text: primatologist

text: mountain gorilla

text: Rwanda

text: paleoanthropologist

text: Louis Leakey

text: Karisoke Research Center

text: 1988 film of the same name

text: "Trimates"

text: Jane Goodall

text: chimpanzee

text: Birutė Galdikas

text: orangutan

text: mobbing

text: Rwanda

text: San Francisco

text: California

text: née

text: equestrienne

text: Lowell High School

text: College of Marin

text: Montana

text: veterinary

text: University of California, Davis

text: White Front

text: machinist

text: chemistry

text: physics

text: San Jose State College

text: Kappa Alpha Theta

text: sorority

text: occupational therapy

text: bachelor's degree

text: tuberculosis

text: Kentucky

text: Kosair Crippled Children's Hospital

text: Louisville

text: Nairobi

text: Kenya

text: William Holden

text: Treetops Hotel

text: Tanzania

text: Democratic Republic of Congo

text: Rhodesia

text: Tsavo

text: Manyara

text: flamingo

text: Ngorongoro

text: Olduvai Gorge

text: Louis

text: Mary Leakey

text: Mt. Mikeno

text: George Schaller

text: hominid

text: fossil

text: Jane Goodall

text: Uganda

text: Joan

text: Alan Root

text: The Courier-Journal

text: Jane Goodall

text: Swahili

text: primatology

text: Land Rover

text: Gombe Stream Research Centre

text: Virunga Mountains

text: Kabara

text: Kikumba

text: Belgian Congo

text: Joseph-Désiré Mobutu

text: Congo Crisis

text: Kivu

text: Rumangabo

text: Kisoro

text: Rosamond Carr

text: Belgian

text: Karisoke

text: rainforest

text: Ruhengeri

text: Mount Karisimbi

text: Mount Bisoke

text: hunting

text: Virunga Volcanoes

text: poachers

text: elephant

text: zoo

text: Cologne, Germany

text: Virunga Volcanoes

text: zoo

text: silverback

text: gangrene

text: World Wildlife Fund

text: African Wildlife Foundation

text: Mount Sabyinyo

text: wildlife tourism

text: human anthroponotic diseases

text: influenza

text: pyrethrum

text: New Year's Eve

text: antelope

text: Ian Redmond

text: Digit Fund

text: Bob Campbell

text: Darwin College

text: University of Cambridge

text: Zoology

text: Jane Goodall

text: emphysema

text: cigarette smoking

text: Virunga Mountains

text: Rwanda

text: Gorillas in the Mist

text: in absentia

text: extradition

text: Century City, Los Angeles

text: State of Nebraska

text: Farley Mowat

text: Woman in the Mists

text: The Wall Street Journal

text: Tunku Varadarajan

text: National Geographic Society

text: Cambridge University

text: Nikolaas Tinbergen

text: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

text: Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International

text: Karisoke Research Center

text: International Primate Protection League

text: Rwandan genocide

text: looted

text: civil war

text: Virunga National Park

text: illegal logging

text: Google Doodle

text: Woman in the Mists

text: Harold Hayes

text: Gorillas in the Mist

text: National Geographic

text: United States

text: Palazzo Editions

text: United Kingdom

text: Vanity Fair

text: Alex Shoumatoff

text: Kentucky Opera

text: Louisville

text: opera

text: Universal Studios

text: Warner Bros. Studios

text: Rosamond Carr

text: Gorillas in the Mist

text: Sigourney Weaver

text: Bryan Brown

text: Bob Campbell

text: Bryan Brown

text: All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace

text: Adam Curtis

text: ecology

text: National Geographic Channel

text: Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International

text: International Primate Protection League

categories: Unsolved murders in Rwanda,People from San Francisco,Women mammalogists,American anthropologists,Kentucky women activists,University of California, Davis alumni,American women anthropologists,1985 deaths,Women primatologists,1980s murders in Rwanda,American women non-fiction writers,American mammalogists,Primatologists,20th-century American zoologists,People murdered in Rwanda,Murdered women writers,20th-century American writers,Scientists from California,Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge,Deaths by blade weapons,1932 births,1985 crimes in Rwanda,Ethologists,20th-century women scientists,Murdered animal activists,American kidnappers,Writers from Louisville, Kentucky,College of Marin alumni,Kentucky women scientists,Murdered American scientists,American women scientists,20th-century American women writers,American science writers,San Jose State University alumni,American people murdered abroad,Writers about Africa,Women ethologists,1985 in Rwanda

paragraph: Dian Fossey

paragraph: Dian Fossey (; January 16, 1932 – ) was an American primatologist and conservationist known for undertaking an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups from 1966 until her 1985 murder. She studied them daily in the mountain forests of Rwanda, initially encouraged to work there by paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey. "Gorillas in the Mist", a book published two years before her death, is Fossey's account of her scientific study of the gorillas at Karisoke Research Center and prior career. It was adapted into a 1988 film of the same name.

paragraph: Fossey was one of the foremost primatologists in the world, a member of the so-called "Trimates", a group formed of prominent female scientists originally sent by Leakey to study great apes in their natural environments, along with Jane Goodall who studied chimpanzees, and Birutė Galdikas, who studied orangutans.

paragraph: During her time in Rwanda, she actively supported conservation efforts, strongly opposed poaching and tourism in wildlife habitats, and made more people acknowledge sapient gorillas. Fossey and her gorillas were victims of mobbing; and, she was brutally murdered in her cabin at a remote camp in Rwanda in December 1985. It has been theorized that her murder was linked to her conservation efforts, probably by a poacher.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Fossey was born in San Francisco, California, the daughter of Kathryn "Kitty" (née Kidd), a fashion model, and George E. Fossey III, an insurance agent. Her parents divorced when she was six. Her mother remarried the following year, to businessman Richard Price. Her father tried to keep in full contact, but her mother discouraged it, and all contact was subsequently lost. Fossey's stepfather, Richard Price, never treated her as his own child. He would not allow Fossey to sit at the dining room table with him or her mother during dinner meals. A man adhering to strict discipline, Richard Price offered Fossey little to no emotional support. Struggling with personal insecurity, Fossey turned to animals as a way to gain acceptance. Her love for animals began with her first pet goldfish and continued throughout her entire life. At age six, she began riding horses, earning a letter from her school; by her graduation in 1954, Fossey had established herself as an equestrienne.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Education.

paragraph: Educated at Lowell High School, following the guidance of her stepfather she enrolled in a business course at the College of Marin. However, spending her summer on a ranch in Montana at age 19 rekindled her love of animals, and she enrolled in a pre-veterinary course in biology at the University of California, Davis. In defiance to her stepfather's wishes that she attend a business school, Dian wanted to spend her professional life working with animals. As a consequence, Dian's parents failed to give her any substantial amount of financial support throughout her adult life. She supported herself by working as a clerk at White Front (a department store), doing other clerking and laboratory work, and laboring as a machinist in a factory.

paragraph: Although Fossey had always been an exemplary student, she had difficulties with basic sciences including chemistry and physics, and failed her second year of the program. She transferred to San Jose State College, where she became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, to study occupational therapy, receiving her bachelor's degree in 1954. Initially following her college major, Fossey began a career in occupational therapy. She interned at various hospitals in California and worked with tuberculosis patients. Fossey was originally a prizewinning equestrian, which drew her to Kentucky in 1955, and a year later took a job as an occupational therapist at the Kosair Crippled Children's Hospital in Louisville.

paragraph: Her shy and reserved personality allowed her to work well with the children at the hospital. Fossey became close with her coworker Mary White "Gaynee" Henry, secretary to the hospital's chief administrator and the wife of one of the doctors, Michael J. Henry. The Henrys invited Fossey to join them on their family farm, where she worked with livestock on a daily basis and also experienced an inclusive family atmosphere that had been missing for most of her life. During her free time she would pursue her love of horses.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Interest in Africa.

paragraph: Fossey turned down an offer to join the Henrys on an African tour due to lack of finances, but in 1963 she borrowed $8,000 (one year's salary), took out her life savings and went on a seven-week visit to Africa. In September 1963, she arrived in Nairobi, Kenya. While there, she met actor William Holden, owner of Treetops Hotel, who introduced her to her safari guide, John Alexander. Alexander became her guide for the next seven weeks through Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Rhodesia. Alexander's route included visits to Tsavo, Africa's largest national park; the saline lake of Manyara, famous for attracting giant flocks of flamingos; and the Ngorongoro Crater, well known for its abundant wildlife. The final two sites for her visit were Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (the archeological site of Louis and Mary Leakey); and Mt. Mikeno in Congo, where in 1959, American zoologist George Schaller had carried out a yearlong pioneering study of the mountain gorilla. At Olduvai Gorge, Fossey met the Leakeys while they were examining the area for hominid fossils. Leakey talked to Fossey about the work of Jane Goodall and the importance of long-term research of the great apes.

paragraph: Although Fossey had broken her ankle while visiting the Leakeys, by October 16, she was staying in Walter Baumgartel's small hotel in Uganda, the Travellers Rest. Baumgartel, an advocate of gorilla conservation, was among the first to see the benefits that tourism could bring to the area, and he introduced Fossey to Kenyan wildlife photographers Joan and Alan Root. The couple agreed to allow Fossey and Alexander to camp behind their own camp, and it was during these few days that Fossey first encountered wild mountain gorillas. After staying with friends in Rhodesia, Fossey returned home to Louisville to repay her loans. She published three articles in "The Courier-Journal" newspaper, detailing her visit to Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Research in the Congo.

paragraph: When Leakey made an appearance in Louisville while on a nationwide lecture tour, Fossey took the color supplements that had appeared about her African trip in "The Courier-Journal" to show to Leakey, who remembered her and her interest in mountain gorillas. Three years after the original safari, Leakey suggested that Fossey could undertake a long-term study of the gorillas in the same manner as Jane Goodall had with chimpanzees in Tanzania. Leakey lined up funding for Fossey to research mountain gorillas, and Fossey left her job to relocate to Africa.

