href: Al-Andalus Arab Medicine%20in%20medieval%20Islam M%C3%A1laga Andalusia Nisba%20%28onomastics%29 Abu%20al-Abbas%20al-Nabati scientific%20method empirical experiment materia%20medica observation Bejaia Constantinople Tunis Tripoli Barqa Antalya Ayyubid al-Kamil saltpetre pharmacopoeia Dioscorides Ibn%20Sina Rosewater Syrup oil fat cinnamon sesame olives Essential%20oil perfume encyclopedia Islamic%20medicine Andrea%20Alpago Dioscorides Islamic%20science Islamic%20medicine Islamic%20scholars

text:
Andalusian
Arab
Islamic physicians in the Middle Ages
Málaga
Andalusia
nisba
Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī
scientific method
empirical
experiment
materia medica
observation
Bugia
Constantinople
Tunis
Tripoli
Barqa
Antalya
Ayyubid
al-Kāmil
saltpetre
pharmacopoeia
Dioscorides
Ibn Sīnā
Rosewater
Syrup
oil
fat
cinnamon
sesame
olives
Essential oil
perfume
encyclopedia
Islamic medicine
Andrea Alpago
Dioscorides
Islamic science
Islamic medicine
Islamic scholars

categories: Physicians of medieval Islam,Botanists of medieval Islam,Medieval Moorish physicians,Pharmacologists of medieval Islam,Medieval Arab physicians,People from Málaga,Herbalists,Moorish scholars,1197 births,Alchemists of medieval Islam

paragraph: Ibn al-Baitar

paragraph: Ḍiyāʾ Al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdllāh Ibn Aḥmad al-Mālaqī, commonly known as Ibn al-Bayṭār (1197–1248 AD) was an Andalusian Arab pharmacist, botanist, physician and scientist. His main contribution was to systematically record the additions made by Islamic physicians in the Middle Ages, which added between 300 and 400 types of medicine to the one thousand previously known since antiquity.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ibn al-Baitar was born in the city of Málaga in Andalusia (Muslim-controlled Spain) at the end of the twelfth century, hence his "nisba" "al-Mālaqī". His name "Ibn al-Baitar" is Arabic for "son of the veterinarian", which was his father's job. Ibn al-Bayṭār learned botany from the Málagan botanist Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī with whom he started collecting plants in and around Spain. Al-Nabātī was responsible for developing an early scientific method, introducing empirical and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. Such an approach was thus adopted by Ibn al-Bayṭār.

paragraph: In 1219, Ibn al-Bayṭār left Málaga, travelling to the coast of North Africa and as far as Anatolia, to collect plants. The major stations he visited include Bugia, Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli, Barqa and Antalya.

paragraph: After 1224, he entered the service of the Ayyubid Sultan al-Kāmil and was appointed chief herbalist. In 1227 al-Kāmil extended his domination to Damascus, and Ibn al-Bayṭār accompanied him there, which provided him an opportunity to collect plants in Syria. His botanical researches extended over a vast area including Arabia and Palestine. He died in Damascus in 1248.

paragraph: Ibn al-Bayṭār used the name "snow of China" (in Arabic, "thalj al-Ṣīn") to describe saltpetre while writing about gunpowder.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Kitāb al-Jāmiʿ li-Mufradāt al-Adwiya wa-l-Aghdhiya".

paragraph: Ibn al-Bayṭār’s largest and most widely read book is his "Compendium on Simple Medicaments and Foods" (). It is a pharmacopoeia (pharmaceutical encyclopedia) listing 1400 plants, foods, and drugs, and their uses. It is organized alphabetically by the name of the useful plant or plant component or other substance—a small minority of the items covered are not botanicals. For each item, Ibn al-Bayṭār makes one or two brief remarks himself and gives brief extracts from a handful of different earlier authors about the item. The bulk of the information is compiled from the earlier authors. The book contains references to 150 previous Arabic authors, as well as 20 previous Greek authors. One of the sources he quotes most frequently is the "Materia Medica" of Dioscorides who was inspired by Magon, another Amazigh, having also written an Arabic commentary on the work. Another book often cited by him is Book Two of the "Canon of Medicine" of Ibn Sīnā (Aveicenna). Both of those sources have similarities in layout and subject matter with Ibn al-Bayṭār's own book, but Ibn al-Bayṭār's treatments are richer in detail, and a large minority of Ibn al-Bayṭār's useful plants or plant substances are not covered at all by Dioscorides or Ibn Sīnā. In modern printed edition, the book is more than 900 pages long. As well as in Arabic, it was published in full in translation in German and French in the 19th century.

paragraph: Ibn al-Bayṭār provides detailed chemical information on the Rosewater and Orangewater production. He mentions: The scented "Shurub" (Syrup) was often extracted from flowers and rare leaves, by means of using hot oils and fat, they were later cooled in cinnamon oil. The oils used were also extracted from sesame and olives. Essential oil was produced by joining various retorts, the steam from these retorts condensed, combined and its scented droplets were used as perfume and mixed to produce the most costly medicines.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Kitāb al-Mughnī fī al-Adwiya al-Mufrada".

paragraph: Ibn al-Bayṭār’s second major work is "Kitāb al-Mughnī fī al-Adwiya al-Mufrada", an encyclopedia of Islamic medicine which incorporates his knowledge of plants used extensively for the treatment of various ailments, including diseases related to the head, ear, eye, etc.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mīzān al-Ṭabīb".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risāla fī l-Aghdhiya wa-l-Adwiya".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maqāla fī al-Laymūn", "Treatise on the Lemon" (also attributed to Ibn Jumayʿ); translated into Latin by Andrea Alpago as "Ebn Bitar de malis limonis" (Venice 1593).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tafsīr Kitāb Diyāsqūrīdūs", a commentary on the first four books of Dioscorides' "Materia Medica."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic science

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic medicine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic scholars

description: Spanish botanist

wikidata_label: Ibn al-Baitar

wikipedia_title: Ibn al-Baitar


text:
Filipino American
football
wide receiver
punt returner
Cleveland Browns
undrafted free agent
college football
Penn State
Philadelphia Eagles
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Denver Broncos
Brian Norwood
State College Area High School
Bucknell
Joe Paterno
Ed DeChellis
Indiana
Oregon State
O. J. McDuffie
Syracuse Orange
NFL Scouting Combine
vertical jump
3 cone drill
20-yard shuttle
undrafted
2009 NFL Draft
Cleveland Browns
undrafted free agent
Philadelphia Eagles
practice squad
Hank Baskett
Cleveland Browns
Denver Broncos
tore his ACL
Super Bowl 50
Carolina Panthers
Denver Broncos
New York Jets
Detroit Lions
Bachelor of Arts
Gabe
George Mason University
2006 NCAA Final Four
Gilas Pilipinas
Rain or Shine Elasto Painters
Philippine Basketball Association

categories: Cleveland Browns players,Philadelphia Eagles players,American football wide receivers,1986 births,American football return specialists,People from State College, Pennsylvania,Super Bowl champions,Penn State Nittany Lions football players,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Penn State Nittany Lions basketball players,Denver Broncos players,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Sportspeople from Honolulu,Living people,American sportspeople of Filipino descent

paragraph: Jordan Norwood

paragraph: Jordan Shea Rashad Norwood (born September 29, 1986) is a former Filipino American professional football wide receiver and punt returner who played eight seasons in the NFL. He was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Penn State.

paragraph: Norwood was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Denver Broncos. Norwood is the son of Kansas State co-defensive coordinator and former Penn State secondary coach Brian Norwood.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Norwood was lightly recruited out of State College Area High School. He received few scholarship offers and accepted Penn State's last minute offer over an offer from Bucknell to play football and basketball. His leadership and jumping skills on the basketball court was what led coach Joe Paterno to offer him a football scholarship.

paragraph: In 2005, his freshman season, Norwood caught 32 passes for 422 yards with a 13.2 yard average.

paragraph: Norwood's sophomore season concluded with him making the Dean's List and being named to the Academic All-Big Ten team. He caught 45 passes for 472 yards and 2 touchdowns with a 10.5 yard average. He joined the basketball team under Ed DeChellis in January, practicing regularly and appearing in four games as a reserve guard in his only season playing basketball.

paragraph: In his junior season, Jordan caught 40 balls for 484 yards and 5 touchdowns with a 12.1 yard average including catching a touchdown pass lying down on the ground versus Buffalo. He had a season high 8 catches for 65 yards and a touchdown in a 36-31 win over Indiana.

paragraph: Norwood earned all-Big Ten honorable mention honors as a senior, after catching 41 passes for 637 yards and six touchdowns. Norwood's eight-catch, 116-yard performance versus Oregon State on September 6, 2008 moved him past O. J. McDuffie into third place on Penn State's career reception list. Afterward, he was congratulated in person by McDuffie, who attended the game. Norwood had a second consecutive 100 plus yard game on September 13, 2008 against the Syracuse Orange. He had 5 receptions for 113 yards and two touchdowns. Before the game against Illinois, Norwood injured his hamstring and didn't participate in the games against the Illini and the Boilermakers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pre-draft.

paragraph: Norwood was invited to the 2009 NFL Scouting Combine where he measured a 38-inch vertical jump (sixth among wide receivers at the combine), ran 6.80 in the 3 cone drill (ninth among wide receivers at the combine), and 4.20 in the 20-yard shuttle (ninth among wide receivers at the combine).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: After being undrafted in the 2009 NFL Draft, Norwood signed with the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent on May 1, 2009. He was waived by the Browns during final roster cuts on September 5, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On September 23, 2009, Norwood was signed to the Philadelphia Eagles practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 1, 2009. He was waived on December 7. On December 9, he was re-signed to their practice squad. He was re-signed to a three-year contract on January 11, 2010. On March 18, Norwood changed his number from 84 to 19 after Hank Baskett was re-signed by the Eagles and took number 84 back. Norwood was waived on September 4.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns (second stint).

paragraph: Norwood was signed to the Cleveland Browns' practice squad on September 6, 2010. He was promoted to the active roster before Week 13 of the 2010 season. He was waived on August 25, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: On August 28, 2013, Norwood signed with the Buccaneers. On August 31, 2013, he was cut by the Buccaneers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Norwood signed with the Denver Broncos during the 2014 offseason. The Broncos placed Norwood on injured reserve on August 25, 2014 after he tore his ACL. On February 7, 2016, Norwood was part of the Broncos team that won Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10. In the game, Norwood set a Super Bowl record for the longest punt return at 61 yards. The return set up a field goal that put the Broncos up 13–7.

