text:
statesman
Spanish
Nobel Prize for Literature
Goethe
Homer
Balzac
Gauss
Legendre
Lagrange
free trade
revolution of 1868
Bourbon restoration
Spanish Golden Age
melodrama
Paramount Pictures
The World and His Wife
Provençal
Frédéric Mistral
Nobel Prize for Literature
Royal Spanish Academy
Nobel Prize biography
Elsevier Publishing Co. biography

categories: 1916 deaths,Spanish mathematicians,Spanish Nobel laureates,19th-century mathematicians,Spanish male dramatists and playwrights,Nobel laureates in Literature,1832 births,Complutense University of Madrid alumni,Members of the Royal Spanish Academy,People from Madrid,Spanish dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: José Echegaray

paragraph: José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (19 April 18324 September 1916) was a Spanish civil engineer, mathematician, statesman, and one of the leading Spanish dramatists of the last quarter of the 19th century. He was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for Literature "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Madrid on 19 April 1832. His father, a doctor and institute professor of Greek, was from Aragon and his mother was from Navarra. He spent his childhood in Murcia, where he finished his elementary school education. It was there, at the Murcia Institute, where he first gained his love for mathematics. While still a child he read Goethe, Homer, and Balzac, readings that alternated with those of mathematicians like Gauss, Legendre, and Lagrange.

paragraph: In order to earn enough money to attend the (Engineering School of Roads, Channels and Ports), he moved at the age of fourteen to Madrid. At the age of twenty, he left the Madrid School with a Civil Engineering degree, which he had obtained as first in his class, and he had to move to Almeria and Granada to begin working at his first job.

paragraph: Section::::Professor and scientist.

paragraph: In 1854 he began teaching a class at the Engineering School, working as a secretary there also. He taught mathematics, stereotomy, hydraulics, descriptive geometry, and differential and physical calculus from that year until 1868. From 1858 to 1860 he was also a professor at the Assistants' School of Public Works.

paragraph: His (1865) and (1867) were held in some regard. He became a member of the Society of Political Economy, helped to found the magazine , and took a prominent part in propagating free trade doctrines in the press and on the platform.

paragraph: He was clearly marked out for office, and when the revolution of 1868 overthrew the monarchy, he resigned his post for a place in the revolutionary cabinet.

paragraph: Section::::Government service.

paragraph: Echegaray also entered politics later in his life. He enjoyed a career in the government sector, being appointed Minister of Education, of Public Works and Finance Minister successively between 1867 and 1874. He retired from politics after the Bourbon restoration in 1874.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: Theater had always been the love of José Echegaray's life. Although he had written earlier plays ("La Hija natural" and "La Última Noche", both in 1867), he truly became a dramatist in 1874. His plays reflected his sense of duty, which had made him famous during his time in the governmental offices. Dilemmas centered on duty and morality are the motif of his plays. He replicated the achievements of his predecessors of the Spanish Golden Age, remaining a prolific playwright.

paragraph: His most famous play is "El gran Galeoto", a drama written in the grand nineteenth century manner of melodrama. It is about the poisonous effect that unfounded gossip has on a middle-aged man's happiness. Echegaray filled it with elaborate stage instructions that illuminate what we would now consider a hammy style of acting popular in the 19th century. Paramount Pictures filmed it as a silent with the title changed to "The World and His Wife". His most remarkable plays are "O locura o santidad" (Saint or Madman?, 1877); "Mariana" (1892); "El estigma" (1895); "La duda", 1898; and "El loco Dios" (God, the fool, 1900).

paragraph: Among his other famous plays are "La esposa del vengador" (1874) (The Avenger's Wife); "En el puño de la espada" (1875) (In the Sword's Handle); "En el pilar y en la cruz" (1878) (On the Stake and on the Cross); and "Conflicto entre dos deberes" (1882) (Conflict of Two Duties).

paragraph: Along with the Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1904, after having been nominated that year by a member of the Royal Spanish Academy, making him the first Spaniard to win the prize.

paragraph: José Echegaray maintained constant activity until his death on 14 September 1916 in Madrid. His extensive work did not stop growing in his old age: in the final stage of his life he wrote 25 or 30 mathematical physics volumes. At the age of 83 he commented: I cannot die, because if I am going to write my mathematical physics encyclopedia, I need at least 25 more years.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobel Prize biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elsevier Publishing Co. biography

alias:
Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre
José Echegaray y Eizaguirre
Jose Echegaray

description: Spanish mathematician; winner of Nobel Prize for Literature

wikidata_label: José Echegaray

wikipedia_title: José Echegaray


text:
Roman
Pompey
Roman Republic
tribune
plebs
law
Lex Gabinia
Mediterranean
pirates
Senate
praetor
consul
bribery
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Cicero
proconsul
Syria
Hyrcanus II
Jerusalem
Judaea
Mithridates III
Orodes
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Pompey
Egypt
Mark Antony
Gabiniani
Julius Caesar
Syria
Aristobulus
Hyrcanus II
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Roman "equites"
tax collectors
high treason
Sibylline Books
repetundae
talents
Alexandria
Caesar's Civil War
Gaius Julius Caesar
Battle of Pharsalus
Illyricum
Dalmatians
Salona
Lollia
Lollia (gens)
Aulus Gabinius Sisenna
Cassius Dio
Plutarch
Josephus
Appian
"Allgemeine Encyclopädie"

categories: Roman Republican consuls,People acquitted of treason,Senators of the Roman Republic,40s BC deaths,1st-century BC Romans,Year of birth unknown,Jews and Judaism in the Roman Republic,Ancient Roman generals,Roman Republican praetors

paragraph: Aulus Gabinius

paragraph: Aulus Gabinius (?-48 or 47 BC) was a Roman statesman and general. He was an avid supporter of Pompey who likewise supported Gabinius. He was a prominent figure in the latter days of the Roman Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 67 BC, when tribune of the plebs, Gabinius brought forward the law ("Lex Gabinia") which gave Pompey the command in the war against the Mediterranean pirates, with extensive powers that gave him absolute control over the sea and the coasts for 50 miles inland. Through Gabinius' two other measures, loans of money to foreign ambassadors in Rome were made actionable (as a check on the corruption of the Senate) and the Senate was ordered to give audiences to foreign envoys on certain fixed days (February 1 - March 1) each year.

paragraph: In 65 BC, while Gabinius was a legate to Pompey, he marched with two legions into Northern Mesopotamia. This action placed pressure on the Parthian king, Phraates III, to enter into a treaty with Pompey.

paragraph: In 61 BC, Gabinius, then "praetor", tried to win public favour by providing games on a scale of unusual splendour, and in 58 BC managed to secure the consulship, although not without suspicion of bribery. During his term of office he aided Publius Clodius Pulcher in bringing about the exile of Marcus Tullius Cicero. In 57 BC Gabinius went as proconsul to Syria. On his arrival he reinstated Hyrcanus II in the high-priesthood of Jerusalem, suppressed revolts, introduced important changes in the government of Judaea and rebuilt several towns. He also supported Mithridates III in his struggle against his brother Orodes but abandoned Mithridates when the more lucrative offer of restoring Ptolemy XII Auletes to the Egyptian throne reached him.

paragraph: In 55 BC, Gabinius was sent by Pompey to Egypt, without the consent of the Senate, to restore Ptolemy XII to his kingdom. He succeeded in fulfilling his task after a short successful campaign, in which he was supported by the young cavalry officer Mark Antony. He left some of his troops, the so-called Gabiniani, in Egypt to protect Ptolemy XII. These Gabiniani fought against rebellious subjects of the king and later, after the king's death, against Gaius Julius Caesar.

paragraph: During Gabinius' time in Egypt, Syria had been devastated by robbers, and Alexander, son of Aristobulus, had again taken up arms with the object of depriving Hyrcanus II of the high-priesthood. With some difficulty Gabinius restored order, and in 54 BC handed over the province to his successor, Marcus Licinius Crassus. The Roman "equites" (knights), who as tax collectors had suffered heavy losses during the disturbances in Syria, were greatly embittered against Gabinius, and, when he appeared in the Senate to give an account of his governorship, he was brought to trial on three counts, all involving a capital offence.

paragraph: On the charge of "maiestas" (high treason) incurred by having left his province for Egypt without the consent of the Senate and in defiance of the Sibylline Books, Gabinius was acquitted. It was said that the judges were bribed, and even Cicero, an enemy of Gabinius, was persuaded by Pompey to say as little as he could. On the second charge, that of "repetundae" (extortion during the administration of his province), with special reference to the 10,000 talents paid by Ptolemy XII for his restoration, he was found guilty, in spite of evidence offered on his behalf by Pompey and witnesses from Alexandria and the eloquence of Cicero, who had been induced to plead his cause. Nothing but Cicero's wish to do a favour to Pompey could have induced him to take on the task. Commentators hint that the half-heartedness of Cicero's defence contributed to Gabinius's condemnation. The third charge, that of "ambitus" (illegalities committed during his canvassing for the consulship), was consequently dropped. Gabinius went into exile and his property was confiscated.

paragraph: After the outbreak of Caesar's Civil War, Gabinius was recalled by Gaius Julius Caesar in 49 BC and entered his service, but took no active part against his old patron, Pompey. After the Battle of Pharsalus, he was commissioned to transport some recently levied troops to Illyricum. On his way overland, he was attacked by the Dalmatians and with difficulty made his way to Salona (Dalmatia). There Gabinius defended himself against the attacks of the Pompeian commander, Marcus Octavius, but a few months later died of illness (48 BC or the beginning of 47 BC).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Gabinius married a Roman noblewoman called Lollia from the Lollia (gens), perhaps a daughter of Marcus Lollius Palicanus, tribune of the plebs in 71 BC. Lollia bore him a son called Aulus Gabinius Sisenna.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Dio xxxvi. 23-36, xxxviii. 13. 30, xxxix. 55-63