paragraph: After studying Swahili and auditing a class on primatology during the eight months it took to get her visa and funding, Fossey arrived in Nairobi in December 1966. With the help of Joan Root and Leakey, Fossey acquired the necessary provisions and an old canvas-topped Land Rover which she named "Lily". On the way to the Congo, Fossey visited the Gombe Stream Research Centre to meet Goodall and observe her research methods with chimpanzees. Accompanied by photographer Alan Root, who helped her obtain work permits for the Virunga Mountains, Fossey began her field study at Kabara, in the Congo in early 1967, in the same meadow where Schaller had made his camp seven years earlier. Root taught her basic gorilla tracking, and his tracker Sanwekwe later helped in Fossey's camp. Living in tents on mainly tinned produce, once a month Fossey would hike down the mountain to "Lily" and make the two-hour drive to the village of Kikumba to restock.

paragraph: Fossey identified three distinct groups in her study area, but could not get close to them. She eventually found that mimicking their actions and making grunting sounds assured them, together with submissive behavior and eating of the local celery plant. She later attributed her success with habituating gorillas to her experience working as an occupational therapist with autistic children. Like George Schaller, Fossey relied greatly on individual "noseprints" for identification, initially via sketching and later by camera.

paragraph: Fossey had arrived in the Congo in locally turbulent times. Known as the Belgian Congo until its independence in June 1960, unrest and rebellion plagued the new government until 1965, when Lieutenant General Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, by then commander-in-chief of the national army, seized control of the country and declared himself president for five years during what is now called the Congo Crisis. During the political upheaval, a rebellion and battles took place in the Kivu Province. On July 9, 1967, soldiers arrived at the camp to escort Fossey and her research workers down, and she was interred at Rumangabo for two weeks. Fossey eventually escaped through bribery to Walter Baumgärtel's Travellers Rest Hotel in Kisoro, where her escort was arrested by the Ugandan military.

paragraph: Advised by the Ugandan authorities not to return to Congo, after meeting Leakey in Nairobi, Fossey agreed with him against US Embassy advice to restart her study on the Rwandan side of the Virungas. In Rwanda, Fossey had met local American expatriate Rosamond Carr, who introduced her to Belgian local Alyette DeMunck; DeMunck had a local's knowledge of Rwanda and offered to find Fossey a suitable site for study.

paragraph: Section::::Conservation work in Rwanda.

paragraph: On September 24, 1967, Fossey founded the Karisoke Research Center, a remote rainforest camp nestled in Ruhengeri province in the saddle of two volcanoes. For the research center's name, Fossey used "Kari" for the first four letters of Mount Karisimbi that overlooked her camp from the south, and "soke" for the last four letters of Mount Bisoke, the slopes of which rose to the north, directly behind camp. Established up Mount Bisoke, the defined study area covered . She became known by locals as Nyirmachabelli, or Nyiramacibiri, roughly translated as "The woman who lives alone on the mountain."

paragraph: Unlike the gorillas from the Congo side of the Virungas, the Karisoke area gorillas had never been partially habituated by Schaller's study; they knew humans only as poachers, and it took longer for Fossey to be able to study the Karisoke gorillas at a close distance.

paragraph: Many research students left after not being able to handle the cold, dark, and extremely muddy conditions around Karisoke on the slopes of the Virunga Volcanoes, where paths usually had to be cut through six-foot-tall grass with a machete.

paragraph: Section::::Conservation work in Rwanda.:Opposition to poaching.

paragraph: While hunting had been illegal in the national park of the Virunga Volcanoes in Rwanda since the 1920s, the law was rarely enforced by park conservators, who were often bribed by poachers and paid a salary less than Fossey's own African staff. On three occasions, Fossey wrote that she witnessed the aftermath of the capture of infant gorillas at the behest of the park conservators for zoos; since gorillas will fight to the death to protect their young, the kidnappings would often result in up to 10 adult gorillas' deaths. Through the Digit Fund, Fossey financed patrols to destroy poachers' traps in the Karisoke study area. In four months in 1979, the Fossey patrol consisting of four African staffers destroyed 987 poachers' traps in the research area's vicinity. The official Rwandan national park guards, consisting of 24 staffers, did not eradicate any poachers' traps during the same period. In the eastern portion of the park not patrolled by Fossey, poachers virtually eradicated all the park's elephants for ivory and killed more than a dozen gorillas.

paragraph: Fossey helped in the arrest of several poachers, some of whom served or are serving long prison sentences.

paragraph: In 1978, Fossey attempted to prevent the export of two young gorillas, Coco and Pucker, from Rwanda to the zoo in Cologne, Germany. During the capture of the infants at the behest of the Cologne Zoo and Rwandan park conservator, 20 adult gorillas had been killed. The infant gorillas were given to Fossey by the park conservator of the Virunga Volcanoes for treatment of injuries suffered during their capture and captivity. With considerable effort, she restored them to some approximation of health. Over Fossey's objections, the gorillas were shipped to Cologne, where they lived nine years in captivity, both dying in the same month. She viewed the holding of animals in "prison" (zoos) for the entertainment of people as unethical.

paragraph: While gorillas from rival gang groups on the mountains that were not part of Fossey's study had often been found poached five to ten at a time, and had spurred Fossey to conduct her own anti-poaching patrols, Fossey's study groups had not been direct victims of poaching until Fossey's favorite gorilla Digit was killed in 1978. Later that year, the silverback of Digit's Group 4, named for Fossey's Uncle Bert, was shot in the heart while trying to save his son, Kweli, from being seized by poachers cooperating with the Rwandan park conservator. Kweli's mother, Macho, was also killed in the raid, but Kweli was not captured due to Uncle Bert's intervention; however, three-year-old Kweli died slowly and painfully of gangrene, from being brushed by a poacher's bullet.

paragraph: According to Fossey's letters, ORTPN (the Rwandan national park system), the World Wildlife Fund, African Wildlife Foundation, Fauna Preservation Society, the Mountain Gorilla Project and some of her former students tried to wrest control of the Karisoke research center from her for the purpose of tourism, by portraying her as unstable. In her last two years, Fossey claims not to have lost any gorillas to poachers; however, the Mountain Gorilla Project, which was supposed to patrol the Mount Sabyinyo area, tried to cover up gorilla deaths caused by poaching and diseases transmitted through tourists. Nevertheless, these organizations received most of the public donations directed toward gorilla conservation. The public often believed their money would go to Fossey, who was struggling to finance her anti-poaching and bushmeat hunting patrols, while organizations collecting in her name put it into tourism projects and as she put it "to pay the airfare of so-called conservationists who will never go on anti-poaching patrols in their life." Fossey described the differing two philosophies as her own "active conservation" or the international conservation groups' "theoretical conservation."

paragraph: Section::::Conservation work in Rwanda.:Opposition to tourism.

paragraph: Fossey strongly opposed wildlife tourism, as gorillas are very susceptible to human anthroponotic diseases like influenza for which they have no immunity. Fossey reported several cases in which gorillas died because of diseases spread by tourists. She also viewed tourism as an interference into their natural wild behavior. Fossey also criticized tourist programs, often paid for by international conservation organizations, for interfering with both her research and the peace of the mountain gorillas' habitat, and was concerned Jane Goodall, who actually joined a chimpanzee society as a member, was inappropriately changing her study subjects' behavior.

paragraph: Today, however, the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International promotes tourism, which they say helps to create a stable and sustainable local community dedicated to protecting the gorillas and their habitat.

paragraph: Section::::Conservation work in Rwanda.:Preservation of habitat.

paragraph: Fossey is responsible for the revision of a European Community project that converted parkland into pyrethrum farms. Thanks to her efforts, the park boundary was lowered from the 3,000-meter line to the 2,500-meter line.

paragraph: Section::::Conservation work in Rwanda.:Digit Fund.

paragraph: Sometime during the day on New Year's Eve 1977, Fossey's favorite gorilla, Digit, was killed by poachers. As the sentry of study group 4, he defended the group against six poachers and their dogs, who ran across the gorilla study group while checking antelope traplines. Digit took five spear wounds in ferocious self-defence and managed to kill one of the poachers' dogs, allowing the other 13 members of his group to escape. Poachers sell gorilla hands as delicacies, magic charms or to make ash trays. Digit was decapitated, and his hands cut off for ashtrays, for the price of $20. After his mutilated body was discovered by research assistant Ian Redmond, Fossey's group captured one of the killers. He revealed the names of his five accomplices, three of whom were later imprisoned.

paragraph: Fossey subsequently created the Digit Fund (now the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International in the US) to raise money for anti-poaching patrols. In addition, a consortium of international gorilla funds arose to accept donations in light of Digit's death and increased attention on poaching. Fossey mostly opposed the efforts of the international organizations, which she felt inefficiently directed their funds towards more equipment for Rwandan park officials, some of whom were alleged to have ordered some of the gorilla poachings in the first place.

paragraph: The deaths of some of her most studied gorillas caused Fossey to devote more of her attention to preventing poaching and less on scientific publishing and research. Fossey became more intense in protecting the gorillas and began to employ more direct tactics: she and her staff cut animal traps almost as soon as they were set; frightened, captured and humiliated the poachers; held their cattle for ransom; burned their hunting camps and even mats from their houses.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: During her African safari, Fossey met Alexie Forrester, the brother of a Rhodesian she had been dating in Louisville; Fossey and Forrester later became engaged. In her later years, Fossey became involved with "National Geographic" photographer Bob Campbell after a year of working together at Karisoke, with Campbell promising to leave his wife. Eventually the pair grew apart through her dedication to the gorillas and Karisoke, along with his need to work further afield and on his marriage. In 1970, studying for her Ph.D. at Darwin College, University of Cambridge, she discovered she was pregnant and had an abortion, later commenting that "you can't be a cover girl for "National Geographic" magazine and be pregnant." She graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology in 1976. Fossey had other relationships throughout the years and always had a love for children. Since Fossey would rescue any abused or abandoned animal she saw in Africa or near Karisoke, she acquired a menagerie in the camp, including a monkey who lived in her cabin, Kima, and a dog, Cindy. Fossey held Christmas parties every year for her researchers, staffers, and their families, and she developed a genuine friendship with Jane Goodall.

