text:
Daegu
Hongik University
Lucio Fontana
obangsaek
Gwangju
Gwangju Biennale
democratic protest in Gwangju
A Needle Woman
Obangsaek
Lanzarote
Canary Island
Thread Routes
La Fenice
Spoleto Festival
Palacio de Cristal
Gregorian
Tibetan
Islamic
Iraq War
Venice Biennale
Cornell University
Metropolitan Museum
Daina Augaitis

categories: South Korean contemporary artists,Guggenheim Fellows,1957 births,Performance artists,South Korean emigrants to the United States,Video artists,People from Daegu,Living people

paragraph: Kimsooja

paragraph: Kimsooja (; born 1957) is a South Korean, multi-disciplinary conceptual artist based in New York, Paris, and Seoul. She represented Korea for the 24th São Paulo Biennale in 1998 and the 55th Venice Biennale Korean Pavilion in 2013, and participated in more than 30 international biennials and triennials.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: After having to pick a domain name for her website, Kimsooja thought about the conceptual implications of combining her name into one word. She commemorated this act in a conceptual piece titled "A One-Word Name Is An Anarchist's Name" (2003).

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Kimsooja was born in Daegu, South Korea, in 1957. She studied Western painting at the Hongik University in Seoul and her origin as a painter was a crucial starting point for the development of her art. Kimsooja's "Sewing" series (1983–1992), her first work with fabric, brought forth an assemblage of fabric forming cruciform structures that synthesized an entangled and knotted vision of the world into a system of horizontals and verticals. Like the Spatialist painter Lucio Fontana, who pierced the uni-colored canvas with a sharped-edged dagger, Kimsooja also made art that was no longer a screen of illusion but a three-dimensional structure as she weaved through the surface of the work, piercing holes into it.

paragraph: Subsequent to a residency at PS1: MOMA in 1992-93, Kimsooja initiated a series of site-specific installations that found their origin in the Korean color spectrum ("obangsaek"). She created sculptures inspired from Korean bedcover cloth bundles that are associated in Korean culture with travel and migration, and may also be interpreted in her work as an allusion to restrictions on female activities. These bedcover bundles inspired the title of a number of sculptures and installation works that Kimsooja titled after the Korean word, "bottari", that intimates the idea of travel but also refers to concepts of wrapping and unfolding.

paragraph: In 1992, the installation "Deductive Objects", shown at MoMA PS1, took up an entire brick wall where small torn pieces of used Korean bedcover fabric were inserted by the artist in tiny holes between the bricks. The sculptural elements alongside the wall installation were composed of everyday objects wrapped in "Bottari" cloth, such as a carrier, a doorframe, a hook, a saw, a spool, a shovel, a clothing rack, or a ladder.

paragraph: The "bottari" and the act of travel continue to be central themes for her work "Bottari Truck in Exile" (1999), made on the road as a truck heaped with piles of clothing, wrapped in silk bedcovers, travelled from one location to another. Kimsooja dedicated the piece, which was presented at the Venice Biennale, to refugees of the Kosovo war.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Early performance and video works.

paragraph: In the artist's first video performance, "Sewing into Walking-Kyungju" (1994), Kimsooja is seen atop the valleys of Gwangju (formerly spelled Kwangju), South Korea, picking up scattered bedcovers on the valley's floor and wrapping them into a bundle. A year later, the artist returned to the valley for the first Gwangju Biennale in Korea and scattered various clothes made of traditional Korean fabrics on the ground of a forest. This installation, made of 2.5 tons of second-hand clothes and entitled "Sewing into Walking- Dedicated to the victims of Kwangju", commemorated the victims of the suppression of a democratic protest in Gwangju in 1980. This work established an analogy between the structure of fabric and that of the land, which was of particular importance in terms of confirming the three-dimensionality and spatial topology of fabric in the artist's work, as well as establishing her body in performance as a needle that weaves through the fabric of humanity and nature.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:A Needle Woman.

paragraph: In 1999, Kimsooja presented her most iconic work: "A Needle Woman", a performance video piece that premiered at CCA Kitakyushu and further evolved in subsequent showings as a multi-channel video projection. In "A Needle Woman", the artist is seen with her back facing the camera, wearing precisely the same clothes and standing precisely the same way in various metropolises: Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, New York, Mexico City, Cairo, Lagos, London, Patan, Nepal (1999–2001); and in a second series of performances: Havana, Cuba; N’Djamena, Chad; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Sana’a, Yemen; and Jerusalem (2005). Some locations visited in the work are places of violence, disrepair, or unresolved conflict, lending to the needle a metaphoric function as an instrument of healing. Also in "A Laundry Woman" (2000), a performance video piece shot in India, Kimsooja is seen immobile and standing in front of a river where debris seemingly drift. "A Needle Woman" and "A Laundry Woman" exposed the artist's stances on non-doing and immobility as a form of art practice; specifically, lending to the action of immobility the virtue of inverting an audience's linear perception of space and time. The first version of "A Needle Woman" presented the artist laying horizontally on a rock and it established nature and spatial orientation as a central subject in her work. As well, her use of the Korean color spectrum ("Obangsaek"), in which each color stands for a cardinal direction in Korean tradition, took up great importance.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:A Mirror Woman.

paragraph: For "A Mirror Woman: The Sun and The Moon", commissioned by the Shiseido Art Foundation in 2008, Kimsooja filmed the sun setting and the moon rising along the beach of Goa, India. The artist then digitally layered an eclipse, in which the footage of the Sun and the Moon were fused together.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other video and film works.

paragraph: In "Earth – Water – Fire – Air", a multi-channel video projection that premiered at the 2009 Lanzarote Biennale, Spain, the fusion of basic elements was grasped live by the artist on the Island of Lanzarote in the Canary Island, Guatemala, and Greenland. Here, the concept of fusion enhanced the idea of earlier experiments in immobility, continually incarnated in the artist's persistent representation of permanence and impermanence, horizontal and vertical structures, the forward and backward movements of sewing.

paragraph: Starting in 2010, Kimsooja initiated a 16mm film project entitled "Thread Routes". Divided into six chapters, the series unfolds as an anthropological poem that takes the act of threading as a central subject. It takes place in six different cultural zones around the world, its five preliminary chapters shot in Peru, Europe, India, China, and North America.

paragraph: "To Breathe: Invisible Mirror/ Invisible Needle", which premiered at La Fenice, Venice in 2006, was a nine-minute video projection of a color spectrum that filled the entirety of the theater's stage. A five-channel audio track entitled "The Weaving Factory" (2004) accompanied the piece, forming a couplet of inhalation and exhalation of the artist's own breathing that became increasingly less agile as the color spectrum continued its gestation.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Site-specific installations.

paragraph: "A Lighthouse Woman" (2002) was a site-specific installation where Kimsooja used light, color, and sound to transform the abandoned lighthouse in Morris Island (Charleston, South Carolina) for the 2002 Spoleto Festival. "A Lighthouse Woman" inaugurated a series of work the artist created as memorial projects that includes: "Sewing Into Walking - Dedicated to the victims of Kwangju" (1995); "Planted Names" (2002); "Mandala: Chant for Auschwitz" (2010); and "A Mirror Woman: The Ground of Nowhere" (2003). [47] Another commemorative work, Kimsooja's "An Album: Hudson Guild", is a video project created in collaboration with the Hudson Guild Senior Center in Chelsea, New York, in 2009.

paragraph: "To Breathe – A Mirror Woman", was developed for the Palacio de Cristal in Madrid in 2006, was a mirror installation that covered the flooring of the Palacio. The entire cupola of the palace was covered with a translucent film that diffracted daylight and the Palacio was also replete with the sound of the artist's breathing.

paragraph: In "Lotus: Zone of Zero" was first installed at , Lille, Kimsooja hung six rows of concentric circles consisting of 384 temple lanterns in the shape of lotus blossoms from the glass pavilion. Six speakers aligned the circle simultaneously played Gregorian, Tibetan, and Islamic chants, which echoed throughout the room and united at the hollow center. According to Kimsooja, this is the realm of "Zero," in which different faiths form a harmonious union that transcends into a space for meditation and contemplation. The many lanterns hung overhead were meant to humble the viewer and remind them of their relationship with their community. Kimsooja created "Lotus: Zone of Zero" in response to the Iraq War; she wanted to create a place where different religions and people of different cultures could live in a state of harmonious coexistence.