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Pompey", 25. 48

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josephus, "Antiq." xiv. 4-6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Illyrica", 12, "Bell. Civ." ii. 24. 59

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicero, "ad Atti." vi. 2, "ad Q. Fratrem", ii. 13, "Post reditum in senatu", 4-8, "Pro lege Manilia", 17, 18, 19

paragraph: BULLET::::- exhaustive article by Bähr in Ersch and Gruber's "Allgemeine Encyclopädie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Stocchi, "Aulo Gabinio e i suoi processi" (1892)

description: Roman statesman and general

wikidata_label: Aulus Gabinius

wikipedia_title: Aulus Gabinius


text: Estonian

text: architect

text: Tallinn

text: 43rd Secondary School of Tallinn

text: Tallinn Technical University

text: Estonian Academy of Arts

text: architecture

text: city planning

text: Otepää

text: University of Tallinn

text: Viimsi

text: Pirita

text: Mattias Agabus

text: Illimar Truverk

text: Nõmme

text: Raul Järg

text: Priit Pent

text: Villa in Southern Estonia

text: List of Estonian architects

categories: Tallinn University of Technology alumni,Estonian architects,Architects from Tallinn,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Eero Endjärv

paragraph: Eero Endjärv (born 24 January 1973) is an Estonian architect.

paragraph: Endjärv was born in Tallinn. From 1988 to 1991 he studied in the 43rd Secondary School of Tallinn. From 1991 to 1995 he studied in the Tallinn Technical University. From 1995 he studied in the Estonian Academy of Arts in the department of architecture and city planning. He graduated from the academy in 2001.

paragraph: Since 2001 Endjärv has worked in the architectural bureau Agabus, Endjärv & Truverk OÜ as an architect and partner. Since 2009 he has also been active in the Allianss Arhitektid OÜ architectural bureau.

paragraph: The most notable works by Endjärv are the villa in Otepää in Southern Estonia, the new building of the University of Tallinn, the Viimsi School and the library of the Tallinn Technical University.

paragraph: Endjärv is a member of the Union of Estonian Architects.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- apartment buildings in Pirita, 2003 (with Mattias Agabus, Illimar Truverk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- villa in Southern Estonia, 2004 (with Mattias Agabus, Illimar Truverk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- apartment building in Nõmme, 2005 (with Mattias Agabus, Raul Järg, Illimar Truverk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- apartment building on Kreutzwaldi street in Tallinn, 2005 (with Mattias Agabus, Illimar Truverk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- apartment building in Viimsi, 2006 (with Mattias Agabus, Raul Järg, Illimar Truverkiga)

paragraph: BULLET::::- new building of the Tallinn University, 2006 (with Mattias Agabus, Illimar Truverk, Raul Järgi, Priit Pent)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viimsi school, 2006 (with Mattias Agabus, Illimar Truverk, Priit Pent, Raul Järg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- new library of the Tallinn Technical University, 2009 (with Mattias Agabus, Illimar Truverk)

paragraph: Section::::Competitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- new building of the Tallinn University, 2003, 1. prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- library of the Tallinn Technical University, 2006, 1. prize

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Architectural bureau Agabus, Endjärv & Truverk OÜ

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union of Estonian Architects, members, Eero Endjärv

paragraph: BULLET::::- Regina Viljasaar: Villa in Southern Estonia, MAJA (Estonian Architectural Review) 4-2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urmas Oja: Apartment villa. Residential building at F.R. Kreutzwaldi St. 10 in Tallinn, MAJA (Estonian Architectural Review) 2-2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illimar Truverk, Raul Järg, Priit Pent:“The Wheel of the Sun” - the new Viimsi Secondary School, MAJA (Estonian Architectural Review) 3-2003

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Estonian architects

description: Estonian architect

wikidata_label: Eero Endjärv

wikipedia_title: Eero Endjärv


text: Gentleman of the Bedchamber

text: Prince George of Denmark

text: William Byron, 3rd Baron Byron

text: Baron Byron

text: William Byron, 5th Baron Byron

text: John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater

text: Hon. Frances Berkeley

text: Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle

text: William Byron, 5th Baron Byron

text: Vice-Admiral Hon. John Byron

text: Alderston

text: Twickenham

text: Middlesex

text: William Byron, 4th Baron Byron

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,1669 births,Byron family,1736 deaths,17th-century English nobility

paragraph: William Byron, 4th Baron Byron

paragraph: William Byron, 4th Baron Byron (4 January 1669/70 – 8 August 1736) was an English nobleman, politician, peer, and Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Prince George of Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Byron was the son of William Byron, 3rd Baron Byron and the Hon. Elizabeth Chaworth. He succeeded to the title of 4th Baron Byron in 1695 upon the death of his father.

paragraph: Lord Byron died on 8 August 1736, and was succeeded by his fourth (but oldest surviving) son William Byron, 5th Baron Byron (born 1722).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Byron married Lady Mary Egerton, daughter of John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater and Lady Jane Powlett, in 1702/3, but they had no children.

paragraph: He married Lady Frances Wilhelmina Bentinck, daughter of Hans William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland and Anne Villiers, in 1706. They had three sons who died in childhood or infancy, and a daughter who died unmarried (and is here unnamed):

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. George Byron (1707–1719)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. William Byron (1709–1709)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. William Henry Byron (1710–1710)

paragraph: Frances Wilhelmina died on 31 March 1712. He married thirdly the Hon. Frances Berkeley, daughter of William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton and Frances Temple, in 1720. They had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Isabella Byron (1721 – 22 January 1795), wife of Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Byron, 5th Baron Byron (1722–1798)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vice-Admiral Hon. John Byron (1723–1786)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rev. Hon. Richard Byron (1724–1811)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. George Byron (1730–?)

paragraph: Frances remarried Sir Thomas Hay, Bart., of Alderston and was buried on the 21st September, 1757 in Twickenham, Middlesex.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Byron, 4th Baron Byron, at thepeerage.com (accessed 26 November 2009)

alias:
William, 4th Baron of Rochdale Byron
William, 4th Baron Byron
William Byron
4th Baron Byron

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: William Byron, 4th Baron Byron

wikipedia_title: William Byron, 4th Baron Byron


text:
Venice
Doge of Venice
Genoa
revolt of St. Tito
Crete
Marco Cornaro

categories: 1365 deaths,14th-century Doges of Venice,1310s births

paragraph: Lorenzo Celsi

paragraph: Lorenzo Celsi (born Venice, c. 1310 – died there 18 July 1365) was a Venetian statesman who served as the 58th Doge of Venice, from 16 July 1361 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of a rich family, and was previously noted for leading a flotilla against Genoa to help preserve Venetian interests. He was married to Marchesina Ghisi. During his reign, Celsi confronted the revolt of St. Tito

paragraph: in Crete, a rebellion that overthrew the official Venetian authorities and attempted to create an independent state.

paragraph: Celsi was succeeded as Doge by Marco Cornaro.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Lorenzo Celsi

wikipedia_title: Lorenzo Celsi


text: American football

text: quarterback

text: National Football League

text: Atlanta Falcons

text: Super Bowl XXXIII

text: Everett, Washington

text: touchdown

text: University of Washington

text: Senior Bowl

text: Mark Royals

text: Karl Wilson

text: Jeff Brady

text: moniker

text: Journeyman

text: Indianapolis Colts

text: Jeff George

text: 1990 draft

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: Quentin Coryatt

text: passer rating

text: Phoenix Cardinals

text: Los Angeles Rams

text: Houston Oilers

text: Jeff Fisher

text: Steve McNair

text: Atlanta Falcons

text: Dan Reeves

text: Pro Bowl

text: 1998 season

text: Georgia Dome

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: Steve Young

text: NFC Championship

text: by upsetting

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Super Bowl XXXIII

text: Denver Broncos

text: John Elway

text: Mike Shanahan

text: 2000 season

text: 2001 draft

text: San Diego Chargers

text: Tim Dwight

text: Reche Caldwell

text: Michael Vick

text: 2001 season

text: Chicago Bears

text: Rams

text: Marc Bulger

text: Kurt Warner

text: Mike Martz

text: cap

text: San Diego

text: USC

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: John Brodie

text: American Century Championship

text: golf

text: NBC

text: volleyball

text: Stats at Pro-Football-Reference.com

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,St. Louis Rams players,Washington Huskies football players,Phoenix Cardinals players,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Chicago Bears players,American football quarterbacks,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Houston Oilers players,1965 births,Indianapolis Colts players,Sportspeople from Everett, Washington,Living people,Los Angeles Rams players

paragraph: Chris Chandler

paragraph: Christopher Mark Chandler (born October 12, 1965) is a retired American football player who played as a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for 17 seasons. He played for eight different teams during his NFL career, and is known for leading the Atlanta Falcons to a 14-2 season in 1998 followed by an appearance in Super Bowl XXXIII.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Chandler was born on October 12, 1965, in Everett, Washington, the ninth of ten children. His mother died when he was 19, and his father died shortly after he made it to the NFL. In high school, he was active in basketball, football, track and golf. As a high school quarterback, Chandler threw for 2,000 yards and 49 touchdowns.

paragraph: In college, Chandler played at the University of Washington from 1984 to 1987. He finished third in the school's history in total offense with 4,442 yards and 32 touchdown passes, and ended his college career as the Offensive Player of the Game at the 1988 Senior Bowl. He graduated with an economics degree.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Chandler played in the NFL for 17 seasons, from 1988 to 2004. He played for eight teams (seven franchises as he played for Los Angeles Rams in their original city and later when they relocated to St. Louis), a record shared with Mark Royals, Karl Wilson, and Jeff Brady, although Chandler is the only player to have started for eight different teams. He threw for 28,484 yards, and had a career passer rating of 79.1. He has thrown at least one touchdown pass for seven different franchises, an NFL record. At the time of his retirement, he was ranked 30th in all-time pass completions, with 2328.

