text: financial crisis

text: contrarian

text: hedge fund

text: Glasgow

text: Strathclyde University

text: Edinburgh

text: Baillie Gifford

text: Credit Suisse Asset Management

text: Crispin Odey

text: contrarian

text: Financial Times

text: financial crisis

text: BBC

text: Newsnight

text: Joseph Stiglitz

text: Jeremy Paxman

text: Question Time

text: LSE Alternative Investments Conference

text: Views from Hugh Hendry’s 2012 Letter

categories: Alumni of the University of Strathclyde,Scottish businesspeople,1969 births,People from Glasgow,People from Notting Hill,Scottish hedge fund managers,People from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,Businesspeople from London,Living people

paragraph: Hugh Hendry

paragraph: Hugh Hendry (born March 1969) is the founding partner and, at various times, the chief investment officer, chief executive officer and chief portfolio manager of Eclectica Asset Management. He began to attract attention when his fund achieved a 31.2 per cent positive return in 2008 in the depths of the financial crisis, earning him a reputation as a contrarian investor, but his claim on wider public notice was based in a series of outspoken media appearances. Hendry has been referred to as "the most high-profile Scot" in the hedge fund sector.

paragraph: Hendry once said to an interviewer: "To my mind, the three most important principles when it comes to investing are Albert Camus's principles of ethics: God is dead, life is absurd and there are no rules." He suggested that a great fund manager was defined by "an ability to establish a contentious premise outside the existing belief system, and have it go on and be adopted by the rest of the financial community".

paragraph: Section::::Background and career.

paragraph: Hendry was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1969 and graduated from Strathclyde University in 1990 with a BA in economics and finance. His father worked as a lorry driver and he was the first member of his family to go to university.

paragraph: In 1991 Hendry joined the prestigious Edinburgh investment management firm, Baillie Gifford. He claimed that he was hired only because investors had instructed the company to recruit more working-class employees.

paragraph: After Baillie Gifford he worked for Credit Suisse Asset Management. Following a chance meeting with Crispin Odey, Hendry joined Odey Asset Management in 1999. "It was a meeting of minds," Hendry said. "He checked my references, got the message that I was a troublemaker, and said, 'You're one of us, you're one of the pirates'."

paragraph: He learned the art of "momentum investing" and was responsible for managing a range of funds from the Eclectica Fund to more than a $1 billion of long only European mandates, including the award-winning Odey Continental European Fund. "(Odey) taught me how to manage money," Hendry said. "More than that, he taught me how to misbehave. Misbehaviour is all about curiosity, how you invoke and think about change, which is very necessary in the management of money."

paragraph: Section::::Background and career.:Eclectica Asset Management.

paragraph: Eclectica Asset Management was founded in 2005 when Hendry and his colleague Simon Batten purchased the management contract of the Eclectica Fund from Odey to establish themselves as a stand-alone fund manager. "A lot of people define investors as value or growth. We are neither. We are time investors," Hendry said.

paragraph: Despite his reputation as a contrarian, Hendry explained to the Financial Times in July 2012 that his approach continued to be based in taking advantage of market momentum. "Our ideas are harshly disciplined by market trends. You will never see us pursue a homegrown idea when it is to the detriment of the prevailing trend," he said.

paragraph: He closed the fund in 2017 due to consistently poor annual performances since 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Media appearances.

paragraph: Hendry has become known in the United Kingdom for his outspoken commentary on the financial crisis. On an episode of the BBC's Newsnight programme aired on 9 April 2010, Hendry began his response to comments by the Nobel Prize–winning economist Joseph Stiglitz on the financial position of Greece by saying, "Erm, hello. Can I tell you about the real world?" On the same programme in May 2010, Hendry responded to a question from host Jeremy Paxman about the current European economic situation and the possibility of a Greek sovereign debt default with the comment, "I would recommend you panic". An outspoken appearance on the BBC's Question Time followed in October 2010.

paragraph: At the LSE Alternative Investments Conference in 2011, during a discussion with Steven Drobny, Hendry joked that his clients have banned him from further media appearances. Hendry is the anonymous 'Plasticine Man' in Drobny's book on hedge fund managers 'Invisible Hands: Top Hedge Fund Traders on Bubbles, Crashes, and Real Money'.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Hendry biography at Eclectica Asset Management

paragraph: BULLET::::- April 2010 BBC Newsnight discussion on Youtube

paragraph: BULLET::::- 26 May 2010 BBC Newsnight discussion on Youtube

paragraph: BULLET::::- London School of Economics Alternative Investment Conference 2011 Invisible Hands Unveiled: A Keynote Dialogue Between the Plasticine Macro Trader and Author. Conference recording on Vimeo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Views from Hugh Hendry’s 2012 Letter

description: British businessman

wikidata_label: Hugh Hendry

wikipedia_title: Hugh Hendry


text:
Canadian
mathematician
number theory
Waring's problem
University of Oregon
Mathematical Association of America
Vancouver
University of British Columbia
University of Chicago
University of Oregon
Mathematical Association of America
Eugene, Oregon
Waring's problem
Edward Waring
David Hilbert
Niven number
Niven's constant
Niven's theorem
Erdős number
Paul Erdős
Lester R. Ford Award
12513 Niven
Carus Mathematical Monograph
Proof that is irrational

categories: University of Oregon faculty,1915 births,1999 deaths,University of Chicago alumni,20th-century American mathematicians,University of British Columbia alumni,Canadian mathematicians,Canadian expatriate academics in the United States,Number theorists,Place of birth missing,Presidents of the Mathematical Association of America

paragraph: Ivan M. Niven

paragraph: Ivan Morton Niven (October 25, 1915 – May 9, 1999) was a Canadian-American mathematician, specializing in number theory and known for his work on Waring's problem. He worked for many years as a professor at the University of Oregon, and was president of the Mathematical Association of America. He was the author of several books on mathematics.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Niven was born in Vancouver. He did his undergraduate studies at the University of British Columbia and was awarded his doctorate in 1938 from the University of Chicago. He was a member of the University of Oregon faculty from 1947 to his retirement in 1981.

paragraph: He was president of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) from 1983 to 1984.

paragraph: He died in 1999 in Eugene, Oregon.

paragraph: Section::::Research.

paragraph: Niven completed the solution of most of Waring's problem in 1944. This problem, based on a 1770 conjecture by Edward Waring, consists of finding the smallest number formula_1 such that every positive integer is the sum of at most formula_1 formula_3th powers of positive integers. David Hilbert had proved the existence of such a formula_1 in 1909; Niven's work established the value of formula_1 for all but finitely many values of formula_3.

paragraph: Niven numbers, Niven's constant, and Niven's theorem are named for Niven.

paragraph: He has an Erdős number of 1 because he coauthored a paper with Paul Erdős.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Niven received the University of Oregon's Charles E. Johnson Award in 1981. He received the MAA Distinguished Service Award in 1989.

paragraph: He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1970. In 2000, the asteroid 12513 Niven, discovered in 1998, was named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1956) "Irrational Numbers" (Carus Mathematical Monographs, Number 11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1960) (with Herbert S. Zuckerman) "An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers", Wiley

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1961) "Calculus: An Introductory Approach", Van Nostrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1961) "Numbers: Rational and Irrational", Random House

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1963) "Diophantine Approximations", Interscience

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1965) "Mathematics of Choice: How to Count Without Counting", MAA

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1981) "Maxima and Minima Without Calculus ", MAA

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proof that is irrational

description: Canadian-American number theorist (1915–1999)

wikidata_label: Ivan M. Niven

wikipedia_title: Ivan M. Niven


text:
German
astronomer
Bothkamp Observatory
Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory
Crater
Moon
AN 201 (1915) 47/48
PASP 27 (1915) 202

categories: 1845 births,1915 deaths,German astronomers

paragraph: Oswald Lohse

paragraph: Wilhelm Oswald Lohse (February 13, 1845 – May 14, 1915) was a German astronomer. He first worked at the private Bothkamp Observatory, and starting in 1874 at the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory, being its Chief Astronomer at the time of his death.

paragraph: Craters on Mars and on the Moon were named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Obituaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AN 201 (1915) 47/48

paragraph: BULLET::::- PASP 27 (1915) 202

description: German astronomer

wikidata_label: Oswald Lohse

wikipedia_title: Oswald Lohse


text:
FRS
FRSE
FAS
telescope
Corney
Cumberland
navigation
surveying
Britain
Fleet Street
Equatorial Telescope
Armagh Observatory
refractor
mounted equatorially
Groombridge Transit Circle
Stephen Groombridge
star catalogue
Copley Medal
Royal Society
Fellow of the Royal Society
Royal Society of Edinburgh
William Simms
Troughton & Simms
lawsuit
James South
Richard Sheepshanks
color blind
Kensal Green Cemetery
London
List of astronomical instrument makers
Equatorial Telescope by Troughton
MNRAS 3 (1836) 149

categories: 1753 births,1835 deaths,Recipients of the Copley Medal,Scientific instrument makers,19th-century English people,People from Cumberland,People associated with astronomy,Fellows of the Royal Society,18th-century English people

paragraph: Edward Troughton

paragraph: Edward Troughton FRS FRSE FAS (October 1753 – 12 June 1835) was a British instrument maker who was notable for making telescopes and other astronomical instruments.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Troughton was born at Corney, Cumberland, the youngest of six children to Francis Troughton, a husbandman on a farm, and his wife, Mary Stable. Originally raised to tend animals he went to London in 1773 He then served an apprenticeship with his uncle, John Troughton (b.c.1716) alongside his elder brother, also John Troughton, and in 1779 he became his business partner and soon established himself as the top maker of navigational, surveying and astronomical instruments in Britain. They were based at 136 Fleet Street in central London. Their shop was called the "Sign of the Orrery".

