text: modernist

text: painter

text: Harlem Renaissance

text: abstract expressionism

text: Joseph

text: Knoxville, Tennessee

text: Methodist

text: slavery

text: racism

text: Joseph

text: Austin High School

text: Charles Cansler

text: Lloyd Branson

text: Impressionist

text: Massachusetts Normal School

text: Copley Society

text: Public Garden

text: James Weldon Johnson

text: William Monroe Trotter

text: National Equal Rights League

text: Butler Wilson

text: Harlem Renaissance

text: Great Depression

text: disenfranchisement

text: realism

text: bohemianism

text: Countee Cullen

text: James Baldwin

text: Georgia O'Keeffe

text: Henry Miller

text: Greenwich Village

text: homosexuality

text: aesthetics

text: Alfred Stieglitz

text: cubist

text: Stuart Davis (painter)

text: Cézanne

text: Matisse

text: Picasso

text: Van Gogh

text: homophobic

text: Negro

text: jazz

text: 306 Group

text: Harlem Artists Guild

text: Jacob Lawrence

text: Romare Bearden

text: Hale Woodruff

text: Selma Burke

text: Richmond Barthé

text: Norman Lewis

text: Brooks Atkinson

text: Richard Wright

text: James Baldwin

text: Chester Himes

text: Ralph Ellison

text: William Gardner Smith

text: Herbert Gentry

text: Ed Clark

text: abstract expressionist

text: ideological

text: figurative

text: Art in America

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Harvard University Art Museums

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Knoxville Museum of Art

text: The Minneapolis Institute of Arts

text: The Newark Museum

text: The Studio Museum in Harlem

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Anita Shapolsky Gallery

text: Parisian Cemetery of Thiais

text: Les Amis de Beauford Delaney blog.

text: "Can Fire in the Park"

text: "Self Portrait"

text: "Untitled"

text: Selected Paintings

categories: 1901 births,20th-century American painters,Painters from Tennessee,People from Knoxville, Tennessee,1979 deaths,LGBT African Americans,African-American artists,American expatriates in France,American male painters,Artists from New York City,Gay artists,20th-century American printmakers,LGBT people from New York (state),Harlem Renaissance,LGBT people from Tennessee,People from Greenwich Village

paragraph: Beauford Delaney

paragraph: Beauford Delaney (December 30, 1901 – March 26, 1979) was an American modernist painter. He is remembered for his work with the Harlem Renaissance in the 1930s and 1940s, as well as his later works in abstract expressionism following his move to Paris in the 1950s. Beauford's younger brother, Joseph, was also a noted painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Beauford Delaney was born December 30, 1901 in Knoxville, Tennessee. Delaney's parents were prominent and respected members of Knoxville's black community. His father Samuel was both a barber and a Methodist minister. His mother Delia was also prominent in the church, and earned a living taking in laundry and cleaning the houses of prosperous local whites. Delia, born into slavery and never able to read and write herself, transferred a sense of dignity and self-esteem to her children, and preached to them about the injustices of racism and the value of education. Beauford was the eighth of ten children, only four of whom survived into adulthood. He summed up the reasons for this in a journal entry from 1961, saying "so much sickness came from improper places to live – long distances to walk to schools improperly heated… too much work at home – natural conditions common to the poor that take the bright flowers like terrible cold in nature…"

paragraph: Beauford and his younger brother, Joseph, were both attracted to art from an early age. Some of their earliest drawings were copies of Sunday school cards and pictures from the family bible. "Those early years which Beauford and I enjoyed together I am sure shaped the direction of our lives as artists. We were constantly doing something with our hands – modelling with the very red Tennessee clay, also copying pictures. One distinct difference in Beauford and myself was his multi-talents. Beauford could always strum on a ukulele and sing like mad and could mimic with the best. Beauford and I were complete opposites: me an introvert and Beauford the extrovert." The Delaneys attended Knoxville's Austin High School, and among Beauford's early works was a portrait of Austin High principal Charles Cansler.

paragraph: When he was a teenager, he got a job as a "helper" at the Post Sign Company. However, he and his younger brother Joseph were drawing signs of their own. Then some of his work was noticed by Lloyd Branson, an elderly American Impressionist and Knoxville's best known artist. By the early 1920s, Delaney became the apprentice of Branson. With Branson's encouragement, the 23-year-old Delaney migrated north to Boston to study art. With perseverance, he achieved the artist's education he desired, including informal studies at the Massachusetts Normal School, the South Boston School of Art and the Copley Society. He learned what he called the "essentials" of classical technique. It was also while in Boston that Delaney had his first "intimate experience" with a young man in the Public Garden. Through letters of introduction from Knoxville, he also received what he referred to as a "crash course" in black activist politics and ideas; having associated socially during his years in Boston with some of the most sophisticated and radical African-Americans of the time, such as James Weldon Johnson, writer, diplomat and rights activist; William Monroe Trotter, founder of the National Equal Rights League; and Butler Wilson, Board member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. By 1929, the essentials of his artistic education complete, Beauford decided to leave Boston and head for New York.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:New York City, USA.

paragraph: His arrival in New York City at the time of the Harlem Renaissance was exciting. Harlem was then the center of black cultural life in the United States. But it was also the time of the Great Depression, and it was this that Beauford was confronted with on his arrival. "Went to New York in 1929 from Boston all alone with very little money…this was the depression, and I soon discovered that most of these people were people out of work and just doing what I was doing – sitting and figuring out what to do for food and a place to sleep."

paragraph: Delaney felt an immediate affinity with this "multitude of people of all races – spending every night of their lives in parks and cafes" surviving on next to nothing. Their courage and shared camaraderie inspired him to feel that "somehow, someway there was something I could manage if only with some stronger force of will I could find the courage to surmount the terror and fear of this immense city and accept everything insofar as possible with some calm and determination".

paragraph: Members of this disenfranchised community became the subjects of many of Delaney's greatest New York period paintings. In New York "he painted colourful, engaging canvasses that captured scenes of the urban landscape…his works from that period express, in an American Modernist vein, not only the character of the city, but also his personal vision of equality, love, and respect among all people".

paragraph: One of Delaney's works from this period, "Can Fire in the Park" (oil on canvas, 1946), where a group of men huddle together for warmth and companionship around an open fire, is described by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as a "disturbingly contemporary vignette [which] conveys a legacy of deprivation linked not only to the Depression years after 1929 but also to the longstanding disenfranchisement of black Americans, portrayed here as social outcasts… Despite its sober subject, the scene crackles with energy, the culmination of Delaney's sharp pure colors, thickly applied paints, and taut, schematic patterning. Abandoning the precise realism of his early academic training, Delaney developed a lyrically expressive style that drew upon his love of musical rhythms and his improvisational use of color." Works such as "Can Fire in the Park" "hover between representation and abstraction as that style evolved during the 1940s."

paragraph: Delaney eventually obtained work as a bellhop, and later as a doorman, caretaker, and janitor. In exchange for working at the Witney as a guard, telephone operator and gallery attendant, Delaney received a studio space and a place to live. He also managed to find "little corners in the world of the Great Depression that would or could be receptive to his work."

paragraph: In time, Delaney established himself as a well known part of the bohemianism of the art scene of the period. His friends included the "poet laureate" of the period, Countee Cullen, became the "spiritual father" to the young writer James Baldwin, and a friend of artist Georgia O'Keeffe and writer Henry Miller among many others.

paragraph: Despite the friendships and successes of this period, he remained a rather isolated individual. David Leeming, in his 1998 biography "Amazing Grace: a life of Beauford Delaney", presents Delaney as having led a very "compartmentalized" life in New York.

paragraph: In Greenwich Village, where his studio was, Delaney became part of a gay bohemian circle of mainly white friends; but he was furtive and rarely comfortable with his sexuality.

paragraph: When he traveled to Harlem to visit his African-American friends and colleagues, Delaney made efforts to ensure that they knew little of his other social life in Greenwich Village. He feared that many of his Harlem friends would be uncomfortable or repelled by his homosexuality.

paragraph: He had "a third life" centered on questions concerning the aesthetics and development of modernism in Europe and the United States; primarily influenced by the ideas of his friends, photographer Alfred Stieglitz and the cubist artist Stuart Davis (painter), and the paintings of the European modernists and their predecessors like Cézanne, Matisse, Picasso and Van Gogh.

paragraph: The pressures of being "black and gay in a racist and homophobic society" would have been difficult enough, but Delaney's own Christian upbringing and "disapproval" of homosexuality, the presence of a family member (his artist brother Joseph) in the New York art scene and the "macho abstract expressionists emerging in lower Manhattan's art scene" added to this pressure. So he "remained rather isolated as an artist even as he worked in a center of major artistic ferment… A deeply introverted and private person, Delaney formed no lasting romantic relationships."

paragraph: While he worked to incorporate African-American influences, such as the "Negro" idiom of jazz, into his own artwork, he often preferred to visit one of the clubs when he was in Harlem rather than join in the serious socio-political discussions or "Negro art" questions that were taking place at the "306 Group" or the Harlem Artists Guild. Though he resisted thinking of himself as a Negro artist, Beauford had tremendous pride in black achievement. He was also pleased to participate in a number of black artists exhibitions with fellow artists like Jacob Lawrence, Romare Bearden, Hale Woodruff, Selma Burke, Richmond Barthé, Norman Lewis and his brother Joseph Delaney.

paragraph: The Smithsonian American Art Museum notes that "neither early success nor gracious spirit spared Delaney from the obscurity and poverty" that plagued most of his adult life. Brooks Atkinson wrote in his 1951 book "Once Around the Sun": "No one knows exactly how Beauford lives. Pegging away at a style of painting that few people understand or appreciate, he has disciplined himself, not only physically but spiritually, to live with a kind of personal magnetism in a barren world."

paragraph: Delaney's paintings seem to say, "I may be suffering, but what an experience this is". Delaney's work "is never depressing, though Beauford was often depressed; he could say yes to life in spite of the fact that life was kicking him in the butt."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Paris, France.

paragraph: In 1953, at the age of 52, and just as the center of the art world was shifting to New York, Delaney left New York for Paris. Europe had already attracted many other African-American artists and writers who had found a greater sense of freedom there. Writers Richard Wright, James Baldwin, Chester Himes, Ralph Ellison, William Gardner Smith and Richard Gibson, and artists Harold Cousins, Herbert Gentry and Ed Clark had all preceded him in journeying to Europe. In his journal, Richard Wright described Paris as "a place where one could claim one's soul."

paragraph: Europe became Delaney's home for the remainder of his life. About his new life and possibilities, Beauford entreated himself to "Keep the faith and trust in so far as possible. Love humility and don’t mind the insinuations that cause sorrow…and loneliness and limitations. We learn self-reliance and to hear the voice of God, too…and how to…not break but bend gently. Learning to love is learning to suffer deeply and with quietness."

