text: FRS

text: chemist

text: physicist

text: hydrogen

text: Antoine Lavoisier

text: autism

text: atmospheric air

text: density

text: mass

text: Earth

text: Cavendish experiment

text: Nice

text: Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent

text: Lord Charles Cavendish

text: Norman

text: Newcome's School

text: University of Cambridge

text: Peterhouse

text: Royal Society

text: meteorological instruments

text: Royal Greenwich Observatory

text: transit of Venus

text: North Pole

text: Northwest Passage

text: British Museum

text: Royal Institution

text: Humphry Davy

text: Charles Blagden

text: mechanics

text: optics

text: magnetism

text: pneumatic chemists

text: Joseph Priestley

text: Joseph Black

text: Daniel Rutherford

text: hydrogen

text: Robert Boyle

text: alkali

text: carbon dioxide

text: mercury

text: specific gravity

text: Copley Medal

text: Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

text: eudiometer

text: oxygen

text: phlogiston theory

text: Joseph Priestley

text: James Watt

text: air

text: nitrogen

text: William Ramsay

text: Lord Rayleigh

text: inert gas

text: argon

text: mercury

text: latent heat

text: conservation of energy

text: mechanical equivalent of heat

text: Clapham Common

text: Thomas Cubitt

text: Cavendish experiment

text: torsion balance

text: John Michell

text: gravitation

text: John Henry Poynting

text: gravitational constant

text: the Earth's mass

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: electric potential

text: capacitance

text: capacitor

text: dielectric constant

text: Ohm's Law

text: Charles Wheatstone

text: Derby Cathedral

text: Cavendish Laboratory

text: Bank of England

text: Oliver Sacks

text: Asperger syndrome

text: autism

text: agnostic

text: cabriole leg

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: Richter's law of reciprocal proportions

text: Ohm's law

text: Dalton's law

text: electrical conductivity

text: Coulomb's law

text: Russell McCormmach

text: thermodynamics

text: University of Cambridge

text: Cavendish Laboratory

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: Cavendish Professor of Physics

text: Timeline of hydrogen technologies

categories: Recipients of the Copley Medal,People from Nice,19th-century English people,English agnostics,English chemists,Fellows of the Royal Society,Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge,Cavendish family,18th-century British chemists,Discoverers of chemical elements,1810 deaths,English physicists,19th-century British chemists,1731 births,18th-century English people

paragraph: Henry Cavendish

paragraph: Henry Cavendish FRS (; 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher, scientist, and an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist. He is noted for his discovery of hydrogen, which he termed "inflammable air". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper, "On Factitious Airs". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name.

paragraph: A notoriously shy man (it has been postulated that he was on the autism spectrum ( called childhood autism in the ICD-10)), Cavendish was nonetheless distinguished for great accuracy and precision in his researches into the composition of atmospheric air, the properties of different gases, the synthesis of water, the law governing electrical attraction and repulsion, a mechanical theory of heat, and calculations of the density (and hence the mass) of the Earth. His experiment to measure the density of the Earth has come to be known as the Cavendish experiment.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Henry Cavendish was born on 10 October 1731 in Nice, where his family was living at the time. His mother was Lady Anne de Grey, fourth daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, and his father was Lord Charles Cavendish, the third son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire. The family traced its lineage across eight centuries to Norman times, and was closely connected to many aristocratic families of Great Britain. Henry's mother died in 1733, three months after the birth of her second son, Frederick, and shortly before Henry's second birthday, leaving Lord Charles Cavendish to bring up his two sons. Cavendish was styled as "The Honourable Henry Cavendish".

paragraph: From the age of 11 Henry attended Newcome's School, a private school near London. At the age of 18 (on 24 November 1748) he entered the University of Cambridge in St Peter's College, now known as Peterhouse, but left three years later on 23 February 1751 without taking a degree (at the time, a common practice). He then lived with his father in London, where he soon had his own laboratory.

paragraph: Lord Charles Cavendish spent his life firstly in politics and then increasingly in science, especially in the Royal Society of London. In 1758, he took Henry to meetings of the Royal Society and also to dinners of the Royal Society Club. In 1760, Henry Cavendish was elected to both these groups, and he was assiduous in his attendance after that. He took virtually no part in politics, but followed his father into science, through his researches and his participation in scientific organisations. He was active in the Council of the Royal Society of London (to which he was elected in 1765).

paragraph: His interest and expertise in the use of scientific instruments led him to head a committee to review the Royal Society's meteorological instruments and to help assess the instruments of the Royal Greenwich Observatory. His first paper, "Factitious Airs", appeared in 1766. Other committees on which he served included the committee of papers, which chose the papers for publication in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society", and the committees for the transit of Venus (1769), for the gravitational attraction of mountains (1774), and for the scientific instructions for Constantine Phipps's expedition (1773) in search of the North Pole and the Northwest Passage. In 1773, Henry joined his father as an elected trustee of the British Museum, to which he devoted a good deal of time and effort. Soon after the Royal Institution of Great Britain was established, Cavendish became a manager (1800) and took an active interest, especially in the laboratory, where he observed and helped in Humphry Davy's chemical experiments.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Chemistry research.

paragraph: About the time of his father's death, Cavendish began to work closely with Charles Blagden, an association that helped Blagden enter fully into London's scientific society. In return, Blagden helped to keep the world at a distance from Cavendish. Cavendish published no books and few papers, but he achieved much. Several areas of research, including mechanics, optics, and magnetism, feature extensively in his manuscripts, but they scarcely feature in his published work. Cavendish is considered to be one of the so-called pneumatic chemists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, along with, for example, Joseph Priestley, Joseph Black, and Daniel Rutherford. Cavendish found that a definite, peculiar, and highly inflammable gas, which he referred to as "Inflammable Air", was produced by the action of certain acid on certain metals. This gas was, in fact, hydrogen, which Cavendish correctly guessed was proportioned to two in one water.

paragraph: Although others, such as Robert Boyle, had prepared hydrogen gas earlier, Cavendish is usually given the credit for recognising its elemental nature. Also, by dissolving alkalis in acids, Cavendish made "fixed air" (carbon dioxide), which he collected, along with other gases, in bottles inverted over water or mercury. He then measured their solubility in water and their specific gravity, and noted their combustibility. Cavendish was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal for this paper. Gas chemistry was of increasing importance in the latter half of the 18th century, and became crucial for Frenchman Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's reform of chemistry, generally known as the chemical revolution.

paragraph: In 1783, Cavendish published a paper on eudiometry (the measurement of the goodness of gases for breathing). He described a new eudiometer of his invention, with which he achieved the best results to date, using what in other hands had been the inexact method of measuring gases by weighing them. He next published a paper on the production of water by burning inflammable air (that is, hydrogen) in "dephlogisticated air" (now known to be oxygen), the latter a constituent of atmospheric air (phlogiston theory).

paragraph: Cavendish concluded that dephlogisticated air was dephlogisticated water and that hydrogen was either pure phlogiston or phlogisticated water. He reported these findings to Joseph Priestley, an English clergyman and scientist, no later than March 1783, but did not publish them until the following year. The Scottish inventor James Watt published a paper on the composition of water in 1783; Cavendish had performed the experiments first, but published second. Controversy about priority ensued.

paragraph: In 1785, Cavendish investigated the composition of common (i.e. atmospheric) air, obtaining impressively accurate results. He conducted experiments in which hydrogen and ordinary air were combined in known ratios and then exploded with a spark of electricity. Furthermore, he also described an experiment in which he was able to remove, in modern terminology, both the oxygen and nitrogen gases from a sample of atmospheric air until only a small bubble of unreacted gas was left in the original sample. Using his observations, Cavendish observed that, when he had determined the amounts of phlogisticated air (nitrogen) and dephlogisticated air (oxygen), there remained a volume of gas amounting to 1/120 of the original volume of nitrogen.

paragraph: By careful measurements he was led to conclude that "common air consists of one part of dephlogisticated air [oxygen], mixed with four of phlogisticated [nitrogen]".

paragraph: In the 1890s (around 100 years later) two British physicists, William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh, realised that their newly discovered inert gas, argon, was responsible for Cavendish's problematic residue; he had not made an error. What he had done was perform rigorous quantitative experiments, using standardised instruments and methods, aimed at reproducible results; taken the mean of the result of several experiments; and identified and allowed for sources of error. The balance that he used, made by a craftsman named Harrison, was the first of the precision balances of the 18th century, and as accurate as Lavoisier's (which has been estimated to measure one part in 400,000). Cavendish worked with his instrument makers, generally improving existing instruments rather than inventing wholly new ones.

paragraph: Cavendish, as indicated above, used the language of the old phlogiston theory in chemistry. In 1787, he became one of the earliest outside France to convert to the new antiphlogistic theory of Lavoisier, though he remained sceptical about the nomenclature of the new theory. He also objected to Lavoisier's identification of heat as having a material or elementary basis. Working within the framework of Newtonian mechanism, Cavendish had tackled the problem of the nature of heat in the 1760s, explaining heat as the result of the motion of matter.

paragraph: In 1783, he published a paper on the temperature at which mercury freezes and in that paper made use of the idea of latent heat, although he did not use the term because he believed that it implied acceptance of a material theory of heat. He made his objections explicit in his 1784 paper on air. He went on to develop a general theory of heat, and the manuscript of that theory has been persuasively dated to the late 1780s. His theory was at once mathematical and mechanical: it contained the principle of the conservation of heat (later understood as an instance of conservation of energy) and even included the concept (although not the label) of the mechanical equivalent of heat.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Density of the Earth.

paragraph: Following his father's death, Henry bought another house in town and also a house in Clapham Common (built by Thomas Cubitt), at that time to the south of London. The London house contained the bulk of his library, while he kept most of his instruments at Clapham Common, where he carried out most of his experiments. The most famous of those experiments, published in 1798, was to determine the density of the Earth and became known as the Cavendish experiment. The apparatus Cavendish used for weighing the Earth was a modification of the torsion balance built by Englishman and geologist John Michell, who died before he could begin the experiment. The apparatus was sent in crates to Cavendish, who completed the experiment in 1797–1798 and published the results.

paragraph: The experimental apparatus consisted of a torsion balance with a pair of 2-inch 1.61-pound lead spheres suspended from the arm of a torsion balance and two much larger stationary lead balls (350 pounds). Cavendish intended to measure the force of gravitational attraction between the two. He noticed that Michell's apparatus would be sensitive to temperature differences and induced air currents, so he made modifications by isolating the apparatus in a separate room with external controls and telescopes for making observations.