paragraph: In 1795 he delivered what is now known as the Troughton Equatorial Telescope to the Armagh Observatory, a 2-inch aperture refractor telescope mounted equatorially, and its first major instrument since its founding in 1790 (It survived into the 21st century also). He created the Groombridge Transit Circle in 1806, which Stephen Groombridge used to compile his star catalogue. He did not merely build instruments, but designed and invented new ones.

paragraph: Troughton was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1809. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1810 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1822.

paragraph: In 1826, after John's death and in failing health himself, he took on William Simms as a partner and the firm became known as Troughton & Simms.

paragraph: Troughton was involved in a lawsuit against Sir James South, who was dissatisfied with the quality of an equatorial mounting that Troughton made for him. Troughton sued for payment, and with informal legal counsel provided by Richard Sheepshanks, he prevailed.

paragraph: Troughton was color blind.

paragraph: He died in London on 12 June 1835 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in south London. He was unmarried and had no children.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of astronomical instrument makers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Equatorial Telescope by Troughton

paragraph: BULLET::::- MNRAS 3 (1836) 149

description: British telescope maker

wikidata_label: Edward Troughton

wikipedia_title: Edward Troughton


text: chemist

text: dairy

text: milk

text: cheese

text: single-grain experiment

text: nutritional science

text: Oneida County, New York

text: Tufts College

text: Cornell University

text: organic chemistry

text: University of Göttingen

text: agricultural chemist

text: Geneva, New York

text: carbohydrate

text: fat

text: protein

text: excrement

text: ash

text: barley

text: corn

text: wheat

text: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: William Henry

text: Babcock test

text: butterfat

text: milk

text: bacteriologist

text: Harry Luman Russell

text: curing

text: cheese

text: Wisconsin

text: animal husbandry

text: salt

text: University of Michigan

text: Edwin B. Hart

text: physiological

text: Albrecht Kossel

text: diet

text: Elmer McCollum

text: Connecticut

text: heifer

text: pregnancies

text: bran

text: stillborn

text: Dutch East Indies

text: nutrition

text: Madison, Wisconsin

text: student housing cooperative

text: Institute of Food Technologists

text: Babcock-Hart Award

text: Food Science

text: Madison

text: Biography

text: IFT Babcock-Hart Award winners

text: Babcock House

categories: American agriculturalists,Dairy educators,People from Oneida County, New York,Cornell University alumni,1931 deaths,Agricultural research,Scientists from Madison, Wisconsin,American chemists,1843 births,Tufts University alumni,University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty

paragraph: Stephen Moulton Babcock

paragraph: Stephen Moulton Babcock (22 October 1843 – 2 July 1931) was an American agricultural chemist. He is best known for his Babcock test in determining dairy butterfat in milk processing, for cheese processing, and for the "single-grain experiment" that led to the development of nutritional science as a recognized discipline.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Born on a farm in Oneida County, New York, Babcock earned a B.A. from Tufts College in 1866 and attended Cornell University from 1872-1875, where he earned a master's degree before studying organic chemistry at the University of Göttingen, Germany, where he received a Ph.D. in 1879. Upon his return to the United States in 1881, Babcock took up the role of an agricultural chemist at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York, where his first assignment was to determine the proper feed ratios of carbohydrate, fat, and protein using chemical analysis of cow excrement. He determined that the excrement's chemical composition was similar to that of the feed, the only major exception being the ash content. These results were tested and retested, and his results were similar to German studies done earlier. This led Babcock to wonder what would happen if cattle were fed a single grain (barley, corn, or wheat), though that test would not be carried out for nearly twenty-five years.

paragraph: Section::::University of Wisconsin–Madison.

paragraph: In 1888, Babcock accepted a position at the University of Wisconsin–Madison Agricultural Experiment Station (UWAES) as chair of the Agricultural Chemistry department. He immediately petitioned Dean of Agriculture William Henry, then station director, to carry out the "single-grain experiment", but Henry refused. In 1890, he developed the Babcock test which determines the butterfat content of milk. He then worked with bacteriologist Harry Luman Russell in developing the cold-curing process for ripening cheese (1897). The Babcock test set the worldwide standard for butterfat determination of milk, while the cold-curing process enabled Wisconsin to become the leading cheese producer in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::"Single-grain experiment".

paragraph: Babcock continued pressing William Henry to perform the "single-grain experiment" and even unsuccessfully approached the UWAES animal husbandry chair J. A. Craig. Craig was replaced in 1897 by W. L. Carlyle, who was more receptive to Babcock's proposal. He initially tried a salt experiment with eight dairy cows as a matter of taste preference, while eight other cows received no salt. After one of the eight cows that did not receive salt died, Carlyle discontinued the experiment, and all of the remaining cows were given salt in order to restore their health.

paragraph: William Henry, who became Dean of Agriculture in 1901, finally gave Babcock permission to perform the single-grain experiment. Carlyle approved the experiment with only two cows. One cow was fed corn, while the other was fed rolled oats and straw with the expectation that the experiment would last one year. Three months into the trial, the oat-fed cow died, and Carlyle halted the experiment to save the other cow's life. The result was not published, mainly because Babcock had not recorded how much of each grain the cows had consumed.

paragraph: In 1906, a chemist from the University of Michigan, Edwin B. Hart (1874-1953), was hired by Babcock. Hart had previously worked at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station and had studied physiological chemistry under Albrecht Kossel in Germany. Both worked with George C. Humphrey, who replaced Carlyle as animal husbandry professor, to plan a long-term feeding plan using a chemically balanced diet of carbohydrates, fat, and protein instead of single-plant rations as had been tried in Babcock's earlier experiment. The "single-grain experiment" was thus born in 1907.

paragraph: From May 1907 to 1911, the experiment was carried out with Hart as director, Babcock providing the ideas, and Humphrey overseeing the welfare of the cows during the experiment. Elmer McCollum, an organic chemist from Connecticut, was hired by Hart to analyze the grain rations and the cow excrement. The experiment called for four groups of four heifer calves each, and three groups were raised and two pregnancies were carried to term during the experiment. The first group ate only wheat, the second group ate only bran, the third group ate only corn, and the last group ate a mixture of the other three.

paragraph: In 1908, it was shown that the corn-fed animals were the most healthy of the group, while the wheat-fed groups were the least healthy. All four groups bred during that year, with the corn-fed calves being the healthiest, while the wheat and mixed-fed calves were stillborn or later died. Similar results were found in 1909. In 1910, the corn-fed cows had their diets switched to wheat and the non-corn-fed cows were fed corn. This produced unhealthy calves for the formerly corn-fed cows while the remaining cows produced healthy calves. When the 1909 formulas were reintroduced to the respective cows in 1911, the gestation results of 1909 reoccurred. These results were published in 1911. Similar results had been determined in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1901, in Poland in 1910, and in England in 1906 (though the English results were not published until 1912).

paragraph: This experiment helped the development of nutrition as a science.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Babcock died in 1931, in Madison, Wisconsin. His estate was left to the University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agriculture. By a decision of the deans, a housing cooperative for male students studying agriculture was established in the Babcock home and named in his honor. Babcock House is the oldest continuously operating student housing cooperative in Wisconsin and is now open to male and female students of any course of study.

paragraph: In 1948, the Institute of Food Technologists created the Stephen M. Babcock Award (now the Babcock-Hart Award) in honor of Babcock's achievements. Additionally, the Food Science Department building at the University of Wisconsin in Madison was named in Babcock's honor in 1952. The Institute of International Dairy Research and Development at Wisconsin was also named in Babcock's honor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babcock Institute of International Dairy Research and Development at Wisconsin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petition from Madison, Wisconsin to National Park Service for University of Wisconsin–Madison Dairy Barn to be named a National Landmark. pp.21-25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Babcock Hall at the University of Wisconsin–Madison

paragraph: BULLET::::- IFT Babcock-Hart Award winners

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babcock House

description: American chemist

wikidata_label: Stephen Moulton Babcock

wikipedia_title: Stephen Moulton Babcock


text: Castilian

text: Henry III of Castile

text: Timur

text: Timurid Empire

text: Madrid

text: Cadiz

text: Majorca

text: Sicily

text: Rhodes

text: Constantinople

text: Black Sea

text: Anatolia

text: Trebizond

text: Armenia

text: Iran

text: Turkestan

text: Tehran

text: Georgia

text: horde

text: Samarkand

text: Mosque

text: paradise garden

text: recent victory at Ankara

text: Bayezid I

text: Ottoman expansion

text: Charles VI of France

text: Timurid relations with Europe

text: Chen Cheng (Ming Dynasty)

text: Travel literature

text: Biblioteca virtual Miguel de Cervantes

text: Google Books

text: also

text: Internet Archive

categories: 14th-century births,Spanish diplomats,Explorers of Asia,Timur,14th-century Castilians,Spanish travel writers,Spanish explorers,Historians of Iran,1412 deaths,15th-century Castilians

paragraph: Ruy González de Clavijo

paragraph: Ruy González de Clavijo (died 2 April 1412) was a Castilian traveller and writer. In 1403-05 Clavijo was the ambassador of Henry III of Castile to the court of Timur, founder and ruler of the Timurid Empire. A diary of the journey, perhaps based on detailed notes kept while traveling, was later published in Spanish in 1582 ("Embajada a Tamorlán") and in English in 1859 ("Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand AD 1403-6").

paragraph: Section::::The embassy to Samarkand.

paragraph: Clavijo, a nobleman of Madrid and chamberlain to the king, set sail from Cadiz on 21 May 1403 in the company of Timur's ambassador, Muhammed al-Kazi, a Dominican friar, Alfonso Páez de Santa María, one of the king's guards, Gómez de Salazar, and other unnamed Castilians. Clavijo sailed through the Mediterranean, passing Majorca, Sicily and Rhodes to Constantinople. Using modern names for the countries through which he passed, Clavijo sailed along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia to Trebizond and then overland through Armenia and Iran to Turkestan. He visited Tehran in 1404. The original intention was to meet with Timur at his winter pasturage in what is now modern Georgia, but due to foul weather conditions and a shipwreck, the embassy was forced to return to Constantinople and spend the winter of 1403-1404 there.

