text: neoclassical

text: Copenhagen

text: Royal Danish Academy of Art

text: Charlottenborg Palace

text: Nicolas-Henri Jardin

text: Jens Pedersen Lund

text: Carl Frederik Stanley

text: Jacques-François Blondel

text: Louis XV of France

text: Ancient Rome

text: Lord High Steward

text: Count Adam Gottlob Moltke

text: Karise

text: Faxe

text: Christian VII

text: Peter Meyn

text: Joseph Christian Lillie

text: Christian Frederik Hansen

text: Vor Frelsers Kirke

text: Christianshavn

text: frieze

text: Johannes Wiedewelt

text: Peder Als

text: Kongens Have

text: Rosenborg Castle

text: Hercules

text: Omphale

text: Nicolai Eigtved

text: The Royal Theatre

text: Kongens Nytorv

text: Christian VI

text: Frederik V

text: Roskilde Cathedral

text: Christian Frederik Hansen

text: Amalienborg Palace

text: Frederik's Church

text: Ferdinand Meldahl

text: Frederiksberg

text: Assistens Cemetery

text: Niels Lauritz Høyen

categories: 1735 births,Danish architects,Danish neoclassical architects,1799 deaths,Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni

paragraph: Caspar Frederik Harsdorff

paragraph: Caspar Frederik (Friedrich) Harsdorff, also known as C.F. Harsdorff, (26 May 1735 – 24 May 1799), Danish neoclassical architect is considered to be Denmark’s leading architect in the late 18th century, and is referred to as “The Father of Danish Classicism”.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and training.

paragraph: He was born Caspar Frederik Harsdørffer in Copenhagen, Denmark to German-born schoolteacher Johan Christopher Harsdørffer from Nürnberg and his Swedish-born wife Anne Marie Eriksdatter.

paragraph: He began his education in mathematics in order to train for the Engineer Corps, but his interest lay in architecture, which he studied enthusiastically. When the Royal Danish Academy of Art ("Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi") opened in 1754 at Charlottenborg Palace he was able to study under French architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin.

paragraph: In 1756 his design for a city gate won the Academy’s large gold medallion, giving him the distinction of being the first Danish architect to win the coveted award. The award included a six-year travel grant.

paragraph: Section::::Extended education and travel years.

paragraph: He traveled to Paris 1757, and he stayed there four years, also in the company of painter Jens Pedersen Lund and sculptor Carl Frederik Stanley who resided in Paris at the same time as Harsdorff. While there he studied diligently under Jacques-François Blondel, an architect to Louis XV of France.

paragraph: In late spring 1762 he traveled to Rome, where he discovered the remains of Ancient Rome, and he understood that his education until then had been incomplete. While in Italy he drew and measured the antiquities he studied.

paragraph: Section::::Career in Denmark.

paragraph: He returned to Denmark in 1764, and was named Building Inspector. That same year he was invited to join the Academy, and received the assignment to design ""Et kongeligt Palais, liggende paa en smuk Plads"" ("A royal palace located on a beautiful plaza"). His design was judged successful, and he was accepted as member of the Academy in 1765, where he was given a job as Professor in Perspective in 1766.

paragraph: 1766-1769 he built the memorial chapel for former Lord High Steward Count Adam Gottlob Moltke at Karise Church in Faxe, which had been begun by his former teacher and now fellow Professor at the Academy architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin.

paragraph: In 1770 he was named Royal Building Master to the court of King Christian VII. In May 1770 he married Elisabeth Margrethe Fortling, the daughter of former stonemason and Building Master to the royal court Jacob Fortling.

paragraph: In 1771 Professor Jardin requested that Harsdorff be named his successor as Professor of Architecture at the Academy, which position he filled that year after Jardin vacated the position on 26 March in conjunction with his leaving Denmark to return to France. As professor he played an important role in the classical education of the next generation of architects. His students included Peter Meyn, Joseph Christian Lillie and Christian Frederik Hansen.

paragraph: Harsdorff also became a member of the Main Building Directorate ("Overbygnings direktionen") in 1771.

paragraph: In 1773 he designed the pulpit at Our Saviour’s Church ("Vor Frelsers Kirke") in the Christianshavn district of Copenhagen. The neoclassical wood pulpit is painted to look like golden marble, and features a frieze attributed to Johannes Wiedewelt and Peder Als.

paragraph: That same year he rebuilt in the King’s Garden ("Kongens Have"), the gardens at Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen, the temple-like Hercules Pavilion for which Johannes Wiedewelt’s studio produced the reliefs of Hercules and Omphale. The pavilion now houses a café.

paragraph: He also was commissioned to enlarge the Nicolai Eigtved-designed The Royal Theatre (1748) on Kongens Nytorv that year. In the course of his work on this project he received permission to develop the site between the theatre and Charlottenborg Palace, home of the Art Academy, which he then developed 1779-1780 as a home for his family. Rebuilding of the theatre was carried on 1773-1774.

paragraph: 1774-1779 he designed and started building the austere memorial chapels for Christian VI and Frederik V at Roskilde Cathedral. Work on this project, however, was stopped in 1779 because of lack of money. The work began again many years after his death, and was completed by his student Christian Frederik Hansen (1820-1825).

paragraph: Harsdorff acted as the Academy’s Director 1777-1779, and was named to the title of "Justitsraad" in 1778.

paragraph: In 1779-1780 he built his own townhouse at 3-5 Kongens Nytorv, which became the new model for Copenhagen townhouses of the time. Today the building houses the Danish Arts Agency, the Danish Arts Council, and the Danish Arts Foundation. The building is shown on a Danish postage stamp, part of series entitled Danish Houses which features significant Danish buildings.

paragraph: 1781-1785 he did the interior design in two large rooms at The Royal Library.

paragraph: In 1781 he was named Head Royal Building Master.

paragraph: 1794-1795 he designed and built the colonnade at Amalienborg Palace to connect the recently occupied King’s palace, Moltke Palace, with the Crown Prince’s residence, Schack’s Palace.

paragraph: In 1795 he was asked to create plans for Frederik's Church ("Frederikskirke"), now known as The Marble Church ("Marmorkirken"), work on which had been halted 1770 after French neoclassical architect Nicolas-Henri Jardin had led the effort. Harsdorff created two plans, and made a model of one of them. The project was approved, but Harsdorff health was now weak. The work eventually was developed according to plans by Ferdinand Meldahl.

paragraph: May 1799 he became sick at his country home Rosenlund on Gammel Kongevej, Frederiksberg, and he died there on 24 May 1799. He was buried in Assistens Cemetery ("Assistens Kirkegård"), Copenhagen. He was survived by his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: In addition to his public assignments Harsdorff had many private commissions. He also designed furniture whose simple, clear construction and form contain features that would be characteristic of later Danish furniture.

paragraph: Art historian and critic Niels Lauritz Høyen’s Nordic Art Society ("Selskabet for nordisk Kunst") published in 1871 the book ""C. F. Harsdorffs Værker"" ("C.F. Harsdorff’s Works").

paragraph: An exhibition devoted to his work was held in Copenahgen’s Kunstindustrimuseet September 1985.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KID Kunst Index Danmark ("Art Index Denmark")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danish Biographical Encyclopedia (""Dansk biografisk Leksikion"")

alias:
C.F. Harsdorff
C. F. Harsdorff

description: Danish architect

wikidata_label: Caspar Frederik Harsdorff

wikipedia_title: Caspar Frederik Harsdorff


text:
Major League Baseball
coach
Milwaukee Brewers
Kansas City Royals
farm system
Biloxi Shuckers
Double-A
farm system
Helena Brewers
Arizona League Brewers
Beloit Snappers
Stockton Ports
El Paso Diablos
Kansas City Royals
Wilmington Blue Rocks
Memphis Chicks
shortstop
second baseman
third baseman
first baseman
outfielder
Dominican Summer League
Toronto Blue Jays
DSL Blue Jays
Milwaukee Brewers
DSL Brewers
Arizona League Brewers
West Virginia Power
Hickory Crawdads
South Atlantic League
Columbus Catfish
Brevard County Manatees
Tampa Yankees
Florida State League
Huntsville Stars
Triple-A
Nashville Sounds
farm club
Tigres del Licey
Sandy Guerrero

categories: Memphis Chicks players,Living people,Milwaukee Brewers coaches,Minor league baseball managers,El Paso Diablos players,Helena Brewers players,Arizona League Brewers players,Beloit Snappers players,1968 births,Wilmington Blue Rocks players,Stockton Ports players,Sportspeople from Santo Domingo

paragraph: Mike Guerrero

paragraph: Miguel A. "Mike" Guerrero (born January 8, 1968) is a former Major League Baseball coach (2014–15) with the Milwaukee Brewers and a former minor league player in the Brewers and Kansas City Royals farm systems from 1987 to 1995. Since he has been the manager of the Biloxi Shuckers, the Brewers' Double-A farm system affiliate. He also managed teams in the Brewers organization from 2004 to 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Guerrero played his first professional season in 1987 for the Rookie league Helena Brewers. In 1988, he played for Helena, the Rookie league Arizona League Brewers, and the Class A Beloit Snappers. He played for Arizona and Beloit again in 1989, as well as for the Class A-Advanced Stockton Ports. Guerrero spent the entire 1990 season with Stockton. He split the 1991 between Stockton and the Double-A El Paso Diablos. He stayed with the Diablos for all of the 1992 season.

paragraph: Prior to the 1993 season, Guerrero was acquired by the Kansas City Royals organization. He played his first season for them with the Class A-Advanced Wilmington Blue Rocks and Double-A Memphis Chicks. Guerrero was re-acquired by the Brewers in 1994. He split the year between Stockton and El Paso. He played 23 games in 1995, his last year as a player, for the Diablos.

paragraph: During his playing career, Guerrero spent most of his time playing shortstop but also spent considerable time as a second baseman and third baseman. He filled-in as a first baseman and outfielder for one game each. He also pitched in three games (3.1 innings).

