text: David

text: Hebrew Bible

text: United Kingdom of Israel and Judah

text: Islam

text: prophet

text: messenger

text: God

text: divinely-anointed monarch

text: United Kingdom of Israel

text: Psalms

text: Quran

text: Muhammad

text: prayer

text: fasting

text: Koine Greek

text: Syriac

text: Hebrew

text: Quran

text: Bible

text: prophet

text: messenger

text: revelation

text: Solomon

text: Goliath

text: Psalms

text: Hebrew

text: Syriac

text: Adam

text: Jesus

text: Israel

text: Caliph

text: Umar

text: Jerusalem

text: Patriarch

text: Sophronius

text: Temple Mount

text: Tower of David

text: hadith

text: Zabur

text: Musa

text: Moses

text: Tawrat

text: Torah

text: Isa

text: Jesus

text: Injil

text: Gospel

text: Muhammad

text: Book of God

text: Arabic

text: Hebrew

text: Biblical and Quranic narratives

text: Legends and the Quran

text: Qisas Al-Anbiya

wikipedia_title:
David
Hebrew Bible
Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
Islam
Prophets and messengers in Islam
Prophets and messengers in Islam
God in Islam
David
Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
Psalms
Quran
Muhammad
Salah
Fasting
Koine Greek
Syriac language
Hebrew language
Quran
Bible
Prophet
Courier
Revelation
Solomon
Goliath
Psalms
Hebrew language
Syriac language
Adam
Jesus
Israel
Caliphate
Umar
Jerusalem
Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
Sophronius of Jerusalem
Temple Mount
Tower of David
Hadith
Zabur
Moses in Islam
Moses
Torah in Islam
Torah
Jesus in Islam
Jesus
Gospel in Islam
Gospel
Muhammad in Islam
Muhammad
Religious text
Arabic
Hebrew language
Biblical and Quranic narratives
List of legends in the Quran
Qisas Al-Anbiya

categories: Biblical people in Islam,Prophets of Islam

paragraph: David in Islam

paragraph: The biblical David ( or ), who was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah, reigning –970 BCE, is also venerated in Islam as a prophet and messenger of God, and as a righteous, divinely-anointed monarch of the ancient United Kingdom of Israel, which itself is revered in Islam. Additionally, Muslims also honor David for having received the divine revelation of the Psalms. Mentioned sixteen times in the Quran, David appears in the Islamic scripture as a link in the chain of prophets who preceded Muhammad. Although he is not usually considered one of the "law-giving" prophets ("ulū al-ʿazm"), "he is far from a marginal figure" in Islamic thought. In later Islamic traditions, he is praised for his rigor in prayer and fasting. He is also presented as the prototypical just ruler and as a symbol of God's authority on earth, having been at once a king and a prophet. David is particularly important to the religious architecture of Islamic Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: The Quranic Arabic form of David is "Dāwud" or "Dāwūd", differing from Koine Greek "Δαυίδ" and Syriac "Dawīd" (which follow Hebrew "Dāwīd") These forms appear in the Quran sixteen times.

paragraph: Section::::Narrative in the Quran.

paragraph: David's narrative in the Quran, in many respects, parallels that given in the Bible. He is named a prophet ("nabī") but not a messenger ("rasūl"), David is included in lists of those who received revelation ("waḥy"; 4:163) or guidance ("hudā"; 6:84) from God. In both lists his name appears next to that of his son Solomon. Elsewhere, the Quran explains that God gave to both of them the gifts of "sound judgment" ("ḥukm"; 21:79) and "knowledge" ("ʿilm"; 21:79; 27:15). Yet the Quran also ascribes to David merits that distinguish him from Solomon: David killed Goliath (2:251) and received a divine revelation named the Psalms (17:55 uses an indefinite form while 21:105 uses the definite form "al-zabūr"), presumably a reference to the Psalms or the Psalter (the term "zabūr" is perhaps related to Hebrew "mizmōr" or Syriac "mazmūrā", "psalm"). The mountains and the birds praised God along with David (21:79; in 34:10 God commands them to do so; cf. Psalm 148:7–10). God made David a "vicegerent" ("khalīfa"; 38:26), a title that the Quran otherwise gives only to Adam (2:30). This title suggests that, to the Quran, David was something more than a messenger: he was a divinely guided leader who established God’s rule on earth. This role is also suggested by 2:251: "God gave him authority ("mulk") and wisdom ("ḥikma") and taught him what He willed. If God did not drive back some people by others, the earth would become corrupt."

paragraph: Among the things taught to David was the ability to make armour (21:80, 34:10–11), a suggestion that David’s military exploits were the act of God. It is also important that the Quranic reference to David's "wisdom" was sometimes explained by the classical exegetes as the gift of prophecy. The Quran also connects David and Jesus, by insisting that both cursed those Israelites who did not believe (5:78). Moreover, according to the Quran, David was given the ability to distinguish between truth and falsehood when dispensing justice ("faṣl al-khiṭāb", 38:20). Furthermore, there is the allusion to a test David was put through, wherein he prayed and repented and God forgave him (38:24-5). Surat Sad (the 38th chapter of the Quran) is also called "the sūra of David" Exegetes explain that since David prostrated when asking God to forgive him, Muhammad was ordered to imitate him and to perform a prostration when reading this chapter.

paragraph: Section::::Religious significance.

paragraph: David is one of the few Islamic Prophets who received Kingship as well. While other prophets preached during the reign of kings, David, in his time, was the king. Thus, he received an extremely large task, of making sure that the people of Israel were not only held in check spiritually but that the country itself remained strong as well. His place as both leader and prophet is revered by all Muslims as one of extremely high rank. The figure of David, together with that of his prophetic son, Solomon, are iconic of people who ruled justly over their land.

paragraph: God frequently mentions David's high rank as a prophet and messenger in the Quran. He is often mentioned alongside other prophets to emphasize how great he was. For example, God says:

paragraph: When the Caliph ‘Umar visited Jerusalem, the Patriarch Sophronius accompanied him on the Temple Mount, while he searched for the "Mihrab Dawud" ("David's prayer-niche") to perform a prayer. Later commentators identified this site with the Tower of David. In a "hadith", the prayer and fasting of David is mentioned to be dear to God.

paragraph: Section::::Religious significance.:The Book of David.

paragraph: The "Zabur" is the holy book attributed to Prophet David by God, just as Prophet Musa (Moses) received the Tawrat (Torah), Prophet Isa (Jesus) received the Injil (Gospel) and Prophet Muhammad (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim) received the Quran. In the current Hebrew Bible, the "Zabur" is known as the Psalms. However, like other scriptures of the past, the Psalms are believed to have been corrupted over time, with some of the original message now gone. Nonetheless, Muslims are told to treat the present Psalms with immense respect because, in their original form, they too were an inspired Book of God. The Quran states:

paragraph: The term "Zabur" is the Arabic equivalent of the Hebrew "Zimra", meaning "song/music." It, along with "Zamir" ("song") and "Mizmor" ("Psalm"), is a derivative of "Zamar", meaning "sing", "sing praise", "make music". Thus, David is also usually attributed the gifts of music and song.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Primary.

paragraph: ʿAbdallāh b. al-Mubārak, "Kitāb al-Zuhd", ed. Ḥ.R. al-Aʿẓamī, Beirut n.d., 161-4

paragraph: Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, "al-Zuhd", Cairo 1987, 111-2, 114, 134

paragraph: R.G. Khoury, "Wahb b. Munabbih (Codices arabici antiqui i)", Wiesbaden 1972 (with bibliography)

paragraph: id., "Les légendes prophétiques dans l'Islam depuis le Ier jusqu'au IIIe siècle de l'hégire (Codices arabici antiqui iii)", Wiesbaden 1978, 157-74

paragraph: Hibat Allāh b. Salāma, "al-Nāsikh wa-l-mansūkh" (in the margin of Wāḥidī, "Asbāb"), Cairo 1316/1898-9, 262

paragraph: Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī, "Kitāb al-Tawwābīn", ed. ʿA.Q. Arnāʾūṭ, Beirut 1974

paragraph: Majlisī, "Biḥār al-anwār", Beirut 1983, xiv, 1-64; lxxiv, 39-44

paragraph: Muqātil, "Tafsīr", i, 423; ii, 87-8, 639-43; iii, 87-8, 298-9, 525-6

paragraph: Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, "Mirʾāt", i, 472-92

paragraph: Suyūṭī, "Durr", vii, 148-76

paragraph: Ṭabarī, "Tafsīr", v, 360-76

paragraph: Ṭabarsī, "Majmaʿ"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Secondary.

paragraph: A. Geiger, "Judaism and Islam", Madras 1898, 144-5

paragraph: E. Margoliouth, "The convicted in the Bible, cleared from guilt in the Talmud and Midrash (Hebrew)", London 1949, 60-7

paragraph: F.A. Mojtabāʾī, "Dāwūd", in Encyclopædia Iranica, vii, 161-2

paragraph: R. Paret, "Dāwūd", in ei2, ii, 182

paragraph: Y. Zakovitch, "David. From shepherd to Messiah (Hebrew)", Jerusalem 1995 (see especially Annex A by A. Shinʾan, 181-99)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah" (, "The Holy Land")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biblical and Quranic narratives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legends and the Quran

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Qisas Al-Anbiya’" (, "Stories of The Prophets")

description: Prophet and King in Islam

wikidata_label: David in Islam

wikipedia_title: David in Islam


text:
TD
MA
murderer
hanged
Cusop Dingle
Hay-on-Wye
Wales
arsenic poisoning
Plymouth
Edge Hill
St Catharine's College, Cambridge
MA
Hay-on-Wye
Breconshire
West Teignmouth
Freemasons
clerk to the justices
Volunteer Force
First World War
Royal Engineers
Territorial Force
Territorial Decoration
neuritis
Barnwood
Gloucester
title
arsenic
dandelion
Home Office
Scotland Yard
exhumed
Bernard Spilsbury
Mr Justice Darling
Henry Curtis-Bennett
Harold Greenwood
Bernard Spilsbury
arsenic
arsenic trioxide
dandelions
Court of Criminal Appeal
John Ellis
Gloucester Prison
News of the World
BBC
The Black Museum
Dandelion Dead
Michael Kitchen
Sarah Miles
David Thewlis
Lesley Sharp
Mike Hodges
BAFTA
Deadly Advice
Jane Horrocks
Edward Woodward
Dr Crippen
Hywel Bennett
Jack the Ripper
John Mills
Dorothy L. Sayers
Georgette Heyer
Tullett, E.V.

