text: courtesy name

text: art name

text: writer

text: poet

text: painter

text: calligrapher

text: pharmacologist

text: gastronome

text: statesman

text: Song dynasty

text: Song Dynasty politics

text: Sima Guang

text: New Policy

text: Wang Anshi

text: travel literature

text: iron industry

text: Arthur Waley

text: Dongpo pork

text: Hangzhou cuisine

text: Meishan

text: Mount Emei

text: Sichuan

text: Su Zhe

text: Su Xun

text: literati

text: Taoist

text: civil service examinations

text: jinshi

text: Emperor Renzong

text: Ouyang Xiu

text: Confucian classics

text: decree examinations

text: China

text: Hangzhou

text: West Lake

text: Mi Prefecture

text: Shandong

text: Xuzhou

text: memorial to the throne

text: Liguo Industrial Prefecture

text: iron industry

text: a political faction

text: Wang Anshi

text: monopoly

text: salt

text: exile

text: Huangzhou

text: Buddhist

text: Hubei

text: Huizhou

text: Guangdong

text: Hainan

text: Dongpo Academy

text: Shen Kuo

text: Changzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: 3rd-century Chinese battle

text: Sichuan

text: Gregorian calendar

text: ci

text: ci

text: handmaiden

text: Qiantang

text: Qin Guan

text: Huizhou

text: mid-autumn festival

text: Su Zhe

text: shi

text: ci

text: fu

text: prose

text: calligraphy

text: painting

text: Shui diao ge tou

text: Su Zhe

text: Mid-Autumn Festival

text: naval battle

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Battle of Chibi

text: Crow Terrace Poetry Trial

text: Eihei Dōgen

text: Sōtō

text: Zen

text: Shōbōgenzō

text: essay

text: narrative

text: diary

text: prose

text: travel literature

text: cultural

text: geographical

text: topographical

text: philosophical

text: moral

text: persuasive writing

text: Xuzhou

text: memorial

text: iron industry

text: Han Dynasty

text: sluice

text: canal lock

text: flash lock

text: canal

text: pound lock

text: barge

text: Shen Kuo

text: Dream Pool Essays

text: irrigation

text: silt

text: fertilization

text: gastronome

text: Ni Zan

text: Xu Wei

text: Yuan Mei

text: Dongpo pork

text: Chinese chess

text: Chinese literature

text: Chinese poetry

text: Classical Chinese poetry

text: Culture of the Song Dynasty

text: History of the Song Dynasty

text: Shen Kuo

text: Song poetry

text: Su Shi's destiny quote

text: Technology of the Song Dynasty

text: Wang Shen

text: Watson, Burton

text: Copper Canyon Press

text: Xu Yuanchong

text: Hegel, Robert E.

text: Lin, Yutang

text: Needham, Joseph

text: Sivin, Nathan

text: Journal of Song-Yuan Studies

text: Project MUSE

text: Su Shi and his Calligraphy Gallery

text: Su Shi: Poems

text: Poems by Su Shi

text: Su Shi Poems

categories: 1101 deaths,12th-century Chinese calligraphers,11th-century Chinese painters,Song dynasty painters,Chinese travel writers,12th-century Chinese painters,11th-century Chinese calligraphers,Writers from Meishan,1037 births,12th-century Chinese poets,Recipients of Chinese royal pardons,Chinese tea masters,Su Shi,Poets from Sichuan,Song dynasty poets,Song dynasty politicians from Sichuan,11th-century Chinese poets,Politicians from Meishan,Chinese pharmacologists,Chinese scholars,Song dynasty calligraphers,Painters from Sichuan

paragraph: Su Shi

paragraph: Su Shi () (8January103724August1101), courtesy name Zizhan, (), art name Dongpo (), was a Chinese writer, poet, painter, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome, and a statesman of the Song dynasty. A major personality of the Song era, Su was an important figure in Song Dynasty politics, aligning himself with Sima Guang and others, against the New Policy party led by Wang Anshi.

paragraph: Su Shi is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished figures in classical Chinese literature, having produced some of the most well-known poems, lyrics, prose, and essays. Su Shi was famed as an essayist, and his prose writings lucidly contribute to the understanding of topics such as 11th-century Chinese travel literature or detailed information on the contemporary Chinese iron industry. His poetry has a long history of popularity and influence in China, Japan, and other areas in the near vicinity and is well known in the English-speaking parts of the world through the translations by Arthur Waley, among others. In terms of the arts, Su Shi has some claim to being "the pre-eminent personality of the eleventh century." Dongpo pork, a prominent dish in Hangzhou cuisine, is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Su Shi was born in Meishan, near Mount Emei today Sichuan province. His brother Su Zhe and his father Su Xun were both famous literati. His given name, Shi (轼), refers to the crossbar railing at the front of a chariot; Su Xun felt that the railing was a humble, but indispensable, part of a carriage.

paragraph: Su's early education was conducted under a Taoist priest at a local village school. Later his educated mother took over . Su married at the age of 17. Su and his younger brother (Zhe) had a close relationship, and in 1057, when Su was 19, he and his brother both passed the (highest-level) civil service examinations to attain the degree of jinshi, a prerequisite for high government office. His accomplishments at such a young age attracted the attention of Emperor Renzong, and also that of Ouyang Xiu, who became Su's patron thereafter. Ouyang had already been known as an admirer of Su Xun, sanctioning his literary style at court and stating that no other pleased him more. When the 1057 jinshi examinations were given, Ouyang Xiu required—without prior notice—that candidates were to write in the ancient prose style when answering questions on the Confucian classics. The Su brothers gained high honors for what were deemed impeccable answers and achieved celebrity status, especially in the case of Su Shi's exceptional performance in the subsequent 1061 decree examinations.

paragraph: Beginning in 1060 and throughout the following twenty years, Su held a variety of government positions throughout China; most notably in Hangzhou, where he was responsible for constructing a pedestrian causeway across the West Lake that still bears his name: "sudi" (苏堤, , Su causeway). He had served as a magistrate in Mi Prefecture, which is located in modern-day Zhucheng County of Shandong province. Later, when he was governor of Xuzhou, he wrote a memorial to the throne in 1078 complaining about the troubling economic conditions and potential for armed rebellion in Liguo Industrial Prefecture, where a large part of the Chinese iron industry was located.

paragraph: Su Shi was often at odds with a political faction headed by Wang Anshi. Su Shi once wrote a poem criticizing Wang Anshi's reforms, especially the government monopoly imposed on the salt industry. The dominance of the reformist faction at court allowed the New Policy Group greater ability to have Su Shi exiled for political crimes. The claim was that Su was criticizing the emperor, when in fact Su Shi's poetry was aimed at criticizing Wang's reforms. It should be said that Wang Anshi played no part in this action against Su, for he had retired from public life in 1076 and established a cordial relationship with Su Shi. Su Shi's first remote trip of exile (1080–1086) was to Huangzhou, Hubei. This post carried a nominal title, but no stipend, leaving Su in poverty. During this period, he began Buddhist meditation. With help from a friend, Su built a small residence on a parcel of land in 1081. Su Shi lived at a farm called Dongpo ('Eastern Slope'), from which he took his literary pseudonym. While banished to Hubei province, he grew fond of the area he lived in; many of the poems considered his best were written in this period. His most famous piece of calligraphy, Han Shi Tie, was also written there. In 1086, Su and all other banished statesmen were recalled to the capital due to the ascension of a new government. However, Su was banished a second time (1094–1100) to Huizhou (now in Guangdong province) and Hainan island. In 1098 the Dongpo Academy in Hainan was built on the site of the residence that he lived in whilst in exile.

paragraph: Although political bickering and opposition usually split ministers of court into rivaling groups, there were moments of non-partisanship and cooperation from both sides. For example, although the prominent scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) was one of Wang Anshi's most trusted associates and political allies, Shen nonetheless befriended Su Shi. It should be noted, however, that Su Shi was aware that it was Shen Kuo who, as regional inspector of Zhejiang, presented Su Shi's poetry to the court sometime between 1073 and 1075 with concern that it expressed abusive and hateful sentiments against the Song court. It was these poetry pieces that Li Ding and Shu Dan later utilized in order to instigate a law case against Su Shi, although until that point Su Shi did not think much of Shen Kuo's actions in bringing the poetry to light.

paragraph: After a long period of political exile, Su received a pardon in 1100 and was posted to Chengdu. However, he died in Changzhou, Jiangsu province after his period of exile and while he was en route to his new assignment in the year 1101. Su Shi was 64 years old. After his death he gained even greater popularity, as people sought to collect his calligraphy, paintings depicting him, stone inscriptions marking his visit to numerous places, and built shrines in his honor. He was also depicted in artwork made posthumously, such as in Li Song's (1190–1225) painting of Su traveling in a boat, known as "Su Dongpo at Red Cliff", after Su Song's poem written about a 3rd-century Chinese battle.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Su Shi had three wives. His first wife was Wang Fu (王弗, 1039–1065), an astute, quiet lady from Sichuan who married him at the age of sixteen. She died 13 years later in 1065, on the second day of the fifth Chinese lunar month (Gregorian calendar June 14), after bearing him a son, Su Mai (蘇邁). Heartbroken, Su wrote a memorial for her (《亡妻王氏墓志銘》), stating Fu was not just a virtuous wife but advised him frequently on the integrity of his acquaintances when he was an official.

paragraph: Ten years after the death of his first wife, Su composed a ("ci") poem after dreaming of the deceased Fu in the night at Mi Prefecture. The poem, "To the tune of 'Of Jinling' " (江城子), remains one of the most famous poems Su wrote.

paragraph: In 1068, two years after Wang Fu's death, Su married Wang Runzhi (王閏之, 1048–93), cousin of his first wife, and 11 years his junior. Wang Runzhi spent the next 15 years accompanying Su through his ups and downs in officialdom and political exile. Su praised Runzhi for being an understanding wife who treated his three sons equally (his eldest, Su Mai（苏迈，蘇邁）, was born by Fu). Once, Su was angry with his young son for not understanding his unhappiness during his political exile. Wang chided Su for his silliness, prompting Su to write the domestic poem "Young Son (《小兒》)".