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.

paragraph: Guerrero began his managerial career in the Dominican Summer League with the Toronto Blue Jays' DSL Blue Jays in 1995. He then joined the Milwaukee Brewers' organization, serving as skipper of the DSL Brewers from 1996 to 2002. He led the 2001 team to win the league title and was named DSL Manager of the Year. In 2004, he joined Brewers' Rookie league Arizona League Brewers. He led the team to a 24–32 (.429) finish is his first season. He stayed with the team for the 2005 season in which they compiled a record of 22–34 (.393). The Brewers moved Guerrero up to their Class A affiliate, the West Virginia Power, for 2006. In his first year with the Power, Guerrero led the team to a 74–62 (.544) finish. In 2007, he guided West Virginia to an 82–54 (.603) record. The team went on to with the Northern Division Championship after defeating the Hickory Crawdads, two games to one. Eventually, the Power lost the South Atlantic League Championship to the Columbus Catfish in three straight games.

paragraph: He was promoted to helm the Class A-Advanced Brevard County Manatees. In 2008, the team finished with a 66–72 (.478) record. Guerrero returned to postseason action in 2009 (79–48 (.622)). However, the Manatees fell to the Tampa Yankees, losing the North Division title. Guerrero was honored by being named to the 2009 Florida State League postseason All-Star Team as a coach.

paragraph: Guerrero was selected to manage the Double-A Huntsville Stars in 2010. His first season saw the Stars compile a 67–73 (.479) season. Returning in 2011, Huntsville recorded a 64–73 (.467) record. Guerrero managed the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, Milwaukee's top farm club, from 2012 to 2013. He accepted a major league coaching position with the Brewers for 2014.

paragraph: Since December 2012, Guerrero is the manager of Tigres del Licey

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Guerrero is the brother of Sandy Guerrero.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2012 Media Guide". Nashville Sounds. 2012: 8.

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Mike Guerrero

wikipedia_title: Mike Guerrero


text: Burgos

text: Medina del Campo

text: Spanish noble

text: Kingdom of Castile

text: Order of Santiago

text: House of Villegas

text: of Cevallos

text: of Lucio

text: majorat

text: Villegas

text: Manquillos

text: Castillo Pedroso

text: Moñux

text: Pedrosa del Páramo

text: Manciles

text: Valdegómez

text: Sasamón

text: Castilian Civil War

text: Blanche of Bourbon

text: Caracena

text: adelantado

text: Peter of Castile

text: Ruy Pérez de Villegas I

text: Garci Lasso de la Vega I

text: Ruy Pérez de Villegas I

text: Lope Ruiz de Villegas

text: Alfonso López de Villegas

text: Alfonso XI

text: Order of the Band

text: taffeta

text: Lope Ruiz de Villegas

text: Garci Lasso de la Vega I

text: Cantabria

text: Garci Lasso de la Vega II

text: Tello de Castilla

text: Alfonso XI

text: Leonor de Guzmán

text: Castilian Civil War

text: Alfonso XI

text: Prince Pedro

text: Reconquista

text: bourgeoisie

text: Jewish

text: María de Portugal

text: Leonor de Guzmán

text: Talavera de la Reina

text: Fadrique Alfonso de Castilla

text: Enrique II de Castilla

text: Juana Manuel de Villena y Núñez de Lara

text: Castilian Civil War

text: Tello de Castilla

text: Segovia

text: Burgos

text: Medina del Campo

categories: Order of Santiago,People from Burgos,Lords of Spain,1355 deaths,1304 births,Castilian nobility,History of Cantabria

paragraph: Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II

paragraph: Pedro Ruiz de Villegas y Cevallos II (b. Burgos, c. 1304 - Medina del Campo, 1355) was a Spanish noble baron in the service of the Kingdom of Castile and a member of the Order of Santiago. He was the head of the House of Villegas and a descendant of the houses of Cevallos and of Lucio. As the majorat of his own heraldic crest, he received titles over Villegas, Manquillos, Castillo Pedroso, Moñux, Pedrosa del Páramo, Manciles, Valdegómez and the palace of Sasamón. For his service in the First Castilian Civil War, and his role in the destruction of the Blanche of Bourbon league he received the castle of Caracena, and was named high adelantado of Castile in 1354. A year later, Peter of Castile would execute him in the village of Medina del Campo.

paragraph: Section::::Family Origins.

paragraph: Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II was born in the city of Burgos in 1304. He was the son of Ruy Pérez de Villegas I and Teresa González de Cevallos, son in law of Garci Lasso de la Vega I. His full name was Pedro Ruiz de Villegas Lucio y de Cevallos, IV Señor de la Casa de Villegas y de diversas baronías. His father, Ruy Pérez de Villegas I and Teresa González Cevallos had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho Ruiz de Villegas «El Segundón» who married María Alfonso.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lope Ruiz de Villegas, father of Alfonso López de Villegas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- María Ruiz de Villegas who married Lope Díaz Alcalde.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Knight of the Band and Marriage.

paragraph: In 1332, the King Alfonso XI of Castile founded the Order of the Band with the intent of consolidating his power over the unruly nobility of Castile. He ordered that certain nobles were to dress like him with white cloths and a crimson taffeta band that he had designed himself. The members were made to follow a rigid etiquette behavior, to participate in jousts, to be very solitary and to remain, above all, loyal to the King. It was thus that Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II was named a Knight of the Order of the Band along with his younger brother Lope Ruiz de Villegas.

paragraph: In 1348 he married Teresa González de la Vega (n. c. 1328), daughter of Garci Lasso de la Vega I who was a noble from Cantabria.On March 19, 1351, Pedro and Teresa sold most of their properties to their paternal uncle, Garci Lasso de la Vega II.

paragraph: In early 1350, Tello de Castilla, son of Alfonso XI and Leonor de Guzmán, inherited various properties from his father on his 13th birthday. Tello appointed Villegas as the chief administrator of all his properties, a move that would cost Villegas dearly when some of these properties were lost in the subsequent Castilian Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First Castilian Civil War.:Coronation of Peter of Castile.

paragraph: Alfonso XI of Castile died on the 26th of March, 1350. Upon his death, Prince Pedro assumed the throne at a mere 16 years of age. Peter abandoned his father's agenda of Reconquista and pursued a policy of cutting the powers of the Spanish nobles and concentrating power in the crown of Castile and the bourgeoisie. Peter also took other unpopular steps such as the protection of the minority Jewish community. When the nobles rebelled in defense of their privileges, the King responded with severity and executed various nobles, including the father of Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II.

paragraph: To inflame matters, later in 1351, the Queen Dowager María de Portugal, ordered the assassination of the former lover of King Alfonso XI, Leonor de Guzmán who had been held prisoner in Talavera de la Reina. She had previously given birth to the twins Fadrique Alfonso de Castilla and Enrique II de Castilla, the latter of which had secretly married Juana Manuel de Villena y Núñez de Lara in July 1350. This murder further enraged the aristocracy and ignited the Castilian Civil War.

paragraph: As Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II was in the service of Tello de Castilla, who had joined the rebellion against the King, he was likewise branded an enemy of the crown.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First Castilian Civil War.:Assassination.

paragraph: In 1355. Peter of Castile consolidated himself in Segovia and later in Burgos where he oversaw the suppression of the remaining rebels. In April of the same year, by mandate of the King, Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II was assassinated while he slept along with his squire in the village of Medina del Campo.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia de Cantabria" (por Consejería de Cultura y Deporte).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Revista Hidalguía" (año 1979).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alrededor de los Parientes en España de los siglos XVI y XVII" (de Augustin Redondo).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prueba de Hidalguía" del marqués de Paradas, Fernando de Villegas (1675).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nobiliario…" (manuscrito de Jerónimo de Aponte).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anales de Aragón" (de Zurita)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padrón antiguo de Cóbreces (s. XV).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padrón antiguo de Ocaña (s. XV, en Cóbreces).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.P. Francisco de Quevedo - Pueblos de Santiurde de Tornazo (Cantabria) - Señoríos de Villasevil y Acereda de la Casa Mayor de Villegas y de la posterior segundona Casa Ruiz de Villegas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pueblos de Palencia - Manquillos - Solariego de Nuño Pérez de Lara, Pedro Ruiz de Villegas y sucesores

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breve aproximación de la vida de Don Tello (por José Ma. Domínguez del Hoyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castillo de Caracena, señorío de Pedro Ruiz de Villegas y su hijo Ruy Pérez de Villegas hasta 1366

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pueblos de Soria - Moñux - Señorío de Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caballeros de la Orden Real de la Banda - Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II, Adelantado Mayor de Castilla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pueblos de Corvera de Toranzo (Cantabria) - Señorío de Castillo Pedroso - Segundona Casa Ruiz de Villegas - Sancho Ruiz de Villegas y Terán

description: spanish noble

wikidata_label: Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II

wikipedia_title: Pedro Ruiz de Villegas II


text:
Hans-Joachim Koellreutter
choral
aesthetics
perception
renaissance
perspective
four-dimensional perspective
Versatilist manifesto
movement
literary
manifesto
self-knowledge
principle
spirit
humanity
consciousness
infinite
impartial
timeless
perspective
traditional
vanishing point
canvas

categories: 1964 births,Música Popular Brasileira guitarists,Brazilian composers,Brazilian painters,Brazilian male writers

paragraph: Denis Mandarino

paragraph: Denis Mandarino ("Denis Garcia Mandarino"; born May 7, 1964) is a Brazilian composer, artist and writer, and a disciple of Hans-Joachim Koellreutter in choral conducting and aesthetics.

paragraph: He proposed a theory about four-dimensional perception, which states the concepts behind the renaissance perspective involving four dimensions instead of three dimensions assigned to it. These studies culminated in the development of the method of the four-dimensional perspective.

paragraph: Mandarino wrote the Versatilist manifesto (2007).

paragraph: Section::::Versatilism.

paragraph: Versatilism is an artistic movement proposed in 2007, from a literary manifesto, with the intention of freeing people from the expert analysis and promoting the practice of art as a form of self-knowledge and spiritual enhancement. In the body of text are present the following aesthetic principles and propositions:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Eternal life, the existence of God and the spirit;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Untying the artistic practice of the art market and self-centeredness;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The search for artistic expressions that promote humanity and society, respecting the present level of consciousness of the artist;

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Continuously changing level of consciousness and learning process as infinite;

paragraph: BULLET::::5. The absence of art competitions;

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Questioning the role of the art critic for the inability to assess the man, his neighbor, in an impartial and timeless.

paragraph: "New ideas are hard to identify, hard to assimilate, and only detachment may be able to evaluate them in a more open way. When a man assumes the role of giving the verdict about what artists are doing, or the society gives him this role, we are one step closer to repeat the greatest injustices that men of science, philosophy, arts and religion have suffered throughout history." – "

paragraph: Section::::Four-dimensional perspective.

paragraph: After spending four years writing the "Theory of four-dimensional perception" (1995), Mandarino developed a new method, in a subject for many years stagnant. In the perspective of four dimensions, the observer is not a static element (fixed point), as one sees in traditional processes.

paragraph: In "Observation in time" (1997) can be found nine different vanishing points and horizon lines, representing different moments of an observer who turns his head and moves vertically and horizontally.

paragraph: This kind of painting admits curved or spherical canvas.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: The discography includes the following albums:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Volume 1" – 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Tributo" – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Peças para Violão" – 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Instrumental" – 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Musa" – 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Renascentieval" – 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "A Sociedade do Rei e o Xadrez" – 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "Um toque de humor" – 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Improvisos, variações, releituras..." – 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::10. "Reconstruções" – 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::11. "Tributo 2" – 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::12. "Versátil" – 2013

