text: Horizon

text: Enemies of Promise

text: autobiographical

text: Coventry

text: Warwickshire

text: Matthew William Kemble Connolly

text: King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry

text: Anglo-Irish

text: Clontarf Castle

text: Co. Dublin

text: malacologist

text: Clontarf Castle

text: Bath, Somerset

text: St Cyprian's School

text: Eastbourne

text: George Orwell

text: Cecil Beaton

text: Harrow History Prize

text: Eton

text: Godfrey Meynell

text: Basingstoke Canal

text: Frimley Green

text: Enemies of Promise

text: Dadie Rylands

text: Roger Mynors

text: Mürren

text: Anthony Knebworth

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Pop

text: Nico Davies

text: Lord Dunglass

text: Brian Howard

text: Harold Acton

text: Oliver Messel

text: Robert Byron

text: Henry Green

text: Anthony Powell

text: Hungary

text: King's Scholar

text: Kenneth Clark

text: Kings

text: "Sligger" Urquhart

text: Maurice Bowra

text: French Alps

text: Natural History Museum

text: Tunis

text: Patrick Balfour

text: Greece

text: Crete

text: Naples

text: Minehead

text: Anthony Powell

text: Henry Yorke

text: Peter Quennell

text: Jamaica

text: Alwyn Williams

text: Winchester College

text: special constable

text: General Strike

text: Montague Summers

text: Logan Pearsall Smith

text: Chelsea

text: Hampshire

text: Desmond MacCarthy

text: New Statesman

text: Budapest

text: Florence

text: Bernard Berenson

text: Sicily

text: Vienna

text: :Prague

text: Dresden

text: Lawrence Sterne

text: Normandy

text: Elizabeth Bowen

text: Alix Kilroy

text: Molly

text: Admiral Fisher

text: Bob Boothby

text: Gladwyn Jebb

text: Paris

text: Mrs Keppel

text: Violet Trefusis

text: Venice

text: Berlin

text: Harold Nicolson

text: Ivor Novello

text: Christopher Sykes

text: Vita Sackville-West

text: Sissinghurst

text: Raymond Mortimer

text: Life and Letters

text: Villefranche

text: Barcelona

text: Gerald Brenan

text: Sledmere

text: Montparnasse

text: Alfred Perles

text: The Rock Pool

text: James Joyce

text: John Betjeman

text: Enid Bagnold

text: Rottingdean

text: Mediterranean

text: Sanary

text: Toulon

text: Edith Wharton

text: Aldous Huxley

text: Provence

text: Brittany

text: Morocco

text: Majorca

text: Belgrave Square

text: John Betjeman

text: Architectural Review

text: Uffington

text: Evelyn Waugh

text: Enid Bagnold

text: Rottingdean

text: letting agent

text: Kings Road

text: Virginia Woolf

text: Dylan Thomas

text: Anthony Powell

text: Robert Byron

text: Juan-les-Pins

text: Yugoslavia

text: Jack Kahane

text: Henry Miller

text: Edward, Prince of Wales

text: Wallis Simpson

text: The Rock Pool

text: The Rock Pool

text: Faber and Faber

text: Enemies of Promise

text: Horizon

text: Peter Watson

text: Stephen Spender

text: The Observer

text: David Astor

text: World War II

text: The Unquiet Grave

text: Palinurus

text: Raymond Mortimer

text: Sunday Times

text: Ian Fleming

text: London Magazine

text: Guy Burgess

text: Donald MacLean

text: Queen Anne Press

text: Peggy Guggenheim

text: Kay Boyle

text: Barbara Skelton

text: James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon

text: Peter Levi

text: University of Tulsa

text: Kenneth Tynan

text: Harper's Bazaar

text: Monty Python

text: Eric the Half-a-Bee

text: The Brand New Monty Python Bok

text: Penguin

text: Evelyn Waugh

text: Sword of Honour

text: Nancy Mitford

text: Michael Nelson

text: A Room in Chelsea Square

text: Elaine Dundy

text: Julian MacLaren-Ross

text: Criminal Minds

text: Ian McEwan

text: Atonement

text: Donna Tartt

text: The Secret History

text: William Boyd

text: Solo

text: An Englishman Abroad

text: Alan Bennett

text: Coral Browne

text: Solomon Gursky Was Here

text: Mordecai Richler

text: The Rock Pool

text: Enemies of Promise

text: The Unquiet Grave

text: Jerome Zerbe

text: The Evening Colonnade

text: 100 key books

text: Bibliography and critical checklist

text: "Guardian" profile of Connolly

text: William Boyd (writer)

categories: 1974 deaths,People educated at Eton College,English literary critics,Legion of Honour recipients,20th-century English novelists,1903 births,British special constables,English male novelists,People educated at St Cyprian's School,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,20th-century British male writers,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,People from Coventry

paragraph: Cyril Connolly

paragraph: Cyril Vernon Connolly (10 September 1903 – 26 November 1974) was an English literary critic and writer. He was the editor of the influential literary magazine "Horizon" (1940–49) and wrote "Enemies of Promise" (1938), which combined literary criticism with an autobiographical exploration of why he failed to become the successful author of fiction that he had aspired to be in his youth.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cyril Connolly was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, the only child of Major Matthew William Kemble Connolly (1872–1947), an officer in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, by his Anglo-Irish wife, Muriel Maud Vernon, daughter of Colonel Edward Vernon (1838–1913) J.P., D.L., of Clontarf Castle, Co. Dublin. His parents had met while his father was serving in Ireland, and his father's next posting was to South Africa. Connolly's father was also a malacologist (the scientific study of the Mollusca, i.e. snails, clams, octopus, etc.) and mineral collector of some reputation and collected many samples in Africa. Cyril Connolly's childhood days were spent with his father in South Africa, with his mother's family at Clontarf Castle, and with his paternal grandmother in Bath, Somerset, and other parts of England.

paragraph: Connolly was educated at St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, where he enjoyed the company of George Orwell and Cecil Beaton. He was a favourite of the formidable Mrs Wilkes but was later to criticise the "character-building" ethos of the school. He wrote, "Orwell proved to me that there existed an alternative to character, Intelligence. Beaton showed me another, Sensibility." Connolly won the Harrow History Prize, pushing Orwell into second place, and the English prize leaving Orwell with Classics. He then won a scholarship to Eton, a year after Orwell.

paragraph: Section::::Eton.

paragraph: At Eton, after a traumatic first few terms, he settled into a comfortable routine. He won over his early tormentor Godfrey Meynell and became a popular wit. In 1919 his parents moved to The Lock House on the Basingstoke Canal at Frimley Green. At Eton, Connolly was involved in romantic intrigues and school politics, which he described in "Enemies of Promise".

paragraph: He established a reputation as an intellectual and earned the respect of Dadie Rylands and Denis King-Farlow. Connolly's particular circle included Denis Dannreuther, Bobbie Longden and Roger Mynors. In summer 1921, his father took him on a holiday to France, initiating Connolly's love of travel. The following winter he went with his mother to Mürren, where he became friends with Anthony Knebworth.

paragraph: By this time his parents were living separate lives, his mother having established a relationship with another army officer and his father becoming an increasingly heavy drinker and absorbed in his study of slugs and snails. In 1922, Connolly achieved academic success winning the Rosebery History Prize, and followed this up with the Brackenbury History scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. In the spring, he visited St Cyprian's to report his achievement to his old headmaster before setting off on a trip to Spain with a school friend.

paragraph: Returning moneyless, he spent the night in a kip at St Martins, London. In his last term at Eton, he was elected to Pop, which brought him into contact with others he respected, including Nico Davies, Teddy Jessel and Lord Dunglass. He established rapport with Brian Howard, but, he concluded, "moral cowardice and academic outlook debarred him from making friends with Harold Acton, Oliver Messel, Robert Byron, Henry Green and Anthony Powell". Connolly was for years afterwards nostalgic about his time at Eton.

paragraph: Section::::Oxford.

paragraph: Connolly undertook a tour of Germany, Austria and Hungary before starting at Oxford University. After his cloistered existence as a King's Scholar at Eton, Connolly felt uncomfortable with the hearty beer-drinking rugby and rowing types at Oxford. His own circle included his Eton friends Mynors and Dannreuther, who were at Balliol with him, and Kenneth Clark, whom he met through Bobbie Longden at Kings. He wrote: "The only exercise we took was running up bills." His intellectual mentors were the Dean of Balliol, "Sligger" Urquhart, who organised reading parties on the continent, and the Dean of Wadham, Maurice Bowra.

paragraph: Connolly's academic career languished while his Oxford years were characterised by his travel adventures. In January 1923, he went with Urquhart and other collegers to Italy. In March, he undertook his annual visit to Spain and in September, he went on the annual trip with the college group to Urquhart's chalet in French Alps. On his return, he visited his father, now in a hotel in South Kensington, close to the Natural History Museum. At the end of the year, he went to Italy and Tunis. At Oxford, in 1924, he made a new friend Patrick Balfour, in the spring he went to Spain and in the summer of 1924, he went successively to Greece and Crete, Urquhart's chalet in the Alps and Naples. He spent Christmas with his parents in a rare get-together at the Lock House in Hampshire and at the beginning of 1925, he went with the college group to Minehead with Urquhart.

paragraph: In his last year at Oxford, he was cultivating friendships with younger students Anthony Powell, Henry Yorke and Peter Quennell. In spring he was back in Spain, before returning to Oxford to take his final exams.

paragraph: Section::::Drifting.

paragraph: Connolly left Balliol in 1925 with a third class degree in history. He struggled to find employment, while his friends and family sought to pay off his extensive debts. In summer he went for his annual stay at "Sligger" Urquhart's chalet in the French Alps, and in the autumn went to Spain and Portugal. He obtained a post tutoring a boy in Jamaica and set sail for the Caribbean in November 1925. He returned to England in April 1926 on a banana boat in the company of Alwyn Williams, headmaster of Winchester College. He enrolled as a special constable in the General Strike, but it was over before he was actively involved. He responded to an advertisement to work as a secretary for Montague Summers but was warned off by his friends. Then in June 1926 he found a post as a secretary/companion to Logan Pearsall Smith. Pearsall Smith was based in Chelsea and also had a house called "Big Chilling" in Hampshire overlooking the Solent. Pearsall Smith was to give Connolly an important introduction to literary life, and he influenced his ideas on the role of a writer with a distaste for journalism. Pearsall Smith gave Connolly £8 a week, whether he was around or not, and moreover gave him the run of "Big Chilling".

paragraph: Section::::Beginning of literary career.

paragraph: In August 1926, Connolly met Desmond MacCarthy, who had come to stay at "Big Chilling". MacCarthy was the literary editor of the "New Statesman" and was to be another major influence on Connolly's development. MacCarthy invited Connolly to write book reviews for the "New Statesman". Later that year, Connolly made a trip to Budapest and Eastern Europe and then spent the winter of 1926-1927 in London. Pearsall Smith took Connolly with him to Spain in the spring, and Connolly then set off on his own to North Africa and Italy. They met up again in Florence, where Kenneth Clark was working with Bernard Berenson who had married Pearsall Smith's sister.