paragraph: Chandler was continually bothered by injuries which earned him the moniker of "Crystal Chandelier" amongst his detractors. He also had the misfortune of "always [being] the guy preceding the next great draft choice" which made his career somewhat of a Journeyman.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:1988–1996.

paragraph: Chandler was taken in the third round of the draft by the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts deemed Chandler expendable due to his poor play, and the fact that they selected Jeff George with the first overall choice in the 1990 draft. Chandler was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1990 for a 1st round draft choice that turned out to be the 2nd overall pick. The Colts also had the 1st pick the same year. The pick that they got for Chandler they used on Quentin Coryatt. Chandler was cut during the 1991 season. As a Buccaneer, he had an 0-6 record as a starter, threw for 5 touchdowns and 14 interceptions, and had a passer rating of 44.9.

paragraph: From 1992 to 1994 he played reasonably well as a starter and backup for the Phoenix Cardinals and the Los Angeles Rams. After joining the Houston Oilers in 1995, he would earn the starting job. His highlight with the team came on September 24, 1995 at Cincinnati. In the Oilers' 38-28 victory Chandler threw for 352 yards and 4 touchdowns, and earned a perfect passer rating of 158.3 after completing 23 of 26 passes. However, late in 1996, Jeff Fisher decided that Steve McNair was ready to start, and Chandler was traded to the Atlanta Falcons for a fourth-round draft choice.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:1997–2001.

paragraph: Chandler's best seasons were with Atlanta, when he was coached by Dan Reeves. The Falcon's financial constraints meant that they could not sign an expensive big-name quarterback from free agency. Chandler was a Pro Bowl quarterback in 1997 and 1998. Reeves said Chandler "makes decisions while backpedaling that other QBs can't make until they settle into the pocket" while other "Coaches say he can speed-read defenses and anticipate his receivers well". In 1998, Chandler's 9.65 yards-per-attempt figure was the highest single-season YPA of any quarterback in the 1990s with 300+ passing attempts, while he set career-bests in yardage and touchdowns and threw just 12 interceptions. The 1998 season saw Chandler lead the Falcons to a 14-2 record, winning their first playoff game in the Georgia Dome by overcoming the San Francisco 49ers and Steve Young , and then capturing the NFC Championship conference title by upsetting the 15-1 Minnesota Vikings to make their inaugural appearance in the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XXXIII, Chandler's Falcons lost to the defending champions Denver Broncos quarterbacked by John Elway and coached by Mike Shanahan. Although Chandler had a higher passing efficiency rating that season than future Hall-of-Famer Elway, Chandler put in a disappointing performance in the Super Bowl with 219 yards with one touchdown and three interceptions while being sacked three times.

paragraph: Chandler signed a five-year, $27 million contract with the Falcons after the Super Bowl. Following the 2000 season, Chandler's record as a starting Atlanta quarterback was 28-25, which prompted the Falcons to consider recruiting a new quarterback. Atlanta held the fifth overall pick in the 2001 draft, and traded the pick to the San Diego Chargers, along with Tim Dwight, a third round pick in 2001, and a 2002 second round pick (which became Reche Caldwell). In return, Atlanta received the first overall pick in the 2001 draft, which they used to select quarterback Michael Vick. Still, Chandler started most of the 2001 season and finished with 2,847 passing yards, the second highest of his career. In 2002, he was replaced by Vick as the starting quarterback. Due to mediocre play, bloated salary, and being replaced by Vick, the Falcons opted to make Chandler eligible for selection by the Houston Texans in the 2002 Expansion Draft, with hopes of Chandler being picked up by the new team. Chandler left the Falcons ranked third in team history with 13,268 passing yards, but never achieved back-to-back winning seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2002-2004.

paragraph: In 2002, Chandler was picked up by the Chicago Bears, and spent two seasons there before being released.

paragraph: Chandler then agreed to a three-year $2.6 million contract to rejoin the Rams, who had moved to St. Louis, to serve as a backup and mentor to Marc Bulger, who had recently displaced Kurt Warner as the starting quarterback. In Chandler's first start as a Ram in 2004, he threw six interceptions, a team record. The following week, his poor play led to head coach Mike Martz saying, "It is tragic that, that position [when played by Chandler] holds this team hostage."

paragraph: As a result, Chandler was the first Ram to be released in the off-season, saving St. Louis $665,000 in cap space.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Chandler lived in San Diego and was married to Diane Brodie, a former college tennis player at USC and daughter of former San Francisco 49ers quarterback John Brodie; they tied the knot in 1994. They have three daughters: Ryann, Skye, and Brynn. As Chandler's mother Shirley died of breast cancer in 1989, and his father Forrest succumbed to lung cancer the next year, Chandler has looked upon John Brodie and Jerry Rhome (who served as Chandler's quarterback coach in Arizona and Houston) as surrogate fathers and mentors.

paragraph: Chandler is a regular competitor at the American Century Championship, the annual competition to determine the best golfers among American sports and entertainment celebrities. He won the tournament in 2007 and has a total of eight top ten finishes. Chris Chandler fired a 5 under par round of 67 scoring a total of 31 points. The veteran QB set both single day and tournament records for points with his final round play. The tournament, televised by NBC in July, is played at Edgewood Tahoe Golf Course in Lake Tahoe. Chandler helped coach the boys' golf team at Torrey Pines High School, where his oldest daughter Ryann plays on the volleyball team.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Huskies football statistical leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stats at Pro-Football-Reference.com

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Chris Chandler

wikipedia_title: Chris Chandler


text: Tromsø

categories: 1999 births,Norwegian male cyclists,Living people,People from Tromsø

paragraph: Andreas Leknessund

paragraph: Andreas Leknessund (born 21 May 1999 in Tromsø) is a Norwegian cyclist riding for .

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019

wikidata_label: Andreas Leknessund

wikipedia_title: Andreas Leknessund


text:
Edinburgh
Scotland
Currie
Currie High School
Chelsea College of Arts
Edinburgh
Steven Severin
Clodagh Simonds
Fovea Hex
soundscape
St. Giles' Cathedral
Glasgow Herald
contemporary classical music
Artichoke
David Best
Titan Clydebank
East Lothian
Chris Connelly
Fovea Hex

wikipedia_title:
Edinburgh
Scotland
Currie
Currie High School
Chelsea College of Arts
Edinburgh
Steven Severin
Clodagh Simonds
Fovea Hex
Soundscape
St Giles' Cathedral
The Herald (Glasgow)
Contemporary classical music
Artichoke (company)
David Best (sculptor)
Titan Clydebank
East Lothian
Chris Connelly (musician)
Fovea Hex

categories: 1966 births,Musicians from Edinburgh,Living people

paragraph: Michael Begg

paragraph: Michael Begg (born 8 June 1966) is a Scottish composer, sound artist, and musician.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Michael Begg was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was raised in the suburb of Currie. He attended Currie High School from 1978 to 1983 before enrolling in Chelsea College of Arts in London in 1984.

paragraph: Begg returned to Scotland in 1989 because of debt. In Edinburgh, he became involved in theatre production as co-artistic director of Cerberus Theatre Company, and taught creative writing, music and theatre skills to various mental health groups.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: In 2000, making use of new affordable computer technologies, he began to experiment in computer mediated composition. Along with long time collaborator Deryk Thomas, he produced a series of recordings intended for use in theatre which became the first Human Greed album, "Consolation".

paragraph: "Consolation" was released in 2001 on Steven Severin's short lived RE: Records label. The name Human Greed arose from the title of a play for which Begg intended the music to inhabit.

paragraph: Begg and Thomas have to date released four further albums under the group name Human Greed. Their most recent album, "World Fair", was warmly received in 2014, making the end of year "best-of" lists, including the influential USA based "Brainwashed" list.

paragraph: He began contributing to Clodagh Simonds' Fovea Hex project in 2007 with an appearance on the track "Long Distance" on the EP "Allure", the third part of the "Neither Speak Nor Remain Silent" trilogy. He has since appeared on every subsequent Fovea Hex recording, and is a core member of the performing iteration of the ensemble.

paragraph: In 2009, Begg was commissioned by Edinburgh City Council and Unique Events to produce a soundscape work to be performed in the city's St. Giles' Cathedral. This was undertaken as a collaboration with Colin Potter. The resulting work, "Fragile Pitches", was described by the "Glasgow Herald" as "In turns eerie, contemplative and majestically other-worldly… magnificently put the avant-garde into a populist arena without ever labouring the point."

paragraph: Begg has released a number of recordings in his own name, working more progressively towards a territory comprising site specific thematic work, contemporary classical music, and studio experimenting.

paragraph: In 2016, he was commissioned by Public Art promoters Artichoke to provide music for the BBC broadcast of London 1666. The programme documented the floating and subsequent burning of sculptor David Best's floating model of the city of London on the river Thames.

paragraph: In 2017, he was commissioned by Glasgow Cryptic to compose a new electronic work for Sonica 2017. The work was situated in the wheelhouse of the Titan Clydebank. The work received praise from the national press and earned Begg a New Music Scotland Award 2018.

