisco Toledo

text: Novedades de México

text: Lecumberri

text: Subcomandante Marcos

text: La Jornada

text: Fem

text: Siglo XXI

text: Cineteca Nacional

text: Sandra Cisneros

text: The House on Mango Street

text: Arturo Ripstein

text: María Rojo

text: Tito Vasconcelos

text: Octavio Paz

text: Juan Soriano

text: Carlos Fuentes

text: Silvia Molina

text: Rosa Nissán

text: Antonio Skármeta

text: Luis Rafael Sánchez

text: Marta Traba

text: Sergio Ramirez

text: Rosario Ferré

text: Manuel Puig

text: Fernando del Paso

text: La Jornada

text: Andrés Manuel López Obrador

text: Zócalo

text: Octavio Paz

text: Rosario Castellanos

text: Xavier Villaurrutia Award

text: 1985 Mexico City earthquake

text: Diego Rivera

text: Angelina Beloff

text: Frida Kahlo

text: Pita Amor

text: Nahui Olín

text: María Izquierdo

text: Elena Garro

text: Rosario Castellanos

text: Nellie Campobello

text: Colombia

text: Chile

text: José Fuentes Mares National Prize for Literature

text: Alfaguara Novel Prize

text: International Women's Media Foundation

text: Rómulo Gallegos Prize

text: UNAM

text: Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa

text: New School of Social Research

text: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana

text: University of Puerto Rico

text: Elena Garro

text: Premio Cervantes

text: Maria Zambrano

text: Dulce Maria Loynaz

text: Ana Maria Matute

text: Tlatelolco massacre

text: Angelina Beloff

text: Diego Rivera

text: Gabriela Brimmer

text: 1985 Mexico City earthquake

text: Carla Stellweg

text: Guerrero, Coahuila

text: Rio Grande

text: Paseo de la Reforma

text: Mariana Yampolsky

text: Premio Alfaguara de Novela

text: Rómulo Gallegos Prize

text: Leonora Carrington

text: Elena Poniatowska: The Anti-Princess

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,1932 births,Mexican people of French descent,Guggenheim Fellows,Mexican people of American descent,Mexican women journalists,Mexican people of Polish descent,French emigrants to Mexico,Mexican women writers,Mexican people of Russian descent,Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners,Mexican nobility,Poniatowski family,Naturalized citizens of Mexico,French people of American descent,Mexican feminists,Living people,French people of Polish descent

paragraph: Elena Poniatowska

paragraph: Hélène Elizabeth Louise Amélie Paula Dolores Poniatowska (born May 19, 1932), known professionally as Elena Poniatowska (), is a French-born Mexican journalist and author, specializing in works on social and political issues focused on those considered to be disenfranchised especially women and the poor. She was born in Paris to upper class parents, including her mother whose family fled Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. She left France for Mexico when she was ten to escape the Second World War. When she was eighteen and without a university education, she began writing for the newspaper "Excélsior", doing interviews and society columns. Despite the lack of opportunity for women from the 1950s to the 1970s, she evolved to writing about social and political issues in newspapers, books in both fiction and nonfiction form. Her best known work is "La noche de Tlatelolco" ("The night of Tlatelolco", the English translation was entitled "Massacre in Mexico") about the repression of the 1968 student protests in Mexico City. She is considered to be "Mexico's grande dame of letters" and is still an active writer.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Poniatowska was born with the name of Helène Elizabeth Louise Amelie Paula Dolores Poniatowska Amor in Paris, France, in 1932. Her father was Polish-French, Jean Joseph Évremond Sperry Poniatowski, born to a family distantly related to the last king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Stanisław August Poniatowski. Her mother was French-born heiress María Dolores Paulette Amor Yturbe, whose Mexican family lost land and fled Mexico after the ouster of Porfirio Díaz during the Mexican Revolution. Poniatowska's extended family includes an archbishop, the primate of Poland, a musician, several writers and statesmen including Benjamin Franklin. Her aunt was the poet Pita Amor. She was raised in France by a grandfather who was a writer and a grandmother who would show her negative photos about Mexico, including photographs in "National Geographic" depicting Africans, saying they were Mexican indigenes, and scaring her and her siblings with stories about cannibalism there. Although she maintained a close relationship with her mother until her death, the mother was unhappy about her daughter being labeled a "communist" and refused to read Poniatowska's novel about political activist Tina Modotti.

paragraph: The Second World War broke out in Europe when Poniatowska was a child. The family left Paris when she was nine, going first to the south of the country. When the deprivations of the war became too much and the southern part of France, the Zone libre, was invaded by Germany and Italy in 1942, the family left France entirely for Mexico when she was ten years old. Her father remained in France to fight, participating later in D-Day in Normandy.

paragraph: She began her education in France at Vouvray on the Loire. After arriving in Mexico, she continued at the Liceo Franco-Mexicano, then at Eden Hall and high school at the Sacred Heart Covent in the late 1940s. In 1953, she returned to Mexico, where she learned to type, but she never went to university. Instead, she began working at the "Excélsior" newspaper.

paragraph: She is trilingual, speaking Spanish, English and French. Growing up, French was her primary language and it was spoken the most at home. Elena learned her Spanish from people on the streets during her time there as a young girl.

paragraph: She met astronomer Guillermo Haro in 1959, when she interviewed him, and married him nine years later in 1968. She became the mother of three children, Emmanuel, Felipe and Paula, and the grandmother of five. They divorced in 1981, and her now ex-husband died on April 26, 1988.

paragraph: She lives in a house near Plaza Federico Gamboa in the Chimalistac neighborhood of the Álvaro Obregón borough in Mexico City. The house is filled chaotically with books. Spaces which do not have books in or on them contain photographs of her family and paintings by Francisco Toledo. She works at home, often forgetting to do other things like go to the gym as she gets involved in her writing. Although it takes time away from writing, she does her domestic chores herself, including paying bills, grocery shopping and cooking.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Poniatowska has published novels, non-fiction books, journalistic essays, and many forwards and prologues to books on Mexican artists. Much of her writing has focused on social and human rights issues, especially those related to women and the poor.