paragraph: Using this equipment, Cavendish calculated the attraction between the balls from the period of oscillation of the torsion balance, and then he used this value to calculate the density of the Earth. Cavendish found that the Earth's average density is 5.48 times greater than that of water. John Henry Poynting later noted that the data should have led to a value of 5.448, and indeed that is the average value of the twenty-nine determinations Cavendish included in his paper. What was extraordinary about Cavendish's experiment was its elimination of every source of error and every factor that could disturb the experiment, and its precision in measuring an astonishingly small attraction, a mere 1/50,000,000 of the weight of the lead balls. The result that Cavendish obtained for the density of the Earth is within 1 percent of the currently accepted figure.

paragraph: Cavendish's work led others to accurate values for the gravitational constant ("G") and Earth's mass. Based on his results, one can calculate a value for G of 6.754 × 10N-m/kg, which compares favourably with the modern value of 6.67428 × 10N-m/kg.

paragraph: Books often describe Cavendish's work as a measurement of either "G" or the Earth's mass. Since these are related to the Earth's density by a trivial web of algebraic relations, none of these sources are wrong, but they do not match the exact word choice of Cavendish, and this mistake has been pointed out by several authors. Cavendish's stated goal was to measure the Earth's density, although his result obviously calculates "G" to do so.

paragraph: The first time that the constant got this name was in 1873, almost 100 years after the Cavendish experiment, but the constant was in use since the time of Newton. Cavendish's results also give the Earth's mass.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Electrical research.

paragraph: Cavendish's electrical and chemical experiments, like those on heat, had begun while he lived with his father in a laboratory in their London house. Lord Charles Cavendish died in 1783, leaving almost all of his very substantial estate to Henry. Like his theory of heat, Cavendish's comprehensive theory of electricity was mathematical in form and was based on precise quantitative experiments. He published an early version of his theory in 1771, based on an expansive electrical fluid that exerted pressure. He demonstrated that if the intensity of electric force were inversely proportional to distance, then the electric fluid more than that needed for electrical neutrality would lie on the outer surface of an electrified sphere; then he confirmed this experimentally. Cavendish continued to work on electricity after this initial paper, but he published no more on the subject.

paragraph: Cavendish wrote papers on electrical topics for the Royal Society but the bulk of his electrical experiments did not become known until they were collected and published by James Clerk Maxwell a century later, in 1879, long after other scientists had been credited with the same results. Cavendish's electrical papers from the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" have been reprinted, together with most of his electrical manuscripts, in "The Scientific Papers of the Honourable Henry Cavendish, F.R.S." (1921). According to the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, among Cavendish's discoveries were the concept of electric potential (which he called the "degree of electrification"), an early unit of capacitance (that of a sphere one inch in diameter), the formula for the capacitance of a plate capacitor, the concept of the dielectric constant of a material, the relationship between electric potential and current (now called Ohm's Law) (1781), laws for the division of current in parallel circuits (now attributed to Charles Wheatstone), and the inverse square law of variation of electric force with distance, now called Coulomb's Law.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Cavendish died in 1810 (as one of the wealthiest men in Britain) and was buried, along with many of his ancestors, in the church that is now Derby Cathedral. The road he used to live on in Derby has been named after him. The University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory was endowed by one of Cavendish's later relatives, William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire (Chancellor of the University from 1861 to 1891).

paragraph: Section::::Personality and legacy.

paragraph: Cavendish inherited two fortunes that were so large that Jean Baptiste Biot called him "the richest of all the savants and the most knowledgeable of the rich." At his death, Cavendish was the largest depositor in the Bank of England. He was a shy man who was uncomfortable in society and avoided it when he could. He could only speak to one person at a time, and only if the person were known to him and male. He conversed little, always dressed in an old-fashioned suit, and developed no known deep personal attachments outside his family. Cavendish was taciturn and solitary and regarded by many as eccentric. He only communicated with his female servants by notes. By one account, Cavendish had a back staircase added to his house to avoid encountering his housekeeper, because he was especially shy of women. The contemporary accounts of his personality have led some modern commentators, such as Oliver Sacks, to speculate that he had Asperger syndrome, a form of autism.

paragraph: His only social outlet was the Royal Society Club, whose members dined together before weekly meetings. Cavendish seldom missed these meetings, and was profoundly respected by his contemporaries. However, his shyness made those who "sought his views... speak as if into vacancy. If their remarks were...worthy, they might receive a mumbled reply, but more often than not they would hear a peeved squeak (his voice appears to have been high-pitched) and turn to find an actual vacancy and the sight of Cavendish fleeing to find a more peaceful corner". Cavendish's religious views were also considered eccentric for his time. He was considered to be agnostic. As his biographer, George Wilson, comments, "As to Cavendish's religion, he was nothing at all."

paragraph: The arrangement of his residence reserved only a fraction of space for personal comfort as his library was detached, the upper rooms and lawn were for astronomical observation and his drawingroom was a laboratory with a forge in an adjoining room. He also enjoyed collecting fine furniture, exemplified by his purchase of a set of "ten inlaid satinwood chairs with matching cabriole legged sofa".

paragraph: Because of his asocial and secretive behaviour, Cavendish often avoided publishing his work, and much of his findings were not even told to his fellow scientists. In the late nineteenth century, long after his death, James Clerk Maxwell looked through Cavendish's papers and found things for which others had been given credit. Examples of what was included in Cavendish's discoveries or anticipations were Richter's law of reciprocal proportions, Ohm's law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, principles of electrical conductivity (including Coulomb's law), and Charles's Law of gases. A manuscript "Heat", tentatively dated between 1783 and 1790, describes a "mechanical theory of heat". Hitherto unknown, the manuscript was analysed in the early 21st century. Historian of science Russell McCormmach proposed that "Heat" is the only 18th-century work prefiguring thermodynamics. Theoretical physicist Dietrich Belitz concluded that in this work Cavendish "got the nature of heat essentially right."

paragraph: As Cavendish performed his famous density of the Earth experiment in an outbuilding in the garden of his Clapham Common estate, his neighbours would point out the building and tell their children that it was where the world was weighed. In honour of Henry Cavendish's achievements and due to an endowment granted by Henry's relative William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, the University of Cambridge's physics laboratory was named the Cavendish Laboratory by James Clerk Maxwell, the first Cavendish Professor of Physics and an admirer of Cavendish's work.

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – edited by James Clerk Maxwell and revised by Joseph Larmor

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of hydrogen technologies

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cavendish", Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, American Philosophical Society, 1996, , 414 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cavendish: The Experimental Life", Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, Bucknell University Press, 1999, , 814 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cavendish: The Experimental Life (Second revised edition 2016)", Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge, 2016, , 596 pp, (available online for free).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Alembic Club reprint number 3

description: British natural philosopher, scientist, and an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist

enwikiquote_title: Henry Cavendish

wikidata_label: Henry Cavendish

wikipedia_title: Henry Cavendish


text:
Greek
Pamukkale
Eusebius of Caesarea
Christian oral tradition
canonical Gospels
John
Polycarp
Irenaeus
Eusebius
Hierapolis
Ignatius of Antioch
Abercius of Hierapolis
Polycarp
Eusebius
John the Evangelist
Philip
Twelve Apostles
Polycarp
Twelve Apostles
Smyrna
John the Elder
John the Evangelist
Ephesus
Philip
Hierapolis
topos
Gospels
Eusebius
Mark
Matthew
Mark
John the Elder
Matthew
logia
Q
Gospel of Thomas
Hebrew
Aramaic
Greek
Q
Gospel according to the Hebrews
1 Peter
Justin
Clement of Alexandria
John
Luke
John
chiliast
Millennium
2 Baruch
Gospel according to the Hebrews
Agapius of Hierapolis
Pericope Adulterae
Gospel according to the Hebrews
Didymus the Blind
longer ending of Mark
Apollinaris of Laodicea
Judas Iscariot
John
James
Philip
Justus Barsabbas
Twelve Apostles
Philip of Side
longer ending of Mark
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Matthew
Matthew the Apostle
Gospel of Matthew
Q+/Papias hypothesis

wikipedia_title:
Greeks
Pamukkale
Eusebius
Oral gospel traditions
Gospel
New Testament people named John
Polycarp
Irenaeus
Eusebius
Hierapolis
Ignatius of Antioch
Abercius of Hieropolis
Polycarp
Eusebius
John the Evangelist
Philip the Evangelist
Apostles
Polycarp
Apostles
Smyrna
New Testament people named John
John the Evangelist
Ephesus
Philip the Evangelist
Hierapolis
Literary topos
Gospel
Eusebius
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Matthew
Gospel of Mark
New Testament people named John
Gospel of Matthew
Logia
Q source
Gospel of Thomas
Hebrew language
Aramaic language
Ancient Greek
Q source
Gospel of the Hebrews
First Epistle of Peter
Justin Martyr
Clement of Alexandria
Gospel of John
Gospel of Luke
Gospel of John
Millennialism
Millennialism
2 Baruch
Gospel of the Hebrews
Agapius of Hierapolis
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
Gospel of the Hebrews
Didymus the Blind
Mark 16
Apollinaris of Laodicea
Judas Iscariot
John the Apostle
James, son of Zebedee
Philip the Evangelist
Joseph Barsabbas
Apostles
Philip of Side
Mark 16
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Matthew
Matthew the Apostle
Gospel of Matthew
Q+/Papias hypothesis

categories: Saints from Roman Anatolia,Roman Catholic theologians,2nd-century bishops,2nd-century Christian saints,Church Fathers,2nd-century Christian theologians,Lost religious texts

paragraph: Papias of Hierapolis

paragraph: Papias () was a Greek Apostolic Father, Bishop of Hierapolis (modern Pamukkale, Turkey), and author who lived c. 60–163 AD. It was Papias who wrote the "Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord" () in five books.

paragraph: This work, which is lost apart from brief excerpts in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons () and Eusebius of Caesarea (), is an important early source on Christian oral tradition and especially on the origins of the canonical Gospels.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Very little is known of Papias apart from what can be inferred from his own writings. He is described as "an ancient man who was a hearer of John and a companion of Polycarp" by Polycarp's disciple Irenaeus (c. 180).

paragraph: Eusebius adds that Papias was Bishop of Hierapolis around the time of Ignatius of Antioch. In this office Papias was presumably succeeded by Abercius of Hierapolis.

paragraph: The name "Papias" was very common in the region, suggesting that he was probably a native of the area.

