text: road bicycle racer

text: Olympic

text: individual time trial

text: UCI Women's World Cup

text: Peanut Butter & Co.

text: triathlete

text: YMCA

text: osteoarthritis

text: women's road race

text: 2004 Summer Olympics

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: women's road time trial

text: Emma Pooley

text: Great Britain

text: Karin Thürig

text: Switzerland

text: 2012 Summer Olympic Games

text: London

text: Sea Otter Classic

text: Tour of the Gila

text: individual time trial

text: Women's road race

text: Pan American Road Championships

text: Leon, Mexico

text: Tayler Wiles

text: Chattanooga, Tennessee

text: Carmen Small

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: women's individual time trial

text: USA Cycling

text: officer

text: US Marines

text: Memphis

text: Tennessee

text: California

text: Havelock, North Carolina

text: Okinawa

text: Japan

text: Kubasaki High School

text: University of Idaho

text: Moscow

text: Vandals

text: walk-on

text: Kappa Kappa Gamma

text: sorority

text: bachelor's degree

text: Boise

text: Idaho

text: Lance Armstrong

text: alma mater

text: Team Lipton

text: Team Lipton

text: Cervélo Lifeforce Pro Cycling Team

text: Cervélo TestTeam 2009 season

text: Peanut Butter & Co.

text: Peanut Butter & Co.

text: Cycling News.com

text: Cascade Cycling Classic

categories: University of Idaho alumni,Sportspeople from Memphis, Tennessee,UCI Road World Champions (women),Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in cycling,Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Military brats,Cyclists at the 2003 Pan American Games,1973 births,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in cycling,Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic cyclists of the United States,Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Living people,American female cyclists,Sportspeople from Boise, Idaho,American cycling road race champions,Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in cycling,Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Kristin Armstrong

paragraph: Kristin Armstrong (born August 11, 1973) is a former professional road bicycle racer and three-time Olympic gold medalist, the winner of the women's individual time trial in 2008, 2012, and 2016. Before temporarily retiring to start a family in 2009, she rode for in women's elite professional events on the National Racing Calendar (NRC) and UCI Women's World Cup. She announced a return to competitive cycling beginning in the 2011 season, competing for Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 at the Redlands Classic.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Prior to her professional cycling career, Armstrong had been a junior Olympian in swimming, a distance runner in college, and then a triathlete. She spent many hours perfecting her strokes in the pool at the Boise Family YMCA, where she also served as Director of Aquatics, managing more than 50 lifeguards, swim instructors, and others. She was diagnosed with osteoarthritis in both hips in 2001 at age 27, and told that she could no longer run at an elite level, thus ending her triathlon career and leading her to focus exclusively on cycling.

paragraph: The three-time national champion finished 8th (top U.S. finisher) in the women's road race at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

paragraph: At the 2008 Summer Olympics in China, Armstrong completed the biggest achievement of her career by winning the gold medal in the women's road time trial competition on August 13. Finishing in under 35 minutes, Armstrong was 25 seconds ahead of silver medalist Emma Pooley from Great Britain, with Karin Thürig from Switzerland taking the bronze.

paragraph: Of Armstrong, Velonews wrote: "Kristin Armstrong is famous for both her success in bicycle racing, and the 'type-A' attention to detail that keeps her climbing the podium at critical races every season."

paragraph: Armstrong announced at the end of 2010 that she would return to competitive cycling, with the goal of competing in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London. In a written statement, she stated that her retirement was merely temporary in order to start a family:

paragraph: I love cycling and I love competing. I stopped racing after the 2009 World Championships not because I was burned out, but because my husband and I wanted to start a family...I told myself from the beginning if everything went smoothly with the birth of our son, Lucas William, I would consider racing again.

paragraph: In 2011, Armstrong returned to compete with the Peanut Butter & Co. Team TWENTY12, of which she was a part owner. She won three of the four stages (criterium, road race, and time trial) and the overall title during the Sea Otter Classic in April. However, during the first stage of the Tour of the Gila, which she had won twice previously, Armstrong came down with food poisoning. She ended up withdrawing from the race and returning home to recover.

paragraph: Armstrong successfully defended her Olympic title in the individual time trial at the 2012 Olympics in London and became the oldest rider to win an Olympic time trial, and finished 35th in the Women's road race. She announced her retirement after the 2012 Olympics.

paragraph: In September 2012, Armstrong's Olympic gold medal winning time trial bike was stolen while in transit between Germany and the USA.

paragraph: In April 2015, Armstrong announced that she would be coming out of retirement to race at the 2015 Pan American Road Championships in Leon, Mexico, having been selected by USA Cycling for the individual time trial. Two days after announcing Armstrong's selection, however, the USA Cycling Selection Committee reconvened, deciding that the new selection process under which Armstrong had been chosen had not been published in a timely manner, and that as a result the federation's older Principles of Athlete Selection, which had been issued in 2008, should be used instead for selection to the Pan American Championships. The upshot was that Armstrong's place was taken by Tayler Wiles. The following month, Armstrong won the United States National Time Trial Championships in Chattanooga, Tennessee, beating Carmen Small by 13 seconds.

paragraph: In August 2016, Armstrong made history at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro after coming out of retirement to win the gold medal in the women's individual time trial and becoming the first rider ever to win three gold medals in the same discipline. She also became the oldest female cyclist to win an Olympic medal.

paragraph: In September 2017 Armstrong joined USA Cycling as Endurance Performance Director.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Armstrong's father was an officer in the US Marines. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, she lived in Tennessee and California and attended high school in Havelock, North Carolina, and abroad in Okinawa, Japan, where she graduated from Kubasaki High School in 1991. She enrolled at the University of Idaho in Moscow, where she ran track for the Vandals for a season as a walk-on and was a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Armstrong earned a bachelor's degree from UI in sports physiology in 1995, and currently lives in Boise, Idaho.

paragraph: She is often confused with the ex-wife of fellow cyclist Lance Armstrong, whose name is also Kristin. Kristin Armstrong the cyclist and Lance Armstrong are not related.

paragraph: Armstrong is married to Joe Savola; their son Lucas William Savola was born on September 15, 2010. Four months before his birth, she gave the commencement address at her alma mater in May 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Palmarès.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – USA National-T Mobile

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – T-Mobile Professional Women's Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – T-Mobile Professional Women's Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – T-Mobile Professional Women's Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – Team Lipton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – Team Lipton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – Cervélo Lifeforce Pro Cycling Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – Cervélo TestTeam 2009 season

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – Peanut Butter & Co. Team TWENTY12

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – Peanut Butter & Co. Team TWENTY12

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Announced return to the sport.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cycling News.com – The other Armstrong: more than a water-carrier – 29-Oct-2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cascade Cycling Classic – 2008

description: American road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Kristin Armstrong

wikipedia_title: Kristin Armstrong


text:
O. de M.
Chile
Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Archbishop of Santiago de Chile
cardinalate
Santiago
Order of Mercy
solemn vows
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
Pontifical Gregorian University
canon law
order
Vatican Secret Archives
Pope Paul VI
titular bishop
Auxiliary Bishop
Concepción
Second Vatican Council
metropolitan see of Antofagasta
Santiago de Chile
Cardinal Priest
S. Maria della Scala
consistory
Pope John Paul II
Archbishop
Apostolic Administrator

categories: Chilean cardinals,Bishops and archbishops of Santiago,1998 deaths,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,People from Santiago,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1927 births,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: Carlos Oviedo Cavada

paragraph: Carlos Oviedo Cavada, O. de M. (19 January 1927 – 7 December 1998) was a Chilean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Santiago de Chile from 1990 to 1998, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cavada was born in Santiago, and entered the Order of Mercy on 28 January 1944, taking simple vows on 18 March 1945 and solemn vows on 19 March 1948. He entered the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. He was ordained on 24 September 1949 in Santiago and later went on to study at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome from 1949 to 1953 where he earned a doctorate in canon law.

paragraph: He was a faculty member and spiritual director at St. Peter Nolasco School and after that a faculty member at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile from 1953 until 1958. From 1958 until 1961 he worked in the general curia of his order and pursued further studies in the Vatican Secret Archives.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI appointed him titular bishop of Benevento and Auxiliary Bishop of Concepción on 21 March 1964. He attended the Second Vatican Council from 1964 until the close of the council in 1965. He was promoted to the metropolitan see of Antofagasta in 1974. He was transferred to the metropolitan see of Santiago de Chile on 30 March 1990.

paragraph: He was created Cardinal Priest of "S. Maria della Scala" in the consistory of 26 November 1994 by Pope John Paul II. He resigned as Archbishop of Santiago de Chile on 16 February 1998, but continued governing the archdiocese as Apostolic Administrator until a successor took possession in April of that year. He died in December.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Carlos Oviedo Cavada

wikipedia_title: Carlos Oviedo Cavada


text: biographer

text: historian

text: Stratford, Virginia

text: Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee III

text: Confederate

text: Robert E. Lee

text: College of William & Mary

text: John C. Calhoun

text: Andrew Jackson

text: William Berkeley Lewis

text: Algeria

text: Senate

text: Paris, France

text: Stratford Hall Plantation

text: googlebooks

text: The Campaign of 1781 in the Carolinas

text: The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte

categories: American biographers,1787 births,People from Westmoreland County, Virginia,American historians,1837 deaths,College of William & Mary alumni,Lee family of Virginia,American speechwriters

paragraph: Henry Lee IV

paragraph: Henry "Black-Horse Harry" Lee IV (28 May 1787 – 30 January 1837) was a biographer and historian, born in Stratford, Virginia, the son of Major-General Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee III and Matilda Lee. He was a half-brother of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. In 1808 he graduated from the College of William & Mary.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Henry Lee IV served as a speech writer for the statesman John C. Calhoun as well as Andrew Jackson. After Jackson won election to the presidency in 1828, Lee, along with Jackson and William Berkeley Lewis, helped write the inaugural address. President Jackson rewarded him with a consular appointment to Algeria; the Senate, however, refused the confirmation.