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English-Portugues.pdf Full transcription, (in English).

description: Brazilian composer, artist and writer

wikidata_label: Denis Mandarino

wikipedia_title: Denis Mandarino


text:
science fiction
editor
fan
Future Science Fiction
Science Fiction
Science Fiction Quarterly
pulp
digest size
Columbia Publications
Edward D. Hoch
Futurians
Donald A. Wollheim
horror
H. P. Lovecraft
dark fantasy
Magazine of Horror
Mike Ashley
Fungi from Yuggoth
Western
Adventure
Stephen King
F. Paul Wilson
First Fandom Hall of Fame award
Methodist
The Duplicated Man
James Blish
The Puzzle Planet
Mike Ashley
Airmont Publishing Company, Inc.
Avalon Books
Spacelight biography

categories: 1998 deaths,American science fiction writers,Science fiction fans,20th-century American novelists,Futurians,1916 births,American Methodists,American male novelists,American horror writers,Science fiction editors

paragraph: Robert A. W. Lowndes

paragraph: Robert Augustine Ward "Doc" Lowndes (September 4, 1916 – July 14, 1998) was an American science fiction author, editor and fan. He was known best as the editor of "Future Science Fiction", "Science Fiction", and "Science Fiction Quarterly", among many other crime-fiction, western, sports-fiction, and other pulp and digest sized magazines for Columbia Publications. Among the most famous writers he was first to publish at Columbia was mystery writer Edward D. Hoch, who in turn would contribute to Lowndes's fiction magazines as long as he was editing them. Lowndes was a principal member of the Futurians. His first story, "The Outpost at Altark" for "Super Science" in 1940, was written in collaboration with fellow Futurian Donald A. Wollheim, uncredited.

paragraph: Section::::Lovecraftian work.

paragraph: Lowndes was also a horror enthusiast—as a young fan, he received two letters of encouragement from H. P. Lovecraft in 1937. The two Lovecraft letters are reprinted in "Crypt of Cthulhu" Volume 8, No 3 (Whole number 62)(Candlemas 1989), a special issue devoted to Lowndes. He wrote a number of dark fantasy stories such as "The Abyss" (1941) (reprinted in "Revelations from Yuggoth" No 2 (May 1988) and "The Leapers" (1942), inspired by Lovecraft. The "Crypt of Cthulhu" tribute issue also reprints Lowndes' Lovecraftian stories "Leapers" (a shorter version, first published as by 'Carol Grey' appeared in the Dec 1942 issue of "Future Fantasy and Science Fiction"; a revised version appeared in the "Magazine of Horror"; and the "Crypt of Cthulhu" version represents a third and final revision, with a new intro by Lowndes explaining its publication history) and "Settler's Wall" (a shorter version of the latter as "The Long Wall" by 'Wilfred Owen Morley' was published in the March 1942 issue of "Stirring Science Stories" and was twice revised for later publication). The Lowndes tribute issue also includes two Lovecraftian poems, "The Burrowers Beneath" and "Forbidden Books" (which also appeared under the 'Wilfred Owen Morley' pseudonym in "Stirring Science Stories" for April and July 1941 respectively); along with two critical articles by Lowndes which first appeared in "Magazine of Horror", and an essay on Lowndes - "Lowndes, Lovecraft and the Health Knowledge Years" by Mike Ashley.

paragraph: Lowndes also wrote a series of poems inspired by Lovecraft's Fungi from Yuggoth - "The Annals of Arkya", which he followed up with "The New Annals of Arkya." The 12-sonnet sequence "Annals of Arkya"was reprinted in "Crypt of Cthulhu" 10, No 3 (Whole number 78) (St John's Eve, 1991). These have also been reprinted in an issue of Shawn Ramsey's "Revelations from Yuggoth". His nonfiction "A Tribute to H. P. Lovecraft" appears in Peter Cannon, ed. "Lovecraft Remembered" (Arkham House, 1988).

paragraph: Section::::The Health Knowledge magazines.

paragraph: In 1963, Lowndes initiated the "Magazine of Horror" (1963–1971) for Health Knowledge Inc., which mixed reprints with new stories.

paragraph: The magazine was popular and spawned several companion magazines: "Startling Mystery Stories", "Famous Science Fiction" (both 1966) "Weird Terror Tales" (1969) and "Bizarre Fantasy Fiction" (1970). Lowndes also edited two non-fantastic-fiction magazines for the company,

paragraph: "Thrilling Western Magazine" (1967) and "World Wide Adventure" (1967), along with the speculative nonfiction titles they published.

paragraph: However, the collapse of Health Knowledge in 1971 ended these magazines. "Startling Mystery Stories" was notable for carrying the first stories of Stephen King and F. Paul Wilson. Lowndes subsequently went on to work on the Gernsback Publications' non-fiction magazine, "Sexology".

paragraph: In 1991 he received the First Fandom Hall of Fame award. He was a Methodist.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mystery of the Third Mine", Philadelphia, Winston, 1953, 201p. (Juvenile).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Duplicated Man" (with James Blish), New York, Avalon, 1959 (first magazine publication 1953).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Believer's World", Avalon Books, 1961 (serialized in 1952), 224p.(expanded from the 1952 appearance in "Space" magazine as "A Matter of Faith" as by Michael Sherman).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Puzzle Planet", Ace Books, Ace Double D-485, 1961

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Abyss and other Dark Places", UK, Logos Press, 1998 (Chapbook). Edited by Stephen Sennitt.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Faces of Science Fiction: SF as Instruction, Propaganda, and Delight", Boston, NESFA Press, 1973, 96p. Collects Lowndes' literary columns from "Famous Science Fiction."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orchids for Doc: The Literary Adventures and Autobiography of Robert A.W. "Doc" Lowndes" (with Jeffrey M. Elliot), Borgo Press, Borgo Bioviews No 7, , Note: According to the Internet Science Fiction Database, this volume was never published.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gernsback Days: A Study of the Evolution of Modern Science Fiction from 1911 to 1936" (with Mike Ashley), Wildside Press, 2004, hardcover, paperback, 500p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction" in "Dracula"; New York: Airmont Publishing Company, Inc., 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction" for "The Time Chariot", Avalon Books, 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Editor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blish, James and Robert Lowndes. "The Best of James Blish". New York: Ballantine Books, 1979.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mike Ashley and Boden Clarke. "The Work of Robert A.W. Lowndes: An Annotated Bibliography and Guide", Borgo Press, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crypt of Cthulhu" Volume 8, No 3 (Whole number 62)(Candlemas 1983). Special Robert A.W. Lowndes issue.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spacelight biography

alias:
Robert A. W. Lowndes
Robert Lowndes
Doc Lowndes

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Robert Augustine Ward Lowndes

wikipedia_title: Robert A. W. Lowndes


text:
French
golf
Belgian Open
Swiss Open
Dutch Open
French Open
Italian Open
French Open
Swiss Open
Belgian Open
French Open
Swiss Open
where2golf.com

categories: 1898 births,Sportspeople from Yvelines,French male golfers

paragraph: Marcel Dallemagne

paragraph: Marcel Dallemagne ( 1898 – 1994) was a French professional golfer who won several prestigious tournaments in Europe in the 1930s and 1940s.

paragraph: Section::::Tournament wins (18).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 Belgian Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 French Closed Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 French Closed Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 Swiss Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 Dutch Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 French Closed Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 French Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 Italian Open, French Open, Swiss Open, Belgian Open, French PGA Championship, French Closed Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 French Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 French PGA Championship, French Closed Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 French PGA Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 Swiss Open

paragraph: Section::::Results in major championships.

paragraph: "Note: Dallemagne only played in The Open Championship."br

paragraph: CUT = missed the half-way cutbr

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place

paragraph: Section::::Team appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France–Great Britain Professional Match (representing France): 1929

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- where2golf.com

description: professional golfer

wikidata_label: Marcel Dallemagne

wikipedia_title: Marcel Dallemagne


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: West Columbia, West Virginia

text: Ashland, Kentucky

text: staff sergeant

text: 12th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Cavalry Division

text: squad

text: platoon

text: Medal of Honor

text: Middleport, Ohio

text: Vietnam Veterans Memorial

text: Jimmy G. Stewart

categories: 1942 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1966 deaths,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,United States Army soldiers,People from Mason County, West Virginia,Military personnel from West Virginia

paragraph: Jimmy G. Stewart

paragraph: Jimmy Goethel Stewart (December 25, 1942 – May 18, 1966) was a United States Army soldier and a posthumous recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born on December 25, 1942, in West Columbia, West Virginia, Stewart joined the Army from Ashland, Kentucky in 1960. He served in Vietnam as a staff sergeant with Company B of the 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). On the morning of May 18, 1966, Company B was manning a defensive position when they were attacked by a reinforced North Vietnamese company, with the main thrust of the assault pitting Stewart's 6-man squad against a platoon-sized hostile force. Although his five squadmates fell wounded, Stewart ignored an opportunity to withdraw and instead held his position alone for four hours, tossing back enemy-thrown grenades and crawling through heavy fire to retrieve ammunition from the wounded. When a friendly platoon arrived and counterattacked the North Vietnamese, he moved forward and was killed while assisting their effort. For these actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in September 1967.

paragraph: Stewart, aged 23 at his death, is buried in Middleport, Ohio. His name is listed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ("The Wall") on panel 07E - Row 084.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Stewart's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Early in the morning a reinforced North Vietnamese company attacked Company B, which was manning a defensive perimeter in Vietnam. The surprise onslaught wounded 5 members of a 6-man squad caught in the direct path of the enemy's thrust. S/Sgt. Stewart became a lone defender of vital terrain--virtually 1 man against a hostile platoon. Refusing to take advantage of a lull in the firing which would have permitted him to withdraw, S/Sgt. Stewart elected to hold his ground to protect his fallen comrades and prevent an enemy penetration of the company perimeter. As the full force of the platoon-sized man attack struck his lone position, he fought like a man possessed; emptying magazine after magazine at the determined, on-charging enemy. The enemy drove almost to his position and hurled grenades, but S/Sgt. Stewart decimated them by retrieving and throwing the grenades back. Exhausting his ammunition, he crawled under intense fire to his wounded team members and collected ammunition that they were unable to use. Far past the normal point of exhaustion, he held his position for 4 harrowing hours and through 3 assaults, annihilating the enemy as they approached and before they could get a foothold. As a result of his defense, the company position held until the arrival of a reinforcing platoon which counterattacked the enemy, now occupying foxholes to the left of S/Sgt. Stewart's position. After the counterattack, his body was found in a shallow enemy hole where he had advanced in order to add his fire to that of the counterattacking platoon. Eight enemy dead were found around his immediate position, with evidence that 15 others had been dragged away. The wounded whom he gave his life to protect, were recovered and evacuated. S/Sgt. Stewart's indomitable courage, in the face of overwhelming odds, stands as a tribute to himself and an inspiration to all men of his unit. His actions were in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army and the Armed Forces of his country.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jimmy G. Stewart at Mishalov.com

wikidata_label: Jimmy G. Stewart

wikipedia_title: Jimmy G. Stewart


text: John Lomax

categories: 1860s births,American blues musicians,1940s deaths,Musicians from Alabama,Place of death missing

paragraph: Rich Brown (blues musician)

paragraph: Richard Brown also referred to as Uncle Rich Brown, was an American blues-musician and singer from Alabama. He recorded together with John Lomax in the 1930s and one of his most popular recordings was "Alabama Bound".