paragraph: His years in Paris led to a dramatic stylistic shift from the "figurative compositions of New York life to abstract expressionist studies of color and light."

paragraph: "Delaney's relationship with abstraction predated the notorious Abstract Expressionist movement, positioning him as a forerunner of one of the most important ideological and stylistic developments in twentieth-century American art. Although he chose not to identify himself with the movement, as the Abstract Expressionists began to gain notoriety in the late 1940s, Delaney's abstract work increasingly gained attention."

paragraph: Though abstract expressionist work predominated during this period, Delaney still produced figurative compositions. His portrait of James Baldwin (1963, pastel on paper) is described by the US National Portrait Gallery as "heated and confrontational, its harsh colors roughly applied" and glowing with "the vibrant, Van Gogh-inspired yellow the artist often used after he moved to Paris." The portrait "is both a likeness based on memory and a study in light."

paragraph: Delaney's drive to continuously paint resulted in him using his raincoat when he was out of canvas, "Untitled, 1954" is an oil on raincoat fragment.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Mental deterioration.

paragraph: By 1961, heavy drinking had begun to impair Delaney's often fragile mental and physical health. Periods of lucidity were interrupted by days and sometimes weeks of madness. This pattern continued for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: Continued poverty, hunger and alcohol abuse fueled his deterioration. "He has been starving and working all of his life – in Tennessee, in Boston, in New York, and now in Paris. He has been menaced more than any other man I know by his social circumstances and also by all the emotional and psychological stratagems he has been forced to use to survive; and, more than any other man I know, he has transcended both the inner and outer darkness."

paragraph: He returned briefly to the United States in 1969 to see his family, dogged by mental illness. He believed malicious people came to him at night "and speak unpleasant and vulgar language and threaten malicious treatment…interfering with my health and urgent work…the constant, continuous creation."

paragraph: He returned to his work in Paris in January 1970. In the early 1970s it became clear that he could no longer cope with daily life. In the autumn of 1973 his friend, Charley Boggs, wrote to James Baldwin, "Our blessed Beauford is rapidly losing mental control." His friends tried to care for him but, in 1975, he was hospitalized and then committed to St Anne's Hospital for the Insane. Beauford Delaney died in Paris while at St Anne's on March 26, 1979.

paragraph: In his "Introduction to the Exhibition of Beauford Delaney opening December 4, 1964 at the Gallery Lambert", James Baldwin wrote, "the darkness of Beauford's beginnings, in Tennessee, many years ago, was a black-blue midnight indeed, opaque and full of sorrow. And I do not know, nor will any of us ever really know, what kind of strength it was that enabled him to make so dogged and splendid a journey."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Following his death, he was praised as a great and neglected painter but, with a few notable exceptions, the neglect continued.

paragraph: A retrospective of his work at the Studio Museum in Harlem a year before his death did little to revive interest in his work. It was not until the 1988 exhibition "Beauford Delaney: From Tennessee to Paris", curated by the French art dealer Philippe Briet at the Philippe Briet Gallery, that Delaney's work was again exhibited in New York, followed by two retrospectives in the gallery: "Beauford Delaney: A Retrospective [50 Years of Light]" in 1991, and "Beauford Delaney: The New York Years [1929–1953]" in 1994.

paragraph: "Whatever Happened to Beauford Delaney?", an article by Eleanor Heartney, appeared in "Art in America" in response to the 1994 exhibition asking why this once well regarded "artist's artist" was now virtually unknown to the American art public. "What happened? Is this another case of an over-inflated reputation returning to its true level? Or was Delaney undone by changing fashions which rendered his work unpalatable to succeeding generations? Why did Beauford Delaney so completely disappear from American art history?" The author believed that Delaney's disappearance from the consciousness of the New York art world was linked to "his move to Paris at a crucial moment in the consolidation of New York's position as the world's cultural capital and his work's irrelevance to the history of American art as it was being written by critics" at the time. The article concludes, "Today [1994] as those histories unravel and are replaced by narratives with a more varied and colorful weave, artists like Delaney can be seen in a new light."

paragraph: In 1985 James Baldwin described the impact of Delaney on his life, saying he was "the first living proof, for me, that a black man could be an artist. In a warmer time, a less blasphemous place, he would have been recognised as my Master and I as his Pupil. He became, for me, an example of courage and integrity, humility and passion. An absolute integrity: I saw him shaken many times and I lived to see him broken but I never saw him bow." He further wrote, "Perhaps I should not say, flatly, what I believe – that he is a great painter – among the very greatest; but I do know that great art can only be created out of love, and that no greater lover has ever held a brush."

paragraph: Delaney's work has now been exhibited by, among others, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Harvard University Art Museums, Art Institute of Chicago, Knoxville Museum of Art, The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, The Newark Museum, The Studio Museum in Harlem, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum. His work has also been exhibited by a number of galleries, including the Anita Shapolsky Gallery and the Michael Rosenfeld Gallery in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::The Beauford Delaney burial site.

paragraph: In 2009 freelance writer Monique Y. Wells was researching an article on African-American gravesites in Paris when she learned that Delaney was buried in an unmarked grave at the Parisian Cemetery of Thiais. She discovered that Delaney's remains would be exhumed before the end of the year if the "concession" (the equivalent of a lease) on his grave was not renewed. Friends of Delaney gathered the sum required, and Wells paid the fee to the cemetery to preserve Delaney's resting place.

paragraph: The same friends expressed a desire to place a marker at Delaney's gravesite, and Wells was inspired to found a French non-profit association to facilitate fundraising for a tombstone. Called Les Amis de Beauford Delaney, the association was created in November 2009. Fundraising began in February 2010, and the association collected sufficient funds to proceed with ordering and installing the stone by June 2010. The installation was completed by August 2010.

paragraph: Les Amis de Beauford Delaney organized a commemorative ceremony to inaugurate the tombstone, which took place on October 14, 2010. Several friends and admirers of Delaney gathered at Thiais Cemetery under blue skies and brilliant sunlight to honor him. Wells presided over the ceremony as president of the organization. Readings were given by Reverend Doctor Scott Herr and personal friends of Delaney. Singer ferritia-fatia sang "Come Sunday". Wells gave her own tribute to Delaney, and laid an arrangement of yellow roses on the tombstone.

paragraph: After the gravesite ceremony, the group returned to Paris for a reception that was co-hosted by Les Amis de Beauford Delaney and the U.S. Embassy's Department of Public Affairs. Approximately fifty people gathered to continue the celebration of Delaney's life and art. Cultural Attaché Rafik Mansour opened the event.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Amis de Beauford Delaney blog.

paragraph: Works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Can Fire in the Park", oil on canvas, Smithsonian, 1946

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Self Portrait", Yaddo, 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Untitled", gouache on paper, 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected Paintings, "Beauford Delaney: from New York to Paris", Exhibition Website

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin, James, 1964, "Introduction to the Exhibition of Beauford Delaney opening December 4, at the Gallery Lambert", reprinted in "Beauford Delaney: A Retrospective", Studio Museum of Harlem, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canterbury, Patricia Sue, 2004, "Beauford Delaney: from New York to Paris", University of Washington Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delaney, Joseph, 1978, "Beauford Delaney, My Brother, from Beauford Delaney: A Retrospective", Studio Museum of Harlem, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heartney, Eleanor, 1994, "Whatever happened to Beauford Delaney?" – Philippe Briet Gallery, New York, Art in America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leeming, David, 1998, "Amazing Grace: a life of Beauford Delaney", Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Henry1945 "The Amazing and Invariable Beauford Delaney", reprinted in "Beauford Delaney: A Retrospective", Studio Museum of Harlem, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neely, Jack, 1995, "No Greater Lover", "Metro Pulse", Volume 5, Number 8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neely, Jack, 1997, "A Tale of Two Brothers", "Metro Pulse", Volume 7, Number 13, April 3–10.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neumann, Caryn E., 2005, "An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithsonian American Art Museum Biography of Beauford Delaney.

alias:
Beauford de Laney
Beauford De Laney
Beauford DeLaney

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Beauford Delaney

wikipedia_title: Beauford Delaney


text:
political figure
Paraguay
President
Paraguayan civil war of 1947
General Higinio Morínigo
Paraguarí
Guarani
Guaraní language
Paraguayan Army
Chaco War
February Revolution of 1936
Battle of Cerro Corá
Francisco Solano López
José Félix Estigarribia
Liberal Party
self-coup
Interior Minister
"febrerista"
February Revolution
Bolivia
Colorado Party
general strike
Juan Natalico Gonzalez
Nazi
fascist
World War II
Axis
Lend-Lease
United States Department of State
sovereignty
Nazi Party
German immigrant
swastika
Adolf Hitler
Allied
attack on Pearl Harbor
Rafael Franco
Paraguayan Communist Party
Civil War of 1947
Juan Peron
Alfredo Stroessner
Felipe Molas López
Juan Manuel Frutos

categories: Leaders ousted by a coup,People from Paraguarí,Paraguayan soldiers,Paraguayan anti-communists,Presidents of Paraguay,Paraguayan people of Guarani descent,1897 births,World War II political leaders,People of the Chaco War,1983 deaths

paragraph: Higinio Morínigo

paragraph: General Higinio Morínigo Martínez (January 11, 1897 – January 27, 1983) was a general and political figure in Paraguay. He was the President and military dictator of Paraguay from September 7, 1940 to June 3, 1948. Opposition to his rule led to the Paraguayan civil war of 1947. The Paraguayan city General Higinio Morínigo is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military career.

paragraph: Morínigo was born in 1897 in Paraguarí, Paraguay, to a merchant family of mixed European and Guarani descent. He was fluent in the Spanish and Guaraní languages. Little else is known of his early life.

paragraph: He attended military college and entered the Paraguayan Army in 1922. He participated in the Chaco War and was appointed the Army's Chief of Staff in 1936. Morínigo gained fame in Paraguay during the February Revolution of 1936 by heading an expedition to the site of the Battle of Cerro Corá to retrieve the remains of Francisco Solano López. President José Félix Estigarribia, himself a Chaco War hero and supporter of the Liberal Party, promoted Morínigo to general and appointed him as Minister of War on May 2, 1940.

paragraph: After Estigarribia's unexpected death in an airplane crash on September 7, Morínigo was chosen by the army and Liberal ministers as interim President for the two-month period leading to new Presidential elections.

paragraph: Section::::Dictatorship.

paragraph: On September 30, 1940, after growing disagreements with the President, the Liberal ministers resigned from the government. On October 16 Morínigo announced that the Presidential elections would be postponed for two years. Soon afterward he announced a policy of "discipline, hierarchy and order" "(disciplina, jerarquia, y orden)" and stated that persons who spread subversive ideas would be "subject to confinement".