paragraph: Connolly then departed for Sicily and then returned to England via Vienna, :Prague and Dresden. Connolly's first signed work in the "New Statesman", a review of Lawrence Sterne, appeared in June 1927. In July he set off to Normandy with his mother and then for his last stay at the chalet in the Alps. In August 1927, he was invited to become a regular reviewer and joined the staff of the "New Statesman". His first review in September was of "The Hotel" by Elizabeth Bowen. Also in September, Connolly moved into a flat at Yeoman's Row with Patrick Balfour. He was working on various works that never saw the light of day: a novel "Green Endings", a travel book on Spain, his diary and "A Partial Guide to the Balkans". He approached Cecil Beaton to draw the cover design for the last and he received an advance for the work although it was eventually lost.

paragraph: However, he started contributing pieces to various publications that appeared under his own name and various pseudonyms. At this time he developed a fascination with low life and prostitution and spent time in the poorer parts of London seeking them out (while other contemporaries were seeking out tramps). At the same time, he had developed an infatuation with Alix Kilroy whom he had met on a train back from the continent and used to wait outside her office for a sight of her. He then made a more positive romantic approach to Racy Fisher, one of a pair of nieces of Desmond MacCarthy's wife, Molly.

paragraph: However, their father Admiral Fisher wanted them to have nothing to do with a penniless writer and, in February 1928, forbade further contact.

paragraph: Sharing a flat with Balfour, Connolly's social circle expanded with new friends like Bob Boothby and Gladwyn Jebb. However, he was ill at ease and in April 1928 set off for Paris, where he met Pearsall Smith and Cecil Beaton and visited brothels posing as a journalist. He went on to Italy, where he stayed with Berenson and Mrs Keppel where he was taken with her daughter Violet Trefusis. Then via Venice and East European cities he made his way to Berlin to meet up with Jebb.

paragraph: Jebb and Connolly stayed with Harold Nicolson in the company of Ivor Novello and Christopher Sykes and then made a tour of Germany. Connolly returned to Paris in May, borrowing money off Pearsall Smith so he could live cheaply in the rue Delambre. In Paris, he met Mara Andrews, a poetic lesbian who was in love with an absent American girl called Jean Bakewell. On the way back to London, Connolly stayed with Nicolson and his wife, Vita Sackville-West, at Sissinghurst.

paragraph: In August Connolly set off on his travels again to Germany, this time with Bobbie Longden and Raymond Mortimer and the experience gave rise to the essay "Conversations in Berlin" which MacCarthy published in his new magazine "Life and Letters". Connolly travelled separately to Villefranche and spent five weeks in Barcelona with Longden before returning to London. Boothby lent him his London flat and he shared Gerald Brenan's fascination with working-class prostitutes with experiences that appeared in his fragment for a novel "The English Malady". He spent Christmas at Sledmere with the Sykes family.

paragraph: At the beginning of 1929, Connolly went briefly to Paris and just before returning to London, he met Jean Bakewell and stayed an extra night to get to know her. After a while, he was drawn to Paris again and, through Jean and Mara, became acquainted with the bohemian Montparnasse set, including Alfred Perles and Gregor Michonze who was to become the basis for Rascasse in "The Rock Pool". He also met James Joyce about whom he wrote "The Position of Joyce" which appeared in "Life and Letters". Connolly and Bakewell went to Spain together where they met up with Peter Quennell. Connolly then went to Berlin to stay with Nicolson until the latter managed to remove him as "not perhaps the ideal guest"

paragraph: Unable to return to "Big Chilling", he was stuck in Berlin for a month before returning to London. John Betjeman had moved into his room at Yeoman's Row, so he went to stay with Enid Bagnold at Rottingdean before visiting Dorset with Quennell. Bakewell had returned to America in the summer and was planning to return to Paris in the autumn to start a course at the Sorbonne. She had agreed before her departure to marry Connolly and Connolly established himself in Paris in September. They spent most of the rest of the year in Paris, and started their collection of exotic pets, first ferrets and then lemurs. Connolly spent Christmas again at Sledmere.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In February 1930, aged 26, Connolly and Bakewell set off for America. They married in New York on 5 April 1930. Jean Bakewell "was to prove one of the more liberating forces in his life... an uncomplicated hedonist, independent, adventurous, celebrating the moment... An attractive personality: warm, generous, witty and approachable..." She provided modest financial support that enabled him to enjoy travels, particularly around the Mediterranean, hospitality and good food and drink. The newly married couple lived in various spots in England including the Cavendish Hotel, Bury Street, Bath and Big Chilling before settling in July 1930 at Sanary, near Toulon, in France. There their close neighbours were Edith Wharton and Aldous Huxley.

paragraph: Although Connolly admired Huxley, the two men failed to establish a rapport, and the wives fell out. Connolly's bohemian home with the disorder of the lemurs was shunned and with debts rising they were forced to scrounge off Jean's mother. Sometime in 1931, they left Sanary and toured Provence, Normandy, Brittany, Spain, Morocco and Majorca, before returning to Chagfor, Devon. In November, they found a flat near Belgrave Square, and Connolly made his first contribution to the "New Statesman" in two years.

paragraph: Connolly was also approached by John Betjeman of the "Architectural Review" to act as an art critic.

paragraph: Connolly's art critiques appeared in the magazine in 1932, and he visited Betjeman at his home at Uffington. There, he would meet Evelyn Waugh, who delighted in teasing Connolly. The Connollys enjoyed being part of a sophisticated literary social scene in London, but towards the end of the year, Jean had to undergo a gynaecological operation. As a result, she could not have a child, and it was hard for her to control her weight.

paragraph: In February 1933, Connolly took Jean to Greece to recover, where they met Brian Howard. While they were in Athens there was an attempted coup d'état, which Connolly later reported in the "New Statesman" as "Spring Revolution". The Connollys then went with Howard and his boyfriend to Spain and the Algarve. After a row in a bar, they were incarcerated in a police cell and were sent back to England with the help of the British Embassy. In June, encouraged by Enid Bagnold, they rented a house at Rottingdean.

paragraph: Writing to Bagnold from Cannes in September, Jean complained that their cheques were being bounced and she asked Bagnold to appeal to her husband Sir of Reuters for help in work. That was dismissed, and in November, the letting agents for the Rottingdean property wrote an appalling report on the state in which the Connollys had left the place.

paragraph: Early in 1934, the Connollys took a flat at 312A Kings Road, where they entertained their friends, including Waugh and Quennell. Elizabeth Bowen arranged a dinner with Virginia Woolf and her husband when Connolly and Virginia Woolf took an instant dislike to each other.

paragraph: During the year, the Connollys went to Mallow and Cork in Ireland. At the end of the year. Connolly met Dylan Thomas at a party and early in 1935 invited him in the company of Anthony Powell, Waugh, Robert Byron and Desmond and Mollie McCarthy. By then, Connolly's father was finding himself short of funds and was no longer prepared to bail out his son.

paragraph: However, Mrs Warner, Jean's mother, funded an expedition to Paris, Juan-les-Pins, Venice, Yugoslavia and Budapest. In Paris, Connolly spent some time with Jack Kahane, the avant garde publisher, and Henry Miller, with whom he established a strong rapport after an initial unsuccessful meeting. In Budapest, they found themselves in the same hotel as Edward, Prince of Wales and Wallis Simpson.

paragraph: In 1934, Connolly was working on a trilogy: "Humane Killer", "The English Malady" and "The Rock Pool". Only "The Rock Pool" was completed, the others remaining only as fragments.

paragraph: Section::::First books.

paragraph: Connolly's only novel, "The Rock Pool" (1936), is a satirical work describing a covey of dissolute drifters at an end of season French seaside resort, which was based on his experiences in the south of France. It was initially accepted by a London publishing house but it changed its mind. Faber and Faber was one of the publishers that rejected it and so Connolly took it to Jack Kahane, who published it in Paris in 1936.

paragraph: Connolly followed it up with a book of non-fiction, "Enemies of Promise" (1938), the second half of which is autobiographical. In it he attempted to explain his failure to produce the literary masterpiece that he and others believed that he should have been capable of writing.

paragraph: Section::::"Horizon".

paragraph: In 1940, Connolly founded the influential literary magazine "Horizon", with Peter Watson, its financial backer and "de facto" art editor. He edited "Horizon" until 1950, with Stephen Spender as an uncredited associate editor until early 1941. He was briefly (1942–1943) the literary editor for "The Observer" until a disagreement with David Astor. During World War II, he wrote "The Unquiet Grave" under the pseudonym 'Palinurus', a noteworthy collection of observations and quotes.

paragraph: From 1952 until his death, he was joint chief book reviewer (with Raymond Mortimer) for the "Sunday Times".

paragraph: In 1962, Connolly wrote "Bond Strikes Camp", a spoof account of Ian Fleming's character engaged in heroic escapades of dubious propriety as suggested by the title and written with Fleming's support. It appeared in the "London Magazine" and in an expensive limited edition printed by the Shenval Press, Frith Street, London. It later appeared in "Previous Convictions".

paragraph: Connolly had previously collaborated with Fleming in 1952 in writing an account of the Cambridge Spies Guy Burgess and Donald MacLean entitled "The Missing Diplomats", an early publication for Fleming's Queen Anne Press.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Connolly was married three times. His first wife Jean Bakewell (1910–1950) left him in 1939, moving back to the United States. She later became the wife of Laurence Vail (former husband of Peggy Guggenheim and Kay Boyle) but, following years of health problems, she died of a stroke while on a trip to Paris at the age of 39.

paragraph: Connolly married his second wife, Barbara Skelton, in 1950. His third wife, whom he married in 1959, was Deirdre Craven, a granddaughter of James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon by whom he had two children later in life. After Connolly's death in 1974, she married Peter Levi.

paragraph: In 1967, Connolly settled in Eastbourne, to the amusement of Beaton, who suggested he was lured back by the cakes they had enjoyed in school outings to the town. He died suddenly on November 26, 1974, having continued to the end as a "Sunday Times" journalist, and was buried in Berwick churchyard, Sussex.

paragraph: Since 1976, Connolly's papers and personal library of over 8,000 books have been housed at the University of Tulsa.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: In "The Unquiet Grave" Connolly writes: "Approaching forty, sense of total failure:... Never will I make that extra effort to live according to reality which alone makes good writing possible: hence the manic-depressiveness of my style,—which is either bright, cruel and superficial; or pessimistic; moth-eaten with self-pity."

paragraph: Kenneth Tynan, writing in the March 1954 "Harper's Bazaar", praised Connolly's style as 'one of the most glittering of English literary possessions.'