paragraph: Wang Runzhi died in 1093, at forty-six, after bearing Su two sons, Su Dai (苏迨，蘇迨) and Su Guo (苏过，蘇過). Overcame with grief, Su expressed his wish to be buried with her in her memorial (see memorial 《祭亡妻同安郡君文》). On his second wife's second birthday after her death, Su wrote another "ci" poem, "To the tune of 'Butterflies going after Flowers"' (《蝶戀花》), for her.

paragraph: Su's third wife, Wang Zhaoyun (王朝雲, 1062–1095) was his handmaiden who was a former Qiantang singing artiste. Wang was only about ten (eleven sui) when she became his personal slave. After she taught, herself to read though she was formerly illiterate. Zhaoyun was probably the most famous of Su's companions. Su's friend Qin Guan wrote a poem, "A Gift for Dongpo's concubine Zhaoyun" (《贈東坡妾朝雲》), praising her beauty and lovely voice. Su dedicated a number of his poems to Zhaoyun, like "To the Tune of 'Song of the South"'《南歌子》, "Verses for Zhaoyun" (《朝雲詩》), "To the Tune of 'The Beauty Who asks One to Stay' " (《殢人嬌·贈朝雲》), "To the Tune of 'The Moon at Western Stream' "《西江月》. Zhaoyun remained a faithful companion to Su after Runzhi's death, but died of illness on 13 August 1095 (紹聖三年七月五日) at Huizhou. Zhaoyun bore Su a son, Su Dun (蘇遁) on 15 November 1083, who died in his infancy. After Zhaoyun's death, Su never married again.

paragraph: Being a government official in a family of officials, Su was often separated from his loved ones depending on his posting. In 1078, he was serving as prefect of Suzhou. His beloved younger brother was able to join him for the mid-autumn festival, which inspired the poem "Mid-Autumn Moon" reflecting on the preciousness of time with family. It was written to be sung to the tune of "Yang Pass."

paragraph: Su Shi had three adult sons, the eldest son being Su Mai (蘇邁), who would also become a government official by 1084. Su Dai (蘇迨) and Su Guo (蘇過) are his other sons. When Su Shi died in 1101, his younger brother Su Zhe (蘇轍) buried him alongside second wife Wang Runzhi according to his wishes.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Poetry.

paragraph: Around 2,700 of Su Song's poems have survived, along with 800 written letters. Su Dongpo excelled in the "shi", "ci" and "fu" forms of poetry, as well as prose, calligraphy and painting. Some of his notable works include the First and Second "Chibifu" ( "The Red Cliffs", written during his first exile), "" ( "Remembering Chibi, to the tune of Nian Nu Jiao") and "Shui diao ge tou" ( "Remembering Su Zhe on the Mid-Autumn Festival", 中秋节，). The two former poems were inspired by the 3rd century naval battle of the Three Kingdoms era, the Battle of Chibi in the year 208. The bulk of his poems are in the "shi" style, but his poetic fame rests largely on his 350 "ci" style poems. Su Shi also founded the haofang school, which cultivated an attitude of heroic abandon. In both his written works and his visual art, he combined spontaneity, objectivity and vivid descriptions of natural phenomena. Su Shi wrote essays as well, many of which are on politics and governance, including his "Liuhoulun" (). His popular politically charged poetry was often the reason for the wrath of Wang Anshi's supporters towards him, culminating with the Crow Terrace Poetry Trial of 1079. He also wrote poems on Buddhist topics, including a poem later extensively commented on by Eihei Dōgen, the founder of the Japanese Sōtō school of Zen, in a chapter of his work Shōbōgenzō entitled "The Sounds of Valley Streams, the Forms of Mountains".

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Travel record literature.

paragraph: Su Shi also wrote of his travel experiences in 'daytrip essays', which belonged in part to the popular Song era literary category of 'travel record literature' (youji wenxue) that employed the use of narrative, diary, and prose styles of writing. Although other works in Chinese travel literature contained a wealth of cultural, geographical, topographical, and technical information, the central purpose of the daytrip essay was to use a setting and event in order to convey a philosophical or moral argument, which often employed persuasive writing. For example, Su Shi's daytrip essay known as "Record of Stone Bell Mountain" investigates and then judges whether or not ancient texts on 'stone bells' were factually accurate.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:A memorial concerning the iron industry.

paragraph: While acting as Governor of Xuzhou, Su Shi in 1078 AD wrote a memorial to the imperial court about problems faced in the Liguo Industrial Prefecture which was under his watch and administration. In an interesting and revealing passage about the Chinese iron industry during the latter half of the 11th century, Su Shi wrote about the enormous size of the workforce employed in the iron industry, competing provinces that had rival iron manufacturers seeking favor from the central government, as well as the danger of rising local strongmen who had the capability of raiding the industry and threatening the government with effectively armed rebellion. It also becomes clear in reading the text that prefectural government officials in Su's time often had to negotiate with the central government in order to meet the demands of local conditions.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Technical issues of hydraulic engineering.

paragraph: During the ancient Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) of China, the sluice gate and canal lock of the flash lock had been known. By the 10th century the latter design was improved upon in China with the invention of the canal pound lock, allowing different adjusted levels of water along separated and gated segments of a canal. This innovation allowed for larger transport barges to pass safely without danger of wrecking upon the embankments, and was an innovation praised by those such as Shen Kuo (1031–1095). Shen also wrote in his "Dream Pool Essays" of the year 1088 that, if properly used, sluice gates positioned along irrigation canals were most effective in depositing silt for fertilization. Writing earlier in his "Dongpo Zhilin" of 1060, Su Shi came to a different conclusion, writing that the Chinese of a few centuries past had perfected this method and noted that it was ineffective in use by his own time.

paragraph: Although Su Shi made no note of it in his writing, the root of this problem was merely the needs of agriculture and transportation conflicting with one another.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Gastronome.

paragraph: Su is called one of the four classical gastronomes. The other three are Ni Zan (1301–74), Xu Wei (1521–93), and Yuan Mei (1716–97). There is a legend, for which there is no evidence, that by accident he invented Dongpo pork, a famous dish in later centuries. Lin Hsiang Ju and Lin Tsuifeng in their scholarly "Chinese Gastronomy" give a recipe, "The Fragrance of Pork: Tungpo Pork", and remark that the "square of fat is named after Su Dongpo, the poet, for unknown reasons. Perhaps it is just because he would have liked it." A story runs that once Su Dongpo decided to make stewed pork. Then an old friend visited him in the middle of the cooking and challenged him to a game of Chinese chess. Su had totally forgotten the stew, which in the meantime had now become extremely thick-cooked, until its very fragrant smell reminded him of it.

paragraph: Su, to explain his vegetarian inclinations, said that he never had been comfortable with killing animals for his dinner table, but had a craving for certain foods, such as clams, so he couldn't desist. When he was imprisoned his views changed. "Since my imprisonment I have not killed a single thing... having experienced such worry and danger myself, when I felt just like a fowl waiting in the kitchen, I can no longer bear to cause any living creature to suffer immeasurable fright and pain simply to please my palate."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Chinese poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of the Song Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Song Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shen Kuo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Shi's destiny quote

paragraph: BULLET::::- Technology of the Song Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Shen

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watson, Burton (translator). "Selected Poems of Su Tung-p'o" (English only) (Copper Canyon Press, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xu Yuanchong (translator). "Selected Poems of Su Shi." (Chinese with English translations). Hunan: Hunan People's Publishing House, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). "East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). "The Cambridge Illustrated History of China". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hardback); (paperback).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Ronald. "Word, Image, and Deed in the Life of Su Shi". Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 1994. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuller, Michael Anthony. "The Road to East Slope: The Development of Su Shi's Poetic Voice". Stanford University Press, 1990. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960-1279)," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) (July 1985): 67-93.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartman, Charles. "Poetry and Politics in 1079: The Crow Terrace Poetry Case of Su Shih," "Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR)" (Volume 12, 1990): 15–44.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatch, George. (1993) "Su Hsun's Pragmatic Statecraft" in "Ordering the World : Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China", ed. Robert P. Hymes, 59–76. Berkeley: Berkeley University of California Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hegel, Robert E. "The Sights and Sounds of Red Cliffs: On Reading Su Shi," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) (Volume 20 1998): 11-30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lin, Yutang. "The Gay Genius: The Life and Times of Su Tungpo". J. Day Co., 1947. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations". Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics". Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivin, Nathan (1995). "Shen Kua." In Sivin's "Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections", text III: 1-53. Haldershot (Hampshire, England), and Burlington (Vermont, USA): VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wagner, Donald B. "The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Volume 44 2001): 175-197.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yang, Vincent. "Nature and Self: A Study of the Poetry of Su Dongpo, With Comparisons to the Poetry of William Wordsworth" (American University Studies, Series III). Peter Lang Pub Inc, 1989. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang, Yugen. "The Limits of Poetry as Means of Social Criticism: The 1079 Literary Inquisition against Su Shi Revisited." "Journal of Song-Yuan Studies". Volume 41, 2011. pp. 29–65. 10.1353/sys.2011.0028. Available at Project MUSE.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Shi and his Calligraphy Gallery at China Online Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Shi: Poems

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems by Su Shi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Shi Poems  in English

alias:
Su Dongpo
Zizhan
Su Shih
Dongpo jushi
Su shi
zi Zizhan
hao Dongpo jushi
Su Tung-p'o
Wenzhong

description: Chinese writer

enwikiquote_title: Su Shi

wikidata_label: Su Shi

wikipedia_title: Su Shi


text:
Mattathias
Hasmonean
Jew
Seleucid Empire
Judas Maccabaeus
Jonathan Apphus
Antiochus VI
Ladder of Tyre
Joppa
Adida
1 Macc.
Josephus
Antiquities
Diodotus Tryphon
Demetrius II
Hebrew
Hasmonean Dynasty
1 Macc.
Roman Republic
Rome
Seleucid Empire
Ptolemy, son of Abubus
John Hyrcanus

categories: Maccabees,Hasmonean dynasty,2nd-century BC biblical rulers,2nd-century BC High Priests of Israel,Year of birth unknown,135 BC deaths,2nd-century BC murdered monarchs,2nd-century BCE Jews,2nd-century BC clergy,2nd-century BC Hasmonean rulers

paragraph: Simon Thassi

paragraph: Simon Thassi ( "Šiməōn HaṮasī"; died 135 BCE) was the second son of Mattathias and thus a member of the Hasmonean family. The name "Thassi" has a connotation of "the Wise", a title that can also mean "the Director", "the Guide", "the Man of Counsel", and "the Zealous".