paragraph: Section::::Date.

paragraph: The work of Papias is dated by most modern scholars to about 95–120. Later dates were once argued from two references that now appear to be mistaken. One dating Papias' death to around the death of Polycarp in 164 is actually a mistake for "Papylas". Another unreliable source in which Papias is said to refer to the reign of Hadrian (117–138) seems to have resulted from confusion between Papias and Quadratus.

paragraph: Eusebius refers to Papias only in his third book, and thus seems to date him before the opening of his fourth book in 109. Papias himself knows several New Testament books, whose dates are themselves controversial, and was informed by John the Evangelist, the daughters of Philip and many "elders" who had themselves heard the Twelve Apostles. He is also called a companion of the long-lived Polycarp (69–155). For all these reasons, Papias is thought to have written around the turn of the 2nd century.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Papias describes his way of gathering information in his preface:

paragraph: Papias, then, inquired of travelers passing through Hierapolis what the surviving disciples of Jesus and the elders—those who had personally known the Twelve Apostles—were saying. One of these disciples was Aristion, probably bishop of nearby Smyrna, and another was John the Elder, usually identified (despite Eusebius' protest) with John the Evangelist, residing in nearby Ephesus, of whom Papias was a hearer; Papias frequently cited both. From the daughters of Philip, who settled in Hierapolis, Papias learned still other traditions.

paragraph: There is some debate about the intention of Papias' last sentence in the above quotation, "For I did not think that information from the books would profit me as much as information from a living and surviving voice." One side of the debate holds, with the longstanding opinion of 20th-century scholarship, that in Papias' day written statements were held at a lower value than oral statements. The other side observes that "living voice" was a topos, an established phrase referring to personal instruction and apprenticeship, and thus Papias indicates his preference for personal instruction over isolated book learning.

paragraph: Section::::Fragments.

paragraph: Despite indications that the work of Papias was still extant in the late Middle Ages, the full text is now lost. Extracts, however, appear in a number of other writings, some of which cite a book number. MacDonald proposes the following tentative reconstruction of the five books, following a presumed Matthaean order.

paragraph: Section::::Fragments.:Gospel origins.

paragraph: Papias provides the earliest extant account of who wrote the Gospels. Eusebius preserves two (possibly) verbatim excerpts from Papias on the origins of the Gospels, one concerning Mark and then another concerning Matthew.

paragraph: On Mark, Papias cites John the Elder:

paragraph: The excerpt regarding Matthew says only:

paragraph: How to interpret these quotations from Papias has long been a matter of controversy, as the original context for each is missing and the Greek is in several respects ambiguous and seems to employ technical rhetorical terminology. For one thing, it is not even explicit that the writings by Mark and Matthew are the canonical Gospels bearing those names.

paragraph: The word "logia" ("")—which also appears in the title of Papias' work—is itself problematic. In non-Christian contexts, the usual meaning was "oracles", but since the 19th century it has been interpreted as "sayings", which sparked numerous theories about a lost "Sayings Gospel", now called "Q", resembling the Gospel of Thomas. But the parallelism implies a meaning of "things said or done", which suits the canonical Gospels well.

paragraph: The apparent claim that Matthew wrote in Hebrew—which in Greek could refer to either Hebrew or Aramaic—is echoed by many other ancient authorities. Modern scholars have proposed numerous explanations for this assertion, in light of the prevalent view that canonical Matthew was composed in Greek and not translated from Semitic. One theory is that Matthew himself produced firstly a Semitic work and secondly a recension of that work in Greek. Another is that others translated Matthew into Greek rather freely. Another is that Papias simply means "Ἑβραίδι διαλέκτῳ" as a "Hebrew style" of Greek. Another is that Papias refers to a distinct work now lost, perhaps a sayings collection like Q or the so-called Gospel according to the Hebrews. Yet another is that Papias was simply mistaken.

paragraph: As for Mark, the difficulty has been in understanding the relationship described between Mark and Peter—whether Peter recalled from memory or Mark recalled Peter's preaching, and whether Mark translated this preaching into Greek or Latin or merely expounded on it, and if the former, publicly or just when composing the Gospel; modern scholars have explored a range of possibilities. Eusebius, after quoting Papias, goes on to say that Papias also cited 1 Peter, where Peter speaks of "my son Mark", as corroboration. Within the 2nd century, this relation of Peter to Mark's Gospel is alluded to by Justin and expanded on by Clement of Alexandria.

paragraph: We do not know what else Papias said about these or the other Gospels—he certainly treated John—but some see Papias as the likely unattributed source of at least two later accounts of the Gospel origins. Bauckham argues that the Muratorian Canon (c. 170) has drawn from Papias; the extant fragment, however, preserves only a few final words on Mark and then speaks about Luke and John. Hill argues that Eusebius' earlier account of the origins of the four Gospels is also drawn from Papias.

paragraph: Section::::Fragments.:Eschatological.

paragraph: Eusebius concludes from the writings of Papias that he was a chiliast, understanding the Millennium as a literal period in which Christ will reign on Earth, and chastises Papias for his literal interpretation of figurative passages, writing that Papias "appears to have been of very limited understanding", and felt that his misunderstanding misled Irenaeus and others.

paragraph: Irenaeus indeed quotes the fourth book of Papias for an otherwise-unknown saying of Jesus, recounted by John the Evangelist, which Eusebius doubtless has in mind:

paragraph: Parallels have often been noted between this account and Jewish texts of the period such as 2 Baruch.

paragraph: On the other hand, Papias is elsewhere said to have understood mystically the Hexaemeron (six days of Creation) as referring to Christ and the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Fragments.:Pericope Adulterae.

paragraph: Eusebius concludes his account of Papias by saying that he relates "another account about a woman who was accused of many sins before the Lord, which is found in the Gospel according to the Hebrews". Agapius of Hierapolis (10th century) offers a fuller summary of what Papias said here, calling the woman an adulteress. The parallel is clear to the famous Pericope Adulterae (), a problematic passage absent or relocated in many ancient Gospel manuscripts. The remarkable fact is that the story is known in some form to such an ancient witness as Papias.

paragraph: What is less clear is to what extent Eusebius and Agapius are reporting the words of Papias versus the form of the pericope known to them from elsewhere. A wide range of versions have come down to us, in fact. Since the passage in John is virtually unknown to the Greek patristic tradition; Eusebius has cited the only parallel he recognized, from the now-lost Gospel according to the Hebrews, which may be the version quoted by Didymus the Blind.

paragraph: The nearest agreement with "many sins" actually occurs in the Johannine text of Armenian codex Matenadaran 2374 (formerly Ečmiadzin 229); this codex is also remarkable for ascribing the longer ending of Mark to "Ariston the Elder", which is often seen as somehow connected with Papias.

paragraph: Section::::Fragments.:Death of Judas.

paragraph: According to a scholium attributed to Apollinaris of Laodicea, Papias also related a tale on the grotesque fate of Judas Iscariot:

paragraph: Section::::Fragments.:Death of John.

paragraph: Two late sources (Philip of Side and George Hamartolus) cite the second book of Papias as recording that John and his brother James were killed by the Jews. However, modern scholars doubt the reliability of the two sources regarding Papias. According to the two sources, Papias presented this as fulfillment of the prophecy of Jesus on the martyrdom of these two brothers. This is consistent with a tradition attested in several ancient martyrologies.

paragraph: Section::::Fragments.:Barsabbas.

paragraph: Papias relates, on the authority of the daughters of Philip, an event concerning Justus Barsabbas, who according to Acts was one of two candidates proposed to join the Twelve Apostles. The summary in Eusebius tells us that he "drank a deadly poison and suffered no harm," while Philip of Side recounts that he "drank snake venom in the name of Christ when put to the test by unbelievers and was protected from all harm." The account about Justus Barsabbas is followed by a one about the resurrection of the mother of a certain Manaem. This account may be connected to a verse from the longer ending of Mark: "They will pick up snakes in their hands, and if they drink any deadly thing, it will not hurt them."

paragraph: Section::::Reliability.

paragraph: Eusebius, despite his own views on Papias, knew that Irenaeus believed Papias to be a reliable witness to original apostolic traditions.

paragraph: Modern scholars have debated Papias' reliability. Much discussion of Papias's comments about the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Matthew is concerned with either showing their reliability as evidence for the origins of these Gospels or with emphasizing their apologetic character in order to discredit their reliability. Yoon-Man Park cites a modern argument that Papias's tradition was formulated to vindicate the apostolicity of Mark's Gospel, but dismisses this as an unlikely apologetic route unless the Peter-Mark connection Papias described had already been accepted with general agreement by the early church. Casey argued that Papias was indeed reliable about a Hebrew collection of sayings by Matthew the Apostle, which he argues was independent of the Greek Gospel of Matthew, possibly written by another Matthew or Matthias in the early church.

paragraph: Others argue Papias faithfully recorded what was related to him, but misunderstood the subjects of narrations he was unfamiliar with.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Q+/Papias hypothesis

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dennis R. MacDonald, "Two Shipwrecked Gospels. The Logoi of Jesus and Papias's Exposition of Logia about the Lord", Leiden, Brill, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monte A. Shanks, "Papias and the New Testament", Eugene (OR), Pickwick Publications, 2013 (with the annotated English translation of the fragments, pp. 105-260).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicon.net – Complete Fragments of Papias with new discoveries listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biblical Audio – 2012 Papias translation and audio version (based on Chronicon.net fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Classics Etheral Library – Fragments of Papias

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Christian Writings – Fragments of Papias

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patristics In English Project – Fragments of Papias

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia" – St. Papias (including an explanation of why "logia" is not to be rendered as "sayings", but as "oracles")

description: Apostolic father

wikidata_label: Papias of Hierapolis

wikipedia_title: Papias of Hierapolis


text: Soviet

text: Azerbaijan

text: USSR

text: Academy of Sciences of the USSR

text: Academy of Architecture of the USSR

text: Hero of Socialist Labour

text: State Stalin Prize

text: England

text: Ireland

text: Asia

text: Baku

text: Caspian Sea

text: Damocles

text: Alley of Honor

text: Baku

text: Nizami Ganjavi

text: Central Committee

text: Communist Party

text: Azerbaijan

text: Azerbaijan State Conservatory

text: Nizami Museum of Azerbaijan Literature

text: All-Russia Exhibition Centre

text: Moscow

text: M.F.Akhundov

text: Orders of Lenin

text: Orders of the Red Banner of Labor

text: Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

categories: 1992 deaths,Soviet architects,Stalinist architecture,People from Baku,Recipients of the Order of Lenin,Azerbaijani academics,1905 births,Stalin Prize winners

paragraph: Mikayil Huseynov

paragraph: Mikayil Alesger oglu Huseynov (; 1905–1992) was a Soviet Azerbaijani architect and historian of architecture, People’s Architect of the USSR (1970), Professor (1939); Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1945), real member of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR (1985), Hero of Socialist Labour (1985), laureate of the Second Class State Stalin Prize (1941), member of England’s and Ireland's Royal Society of Asians.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Huseynov was born on 19 April 1905, in Baku, in a well-off family. His father was a millionaire, had streamships on the Caspian Sea and a great mansion on the seafront. His origination hang over him as the sword of Damocles and he could be arrested at any time. He died on October 7, 1992 and was buried in the Alley of Honor in Baku.