paragraph: In 2018, Begg formed and became artistic director for the Black Glass Ensemble, a combination of chamber players and electronic experimentalists. He continues to provide composition and sound design for Moscow based blackSKYwhite theatre company, and writes about music for publications including "The Quietus", "Sound on Sound", "Audio Media International", and "Total Theatre".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Begg lives in East Lothian with his wife and two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Moon That Lights Itself", 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Titan: A Crane Is A Bridge", Omnempathy, 2017

paragraph: With Human Greed

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Consolation", RE Records, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pilgrim: New World Homestead", Omnempathy, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Hill: Midnight At The Blighted Star", Lumberton Trading Co. 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fortress Longing", Omnempathy/ICR, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Fair", Omnempathy, 2014

paragraph: Other albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fovea Hex – "Here Is Where We Used To Sing", Janet Records, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Begg & Chris Connelly – "New Town Nocturnes", 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fovea Hex – "The Salt Garden 2", Headphone Dust/Die Stadt, June 2017

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Omnempathy Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musicbrainz

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10 Questions, interview by Andrew_Liles2016/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clot magazine interview, 2018

wikidata_label: Michael Begg

wikipedia_title: Michael Begg


text:
United States Senator
Georgia
Georgia Railroad and Banking Company
Glasgow, Kentucky
Bedford County, Tennessee
Augusta, Georgia
Academy of Richmond County
Henry Paget, 4th Marquess of Anglesey
judge
Court of Common Pleas
Democrat
United States Senate
George M. Troup
Georgia Railroad and Banking Company
cotton
Summerville, Georgia
Kingston, Georgia

categories: Politicians from Augusta, Georgia,1799 births,Democratic Party United States Senators,United States Senators from Georgia (U.S. state),Georgia (U.S. state) state court judges,People from Glasgow, Kentucky,Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers,Academy of Richmond County alumni,People from Bedford County, Tennessee,People from Augusta, Georgia,1888 deaths,Georgia (U.S. state) Jacksonians,People from Summerville, Georgia

paragraph: John Pendleton King

paragraph: John Pendleton King (April 3, 1799March 19, 1888) was an attorney, planter and politician, serving as United States Senator from Georgia. He resigned in 1837 before the end of his term to devote himself to his plantation and business, serving for nearly 40 years as president of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company and becoming a cotton manufacturer. He acquired large plantation holdings and by 1860 owned 69 slaves to work the cotton fields and related trades.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in Glasgow, Kentucky, King moved in infancy with his parents to Bedford County, Tennessee, and then to Augusta, Georgia, in 1815. He graduated from the Academy of Richmond County in Augusta, and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1819 and practiced in Augusta.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: After beginning his practice, King married Mary Louise Woodward, daughter of John Woodward and wife Harriet Bixby. They had at least two daughters and a son together. Grace Sterling King married John McPherson Berrien Connelly and they had children. Mary Livingstone King married Henry Paget, 4th Marquess of Anglesey (1835–1898).

paragraph: Section::::Studies and politics.

paragraph: King studied in Europe from 1822 to 1824. He returned and continued the practice of law in Augusta until 1829. He was a member of the State constitutional conventions in 1830 and 1833. He was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1831. He was elected in 1833 as a Jacksonian (later Democrat) to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of George M. Troup. He was reelected in 1834 and served from November 21, 1833, until November 1, 1837, when he resigned.

paragraph: Section::::Business and plantation.

paragraph: After his time in politics, King became president of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, serving from 1841 to 1878. He worked as a railroad promoter and cotton manufacturer. In 1865 he was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1865.

paragraph: During this period he also continued as a planter and expanded his landholdings considerably, amassing a large estate. From 1830, he more than tripled the number of slaves he owned, in order to work those properties. In 1830, he owned 22 slaves in Augusta, Georgia. In 1840, he owned 55 slaves. In 1850, he owned 57 slaves. In 1860, he owned 68 slaves. King died in Summerville, Georgia and was interred in St. Paul's Churchyard, Augusta.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and legacy.

paragraph: King is the namesake of the city of Kingston, Georgia. Pendleton King Park in Augusta, Georgia is named for his grandson, John Pendleton King II, who died at age 29 of a brain aneurysm.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of American Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mellichamp, Josephine. "John King." In Senators From Georgia. pp. 107–10. Huntsville, Ala.: Strode Publishers, 1976.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: John Pendleton King

wikipedia_title: John Pendleton King


text:
free jazz
Human Arts Ensemble
Black Artists Group
Pope, Mississippi
Joe Charles
Elijah Shaw
Rich O'Donnel
Bernnie Snyder
Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra
Black Artists Group
St. Louis, Missouri
Lester Bowie
Frank Lowe
Hamiett Bluiett
John Mixon
Oliver Lake
Paris
Anthony Braxton
Steve Lacy
Frank Wright
Alan Silva
Michel Portal
Cecil Taylor
Richard Martin
Frank Lowe
Human Arts Ensemble
Lester Bowie
Joseph Bowie
Julius Hemphill
David Murray
Billy Bang
new wave
funk
improvisational
New York City
Fast Last!
Rope-A-Dope
Heavy Spirits
The Flam
Black Saint
Quintet (Basel) 1977
Bugle Boy Bop
James Emery
John Lindberg
Luther Thomas
The Fire from Within
Allmusic
Downbeat Feb 2012

categories: 1947 births,Jazz musicians from Mississippi,2017 deaths,American jazz drummers,Muse Records artists

paragraph: Charles "Bobo" Shaw

paragraph: Charles Wesley "Bobo" Shaw (September 5, 1947 – January 16, 2017) was an American free jazz drummer, known as a prominent member of the Human Arts Ensemble and Black Artists Group. He was born in Pope, Mississippi.

paragraph: Charles "Bobo" Shaw joined the American Woodsman Drummer bugle corp in 1953 and also played with the Tom Powel Post American Legion #77. Shaw also learned trombone and bass growing up, and studied drums under Joe Charles and Elijah Shaw. "Bobo" also studied with Rich O'Donnel and Bernnie Snyder of the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. He also was a founding member of the Black Artists Group, a St. Louis, Missouri ensemble, in the 1960s; during that decade he also played with Lester Bowie, Frank Lowe, Hamiett Bluiett, John Mixon, and Oliver Lake. He moved to Europe later in the 1960s and played in Paris with Anthony Braxton, Steve Lacy, Frank Wright, Alan Silva, Michel Portal, Cecil Taylor, Richard Martin, and Frank Lowe.

paragraph: After returning to St. Louis, he played with Lake again in 1971 and then in the 1970s led the Human Arts Ensemble, playing with Lester Bowie, Joseph Bowie, Julius Hemphill, David Murray and Lake again. He played with Billy Bang in the 1980s, and experimented with incorporating new wave and funk music into his improvisational Jam Sessions at venues in New York City.

paragraph: Charles was a long time resident of Garfield Apartments, a part of Peter & Paul Community Service in St Louis, Missouri. He was placed into a nursing care center in December 2016 due to his failing health. Shaw died on January 16, 2017 at the age of 69.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: Oliver Lake and the Black Artists Group – "Ntu – Point At Which Creation Begins"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: Charles Bobo Shaw and the Human Arts Ensemble – "Red, Black, and Green Solidarity Unit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: Charles Bobo Shaw and the Human Arts Ensemble – "Under The Sun"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Streets of St. Louis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: Charles Bobo Shaw and the Human Arts Ensemble - "Whisper Of Dharma"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: Luther Thomas And The Human Arts Ensemble – "Funky Donkey"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: Luther Thomas and The Human Arts Ensemble – "Banana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: Lester Bowie – "Fast Last!" (Muse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Lester Bowie – "Rope-A-Dope" (Muse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Oliver Lake - "Heavy Spirits"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Frank Lowe – "The Flam" (Black Saint)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Leroy Jenkins Orchestra – "For Players Only"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: Human Arts Ensemble in Trio – "Live in Germany Volumes 1 and 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Anthony Braxton Quintet – "Quintet (Basel) 1977" (hatOLOGY)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: Charles Bobo Shaw and the Human Arts Ensemble – "Junk Trap"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: Charles Bobo Shaw and the Human Arts Ensemble – "Streets Of Saint Louis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: New York City Loft Session – "Wild Flower"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Charles Bobo Shaw and Lester Bowie – "Bugle Boy Bop"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Joseph Bowie and Defunkt – "Thermal Nuclear Sweat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "Junk Trap" with Joseph Bowie, James Emery, John Lindberg, Luther Thomas (Black Saint)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: Frank Lowe – "Fresh"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: Saint Louis Creative Ensemble – "I Can’t Figure Out (Whatcha Doin’ To Me)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: "P'nkj'zz" (Muse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: Billy Bang - "The Fire from Within"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ Charles "Bobo" Shaw] at Allmusic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Downbeat Feb 2012

