text:
American football
tight end
Chicago Bears
National Football League
college football
Harvard
Forest Park High School
return specialist
2016 NFL Draft
Chicago Bears
Khari Lee
Tony Moeaki
Rob Housler
Greg Scruggs
Zach Miller
Logan Paulsen
Green Bay Packers
Harvard Crimson bio
Chicago Bears bio

categories: Living people,Chicago Bears players,American football tight ends,1994 births,Harvard Crimson football players,People from Dubois County, Indiana

paragraph: Ben Braunecker

paragraph: Ben Braunecker (born February 7, 1994) is an American football tight end for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Harvard.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Braunecker attended Forest Park High School in Indiana, where he played for the football team on offense, defense and special teams. He started for three years and was team captain for his senior year. In his high school career, Braunecker recorded 51 receptions for 1,254 yards and 16 touchdowns. As a return specialist, he had 29 kickoff returns for 1,005 yards, while on defense, he recorded 101 tackles and seven interceptions. He was twice named All-State (Honorable Mention); he was the Southwestern Indiana MVP and twice All-Conference.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In his senior year, Braunecker was named a consensus All-American as he was selected to the AP FCS All-America first team, the Walter Camp FCS All-America team, the STATS FCS All-America first team, AFCA FCS Coaches' All-America team and the College Sporting News Fabulous Fifty FCS All-America team. He was also honored on the College Sports Madness All-America first team and the InstantScouting FCS All-America team.

paragraph: He was also named first-team All-Ivy League when he recorded 48 catches for 850 yards and eight touchdowns. He finished his college career with 68 receptions for 1,168 yards and 10 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Braunecker attended the NFL Combine and was the fastest in the 60-yard shuttle, was ranked second in the vertical leap, broad jump, three-cone drill and 20-yard shuttle and had the third-highest repetitions in the bench press of all tight ends. He was projected by many analysts to be a fourth to sixth round draft selection. NFLDraftScout.com ranked him the sixth best tight end out of the 102 available. He attended Harvard's Pro Day and was able to beat his combine time and numbers. Braunecker chose to stand on his combine numbers for his 3-cone drill, short shuttle, and bench press.

paragraph: Braunecker went undrafted in the 2016 NFL Draft and was signed by the Chicago Bears after the draft.

paragraph: He entered training camp battling for a backup tight end position with Khari Lee, Tony Moeaki, Rob Housler, and Greg Scruggs. Braunecker struggled with a severe ankle injury during the 2016 offseason and missed the entire preseason. He was released on September 3, but was signed to the practice squad the following day. Going into the regular season, he was the Bears' third option at tight end, behind Zach Miller and Logan Paulsen. On October 1, 2016, he was promoted to the active roster and was officially named the Bears' third tight end on their depth chart behind veterans Miller and Paulsen. He made his first NFL start against the Green Bay Packers on October 20.

paragraph: On September 3, 2017, Braunecker was waived by the Bears and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on November 7, 2017.

paragraph: In 2018, Braunecker played in 15 games with two starts, recording three receptions for 42 yards and three special teams tackles.

paragraph: On March 11, 2019, Braunecker signed a two-year contract extension with the Bears.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvard Crimson bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears bio

description: American-football player (1994-)

wikidata_label: Ben Braunecker

wikipedia_title: Ben Braunecker


text: infante

text: Kingdom of Portugal

text: Illustrious Generation

text: House of Aviz

text: Order of Aviz

text: Siege of Tangier

text: Henry the Navigator

text: Marinid

text: Ceuta

text: Asilah

text: Fez

text: saint

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: King

text: John I of Portugal

text: Philippa of Lancaster

text: Edward of Portugal

text: Peter of Coimbra

text: Henry the Navigator

text: John of Reguengos

text: Isabella of Burgundy

text: Afonso of Barcelos

text: illustrious generation

text: Santarém

text: feast day

text: St. Michael

text: Sarum Rite

text: Salisbury

text: Battle of Ceuta

text: John I

text: Salvaterra de Magos

text: Atouguia

text: Order of Aviz

text: Edward of Portugal

text: cardinal

text: Pope Eugene IV

text: Henry VI of England

text: Marinid

text: Ferdinand

text: Tangier

text: Tangier campaign

text: Wattasid

text: Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi

text: Fez

text: Ceuta

text: hostage

text: Frei João Álvares

text: Fernão Lopes

text: real

text: Rui Gomes da Silva

text: Asilah

text: John of Reguengos

text: Peter of Coimbra

text: Portuguese Cortes

text: Leiria

text: Ferdinand of Arraiolos

text: Portel

text: Castile

text: Aragon

text: Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi

text: Marinid

text: Fez

text: Fez

text: Majorcan

text: leg irons

text: manual labor

text: regency

text: Afonso V of Portugal

text: Peter of Coimbra

text: Gonçalo de Sintra

text: Salé

text: Eleanor

text: Abd al-Haqq II

text: Fernando de Noronha

text: Noronha

text: Braganzas

text: Fernando de Castro

text: Cape Saint Vincent

text: Genoese

text: pirate

text: Tavira

text: Muhammad IX

text: Granada

text: plague

text: Eleanor

text: dubloon

text: Fez

text: Virgin Mary

text: Michael the Archangel

text: John the Evangelist

text: embalm

text: myrtle

text: bay leaves

text: Order of Aviz

text: Peter, Constable of Portugal

text: Frei João Álvares

text: Frei João Álvares

text: Aviz

text: Batalha Monastery

text: Tomar

text: saint

text: House of Aviz

text: triptych

text: Saint Vincent Panels

text: Nuno Gonçalves

text: iconography

text: hagiography

text: Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy

text: Church of St. Anthony

text: beatification

text: saint

text: Pope Paul II

text: indulgences

text: conquest of Asilah

text: Manuel I of Portugal

text: Nicolau Chanterene

text: Jerónimos Monastery

text: Eleanor of Viseu

text: John II

text: retable

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Our Lady of the Olive Grove

text: Guimarães

text: Bishop of Leiria

text: Luís de Sousa

text: All Saints

text: Pope Urban VIII

text: Bollandist

text: Acta Sanctorum

text: halo

text: imperial

text: Luís de Camões

text: Os Lusíadas

text: Iberian Union

text: Lope de Vega

text: Baroque

text: Calderón

text: Archbishop of Evora

text: Richard Chenevix Trench

text: historical fiction

text: Christabel Rose Coleridge

text: Estado Novo

text: nationalism

text: Padrão dos Descobrimentos

text: Age of Discovery

text: Portuguese Empire

text: Álvares, Frei João

text: online

text: online

text: pdf

text: Luís de Sousa

text: vol. 1

text: offprint

text: vol. 3

text: online

text: intro & biblio

text: pdf

text: Ruy de Pina

text: online

text: Ruy de Pina

text: online

text: online

text: online

text: online

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese princes,1402 births,15th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,People from Santarém, Portugal,House of Aviz,1443 deaths,15th-century venerated Christians,Portuguese infantes,Portuguese Roman Catholics

paragraph: Ferdinand the Holy Prince

paragraph: Ferdinand the Holy Prince (; ; 29 September 1402 – 5 June 1443), sometimes called the "Saint Prince" or the "Constant Prince", was an "infante" of the Kingdom of Portugal. He was the youngest of the "Illustrious Generation" of 15th-century Portuguese princes of the House of Aviz and lay administrator of the Knightly Order of Aviz.

paragraph: In 1437, Ferdinand participated in the disastrous Siege of Tangier led by his older brother Henry the Navigator. In the aftermath, Ferdinand was handed over to the Marinid rulers of Morocco as a hostage for the surrender of Ceuta in accordance with the terms of a treaty negotiated between the rulers of Portugal and Morocco by Henry. At first, Ferdinand was held in relative comfort as a noble hostage in Asilah, but when it became apparent that the Portuguese authorities had no intention of giving up Ceuta, Ferdinand's status was downgraded, and he was transferred to a prison in Fez, where he was subjected to much harsher incarceration conditions by his jailers. Negotiations for his release continued intermittently for years, but they came to naught, and Ferdinand eventually died in captivity in Fez on 5 June 1443.

paragraph: A popular cult quickly developed in Portugal around the figure of "the Holy Prince" ("O Infante Santo"), strongly encouraged by the House of Aviz. Ferdinand remains a "popular saint" by Portuguese tradition, neither beatified nor canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ferdinand was the sixth and youngest son of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster. Ferdinand and his brothers Edward of Portugal, Peter of Coimbra, Henry the Navigator and John of Reguengos, plus sister Isabella of Burgundy and half-brother Afonso of Barcelos, constitute what Portuguese historians have traditionally labelled the 'illustrious generation' ("Ínclita Geração").

paragraph: Ferdinand was born in Santarém on 29 September 1402, the feast day of St. Michael, a saint to whom he would remain affectionately attached. He had a complicated birth and would remain a sickly child throughout much of his youth. Relatively sheltered because of his illnesses, Ferdinand had a quiet and very pious upbringing, a favorite of his English mother, from whom he acquired a preference for the Sarum Rite of Salisbury in the religious liturgy of masses he attended.

paragraph: Section::::Master of Aviz.

paragraph: Ferdinand was too young to participate in the 1415 Battle of Ceuta led by his father, John I, in which his older brothers distinguished themselves and were knighted. As the youngest of many sons, Ferdinand did not obtain a substantial endowment from his father, only the Lordship of Salvaterra de Magos and a lifetime grant of Atouguia in 1429.

paragraph: In 1434, after the death of his father John I and the administrator João Rodrigues de Sequeira, Ferdinand was appointed lay administrator of the Knightly Order of Aviz by his brother King Edward of Portugal. Ferdinand was also offered the titular office of cardinal by Pope Eugene IV, but turned it down. Despite his piety, Ferdinand had no intention of pursuing a clerical career.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Tangier.

paragraph: In 1436, dissatisfied with his meager domains, Ferdinand asked his brother King Edward for permission to go abroad to seek his fortune in the service of a foreign king (reportedly, Henry VI of England). Ferdinand's request prompted the reluctant Edward to endorse a plan, long promoted by his brother Henry the Navigator, to launch a new Portuguese campaign of conquest against Marinid Morocco. As a bachelor, Ferdinand made out a will naming Edward's second son, the Infante Ferdinand (future Duke of Viseu) as his heir before departing.