wikidata_label: Rich Brown

wikipedia_title: Rich Brown (blues musician)


text:
Prasat Thong dynasty
Prasat Thong dynasty
Constantine Phaulkon
Louis XIV
mandarin
revolution of 1688
East India Company
Prasat Thong
Songtham
Sukhothai dynasty
Narayana
Vishnu
Front Palace
Dutch East India Company
Day of Ashura
Chinese
Dutch
English
Ava
Zhu Youlang
Southern Ming
Burmese–Siamese War of 1662–64
Chiang Mai
Lampang
Sai Yok
Martaban
Syriam
Rangoon
Hongsawadi
Pagan
Chevalier de Beauregard
Bangkok
new palace
Lopburi
Jesuit
Constantine Phaulkon
Phetracha
Pope Clement IX
Louis XIV
Constantine Phaulkon
English East India Company
François Pallu
Mergui
Calais
Catholicism
Colbert
Chevalier de Forbin
Bangkok
Ligor
Songkhla
Lavo
Another Siamese mission to France
Kosa Pan
Guy Tachard
Dutch Empire
Constantine Phaulkon
Forbin
English blockade of Mergui
Brest
Claude Céberet du Boullay
General Desfarges
Taksin
Ok-khun Chamnan
Rome
Pope Innocent XI
Bangkok
Constantine Phaulkon
factionalism
favoritism
nepotism
Lopburi
Luang Sorasak
Siege of Bangkok
Brest
Marseilles
Rue de Siam
Bastille
14 July 1789
Constantine Phaulkon
Claude de Forbin
François-Timoléon de Choisy

wikipedia_title:
List of monarchs of Thailand
List of monarchs of Thailand
Constantine Phaulkon
Louis XIV of France
Mandarin (bureaucrat)
Siamese revolution of 1688
East India Company
Prasat Thong
Songtham
Sukhothai Kingdom
Narayana
Vishnu
Front Palace
Dutch East India Company
Ashura
Qing dynasty
Dutch East India Company
East India Company
Inwa
Zhu Youlang
Southern Ming
Burmese–Siamese War (1662–64)
Chiang Mai
Lampang
Sai Yok District
Mottama
Thanlyin
Yangon
Bago, Myanmar
Bagan
Chevalier de Beauregard
Thonburi
King Narai's Palace
Lopburi
Society of Jesus
Constantine Phaulkon
Phetracha
Pope Clement IX
Louis XIV of France
Constantine Phaulkon
East India Company
François Pallu
Myeik, Myanmar
Calais
Catholic Church
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Claude de Forbin
Bangkok
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Songkhla
History of Lopburi
Siamese embassy to France (1686)
Kosa Pan
Guy Tachard
Dutch Empire
Constantine Phaulkon
Forbin
Anglo-Siamese War
Brest, France
Claude Céberet du Boullay
General Desfarges
Taksin
Ok-khun Chamnan
Rome
Pope Innocent XI
Bangkok
Constantine Phaulkon
Political faction
Cronyism
Nepotism
Lopburi
Suriyenthrathibodi
Siege of Bangkok
Brest, France
Marseille
Rue de Siam
Bastille
Storming of the Bastille
Constantine Phaulkon
Claude de Forbin
François-Timoléon de Choisy

categories: Kings of Ayutthaya,Prasat Thong Dynasty,1688 deaths,1633 births

paragraph: Narai

paragraph: King Narai the Great (, , ) or Ramathibodi III () was the 27th monarch of Ayutthaya Kingdom, the 4th and the last monarch of the Prasat Thong dynasty. He was the king of Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1656 to 1688 and arguably the most famous king of the Prasat Thong dynasty.

paragraph: His reign was the most prosperous during the Ayutthaya period and saw the great commercial and diplomatic activities with foreign nations including the Middle East and the West. During the later years of his reign, Narai gave his favorite – the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon – so much power that Phaulkon technically became the chancellor of the state. Through the arrangements of Phaulkon, the Siamese kingdom came into close diplomatic relations with the court of Louis XIV and French soldiers and missionaries filled the Siamese aristocracy and defense. The dominance of French officials led to frictions between them and the native mandarins and led to the turbulent revolution of 1688 towards the end of his reign.

paragraph: Narai’s reign was also known for the 1662–1664 invasion of Burma, the destruction of the briefly independent port city of the Sultanate of Singgora (1605–1680), and the conflict with the East India Company as a result of piratical activities carried out by Ayutthaya’s English subjects.

paragraph: The presence of numerous foreigners from the French Jesuits to the Persian delegates has left historians with rich sources of material on the city of Ayutthaya and its conflicts and courtly life in the seventeenth century that otherwise would not have survived the complete destruction of the capital in 1767.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and name.

paragraph: Prince Narai was born on 16 February 1633 to King Prasat Thong and his consort, Princess Sirithida (), who was a daughter of Songtham. Prasat Thong had just usurped the throne from the ruling Sukhothai dynasty in 1629 and founded a dynasty of his own. Narai had an siblings younger sister Princess Si Suphan (or "Princess Ratcha Kanlayani"), elder half-brother Prince Chai, and an uncle Prince Si Suthammaracha.

paragraph: The "" recorded that "In that year [1633], the princess consort gave birth to a son. When the royal family glanced at the infant, they saw the baby had four arms before having two arms as normal. Upon learning this, the king thought it was a miracle. He therefore named his son Narai." The name "Narai" is from Sanskrit "Narayana", a name of Hindu god Vishnu who has four arms.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Upon Prasat Thong’s death in 1656, Prince Chai succeeded his father as King Sanpet VI.

paragraph: However, it was a Thai tradition to give brothers a higher priority over sons in succession. Prince Sudharmmaraja plotted with his nephew, Prince Narai, to bring Sanpet VI down. After nine months of ascension, Sanpet VI was executed following a coup. Narai and his uncle marched into the palace, and Si Suthammaracha crowned himself king. Si Suthammaracha appointed Narai as the "Uparaja", or the Front Palace. However, Narai was also an ambitious prince and had requested Dutch support against his uncle. Si Suthammaracha’s rule was weak and he fell under the control of "Chao Phraya" Chakri, an ambitious mandarin who also wanted the throne.

paragraph: In 1656, Narai and his uncle finally alienated each other. Si Suthammaracha lusted after Narai’s sister, Princess Ratcha Kanlayani. He ordered his soldiers to surround her residence and entered the house. The princess hid in the book chest and thus was moved to the Front Palace, where she met her brother.

paragraph: Enraged at his uncle's behavior, Narai decided to take action. He drew his support from the Persian and Japanese mercenaries that had been persecuted during his father's reign. He was also supported by the Dutch East India Company, as well as his brothers and the "Okya" Sukhothai, a powerful nobleman. On the Day of Ashura, the Persians, Japanese and Dutch stormed the palace. The prince engaged in single combat with his uncle, until the king fled to the Rear Palace. Si Suthammaracha was captured and was executed at Wat Khok Phraya on 26 October 1656.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic policy.

paragraph: Domestic policies in King Narai's reign were greatly affected by the interference of foreign powers most notably the Chinese to the north, the Dutch to the South, and the English who were making their first forays into India to the west. Policies revolved around either directly countering the influence, or creating a delicate balance of power between the different parties.

paragraph: In 1660, the Chinese invaded the Burmese capitol at Ava to capture Zhu Youlang, the last Southern Ming emperor. Sensing a possible weakening of Burmese influence in the northern vassal states, King Narai began the Burmese–Siamese War of 1662–64 to bring Chiang Mai under the direct control of Ayutthya. Although the expedition was successful in taking control of Lampang and other smaller cities, a second expedition had to be conducted to bring Chiang Mai under control in 1662. After stopping a Burmese army incursion in 1663 at Sai Yok, Narai led an army of 60,000 in an invasion of Burma, capturing Martaban, Syriam, Rangoon, Hongsawadi, and then in 1664 laid siege to Pagan. After "causing many casualties in dead and wounded and capturing many prisoners of war", the Siamese retreated.

paragraph: Nadia also handed control of Mergui over to French officer Chevalier de Beauregard and his small French garrison. At the same time, he also granted a concession of the strategic port of Bangkok to Beauregard, with the view of countering Dutch influence.

paragraph: King Narai also built a new palace at present-day Lopburi ("Louvo" in the French accounts) utilising the expertise of Jesuit architects and engineers. European influences are clearly evident in the architectural style, especially the use of wide windows. The move to Lopburi was arguably prompted by the Dutch naval blockade of Ayutthaya in 1664 to enforce a fur monopoly.

paragraph: Although Catholic missions had been present in Ayutthaya as early as 1567 under Portuguese Dominicans, King Narai's reign saw the first concerted attempt to convert the monarch to Catholicism under the auspices of French Jesuits who were given permission to settle in Ayutthaya in 1662. The conversion attempt ultimately failed and arguably backfired but Catholics were to remain in Siam up to the present day.

paragraph: Most controversially, King Narai allowed the rise of Constantine Phaulkon, a Greek adventurer who arrived in Ayutthaya in 1675. Within a few years, Phaulkon had managed to ingratiate himself with the king and became Narai's closest counselor. Under Phaulkon's guidance, King Narai balanced the influence of the Dutch by favouring the French. Phaulkon also encouraged French interest by initially leading them to believe that the king was about to convert to Catholicism. Although King Narai did display a degree of interest in Catholicism, he also displayed an equal interest in Islam and there is no concrete evidence that he wished to convert to either. However, both Catholic and Islamic missions were to come to the conclusion that Phaulkon was responsible for their failures. Siamese courtiers also resented Phaulkon's influence and he quickly became the focus of xenophobic sentiments at court, with the future King Phetracha at their head.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign missions.