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Simon took a prominent part in the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid Empire led by his brothers, Judas Maccabaeus and Jonathan Apphus. The successes of the Jews rendered it expedient for the Seleucid leaders in Syria to show them special favour. Therefore, Antiochus VI appointed Simon strategus, or military commander, of the coastal region stretching from the Ladder of Tyre to Egypt. As strategus, Simon conquered the cities of Beth-zur and Joppa, garrisoning them with Jewish troops and built the fortress of Adida.

paragraph: After the capture of Jonathan, Simon was elected leader by the people, assembled at Jerusalem. He at once completed the fortification of the capital, and made Joppa secure. ("1 Macc. 13:8-13:11"); (Josephus, "Antiquities Bk13 Ch6:4)

paragraph: At Hadid he blocked the advance of the Seleucid general, Diodotus Tryphon, who was attempting to enter the country and seize the throne of Syria. Since Tryphon could gain nothing by force, he demanded a ransom for Jonathan and the surrender of Jonathan's sons as hostages. Although Simon was fully aware that Tryphon would deceive him, he acceded to both demands, so that the people might see that he had done everything possible for his brother. Jonathan was nevertheless treacherously assassinated, and the hostages were not returned. Simon thus became the sole leader of the people.

paragraph: As an opponent of Diodotus Tryphon, Simon decided to side with the Seleucid king, Demetrius II, to whom he sent a deputation requesting freedom from taxation for the country. The fact that his request was granted implied the recognition of the political independence of Judea.

paragraph: He became the first prince of the Hebrew Hasmonean Dynasty. He reigned from 142 to 135 BCE.

paragraph: The Hasmonean Dynasty was founded by a resolution, adopted in 141 BCE, at a large assembly "of the priests and the people and of the elders of the land, to the effect that Simon should be their leader and high priest forever, until there should arise a faithful prophet".("1 Macc. 14:41") Recognition of the new dynasty by the Roman Republic was accorded by the Senate about 139 BCE, when the delegation representing Simon was in Rome. Simon made the Jewish people semi-independent of the Seleucid Empire.

paragraph: In February 135 BCE, he was assassinated at the instigation of his son-in-law and rival Ptolemy, son of Abubus. Simon was followed by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father.

description: High priest of Israel

wikidata_label: Simon Thassi

wikipedia_title: Simon Thassi


text:
Roman
grammar
Augustus
Tiberius
manumitter
Gaius
Lucius
Suetonius
Praeneste
Fasti Praenestini
dictionary
Sextus Pompeius Festus
epitome
De verborum significatu
Paul the Deacon
Charlemagne
Cato the Elder
Pliny the Elder
augury
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
John Edwin Sandys
KO Müller
Henry Nettleship
Fragments of Verrius Flaccus's works
testimonia
Fasti Praenestinini

categories: 50s BC births,Grammarians of Latin,20 deaths,Lexicographers,Ancient Roman antiquarians,Golden Age Latin writers

paragraph: Verrius Flaccus

paragraph: Marcus Verrius Flaccus (c. 55 BCAD 20) was a Roman grammarian and teacher who flourished under Augustus and Tiberius.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a freedman, and his manumitter has been identified with Verrius Flaccus, an authority on pontifical law; but for chronological reasons the name of Veranius Flaccus, a writer on augury, has been suggested (Teuffel-Schwabe, "Hist. of Roman Lit." 199, 4). He gained such a reputation by his methods of instruction that he was summoned to court to bring up Gaius and Lucius, the grandsons of Augustus. He removed there with his whole school, and his salary was greatly increased on the condition that he took no fresh pupils. He died at an advanced age during the reign of Tiberius (Suetonius, "De Grammaticis", 17), and a statue in his honour was erected at Praeneste, in a marble recess, with inscriptions from his "Fasti Praenestini".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Flaccus was also a distinguished philologist and antiquarian investigator. His most important work, "De verborum significatu", was the first major alphabetical dictionary in Latin. Though only small fragments remain of the work, it served as the basis for Sextus Pompeius Festus's epitome, also called "De verborum significatu". Festus's work was in turn abridged centuries later by Paul the Deacon for the library of Charlemagne. Of the calendar of Roman festivals ("Fasti Praenestini") engraved on marble and set up in the forum at Praeneste, some fragments were discovered (1771) at some distance from the town itself in a Christian building of later date, and some consular "fasti" in the forum itself (1778). The collection was subsequently increased by two new fragments.

paragraph: Other lost works of Flaccus include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Orthographia: De Obscuris Catonis", an elucidation of obscurities in the writings of Cato the Elder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturnus", dealing with questions of Roman ritual

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rerum memoria dignarum libri", an encyclopaedic work much used by Pliny the Elder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Res Etruscae", probably on augury.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: BULLET::::- For the fragments of the "Fasti" see "Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum", i. pp. 311;

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Gatti, "Due nuovi Frammenti del Calendario di Verrio Flacco," in "Atti della r. Accademia dei Lincei", 5th ser., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 421 (1898);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winther, "De Fastis Verrii Flacci ab Ovidio adhibitis" (1885);

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Edwin Sandys, "Classical Scholarship" (ed. 1906), vol. i., index, s.v. "Verrius";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fragments of Flaccus in KO Müller's edition of Festus;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Nettleship, "Lectures and Essays".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fragments of Verrius Flaccus's works and testimonia in Latin

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of Fasti Praenestinini at "attalus.org"

description: lexicographer and writer (0055-0020)

wikidata_label: Verrius Flaccus

wikipedia_title: Verrius Flaccus


text:
Alanäs socken
Stockholm
Swedish
Dobloug Prize

categories: 20th-century Swedish male writers,20th-century Swedish novelists,Dobloug Prize winners,Swedish male novelists,1880 births,1967 deaths

paragraph: Gustav Hedenvind-Eriksson

paragraph: Gustav Hedenvind-Eriksson (Alanäs socken, May 17, 1880-Stockholm, April 17, 1967) was a Swedish novelist. He made his literary debut in 1910 with the novel "Ur en fallen skog". Later novels are "Vid Eli vågor" from 1914, "Järnets gåta" from 1921, and "På friköpt jord" from 1930. His books often deal with his experiences as a logger, a navvy or a sailor, and are inspired by the oral storytelling he heard as a child in faraway Jämtland. He was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1959.

description: Swedish writer

wikidata_label: Gustav Hedenvind-Eriksson

wikipedia_title: Gustav Hedenvind-Eriksson


text:
Tønsberg
Norway
Norwegian
electronica
Line Horntveth
Jaga Jazzist
The National Bank
Lars Horntveth
Ravi (Ivar Johansen)
Lars
Tønsberg
Edvard Prize
The National Bank
Martin Hagfors
Bigbang
Electric Psalmbook
Bertine Zetlitz
Anneli Drecker
Thomas Dybdahl
Himmelblå
Killl
Espen Hangård
Erlend Mokkelbost
Are Mokkelbost
Lydverket spanderer: Jaga Jazzist
NRK

categories: Electronica musicians,Norwegian jazz drummers,20th-century Norwegian drummers,Jaga Jazzist members,Male drummers,Norwegian composers,The National Bank (band) members,Norwegian male composers,1977 births,Musicians from Tønsberg,Bigbang (Norwegian band) members,Male jazz musicians,Living people,21st-century Norwegian drummers

paragraph: Martin Horntveth

paragraph: Martin Horntveth (born 20 September 1977 in Tønsberg, Norway) is a Norwegian musician (primarily drummer), composer and electronica artist, the younger brother of tubaist Line Horntveth, but best known as the drummer and key member of Jaga Jazzist and The National Bank together with his brother Lars Horntveth.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Together with Ravi (Ivar Johansen) he started in 1994 the band Jaga Jazzist, where he and his brother Lars are key members. In summer 2003 he and his brother Lars, wrote a commissioned work for "Vestfold Festspillene" in Tønsberg. The work was performed by the musicians who later became the band The National Bank. He received the Edvard Prize 2005 in the class pop music for the tune "Tolerate" from the band's debut album "The National Bank", together with his brother Lars and the lyricist Martin Hagfors.

paragraph: As a solo artist he has released two EP's with electronica music and toured the US and Europe. He also has a more pop/rock oriented solo project under the name Wolf Whistle where he plays all the instruments himself. Horntveth is also musician for the theater group "Stella Polaris".

paragraph: Horntveth has also been a drummer in Bigbang in the period 1997–1999, and was playing the drums on the album "Electric Psalmbook". He has been a band leader for Bertine Zetlitz' backing band, and played with artists such as Anneli Drecker, Thomas Dybdahl and the band "Home Groan". Horntveth has also written music for TV series "Luftens helter" and "Himmelblå", and participated in the TV series "Thursday evening with Steinar Sagen" where he was musical director and studio musician in the fictional TV show. In 2003 he also became involved in a noise-rock side-project called Killl with Espen Hangård, Erlend Mokkelbost and Are Mokkelbost, which released a live DVD in 2011.

paragraph: Horntveth played music for the theater troupe Stella Polaris, and has also established himself as a solo artist and composer for film, television and stage.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fast Motion" (Smalltown Supersound, 2002) EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skull EP" (Smalltown Supersound, 2003) EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fast Motion/Skull EP" (Smalltown Supersound, 2005) LP