paragraph: In his remaining seven years of his life, Henry Lee traveled abroad, dying in Paris, France.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 29 March 1817 he married Anne Robinson McCarty, daughter of Daniel McCarty and Margaret Robinson. Anne and Henry had one child, Margaret. Margaret was born in autumn of 1818, and died at the age of two in a tragic accident.

paragraph: Lee′s nickname of "Black Horse" — a pun on the nickname of his famous father, "Light Horse" Harry Lee — originated in a scandal two years after his daughter′s death. Lee began an illicit affair with his wife′s young sister, Elizabeth, who was his ward at the time. According to at least one version of the story, Elizabeth became pregnant, although there′s no record of the child having survived.

paragraph: The McCarthy family brought suit to remove Lee as trustee of Elizabeth's inheritance and recovery of the money. Unbeknownst to the McCarthys, Lee had misappropriated a portion of the trust for upkeep of Stratford Hall Plantation, the Lee family's ancestral home for six generations. In order to conceal the misappropriation, Lee attempted unsuccessfully to marry Elizabeth off to an unscrupulous suitor. The legal fallout and resulting scandal forced Lee to sell Stratford out of the family. Elizabeth McCarty lived at Stratford for 50 years, from 1829 until her death in 1879.

paragraph: Anne Lee, who had become addicted to morphine in an attempt to recover from grief at the death of her daughter, fled to Tennessee. She was often a guest of future president Andrew Jackson and his wife. Henry Lee later followed, beseeching his wife for forgiveness. Andrew Jackson befriended Lee and began to assist in rehabilitating him in political and social life.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Campaign of 1781 in the Carolinas." 1824

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations on the Writings of Thomas Jefferson." 1832

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of Emperor Napoleon." 1835

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freeman, Douglas Southall "R. E. Lee: A Biography" Charles Scribner's Sons, New York and London, 1934. Ed. Bill Thayer online section at  Accessed February 23, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lee, Henry." "American Authors 1600 – 1900" H. W. Wilson Company, NY 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Congress  Accessed June 2, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pryor, Elizabeth Brown, and Robert E. Lee. "Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters." New York: Viking, 2007. googlebooks Retrieved March 10, 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Campaign of 1781 in the Carolinas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Observations on the Writings of Thomas Jefferson

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte

description: Biographer and historian

wikidata_label: Henry Lee IV

wikipedia_title: Henry Lee IV


text: fundamentalist

text: lay preacher

text: shoemaker

text: draper

text: Avening

text: Gloucestershire

text: Kennington

text: William Bridges

text: Southwark

text: Plumstead

text: James Banyard

text: Peculiar People

text: Essex

text: Robert Aitken

text: Latter Day Saints

text: St Mary-at-Lambeth

text: Loxwood

text: Sussex

text: Anglican

text: Conventicle Act

text: Christian communism

text: Antinomian

text: soubriquet

text: John Henry Blunt

text: Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton

text: millenarian

text: Faith healing

text: West Sussex

text: Surrey

text: Hambledon, Surrey

categories: 19th-century Christian clergy,1821 births,English Christian religious leaders,English evangelicals,1885 deaths,English Methodists

paragraph: John Sirgood

paragraph: John Sirgood (1822–1885) was a Christian fundamentalist lay preacher, shoemaker and draper.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John Sirgood was born in Avening, Gloucestershire into a family of weavers. His father George Sirgood (1789–1865) married Sarah Emmery (1796–1851) on 25 February 1816 in Hilperton, Wiltshire. Sirgood had two brothers, Robert and William and a sister Mary. Sirgood is fairly uncommon spelling of the name (more usually Sargood or Sergood) and appears on page 97 of the "Ludus Patronymicus, the Etymology of curious surnames" (1868). Census records reveal his father and a branch of the "Sirgood" family living in Kennington south London in the mid 19th Century, which is where John Sirgood settled sometime during the 1840s. He became a disciple of William Bridges (1802 - 1874) a hat block maker based in Southwark who was founder of the Plumstead (London) Peculiars in 1836 and the man Sirgood called his 'father in Gospel'.

paragraph: It was through Bridges that Sirgood came into contact with James Banyard founder of the Peculiar People, a populist sect originally known as the "Banyardites" that was primarily based in Essex and grew out of, and eventually subsumed the original Plumstead Peculiars. Both Bridges and Banyard owed a debt to Robert Aitken (1800–1873) whose 'Christian Society' provided a source for Latter Day Saints converts.

paragraph: Sirgood was originally a fundamentalist preacher with the Peculiar People in Southwark. He evangelized on Clapham Common and around south London, preaching during the winter in "private houses". He married Harriet Coxhead (1811 - 1876) from Godalming in Surrey at St Mary-at-Lambeth on 17 March 1845 and worked as a shoemaker out of 9 Market Place, Bromells Rd, Clapham. Witnessing the growing popularity of the Peculiar People (that reached its peak circa 1850), Sirgood grew disillusioned with the response to his own preaching; his ambition and fervour made him "long" for a rural following of his own. In a 1942 article Donald Macandrew asserted that Sirgood received inspiration from heaven when he began to "ask the Lord" for guidance. Sometime in 1850 the Lord answered him "in a dream" and told him about "certain remote places in Sussex" where he might find a following. The next morning he and his wife shut up shop and the couple took turns pushing each other in a "wheelbarrow" on the 41-mile trek from London to Loxwood in Sussex. This unusual mode of transport was necessary because Sirgood "couldn't afford the train fare".

paragraph: Section::::The Society of Dependants a.k.a. The Cokelers.

paragraph: Following closely in the footsteps of Banyard and Bridges, Sirgood began his own mission in fields and barns on common lands near the Surrey/Sussex border. He did this in an area outside the control of the large estates whose Anglican owners would not have let him use their lands or premises. His evangelism appealed mainly to the poor labourers, small farmers and tradesmen, attracted by Sirgood's obvious ability as a preacher. Shortly after his arrival a small religious group of 4 or 5 people began to meet in his cottage every Sunday and on sometimes on weekdays. They held their services under the guidance of "Brother John" and these early disciples became known as "elders or stalwarts".

paragraph: Sirgood was overtly critical of the Anglican Church, and the inequality of 19th-century society in general, which led to his movement being harassed by the gentry and threatened by outraged parish authorities. Church efforts to stop Sirgood were thwarted by the repeal of the Conventicle Act but action by others resulted in evictions and the sackings of servant girls and labourers. Notice was served on Sirgood by his landlord who informed him that unless he discontinued the "unlawful meetings" he would be prosecuted "without difficulty according to law". Macandrew records that Sirgood was accused of saying "all parsons should go to hell" but he denied this libel, although he did write that "parsons were wicked men" who were to his mind "worse than highwaymen". Sirgood replied to his landlord, a magistrate and a member of parliament, advising the man that the fewer properties he owned, the more he would be free from "care, anxiety and responsibillity". Various sources contend that the bolshie evangelist had "socialistic" tendencies but the Dependents appear to have been a spiritual movement rather than a political one. Sirgood it seems had his "eyes set firmly on another world". However, his followers lived in an extremely temperate manner and practised a type of Christian communism in the 'Stores' and farms they established. This working class Antinomian religious sect called themselves "Dependants" because they believed themselves dependant on God for everything. Sirgood led both himself and his followers out of poverty by means of dissidence, dissent and Christ's Combination Stores...""Where competition is defied"".

paragraph: Quite early in their history the Society of Dependants acquired the soubriquet "Cokelers", possibly because an 'obscure Sussex joke' made by their opponents and neighbours stuck to them, or because Sirgood relentlessly promoted Cocoa drinking in place of alcohol. In his "Dictionary of Sects" (1873) John Henry Blunt spelt Cokelers as 'Coglers' and 'Coplers' and refers to a "Book of Cople" supposedly written by Sirgood (whose name the learned gentleman did manage to spell correctly). The book was said to be "in imitation of the Mormonites" but Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton wrote in Sept 1904 that Blunt gave no account of who supplied him with his erroneous information; no trace has yet been found of a "Book of Cople".

