text: Stockholm

text: Swedish

text: engineer

text: technical designer

text: industrialist

text: inventor

text: Sweden

text: patent

text: Birger Ljungström

text: bicycling

text: free wheeling hubs

text: automatic transmission

text: vehicle

text: steam turbine

text: air preheater

text: circular arc hull

text: sailing boat

text: The New Cycle Company

text: Ljungström Steam Turbine Co.

text: Swedish Turbine Manufacturing Co.

text: Helge Palmcrantz

text: Alfred Nobel

text: Gustaf de Laval

text: Curt Nicolin

text: Gustaf Dalén

text: design

text: steam turbine locomotive

text: sailboat

text: World War II

text: oil shale

text: gasification

text: electrical energy

text: Swedish Armed Forces

text: jet engine

text: torpedo

text: power station

text: fuel savings

text: ton

text: oil

text: Ljungström air preheater

text: International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark

text: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

text: Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology

text: Nordic Museum

text: Swedish Railway Museum

text: Science Museum

text: London

text: England

text: Ljungström

text: Stockholm

text: cartographer

text: Jonas Patrik Ljungström

text: Johan Börjesson

text: Johan Wingård

text: Georg Ljungström

text: Oscar Ljungström

text: Birger Ljungström

text: George Spaak

text: Amanda Sandborg Waesterberg

text: widow

text: Wilhelm Theodor Söderberg

text: Gunnar Ljungström

text: Arthur Lundblom

text: Torsten Cassel

text: Östra Real

text: Royal Institute of Technology

text: Honorary Doctorate

text: Östermalm

text: L. M. Ericsson

text: tutor

text: physics

text: Salomon August Andrée

text: Alfred Nobel

text: Curt Nicolin

text: Lidingö

text: Norra begravningsplatsen

text: Birger Ljungström

text: Oscar Ljungström

text: Helge Palmcrantz

text: history of the bicycle

text: pedal

text: free wheeling hubs

text: Alfred Nobel

text: Sweden

text: United Kingdom

text: George Spaak

text: bicycle brake

text: Nordic Museum

text: Stockholm

text: Sweden

text: automatic milking

text: Gustaf Laval

text: Laval AB Separator

text: die casting

text: brass

text: zinc

text: aluminium

text: steam turbine

text: knot

text: motor boat

text: Stockholm archipelago

text: Newcastle

text: England

text: George Spaak

text: CEO

text: Aurel Stodola

text: STAL

text: workshop

text: factory

text: Finspång

text: Östergötland

text: Finspång Castle

text: military industry

text: Mechanical engineer

text: Professor

text: Chalmers University of Technology

text: electric generator

text: thermodynamic

text: Siemens

text: General Electric

text: Europe

text: London Underground

text: ASEA

text: nuclear power plant

text: Gåshaga

text: Lidingö

text: Stockholm

text: Nydqvist & Holm AB

text: Grängesberg-Oxelösund Railway

text: condenser

text: thermodynamic

text: jackshaft

text: electrified

text: England

text: Beyer, Peacock and Company

text: Swedish Railways

text: London, Midland and Scottish Railway

text: Deutsche Reichsbahn

text: Bavaria

text: Argentina

text: Tucumán

text: Santa Fe

text: desert

text: Argentine Revolution

text: Railway Museum of Grängesberg

text: Swedish Railway Museum

text: Grängesberg

text: steam turbine locomotive

text: steam locomotive

text: air preheater

text: air conditioning

text: Royal Swedish Opera

text: ASEA

text: World War II

text: shale oil extraction

text: gasification

text: electrical energy

text: Swedish Navy

text: Air Force

text: Royal Swedish Yacht Club

text: Ljungström sailboat

text: circular arc hull

text: Ljungström rig

text: boom

text: spinnaker

text: Maritime Museum

text: Axel Wenner-Gren

text: Chrysler

text: United States

text: Wall Street Crash of 1929

text: Great Depression

text: hydraulic gear

text: World War II

text: Scania

text: Vabis

text: Saab

text: aerospace engineering

text: Lieutenant

text: jet engine

text: STAL Dovern

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences

text: Gustaf Dalén

text: coach

text: Curt Nicolin

text: obituary

text: Nordic Museum

text: Swedish Railway Museum

text: Maritime Museum

text: Nobel Museum

text: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers

text: Knight

text: Order of the Polar Star

text: Order of Vasa

text: Grand Cross

text: National Order of Merit

text: Honorary doctorate

text: Royal Institute of Technology

text: Dresden University of Technology

text: Royal Institute of Technology

text: James Watt International Gold Medal

text: Institution of Mechanical Engineers

text: Ljungström Air Preheater

text: Clason

text: Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences

text: Grashof

text: Association of German Engineers

text: Exposition Universelle

text: Paris

text: Svea Velocipede

text: General Art and Industrial Exposition of Stockholm

text: Honorary Fellowship

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: Institution of Mechanical Engineers

text: Finspång Castle

text: Olof Ljungström

text: Biography at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology website

text: Ljungström Prize of the Swedish National Mechanics' Association

text: SRM 100 year jubilee, the story about the Ljungström brothers

text: Free Patents Online: "Fredrik Ljungstrom"

text: LJUNGSTRÖM Corporate website

text: Pupulär Historia

text: The Meccano Magazine, July 1927

text: Swedish Railway Museum exhibition "Paramountjournalen" (October 1929)

text: TGOJ M3t 71 pulling heavy timber in Sweden

text: Model of Beyer-Ljungström steam turbine locomotive on model railway

text: LJUNGSTRÖM Air Preheater (APH) & Gas-gas Heater (GGH) Power Plant Overview

categories: Swedish mechanical engineers,Knights of the Order of the Polar Star,20th-century Swedish engineers,Steam turbine locomotives,1875 births,Ljungström,Swedish engineers,19th-century Swedish businesspeople,Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France),Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,Businesspeople in the automobile industry,Locomotive manufacturers of Sweden,Dresden University of Technology faculty,20th-century Swedish businesspeople,Engineering companies of Sweden,Knights First Class of the Order of Vasa,Swedish company founders,Steam turbines,Swedish shipbuilders,Steam locomotives of Sweden,Marine engineers,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences,19th-century sailors,Swedish yacht designers,20th-century sailors,1964 deaths,Royal Institute of Technology academics,History of the steam engine,Businesspeople from Stockholm,Swedish technology company founders,Swedish industrial designers,Swedish industrialists,19th-century Swedish engineers,Automotive engineers,Swedish male sailors (sport),Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks,Lidingö Municipality,Royal Institute of Technology alumni,Swedish inventors,Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen

paragraph: Fredrik Ljungström

paragraph: Fredrik Ljungström (16 June 1875 in Stockholm – 18 February 1964 in Stockholm) was a Swedish engineer, technical designer, and industrialist.

paragraph: Considered one of the foremost inventors of Sweden, Fredrik Ljungström accounted for hundreds of technical patents alone and in collaboration with his brother Birger Ljungström (1872–1948): from early bicycling free wheeling hubs techniques and mechanical automatic transmissions for vehicles, to steam turbines, air preheaters, and circular arc hulls for sailing boats. He co-founded companies such as The New Cycle Company, Ljungström Steam Turbine Co. and Swedish Turbine Manufacturing Co. (STAL), and associated with other industrialists such as Helge Palmcrantz, Alfred Nobel, Gustaf de Laval, Curt Nicolin, and Gustaf Dalén. As innovative as his ideas were in function, they also often turned out in terms of unconventional external design, such as his steam turbine locomotives and sailboats.

paragraph: During the resource scarcity of World War II, Fredrik Ljungström's innovative technology for oil shale underground gasification by electrical energy, called the "Ljungström method", provided a strategical impact for the Swedish Armed Forces. In addition, Ljungström's technology contributed to the first Swedish jet engine, torpedoes, and more.

paragraph: With Fredrik Ljungström's air preheater implemented in a large number of modern power stations around the world until this day with total attributed worldwide fuel savings estimated to 4,960,000,000 tons of oil, "few inventions have been as successful in saving fuel as the Ljungström Air Preheater". In 1995, the Ljungström air preheater was distinguished as the 44th International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. His works are represented by the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, the Nordic Museum, and the Swedish Railway Museum, as well as internationally such as by the Science Museum in London, England and by The science museum in Milan.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and background.

paragraph: Fredrik Ljungström was born in 1875 in Stockholm to cartographer Jonas Patrik Ljungström, and Amalia (née Falck). His second great uncle was Johan Börjesson, and his third great uncle Bishop Johan Wingård. Among his siblings were Georg Ljungström, Oscar Ljungström, Birger Ljungström, and among is brothers-in-law George Spaak. Fredrik Ljungström was married twice. First to Elizabeth (née Waesterberg), daughter of Amanda Sandborg Waesterberg, from whom he was widowed, and secondly to Signe (née Söderberg), daughter of Wilhelm Theodor Söderberg. Among his issue was Gunnar Ljungström, and among his sons-in-law Arthur Lundblom, and Torsten Cassel.

paragraph: Educated at Östra Real, he attended the Royal Institute of Technology from where he was subsequently conferred an Honorary Doctorate in 1944. Technical innovativity was notably initiated in the ateliers of his father in Östermalm in Stockholm, that cooperated among others with the early manufactory of L. M. Ericsson. Of importance was also the tutorship in physics by Salomon August Andrée, as was the early mentorship of Alfred Nobel. Later, Fredrik Ljungström would in turn offer mentorship to junior industrialists such as Curt Nicolin.

paragraph: He died in 1964 on Lidingö, and was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen, Stockholm.

paragraph: Section::::Svea Velocipede.

paragraph: The Svea Velocipede was an early invention by Fredrik Ljungström in collaboration with his brothers Birger Ljungström, and Oscar Ljungström. Helge Palmcrantz was also part of the project. An early example in the history of the bicycle, the pedals mechanism of the Svea Velocipede was straight vertical, driven by free wheeling hubs, which was patented by the brothers in 1892.

paragraph: In connection with Alfred Nobel, the project was further developed and the product sold about 2,000 units in Sweden, and the United Kingdom, under the company name The New Cycle Company, to which also George Spaak was connected. Although the general preference for circular pedal mechanisms became clear with time, later bicycle models on the market would adopt its foot-operated bicycle brakes while also employing its free wheeling hubs.