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lydverket spanderer: Jaga Jazzist NRK

description: Norwegian musician

wikidata_label: Martin Horntveth

wikipedia_title: Martin Horntveth


text: Late-Gothic Augsburg

categories: German male painters,1460 births,15th-century German painters,People from Augsburg,Gothic painters,1532 deaths,16th-century German painters

paragraph: Ulrich Apt the Elder

paragraph: Ulrich Apt the Elder (1460-1532), was a German Late-Gothic painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Apt was born in Augsburg, and lived and worked there all of his life. He became an independent master in 1481. He ran a workshop in Augsburg with his three sons Jacob, Ulrich Apt the Younger, and Michael, all artists, producing primarily religious themed works. He died in Augsburg in 1532.

alias: Master of the Rehlingen Altarpiece and of the Regensburger     Demherrnportrats

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Ulrich Apt the Elder

wikipedia_title: Ulrich Apt the Elder


text:
Paramount Pictures
Detroit
Michigan
radio drama
WWJ
Paramount's
Island of Lost Souls
Kathleen Burke
bit part
Madame Butterfly
Under the Tonto Rim
Bell's palsy
Ken Maynard
Mystery Mountain
Western
serial film
Mascot Pictures
John Wayne
The Star Packer
The Trail Beyond
Monogram Pictures
Universal Studios
I've Been Around
Carl Laemmle, Jr.
Broadway
Night of January 16th
The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show
NBC
Barbara Cartland
Fairfield, Connecticut
stroke
Madame Butterfly
From Hell to Heaven
Under the Tonto Rim
Man of the Forest
Duck Soup
Search for Beauty
Six of a Kind
House of Mystery
The Star Packer
Romance in the Rain
The Trail Beyond
Mystery Mountain
I've Been Around
Princess O'Hara
Rescue Squad
Mister Dynamite
Rebellious Daughters
The Reluctant Dragon

categories: 20th-century American actresses,American film actresses,1997 deaths,People from Hancock, Michigan,Actresses from Michigan,1914 births

paragraph: Verna Hillie

paragraph: Verna Hillie (May 5, 1914 – October 3, 1997) was an American film actress. First recruited into movie acting by a contest, she went on to star in films for Paramount Pictures and other studios through the 1930s, before retiring from acting in the early 1940s.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Hillie began acting as a teenager in Detroit, Michigan, where she got a part in a radio drama on station WWJ. Against her wishes, her mother submitted her photo to a national competition for the role of the "Panther Woman" in Paramount's 1932 film "Island of Lost Souls". When Paramount contacted her for a tryout, she reluctantly agreed, but eventually came to enjoy the process. She lost the competition to Kathleen Burke, but the studio gave her a contract anyway, starting her with a bit part in "Madame Butterfly".

paragraph: She became better known after her supporting role in "Under the Tonto Rim" in 1933. When Hillie contracted Bell's palsy, Paramount dropped her contract, but she soon recovered and began working for other studios. In 1934 she co-starred with Ken Maynard in "Mystery Mountain", a Western serial film from Mascot Pictures. She then starred opposite John Wayne in "The Star Packer" and "The Trail Beyond" for Monogram Pictures. She had some minor roles in movies for Universal Studios, such as "I've Been Around" in 1935, but the studio stopped using her after she spurned romantic advances from production executive Carl Laemmle, Jr. She also appeared in the Broadway production of "Night of January 16th" in 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hillie married radio emcee Frank Gill, Jr., in 1933. They had two children, but they divorced in 1952. She retired from acting in the 1940s to focus on raising her children, returning to work as "Clara Bagley" in two early 1950s episodes of "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show". In 1952 she married NBC executive Richard Linkroun. They divorced after 11 years. After her divorce from Linkroun, Hillie worked in health care administration for several years. She was later the United States representative for English author Barbara Cartland. She died in 1997 in Fairfield, Connecticut from a stroke.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madame Butterfly" (1932) - Bridesmaid (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Hell to Heaven" (1933) - Sonnie Lockwood

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Tonto Rim" (1933) - Nina Weston

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man of the Forest" (1933) - Alice Gayner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duck Soup" (1933) - Trentino's Blonde Secretary (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Search for Beauty" (1934) - Susie (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Six of a Kind" (1934) - Safe-Deposit Clerk (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "House of Mystery" (1934) - Ella Browning

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Star Packer" (1934) - Anita Matlock

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romance in the Rain" (1934) - Cinderella Girl

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Trail Beyond" (1934) - Felice Newsome

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mystery Mountain" (1934) - Jane Corwin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I've Been Around" (1935) - Girl

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess O'Hara" (1935) - Alberta Whitley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescue Squad" (1935) - Norma Britt

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mister Dynamite" (1935) - Mona Lewis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rebellious Daughters" (1938) - Barbara 'Babe' Webster

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Reluctant Dragon" (1941) - Sculptor (uncredited)

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Verna Hillie

wikipedia_title: Verna Hillie


text:
John Wayne
Texas Terror
Rainbow Valley
The Airmail Mystery
James Flavin
The Last of the Duanes
Soup to Nuts
Young as You Feel
Danger Island
Girls About Town
Battling with Buffalo Bill
The Airmail Mystery
The Last of the Mohicans
Fra Diavolo
Double Harness
The Mystery Squadron
King of the Arena
The Law of the Wild
Texas Terror
Rainbow Valley
On Probation
Tumbling Tumbleweeds

categories: 20th-century American actresses,American film actresses,1976 deaths,Actresses from Memphis, Tennessee,1907 births,Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City

paragraph: Lucile Browne

paragraph: Lucile Ruth Browne (March 18, 1907 – May 10, 1976) was an American film actress. She starred opposite John Wayne in the 1935 films "Texas Terror" and "Rainbow Valley".

paragraph: While filming "The Airmail Mystery" in 1932, Browne met her future husband, actor James Flavin. They married soon after and stayed together for more than 40 years until his death April 23, 1976. Devastated over his death, Browne died seventeen days later on May 10. She had one son, William James Flavin, a professor.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last of the Duanes" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soup to Nuts" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young as You Feel" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Danger Island" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girls About Town" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battling with Buffalo Bill" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Airmail Mystery" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last of the Mohicans" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fra Diavolo (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Harness" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mystery Squadron" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King of the Arena" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Law of the Wild" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Texas Terror" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rainbow Valley" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Probation" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" (1935)

description: actress

wikidata_label: Lucile Browne

wikipedia_title: Lucile Browne


text: Major General

text: Australian Army

text: Second World War

text: 3rd Division

text: Citizen Military Forces

text: National Bank of Australasia

text: Balmain, New South Wales

text: commissioned

text: Militia

text: 17th Battalion

text: British Army

text: Anzio

text: North Sydney Boys' High School

text: National Bank of Australasia

text: lieutenant

text: major

text: Second Australian Imperial Force

text: 2/13th Battalion

text: Middle East

text: 7th Division

text: Syria–Lebanon campaign

text: Vichy French

text: lieutenant colonel

text: 2/17th Battalion

text: Second Battle of El Alamein

text: North Africa

text: New Guinea

text: Huon Peninsula campaign

text: landing at Scarlet Beach

text: advanced on Sattelberg

text: 24th Brigade

text: 20th Brigade

text: 2/43rd Battalion

text: Borneo campaign

text: brigadier

text: 29th Brigade

text: II Corps

text: 3rd Division

text: Bougainville

text: 182nd Infantry Regiment

text: Torokina

text: Buin

text: 23rd Brigade

text: Watsonia, Victoria

text: 6th Brigade

text: major general

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Bar

text: mentioned in despatches

text: Commander of the Order of the Bath

text: Efficiency Decoration

text: Heidelberg, Victoria

text: Service record

categories: 1907 births,1971 deaths,Australian military personnel of World War II,Australian generals

paragraph: Noel Simpson (general)

paragraph: Major General Noel Simpson, (22 February 1907 – 18 November 1971) was an officer in the Australian Army who served during the Second World War, commanding at both battalion and brigade level. In the post-war military, he eventually rose to command the 3rd Division in the post war military, before serving on the Military Board, as the Citizen Military Forces member before retiring in 1964. He was a banker in civilian life, rising to the role of assistant-inspector of the National Bank of Australasia. He died in 1971, at the age of 64.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Simpson was born on 22 February 1907, in Balmain, New South Wales, to Harry and Annie Simpson. His father was an orchardist who had been born in Sydney, while his mother, Annie (), had migrated from New Zealand. Noel was the younger of a set of twin boys; his brother, Grosvenor, would also undertake military service, and the pair were both initially commissioned into the Militia 17th Battalion, although Grosvenor would later serve in the British Army and would be killed at Anzio in 1944. After completing his schooling at North Sydney Boys' High School, Simpson joined the National Bank of Australasia in late 1922; he would remain with them for his entire working life except for the period of his war service.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: While employed by the National Bank of Australasia in civilian life, Simpson began his military service in 1925, serving in the part time military forces. He was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1926 and served in a number of infantry battalions – the 17th, 25th/33rd, 34th and 45th – during the inter-war years, rising to the rank of major by the time the Second World War broke out. Volunteering for overseas service, Simpson was appointed to the Second Australian Imperial Force and posted to the 2/13th Battalion as second-in-command.

paragraph: He deployed to the Middle East with them in late 1940, but shortly after arrival, he was seconded to the headquarters staff of the 7th Division, and later in the Syria–Lebanon campaign against the Vichy French in mid-1941. In early 1942, he returned to the 2/13th before being promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1942 and taking command of the 2/17th Battalion; at this time he gained a reputation for his thorough training methods, and he subsequently led the battalion successfully through the Second Battle of El Alamein as the Allies launched a heavy offensive against the Germans and Italians in North Africa.

