text: Hugh of Lincoln

text: blood libel

text: Jewish sacrifices

text: canonised

text: misnomer

text: King Henry III

text: ritual child murder

text: Thomas of Monmouth

text: William of Norwich

text: Harold of Gloucester

text: Robert of Bury

text: Henry III

text: Second Barons' War

text: Statute of Jewry

text: Richard, Earl of Cornwall

text: Matthew Paris

text: Abbey of Burton on Trent

text: Waverley

text: John of Lexington

text: Henry

text: Bishop of Lincoln

text: Tower of London

text: ritual murder

text: hanged

text: Gavin I. Langmuir

text: death sentence

text: Butler's "Lives of the Saints"

text: Vatican

text: Lincoln Cathedral

text: Edward I

text: Eleanor of Castile

text: Samuel Hieronymus Grimm

text: Geoffrey Chaucer

text: Canterbury Tales

text: The Prioress's Tale

text: Thomas Fuller

text: referring to the incident

text: Jews' Court, Lincoln

text: St Hugh's School, Woodhall Spa

text: Church of England

text: Antisemitism

text: Berechiah de Nicole

text: St Hugh's School, Woodhall Spa

text: Andreas Oxner

text: Harold of Gloucester

text: Robert of Bury

text: Simon of Trent

text: Werner of Oberwesel

text: William of Norwich

text: Of the release of the Jewish prisoners

text: Annals of Burton

text: "Ritual In Blood":

text: "Jewish Encyclopedia":

text: "Jewish Communities in Eastern England"

categories: Blood libel,Christian child saints,1255 deaths,13th-century English people,Antisemitism in England,Jewish English history,1246 births,13th-century Christian saints,Medieval English saints

paragraph: Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln

paragraph: Hugh of Lincoln (1246 – 27 August 1255) was an English boy whose death was falsely attributed to Jews. Hugh is sometimes known as Little Saint Hugh or Little Sir Hugh to distinguish him from Hugh of Lincoln, an adult saint. Hugh became one of the best known of the blood libel 'saints'; generally children whose deaths were interpreted as Jewish sacrifices. Little Sir Hugh was never canonised, so "Little Saint Hugh" is a misnomer; still, many local "saints" of the early medieval period were not formally canonised but were dubbed as and worshipped as saints by their contemporaries, and considered thus through the centuries.

paragraph: It is likely that the Bishop and Dean of Lincoln steered events in order to establish a profitable flow of pilgrims to the shrine of a martyr and saint. The event is particularly significant because it was the first time that the Crown gave credence to ritual child murder allegations, through the direct intervention of King Henry III. As a result, in contrast to the other English blood libels, the story entered the historical record, medieval literature and popular ballads that circulated until the twentieth century.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Accusations of ritual child murder had become increasingly common following the circulation of "The Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich" by Thomas of Monmouth, the hagiography of William of Norwich, a child-saint said to have been crucified by Jews in 1144. Other accusations followed, such as that of Harold of Gloucester (1168) and Robert of Bury (1181). The story of William and similar rumours clearly influenced the myth that developed around Hugh. The accusations may have been promoted by church officials hoping to establish local cults to attract pilgrims and donations.

paragraph: The years running up to the accusation were particularly hard for the English Jewish community. King Henry III taxed Jews very harshly. This in turn forced Jewish moneylenders to ensure their debts were paid, with no flexibility, and also to sell their debt bonds to Christians. Henry's relatives and courtiers in particular would buy debt bonds, with the intention of dispossessing the debtors of their lands, which would stand forfeit on a default. These policies of Henry's would later help provoke the Second Barons' War.

paragraph: Church teachings against Jews also built up in the period. Pronouncements were made by the Vatican demanding that Jews were kept physically separate from Christians, that Christians not work for Jews, especially in their homes, and that Jews wear badges to identify themselves. Church pronouncements in particular led to a number of English towns expelling their local Jewry. Henry III codified most of the Church's demands and put them into enforceable law in his 1253 Statute of Jewry.

paragraph: At the time of the Hugh of Lincoln murder accusations, Henry III had sold his rights to tax the Jews to his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Having lost this source of income, he declared that if a Jew was convicted of a crime, any money he had would then belong to the king.

paragraph: Additionally, a number of influential Jews from across England were in Lincoln at the time of the child's death for a wedding.

paragraph: Section::::The accusation and myth.

paragraph: The nine-year-old Hugh disappeared on 31 July, and his body was discovered in a well on 29 August. It was claimed that Jews had imprisoned Hugh, during which time they tortured and eventually crucified him. It was said that the body had been thrown into the well after attempts to bury it failed, when the earth had expelled it.

paragraph: The chronicler Matthew Paris described the supposed murder, implicating all the Jews in England:

paragraph: This year [1255] about the feast of the apostles Peter and Paul [27 July], the Jews of Lincoln stole a boy called Hugh, who was about eight years old. After shutting him up in a secret chamber, where they fed him on milk and other childish food, they sent to almost all the cities of England in which there were Jews, and summoned some of their sect from each city to be present at a sacrifice to take place at Lincoln, in contumely and insult of Jesus Christ. For, as they said, they had a boy concealed for the purpose of being crucified; so a great number of them assembled at Lincoln, and then they appointed a Jew of Lincoln judge, to take the place of Pilate, by whose sentence, and with the concurrence of all, the boy was subjected to various tortures. They scourged him till the blood flowed, they crowned him with thorns, mocked him, and spat upon him; each of them also pierced him with a knife, and they made him drink gall, and scoffed at him with blasphemous insults, and kept gnashing their teeth and calling him Jesus, the false prophet. And after tormenting him in diverse ways they crucified him, and pierced him to the heart with a spear. When the boy was dead, they took the body down from the cross, and for some reason disemboweled it; it is said for the purpose of their magic arts.

paragraph: While the Paris account is important as the most famous and influential version of the myth, due to his own popularity as a chronicler and talent as storyteller, it is also thought to be the least reliable of the contemporary accounts of what had taken place. Other contemporary accounts include the Annals of the Abbey of Burton on Trent and Waverley.

paragraph: Section::::The accusation and myth.:Role of the Bishop.

paragraph: A Jew, Copin, confessed to the murder. He was also offered immunity from sentencing in return for his confession according to contemporary accounts. Copin appears to have been interrogated under torture by John of Lexington, brother of Henry, the new Bishop of Lincoln, and servant of the King. This leads to the conclusion by contemporary historians that there was likely collusion to give credence to the accusation, with the aim of profiting from a new cult with pilgrims and their gifts.

paragraph: Section::::The accusation and myth.:Royal intervention.

paragraph: A number of events exacerbated the impact of this event. Henry III arrived in Lincoln around a month after the initial arrest and confession. He ordered Copin to be executed, and for ninety Jews to be arrested in connection with Hugh's disappearance and death and held in the Tower of London. They were charged with ritual murder. Eighteen of the Jews were hanged for refusing to participate in the proceedings by throwing themselves on the mercy of a Christian jury. Gavin I. Langmuir says:

paragraph: What distinguished the Lincoln affair from other accusations of ritual murder was that the king took personal cognizance and had one Jew executed immediately and eighteen others spectacularly executed later. That royal substantiation of the truth of the charge was probably decisive for Hugh's fame, which far outshadowed that of William of Norwich, Harold of Gloucester, Robert of Bury St. Edmunds, and the poor anonymous infant of St. Paul's.

paragraph: It was the first time ever the civil government handed out a death sentence for a conviction of ritual murder. Henry III profited from their deaths, as he was entitled to their expropriated property.

paragraph: Garcias Martini, knight of Toledo, interceded for the release of Benedict son of Moses of London, probably the father of Belaset, whose wedding had been taking place. In January a further pardon was extended to a Christian Jew, John after the intervention of a Dominican friar. A trial took place on 3 February at Westminster for the remaining 71 prisoners. They were condemned to death by a jury of 48. After this point either the Dominicans or Franciscans interceded, together with Richard of Cornwall. By May, the prisoners were released. It may be that doubt as to their guilt had set in, as it is unlikely that the monks or Richard would have interceded without thinking the charge was false, given the severity of the charge.

paragraph: The difficulty remains as to why King Henry and his servant John of Lexington would have believed the accusations in the first place. For Lexington, his motivations may be straightforward, in that his personal connections to the clerics of Lincoln, including his brother the Bishop, stood to benefit from the veneration of the 'martyr' Hugh. He may have believed, or wished to believe, what he heard. While ultimately, the decision to act belonged to the King, Langmuir believes that he was weak and easily manipulated by Lexington. Langmuir says Henry III has been described as; "a suspicious person who flung charges of treason recklessly, [who] was credulous and poor in judgment, and often appeared like a petulant child. When to these qualities we add his addiction to touring the shrines of England, it becomes easier to understand why he acted as he did, both when he heard Copin's confession and when the friars and cooler heads intervened later." Langmuir therefore concludes that Lexington "incited the weakly credulous Henry III to give the ritual murder fantasy the blessing of royal authority". Jacobs on the other hand sees the financial benefits that Henry received as a major factor, conscious or unconscious, in his decision to mass arrest and execute Jews. As noted above, he had mortgaged his income from the Jews to Richard of Cornwall, but was still entitled to the property of any Jew executed, adding that Henry, "like most weak princes, was cruel to the Jews".

paragraph: Section::::The accusation and myth.:Sainthood.

paragraph: Shortly after news was spread of his death, miracles were attributed to Hugh; and he was rushed toward sainthood. Hugh became one of the youngest individual candidates for sainthood, with 27 July unofficially made his feast day. However, over time, the issue of the rush to sainthood was raised, and Hugh was never canonised. He never appeared in Butler's "Lives of the Saints" (1756–1759). The Vatican never included the child Hugh in Catholic martyrology and his traditional English feast day is not celebrated.

paragraph: Section::::The accusation and myth.:Veneration.

paragraph: Lincoln Cathedral benefited from the episode; despite not being canonised, Hugh was regarded as a Christian martyr, and sites associated with his life became objects of pilgrimage.

paragraph: The shrine dated to the period immediately after the expulsion of the Jews, and included decoration commemorating Edward I's wife Eleanor of Castile, who had been widely disliked for large-scale buying and selling of Jewish bonds, with the aim of requisitioning the lands and properties of those indebted. While popular into the 1360s, the cult seems to have declined in next half century, as it was raising just 10½d. in 1420–21. The shrine itself was largely destroyed after the Reformation. During the Cathedral restoration of 1790 a stone coffin, long, was found containing the skeleton of a boy, which was drawn by Samuel Hieronymus Grimm.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and significance.

paragraph: The myth of the ritual child murder became well-known and long-standing in English culture. The Hugh story is referenced by Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" in "The Prioress's Tale". Marlowe also refers to the events, again probably knowing the story through Paris' account. The story is retold as fact in Thomas Fuller's 1662 "Worthies of England".