paragraph: Fossey had been plagued by lung problems from an early age and, later in her life, suffered from advanced emphysema brought on by years of heavy cigarette smoking. As the debilitating disease progressed—further aggravated by the high mountain altitude and damp climate—Fossey found it increasingly difficult to conduct field research, frequently suffering from shortness of breath and requiring the help of an oxygen tank when climbing or hiking long distances.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the early morning of December 27, 1985, Fossey was discovered murdered in the bedroom of her cabin located at the far edge of the camp in the Virunga Mountains, Rwanda. Her body was found face-up near the two beds where she slept, roughly away from a hole that her assailant(s) had apparently cut in the wall of the cabin. Wayne Richard McGuire, Fossey's last research assistant at Karisoke, was summoned to the scene by Fossey's house servant and found her bludgeoned to death, reporting that "when I reached down to check her vital signs, I saw her face had been split, diagonally, with one machete blow." The cabin was littered with broken glass and overturned furniture, with a 9-mm handgun and ammunition beside her on the floor. Robbery was not believed to be the motive for the crime, as Fossey's valuables were still in the cabin, including her passport, handguns, and thousands of dollars in U.S. bills and traveler's checks.

paragraph: The last entry in her diary read:

paragraph: Fossey is buried at Karisoke, in a site that she herself had constructed for her deceased gorilla friends. She was buried in the gorilla graveyard next to Digit, and near many gorillas killed by poachers. Memorial services were also held in New York, Washington, and California.

paragraph: A will purporting to be Fossey's bequeathed all of her estate (including the proceeds from the film "Gorillas in the Mist") to the Digit Fund to underwrite anti-poaching patrols. Fossey did not mention her family in the will, which was unsigned. Her mother, Hazel Fossey Price, challenged the will and was successful. Supreme Court Justice Swartwood threw out the will and awarded the estate to her mother, including about $4.9 million in royalties from a recent book and upcoming movie, stating that the document "was simply a draft of her purported will and not a will at all." Price said she was working on a project to preserve the work her daughter had done for the mountain gorillas in Rwanda, located in eastern central Africa south of Uganda.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Aftermath.

paragraph: After Fossey's death, her entire staff were arrested. This included Rwandan Emmanuel Rwelekana, a tracker who had been fired from his job after he allegedly tried to kill Fossey with a machete, according to the government's account of McGuire's trial. All were later released except Rwelekana, who was later found dead in prison, supposedly having hanged himself.

paragraph: Rwandan courts later tried and convicted Wayne McGuire "in absentia" for her murder. The alleged motive was that McGuire murdered Fossey in order to steal the manuscript of the sequel to her 1983 book, "Gorillas in the Mist". At the trial investigators said McGuire was not happy with his own research and wanted to use "any dishonest means possible" to complete his work. McGuire had returned to the United States in July 1987, and because no extradition treaty exists between the U.S. and Rwanda, McGuire, whose guilt is still widely questioned, has not served his sentence.

paragraph: Following his return to the U.S., McGuire gave a brief statement at a news conference in Century City, Los Angeles, saying Fossey had been his "friend and mentor", calling her death "tragic" and the charges "outrageous". Thereafter, McGuire was largely absent from public notice until 2005, when news broke that he had been accepted for a job with the Health and Human Services division of the State of Nebraska. The job offer was revoked upon discovery of his relation to the Fossey case.

paragraph: Several subsequent books, including Farley Mowat's biography of Fossey, "Woman in the Mists" (New York, NY: Warner Books, 1987), have suggested alternative theories regarding her murder including intimations that she may have been killed by financial interests linked to tourism or illicit trade.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Fossey was reported to have captured and held Rwandans whom she suspected of poaching. She allegedly beat a poacher's testicles with stinging nettles. She also kidnapped a local child for a time. After her murder, Fossey's "National Geographic" editor, Mary Smith, told Shlachter that on visits to the United States, Fossey would "load up on firecrackers, cheap toys and magic tricks as part of her method to mystify the (Africans) hold them at bay."

paragraph: Writing in "The Wall Street Journal" in 2002, the journalist Tunku Varadarajan described Fossey at the end of her life as colorful, controversial, and "a racist alcoholic who regarded her gorillas as better than the African people who lived around them".

paragraph: Section::::Scientific achievements.

paragraph: Fossey made discoveries about gorillas including how females transfer from group to group over the decades, gorilla vocalization, hierarchies and social relationships among groups, rare infanticide, gorilla diet, and how gorillas recycle nutrients. Fossey's research was funded by the Wilkie Foundation and the Leakey Home, with primary funding from the National Geographic Society.

paragraph: By 1980, Fossey, who had obtained her PhD at Cambridge University in the UK, was recognized as the world's leading authority on the physiology and behavior of mountain gorillas, defining gorillas as being "dignified, highly social, gentle giants, with individual personalities, and strong family relationships." Fossey lectured as professor at Cornell University in 1981–83. Her bestselling book "Gorillas in the Mist" was praised by Nikolaas Tinbergen, the Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Her book remains the best-selling book about gorillas.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After her death, Fossey's Digit Fund in the US was renamed the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. The Karisoke Research Center is operated by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, and continues the daily gorilla monitoring and protection that she started.

paragraph: Shirley McGreal, a friend of Fossey, continues to work for the protection of primates through the work of her International Primate Protection League (IPPL) one of the few wildlife organizations that according to Fossey effectively promotes "active conservation".

paragraph: Between Fossey's death and the 1994 Rwandan genocide, Karisoke was directed by former students, some of whom had opposed her. During the genocide and subsequent period of insecurity, the camp was completely looted and destroyed. Today only remnants are left of her cabin. During the civil war, the Virunga National Park was filled with refugees, and illegal logging destroyed vast areas.

paragraph: In 2014, the 82nd anniversary of Fossey's birth was marked by a Google Doodle appearing on its search homepage worldwide. The doodle depicted a group of mountain gorillas, with one touching Dian Fossey’s hair while she made notes in a journal.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Biographies.

paragraph: Mowat's "Virunga" (1987), whose British and U.S. editions are called "Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa", was the first book-length biography of Fossey, and it serves as an insightful counterweight to the many omissions in Fossey's own story, being derived from Fossey's actual letters and entries in her journals. Harold Hayes's book "The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey" was published in 1989 after extensive interviews with people who lived and worked with Fossey. Haye's book shows Fossey in a less positive or romanticized light than previous accounts had done. The film "Gorillas in the Mist" was based on Hayes' 1987 article in "Life" magazine, as cited in the film's credits, instead of Fossey's self-edited autobiography by that title.

paragraph: "No One Loved Gorillas More" (2005) was written by Camilla de la Bedoyere and published by National Geographic in the United States and Palazzo Editions in the United Kingdom. "Gorilla Dreams: The Legacy of Dian Fossey" was written by the investigative journalist Georgianne Nienaber and published in 2006. This account of Fossey's story is told as if in her own words from beyond the grave. Fossey is also prominently featured in a book by "Vanity Fair" journalist Alex Shoumatoff called "African Madness", in which the author expands on Fossey's controversial behaviors, implying that Fossey provoked her own murder by way of her private and public inflammatory interactions with people. The author also wrote a lengthy article titled "The Fatal Obsession of Dian Fossey".

paragraph: "A Forest in the Clouds: My Year among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey", by John Fowler, is a first-person account from inside Dian Fossey's camp. The author gives a candid and vivid portrait of Fossey's mercurial personality, her ill treatment of staff and research students, and her alcohol-fueled tirades. The book also shows the daily workings of camp, Fossey's dependence on her students and the movement to remove her from Karisoke years before her brutal murder.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In media.

paragraph: The Kentucky Opera Visions Program, in Louisville, has written an opera about Fossey, entitled "Nyiramachabelli"; it premiered on May 23, 2006.

paragraph: Universal Studios bought the film rights to "Gorillas in the Mist" from Fossey in 1985, and Warner Bros. Studios bought the rights to the Hayes article, despite its having been severely criticized by Rosamond Carr. As a result of a legal battle between the two studios, a co-production was arranged. Portions of the story and the Hayes article were adapted for the film "Gorillas in the Mist", starring Sigourney Weaver,  Bryan Brown, and John Omirah Miluwi. The book covers Fossey's scientific career in great detail and omits material on her personal life, such as her affair with photographer Bob Campbell. In the film, the affair with Campbell (played by Bryan Brown) forms a major subplot. The Hayes article preceding the movie portrayed Fossey as a woman obsessed with gorillas, who would stop at nothing to protect them. The film includes scenes of Fossey's ruthless dealings with poachers, including a scene in which she sets fire to a poacher's home.

paragraph: In the 2011 BBC documentary "All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace", Adam Curtis uses Fossey as a symbol of the ideology of ecology, a balance of nature and western post-colonial political exploits in Africa.

paragraph: In December 2017, "Dian Fossey: Secrets in the Mist", a three-hour series, aired on the National Geographic Channel, The series tells the story of Fossey's life, work, murder and legacy, using archive footage and still images, interviews with people who knew and worked with her, specially shot footage and reconstruction.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Primate Protection League

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fossey's first article for National Geographic, 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 1970 article by Fossey in National Geographic - with pictures

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murder in the Mist solved? Animal Welfare Institute Quarterly