paragraph: In 1943, Simpson's unit was brought back to Australia in preparation for operations against the Japanese in New Guinea. They undertook intensive training in Queensland, including amphibious landings, which eventually paid dividends when the 2/17th took part in the Huon Peninsula campaign, carrying out a landing at Scarlet Beach on 22 September 1943. Throughout September and October, despite being wounded, Simpson led the battalion in heavy fighting around Kumawa, and then Jivevaneng, where they held off a Japanese force that had threatened to encircle them. As the Australians then advanced on Sattelberg in November, Simpson temporarily commanded the 24th Brigade and then later the 20th Brigade.

paragraph: After returning to Australia, Simpson was posted to the 2/43rd Battalion, commanding them as they undertook training in Queensland ahead of the Borneo campaign. However, he would not see action with them; instead, Simpson was promoted to brigadier in March 1945 and placed in command of the 29th Brigade, a Militia formation tasked with joining II Corps' 3rd Division on Bougainville, where the Australians had begun a limited offensive after taking over from US forces in late 1944.

paragraph: Prior to Simpson's arrival, the 29th Brigade had relieved the US 182nd Infantry Regiment before commencing the advance along the southern coast in December 1944. After about a month, the brigade returned to the main Allied base around Torokina for a rest. Simpson arrived on Bougainville on 28 March, and the following month the brigade began defensive operations protecting the supply lines that were maintaining the Australian thrust towards the Japanese stronghold around Buin. In July, the brigade was tasked with resuming the offensive, commencing with crossing the Mivo River, but as patrols began to push forward towards the Oami River heavy rain brought the drive to a premature halt, with the war ending before it could resume in August.

paragraph: Simpson took over command of the 23rd Brigade in November 1945, and led the formation back to Australia where it was demobilised in mid-1946 at Watsonia, Victoria.

paragraph: After the war, Simpson resumed his civilian career with National Bank, but returned to the part time military in the post war period. He was the honorary aide-de-camp to the Governor General in 1950, and between 1950 and 1953 filled a staff role in Eastern Command. In 1953–1958, he commanded the 6th Brigade before being promoted to major general and taking over the 3rd Division in 1959–1960. In 1960–1962, he was the Citizen Military Forces representative of the Military Board – essentially holding the highest position available for a part-time officer – before going on to the Reserve of Officers list for the final part of his career. He retired from military service on 23 February 1964, having reached compulsory retirement age after nearly 40 years service.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and legacy.

paragraph: During the war, Simpson was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his actions during the fighting around El Alamein and was awarded a Bar to the DSO for his role in the early part of the Huon Peninsula campaign. He was later mentioned in despatches (1947), and appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1956) and a Commander of the Order of the Bath (1963). He was also awarded the Efficiency Decoration in 1946.

paragraph: In his later life, Simpson continued to work for National Bank, serving as an assistant inspector until he retired in 1966. He died on 18 November 1971 in Heidelberg, Victoria. He never married.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Service record, National Archives of Australia

wikidata_label: Noel Simpson

wikipedia_title: Noel Simpson (general)


text:
Snow White
Young Lochinvar
I'll Show You the Town
Skinner's Dress Suit
Don Juan
As You Like It
Personal Property
The Prince and the Pauper
Wee Willie Winkie
Lord Jeff
A Christmas Carol
The Little Princess
I Dood It
The Song of Bernadette
Macbeth

categories: 20th-century English male actors,1879 births,1947 deaths,English male film actors

paragraph: Lionel Braham

paragraph: Lionel Braham (April 1, 1879 – October 6, 1947) was a British actor. He appeared in the films "Snow White", "Young Lochinvar", "I'll Show You the Town", "Skinner's Dress Suit", "Don Juan", "As You Like It", "Personal Property", "The Prince and the Pauper", "Wee Willie Winkie", "Lord Jeff", "A Christmas Carol", "The Little Princess", "I Dood It", "The Song of Bernadette" and "Macbeth", among others.

wikidata_label: Lionel Braham

wikipedia_title: Lionel Braham


text:
Mari
Mesopotamia
Akkadian Empire
Royal Palace of Mari
Shakkanakku
Mari
Akkad
Nebuchadrezzar
Hitlal-Erra
Hanun-Dagan

paragraph: Puzur-Ishtar

paragraph: Puzur-Ishtar (c. 2050–2025 BC) was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire.

paragraph: A statue of him is known from the Royal Palace of Mari. Statues of gods and past rulers were the most common among statues unearthed at the Palace of Zimri-Lin. The title of Shakkanakku (military governor) was borne by all the princes of a dynasty who reigned at Mari in the late third millennium and early second millennium BC. These kings were the descendants of the military governors appointed by the kings of Akkad.

paragraph: The statue of Puzur-Ishtar once stood in one of the sanctuaries of the Palace of Zimri-Lim, but was discovered in the museum of Nebuchadrezzar’s palace at Babylon (604-562 B.C.E). The inscription on the hem of the statue’s skirt mentions Puzur-Ishtar, Sakkanakku of Mari, and also mentions his brother the priest Milaga. Horned caps are usually limited to divine representations in Mesopotamian art but they do not occur on depictions of kings during the Ur III period, therefore it is considered that perhaps the horns of divinity on Puzur-Ishtar’s cap qualified him (to the Babylonian soldiers) as a god to be carted home as the ultimate symbol of their victory over the people of Mari.

paragraph: He had several sons, who succeeded him, Hitlal-Erra and Hanun-Dagan.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Puzur-Ishtar

wikipedia_title: Puzur-Ishtar


text:
Roman
jurist
tutor
Law
Emperor
Marcus Aurelius
equestrian class
adlected
Marcus Aurelius
Roman senate
praetor
suffect consul
nundinium
praefectus annonae
augustalian prefect
Egypt
governor
Alexandria
Avidius Cassius
Fideicommissa
Rhodian laws

categories: Roman governors of Egypt,2nd-century Romans,2nd-century people of Roman Egypt,170s deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Year of death uncertain,Roman Alexandria,110s births,Ancient Roman jurists,Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome,Volusii

paragraph: Lucius Volusius Maecianus

paragraph: Lucius Volusius Maecianus (c. 110 – 175) was a Roman jurist, the tutor in Law of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Originally of the equestrian class, Maecianus was adlected by emperor Marcus Aurelius into the Roman senate "inter praetorios", or with the rank of praetor. Maecianus was suffect consul in an undetermined "nundinium" around AD 166.

paragraph: He was "praefectus annonae" and augustalian prefect of Egypt in 161. While governor of Alexandria he was slain by the soldiers, as having participated in the rebellion of Avidius Cassius in 175. (Cassius was his son-in-law by marriage to his daughter Volusia Vettia or Volusia Maeciana (c. 135 – aft. 175), the name of his wife being unknown.)

paragraph: Maecianus was the author of works on trusts ("Fideicommissa"), on the "Judicia publica", and of a collection of the Rhodian laws relating to maritime affairs. His treatise on numerical divisions, weights and measures ("Assis distributio"), is extant, with the exception of the concluding portion. An edition by E. Seckel and B. Klübler, was published as part of Huschke, "Jurispr. anteiust.", vol. 1 (1908).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Laura Astarita, "Avidio Cassio" [Italian]

description: Roman governor

wikidata_label: Lucius Volusius Maecianus

wikipedia_title: Lucius Volusius Maecianus


text: Houston Post

text: United States Senate

text: Joseph Weldon Bailey

text: Texas Senate

text: President pro tempore

text: Sandersville, Georgia

text: Confederate States Army

text: Austin

text: Austin Statesman

text: Houston Post

text: Associated Press

text: Democratic Party

text: Lieutenant Governor of Texas

text: Democratic National Committee

text: Oscar Branch Colquitt

text: Governor of Texas

text: United States Senate

text: Joseph W. Bailey

text: John N. Heiskell

text: Morris Sheppard

text: Eighteenth Amendment

text: Texas Senate

text: President pro tempore

text: William P. Hobby

text: Rice University

text: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

categories: United States Senators from Texas,Texas state senators,Democratic Party United States Senators,Confederate States Army soldiers,1849 births,Texas Democrats,Appointed United States Senators,1926 deaths,Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas),19th-century American newspaper editors

paragraph: Rienzi Melville Johnston

paragraph: Rienzi Melville Johnston (September 9, 1849February 28, 1926) was an American journalist and politician. He edited the "Houston Post" from 1885 to 1919, and served a 29-day term in the United States Senate in January 1913 after the resignation of Joseph Weldon Bailey. His term remains the second shortest in Senate history. Johnston was a member of the Texas Senate from 1917 to 1920, and also its President pro tempore from 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Johnston was born in Sandersville, Georgia, on September 9, 1849 (some sources say 1850). He was born the son of Freeman W. Johnston and his wife Mary J. (née Russell). In his early years, Johnston worked in a print shop, but at the age of 12 was enlisted as a drummer in the Confederate States Army, serving a year from 1862 to 1863. After being discharged, he re-enlisted in 1864 and served until the end of the war. After the war, he returned to newspaper work.

paragraph: Section::::Newspaper career.

paragraph: In the early 1870s, Johnston became editor of the "Savannah Morning News". He traveled to Texas in 1878, where he took on the editorship of the "Crockett Patron". After a year at the "Patron", he went on to edit the "Corsicana Observer" and established the "Independent" there. In 1880, Johnston moved to Austin, where he wrote for the "Austin Statesman". The "Houston Post" also enlisted him to serve as a correspondent to cover the state capital.

paragraph: After a reorganization in 1885, Johnston was chosen as the new editor-in-chief of the "Houston Post", and later became president of the Houston Printing Company. As a noted editorial writer, Johnston was frequently quoted by other newspapers across the United States. He also served as the first Vice President of the Associated Press for two years.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Johnston, through his newspaper influence, became a leader of the Democratic Party in Texas. He declined the nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1898. From 1900 to 1912, he served as a member of the Democratic National Committee.