paragraph: Section::::References in popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyril Connolly's name appears in a coda to the Monty Python song "Eric the Half-a-Bee", as a mishearing of the words "semi-carnally". Despite being corrected, the backing vocalists then sing "Cyril Connolly" to the melody of the song. The same comedians made another reference to Connolly in "The Brand New Monty Python Bok", which includes a facsimile Penguin paperback, "Norman Henderson's Diary", complete with (invented) praise from Connolly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The critic and publisher Everard Spruce in Evelyn Waugh’s "Sword of Honour" trilogy is a satire of Connolly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ed Spain, “the Captain” in Nancy Mitford’s 1951 novel "The Blessing" is a satire of Connolly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Nelson’s novel "A Room in Chelsea Square" (1958) is a thinly disguised homosexualised account about Connolly’s time editing "Horizon".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elaine Dundy’s novel "The Old Man and Me" (1964) is based on her affair with Connolly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A film producer in Julian MacLaren-Ross’s 1964 thriller "My Name is Love" is based on Connolly. MacLaren-Ross repeated many of the descriptions verbatim in his later memoir of Connolly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connolly is quoted as saying "Better to write for yourself and have no public than to write for the public and have no self" in Season 5, Episode 7 of "Criminal Minds".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Since the film "A Business Affair" (1994) is adapted from Barbara Skelton’s memoirs of her marriage to Cyril Connolly, Jonathan Pryce’s character Alec Bolton in the film is based on Cyril Connolly

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connolly is also fictionalised in Ian McEwan's novel "Atonement". The principal character, eighteen-year-old Briony Tallis, sends the draft of a novella she has written to "Horizon" magazine and Cyril Connolly is shown as replying at length as to why the novella had to be rejected, apart from explaining to Briony her strong and weak points and also mentioning Elizabeth Bowen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Lewis's book "" cites Connolly at the top of the first chapter - "Whom the gods wish to destroy they first call promising." ("Enemies of Promise")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donna Tartt's novel "The Secret History" references Cyril Connolly in Chapter 5-"...Cyril Connolly, who was notorious for being a hard guest to please...".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In William Boyd's James Bond novel "Solo" Bond recalls Connolly's description of Chelsea as "that tranquil cultivated "spielraum"... where I worked and wandered" (Connolly, Boyd - and the fictional Bond - all lived in Chelsea), although Bond can not remember the author of the quote.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "An Englishman Abroad" (1983) by Alan Bennett, Guy Burgess keeps asking Coral Browne "How is Cyril Connolly?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "Solomon Gursky Was Here" (1989) by Mordecai Richler, Moses Berger, sorting his books as an excuse for not writing, finds his copy of "The Unquiet Grave" and reads "...the true function of a writer is to produce a masterpiece..." Muttering an imprecation, he throws the book across the room, but immediately retrieves it because of his regard for Connolly.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: Connolly coined many witty epithets and insightful observations, which have been extensively quoted. A few of his best known quotes are listed:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Better to write for yourself and have no public, than to write for the public and have no self."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slums may well be breeding grounds of crime, but the middle-class suburbs are incubators of apathy and delirium."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No city should be so large that a man cannot walk out of it in a morning."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imprisoned in every fat man a thin one is wildly signalling to be let out."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We must select the illusion which appeals to our temperament, and embrace it with passion, if we want to be happy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Truth is a river that is always splitting up into arms that reunite. Islanded between the arms, the inhabitants argue for a lifetime as to which is the main river."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There is no more sombre enemy of good art than the pram in the hall."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A lazy person, whatever the talents with which he starts forth, will have condemned himself to second-hand thoughts, and to second-rate friends."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perfect taste always implies an insolent dismissal of other people's."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We are all serving a life sentence in the dungeon of the self."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life is a maze in which we take the wrong turn before we have learnt to walk."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rock Pool", 1935 (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enemies of Promise", 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unquiet Grave", 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Condemned Playground", 1945 (collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Missing Diplomats", 1952

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Horizon", 1953 (editor; compilation from "Horizon")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ideas and Places", 1953 (collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Pavillons: French Pavilions of the Eighteenth Century", 1962 (with Jerome Zerbe)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Previous Convictions", 1963 (collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Modern Movement: 100 Key Books From England, France, and America, 1880–1950", 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Evening Colonnade" 1973 (collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Romantic Friendship", 1975 (letters to Noel Blakiston)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cyril Connolly: Journal and Memoir", 1983 (edited by D. Pryce-Jones)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Selected Essays of Cyril Connolly", 1984 (edited by Peter Quennell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shade Those Laurels," 1990 (fiction, completed by Peter Levi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Selected Works of Cyril Connolly", 2002 (edited by Matthew Connolly), Volume One: "The Modern Movement"; Volume Two: "The Two Natures"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive Fisher (1995): "Cyril Connolly", New York: St Martin’s Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeremy Lewis (1995): "Cyril Connolly, A Life", London: Jonathan Cape,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 100 key books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography and critical checklist

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Tulsa McFarlin Library's inventory of the Cyril Vernon Connolly papers and library housed in their special collections department

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guardian" profile of Connolly by William Boyd (writer)

description: British author

enwikiquote_title: Cyril Connolly

wikidata_label: Cyril Connolly

wikipedia_title: Cyril Connolly


text: satirist

text: Ashford, Kent

text: Eastbourne College

text: St Edmund Hall, Oxford

text: That Was The Week That Was

text: David Frost

text: Millicent Martin

text: The Secret Policeman's Other Ball

text: Casino Royale

text: Rentadick

text: Lovejoy

text: Yes Minister

text: Princess Caraboo

text: John Fortune

text: A Melon for Ecstasy

text: Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy

text: Private Eye

text: Mrs Wilson's Diary

text: Harold Wilson

text: Dear Bill

text: Richard Ingrams

text: Denis Thatcher

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Bill Deedes

text: Angela Thorne

text: adapted for television

text: For Your Eyes Only

text: Dunrulin

text: Charlie Chalk

text: Leonard Bernstein

text: operetta

text: Candide

text: Hugh Wheeler

text: Scottish Opera

text: Chalk

text: Sir Christopher

text: Alexander

text: Dolly

categories: People educated at Eastbourne College,1998 deaths,People from Ashford, Kent,20th-century English male actors,Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford,English male television actors,Male actors from Kent,English satirists,1936 births,Private Eye contributors,20th-century English writers

paragraph: John Wells (satirist)

paragraph: John Campbell Wells (17 November 1936 – 11 January 1998) was an English actor, writer and satirist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The son of a clergyman, Wells was born in Ashford, Kent in 1936. He was educated at Eastbourne College and St Edmund Hall, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Wells started in cabaret at Oxford and began his television career as a writer on "That Was The Week That Was", the 1960s weekly satire show that launched the careers of David Frost and Millicent Martin, among others, and also appeared in the television programme "Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life", as well as in "The Secret Policeman's Other Ball". Besides making cameo appearances in films such as "Casino Royale" (1967) and "Rentadick" (1972), television dramas like "Casanova" (1987), an episode of "Lovejoy" (1991) and comedy shows like "Yes Minister", he also wrote television scripts and screenplays, such as "Princess Caraboo" (1994).

paragraph: In 1971, with John Fortune, he published the comedy classic "A Melon for Ecstasy", about a man who consummates his love affair with a tree. Wells played the headmaster of Thursgood's Preparatory School in "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy" (1979).

paragraph: Wells was one of the original contributors to the satirical magazine "Private Eye" and contributed to "Mrs Wilson's Diary", the long-running spoof journal of the wife of Prime Minister Harold Wilson. From 1979 he repeated that success with "Dear Bill", a series of letters (co-written with Richard Ingrams) supposedly sent by Denis Thatcher, husband of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, to Bill Deedes. Wells developed the feature into a stage farce, "Anyone for Denis?", first performed in 1981, in which he played Denis Thatcher. Co-starring Angela Thorne as Mrs. Thatcher, the play was a major West End hit, toured the UK and was adapted for television. Wells also played Denis Thatcher in the Bond movie "For Your Eyes Only" (1981). In 1991, he and Thorne again played the Thatchers in "Dunrulin", a one-off TV sitcom-like satirical look at the couple in retirement. He also voiced Arnold the Elephant, Edward the Monkey and Bert in the children's TV series "Charlie Chalk".

paragraph: In 1988, Leonard Bernstein started working on a new version of his much-revised operetta "Candide". The author of the original book, Hugh Wheeler, had died, and John Wells was asked to help revise the text. The first production of this "final version", by Scottish Opera, was followed by a "final revised version" in 1989, performances of which have been released on CD and DVD. An insert in the DVD ("Bernstein and Voltaire"), written by Wells, explained what Bernstein had wanted in this final revised version.

paragraph: In 1997 Wells appeared in the BBC situation comedy "Chalk" as ineffectual headmaster Richard Nixon. His fellow cast members do not recall him being ill on set, but he was too unwell to participate in the second series.

paragraph: Wells' last book, "House of Lords", was a best-seller and published a year before his death in 1998. The book is a historical and humorous study of the British peerage system.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: From 1982, Wells was the second husband of Teresa Chancellor (daughter of Sir Christopher and sister of Alexander). His daughter Dolly is an actress.

paragraph: Wells died of cancer in London in 1998 at the age of 61.

description: English actor, writer and satirist

wikidata_label: John Wells

wikipedia_title: John Wells (satirist)


text:
Seljuq
Sultan
Malik Shah I
Malik Shah II
Baghdad
Ahmed Sanjar
Khorasan
Radwan
Aleppo
Kilij Arslan I
Rüm
Barkiyaruq
Ismaili
Shahdiz
Bavandid
Shahriyar IV
his campaign against Ismailis
Sari
Qarin III
Isfahan
Ali I
Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
vizier
Nizam al-Mulk
rais
Hamadan
Iraq
Mazyadid
Ismaili
Alamut
Ali ibn al-Athir
Baghdad
Anushirvan ibn Khalid
Mahmud II

categories: Seljuk rulers,1082 births,Year of birth unknown,Monarchs of Persia,1118 deaths,11th-century Turkic people

paragraph: Muhammad I Tapar

paragraph: Muhammad I (also known as Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad or Muhammad Tapar, died 1118) was a son of Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah I. In Turkish, Tapar means "he who obtains, finds".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head of the dynasty, although his brother Ahmed Sanjar in Khorasan held more practical power. Muhammad I probably allied himself with Radwan of Aleppo in the battle of Khabur river against Kilij Arslan I, the sultan of Rüm, in 1107, in which the latter was defeated and killed. Following the internecine conflict with his half brother, Barkiyaruq, he was given the title of "malik" and the provinces of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Dissatisfied by this he revolted again, but had to flee back to Armenia. By 1104, Barkiyaruq, ill and tired of war, agreed to divide the sultanate with Muhammad. Muhammad became sole sultan following the death of Barkiyaruq in 1105.

