text: English

text: knight

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Shakespeare

text: Falstaff

text: literature

text: strategy

text: gentry

text: Norfolk

text: manor house

text: Caister Castle

text: moat

text: seated

text: Great Yarmouth

text: Thomas Fastolf

text: Bishop of St David's

text: Nicholas Fastolf

text: Lord Chief Justice of Ireland

text: bailiff

text: Edward I

text: sheriff

text: Ireland

text: Millicent Tibetot

text: heir

text: Lord Tiptoft

text: Richard, Lord Scrope

text: manor

text: Castle Combe

text: Wiltshire

text: Gloucestershire

text: Somerset

text: Yorkshire

text: estate

text: Jerusalem

text: Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV

text: Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk

text: Lancastrian

text: Richard II

text: Thomas of Lancaster

text: Duke of Clarence

text: Henry V

text: Duke of Bedford

text: siege of Harfleur

text: Agincourt

text: Harfleur

text: Maine

text: Anjou

text: Knight Companion

text: the Most Noble Order of the Garter

text: Knight

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: John Talbot

text: Siege of Orléans

text: Orléans

text: Battle of the Herrings

text: Rouvray-Saint-Denis

text: Rouvray-Sainte-Croix

text: Jean de Dunois

text: Louis I, Duke of Orléans

text: Joan of Arc

text: take towns

text: Loire Valley

text: Jargeau

text: Battle of Patay

text: Patay

text: Jehan de Waurin

text: John, Duke of Bedford

text: Henry VI, Part 1

text: Richard of York

text: Honfleur

text: Verneuil

text: Caen

text: siege

text: chevauchée

text: Cade's rebellion

text: Normandy

text: Frileuse

text: Harfleur

text: Pays de Caux

text: Sillé-le-Guillaume

text: Pays de Caux

text: K. B. McFarlane

text: Paston Letters

text: Southwark

text: Boar's Head Inn

text: William Worcester

text: Joseph Stevenson

text: East Anglia

text: John Paston

text: Sir William Yelverton

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Richard, Duke of York

text: Caister Castle

text: Caister

text: St Benet's Abbey

text: John Paston

text: Paston Letters

text: chantry

text: Magdalen College

text: Oxford

text: Henry VI, part 1

text: Henry IV, part 1

text: John Oldcastle

text: Lollardy

text: Koei

text: Robert Nye

text: Ensemble Studios

text: Kippis

text: Caister Castle

categories: Medieval English knights,Knights of the Garter,1380 births,1459 deaths,14th-century English people,15th-century English people,People from Caister-on-Sea,English landowners

paragraph: John Fastolf

paragraph: Sir John Fastolf (6 November 1380 – 5 November 1459) was a late medieval English landowner and knight who fought in the Hundred Years' War. He has enjoyed a more lasting reputation as the prototype, in some part, of Shakespeare's character Sir John Falstaff. Many historians consider, however, that he deserves to be famous in his own right, not only as a soldier, but as a patron of literature, a writer on strategy and perhaps as an early industrialist.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage and family.

paragraph: Coming from a minor gentry family in Norfolk, John Fastolf was born on 6 November 1380 at the manor house of Caister Hall, a family possession which he later turned into Caister Castle, but which now little remains aside from the water-filled moat. The son of Sir John Fastolf (died 1383) and Mary Park (died 2 May 1406), he belonged to an ancient Norfolk family originally seated at Great Yarmouth, where it is recorded from the thirteenth century. Notable members of the family in earlier generations included Thomas Fastolf, Bishop of St David's, and his brother, Nicholas Fastolf, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. Many of the name had been bailiffs of Great Yarmouth since the time of Edward I, and a certain Hugh Fastolf was sheriff of Norfolk in 1390.

paragraph: On 13 January 1409, in Ireland, Fastolf married Millicent Tibetot (1368–1446), daughter and co-heiress of Robert, Lord Tiptoft, and widow of Sir Stephen Scrope (son of Richard, Lord Scrope). This marriage brought him significant amounts of land, including the manors of Castle Combe and Bathampton in Wiltshire, Oxenton in Gloucestershire, and several properties in Somerset and Yorkshire. These lands brought him an income of £240 per annum, a considerable sum which amounted to five times the revenue Fastolf gained from his own estates. He settled an amount of £100 a year on his wife for her own use, but otherwise held her estates for himself until his death, at the expense of Millicent's son by her first marriage, Stephen Scrope (Fastolf's stepson). Fastolf's wife was significantly older than him, and the couple had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: According to Fastolf's biographer Stephen Cooper, given his family's background Fastolf must have received an appropriate education for the standards of the time. In a court testimony given in France, 1435, he claimed to have visited Jerusalem as a boy, between 1392 and 1393, which must have been in the company of Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV. Fastolf is said to have been squire to Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, before the latter was banished in 1398.

paragraph: Fastolf's whereabouts during the Lancastrian coup of 1399 (when Henry IV seized the crown from Richard II) are unknown, but in 1401 he entered the retinue of King Henry IV's second son, Thomas of Lancaster (later Duke of Clarence), under whose service he would remain until 1415. Thomas had been appointed by his father to keep order in Ireland, and it was here that Fastolf first saw military action. Fastolf's commanding officer was Sir Stephen Scrope, whose widow he married after his death in 1408.

paragraph: Section::::Hundred Years' War.

paragraph: Section::::Hundred Years' War.:Early service in France.

paragraph: From 1415 to 1439 he was in northern France, where he served under Henry V and the king's brother, the Duke of Bedford. He took part in the siege of Harfleur in 1415, but was invalided home and so missed Agincourt, though he returned to defend Harfleur against the French attempt to recapture it in the winter of 1415–1416. He was Bedford's Master of the Household, and was Governor of the province of Maine and Anjou, and on 25 February 1426 created a Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. Fastolf was also appointed a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, but the appointment was revoked in 1429. Later in this year he was superseded in his command by John Talbot; and he became a somewhat controversial figure after the Siege of Orléans—see below. After a visit to England in 1428, he returned to the war, and on 12 February 1429 when in charge of the convoy for the English army before Orléans defeated the French and Scots at the Battle of the Herrings. In his biography of Fastolf "The Real Falstaff" (2010), Stephen Cooper re-locates this battle from Rouvray-Saint-Denis to Rouvray-Sainte-Croix.

paragraph: Section::::Hundred Years' War.:Encounters with Joan of Arc.