paragraph: Kimsooja represented Korea for the South Korean pavilion at the 55th Venice Biennale in 2013. For the piece entitled "To Breathe: Bottari", Kimsooja wrapped the entirety of the national pavilion's interior with a translucent film that diffracted daylight, showering the internal structure with spectrums of light. Her sound piece "The Weaving Factory" (2004–2013) also filled the pavilion with the sound of the artist inhaling and exhaling. These aspects of light and sound were further heightened by "To Breathe: Blackout" (2013), an anechoic chamber where the audience would be cast in complete darkness and devoid of sound except for that of the viewer's own body. Other notable public commissions include: "A Needle Woman: Galaxy was a Memory, Earth is a Souvenir" (2014), a monumental 46-foot-tall sculpture commissioned and installed for the Cornell Council for the Arts 2014 Biennial on the campus of Cornell University; and "Mandala: Zone of Zero", which premiered at The Project in New York City in 2003 and consisted of the sound of Tibetan, Gregorian, and Islamic chants animating a large target-shaped jukebox.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "To Breathe", Centre Pompidou Metz, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "Thread Routes", Guggenheim Bilbao, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "To Breathe: Bottari", The Korean Pavilion, 55th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kimsooja / Unfolding", Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "Mumbai: A Laundry Field", Feldkirch Church, Co-organized by Kunstmuseum Lichtenstein, Lichtenstein, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Needle Woman" - Paris, Hôtel De Ville Paris, Commissioned by Nuit Blanche, Paris, France, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Box: Kimsooja", Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.C., United States, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "To Breathe - A Mirror Woman", a site-specific installation at the Crystal Palace, commissioned by Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "To Breathe / Respirare", A Site-Specific Installation at La Fenice Theater, in conjunction with a joint Solo Exhibition at Fondazione Bevilacqua la Masa, Venice, Italy, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "To Breathe: Invisible Mirror / Invisible Needle", Theatre Chatelet, Commissioned by Nuit Blanche Paris, France, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "A Wind Woman", The Project, New York, United States, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "A Wind Woman", Peter Blum Gallery, Chelsea New York, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "Conditions of Humanity", traveling solo show, Museum Kunst Palast, Düsseldorf, Germany; Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea, PAC, Milan; Museum of Contemporary Art, Lyon 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "A Laundry Woman", Kunsthalle, Wien, Austria, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "A Needle Woman", P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center / MOMA, New York, United States, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "A Needle Woman", Kunsthalle Bern, Bern, Switzerland 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "Bottari", Sprengel Museum, Hanover, Germany, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "A Needle Woman", ICC, Tokyo, Japan, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimsooja, "Bottari Truck in Exile", 48th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Awards, fellowships and commissions (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ho-Am prize for the Arts, Ho-Am foundation, South Korea, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Needle Woman: Galaxy was a Memory, Earth is a Souvenir", commissioned by CCA on the occasion of first Cornell University Biennale Ithaca, New York, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grant recipient, New York State Council on the Arts, New York An Album: Hudson Guild commissioned by More Art, New York, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grant recipient, New York State Council of the Arts, "An Album: Hudson Guild", commissioned by More Art, New York, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musee d'Art Contemporain du Val-de-Marne, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korea Culture & Arts Foundation Grant, Seoul, for "Always a Little Further", the 51st Venice Biennale, Arsenale, Venice, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anonymous Was A Woman Foundation Award, New York, Artist of the American Art Award, Whitney Museum of America, Sponsored by Cartier Co., New York, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korea Culture & Arts Foundation Award, Seoul, Award for the Best Show of the Year 2000, for the solo exhibition "A Needle Woman – A Woman Who Weaves the World" at Rodin Gallery, Samsung Art Museum, Seoul, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paradise Culture Foundation Award, Seoul, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Residency Award, World Views – at World Trade Center, New York, awarded by the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, New York, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist in Residence, PS1 Contemporary Art Center, New York, 1992–93.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 11th Suk-Nam Fine Art Award, Seoul, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song-Un culture Foundation Award, Seoul, 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Biennials and triennials (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inhabiting the World" - Busan Biennale 2014, Busan, South Korea 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intimate Cosmologies: The Aesthetics of Scale in an Age of Nanotechnology". The 1st Cornell University Biennale Ithaca, New York, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The International Biennial of Contemporary Art of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean Pavilion, The 55th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ROUNDTABLE", The 9th Gwangju Biennale, South Korea, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beyond Mediations, Poznan Biennale, Zamek Art Center, Poznan, Poland, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dress Codes", The Third ICP Triennial of Photography and Video, International Center for Photography, New York, United States, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Against Exclusion" - The 3rd Moscow Biennale, The Garage, Moscow, Russia, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 4th Fukuoka Asian Art Triennial, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Always a Little Further", The 51st Venice Biennale, Arsenale, Venice, Italy, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 10th Biennial of Moving Images, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ideal City - Solares", the 2nd Valencia Biennale, Valencia, Spain, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 71st Whitney Biennial, Central Park, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, United States, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1st Busan Biennale, Metropolitan Museum, Busan, South Korea, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharing Exotism", The 5th Biennale de Lyon, Halle Tony Garnier, Lyon, France, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D'APERTutto", The 48th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 24th São Paulo Biennial, São Paulo, Brazil, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manifesta 1, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1st Gwangju Biennale, Gwangju, South Korea, 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laeticia Mello, "The Pilgrimage of our Own Existence", Arte Al Limite, Published by Arte Al Limite March 2012, pp. 30–38

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seungduk Kim, Centripedal Acceleration, Kimsooja "To Breathe: Bottari", les presses du reel, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suh Young – Hee: "Contemplating a system of horizontals and Verticals", in "Kimsooja: Unfolding", Vancouver Art Gallery, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cities on the Move", exhibition catalogue, Art-Worlds in Dialogue: From "Gauguin to the Global Present", Museum Ludwig Cologne, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Henry Madoff, "Gnomon of Place, Gnomon of foreignness", Host and Guest, Catalogue for group exhibition at Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Published by Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MoMA PS1: Exhibitions: Kim Sooja: A Needle Woman." Accessed March 27, 2018. http://momaps1.org/exhibitions/view/24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingrid Commandeur, "Kimsooja: Black holes, Meditative Vanishings and Nature as a Mirror of the Universe", in Windflower, Perceptions of Nature, NAI and Kroller-Muller Museum, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Geusa, "Calm Chaos: Earth, Water, Fire, Air", Permm Museum, Russia, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Morgan, "Kimsooja and the Art of Place", in Kimsooja Unfolding, Vancouver Art Gallery, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, "Kimsooja To Breather Bottari", les presses du reel 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricky D'ambrose, Kim Sooja: "To Breathe: Invisible Mirror / Invisible Needle", les presses du reel, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doris Van Drathen, "Standing at the Point Zero", Catalogue of Kimsooja A Mirror Woman: The Sun & The Moon, Foundation d'Entreprise Hermes, 2008, pp. 30–35.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kimsooja: Ways Of Being", A conversation between Daina Augaitis and Kimsooja, Vancouver Art Gallery, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ackland, Art Museum. "Five Artists, Five Faiths: Spirituality in Contemporary Art". Chapel Hill, N.C: Ackland Art Museum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunstmuseum, Wolfsburg, and Stuttgart Staatsgalerie. "Art & Textiles: Fabric as Material and Concept in Modern Art from Klimt to the Present". Edited by Markus Brüderlin, Hartmut Böhme, and Amy Klement. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornell Council for the Arts, http://cca.cornell.edu/?p=galaxy-was-a-memory-earth-is-a-souvenir

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anita Hackethal,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Blum Gallery, http://peterblumgallery.com/exhibitions/2006/kimsooja-a-wind-woman/press-release.

alias:
Soo-Ja Kim
Kim Sooja
Soo-ja Kim

description: Korean contemporary artist

wikidata_label: Kimsooja

wikipedia_title: Kimsooja


text: poet

text: essayist

text: photographer

text: forms

text: Heraclitus

text: Philhellene

text: grammatology

text: Derrida

text: New Formalism

text: poetic forms

text: Athens Academy

text: polyglot

text: Classical Greece

text: tragedy

text: Alexander the Great

text: Aeschylus

text: Sophocles

text: sonnet cycles

text: mythos

text: logos

text: Ancient Greek philosophy

text: Cleanthes

text: sestina

text: Lee Slonimsky

text: Daniel Hoffman

text: Library of Congress

text: Yale University Press

text: Gennadius Library

text: Rachel Hadas

text: MAXXI

text: Poetry Society of America

text: Ernest Hilbert

text: Keats Shelley House

text: The Athens Academy

text: The Gennadius Library

text: American School for Classical Studies Athens

text: Bibliotheca Alexandrina

text: The Athens Centre

text: Parnassus Literary Society

text: Berlin Biennial

text: Manifesta Biennial

text: Mass MoCA

text: Century Association

text: PEN AMERICA

text: A.E. Stallings

text: Rachel Hadas

text: Lee Slonimsky

text: poetic forms

text: portico

text: Vitruvius

text: Propylaia

text: Erechtheion Temple

text: Acropolis

text: Caryatids

text: De Architectura

text: T.S. Eliot

text: Triptych

text: Homeric

text: haiku

text: Rothko

text: E. Moutsopoulos

text: Taylor Francis Publications

text: Athens Academy

text: VOLUME Project

text: Columbia University C-Lab

text: AMO

text: Century Association

text: Athens Concert Hall

text: Keats-Shelley House

text: The Athens Centre

text: Athens Academy

text: Research Centre for Greek Philosophy

text: Gennadius Library

text: American School of Classical Studies Athens

text: Athens Centre

text: Parnassos Literary Society

text: Elena Penga

text: Parnassos Literary Society

text: Ed Ruscha

text: Ed Ruscha

text: Rosemarie Trockel

text: Robert Gober

text: Felix Gonzalez-Torres

text: Berlin Biennale

text: Artur Żmijewski

text: Hans-Ulrich Obrist

text: Sol Lewitt

text: MASS MoCA

text: Manifesta

text: Ole Bouman

text: Deste Foundation

text: Gingerfzaimis.com website

text: YouTube channel

text: Poetry Out-loud in Translation, C.P. Cavafy

text: Poetry Out-loud Series, "Face of Agamemnon"

categories: Formalist poets,American women writers,The New Yorker people,20th-century American poets,American women poets,Writers from South Carolina,21st-century American poets,American women photographers,American expatriates in Greece,Romanticism,Poets from South Carolina,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: G. F. Zaimis

paragraph: Ginger F. Zaimis is an American poet, essayist, adviser, photographer and serial creative who specializes in architectural forms. She has appropriated and translated portions of Ancient Greek mythology, philosophy and poetry with emphasis on Heraclitus' ideology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A polymath and serial creative educated in the arts, architecture, and economics, she is both Southerner and Philhellene who lived her early years in New York City. Her professional dialogues span from advisory work, communications (i.e. lecturing, reading, writing, editing) and the ancient world from Fortune 500 companies and financial institutions to art collections, museums, centers for the contemporary arts, architecture and literature as well as New York publishing houses, world libraries, and academic institutions.