categories: 1921 crimes,English people convicted of murder,1922 deaths,People from Newton Abbot,Volunteer Force officers,British Army personnel of World War I,Poisoners,People from Herefordshire,Executed people from Devon,People convicted of murder by England and Wales,Royal Engineers officers,1869 births,People executed for murder,20th-century executions by England and Wales,English solicitors

paragraph: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

paragraph: Herbert Rowse Armstrong TD MA (13 May 1869 – 31 May 1922) was an English solicitor and convicted murderer, the only solicitor in the history of the United Kingdom to have been hanged for murder. He was living in Cusop Dingle, Herefordshire, England and practising in Hay-on-Wye, on the border of England and Wales, from 1906 until his arrest on 31 December 1921 for the attempted murder of a professional rival by arsenic poisoning. He was later also charged with and tried for the murder of his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Armstrong was born at 23 Princes Square, Plymouth, Devon, on 13 May 1869 to a family of modest means. The family later moved to Edge Hill, Liverpool. He studied at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, gaining a degree in law, and qualified as a solicitor in February 1895. He later gained an MA from St Catharine's in 1901. Initially practising in Liverpool, later Newton Abbot, he successfully applied for a vacancy in Hay-on-Wye, Breconshire, in 1906. He married Katharine Mary Friend of West Teignmouth, Devon, the following year; the couple had two girls and a boy.

paragraph: The Armstrongs moved into an imposing family home called Mayfield in the village of Cusop Dingle not far from Hay where Armstrong ran his law firm of Cheese & Armstrong. Armstrong was a hard working man and rose in the social community of the town. He was a leading member of the Freemasons and was appointed clerk to the justices. He joined the Volunteer Force and rose to the rank of Captain. In 1914 he was called up in the First World War, where he eventually gained the rank of Major in the Royal Engineers Territorial Force, and served in France, May to October 1918. The award of the Territorial Decoration for long service was published in the "London Gazette", 4 November 1919. After the War, he was usually referred to as "Major Armstrong".

paragraph: Section::::Death of Mrs Armstrong.

paragraph: In May 1919, Kitty Armstrong's health first began to weaken, with certain symptoms which the local physician, Dr Thomas Hincks, diagnosed as a case of brachial neuritis. From this she appeared to recover, and did not need to consult Dr Hincks for over a year. But in August 1920, Mrs Armstrong's health, both physical and mental, deteriorated again. Armstrong kept in close contact with Hincks, and showed great concern for his wife, consulting relatives and friends as well. Hincks found that Mrs Armstrong was showing signs of mental collapse and came to the conclusion that it was connected to her illness. At the end of August, Mrs Armstrong was admitted to Barnwood, a private mental asylum near Gloucester. On admission she had pyrexia, vomiting, heart murmurs, and albumen in the urine. There was also partial paralysis in the hands and feet and loss of muscle tone. Mrs Armstrong was also delusional.

paragraph: Mrs Armstrong's condition began to improve at Barnwood, and she was discharged home on 22 January 1921. Shortly after her return home her condition mysteriously deteriorated again and she died exactly a month after her return on 22 February 1921. Hincks was puzzled by Mrs Armstrong's symptoms, but nevertheless stated on the death certificate that she had died of gastritis, aggravated by heart disease and nephritis. Outwardly, Armstrong had shown nothing but forbearing concern for his wife, sitting at her bedside reading to her in the evenings, and leaving the office early whenever possible to be with her. If Armstrong did kill his wife, but for a later act of folly he might well have escaped detection.

paragraph: It would seem that there had been at least problems in the marriage. Though authors who have studied the case have assumed that the Armstrong's marriage was a failure due to the domineering attitude of Mrs Armstrong to her husband, the precise nature of the Armstrongs' relationship is far from clear. It was generally held that Mrs Armstrong was a singularly unpleasant woman who regularly abused and humiliated her husband in public, and it was not unnoticed that, though the local newspaper described Mrs Armstrong as a 'popular Hay lady,' few people attended her funeral. On the other hand, Mrs Armstrong, whenever separated from her husband due either to her stays in hospitals or to his service in the War, is reported to have expressed her desire for the family to be reunited at the earliest opportunity.

paragraph: Whatever the truth, service in the First World War had opened up new experiences for the Major and he had had several affairs. He also went to dances in Hay and made passes at local girls. On the day of Mrs Armstrong's death, the servants closed all the curtains as a mark of respect. The first thing that Armstrong did on returning home from the office was to open them again.

paragraph: Section::::Attempted murder of Oswald Martin.

paragraph: Oswald Martin was Armstrong's only rival solicitor in Hay. They were representing opposing parties in a property sale, the Velinewydd estate, which could have ended with Armstrong's client losing and Armstrong having to pay a large sum to Martin's client. The details of the whole transaction remain unclear; Martin subsequently said there was a question about the titles. Perhaps Armstrong's reluctance to pay Martin was due to him having speculated with his client's funds and then losing it. If this was the case, the only thing Armstrong could do was gain time by quietening Martin somehow at least for a while until he could raise the necessary funds by some other means. It would certainly appear that the money entrusted to Armstrong as a deposit on the sale was gone. Martin kept mentioning the matter of completion to Armstrong, but the latter repeatedly delayed and it remained uncompleted by the time of Armstrong's trial.

paragraph: Armstrong eventually invited Martin to a meeting at his home on 26 October 1921. Martin found tea laid out with cakes and buttered scones. Martin probably thought that Armstrong wanted to discuss completion of the property sale, but the two men merely discussed everyday things and office organisation, although Martin could have raised the matter himself. Armstrong spoke of being lonely after the death of his wife. During the meeting over tea, Armstrong picked up a scone, said, "excuse fingers" and handed it to Martin, who ate it. Having returned home, Martin became violently ill.

paragraph: Martin's father-in-law, John Davies, the chemist (pharmacist) in Hay, had made several sales of arsenic to Armstrong supposedly to kill dandelions despite the fact that it was the autumn and there were only twenty dandelions in the garden of Mayfield, the Armstrongs' home. The chemist was now suspicious of Martin's sudden illness, and when Martin told him he had been to tea at Mayfield, Davies became suspicious. Meanwhile, Hincks became struck by how similar Martin's symptoms were to those of Katharine Armstrong. Hincks, Martin, and Davies discussed the situation and Davies warned the Martins against receiving gifts.

paragraph: It was subsequently discovered that a few weeks before the tea party, a box of chocolates had been anonymously sent to the Martins. Mrs Martin's sister-in-law had eaten some and become violently ill. Fortunately, some chocolates remained and when examined some were found to have a small nozzle-like hole in the base. Dr Hincks contacted the Home Office and explained his suspicions about what had happened to Martin, and later voicing suspicions about Mrs Armstrong's death. Samples of the chocolates and Martin's urine were examined and found to contain arsenic, and the Home Office now passed the case to Scotland Yard. Meanwhile, Armstrong began to bombard Martin with further invitations to tea, for which Martin found it increasingly difficult to find excuses to avoid.

paragraph: Scotland Yard had to move slowly so as not to warn Armstrong of their suspicions. They eventually arrested him on 31 December 1921, and he was charged with the attempted murder of Oswald Martin. He maintained he was innocent. When he was arrested, the police found a packet of arsenic in his pocket and many more in his house. Mrs Armstrong's body was exhumed and examined by the eminent Home Office pathologist Dr Bernard Spilsbury. Her body was riddled with arsenic ten months after death, and on 19 January 1922, Armstrong was charged with the wilful murder of his wife. "I repeat what I said before. I am absolutely innocent," said Armstrong.

paragraph: Section::::Trial.

paragraph: Armstrong's trial for the murder of his wife began at Hereford before Mr Justice Darling on 3 April 1922. Armstrong was defended by Sir Henry Curtis-Bennett, one of the leading criminal trial barristers of the day. Public and media interest was enormous. A year earlier there had been a trial near Hay of another solicitor, Harold Greenwood, for the murder of his wife by poison, supposedly disguised as an illness. Greenwood had been acquitted. Also, the fact that the three men who brought the charges to the police included Armstrong's business rival and the latter's father-in-law looked suspicious to some people. It was believed by some that Armstrong was being framed. But despite the widespread belief that he would be acquitted, the prosecution case was a strong one. Katherine Armstrong's body was riddled with arsenic and at the time of her death the ingested quantity must have been far higher, and Armstrong had made huge purchases of arsenic. The defence had somehow to make the jury believe that Mrs Armstrong had committed suicide by getting out of bed, going downstairs and helping herself to arsenic without anyone seeing or hearing her; or that massive doses of arsenic had somehow got into her system some accidental way. All witnesses confirmed that towards the end she was almost paralysed. Dr Bernard Spilsbury insisted that the fatal dose must have been taken within twenty-four hours of death, and Hincks affirmed that for Mrs Armstrong to have taken it herself was "absolutely impossible".

paragraph: Section::::Arsenic poisoning.

paragraph: Then Armstrong had to explain his habits concerning arsenic or the white powder, arsenic trioxide. He claimed that it was his practice to put small portions of arsenic into individual pouches, which he squirted into the ground near spots where dandelions tended to grow. One small pouch was found on his person following his arrest, and there was no reasonable explanation offered for his carrying it around, particularly as the arrest was in December. Armstrong did not come off well under questioning by Mr Justice Darling concerning this point.

paragraph: Much later, after the trial, two possible motives emerged for Katharine Armstrong's poisoning. Firstly, Armstrong had decided he wanted a different, more congenial wife. Secondly, Katharine had written a will in 1917 leaving the bulk of her estate not to her husband, but to their children. Armstrong produced a new will following his wife's death, giving him control of her estate, but studies suggest that it was probably forged. For some time before the Velinewydd estate affair Armstrong's business had been in financial difficulties. The difficulties in relation to the sale of the Velinewydd estate made things even worse for him.

paragraph: However, the evidence against Armstrong, though considerable, was nonetheless purely circumstantial. No one had actually "seen" the Major administering poison, and . Mrs Armstrong had occasionally spoken of suicide, some medicines contained arsenic, and there were plenty of other people coming into contact with her at Mayfield. The prosecution failed to show how it was Armstrong and only Armstrong who administered poison, and no one else. As for the Martin poisoning, . In short, other than gaining a little time, the death of Martin would not in any way have relieved the Major's business problems.

paragraph: Armstrong made no confession and adamantly maintained his total innocence to the bitter end. On 13 April 1922 at Hereford Shire Hall, he was found guilty of the murder of his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: Mr Justice Darling stated that he concurred with the jury's view and that it was absurd and unsupported by any evidence that Mrs Armstrong had committed suicide. He then sentenced Armstrong to death. On 16 May 1922, the Court of Criminal Appeal dismissed his appeal and Armstrong was hanged by John Ellis at Gloucester Prison on 31 May 1922. Ellis claimed that before the trap was opened on the gallows Armstrong called out, "Kitty I'm coomin to ye!" although this is unconfirmed. The "News of the World" reported that when asked by the prison governor on the morning of the execution if he had anything to say, Armstrong's last words were "I am innocent of the crime for which I have been condemned to die."

paragraph: Section::::Media adaptations.