paragraph: She began her writing career in 1953 at 21 years of age with the newspaper "Excélsior" and the next year with a publication called "Novedades de México", both of which she still occasionally writes for. Her first writing assignments consisted of interviews of famous people and society columns related to Mexico's upper class. Her first published interview was with the ambassador of the United States. She stated that she began "like a donkey" knowing nothing and learning on the job. She was first published under her French name of Hélene but later changed it to Elena, or sometimes using Anel. Poniatowska published her first book in 1954, called "Lilus Kikus" and since then her career has been a mix of journalism and creative writing. Despite that the years from the 1950s and 1970s offered limited opportunities for women, she eventually moved from interviews and society stories into literary profiles and stories about social issues. She emerged as a subtly present female voice in a patriarchal society even though she was referred to as "Elenita" (little Elena) and her work often dismissed as naïve interviews and "children's" literature. She progressed by persistence rather than by direct confrontation.

paragraph: Poniatowska most influential work has been "testimonial narratives," writings based both on historical facts and accounts by people who normally are not recorded by the media. She began writing on social issues after a visit to Lecumberri, a famous former prison, to interview several incarcerated railway workers who had gone on strike. She found prisoners eager to talk and share their life stories. She interviewed Subcomandante Marcos in 1994. Much of this work has been compiled into seven volumes including "Todo México" (1991–1999), "Domingo siete" (1982) and "Palabras cruzadas" (1961). Her best known book of this type is "La noche de Tlatelolco" which contains the testimonies of the victims of the 1968 student massacre in Mexico City.

paragraph: She is one of the founders of "La Jornada" newspaper, "Fem", a feminist magazine, Siglo XXI a publishing house and the Cineteca Nacional, the national film institute.

paragraph: Her works have been translated into English, Polish, French, Danish and German, starting in the 1990s. She has translated Sandra Cisneros’ "The House on Mango Street" into Spanish. She wrote one play called "Meles y Teleo: apuntes para una comedia" a year after the birth of Emmanuel. and one novella "De noche vienes" ("You Come by Night") was made into a feature film in 1997 directed by Arturo Ripstein starring María Rojo and Tito Vasconcelos.

paragraph: She frequently makes presentations at home and abroad in her three languages and is especially sought for talks and seminars in the United States.

paragraph: She has also published biographies, of the Nobel laureate Octavio Paz and artist Juan Soriano.

paragraph: Today, Poniatowska is considered to be Mexico's "grande dame" of letters but she has not been recognized around the world like other prolific Latin American writers of her generation. She has also not been fully integrated among Mexico's elite, never receiving diplomatic appointments, like Carlos Fuentes, and turning down political opportunities nor has she spent much time in the elite literary circles in Mexico. Fuentes commented on this once that she was too busy in the city's slums or shopping for groceries to have time for him and others. Although she admits such comments are said in jest, she contends that it shows that they consider her more of a maid, a cook or even a janitor in the "great House of Mexican Literature."

paragraph: For over thirty years, she has taught a weekly writing workshop. Through this and other efforts, she has influence a generation of Mexican writers including Silvia Molina and Rosa Nissán.

paragraph: Section::::Advocacy and writing style.

paragraph: Her work is a cross between literary fiction and historical construction. She began to produce major works in the 1960s and her work matured in the 1970s, when she turned to producing works in put herself in solidarity with those who are oppressed politically and economically against those in power. Her work can be compared to that of Antonio Skármeta, Luis Rafael Sánchez, Marta Traba, Sergio Ramirez, Rosario Ferré, Manuel Puig and Fernando del Paso. Although most of her fame is as a journalist, she prefers creative writing. Her creative writings are philosophic meditations and assessments of society and the disenfranchised within it. Her writing style is free, lacking solemnity, colloquial and close. Many of her works are about deconstruction societal and political myths, but they also work to create new ones. For example, while she heavily criticizes the national institutions which evolved after the Mexican Revolution, she promotes a kind of "popular heroism" of the common person without name. Her works are also impregnated with a sense of fatalism.

paragraph: Like many intellectuals in Mexico, her focus is on human rights issues and defending various social groups, especially those she considers to be oppressed by those in power, which include women, the poor and others. She speaks and writes about them even though she herself is a member of Mexico's elite, using her contacts as such on others’ behalf. She is not an impartial writer as she acts as an advocate for those who she feels have no voice. She feels that a personal relationship with her subjects is vital. She stated to "La Jornada" that the student movement of 1968 left a profound mark on her life and caused her consciousness to change as students were murdered by their own police. It was after this that she was clear that the purpose of her writing was to change Mexico. She has visited political and other prisoners in jail, especially strikers and the student protestors of 1968. According to one biography, her house was watched around the clock. She was arrested twice (one in jail for twelve hours and once detained for two) when observing demonstrations. However, she has never written about this.

paragraph: She has involved herself in the causes of her protagonists which are generally women, farm workers and laborers and also include the indigenous, such as the Zapatistas in Chiapas in the 1990s. She puts many in touch with those on the left side of Mexico's and the world's political spectrum although she is not officially affiliated with any of them. She considers herself a feminist to the bone and looks upon civil movements with sympathy and enthusiasm. However she has resisted offers to become formally involved in political positions. She became involved in Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s 2005 presidential campaign. She wrote about the seven-week occupation of the Zócalo that followed López Obrador's loss in 2006. She blames Mexico's businessmen and the United States for his loss as well as López Obrador's naivete.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Her major investigative works include "La noche de Tlatelolco" (Massacre in Mexico) (1971), "Fuerte es el silencio" (Strong is Silence) (1975) and "Nada nadie. Las voces del temblor" (Nothing No one: The Voices of the Earthquake) (1988). The best known of these is "La noche de Tlatelolco" about the 1968 repression of student protests in Mexico City. She found out about the massacre on the evening of October 2, 1968, when her son was only four months old. Afterwards, Poniatowska went out on the streets in the neighborhood and began interviewing people while there was still blood on the streets and shoes strewn about and women searching for the children who had not come home. The book contains interviews with informants, eyewitnesses, former prisoners which are interspersed with poems by Octavio Paz and Rosario Castellanos, excerpts from pre Hispanic texts and newspaper, as well as political slogans. Massacre in Mexico was the only book published on the subject for twenty years, contradicting the government's account of the events and the number dead. The government offered her the Xavier Villaurrutia Award in 1970 for the work but she refused it.