paragraph: Section::::Grammatology.

paragraph: Section::::Grammatology.:Architecture of.

paragraph: Ginger's grammatology recalls Derrida's understanding of the word. Her poetry unites intersections of contemporary modernisms and comparative literature through the lens of architecture braiding mythology and philosophy to connect multi-disciplinary dialogues re-integrating the arts and sciences as one through poetry. Her work with the sonnet, form and verse has been associated with the school of New Formalism. She is the architect of two poetic forms: "the Portico" and "Triptych".

paragraph: Section::::Grammatology.:Poetry as text-tile.

paragraph: She is the author of three poetry collections, "Therapy with Antigone and the Trilogy Verses" (2017), "Prometheus Rebound and Other Mythology" (2015) and "Excavated Athens to Alexandria" (2013). The author of essays and reviews, she is the architect of "The Portico Convention", a treatise on poetry as architecture, as well as the co-author of "Philosophy and Poetry" with the Philosopher of Kairicity, E. Moutsopoulos, member of the Athens Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Grammatology.:Myth & logos in translation.

paragraph: As a polyglot, she has appropriated, progressed and translated from the Modern and Ancient archetypes from Classical Greece into her own poetic oeuvre ranging from philosophical to mythological tragedy(s) questioning the death of Alexander the Great to Aeschylus' "Prometheus" and Sophocles' "Antigone". These plays are represented in the works entitled "The Divine Inquisition," "Prometheus Rebound" and "Therapy with Antigone". A few examples of poetic work composed in sonnet cycles which progress mythos and logos from Ancient Greek philosophy into poetry, as well as "Cleanthes" Hymn to Zeus, a new translation from the Ancient Greek to English verse in sestinas.

paragraph: Section::::Critical reviews.

paragraph: "Therapy with Antigone and the Trilogy Verses", the poet’s third collection is critically observed by Lee Slonimsky, poet, “Pythagorean” and Literary Executor of the Daniel Hoffman Archive at the Library of Congress as "Extraordinary content with spiritual insight and academic depth…Few writers of our day can ground one part of the mind in the material world while allowing the other to roam in philosophical eternity like Ginger Zaimis...Part of her psyche…resides in the world of Heraclitus, Sophocles and the other in the light of presence…Her ability to unite dualities; synthesize opposites as One is greater than the sum of their parts". Critic, translator and co-founder, Cecile Margellos of Yale University Press/Margellos Republic of Letters writes, "Ginger's idea of mythologies through an architectural lens stand boldly at the intersection of contemporary and comparative literature...her work reveals the in-between of worlds, strata and disciplines by inventing new prototypes" while American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Maria Georgopoulou, Director of the Gennadius Library says, "Ginger is someone who bridges the arts...she doesn't fit in-to-a-box but rather perceives life out-of-the-box...bringing architectural order to the world by shaping words, poetry, and perception."

paragraph: Her second collection, "Prometheus Rebound and Other Mythology", Rachel Hadas critically writes, “Ginger Zaimis sometimes sounds like Heraclitus – fragmentary, abrupt, vatic and witty. Verses resonate with breathtaking peremptory wisdom...Remarkable!” while Paolo Colombo, writer, curator, and former head of the MAXXI, sees her poetry as installation. “Each word is sculpted into perfect form as architecture itself to fit the necessity of language…The sonnets are experienced as pages of diptychs that converge into triptychs, her new visual and literary, poetic hybrid, shaping abstraction into form, aether to volume, idea from void.” and Elizabeth J. Coleman, vice-president of the Poetry Society of America observes, “I am in awe of Ginger Zaimis' knowledge of history and mythology, her skill and creativity with form. I love the way she weaves the current with the ancient, the high with the low...so wittily, so gracefully.”

paragraph: Ernest Hilbert critically observes of her first collection, "Excavated Athens to Alexandria", "her intelligence sparkles...she proves that the sonnet is more than merely a little song of love, that it can and must contain multitudes of voices and address infinite concerns."

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions & new poetic forms.

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions & new poetic forms.:Honors.

paragraph: She has been honored to lecture, read and present her work at distinguished centers for the arts, literature and world libraries such as The Keats Shelley House, Rome museum, The Athens Academy, The Gennadius Library at the American School for Classical Studies Athens, Bibliotheca Alexandrina Library, The Athens Centre, Parnassus Literary Society, the Berlin Biennial, Manifesta Biennial, Mass MoCA museum and The Century Association Arts Club in NYC to name a few.

paragraph: Her debut collection, "Excavated Athens to Alexandria", a didactic collection inspired by Classical Greece and Hellenistic Alexandria, explores language as architecture and architecture as poetry. It was PEN AMERICA’s Joyce Osterweil Poetry finalist (2015) for best, first collection. Her poems have been collected in the Library of Alexandria, Poetry Anthologies (2014, 2015 and 2017), IFBA Press. She has served as judge for the Keats-Shelley Poetry Prize and her first two collections, "Excavated Athens to Alexandria" and "Prometheus Rebound and Other Mythology" were nominated for the London Hellenic Prize. An American who “navigates the world and her life with grace, elegance…Her poetic voice is fresh and unexpected: tough, tender, funny, fierce, risky and sometimes risqué...mixing high-register diction with a vernacular of Southern sassiness”, writes A.E. Stallings while Rachel Hadas and Lee Slonimsky liken her poetic voice and verse to a contemporary Heraclitus and Sophocles. She is the architect of the two new poetic forms: "the Portico" and "Triptych".

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions & new poetic forms.:The Portico.

paragraph: The "Portico" was the poet's first form she designed. It was inspired by the facade of a classical temple's porch or portico. "It is a defined poetic shape, written in verse that employs specific design elements to achieve a result of "sound – silence – sound". The new form uses architecture as a connective matrix to unite the literary arts which incorporate aesthetic, rhythmic and verse qualities. It was designed in 2012-13. It is founded upon classical architectural fundamentals that emulate the design of a classical temple, specifically, the colonnaded portico from which it has appropriates its name. Its concept is premised upon Vitruvius architectural principles." Poetry's new form is outlined in her treatise entitled, "The Portico Convention"."

paragraph: The poems, "Propylaia" and "The Caryatids", are some of the first prototypes that were used to develop the convention. The former, "Propylaia", is appropriated from the Propylaia at the Acropolis and Englished from the Greek meaning an entrance; gateway to. The latter, references the Erechtheion Temple at the Acropolis and the origins of the Caryatids, re-told through her poetry, ""Portico of six ||| rhomb adjacent to ||| Beauty eurhythmic ||| adjoined carefully two ||| Maidens of the Caryae ||| All from Laconia ||| Commitment lifetime ||| obligation diva..."" based upon M. Vitruvius Pollio provenance in De Architectura. "The Portico" is dedicated to T.S. Eliot.

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions & new poetic forms.:Triptych.

paragraph: The poet's second poetic form, "the Triptych", the design model pays homage to the ancient Homeric epigram plus two lines, the Greek haiku and Rothko. "It is a conversion of the classically contemporary visual and literary arts as I imagine it poetically, and how Rothko might have re-imagined it."

paragraph: The triptych form was first presented in the poet's second collection, "Prometheus Rebound and the Other Mythology". "The triptych...distills thought that recounts impressions and incidents as rhythmic, mural imagery in bits of three brushed onto paper. Like painting or architecture, it integrates text-tile and space as it delineates the nuance of original shape redrawing boundary while solidifying synergy premised on archetype models." Examples include: "LULL", a commission for A Poet's Agora (2016), "After the last before the first" and "Wyrd worker".

paragraph: The triptych form is further explored and experimented in the poet's third collection, "Therapy with Antigone and the Trilogy Verses", encompassing a third of the collection.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Monographs & collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Therapy with Antigone and the Trilogy Verses" (Spuyten Duyvil, 2017).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prometheus Rebound and Other Mythology" (Blue Scarab Press, 2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excavated Athens to Alexandria" (Blue Scarab Press, 2013). , 978-1-938963-05-6

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monumental Athens Urban" (Squared Editions, 2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Portico Convention" (Blue Scarab Press, 2013). , 978-1-938963-07-0

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philosophy and Poetry", co-author E. Moutsopoulos, (Library of Alexandria, IFBA Press, 2014).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Journals & anthologies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Romantics and Greece: Myth, Transcendence, Art, Beauty and Love" (Keats-Shelley Review, Taylor Francis Publications, Vol. 31, Issue 2, 2017). ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cleanthes’ "Hymn to Zeus", transl. from Ancient Greek to English verse, (Library of Alexandria, 11th Poetry Anthology, “Reaching for the Stars”, IFBA Press, 2017).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fairy Tale Logic: Mythology to Philosophy and the Text-tile of" (Athens Academy, Research Centre for Greek Philosophy, PHILOSOPHIA, Vol. 46, 2016).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O-dyss-epic, (Library of Alexandria, 9th Poetry Anthology, IFBA Press, 2014).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Architecture of Public Policy: A master plan draft, architecture as politics" (VOLUME Project, Columbia University C-Lab, AMO & Archis Foundation, NYC, Vol. 30, 2012).

