text: Lekeitio

text: Bilbao

text: Basque

text: Herri Batasuna

text: death squad

text: Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación

text: Valladolid

text: Basurtu

text: Teresa Aldamiz

text: ikastola

text: Bizkaia

text: ETA

text: Argala

text: KAS alternatiba

text: Franco

text: HASI

text: Eusko Gudariak

text: Juan Carlos I

text: Gernika

text: Primo de Rivera

text: Francisco Franco

text: Audiencia Nacional of Spain

text: Guardia Civil

text: Bilbao

text: Ametzola

text: Lekeitio

text: GAL

text: Argia

text: El asesinato de Santiago Brouard

text: Santiago Brouard Jauna

categories: Basque conflict,1984 deaths,Basque politicians,1919 births,People from Lea-Artibai

paragraph: Santiago Brouard

paragraph: Santiago Brouard or Santi Brouard (1919 in Lekeitio – 20 November 1984 in Bilbao) was a doctor and Basque politician. He was one of the leaders of Herri Batasuna, and deputy mayor of Bilbao. He was killed by the Spanish government's death squad, the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL), in one of its highest-profile acts. Broaurd was shot by GAL gunmen Luis Morcillo and Rafael López Ocaña as he left his paediatric clinic in Bilbao.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born in the town of Lekeitio, he studied medicine in the university of Valladolid. After finishing his studies he went back to the Basque Country and specialized in paediatrics in Basurtu hospital. He married Teresa Aldamiz, with whom he had three children. He helped create the first ikastolas (schools where lessons were given in Basque language) in Bizkaia.

paragraph: Section::::Joining politics.

paragraph: In 1974 Brouard had to escape to the Northern Basque Country (French side of the Basque Country) after he treated an ETA member who had been shot by the Spanish police. There he met leading ETA members, such as Argala. He took part in the creation of the KAS alternatiba when Franco's regime was about to end. Brouard was one of the creators of EHAS, the group that after 1977 would be known as HASI. Brouard was named president of HASI and when Herri Batasuna was created, he became a member of that party. He always saw himself as Basque nationalist and socialist.

paragraph: When he returned from exile, he resumed work as a doctor and remained active in politics. He was sent to prison in 1983 together with other Herri Batasuna members accused of singing the Basque fighters song Eusko Gudariak when the Spanish King Juan Carlos I went to Gernika. They interrupted his speech and all members who were singing had to be carried out of the building, amid protests. He became a member of the National Executive of Herri Batasuna, and later became a deputy in the Spanish parliament in Madrid. At the same time, he was deputy mayor of Bilbao.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Santi Brouard had been warned that right-wing Spanish paramilitary groups had targeted him, but he said he would not flee and that he would not lock his office door because of it. On 20 November 1984 Luis Morcillo and Rafael López Ocaña shot him dead at his workplace. The day on which they killed Brouard was the date on which in previous years José Antonio Primo de Rivera and Francisco Franco died.

paragraph: The police investigation identified and accused Morcillo and López Ocaña of killing Brouard, but a judge in the Audiencia Nacional of Spain released them from prison in 1999. In 2013, Morcillo stated that the killing was ordered by Guardia Civil commander Rafael Masa, probably at the instigation of Julián Sancristóbal, then a State Security official. The killers were paid 7.5m pesetas by the Ministry of the Interior.

paragraph: Section::::Recognitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The mayor of Bilbao named a street after Brouard in the neighbourhood of Ametzola.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The mayor of Lekeitio named the public sportsfield of the town after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GAL

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santi Brouard. Euskal Herria osagai. Duingastuna omen Documentary made by the popular movement 'Euskal Herria osagai' in Lekeitio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Santi Brouard after Hasi's congress Interview in the magazine Argia (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25 years remembering Santi Brouard in Andalucia Article in the webpage Kaos en la Red

paragraph: BULLET::::- El asesinato de Santiago Brouard Special webpage by El Mundo about GAL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rafael López Ocaña admits having killed Santi Brouard Piece of news in the webpage of Torturaren Kontrako Taldea (Group Against Torture)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santiago Brouard Jauna Article in the magazine Argia (1999)

description: Basque politician and doctor

wikidata_label: Santiago Brouard

wikipedia_title: Santiago Brouard


text: Leixlip

text: Celbridge

text: Member of Parliament

text: William James Conolly

text: Castletown House

text: County Kildare

text: Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford

text: Lady Louisa Lennox

text: Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond

text: Parliament of Great Britain

text: Malmesbury

text: Chichester

text: Parliament of Ireland

text: Ballyshannon

text: County Londonderry

text: Privy Council of Ireland

text: Dublin

text: Kildare Street Club

text: Wentworth Castle

text: Edward Pakenham

text: William Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew

text: Erne

text: Belleek

text: Fermanagh

text: Ballyshannon

text: Donegal

text: 5, St James's Square

text: townhouse

text: George Byng

text: John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford

categories: British MPs 1768–1774,Irish MPs 1783–1790,Members of the Privy Council of Ireland,British MPs 1761–1768,British MPs 1754–1761,Irish MPs 1776–1783,1738 births,19th-century Irish people,Irish MPs 1798–1800,Politicians from County Kildare,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Donegal constituencies,Irish MPs 1769–1776,Irish MPs 1790–1797,Irish MPs 1761–1768,British MPs 1774–1780,1803 deaths,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,18th-century Irish people

paragraph: Thomas Conolly (1738–1803)

paragraph: Thomas Conolly (Leixlip Castle, 1738 – 27 April 1803 Celbridge) was an Irish landowner and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Conolly was the son and heir of William James Conolly (d.1754) of Castletown House, County Kildare, Ireland, by his wife Lady Anne Wentworth, daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1672–1739). In 1758 he married Lady Louisa Lennox, a daughter of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, but had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Conolly sat in the Parliament of Great Britain for Malmesbury from 1759 to 1768 and for Chichester from 1768 to 1780. In 1761 he was elected to the Parliament of Ireland for Ballyshannon and for County Londonderry, sitting for the latter constituency until May 1800. On 6 April 1761 he was appointed to the Privy Council of Ireland. In Dublin, Conolly was a member of the Kildare Street Club.

paragraph: Section::::Property.

paragraph: Section::::Property.:Wentworth Castle.

paragraph: In 1802 Conolly was left Wentworth Castle by his second cousin Augusta Anne Hatfield-Kaye, sister of Frederick Wentworth, 3rd Earl of Strafford. On his death Wentworth Castle was inherited by Frederick Thomas William Vernon, grandson of the 1st Earl of Strafford's daughter Harriet Wentworth.

paragraph: Section::::Property.:Castletown House.

paragraph: Castletown House passed to his widow Lady Louisa and then to Edward Pakenham, grandson of Conolly's sister Harriet Conolly, and was sold by William Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Property.:Cliff House.

paragraph: The Conolly summer residence 'Cliff House' on the banks of the River Erne between Belleek, County Fermanagh and Ballyshannon County Donegal was demolished as part of the Erne Hydroelectric scheme, which constructed the Cliff and Cathaleen's Fall hydroelectric power stations. Cliff hydroelectric power station was constructed on the site of 'Cliff House' and was commissioned in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Property.:5, St James's Square.

paragraph: Wentworth House, 5, St James's Square, Conolly's London townhouse, built by his uncle William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1722–1791), became the property of his nephew George Byng (1764–1847), the son of his sister Anne Conolly, whose younger brother was Field Marshal John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford (1772-1860), elevated to the peerage in 1847 with the same territorial designation as the earldom of his maternal cousins, which earldom had become extinct in 1799.

description: Irish politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Conolly

wikipedia_title: Thomas Conolly (1738–1803)


text:
Estonia
actor
theatre director
pedagogue
People's Artist of the USSR
Veski
Märjamaa Parish
Tallinn
Ants Lauter Award
Kolme katku vahel
King Lear
Valge laev
Tuuline rand
Must nagu mina
Posol Sovetskogo Soyuza
Viimne reliikvia
Mehed ei nuta
Dead Season
Far in the West
Mäeküla piimamees
Hamlet
Kutsumata külalised
Polkovnik
Kapitan pervogo ranga
The Rumyantsev Case
Andruse õnn
Valgus Koordis
Elu tsitadellis
VMV 6
Russian Wikipedia

categories: People from the Governorate of Estonia,Estonian male film actors,Estonian male stage actors,Soviet male film actors,Burials at Metsakalmistu,20th-century Estonian male actors,19th-century Estonian people,1973 deaths,People from Märjamaa Parish,1894 births,People's Artists of the USSR

paragraph: Ants Lauter

paragraph: Ants Lauter ( – – 30 October 1973) was an Estonian actor, theatre director and pedagogue, People's Artist of the USSR (1948). He was born in Veski, Märjamaa Parish, and died, aged 79, in Tallinn.

paragraph: Since 1974 the Ants Lauter Award () has been given to a young stage actor or theatre director.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 — Kolme katku vahel — "Mr. Henrik Claesson Horn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 — King Lear

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 — Valge laev — "episode"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 — Tuuline rand — "episode"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 — Must nagu mina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 — Posol Sovetskogo Soyuza

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 — Viimne reliikvia / "The Last Relic" — "Old man"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 — Mehed ei nuta — "managing director"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 — Dead Season

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 — Far in the West — "grandfather"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 — Mäeküla piimamees — "Baron von Kremer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 — Hamlet — "priest"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 — Kutsumata külalised — "Polkovnik Kikas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 — Kapitan pervogo ranga

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 — The Rumyantsev Case

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 — Andruse õnn — "Aruland"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 — Valgus Koordis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 — Elu tsitadellis "episode"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 — VMV 6 — "Captain of a smuggling vessel"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This article includes content from the Russian Wikipedia article ."