paragraph: The Armstrong case was dramatised on the BBC radio series "The Black Museum" in 1952 under the title of "The Champagne Glass".

paragraph: Armstrong was also the subject of a 1994 TV mini-series called "Dandelion Dead", which starred Michael Kitchen as Major Armstrong, Sarah Miles as Katherine Armstrong, David Thewlis as Oswald Martin and Lesley Sharp as Martin's wife, Constance. It was directed by Mike Hodges and won a BAFTA in 1995. As well as telling the main story of Armstrong's crimes, the series develops the courtship of Martin and his wife and shows the effects of events on Armstrong's children.

paragraph: "Deadly Advice", a black comedy released in 1994, was set in Hay-on-Wye and had Jane Horrocks becoming a serial killer under the ghostly influence of Armstrong (played by Edward Woodward) and others like Dr Crippen (Hywel Bennett) and Jack the Ripper (John Mills).

paragraph: The then-recent Armstrong case was discussed in Dorothy L. Sayers' 1927 mystery novel "Unnatural Death", , and in "Detection Unlimited", a mystery novel written by Georgette Heyer, a character is compared to Armstrong.

paragraph: Section::::"The Hay Poisoner".

paragraph: Armstrong's home in Cusop was subsequently owned by Martin Beales, a solicitor working in Armstrong's former office in Hay. Beales believed that Armstrong was innocent and published a book arguing his case.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, Andrew; 'Lethal Witness', Sutton Publishing 2007, Kent State University Press 2009; Chapter Nine ('Excuse Fingers'). Discusses Spilsbury's major role as prosecution witness.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beales, Martin; "Dead not Buried". 1995 (later retitled "The Hay Poisoner"). The author sets out the case for Armstrong's being framed. Written with the co-operation of Margaret, the Armstrongs' surviving daughter, who was incensed at the portrayal of her father in the 1994 film "Dandelion Dead".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Browne, D. and Tullett, E.V.; "Bernard Spilsbury: His Life and Cases" 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Frank; "Beyond Suspicion: True Stories of Unexpected Killers". p. 53–85: "A Tale of Two Lawyers": The author compares the cases against Greenwood and Armstrong. He also points out a counter theory that Armstrong may have been innocent but framed by Martin, Davies, and Hincks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odell, Robin; "Exhumation of a Murder: The Life and Trial of Major Armstrong". London: Harrap, 1975. . Regarding Armstrong's guilt, the author concludes that while the evidence remains circumstantial, taken together with what is known of Armstrong's personality "all doubts are dispelled."

wikidata_label: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

wikipedia_title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong


text: German

text: Marxist

text: philosopher

text: Hegel

text: Karl Marx

text: Thomas Müntzer

text: Paracelsus

text: Jacob Boehme

text: György Lukács

text: Bertolt Brecht

text: Kurt Weill

text: Walter Benjamin

text: Theodor W. Adorno

text: humanistic

text: oppression

text: exploitation

text: revolutionary

text: Ludwigshafen

text: Jewish

text: Karola Piotrowska

text: Polish

text: architect

text: Vienna

text: University of Leipzig

text: East Germany

text: GDR

text: German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

text: Manfred Buhr

text: Greifswald

text: Hungarian uprising in 1956

text: humanistic

text: Emil Fuchs

text: Berlin Wall

text: Tübingen

text: West Germany

text: The Principle of Hope

text: New Hampshire

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: Widener Library

text: protest movements in 1968

text: liberation theology

text: Jürgen Moltmann

text: Dorothee Sölle

text: Ernesto Balducci

text: Joel Kovel

text: Robert S. Corrington

text: José Esteban Muñoz

text: performance studies

text: Peggy Phelan

text: Christian Thomasius

text: Avicenna

text: The Principle of Hope

text: Atheism in Christianity

text: "TELOS"

text: Telos Press

text: Exilliteratur

text: Adorno, Theodor W.

text: Schmidt, Burghard

text: Ernst-Bloch-Zentrum

text: Ernst Bloch Assoziation

categories: 1885 births,1977 deaths,Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States,Leipzig University faculty,German atheists,20th-century atheists,German political philosophers,German male writers,German Marxists,Marxist writers,Social philosophers,Marxist humanists,Jewish philosophers,University of Tübingen faculty,People from Ludwigshafen,People from the Palatinate (region),20th-century German philosophers,Jewish atheists,Jewish socialists,German Jews,Exilliteratur writers,Marxist theorists,Atheist philosophers

paragraph: Ernst Bloch

paragraph: Ernst Bloch (; July 8, 1885 – August 4, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher.

paragraph: Bloch was influenced by Hegel and Karl Marx, as well as by apocalyptic and religious thinkers such as Thomas Müntzer, Paracelsus, and Jacob Boehme. He established friendships with György Lukács, Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill, Walter Benjamin, and Theodor W. Adorno. Bloch's work focuses on the thesis that in a humanistic world where oppression and exploitation have been eliminated there will always be a truly revolutionary force.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bloch was born in Ludwigshafen, the son of a Jewish railway-employee. After studying philosophy, he married Else von Stritzky, daughter of a Baltic brewer in 1913, who died in 1921. His second marriage with Linda Oppenheimer lasted only a few years. His third wife was Karola Piotrowska, a Polish architect, whom he married in 1934 in Vienna. When the Nazis came to power, they had to flee, first into Switzerland, then to Austria, France, Czechoslovakia, and finally the United States.

paragraph: In 1948, Bloch was offered the chair of philosophy at the University of Leipzig, and he returned to East Germany to take up the position. In 1955 he was awarded the National Prize of the GDR. In addition, he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (AdW). He had more or less become the political philosopher of the GDR. Among his many academic students from this period was his assistant Manfred Buhr, who earned his doctorate with him in 1957, and was later professor in Greifswald, then director of the Central Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences (ADC) in Berlin and who became a critic of Bloch.

paragraph: However, the Hungarian uprising in 1956 led Bloch to revise his view of the SED (Socialist Unity Party) regime, whilst retaining his Marxist orientation. Because he advocated humanistic ideas of freedom, he was obliged to retire in 1957 for political reasons – not because of his age, 72 years. A number of scientists and students spoke publicly against this forced retirement, among them the renowned professor and colleague Emil Fuchs and his students as well as Fuchs's grandson .

paragraph: When the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, he did not return to the GDR, but went to Tübingen in West Germany, where he received an honorary chair in Philosophy. He died in Tübingen.

paragraph: Section::::Thought.

paragraph: Bloch's "The Principle of Hope" was written during his emigration in the United States, where he lived briefly in New Hampshire before settling in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He wrote the lengthy three-volume work in the reading room of Harvard's Widener Library. Bloch originally planned to publish it there under the title "Dreams of a Better Life". "The Principle of Hope" tries to provide an encyclopedic account of mankind's and nature's orientation towards a socially and technologically improved future.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Bloch's work became very influential in the course of the student protest movements in 1968 and in liberation theology.

paragraph: It is cited as a key influence by Jürgen Moltmann in his "Theology of Hope" (1967, Harper and Row, New York), by Dorothee Sölle, and by Ernesto Balducci. Psychoanalyst Joel Kovel has praised Bloch as, "the greatest of modern utopian thinkers". Robert S. Corrington has been influenced by Bloch, though he has tried to adapt Bloch's ideas to serve a liberal rather than a Marxist politics. Bloch's concept of concrete utopias found in "The Principle of Hope" was used by José Esteban Muñoz to shift the field of performance studies. This shift allowed for the emergence of utopian performativity and a new wave of performance theorizing as Bloch's formulation of utopia shifted how scholars conceptualize the ontology and the staging of performances as imbued with an enduring indeterminacy, as opposed to dominant performance theories found in the work of Peggy Phelan, who view performance as a life event without reproduction.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geist der Utopie" (1918) ("The Spirit of Utopia", Stanford, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thomas Müntzer als Theologe der Revolution" (1921) ("Thomas Müntzer as Theologian of Revolution")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spuren" (1930) ("Traces", Stanford University Press, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erbschaft dieser Zeit" (1935) ("Heritage of Our Times", Polity, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freiheit und Ordnung" (1947) ("Freedom and Order")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Subjekt-Objekt" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christian Thomasius" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avicenna und die aristotelische Linke" (1949) ("Avicenna and the aristotelian Left")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Prinzip Hoffnung" (3 vols.: 1938–1947) ("The Principle of Hope", MIT Press, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naturrecht und menschliche Würde" (1961) ("Natural Law and Human Dignity", MIT Press 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tübinger Einleitung in die Philosophie" (1963) ("The Tübingen Introduction in Philosophy")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Religion im Erbe" (1959–66) (trans.: "Man on His Own", Herder and Herder, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Karl Marx" (1968) Herder and Herder, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atheismus im Christentum" (1968) (trans.: "Atheism in Christianity", 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Politische Messungen, Pestzeit, Vormärz" (1970) ("Political Measurements, the Plague, Pre-March")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Materialismusproblem, seine Geschichte und Substanz" (1972) ("The Problem of Materialism, Its History and Substance")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Experimentum Mundi. Frage, Kategorien des Herausbringens, Praxis" (1975) ("Experimentum Mundi. Question, Categories of Realization, Praxis")

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Causality and Finality as Active, Objectifying Categories:Categories of Transmission”. "TELOS" 21 (Fall 1974). New York: Telos Press

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exilliteratur"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adorno, Theodor W. (1991). "Ernst Bloch's "Spuren"," "Notes to Literature, Volume One", New York, Columbia University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, Peter and Slavoj Žižek (eds.) (2013) "The Privatization of Hope: Ernst Bloch and the Future of Utopia". Durham, NC: Duke University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boldyrev, Ivan (2014), "Ernst Bloch and His Contemporaries: Locating Utopian Messianism". London and New York: Bloomsbury.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoghegan, Vincent (1996). "Ernst Bloch", London, Routledge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hudson, Wayne (1982). "The Marxist philosophy of Ernst Bloch", New York, St. Martin's Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmidt, Burghard. (1985) "Ernst Bloch", Stuttgart, Metzler