paragraph: On March 23, 2016, Norwood signed a one-year contract with the Denver Broncos after drawing interest from the New York Jets and Detroit Lions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: On September 10, 2017, Norwood announced his retirement from the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Norwood earned a Bachelor of Arts in Advertising/Public Relations from Penn State in 2008.

paragraph: Jordan has two younger brothers, Zaccariah and Levi, a younger sister Brianna, and an older brother, Gabe, who is a former member of the George Mason University basketball team that advanced to the 2006 NCAA Final Four and is currently playing for the Philippine National basketball team, Gilas Pilipinas, and the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the Philippine Basketball Association. Levi played football for Baylor University.

paragraph: Norwood was married on June 20, 2015 to Aleah Tebben. The couple had their first child, a girl named Franni Grace, on November 4, 2015.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Jordan Norwood

wikipedia_title: Jordan Norwood


text:
Napolitan
count
King Alfonso the Magnanimous
George Kastrioti "Skanderbeg"
garrison
First Siege of Krujë
Ottoman administration
Murad II
Hopf
Hamza Kastrioti
Gopčević
Voisava Tripalda
Ferrandina
Leke Zaharia
Brescia
Alfonso the Magnanimous
Vlladan Grivici
Vladan Jurica
laid siege to Krujë
Murad II
scorched earth
aspra
Mat
İnalcık
Zaganos Pasha

categories: 15th-century Neapolitan people,1458 deaths,People from Epirus (region),15th-century Albanian people,Ottoman Albania,Skanderbeg

paragraph: Count Vrana

paragraph: Count Vrana ( 1450–1458†) was a Napolitan nobleman, who received the title of "conte" (count) by King Alfonso the Magnanimous and later became one of the closest allies of George Kastrioti "Skanderbeg" in Albania. He was Skanderbeg's counselor and one of his best generals.

paragraph: Vrana participated in all of Skanderbeg's major battles until 1458. He is known mainly for his resistance as the commander of the Albanian garrison during the First Siege of Krujë. He was offered a great deal of money and a high-ranking post in the Ottoman administration by Sultan Murad II conditional on his surrender, but he refused.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Identity.

paragraph: The real identity of Vrana has yet not been determined.

paragraph: There are no reliable information regarding his surname.

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to Zanović (1751-1786), he was part of the Ćuda family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hopf identified Hamza Kastrioti (Branilo) with Vrana, although Gopčević dismisses the theory, stressing that Hamza was the nephew of Skanderbeg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to J. G. v. Hahn: Hopf's finds do not provide any insight into the ancestry of Vrana. Barleti only says the following about his ancestry: "Vranacontem Epiro oriundum gratum et avorum rueritis et propria virtute". Muzaka gives little information, it is undetermined whether Maria Zardari was the wife or daughter-in-law of Vrana, but the notice that she was just married, when in 1466 she fled to Naples together with Skanderbeg's widow, could rather support the assumption of being the daughter-in-law. In addition, Muzaka only mentioned that she married after both lost "i loro stati paterni". In lack of certain information, Hahn speculates the Branai as a side branch of Kastrioti (named after Branilo, governor of Alexander Gioritsch). Considering that according to Muzaka, Skanderbeg's mother was a "Tripalda", and that a descendant of Vrana held the title "Marchese di Tripalda", Hahn speculated that Vrana and Voisava Tripalda were related by blood. Vrana was the forefather of the dukes of Ferrandina, who descended from Skanderbeg maternally (through Skanderbeg's granddaughter who married Antonio Branai). The theory that the dukes of Ferrandino were paternally Kastrioti is a weak assumption.

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to Noli, his surname was "Altisferi", the same given to Leke Zaharia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some sources name him "Simon Altisfieri" or "Altafoglia". The Altafoglias were a noble family in Brescia prominent in the 14th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early history.

paragraph: Vrana served King Alfonso the Magnanimous, from whom he received the title of count. He entered the service of Skanderbeg in 1450. Vrana has been described as a man of great authority and experience, and noted for his intelligence and judgement. He became one of the best friends of Skanderbeg. He was an associate of Vlladan Grivici, and Vladan Jurica.

paragraph: Section::::Military history.

paragraph: Section::::Military history.:Siege of Krujë.

paragraph: Skanderbeg had given Vrana the governorship of Krujë prior to the Siege.

paragraph: In June 1450, two years after the Ottomans had captured Svetigrad, they laid siege to Krujë with an army numbering approximately 100,000 men and led again by Sultan Murad II himself and his son, Mehmed. Following a scorched earth strategy (thus denying the Ottomans the use of necessary local resources), Skanderbeg left a protective garrison of 1,500 to 4,000 under Vrana, while, with the remainder of the army, which included many Slavs, Germans, Frenchmen and Italians, he harassed the Ottoman camps around Krujë by continuously attacking Sultan Murad II's supply caravans. The garrison repelled three major direct assaults on the city walls by the Ottomans, causing great losses to the besieging forces. Ottoman attempts at finding and cutting the water sources failed, as did a sapped tunnel, which collapsed suddenly. An offer of 300,000 "aspra" (Turkish silver coins) and a promise of a high rank as an officer in the Ottoman army made to Vrana Konti, were both rejected by him. Vrana addressed the army with encouraging speeches in order to raise morale, in Albanian and Italian, and through interpreters.

paragraph: After the triumph of Skanderbeg, Vrana was given the county of Mat.

paragraph: Section::::Military history.:Siege of Berat.

paragraph: The sultan sent an army of 20,000 troops in mid-July 1455, led by Issa beg Evrenoz, which surprised Skanderbeg's army. Only one commander, Vrana, managed to resist the initial Ottoman onslaught and pushed back several attacking waves. When Skanderbeg returned, however, the Ottoman relief force was repulsed and defeated. But the Albanians were exhausted and their numbers had dwindled to the point where the siege could not be continued.

paragraph: More than 5,000 of Skanderbeg's men died, including 800 men of a 1,000 man strong contingent of Neapolitans from Alfonso, who were experts in demolition, artillery, and siege warfare. The commander of the siege, Muzaka Thopia, also died during the conflict.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Vrana died in 1458, at an old age. He married Maria Zardari, the daughter of Paul Zardari and Theodora Muzaka. According to Hahn, he possibly had a son, while according to İnalcık it was possibly Zaganos Pasha.

description: military commander, counselor of Albanian national hero Skanderbeg

wikidata_label: Vrana Konti

wikipedia_title: Count Vrana


text: companions

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Aisha

text: Abu Bakr

text: Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza

text: Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr

text: Aisha

text: Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr

text: Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr

text: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr

text: Umm Ruman

text: Ibn Kathir

text: Ibn 'Asakir

text: Al-Dhahabi

text: Islam

text: one of the first to accept Islam

text: Ibn Ishaq's

text: Mecca

text: migration to Medina

text: Muhammad

text: Abu Bakr

text: Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

text: Medina

text: Abdullah

text: Urwa

text: Umm Kulthum bint Uqba

text: Battle of Yarmouk

text: Battle of Yarmouk

text: Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr

text: Hussein ibn Ali

text: Yazid

text: Walid ibn Utbah

text: Iraq

text: Arabia

text: Syria

text: Egypt

text: Hejaz

text: Battle of al-Harrah

text: Umayyad

text: Marwan I

text: Kharijite

text: Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

text: Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

text: Umayyad

text: Zayd ibn Ali

text: Zaydis

text: Sahaba

text: Sunni view of the Sahaba

categories: Abu Bakr family,Female Sahabah,590s births

image: 512px-أسماء_بنت_أبي_بكر.png

paragraph: Asmā' bint Abi Bakr

paragraph: Asmā' bint Abu Bakr (), c. 595 – 692 CE, was one of the companions of the prophet Muhammad and half-sister of his third wife Aisha.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She was Abu Bakr's daughter. Her mother was Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza, and she was the full sister of Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr. Her half-sisters were Aisha and Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr, and her half-brothers were Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. She also had a stepmother from the Kinana tribe, Umm Ruman bint Amir, and a stepbrother, al-Tufayl ibn al-Harith al-Azdi. The historians Ibn Kathir and Ibn 'Asakir cite a tradition that Asma was 10 years older than Aisha; but according to Al-Dhahabi, the age difference was thirteen to nineteen years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early Life: 595–610.

paragraph: Asma's parents were divorced "in the "Jahiliyya"," i.e. before Islam.Bewley/Saad p. 178. Because of this she remained at her fathers house.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Islam in Mecca: 610–622.

paragraph: Asma was one of the first to accept Islam, being listed fifteenth on Ibn Ishaq's list of "those who accepted Islam at the invitation of Abu Bakr".

paragraph: When Muhammad and Abu Bakr sought refuge in the cave of Thoor outside Mecca on their migration to Medina in 622, Asma used to carry food to them under cover of dark. When the Muhammad and Abu Bakr left the cave, Asma tied the goods with the two belts of her cover, and for this ingenuity she received from Muhammad the title Dhat an Nitaqayn meaning She of the Two Belts.

paragraph: She was married to Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam shortly before the "Hijra". She joined him in Medina a few months later.Bewley/Saad p. 177.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Medina: 623 onwards.

paragraph: Asma found her new neighbours to be "sincere women". She was a poor baker, and they used to make bread for her. She and Al-Zubayr arrived in Medina with "neither property nor slave nor any possession in the earth other than his horse." Asma used to feed the horse, taking it out to graze and grinding date-stones for it. Muhammad gave Al-Zubayr some date-palms in Medina, and Asma used to carry date-stones on her head from the garden to their home, a journey of about two miles. One day she passed Muhammad, who offered her a lift home on his camel, but fearing her husband's jealousy, she modestly refused. Al-Zubayr told her, however, that she should have accepted rather than carry such a heavy load on foot. When Abu Bakr eventually gave them a slave, Asma said that "it was as if he had set me free."

paragraph: Her mother Qutayla bint Abduluzza came to visit her in Medina, bringing gifts of dates, ghee and mimosa leaves. Asma would not admit her to the house or accept the gifts until she had sent her sister Aisha to consult with Muhammad. Muhammad advised that it was correct for Asma to show hospitality to her mother”

paragraph: Asma and Al-Zubayr had eight children.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Abdullah

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Al-Munzir.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Asim.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Al-Muhajir.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Khadija.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Umm al-Hasan.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. A’isha.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Urwa, a major transmitter of "ahadith".

paragraph: Asma was unhappy in her married life, for Al-Zubayr was "the most jealous of people" and "hard on her." He took three additional wives in Medina, and "whenever Zubayr was angry with one of us, he used to beat her until the stick broke." She complained to her father, who advised her: “My daughter, be patient. When a woman has a righteous husband and he dies and she does not remarry after him, they will be reunited in the Garden.” Another of Al-Zubayr's wives, Umm Kulthum bint Uqba, also complained of his "harshness" and "pestered" him into divorcing her after only a few months.

paragraph: Al-Zubayr eventually divorced Asma "and took Urwa, who was young at that time."