description: Estonian actor

wikidata_label: Ants Lauter

wikipedia_title: Ants Lauter


text:
Menabilly
Fowey
House of Commons
Jonathan Rashleigh
Sir John Carew, 3rd Baronet
Antony
Winchester College
New College, Oxford
Member of Parliament
Liskeard
1710 general election
1713 general election
1715 general election
1722 general election
Menabilly House
Jonathan

categories: British MPs 1710–1713,1736 deaths,Rashleigh family,British MPs 1713–1715,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall,1689 births

paragraph: Philip Rashleigh (1689–1736)

paragraph: Philip Rashleigh (1689–1736) of Menabilly, near Fowey, Cornwall, was a British landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1710 to 1722.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rashleigh was the eldest surviving son of Jonathan Rashleigh MP, of Menabilly and his second wife Jane Carew, a daughter of Sir John Carew, 3rd Baronet of Antony, Torpoint, Cornwall. He succeeded to his father’s estates in 1702, when still a minor and was under the guardianship of his uncles. He was educated at Winchester College from 1704 to 1706 and matriculated at New College, Oxford on 4 September 1707, aged 18.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Rashleigh was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Liskeard at the 1710 general election. He was an inactive MP and was classed as a Tory. He was returned unopposed again at the 1713 general election, and at the 1715 general election. He was a Tory and in 1715 a treasonable pamphlet was addressed to him which was seized on government orders in the post at Exeter. He did not stand at the 1722 general election.

paragraph: Rashleigh rebuilt Menabilly House circa 1710-15.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Rashleigh died unmarried on 12 August 1736, and his estates were inherited by his younger brother Jonathan.

description: British politician (1689-1736)

wikidata_label: Philip Rashleigh

wikipedia_title: Philip Rashleigh (1689–1736)


text: Taoist

text: Neidan

text: Quwo

text: Linfen

text: Shanxi

text: Beijing

text: ophthalmology

text: Henan

text: Shaanxi

text: Gansu

text: Ningxia

text: Yuzhong

text: Zhouyi cantong qi

text: Wuzhen pian

text: Yinfu jing

text: Jindan sibai zi

text: Journey to the West

text: Yijing

text: Daode jing

text: unity of the three teachings

text: Taoism

text: Buddhism

text: Confucianism

text: Neo-Confucian

text: Three Treasures

text: Buddhism

text: Trikaya

text: Tao

text: wuwei

text: Liu Yiming

text: chapter 4

text: chapter 6

text: chapter 16

text: chapter 19

categories: 1831 deaths,1734 births,Qing dynasty Taoists

paragraph: Liu Yiming

paragraph: Liu Yiming (1734–1821) was one of the main representatives of Taoist Internal Alchemy, or Neidan. He was an 11th-generation master of one of the northern branches of the Longmen 龍門 (Dragon Gate) lineage, and the author of a large number of works that illustrate his views on both Taoism and Neidan.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Liu Yiming was born in 1734 in Quwo, Pingyang 平陽 (in present-day Linfen, Shanxi). Before he reached the age of 20, he was severely ill three times (Sun Yongle 2011:302). After recovery, he began to travel, and in 1753 or 1754 he met his first master, whom he calls the Kangu Laoren 龕谷老人 (Old Man of the Kangu Valley). In 1757, he stayed in Beijing, where he studied ophthalmology following his father’s wish. Five years later, he moved to Henan, where he lived until 1765 working as a doctor (Sun Yongle 2011:302).

paragraph: In 1766 he resumed traveling, and around 1768 he met the Xianliu zhangren 遇仙留丈 (Great Man Who Rests in Immortality), who became his main master. The Xianliu zhangren (himself an earlier disciple of the Kangu laoren) gave Liu Yiming teachings on Neidan. As Liu Yiming reports in one of his works, it was under the Xianliu zhangren that he obtained the full awakening (Liu Yiming 2013:34; Baldrian-Hussein 2008:691).

paragraph: After the death of his father in 1769, Liu Yiming—who was then in his mid-30s—alternated periods of traveling (in Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and elsewhere) and of seclusion for a decade. In 1779 or 1780, he visited the Qiyun 棲雲 mountains in Jincheng 金城 (present-day Yuzhong, Gansu) and settled there to practice self-cultivation. From that time, this mountain became his stable residence, even though he occasionally traveled elsewhere. His abode, called Zizai wo 自在窩 (Nest of Being by Oneself), is still extant in the present day (Sun Yongle 2011:304; Baldrian-Hussein 2008:691).

paragraph: Liu Yiming devoted the second half of his life to teaching and writing. His biographies also report that he used his financial resources to restore temples, shrines, and other buildings; to buy and lease fields to poor farmers; and to provide burial ground to those who could not afford it. In 1816, he prognosticated an auspicious place for his tomb on top of the Qiyun mountains, and his “tomb cave” was built there. In 1821, on the 6th day of the 1st lunar month, Liu Yiming entered the cave, pronounced his final words to his disciples, and died (Sun Yongle 2011:8).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The main collection of Liu Yiming's works is entitled "Daoshu shi'er zhong" 道書十二種 (Twelve Books on the Dao; Pregadio 2008:331-33). His best-known works—all found in this collection—consist of commentaries to Neidan texts and of independent works on Neidan, including the following:

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Main commentaries to Neidan texts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cantong zhizhi" 參同直指 (Straightforward Directions on the "Unity of the Three"), on the "Zhouyi cantong qi" (The Seal of the Unity of the Three)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wuzhen zhizhi" 悟真直指 (Straightforward Directions on the "Awakening to Reality"), on the "Wuzhen pian" (Awakening to Reality); trans. Cleary 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yinfu jing zhu" 陰符經注 (Commentary to the "Scripture of the Hidden Agreement"), on the "Yinfu jing" (Scripture of the Hidden Agreement); trans. Cleary 1991:220-38

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jindan sibai zi jie" 金丹四百字解 (Explication of the "Four Hundred Words on the Golden Elixir"), on the "Jindan sibai zi" (Four Hundred Words on the Golden Elixir), with additional poems by Liu Yiming; trans. Cleary 1986a:3-48

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Main works on Neidan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiangyan poyi" 象言破疑 (Removing Doubts on Symbolic Language); trans. Cleary, 1986a:51-118

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiuzhen biannan" 修真辨難 (Discriminations on Difficult Points in Cultivating Reality); selections trans. in Pregadio 2019: 239-53

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiuzhen houbian" 修真後辨 (Further Discriminations in Cultivating Reality); trans. in Liu Yiming 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wudao lu" 悟道錄 (Accounts of an Awakening to the Dao); trans. Cleary 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiyou yuanzhi" 西遊原旨 (The Original Purport of the "Journey to the West"), containing a Neidan interpretation of the Ming-dynasty novel "Journey to the West"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: In addition, Liu Yiming wrote:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several books on the "Yijing" (Book of Changes); one of them, the "Zhouyi chanzhen" 周易闡真 (Uncovering the True in the Book of Changes), is translated in Cleary 1986b

paragraph: BULLET::::- Little-known commentaries to the "Daode jing" and to Buddhist texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works on ophthalmology, the subject he studied in his youth

paragraph: This summary of Liu Yiming's views on Taoism and Internal Alchemy is mainly based on the "Xiuzhen houbian" (Further Discriminations in Cultivating Reality; English trans. in Liu Yiming 2013). The main Chinese works on Liu Yiming are Liu Ning 2001; Liu Zhongyu 2010; and Jia Laisheng 2011.

paragraph: Although the "unity of the three teachings" (Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism) is not a major theme in his teachings, Liu Yiming does use Buddhist and Neo-Confucian terminology, to different extents according to the individual texts he wrote (Baldrian-Hussein 2008:691). This is a major aspect of Neidan (Internal Alchemy) itself, whose masters frequently draw concepts and terms from different traditions if this serves to express their point.

paragraph: Section::::Views on Taoism and Internal Alchemy.:"Precelestial" and "Postcelestial".

paragraph: The distinction between the “precelestial” ("xiantian" 先天) and the “postcelestial” ("houtian" 後天) domains (before and after the generation of the cosmos, respectively) is essential in Liu Yiming’s discourse on Taoism and Internal Alchemy. The precelestial domain harbors Original Essence ("yuanjing" 元精), Original Breath ("yuanqi" 元氣), and Original Spirit ("yuanshen" 元神), which are all formless. Their operation results in the generation of the postcelestial domain (Liu Yiming 2013:23-25). In the human being, Original Essence manifests itself mainly as semen in males and menstrual blood in females; Original Breath manifests itself mainly as the ordinary breath of inspiration and expiration; and Original Spirit manifests itself mainly as the thinking mind (Liu Yiming 2013:27; see Three Treasures). The precelestial state is Yang, and the postcelestial state is Yin. The shift from one to the other state is seen as inevitable; however, the precelestial state is not erased, but only concealed within the postcelestial (Liu Yiming 2013:50, 124, 141).

paragraph: Above the precelestial and postcelestial domains, Liu Yiming places the Precelestial Breath of True Unity ("xiantian zhenyi zhi qi" 先天真一之氣). This state is beyond definition or description: “It cannot be compared to the postcelestial breath of inspiration and expiration, the thinking spirit, and the essence of the intercourse; and it also cannot be equated to the Original Essence, the Original Breath, and the Original Spirit” (Liu Yiming 2013:32). In alchemical terms, according to Liu Yiming, the Precelestial Breath of True Unity is the Golden Elixir (id.). The Elixir, therefore, consists in the conjunction of the precelestial and the postcelestial, and grants access to the higher state of non-duality, or True Unity.

paragraph: Section::::Views on Taoism and Internal Alchemy.:The Human Being.

paragraph: The Mysterious Barrier. The One Opening of the Mysterious Barrier ("xuanguan yiqiao" 玄關一竅) is the spaceless center of the human being. Liu Yiming agrees with earlier Neidan masters in saying that this center is neither in the body nor in the mind (Liu Yiming 2013:101-2). The One Opening harbors the Precelestial Breath of True Unity. With the shift from the precelestial to the postcelestial, the precelestial True Yang becomes concealed within the postcelestial Yin, and the recognition of the spaceless center is lost. In the images of the "Yijing" (Book of Changes), True Yang becomes the solid line (⚊) found within Kan ☵, surrounded by two broken Yin lines. The purpose of Neidan consists in recovering the Yang within Kan ☵ and in using it to replace the Yin within Li ☲. This allows Qian ☰ (True Yang) and Kun ☷ (True Yin) to be reconstituted and then newly joined to one another.