paragraph: The Svea Velocipede has units represented at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, and the Nordic Museum in Stockholm, Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Steam turbines.

paragraph: After the Svea Velocipede project, Fredrik and Birger went on to work out a automatic milking device, Beta (1901). It caught the interest of Gustaf Laval at Laval AB Separator. Fredrik would remain leading engineer in this venture until 1908. At the same time, he developed a method for die casting of brass, zinc and aluminium that would become well-received.

paragraph: Soon enough, however, it was evident that steam turbines would be the main focus for the brothers' ventures. Early on, Alfred Nobel paid interest also to this endeavour. One project was based on a new type of steam turbine, the Ljungström radial turbine, invented by the brothers and patented by Birger Ljungström in 1894. The invention was installed in a boat model, proucing a speed of 12 knot, making it the then fastest motor boat around Stockholm archipelago. In 1900, a new company was established based on this steam turbine invention, the Ljungström Engine Syndicate Limited in Newcastle, England, where George Spaak was designated CEO. The continued development of the steam turbines was also endorsed by Professor Aurel Stodola.

paragraph: The turbine principle was furthermore the base for the company ALÅ (Ljungström steam turbine Co.), founded in 1908 in Sweden, that owned all the patents on this revolutionising turbine construction. In 1913 together they founded the separate company, STAL (Swedish turbine manufacturing Co.), while the workshop was moved from Stockholm to a large scale factory complex in Finspång, Östergötland, to which also Finspång Castle was acquired, a former center of the military industry of Sweden for centuries. Mechanical engineer , later Professor at Chalmers University of Technology, was connected to the development. This company handled the manufacturing and sales of complete steam turbine driven electric generators. The turbine provided a 10% higher thermodynamic efficiency than previously constructions, in addition to being more compact, requiring less space. STAL:s solutions proved successful, and with contracts such as with Siemens and General Electric, its activities expanded into Europe and beyond. For instance, it remained in service in the London Underground for 50 years.

paragraph: It has been said that Ljungström's insights in the steam power came to him already as a child at home, observing how cuisine was prepared in the kitchen.

paragraph: STAL was acquired by ASEA in 1916 as they wished to market complete packages with turbine driven electric generators. The brothers then left the company but kept control over the all the patents and manufacturing licenses for the Ljungström steam turbines within the company ALÅ. The factories were later acquired by Siemens.

paragraph: The technical solutions developed by the brothers at STAL remain employed over the world with significant present-day fuel savings results, including in nuclear power plants.

paragraph: Section::::Steam turbine locomotives.

paragraph: The brothers also designed a number of steam turbine locomotives, some of which were highly successful, starting in 1917. A factory was set up for the purpose in Gåshaga, Lidingö, Stockholm, in 1918, where the Ljungström brothers also worked out the Ljungström heat exchanger for their locomotives. After successfully assembled, this locomotive was the strongest to ever have been produced.

paragraph: The first attempt in 1921 was a rather odd-looking machine. Its three driving axles were located under the tender, and the cab and boiler sat on unpowered wheels. Later they changed this design with driving wheels on both the boiler carriage and the tender with separate turbines. The second design was a 2-8-0 similar to a successful freight design. In 1930, the 2000th unit, a Ljungström locomotive, was rolled out of the factory of Nydqvist & Holm AB: "TGOJ M3 47, M3t 71". Built from 1930 to 1936 by Nydqvist & Holm, these locomotives replaced conventional ones on the Grängesberg-Oxelösund Railway. No condenser was fitted, as its complexity outweighed its thermodynamic advantages. The wheels were driven by a jackshaft. These engines were in use until 1953 when the line was electrified.

paragraph: The Ljungström locomotives also gained international attention. In England, Beyer, Peacock and Company had license construction of a copy of the Swedish Railways turbine locomotive "SJ Littera Å", employed in London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Deutsche Reichsbahn had use for the technology especially in Bavaria. Yet another one was delivered to Argentina, designated for the 800 km long distance between Tucumán and Santa Fe, largely through desert with limited water access, needs to which the Ljungström system was especially fitted. The locomotive remained in service until its disappearance during the Argentine Revolution (1966-1973).

paragraph: Three engines of this type were built, all of which have been preserved. Two units (71 and 73) are exhibited by the Railway Museum of Grängesberg, and the third (72) by the Swedish Railway Museum. The one in Grängesberg is the world's only remaining steam turbine locomotive in function, Ljungström "M3t nr 71", manufactured in 1930 by Nydqvist & Holm AB and renovated by the Locomotive Museum for the 125th anniversary of the Swedish Railways in June 1981. With a power of 22 tons, it is still Sweden's most powerful steam locomotive in funcion: practical tests showed that it was able to transport 2,000 tons in 17 per mille elevation.

paragraph: In total, about 2,000 locomotives were constructed of Fredrik Ljungström's design.

paragraph: Section::::Air preheaters.

paragraph: Fredrik Lindström also invented an efficient air preheater, which even in a modern utility boiler provides up to 20 percent of the total heat transfer in the boiler process, but only represents 2 percent of the investment. This innovation was also a result of the factory in Lidingö, with patent achieved in 1930, although an anecdote traces the inception to an air conditioning concern during a visit in the smoky premises of the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm.

paragraph: The factory and workshop activities and laboratories in Lidingö would remain throughout the 1920s, with some 70 personnel. In the 1930s it was used a film studio, and was finally demolished in the 1970s to give space for new industry premises.

paragraph: ASEA acquired a majority of the company in 1916, and Erik Sundbllad was designated CEO. Royalties were ceased in 1944.

paragraph: In 1995, it was estimated that the Ljungström air preheater had sold in 10,000s of units for in total some 20 billion dollars.

paragraph: Section::::Shale oil extraction.

paragraph: During the resource scarcity of World War II, Fredrik Ljungström's innovative technology for shale oil extraction underground gasification by electrical energy, called the "Ljungström method" after which the Ljungström fields are named in Stockholm, provided a significant strategical impact for the Royal Swedish Navy and Air Force. Ljungström obtained his last patent in this industry in 1954. The Ljungström fields, with a war production of about 70 000 m3, were inactived after the war but with a possibility of reactivation in case of renewed need of domestic oil source.

paragraph: Section::::Naval engineering.

paragraph: Fredrik Ljungström, an enthusiastic sailor and keen member of the Royal Swedish Yacht Club, made several inventions out of new ideas related to sailing boats. The Ljungström sailboat with the circular arc hull and the Ljungström rig, without a boom and double sail that can work as a spinnaker, is named after Fredrik Ljungström. The history of the productions are represented at the Maritime Museum in Stockholm. He also experimented with a vibrationless yacht motor.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.

paragraph: The transmission technology "Spontaneous gear 1920", an automatic gear box developed by Fredrik Ljungström in the 1920s, attracted attention on the Swedish market, and several private cars were equipped with the system with positive results. A new company was established with this purpose and, Ljungströmsbilen (Swedish: The Ljungström Car). Interest of Axel Wenner-Gren followed by that of Chrysler in the United States got involved, but shortly afterwards had to retreat due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. Still, an invention of hydraulic gear saw success during World War II with royalties paid by the United States. This gear was used for rail buses and also for the Swedish rail cars by Scania and Vabis. Part of the other technology also moved on to the first Saab cars.

paragraph: Although initially interested in aerospace engineering - Fredrik drafted a flight machine project late 19th century - applied aerodynamics never competeted among his main subjects of interest, especially after having lost his son and pilot Lieutenant Einar Ljungström in an airplane crash in 1927. Yet, after World War II, Ljungström's technology contributed to the first Swedish jet engine, with STAL Dovern based in part on his technology, developed by the company he founded.

paragraph: Fredrik Ljungström become a well-reputed figure in the 20th century technical industry in Sweden. Together with his fellow at Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Gustaf Dalén, the two inventors once came late to a meeting going around town in their coach in enthusiastic discussions on new ideas. Curt Nicolin praised the influence in an obituary on Fredrik Ljungström.

paragraph: The works of Fredrik Ljungström are represented in the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, the Nordic Museum, the Swedish Railway Museum, the Maritime Museum, the Nobel Museum, and the , among others.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Studie över fartyg med formen bestämd av cirkelbågar och dess tillämpning på segelbärande motrofartyg och passagerarfartyg", Stockholm, Sveriges standardiseringskommission, 1952

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unda Maris" 1947-48. Tema: Nordisk fiskebåtbyggarekongress 1947, Sjöfartsmuseet, 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cirkelbågsskrov" ("Segel och motor"), 1939: nr. 5-8, 25 s

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ljungströms luftförvärmare": Föredrag, hållet vid Föreningens för kraft- och bränsleekonomi årsmöte i Helsingfors den 27 April 1923, Helsingfors, 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ljungströms turbinlokomotiv", Stockholm, 1922

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Development of the Ljungström Steam Turbine and Air Preheater" by Dr. Fredrik Ljungström, "Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers", volume 160, issue 1 (1 June 1949)

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Orders.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight of the Order of the Polar Star (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight 1st class of the Order of Vasa (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1963)

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Academic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary doctorate of the Royal Institute of Technology (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary doctorate of the Dresden University of Technology (1928)

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KTH Great Prize of the Royal Institute of Technology (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Watt International Gold Medal of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark: Ljungström Air Preheater, by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clason Medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prize from the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grashof Medal of the Association of German Engineers (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Plaque of the (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Fellow of the (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver Medal of the Exposition Universelle in Paris for the Svea Velocipede (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal of the General Art and Industrial Exposition of Stockholm for the Svea Velocipede (1897)

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Fellowships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1940) (Fellowship since 1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fellowship of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Membership of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Fellowship of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Fellowship of the (1961)

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Eponyms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Permanent exhibition at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ljungström Prize of the (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birger and Fredrik Ljungström Commemorative Medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotor Medal of Svenska Rotor Maskiner (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birger and Fredrik Ljungström room at the Finspång Castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- The International Ljungström (Air Preheater) Conference in Japan (1962)