paragraph: Section::::Readings, talks, plays & exhibitions.:Readings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poetry@theCentury", 10th Anniversary of Poetry@theCentury, Century Association Arts Club, NYC, March 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ODYSSEY 2017", Read in the Languages of the World", Athens Concert Hall, Time stamp 2:00, Summer 2017

paragraph: Section::::Readings, talks, plays & exhibitions.:Lectures with poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Romantics and Greece: Myth, Transcendence and Art", Keats-Shelley House, Rome, February 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poetic Impressions: Heraclitean Perspectives" The Athens Centre, June 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Balancing Pythagorean and Heraclitean Themes", Athens Academy, Research Centre for Greek Philosophy, Lee Slonimsky and Ginger F. Zaimis, November 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fairy Tale Logic: Mythology to Philosophy through Poetry", Gennadius Library, American School of Classical Studies Athens, October 2016

paragraph: Section::::Readings, talks, plays & exhibitions.:Book presentations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prometheus Rebound and Other Mythology ", Athens Centre 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excavated Athens to Alexandria", Parnassos Literary Society, 2013

paragraph: Section::::Readings, talks, plays & exhibitions.:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prometheus Rebound", Cast: Orfeas Apergis, Eliza Jackson, A.E. Stallings, Paolo Colombo & Ginger F. Zaimis, February 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Divine Inquisition", Cast: Elena Penga, A.E. Stallings, Joanna Papadopoulos & Ginger F. Zaimis, Parnassos Literary Society, December 2013

paragraph: Section::::Readings, talks, plays & exhibitions.:Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleep", Collector's Edition Poem "Industrial Strength Sleep" by Ginger F. Zaimis, written for Ed Ruscha's installation with the same title, IBID Gallery, LA, 2016, curated by Paolo Colombo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleep", Art & Poetry exhibition with Ed Ruscha, Rosemarie Trockel, Robert Gober, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, IBID Gallery, LA, 2016, curated by Paolo Colombo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Architect of Public Policy" 7th Berlin Biennale curated by Artur Żmijewski

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abstract Shapes and Forms" Agency of Unrealized Projects curated by Hans-Ulrich Obrist

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dialogue with Sol Lewitt" MASS MoCA curated by Regine Basha

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Digital City of Art and Architecture" Manifesta Biennale co-curated by Ole Bouman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Digital City" Deste Foundation curated by Katerina Gregos

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gingerfzaimis.com website

paragraph: BULLET::::- YouTube channel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry Out-loud in Translation, C.P. Cavafy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry Out-loud Series, "Shakespeare's Sonnet XX"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry Out-loud Series, "Face of Agamemnon"

description: American poet

wikidata_label: G.F. Zaimis

wikipedia_title: G. F. Zaimis


text:
Bishop of Novara
Titular Bishop
Salona
Auxiliary Bishop of Novara
Como
Italy
Pope Gregory XV
Auxiliary Bishop of Novara
Titular Bishop
Salona
Ludovico Ludovisi
Archbishop of Bologna
Galeazzo Sanvitale
Archbishop Emeritus of Bari-Canosa
Ulpiano Volpi
Bishop of Novara
Pope Urban VIII
Coadjutor
Bishop of Novara
Ulpiano Volpi

categories: 1585 births,1636 deaths,Bishops appointed by Pope Urban VIII,Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XV,17th-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Giovanni Pietro Volpi

paragraph: Giovanni Pietro Volpi (15 May 1585 – 12 September 1636) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Novara (1629–1636), Titular Bishop of "Salona" (1622–1629), and Auxiliary Bishop of Novara (1622–1629).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giovanni Pietro Volpi was born in Como, Italy on 15 May 1585.

paragraph: Volpi served as Canon of the Cathedral of Como. On 23 May 1622, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV as Auxiliary Bishop of Novara and Titular Bishop of "Salona."

paragraph: On 12 June 1622, he was consecrated bishop by Ludovico Ludovisi, Archbishop of Bologna with Galeazzo Sanvitale, Archbishop Emeritus of Bari-Canosa, and Ulpiano Volpi, Bishop of Novara, serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: On 26 July 1624, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Coadjutor Bishop of Novara which was held at the time by his uncle, Ulpiano Volpi, who had duties in the Roman Curia. He succeeded to the bishopric on 10 March 1629.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Novara until his death on 12 September 1636.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Giovanni Pietro Volpi

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Pietro Volpi


text: professional wrestler

text: ring name

text: WWE

text: NXT UK

text: NXT Tag Team Champion

text: Tyler Bate

text: Progress Tag Team Championship

text: Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas

text: Pete Dunne

text: British Strong Style

text: ICW World Heavyweight Champion

text: Wolverhampton

text: West Midlands

text: WrestleMania

text: Birmingham

text: Combat Zone Wrestling

text: Big Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Korakuen Hall

text: Ring of Honor

text: World Championship

text: Davey Richards

text: Eddie Edwards

text: Trevor Lee

text: TNA X-Division Championship

text: Tyler Bate

text: Chikara

text: Pete Dunne

text: Jimmy Havoc

text: Bullet Club

text: AJ Styles

text: Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson

text: Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas

text: 2017 King of Trios

text: Dasher Hatfield

text: Mark Angelosetti

text: Simon Grimm

text: Frightmare

text: Hallowicked

text: Kobald

text: Dash Chisako

text: Meiko Satomura

text: O2 Academy Birmingham

text: Big Damo

text: ICW World Heavyweight Championship

text: Tommy End

text: Moustache Mountain

text: The SSE Hydro

text: Steel Cage

text: O2 Academy Newcastle

text: BT Gunn

text: Pete Dunne

text: Jack Jester

text: Jordan Devlin

text: Joe Coffey

text: WWE United Kingdom Championship

text: Noam Dar

text: Progress Wrestling

text: Rampage Brown

text: heel

text: Tyler Bate

text: Pete Dunne

text: British Strong Style

text: Progress Tag Team Championship

text: Progress World Championship

text: Tyler Bate

text: Jimmy Havoc

text: Marty Scurll

text: Zack Sabre Jr

text: Matt Riddle

text: David Starr

text: Mark Haskins

text: Travis Banks

text: ladder match

text: Doug Williams

text: Zack Gibson

text: tournament

text: WWE United Kingdom Champion

text: Wolfgang

text: developmental territory

text: NXT

text: Pete Dunne

text: Mark Andrews

text: Killian Dain

text: NXT Championship

text: United Kingdom Championship

text: British Strong Style

text: The Undisputed Era

text: Adam Cole

text: Kyle O'Reilly

text: Roderick Strong

text: Wolverhampton

text: West Midlands

text: vegan

text: Attack! Pro Wrestling

text: Chikara

text: Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas

text: 1 time

text: Tyler Bate

text: King of Trios

text: Pete Dunne

text: Insane Championship Wrestling

text: ICW World Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: International Wrestling Syndicate

text: Over the Top Wrestling

text: OTT Tag Team Championship

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: Progress Wrestling

text: Progress Tag Team Championship

text: Progress Atlas Championship

text: Revolution Pro Wrestling

text: Tyler Bate

text: WWE

text: NXT Tag Team Championship Invitational

text: NXT Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Tyler Bate

categories: 1981 births,English male professional wrestlers,Living people

paragraph: Trent Seven

paragraph: Benjamin Maurice Webb (born 21 August 1981) is an English professional wrestler, known by the ring name Trent Seven. He is signed to WWE on their NXT UK brand where he is a former NXT Tag Team Champion.

paragraph: Seven and Tyler Bate form the tag team Moustache Mountain, who collectively have won the Progress Tag Team Championship, and the RPW Undisputed British Tag Team Championship in the UK and the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas and the NXT Tag Team Championship in the United States. Seven, Bate, and Pete Dunne collectively form "British Strong Style". Seven has also competed as a singles competitor, being a former ICW World Heavyweight Champion.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Webb was born on 21 August 1981 in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. He aspired to be an actor until he watched WrestleMania, which made him want to become a wrestler. As a young boy, Webb and several of his friends would often wrestle each other in their backyards. In 2008, he decided to train for a career professional wrestling, going so far as to buying his own wrestling ring to properly train. He made his in-ring debut in 2010, adopting the ring name "Trent Seven" for his debut on an Alternative Wrestling World show in Birmingham. The name comes from the supplier of mains water in the West Midlands region of the UK: Severn Trent. In the subsequent years he would wrestle part-time, splitting his time between wrestling and a day job.

paragraph: In 2011 and in 2012, Seven traveled to the United States to wrestle for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), losing on both occasions. He also traveled to Japan in 2012, working three shows for Big Japan Pro Wrestling, including a show at Korakuen Hall.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Fight Club Pro (2010–2016).

paragraph: Despite being a "part timer", Seven was granted a match for the Ring of Honor World Championship during ROH's 2011 tour of the United Kingdom. Seven lost to defending champion Davey Richards on 15 July 2011 on a show promoted by Fight Club Pro (FCP). At some point in 2011 Seven became the first holder of the FCP Championship, holding it until 25 November where he lost the title to Eddie Edwards. In 2013 he won FCP's annual "Infinity Trophy Tournament" when he defeated Mark Haskins in the finals. During an FCP show on 5 February 2016 Trent Seven unsuccessfully challenged Trevor Lee for the TNA X-Division Championship. On 7 January 2017 Moustache Mountain (Seven and Tyler Bate) teamed up with Joel Allen to defeat #CCK (Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos) and Shay Purser, with the win Allen became the title holder of the Attack! 24:7 Championship, only for Allen to lose it the same night.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara (2015–2017).

paragraph: In early 2015, Seven, alongside Bate, debuted in American promotion Chikara as part of their tour of the United Kingdom, defeating The Hunter Brothers in a dark match on 3 April and losing to the Devastation Corporation (Max Smashmaster and Blaster McMassive) in another dark match on 6 April. In their final dark match on the tour, Seven and Bate teamed with Clint Margera to take on Pete Dunne, Damian Dunne and Jimmy Havoc in a losing effort. Seven teamed with Bate and Dan Moloney at that year's King of Trios as Team Fight Club: Pro, making it to the semi-finals before being eliminated by the Bullet Club (AJ Styles, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). In 2016, Seven and Bate began competing more regularly in Chikara, and on 21 August they defeated Los Ice Creams (Hijo Del Ice Cream and Ice Cream Jr.), N_R_G (Hype Rockwell and Race Jaxon) and The Devastation Corporation to win the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. They were stripped of the title during Chikara's secret season 16.