paragraph: At the beginning of January 1913, Oscar Branch Colquitt, Governor of Texas, appointed Johnston to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of Joseph W. Bailey. Johnston served a brief term, from January 4, to January 29, 1913. Johnston's 29-day term is the second shortest in Senate history, behind John N. Heiskell's 24 days. Elected to replace Johnston was Morris Sheppard, later known as "the father of national Prohibition" for introducing the Eighteenth Amendment to the Senate. Following his Senate term, Johnston returned to Houston and resumed his role as editor of the "Post". He retired from the newspaper business in 1919.

paragraph: In 1916, Johnston was elected to the Texas Senate, representing Houston. He served in office from January 9, 1917, to January 12, 1920, through the 35th and 36th sessions of the legislature. On March 27, 1918, Johnston was elected as President pro tempore of the Senate. During the 36th legislature, Johnston was chair of the Towns and City Corporations Committee and vice chair of the Public Printing Committee. He resigned his seat in 1920, having been appointed by Governor William P. Hobby as Chairman of the State Prison Commission. In a special election, Lynch Davidson, later a state Lieutenant Governor, won Johnston's former seat.

paragraph: A collection of Johnston's papers are held at Rice University in Houston. His name has also been given to Rienzi, the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston's house museum for European decorative arts. The house formerly belonged to Johnston's grandson, Harris Masterson III.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Johnston married Mary E. Parsons in 1875, and they had three children. He died on February 28, 1926, and was buried in Glenwood Cemetery, Houston.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Retrieved on 2008-02-14

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the Rienzi Melville Johnston papers, 1899-1926

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Rienzi Melville Johnston

wikipedia_title: Rienzi Melville Johnston


text:
Byzantine
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Abaqa Khan
Saint Mary of the Mongols
Mongol Empire
Genghis Khan
Hulagu Khan
Abbasids
Ayyubids
Sack of Baghdad
Karakorum
Ilkhanate
Turkey
Iran
Pakistan
Golden Horde
Euphrosyne Palaiologina
Nogai Khan
Golden Horde
Pantokrator monastery
Steven Runciman
Patriarch Euthymius of Antioch
Caesarea
Abaqa Khan
Nestorian Christians
Doquz Khatun
Tengri
Ahmad
Baidu Khan
Andronicus II
Charbanda
Ottomans
Nicaea
Othman
Virgin Mary
capture of Constantinople
Mehmet the Conqueror
Fener
narthex
Chora Monastery
Deesis
Maria Palaiologina

categories: 13th-century Christian nuns,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Illegitimate children of Byzantine emperors,13th-century deaths,Year of birth unknown,Eastern Orthodox nuns,13th-century Byzantine people,Year of death unknown,Michael VIII Palaiologos,Christians of the Crusades,Palaiologos dynasty,13th-century births,Mongol Empire Christians

paragraph: Maria Palaiologina

paragraph: Maria Palaiologina () was the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (ruled 1258-1282) who became the wife of the Mongol ruler Abaqa Khan, and an influential Christian leader among the Mongols. After Abaqa's death she became the leader of a Monastery in Constantinople which was popularly named after her as Saint Mary of the Mongols.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context.

paragraph: In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire founded by Genghis Khan had expanded to its greatest extent. Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis, had swept with his army through Persia and Syria, destroying centuries-old Islamic caliphates, those of the Abbasids and Ayyubids, and led the 1258 Sack of Baghdad, considered to be the single most disastrous event in the history of Islam.

paragraph: However, the Mongol Empire was experiencing internal dissension, and though the center of power was the Great Khan in Karakorum, the Empire had split into four "khanates", one for each of four of Genghis's grandsons. Hulagu's portion was known as the Ilkhanate and stretched through the area today that covers parts of Turkey and Iran on the west, and Pakistan on the east. The section to the north, covering parts of Russian and Eastern Europe, was known as the Golden Horde. Relations between the khanates were not friendly, and battles erupted between them, even as they both were attempting to further extend the Empire westwards towards Europe, Greece, and the Middle East.

paragraph: Section::::Arranged marriage.

paragraph: Michael VIII, the Byzantine Emperor based in Constantinople, attempted to stay on friendly relations with both khanates. Hulagu had been negotiating for a lady of the imperial family of Constantinople to be added to his number of wives, and Michael selected his illegitimate daughter Maria. He also betrothed another of his daughters, Maria's sister Euphrosyne Palaiologina, to Nogai Khan, head of the Golden Horde. Both khanates maintained an attitude of tolerance towards the Christians.

paragraph: On her journey to marry Hulagu, Maria left Constantinople in 1265, escorted by the abbot of Pantokrator monastery, Theodosius de Villehardouin. Historian Steven Runciman relates how she was accompanied by the Patriarch Euthymius of Antioch. However, in Caesarea they learned that Hulagu had died, so Maria was instead married to his son, Abaqa Khan. She led a pious life and was quite influential on the politics and the religious outlooks of the Mongols, many of whom were already Nestorian Christians. They had previously looked to Doquz Khatun, Hulagu's wife, as a religious leader. When Doquz also died in 1265, this sentiment turned to Maria, who was called "Despina Khatun" by the Mongols (Δέσποινα being Greek for "Lady").

paragraph: Section::::Widowhood.

paragraph: Maria resided in Persia at court of Abaqa for a period of 15 years, until her husband - follower of Tengri - died and was succeeded by his Muslim brother Ahmad. According to Orlean's manuscript, Baidu Khan was close to Maria during her time in Persia and frequently visited her ordo (nomadic palace) to hear interesting stories about Christianity.

paragraph: She eventually returned to Constantinople, but in 1307, during the reign of Andronicus II, she was offered again as bride to a Mongolian prince, Charbanda, the Mongol ruler of the Middle East in order to obtain an alliance against the rising power of the Ottomans, who at that time were threatening the Byzantine city of Nicaea. Maria went there, both to encourage its defense and to hasten the negotiations with the Mongols about her wedding. She met with the Ottoman Sultan, Othman, but her menacing behaviour aroused the spirit of the Ottomans. Before the 30,000 troops sent to her aid by the Mongols could reach the city, the Ottomans stormed the fortress of Tricocca, which was the key to Nicaea, and conquered it.

paragraph: Maria was then forced to go back to Constantinople once again, where she became the "Ktetorissa" of the Panagiotissa Monastery, and remained there for the rest of her life.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The church of the monastery was officially dedicated to the Virgin Mary, but due to Maria's association with it, it became popularly known as the "Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols". Maria herself was never canonized.

paragraph: The Church is called by the Turks "the Church of Blood" (Kanli Kilise), as the building saw violent combat during the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. The Church is the only one in Constantinople to have never been converted to a mosque, following an order by Mehmet the Conqueror. It is located in Tevkii Cafer Mektebi Sok, in the quarter of Fener.

paragraph: There is a surviving mosaic portrait of Maria, from the narthex at the Chora Monastery (she appears as a nun, with an inscription with her monastic name of Melania), in the lower right hand corner of the Deesis scene.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Palaiologina

description: Wife of Abaqa Khan

wikidata_label: Maria Palaiologina

wikipedia_title: Maria Palaiologina


text:
hydrographer
Charles II
English
mathematical instrument
lexicographer
Fellow of the Royal Society
Delft
Rotterdam
First English Civil War
London
Puritan
Thomas Jenner
Harry Carter
Herbert Davis
Arctic
Northwest Passage
North Pole
Daines Barrington
Captain Cook

wikipedia_title:
Hydrography
Charles II of England
England
Mathematical instrument
Lexicography
Fellow of the Royal Society
Delft
Rotterdam
First English Civil War
London
Puritans
Thomas Jenner (publisher)
Harry Carter (typographer)
Herbert Davis
Arctic Ocean
Northwest Passage
North Pole
Daines Barrington
James Cook

categories: English lexicographers,17th-century English mathematicians,1691 deaths,People educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield,Fellows of the Royal Society,1627 births

paragraph: Joseph Moxon

paragraph: Joseph Moxon (8 August 1627 – February 1691), hydrographer to Charles II, was an English printer specialising in mathematical books and maps, a maker of globes and mathematical instruments, and mathematical lexicographer. He produced the first English language dictionary devoted to mathematics, and the first detailed instructional manual for printers. In November 1678, he became the first tradesman to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Between the ages of around 9 and 11, Moxon accompanied his father, James Moxon, to Delft and Rotterdam where he was printing English Bibles. It was at this time that Moxon learned the basics of printing. After the First English Civil War the family returned to London and Moxon and his older brother, James, started a printing business which specialized in the publication of Puritan texts, with the notable exception of "A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing or Colouring of Mapps and Prints" of 1647 which was produced for Thomas Jenner, a seller of maps.

paragraph: In 1652, Moxon visited Amsterdam and commissioned the engraving of globe-printing plates, and by the end of the year was selling large celestial and terrestrial globes in a new business venture. He specialized in the printing of maps and charts, and in the production of globes, and mathematical instruments made of paper.

paragraph: In January 1662, he was appointed hydrographer to the King, despite his Puritan background. His shop at this time was on Ludgate Hill; afterwards, in 1683, it was 'on the west side of Fleet Ditch,' but always 'at the sign of Atlas.'. Moxon's "Mechanick exercises" was published in parts between 1677 and 1684; it was completed in two volumes, the first giving instructions on metalworking, woodworking, brick-laying and sundial-construction and the second (issued 1683-1684) providing a detailed series of instructions for printers, including typefounding, composition, press-work etc., which have given printing historians much (probably idealised) information on the working practices of hand-press period printing-houses. An annotated edition, edited by Harry Carter and Herbert Davis, was published in 1958 and reprinted with corrections in 1962.

paragraph: Moxon theorized that the Arctic was ice free, and warmed by twenty-four hours of sunlight in the summer. He also speculated that Arctic ice was created near land, and that if one sailed far enough northwards, one would be free of northern land masses and, subsequently, ice.