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Yarmouk.

paragraph: The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 is regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history. The Muslims were hugely outnumbered by the Romans but, with the help of the women and the young boys amongst them, they drove the Roman Empire out of Syria.

paragraph: Women like Hind bint Utbah and Asma bint Abi Bakr were instrumental in the Battle of Yarmouk. The earliest histories pay great tribute to Asmā's bravery there. Al-Waqidi wrote that the Quraysh women fought harder than the men. Every time the men ran away, the women fought, fearing that if they lost, the Romans would enslave them."

paragraph: Section::::Asma's opposition to Yazid.

paragraph: Asma's son, Abdullah, and his cousin, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, were both grandsons of Abu Bakr and nephews of Aisha. When Hussein ibn Ali was killed in Karbala, Abdullah, who had been Hussein's friend, collected the people of Mecca and rose up against Yazid. When he heard about this, Yazid had a silver chain made and sent to Mecca with the intention of having Walid ibn Utbah arrest Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr with it. In Mecca and Medina Hussein's family had a strong support base, and the people were willing to stand up for them. Hussein's remaining family moved back to Madina. Eventually Abdullah consolidated his power by sending a governor to Kufa. Soon Abdullah established his power in Iraq, southern Arabia, the greater part of Syria and parts of Egypt.

paragraph: Yazid tried to end Abdullah's rebellion by invading the Hejaz, and he took Medina after the Battle of al-Harrah followed by the siege of Mecca. His sudden death ended the campaign and threw the Umayyads into disarray, with civil war eventually breaking out. After the Umayyad civil war ended, Abdullah lost Egypt and whatever he had of Syria to Marwan I. This, coupled with the Kharijite rebellions in Iraq, reduced his domain to only the Hejaz.

paragraph: Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr was finally defeated by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who sent Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. Hajjaj was from Ta’if, as were those who had killed Hussein. Abdullah asked his mother Asma what he should do, then left to take on Hajjaj. Hajjaj's army defeated and Abdullah on the battlefield in 692. The defeat of Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr re-established Umayyad control over the Empire.

paragraph: A few years later the people of Kufa called Zayd ibn Ali, the grandson of Hussein, over to Kufa. Zaydis believe that in Zayd's last hour, he was also betrayed by the people of Kufa."

paragraph: Section::::Asma's opposition to Yazid.:692: Death.

paragraph: Asma died a few days after her son who was killed on Tuesday 17 Jumada al-Ula in 73 AH". Asma died when she was 100 years old.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asma bint Abu Bakr (RadiAllahu anha) on Ummah.co

wikidata_label: Asmā' bint Abu Bakr

wikipedia_title: Asmā' bint Abi Bakr


text: Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Westminster

text: cardinalate

text: Liverpool

text: haulage

text: Ushaw College

text: English College, Rome

text: ordained

text: theology

text: pastoral

text: Liverpool

text: Classics

text: Theology

text: rector

text: English College, Rome

text: Monsignor

text: Malta

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Apostolic Delegate

text: to Great Britain

text: Gibraltar

text: Malta

text: papal

text: Reformation

text: episcopal consecration

text: Raffaele Rossi

text: OCD

text: Luigi Traglia

text: co-consecrators

text: chargé d'affaires

text: Holy See

text: Polish government-in-exile

text: Archbishop of Liverpool

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Archbishop of Westminster

text: Catholic Church in England and Wales

text: birth control

text: Lent

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Pope John XXIII

text: consistory

text: Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Westminster Cathedral

text: Arthur Fleischmann

text: Cardinal William Godfrey

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Burials at Westminster Cathedral,Churchpeople from Liverpool,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Rectors of the English College, Rome,Archbishops of Liverpool (Roman Catholic),Archbishops of Westminster,1889 births,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,English College, Rome alumni,Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII,Apostolic Nuncios to Great Britain,1963 deaths,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,English cardinals

paragraph: William Godfrey

paragraph: William Godfrey (1889–1963) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1956 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: William Godfrey was born in Liverpool to George and Mary Godfrey. His father was a haulage contractor. He leaned towards the priesthood from an early age, never taking any alternative into serious consideration. After studying at Ushaw College, Durham, and the English College, Rome, he was ordained a priest on 28 October 1916 in Rome. He then finished his studies in 1918, obtaining his doctorates in theology and philosophy in 1917, and did pastoral work in Liverpool until 1919. He taught Classics, Philosophy and Theology at Ushaw from 1918 to 1930, the year when he was appointed rector of the English College, Rome and given the title Monsignor (28 October). At the College, the strict priest was known to his students as "Uncle Bill". In 1935, Godfrey was made a member of the Pontifical Commission to Malta, and attended in an official capacity the 1937 coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.

paragraph: On 21 November 1938, Mgr Godfrey was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Cius" and first Apostolic Delegate to Great Britain, Gibraltar and Malta. Godfrey, who was the first papal representative to England since the Reformation, received his episcopal consecration on the following 21 December, in the chapel of the English College from Cardinal Raffaele Rossi, OCD, with Archbishop Luigi Traglia and Bishop Ralph Hayes serving as co-consecrators. He was also "chargé d'affaires" of the Holy See to the Polish government-in-exile in London in 1943. He left these diplomatic posts on 10 November 1953 when he was made Archbishop of Liverpool.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII appointed Godfrey Archbishop of Westminster, and thus the ranking prelate of the Catholic Church in England and Wales, on 3 December 1956. During his installation, Godfrey condemned Communism and professed his mission as bringing England "back to the love of Christ". He was vehemently opposed to birth control. At one point in his tenure, he caused some mirth by calling for English Catholics to feed their pets less during Lent.

paragraph: Archbishop Godfrey was created Cardinal-Priest by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of 15 December 1958 and was assigned the title of "Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo".

paragraph: Godfrey, who enjoyed the piano and sports, lived long enough to attend only the first session of the Second Vatican Council in 1962. In January 1963, he died from a heart attack in London, at age 73. He is buried in Westminster Cathedral. His likeness was sculpted by Arthur Fleischmann.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal William Godfrey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: William Godfrey

wikipedia_title: William Godfrey


text:
Boston Patriots
American Football League
Victor Kiam
1988
Lowell, Massachusetts
Boston College
Boston Globe
University of Notre Dame
Boston Braves
Red Smith
Mimeograph
United States Navy
American Football League
1960
Patrick Sullivan
General Manager
NBC
AFL–NFL merger
antitrust
United States Congress
1971
Foxborough, Massachusetts
New England
New York Giants
Yale Bowl
New Haven, Connecticut
1975
Super Bowl XX
1984 Victory Tour
1988
bankruptcy
Michael Jackson
Reebok
Paul Fireman
Victor Kiam
1992
James Orthwein
Robert Kraft
prostate cancer
Atlantis, Florida

wikipedia_title: Patrick Sullivan (American football executive)

categories: Deaths from cancer in Florida,1998 deaths,Boston College alumni,American people of Irish descent,1915 births,Members of the Foolish Club,New England Patriots owners,The Boston Globe people,New England Patriots executives,University of Notre Dame people,Deaths from prostate cancer,American military personnel of World War II,20th-century American writers,Sportspeople from Lowell, Massachusetts,People from Palm Beach County, Florida

paragraph: Billy Sullivan (American football)

paragraph: William Hallissey Sullivan Jr. (September 13, 1915 – February 23, 1998) was an American businessman who owned the Boston Patriots franchise from their inception in the American Football League (AFL, 1960–1969) until their sale, as the New England Patriots of the NFL, to Victor Kiam in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sullivan was born in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1915 and graduated from Boston College in 1937. The son of a "Boston Globe" correspondent, Sullivan himself became a sportswriter after college. He also served as a publicity director for Boston College, the University of Notre Dame, and the Boston Braves, putting out so many press releases that fellow sportswriter Red Smith dubbed Sullivan the "Maître de Mimeograph." Sullivan also served in the United States Navy during this time.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:NFL franchise attempt.

paragraph: In 1959, Sullivan, by then involved in business ventures, requested a National Football League franchise in Boston. With Boston's five previous football franchises having folded or moved, the NFL later denied Sullivan's request.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:AFL franchise.

paragraph: Having not succeeded in starting an NFL franchise, Sullivan then turned to the new American Football League in 1959. For US$25,000, he was awarded the league's eighth and final team for their inaugural 1960 season, the Boston Patriots. Sullivan gave his son Patrick Sullivan the title of General Manager for the team and another son Chuck Sullivan the title of Executive Vice President. In 1964, Sullivan helped the AFL negotiate a 5-year, $30 million television agreement with broadcaster NBC.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:AFL–NFL merger.

paragraph: In 1970, Sullivan played a part in the AFL–NFL merger by successfully requesting an antitrust exemption from the United States Congress.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: For the 1971 season, the Patriots' second in the post-merger NFL, Sullivan changed the team's name from the Boston Patriots to the New England Patriots (after his request to rename the team Bay State Patriots was denied by the NFL) to correspond with the team's move into Schaefer Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, and to embrace all of New England, as the New York Giants were soon to play two seasons in the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut.

paragraph: He was named majority owner of the team in 1975. During his 28 seasons as principal owner, the Patriots tallied 14 winning records, made six playoff appearances, played in the 1963 AFL Championship Game and represented the AFC in Super Bowl XX.

paragraph: Sullivan was never among the wealthier NFL owners. His undoing came with a series of bad investments in the 1980s, the biggest being The Jackson Five 1984 Victory Tour, bankrolled by his son and heir apparent Chuck. By at least one estimate, the losses from the tour equaled the Sullivans' net worth.

paragraph: The Victory Tour debacle was magnified by the fact that the Sullivans had to pledge Sullivan Stadium as collateral. With no other way to readily obtain cash, the Sullivans quietly put both the team and the stadium on the market in 1985. The $100 million asking price seemed exorbitant at first, but made more sense when the Patriots made their deepest playoff run since their AFL days and advanced all the way to the Super Bowl. Even after making the Super Bowl, however, the revenue from the Patriots wasn't nearly enough to service the debt. By 1988, the Patriots were in such dire financial straits that they needed a $4 million advance from the league just to make payroll.