paragraph: After setting sail from Constantinople across the Black Sea, the entourage spent the following months following in the wake of Timur's army, but were unable to catch up to the rapidly moving, mounted horde. It is for this reason that the Castilian delegation continued all the way to Timur's capital at Samarkand, in modern Uzbekistan, arriving there on 8 September 1404, occasioning the most detailed contemporary description of Timur's court by a westerner. Clavijo found the city in a constant cycle of construction and rebuilding, in search of perfection:

paragraph: The Mosque which Timur had caused to be built to the memory of the mother of his wife... seemed to us to be the noblest of all we visited in the city of Samarkand, but no sooner had it been completed than he began to find fault with its entrance gateway, which he now said was much too low and must be pulled down.

paragraph: Clavijo's long-sought first audience with Timur was in "a great orchard with a palace therein", the paradise garden of Iranian tradition, where Clavijo gave detailed descriptions of the trained and painted elephants he saw, and the tent-pavilions of jewel- and pearl-encrusted silks with tassels and banners that fluttered in the wind. The embassy spent several months in Samarkand, during which time the Castilians attended celebrations for Timur's recent victory at Ankara in July 1402 over the Turkish sultan, Bayezid I, whom he captured, relieving Western fears of Ottoman expansion in Hungary and spurring the desire for diplomatic connections on the part of Charles VI of France as well as Henry of Castile. Unable to procure a letter from Timur for their king, Henry, due to Timur's ill health (Timur's final illness), the Castilians were forced to depart Samarkand on 21 November 1404, due to Timur's impending death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronology of European exploration of Asia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timurid relations with Europe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Cheng (Ming Dynasty) - a Chinese envoy who visited Samarkand a few years after de Clavijo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Travel literature

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia del gran Tamorlan e itinerario y enarracion del viage, y relacion de la Embaxada que Ruy Gonçalez de Clavijo le hizo, por mandado del muy poderoso Señor Rey Don Henrique el Tercero de Castilla, y un breve discurso fecho por Gonçalo Argote de Molina, para mayor inteligencia deste libro…", original Spanish text on the site of the Biblioteca virtual Miguel de Cervantes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of the "Embassy", trans. C.R. Markham. on Google Books; also on Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpt from González de Clavijo's "Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406" (trans. Guy le Strange, New York and London, 1928).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another excerpt from González de Clavijo's "Embassy to Tamerlane 1403-1406" (trans. Guy le Strange, New York and London, 1928).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vida y hazañas del Gran Tamorlán, con la descripción de las tierras de su imperio y señorío", by Ruy González de Clavijo (modern Spanish)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruy González de Clavijo, "La embajada a Tamorlán". Francisco López Estrada, ed. (Madrid: Castalia, 1999).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruy González de Clavijo, "Embassy to Tamerlane" tr. G. Le Strange (1928).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruy González de Clavijo, "Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403-1406", translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009).

description: Spanish traveller and writer

wikidata_label: Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo

wikipedia_title: Ruy González de Clavijo


text:
Kingdom of Aksum
Ethiopia
Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Eritrea
Sudan
style
title
Saba
Salhen, Himyar and Dhu-Raydan
Ella Amida
Ousanas
Sofya
Christianity
Zoskales
Kaleb
Syria
Frumentius
Ethiopian Church
Arian
Roman emperor
Constantius II
Saizana
Alexandria
Theophilos the Indian
stela
Ge'ez
Meroë
Ousanas
Aksumite coins
Greek
India
stelae
obelisk
Abreha and Asbeha
saint
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
feast day
Ezana Stone

categories: Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,4th-century Christianity,Ethiopian saints,Kings of Axum,4th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Ezana of Axum

paragraph: ‘Ezana of Axum ( "‘Ezana", unvocalized ዐዘነ "‘zn"; also spelled Aezana or Aizan) was ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum (320s – c. 360 AD) located in present-day northern Ethiopia, Yemen, part of southern Saudi Arabia, Eritrea, and parts of Sudan. He himself employed the style (official title) "king of Saba and Salhen, Himyar and Dhu-Raydan". Tradition states that ‘Ezana succeeded his father Ella Amida (Ousanas) while still a child and his mother, Sofya served as regent.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: ‘Ezana was the first monarch of the Kingdom of Aksum to embrace Christianity, and the first after Za Haqala (possibly Zoskales) to be mentioned by contemporary historians, a situation that lead S. C. Munro-Hay to comment that he was "the most famous of the Aksumite kings before Kaleb." His childhood tutor, the Syrian Christian Frumentius, became head of the Ethiopian Church. A surviving letter from the Arian Roman emperor Constantius II is addressed to ‘Ezana and his brother Saizana and requests that Frumentius be sent to Alexandria to be examined for doctrinal errors and be replaced by Theophilos the Indian; Munro-Hay assumes that ‘Ezana either refused or ignored this request.

paragraph: ‘Ezana also launched several military campaigns, which he recorded in his inscriptions. A pair of inscriptions on a stela in Ge'ez found at Meroë is thought of as evidence of a campaign in the fourth century, either during ‘Ezana's reign, or by a predecessor like Ousanas. While some authorities interpret these inscriptions as proof that the Aksumites destroyed the kingdom of Meroë, others note that archeological evidence points to an economic and political decline in Meroë around 300. Moreover, some view the stela as military aid from Aksum to Meroë to quell the revolt and rebellion by the Nuba. However, conclusive evidence and proof to which view is correct is not currently available.

paragraph: On some of the Aksumite coins minted during ‘Ezana's reign appears the motto in Greek "TOYTOAPECHTHXWPA" – "May this please the people". Munro-Hay comments that this motto is "a rather attractive peculiarity of Aksumite coinage, giving a feeling of royal concern and responsibility towards the people's wishes and contentment". A number of coins minted bearing his name were found in the late 1990s at archeological sites in India, indicating trade contacts in that country. A remarkable feature of the coins is a shift from a pagan motif with disc and crescent to a design with a cross. ‘Ezana is also credited for erecting several stelae and obelisks.

paragraph: Ezana is unknown in the King Lists even though the coins bear this name. According to tradition, Emperors Abreha and Asbeha ruled Ethiopia when Christianity was introduced. It may be that these names were later applied to ‘Ezana and his brother or that these were their baptismal names.

paragraph: Along with his brother, Saizana, ‘Ezana is regarded as a saint by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, with a feast day of October 1.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ezana Stone

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuri M. Kobishchanov. "Axum" (Joseph W. Michels, editor; Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, translator). University Park, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sergew Hable Sellassie. "Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270" (Addis Ababa: United Printers, 1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "African Zion, the Sacred Art of Ethiopia", (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).

wikidata_label: Ezana of Axum

wikipedia_title: Ezana of Axum


text:
ordinary
Catholic Church
Bishop of Avellino
Cesa
comune
Campania
Naples
Diocese of Aversa
Pope John Paul II
Bishop of Avellino
Antonio Forte
Aversa Cathedral
Crescenzio Cardainl Sepe
consecrator
Mario Milano
Antonio Forte
Latin
Sergio Melillo
Naples
Bishop of Nola
Beniamino Depalma
Diocese of Avellino website
Diocese of Nola website

categories: 1955 births,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops of Avellino,People from the Province of Caserta,Living people

paragraph: Francesco Marino

paragraph: Francesco Marino is an Italian ordinary of the Catholic Church and the current Bishop of Avellino.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francesco Marino was born in Cesa, a "comune" in Campania, Italy. He studied at the Campano Interregional Pontifical Seminary of Naples (Posillipo) and was ordained a priest on 6 October 1979 in the Diocese of Aversa.

paragraph: On 13 November 2004, Pope John Paul II appointed him the Bishop of Avellino, succeeding Antonio Forte, who retired due to age. He was consecrated in the Aversa Cathedral on 8 January 2005 by Crescenzio Cardainl Sepe. and co-consecrators Mario Milano and Antonio Forte. He took the Latin motto ""nos multi in ilo uno unum"."

paragraph: On 31 July 2015, he served as principal consecrator of Sergio Melillo.

paragraph: In 2011, he was elected to the Episcopal Commission for the Campano Interregional Pontifical Seminary of Naples (Posillipo).

paragraph: On 11 November 2016, Marino was appointed the Bishop of Nola, succeeding Bishop Beniamino Depalma.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese of Avellino website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese of Nola website

description: Italian Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Francesco Marino

wikipedia_title: Francesco Marino


text: Ostfriesland

text: Cirksena

text: Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön

text: Ober-Hofmeisterin

categories: 1698 births,1740 deaths,18th-century Russian people

paragraph: Juliana Luise von Ostfriesland

paragraph: Juliana Luise von Ostfriesland (1698-1740), was Princess of Ostfriesland, a member of the House of Cirksena and by marriage Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön.

paragraph: As a first cousin of Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg, she was chosen to be her the Ober-Hofmeisterin at the Russian court. A favorite and confidant of Charlotte Christine, she was accused of isolating her from Russia, prevented her from adjusting to her new life and creating distance between her and her spouse, the Russian heir to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Данилова А. Кронпринцесса Шарлотта, невестка Петра Великого // Русские императоры, немецкие принцессы. Династические связи, человеческие судьбы. — М: Изографус, ЭКСМО-Пресс, 2002. — С. 42. — 320 с. — 8000 экз. — .

