text: Daoist

text: zitherist

text: transcendental whistling

text: Chinese literature

text: Ji Kang

text: Ruan Ji

text: Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove

text: ineffability

text: Daodejing

text: Chinese poetry

text: Six Dynasties

text: Tang dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: wines

text: qingtan

text: xian

text: music theory

text: bigu

text: Cold-Food Powder

text: Qin

text: guqin

text: Modern Standard Chinese

text: Zhen'gao

text: xuanxue

text: ziran

text: homosexual

text: Shan Tao

text: portmanteau

text: Ge Hong

text: Shenxian zhuan

text: Yang Jun

text: Jin Dynasty (265-420)

text: Emperor Wu

text: regent

text: Emperor Hui

text: shijie

text: Cao Wei

text: Sima Zhao

text: Shishuo Xinyu

text: Liang dynasty

text: Sun Sheng

text: Zhan Huo

text: Yuan dynasty

text: Ruan Ji

text: Sima

text: Yijing

text: Daodejing

text: Zhuangzi

text: zhenren

text: Book of Jin

text: Sima Zhao

text: courtesy name

text: Laozi

text: Queen Mother of the West

text: Emperor Shun

text: Yu the Great

text: Taihang Mountains

text: Kuang Ch'eng

text: xun

text: ocarina

text: chi

text: Zhou dynasty

text: Zheng

text: Yue

text: avant-garde

text: Ge Fei

text: Victor Mair

text: Henan

text: go

text: Ji Kang and Ruan Ji

text: Review [of Sailey 1978]

text: Sun Deng

text: 嘯賦

text: Wikisource

text: 嘯旨

text: Wikisource

paragraph: Sun Deng (recluse)

paragraph: Sun Deng 孫登 (f. 230-260 CE) was a Daoist sage-recluse, a zitherist, and allegedly the last master of transcendental whistling. Chinese literature has various anecdotes about Sun Deng refusing to teach the musicians Ji Kang (223-262) and Ruan Ji (210-263), two of the iconoclastic Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove.

paragraph: The moral of the story about Ruan Ji visiting Sun Deng, who preferred supernatural whistling over traditional master-disciple dialog, is the ineffability of the Dao (as explained in the opening of the "Daodejing"). The Chinese poetry of the Six Dynasties and Tang dynasty developed this narrative into the "absent recluse" genre, expressing the unfulfilled desire to obtain wisdom by entering into conversation with a sage-recluse dwelling in the mountains (Varsano 1999: 56).

paragraph: Section::::Ji Kang stories.

paragraph: Ji Kang or Xi Kang (223-262) was a prominent intellectual of the Cao Wei (220-265) period, Daoist philosopher, author, poet, and musician. He was leader of the Seven Worthies/Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a group of intellectuals and artists who met occasionally at his estate to drink wines, take drugs, play music, and engage in witty "qingtan" "pure conversation".

paragraph: Ji Kang's polymathic interests ranged from "xian" "transcendence; immortality" techniques to music theory. His essay "Yangsheng lun" "On Nourishing Life" contends that one can achieve longevity through Daoist breathing exercises, diets (e.g., "bigu"), and drugs (Cold-Food Powder). Drug use was widespread among the literati in early medieval China, and Ji Kang was "reputed to have been a connoisseur in this field" (Chan 2014). Ji's writings on music include the famous "Qin fu" "A Rhapsody on the Qin" zither, "Shengwu aile lun" "Essay on the Absence of Sorrow or Joy in Music", and a number of solo pieces for "qin".

paragraph: The classical Chinese stringed instrument "qin" 琴 "zither; [sometimes translated] lute" is called "guqin" 古琴 "old zither" in Modern Standard Chinese, owing to the common use of "qin" in names for instrumental loanwords (such as "kouqin" 口琴 "mouth organ; harmonica"). Sun Deng was renowned for playing a one-string version of the qin (一弦琴); the 499 "Zhen'gao" 真誥 (tr. Campany 2002: 516) says Sun Deng could "derive eight notes by plucking a single string."

paragraph: Ji/Xi Kang and Ruan Ji were close friends, famous for their skills in poetry, music, and "qingtan" ripostes. They helped to develop "xuanxue" "Neo-Daoism" and emphasized the importance of "ziran" "naturalness; spontaneity". Ji and Ruan were in a homosexual relationship with Shan Tao, another one of the Seven Worthies, who described their friendship as "stronger than metal and fragrant as orchids" (tr. Hinsch 1990: 69). Ji Kang and Ruan Ji were such close friends that "Jiruan" 嵇阮 was a popular portmanteau for the pair. Ji and Ruan both tried unsuccessfully to study zither and transcendental whistling with Sun Deng.

paragraph: Section::::Ji Kang stories.:Shenxian zhuan.

paragraph: Ge Hong's (4th century) Daoist "Shenxian zhuan" "Biographies of Divine Transcendents" hagiography of Sun Deng 孙登 has the earliest version of the story about his refusal to teach Ji Kang about zither playing.

paragraph: Sun Deng's origin is not known. He stayed in the mountains, sitting in caves, strumming the zither and studying the "Changes". Winter or summer he wore only a single-layer garment, but when the weather grew extremely cold, someone observed him loosen his hair and use it to cover his body. It was over ten feet in length. When the Grand Mentor Yang Jun 楊駿 sent a messenger to invite Sun Deng to converse with him, Sun made no reply. Yang Jun then sent him a lined cloth robe as a gift. Upon its delivery, Sun came out from his gate, borrowed someone's knife, and cut the robe in two; he then placed the upper and lower halves in separate places outside Yang's gate. He also made a loud sound as if he were being cut in two. At the time, people thought him mad. Only later did they realize that Yang would be executed that way and that Sun was doing this as a symbolic prediction. Yang had him arrested and would not release him, so Sun died. Yang furnished a coffin and had him buried near Zhen Bridge. Several days later someone spotted him at Dongma Hill, so this person sent a letter to a friend of his in Luoxia. Ji Shuye [i.e., Ji Kang], who had ambitions to outstrip his era, once visited Sun Deng. Sun would not speak with him. When Ji raised objections, Sun calmly strummed his zither, until, after a long time, Ji finally stepped back. Sun then said, "Young man, you have excellent talent, but you lack knowledge of how to preserve the body. How will you avoid [harm]?" (It was not long after this that Ji was destroyed by implication in a grave affair.) Now Ji was skilled at playing the zither. At this point, Sun, using only one string, played a whole tune, and Ji, hearing it, sighed and became lost in thought. (tr. Campany 2002: 336)

paragraph: Yang Jun (d. 291) was a Jin Dynasty (265-420) official during the reign of Emperor Wu and regent for Emperor Hui. Sun Deng's "death" and reappearance is typical for Daoist "shijie" 尸解 "release from corpse" fake burial, the lowest level of "xian" "transcendence". This "grave affair" refers to Ji Kang getting involved in Cao Wei court politics, and sentenced to death by regent Sima Zhao for testifying to help a friend.

paragraph: Section::::Ji Kang stories.:Shishuo xinyu.

paragraph: The "Shishuo Xinyu" "A New Account of Tales of the World" (tr. Mather 1976: 332) says, "While Hsi K'ang was wandering among the mountains of Chi Commandery (Honan), he met the Taoist adept [道士], Sun Teng, and thereafter continued his wanderings in his company. As K'ang was on the eve of departing, Teng said, 'As far as your ability is concerned, it's high enough, but your way of preserving your own life is inadequate'."

paragraph: The "Shishuo xinyu" commentary by the Liang dynasty scholar Liu Xiaobiao 劉孝標 or Liu Jun劉峻 (462-521) quotes four texts. First, the anonymous "Xi Kang Jishu" 嵇康集序 (tr. Mather 1976: 333) says, "In the summer Sun Teng wove garments out of grass, and in the winter he covered himself with his unbound hair. He was fond of reading the "Book of Changes" and playing a one-stringed zither. All who saw him were attracted and delighted by him." Second, the "Wei Shi Chunqiu" 魏氏春秋 "Chronicles of the Clans of Wei", by Sun Sheng (ca. 302-373), says (tr. Mather 1976: 333), "Sun Teng was by nature free of both joy and anger. If anyone doused him under water and then brought him out to look at him, Teng would just laugh aloud. Whatever items of clothing or food were provided him by households where he stayed he would never decline, but when he left he would leave them behind." Third, the (4th century) "Wenshi zhuan" 文士傳 "Biographies of Scholars" (tr. Mather 1976: 333), by Zhang Yin 張隱, gives this version of the story.