paragraph: There is little evidence of Sirgood's actual teachings, although the influence of men like Aitken, Bridges and Banyard must have shaped his thought; he seems to have been a millenarian, commenting once "even the professors [Sic] will acknowledge that this is the last time or the latter days". Early Dependant Hymns do convey some sense of the imminence of Christ's return. Whatever their beliefs, by means of co-operation the Dependents were able to open their first chapel at Loxwood in 1861. Although Sirgood was a married man he did not encourage his followers to marry and very many Dependants remained "free for Christ's sake". They also became notorious for their communal living and in later years for pacifism. Although the Peculiar People practised Faith healing, Sirgood "would not make faith-healing part of his creed". However, it is claimed that on one occasion the preacher "raised the dead" and that he and the 'elders' had "prodigious gifts" for healing.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: For many years Sirgood spent weeks at a time in Sussex and elsewhere but still retained links with south London where his father George died at Kennington in October 1865. He was still based at Clapham and can be found in the 1867 Post Office Directory and 1875 electoral records. Sirgood continued to grow 'his flock' and saw the building of many Chapels and Stores in West Sussex and Surrey. It was following the death of his wife Harriet in 1876, aged 66, at Hambledon, Surrey that Sirgood finally left London and settled permanently at Loxwood. In the 1881 census he is listed as a 'draper' lodging in a cottage with William Hamshire at Lord's Hill Common.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: When John Sirgood died on 19 October 1885 at Lords Hill Cottage Loxwood, his sect had about two thousand followers. The man who arrived penniless in a wheelbarrow in 1850 left £575, 5s, 6d (£51,000 in 2017) in his will. In keeping with Dependent practise the money was passed to a member of the sect; one of Sirgood's first disciples the elder stalwart Henry Piper. Only a handful of Dependents remained alive by the 1990s, living at "The Retreat" in Spy Lane Loxwood near their first Chapel. In the little burial ground is the final (unmarked) resting place of the Dependent "Saint" John Sirgood.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sussex Cokelers: A Curious Sect By Donald MacAndrew from Sussex County Magazine Volume 16 1942

description: Nonconformist protestant preacher

wikidata_label: John Sirgood

wikipedia_title: John Sirgood


text: historical

text: Washington Irving

text: Dutch

text: Hudson Valley

text: William Hogarth

text: Isaac Cruikshank

text: James Gillray

text: Joseph Wright of Derby

text: George Morland

text: Tappan, New York

text: John Wesley Jarvis

text: Henry Inman

text: Dorothea

text: Don Quixote

text: Washington Irving

text: Legend of Sleepy Hollow

text: Rip Van Winkle

text: James Fenimore Cooper

text: "The Pioneers"

text: Thomas Bangs Thorpe

text: Charles Loring Elliott

text: cholera

text: Quincy, Illinois

text: Benjamin West

text: Jersey City, New Jersey

text: Brooklyn Museum of Art

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Washington Irving

text: A History of New York

text: Hudson

categories: Artists from New Jersey,1881 deaths,Washington Irving,American male painters,1801 births,People from Gloucester County, New Jersey,Artists from New York City,19th-century painters of historical subjects,Masterpiece Museum,19th-century American painters

paragraph: John Quidor

paragraph: John Quidor (January 26, 1801 – December 13, 1881) was an American painter of historical and literary subjects. He has about 35 known canvases, most of which are based on Washington Irving's stories about Dutch New York, drawing inspiration from the Hudson Valley and from such English painters as William Hogarth, Isaac Cruikshank, James Gillray, Joseph Wright of Derby, and George Morland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John Quidor was born in 1801 in Tappan, New York. His family moved to New York City in 1810. In 1818, at the age 17, he began an apprenticeship with John Wesley Jarvis (where artist Henry Inman was also training), which was the only artistic training he received. The apprenticeship was not a success. Quidor felt that Jarvis did not pay sufficient attention to him, favoring Inman over him, leading Quidor in 1822 to sue Jarvis for breach of indenture, winning damages of $251.35. Because he had to admit that he had received inadequate training, the lawsuit damaged his reputation more than Jarvis'.

paragraph: Following his apprenticeship, Quidor earned a living by painting banners and doing decorative work on steamboats and fire engines for New York's fire companies. None of his decorative work is known to have survived. Starting in 1823, he began creating paintings based on literary themes, including, his first two efforts, "Dorothea" and “Don Quixote Imagines Melisendra’s Rescue by a Moor” both paintings based on the Miguel de Cervantes novel, Don Quixote; then following with Washington Irving's short stories "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle" and James Fenimore Cooper's book "The Pioneers". During this part of his career, he took on Thomas Bangs Thorpe and Charles Loring Elliott as his apprentices. Of his time working for Quidor, Thorpe recalled that "in all the time we were with Quidor, many months, I do not remember of his giving us anything but easel room and one or two very common engravings to copy. He would absent himself from his studio for days and weeks together. When present, if not painting on a banner or engine back, he would generally lie at full length on the long bench."

paragraph: A fire destroyed Quidor's studio, located at 46 Canal Street, on December 16, 1835. That incident, combined with two major cholera outbreaks in the area and a financial crash in the late 1830s, led Quidor to abandon New York. He moved to Quincy, Illinois, in 1837, and, in 1844, purchased an $8,000 farm, which he paid for by painting eight large religious canvases based on engravings of works by Benjamin West. These canvases were exhibited in New York in 1847, but their whereabouts and status are currently unknown.

paragraph: In 1851 Quidor returned to New York where he stayed until his retirement in 1869. During this period, his style changed. He simplified his compositions and used a narrower range of colors, which he thinned with varnish so that his stylized, nervously rendered figures nearly disappeared into hazy backgrounds. He apparently stopped painting in 1868. He lived in Jersey City, New Jersey, where his eldest daughter lived, from 1869 until his death in 1881.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Little appreciated in his time, Quidor was rediscovered as an important figure in American art after a 1942 exhibition of his works at the Brooklyn Museum of Art.

paragraph: His paintings establish a mysterious romantic setting for scenes in which he mingled macabre elements with an earthy humor. Many of his works, such as "The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane", in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, were inspired by the writings of Washington Irving, who was a personal friend. Irving's "A History of New York" gave Quidor the subjects for the four paintings in the Brooklyn Museum of Art: "Dancing on the Battery" (c. 1860), "Peter Stuyvesant's Wall Street Gate" (1864), "Voyage of the Good Oloff up the Hudson" (1866), and "The Voyage from Communipaw to Hell Gate" (1866). These show Quidor's characteristic mellow and harmonious color, poetic imagination, and naïve humor.

paragraph: Also in the Brooklyn Museum of Art are his three paintings "Dorothea", "Money Diggers", and "Wolfert's Will". He sometimes painted religious subjects, such as "Jesus Blessing the Sick".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn Museum, & Baur, J. I. H. (1942). "John Quidor, 1801–1881". [Brooklyn]: Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Quidor (see index)

description: American painter, 1801-1881

wikidata_label: John Quidor

wikipedia_title: John Quidor


text: O.F.M.

text: Spanish

text: Franciscan

text: friar

text: missionary

text: explorer

text: Viceroyalty of New Spain

text: North America

text: Sonora

text: Baja California

text: Mexico

text: U.S. state

text: Arizona

text: California

text: Native American

text: martyr

text: Catholic Church

text: canonization

text: Morata de Jalón

text: Aragon

text: Franciscan

text: priest

text: Spain

text: Mexico

text: Querétaro

text: Jesuits

text: Baja California

text: southwestern United States

text: Mission San Xavier del Bac

text: Sonoran Desert

text: Tucson

text: Arizona

text: Franciscans

text: Sonoran Desert missions

text: Sonora

text: Arizona

text: Junípero Serra

text: Baja California missions

text: Las Californias

text: Alta California

text: California

text: Dominican friars

text: Viceroy of New Spain

text: Colorado River

text: Colorado Desert

text: Peninsular Ranges

text: Alta California missions

text: presidio

text: Mojave Desert

text: Gila River

text: Colorado River

text: Gulf of California

text: Lower Colorado River Valley

text: Grand Canyon

text: Native American tribes

text: desert

text: riparian

text: valley

text: Quechan

text: Mojave

text: Hopi

text: Havasupai

text: Juan Bautista de Anza

text: San Francisco Bay

text: Mohave Trail

text: Old Tejon Pass

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: Mojave Road

text: Juan Díaz

text: Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción

text: Yuma Crossing

text: pueblo

text: Quechan people

text: Yuma Revolt

text: El Garces Hotel

text: Santa Fe Railroad

text: Harvey House

text: Needles

text: Fred Harvey Company

text: Neoclassical

text: Beaux-Arts

text: Fred Harvey

text: Garces National Forest

text: Coronado National Forest

text: Tejon Pass (original)

text: Mojave Desert

text: Tehachapi Mountains

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: Bakersfield

text: Garces Memorial High School

text: Garces Memorial Circle

text: statue

text: Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert

text: Spanish missions in Baja California

categories: Franciscan missionaries,Explorers of Mexico,History of Baja California,Sonora,1738 births,Explorers of California,People of New Spain,Explorers of the colonial Southwest of the present United States,Murdered explorers,Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States,18th-century Roman Catholic priests,Mohave Trail,Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries,Priests of the Spanish missions in California,18th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,People from Valdejalón,Martyred Roman Catholic priests,Spanish explorers of North America,Spanish Servants of God,Pre-statehood history of Arizona,Spanish Friars Minor,1781 deaths,Burials in Arizona,Explorers of the United States

paragraph: Francisco Garcés

paragraph: Francisco Hermenegildo Tomás Garcés, O.F.M., (April 12, 1738 – July 18, 1781) was a Spanish Franciscan friar who served as a missionary and explorer in the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. He explored much of the southwestern region of North America, including present day Sonora and Baja California in Mexico, and the U.S. states of Arizona and California.

paragraph: He was killed along with his companion friars during an uprising by the Native American population, and they have been declared martyrs for the faith by the Catholic Church. The cause for his canonization was opened by the Church.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Garcés was born April 12, 1738, in Morata de Jalón, Aragon, north-central Spain. He entered the Franciscan Order about 1758 and was ordained a priest in 1763 in Spain.

paragraph: Section::::History.:New Spain.

paragraph: Garcés travelled to New Spain (Mexico) and served at the Franciscan college of Santa Cruz in Querétaro. In 1768, when the King of Spain expelled the Jesuits from their extensive mission system in northwestern New Spain (within present-day Baja California, northwestern Mexico, and the southwestern United States), Garcés was among the Franciscan replacements. He was assigned to Mission San Xavier del Bac in the Sonoran Desert, near present-day Tucson, Arizona.

paragraph: Section::::History.:New Spain.:Missionary.

paragraph: The expulsion of the Jesuits by the Spanish King set in motion a sequence of dramatic events in the missions. The Franciscans from the college of Santa Cruz in Querétaro took over responsibility in the Sonoran Desert missions region in the present-day Mexican state of Sonora and the U.S. state of Arizona. Meanwhile, other Franciscans from the college of San Fernando in Mexico City under the leadership of Junípero Serra, were assigned to replace the Jesuits in the Baja California missions of the lower Las Californias Province.