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1989). "Ernst Bloch: messianisme et utopie", PUF, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, John Miller (1995). "Assembling (Post)modernism: The Utopian Philosophy of Ernst Bloch", New York, P Lang. (Studies in European thought, volume 11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korstvedt, Benjamin M. (2010). "Listening for utopia in Ernst Bloch’s musical philosophy", Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- West, Thomas H. (1991). "Ultimate hope without God : the atheistic eschatology of Ernst Bloch", New York, P. Lang (American university studies series 7 theology religion; volume 97)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illuminations: Ernst Bloch, Utopia and Ideology Critique By Douglas Kellner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst-Bloch-Zentrum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst Bloch Assoziation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centre for Ernst Bloch Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London

alias:
Ernst Bloh
Ernst Simon Bloch

description: German philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Ernst Bloch

wikidata_label: Ernst Bloch

wikipedia_title: Ernst Bloch


text:
Māori
Parihaka
New Zealand
Taranaki
Tohu Kakahi
nonviolent resistance
Pakeha
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Dunedin
Tim Finn
his self-titled album
Parihaka
Don McGlashan
Colin McCahon
Ralph Hotere
Pacifist of Parihaka
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

categories: People from Taranaki,New Zealand pacifists,Year of birth uncertain,Nonviolence advocates,New Zealand religious leaders,1907 deaths,Māori religion,New Zealand Māori people

paragraph: Te Whiti o Rongomai

paragraph: Te Whiti o Rongomai III (c. 1830–18 November 1907) was a Māori spiritual leader and founder of the village of Parihaka, in New Zealand's Taranaki region.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Te Whiti was born in Ngamotu, Taranaki, New Zealand in 1830, the son of Hone Kakahi of the Te Ati Awa tribe and Rangi Kauwau. Educated at a mission school, he later set up a flour mill in Warea.

paragraph: In 1860 Te Whiti was responsible for saving the lives of the crew and passengers of the "Lord Worsely" which was wrecked on the Taranaki coast 80km south of New Plymouth. When Māori threatened the survivors on the beach he came to the rescue. He had a bullock killed and fed the survivors, sending a message to New Plymouth and arranged transport in carts to escort the survivors back to New Plymouth. This was the first time the government officials knew of the existence of Te Whiti. He was believed to be about 30 at the time. In 1867, the great Māori chief established a village at Parihaka. He wanted his people to regain their land, pride and self-respect after the confiscations in other parts of the North Island. His aim seems to have been to establish a new way for Māori to resist European attempts to take what was left of Taranaki.

paragraph: With his close relative, Tohu Kakahi, Te Whiti led the people of Parihaka in their nonviolent resistance to the confiscation of Māori land by the New Zealand Government. He was the son of Tohukakahi, a minor chief of the Patukai hapu of the Ngati Tawhirikura branch, Te Ati Awa tribe, and of Rangiawau, daughter of Te Whetu. As a youngster, Te Whiti was well educated by Māori elders, who taught him about the traditions of his culture.

paragraph: It also appears preacher Minarapa Te Rangihatuake taught Te Whiti scripture and to read and write. Te Whiti also became a pupil of Lutheran missionary Johannes Riemenschneider. While the Parihaka prophet turned his back on all acts of violence, he wasn't going to give up land without a fight. And so, passive resistance was born.

paragraph: "Though some, in darkness of heart, seeing their land ravished, might wish to take arms and kill the aggressors, I say it must not be. Let not the Pakehas (sic) think to succeed by reason of their guns ... I want not war, but they do. The flashes of their guns have singed our eyelashes, and yet they say they do not want war ... The government come not hither to reason, but go to out-of-the-way places. They work secretly, but I speak in public so that all may hear," Te Whiti told his people in March 1880.

paragraph: By that time, Parihaka was a stronghold of Taranaki Māori opposition to the loss of tribal lands, which arose from the Land Wars and subsequent Crown legislation. The government passed the Suppression of Rebellion Act 1863 to punish Māori rebels who had fought against the government mainly in Taranaki and the Waikato. This defined Māori fighting against the government as rebels, who could be detained indefinitely, without trial. While Te Whiti and Tohu Kakahi were incarcerated, Māori ploughmen came from all over the country to assist them to re occupy their confiscated land and prevent the building of roads. Hundreds were arrested and their property confiscated. Reports of the Māori Ploughman's nonviolent struggle in the British media influenced the thinking of Mohandas K. Gandhi in South Africa.

paragraph: Section::::References in modern culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Popular Dunedin artist Jeremy Callander wrote a song about Te Whiti and Parihaka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tim Finn has a song on his self-titled album called "Parihaka" about Te Whiti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don McGlashan has a song titled "18th Day" which is about the return of Te Whiti from detention

paragraph: BULLET::::- On the album "Pendulum" by Little Bushman, there is a song titled "Peaceful Man" which is about Te Whiti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Numerous artists have used Te Whiti as a subject or inspiration, among them Colin McCahon (with his painting "Te Whiti, Tohu") and Ralph Hotere ("Te Whiti drawing-painting"), both of which were produced for a 1972 exhibition about Te Whiti, "Taranaki Saw it All".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fox Boy. P Walker. Bloomsbury. 2001. ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pacifist of Parihaka

paragraph: BULLET::::- from the "Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"

alias:
Te Whiti o Rongomai III
Te Whiti

description: Māori spiritual leader from New Zealand

wikidata_label: Te Whiti o Rongomai

wikipedia_title: Te Whiti o Rongomai


text:
26th Governor of Missouri
Delaware County, Ohio
Maryville, Missouri
Montgomery County, Iowa
American Civil War
Graham, Missouri
Missouri State Militia
Nodaway County, Missouri
Lafayette County, Missouri
Amos Graham
Maryville Daily Forum
Missouri House of Representatives
Normal school
Northwest Missouri State University
John S. Marmaduke
David R. Francis
Morehouse, Missouri
print.google.com
National Governors biography
Political graveyard biography
Famous Masons biography

categories: Politicians from Columbus, Ohio,Lieutenant Governors of Missouri,1891 deaths,1835 births,Missouri Democrats,19th-century American politicians,Governors of Missouri,Democratic Party state governors of the United States

paragraph: Albert P. Morehouse

paragraph: Albert Pickett Morehouse (July 11, 1835 – September 23, 1891) was the 26th Governor of Missouri from 1887 to 1889.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Morehouse was born in Delaware County, Ohio and moved to Maryville, Missouri, in 1856. He was admitted to the bar and began practice in Montgomery County, Iowa.

paragraph: At the beginning of the American Civil War, he moved to Graham, Missouri, where he taught school. He joined with the Missouri State Militia in November 1861 consisting of residents of Nodaway County, Missouri. While camped in Lafayette County, Missouri, he met his future wife Mattie McFadden.

paragraph: After the war he formed a law practice with Amos Graham. In 1872 he founded the Nodaway Democrat which would become the Maryville Daily Forum.

paragraph: He was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1876 defeating H.M. Jackson by 197 votes. He was to actively pursue legislation to establish a Normal school in Maryville that eventually would result in Northwest Missouri State University locating in the town.

paragraph: He was elected to the state house again in 1872 and was elected Missouri Lieutenant Governor in 1884.

paragraph: As Lieutenant Governor, Morehouse assumed office on December 28, 1887, upon the death of John S. Marmaduke. He was in office for slightly more than a year when David R. Francis was elected to become governor.

paragraph: Morehouse returned to Maryville where he had a real estate business with Nat Sission.

paragraph: Morehouse died on September 23, 1891. After rupturing a blood vessel in his brain from an accident while herding cattle, Morehouse became delirious and didn't know what he was doing. He committed suicide by cutting his own throat with a pocket knife two days after the accident.

paragraph: He is interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Maryville.

paragraph: The City of Morehouse, Missouri, is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "Dictionary of Missouri Biography" Edited by Lawrence O. Christensen, William E. Foley, Gary R. Kremer, and Kenneth H. Winn - 1999 - University of Missouri Press - 1999 - Pages 557-558 (available on print.google.com)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Governors biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Political graveyard biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Famous Masons biography

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Albert P. Morehouse

wikipedia_title: Albert P. Morehouse


text:
shortstop
Major League Baseball
Washington Senators
Minooka, Pennsylvania
minor league
batting average
home run
RBI
games
Steve
catcher
Indians
Tigers
Red Sox
Phillies
Jack
Cardinals
Cubs
Beaneaters
Mike
pitcher
left fielder
Reds
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet

categories: Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania,Major League Baseball shortstops,20th-century Irish people,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,People from County Galway,1976 deaths,1893 births,Washington Senators (1901–60) players

paragraph: Jim O'Neill (baseball)

paragraph: James Leo O'Neill (February 23, 1893 – September 5, 1976) was a backup shortstop in Major League Baseball who played for the Washington Senators. He batted and threw right-handed.

paragraph: A native of Minooka, Pennsylvania, where he played for the Minooka Blues in the Northeast Pennsylvania Temperance League, O'Neill played for a significant number of minor league clubs, beginning in 1914 and ending in 1930. He played with the Washington Senators in part of two seasons in 1920 and 1923, and posted a .287 batting average with one home run and 43 RBI in 109 games.

paragraph: O'Neill was the youngest of four brothers who played in the major leagues. Steve, the most prominent of the four, was a catcher in the majors for 17 years and also managed the Indians, Tigers, Red Sox and Phillies. Jack caught with the Cardinals, Cubs and Beaneaters, and Mike was a pitcher and left fielder for the Cardinals and Reds.

paragraph: O'Neill died in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, at the age of 83.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Reference

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Jim O'Neill

wikipedia_title: Jim O'Neill (baseball)


text: singer

text: Grateful Dead

text: Florence, Alabama

text: session singer

text: Muscle Shoals, Alabama

text: When a Man Loves a Woman

text: Percy Sledge

text: Suspicious Minds

text: Elvis Presley

text: Boz Scaggs

text: Duane Allman

text: Cher

text: Joe Tex

text: Neil Diamond

text: Keith Godchaux

text: Jerry Garcia

text: Keystone Korner

text: Keith & Donna

text: Jerry Garcia Band

text: BoomBox

text: Heart of Gold Band

text: bassist

text: Fiddleworms

text: Muscle Shoals Sound Studio

text: Jeff Mattson

text: Phil Lesh and Friends

text: Zen Tricksters

text: Dark Star Orchestra

text: David Nelson Band

text: Phil Lesh and Friends

text: Ratdog

text: Donna Jean & the Tricksters

text: Bob Weir & RatDog

text: Steve Kimock

text: New Riders of the Purple Sage

text: Dark Star Orchestra

text: Dead & Company

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: Keith & Donna

text: The Heart of Gold Band

text: Donna Jean and the Tricksters

text: Donna Jean and the Tricksters

text: Back Around

text: Donna Jean Godchaux Band

text: Jeff Mattson

text: Percy Sledge

text: Elvis Presley

text: Muscle Shoals

text: Move Me Brightly

text: From Elvis in Memphis

text: Elvis Presley

text: 3614 Jackson Highway

text: Cher

text: Boz Scaggs

text: Boz Scaggs

text: Ton-Ton Macoute!