paragraph: Section::::Creativity.

paragraph: Until 1946, he worked in close creative and scientific cooperation with S.A. Dadashov. When they were students Huseynov and Dadashov awarded the first prize for joint project of the monument to Nizami Ganjavi-the eminent poet and thinker of the 12th century.

paragraph: Building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan State Conservatory, Nizami Museum of Azerbaijan Literature in Baku, pavilion of All-Russia Exhibition Centre of Azerbaijan in Moscow (1939 and 1954) are among their best architectural works. Individual works of Huseynov-project of State Public Library named after M.F.Akhundov (1960), group of buildings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR (1951–1966) in Baku, works on a matter of architecture and urban building problems and others.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognitions.

paragraph: •Second Class State Stalin Prize (1941) – for architectural project of the pavilion of All-Russia Exhibition Centre of Azerbaijan;

paragraph: •Hero of Socialist Labor (1985) – for his great merits on development of the Soviet architecture, for productive scientific, pedagogical and social activity and in connection with his 80th anniversary;

paragraph: •Three Orders of Lenin (1946,1958, 1985);

paragraph: •Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1939, 1952);

paragraph: •Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union of the 4th convocation (1954–1962).

description: Azerbaijani architect

wikidata_label: Mikayil Huseynov

wikipedia_title: Mikayil Huseynov


text:
chess master
Tacoma Chess Club
Lincoln, Nebraska
Charles Kalme
Bobby Fischer
Latvian Gambit
time control
grandmaster
Paul Keres
Keres Memorial
Larry Parr
Yasser Seirawan
James Harley McCormick
Last Exit on Brooklyn
Photo of Pupols

categories: Latvian chess players,1935 births,American chess players

paragraph: Viktors Pupols

paragraph: Viktors Pūpols (born July 31, 1934) is an American chess master. Known by many local players as "Uncle Vik," he frequently plays at the Tacoma Chess Club. He was the Club Champion in 1955, and some of his games can be viewed online at the club's website. Pupols is currently married to Deborah Petzal-Pupols.

paragraph: Section::::Notable games.

paragraph: In 1955, Pupols played in the U.S. Junior Championship Open in Lincoln, Nebraska, won by Charles Kalme. Pupols beat young Bobby Fischer with a Latvian Gambit. This is one of only two games that Fischer ever lost on time (see time control). Fischer became the world's youngest grandmaster three years later.

paragraph: He first played in the Washington State Championship tournament in 1954. He has played in most of the tournaments since, winning outright in 1961, 1974, and 1989, and tying for first in 1978. He won the tournament in 1964, but Gerald Ronning took the title in a match.

paragraph: In 1975, he tied for 6th-11th in Vancouver (Paul Keres won, shortly before his death). In 1980, he won the Keres Memorial in Vancouver. He thrice won the Idaho Open (1984, 1985, and 1986). Just as he first did in 1956 as a teenage "wunderkind", Pupols again won the Eastern Washington Open in 2005 after a final round draw with three time Spokane Chess Champion Curt Collyer.

paragraph: Fischer versus Pupols, U.S. Junior Championship 1955

paragraph: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5 3.Nxe5 Qf6 4.d4 d6 5.Nc4 fxe4 6.Nc3 Qg6 7.Ne3 Nf6 8.Bc4 c6 9.d5 Be7 10.a4 Nbd7 11.a5 Ne5 12.Be2 0-0 13.0-0 Bd7 14.Kh1 Kh8 15.Nc4 Nfg4 16.Qe1 Rf7 17.h3 Nf6 18.Nxe5 dxe5 19.Bc4 Rff8 20.Be3 Nh5 21.Kh2 Bd6 22.Bb3 Nf4 23.Bxf4 exf4 24.Qxe4 f3+ 25.g3 Bf5 26.Qh4 Rae8 27.Rae1 Be5 28.Qb4 Qh6 29.h4 g5 30.Rh1 gxh4 31.Kg1 h3 32.dxc6 bxc6 33.Qc5 Qg7 34.Kh2 Qf6 35.Qxa7 Bd4 36.Qc7 Bxf2 37.Rxe8 Rxe8 38.Rf1 Bd4 39.Rxf3 Bxc3 40.bxc3 Re2+ 41.Kh1 Be4 42.Qc8+ Kg7 43.Qg4+ Qg6 44.Qd7+ Kh6 0–1

paragraph: Section::::Biography by Larry Parr.

paragraph: A biography of Pupols, "Viktors Pupols, American Master", was written by Larry Parr and published by Thinkers' Press in 1983. Viktors describes his encounters with young Grandmaster-to-be Yasser Seirawan: "I could not even see my opponent. All I could hear was a voice calling out from under the table - Check!!". A poem was written in this book describing Viktors' arch rival James Harley McCormick:

paragraph: poem

paragraph: On April the first

paragraph: All editors thirst

paragraph: For original tales with a gimmick

paragraph: So let's punch while he's down

paragraph: Although he left town

paragraph: That Perrenial punchbag clean Jimmick

paragraph: He moved to New York

paragraph: and gave up eating pork

paragraph: He believes all goyim are duffers

paragraph: He sleeps under trucks

paragraph: and sells blood for five bucks

paragraph: The artist improves as he suffers

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Last Exit on Brooklyn

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Pupols used on the cover of NW Chess, Chess Journalists of America winning chess photo, 2009.

description: American chess player

wikidata_label: Viktors Pupols

wikipedia_title: Viktors Pupols


text:
ice hockey
Captain
Colorado Eagles
ECHL
Finlandia University
Michigan Technological University
tryout contract
Kalamazoo Wings
all-star
American Hockey League
Howell, Michigan
pick-up game
stickhandle
Howell High School
Finlandia University
Midwest Collegiate Hockey Association
Michigan Technological University
Michigan Tech Huskies
walk-on
Great Lakes Hockey League
Flint Generals
shifts
Saginaw, Michigan
Grand Rapids Griffins
Muskegon Lumberjacks
Kalamazoo Wings
Bloomington PrairieThunder
Nick Bootland
New York Rangers
ECHL
Adirondack Phantoms
lines
Andy Delmore
Reading Royals
Brady Leisenring
Andrew Fournier
hat trick
Greenville Road Warriors
plus-minus
Darryl Lloyd
Kory Karlander
all-star
ECHL Reebok Plus Performer Award
Brendan Connolly
Florida Everblades
Wheeling Nailers
Kelly Cup
Alaska Aces
2011–12
Frederikshavn White Hawks
Danish
AL-Bank Ligaen
2015–16
Tetra Tech

categories: Lake Erie Monsters players,American ice hockey forwards,Kalamazoo Wings (ECHL) players,Flint Generals players,1984 births,Colorado Eagles players,Adirondack Phantoms players,Chicago Wolves players,Ice hockey people from Michigan,Finlandia University alumni,People from Howell, Michigan,Kalamazoo Wings (2007–2009) players,Grand Rapids Griffins players,Living people

paragraph: Trent Daavettila

paragraph: Trent Daavettila (born September 3, 1984) is an American former professional ice hockey player who last played for and served as Captain for the Colorado Eagles of the ECHL. After beginning his college hockey career with Finlandia University, he transferred to Michigan Technological University, but failed to gain a place on their team. He remained at Michigan Tech and played for an upper-level men's amateur team while earning a civil engineering degree. Daavettila tried out for numerous minor league hockey teams after graduating from college, but was not accepted by any. Months later, however, he was signed to a professional tryout contract by the Kalamazoo Wings. Daavettila remained with the team, and two seasons later he tied for the team scoring lead and was named a second-team all-star by the ECHL. Through the 2012–13 season, he has also played in 19 American Hockey League games.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Daavettila was born on September 3, 1984. He grew up in Howell, Michigan, as the second oldest in a family of eleven children. His first exposure to ice hockey was in his backyard, where his family had constructed a rink. Through crowded pick-up games, Daavettila learned to stickhandle. "You'd always want to stickhandle your way down. It was never cool to score from far out", he said.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Daavettila graduated from Howell High School in 2002 and enrolled at Finlandia University in Hancock, Michigan. He played in ten games for Finlandia's varsity hockey team, a member of the Midwest Collegiate Hockey Association in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, and scored three goals and ten assists before moving on. Daavettila transferred to Michigan Technological University, just across Portage Lake from Finlandia, and attempted to join the Division I Michigan Tech Huskies hockey team as a walk-on, but failed to do so. He continued to study civil engineering at Michigan Tech while playing for the Portage Lake Pioneers, a high-level men's amateur team playing in the Great Lakes Hockey League. During his five years with the Pioneers, Daavettila scored at a rate of more than a point per game and in 2005 he won a national championship with them.

paragraph: Daavettila graduated from Michigan Tech in 2008 and tried out for the Flint Generals of the International Hockey League (IHL). He appeared in two games for the Generals at the end of the season (for only about three shifts), and did not register a point. Daavettila had not originally planned to pursue a professional hockey career, but said "When I got one skate with Flint, it kind of sparked my interest and I decided to give it a try". During the off-season, Daavettila worked for a structural engineering firm in Saginaw, Michigan. He used vacation time at the start of the next hockey season later in 2008 to try out for the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Muskegon Lumberjacks (IHL), though he was rejected by both teams. Tryouts with two more IHL teams, the Kalamazoo Wings and the Bloomington PrairieThunder, did not result in a contract either. Daavettila assumed his hockey career was over and went back to his engineering job, but he continued to skate a couple times a week. He had left an impression on Kalamazoo coach Nick Bootland, however, who called Daavettila back in March 2009 after his team was depleted by injuries. "You could see he had a skill set," said Bootland. "But I thought the way he held on to the puck, he was going to get himself killed. ... You kept thinking he was going to make a mistake. Then he'd pop a guy for a breakaway."