paragraph: The most remarkable aspect of King Narai's reign were the diplomatic missions that he sent and received during his reign. Missions were sent as far afield as France, England, and the Vatican, although at least two missions were lost at sea. Ties with states closer to Ayutthaya were not neglected as missions were also sent to Persia, Golconda (India), China, as well as other neighbouring states.

paragraph: Undoubtedly, the most celebrated of these missions were those to Europe, in particular France. In 1673, a French ecclesiastical mission arrived at the Siamese court with letters from Pope Clement IX and King Louis XIV of France. King Narai reciprocated by sending a mission to France in 1680 led by Phya Pipatkosa. Although the mission was lost at sea near Madagascar, the French responded positively by sending a commercial mission to Ayutthaya headed by Monsignor Pallu in 1682.

paragraph: Section::::Rising French influence.

paragraph: The second half of Narai’s reign was the period of the growing French influence until the coup of 1688. This was achieved through a Greek adventurer with the Latinized name of Constantine Phaulkon who formerly worked for the English East India Company. Phaulkon was introduced into the court by Kosa Lek in 1681 as a witted interpreter and quickly gained the royal favor. In 1682 he served as the interpreter during the royal audience with François Pallu, who arrived with letters from Louis XIV. Phaulkon suggested his plan of the reconstruction of the fort of Mergui in polygonal European style, which was strongly opposed by Kosa Lek. Kosa Lek was later accused of receiving bribery from the peasants who did not want to be drafted into the Mergui construction. He was flogged to death under royal orders.

paragraph: Narai responded the French by the dispatch of Siamese mission to France in January 1684 led by "Khun" Pijaivanit and "Khun" Pijitmaitri accompanied by missionary Benigne Vachet. They reached Calais by November and eventually had the French royal audience. Louis XIV sent de Chaumont as chief ambassador, and de Choisy to lead the French mission in 1685 to return the Siamese embassadors and to convert Narai to Catholicism. The mission contained a large number of Jesuit priests and scientists. Colbert sent his letter to Phaulkon to instruct him to persuade the Siamese king to concede to French requests with the promises of knighting him as a count.

paragraph: Though not convert to Christianity, Narai agreed to allow the French troops to be stationed in Siamese ports. Chevalier de Forbin was made the commander of Bangkok fort and trainers of Siamese armies in Western warfare. Several Siamese forts including Mergui, Ligor, Singora (Songkhla), Lavo, and Ayutthaya itself were reconstructed in European style. Another Siamese mission to France was led by "Phra" Visutsundhorn (Kosa Pan, younger brother of Kosa Lek) and Guy Tachard in 1686 with enthusiastic European reception. A fragmentary Siamese account of the mission compiled by Kosa Pan was re-discovered in Paris in the 1980s. In 1686, a revolt broke out in Ayutthaya, caused by the Makassars whom were seeking asylum in Siam after being expelled by the Dutch Empire. Constantine Phaulkon and Forbin mobilized the defence of the Kingdom, the forces of Ayutthaya a coalition of French, English and Siamese troops. The Makassars were subsequently defeated and Narai had many burnt at the stake.

paragraph: Samuel White, the English governor of Mergui fort, appointed by Narai and companion of Phaulkon, conflicted with the English fleets from India in 1687, leading to the English blockade of Mergui. The Siamese native mandarins massacred the local Englishmen out of frustration. With English fleets threatening Narai decided to denounce the English and executed the mandarins.

paragraph: In 1687 the new French mission left Brest for Ayutthaya. The mission includes Kosa Pan returning home, Guy Tachard again, Simon de La Loubère, Claude Céberet du Boullay, and the General Desfarges. A French army regiment was sent with this mission to station in Siamese forts with Desfarges as the military commander. Narai agreed to station French troops at Mergui and Bangkok, both with Western-style forts. Desfarges was stationed at Bangkok. (The fort is now called the Vijaiprasit Fort later the royal fort of King Taksin). The last Siamese embassy was led by Ok-khun Chamnan in 1688 visiting Rome and Pope Innocent XI.

paragraph: Section::::The "Revolution" of 1688.

paragraph: Narai spent his whole reign reducing the power of native mandarins that caused much bloodshed during his predecessors’ time. He firstly supported Persian and later the French guards and advisors against the Thai mandarins. Even his ascension to the throne was orchestrated by Persian mercenaries. The French eventually enjoyed special favors from religious affairs to the military activities. One of the critical turning points concerned with the construction of the French forts and military barracks in Bangkok, at the river mouth. In dealing with the activities, the French mostly depended on Constantine Phaulkon, the king's favorite. The threat of the French military presence, reportedly, was felt among the court noble. All in all, factionalism, favoritism and nepotism became apparent. The native mandarin somehow managed to reserve their powers, most notably Kosa Lek.

paragraph: Petracha, Commander of the Royal Regiment of Elephants, emerged as the leading "nationalist". Petracha had familial connections to Narai, with his mother as the king’s milkmaid and his sister as the king’s concubine.

paragraph: Narai is said to fear of fathering a son. He therefore ordered the abortion of any of his impregnated consorts. He, however, adopted a son of a minor mandarin with the name of Phra Piya and made him his successor. The young prince was embraced by the French who managed to convert him to Catholicism.

paragraph: Matters were brought to a head when King Narai fell gravely ill in March 1688 while the king stayed in Lopburi palaces. Aware of the coming succession dispute, in May 1688 Narai called together his closest councillors: Phaulkon, Phra Phetracha, and Mom Pi and nominated his daughter, Kromluang Yothathep to succeed him. The three councillors were to act as regents until the princess took on a partner of her choice from one of the two Siamese councillors.

paragraph: When Narai was seriously ill with no hope of recovery, Phetracha arrested Phaulkon and the French officers. After questioning Mom Pi, he discovered Mom Pi had conspired with Phaulkon to assume the throne, and Mom Pi was executed. Further questioning of Phaulkon revealed a plot to raise a rebellion, and he too was executed. Narai, on his deathbed, was unable to do anything, except curse Phetracha and his son, Luang Sorasak. Luang Sorasak then had Narai's two brothers executed.

paragraph: On the death of King Narai, Phetracha proclaimed himself king. Siamese troops attacked the French troops during the Siege of Bangkok. Finally, the French soldiers were allowed to return to France. Only Hollanders were allowed to trade in the capital before the French and English finally ended their dispute with Siam.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Although King Narai's reign witnessed the greatest extent of foreign influence at the Siamese court, his diplomatic achievements were to be reversed by his successor. It is debatable whether the new introspective attitude of his successors contributed to the weakening and eventual fall of Ayutthaya. On the other hand, the curtailing of foreign influences in the court may have prevented the colonisation of Ayutthaya. Nevertheless, his reign's diplomatic achievements contributed to him being posthumously styled "the Great," one of seven recognised as such in the history of Thailand.

paragraph: At the same time, the records of those involved in the diplomatic missions, particularly those from the west, have allowed historians to obtain a rare glimpse into the world of the Ayutthayan court as most original Ayutthaya records were destroyed with the city in 1767. These include the French accounts of the Chevalier de Chaumont, the Abbé de Choisy, Fr. Tachard, Claude de Forbin, de la Loubere and the Persian account of Muhammad Rabi' ibn Muhammad Ibrahim. Domestically, the relative stability during his reign also gave rise to the revival of Siamese literature during his reign.

paragraph: Further afield, one of the main streets of the city of Brest as well as another in Marseilles have been named "Rue de Siam" to commemorate Narai's missions, whilst an ancient street in Lop Buri Province, where Narai dwelt at the time he received the Chevalier de Chaumont, has been named "Rue de France" by the Thai government in 1985 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the relations between the two countries.

paragraph: In addition, among the gifts that were exchanged between the Siamese and the French courts, two items from Siam were to have an unexpected impact on French history. The items were a pair of silver cannons that were eventually stored in the Royal Furniture Repository in Paris since they were classed as gifts rather than weapons. After failing to find usable weapons at the Arsenal, rioting Parisians broke into the Repository and discovered some 20 cannons. However, the Siamese cannons were the only ones that still functioned, and so they were hauled to the Bastille. The date was 14 July 1789.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France-Thailand relations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantine Phaulkon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claude de Forbin

paragraph: BULLET::::- François-Timoléon de Choisy

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cruysse, Dirk van der (2002). "Siam and the West". Chiang Mai: Silkworm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sportes Morgan (1993),Pour la plus grande gloire de Dieu, le Seuil, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2005). "From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century. With a foreword by Professor Ehsan Yarshater, Columbia University ". Singapore: Pustaka Nasional

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Rabi' ibn Muhammad Ibrahim, J. O'Kane (trans.) (1972). "The Ship of Sulaiman". London: Routledge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithies, M. (1999). "A Siamese Embassy Lost in Africa, 1686." Chiang Mai: Silkworm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithies, M., Bressan, L., (2001). "Siam and the Vatican in the Seventeenth Century". Bangkok: River

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithies, M., Cruysse, Dirk van der (2002). "The Diary of Kosa Pan: Thai Ambassador to France, June–July 1686". Seattle: University of Washington Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyatt, DK (1984). "Thailand: A Short History". Chiang Mai: Silkworm

description: King of Ayutthaya

wikidata_label: Narai

wikipedia_title: Narai


text:
PRSSA
FRSE
Stonehaven
fountain pen
inventor
pneumatic
tyre
Stonehaven
Scotland
Church of Scotland
Latin
Charleston
apprentice
chemistry
electricity
astronomy
weaver
mathematics
mangle
linen
ribbon saw
steam engine
engineering apprentice
Aberdeen
Dundee
civil engineering
Glasgow
Edinburgh
explosive
mines
blasting
Dover
South Eastern Railway
Eastern Counties Railway
patent
pneumatic tyre
France
India-rubber
Regent's Park
carriage
fountain pen
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Charles Piazzi Smyth
Royal Scottish Society of Arts
Moray Estate
Edinburgh
Dean Cemetery
Java
see US Patent 5104

categories: 19th-century Scottish people,Scottish inventors,British railway entrepreneurs,Burials at the Dean Cemetery,1822 births,1873 deaths,People from Stonehaven,Steam road vehicles

paragraph: Robert William Thomson

paragraph: Robert William Thomson PRSSA FRSE (1822–1873), from Stonehaven, Scotland, was the acknowledged inventor of the fountain pen and original inventor of the pneumatic tyre.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on 29 June 1822 in Stonehaven in the north east of Scotland, He was baptised into the Church of Scotland on 26 July 1922. Robert was the eleventh of twelve children of a local woolen mill owner. His family wished him to study for the ministry, but Robert refused, one reason being his inability to master Latin. Robert left school at the age of 14 and went to live with an uncle in Charleston, United States, where he was apprenticed to a merchant. Two years later he returned home and taught himself chemistry, electricity and astronomy with the help of a local weaver who had a knowledge of mathematics.