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pionjärer vid ritbordet, Enskede: Båt & skärgård, 2000,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fredrik Ljungström 1875-1964 Uppfinnare och inspiratör (1999) by Olof Ljungström, Sveriges Mekanisters Riksförening,

paragraph: BULLET::::- När uppfinnarna var tidens hjältar (1994), Populär historia, Lund (1991), Börje Isakson, ISSN 1102-0822; 1994:5, s. 48-51

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svenska snilleblixtar, Isakson, Börje, 1939- (författare) Johansson, George, Stockholm : Natur och kultur, 1994,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birger and Fredrik Ljungström - inventors (1955) by Sven A. Hansson (1907-1996)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology website

paragraph: BULLET::::- STAL company page at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo collection of Ljungström steam turbine locomotives at the Railway Museum of Grängesberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utvecklingen av Ljungströms ångturbin och luftförvärmare, Tekn. dr Fredrik Ljungström, Fiskebäckskil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ljungström Prize of the Swedish National Mechanics' Association (sv)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SRM 100 year jubilee, the story about the Ljungström brothers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Free Patents Online: "Fredrik Ljungstrom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- LJUNGSTRÖM Corporate website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pupulär Historia (Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::-  (Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ljungström, mer än bara båtar! ("Ljungström, more than just boats", Maritime Museum of Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Meccano Magazine, July 1927

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish Railway Museum exhibition "Paramountjournalen" (October 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- TGOJ M3t 71 pulling heavy timber in Sweden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Model of Beyer-Ljungström steam turbine locomotive on model railway

paragraph: BULLET::::- LJUNGSTRÖM Air Preheater (APH) & Gas-gas Heater (GGH) Power Plant Overview

description: Swedish engineer, technical designer, and industrialist

wikidata_label: Fredrik Ljungström

wikipedia_title: Fredrik Ljungström


text: Spanish

text: classical

text: pianist

text: Barcelona

text: Spain

text: Barcelona

text: Paris

text: École Normale de Musique

text: Théâtre des Champs Elysées

text: Manuel Blasco de Nebra

text: Manuel de Falla

text: Fanfare magazine

text: Frederic Mompou

text: Johannes Brahms

text: International Chopin Piano Competition

text: Valencia

text: École Normale de Musique de Paris

text: Colom's Bio at the Musikeon website

categories: Prize-winners of the Paloma O'Shea International Piano Competition,Male pianists,Catalan pianists,1947 births,Spanish classical pianists,21st-century classical pianists,Spanish classical musicians,Living people

paragraph: Josep Colom

paragraph: Josep Colom (born January 11, 1947) is a Spanish classical pianist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.

paragraph: Colom was born in Barcelona, Spain, in the difficult years of the Spanish post-war. He began piano lessons in Barcelona with his aunt Rosa Colom, and later moved to Paris to study at the École Normale de Musique. His many awards include First Prize at the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition (1978) and First Prize at the Jaén and Épinal International Competitions. Since his debut at the Théâtre des Champs Elysées in Paris in 1979, he has regularly toured the five continents giving recitals and concerts with orchestras and performing chamber music with a wide variety of ensembles and artists.

paragraph: He made his first recordings in 1982 with the complete Sonatas of Manuel Blasco de Nebra (Etnos), for which he was awarded the Spanish Ministry of Culture Prize. In 1989 he recorded the complete works of Manuel de Falla (Circe), an album that Fanfare magazine hailed as the best version of Falla’s works. He has also recorded the complete works of Frederic Mompou, the complete concertos and variations of Johannes Brahms, as well as works by Fauré, Debussy, Ravel and Brahms in collaboration with the pianist Carmen Deleito.

paragraph: Mr Colom has served as jury of many important piano competitions, including the Paloma O'Shea International Piano Competition and the International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw. In 1998 the Spanish Ministry of Culture awarded him the Premio Nacional de Música. Since 2010 he regularly teaches in Valencia at the Musikeon Postgraduate Programs, and gives masterclass in Spain (Aula de Música de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares), Switzerland (Cours International de Blonay) and France (École Normale de Musique de Paris), among others.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colom's Bio at the Musikeon website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colom’s Bio at the Festival Ibérico de Música

alias:
José María Colom Rincón
Jose Maria Colom Rincon

description: Spanish musician

wikidata_label: Josep Colom

wikipedia_title: Josep Colom


text:
Zermatt
military patrol
first winter Olympics
Alfons Julen
Anton Julen
Denis Vaucher
cross country 50 km

categories: Olympic biathletes of Switzerland,Military patrol competitors at the 1924 Winter Olympics,1897 births,Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland,1975 deaths,Swiss military patrol (sport) runners,People from Zermatt,Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 1924 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Alfred Aufdenblatten

paragraph: Alfred Aufdenblatten (12 November 1897 – 17 June 1975) was a mountaineer, ski guide and cross country skier from Zermatt, Switzerland who competed in military patrol at the first winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924.

paragraph: The Swiss team, which consisted of Aufdenblatten, Alfons Julen, Anton Julen and Denis Vaucher, finished first in the competition.

paragraph: Aufdenblatten also competed in the cross country 50 km at the Chamonix Olympics.

description: Swiss biathlete

wikidata_label: Alfred Aufdenblatten

wikipedia_title: Alfred Aufdenblatten


text:
Zermatt
military patrol
first winter Olympics
Alfred Aufdenblatten
Alfons Julen
Denis Vaucher
Oswald Julen
Simon Julen

categories: 1898 births,Olympic biathletes of Switzerland,1982 deaths,Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland,Swiss military patrol (sport) runners,People from Zermatt,Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Military patrol competitors at the 1924 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Anton Julen

paragraph: Anton Julen (20 February 1898 – August 1982) was a cross country skier from Zermatt, Switzerland who competed in military patrol at the first winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924. The Swiss team, which consisted of Alfred Aufdenblatten, Alfons Julen, Anton Julen and Denis Vaucher, finished first in the competition. He was brother of Alfons Julen, and cousin of the Olympians Oswald Julen (Nordic combined) and Simon Julen (cross country skiing).

description: Swiss biathlete

wikidata_label: Anton Julen

wikipedia_title: Anton Julen


text:
Bern
military patrol
first winter Olympics
Alfred Aufdenblatten
Alfons Julen
Anton Julen

categories: 1898 births,Olympic biathletes of Switzerland,1993 deaths,Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland,Swiss military patrol (sport) runners,Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Military patrol competitors at the 1924 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Denis Vaucher

paragraph: Denis Vaucher (18 February 1898 – 24 February 1993) was a cross country skier from Bern, Switzerland who competed in military patrol at the first winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924.

paragraph: The Swiss team, which consisted of Alfred Aufdenblatten, Alfons Julen, Anton Julen and Vaucher, finished first in the competition.

paragraph: Vaucher was member of the "Skiclub Bern", which was founded in 1900.

description: Swiss biathlete

wikidata_label: Denis Vaucher

wikipedia_title: Denis Vaucher


text: Wuhan

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Hubei Academy of Fine Arts

text: Shanghai Art Museum

text: National Art Museum of China

text: Christie's

text: Christie's

text: Sotheby's

text: ZENG FANZHI

text: "Looking East"

categories: Artists from Wuhan,Painters from Hubei,Living people,1964 births

paragraph: Zeng Fanzhi

paragraph: Zeng Fanzhi (; born 1964) is a contemporary Chinese artist based in Beijing. From the earliest stages of his career, his paintings have been marked by their emotional directness, the artist's intuitive psychological sense, and his carefully calibrated expressionistic technique. Moving to Beijing in the early 1990s, Zeng's art displayed an immediate shift, responding to his immersion in a more superficial environment, his seminal Mask series displaying the tensions between the artist's dominant existential concerns and an ironic treatment of the pomposity and posturing inherent to his new contemporary urban life. Throughout, Zeng's expressionistic techniques run counter to such techniques' conventional usage. That is, Zeng's representation of raw, exposed flesh or awkwardly oversized hands is not an attempt at pure emotional expression, but instead play against the superficially composed appearances of his subjects, an ironic treatment of emotional performance as a metaphor for a lost self, of stunted self-realization.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Zeng was born in 1964 in Wuhan, Hubei and lives and works in Beijing. He grew up during the Cultural Revolution, after which he attended Hubei Academy of Fine Arts. There, he was largely influenced by Expressionism. Zeng is one of the most popular artists of his era, in addition to being one of Asia's most financially successful artists. In May 2008, he set a world auction record when one of his contemporary Chinese art pieces "Mask Series 1996 No. 6" was sold for $9.6 million in Hong Kong. Zeng has lived and worked in Beijing since 1993, and has been exhibited all over the globe in venues such as the Shanghai Art Museum, National Art Museum of China, Kunst Museum Bonn, Kunstmuseum Bern, Santa Monica Art Centre, Art Centre, and Le Musée d'Art moderne de la Ville de Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Art school.

paragraph: Zeng was in art school from 1987 to 1991, and paid a particular interest in German expressionist painters. During his third year of schooling, he began instead to learn more about the actual approaches that the expressionists would take to painting. By the time his first show came to fruition, it was apparent that he had gained his very own style and the work gained him a large amount of respect in the Chinese art scene.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic progression.

paragraph: From the start, Zeng has been heavily influenced by his physical and emotional circumstances. Zeng's first mature series was his "Hospital Series", inspired by the scenes he witnessed in the local clinic near where he lived. At the same time, as an art student, Zeng studied German Expressionism, and the preponderance of social upheaval and intensely felt emotion, against a backdrop of social upheaval, had resonance in his own life. In his "Hospital" series, Zeng moved to a theme that included the use of hospital interiors, where he devoted much of the detail to the patients' moods and the power that certain brush stroking techniques could yield. These paintings often hinted at a sadomasochistic relationship in the world with his pale colors and blood colored flesh of the patients. In using these techniques, he shows a somewhat pessimistic view of the world. His expressionist technique shined through in these works further with an extreme expression in the eyes of the characters. Also, the hands of the patients are notably oversized and the joints are much larger as well. The scenes he depicts seem to show patients caught up in seeming hysteria, and the deep red colors show anger of sorts.