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Charles "Bobo" Shaw

wikipedia_title: Charles "Bobo" Shaw


text:
Weir, Kansas
Pittsburg, Kansas
baseball
second base
1920 World Series
Brooklyn Robins
Bill Wambsganss
unassisted triple play
San Francisco Seals
appendicitis

categories: Major League Baseball second basemen,Omaha Rourkes players,Deaths from appendicitis,Shreveport Sports players,Baseball players from Kansas,Brooklyn Robins players,Chicago Cubs players,Minor league baseball managers,San Francisco Seals (baseball) players,Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players,New York Giants (NL) players,People from Cherokee County, Kansas,1930 deaths,1893 births,Oklahoma City Boosters players

paragraph: Pete Kilduff

paragraph: Peter John Kilduff (April 4, 1893 in Weir, Kansas – February 14, 1930 in Pittsburg, Kansas), was a professional baseball player who played second base from 1917 to 1921. He appeared in the 1920 World Series with the Brooklyn Robins where he was one of three outs in Bill Wambsganss's unassisted triple play. He was scheduled to be the manager for the San Francisco Seals when he died of appendicitis before the 1930 season.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Pete Kilduff

wikipedia_title: Pete Kilduff


text: Schaffhausen

text: St Petersburg

text: Royal Society

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: St Petersburg

text: Eastern Europe

text: Ruthenia

text: Ukraine

text: Herman Boerhaave

text: Leyden

text: Schaffhausen

text: Switzerland

text: Hans Sloane

text: Chelsea Physic Garden

text: British Museum

text: Johann Georg Gmelin

text: Gypsophila paniculata

text: Linnaeus

text: Vasilyevsky Island

text: Johann Daniel Schumacher

text: Ammannia

text: Lythraceae

text: Paul Amman

text: University of Leipzig

text: Materia medica

text: author abbreviation

text: citing

text: botanical name

categories: 1741 deaths,People from Schaffhausen,Fellows of the Royal Society,Imperial Russian botanists,Botanists with author abbreviations,Swiss botanists,1707 births,Ukrainian botanists,Leiden University alumni

paragraph: Johann Amman

paragraph: Johann Amman, Johannes Amman or Иоганн Амман (22 December 1707 in Schaffhausen – 14 December 1741 in St Petersburg), was a Swiss-Russian botanist, a member of the Royal Society and professor of botany at the Russian Academy of Sciences at St Petersburg. He is best known for his ""Stirpium Rariorum in Imperio Rutheno Sponte Provenientium Icones et Descriptiones"" published in 1739 with descriptions of some 285 plants from Eastern Europe and Ruthenia (now Ukraine). The plates are unsigned, though an engraving on the dedicatory leaf of the work is signed ""Philipp Georg Mattarnovy"", a Swiss-Italian engraver, Filippo Giorgio Mattarnovi (1716-1742), who worked at the St. Petersburg Academy.

paragraph: Amman was a student of Herman Boerhaave at Leyden from where he graduated as a physician in 1729. He came from Schaffhausen in Switzerland in 1729 to help Hans Sloane curate his natural history collection. Sloane was founder of the Chelsea Physic Garden and originator of the British Museum. Amman went on to St Petersburg at the invitation of Johann Georg Gmelin (1709-1755) and became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, regularly sending interesting plants, such as "Gypsophila paniculata", back to Sloane. Linnaeus maintained a lively correspondence with Amman between 1736 and 1740.

paragraph: Amman founded the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences on Vasilyevsky Island in St Petersburg in 1735. In 1739 he married Elisabetha Schumacher, daughter of Johann Daniel Schumacher, the court librarian in St Petersburg.

paragraph: "Ammannia" of the Lythraceae was named not for Johann Amman, but for Paul Amman (1634-1691), botanist, physiologist and director of the "Hortus Medicus" at the University of Leipzig and who published work on Materia medica in 1675.

paragraph: Johann Amman is denoted by the author abbreviation Amman when citing a botanical name.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linnaeus.c18.net: Johann Amman correspondence with Carl Linnaeus

alias:
Johannes Amman
John Amman
Amman

description: Swiss-Russian botanist

wikidata_label: Johann Amman

wikipedia_title: Johann Amman


text:
American
athlete
relay
1964 Summer Olympics
Compton Community College
Compton, California
Hollandale, Mississippi
AAU
440-yard dash
Track and Field News
Compton High School
Arizona State University
NCAA
Tokyo
Olympics
world record
Compton Community College

categories: 1941 births,People from Hollandale, Mississippi,American male sprinters,Compton High School alumni,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field,Arizona State University alumni,California Democrats,Track and field athletes from California,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Ulis Williams

paragraph: Ulis C. Williams (born October 24, 1941) is an American former athlete, winner of a gold medal in the 4×400 meter relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He later served as President of Compton Community College in Compton, California, from 1996 to 2005.

paragraph: Born in Hollandale, Mississippi, Williams won the AAU championships in the 440-yard dash in 1962 and 1963. In 1962, he was named Track and Field News High School Athlete of the Year. After graduating Compton High School, Williams enrolled at Arizona State University and won the NCAA championships in 440 yd in 1963 and 400 m in 1964.

paragraph: At the Tokyo Olympics, Williams was fifth in 400 m and ran the third leg on the American 4 × 400 m relay team that won the gold medal with a new world record of 3.00.7.

paragraph: After finishing his athletic career, Williams worked at Compton Community College for almost three decades, serving in numerous positions of increasing responsibility before assuming the post of Superintendent/President in March 1996.

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Ulis Williams

wikipedia_title: Ulis Williams


text:
Artabanus
Iranian
Greek ancestry
Artabanus II
Parthian Empire
Pacorus II of Parthia
Terentius Maximus
Anatolia
deceased emperor Nero
Joannes Zonaras

categories: 1st-century monarchs in the Middle East,90 deaths,Parthian kings,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Artabanus III of Parthia

paragraph: "For Parthian Kings and other people of this name, see Artabanus.

paragraph: Artabanus III, incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus IV, (flourished 1st century) was a Parthian Prince of Iranian and possibly of Greek ancestry.

paragraph: Surviving coins issued during his reign bear some resemblance to coins from the reign of Artabanus II. From this, Artabanus III can be seen as a possible son of Artabanus II.

paragraph: He was a rival for the crown of the Parthian Empire during the reign of Pacorus II of Parthia, against whom he revolted. His own reign as King extended from about 80 to 90. On coinage, he is known as "Arsaces Artabanus". Artabanus III was strong enough at one point to support Terentius Maximus, a Roman pretender who rose in Anatolia claiming to be the deceased emperor Nero. However Artabanus III could not maintain himself against Pacorus II.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joannes Zonaras xi, 18

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Verstandig, History of the Parthian Empire (-250 – 227), The Scream History Edition (Belgium), 2001

wikipedia_title: Artabanus III of Parthia


text:
Parthian
Parthian Empire
Vologases V
Latin
Greek
Middle Iranian
Modern Persian
Vologases VI
Vologases V
Media
Susa
Seleucia
Roman
Caracalla
Armenia
freedman
Nisibis
Mesopotamia
Pars
Kirman
al-Tabari
ditch
spring
lamellar
Shapur I
rock relief
battle
Dad-windad
shah
King of Kings
Iranshahr
Firuzabad
Pars

categories: 224 deaths,People of the Roman–Parthian Wars,Parthian kings,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century Iranian people

paragraph: Artabanus IV of Parthia

paragraph: Artabanus IV, also known as Ardavan IV (Parthian: 𐭍𐭐𐭕𐭓), incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus V, was the last ruler of Parthian Empire from c. 213 to 224. He was the younger son of Vologases V, who died in 208.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: "" is the Latin form of the Greek "Artabanos" (), itself from the Middle Iranian "Ardawān" (). The Modern Persian version is "Ardavān" ().

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Dynastic struggles and war with the Romans.

paragraph: In , Vologases VI succeeded his father Vologases V as king of the Parthian Empire. His rule was unquestioned for a few years, till his brother Artabanus IV rebelled. The dynastic struggle between the two brothers most likely started in . Artabanus successfully conquered much of the empire, including Media and Susa. Vologases VI seems to have only managed to keep Seleucia, where he minted coins. The Roman emperor Caracalla sought to take advantage of the conflict between the two brothers. He tried to find a pretext to invade the Parthian Empire by requesting Vologases to send two refugees—a philosopher named Antiochus and a certain Tiridates, who was possibly either an Armenian prince or a uncle of Vologases. To the surprise of the Romans, Vologases had the two men sent to Caracalla in 215, thus denying him his pretext. Caracalla's choice of contacting Vologases instead of Artabanus shows that the Romans still saw him as the dominant king.

paragraph: Caracalla thus chose to preoccupy himself with a invasion of Armenia. He appointed a freedman named Theocritus as the leader of the invasion, which eventually ended in a disaster. Caracalla then once again sought to start a war with the Parthians. In another attempt to gain a pretext, he requested Artabanus to marry his daughter, which he declined. It is disputed whether Caracalla's proposal was sincere or not. Caracalla's choice to contact Artabanus shows that the latter was now considered the dominant king over Vologases, who would rule a small principality centered around Seleucia until 221/2. Artabanus soon clashed with Caracalla, whose forces he managed to contain at Nisibis in 217. Peace was made between the two empires the following year, with the Arsacids keeping most of Mesopotamia. However, Artabanus still had to deal with his brother Vologases, who continued to mint coins and challenge him.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War with the Sasanians.

paragraph: The Sasanian family had meanwhile quickly risen to prominence in their native Pars, and had now under prince Ardashir I begun to conquer the neighboring regions and more far territories, such as Kirman. At first, Ardashir I's activities did not alarm Artabanus, until later, when the Arsacid king finally chose to confront him. According to al-Tabari, whose work was probably based off Sasanian sources, Ardashir I and Artabanus agreed to meet in Hormozdgan at the end of the month of Mihr (April). Nonetheless, Ardashir I went to the place before due time to occupy a advantageous spot on the plain. There he dug out a ditch to defend himself and his forces. He also took over a spring at the place. Ardashir I's forces numbered 10,000 cavalry, with some of them wearing flexible chain armor akin to that of the Romans. Artabanus led a greater number of soldiers, who, however, were less disposed, due to wearing the inconvenient lamellar armor. Ardashir I's son and heir, Shapur I, as portrayed in the Sasanian rock reliefs, also took part in the battle. The battle was fought on 28 April 224, with Artabanus being defeated and killed, marking the end of the Arsacid era and the start of 427-years of Sasanian rule.

paragraph: The chief secretary of Artabanus, Dad-windad, was afterwards executed by Ardashir I. Thenceforth, Ardashir I assumed the title of "shahanshah" ("King of Kings") and started the conquest of an area which would be called Iranshahr ("Ērānshahr"). He celebrated his victory in a relief sculptured at his previous capital, Ardashir-Khwarrah (present-day Firuzabad) in his homeland, Pars. On the relief, Ardashir I is portrayed as riding on a horse whilst ousting Artabanus, who is also mounted. Ardashir I's son Shapur I, also on horseback, is portrayed as impaling Dad-windad with his lance. Vologases was driven out of Mesopotamia by Ardashir I's forces soon after 228.