paragraph: Robert's father gave him a workshop, and by the time he was 17 years old he had rebuilt his mother's washing mangle so that the wet linen could be passed through the rollers in either direction, had successfully designed and built a ribbon saw, and had completed the first working model of his elliptic rotary steam engine which he perfected in later life. He served an engineering apprenticeship in Aberdeen and Dundee before joining a civil engineering company in Glasgow. He then went to work for an Edinburgh firm of civil engineers where he devised a new method of detonating explosive charges by the use of electricity, thus greatly reducing the loss of lives in mines throughout the world.

paragraph: Thomson next worked as a railway engineer and supervised the blasting of chalk cliffs near Dover for the South Eastern Railway. Soon he set up his own railway consultancy business and proposed the line for the Eastern Counties Railway which was accepted by Parliament and eventually developed.

paragraph: Thomson was 23 years old when he patented his pneumatic tyre. He was granted a patent in France in 1846 and in the US in 1847. His tyre consisted of a hollow belt of India-rubber inflated with air so that the wheels presented "a cushion of air to the ground, rail or track on which they run". This elastic belt of rubberised canvas was enclosed within a strong outer casing of leather which was bolted to the wheel. Thomson's "Aerial Wheels" were demonstrated in London's Regent's Park in March 1847 and were fitted to several horse-drawn carriages, greatly improving the comfort of travel and reducing noise. One set ran for 1200 miles without sign of deterioration.

paragraph: In 1849 he invented the fountain pen.

paragraph: In 1863 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Charles Piazzi Smyth. From 1869 to 1871 he served as President of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts.

paragraph: He amassed a large sum from his inventions and lived in a huge townhouse at 3 Moray Place on the Moray Estate in west Edinburgh.

paragraph: He died at home in Edinburgh on 8 March 1873. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in west Edinburgh on the path leading from the centre of the cemetery to the south-west.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Thomson married Clara Hertz (daughter of a diamond merchant) on the island of Java. They had two sons & two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Patents and developments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pneumatic tyre ( see US Patent 5104 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Writing and drawing instruments (the self-filling pen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Improvements in obtaining and applying motive power

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dividing hard substances such as rock stone and coal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steam boilers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Improvements in steam gauges

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steam omnibuses

paragraph: BULLET::::- Applying steam power in cultivating land

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elastic wheel tyres

paragraph: BULLET::::- Road steamers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guiding road steamers on street tramways

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elastic belts, seats and other supports or cushions.

paragraph: Thomson was also the originator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The washing mangle with reversible mangles

paragraph: BULLET::::- The ribbon saw

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elliptical rotary engine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Use of electricity to detonate explosive charges

paragraph: BULLET::::- Machinery for sugar manufacturing

paragraph: BULLET::::- The portable steam crane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hydraulic dry dock

description: Scottish businessman and inventor

wikidata_label: Robert William Thomson

wikipedia_title: Robert William Thomson


text:
Conches-en-Ouche
Domfront
Mehun-sur-Yèvre
appanage
Beaumont-le-Roger
County of Artois
Earl of Richmond
John III, Duke of Brittany
Philip of Artois
Blanche of Brittany
John II, Duke of Brittany
Capetian dynasty
Battle of Furnes
Flemish people
Robert II, Count of Artois
Battle of Courtrai
Mahaut
Hundred Years' War
Philip VI of France
Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
County of Flanders
Jeanne de Divion
John II, Marquis of Namur
Bishop of Liège
Namur
John III, Duke of Brabant
Brabant
Edward III
Philippa of Hainault
Hundred Years War
Duchy of Aquitaine
Vow of the Heron
Battle of Saint-Omer
Vannes
War of the Breton Succession
Blackfriars
St. Paul's Cathedral
Joan
Charles of Valois
Catherine I of Courtenay
John
Count of Eu
Charles
Les Rois maudits
Maurice Druon
Jean Piat
French miniseries adaptation
Philippe Torreton
List of works by James Pradier

categories: 1287 births,14th-century peers of France,Counts of Beaumont,Male Shakespearean characters,1342 deaths,House of Artois,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Robert III of Artois

paragraph: Robert III of Artois (1287 – between 6 October & 20 November 1342) was Lord of Conches-en-Ouche, of Domfront, and of Mehun-sur-Yèvre, and in 1309 he received as appanage the county of Beaumont-le-Roger in restitution for the County of Artois, which he claimed. He was also briefly Earl of Richmond in 1341 after the death of John III, Duke of Brittany.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Robert was the son of Philip of Artois, Lord of Conches-en-Ouche, and Blanche of Brittany, daughter of Duke John II, Duke of Brittany, both descended in male line from the Capetian dynasty.

paragraph: He was only eleven when his father died in September 1298 from wounds he received at the Battle of Furnes on 20 August 1297 against the Flemish people. The early death of his father was an indirect cause of the dispute over the succession to the County of Artois. After the death of his grandfather, Robert II, Count of Artois, in the Battle of Courtrai in 1302, the latter's daughter, Mahaut, inherited the County of Artois in accordance with custom. Because of his age, Robert III could not object to his aunt and assert the rights which he inherited from his father. He would do so later. The rancor and intrigues between Mahaut (sometimes called Mathilde) and Robert occurred within a period of strife between France and England, before the Hundred Years' War.

paragraph: Robert played an important role in the succession of Philip VI of France (his wife's half-brother) to the throne, and was his trusted adviser for some time. From this he drew a certain influence in the royal council which he used to try to wrest from Mahaut what he considered his county. At Mahaut's death in 1329, the claim passed to her daughter Joan II, Countess of Burgundy. Building on the example of the estate of the County of Flanders, he again raised the matter of succession. Artois was put under the custody of the King of France. However, in 1331, he used a forgery created by Jeanne de Divion attesting to the will of his father. This deception was discovered, and Robert lost any hope of acquiring Artois. The forger Divion was condemned at the stake. Robert's property was confiscated by Philip in 1331, and his wife and his sons John and Charles imprisoned. Robert fled France in 1332 to escape arrest and execution, and took refuge with his nephew John II, Marquis of Namur. Philip requested that the Bishop of Liège attack Namur. Accordingly, Robert fled again to John III, Duke of Brabant, his nephew-in-law. Again, the influence of Philip stirred up a war against Brabant, and Robert was exiled again, this time to England. There he joined Edward III and urged Edward–whose wife Philippa of Hainault also descended from Charles of Valois–to start a war to reclaim the Kingdom of France. While in England, he became a member of Edward's royal council and provided extensive information on the French court to the English king. Numerous contemporary chroniclers relate how Robert's influence led directly to the start of the Hundred Years War, specifically because Philip VI cited Edward's unwillingness to expel Robert as the reason for confiscating the Duchy of Aquitaine in May 1337. A vowing poem called the "Voeux du héron" ("Vow of the Heron") circulated in France and England in the late 1340s that depicted Edward's invasion of France as the fulfilment of a chivalric oath made to Robert that he would take the French throne, as was his dynastic right.

paragraph: Robert followed Edward in his campaigns thereafter, including command of the Anglo-Flemish army at the Battle of Saint-Omer in 1340. He ultimately succumbed to dysentery after being wounded while retreating from the city of Vannes in November 1342, during the War of the Breton Succession. He was originally buried in the Blackfriars church, in London, though his grave is now in St. Paul's Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Around 1320 Robert married Joan, daughter of Charles of Valois and his second wife Catherine I of Courtenay. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis (1320–1326/29).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John (1321–1387), Count of Eu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan (1323–1324).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques (c. 1325–1347).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert (c. 1326–1347).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles (1328–1385), Count of Pezenas.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Robert III of Artois is a major character in "Les Rois maudits" ("The Accursed Kings"), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon in which many of these events are retold. He was played by Jean Piat in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Philippe Torreton in the 2005 adaptation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of works by James Pradier

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Robert III of Artois

wikipedia_title: Robert III of Artois


text: medical doctor

text: the yellow fever epidemic of 1871

text: Galician

text: European

text: Colegio Republicano

text: University of Buenos Aires

text: M.D.

text: great yellow fever epidemic of 1871

text: Cementerio de la Recoleta

text: familysearch.org

text: familysearch.org

text: familysearch.org

text: familysearch.org

categories: Argentine people of Italian descent,Argentine physicians,Argentine people of Galician descent,1823 births,1871 deaths,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Sinforoso Amoedo

paragraph: Sinforoso Amoedo (July 18, 1823 – April 23, 1871) was an Argentine medical doctor. He served during the yellow fever epidemic of 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Sinforoso del Carmen Amoedo Canaveri was born July 18, 1823 in Buenos Aires, the son of Hilario Amoedo Garazatúa, of Galician roots, and Juana Josefa Canaveris, belonging to a family of European and Creole origin. His high school studies were at the Colegio Republicano. He studied medicine at the University of Buenos Aires where he received his M.D..

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He practiced in the until the end of his career, when he was replaced by Dr. . In 1869 and 1870, he was listed in directories as one of the physicians and surgeons in Buenos Ayres (Aires).

paragraph: His family received a posthumous award for his courage and heroism during the great yellow fever epidemic of 1871 that hit the city of Buenos Aires and resulted in Sinforoso Amoedo's death on April 23, 1871. He was buried at Cementerio de la Recoleta in Buenos Aires, with a large monument or building in his name.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- familysearch.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- familysearch.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- familysearch.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- familysearch.org

description: Argentine medical doctor

wikidata_label: Sinforoso Amoedo

wikipedia_title: Sinforoso Amoedo


text: lawyer

text: Augsburg

text: Johann Bayer

text: star atlas

text: cartography

text: star atlas

text: Coelum Stellatum Christianum

text: constellation

text: biblical

text: Christian

text: zodiac

text: apostles

text: New Testament

text: Old Testament

text: Lucas Kilian

text: Uranometria

text: Linda Hall Library

categories: 1580s births,1627 deaths,People from Augsburg,German astronomers

paragraph: Julius Schiller

paragraph: Julius Schiller (c. 1580 – 1627) was a lawyer from Augsburg, who like his fellow citizen and colleague Johann Bayer published a star atlas in celestial cartography.

paragraph: In the year of his death, Schiller, with Bayer's assistance, published the star atlas "Coelum Stellatum Christianum" which replaced pagan constellations with biblical and early Christian figures. Specifically, Schiller replaced the zodiacal constellations with the twelve apostles, the northern constellations by figures from the New Testament and the southern constellations by figures from the Old Testament.

paragraph: The planets, sun and moon were also replaced by biblical figures.

paragraph: Lucas Kilian was the artist who engraved the plates.