wikidata_label: Juliana Luise

wikipedia_title: Juliana Luise von Ostfriesland


text:
pollen
photorealistic
AIDS
Long Beach, California
Van Nuys, California
Museum of Photographic Arts
Laguna Art Museum

categories: Photorealist artists,Artists from California,1954 births

paragraph: William Fink

paragraph: William G. "Bill" Fink is an California-based American artist known for his technique for producing images of his subject matter by making the photograph itself out of soil, clippings of human hair, pollen, cremation ashes, etc. to simulate photorealistic vintage photographs of the person/ object/ location from which those media originally derived, and the images then printed in a light-sensitive alternative photographic process Fink describes as "Time and Matter Photography". Fink has laid claim to being the originator of the technique of using virtually any material in the place of traditional photo chemicals to create an image, saying, "There are silver prints, gold prints, and platinum prints-- precious from a metal standpoint-- but they embody nothing more than capturing time; ash is a way to capture both time and matter."

paragraph: His works include an image of his left eye made from clippings of his own hair and an image of flowers made from the pollen of those flowers.

paragraph: In 1992 he created an image of a man named Bob Christensen out of Christensen's ashes. Christensen died of AIDS in 1991 in Long Beach, California at the age of 39, and his mother donated the ashes to Fink in accordance with her son's wishes. Fink then took these ashes and created a photorealistic image of Christensen's face with them using his undisclosed technique. The image was considered controversial not only for its stark depiction of a person nearing death, but because of the unconventional medium of which Fink created it. Reactions of viewers during its two-month exhibition at the Valley HIV/AIDS Center in Van Nuys, California in 1992 ranged from understanding it as productive/ creative commentary on loss to offensive and insulting. The image is one of a series that Fink created of various people who had died of AIDS using their own cremated remains.

paragraph: Museum curators have described Fink's work as innovative, with Diane Gaston from the Museum of Photographic Arts in San Diego identifying it as "socially as well as artistically important" and Bolton Colton from the Laguna Art Museum saying, "I find his work highly provocative and conceptually potent".

wikidata_label: William Fink

wikipedia_title: William Fink


text:
Canadian
Ici Radio-Canada Première
Le Combat des livres
Télé-Québec
TVA
TQS

categories: CBC Radio hosts,People from Chibougamau,French Quebecers,Canadian television hosts,Canadian talk radio hosts,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Marie-Louise Arsenault

paragraph: Marie-Louise Arsenault is a Canadian radio personality, who hosts the literary talk show "Plus on est de fous, plus on lit!" on Ici Radio-Canada Première. In this role, she was also the moderator of the final three editions of "Le Combat des livres".

paragraph: A longtime arts journalist for Radio-Canada, she also previously hosted the radio programs "Jamais sans mon livre" and "On aura tout lu", as well as the television series "Écran libre" for Télé-Québec, "Génération T" for TVA and "Flash" for TQS.

wikidata_label: Marie-Louise Arsenault

wikipedia_title: Marie-Louise Arsenault


text: Italian

text: Renaissance humanist

text: Tolentino

text: March of Ancona

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: Petrarch

text: Roman

text: Latin

text: Latin literature

text: grammar

text: rhetoric

text: Latin language

text: Padua

text: moral philosophy

text: Venice

text: Cicero

text: Virgil

text: Constantinople

text: Greek language

text: Constantinople

text: John Chrysoloras

text: Manuel Chrysoloras

text: Murad II

text: Mehmed I

text: John VIII Palaeologus

text: Greek

text: plague

text: Bologna

text: Apennines

text: Florence

text: Dante

text: Duomo

text: Aristotle

text: Plutarch

text: Xenophon

text: Lysias

text: Cosimo de' Medici

text: Albizzi

text: signoria

text: Siena

text: Filippo Maria Visconti

text: Lombardy

text: Milan

text: panegyric

text: epic

text: libel

text: invective

text: ode

text: Turks

text: sultan

text: Francesco Sforza

text: parvenu

text: Rome

text: humanist

text: pontiff

text: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Vatican

text: rhetoric

text: Milliardo Cicala

text: Pazzi conspiracy

text: Lorenzo de' Medici

text: dysentery

text: Church of the Annunziata

text: Italian Renaissance

text: epigram

text: Angelo Poliziano

text: Erasmus

text: Somni

categories: 1481 deaths,15th-century Latin writers,Italian Renaissance humanists,1398 births,People from the Province of Macerata

paragraph: Francesco Filelfo

paragraph: Francesco Filelfo (; July 25, 1398 – July 31, 1481) was an Italian Renaissance humanist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Filelfo was born at Tolentino, in the March of Ancona. He is believed to be a third cousin of Leonardo da Vinci. At the time of his birth, Petrarch and the students of Florence had already begun to exalt the recovery of classic texts and culture. They had created an eager appetite for the antique, had rediscovered many important Roman authors, and had freed Latin scholarship to some extent from the restrictions of earlier periods. Filelfo was destined to carry on their work in the field of Latin literature, and to be an important agent in the still unaccomplished recovery of Greek culture.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In Venetia.

paragraph: His earliest studies in grammar, rhetoric and the Latin language were conducted at Padua, where he acquired so great a reputation for learning that in 1417, when he was eighteen, he was invited to teach eloquence and moral philosophy at Venice. According to the custom of that age in Italy, it now became his duty to explain the language, and to illustrate the beauties of the principal Latin authors, with Cicero and Virgil considered the chief masters of moral science and of elegant diction.

paragraph: Filelfo made his mark at once in Venice. He was admitted to the society of the first scholars and the most eminent nobles; and in 1419 he received an appointment from the state, which enabled him to reside as notary and chancellor to the Baile of the Venetians in Constantinople. This appointment was an honour for Filelfo as a man of trust and general ability, and gave him the opportunity of acquiring the most coveted of all possessions at that moment — a scholar's knowledge of the Greek language. Immediately after his arrival in Constantinople at end 1420, Filelfo placed himself under the tuition of John Chrysoloras, whose name was already well known in Italy as that of his uncle Manuel Chrysoloras, the first Greek to profess the literature of his ancestors in Florence.

paragraph: As the same time he assumed his charge of chancellor for the bailo Benedetto Emo (summer 1421-summer 1423), with diplomatic missions : at end 1421 he accompanied Emo during an embassy to the Ottoman Sultan Murad II, who was the candidate supported by Venice for the succession of the late Sultan Mehmed I. In contrast, the Byzantines, supported the candidacy of the pretender Mustafa. This would have been difficult for the pupil of John Chrysoloras. The final victory of Murad II resulted in the siege of Constantinople in spring 1422. It was during the great assault of 22 August 1422 that his professor, mortally ill, dictated to him his will. Nominated executor of this will with the widow of the dead, Manfredina Doria, he was certainly also designated tutor of Chrysoloras' girls. After his completing his term as chancellor in July 1423, he entered the service of the emperor John VIII Palaeologus who sent him immediately to Sigismond, king of Hungary. Before his departure, his marriage with Theodora, the daughter of John Chrysoloras, was decided, and was concluded when he returned from Hungary after sixteenth months of absence (end October 1424). With a new teacher, Chrysococes, he had now acquired a thorough knowledge of Greek, and had formed a large collection of Greek manuscripts. There was no reason why he should not return to his native country. Accordingly, in 1427 he accepted an invitation from the Venetian Republic, and set sail for Italy, intending to resume his professorial career. From this time forward until the date of his death, Filelfo's biography consists of a record of the various towns in which he lectured, the masters whom he served, the books he wrote, the authors he illustrated, the friendships he contracted, and the wars he waged with rival scholars. He was a man of vast physical energy, of inexhaustible mental activity, of quick passions and violent appetites; vain, restless, greedy of gold and pleasure and fame; unable to stay quiet in one place, and perpetually engaged in quarrels with his peers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In Tuscany.

paragraph: When Filelfo arrived at Venice with his family in 1427, he found that the city had almost been emptied by the plague, and that his pupils would be few. He therefore moved to Bologna; but the city was too much disturbed with political dissensions to attend to him; so Filelfo crossed the Apennines and settled in Florence. At Florence began one of the most brilliant and eventful periods of his life. During the week he lectured to large audiences of young and old on the principal Greek and Latin authors, and on Sundays he explained Dante to the people in the Duomo.

paragraph: In addition to these labours of the chair, he found time to translate portions of Aristotle, Plutarch, Xenophon and Lysias from the Greek. Nor was he dead to the claims of society. At first he seems to have lived with the Florentine scholars on tolerably good terms; but his temper was so arrogant that Cosimo de' Medici's friends were not long able to put up with him. Filelfo hereupon broke out into open and violent animosity; and when Cosimo was exiled by the Albizzi party in 1433, he urged the "signoria" of Florence to pronounce upon him the sentence of death. On the return of Cosimo to Florence, Filelfo's position in that city was no longer tenable. His life, he asserted, had been already once attempted by a cut-throat in the pay of the Medici; and now he readily accepted an invitation from the state of Siena. In Siena, however, he was not destined to remain more than four years. His fame as a professor had grown great in Italy, and he daily received tempting offers from princes and republics. The most alluring of these, made him by the duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, he decided to accept; and in 1440 he was received with honour by his new master in the capital of Lombardy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In Lombardy.

paragraph: Filelfo's life at Milan curiously illustrates the multifarious importance of the scholars of that age in Italy. It was his duty to celebrate his princely patrons in panegyrics and epics, to abuse their enemies in libels and invectives, to salute them with encomiastic odes on their birthdays, and to compose poems on their favorite themes. For their courtiers he wrote epithalamial and funeral orations; ambassadors and visitors from foreign states he greeted with the rhetorical lucubrations then so much in vogue. The students of the university he taught in daily lectures, passing in review the weightiest and lightest authors of antiquity, and pouring forth a flood of miscellaneous erudition.