paragraph: In an attempt to reverse a slide toward what appeared to be certain bankruptcy, Sullivan asked Michael Jackson to bail him out, to no avail. Out of desperation, Sullivan asked the NFL if he could sell 50% of the team in a public offering. The NFL refused the request, prompting Sullivan to ask Reebok CEO Paul Fireman to purchase a stake in the team. When that went nowhere, Sullivan was all but forced to sell the team to Victor Kiam for $83 million the same year. Sullivan remained as the team's president until 1992 when he and Kiam sold the team to James Orthwein. However, the stadium lapsed into bankruptcy and was purchased by paper magnate Robert Kraft, who owned an option on adjacent land. Kraft would use the lease as leverage to buy the Patriots from Orthwein in 1994.

paragraph: In 1991, Sullivan filed a $116 million antitrust lawsuit against the NFL and accepted an $11.5 million settlement of the case in 1996.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:Class action lawsuit.

paragraph: After being ousted as President of the Patriots in 1974 (despite owning more than 20% of the voting stock), Sullivan sought to regain control over operations. By 1975, Sullivan had repurchased 100% of the voting stock. Once in control of the corporation, Sullivan removed all directors of whom he disapproved. Notably, however, in order to pay back the loans required to purchase the voting-stock (more than 5.3 million), Sullivan agreed with lenders to assign income of the corporation and assets of the corporation over to the banks. In order to do this, however, Sullivan needed to eliminate the non-voting public shareholders. Sullivan was successful in structuring a deal that provided the non-voting public shareholders $15/share; this transaction was approved by the shareholder class. A dissenting shareholder (a long time Patriots fan) refused to tender his shares and filed suit. Eventually, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court found the merger/elimination of the minority shareholders as illegal and effected for Sullivan's personal benefit. Additionally, the Court found that Sullivan's actions constituted a waste of corporate assets. It was ordered that the shareholders be paid the value of the shares, not in 1975 dollars but as the value would have stood in 1986 (the time of the ruling).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After an 8-year battle with prostate cancer, Sullivan died in his Atlantis, Florida retirement home in 1998.

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Billy Sullivan

wikipedia_title: Billy Sullivan (American football)


text:
suffix
Monte Cassino
Benedictine monk
scribe
historian
Lombards
Alboin
Cividale del Friuli
Avars
Italy
Duchy of Friuli
Ratchis
Pavia
Greek
Desiderius
Adelperga
Arichis II, duke of Benevento
Eutropius
Benevento
Charlemagne
Lake Como
Benedictine
Monte Cassino
Frankish
Rome
Charlemagne
Carolingian Renaissance
deacon
monk
Patrologia Latina
Historia Langobardorum
Origo gentis Langobardorum
Liber pontificalis
Secundus of Trent
Benevento
Bede
Gregory of Tours
Isidore of Seville
Eutropius
Valens
Alps
Ernst Dümmler
Ut queant laxis
Guido of Arezzo
Horace
Sextus Pompeius Festus
De verborum significatu
Pope Gregory the Great
Saint Mary the Egyptian
Carlo Cipolla
Felix Dahn
Wilhelm Wattenbach
Albert Hauck
Ugo Balzani

wikipedia_title:
Suffix
Monte Cassino
Benedictines
Scribe
Historian
Lombards
Alboin
Cividale del Friuli
Pannonian Avars
Italian Peninsula
Duchy of Friuli
Ratchis
Pavia
Greek language
Desiderius
Adelperga
Arechis II of Benevento
Eutropius (historian)
Duchy of Benevento
Charlemagne
Lake Como
Benedictines
Monte Cassino
Franks
Rome
Charlemagne
Carolingian Renaissance
Deacon
Monk
Patrologia Latina
History of the Lombards
Origo Gentis Langobardorum
Liber Pontificalis
Secundus of Trent
Benevento
Bede
Gregory of Tours
Isidore of Seville
Eutropius (historian)
Valens
Alps
Ernst Dümmler
Ut queant laxis
Guido of Arezzo
Horace
Sextus Pompeius Festus
De Verborum Significatione
Pope Gregory I
Mary of Egypt
Carlo M. Cipolla
Felix Dahn
Wilhelm Wattenbach
Albert Hauck
Ugo Balzani

categories: Italian Benedictines,8th-century Frankish writers,Italian historians,8th-century Lombard people,Medieval Latin poets,Roman Catholic deacons,799 deaths,720s births,8th-century poets,8th-century Latin writers,Frankish historians,8th-century Italian writers,8th-century historians

paragraph: Paul the Deacon

paragraph: Paul the Deacon ( 720s 13 April 799 AD), also known as "Paulus Diaconus", "Warnefridus, Barnefridus, Winfridus" and sometimes suffixed "Cassinensis" (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk, scribe, and historian of the Lombards.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: An ancestor named Leupichis entered Italy in 568, in the train of Alboin, King of the Lombards. He there received lands at or near "Forum Julii" (Cividale del Friuli). During an invasion, the Avars swept off the five sons of this warrior into Pannonia, but one, his namesake, returned to Italy and restored the ruined fortunes of his house. The grandson of the younger Leupichis was Warnefrid, who by his wife Theodelinda became the father of Paul.

paragraph: Paulus was his monastic name; he was born Winfrid, son of Warnefrid.

paragraph: Born between 720 and 735 in the Duchy of Friuli to this possibly noble Lombard family, Paul received an exceptionally good education, probably at the court of the Lombard king Ratchis in Pavia, learning from a teacher named Flavian the rudiments of Greek. It is probable that he was secretary to the Lombard king Desiderius, a successor of Ratchis; it is certain that this king's daughter Adelperga was his pupil. After Adelperga had married Arichis II, duke of Benevento, Paul at her request wrote his continuation of Eutropius.

paragraph: It is certain that he lived at the court of Benevento, possibly taking refuge when Pavia was taken by Charlemagne in 774; but his residence there may be much more probably dated to several years before that event. Soon he entered a monastery on Lake Como, and before 782 he had become a resident at the great Benedictine house of Monte Cassino, where he made the acquaintance of Charlemagne. About 776 his brother Arichis had been carried as a prisoner to Francia, and when five years later the Frankish king visited Rome, Paul successfully wrote to him on behalf of the captive.

paragraph: His literary achievements attracted the notice of Charlemagne, and Paul became a potent factor in the Carolingian Renaissance. In 787 he returned to Italy and to Monte Cassino, where he died on 13 April in one of the years between 796 and 799. His surname Diaconus, shows that he took orders as a deacon; and some think he was a monk before the fall of the Lombard kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Paul's extant works are edited in "Patrologia Latina" vol. 95 (1861).

paragraph: The chief work of Paul is his "Historia Langobardorum". This incomplete history in six books was written after 787 and at any rate no later than 795/96, maybe at Monte Cassino. It covers the story of the Lombards from their legendary origins in the north in 'Scadinavia' and their subsequent migrations, notably to Italy in 568/9 to the death of King Liutprand in 744, and contains much information about the Eastern Roman empire, the Franks, and others. The story is told from the point of view of a Lombard and is especially valuable for the relations between the Franks and the Lombards. It begins:

paragraph: Among his sources, Paul used the document called the "Origo gentis Langobardorum", the "Liber pontificalis", the lost history of Secundus of Trent, and the lost annals of Benevento; he made a free use of Bede, Gregory of Tours and Isidore of Seville.

paragraph: Related to the History of the Langobards which starts historically with their invasion of Italy in 568-69 is Paul's "Historia Romana", a continuation of the "Breviarium" of Eutropius which covers the period from 364 to 553. This was compiled between 766 and 771, at Benevento. The story runs that Paul advised Adelperga to read Eutropius. She did so, but complained that this Pagan writer said nothing about ecclesiastical affairs and stopped with the accession of the emperor Valens in 364; consequently Paul interwove extracts from the Scriptures, from the ecclesiastical historians and from other sources with Eutropius, and added six books, thus bringing the history down to 553. This work has value for its early historical presentation of the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, although it was very popular during the Middle Ages. It has been edited by H Droysen and published in the "Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi", Band ii. (1879) as well as by A. Crivellucci, in "Fonti per la storia d' Italia", n. 51 (1914).

paragraph: Paul wrote at the request of Angilram, bishop of Metz (d. 791), a history of the bishops of Metz to 766, the first work of its kind north of the Alps, translated in English in 2013 as "Liber de episcopis Mettensibus". He also wrote many letters, verses and epitaphs, including those of Duke/Prince Arichis II of Benevento and of many members of the Carolingian family. Some of the letters are published with the "Historia Langobardorum" in the "Monumenta"; the poems and epitaphs edited by Ernst Dümmler will be found in the "Poetae latini aevi carolini", Band i. (Berlin, 1881). Fresh material having come to light, a new edition of the poems ("Die Gedichte des Paulus Diaconus") has been edited by Karl Neff (Munich, 1908), who denies, however, the attribution to Paul of the most famous poem in the collection, the "Ut queant laxis", a hymn to St. John the Baptist, which Guido of Arezzo fitted to a melody which had previously been used for Horace's "Ode" . From the initial syllables of the first verses of the resultant setting he then took the names of the first notes of the musical scale. Paul also wrote an epitome, which has survived, of Sextus Pompeius Festus' "De verborum significatu". It was dedicated to Charlemagne.

paragraph: While in Francia, Paul was requested by Charlemagne to compile a collection of homilies. He executed this after his return to Monte Cassino, and it was largely used in the Frankish churches. A life of Pope Gregory the Great has also been attributed to him, and he is credited with a Latin translation of the Greek "Life of Saint Mary the Egyptian".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endnotes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlo Cipolla, "Note bibliografiche circa l'odierna condizione degli studi critici sul testo delle opere di Paolo Diacono" (Venice, 1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atti e memorie del congresso storico tenuto in Cividale" (Udine, 1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix Dahn, "Langobardische Studien", Bd. i. (Leipzig, 1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Wattenbach, "Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen", Bd. i. (Berlin, 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Hauck, "Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands", Bd. ii. (Leipzig, 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "Studi di storia e diritto" (Milan, 1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ugo Balzani, "Le Cronache italiane nel medio evo" (Milan, 1884)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Heath {2017} The Narrative Worlds of Paul the Deacon: Between Empires and Identities in Lombard Italy [Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press}