paragraph: After 1994, Zeng's work shifted toward his "Mask" series in which his style takes a drastic shift that is considered the second period in his work. Instead of the anger and brutal nature of the hospital series, the Mask series is more apathetic. The scenes are painted from a distance, and have a mask of some sort as the center of focus. The groups are often small or include a single person, and that seems to show that Zeng is touching on personal relationships and the fact that society is filled with false relationships. By using a mask, even if a person is with a group, there is a sense of solitude for the person wearing the mask. He also explores new techniques that include using a palette knife as a paintbrush. This causes the characters to have an even more blurred edge to them, which essentially masks the painting as a whole. The lighting on the paintings are not coming from an obvious source, and the characters seem to be separated from the world around them through an awkward placement in the background. Through the different techniques, the characters seem much more calm than his earlier hospital series. The figures' hands are in fists and also much more realistic and apparent than in the past, and this causes them to seem as though they are controlling an emotion instead of venting anger, etc.

paragraph: The art by Zeng after 1997 becomes much more stylish through the incorporation of new types of backgrounds like the sea. He uses softer colors that are more blended into each other and this makes for a more comfortable viewing experience. Rather than anger or a controlled emotion, these figures are more relaxed and their hands are sometimes in their pockets. This seems to show that the artist's mood at the time is also more relaxed and has an understanding of life. What was once angry and bold has become more calm through different brush strokes, but there is still a sort of anxiety that can be noted by the fact that the characters have larger-than-normal heads. Rather than his expressionist beginnings, his work now seems to consist largely of symbolism.

paragraph: Section::::"We n:2".

paragraph: "We n:2" is both an abstract and a self-portrait of Zeng Fanzhi. The fact that the face is so large and dominating causes the viewer to feel almost minuscule in its presence. He uses squiggle lines that create a screen that describes the impossibility of truly knowing someone. The marks that he makes over his face almost cause a "ghost image, echoing multiplicity and technological distortion."

paragraph: Section::::"This Land Is So Rich in Beauty 2".

paragraph: Considering the expressionist style of Zeng's work, the viewer seems to feel violent tension. His landscapes are some of his best work, and while painting them he uses two separate brushes. In doing so, one brush demonstrates the purpose of what he is painting, and the other is "leaving traces of his subconscious through processes." This causes his landscapes to not only have a real feel to them, but also an abstract sense of expression.

paragraph: Section::::"Tiananmen".

paragraph: In an effort to describe the rocky past, Zeng places an abstract version of chairman Mao over the building in Tiananmen Square. The bright reds and oranges show both an ironic sense of great courage over the top of an uncertain future. The painting is given animation with a flurry of brush strokes that replace what would normally be depicted as stoic and strait-laced. The fact that chairman Mao's portrait dominates the painting is possibly a symbol for his dominance over Chinese culture.

paragraph: Section::::Art market.

paragraph: In May 2008, Christie's Hong Kong pioneered the Asian Contemporary Art Evening sale. Zeng Fanzhi's Mask Series No.6 was sold for HK$75,367,500. Christie's Hong Kong set a world auction record for the artist in 2008.

paragraph: In October 2013, Sotheby's Hong Kong at the Asian Contemporary 40th Anniversary Sale, Zeng Fanzhi's The Last Supper was sold for US$23.3 million, setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ZENG FANZHI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeng Fanzhi at 88MoCCA – The Museum of Chinese contemporary art on the web

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zeng Fanzhi: Amid change, the art of isolation": International Herald Tribune article

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Looking East", Artinfo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeng Fanzhi at Fundación Francisco Godia

alias:
曾梵志
Fanzhi Zeng

description: Chinese contemporary artist

wikidata_label: Zeng Fanzhi

wikipedia_title: Zeng Fanzhi


text:
athlete
baseball
1912 Summer Olympics
Detroit, Michigan
Grosse Pointe, Michigan
1912 Summer Olympics
Stockholm, Sweden
baseball event
demonstration sport

categories: Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics,1970 deaths,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,American male pole vaulters,Baseball players at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field,Olympic baseball players of the United States,1887 births

paragraph: Frank Nelson (athlete)

paragraph: Frank Nelson ("Frank Thayer Nelson;" May 22, 1887 – July 16, 1970) was an American athlete and baseball player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Detroit, Michigan and died in Grosse Pointe, Michigan.

paragraph: Nelson competed for the United States in the 1912 Summer Olympics held in Stockholm, Sweden in the pole vault where he won the silver medal. At the same Olympics he competed in the baseball event, which was held as demonstration sport. Nelson was one of four Americans who played for the Swedish team.

paragraph: He graduated from Lawrenceville, class of 1906, and Yale, class of 1910. He was a lifelong member of the Les Cheneaux Club on Marquette Island in northern Lake Huron. Nelson also attended the all-boys Detroit University School from 1900 through his junior year, 1905. The school is now known as University Liggett School, located in Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan. Nelson's classmate John Neil Patterson DUS '06 was a member of the 1908 USA Olympic team as a high jumper (7th place) and a hurdler. Nelson was a late replacement in the pole vault competition for Paul Maxon, another 1906 DUS graduate.

description: American pole vaulter

wikidata_label: Frank Nelson

wikipedia_title: Frank Nelson (athlete)


text:
American
athlete
Chicago
Reading, Massachusetts
1912 Summer Olympics
Stockholm
Sweden
Harry Babcock
Dartmouth College
Profile

categories: Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field,Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics,1975 deaths,American male pole vaulters,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,Former world record holders in athletics (track and field),Dartmouth College alumni,1890 births

paragraph: Marc Wright

paragraph: Marcus Snowell "Marc" Wright (April 21, 1890 – August 5, 1975) was an American athlete who competed mainly in the pole vault.

paragraph: He was born in Chicago and died in Reading, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Wright competed for a United States in the 1912 Summer Olympics held in Stockholm, Sweden in the pole vault where he won the silver medal with a clearance of 3.85 m behind the 3.95 m of winner Harry Babcock.

paragraph: Wright graduated from Dartmouth College in 1913.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile

alias:
Marcus Snowell Wright
Marcus Snowell "Marc" Wright

description: American pole vaulter

wikidata_label: Marc Wright

wikipedia_title: Marc Wright


text: speed skater

text: Norway

text: Stein Johnson

text: big combination

text: European Allround Champion

text: Gothenburg

text: Karuizawa

text: Knut Johannesen

text: world record

text: Knut Johannesen

text: Adelskalender

text: Nils Aaness at SpeedSkatingStats.com

text: Nils Aaness

text: Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages

text: Historical World Records

text: National Championships results

categories: Norwegian male speed skaters,Former world record holders in speed skating,Olympic speed skaters of Norway,1936 births,Speed skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics,Living people,Speed skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Nils Aaness

paragraph: Nils Egil Aaness (born 31 January 1936) is a former speed skater from Norway.

paragraph: Aaness competed on the Norwegian national team from 1959 to 1965, and thus became part of the "Norwegian speedskating revolution" under the trainer Stein Johnson. His best season was 1962/1963, when he won silver at the Norwegian Allround Championships, skated a world record on the big combination one week later (in late January), became European Allround Champion in Gothenburg early February, and won bronze at the World Allround Speed Skating Championships of Karuizawa three weeks after that.

paragraph: Nils Aaness had his best years alongside Knut Johannesen, and usually ended up a good number two after him. Aaness won a total of three silver medals and one bronze medal at the Norwegian Championships – every time behind Johannesen.

paragraph: Section::::Medals.

paragraph: An overview of medals won by Aaness at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: Section::::Records.:World record.

paragraph: Over the course of his career, Aaness skated one world record:

paragraph: Section::::Records.:Personal records.

paragraph: To put these personal records in perspective, the "WR" column lists the official world records on the dates that Aaness skated his personal records.

paragraph: Note that Aaness's personal record on the 5,000 m was not a world record because Knut Johannesen skated 7:37.8 at the same tournament.

paragraph: Aaness has an Adelskalender score of 179.158 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a second place.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nils Aaness at SpeedSkatingStats.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nils Aaness. "Deutsche Eisschnelllauf Gemeinschaft e.V." (German Skating Association).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical World Records. "International Skating Union".

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Championships results. "Norges Skøyteforbund" (the Norwegian Skating Association).

description: Norwegian speed skater

wikidata_label: Nils Aaness

wikipedia_title: Nils Aaness


text: philanthropist

text: cosmetics

text: 1st Kentucky Cavalry

text: Civil War

text: Kentucky

text: Ohio River

text: Metropolis, Illinois

text: Massac County, Illinois

text: Peoria

text: Brooklyn, Illinois

text: St. Louis

text: Madam C. J. Walker

text: Poro College

text: YMCA

text: Howard University College of Medicine

text: Ville neighborhood

text: Mary McLeod Bethune

text: Zeta Phi Beta

text: Howard University

text: Provident Hospital

text: "Annie Malone"

categories: Businesspeople from St. Louis,People from Brooklyn, Illinois,Philanthropists from Illinois,African-American inventors,1957 deaths,20th-century American businesspeople,Philanthropists from New York (state),African-American businesspeople,American cosmetics businesspeople,Businesspeople from Chicago,People from Peoria, Illinois,1877 births,American women chief executives,Businesspeople from New York City,American chief executives of fashion industry companies,People from Metropolis, Illinois,American inventors,Women inventors

paragraph: Annie Malone

paragraph: Annie Minerva Turnbo Malone (August 9, 1877 – May 10, 1957) was an African-American businesswoman, inventor and philanthropist. She was one of the first African American women to become a millionaire. In the first three decades of the 20th century, she founded and developed a large and prominent commercial and educational enterprise centered on cosmetics for African-American women.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Annie Minerva Turnbo was born in southern Illinois, the daughter of enslaved Africans Robert and Isabella (Cook) Turnbo. When her father went off to fight for the Union with the 1st Kentucky Cavalry in the Civil War, Isabella took the couple's children and escaped from Kentucky, a neutral border state that maintained slavery. After traveling down the Ohio River, she found refuge in Metropolis, Illinois. There Annie Turnbo was later born, the ninth of ten children.

paragraph: Annie Turnbo was born on a farm near Metropolis in Massac County, Illinois. Orphaned at a young age, she attended a public school in Metropolis, before moving in 1896 to live with her older sister Ada Moody in Peoria. There Annie attended high school, taking particular interest in chemistry. However, due to frequent illness, Annie was forced to withdraw from classes.