paragraph: She did the same after the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. Her book about this event "Nada, nadie, las voces del temblor" was a compilation of eyewitness accounts not only to the destruction of the earthquake, but also to the incompetence and corruption of the government afterwards.

paragraph: "Fuerte es el silencio" is about several themes, especially the families of disappeared political prisoners, the leaders of workers’ movements, another look at the massacre in Tlatelolco and others who have defied the government.

paragraph: Her first novel was "Lilus Kikusy" from 1954. It is a coming-of-age story about Mexican women before feminism. It centers on an inquisitive girl who is carefully molded by society to become an obedient bride. "Tinísima" is a fictionalized biography of Italian photographer and political activist Tina Modotti. This book was the result of ten years of researching the life of the photographer and political activist. "Querido Diego" (Dear Diego) is an epistolary recreation of Diego Rivera’s relationship with his first wife, Russian painter Angelina Beloff with the aim of "de-iconize" him.

paragraph: "Hasta no verte Jesús mío" (Here's to You, Jesusa) from 1969 tells the story of Jesusa Palancares, a poor woman who fought in the Mexican Revolution and who later became a washerwomen in Mexico City. Based on interviews conducted with the woman who was the model for the main character over a period of some ten years, the book is considered to be a breakthrough in testimonial literature.

paragraph: "Las Soldaderas: Women of the Mexican Revolution" is about the women who were in combat accompanied by photographs from the era.

paragraph: "Las siete cabritas" (The Seven Little Goats) is about seven women in Mexican society in the 20th century, only one of whom, Frida Kahlo, is well known. The others are Pita Amor, Nahui Olín, María Izquierdo, Elena Garro, Rosario Castellanos and Nellie Campobello.

paragraph: "La piel del cielo" (The Skin of the Sky) provides moving descriptions of various regions of Mexico, as well as the inner workings of politics and government.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Elena Poniatowska's first literature award was the "Mazatlan Literature Prize" (Premio Mazatlán de Literatura) in 1971 for the novel "Hasta no verte Jesús mío". She received this award again in 1992 with her novel "Tinísima". The "Mazatlan Literature Prize" was founded by writer, journalist, and "National Journalism Prize" Antonio Haas, a close lifelong friend of Elena, and editorial columnist and collaborator next to her in "Siempre!" weekly news magazine and the national Mexican newspaper "Excélsior".

paragraph: She was nominated for the coveted "Villarrutia Award" in the 1970s, but refused it by saying to the Mexican president, "Who is going to award a prize to those who fell at Tlatelolco in 1968?"

paragraph: In 1979, she was the first woman to win Mexico's "National Journalism Prize" (Premio Nacional de Periodismo) for her contributions to the dissemination of Mexican cultural and political expression.

paragraph: In 2000, the nations of Colombia and Chile each awarded Poniatowska with their highest writing awards.

paragraph: In 2001, she received the José Fuentes Mares National Prize for Literature in 2001 as well as the annual prize for best novel by Spanish book publishing house "Alfaguara", Alfaguara Novel Prize for her novel "La piel del cielo" (Heaven's Skin).

paragraph: The International Women's Media Foundation gave her the "Lifetime Achievement Award" in 2006, in recognition for her work.

paragraph: She won the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 2007 with her book "El Tren pasa primero" (The Train Passes First). In the same year, she received the "Premio Iberoamericano" by the government of the Mexico City mayor.

paragraph: She has received honorary doctorates from Mexico's National University UNAM (2001), Sinaloa state university Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (1979), the New School of Social Research in New York city (1994), the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana of Mexico (2000) and the University of Puerto Rico (2010).

paragraph: Other awards include the "Biblioteca Breve" (Breve Library) for the novel "Leonora", awards from the "Club de Periodistas" (Journalists Club), the "Manuel Buendia Journalism Prize", and the "Radio UNAM Prize" for her book of interviews with Mexican authors entitled "Palabras Cruzadas" ("Crossed Words"). She was selected to receive Mexico's National Literary Prize, but she declined it, insisting that it should instead go to Elena Garro, although neither woman ultimately received it.

paragraph: In 2013, she won Spain's Premio Cervantes Literature Award, the greatest existing Spanish-language literary award for an author's lifetime works, becoming the fourth woman to receive such recognition, following Maria Zambrano (1988), Dulce Maria Loynaz (1992), and Ana Maria Matute (2010). Elena Poniatowska was awarded the Premio Cervantes for her "brilliant literary trajectory in diverse genera, her special style in narrative and her exemplary dedication to journalism, her outstanding work and her firm commitment to contemporary history."