paragraph: On November 30, Morínigo banned all political parties and assumed dictatorial powers under a state of siege. In a midday radio address announcing these measures, Morínigo declared, "The people and the Army from this moment will be under a single command." In his self-coup and subsequent rule, he was greatly assisted by the 1940 Constitution, a severely authoritarian document written by the Liberals and Estigarribia that gave the president sweeping executive powers.

paragraph: To strengthen his authority, on February 4, 1941 Morínigo removed the influential Colonel Peredes from the post of Interior Minister. On April 17, 1941 he suppressed a "febrerista" uprising by supporters of the February Revolution.

paragraph: On April 25, 1942 he banned the Liberal Party, accusing them of conspiring with the Bolivians and exiled Party's leaders. Morínigo's only remaining supporters were radicals from the Colorado Party and the Army. During his dictatorship he faced widespread resistance, including general strikes and military revolts, but he survived by maintaining the loyalty of the Paraguayan Army, which received 45% of the country's budget.

paragraph: Morínigo relied on the right-wing Colorado faction "Guion Rojo" (the "Red Banner"), led by Juan Natalico Gonzalez, as a paramilitary police force to intimidate "febreristas" and Liberals. Opposition newspapers were shut down and publishers exiled.

paragraph: Morínigo finally held presidential elections on February 15, 1943; he was the sole candidate.

paragraph: Section::::Dictatorship.:Pro-fascist sympathies.

paragraph: Just as in other South American countries, pro-Nazi and pro-fascist sympathies at this time were quite strong in the society and among military officers. After it entered World War II in 1941, the United States tried to exert some pressure on Morínigo to limit the influence of Axis supporters. He kept Paraguay neutral for most of the war. He only officially declared war against the Axis in February 1945, without actually sending any soldiers to fight.

paragraph: A surge of German influence in the region and Argentina's pro-Axis leanings alarmed the United States, which sought to wean Paraguay away from German and Argentine influence. At the same time, the United States sought to enhance its presence in the region and pursued close cooperation with Brazil, Argentina's traditional rival. To this end, the United States provided to Paraguay sizable amounts of funds and supplies under the Lend-Lease Agreement, provided loans for public works, and gave technical assistance in agriculture and health care. The United States Department of State approved of closer ties between Brazil and Paraguay and especially supported Brazil's offer to finance a road project designed to reduce Paraguay's dependence on Argentina.

paragraph: United States protests over German and Argentine activities in Paraguay fell on deaf ears. While the United States defined its interests in terms of resisting the fascist threat, Paraguayan officials believed their best interests lay in economic expediency and were reluctant to antagonize Germany until the outcome of the war was no longer in doubt. Many Paraguayans believed Germany was no more of a threat to Paraguay's sovereignty than the United States.

paragraph: Much to the displeasure of the United States and Britain, Morínigo refused to act against German economic and diplomatic interests until the very end of the war. German agents had successfully converted many Paraguayans to the Axis cause. South America's first Nazi Party branch had been founded in Paraguay in 1931. German immigrant schools, churches, hospitals, farmers' cooperatives, youth groups, and charitable societies became active Axis backers. All of those organizations prominently displayed swastikas and portraits of Adolf Hitler.

paragraph: It is no exaggeration to say that Morínigo's regime was pro-Axis. Large numbers of Paraguayan military officers and government officials were openly sympathetic to the Axis. Among these officials was the national police chief, who named his son Adolfo Hirohito after the best-known Axis leaders. By 1941, the official newspaper "El País" had adopted an overtly pro-German stance. At the same time, the government strictly controlled pro-Allied labor unions. Police cadets wore swastikas and Italian insignia on their uniforms.

paragraph: The December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and Germany's declaration of war against the United States gave the United States the leverage it needed, however, to force Morínigo to commit himself publicly to the Allied cause. Morínigo officially severed diplomatic relations with the Axis countries in 1942, although he did not declare war against Germany until February 1945. Nonetheless, Morínigo continued to maintain close relations with the heavily German-influenced Argentine military throughout the war and provided a haven for Axis spies and agents.

paragraph: The outbreak of World War II eased Morínigo's task of ruling Paraguay while keeping the army happy, because it stimulated demand for Paraguayan export products, such as meat, hides, and cotton, and boosted the country's export earnings. More important, United States policy toward Latin America at this time made Paraguay eligible for major economic assistance. Paraguay received American financial help which was used for improving roads and other infrastructure projects.

paragraph: Section::::Dictatorship.:Postwar liberalization.

paragraph: Pressure from the US for democratization swept South America after the war. On June 9, 1946 Morínigo dismissed Colonel Benitez Vera, the right-wing head of the army, and crushed a short uprising by Vera's supporters. He then created a civilian coalition government formed by Colorado Party members and leftist "febreristas", followers of former dictator Rafael Franco and allowed some political freedoms, going so far as legalizing the Paraguayan Communist Party. Despite all this, in September 1946 he ordered suppression of opposition groups and used the Red Banner paramilitary group to attack the office of the Liberal newspaper "El País".

paragraph: Section::::Civil war of 1947.

paragraph: Feeling that Morínigo was favouring the right-wing Colorados, the "febreristas" made common cause with the Liberal Party and the Communist Party in the Civil War of 1947.

paragraph: The relaxation of the dictatorship was used by political parties to assert their influence in state institutions. In January 1947 officers loyal to the Colorado Party gained control of the army, and on January 11 "febreristas" quit the government and called on the army to overthrow Morínigo, who responded by declaring a state of siege and arresting "febreristas", Liberals and Communists.

paragraph: On March 7 a bloody civil war started. Despite the fact that 80% of soldiers and 90% of officers were against him, Morínigo had the backing of Colorado party militias and Argentinian President Juan Peron; he managed to win a conflict that caused many thousand deaths and up to 300,000 people to flee as refugees. The future dictator Alfredo Stroessner was one of the few officers who remained loyal to Morínigo during the civil war. For the next 15 years, the Colorados were the only legal party in Paraguay.

paragraph: Section::::Removal from power.

paragraph: On February 15, 1948 Morínigo organized Presidential elections which were won by the only candidate allowed to run, Juan Natalico Gonzalez—leader of the Colorado Party's Red Banner faction—with whom he had reached agreement that in return for his support of Gonzalez for President, he could continue as army's commander-in-chief. To prevent this, on June 3 some Colorado Party loyalists under Felipe Molas López revolted and sent him into exile in Argentina. Supreme Court Chief Justice Juan Manuel Frutos was sworn in as interim President, serving the last two months of Morínigo's term until González was officially inaugurated on August 15, 1948.

description: President of Paraguay

wikidata_label: Higinio Moríñigo

wikipedia_title: Higinio Morínigo


text:
Union, Ontario
Literary Review of Canada
McArthur & Company Publishing

categories: 1964 births,21st-century Canadian poets,Writers from Ontario,Living people,Canadian male poets

paragraph: Joe Cummings

paragraph: Joe Cummings (born Joseph Robert Cummings, September 1, 1964 in Union, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian poet.

paragraph: His poetry has been published in Canadian and international publications including, Literary Review of Canada, Adirondack Review and Quills Canadian Poetry Magazine.

paragraph: His first poetry collection, "Threats and Gossip", was published by McArthur & Company Publishing in 2007.

description: Canadian poet

wikidata_label: Joe Cummings

wikipedia_title: Joe Cummings


text:
Pagan dynasty
Burma
Mon
Pyu
Burman
Burmese history
Burmese language
Burmese script
Mon
Pyu scripts
Alaungsithu
Royal Palace Guards
Burmese Buddhism
primate
Shin Uttarajiva
Mahavihara
Ceylon
Narathu
Myauk Pyinthe
Pagan
Naratheinkha
Tagaung
Tenasserim
Weluwaddy
Aungzwa
Alaungsithu
Royal Palace Guards
Mon
Manuha
Anawratha
Mu
Shwebo District
Gawdawpalin
Sulamani
Myeik District
Shwe Indein Pagoda
Nyaungshwe
Shan State
Mon
Pyu
Burmese language
Mon inscription
Burmese script
Mon
Pyu scripts
Nyaung-U Hpi
Alaungsithu
Burmese Buddhism
primate
Shin Uttarajiva
Mahavihara
Ceylon
Mahavamsa Chronicles
Parakramabahu I
Mawlamyaing
Pathein
G.E. Harvey

categories: 1150 births,Pagan dynasty,Burmese monarchs

paragraph: Narapatisithu

paragraph: Narapati Sithu (, ; also Narapatisithu, Sithu II or Cansu II; 1138–1211) was king of Pagan dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1174 to 1211. He is considered the last important king of Pagan. His peaceful and prosperous reign gave rise to Burmese culture which finally emerged from the shadows of Mon and Pyu cultures. The Burman leadership of the kingdom was now unquestioned. The Pagan Empire reached its peak during his reign, and would decline gradually after his death.

paragraph: The reign saw many firsts in Burmese history. For the first time, the term "Mranma" (the Burmans) was openly used in Burmese language inscriptions. The Burmese script became the primary script of the kingdom, replacing Mon and Pyu scripts. The first Burmese customary law based on his grandfather Alaungsithu's judgments was compiled, and used as the common system of law for the entire kingdom. He founded the Royal Palace Guards, which later evolved to become the nucleus of the Burmese army in war time.

paragraph: He encouraged further reforms of the Burmese Buddhism. By the efforts of his primate Shin Uttarajiva, the majority of the Burmese Buddhist monks realigned themselves with the Mahavihara school of Ceylon.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The future king was born to Prince Narathu and his wife (later known as Myauk Pyinthe, "Queen of the Northern Palace") in Pagan (Bagan) on 8 October 1150. The chronicles do not agree on his birth and reign dates. The table below lists the dates given by the four main chronicles.

paragraph: Note that all the chronicles say he was born on a Tuesday but the king's date of birth by scholarship fell on Sunday.

paragraph: Section::::Heir apparent.

paragraph: In 1171, his elder brother Naratheinkha succeeded the throne, the new king was greeted with multiple rebellions by the Kudus in the Tagaung region in the north and the Mons of Tenasserim coast in the south. Naratheinkha appointed his younger brother Narapatisithu as the heir apparent and commander-in-chief to deal with the rebellions. In 1174, Naratheinkha seized Narapati's wife Weluwaddy (Veluvati) after he sent Narapati on a mission. Narapati retaliated by sending a group of 80 led by Aungzwa to assassinate his brother. After the assassination, he ascended the throne as Sithu II in honor of his grandfather Alaungsithu.

paragraph: He came to power some time between 27 March 1174 and 10 August 1174, most probably between April or May 1174. He assumed the regnal name "Śrī Tribhuvanāditya Pavaradhammarāja."