paragraph: Ballads referring to the incident circulated in England, Scotland and France. The earliest English and French versions appear to have been composed near the time. The ballad went through many variations, and was still well known into the nineteenth and twentieth century, where versions could be found in the United States.

paragraph: Langmuir describes the 'fantasy' concocted by Lexington as contributing to some of the darkest strands of anti-Jewish prejudice. Lexington:

paragraph: inspired Matthew Paris to write a vivid garbled yarn that would ring in men's minds for centuries and blind modern historians. A century and a half later, Geoffrey Chaucer, after letting the legend of the singing boy slip from the prioress's lips, would inevitably be reminded of England's most famous proof of Jewish evil and conclude with an invocation to young Hugh — whose alleged fate neither he nor his audience were likely to question. John de Lexinton died in January, 1257, and his elegant learning will not be described in any history of mediaeval thought, yet his tale of young Hugh of Lincoln became a strand in English literature and a support for irrational beliefs about Jews from 1255 to Auschwitz. It is time he received his due credit.

paragraph: The Hugh myth continued to find resonance into the nineteenth century, when European antisemitic polemicists attempted to 'prove' the veracity of the story. In the twentieth century, a well in the former Jewish neighbourhood of Jews' Court, Lincoln was advertised as the well in which Hugh's body was found, however this was found to be have been constructed some time prior to 1928 to increase the attraction of the property. A Lincolnshire preparatory school, St Hugh's School, Woodhall Spa, was named after Little St Hugh in 1925; its school badge features a ball travelling over a wall.

paragraph: In 1955, the Church of England placed a plaque at the site of Little Hugh's former shrine at Lincoln Cathedral, bearing these words:

paragraph: By the remains of the shrine of "Little St Hugh".

paragraph: Trumped up stories of "ritual murders" of Christian boys by Jewish communities were common throughout Europe during the Middle Ages and even much later. These fictions cost many innocent Jews their lives. Lincoln had its own legend and the alleged victim was buried in the Cathedral in the year 1255.

paragraph: Such stories do not redound to the credit of Christendom, and so we pray:

paragraph: Lord, forgive what we have been,br

paragraph: amend what we are,br

paragraph: and direct what we shall be.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antisemitism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berechiah de Nicole

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Hugh's School, Woodhall Spa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Oxner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold of Gloucester

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert of Bury

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon of Trent

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner of Oberwesel

paragraph: BULLET::::- William of Norwich

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; especially "Of the cruel treatment of the Jews for having crucified a boy", (page 138); "How eighteen Jews were dragged to the gallows and hung", page 141; and "Of the release of the Jewish prisoners", page 160

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; includes Annals of Burton in Latin

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.:History of the ballad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Woodall, "'Sir Hugh': A Study in Balladry", Southern Folklore Quarterly, 19 (1955), 77— 84. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015038728997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stamper, Frances C., and Wm. Hugh Jansen. ""Water Birch": An American Variant of "Hugh of Lincoln"." The Journal of American Folklore 71, no. 279 (1958): 16–22. doi:10.2307/537953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See Chapter 11, "The Survival of a Saint's Legend: Sir Hugh, or The Jew's Daughter (Child 155)"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ritual In Blood": a play

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jewish Encyclopedia": Hugh of Lincoln

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jewish Communities in Eastern England"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in "Catholic Encyclopedia"

description: Child saint and murder victim

wikidata_label: Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln

wikipedia_title: Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln


text: Athens

text: Greek

text: water polo

text: 2000 Summer Olympics

text: 2004 Summer Olympics

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: 2012 Summer Olympics

text: Greek national team

text: Montreal

text: Bronze Medal in the 2004 World League

text: Long Beach

text: Olympiacos

text: LEN Champions League

text: LEN Super Cup

text: Greek Championships

text: Greek Cups

text: LEN Euroleague

text: LEN Super Cup

text: Greek Championship

text: Greek Cup

text: 2005 World Championship, Montreal

text: 2004 World League, Long Beach

text: 2004 Olympic Games, Athens

text: 2003 World Championship, Barcelona

categories: World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo,Water polo players at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic water polo players of Greece,1976 births,Water polo players at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Water polo players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympiacos Water Polo Club players,Greek male water polo players,Water polo players at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Nikolaos Deligiannis (water polo)

paragraph: Nikolaos "Nikos" Deligiannis (, born 3 September 1976 in Athens) is a Greek former water polo player who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics (10th place), the 2004 Summer Olympics (4th place), the 2008 Summer Olympics (7th place) and the 2012 Summer Olympics (9th place) with the Greek national team. He was also part of the Greek national team who won the Bronze Medal in the 2005 World Championship in Montreal and the Bronze Medal in the 2004 World League in Long Beach.

paragraph: At club level, Deligiannis had a long and successful career playing for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos for 14 years (2001–2015), with whom he won 1 LEN Champions League, 1 LEN Super Cup, 12 Greek Championships and 12 Greek Cups. He was also captain of Olympiacos for several years.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: Olympiacos

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEN Euroleague (1): 2001–02

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEN Super Cup (1): 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Championship (12): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Cup (12): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:National team.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze Medal in 2005 World Championship, Montreal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze Medal in 2004 World League, Long Beach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th place in 2004 Olympic Games, Athens

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th place in 2003 World Championship, Barcelona

description: Olympic water polo player

wikidata_label: Nikolaos Deligiannis

wikipedia_title: Nikolaos Deligiannis (water polo)


text:
water polo
2008 Summer Olympics
2012 Summer Olympics
2016 Summer Olympics
Greek
Olympiacos
2017–18 LEN Champions League
Anthoula Mylonaki

categories: World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo,Water polo players at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic water polo players of Greece,Water polo players at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games medalists in water polo,1985 births,Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games,Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Greece,Water polo players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympiacos Water Polo Club players,Greek male water polo players,Living people

paragraph: Emmanouil Mylonakis

paragraph: Emmanouil "Manolis" Mylonakis (born 9 April 1985) is a Greek water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics. He was also a member of the team that competed for Greece at the 2016 Summer Olympics. They finished in 6th place.

paragraph: He plays for Greek powerhouse Olympiacos, with whom he won the 2017–18 LEN Champions League. His sister Anthoula Mylonaki was also a Water Polo Olympian, winning a silver medal with Greece in 2004.

description: Olympic water polo player

wikidata_label: Emmanouil Mylonakis

wikipedia_title: Emmanouil Mylonakis


text:
Uganda
Roman Catholic
martyr
Christians
Mwanga II
M.Afr.
Munyonyo
Martyrs of Uganda
feast day
Andrew Kaggwa
Biography of Andrew Kaggwa

categories: Executed Ugandan people,1886 deaths,19th-century Christian saints,People executed by Buganda,Converts to Roman Catholicism,19th-century executions by Uganda,Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions,Ugandan Roman Catholic saints,19th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,1856 births,People executed by Uganda by decapitation

paragraph: Andrew Kaggwa

paragraph: Andrew Kaggwa (or Andrea Kaahwa) (1856 – May 26, 1886) was a Ugandan Roman Catholic martyred for his faith. He was one of many Christians put to death by King Mwanga II between 1885 and 1887. He was the king Mwanga's bandmaster-General, the Mugowa.

paragraph: He was baptized on 30 April 1882 by Père Simon Lourdel M.Afr. (known as Fr. Mapera) at Nabulagala.

paragraph: The day he met his death, he was arrested at his home and taken to the Chancellor who ordered the executioners to cut off his arm. Kaggwa's arm was first cut off and taken to Mukasa before he was beheaded and hacked to pieces at Munyonyo. He died in the afternoon of Wednesday 26 May 1886.

paragraph: Kaggwa is the patron of Catechists, Teachers and Families. He is remembered as one of the Martyrs of Uganda's feast day.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Kaggwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Andrew Kaggwa

description: Ugandan saint

wikidata_label: Andrew Kaggwa

wikipedia_title: Andrew Kaggwa


text:
Mwanga II of Buganda
M.Afr.
Munyonyo
Martyrs of Uganda
feast day
Biography of Denis Sebugwawo
Saint Denis Ssebuggwawo

categories: 1870 births,Executed Ugandan people,1886 deaths,19th-century Christian saints,People executed by Buganda,Converts to Roman Catholicism,19th-century executions by Uganda,Christian martyrs executed by decapitation,Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions,Ugandan Roman Catholic saints,19th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,Roman Catholic child saints,Executed children,People executed by Uganda by decapitation

paragraph: Denis Ssebuggwawo Wasswa

paragraph: Denis Ssebuggwawo (1870-25 May 1886) (Musajja-mukulu) is a Ugandan Roman Catholic martyr and saint. He was by tribe a Muganda from Bulemeezi county. His father was Kajansi and mother, Nsonga (Musoga). Ssebuggwawo was from Edible or Cane Rat (Musu) clan - Thryonomys Swinderianus.

paragraph: He was a page of king Muteesa I and a page in personal attendance of Kabaka Mwanga II of Buganda.

paragraph: Ssebuggwawo was baptized on 16 November 1885 by Père Simon Lourdel M.Afr. (Fr. Mapera). He was tortured and speared by king Mwanga II before handing him over to executioner Mpinga Kaloke on the evening of Tuesday 25 May 1886. On Wednesday morning 26 May 1886, Mpinga ordered his two men; Matembe and Mulyowa to hack the boy of 16 years into pieces. Ssebuggwawo was first beheaded before he was hacked into pieces at Munyonyo. He is remembered as one of the Martyrs of Uganda's feast day.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Denis Sebugwawo

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Saint Denis Ssebuggwawo“. CatholicSaints.Info. 9 June 2017. Web. 24 December 2018.

description: Ugandan saint

wikidata_label: Denis Ssebuggwawo Wasswa

wikipedia_title: Denis Ssebuggwawo Wasswa


text:
Gaeta
Sebastiano Conca
Baroque painting
Accademia di San Luca
Marcantonio Borghese
Galleria Borghese
Giovanni Battista Marchetti
Silenus
Nile
Cybele
Cleopatra
fresco
Museo Pio-Clementino
Musée Napoléon
Anton Raphael Mengs
Neoclassical
Camillo Guerra

wikipedia_title: Marcantonio Borghese, 5th Prince of Sulmona

categories: Italian male painters,Members of the Rome Guild of Saint Luke,1734 births,People from Gaeta,19th-century Italian painters,18th-century Italian painters,1822 deaths,Italian neoclassical painters,Italian Baroque painters

paragraph: Tommaso Conca

paragraph: Tommaso Maria Conca (1734–1822), was an Italian painter and draftsman, active mostly in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Gaeta, one of the youngest of some eleven siblings, to Giovanni Conca and Anna Laura Scarsella di Castro. His father was a painter and cousin to the more famous painter Sebastiano Conca; the two were Tommaso's first teachers in Baroque painting. In 1770, Tommaso was made member of Accademia di San Luca, Rome's guild of painters.