paragraph: Not satisfied with these outlets for his mental energy, Filelfo went on translating from the Greek, and prosecuted a paper warfare with his enemies in Florence. He wrote, moreover, political pamphlets on the great events of Italian history; and when Constantinople was taken by the Turks, he procured the liberation of his wife's mother, Manfredina Doria, by a message addressed in his own name to the "sultan". In addition to a fixed stipend of some 700 golden "florins" yearly, he was continually in receipt of special payments for the orations and poems he produced; so that, had he been a man of frugal habits or of moderate economy, he might have amassed a considerable fortune. As it was, he spent his money as fast as he received it, living in a style of splendour and self-indulgence. In consequence of this prodigality, he was always poor. His letters and his poems abound in demands for money from patrons, some of them couched in language of the lowest adulation, and others savouring of literary brigandage.

paragraph: During the second year of his Milanese residence Filelfo lost his beloved first wife, the Greek Theodora. He soon married again; and this time he chose for his bride a young lady of good Lombard family, called Orsina Osnaga. When she died he took in wedlock for the third time a woman of Lombard birth, Laura Magiolini. To all his three wives, in spite of numerous infidelities, he seems to have been warmly attached; and this is perhaps the best trait in a character otherwise more remarkable for arrogance and heat than for any amiable qualities.

paragraph: On the death of Visconti in 1447, Filelfo, after a short hesitation, transferred his allegiance to Francesco Sforza, husband of Bianca, Visconti's only child, who would become duke of Milan in 1450. In order to curry favor with this "parvenu", he began his ponderous epic, the "Sforziad", of which 12,800 lines were written, but which was never published. Some years after the deaths of Francesco and Bianca (1466 and 1468 respectively), Filelfo turned his thoughts towards Rome. He was now an old man of seventy-seven years, honored with the friendship of princes, recognized as the most distinguished of Italian humanists, courted by pontiffs, and decorated with the laurel wreath and the order of knighthood by kings.

paragraph: Crossing the Apennines and passing through Florence, he reached Rome in the second week of 1475. Pope Sixtus IV now ruled in the Vatican; and Filelfo had received an invitation to occupy the chair of rhetoric with good emoluments. At first he was vastly pleased with the city and court of Rome; but his satisfaction turned to discontent, and he gave vent to his ill-humour in a venomous satire on the pope's treasurer, Milliardo Cicala. Sixtus himself soon fell under the ban of his displeasure; and when a year had passed he left Rome never to return. Filelfo reached Milan to find that his wife had died of the plague in his absence, and was already buried.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to Tuscany.

paragraph: For some time past he had been desirous of displaying his abilities and adding to his fame in Florence. Years had healed the breach between him and the Medicean family; and on the occasion of the Pazzi conspiracy against the life of Lorenzo de' Medici, he had sent violent letters of abuse to his papal patron Sixtus, denouncing his participation in a plot so dangerous to the security of Italy. Lorenzo now invited him to profess Greek at Florence, and thither Filelfo journeyed in 1481. But two weeks after his arrival he succumbed to dysentery, and was buried at the age of eighty-three in the Church of the Annunziata.

paragraph: Filelfo deserves commemoration among the greatest humanists of the Italian Renaissance, not for the beauty of his style, not for the elevation of his genius, not for the accuracy of his learning, but for his energy, and for his complete adaptation to the times in which he lived. His erudition was large but ill-digested; his knowledge of the ancient authors, if extensive, was superficial; his style was vulgar; he had no brilliancy of imagination, no pungency of epigram, no grandeur of rhetoric. Therefore, he has left nothing to posterity which the world would not very willingly let die. But in his own days he did excellent service to learning by his untiring activity, and by the facility with which he used his stores of knowledge. It was an age of accumulation and preparation, when the world was still amassing and cataloguing the fragments rescued from the wrecks of Greece and Rome. Men had to receive the very rudiments of culture before they could appreciate its niceties. And in this work of collection and instruction Filelfo excelled, passing rapidly from place to place, stirring up the zeal for learning by the passion of his own enthusiastic temperament, and acting as a pioneer for men like Angelo Poliziano and Erasmus.

paragraph: A complete edition of Filelfo's Greek letters (based on the "Codex Trevulzianus") was published for the first time, with French translation, notes and commentaries, by Emile Legrand in 1892 at Paris (C. xii. of "Publications de l'école des lang. orient.").

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francisci Philelfi satyrarum hecatostichon" at Somni

description: Italian Renaissance humanist

wikidata_label: Francesco Filelfo

wikipedia_title: Francesco Filelfo


text:
Italian
condottiero
Perugia
Braccio da Montone
Filippo Maria Visconti
Niccolò Fortebraccio
Wars in Lombardy
Pope Eugene IV
Venice
Florence
battle of Delebio
Francesco Sforza
Romagna
Venice
Milan
Filippo Maria Visconti
Brescia
Lombardy
Scaramuccia da Forlì
Venice
Lombardy
Umbria
Battle of Anghiari (1440)
Papal States
Marche
Naples
Jacopo
Francesco

categories: 1386 births,1444 deaths,People from Perugia,Condottieri

paragraph: Niccolò Piccinino

paragraph: Niccolò Piccinino (1386 – 15 October 1444) was an Italian condottiero.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Perugia, was the son of a butcher.

paragraph: He began his military career in the service of Braccio da Montone, who at that time was waging war against Perugia on his own account, and at the death of his chief, shortly followed by that of the latter's son Oddo, Piccinino became leader of Braccio's "condotta". After serving for a short period under the Florentine Republic, he went over to Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan (1425), in whose service together with Niccolò Fortebraccio he fought in the Wars in Lombardy against the league of Pope Eugene IV, Venice and Florence.

paragraph: After an outstanding victory over the Venetians at the battle of Delebio (19 November 1432), he defeated the papal forces at Castel Bolognese (1434). When another papal army under Francesco Sforza defeated and killed Fortebraccio at Fiordimonte, Piccinino was left in sole command of the Visconti army, and in a series of campaigns against Sforza he seized a number of cities in Romagna by treachery.

paragraph: In 1438, during the war between Venice and Milan, Piccinino, fighting for the duchy of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti, tried to take the city of Brescia, in Lombardy, but Scaramuccia da Forlì, fighting for Venice, intervened successfully to raise the siege. In 1439 Piccinino again fought in Lombardy with varying success against Sforza, who had now entered the Venetian service.

paragraph: Piccinino then induced the duke of Milan to send him to Umbria, where he hoped, like so many other "condottieri", to carve out a dominion for himself. He was defeated by Sforza at the Battle of Anghiari (1440), but although a number of his men were taken prisoners they were at once liberated, as was usually done in wars waged by soldiers of fortune. Again the war shifted to Lombardy, and Piccinino, having defeated and surrounded Sforza at Martinengo, demanded of the visconti the lordship of Piacenza as the price of Sforza's capture.

paragraph: The duke by way of reply concluded a truce with Sforza; but the latter, who, while professing to defend the Papal States, had established his own power in the Marche, aroused the fears of the pope and the king of Naples, as well as of the Visconti, who gave the command of their joint forces to Piccinino. Sforza was driven from the Marche, but defeated Piccinino at Montelauro, and while the latter was preparing for a desperate effort against Sforza he was suddenly recalled to Milan, his army was beaten in his absence, and he died of grief and of his wounds in 1444.

paragraph: Short of stature, lame and in weak health, he was brave to the point of foolhardiness, wonderfully resourceful, and never overwhelmed by defeat. He was cruel and treacherous, and had no aim beyond his own aggrandizement. Piccinino left two sons, Jacopo and Francesco, both condottieri.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Italian criminal

wikidata_label: Niccolò Piccinino

wikipedia_title: Niccolò Piccinino


text:
Italian
painter
Arezzo
Tuscany
Ghibelline
Jacopo del Casentino
Giotto
that of Siena
fresco
Carmine
Santa Maria Novella
San Miniato
Florence
Saint Benedict
Pisa
Palazzo Pubblico
Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III

categories: 1410 deaths,Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,15th-century Italian painters,14th-century Italian painters,1350 births,Tuscan painters

paragraph: Spinello Aretino

paragraph: Spinello Aretino (c. 1350 – c. 1410) was an Italian painter from Arezzo, who was active in Tuscany at the end of the 14th and the first decennium of the 15th century. His style influenced the development of late 14th- and early 15th-century painting in Tuscany.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Spinello Aretino was the son of a Florentine named Luca. His family was active in the goldsmith trade and had taken refuge in Arezzo in 1310 when the rest of the Ghibelline party was exiled from Florence. His actual name was Spinello Di Luca Spinelli but he was called 'Aretino' which means 'from Arezzo'.

paragraph: In the past it was believed that Spinello was a pupil of Jacopo del Casentino, a follower of Giotto. However, this is no longer accepted by art historians. Spinello's style was a sort of link between the school of Giotto and that of Siena. In the early part of his life he worked in Florence as an assistant to his master Jacopo while painting frescoes in the church of the Carmine and in Santa Maria Novella. Between 1360 and 1384 he was occupied in painting many frescoes in and near Arezzo, almost all of which have now perished.

paragraph: After the sack of Arezzo in 1384 Spinello returned to Florence, and in 1387-1388 with some assistants covered the walls and vault of the sacristy of San Miniato of Florence with a series of frescoes, the chief of which represent scenes from the life of Saint Benedict. These still exist, though in a sadly restored condition; they are very Giotto-like in composition, but have some of the Siena decorative brilliance of color.