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 – "Lilus Kikus" (collection of short stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 – "Melés y Teleo" (short story, in "Panoramas Magazine")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 – "Palabras cruzadas" (chronic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 – "Todo empezó el Domingo" (chronic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 – "Hasta no verte, Jesus mío" (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 – "La noche de Tlatelolco", about the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre (historical account) ["The Night of Tlatelolco"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 – "Querido Diego, te abraza Quiela" (collection of fictional letters from Angelina Beloff to Diego Rivera)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 – "Gaby Brimmer," co-written autobiography of Mexican-born author and disability rights activist Gabriela Brimmer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 – "De noche vienes" (collection of short stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 – "Fuerte es el silencio" (historical account)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 – "Domingo Siete" (chronic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 – "El último Guajolote" (chronic) ["The Last Turkey"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 – "¡Ay vida, no me mereces! Carlos Fuentes, Rosario Castellanos, Juan Rulfo, la literatura de la Onda México" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 – "La flor de lis" (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 – "Nada, nadie. Las voces del temblor", about the 1985 Mexico City earthquake (historical account) ["Nothing, Nobody: The Voices of the Earthquake"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 – "Tinísima" (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - "Frida Kahlo: la cámara seducida" (in Spanish. Co-written with Carla Stellweg also in English as "Frida Kahlo: The Camera Seduced")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 – "Luz y luna, las lunitas" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 – "Guerrero Viejo" (photos and oral histories of the town of Guerrero, Coahuila, flooded by damming of the Rio Grande)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 – "Paseo de la Reforma" (novel) ["Paseo de la Reforma"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – "Octavio Paz, las palabras del árbol" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – "Las soldaderas" (photographic archive) ["The Soldier Women"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 – "Las mil y una... La herida de Paulina" (chronic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 – "Juan Soriano, niño de mil años" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 – "Las siete cabritas" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – "Mariana Yampolsky y la buganvillia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – "La piel del cielo" (novel, Winner of the Premio Alfaguara de Novela 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Tlapalería" (collection of short stories) [Translated into English as "The Heart of the Artichoke"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – "Obras reunidas" (complete works)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "El tren pasa pimero" (novel, Winner of the Rómulo Gallegos Prize)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "La Adelita" (children's book)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "Amanecer en el Zócalo. Los 50 días que confrontaron a México" (historical account)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "El burro que metió la pata" (children's book)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "Rondas de la niña mala" (poetry, songs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "Jardín de Francia" (interviews)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "Boda en Chimalistac" (children's book)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "No den las gracias. La colonia Rubén Jaramillo y el Güero Medrano" (chronic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "La vendedora de nubes" (children's book) ["The Seller of Clouds"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – "Leonora" (historical novel on the surrealist painter Leonora Carrington, Seix Barral Biblioteca Breve Prize)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – "The Heart of the Artichoke." Trans. George Henson. Miami: Alligator Press (collection of short stories) [In Spanish "Tlapalería"]

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elena Poniatowska: an intimate biography", Michael Karl Schuessler, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Through their eyes: marginality in the works of Elena Poniatowska, Silvia Molina and Rosa Nissán", Nathanial Eli Gardner, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reading the feminine voice in Latin American women's fiction: from Teresa de la Parra to Elena Poniatowska and Luisa Valenzuela", María Teresa Medeiros-Lichem, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The writing of Elena Poniatowska: engaging dialogues", Beth Ellen Jorgensen, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viento, galope de agua; entre palabras: Elena Poniatowska", Sara Poot Herrera, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La palabra contra el silencio, Elena Poniatowska ante la crítica", Nora Erro-Peralta y Magdalena Maiz-Peña (eds.), 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catálogo de ángeles mexicanos : Elena Poniatowska", Carmen Perilli, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elenísima : ingenio y figura de Elena Poniatowska", Michael Karl Schuessler, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Me lo dijo Elena Poniatowska : su vida, obra y pasiones", Esteban Ascencio, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elena Poniatowska", Margarita García Flores, 1983

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elena Poniatowska: The Anti-Princess

description: Mexican journalist

wikidata_label: Elena Poniatowska

wikipedia_title: Elena Poniatowska


text:
ska
Madness
St Pancras
music hall
Fender Telecaster
Mike Barson
Lee Thompson
Suggs
The Madness
Chas Smash
eponym
The Madness
The O2 Arena
It Must Be Love
Dizzee Rascal
Al Murray
Plan B
Alex James
Graham Coxon
Damon Albarn
Specials
Rhoda Dakar
Martin Freeman
Eamonn Holmes
Jeremy Clarkson
Lulu
Peter Andre
Elvis Presley
Kentish Town
Myspace.com
Crunch.uk.com
Madness.co.uk

categories: English rock guitarists,English songwriters,1956 births,People from Camden Town,Lead guitarists,Madness (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Chris Foreman

paragraph: Christopher John Foreman (born 8 August 1956), nicknamed Chrissy Boy, is an English musician, singer-songwriter, and composer. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Foreman came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist for the English ska band Madness.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Christopher John Foreman was born on 8 August 1956, in St Pancras, London, England. His father John, known on the folk-scene as a music hall revivalist, attempted to teach him to play guitar as a child, but he could not maintain an interest. Foreman bought a cheap second-hand guitar when he was 17 and became more enthusiastic about the instrument when he began to learn chords. He then acquired a Fender Telecaster which he used whilst recording Madness' debut album.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Foreman formed Madness with keyboardist Mike Barson and saxophonist Lee Thompson in 1976. Foreman was one of the group's main songwriters, mostly writing music with other members, usually Suggs or Lee Thompson, providing the lyrics.

paragraph: After Madness disbanded in 1986, he formed a new band The Madness with Thompson, Suggs and Chas Smash, but they broke up after releasing their debut album, the eponymous "The Madness". Then Foreman, alongside Thompson, created another group called The Nutty Boys with Thompson on lead vocals. They released an album called "Crunch!" in 1990. The band continued to be known as Crunch!, and played in London every couple of years.

paragraph: Foreman reunited with all seven original Madness members in 1992. In 2005 Foreman announced that he was leaving the band, but on 30 November 2006, it was confirmed that Foreman was returning to play on Madness' forthcoming UK Christmas tour.

paragraph: In 2006, Foreman began using a mobile phone attached to his guitar to record short videos from his position on stage during live Madness performances to provide his fans with a unique perspective from the "guitar's eye view". He coined the term "Axecam" to describe this filming technique. By December 2008, he had acquired a higher quality digital video camera which he attached to the shoulder strap of his guitar using an "Axecam holder", crafted by a member of the stage crew just before Madness went on stage at The O2 Arena on 19 December 2008. The new "Axecam" produced a far more stable picture and Foreman posted the first video from this performance ("It Must Be Love") to the MadnessStudio2008 Channel on YouTube on 20 December 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Chrissy Boy Meets And Greets....