paragraph: In August 1437, the Portuguese expeditionary force, under the leadership of Henry the Navigator, set out to seize Tangier. Ferdinand brought his household and Aviz knights with him, choosing as his personal banner an emblazoned image of the Archangel St. Michael. The Tangier campaign proved to be a disastrous fiasco. Henry impetuously launched a series of assaults on the walls of Tangier with no success, while allowing his siege camp to be encircled by a Moroccan army rushed north by the Wattasid strongman Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi, governor of the Marinid palace of Fez (called "Lazeraque" by the Portuguese chroniclers). The Portuguese besiegers, now besieged and unable to break out, were starved into submission.

paragraph: To preserve his army from destruction, Henry the Navigator signed a treaty in October 1437 with the Moroccan commanders. It called for the restoration of Ceuta (which had been captured by the Portuguese back in 1415) in return for allowing to his army to withdraw intact (albeit with their weapons left behind). By the terms of the treaty, Henry handed his younger brother Ferdinand over to the Moroccans as a hostage for the delivery of Ceuta. It was later reported that Henry personally volunteered to go as hostage instead of Ferdinand, but that his war council forbade it.

paragraph: Section::::Hostage in Asilah.

paragraph: Ferdinand was formally a hostage of Salah ibn Salah (called "Çallabençalla" in the Portuguese chronicles), the Marinid governor of Tangier and Asilah (and lord claimant of Ceuta). Ferdinand was allowed to bring along a private entourage of eleven household servants into captivity with him. This included his secretary (and future chronicler) Frei João Álvares; his household governor Rodrigo Esteves; his wardrobe keeper Fernão Gil; his confessor, Frei Gil Mendes; his physician "mestre" Martinho (son of the late chronicler Fernão Lopes); his chaplain Pero Vasques; his head cook João Vasques; his chamberlain João Rodrigues (described as a "collaço", meaning a foster-brother or close confidante of Ferdinand); his quartermaster ("aposentador") João Lourenço; his hearth-keeper João de Luna; and his pantry keeper ("homen de reposta") Cristóvão de Luviça Alemão. Álvares was entrusted with Ferdinand's money purse, estimated to be carrying some 6,000 reals for expenses. They were joined by an additional set of four Portuguese noble hostages identified as Pedro de Ataíde, João Gomes de Avelar, Aires da Cunha and Gomes da Cunha/Silva. The first three were knights of Ferdinand's household, the last a knight of Aviz. These four were not part of Ferdinand's entourage, but part of a separate temporary hostage swap to ensure the smooth embarkation of the defeated Portuguese troops back to their ships, for which Salah ibn Salah gave his own eldest son as hostage to the Portuguese in return. These were meant to be released once the troops were boarded, whereas Ferdinand and his entourage were only to be released upon the evacuation and handover of Ceuta.

paragraph: Ferdinand, his entourage and the four knights were handed over to Salah ibn Salah on the evening of 16 October 1437 by the Portuguese negotiator Rui Gomes da Silva (alcaide of Campo Maior), who then received the son of Salah ibn Salah in return. The hostages stayed in a tower inside Tangiers while the troops evacuated the beach. But the embarcation did not go smoothly. Discipline broke down and a skirmish broke out on the beach, apparently provoked when some of the Portuguese soldiers were caught smuggling forbidden items. After the troops were all embarked (19 or 21 October 19), Henry the Navigator refused to release his own temporary hostage, the eldest son of Salah ibn Salah, cut the moorings and sailed off. As a result, the four noble hostages were now stranded in Moroccan captivity. Hearing of the beach skirmish and receiving no communication from Henry, Ferdinand was beside himself in tears, fearing that his brother had been among those killed. Ibn Salah sent a few men to investigate the bodies to assure him that Henry was not among them, and when that was insufficient to comfort the prince, Ibn Salah even sent a messenger to Ceuta to try get written assurance from Henry himself.

paragraph: Ferdinand, the entourage and the four knights left Tangier on 22 October and made their way under Moroccan guard to Asilah ("Arzila"), thirty miles down the coast from Tangier. The Portuguese hostages were jeered by Moroccan crowds as they made their way. Upon arrival, Ferdinand and his entourage were kept in relatively comfortable quarters in Asilah, as would befit a royal hostage. He was allowed to write and receive correspondence from Portugal, interact with the local Christian community and had dealings with local Genoese merchants. The entourage was also allowed to celebrate Christian mass daily. Fellow-prisoner Frei João Álvares reports Ferdinand expected that the treaty would be promptly fulfilled – that Ceuta would be evacuated and handed over and that they would soon be released. Salah ibn Salah also expected to hear of the evacuation of Ceuta in a matter of days.

paragraph: Back in Portugal, the news of the defeat at Tangier and the subsequent treaty were received with shock. John of Reguengos immediately set sail for Asilah, hoping to negotiate Ferdinand's release in return for Salah ibn Salah's son (still being held hostage by Henry), but to no avail. The question of what to do divided Ferdinand's older brothers. Ceuta was highly symbolic – the brothers had been made knights there when their father conquered the city back in 1415. Peter of Coimbra, who had been adamantly opposed to the whole Tangier expedition to begin with, urged their eldest brother, King Edward of Portugal, to fulfill the treaty immediately, order the evacuation of Ceuta and secure Ferdinand's release. But Edward was caught in indecision. Henry the Navigator, who stayed in Ceuta, depressed and incommunicado after the defeat in Tangier, eventually dispatched letters to Edward counseling against ratifying the treaty he had himself negotiated and suggesting other ways of getting Ferdinand released without surrendering Ceuta. But Ferdinand himself wrote letters to Edward and Henry from Asilah noting that the Marinids were not likely to release him for anything less than Ceuta, urging them to fulfill the treaty and wondering what the delay was.

paragraph: In January 1438, still undecided, Edward of Portugal convened the Portuguese Cortes in Leiria for consultation. Ferdinand's letters were read before the Cortes, wherein Ferdinand expressed his desire to be released, and noted that Ceuta did not serve Portugal any strategic purpose and should be abandoned regardless. Contrary to later legend, it is clear from these letters that Ferdinand did not seek out a martyr's fate, that he wanted Ceuta to be handed over to the Marinids according to the terms of the treaty and that he wanted to be released swiftly. At the Cortes, urged by Peter and John, the burghers and clergy voted largely for the swap, but the nobles, rallied by Ferdinand of Arraiolos, argued strongly against it, with the result that the Cortes were dissolved without a decision being made. The decision to keep Ceuta was only made in June 1438, after a conference in Portel between Edward and Henry the Navigator. Henry once again urged a repudiation of the treaty and proposed alternative schemes to secure Ferdinand's release, e.g., ransoming him for money, persuading Castile and Aragon to join in a mass release of Muslim prisoners in exchange, raising a new army and invading Morocco all over again, etc. After repeated entreaties from Ferdinand, Henry finally dispatched a message to his imprisoned brother giving his reasons for not fulfilling the treaty: firstly, that Henry had not had the royal authority to make such a treaty to begin with, and secondly, because of the beach skirmish at Tangier, Henry considered the treaty had already been violated and thus he was under no legal obligation to honor it.

paragraph: Section::::Prisoner in Fez.

paragraph: The Marinid authorities in Morocco were surprised and angered by the Portuguese repudiation of the treaty. Rumors of a plot to land a Portuguese amphibian force to break Ferdinand out of Asilah (a coastal city) prompted a decision to move him inland. On 25 May 1438, Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi, the powerful vizier of the Marinid palace in Fez, took charge of the hostages from Salah ibn Salah and ordered Ferdinand and his entourage transferred from his comfortable quarters in Asilah to a prison in Fez. Of the original entourage, two did not make the transfer to Fez. Frei Fernão Gil, the confessor, had died in the winter of 1437–38, whereas Rodrigo Esteves, the head of household, fell ill, and Ibn Salah gave him permission to return to Portugal. In the case of Esteves, his son Pedro Rodrigues arrived from Portugal to stand hostage in his father's place. Pedro Rodrigues and the four knightly hostages remained in Asilah, while the others went on to Fez.

paragraph: Upon arrival in Fez in late May 1438, Ferdinand's entourage was placed in a prison where they met two Portuguese prisoners previously incarcerated: Diogo Delgado and Álvaro Eanes of Alverca. Master Joseph, a Jewish surgeon and emissary of Salah ibn Salah who had accompanied the transfer from Asilah, was sent back by Abu Zakariya with instructions to inform Lisbon of the new circumstances. The entourage (plus the two prior prisoners) were sealed in the prison while awaiting the response. Conditions in Fez were considerably worse than at Asilah. Nonetheless, the two Portuguese prisoners taught the new arrivals how to get better food smuggled in from the city markets and put them in contact with a Majorcan merchant in Fez willing to supply the prince on credit. On 11 October 1438, with no satisfactory reply received from Lisbon, Ferdinand's status was downgraded from treaty hostage to common prisoner. Moroccan guards searched through the cells and confiscated much of their remaining money, contact with the outside was cut off and the Majorcan merchant was flogged for his troubles. The twelve men were shoved into a smaller dungeon built to hold eight, given prison clothing and set on a strict diet of bread and water. It was at this point that Ferdinand and his entourage were first put in leg irons. Fellow-prisoner Álvares reports that although the jailers occasionally threatened beatings and whippings, they never physically harmed Ferdinand or his companions, as they feared that any injury done to their prisoners would diminish their ransom value. Nonetheless, they forced Ferdinand to undertake manual labor that was humiliating and unbefitting a noble prince, e.g. hoeing the palace gardens and cleaning the horse stables. Even so, Álvares reports that Ferdinand was determined to partake in the same fate as his companions, and when they were assigned to the harder prison jobs that Ferdinand had been spared, Ferdinand volunteered to go and labor alongside them (although this was soon forbidden him).

paragraph: King Edward of Portugal died in August 1438 (of pestilence, said his doctors; of heartbreak over the hapless fate of Ferdinand, said popular lore). Shortly before his death, Edward changed his mind about the abandonment of Ceuta and dispatched an emissary, Fernão de Silva, to inform the Moroccans that the Portuguese would be fulfilling the treaty after all, and to make preparations for the Ferdinand's release. But the death of Edward left Silva stranded in Asilah without credentials. Having come so close to being freed, the news (which arrived in Fez in November 1438) came as a double blow to Ferdinand, who promptly fell into despair. Nonetheless, Abu Zakariya ordered the leg irons taken off in the expectation that a deal might yet be struck with the new regime in Lisbon.