paragraph: During the Chia-p'ing era (249-253) some people of Chi Prefecture had gone into the mountains, where they saw a man. The place where he lived was an overhanging cliff rising a hundred "jen" (about 700 feet), where dense woods grew in shady luxuriance, yet his spirit and intelligence were extremely bright. He said of himself that his surname was Sun and his name, Teng, with the courtesy name, Kung-ho. When he heard of him, Hsi K'ang followed him about for three years. K'ang asked for his prognosis concerning his own future, but Teng never answered. However, K'ang always sighed in respectful admiration over the fine subtlety contained in his godlike counsels. When K'ang was about to take his leave, he said to the man, "Sir, have you nothing, after all, to say?" Teng finally answered, "Do you know anything about fire? When it is lit it gives light. Yet knowing when not to use the light is, after all, included in knowing when to use it. When a man is born he is endowed with ability. Yet knowing when not to use his ability is, after all, included in knowing when to use it. Thus, knowing when to use light is included in getting enough fuel to keep it burning, and knowing when to use ability is included in understanding things well enough to complete one's allotted years. Now your ability is abundant, but your understanding slight. You'll have difficulty avoiding trouble in today's world. Don't ask me anything more." K'ang was unable to use his advice, and when he became involved in the Lü An affair and was cast into prison, he composed a poem reproaching himself, as follows: "In the past I used to blush before Liu-hsia Hui, But now I am ashamed before Sun Teng."

paragraph: Liu-hsia Hui or Liuxia Hui is the loyal politician Zhan Huo (720-621 BCE).

paragraph: Fourth, Wang Yin's 王隱 (4th century) "Jinshu" (tr. Mather 1976: 333) explains, "Sun Teng was the one interviewed by Juan Chi. Hsi K'ang treated him as his teacher, with all the ceremony expected of a disciple. During the transition between Wei and Chin (ca. 260-265) it was easy to fall prey to jealousy and suspicion; both noble and base were engulfed together. For this reason Sun Teng was silent on some points."

paragraph: Section::::Ji Kang stories.:Zengxiang liexian zhuan.

paragraph: The Yuan dynasty (c. 14th century) "Zengxiang liexian zhuan" 增像列仙傳 "Enlarged and Illustrated Collected Biographies of Transcendents" elaborates on Ji/Xi Kang meeting Sun Deng, and mentions transcendental whistling in addition to zither playing.

paragraph: Sun Teng dwelt in a cave on the North Mountain in the prefecture of Chi [in Honan]. In summer, he made himself garments of plaited straw; in winter he covered himself only with his long hair. He was an expert in the art of whistling without a break, and he loved to read the Canon of Changes and to thrum a one-stringed lute. By temperament he was prone neither to joy nor to anger. Once, we are told, in the hope of seeing him angry, a man pitched him into the river, but when Sun Teng had scrambled out, he only burst into fits of laughter. The high-born statesman Hsi K'ang accompanied him in his wanderings for three years, yet whenever he questioned his Master about his aims, he could get no reply. When about to leave him, Hsi K'ang said: "After all this time, Sir, have you no word for me?" Sun Teng replied: "You know what fire is, don't you? It has the natural property of giving light, but not of using that light; yet its importance depends on the use made of its light. In man, intellectual capacity is a natural gift, but not the use made of that capacity; yet his worth depends on the use he makes of it. The use of light is contingent on a supply of fuel wherewith to preserve its radiance; and the use of intellect consists in acquiring a knowledge of Pure Truth so as to keep one's life immune from harm." Hsi K'ang also asked for instruction in playing the lute, but Sun Teng would not teach him. "Your intellectual capacity is great," he said, "but your knowledge is small. It will be difficult for you to pass unscathed through the world of to-day." … In the end, Sun Teng rose up to heaven in broad daylight (tr. Giles 1948: 94-95)

paragraph: Section::::Ruan Ji stories.

paragraph: Ruan Ji (210-263) was a skillful poet, essayist, and musician, who rebelled against orthodox Confucian rituals and conventions. He loved drinking wine, and his "Jinshu" biography says he avoided an arranged marriage into the Sima family by staying drunk for 60 days. The famous "guqin"-zither melody, "Jiukuang" "Drunken Ecstasy" is attributed to him.

paragraph: Ruan wrote philosophical essays about the "Yijing", "Daodejing", and "Zhuangzi", his masterful "Yonghuai shi" "Songs of My Soul", and "Yue lun" "Disquisition on Music". Among recluse poets who practiced transcendental whistling as a way to absorb themselves into nature, Ruan Ji was the most famous whistler of the Jin dynasty (Su 2006: 32). After meeting Sun Deng, Ruan Ji immortalized him in "Daren xiansheng zhuan" "Biography of Master Great Man", which praises Daoist transcendence over the mundane world.

paragraph: Section::::Ruan Ji stories.:Shishuo xinyu.

paragraph: In the (5th century) "Shishuo xinyu" version of this transcendental whistling story about Ruan Ji, Sun Deng is referred to as the "zhenren" "perfected person" in the Sumen Mountains 蘇門山.

paragraph: When Juan Chi whistled [嘯], he could be heard several hundred paces away. In the Su-men Mountains (Honan) there appeared from nowhere a Realized Man [真人] about whom the woodcutters were all relaying tales. Juan Chi went to see for himself and spied the man squatting with clasped knees by the edge of a cliff. Chi climbed the ridge to approach him and then squatted opposite him. Chi rehearsed for him briefly matters from antiquity to the present, beginning with an exposition of the Way of Mystical Quiescence [玄寂] of the Yellow Emperor and Shen Nung, and ending with an investigation of the excellence of the Supreme Virtue [盛德] of the Three Ages (Hsia, Shang, and Chou). But when Chi asked his opinion about it he remained aloof and made no reply. Chi then went on to expound that which lies beyond Activism [有為之教], and the techniques of Resting the Spirit [棲神] and Conducting the Vital Force [導氣]. But when Chi looked toward him for a reply, he was still exactly as before, fixedly staring without turning. Chi therefore turned toward him and made a long whistling sound [長嘯]. After a long while the man finally laughed and said, "Do it again." Chi whistled a second time [復嘯], but as his interest was now exhausted, he withdrew. He had returned about half-way down the ridge when he heard above him a shrillness like an orchestra of many instruments, while forests and valleys reechoed with the sound. Turning back to look, he discovered it was the whistling of the man he had just visited [向人嘯]. (49, tr. Mather 1976: 331)

paragraph: Donald Holzman (2009: 154) comments on their meeting: "It ("xiao") was an unintellectual art, probably a fairly strange kind of sound that is divorced from speech and reason...When Ruan Ji whistles Sun Teng sees that he is not merely a pedant, but also an adept of an art that imitates nature, that he is able to control his breath so as to make it resemble that very breath of heaven."

paragraph: The "Shishuo xinyu" commentary by Liu Xiaobiao quotes two texts. First, the (4th century) "Wei Shi Chunqiu" 魏氏春秋 version says,

paragraph: Juan Chi often went riding alone wherever his fancy led him, not following the roads or byways, to the point where carriage tracks would go no farther, and always he would return weeping bitterly. Once while he was wandering in the Su-men Mountains there was a recluse living there whose name no one knew, and whose only possessions were a few "hu"-measures of bamboo fruit, a mortar and pestle, and nothing more. When Juan Chi heard of him he went to see him and began conversing on the Way of Non-action [無為] of high antiquity, and went on to discuss the moral principles [義] of the Five Emperors and Three August Ones. The Master of Su-men remained oblivious and never even looked his way. Chi then with a shrill sound made a long whistling whose echoes reverberated through the empty stillness. The Master of Su-men finally looked pleased and laughed. After Chi bad gone down the hill, the Master gathered his breath and whistled shrilly with a sound like that of the phoenix. Chi had all his life been a connoisseur of music, and he borrowed the theme of his discussion with the Master of Su-men to express what was in his heart in a song, the words of which are: "The sun sets west of Mt. Pu-chou; The moon comes up from Cinnabar Pool. Essence of Yang is darkened and unseen; While Yin rays take their turn to win. His brilliance lasts but for a moment; her dark will soon again be full. If wealth and honor stay but for a trice must poverty and low estate be evermore?" (tr. Mather 1976: 331-332)

paragraph: Second, the "Zhulin Qixian Lun" 竹林七賢論 (tr. Mather 1976: 332), by Dai Kui 戴逵 (d. 396) explains, "After Juan Chi returned (from the Su-men Mountains) he proceeded to compose the "Discourse on Mr. Great Man" [大人先生論]. What was said in this discourse all represented the basic feelings in his breast and heart. The main point was that Mr. Great Man was none other than Juan himself."

paragraph: Section::::Ruan Ji stories.:Jin shu.

paragraph: The (648) "Book of Jin" () biography of Ruan Ji uses "changxiao" and "xiao" to describe his meeting with Sun Deng.

paragraph: Once [Juan] Chi met Sun Teng on Su-men Mountain. [Juan Chi] touched on topics of ancient times, and on the arts of "posing the spirit" and "leading the breath." [Sun] Teng kept silent throughout. As a result, [Juan] Chi expelled a long whistle [籍因長嘯而退], and took his leave. When he had descended halfway down the mountain, he heard a sound like the cry of the phoenix resounding throughout the peaks and valleys. It was the whistling of [Sun] Teng [乃登之嘯也]. (tr. Varsano 1999: 56)

paragraph: Varsano (1999: 57) explains transcendental whistling as a direct representation of the ineffable Dao, "his superhuman whistle, a primordial sound that does not describe the secrets of the universe, but incarnates it."

paragraph: The context goes on to say that after Sun Deng refused to talk with Ruan Ji, Xi Kang followed Sun Deng travelling for three years. Since Sima Zhao became generalissimo in 255, Holzman dates Ruan Ji's visit around 257, and Xi Kang's around 258 to 260. Based on the different mountain names, Chan (1996: 151, 158) says Ruan Ji visited Sun Deng twice, first around 226-230, and then around 255-263; and dates Xi Kang's travels at around 249-251.