paragraph: During the 1429 Siege of Orléans, the French had planned to abandon the city after they heard rumours (which were true) that John Fastolf was coming with a force to reinforce the English besiegers. Jean de Dunois (known as "The Bastard of Orléans" as he was the illegitimate son of Louis I, Duke of Orléans) decided not to tell Joan of Arc and leave her out of leadership decisions, to which she famously responded:

paragraph: She went on to take towns in the Loire Valley, including Jargeau on 12 June 1429, even though Fastolf had attempted to reinforce with troops and gunpowder weapons. After a result of this string of unexpected sudden defeats, Talbot and Fastolf resolved to confront the French in battle to put an end to their success, thus leading to the Battle of Patay on 18 June 1429. Joan was leading this army and was present in the battle, although how much of a role she had in it is disputed.

paragraph: Section::::Hundred Years' War.:The Battle of Patay and Fastolf's reputation.

paragraph: Patay was a serious defeat for the English. 200–300 men were killed and over 2000 captured, including Talbot. Fastolf had, however, escaped. According to the French historian Jehan de Waurin, who was present, the disaster was due to Talbot's rashness, and Fastolf only fled when resistance was hopeless. Other accounts charge him with cowardice, and it is true that John, Duke of Bedford suspended him from the Order of the Garter and he was subject of accusations of cowardice from Talbot. Eventually, in 1442, an inquiry was convened by the Order of the Garter, probably at Fastolf's insistence. This found in Fastolf's favour and he was honourably reinstated to the order. This incident was unfavourably depicted by Shakespeare in "Henry VI, Part 1" (act IV scene I). In all, it took Fastolf thirteen years to clear his name and even then, his reputation was still tainted.

paragraph: Section::::Hundred Years' War.:Later career.

paragraph: Fastolf continued to serve with honour in France, and was trusted both by Bedford and by Richard of York. Despite the scandal associated with the Patay incident, he held a number of military commands, including captaincies of Honfleur (1424–34), Verneuil (1429), and Caen (1430–37).

paragraph: In 1435, he drafted a document variously referred to as a report or memorandum proposing a new strategic approach to the war in France. In it, he criticizes current policy based on a war of sieges and proposes instead an offensive strategy based on large scale chevauchées. The document is a rare surviving example of military strategic thinking by a professional soldier of the Middle Ages.

paragraph: He only came home finally in 1440, when past sixty years of age. But the scandal against him continued, and during Cade's rebellion in 1450 he was charged by the rebels with having been the cause of the English disasters through "diminishing the garrisons of Normandy".

paragraph: Section::::Property and investments.

paragraph: Fastolf, like other English soldiers, profited from the wars in France by obtaining lands in the conquered territories. He was given Frileuse near Harfleur by Henry V and went on to build a considerable property portfolio in Normandy, including four manors in the Pays de Caux worth £200 per annum. Later, he became the Baron of Sillé-le-Guillaume and therefore a member of the peerage there, a position he never attained at home. But the instability of English rule cost him much in lost revenues. His Pays de Caux manors had an income of only £8 after the Norman revolt of 1435. He began in the 1430s to sell off his properties but he still in 1445 held properties in France worth £401, including 10 castles, 15 manors and an inn. All this was lost in the French reconquest.

paragraph: Section::::"Cruel and vengible he hath been ever…".

paragraph: In the 1950s the Oxford academic K. B. McFarlane showed that Fastolf made large sums of money in France, which he managed to transfer back to England and invest in land and property. At the time, his reputation was mixed. One servant wrote of him: "cruel and vengible he hath been ever, and for the most part without pity and mercy" ("Paston Letters", i. 389); and this remark has become famous because it was recorded in the letter. Besides his share in his wife's property he had large estates in Norfolk and Suffolk, a house at Southwark in London and where he also owned the Boar's Head Inn. The site of his house at Southwark, known as Fastolf Place or Palace, was excavated in the 1990s, but only a few pieces of revetment were found.

paragraph: From 1435, and more so in retirement, he was the author of numerous memoranda, which he fired off to the government of the day, about the strategy and policy to be pursued with regard to the war in France. These were preserved by his secretary William Worcester and eventually published by the Reverend Joseph Stevenson in the nineteenth century. He also sat at the centre of an important literary circle, which produced manuscripts in French and English for him.

paragraph: His last years were troubled by litigation and disputes regarding his East Anglian estates, in which he was helped by both John Paston, to whom he was related through Paston's wife, Margaret, and Sir William Yelverton, and by factional fighting at court which ultimately led to the so-called Wars of the Roses. Paston and Yelverton would go on to be two of the main protagonists in the battles over his property after his death. Fastolf was inclined to sympathise with Richard, Duke of York, whom he had known and served in France, but it would be an exaggeration to say that he ever became a 'Yorkist'. He was a widower throughout the last decade of his life, when he lived at Southwark and Caister, and he had no heir. He seems to have been a somewhat lonely figure, and made several attempts to draft a will, establishing a Chantry College at Caister Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: He died at Caister on 5 November 1459. He was buried next to his wife Millicent in St Benet's Abbey in an aisle specially built at his expense on the south side of the abbey church, of which he had been a generous benefactor. During the last decade of his life he was a close political ally and friend of John Paston, who came to fame through the "Paston Letters", a collection of over 1,000 items of correspondence between members of the Paston family. Fastolf's deathbed testament naming John Paston as his executor and heir led to many years of litigation. The ruins of St Benet's Abbey may still be visited, as may the ruins of Caister Castle. The Castle never became home to a chantry, as Fastolf intended. Instead, it passed to the Paston family. The bulk of Sir John's fortune passed to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he is remembered as a benefactor, and where there is a Fastolf Society.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural portrayals.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural portrayals.:Shakespeare.

paragraph: Fastolf appears in Shakespeare's early play Henry VI, part 1 as a cowardly knight who abandons the heroic Lord Talbot. In the first two folios the name of the character is given as 'Falstaffe' not Fastolf. When Shakespeare came to write Henry IV, part 1, set in the early years of Fastolf's career, he created a disreputable boon companion for the young Prince Hal called Sir John Oldcastle. The descendants of the real Oldcastle complained, so the name was changed to Sir John Falstaff, under which name he is identified in three later plays.