paragraph: From 1775 to 1782 he worked for Marcantonio Borghese, painting the ceilings of two rooms in the renovated Galleria Borghese, in collaboration with Giovanni Battista Marchetti. In "Sala del Sileno", above a Roman statue of Silenus he set scenes from that character, along with Bacchus and his followers. In the "Sala Egizia", dedicated to Egyptian sculpture, he represented the Nile, Cybele and astronomical bodies, adorning the space between them with mock Egyptian idols; on the walls he added eight scenes of Egyptian religion and the lives of Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra.

paragraph: Between 1782 and 1787 Conca painted "Apollo and the Muses", a fresco decorating Sala delle Muse, a room in the papal Museo Pio-Clementino. At the end of his life, he completed another fresco in the Vatican's Museo Chiaramonti, which celebrate the restitution of paintings that had been taken to Musée Napoléon.

paragraph: Following Anton Raphael Mengs he shifted to a Neoclassical style. One of his pupils was Camillo Guerra.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tommaso Conca on "Personaggi di Roma" database

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Tommaso Conca

wikipedia_title: Tommaso Conca


text:
Nes
Norway
blues rock
The Grand
Amund Maarud
blues music
NRK
Spellemannprisen
Muddy Waters
Vidar Busk
Paal Flaata
Larry Burton
Hal Ketchum
Brian Setzer
Mason Ruffner
Linda Gail Lewis
The Grand
Roskilde Festival
Germany
Spellemannprisen
Amund Maarud Band
Gaute Ormåsen
The Grand
Amund Maarud

wikipedia_title:
Nes, Akershus
Norway
Blues rock
The Grand (band)
Amund Maarud
Blues
NRK
Spellemannprisen
Muddy Waters
Vidar Busk
Paal Flaata
Larry Burton
Hal Ketchum
Brian Setzer
Mason Ruffner
Linda Gail Lewis
The Grand (band)
Roskilde Festival
Germany
Spellemannprisen
Amund Maarud
Gaute Ormåsen
The Grand (band)
Amund Maarud

categories: Musicians from Nes, Akershus,Norwegian percussionists,Norwegian rock drummers,Male drummers,Norwegian record producers,Norwegian composers,1983 births,Norwegian male composers,Living people,21st-century Norwegian drummers

paragraph: Henrik Maarud

paragraph: Henrik Maarud (born 4 April 1983 in Nes, Norway) is a Norwegian drummer. He plays in the blues rock band The Grand together with his older brother, the guitarist & vocalist Amund Maarud.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Together with his brother Amund, he started the 'MaarudKara' as a four-year-old, where their father was backing on bass in addition to the Simen Aanerud (known as Simon Taylor) on piano. Initially the repertoire consisted of pop music, but eventually they converted to blues music. The band was second in "Talentiaden" at NRK in 1997, and released the album "First Blues" (1999). In 2000 Amund focused on solo career with Henry as the drummer within the 'Amund Maarud Band'. They released the album "Ripped, Stripped and Southern Fried" (2003), and was nominated for Spellemannprisen 2003, in the category Blues.

paragraph: During this period, 'Amund Maarud Band' regular house orchestra at the blues club Muddy Waters in Oslo and backed Norwegian and international artists like R.C Finnegan, Vidar Busk, Paal Flaata, Barbara Blue, Larry Burton, Earl Poolbal, Hal Ketchum, Brian Setzer, Mason Ruffner, Linda Gail Lewis, Claudia Scott and Glenn D. Hardin hundreds of concerts and jam nights.

paragraph: In 2004 the 'Amund Maarud Band' released the album "Commotion", and signaled a change of style in the band. Per Tobro replaced Bill Troiani on the bass, and Eirik Tovsrud Knutsen joined at the organ during this tour. In 2006 the brothers together with the rest of the band started The Grand playing more rock music. The Grand released an EP and an album by the same name "The Grand" (2006), and attended the Roskilde Festival in Denmark and live on the TV program "Rockpalazt" in Germany (2008).

paragraph: He is also music producer and sound engineer at Snaxville Studio, which he owns with his brother, and has participated as a technician on recordings with, among others, The Respatexans ("Shine On" who won the Spellemannprisen in 2005), Kid Andersen ("Greaseland" in 2006), Ottar "Big Hand" Johansen ("Drømmeland" in 2006), Jens Andreas Kleiven ("Moments" in 2008) and Bill Troiani ("Love Sickness" in 2009).

paragraph: Together with the bassist Per Tobro from 'The Grand' among others, he also played in the rock band MF-35 during the period 2005–09.

paragraph: When 'The Grand' took a break in 2010, he has been busy duo Morudes which also includes his brother on guitar.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Within "MaarudKara»

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "First Blues" (Tylden & Co)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Amund Maarud Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Ripped, Stripped & Southernfried" (Blue Mood/BMG)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Commotion" (BMG)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Within "The Respatexans»

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Shine On" (Bare Bra Musikk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Mona Grytøyr

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "From Here to Paradise" (Asap Media)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Ottar "Big Hand" Johansen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Drømmeland" (New Cut Music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Gaute Ormåsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "G For Gaute" (Tylden & Co)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Within The Grand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "The Grand" (The Grand Recordings/Sonet)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Julie Willumsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Waltz for Valentines" (MamaSaySing)

paragraph: With Dave Herrero

paragraph: * 2012: Corazón (Hero Music Group)

paragraph: Section::::With Amund Maarud.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Electric" (Snaxville Recordings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Dirt" (Snaxville Recordings)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henrik Maarud Drum Solo video on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amund og Henrik Maarud – Rockefeller on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amund Maarud Official website

description: drummer

wikidata_label: Henrik Maarud

wikipedia_title: Henrik Maarud


text: complex analysis

text: City College of New York

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Isadore Singer

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Princeton University

text: Brandeis University

text: University of Utah

text: College of Science

text: cold fusion

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: American Mathematical Society

categories: 21st-century American mathematicians,20th-century American mathematicians,1935 births,University of California, Berkeley faculty,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,Princeton University faculty,Fellows of the American Mathematical Society,Brandeis University faculty,University of Utah faculty,Living people

paragraph: Hugo Rossi

paragraph: Hugo E. Rossi (born 1935) is an American mathematician working in complex analysis.

paragraph: Rossi graduated from the City College of New York with bachelor's degree in 1956, and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the master's degree in 1957, and received a Ph.D. under the supervision of Isadore Singer in 1960 ("Maximality of algebras of holomorphic functions"). In 1960 he became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and in the same year at Princeton University. In 1963 he became an associate professor and a professor at Brandeis University in 1966. After 11 years at Brandeis and two years as the department chair, he moved to the University of Utah in 1975, and he served as dean of the College of Science from 1987 to 1993. In 1989 Rossi went on temporary leave from his post as dean to serve as director of the National Cold Fusion Institute. Amid increasing concerns about the lack of conclusive results regarding cold fusion, Rossi resigned and returned to his post as dean of the College.

paragraph: From 1983 to 1984, he was at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. From 1980 to 1985, he was the editor of the "Pacific Journal of Mathematics" and from 1973 to 1978 a co-editor of transactions of the American Mathematical Society. He is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He served as chairman of the board of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute from 1985 to 1989 and twice as deputy directory, from 1997 to 1995 and 2003 to 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Topics in complex manifolds, Presses de l´Université de Montréal 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Robert Gunning, Analytic functions of several complex variables, Prentice-Hall 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prospects in Mathematics – Invited talks on the occasion of the 250th anniversary of Princeton University, American Mathematical Society 2008

paragraph: Advanced calculus – problems and applications to science and engineering, Benjamin 1970

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homepage

description: American mathematician

wikidata_label: Hugo Rossi

wikipedia_title: Hugo Rossi


text:
queen consort
ruler in her own right
Kalmar Union
Scandinavia
Semiramis
Albert of Mecklenburg
Knut Gjerset
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Søborg Castle
Scandinavia
Hanseatic League
Olaf II
Abraham Brodersson
Eric of Pomerania
Philippa of England
current queen
King Valdemar IV
Helvig of Schleswig
Roskilde
Haakon VI of Norway
Magnus IV & VII
Eric "XII" of Sweden
Bridget of Sweden
Scania
Helsingborg Castle
Øresund
Gotland
Baltic Sea
Visby
Hanseatic League
Henry of Holstein
Bornholm
archbishop of Lund
Helsingborg
Merete Ulvsdatter
Bridget of Sweden
Ingegerd
Christopher, Duke of Lolland
Albert of Mecklenburg
Olaf
Ingeborg
Duke Henry III of Mecklenburg
Albert
Schleswig
Holstein
Jutish
Sweden
Albert
Dalaborg
Falköping
Stockholm
Wendish
Victual Brothers
Hanseatic League
Eric of Pomerania
Catherine
St. Margaret of Antioch
Councils of the Realm
Kalmar
Trinity Sunday
Christian II
Kalmar Union
Riksråd
Danehof
St.Brigitta
Vadstena
bloody war between France and England
Gotland
Albert of Mecklenburg
Livonian Order
Henry IV of England
England
Philippa
Henry V of England
Cnut the Great
Hundred Years' War
France
Mary de Bohun
Lund
John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt
Schleswig
Holstein
Flensburg
St. Simon
St. Jude
Abraham Brodersson
sarcophagus
Roskilde Cathedral
Copenhagen
Masses
Protestant Reformation
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Pope
Boniface IX
Haakon VI of Norway
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Kalmar Union
Scandinavia
queen regnant
E.C.Otte
Imsen

categories: 15th-century Danish women,15th-century Danish people,14th-century women rulers,People from Vordingborg Municipality,15th-century Swedish monarchs,House of Estridsen,14th-century Swedish monarchs,Queens regnant,Roman Catholic monarchs,15th-century monarchs in Europe,14th-century monarchs in Europe,Rulers of Finland,Burials at Roskilde Cathedral,14th-century Swedish women,Regents of Norway,15th-century Swedish people,Kalmar Union,14th-century Swedish people,Swedish monarchs,Regents of Denmark,14th-century viceregal rulers,15th-century Norwegian people,Swedish monarchs of German descent,Danish monarchs,14th-century Danish people,Swedish queens,Norwegian royal consorts,Norwegian monarchs,1353 births,Regents of Sweden,14th-century Norwegian people,1412 deaths,15th-century Swedish women,Women rulers of Finland,15th-century women rulers,Valdemar IV of Denmark,14th-century Norwegian women,Burials at Sorø Abbey,14th-century Danish women

paragraph: Margaret I of Denmark

paragraph: Margaret I (, , , , ; 15 March 1353 – 28 October 1412) was queen consort of Norway (1363–1380) and Sweden (1363–1364) and later ruler in her own right of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, from which later period there are ambiguities regarding her specific titles. She was the founder of the Kalmar Union, which spanned Scandinavia for over a century. Margaret was known as a wise, energetic and capable leader, who governed with "farsighted tact and caution," earning the nickname "Semiramis of the North". She was derisively called "King Breechless", one of several mean nicknames invented by her rival Albert of Mecklenburg, but was also known by her subjects as "the Lady King", which became widely used in recognition of her capabilities. Knut Gjerset calls her "the first great ruling queen in European history."