paragraph: Section::::Ruan Ji stories.:Xiaozhi.

paragraph: The anonymous (c. 8th century) "Xiaozhi" 嘯旨 "Principles of Whistling" mentions Sun Deng and Ruan Ji—honorifically called Sun Gong 孫公 "Master Sung" and Ruan Sizong 阮嗣宗 (his courtesy name)—as the last transcendental whistlers, and describes whistling tunes attributed to them, "Sumen Mountains" retells the story of Ruan's visit to Sun, and "Loose Rhymes of Ruan" is an easy-whistling melody.

paragraph: The "Xiaozhi" Preface gives a transmission history of "xiao"-whistling that goes from mythological sages to the historical whistlers of Sun Deng and Ruan Ji (adapted from Edwards 1957: 219-220). Laozi transmitted the technique to Queen Mother of the West, up through Emperor Shun, who transmitted whistling to Yu the Great, "after whom the art declined. It revived with the Immortal of the Jin dynasty Sun Gong of Taihang Mountains. Sun found the Way (adopted the Daoist rule of life) and disappeared. Ruan Sizong had a smattering of the art but after him it was quite lost, and whistling was no longer heard."

paragraph: Two "Xiaozhi" sections describe whistling tunes attributed to Sun Deng and Ruan Ji, "Sumen Mountain" (11) and "The Loose Rhymes of Ruan" (13). "Sumen [Mountain]" 蘇門 retells the story of Ruan Ji visiting Sun Deng, referred to as the Daoist master living on Sumen, like the "Shishuo xinyu" above.

paragraph: The 'Su Men' was composed by the Taoist Immortal Recluse, who lived in the Su Men Mountains (of Honan). The Holy One transmitted, he did not make it. The Immortal transmitted (the music of) Kuang Ch'eng and Wu Kuang 務光 in order to rejoice the spirit and expand the Tao. He did not regard music as the main task. In olden days there were those who roved in Su Men listening to the phoenix' songs. The notes were exquisitely clear, very different from the so-called pretended phoenix. The phoenix makes sounds but humans cannot hear them. How then can the Su Family know the sound of the phoenix? Hereafter, when seeking the sound, bring up the Immortal's whistle. The Immortal's whistle does not stop at fostering the Tao and gratifying the spirits; for indeed, in everyday affairs it brings harmony into the world, and peace in season. In oneself the Tao never dies, in objective matters it assists all that is sacred, and conducts the Five Influences. In the arcana of Nature order prevails. For success in obtaining response (to such efforts) nothing approaches music. The Immortal has evolved the one successful form. As to all wild things whistling is the one thing needful. Yuan Szu-tsung of Chin (Yuan Chi) was a fine whistler. Hearing that the Immortal thought himself his equal, he (Yuan) went to visit him. The Immortal remained seated with his hair in disorder. Yuan bowed repeatedly and inquired after his health. Thrice and again thrice he addressed his (uncivil) host. The Immortal maintained his attitude and made no response. Chi then whistled some score of notes and left. The Immortal, estimating that his guest had not gone far, began to whistle the Ch'ing Chueh [清角] to the extent of four or five movements. But Chi perceived that the mountains and all growing things took on a different sound. Presently came a fierce whirlwind with pelting rain, followed by phoenixes and peacocks in flocks; no one could count them. Chi was alarmed, but also pleased, and he returned home and wrote down the story. He obtained only two-tenths of it, and called it 'Su Men'. This is what they tell there. The motif of the song is lofty mountains and wide marshes, great heights and distances. (tr. Edwards 1957: 226)

paragraph: The "Loose Rhymes of Ruan" section says,

paragraph: The 'Loose Rhymes of the Yuan' were really composed by Yuan Chi. The rhymes are free and easy; hence the title. … Both persons of refinement and culture and commonplace and mean folk can listen with appreciation. The majesty of the heavenly principle, purged from all miasmic influence, may mingle with the ordinary music of the Hsuan and the Ch'ih, and the music of Cheng and Yueh enter the ear. Most good whistlers can perform this air. Whenever persons retired in the woods and by springs puff out wind and by accident produce a rhymed sound, if their attempt misses success, it is simply a misfire; if it is completely successful then it remains. The above gives a general idea of the 'Loose Rhymes of the Yuan'. (tr. Edwards 1957: 227)

paragraph: These ancient instruments are the "xun" 塤 "a globular ocarina" and "chi" 篪 "a transverse bamboo flute", and these Zhou dynasty states were Zheng and Yue.

paragraph: The "Standard Notes" section (14, tr. Edwards 1957: 227) mentions Sun Deng and Daoist immortality, "In comparatively modern days, Sun Kung was successful, but people did not listen. As to peaceful notes [平和], they stave off old age and do not allow one to die. These Standard notes are known about, but the notes themselves are lost."

paragraph: The "Xiaozhi" "Conclusion" section (15, tr. Edwards 1957: 228) says, "The conclusion is at the extremities of the [pentatonic] scale, the end of the Great Tao. After the days of Yao and Shun there was some idea of these notes, but the actual notes were lost." It also dismisses the preface history with mythic whistlers like Queen Mother of the West and accepts the historicity of Sun Deng's and Ruan Ji's whistling.

paragraph: is extravagant talk, and not usually accepted. But the twelve methods are found in Sun Teng and Yuan Chi, so that we can truly say we have the general purport of Whistling. The Preface also says that Sun Teng did not hand on (the gift) to anyone, and after Yuan Chi it disappeared and was no more heard. … Now the voice of man is the voice of the universe (nature). Man may be ancient or modern, but sound is eternal, never new or old. Now this book is going forth and who knows whether a Sun or Yuan may not appear in some mountains or woods and, that being so, who can say that there is an end to Whistling? (tr. Edwards 1957: 228)

paragraph: Section::::Ruan Ji stories.:Hushao.

paragraph: The preeminent Chinese avant-garde author Ge Fei wrote the (1995) "Hūshào" 忽哨 "Whistling" short story, which is a modern update on the story about Sun and Ruan. Victor Mair, who translated "Whistling" into English, says

paragraph: An old legend of the celebrated encounter between the two men has Ruan Ji visiting Sun Deng in his hermitage but not receiving any responses to his questions. Thereupon, he withdraws and, halfway up a distant mountain, lets out a loud, piercing whistle. This is followed by Sun Deng's magnificent whistled reply, which inspires Ruan Ji to write the "Biography of Master Great Man," an encomium in praise of the Taoist "true man" that also satirizes the conventional Confucian "gentleman". (1998:43)

paragraph: Ge Fei's "Whistling" tells how the young, famous poet Ruan Ji regularly came to visit the aged hermit Sun Deng on Su

paragraph: Gate Mountain 蘇門山 in present-day Henan, and play games of "weiqi" "go". During one go game, Sun was silently pondering how to move a piece, and Ruan surprised him. "When the whistling sound suddenly arose, Sun Deng was totally unprepared for it. The strange, strident sound, mixed with the sounds of the billowing pines, reverberated through the valleys of Su Gate Mountain for a long while without expiring." (tr. Mair 1998:43).

paragraph: After a final game of go, Ruan took his leave from Sun owing to the "prolonged and profound silence that made him feel bored." Sun watches Ruan's silhouette gradually dissolving into the dark green distance,

paragraph: When the sound of whistling rose beneath the sunny empyrean, Sun Deng shuddered as though it were a bolt out of the blue. Shielding his eyes from the strong light with one hand, he saw Ruan Ji standing on the peak of Su Gate Mountain beneath a solitary tree. Against a backdrop of white clouds like thick cotton fleece, he stood motionless, seeing to wait for Sun Deng's answer. Sun Deng looked all around him, then quietly inserted his thumb and forefinger in his mouth—the extreme frailness of his body and the looseness of his teeth caused him to be unable to produce any sound. The shrill, desolate, plaintive whistle, accompanied by the soughing of the billowing pines, reverberated for a long time in the mountain valleys. It was like the sad wail of the poet who died long ago, penetrating through the barriers of time, continuing up till today, and sinking into the easily awakened dreams of a living person. (tr. Mair 1998: 68)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campany, Robert Ford (2002), "To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong’s Traditions of Divine Transcendents", University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Tim Wai-Keung (1996), "Ruan Ji's and Xi Kang's Visits to Two 'Immortals'", "Monumenta Serica" 44: 141-165.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chan, Alan (2014), "Ji Kang and Ruan Ji", "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Lionel (1948), "A Gallery of Chinese Immortals, Selected Biographies Translated from Chinese Sources", John Murray.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwards, E. D. (1957), "'Principles of Whistling'—嘯旨 "Hsiao Chih"—Anonymous," "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies" 20:1: 217-229.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hinsch, Bret (1990), " Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China", University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holzman, Donald (2009), "Poetry and Politics: The Life and Works of Juan Chi, A.D. 210-263", Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kroll, Paul W. (1982), "Review [of Sailey 1978]," "Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)" 4.1: 139-140.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mair, Victor H., tr. (1998), "Ge Fei, Whistling", in Jing Wang, ed. "China′s Avant-Garde Fiction: An Anthology", Duke University Press, pp. 43–68.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mather, Richard B. (1976), "Shih-shuo Hsin-yu: A New Account of Tales of the World", University of Minnesota Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varsano, Paula M. (1999), "Looking for the Recluse and Not Finding Him In: The Rhetoric of Silence in Early Chinese Poetry", "Asia Major" 12.2: 39-70.