paragraph: Foreman also maintains a series of videos made with the Axecam entitled "Chrissy Boy Meets And Greets...", in which he meets famous people that have either appeared alongside Madness at festivals, or that have attended awards ceremonies with Madness. The video is normally a close up of the famous person's face, with Foreman out of shot, and usually consists of a few spoken words, and perhaps a joke or humorous reference from Foreman to the star's career. Each clip is normally less than ten seconds long. Stars featured have included: Dizzee Rascal, Al Murray, Plan B, Alex James, Graham Coxon and Damon Albarn, former Madness singer/drummer/manager John Hasler, all six members of the reformed Specials, ex-Bodysnatcher and Madness collaborator Rhoda Dakar, Martin Freeman, Eamonn Holmes, Jeremy Clarkson, Lulu, and Peter Andre, as well as an Elvis Presley lookalike security guard from Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1976 Foreman married Susan, his childhood sweetheart, and they have a son, Matthew (born 1976). In 1992 Foreman married his second wife Laurence, and they have a son, Felix (born 1993). In 2002 Foreman married his third wife Melissa, and they have a son, Frankie Hezbolla James Christ Foreman (born 2002). and a daughter called Elfreda (born 2006)

paragraph: In 2006 Foreman moved out of his Kentish Town home, settling in Brighton.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myspace.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crunch.uk.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madness.co.uk

alias:
Christopher John Foreman
Christopher Foreman

description: English guitarist

wikidata_label: Chris Foreman

wikipedia_title: Chris Foreman


text:
ska
Madness
Voice of the Beehive
Kensington
Camden Town
Haverstock School
Daily Express
Mark Bedford
UK Singles Chart
House of Fun
Wings of a Dove
songwriter
The Return of the Los Palmas 7
Michael Caine
The Rise & Fall
Oui Oui Si Si Ja Ja Da Da
Voice of the Beehive
US
Australia
Top 40
singles
album
Don't Call Me Baby
I Think I Love You
Let It Bee
Honey Lingers
Sex & Misery
Mo-dettes
Beckenham
Kent
Hayes School
Bromley
London Marathon
schizophrenia
Rethink Mental Illness

categories: 1960 births,English songwriters,20th-century English musicians,English rock drummers,Madness (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Dan Woodgate

paragraph: Daniel Mark Woodgate or Woody Woodgate (born 19 October 1960) is an English musician, songwriter, composer and record producer. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Woodgate came to prominence in the late 1970s as the drummer for the English ska band Madness and went on to become a member of the Anglo-American alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive in the late 1980s. Woodgate began his solo career in 2015, while still a member of Madness, releasing the album "In Your Mind".

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Daniel Mark Woodgate was born on 19 October 1960, in Kensington, west London, England. As children, he and his younger brother Nick lived with their divorced father in a big house in Camden Town, north London and were cared for by nannies. Dan Woodgate attended Haverstock School from 1972–1978. After leaving school, he worked for a time as a sign writer/printer and then as a building work/labourer.

paragraph: Woodgate received his first drum kit when he was 12 years of age. When Woody was 14, he and Nick started their first band called Steel Erection. Interviewed by the "Daily Express" in 2013, Woodgate recalled: "We were really close and spent every hour of every day together. When Nick was about 10, dad realised he had a real talent for playing the guitar. I couldn't play a thing so I took up the drums and we formed a band together called Steel Erection." The two went on to play in other bands.

paragraph: Nick and Dan Woodgate continued to have associated music careers. Nick is credited as a co-writer on the Madness songs "No Money", "Kitchen Floor" and "Leon". He also played all the instruments minus drums and provided vocals for the demo version of "Kitchen Floor".

paragraph: Section::::Madness.

paragraph: Woodgate encountered Madness after being introduced at a rehearsal by their bass guitarist Mark Bedford. In 1978 he joined the band, replacing Gavin Rodgers. After briefly changing their name to Morris and the Minors, the band renamed itself as Madness in 1979.

paragraph: Madness went on to achieve most of their success in the early to mid-1980s. The band spent 214 weeks on the UK Singles Chart during that decade, holding the record for most weeks spent by a group in the 1980s UK Singles Chart. Since forming, Madness have had 15 singles reach the UK top ten. One of these is the UK number-one single ("House of Fun") and two were number-ones in Ireland, "House of Fun" and "Wings of a Dove".

paragraph: Woodgate is one of the less regular songwriters in the band, but is credited as co-writer on the hits "The Return of the Los Palmas 7" and "Michael Caine". His only solo credit is on the track "Sunday Morning" from "The Rise & Fall" album, and more recently on "Small World" on "Oui Oui Si Si Ja Ja Da Da".

paragraph: Section::::Voice of the Beehive.

paragraph: Woodgate also played drums with Voice of the Beehive. Sisters Tracey Belland (vocals/guitar) and Melissa Belland (vocals) formed the band in 1986 with British members Martin Brett (bass guitar), Daniel Woodgate (drums) and Mike Jones (guitar). The band had initial success in the UK, US and Australia, releasing five Top 40 singles from two albums in the UK.

paragraph: Their biggest commercial success was with the singles, "Don't Call Me Baby", "Monsters and Angels", "I Think I Love You", "I Walk The Earth" and "I Say Nothing" from their first two albums "Let It Bee" and "Honey Lingers". In 1996, the band released a third album "Sex & Misery" and then disbanded. The band reformed in 2003 and played a two-week UK tour. In 2008 they released tracks from the tour on a live CD titled "Don't Call Me Baby."

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: From 1992–95 Woodgate worked with his own band Fat, playing clubs in England, France and the US. He signed to London Records and released the single "Downtime."

paragraph: In 2014, the Magic Brothers, Woodgate’s duo with his brother Nick, released an album titled "The Magic Line" on Woodgate's DW Records label. The album was dedicated to the brothers' father Crispin Woodgate.

paragraph: On 1 June 2015, Woodgate released a solo debut "In Your Mind" on the DW Records label. The album began life as the second release for the Magic Brothers but eventually became more of a solo project for Woodgate. Guest vocalists on the album include Woodgate's wife Siobhan and the Velveteen Orkestra's singer Dan Shears.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Woodgate was previously married to Jane Crockford of the Mo-dettes, but now lives with his second wife Siobhan Fitzpatrick and their daughters, Iona and Mary, in Beckenham, Kent. Until recently he worked at Hayes School, Bromley, as a music technician. In 2009, he completed the London Marathon in a time of 3 hours and 45 minutes.