paragraph: The tradition of Fastolf's braggart cowardice may have suggested the use of his name. Some writers have also suggested that Fastolf favoured Lollardy, which was also associated with Oldcastle, so this circumstance may have aided the adoption of the name. Stephen Cooper considers that there is in fact no evidence that Fastolf was a Lollard, and substantial indications that he was in fact Catholic like his one-time master Henry V.

paragraph: Other points of resemblance between the historic Fastolf and the Falstaff of the dramatist are to be found in their service under Thomas Mowbray, and association with a Boar's Head Inn. But Falstaff is in no true sense a dramatisation of the real soldier, more an amalgam of a few real personages with a dash of creative licence. Indeed, the aged Falstaff dies early in the reign of Henry V, when Fastolf was midway through his career.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural portrayals.:Later portrayals.

paragraph: Fastolf appears as a featured character in Koei's video game known as "", in which he is seen as a contributor to the cause of England, wielding a longsword as his primary weapon.

paragraph: He is the subject of a novel by Robert Nye entitled "Falstaff" (Publisher: Allison & Busby; New Ed edition (1 Oct 2001))

paragraph: Fastolf is also an opponent in Ensemble Studios , in the game's Joan of Arc campaign. Fastolf fights on England's side and his unit is a lance-wielding knight.

paragraph: Section::::Footnotes.

paragraph: br

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- , enlarged by Gough in Kippis's edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- . [ 1st ed.], [ 2nd ed.]

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caister Castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fastolf not 'Falstaff': the soldier behind Shakespeare’s myth

description: English knight

wikidata_label: John Fastolf

wikipedia_title: John Fastolf


text: Quran 18

text: Gog and Magog

text: end of the world

text: Day of Resurrection

text: Alexander the Great

text: al kahf

text: revealed

text: Alexander the Great

text: Scythians

text: Gog and Magog

text: Caucasus mountains

text: Flavius Josephus

text: al-Tabari

text: Zeus-Ammon

text: Hellenistic

text: Great Wall of China

text: Idrisi

text: Roger of Sicily

text: Mongolia

text: Sassanid Persia

text: Caspian area

text: shariah

text: Persian

text: Al-Ghazali

text: Thousand and One Nights

text: Sufi

text: Rumi

text: Mount Qof

text: Alborz

text: Iran

text: earthquakes

text: Esrafil

text: archangel Raphael

text: Day of Judgement

text: Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain

text: Sumatra

text: Minangkabau

text: Rajendra Chola

text: Malay Annals

text: Alexander the Great

text: only one god

text: Ra

text: Zeus

text: Imru'l-Qays

text: Lakhmids

text: Messiah ben Joseph

text: Yemenite Jew

text: Dhu Nawas

text: Cyrus the Great

text: Achaemenid Persia

text: Alexander the Great in legend

text: Alexander the Great in the Quran

text: Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain

text: Bukhari

text: Hadith

categories: People of the Quran,Alexander the Great in legend,Arabic words and phrases,Mythological kings,Cyrus the Great,Islamic mythology

paragraph: Dhul-Qarnayn

paragraph: Dhul-Qarnayn, ( "", ), (Lit.: "He of the Two Horns"), appears in Quran 18:83-101 as one who travels to east and west and erects a wall between mankind and Gog and Magog (called Ya'juj and Ma'juj). Elsewhere the Quran tells how the end of the world would be signaled by the release of Gog and Magog from behind the wall, and their destruction by God in a single night would usher in the Day of Resurrection ("Yawm al-Qiyāmah)". The story has its origins in legends of Alexander the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Quran 18:83-101.

paragraph: The story of Dhul-Qarnayn is related in chapter 18 of the Quran, "al kahf" (""The Cave""). This chapter was supposedly revealed to Muhammad when his tribe, Quraysh, sent two men to discover whether the Jews, with their superior knowledge of the scriptures, could advise them on whether Muhammad was a true prophet of God. The rabbis told them to ask Muhammad about three things, one of them "about a man who travelled and reached the east and the west of the earth, what was his story". "If he tells you about these things, then he is a prophet, so follow him, but if he does not tell you, then he is a man who is making things up, so deal with him as you see fit." (Verses ).

paragraph: The verses of the chapter reproduced below show Dhul-Qarnayn traveling first to the Western edge of the world where he sees the sun set in a muddy spring, then to the furthest East where he sees it rise from the ocean, and finally northward to a place in the mountains where he finds a people oppressed by Gog and Magog:

paragraph: Section::::The Alexander Romance and Dhul-Qarnayn.:Alexander Romance.

paragraph: The story of Dhul-Qarnayn has its origins in legends of Alexander the Great current in the Middle East in the early years of the Christian era. According to these the Scythians, the descendants of Gog and Magog, once defeated one of Alexander's generals, upon which Alexander built a wall in the Caucasus mountains to keep them out of civilised lands (the basic elements are found in Flavius Josephus). The legend went through much further elaboration in subsequent centuries before eventually finding its way into the Quran through a Syrian version.

paragraph: The reasons behind the name "Two-Horned" are somewhat obscure: the scholar al-Tabari (839-923 CE) held it was because he went from one extremity ("horn") of the world to the other, but it may ultimately derive from the image of Alexander wearing the horns of the ram-god Zeus-Ammon, as popularised on coins throughout the Hellenistic Near East. The wall Dhul-Qarnayn builds on his northern journey may have reflected a distant knowledge of the Great Wall of China (the 12th century scholar al-Idrisi drew a map for Roger of Sicily showing the "Land of Gog and Magog" in Mongolia), or of various Sassanid Persian walls built in the Caspian area against the northern barbarians, or a conflation of the two.

paragraph: Dhul-Qarneyn also journeys to the western and eastern extremities ("qarns", tips) of the Earth. In the west he finds the sun setting in a "muddy spring", equivalent to the "poisonous sea" which Alexander found in the Syriac legend. In the Syriac original Alexander tested the sea by sending condemned prisoners into it, but the Quran changes this into a general administration of justice. In the east both the Syrian legend and the Quran have Alexander/Dhul-Qarneyn find a people who live so close to the rising sun that they have no protection from its heat.

paragraph: "Qarn" also means "period" or "century", and the name Dhul-Qarnayn therefore has a symbolic meaning as "He of the Two Ages", the first being the mythological time when the wall is built and the second the age of the end of the world when Allah's shariah, the divine law, is removed and Gog and Magog are to be set loose. Modern Islamic apocalyptic writers, holding to a literal reading, put forward various explanations for the absence of the wall from the modern world, some saying that Gog and Magog were the Mongols and that the wall is now gone, others that both the wall and Gog and Magog are present but invisible.