paragraph: The new state of affairs took some time to sort out – Edward's death provoked an internal conflict in Portugal over the regency for his young son, the new king Afonso V of Portugal. At length, the upper hand was gained by Edward's brother, Peter of Coimbra, who finally became regent of Portugal in early 1439. In May 1439, Ibn Salah and Abu Zakariya finally received a missive from the new regency council that they intended to fulfill the terms of the treaty concerning Ceuta. But matters took another strange turn when Salah ibn Salah and Abu Zakariya bickered for control of the prisoner. In October 1439, a Jewish emissary from Ibn Salah (probably Master Joseph again) arrived in Fez intending to take Ferdinand and his entourage back to Asilah, but Abu Zakariya sent him away, saying he intended to continue holding on to the prisoner in Fez until the Portuguese sent someone with higher credentials who was empowered to undertake the surrender of Ceuta. As soon as the emissary left, Ferdinand and his entourage were clapped back in leg irons, stripped of nearly all clothes and kept permanently locked up in their dungeon, day and night. These new harsh measure were possibly precautionary rather than punitive to prevent any attempt by Ibn Salah's agents from trying to abscond with the valuable prisoner. In December, the prisoners (Ferdinand and his chaplain, Pero Vasques, excepted) were taken out of their permanent confinement to undertake hard road repair work in Fez.

paragraph: When the road work was finished in February 1440, the companions were assigned to new work in the palace gardens and carpentry and masonry shops. However, things had taken another twist in the interim; Salah ibn Salah had died over the winter of 1439–40. As his eldest son was still in Portuguese captivity, the government of Asilah-Tangier (and notional control of Ferdinand) was passed to his brother Abu Bakr (known in the chronicles as "Muley Bubuquer"). Álvares reports that Abu Zakariya tried to lay claim on Ibn Salah's lands, provoking a quarrel with Abu Bakr. In turn, Abu Bakr conspired with a certain "Faquy Amar", who as tutor to a Marinid prince had access to the palace of Fez, to break Ferdinand out of prison. But Abu Zakariya got wind of the plot, and Faquy Amar fled the city. Things got more confusing when Gonçalo de Sintra, an agent of Henry the Navigator, arrived in Salé and told the Marinid authorities there that the Portuguese intended only to provide cash, not Ceuta, for Ferdinand. This caused the Marinids to accuse the Portuguese of double-dealing and reneging on their earlier offer. A letter finally arrived from the dowager-queen Eleanor, but it only pertained to some minor matter relating to the transfer of some lands back in Portugal and made no mention of the Ceuta swap. Each of these incidents infuriated the Marinids, who felt the Portuguese were being false and toying with them, and their anger fell harshly on Ferdinand, who was threatened and subjected to tighter conditions of confinement. Even the sympathy of the Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II and his wives – who had previously mitigated Abu Zakariya's harshness, and gently treated the prince, occasionally inviting him to eat with them in the palace gardens – was now alienated.

paragraph: Despite the undermining missteps of his relatives, the regent Peter of Coimbra was determined to undertake the swap, and he dispatched two emissaries, Martim Tavora and Gomes Eanes, to Asilah to negotiate the logistics. As a preliminary, Abu Bakr demanded that the governor of Ceuta, Fernando de Noronha, be relieved from office – his reputation was such that the Moroccans believed Noronha would contrive to prevent the swap. Peter had little trouble agreeing to it – the Noronha family, closely allied with the Braganzas, were among Peter's keenest political enemies; indeed, Noronha's brothers had led the conspiracy of nobles which tried to deprive Peter of the regency back in 1438.

paragraph: In early April 1440, Peter of Coimbra dispatched Fernando de Castro, a notable diplomat, to take over the government of Ceuta from Noronha and undertake the evacuation of the Portuguese garrison. The operation began inauspiciously. Castro's flotilla set out from Lisbon in a celebratory mood; the ambitious Fernando de Castro openly fantasized that, upon release, the Infante Ferdinand might be persuaded to marry his own daughter on the spot, and he prepared a rich and well-stocked expedition, packing the ships with banquet finery, an entourage of notables, and a bodyguard of some 1200 troops. But on the outward journey, around Cape Saint Vincent, the Portuguese flotilla was ambushed by Genoese pirates. The lead ship was boarded and Fernando de Castro killed. The pirates scampered away before the other ships could rescue him. Suspicions have been raised (but no proof) that Fernando de Noronha may have had a hand in directing the pirates against Castro in an effort to sabotage the mission. Ceuta was something of a corsair's nest, Portuguese governors routinely allowed foreign pirates to operate out of it in return for kickbacks and a share of the spoils, so it is almost inconceivable that Genoese pirates would dare attack Castro's fleet without Noronha's knowledge and consent. With the ambassador dead, the fleet put in at Tavira (in the Algarve) and sent an urgent message to Peter to inform him of what had happened. The regent immediately dispatched instructions ordering Castro's son, Álvaro de Castro, to take over his father's credentials, proceed to Ceuta and fulfill the mission.

paragraph: In the meantime, unaware of Castro's fate, Tavora and Eanes arrived in Asilah to inform Abu Bakr of the undertaking. Abu Bakr immediately dispatched Master Joseph to Fez to request and arrange the transfer of Ferdinand and his entourage back to Asilah to be handed over to the Portuguese emissaries. Master Joseph arrived in Fez in May 1440 and presented Abu Zakariya with sealed letters from Peter of Coimbra that contained copies of the order for Noronha's dismissal and the evacuation instructions given to Fernando de Castro. What happened thereafter is murky. Ferdinand himself was called to an audience before Abu Zakariya, with Joseph present, to be asked if he wanted to return to Asilah. While escorting Ferdinand back to his dungeon, Abu Zakariya's guards "found" a secret note on him, which they said Master Joseph had slipped to him during the audience. Master Joseph was accused of a scheming to help Ferdinand escape and was promptly detained. Álvares believes this was all a ruse by Abu Zakariya to gain some time. Abu Zakariya sought to reap the glory of recovering Ceuta and needed time to assemble an army in Fez for a triumphal march on Ceuta. In September 1440, once the army was assembled, Master Joseph was finally released and sent back to Asilah without Ferdinand, carrying only Abu Zakariya's promise to undertake the swap himself, i.e. that he would personally take Ferdinand to Ceuta and release him upon taking control of the city. It is uncertain what else Joseph reported about Abu Zakariya's intentions, but the Portuguese ambassadors rejected the change of plan, arguing that they were not prepared to "hock Ceuta for paper promises" and that they needed to have some sort of hold on Ferdinand's person before the city was delivered.

paragraph: Abu Zakariya's column had set out from Fez in September 1440, with Ferdinand in tow, but they did not get far. Only now hearing of Castro's death and receiving the vigorous reply from the ambassadors in Asilah, they paused, and after some deliberation, Abu Zakariya called off the march and returned to Fez in October. (Reports of the mobilization of Moroccan arms for the march to Ceuta caused alarm in Portugal. Fearing that Abu Zakariya intended to take Ceuta by force, preparations immediately began to send an armed Portuguese fleet to reinforce Ceuta; it is uncertain if the fleet was actually sent, but news of the preparation of fresh troops would likely have been received in Fez, sending mixed signals about Portuguese intentions.)

paragraph: Negotiations resumed, this time swirling around potential hostage-swapping and material guarantees to supplement verbal promises. But there was little trust between the parties. In early November, the Nasrid sultan Muhammad IX of Granada stepped in and offered to break the impasse. He proposed that Ferdinand be placed in the hands of a group of Genoese merchants under his jurisdiction, giving his solemn promise to Abu Zakariya that he would not allow them to hand Ferdinand over to the Portuguese until the evacuation of the city was confirmed. The Portuguese did not give an immediate reply to Granada's offer.

paragraph: An outbreak of pestilence in Morocco in early 1441 delayed matters further. Three of the four noble hostages that had remained in Asilah (separately from Ferdinand in Fez) – João Gomes de Avelar, Pedro de Ataíde and Aires da Cunha – died of the plague at this time. (In a curious note, when the Moroccans asked Ferdinand how Christians dealt with the plague, Ferdinand replied that "they removed themselves from places where people were dying of it", a reply which was reportedly received with derisive laughter.) By September 1441, the disappointing news arrived of the breakdown of Granada's offer, and Ferdinand was once again clapped in leg irons.

paragraph: Whatever hope remained for a peaceful solution was dashed a few months later in March 1442. According to Álvares, the Moroccan noble Faquy Amar (tutor of a Marinid prince) was arrested that month by Abu Zakariya's men, and on his person were found several Portuguese letters originating from Queen Eleanor's council that outlined a hare-brained scheme to break Ferdinand out of prison. Faquy Amar was brutally flogged in Ferdinand's presence and subsequently executed along with his conspirators. It was now clear to Abu Zakariya that the Portuguese had no intention to yield Ceuta and that nothing remained to do with Ferdinand but to extract the largest cash ransom that he could get. Negotiations ensued with the prisoners. Ferdinand put it out that he might be able to raise a total ransom of 150,000 dubloons ("dobras") and the release of 150 Muslim prisoners for the release of himself and his companions.

paragraph: Ferdinand was subsequently separated from the rest of his entourage. He was moved to a new small dark, windowless cell – more accurately, an empty weapons storeroom in the "qasr" of Fez, where he could be more closely guarded. Only his physician Master Martinho was allowed to see him. The rest of the entourage remained in the palace dungeon and were assigned to hard labor, principally in the stables and roadwork, but occasionally also in the castle, where they might exchange words with Ferdinand through a crevice in the wall. Abu Zakariya raised his price to 400,000 dubloons and 400 prisoners and asked Ferdinand to inquire of it from his relatives. But the reply from Portugal, which came four months later, said it was far too much, that they could afford 50,000, but offered to dispatch the ambassador Vasco Fernandes to negotiate a comprehensive ransom, which would include the son of Salah ibn Salah, and the pair still being held in Asilah (the surviving Aviz knight Gomes da Silva and Pero Rodrigues, who was the stand-in for his father, Rodrigo Esteves). The reply infuriated Abu Zakariya, particularly the codicil that implied the son of Salah ibn Salah would have a say in the negotiations over Ferdinand. The son of Salah arrived in Fez three months later to open talks, but he was brusquely received and nothing more came of it. Ferdinand was reportedly depressed and exasperated with his relatives; at one point he refused to hear any more news from Portugal. His companions duly kept from him the news of the death of his brother John of Reguengos in 1442.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ferdinand's isolation in Fez continued. He only met his physician at mealtimes and his chaplain once every two weeks. By bribing the guards, he was sometimes allowed to meet other members of his entourage. He was not assigned to labor like the others, but spent his days largely confined to his cell, praying and writing prayers. After fifteen months in these conditions, Ferdinand fell ill on 1 June 1443 and died a few days later, on 5 June. According to his hagiographers, on the evening before his death, Ferdinand reported seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary, the St. Michael the Archangel and St. John the Evangelist.

paragraph: After his death, the Fez authorities had Ferdinand's corpse embalmed with salt, myrtle and bay leaves. Ferdinand's heart, organs and intestines were taken out in the process (and promptly acquired by his fellow prisoners, who hid them in clay pots buried underground in a corner of their dungeon). Ferdinand's naked and disemboweled corpse was subsequently hung upside down from the battlements of the walls of Fez for public display. After four days, the body was placed in a sealed wooden coffin and once again hung from the same battlements "for a long time". In his hagiography, Alvares reports several "miracles" subsequently attributed to the coffin.

paragraph: Ferdinand was unmarried and childless at the time of his death. The lay mastership of his Order of Aviz was passed to his nephew Peter, Constable of Portugal (the son of Peter of Coimbra).