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article gives some information about the degradation of Dian's relationship with National Geographic Society prior to her death

description: American zoologist, gorilla researcher

wikidata_label: Dian Fossey

wikipedia_title: Dian Fossey


text: Mickey Factz, "Serenade

paragraph: Love At First Sound

paragraph: Love At First Sound (born September 9, 1995) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, director, entrepreneur, and fashion designer. Love's rise to prominence began with the visual release of "Reckless" on May 27, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Unreleased production discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mickey Factz, "Serenade"

alias:
Prince Michael Hendrix
Prince Hendrix

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Love At First Sound

wikipedia_title: Love At First Sound


text:
Czech
Litomyšl
Bohemia
Czech Republic
medicine
Vienna
Austrian Imperial-Royal Navy
Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian
Pola
Istria
Croatia
oceanography
Arsenal
oceanography
Kant
geography
Eduard Bobrik
seamanship
navigation
oceanography
hydrography
magnetism
Matthew Fontaine Maury
circumnavigation
Pola
Europe
North America
Austrian National Library
Barcelona
Chicago
Frankfurt
Kiel
malaria
gastroenteritis
Listerian
antisepsis
Brazil
Miramare
Trieste
Mexico
Vera Cruz
Trieste
passion flower
Iron Cross

categories: Oceanographers,Czech military doctors,Austro-Hungarian Navy officers,1819 births,1898 deaths

paragraph: August von Jilek

paragraph: August von Jilek (28 August 1819 – 8 November 1898), otherwise August Jilek or Jileck, was a Czech naval doctor, lecturer and administrator. He was born at Litomyšl in Bohemia, now in the Czech Republic, where the Jilek surname can be traced back to the 15th century. He studied medicine at Vienna and after qualifying as a doctor he joined the Austrian Imperial-Royal Navy on 23 October 1845.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Nothing is known about Jilek’s early years in the navy. He first came to prominence when he was chosen to fill the post of personal physician to the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (1832–1867). The occasion may have been Maximilian’s entry into the navy and service aboard in 1851.

paragraph: In October 1852, Jilek was appointed senior doctor at the newly designated Naval Academy (former Cadet College) at Pola in Istria, now part of Croatia, where he also lectured on oceanography. In March 1856 the Archduke Maximilian, by then Commander in Chief of the Navy, laid the foundation stones for a new Arsenal and a new Academy building, and in July 1857 Jilek completed the textbook on oceanography for Academy students for which he is best known today.

paragraph: Jilek was not an original scientist in this field. He was probably commissioned by the Archduke to prepare a survey of the newly emerging science and that is what, within his limitations, he achieved. Much of the book is given over to general geographical descriptions of the world’s oceans, for which Jilek may have drawn on versions of Kant’s unpublished lectures on geography that were produced in the early 19th century. Another source was certainly Eduard Bobrik’s multi-volume manual of seamanship, navigation and oceanography – the first book to use that word in its title. In 1848 the second, revised edition of Bobrik’s manual had included sections on oceanography, hydrography, ‘aerography’ and magnetism. But time and again when Jilek addressed the major physical processes which govern the oceans, the true subject of oceanography, he was obliged to declare that no one yet understood them. However he made a reasonable job of explaining the methods and preliminary results that had recently been presented by Matthew Fontaine Maury in his "Wind and Current Charts", and had then been enlarged upon in Maury’s masterpiece "The Physical Geography of the Sea", first translated into German in 1856.

paragraph: Section::::Textbook on oceanography.

paragraph: Evidence for the diffusion of Maury’s ideas in the Austrian Navy after this point can be found in the narrative of the "Novara"’s circumnavigation (1857–1859), and in a more lucid exposition of them which was published at Pola in 1867. Notwithstanding the latter, Jilek’s textbook probably remained in use at the Academy for about twenty years.

paragraph: Jilek’s unassuming guide was only the second German book, and perhaps the second in the world, to have the word ‘oceanography’ in its title. It is now extremely rare. None of the great national libraries of Europe or North America seems to have a copy, not even the Austrian National Library. Examples can be consulted at Barcelona, Chicago, Frankfurt and Kiel, and presumably several naval training colleges, maritime museums and institutes of oceanography also have copies. The one shown on this page formerly belonged to Lieutenant Ludwig von Czirer, a Hungarian who joined the Imperial-Royal Navy as a cadet in 1872.

paragraph: On 4 October 1863 Jilek was transferred to administrative duties in the Ministry (later Department) of the navy, where he became director of the medical branch (1871) and rose to the rank of admiral (1 November 1888) before retiring in March 1894.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to naval medicine.

paragraph: Jilek’s achievements in naval medicine included the publication of two studies of malaria, a disease which was endemic to Istria, and in 1868 he wrote a report on gastroenteritis which may have been an internal Navy Department document. He oversaw the introduction of Listerian antisepsis and the professionalization of the service, that is, the replacement of the earlier ship’s surgeons, often little more than medical orderlies, with fully qualified doctors.

paragraph: Jilek’s regular duties were partly or completely interrupted when he accompanied the Archduke on board SMS "Novara" for a botanical cruise to Brazil in 1860, then joined his household at the palace of Miramare outside Trieste, 130 km from Pola, and finally when he escorted his patron, now Emperor Maximilian I, to Mexico in 1864. Maximilian appointed two subsequent personal physicians during his brief reign in Mexico. Since Jilek had not left the service of Austria it is reasonable to assume that he returned directly from Vera Cruz with the "Novara".

paragraph: There is no evidence that Jilek married or had children, or that he did not. He died at Trieste on 8 November 1898.

paragraph: As a result of Jilek’s trip to Brazil a species of passion flower, "Passiflora jilekii Wawra", was named after him in 1863. He was knighted (Iron Cross) in 1867, but whether before or after Maximilian’s execution on 19 June of that year is not known.

description: Austro-Hungarian Navy Admiral and physician

wikidata_label: August von Jilek

wikipedia_title: August von Jilek


text:
folk
MÜ-YAP
Efulim
Gelir misin Benimle?
Volkanik Parçalar
Pedaliza
Şimal Rüzgarı
Maranda
Mora
Mimoza
Lifor
Official web site

categories: 1967 births,Turkish singer-songwriters,Istanbul Technical University alumni,People from Maçka,Living people

paragraph: Volkan Konak

paragraph: Volkan Konak (born 27 February 1967) is a Turkish folk singer. His song "Cerrahpaşa" was a great success and his album, "Mora", released in 2006, was awarded a gold plaque by the Turkish recording producers association, MÜ-YAP.

paragraph: Section::::Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Suların Horon Yeri"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Efulim"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Gelir misin Benimle?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Volkanik Parçalar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Pedaliza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Şimal Rüzgarı"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Maranda"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Mora"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Mimoza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Lifor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Manolya"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official web site

description: Turkish singer

wikidata_label: Volkan Konak

wikipedia_title: Volkan Konak


text:
IAST
rakshasi
Ramayana
Sita
Rama
Ayodhya
avatar
Vishnu
Ravana
Lanka
Vibhishana
Hanuman
Varanasi
Ujjain
Phra Lak Phra Lam
Thai
Ramakien
Hikayat Seri Rama
Ramayana
Valmiki
Sundara Kanda
Ashoka Vatika
Lanka
Ravana
Rama
Lakshmana
Airavata
Pushpaka Vimana
Kumbhakarna
Indrajit
Vibishana
vanara
Lakshmana
Hanuman
Vibhishana
Avindhya
Sarama
Mandodari
Tamil
Kamba Ramayana
Oriya
Balaramadasa Ramayana
Kakawin Ramayana
Malay
Seri Rama
Ananda Ramayana
Marathi
Bhavartha Ramayana
Eknath
Kumbhakarna
Shurpanakha
Bhattikavya
Kakawin Ramayana
Ramopakhyana
Mahabharata
Raghuvamsa
Setubandha
Prasannaraghava
Balaramayana
Rajasekhara
Ramcharitmanas
Tulsidas
Jain
Hemachandra
Krittivasi Ramayan
Ayodhya
Pushpaka Vimana
Wayang
Camille Bulcke
Kashi Vishwanath Temple
Varanasi
moksha
Kartik Poornima
Kartik
Margashirsha
vrata
Ganges
Dashashwamedh Ghat
Ujjain
puja
Telugu
Ramaswami Chaudari
Dravidian
Aryan
Gandharva

paragraph: Trijata

paragraph: Trijata (, IAST: ) is a rakshasi (demoness) in the "Ramayana" who is assigned the duty of guarding the kidnapped princess and goddess Sita, Sita, the consort of Rama (the prince of Ayodhya and an avatar of the god Vishnu), has been abducted by Ravana of Lanka, a demon king whom Trijata serves.

paragraph: In the "Ramayana", Trijata appears as a wise old rakshasi, who dreams of Ravana's destruction and Rama's victory. She accompanies Sita on a survey of the battlefield of the war between Rama and Ravana, and reassures Sita of Rama's well-being when Sita sees her husband unconscious and presumes him dead. In later "Ramayana" adaptations, Trijata becomes the daughter of Vibhishana, the brother of Ravana who sides with Rama. She plays a much greater role in later versions, especially Southeast Asian ones.

paragraph: Barring a few exceptions where Trijata is cast as Ravana's agent, she is generally portrayed as a friend and loyal companion of Sita in her adversity. On numerous occasions, she offers solace to Sita and brings news from the outside world; she also dissuades Sita from committing suicide. After Rama's victory and Ravana's death, Trijata is richly rewarded by Sita and Rama. While some "Ramayana" adaptations mention her being a devotee of Rama, Southeast Asian versions often depict her as the wife of Rama's monkey general Hanuman, whom she bears a son. She is worshipped as a local goddess in Varanasi and Ujjain; both in India.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: While Indian, Javanese and Balinese versions of the "Ramayana" call her Trijata, she is known as Punukay in the Laotian "Phra Lak Phra Lam", Benyakai () in the Thai "Ramakien" and Devi Seri Jali in the Malay "Hikayat Seri Rama".

paragraph: Section::::The "Ramayana".

paragraph: In the original "Ramayana" by Valmiki, Trijata is described as an aged rakshasi (demoness) who is prominently featured in two incidents. The first takes place in the "Sundara Kanda", the epic's fifth book. The kidnapped princess Sita is imprisoned in the Ashoka Vatika of Lanka. The demon-king of Lanka, Ravana has ordered the raskshasis who guard Sita to convince her to marry him by any means possible, since Sita adamantly refuses and is still faithful to her husband Rama. After Ravana leaves, the rakshasis start to harass Sita to compel her to change her will. The aged Trijata intervenes and narrates a prophetic dream that predicts Ravana's doom and Rama's victory.