paragraph: Bootland played Daavettila for two shifts in his first game with the Wings and more in his second game. Daavettila responded with his first professional hockey goal and went on to score 9 goals and 9 assists in 20 games for the Wings that season. During the off-season, the New York Rangers of the NHL invited Daavettila to participate in a development camp for their recent draftees and other prospects. "It was the hardest I've ever had to push myself as far as conditioning and the longevity of it", said Daavettila. Also during the off-season, the Kalamazoo Wings left the IHL to become members of the ECHL, and Daavettila was one of the first players the team signed to play in their new league. "It was a weird feeling knowing you had a ... plan for next year, somebody actually wants you", he said.

paragraph: Daavettila scored 8 goals among 14 points in the Wings' first 14 games of the 2009–10 ECHL season, helping the team to achieve the best record of the league's 25 teams at that point. His performance prompted the Adirondack Phantoms (AHL) to sign Daavettila to a professional tryout contract when the team was beset by injuries early in the season. Daavettila played eleven games for the Phantoms, as center of the third and fourth lines, and collected two assists before being sent back to Kalamazoo. Shortly thereafter, he was signed to another professional tryout by the Grand Rapids Griffins, for whom he played in two games and scored his first AHL goal by deflecting a shot by Andy Delmore. Daavettila was later called up again and played in two more games for Adirondack. Meanwhile, while with Kalamazoo, he scored 19 goals and added 30 assists in 51 games to finish fourth on the team in scoring. In the playoffs, Daavettila continued his point-per-game scoring rate, but the Wings lost their first-round series to the Reading Royals. In July, he was one of the first players signed by the Wings for the following season.

paragraph: Daavettila began the 2010–11 season at the Grand Rapids Griffins training camp, but again did not make the team. Back with the Wings, he centered a line with Brady Leisenring and Andrew Fournier and had a 12-game point-scoring streak early in the season. In early January, Daavettila was loaned to the Griffins, where he played in one game before being returned. He was named ECHL Player of the Week for the week ending on February 13 after scoring five goals and two assists in four games, including his first professional hat trick on February 12 against the Greenville Road Warriors. He was on a seven-game point streak at the end of the month and was named ECHL Plus Performer of the Month for having the best plus-minus in February and ECHL Player of the Month for scoring 8 goals and 14 assists in his team's 14 games. Now on a line with Fournier and Darryl Lloyd, Daavettila extended his point streak to eleven games and helped Kalamazoo gain a place in the playoffs in March. He finished the season with 80 points to tie with Kory Karlander as Kalamazoo's lead scorers; the pair tied for fourth in league scoring. Daavettila was also named an ECHL second-team all-star and shared the ECHL Reebok Plus Performer Award with Brendan Connolly of the Greenville Road Warriors. In the playoffs, Daavettila scored 6 goals and 22 assists in 18 games, leading the league in playoff scoring, and helped the Wings defeat the Florida Everblades, Reading Royals and Wheeling Nailers on their way to the Kelly Cup Finals. In that series, Kalamazoo lost to the Alaska Aces 4–1.

paragraph: After completing his fourth season with the Wings in 2011–12, Daavettila signed his first European contract as a free agent, agreeing to a one-year deal with Frederikshavn White Hawks of the Danish AL-Bank Ligaen on June 13, 2012. However a little over a month later, due to personal reasons, Daavettila sought a release from his contract and was granted on July 30, 2012. On September 13, Daavettila agreed to remain in the ECHL, defecting from the Wings to fellow competitor the Colorado Eagles on a one-year deal.

paragraph: Through four seasons with the Colorado Eagles, Daavettila continued to perform amongst the ECHL's top offensive producers, recording 282 points in 260 regular season games. Despite placing second in league scoring with 80 points through the 2015–16 season, Daavettila opted to end his professional career and return to his hometown Howell, Michigan to raise his family.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Daavettila married his wife Wendy on August 7, 2010. During the 2009 and 2010 off-seasons, he worked for Tetra Tech in Howell, Michigan. Now he works for Fieldstone Architecture and Engineering in Auburn Hills, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: "Statistics as of the end of the 2015–16 season."

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Trent Daavettila

wikipedia_title: Trent Daavettila


text:
Armenia
Rome
Artaxiad Royal House
Great King
Parthian
Seleucid
Roman Republic
Mithridates II
Parthia
Tigranes I
Strabo
Atropatene
Artaxias I
nakharar
Sophene
Zariadres
First Mithridatic War
Mithridates VI
Pontus
Cleopatra
province of Asia Minor
Asiatic Vespers
Cappadocia
Roman
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Mithridates II of Parthia
Scythian
Syria
Syria
Antioch
Phoenicia
Cilicia
Seleucid Empire
Seleucus VII Philometor
Ptolemais
Akko
metropolis
Tigranocerta
Pontic Alps
Mesopotamia
Caspian Sea
Plutarch
Cicero
tetradrachm
Tyche of Antioch
Orontes
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Lucullus
Charles Rollin
Roman army
Battle of Tigranocerta
Artaxata
Alexandre Dumas
Senate
Gnaeus Pompeius, known as Pompey,
Pompey
Phraates III
Armenia
Pompey
talents
tonne
Tigranocerta
The Art of War
Niccolò Machiavelli
Alessandro Scarlatti
Tigrane
Antonio Vivaldi
Niccolò Piccinni
Tomaso Albinoni
Giovanni Bononcini
Francesco Gasparini
Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi
Johann Adolph Hasse
Giovanni Battista Lampugnani
Vincenzo Righini
Antonio Tozzi
Razmik Panossian
Caspian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
History of Armenia
George Bournoutian

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Roman Republic,1st-century BC rulers in Europe,1st century BC in Armenia,Armenian politicians,140 BC births,Artaxiad dynasty,1st-century BC rulers,55 BC deaths

paragraph: Tigranes the Great

paragraph: Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (, "Tigran Mets"; "Tigránes ho Mégas"; ) (140 – 55 BC) was King of Armenia under whom the country became, for a short time, the strongest state to Rome's east. He was a member of the Artaxiad Royal House. Under his reign, the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries, allowing Tigranes to claim the title Great King, and involving Armenia in many battles against opponents such as the Parthian and Seleucid empires, and the Roman Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Tigranes had been a hostage until the age of 45 at the court of King Mithridates II of Parthia after the Armenian defeat in 105 BC. Other sources give the date as much earlier, at around 112–111 BC. After the death of King Tigranes I in 95 BC, Tigranes bought his freedom, according to Strabo, by handing over "seventy valleys" in Atropatene to the Parthians.

paragraph: When he came to power, the foundation upon which Tigranes was to build his Empire was already in place, a legacy of the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty, Artaxias I, and subsequent kings. The mountains of Armenia, however, formed natural borders between the different regions of the country and as a result, the feudalistic "nakharars" had significant influence over the regions or provinces in which they were based. This did not suit Tigranes, who wanted to create a centralist empire. He thus proceeded by consolidating his power within Armenia before embarking on his campaign.

paragraph: He deposed Artanes, the last king of Armenian Sophene and a descendant of Zariadres.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with Pontus.

paragraph: During the First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC), Tigranes supported Mithridates VI of Pontus, but was careful not to become directly involved in the war.

paragraph: He rapidly built up his power and established an alliance with Mithridates VI, marrying his daughter Cleopatra. Tigranes agreed to extend his influence in the East, while Mithridates set to conquer Roman land in Asia Minor and in Europe. By creating a stronger Hellenistic state, Mithridates was to contend with the well-established Roman foothold in Europe. Mithridates executed a planned general attack on Romans and Italians in Asia Minor, tapping into local discontent with the Romans and their taxes and urging the peoples of Asia Minor to raise against foreign influence. The slaughter of 80,000 people in the province of Asia Minor was known as the Asiatic Vespers. The two kings' attempts to control Cappadocia and then the massacres resulted in guaranteed Roman intervention. The senate decided that Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was then one of the consuls, would command the army against Mithridates.

paragraph: Section::::Wars against the Parthians and Seleucids.

paragraph: After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia in 88 BC, Tigranes took advantage of the fact that the Parthian Empire had been weakened by Scythian invasions and internal squabbling:

paragraph: In 83 BC, after a bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria. Magadates was appointed as his governor in Antioch. He then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire, though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy-king Seleucus VII Philometor as the legitimate king during his reign. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais (modern Akko). Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis of Tigranocerta.

paragraph: At its height, his empire extended from the Pontic Alps (in modern north-eastern Turkey) to Mesopotamia, and from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. A series of victories led him to assume the Achaemenid title of King of Kings, which even the Parthian kings did not assume, appearing on coins struck after 85 BC. He was called "Tigranes the Great" by many Western historians and writers, such as Plutarch. The "King of Kings" never appeared in public without having four kings attending him. Cicero, referring to his success in the east, said that he "made the Republic of Rome tremble before the prowess of his arms."

paragraph: Tigranes' coins consist of tetradrachms and copper coins having on the obverse his portrait wearing a decorated Armenian tiara with ear-flaps. The reverse has a completely original design. There are the seated Tyche of Antioch and the river god Orontes at her feet.

paragraph: Section::::Wars against Rome.

paragraph: Mithridates VI of Pontus had found refuge in Armenian land after confronting Rome, considering the fact that Tigranes was his ally and relative. The "King of Kings" eventually came into direct contact with Rome. The Roman commander, Lucullus, demanded the expulsion of Mithridates from Armenia – to comply with such a demand would be, in effect, to accept the status of vassal to Rome and this Tigranes refused. Charles Rollin, in his "Ancient History", says:

paragraph: Lucullus' reaction was an attack that was so precipitate that he took Tigranes by surprise. According to Roman historians Mithrobazanes, one of Tigranes' generals, told Tigranes of the Roman approach. Tigranes was, according to Keaveney, so impressed by Mithrobazanes' courage that he appointed Mithrobazanes to command an army against Lucullus – Mithrobazanes was however defeated and killed. After this defeat Tigranes withdrew north to Armenia to regroup which left Lucullus free to put Tigranocerta under siege.

paragraph: When Tigranes had gathered a large army, he returned to confront Lucullus. On October 6, 69 BC, Tigranes' much larger force was decisively defeated by the Roman army under Lucullus in the Battle of Tigranocerta. Tigranes' treatment of the inhabitants (the majority of the population had been forced to move to the city) led disgruntled city guards to open the gates of the city to the Romans. Learning of this, Tigranes hurriedly sent 6000 cavalrymen to the city in order to rescue his wives and some of his assets. Tigranes escaped capture with a small escort.