paragraph: Serra's Baja California Franciscans were also charged in 1769 with expanding a Spanish presence in the unsettled upper Las Californias Province (Alta California, present day California). In 1773, control of the Baja California missions was transferred to the Dominican friars. The Viceroy of New Spain and local Franciscans recognized the importance of establishing an overland connection between upper Las Californias and central New Spain - for defense, trade, and travel - through the Sonoran Desert, crossing the lower Colorado River and the Colorado Desert, and through the Peninsular Ranges to the Alta California missions and "presidios" (forts for soldiers/exploreres) in the new coast region.

paragraph: Section::::History.:New Spain.:Explorer.

paragraph: Garcés became a key player in this effort, conducting extensive explorations in the Sonoran, Colorado, and Mojave Deserts, the Gila River, and the Colorado River from the Gulf of California and Lower Colorado River Valley to the Grand Canyon. He encountered and recorded accounts of the Native American tribes in their desert and riparian valley homelands, and established peaceable relations for the Crown, including with the Quechan, Mojave, Hopi, and Havasupai. Many journeys were explorations on his own in the deserts. He accompanied soldier-explorer Juan Bautista de Anza part way in both his large overland expeditions: the 1774 De Anza Expedition - first to reach Alta California's Pacific coast from the east; and the 1775-76 Anza Colonizing Expedition, which traveled as far north as San Francisco Bay. Garcés also crossed the Mojave Desert on the Mohave Trail and then the Old Tejon Pass and explored the southern San Joaquin Valley in 1776. The eastern part of the route Garcés took from the Colorado River across the Mojave Desert is known to four-wheel-drive adventurers today as the Mojave Road.

paragraph: Section::::History.:New Spain.:Death.

paragraph: In 1779-81 Garcés and Juan Díaz established two mission churches (Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción and Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer) on the lower Colorado River at Yuma Crossing, as part of a new pueblo (secular settlement), in the homeland of the Quechan peoples (Yuma or Kwítsaín). Garcés tried to keep peace between all parties. The formerly peaceful rapport with the Quechan was lost due to Spanish settlers allegedly violating the treaty with the native peoples, such as loss of crops and farmlands. In July 1781, Garcés, Díaz and their fellow friars were among those killed in a violent uprising at the Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer, known as the Yuma Uprising and Yuma Revolt.

paragraph: Garcés' body was later reinterred at Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama. He and the other friars killed at those missions are considered martyrs by the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Garces Hotel

paragraph: The El Garces Hotel, named in Francisco Garcés' honor, is the historic 1908 Santa Fe Railroad station and Harvey House hotel 'oasis' located in the City of Needles. It is located in eastern California above the Colorado River, a site Garcés passed through during the 1776 Anza expedition. The El Garces Hotel was built by the Santa Fe Railroad under contract with the Fred Harvey Company. It is designed in an elegant Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts style, and the El Garces was considered the "Crown Jewel" of the entire Fred Harvey chain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Forest

paragraph: Garces National Forest was established by the U.S. Forest Service in southern Arizona on July 1, 1908 with from portions of Baboquivari, Tumacacori and Huachuca National Forests. The name was discontinued in 1911 when it was combined with Coronado National Forest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bakersfield

paragraph: The first Tejon Pass (original) between the Mojave Desert (and New Spain) over the Tehachapi Mountains to the southern San Joaquin Valley floor (future site of Bakersfield), California, had been discovered by Garcés in 1776, eastward from the Anza Colonizing Expedition route. Therefore, there are several landmarks for Francisco Garcés in Bakersfield, California: Garces Memorial High School, the city's Catholic high school; and on Chester Avenue Garces Memorial Circle, with a memorial statue of Garcés.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Las Vegas, Nevada

paragraph: The original platted east-west streets of the 1905 Las Vegas Township are all named for significant North American explorers, beginning with Stewart on the north, then Ogden, Fremont, Carson, Bridger, Lewis, Clark, Bonneville, Gass, and finally Garces on the south.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reno, Nevada

paragraph: St. Thomas Aquinas Cathedral has a stained glass window dedicated to Fray Garces.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish missions in Baja California

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.:References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garcés, Francisco. 1900. "On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: The Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garcés". Edited by Elliott Coues. Two vols. Francis P. Harper, New York, NY.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garcés, Francisco. 1967. "A Record of Travels in Arizona and California, 1775–1776". Edited by John Galvin. John Howell, San Francisco.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web de Anza: 1774 Diary of Padre Francisco Garcés — "Discovery Expedition: during January - July 1774".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web de Anza: 1776 Diary of Padre Francisco Garcés — "Colonizing Expedition: during October - December 1776".

paragraph: BULLET::::- MojaveDesert.net: Francisco Garcés - "Missionary priest who led an expedition across the Mojave" - "history webpage"

description: explorer, missionary

wikidata_label: Francisco Garcés

wikipedia_title: Francisco Garcés


text: Republican Party

text: United States House of Representatives

text: Illinois

text: Minority Leader

text: Minority Whip

text: Bradley University

text: Peoria

text: Alsace

text: German

text: Peoria High School

text: Bachelor of Science

text: Bradley University

text: Second World War

text: United States Army

text: 39th Infantry Regiment

text: infantry

text: England

text: France

text: Belgium

text: Germany

text: Invasion of Normandy

text: Bronze Stars

text: Purple Heart

text: battle star

text: Bradley University

text: Harold Velde

text: Thomas "Tip" O'Neill

text: Ways and Means

text: Dan Rostenkowski

text: Republican

text: Minority Whip

text: 94th Congress

text: 96th Congress

text: House Appropriations Committee

text: Minority Leader

text: 97th Congress

text: 103rd Congresses

text: Ronald Reagan

text: 1982 recession

text: blackface

text: minstrel shows

text: Ol' Man River

text: Newt Gingrich

text: conservative

text: 1994 mid-term elections

text: 1994 elections

text: Republican Revolution

text: Dennis Hastert

text: Ray LaHood

text: Ronald Reagan

text: Presidential Citizens Medal

text: Presidential Medal of Freedom

text: Bill Clinton

text: John Rhodes

text: Louis Stokes

text: Don Edwards

text: Dennis Hastert

text: Dick Gephardt

text: National Institutes of Health

text: Democrats vs. Republicans

text: baseball

text: Roll Call

text: Jefferson Awards

text: Bob Michel Bridge

text: Illinois Route 40

text: Illinois River

text: Bradley University

text: United States Capitol

text: Capitol Hill Club

text: VA Clinic

text: The Lincoln Academy of Illinois

text: juvenile court

text: assault

text: pneumonia

text: Arlington, Virginia

categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois,American army personnel of World War II,Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives,Infectious disease deaths in Virginia,Deaths from pneumonia,American people of German descent,Illinois Republicans,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,1923 births,20th-century American politicians,2017 deaths,Operation Overlord people,Politicians from Peoria, Illinois,Presidential Citizens Medal recipients,United States Army soldiers,Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients,Bradley University alumni

paragraph: Robert H. Michel

paragraph: Robert Henry Michel (pronounced "Michael"; March 2, 1923 – February 17, 2017) was an American Republican Party politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years. He represented central Illinois' 18th congressional district, and was the GOP leader in Congress, serving as Minority Leader for the last 14 years (1981–1995) of a decades-long era of Democratic Party dominance of the House.

paragraph: Michel also served as Minority Whip for six years (1975–1981). A graduate of Bradley University in Illinois, he was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. His father was an emigrant from Alsace and his mother was the daughter of German immigrants. He attended Peoria High School. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Bradley University.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: When the U.S. entered the Second World War, Michel joined the United States Army and served with the 39th Infantry Regiment as an infantryman in England, France, Belgium, and Germany from February 10, 1943, to January 26, 1946, while also participating in the Invasion of Normandy in 1944. He was wounded by machine gun fire and awarded two Bronze Stars, the Purple Heart, and four battle stars.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early career.

paragraph: After the war ended, Michel attended Bradley University in Peoria, graduating in 1948. From 1949 to 1956, he worked as an administrative assistant to U.S. Representative Harold Velde.

paragraph: Section::::Electoral career.

paragraph: Although Michel was never part of the majority party, during his 38 years in the House he was noted for his bipartisanship in striking bargains. Michel was well respected across the aisle and was good friends with Democrats such as Speaker Thomas "Tip" O'Neill and Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski.

paragraph: Michel was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1956 and served until his retirement on January 3, 1995. He served as Minority Whip from 94th Congress through the 96th Congress. Michel served from 1959 to 1980 as a member of the House Appropriations Committee, including 12 years as the ranking Republican on the Labor, Health, Education and Welfare Subcommittee. Later, he served as Minority Leader from the 97th Congress through 103rd Congresses.

paragraph: Michel's toughest re-election was probably during the 1982 midterms, when he was in a tight race due to dissatisfaction over U.S. President Ronald Reagan's economic policies and the 1982 recession. Reagan travelled to Peoria to campaign for him.

paragraph: Michel stirred a controversy in 1988 when he recalled enjoying and participating in blackface minstrel shows as a young man, and said he missed the shows. He also compared the removal of racially offensive words in songs such as "Ol' Man River" to the Soviet re-writing of history. He later apologized for having given offence, explaining that he was honestly attempting to understand and accept changes in U.S. culture.

paragraph: In the early 1990s, Newt Gingrich and other young, aggressive conservative congressmen criticized Michel for being too easy-going and not fighting hard enough for Republican goals in the House. Supporters said Michel's practice of socializing with Democrats over a game of golf or cards resulted in deals that moved bills through the legislative process. It was also noted that Michel's voting was nearly as conservative as Gingrich's.