paragraph: Nature and Existence. Nature ("xing" 性) and Existence ("ming" 命) are the two main poles of one’s life, and the core of Neidan: “The Way of the Golden Elixir is the Way of cultivating Nature and Existence” ("Xiuzhen biannan"). “Nature” refers to one’s authentic, inner Nature, which is innately perfected. “Existence” refers to one’s life as an individual being, including one’s function in existence as a whole. According to Liu Yiming, the shift from the precelestial to the postcelestial involves that both Nature and Existence take on two aspects, which he calls “true” and “false” (Liu Yiming 2013:44). One’s true Nature can be hidden by one’s false personality; and one’s true Existence (or “true destiny”) can be concealed by “following the course” ("shun" 順) of life. The gradual process of Neidan provides a means for “inverting the course” ("ni" 逆), making it possible first to “return to one’s destiny,” and then to “see one’s Nature.”

paragraph: Body and Mind. In Liu Yiming’s view, the ordinary body and mind are “illusory” ("huan" 幻). Their authentic counterparts are the “dharma-body” ("fashen" 法身) and the “celestial mind” ("tianxin" 天心). The celestial mind is “utterly empty and utterly numinous, silent and unmoving,” and “pervades throughout by responding to impulses” (Liu Yiming 2013:40). The dharma-body (a term that in Buddhism means the awakened “body” of the Buddha; see Trikaya) has “no head and no tail, no front and no back; it stands at the center and does not slant” (id.). With the shift to the postcelestial domain, “the dharma-body is buried and the illusory body takes charge, the celestial mind retires from its position and the human mind takes power” (id.). Neidan makes it possible to attain “the utmost of quiescence,” which is a property of the celestial mind. Moreover, the practice is concluded with the birth of the Embryo of Sainthood ("shengtai" 聖胎), which in Liu Yiming’s view is equivalent to one’s dharma-body, or “true body” (Liu Yiming 2013:62).

paragraph: Section::::Views on Taoism and Internal Alchemy.:Neidan (Internal Alchemy).

paragraph: "Superior Virtue" and "Inferior Virtue". Concerning Neidan, Liu Yiming makes a fundamental distinction between two ways of self-cultivation, respectively called “superior virtue” ("shangde" 上德) and “inferior virtue” ("xiade" 下德; Liu Yiming 2013:117-20). Superior virtue is the state in which the precelestial has not been damaged and the original state of Unity is unspoiled. The few persons who have an inherent potential to preserve this state only need to “protect it and guard it” (Liu Yiming 2013:117). This requires receiving the instructions of a master, but the method ("fa" 法) ultimately consists in following the Tao itself: there is no need to “do” a practice, and one operates by “non-doing” ("wuwei" 無為). If this original state is not preserved, the precelestial is dispersed and the postcelestial takes over. To recover the precelestial state, one cannot anymore operate by “non-doing” and instead must “do”: one needs a technique ("shu" 術) through which one can conjoin the True Yang and True Yin now found within the postcelestial Yin and Yang, respectively. This is the way of Internal Alchemy, which is the way of inferior virtue. However, Liu Yiming points out that when the way of inferior virtue has been fulfilled, it leads “to the same destination as superior virtue” (Liu Yiming 2013:118).

paragraph: “Doing” and “Non-Doing”. In parallel to the distinction between superior and inferior virtue, Liu Yiming also establishes a key difference between two aspects, or stages, of the Internal Elixir. These stages focus on the cultivation of Nature and Existence, and they correspond to the ways of superior and inferior virtue, respectively. Those who are able to follow the way of superior virtue perform the two stages simultaneously: “In superior virtue, there is no need to cultivate Existence and one just cultivates Nature: when Nature is fulfilled, then Existence is also fulfilled” (Liu Yiming 2013:119). Everyone else should perform the two stages in sequence, starting from the lower one and then proceeding to the higher one: “In inferior virtue, one must first cultivate Existence and then cultivate Nature; after Existence is fulfilled, one must also fulfill Nature” (id.). The way of superior virtue attains both stages instantly by “non-doing.” Inferior virtue, instead, is the gradual way, and its practice is performed first by “doing” and then by “non-doing.”

paragraph: The Two Elixirs. The stages mentioned above correspond to two different Elixirs, which Liu Yiming calls Small Reverted Elixir ("xiao huandan" 小還丹) and Great Reverted Elixir ("da huandan" 大還丹). The Small Reverted Elixir “consists in returning from the postcelestial to the precelestial” (Liu Yiming 2013:61). This is the movement of ascent, the “inversion of the course” performed through Internal Alchemy. The practice, however, is completed only by compounding the Great Reverted Elixir. At this stage, one performs the complementary movement of descent, returning “from Non-Being to Being, and from the subtle to the manifest” (Liu Yiming 2013:62). Thus Internal Alchemy, through its gradual process, enables one to ascend to the precelestial, but its practice is concluded when the descent to the postcelestial is also performed. Then the precelestial and the postcelestial become one, and one operates by transforming ("hua" 化) the postcelestial into the precelestial.

paragraph: Section::::Works quoted.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen. 2008. “Liu Yiming.” In Fabrizio Pregadio, ed., "The Encyclopedia of Taoism", pp. 690–91. London: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleary, Thomas (trans.). 1986a. "The Inner Teachings of Taoism". Boston and London: Shambhala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleary, Thomas (trans.). 1986b. "The Taoist I Ching". Boston and London: Shambhala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleary, Thomas (trans.). 1987. "Understanding Reality: A Taoist Alchemical Classic". Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleary, Thomas (trans.). 1988. "Awakening to the Tao". Boston and Shaftesbury: Shambhala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleary, Thomas (trans.). 1991. "Vitality, Energy, Spirit: A Taoist Sourcebook". Boston and London: Shambhala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jia Laisheng 贾来生. 2011. "Tiejian daoyi: Liu Yiming dazhuan" 铁肩道义 — 刘一明大传 [Carrying the meaning of the Tao on one’s iron shoulders: A biography of Liu Yiming]. Beijing: Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Ning 刘宁. 2001. "Liu Yiming xiudao sixiang yanjiu" 刘一明修道思想研究 [A study of Liu Yiming’s thought on Cultivating the Tao]. Chengdu: Ba Shu shushe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Yiming (劉一明). 2013. "Cultivating the Tao: Taoism and Internal Alchemy". The "Xiuzhen houbian" (ca. 1798), translated with Introduction and Notes by Fabrizio Pregadio. Mountain View, CA: Golden Elixir Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Zhongyu 劉仲宇. 2010. "Liu Yiming xue’an" 劉一明學案 [Materials for the study of Liu Yiming]. Jinan: Qi Lu shushe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2008. “Daoshu shier zhong (Twelve Books on the Dao).” In Fabrizio Pregadio, ed., "The Encyclopedia of Taoism", pp. 331–33. London: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2019. "Taoist Internal Alchemy: An Anthology of Neidan Texts". Mountain View, CA: Golden Elixir Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Yongle 孙永乐 (ed.). 2011. "Liu Yiming: Qiyun biji" 刘一明 — 栖云笔记 [Liu Yiming: Miscellaneous Notes from Mount Qiyun]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Yiming. From the FYSK Daoist Culture Centre Database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiuzhen houbian" (Further Discriminations in Cultivating Reality), English translation of chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 16, and chapter 19. From the Golden Elixir website.

wikidata_label: Liu Yiming

wikipedia_title: Liu Yiming


text:
American football
quarterback
Houston Texans
National Football League
wide receiver
kick returner
college football
UAB Blazers
Minnesota Vikings
2010 NFL Draft
Carolina Panthers
Buffalo Bills
Ensley High School
Wenonah High School
basketball
baseball
National Honor Society
UAB
2005
redshirted
Watson Brown
2006
Southern Miss
University of Central Florida
2007 season
Neil Callaway
wide receiver
2008 season
C-USA
2009 senior year
NFL combine
Pro Day
bench press
40-yard dash
Minnesota Vikings
2010 NFL Draft
Brad Childress
Minnesota Vikings
National Football League
Buffalo Bills
New York Giants
Chicago Bears
Brett Favre
Philadelphia Eagles
Detroit Lions
2011 season
Detroit Lions
Christian Ponder
Washington Redskins
concussion
2012 season
Green Bay Packers
Christian Ponder
Matt Cassel
Leslie Frazier
Josh Freeman
press conference
Carolina Panthers
quarterback
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Bobby Rainey
Super Bowl 50
Denver Broncos
Buffalo Bills
wildcat formation
special teams
snowy game
Indianapolis Colts
Nathan Peterman
Houston Texans
UAB Blazers Bio
Minnesota Vikings bio
Carolina Panthers bio

categories: Houston Texans players,Minnesota Vikings players,Sportspeople from Birmingham, Alabama,Living people,American football wide receivers,1986 births,American football return specialists,American football quarterbacks,Carolina Panthers players,Players of American football from Alabama,Buffalo Bills players

paragraph: Joe Webb

paragraph: Joseph Webb III (born November 14, 1986) is an American football quarterback for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He also plays as a wide receiver and kick returner. After having played college football for the UAB Blazers, Webb was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft as a quarterback. He has also played for the Carolina Panthers and Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born to Joseph and Wanda Webb, Joe Webb attended Ensley High School from 2001–2004. He transferred to Wenonah High School in 2004, where he was named honorable mention Class 5A All-State by the Alabama Sports Writers Association. While attending Wenonah, he led the team to the first round of state playoffs, eventually finishing third in the region. Webb set a school-record at Wenonah for touchdowns in one game, throwing four in a 415-yard passing performance. Webb also played basketball and baseball and was a member of the National Honor Society.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Webb enrolled at UAB in 2005 and was redshirted for the 2005 season under head coach Watson Brown.

paragraph: In 2006, Webb did not get an opportunity to play until the 11th game at Southern Miss, but he was able to start the final two games of the season. During the season finale at University of Central Florida, he connected on 33-of-51 passes (64.7 percent) for 426 yards with one touchdown pass, a season high for any Blazer quarterback that year.