paragraph: While out of school, Annie grew so fascinated with hair and hair care that she often practiced hairdressing with her sister. With expertise in both chemistry and hair care, Turnbo began to develop her own hair-care products. At the time, many women used goose fat, heavy oils, soap, or bacon grease to straighten their curls, which damaged both scalp and hair.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: By the beginning of the 1900s, Turnbo moved with her older siblings to Lovejoy, now known as Brooklyn, Illinois. While experimenting with hair and different hair-care products, she developed and manufactured her own line of non-damaging hair straighteners, special oils, and hair-stimulant products for African-American women. She named her new product “Wonderful Hair Grower” To promote her new product, Turnbo sold the Wonderful Hair Grower in bottles from door-to-door. Her products and sales began to revolutionize hair-care methods for all African Americans.

paragraph: In 1902, Turnbo moved to a thriving St. Louis, where she and three hired assistants sold her hair-care products from door-to-door. As part of her marketing, she gave away free treatments to attract more customers.

paragraph: In 1902 she married Nelson Pope; the couple divorced in 1907.

paragraph: On April 28, 1914, Annie Turnbo married Aaron Eugene Malone, a former teacher and religious book salesman.

paragraph: Turnbo Malone, by then worth well over a million dollars, built a five-story multipurpose facility.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Due to the high demand for her product in St. Louis, Turnbo opened her first shop on 2223 Market Street in 1902. She also launched a wide advertising campaign in the black press, held news conferences, toured many southern states, and recruited many women whom she trained to sell her products.

paragraph: One of her selling agents, Sarah Breedlove Davis (who became known as Madam C. J. Walker when she set up her own business), operated in Denver, Colorado until a disagreement led Walker to leave the company. Ms. Walker took the original Poro formula and created her own brand of it. This development was one of the reasons which led then Mrs. Pope to copyright her products under the name "Poro" because of what she called fraudulent imitations and to discourage counterfeit versions. "Poro" was a combination of the married names of Annie Pope and her sister Laura Roberts. Due to the growth in her business, in 1910 Turnbo moved to a larger facility on 3100 Pine Street.

paragraph: In addition to a manufacturing plant, it contained facilities for a beauty college, which she named Poro College. The building included a manufacturing plant, a retail store where Poro products were sold, business offices, a 500-seat auditorium, dining and meeting rooms, a roof garden, dormitory, gymnasium, bakery, and chapel. It served the African-American community as a center for religious and social functions.

paragraph: The College's curriculum addressed the whole student; students were coached on personal style for work: on walking, talking, and a style of dress designed to maintain a solid persona. Poro College employed nearly 200 people in St. Louis. Through its school and franchise businesses, the college created jobs for almost 75,000 women in North and South America, Africa and the Philippines.

paragraph: By the 1920s, Annie Turnbo Malone had become a multi-millionaire. In 1924 she paid income tax of nearly $40,000, reportedly the highest in Missouri. While extremely wealthy, Malone lived modestly, giving thousands of dollars to the local black YMCA and the Howard University College of Medicine in Washington, DC. She also donated money to the St. Louis Colored Orphans Home, where she served as president on the board of directors from 1919 to 1943. With her help, in 1922 the Home bought a facility at 2612 Goode Avenue (which was renamed Annie Malone Drive in her honor).

paragraph: The Orphans Home is still located in the historic Ville neighborhood. Upgraded and expanded, the facility was renamed in the entrepreneur's honor as the Annie Malone Children and Family Service Center. As well as funding many programs, Malone ensured that her employees, all African American, were paid well and given opportunities for advancement.

paragraph: Her business thrived until 1927, when her husband filed for divorce. Having served as president of the company, he demanded half of the business' value, based on his claim that his contributions had been integral to its success. The divorce suit forced Poro College into a court-ordered receivership. With support from her employees and powerful figures such as Mary McLeod Bethune, she negotiated a settlement of $200,000. This affirmed her as the sole owner of Poro College, and the divorce was granted.

paragraph: After the divorce, Turnbo Malone moved most of her business to Chicago's South Parkway, where she bought an entire city block. Other lawsuits followed. In 1937, during the Great Depression, a former employee filed suit, also claiming credit for Poro's success. To raise money for the settlement, Turnbo Malone sold her St. Louis property. Although much reduced in size, her business continued to thrive.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Malone was named an honorary member of the Zeta Phi Beta sorority and was awarded an honorary degree from Howard University.

paragraph: On May 10, 1957, Annie Malone suffered a stroke and died at Chicago's Provident Hospital. Childless, she had bequeathed her business and remaining fortune to her nieces and nephews. At the time of her death, her estate was valued at $100,000.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annie Malone", "Living St. Louis Story", KETC-9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annie Malone Children & Family Service Center

description: American businesswoman

wikidata_label: Annie Malone

wikipedia_title: Annie Malone


text: speed skater

text: Norway

text: Hamar

text: Hamar Idrettslag

text: European Allround Championships

text: World Allround Championships

text: Oscar Mathisen Award

text: Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year

text: 1972 Winter Olympic Games

text: association football

text: Norwegian Premier League

text: Skeid Fotball

text: Embret Skogen

text: world record

text: Adelskalender

text: Dag Fornæss at SpeedSkatingStats.com

text: Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages

categories: Norwegian male speed skaters,1948 births,Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics,Former world record holders in speed skating,People from Hamar,Olympic speed skaters of Norway,Living people

paragraph: Dag Fornæss

paragraph: Dag Fornæss (born 30 June 1948) is a former speed skater from Norway who won the Norwegian, European, and World Allround Championships in 1969. He was born in Hamar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Representing Hamar Idrettslag (Hamar Sports Club), Fornæss had his international breakthrough in 1969, when he won the Norwegian Allround Championships, the European Allround Championships, and the World Allround Championships. That same year, he also skated a new world record on the 3,000 m. For his accomplishments that year, Fornæss received the Oscar Mathisen Award and was chosen Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year.

paragraph: He became European Allround Champion again in 1971. Fornæss participated in his last international event at the 1972 Winter Olympic Games, after which he ended his skating career.

paragraph: Fornæss also was a successful association football player, playing in the Norwegian Premier League for the club Skeid Fotball in 1972. His grandfather, Embret Skogen, was an Olympic shooter.

paragraph: Section::::Medals.

paragraph: An overview of medals won by Fornæss at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: Section::::Records.:World record.

paragraph: Fornæss successively broke the 3,000 m record twice. world record:

paragraph: Section::::Records.:Personal records.

paragraph: To put these personal records in perspective, the column "WR" lists the official world records on the dates that Fornæss skated his personal records.

paragraph: Fornæss has an Adelskalender score of 170.010 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a 3rd place.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eng, Trond. "All Time International Championships, Complete Results: 1889 – 2002". Askim, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eng, Trond; Gjerde, Arild and Teigen, Magne. "Norsk Skøytestatistikk Gjennom Tidene, Menn/Kvinner, 1999 (6. utgave)". Askim/Skedsmokorset/Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eng, Trond; Gjerde, Arild; Teigen, Magne and Teigen, Thorleiv. "Norsk Skøytestatistikk Gjennom Tidene, Menn/Kvinner, 2004 (7. utgave)". Askim/Skedsmokorset/Veggli/Hokksund, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eng, Trond and Teigen, Magne. "Komplette Resultater fra offisielle Norske Mesterskap på skøyter, 1894 – 2005". Askim/Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teigen, Magne. "Komplette Resultater Norske Mesterskap På Skøyter, 1887 – 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior". Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teigen, Magne. "Komplette Resultater Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889 – 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior, allround/sprint". Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dag Fornæss at SpeedSkatingStats.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages

paragraph: br

description: Norwegian speed skater and footballplayer

wikidata_label: Dag Fornæss

wikipedia_title: Dag Fornæss


text: Châtillon-Coligny

text: Italian Wars

text: Marshal of France

text: Dax

text: Louise de Montmorency

text: Anne de Montmorency

text: Odet, Cardinal de Châtillon

text: Gaspard

text: François, Seigneur d'Andelot

text: French Wars of Religion

text: Louis de La Roque

categories: 15th-century births,People from Loiret,16th-century French people,House of Coligny,Counts of France,1522 deaths,Marshals of France

paragraph: Gaspard I de Coligny

paragraph: Gaspard I de Coligny, Count of Coligny, seigneur de Châtillon (1465/1470–1522), known as the Marshal of Châtillon, was a French soldier.

paragraph: He was born in Châtillon-Coligny, the second son of Jean III de Coligny and Eleanor de Courcelles. He served in the Italian Wars from 1495 to 1515 and was created Marshal of France in 1516. He died in Dax.

paragraph: By his wife, Louise de Montmorency, sister of Anne de Montmorency, he had three sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odet, Cardinal de Châtillon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaspard, Admiral of France

paragraph: BULLET::::- François, Seigneur d'Andelot

paragraph: All three played an important part in the first period of the French Wars of Religion.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis de La Roque: "Catalogue historique des généraux français, connétables, maréchaux de France, lieutenants généraux, maréchaux de camp". A. Desaide, Paris 1896-1902, p. 46

description: Marshal of France

wikidata_label: Gaspard I de Coligny

wikipedia_title: Gaspard I de Coligny


text:
Stanisław Leszczyński
Duke of Lorraine
Nancy
Place Stanislas
urbanism
Lunéville

categories: 1763 deaths,Baroque architects,People from Nancy, France,1705 births

paragraph: Emmanuel Héré de Corny

paragraph: Emmanuel Héré de Corny (12 October 1705 — burial: 2 February 1763) was the court architect to Stanisław Leszczyński, Duke of Lorraine and former King of Poland at his capital of Nancy.

paragraph: Corny, who was born in Nancy, is famous for the harmonious suite of axial spaces he developed, extending from the Place Stanislas to the "Palais du Gouvernement"; the sequence is a prime example of eighteenth-century urbanism.

paragraph: He died, aged 57, in Lunéville.