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Paulus Diaconus at Bibliotheca Augustana (in Latin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Lombards

description: Benedictine monk

wikidata_label: Paul the Deacon

wikipedia_title: Paul the Deacon


text:
pope
Pataria
Elected on 30 September
Baggio
Milan
Lanfranc
Bec Abbey
Pataria
Ariberto da Intimiano
Emperor Henry III
Guido da Velate
bishop of Lucca
Hildebrand of Sovana
simony
clerical celibacy
St Anselm
benefices
Holy See
Peter Damian
papal election of 1061
Pope Nicholas II
Holy Roman Emperor
cardinal bishop
pope
Catholic Church
bull
In Nomine Domini
crowned
St. Peter's Basilica
Cadalus
bishop of Parma
Basel
Honorius II
Mantua
Viscount of Narbonne
massacre of the Jews
Landulf VI of Benevento
Crusade of Barbastro
William
Duke of Normandy
his successful invasion
Brittany
his blessing
prospective invasion
Anglo-Saxon England
Standard of St. George
Battle of Hastings
Count Eustace
gonfanon
William of Poitiers
Lanfranc
Emperor Henry IV
Bertha of Savoy
Peter Damian
Lorsch Abbey
Stanislaus of Szczepanów
Bishop of Kraków
Polish king
Bolesław II the Bold
List of Catholic saints
List of papal elections
List of popes

categories: People from Milan,1073 deaths,Popes,Year of birth unknown,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops of Lucca,Burials at St. Peter's Basilica,Italian popes

paragraph: Pope Alexander II

paragraph: Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio (), was pope from 1061 to his death in 1073. Born in Milan, Anselm was deeply involved in the Pataria reform movement. Elected on 30 September according to the terms of his predecessor's bull, "In nomine Domini", Anselm's was the first election by the cardinals without the participation of the people and minor clergy of Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and work.

paragraph: Anselm was born in Baggio, a town near Milan from 1923 district of the city, of a noble family. Contemporary sources do not provide any information where Anselm might have obtained his education. It was traditionally believed that Anselm de Baggio studied under Lanfranc at Bec Abbey, however, modern historiography rejects such possibility. He was one of the founders of the Pataria, a movement in the Archdiocese of Milan, aimed at reforming the clergy and ecclesiastic government in the province and supportive of Papal sanctions against simony and clerical marriage. They contested the ancient rights of the cathedral clergy of Milan and supported the Gregorian reforms. Anselm was one of four "upright and honest" priests suggested to succeed Ariberto da Intimiano as prince bishop of Milan. When Emperor Henry III chose instead the more worldly Guido da Velate, protests followed. In order to silence a vocal critic, Bishop Guido sent Anselm to the Imperial Court.

paragraph: The emperor named Anselm bishop of Lucca. As bishop, he was an energetic coadjutor with Hildebrand of Sovana in endeavouring to suppress simony and enforce clerical celibacy. (In this role, he is sometimes known as or to distinguish him from his nephew St Anselm who succeeded to his office.) So bad was the state of things at Milan, that benefices were openly bought and sold, and the clergy publicly married the women with whom they lived. With the increased prestige of his office, he reappeared twice in Milan as legate of the Holy See, in 1057 in the company of Hildebrand, and in 1059 with Peter Damian.

paragraph: Section::::Election as pope.

paragraph: In the papal election of 1061 following the death of Pope Nicholas II, Anselmo de Baggio of Lucca was elected as Pope Alexander II.

paragraph: Unlike previous papal elections, the assent of the Holy Roman Emperor to the election was not sought, and cardinal bishops were the sole electors of the pope for the first time in the history of the Catholic Church; in accordance with Nicholas II's bull, "In Nomine Domini". The bull effectively removed the control held by the Roman metropolitan church over the election of the pontiff.

paragraph: The new Pope Alexander II was crowned at nightfall on October 1, 1061 in San Pietro in Vincoli Basilica, because opposition to the election made a coronation in St. Peter's Basilica impossible, and the German court nominated another candidate, Cadalus, bishop of Parma, who was proclaimed Pope at the council of Basel under the name of Honorius II. He marched to Rome and for a long time threatened his rival's position. At length, Honorius was forsaken by the German court and deposed by a council held at Mantua; Alexander II's position remained unchallenged for the remainder of his papacy.

paragraph: Section::::Position on Jews.

paragraph: In 1065, Pope Alexander II wrote to Béranger, Viscount of Narbonne, and to Guifred, bishop of the city, praising them for having prevented the massacre of the Jews in their district, and reminding them that God does not approve of the shedding of innocent blood. That same year, he admonished Landulf VI of Benevento "that the conversion of Jews is not to be obtained by force."

paragraph: Section::::Crusade against the Moors.

paragraph: Also in the same year, Alexander called for the Crusade of Barbastro against the Moors in Spain. Alexander II issued orders to the Bishops of Narbonne, instructing crusaders en route "that you protect the Jews who live among you, so that they may not be killed by those who are setting out for Spain against the Saracens ... for the situation of the Jews is greatly different from that of the Saracens. One may justly fight against those [the Saracens] who persecute Christians and drive them from their towns and their own homes."

paragraph: Section::::William the Conqueror.

paragraph: In 1066, he entertained an embassy from William, Duke of Normandy, after his successful invasion of Brittany. The embassy had been sent to obtain his blessing for William's prospective invasion of Anglo-Saxon England. Alexander gave it, along with a papal ring, the Standard of St. George, and an edict to the autonomous Old English clergy guiding them to submit to the new regime. These favors were instrumental in the submission of the English church following the Battle of Hastings. Count Eustace carried his papal insignia, a gonfanon with three tails charged with a cross, which William of Poitiers says was given to William I to signify the pope's blessing of his invasion to secure a submission to Rome.

paragraph: Alexander elevated his former teacher, Lanfranc of Bec, to the See of Canterbury and appointed him Primate of England.

paragraph: In 1068, Emperor Henry IV attempted to divorce Bertha of Savoy. The Papal legate Peter Damian hinted that any further insistence towards divorce would lead the Pope to deny his coronation. Henry obeyed and his wife, who had retired to Lorsch Abbey returned to Court.

paragraph: Section::::Poland.

paragraph: In 1072 Alexander commanded the reluctant Polish priest Stanislaus of Szczepanów to accept appointment as Bishop of Kraków - becoming one of the earliest native Polish bishops. This turned out to be a significant decision for the Polish Church (and for Polish history in general): once appointed, Stanislaus was a highly assertive bishop who got into conflict with Polish king Bolesław II the Bold, was assassinated by him and was eventually canonized and venerated as a major Polish saint.

paragraph: Section::::Alleluia.

paragraph: Alexander II oversaw the suppression of the "Alleluia" during the Latin Church's celebration of Lent. This is followed to this day.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of papal elections

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simonsohn, Shlomo. "The Apostolic See and the Jews, Documents: 492–1404".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cabrol, Fernand. "Liturgical Prayer: Its History and Spirit. 2003. p. 46".

alias:
Anselmo da Baggio
Pope Alexander II

description: pope

wikidata_label: Alexander II

wikipedia_title: Pope Alexander II


text:
Swedish
architect
Stockholm City Hall
KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
Isak Gustaf Clason
World's Columbian Exposition
England
France
Italy
Greece
Umeå
Scharinska villan
Stockholm City Hall
Bonnier family
Djurgården
Stockholm
Villa Pauli
Djursholm
Scharinska villan
Umeå
Aschanska villan
Prinsvillan, Djursholm
Danderyd
Stockholm City Hall
Helsingborg
Riksbron
Strömsborg
Värmlands nation
Uppsala
Stagnelius School
Kalmar
Museum of Maritime History
Zorn
Mora

categories: People from Stockholm,Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal,1866 births,Royal Institute of Technology alumni,1945 deaths,20th-century Swedish architects

paragraph: Ragnar Östberg

paragraph: Ragnar Östberg (14 July 1866 – 5 February 1945) was a Swedish architect who is best known for designing Stockholm City Hall.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Östberg was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His parents were Carl Östberg and Erika Kindahl. Between 1884 and 1891, he first studied at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. In 1888, he studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. He had an internship with architect Isak Gustaf Clason (1856–1930). In 1893 he visited the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and in 1896 he went on a three-year study trip to, among others, England, France, Italy and Greece. Dating from the early 1900s, he lived and worked in Umeå in north Sweden. Scharinska villan in Umeå is considered one of Östberg's best works during his youth.

paragraph: Östberg became the most famous architect within the so-called "national romanticist" movement in Sweden. His body of work from the period range from public buildings, such as Stockholm City Hall, to mansions for influential families at the turn of the century, such as Scharinska villan or Nedre Manilla, built for members of the Bonnier family.

paragraph: Section::::Buildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nedre Manilla, Djurgården, Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa Ekarne (1905), Djurgården, Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa Pauli, Djursholm (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scharinska villan, Umeå (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aschanska villan, Umeå (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teaterhuset, Umeå (1906–1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prinsvillan, Djursholm, Danderyd (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Östermalms läroverk, "Östra Real", Stockholm (1906–1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patent- och registeringsverket, Stockholm (1911–1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stockholm City Hall (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krematorium, Helsingborg (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riksbron (bridge), Stockholm (1926–1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The rebuilt palace on the islet of Strömsborg (1929–1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Värmlands nation in Uppsala (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stagnelius School, Kalmar (1931–32)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Maritime History in Stockholm (1933–1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Zorn Museum in Mora (1938–1939)

paragraph: Section::::Other Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornell, Elias (1966) "Ragnar Östberg - en svensk arkitekt"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Söderberg, Rolf (1955) "Svenska Män och Kvinnor del 8"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thelaus, Erik (1983) "Ragnar Östbergs byggnader i Umeå"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monterumisi, Chiara (2017) "Ragnar Östberg – Villa Geber, una casa nell’arcipelago. Ediz. Italian, English and Swedish", In Edibus, Vicenza,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atmer, Ann Katrin Pihl (2011) "Stockholms stadshus och arkitekten Ragnar Östberg " (Kultur Allmänlitteratur)

description: Swedish architect

wikidata_label: Ragnar Östberg

wikipedia_title: Ragnar Östberg


text:
Liu Bei
Shu Han
Three Kingdoms
Liu Shan
posthumously honoured
Pei County
Jiangsu
Yu Province
Jing Province
Liu Shan
Battle of Changban
Zhao Yun
Jingzhou
Hubei
Lady Sun
Shu Han
Sichuan
Chongqing
chancellor
Zhuge Liang
Shu Han family trees
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
Chen, Shou
Records of the Three Kingdoms

categories: Liu Bei and immediate family,210 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Lady Gan

paragraph: Lady Gan (died 210) was concubine of Liu Bei, the founding emperor of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China and Liu Shan's mother. She was later posthumously honoured as Empress Zhaolie.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lady Gan was born to a family of commoners from Pei (沛), which is in present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) though a diviner predicted a bright future in store for her. When Liu Bei visited Yu Province, he stayed in Xiaopei (小沛; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu), where he met Lady Gan and took her as his concubine.

paragraph: By the time she turned eighteen, Lady Gan had already matured into a seductive beauty.