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: One of the first acts of Sithu II was to found the Royal Palace Guards, whose sole duty was to guard the palace and the king. "(The Palace Guards later evolved to become the nucleus round which the Burmese army assembled in war time.)" He then had to pacify the kingdom, which had seen much instability since the death of Alaungsithu in 1167, and had grown increasingly restless. He successfully persuaded the great-grandson of the Mon king Manuha not to start a rebellion. The rest of the reign was free of rebellions.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Economy.

paragraph: By all accounts, his reign was peaceful and prosperous. Following Anawratha's footsteps, Narapatisithu worked on increasing Upper Burma's economic and manpower advantages over the Irrawaddy valley. He continued to develop the Kyaukse region by building the Kyaukse weir, and expanded the irrigable areas by starting the Mu canals in the present-day Shwebo District. His attempts to expand irrigation southwards into Minbu District by building a canal system repeatedly failed, and had to be abandoned. Through his efforts, the kingdom grew even more prosperous.

paragraph: The prosperity of the kingdom is reflected in the superb the Gawdawpalin and Sulamani temples in Pagan he built. The king also built the Minmalaung, Dhammayazika and Chaukpala nearby. His lesser pagodas, such as the Zetawun in Myeik District, the Shwe Indein Pagoda in Nyaungshwe (Shan State) shows the reach of his kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Rise of Burmese culture.

paragraph: His reign also saw the rise of Burmese culture which finally emerged from the shadows of Mon and Pyu cultures. The Burmans, who had entered the Irrawaddy valley en masse only in the 9th and 10th centuries, had led the Pagan Kingdom under the name of the Pyu. But now, the Burman leadership of the kingdom was now unquestioned. For the first time, the term Mranma (the Burman people) was openly used in Burmese language inscriptions. "(The earliest use of Mranma was found in a Mon inscription dedicated to Kyansittha dated 1102.)" The Burmese script became the primary script of the kingdom, replacing Mon and Pyu scripts.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Administration.

paragraph: Narapatisithu appointed Nadaungmya, great-grandson of Nyaung-U Hpi (one of the great Paladins during Anawrahta's reign), chief justice. His chief minister was Ananda Thuriya, reportedly a man of valor who continually hunted down robbers and presented them alive to the king. He had the first Burmese customary law based on his grandfather Alaungsithu's judgments compiled, and used as the common system of law for the entire kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Religious reforms.

paragraph: He encouraged further reforms of the Burmese Buddhism. By the efforts of his primate Shin Uttarajiva, the majority of the Burmese Buddhist monks realigned themselves with the Mahavihara school of Ceylon away from the less orthodox Conjeveram-Thaton school.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Sinhalese raids.

paragraph: According to the Sinhalese Mahavamsa Chronicles, the King of Ceylon, Parakramabahu I, dispatched an expedition in 1180 to settle a trade dispute. It suffered from storms and several ships were wrecked. But one ship reached the Crow Island near Mawlamyaing and five reached Pathein, killing a governor, burning villages, massacring the inhabitants, and carrying off a number into slavery. As the Burmese chronicles do not mention these events, there is no check on the Sinhalese version. Historian G.E. Harvey writes:"Mahavamsa does not explain how a few little medieval ships could transport enough men to ravage half Burma and fight many fierce battles. The invasion of course was a raid, and probably over before news of it reached Pagan."

paragraph: Nevertheless, the friendly relations were soon resumed. The historical cultural exchanges between the countries continued. The reformation of Burmese Buddhism through the Sinhalese Mahavihara school continued.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sithu II died at age 73 (in his 74th year) on 18 August 1211 (11th waxing of Tawthalin 573 ME). On his deathbed, he placed the hands of his five sons on his chest and enjoined them to rule with mercy and justice, and to live together in brotherly love.

description: King of Burma

wikidata_label: Narapatisithu

wikipedia_title: Narapatisithu


text:
Montgomery County, Maryland
Maryland General Assembly
Richard Montgomery
Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School
Rockville, Maryland

categories: 1740s births,People from Montgomery County, Maryland,1789 deaths,People of colonial Maryland

paragraph: Thomas S. Wootton

paragraph: Dr. Thomas Sprigg Wootton (c. 1740 – 1789) a member of the Maryland Constitutional Convention, was the founder of Montgomery County, Maryland, by introducing a bill in the Maryland General Assembly on September 6, 1776 to divide Frederick into three counties---Frederick, Montgomery, and Washington. These were the first counties in America to be established by elected representatives. The names selected for the new counties also broke with tradition. Earlier counties had all been named for old world figures such as Prince George and Queen Anne, but these were named after two popular Americans of the time—George Washington and Richard Montgomery.

paragraph: The Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland is named after him.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Sprigg Wootton

wikipedia_title: Thomas S. Wootton


text: Barons North

text: Rugby School

text: Western Australia

text: first-class

text: Western Australia

text: Western Australian Cricket Association

text: public servant

text: Western Australian government

text: Sir John Forrest

text: Premier of Western Australia

text: Colonial Secretary's Department

text: Cottesloe

text: Cottesloe

text: heart attack

text: Kensington

text: London

text: Barons North

text: Sir Francis Grant

text: Rugby School

text: Marlborough College

text: Perth, Western Australia

text: Lands Department

text: Edward Hamersley II

text: Hamersley family

text: John Forrest

text: Charles Frederic North

text: Speaker of the

text: Western Australian Legislative Assembly

text: cricket in Western Australia

text: eastern colonies

text: state representative team

text: Western Australian Cricket Association

text: Western Mail

text: first-class cricket

text: South Australia

text: Victoria

text: batting at

text: half-century

text: Test

text: Samuel Morris

text: Western Australian Grade Cricket

text: average

text: average

text: Cottesloe

text: George Temple-Poole

text: Executive Council of Western Australia

text: Premier of Western Australia

text: John Forrest

text: aide-de-camp

text: Governor of Western Australia

text: William Robinson

text: Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria

text: Duke

text: Duchess of York

text: Federal Parliament

text: Melbourne

text: Colonial Secretary's Department

text: Cottesloe Road District

text: Municipality of Cottesloe

categories: People educated at Rugby School,Australian sportsperson-politicians,Pre-Federation Australian cricket administrators,Western Australia cricketers,Mayors of places in Western Australia,Australian cricketers,People from Kensington,Australian cricket administrators,North family,1921 deaths,1866 births,Public servants of Western Australia

paragraph: Frederic North

paragraph: Frederic Dudley North (9 November 1866 – 22 August 1921) was an English-born public servant and sportsman. A descendant of the Barons North, he attended Rugby School before emigrating to Western Australia in 1886. North played two first-class matches for Western Australia, and was also involved in cricket administration, serving as the first secretary of the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA). Outside of cricket, North worked as a public servant, filling various roles in the Western Australian government, including secretary to Sir John Forrest, the first Premier of Western Australia, and head Colonial Secretary's Department. He was also Mayor of Cottesloe between 1906 and 1907 and again from 1911 to 1916. North died in Cottesloe from a heart attack in 1921, at the age of 54.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: North was born on 9 November 1866, in Kensington, London, to Charles Augustus North and Rachel Elizabeth Grant. On his father's side, he was a descendant of the Barons North. His mother was a daughter of the Scottish artist Sir Francis Grant. He was educated at Rugby School, playing two matches for the school's cricket team against Marlborough College, taking 10 wickets. North emigrated to Perth, Western Australia, in 1886, becoming a junior clerk in the Lands Department in January 1887. On 19 January 1887, he married Flora Frances Hamersley, the daughter of Edward Hamersley II, a member of the pioneering Hamersley family, and sister-in-law to John Forrest. He later had four children with her – two sons and two daughters, including Charles Frederic North, who later served as the Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting career.

paragraph: North was a pioneer of cricket in Western Australia, organising the first tour of the eastern colonies by a state representative team, in 1893, and serving as the first secretary of the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA). In 1943, the "Western Mail" described him as "one of the greatest batsmen who ever played in W.A." He also participated in Western Australia's first two first-class cricket matches; against South Australia and Victoria, in March and April 1893 respectively. North was the top scorer in the first innings of Western Australia's match against South Australia, scoring 25 batting at #4. In the second innings of Western Australia's match against Victoria, he scored 77 batting at #3, which was Western Australia's first half-century in first-class cricket. He also took 2/14 in Victoria's first innings, dismissing Australian Test batsman Samuel Morris. Playing for the Metropolitans Cricket Club in the Western Australian Grade Cricket competition, North led the First Grade batting aggregates in 1891–92 (243 runs) and 1892–93 (297 runs at an average of 27.00), and the First Grade bowling aggregates in 1887–88 (44 wickets at an average of 4.06). North also captained the Claremont-Cottesloe Cricket Club.

paragraph: North also represented Western Australia at tennis, and founded the Sea View Golf Club in Cottesloe in 1909. His former residence on Forrest Street, named "Catlidge" and designed by architect George Temple-Poole, served as the first clubhouse.

paragraph: Section::::Public service career.

paragraph: In 1891, North was appointed clerk of the Executive Council of Western Australia. He served as secretary to the Premier of Western Australia, John Forrest, also serving as aide-de-camp to the Governor of Western Australia, William Robinson, from 1894 to 1895. North accompanied Forrest to the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, and represented Western Australia on the committee welcoming the Duke and Duchess of York to Australia for the opening of the first Federal Parliament in Melbourne. In 1902, North was appointed head of the Colonial Secretary's Department, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. He served as the president of the Civil Service Association of Western Australia from 1908–11. North was appointed Comptroller-General of Prisons in 1912. North served as the chairman of the Cottesloe Road District from 1906–1907 and as mayor of the Municipality of Cottesloe from 1911–1916.

paragraph: North retired from the Civil Service Association in September 1920 due to ill health. North died after he collapsed at the Sea View Golf Club, in August 1921.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Western Australia first-class cricketers

wikidata_label: Frederic North

wikipedia_title: Frederic North


text:
heavy metal
Sanctity
Machine Head
Adam Duce
Sanctity
heavy metal music
Metallica
Black album
The Unforgiven
Kill 'Em All
Arise
Sepultura
Megadeth
Slayer
Pantera
Cliff Burton
Road to Bloodshed
thrash metal
Machine Head
Sanctity
Road to Bloodshed
Machine Head
Bloodstone & Diamonds
Catharsis

categories: 1980 births,American heavy metal singers,21st-century American bass guitarists,Thrash metal musicians,American male bass guitarists,American heavy metal bass guitarists,21st-century American singers,Machine Head (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Jared MacEachern

paragraph: Jared MacEachern (born August 16, 1980) is an American musician, best known as a singer and rhythm guitarist of the American heavy metal band Sanctity. In 2013, he joined Machine Head as bassist, replacing Adam Duce.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: MacEachern started singing in his parents' church choir when he was five and did that until he was thirteen. He started playing musical instruments when he was ten, starting with the violin but then switching to cello, and then to bass guitar, which he played for several years.