paragraph: The youngest daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark, Margaret was born at the Søborg Castle. She was a practical, patient administrator and diplomat, albeit one of high aspirations and a strong will, who intended to unite Scandinavia forever into one single entity with the strength to resist and compete against the might of the Hanseatic League. She died childless, having survived her only son, Olaf II, though some historians suggest she had an illegitimate daughter with Abraham Brodersson. Margaret was ultimately succeeded by a string of incompetent monarchs, despite her efforts to raise and educate her heir Eric of Pomerania and his bride Philippa of England. Philippa in particular was an excellent pupil, but died young. "Although Eric came of age in 1401, Margaret continued for the remaining 11 years of her life to be sole ruler in all but name. [Her] second regency marked the beginning of a Dano-Norwegian Union which was to last for more than four centuries." Ultimately, the Union into which she put so much effort and hope gradually disintegrated.

paragraph: Some historians have criticized Margaret for favouring Denmark and being too autocratic, though she is generally thought to have been highly regarded in Norway and respected in Denmark and Sweden. She was painted in a negative light in contemporary religious chronicles, as she had no qualms suppressing the Church to promote royal power. Margaret is known in Denmark as "Margrethe I" to distinguish her from the current queen, who chose to be known as Margrethe II in recognition of her predecessor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years and marriage.

paragraph: Margaret was born in March 1353 as the sixth and youngest child of King Valdemar IV and Helvig of Schleswig. She was born in the prison of Søborg Castle, where her father had already confined her mother. She was baptised in Roskilde and in 1359, at the age of six, engaged to the 18-year-old King Haakon VI of Norway, the youngest son of the Swedish-Norwegian king Magnus IV & VII. As part of the marriage contract it is presumed that a treaty was signed ensuring Magnus the assistance of King Valdemar in a dispute with his second son, Eric "XII" of Sweden, who in 1356 held dominion over Southern Sweden. Margaret's marriage was thus a part of the Nordic power struggle. There was dissatisfaction with this in some circles, and the political activist Bridget of Sweden described the agreement in a letter to the Pope as "children playing with dolls". The goal of the marriage for King Valdemar was regaining Scania, which since 1332 had been mortgaged to Sweden. Per contemporary sources, the marriage contract contained an agreement to give Helsingborg Castle back to Denmark, but that was not enough for Valdemar, who in June 1359 took a large army across Øresund and soon occupied Scania. The attack was ostensibly to support Magnus against Erik, but in June 1359, Erik died. As a result, the balance of power changed, and all agreements between Magnus and Valdemar were terminated, including the marriage contract between Margaret and Haakon.

paragraph: This did not result in the withdrawal of Valdemar from Scania; he instead continued his conquests on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. Visby, which was populated by Germans, was the main town on the island and was the key to domination of the Baltic Sea. On 27 July 1361 a battle was fought between a well-equipped Danish army and an array of local Gotland peasants. The Danes won the battle and took Visby, while the Germans did not take part. King Magnus and the Hanseatic League could not disregard this provocation, and a trade embargo against Denmark was immediately enacted, with agreement about necessary military action. At the same time, negotiations opened between King Magnus and Henry of Holstein about a marriage between Haakon and the latter's sister Elizabeth. On 17 December 1362, a ship left with Elizabeth bound for Sweden. A storm, however, diverted her to the Danish island Bornholm, where the archbishop of Lund declared the wedding a violation of church law because Haakon had already been engaged to Margaret. The Swedish and Hanseatic armies also ultimately withdrew from their siege of Helsingborg. Following this, a truce was concluded with the Hanseatic States and King Magnus abandoning the war, meaning the marriage of the now 10-year-old Margaret and King Haakon was again relevant. The wedding was held in Copenhagen on 9 April 1363.

paragraph: The marriage of Haakon and Margaret was an alliance, and Margaret likely remained in Denmark for some time after the wedding, but ultimately was taken to Akershus in Oslo Fjord where she was raised by Merete Ulvsdatter. Merete Ulvsdatter was a distinguished noblewoman and daughter of Bridget of Sweden, as well as the wife of Knut Algotsson, who was one of King Magnus's faithful followers. Margaret was brought up with Merete Ulvsdatter's daughter Ingegerd, who likely instructed her in matters of religion and monarchy. Merete's daughters, Ingegerd and Catherine, became her closest female friends, with Margaret later showing favoritism to Ingegerd, who became an abbess, as well as her monastery. It is also likely, though, that her promotion of the Bridgettines was also out of piety and political interest to help the process of integration. Her academic studies were probably limited, but it is assumed that in addition to reading and writing she also was instructed in statecraft. She displayed an early talent for ruling and appears to have held real power.

paragraph: In the years after Margaret's wedding Scandinavia saw a series of major political upheavals. A few months after her wedding, her only brother, Christopher, Duke of Lolland, died. This meant that the kingdom of Denmark was without an heir, while her own father lacked a male heir. In 1364 the Swedish nobles deposed Magnus Smek and Margaret's husband King Haakon from the Swedish throne and elected Albert of Mecklenburg as king of Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Regent.

paragraph: Her first act after her father's death in 1375 was to procure the election of her infant son Olaf as king of Denmark, despite the claims of her elder sister's Ingeborg's husband Duke Henry III of Mecklenburg and their son Albert. Margaret insisted that Olaf be proclaimed rightful heir of Sweden, among his other titles. He was too young to rule in his own right, and Margaret proved herself a competent and shrewd ruler in the years that followed. On the death of Haakon in 1380, Olaf succeeded him as King of Norway. Olaf died suddenly in 1387, aged 17, and Margaret, who had ruled both kingdoms in his name, was chosen Regent of Norway and Denmark in the following year. She had already proven her keen statesmanship by recovering possession of Schleswig from the Holstein-Rendsburg Counts. The Counts had held it for more than a generation and received it back as a fief by the Compact of Nyborg in 1386, but under such stringent conditions that the Danish Crown received all the advantages of the arrangement. By this compact, the often rebellious Jutish nobility lost the support they had previously enjoyed in Schleswig and Holstein. Margaret, free from fear of domestic sedition, could now give her undivided attention to Sweden, where mutinous nobles, led by Birger (son of Bridget and brother of Martha), were already in arms against their unpopular King Albert. Several of the powerful nobles wrote to Margaret that if she would help rid Sweden of Albert, she would become their regent. She quickly gathered an army and invaded Sweden.

paragraph: At a conference held at Dalaborg Castle in March 1388, the Swedes were compelled to accept all of Margaret's conditions, elected her "Sovereign Lady and Ruler", and committed themselves to accept any king she chose to appoint. Albert, who had called her "King Pantsless" returned from Mecklenburg with an army of mercenaries. On 24 February 1389, the decisive battle took place at either Aasle or Falan near Falköping. General , the Mecklenburger commander of Margaret's forces, was killed in battle, but he managed to win it for her. Margaret was now the omnipotent mistress of three kingdoms.

paragraph: Stockholm, then almost entirely a German city, still held out. Fear of Margaret induced both the Mecklenburg princes and the Wendish towns to hasten to its assistance; and the Baltic and the North Sea speedily swarmed with the privateers of the Victual Brothers. The Hanseatic League intervened, and under the Compact of Lindholm (1395), Margaret released Albert on his promise to pay 60,000 marks within three years. Meanwhile, the Hansa were to hold Stockholm as surety. Albert failed to pay his ransom within the stipulated time, and the Hansa surrendered Stockholm to Margaret in September 1398 in exchange for commercial privileges.

paragraph: Section::::Eric of Pomerania.

paragraph: It had been understood that Margaret should, at the first convenient opportunity, provide the three kingdoms with a king who was to be a kinsman of all the three old dynasties, although in Norway it was specified that she would continue ruling alongside the new king, while in Sweden, the nobles assured Margaret that they were content to do without a king throughout her lifetime, which they hoped would be long. In 1389 she proclaimed her great-nephew, Bogislav, who changed his name to Eric of Pomerania (grandson of Henry of Mecklenburg), king of Norway, having adopted him and his sister Catherine. In 1396, homage was rendered to him in Denmark and Sweden, while Margaret once again assumed the regency during his minority. On July 20, Margaret capitalized on the general rejoicing by publishing the famous Treaty of Kalmar, "a masterly document that sealed the union of Norway, Sweden and Denmark". The date she chose was no coincidence - it was the Feast Day of St. Margaret of Antioch, who like the Lady King herself, was cast off by her father and thrown into prison. The Treaty proposed “everlasting union”, which reflected her dearest ambition, that “all three realms should exist together in harmony and love, and whatever befalleth one, war and rumors of war, or the onslaught of foreigners, that shall be for all three, and each kingdom shall help the others in all fealty ...and hereafter the Nordic realms shall have one king, and not several". Well aware of regional pride and prejudice, she played a careful strategy, assuring her subjects that each state would be governed according to the laws and customs of each, no new laws would be introduced without the consent of the subjects, officials from governors to soldiers would be recruited from the native populations, thus showing her subjects that they would enjoy every benefit of union without any threat to national identity. To weld the united kingdoms still more closely together, Margaret summoned a congress of the three Councils of the Realm to Kalmar in June 1397, and on Trinity Sunday, 17 June, Eric was crowned King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Act of Union resulting from this was never completed. Scholars continue to debate the reasons, but the Union existed "de facto" through the early 16th century reign of King Christian II, and the union of Denmark and Norway continued until 1814.

paragraph: A few years after the Kalmar Union, the 18-year-old Eric was declared of age and homage was rendered to him in all his three kingdoms, although Margaret was the effective ruler of Scandinavia throughout her lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Policy.

paragraph: So long as the union was insecure, Margaret had tolerated the presence of the Riksråd, but their influence was minor and the Royal authority remained supreme. The offices of High Constable and Earl Marshal were left vacant; the Danehof fell into ruin, and "the great Queen, an ideal despot", ruled through her court officials, who served as a superior kind of clerk. In any event, law and order were well maintained and the licence of the nobility was sternly repressed. The Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway were treated as integral parts of the Danish State, and national aspirations were frowned upon or checked, though Norway, being more loyal, was treated more indulgently than Sweden.