paragraph: Seven returned to Chikara on 1 September 2017, when he, Tyler Bate and Pete Dunne, billed collectively as "House Strong Style", entered the 2017 King of Trios, defeating House Whitewolf (A-Kid, Adam Chase and Zayas) in their first round match. Over the next two days, House Strong Style defeated House Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield, Mark Angelosetti and Simon Grimm) in the quarterfinals, House Rot (Frightmare, Hallowicked and Kobald) via forfeit in the semifinals and House Sendai Girls (Cassandra Miyagi, Dash Chisako and Meiko Satomura) in the finals to win the 2017 King of Trios.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Insane Championship Wrestling (2015-Present).

paragraph: Trent made his debut for Insane Championship Wrestling in early 2015, facing Mikey Whiplash at the O2 Academy Birmingham. Throughout the rest of the year, Trent would be seen competing on ICW's tour shows around the UK, quickly becoming a fan favorite.

paragraph: In 2016, after returning to enter the 5th Annual Square Go match, Trent challenged Big Damo for the ICW World Heavyweight Championship, before entering into a feud with Mikey Whiplash, eventually leading to a 6 man contest at Shug's Hoose Party 3, between Legion (Mikey Whiplash, Tommy End & Michael Dante) and Moustache Mountain & Lewis Girvan. After Trent picked up the win for his team, Whiplash, who had been campaigning to main event Fear & Loathing XI, stated that he believed Trent Seven was the rightful challenger to the World Heavyweight Championship. In the months that followed, Trent, backed heavily by the ICW fans, campaigned for ICW GM Red Lightning to grant him a shot at the championship. After being disregarded by Lightning, Trent forced the GM to give him a match against Wolfgang at Fear & Loathing XI, with the title on the line inside a Steel Cage.

paragraph: At Fear & Loathing XI, at The SSE Hydro, in front of the largest independent UK wrestling crowd for over 30 years, Trent faced Wolfgang in a Steel Cage match for the ICW World Heavyweight Championship. However, after being overcome with rage, Trent punched Wolfgang with his own knuckleduster on top of the cage, causing Wolfgang to fall to the floor, inadvertently winning the match. After earning himself one more shot at the title by defeating Chris Renfrew, Trent once again faced Wolfgang, at the O2 Academy Newcastle, at the 6th Annual Square Go event, and succeeded in becoming ICW World Heavyweight Champion.

paragraph: Trent would remain ICW World Heavyweight Champion for 2 months, defending the title against the likes of BT Gunn, Pete Dunne, Jack Jester & Jordan Devlin, before losing the title to Joe Coffey at Barramania III. After a few months away, Trent returned briefly at Shug's Hoose Party 4, facing BT Gunn, Wolfgang, & Pete Dunne in a 4 Way Match for the WWE United Kingdom Championship. This match marked the first time the title had been defended on UK soil, outside of a WWE ring.

paragraph: Trent would not return to ICW until almost a year & a half later, at Fear & Loathing XI, where he, Pete Dunne & Tyler Bate lost to the team of Wolfgang, BT Gunn & Noam Dar.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Progress Wrestling (2016–Present).

paragraph: Seven debuted with Progress Wrestling at Chapter 28 alongside Tyler Bate, losing to Damian and Pete Dunne. Seven returned at Chapter 32, losing to Rampage Brown. At Chapter 33, Seven turned heel, attacking Tyler Bate and aligning himself with Pete Dunne to form British Strong Style. At Chapter 36, Seven and Dunne defeated The London Riots (James Davis and Rob Lynch) to win the Progress Tag Team Championship, and successfully defended it in a rematch at Chapter 39. By virtue of winning that match, both Seven and Dunne were entered into a seven-man elimination match for the vacant Progress World Championship, which was eventually won by Dunne after Tyler Bate returned and attacked Jimmy Havoc, thus turning heel and aligning himself with Seven and Dunne. On 16 December, Seven and Dunne were stripped of the Progress Tag Team Championship after Dunne attempted to give his half of the shield to Bate. Two weeks later at Chapter 41, Seven and Bate defeated The London Riots and The LDRS of the New School (Marty Scurll and Zack Sabre Jr) in a three-way tag team match to win the vacant titles.

paragraph: Seven entered the Super Strong Style 16 Tournament in 2017, losing to Matt Riddle in the first round. On night 2, Seven and Dunne defeated David Starr and Pastor William Eaver and on night 3 Seven beat Mark Haskins in a submission match. After successful defending the tag team championship against teams such as the South Pacific Power Trip (TK Cooper and Travis Banks), and the Hunter Brothers, Seven and Bate eventually lost the title at Chapter 50 to #CCK (Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos), before winning it back less than a month later at Chapter 51. On 10 September, Seven and Bate lost the title to #CCK in a ladder match.

paragraph: At Chapter 64, Seven participated in the Thunderbastard match winning by Morgan Webster while Seven was eliminated by TK Cooper. At Chapter 66, Moustache Mountain were unable to win back the Progress Tag Team Championships against Grizzled Young Veterans.

paragraph: At Chapter 76, Seven defeated Doug Williams to win the Progress Atlas Championship. On Chapter 78, Seven defeated Zack Gibson to retain the Progress Atlas Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:WWE (2016–present).

paragraph: On December 15, 2016, it was revealed that Seven would be one of 16 men competing in a two night tournament to crown the first-ever WWE United Kingdom Champion on 14 and 15 January 2017. Prior to the tournament, Seven, along with Pete Dunne were mentioned among the favorites to win the tournament. In the first round, Seven defeated HC Dyer to advance to the quarter finals, where he was defeated by Wolfgang. Seven signed a contract with WWE, which allowed him to continue taking independent bookings with some restrictions. On February 15, Seven made his debut in WWE's developmental territory NXT, unsuccessfully challenging Bate for the United Kingdom Championship.

paragraph: On November 11, Moustache Mountain defeated the team of Pete Dunne and Mark Andrews. On December 6, Seven was defeated by Killian Dain in a #1 contender's qualifying match for the NXT Championship. At the United Kingdom Championship event, Seven reformed British Strong Style with Bate and Dunne to defeat The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Kyle O'Reilly, and Roderick Strong) in a six-man tag team match on June 18. The following night, Mustache Mountain defeated O'Reilly and Strong to win the NXT Tag Team Championship, but lost the titles back to them two days at the June 21 "NXT" tapings (aired on July 11) after Bate threw in the towel due to Seven's injured knee being targeted.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Seven, under his real name Ben Webb, appeared in the 2017 movie "" as the character Hengist.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Webb resides in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. He is a vegan.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attack! Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attack! 24:7 Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attack! Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tyler Bate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time) – with Tyler Bate

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Trios (2017) – with Pete Dunne and Tyler Bate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fight Club: Pro

paragraph: BULLET::::- FCP Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- FCP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tyler Bate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infinity Trophy (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Insane Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Wrestling Syndicate

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWS World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Tyler Bate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Over the Top Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- OTT Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - with Tyler Bate and Pete Dunne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #168 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progress Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progress Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Pete Dunne (1) and Tyler Bate (2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progress Atlas Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revolution Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- RPW Undisputed British Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tyler Bate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling GO!

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling GO! 24/7 Watermelon Championship (2 times, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE

paragraph: BULLET::::- NXT Tag Team Championship Invitational (2018) – with Tyler Bate

paragraph: BULLET::::- NXT Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Tyler Bate

description: British professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Trent Seven

wikipedia_title: Trent Seven


text:
Damascus
Ottoman Syria
Republic of Turkey
Ottoman
Balkans
Edirne
Kastamonu
Ankara
Sivas
Mediterranean
Ottoman Parliament
Republic of Turkey

categories: People from Damascus,Syrian people of Circassian descent,Governors of the Ottoman Empire,Syrian people of Turkish descent,1868 births,1924 deaths,Turkish politicians

paragraph: Reşit Ronabar

paragraph: Mektubîzade M. Reşit Ronabar Pasha, commonly known as Reşit Ronabar or Reşit Pasha (born in 1868 in Damascus, Ottoman Syria - died in 1924 in the Republic of Turkey) was an Ottoman governor who served in the Balkans, Edirne, Kastamonu, Ankara, Sivas, and several other locations in the Mediterranean. He was also a deputy in the first Ottoman Parliament (1916), and played an important role as a politician during the foundation years of the Republic of Turkey.

description: Turkish politician

wikidata_label: Reşit Ronabar

wikipedia_title: Reşit Ronabar


text:
Cricket Australia
Perth Scorchers
2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season

categories: 1996 births,Living people,Western Fury cricketers

paragraph: Piepa Cleary

paragraph: Piepa Cleary (born 17 July 1996) is a talented young bowler who showed her promise with 12 wickets in 14 games during the 2013-14 WNCL season after debuting in December 2012.

paragraph: The right-arm bowler was selected in the 2011 Australian under-18 Talent Camp as a 15-year old after taking eight wickets at the 2010-11 under-18 National Championships.

paragraph: As a teenager, Cleary was also part of Australia's under-19 girls team at the 2011 Indoor Cricket Juniors World Series, before captaining the under-16s to glory in 2012.

paragraph: The South Perth product picked up 12 wickets during that tournament.

paragraph: She travelled to Dubai with the Commonwealth Bank Shooting Stars to play an England Academy team in April 2015 and has signed with the Perth Scorchers in the WBBL.