paragraph: BULLET::::- White, Douglas A., tr. (1996), "Rhapsody on Whistling", in Victor H. Mair, ed., "The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature", pp. 429–434.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Deng, John Thompson on the "Guqin" Silk String Zither

paragraph: BULLET::::- 嘯賦, "Xiaofu", Wikisource edition,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 嘯旨, "Xiaozhi", Wikisource edition,

wikidata_label: Sun Deng

wikipedia_title: Sun Deng (recluse)


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Baghdad
Vaspurakan
Gagik Artsruni
Nakhichevan
Dvin
Ashot
Erevan
Erenjak
Ashot II
Byzantines
Georgian
This campaign
Tiflis
Kakheti
Kvirike
Kartli
Uplistsikhe
Samtskhe
Javakheti
captured the fortress of Q'ueli
Gobron
Zanjan
Abhar
Qazvin
Ray
Samanids
Mu'nis al-Khadim
ghulam
Subuk
Hamadan
Qarmatians
Bahrain
Kufa
Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath

categories: 10th-century Iranian people,Year of birth unknown,10th-century rulers in Asia,928 deaths,Sajid rulers

paragraph: Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj

paragraph: Yusuf ibn Abi'l Saj (died 928) was the Sajid amir of Azerbaijan from 901 until his death. He was the son of Abi'l-Saj Devdad.

paragraph: Section::::War with Armenians and Georgians.

paragraph: Yusuf came to power in 901 by overthrowing his nephew, Devdad Ibn Muhammad. He razed the walls of Maragha and moved the capital to Ardabil. Shortly afterwards, the Bagratid king of Armenia, Smbat I, offered to become a direct vassal of the caliph al-Muktafi. As this threatened the Sajids' interests in Armenia, Yusuf demanded that Smbat appear before him. When the Bagratid refused he invaded Armenia. An agreement was eventually reached between the two sides in 903; Smbat received a crown from Yusuf, acknowledging him as his overlord.

paragraph: Yusuf had never formalized his relations with the caliph, and they became hostile toward each other. In 908 a caliphal army was sent against Yusuf, but al-Muktafi died and his successor al-Muqtadir made peace with the Sajid. Al-Muqtadir's vizier Ali ibn al-Furat had been instrumental in the establishment of the peace; from then on Yusuf considered him to be his protector in Baghdad and often named him on his coinage. The peace allowed Yusuf to be invested with the governments of Azerbaijan and Armenia in 909 by the caliph.

paragraph: During the conflict between the Yusuf and the caliphate, the latter had encouraged King Smbat to oppose the Sajid. After settling his relations with the caliph Yusuf decided to retaliate. He found a willing ally in the prince of Vaspurakan, Gagik Artsruni, who was engaged in a dispute with the Bagratid over the province of Nakhichevan. Gagik became Yusuf's vassal and the Sajid gave him a crown. In 909 Yusuf took Nakhichevan and, together with Gagik, gained control of Siunikh. He then pursued Smbat across the country, and after spending the winter in Dvin defeated in 910 an army under the command of Smbat's two sons, Ashot and Mushel to the north of Erevan. Mushel was captured and poisoned.

paragraph: The war between the Sajids and the Bagratids continued, during which the country was devastated and the Armenians suffered from religious oppression at the hands of the Muslims. In around 913 Yusuf managed to trap Smbat in one of his fortresses. Although the siege was unable to force the surrender of the fortress, Smbat decided to voluntarily surrender himself to Yusuf in an effort to end the war. Yusuf initially let him go, but then seized him and put him in prison for a year. During the siege of Erenjak, in an effort to convince the defenders to surrender, Yusuf had Smbat tortured and executed before the fortress' walls. The body was then sent to Dvin and hung there. Smbat's son Ashot succeeded him as Ashot II. Yusuf initially tried to defeat him as well; Gagik refused to cooperate so he set up the Sparapet Ashot as rival king in Dvin. Ashot II was able to gain the loyalty of the Armenians, however, and could also count on the support of the Byzantines. Since Yusuf was having his own problems with the caliphate again (see below), he made peace with Ashot in 917, giving him a crown.

paragraph: In 914, Yusuf Ibn Abi'l-Saj—known to the Georgians as Abu l'Kasim—also campaigned in the Georgian territories. This campaign was one of the last major attempts on the part of the Abbasid Caliphate to retain its crumbling hold of the Georgian lands, which, at that time, were a patchwork of rival, native states and Muslim holdings. Yusuf made Tiflis as the base for his operations. He first invaded Kakheti and took hold of the fortresses of Ujarma and Bochorma, but the former was then given back to the Kakhetian ruler Kvirike following his plead for peace. Yusuf then proceeded to Kartli, only to see the fortifications of Uplistsikhe demolished by their defenders. From there, the amir surged into Samtskhe and Javakheti. Unable to seize control of the stronghold of Tmogvi, he captured the fortress of Q'ueli and put its defender Gobron to death. The Muslim sources are silent about these events.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment, restoration and death.

paragraph: After the dismissal of the vizier Ibn al-Furat, Yusuf had begun to withhold some of the annual tribute due to the caliph. In 915 or 916 he imprisoned a caliphal envoy, although he later released him and sent him back with presents and money. After Ibn al-Furat regained the vizierate in 917 he conquered Zanjan, Abhar, Qazvin and Ray from the Samanids and hoped that Ibn al-Furat would smooth things over with al-Muqtadir. The caliph, however, angrily sent an army against Yusuf, who defeated it. The arrival of a second Abbasid army under Mu'nis al-Khadim caused Yusuf to retreat to Ardebil. Although Ibn al-Furat attempted to convince al-Muqtadir to recognize Yusuf as governor, the caliph refused. In 918 the Abbasid army was defeated by Yusuf near Ardabil, but in 919 the Sajid was defeated. Yusuf was captured and brought back to Baghdad where he was imprisoned for three years. During this time, his faithful ghulam Subuk took control of Azerbaijan and maintained the province while his master was in Baghdad, defeating an Abbasid army sent against him.

paragraph: In 922 Yusuf was released and the caliph invested him with the governorship of Azerbaijan and the provinces that he had conquered from the Samanids. Returning to Azerbaijan, he found that Subuk had died. In 924 he conquered Ray from its governor, who had rebelled against the Samanids. After leaving the area and occupying Hamadan, the people of Ray expelled his officials. In 925 the Sajid briefly returned to Ray.

paragraph: In 926 Yusuf was instructed by the caliph to take charge of the campaign against the Qarmatians of Bahrain. In 927, despite having a large numerical advantage, Yusuf's army was defeated by the Qarmatians near Kufa. The Sajid was captured and in 928 killed. In Azerbaijan he was succeeded by his nephew Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath.

description: Sajir amid of Azerbaijan

wikidata_label: Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj

wikipedia_title: Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj


text: badminton

text: Judy Hashman

text: European Badminton Championships

categories: 1942 births,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England,English female badminton players,Badminton players at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games,Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton

paragraph: Angela Bairstow

paragraph: Angela Bairstow was an English badminton player. She first came to prominence in 1958 when she won the National Junior singles title. Further wins followed in 1959 and 1960; in addition she won four junior doubles titles. After the step up to senior competition she reached the final of the 1963 All England Badminton Championships singles losing out to Judy Hashman. In 1963 at the All England Championships she was seeded to win in the Singles, Doubles and the Mixed. The controversy over her opponent picking up an old slow shuttlecock to finish off the game changed how used shuttles are now discarded.

paragraph: Although never winning an All England title Bairstow became a significant player winning a host of titles from 1964-1968 including the Scottish Open, German Open, Dutch Open, Asia Cup, Irish Open, English National Badminton Championships and European Badminton Championships. Bairstow also won in 1966 two golds and one silver medal at the Commonwealth Games in Kingston Jamaica. Caring for her sick doubles partner overnight before losing the women's doubles final the next day. In 1965 Bairstow won the Dutch open in Singles, Doubles and Mixed in the same year with another three Dutch titles afterwards. She repeated the triple at the first Asian Championships in 1965 in Lucknow. After which the organisers banned non-Asian players from entering. Bairstow brought to prominence a deceptive backhand sliced serve and flick had her opponents stand back an extra 6 inches from the service line for fear of being embarrassed as the shuttlecock flew over their heads.

paragraph: She married her coach, H. Ian Palmer, in 1970 and had three children (born 1969, 1970 and 1972) and four grandchildren.