wikipedia_title: Artabanus IV of Parthia


text:
Tate
Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
National Gallery of Australia
Art Gallery of South Australia
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Brisbane
Aboriginal
Queensland College of Art
Something more
Life
stolen generation
Accattone
Pier Paolo Pasolini
Nicholas Hall
Hermitage Museum
2000 Summer Olympic Games
Venice Biennale
Natalie King
genre
experimental cinema
cut up
Jimmy Little
Frederick McCubbin
Cannes
1993 Cannes Film Festival
"Night Cries"
Tracey Moffatt
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Moffatt, Tracey

categories: Australian experimental filmmakers,1960 births,Australian photographers,Australian women film directors,Australian film directors,Officers of the Order of Australia,20th-century women artists,21st-century Australian artists,Australian contemporary artists,People from Brisbane,Australian women photographers,20th-century Australian artists,Australian Aboriginal artists,Australian video artists,21st-century women artists,Queensland College of Art alumni,Living people

paragraph: Tracey Moffatt

paragraph: Tracey Moffatt (born 12 November 1960) is an Australian artist who primarily uses photography and video.

paragraph: In 2017 she represented Australia at the 57th Venice Biennale with her solo exhibition, "My Horizon". Her works are held in the collections of the Tate,Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of South Australia and Art Gallery of New South Wales.

paragraph: She currently lives in Sydney and New York.

paragraph: Though she is best known for her photographic works, Moffatt has created numerous films, documentaries and videos. Her work often focuses on Australian Aboriginal people and the way they are understood in cultural and social terms.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Moffatt was born in Brisbane in 1960 to an Aboriginal mother. At age three she was fostered out, growing up as the eldest of three daughters in a white family and often left to look after her foster sisters.

paragraph: Moffatt holds a degree in visual communications from the Queensland College of Art, graduating in 1982, and received an honorary doctorate in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Early works.

paragraph: Moffatt's first short film was "Nice Coloured Girls" (1987). It is a 16-minute story of three young Aboriginal women as they cruise Sydney's King Cross entertainment district looking for fun, presented in cut-away context with the historical oppression of Indigenous women by white men.

paragraph: Commissioned by the Murray Art Museum Albury and shot in Link Studios in Wodonga, "Something more" (1989) is a photographic series composed of six vibrant Cibachrome color prints and three black-and-white prints. It is a now iconic series of photographs that built Moffatt's first widespread public attention "," each of which borrows from film language to construct what is described as "an enigmatic narrative of a young woman looking for more out of life than the circumstances of her violent rural upbringing." "Night Cries" (1989/1990) is one of Moffatt's best-known films. Inspired by the 1955 classic Australian film "Jedda", and sharing similar aesthetics to "Something More," it tells the story of an Aboriginal women forced to care for her aging white mother.

paragraph: Moffatt's photographic series of works such as "Pet Thang" (1991) and "Laudanum" (1998) returned to the themes of "Something More" exploring mixed and sometimes obscure references to issues of sexuality, history, representation and race. Other series of images, notably "Scarred for Life" (1994) and "Scarred for Life II" (1999) again tackled these themes but which referenced the photojournalism and photo essays of "Life" magazine accompanied by captions. While the words are compelling, they don’t explain the images, indeed they tend to add to their enigmatic nature as though more information is a further dead end.

paragraph: As her work progressed over the next decade, Moffatt began to explore narratives in more gothic settings. In "Up in the Sky" (1998) the artist's work again used a sequential narrative but instead of using fantasy settings, a story concerning Australia's "stolen generation" – Indigenous Australian children who were taken from their families and forcibly relocated under Government policy – was enacted and performed on location in Queensland's outback. Like "Something More", "Up in the sky" employs the theme of race and violence, displaying a loose narrative set against the backdrop of a remote town, ‘a place of ruin’ and devastation populated by misfits and minor characters. It is one of Moffatt’s larger series of photographs and takes its visual ideas from Italian modernist cinema "Accattone" (1961) by Pier Paolo Pasolini. The story relies on a triangular mixed-race relationship. Of this work Moffatt stated: 'My work is full of emotion and drama, you can get to that drama by using a narrative, and my narratives are usually very simple, but I twist it … there is a storyline, but … there isn’t a traditional beginning, middle and end.'

paragraph: In 2000, Moffatt's work was amongst those by eight individual or collaborative groups of Indigenous Australian artists included in a major exhibition of Australian Indigenous art held in the prestigious Nicholas Hall at the Hermitage Museum in Russia. The exhibition received a positive reception from Russian critics, one of whom wrote:

paragraph: Moffatt's work since 2000 has retreated from specific locales and subject matter and become more explicitly concerned with fame and celebrity. Her series "Fourth" (2001) used images of sportspeople from the 2000 Summer Olympic Games coming fourth in their various competitions. Seeking to underline their outsider status, the images are treated so only the ignoble fourth place holder is highlighted.

paragraph: 2003 saw Moffatt named by Australian Art Collector magazine as one of the country's 50 most collectible artists.

paragraph: "Adventure Series" (2004) is Moffatt's most unabashed fantasy series using painted backdrops, costumes and models (including the artist herself) to enact a soap opera like drama of doctors, nurses and pilots in a tropical setting. "Under The Sign of Scorpio" (2005) is a series 40 images in which the artist takes on the persona of famous women born – like the artist – under the zodiac sign of Scorpio. The series reiterates the artist's ongoing interests in celebrity, alternate personas and constructed realities. Moffatt's 2007 series "Portraits" explores the idea of 'celebrity' among people in her immediate social circle – family members, fellow artists, her dealer – through 'glamorised' renderings of their faces using computer technology, repetitive framing and bright colours.

paragraph: In 2008 Moffatt held her "first substantial exhibition to date" at Dia Art Foundation in the United States, featuring the photo series "Up in the Sky" (1997).

paragraph: In 2017 Moffatt was selected to represent Australia at the Venice Biennale for her solo exhibition "My Horizon", which was curated by Natalie King. The exhibition consisted of two videos, "The White Ghosts Sailed In" and "Vigil", and two series of photographs, "Body Remembers" and "Passage". "My Horizon" tackles problems of colonialism and imperialism in Australia and how it affects the indigenous population. This biennial is the first time since 1997 that Australia has been represented by an indigenous artist.

paragraph: Section::::Film and video work.

paragraph: Moffatt's work in film and video has included short films, experimental video and a feature film. The short films rely on the stylistic genre features of experimental cinema – usually including non-realist narrative scenarios often shot on sound stages echoing her work in still photography. Early works such as "Nice Coloured Girls" and "Night Cries" also use sound mixes that reinforce the 'fakeness' of the settings and use well-worn experimental cinema devices such as audio field recordings and low tones to provide atmosphere. Her short video works such as "Artist" (2000) use the cut up methodology of taking images from pre-existing sources and re-editing them into ironic commentaries on the material – "Artist" for example providing a commentary on the cliched role of the artist in Hollywood cinema, and her "Doomed" (2007) – made in collaboration with the artist Gary Hillberg – a collection of scenes of destruction from disaster movies. Her feature film "Bedevil" is a trio of narratives themed around spirits and hauntings.

paragraph: Section::::Film and video work.:"Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy" (1989).

paragraph: Primarily concerned with a series of almost static vignettes, "Night Cries" reiterates many of Moffatt's visual motifs from her still photography – sets, non-acting, an evocative use of sound and music. In "Night Cries" Moffatt's attempts to draw ironic or romantic connotations in juxtaposition to the images and narratives, such as her use of Jimmy Little. Moffatt also makes explicit references to Australian art history, drawing parallels between Indigenous history and the recording the landscape by non-Indigenous artists by quoting artists such as Frederick McCubbin's "The Pioneer". This film was selected for official competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 1990.

paragraph: Additionally, In the film night cries, Moffatt reminds and displays history of the colonial past of Aboriginal people. This film makes connections between aboriginal people and their colonizers by touching on systems that were used by colonizers to harm and put Aboriginals at a disadvantage. In the film, there is a clear tension and mixed feelings between the characters, one being the white woman and the other an aboriginal woman who play adoptive mother and daughter

paragraph: This film is powerful as Moffatt uses different aspects of colonization of Aboriginal people to illustrate the damage and hurtful events that took place. This film is used as a voice to show and remind viewers of the past colonial history.

paragraph: Section::::Film and video work.:"Bedevil" (1993).

paragraph: Shown at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival, "Bedevil" is composed of three self-contained narratives with recurring visual motifs. In the first story "Mister Chuck" Moffatt uses the character of an American soldier, in the second part "Choo Choo Choo Choo" railway tracks connect a series of events and in the final part "Lovin' the Spin I'm in" a landlord who evicts a family from a house. The images were partly inspired by memories from her early life.

paragraph: Section::::Film and video work.:"Heaven" (1997).

paragraph: Moffatt's film, "Heaven", is a voyeuristic montage of footage depicting men getting changed at Australian beaches.

paragraph: Section::::Film and video work.:"Lip" (1999).

paragraph: In "Lip", Moffatt collates clips of black servants in Hollywood movies talking back to their 'bosses', attempting to expose the attitudes to race often found in mainstream cinema. Also, this film is written on two women, one white and one black. In this film, the story line shows the conflict between the white woman and the black woman who is her maid. It shows racial tensions.

paragraph: Section::::Film and video work.:"Artist" (2000).