paragraph: In 1106, Muhammad conquered the Ismaili fortress of Shahdiz, and ordered the Bavandid ruler Shahriyar IV to participate in his campaign against Ismailis. Shahriyar, greatly angered and feeling offended by the message Muhammad sent him, refused to aid him against the Ismailis. Shortly after Muhammad sent an army headed by Amir Chavli who tried to capture Sari but was unexpectedly defeated by an army under Shahriyar and his son Qarin III. Muhammad then sent a letter, which requested Shahriyar to send one of his sons child to the Seljuq court in Isfahan. He sent his son Ali I, who impressed Muhammad so much that he offered him his daughter in marriage, but Ali refused and told him to grant the honor to his brother and heir of the Bavand dynasty, Qarin III. Qarin III then went to Isfahan court and married her.

paragraph: In 1106/1107, Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk, the son of the famous vizier Nizam al-Mulk, went to the court of Muhammad I to file a complaint against the rais (head) of Hamadan. When Ahmad arrived to the court, Muhammad I appointed him as his vizier, replacing Sa'd al-Mulk Abu'l-Mahasen Abi who had been recently executed on suspicion of heresy. The appointment was due mainly to the reputation of his Ahmad's father. He was then given various titles which his father held (Qewam al-din, Sadr al-Islam and Nizam al-Mulk).

paragraph: Muhammad I, along with his vizier Ahmad, later made a campaign in Iraq, where they defeated and killed the Mazyadid ruler Sayf al-dawla Sadaqa ibn Mansur, who bore the title "king of the Arabs". In 1109, Muhammad I sent Ahmad and Chavli Saqavu to capture the Ismaili fortresses of Alamut and Ostavand, but they failed to achieve any decisive result and withdrew. Ahmad was shortly replaced by Khatir al-Mulk Abu Mansur Maybudi as vizier of the Sejluq Empire. According to Ali ibn al-Athir (a historian who lived about a hundred years later), Ahmad then retired to a private life in Baghdad, but according to the contemporary biographer, Anushirvan ibn Khalid, Muhammad I had Ahmad imprisoned for ten years.

paragraph: Muhammad I died in 1118 and was succeeded by Mahmud II, although after Muhammad II's death Sanjar was clearly the chief power in the Seljuq realms.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: br

description: Seljuk sultan

wikidata_label: Muhammad I

wikipedia_title: Muhammad I Tapar


text: Dirk Raudies

text: Honda

text: Aprilia

text: Tomomi Manako

text: Marco Melandri

categories: Japanese motorcycle racers,1966 births,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Kazuto Sakata

paragraph: Sakata began his Grand Prix career in 1991 and by the 1993 season, finished second to Dirk Raudies in the 125cc class on a Honda. In 1994, he became the first Japanese rider to race for a European factory when he signed with the Aprilia factory. He repaid them by winning the 125cc championship that year. He repeated as champion in 1998 after a tight points battle with Tomomi Manako and Marco Melandri. He retired after the 1999 season.

description: Japanese motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Kazuto Sakata

wikipedia_title: Kazuto Sakata


text:
film actress
silent film
Minneapolis, Minnesota
US President
Benjamin Harrison
Hollywood
Her First Elopement
The Ghost City
Pete Morrison
The Galloping Ace
Jack Hoxie
WAMPAS Baby Stars
Clara Bow
Elinor Fair
Tom Tyler
Single-Handed Sanders
western
B-movie
The Toast of New York
Los Angeles
Beasts of Paradise
1923
The Ghost City
The Iron Man
1924
The Galloping Ace
Welcome Home
Wild Horse Mesa
The Best People
Womanhandled
That's My Baby
Enemies of Society
The Magic Garden
Mark of the Frog
1928
The Avenging Shadow
Single-Handed Sanders
The Toast of New York

categories: 1898 births,20th-century American actresses,American film actresses,1968 deaths,Actresses from Minneapolis,American silent film actresses

paragraph: Margaret Morris (actress)

paragraph: Margaret Morris (November 7, 1898 – June 7, 1968) was an American film actress of the silent film era, and into the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Morris, born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was the great-niece to former US President Benjamin Harrison. She became interested in acting by her late teens, and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career. At 22 she starred in her first film, the 1920 movie "Her First Elopement". Her career went on a fast track from there, with her starring in eleven films through 1924, which included the 1923 film "The Ghost City" opposite Pete Morrison, and "The Galloping Ace" opposite Jack Hoxie in 1924.

paragraph: Also in 1924, she was one of thirteen girls selected as "WAMPAS Baby Stars", a list that included future Hollywood legend Clara Bow and Elinor Fair. She would star in another twenty eight films through 1929, and was at the height of her career. However, like many early film stars, she did not transition well with the advent of sound films. In 1932 she starred opposite Tom Tyler in "Single-Handed Sanders", a western. She would have several B-movie roles, mostly uncredited, from 1932 to 1937. Her last film was "The Toast of New York", an uncredited role, in 1937.

paragraph: She retired from acting that same year, but remained in Los Angeles. She died there on June 7, 1968, aged 69.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beasts of Paradise" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ghost City" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Iron Man" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Galloping Ace" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Welcome Home" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild Horse Mesa" (1925) - Sosie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best People" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Womanhandled" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's My Baby" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enemies of Society" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magic Garden" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mark of the Frog" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Avenging Shadow" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Single-Handed Sanders" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Toast of New York" (1937)

description: actress

wikidata_label: Margaret Morris

wikipedia_title: Margaret Morris (actress)


text:
Crosa
Italian
road bicycle racer
mountains classification
1976 Tour de France
1978 Giro d'Italia

categories: Italian male cyclists,Tour de Suisse stage winners,People from the Province of Biella,Sportspeople from Piedmont,1945 births,Italian Giro d'Italia stage winners,Tour de France cyclists,Living people,Giro d'Italia cyclists

paragraph: Giancarlo Bellini

paragraph: Giancarlo Bellini (born 15 September 1945 in Crosa) is an Italian former road bicycle racer who won the mountains classification in the 1976 Tour de France. He also won a stage in the 1978 Giro d'Italia.

description: Road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Giancarlo Bellini

wikipedia_title: Giancarlo Bellini


text:
Potsdam
East Germany
SG Dynamo Potsdam
Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo
Patriotic Order of Merit
1988 in the double sculls
Martina Schröter

categories: Olympic medalists in rowing,1964 births,World Rowing Championships medalists for East Germany,Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Potsdam,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for Germany,Rowers at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Olympic rowers of East Germany,German female rowers,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold,Olympic rowers of Germany,Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics,East German female rowers,Living people

paragraph: Birgit Peter

paragraph: Birgit Peter (born 27 January 1964) is a German rower, and double Olympic gold medalist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Peter was born in Potsdam, East Germany. She competed for the SG Dynamo Potsdam / Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo, and she won medals at various international rowing competitions. In October 1986, she was awarded a Patriotic Order of Merit in gold (first class) for her sporting success. The Olympic gold medal that she won in 1988 in the double sculls teamed up with Martina Schröter was the 500th Olympic medal won by East Germany.

description: East German rower

wikidata_label: Birgit Peter

wikipedia_title: Birgit Peter


text: Ormoc tragedy

text: Marcopper mining disaster

text: University of the Philippines Los Baños

text: University of the Philippines Los Baños

categories: 1948 births,2006 deaths,Individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani,University of the Philippines Los Baños alumni,Marcos martial law victims

paragraph: Aloysius Baes

paragraph: Aloysius “Ochie” U. Baes (July 28, 1948 - December 21, 2006) was a Filipino environmental chemist, environmental and pro-democracy activist, educator and musician.

paragraph: Late in his career, Baes was best known for his environmental activism, playing key roles in exposing the role of mining and logging companies in the 1991 Ormoc tragedy, the Marcopper mining disaster, the Rapu-rapu mining disaster, and in the campaign to hold the US military responsible for the toxic wastes left behind after the closure of Subic Naval Base and Clark Air Base. He was also a key figure in the founding of Advocates of Science and Technology for the People (Agham) and of the Center for Environmental Concerns-Philippines (CEC-Phil).

paragraph: Before all that, however, he was better known for his role in the resistance against the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, for which his name is inscribed Bantayog ng mga Bayani memorial, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought the dictatorship. He is similarly honored at "Hagdan ng Malayang Kamalayan" memorial steps at his alma mater - the University of the Philippines Los Baños.

paragraph: The protest songs he wrote while incarcerated under Martial Law became popular and influential, eventually being considered among the 'top hits of martial law' sung by detainees in political prisons throughout the Philippines.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of the Philippines Los Baños

wikidata_label: Aloysius Baes

wikipedia_title: Aloysius Baes


text: Polish-Lithuanian

text: szlachcic

text: Jastrzębiec coat of arms

text: Smolensk

text: voivode

text: Jan Abramowicz

text: war with Sweden

text: Sweden

text: 1625 campaign

text: Daugava

text: 1626–29 war

text: Battle of Vistula

text: Protestant

text: Catholic

text: Lutsk

text: Calvinist

text: synod

text: Smolensk War

text: Treaty of Polyanovka

text: Władysław IV Vasa

text: Cześnik

text: castellan

text: Mścisław

text: Voivode of Mścisław

text: voivode of Trakai

text: Counter-Reformation

text: Trubchevsk

text: Lithuanian Tribunal

text: Trakai Voivodeship

text: Tyla, Antanas

text: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia

text: Polski Słownik Biograficzny

text: Polska Akademia Umiejętności

text: Polski Słownik Biograficzny

text: Polska Akademia Umiejętności

categories: Lithuanian nobility,Polish Calvinist and Reformed Christians,Place of birth unknown,Polish nobility,Generals of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Lithuanian Calvinist and Reformed Christians,Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Polish people of the Smolensk War,1651 deaths,1590s births,16th-century Polish people,17th-century Polish people

paragraph: Mikołaj Abramowicz

paragraph: Mikołaj Abramowicz or Abrahamowicz () (—) was a Polish-Lithuanian soldier who was one of the leading military and diplomatic figures of his period.

paragraph: A szlachcic, of Jastrzębiec coat of arms, Mikołaj Abramowicz was the son of Smolensk voivode Jan Abramowicz. His birth documents have not survived, but it is recorded that he served as the senior cannon officer (artillery leader) during the 1621–22 war with Sweden. In subsequent conflicts with Sweden, he fought in the failed 1625 campaign, capturing the bridge crossing at Daugava, and particularly distinguished himself as a regimental commander during the 1626–29 war, in the Battle of Vistula.

paragraph: As one of the last Protestant leaders in the predominantly Catholic region, he granted his Lutsk mansion to the Lithuanian Calvinist synod for use as an evangelical school.

paragraph: Returning to military service, Mikołaj Abramowicz served in the 1633–34 Smolensk War and, holding the rank of colonel, was one of the negotiators in the June 1634 Treaty of Polyanovka, which ended the conflict. In 1638 King Władysław IV Vasa nominated him as Cześnik Wielki Litewski (Great Grand Duke's Cup-Bearer of Lithuania). He rose to the office of castellan of Mścisław in 1639, General (top commander) of the Artillery of Lithuania in 1640, Voivode of Mścisław in 1643, and voivode of Trakai in 1647.