alias:
Angela Palmer
Angela M. Bairstow

description: badminton player

wikidata_label: Angela Bairstow

wikipedia_title: Angela Bairstow


text: Ming dynasty

text: Imjin war

text: Shanghai

text: Ming dynasty

text: Imperial exam

text: imperial exam

text: Grand Canal

text: Imjin War

text: Grand Canal

text: Liaodong

text: Liaodong

text: Wu Weizhong

text: Ming

text: Song Yingchang

text: Li Rusong

text: Konishi Yukinaga

text: Li Rusong

text: Kaesong

text: samurai

text: Cha Da So

text: Li Rusong

text: battle of Byeokjegwan

text: battle of Byeokjegwan

text: Busan

text: Xu Guangqi

text: Ming dynasty

text: Famous Qian figure biographies

categories: Ming dynasty generals,1642 deaths,1561 births

paragraph: Qian Shizhen

paragraph: Qian Shizhen (; 1561–1642) was a Ming dynasty general who participated in the Imjin war. His chosen name is Zhisun, and his nickname was Sanqi. He was the author of "The records of the Eastern Expedition (征東實紀)" and "Comments on archery" (射評).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Qian was born in what is today Shanghai city, the son of a scholar. His father was able to pass several levels in the Ming dynasty Imperial exam, but only served briefly as an administrator before continuing life as a free scholar back home.

paragraph: Qian was said to have been a brilliant child, with a strong grasp of literature at an early age, yet he also showed strong interest and an uncanny ability for martial skills.

paragraph: Qian officially decided to pursue the path of a military career instead of an academic one at age 21, (a rather uncommon choice by the standards of the day) and succeeded in passing the military version of the imperial exam in 1589.

paragraph: By 1592, just prior to the Imjin war, he was a minor officer in charge of 500 men as part of the logistical corp along the Grand Canal.

paragraph: Section::::Imjin war.

paragraph: Qian was promoted to a low ranking general as a result of the Imjin War, and after he arrived at Beijing on his latest logistical run along the Grand Canal he quickly took 1,000 men to Liaodong. Upon arriving at Liaodong, he learned of his mother's death back home, but choose to hide the information from others so he could continue to participate in the war.

paragraph: Qian along with Wu Weizhong was part of the vanguard of the major Ming expedition in 1593 directed by Song Yingchang and led by Li Rusong.

paragraph: According to Qian's records, on 1/1 1593 he encountered a small scouting party of Japanese and killed its leader in the ensuing skirmish. In the following days, he was part of the forces that retook PyongYang from the Japanese forces under Konishi Yukinaga. Qian's records complained that although Li Rusong commanded the Ming army to not take any heads during the battle, he realized after the battle that Li's own men and the Northern troops closer to him had basically ignored the order.

paragraph: Qian noted that by then the Korean logistics were already lagging behind the Ming forces, and only until nearly a week later did the grain shipments finally arrive in sufficient number for the Ming forces to continue forward.

paragraph: Qian was part of the forces that retook Kaesong on the 19th. During this time he met a small group of Japanese forces, whose opposing commander challenged him to a duel. Qian accepted the challenge and killed the samurai, but afterwards he was denied of the claim because he did not know the name of his foe.

paragraph: His records also stated that the general Cha Da So was responsible for misleading Li Rusong and the Ming forces to the debacle in the battle of Byeokjegwan in late January that year. After the battle of Byeokjegwan, the Ming army stalled; disease and grudges between the generals of different origins also contributed to the problem.

paragraph: After peace talks began, Qian was sent to escort the Japanese delegation group. He recorded that they went hunting around Busan (where Qian captured a large feral horse) along with other daily conversations and interactions.

paragraph: Qian returned to China along with the main Ming host in September 1593.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Qian began to rise quickly after returning from Korea, eventually topping out as the Zhongbin (highest level of generals in the Ming) in 1620, but he retired before officially taking office.

paragraph: He was a close friend with the famous Ming politician Xu Guangqi.

paragraph: Qian died in 1642, just two years before the collapse of the Ming dynasty. His son was also a military officer in the Ming.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Famous Qian figure biographies

paragraph: BULLET::::- The records of JianDing county (嘉定縣誌人物傳)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qian Shizhen; "The records of the eastern expedition" (征東實紀 錢世楨 著)

description: Ming Dynasty general

wikidata_label: Qian Shizhen

wikipedia_title: Qian Shizhen


text: Italian

text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Vicar General of Rome

text: Secretary of the Holy Office

text: Dean of the College of Cardinals

text: cardinalate

text: Rome

text: Eugenio Pacelli

text: Almo Collegio Capranica

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Francesco di Paola Cassetta

text: auditor

text: Washington, D.C.

text: attached

text: Apostolic Nunciature to Germany

text: Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness

text: Domestic Prelate of His Holiness

text: protonotary apostolic

text: Holy See

text: Bern

text: Switzerland

text: Internuncio

text: Venezuela

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Seleucia di Isauria

text: episcopal consecration

text: chapel

text: Pontifical Latin American College

text: Pietro Gasparri

text: Carlo Pietropaoli

text: Bonaventura Cerretti

text: co-consecrators

text: Nuncio

text: Apostolic Nuncio to Austria

text: Secretary

text: dicastery

text: Willem van Rossum

text: CSSR

text: papal

text: Haile Selassie I

text: Emperor of Ethiopia

text: Pope Pius XI

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: S. Maria Nuova

text: consistory

text: Protestant

text: Vicar General of Rome

text: Diocese

text: Pope

text: Bishop of Rome

text: theater

text: sports game

text: Archpriest

text: Lateran Basilica

text: Cardinal Bishop

text: of Frascati

text: Pope Pius XII

text: elected

text: Donato Sbarretti

text: Dean

text: Sacred College

text: Bishop of Ostia

text: cerebral thrombosis

text: Campo Verano

text: Catholic Hierarchy

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

categories: Deans of the College of Cardinals,Diplomats of the Holy See,1951 deaths,Deaths from thrombosis,1871 births,Almo Collegio Capranica alumni,Cardinal-bishops of Frascati,Italian cardinals,Cardinal Vicars,Members of the Holy Office,Cardinal-bishops of Ostia,Apostolic Nuncios to Venezuela,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Apostolic Nuncios to Austria,Pontifical Commission of Sacred Archaeology,People from Rome

paragraph: Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani

paragraph: Francesco Marchetti-Selvaggiani (1 October 1871 – 13 January 1951) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Secretary of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, Vicar General of Rome, Secretary of the Holy Office, and Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1930.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and ordination.

paragraph: Marchetti-Selvaggiani was born in Rome to Vincenzo and Valeria (née Caretti) Marchetti-Selvaggiani. A boyhood friend of Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pope Pius XII), he studied at the "Almo Collegio Capranica" and Pontifical Gregorian University. Marchetti Selvaggiani was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Francesco di Paola Cassetta on 4 April 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Roman Curia.

paragraph: He then served in the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, as a "minutante", until 1900. From 1900 to 1906, he was auditor of the Apostolic Delegation to the United States in Washington, D.C. He was attached to the secretariat of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs for a year before becoming auditor of the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany in 1907. Marchetti Selvaggiani was named Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on 25 December 1914, Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 7 July 1915, and protonotary apostolic on 26 September 1917. From 1915 to 1918, he was a confidential representative of the Holy See in Bern, Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Nuncio.

paragraph: On 16 February 1918, he was appointed Internuncio to Venezuela and Titular Archbishop of Seleucia di Isauria. He received his episcopal consecration in the chapel of the Pontifical Latin American College on the following 14 April from Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, with Archbishops Carlo Pietropaoli and Bonaventura Cerretti serving as co-consecrators. With the raising in rank of the papal diplomatic mission to Venezuela and of the Venezuelan mission to the Holy See, he became Nuncio on 21 May 1920. On 4 December of the same year, he became Apostolic Nuncio to Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

paragraph: He was made Secretary of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith on 15 December 1922. As Secretary, he served as the second-highest official of that dicastery under Cardinal Willem van Rossum, CSSR. In addition to his role as Secretary, he served as an extraordinary papal envoy to Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cardinal.

paragraph: Pope Pius XI created him Cardinal-Priest of "S. Maria Nuova" in the consistory of 30 June 1930. In late 1930, in response to a growing Protestant presence in Rome, he was also appointed to head the Pontifical Organization for Preservation of the Faith and for the Provision of New Churches in Rome. On 9 May 1931, Marchetti Selvaggiani was named the Vicar General of Rome; as Vicar General, he governed the Diocese of Rome in the name of the Pope, who is Bishop of Rome. He advised local priests to avoid theaters and sports games. He became Archpriest of the Lateran Basilica on 26 May 1931, and Cardinal Bishop of Frascati on 15 June 1936.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Secretary of the Holy Office.