paragraph: These views led him to believe that the Northwest Passage would be found by sailing near the North Pole. These views later influenced Daines Barrington and Samuel Engel, whose refinement of Moxon's ideas would in turn influence Captain Cook's Third Voyage in search of the Northwest Passage.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A tutor to astronomy & geography. Or, The use of the Copernican spheres". London (1665)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mechanick exercises ..." 2 volumes. London (1677-1683). Issued in parts, 1677-1684.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A collection of some attempts made to the North-East, and North-West, for the finding a passage to Japan, China, &c." London (1676)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mechanick dyalling" (extracted from "Mechanick exercises" volume 1). London (1697)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Thomas Tuttell. "Mathematicks made easie, or, A mathematical dictionary explaining the terms of art and difficult phrases used in arithmetick, geometry, astronomy, astrology, and other mathematical sciences." London (1700)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mechanick exercises or the doctrine of handy-works." London (1703 edition)

description: British hydrographer

wikidata_label: Joseph Moxon

wikipedia_title: Joseph Moxon


text: geophysicist

text: geodesist

text: gravity

text: gravity anomalies

text: continental drift

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Rotterdam

text: Amsterdam

text: The Hague

text: Delft

text: dissertation

text: pendula

text: geoid

text: cartography

text: Utrecht University

text: Delft University of Technology

text: Howard N. Potts Medal

text: World War II

text: Amersfoort

text: J.H.F. Umbgrove

text: B.G. Escher

text: gravity anomalies

text: oceanic trench

text: isostasy

text: volcanism

text: Earth's crust

text: plate tectonics

text: Earth

text: HNLMS K II

text: HNLMS K XI

text: HNLMS K XIII

text: HNLMS K XIII

text: HNLMS O 13

text: HNLMS K XVIII

text: HNLMS O 16

text: HNLMS O 12

text: HNLMS O 13

text: HNLMS O 19

text: HNLMS O 24

text: HNLMS Walrus

text: HNLMS Zeeleeuw

text: gravimeter

text: European Geosciences Union

text: Utrecht University

text: Vening Meinesz

text: Moon

text: List of geophysicists

categories: Foreign Members of the Royal Society,Dutch scientists,Wollaston Medal winners,Dutch geologists,Penrose Medal winners,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,1966 deaths,Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,Delft University of Technology alumni,1887 births,People from The Hague,Geophysicists,Dutch inventors,Delft University of Technology faculty

paragraph: Felix Andries Vening Meinesz

paragraph: Felix Andries Vening Meinesz (30 July 1887 – 10 August 1966) was a Dutch geophysicist and geodesist. He is known for his invention of a precise method for measuring gravity. Thanks to his invention, it became possible to measure gravity at sea, which led him to the discovery of gravity anomalies above the ocean floor. He later attributed these anomalies to continental drift. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vening Meinesz's father, Sjoerd Anne Vening Meinesz, was mayor, first of Rotterdam, then of Amsterdam. Felix was born in The Hague grew up in a protected environment. In 1910 he graduated in civil engineering in Delft. The same year he started working for the Dutch gravity survey. In 1915 he wrote his dissertation on the defects of the gravimeters used at that time.

paragraph: Vening Meinesz then designed a new gravimeter, which the KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute) built. The apparatus has two pendula of the same size hanging in a frame but moving in opposite phases. With mirrors and lightbeams the difference in amplitude of the two pendula is captured on a film. Vening Meinesz had discovered that horizontal accelerations (as by waves on a boat) had no influence on the difference in amplitude between the two pendula. The recorded difference then is the amplitude of a theoretical, undisturbed pendulum. Now it became possible to measure gravity more accurately. Vening Meinesz started with measuring gravity all over the Netherlands, for which a network of 51 monitoring stations was created. This became a success, which encouraged him to do measurements at sea. A perfected gravimeter, hanging in a 'swing', was designed. The experiment was successful.

paragraph: Now measuring gravity at sea had become possible. Between 1923 and 1929 the tall (over 2 metres) Vening Meinesz embarked in small submarines for some uncomfortable expeditions. His goal was to establish the exact shape of the geoid and the Earth. When his expedition with the submarine Hr. Ms. K XVIII was made into a movie in 1935, Vening Meinesz became a hero of the Dutch cinema public. Besides, his research was in the international scientific spotlight. In 1927 he became a part-time professor in geodesy, cartography and geophysics at Utrecht University, and in 1937 he became professor at the Delft University of Technology as well. He was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1936. In 1927 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

paragraph: In World War II, Vening Meinesz was involved in the Dutch resistance. After the war he could take up his tasks as a professor again. From 1945 to 1951 he was the director of the KNMI. From 1948 to 1951, Vening Meinesz was President of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). He retired in 1957, and died in Amersfoort.

paragraph: Section::::Research and discoveries.

paragraph: The vast amounts of data that his expeditions yielded were analyzed and discussed together with other leading Dutch Earth scientists of the time J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen, the results were published in 1948. An important result was the discovery of elongated belts of negative gravity anomalies along the oceanic trenches. The mean gravity force appeared to be the same on land and at sea, which was in agreement with the principle of isostasy. Vening Meinesz was especially intrigued by the oceanic trenches. The coexisitence of active volcanism, large negative gravity anomalies and the sudden difference in terrain elevation could only be explained by assuming the Earth's crust was somehow pushed together at these places. As a geophysicist, he was prejudiced that the crust was too rigid to deform at that scale in such a way. His discoveries could be explained only with the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Submarine expeditions.

paragraph: Vening Meinesz measured the gravity field of the Earth with his pendulum apparatus onboard several submarines. The following expeditions are described in his publications, "Gravity Expeditions at Sea"

paragraph: Vol 1: 1923–1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS K II (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS K XI (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS K XIII (1926–1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS K XIII (1928–1930)

paragraph: Vol II: 1923–1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS O 13 (1932)

paragraph: Vol III: 1934–1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS K XVIII (1934–1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS O 16 (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS O 12 (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS O 13 (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS O 19 (1939)

paragraph: Vening Meinesz was not onboard during expeditions after 1939. His experiments were performed by his students.

paragraph: Vol V: 1948–1958

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS O 24 (1948 - 1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS Tijgerhaai (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS Walrus (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS Vos (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS Zeeleeuw (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNLMS Fret (1957)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Named after him are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a gravimeter, an apparatus to measure gravity

paragraph: BULLET::::- a mathematical function used in geodesy

paragraph: BULLET::::- a medal of the European Geophysical Society/European Geosciences Union

paragraph: BULLET::::- a research school at Utrecht University

paragraph: BULLET::::- The crater Vening Meinesz on the Moon.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of geophysicists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vening Meinesz Research School of Geodynamics at Utrecht University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some downloadable (pdf scanned) publications by FA Vening Meinesz

paragraph: BULLET::::- EGU Vening Meinesz Medal

description: Dutch geophysicist

wikidata_label: Felix Andries Vening Meinesz

wikipedia_title: Felix Andries Vening Meinesz


text:
ice hockey
goaltender
Utica Comets
American Hockey League
Utica City FC
Major Arena Soccer League
National Hockey League
Phoenix Coyotes
Philadelphia Flyers
Phoenix Coyotes
Philadelphia Flyers
Michal Handzuš
Brian Boucher
Eastern Conference
Stanley Cup
Tampa Bay Lightning
Ak Bars Kazan
goals against average
Dinamo Minsk
2010–11 KHL season
SCL Tigers
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
Russia
2004 World Cup of Hockey
Turin
Whitesboro, New York
Chico Resch
1997–98
OHL
1998–99
AHL
2002–03
William M. Jennings Trophy
Roman Čechmánek
PHI
Martin Brodeur
NJ
NHL
Yanick Dupre Memorial
2003–04
Pelle Lindbergh Memorial
2008 World Championships

wikipedia_title: List of Philadelphia Flyers award winners

wikipedia_title: 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships

categories: HC Dinamo Minsk players,American ice hockey goaltenders,Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players,1978 births,Ak Bars Kazan players,Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia,Springfield Falcons players,Arizona Coyotes draft picks,Phoenix Coyotes players,SKA Saint Petersburg players,Philadelphia Flyers players,Olympic ice hockey players of the United States,SCL Tigers players,Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Ice hockey people from New York (state),Plymouth Whalers players,Living people,Detroit Whalers players,William M. Jennings Trophy winners,Sportspeople from Utica, New York

paragraph: Robert Esche

paragraph: Robert L. Esche (born January 22, 1978) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who is the current president of the Utica Comets of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Utica City FC of the Major Arena Soccer League (MASL). He previously played eight seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Phoenix Coyotes and Philadelphia Flyers.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Esche started his career with the Phoenix Coyotes, only to be traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in a deal involving Michal Handzuš and Brian Boucher. In 2004, he claimed the starting goaltending spot for the Flyers, and led them to the Eastern Conference Finals, only to fall in seven games to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Tampa Bay Lightning.

paragraph: While playing in Russia for Ak Bars Kazan, he posted a record of 22–5–2 with a 2.01 goals against average (GAA) and a .912 save percentage, along with four shutouts.

paragraph: Esche skated with Dinamo Minsk during the 2010–11 KHL season. In 2008–09, he posted a record of 21–14 with a 1.87 GAA and .912 save percentage, as well as nine shutouts.

paragraph: On June 16, 2011, the SCL Tigers announced they had signed the 33-year-old Esche to a contract, where he played 40 games, going 15-25, with a 3.05 GAA and .898 save percentage.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Esche has represented the United States in the 1997 and 1998 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships and the IIHF World Championships in 2000, shutting out Russia in Russia, an accomplishment he still lists as his greatest moment in hockey. He represented the US team in 2001 and also received the starting nod at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey.

paragraph: Esche was named to the 2006 US Men's Olympic Hockey Team in Turin. He played one game in the Olympic tournament, losing 5–4 to Russia.

paragraph: Esche played for the 2008 Team USA Hockey team in the World Championships which took place in Canada. He had earned some starts after sitting out the first few games, including a 42 save performance in a controversial 3–2 loss against Finland. He also posted a 9–1 victory against Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Esche has two children with former wife Kelly. He hails from Whitesboro, New York.