paragraph: During the 2007 season, under new head coach Neil Callaway, Webb saw extensive action, playing as a wide receiver, starting seven games and finishing the season with 30 receptions for 459 yards with three touchdown catches.

paragraph: The 2008 season was Webb's first full season as UAB's quarterback, starting all 12 contests, where he passed the C-USA record for rushing yards by a quarterback in a single season with 1,021 yards. He was also ranked fourth in the nation for rushing yards for a quarterback. He was voted a permanent season team captain by his Blazer teammates at the end of the season. As a junior, Webb became the first player in NCAA history to pass for more than 2,000 yards and rush for 1,000 in consecutive seasons. Webb was ranked in the top 12 nationally of three statistical categories: total offense (5th), rushing (10th) and passing efficiency (12th).

paragraph: Webb finished his 2009 senior year season with 2,299 passing yards and 1,427 yards on the ground.

paragraph: For his career, Webb had 5,771 passing yards and 2,774 rushing yards for a total of 8,545 offensive yards. He also registered 37 passing touchdowns, 24 rushing touchdowns and four receiving scores. Webb wasn't invited to the 2010 NFL combine.

paragraph: Working out as a wide receiver at UAB Pro Day, some of Webb's numbers would have led other wide receivers' at the NFL combine. His vertical jump of was better than any turned in by a receiver, as was his standing long jump of . Webb's bench press—21 reps at —was the best at his position. Only one other receiver managed 20 reps at the same weight, according to UAB athletic department. Webb also ran the 40-yard dash in 4.43 seconds.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Statistics.

paragraph: "Source":

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2010 season.

paragraph: On April 24, 2010, Webb was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings, 199th overall in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was originally drafted as a quarterback/wide receiver prospect, but then head coach Brad Childress announced that Webb would exclusively play quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: Webb's National Football League (NFL) debut was against the Buffalo Bills on December 5, 2010. He took the opening kickoff – becoming the first Vikings quarterback to return a kickoff – before leaving the game with a hamstring injury.

paragraph: Webb made his professional debut at quarterback on December 13, 2010 against the New York Giants. He completed two-of-five attempts for eight yards and also had a 16-yard run.

paragraph: Webb rushed for his first professional touchdown as quarterback on December 20, 2010, against the Chicago Bears in Minnesota. Filling in for an injured Brett Favre, he completed 15-of-26 passes for 129 yards, with two interceptions; he also had six rushing attempts for 38 yards and a touchdown.

paragraph: On December 28, 2010, Webb made his first career start, against the Philadelphia Eagles. Scoring one rushing touchdown and throwing for 195 yards, he was 17-of-26 with no interceptions. Initially projected to lose by two touchdowns, the Vikings pulled off an upset win, 24–14. In the regular season finale against the Detroit Lions, he finished with 145 passing yards and an interception in the 20–13 loss.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2011 season.

paragraph: During the 2011 season, Webb was used occasionally as part of a "blazer package" specially designed for his unique skill set.

paragraph: In the Vikings' week 14 game vs the Detroit Lions, starting quarterback Christian Ponder was benched early in the third quarter after throwing three interceptions and fumbling once. Webb entered the game with a 31–14 deficit, and proceeded to bring the team back and nearly achieve a victory, throwing his first professional touchdown pass and rushing for 109 yards including a 65-yard touchdown run (a franchise record for quarterbacks, and the longest run of his career). His 109 rushing yards set a franchise record for most rushing yards in a game by a quarterback. Webb's efforts ultimately led to a 1st and goal situation at the one-yard line with nine seconds in the game and a score of 34–28. On the final play, Webb fumbled the ball ending the game.

paragraph: On December 24, 2011 against the Washington Redskins, Webb came in after Ponder left the game with a concussion. Webb was 4-of-5 for 84 yards and two touchdowns for a perfect 158.3 passer rating; he rushed for another touchdown. He led the team to a 33–26 victory at Washington.

paragraph: Overall, in the 2011 season, Webb finished with 376 passing yards, three passing touchdowns, two interceptions, 154 rushing yards, and two rushing touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2012 season.

paragraph: During the 2012 season, Webb had his roles limited as he was not once used as a quarterback in the regular season. On January 5, 2013, Webb was named the starting quarterback for the Vikings' Wild Card match against the Green Bay Packers after Christian Ponder was sidelined with an elbow injury. Webb finished with 11 completions on 30 attempts with 180 passing yards and one touchdown in a losing effort.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2013 season.

paragraph: With the signing of Matt Cassel on March 14, Vikings coach Leslie Frazier mentioned that Webb may be given consideration to play other positions besides quarterback. "(Webb) is such a talented athlete that we want to make sure that we're doing the right thing by him and our team, as well." said Frazier, "That's something we'll continue to discuss as we go forward." It was confirmed on May 15 that Webb had been informed of his switch to wide receiver. Frazier showed interest in having Webb play quarterback again when Josh Freeman and Christian Ponder were injured. Webb later said in a press conference that he had no desire to play quarterback again for the Vikings. In 2013, Webb caught five passes for 33 yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On March 21, 2014, Webb signed with the Carolina Panthers. Even though he previously said in 2013 that he had no intention of playing as a quarterback again, when signed with the Panthers he has been the third string backup quarterback, and also used as a wide receiver. However, his predominant onfield role with the Panthers had been returning kickoffs.

paragraph: In the 2015 season, Webb continued his role as a kick returner for the Panthers.

paragraph: On January 3, 2016, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Webb recovered Buccaneer Bobby Rainey's fumble.

paragraph: On February 7, 2016, Webb was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, he was the team's kick returner as the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.

paragraph: On September 2, 2017, Webb was released by the Panthers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On September 4, 2017, Webb was signed by the Buffalo Bills. Webb played in the wildcat formation and on special teams for the Bills throughout the 2017 season, taking the reins as quarterback in the third quarter of a snowy game against the Indianapolis Colts on December 10 after Nathan Peterman suffered a concussion. The Bills won in overtime by a score of 13–7.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On April 5, 2018, Webb signed with the Houston Texans. Webb was cut by the team on September 1, but was re-signed the next day with a one-year, $915,000 contract.

paragraph: On March 21, 2019, Webb re-signed with the Texans.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UAB Blazers Bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minnesota Vikings bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carolina Panthers bio

alias:
Joseph Webb III
Joseph Webb

description: American football quarterback

wikidata_label: Joe Webb

wikipedia_title: Joe Webb


text: teaching

text: Nibbana

text: Bodhi, Bhikkhu

text: Thanissaro Bhikkhu

text: SN

text: "Punna"

paragraph: Punna

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: When asked by the Buddha what he would think if people were to assault or kill him, each time explained how he would find himself fortunate. As a result, the Buddha commended on his self-control and peacefulness. went on to establish a thousand lay followers in the Buddha's teaching. Upon 's death, the Buddha discerned that had attained final Nibbana.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000b). "The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya". Boston: Wisdom Publications. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). "Punna Sutta: To Punna" (SN 35.88). Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.088.than.html.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punna" in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names.

description: Disciple of Gautama Buddha

wikidata_label: Punna

wikipedia_title: Punna


text: Barcelona

text: Flamenco

text: bolero

text: bolero

text: peñas flamencas

text: Juan Valderrama

text: Manolo Caracol

text: Camarón de la Isla

text: Lole Montoya

text: La Niña de los Peines

text: Lámpara Minera

text: La Unión

text: Festival de las Minas

text: Antonio Chacón

text: malagueña

text: Córdoba

text: Peter Gabriel

text: Chicuelo

text: Joan Albert Amargós

text: Paco de Lucía

text: Camarón de la Isla

text: Latin Grammy Award

text: bailaora

text: Belén Maya

text: Tete Montoliu

text: bolero

text: Omara Portuondo

text: Palau de la Música Catalana

text: Martiriio

text: Kiko Veneno

text: Luz Casal

text: Joan Albert Amargos

text: Manuel de Falla

text: Federico García Lorca

text: Enrique Granados

text: Joaquín Rodrigo

text: Paco de Lucía

text: José Luis Ortiz Nuevo

text: José Luis Montón

text: Juan Ramón Caro

text: Camarón

text: José Mercé

text: Katia and Marielle Labèque

categories: Flamenco singers,Spanish female singers,Living people,1965 births

paragraph: Mayte Martín

paragraph: Mayte Martín (born in Barcelona, Spain, April 19, 1965). She is a Flamenco cantaora (singer), bolero singer, and composer. She is widely recognized as one of the most important flamenco voices of her generation. She has also devoted part of her career to other genres such as Spanish American music, especially bolero.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She started singing as a small child in her family environment, and at the age of 10 she won an amateur singing contest organized by a supermarket. After this, she started performing regularly as an amateur at the peñas flamencas in Barcelona and its outskirts, and became a professional at the age of 16. In the meantime, she acquired a solid knowledge of flamenco styles, mainly by listening intensively to recordings of flamenco cantaores like Juan Valderrama, Manolo Caracol, Camarón de la Isla, Lole Montoya and most of all, Pastora Pavón, also known as La Niña de los Peines. She also received some formal musical training, and practised her skills as a "cantaora de atrás" (singer for flamenco dance).

paragraph: In 1987 she won the first prize or Lámpara Minera at the Concurso Nacional de La Unión (also known as Festival de las Minas). Two years later, she obtained the Antonio Chacón Prize (bestowed on the best malagueña at the "Concurso Nacional de Arte Flamenco de Córdoba"). At the same time, she started an international career after being chosen by Peter Gabriel to perform at Womad Festivals. In 1994, she recorded her first album, "Muy Frágil", with guitarist Chicuelo and arrangements by Joan Albert Amargós (the later a regular contributor to other well-known flamenco musicians like Paco de Lucía and Camarón de la Isla). In 2000 she published her second flamenco recording, 'Querencia', which was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award to the Best Flamenco Album in 2001.

paragraph: Although already well-established as a solo cantaora, she resumed her facet as a singer for dance when she met bailaora Belén Maya in 1996, with whom she has toured the world with the works "Mayte Martín + Belén Maya" (since 1996) and "Flamenco de Cámara" (since 2003), winning international critical acclaim.