paragraph: It was said that Liu Bei once commissioned a 3-foot jade sculpture carved in his consort's likeness and kept it inside her quarters where he would admire its sleek figure every night. When the other concubines directed their jealousy at Lady Gan and the sculpture, she convinced her husband to have it removed.

paragraph: Since Liu Bei lost several wives during this time, Lady Gan was in charge of family affair. On several occasions, she was captured by Liu Bei’s enemies but always managed to emerge from the experience unharmed, and she succeeded in keeping his household together through such crises. She followed Liu Bei to Jing Province later, where she gave birth to Liu Shan. During the Battle of Changban, Liu Bei was forced to abandon her and Liu Shan, but she and her son were both saved by Zhao Yun. She was buried in Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), her death probably was what prompted the offer of marriage between Liu Bei and Lady Sun, since Liu Bei no longer had someone to manage his household or raise his son.

paragraph: A common misinterpretation is that she was Liu Bei's first wife, through he liked her and trust her enough to put her in charge of his household. Liu Bei never married her probably because he wanted a formal wife who would bring him some political advantage.

paragraph: Section::::In folklore.

paragraph: Lady Gan was said to have grown into quite a beauty with her skin being very white hence she was called "Snow Beauty".

paragraph: Section::::In Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

paragraph: Lady Gan first appears in Chapter 15 of the novel alongside Liu Bei's other consort Lady Mi. The two of them had been treated well by Lu Bu who sought to maintain his alliance with their husband. They were also used as a bartering chip to ensure Guan Yu's loyalty to Cao Cao. Lady Gan urged her brother-in-law to escape upon hearing news of Liu Bei's whereabouts. She also provided him with advise during the journey, even helping pacify Zhang Fei who mistook his brother's ties to Cao Cao as treachery.

paragraph: After reuniting with her husband, Lady Gan, bore him a son, Liu Shan. On the night of the birth a white crane alighted on the yamen, sang some forty notes, and flew

paragraph: into the west. During parturition an unknown fragrance filled the room. Once Lady Gan had dreamed that she swallowed the stars of the Northern Dipper and

paragraph: conceived as a result—hence the child's milkname, Ah Dou, or Precious Dipper. She was among those Zhao Yun saved when the conflict at Changban occurred. Her death in Chapter 54 inspired Zhou Yu to entrap Liu Bei in Wu by arranging a marriage between him and Lady Sun.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous honours.

paragraph: In 221, after Liu Bei established the state of Shu Han and became its first emperor, he posthumously honoured Lady Gan as "Lady Huangsi" (皇思夫人), which literally means "the Lady whom the Emperor misses". Lady Gan's remains were excavated from Nan Commandery for reburial in Shu territory (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), but Liu Bei died before this was completed.

paragraph: Later, after Liu Shan succeeded his father, Liu Bei, as the emperor of Shu, the chancellor Zhuge Liang wrote a memorial to Liu Shan, suggesting that Lady Gan be honoured and buried together with Liu Bei. Liu Shan obliged and posthumously honoured his mother as "Empress Zhaolie" (昭烈皇后) to match his father's posthumous title, "Emperor Zhaolie".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shu Han family trees

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

description: Liu Bei's wife

wikidata_label: Lady Gan

wikipedia_title: Lady Gan


text: Bishop of Rome

text: Papal States

text: Charlemagne

text: Rome

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Augustus

text: Pope Adrian I

text: Charlemagne

text: Adrian I

text: Franks

text: Church

text: missi dominici

text: Paderborn

text: Paderborn

text: Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa

text: adultery

text: perjury

text: Paderborn

text: Pepin the Short

text: Donation of Pepin

text: Pope Stephen II

text: crowned

text: Einhard

text: Constantinople

text: Irene of Athens

text: Corsica

text: Al-Andalus

text: Sardinia

text: Old St. Peter's Basilica

text: Carolingian Renaissance

text: Alcuin

text: Eardwulf of Northumbria

text: Archbishops of York

text: Canterbury

text: Pope Adrian I

text: pallium

text: Hygeberht

text: Bishop of Lichfield

text: filioque

text: Nicene Creed

text: Council of Aachen

text: Frankish

text: Eastern Roman Empire

text: Leo I

text: Pope Clement X

text: Roman Martyrology

text: List of Catholic saints

text: List of popes

categories: 816 deaths,8th-century births,9th-century Christian saints,Popes,Papal saints,Filioque,8th-century popes,8th-century archbishops,9th-century archbishops,Italian popes

paragraph: Pope Leo III

paragraph: Pope Leo III (; 12 June 816) was Bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him Holy Roman Emperor and "Augustus of the Romans".

paragraph: Leo was assaulted in Rome by partisans of the late Pope Adrian I, and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn. The King of the Franks arbitrated the dispute, restoring Leo to his office. Leo subsequently crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor, which was not approved in Constantinople, although the Byzantines, occupied with their own defenses, were in no position to offer much opposition.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and pontifical selection.

paragraph: Leo was of a modest family in southern Italy, the son of Atyuppius and Elizabeth. At the time of his election he was Cardinal-Priest of Santa Susanna, and seemingly also vestiarius, or chief of the pontifical treasury, or wardrobe.

paragraph: He was elected on the very day his predecessor, Adrian I, was buried (26 December 795), and consecrated on the following day. It is quite possible that this haste may have been due to a desire on the part of the Romans to anticipate any interference of the Franks with their freedom of election. With the letter informing Charlemagne that he had been unanimously elected pope, Leo sent him the keys of the confession of St. Peter, and the standard of the city, and requested an envoy. This he did to show that he regarded the Frankish king as the protector of the Holy See.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pontificate.

paragraph: In return he received from Charlemagne letters of congratulation and a great part of the treasure which the king had captured from the Avars. The acquisition of this wealth enabled Leo to be a great benefactor to the churches and charitable institutions of Rome. While Charlemagne's letter is respectful and even affectionate, it also exhibits his concept of the coordination of the spiritual and temporal powers, nor does he hesitate to remind the pope of his grave spiritual obligations. Charlemagne's reply stated that it was his function to defend the Church, and the function of the pope to pray for the realm and for the victory of his army.

paragraph: Prompted by jealousy or ambition, or the thought that only someone of the nobility should hold the office of pope, a number of the relatives of Pope Adrian I formed a plot to render Leo unfit to hold his sacred office. On the occasion of the procession of the Greater Litanies (25 April 799), when the pope was making his way towards the Flaminian Gate, he was suddenly attacked by a body of armed men. He was dashed to the ground, and an effort was made to root out his tongue and tear out his eyes which left him injured and unconscious. He was rescued by two of the king's "missi dominici", who came with a considerable force. The Duke of Spoleto sheltered the fugitive pope, who went later to Paderborn, where the king's camp then was. He was received by the Frankish king with the greatest honour at Paderborn. This meeting forms the basis of the epic poem "Karolus Magnus et Leo Papa".

paragraph: His enemies had accused Leo of adultery and perjury. Charlemagne ordered them to Paderborn, but no decision could be made. He then had Leo escorted back to Rome. In November 800, Charlemagne himself went to Rome, and on 1 December held a council there with representatives of both sides. Leo, on 23 December, took an oath of purgation concerning the charges brought against him, and his opponents were exiled.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Coronation of Charlemagne.

paragraph: Charlemagne's father, Pepin the Short, defended the papacy against the Lombards and issued the Donation of Pepin, which granted the land around Rome to the pope as a fief. In 754 Pope Stephen II had conferred on Charles's father the dignity of "Patricius Romanus", which implied primarily the protection of the Roman Church in all its rights and privileges; above all in its temporal authority which it had gradually acquired (notably in the former Byzantine Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna) by just titles in the course of the two preceding centuries.

paragraph: Two days after Leo's oath, on Christmas Day 800, he crowned Charlemagne as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. According to Charlemagne's biographer, Einhard, Charles had no suspicion of what was about to happen, and if informed would not have accepted the imperial crown. On the other hand, there seems no reason to doubt that for some time previous the elevation of Charles had been discussed, both at home and at Rome, especially in view of two facts: the scandalous condition of the imperial government at Constantinople, and the acknowledged grandeur and solidity of the Carolingian house. The coronation offended Constantinople, which had seen itself still as the rightful defender of Rome, but the Eastern Roman Empress Irene of Athens, like many of her predecessors since Justinian, was too weak to offer protection to the city or its much reduced citizenry.

paragraph: In 808, Leo committed Corsica to Charlemagne for safe-keeping because of Muslim raids, originating from Al-Andalus, on the island. Nonetheless, Corsica, along with Sardinia, would still go on to be occupied by Muslim forces in 809 and 810.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Significance.

paragraph: On Christmas Day in 800, Leo crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor at Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Under Charlemagne's leadership there arose a cultural enrichment still known as the Carolingian Renaissance. Charlemagne gathered to his court the cream of available intellect, centered on the scholar Alcuin, whom he brought from York in England. Monks and other copyists were set to transcribing ancient manuscripts, both classical and Christian, for the preservation and extension of learning. Schools were established at monasteries and cathedrals, the forerunners of the great universities. Myriad hymns and poems were composed, along with commentaries on Holy Scripture, treatises on music, theological works, and numerous chronicles of history.

paragraph: Leo helped restore King Eardwulf of Northumbria and settled various matters of dispute between the Archbishops of York and Canterbury. He also reversed the decision of his predecessor Pope Adrian I in regards to the granting of the pallium to Hygeberht, Bishop of Lichfield. He believed that the English episcopate had been misrepresented before Adrian and that therefore his act was invalid. In 803, Lichfield was a regular diocese again.

paragraph: Leo forbade the addition of the "filioque" to the Nicene Creed, when asked to confirm the decision of a Council of Aachen held in 809. He also ordered that the Nicene Creed, without "filioque", be displayed on silver tablets placed in Saint Peter's Basilica, adding: "Haec Leo posui amore et cautela orthodoxae fidei" ("I, Leo, put these here for love and protection of orthodox faith").

paragraph: The reasons for the coronation of Charlemagne, the involvement beforehand of the Frankish court, and the relationship to the Eastern Roman Empire are matters of debate among historians. An effective administrator of the papal territories, Leo contributed to the beautification of Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and burial.

paragraph: Leo III died in 816 after a reign of more than 20 years. He was originally buried in his own monument. However, some years after his death, his remains were put into a tomb that contained the first four Popes Leo. In the 18th century, the relics of Leo I were separated from the other Leos, and he was given his own chapel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Canonization.