paragraph: In 1993 Michel gave the rebuttal to President Bill Clinton's first State of the Union speech, criticizing the economic policies of the newly inaugurated president. "The Clinton spin doctors have even given us a new political vocabulary, if you will – investment now means big government spending your tax dollars. Patriotism now means agreeing with the Clinton program. The powerful evocative word, sacrifice, has been reduced to the level of a bumper sticker slogan", he said. He was later criticized for obstructing Clinton's economic stimulus plan.

paragraph: As a result of Gingrich's rising prominence which gradually attracted support from the caucus, Michel decided not to seek re-election in the 1994 mid-term elections. Had Michel run in the 1994 elections and won, he would have served in a Republican-controlled House for the first time in his entire Congressional career. However the caucus would have likely favored Gingrich over Michel as Speaker of the House, due to Gingrich's central role in the Republican Revolution. In announcing his retirement, Michel complained that some of his fellow congressmen were more interested in picking fights than in passing laws. Gingrich had a confrontational style, which contrasted sharply with Michel's bipartisanship, but Republicans retained the majority during his term. Gingrich's successor as Speaker, Dennis Hastert, stated his desire to return to Michel's style.

paragraph: Michel was succeeded in Congress by his longtime chief of staff, Ray LaHood. Several years after Michel's retirement, LaHood praised his former boss. Michel "knew warfare first hand", LaHood said. "That is the reason he never used the macho phrases like 'warfare' and 'take no prisoners' when discussing politics with his staff. To Bob, the harsh, personal rhetoric of ideological warfare had no place in his office, no place in the House, and no place in American politics."

paragraph: Section::::Namesakes and honors.

paragraph: On January 18, 1989, outgoing president Ronald Reagan conferred upon him the Presidential Citizens Medal, the second highest civilian award given, making him the 7th recipient of the honor. On August 8, 1994, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States, by President Bill Clinton. He was one of the recipients of the first Congressional Distinguished Service Award in 2000, along with John Rhodes, Louis Stokes, and Don Edwards. This honor was created by then-Speaker Dennis Hastert and then-Minority Leader Dick Gephardt. In 2010, he was given the Schachman Award by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The Society commended him for his post-congressional work in increasing public and congressional support for the National Institutes of Health which contributed to the doubling of the NIH's budget.

paragraph: During the 1960s Michel was a frequent winning pitcher in the annual Democrats vs. Republicans baseball game, and in 1993, the Capitol Hill publication "Roll Call", named him to its Baseball Hall of Fame.

paragraph: In 1994, Michel received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

paragraph: The Bob Michel Bridge, carrying Illinois Route 40 across the Illinois River at Peoria, is named after Robert H. Michel as is the Robert H. Michel Student Center at Bradley University. In the United States Capitol, the second-floor suite of offices occupied by the Speaker were designated the Robert H. Michel Rooms by the House in 1995. At the Capitol Hill Club located adjacent to the Republican National Committee, the cloak room is named for Bob Michel. In Peoria, Illinois, the VA Clinic is named the Bob Michel Community Based Outpatient Clinic. The Robert H. Michel Lifetime Achievement Award is presented by the Creve Coeur Club of Peoria each year at the Club's Washington Day Banquet to recognize community leadership.

paragraph: Robert H. Michel was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1997 in the area of Government.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: Michel was married to Corinne Woodruff (Michel) from 1948 until her death in 2003. The couple had four children, Scott, Bruce, Robin, and Laurie.

paragraph: In 1978, he required hospital treatment after he was robbed and beaten by youths outside his Washington, D.C. home. One perpetrator was caught and convicted in juvenile court of assault on a member of Congress and assault with intent to rob.

paragraph: Michel died on February 17, 2017, at the age of 93 from pneumonia in Arlington, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information about Michel's Leadership positions (PDF File)

alias:
Bob Michel
Robert Michel
Robert Henry Michel
Congressman Michel
Bob Michael
Robert Michael
Robert H. Michael

description: U.S. congressman from Illinois

wikidata_label: Robert H. Michel

wikipedia_title: Robert H. Michel


text: Paul IV

text: Pius IV

text: Villa d’Este

text: Ferrara

text: Naples

text: Rome

text: Polidoro da Caravaggio

text: Raphael

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: San Giovanni Decollato

text: Biblioteca Nazionale in Naples

text: monstrance

text: Casino of Pius IV

text: Acqua Vergine

text: Giacomo Vignola

text: Ippolito II d'Este

text: major earthquake

text: earthquake-resistant home

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: Vite

categories: Italian male painters,16th-century Italian architects,People from Naples,Italian Renaissance architects,Architects from Naples,16th-century Italian painters,1583 deaths,1510s births

paragraph: Pirro Ligorio

paragraph: Pirro Ligorio (c. 1512/1513 - 30 October 1583) was an Italian architect, painter, antiquarian, and garden designer during the Renaissance period. He worked as the Vatican’s Papal Architect under Popes Paul IV and Pius IV, designed the fountains at Villa d’Este at Tivoli for Cardinal Ippolito II d’Este, and served as the Ducal Antiquary in Ferrara. Ligorio emphasized and showed a deep passion for classical Roman antiquity.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Due to lack of accurate documentation, very little is known about the first three decades of Ligorio’s life. It is estimated that he was born in Naples, Italy, in 1512 or 1513 while the city was still under Spanish rule. His parents, Achille and Gismunda Ligorio, were rumored to be members of the noble class in Seggio di Portanova, a section of Naples. Around age twenty, Pirro Ligorio left the tumultuous and poverty-stricken city of Naples to pursue a more flourshing livelihood in Rome. The city was home to a thriving art community, especially under the patronage of the Vatican.

paragraph: For his first job in Rome, Ligorio painted and decorated the façades of homes and palaces. This role had previously been filled by Polidoro da Caravaggio, who fled in 1527, allowing Ligorio to enter the field with very little formal artistic training. His first documented contract was signed on 12 May 1542 when Ligorio decorated the loggia on the palace of the archbishop of Benevento. He was chosen specifically for his knowledge of the grotesque style, which was popularized by Raphael and his followers in the sixteenth century. Ligorio greatly appreciated this style, and incorporated its elements (friezes, scenes from Roman history, trophies, etc.) into his work often.

paragraph: Many of the paintings from his early career, unfortunately, were destroyed or repainted less than a century later. However, several surviving drawings from that time period have been recovered and attributed to Ligorio. This identification was often made based on the subject matter; many of the drawings featured façade paintings, Roman characters, and antique Renaissance objects. These loose connections allowed historians to name Ligorio as the rightful artist of these drawings, which are now held in collections across the world (including one at the Art Institute of Chicago).

paragraph: In the mid sixteenth century, Ligorio was commissioned to assist in the decoration of the Oratory of San Giovanni Decollato in Rome. In particular, he painted a fresco of "The Dance of Salome". Exact dates are unclear, but it is estimated he painted the fresco between 1544-1553. Early drawing drafts and the fresco itself shows Ligorio’s commitment to the Raphaelesque and Manneristic styles. Notably, this is one of the few surviving large works of his early career.

paragraph: Around the same time, Ligorio began to explore the subject of classical antiquity. He spent a large portion of the 1540s learning as much as possible about Roman antiques, and preserved valuable information while the pope destroyed artifacts in excavation projects. In the following decade, Ligorio worked to publish this knowledge. He published one book, "Delle antichità di Roma", in 1553, and engraved several antiques. He also attempted to write an encyclopedia of Roman and Greek antiquity at least twice, some parts of which can now be found in the Biblioteca Nazionale in Naples. Despite its important contributions to the Italian knowledge base of Roman antiquities, Ligorio’s writings were met with some criticism; in particular, he was charged with widespread forgery. However, no substantial evidence of forgery has been identified.

paragraph: Finally, Ligorio’s period of archeological exploration and writing was accompanied by another pursuit: cartography. Between 1557-1563, Ligorio combined his antiquarian knowledge and drawing abilities to create several maps of Rome. Most notably, in 1561 he published his “Antiquae urbis imago” (Image of Ancient Rome), a topographical map of ancient Rome. This was considered the pinnacle of his cartographical endeavors.

paragraph: Section::::Career at the Vatican.

paragraph: Section::::Career at the Vatican.:Pope Paul IV (1555-1559).

paragraph: When Paul IV became Pope, he was interested in hiring a fellow Neapolitan as the Vatican Architect. Three years into his papacy, in 1558, he hired Ligorio as the Architetto Fabricae Palatinae, meaning Architect of the Vatican Palace. His assistant was Sallustio Peruzzi.

paragraph: His first and most prominent work was on the chapel in the newly-built Papal apartment. Construction of the residential areas had been prioritized, allowing Paul to move in by October 1556. The chapel, however, remained unfinished and was tasked to Ligorio. He designed two large angel paintings for the space, and finished the project in about ten months. Around the same time, he received the commission to create a casino for the pope near Belvedere Court. This project was stalled due to financial concerns, but would later become one of Ligorio's cornerstone projects under the patronage of Pope Pius IV.

paragraph: Paul IV also pursued major renovations to the papal palace in this time period. In particular, Paul aimed to increase the flow of light in the Hall of Constantine. Ligorio, as his most trusted architect, was chosen to remedy the darkness problem. They chose to destroy the old papal apartment and incorporate a rooftop garden into the space, allowing more light to enter the Hall of Constantine.