paragraph: In view of Abramowicz's prominent activity in the Lithuanian Calvinist synod at a time of increased Counter-Reformation in the Commonwealth, his ability to retain high offices, was taken as sign of King Władysław's faith in his leadership. The confidence proved particularly well-founded during the 1645 event known as the Trubchevsk incident (), as Lithuanian nobles rose in opposition to the king's treaty with Russia, which signed away the fortified border town of Trubchevsk. The king sent Abramowicz at the head of a company of King's Guards to restore order and oversee the territorial transfer. In the aftermath, the Lithuanian Tribunal lodged a high complaint against Abramowicz for illegal expropriation of property and sentenced him to loss of honor, banishment and a high compensatory damage. The sentences were never carried out due to the intervention of the king, who rewarded Abramowicz's loyalty with advancement to the Trakai Voivodeship.

paragraph: In the final three years of his life, Mikołaj Abramowicz served as a diplomat in the 1648 negotiations with Sweden, and in the Senate talks of 1649. In his final public function, he signed the Senate resolution known as the "Evangelical Salvation", providing certain rights to Calvinists. He died in Vilnius in his early to mid-fifties.

paragraph: Section::::Further read.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyla, Antanas (2001). "Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas", "Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija" ("Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia"), vol. 1:A–Ar, p. 40

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polski Słownik Biograficzny | tom = 1 Polska Akademia Umiejętności – 1935, page 13

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polski Słownik Biograficzny | tom = 1 Polska Akademia Umiejętności - 1935, pages 14–15

wikidata_label: Mikołaj Abramowicz

wikipedia_title: Mikołaj Abramowicz


text: Monterrey

text: Atotonilco el Alto

text: Mexican

text: Cristero War

text: Victoriano Huerta

text: Chapultepec

text: Porfirio Díaz

text: Victoriano Huerta

text: Emiliano Zapata

text: Pascual Orozco

text: Mexican Revolution

text: Federal Army

text: Victoriano Huerta

text: Juan Andreu Almazán

text: Catholic

text: Plutarco Elías Calles

text: Mason

text: Dwight Morrow

text: Pope Pius XI

text: Pascual Díaz y Barreto

text: Andy Garcia

text: Cristiada

text: Eva Longoria

text: Eduardo Verástegui

text: Peter O'Toole

categories: People of the Mexican Revolution,Mexican people of Basque descent,1889 births,People from Monterrey,Cristero War,Mexican generals,Mexican rebels,1929 deaths

paragraph: Enrique Gorostieta

paragraph: Enrique Gorostieta Velarde (Monterrey, 1889 – Atotonilco el Alto, June 2, 1929) was a Mexican soldier best known for his leadership as a general during the Cristero War.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Monterrey into a prominent Mexican-Basque family, Enrique Gorostieta Velarde had a typically secular education. His early life is not well documented, but it is known that his father, an attorney and businessman, had personal ties with Victoriano Huerta, and that Enrique was encouraged by his mother to take up a military career, and he enrolled at the Heroic Military College of Chapultepec in 1906. Upon graduation in May 1911, the same month Porfirio Díaz stepped down from the Presidency, Gorostieta — as a protege of Victoriano Huerta — served on campaigns against Emiliano Zapata in September 1911 and against Pascual Orozco in April–May 1912. During Huerta's short dictatorship of 1913-14, Gorostieta's father was Secretary of the Treasury (Secretario de Hacienda).

paragraph: During the Mexican Revolution he served in the Federal Army of counterrevolutionary dictator Victoriano Huerta, being Huerta's youngest general, and after Huerta's fall fought with Juan Andreu Almazán, but soon fled Mexico for Cuba and later the United States. Upon his return to Mexico, he worked as a soap manufacturer, but found the work boring, and sought a return to military activity.

paragraph: In 1927 the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty chose him to lead the Cristeros, an army of Catholic rebels fighting against the government forces of president Plutarco Elías Calles.

paragraph: Gorostieta has been called a Mason and lifelong anti-clerical, but recent letters of his have led historians to believe he was neither. Gorostieta's motivation for taking command of the rebels was not only the high salary he was offered (about 3000 pesos per month, or twice the salary of a regular Army General), but also his political ambition. Although Gorostieta's 1928 "Plan de Los Altos" called for changes to the 1917 Constitution's Article 27 (which the Cristeros saw as restricting the rights of Catholics) and — more important to Gorostieta — install a Gorostieta regime on the country. Philosophically, he believed in a return to the Juarez-inspired 1857 Constitution's view of non-interference and toleration for religion, rather than the Calles' administration's reading of the 1917 Constitution as demanding subordination of religious organizations to the state. Although openly contemptuous of his subordinates' religious faith (several of his officers were priests), he respected the military acumen of the Jalisco farmers under his command, and believed he could turn them into a professional fighting force equal to the regular army..

paragraph: His importance as a Cristero leader was in bringing military discipline to an unorganized insurgency. He is credited with turning Cristero "armies" into a Cristero Army, which, for a time, was winning battles in the limited region where it operated: rural Jalisco, Michoacan, Colima and Zacatecas. However, without support from the Mexican church or the Vatican and torn by internal dissension, the Cristeros were largely irrelevant as a political or military force as a negotiated settlement was worked out between the Vatican and the Mexican state over interpretations of the Church's rights under the Constitution.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Nineteen days before a cessation of hostilities, based on an agreement worked out by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Morrow between Pope Pius XI and Mexican bishop Pascual Díaz y Barreto, was to take effect, Gorostieta was killed following a Mexican government intelligence operation (2 June 1929). With the movement rapidly collapsing, Gorostieta was attempting a retreat into Michoacán, where he hoped to recruit followers and continue the rebellion. A federal officer, who had infiltrated Gorostieta's inner circle, tipped off the Mexican cavalry to the general's presence in Atotonilco, Jalisco, and killed him in a short firefight.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Gorostieta was portrayed by Andy Garcia in the 2012 film "Cristiada", aka "For Greater Glory", an epic historical drama also starring Eva Longoria, Eduardo Verástegui and Peter O'Toole.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuck, Jim. The Anti-Clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion. November 2000 Guadalajara-Lakeside Volume 18, Number 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyer, Jean A. La cristiada, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Negrete, Marta Elena. Enrique Gorostieta Cristero Agnóstico, México, DF.: Universidad Iberoamericano, 1981.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Anti-clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion by Jim Tuck at Latin American Studies

description: Mexican general

wikidata_label: Enrique Gorostieta

wikipedia_title: Enrique Gorostieta


text: Hungarian

text: jazz

text: Budapest

text: Eötvös Loránd University

text: Berklee College of Music

text: Tommy Smith

text: Terje Gewelt

text: Antilles Records

text: Dave Holland

text: Sunnyside Records

text: Mick Goodrick

text: Jamey Haddad

text: Stan Strickland

text: Bill Pierce

text: Don Braden

text: Stan Strickland

text: Boston Globe

text: Matt Glaser

text: Boston Pops

text: Randy Brecker

text: Dave Liebman

text: Chihiro Yamanaka

text: The New York Times

text: All About Jazz

text: Bill Evans

text: Dave Brubeck

wikipedia_title:
Hungary
Jazz
Budapest
Eötvös Loránd University
Berklee College of Music
Tommy Smith (saxophonist)
Terje Gewelt
Antilles Records
Dave Holland
Jacksonville Jazz Festival
Sunnyside Records
Mick Goodrick
Jamey Haddad
Stan Strickland
Bill Pierce (saxophonist)
Don Braden
Stan Strickland
The Boston Globe
Matt Glaser
Boston Pops Orchestra
Randy Brecker
Dave Liebman
Chihiro Yamanaka
The New York Times
All About Jazz
Bill Evans
Dave Brubeck

categories: American jazz pianists,Berklee College of Music faculty,Living people,1956 births,Post-bop pianists,Berklee College of Music alumni,American male pianists,21st-century male musicians,21st-century American pianists

paragraph: Laszlo Gardony

paragraph: Laszlo Gardony (born 1956) is a Hungarian-born American jazz pianist and composer. Gardony performs as a solo artist and leads his own trio, quartet and sextet. He is also a featured sideman with several other groups.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gardony studied at the Béla Bartók Conservatory in Budapest, graduating in 1979. He also holds a Masters of Education from Eötvös Loránd University.

paragraph: In 1983 he moved to the United States on a scholarship to study at Berklee College of Music in Boston. He was the first student in the school's history to be offered a teaching position upon graduation. While at Berklee, he formed the group Forward Motion with Tommy Smith, Terje Gewelt and Ian Froman.

paragraph: He soon formed his first trio with Froman and Miroslav Vitous with whom he recorded "The Secret" for Antilles Records. His second album, "The Legend of Tsumi" (Antilles) featured Dave Holland and Bob Moses.

paragraph: In 1987, he won first prize at the The Great American Jazz Piano Competition. Since 1987 he has been on the faculty at Berklee where he is Professor of Piano.

paragraph: Gardony's first album for Sunnyside Records was a critically acclaimed solo piano disc, "Changing Standards". His next album, "Breakout" (Avenue Jazz Records), was released in 1994 and featured Mick Goodrick on guitar as well as George Jinda (talking drum; udu), Satoshi Takeishi (taiko drums) and Stomu Takeishi (electric bass).

paragraph: Gardony returned to Sunnyside in 2001 with a trio recording, "Behind Open Doors" which featured Jamey Haddad and John Lockwood.

paragraph: Subsequently, Gardony has recorded four albums with bassist John Lockwood and drummer Yoron Israel, his working trio of nine years: "Ever Before Ever After" (Sunnyside) in 2003, "Natural Instinct" (Sunnyside) in 2006, "Dig Deep" (Sunnyside) in 2008 and "Signature Time" (Sunnyside) in 2011 "Signature Time" also features multi-instrmentalist, vocalist, Stan Strickland on a few tracks as well as drummer Yoron Israel on the vibraphone. His 2013 recording is a solo piano album, "Clarity" (Sunnyside) In 2015 Gardony released a live sextet album, "Life in Real Time" (Sunnyside) with Bill Pierce, Don Braden, Stan Strickland, Yoron Israel and John Lockwood. The album was named by the "Boston Globe" as one of the 10 best jazz albums of 2015 His 2017 release - also on Sunnyside - is a solo piano disc titled "Serious Play"

paragraph: Among other projects, he has also been involved in violinist Matt Glaser's group, The Wayfaring Strangers, a fusion of bluegrass and jazz.