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Fate of companions.

paragraph: Many members of Ferdinand entourage died in prison in the subsequent years, primarily of disease. Their fates, according to Frei João Álvares, in chronological order, came as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frei Gil Mendes, the confessor, died in Asilah in the winter of 1437–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rodrigo Esteves, head of household, fell ill and was released from Asilah in 1438 in return for his son Pedro Rodrigues

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diogo Delgado, Portuguese prisoner in Fez, was the first to die in Fez, sometime between 1443 and 1448

paragraph: BULLET::::- João de Luna, hearth-keeper, died in Fez, 1443–48

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mestre Martim, the physician, died in Fez, 1443–48.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fernão Gil, the wardrobe-keeper, died in Fez, 1443–48.

paragraph: BULLET::::- João Lourenço, the quartermaster, died in Fez, 1443–48.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Álvaro Eanes of Alverca, the other Portuguese prisoner in Fez, converted to Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristóvão de Luviça Alemão, pantry-keeper, converted to Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frei João Álvares, the secretary, ransomed by Peter of Coimbra in 1448

paragraph: BULLET::::- João Vasques the cook, ransomed by Peter of Coimbra or João de Lisboa in 1448.

paragraph: BULLET::::- João Rodrigues, the "collaço", chamberlain, ransomed by Frei João Álvares in 1450

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pero Vasques, the chaplain, ransomed by Frei João Álvares in 1450

paragraph: Of the hostages that remained in Asilah, these were their fates:

paragraph: BULLET::::- João Gomes de Avelar, knight of Ferdinand's household, died of plague, early 1441.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aires da Cunha, household knight, died of plague, late 1441.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro de Ataíde, household knight, died of plague, late 1441

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gomes da Cunha/Silva, Aviz knight, "commendador" of Noudar, survived up to 1442, fate uncertain thereafter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Rodrigues, son and stand-in for his father Rodrigo Esteves, survived up to 1442, fate uncertain thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Saintly cult.

paragraph: News of Ferdinand's death was met with great mourning in Portugal. The regent Peter of Coimbra, who had perhaps done the most to get Ferdinand released, ransomed some of the imprisoned members of his party, notably Ferdinand's secretary, Frei João Álvares, in 1448. Shortly after arriving in Lisbon, Álvares returned to Morocco in 1450 to ransom the remaining prisoners. Álvares also had hoped to ransom Ferdinand's remains, but he only managed to recover the hidden pot with Ferdinand's entrails. He returned to Lisbon and made his way to the court of King Afonso V of Portugal in Santarém in early June 1451. Frei João Álvares and João Rodrigues were instructed to take the relics and deposit them in the prepared tomb reserved for Ferdinand in the Aviz necropolis, the Founder's Chapel in Batalha Monastery. Álvares reports that on the way to Batalha, they passed through Tomar, where Prince Henry the Navigator joined the procession and subsequently led the religious ceremony depositing the relics at Batalha. The tomb was originally carved with Ferdinand's personal arms and knightly motto "le bien me plet" ("Good pleases me"), which combined the motto of his father, "por bem", with that of his mother, "il me plait".

paragraph: A popular saintly cult soon developed around the figure of Ferdinand, encouraged by the ruling House of Aviz. In January 1444, Peter of Coimbra endowed a fund for a yearly mass to be said in Ferdinand's honor at his chapel in Batalha. Henry the Navigator commissioned a triptych of the life and sufferings of Ferdinand, painted by João Áfonso, to be set up in his own (Henry's) chapel. Some modern authors believe the celebrated Saint Vincent Panels by Nuno Gonçalves were commissioned by Peter of Coimbra as a funerary homage to Ferdinand the Holy Prince.

paragraph: The religious iconography of Ferdinand the Holy Prince usually portrays him as a miserable prisoner, hungry, bearded, disheveled in a black cloak and hood, his feet in leg irons and chains held in his hands. He also sometimes holds a hoe, for his labors in the palace gardens in Fez. Later on, Ferdinand was sometimes depicted in the armor of an imperial warrior

paragraph: The promotion of the saintly cult, in particular the narrative twist that Ferdinand had "volunteered" for martyrdom rather than allow Ceuta to be surrendered, was principally due to Henry the Navigator and may have been motivated by an attempt to deflect responsibility for his death away from himself. In the 1450s, Henry commissioned Frei João Álvares to set down the details of Ferdinand's life and captivity. Finished sometime before 1460, and first published in 1527, the Álvares chronicle is the principal source of the life and travails of Ferdinand. Although originally intended as a piece of Christian hagiography to supplement the cult of the "Holy Prince" and the Henrican interpretation, the Álvares chronicle did not flatter Henry's leadership nor absolve him of responsibility for Ferdinand's fate. He makes it reasonably clear that Ferdinand did not seek out a martyr's fate, but had it imposed on him by the delays and machinations back in Portugal. At several points, Álvares surreptitiously points an accusatory finger at Ferdinand's brothers via speeches from the mouth of Ferdinand, his companions and his captors. Another hagiography, the "Martirium pariter et gesta", written by an unknown author, appeared around the same time or shortly after. Some have speculated the "Martirium" might have been written by Pero Vasques, the ransomed chaplain, although others believe it was a largely derivative piece, hurriedly written by someone else, commissioned by Isabella of Burgundy to support the campaign in Rome to promote Ferdinand to sainthood.

paragraph: Ferdinand's sister Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy, endowed a mass to be said in Brussels, and in 1467 decided to fund a chapel dedicated to Ferdinand the Holy Prince at the Church of St. Anthony in Lisbon. To this end, Isabella dispatched Frei João Álvares to Rome to petition the pope for religious honors for her brother, possibly even beatification, the first step to formal sainthood. At Álvares's request, bulls were issued by Pope Paul II in 1470 granting permission for the Lisbon chapel and indulgences to anyone who attended an anniversary mass for Ferdinand. Although a contract was signed between Álvares and Lisbon municipal authorities in November 1471 to begin the chapel, the death of both Paul II and Isabella around this time probably prevented the campaign from going forward, with the result that Ferdinand remained unbeatified and uncanonized.

paragraph: King Afonso V of Portugal is reported to have invoked the memory of the martyrdom of his uncle in his three Moroccan campaigns of 1458, 1463/4 and 1471. In the last campaign, the conquest of Asilah, Afonso finally captured Tangier. In the aftermath, negotiations were opened between Afonso and the Moroccan strongman Muhammad al-Sheikh to deliver the bones and bodily remains of Ferdinand, which were still in Fez. These negotiations dragged on for a while, but the remains were finally obtained by the Portuguese in 1473 (or perhaps 1472) One version relates that a disgruntled Moroccan courtier, said to be the ruler's own nephew, seized the coffin containing Ferdinand's body, smuggled it out of Fez, and brought it all the way to Lisbon to sell to the Portuguese king for a considerable sum. There were subsequently great ceremonies in depositing the bodily remains in Ferdinand's tomb in Batalha.

paragraph: The cult of Ferdinand continued into the 16th and 17th centuries. King Manuel I of Portugal had the sculptor Nicolau Chanterene sculpt a statue of Ferdinand on the left side of the magnificent western door of the Jerónimos Monastery c. 1517. In 1538–39, in accordance with an endowment of the late dowager-queen Eleanor of Viseu (the widow of John II) a retable was commissioned depicting the life and sufferings of Ferdinand, painted by Cristóvão de Rodrigues, to be set up in Ferdinand's chapel at Batalha (alas this retable has long since disappeared).

paragraph: The saintly cult of the Ferdinand the Holy Prince fell foul of the ever-stricter rules of the Roman Catholic Church, which sought to discourage cults of unbeatified and uncanonized persons. The only clear evidence of the presence of the Ferdinand cult inside a regular church outside the Batalha chapel was the retable dedicated to Ferdinand set up at the church of Our Lady of the Olive Grove in Guimarães in 1472, in celebration of the imminent translation of the relics. In 1614, Martim Afonso Meixa, Bishop of Leiria, prohibited the Ferdinand cult at Batalha on account of his not being beatified. Nonetheless, the 1595 hagiography by Jerónimo Román and the 1623 history written by Frei Luís de Sousa tried to encourage it, suggesting masses for Ferdinand the Holy could be carried out subsumed in masses for All Saints. Jorge Cardoso included him in his "Agiológio Lusitano" (1666). The 1634 papal encyclical "Coelestis Hierusalem" issued by Pope Urban VIII prohibited popular cults of unbeatified and uncanonized persons "unless they proved to be of time immemorial". The Bollandists used this clause to insert Ferdinand the Holy Prince in the "June 5th" entry of their "Acta Sanctorum" in 1695, controversially including a rare image of him with a halo.

paragraph: Restrictions on the religious cult did not prevent the continuation of a secular cult of Ferdinand, connected to the narrative that Ferdinand was a voluntary martyr for Portugal's imperial mission. The Portuguese poet Luís de Camões made a brief mention of Ferdinand in his epic 1572 poem "Os Lusíadas" (Canto IV, stanzas 52–53), asserting Ferdinand had given himself to martyrdom voluntarily for patriotic reasons, "a sacrifice to love of country made, that not for him strong Ceuta be o'erthrown, the public weal preferring to his own." Perhaps surprisingly, the Fernandine legend got another gust of wind after the 1580 Iberian Union with Spain. The Spanish playwright composed a drama "La Fortuna Adversa del Infante D. Fernando de Portugal" in 1595–98 (sometimes attributed to Lope de Vega), which was probably the basis for the more famous 1629 Baroque play "El príncipe constante" by Calderón.

paragraph: , the exiled Archbishop of Evora published a more modern version of Ferdinand's story in 1836. In English, the story of Ferdinand the Holy Prince was told in an 1842 poem "The Steadfast Prince" by Richard Chenevix Trench The story was also turned into a 19th-century pulp historical fiction novel, "The Constant Prince", by Christabel Rose Coleridge.