text: Johnny Jenkins

text: Ace

text: Bob Weir

text: Demon in Disguise

text: David Bromberg

text: Gypsy Cowboy

text: New Riders of the Purple Sage

text: The Adventures of Panama Red

text: Robert Hunter

text: Reflections

text: Jerry Garcia

text: Cats Under the Stars

text: Jerry Garcia Band

text: Zero

text: Jazz Is Dead

text: Don't Let Go

text: Worcester, MA, 4/4/73

text: The Zen Tricksters

text: Garcia Live Volume Four

text: Garcia Live Volume Seven

text: Muscle Shoals, Alabama

text: FAME Studios

text: Muscle Shoals Sound Studios

text: Grateful Dead official website

text: Donna Jean Godchaux Interview

categories: Singers from Alabama,1947 births,American rock singers,21st-century American women singers,21st-century American singers,American female singers,20th-century American singers,Musicians from Florence, Alabama,Female rock singers,Heart of Gold Band members,Grateful Dead members,Living people,20th-century American women singers

paragraph: Donna Jean Godchaux

paragraph: Donna Jean Thatcher Godchaux-MacKay (born August 22, 1947) is an American singer, best known for having been a member of the Grateful Dead from 1972 until 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Donna Jean Thatcher was born in Florence, Alabama. Prior to 1970, she had worked as a session singer in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, eventually singing with a group called Southern Comfort and appearing as a backup singer on at least two #1 hit songs: "When a Man Loves a Woman" by Percy Sledge in 1966 and "Suspicious Minds" by Elvis Presley in 1969. Her vocals were featured on other classic recordings by Boz Scaggs and Duane Allman, Cher, Joe Tex, Neil Diamond and many others. She then moved to California and met future fellow Grateful Dead member Keith Godchaux, whom she married in 1970.

paragraph: Donna introduced Keith to Jerry Garcia after Garcia's performance at San Francisco's Keystone Korner in September 1971. At the time, Donna Jean was not working as a musician. She joined the band shortly afterwards, remaining a member until February 1979.

paragraph: Donna Jean provided back-up and lead vocals in the group's music. During their membership in the Grateful Dead, the couple also issued the mostly self-written "Keith & Donna" album in 1975 with Jerry Garcia as a Keith and Donna Band member. In turn, they performed as part of the Jerry Garcia Band.

paragraph: Keith and Donna's son, Zion "Rock" Godchaux of BoomBox, was born in 1974.

paragraph: After the Grateful Dead, the couple started the Heart of Gold Band.

paragraph: Donna did not perform again with any Grateful Dead band members until after the death of Jerry Garcia. Shortly after her husband's death in 1980, she married bassist David MacKay (former Fiddleworms member and bassist for the Donna Jean Godchaux Band) and the couple moved to her childhood town of Florence, Alabama, to record at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio.

paragraph: In 2009, Donna Jean formed a brand new band, the Donna Jean Godchaux Band, with Jeff Mattson (of Phil Lesh and Friends, Zen Tricksters, and Dark Star Orchestra), after re-entering the music scene with Mattson and Mookie Siegel (of David Nelson Band, Phil Lesh and Friends, and Ratdog) to form Kettle Joe's Psychedelic Swamp Revue, later known as Donna Jean & the Tricksters. She occasionally makes guest appearances with Bob Weir & RatDog, Zero & Steve Kimock, New Riders of the Purple Sage, Dark Star Orchestra and Dead & Company.

paragraph: In 1994, Donna Jean was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Grateful Dead. She resides in Killen, Alabama, and remains an active member of the Muscle Shoals music scene when not touring with the Donna Jean Godchaux Band with Jeff Mattson.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As group leader or co-leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Keith & Donna" – Keith and Donna Godchaux – 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Playing in the Heart of Gold Band" – The Ghosts – 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heart of Gold Band" – The Heart of Gold Band – 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Donna Jean" – The Donna Jean Band – 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At the Table" – The Heart of Gold Band – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Donna Jean and the Tricksters" – Donna Jean and the Tricksters – 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back Around" – Donna Jean Godchaux Band with Jeff Mattson – 2014

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With the Grateful Dead.

paragraph: Donna Godchaux was a member of the Grateful Dead from 1972 to 1979 and appears on many of the band's albums.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With other artists.

paragraph: Donna Godchaux (née Donna Thatcher) has contributed background or lead vocals on many albums by different artists.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When a Man Loves a Woman" / "Love Me Like You Mean It" – Percy Sledge – 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suspicious Minds" / "You'll Think of Me" – Elvis Presley – 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Videos

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muscle Shoals" – various artists – 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Move Me Brightly" – various artists – 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Elvis in Memphis" – Elvis Presley – 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Memphis to Vegas/From Vegas to Memphis" – Elvis Presley – 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3614 Jackson Highway" – Cher – 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boz Scaggs" – Boz Scaggs – 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ton-Ton Macoute!" – Johnny Jenkins – 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ace" – Bob Weir – 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demon in Disguise" – David Bromberg – 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gypsy Cowboy" – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventures of Panama Red" – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of the Great Rum Runners" – Robert Hunter – 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiger Rose" – Robert Hunter – 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reflections" – Jerry Garcia – 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cats Under the Stars" – Jerry Garcia Band – 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Here Goes Nothing" – Zero – 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laughing Water" – Jazz Is Dead – 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Let Go" – Jerry Garcia Band – 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Worcester, MA, 4/4/73" – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" – Jerry Garcia Band – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" – Jerry Garcia Band – 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Rex: The Black Tie Dye Ball" – The Zen Tricksters and various artists – 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" – Jerry Garcia Band – 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garcia Live Volume Four" – Jerry Garcia Band – 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garcia Live Volume Seven" – Jerry Garcia Band – 2016

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muscle Shoals, Alabama

paragraph: BULLET::::- FAME Studios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muscle Shoals Sound Studios

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donna Jean Godchaux Band with Jeff Mattson official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grateful Dead official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Music Never Stopped: The Musical Journey of Donna Jean Godcheaux-McKay From honesttune.com.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donna Jean Godchaux Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017)

description: musician

wikidata_label: Donna Jean Godchaux

wikipedia_title: Donna Jean Godchaux


text:
Grand Master
Teutonic Order
Imperial Knight
Thuringia
Holy Roman Empire
Hermann von Heldrungen
Komtur
Saxony
Livonian Order
Anno von Sangershausen
Prussia
Livonia
Pomerania

categories: Christians of the Prussian Crusade,People from Thuringia,Year of birth unknown,1282 deaths,Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order

paragraph: Hartmann von Heldrungen

paragraph: Hartmann von Heldrungen (died 19 August 1283) was the 11th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, serving from 1273 to 1283.

paragraph: Von Heldrungen was an Imperial Knight from Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire. He joined the Teutonic Order along with his brother Hermann von Heldrungen between 1234 and 1237.

paragraph: In 1238, von Heldrungen became the Komtur in Saxony. He took part in diplomatic negotiations and celebrations when the Livonian Order joined the Teutonic Order. He was trusted by the Grand Masters and because of that, he was able to advance quickly within the Order. Between 1261 and 1266, he was the Grand Komtur and second in charge after the Grand Master, Anno von Sangershausen.

paragraph: Von Heldrungen became the 11th Grand Master in the summer of 1273. His reign was marked by relative peace for the order, and he encouraged the colonization of Prussia and Livonia. He gained more lands in the empire as well as in Pomerania. He died at Acre in 1283 after fifty years in the order and reportedly at close to a hundred years in age.

description: Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

wikidata_label: Hartmann von Heldrungen

wikipedia_title: Hartmann von Heldrungen


text:
Dervish movement
Italian
Ethiopian
Hajji
Hafiz
Sayyid
British
Berbera
Berbera
Indian
Aden
Salihiyya
Qadiriyyah
khat
Tawassul
Percy Cox
Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux
James Hayes Sadler
Sultan Nur
Habr Yunis
Tariqa
Nugaal
Eric John Eagles Swayne
Europe
Burco
cavalry
Charles Egerton
Majeerteen
Illig
Taleh
Nugal
Werder
Beledweyne
Battle of Dul Madoba
Colonel
Richard Corfield
Somaliland Camel Corps
World War I
Adrian Carton de Wiart
Lieutenant General
Hastings Ismay
Winston Churchill
Sudan
Egypt
Ottoman Sultanate
Ogaden
influenza
Imi
Somali region
Somali Regional State
Guled Casowe
Somali Region
Anti-colonial
lands
autochthonous
Islamic Courts Union
Ogaden National Liberation Front
Western Somali Liberation Front
Pan-Somalism
Pan-Africanist movements
Senussi
The Parching Winds of Somalia
romance
Farah Mohamed Jama Awl
British
Italians
Ethiopia
Horn of Africa
Abdulkadir Ahmed Said
India
epic film
Corto Maltese
Haji Sudi
Dervish movement
Sultan Nur
Hasna Doreh
Ismail Mire
Bashir Yussuf
Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
John Gough
Victoria Cross
Alexander Stanhope Cobbe
Victoria Cross
Adrian Carton de Wiart
Shimbiris
Abdisalam Issa-Salwe
Abdi Sheik Abdi
Battersby, Henry Francis Prevost
Jaamac Cumar Ciise
Jardine, Douglas J.
The Mad Mullah of Somaliland
Said S. Samatar

categories: Somali nationalists,Somalian politicians,1920 deaths,Somalian Muslims,1856 births,Deaths from Spanish flu,Somalian religious leaders

paragraph: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

paragraph: Mohamed Abdullah Hassan (; (1868 – 1920) was a Somali religious and patriotic leader. He established the Dervish movement in Somalia that fought a 20-year war against the British, Italian, and Ethiopian empires.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: Due to his successful completion of the hajj to Mecca, his complete memorization of the Quran and his purported descent from the Prophet Muhammad, his name is sometimes preluded with honorifics such as Hajji, Hafiz or Sayyid.

paragraph: Muhammad `Abd Allāh al-Hasan (, ; Sayyid Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh was referred to as the Mad Mullah by the British empire. His name is sometimes informally abbreviated as MAH. Due to his influence in the precipitation of Somali nationalism, he is referred to as the "Father of Somali nationalism". In 1917, the Ottoman Empire referred to Hassan as the "Emir of the Somali".

paragraph: According to Douglas Jardine, the epithet 'Mad Mullah' did not originate with the British or the Italians as is often thought, but is a translation of the Somali expression "wadaad waal" (the Mullah that is a lunatic) used by Somalis in Berbera. One Somali poet at the time, Ali Jama Habil composed a poem titled "'Maxamed Waal"' (Mohamed the Lunatic). The Somali word "waalan" covers a spectrum that ranges from sheer lunacy through 'lunatic' valour to an other worldly inner serenity.

paragraph: Section::::The Birth of the Somali Dervish rebellion.

paragraph: In 1895, Hassan returned to Berbera. The British considered Berbera merely 'Aden's butcher's shop', since they were only interested in getting regular supplies of meat from Somaliland through this port for their Indian outpost of Aden.