paragraph: Towards the end of Paul IV's tenure, he asked Ligorio to design a monstrance, or tabernacle, to be used for special papal trips. It was to be stored in the newly designed chapel. Unfortunately, Paul died while the project was still in its early stages. The following pope, however, greatly valued continuation of unfinished projects, and ordered that Ligorio finish the monstrance. Upon completion, it was sent to Milan as a gift to the Duomo.

paragraph: Section::::Career at the Vatican.:Pope Pius IV (1559-1565).

paragraph: Pius IV rose to the papacy in 1559, already holding a reputation as a strong patron of the arts—architecture especially. In fact, within the first three years of his pontificate, he spent a million and a half gold scudi on building projects. His approach was unique in that he prioritized finishing incomplete projects, rather than starting new ones. This aligned well with Ligorio's values, specifically his desire to restore fragmented artifacts and preserve classical antiquities.

paragraph: Under Pius IV, Ligorio was once again paired with his assistant, Sallustio Peruzzi. Their first major project was remodeling the Vatican Library in 1560. Some records suggest plans to create an entirely new library, but due to lack of funding, these updates likely involved smaller-scale woodworking and masonry by Ligorio. He was also tasked with smaller projects in this time, such as masonry work and apartment building throughout the palace.

paragraph: In May 1560, Ligorio received a commission of great significance: the continuation of Paul's plans for the papal casino. Located in the woods behind the Belvedere court, Pius' revamped plans for the space included a second story, large fountain, and oval courtyard with arched entryways. The decorations matched Ligorio's preferred Raphaelesqu style. It was named the Casino of Pius IV in honor of the pope who supported its construction. Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt called it "the most beautiful afternoon retreat that modern architecture has created."

paragraph: On 2 December 1560, Ligorio was awarded with honorary Roman citizenship for his contributions to the culture and architecture of the city. This was a major honor, awarded to only three other people during the sixteenth century: Michaelangelo, Titian, and Fra Guglielmo della Porta. For the remainder of his life, Ligorio identified as both a Neapolitan citizen by birth and a Roman citizen. This recognition also increased the commissions and projects for which Ligorio was pursued, and made the papacy of Pius IV one of Ligorio's busiest times.

paragraph: This period also marked one of Ligorio's most prominent ventures into engineering. Papal duties included protecting the cities in its territory, which involved repairing fortifications in those cities. The duties of a Renaissance architect included consideration of engineering concerns, so Ligorio engaged in these renovations during his time as the Architect of the Vatican. He is particularly remembered for his role in the restoration of the Acqua Vergine, an ancient Roman aqueduct. Its malfunction was forcing Roman citizens to use the unsanitary water of the Tiber River. Ligorio demanded its reconstruction, which began in April 1561 and took approximately five years to complete.

paragraph: In the early 1560s, the pope turned his attention toward the completion of several projects in the Belvedere Court. Ligorio in particular focused on the Nicchione built by Bramante in the northern end of the Belvedere Court. He added a semicircular loggia, which ended up being used in many of Rome's festivals as a fireworks site. Ligorio's other contribution to the Belvedere Court was an open-air theater on the southern end, which was completed in May 1565. Unfortunately this theater was torn down in the eighteenth century and replaced by a wall. The Belvedere Court itself was used for a large tournament in March 1565 in honor of the marriage of the pope's nephew. The Nicchione space was designed to be viewed specifically from a window in the pope's apartment, framed like a painting.

paragraph: Another project requested by Pius IV in 1565 was the organization of Vatican archives. Ligorio was tasked with designing a structure to hold these records. Although little remains of this Archivio today, its architectural design suggests a brief departure from Ligorio's typical style (as exemplified by, for example, the extravagant Casino). Normally his facades were beautifully and intricately decorated in the mannerist tradition. This building, however, was notably utilitarian and modest. Ligorio was staying true to the purpose of the building and Pius' wishes by matching its design to its no-frills function.

paragraph: After the death of Michelangelo, Ligorio was appointed as the architect of the San Pietro church in May 1564. This greatly annoyed Giorgio Vasari, an admirer of Michelangelo and enemy of Ligorio. The second architect on the project was Giacomo Vignola. Together they accomplished little progress on the church, and were eventually released from their duties under the new pope.

paragraph: Section::::Career at the Vatican.:Imprisonment.

paragraph: Ligorio's employment at the Vatican was briefly interrupted in the summer of 1565 when he was imprisoned for one week. Allegedly, he had committed fraud by stealing building materials during several of his papal architectural projects. He was investigated extensively and had his writings removed. He was released with little incident, aside from having medallions worth six thousand "scudi" removed from his possession. Accusations like these, however, did not help Ligorio's already controversial fame and earlier allegations of forgery against him.

paragraph: Section::::Career at the Vatican.:Pope Pius V (1566-1572).

paragraph: Unlike his predecessor, Pius V had little to do with Ligorio; this was mostly due to the two popes' deep-rooted ideological differences. He tasked Ligorio with some minor woodworking and design projects; Ligorio held on to his title of Palace Architect until possibly as late as June 1567. During the final years of his tenure, he actually returned to Ferrara for work.

paragraph: Section::::Ferrara.

paragraph: Section::::Ferrara.:Ippolito II d'Este.

paragraph: In September 1550, before his employment at the Vatican and during his study of classical antiquity, Ligorio was hired by the Cardinal of Ferrara (Ippolito II d'Este) to accompany him to Tivoli. There, while the Cardinal served as governor, Ligorio managed his antique collection and served as a top advisor. The area was rich with remains of old villas and temples, allowing Ligorio to further his research of Roman antiques and the governor to add to his own personal collection.

paragraph: Section::::Ferrara.:Villa d'Este.

paragraph: Upon arriving to Tivoli, Ippolito II d'Este decided to turn an old monastery into his own luxury villa. Building would be stalled for the majority of the decade due to changes in Ippolito's duties, but fully resumed in 1560. Giovanni Alberto Galvani served as the main architect, but Pirro Ligorio took charge of the villa's extensive and intricate gardens. These gardens included many waterworks and fountains (utilizing Ligorio's knowledge of aqueduct engineering), as well as a collection of ancient sculpture. Ligorio designed both a larger public garden and a smaller private garden. The latter can be accessed directly from the palace, and utilizes shaded walls to maintain a private retreat.

paragraph: As described by David Coffin, Ligorio's most prominent biographer, Ligorio employed three major themes in these gardens. First and foremost was a focus on the relationship between nature and art—a concern indicative of the Renaissance period. Many of Ligorio's waterworks and sculptures incorporated flora and fauna, marrying the natural aspects of the garden with the man-made artistic elements. The second theme was geographic; Ligorio designed the fountains to represent the three rivers flowing into the Fountain of Rome in an ode to the cardinal's appreciation of the arts. Finally, Ligorio's use of mythological iconography, specifically the influence of the Garden of the Hesperides, was executed with special attentiveness. This incorporation of the imagery of Hercules and his struggle with virtue and vice showcases both Ligorio's knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman mythology, but also the cardinal's Christian faith and moral grounding.

paragraph: Section::::Ferrara.:Alfonso II d'Este.

paragraph: Much later, at the end of Ligorio's work for the Vatican, he returned to Ferrara yet again—this time in a more purely intellectual role. Beginning in December 1568, he served under Duke Alfonso II d'Este of Ferrara as the Ducal Antiquarian. He also acquired the title of Lector at the University of Ferrara. Ligorio's main duties involved preparing the ducal library and organizing an antique museum for Alfonso's court. He contributed numerous drawings and designs to these records, and continued to foster a reputation of antiquarian knowledge in Ferrara. In 1580, he was named an honorary citizen—adding a third layer to his identity as a Neopolitan and Roman.

paragraph: On 16 November 1570, a major earthquake hit the city of Ferrara and inflicted heavy damage on its architecture. This sparked an interest in Ligorio, who decided to write a treatise on historical earthquakes. He detailed the effects of the Ferrara earthquake for several months, then began developing plans for an earthquake-resistant home. Ligorio diverted from the traditional view of earthquakes as supernatural phenomenon, and treated them as a natural occurrence around which man could reason. Many of the elements he incorporated, including thicker brick walls and stone piers, match modern anti-seismic practices. Again, this shows Ligorio's concern for not just the design, but also the engineering and structural integrity of his buildings.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ligorio reportedly died in October 1583 after suffering a particularly rough fall in Ferrara.

paragraph: Despite his major contributions to Renaissance Italian architecture, classical antiquity, and garden design, Pirro Ligorio maintains surprisingly little presence in accounts of that time period. Giovanni Baglioni published the first biography of Ligorio in 1642, which was later replicated in other biographies by Milizia and Nagler, except with numerous factual errors. This may be due, in part, to the lack of documentation regarding Pirro Ligorio's life. The first thirty years of his life, for example, remain almost entirely a mystery. Additionally, many of Ligorio's designs, drawings, and buildings were destroyed over the years, making documentation of his work even more difficult. In the twentieth century, historian David Coffin wrote his dissertation on the life of Ligorio and quickly became the world's foremost expert on the architect. Coffin's book, "Pirro Ligorio: The Renaissance Artist, Architect, and Antiquarian", remains the most valuable and complete account of Ligorio's life and works.

