text:
Garden City
Sélim Khawam
Ramses railway station
Lycée Français du Caire
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Omar Sharif
Joseph
Emile Gaston Chassinat
École pratique des hautes études
Institut Catholique de Paris
Coptic
numismatics
hieratic
Louvre
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Queen Mother
Egypt Exploration Society
Société Française d'Egyptologie
scarab
Khawam Brothers Antiquities.

categories: Egyptian Egyptologists,2016 deaths,1922 births,Egyptian antiquarians

paragraph: Roger Khawam

paragraph: Roger Jean Khawam (19 April 1922 – 22 April 2016) was an Egyptologist and one of the foremost dealers in Egyptian antiquities of his time. He took over the firm of Khawam Brothers in 1955 which he ran until his retirement in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Roger Khawam was born in the affluent Garden City, Cairo, on 19 April 1922. His family were of Syrian Christian origins and moved to Egypt in 1850 when Roger's grandfather, Sélim Khawam, started a jewellery shop near the Ramses railway station in Cairo. They later became involved in the antiquities business. Roger Khawam received his early education at the Lycée Français du Caire from 1929 and subsequently in Paris where he went to learn mathematics and chemistry. Boutros Boutros-Ghali was a childhood friend and Omar Sharif was a cousin.

paragraph: Khawam was familiar with the antiquities trade from a young age, taking holidays at the pyramids and watching his father Joseph attend to rich Americans at his showroom at the Khan el-Khalili souq, but he only decided to become an Egyptologist after Emile Gaston Chassinat dissuaded him from becoming an aerobatic pilot instead. He had learned to fly while in Paris for his studies. Accordingly, from 1945 to 1950 he studied the skills required of an Egytologist at the Sorbonne's École pratique des hautes études and the Institut Catholique de Paris, such as Coptic, numismatics, hieratic, and German. He already knew Arabic, English and French.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1955, Khawam took over the family business. He developed an extensive network of contacts that brought him new finds including farmers who found things in their fields and he toured archaeological digs looking for new pieces. He became an expert at spotting fakes. He told his sons to always look at the object, not the hand that held it. Customers included the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Queen Mother and her ladies-in-waiting. He was a member of the Egypt Exploration Society and the Société Française d'Egyptologie.

paragraph: In 1977, after the Egyptian authorities introduced laws that restricted the sale and export of antiquities, Khawam moved the firm to Paris where it still trades as Khawam Brothers.

paragraph: Khawam was known for his charm, good manners and dapper appearance, always wearing a full suit whatever the heat. He shrank from publicity and spent his weekends studying Egyptology and drawing scarab inscriptions. He was a gourmet who enjoyed fine wine and whisky. He retired in 2005 as one of the foremost dealers in Egyptian antiquities of his time.

paragraph: His library of Egyptology was sold in Paris in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Khawam married Elise Roger in 1950, a French governess that he had met in a Parisian cafe in 1949. Elise died in 2012. They had two sons, Roland and Bertrand.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Khawam died in Paris on 22 April 2016. He was survived by his sons.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khawam Brothers Antiquities.

description: Egyptian egyptologist (1922-2016)

wikidata_label: Roger Khawam

wikipedia_title: Roger Khawam


text: Turkish

text: Istanbul

text: child prodigy

text: ceramics

text: Germany

text: Schönwald

text: Atatürk

text: Turkish War of Independence

text: State Artist

text: Budapest

text: Hungary

text: Libya

text: Northern Cyprus

text: Gemlik

text: Bursa Province

text: traffic accident

text: Üsküdar

text: Respect to Mehmetçik

categories: Marmara University alumni,1940 births,20th-century sculptors,State Artists of Turkey,Artists from Istanbul,Road incident deaths in Turkey,Turkish sculptors,2007 deaths,Turkish ceramists,Marmara University faculty

paragraph: Tankut Öktem

paragraph: Tankut Öktem (1941, Istanbul - 5 December 2007, İstanbul) was a Turkish sculptor well known especially for his monumental works.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: He was born 1941 in Istanbul and his childhood was spent moving from one location in Turkey to another following the successive assignments of his parents, who were veterinaries employed by the state. By his teens, he was already recognized as a child prodigy in sculpture and painting, and he concentrated on the former discipline after his enrollment in the ceramics branch of Istanbul State College of Fine and Applied Arts (). While at the third grade of the school, he received the first prize in a "World Contest for Young Sculptors". He completed his training in Germany at Porzellanfabrik Schönwald in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After graduating in 1965, he became an assistant the next year in the same institution, where he was educated pursuing a teacher's career. In 1970, he was admiited to the teaching staff. The institution became Faculty of Fine Arts at Marmara University in 1983. Oktem established the Sculpture Department and became professor in 1986.

paragraph: Tankut Öktem became well known in Turkey after the 1970s, especially with monumental works of Atatürk or the Turkish War of Independence as theme, and which are remarkable especially with their high number of figurines. In 1999, he was awarded the title State Artist by the Turkish government. He created a bust of Atatürk in Budapest, Hungary and a victory monument in Libya in addition to numerous statues and monuments in Northern Cyprus and Turkey. He is also holder of various awards at home and abroad.