paragraph: Moffatt's "Artist" is a collection of clips from movies and television programs that depict artists at work, at play and in the act of creation. By showing the particular bias of television and cinema to what the role of an artist apparently means to modern society, the film reflects the sometimes uninformed, sometimes humorous view of society towards artists today.

paragraph: Section::::Film and video work.:"Revolution" (2008).

paragraph: Commissioned for the 16th Biennale of Sydney in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Select filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guniwaya Ngigu" (1982) (documentary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nice Coloured Girls" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watch Out" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Change of Face" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy" (1989/1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bedevil" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Island Home (music video) (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heaven (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lip (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doomed (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revolution (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vigil (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The White Ghosts Sailed In (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Cries" at Oz Movies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tracey Moffatt at the Art Gallery of New South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moffatt, Tracey in "The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia"

alias:
Tracy Moffatt
Tracey L Moffatt
Tracey Moffat

description: Australian photographer, artist and filmmaker

wikidata_label: Tracey Moffatt

wikipedia_title: Tracey Moffatt


text: Lierne

text: Nord-Trøndelag

text: Norwegian

text: cross-country skier

text: Meråker

text: Davos

text: Tobias Angerer

text: FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2001

text: FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2003

text: Val di Fiemme

text: 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships

text: Oberstdorf

text: Anders Aukland

text: Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset

text: biathlete

text: Lars Berger

text: Tore Ruud Hofstad

text: Vincent Vittoz

text: Giorgio Di Centa

text: photo finish

text: 2007 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships

text: Sapporo

text: Winter Olympics

text: 2002 Games

text: 2006 Winter Olympics

text: Thomas Alsgaard

text: Johann Mühlegg

text: doping

text: IOC

text: Per Elofsson

text: Kristen Skjeldal

text: Anders Aukland

text: Andrus Veerpalu

text: Estonia

text: Jaak Mae

text: Mikhail Ivanov

text: Turin

text: Eugeni Dementiev

text: Pietro Piller Cottrer

text: hemoglobin

text: FIS

text: Soldier Hollow

text: Holmenkollen Medal

text: Simon Ammann

text: Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset

text: King Harald V

text: Queen Sonja

text: International Ski Federation (FIS)

text: Frode Estil's official website

text: 2007 Holmenkollen medalists announced

categories: Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing,Olympic gold medalists for Norway,1972 births,People from Lierne,Holmenkollen medalists,People from Meråker,Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Norwegian male cross-country skiers,Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Olympic cross-country skiers of Norway,Olympic silver medalists for Norway,Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,Living people

paragraph: Frode Estil

paragraph: Frode Estil (born 31 May 1972 in Lierne, Nord-Trøndelag) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier. He currently lives in Meråker with his wife Grete whom he married in the summer of 2001. They have two sons, Bernhard, born in August 2002, and Konrad. Estil was classical specialist and also a specialist at succeeding in World Championships and Olympics. While Estil only won four World Cup races, he won one individual Olympic Gold and one individual World Championship gold. In addition, he won three team events in the World Championships and another team gold in the Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup.

paragraph: Estil's first World Cup victory was in 1999 in the 30 km event at Davos. His best standing at the end of a season was during 2001/02 when he finished 5th. Estil has been competing in the World Cup since 1995/96, in which he finished the season in 42nd place, and in 1996/97 he finished 63rd. The year after however he jumped up to 12th. The following two years he finished 19th and 12th. Finally in the 2000/01 season he finished inside the top ten of the world, finishing 8th. The next season (2001/02) was even better for Estil, not only did he get married in the summer but he finished in 5th place overall, his ever highest overall ranking. The next two seasons he finished in 6th. After the 2002/03 season he stopped competing in the sprint events after finishing the season in 58th, he had finished the sprint seasons in 48th (1996/97), 18th (1997/98), 18th (1998/99), 32nd (1999/00), and 39th in 2001/02. In 2003/04 he finished 3rd in the distance standings. 2004/05 was a poor season, finishing 14th in the distance, and 25th in the overall. Estil finished the 2005/06 season in 9th place in the FIS World Cup standings, 456 points behind winner Tobias Angerer. Estil finished 4th in the distance, 420 points behind Angerer, and again did not compete in the sprints.

paragraph: Estil has had 18 World Cup podium finishes. Four of them in 1st place, six in 2nd place and eight in 3rd place. His wins came in 1999/00, 2002/03 and two in 2003/04. The most podium finishes he has had in a single season was in 2002/03, where he had four (one win, two 2nd, and one 3rd). He had three podiums in the seasons either side of that season. All of his wins have been in the classic style, except one double pursuit (in which the first half of the race is in the classical technique).

paragraph: The 15 km is his most successful event in terms of numbers of podium finishes. Through the years he has had one win, three second places and three third places. His most successful event in terms of wins is the 30 km, where he has had three victories (also one second and one third).

paragraph: Section::::World championships.

paragraph: Estil's first gold medal in an international championship was in the relay in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2001 in Lahti, where he also took silver in the 30 km.

paragraph: At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2003, held in Val di Fiemme, Estil won a gold in the 4 x 10 km relay and bronze in the 15 km and 30 km.

paragraph: At the 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf, Estil won gold in the 50 km race, and the 4 x 10 km relay. In the 50 km race he won in a time of 2:30:10.1, beating Anders Aukland by 0.7 seconds, and Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset came third making it a Norwegian sweep. A characteristic of Estil is to start slow and then come through the pack towards the end of the race, he was 23rd after 12.5 km, and 11th after 27.5 km, but by 42.5 km he was 3rd, and came through to win. In the relay, Norway (Hjelmeset, Estil, biathlete Lars Berger, and Tore Ruud Hofstad) won, with Germany second and Russia third. Norway finished 17.7 seconds ahead of the Germans, with Estil skiing Norway's second fastest leg (behind Berger). He also won a bronze medal in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit, in a time of 1:19:21.3, 0.8 seconds behind winner Vincent Vittoz, and losing silver to Giorgio Di Centa in a photo finish.

paragraph: At the 2007 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Sapporo, Estil won only one medal. He lost the gold at the finish line of the 50 km event to fellow Norwegian Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset. Estil has nine World Championship medals as of the Sapporo championships with four gold, two silver, and three bronze.

paragraph: Section::::Olympics.

paragraph: Estil has competed in two Winter Olympics. In the 2002 Games Estil won golds in the 10 km + 10 km combined pursuit, and the 4 x 10 km relay; and won a silver in the 15 km. In the 2006 Winter Olympics he won a silver medal in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit.

paragraph: In the 10 km + 10 km combined pursuit, Estil tied with fellow Norwegian Thomas Alsgaard for second place, with Johann Mühlegg winning the race. However Mühlegg was found guilty of doping and disqualified by the IOC in February 2004, therefore upgrading Estil and Alsgaard to joint gold medalists. Alsgaard and Estil clocked times of 49:48.9, 4 seconds ahead of Per Elofsson.

paragraph: In the same Olympic Games, he also won a silver medal in the 15 km Classic race, and a gold medal in the 4 x 10 km relay together with Alsgaard, Kristen Skjeldal and Anders Aukland. Estil finished the 15 km race in 37:43.4, 36 seconds behind Andrus Veerpalu of Estonia, and 7.4 seconds ahead of Jaak Mae also of Estonia. Estil also took part in the 50 km classic, but finished ninth, in a time of 2:10:44.8, 4:22.0 behind winner Mikhail Ivanov of Russia.

paragraph: At the 2006 Olympics in Turin, Italy, Estil won the silver medal in the men's 15 km + 15 km double pursuit competition despite taking a fall and breaking a ski at the start of the race which put him in last place. Eugeni Dementiev of Russia won the race, 1.6 seconds ahead of Estil, who finished the race in 1:17:01.8, 0.3 seconds ahead of Pietro Piller Cottrer who came third. In the same Games Estil also took part in the 15 km classical, and the 50 km freestyle mass start, but finished 17th and 28th respectively. Estil's results mirrored those of the Norwegian cross-country team who failed to win a single Gold medal in Turin, owing to stomach illness and waxing mistakes made by Norway's eight man strong service team.

paragraph: Estil's Olympic medals include two golds and two silvers..

paragraph: Section::::Medical.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estil has a high hemoglobin level, and has received a blood-certificate by the FIS, so that when his blood is tested the maximum hemoglobin allowed to race is 17.5 grams hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood, compared to 17 grams for men and 16 grams per 100 ml for athletes without this certificate.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estil has had a hill in Soldier Hollow, Utah, United States, (where the cross country skiing and biathlon events of the 2002 Winter Olympics took place) named after him after his three medals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frode Estil was named Norwegian sportsman of the year in 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estil received the Holmenkollen Medal in 2007 (Shared with Simon Ammann, Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset, King Harald V, and Queen Sonja).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Individual podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 victories

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20 podiums

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Team podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9 victories – (9 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16 podiums – (15 , 1 )

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frode Estil's official website &