paragraph: In her dream, Trijata sees Rama and his brother Lakshmana riding the celestial elephant Airavata toward Sita. Rama takes Sita in his lap and rises high in the sky, allowing Sita to touch the Sun and the Moon. Then the trio ride to Lanka and get into the Pushpaka Vimana (aerial chariot of Ravana) to fly towards the north, while Ravana, drenched in oil and with a red complexion, lies on the ground. Ravana then heads south on a donkey and falls in a pit of dung. A black woman in a red saree, drags him to the south. Other members of Ravana's family, like his brother Kumbhakarna and son Indrajit, face similar fates. Ravana's brother Vibishana is seen in regal white garments, riding a four tusked elephant near the Pushpaka Vimana. The city of Lanka drowns in the ocean and a monkey (vanara) messenger of Rama burns the city. Trijata advises the rakshasis to take refuge in Sita and apologize to her; in turn, Sita promises that if Trijata's dream materializes, she will protect her rakshasi guards.

paragraph: The second incident is found in the sixth book, "Yuddha Kanda". Rama and his brother Lakshmana come with a monkey army to rescue Sita from the clutches of the demon-king. On the first day of war, Ravana's son Indrajit binds the brothers with the weapon "Nagapasha" (serpent-noose) and the brothers lose consciousness. Ravana sends Sita with Trijata to see the battlefield. Thinking her husband is dead, Sita laments, but is reassured by Trijata that the brothers are still alive. Trijata expresses her love for Sita and tells her that the captive's "moral character and gentle nature" have compelled her to love her.

paragraph: Section::::Trijata and Vibhishana.

paragraph: In the "Ramayana", Sita has few other rakshasi benefactors besides Trijata. When Hanuman – the monkey-general of Rama who was tasked to find Sita – meets her in Lanka, she tells him that the wife of Vibhishana (the brother of Ravana who sides with Rama in the war) sent her daughter Kala (in other recensions of the "Ramayana", known as Nanda or Anala) to proclaim Ravana's intention to not surrender Sita to Rama, despite the advice of the wise minister Avindhya and Vibhisana. Another friend, Sarama, consoles Sita when Ravana shows Sita an illusory severed head of Rama. She also informs her of Rama's well-being and his entry in Lanka with his army. In some versions of the "Ramayana", an interpolated canto mentions how Sarama also tells Sita of the burning of Lanka by Hanuman after his meeting with Sita. Ravana's wife Mandodari is described to have rescued Sita in some versions, when Ravana tries to kill Sita. In later Rama-centric literature, Sarama was identified as Vibishana's wife, while Trijata was regarded as his daughter.

paragraph: The Tamil epic "Kamba Ramayana", Govindaraja's commentary on the "Ramayana" ("Bhushana"), the Oriya "Balaramadasa Ramayana", the Javanese "Kakawin Ramayana" and the Malay "Seri Rama" all accord the status of Vibhishana's daughter to Trijata, a trend generally followed by post-"Ramayana" literature. Though Govindaraja's commentary on the "Ramayana" states that Trijata is Vibhishana's daughter in the epic, Goldman considers this "strange" given her advanced age in the original epic.

paragraph: A few works relate Trijata to Vibhishana in a position other than his daughter. The "Ananda Ramayana" and the Marathi "Bhavartha Ramayana" of Eknath regard Trijata as the wife and the sister of Vibhishana (thus sister of Ravana) respectively. The Jain version, the "Vasudevahindi" of Samghadasa Gani, says Trijata is a sister of Ravana, Vibhishana, Kumbhakarna, and Shurpanakha. Jayamangala's commentary on the "Bhattikavya" also describes Trijata as Ravana's sister.

paragraph: Section::::Trijata and Sita.

paragraph: In later literature, Trijata plays the roles which were attributed to Kala, Sarama, and Mandodari in the original "Ramayana". She becomes a more important character in Southeast Asian versions of the "Ramayana", particularly in Indonesian retellings such as the "Kakawin Ramayana".

paragraph: In the "Ramopakhyana" (the narrative of Rama in the epic "Mahabharata"), Sita informs Hanuman that Trijata brought her a message from Avindhya about the well-being of Rama, and that he and Lakshamana will soon come to rescue her from Lanka. Trijata thus assumes the role assigned to Kala in the original "Ramayana". The "Raghuvamsa", the "Setubandha", the "Balaramadasa Ramayana", the "Kakawin Ramayana" and the "Seri Rama" all replace Sarama with Trijata in the episode where the truth of the illusory head of Rama is revealed to Sita. The "Prasannaraghava" has Trijata inform Sita about the burning of Lanka, instead of Sarama. The "Balaramadasa Ramayana" makes Trijata the saviour of Sita, when she stops Ravana from killing Sita in the Ashoka Vatika; this role was originally assigned to Mandodari. Trijata again saves Sita's life when a vengeful Ravana rushes to slay his captive after his son Indrajit is killed in the war. In the "Ramayana", Suparshva – a minister of Ravana – stops him, while other adaptations attribute the act variously to Avindhya or Mandodari.

paragraph: Besides crediting Trijata for acts attributed to others in the original epic, later literature adds new elements which grant Trijata a bigger role. In the "Ramayana", just before meeting Hanuman, the thought of suicide crosses Sita's mind, but she never attempts it. In the "Prasannaraghava", Trijata and Sita engage in a "friendly conversation" before Ravana comes to meet her. After Ravana's departure, Sita tells Trijata of her intent to commit suicide and urges Trijata to help her create a wood pyre. Trijata, however, refuses, saying there is not enough firewood. The "Kakawin Ramayana" also narrates that, when Sita sees the illusory severed heads of Rama and Lakshmana, she prepares a pyre. Trijata is ready to die with Sita, but first wants to inform her father Vibhishana. She returns with the news of Rama's well-being. Later on, after seeing Rama and Lakshmana bound by Indrajit's Nagapasha, Sita instructs Trijata to again create a pyre, but Trijata holds off until she can confirm the truth from her father, and returns with the news that Rama is alive.

paragraph: Many adaptations of the "Ramayana" narrate the friendship and companionship developed between Trijata and Sita. Trijata fulfils two important objectives: she comforts Sita and constantly updates Sita about the happenings of the war and the welfare of Rama. The "Balaramadasa Ramayana" describes Trijata assuaging Sita's grief when they hear that Indrajit has wounded Rama and Lakshmana a second time. In the "Balaramayana" of Rajasekhara, Trijata employs two rakshasas to bring her news from the battlefield. The "Ananda Ramayana" narrates that, upon hearing Lakshmana's conch sound, Sita urges Trijata to find out what has happened. Trijata learns of the death of Indrajit by Lakshmana and passes the news to Sita. The "Ramcharitmanas" of Tulsidas also depicts Trijata breaking the news of Indrajit's death to Sita, upon her inquiry. In another episode in the text, the two discuss the impending duel between Rama and Ravana on the final day of war. Sita is concerned that the ten-headed Ravana is invincible and will magically regrow his severed heads. Trijata reassures Sita that Rama will slay Ravana by shooting an arrow through the demon-king's heart. The text emphasizes that Trijata is a devotee of Rama, a feature also found in the "Bhavartha Ramayana".

paragraph: The "Kakawin Ramayana" says that, when Sita is tormented by her 300 rakshasi guards, only Trijata comes to her rescue and offers her solace, keeping her company and playing games with her. In the "Seri Rama", Trijata (here called "Dewi Srijati") is in charge of Sita's custody in Lanka. Sita tells Ravana that she will not even consider Ravana's marriage proposal while her husband is alive, and will believe he's dead only if she sees his head in Ravana's hands. To trick Sita, Ravana visits her with two heads and proclaims that they belong to Rama and Lakshmana, but Trijata stops him and asks him to return the next day. She presents the heads to Sita, who decides to commit suicide, but Trijata asks her to wait until she can verify the truth. Carrying Sita's dagger, she meets Rama and in return receives a girdle woven by Sita from Rama. She is carried back to Lanka by Hanuman. When Ravana arrives the next day, Trijana rebukes him for his deception and informs him that she had met Rama herself the previous day. An enraged Ravana tries to kill Trijata, who runs and seeks refuge in Sita, who takes all the blame. Trijata is recused of her duties and Sita is transferred to an iron castle, guarded by an army commanded by one of Ravana's ministers.

paragraph: Section::::Trijata as Ravana's agent.

paragraph: While Trijata is generally portrayed in a positive light, the early Jain versions of the "Ramayana" either ignore her or demonize her as an agent of Ravana. Svayambhudeva's "Paumacriu", as well as Hemachandra's "Yogashastra" and "Ramayana", say that when Hanuman meets Sita and shows her Rama's signet-ring, Sita is overjoyed; Trijata reports this to her master Ravana. Hemachandra emphasizes that Trijata's job was to "tempt" Sita at Ravana's behest. The "Krittivasi Ramayana", possibly influenced by Jain narratives, portrays Trijata appealing to Sita to wed Ravana and rule as the queen of Lanka; it is Sarama who functions as Sita's friend in this version.

paragraph: Section::::After the war.

paragraph: Numerous "Ramayana" adaptations record the gratitude of Sita and Rama who reward Trijata richly. In the "Mahabharata" version, Trijata is rewarded and honoured by Rama at the end of the war.

paragraph: The "Balaramayana" mentions that after the war, Trijata accompanies Sita to her kingdom Ayodhya in the Pushpaka Vimana; Rama uses the Pushpaka Vimana to return to Ayodhya. In the "Ananda Ramayana", both Trijata and Sarama journey to Ayodhya in the Pushpaka Vimana. Later, when Sita visits Lanka, she tells Sarama to treat Trijata as if she would her. The "Kakawin Ramayana" mentions how Trijata is honoured with rich gifts by Sita at Ayodhya as her loyal companion and solace, and the one who saved her life twice.

paragraph: The oldest Indian manuscript to mention Trijata's presence in Ayodhya is the "Paumacriu". Many suggest that, after Sita's exile and the subsequent battle between Rama and his sons, Sita be reaccepted by Rama. Trijata and Lankasundari are called from Lanka to attest to Sita's chastity and both of them suggest an ordeal to convince the world of her purity.