paragraph: In 1997, she received the Barcelona City Award, granted by the City Council, and the National Music Award in the category of "Best Flamenco Composer".

paragraph: In 1993 she started touring with jazz pianist Tete Montoliu, a professional relationship that lasted until Montoliu's death in 1997. Together, they offered a personal view on boleros in their live recording 'Free Boleros', recorded in 1996. In her second bolero recording, 'Tiempo de Amar', (2002), Omara Portuondo appeared as a guest artist in some of the tracks.

paragraph: In 2005 she celebrated her 30 years as a performing artist at the Palau de la Música Catalana, with a concert entitled 'Mis 30 años de amor al Arte', with which she is now touring Spain and other European countries.

paragraph: In June 2006 she takes part in an homage tour for Leonard Cohen together with Martiriio, Kiko Veneno, Javier Colis and Luz Casal, with a Spanish version of "Hey, That's no Way to Say Goodbye". The tour was later recorded in a CD called "According to Leonard Cohen".

paragraph: In 2007 she was requested by classical pianists duo Katia and Marielle Labeque for a project involving Spanish and classical music, which toured for several years. Other musicians like Joan Albert Amargos and Lluis Vidal who composed the arrangements for two pianos. The recording included traditional songs as well as compositions by Manuel de Falla, Federico García Lorca, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Rodrigo, Paco de Lucía, and by Mayte Martín herself.

paragraph: In 2009 she was requested by poet José Luis Ortiz Nuevo to compose music for the poems of Malaga-born poet Manuel Alcantara, for the flamenco festival of Málaga, which later became the CD "Al cantar a Manuel", recorded with guitarists José Luis Montón and Juan Ramón Caro, percussionist Chico Fargas, among other musicians.

paragraph: In 2012, after breaking all ties with the recording industry, she decides to make a new recording with the help of crowdfunding, through the crowdfinancing portal Verkami. In this occasion, she records her live performances of bolero and other Latin American music in the Barcelona Venue Luz de Gas. The recording is issued with the title "Cosas de dos".

paragraph: In 2013, with guitarists Jose Luis Montón and Juan Ramón Caro and percussionist Chico Fargas, she creates a new project for the Barcelona flamenco festival, "Por los muertos del cante", an heterodox reading of traditional flamenco songs.

paragraph: Her 2018 album "Tempo Rubato", is a collaboration with a string quartet.

paragraph: Section::::Critics' reviews.

paragraph: "A born artist. [...] An important number of cantaores of the younger generation have been influence by her. Her image is closer to that of Camarón or José Mercé than that of a typical woman cantaora, and she sings flamenco with moving sweetness and deep knowledge of the essence." (José Miguel Gamboa and Pedro Calvo, "Guía libre del flamenco", 2001)

paragraph: "The best female flamenco voice of her generation, undoubtedly; the most complete 'cantaora'. She sings everything, and she sings everything well. At this rate, this 'cantaora' [...] will add her name to the great ones in history." (Ángel Álvarez Caballero, "La discografía ideal del flamenco", 1995)

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muy Frágil", K-Industria Cultural, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Free Boleros", K-Industria Cultural, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Querencia", Virgin, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiempo de Amar", Virgin, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De fuego y de agua", KLM, 2008, with the sisters Katia and Marielle Labèque

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al cantar a Manuel", Nuevos Medios S.A 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cosas de dos", 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tempo Rubato", 2018

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayte Martin's official Web (in Spanish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayte Martin's link info on Flamenco World Contains some audio clips.

description: Flamenco and Latin American music singer and songwriter

wikidata_label: Mayte Martín

wikipedia_title: Mayte Martín


text:
Scythia
Strabo
Plutarch
Scythian Neapolis
Dnieper
Southern Bug
Crimea
Scythian Neapolis
Tauri
Pontic Olbia
Chersonesos
Sarmatian
Rhoxolani
Yevpatoriya
Chornomorske
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Pontic steppe
Scythians
Palacus
Pseudo-Plutarch
Aesop
The Old Man and his Sons
Unity makes strength
Great Soviet Encyclopedia

paragraph: Skilurus

paragraph: Skilurus or Scylurus (, Skilouros) was a ruler (czar) of Late Scythian Czardom (within region of Scythia) in the 2nd century BC. He was the son of a king and the father of a king, but the relation of his dynasty to the previous one is disputed. The name Skilurus was testified by Strabo, Plutarch, and Greek inscription taken from Scythian Neapolis. His Scythian realm included the lower reaches of Borysthenes (today Dnieper) and Hypanis (Southern Bug), as well as the northern part of Crimea, where his capital, Scythian Neapolis, was situated.

paragraph: Skilurus ruled over the Tauri and controlled the ancient trade emporium of Pontic Olbia, where he minted coins. In order to gain advantage against Chersonesos, he allied himself with the Sarmatian tribe of Rhoxolani. Skilurus was able to conquer domains of Chersonesos among which included Kerkinitis (today Yevpatoriya), Kalos Limen (Chornomorske) and other ports. In response, Chersonesos forged an alliance with Mithridates VI of Pontus. Skilurus died during a war against Mithridates, a decisive conflict for supremacy in the Pontic steppe. Soon after his death, the Scythians were defeated by Mithridates (ca. 108 BC). Either Skilurus or his son and successor Palacus were buried in a mausoleum at Scythian Neapolis; it was used from ca. 100 BC to ca. 100 AD.

paragraph: Pseudo-Plutarch, in "Sayings of Kings and Commanders", reports the following version of the Aesopic fable "The Old Man and his Sons": "Scilurus on his death-bed, being about to leave eighty sons surviving, offered a bundle of darts to each of them, and bade them break them. When all refused, drawing out one by one, he easily broke them; thus teaching them that, if they held together, they would continue strong, but if they fell out and were divided, they would become weak." "cf." "Unity makes strength".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Content of this page in part derives from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia article on the same subject."

wikidata_label: Skilurus

wikipedia_title: Skilurus


text:
Scythia
Skilurus
Mithridates the Great
Chersonesos
Diophantus
Rhoxolani
Tasius
Crimea
Great Soviet Encyclopedia

categories: Scythian rulers,Ancient Crimea,2nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Palacus

paragraph: Palacus or Palakus was the king of Crimean Scythia who succeeded his father, Skilurus. Resuming the latter's war against Mithridates the Great, he attempted to besiege Chersonesos but was defeated by Pontic forces under Diophantus. Enlisting the assistance of the Rhoxolani under Tasius, Palacus launched an invasion of the Crimea. The invaders were defeated by Diophantus and accepted Mithridates as their overlord. Palacus was the last Scythian king whose name is attested in classical sources.

paragraph: Section::::References.

wikidata_label: Palacus

wikipedia_title: Palacus


text: Dong Zhuo

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Liang Province

text: Yuzhong County

text: Gansu

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Emperor Xian

text: Chang'an

text: Li Jue

text: Guo Si

text: Wang Yun

text: Lü Bu

text: Ma Teng

text: Qiang

text: Zuopingyi

text: Dali County

text: Shaanxi

text: Han Sui

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: 2nd-century births,Dong Zhuo and associates,Assassinated Chinese politicians,Han dynasty politicians,Han dynasty generals,195 deaths

paragraph: Fan Chou

paragraph: Fan Chou (died 195) was a general serving under the warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fan Chou was from Jincheng Commandery (金城郡), Liang Province, which is around present-day Yuzhong County, Gansu. He started his career as a subordinate of the warlord Dong Zhuo, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian between 189 and 192.

paragraph: After Dong Zhuo was assassinated in Chang'an in 192, Fan Chou joined a group of Dong Zhuo's followers, led by Li Jue and Guo Si, and seized back control of Chang'an from Wang Yun and Lü Bu. Li Jue and Guo Si then controlled the Han central government and Emperor Xian in the same way Dong Zhuo did. Around this time, they promoted Fan Chou to the rank of a General of the Household (中郎將).

paragraph: In 194, when a rival warlord Ma Teng led his forces to attack Li Jue and Guo Si, Fan Chou led troops to resist the enemy and defeated them at Changping Pass (長平關). In the same year, he also defeated Qiang rebels in Zuopingyi (左馮翊; around present-day Dali County, Shaanxi) and was further promoted to General of the Right (右將軍). He became one of the most powerful figures in the Han central government alongside Li Jue and Guo Si at the time.

paragraph: During the battle against Ma Teng, Fan Chou had scolded Li Jue's nephew, Li Li (李利), who accompanied him into battle, for not doing his best. Li Li bore a grudge against Fan Chou for this. Later, he secretly reported to his uncle that Fan Chou was plotting with another rival warlord, Han Sui, against him. Li Jue thus became suspicious of Fan Chou, especially as Fan Chou gained higher status and more power. In 195, Li Jue and Guo Si lured Fan Chou into a trap and assassinated him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Chinese politician

wikidata_label: Fan Chou

wikipedia_title: Fan Chou


text:
Klaes Molenaer
Haarlem
Haarlem Guild of St. Luke
Caesar van Everdingen
Scheveningen
Egmond
staffage
Abraham Storck

categories: 1694 deaths,1641 births,Artists from Haarlem,Dutch male painters,Dutch Golden Age painters

paragraph: Thomas Heeremans

paragraph: Thomas Heeremans (1641–1694) was a Dutch painter and art dealer. He is known for his landscapes of winter scenes, cityscapes, harbor scenes, beach views, river views and village scenes. He was influenced by Klaes Molenaer, a slightly older painter also from Haarlem.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Heeremans was born and died in Haarlem. He was in the past sometimes erroneously referred to as Frederik Hendrik Mans, likely because he signed his name "THMANS" with the "THM" together, leading dealers to assume his name was "F.H. Mans".

paragraph: Heeremans was baptized in the Reformed Church of Haarlem on 29 May 1641. He became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1664. He may have been a pupil of Caesar van Everdingen. Heeremans married Trijntje Claesdr (who was originally from Leiden) on 4 December 1663 in Haarlem. The couple had five children between 1664 and 1673, who were baptized in the Reformed Church. His first wife was buried on 26 September 1680. The artist then married Sibilla Juriaensdr., a woman from Marck county in Germany, with whom he had a son, Gijsbert.