paragraph: Leo III was canonized by Pope Clement X, who, in 1673, had Leo's name entered in the Roman Martyrology.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translation of Einhard's "Life of Charlemagne" (c. 817–830, translated in 1880)

alias:
Pope Leo III
Papa Leo III

description: pope

wikidata_label: Leo III

wikipedia_title: Pope Leo III


text:
Ravensburg
Konstanz
organist
composer
Paul Hofhaimer
Maximilian I
Constance
cathedral
Heinrich Isaac
sequence
Choralis Constantinus
Victimae paschali laudes
Reformation
Meersburg
Speyer
Zurich
Heidelberg
plainchant
Das Erbe deutscher Musik
Fridolin Sicher

categories: 1483 births,German classical composers,Renaissance composers,1538 deaths,Male organists,German classical organists

paragraph: Hans Buchner

paragraph: Hans Buchner (also Joannes Buchner, Hans von Constanz, born 26 October 1483 in Ravensburg; died March 1538, probably in Konstanz) was an important German organist and composer.

paragraph: Buchner was a student of Paul Hofhaimer, and may have worked for the emperor Maximilian I while Hofhaimer was away. From 1506 he worked in Constance as the cathedral organist. His relationship with Heinrich Isaac is unclear, but three of the odd-numbered sequence verses he set are in the same transpositions as the Choralis Constantinus (he also set "Victimae paschali laudes", whereas Isaac used a different Easter sequence, "Laudes salvatori"). When, in the course of the Reformation, the bishop was forced to move his seat to Meersburg, Buchner followed him to continue in his post, while maintaining a residence in Constance. In 1529 he applied for a position at Speyer, but apparently demanded too high a salary. He was often called to inspect new organs, such as those of Zurich and Heidelberg.

paragraph: His most important legacy is the "Fundamentbuch," a collection of organ music that also includes an introduction to the techniques of playing and improvising on plainchant. Buchner's "Collected Organ Works (Sämtliche Orgelwerke)" are edited by Jost Harro Schmidt as volumes 54 & 55 of Das Erbe deutscher Musik (Litolff/Frankfurt, 1974) Amongst his pupils was the Swiss organist and composer, Fridolin Sicher.

alias:
Joannes Buchner
Hans von Constanz

description: German Renaissance composer

wikidata_label: Hans Buchner

wikipedia_title: Hans Buchner


text:
Haarlem
Delft
Dutch Golden Age
Rembrandt
Pieter Lastman
Jan Pynas
Jan Tengnagel
Guild of St. Luke
Bartholomeus Breenberg
Adam Elsheimer
Amsterdam
Delft
Herse
Uffizi Gallery
Florence
New York
National Gallery
London
Metropolitan Museum of Art
New York City
London
London
London
London
Louvre
Paris
Louvre
Paris
Louvre
Paris
Juno, Minerva, Venus, Paris and Cupid
Louvre
Paris
Works at WGA
Jacob Pynas
Jacob Symonsz. Pynas
Artnet

categories: 1650 deaths,Members of the Delft Guild of Saint Luke,Dutch male painters,1592 births,Dutch Golden Age painters

paragraph: Jacob Pynas

paragraph: Jacob Symonsz. Pynas (1592, Haarlem – 1650, Delft), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to Houbraken, Rembrandt studied with him in his workshop a few months after his six-month apprenticeship with Pieter Lastman, before he opened his own workshop in Leiden.

paragraph: According to the RKD he was the brother of Jan Pynas who travelled to Italy. Their sister Meynsge married the artist Jan Tengnagel in 1611. Though Jacob is known for scenes of Italy, these paintings could have been based on sketches brought back by his brother Jan and it is not certain that Jacob travelled to Italy. He influenced Rembrandt and became a member of the Delft Guild of St. Luke in the years 1632-1639. He became the teacher of Bartholomeus Breenberg.

paragraph: The Pynas brothers were grouped within Dutch artists called the Pre-Rembrandtists. Their work is close in style to the painter Adam Elsheimer, and there has been a history of mis-attribution between the three, where the Pynas brothers are known to have signed their works "J. Pynas."

paragraph: Jan died in Amsterdam; Jacob survived him by many years and is thought to have died in Delft.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1618 - "Mercury and Herse", Oil on Copper, (Uffizi Gallery, Florence)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1618 - "Landscape with Mercury and Battus", Oil on Canvas, (Wiener collection, New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1628 - "Mountain Landscape with Narcissus", Oil on Wood, (National Gallery, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, Oil on Wood, (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "Sacrifice of Isaac", Pen, ink and watercolour on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "Sacrifice of Gideon", Watercolour and chalk on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "Christ and the lawyer", Chalk on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "Apollo and Daphne", Pen and Ink on paper, (Courtauld Institute of Art, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "The Good Samaritan", Oil on Copper, (Louvre, Paris) du Musée Jeanne d'Aboville de La Fère, dans l'Aisne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "The Flight into Egypt", Oil, (Louvre, Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "The Canaanite woman kissing the bottom of Jesus's robe", drawing, (Louvre, Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17th century - "Landscape with Juno, Minerva, Venus, Paris and Cupid", Ink drawing, (Louvre, Paris)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works at WGA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Pynas at PubHist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Symonsz. Pynas on Artnet

alias:
Jacob Symonsz. Pynas
Jacob Pinas
Jacob Symonsz. Pinas
Jacob Pijnas
Jacob Symonsz. Pijnas
Jaques Pinas
Jacques Pinas
Pynas
Jan Simonsz Pynas
Pinas
jakob pynas

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Jacob Pynas

wikipedia_title: Jacob Pynas


text:
Saint Petersburg
Soviet
physicist
academician
Soviet Academy of Sciences
Hero of Socialist Labor
Stalin Prize
Orders of Lenin
cloud chamber
gamma radiation
cosmic ray
electron
positron
Carl David Anderson
Skobeltsyn's photo
Russian Academy of Sciences

categories: Heroes of Socialist Labour,1990 deaths,20th-century physicists,Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences,1892 births,Stalin Prize winners,Russian physicists,Soviet physicists

image: 512px-Могила_академика_Дмитрия_Скобельцына.JPG

paragraph: Dmitri Skobeltsyn

paragraph: Dmitri Vladimirovich Skobeltsyn () (November 24, 1892 in Saint Petersburg – November 16, 1990) was a Soviet physicist, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1946), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969).

paragraph: Dmitri Skobeltsyn was awarded the Stalin Prize (1950), six Orders of Lenin, two other orders, and numerous medals.

paragraph: In 1929, while using a cloud chamber to try to detect gamma radiation in cosmic rays, Skobeltsyn detected particles that acted like electrons but curved in the opposite direction in an applied magnetic field. He was puzzled by these results, and they remained unexplained until the discovery of the positron by Carl David Anderson in 1932.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skobeltsyn's photo – from the Russian Academy of Sciences

description: Russian physicist

wikidata_label: Dmitri Skobeltsyn

wikipedia_title: Dmitri Skobeltsyn


text:
transliterated
Soviet
film
composer
operetta
Grigori Aleksandrov
Soviet Union
Jewish
Lokhvitsa
Poltava Governorate
Russian Empire
Kharkov
violin
Konstanty Gorski
Joseph Achron
Semyon Bogatyrev
Kharkov Conservatory
Moscow
Moscow music hall
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg music hall
melodeclamation
Soviet Union
jazz
Jolly Fellows
Circus
Volga-Volga
Grigori Aleksandrov
Mikhail Bulgakov
Guy de Maupassant
Mademoiselle Fifi
People's Artist of Russia
Stalin Prize
Maksim
Jolly Fellows
Serdtse
Late for a Date
Seekers of Happiness
Circus
The Children of Captain Grant
Volga-Volga
Cossacks of the Kuban
Kirill Molchanov
Incidental music
Ovar
Naum Shafer, “Dunayevsky Today”)
Maksim Dunayevsky
Donajowsky

categories: Russian composers,20th-century classical musicians,Jewish composers,Ukrainian Jews,1955 deaths,20th-century composers,1900 births,Russian male composers,Male film score composers,Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery,Stalin Prize winners,People's Artists of Russia,People from Lokhvytsia Raion,Soviet film score composers,People from Poltava Governorate

paragraph: Isaak Dunayevsky

paragraph: Isaak Osipovich Dunayevsky (; also transliterated as Dunaevski or Dunaevsky; 25 July 1955) was a Soviet film composer and conductor of the 1930s and 1940s, who achieved huge success in music for operetta and film comedies, frequently working with the film director Grigori Aleksandrov. He is considered one of the greatest Soviet composers of all time. Many of his songs are very well known and held in high regard in Russia and the former Soviet Union.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dunayevsky was born to a Jewish family in Lokhvitsa, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire in 1900. He studied at the Kharkov Musical School in 1910 where he studied violin under Konstanty Gorski and Joseph Achron. During this period he started to study the theory of music under Semyon Bogatyrev (1890–1960). He graduated in 1919 from the Kharkov Conservatory. At first he was a violinist, the leader of the orchestra in Kharkov. Then he started a conducting career. In 1924 he went to Moscow to run the Theatre Hermitage. In 1929 he worked for the first time for a music hall ("To the icy place") with Moscow music hall. Later, he worked in Leningrad (1929–1941) as a director and conductor of the Saint Petersburg music hall (1929–34), and then moved to Moscow to work on his own operettas and film music.

paragraph: Dunayevsky wrote 14 operettas, 3 ballets, 3 cantatas, 80 choruses, 80 songs and romances, music for 88 plays and 42 films, 43 compositions for light music orchestra and 12 for jazz orchestra, 17 melodeclamations, 52 compositions for symphony orchestra and 47 piano compositions and a string quartet.

paragraph: He was one of the first composers in the Soviet Union to start using jazz. His music was accessible to the masses, with melodious and memorable tunes that secured his success. He wrote the music for three of the most important films of the pre-war Stalinist era, "Jolly Fellows", "Circus" and the film said to be Stalin's favourite film "Volga-Volga", all directed by Grigori Aleksandrov.

paragraph: In a reply to the British book "The World of Music", he listed the following as his chief works: "The Golden Valley" operetta (1937), "The Free Wind" operetta (1947), and music to the films "Circus" (1935) and "The Kuban Cossacks" (1949).

paragraph: He died of a heart attack in Moscow in 1955. His last piece, the operetta "White Acacia" (1955), was left unfinished at his death. It was completed by Kirill Molchanov and staged on 15 November 1955, in Moscow.

paragraph: A previously unknown opera libretto "Rachel" (1943) by Mikhail Bulgakov, was later found in his archive. The libretto was based on Guy de Maupassant's "Mademoiselle Fifi" and was published in a book by Naum Shafer (see references and links below).

paragraph: A book of his essays and memoirs was published in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Dunayevsky was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1950. He was twice awarded the Stalin Prize (1941, 1951) and received two orders and many medals (including the Order of the Red Labour Banner, the Order of the Red Star, and the Badge of Honour).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His brother Semyon (1906–1986) was a conductor; another brother, Zinovy (1908–1981), was a composer.