paragraph: On October 6, 68 BC, the Romans approached the old capital of Artaxata. Tigranes' and Mithridates' combined Armeno-Pontian army of 70,000 men formed up to face them but were resoundingly defeated. Once again, both Mithridates and Tigranes evaded capture by the victorious Romans. However, the Armenian historians claim that the Romans lost the battle of Artaxata and Lucullus' following withdrawal from the Kingdom of Armenia in reality was an escape due to the above-mentioned defeat. The Armenian-Roman wars are depicted in Alexandre Dumas' "Voyage to the Caucasus".

paragraph: The long campaigning and hardships that Lucullus' troops had endured for years, combined with a perceived lack of reward in the form of plunder, led to successive mutinies among the legions in 68–67. Frustrated by the rough terrain of Northern Armenia and seeing the worsening morale of his troops, Lucullus moved back south and put Nisibis under siege. Tigranes concluded (wrongly) that Nisibis would hold out and sought to regain those parts of Armenia that the Romans had captured. Despite his continuous success in battle, Lucullus could still not capture either one of the monarchs. With Lucullus' troops now refusing to obey his commands, but agreeing to defend positions from attack, the Senate sent Gnaeus Pompeius, known as Pompey, to recall Lucullus to Rome and take over his command.

paragraph: Section::::Pompey and reconciliation with Rome.

paragraph: In 67 BC Pompey was given the task of defeating Mithridates and Tigranes. Pompey first concentrated on attacking Mithridates while distracting Tigranes by engineering a Parthian attack on Gordyeyne. Phraates III, the Parthian king, was soon persuaded to take things a little further than an annexation of Gordyeyne when a son of Tigranes (also named Tigranes) went to join the Parthians and persuaded Phraates to invade Armenia in an attempt to replace the elder Tigranes with the younger. Tigranes decided not to meet the invasion in the field but instead ensured that his capital, Artaxata, was well defended and withdrew to the hill country. Phraates soon realized that Artaxata would not fall without a protracted siege, the time for which he could not spare due to his fear of plots at home. Once Phraates left, Tigranes came back down from the hills and drove his son from Armenia. The son then fled to Pompey.

paragraph: In 66 BC, Pompey advanced into Armenia with the younger Tigranes, and Tigranes the Great, now almost 75 years old, surrendered. Pompey treated him generously and allowed him to retain his kingdom shorn of his conquests in return for 6,000 talents/180 tonnes of silver. His unfaithful son was sent back to Rome as a prisoner.

paragraph: Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55/54, at age 85.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and recognition.

paragraph: Over the course of his conquests, Tigranes founded four cities that bore his name, including the capital of Tigranocerta (Tigranakert).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and recognition.:Historical.

paragraph: In "The Art of War" (1521), Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli attributes Tigranes' military failure to his excessive reliance on his cavalry.

paragraph: According to one count, 24 operas have been composed about Tigranes the Great by European composers, including by prominent Italian and German composers, such as Alessandro Scarlatti ("Tigrane", 1715), Antonio Vivaldi ("La virtu trionfante dell'amore e dell'odio ovvero il Tigrane", 1724), Niccolò Piccinni ("Tigrane", 1761), Tomaso Albinoni, Giovanni Bononcini, Francesco Gasparini, Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi, Johann Adolph Hasse, Giovanni Battista Lampugnani, Vincenzo Righini, Antonio Tozzi, and others.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and recognition.:Modern.

paragraph: According to Razmik Panossian, Tigranes the Great's short-lived empire has been a source of pride for modern Armenian nationalists. Nevertheless, his empire was a multi-ethnic one.

paragraph: The phrase "sea to sea Armenia" (, "tsovits tsov Hayastan") is a popular expression used by Armenians to refer to the kingdom of Tigranes which extended from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Armenia

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manandyan, Hakob. "Tigranes II and Rome: A New Interpretation Based on Primary Sources". Trans. George Bournoutian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manaseryan, Ruben. "Տիգրան Մեծ՝ Հայկական Պայքարը Հռոմի և Պարթևաստանի Դեմ, մ.թ.ա. 94–64 թթ." ("Tigran the Great: The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia, 94–64 B.C."). Yerevan: Lusakan Publishing, 2007.

description: King of Armenia

wikidata_label: Tigranes the Great

wikipedia_title: Tigranes the Great


text: DL

text: Tutankhamun's tomb

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Highclere Castle

text: Hampshire

text: Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon

text: Tory

text: Anne

text: Aubrey Herbert

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Bretby Hall

text: Alfred de Rothschild

text: Rothschild family

text: St. Margaret's Church, Westminster

text: the 7th Earl

text: Tilly Losch

text: Lady Evelyn Leonora Almina Herbert

text: Sir Brograve Beauchamp, 2nd Baronet

text: Bad Schwalbach

text: thoroughbred

text: Newbury Racecourse

text: 7th Earl

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Egyptologist

text: excavation

text: Deir el-Bahri

text: Thebes

text: Howard Carter

text: Gaston Maspero

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Theodore Davis

text: First World War

text: Lady Evelyn Herbert

text: Egyptian Department of Antiquities

text: mosquito

text: Cairo

text: author

text: Arthur Conan Doyle

text: Mummy's Curse

text: H. V. Morton

text: Marie Corelli

text: New York World

text: The Lancet

text: erysipelas

text: Beacon Hill, Burghclere, Hampshire

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Harry Andrews

text: Columbia Pictures Television

text: The Curse of King Tut's Tomb

text: Julian Curry

text: IMAX

text: Mysteries of Egypt

text: Julian Wadham

text: BBC

text: Egypt

text: Sam Neill

text: "Tutankhamun"

text: "The Mummy"

text: Evelyn Carnahan

text: Egyptology

text: Nethack

text: country house

text: Highclere Castle

text: Downton Abbey

text: present earl

text: Five Years' Explorations at Thebes

text: Highclere Castle, home of the 5th Earl

categories: Herbert family,People educated at Eton College,Earls of Carnarvon (1793),Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,English archaeologists,20th-century archaeologists,Deaths due to insect bites and stings,1866 births,British racehorse owners and breeders,Infectious disease deaths in Egypt,1923 deaths,English Egyptologists

paragraph: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

paragraph: George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, DL (26 June 1866 – 5 April 1923), styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English peer and aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Styled Lord Porchester from birth, he was born at the family seat, Highclere Castle, in Hampshire, the only son of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, a distinguished Tory statesman, by his first wife Lady Evelyn Stanhope, daughter of Anne and George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield. Aubrey Herbert was his half-brother. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He inherited the Bretby Hall estate in Derbyshire from his maternal grandmother, Anne Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield in 1885, and succeeded his father in the earldom in 1890.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, illegitimate daughter of millionaire banker Alfred de Rothschild, of the Rothschild family, at St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, on 26 June 1895. Rothschild provided a marriage settlement of £500,000 and paid off all Lord Carnarvon’s existing debts. The Carnarvons had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry George Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (7 November 1898 – 22 September 1987), who married Anne Catherine Tredick Wendell (d. 1977) and had one son (the 7th Earl) and one daughter. They divorced in 1936 and from 1939 to 1947, he was married to actress and dancer Tilly Losch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Evelyn Leonora Almina Herbert (15 August 1901 – 31 January 1980), who married Sir Brograve Beauchamp, 2nd Baronet and had a daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Horse racing.

paragraph: Exceedingly wealthy due to his marriage settlement, Carnarvon was at first best known as an owner of racehorses and a reckless driver of early cars, suffering in 1901 a serious motoring accident near Bad Schwalbach in Germany, after which he never fully recovered his health. In 1902, he established Highclere Stud to breed thoroughbred racehorses. In 1905, he was appointed one of the Stewards at the new Newbury Racecourse. His family has maintained the connection ever since. His grandson, the 7th Earl, was racing manager to Queen Elizabeth II from 1969, and one of the Queen's closest friends.

paragraph: Section::::Egyptology.

paragraph: Lord Carnarvon was an enthusiastic amateur Egyptologist, and Lord and Lady Carnarvon often spent their winters in Egypt, where they bought antiquities for their collection in England.

paragraph: In 1907 Lord Carnarvon undertook to sponsor the excavation of nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes. He employed Howard Carter to undertake the work, on the recommendation of Gaston Maspero, Director of the Egyptian Antiquities Department.

paragraph: In 1914 Lord Carnarvon received the concession to dig in the Valley of the Kings, replacing Theodore Davis who had resigned, Carter again leading the work. Excavations were interrupted during the First World War, but resumed in late 1917. By 1922 little of significance had been found and Lord Carnarvon decided this would be the final year he would fund the work. However, on 4 November 1922, Carter was able to send a telegram to Lord Carnarvon, in England, saying:

paragraph: "At last we have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations".

paragraph: Although a semi-invalid due to injuries sustained in a serious automobile accident in 1903, Lord Carnarvon, accompanied by his daughter Lady Evelyn Herbert, returned to Egypt. The tomb was to be officially opened under the supervision of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities on 29 November. However, on 26 and 27 November Carter, his assistant Arthur Challender, Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn made several unauthorised visits inside the tomb and were present when Carter made a tiny breach in the top left hand corner of the tomb's doorway. He was able to peer in by the light of a candle. Carnarvon asked, "Can you see anything?" Carter replied with the famous words: "Yes, wonderful things!"

paragraph: They then entered the tomb, becoming the first people in modern times to do so. Challender rigged up electric lighting, illuminating a jumble of items, including gilded couches, chests, thrones, and shrines. They also found two more sealed doorways, including one to the inner burial chamber, guarded by two life-size statues of Tutankhamun. A small hole was found in this doorway and Carter, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn crawled through it into the inner burial chamber.