paragraph: The exact date of death of the artist is not known. It is recorded he was buried at the Noorderkerkhof on 24 January 1694.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: He is primarily known for his winter landscapes, cityscapes, harbor scenes, beach views, river views and village scenes. He frequently returned to painting the beach at Scheveningen and the village, beach and ruins of Egmond. His pictures frequently go in pairs. His earliest dated work is from 1660 while last dated work is from 1695.

paragraph: No influence of his presumed master Caesar van Everdingen is visible in the work of Heeremans as he was purely a landscape artist and not a figure painter. His style was rather influenced by Klaes Molenaer particularly in his depiction of winter landscapes and river scenes. Heeremans' works are distinguished from the rather melancholic scenes of Molenaer by the use of a brighter palette and the introduction of more lively movement in the scenes, which are populated by many villagers engaged in various activities such as skating, sledging, fishing and talking.

paragraph: Heeremans sometimes collaborated with specialist figure painters who would add the staffage in his landscapes. One of his collaborators was Abraham Storck, who painted the figures in the (Christie's New York sale of

paragraph: 14 April 2016, lot 247).

alias: Frederic Hendrik Mans. Richtig: Thomas Heeremans

description: Dutch Golden Age painter

wikidata_label: Thomas Heeremans

wikipedia_title: Thomas Heeremans


text:
Littleton/Lyttelton family
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
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Edward Littleton
History of Penkridge
Littleton Baronets

categories: 1550s births,1610 deaths,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,English MPs 1604–1611,English rebels,English landowners,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Edward Littleton (died 1610)

paragraph: Sir Edward Littleton (ca. 15551610) was a Staffordshire landowner, politician and rebel from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family. A supporter of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, he was the victim of a notorious electoral fraud in 1597 and a participant in the Essex Rebellion, although he escaped with his life. In the reign of James I he was elected a member of the parliament of England.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Littleton's father was Edward Littleton (died 1574) of Pillaton Hall, near Penkridge. His mother was Alice Cockayne (1535–1602), the daughter of Francis Cockayne of Ashbourne Hall, Derbyshire.

paragraph: The Littletons had been based at Pillaton since the early years of the century. Littleton's grandfather, Sir Edward Littleton, had skilfully and aggressively expanded the estates of his family during the turbulent years of the English Reformation and had represented Staffordshire in five parliaments. His father had consolidated the family's holdings but had been content mainly to live the life of a country gentleman.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner.

paragraph: Littleton succeeded to the family estates in 1574, on the death of his father. He had married Margaret Devereux only recently, the marriage settlement dated 23 March 1573. Littleton inherited 16,000 acres in the Penkridge area and another 600 elsewhere in Staffordshire, 1,400 acres in Warwickshire, 900 acres in Shropshire and 940 acres in Worcestershire. His mother survived until 1602 and her jointure, a third of the estate, was, he later claimed, a major drain on his wealth, as was the property held in tail by his siblings. His mother's jointure was certainly large: it included all of the Warwickshire and Shropshire estates, as well as lands in Staffordhire. However, the death of his father-in-law, Sir William Devereux, in 1579 probably eased matters considerably, as Devereux left considerable legacies to his daughters. Certainly Littleton was sufficiently prominent and wealthy to serve two terms as High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1581 and 1593. His subsidy assessment rose from only £5 in 1576 to £20 in 1590 and he could afford to settle an allowance of £100 on his eldest son, also Edward, at his marriage in 1599. By any standards, he was actually a large and wealthy landowner, of considerable regional importance.

paragraph: Whatever the calls on his wealth, Littleton was able to find the money to make strategic investments when the opportunity arose. One of the most important sources of the Littletons' wealth were the leases they held, particularly that on the lands of the former college of St. Michael, Penkridge. Littleton's grandfather had taken out an 80-year lease on the lands of the deanery in 1543 – four years before the collegiate church was turned into a local parish church by the dissolution of chantries in 1547. The reversion was held briefly by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland during his period of power in the reign of Edward VI, but it returned to the Crown after his execution under Mary I in 1553. In 1581 the college, "with all its rights, members, lands, tithes, and appurtenances" was sold by the Crown to a pair of speculators: Edmund Downynge, a former MP with close Exchequer links, and Peter Aysheton. The sale of reversions and monopolies were essential forms of patronage exercised by the Crown in Elizabeth's reign, giving the government a stream of revenue outside parliamentary control. In 1583 the estate was sold to John Morley, another MP involved in the Exchequer, and a Thomas Crompton – probably the Thomas Crompton (died 1609) who was a London businessman and academic and had family land at Stafford. In 1585 Edward Littleton was able to buy the college property from John Morley, Elizabeth his wife, and Thomas Crompton. This land, described as the liberty of the deanery in 1598 and later as the deanery manor, was part of the Littleton estates until at least the 19th century. With it came many of the rights and duties of the college itself, including the jurisdiction of the royal peculiar. This gave the Littletons advowson of the church and kept the parish out of the Diocese of Lichfield until 1858.

paragraph: Many of the Littleton's estates were still held by feudal land tenure. The fundamental bond of feudal society, the fief in return for military service, was obsolete, but the Littletons still paid 16 shillings a year to their overlord, Baron Paget, for Pillaton manor.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:The Paget connection.

paragraph: In the decade following his succession, Littleton seems to have been in the political camp of his overlord, Thomas Paget, 3rd Baron Paget, a prominent Catholic nobleman. However, in the 1580s Lord Paget, together with his brother Charles took refuge in France under the protection of the Catholic League. They were implicated in the Babington Plot, a conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth I. Lord Paget was attainted, losing all his estates, and took refuge in Spain.

paragraph: Littleton had supported Paget locally but had never sympathised with his religious views and seems not to have been harmed by Paget's demise. Amias Paulet, unimpeachably puritan and the gaoler of Mary, Queen of Scots, regarded Littleton as one of the few trustworthy Staffordshire gentry and described him as "a very honest religious gentleman".

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:The Devereux faction in Staffordshire.

paragraph: From the late 1580s, Edward Littleton and most of his relatives were closely allied to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. Even while Essex was at university, Edward Littleton, looking to the future had presented a horse to him. Edward Littleton's wife, Margaret Devereux, was a cousin of the earl. Essex regarded Staffordshire as his own county and power base. Essex's main seat, Chartley Castle, was in Staffordshire, between the county town of Stafford and Uttoxeter, and Littleton's brother, James, managed it for him. Essex was Staffordshire's senior civic official, the Custos Rotulorum, for several years. His mother Lettice Knollys lived at Drayton Bassett with her third husband, Sir Christopher Blount. Knollys became godmother to Edward Littleton's daughter Laetitia or Lettice.

paragraph: Essex is still often portrayed primarily as a suitor of the ageing Queen Elizabeth Other historians prefer to see his career as both part of and contributory factor in a revival of factional politics in Elizabeth's court and administration after a relatively collegial period in the 1570s and 1580s. The primary causes of this were the unsettled question of the succession to Elizabeth's throne and the often-related foreign policy and military issues of the period. After the death of his step-father, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, in 1588, Essex emerged as the new figurehead for most of his main causes: moderately puritan but aggressively anti-Spanish.

paragraph: A group of Staffordshire landowners formed a local Essex faction – mainly members of the Littleton, Bagot, Chetwynd, Trew and Aston families. However, the alliance was not confined to the Littletons of Pillaton, who were a cadet branch of the family. The Worcestershire Lytteltons (as their version of the name is generally spelt) were also closely involved with Essex, although they were motivated equally strongly by a detestation of Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley, his and their main enemy in the region. In the 1590s Gilbert Lyttelton was conducting a bitter dispute with Dudley over Prestwood, a small estate near Kinver. This sometimes degenerated into raiding and street skirmishes. Essex was considered a Puritan sympathiser, and the Staffordshire Littletons decidedly Protestant, while their Worcestershire cousins leaned toward Catholicism, but local interests overcame ideological differences.

paragraph: In the 1590s Edward Littleton's duties to Essex included promoting his cause in parliamentary elections. The county seats had been controlled by the Harcourt family of Ellenhall and Ranton Abbey, part of a group of Catholic sympathisers that included for a time the Astons. With the death of Simon Harcourt in 1577, their grip slackened, and into the power vacuum moved the Dudleys. Edward Sutton took a seat in 1584 while still only 17 years of age. He did not stand in 1586, after he succeeded to his father's barony. From this point, however, Essex began to take a real interest. The members elected in 1588, Walter Harcourt and Thomas Gerard, were both in 1591 recruited into the army Essex led to aid Henry IV of France and knighted by Essex at Rouen.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:The 1593 election.

paragraph: Attempts by Essex to dictate the course of the 1593 election proved demoralising, partly because of the insistent tone of his instructions to Sir Edward Littleton, Sir Edward Aston and Richard Bagot, his agents on the ground. On 2 January 1593 Essex wrote urging them to secure the election of his step-father Christopher Blount. A week later he wrote again, this time asking them to support Gerard as second member. He added in a postscript:

paragraph: However, Sir William Harcourt had also given notice of his intention to stand for election, and he too could be counted a supporter of Essex. Then Gerard accepted a nomination in his native Lancashire, putting his weight behind Harcourt. However, Essex did not revise his instructions, leaving Bagot and Littleton, who were afraid of offending their patron, perplexed as how to proceed. As Essex had made this a test of authority, were they to pursue his express wishes, or were they to secure the best result for him? Littleton wrote to Bagot in exasperation:

paragraph: Blount and Harcourt were duly elected for Staffordshire, despite the confusion, while Gerard was returned as one of the Lancashire members.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:The 1597 election scandal.