paragraph: She is part of the current Shooting Stars squad, and was selected in the Cricket Australia Governor-General's XI to face South Africa.

paragraph: The opening bowler played in every WNCL match for the Western Fury in the 2016-2017 season in the lead up to season two of the WBBL.

paragraph: In February 2016 Cleary was suspended for six months under Cricket Australia's Anti-Corruption Code for placing bets on cricket matches totalling $15.50.

paragraph: Cleary was named in Australia's extended squad for the 2017 ICC Womens World Cup.

paragraph: On August 23rd 2017 Piepa Cleary and another seven other promising young cricket players were named in the Inaugural Womens National Performance squad. The squad will train at the world-class NCC facility and will train alongside the Australian contracted squad at a pre-Ashes camp.

paragraph: In November 2018, she was named in the Perth Scorchers' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season.

description: Australian cricketer

wikidata_label: Piepa Cleary

wikipedia_title: Piepa Cleary


text:
Dumfriesshire
Craigdarroch
Moniaive
Dumfries
Craigdarroch
Kirkcudbrightshire
Annie Laurie
Lincoln's Inn
called to the bar
Arthur O'Connor
James Coigly
Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta
Advocate-General of Bengal
Robert Spankie
MP
Stewardtry of Kirkcudbright
Judge Advocate General
Dwarkanath Tagore

wikipedia_title: Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William

wikipedia_title: Kirkcudbright Stewartry (UK Parliament constituency)

wikipedia_title: Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1831–1832,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1837–1841,1838 deaths,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1826–1830,UK MPs 1830–1831,Scottish lawyers,Members of Lincoln's Inn,1768 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: Robert Cutlar Fergusson

paragraph: Robert Cutlar Fergusson (1768–1838) was a Scottish lawyer and politician. He was 17th Laird of the Dumfriesshire Fergussons, seated at Craigdarroch (Moniaive, Dumfriesshire).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Robert Fergusson was born in Dumfries, the eldest son of Alexander Fergusson, Esq., of Craigdarroch and Orraland House, Kirkcudbrightshire, who was an eminent advocate. His great-grandfather was Alexander Fergusson, the husband of Annie Laurie of folksong fame. He was educated at Edinburgh and studied law at Lincoln's Inn, being called to the bar in 1797.

paragraph: He was gaoled for a year in the King's Bench prison in the late 1790s for being associated with Arthur O'Connor and Father James Coigly, two United Irishmen who were trying to organise an Irish revolution. On his release he decided it would be wise to leave the country and therefore moved to India where he worked as a barrister for some 30 years in the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta. He was made acting Advocate-General of Bengal in 1817 when Edward Strettell left for England due to ill-health, holding the post until Robert Spankie arrived as Strettell's successor. When Spankie returned to England in 1823, Fergusson succeeded him as Advocate-General.

paragraph: On his return to Britain he was elected MP for the Stewardtry of Kirkcudbright in 1826, sitting until 1838. He was appointed a Privy Councillor in 1834 and Judge Advocate General from 1835 to 1838.

paragraph: Dwarkanath Tagore, the great Bengal entrepreneur, was apprenticed under him in 1810, and Fergusson was one of the two leading influences in his life.

description: Scottish lawyer and politician

wikidata_label: Robert Cutlar Fergusson

wikipedia_title: Robert Cutlar Fergusson


text:
Lancaster
Yealand
Burton, Westmorland
Carlisle, Cumberland
Henry Lonsdale
Joshua Milne
Sun Life Assurance Office
life table
Carlisle Table
Institute of Actuaries
Peter Gray
William Hutchinson
Carlisle Cathedral
William Paley
design in nature

categories: English statisticians,1753 births,1834 deaths,People from Lancaster, Lancashire,18th-century English medical doctors

paragraph: John Heysham

paragraph: John Heysham M.D. (1753–1834) was an English physician, now remembered as a statistician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born at Lancaster on 22 November 1753, he was the son of John Heysham, shipowner, by Anne Cumming, the daughter of a Westmoreland farmer. He was educated at a school kept by Quakers at Yealand, near Burton, Westmorland, and then apprenticed for five years to a surgeon at Burton. In 1774 he joined the medical classes at Edinburgh, and graduated M.D. in 1777.

paragraph: In 1778 Heysham settled in practice at Carlisle, Cumberland and resided there until his death on 23 March 1834. He was buried in St. Mary's Church, and a memorial window was placed at the east end of the south aisle of the cathedral.

paragraph: Heysham's practice was a modest financial success. With the help of the dean and chapter he established the first dispensary for the poor at Carlisle. A strong Tory and supporter of the Lonsdale family most of his life, he joined the reform movement in 1832. A biography was written by Henry Lonsdale.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Heysham's thesis was "De rabie canina". He published also "An Account of the Jail Fever at Carlisle in 1781" (London, 1782).

paragraph: In 1779 Heysham began a series of statistical observations, by which he is now best known. They comprised a record of the annual births, marriages, diseases, and deaths in Carlisle for ten years (to 1788), including a census of the inhabitants in 1780, and again in 1788. These statistics, which were published with remarks on them at Carlisle in 1797, were used in 1815 by Joshua Milne, actuary of the Sun Life Assurance Office, as the basis of a well-known life table, the "Carlisle Table". It appeared in Milne's "Treatise on the Valuation of Annuities and Assurances on Lives and Survivorships" vol. I. The table was still relied upon in 1851, for the Institute of Actuaries benchmark published by Peter Gray, William Orchard and Henry Ambrose Smith. The Institute's revision of 1870 caused the obsolescence of the table.

paragraph: Heysham was also a naturalist, his observations on the flora and fauna of his district being recorded in William Hutchinson's "History of the County of Cumberland". He was close to the Carlisle Cathedral chapter, and was thought to have assisted Archdeacon William Paley on questions of design in nature.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English statistician

wikidata_label: John Heysham

wikipedia_title: John Heysham


text:
Nanak
Sikh
Guru Hargobind
Dara Shikoh
Aurangzeb
Adi Granth
Har Krishan
Guru
Shah Jahan
Dara Shikoh
apostasy
Har Krishan
Malwa
Guru Amar Das
langar
Masand
Shah Jahan
Guru Har Rai
Guru Har Rai
Guru Har Rai

categories: Sikh gurus,Sikh warriors,1661 deaths,1630 births

paragraph: Guru Har Rai

paragraph: Guru Har Rai (; 16 January 1630 – 20 October 1661) revered as the "seventh Nanak", was the seventh of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He became the Sikh leader at age 14, on 8 March 1644, after the death of his grandfather and sixth Sikh leader Guru Hargobind. He guided the Sikhs for about seventeen years, till his death at age 31.

paragraph: Guru Har Rai is notable for maintaining the large army of Sikh soldiers that the sixth Sikh Guru had amassed, yet avoiding military conflict. He supported the moderate Sufi influenced Dara Shikoh instead of conservative Sunni influenced Aurangzeb as the two brothers entered into a war of succession to the Mughal Empire throne.

paragraph: After Aurangzeb won the succession war in 1658, he summoned Guru Har Rai in 1660 to explain his support for the executed Dara Shikoh. Har Rai sent his elder son Ram Rai to represent him. Aurangzeb kept Ram Rai as hostage, questioned Ram Rai about a verse in the Adi Granth – the holy text of Sikhs at that time. Aurangzeb claimed that it disparaged the Muslims. Ram Rai changed the verse to appease Aurangzeb instead of standing by the Sikh scripture, an act for which Guru Har Rai is remembered for excommunicating his elder son, and nominating his younger son Har Krishan to succeed him. Har Krishan became the eighth Guru at age 5 after Guru Har Rai's death in 1661. Some Sikh literature spell his name as Hari Rai.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Har Rai was born to Nihal Kaur and Baba Gurditta into a Sodhi household. His father died while he was 8 years old. At age 10, in 1640, Guru Har Rai was married to Mata Kishan Kaur (sometimes also referred to as Sulakhni) the daughter of Daya Ram. They had two children, Ram Rai and Har Krishan, the latter of whom became the eighth Guru.

paragraph: Har Rai had brothers. His elder brother Dhir Mal had gained encouragement and support from Shah Jahan, with free land grants and Mughal sponsorship. Dhir Mal attempted to form a parallel Sikh tradition and criticized his grand father and sixth Guru Hargobind. The sixth Guru disagreed with Dhir Mal, and designated the younger Har Rai as the successor.

paragraph: Authentic literature about Guru Har Rai life and times are scarce, he left no texts of his own and some Sikh texts composed later spell his name as "Hari Rai". Some of the biographies of Guru Har Rai written in the 18th century such as by Kesar Singh Chhibber, and the 19th-century Sikh literature are highly inconsistent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Dara Shikoh.

paragraph: Guru Har Rai provided medical care to Dara Shikoh, possibly when he had been poisoned by Mughal operatives. According to Mughal records, Har Rai provided other forms of support to Dara Shikoh as he and his brother Aurangzeb battled for rights to succession. Ultimately, Aurangzeb won, arrested Dara Shikoh and executed him on charges of apostasy from Islam. In 1660, Aurangzeb summoned Har Rai to appear before him to explain his relationship with Dara Shikoh.

paragraph: In the Sikh tradition, Guru Har Rai was asked why he was helping the Mughal prince Dara Shikoh whose forefathers had persecuted Sikhs and Sikh Gurus. Har Rai is believed to have replied that if a man plucks flowers with one hand and gives it away using his other hand, both hands get the same fragrance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and succession.

paragraph: He appointed his 5 year old, youngest son Har Krishan as the eighth guru before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Missionary work.