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmenkollen medal presented to Estil and Hjelmeset - Accessed March 21, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Holmenkollen medalists announced - Accessed March 18, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short video of Frode being wished good luck by the Leeds manager

description: cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Frode Estil

wikipedia_title: Frode Estil


text:
hellenization
Egyptian
Sais
Pharaoh
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-sixth Dynasty
first Persian occupation of Egypt
Battle of Pelusium
Sextus Julius Africanus
Eusebius of Caesarea
Chronicon
ancient Egypt
prophetic
Demotic Chronicle
Libyan
Inaros II
Psamtik III
Satrap
Artaxerxes I
Aramaic
ancient Greek
Demotic Chronicle
Egyptian
demotic
hieroglyphic
names
assuming the throne of Egypt
Darius II
Nile Delta
Isocrates
Artaxerxes II
Phoenicia
Abrocomas
Cyrus the Younger
Egyptians
king
Elephantine
Aramaic papyri
Greek
historian
Diodorus Siculus
Bibliotheca historica
Sparta
Nepherites I
Mendes
Memphis
Aramaic
papyrus Brooklyn
Lower Egypt
Hakor
Clayton, Peter A.
I. Shaw

categories: 399 BC deaths,4th-century BC rulers,4th-century BC Pharaohs,5th-century BC births,Nile Delta,Pharaohs of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt,5th-century BC Pharaohs,5th-century BC rulers,5th century BC in Egypt,Achaemenid Egypt

paragraph: Amyrtaeus

paragraph: Amyrtaeus (hellenization of the original Egyptian name Amenirdisu) of Sais is the only Pharaoh of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt and is thought to be related to the royal family of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty (664–525 BC). He ended the first Persian occupation of Egypt (i.e. the Twenty-seventh Dynasty: 525–404 BC) and reigned from 404 BC to 399 BC. Amyrtaeus' successful insurrection inaugurated Egypt's last significant phase of independence under native sovereigns, which lasted for about 60 years until the Battle of Pelusium in 343 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Sources and identity.

paragraph: Sextus Julius Africanus ("Chronographiai") calls him "Amyrteos", while Eusebius of Caesarea ("Chronicon") calls him "Amirtaios" — both of them recording that he reigned for 6 years. An ancient Egyptian prophetic text, the "Demotic Chronicle" (3rd/2nd century BC), states:

paragraph: Amyrtaeus was probably the grandson of the Amyrtaeus of Sais who, with the Libyan chief, Inaros II (himself a grandson of Pharaoh Psamtik III), led a rebellion between 465 BC and 463 BC against the Satrap of Artaxerxes I. He is known from Aramaic and ancient Greek sources, and is mentioned in the Demotic Chronicle. A "virtually unknown ruler", he is not known to have left any monuments, and his name in Egyptian is only reconstructed from demotic notices: no hieroglyphic writing of his names has been found.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Coup and reign.

paragraph: Before assuming the throne of Egypt, Amyrtaeus had revolted against the Persian King Darius II (423–404 BC) as early as 411 BC, leading a guerrilla action in the western Nile Delta around his home city of Sais.

paragraph: Following the death of Darius, Amyrtaeus declared himself king in 404 BC. According to Isocrates, Artaxerxes II assembled an army in Phoenicia under the command of Abrocomas to retake Egypt shortly after coming to the Persian throne, but political problems with his brother Cyrus the Younger prevented this from taking place, allowing the Egyptians sufficient time to throw off Achaemenid rule. While the rule of Amyrtaeus in the western Delta was established by 404 BC, Artaxerxes II continued to be recognized as king at Elephantine as late as 401 BC, but Aramaic papyri from the site refer to Regnal Year 5 of Amyrtaeus in September 400 BC. The Elephantine papyri also demonstrate that between 404 and 400 BC (or even 398 BC) Upper Egypt remained under Persian control, while the forces of Amyrtaeus dominated the Delta.

paragraph: In 1st century BC, the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote in his "Bibliotheca historica" (XIV, 35.3–5) that a King named Psamtik — which seems to be identified with Amyrtaeus, perhaps being "Psamtik" his lost regnal name — murdered the Greek admiral Tamos who had taken refuge in Egypt after the defeat of the rebel Cyrus. If the information was correct, Amyrtaeus would seem to have acted in this way to ingratiate himself with Artaxerxes II. It is likely that King Amyrtaeus concluded an alliance with Sparta implying that Egypt was provided with military aid by Sparta in exchange for grain.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Fall and death.

paragraph: Amyrtaeus was defeated in open battle by his successor, Nepherites I of Mendes and executed at Memphis, an event which the Aramaic papyrus Brooklyn 13 implies occurred in October 399 BC. Nepherites I then transferred the capital to Mendes (Lower Egypt). There is no further information available regarding Amyrtaeus' rule, fall and death. Nepherites I reigned until 393 BC, being succeeded by his designated heir, his son Hakor.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cimmino, Franco (2003). "Dizionario delle Dinastie Faraoniche". Milan: Bompiani. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clayton, Peter A. (1999). "Chronicles of the Pharaohs". London: Thames and Hudson. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lemaire, A. (1995). "La fin de la première période perse in Égypte et la chronologie judéene vers 400 av. J.-C.", "Transeuphratène" 9, Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 51–61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lloyd, Alan B. (2003). "The Late Period", in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by I. Shaw. Oxford: University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perdu, O. (2010). "Saites and Persians (664—332)", in A.B. Lloyd (ed.), "A Companion to Ancient Egypt" Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. . pp. 140–58 (at pp. 153–7).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray, J.D. (1987). "Egypt: Dependence and Independence (425-343 B.C.)", in: "Achaemenid History I: Sources, Structures, and Syntheses", edited by H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. pp. 79–95.

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Amyrtaeus

wikipedia_title: Amyrtaeus


text: Hamburg

text: Amsterdam

text: London

text: Vienna

text: Louis, 4th duc de Noailles

text: Lafayette

categories: Ambassadors of France to Great Britain,Marquesses of Noailles,Ambassadors of France to the Netherlands,1743 births,Ambassadors of France to Austria,1822 deaths,House of Noailles

paragraph: Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles

paragraph: Emmanuel Marie Louis, marquis de Noailles (1743–1822) was a French diplomat and ambassador to Hamburg from 1768 to 1770, to Amsterdam from 1770 to 1776, to London 1776–1783, and to Vienna 1783–1792. He was the second son of Louis, 4th duc de Noailles. Lafayette visited him, in 1776, before embarking for America, as he promised.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ambassades de Messieurs de Noailles en Angleterre", Mr. Abbot of VmrtotI

description: French Diplomat

wikidata_label: Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles

wikipedia_title: Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles


text:
Horus name
early Egyptian
king
1st dynasty
historian
Manetho
Royal Canon of Turin
Egyptologist
archaeological
inscription
schist
alabaster
breccia
marble
ivory
Abydos
Sakkara
Den
Betrest
Palermo Stone
Semerkhet
Horus
Seth
Lower-
Upper Egypt
Hebsed
tomb
Nicolas Grimal
Wolfgang Helck
pavilion
excavated
court
suicide
necropolis
Francesco Raffaele: Adjib - Merbiape

categories: 30th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt,30th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Anedjib

paragraph: Anedjib, more correctly Adjib and also known as Hor-Anedjib, Hor-Adjib and Enezib, is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who ruled during the 1st dynasty. The Egyptian historian Manetho named him "Miebîdós" and credited him with a reign of 26 years, whilst the Royal Canon of Turin credited him with an implausible reign of 74 years. Egyptologists and historians now consider both records to be exaggerations and generally credit Adjib with a reign of 8–10 years.

paragraph: Section::::Name sources.

paragraph: Adjib is well attested in archaeological records. His name appears in inscriptions on vessels made of schist, alabaster, breccia and marble. His name is also preserved on ivory tags and earthen jar seals. Objects bearing Adjib's name and titles come from Abydos and Sakkara.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Adjib's family has only partially been investigated. His parents are unknown, but it is thought that his predecessor, king Den, may have been his father. Adjib was possibly married to a woman named Betrest. On the Palermo Stone she is described as the mother of Adjib's successor, king Semerkhet. Definite evidence for that view has not yet been found. It would be expected that Adjib had sons and daughters, but their names have not been preserved in the historical record. A candidate for being a possible member of his family line is Semerkhet.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: According to archaeological records, Adjib introduced a new royal title which he thought to use as some kind of complement to the "Nisut-Bity"-title: the "Nebuy"-title, written with the doubled sign of a falcon on a short standard. It means "The two lords" and refers to the divine state patrons Horus and Seth. It also symbolically points to Lower- and Upper Egypt. Adjib is thought to have legitimised his role as Egyptian king with the use of this title.

paragraph: Clay seal impressions record the foundation of the new royal fortress "Hor nebw-khet" ("Horus, the gold of the divine community") and the royal residence "Hor seba-khet" ("Horus, the star of the divine community"). Stone vessel inscriptions show that during Adjib's reign an unusually large number of cult statues were made for the king. At least six objects show the depicting of standing statues representing the king with his royal insignia.

paragraph: Stone vessel inscriptions record that Adjib commemorated a first and even a second "Hebsed" (a throne jubilee), a feast that was celebrated the first time after 30 years of a king's reign, after which it was repeated every third or fourth year. But recent investigations suggest that every object showing the Hebsed and Adjib's name together were removed from king Den's tomb. It would seem that Adjib had simply erased and replaced Den's name with his own. This is seen by egyptologists and historians as evidence that Adjib never celebrated a Hebsed and thus his reign was relatively short. Egyptologists such as Nicolas Grimal and Wolfgang Helck assume that Adjib, as Den's son and rightful heir to the throne, may have been quite old when he ascended the Egyptian throne. Helck additionally points to an unusual feature; All Hebsed pictures of Adjib show the notation "Qesen" ("calamity") written on the stairways of the Hebsed pavilion. Possibly the end of Adjib's reign was a violent one.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Adjib's burial site was excavated at Abydos and is known as "Tomb X". It measures 16.4 x 9.0 metres and is the smallest of all royal tombs in this area. Adjib's tomb has its entrance at the eastern side and a staircase leads down inside. The burial chamber is surrounded by 64 subsidiary tombs and simply divided by a cut-off wall into two rooms. Until the end of the 1st dynasty, it would seem to have been a tradition that the family and court of the king committed suicide (or were killed) and were then buried alongside the ruler in his necropolis.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Raffaele: Adjib - Merbiape

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Anedjib

wikipedia_title: Anedjib