paragraph: The Ferdinand legend received another lift in the 20th century, particularly encouraged by the Portuguese "Estado Novo", which was keen on cultivating icons of nationalism and overseas glory. Ferdinand the Holy Prince was given a position of prominence on the "Padrão dos Descobrimentos", a monument erected in 1960 to celebrate the Age of Discovery and (more generally) the Portuguese Empire.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Álvares, Frei João c. 1460, "Tratado da vida e dos feitos do muito vertuoso Senhor Infante D. Fernando", first published 1527, Lisbon. Reprinted 1577, Coimbra. 1730 edition retitled "Chronica dos feytos, vida, e morte do infante santo D. Fernando, que morreo em Fez", Fr. Jeronimo dos Ramos, editor, Lisbon: M. Rodrigues. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Almeida, Jorge Filipe de and Maria Manuela Barroso de Albuquerque (2000) "Os Painéis de Nuno Gonçalves", 2003 2nd ed. Lisbon: Verbo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amaral, Clinio de Oliveria (2009) "As discussões historiográficas em torno do Infante Santo" "Medievalista", (online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amaral, Clinio de Oliveria (2011) "A imagem como um poder: estudo sobre a iconografia do Infante D. Fernando de Portugal" pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cacegas, Fr. Luis de and Fr. Luís de Sousa (1623) "Primeira Parte da Historia de S. Domingos Particular, do Reino e Conquistas de Portugal", 1767 ed., Lisbon: Galhardo. vol. 1; 1866 ed. Lisbon: Typographia do Panorama, vol. 2, ch.27

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calado, Adelino de Almeida (1964) "Frei João Álvares: estudo textual e literário-cultural", "Boletim da Biblioteca da Universidade de Coimbra", vol. 27 offprint

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardoso, Jorge (1666) "Agiológio Lusitano, dos santos e varões illustres em virtude do Reino de Portugal e suas conquistas", Lisbon: Craesbeck. vol. 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristino, Luciano Coelho (1991) "O culto do Infante Santo D. Fernando no mosteiro da Batalha", "Actas do III Encontro sobre História Dominicana", vol. 1, Porto: Arquivo Histórico Dominicano Português.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coleridge, C. R. (1879) "The Constant Prince". London: Mozley & Smith online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fontes, João Luís Inglês (1999) "Percursos e memória : do Infante D. Fernando ao Infante Santo" Cascais: Patrimonia intro & biblio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moreno, Humberto Baquero (1973) "A Batalha de Alfarrobeira: antecedentes e significado histórico". 1979 edition, Coimbra: Biblioteca Geral da Universidade. v.1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nascimento, R. C. de Sousa (2011) "O Martírio do Infante Santo e a Expansão Portuguesa (Século XV)" Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História, ANPUH, São Paulo. pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruy de Pina (c. 1510) "Chronica d'el Rey D. Duarte", first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, "Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza, Vol. 1", Lisbon: Academia das Ciências. 1901 edition, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruy de Pina (c. 1510) "Chronica d'el Rey D. Affonso V", first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, "Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza, Vol. 1". Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa [1901 edition, 3 vols, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rodrigues, Maria Idalina (2003) "Do Muito Vertuosos Senhor Ifante Dom Fernando a El Principe Constante", "Via Spiritus", vol. 10, pp. 39–80

paragraph: BULLET::::- Román, Fr. Jerónimo (1595) "Historia de los dos religiosos de Portugal". Medina del Campo: Santiago del Canto online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell, P. E. (2000) "Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life" New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- São Boaventura, Fortunato (1836) "Summario da vida, acçoens e gloriosa morte do senhor D. Fernando, chamado o Infante Santo", Modena; 1958 ed. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saraiva, José (1925) "Os Painéis do Infante Santo". Leiria: Central.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trench, Richard C. (1842) "Poems from Eastern Sources: The Steadfast Prince and other poems", London: Moxon online

alias:
Infante of Portugal Ferdinand
Infante Santo Fernando
Infante of Portugal Fernando
the Constant Ferdinand

description: Portuguese prince

wikidata_label: Ferdinand the Holy Prince

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand the Holy Prince


text: Edward, King of Portugal

text: Eleanor of Aragon

text: Almeirim

text: Setúbal

text: Prince of Portugal

text: Afonso V of Portugal

text: Prince João

text: Princess Joan

text: Alfonso I of Naples

text: Italy

text: Afonso V of Portugal

text: Count of Odemira

text: strait of Gibraltar

text: infante

text: Portugal

text: Afonso V of Portugal

text: Duke of Beja

text: Henry the Navigator

text: Duke of Viseu

text: Order of Christ

text: Discoveries

text: Moroccan

text: Alcácer Ceguer

text: Anfa

text: Casablanca

text: barbary corsairs

text: monastery

text: Beja

text: Beatrice of Portugal

text: Infante João, Lord of Reguengos

text: João

text: Duke of Viseu

text: Duke of Beja

text: Constable of Portugal

text: Diogo

text: Duke of Viseu

text: Duke of Beja

text: Eleanor of Viseu

text: John II of Portugal

text: Isabella of Viseu

text: Ferdinand II, Duke of Braganza

text: Manuel

text: Duke of Viseu

text: Duke of Beja

text: King of Portugal

text: John II

text: Duke of Beja

text: Duke of Viseu

text: List of Portuguese Dukedoms

categories: Medieval Portuguese nobility,15th-century Portuguese people,Constables of Portugal,Dukes of Viseu,Dukes of Beja,1433 births,House of Aviz,1470 deaths,Portuguese infantes

paragraph: Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu

paragraph: Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and Beja (or "Fernando," , 1433 – 1470) was the third son of Edward, King of Portugal and his wife Eleanor of Aragon.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ferdinand was born in Almeirim on 17 November 1433, and died in Setúbal on 18 September 1470.

paragraph: He was twice sworn Prince of Portugal (title granted to the presumptive heir to the throne): first between 1438 and 1451, once his older brother became king Afonso V of Portugal and had no children; and for the second time, in 1451, when Prince João was born, but died months later.

paragraph: When Afonso V's first daughter, Princess Joan, was born (1452), Infante Ferdinand finally lost this title.

paragraph: In 1452, Ferdinand fled the country looking for adventure. Some say he wanted to go to the north African cities controlled by the Portuguese; others say that he wanted to join his uncle, the King Alfonso I of Naples, in his campaigns in southern Italy. It seems Ferdinand had the hope to inherit his uncle's kingdom, as he had no legitimate children.

paragraph: However, his brother, King Afonso V of Portugal, as soon as he knew about Ferdinand’s escape, ordered to the Count of Odemira, which was patrolling the strait of Gibraltar with a fleet, to intercept the infante ship and bring him back to mainland Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Duke of Beja and Viseu.

paragraph: In 1453, his brother, King Afonso V of Portugal granted him the title of 1st Duke of Beja.

paragraph: When his uncle, Prince Henry the Navigator died, in 1460, he also became 2nd Duke of Viseu as well. He also succeeded his uncle as Master of the Order of Christ and responsible for the Discoveries (1460–1470).

paragraph: He was finally allowed to fight in north Africa: first in 1458 he escorted the king to the conquest of the Moroccan city of Alcácer Ceguer; and for a second time, in 1468, he led a Portuguese fleet that conquered and destroyed the port of Anfa ("Anafé" in Portuguese), today included in Casablanca, which was a barbary corsairs base.

paragraph: He was buried in the "Religiosas da Conceição" monastery, in Beja, founded by his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage and children.

paragraph: He married his cousin Beatrice of Portugal (Portuguese: "Beatriz") in 1447, daughter of Infante João, Lord of Reguengos (his uncle). From this marriage, Ferdinand had nine children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante João (1448–1472), 3rd Duke of Viseu, 2nd Duke of Beja, 7th Constable of Portugal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante Diogo (1450–1484), 4th Duke of Viseu, 3rd Duke of Beja;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infanta Eleanor of Viseu (1458–1525), married to King John II of Portugal, becoming Queen of Portugal;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infanta Isabella of Viseu (1459–1521), married to Ferdinand II, Duke of Braganza;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante Duarte of Viseu (1462-died in childhood);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante Dinis of Viseu (1464- died in childhood);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante Simão of Viseu (1467-died in childhood);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante Manuel (1469-1521), 5th Duke of Viseu, 4th Duke of Beja. Became King of Portugal, as Manuel I, following his cousin's (John II) death;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infanta Catarina of Viseu.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Beja

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Viseu

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Portuguese Dukedoms

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil” – Vol. I, pages 311 and 312. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Infante Fernando, 1st Duke of Beja and 2nd Duke of Viseu, in Portuguese

description: Portuguese prince

wikidata_label: Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu


text:
football
defensive end
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letterman
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categories: Texas Longhorns football players,Sportspeople from Houston,1984 births,American football defensive ends,American football defensive tackles,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,Miami Dolphins players,New York Jets players,Players of American football from Texas,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Rodrique Wright

paragraph: Rodrique Charles Wright (born July 31, 1984) is an American former college and professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL) for a total of five seasons. He played college football for the University of Texas, and was recognized as a consensus All-American. The NFL's Miami Dolphins chose him in the seventh round of the 2006 NFL Draft, and he also played for the CFL's Saskatchewan Roughriders. Wright is currently the defensive line coach at UTSA.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Wright was born in Houston, Texas. He was a three-year letterman and two-year starting defensive tackle for Alief Hastings High School in Houston. After seeing limited action as a sophomore, he was a first-team all-district selection as a junior after registering 92 tackles, nine quarterback sacks and a blocked extra point attempt.

paragraph: Wright earned first-team high school All-America honors from "USA Today" as a senior. He was also a "Parade" magazine All-American and was rated among the nation's top 10 defensive line prospects by "Student Sports". He was a first-team Class 5A all-state, All-Greater Houston and all-district selection as a senior. He was a finalist for the Greater Houston Touchdown Club Player of the Year award that season during which he posted 104 tackles, six sacks, three fumble recoveries and two blocked point-after attempts in 2001. Wright played in the 2002 U.S. Army All-American Bowl alongside fellow Texas Longhorns Kasey Studdard and Justin Blalock.

paragraph: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Wright was ranked second among defensive tackle prospects in the nation (behind Haloti Ngata).