alias:
Emmanuel Héré
Emmanuel de Corny
Emmanuel Here de Corny
Emmanuel Here

description: French architect

wikidata_label: Emmanuel Héré de Corny

wikipedia_title: Emmanuel Héré de Corny


text:
New Mexico
New Mexico
Charles Burnett
Julie Dash
Billy Woodberry
The L.A. Rebellion
Charles Burnett
Julie Dash
Billy Woodberry
The L.A. Rebellion
CalArts
Leimert Park
jazz
CalArts
Leimert Park
jazz

categories: People from New Mexico,African-American film directors,1945 births,California Institute of the Arts faculty,L.A. Rebellion,UCLA Film School alumni,Living people,Film directors from New Mexico

paragraph: Ben Caldwell (filmmaker)

paragraph: Ben Caldwell (1945) is a Los Angeles-based arts educator and independent filmmaker.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: A native of New Mexico, Ben Caldwell was first introduced to the visual arts at an early age. As a youth, Caldwell would help his grandfather project movies at a small theater in New Mexico. Working with his grandfather allowed Caldwell to develop an affinity for filmmaking. His early exposure to film inspired him to pursue an education and a career in filmmaking.

paragraph: A native of New Mexico, Ben Caldwell was first introduced to the visual arts at an early age. As a youth, Caldwell would help his grandfather project movies at a small theater in New Mexico. The Projection room was a volatile place to work. Caldwell and his grandfather projected on 35mm film and worked arc lamps which could prove to be hazardous. Working with his grandfather allowed Caldwell to develop an affinity for filmmaking.

paragraph: Working with his grandfather was not the inspiration that pushed Caldwell into filmmaking. During his childhood, war movies were very popular and they peaked young Caldwell's fascination. While enrolled in a two-year animation course under the Disney company, Caldwell was drafted and sent to Vietnam. Caldwell decided to buy a camera while in Japan so that he could photograph his counterparts in the military and document what soldiers faced in the Vietnam War. He has hundreds of pictures which he may or may not incorporate into a future project about war and the soldiers that suffer from combat. Taking pictures while in the military not only allowed Caldwell to document one aspect of the war, but it also gave him the opportunity to familiarize himself with the camera.

paragraph: After serving his time in the military, Caldwell then enrolled in courses at Phoenix College in Arizona studying photography and other forms of media. After collaborating with other students and professors, Caldwell was encouraged to pursue an M.F.A in film. Professors at Phoenix noticed that Caldwell was attempting to tell stories with his still photography and suggested that he look into studying film. Caldwell then applied and was accepted into many different Masters programs, and decided to attend UCLA. Caldwell studied filmmaking at UCLA, receiving his M.F.A in 1976. He studied film alongside Charles Burnett, Julie Dash and Billy Woodberry, as part of a group of young artists who were to change African American independent filmmaking — a cultural phenomenon sometimes called "The L.A. Rebellion." Caldwell contributed largely to the L.A. Rebellion Movement creating films that focused on Black culture in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: The idea of Black film students attending UCLA was not embraced by everyone. Those who opposed their presence, did not hesitate to express their deeply rooted discontent. As a result, the L. A. Rebellion was born. Black filmmakers were making their voices heard through their art. Much of their art consisted of pieces that focused on politics that effected the Black community, praised Black culture, and pushed for unification among the human race. When asked in an interview, Ben Caldwell stated that the L. A. Rebellion set out to “emancipate the image” of Black people.

paragraph: Caldwell studied filmmaking at UCLA, receiving his M.F.A in 1976. He studied film alongside Charles Burnett, Julie Dash and Billy Woodberry, as part of a group of young artists who were to change African American independent filmmaking — a cultural phenomenon sometimes called "The L.A. Rebellion." Caldwell contributed largely to the L.A. Rebellion Movement creating films that focused on Black culture in Los Angeles, California. While studying film at UCLA, Caldwell produced, wrote, directed, filmed, and edited his most revered piece “Madea." This film explores the development of a child's mind during gestation. At the time that he wrote this piece, Caldwell was entertaining the possibility of there being another Earth in a parallel universe. When he was attending school in Arizona, Caldwell created a still photography piece which equated the Black woman's body to Earth. Once he began studying film, Caldwell adapted his still photography project into the short film. Over the course of his career, Caldwell has made other experimental shorts such as "I & I: An African Allegory" and "Water Ritual #1: An Urban Rite of Purification," which would fall under the category of Experimental Documentary. The shorts that he has written and/or worked on have focused on social issues that directly effect the Black community. In a time when Blaxploitation dominated the Black film industry, Caldwell and other Black visionaries had different stories to tell. From the L.A. Rebellion came many films that spoke of political issues and posed serious questions that needed to be answered. For example, Caldwell worked as the Cinematographer for a short titled "Gidget Meets Hondo" by Bernard Nicolas. This film poses the question, would police brutality be acceptable if the victim was a middle class white woman? Caldwell's cinematic work has always called attention to the oppression of the Black community while preserving Black culture.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Caldwell taught several years at CalArts and became a major force in CAP (Community Arts Partnership). In 1984, he founded KAOS Network, a community arts center dedicated to providing training on digital arts, media arts and multi-media, at the heart of Leimert Park, historic center of the Los Angeles jazz culture, now hosting a diverse multi-ethnic multimedia arts center. KAOS Network was designed to empower the youth of the community and is the only organization of its kind in South Central Los Angeles where inner-city youths can participate in hands-on courses in video production, animation, web-site development, video teleconferencing, CD ROM production, and use of the Internet. KAOS is also home to WORDshop, a weekly workshop for hip-hop artists, dancers, singers and visual artists. Each week over 150 youths participate in workshops and programs at the center. In addition to these workshops, KAOS Network has videotaped community events and produced documentaries for the state of California. KAOS Network is committed to creating a community of young people who are dedicated to learning new technologies, acquiring employable skills and participating in digital arts and new media training.

paragraph: “For Whose Entertainment” is another piece by Caldwell that is yet to be distributed. Co-Produced by Artie Ivie, this film is a critique on Black comedians and their work. Caldwell poses the question of who are Black comedians attempting to appeal to and entertain the most, Black audiences or white audiences? Caldwell acknowledges this piece as a piece full of anger and discontent with the social norms surrounding Black comedy and has yet to share it with others. Howard University has expressed interest in using this film as a means to show film students the mixed feelings about Black comedy.

paragraph: When asked why he decided to go in a more political direction with his work as opposed to creating mainstream type films such as Romance or Action films, Caldwell stated that he does not aim to create political films. With his work, Caldwell aims to create films that people will have to watch more than once in order to truly understand it. Caldwell also creates films where the audience notices something new each time they watch it. Caldwell does not want to make the standard Hollywood-like films, but instead wants to create films the way Black and African musicians make music. Caldwell strives to capture the natural flavor of Black music and translate that into films. Ben Caldwell states that the focus of his films are not political, they are instead cultural. By way of his art, Caldwell hopes to bring people closer together, explore, and preserve the unique culture of African Diaspora.

paragraph: Ben Caldwell has major plans for the future that are in the works right now. He and his company are working to create autonomous cars which will not only drive itself, but it will also equip the driver and their passengers with films that they can watch. This will not only revolutionize driving, but it will also revolutionize the way audiences consume media. In addition that, Caldwell is working on repurposing old phone booths around Los Angeles, making them stations where people can Skype with one another. Caldwell hopes to utilize the new Metro line that will be constructed by 2020. The Metro line will go directly through South Los Angeles, which is still a predominately Black portion of the city, and therefore Caldwell aims to us it as a host for his multimedia projects, creating a platform for young artists to showcase their work to those who travel through their neighborhoods.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medea" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I & I: An African Allegory" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gidget Meets Hondo" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Festival Of Mask" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Snake In My Bed (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eyewitness: Reflections of Malcolm X & O.A.A.U." (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Build The Tower" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leimert Park: Sankofa Project" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Buena Vida" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Field, Allyson Nadia. Uplift Cinema: The Emergence of African American Film and the Possibility of Black Modernity. Durham: Duke UP, 2015. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Field, Allyson Nadia, Jan-Christopher Horak, and Jacqueline Najuma Stewart. L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema. Oakland, CA: U of California, 2015. Print.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.projectblowed.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://sfbayview.com/2009/the-kaos-network-an-interview-with-owner-ben-caldwell/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/ben-caldwell

description: American filmmaker

wikidata_label: Ben Caldwell

wikipedia_title: Ben Caldwell (filmmaker)


text:
Saint Calminius
Marsat
Mozac Abbey
Limoges enamel
Saint Calminius Reliquary
Mozac Abbey
Laguenne
Musée Dobrée
Nantes

categories: French nuns,7th-century Frankish saints,7th-century Christian nuns

paragraph: Saint Namadia

paragraph: Saint Namadia () was the wife of Saint Calminius. On her husband's death in the 6th or 7th century she retired to end her days in the monastic community at Marsat, which later became a dependent house of Mozac Abbey 2 kilometres away.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She is shown on the Limoges enamel reliquary holding the remains of her and her husband, the Saint Calminius Reliquary, which dates to the end of the 12th century and is held in the church of the former Mozac Abbey. She is not shown on the other reliquary of Saint Calminius, which originated in the church at Laguenne (one of his foundations) and is now held in the Musée Dobrée at Nantes.

wikidata_label: Saint Namadie

wikipedia_title: Saint Namadia


text:
Haarlem
Haarlem
Dutch Golden Age
Frans Hals
Harman
Frans II
Haaksbergen
Nicolaes Molenaer
Pieter Gerritsz van Roestraten
Dirck Hals
Nicolaes Hals
Artnet

categories: 1628 births,Artists from Haarlem,Dutch male painters,1686 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters,Frans Hals

paragraph: Nicolaes Hals

paragraph: Nicolaes Hals (1628, Haarlem – 1686, Haarlem), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to Houbraken who mistakenly mentioned him as one of the grandsons of the painter Frans Hals by his son Jan, he was like his brothers Harman, Frans II, and Jan, good at music and painting.