paragraph: Lord Carnarvon travelled to England in December 1922, returning in January 1923 to be present at the official opening of the inner burial chamber on 16 February. Towards the end of February a rift with Carter, probably caused by a disagreement on how to manage the supervising Egyptian authorities, temporarily closed excavation. Work recommenced in early March after Carnarvon apologised. This was to be Lord Carnarvon's last significant involvement in the excavation project, he falling seriously ill shortly afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 19 March 1923, Carnarvon suffered a severe mosquito bite which became infected by a razor cut. On 5 April, he died in the Continental-Savoy Hotel in Cairo. Fueled by author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's

paragraph: suggestion that Carnarvon's death had been caused by "elementals" created by Tutankhamun's priests to guard the royal tomb; the "Curse of Tutankhamun," or, the "Mummy's Curse," entered popular culture. Arthur Weigall had reported, six weeks before his death, that he had watched Lord Carnarvon laughing and joking as he'd entered

paragraph: King Tut's tomb, and had remarked to nearby reporter H. V. Morton, "I give him six weeks to live." A mystical writer working under the name Marie Corelli also declared in a letter published by the "New York World" magazine that she had warned the Earl (two weeks before his death) of the "dire punishment" likely to occur to those who rifle Egyptian tombs, claiming to cite an ancient book that indicated that poisons had been left after burials.

paragraph: A study of documents and scholarly sources led "The Lancet" to conclude as unlikely that Carnarvon's death had anything to do with Tutankhamun's tomb, refuting another theory that exposure to toxic fungi (mycotoxins) had contributed to his demise. Although he was one of the men to enter the tomb, on several occasions, none of the other 25 from Europe were affected in the months after the entries. The cause of Carnarvon's death was reported as "'pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas,' (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). Pneumonia was thought to be only one of various complications, arising from the progressively invasive infection, that eventually resulted in multiorgan failure." The Earl had been "prone to frequent and severe lung infections" according to "The Lancet" and there had been a "general belief ... that one acute attack of bronchitis could have killed him. In such a debilitated state, the Earl's immune system was easily overwhelmed by erysipelas".

paragraph: Lady Almina Carnarvon removed Lord Carnarvon's remains to England, where his tomb appropriately reflects his archaeological interest, nestled within an ancient hill fort overlooking his family seat at Beacon Hill, Burghclere, Hampshire. Carnarvon was survived by his wife Almina, who subsequently remarried, and their two children.

paragraph: After Lord Carnarvon's death, the Egyptian government took ownership of the artifacts in the East Valley of the Kings and in April 1930 provided a grant of £35,000 to his heirs.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnarvon has been portrayed several times in film, video game and television productions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- By Harry Andrews in the 1980 Columbia Pictures Television production "The Curse of King Tut's Tomb".

paragraph: BULLET::::- By Julian Curry in the 1998 IMAX documentary "Mysteries of Egypt".

paragraph: BULLET::::- By Julian Wadham in the 2005 BBC docudrama "Egypt".

paragraph: BULLET::::- By Sam Neill in the 2016 ITV series "Tutankhamun".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the film "The Mummy" the character Evelyn Carnahan is named in tribute to Lord Carnarvon's daughter Lady Evelyn whose father, although not named, is described as one of Egyptology's "finest patrons".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Lord Carnarvon' is the quest leader for the Archaeologist role in the classic text-based video game "Nethack".

paragraph: BULLET::::- His country house, Highclere Castle, serves as the filming location of the ITV/PBS television series "Downton Abbey", except that the below-stairs scenes were filmed on a set in London, as Highclere's basement is the home of Carnarvon's Egyptian collections. Highclere is owned by the present earl.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Howard Carter, "Five Years' Explorations at Thebes - A Record of Work Done 1907-1911", ed. Paul Kegan, 2004 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five Years' Explorations at Thebes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiona Carnarvon, "Egypt at Highclere - The discovery of Tutankhamun", Highclere Enterprises LPP, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiona Carnarvon, "Carnarvon & Carter - the story of the two Englishman who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun", Highclere Enterprises LPP, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth David, "Gaston Maspero 1846-1916", Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet, 1999 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross William, "Carnarvon, Carter and Tutankhamun Revisited. The hidden truths and doomed relationships", Book Midden Publishing, 2016 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross William, " Lordy! Tutankhamun's Patron As A Young Man ", Book Midden Publishing, 2012 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross William, " The Life and Secrets of Almina Carnarvon : 5th Countess of Carnarvon of Tutankhamun Fame ", 3rd Ed 2011 ( ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross William, " Catherine and Tilly: Porchey Carnarvon's Two Duped Wives: The Tragic Tales of the Sixth Countesses of Carnarvon", Book Midden Publishing, 2013 ( ).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon Bio at Highclere Castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Highclere Castle, home of the 5th Earl

alias: George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, Earl of Carnarvon

alias: George Edward Stanhope Molyneux, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

description: British aristocrat

wikidata_label: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

wikipedia_title: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon


text:
Atsumori
The Tales of the Heike
Yoshitsune
blackened teeth
Noh
Atsumori
Bunraku
Kabuki
Ichinotani Futaba Gunki
Kabuki
Kami
Wen Spencer
Eight Million Gods
McCullough, Helen Craig
Stanford University Press
OCLC 16472263

categories: 1169 births,Samurai,1184 deaths,Taira clan,Japanese warriors killed in battle

paragraph: Taira no Atsumori

paragraph: Section::::The Death of Atsumori as told in the Tales of the Heike.

paragraph: The legend of Atsumori's death, as told in "The Tales of the Heike," goes as follows. The Heike were scattered by Yoshitsune's attack from the Ichi-no-Tani cliff. Kumagai no Jirō Naozane, while scanning the beach for fleeing soldiers, spotted the young Atsumori swimming towards the fleeing vessels. Kumagai beckons Atsumori with his fan, taunting Atsumori by saying, “I see that you are a Commander-in-Chief. It is dishonorable to show your back to an enemy. Return!” (316, t. McCullough). The two grappled on the beach, but Kumagai was too powerful. Kumagai knocks off Atsumori's helmet to deliver the finishing blow, only to be struck by the beauty of the young noble. Atsumori was “sixteen or seventeen years old, with a lightly powdered face and blackened teeth—a boy just the age of Naozane's own son...” (317, t. McCullough).

paragraph: Kumagai, wishing to spare the boy, asks for Atsumori's name, but the child refuses. Atsumori simply says that he is famous enough that Kumagai's superiors will recognize his head when it is time to assign rewards. At that moment, other Minamoto warriors arrived at the scene, and Kumagai knows that if he doesn't kill Atsumori, the other warriors surely will. Kumagai reasons that it is better if he is the one to kill Atsumori, because he can offer prayers on his behalf for the afterlife. Crying, Kumagai beheads the boy. Searching the body for something to wrap the head in, he came across a bag containing a flute. He realized that Atsumori must have been one of the soldiers playing music before the battle and thought, “There are tens of thousands of riders in our eastern armies, but I am sure none of them has brought a flute to the battlefield. Those court nobles are refined men!” (317, t. McCullough).

paragraph: It is said that the beheading of Atsumori is what led Kumagai to take priestly vows and become a Buddhist monk.

paragraph: Section::::Atsumori in other works.

paragraph: The Atsumori narrative became the subject of many spin-offs, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Noh play, "Atsumori", which follows Kumagai, now known as the Buddhist priest Renshō, as he speaks with and prays for the dead Atsumori.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bunraku puppet play, later adapted for Kabuki, "Ichinotani Futaba Gunki"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Narrative: Atsumori", which expands upon the Tales of the Heike version and includes a section where Kumagai personally returns the body of Atsumori to the Minamoto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Atsumori", the tale of the resulting plight of Atsumori's wife and his yet unborn son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The lesser-known Kabuki play "Sakigake Genpei Tsutsuji" (otherwise called "Ogiya Kumagai", or "Suma no Miyako Genpei Tsutsuji"), where Atsumori hides his identity by dressing up as the girl Kohagi and working in a fan shop.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atsumori, as a Kami, is a character in Wen Spencer's modern fantasy novel "Eight Million Gods".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: McCullough, Helen Craig. (1988). "The Tale of the Heike". Stanford: Stanford University Press. ; OCLC 16472263

description: Famous for his early death in single combat at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani

wikidata_label: Taira no Atsumori

wikipedia_title: Taira no Atsumori


text:
courtesy name
Song dynasty
Hangzhou
Zhejiang
magic square
magic circles
binomial theorem
Yang Hui's Triangle
Pascal's Triangle
Jia Xian
Qin Jiushao
Pascal's Triangle
Jia Xian
Liu Ruxie
Zhu Shijie
magic circles
diagram
combinatorial
magic squares
magic circles
Li Chunfeng
Liu Yi
mathematics
parallelogram
Euclid
gnomon
Matteo Ricci
Ming
Xu Guangqi
quadratic equation
History of mathematics
List of mathematicians
Chinese mathematics
"Yang Hui"
Encyclopedia of China
Yang Hui at MacTutor

categories: 1298 deaths,Medieval Chinese mathematicians,Magic squares,Mathematicians from Zhejiang,13th-century mathematicians,1238 births,Song dynasty science writers

paragraph: Yang Hui

paragraph: Yang Hui (, ca. 1238–1298), courtesy name Qianguang (謙光), was a Chinese mathematician and writer during the Song dynasty. Originally, from Qiantang (modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang), Yang worked on magic squares, magic circles and the binomial theorem, and is best known for his contribution of presenting Yang Hui's Triangle. This triangle was the same as Pascal's Triangle, discovered by Yang's predecessor Jia Xian. Yang was also a contemporary to the other famous mathematician Qin Jiushao.

paragraph: Section::::Written work.

paragraph: The earliest extant Chinese illustration of 'Pascal's Triangle' is from Yang's book "Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa" (詳解九章算法) of 1261 AD, in which Yang acknowledged that his method of finding square roots and cubic roots using "Yang Hui's Triangle" was invented by mathematician Jia Xian who expounded it around 1100 AD, about 500 years before Pascal. In his book (now lost) known as "Rújī Shìsuǒ" (如積釋鎖) or "Piling-up Powers and Unlocking Coefficients", which is known through his contemporary mathematician Liu Ruxie (劉汝諧). Jia described the method used as 'li cheng shi suo' (the tabulation system for unlocking binomial coefficients). It appeared again in a publication of Zhu Shijie's book "Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns" (四元玉鑒) of 1303 AD.