paragraph: In 1396, according to Grethe Jacobsen, she issued an ordinance that one should to a higher degree than hitherto respect and enforce peace towards church (pax dei), houses, farms, legal assemblies, workers in the fields – and women, expressed in the word “kvindefred”. Jacobsen believes that as punishment for rape was normally not associated with the other forms for upholding peace in the tradition of pax dei, this may be an expression of Margrete’s perception of women as being particularly vulnerable in times of unrest, and for her own interpretation of the ruler as protector of personae miserabiles, which included maiden and widows. Another testament was her dispositions of 1411 through which she distributed the sum of 500 marcs among the women and maidens who had been ‘violated and debased’ during the wars between Sweden and Denmark 1388–1389.

paragraph: Margaret recovered for the Crown all the landed property that had been alienated in the troubled times before the reign of Valdemar IV. This so-called "reduktion", or land-recovery, was carried out with the utmost rigour, and hundreds of estates fell into the hands of the crown. She also reformed the Danish currency, substituting good silver coins for the old and worthless copper tokens, to the great advantage both of herself and of the state. She always had large sums of money at her disposal, and much of it was given to charity.

paragraph: According to Thomas Kingston Derry, Margaret tried to provide the union with a sound economic basis. In the process, each of her measures (recovery of crown lands from nobility and the church, new taxes and new coins) hurt the interests of powerful classes, but she prevented them from having leadership by making little use of separate Councils of her three Kingsdom, relying on a body of civil and ecclesiastical officials she chose with great skills instead. She placed Danes in Swedish and Norwegian bishoprics, while royal estates and castles were adminished by castellans and bailiffs of foreign extraction. While this has been criticized as promoting Danes at the expense of Swedish and Norwegian people, Derry opines that considering she employed more Germans in her native Denmark than elsewhere, she was mainly interested in securing a loyal and efficient administration.

paragraph: She travelled much, in her later years is said to have spent more time in Sweden than in Denmark. She encouraged intermarriages among the nobility of three realms. Her piety is well-known, and she gave strong backing to the canonisation of St.Brigitta, helped to make Vadstena into a strong cultural centre and encouraged the spread of "Brigittine language", which led to many Swedish expressions coming into use among Danes and Norwegians.

paragraph: In contrast with the foreign policy of her venturesome father, Margaret's was circumspect and unswervingly neutral in the bloody war between France and England as well as other European conflicts. However, she spared no pains to recover lost Danish territory. She purchased the island of Gotland from its actual possessors, Albert of Mecklenburg and the Livonian Order, and the greater part of Schleswig was regained in the same way.

paragraph: In 1402 Margaret entered into negotiations with King Henry IV of England about the possibility of a double-wedding alliance between England and the Nordic Union. The proposal was for King Eric to marry Henry's daughter Philippa, and for Henry's son, the Prince of Wales and future Henry V of England, to marry Eric's sister Catherine. According to Marc Shell, Margaret's vision was that one day, two unions would unite to recreate Cnut the Great's Empire of the North. The English side wanted these weddings to seal an offensive alliance that could have led the Nordic kingdoms to become involved in the Hundred Years' War against France. Margaret followed a consistent policy of not becoming involved in binding alliances and foreign wars, and therefore rejected the English proposals. However, although there was no double wedding, Eric married the 13-year-old Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun, at Lund on 26 October 1406, sealing a purely defensive alliance. For Eric's sister Catherine, a wedding was arranged with John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt. Margaret thus acquired a South German ally, who could be useful as a counterweight to the North German Princes and cities.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1412, Margaret tried to recover Schleswig, and thus entered a war with Holstein. Before that she had managed the recovery of Finland and Gotland. While winning the war, Margaret died suddenly on board her ship in Flensburg Harbor.

paragraph: In October 1412, she set sail from Seeland in her ship, "Trinity". She attended several debates, which reportedly had brought matters to a state of promising forwardness. On retiring to her vessel though, with the intention of leaving the port, "she was seized with sudden and violent illness." Margaret apparently foresaw the end of her life, as she ordered thirty seven marks to be paid to the nearby monastery of Campen for a perpetual mass for her soul. Beyond this, there is no discussion in the historical record regarding her demise. She died on the night of 28 October 1412, the vigil of St. Simon and St. Jude. Possible scenarios that have been suggested include plague, shock from the death of Abraham Brodersson, or poisoning by Eric.

paragraph: Her sarcophagus, made by the Lübeck sculptor Johannes Junge in 1423, is situated behind the high altar in the Roskilde Cathedral, near Copenhagen. She had left property to the Cathedral on the condition that Masses for her soul would be said regularly in the future. This was discontinued in 1536 during the Protestant Reformation, though a special bell is still rung twice daily in commemoration.

paragraph: Section::::Appearance and personality.

paragraph: She has been described as a beautiful woman with dark hair, dark eyes, an intimidating gaze and the aura of absolute authority. She was highly energetic well into her old age, autocratic and indomitable, with "masculine keenness in intellect", at the same time also described as wise, just, tactful and kind. Hudson Strode writes "Margaret, who, like St. Bridget, possessed the masculine quality of indomitability, was undoubtedly the strongest. No male public official ever worked harder at his job. She used her constructive ability, her diplomacy, and her force of will to make the Union a success and to maintain the royal prerogative."

paragraph: Section::::Ambiguities concerning titles.

paragraph: In Denmark Margaret was called "sovereign lady and lord and guardian of the entire kingdom of Denmark" (Norway and Sweden later bestowed on her similar titles). This special, double-gendered title bestowed upon the holder the power and authority of a man (lord), of a woman (sovereign lady) and of the gender-neutral guardian. Later, when Erik was elected King of Norway in 1392, she renounced this title in Norway, and in 1396, when he was crowned as King of Denmark and Sweden, she stopped the use of this title altogether, although she continued as Regent.

paragraph: She only styled herself Queen of Denmark in 1375, usually referring to herself as "Margaret, by the grace of God, daughter of Valdemar King of Denmark" and "Denmark's rightful heir" when referring to her position in Denmark. Her title in Denmark was derived from her father King Valdemar IV of Denmark. Others simply referred to her as the "Lady Queen", without specifying what she was queen of, but not so Pope Boniface IX, who in his letters styled her "our beloved daughter in Christ, Margaret, most excellent queen of Denmark, Sweden and Norway". (""Carissime in Christo filie Margarete Dacie Suecie et Norwegie regine illustri"".)

paragraph: When she married Haakon VI of Norway in 1363, he was co-King of Sweden, making Margaret queen consort, and despite being deposed, they never relinquished the title. In theory, the Swedes' expulsion of Albert I in 1389 simply restored Margaret to her original position. From 24 February 1389 to 28 October 1412, she was Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden and founder of the Kalmar Union, which united the Scandinavian countries for over a century. She acted as queen regnant of Denmark, although in those days it was not the Danish custom for a woman to reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: E.C.Otte writes in 1874, that "If Margaret could have been certain of being followed on the throne by rulers as able and just as she had been, this Act of the Union of Calmar might have worked for the good of the three kingdoms. For it was quite true, as the Queen said, that each one alone was a poor weak state, open to danger from every side, but that the three united would make a monarchy, strong enough to defy the attacks and schemes of the Hanse traders and all foes from the side of Germany, and would keep the Baltic clear of danger from foreigners. However no ruler came after Queen Margaret equal to her, as there had been none before her to be compared to her."

paragraph: According to Imsen, her political genius has never been contested, but her motives have always been the target of much debate. During the first half of the nineteenth century, she was usually depicted as an idealist who fought to counterbalance the German influence. After the defeat of Denmark by the Prussians in 1864, image of Margaret the nationalist prevailed. In recent times, she has been increasingly regarded as a Machiavellist who primarily fought for powers and dynastic interests.

paragraph: Richard White writes that "There were troubles in store for Queen Margaret, but her unification of the three kingdoms marked the start of a new and prosperous era for the Scandinavian people. In light of the turbulent history of those realms – a history of war and plague and usurpation - Margaret's triumph establishes her as one among the most remarkable of European monarchs. Yet the fame that is her due has somehow eluded her. History is, at best, a game of chance, and reputation a bubble at the mercy of every wind that blows. Were the writers of history concerned with justice, the name of Margaret, daughter of Valdemar King of the Danes, would surely outshine many another royal name known to the merest child at school."

paragraph: In "The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography", Volume 2, McFadden opines that "Margaret 's achievement at a time when all Scandinavia was being threatened by German cultural and economic domination was to unite the kingdoms and not only hold back the Germans but also regain lands lost to the south. At the time of her death, the Scandinavian Union was by far the most powerful force in the Baltic; it was also the second largest accumulation of European territory under a single sovereign."

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

wikidata_label: Margaret I of Denmark

wikipedia_title: Margaret I of Denmark


text:
Hjelmeland
Rogaland
Jacob Tostrup
Hans Tostrup
Tostrup & Mathiesen
Mathiesen family
Mathiesen Eidsvold Værk
Moelven Industrier
Stathelle
Telemark
Andreas Schaft
Christopher Tostrup Paus
S. H. Finne-Grønn
Painting
Sara Rein Hornemann
Mathiesen Eidsvold Værk website

categories: 1881 deaths,Norwegian landowners,Norwegian company founders,People from Rogaland,1804 births

paragraph: Christopher Henrik Holfeldt Tostrup

paragraph: Christopher Henrik Holfeldt Tostrup (20 September 1804- 17 October 1881) was a Norwegian timber merchant and land-owner.

paragraph: Tostrup was born at Hjelmeland in Rogaland, Norway. He was the son of infantry captain Nicolai Tostrup (1768–1858) and his wife Thale Margrethe Resen Holfeldt (1779–1860). He was one of eight siblings in a family which included goldsmith Jacob Tostrup (1806–1890) and politician Hans Tostrup (1799-1856) .

paragraph: In 1842, he co-founded the Tostrup & Mathiesen company, one of the largest such companies in Norway. His heirs sold the Tostrup & Mathiesen company to the Mathiesen family in 1892. It was subsequently renamed Mathiesen Eidsvold Værk, and much of the company is today continued under the name Moelven Industrier.

paragraph: From 1870, Tostrup also owned the manor house Kjellestad at Stathelle in Telemark. Christopher Tostrup was married to Julie Camilla Schaft (1814–1897) who was a daughter of Andreas Schaft. They had three sons and four daughters. He was the grandfather of art collector and philanthropist Christopher Tostrup Paus.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Finne-Grønn. "Familien Tostrup fra Lister". Christiania, 1897

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Painting by Sara Rein Hornemann