paragraph: According to the RKD he was the son of Frans Hals and his second wife, who when he grew up, painted landscapes and architectural scenes in addition to portraits. The age gap between Nicolaes and his older halfbrother Harmen is probably the reason that Houbraken called him a grandson. In 1655 he married a rich widow from Haaksbergen, but they did not have any children. His works are sometimes confused with those of Nicolaes Molenaer. He was a pupil of his father together with Pieter Gerritsz van Roestraten, who married his sister. He was also familiar with his cousin Anthony, the son of his uncle Dirck Hals.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolaes Hals on Artnet

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Nicolaes Hals

wikipedia_title: Nicolaes Hals


text: OBE

text: football

text: Everton

text: Arsenal

text: Aston Villa

text: Manchester City

text: England

text: Ellesmere Port

text: Cheshire

text: Nottingham Forest

text: Tranmere Rovers

text: Joe Mercer

text: Great War

text: Ellesmere Port Town

text: Everton

text: League Championship

text: England

text: Second World War

text: Theo Kelly

text: Scotland

text: Chester City

text: Halifax Town

text: Arsenal

text: Liverpool

text: Bolton Wanderers

text: FA Cup

text: FWA Footballer of the Year

text: Newcastle United

text: goal average

text: Joe Wade

text: Liverpool

text: Wallasey

text: Sheffield United

text: Newcastle United

text: Reg Freeman

text: Second Division

text: Aston Villa

text: First Division

text: League Cup

text: stroke

text: Manchester City

text: Maine Road

text: 1967–68 First Division championship

text: 1969 FA Cup

text: 1970 League Cup

text: 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup

text: Malcolm Allison

text: Peter Swales

text: Coventry City

text: caretaker manager

text: England national football team

text: Sir Alf Ramsey

text: British Home Championship

text: Scotland

text: FA

text: Gordon Milne

text: Leeds United

text: Don Revie

text: Order of the British Empire

text: City of Manchester Stadium

text: Etihad Stadium

text: Auld Lang Syne

text: Rotherham United

text: Goodison

text: Emirates Stadium

text: This Is Your Life

text: Eamonn Andrews

text: English Football Hall of Fame

text: National Football Museum

text: Preston

text: freemason

text: Ellesmere Point

text: First Division

text: First Division

text: FA Charity Shield

text: FA Cup

text: FA Cup

text: Second Division

text: Football League Cup

text: First Division

text: FA Cup

text: Football League Cup

text: European Cup Winners' Cup

text: FA Charity Shield

text: FA Charity Shield

text: Second Division

text: British Home Championship

text: English Football Hall of Fame

text: FWA Footballer of the Year

categories: Reading F.C. wartime guest players,England international footballers,English Football Hall of Fame inductees,Association football wing halves,Aldershot F.C. wartime guest players,Coventry City F.C. managers,English Football League representative players,Sportspeople from Cheshire,Royal Army Physical Training Corps soldiers,1914 births,English Football League players,Everton F.C. players,1990 deaths,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,People from Ellesmere Port,English football managers,Arsenal F.C. players,British Army personnel of World War II,England national football team managers,English footballers,Ellesmere Port Town F.C. players,England wartime international footballers,Chester City F.C. wartime guest players,Sheffield United F.C. managers,Aston Villa F.C. managers,Manchester City F.C. managers

paragraph: Joe Mercer

paragraph: Joseph Mercer OBE (9 August 1914 – 9 August 1990) was an English football player and manager. Mercer, who played as a defender for Everton and Arsenal in his footballing career, also went on to be at the helm of Aston Villa, Manchester City and England as a manager.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Mercer was born in Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, the son of a former Nottingham Forest and Tranmere Rovers footballer, also named Joe. Joe Mercer senior died, following health problems resulting from a gas attack during the Great War, while his son was only 12.

paragraph: Joe Mercer, a left-half, first played for Ellesmere Port Town. He was a powerful tackler and good at anticipating an opponent's moves. He joined Everton in September 1932 at the age of 18 and claimed a regular first team place in the 1935–36 season. Mercer made 186 appearances for Everton, scoring two goals and a winning a League Championship medal in the 1938–39 season. While playing for Everton he gained five England caps between 1938 and 1939.

paragraph: Like many players of his generation, Mercer lost out on seven seasons of football due to the Second World War. He became a sergeant-major and played in 26 wartime internationals, many of them as captain. The Everton manager Theo Kelly accused Mercer of not trying in an international against Scotland, but in reality Mercer had sustained a severe cartilage injury. Even after consulting an orthopaedic specialist, the Everton management refused to believe him and Mercer had to pay for the surgery himself. During the war Mercer guested for Chester City, making his debut in a 4–1 win over Halifax Town in September 1942.

paragraph: Mercer moved in late 1946 for £9,000 ("2010: £") to Arsenal, commuting from Liverpool; Theo Kelly brought Mercer's boots to the transfer negotiations to prevent Mercer having a reason to go back to say goodbye to the other players at Everton. He made his Arsenal debut against Bolton Wanderers on 30 November 1946 and soon after joining Arsenal, Mercer became club captain. As captain, he led Arsenal through their period of success in the late 1940s and early 1950s, helping to haul his side from the lower end of the table to win a League Championship title in 1947–48.

paragraph: Mercer went on to win an FA Cup winner's medal in 1950 and was voted FWA Footballer of the Year the same year. He led Arsenal to Cup final in 1952, which they lost 1–0 to Newcastle United, but the following year bounced back to win his third League title with Arsenal winning the 1952–53 League Championship on goal average. Mercer initially decided to retire in May 1953, but soon recanted and returned to Arsenal for the 1953–54 season. However, he broke his leg in two places after a collision with teammate Joe Wade in a match against Liverpool on 10 April 1954, and finally called time on his footballing career the year after. Mercer played 275 times for Arsenal in all, scoring two goals.

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.

paragraph: After his playing career ended Mercer spent a little over a year working as a journalist and a grocer. His wife's family had encouraged him to become involved in grocery during his time at Everton and, while still Arsenal's captain, he ran his grocery business from 105–107 Brighton Street, Wallasey.

paragraph: On 18 August 1955, he returned to football, becoming manager of Sheffield United two days before their first game of the season against Newcastle United. Mercer was appointed to replace manager Reg Freeman who had died during the close season. As a manager, he began inauspiciously and his first season ended in relegation.

paragraph: The rest of his time as manager was spent in the Second Division and in December 1958, wanting to move to another club, he resigned and moved to Aston Villa who were bottom of the First Division. Although he led them to the FA Cup semi-finals he was relegated to Division Two for a second time. He moulded a talented young side at Villa and his team became known as the 'Mercer Minors'. He led Villa to victory in the inaugural League Cup in 1961 but suffered a stroke in 1964, and was then sacked by the Aston Villa board upon his recovery.

paragraph: Despite this, his health improved and he went on to enjoy great success as a manager with Manchester City between 1965 and 1971. In his first season at Maine Road, the club won the 1966 Second Division title to regain top-flight status. Two seasons later Mercer led Manchester City to the 1967–68 First Division championship, and went on to win the 1969 FA Cup, the 1970 League Cup, and the 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup.

paragraph: In 1970–71, Mercer had a dispute with his assistant Malcolm Allison, after the two men became embroiled in Manchester City's takeover battle. Mercer supported the existing board, led by the respected Albert Alexander, while Allison supported the rival group led by Peter Swales after being promised that he would be manager in his own right.

paragraph: The takeover succeeded, and Mercer was shocked to discover that his car parking space and office were removed. This led to Mercer's departure to become manager of Coventry City, whom he managed from 1972 to 1974. During the same time Mercer was also caretaker manager of the England national football team for a brief period in 1974 after Sir Alf Ramsey's resignation. During his time in charge England won the 1974 British Home Championship title which was shared with Scotland. In total Mercer was in charge for seven games, winning three of them, drawing another three and losing one. The FA was so impressed by these performances that questions arose about the possibility of Mercer taking the job on a longer-term basis, with, as an assistant, his Coventry City protege Gordon Milne. Mercer, too, seemed open to persuasion but the FA was working on another plan, putting out feelers to the most successful English club manager available, Leeds United's Don Revie.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After quitting as Coventry City boss, he served as a director of the club from 1975 to his retirement in 1981. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to football in 1976. He suffered with Alzheimer's disease in later life and died, sitting in his favourite armchair, on his 76th birthday in 1990. He was survived by his widow Norah, who remained a keen football follower, and attended Manchester City matches to support City for many years. She died in March 2013 and her funeral was attended by 120-plus mourners, including City legends Mike Summerbee, Tony Book, Colin Bell and Joe Corrigan as well as Sir Bobby Charlton.

paragraph: He is commemorated by his old club Manchester City with the road Joe Mercer Way at the City of Manchester Stadium being named after him. On the road there are two mosaics by renowned Manchester artist Mark Kennedy of Mercer; one shows his smiling face lifting the League Championship trophy; the other is a version of a famous photograph showing the back of him as he looks out over the Maine Road pitch towards the Kippax Stand. His contribution to City was commemorated in the Kippax tribute still sung at the Etihad Stadium to the tune of Auld Lang Syne: "The Stretford End cried out aloud: 'It's the end of you Sky Blues.' Joe Mercer came. We played the game. We went to Rotherham United, we won 1–0 and we were back into Division One. We've won the League, we've won the Cup, we've been to Europe too. And when we win the League again we'll sing this song to you: City, City, City."

paragraph: At Maine Road a corporate suite, the Joe Mercer Suite, was officially opened by his widow Norah in 1993. A similar facility named after him exists at Goodison. In 1993 Mercer's official biography, "Football With A Smile", was written by Gary James. This book sold out within six months and was revised and re-published early in 2010.

paragraph: Joe Mercer is also featured upon the mural that surrounds the Emirates Stadium.

paragraph: He was a subject of the television programme "This Is Your Life" in March 1970 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews.

paragraph: Mercer was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame at the National Football Museum in Preston on 4 July 2009. He was inducted for his managerial success. Mercer was an active freemason attending Rivacre Lodge No. 5805 at Ellesmere Point.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a player.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everton

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Division: 1938–39

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arsenal

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Division: 1947–48, 1952–53

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Charity Shield: 1948, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup: 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup runner-up: 1952

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a manager.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aston Villa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Division: 1959–60