paragraph: Just after Pope Pius XII was elected in 1939, Cardinal Donato Sbarretti, head of the Holy Office, died, and Pius named Cardinal Marchetti-Selvaggiani to the position. On becoming the senior Cardinal-Bishop in 1948, Marchetti-Selvaggiani became Dean of the Sacred College and Bishop of Ostia in addition to his first bishopric see. He also succeeded as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation Ceremonial, and continued in all these positions until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Selvaggiani died from a cerebral thrombosis in Rome, at age 79. He is buried in Campo Verano.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

alias: Francesco Cardinal Marchetti Selvaggiani

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani

wikipedia_title: Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani


text:
Diyarbakır
calligraphy
Sultan Ahmed Mosque
Istanbul
Quran
Culture of the Ottoman Empire
Islamic calligraphy
List of Ottoman calligraphers
Ottoman art

categories: Muslim artists,1625 deaths,Year of birth missing,Turkish calligraphers,17th-century calligraphers,Calligraphers of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Seyyid Kasim Gubari

paragraph: Seyyid Kasim Gubari of Diyarbakır was a 17th-century Ottoman artist, noted for his poetic writing and calligraphy. He is celebrated as one of the most accomplished calligraphers of his time and decorated a number of important public buildings including the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Seyyid Kasim Gubari's date of birth is not known, but he lived in Diyarbakır in south-eastern (modern day) Turkey on the banks of the Tigris River. He was a direct descendant of the prophet, Mohammed which entitled him to use the appellation "Seyyid". Born Cherif 'Abdallah, he was given the nickname of Gubari (or Ghobâri) because according to legend, he wrote, in ghobar writing, an entire chapter of the Q'ran, consisting of four verses and fifteen words, on a single grain of rice.

paragraph: He was originally known for his poetic writing and took up calligraphy and decorative inscription sometime later. He responsible for much of the calligraphy in the dome of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the "Blue Mosque") in Istanbul. He was also commissioned to write verses from the Quran throughout the mosque. He was celebrated as one the greatest calligraphers of his day.

paragraph: He died in 1615/1616 and is buried near the tomb of Eyyub.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic calligraphy

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ottoman calligraphers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman art

description: Turkish calligrapher

wikidata_label: Seyyid Kasim Gubari

wikipedia_title: Seyyid Kasim Gubari


text: manager

text: front office

text: Major League Baseball

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Boston Red Sox

text: general manager

text: New York Yankees

text: dynasty

text: Baseball Hall of Fame

text: covered wagon

text: Springfield, Illinois

text: journalist

text: concessions

text: minor league baseball

text: Atlantic League

text: Eastern League

text: 1918 World Series

text: Harry Frazee

text: AL pennants

text: World Series

text: Springfield, Illinois

text: Ohio Volunteer Militia

text: American Civil War

text: covered wagon

text: Nebraska

text: hemp

text: Des Moines, Iowa

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: general

text: Des Moines News

text: Des Moines Leader

text: Fred Clarke

text: Ducky Holmes

text: Herm McFarland

text: Pittsburgh

text: Harry Stevens

text: concessions

text: George Moreland

text: Interstate League

text: minor league

text: Al Buckenberger

text: Wheeling Nailers

text: field manager

text: Iron and Oil League

text: Paterson Silk Weavers

text: Atlantic League

text: Honus Wagner

text: Louisville Colonels

text: National League

text: boxer

text: James J. Corbett

text: John L. Sullivan

text: James J. Jeffries

text: umpired

text: Lizzie Arlington

text: Jake Wells

text: movie theater

text: Richmond, Virginia

text: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: Eastern League

text: Arthur Irwin

text: Washington Senators

text: Nick Altrock

text: American League

text: Detroit Tigers

text: shortstop

text: Kid Elberfeld

text: Sam Angus

text: William Yawkey

text: Frank Navin

text: Montreal Royals

text: Indianapolis Indians

text: American Association

text: Joe Kelley

text: Windsor Arms Hotel

text: Federal League

text: Newark, New Jersey

text: Buffalo, New York

text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: Boston Red Sox

text: World War I

text: Harry Frazee

text: Stuffy McInnis

text: Wally Schang

text: Bullet Joe Bush

text: Amos Strunk

text: Philadelphia Athletics

text: assistant

text: Johnny Evers

text: 1918 World Series

text: pitcher

text: Babe Ruth

text: power hitter

text: pinch hit

text: outfielder

text: Dutch Leonard

text: Duffy Lewis

text: Ernie Shore

text: New York Yankees

text: Ray Caldwell

text: Slim Love

text: Frank Gilhooley

text: Roxy Walters

text: Carl Mays

text: Jacob Ruppert

text: Lou Gehrig

text: Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston

text: Miller Huggins

text: Paul Krichell

text: scout

text: George Weiss

text: Bullet Joe Bush

text: Joe Dugan

text: George Pipgras

text: Lyn Lary

text: Jimmie Reese

text: Bill Essick

text: Joe DiMaggio

text: Pacific Coast League

text: AL president

text: Ban Johnson

text: Bob Shawkey

text: player-manager

text: The Sporting News

text: Executive of the Year

text: Larry MacPhail

text: Dan Topping

text: Del Webb

text: Will Harridge

text: Commissioner of Baseball

text: Kenesaw Mountain Landis

text: Rye, New York

text: boxer

text: John L. Sullivan

text: Port Chester, New York

text: malignancy

text: Campbell's Funeral Home

text: Kensico Cemetery

text: Westchester County

text: uniform

text: Lou Gehrig

text: number to be retired

text: foul ball

text: The Star-Spangled Banner

text: national anthem

text: National Baseball Hall of Fame

text: Veterans Committee

text: Yankee Stadium

text: Babe Ruth

text: Lou Gehrig

text: Miller Huggins

text: Monument Park

categories: Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) managers,Sportspeople from Springfield, Illinois,Montreal Royals managers,New York Yankees executives,Burials at Kensico Cemetery,1953 deaths,Indianapolis Indians managers,Major League Baseball general managers,National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees,Detroit Tigers managers,1868 births,Boston Red Sox managers

paragraph: Ed Barrow

paragraph: Edward Grant Barrow (May 10, 1868 – December 15, 1953) was an American manager and front office executive in Major League Baseball. He served as the field manager of the Detroit Tigers and Boston Red Sox. He served as business manager (de facto general manager) of the New York Yankees from 1921 to 1939 and as team president from 1939 to 1945, and is credited with building the Yankee dynasty. Barrow was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953.

paragraph: Born in a covered wagon in Springfield, Illinois, Barrow worked as a journalist and soap salesman before entering the business of baseball by selling concessions at games. From there, Barrow purchased minor league baseball teams, also serving as team manager, and served as president of the Atlantic League. After managing the Tigers in 1903 and 1904 and returning to the minor leagues, Barrow became disenchanted with baseball, and left the game to operate a hotel.

paragraph: Barrow returned to baseball in 1910 as president of the Eastern League. After a seven-year tenure, Barrow managed the Red Sox from 1918 through 1920, leading the team to victory in the 1918 World Series. When Red Sox owner Harry Frazee began to sell his star players, Barrow joined the Yankees. During his quarter-century as their baseball operations chief, the Yankees won 14 AL pennants and 10 World Series titles.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Barrow was born in Springfield, Illinois, the oldest of four children, all male, born to Effie Ann Vinson-Heller and John Barrow. Barrow's father fought in the Ohio Volunteer Militia during the American Civil War. Following the war, Barrow's parents, with John's mother, brothers, and sisters, traveled in a covered wagon to Nebraska; Barrow was born on a hemp plantation belonging to relatives during the trip. The Barrows lived in Nebraska for six years before moving to Des Moines, Iowa. His middle name, Grant, was bestowed on him in honor of Ulysses S. Grant, the Civil War general.

paragraph: Barrow worked as mailing clerk for the "Des Moines News" in 1887, receiving a promotion to circulation manager within a year. He became a reporter for the "Des Moines Leader" after graduating from high school. He became city editor, earning $35 a week ($ in current dollar terms). In his last two years living in Des Moines, Barrow established a baseball team, which included future baseball stars Fred Clarke, Ducky Holmes, and Herm McFarland.

paragraph: Barrow moved to Pittsburgh in 1889, where he worked as a soap salesman, believing there was money in this business. However, Barrow lost all of money in this business, and went to work as a desk clerk in a Pittsburgh hotel.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Early career.

paragraph: Barrow partnered with Harry Stevens in 1894 to sell concessions at baseball games. He helped George Moreland form the Interstate League, a Class-C minor league, in 1894. Barrow, with Stevens and Al Buckenberger, purchased the Wheeling Nailers of the Interstate League in 1896. Barrow served as field manager until the collapse of the league that season. The team continued in the Iron and Oil League for the rest of the year.

paragraph: Barrow then bought the Paterson Silk Weavers of the Class-A Atlantic League, managing them for the rest of the 1896 season. Barrow discovered Honus Wagner throwing lumps of coal at a railroad station in Pennsylvania, and signed him to his first professional contract. Barrow sold Wagner to the Louisville Colonels of the National League (NL) for $2,100 the next year ($ in current dollar terms). With poor attendance, Barrow brought in professional boxers as a draw: he had James J. Corbett play first base while John L. Sullivan and James J. Jeffries umpired. He also hired Lizzie Arlington, the first woman in professional baseball, to pitch a few innings a game.

paragraph: From 1897 through 1899, Barrow served as president of the Atlantic League. During this time, in the winter of 1898–99, Barrow and Jake Wells established a movie theater in Richmond, Virginia. Barrow managed Paterson again in 1899, but the league folded after the season.