paragraph: He graduated from Frank W. Cox High School in Virginia Beach. He went to college for music performance for bass. He then met his future Sanctity bandmates and switched to guitar.

paragraph: MacEachern became exposed to heavy metal music around the age of twelve. A friend had a copy of Metallica's Black album and he played the song "The Unforgiven." Afterwards, another friend gave MacEachern an old copy of "Kill 'Em All". MacEachern was captivated, as he did not previously know music in that style existed. He considers his two favorite heavy metal albums to be "Kill 'Em All" and "Arise" by Sepultura. He became completely enamored with all the metal bands of that time, such as Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer and Pantera, but for his bass playing, his main influence was former Metallica bassist Cliff Burton.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Sanctity.

paragraph: With a brief stint at the Brevard School for Music Performance, MacEachern has consistently played bass for over two decades. However, in Sanctity he played Rhythm Guitar. They formed in 1998 and have released one album, Road to Bloodshed, on April 24, 2007.

paragraph: In February 2008, MacEachern left Sanctity for personal reasons. His child had recently been born and MacEachern wanted to focus on being a good father.

paragraph: In October 2010, Serenity Dies, a thrash metal band from the Maldives formed in 2005, announced that it had begun writing new material with MacEachern, who stated: — "I'm really excited to join Serenity Dies. This band is exactly what I was looking for and I'm stoked that they asked me to be a part of it! We've already got our collective creative juices flowing, and new songs are in the works. We're all really looking forward to breaking some heads!"

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Machine Head.

paragraph: In June 2013, Machine Head announced that Jared MacEachern had joined as an official member, replacing their former bassist and founding member, Adam Duce. The band released their first album with him in November 2014 entitled Bloodstone & Diamonds.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Sanctity

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beneath the Machine (Single)" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Road to Bloodshed" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Machine Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloodstone & Diamonds" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catharsis" (2018)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jared MacEachern

wikipedia_title: Jared MacEachern


text:
ice hockey
goaltender
Tatar
Ak Bars Kazan
Kontinental Hockey League
Ak Bars Kazan
2011–12

categories: Russian ice hockey goaltenders,Universiade gold medalists for Russia,Ak Bars Kazan players,Competitors at the 2011 Winter Universiade,Universiade medalists in ice hockey,1991 births,Living people

paragraph: Emil Garipov

paragraph: Emil Garipov (, born August 15, 1991) is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender of Tatar descent. He currently plays with Ak Bars Kazan in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

paragraph: Garipov made his KHL debut with Ak Bars Kazan during the 2011–12 season.

description: Russian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: İmil Ğäripev

wikipedia_title: Emil Garipov


text: American football

text: end

text: National Football League

text: American Football League

text: Chicago Bears

text: NFL

text: AFL champion

text: Houston Oilers

text: Pete Gogolak

text: pass reception

text: touchdown

text: Jacky Lee

text: San Diego Chargers

text: American Football League All-Star

text: 1958 NFL draft

text: Canadian Football League

text: Winnipeg Blue Bombers

text: Bud Grant

text: Grey Cup

categories: American Football League players,People from Springtown, Texas,American football ends,Grey Cup champions,2006 deaths,American Football League All-Star players,Chicago Bears players,SMU Mustangs football players,Houston Oilers players,Players of American football from Texas,1936 births

paragraph: Willard Dewveall

paragraph: Willard Charles Dewveall (April 29, 1936November 20, 2006) was an American football end, the first player to jump from the National Football League to the American Football League.

paragraph: He left the Chicago Bears of the NFL after the 1960 season to play for the AFL champion Houston Oilers. He was the only one to switch leagues for five years, until kicker Pete Gogolak went from the AFL to the NFL in 1966.

paragraph: In 1962, Dewveall caught the (then) longest pass reception for a touchdown in professional football history, 98 yards, from Jacky Lee, against the San Diego Chargers. He was an American Football League All-Star in 1962.

paragraph: He was Dandy Don's favorite receiver, and All-American at SMU.

paragraph: Selected by the Bears in the second round of the 1958 NFL draft, Dewveall played a year in the Canadian Football League with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 1958 under head coach Bud Grant, and they won the Grey Cup. He returned to the United States and played for the Bears for two seasons in 1959 and 1960.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American Football League players

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Willard Dewveall

wikipedia_title: Willard Dewveall


text:
British
auto racing
Ireland
British Touring Car Championship
Sunbeam Imp
Bill McGovern at driver database

categories: British Touring Car Championship Champions,1937 births,Irish racing drivers,British Touring Car Championship drivers,Scottish racing drivers,Irish people of Scottish descent,Living people

paragraph: Bill McGovern

paragraph: Bill McGovern (born 2 January 1937) is a British former auto racing driver from Ireland.

paragraph: McGovern is best known for becoming the first person to win three British Touring Car Championship (then known as the British Saloon Car Championship) driver titles. He won three consecutive titles between 1970–72, with a George Bevan prepared class D Sunbeam Imp.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bill McGovern at driver database

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Bill McGovern

wikipedia_title: Bill McGovern


text:
footballer
attacking midfielder
La Liga
Real Sociedad
Numancia
Levante
Segunda División
Aretxabaleta
Gipuzkoa
Real Sociedad
1998–99
Basque
La Liga
2005–06
SD Eibar
Polideportivo Ejido
Toulouse FC
2006–07 campaign
Albacete Balompié
second division
his second year
CD Numancia
Soria
Real Madrid
his first season
2010–11 campaign
2011–12
Levante UD
his second season
Valencians
Sergio Ballesteros
Juanlu
Gustavo Munúa
Deportivo de La Coruña
match fixing
one year
Real Zaragoza
Spain
1999 FIFA World Youth Championship
Japan
FIFA U-20 World Cup
1999

categories: Spanish footballers,Spanish expatriate footballers,Basque Country international footballers,Ligue 1 players,1979 births,Segunda División players,Real Sociedad footballers,Real Zaragoza players,Levante UD footballers,CD Numancia players,Toulouse FC players,Spanish expatriate sportspeople in France,Basque footballers,Albacete Balompié players,Polideportivo Ejido footballers,Spain under-21 international footballers,La Liga players,Spain youth international footballers,Expatriate footballers in France,Association football midfielders,Living people,People from Debagoiena,Segunda División B players,Tercera División players,Real Sociedad B footballers,SD Eibar footballers

paragraph: José Barkero

paragraph: José Javier Barkero Saludes (born 27 April 1979) is a Spanish retired professional footballer. A left-footed attacking midfielder, he possessed a powerful long-range shot.

paragraph: He amassed La Liga totals of 159 games and 30 goals over one full decade, representing in the competition Real Sociedad, Numancia and Levante. He added 233 matches and 43 goals in Segunda División during eight seasons, with five clubs including the second.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Born in Aretxabaleta, Gipuzkoa, Barkero came from the youth system of Real Sociedad, playing one game with the first team in 1998–99. During eight seasons he appeared sporadically for the Basque club (17 La Liga matches maximum, in 2005–06), and served loans at SD Eibar, Polideportivo Ejido and France's Toulouse FC.

paragraph: For the 2006–07 campaign, Barkero joined Albacete Balompié in the second division, where he remained for two seasons as an undisputed starter. He scored 11 goals in his second year.

paragraph: After CD Numancia achieved promotion to the top flight, Barkero moved to the team from Soria in July 2008. On 14 September he netted from a wonderful long-range strike in a 3–4 defeat at Real Madrid, and added four more goals in the first 12 games; he finished his first season as the side's top scorer at 12, but they were eventually relegated as second from bottom.

paragraph: Barkero scored 15 times for Numancia in the 2010–11 campaign, leading his team in that department in an eventual mid-table finish. Aged 32, he returned to the top division for 2011–12, agreeing to a two-year contract with Levante UD.

paragraph: Barkero netted five league goals in his second season with the Valencians (seven overall). However, late into the campaign, he also accused teammates Sergio Ballesteros, Juanlu and Gustavo Munúa of lack of commitment during a 0–4 home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña, which led to several match fixing allegations.

paragraph: In February 2015, after one year with Real Zaragoza in the second level, 35-year-old Barkero decided to retire from football after not being able to find a new club.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Barkero scored twice to help Spain win the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship, including once in the 4–0 final routing of Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Spain U20

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1999

description: Spanish footballer

wikidata_label: José Javier Barkero

wikipedia_title: José Barkero


text:
Graeco
Italian
liturgical
chronicle
Jewish
Shefatya ben Amitai
Hananiel ben Amittai
Amittai ben Shephatiah
Paltiel
Benjamin of Tudela
Amalfi
elegiac
Mahzor
Fast of Esther
Oria
Bari
Otranto
Gaeta
Benevento
Capua
Amalfi
Pavia
Abraham ibn Daud
Shabbetai Donolo
Toledo, Spain
Arab
al-Hamadani
Maqama
Hariri
Hebrew
Judah al-Harizi
Immanuel of Rome
Titus
Temple of Jerusalem
Amittai
sabbar
payyat
Talmud
halakha
Aaron of Babylon
Kalonymus of Lucca
Venosa
Shefatya
Byzantine
Basil I
Saracen
Sicily
Amittai ben Shefatya
Shefatya ben Amitai
archbishop of Oria
al-Muizz
Abd al-Mansur
Egypt
nagid
De Goeje
Jauhar al-Rumi
al-Saqlabi
Menahem ben Benjamin
demon
lead
Wandering Jew
Eleazar Kalir
Arabic
Romance languages
acrostic
Leopold Zunz
Neubauer
Henrik Bródy
Bacher
David Kaufmann
De Goeje
Moritz Steinschneider

categories: Byzantine historians,Italian Jews,Jewish poets,11th-century historians,11th-century Italian poets,Byzantine Jews,Jewish historians,11th-century Italian writers,11th-century Jews,1017 births,Jewish medieval literature,11th-century Byzantine people,People from the Province of Caserta

paragraph: Ahimaaz ben Paltiel

paragraph: Ahimaaz ben Paltiel (; 1017–1060) was a Graeco-Italian liturgical poet and author of a family chronicle. Very little is known about his life. He came of a family some of whose members are well known in Jewish literature as scholars and poets; for example, Shefatya ben Amitai, Hananiel ben Amittai, and his nephew Amittai ben Shephatiah. Ahimaaz had two sons, Paltiel and Samuel. The family tree of this clan is given by Ahimaaz in his "Chronicle":

paragraph: Benjamin of Tudela mentions an Ahimaaz ben Paltiel in Amalfi in southern Italy, in the year 1162 (see his "Travels," ed. Asher, i. 13, 14). This may well have been a descendant of his earlier namesake; for it is known that two brothers of the grandfather of Ahimaaz ben Paltiel were sent with presents to Paltiel by the prince of Amalfi. In a list of twenty-two selihah (elegiac) poets (Italy, fifteenth century?), Ahimaaz ben Paltiel is mentioned as the author of two poems; and a Mahzor of the Roman rite attributes to him a selihah for the Fast of Esther.