paragraph: Section::::The Alexander Romance and Dhul-Qarnayn.:Later literature.

paragraph: Dhul-Qarnayn the traveller was a favourite subject for later writers. In one of many Arabic and Persian versions of the meeting of Alexander with the Indian sages, the poet and philosopher Al-Ghazali (Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī, 1058–1111) wrote of how Dhul-Qarnayn came across a people who had no possessions but dug graves at the doors of their houses; their king explained that they did this because the only certainty in life is death. Ghazali's version later made its way into the "Thousand and One Nights".

paragraph: The Sufi poet Rumi (Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī, 1207-1273), perhaps the most famous of medieval Persian poets, described Dhul Qarnayn's eastern journey. The hero ascends Mount Qof, the "mother" of all other mountains (identified with the Alborz mountains on the northern border of Iran), which is made of emerald and forms a ring encircling the entire Earth with veins under every land. At Dhul Qarnayn's request the mountain explains the origin of earthquakes: when God wills, the mountain causes one of its veins to throb, and thus an earthquake results. Elsewhere on the great mountain Dhul Qarnayn meets Esrafil (the archangel Raphael), standing ready to blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgement.

paragraph: The Malay-language "Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain" traces the ancestry of several Southeast Asian royal families, such as the Sumatra Minangkabau royalty, from Iskandar Zulkarnain, through Raja Rajendra Chola (Raja Suran, Raja Chola) in the "Malay Annals".

paragraph: Section::::People identified with Dhul-Qarnayn.

paragraph: Muslim commentators generally identified Dhul Qarnayn with Alexander the Great, but some have objected that this cannot be so: Alexander lived only a short time, whereas Dhul-Qarnayn lived for 700 years as a sign of God's blessing; Dhul-Qarnayn worshipped only one god, while Alexander was a polytheist, proudly referring to himself at times as the "Son of Ra" or the "Son of Zeus". Other candidates have been suggested:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imru'l-Qays (died 328 CE), a prince of the Lakhmids of southern Mesopotamia, an ally first of Persia and then of Rome, celebrated in romance for his exploits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Messiah ben Joseph", a fabulous military saviour expected by Yemenite Jews and associated in folk-lore with Dhu Nawas, a semi-legendary 6th century Yemenite king.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyrus the Great, the 6th century BCE Achaemenid Persian conqueror, although there is no evidence that the earliest Muslim commentators made this connection.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander the Great in legend

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander the Great in the Quran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahih Bukhari, English Translation, Hadith number 6326

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathir, 2002. "Tafsir Ibn Kathir. Surah Al-Kahf". Electronic web-only document last updated 26 October 2002. Tafsir.com. Extracted on 22 September 2010 from https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012021/http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=18&tid=29908

alias:
Dhu al-Qarnayn
Qissat Dhulqarnayn
Qissat Dhi al-Qarnayn

description: figure in  Quran

wikidata_label: Dhul-Qarnayn

wikipedia_title: Dhul-Qarnayn


text:
French
Renaissance
polychoral
Venetian School
Italy
Requiem
Pierre de Ronsard
Marin Mersenne
Paris
Académie de Poésie et de Musique
Jean Antoine de Baïf
musique mesurée à l'antique
ancient Greek music
Joachim Thibault de Courville
French Wars of Religion
Claude Le Jeune
chanson
rhythm
French
harmonic
airs de cour
lute
psalm
Vespers
Tenebrae
hymn
mass
motet
Venetian
viol consort
viol
Gustave Reese
IMSLP

categories: 1557 births,French male classical composers,1627 deaths,French classical composers,Musicians from Paris

paragraph: Jacques Mauduit

paragraph: Jacques Mauduit (16 September 1557 – 21 August 1627) was a French composer of the late Renaissance. He was one of the most innovative French composers of the late 16th century, combining voices and instruments in new ways, and importing some of the grand polychoral style of the Venetian School from Italy; he also composed a famous Requiem for the funeral of Pierre de Ronsard.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Much of the biographical information about Mauduit comes from the writings of Marin Mersenne. Mauduit was born in Paris, and being an aristocrat, received an excellent education in humanities, languages and philosophy, but was evidently self-taught in music. Mauduit was a member of the Académie de Poésie et de Musique, the secretive group founded by Jean Antoine de Baïf to promote "musique mesurée à l'antique", an attempt to recreate the rhetorical and ethical effect of ancient Greek music using modern French poetry and music. After the death of Joachim Thibault de Courville in 1581, Mauduit became the principal musician of the Académie.

paragraph: Evidently Mauduit was a man of some personal courage, for during the siege of Paris in 1589–1590, in the closing phase of the bloody French Wars of Religion, he assisted Claude Le Jeune in escaping from the city (had he been caught, both would have been executed), and he also helped save much of Le Jeune's music as well as the unpublished work of Baïf. He outlived all of the other composers of the Académie, dying in Paris in 1627.

paragraph: Section::::Music and influence.

paragraph: Mauduit was a prolific composer of chansons in the relatively recent style of musique mesurée, in which the rhythmic values assigned to notes exactly matched the stresses of the French words, typically in a 2:1 ratio of stressed to unstressed. While he never achieved the fame of Claude Le Jeune, part of this may have been due to Mersenne's failure to publish his complete works, a project which he promised but never completed. Mauduit's style was simple and clear, setting texts without alteration, and achieving variety using mostly harmonic means.

paragraph: While his five-voice Requiem mass for Pierre de Ronsard dates from 1585, Mauduit's first publication was a collection of "Chansonnettes mesurées de Jean-Antoine de Baïf", for four voices (1586). This collection was the first publication consisting exclusively of "musique mesurée". Much of his music from the late 16th century is presumed to be lost.

paragraph: He was also a composer of airs de cour for solo voice and lute, as well as a ballet "La déliverance de Renaud" for 92 singers and 45 instrumentalists, which was performed in 1617.

paragraph: Among lost works mentioned by Mersenne are over 300 psalm settings, Vespers, Tenebrae settings, 104 hymns, masses and motets; indeed Mauduit may have suffered one of the highest percentages of lost music of any major composer of the late Renaissance.