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathiesen Eidsvold Værk website

wikidata_label: Christopher Henrik Holfeldt Tostrup

wikipedia_title: Christopher Henrik Holfeldt Tostrup


text:
Russian
Grand Prince
Vasily II of Moscow
Fyodor Koshka

categories: Russian royal consorts,1484 deaths,1418 births,15th-century Russian women

paragraph: Maria of Borovsk

paragraph: Maria Yaroslavna of Borovsk ("Мария Ярославна" in Russian) (1418–1484) was a Grand Princess consort of Muscovy; she was married to Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow. She was the daughter of Yaroslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Maloyaroslavets, and Maria, granddaughter of Fyodor Koshka.

description: Russian royal consort

wikidata_label: Maria of Borovsk

wikipedia_title: Maria of Borovsk


text:
Kingdom of Naples
prince of Salerno
Marsica
Cilento
Agropoli
Castellabate
Ferdinand I of Naples
Naples
rusticated
Gesù Nuovo
Conspiracy of the Barons
Sarno
Orsini
Cosenza
Salerno
Alessandro Sforza
battle of Ischia
John II of Lorraine
Masuccio Salernitano
Luigi Pulci
Ferdinando Sanseverino
Page at Neapolitan Nobles website

categories: 1430s births,1474 deaths,House of Sanseverino,Italian admirals

paragraph: Roberto Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno

paragraph: Roberto Sanseverino (c. 1430 – 2 December 1474) was an Italian nobleman and admiral of the Kingdom of Naples. He was the first prince of Salerno from 1463, as well as the count of Marsica and Sanseverino, baron of Cilento and lord of Agropoli and Castellabate.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: At the death of his father, Roberto inherited the family fiefs. Later, he received from King Ferdinand I of Naples the principality of Salerno (1463). In 1470, in Naples, he started the construction of the rusticated Sanseverino Palace, which would later become the church of Gesù Nuovo.

paragraph: He was named Grand Admiral of the Kingdom of Naples. During the war between Aragonese and Angevines, also known as the "Conspiracy of the Barons" which broke out in 1460, he was wounded in the battle of Sarno. After a momentarily alliance with the Angevines, he sided again for the Aragonese, fighting against the Orsini near Cosenza and conquering Salerno in 1461. As commander of their fleet, on 7 July 1465, he was victorious with Alessandro Sforza in the battle of Ischia against John II of Lorraine, who had occupied the island.

paragraph: Roberto Sanseverino was a patron of the arts, having novelist Masuccio Salernitano and Luigi Pulci at his service.

paragraph: He married Raimondina Del Balzo Orsini, who gave him three children. His son Ferdinando Sanseverino was also prince of Salerno and a condottiero. His other son and heir Antonello was one of the leaders of the Conjure of the Barons against the Aragonese.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page at Neapolitan Nobles website

description: Italian admiral

wikidata_label: Roberto Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno

wikipedia_title: Roberto Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno


text:
Saint-Jérôme, Quebec
Canadian
Swiss

categories: People from Saint-Jérôme, Quebec,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Switzerland,1964 births,Canadian female hurdlers,Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada,Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games,Olympic track and field athletes of Canada,Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Swiss female hurdlers,Canadian emigrants to Switzerland,Olympic athletes of Switzerland,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Quebec

paragraph: Julie Baumann

paragraph: Julie Baumann née Rocheleau (born June 17, 1964 in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec) is a Canadian-born Swiss retired athlete specializing in the 100 meters hurdles.

paragraph: Section::::Personal bests.

paragraph: Outdoor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 100m hurdles – 12.76 (1991 Winterthur)

paragraph: Indoor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 50m hurdles – 6.73 (1993 Grenoble)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 60m hurdles – 7.95 (1992 Karlsruhe)

description: Canadian-Swiss hurdler

wikidata_label: Julie Baumann

wikipedia_title: Julie Baumann


text:
Berlin
Benedictine
Rehna
Brandenburg
Mecklenburg
Frederick I
Elisabeth
Frederick of Bayern-Landshut
Frederick II
Albert Achilles
Henry IV
Dömitz
Gorlosen
Margaret
nun
Gadebusch
Albert VI
John VI
Magnus II
Balthasar
coadjutor

categories: 1491 deaths,House of Mecklenburg,Duchesses of Mecklenburg,House of Hohenzollern,1420 births

paragraph: Dorothea of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg

paragraph: Dorothea of Brandenburg (9 February 1420, Berlin – 19 January 1491, Benedictine monastery at Rehna) was a princess of Brandenburg by birth and by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dorothea was a daughter of the Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg (1371–1440) from his marriage to Elisabeth (1383–1442), daughter of Duke Frederick of Bayern-Landshut. Elizabeth's brothers were Electors Frederick II and Albert Achilles, who successively ruled Brandenburg.

paragraph: In May 1432, Dorothea married Duke Henry IV of Mecklenburg (1417–1477). She received as dowry Dömitz and Gorlosen, which her sister Margaret had also received when she married into the House of Mecklenburg. Margaret's husband, Ernest Louis, however, had died shortly after the marriage. When a dispute arose later between Brandenburg and Mecklenburg about the inheritance of the principality of Wenden, the family ties between Duke Henry and Elector Frederick made it easier to reach a settlement.

paragraph: Henry IV died in 1477. After 1485 Dorothea lived, she lived as a nun in the Rehna convent. She died in 1491 and was buried in the City Church of St. James' Church and St. Dionysius in Gadebusch. Her grave stone is marked with an incised drawing of the Duchess as a nun, crowned by a canopy.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: From her marriage with Henry, Dorothy had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert VI (1438–1483), Duke of Mecklenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- John VI († 1474), Duke of Mecklenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magnus II (1441–1503), Duke of Mecklenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (1442-1451/52)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna (1447–1464)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth (1449–1506), abbess of Ribnitz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balthasar (1451–1507), Duke of Mecklenburg, coadjutor in the diocese of Schwerin until 1479

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Friedrich Goeschel: "Elisabeth, die erste Kurfürstin von Brandenburg aus dem Hause Hohenzollern", Mittler, 1844, p. 35

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Buchholtz: "Versuch einer Geschichte der Churmarck Brandenburg", F. W. Birnstiel, 1767, p. 39

description: Princess of Brandenburg by birth and by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg


text: Mecca Normal

text: Jean Smith

text: feminism

text: anti-authoritarianism

text: riot grrrl

text: Bud Osborn

text: Arbeiter Ring

text: K Records

text: Matador Records

text: Kill Rock Stars

text: Wendy Atkinson

text: Magnet Magazine

text: Inspired Agitators

text: Kramer

text: Pitchfork

text: Patti Smith

text: Bikini Kil

text: The Julie Ruin

text: Mecca Normal Home Page

text: Weekly Volcano

categories: Living people,Male feminists,Canadian rock guitarists,Canadian male guitarists

paragraph: David Lester (musician)

paragraph: David Wayne Lester is the guitar player in the Vancouver, Canada based band Mecca Normal, as well as a painter, graphic designer and publisher at Get to the Point Press. Mecca Normal's lyrics are written and performed by Jean Smith, who explores themes of social injustice, feminism and anti-authoritarianism.

paragraph: Lester met Mecca Normal bandmate Smith in 1981 while the two were working together at a Vancouver newspaper. As a result of their collaboration, Mecca Normal is considered a forerunner and an inspiration to the 1990s politically charged riot grrrl and D-I-Y movements.

paragraph: In August 1993, Lester started "Get to the Point Press" to publish Smith's first novel "I Can Hear Me Fine". He subsequently published chapbooks of graphic design and poetry by community activists including "Keys to Kingdoms" by Bud Osborn which, in 1999, won the City of Vancouver Book Award. In 2002, Get to the Point published Smith's chapbook "The Family Swan and Other Songs" followed by Smith's "Two Stories" in 2006.

paragraph: In 2005, Arbeiter Ring published Lester's book "The Gruesome Acts of Capitalism"—a compendium of creatively juxtaposed statistics that illuminate issues of poverty. Royalties from the book go to The Canadian Centre for Victims of Torture. The book went to a second, revised printing in 2007. In 2010 the book was required reading in the "Studies in Contemporary Literature" course at Capilano University (British Columbia).

paragraph: Since 2002, Lester and Smith have been co-presenting an art exhibit, lecture and performance event called "How Art & Music Can Change the World" in rock venues, youth centres, art galleries and classrooms, including Willamette University, California Institute of the Arts, NEXUS/foundation for today's art, Mount Holyoke College, the Rhode Island School of Design, and Evergreen State College.

paragraph: Mecca Normal's albums have been released on K Records, Matador Records, Kill Rock Stars and the band's own Smarten Up! Records—created in 1986 to release their first LP.

paragraph: In 2007, Mecca Normal was named one of 10 famous Canadians you’ve never heard of by Canada's national newspaper, "The Globe & Mail".

paragraph: Lester has also collaborated with experimental bassist Wendy Atkinson to form the duo Horde of Two. They released their debut CD "Guitar & Bass Actions" on Smarten Up! & Get To The Point Records in 2009.

paragraph: Since mid-2009, David Lester has been illustrating a weekly feature for Magnet Magazine online, with text by Jean Smith. Ostensibly the feature visually documents people, places and events from Mecca Normal’s 26-year history, but it often veers into wider territory.

paragraph: In 2010, David Lester’s poster series Inspired Agitators became part of the permanent collection of the Center For The Study of Political Graphics in Los Angeles.

paragraph: In 2010, Mecca Normal recorded a single for K Records. In May 2010, Mecca Normal organized a group art exhibit called "The Black Dot Museum: Political Artists from Vancouver", which took place in Olympia, WA at the Northern Gallery.

paragraph: Lester's second book, a 312 page graphic novel called "The Listener", was published by Arbeiter Ring in the spring of 2011.

paragraph: The Listener was nominated for ForeWord Reviews' 2011 Book Of The Year Award in the graphic novel category.

paragraph: In 2014, David Lester's poster, Malachi (18 x 28″) was included in the 2014 Whitney Biennial at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City as part of the exhibit Public Collectors: Malachi Ritscher. The exhibit also included a recording of a live set performed by Mecca Normal, and both sides of the cover of the Mecca Normal 7″ record that includes the song Malachi about war protester Malachi Ritscher.

paragraph: Lester's rock duo Mecca Normal released their 13th album, Empathy for the Evil (M'lady's Records) in late 2014. It was produced, mixed and mastered by Kramer. Most of the songs are directly out of two of Jean Smith's unpublished novels. The album was recorded by Rat Bastard in 2012 at the Laundry Room in Miami Beach, Florida.

paragraph: In 2016, Mecca Normal‘s song Man Thinks Woman (1987) is included in Pitchfork‘s "The Story of Feminist Punk in 33 Songs: From Patti Smith to Bikini Kill, the songs that have crushed stereotypes and steered progress".