paragraph: Section::::"Chronicle of Ahimaaz".

paragraph: Ahimaaz is best known as the compiler of the "Chronicle", composed in 1054, which, though intended merely to glorify his own immediate ancestors, gives much important information in regard to the history of the early Jewish settlements in such towns as Oria, Bari, Otranto, Gaeta, Benevento, Capua, Amalfi, in southern Italy, and Pavia in northern Italy. Written about one hundred years before Abraham ibn Daud, it covers a period (850-1054) our knowledge of which is extremely scanty; the only information hitherto having been obtained from a few inscriptions and from notices in the works of Shabbetai Donolo, who also was a native of Oria. Only one manuscript of the "Chronicle" is known to exist; it is in the library of the cathedral at Toledo, Spain. It bears the title "Sefer Yuhasin" (Book of Genealogies) and is written in the peculiar rhymed prose which the Arab al-Hamadani had, in the Maqama, brought into prominence fifty years before Ahimaaz, and which Hariri perfected fifty years after him: the same style that in Hebrew literature was affected by Judah al-Harizi and Immanuel of Rome.

paragraph: According to the traditions preserved by Ahimaaz, his family had its origin among the captives whom Titus brought to Italy after the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by the Romans. The first person he mentions is Amittai of Oria, whom he calls sabbar and payyat, a man versed in Talmudic halakha and a writer of liturgical poetry. In the "Chronicle" are given the first authentic data concerning the wonder-working Aaron of Babylon, the reputed teacher of Kalonymus of Lucca; also through an account by Rabbi Silano additional information is gleaned about the Jewish community of Venosa, some epitaphs from which place had previously been published by G. J. Ascoli.

paragraph: Section::::"Chronicle of Ahimaaz".:Basil I atrocities.

paragraph: Of the sons of Amittai, the "Chronicle" dwells especially upon Shefatya, one of the earliest and most prolific liturgical poets (about 850-860), and gives some reliable data on the persecutions which the Byzantine Jews had to suffer under Basil I; on the Saracen invasion of Sicily and Italy (872); on another liturgical poet, Amittai ben Shefatya (son of Shefatya ben Amitai); and on the disputation which Hananiel ben Amittai was forced to hold with the archbishop of Oria. The author is obviously proud of the honor done to his family by one of its members, Paltiel, the vizier of al-Muizz and Abd al-Mansur (962-992) of Egypt; perhaps the first of the Egyptian nagids, whom De Goeje has tried to identify with Jauhar al-Rumi or al-Saqlabi. Ahimaaz closes with short accounts of Hananiel, of his son Samuel in Capua, and of Paltiel ben Samuel (988-1048), father of the author himself.

paragraph: The unique manuscript in Toledo bears the name of Menahem ben Benjamin in its signature. It is uncertain whether the word used there, ("finished"), refers to the composition or to the copying of the work. This signature is also in rimed prose; and it seems probable that at least part of page 132 (lines 12-23) in Neubauer's edition is by Menahem and not by Ahimaaz, for it contains an account of the author in language that one would not expect an author to use of himself.

paragraph: There is no evidence that Ahimaaz made use of any literary records: he simply gathered together traditions that had been current in his family. In describing the activity of the vizier Paltiel, he refers to the "Chronicles of Egypt" as containing further data on the subject. Even in this case it is improbable that he has any individual work in mind. The body of the "Chronicle" contains no dates: a few are to be found in the last two sections, part of which may be, as stated above, a later addition.

paragraph: Section::::Popular beliefs and superstitions.

paragraph: The "Chronicle of Ahimaaz" is, however, of interest from another point of view. It is full of accounts of wonderful deeds and of superhuman efforts; and gives an interesting picture of the popular beliefs and superstitions of the author's day. It narrates the exploits of Aaron, who is able to lock up an evil spirit in a chest by means of the Shem (ineffable name of God); how his pupil Shephatiah is able miraculously to cover a great distance in a very short time so as to avoid profaning the Sabbath day; how Shephatiah is able to save the life of a child that two female demons had determined to put to death; how Hananiel is able to bring his cousin to life again; how heaven directly helps the same Hananiel; and how the moon remains obscured for a whole night in order to cover up an error made in an astronomical calculation. The tale is told of the "Sefer ha-Merkabah," a wonderful book from which Shephatiah draws his knowledge of heaven's mysteries: before this book a light burned upon the Sabbath day. In order that the book should not fall into the hands of those that were unworthy to use it, it was put into a case of lead and thrown to the waves, which receded perceptibly and carried away the mysterious gift. The power of Paltiel as an astrologer is dwelt upon; it was this power which, in a measure, insured for him the friendship of the conqueror of Egypt. In this "Chronicle" are also found the first traces of the story of the Wandering Jew. Filled as it is with these legends, one would be tempted to disregard the "Chronicle" as a historical source. But the naïveté with which the story is told shows that there is no attempt at historical reconstruction; and one can feel certain that the basis upon which Ahimaaz's work rests is reliable family tradition.

paragraph: The language in which the "Chronicle" is written bears out this view. In its formation of new nouns and verbs, in its biliteral roots, its peculiar plural endings, and in its use of the construct state, it recalls the style of Donolo and of the liturgical poets of the school of Eleazar Kalir. Nor are evidences wanting of the influence of the Arabic and the Romance languages. From the rhyme one can also learn the pronunciation of Hebrew in the days of the author. The "Chronicle" contains a poetical elegy on Paltiel, which has a double alphabetic acrostic, as well as an acrostic upon the full name of the author.

paragraph: Section::::Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; citing:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabbi Leopold Zunz, "Literaturgesch." pp. 264, 626.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first accounts of the manuscript of the "Chronicle" (Nos. 86, 25 in the catalogue of the library of the Cathedral of Toledo) were given by Neubauer, in "Rev. Ét. Juives," xxiii. 236;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henrik Bródy, "Zeit. f. Hebr. Bibl." iii. 159 "et seq.";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bacher, in "Rev. Ét. Juives", xxxii. 144-151.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Kaufmann, "Beiträge zur Gesch. Aegyptens aus Jüd. Quellen", in Z.D.M.G. li. 436-442;

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Goeje, Paltiel-Djaubar, ib. lii. 75-80.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moritz Steinschneider's remark in "Monatsschrift," xliv. 239

description: Italian poet

wikidata_label: Ahimaaz ben Paltiel

wikipedia_title: Ahimaaz ben Paltiel


text: surgeon

text: pathologist

text: cancer

text: Halstead, Kansas

text: Alexis Carrel

text: tissue culture

text: etiology

text: pathophysiology

text: cancer treatment

text: University of Kansas

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Rockefeller University

text: New York City

text: Ross Granville Harrison

text: Yale

text: embryonic chick cells

text: lymph

text: embryo

text: Cornell Clinic

text: mammalian

text: Yale University

text: Washington University in St. Louis

text: Barnes Hospital

text: Pasadena

text: Milton Reynolds

text: ballpoint pen

text: Howard Hughes

categories: 1884 births,American surgeons,1947 deaths

paragraph: Montrose Thomas Burrows

paragraph: Montrose Thomas Burrows (1884 – 1947) was a US surgeon and pathologist specializing in cancer research and surgery. He was born into a Scots-Irish Presbyterian family in Halstead, Kansas. (includes photo).

paragraph: Along with Dr. Alexis Carrel, a surgeon at Rockefeller Institute (1906 – 1927), Dr. Burrows is credited with coining the phrase "tissue culture", and is among the first to adapt such methods to the study of tissues from warm-blooded animals. Throughout his career, he specialized in the etiology and pathophysiology of cancer treatment.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early work.

paragraph: After graduation from the University of Kansas with a BA in 1905, Burrows earned his M.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1909 when it was considered to be America’s premier medical school.

paragraph: After Johns Hopkins, Burrows began fellowship training in 1909 under Alexis Carrel at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (Rockefeller University) just as it was about to launch clinical training along with its program of basic research in New York City.

paragraph: In 1910 during a visit to the laboratory of Ross Granville Harrison at Yale, Burrows studied tissue culture. At Yale, Burrows also successfully established tissue cultures of embryonic chick cells.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Upon returning to Carrel’s laboratory Burrows initiated Harrison’s methods and went on to make significant improvements to Harrison’s original techniques.

paragraph: These improvements include the substitution of blood plasma for lymph and the addition of embryo extract in the tissue culture medium that improved the growth of tissue cultures.

paragraph: In 1911 while Burrows was an instructor in anatomy at the Cornell Clinic, he and Carrel published their combined work. One significant innovation was the method they developed for serial activation of tissues in culture. This technique demonstrated that growth of tissues could be maintained for prolonged periods of time. Among the propositions was the idea that their chick heart cultures could live indefinitely by continuous application of their methods. Their batch of cultures lasted from 1912 to 1946. Because the tissue cultures far outlived their organisms, they were deemed “immortal.”

paragraph: Burrows and Carrel went on to expand the application of their tissue culture techniques to additional types of tissues including: adult tissues, tissues of mammalian origin, and cancerous tissues from chicks and humans.

paragraph: Over his lifetime, Burrows’ research carried him to the several medical centers in America. Besides the Rockefeller Institute in New York, he traveled to Yale University, then to Cornell Clinic in 1911. He became Associate Professor of Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis from 1919 to 1927 and Head Pathologist at Barnes Hospital. In 1920 he was named research director at the Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital (now affiliated with the Washington University School of Medicine). It was while he was at the Bernard hospital that Dr. Burrows conducted extensive studies on the etiology and pathophysiology of various cancers and also worked on surgical treatments for cancer, a field of study he pursued for the rest of his career. In 1925 while working at Barnes with Dr. Charles G. Johnston, Dr. Burrows coauthored the study "The Action of Oils in the Production of Tumors: With a Definition of the Cause of Cancer."