paragraph: Guru Har Rai traveled to Malwa region of the Indian subcontinent and gave teachings to many people there.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Singing traditions.

paragraph: He started several public singing and scripture recital traditions in Sikhism. The "katha" or discourse style recitals were added by Guru Har Rai, to the "sabad kirtan" singing tradition of Sikhs. He also added the "akhand kirtan" or continuous scripture singing tradition of Sikhism, as well as the tradition of "jotian da kirtan" or collective folk choral singing of scriptures.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Reforms.

paragraph: The third Sikh leader Guru Amar Das had started the tradition of appointing "manji" (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called "sangatias"), introduced the "dasvandh" ("the tenth" of income) system of revenue collection in the name of Guru and as pooled community religious resource, and the famed "langar" tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating.

paragraph: The organizational structure that had helped Sikhs to grow and resist the Mughal persecution had created new problems for Guru Har Rai. The donation collectors, some of the Masands (local congregational leaders) led by Dhir Mal – the older brother of Guru Har Rai, all of them encouraged by the support of Shah Jahan, land grants and Mughal administration, had attempted to internally split the Sikhs into competing movements, start a parallel guruship, and thereby weaken the Sikh religion. Thus a part of the challenge for Guru Har Rai was to keep Sikhs united.

paragraph: He appointed new masands such as Bhai Jodh, Bhai Gonda, Bhai Nattha, Bhagat Bhagwan (for eastern India), Bhai Pheru (for Rajathan), Bhai Bhagat (also known as Bairagi), as the heads of Manji's.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Har Rai, Sikhs.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Har Rai, Sikh-History.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Har Rai, Official Website of Gurudwara Shri Guru Har Rai Village Bhungarni

description: The seventh Guru of Sikhism

wikidata_label: Guru Har Rai

wikipedia_title: Guru Har Rai


text:
Sikh Guru
Guru Har Rai
smallpox
Guru
Guru Tegh Bahadur
Shivalik Hills
Indian subcontinent
Guru Har Rai
Dara Shikoh
Aurangzeb
Adi Granth
Dehra Dun
Guru Tegh Bahadur
Sikhs.org
Sikh-History.com

categories: Sikh gurus,1656 births,Punjabi people,1664 deaths,Deaths from smallpox

paragraph: Guru Har Krishan

paragraph: Guru Har Krishan (; 7 July 1656 – 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the ten Sikh Gurus. At the age of 5, he became the youngest Guru in Sikhism on 7 October 1661, succeeding his father, Guru Har Rai. He contracted smallpox and died of the disease in 1664 before reaching his 8th birthday.

paragraph: He is also known as Bal Guru (Child Guru), and sometimes spelled in Sikh literature as Hari Krishan Sahib. He is remembered in the Sikh tradition for saying "Baba Bakale" before he died, which Sikhs interpreted to identify his granduncle Guru Tegh Bahadur as the next successor. Guru Har Krishan Sahib had the shortest reign as Guru, lasting only 2 years, 5 months and 24 days.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Har Krishan was born in Kiratpur (Shivalik Hills) in northwest Indian subcontinent to Krishen Devi (Mata Sulakhni) and Guru Har Rai. His father, Guru Har Rai supported the moderate Sufi influenced Dara Shikoh instead of conservative Sunni influenced Aurangzeb as the two brothers entered into a war of succession to the Mughal Empire throne. After Aurangzeb won the succession war in 1658, he summoned Guru Har Rai in 1660 to explain his support for the executed Dara Shikoh. Guru Har Rai sent his elder son Ram Rai to represent him. Aurangzeb kept the 13 year old Ram Rai as hostage, questioned Ram Rai about a verse in the Adi Granth – the holy text of Sikhs. Aurangzeb claimed that it disparaged the Muslims. Ram Rai changed the verse to appease Aurangzeb instead of standing by the Sikh scripture, an act for which Guru Har Rai excommunicated his elder son, and nominated the younger Har Krishan to succeed as the next Guru of Sikhism.

paragraph: Aurangzeb meanwhile rewarded Ram Rai, patronizing him with land grants in Dehra Dun region of the Himalayas. A few years after Guru Har Krishan assumed the role of Sikh leader, Aurangzeb summoned the young Guru to his court, with an apparent plan to replace him with his elder brother Ram Rai as the Sikh Guru. However, Har Krishan contracted smallpox when he arrived in Delhi and his meeting with Aurangzeb was cancelled. On his deathbed, Har Krishan said, "Baba Bakale", and died in 1664. The Sikh religious organization interpreted those words to mean that the next Guru is to be found in Bakale village, which they identified as Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhism.

paragraph: Authentic literature with more details about Guru Har Krishan's life and times are scarce and not well recorded. Some of biographies about Guru Har Krishan, particularly about who his mother was, were written in the 18th century such as by Kesar Singh Chhibber, as well as in the 19th century, and these are highly inconsistent.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sikhs.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sikh-History.com

description: The eighth Sikh Guru

wikidata_label: Guru Har Krishan

wikipedia_title: Guru Har Krishan


text: Gurus

text: Sikh religion

text: Nanak

text: Guru Granth Sahib

text: Hindu

text: Kashmiri Pandits

text: Islam

text: Mughal emperor

text: Aurangzeb

text: Delhi

text: Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib

text: Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib

text: Nanakshahi calendar

text: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee

text: Guru Hargobind

text: Amritsar

text: Sikh Gurus

text: archery

text: horsemanship

text: Bakala

text: Amritsar district

text: Mata Gujri

text: Guru Har Krishan

text: Baba Makhan Shah Labana

text: Guru Arjan

text: Guru Granth Sahib

text: Dhaka

text: Assam

text: Kiratpur

text: Guru Har Rai

text: Guru Gobind Singh

text: Patna

text: Dhubri

text: Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib

text: Bilaspur

text: rupees

text: Anandpur Sahib

text: Delhi

text: Aurangzeb

text: Guru Granth Sahib

text: infidel

text: Bhai Mati Das

text: Bhai Dayal Das

text: Bhai Sati Das

text: Guru Har Gobind

text: Kashmiri Pandits

text: Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib

text: Chandni Chowk

text: Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib

text: Sikh rites

text: Bhai Mati Dass

text: Bhai Sati Das

text: Bhai Dayala

text: 24 November

text: Guru Arjan

text: Sikh

text: Punjab

text: Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib

text: Assam

text: Delhi

text: Punjabi University

text: Patiala

text: Mumbai

text: Durgapur

text: Aurangabad, Maharashtra

text: Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology

text: Delhi

text: Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition

text: Guru Tegh Bahadur

categories: 17th-century executions in India,People executed by India by decapitation,Sikh gurus,Punjabi city founders,Punjabi people,1621 births,People executed for refusing to convert to Islam,Executed Sikh people,People executed by the Mughal Empire,1675 deaths

paragraph: Guru Tegh Bahadur

paragraph: Guru Tegh Bahadur ( or ; 1 April 1621 – 24 November 1675) was the ninth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. Tegh Bahadur continued in the spirit of the first guru, Nanak; his 116 poetic hymns are registered in Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Tegh Bahadur prevented conversions of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits and non-Muslims to Islam, and was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi for himself refusing to convert to Islam and saving Hindu Kashmiri Pandits and other non-Muslims or as viewed by Muslims that he was condemned to death for waging war but was offered at last moment that converting to Islam will save him, which he declined as he wanted to be in Sikh rehat till his last breath. Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of the Guru's body. The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur is remembered as the "Shaheedi Divas of Guru Tegh Bahadur" every year on 24 November, according to the Nanakshahi calendar released by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The Sixth guru, Guru Hargobind had one daughter Bibi Viro and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai and Tyaga Mal. Tyaga Mal was born in Amritsar in the early hours of 1 April 1621, who came to be known by the name "Tegh Bahadur" (Mighty Of The Sword), given to him by Guru Hargobind after he had shown his valour in a battle against the Mughals.

paragraph: Amritsar at that time was the centre of Sikh faith. As the seat of the Sikh Gurus, and with its connection to Sikhs in far-flung areas of the country through the chains of "Masands" or missionaries, it had developed the characteristics of a state capital. Guru Tegh Bahadur was brought up in Sikh culture and trained in archery and horsemanship. He was also taught the old classics such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Puranas. He preferred prolonged spells of seclusion and contemplation. Tegh Bahadur was married on 3 February 1633, to Mata Gujri.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Stay at Bakala.

paragraph: In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of Bakala in Amritsar district, together with Tegh Bahadur and Mata Gujri. Bakala, as described in "Gurbilas Dasvin Patishahi", was then a prosperous town with many beautiful pools, wells and "baolis". After Guru Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother. He spent most of his time in meditation, but was not a recluse, and attended to family responsibilities. He made visits outside Bakala, and visited the eighth Sikh guru Guru Har Krishan, when the latter was in Delhi.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Guruship.

paragraph: In March 1664 Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox. When asked by his followers who would lead them after him, he replied "Baba Bakala", meaning his successor was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying Guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming themselves as the new Guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants.

paragraph: Sikh tradition has a myth concerning the manner in which Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader, Baba Makhan Shah Labana, had once prayed for his life and had promised to gift 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru if he survived. He arrived in search of the ninth Guru. He went from one claimant to the next making his obeisance and offering two gold coins to each Guru, believing that the right guru would know that his silent promise was to gift 500 coins for his safety. Every "guru" he met accepted the 2 gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Labana gifted Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur gave him his blessings and remarked that his offering was considerably short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah Labana forthwith made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, "Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re" meaning "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru".

paragraph: In August 1664 a Sikh "Sangat" arrived in Bakala and anointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs. The "Sangat" was led by Diwan Durga Mal, and a formal "Tikka ceremony" was performed by Bhai Gurditta on Tegh Bahadur conferring Guruship on him.