paragraph: Mauduit continued to use the technique of musique mesurée into the 17th century, and in contexts for which it was not originally intended, such as large settings for groups of voices and instruments, some of which may have been in the Venetian style. Mersenne also credited Mauduit with introducing the viol consort into France; he also claimed that it was Mauduit who suggested adding the sixth string to the viol.

paragraph: Section::::References and further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Dobbins: "Jacques Mauduit," in "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Reese, "Music in the Renaissance". New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanice Brooks, "Courtly Song in Late Sixteenth-Century France". Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2000.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IMSLP

description: French composer

wikidata_label: Jacques Mauduit

wikipedia_title: Jacques Mauduit


text:
Psychotica
All Over Me
Rent
Burbank, California
The Seven Year Itch (play)
The Limelight
Tracii Guns
Kingdom Come
Rikki Rockett
Poison
go-go dancer
New York City
Atlanta
Los Angeles
Impotent Sea Snakes
Carrie Hamilton
Carol Burnett

categories: American male singers,American singers,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Pat Briggs

paragraph: Pat Briggs is the lead singer of the glam rock band Psychotica. He also played the role of gay rock musician Luke in "All Over Me" in 1997 and was once briefly associated with Bill Hastings. In addition, he appeared in the New York Theatre Workshop version of "Rent", in the role of Tom Collins.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He started performing when he was eight when he went into a little theater in Burbank, California. He mistakenly had an audition for “The Seven Year Itch (play)” as he was the only kid in the theatre, he won the role of Little Ricky.

paragraph: His first music group was a short-lived glam rock band formed for The Limelight, consisting of Tracii Guns, Johnny B. Frank from Kingdom Come and Rikki Rockett (of Poison) on drums, and then Briggs as the backup singer. He then became a go-go dancer at the Limelight.

paragraph: In the 80’s, Briggs moved to New York City and started working at the Cat Club.

paragraph: In 1994, Briggs was the manager of a small New York City nightclub called Don Hill's, to help attract clients to the club, Briggs teamed with bassist and Don Hill bartender Tommy Salmorin to found "Psychotica".

paragraph: Briggs was instrumental in the creation of a theme night at a club in Atlanta called 'Glitterdome'. It was a night of sex, drag, and Rock n Roll. Briggs was typically dressed as his alter-ego, Torment, and would sing live with the Glitterdome band. It also featured other local drag queens from Atlanta as well as other nationally known stars.

paragraph: Briggs also had created the night in Los Angeles at the El Rey theater called Club Makeup, which the E! channel did a special documentary on. He also was the creator of Squeezebox in New York City. "Squeezebox! The Movie" premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 25, 2008.

paragraph: Briggs Briggs also sang and toured with a band called the Impotent Sea Snakes for a brief time.

paragraph: In late 2001, a close friend of Briggs', Carrie Hamilton, Carol Burnett's daughter was diagnosed with lung cancer. Briggs left Atlanta and returned to Los Angeles to be by her side. He spent almost the entire year in Los Angeles with her and her family supporting her through her illness. In January 2002, upon Miss Hamilton's urging, he returned to do another Glitterdome show in Atlanta. On January 20, 2002, immediately after his performance, he learned that Carrie Hamilton had died. Briggs returned to Los Angeles and took part in a six-page long interview in the November issue of "Popular 1" magazine. The article includes never before seen pictures of Briggs. The interview was done in July 2008, only a few weeks before the news of the reunion of Psychotica, who signed with Toxic Shock Records.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Pat Briggs

wikipedia_title: Pat Briggs


text: Middle Persian

text: Zoroastrian

text: Shapur I

text: Res Gestae Divi Saporis

text: Paikuli inscription

text: Narseh

text: Fars Province

text: Pars

text: Hormizd I

text: Bahram I

text: Bahram II

text: Bahram III

text: Zoroastrian

text: Jews

text: Christians

text: Buddhists

text: Hindus

text: Manichaeism

text: Mani

text: Hormizd I

text: mowbed

text: Narseh

text: Armenia

text: Roman

text: Gundishapur

text: Jesus

text: Jerusalem

text: Bahram II

text: wuzurgan

text: Anahid fire-temple

text: Istakhr

text: Christians

text: Jews

text: Mandeans

text: Manichaeans

text: Buddhists

text: Bahram III

text: Mesopotamia

text: Garamig

text: Zoroastrian

text: Paikuli inscription

text: Kartir's inscription at Naghsh-e Rajab

text: inscription on the Ka'ba-i Zartosht

text: inscription at Naqsh-e Rajab

categories: 3rd-century deaths,3rd-century births,3rd-century Iranian people,3rd-century clergy,Zoroastrian priests

paragraph: Kartir

paragraph: Kartir (also spelled Karder, Karter and Kerdir; Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭫𐭲𐭩𐭫 "Kardīr") was a powerful and influential Zoroastrian priest during the reigns of four Sasanian kings in the 3rd-century. His name is cited in the inscriptions of Shapur I (as well as in the "Res Gestae Divi Saporis") and the Paikuli inscription of Narseh. Kartir also had inscriptions of his own made in the present-day Fars Province (then known as Pars). His inscriptions narrates his rise to power throughout the reigns of Shapur I (), Hormizd I (), Bahram I (), and Bahram II (). During the brief reign of Bahram II's son and successor Bahram III, Kartir was amongst the nobles who supported the rebellion of Narseh, who overthrew Bahram III and ascended the throne. During Narseh's reign, Kartir fades into obscurity, due not doing anything noteworthy as high priest.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under Shapur I and Hormizd I.

paragraph: Kartir first appears in historical records in Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, which was most likely created between 260–262. Kartir is the only religious bureaucrat mentioned in the inscription. Shapur I, a "lukewarm Zoroastrian" was known for his religious tolerance towards other religions. Although admiring the teachings of his own religion and encouraging the Zoroastrian clergy, Shapur I let the Jews, Christians, Buddhists, and Hindus to freely practice their religion. He was also friendly towards the founder of Manichaeism, Mani, whom he allowed to preach freely and even to be an escort in his military expeditions.

paragraph: Shapur I religious practices seems to have been somewhat unusual, with animal sacrifice being made for the soul of the kings and queens of the Sasanian family. This presumably seemed "pagan" to a Zoroastrian priest, which may have been the just what the shah's faith was. Kartir, who "abhorred animal sacrifice" was unable to stop Shapur I from doing them. Shapur I died in 270, and was succeeded by Hormizd I, who gave Kartir clothes that were worn by the upper class, the cap and belt ("kulāf ud kamarband") and appointed him as the chief priest ("mowbed").