paragraph: In the Epilogue of his book, Coffin describes Ligorio's personality as having three main traits: curiosity, imagination, and ambition. His curiosity led him to pursue a multitude of projects and interests, including painting, garden design, engineering, gardening, cartography, and archaeology. His imagination can be seen in the groundbreaking marriage of botany, sculpture, waterworks, and mythology found in the gardens at Tivoli. Finally, his ambition: Ligorio pursued his chosen fields with great focus and fervor, gaining admirers as well as detractors along the way. In particular, Ligorio found an enemy in fellow Renaissance architect Giorgio Vasari, who refused to include a biography of Ligorio in his "Vite". This had a significant impact on the immortalization of Ligorio's legacy, and left his life much less documented compared to his contemporaries.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coffin, David R. "Pirro Ligorio: The Renaissance Artist, Architect, and Antiquarian". University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coffin, David R. "Gardens and Gardening in Papal Rome". Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David R. Coffin. "Ligorio, Pirro." "Grove Art Online". "Oxford Art Online". Oxford University Press, accessed February 12, 2016, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T051048.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Pirro Ligorio." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed February 12, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Pirro-Ligorio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasari, Giorgio, and De Vere Gaston Du C. "Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects". Vol. 2. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pirro Ligorio - a biography from the landscape architecture and gardens guide

alias:
Pyrrhus Ligorius
Pyrro Ligorio
Pyrrhi Ligorii
Pyrrus Ligorius
Pyrrhum Ligorium
Ligorio Pyrro
Pirrho Ligorio
Ligorio
P. Ligorio
Perino Ligorio

description: Italian architect, painter, antiquarian and garden designer

wikidata_label: Pirro Ligorio

wikipedia_title: Pirro Ligorio


text:
alpine ski racer
Super-G
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019

paragraph: Dominik Schwaiger

paragraph: Dominik Schwaiger (born 1 May 1991) is a German World Cup alpine ski racer, specializing in Super-G.

paragraph: He participated in the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2019.

description: German alpine skier

wikidata_label: Dominik Schwaiger

wikipedia_title: Dominik Schwaiger


text:
viscount
crusade
Dun
Bourges
Stephen, Count of Blois
Philip I of France
Crusade of 1101
Constantinople
Byzantine emperor
Alexios I Komnenos
Jaffa
Jerusalem
Second Battle of Ramla
Ascalon
Cairo
Pope Paschal II
Cluny
prior
La Charité-sur-Loire
Crusade cycle
Godfrey of Bouillon
Giles Constable

categories: Cluniacs,1060s births,Christians of the Crusade of 1101

paragraph: Odo Arpin of Bourges

paragraph: Odo Arpin of Bourges (also Arpinus, Harpinus, or Harpin) ( 1060 – c. 1130) was a medieval viscount, crusader and monk.

paragraph: He inherited the lordship of Dun and became viscount of Bourges between 1092 and 1095 after marrying Matilda of Sully, whose sister Alice was the daughter-in-law of Stephen, Count of Blois. He may have shared the viscountcy with Matilda's father Gilo. At some point between 1097 and 1101, Odo sold his possessions in Bourges and Dun to King Philip I of France for sixty thousand shillings. This may or may not have been done to finance his crusade. He participated in the Crusade of 1101, probably with Stephen of Blois, and travelled through Constantinople, where he swore a loyalty oath to Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Odo was in Jaffa in 1101, Jerusalem in 1102, and fought in the Second Battle of Ramla, where he was captured. He was not executed because of his connection to Emperor Alexius, but was instead imprisoned in Ascalon and later Cairo. Alexius arranged for him to be released. On his way home, Odo visited Pope Paschal II in Rome, and at the Pope's suggestion he became a monk at Cluny, which may have been necessary because had sold all his property before the crusade. He became prior of La Charité-sur-Loire around 1107, and added the revenues of numerous other properties to the monastery, including one in Anatolia donated by Emperor Alexius.

paragraph: Odo's capture was incorporated into the Crusade cycle of epic poetry, in the section known as "Les Chétifs" ("the captives"). He is the only historical figure in "Les Chétifs" but he also appears in other parts of the cycle with historical crusaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles Constable, "The three lives of Odo Arpinus: Viscount of Bourges, crusader, monk of Cluny", in "Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century" (Ashgate, 2008).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Shepherd, "The 'muddy road' of Odo Arpin from Bourges to La Charité-sur-Loire", in "The Experience of Crusading", vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2003).

description: Medieval viscount, crusader and monk

wikidata_label: Odo Arpin of Bourges

wikipedia_title: Odo Arpin of Bourges


text:
Mingir
weightlifter
World Weightlifting Championships
1992 Summer Olympics
Barcelona

categories: Moldovan male weightlifters,Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics,People from Hîncești District,Living people,1963 births,Weightlifters at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Olympic weightlifters of the Unified Team,Olympic gold medalists for the Unified Team,Soviet male weightlifters,Olympic medalists in weightlifting

paragraph: Tudor Casapu

paragraph: Tudor Casapu or Fedor Kassapu () (born 18 September 1963 in Mingir) is a Moldovan weightlifter, World Champion and Olympic Champion. He won a gold medal at the 1990 World Weightlifting Championships, and a gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

alias:
Fyodor Kassapu
Fedor Kassapu

description: Moldovan weightlifter

wikidata_label: Tudor Casapu

wikipedia_title: Tudor Casapu


text:
fencer
épée
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: Sportspeople from Athens,Manos family,1871 births,Greek male fencers,Fencers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic fencers of Greece,1918 deaths

paragraph: Petros Manos (fencer)

paragraph: Petros Manos ( 7 April 1871 – 4 April 1918) was a Greek fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

description: Greek fencer

wikidata_label: Petros Manos

wikipedia_title: Petros Manos (fencer)


text:
Sark
Cavalier
War of the Three Kingdoms
Philippe de Carteret II
Sark
English Civil War
George Carteret
St Aubin's Bay
Jersey
Charles, Prince of Wales
Bailiff
Phillip

categories: Carteret family,Bailiffs of Jersey,1660s deaths,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,1620 births,People from Sark

paragraph: Sir Philip Carteret, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Philip Carteret, 1st Baronet (1620 – between 1663 and 1675), also known as Philippe de Carteret III, was the 4th Seigneur of Sark. He supported the Royalist (Cavalier) cause during the War of the Three Kingdoms.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Philip Carteret was the son of Philippe de Carteret II. He succeeded to the Seigneurie of Sark on the death of his father in 1643.

paragraph: During the English Civil War Carteret was lieutenant to his kinsman George Carteret, and was knighted on the beach of St Aubin's Bay in Jersey by the exiled Charles, Prince of Wales in 1645.

paragraph: In 1661 he became Bailiff of Jersey. in 1670 he was created a baronet, of St Owen on the Island of Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Carteret married Anne (1566–1644), daughter of Abraham Dumaresq Seig Des Augres. They had children including Phillip (1650-1693) and two daughters.

description: Bailiff of Jersey

wikidata_label: Sir Philip Carteret, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Philip Carteret, 1st Baronet


text: fl.

text: Seigneur

text: Sark

text: Seigneur of Saint Ouen

text: Letters Patent

text: Elizabeth I

text: Jersey

text: married his cousin

text: Philippe de Carteret I

text: decarteret.org.uk Person Sheet

categories: Carteret family,People from Sark,People of the Tudor period,People from Saint Ouen, Jersey,16th-century English people

paragraph: Hellier de Carteret

paragraph: Hellier de Carteret (fl. 1563 – 1578) was the first Seigneur of Sark, reigning from 1563 to 1578. He was the son of Edouard de Carteret, Seigneur of Saint Ouen (d. 1533), and grandson of Philip De Carteret, 8th Seigneur of St Ouen.

paragraph: It was Hellier's idea and initiative to re-cultivate the deserted island in 1563, and he was rewarded by being granted, by a Letters Patent, the fief in 1565 by Elizabeth I. He was also Seigneur of Saint Ouen in Jersey.

paragraph: He married his cousin, Margaret de Carteret. She was the widow of Clement Dumaresq and daughter of the bailiff Helier de Carteret, the uncle and namesake to the Seigneur of Sark. Hellier and Margaret's son was Philippe de Carteret I.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- decarteret.org.uk Person Sheet

description: Seigneur of Sark

wikidata_label: Hellier de Carteret

wikipedia_title: Hellier de Carteret


text:
Peter Quillin
Cuba
boxer
boxing ring
Benny Leonard
Jack Johnson
boxing
knockout
Havana
United States
New York City
Fidel LaBarba
Al Singer
Bushy Graham
Jackie Kid Berg
Battling Battalino
Benny Bass
Tony Canzoneri
Davie Abad
Johnny Farr
Lew Feldman
Europe
Madrid
Barcelona
Paris
Frankie Klick
syphilis
Fidel Castro
International Boxing Hall Of Fame
Clifford Odets
Peter Quillin
Sugar Ray Robinson

categories: Featherweight boxers,International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees,World boxing champions,1910 births,Lightweight boxers,1988 deaths

paragraph: Kid Chocolate

paragraph: "For the boxer of the same nickname see Peter Quillin."

paragraph: Eligio Sardiñas Montalvo (January 6, 1910 – August 8, 1988), better known as Kid Chocolate, was a Cuban boxer who enjoyed wild success both in the boxing ring and outside it during the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sardiñas, also nicknamed "The Cuban Bon Bon", learned how to fight by watching old fight films in Cuba. He later sparred with boxers such as Benny Leonard and Jack Johnson, all world champions, before beginning an amateur boxing career. As an amateur, he allegedly won all 100 of his fights, 86 by knockout, but this record was apparently fabricated for publicity purposes.

paragraph: His professional boxing debut, officially, occurred on December 8, 1927, when he beat Johnny Cruz in six rounds in Havana. Although it has been claimed that he had 100 amateur fights and 21 KO wins as a pro in Cuba, this was a fabrication by his manager, Pincho Gutierrez.

paragraph: Research by boxing historian Enrique Encinosa has uncovered 22 amateur bouts, verified through Cuban newspapers "Diario de la Marina" and "La Noche", as well as various books published by biographers or the Cuban government.