paragraph: Woodgate's brother Nick has struggled with schizophrenia and in 2013 Woodgate became an ambassador for the charity Rethink Mental Illness.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio album

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Your Mind" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Single

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Your Mind" – 2015

description: English drummer

wikidata_label: Daniel Woodgate

wikipedia_title: Dan Woodgate


text:
Alfonso IX of León
Coimbra
Sancho I of Portugal
Dulce of Aragon
consanguinity
beatified
Ferdinand
Benedictine
Cistercian convent
nuns
Berengaria of Castile
Ferdinand III of Castile
León
beatified
Pope Clement XI
papal bull
Sancha of Portugal
Catholic
feast day

categories: Portuguese Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns,Benedictine nuns,1250 deaths,12th-century Portuguese women,12th-century Portuguese people,13th-century venerated Christians,Portuguese Roman Catholics,People from Coimbra,12th-century Spanish women,13th-century Spanish women,Galician queens consort,13th-century Portuguese women,13th-century Portuguese people,1178 births,House of Burgundy-Portugal,Leonese queen consorts,French beatified people,13th-century people from the Kingdom of León,12th-century people from León and Castile,Portuguese infantas

paragraph: Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León

paragraph: Theresa of Portugal (; October 4, 1178 – June 18, 1250) was Queen of Léon as the first wife of King Alfonso IX of León. She was born at Coimbra, the oldest daughter of Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce of Aragon. When her marriage was annulled because of consanguinity, she retired to a convent. She was beatified in 1705.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Theresa was the mother to three of Alfonso's children—two daughters and a son, Ferdinand, who was the heir of the kingdom until his death in 1214—but when her marriage to Alfonso was declared invalid because they were first cousins, she returned to Kingdom of Portugal and lived in the Monastery of Lorvão, formerly under the Benedictine rule, which she converted into a Cistercian convent, with over 300 nuns.

paragraph: In 1230, Alfonso died after having several children with a second wife, Queen Berengaria of Castile. This second marriage was also annulled because Berengaria was Alfonso's first cousin once removed. With two invalidated marriages, there was dispute among the children as to who would inherit the throne. Theresa stepped in and allowed Ferdinand III of Castile, Berengaria's eldest son, to take the throne of León. After the succession dispute, Theresa returned to Lorvão and finally took her convent vows after years of living as a nun. She died in the convent on June 18, 1250, of natural causes.

paragraph: On December 13, 1705, Theresa was beatified by Pope Clement XI's papal bull "Sollicitudo Pastoralis Offici", along with her sister Sancha of Portugal. Her Catholic feast day is June 17.

description: Queen of León

wikidata_label: Theresa of Portugal

wikipedia_title: Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León


text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Jing Province

text: Honghu

text: Hubei

text: a daughter

text: Zhuge Liang

text: chancellor

text: Shu Han

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Liu Biao

text: Cai Mao

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Liu Bei

text: Guan Yu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Lu Xun

text: Stone Sentinel Maze

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Xi, Zuochi

categories: Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown,Liu Biao and associates

paragraph: Huang Chengyan

paragraph: Huang Chengyan ( third century) was a reclusive scholar who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was from Miannan (沔南), Jing Province, which is around present-day Honghu, Hubei. He was known for being carefree and open-minded.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Huang Chengyan married the elder daughter of Cai Feng (蔡諷). They had a daughter, whose name was not recorded in history and is better known by her fictional name "Huang Yueying". Lady Huang married Zhuge Liang, a chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Cai Feng's younger daughter married Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Cai Feng also had a son, Cai Mao.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Huang Chengyan is a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He first appeared in Chapter 37 when Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were visiting Zhuge Liang's house. He appeared again in Chapter 84 after the Battle of Xiaoting, in which he led Lu Xun out of Zhuge Liang's Stone Sentinel Maze.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xi, Zuochi (4th century). "Xiangyang Qijiu Ji" (襄陽耆舊記).

wikidata_label: Huang Chengyan

wikipedia_title: Huang Chengyan


text:
Ashes of Ares
Iced Earth
Pyramaze
Jon Schaffer
Night of the Stormrider
Blind Guardian
Burnt Offerings
September 11 terrorist attacks
Jon Schaffer
The Glorious Burden
Tim Owens
Judas Priest
Georgetown, Delaware
Pyramaze
The Crucible of Man
Immortal
Wacken Open Air
Ashes of Ares
Iced Earth
Nevermore
Van Williams
Nuclear Blast
Artizan
Sentinels
Burnt Offerings
The Dark Saga
Days of Purgatory
Something Wicked This Way Comes
The Melancholy E.P.
Horror Show
Tribute to the Gods
Alive in Athens
Festivals of the Wicked
Immortal
Ashes of Ares
Official Matt Barlow Facebook Page

categories: American basses,American heavy metal singers,American municipal police officers,People from Biloxi, Mississippi,1970 births,American baritones,Living people,Iced Earth members

paragraph: Matt Barlow

paragraph: Matthew Barlow (born March 10, 1970) is an American heavy metal singer and police officer. He is the lead singer for Ashes of Ares and former lead singer of Iced Earth and Pyramaze. He is Jon Schaffer's brother-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Barlow joined Iced Earth after the "Night of the Stormrider" tour with Blind Guardian in Europe, as a replacement for John Greely. The first album Barlow can be heard on is "Burnt Offerings" (1995). Barlow left the band in 2003, much to the chagrin of many fans. His reason for leaving was due to personal beliefs related to the September 11 terrorist attacks. He took a look at his life and realized that he wanted to contribute to the "real world" instead of living the illusion of a "rock star." He approached Jon Schaffer with this in late 2002, but Schaffer, known for his persuasive personality, convinced Barlow to stay with the band. When the band recorded "The Glorious Burden", Schaffer decided that Barlow's vocals were not what he desired them to be; he believed they lacked the passion and quality that Barlow was known for. He decided to let Barlow go after all and hired Tim Owens, former lead singer of Judas Priest.

paragraph: Barlow became a police officer in the police department in Georgetown, Delaware. He was also a vocalist for the First State Force Band, which is made up of law enforcement members from different departments throughout Delaware. The band performs for schools, aiming to promote positive values through music.