paragraph: With the money earned from the sale of the Richmond movie theater, Barrow purchased a one-quarter share of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Class-A Eastern League in 1900 from Arthur Irwin, and served as the team's manager. Irwin, hired to be the manager of the Washington Senators of the NL, brought his most talented players with him. Rebuilding the Maple Leafs, Barrow acquired talented players, such as Nick Altrock, and the team improved from a fifth-place finish in 1899, to a third-place finish in 1900, and a second-place finish in 1901. The Maple Leafs won the league championship in 1902, even though they lost many of their most talented players, including Altrock, to the upstart American League (AL).

paragraph: Barrow managed in the major leagues with the Detroit Tigers of the AL in 1903, finishing fifth, a thirteen-game improvement from their 1902 finish. With the Tigers, Barrow feuded with shortstop Kid Elberfeld. Tigers' owner Sam Angus sold the team to William Yawkey before the 1904 season. Barrow managed the Tigers again in 1904, but unable to coexist with Frank Navin, Yawkey's secretary-treasurer, Barrow tendered his resignation. He then managed the Montreal Royals of the Eastern League for the rest of the season. He managed the Indianapolis Indians of the Class-A American Association in 1905 and Toronto in 1906. Disheartened with baseball after finishing in last place, Barrow hired Joe Kelley to manage Toronto in 1907, and after signing the rest of the team's players, became manager of the Windsor Arms Hotel in Toronto.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Return to baseball.

paragraph: Barrow returned to baseball in 1910, managing Montreal. The Eastern League hired Barrow as its president the next year, giving him an annual salary of $7,500 ($ in current dollar terms). He served in this role from 1911 through 1917, and engineered the name change to "International League" before the 1912 season. As league president, he contended with the creation of the Federal League in 1914, which competed as a major league, and established franchises in International League cities, including Newark, New Jersey, Buffalo, New York, and Baltimore, Maryland. He attempted to gain major league status for the league in 1914, but was unsuccessful. When the Federal League collapsed, Barrow was the only league president to forbid the outlaw players from playing in his league.

paragraph: After the 1917 season, Barrow attempted to organize the "Union League", to compete against the AL and NL as a third major league, by merging four International League clubs with four teams from the American Association. Several International League owners opposed Barrow's policies, including his attempt to form the Union League, and felt he was too close personally to Ban Johnson. When the league's owners voted to cut his pay to $2,500 after the 1917 season ($ in current dollar terms), Barrow resigned.

paragraph: Barrow became manager of the Boston Red Sox in 1918. As the team lost many of its better players during World War I, Barrow encouraged owner Harry Frazee to purchase Stuffy McInnis, Wally Schang, Bullet Joe Bush, and Amos Strunk from the Philadelphia Athletics for $75,000 ($ in current dollar terms). During the season, Barrow feuded with his assistant, Johnny Evers, who undermined Barrow's leadership. The Red Sox won the 1918 World Series. Recognizing that star pitcher Babe Ruth was also a great power hitter, Barrow had Ruth pinch hit on days when he wasn't scheduled to pitch. When Ruth told Barrow that he could only pitch or hit, Barrow decided that Ruth's bat was more useful than his pitching, and transitioned him from a pitcher into an outfielder.

paragraph: After the 1918 season, Frazee, now in debt, began selling the contracts of star players. He traded Dutch Leonard, Duffy Lewis, and Ernie Shore to the New York Yankees, obtaining Ray Caldwell, Slim Love, Frank Gilhooley, Roxy Walters, and cash. Frazee sold Carl Mays to the Yankees during the 1919 season. The Red Sox struggled in 1919, finishing sixth in the AL. Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees after the season, against Barrow's warnings. The Red Sox finished in fifth in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:New York Yankees.

paragraph: After the 1920 season, Barrow resigned from the Red Sox to become the business manager of the Yankees, replacing the deceased Harry Sparrow. He took control of building the roster, which was usually the field manager's responsibility in those days. With the Yankees, Barrow handled the signing of player contracts, although owner Jacob Ruppert personally handled the contracts of Ruth and Lou Gehrig.

paragraph: Barrow installed himself in the Yankees' infrastructure between co-owner Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston and manager Miller Huggins, as Huston frequently criticized Huggins. Barrow told Huggins: "You're the manager, and you'll not be second guessed by me. Your job is to win; mine is to get you the players you need to win." When Huggins suspended Ruth indefinitely on August 29, 1925 for "misconduct off the playing field", while also fining him $5,000 ($ in current dollar terms), Barrow supported Huggins.

paragraph: In his first move with the Yankees, Barrow brought Red Sox coach Paul Krichell with him to New York as a scout. He purchased a share in the club in 1924. He also discovered executive George Weiss, whom he mentored. Barrow also orchestrated a series of trades with his former club, mainly to keep Frazee afloat. These trades netted the Yankees such stars as Bullet Joe Bush, Joe Dugan and George Pipgras. It has been argued that these trades only looked lopsided in favor of the Yankees only because the players sent to Boston suffered a rash of injuries. However, this is belied by the fact that Barrow almost certainly knew who was coming to New York in these deals; he'd managed nearly all of them in Boston.

paragraph: The Yankees sought to develop their own players, rather than buying them from other teams, especially after the investment of $100,000 ($ in current dollar terms) in Lyn Lary and Jimmie Reese in 1927. However, Weiss and Bill Essick convinced Barrow to approve the purchase of Joe DiMaggio from the Pacific Coast League.

paragraph: Barrow was considered a potential successor to AL president Ban Johnson in 1927, but Barrow declared that he was not interested in the job. When Huggins died in 1929, Barrow chose Bob Shawkey to replace him as manager, passing over Ruth, who wanted the opportunity to become a player-manager. Barrow also effectively blackballed Ruth from MLB's managerial ranks by suggesting to executives of other teams that Ruth was not equipped to manage a baseball team. Although Ruth and Barrow had been together for all but one season from 1918 to 1934, the two had never gotten along. "The Sporting News" named Barrow their Executive of the Year in 1937.

paragraph: After Ruppert's death in 1939, his will left the Yankees and other assets in a trust for his descendants. The will also named Barrow president of the Yankees, with full authority over the team's day-to-day operations. Barrow was named Executive of the Year by "The Sporting News" in 1941, the second time he won the award. The estate sold the team to a group of Larry MacPhail, Dan Topping, and Del Webb in 1945, and Barrow sold his 10% stake in the team to the group. Barrow remained as chairman of the board and an informal adviser. Though he signed a five-year contract to remain with the team, he exercised a clause in his contract to free himself as of December 31, 1946, in order to officially retire from baseball. AL president Will Harridge offered Barrow the job of Commissioner of Baseball to succeed Kenesaw Mountain Landis; Barrow declined, as he felt he was too old and his health was in decline.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Barrow was known as "Uncle Egbert" to his friends; according to writer Tom Meany, Babe Ruth referred to him as "Barrows," treating him as if he were "a butler in an English drawing room comedy." He resided in Rye, New York. He first married in 1898, but did not discuss it in any of his writings. His second marriage was to Fannie Taylor Briggs in January 1912; he raised her five-year-old daughter from her previous marriage, Audrey, as his own daughter.

paragraph: Barrow was an able boxer. He once fought John L. Sullivan in an exhibition for four rounds.

paragraph: Barrow was hospitalized on July 7, 1953 at the United Hospital of Port Chester, New York and died on December 15, at the age of 85, due to a malignancy. His body was kept at Campbell's Funeral Home and interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, Westchester County, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Barrow was the first executive to put numbers on player uniforms. He also announced the retirement of Lou Gehrig's uniform number, the first number to be retired. Barrow was also the first executive to allow fans to keep foul balls that entered the stands. Barrow was also the first to require the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the United States' national anthem, before every game, not only on holidays.

paragraph: In May 1950, an exhibition game was played in honor of Barrow, with Barrow managing a team of retired stars. Barrow was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1953.

paragraph: On April 15, 1954, the Yankees dedicated a plaque to Barrow; the plaque first hung on the center field wall at Yankee Stadium, near the flagpole and the monuments to Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Miller Huggins. The plaques were later moved to the stadium's Monument Park.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Further reading

paragraph: BULLET::::- In-line citations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ed Barrow: The Bulldog Who Built the Yankees' First Dynasty

description: American baseball manager and executive

wikidata_label: Ed Barrow

wikipedia_title: Ed Barrow


text:
Polish
szlachcic
Rymanów Zdrój
Kraków
Przemyśl

categories: 1867 births,Potocki family,Counts of Poland,1943 deaths

paragraph: Jan Nepomucen Potocki

paragraph: Count Jan Nepomucen Potocki (1867–1943) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

paragraph: Jan was owner of Rymanów Zdrój estates. He was married to Róża Maria Wodzicka, married on June 30, 1892 in Kraków and to Maria Szajer, married on October 14, 1905 in Przemyśl.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Jan Nepomucen Potocki

wikipedia_title: Jan Nepomucen Potocki


text: Lisbon

text: Portugal

text: Portuguese

text: Angola

text: racing driver

text: Team Lotus

text: Sonangol

text: formula racing

text: Formula BMW

text: British Formula 3 Championship

text: BRSCC

text: Carlin Motorsport

text: Performance Racing Europe

text: Ultimate Motorsport

text: Mygale

text: ATS Formel 3 Cup

text: Masters of Formula Three

text: Trident Racing

text: 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season

text: Frankie Provenzano

text: 2009 GP2 Series

text: FIA Formula Two Championship

text: Lotus

text: Formula One

text: Rapax

text: 2012 season

text: Tom Dillmann

text: Daniël de Jong

text: Silverstone

text: FIA Formula Two Championship

text: Marrakech

text: Ivan Samarin

text: Team Lotus

text: 2011 season

text: British F3 driver profile

categories: FIA Formula Two Championship drivers,German Formula Three Championship drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,Sportspeople from Lisbon,Portuguese racing drivers,1984 births,GP2 Series drivers,GP2 Asia Series drivers,Angolan racing drivers,Living people

paragraph: Ricardo Teixeira (racing driver)

paragraph: Ricardo Teixeira (born 2 August 1984 in Lisbon, Portugal) is a Portuguese-Angolan racing driver. He holds dual nationality and has raced under both nationalities at various points in his career. He was the first Angolan driver to drive a Formula 1 car when he was announced as a test driver for Team Lotus for 2011. He has been sponsored throughout his career by the Angolan oil company Sonangol.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula BMW.