paragraph: In the Thai "Ramakien", Hanuman helps Vibhishana (here called Phipek) kill a demon. Hanuman then marries Trijata (Benchakai); their union results in the birth of a son, Asurapada, a demon with a monkey head. In the Malay version, after the great war, Vibhishana requests that Hanuman wed his daughter Trijata (Seri Jati). Hanuman agrees, on the condition that he remain with her for only a month. While Hanuman leaves for Ayodhya with Rama, Trijata gives birth to his son Hanuman Tegangga (Asurapada). The Javanese and Sundanese "Wayang" puppet tradition also portrays Trijata as the wife of Hanuman.

paragraph: Section::::Remembrance and assessment.

paragraph: Trijata is remembered as a friend and loyal companion of Sita in her time of need. Camille Bulcke, an expert on the literature of Rama, summarizes Trijata's character:

paragraph: For more than twenty centuries the poets, who retold the Rāma-story, have dealt lovingly on Trijatā's friendship for Sītā. [...] [Trijatā] conquered the heart of those poets, and through them, the heart of all those who become acquainted with the Rāma-story. [...] the poets of the Rāmāyana [...] conferred on the humble Trijatā the boon of immortality. No dream is better known in India than the dream of Trijatā, who will live for ever in the hearts of millions as the ideal of a true friend, because she comforted Sītā in her darkest hour: A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED.

paragraph: A temple dedicated to Trijata (called Tirjata in this region) is situated near the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, the most prominent temple in Varanasi. As per local lore, Trijata wanted to accompany Sita to Ayodhya, but Sita said that she would not be allowed in Ayodhya as she was a demoness. Sita suggested her to visit Varanasi and attain moksha (emancipation) and blessed her to be worshipped as a goddess. Trijata enjoys daily worship as a local goddess. Flowers and green vegetables are offered to appease her. Women - who worship at her shrine for seven consecutive Wednesdays - are believed to be blessed with progeny and with the goddess' protective glaze on their family. Many devotees flock the shrine on Kartik Poornima, the last day of the Hindu month of Kartik and its next day, the first day of Margashirsha month. It is believed that the goddess will fulfill the wishes of all who worship at her shrine, after paying obeisance at Kashi Vishwanath Temple on Kartik Poornima. On the first day of Margashirsha, worshippers who had observed a "vrata" (fast) in the previous month of Kartik conclude the "vrata" by bathing in the Ganges at the Dashashwamedh Ghat in the name of Trijata. Local lore holds that Rama granted a boon to Trijata: those who do not bathe in her honour after observing the "vrata" will lose all merit ("punya") – gained from the fast – to her.

paragraph: A temple of Trijata also exists in the temple complex of Balveer Hanuman Temple, Ujjain. Special "puja" (worship rituals) is offered to the goddess for 3 days, starting from Kartik Poornima.

paragraph: In the Telugu "Sita Puranamu", Ramaswami Chaudari portrays Trijata as the daughter of the Dravidian Vibhishana and the Aryan Gandharva Sarama. Trijata, a half-Aryan, is labelled a traitor, who betrays her uncle Ravana and helps Sita. Vibhishana's betrayal towards his brother and defection to Rama is also blamed on his Aryan wife.

description: demoness in the Hindu epic Ramayana

wikidata_label: Trijata

wikipedia_title: Trijata


text:
Slovak
ice hockey
MsHK Zilina
Slovak Extraliga
2000 NHL Entry Draft
Nashville Predators
Czech Extraliga
HC Oceláři Třinec
2000-01 Czech Extraliga season

categories: 1980 births,Lowell Devils players,Motor České Budějovice players,AZ Havířov players,Mora IK players,Piráti Chomutov players,HC Dynamo Moscow players,HC Bílí Tygři Liberec players,HC Oceláři Třinec players,Stadion Hradec Králové players,People from Žilina,Czech ice hockey players,MsHK Žilina players,Living people,HC Karlovy Vary players

paragraph: Tomáš Harant

paragraph: Tomáš Harant (born April 28, 1980) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player. He is currently a free agent having last played for MsHK Zilina in the Slovak Extraliga. Harant was drafted in the sixth-round of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, 173rd overall by the Nashville Predators.

paragraph: Harant made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with HC Oceláři Třinec during the 2000-01 Czech Extraliga season.

description: Slovak ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Tomáš Harant

wikipedia_title: Tomáš Harant


text: Cuba

text: Santa Clara

text: Europe

text: United States

text: Havana

text: Paris

text: Teatro La Caridad

text: Santa Clara's University

categories: 1845 births,1909 deaths,People from Santa Clara, Cuba,Cuban women,Women philanthropists,Cuban philanthropists,19th-century Cuban women,19th-century Cuban people

paragraph: Marta Abreu

paragraph: Marta Abreu de Estévez (13 November 1845 – 2 January 1909) was one of the most influential figures of her time in central Cuba, especially in her birth city and province of Santa Clara. For her constant aid to the poor, her donations to the city and the independence war, she won the title of “the great benefactor”.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her wealth enabled Marta Abreu to travel Europe and the United States from a very young age which brought her into contact with key figures of her time and allowed her to appreciate the differences between most developed countries and her own, and how difficult Cubans had it, specially in small hinterland cities and towns. She married Luis Estévez y Romero, a lawyer and University professor from Havana who was also kin of the independence cause and helper of the poor; in time this allowed Marta to fulfill her philanthropic dreams. She died at her home in Paris, after having moved to Europe because of her husband's poor health.

paragraph: Section::::Her legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teatro La Caridad(Caridad Theater) which she built and donated to the city in order to collect money for further donations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asilo de Ancianos (Old people’s Home) for the elder care.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asilo San Vicente de Paul Asylum San Vicente de Paúl for the poor and homeless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Amparo (The Shelter) another shelter for poor people.

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Gran Cervantes (The Great Cervantes) school for black children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buen Viaje school.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Pedro Nolasco school.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Rosalía school.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Clara weather station which she donated with all the instruments and scientific material.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Clara Firemen quarters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Clara electrical power plant.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Clara Train Station.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa Clara province gas factory.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three public laundry stations by the Belico river.

paragraph: Section::::Remembering Marta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Clara's University was named after her.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A bronze statue of Marta on a chair seats in Parque Vidal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A room named and dedicated to her can be seen in “Casa de la Ciudad” house-museum and art gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 Cuba published four stamps for the centenary of her birth (1845)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristobal Garcia, Angel - "El teatro La Caridad". (Colección Escambray, PUBLICIGRAF (R),1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article "Monument to Marta Abreu" in Webshots.com

description: benefactor

wikidata_label: Marta Abreu

wikipedia_title: Marta Abreu


text:
Margrave of Montferrat
Trino
Theodore II of Montferrat
Amadeus VIII
Sigismund
Apennines
John VIII Palaiologos
Filippo Maria Visconti
Milan
Chivasso
Casale Monferrato
John IV
Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy
John IV
Amadea
John II de Poitiers-Lusignan
Ludovico I del Vasto
William VIII
Boniface III
Theodoro
Wars in Lombardy

categories: 1395 births,People from the Province of Vercelli,Marquesses of Montferrat,15th-century Italian people,1445 deaths,Palaiologos dynasty

paragraph: John Jacob, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: John Jacob Palaeologus (Italian: "Giovanni Giacomo Paleologo") (March 23, 1395 – March 12, 1445) was the Margrave of Montferrat from 1418 to 1445.

paragraph: He was born in Trino, Piedmont, the son of Theodore II of Montferrat, with whom he collaborated in the government of the marquisate from 1404. In 1412 he married Joanna of Savoy, sister of Duke Amadeus VIII, who gave him numerous children.

paragraph: After his father's death in 1418, John Jacob received the investiture as marquess by emperor Sigismund. He distinguished himself for some brilliant military campaign in the Apennines area; he also increased his prestige through the marriage between his sister Sofia and the second last Byzantine Emperor, John VIII Palaiologos.

paragraph: John Jacob's expansion, however, spurred the reaction of the Dukes of Savoy and of Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan. In 1431 they signed an alliance aiming at the cancellation of the Montferrat state. John Jacob was therefore compelled to ask support to France. In 1432 he was defeated anyway and sued for peace, ceding several territories to Savoy but retaining the seigniory over Montferrat, although with the status of Savoy vassal.

paragraph: However, when Amadeus VIII asked him the payment of the war expenses, John Jacob rebelled; but, after having besieged in Chivasso, he was forced to cease. His state and his prestige were shattered, and he had again to declare himself vassal of Savoy.

paragraph: John Jacob died at Casale Monferrato in 1445, being succeeded by his son John IV.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: John Jacob married on April 26, 1411 with Joanna of Savoy (1395–1460), daughter of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy. They had :

paragraph: BULLET::::- John IV (1413 – 1464), Marquess of Montferrat 1445–1464.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amadea (1418 – 1440), married to John II de Poitiers-Lusignan, king of Cyprus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella (ca. 1419 – 1475); married to Ludovico I del Vasto, Marquess of Saluzzo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William VIII (1422 – 1483), Marquess of Montferrat 1464–1483.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boniface III (1424 – 1494), Marquess of Montferrat 1483–1494.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodoro (1425 – 1481), cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wars in Lombardy

description: Marquess of Montferrat

wikidata_label: John Jacob, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: John Jacob, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
Margrave of Montferrat
Casale
Pontestura
John Jacob of Montferrat
Amadeus VII
Amadeus VIII of Savoy
condottiere
Republic of Venice
Filippo Maria Visconti
Milan
Wars in Lombardy
Palaeologus
Constantinople
Margherita of Savoy
Louis of Savoy
Anne of Cyprus
scudi
Trino
Morano
Borgo San Martino
Mombaruzzo
Victor, Duke of Münsterberg
William VIII
Wars in Lombardy

categories: People from Casale Monferrato,Marquesses of Montferrat,15th-century Italian people,1412 births,1464 deaths,Palaiologos dynasty

paragraph: John IV, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: John IV Palaeologus (Italian: "Giovanni IV Paleologo") (June 24, 1413 – January 19, 1464) was the Margrave of Montferrat from 1445 until his death.

paragraph: The eldest of four brothers and two sisters, he was born near Casale in the castle of Pontestura, to John Jacob of Montferrat and Joanna of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus VII (the Red Count of Savoy). During his father's unlucky war against Amadeus VIII of Savoy, he was imprisoned by the latter and used as hostage.