paragraph: On April 13, 2007, Barlow returned to music more fully as the new lead singer of Danish progressive power metal band Pyramaze. Barlow accepted the offer to join Pyramaze because it would allow him to return to the music scene, while still being able maintain his current job.

paragraph: However, on December 11, 2007, it was announced that Barlow had officially re-joined Iced Earth and would be singing on "The Crucible of Man" and following albums. Pyramaze confirmed that he would remain with them to record their album "Immortal", but that their professional relationship would end there.

paragraph: On March 3, 2011, Matt Barlow announced that he will again be leaving Iced Earth after the band finishes its European festival shows, citing his commitment to his family and the need for Iced Earth to tour more as his reasons for retirement. On August 6, Barlow performed his farewell show with Iced Earth at the Wacken Open Air festival.

paragraph: On June 26, 2012, Barlow announced on his Facebook page the creation of a new band named Ashes of Ares with former Iced Earth bassist Freddie Vidales and Nevermore drummer Van Williams, posting on YouTube two one-minute teaser videos. The band signed with Nuclear Blast, and the self-titled album released on September 6, 2013.

paragraph: In May 2013, Barlow contributed vocals to American power metal band Artizan's album Ancestral Energy, being featured on the album's final track.

paragraph: On January 1, 2017 a joint project with Jonah Weingarten of Pyramaze named We are Sentinels was announced by Barlow on his Facebook page.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Cauldron

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cauldron Demo (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driven By Hate (1993)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Iced Earth.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burnt Offerings" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dark Saga" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Days of Purgatory" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Melancholy E.P." (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horror Show" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tribute to the Gods" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2008)

paragraph: Live albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alive in Athens" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alive in Athens" (2006, DVD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Festivals of the Wicked" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Pyramaze.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortal" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Ashes of Ares.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: "Ashes of Ares" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Well of Souls (2018)

paragraph: We Are Sentinels

paragraph: BULLET::::- We are Sentinels (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Matt Barlow Facebook Page

description: American heavy metal singer

wikidata_label: Matt Barlow

wikipedia_title: Matt Barlow


text:
Chinese
javelin throw
2018 Asian Games

categories: Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games,Chinese male javelin throwers,1995 births,Asian Games silver medalists for China,Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games,Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Living people

paragraph: Liu Qizhen

paragraph: Liu Qizhen (; born 17 September 1995) is a Chinese athlete specialising in the javelin throw. He won a silver medal at the 2018 Asian Games.

paragraph: His personal best in the event is 82.22 metres set in Jakarta in 2018.

description: Chinese athlete

wikidata_label: Liu Qizhen

wikipedia_title: Liu Qizhen


text:
Flying University
Warsaw Public Library
Warsaw
Russian Empire
hatter
Prawdzic coat of arms
Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński
Russification
Polish language
basketry
Jan Władysław Dawid
Catholicism
Polish history
Polish language
Flying University
University of Warsaw
Odo Bujwid
Piotr Chmielowski
Ludwik Krzywicki
Władysław Smoleński
Marie Curie
Janusz Korczak
Zofia Nałkowska
pedagogist
St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw
Głos (The Voice)
women's suffrage
youth suicide
Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel
Polish Revolution
Vienna
Góra Kalwaria
Powązki Cemetery
Kraków
Warsaw Public Library

categories: Polish feminists,Polish suffragists,19th-century Polish women writers,1864 births,Polish educators,1910 deaths,People from Warsaw

paragraph: Jadwiga Szczawińska-Dawidowa

paragraph: Jadwiga Szczawińska-Dawidowa (6 October 1864 – 26 February 1910) was a Polish teacher, school founder, writer and women's rights activist. She founded the underground Flying University to provide women with higher education and was the initiator of the efforts to found the Warsaw Public Library. Along with her husband, she founded cultural and educational periodicals and served as both a columnist and editor for the journals until her death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jadwiga Maria Szczawińska was born on 6 October 1864 at 16 Świętojańska Street in Warsaw which at the time was part of the Russian Empire to Bronisławę Natalię (née Gumpricht, aka Gumbrycht) and Wojciech Albert Szczawiński. Her mother was the daughter of a Warsaw hatter and her father, descended from an impoverished family which bore the Prawdzic coat of arms was employed in the administrative service of the police department. Szczawińska was the eldest of four children and her siblings included (1866–1955), who would later be a physician; Helenę Zofię (1872–1931), who would become the first wife of the composer Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński; and (1874–1937), later a writer and businessman. Szczawińska graduated from the Warsaw Women's Gymnasium in 1880, taking the gold medal for her class. She went on to take her teacher's examination and earned the right to teach in middle school.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Though Szczawińska was hired to teach for several years at the Second National Feminine Junior High School, she flouted the Russification law which forbade teaching the Polish language. Her defiant nature caused her termination from her post and she began offering private lessons from her home to prepare girls for their exams. Simultaneously, she founded a school in Tokary to teach peasant women how to make basketry. In 1884, she met Jan Władysław Dawid, who was lecturing at clandestine courses. At the time, because the Russian law prohibited a traditional Polish education, which included courses in Catholicism, Polish history, and the Polish language, teachers like Dawid, who wanted to preserve their Polish heritage had to teach in underground circles.

paragraph: The following year, Szczawińska founded the "Uniwersytetu Latającego" (Flying University), so named because the school strategically changed locations often to avoid the tsarist police, to offer university courses to women, though men also could attend. Classes were held in private homes and students were cautioned to stagger their arrival times to avoid detection of the gatherings. Monthly pupils paid 2–4 rubles per subject for instruction from professors, most of whom had previously taught at the University of Warsaw. Included in the faculty were Odo Bujwid, the first Polish bacteriologist; Piotr Chmielowski, a literary historian; Ludwik Krzywicki, an economist and sociologist; and Władysław Smoleński, a professor of Polish history. Some of the schools' most noted students were Nobel prizewinner Marie Curie, educator Janusz Korczak, and writer Zofia Nałkowska.