paragraph: The star atlas was considered merely a curiosity and, in contrast to Bayer's "Uranometria", did not gain wide acceptance.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This article incorporates text translated from of 9 September 2005."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schiller's 1627 "Coelum Stellatum Christianum" & "Coelum Stellatum Christianum Concavum" ("Christian Starry Heavens") - Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coelum Stellatum Christianum, Augusta 1627 da www.atlascoelestis.com

description: German astronomer

wikidata_label: Julius Schiller

wikipedia_title: Julius Schiller


text:
Gupta Dynasty
Gupta Empire
Nalanda
Kumaragupta III
Narasimhagupta
Kotivarsha
Bangarh
West Bengal
Aulikara
Yashodharman
Nalanda
Kumaragupta
Purugupta

categories: 6th-century Indian monarchs,Gupta Empire

paragraph: Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)

paragraph: Vishnugupta Candraditya () was one of the lesser known kings of the Gupta Dynasty. He is generally considered to be the last recognized king of the Gupta Empire. His reign lasted 10 years, from 540 to 550 CE. From the fragment of his clay sealing discovered at Nalanda during the excavations of 1927-28, it is revealed that he was the son of Kumaragupta III and the grandson of Narasimhagupta.

paragraph: The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the Damodarpur copper-plate inscription), in which he makes a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha (Bangarh in West Bengal) in 542/543 CE. This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the Aulikara ruler Yashodharman circa 532 CE.

paragraph: According to a Nalanda seal, Vishnugupta was son of Kumaragupta, and grandson of Purugupta.

description: king of the Gupta Dynasty in India

wikidata_label: Vishnugupta

wikipedia_title: Vishnugupta (Gupta Empire)


text: Incheon

text: Chung-Ang University

text: Kim Kyung Ju

text: Hwang Byungsng

text: The World's Most Expensive Novel

categories: Chung-Ang University alumni,1976 births,Living people,Literary editors

paragraph: Kim Min-jeong (poet)

paragraph: Kim Min Jeong (The romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea) (; born 1976) is a South Korean poet and literary editor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kim Min Jeong was born in Incheon, South Korea in 1976. She studied creative writing at Chung-Ang University and also completed master's level coursework there. She began writing for a magazine in her third year of university and later joined Random House Korea as an editor. She edited the Random House series of poetry collections, which served as a springboard for South Korean Futurist poets and made a large impact on the country's poetry scene in the 2000s. As editor of the series, she discovered a number of young poets like Kim Kyung Ju and Hwang Byungsng. She became editor-in-chief at Random House Korea.

paragraph: She made her literary debut in 1999 when "Geomeun nanaui kkum" (검은 나나의 꿈 Nana's Black Dream) and nine of her other poems won the Munye Joongang Literary Award for Best First Poem. In the 2000s, she became a well-known poet and a leading literary editor. She currently serves as the President of Nanda Books, an imprint of Munhakdongne, and edits Munhakdongne poetry series and novels.

paragraph: Kim won the 8th Park In-Hwan Literary Award and 17th Weolgan Contemporary Poetry Award. She has produced and edited many unconventional works and bestsellers including poetry collections, literary essays, travelogues by writers, and special features. She also teaches university courses.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: Kim's poems criticize the pretentious and male-dominated nature of the South Korean poetry scene. They bluntly expose social injustices using fierce poetic diction and imagination, and have served as a source of inspiration for later poets. Rejecting the dichotomy of "good versus evil" and "truth versus lies," Kim's works capture raw images of our times with intensity and wit. She ridicules the notion that poetry should be serious or mysterious, and has striven to make South Korean poetry more accessible. Themes of her poetry include the hope for a society without violence and hypocrisy.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Works in translation.

paragraph: 1. Poems of Kim Yideum, Kim Haengsook & Kim Min Jeong (English)

paragraph: 2. The World's Most Expensive Novel (English)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: 1. 2007: 8th Park In-Hwan Literary Award

paragraph: 2. 2016: 17th Weolgan Contemporary Poetry Award

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: 1. Book Review: Chaos and Courage: Poems of Kim Yideum, Kim Haengsook & Kim Min Jeong

description: South Korean writer

wikidata_label: Kim Min-jeong

wikipedia_title: Kim Min-jeong (poet)


text:
Belgian
aristocrat
Delphine Boël
illegitimate daughter
Albert II of Belgium
King of the Belgians
Uccle
Belgium
Count
Jonkheer
René Boël
Herbert Cayzer, 1st Baron Rotherwick

categories: 1941 births,Barons of Belgium,Royal mistresses,Living people

paragraph: Sybille de Selys Longchamps

paragraph: Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps (born 28 August 1941) is a Belgian aristocrat. She is the mother of Delphine Boël, who she claims to be the illegitimate daughter of Albert II of Belgium, former King of the Belgians.

paragraph: Born in Uccle, Belgium, she is the daughter of Count and ambassador Michel François de Selys Longchamps (1910–1983) and Countess Pauline Cornet de Ways-Ruart (1914–1953). In 1962, she married Jonkheer Jacques Boël (born in 1929), an industrialist and nephew of René Boël. They divorced in 1978 and in 1982 Sybille married a wealthy British widower, the Honourable Michael Anthony Rathborne Cayzer (1929–1990), a younger son of shipping tycoon Herbert Cayzer, 1st Baron Rotherwick.

paragraph: In 1968, Delphine Boël was born, allegedly from an extramarital affair with Albert of Belgium, who was not king at the time. The purported affair was made public in 1999.

paragraph: Sybille lived with her second husband in London and at his rural estate until the early 1990s and lives now in Brussels and the Provence.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oscar Coomans de Brachène, "État présent de la noblesse belge, Annuaire de 1998, première partie (de Selys Longchamps)", p. 187-197, Brussels, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oscar Coomans de Brachène, "État présent de la noblesse belge, Annuaire de 2003, seconde partie (Boël)", p. 354-358, Brussels, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delphine Boël, "Couper le cordon", Brussels, ed. Wever & Bergh, 2008

description: Belgian noble

wikidata_label: Sybille de Selys Longchamps

wikipedia_title: Sybille de Selys Longchamps


text: tennis

text: Wimbledon

text: Australian Championships

text: Dudley

text: Worcestershire

text: Methodist

text: Dudley Girls High School

text: Pwllheli

text: Worcestershire

text: Wimbledon Championships

text: Betty Nuthall

text: French Championships

text: Mrs. Holcroft Watson

text: H.G.N. Lee

text: Dan Maskell

text: 1931 Wimbledon Championships

text: Lili Álvarez

text: Wightman Cup

text: Anna Harper

text: Helen Wills Moody

text: Helen Jacobs

text: British Hard Court Championships

text: 1933 Wimbledon Championships

text: Grand Slam

text: 1933 Wightman Cup

text: Eastern Grass Court Championships

text: Mary Heeley

text: Pacific Coast Championships

text: Alice Marble

text: Mary Heeley

text: Bournemouth

text: Peggy Scriven

text: Ryuki Miki

text: Mariposa

text: Victorian Championships

text: Melbourne

text: Joan Hartigan

text: Nancy Lyle

text: Joan Hartigan

text: Fred Perry

text: Nell Hopman

text: Harry Hopman

text: Hilde Sperling

text: Don Budge

text: Sarah Fabyan

text: Bunny Austin

text: Jadwiga Jędrzejowska

text: A. Wallis Myers

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Daily Mail

text: Durham, North Carolina

text: Lake Erie College

text: Mary Browne

text: Dwight Davis

text: Lawn Tennis Association

text: John Olliff

text: Liverpool Daily Post

text: Scottish Hard Court Championships

text: Midland Counties Championships

text: Camp Aloha

text: International Tennis Hall of Fame

text: Priory Park, Dudley

text: John McKenna

text: Dudley Museum and Art Gallery

text: Mary Heeley

text: Ted Tinling

text: J.P.

text: Kidderminster

text: Part 1

text: Part 2

text: Part 3

categories: Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era),Australian Championships (tennis) champions,English female tennis players,1982 deaths,Sportspeople from Dudley,People educated at St James Academy, Dudley,1909 births,Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles,World No. 1 tennis players,International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees,People from Kidderminster,British female tennis players,Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's singles

paragraph: Dorothy Round

paragraph: Dorothy Edith Round (13 July 1909 – 12 November 1982), was a British tennis player who was active from the late 1920s until 1950. She achieved her major successes in the 1930s. She won the singles title at Wimbledon in 1934 and 1937, and the singles at the Australian Championships in 1935. She also had success as a mixed doubles player at Wimbledon, winning a total of three titles. After her wedding in 1937, she played under her married name, Mrs D.L. Little. During the Second World War, she played in North America and became a professional coach in Canada and the United States. Post-war, she played in British regional tournaments, coached, and wrote on tennis for newspapers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dorothy Round was born on 13 July 1909 in Dudley, Worcestershire, England, the youngest of four children. She was the child of John Benjamin Round, a building contractor, and Maude Helena. Her family home in Park Road, Dudley, included a hard tennis court laid down by her grandfather. She was brought up as a Methodist and her religion remained important to her throughout her life. According to an interview she gave in later life, she played tennis with her brothers at the court in the garden of the family home from an early age and entered a school tennis competition aged 10 or 11. Round attended the Dudley Girls High School.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Round entered her first tennis tournament when she was 16 when she appeared at a competition held at Pwllheli, in Wales. In September 1925, Round entered the junior Worcestershire championships, and on 7 September 1925 she won the title, defeating Miss Lily Darby of Smethwick in straight sets. She retained the Worcestershire singles junior title the following year and added the doubles title at the same tournament. In September 1926, Round competed in the Junior Tennis Championships at Wimbledon, where she reached the semi-finals. In June 1927, Round won three titles at the Worcestershire County Lawn Tennis Tournament, becoming the singles, doubles and mixed doubles champion.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:First appearances at Wimbledon and other major tournaments.

paragraph: Round entered her first Wimbledon Championships in 1928, after coming through the qualifying event, and was knocked out in the first round by Miss N. Trentham, the score being 6-2, 6-8, 8-6. The following year she suffered from nerves as she was defeated by Betty Nuthall in the second round. Later in 1929, her picture featured in the "Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News" where she was billed as "a rising player". Round put in some impressive performances at the Wightman Cup trials held at Wimbledon in April 1930, defeating a number of established British players. In the same month, one of the top British male players, "Bunny" Austin called Round "a Bright new star".

paragraph: In 1930 she made her first tennis trip abroad, to the French Championships where she entered the doubles event, partnered by Mrs. Holcroft Watson and the mixed doubles event, partnered by Mr H.G.N. Lee. Her participation in the tournament resulted in a number of newspapers commenting on the possible difficulties caused by Round's refusal to play on Sunday because of her religious principles and the fact that the finals of the French Championships were played on that day. She reached the semi-finals of the doubles, where the English pair were beaten by the French pair Mathieu and Barbier, 7-5, 7-5. She also reached the third round of the mixed doubles. In this year it was reported that she was being coached by Dan Maskell.