paragraph: In Berbera, Hassan could not succeed in spreading the teaching of the Salihiyya order due to the hostility of the local Qadiriyyah inhabitants to the Ahmedia order the head order of the Salhiya which is only a sub brand of the Ahmediya. The Qadiriyyah did not like the new Ahmediya strict interpretations, the later opposed the chewing of the mild leafs khat, or the consumption of sheep's tail ( the fat) and following their traditional Qadiriyyah order in which the issue of Tawassul. In 1897 the young Mullah left Berbera to the mullah settlement at Kob Fardod.

paragraph: On March 1899, one Duwaleh Hirsi a former member of the Somali Aden police then Mr Percy Cox's (former counsel-resident of Zeila and Berbera, 1893–1895) expedition guide in Somaliland allegedly stole a rifle and sold it to the tariqa at Kob Fardod. The vice-counsel at the coast, Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux, sent a letter to the mullahs at Kob Fardod demanding the return of the rifle. The letter was carried by a Somali mounted policeman named Ahmed Adan. Upon his return after the delivery of the letter, Cordeaux interviewed Adan, who provided the following information:

paragraph: I knew many of the people there—some of them were relations of mine. My brother-in-law, Dualeh Aoreb, was there. I asked them if they had any rifles, they said they at first had only six, but had just received fifty-five from Hafoon. I saw two or three of the new lot, they are Martins(new). They told me they had one or two "14-shot rifles." I saw some Mullahs walking about with Sniders. The Sheikh himself and some of his Mullahs used to practice daily shooting at a target; they put up a shield against a tree. I used to talk with people every day. We talked about many things, some of the words they said were good and others were bad. They called me a Kafir, and laughed at my uniform, saying that I smelt, and asking me why I wore the Sircars clothes. There were hundreds of people there, some from every tribe, Dolbahanta,Habr Toljaala,and Habr Yunis.

paragraph: What is particularly revealing about Ahmed Adan's interview is the confusion that was caused by another letter carried by a Somali supposedly also from the British administration at the coast. This second letter angered the mullahs at the Tariqa ;

paragraph: "On the third day the Mullah sent

paragraph: for me. I had seen him before;

paragraph: he often used to come into

paragraph: the house. I went to him, and

paragraph: he said he would give me

paragraph: his reply to the letter I had

paragraph: brought; that he had just

paragraph: received another letter which

paragraph: had been brought by a

paragraph: Somali. He asked me about it,

paragraph: but I told him I knew

paragraph: nothing about it, and asked

paragraph: him who had brought it. He

paragraph: said, “A Somali.” A man named

paragraph: Salan had come in that

paragraph: day. I thought that he must

paragraph: have brought the letter. He

paragraph: then gave me a letter. It was

paragraph: written on the back of the

paragraph: letter I had brought him. I

paragraph: saw the Government stamp on

paragraph: it. He (the Sheikh) said,

paragraph: “This is the reply to your letter. I

paragraph: will give you the answer to

paragraph: the other letter to-morrow.”

paragraph: He said that the second letter

paragraph: contained “bad words.” Next

paragraph: morning he gave me two

paragraph: letters, and I then went away,

paragraph: and got into Berbera on

paragraph: Saturday night.”

paragraph: The second letter provoked the mullahs, the hostile tone in the reply is due to the offensive second letter carried by Salaan the Somali. Both replies; one regarding the rifle curt but relatively inoffensive and a second addressing the confusing insolent second letter are in the British record.

paragraph: Section::::Origins of armed struggle.

paragraph: The news of the incident that sparked the Dervish rebellion and the 21 years disturbance according to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler was either spread or as he alleged was concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. The incident in question was that of a group of Somali children that were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Mission at Berbera in 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced the incident first hand or whether he was told of it is not clear but what is known is that he propagated the incident in the Tariqa at Kob Fardod on June 1899. In one of his letters to sultan Deria in 1899, Hassan said that the British ""have destroyed our religion and made our children their children"" alluding to Sultan Nur's incident with the Roman French Mission at Berbera. The Dervish soon emerged as an opposition of the Christian activities, defending their version of Islam against the Christian mission. The Dervish considered all non-dervish Somalis as non-Muslims ("gaalo").

paragraph: Section::::Ethiopia, Britain and Italy.

paragraph: However, soon angered by his autocratic rule, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' – a Mohammed Subeer chieftain – plotted to kill him. The news of the plot leaked to Hassan. He escaped but his maternal uncle, Aw 'Abbas, was killed. Some weeks later, Mohammed Subeer sent a peace delegation of 32 men to Hassan, but he had all the members of the delegation arrested and killed. Shocked by this, Mohammed Subeer sought the help of the Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.

paragraph: Towards the end of 1900, Ethiopian Emperor Menelik proposed a joint action with the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. Eric John Eagles Swayne assembled a force of 1,500 Somali soldiers led by 21 European officers and started from Burco on 22 May 1901, while an Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers started from Harar to join the British forces intent on crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 percent were cavalry).

paragraph: On 9 January 1904, at the Jidaale (Jidballi) plain, the British Commander, General Charles Egerton, killed 1,000 Dervish. This defeat forced Sayyid and his remaining men to flee to Majeerteen country.

paragraph: Around 1909, in a secret meeting under a big tree later nicknamed "Anjeel tale waa" ("The Tree of Bad Counsel"), about 400 Dervish followers decided to stop following the mullah upon receiving the explosion letter from the head of the Tariqa , Sheikh Salah excommunicating the mullah. Their departure weakened, demoralized and angered Sayyid, and it was at this juncture that he composed his poem entitled "The Tree of Bad Counsel".

paragraph: Section::::Consolidation.

paragraph: During 1910–1914, the dervish capital moved from Illig to Taleh in the heart of Nugal where the dervosh built three garrison forts of massive stone work and a number of houses. He built a luxurious palace for himself and kept new guards drawn from outcast clans. By 1913, the dervish dominated the entire hinterland of the Somali peninsula building forts at Jildali and Mirashi, and at Werder in the Ogaden and Beledweyne in southern Somalia. On 9 August 1913, at the Battle of Dul Madoba, a Dervish force raided the Dolbahanta clan and killed or wounded 57 members of the 110-man "Somaliland Camel Constabulary". The dead included the British officer who commanded the constabulary, Colonel Richard Corfield. Hassan memorialized this action in his poem simply entitled "The Death of Richard Corfield". In the same year, fourteen Dervishs infiltrated Berbera and fired few shots on its citizens fleeing , nonetheless causing panic. In 1914, the Somaliland Camel Corps was founded as an expanded and improved version of the constabulary.

paragraph: A British force was gathering against the Dervishes when they were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Among the British officers deployed was Adrian Carton de Wiart (later Lieutenant General), who lost an eye during the campaign, and Hastings Ismay, a staff officer who was later Winston Churchill's chief military adviser.

paragraph: By 1919, despite the British having built large stone forts to guard the passes to the hills, Hassan and his armed bands were at large, robbing and killing. The vision of Sayyid and his followers in Jubba was similar to that of people in Sudan and Egypt when the Ottoman Sultanate was retreating from those other Northeast African territories.

paragraph: Section::::Defeat.

paragraph: In the beginning of 1920, the British struck the Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated air and land attack and inflicted a stunning defeat. The forts of the dervishes were damaged and the army suffered great losses. They hastily fled to Ogaden. Here, again with the help of his patriotic poetry and charisma, he tried to rebuild his army and accomplish the coalition of Ogaden clans, which made him a power in the land once again.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 21 December 1920, Hassan died of influenza at the age of 64, his grave is believed to be somewhere close to Imi town of the Somali region of Ethiopia; however, the exact spot of the Sayid's grave is unknown. In mid 2009, the Somali Regional State administration announced that they would exhume his remains and rebury them in his old castle at Imi. Most of the people who knew the exact location of Hassan's tomb were long dead, but the Regional Information Minister Guled Casowe told VOA Somali Section that a few, very old individuals might be left and they would be able to reveal the details of the Hassan's grave. Remains were found in a graveyard at Gindhir and the Somali Region of Ethiopia then tried to test the DNA to determine whether they could be those of Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The efforts and fervor of the erstwhile Anti-colonial leader of the Somali Dervish movement, who by the time of his death had reclaimed and united large swathes of the lands historically territorial to the Somali peoples, to this day inspires and mobilizes the autochthonous peoples of Somalia to form a consolidated bulwark against imperialism (namely that of Ethiopia) as captured in the struggles of the Islamic Courts Union, the Ogaden National Liberation Front, and the former Western Somali Liberation Front. Hassan has thus become more than just a token of pride for the various sectional groups in Somalia, but has also been seen by some as icon of Pan-Somalism, at times even distinguished as one of the great revolutionaries of the turn of the 20th century by notable Pan-Africanist movements, who led the Senussid resistance against the Italians. Hassan's reputation thus transcends the very borders he sought to liberate from foreign rule and domination, the very essence of the Pan-Africanist movement.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The documentary film "The Parching Winds of Somalia" includes a section on the Dervish struggle and its leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The historic romance novel "Ignorance is the Enemy of Love" by Farah Mohamed Jama Awl has a Dervish protagonist called "Calimaax", who is part of an ill-fated love story and fights against the British, Italians and Ethiopians in the Horn of Africa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A 1983, film entitled "A Somali Dervish" was directed by Abdulkadir Ahmed Said.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the "" episode "", references are made to the Dervishes and their leader. The episode also features a character purported to have been descended from Muhammad Abdullah Hassan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1985, a 4-hour and 40 minute Indian-produced epic film by filmmaker Salah Ahmed entitled the "Somalia Dervishes" went into production. With a budget of $1.8 million, it included an actual descendant of Hassan as its star, and featured hundreds of actors and extras.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the popular comic book series Corto Maltese, the protagonist travels to the Horn of Africa during the Dervishes' battle against the British, and witnesses the former power storm a British fort. During these travels, he develops a long-term friendship with a Dervish warrior named "Cush", who subsequently features in several other of Corto's adventures around the world.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haji Sudi- One of the founding members of the Dervish movement and the chief military commander.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultan Nur- Sultan of the Habr Yunis clan and one of the founding members of the Dervish movement and the Dervish Sultan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasna Doreh – wife of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ismail Mire - A soldier and a bard .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bashir Yussuf – Somali religious leader who fought against the British alongside Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi – Somali Imam and General of the Sultanate of Adal

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gough – Awarded a Victoria Cross for his actions as a column commander during the Third Somaliland Expedition against Hassan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Stanhope Cobbe – Awarded a Victoria Cross for his actions at Erego 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adrian Carton de Wiart – British army officer who lost an eye attacking a fort at Shimbiris in 1914