paragraph: Dunayevsky was married once. He had a son Yevgeny (b. 1932) by his wife Zinaida Sudeikina, and another son Maksim (b. 1945) by his lover, the ballerina Zoya Pashkova. Maksim is also a well-known composer.

paragraph: His daughter Alina (granddaughter of Isaak), who is living in France (was born in 1983 in Moscow), is continuing her grandfather's and her father's traditions. She is an author-composer, dancer, model and singer. She is the founder of her pop-rock-electro band Markize in Paris. She is well known in rock circles of Europe and Russia. She has issued two albums (one edited and reedited in France and in Russia), several video-clips and several singles. She made a great number of international concerts. In 2009 she was invited as a Guest of Honor to sing in duet with a French pop-singer. She was also invoted to take part in projects of other different artists and has her fan-clubs in different countries.

paragraph: Alina Dunaevskaya: www.alina-dunaevskaya.com

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tranquillity of the Faun", ballet (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Murzilka", ballet for children (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Us and You", operetta (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bridegrooms" ("Женихи"), operetta (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Knives" ("Ножи"), operetta (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To the icy place", operetta (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Million Langours", operetta (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jolly Fellows" ("Весёлые ребята"), film music (1934), including "Serdtse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Friends" ("Три товарища"), film music (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Late for a Date" ("Девушка спешит на свидание"), film music (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seekers of Happiness" ("Искатели счастья"), film music (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circus" ("Цирк"), film music (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Children of Captain Grant" ("Дети капитана Гранта"), film music (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Valley" ("Золотая долина"), operetta (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volga-Volga" ("Волга-Волга"), film music (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Roads to Happiness" ("Дороги к счастью"), operetta (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Love" ("Моя любовь"). film music (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moscow", suite for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wind of Liberty" ("Вольный ветер"), operetta (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cossacks of the Kuban" ("Кубанские казаки"), film music (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Son of the Clown" ("Сын клоуна"), operetta (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glory of the Railwaymen", cantata

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Homeland May Flourish!", cantata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballet Suite for orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite on Chinese themes", orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rhapsody on Songs of the people of the Soviet Union", jazz orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Music Store", jazz orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song of the Fatherland", film music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Requiem", narrator and quintet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song of Stalin", chorus and orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "White Acacia" ("Белая акация"), operetta (1955, completed by Kirill Molchanov)

paragraph: Also:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pieces for chamber orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Incidental music for theatre and cinema

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ovar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naum Shafer, “Dunayevsky Today”)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maksim Dunayevsky - son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donajowsky - fictional Russian composer

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kommissarskaya, M. Dunayevsky, the article in "Tvorcheskiye biografii Kompozitorov", Moscow, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shafer, Naum “Dunayevsky Today” Moscow, Sovetsky Kompozitor, 1988

description: Soviet composer

wikidata_label: Isaak Dunayevsky

wikipedia_title: Isaak Dunayevsky


text:
Polish
szlachcic
Wielowieś
Rzochów
Wadowice
Chorąży
Kraków
starost
Belz
Stolnik
castellan
Lublin
voivode
Lublin Voivodeship
Sandomierz Voivodeship
Kraków Voivodeship
Horodło

categories: 1507 deaths,1471 births,People from Tarnobrzeg,Polish nobility,Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Tarnowski family

paragraph: Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski

paragraph: Jan Feliks Tarnowski (July 31, 1471 – March 21, 1507) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

paragraph: Jan Feliks was owner of Wielowieś, Rzochów and Wadowice estates. He was Chorąży of Kraków since 20 February 1484, starost of Belz since 28 December 1485, Stolnik of the Royal court since 27 May 1494, castellan of Lublin since 27 December 1497, voivode of Lublin Voivodeship before 28 May 1499, voivode of Sandomierz Voivodeship since 6 March 1501, voivode of Kraków Voivodeship and starost of Horodło since 1 September 1505.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski

wikipedia_title: Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski


text:
Hussar
rotmistrz
lat.
alchemist
noble
Troki
Grand Duchy of Moscow
boyar
Michael Sendivogius
Stefan Báthory
Livonian Wars
Sigismund III Vasa
Zebrzydowski Rebellion
Polski Słownik Biograficzny

paragraph: Teodor Lacki

paragraph: Teodor Lacki (died 1616) – Hussar rotmistrz, Lithuanian field writer (lat. "notarius campestris"), and alchemist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lacki came from the Lacki noble family based in the area of Troki (now Trakai, Lithuania). The family originated in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Teodor was related to the boyar Ivan Lacki, who had fled Moscow in 1535 with Siemion Bielski and entered the service of the king of Poland.

paragraph: Teodor Lacki traveled a great deal. He spent 1584-86 in Italy, and later went to France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Malta. While in Rome in 1598, Lacki worked with Michael Sendivogius on alchemical experiments to turn copper into silver.

paragraph: He began his military service during the reign of Stefan Báthory and fought in the Livonian Wars under Sigismund III Vasa. For his efforts in the wars, Lacki was rewarded with an appointment as the Lithuanian field writer and an income. He supported the king's side in the Zebrzydowski Rebellion.

paragraph: Lacki married Izabela de Roeve, daughter of Petras Bonarelli de Roeve (it. Pietro della Rovere). They had two children together: a daughter, Katarzyna, who later married Teodor Tyszkiewicz; and a son, Jan Alfons Lacki, later the castellan of Minsk.

paragraph: Teodor Lacki died in 1619.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbst, Stanisław. "Lacki Teodor". In "Polski Słownik Biograficzny", vol. 16, no. 3, p. 407. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1971.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Teodor Lacki

wikipedia_title: Teodor Lacki


text: Columbus, Ohio

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: Columbus, Ohio

text: Walnut Ridge High School

text: Columbus College of Art & Design (CCAD)

text: Fly.Union

text: Fly.Union

text: LeBron James

text: Fly.Union

text: Fly Union

text: J.Rawls

text: Blueprint (rapper)

text: World-famous Beat Junkies

text: Von Pea

text: Tanya Morgan

text: Southwest Music Festival

text: Stalley

text: Naledge

text: Kidz in the Hall

text: The Roots

text: Rod Serling

text: Twilight Zone

text: Maybach Music Group

text: Stalley

text: Atlantic Records

text: Complex (magazine)

text: DJ Rhettmatic

text: Cardo (record producer)

text: Complex (magazine)

text: Stalley

text: Sunni Muslim

categories: 1984 births,Living people,Rappers from Columbus, Ohio

paragraph: Vada Azeem

paragraph: Vada Leon Azeem (born August 23, 1983), known by his stage name Vada Azeem (formally L.e. For the Uncool and King Vada), is an American musician, author and illustrator. from Columbus, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vada Azeem was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and raised on the Northeast side of Columbus, Ohio.

paragraph: At an early age he figured out how to escape his sometimes harsh reality through art and writing. Azeem later graduated from Walnut Ridge High School and accepted a full scholarship to the Columbus College of Art & Design (CCAD), where he would only complete one year at the private institution.

paragraph: Azeem has dedicated most of his adult life to creating art that reflects his growth as a man. He has creatively constructed works through music, illustrating, as well as authoring books. He has spent years working with young people through numerous creative platforms and has become internationally known for his illustrations and songwriting.

paragraph: Section::::The Boy Who Tried To Touch The Sun.

paragraph: Vada Azeem wrote and illustrated his first children's book in 2017 entitled "The Boy Who Tried To Touch The Sun". The book features a young boy named Anu who is faced with seemingly impossible challenges that he overcomes with ease as they are not as challenging as the goal he has set for himself; to touch The Sun.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Azeem started to write raps when he was 12 years old, after watching the YO! MTV Raps Season Finale Cipher in 1995.

paragraph: In 2006, Azeem co-founded and named, the then hip hop collective Fly.Union. In the following year, Fly.Union released a hip hop project titled “Kill Fly. U”. After being invited to perform for record executives and A&Rs at a music conference in Atlanta, GA, the collective decided to become an official group. The group was noticed by associates of NBA all-star, LeBron James, and soon after inked a publishing deal through James' Spring Hill imprint.

paragraph: In 2009, Azeem decided to leave Fly.Union due to creative differences.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.

paragraph: In 2009, Azeem left his hip hop music group Fly Union to begin an independent music career.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.:The Anti-Parachute Theory Mixtape.

paragraph: Soon after he collaborated with Rashad Thomas (under the name L.e For The Uncool) to release his first solo project titled "The Anti-Parachute Theory". The mixtape included production from J.Rawls, Blueprint (rapper), The World-famous Beat Junkies and a guest appearance from Von Pea of rap duo Tanya Morgan.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.:The Measure.

paragraph: His single, "Polo On My Body", was well received throughout the country making Azeem a highly talked about artist at the 2010 South by Southwest Music Festival. It was at SXSW that he met close friend and fellow Ohioan, Stalley.

paragraph: In 2010, Azeem repeated a collaboration with Rashad to create "The Measure". Rashad produced the entire project which featured rap artist Naledge (Kidz in the Hall), and The Roots affiliate Truck North.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.:The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street EP.

paragraph: Azeem released an EP titled "The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street" on Halloween day in 2010. He is a huge Rod Serling fan, and the project was named after one of his favorite Twilight Zone episodes. The EP featured appearances from 88-Keys/Locksmith signee, Nemo Achida.

paragraph: He continued working closely with Maybach Music Group recording artist, Stalley, and featured the Atlantic Records recording artist on his "Preludes To A Murder" project.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.:MURDRxFLWR$.

paragraph: In 2013, Azeem premiered a free project with Complex (magazine) titled "MURDRxFLWR$" which featured production from DJ Rhettmatic, Cardo (record producer), and Treated Crew's DJ O-Zone.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.:Twenties Go For Nix EP.

paragraph: Years later, Complex (magazine) premiered Azeem's "Twenties Go For Nix" EP in 2017. The whole project was produced by long-time collaborator Rashad Thomas. The song "Finna" features a guest appearance from Stalley.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Mixtapes

paragraph: The Anti-Parachute Theory (2009)

paragraph: LPs

paragraph: The Measure (2010)

paragraph: MURDRxFLWR$ (2013)

paragraph: Extended Plays

paragraph: The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street (2010)

paragraph: Preludes To A Murder (2013)

paragraph: FLWR$ Before I Go (2014)

paragraph: Twenties Go For Nix (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Vada Azeem is a Sunni Muslim, and a proud father to his two sons.

wikidata_label: King Vada

wikipedia_title: Vada Azeem