paragraph: In 1391-1392 Spinello was painting six frescoes, which still remain on the south wall of the Pisan Campo Santo, representing miracles of St. Potitus and St. Ephesus. For these he received 270 gold florins. Among his later works the chief are the very fine series of frescoes painted in 1407-1408 on the walls and vault of a chapel in the municipal buildings of Siena; these also have suffered much from repainting, but still are the finest of Spinello's existing frescoes. Frescoes in Sala di Balia of the Palazzo Pubblico represent the war of Frederick Barbarossa against the Pope Alexander III. Spinello died in Arezzo about 1410.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Spinello's frescoes are all strong and highly decorative works, drawn with much spirit, and are very superior in style to his panel pictures, many of which appear to be mere bottega productions. The academy of Florence possesses a panel of the Madonna and Saints, which is chiefly interesting for its signature "Hoc opus pinxit Spinellus Luce Aritio D.I.A." (1391). The easel pictures which are to be found in the various galleries of Europe give little or no notion of Spinello's power as a painter. On of the highlights of his late career is a cycle of frescos on the life of Pope Alexander III made for the Sala di Balia of the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

alias:
Spinello
Caretino Spinello
Aretino Spinello
Spinello Di Luca Spinelli
Spinello Nicolo de Piero
Spinello di Luca Spinelli
Luca Spinelli
Spinello Aretino e Lorenzo di Nicolo
Luca Spinello Aretino
Spinello di Luca
di Luca Spinelli Spinello
Niccolò Aretino
Niccolo d'Arezzo
Niccolò Selli
Spinelli di Luca Spinelli
Lorenzo di Nicolo Spinello
Niccolò di Piero Spinello

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Spinello Aretino

wikipedia_title: Spinello Aretino


text:
Swedish
motorcycle racer
Profile on MotoGP.com
Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,1986 births,Swedish motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Alexander Lundh

paragraph: Alexander Lundh (born 30 October 1986) is a Swedish motorcycle racer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: Swedish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Alexander Lundh

wikipedia_title: Alexander Lundh


text: Mödling

text: Graz

text: Hubert Janitschek

text: Karl Henckell

text: Karl Henckell

categories: 1927 deaths,German women writers,1859 births

paragraph: Maria Janitschek

paragraph: Maria Janitschek "née" Tölk (July 22, 1859 in Mödling (near Vienna) - April 28, 1927 in Munich) was a German writer of Austrian origin. She wrote under the pseudonym of "Marius Stein".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born the illegitimate child of a military officer, she was raised by her mother Anna Tölk in impoverished circumstances and educated in a Hungarian convent school. When she was 19, she moved with her mother to Graz where she published her first articles as a journalist under the pseudonym Marius Stein. The newspapers "Moderne Dichtung" and "Wiener Rundschau" numbered among her employers. At age 23 she married Hubert Janitschek, a professor of art history. The couple lived in Strassburg and Leipzig. Her husband died in 1893 and Maria moved to Berlin and later to Munich.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Her first published books were collections of poetry and short stories. These appealed to the interests of the bourgeois women's movement in the topics of their works: the problems of marriage and love for women, treated in a manner that at the time was very liberal. In 1889 she published her first volume of poems "Irdische und unirdische Träume" (Earthly and Unearthly Dreams), which included the highly criticized poem "Ein modernes Weib" (A Modern Wife). Germany banned her short story collection "Die neue Eva" in 1909. She considered Émile Zola, Henrik Ibsen, and Leo Tolstoy to be her role models. Her works often have strong female characters who become merciless avengers when wrongs are done to them. In her epic works, she explored the dualism between the sensible and the emotional side of people.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legenden und Geschichten«, ? 1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irdische und unirdische Träume", ? 1889

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas", Novella, Berlin 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buch der Freiheit", Anthology, Ed Karl Henckell (later included in "Texte von Maria Janitschek"), Berlin 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Im Sommerwind", poem, Leipzig 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ninive", Novel, Leipzig 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vom Weibe - Charakterzeichnungen", Berlin 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Schleifstein - ein Lebensbild", Leipzig 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonnenblumen", Anthology, Ed. Karl Henckell (later included in "Texte von Maria Janitschek"), Stuttgart 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gelandet", Leipzig 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kreuzfahrer", Short Story, Leipzig 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Amazonenschlacht", Novel, Leipzig 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ueberm Thal" in: "Nord und Süd - Eine deutsche Monatsschrift", Ed. Paul Lindau, Breslau 1898, Vol. 84

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frauenkraft" Novellen, Berlin 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vom Weibe - Charakterzeichnungen", Berlin 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auf weiten Flügeln", Novellas, Leipzig 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die neue Eva", Novellas, Leipzig/Berlin 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maiblumen", (Aus Aproditens Garten #1), Leipzig 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feuerlilie", (Aus Aproditens Garten #2), Leipzig 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pfingstsonne", Novella, Breslau 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mimikry - Ein Stück modernes Leben", Novel, Leipzig 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Esclarmonde - Ihr Lieben und Leiden", Stuttgart 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eine Liebesnacht", Novel, ? 1908

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lustige Ehen - eine Geschichte, in der sich alle kriegen", Leipzig 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Olympier überm Tal", Two Novellas, (Deutsche Volkskultur in Wort, Bild und Klang #5) Berlin ca. 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Sterne des Herrn Ezelin", Novel, Leipzig 1915

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der rote Teufel", Novel, Leipzig 1916

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wildes Blut", Berlin 1916

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Im Finstern", Novel, Leipzig ca. 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kinder der Puszta", Novel, ? 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saat und Ernte - Die deutsche Lyrik um 1925", in "Selbstauswahlen der Dichter und Dichterinnen" (Maria Janitschek), mit kurzen Eigenbiographien und Angabe ihrer Werke, Ed. Albert Sergel, Berlin/Vienna 1924

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petra Budke and Jutta Schulze: "Schriftstellerinnen in Berlin 1871 - 1945. Ein Lexikon zu Leben und Werk". Orlanda Frauenverlag, Berlin 1995, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theresia Klugsberger and Sigrid Schmid-Bortenschlager: "Wider die Eindeutigkeit. Maria Janitschek". In: Karin Tebben (Ed): "Deutschsprachige Schriftstellerinnen des Fin de siècle". Diss. Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1999, , P. 181-196.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janitschek's Poem "Ein modernes Weib" from 1889

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janitscheks Novella 'Das neue Weib' from "Die Neue Eva" from 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and Material from the Ariadne Project of the Austrian National Libriary

description: writer

wikidata_label: Maria Janitschek

wikipedia_title: Maria Janitschek


text: gold miner

text: laborer

text: Harry Hinde

text: California State Library

text: California Gold Rush

text: Thomas S. Hinde

text: Urbana

text: Champaign County, Ohio

text: newspaper publisher

text: real estate developer

text: Methodist

text: Ohio

text: Kentucky

text: Illinois

text: Mount Carmel, Illinois

text: Charles H. Constable

text: California

text: California Gold Rush

text: Fort Edmonton

text: Riverside, California

text: Harry Hinde

text: Evergreen Memorial Park and Mausoleum

text: Thomas S. Hinde

text: Wisconsin Historical Society

text: Grand Rapids Hotel

text: Wabash County, Illinois

text: Charles T. Hinde

text: City of Mount Carmel Website

categories: People from Urbana, Ohio,1909 deaths,American merchants,Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Riverside, California),American male non-fiction writers,19th-century American Episcopalians,People from Mount Carmel, Illinois,American diarists,1830 births,American travel writers

paragraph: Edmund C. Hinde

paragraph: Edmund C. Hinde (April 6, 1830 – December 20, 1909) was a gold miner and laborer. His life was, at times, extremely difficult and filled with various hardships due to his career as a gold prospector in the 1850s. Throughout most of his adult life Hinde kept detailed diaries on his daily activities. After his death, his son, Harry Hinde, donated the diaries to the California State Library. The diaries have provided a wealth of information on a variety of topics, in particular on the California Gold Rush.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Edmund C. Hinde was the son of Thomas S. Hinde and he was born in Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio on April 6, 1830.

paragraph: Thomas S. Hinde had been a very prominent newspaper publisher, real estate developer, and Methodist minister. The Hinde family was well known in Ohio, Kentucky, and Illinois.

paragraph: Like his other brothers and sisters Edmund grew up in Mount Carmel, Illinois. Edmund's father and mother died early and he and his brothers and sisters were forced to either live with other family or fend for themselves. Edmund and his other siblings lived with their older sister Martha and her husband Judge Charles H. Constable during the 1850s. After the death of his parents Edmund was briefly responsible for caring for his younger sister. Once he found suitable accommodations for his sister Edmund left Mount Carmel and took on a variety of menial jobs. He eventually left to mine for gold in California.

paragraph: Section::::California gold mining.

paragraph: In 1850 Hinde began his trip to California to look for gold. The trip was harsh and Hinde met with many difficulties on the way to California. Eventually, Edmund and the other prospectors who traveled with him made it to California and they had limited success in mining gold. However, the experience was so challenging that Hinde only stayed a short time gold mining before returning to the Midwest. In his journal Hinde stated that he was swindled out of a large amount of money when he tried to sell the gold he mined upon his return.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Following Hinde's time prospecting gold during the California Gold Rush he went to Canada for a number of years. It was reported in his obituary that while in Canada he was connected with Fort Edmonton. After his time in Canada Hinde returned to various locations in Illinois. Eventually he settled in his hometown of Mount Carmel and was involved in the grain business for the remainder of his life. Four years before Hinde died he moved to Riverside, California and stayed with his son Harry Hinde. Edmund is buried in Evergreen Memorial Park and Mausoleum in Riverside.

paragraph: Section::::Additional information.