paragraph: At the 1931 Wimbledon Championships she reached the quarterfinal stage for the first time after defeating fifth-seeded Lili Álvarez in the third round and was rewarded with a spot on the British team for the Wightman Cup, the annual women's team tennis competition between Great Britain and the United States, which in 1931 was held in August at Forest Hills. She lost her singles match against Anna Harper in three sets after failing to convert any of her seven matchpoints. Later in the same month, Round reached the doubles final of the U.S. National Championships at Forest Hill, where she was partnered by Helen Jacobs. The pair went on to lose to Miss Betty Nuthall and Mrs. Fearnley Whittingstall, the score being 6-2, 6-4. In a newspaper article from 1935, Round stated that it was her Wightman Cup loss that prompted her have more tournament play and she increased the number of tournaments that she played in to around 12 per season.

paragraph: In 1932 she again reached the Wimbledon singles quarterfinal in which she was decisively beaten by first-seeded and three-time Wimbledon champion Helen Wills Moody, 6-0, 6-1.

paragraph: She declined to compete in the French Championships in 1933, as she did not want to play on a Sunday because of her religious convictions.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:First Grand Slam singles final.

paragraph: In May 1933, Round scored a victory over Helen Jacobs in the final of the British Hard Court Championships, the score being 3-6, 6-2, 6-3. At the 1933 Wimbledon Championships she was seeded no. 2 and after a win against Helen Jacobs in the semifinal, she reached her first Grand Slam final. Wills Moody, now five-time Wimbledon singles title-holder, proved too strong but Round managed to take a set from her, which was the first set Wills Moody lost in a Grand Slam final since 1925. She proceeded with a tour to the United States where she competed in the 1933 Wightman Cup and won the singles title at the Eastern Grass Court Championships in Rye, beating compatriot Mary Heeley in the final. The result of the match, held on 12 August 1933, was: 6-2, 6-4. Round competed in the 1933 Pacific Coast Championships, held in San Francisco, and was a runner-up to Alice Marble in the singles event but won the doubles event partnering Mary Heeley. In February and March 1934, Round travelled with a British team to the Jamaican Tennis Championships. She reached the singles final but was beaten by Helen Jacobs, 6-4, 6-1. In the following May, Round retained her British Hard Court Championships single title in Bournemouth, beating Peggy Scriven in the final.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Grand Slam successes.

paragraph: Seeded number 2 in the 1934 Wimbledon Championships, she went on to win the tournament, defeating the sixth seeded player, Lolette Payot, in the quarter-finals and the eighth seed, Simonne Mathieu, in the semis, before beating Helen Jacobs in three sets: 6–2, 5–7, 6–3 to take the title. She also won the mixed doubles competition, partnered by the Japanese player, Ryuki Miki.

paragraph: In late 1934, Round was part of a British team that sailed to Australasia, arriving at Auckland on 2 November 1934 on board the "Mariposa". After playing matches in New Zealand, the British team moved on to Australia in mid-November, where they were given a reception by the New South Lawn Tennis Association on 19 November 1934.

paragraph: Round won the Victorian Championships, held in Melbourne, in December 1934 after a two-sets win in the final against Joan Hartigan. In January 1935, Round added the Australian Championships title to her Wimbledon one, beating her British compatriot, Nancy Lyle, in the three set final, the score being 6-1, 1-6, 6-1. With this victory, Round became the first overseas player to win the Australian Championships.

paragraph: Also in January 1935, her first instructional book on tennis, "Modern Lawn Tennis", was published by George Newnes.

paragraph: Round lost her Wimbledon singles title in the summer of 1935, defeated in the quarter-finals by the Australian, Joan Hartigan, 6-4, 4-6, 3-6. However, she retained her mixed doubles title in that year, partnered by Fred Perry. The pair beat the Australians, Nell Hopman and Harry Hopman, the score being 7–5, 4–6, 6–2. In July 1935, it was reported that she had taken a post as a dress designer and sports wear adviser to a firm of outfitters.

paragraph: Despite being the top seed in the singles of the Wimbledon Championships of summer 1936, Round went out at the quarter-final stage, beaten by the German player, Hilde Sperling. This match generated some controversy, when, during play, Round broke a shoulder strap. When Round requested permission to leave court to change, her opponent Sperling replied that she would prefer to keep on playing in case she got cold whilst waiting, forcing Round to carry on with the strap held by a safety pin. Despite the singles loss, Round retained her mixed doubles title, again partnered by Fred Perry. The pair defeated Don Budge and Sarah Fabyan, 7–9, 7–5, 6–4.

paragraph: In July 1936, a "lawn tennis experiment" was staged in the form of a match between Round and a top male player Bunny Austin. The match undertaken on "handicap terms" ended even at one set all.

paragraph: In early 1937, Round was appointed to the National Advisory Council of Physical Fitness, tasked with improving the fitness of the nation.

paragraph: Her second and final Wimbledon singles title came on 3 July 1937 when she defeated the Polish player Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6-2, 2-6, 7-5.

paragraph: According to A. Wallis Myers of "The Daily Telegraph" and the "Daily Mail", Little was ranked in the world top ten from 1933 through 1937, reaching a career high of World No. 1 in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Final Wimbledon appearance.

paragraph: Following her marriage in September 1937 and birth of her son in July 1938, Round took a break from tennis competition. In January 1938, Round's second instructional book, "Tennis for Girls" was published. In August 1938, Round presented a trophy that she, herself, had donated to the winner of the women's singles of the Pwllheli tennis tournament. In December 1938, it was reported that Round was planning a come-back to competitive tennis, although she stated that her participation at Wimbledon would be dependent on the progress she made during the year. She returned to tennis in 1939, appearing at the Herga Club's Tournament in Harrow at the end of March. She won her first tournament after her comeback on 13 April 1939, winning the Tally Ho! club's Easter tournament. Later in the year she reached the fourth round in the singles and the third round of the doubles at Wimbledon. In August 1939, playing as Mrs Little at the Pwllheli Tennis Tournament, she won the Dorothy Round Challenge Cup.

paragraph: In May 1940, Round won the doubles, partnered by Mrs. S. H. Hammersley, at the Priory Lawn Tennis Tournament held at Edgbaston, Birmingham. In July 1940, Round announced that she was planning to go to Canada with her young son and that she was considering turning "pro" and doing some coaching.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Playing and coaching in North America.

paragraph: In July 1940, Round went to Canada with her two-year old son, Ian, and whilst there she became a professional tennis coach. She also took part in competitions, exhibition matches and raised money for charity in Canada and the USA as well as promote the sale of War Bonds in the U.S.

paragraph: In August 1940, Round won both the singles and doubles (partnered by Mrs Ross Harrington) in the Eastern Canada Championships held at Halifax, Novia Scotia.

paragraph: Round turned professional in 1941, when she accepted a summer coaching position at the Seigniory Tennis Club in Canada. On 19 November of the same year, Round appeared in an exhibition match together with Mary Hardwick at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.

paragraph: In February 1942, Round was living on the campus of Lake Erie College where she was coaching tennis players. She took over the coaching post from Mary Browne, who had decided to carry out civil defence work.

paragraph: In June 1942, Round appeared with Mary Hardwick, Bobby Riggs and Wayne Sabin in a tennis exhibition held at the Edgemoor Club, Washington D.C. The event was to raise money for the British and American Ambulance Corps. At the event, Round was introduced to Dwight Davis, founder of the Davis Cup.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Her later playing career.

paragraph: In 1944, Round returned to the UK, where she performed exhibition matches.. She was reinstated as an amateur in 1945 by the Lawn Tennis Association. There was speculation that she would make a return to Wimbledon in 1946, although, according to the contemporary player and sports journalist, John Olliff, former professionals could not appear at the Wimbledon Championships or at national championships organised under the jurisdiction of the International Lawn Tennis Association. However, Round remained an active tennis player, and after a break in 1946 when she had her second child, she continued to appear in British tournaments to the end of the 1940s and beyond. In June 1947 it was announced that she would be covering the Wimbledon Championships for the regional paper, the Liverpool Daily Post. In August 1947, she appeared at the Scottish Hard Court Championships reaching the final of the singles and winning the doubles and mixed doubles titles. In July 1948, she appeared at the Midlands Counties Championship in Birmingham where she lost the singles final to Barbara Knapp. In September 1949, Round was part of the Worcestershire team playing in the Inter-Counties Hard Court Tournament against a South Wales team. Round reached the third round of the singles in the Midland Counties Championships held in Birmingham, in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Tennis-linked activities after finishing her playing career.

paragraph: In the 1953 and 1954, Round wrote articles for regional British newspapers, including a regular column named "Dorothy Round on Tennis".

paragraph: In 1963, Round coached tennis at Camp Aloha in Vermont. In the following year, she was coaching tennis at Halesowen Grammar School.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1986.

paragraph: On 20 September 2013 her hometown of Dudley commemorated her by erecting a bronze statue in Priory Park, Dudley. The lifesize bronze statue, unveiled by her daughter, was created by the British sculptor John McKenna and depicts Dorothy Round making a return play of the ball. Also a portrait in oil on canvas by Dudley artist Philip Guest is part of the permanent collection of Dudley Museum and Art Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dorothy Round's Methodist beliefs were very important to her and she continued to teach at a Methodist Sunday School in Dudley even at the height of her fame when she became Wimbledon champion in 1934. It was also reported in 1934 that she was regularly at the baby welfare centre at Dudley, where she helped local mothers with babies. On 2 September 1937 she married Dr Douglas Leigh Little, a medical practitioner, at the Wesley Methodist Church in Dudley. The bridesmaid was the tennis player Mary Heeley and the wedding dress was designed by Ted Tinling, who later became famous for creating sportswear for many of the post-war ladies' tennis champions. In July 1938, Round gave birth to a boy in Dudley. She went to Canada with her baby son in 1940, returning to the UK in 1944. She gave birth to a daughter, Patricia, in 1946. After Round's tennis playing career ended in 1950, she became a keen golf player and played in golf tournaments during the 1950s. On 4 April 1958, Round's husband died at their home in St. James Road, Dudley. In August 1958, she was appointed a J.P. in her home town of Dudley. Dorothy Round died on 12 November 1982, aged 74, in Kidderminster.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How I Play Tennis by Dorothy Round" – British Pathé instructional film (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

alias:
Dorothy Edith Round Little
Dorothy Edith Round
Dorothy Round Little

description: English tennis player

wikidata_label: Dorothy Round

wikipedia_title: Dorothy Round