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, "The Failure of The Daraawiish State, The Clash Between Somali Clanship and State System", paper presented at the 5th International Congress of Somali Studies, December 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdi Sheik Abdi, "Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856–1920)", Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battersby, Henry Francis Prevost. "Richard Corfield of Somaliland" (1914), ASIN: B000WFUQT8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaamac Cumar Ciise, "Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, (1895–1921), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare", edited by Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jardine, Douglas J., "The Mad Mullah of Somaliland", H. Jenkins, 1923.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McNeill, Malcolm, "In Pursuit of the 'Mad' Mullah", 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Said S. Samatar, "Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982 (analyzes Mahammad Abdille's poetry and assesses his nationalist and literary contributions to the Somali heritage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skoulding, F.A. "With 'Z' Unit in Somaliland", RAF Quarterly 2, no.3, (July 1931), pp. 387–396.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swayne, H.G.C., "Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and a visit to Abyssinia: With Supplementary preface on the 'Mad Mullah' risings", 1903.

alias:
Muhammad `Abd Allāh al-Hasan
Sayid Maxamed Cabdille Xasan

description: founder of Dervish state

wikidata_label: Muhammad ʿAbdallah Hasan

wikipedia_title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan


text: MBE

text: Northern Irish

text: motorcycle racer

text: Superbike World Championship

text: Supersport World Championship

text: British Superbike Championship

text: MotoGP

text: Red Bull

text: motocross

text: Michael

text: Eugene Laverty

text: Knockhill

text: Honda Fireblade

text: Snetterton

text: Oulton Park

text: British Superbike Championship

text: Shane Byrne

text: Mondello Park

text: Mallory Park

text: race engineer

text: Knockhill

text: Leon Haslam

text: Karl Harris

text: Ryuichi Kiyonari

text: Mondello Park

text: Knockhill

text: Oulton Park

text: Leon Haslam

text: Suzuka

text: MotoGP

text: Supersport World Championship

text: 2008 season

text: Superbike World Championship

text: 2010 season

text: Losail

text: Assen

text: Andrew Pitt

text: Donington Park

text: Brno

text: Brands Hatch

text: Craig Jones

text: Vallelunga

text: Robbin Harms

text: Magny-Cours

text: Portimão

text: Kyalami

text: Miller Motorsport Park

text: Misano

text: Noriyuki Haga

text: Michel Fabrizio

text: Carlos Checa

text: Assen

text: Monza

text: Miller Motorsport Park

text: Carlos Checa

text: John Kocinski

text: Colin Edwards

text: Kawasaki Racing Team

text: Tom Sykes'

text: Carl Fogarty

text: MotoGP

text: Casey Stoner

text: Repsol Honda

text: Misano

text: Motorland Aragon

text: Isle of Man TT

text: Joey Dunlop

text: Lake District

text: 2017 Birthday Honours

categories: British motorcycle racers,1987 births,Living people,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,Members of the Order of the British Empire,British Supersport Championship riders,People from Ballyclare,Honda Racing Corporation MotoGP riders,Motorcycle racers from Northern Ireland,British Superbike Championship riders,People educated at Larne Grammar School

paragraph: Jonathan Rea

paragraph: Jonathan Rea, MBE (born 2 February 1987) is a Northern Irish professional motorcycle racer, currently competing in the Superbike World Championship where he was crowned champion in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. He also holds the highest number of race wins in the Superbike World Championship and won 2012 and 2019 Suzuka 8 Hours

paragraph: Previously he was runner-up in the Supersport World Championship for the Ten Kate Honda team in 2008, and runner-up in the British Superbike Championship in 2007 for the HM Plant Honda team. He was named Irish Motorcyclist of the Year in 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2016. Rea made two MotoGP starts in 2012, scoring points on both occasions, but has not been a regular rider in the championship.

paragraph: Rea was nominated for the 2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award and came in 2nd place.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: For much of his career he has been backed by Red Bull. Rea was British 60cc motocross runner up in 1997, before moving up through the motocross classes. He was not originally keen to switch to circuit racing as he considered it to be boring, but he was persuaded to by friends Michael and Eugene Laverty, contesting the 2003 British 125cc Championship. His 2004 season was interrupted by a crash at Knockhill.

paragraph: In 2005 Red Bull set up a British Superbike ride for him on a factory-spec Honda Fireblade. He showed his potential by snatching a pole position from the established names, and finished 16th in the series despite missing two races, at Snetterton after a heavy testing crash, and at Oulton Park after the death of a junior teammate in the previous event.0

paragraph: Section::::British Superbike Championship.

paragraph: He started the 2006 season strongly, lying sixth in the British Superbike Championship after five meetings. At Oulton Park he finished 3rd in race two, before being demoted to fourth as he was deemed to have gained a place from Shane Byrne on the last lap illegally, although he claimed that he crossed the infield grass as he was squeezed out of road. He qualified fifth at Mondello Park before heavy rain forced the cancellation of the races, and claimed that he had been on race tyres, rather than special soft qualifying compounds. He impressed at Mallory Park too, qualifying on the front row and running second until high-siding in race one, despite having no race engineer for the weekend. At Knockhill he took pole position, and followed a fourth in race one with his first career podium in race two, passing Leon Haslam for second with two laps to go. He ultimately took fourth in the championship, ahead of the factory Honda of Karl Harris.

paragraph: He took Harris' factory ride for 2007, alongside reigning champion Ryuichi Kiyonari of Japan. After four-second places, he finally took his first win in the second race at Mondello Park, after dominating wet practice but struggling in the dry first race. A double victory at Knockhill followed, taking him to within nine points of Kiyonari at the top of the standings – retaining this position after Oulton Park in which each HM Plant Honda rider won once and crashed once. He ultimately finished as the series runner-up, 26 points behind Kiyonari and 20 ahead of Leon Haslam.

paragraph: Also in 2007, he raced with Kiyonari and won a three-hour endurance race, and the pair was then entered for the Suzuka 8-Hour race on a factory Honda machine. Plans for him to contest the British MotoGP round on a Team Roberts bike were scrapped in favour of extra Suzuka preparation. He attended the 2007 World Superbike round at Brands Hatch, as he began to explore international options.

paragraph: Section::::World Supersport.

paragraph: In September 2007 he signed a three-year progressive deal with Ten Kate Honda to ride in the Supersport World Championship for the 2008 season, and the Superbike World Championship for the 2009 and 2010 seasons. He turned down the option of staying in British Superbikes with either HM Plant Honda or move to Rizla Suzuki, and turned down a World Superbike ride with the factory Xerox Ducati team. In his first race at Losail in Qatar, he crashed, badly injuring a finger. At Assen he challenged for a first WSS win, losing by 0.014 seconds to teammate Andrew Pitt. He did win for Ten Kate at the Donington Park British Supersport race, which the team entered as practice for the later WSS race there. His first World Supersport win came at Brno, and he immediately followed this with a second win at Brands Hatch, although the race was stopped early after the fatal accident of Craig Jones with seven laps remaining in the race. A third win followed at Vallelunga, pushing him back up to second in the standings behind Pitt. His chances of winning the title were ended by a wild move from Robbin Harms in the penultimate round at Magny-Cours. He did remount to finish tenth in the race.

paragraph: Section::::World Superbikes.

paragraph: For 2009, Rea rode for the Hannspree Ten Kate Honda team in World Superbikes. He made the switch before the end of 2008, meaning that he made his WSBK debut in the final 2008 round at Portimão. His first podium came in the second race at round six at Kyalami. Another third place followed in the very next round at Miller Motorsport Park, before his first WSBK win came at Misano, after a frantic battle with the Ducati duo of Noriyuki Haga and Michel Fabrizio. This followed a chaotic first race that day; his bike failed on the dummy grid, he received a ride-through penalty for being given a lift back to the pits by Kiyonari on the warm-up lap, and when he switched to a wet set-up bike he – like teammate Carlos Checa – had trouble getting the second bike fired up.

paragraph: He added a further win in Germany to finish fifth overall and second best rookie behind top rookie, Ben Spies, who won the World Superbike championship that year. He remained with Ten Kate for 2010, and scored a double victory at the team's home round at Assen, however this was followed by two crashes at Monza. A further crash in Superpole at Miller Motorsport Park injured his neck and shoulder, though he still raced the next day, scoring a 14th and an eighth. He scored only seven points at Misano, as he fell behind Carlos Checa in the battle for third place in the championship standings.

paragraph: For the 2011 season, Rea stayed with the Ten Kate Racing family as its Honda-supported World Superbike team received backing from global lubricants manufacturer, Castrol, reviving the famous Castrol Honda name that saw World Superbike championship victories with John Kocinski in 1997 and Colin Edwards in 2000 and 2002.

paragraph: After spending his entire career riding Honda machinery, Rea joined Kawasaki Racing Team as Tom Sykes' new teammate for the 2015 season. Rea dominated the season and won his maiden World Superbike title, with 14 wins.

paragraph: For the 2016 season, Rea remains with Kawasaki.

paragraph: Rea retained the title in 2016, 2017 and 2018, becoming the first man ever to win four successive superbike world championships. On 9 June 2018, Rea won the first race at Brno to take his 60th career win and surpass the record of Carl Fogarty.

paragraph: Section::::MotoGP.

paragraph: Rea made his MotoGP debut in 2012, replacing the injured Casey Stoner for the Repsol Honda team. He finished 8th in the San Marino race, held at Misano in Italy, and 7th at Motorland Aragon in Spain, before returning to World Superbike duties.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rea's family background lies in motorcycle road racing. His father, Johnny, competed at the Isle of Man TT and took his sole victory during the 1989 Junior TT race. His grandfather, John, sponsored Joey Dunlop.

paragraph: Rea married Tatia, an Australian known as 'Tarsh' (whom he met when she worked promoting UK-based superbike team Honda Racing) at a 2012 ceremony in the Lake District.

paragraph: He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to motorcycle racing.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All time

description: Segundon en SBK y un llorica

wikidata_label: Jonathan Rea

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Rea


text:
High Sheriff of Derbyshire
North Wales
glebe
Jus patronatus
Simony
Strangsall
Uttoxeter
Staffordshire
Long Parliament
Stafford
Peverel
bencher
High Sheriff of Derbyshire
Lent Reader
River Derwent
ecclesastical law
glebe
Jus patronatus
Simony
Chapel-en-le-Frith
Sampson Erdeswicke

categories: 1612 births,1704 deaths,People from the Borough of East Staffordshire,High Sheriffs of Derbyshire

paragraph: Simon Degge

paragraph: Sir Simon Degge (1612–1703) was born in Staffordshire but settled in Derby. He became a High Sheriff of Derbyshire and served North Wales as a Justice.. It was said that he served his year as Sheriff in "barrister robes and with a sword by his side". Degge was a Royalist and wrote a reference book on the law and rights of a parson called the "Parson's Counsellor...". The book includes advice on the income from a glebe, Jus patronatus and the crime of Simony.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Simon Degge was born on 5 January 1612 probably in Strangsall near Uttoxeter in Staffordshire. He was the first son of Thomas Degge.

paragraph: He was arrested as a Royalist during the Long Parliament and released in 1643-4 on condition that he remained at Stafford. Degge married Jane Orrell in 1652. He was called to the bar in 1653 and rose in seven years to be a judge in west Wales. He was a recorder at the court in Derby in 1661 and the following year he became a steward of the manor court of Peverel and a justice of the Welsh marshes.