paragraph: Szczawińska headed the Board of the school, but came into conflict with other members over whether the school's funding should be spent on social programs or public education. She favored training scholars to be social activists as well as pedagogists, but many on the board differed with her approach and stern manner. These conflicts came to a head during the 1889–1890 term, with the faction led by Bronisławą Gutmanówną resigning to form a rival institution. During this same time, on 14 July 1889, Szczawińska and Jan Władysław Dawid married at St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw. Though very different in temperament — he was described by Nałkowska as inattentive, unkempt, and "never smiling", while "she was talkative and full of life" — they shared a passion for social improvement, science, and an independent, liberated Poland.

paragraph: Dawidowa began working as a journalist, publishing in such journals as "Głos (The Voice)" and "Przeglądzie Społecznym" (Social Review), using various pseudonyms, including "Jotes", "Wojciech Kłos", "J. S.D.", and "J. Sz". In 1890, she published "Kółka rolnicze w Galicji" (Agricultural Circles in Galicia), about public education in rural areas. She was especially concerned with social issues writing about topics, among others, such as inadequate funding for student education, poor wages and working conditions for women, women's suffrage, and youth suicide. That same year, Dawidowa led the drive to establish a public library in Warsaw, founding a reading room which offered scientific journals. Three years later, she established a second reading room, inviting scholars to donate materials from their private collections. Within a few months, 6,000 volumes were acquired. To facilitate workers, she ensured that the library was open from 10 o'clock in the morning until 1 a.m. and wrote articles to raise funds to keep it open and maintain the reading room.

paragraph: In 1894, tsarist police raided the couple's home and arrested them both for their activities with the Flying University. They were confined in the Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel and held for a week. Upon their release, they returned to their journalistic and educational endeavors with Dawidowa publishing an article, "O potrzebie założenia publicznej bibliote-ki w Warszawie" (On the Need To Set up a Public Library

paragraph: in Warsaw, 1897) in "Pedagogical Review" and in 1900 with her publication of "Wojciech Kłos. Historia pożytecznego człowieka" (Wojciech Kłos: The Story of a Useful Man). At the same time as the latter publication, Dawid took over as editor-in-chief of "Glos" and Dawidowa was put in charge of organizational and marketing administration for the magazine. In 1905, when the Polish Revolution failed, her husband was ordered to leave Poland and fled to Vienna, Dawidowa took over as editor of "Głos" from March through June and sent money to Dawid for his financial support, as his health was in decline. In June, authorities suspended the journal's operations.

paragraph: Though some 5,000 students had graduated from Flying University, in 1906, Dawidowa withdrew from the board, when it was allowed to legalize its operations as the "Towarzystwa Kursów Naukowych" (Association of Scientific Courses). She and her husband began working as editors of "Przegląd Społeczny" (Social Review) that same year and then in 1907, switched to the journal "Społeczeństwo" (Society), where Dawidowa continued to write about social issues and education. Through 1910, she published over 30 articles and manuscripts in journals for which she worked as editor and others, like "Przeglądzie Tygodniowym Życia Społecznego" (Weekly Review of Social Life), "Literatury i Sztuk Pięknych" (Literature and Fine Arts), and "Przeglądzie Pedagogicznym" (Pedagogical Review).

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Suffering from depression and exhaustion, in 1910, Dawidowa was urged by friends to take time away at the village of Rokosz near Góra Kalwaria. There on 26 February 1910, she committed suicide by throwing herself down a concrete well. After the funeral service, which was held in the cathedral in which the couple were married, she was buried in Powązki Cemetery. Her husband, who was anguished by her death, moved to Kraków in 1912 and prematurely died four years after she did.

paragraph: Dawidowa is recognized as a pioneer of women's education and empowerment in Poland. The letters exchanged by the couple during their lifetimes were deposited in 1915 at the Department of Old Prints and Manuscripts at the Warsaw Public Library, after Dawid's death. The library hosted an exhibition, "Schodząca w otchłań" (Descending into the Abyss), in honor of Szczawińska-Dawidowa's work to establish the first public library in Warsaw, on her 150th birthday in 2014. In 2017, a study, "Jadwigi Szczawińska-Dawidowej Listy do Jana Władysława Dawida: (marzec – kwiecień – maj 1905)" ("Jadwiga Szczawińska-Dawidowa's Letters to Jan Władysław Dawid: (March – April – May 1905)") analyzing some the letters of the Dawids was published and an exhibit in their honor was hosted for the library's 110th anniversary.

alias:
Jadwiga Szczawińska
Jadwiga Dawidowa

description: teacher and journalist

wikidata_label: Jadwiga Szczawińska-Dawidowa

wikipedia_title: Jadwiga Szczawińska-Dawidowa


text:
Faroese
Klaksvik
Copenhagen
Povl Christensen
woodcut
linocut
Reykjavik
Bergen
Sámal Joensen-Mikines
Tórshavn
Listasavn Føroya
Vejle Museum of Art

categories: 1995 deaths,Faroese artists,Graphic designers,Faroese people,1919 births

paragraph: Elinborg Lützen

paragraph: Elinborg Lützen (1919-1995) was a Faroese graphic designer.

paragraph: Born in Klaksvik, Faroe Islands, Lützen trained at the Design School for Women (Tegne- og kunstindustriskolen for kvinder) in Copenhagen and studied under the graphic artist Povl Christensen.

paragraph: Lützen was best known for her black and white woodcut and linocut prints in which she portrayed Faroese nature and magical motifs. She showed her work at group exhibitions in Copenhagen, Reykjavik and Bergen and in 1980 participated in a traveling exhibition of Faroese artists presented in Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Scotland, and Finland. She also illustrated Faroese fairy tales and created designs for several stamps.

paragraph: Lützen was married to, and later divorced, the Faroese painter Sámal Joensen-Mikines. She died in Tórshavn in 1995.

paragraph: Several of Lützen's pieces are held by the Listasavn Føroya and the Vejle Museum of Art.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Lützen created several designs for Faroese stamps based on fairy tales.

description: Danish graphic designer

wikidata_label: Elinborg Lützen

wikipedia_title: Elinborg Lützen