paragraph: While at Johns Hopkins, Burrows authored several whitepapers, including "The Significance of the Lunula of the Nail," "The Oxygen Pressure Necessary for Tissue Activity," and "The Functional Relation of Intercellular Substances in the Body to Certain Structures in the Egg and Unicellular Organisms." He coauthored several significant studies, including "Studies on the Metabolism of Cells in Vitro: The Toxicity of Amino Acids for Embryonic Chicken Cells," with Clarence A. Neymann, "Studies on the Growth of Cells in Vitro: The Cultivation of Bladder and Prostate Tumors Outside the Body" with J. Edward Burns and Yoshio Suzuki, and "The Study of a Small Outbreak of Poliomyelitis in an Apartment House, Occurring in the Course of an Epidemic in a Large City" with Edwards A. Park.

paragraph: After he and his family relocated to California in 1928, he was appointed Cancer Clinic Director in Pasadena.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Burrows married social worker Flora Barbara Hege on September 4, 1918. They had four children: Betty Barbara Burrows Tanner/Kane (1919–75), Helen Eugenia Burrows Ferry (1921–72), Zelta Burrows Reynolds (1022 - 2000), and Loy Montrose Burrows (1925 - unknown date). Daughter Zelta married James Reynolds, son of Milton Reynolds, promoter of the first American ballpoint pens in 1945 and aviator whose crew broke Howard Hughes' round-the-world record for twin-engine propeller aircraft.

description: American surgeon and pathologist

wikidata_label: Montrose Thomas Burrows

wikipedia_title: Montrose Thomas Burrows


text:
La Scala
albisiphone
bass flute
Riccardo Zandonai
Pietro Mascagni
Friedrich Klose

categories: 1872 births,1938 deaths,Italian classical flautists,Flute makers

paragraph: Abelardo Albisi

paragraph: Abelardo Albisi (1872-1938) was an Italian flutist and instrument maker. He was first flutist of the orchestra at La Scala for many years. In 1910 he invented the albisiphone, a type of bass flute. The instrument achieved some popularity in Italy and was notably included in the scores of several operas by Riccardo Zandonai and Pietro Mascagni, and in symphonic music by Friedrich Klose among other composers.

description: Italian flautist and composer

wikidata_label: Abelardo Albisi

wikipedia_title: Abelardo Albisi


text:
House of Dadiani
Odishi
Mingrelia
Georgia
Mamia III Dadiani
eristavi
ex officio
Imereti
Ottoman
Mamia III Dadiani
Circassians
North Caucasus
kings of Imereti
medieval Georgia
Bagrat III
Ottoman Empire
Sokhoista
Khoni
Gelati
Rostom Gurieli
Guria
Kaikhosro II Jaqeli
Prince of Samtskhe
Vakhtang
Giorgi
Giorgi II Gurieli
George III
Prince Khosro
Constantinople
Prince Vakhushti
Erzurum
Trebizond
dirham
Levan II Dadiani
Venetian
Habsburg
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
Iberians
Croato-Hungarian
Antun Vrančić
Giorgi III Dadiani
Tsalenjikha Cathedral
Mamia IV Dadiani
Manuchar I Dadiani
George II of Imereti
Levan of Imereti
Salipartiano
Cyril Toumanoff
Vameq III Dadiani
George X of Kartli

categories: 16th-century people from Georgia (country),House of Dadiani,1572 deaths

paragraph: Levan I Dadiani

paragraph: Levan I Dadiani (also Leon; ; died 1572) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ruler of Odishi, that is, Mingrelia, in western Georgia. He succeeded on the death of his father, Mamia III Dadiani, as "eristavi" ("duke") of Odishi and ex officio "mandaturt-ukhutsesi" ("Lord High Steward") of Imereti in 1533. Dadiani's break with the king of Imereti brought about his downfall and imprisonment in 1546. He was able to escape and regain his possessions, securing Ottoman support for his independence from Imereti.

paragraph: Section::::Accession to power and break with the king of Imereti.

paragraph: Levan was a son of Mamia III Dadiani by his wife, Elisabed. He succeeded on Mamia's death in an expedition against the Circassians in 1533. These mountainous tribes from the North Caucasus continued to pose a challenge to Levan, but more immediate threat to his hold of power came from his overlords, the kings of Imereti, one of the three breakaway kingdoms of medieval Georgia. By the time of Levan's accession to power, the Dadiani had achieved significant autonomy and his contemporary king of Imereti, Bagrat III, was determined to bring the crown's recalcitrant subjects under control. Levan continued to be styled as "eristavt-eristavi" ("duke") of Mingrelia and "mandaturt-ukhutsesi" ("Lord High Steward") of Imereti, but by defying Bagrat's call to arms during a war waged by an alliance of Georgian rulers against the expanding Ottoman Empire in 1545, Levan reneged on his vestigial duties as a vassal to the king.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment and escape.

paragraph: Bagrat, defeated by the Ottomans at Sokhoista, avenged Dadiani a year later: he invited Levan to a summit at Khoni, incarcerated him in Gelati's bell-tower, and offered his vassal, Rostom Gurieli of Guria to divide up Mingrelia. Gurieli, wary that he would be the next target of Bagrat's centralizing efforts, declined the offer and advised the king to release Dadiani. Around 1550, Bagrat's yet another foe, Kaikhosro II Jaqeli, Prince of Samtskhe, bribed the Imeretian nobleman Khopilandre Chkheidze to help Dadiani escape and then persuaded Gurieli to give him a free passage to Mingrelia, where Levan was quickly reinstated.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with Gurieli.

paragraph: Subsequently, Levan rewarded Rostom Gurieli's good services by mobilizing the Mingrelian army in his support against the Ottoman threat, but intrigues of Bagrat of Imereti's brother Vakhtang disrupted the Dadiani-Gurieli accord. The Gurieli family's pride was further wounded when Levan's son Giorgi dismissed his wife, Rostom Gurieli's daughter, in order to marry a beautiful Circassian wife of his own uncle, Batulia. Levan attempted to restore a matrimonial alliance with the Gurieli by marrying off his daughter to Rostom's son and successor, Giorgi II Gurieli, who soon, in his turn, humiliated the Dadiani by divorcing his new Mingrelian wife and marrying a widowed Imeretian princess, an aunt of Bagrat III's son and successor, George III.

paragraph: Section::::Exile to Constantinople and comeback.

paragraph: After Dadiani backed a failed revolt of the Imeretian pretender, Prince Khosro, in 1568, George III of Imereti made a common cause with Gurieli and attacked Mingrelia. Levan was unable to defend himself against the joint invasion and fled to Constantinople and secured the sultan's recognition of his independence from the king of Imereti. Thenceforth, he was to be named as a "sovereign Dadiani" (ხელმწიფე დადიანი). According to the early 18th-century Georgian chronicles written by Beri Egnatashvili and Prince Vakhushti—the main sources available for this period of Georgian history—Levan returned with the Ottoman troops from Erzurum and Trebizond, forced Gurieli to buy peace for 10,000 dirhams, and resumed his reign. The two princes-regnant then collaborated in dividing the estates of the Imeretian princes Chiladze, who had been dispossessed by the king for their support of Khosro's revolt.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources on Dadiani's visit to Constantinople.

paragraph: Dadiani's Constantinepolitan journey is also known from more contemporaneous sources—European diplomatic documents and a charter issued by Levan I's grandson, Levan II Dadiani. These sources disagree with the Georgian chronicles regarding the nature of help provided by the sultan as well as the date of Dadiani's mission.

paragraph: In 1560, the Venetian Marino Cavalli reported that, four or five years ago, Dadian, prince or king of the Mingrelians, had visited the sultan in person to secure his support against his blood-enemies, the Circassians, and had been given six galleys. He then chose to make peace with the Circassians rather to make himself too much dependent on the Ottomans. Around the same time, the Habsburg ambassador to Constantinople, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, communicated to his superiors an information about Dadian, king of the Mingrelians, who came to the Ottoman capital to ask for some war vessels against his neighbors, "the Iberians" (that is, Imeretians), and was willing to pay tribute to the sultan in exchange of this assistance. Busbecq was also aware of Dadian's past captivity at the hands of "the Iberians", who had captured him during a drinking party after a peace conference. The Croato-Hungarian diplomat Antun Vrančić reported that the prince, referring to himself as King of All Mingrelia, visited Constantinople, in February 1557, to obtain the Ottoman naval assistance against the Circassians, who had killed his father. Vrančić wrote that the Mingrelian ruler brought a precious bowl as present and was ready to pay taxes to the sultan of which he had previously been exempted.

paragraph: Levan's journey to Constantinople is also referenced in his namesake grandson's charter. The document, issued sometime between 1639 and 1657, does not specify the date and purpose of this visit, but states that the sultan granted to Levan nine vessels which were placed by Dadiani under command of a certain Kristekochi Ratia.

paragraph: Section::::Death and family.

paragraph: Levan died in 1572, when he broke his neck in a hunting accident, according to Beri Egnatashvili's compendium, masterminded by the Mingrelian nobleman Jaiani. His successor was his oldest son, Giorgi III Dadiani.

paragraph: Levan seems to have been married twice. A woman named Elene and identified as the wife of Levan Dadiani is known from a margin note in the Tsalenjikha Gospel. The other, called Marekhi, is depicted, alongside Levan and their daughter, in a fresco in the chapel of the Tsalenjikha Cathedral. Beyond Giorgi, his successor, Levan had three sons and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mamia IV Dadiani (died 1590), Prince-Regnant of Mingrelia;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuchar I Dadiani (died 1611), Prince-Regnant of Mingrelia;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anonymous daughter, briefly married, c. 1566, to Giorgi III Gurieli;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anonymous daughter, who married, in 1573, Prince Bagrat, son of King George II of Imereti;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marekhi, who married twice; first, on 6 June 1564, Qvarqvare IV Jaqeli, Prince of Samtskhe, whom she divorced in March 1580, and married her second husband, King Levan of Imereti in 1586;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgi (died c. 1619), Lord of Salipartiano and the first to bear the title of Lipartiani. He was father of three sons and two daughter, including—according to Cyril Toumanoff's version of the Dadiani genealogy—Vameq III Dadiani, Prince-Regnant of Mingrelia, and Mariam, Queen-Consort of George X of Kartli.