paragraph: As had been the custom among Sikhs after the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards. He himself lived an austere life.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Guru Tegh Bahadur contributed many hymns to Granth Sahib including the "Saloks", or couplets near the end of the Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Tegh Bahadur toured various parts of Mughal Empire and was asked by Gobind Sahali to construct several Sikh temples in Mahali. His works include 116 shabads, 15 ragas, and his bhagats are credited with 782 compositions that are part of "bani" in Sikhism.

paragraph: His works are included in the "Guru Granth Sahib" (pages 219-1427). They cover a wide range of topics, such as the nature of God, human attachments, body, mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death and deliverance. For example, in "Sorath rag", Guru Tegh Bahadur describes what an ideal human being is like,

paragraph: Section::::Journeys.

paragraph: Guru Tegh Bahadur travelled extensively in different parts of the country, including Dhaka and Assam, to preach the teachings of Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in, became sites of Sikh temples.

paragraph: During his travels, Guru Tegh Bahadur spread the Sikh ideas and message, as well as started community water wells and langars (community kitchen charity for the poor).

paragraph: The Guru made three successive visits to Kiratpur. On 21 August 1664, Guru went there to console with Bibi Rup upon the death of her father, Guru Har Rai, the seventh Sikh guru, and of her brother, Guru Har Krishan. The second visit was on 15 October 1664, at the death on 29 September 1664, of Bassi, the mother of Guru Har Rai. A third visit concluded a fairly extensive journey through the northwest Indian subcontinent. His son Guru Gobind Singh, who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in Patna, while he was away in Dhubri, Assam in 1666, where stands the Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib. He there helped end the war between Raja Ram Singh of Bengal and Raja Chakardwaj of Ahom state (later Assam). He visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi.

paragraph: After his visit to Assam, Bengal and Bihar, the Guru visited Rani Champa of Bilaspur who offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 rupees. There, Guru Tegh Bahadur founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the foothills of Himalayas. In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled through Kashmir and the North-West Frontier, to meet the masses, as the persecution of non-Muslims reached new heights.

paragraph: Section::::Execution by Aurangzeb.

paragraph: In 1675 Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed in Delhi on 11 November under the orders of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. According to J.S. Grewal, a scholar of Sikh history, Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to confront the religious persecution of Kashmiri Brahmins by the Mughal officials. He did so after appointing his son the successor-Guru, leaving his base of Makhowal and entering Ropar where he was promptly arrested. According to Purnima Dhavan – a scholar of South Asian history and Mughal Empire, the Mughal administration kept a close watch on his activities. Guru Tegh Bahadur was kept in jail for four months in Sarhind, then transferred to Delhi in November 1675. There he was asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to his God. The Guru questioned the idea that "occult powers were a proof of one's nearness to God", states Grewal. After his "refusement to perform a miracle", he was asked to convert to Islam. He refused. Three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were then put to death in front of him. He continued his refusal to convert to Islam. Thereafter, states Grewal, he was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort.

paragraph: According to the official account of the Mughal Empire, written 107 years later by Ghulam Husain of Lucknow in 1782,

paragraph: Satish Chandra cautions that this was the "official justification", which historically can be expected to be full of evasion and distortion to justify official action. According to Surjit Gandhi, the account by Ghulam Husain suffers from serious inaccuracies and is historically wrong, as Hafiz Adam had left India and died at Medina in 1643.

paragraph: Another Muslim scholar, Ghulam Muhiuddin Bute Shah, wrote his "Tarikh-i-Punjab" in 1842, over a century and half after the death of Guru Tegh Bahadur, saying that there was ongoing hostility from Ram Rai, the elder brother of Guru Har Kishan, against Tegh Bahadur. Ghulam Muhiuddin Bute Shah said that "Ram Rai represented to the Emperor that Guru Tegh Bahadur was very proud of his spiritual greatness and that he would not realise his fault unless he was punished. Ram Rai also suggested that Guru Tegh Bahadur is asked to appear before the Emperor to work a miracle; if he failed, he could be put to death." Satish Chandra and others say that this account is also doubtful as to the circumstances or cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution.

paragraph: Sikh historians record that Guru Tegh Bahadur had become a socio-political challenge to the Muslim rule and Aurangzeb. The Sikh movement was rapidly growing in the rural Malwa region of Punjab, and the Guru was openly encouraging Sikhs to, "be fearless in their pursuit of just society: he who holds none in fear, nor is afraid of anyone, is acknowledged as a man of true wisdom", a statement recorded in the Guru Granth Sahib p. 1427. While Guru Tegh Bahadur influence was rising, Aurangzeb had imposed Islamic laws, demolished infidel schools and temples, and enforced new taxes on non-Muslims.

paragraph: The main substantive record, however, comes from Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, Guru Gobind Singh, in his composition "Bachittar Natak". This composition is recited in every Sikh place of worship on the occasion of the Guru's martyrdom. According to records written by his son Guru Gobind Singh, the Guru had resisted persecution, and had adopted and promised to protect Kashmiri Hindus. The Guru was summoned to Delhi by Aurangzeb on a pretext, but when he arrived, he was offered, "to abandon his faith, and convert to Islam". Guru Tegh Bahadur refused, and he and his associates were arrested. He was executed on 11 November 1675 in public in Chandni Chowk, Delhi.

paragraph: William Irvine states that Guru Tegh Bahadur was tortured for many weeks while being asked to abandon his faith and convert to Islam; he stood by his convictions and refused; he was then executed.

paragraph: The associates of the Guru were also tortured for refusing to convert: Bhai Mati Das was sawn into pieces and Bhai Dayal Das was thrown into a cauldron of boiling water, and Bhai Sati Das was burned alive, while Guru Tegh Bahadur was held inside a cage to watch his colleagues suffer. The Guru himself was beheaded in public.

paragraph: Section::::Impact of execution.

paragraph: Section::::Impact of execution.:Legacy and memorials.

paragraph: Guru Har Gobind was Guru Tegh Bahadur's father. He was originally named "Tyag Mal" () but was later renamed "Tegh Bahadur" after his gallantry and bravery in the wars against the Mughal forces. He built the city of Anandpur Sahib, and was responsible for saving the Kashmiri Pandits, who were being persecuted by the Mughals.

paragraph: After the execution of Tegh Bahadar by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh temples were built in his and his associates' memory. The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, also in Delhi, is built on the site of the residence of a disciple of Teg Bahadur, who burned his house to cremate his master's body.

paragraph: Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Teg Bahadar which was brought by Bhai Jaita (renamed "Bhai Jivan Singh" according to Sikh rites) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb was cremated here.

paragraph: Tegh Bahadur has been remembered for giving up his life for freedom of religion, reminding Sikhs and non-Muslims in India to follow and practice their beliefs without fear of persecution and forced conversions by Muslims. Guru Tegh Bahadur was martyred, along with fellow devotees Bhai Mati Dass, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala. 24 November, the date of his martyrdom, is observed in certain parts of India as a public holiday.

paragraph: Section::::Impact of execution.:Effect on Sikhs.

paragraph: The execution hardened the resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and the persecution. Pashaura Singh states that, "if the martyrdom of Guru Arjan had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its Sikh identity". Wilfred Smith stated "the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on the martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity.

paragraph: Section::::Places named after Guru Teg Bahadur.

paragraph: A number of places are named after the ninth guru of the Sikhs, Guru Teg Bahadur.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chhapianwali, Malout, Punjab

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shri Guru Teg Bahadur Senior Secondary School, Patli Dabar, Sirsa (Haryana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, Assam.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Institute of Technology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Integration Chair, Punjabi University, Patiala

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Railway Station, Mumbai (G.T.B. Nagar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Teg Bahadur Public School, Durgapur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa Senior Secondary School, Malout

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gurudwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadar Langar Saheb, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Guru Tegh Bahadar English High School, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College (SGTB Khalsa College), University of Delhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Tegh Bahadur 3rd centenary public school, New Delhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Teg Bahadur Charitable Hospital, Ludhiana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Teg Bahadur Public School, Patran (District Patiala)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Teg Bahadur Public School, Saharanpur(Uttar Pradesh)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gurudwara Sahib, Sri Guru Teg bahadur Nagar, Jalandhar (Punjab)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology, Delhi

paragraph: Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur public higher secondary school, Ratlam

paragraph: BULLET::::- shri guru tegh bahadur education centre secondary school and gurdwara, (rawatbhata)(NPCIL RR Site ) rajasthan

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shri Guru Teg Bahadur Education Society Patli Dabar, Sirsa' (Haryana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gokalchand Narang; "Transformation of Sikhism"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puran Singh; "The book of Ten Masters"

paragraph: BULLET::::- N.K Sinha; "Rise of Sikh Panth"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teja Singh Ganda Singh; "A Short History of the Sikhs".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Tegh Bahadur; Commemorative Volume". Editor: Satbir Singh. Publisher: Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Tercentenary Martyrdom Gurpurab Committee. Government of India (1975)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peer reviewed publications on Guru Tegh Bahadur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition, Louis E. Fenech, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 117(4): 623-42, (Oct-Dec, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Tegh Bahadur Ranbir Singh (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Non-Canonical Compositions Attributed to the Seventh and Ninth Sikh Gurus, Jeevan Singh Deol, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(2): 193-203, (Apr. - Jun., 2001)

alias:
Guru Teg Bahadur
Tyaga Mal

description: The ninth Guru of Sikhism

enwikiquote_title: Guru Tegh Bahadur

wikidata_label: Guru Tegh Bahadur

wikipedia_title: Guru Tegh Bahadur