paragraph: Hormizd I died the following year; Bahram I, who was never considered a candidate for succession of the throne by his father, ascended the throne with the aid of Kartir, whose authority and influence had greatly increased. Bahram I then made a settlement with his brother Narseh to give up his entitlement to the throne in return for the governorship of the important frontier province of Armenia, which was constantly the source of war between the Roman and Sasanian Empires. Narseh held the title of "Vazurg Šāh Arminān" ("Great King of Armenia"), which was used by the heir to the throne. Nevertheless, Narseh still most likely viewed Bahram I as a usurper.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under Bahram I.

paragraph: The previous Sasanian shahs had pursued a policy of religious tolerance towards the non-Zoroastrian minorities in the empire. However, with Bahram I's accession to the throne, and the rise of the authority of the Zoroastrian priesthood and the increasing influence of Kartir, this changed; when Mani reached the city of Gundishapur, much uproar occurred, in the same fashion as Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. Kartir, along with other Zoroastrian priests protested and made Bahram I have Mani imprisoned and sentenced to death in 274.

paragraph: Mani's death was followed by the persecution of his followers by Kartir and the Zoroastrian clergy, who used the persecution of religious minorities as a method to increase and spread their vast influence. Mani was seen by the Zoroastrian clergy as heterogeneous philosopher and a threatening pagan who was presenting an obscure perception of Zoroastrianism, which had been tainted by non-Zoroastrian (i.e., Jewish, Buddhist, and Christian) ideas. With the backing of Bahram I, Kartir laid foundations to a Zoroastrian state church. As a result, Bahram I became applauded in Sasanian-based sources as a "benevolent and worthy king." His son Bahram II succeeded him as shah; he may have been aided by Kartir to ascended the throne instead of Narseh. This most likely frustrated Narseh, who had now been neglected from succession several times.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under Bahram II, Bahram III and Narseh.

paragraph: Bahram II, like his father, received Kartir well. He saw him as his mentor, and handed out several honors to Kartir, giving him the rank of grandee ("wuzurgan"), and appointing him as the supreme judge ("dadwar") of the whole empire, which indicates that thenceforth priests were given the office of judge. Kartir was also appointed the steward of the Anahid fire-temple at Istakhr, which had originally been under the care of the Sasanian family. The Sasanian kings thus lost much of their religious authority in the empire. The clergy from now on served as judges all over the country, with court cases most likely being based on Zoroastrian jurisprudence, with the expection of when representatives of other religions had conflicts with each other. It is thus under Bahram II that Kartir unquestionably becomes a powerful figure in the empire; he started persecuting the non-Zoroastrian minorities, such as the Christians, Jews, Mandeans, Manichaeans, and Buddhists. Before Bahram II, all the previous Sasanian shahs had been "lukewarm Zoroastrians." He died in 293 and was succeeded by his son Bahram III.

paragraph: Four months into Bahram III's reign, Narseh was summoned to Mesopotamia at the request of many members of the Iranian nobility. He met them in the passage of Paikuli in the province of Garamig, where he was firmly approved and likely also declared shah for the first time. The reasons behind the nobles favour of Narseh might have been due to his jurisdiction as governor, his image as a advocate of the Zoroastrian religion and as an insurer for harmony and prosperity of the empire. His ancestry from the early Sasanian family probably also played a role. Kartir was one of those nobles who supported Narseh, which is attested in the Paikuli inscription. Narseh's reign marked the return to the policy of religious tolerance which had been practiced by his father. Kartir fades into obscurity in historical records under Narseh, due not doing anything noteworthy as high priest.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kartir's inscription at Naghsh-e Rajab

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kartir's inscription on the Ka'ba-i Zartosht and the inscription at Naqsh-e Rajab from

description: Zoroastrian high-priest of the late 3rd century

wikidata_label: Kartir

wikipedia_title: Kartir


text: Major League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Chicago Cubs

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Baseball Hall of Fame

text: Elba, Nebraska

text: Grover Cleveland

text: semi-professional

text: Galesburg

text: Illinois–Missouri League

text: Syracuse Stars

text: New York State League

text: City Series

text: Athletics

text: catcher

text: Bill Killefer

text: Triple Crown

text: Pickles Dillhoefer

text: Mike Prendergast

text: William Baker

text: Manhattan, Kansas

text: mustard gas

text: epilepsy

text: shell shock

text: waiver

text: New York Yankees

text: World Series

text: Bob O'Farrell

text: The Glory of Their Times

text: Jesse Haines

text: Tony Lazzeri

text: Babe Ruth

text: Christy Mathewson

text: errors

text: total chances

text: fielding percentage

text: batting average

text: home runs

text: runs batted in

text: J. L. Wilkinson

text: Kansas City Monarchs

text: Satchel Paige

text: John Donaldson

text: Newt Joseph

text: Chet Brewer

text: Andy Cooper

text: 1950 World Series

text: Yankee Stadium

text: St. Paul, Nebraska

text: The Winning Team

text: Ronald Reagan

text: Bill James

text: "The Sporting News"

text: Major League Baseball All-Century Team

text: Line-Up for Yesterday

text: Ogden Nash

text: 1926 World Series

text: Alexander the Great

text: 300 win club

text: Major League Baseball Triple Crown

text: Major League Baseball titles leaders

text: Grover Cleveland Alexander

text: Grover Cleveland Alexander

text: Grover Cleveland Alexander

categories: National League Pitching Triple Crown winners,Galesburg Boosters players,Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players,Chicago Cubs players,National League ERA champions,Dallas Steers players,National League strikeout champions,Baseball players from Nebraska,National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees,Philadelphia Phillies players,National League wins champions,St. Louis Cardinals players,Major League Baseball pitchers,People from St. Paul, Nebraska,1950 deaths,1887 births

paragraph: Grover Cleveland Alexander

paragraph: Grover Cleveland Alexander (February 26, 1887 – November 4, 1950), nicknamed "Old Pete", was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He played from 1911 through 1930 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, and St. Louis Cardinals. He was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alexander was born in Elba, Nebraska, in the first term of President Grover Cleveland and was one of thirteen children. He played semi-professional baseball in his youth, signing his first professional contract at age 20 in 1907 for $50 per month. In 1909 he played for the Galesburg Boosters in the Class D Illinois–Missouri League and went 15-8 that year. His career was almost ended when he was struck by a thrown ball while baserunning. Although this ended his 1909 season, he recovered by 1910 to become a star pitcher again, finishing with a 29-11 record for the Syracuse Stars in the Class B New York State League, before being sold to the Philadelphia Phillies for $750.