paragraph: He fought as condottiere for the Republic of Venice in the war that ensued after the heirless death of Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan (see Wars in Lombardy). During his reign the Palaeologus family lost the throne of Constantinople, captured by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

paragraph: He set his mind rather belatedly to ensuring future of the dynasty, marrying Margherita of Savoy, daughter of Louis of Savoy and Anne of Cyprus, in Casale in December 1458. She brought a dowry of 100,000 scudi, receiving Trino, Morano, Borgo San Martino and Mombaruzzo in return. However they only had one daughter Elena Margherita (1459 – 1496), who married Victor, Duke of Münsterberg.br

paragraph: He also had two illegitimate children :

paragraph: Sara (1462–1503) and Scipione (1463–1485).

paragraph: John IV died, without legitimate heirs, in Casale on 19 January 1464; he was buried there alongside his father in the church of San Francesco. He was succeeded by his brother William VIII.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wars in Lombardy

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BR

description: Italian Marquess

wikidata_label: John IV, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: John IV, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
American football
linebacker
St. Louis Rams
undrafted free agent
college football
Virginia Tech
Buffalo Bills
Richmond Raiders
Richmond Revolution
high school football
Western Branch High School
Chesapeake, Virginia
Indoor Football League
Richmond Revolution
Bryan Randall
Buffalo Bills bio
St. Louis Rams bio
Virginia Tech Hokies bio

categories: Richmond Raiders players,St. Louis Rams players,Living people,1984 births,People from Kingsville, Texas,Sportspeople from Chesapeake, Virginia,American football linebackers,Virginia Tech Hokies football players,Buffalo Bills players

paragraph: Vince Hall

paragraph: Vincent Larry Hall (born December 3, 1984) is a former American football linebacker. He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Virginia Tech. Hall was also a member of the Buffalo Bills, Richmond Raiders and Richmond Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: He played high school football at Western Branch High School in Chesapeake, Virginia where he lettered four seasons as a linebacker and was named an All-American by both SuperPrep and PrepStar as a linebacker following his senior season. That year, he recorded over 120 tackles, 23 tackles for loss and 10 sacks and also had three interceptions. Also was a 2002 AAA First-team All-State selection. He earned first-team All-Southeastern District honors as a sophomore, junior and senior. Additionally, he was a First-team All-State as a junior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 2007 Hall played in 10 games and had 100 tackles, with 6.5 going for a loss and 3.5 sacks and one interception. In 2006, he made 128 tackles, 10.5 tackles for loss, eight quarterback hurries, two sacks, two forced fumbles, a fumble recovery and a pass broken up. In 2005, he had 43 solo and 69 assisted tackles and included in those 112 stops were 8.5 TFL, three sacks, two interceptions, eight passes broken up and 15 QB hurries. In 2004, he played in all 13 games, starting the last 12 and recorded 21 solo stops and 43 assists with 4.5 tackles for loss and a sack, a forced fumble, three pass breakups and seven quarterback hurries. In 2003, he redshirted.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Accolades.

paragraph: 1st Team All-ACC Player 2006

paragraph: Dudley Award for best player in the Commonwealth of Virginia 2006

paragraph: Ranked the 5th best Virginia Tech Player of the Decade by Techsideline.com

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pre-draft.

paragraph: Hall 5-11¼ and weighed 238 and was timed at 4.89 in the 40-yard dash, a 340-pound bench press and a 14 Wonderlic score.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Hall was added to the Bills practice squad on December 9, 2008, after being released by St. Louis on September 9, 2008. Originally entered the NFL as an undrafted rookie free agent with the Rams on May 6, 2008. He was released by the Bills on May 12, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Richmond Raiders.

paragraph: Hall was signed by the Indoor Football League's Richmond Revolution on March 25, 2010, joining fellow former Hokies Bryan Randall, Noland Burchette, Lawrence Lewis, and Chris Segaar.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bills bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Rams bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Tech Hokies bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Vince Hall

wikipedia_title: Vince Hall


text:
Józef Piłsudski
psychiatrist
Piłsudski coat of arms
Józef Piłsudski
Aleksandra Szczerbińska
Warsaw
Belweder Palace
Sulejówek
Jadwiga Piłsudska
Sweden
England
medicine
Edinburgh
psychiatry
Polish
hospital
London
Józef Piłsudski Institute
Warsaw
Józef Piłsudski
Bronisław Piłsudski
Jadwiga Piłsudska
Piłsudski (family)
Kasztanka

categories: 1918 births,Józef Piłsudski,2001 deaths,People from Warsaw,Polish psychiatrists

paragraph: Wanda Piłsudska

paragraph: Wanda Piłsudska (7 February 1918 – 16 January 2001) was a daughter of Józef Piłsudski, and a psychiatrist by profession.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Wanda Piłsudska, of the Piłsudski coat of arms, was the elder daughter of Józef Piłsudski and Aleksandra Szczerbińska. She spent her youth mainly in Warsaw, living with her family at the Belweder Palace, and in Sulejówek at the cottage of "Milusin", which Piłsudski had received as a gift from his soldiers.

paragraph: In September 1939, together with her mother and younger sister Jadwiga Piłsudska, Wanda was evacuated by special airplane via Sweden to England. She studied medicine in Edinburgh, then practiced psychiatry at a Polish hospital outside London. She also worked with the Józef Piłsudski Institute in London.

paragraph: In the fall of 1990, Wanda returned for good to Poland. In November 2000 she regained the family cottage in Sulejówek, where she planned to create a museum dedicated to her father, Józef Piłsudski.

paragraph: Wanda Piłsudska died, after a protracted illness, in Warsaw on 16 January 2001. She willed her entire estate for the establishment of a museum honouring Józef Piłsudski.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Józef Piłsudski

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronisław Piłsudski (1866–1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jadwiga Piłsudska

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piłsudski (family)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kasztanka"

description: Polish psychiatrist

wikidata_label: Wanda Piłsudska

wikipedia_title: Wanda Piłsudska


text:
Gujarati language
princely state
Kathiawar

categories: 20th-century Indian linguists,1842 births,Writers from Gujarat,Gujarati-language writers,1921 deaths,19th-century Indian linguists

paragraph: Asharam Dalichand Shah

paragraph: Asharam Dalichand Shah was Gujarati language writer who pioneered the research in Gujarati proverbs and idioms.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Asharam was born on 8 February 1842 and died on 26 March 1921. He had served as the administrator of the several princely states of Kathiawar.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He published "Gujarati Kahevat Sangraha" (A Collection of Gujarati Proverbs) in 1911. It contained proverbs and idioms along with their versions, origin, use in different parts of Gujarat and circumstances or incidents which resulted in their origin. It also presented the transformation of proverb if it is originated from Sanskrit. He has also compared corresponding Hindi and Marathi proverbs.

paragraph: His son Mulchand had written his biography, "Asharam Dalichand Shah ane Temno Samay" (1934).

description: Gujarati language writer fom India

wikidata_label: Asharam Dalichand Shah

wikipedia_title: Asharam Dalichand Shah


text: saint

text: Coptic Orthodox Church

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Catholic Church

text: Theonas

text: Old Testament

text: holy orders

text: reader

text: deacon

text: priest

text: persecution

text: Christianity

text: Roman Emperor

text: Diocletian

text: Meletius of Lycopolis

text: sacrifice

text: scripture

text: rebaptised

text: Arius

text: Diocletianic Persecution

text: martyr

text: omophorion

text: Coptic calendar

text: AD

text: Christianity

text: feast day

text: Gregorian Calendar

text: Old Style and New Style dates

text: Baucalis

text: icon

text: synaxarion

wikipedia_title: List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria

categories: 3rd-century Romans,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,4th-century Christian martyrs,Saints from Roman Egypt,4th-century Romans,4th-century archbishops,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,Deans of the Catechetical School of Alexandria,311 deaths

paragraph: Pope Peter I of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Peter I of Alexandria (), 17th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He is revered as a saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Peter was born and raised in Alexandria. The Coptic Orthodox Church believes that Peter was given by his parents to His Holiness Theonas to be brought up as a priest, similarly to the story of Samuel in the Old Testament. He rose through the ranks of holy orders, first becoming a reader, then a deacon, then a priest. Highly educated, Peter became head of the school of Alexandria.

paragraph: In early 300, while on his death bed, Theonas advised the church leaders to choose Peter as his successor, which they did. Peter's time as bishop included the severe persecution of Christianity from Roman Emperor Diocletian, which began in 303, and continued intermittently over the next ten years. Forced into exile from the city during the anti-Christian persecutions, Peter traveled through many lands, encouraging his flock by letter, before returning to his city to guide the Alexandrian Church personally during this period. He secretly visited those imprisoned, assisted widows and orphans, and conducted clandestine services.

paragraph: Accounts of Peter's position during the persecution vary, but one states that he was imprisoned for a time with bishop Meletius of Lycopolis and they fell into an argument over the treatment of Christians who had either offered pagan sacrifice or surrendered scriptures to the authorities to save their lives during the persecution. Peter urged leniency while Meletius held firmly that the lapsed had abandoned their faith and needed to be rebaptised. Their argument became heated, and was ended when Peter hung a curtain between him and Meletius. One of Meletius' followers was a priest named Arius (modern scholarship differs on whether this was the same Arius as became involved with the Arian controversy a few years later). According to Severus of Ashmumeen, Arius tried in vain to receive absolution from the Patriarch before Peter was executed, and before dying Peter anathematized Arius as a heretic and excommunicated him.

paragraph: Section::::Martyrdom.

paragraph: The tenth-century historian Severus of Ashmumeen gives us an account of how during the Diocletianic Persecution the Patriarch was seized and thrown in prison. When the emperor was informed about this, he ordered Peter to be beheaded. This was hindered by a large number of Christians who gathered at the prison willing to die for their Patriarch. The soldiers delayed the execution because they neither wanted to massacre the crowd nor create a riot.

paragraph: The Patriarch, fearing for the life of his people, advised the soldiers with a plan to smuggle him out of jail by breaking a hole in a certain wall which he would point out. He could then be smuggled out and receive his sentence.