paragraph: Gardony has performed with the Wayfaring Strangers at numerous venues and festivals, including Symphony Hall with the Boston Pops, with the Utah Symphony in Salt Lake City, and at Merlefest in North Carolina. Gardony has also performed with David "Fathead" Newman at several festivals, and with Eddie Gomez's Per Sempre Quintet. Both Randy Brecker and Dave Liebman have performed as guest soloists with Gardony's group.  Gardony is featured on two Yoron Israel & High Standards albums: "Visions – The Music of Stevie Wonder" (Ronja, 2012) and "This Moment" (Ronja, 2015). He is also a featured soloist on New York-based flutist Christian Artmann's 2018 CD, "Our Story" (Sunnyside) Gardony's composition, "Meeting You There" was featured on Chihiro Yamanaka's Blue Note album, "Guilty Pleasure"

paragraph: Section::::Critical reception.

paragraph: Gardony has been praised for his "fluid pianism" in "The New York Times" and for his "uniformly high quality of compositions", harmonic complexity and emotional content which "All About Jazz" found to be comparable with Bill Evans'. The "Jazz Review" described him as "a pianist worthy of praise within the highest pantheon of performers". Dave Brubeck called Gardony a "great pianist".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Sources:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berklee College of Music Faculty page

paragraph: BULLET::::- CreativeGround

paragraph: BULLET::::- All About Jazz Musician Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunnyside Records artist profile

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Laszlo Gardony

wikipedia_title: Laszlo Gardony


text:
dramatist
London
King's College School
solicitor
Erckmann-Chatrian
Le Juif Polonais
The Bells
Henry Irving
Lyceum Theatre, London
Adelphi Theatre
Sadler's Wells Theatre
Alfred Thompson
The Bells
Gray's Inn Road
Royal Free Hospital
Kensal Green Cemetery

wikipedia_title:
Playwright
London
King's College School
Solicitor
Erckmann-Chatrian
Le Juif Polonais
The Bells (play)
Henry Irving
Lyceum Theatre, London
Adelphi Theatre
Sadler's Wells Theatre
Alfred Thompson (librettist)
The Bells (play)
Gray's Inn Road
Royal Free Hospital
Kensal Green Cemetery

categories: 19th-century British short story writers,English male dramatists and playwrights,19th-century British male writers,People educated at King's College School, London,1828 births,19th-century English dramatists and playwrights,English dramatists and playwrights,Writers from London,English short story writers,1890 deaths,English male short story writers

paragraph: Leopold David Lewis

paragraph: Leopold David Lewis (19 November 1828 – 23 February 1890), was an English dramatist.

paragraph: Lewis was born in London in 1828, the son of Elizabeth and David Leopold Lewis, a surgeon, and was educated at the King's College School, and upon graduation became a solicitor, practising as such from 1850 to 1875. In 1868 he married Jane Williams in London, and with her had a son, Thomas E. Lewis. In 1871, he translated Erckmann-Chatrian's "Le Juif Polonais", giving it the name "The Bells", under which name it was produced by Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre, London, 25 November 1871 and repeatedly thereafter.

paragraph: "The Bells" was Lewis' first play, and his only success. Original plays from the pen of Lewis are: "The Wandering Jew" (Adelphi Theatre, 14 April 1873); "Give a Dog a Bad Name" (ib. 18 November 1873); and "The Foundlings" (Sadler's Wells Theatre, 8 October 1881). From February to December 1868 he and Alfred Thompson conducted a monthly review, "The Mask", which failed. In addition to the plays mentioned Lewis wrote a number of tales under the title "A Peal of Merry Bells" (1880).

paragraph: Lewis never got used to the success of "The Bells", and although Irving did everything he could for him, Lewis became a man with a grievance, totally convinced that the success of "The Bells" was due to his adaptation rather than Irving's performance.

paragraph: Lewis was found late one night seriously ill in Gray's Inn Road and was taken to the Royal Free Hospital where he died on 23 February 1890. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. In his will he left just £20 10s to his widow, Jane.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography: Dict. National Biog. xxx. 191;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Times (London), 25 February 1890;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Era and St. Stephen's Review (ib.), 1 March 1890.

description: British writer

wikidata_label: Leopold Davis Lewis

wikipedia_title: Leopold David Lewis


text: screenwriter

text: director

text: author

text: Cairo

text: Honolulu

text: Austin

text: Phoenix

text: Albuquerque

text: New York City

text: Los Angeles

text: Ft. Collins, Colorado

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: Europe

text: Caribbean

text: GLAAD Nominee Best TV Film

text: Emmy Nomination Bernadette Peters

text: Bobbie's Girl

text: Silent Lies

text: Stonewall Book Award

text: Texas

text: American Academy of Dramatic Arts

text: Evita

text: Hollywood

text: The Los Angeles Times

text: Stonewall Book Award

text: American Library Association

text: Dorothy Allison

text: Confidential (magazine)

text: Bobbie's Girl

text: Bernadette Peters

text: Rachel Ward

text: Jonathan Silverman

text: Thomas Sangster

text: Love, Actually

text: Nanny McPhee

text: Emmy nomination

text: The Advocate

text: Uncommon Heroes

text: Mr. Confidential

text: Silent Lies

text: Bobbie's Girl

text: Judging Amy

text: W.i.t.c.h.

text: Kill Your Inner Child

text: Sarge

text: Mr. Confidential

text: Shimmer & Shine

text: Elephant & Castle

text: Miracle on a String

text: The Internet Movie Database

text: Broadway World

text: Stonewall Book Awards

text: Mr. Confidential Musical

text: Mr. Confidential Book

text: Babyhead Productions

text: Stonewall Book Awards

categories: Writers from Austin, Texas,Gay writers,American male non-fiction writers,American male screenwriters,LGBT writers from the United States,American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni,American non-fiction writers,1970 births,Living people

paragraph: Samuel Bernstein

paragraph: Samuel Garza Bernstein is an award-winning screenwriter, director and author (born 1970) who grew up all over the world, living in Cairo, Honolulu, Austin, Phoenix, Albuquerque, New York City, Los Angeles, and Ft. Collins, Colorado, while his family also traveled through Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Caribbean. He is co-founder of Babyhead Productions with husband Ronald Shore. The couple have been together since 1994, and were married in a Jewish ceremony in 1996, then in Vancouver, Canada in 2003 when it became legal for same sex couples to marry, and then again in 2013 in West Hollywood, California, after the Supreme Court struck down Proposition 8. He is a volunteer Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) for foster children in Los Angeles County.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Writers Guild of America Writers Access Project Honoree (2018)

paragraph: London Independent Film Awards Best Original Screenplay "Elephant & Castle" (2017)

paragraph: British Independent Film Festival Special Citation "Elephant & Castle" (2016)

paragraph: Anna Sosenko Trust Grant, New York Musical Theatre Festival Performance Award "Mr. Confidential" (2014)

paragraph: eLit Silver Medal "Lulu" (2010)

paragraph: Foreword Book of the Year Finalist (Biography) "Mr. Confidential: The Man, His Magazine & The Movieland Massacre That Changed Hollywood Forever" (2006)

paragraph: GLAAD Nominee Best TV Film (2003); Emmy Nomination Bernadette Peters; Advocate Top Ten Television Events of the Year "Bobbie's Girl" (2002)

paragraph: Houston International Film Festival Gold Award, Charleston International Film Festival Silver Award "Silent Lies" (1996)

paragraph: American Library Association Stonewall Book Award for Non-Fiction (1995)

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Samuel Garza Bernstein has written stage plays and musicals, television shows, movies, and books; working in Los Angeles, New York, and London. He dove into show business immediately upon graduating high school in Texas, moving to New York at the age of 17. After studying at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts he began to work as an actor and singer, most notably playing the role of "Magaldi" in various productions of Evita. In the early 90s he started writing, and his first play, "The Liquidation of Granny Peterman," was produced in Hollywood. The Los Angeles Times said, "Samuel Bernstein's insights into what keeps families together are as rich as a holiday pudding."

paragraph: While writing and rewriting the script that would become his first film, "Silent Lies", he worked on his first book, a photo-anthology called "Uncommon Heroes" that won a Stonewall Book Award from the American Library Association in 1996. Bernstein and his partner on the project, Phillip Sherman, tied with writer Dorothy Allison. His book about the rise and fall of Confidential (magazine) in the 1950s, "Mr. Confidential" was published by Walford Press in 2007 and Liz Smith proclaimed that, "It reads like a house afire in a sultry swamp!". He adapted the project with composer David Snyder as a stage musical that premiered in 2014 at the New York Musical Theatre Festival.

paragraph: Among his many other film and television projects, one of his favorites is Bobbie's Girl which starred Bernadette Peters, Rachel Ward, and Jonathan Silverman, and marked the film debut of Thomas Sangster, the young actor who would go on to star in Love, Actually and Nanny McPhee among his many other films. Bernadette Peters received an Emmy nomination while the film received a Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation nomination and a citation from The Advocate as one of the top ten television events of the year.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uncommon Heroes" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Confidential" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lulu" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silent Lies" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Icing on the Cake" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sally B." (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bobbie's Girl" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Judging Amy" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W.i.t.c.h." (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kill Your Inner Child" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sarge" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Confidential" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shimmer & Shine" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elephant & Castle" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miracle on a String" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCulloh, T: "The Los Angeles Times", page 7. October 2, 1992

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Internet Movie Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broadway World

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stonewall Book Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mr. Confidential Musical

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mr. Confidential Book

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babyhead Productions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stonewall Book Awards

description: American screenwriter

wikidata_label: Samuel Bernstein

wikipedia_title: Samuel Bernstein


text: Vishistadvaita

text: Srirangam

text: Tamil Nadu, India

text: Ramanuja

text: Nathamuni

text: yogi

text: alvars

text: Vedic texts

text: mimansa

text: Pandya

text: Ranganatha

text: sanyasin

text: saranagati

text: Divya Prabandha

text: Srirangam

text: Srirangam

text: Parashara

text: Vyasa

text: Nammalvar

text: Alvars

text: Upanishads

text: Vedanta

text: Bhagavad Gita

text: dvaita

text: advaita

text: bhakti

text: Sanskrit

text: Tamil

text: Alvars

text: Lakshmi

text: Narayana

text: Vishistadvaita

text: Pancharatra

text: Sri

text: Narayana

text: Bhagvad Gita

text: Works of Yāmunaacharyar

categories: Vaishnavite religious leaders,Translators from Tamil

paragraph: Yamunacharya

paragraph: Yamunacharya also known as "Alavandar" and "Periya Mudaliar" was a Vishistadvaita philosopher in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, India. Ramanuja, one of the leaders of the srivaishnava school sought to be his disciple. He was born in early 10th century CE and was the grandson of a Brahmin, Nathamuni. Nathamuni was a famed yogi who collected the works of Tamil alvars. Alavandar's birth star was Uttiradam.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He grew up learning Vedic texts from Rama Misra also known as Manakkal Nambi and was skilled in mimansa. SriVaishnavite legend relates this history—As a teenager he challenged the royal priest Akkiyalvan of the Pandya king (the name of the king is disputed). Akkiyalvan, when he saw the age of the youth, asked sarcastically "alavandara?" meaning "has he come to rule me?". He defeated Akkiyalvan by proving through the accepted rules of logic that Akkiyalvan's mother was barren, the king was not righteous and the queen unchaste. The king and queen, impressed that the boy has understood the shortcomings of logic, adopted him.The queen hailed the boy as "Alavandhaar"- the saviour. In other versions of the legend, he is given half the kingdom. There is no historical record to show his reign so it is possible that this happened in a smaller village rather than the kingdom of Pandya.