paragraph: Teixeira began his formula racing career in 2001 by driving in the Formula BMW Junior Cup in Portugal. He finished in 20th position in the drivers' championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Three.

paragraph: Teixeira moved to the National Class of the British Formula 3 Championship in 2002, but did not start a race that year. In 2003 he raced occasionally in the BRSCC's ARP Formula Three Championship, taking one win and three podiums finish at club racing level.

paragraph: He returned to the British Championship in 2005 after taking a couple of years out for study with the Carlin Motorsport team, finishing ninth in the National Class. The following season, he improved to seventh, despite switching teams to Performance Racing Europe part-way through the year finishing twice in the podium. In 2007, he moved up to the Championship Class of the series with Performance Racing, scoring no points. For 2008, he moved to the Ultimate Motorsport team's Mygale chassis.

paragraph: Teixeira also competed in two races of the German ATS Formel 3 Cup in 2007, and has driven in two Masters of Formula Three races, with a best finish of 24th.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP2 Series.

paragraph: Teixeira was signed by the Trident Racing team to drive in the fifth and sixth rounds of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season. He replaced Frankie Provenzano, and was the seventh competitor to drive one of the team's two entries. He was the first Angolan driver to compete at this level of motorsport. Trident kept a hold of Teixeira for the 2009 GP2 Series.

paragraph: After two years away from the series, one in FIA Formula Two Championship and then as a test driver for the Lotus Formula One team, Teixeira returned to GP2 by signing with the Rapax team for the 2012 season, in which he partnered Tom Dillmann. After ten races, and with a best finish of 13th, he was replaced by Daniël de Jong after suffering from illness. He returned to action for the next round at Silverstone, with De Jong taking Dillmann's seat instead. Teixeira eventually finished 29th in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA Formula Two Championship.

paragraph: Teixeira moved to the FIA Formula Two Championship for 2010. He finished fifth in his third race in the series, at Marrakech, but suffered a spectacular aerial accident in the following race when he collided with Ivan Samarin under braking for a chicane. Teixeira was uninjured in the accident. Over the course of the season he amassed 23 points to finish 16th in the drivers' championship: his best showing in any series since 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: After driving for Team Lotus in pre-season testing for the 2011 season, Teixeira was confirmed as a test driver for the team in March 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricardo Teixeira career details at driverdb.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- British F3 driver profile

description: Portuguese racing driver

wikidata_label: Ricardo Teixeira

wikipedia_title: Ricardo Teixeira (racing driver)


text:
Tây Sơn dynasty
Vietnam
Thái Đức
Nguyễn Nhạc
Quang Trung
Nguyễn Huệ
Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện
thầy
Tư
Đức
ông
Bảy
Đặng Văn Chân
Phạm Văn Tham
Gia Định
Nguyễn Ánh
Biên Hòa
Saigon
Quy Nhơn
Nguyễn Nhạc
Nguyễn Huệ

categories: Year of birth unknown,1787 deaths,People from Binh Dinh Province

paragraph: Nguyễn Lữ

paragraph: Nguyễn Lữ (; died 1787), also known by the title of Đông Định vương (東定王, "king of Eastern Conquering"), was the one of the Tây Sơn brothers who formed short-lived Tây Sơn dynasty of Vietnam.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lữ had two brothers: Emperor Thái Đức, common name Nguyễn Nhạc; and Emperor Quang Trung, common name Nguyễn Huệ. According to "Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện", the three brothers, listed from eldest to youngest, were Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Lữ, Nguyễn Huệ; However, other source reported that he was the youngest one among Tây Sơn brothers. He had two nicknames: "thầy Tư Lữ" (master Lữ the fourth) and "Đức ông Bảy" (Sir Seven the virtue).

paragraph: After defeating the Nguyễn Lords and seizing Saigon in 1783 Nguyễn Lữ became king of the South, while Nguyễn Nhạc was crowned king of central Vietnam. Two generals, Đặng Văn Chân and Phạm Văn Tham, were left in Gia Định to assist him.

paragraph: A civil war broke out between Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ in 1787, the main forces withdrew from Gia Định, and marched north to support Nhạc. Getting the information, Nguyễn Ánh returned to Vietnam. Nguyễn Lữ was afraid, and retreated to Biên Hòa, leaving Phạm Văn Tham to defend Saigon. Ánh forged a letter from Nhạc to Lữ, and sent it to Tham. In the letter, Nhạc described Tham as an overbearing man, and ordered Lữ to kill Tham. After receiving the letter, Tham marched to Biên Hòa, with a white flag in front of the army, to justify his wrongful treatment. But the white flag was mistaken for Tham's surrender to Nguyễn lord, Nguyễn Lữ abandoned his troops and his fief, fled to Quy Nhơn and sought refuge with his elder brother Nguyễn Nhạc. Not long after he died there.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nguyễn Nhạc

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nguyễn Huệ

description: Vietnamese general

wikidata_label: Nguyễn Lữ

wikipedia_title: Nguyễn Lữ


text: Jagna

text: Alicia

text: Jagna

text: Bohol

text: Cebu

text: Philippine Revolution

text: Jagna

text: Seminario de San Carlos

text: José Briones

text: University of Santo Tomas

text: Jagna

text: Central Visayan Institute - Foundation

text: About Jagna - Previous Mayors

text: Barangay Cabungaan

categories: Nacionalista Party politicians,1944 deaths,People from Bohol,Mayors of places in Bohol,Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Bohol,1888 births,University of San Carlos alumni

paragraph: Filomeno Orbeta Caseñas

paragraph: Filomeno Orbeta Caseñas (Jagna, April 15, 1888– Alicia, October 6, 1944) was a Boholano politician from Jagna, Bohol. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines in the 4th, 5th and 9th Legislatures in 1916–1922 and 1931–1934.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Filomeno Orbeta Caseñas's parents, Catalino Caseñas (November 25, 1864 – March 12, 1925) and Buenaventura Orbeta (July 12, 1866 – February 10, 1926), came from a well-to-do family in Cebu.

paragraph: Catalino Caseñas was a businessman who taught English to locals. During the Philippine Revolution, his house was burned down by revolutionaries. For safety reasons, the whole family moved to the mountains in Cabungaan. His family returned to the town once the hostilities ceased.

paragraph: In 1904, Catalino was one of the few literate people in the community, and was appointed as Justice of the Peace in Jagna. However, he kept this position only for two years. He then became involved in local politics, and was elected as the first Mayor of the municipality of Jagna.

paragraph: He had five siblings: Agustín, Catalina, José, María and Vicenta. The family provided three provincial governors (Filomeno, Agustín, and José) – the only family to do so in the history of Bohol.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early training.

paragraph: As a child, Filomeno lived with his uncle, Rev. Fr. Filomeno Orbeta, a disciplinarian who was the parish priest in a neighbouring town, receiving instruction in both religion and basic schooling.

paragraph: When he was old enough, he went to the Seminario de San Carlos in Cebu City to study for priesthood. The revolution interrupted his studies and he was sent back to his family in Jagna. When the revolution ended, he returned to school to resume his studies.

paragraph: In college, he joined both the student organization and the debating team, where in an inter-class competition, he won the coveted Gorordo Gold Medal for excellence in oratory.

paragraph: The following year, he teamed up with José Briones of Cebu (who was later elected a Representative and Senator) to represent their school in an oratory competition against University of Santo Tomas in Manila. They won a pair of gold medals. He then completed his training as a priest, graduating with the highest honors.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Change of heart.

paragraph: At the time of his graduation, he was still two years younger than the required age for ordination. He decided to take on law, and enrolled at the Colegio de Derecho on Manila, where he obtained his bachelor's degree. During this period Filomeno fell in love with a woman, choosing to leave the priesthood, a decision that upset his parents.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohol Sunday Post - "141 Jagnaanons get recognitions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jagna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Republic of the Philippines House of Representatives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Central Visayan Institute - Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.youtube.com/embed/cmYljCepS-8?rel=0

paragraph: BULLET::::- About Jagna - Previous Mayors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barangay Cabungaan

description: Filipino politician

wikidata_label: Orbeta-Casenas Clan

wikipedia_title: Filomeno Orbeta Caseñas