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Prep awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team "Parade" All-American (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team "USA Today" All-American (2001)

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Wright attended the University of Texas, where he played for coach Mack Brown's Texas Longhorns football team from 2002 to 2005. As a true freshman in 2002, he saw action in all 13 games and started nine. He was a first-team Freshman All-America selection by the Football Writers Association of America and "The Sporting News". He earned Big 12 Defensive Freshman of the Year honors from the league's coaches, "Fort Worth Star-Telegram", "Houston Chronicle" and "The Sporting News". He shared the Longhorns' Outstanding Defensive Newcomer Award and ranked seventh on the team (first among true freshmen) in tackles (65), second in tackles for loss (13) and third in sacks (4.5) and quarterback pressures (15). He ranked in a third-place tie in tackles for loss and tied for fourth in sacks on Texas' freshman lists. Wright was a key member of a Longhorns defense that led the Big 12 and ranked eighth in the NCAA in pass defense (165.2 ypg), second in the conference and seventh in the nation in pass efficiency defense (96.1 rtg), eighth in the country in scoring defense (16.3 ppg) and 16th nationally in total defense (307.7 ypg). He performed particularly well in Big 12 action, posting 52 tackles (22 solo), 13 tackles for loss, 4.5 sacks, 10 pressures, one forced fumble and a blocked kick in eight league contests.

paragraph: Wright started all 13 games at defensive tackle in 2003, earning consensus second-team All-Big 12 honors and sharing the Longhorns' Outstanding Defensive Lineman award. He recorded 80 tackles, a team-leading 7.5 sacks, 12 tackles for loss (tied for second on the team), a team-leading 30 pressures, three passes batted down and three forced fumbles. In four games against Top 25 teams, he registered a total of 31 tackles, three sacks, four tackles for loss and eight pressures. While only a sophomore, Wright was a key member of a defense which ranked ninth in the NCAA in pass defense (177.3 ypg), 25th in total defense (329.8 ypg) and 32nd in scoring defense (21.5 ppg).

paragraph: Wright played in 11 games, making 10 starts, at defensive tackle as a junior in 2004. Despite battling an ankle injury for much of the season, he posted 36 tackles, a sack, three tackles for loss and seven quarterback pressures. He recorded 16 tackles, one tackle for loss and two pressures in five games versus Top 25 foes.

paragraph: For his performance during the year, Wright was tabbed second-team All-American by "The Sporting News" and honorable mention All-American by "Pro Football Weekly". He was also named first-team All-Big 12 by "The Dallas Morning News" and "Fort Worth Star-Telegram". He earned second-team All-Big 12 honors from the Associated Press, the conference coaches, "The Austin American-Statesman" and the "San Antonio Express-News". For the second straight year, he shared the team's Outstanding Defensive Lineman Award.

paragraph: In 2005, Wright started all 13 games and posted 46 tackles, 14 tackles for loss, 4.5 sacks, 15 pressures, three passes defensed, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery. He was a finalist for the Lombardi Award and tabbed First-team All-America by the Walter Camp Football Foundation and the Associated Press. To end his career, he won the national championship in a Rose Bowl victory over Southern California.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big 12 Freshman of the Year (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team Football Writers Association of America Freshman All-American (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team "Sporting News" Freshman All-American (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2x Longhorns' Outstanding Defensive Lineman Award (2003, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second-team All-Big 12 (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second-team AP All-Big 12 (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second-team "Sporting News" All-American(2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team All-Big 12 (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team AP All-American (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team Walter Camp Football Foundation All-American (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lombardi Award finalist (2005)

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Despite being widely regarded as a very good pro prospect and one of the best defensive tackles in the nation at Texas, Wright fell all the way to the seventh round and was selected by the Miami Dolphins with the 226th overall pick in the 2006 NFL Draft. It was later revealed that Wright had a torn rotator cuff, which he underwent surgery to repair in May 2006. In late July, Wright signed a four-year contract with the team.

paragraph: Wright was not healthy enough to play during his rookie season. He spent all of 2006 on the non-football injury list.

paragraph: Fully recovered from shoulder surgery, Wright practiced at defensive end as the backup to Vonnie Holliday during the team's April minicamps. Wright started his first game on October 7, 2007 against the Houston Texans. He played in 13 games with nine starts and registered 37 tackles, 1.5 sacks, a pass defensed and a fumble recovery.

paragraph: Wright was waived on September 5, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Wright signed with the New York Jets on March 16, 2010. Wright would later be waived by the team on August 29, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: Wright signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders on October 27, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Vigilantes.

paragraph: Wright played with the Dallas Vigilantes of the Arena Football League in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Wright's uncle, Elmo Wright, holds the University of Houston records for receiving yards and receiving touchdowns, and was a first-round pick for the Kansas City Chiefs in 1971. Wright is a cousin of former Longhorns defensive end Cedric Woodard, who previously played for the Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texas Longhorns bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saskatchewan Roughriders bio

description: American football player, defensive lineman

wikidata_label: Rodrique Wright

wikipedia_title: Rodrique Wright


text:
American football
defensive back
San Francisco 49ers
2006 NFL Draft
college football
North Carolina State
South Dade High School
Max Emfinger All-American
tackle
interception
Maryland
touchdown
Clemson
South Florida
North Carolina
Georgia Tech
Richmond
Miami
Virginia Tech
Florida State
Virginia
Duke
cornerback
Clemson
Alvin Pearman
Tangerine Bowl
Mario Williams
Manny Lawson
Carolina Panthers
Official Site
San Francisco 49ers bio

categories: San Francisco 49ers players,Players of American football from Florida,NC State Wolfpack football players,American football safeties,Sportspeople from Miami,American football cornerbacks,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Marcus Hudson

paragraph: Marcus Hudson (born November 15, 1982) is a former American football defensive back. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at North Carolina State.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Hudson attended South Dade High School. He recorded 75 tackles and five interceptions as a senior. He returned a fumble and an interception for touchdowns. He returned a kickoff and a punt for a touchdown. He earned all-state accolades. He was voted a usatoday.com and a Max Emfinger All-American.High school teammate of Arizona Cardinals cornerback Antrel Rolle.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 2005, Hudson finished season with 58 tackles, 11 passes defensed and two interceptions. He had at least one pass defensed in nine of 12 games during the season. He had two interceptions against Maryland, returning one for a touchdown. He had seven tackles and one pass defensed against Clemson. He had nine tackles and blocked a kick against South Florida.

paragraph: In 2004, Hudson a hard-hitting defender, who finished the season ranked tied for fifth on the team in tackles while playing at free safety. He led the team in tackles with nine at North Carolina and had a career-high 15 in the win at Maryland. He was named the ACC Defensive Back of the Week for his performance against Maryland. He was the only defender to score two touchdowns that season, he returned an interception 60 yards for a touchdown against Georgia Tech and scored a touchdown when he recovered a blocked punt in the season opener with Richmond. He broke up six passes last season, three in the game against third-ranked Miami. He led the team with two caused fumbles, one against Virginia Tech and one versus Florida State.

paragraph: In 2003, he was ineligible for competition, but he did participate in practice. He was moved to free safety during spring workouts and was named the Most Outstanding Player on defense.

paragraph: In 2002, he intercepted three passes for the season, tying for the team lead. He made 33 tackles for the season, 26 were solo stops. He also tallied two tackles behind the line of scrimmage. He was in for 710 snaps from scrimmage at cornerback, the third-highest total on the Wolfpack defense. He suffered an ankle sprain versus Virginia and was in for only four snaps the next week in the win over Florida State. He had a season-high seven tackles versus Duke.

paragraph: In 2001, he played more snaps than any other true freshmen with 509. He started the last four games of the season at cornerback. He started against Clemson when team opened in a nickel package. He led the team in tackles with 14 versus then ninth-ranked Maryland. He posted the third-longest play in school history when he returned an interception from end zone to end zone versus Duke. He had a key fumble recovery in the win over Florida State. He tackled Virginia's Alvin Pearman for a loss of six yards on fourth down from the Pack's one-yard line in the fourth quarter to secure the shutout. He did not play in the Tangerine Bowl contest because he suffered a neck strain in pre-bowl workouts.

paragraph: While at North Carolina State he played with future first round draft picks Mario Williams, Manny Lawson and John McCargo. The 2004 NC State defense ranked #1 in the country allowing 221.4 yards per game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: Hudson signed with the Carolina Panthers on March 15, 2010. His 2010 season with the team was his last in the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hudson obtained his degree in sociology from NC State

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Marcus Hudson

wikipedia_title: Marcus Hudson


text: jazz

text: Magdeburg

text: Kassel

text: Cologne

text: free jazz

text: Albert Mangelsdorff

text: Peter Brötzmann

text: Mal Waldron

text: Irène Schweizer

text: Die Soldaten

text: contemporary

text: Bernd Alois Zimmermann

text: Cologne

text: Graham Collier

text: Hoarded Dreams

text: Stan Getz

text: Francy Boland

text: Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band

text: Change of Scenes

text: George Gruntz

text: First Prize

text: George Russell

text: Irène Schweizer

text: Barney Wilen

text: SABA

text: Mal Waldron

text: Hard Talk

text: One-Upmanship

text: FMP releases

categories: 21st-century trumpeters,Globe Unity Orchestra members,Male trumpeters,Living people,German jazz trumpeters,ECM Records artists,21st-century male musicians,European Jazz Ensemble members,1936 births,Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Male jazz musicians,Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band members,Avant-garde jazz musicians

paragraph: Manfred Schoof

paragraph: Manfred Schoof (born 6 April 1936) is a German jazz trumpeter.

paragraph: Schoof was born in Magdeburg and studied music in Kassel and Cologne.

paragraph: He is a founder of European free jazz and collaborated with Albert Mangelsdorff, Peter Brötzmann, Mal Waldron, and Irène Schweizer. He has interpreted "Die Soldaten", an operatic work by the contemporary composer Bernd Alois Zimmermann.

paragraph: Schoof won various jazz prizes and is involved in the German musical rights association. Since 2007 he has been chairman of the Union Deutscher Jazzmusiker. He has been a professor in Cologne since 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "European Echoes" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scales" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Light Lines" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horizons" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manfred Schoof Orchester + Albert Mangelsdorff, Wolfgang Dauner, Eberhard Weber (Amiga, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resonance" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Graham Collier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoarded Dreams" (Cuneiform, 1983 [2007])

paragraph: With Stan Getz, Francy Boland and the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Change of Scenes" (Verve, 1971)

paragraph: With George Gruntz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Prize" (Enja, 1989)

paragraph: With George Russell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electronic Sonata for Souls Loved by Nature" (1969)

paragraph: With Irène Schweizer, Barney Wilen et al.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz Meets India" (SABA, 1967)

paragraph: With Mal Waldron

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hard Talk" (Enja, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One-Upmanship" (Enja, 1977)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FMP releases