paragraph: His first 9 bouts, including a five-round knockout win in a rematch with Cruz, were held in Cuba. In 1928, he moved to the United States and began campaigning in New York City. He won his first nine bouts there, five by knockout, and 12 of his first 13 fights in his new hometown. The only person to escape the ring without a defeat against Chocolate during that span was [Joey Scalfaro, who held him to a ten-round draw.

paragraph: By 1929, Sardiñas was becoming a name to be reckoned with in boxing. He had 23 fights that year, and continued his undefeated run by winning each of them. He also began to box more competent opponents. Among the boxers he defeated were former world champion Fidel LaBarba (beaten by a decision in ten), future world champion Al Singer (also by a decision in ten), and fringe contenders Bushy Graham, Vic Burrone and Gregorio Vidal, all of whom, except for Graham, were beaten by decision. Graham was disqualified in the seventh round.

paragraph: In 1930, he beat Burrone twice again, as part of his first seven bouts that year, all of which he won. In his eighth fight of 1930 he faced future world Jr. Welterweight champion Jackie Kid Berg, who ended Chocolate's undefeated record by beating him in ten rounds. After three more fights, which resulted in two first-round knockout wins and a decision loss in a ten-round rematch with LaBarba, Chocolate found himself in the ring with world Featherweight champion Christopher Battling Battalino. Trying to become Cuba's first world boxing champion ever on that night, Chocolate lost a 15-round decision.

paragraph: After going up in weight class to the Junior Lightweight division, he started 1931 by winning four fights in a row. Then, on July 15, his dream of becoming Cuba's first world boxing champion finally came true, as he knocked out the defending world Junior Lightweight champion Benny Bass in seven rounds to take the world title. Five non-title wins followed, including a first-round knockout in a rematch with Scalfaro. He finished the year by going up in weight once again, and challenging world Lightweight champion Tony Canzoneri, losing by a decision in 15 in his first attempt to gain the Lightweight crown.

paragraph: He started 1932 by winning his first eight bouts, including a world title defense in Havana against Davie Abad, beaten in 15 by decision. Then, he faced "Kid" Berg in a rematch, losing again, this time by decision in 15. He engaged in seven more bouts, including two decision wins over Johnny Farr, before fighting Lew Feldman on October 13. The fight was recognized as a world Featherweight title bout, but only by the New York state athletic commission. Chocolate won by a knockout in 12 rounds, gaining the New York World title.

paragraph: He defended that "world" title twice, including a third fight with LaBarba, before relinquishing it while in the middle of a European boxing tour that took him to Madrid, Barcelona and Paris. He won all of his fights on that tour by decision. Upon returning to America, he lost by a knockout in two in a rematch with Canzoneri,

paragraph: Section::::Taking the World Jr. Lightweight Championship.:Losing the World Jr. Lightweight Title to Frankie Klick.

paragraph: Before a crowd of 4,000, the Kid lost the World Jr. Lightweight boxing champion to Frankie Klick, on December 25, 1933 at the Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a seventh-round technical knockout. The "Ludington Daily News", wrote "The flashy Cuban "bon bon" (Chocolate) was bereft of the title in the seventh round of a scheduled fifteen round Christmas Day bout by a whistling right smash to the chin and all he got in exchange was the second knockout of his career although the latest was of the technical variety." The bout had been fairly close until the seventh with Chocolate showing stamina and style. The seventh round had gone two minutes and fifty-eight seconds when the knockout occurred. "The Cuban waged a fast, aggressive fight in the early rounds that gave him a temporary lead." Chocolate had landed rights "to the head and body." Kid Chocolate may have been suffering from the knockout he had received from Tony Canzoneri only a month previously. Chocolate retained his featherweight championship at least in the state of New York. After that fight, it was revealed that he was suffering from syphilis.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and legacy.

paragraph: He retired shortly thereafter, but came back in 1934. He won 47 of his next 50 bouts. He never received another world title attempt and felt abandoned by boxing's elite. He retired again in 1938.

paragraph: Kid Chocolate had been a wild party man during his years as a world champion. He was a boxer who enjoyed the city's nightlife. However, when he stepped out of boxing, he went back to Cuba and lived a quieter life.

paragraph: From 1959, Chocolate's fame in Cuba was overlooked by Fidel Castro and his revolutionary forces, and he almost became a forgotten champion. But, by the late 1970s, Chocolate's achievements were finally recognized by the Cuban government, who gave him a small pension. Chocolate died in his own home -bought for his mother when he was champion- in 1988.

paragraph: His record was 135 wins, 10 losses and 6 draws, 51 wins coming by knockout and one no-decision bout, also making "Ring" magazine's list of boxers with 50 or more career knockout wins. He became a member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame alongside Bass, Berg and Canzoneri.

paragraph: He was the inspiration for the character Chocolate Drop in Clifford Odets' play Golden Boy.

paragraph: Former WBO middleweight champion Peter Quillin, an American of Cuban descent, carries the nickname "Kid Chocolate" in honor of Sardiñas.

paragraph: The highly acclaimed greatest pound for pound boxer of all time Sugar Ray Robinson was a big fan of Kid Chocolate and incorporated a lot of Chocolate's boxing style into his own: "Sugar Ray Robinson was a great admirer of Kid Chocolate," said Fausto Miranda, a former Cuban journalist who covered many of Chocolate's fights. Sugar Ray Robinson, went on record saying that he had never seen anyone box like Kid Chocolate before. Robinson studied the Chocolate style and incorporated much of his slick movement and graceful flair into his own boxing style. Robinson in many ways was a combination of his boxing idols Joe Louis and Kid Chocolate. He mixed the concentration, masterful combinations and power punching of Louis with the stylish movement and balance of Chocolate.

description: Cuban boxer

wikidata_label: Kid Chocolate

wikipedia_title: Kid Chocolate


text: British

text: Macau

text: consul

text: Nagasaki

text: foreign settlement

text: C. Pemberton Hodgson

text: Mito

text: Edo

text: Laurence Oliphant

text: England

text: Satsuma

text: Chōshū

text: bakufu

text: treaty ports

text: Nice

categories: 1893 deaths,British diplomats in East Asia,1830 births,Macau people,British expatriates in Japan

paragraph: George S. Morrison (diplomat)

paragraph: George Staunton Morrison (1830 – 20 August 1893) was a British diplomat in the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Morrison was born in Macau. He was intended to be the first British consul at Nagasaki but was delayed in arriving for the opening of the foreign settlement on 1 July 1859 and so C. Pemberton Hodgson served in his stead until Morrison's arrival on 6 August 1859. Morrison served as British Consul until December 1863. During Morrison's initial two-year term he established regulations for British citizens in Nagasaki, negotiated living and conditions trade between the foreign settlement and Japanese officials, made plans for an enlarged British Consulate, and generally established guidelines for the treaty port at Nagasaki based upon previous experience in China.

paragraph: Morrison's term in Nagasaki was cut short when he and other British officials were attacked by samurai from the Mito domain on the night of 5 July 1861 at the British Legation in Edo. Morrison and the First Secretary Laurence Oliphant were severely wounded in the attack and left for England that autumn to recuperate.

paragraph: Morrison returned to Nagasaki in April 1863, at a time when conditions for foreigners in the region were particularly dangerous. Satsuma and Chōshū officials were challenging the "bakufu" and threatening to kill foreigners in the treaty ports. Morrison requested British ships for protection and the situation seemed to be escalating towards war, though open conflict was, for the meantime, avoided. Morrison decided to leave his position for health reasons, returning once and for all to England. Allegations of a plot to assassinate him probably affected his decision to leave as well.

paragraph: George Morrison died in Nice, aged 63.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nagasaki Foreign Settlement Research Group; The People of the Nagasaki Foreign Settlement; British Consulate. Accessed 13 October 2006.

description: British diplomat

wikidata_label: George S. Morrison

wikipedia_title: George S. Morrison (diplomat)


text: Count of Angoulême

text: Count William Taillefer III

text: Pontia de la Marche

text: Roger the Poitevin

text: Aldebert II of La Marche

text: William VI of Angoulême

text: Amable de Châtellerault

text: Blaye

text: William X of Aquitaine

text: troubadour

text: Jaufré Rudel

text: Page 185

text: Page 276

text: Page 179

text: Page 903

categories: Counts of Angoulême,1140 deaths,House of Taillefer

paragraph: Wulgrin II of Angoulême

paragraph: Wulgrin II (also Vulgrin or Bougrin), called Taillefer or Rudel, was the Count of Angoulême from 1120 to his death on 16 November 1140. He was a son of Count William Taillefer III.

paragraph: He married Pontia de la Marche, daughter of Roger the Poitevin and Almodis, the daughter of count Aldebert II of La Marche. They had only one son

paragraph: BULLET::::- William VI of Angoulême.

paragraph: After the death of his first wife, Wulgrin remarried to Amable de Châtellerault and had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fulk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey "Martel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- an unnamed daughter.

paragraph: He retook Blaye from William X of Aquitaine in 1127 and reconstructed the castle there in 1140.

paragraph: The troubadour Jaufré Rudel may be possibly his son or his son-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Histoire P@ssion - Chronologie historique des Comtes d’Angoulême (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'art de Verifier des Faits historiquws, des Chartes, des Chroniques, et Autres Anciens Monuments, Depuis la Naissance de Notre-Seigner "by Moreau et Yalade", 1818, Page 185

paragraph: BULLET::::- The coinage of the European continent, "by Swan Sonnenschein", 1893, Page 276

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annuaire Historique Pour L'annee 1854, "by Société de l'histoire de France", Page 179

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nouvelle Encyclopedie Theologique, "by acques-Paul Migne", 1854, Page 903

description: French count

wikidata_label: Wulgrin II of Angoulême

wikipedia_title: Wulgrin II of Angoulême