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Cup: 1960–61

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manchester City

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Division: 1967–68

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup: 1968–69

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Cup: 1969–70

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Cup Winners' Cup: 1969–70

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Charity Shield: 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Charity Shield runner-up: 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Division: 1965–66

paragraph: BULLET::::- England

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Home Championship: 1973–74 (Shared)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Individual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English Football Hall of Fame: 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- FWA Footballer of the Year: 1949–50

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of English football championship winning managers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe Mercer's appearance on This Is Your Life

description: English footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Joe Mercer

wikipedia_title: Joe Mercer


text:
magician
alternative rock
Pixies
The Martinis
Cracker
Nitzer Ebb
Tanya Donelly
Rush
Steely Dan
Burlington, Massachusetts
electronic engineering
Wentworth Institute of Technology
Radio Shack
laser
Steely Dan
Led Zeppelin
Devo
Memorial Day
Kim Deal
alternative rock
Charles "Black Francis" Thompson
Joey Santiago
Boston
a demo tape
Come on Pilgrim
Surfer Rosa
Doolittle
Gil Norton
Bossanova
Trompe le Monde
Velouria
Debbie Gibson
Nitzer Ebb
Foo Fighters
The Martinis
Empire Records
Cracker
Tanya Donelly
Lovesongs for Underdogs
Grant-Lee Phillips
Magic Castle
Possum Dixon
Rob Zabrecky
physics
Ricky Jay
Max Maven
Eugene Burger
The Unholy Three
Frank Black
The Breeders
Camper Van Beethoven
Shellac
All Tomorrow's Parties
Frank Black and the Catholics
The Smitten Sessions
Bam Thwok
Wally Ingram
Come on Pilgrim
Surfer Rosa
Doolittle
Bossanova
Trompe le Monde
Indie Cindy
Head Carrier
Lovesongs for Underdogs
The Smitten Sessions
Avatar
Virgin Books
Official website
4AD – Pixies

categories: Pixies (band) members,American rock drummers,Alternative rock drummers,Living people,1961 births,People from Burlington, Massachusetts,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Wentworth Institute of Technology alumni,American alternative rock musicians,American magicians

paragraph: David Lovering

paragraph: David Lovering (born December 6, 1961) is an American musician and magician. He is best known as the drummer for the alternative rock band Pixies, which he joined in 1986. After the band's breakup in 1993, Lovering drummed with several other acts, including The Martinis, Cracker, Nitzer Ebb and Tanya Donelly. He also pursued a magic career as The Scientific Phenomenalist, performing scientific and physics-based experiments on stage. When the Pixies reunited in 2004, Lovering returned as the band's drummer.

paragraph: As a drummer Lovering was inspired by bands from a variety of genres, including Rush and Steely Dan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth and college.

paragraph: David Lovering was born in Burlington, Massachusetts. He learned to play drums during his teenage years and joined his high school's marching band. According to his friend John Murphy, Lovering was always very "drum oriented" in his musical taste. In his high school yearbook entry, Lovering stated his three main ambitions: to be in a rock band, to be an electrical engineer, and to tour with Rush, his favorite band. After graduating from high school, Lovering studied electronic engineering at the Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston. He got a job at a Radio Shack store with Murphy, and the pair often played practical jokes while at work. One such incident involved Lovering wiring the store toilet to a fire alarm. After graduating from Wentworth with an associate degree in 1985, he took a job building lasers, and continued to drum in local bands such as Iz Wizard and Riff Raff. A number of different genres of music have influenced him, including bands Steely Dan, Led Zeppelin, and Devo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pixies.

paragraph: On Memorial Day 1985, Lovering attended Murphy and Kim Deal's wedding service. In January 1986 Deal was hired to play bass in the newly formed Pixies, an alternative rock band formed by Charles "Black Francis" Thompson and Joey Santiago. Murphy suggested that Lovering audition for the band – who were still without a drummer. Lovering had stopped drumming by this point and was at first unimpressed by the trio's performance of the band's songs. However, after playing along he agreed to join. Lovering and the band wrote and rehearsed material throughout 1985 and 1986 and performed at small venues in Boston. The band decided to record 18 songs for a demo tape in 1987. Lovering co-wrote one of the tape's songs, "Levitate Me" (his only major writing contribution to any Pixies song) and appeared on the cassette's front cover, jogging naked with his back turned to the camera. "Levitate Me" later appeared on the band's first release "Come on Pilgrim", which included seven other songs taken from the demo tape.

paragraph: The Pixies entered the studio again in 1988 to record their second album "Surfer Rosa". Lovering's contribution on songs such as "Bone Machine" – which begins with a 10-second drum solo – "Break My Body" and "River Euphrates" established his steady, accurate style. "Doolittle", the band's major label debut, followed in 1989. During the album's recording sessions, Thompson convinced Lovering to sing on "La La Love You", which had been written as a "dig at the very idea of a love song". The album's producer Gil Norton later said that during the sessions Lovering "went from not wanting to sing a note to 'I can't get him away from the microphone'. He was such a showman". In addition to drums and vocals, Lovering played bass guitar on the album's penultimate track, "Silver".

paragraph: After the release of "Doolittle", the relationship between the band members became strained because of constant touring and the pressure of releasing three albums in two years. After the final date of the "Doolittle" "Fuck or Fight" tour in November 1989, the band was too exhausted to attend their end-of-tour party the following night and shortly afterwards announced a hiatus. After the band reconvened in mid-1990, Lovering moved to Los Angeles along with the rest of the band. The Pixies released two more albums, "Bossanova" (1990) and "Trompe le Monde" (1991). Lovering sang lead vocals on the "Velouria" B-side "Make Believe"; a song about his admitted "obsession" with US singer-songwriter Debbie Gibson. The Pixies toured sporadically throughout 1991 and 1992. They eventually broke up in 1992, mostly due to tensions between Thompson and Deal, although it was not publicly announced until 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The Scientific Phenomenalist and other projects.

paragraph: Following the Pixies' breakup, Lovering drummed with several artists, including Nitzer Ebb, but turned down an invitation to join the Foo Fighters. Lovering then joined Santiago's band The Martinis, appearing on their song "Free" on the soundtrack of "Empire Records". However, he soon left the band to become a touring drummer for Cracker. Lovering moved from band to band, drumming with Tanya Donelly's group on 1997's "Lovesongs for Underdogs" and with Boston band Eeenie Meenie. After facing difficulty finding new work, Lovering gave up the drums and moved into a rented house that banned drumming.

paragraph: Towards the end of the 1990s, Lovering's friend Grant-Lee Phillips took him to a magic convention. Lovering was very impressed by some of the illusions, and later said "I had to learn how to do it". Mutual friend Carl Grasso invited them to a show at the Magic Castle, a magic-oriented nightclub in Los Angeles. There Lovering met Possum Dixon frontman Rob Zabrecky, and the pair soon became friends. Zabrecky convinced Lovering to apply for a performers' membership to the Magic Castle. After gaining his membership, Lovering reinvented himself as "The Scientific Phenomenalist". His act combined his electrical engineering knowledge with his stage performance experience. His decision to pursue a career in magic was influenced by the fact that as a musician, he "couldn't top the Pixies".

paragraph: As the Scientific Phenomentalist, Lovering performs science and physics experiments in a lab coat while on stage. He shuns traditional magic tricks, and prefers "things that are more mental, using mental powers". He later explained: "It's all kind of upbeat, really weird physics experiments that you'll never see. [...] I'd rather have them [the audience] going 'Is it [magic] or isn't it?' rather than 'It's all science' or 'It's all magic'. So I do kinda weird things that other magicians don't do". Lovering cites sleight-of-hand artist Ricky Jay, mind reader Max Maven and Eugene Burger as influences on his technique. His performances often involve intricate self-built machines.

paragraph: Lovering became part of The Unholy Three, a trio of magicians that resides at the Magic Castle, and performs "a new wave, alternative, avant-garde kind of magic". He toured his act across the United States as the opener for Frank Black (the new stage name of former Pixies bandmate Thompson), Grant-Lee Phillips, The Breeders and Camper Van Beethoven. He performed his act at the Shellac-curated All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in 2002. He later commented that his performance at the festival was "perhaps my greatest achievement". Lovering resumed drumming, appearing at some Frank Black and the Catholics shows. He also appeared on one track of The Martinis' 2004 album "The Smitten Sessions".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pixies reunion.

paragraph: By the summer of 2003, Lovering was feeling depressed. In a 2004 interview, he commented: "I remember I was on the way to the bank, and I was just bummed out—everything, financially, was really a mess for me. I was involved in this relationship that was absolutely terrible. I was bottoming out. And I'm on the way to the bank and my cellphone rings. It's Joe [Santiago]; he says, 'Guess what?'" Santiago had just received a call from Thompson stating his desire to reunite the Pixies. Lovering was overjoyed at the news. He added that "the saddest thing is that when I sat down to rehearse for the Pixies, I couldn't believe that I had given up something that I loved". In 2004 Lovering and the band recorded their reunion single, "Bam Thwok".

paragraph: Lovering appeared in the 2006 documentary "loudQUIETloud", which covered the Pixies' 2004 reunion tour. His father died midway during the tour, and Lovering began drinking heavily as a result. According to Thompson, Lovering "messed up a couple of songs" during a number of live shows. "It was all caught on film", said Thompson, "but they re-edited this to look like it happened in the middle of our tour and it looked like this whole tour careened into this drunken stupor with David. It really wasn't like that at all". He toured with the Pixies throughout 2005 and 2006, while performing at the Magic Castle on Friday nights with The Unholy Three. In 2007, Lovering played a benefit concert for Wally Ingram as part of The Martinis. Later that year, he formed a new band called The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, with Los Angeles musicians Amit Itelman and Oscar Rey.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Pixies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Come on Pilgrim" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surfer Rosa" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doolittle" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bossanova" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trompe le Monde" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indie Cindy" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head Carrier" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Tanya Donelly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lovesongs for Underdogs" (1997)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With The Martinis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Smitten Sessions" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With The Everybody.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avatar" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank, Josh; Ganz, Caryn. "". Virgin Books (2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sisario, Ben. (2006). "Doolittle". Continuum, 33⅓ series. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4AD – Pixies

description: Alternative rock musician

wikidata_label: David Lovering

wikipedia_title: David Lovering