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Manfred Schoof

wikipedia_title: Manfred Schoof


text: Braunschweig

text: sports car racing

text: touring car racing

text: German Grand Prix

text: Formula 2

text: speedway

text: Cooper

text: Formula 3

text: Formula Junior

text: Formula 2

text: Jim Clark

text: Hockenheimring

text: Nürburgring

text: German Grand Prix

text: Formula 2

text: Brabham

text: Caltex

text: 1968 German Grand Prix

text: Porsche

text: Jo Siffert

text: Porsche 917

text: 1969 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Vic Elford

text: 1000km Nürburgring

text: Porsche 908

text: Ehra-Lessien

text: Armco barrier

categories: German racing drivers,European Formula Two Championship drivers,1940 births,German Formula One drivers,Living people,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,Racing drivers from Lower Saxony,Sportspeople from Braunschweig,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Kurt Ahrens Jr.

paragraph: Kurt Karl-Heinrich Ahrens, also known as Kurt Ahrens Jr., (born 19 April 1940 in Braunschweig, Germany) is a former sports car racing and touring car racing driver who occasionally appeared in German Grand Prix races, mostly in Formula 2 cars.

paragraph: His father, Kurt Ahrens Sr., was a German speedway champion who competed against his son for five years. Kurt Ahrens Jr. started in 1958 with a Cooper-Norton Formula 3 and won the German Formula Junior title in 1961 and 1963, when his father retired.

paragraph: He then raced Formula 2 and was present when Jim Clark was killed at the Hockenheimring in 1968. Due to the long Nürburgring track, it was possible to take part in the German Grand Prix in Formula 2 cars. He participated mostly with Brabhams for the Caltex Racing team, and was invited to drive the Brabham-Repco F1 in the wet 1968 German Grand Prix.

paragraph: In 1968, Ahrens Jr. joined the Porsche factory sports car team and shared victory with Jo Siffert in the 1969 Austrian 1000 km event. He co-drove the pole-setting Porsche 917 "long tail" at the 1969 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans, but neither car finished. In 1970, he partnered with Vic Elford to win the 1000km Nürburgring in a Porsche 908.

paragraph: Ahrens retired after 1970, taking pride in never crashing in a race. He had suffered a high speed shunt in April 1970 while testing a long tail Porsche on a wet Ehra-Lessien, with the car disintegrating badly- the car went under the Armco barrier and broke in half (as they were known to do), leaving Ahrens strapped in the back.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ahrens24.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurt Ahrens Jr. profile at The 500 Owners Association

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Kurt Ahrens

wikipedia_title: Kurt Ahrens Jr.


text: PC

text: British Liberal

text: Secretary of State for India

text: Jew

text: Sir Herbert Samuel

text: Sir Rufus Isaacs

text: Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling

text: Clifton College

text: City of London School

text: University College London

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Cambridge University Liberal Club

text: Cambridge Union

text: Chesterton

text: Cambridgeshire

text: H. H. Asquith

text: Under-Secretary of State for India

text: Financial Secretary to the Treasury

text: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

text: the Cabinet

text: Privy Council

text: Minister of Munitions

text: Gertrude Bell

text: Maurice Hankey

text: Duff Cooper

text: Neville Chamberlain

text: David Lloyd George

text: Secretary of State for India

text: British Empire

text: S. Subramania Iyer

text: Paris Peace Conference

text: Smyrna

text: Constantinople

text: Council of Four

text: Muslim India

text: Aga Khan

text: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

text: Government of India Act 1919

text: India

text: dominion status

text: British Jew

text: the Cabinet

text: opposed to Zionism

text: Balfour Declaration

text: anti-semitic

text: a religious test

text: High Commissioner

text: British Mandate of Palestine

text: H. H. Asquith

text: his daughter Violet

text: Venetia Stanley

text: freethinking

text: Anglican

text: conversion to Judaism

text: Louis Stanley

text: British Racing Motors

text: Lord Beaverbrook

text: William Humble Eric Ward

text: Princess Margaret

text: World War II

text: Milton Gendel

text: blood poisoning

text: encephalitis

categories: UK MPs 1918–1922,UK MPs 1910–1918,Jewish British politicians,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Presidents of The Cambridge Union,People educated at the City of London School,People educated at Clifton College,British Jews,1879 births,1924 deaths,Secretaries of State for India,UK MPs 1906–1910,Younger sons of barons,UK MPs 1910,Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster,British Secretaries of State,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Samuel-Montagu family,Alumni of University College London

paragraph: Edwin Montagu

paragraph: Edwin Samuel Montagu PC (6 February 1879 – 15 November 1924) was a British Liberal politician who served as Secretary of State for India between 1917 and 1922. Montagu was a "radical" Liberal and the third practising Jew (after Sir Herbert Samuel and Sir Rufus Isaacs) to serve in the British cabinet.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Montagu was the second son and sixth child of Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling, by his wife Ellen, daughter of Louis Cohen. He was educated at Clifton College, the City of London School, University College London and Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he was the first student president of the Cambridge University Liberal Club from 1902 to 1903. In 1902, he was also president of the Cambridge Union.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Montagu was elected Member of Parliament for Chesterton in 1906, a seat he held until 1918, and then represented Cambridgeshire until 1922. He served under H. H. Asquith as Under-Secretary of State for India from 1910 to 1914, as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1914 to 1915 and again from 1915 to 1916 and as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (with a seat in the Cabinet) in 1915 and 1916. In 1915 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In 1916 he was promoted to Minister of Munitions.

paragraph: Montagu was a friend of Asquith, Gertrude Bell, Lord Lloyd, Maurice Hankey and Duff Cooper, with whom he dined frequently. When Hankey was promoted to the newly created post of Cabinet Secretary, he recommended Montagu as Minister for National Service, for which he was considered in December 1916 (the job was given in the end to Neville Chamberlain). Instead he was initially left out of David Lloyd George's coalition government in December 1916, but in August 1917 he was appointed Secretary of State for India. Montagu was not initially part of Lloyd George's inner circle, when he became Prime Minister, but he remained in office until his resignation in March 1922.

paragraph: As Secretary of State, Montagu represented the interests of the British Empire and opposed the most strident Indian nationalists, calling S. Subramania Iyer the "Grand old man of South India." Montagu led the Indian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, where he opposed plans for dividing Turkey (including the Greek occupation of Smyrna and the projected removal of the Sultan from Constantinople). On this subject, at the Council of Four on 17 May 1919, he introduced representatives of Muslim India (including the Aga Khan) and urged that Muslim peoples were beginning to see the Conference as "taking sides against Islam".

paragraph: He was primarily responsible for the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms which led to the Government of India Act 1919, committing the British to the eventual evolution of India towards dominion status.

paragraph: Section::::Views on Zionism.

paragraph: Montagu was the third British Jew to enter the Cabinet, the inner circle of government. He was strongly opposed to Zionism, which he called "a mischievous political creed", and opposed the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which he considered anti-semitic and whose terms he managed to modify. In a memo to the Cabinet, he outlined his views on Zionism thus:...I assume that it means that Mahommedans [Muslims] and Christians are to make way for the Jews and that the Jews should be put in all positions of preference and should be peculiarly associated with Palestine in the same way that England is with the English or France with the French, that Turks and other Mahommedans in Palestine will be regarded as foreigners, just in the same way as Jews will hereafter be treated as foreigners in every country but Palestine. Perhaps also citizenship must be granted only as a result of a religious test. He was opposed by his cousin Herbert Samuel, a moderate Zionist who became the first High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1912, Montagu accompanied the prime minister on holiday in Sicily. H. H. Asquith brought along his daughter Violet, and she in turn brought her friend Venetia Stanley, daughter of Edward Stanley, 4th Baron Stanley of Alderley. It appears that during this holiday, both men fell in love with Stanley.

paragraph: During the next three years, Asquith wrote more and more frequently to her, even during Cabinet meetings. At the same time, Montagu was attempting to court her, unsuccessfully proposing marriage in 1913. She liked him but did not reciprocate his love. Also, Montagu had to marry within his Jewish faith to keep his inheritance. Although Stanley was from a freethinking family and was not a devout Anglican, conversion to Judaism seemed too great a barrier. However, Asquith's epistolary obsession with Venetia and his constant demands for advice apparently became overwhelming even for this intelligent and well-read woman, keenly interested in politics as she was. As a result, she finally accepted Montagu's proposal on 28 April 1915. She converted to Judaism, and the couple were wed on 26 July 1915.

paragraph: A 2012 book argues that the marriage was one of social convenience to cover both Montagu's homosexuality and Venetia's earlier affair with Asquith. "Conspiracy of Secrets" suggests that this affair had resulted in the 1912 birth of an illegitimate child, Louis Stanley, who grew up to run British Racing Motors.

paragraph: The marriage was unhappy and she had several affairs, including one with the press magnate Lord Beaverbrook. In 1923 a child was born: legally and socially Judith was Montagu's daughter, but she was probably fathered by William Humble Eric Ward, then Viscount Ednam and later 3rd Earl of Dudley. She grew up to befriend Princess Margaret during World War II and marry the American photographer Milton Gendel, with whom she created an artistic salon in Italy. They had one child, Anna Mathias (née Gendel), the god-daughter of Princess Margaret.

paragraph: Despite his wife's affairs, Montagu's marriage lasted until his premature death in 1924. His cause of physical deterioration and death at the age of 45 was unknown, but was thought to be either blood poisoning or encephalitis.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Edwin Samuel Montagu

wikipedia_title: Edwin Montagu


text: American

text: Texas Revolution

text: Army of the Republic of Texas

text: Grass Fight

text: Battle of San Jacinto

text: Texas Rangers

text: Dutchess County, New York

text: Port Gibson, Mississippi

text: Natchez

text: Mexican Texas

text: Louisiana

text: San Antonio

text: Tejana

text: Texian Army

text: Stephen F. Austin

text: Battle of Concepcion

text: Grass Fight

text: Bexar

text: Ben Milam

text: Columbia

text: William Barrett Travis

text: Sam Houston

text: Gonzalez

text: Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas

text: Alamo

text: Susanna Dickinson

text: Alamo defenders

text: Battle of San Jacinto

text: Mexican

text: Antonio López de Santa Anna

text: Vince's Bridge

text: General Cos

text: Richmond

text: Fort Bend County

text: Laredo International Airport

text: Laredo

text: horse

text: San Antonio

text: Episcopal

text: Deaf Smith County, Texas

text: Arrowhead Mills

text: Frank Ford

text: Hereford

text: Lake Casa Blanca

text: Laredo

text: Lamar CISD's Deaf Smith Elementary

text: Martyrs of the Alamo

text: Sam De Grasse

text: Man of Conquest

text: Max Terhune

text: The First Texan

text: Chubby Johnson

text: The Adventures of Jim Bowie

text: Vic Perrin

text: The Alamo

text: Frankie Avalon

text: Los Amigos

text: Anthony Quinn

text: TV movie

text: TV Movie

text: Alamo

text: Texas Rising

text: Jeffrey Dean Morgan

text: Laredo, Texas

text: Young Perry Alsbury Letter

text: Santa Anna's Letter

text: Santa Anna's Account of the Battle

text: Account of the battle by Creed Taylor

text: San Jacinto

text: Vince's Bridge

categories: 1787 births,Deaf people from the United States,Deaf military personnel,1837 deaths,People of the Texas Revolution,Army of the Republic of Texas officers,Members of the Texas Ranger Division

paragraph: Deaf Smith

paragraph: Erastus "Deaf" Smith (April 19, 1787 – November 30, 1837) was an American frontiersman noted for his part in the Texas Revolution and the Army of the Republic of Texas. He fought in the Grass Fight and the Battle of San Jacinto. After the war, Deaf Smith led a company of Texas Rangers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Smith was born in Dutchess County, New York to Chilab and Mary Smith. In 1798, his family moved to Port Gibson, Mississippi, near Natchez.