paragraph: The 1597 election ended in a simple, transparent fraud that deprived Littleton of the seat. This time the election turned into a direct contest between the Devereux faction and the Dudleys, probably encouraged by Essex's absence on the abortive Islands Voyage. Lord Dudley promoted his own brother, John, as candidate for a county seat. Essex had left written instructions to return Blount: it is possible, but not certain, that he left similar instructions relating to Littleton, who also stood for election. Littleton's candidature merely provoked the Dudleys, who were at the height of their dispute with his Worcestershire kinsmen: Lord Dudley had recently been fined for his riotous conduct by the Star Chamber. John Dudley, alias Sutton, was approaching 28 years old, inexperienced in public affairs, and not a property holder – hence technically disqualified. However, the Dudleys had the immense advantage of a sympathetic returning officer: the Sheriff, Thomas Whorwood of Compton Hallows (near Kinver), John Dudley's father-in-law, at whose home he resided throughout the election.

paragraph: The Dudley faction began with a vigorous canvass, trying to persuade the freeholders not to divide their 2 votes but to vote solely for Sutton. It was later alleged that Whorwood, a Catholic sympathiser, improved their chances by drafting in at least five recusants from the county gaol and allowing even their wives to raise their voices in favour of Sutton, while Dudley brought in at least a hundred voters, most of them not qualified. About 800 voters came to Stafford for the election on 6 October and Whorwood rallied the Dudley supporters on one side of the market square. The vote was by voices and it immediately became apparent that Blount and Littleton were the most popular candidates, at least 200 ahead of Sutton. To confirm the result, Littleton demanded a poll. Whorwood started it but was warned off by Lord Dudley, who promised to protect him from the consequences. He then went off for dinner. The election indenture had been written out earlier by one of Whorwood's servants, leaving the names of the successful candidates blank. They were filled in later in order of precedence: Sutton and Blount.

paragraph: Littleton filed a complaint to the Star Chamber against Dudley, Whorwood and Sutton. Dudley was called before the Privy Council twice in the next year, probably on this matter, although it is likely that Littleton dropped the case against the Dudleys and proceeded with Whorwood's. The feuding continued outside court, with two Worcestershire Littletons indicted by the Council in July 1598 for attacking John Sutton. The outcome of Littleton's Star Chamber action is not known. The parliament was wound up in very quickly, in February 1598, so Littleton was never able to sit as an MP, and the Dudleys were protected by parliamentary privilege until it was over.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:The Essex rebellion.

paragraph: After disgracing himself over the Irish war, Essex found himself largely excluded from influence by the Queen's close advisers – particularly Cecil. He decided on a coup d'état, planned for 8 February 1601, intending to resolve the succession issue in favour of James VI of Scotland. Sir Edward Littleton was accused of being part of the armed group that prepared for the coup, and that was forced to act prematurely when the plot was discovered. The Essex Rebellion turned into a fiasco, with the earl's supporters marching ineffectively through London. The plotters were soon rounded up. By 12 February, with the action over, Littleton was included on a list of known conspirators, along with his kinsman John, son of Gilbert, and one of those indicted for fighting the Dudleys in Worcestershire.

paragraph: Littleton's part in the events seems to have been particularly farcical, whichever version of events one accepts. An intelligence report to Cecil, headed "An information concerning some gentlemen in Staffordshire, frequenters to the Earl of Essex," portrays Littleton as a key figure in the conspiracy. It claims that, on the day of the rising, Littleton walked with Essex and Sir Christopher Blount, with his sword drawn, until they reached the River Thames. They had been turned away from St Paul's Cathedral by Richard Bancroft, the Bishop of London. Allegedly, Littleton was accompanied by his brother James, who looked after Chartley Castle for Essex. However, he was then arrested by a sergeant of the City of London – not for rebellion, but because of a bad debt. After settling the debt, Edward and James then allegedly set off to rejoin the insurgents, who had returned to Essex's House, getting as far as Temple Bar. The report sought to incriminate Edward Littleton further by accusing him of distributing arms in the countryside on the pretext of aiding the English forces in Ireland, and of plotting while at Blount's home in Drayton Bassett. His brother-in-law, John Lane of Bentley Hall is also mentioned as a companion of Littleton who regularly visits Essex's House. Other Staffordshire notables implicated in the same report are William Skeffington, a justice of the peace, and William Paget, the decidedly Protestant heir to the attainted Catholic Thomas Paget, 3rd Baron Paget. It is possible that the anonymous informant was Sir Gilbert Wakering, who was pursuing property disputes against Littleton in Staffordshire.

paragraph: Littleton's own version, as told on 18 February to John Popham (Lord Chief Justice) and Edward Coke, the Attorney General, had features in common but was incompatible. He claimed that he had visited Essex House only to hear a sermon. Finding there was none, he left and then encountered the Lord Chief Justice, with whom he conversed briefly. Shortly afterwards, he was arrested for debt, but was released by arrangement Mrs Vernon, his sister. He and James then set off for Blackfriars in search of a sermon. They were overtaken by Essex and his armed demonstration and forced to go along with it for fear of death. As soon as they heard that Thomas Gerard, a former ally of Essex, had proscribed the earl and his supporters, the Littletons got away and took refuge in a wool draper's shop near St Paul's. Sir Edward explained that he failed to report to the authorities on the following day, as instructed, because he was tired and lame. His only reason for visiting Drayton Bassett had been that he had a daughter working in the service of Lettice Knollys, whom he liked to see about once every six weeks.

paragraph: After his interrogation, Littleton's case was processed quickly: it seems that Sir Walter Raleigh was asked to expedite the cases of the Littletons, with a degree of success. By 26 February Edward's name had been added to a list of those "fit to be forborne from being indicted, but yet to be fined", with the proviso that he was "to be delivered upon good bonds." In June Sir Edward again appeared on a list, this time of those to be fined, although it was not yet decided to which of her faithful servants the Queen would grant the fine, specified as £400. He wrote to Cecil, asking for easy terms:

paragraph: Essex himself and Christopher Blount, his step-father and Staffordshire MP, were executed, together with other leaders. John Littleton was accused of storing arms at Prestwood, indicted, escaped execution, but died in prison in July. Edward Littlewood was lucky to escape with his life, although he lost his position on the Staffordshire bench, as well as facing a steep fine. His mother's death in 1602 must have improved his financial position, and he was restored to the bench in June of that year. This makes it likely that his explanations were considered at least plausible and that the more lurid accusations against him were discredited.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Member of Parliament.

paragraph: With the accession of James I in 1603, the political turbulence of Elizabeth's last years was forgotten. Among those who benefited most from James's accession were William Paget, 4th Baron Paget, Protestant scion of the formerly Catholic dynasty, and Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, both of whom were promised restoration of their family lands and titles. Another beneficiary was Thomas Gerard, a former Essex supporter, who was soon elevated to the peerage. In the Staffordshire election of March 1604, even before these improvements in their situation were formally ratified, the powerful aristocratic families reasserted themselves.

paragraph: The Devereux faction, essentially the Puritan minority among the local gentry, were able to reorganise and to pursue a coherent policy, informed by previous mistakes. In order not to split the vote, they put up only one candidate, Edward Littleton of Pillaton. They conceded the other seat to the Paget faction. Paget's nominee was Sir Robert Stanford of Perry Hall, Staffordshire. A Protestant head of a Catholic family, like Paget himself, Stanford was widely acceptable to the recusant gentry and to the much larger number of conforming Catholics. The Catholic basis of Stanford's nomination was recognised by Littleton, who later commented: "the common speech is that the assembly at Stafford on Thursday was rather to choose a pope then a knight for the Parliament because they were all of that tribe." Walter Bagot, the sheriff, was informed by his legal adviser that "if Sir Edward Littleton and Sir Robert Stanford carry off the election [it] will be well enough liked of and is least trouble."

paragraph: However, the informal plan for a balanced ticket of Littleton and Stanford ran into the enmity of Sir Walter Harcourt, an Essex supporter who had sat for the county twice. Formerly a good friend, Harcourt was deeply in debt and had convinced himself that Littleton was conspiring with his creditors. He launched a campaign of disruption, including an attempt to get Littleton outlawed. Bagot kept Littleton fully informed of Harcourt's manoeuvres. He interceded unsuccessfully with Harcourt to desist and subsequently he was forced to drop his suits by increasing debts. Littleton thanked Bagot by sending him two horses – clearly a favourite Littleton touch. As a result, he was returned unopposed alongside Stanford, probably on 15 March.

paragraph: Littleton was made a member of eight committees. One of these handled the restoration of the earls of Essex, Southampton and Arundel, all executed after the Essex rebellion. In April he was also appointed to a conference with the House of Lords about a proposed Union with Scotland. He served at the trinity quarter sessions in Stafford during June and then went back to Parliament, where he was appointed to a committee on poaching.

paragraph: However, after a vigorous start, Littleton's involvement in parliamentary work quickly tailed off. He is not mentioned in parliamentary records after 1604. This may be due partly to involvement in his property disputes. He was fined by the Star Chamber in 1609 for disturbances during his feud with Wakering. However, faltering health was another likely factor.

paragraph: The parliament lasted for seven years, outliving both Stanford and Littleton. Stanford was replaced by Sir John Egerton on his death in 1607. In 1610 the local magnates sent a certificate to Parliament averring that Littleton was dying. A by-election was ordered on 19 October. On 15 November, Francis Trentham was elected to replace Litteton as knight of the shire for Staffordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sir Edward Littleton died on 17 December 1610. He was interred at the church of St Michael and All Angels in Penkridge on the following day. Subsequently, a large and imposing tomb was built for himself and for his wife, Margaret Devereux, who survived until 1627.

paragraph: Margaret Devereux proved his will on 14 February 1611.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Edward Littleton married Margaret Devereux. She was the daughter of Sir William Devereux of Merevale Hall, Warwickshire, and Jane Scudamore. Sir William's father was Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford, who was the great-grandfather of the Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. Hence Essex was Margaret Devereux's first cousin once removed. "Devereux" was used by the Littletons for several generations as a given name for younger sons.