paragraph: Section::::Major League Baseball career.

paragraph: Alexander made his Philadelphia debut during the pre-season 1911 City Series, pitching five innings of no-hit, no-run baseball against the Athletics. He made his official Major League debut on April 15. He was joined on the Phillies that year by catcher Bill Killefer, who went on to become Alexander's favorite receiver, catching 250 of his games.

paragraph: In his rookie year, Alexander led the league with 28 wins (a modern-day rookie record), 31 complete games, 367 innings pitched, and seven shutouts, while finishing second in strikeouts and fourth in ERA. From 1912 to 1921, Alexander led the league in ERA five times (1915–17, 1919, and 1920), wins five times (1914–17, 1920), innings six times (1912, 1914–17, 1920), strikeouts six times (1912, 1914–1917, 1920), complete games five times (1914–1917, 1920), and shutouts five times (1915, 1916 [a single-season record 16], 1917, 1919, 1921). He won pitching's Triple Crown in 1915, 1916, and 1920, and is sometimes credited with a fourth in 1917. In 1915, he was instrumental in leading the Phillies to their first pennant, and he pitched a record five one-hitters. Along the way Alexander began to have problems with alcohol, a struggle that would plague him the rest of his life. In 1915, he won his first World Series game (the opening game of that series), for the Phillies. It would be 65 years before the Phillies won another World Series game.

paragraph: After the 1917 season, the Phillies traded Alexander and catcher Bill Killefer to the Cubs for catcher Pickles Dillhoefer, pitcher Mike Prendergast, and $60,000. Phillies owner William Baker later admitted, "I needed the money".

paragraph: Alexander was drafted and one month before shipping out, he married Amy Marie Arrants on May 31 in a courthouse ceremony in Manhattan, Kansas (the couple divorced in 1929, remarried in 1931, and divorced again in 1941).

paragraph: Alexander spent most of the season in France as a sergeant with the 342nd Field Artillery. While he was serving in France, he was exposed to German mustard gas and a shell exploded near him, causing partial hearing loss and triggering the onset of epilepsy. Following his return from the war, Alexander suffered from shell shock and was plagued with epileptic seizures, which only exacerbated his drinking problem. Although people often misinterpreted his seizure-related problems as drunkenness, Alexander hit the bottle particularly hard as a result of the physical and emotional injuries inflicted by the war, which plagued him for the rest of his life.

paragraph: In spite of all this, Alexander gave Chicago several successful years and won another pitching triple crown in 1920. Tiring of his increasing drunkenness and insubordination that was often directly related to his epilepsy, the Cubs sold him to the Cardinals in the middle of the 1926 season for the waiver price.

paragraph: The Cardinals won the National League pennant that year and met the New York Yankees in the World Series, where Alexander pitched complete game victories in Games 2 and 6. According to teammate Bob O'Farrell in "The Glory of Their Times", after the game six victory, Alexander got drunk that night and was still feeling the effects when he was sent out to pitch the next day in Game 7. Alexander came to the game in the seventh inning after starter Jesse Haines developed a blister, with the Cardinals ahead 3–2, the bases loaded and two out. Facing Yankee slugger Tony Lazzeri, Alexander struck him out and then held the Yankees scoreless for two more innings to preserve the win and give St. Louis the championship. The final out of the 7th game was made when Babe Ruth tried to steal second base.

paragraph: He had one last 20-win season for the Cardinals in 1927, but his continued drinking finally did him in. He left major league baseball after a brief return to the Phillies in 1930.

paragraph: Alexander's 90 shutouts are a National League record and his 373 wins are tied with Christy Mathewson for first in the National League record book. He is also tied for third all time in wins, tenth in innings pitched (5190), second in shutouts, and eighth in hits allowed (4868). At the time of Alexander's final victory in August 1929, the news media reported that he had broken Mathewson's career victories record of 372. In the 1940s Mathewson was discovered to have qualified for an additional victory (May 21, 1912) and his total was officially upped to 373 and into a tie with Alexander. Alexander posted a lifetime winning percentage of , compared to Mathewson's .665. Alexander has the most career wins of any pitcher who never threw a no-hitter.

paragraph: Alexander was a good fielding pitcher for his era, committing only 25 errors in 1,633 total chances for a career .985 fielding percentage. As a hitter, he accumulated 378 hits in 1,810 at-bats for a .209 batting average with 11 home runs and 163 runs batted in in a 20-year career.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and legacy.

paragraph: During the late 1930s and early 1940s, Alexander continued to play baseball, touring as a player-coach for the Grover Cleveland Alexander's House of David Team. The team's tour was managed by J. L. Wilkinson and often played against the Kansas City Monarchs. Alexander played with and against many of the Negro League stars of the day, including Satchel Paige, John Donaldson, Newt Joseph, Chet Brewer, and Andy Cooper.

paragraph: Alexander was elected to Baseball's Hall of Fame in 1938, the third year of the Hall. Alexander was the only player elected that year.

paragraph: Alexander attended game three of the 1950 World Series at Yankee Stadium where he saw the Phillies lose to the Yankees. He died less than a month later, on November 4 in St. Paul, Nebraska, at the age of 63.

paragraph: Alexander was the subject of the 1952 biographical film "The Winning Team", portrayed by Ronald Reagan. Baseball writer Bill James called the film "an awful movie, a "Reader's Digest" movie, reducing the events of Alexander's life to a cliché." The film earned an estimated $1.7 million at the North American box office in 1952. Alexander has the unique distinction of being named after one U.S. president and being played on-screen by another.

paragraph: In 1999, he ranked number 12 on "The Sporting News" list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Since he played before the Phillies adopted uniform numbers, the block-letter "P" from the 1915 season uniforms was retired by the team in 2001 to honor his career with them.

paragraph: Alexander is the first player mentioned in the poem "Line-Up for Yesterday" by Ogden Nash:

paragraph: Section::::Nicknames.