paragraph: Mecca Normal open for The Julie Ruin on their 2016 Pacific Northwest tour.

paragraph: In 2017, the comics anthology "Drawn To Change: Graphic Histories of Working Class Struggle" (which includes David Lester’s "The Battle of Ballantyne Pier") wins the $10,000 Wilson Prize for the best book that "succeeds in making Canadian historical scholarship accessible to a wide and transnational audience" The book also wins the Canadian Historical Association’s Public History Prize.

paragraph: In 2017, the book "Challenging Stories: Canadian Literature for Social Justice in the Classroom" (Canadian Scholars’ Press) features a chapter on teaching David Lester’s graphic novel "The Listener" to high school students. The chapter by Karen Jacobson demonstrates innovative ways of how The Listener was used to teach social justice issues to secondary school classes, stating "From the very first page, the book inspired thoughtful discussion about the place of social action in the students’ own lives."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mecca Normal Home Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visual Resistance David Lester Profile Page (archived)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weekly Volcano

description: Canadian musician

wikidata_label: David Lester

wikipedia_title: David Lester (musician)


text:
bastard
Alexandru cel Bun
Voivode
Prince
Moldavia
Alexăndrel
Bogdan II
Rauseni
Cetatea Albă
Polish
vassalage
King
Casimir IV
Ottomans
tribute
gold ducats
Ştefan cel Mare
Kingdom of Hungary
John Hunyadi
Vlad III Dracula
Prince
Wallachia
Székelyföld
King
Matthias Corvinus
Battle of Baia
billon
copper
currency
grosh
silver
monetary standard
Coins of Peter Aaron's mint

paragraph: Peter Aaron

paragraph: Peter Aaron () (died 1467), bastard son of Alexandru cel Bun, was a Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia on three separate occasions: October 1451 to February 1452, August 1454 to February 1455, and May 1455 to April 1457. The first two were during a civil war with Alexăndrel.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Peter Aaron ascended to the throne after assassinating Bogdan II, while the latter was at a wedding in Rauseni. Immediately, his rule was challenged by Alexăndrel, whom Peter managed to defeat in March 1455, forcing Alexăndrel to take refuge in the fortress at Cetatea Albă.

paragraph: Peter confirmed his father's commercial privileges awarded to Polish traders in Moldavia, and took an oath of vassalage to King Casimir IV. In 1456, Peter agreed to pay the Ottomans a tribute of 2,000 gold ducats, in order to ensure his southern borders, thus becoming the first of the Moldavian rulers to accept the Turkish demands.

paragraph: The real challenge to his throne came with Bogdan II's son Ştefan cel Mare. The young prince had been given the protection of Kingdom of Hungary captain-general John Hunyadi and, after John's death, that of Vlad III Dracula (Vlad Ţepeş) - the new Prince of Wallachia. According to the interpretation of the account in the Vlad had offered Ştefan his full support for his venture. In April 1457, after two battles, Peter was deposed and had to flee, taking refuge first in Poland and then in Székelyföld. There, he played a part in increasing the tensions between Ştefan cel Mare and King Matthias Corvinus. Following Matthias's incursion and subsequent defeat at the Battle of Baia (15 December 1467), Peter was captured and executed.

paragraph: Peter Aaron issued new billon and copper currency - on the grosh design but struck in better silver, probably as a part of a reform in monetary standards.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brezianu, Andrei and Spânu, Vlad (eds.) (2007) "Petru Aron (?-1469)" "Historical Dictionary of Moldova" (2nd ed.) Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, USA, p. 284,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Peter Aaron's mint

description: Prince of Moldavia

wikidata_label: Peter Aaron

wikipedia_title: Peter Aaron


text:
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racing
World Champion
San Marino
2001
125cc World Champion
2003
250cc World Champion
Assen
2000
Gilera
Arnaud Vincent
Freddie Spencer
Tetsuya Harada
2004
2005
2006
KTM
Superbike
Fabrizio Lai
footballer
Pennarossa
San Marino
Ducati 1199
Mugello
Ducati 1199 Panigale
manuelpoggiali.com
poggiali.com
Manuel Poggiali at www.f1network.net

categories: 250cc World Championship riders,125cc World Championship riders,1983 births,Sammarinese motorcycle racers

paragraph: Manuel Poggiali

paragraph: Manuel Poggiali (; born February 14, 1983) is a Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion from San Marino. He was the 2001 125cc World Champion, and the 2003 250cc World Champion. He scored 12 race wins, 11 pole positions, and 35 podium finishes.

paragraph: Poggiali began racing Minibikes in 1994, and made his first Grand Prix starts in 1998, also winning the Italian 125cc Championship that year. He went into the 125cc World Championship full-time in 1999, and showed promise over the next two years, scoring a first podium at Assen in 2000. In 2001 he improved to win the title on a Gilera. He remained in the class in 2002, scoring 7 podiums in the first 8 races but failing to defend his title, losing out to Arnaud Vincent.

paragraph: For 2003 he moved up to 250s, and followed Freddie Spencer and Tetsuya Harada in winning the title at his first attempt, including victories in the season's first two races. He had a disappointing 2004 however, finishing only 9th overall with just three podium results.

paragraph: For 2005 he returned to 125s, again looking like a shadow of his former self, failing to take a single podium. In 2006 he raced in the 250cc class for the KTM team, but they did not renew his contract for 2007. Although he received some offers from 125cc, 250cc, and Superbike teams, he decided to refuse the offers and take a sabbatical, hoping to get better offers in 2008. He made his return to racing after announcing that he would ride for Campetella Racing alongside Fabrizio Lai. He decided to retire midseason after losing enthusiasm.

paragraph: He is also a footballer, he played some matches over the last years for Pennarossa, a football club of San Marino.

paragraph: For 2013 he returned to motorcycle racing and rode in the Italian Superbike Championship for Scuderia Corse Team Grandi aboard a Ducati 1199 Panigale. He finished the season in 14th overall with a second-place finish in the penultimate race of the year at Mugello being his best finish. For 2014 he signed to ride for the Barni Racing Team aboard a Ducati 1199 Panigale in the CIV Superbike Championship and finished 11th overall.

paragraph: Section::::Complete Grand Prix motorcycle racing results.

paragraph: Points system from 1993 onwards:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- manuelpoggiali.com Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- poggiali.com Official fan club

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel Poggiali at www.f1network.net

description: Sammarinese motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Manuel Poggiali

wikipedia_title: Manuel Poggiali


text:
Western Canada
women's rights
Grey County
stenographer
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
Amelia Yeomans
Canadian Women's Press Club
Political Equality League
Lillian Beynon Thomas
Nellie McClung
agriculture

categories: Canadian women's rights activists,1861 births,1942 deaths,Canadian women journalists,People from Winnipeg,People from Toronto,Journalists from Manitoba,Journalists from Ontario,Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)

paragraph: Ella Cora Hind

paragraph: Ella Cora Hind (September 18, 1861 – October 6, 1942) was Western Canada's first female journalist and a women's rights activist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: E. Cora Hind was born in Toronto on September 18, 1861 to Edwin Hind and Jane Carroll. She and older brothers, Joseph and George, lost their parents at a young age. Hind was only two years old when she lost her mother, and five years old when her father died. After the death of her mother, the children moved to Artimisea, Grey County to live with their paternal grandfather, Joseph Hind, and aunt, Alice.

paragraph: After losing her parents Hind and her grandfather became very close. Her grandfather taught her about farming, horses, and cattle. These were helpful tools that would help her in the future. Living with her grandfather they lived off livestock and grain. This was hard, because growing livestock some years were better than others. Cora also grew up several miles away from school. This delayed her education until she was eleven, so her aunt Alice taught her at home until 1872 when they built a school on her grandfather’s land. Her family finally relocated to Flesherton, Ontario where Cora finished her primary education. She attended high school at the Collegiate Institute of Orillia and lived, during this period, with her uncle, George Hind. This is where she wrote her third class teacher examination.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After high school Cora moved with her Aunt Alice and Cousins Jean and Jacques out west, because her cousins told her teachers were needed in Manitoba. They arrived in Winnipeg in 1882. Hind’s Aunt ran a dressing shop to earn enough to live, but a few weeks later Cora received a letter saying that she failed her algebra part of the teacher’s exam, which stated that her credentials were inadequate. This did not affect her because she had dreams of becoming a journalist.

paragraph: Hind approached the editor of the Manitoba Free Press, W.F. Luxton, about a job, using a letter of introduction from her uncle, George, who was a friend of Luxton's. Luxton turned her down indicating that a newsroom was no place for a woman with no journalism experience. A few months later Hind submitted an article to Luxton. He accepted the letter, but chose not to acknowledge her as an author. This situation forced her into becoming a typist. "She worked there until 1893, when she opened her own business as a stenographer ." Ella became the first public typewriter in Manitoba.

paragraph: Now that Ella Cora Hinds was doing well for herself, she and her Aunt Alice joined The Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is the oldest continuing non-sectarian women's organization worldwide. Founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1873, the group spearheaded the crusade for prohibition. Cora also linked up with Dr. Amelia Yeomans, because she wanted women to have rights to vote. They both formed Manitoba Equal Suffrage Club. Their motto was "Peace on earth, good will towards men." Cora Hind and Dr. Yeomans worked hard to improve the lives of women and the poor, Cora than became a member of The Winnipeg chapter of Canadian Women's Press Club.

paragraph: Along with all of the duties that Ella had dedicated herself she still had a strong interest in farming. Living in Winnipeg and knowing about the grain trade center of the west, Cora finally became a regular reporter and the commercial and agricultural editor of the Manitoba Free Press. J. W. Dafoe was the editor of the paper helped Cora become a famous for her accurate analysis of crop yields, and other livestock. Between 1935 and 1937, Hind travelled to 27 wheat producing countries capturing her experiences, including comments on social conditions and historical associations, in a series of letters to the Winnipeg Free Press. A selection of these letters were released by popular demand in her 1937 book "Seeing for myself." The book was so successful that a second book, "My travels and findings" (1939), was two years later featuring selections from her personal papers.

paragraph: Cora Hind then formed the Political Equality League with Lillian Beynon Thomas and Nellie McClung in 1912. Their campaign for women’s voting rights later were granted in 1916. After all her successful movements in life she received many honors from The Western Canada Livestock Union, Wool Growers of Manitoba, and Canadian Society of Technical Agriculturists. The University of Manitoba also presented her with an honorary LLD degree in 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hind died on October 6, 1942 and trading at the Winnipeg Grain Exchange was halted for two minutes in her memory. The United Grain Growers created the Cora Hind Fellowship for research in agriculture, and the Free Press created the Cora Hind Scholarship in home economics.