paragraph: Littleton and Margaret had 14 children, many of whom did not survive childhood. The fifth child, and third son, Edward Littleton, succeeded him in his estates. All of the children, six sons and eight daughters, were represented on the front of their tomb in St. Michael's church, Penkridge, which also bears the effigies of the successor Edward and his wife, Mary Fisher, on an upper tier.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Penkridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Littleton Baronets

description: English landowner, politician and rebel

wikidata_label: Edward Littleton

wikipedia_title: Edward Littleton (died 1610)


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categories: Snow Badgers football players,Tongan players of American football,Players of American football from Utah,Tongan emigrants to the United States,People from South Jordan, Utah,American football defensive tackles,Buffalo Bills players,1989 births,Carolina Panthers players,Living people

paragraph: Star Lotulelei

paragraph: Starlite Lotulelei Jr. ( ; born December 20, 1989) is an American football defensive tackle for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football at University of Utah, and shared the Morris Trophy for the best lineman in the Pac-12 Conference.

paragraph: Section::::High school and junior college career.

paragraph: A native of Tonga, Lotulelei attended Bingham High School in South Jordan, Utah. Playing defensive lineman at 240 pounds, he helped the football team to a 14–0 record and a state title in 2006. Lotulelei registered 72 tackles and seven sacks as a senior.

paragraph: Regarded as a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Lotulelei was listed as the No. 3 overall prospect from Utah. However, he was overshadowed by Oregon-bound Simione Fili of Cottonwood High School, who was labeled the best defensive lineman from Utah since Haloti Ngata, but eventually bounced around between junior colleges before falling into obscurity and finally becoming a strongman competitor. Lotulelei, too, failed to qualify academically for his original school of choice, Brigham Young University. He eventually spent what would have been his freshman season delivering furniture for a store in Salt Lake City. After a year, he enrolled at Snow College in Ephraim, Utah. Now far over 300 pounds, Lotulelei played defensive line for the Badgers alongside James Aiono, and recorded 52 tackles with 14 TFL, three sacks and one forced fumble in 2008. Snow College reached the 2008 NJCAA National Championship Game, but lost 37–30 in double-overtime to Butler Community College.

paragraph: Lotulelei took the 2009 season off to preserve another year of college eligibility. He was still recruited by BYU, but also Oregon State, Utah State, and Utah. "The Utah coaches came down to Snow a couple of times," Lotulelei said. "They showed me they really wanted me. It showed me they really cared. So coming here wasn't that hard of a choice."

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 2010, Lotulelei transferred to the University of Utah, and played in all 13 games for the Utah Utes football team, and became a starter for the final three games of the season. He totaled 21 tackles with 2.5 tackles for a loss, and also was credited for a half quarterback sack, which came against San Jose State in arguably his best game of the season (season-high five tackles). Lotulelei also made several appearances at offensive guard.

paragraph: A regular starter in 2011, Lotulelei was an All-Pac-12 Conference performer and won the Morris Trophy as the league's best defensive lineman. He started all 13 games, and registered 44 tackles, 1.5 sacks, one pass breakup, a forced fumble, and a fumble recovery. His 9.0 tackles for loss tied sophomore linebacker Trevor Reilly for second on the team. In a 14–31 loss against Washington, Lotulelei had six tackles including 2.5 tackles for a loss. A week later he had five tackles in a 14–35 loss against Arizona State. Against California, Lotulelei surprised with a 17-yard reception on a fake punt play. Utah finished the regular season 7–5 and played Georgia Tech in the 2011 Sun Bowl. Lotulelei made six tackles and recovered a fumble and was awarded the Jimmy Rogers, Jr. Trophy for the Most Valuable Lineman.

paragraph: Lotulelei returned to the University of Utah for his senior year, and started in all 12 games at nose tackle. He recorded 42 tackles included a team-high 11 tackles for loss and 5.0 sacks, while also having four pass breakups, four fumble recoveries and three forced fumbles. A season-high seven tackles plus two pass breakup came early in the season in a 24–21 win against the school to which he had previously committed, Brigham Young. Lotulelei blocked a 51-yard field goal attempt with 1 second remaining following a third-down incompletion. Two weeks later, Lotulelei had a heralded performance against All-Pac-12 center Khaled Holmes of the USC Trojans in a 28–38 loss for the Utes.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2013 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Forgoing the chance of a professional career in 2012, Lotulelei decided to return to Utah after the 2011 season. In preseason mock drafts from May 2012, Lotulelei was listed as a late first-rounder for the 2013 NFL Draft as well. By mid-season, he had moved up to a top-3 spot. After the season concluded, Lotulelei was still projected to be picked among the first five selections. Utah had not seen one of their defensive linemen selected in the first round since Luther Elliss went 20th overall to the Detroit Lions in 1995. Lotulelei's rare combination of power, snap count anticipation, instincts, quickness, and athleticism frequently drew parallels to Haloti Ngata.

paragraph: Lotulelei was declared ineligible to participate in the 2013 NFL Scouting Combine after an echocardiogram revealed an abnormally low ejection fraction. While a normal heart will pump between 55 and 70 percent of the blood out of the left ventricle of the heart and into the body, Lotulelei's left ventricle was found to be pumping at only 44 percent. After further tests by cardiologists at the University of Utah, Lotulelei's condition found to be caused by a viral infection and eventually disappeared, showing "complete normalization of the heart muscle function." Lotulelei has been cleared "to participate in professional athletics without restrictions."

paragraph: A month after the combine, Lotulelei worked out in front of NFL personnel at Utah's Pro Day. He reportedly "looked strong in all the position drills," and registered 38 repetitions in the 225-pound bench press, which would have tied him with Margus Hunt and Brandon Williams for the top mark at the combine. But despite being medically cleared, Lotulelei's falsely assumed heart condition tarnished his draft prospects. Early April mock drafts projected him to fall out of the top-10. However, Lotulelei and Sharrif Floyd were "generally viewed as the top two [defensive tackles] in this class." Only a week before the draft, Lotulelei moved up to the No. 4 spot, right behind Floyd, in "Sports Illustrated's"' mock draft.

paragraph: Lotulelei was drafted in the first round, 14th overall by the Carolina Panthers, as the second defensive tackle selected after Sheldon Richardson.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.:2013 season: Rookie year.

paragraph: On May 22, 2013, Lotulelei signed a four-year $9.60 million deal. He was named the starting defensive tackle in the 2013 season. On September 3, 2013, Lotulelei changed his jersey number from 96, to 98. He had his first NFL career sack against the New York Giants. In his rookie year, Lotulelei started all 16 regular games for the Panthers, recording 42 tackles, three sacks and 23 quarterback pressures. He finished second in the NFL in run stop percentage among defensive tackles at 12.9%, was rated by Pro Football Focus as the 6th best defensive tackle against the run, and helped Carolina improve from 14th in the NFL in run defense in 2012 (110.1 yards per game) to second (86.9 yards per game) in 2013. The Panthers finished first in the NFL with 60 sacks in 2013, second in points per game, and third in DVOA team defense. He was named to the All-Rookie teams by ESPN, ProFootballFocus, and SB Nation Lotulelei finished 4th in AP Defensive Rookie of the Year voting.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.:2014 season.

paragraph: Lotulelei picked up from his strong rookie performance in his debut against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers where he recorded 1 quarterback hit, 2 quarterback hurries, and 1 tackle. Through the first week of the season, Lotulelei ranked among the top 10 defensive tackles in the NFL in pass rush productivity. During the final, win-or-go victory over the Atlanta Falcons in the final game of the regular season that catapulted the Panthers to back-to-back NFC South division titles, Lotulelei finished the afternoon with 2 sacks, 1 quarterback hit, 3 hurries during his pash rush opportunities on Matt Ryan while recording 4 stops on only 9 snaps against the run. For the season, Lotulelei recorded 21 defensive stops. In his first two NFL seasons, Lotulelei registered 46 run stops and 40 quarterback pressures.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.:2015 season.

paragraph: Lotulelei's 2015 preseason was cut short by a stress reaction in his surgically repaired right foot and it further caused him to miss the first 2 games of the NFL season during which the Panthers were able to produce victories over the Jacksonville Jaguars and Houston Texans. During the Panthers week 4 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Lotulelei recorded a key fumble recovery that led to points that gave the Panthers the lead in the game. Against the Philadelphia Eagles, Lotulelei recorded 6 quarterback pressures. During the Panthers 37-29 victory over the Green Bay Packers that helped the Panthers move to 8-0 in the first time in franchise history, Lotulelei recorded his first sack of the season against quarterback Aaron Rodgers. Lotulelei had 22 tackles, 1 sack, 1 forced fumble, 1 fumble recovery, and 2 passes defensed on the season. The Panthers finished with a franchise best 15-1 record and went on to defeat the Seattle Seahawks and the Arizona Cardinals. On February 7, 2016, Lotulelei was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24-10. In the Super Bowl loss, he recorded five tackles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.:2016 season.

paragraph: On April 26, 2016, the Panthers picked up the fifth-year option of Lotulelei's contract.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.:2017 season.

paragraph: On September 10, 2017, in the season opening 23–3 victory over the San Francisco 49ers, Lotulelei's teammate Wes Horton sacked quarterback Brian Hoyer and forced a fumble. Lotulelei recovered the fumble and set the Panthers up for an eventual touchdown scoring drive. In the 2017 season, he started all 16 games and recorded 1.5 sacks, 25 total tackles, three tackles-for-loss, five quarterback hits, one pass defensed, and one fumble recovery.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On March 13, 2018, Lotulelei agreed to a five-year deal worth $50 million with the Buffalo Bills. The deal was finalized the next day, on March 14.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Born in Tonga, Lotulelei moved with his family to Utah at age 9. His father, Sitaliti, is a Mormon seminary teacher and has a doctorate from Brigham Young University.

paragraph: Lotulelei is married to Fuiva (née Hola) of Draper, Utah, a former volleyball player he met at Snow College in 2008. The couple has two daughters, Arilani (born 2009) and Pesatina (born 2011).

paragraph: Lotulelei is a cousin of current AAF linebacker John Lotulelei and brother-in-law to rugby league player Fuifui Moimoi.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carolina Panthers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utah Utes bio

description: American football defensive tackle

wikidata_label: Star Lotulelei

wikipedia_title: Star Lotulelei