paragraph: Newspapers often mentioned Alexander's full name when writing about him, in addition to just "Grover". He was also sometimes called "Alec", and on occasions when he succeeded in grand fashion (as with the 1926 World Series), they would call him "Alexander the Great". So dominant was he during the 1920s that many players and writers of his era referred to him as "the best pitcher to ever put on a pair of shoes".

paragraph: The origin of the nickname "Old Pete" is something of a mystery. It is uncertain how frequently Alexander was publicly called by that nickname during his playing days. When he won his 373rd game on August 10, 1929, one newspaper had called him "old Pete", indicating that the nickname was in public circulation. On his 1940 Playball baseball card he was referred to as "Ol' Pete." In "The World Series and Highlights of Baseball", by Lamont Buchanan, published in 1951, the year after Alexander died, on pp. 106–107 the author refers to "Pete Alexander" and "Ol' Pete" in a matter-of-fact way, suggesting the nickname was well known.

paragraph: His nickname among family friends in Nebraska was "Dode."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 300 win club

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major League Baseball Triple Crown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major League Baseball titles leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of St. Louis Cardinals team records

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grover Cleveland Alexander at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grover Cleveland Alexander at Baseball Almanac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grover Cleveland Alexander at The Deadball Era

paragraph: br

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Grover Cleveland Alexander

wikipedia_title: Grover Cleveland Alexander


text: Welsh

text: Cambridge University

text: Neolithic

text: Disney Professor of Archaeology

text: Antiquity

text: Lampeter Velfrey

text: Pembrokeshire

text: Narberth

text: Whitland

text: Wales

text: Llantwit Major

text: Vale of Glamorgan

text: Barry

text: University of Cambridge

text: geology

text: Cardiff University

text: Llandaff Cathedral

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: geography

text: archaeology

text: anthropology

text: Second World War

text: aerial photography

text: RAF

text: RAF Medmenham

text: Delhi

text: South-East Asian theatre

text: wing commander

text: WAAF

text: Buried Treasure

text: Kathleen Kenyon

text: Mortimer Wheeler

text: Noelle Middleton

text: Disney Professor of Archaeology

text: Antiquity

text: Neolithic

text: chamber tomb

text: game show

text: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?

text: Desert Island Discs

text: Colin Renfrew

text: pseudonym

text: Penguin Books

text: Thames & Hudson

text: "Antiquaries in Wales"

categories: 1914 births,People from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,Welsh archaeologists,Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge,20th-century Welsh writers,Academics of the University of Cambridge,Prehistorians,Welsh scientists,20th-century Welsh scientists,Alumni of Cardiff University,1986 deaths

paragraph: Glyn Daniel

paragraph: Glyn Edmund Daniel (23 April 1914 – 13 December 1986) was a Welsh scientist and archaeologist who taught at Cambridge University, where he specialised in the European Neolithic period. He was appointed Disney Professor of Archaeology in 1974 and edited the academic journal "Antiquity" from 1958 to 1985. In addition to early efforts to popularise archaeological study and antiquity on radio and television, he edited several popular studies of the fields. He also published mysteries under the pseudonym Dilwyn Rees.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Daniel was born in Lampeter Velfrey, Pembrokeshire, a small village between Narberth and Whitland in south-west Wales, as an only child. His father, John Daniel, was the village schoolmaster there. When Glyn Daniel was five he moved with his parents to Llantwit Major in the Vale of Glamorgan. He attended Barry County School for Boys in Barry, where his academic ability led to him being awarded a State Scholarship (which enabled him to go to the University of Cambridge) and a Glamorgan County Scholarship in 1931. The Glamorgan County Scholarship allowed Glyn Daniel to study geology at Cardiff University and the church organ at Llandaff Cathedral for a year. In 1932 he went up to St John's College, Cambridge, initially to read geography, and then archaeology and anthropology. He graduated with a first-class honours degree with distinction and remained at St John's for the rest of his academic career.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Daniel applied his talents at interpreting archaeological sites through aerial photography by working for the RAF's air photo reconnaissance unit at RAF Medmenham. He examined and analysed photos of enemy territory. In 1942 Daniel was sent to India to lead the Central Photographic Interpretation Section in Delhi, a mini-Medmenham for the South-East Asian theatre, ultimately achieving the rank of wing commander. A year after the war Daniel married one of his WAAF officers, Ruth Langhorne.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After the war Daniel returned to Cambridge to resume his academic life. In the years 1954-56 he presented the BBC archaeology programme "Buried Treasure", which featured guests such as Kathleen Kenyon, Sir Mortimer Wheeler, and actress Noelle Middleton. He became Disney Professor of Archaeology in 1974. From 1958 to 1985, he was editor of the academic journal "Antiquity". His main subject of study was Neolithic chamber tombs, although he also wrote books on the history of archaeology and archaeological thought.

paragraph: Daniel appeared on television. He was the host, often with Sir Mortimer Wheeler as a guest, of the game show "Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?". He was named Television Personality of the Year in 1955. In 1981 he appeared as the guest on "Desert Island Discs". He edited numerous popular studies of archaeological sites and cultures.

paragraph: He died in Cambridge and the McDonald Institute, University of Cambridge, have named the Glyn Daniel Laboratory for Archaeogenetics in his memory.

paragraph: Section::::Academic works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prehistoric Chamber Tombs of France" (1960),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Megalith Builders of Western Europe" (1963),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "150 Years of Archaeology" (1976), and

paragraph: BULLET::::- a number of articles in archaeological journals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His most accessible work for the general public is "The Idea of Prehistory" (1962), later updated in collaboration with Colin Renfrew, Edinburgh University Press, 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Detective fiction.

paragraph: Daniel wrote detective fiction under the pseudonym Dilwyn Rees. His novels "The Cambridge Murders" (1945) (later published in 1965 by Penguin Books under his own name) and "Welcome Death" (originally published under his own name in 1954) feature Sir Richard Cherrington, an eminent but slightly eccentric archaeologist who is the Vice-President of Fisher College – a character based on the author.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel, Glyn. "Some Small Harvest: The Memoirs of Glyn Daniel". London: Thames & Hudson, 1986.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antiquaries in Wales", "Amgueddfa Cymru" – National Museum Wales

description: British archaeologist

enwikiquote_title: Glyn Daniel

wikidata_label: Glyn Daniel

wikipedia_title: Glyn Daniel