paragraph: Section::::Texas and Louisiana.

paragraph: He came to Texas in 1821 for health reasons, but returned to Natchez in 1822. His health apparently recovered, except for a partial loss of hearing, hence the nickname "Deaf". Smith, also known as "El Sordo," appeared in many areas of Mexican Texas and was in most significant actions related to development of the region both under Mexico and during evolution of independence.

paragraph: At San Jose Mission, he introduced a fine stock of muley (polled) cattle from Louisiana to the San Antonio area, where the Longhorn breed was previously popular. He used San Antonio de Bexar as a base. Smith's family lived at the southwest corner of Presa and Nueva Streets in San Antonio de Bexar.

paragraph: Section::::Texas and Louisiana.:Family.

paragraph: In 1822, Smith married a Tejana, Guadalupe Ruiz de Durán (b. 12 December 1797), the daughter of Salvador Ruiz de Castaneda and María Ygnacia Robleau. Guadalupe was the widow of Jose María Vicente Durán (m. 1812), by whom she had three children: Refugia, Josefa, and Lucinda. The Smiths had four children: Susan Concepcion (b. August 15, 1823 – d. 22 Jan 1849), Gertrudes (b. 1825; m. Macario Tarin), Travis (b. 1827 – d. 1833), and Simona (b. October 28, 1829, Mission Espada – died November 11, 1890). Susan C. Smith married Nathaniel Fisk (b. September 4, 1815, Scranton, Vermont – died April 5, 1876) in 1839. After her death, Fisk married her sister, Simona, on August 1, 1849.

paragraph: Deaf Smith moved freely between Anglo and Hispanic Tejano societies, and was known to be a man of few words, fiercely loyal to his superiors and dedicated to the job at hand. Because of his knowledge of both Anglo and Hispanic cultures and the terrain of Texas, he served as a guide, scout, and spy.

paragraph: The Republic of Texas legislature in November 1836 had granted Smith "any house and lot in the city of Bexar, which may be confiscated for public use". His widow chose the old Granado homeplace at the southeast corner of Main Plaza and Commerce Street in San Antonio. Smith was also granted land for his service to the Texas Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Texas Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Texas Revolution.:Texan Army.

paragraph: Even as many Texas settlers formed an army and marched on San Antonio de Bexar, Smith originally intended to remain neutral. He changed his mind after the Texian Army, led by Stephen F. Austin, initiated a siege of Bexar. As the siege began, Smith and his son-in-law Hendrick Arnold were absent from town, on a hunting trip. The Mexican army increased security in the town, and refused to allow Smith and Arnold to return to their homes within the city. An indignant Smith immediately joined the Texian Army. He wrote to Austin: "I told you yesterday that I would not take sides in this war but, Sir, I now tender you my services as the Mexicans acted rascally with me".

paragraph: His intelligence gathering was important at the Battle of Concepcion. In October 1835, he discovered the mule train that brought on the Grass Fight, and in December 1835, he guided troops into San Antonio in the Siege and Battle of Bexar, where he was wounded atop the Veramendi House at the same time that Ben Milam was killed. After the evacuation of centralista troops from San Antonio in the latter engagement, he moved his family to Columbia. At the Alamo, he served as a courier to William Barrett Travis and carried Travis's letter from the Alamo on February 15, 1836. He met General Sam Houston at Gonzalez after the signing of the Texan Declaration of Independence at Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas. Dispatched back to Bexar, Houston relied on Smith to determine the fate of the Alamo garrison. He met and escorted Susanna Dickinson and party to report to General Houston in Gonzales regarding the fate of the Alamo defenders.

paragraph: Section::::Texas Revolution.:Texas cavalry company.

paragraph: In Gonzales, Smith was assigned to Captain Karnes' Cavalry Company of the 1st Regiment of Volunteers and promoted to captain in command of new recruits. Smith operated continuously on the way to, at, and after the Battle of San Jacinto with small groups of volunteers from the cavalry unit and sometimes other units, successfully generating intelligence and special missions almost continuously. At Harrisburg, he captured a Mexican courier with dispatches revealing the strength and position of Antonio López de Santa Anna's army. On April 21st prior to the Battle of San Jacinto, his men and he destroyed Vince's Bridge, the means of any retreat or reinforcements of both armies. He joined his unit to participate in the main battle. He was the courier who took the captured Santa Anna's orders to General Filisola's army to retreat from Texas. He captured General Cos, who had escaped from the main battle.

paragraph: Section::::Laredo, Texas.

paragraph: After the Battle of San Jacinto, Deaf Smith returned to Columbia and later moved to Richmond in Fort Bend County. Shortly before his death, Smith raised a company of 20 Texas Rangers, who fought on March 17, 1837, near what is the present-day location of the Laredo International Airport in Laredo, against a superior Mexican force. Two of Smith's men were wounded, and 10 Mexicans were killed and 10 others injured. Smith also captured 40 horses. This incident occurred nearly a year after General Lopez de Santa Anna had surrendered at San Jacinto to General Sam Houston. Smith, at the time, offered no further resistance against the Mexicans, and he guided the Texans back to San Antonio.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Smith died in Richmond, Texas, at age of 50, at the home of Randall Jones. The Episcopal churchyard has a modest marker, "Deaf Smith, the Texas Spy, Died Nov. 30, 1837", but his exact burial site is unknown. His widow returned to San Antonio, died there on May 1, 1849, and is interred at the Catholic Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous legacy.

paragraph: Deaf Smith County, Texas is named in his honor, which unlike his nickname, is pronounced by most residents as . Likewise, a brand of peanut butter known as Deaf Smith was manufactured by the Arrowhead Mills company, which was founded in 1960 by Frank Ford, then from Hereford, the seat of Deaf Smith County.

paragraph: Smith is also honored for his work in South Texas with a historical marker at the entrance to Lake Casa Blanca International Park in Laredo.

paragraph: Many school districts in Texas name schools after heroes of the Texas Revolution. Several schools across the state are named for Deaf Smith, including Lamar CISD's Deaf Smith Elementary in Richmond, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1915, "Martyrs of the Alamo", Smith was played by Sam De Grasse (as "Silent Smith")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939, "Man of Conquest", Smith was played by Max Terhune.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956, "The First Texan", Smith was played by Chubby Johnson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958, in ""Deaf Smith"" episode of "The Adventures of Jim Bowie", Deaf Smith was played by Vic Perrin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960, "The Alamo", Smith was played by Frankie Avalon (as "Smitty").

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972, "Los Amigos" (Smith and Johnny Ears) is based on Smith; Anthony Quinn played the Deaf Smith character.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986, TV movie "", Smith was played by Ivy Pryce.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998, TNT's TV Movie "Two for Texas", Smith was played by Richard Andrew Jones.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004, "Alamo", Smith was played by Michael Crabtree.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015, "Texas Rising", Smith was played by Jeffrey Dean Morgan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battle of San Jacinto" A Texas Historical Commission historical marker.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ” Daughters of the Republic of Texas, Muster Rolls of the Texas Revolution (Austin, 1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ” Joseph Milton Nance, Attack and Counterattack: The Texas-Mexican Frontier, 1842 (University of Texas Press, 1964).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ” The Writings of Sam Houston, 1813-1863 (University of Texas Press, 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erastus "Deaf" Smith historical marker, Lake Casa Blanca International State Park, Laredo, Texas, dedicated 1936

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Perry Alsbury Letter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Anna's Letter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Anna's Account of the Battle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Account of the battle by Creed Taylor

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Jacinto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vince's Bridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deaf Smith’s biography at Texas Junction website

description: Texan soldier

wikidata_label: Deaf Smith

wikipedia_title: Deaf Smith


text:
Satake Yoshitaka
shōgun
Tokugawa Iemitsu
"Jijū"
Sōma Domain
Satake Yoshitada
Iwasaki Domain
koku
Satake Yoshinaga
Meiji Restoration
Kubota-Shinden Domain
Sakate Yoshikuni
Yokote Castle

paragraph: Satake Yoshizumi

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Yoshizumi was born in 1637 as the eldest son of Satake Yoshitaka, the 2nd "daimyō" of Kubota. His mother was the daughter of Satake Yoshiaki, the head of the southern branch of the clan. On 12 August 1646, he was presented in formal audience to "shōgun" Tokugawa Iemitsu, and was awarded lower 4th court rank and the courtesy title of "Ukyō-no-daibū". He later gained the honorary titles of "Jijū" (侍従) and "Sakon'e-shōshō" (左少将). On the death of his father on 9 February 1672, he became "daimyō" of Kubota Domain. During his tenure, he worked very hard to place the domain on sound financial footing, sometimes to the extent of forgetting to take his meals, and occasionally coughing up blood; however, he died before his reforms became effective.

paragraph: His official wife was Tsuru-hime, a daughter of Matsudaira Naomasa of Matsue Domain, and he is known to have had two concubines. His eldest son, Yoshimitsu, predeceased him at the age of 28, and second son was sent to inherit Sōma Domain, therefore his third son, Satake Yoshitada inherited Kubota. He had at least four daughters.

paragraph: In 1701, he created two subsidiary domains within Kubota Domain. Iwasaki Domain (20,000 "koku") was assigned to his younger brother, Satake Yoshinaga and lasted to the Meiji Restoration. Kubota-Shinden Domain (10,000 "koku") was awarded to his nephew Sakate Yoshikuni and lasted until 1732.

paragraph: Yoshizumi died at Yokote Castle in 1703. His grave is at the clan temple of Tentoku-ji in Akita.

wikidata_label: Satake Yoshizumi

wikipedia_title: Satake Yoshizumi