paragraph: Hinde wrote extensive journals during his life. Part of his journals were donated after his death by his son Harry to the State of California. In 1983 Jerome Peltier edited and published a selection of the journals that related to his experiences with the California Gold Rush. Additionally, Edmund is repeatedly mentioned in the journals of his father, Thomas S. Hinde, which are among the Draper Manuscripts held by the Wisconsin Historical Society.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nolan, John Matthew "2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at the Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River" Discusses Charles T. Hinde, one of the silent investors of the Hotel del Coronado and how the Hotel del Coronado influenced the Grand Rapids Hotel in Wabash County, Illinois. Charles T. Hinde was the younger brother of Edmund C. Hinde.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Mount Carmel Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Description of Edmund C. Hinde journals at the California State Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Journal of Edmund C. Hinde at Google Books snippet view

description: writer

wikidata_label: Edmund C. Hinde

wikipedia_title: Edmund C. Hinde


text: Russia

categories: Sportspeople from Nizhny Novgorod,Russian Premier League players,FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players,FC Fakel Voronezh players,Russian footballers,FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players,FC Dynamo Moscow reserves players,FC Khimki players,FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players,1983 births,FC Luch Vladivostok players,Association football midfielders,Living people,FC Baltika Kaliningrad players

paragraph: Yevgeni Kuznetsov (footballer, born 1983)

paragraph: Yevgeni Nikolayevich Kuznetsov (; born 2 December 1983) is a Russian footballer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player page on the official Luch-Energiya website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player page on the official Russian Premier League website

description: Russian footballer

wikidata_label: Yevgeni Kuznetsov


text: music producer

text: New York City

text: New York

text: Dr. Dre

text: Aftermath Entertainment

text: Dr. Dre

text: Eminem

text: Kendrick Lamar

text: Snoop Dogg

text: Rick Ross

text: John Legend

text: The Game

text: Ice Cube

text: Busta Rhymes

text: Fabolous

text: 50 Cent

text: Schoolboy Q

text: Joe

text: Christina Aguilera

text: Jennifer Lopez

text: Beyoncé

text: Lil Wayne

text: Ameriie

text: Christina Millian

text: Mac Dre

text: Marsha Ambrosius

text: Bernard Edwards

text: disco

text: R&B

text: Chic

text: Manhattan

text: New York

text: Tri-State Region

text: Compton

text: certified gold

text: Solé

text: Skin Deep

text: Joe

text: My Name Is Joe

text: Kandi Burruss

text: Hey Kandi...

text: Montell Jordan

text: Rush Hour 2

text: Christina Milian

text: Christina Milian

text: Destiny's Child

text: 8 Days of Christmas

text: Various artists

text: The Wash

text: Truth Hurts

text: Truthfully Speaking

text: Jennifer Lopez

text: This Is Me... Then

text: Petey Pablo

text: Drumline

text: Beyoncé Knowles

text: Dangerously in Love

text: Petey Pablo

text: Mac Dre

text: The Game

text: The Documentary

text: Pleasure & Pain

text: U Already Know

text: Outlawz

text: Sway & King Tech

text: Back 2 Basics

text: Tony Yayo

text: Thoughts of a Predicate Felon

text: Stat Quo

text: Bishop Lamont

text: Salah Edin

text: La Fouine

text: Keke Palmer

text: So Uncool

text: Girlicious

text: Girlicious

text: Bishop Lamont

text: The Confessional

text: Busta Rhymes

text: Back on My B.S.

text: Respect My Conglomerate

text: Slaughterhouse

text: Slaughterhouse

text: Marsha Ambrosius

text: Late Nights & Early Mornings

text: Christina Aguilera

text: Bionic

text: Bishop Lamont

text: The Shawshank Redemption/Angola 3

text: Schoolboy Q

text: Setbacks

text: Jay Rock

text: Follow Me Home

text: Rapper Big Pooh

text: Outlawz

text: Perfect Timing

text: 50 Cent

text: 5 (Murder by Numbers)

text: Busta Rhymes

text: Year of the Dragon

text: Xzibit

text: Napalm

text: Skyzoo

text: A Dream Deferred

text: TGT

text: Three Kings

text: Slum Village

text: Evolution

text: Terrace Martin

text: Dr. Dre

text: Compton

text: Wu-Tang Clan

text: Once Upon a Time in Shaolin

text: Ameriie

text: Drive

text: DJ Mustard

text: Cold Summer

text: Damian Lillard

text: The Letter O

categories: Songwriters from New York (state),East Coast hip hop musicians,American male bass guitarists,African-American songwriters,American rhythm and blues musicians,African-American record producers,American hip hop record producers,American multi-instrumentalists,American bass guitarists,Guitarists from New York City,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Focus...

paragraph: Bernard Edwards Jr., professionally known as Focus..., is an American music producer from New York City, New York. He gained major recognition in the music industry when he signed with Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment, in 2002. Since then he has produced tracks for several prominent artists, including Dr. Dre, Eminem, Kendrick Lamar, Snoop Dogg, Rick Ross, John Legend, The Game, Ice Cube, Busta Rhymes, Fabolous, 50 Cent, Schoolboy Q, Joe, Christina Aguilera, Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, Lil Wayne, Ameriie, Christina Millian, Mac Dre, Marsha Ambrosius among others.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Focus... is the son of the late Bernard Edwards, co-founder of disco and R&B band Chic. He was born in Manhattan, New York, and raised in the Tri-State Region. Edwards Jr. credits his father with his love for the production side of music, which he developed from an early age, attending numerous studio sessions with his father.

paragraph: Focus...'s production talents were first recognized by Dr. Dre when an artist Edwards Jr. had produced, Daks, greatly impressed the Aftermath label head. signed Focus... so that the two could then continue working together.

paragraph: The beginning of 2009 saw Focus... leave Aftermath after seven years with the label.

paragraph: In 2014, Focus... returned to Aftermath Entertainment as an official staff producer where he worked side by side with Dr. Dre and collaborators to help craft the Grammy nominated, highly anticipated album "Compton". "Compton" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

paragraph: Section::::Production.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solé - "Skin Deep"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm Coming"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spell My Name Right"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antoine's Interlude"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Niggas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pain"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe - "My Name Is Joe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Crunk Tonight"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kandi Burruss - "Hey Kandi..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hey Kandi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pants on Fire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talking' Bout Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sucka for You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outro"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montell Jordan - "Rush Hour 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mine, Mine, Mine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christina Milian - "Christina Milian"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Hurts When..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twitch"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Destiny's Child - "8 Days of Christmas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spread a Little Love on Christmas Day"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various artists - "The Wash"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riding High"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Truth Hurts - "Truthfully Speaking"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Next To Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jennifer Lopez - "This Is Me... Then"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dear Ben"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petey Pablo - "Drumline"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Club Banger"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sly Boogy - "Judgement Day"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "California"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beyoncé Knowles - "Dangerously in Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petey Pablo - ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roll Off"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mac Dre - ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Stupid"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wylde Bunch - "Wylde Tymes at Washington High"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Lyfe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Game - "The Documentary"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where I'm From"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 112 - "Pleasure & Pain"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "U Already Know"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outlawz - ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Real Talk"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If You Want 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Dare U"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sway & King Tech - "Back 2 Basics"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watch Closer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Don't Think So"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Don't Give A..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hands to the Sky"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Yayo - "Thoughts of a Predicate Felon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eastside Westside"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Project Princess"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live by the Gun"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stat Quo - ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "By My Side"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop Lamont - "N***** Noise"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klansmen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Dreams"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salah Edin - "Nederlands Grootste Nachtmerrie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "NGN"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "T.H.E.O. (Teleurstelling, Haat, Ergernis & Onbegrip)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het Land Van..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geliefd Om Gehaat Te Worden"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opgeblazen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "0172"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zwarte Gat Op Het Witte Doek"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geld"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hosselaar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vrouwtje Is Een Bitch"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samen Huilen, Samen Lachen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Koning Ter Rijk"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oog Om Oog"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradijs Is Nu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Fouine - "Aller-Retour"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intro"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Danse Du Ghetto"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "C'est Pas La Peine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contrôle Abusif"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laissez-Moi Dénoncer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Partout Pareil"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keke Palmer - "So Uncool"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Game Song"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music Box"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girlicious - "Girlicious"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirror"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop Lamont - "The Confessional"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Confessional"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Better Than You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Name"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Busta Rhymes - "Back on My B.S."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Respect My Conglomerate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If You Don't Know Now You Know"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slaughterhouse - "Slaughterhouse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lyrical Murderers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marsha Ambrosius - "Late Nights & Early Mornings"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tears"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christina Aguilera - "Bionic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morning Dessert"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex for Breakfast"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop Lamont - "The Shawshank Redemption/Angola 3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martin Luther King"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Affirmative Action"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schoolboy Q - Setbacks"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Light Years Ahead (Sky High)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jay Rock - "Follow Me Home"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bout That"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rapper Big Pooh - "Dirty Pretty Things"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Right With You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Real Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outlawz - "Perfect Timing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Keep It Lit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 50 Cent - "5 (Murder by Numbers)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Crown"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Busta Rhymes - "Year of the Dragon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do That Thing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xzibit - "Napalm"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Killer's Remorse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skyzoo - "A Dream Deferred"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drew & Derwin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- TheKidJ Presents Handsonhiphop (The Street Album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love & Hip-hop"

paragraph: BULLET::::- TGT - "Three Kings"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interlude"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slum Village - "Evolution"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summer Breeze"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1 Nite"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terrace Martin - "3ChordFold"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watch U Sleep"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Dre - "Compton"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intro

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loose Cannons"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Issues"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep Water"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Shot One Kill"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medicine Man"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wu-Tang Clan - "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hail, Snow & Earthquakes / Rainy Dayz II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ameriie - "Drive"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Every Time"

paragraph: BULLET::::- DJ Mustard Presents - "Cold Summer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another Summer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Damian Lillard - "The Letter O"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thank You"

description: American record producer

wikidata_label: Focus...

wikipedia_title: Focus...