paragraph: Esche is nicknamed "Chico" after former NHL goaltender Chico Resch because his sticks are labeled R. Esche.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997–98: Second All-Star Team (OHL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998–99: All-Rookie Team (AHL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002–03: William M. Jennings Trophy "shared with Roman Čechmánek, PHI and Martin Brodeur, NJ" (NHL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002–03: Yanick Dupre Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003–04: Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 World Championships: Best save percentage (.931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008–09: Played in KHL All-Star Game

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Esche biography at hockeygoalies.org - advanced statistics and game logs

description: American ice hockey goaltender

wikidata_label: Robert Esche

wikipedia_title: Robert Esche


text: Walthamstow

text: Cornish language

text: Chigwell School

text: bard

text: Gorseth

text: bardic name

text: classical languages

text: Oxford

text: Belfast

text: Liverpool

text: University College Dublin

text: Portadown

text: County Armagh

text: Celtic languages

text: literatures

text: heraldry

text: Maynooth

text: Leinster

text: Manx

text: P. Berresford Ellis

text: revived Cornish

text: phoneme

text: Kernewek Kemmyn

text: Unified Cornish Revised

text: Agan Tavas

text: Spyrys a Gernow

text: Greek

text: Bewnans Ke

text: National Library of Wales

text: Aberystwyth

text: Exeter University Press

text: Bobi Jones

text: T. Gwynn Jones

text: romanticism

text: Tennyson

text: Morte D'Arthur

text: Linnaean Society of London

text: Medicinal Plants

text: Edible Plants

text: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

text: Through the Looking-Glass

text: The Hobbit

text: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: coat of arms

text: granted

text: Chief Herald of Ireland

text: escutcheon

text: blazon

text: City of London

text: crest

text: pied wagtail

text: Ragged Robin

text: Willie wagtail

text: Pre-occlusion

text: Bewnans Ke

categories: Celtic studies scholars,British heraldists,People educated at Chigwell School,Fellows of the Linnean Society of London,1942 births,Cornish-speaking people,Alumni of the University of Oxford,Living people,Cornish writers,Irish language,Academics of the University of Liverpool,Cornish revival,Cornish language,Linguists from the United Kingdom,Alumni of Queen's University Belfast,Bards of the Cornish Gorseth,Translators of the Bible into Cornish

paragraph: Nicholas Williams

paragraph: Nicholas Jonathan Anselm Williams (born October 1942 in Walthamstow, Essex, now London, UK), writing as Nicholas Williams or sometimes N.J.A. Williams, is a leading expert and poet on the Cornish language.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: While a pupil at Chigwell School, Essex, Williams taught himself Cornish and became a bard of the Cornish Gorseth while still in his teens, taking the bardic name "Golvan" ('Sparrow'). He read classical languages, English language and Celtic in Oxford. After short periods in the universities of Belfast (where he received his PhD) and Liverpool, he was appointed lecturer in Irish in University College Dublin in 1977. In 2006, he was appointed Associate Professor in Celtic Languages there. He married Patricia Smyth from Portadown, County Armagh in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Williams has written widely on the Celtic languages and their literatures. His works on Irish include the editions "The Poems of Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe" (1980) and "Pairlement Chloinne Tomáis" (1981); "I bPrionta i Leabhar" (1986), an account of Protestant writing in Irish during the 17th century; "Díolaim Luibheanna" (1993) a discussion of Irish plant names and plant lore; and "Armas", a handbook of Irish heraldry in Irish, which he illustrated himself. He also was joint editor of "Stair na Gaeilge" (‘the History of Irish', Maynooth, 1994) for which he contributed chapters on the Irish dialects of Leinster and on Manx.

paragraph: As P. Berresford Ellis points out, Williams was the first professional Celtic scholar to study revived Cornish in depth. In 1990 Williams published an article "A problem in Cornish phonology", demonstrating that the phonemes represented by the graphemes /tj/ and /dj/ had never been part of the language and should therefore be removed from Kernewek Kemmyn. He continued his critique of this variety of Cornish in "Cornish Today" (Kernewek Dre Lyther 1995) in which he also set out his own emended Unified Cornish (Unified Cornish Revised or UCR). Williams elaborated UCR in "Clappya Kernowek" (Agan Tavas, 1997) and in his "English-Cornish Dictionary" (Agan Tavas, 2000). Spyrys a Gernow published his "Testament Noweth", the first complete Cornish translation of the New Testament from the original Greek in 2002. He gave the O’Donnell lectures in Oxford in May 1998, when he spoke on consecutive days on Manx and then Cornish. This was the first time that an O’Donnell lecture had ever been devoted to the Cornish language.

paragraph: Among important articles by Williams Cornish one might include the following: "'Linguistically sound principles': the case against Kernewek Kemmyn", "Cornish Studies", 4, (1997); "Pre-occlusion in Cornish", "Studia Celtica" 32 (1998); "Indirect Statement in Cornish and Breton", "Cornish Studies" 6, (1998); "Saint in Cornish", "Cornish Studies" 7 (1999) and the review, "'A modern and scholarly Cornish-English dictionary': Ken George’s "Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn" (1993)", "Cornish Studies", 9 (2001). Williams together with Graham Thomas edited the Middle Cornish play "Bewnans Ke", which had been donated to the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, in 2000. Their edition was published by Exeter University Press in association with the National Library of Wales in October 2006.

paragraph: Williams was awarded first prize in the Gorsedd literary competition three times in the early 1960s. More recently he won first prize for Cornish poetry in the Cornish Gorsedd in 1997, 1998 and 1999. In 1974 Berresford Ellis wrote, "Probably the most able young writer in the language today is N.J.A. Williams (Golvan), a worthy successor to Edwin Chirgwin." Some of Williams's poetry in Cornish was published by Tim Saunders in "The Wheel" (1990) and "Nothing Broken" (2006). The Welsh critic Bobi Jones says in the introduction to this anthology, "Nicholas Williams, the well-known scholar, is also the T. Gwynn Jones of Cornwall – polished, classical, rather conservative, soundly rooted in medieval romanticism." Williams's "Ancow Arthur", a translation of Tennyson’s "Morte D'Arthur", published in "Delyow Derow" 15 (1996) is an example of his verse.

paragraph: Nicholas Williams is a Fellow of the Linnaean Society of London and was awarded honorary membership of the Irish Translators' and Interpreters' Association for his Cornish New Testament. He went on to complete the first ever full translation of the Bible into Cornish in 2011. He has translated four books in the series the Letts Pocket Guides into Irish, "Mammals", "Insects", "Medicinal Plants" and "Edible Plants". His translation of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" into Irish (2003) received excellent reviews. In November 2004, he published his Irish translation of "Through the Looking-Glass". In April 2012, he published his Irish translation of "The Hobbit" by J. R. R. Tolkien.

paragraph: Section::::Coat of arms.

paragraph: Williams's coat of arms was granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland on 1 November 2006. The escutcheon's formal blazon is in Irish, translated here as "Argent two piles throughout gules three cinquefoils counterchanged" ('On white, two red triangles throughout the shield, three cinquefoils in the reverse colour'); the colours are those of the City of London, and the piles form a W. Along with this was granted a crest, "On a wreath of the colours a pied wagtail bearing in its beak Ragged Robin all proper" ('On a red and white wreath, a pied wagtail bearing in its beak ragged robin, all in their natural colours'). "Willie wagtail" is common name used for this bird in Ireland. The motto is "Grásta Dé a bhfuil agamsa" "The Grace of God is all I have"—a pun, where "a bhfuil agamsa" plays on "Williams".

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “An Mhanainnis", in K. McCone, Damian McManus, Cathal Ó Hainle, Nicholas Williams, Liam Breatnach, Stair na Gaeilge (Maynooth, 1994) 703–44

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cornish Today: an examination of the revived language". first and second editions (Sutton Coldfield: Kernewek dre Lyther 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “‘Linguistically sound principles’: the case against Kernewek Kemmyn", in "Cornish Studies" Second series: Four. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Pp. 64–87.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clappya Kernowek: an introduction to Unified Cornish Revised" (Agan Tavas, Portreath 1997, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Pre-occlusion in Cornish", "Studia Celtica" 32, 129–54

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Nebbaz gerriau dro tho Curnoack" (O’Donnell lecture given in Oxford, May 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Indirect statement in Cornish and Breton", "Cornish Studies". Second series: Six. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Pp. 172–82.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Saint in Cornish”, in "Cornish Studies". Second series: Seven. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Pp. 219–241.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Middle and Late Cornish”, in Kim McCone, "Compendium Linguarum Celticarum" (Reichert Verlag)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “‘A modern and scholarly Cornish-English dictionary’: Ken George’s "Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn" (1993)”, in "Cornish Studies". Second series: Nine. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Pp. 247–311.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cornish Today: an examination of the revived language", third edition (Westport: Evertype 2006, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Writings on Revived Cornish" (Westport: Evertype 2006, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- “A problem in Cornish phonology” in "Writings on Revived Cornish", 1–25

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Which Cornish?” in "Writings on Revived Cornish", 26–37

paragraph: BULLET::::- “‘Linguistically sound principles’: the case against Kernewek Kemmyn", in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 38–64

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Pre-occlusion in Cornish” in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 65–92

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Nebbaz gerriau dro tho Curnoack: A few words about Cornish” in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 93–110

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Indirect statement in Cornish and Breton” in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 111–119

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Saint in Cornish”, in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 120–137

paragraph: BULLET::::- “‘A modern and scholarly Cornish-English dictionary’: Ken George’s "Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn" (1993)”, in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 138–185

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Place-name inconsistencies in George’s "Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn"”, in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 186

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Bewnans Ke: Implications for Kernowek Kemyn", in "Writings on Revived Cornish" 187–196

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Towards Authentic Cornish" (Westport: Evertype 2006, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Hobad, nó Anonn agus Ar Ais Arís " Evertype 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English-Cornish Dictionary (Gerlyver Sawsnek-Kernowek) by Nicholas Williams

description: Cornish writer

wikidata_label: Nicholas Williams

wikipedia_title: Nicholas Williams