paragraph: After he was knighted he was fined twice by the courts for failing to do his duties. He was fined 100 marks for failing to "come to the bench" but he was still a bencher and by 1675 he was appointed by the King as High Sheriff of Derbyshire after settling in Derby. His house in Derby was Babington Hall which had been the "most eminent in Derby". It was thought unusual that Degge served as Sheriff whilst being a successful barrister. It was said that he served his year as Sheriff in "barrister robes and with a sword by his side".

paragraph: In 1674 he failed again in his duties but was able to avoid punishment as he has a letter from the King excusing him. In 1674 he was fined two hundred pounds after he failed to serve after being elected as Lent Reader. He was also removed from the list of judges.

paragraph: It is reported that Simon Degge was involved with a case involving Noah Bullock of Derby. This man was reported to have given his sons the names of Shem, Ham, and Japhet, and to have built an ark which he kept on the River Derwent. Bullock was said to have been reported to Degge as an alleged forger. Degge was a friend of Bullock and he warned him that it was known that he was forging coins and the consequences of his crime. Bullock is said to have sunk the ark and escaped justice. A pub of that name still exists in Derby. However Degge had already ceased to be a judge in 1676.

paragraph: In 1676 the "Parson's Counsellor and law of Tithes" was published and that was well regarded as a text book going through seven editions before 1720. The book dealt with ecclesastical law and custom concerning the parish, its vicar, his bishop and the causes and remedies for dispute. There were many chapters of the details of tithing as well as now obscure problems such as, the income from a glebe, Jus patronatus and Simony.

paragraph: Degge purchased the "ancient mansion" of Bowden Hall near Chapel-en-le-Frith in 1680. Degge's second wife died in 1696 and he died in 1703 leaving sons and a daughter. He was buried in a chapel he had had built at Kingston(e).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parson's Counsellor and Law of Tithes and Tithing", (1676)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations upon the Possessors of Monastery Lands in Staffordshire", in Sampson Erdeswicke's "Staffordshire".

description: British barrister

wikidata_label: Simon Degge

wikipedia_title: Simon Degge


text: Mormon pioneer

text: Bryce Canyon National Park

text: Dunblane

text: unitary council area

text: Perth and Kinross

text: Stirling council area

text: Scotland

text: Utah

text: Salt Lake City

text: Pine Valley

text: Pine Valley Chapel

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: National Monument

text: National Park

text: Arizona

text: Pima

text: Bryce, Arizona

categories: Scottish Latter Day Saints,Converts to Mormonism,19th-century Mormon missionaries,Scottish emigrants to the United States,Mormon pioneers,1830 births,Bryce Canyon National Park,1913 deaths,Architects of Latter Day Saint religious buildings and structures,People from Washington County, Utah,People from Dunblane

paragraph: Ebenezer Bryce

paragraph: Ebenezer Bryce (November 17, 1830 – September 26, 1913) was a Mormon pioneer, best known as the person for whom Bryce Canyon National Park was named.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bryce was born in the town of Dunblane in the then unitary council area of Perth and Kinross, which is today located in the Stirling council area of Scotland. He became a ship's carpenter, converted his faith to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and left Scotland for Utah at the age of seventeen. Ebenezer was the only member of his family to convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and was disowned by his father.

paragraph: Section::::Pine Valley.

paragraph: Bryce married Mary Park in Salt Lake City in 1854. They moved to southern Utah by 1862, and settled in Pine Valley where Bryce was responsible for designing and overseeing the building of the Pine Valley Chapel in 1868, the oldest chapel still in continuous use by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The chapel is unique in that it was built like an upside down ship using a technique that Bryce acquired as a shipbuilder in Scotland. The chapel is well maintained and is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::Bryce Canyon.

paragraph: Soon after, the family moved a short distance to the Paria Valley, south of Bryce Canyon, which became a National Monument in 1923 and a full-fledged National Park in 1928.

paragraph: Section::::Arizona.

paragraph: In 1880, Bryce moved his large family to an area of Arizona, about two miles north of Pima, where the settlement of Bryce, Arizona is named in his honor. It was there that he died and is buried in a local cemetery.

description: American Mormon pioneer

wikidata_label: Ebenezer Bryce

wikipedia_title: Ebenezer Bryce


text: Constantinople

text: Constantinople Conference

text: Bulgarian atrocities

text: Vienna

text: Ardington House

text: Wantage

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Sir John Franklin

text: Foreign Office

text: Lord Palmerston

text: Foreign Office

text: St Petersburg

text: The Hague

text: Copenhagen

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Christopher Meyer

categories: People educated at Eton College,1817 births,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Denmark,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Younger sons of earls,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Holy See,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,1907 deaths,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Italy,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Henry Elliot

paragraph: Sir Henry George Elliot (30 June 1817 – 30 March 1907) was a British diplomat. He was the second son of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto. He was most noted for his period as ambassador at Constantinople, and his participation in the 1876-77 Constantinople Conference. Elliot took a pro-Turkish line despite the ‘Bulgarian atrocities’. He argued in a dispatch he made on 4 September 1876 "that British interests in preventing change in the Turkish empire were 'not affected by the question whether it was 10,000 or 20,000 persons who perished in the suppression'. As a result of the unpopularity in Britain of his pragmatism in the face of atrocities he was relocated to Vienna in 1877. He died at home (Ardington House near Wantage) in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Elliot was educated at Eton College and then Trinity College, Cambridge. He did not take a degree.

paragraph: Section::::Early employment.

paragraph: Elliot's first proper employment was to work as the "aide-de-camp" and private secretary to Sir John Franklin in Tasmania. He worked there from 1836 to 1839. In 1840 he worked at the Foreign Office a "précis" writer for Lord Palmerston at the Foreign Office.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic service.

paragraph: In 1841 Elliot entered the diplomatic service. His first posting was as an "attaché" at St Petersburg. This was followed first, in 1848 by a position as a secretary to the legation at The Hague then in 1853 to Vienna and then in 1858 he was appointed Minister at Copenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic service.:Italy.

paragraph: In 1859 he was appointed Minister in Naples. This was followed in 1863 by an appointed as Minister to the King of Italy. This lasted till 1867.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic service.:Istanbul.

paragraph: In 1867 he was appointed Ambassador at Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Matthew's judgement on Elliot.

paragraph: H. C. G. Matthews, in the concluding paragraph of Elliot's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, notes that:

paragraph: Section::::Meyer's judgement on Elliot.

paragraph: Elliot's role as Ambassador to Constantinople was a central theme in a book and BBC Four TV programme aired 22 February 2010 written and presented by Sir Christopher Meyer, former British Ambassador to the US. Meyer examined the possibility of an ethical foreign policy. The programme argued that Elliot supported Turkey because it acted as a bulwark between Russia and the UK's interests in the middle-east and India. Elliot's critics accused him of turning "native" but he argued, and the programme lent support to this view, that there were capital considerations they had not taken into account.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SIR HENRY ELLIOT.—OBSERVATIONS. (Hansard, 27 March 1877)

alias:
Sir Henry Elliot
Henry George Elliot
Sir Henry George Elliot

description: British diplomat

wikidata_label: Henry Elliot

wikipedia_title: Henry Elliot


text:
American
New York City
Slime Time Live
The Rosie O'Donnell Show
The Kiss
Spanx
Medium
Weeds
Jonas Brothers
Minor Details
The Jackie Boyz
Beyond the Mat
Printz Board
The Rosie O'Donnell Show
Slime Time Live
The Kiss
Minor Details
Caesar and Otto's Summer Camp Massacre
Medium (tv series)
Weeds (tv series)
Beyond the Mat

categories: Actresses from New York City,American television actresses,American film actresses,Singers from New York City,21st-century American actresses,American female singers,American child actresses,Living people

paragraph: Lissa Lauria

paragraph: Lissa Lauria is an American actress and recording artist born in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Lauria is the youngest of four siblings. She began acting at a young age appearing in local, regional and national commercials as well on the children's show "Slime Time Live", "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" and the 2003 film "The Kiss".

paragraph: When Lauria was fifteen, she and her family moved to the West Coast where she landed a role in the 2009 rock musical, "All Ages Night" and a role in the pilot, "How To Survive High School".

paragraph: In 2010, Lauria appeared in a segment of the TV series "Style 101: Teen Edition", about Spanx and its use during the Academy Awards. In 2011, she appeared in the TV series "Medium" and "Weeds", That same year she was a co-writer on "Planet Rock: An 80's Musical", which was produced by Randy Jackson, Joe Simpson, Barney Cohen and Delora OBrien. Lauria is the lead in the upcoming comedy film "Spare Change" which is available on Amazon as well as Google Play and iTunes. She is also appearing as a series regular on ClevverTV's "Throwback" Lauria is a lead in the upcoming 2018 film, "Wally Got Wasted"

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: During Lauria's first year in Los Angeles, she and the Stained Pink band were invited to open for the Jonas Brothers with four original songs.

paragraph: In 2009, Lauria had two of her original songs added to the teen film, "Minor Details". In 2012, her song "Famous", written with The Jackie Boyz, was added to the soundtrack of pro-wrestling documentary "Beyond the Mat". In Denmark, Lauria and the making of "Famous" were the focuses of a Danish reality show about making it in Hollywood.

paragraph: Music producer Printz Board has produced music with her under his "Beets and Produce" imprint.

paragraph: As of 2018, Lauria is now 1/2 of the singing/songwriting Country/Pop duo, TRAVLRS with musical prodigy, Isaac Fox. They will be appearing at CMAfest 2018 in Nashville.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Music videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Famous" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girlfriend" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boys and Girls" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Day" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slime Time Live" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kiss" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minor Details" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Ages Night" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caesar and Otto's Summer Camp Massacre" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How To Survive High School" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Style 101: Teen Edition" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medium (tv series)" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weeds (tv series)" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond the Mat" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spare Change" (2014)

description: actor and musician

wikidata_label: Lissa Lauria

wikipedia_title: Lissa Lauria


text:
Russia
ice hockey
winger
Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk
Kontinental Hockey League
Daria Vodyahina

categories: Severstal Cherepovets players,HC Spartak Moscow players,HC Lada Togliatti players,Sportspeople from Penza,HC CSKA Moscow players,Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg players,Russian ice hockey forwards,Salavat Yulaev Ufa players,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Stanislav Zhmakin

paragraph: Stanislav Zhmakin (born June 25, 1982) is a Russian ice hockey winger who current plays for Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk in the Kontinental Hockey League.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Zhmakin married Russian singer Daria Vodyahina in June 2010.

description: Russian icehockey player

wikidata_label: Stanislav Zhmakin

wikipedia_title: Stanislav Zhmakin