text:
English
cricket
England women's cricket team
batsman
off break
Rochdale
Plymstock School
state
secondary school
Plymouth
University of Cambridge
natural sciences
Biomedical Sciences
Cardiff University
Devon
club cricket
Devon Cricket League
Hobart Hurricanes
2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season
India
Sarah Taylor
Mumbai
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Sydney
Bankstown Oval
England women's cricket team
Charlotte Edwards
India
Pakistan
Natalie Sciver
Women's Cricket World Cup
final
Lord's
India
OBE
New Year Honours
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20
England and Wales Cricket Board
against Australia
Women's Ashes

categories: Tasmanian Roar cricketers,Devon women cricketers,Berkshire women cricketers,England women Twenty20 International cricketers,English women cricketers,Western Storm cricketers,1990 births,Hobart Hurricanes (WBBL) cricketers,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Living people,England women One Day International cricketers

paragraph: Heather Knight (cricketer)

paragraph: Heather Clare Knight (born 26 December 1990) is an English cricketer who is captain of the England women's cricket team. She is a right-handed batsman and right arm off break bowler.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Knight was born on 26 December 1990 in Rochdale and was educated at Plymstock School, a state secondary school in Plymouth, Devon. She was offered a place at the University of Cambridge to study natural sciences, but turned it down so that she would have the time to play cricket. She went on to study Biomedical Sciences at Cardiff University.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.

paragraph: A prolific batsman at county level for her native Devon, Knight has played for the Diamonds, the Rubies and England Academy Women in addition to the England Women's team. She topped the county run scoring aggregates in both 2008 (390 runs) and 2009 (622).

paragraph: Knight plays club cricket for Plymstock Cricket Club in the Devon Cricket League where she opens the batting for the first team. Heather started attending colts training sessions at just 8 years old and progressed through the youth system at Plymstock.

paragraph: In November 2018, she was named in the Hobart Hurricanes' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.:England.

paragraph: Knight was called into the England squad on their tour of India in 2010 as a replacement for the injured Sarah Taylor and played in the 5th One Day International on 1 March in Mumbai, opening the batting and scoring 49 on her international debut. She toured Sri Lanka with the England team in 2010, making her Twenty20 debut in the 2nd match of the series on 22 November in Colombo. She made her test debut in the one-off Ashes test at Sydney's Bankstown Oval in January 2011.

paragraph: She is the holder of one of the first tranche of 18 ECB central contracts for women players, which were announced in April 2014.

paragraph: On 5 June 2016, Knight was appointed captain of the England women's cricket team after Charlotte Edwards stood down.

paragraph: She also became the first female cricketer to score a fifty and to take a five wicket haul in an ODI innings

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.:2017 Women's Cricket World Cup.

paragraph: Heather Knight led the England team in her first Women's Cricket World Cup as captain, and they won the tournament despite losing to India in the opening match. In the second group match against Pakistan she, along with Natalie Sciver, went on to put on a record 3rd-wicket partnership in the history of Women's Cricket World Cup(213) as England managed to defeat Pakistan convincingly by 107 runs In the final at Lord's Knight led England to a 9 run victory over India.

paragraph: Following the team's success, she was awarded an OBE in the Queen's 2018 New Year Honours list.

paragraph: In April 2018 she was named one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year for her part in the 2017 World Cup victory.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.:2018 World Twenty20 and beyond.

paragraph: In October 2018, she was named as the captain of England's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies.

paragraph: In February 2019, she was awarded a full central contract by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) for 2019. In June 2019, the ECB named her in England's squad for their opening match against Australia to contest the Women's Ashes.

description: England cricketer

wikidata_label: Heather Knight

wikipedia_title: Heather Knight (cricketer)


text:
Polish
bobsled
four-man event
2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver

categories: 1984 births,People from Jelenia Góra,Olympic bobsledders of Poland,Sportspeople from Lower Silesian Voivodeship,Bobsledders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Polish male bobsledders,Living people

paragraph: Paweł Mróz

paragraph: Paweł Mróz (born June 14, 1984) is a Polish bobsledder who has competed since 2008. He finished 14th in the four-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

description: Polish bobsledder

wikidata_label: Paweł Mróz

wikipedia_title: Paweł Mróz


text:
Harbin
Heilongjiang
ice hockey
China women's national ice hockey team
China at the 2010 Winter Olympics
7th out of 8 teams

categories: 1987 births,Chinese women's ice hockey players,Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Harbin,Female ice hockey goaltenders,Living people,Olympic ice hockey players of China

paragraph: Shi Yao

paragraph: Shi Yao (; born 13 January 1987 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese female ice hockey goaltender. She is a member of the China women's national ice hockey team. She competed for China at the 2010 Winter Olympics. The team finished 7th out of 8 teams.

description: Chinese ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Shi Yao

wikipedia_title: Shi Yao


categories: 1988 births,Chinese women's ice hockey players,Sportspeople from Harbin,Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people,Olympic ice hockey players of China

paragraph: Jiang Na

paragraph: Jiang Na (; born 18 October 1988 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese female ice hockey player. She is a member of the China women's national ice hockey team. She competed for China at the 2010 Winter Olympics. The team finished 7th out of 8 teams.

description: Chinese ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Jiang Na

wikipedia_title: Jiang Na


text: I Have Said Nothing

text: Detroit, Michigan

text: University of Michigan

text: New York University

text: Brunel University

text: Lehman College

text: University of Florida

text: Jeopardy!

text: Maggie Smith

text: James Joyce

text: Storyspace

text: cognitive map

text: Electronic literature

text: J. Yellowlees Douglas Biography

categories: 20th-century American women writers,21st-century American non-fiction writers,American literary critics,Electronic literature,New York University alumni,Jeopardy! contestants,University of Michigan alumni,1962 births,20th-century American non-fiction writers,Living people,University of Florida faculty,21st-century American women writers

paragraph: J. Yellowlees Douglas

paragraph: Jane Yellowlees Douglas (born J. Yellowlees Douglas; June 25, 1962) is a pioneer author and scholar of hypertext fiction. She began writing about hypermedia in the late 1980s, very early in the development of the medium. Her 1993 fiction "I Have Said Nothing", was one of the first published works of hypertext fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Douglas was born June 25, 1962 in Detroit, Michigan. She did not have a first name apart from the initial 'J.' but found that it was misstated so often that she adopted "Jane' as her first name.

paragraph: She completed her undergraduate studies in English language and literature at the University of Michigan in 1982, where she went on to get an M.A in cinema and literary theory. She received her Ph.D. in English and education from New York University in 1992.

paragraph: Her Ph.D. dissertation, "Print pathways and interactive labyrinths: How hypertext narratives affect the act of reading," was supervised by Gordon M. Pradl. She spent a year as a research fellow at Brunel University in London examining the ways in which hypertext affects the construction of digital technologies.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In academia, Douglas has been the director of the program in professional writing and an assistant professor of English at Lehman College. She is presently Associate Professor of Management Communication in the Warrington College of Business Administration at the University of Florida.

paragraph: Douglas was a contestant on "Jeopardy!" on March 8, 2013. In interviews and forum postings about this experience, Douglas revealed that her godmother is the actress Maggie Smith.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Writings.

paragraph: Douglas has written over two dozen articles, short stories, and a book about the development, structure, and uses of hypertext. In a 1991 article—quite early in the development of hypertext as a new literary medium—she argued for hypertext as offering an alternative to an "either/or" view of reality in the form of an "and/and/and" structure.

paragraph: In her 2000 book, "The End of Books or Books Without End", she examines how interactive fiction works and discusses the current state of hypertext criticism, arguing that hyptertext authors are the natural heirs of early 20th century experimental modernists like James Joyce.

paragraph: In "What Hypertexts Can Do That Print Narratives Cannot", Douglas goes into more detail about how hypertext fiction works as a literary form. Critics have noted acerbity as a characteristic of Douglas's writing as she "makes plain her frustration that hyperfiction works and their writers are still not considered part of the canon."

paragraph: Douglas is recognized for having discovered a node in Michael Joyce's hypertext novel "" that had no inbound links. In discussions about the novel, the node became known as "Jane's space" because she was the first to remark on its orphan status. She became implicated in revisions to this node, which originally (1987 edition) featured only a single phrase from Jung, "Man... never perceives anything", but later (1990 edition) included a second line: "and only Jane Yellowlees Douglas has read this line".

paragraph: Douglas's hypertext fiction "I Have Said Nothing" is book-ended by two car crashes and the resulting deaths. Douglas's goal was to use the fragmentations of hypertext to explore both causality and the enormous gulfs that separate people from one another. Designed in Storyspace, the work offers readers a variety of strategies for navigation: a cognitive map, links in the text, a default narrative line, and a navigation menu of available paths.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Readers Brain. How Neuroscience can make you a Better Writer, Cambridge 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Pleasures of Immersion and Engagement: Schemas, Scripts, and the Fifth Business.” In "First Person: New Media as Story, Performance, and Game". Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Pat Harrigan, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. (essay; with Andrew Hargadon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The End of Books or Books Without End". University of Michigan Press, 2000 (book)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Three Paradoxes of Hypertext: How Theories of Textuality Shape Interface Design.” In "The Emerging CyberCulture: Literacy, Paradigm, and Paradox". Stephanie B. Gibson and Ollie Oviedo, eds. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2000. (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Have Said Nothing". "Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext", vol. 1, no. 2, 1993. Republished in "Postmodern American Fiction: A Norton Anthology". Paula Geyh, Fred G. Lebron, and Andrew Levy, eds. New York: Norton, 1997. (short story)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “'But When Do I Stop?'" Closure and Indeterminacy in Interactive Narratives.” In "Hyper/Text/Theory", George Landow, ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994:159-188. (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Act of Reading: the WOE Beginners' Guide to Dissection". "Writing on the Edge", vol. 2, no. 2, 1991. (essay)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electronic literature

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Yellowlees Douglas Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Y. Douglas Contact Information at Readersbrain.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Have Said Nothing" by J. Yellowlees Douglas

description: American academic

wikidata_label: J. Yellowlees Douglas

wikipedia_title: J. Yellowlees Douglas