paragraph: Around 1275 AD, Yang finally had two published mathematical books, which were known as the "Xugu Zhaiqi Suanfa" (續古摘奇算法) and the "Suanfa Tongbian Benmo" (算法通變本末, summarily called Yang Hui suanfa 楊輝算法). In the former book, Yang wrote of arrangement of natural numbers around concentric and non concentric circles, known as magic circles and vertical-horizontal diagrams of complex combinatorial arrangements known as magic squares and magic circles, providing rules for their construction. In his writing, he harshly criticized the earlier works of Li Chunfeng and Liu Yi (劉益), the latter of whom were both content with using methods without working out their theoretical origins or principle. Displaying a somewhat modern attitude and approach to mathematics, Yang once said:

paragraph: In his written work, Yang provided theoretical proof for the proposition that the complements of the parallelograms which are about the diameter of any given parallelogram are equal to one another. This was the same idea expressed in the Greek mathematician Euclid's (fl. 300 BC) forty-third proposition of his first book, only Yang used the case of a rectangle and gnomon. There were also a number of other geometrical problems and theoretical mathematical propositions posed by Yang that were strikingly similar to the Euclidean system. However, the first books of Euclid to be translated into Chinese was by the cooperative effort of the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci and the Ming official Xu Guangqi in the early 17th century.

paragraph: Yang's writing represents the first in which quadratic equations with negative coefficients of 'x' appear, although he attributes this to the earlier Liu Yi. Yang was also well known for his ability to manipulate decimal fractions. When he wished to multiply the figures in a rectangular field with a breadth of 24 paces 3 ⁄ ft. and length of 36 paces 2 ⁄, Yang expressed them in decimal parts of the pace, as 24.68 X 36.56 = 902.3008.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of mathematics

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of mathematicians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese mathematics

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth". Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li, Jimin, "Yang Hui". "Encyclopedia of China" (Mathematics Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yang Hui at MacTutor

description: Chinese mathematician

wikidata_label: Yang Hui

wikipedia_title: Yang Hui


text:
Vaasa
Tampere
Swedish Technical College
Tampere Workers' Theatre
Tampere Theatre
Eine Laine
King Lear
Tukkipojan morsian
Aatamin puvussa ja vähän Eevankin
Pohjalaisia
Asessorin naishuolet
Seitsemän veljestä
Kohtalo johtaa meitä
Katariina ja Munkkiniemen kreivi

categories: 1946 deaths,People from Vaasa,1892 births,Finnish male stage actors,Finnish male film actors

paragraph: Yrjö Tuominen

paragraph: Yrjö Tuominen (April 20, 1892 in Vaasa - October 13, 1946) was a Finnish actor.

paragraph: He studied at Tampere in the Swedish Technical College, and got a job in a Tampere linen factory as a machine draftsman. He started as an actor at the Tampere Workers' Theatre in 1919, then the Tampere Theatre. He then moved to the Helsinki theatre scene, where his future wife, Eine Laine, worked. At The National Theatre of Finland he developed a reputation as a fine character actor, and performed in roles as numerous Shakespearean characters such as King Lear.

paragraph: Yrjö Tuominen is seen in more than 50 films. His movie career began in 1924, but it is his 1930s and 1940s films which he is best remembered for such as "Tukkipojan morsian" (1931), "Aatamin puvussa ja vähän Eevankin" (1931), "Pohjalaisia" (1936), "Asessorin naishuolet" (1937), "Seitsemän veljestä" (1939), "Kohtalo johtaa meitä" (1943), and "Katariina ja Munkkiniemen kreivi" (1945). In the 1940s up to his death he usually played respectable folk such as vicars, professors or judges and other people of authority.

description: Finnish actor

wikidata_label: Yrjö Tuominen

wikipedia_title: Yrjö Tuominen


text:
Aughathella, Queensland
1984 New York Games
Gothenburg
Sweden
1988 Seoul Games
Australian Goalball Team
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
NAIDOC
NAIDOC

categories: Indigenous Australian Paralympians,Goalball players at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,1966 births,Goalball players at the 1992 Summer Paralympics,Goalball players at the 1996 Summer Paralympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Paralympics,Medalists at the 1984 Summer Paralympics,Visually Impaired category Paralympic competitors,Paralympic athletes of Australia,Living people,Paralympic bronze medalists for Australia

paragraph: Warren Lawton

paragraph: He was born on 23 March 1966 in Aughathella, Queensland and has been visually impaired since birth. At the 1984 New York Games, he competed in three athletics events and won a bronze medal in the Men's High Jump B3. He won a bronze medal in the Men's High Jump at the 1986 World Championships for the Disabled, Gothenburg, Sweden. He competed in two athletics events at the 1988 Seoul Games.

paragraph: He was a member of the Australian Goalball Team at the 1992 Barcelona, 1996 Atlanta and 2000 Sydney Games. He was one of the fastest goalball throwers in the world. His throw has been clocked on the police radar at 80 km per hour. After the 2000 Games, he took up coaching.

paragraph: In 1986 he was awarded the NAIDOC Aboriginal Sportsman of the Year and in 2001 the NAIDOC Sportsperson of the Year.

description: Australian Paralympic athlete

wikidata_label: Warren Lawton

wikipedia_title: Warren Lawton


text: Conservative

text: David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes

text: Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet

text: Harrow School

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: East Lothian

text: Newhailes

text: Buteshire

text: Ipswich

text: baronet

text: Privy Council

text: Inveresk

text: Edward Hunter Blair, 4th Baronet

categories: UK MPs 1880–1885,UK MPs 1892–1895,1916 deaths,Scottish Freemasons,UK MPs 1885–1886,1839 births,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1874–1880,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1868–1874,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Ipswich,UK MPs 1886–1892,UK MPs 1895–1900,Deputy Lieutenants of Buteshire,UK MPs 1900–1906,Scottish justices of the peace,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet (15 October 1839 – 20 June 1916), was a Scottish Conservative politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born Charles Fergusson, he was the second surviving son of Sir Charles Dalrymple Fergusson, 5th Baronet, and grandson of Sir James Fergusson, 4th Baronet, and his wife Jean, daughter of David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes. Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet, was his elder brother. On the death of his father in 1849 he assumed the surname of Dalrymple in lieu of Fergusson. He was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with third-class honours in classics. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1865.

paragraph: In 1849 he assumed the surname Dalrymple in lieu of his patronymic in accordance with the will of his great-grandfather David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes

paragraph: He was a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for East Lothian, and a JP for Midlothian and Ayrshire, and a captain in the Prince Regent's Ayr and Wigtown Militia. His seat was at Newhailes, Musselburgh.

paragraph: He entered Parliament for Buteshire in 1868, a seat he held, with a brief interruption from April to July 1880, until 1885, and later represented Ipswich from 1886 to 1906. He was created a baronet, of New Hailes in the County of Midlothian, in 1887, and sworn of the Privy Council, in 1905.

paragraph: From 1894 to 1896 he was Grand Master of the Freemasons in Scotland.

paragraph: Dalrymple died on 20 June 1916, aged 76. He is buried in Inveresk churchyard. The grave lies in the north-west corner of the first Victorian cemetery extension, west of the main churchyard.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Alice Mary Hunter Blair (1850-1882) daughter of Sir Edward Hunter Blair, 4th Baronet.

paragraph: Their son, Lt Cmdr David Charles Herbert Dalrymple (1879-1932), inherited the estates when he became 2nd baronet.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Charles Dalrymple, 1st Baronet


text:
East Nusa Tenggara
Kupang
El Tari Airport
Website Bandara El Tari Kupang
Berita

categories: 1926 births,Governors of East Nusa Tenggara,Indonesian Christians,1978 deaths,People from Kupang

paragraph: El Tari

paragraph: Elias Tari (17 April 1926 - 29 April 1978) was the Governor of East Nusa Tenggara from 1966 to 1978. His name became the name of an airport in Kupang, El Tari Airport.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website Bandara El Tari Kupang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berita

description: Indonesian politician

wikidata_label: El Tari

wikipedia_title: El Tari


text:
Wuppertal
Hochschule für Musik Detmold
Hans Richter-Haaser
Josef Suk
Tibor Varga
Wanda Wiłkomirska
Anner Bylsma
André Navarra
Hans Clarin
Dieter Klöcker
Consortium Classicum
Richard Wagner
Richard-Wagner-Verband
Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe
Weikersheim
Trossingen
Curitiba
WDR
SWR
Alexander Zemlinsky
Helmar Stiehler
Ferruccio Busoni
Klesie Kelly
Ian Partridge
Hermann Baumann
Karl-Otto Hartmann
Wiener Flötenuhr
Werner Genuit
Werner Genuit

categories: 20th-century classical composers,German classical pianists,20th-century German composers,1937 births,20th-century classical pianists,German classical composers,German male pianists,German male classical composers,1997 deaths,Hochschule für Musik Detmold alumni

paragraph: Werner Genuit

paragraph: Werner Genuit (3 June 1937 – 3 January 1997) was a German classical pianist, composer and academic teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Wuppertal, Genuit was first trained to be a baker. He then studied the piano at the "Nordwestdeutsche Musikakademie", now the Hochschule für Musik Detmold, with Hans Richter-Haaser, and in Geneva with Louis Hiltbrand, where he graduated with a "Premier Prix à L'Unamité".

paragraph: He played concerts internationally as a soloist and chamber musician, with partners such as violinists Josef Suk, Tibor Varga and Wanda Wiłkomirska, cellists Anner Bylsma and André Navarra, speaker Hans Clarin, clarinetist Dieter Klöcker, whom he knew from childhood, and his ensemble Consortium Classicum. In 1976, he played the complete works for piano by Richard Wagner for the national congress of the "Richard-Wagner-Verband" in Nürnberg. He also made two tours through Southern Africa to audience acclaim.

paragraph: Genuit taught at today's "Hochschule für Musik Detmold" from 1970 to 1982, and was then professor for piano at the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe. The institute named a hall after him. He gave regular master classes in Weikersheim, Trossingen and Curitiba (Brazil).

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Genuit made many recordings for record, broadcast (WDR and SWR) and TV. For the WDR, he recorded for example Alexander Zemlinsky's "Clarinet Trio" in D minor, Op. 3, with Klöcker (clarinet) and Helmar Stiehler (cello), broadcast again on 1 May 2014. He recorded "Clarinet Chamber Music" by Ferruccio Busoni with Klöcker and the Consortium Classicum. In 1977, he recorded evening songs and love songs ("Abendlieder, Liebeslieder und Romanzen") with soprano Klesie Kelly. tenor Ian Partridge, and instrumental soloists including Hermann Baumann (horn), Klöcker (clarinet), and Karl-Otto Hartmann. He was awarded prizes such as the "Premio della Critica Discografico Italiana" and the "Wiener Flötenuhr“ for the best interpretation of Mozart's works, among others.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner Genuit arkivmusic.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner Genuit Bibliotheken Archive Museen

description: German classical composer

wikidata_label: Werner Genuit

wikipedia_title: Werner Genuit