description: Canadian journalist

wikidata_label: Ella Cora Hind

wikipedia_title: Ella Cora Hind


text: Canon

text: Maltese

text: Gozo

text: Maltese language

text: National Library of Malta

text: Rabat

text: Gozo

text: Parish Church of St. George

text: Latin

text: Capuchin

text: Jesuit college

text: Valletta

text: Paul Alphéran de Bussan

text: museum

text: Italian

text: French

text: Rome

text: Naples

text: Venice

text: Avignon

text: Advent

text: Lent

text: University of Padua

text: lawyer

text: Florence

text: Cortona

text: Palermo

text: National Library of Malta

text: Maltese language

text: Rome

text: Punic language

text: Etruscan language

text: Semitic language

text: Siculo-Arabic

text: magnum opus

text: Conspiracy of the Slaves

text: Manuel Pinto da Fonseca

text: Order of St. John

text: Rome

text: Pope Benedict XIV

text: Victoria, Gozo

categories: Maltese librarians,Maltese historians,Maltese Roman Catholic priests,18th-century historians,18th-century Roman Catholic priests,Linguists from Malta,1712 births,1770 deaths,18th-century linguists,University of Padua alumni,Maltese lawyers,18th-century lawyers,People from Victoria, Gozo

paragraph: Canon Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis (, 30 October 1712 – 30 January 1770), often called de Soldanis (), was a Maltese linguist, historian and cleric from the island of Gozo. He wrote the first lexicon and systematic grammar of the Maltese language, and he was the first librarian of the "Bibliotheca Publica", the precursor of the National Library of Malta.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: De Soldanis was born on 30 October 1712 in Rabat, Gozo, to Andrea Hagius and Valenzia Sultana. He was baptised in the Parish Church of St. George the following day. He was born "Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius", but he later added "de Soldanis" to his name, a Latinized version of his mother's surname Sultana, and he is now commonly known by that name.

paragraph: De Soldanis was privately educated by a Capuchin friar at the convent of Our Lady of Graces. He later studied literature, philosophy, theology and law at the Jesuit college in Valletta. De Soldanis was appointed canon of the Gozo Matrice by Bishop Paul Alphéran de Bussan in 1729, and he was ordained priest six years later in 1735.

paragraph: De Soldanis was interested in history, culture, archaeology and the Maltese language. He had an extensive library and a museum in his house, which contained various old coins and medals, inscriptions, pottery and statues. He wrote several manuscripts in a number of languages, including Maltese, Italian and French. He published some of his works in Rome, Naples, Venice and Avignon, but he never published anything in Malta since there was no printing press at the time.

paragraph: In 1753, he was appointed "quaresimalista" of Gozo, the official preacher of Advent and Lenten sermons at the Matrice, which was considered to be a position of privilege. Due to the influence of the bishop's brother, De Soldanis traveled throughout Italy and France in the 1750s. At this point, he studied at the University of Padua and graduated as a lawyer. He also became a member of the "" in Florence, the "Accademia Botanica" of Cortona, and the "Accademia di Buongusto" and the "Accademia degli Erranti" in Palermo.

paragraph: In 1758, de Soldanis returned to Gozo, but he moved to mainland Malta in 1763, when the knight Louis Guérin de Tencin chose him as the first librarian of the "Bibliotheca Publica" in Valletta, the precursor of the National Library of Malta.

paragraph: De Soldanis' health began to deteriorate in 1768. He died on 30 January 1770, and he was buried at the Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck in Valletta.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Maltese language.

paragraph: Throughout his life, De Soldanis wrote a number of works about the Maltese language, which was his main area of interest. He wrote the first grammar of the Maltese language in 1750, after he was informed that the Portuguese knight Almeida wanted such a grammar to be published. The book was entitled "Della Lingua Punica presentemente usata da Maltesi, ovvero Nuovi Documenti li quali possono servire di lume all'antica Lingua Etrusca, stesi in due dissertazioni", and it was published in Rome. In this work, de Soldanis hypothesizes that Maltese originates from the Punic language descending from the Etruscan language. This hypothesis was later disproven, and Maltese is now regarded as a Semitic language descended from Siculo-Arabic.

paragraph: From 1750 to 1762, de Soldanis worked on a second grammar entitled "Nuova Scuola della Lingua Punica", but it was never published. He also wrote a four-volume Maltese-Latin-Italian dictionary entitled "Damma tal-Kliem Kartaginis mscerred fel fomm tal Maltin u Ghaucin" between 1750 and 1767. Although it also remained unpublished, this is regarded as his work about the Maltese language, since it presents a unique picture of mid-18th century Maltese.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: Apart from studies on the Maltese language, de Soldanis also wrote works relating to history, archaeology and other topics related to Malta and Gozo. His magnum opus is "Il Gozo Antico-Moderno e Sacro-Profano", a two-volume manuscript dealing with the history of Gozo completed in 1746. The manuscript served as the basis for further studies on Gozo, but it remained unpublished until 1936, when the Government Press published a translation in Maltese by Giuseppe Farrugia Gioioso. A translation in English by Anthony Mercieca was published in 1999.

paragraph: In 1751, de Soldanis published "Mustafà Bassà di Rodi schiavo in Malta, o sia la di lui congiura all'occupazione di Malta descritta da Michele Acciard", dealing with the Conspiracy of the Slaves which had occurred two years earlier. This book landed him in trouble with Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca, since in it he attacked the Order of St. John and argued for the rights of the Maltese. De Soldanis had to go to Rome to defend himself in front of Pope Benedict XIV, but he returned to Malta in 1752 and was forgiven by Pinto.

paragraph: De Soldanis also wrote a series of dialogues, which are now regarded as having linguistic and socio-cultural importance.

paragraph: Many of De Soldanis' works and manuscripts are now found at the National Library of Malta.

paragraph: Section::::Commemorations.

paragraph: Agius de Soldanis Girls' Junior Lyceum and Secondary School in Victoria, Gozo, the only girls' school in Gozo and one of the largest schools in Malta, is named after de Soldanis. His bust is found in Villa Rundle Gardens in Victoria.

paragraph: The 300th anniversary of de Soldanis' birth was celebrated in 2012 with exhibitions and other events in Victoria and Valletta. A plaque in his honour was unveiled at St. George's Square, Victoria in 2013.

description: Maltese lawyer (1712-1770)

wikidata_label: Gian Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis


text:
Touraine
Paris
Louis XIV
Republic of Genoa
Madrid
Mulay Ismail
Mohammad Temim
Salé
Jean-Baptiste Estelle
Abdallah bin Aisha
France-Morocco relations

categories: 17th-century French diplomats,Ambassadors of France to Morocco,17th century in Morocco,17th-century French writers,17th-century male writers,Ambassadors to the Republic of Genoa,1640 births,1720 deaths

paragraph: François Pidou de Saint Olon

paragraph: François Pidou de Saint Olon (1640, Touraine - 1720, Paris) was a French diplomat under Louis XIV.

paragraph: Section::::Embassy to Genoa and Spain.

paragraph: In 1682, he was nominated as the first French resident envoy to the Republic of Genoa. He was then sent as an envoy to Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::Embassy to Morocco.

paragraph: in 1689, Pidou de Saint Olon was then nominated as ambassador to the court of the Moroccan ruler Mulay Ismail, in view of the signature of a commercial treaty. This responded to the Embassy of Mohammad Temim to Louis XIV in 1682. In 1690, Pidou de Saint Olon was in the city of Salé, where he visited the French Consul Jean-Baptiste Estelle.

paragraph: His mission did not succeed however, and he only remained 2–3 weeks in Morocco. He wrote an account of his visit to Morocco, "Relation de l'empire de Maroc" ("The present state of the Empire of Morocco").

paragraph: Another Moroccan ambassador Abdallah bin Aisha would visit France in 1699-1700.

paragraph: François Pidou de Saint Olon died in Paris on 27 September 1720.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France-Morocco relations

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Estat présent de l'empire de Maroc", 1694

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relation de l'empire de Maroc", 1695

description: French diplomat

wikidata_label: François Pidou de Saint Olon

wikipedia_title: François Pidou de Saint Olon


text:
Prince
medieval
Circassian
Kabardia
Taman peninsula
Caucasus
Shora Nogmov
Mzymta River
Circassia
Abkhazia
Kingdom of Georgia
Abazin
Anchabadze
Shervashidze
Circassian folklore
Bzyb River
Georgians
Inal-Kuba
Temirgoy
Besleney
Shapsugia
patriarch
progenitor
Baksan River
Latham, Robert Gordon

paragraph: Inal of Kabardia

paragraph: Prince Inal (), also known as the Inal the Great by Georgian sources, was a medieval Circassian prince of the Kabardia, who took power in the early 15th century and had taken as his goal to unify all of the Circassians, then divided into several princedoms, into one state.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Initially Inal ruled land around Taman peninsula, from where he led the Kabardians to the central Caucasus in the 1400s, and established Principality of Kabardia. According to Shora Nogmov, the Circassian nobles tried to prevent the rise of Inal, but in the decisive battle near Mzymta River, he managed to defeat thirty major feudal lords. Ten of them were ordered to be executed, the rest were forced to swear allegiance to him. Through effective expansions, Inal — "the valiant and the prudent" — had succeeded in uniting all of Circassia into one state, and even managed to raid Abkhazia (then part of Kingdom of Georgia), with the help of his two allies, Abazin princes: Ashe (Anchabadze/Achba) and Shashe (Shervashidze/Chachba). This fact is reflected in the Circassian folklore according to which, Inal being on Bzyb River for making truce with the Abkhazians (i.e western Georgians), unexpectedly, or possibly poisoned, died in 1453, as a pious man. His body is berried in the mentioned land and his grave being known till the present days has the name of Inal-Kuba.

paragraph: Prince Inal conducted administrative reforms and divided his possessions into 4 counties and appointed his sons as a hereditary ruler of each area: Temirgoy was given to Temryuk, Besleney to Beslan, Kabardia to Kabarta and Shapsugia to Zanoko. He introduced the institution of 40 judges and by his other actions attempted to consolidate Circassian tribes, however after his death Circassia was split up again into separate feudal principalities.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Circassian princes in following centuries, more specifically the Kabardian princes claimed descedance from Inal and regarded him as their patriarch, or hypothetical father and their progenitor. Inal's name is also present in geographical names in Caucasus, many places were named after him, following his death. There is mount Inal (2990 m) between Baksan River and Tyzyl valleys.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caucasian Review. Vol. 2. Munich (München), 1956. Pp.; 19; 35.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latham, Robert Gordon. "Descriptive Ethnology". London: Voorst, 1859. Pp. 51.

description: medieval Circassian prince of the Kabarday tribe

wikidata_label: Prince Inal

wikipedia_title: Inal of Kabardia