paragraph: After years of rule, Mannakal Nambi tricked him into visiting the temple of Ranganatha. There, he had an epiphany and gave up the material duties of a king and became a sanyasin embracing saranagati. He composed the chatushloki and Strotra Ratna at that spot. Mannakal Nambi handed over the reins of Natha Muni's school including the collected Divya Prabandha and renamed him Yamuna Muni or Yamunacharya.

paragraph: After the demise of Alavandar, Srirangam was led by the latter's son Thiruvarangan, however the place lacked the divine touch. According to a legend, Lord Ranganatha himself instructed Mahapurna to go to Kanchi and invite Ramanuja to Srirangam.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The names of Parashara and Veda Vyasa, should be commemorated on the earth by giving it to a person worthy to bear it.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compose a commentary on Tiruvaymozhi of Nammalvar the most prolific of Alvars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compose a commentary on Upanishads, Vedanta Sutras and Bhagavad Gita.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Alavandar, like Ramanuja, focused both on philosophical debates like dvaita vs. advaita and bhakti prayers and the works attributed to him are in Sanskrit although he codified the heritage of the Tamil Alvars. Works attributed to him are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chathusloki - a popular prayer in praise of Lakshmi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stotraratnam - a prayer in praise of Narayana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siddhitrayam - consisting of (i) Atmasiddhi. (ii) Samvitsiddhi and (iii) Iswarasiddhi which describe the Vishistadvaita school of thought, describing a relation between the soul, god and the universe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agama Pramanya - stating the authority of Pancharatra agama

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maha Purusha Nirnayam - describing that the ultimate reality is the god-goddess pair Sri and Narayana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gitartha Sangraha - a commentary on the Bhagvad Gita

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nityam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayavada Khandanam

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" doctrine of Soul contrasted with those of others, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography of Yamuna Acharya's works, Item 580, Karl Potter, University of Washington

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Philosophy of Yāmunācārya, by Surendranath Dasgupta From: A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 3

paragraph: Works of Yāmunaacharyar - acharya.org

description: Indian philosopher

wikidata_label: Yamunacharya

wikipedia_title: Yamunacharya


text: pen name

text: socialist

text: Hebrew

text: Jewish socialism

text: Jewish labour movement

text: Rudolf Rocker

text: Ber Borochov

text: Luna

text: shtetl

text: Grodno

text: Russia

text: maskilic

text: Bialystok

text: Suvalk

text: Vilna Rabbinical Seminary

text: subversive literature

text: Vilna

text: insurance company

text: draftsmanship

text: satire

text: Peretz Smolenskin

text: secret police

text: London

text: Königsberg

text: Berlin

text: Peter Lavrov

text: Russian-language

text: Vpered!

text: North London

text: editor

text: typesetter

text: Lithuania

text: Belorussia

text: manifesto

text: yeshiva

text: Agudat haSozialistim haIvrit

text: Yiddish

text: Vienna

text: Isaac Kaminer

text: Tzvi ha-Kohen Scherschewski

text: Johann Most

text: false

text: U.S. passport

text: extradited

text: Prussia

text: Berlin

text: mental balance

text: Freiheit

text: Morris Winchevsky

text: Narodnaya Volya

text: sister-in-law

text: writ of divorce

text: Syracuse, New York

text: Workmen's Circle

text: Mount Carmel Cemetery

text: Queens

text: Hebrew Socialist Union in London

text: Vpered!

categories: Belarusian journalists,Political writers who committed suicide,Belarusian emigrants to England,Activists who committed suicide,Russian revolutionaries,Jewish Russian writers,Lithuanian emigrants to the United States,Russian socialists,19th-century Lithuanian educators,Hebrew-language writers,Communist writers,Suicides in New York (state),1880 deaths,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Lithuanian Jews,Revolutionaries who committed suicide,Journalists who committed suicide,Russian prisoners and detainees,19th-century Russian male writers,People from Grodno Region,Writers from London,Lithuanian emigrants to the United Kingdom,1845 births,American communists,English communists,Vilna Rabbinical School alumni,Belarusian Jews,19th-century Lithuanian writers,Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni,Journalists from London,Writers from Vienna,Belarusian emigrants to the United States,Jewish socialists,Lithuanian male writers,Imperial Russian writers,Russian people imprisoned abroad,19th-century Belarusian people,Lithuanian socialists,Belarusian prisoners and detainees,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States

image: 512px-אהרון_שמואל_ליברמן.jpg

paragraph: Aaron Liebermann

paragraph: Aaron Samuel Liebermann (, "Aharon Shmu'el Liberman"; 20 May 1845 – 18 November 1880), also known by his pen names Bar Drora and Daniel Ish Ḥamudot and later as Arthur Freeman, was a socialist author, Hebrew translator, and political essayist. A pioneer of Jewish socialism and the Jewish labour movement, he was described by Rudolf Rocker and Ber Borochov as the "father of Jewish socialism".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Aaron Samuel Liebermann was born in Luna, a shtetl in the province of Grodno, Russia. His father, Eliezer Dov Liebermann, was a maskilic author and scholar. His family moved to Bialystok and from there to Suvalk, where Liebermann received his early education.

paragraph: In 1866, he married Raḥel Trotsky, with whom he had three daughters and a son. He graduated from the Vilna Rabbinical Seminary with a teacher's diploma in 1867, and returned to Suvalk, where he was appointed secretary of the community and teacher. He began studies at the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg in 1870. There, Lieberman joined a revolutionary student circle and became acquainted with the subversive literature that had arrived in Russia from abroad.

paragraph: Financial woes led him to return to Vilna in 1874, where he worked at the Dvigatel insurance company and in draftsmanship, and soon became a leading figure in an underground circle of Jewish socialists in that city. That same year he published a fictional satire entitled 'The Crux of the Matter' in Peretz Smolenskin's Hebrew journal "Ha-Shaḥar" ('The Dawn'). The Vilna secret police issued a warrant for his arrest in July 1875; Lieberman managed to escape, and settled in London in August after brief stays in Königsberg and Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile.

paragraph: In England, Liebermann became involved with Peter Lavrov's Russian-language revolutionary journal "Vpered!" based in North London. As well as serving as its editor and typesetter, Liebermann published in "Vpered!" a number of unsigned articles and correspondences about the life of the Jews in Lithuania and Belorussia, emphasizing their discrimination, persecution, and lack of civic right. In January 1876 he published a socialist manifesto entitled "El shlomei baḥurei yisrael" ('To the Young Men of Israel'), which was smuggled into Russia in thousands of copies, addressed primarily to Russian yeshiva students. That May he inaugurated with nine others the short-lived "Agudat haSozialistim haIvrit" (Hebrew Socialist Union), the first Jewish workers' organization. Liebermann was appointed Secretary and drew up the statutes of the Union, which he composed in classical Hebrew and Yiddish.

paragraph: After clashes between the members of the Union and the police, Liebermann left London in December 1876, settling eventually in Vienna under the false name of Arthur Freeman. He formed and led a group of authors who shared his views, such as Ludvig Levin Jacobson, Moshe Kamyonski, Isaac Kaminer, and Tzvi ha-Kohen Scherschewski. "Ha-Emet" ('The Truth'), the first Jewish socialist publication, made its debut in May 1877 with Liebermann as its publisher and editor, thanks to the financial contribution of Johann Most. The Viennese authorities shut the periodical down after the third issue and arrested Liebermann in February 1878 on charges of carrying a false U.S. passport and setting up an illegal and subversive organization. After spending nine months in prison, he was extradited by the Prussian police under anti-socialist laws and sentenced to nine additional months in prison in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: Liebermann returned to London after his release in January 1880, his mental balance deeply affected by prison life. He contributed several articles to Johann Most's journal "Freiheit" and, together with Morris Winchevsky, established the Jewish Workingmen's Benefit and Educational Society. Still, Liebermann's attempts to resume his socialist activities in London were largely unsuccessful. He offered his services to the terrorist organization Narodnaya Volya, but was rejected for being temperamentally unsuitable.

paragraph: By the summer of 1880, Liebermann had fallen in love with Winchevsky's (married) sister-in-law, Rachel Sarasohn, and sent a writ of divorce to his wife. The love was not reciprocated, and Sarasohn departed with her daughter for Syracuse, New York to join her husband. Lieberman followed her to the United States, and committed suicide on 18 November 1880 after she refused to leave her husband, leaving behind the following note (written in Yiddish):

paragraph: Buried in obscurity in a cemetery in Syracuse, Liebermann's remains were later re-interred next to those of Winchevsky in the Workmen's Circle Mount Carmel Cemetery in Queens on 24 June 1934.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebrew Socialist Union in London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vpered!"

description: Lithuanian revolutionary

wikidata_label: Aaron Samuel Liberman

wikipedia_title: Aaron Liebermann


text:
Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen
Mathilde of Bavaria
House of Wettin
Wartburg
Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg
Jena
Elisabeth
Heidelberg
Amberg
Rupert of Germany
Beatrix
Nuremberg
Perchtoldsdorf
Vienna
Albert III of Austria
Seusslitz
John
Plassenburg
Frederick
Margarete
Gudensberg
Kulmbach
Hermann of Hesse
Hof
Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania

categories: 1375 deaths,1329 births,14th-century German women,People from Eisenach,Women of medieval Germany,House of Wettin,House of Hohenzollern,Burials at Heilsbronn Abbey

paragraph: Elisabeth of Meissen

paragraph: Elisabeth of Meissen, Burgravine of Nuremberg (22 November 1329 – 21 April 1375) was the daughter of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen and Mathilde of Bavaria and a member of the House of Wettin.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: She was born in Wartburg. On 7 September 1356, at the age of twenty six, she married Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg in Jena. In 1357 her husband succeeded to the title, and from that time until her death in 1375, she was styled as Burgravine of Nuremberg. Together Frederick and Elisabeth had eight children, six girls and two boys, who survived to adulthood:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Elisabeth (1358–26 July 1411, Heidelberg), married in Amberg 1374 to Rupert of Germany.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Beatrix (c. 1362, Nuremberg–10 June 1414, Perchtoldsdorf), married in Vienna 1375 Duke Albert III of Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Anna (c. 1364–after 10 May 1392), a nun in Seusslitz.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Agnes (1366 – 22 May 1432), Convent in Hof (1376–1386) married in Konstance 1386 Baron Friedrich of Daber, Returned to Convent in Hof (1406) Abbess in Hof (1411–1432).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. John (c. 1369–11 June 1420, Plassenburg).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Frederick (1371–1440).