wikidata_label: Levan I Dadiani

wikipedia_title: Levan I Dadiani


text: bombardier

text: B-29 Superfortress

text: Enola Gay

text: atomic bomb

text: Little Boy

text: Hiroshima

text: Mocksville, North Carolina

text: Lees-McRae College

text: Banner Elk, NC

text: track

text: basketball

text: football

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Army

text: infantry

text: flight school

text: European theater

text: Colonel

text: Paul Tibbets

text: 509th Composite Group

text: atomic bomb

text: Air Force

text: Orlando, Florida

text: U.S. Army Air Forces

text: U.S. Air Force

text: Strategic Air Command

text: Cold War

text: master navigator

text: colonel

text: Windermere, Florida

text: North Carolina Museum of History

text: Raleigh

text: Kermit Beahan

text: Kyūjō incident

text: Surrender of Japan

text: Fletcher Knebel

text: Charles W. Bailey II

text: Gordon Thomas

text: Max Morgan Witts

categories: People from Windermere, Florida,People from Mocksville, North Carolina,United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II,Recipients of the Air Medal,United States Air Force colonels,1918 births,Lees–McRae College alumni,United States Army Air Forces officers,Recipients of the Silver Star,2000 deaths,People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

paragraph: Thomas Ferebee

paragraph: Thomas Wilson Ferebee (November 9, 1918 – March 16, 2000) was the bombardier aboard the B-29 Superfortress, "Enola Gay", which dropped the atomic bomb, "Little Boy", on Hiroshima in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Thomas Wilson Ferebee was born on a farm outside Mocksville, North Carolina, as the third of eleven children. In 1935, at age 17, he attended Lees-McRae College in Banner Elk, NC. Talented in athletics since childhood, he earned awards in track, basketball, and football. After training for a small position with the Boston Red Sox and not making the team, he joined the Army. A knee injury kept him from service in the infantry but he was accepted into flight training. After two years of flight school, Ferebee was assigned as a bombardier in the European theater, completing more than 60 bombing missions. In the summer of 1944, he was recruited by Colonel Paul Tibbets to be part of the 509th Composite Group which was formed to drop the atomic bomb. After the war, he remained in the Air Force until December 1970. After he retired from the Air Force, he worked as a real estate agent in and around Orlando, Florida. Like Tibbets, Ferebee never expressed regret for his role in the bombing, saying "it was a job that had to be done."

paragraph: Like Tibbets, Ferebee remained in the military in the years after World War II as the U.S. Army Air Forces became the U.S. Air Force. Ferebee spent most of his USAF career in the Strategic Air Command, serving during the Cold War and in Vietnam. He retired from the U.S. Air Force as a master navigator (bombardier) with the rank of colonel. He died at his home in Windermere, Florida at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, Mary Ann Ferebee, who donated his collection of military documents and objects to the North Carolina Museum of History in Raleigh.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kermit Beahan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kyūjō incident

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surrender of Japan

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II (1960), "No High Ground", New York: Harper and Row, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts (1977), "Enola Gay", 1978 reprint, New York: Pocket Books, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annotated Bibliography for Thomas Ferebee from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

description: American bombardier

wikidata_label: Thomas Ferebee

wikipedia_title: Thomas Ferebee


text:
Sialkot
Lahore
Mughal Empire
Sialkot
Punjab

categories: Hindu martyrs,People executed for refusing to convert to Islam,Executed children,Indian Hindus,People executed by the Mughal Empire,Executed Indian people

paragraph: Haqiqat Rai

paragraph: Haqiqat Rai was an 18th-century Sikh martyr from Sialkot, who was executed in Lahore (Mughal Empire) for allegedly committing blasphemy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Haqiqat Rai was born into a Hindu Khatri family, in Sialkot, Punjab, [[Mughal Empire. His father's name was Bagh Mal Rai, a wealthy trader. At the age of 14, Rai was sent to a [[Maulvi]] to learn [[Persian language|Persian]]. Then he insulted the Bibi Fatima over a fight with muslim children and admitted his crime. For this, his classmates reported this to the Maulvi, as it was taken as an insult of Islam.

paragraph: As a result, he was taken to [[Lahore]] (then a provincial capital in the [[Mughal Empire]]), where he was given an option to [[Religious conversion#Islam|convert to Islam]] to save his life; but he refused to leave his Hindu faith. As a result he was beheaded at a young age. He was executed at the age of 14, during the governorship of Zakariya Khan. Quasi Abdul Haq, who was responsible for the [[Fatwa]], was also beheaded later on by Sardar Dal Singh and Saradar Mana Singh and shown around the city of Batala. Different sources give different dates of his death, including 1732, or 1735.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1782, a poet named Aggra (aka Agra or Aggar Singh) wrote a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Var (poetry)|var]] (ballad) titled "Haqiqat Rai di Var". Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] particularly revered Haqiqat Rai as a Hindu martyr.

paragraph: In the first decade of the twentieth century (1905–10), three Bengali writers popularized the legend of Haqiqat Rai's martyrdom through their essays. The three accounts differ greatly. The [[Arya Samaj]] organized a play "Dharmaveer Haqiqat Rai", advocating deep loyalty to Hinduism. It also printed copies of the legend, and distributed them free of cost or at a nominal price of 2 [[paisa]].

paragraph: Before the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Hindus used to gather at his [[samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] in Lahore, during the [[Basant Panchami Festival]]. His samadhi in Sialkot was also a place of worship. In 2004, "[[Nawa-i-Waqt]]", a Pakistani daily, opposed the Basant Panchami celebrations in Pakistan, arguing that the festival celebrated Haqiqat Rai's insult of [[Muhammad]].

paragraph: Another samadhi dedicated to Haqiqat Singh is located in Boeli of Baba Bhandari ([[Hoshiarpur district]]), where people gather and pay obeisance to Haqiqat Rai during Basant Panchami. In [[Gurdaspur district]], a shrine dedicated to him is located at [[Batala]]. The town also has a samadhi dedicated to Sati Lakshmi Devi, said to be the wife of Haqiqat Rai. An [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]] located in [[Sarai Kale Khan]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]] is also named after him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: [[Category:People executed for refusing to convert to Islam]]

paragraph: [[Category:Hindu martyrs]]

paragraph: [[Category:Indian Hindus]]

paragraph: [[Category:Executed Indian people]]

paragraph: [[Category:People executed by the Mughal Empire]]

paragraph: [[Category:Executed children]]

paragraph: [[Category:18th-century executions]]

description: Martyr for the cause of Hindu Religion

wikidata_label: Haqiqat Rai

wikipedia_title: Haqiqat Rai


text:
Yamanouchi Toyonao
Owari Province
Sengoku period
Japan
Tosa no kami
Kōchi Castle
Sengoku period
Azuchi–Momoyama period
Edo period
Kuroda Nagamasa
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hidetsugu
NHK
Taiga drama
Nakama Yukie
Takaya Kamikawa
samurai
Tosa
Shiba Ryōtarō

categories: 1605 deaths,Daimyo,1540s births,Deified Japanese people

paragraph: Yamauchi Kazutoyo

paragraph: , also spelled Yamanouchi (1545/1546? – November 1, 1605), was born the son of Yamanouchi Toyonao in Owari Province at the end of the Sengoku period of Japan. Kazutoyo held the title of "Tosa no kami".

paragraph: Kazutoyo built Kōchi Castle. His life spanned the closing years of the Sengoku period, the Azuchi–Momoyama period, and the beginning of the Edo period.

paragraph: Just four years after he became Lord of Tosa, Kazutoyo died without issue aged around 60, and was succeeded as Lord of Tosa by his nephew Tadayoshi.

paragraph: When he was still a 400-Koku lord many of great people when child was entrusted to him, like Kuroda Nagamasa was hostage of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hidetsugu was taught by him.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Yamanouchi Toyonao (1510-1559)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Hoshuin (d.1586)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Yamauchi Chiyo (1557-1617) later Genshoin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Yonehime (1580-1586)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shonan Shoka (1586-1637)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamauchi Tadayoshi (1592-1665)

paragraph: Section::::In drama.

paragraph: The 45th NHK Taiga drama (2006) is a dramatization of the life of Kazutoyo, with his wife Chiyo as the central character. "Kōmyō-ga-tsuji: Yamauchi Kazutoyo no Tsuma" stars Nakama Yukie as Chiyo. Takaya Kamikawa plays Kazutoyo. The story tells how Chiyo, as a wise and beautiful wife, helped her husband Yamauchi Kazutoyo up from an ordinary samurai to the governor of an entire province, Tosa. The story is by Shiba Ryōtarō.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tabata Yasuko 田端泰子. "Yamanouchi Kazutoyo to Chiyo: Sengoku bushi no kazokuzō" 山內一豊と千代 : 戦国武士の家族像. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店, 2005.

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Yamauchi Kazutoyo

wikipedia_title: Yamauchi Kazutoyo


text:
Spanish
insurrectionary anarchist
Barcelona
Catalonia
Spain
military revolt
National Confederation of Labour
Libertarian Youth
Aragon
Catalonia
concentration camp
anarcho-syndicalism
Francoism
Montjuïc Cemetery
Téllez, Antonio
Kate Sharpley Library

categories: Anarcho-syndicalists,Politicians from Barcelona,Spanish maquis,1957 deaths,1920 births,Spanish anti-fascists,Confederación Nacional del Trabajo members,Anarchist partisans,Catalan anarchists

paragraph: Josep Lluís i Facerias

paragraph: Josep Lluis Facerias (1920–1957) was a Spanish insurrectionary anarchist. He was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, on 6 January 1920. He was nicknamed 'Face'. When the military revolt took place in July 1936, Facerias was already affiliated to the "National Confederation of Labour (CNT)" and to the "Libertarian Youth". He fought on the Aragon front throughout the war in the Ascaso column (28th Division) and in other units. In the last battles in Catalonia he was taken prisoner and Facerias was in various concentration camps and work gangs. When he was released at the end of 1945 he joined, in Barcelona, the industrial network of the Graphic Arts of the clandestine CNT (an underground union) although in fact he was working as a waiter.

paragraph: In April 1946, Facerias was nominated for the post of Defence Secretary of the "Regional Committee of Catalonia and the Balearics of the Federation of Libertarian Youth of Iberia" (FIJL).

paragraph: On 17 August 1946 Facerias was arrested with almost all of the members of the Regional Committee along with other CNT activists: a total of 39 comrades ended up in jail. He came out of prison in July 1947.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the "Libertarian Resistance Movement" (MLR) had been created which was intended to be the armed wing of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism. Facerias joined this organisation, but it had only an ephemeral life and was dissolved in February 1948. "Face" continued the armed struggle against Francoism until his death. On Friday 30 August 1957, at 10:45 AM, "Face" had a rendezvous in the Saint Andreu district, but those he was to meet had been arrested by the authorities, and the police were waiting for him. Facerias was shot several times, threw himself over a barrier into a trench, falling twelve feet. He then produced a hand-grenade from his pocket, but was fatally shot before it was primed, and died, aged 37. He was buried in the Montjuïc Cemetery, Barcelona.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Téllez, Antonio, "The Anarchist Resistance to Franco" published by the Kate Sharpley Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tellez, Antonio. "Sabate: Guerilla Extraordinary", Oakland:AK Press, 1998, .

description: Spanish politician

wikidata_label: Josep Lluís i Facerias

wikipedia_title: Josep Lluís i Facerias