paragraph: Severus of Ashmumeen describes the moment when the Patriarch was martyred:

paragraph: And he took off his omophorion, and bared his neck, which was pure before the Lord, and said to them: «Do as you have been commanded». But the soldiers feared that trouble would befall them because of him. So they looked one at another, and not one of them dared to cut off his head, because of the dread which had fallen upon them. Then they took counsel together and said: «To him that cuts off his head each one of us will give five denarii». Now they were six persons; and one of them had some money; so he took out five and twenty denarii from among the coins and said : «He that will go up to him, and cut off his head, shall receive this money from me and from the four others». So one of the men went forward, and summoned up his courage, and cut off the head of the holy martyr and patriarch Peter; that day being the 29th of Hatur.

paragraph: Hatur is a month in the Coptic calendar, corresponding roughly to November. Saint Peter's martyrdom occurred in the year AD 311.

paragraph: Section::::Feast day.

paragraph: Traditionally, in Christianity, the day of a saint's death is the day on which his feast day is celebrated. 29 Hatur corresponds to 25 November in the Julian calendar (to 26 November if the following Julian year is a leap year). Thus 29 Hatur corresponds at present to the Gregorian Calendar 8 December or 9 December (see Old Style and New Style dates).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baucalis

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria Eastern Orthodox icon and synaxarion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extracts from Peter of Alexandria on Easter and the original copy of the gospel of John

description: Coptic pope of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Pope Peter of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope Peter I of Alexandria


text:
DJ
record producer
remix
songwriter
Sheffield
South Yorkshire
King Edward VII School
Annie Mac
Matt Helders
Arctic Monkeys
Benjamin Zephaniah
Roots Manuva
Tinchy Stryder
Hervé
Fabric
Notting Hill Carnival
BBC Radio 1
BBC Radio 1Xtra
Skepta
JME
Wiley
Roots Manuva
Skepta
Wiley
Ms. Dynamite
Róisín Murphy
Little Dragon
Major Lazer
Hot Chip
Ninja Tune
Watch Me Dance
The 2 Bears
FabricLive.47
Serocee
Serocee
Serocee
Hervé
Serocee
Hervé
Serocee
Hervé
Serocee
Hervé
Serocee
Hervé
Serocee
Hervé
Wayne Marshall
Wayne Marshall
Wayne Marshall
Wayne Marshall
Wayne Marshall
Roots Manuva
Andrew Weatherall
Roots Manuva
Róisín Murphy
Shola Ama
Shola Ama
Shola Ama
Shola Ama
The 2 Bears
Roots Manuva
Bashy
Bashy
Hot Chip
Roots Manuva
Ladyhawke
Ayah Marar
Armand Van Helden
Gyptian
Little Simz
BBC Radio 1

wikipedia_title:
Disc jockey
Record producer
Remix
Songwriter
Sheffield
South Yorkshire
King Edward VII School, Sheffield
Annie Mac
Matt Helders
Arctic Monkeys
Benjamin Zephaniah
Roots Manuva
Tinchy Stryder
Hervé (DJ)
Fabric (club)
Notting Hill Carnival
BBC Radio 1
BBC Radio 1Xtra
Skepta
Jme (rapper)
Wiley (musician)
Roots Manuva
Skepta
Wiley (musician)
Ms. Dynamite
Róisín Murphy
Little Dragon
Major Lazer
Hot Chip
Ninja Tune
Watch Me Dance
The 2 Bears
FabricLive.47
Serocee
Serocee
Serocee
Hervé (DJ)
Serocee
Hervé (DJ)
Serocee
Hervé (DJ)
Serocee
Hervé (DJ)
Serocee
Hervé (DJ)
Serocee
Hervé (DJ)
Wayne Marshall (deejay)
Wayne Marshall (deejay)
Wayne Marshall (deejay)
Wayne Marshall (deejay)
Wayne Marshall (deejay)
Roots Manuva
Andrew Weatherall
Roots Manuva
Róisín Murphy
Shola Ama
Shola Ama
Shola Ama
Shola Ama
The 2 Bears
Roots Manuva
Bashy
Bashy
Hot Chip
Roots Manuva
Ladyhawke (musician)
Ayah Marar
Armand van Helden
Gyptian
Little Simz
BBC Radio 1

categories: BBC Radio 1 presenters,People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield,Ninja Tune artists,1985 births,Grime music artists,Musicians from Sheffield,BBC Radio 1Xtra presenters,People from Sheffield,British radio DJs,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Toddla T

paragraph: Thomas Mackenzie Bell (born 22 February 1985), better known by the stage name of Toddla T, is an English DJ, record producer, remixer and songwriter from Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Toddla T was raised in Sheffield where he attended King Edward VII School. He started DJing at the age of 14 in the clubs and bars of Sheffield and by the age of 16 had left school to pursue a full-time career in the music industry. His stage name was given to him by the older Sheffield DJs who influenced him and was used to indicate his relative youth. He has two children with his wife, fellow BBC Radio 1 DJ Annie Mac: a son, born in May 2013; and a second child, born 6 January 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Toddla T's first album, for 1965 Records, encompasses hip-hop, electro, garage, dancehall and house and was released in May 2009. The major collaborators were Serocee and Mr Versatile. The album also features further collaborations with Matt Helders from the Arctic Monkeys, Benjamin Zephaniah, Roots Manuva, Tinchy Stryder, Joe Goddard and Hervé.

paragraph: He has created a mix album for the London nightclub Fabric.

paragraph: Toddla T is currently DJing in clubs and festivals throughout the UK, Europe, North America and Australia, he has a successful quarterly residency at XOYO and a soundsystem at Notting Hill Carnival. He has a weekly show on BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra which has featured guests such as Skepta, JME, Novelist & Wiley. He is involved in recording and producing various artists including Roots Manuva, Skepta, Wiley, Ms. Dynamite & Róisín Murphy. He has remixed Little Dragon, Major Lazer and Hot Chip. In 2010 he signed to the record label Ninja Tune and released Watch Me Dance in 2011. In 2012, Toddla T started his record label Girls Music with Raf Rundell from The 2 Bears.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FabricLive.47 (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Do U Know, 1965 Records (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Acid, Defected (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kensal Road EP, Girls Music (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fill Up Mi Portion, Do U Know (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Backchatter (Mica's Version), Do U Know (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inna Di Dancehall, Do U Know (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girls, Do U Know (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Do U Know (Count of Monte Crystal And Sinden Dub), Do U Know (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inna Di Dancehall (Count of Monte Crystal And Sinden Remix), Do U Know (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Do U Know (Rob G's Dub), Do U Know (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manabadman, feat. Serocee & Trigganom, (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 65 Dubplate feat. Serocee & Trigganom, (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soundtape Killin, (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soundtape Killin (Detboi in the Red Mix), (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soundtape Killin (Nastee Boi Remix), (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shake It feat. Serocee (Original), Toddla T & Hervé, Shake It, (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shake It feat. Serocee (Original Edit), Toddla T & Hervé, Shake It, (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shake It feat. Serocee (Count & Sinden Remix), Toddla T & Hervé, Shake It, (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shake It feat. Serocee (Donaeo Remix), Toddla T & Hervé, Shake It, (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shake It feat. Serocee (Wittyboy Remix), Toddla T & Hervé, Shake It, (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shake It feat. Serocee (Redlight Jungle Revenge Remix), Toddla T & Hervé, Shake It, (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sky Surfing (Dope Man), (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sky Surfing (Benga Remix), (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streets So Warm feat. Wayne Marshall, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streets So Warm (Zed Bias Old Skool Remix) Wayne Marshall, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streets So Warm (Serial Killerz Remix) Wayne Marshall, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streets So Warm (Ross Orton & Pipes Dub Vocal) feat Wayne Marshall, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streets So Warm (Ross Orton & Pipes Dub) feat Wayne Marshall, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take It Back (Club Edit), (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take It Back (The 2 Bears Remix), (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take It Back (D1 Remix), (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take It Back (Dillon Francis Remix), (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take It Back (Des Demure Remix), (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take It Back (DJ Q Remix), (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watch Me Dance - Toddla T & Roots Manuva, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watch Me Dance (Andrew Weatherall Remix) - Toddla T & Roots Manuva, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cherry Picking feat. Róisín Murphy, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- My God - Trojan Sound System vs Toddla T, (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alive - Toddla T & Shola Ama, (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alive (Radio Edit) - Toddla T & Shola Ama, (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alive (Sticky Remix) - Toddla T & Shola Ama, (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alive (Dismantle Remix) - Toddla T & Shola Ama, (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Don't Wanna Hear That- Toddla T, Danny Weed & Jammer, (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walkin - Toddla T meets The Suns of Dub, (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big Tune A Drop - Toddla T VS The 2 Bears, (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Songwriting and production credits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buff Nuff, Do Nah Bodda Mi & Im A New Man on the album, Slime & Reason, by Roots Manuva (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? on the album, Catch Me If You Can, by Bashy (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life on the album, Catch Me If You Can, by Bashy (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Don't Wanna Hear That, by Jammer, Toddla T and Danny Weed (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Pure Thought" (Toddla T remix) - Hot Chip

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Have I Been a Fool" (Toddla T remix) - Jack Peñate

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Know Me Better" (Toddla T remix) - Roisin Murphy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let Me Back" (Toddla T remix) - Zarif

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let the Spirit" (Ross Orton and Toddla T remix) - Roots Manuva

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Delerium" (Ross Orton and Toddla T remix) - Ladyhawke

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alemao" (Toddla T remix) - MC Gringo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Spy" (Toddla T remix) - Ayah Marar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Council Estate" (Toddla T remix) - Tricky

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bad Wolf" (Toddla T remix) - Armand Van Helden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hold You" (Toddla T remix) - Gyptian

paragraph: BULLET::::- "101 FM" (Toddla T remix) - Little Simz, Spragga Benz

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radio 1's Soundsystem with Toddla T" (BBC Radio 1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toddla T "Essential Mix" at BBC Radio 1

description: British DJ

wikidata_label: Toddla T

wikipedia_title: Toddla T