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Margarete (died 1406, Gudensberg), married in Kulmbach 1383 Landgrave Hermann of Hesse.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Katharina (died 1409), Abbess in Hof.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Veronica of Hohenzollern, married Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania.

paragraph: Elisabeth died at the age of 45.

description: Wife of Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg

wikidata_label: Elisabeth of Meissen

wikipedia_title: Elisabeth of Meissen


text:
Satavahana
Gautamiputra Satakarni
Ptolemy
Western satrap
Chastana
Gautamiputra Satakarni
Nashik
Vashishtiputra Satakarni
Nashik
Pandavleni Caves
Samgha

categories: 2nd-century Indian monarchs,Satavahana dynasty

paragraph: Vasishthiputra Pulumavi

paragraph: Vasishthiputra Pulumavi () was a Satavahana king, and the son of Gautamiputra Satakarni. His reign is dated variously: 110–138 CE or 130–159 CE. He is also referred to as Vasishthiputra Sri Pulumavi. Ptolemy, the second century writer, refers to Pulumavi as "Siriptolemaios", a contemporary of the Western satrap, Chastana.

paragraph: Some of the lead coins of Pulumavi depict two-masted Indian ships, a testimony to the seafaring and trading capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st-2nd century CE. During his rule, Gautami Balasri, the mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni, laid an inscription at Nashik. Pulumavi was succeeded by his younger brother Vashishtiputra Satakarni.

paragraph: Section::::Nashik Pandavleni Caves.

paragraph: Near Nashik, Cave No.3 of Pandavleni Caves was built by Queen Gotami Balasiri during the reign of Pulumavi, and also received a dedication by Sri Pulumavi himself. The cave was dedicated to the Samgha.

wikidata_label: Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi

wikipedia_title: Vasishthiputra Pulumavi


text:
alternative rock
Nada Surf
indie rock
Minor Alps
Juliana Hatfield
Peter James Caws
Mary Ann Caws
Wilmington, North Carolina
Southall
Middlesex
sabbatical
France
Paris
Vaucluse
Provence
French
Graduate Center
CUNY
George Washington University
Washington, D.C.
Margaret Walthour Lippitt
humorist
playwright
nom de plume
The Silly Pillows
Northampton, Massachusetts
New York City
Lycée Français de New York
The Cost of Living
Daniel Lorca
CBGB
MTV
Because Because Because
Stickboy
Nada Surf
The Silly Pillows
Guitar World
Oasis
Mick Jones
Juliana Hatfield
Get There
Barsuk Records
Julie Gayet
Cambridge, England
Official website

categories: American male bloggers,1967 births,American rock guitarists,American rock singers,American rock songwriters,Guitarists from New York City,American male singer-songwriters,Lycée Français de New York alumni,Songwriters from New York (state),American indie rock musicians,American bloggers,Living people,American male guitarists,Nada Surf members,20th-century American guitarists,American singer-songwriters,Singers from New York City,American male songwriters,American expatriates in the United Kingdom,American alternative rock musicians

paragraph: Matthew Caws

paragraph: Matthew Rorison Caws (born August 5, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is best known as the lead vocalist and guitarist of the alternative rock band Nada Surf. Caws is also a member of the indie rock duo Minor Alps, alongside Juliana Hatfield.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Caws was born in New York City, the son of Peter James Caws and Mary Ann Caws. Caws' mother was born and raised in Wilmington, North Carolina. His father was born in Southall, Middlesex. Matthew Caws' parents, both university professors, took sabbaticals in France—in Paris, and in the Vaucluse in Provence—which helped Matthew develop early skills in French. Caws' mother, a Distinguished Professor of Comparative Literature, English, and French at the Graduate Center at CUNY, lives in New York City. Caws' father, University Professor of Philosophy at George Washington University, lives in Washington, D.C.. Caws' parents divorced in 1987. In 2007, his mother married Dr. Boyce Bennett. His father married Nancy Breslin, M.D., M.F.A., a psychiatrist turned fine art photographer. Caws' great-grandmother was painter Margaret Walthour Lippitt.

paragraph: Caws has a half sister from his father's second marriage named Elisabeth Breslin Caws. Caws has an older sister, Hilary Caws-Elwitt. She is married to humorist and playwright Jonathan Caws-Elwitt, who also writes erotica under the nom de plume Jeremy Edwards. They formed the band The Silly Pillows together and live in Northampton, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Musical projects.

paragraph: When the family returned to New York City, his parents sent him to the Lycée Français de New York. There he joined The Cost of Living in 1982 or 1983, a band formed by a teacher, Patrick Thouron, and a few students, including Daniel Lorca, Stéphane Dehais, and Fabrice Griffoulière-Frère, initiating a long friendship and a promising collaboration. Caws told a Boston audience in March 2018 that he and Lorca wanted to form a band sooner than their parents allowed at age 15.

paragraph: The Cost of Living split up in 1990, after having released two records, played in venues such as CBGB, and having a video played on MTV, but Matthew and Daniel joined another band, Because Because Because, with two other musicians. This enterprise was short-lived and they soon split up, despite the recording of a demo, unreleased to this day, for the label Stickboy, which would later release Nada Surf's first single (7"), "The Plan/Telescope", in 1994.

paragraph: Hilary, Matthew's elder sister, was a college radio DJ. She helped develop and influence her younger brother's musical tastes, lending him records from her impressive collection and cassette tapes of her show. Matthew joined the project initiated by Hilary and her partner, Jonathan, The Silly Pillows, for a few collaborations.

paragraph: He also wrote and edited for "Guitar World", interviewing, among others, Oasis and Mick Jones.

paragraph: Section::::Musical projects.:Minor Alps.

paragraph: In 2013, Caws and singer-songwriter Juliana Hatfield formed the new band Minor Alps. The duo's debut album, "Get There", was released on October 29, 2013 on Barsuk Records.

paragraph: Julie Gayet appears in the Minor Alps music video for their song "Waiting For You."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2016 he married Emily Bidwell. The couple has stated they will split their time between Caws' residence in Cambridge, England and New York.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: musician

wikidata_label: Matthew Caws

wikipedia_title: Matthew Caws


text: Hertfordshire

text: University of East Anglia

text: London, England

text: Morley College

text: Eric Gregory Award

text: Poetry London

text: Forward Poetry Prize

text: Guardian First Book Award

text: Costa Book Awards

text: Seren Books profile

text: University of East Anglia profile

text: "The Chest", "Barcelona Review", 2009

categories: 1972 births,21st-century British poets,English women poets,Alumni of the University of East Anglia,Living people

paragraph: Kathryn Simmonds

paragraph: Kathryn Simmonds (born 1972 Hertfordshire) is a British poet, and short story writer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She graduated from the University of East Anglia with an MA in Creative Writing.

paragraph: She has also experimented with playwriting, and her first radio play Poetry for Beginners, a comic drama set on a creative writing residential course, was broadcast on Radio 4 in 2008.

paragraph: She lives in London, England, and teaches creative writing at the Poetry School and Morley College.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Eric Gregory Award, from the Society of Authors

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Poetry Business competition

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Poetry London competition

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Asham Award shortlisted for "Pentecost"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Forward Poetry Prize Best First Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Guardian First Book Award, longlisted

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Costa Book Awards, nominated Poetry category

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snug, Smith/Doorstop 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunday at the Skin Launderette, Seren 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Visitations, Seren 2013

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love and Fallout, Seren 2014

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile and poems at "The Poetry Archive", 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seren Books profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of East Anglia profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simmonds poems featured in "The Guardian", 29 August 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wigtown Poetry Prize". Simmonds profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winter Morning" and "The Woman Who Worried Herself To Death". "The Poem" 2007

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Short Stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chest", "Barcelona Review", 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Little Piggy", "Barcelona Review", 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Quiet Drink", "Barcelona Review", 2006

description: poet

wikidata_label: Kathryn Simmonds

wikipedia_title: Kathryn Simmonds


text:
professional baseball
catcher
manager
Chicago Cubs
Major League Baseball
Philadelphia Phillies
Galena High School
Reno, Nevada
Pittsburgh Pirates
2003 MLB Draft
Kansas City Royals
Baltimore Orioles
40-man roster
Atlanta Braves
Washington Nationals
Syracuse Chiefs
San Francisco Giants
Minor League Baseball
Class A Short Season
Eugene Emeralds
Northwest League
Steve Lerud

categories: Honolulu Sharks players,Scottsdale Scorpions players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Williamsport Crosscutters players,Gwinnett Braves players,Norfolk Tides players,Reading Phillies players,Toros del Este players,Eugene Emeralds managers,Richmond Flying Squirrels players,Lynchburg Hillcats players,Major League Baseball catchers,Bowie Baysox players,1984 births,Hickory Crawdads players,Gulf Coast Pirates players,Altoona Curve players,Living people,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Baseball players from Nevada,Syracuse Chiefs players

paragraph: Steven Lerud

paragraph: Steven James Lerud (born October 13, 1984) is an American former professional baseball catcher, who is currently a manager in the Chicago Cubs organization. During his playing days, he briefly played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (–).

paragraph: Lerud attended to Galena High School, in Reno, Nevada.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: Lerud was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the third round of the 2003 MLB Draft. On November 9, 2009, he elected free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: On December 7, 2009, he signed a minor league deal with the Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Lerud was acquired by the Baltimore Orioles on March 27, 2010. He elected free agency on November 6, 2010 and re-signed on a minor league deal on December 26, 2010. Lerud elected free agency again on November 2, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On December 9, 2011, Lerud signed a minor league deal with the Phillies, who promoted him to the big leagues on August 24, 2012. He appeared in 3 MLB games in 2012, batting .200, in 10 at-bats. Lerud was subsequently dropped from the 40-man roster after the end of that season, but signed a 2013 minor league contract with the Phillies' organization. He appeared in 6 major league games with the Phillies in 2013, going hitless in 5 at-bats. Lerud elected free agency on October 1, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: He signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves on November 11, 2013 and received a non-roster invitation to Major League spring training.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: On January 12, 2015 Lerud signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals he was assigned to AAA Syracuse Chiefs the same day. He elected free agency on November 7, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: On February 3, 2016, Lerud signed a minor league deal with the Seattle Mariners. Lerud will also receive an invite to spring training. He was released by the Mariners on April 7.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: On April 27, 2016, Lerud signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants. He elected free agency on November 7, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: On January 5, 2017, Lerud signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers with an invite to spring training. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching Career.

paragraph: On January 19, 2018, Lerud was named as manager of the Minor League Baseball (MiLB) Class A Short Season Eugene Emeralds, a Northwest League affiliate of the Cubs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steve Lerud at Baseball Gauge

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Steven Lerud

wikipedia_title: Steven Lerud