paragraph: His workshop at Küçükkumla village in Gemlik, Bursa Province was burnt down in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Tankut Öktem died on 5 December 2007 in a traffic accident in Üsküdar, İstanbul, at which also his wife and daughter Pınar were injured. His corpse was transferred to Küçükkumlu, where he was laid to rest in the family grave. He was survived by his wife Semra Öktem and daughters Pınar Öktem Doğan and Oylum Öktem İşözen.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Respect to Mehmetçik

description: Turkish sculptor

wikidata_label: Tankut Öktem

wikipedia_title: Tankut Öktem


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th Dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Turin canon
Ramesside period
Kim Ryholt
Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef
Nerikare
Ameny Qemau
Detlef Franke
Jürgen von Beckerath
Turin canon
lapis lazuli
cylinder seal
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Hathor
cuneiform
Byblos
William F. Albright
Yantinu
Neferhotep I
galena
el-Lisht
Tell el-ʿAjjul
Second Intermediate Period

paragraph: Sehetepibre

paragraph: Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy (also Sehetepibre I or Sehetepibre II depending on the scholar) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the early Second Intermediate Period, possibly the fifth or tenth king of the Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological position.

paragraph: The position of Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy within the 13th Dynasty is not entirely clear. In the Turin canon, a king list redacted in the early Ramesside period, two kings are listed with the name ""Sehetepibre"", both in Column 7 (which mainly lists kings of the 13th Dynasty). The first "Sehetepibre" appears as the fourth king of the Dynasty, and the other as its eighth. Therefore, the exact chronological position of Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy cannot be ascertained using only the Turin canon. According to the Egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy was in fact the tenth king of the Dynasty, reigning for 2 years from 1783 BC until 1781 BC. They believe that the first "Sehetepibre" is an error resulting from the corruption of the name of Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef. They further propose that the author of the list did not include two kings, Nerikare and Ameny Qemau, thereby artificially making Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy the eighth king when he was the tenth. On the other hand, Detlef Franke and Jürgen von Beckerath see Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy as the first "Sehetepibre" listed in the Turin canon and thus as fifth king of the Dynasty. Franke and von Beckerath both identify the second "Sehetepibre" with Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: For a long time, Sehetepibre was known only from the Turin canon and from a single lapis lazuli cylinder seal. The seal, of unknown provenance, was bought by a private collector in Cairo and finally sold in 1926 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it is now on display. The seal bears Sehetepibre's prenomen and is dedicated to ""Hathor, Lady of [Byblos]"". The seal is further inscribed with the name in cuneiform of a governor of Byblos named Yakin-Ilu. The archaeologist William F. Albright has tentatively identified Yakin-Ilu with a governor Yakin, attested on a stele discovered in Byblos and depicting his son, Yantinu, seated on a throne next to Neferhotep I's cartouches. If Albright's hypothesis is correct, then Sehetepibre would be one generation removed from Neferhotep I.

paragraph: The principal contemporary attestion of Sehetepibre is a stela published in 1980 and discovered earlier at Gebel Zeit, by the Red Sea, where galena mines were located. The stela bears the name of a king Sehetepibre together with the Horus name "Sewesekhtawy". This stela, contemporary with his reign, further confirms the existence of this king.

paragraph: In addition, two scarab-seals found in debris from the north pyramid cemetery at el-Lisht bear the name Sehetepibre, written without a cartouche or royal title. A virtually identical scarab was also found at Tell el-ʿAjjul in a Middle Bronze Age context (paralleling the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt). Whether these refer to the same individual is not certain.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sehetepibre

wikipedia_title: Sehetepibre


text: occultist

text: Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

text: ceremonial magic

text: Bedford School

text: Moina Mathers

text: Henri Bergson

text: vegan

text: vivisection

text: magic

text: W. B. Yeats

text: Freemasonry

text: alchemist

text: Master Mason

text: Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia

text: William Robert Woodman

text: polyglot

text: Coptic

text: The Book of Abramelin

text: Christian Knorr von Rosenroth

text: Key of Solomon

text: The Lesser Key of Solomon

text: Grimoire of Armadel

text: Enochian

text: John Dee

text: Edward Kelley

text: Aleister Crowley

text: Moonchild

text: The Confessions of Aleister Crowley

text: Violet Firth

text: Spanish influenza

text: The Book of Abramelin

text: Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

text: List of occultists

text: Mathers table

text: William Robert Woodman

text: Biography from Kheper.net

text: The Truth about S.L. MacGregor Mathers

text: "The Kabbalah Unveiled"

text: "The Key of Solomon The King"

text: "The Lesser Key of Solomon"

text: The Tarot

text: Upasika Library

text: The Tarot

categories: People educated at Bedford School,1854 births,People from Hackney Central,Tarotologists,English translators,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,19th-century translators,19th-century occultists,English occult writers,1918 deaths,Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn,Hermetic Qabalists,English people of Scottish descent,Deaths from Spanish flu,Anti-vivisectionists

paragraph: Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers

paragraph: Samuel Liddell (or Liddel) MacGregor Mathers (8 or 11 January 1854 – 5 or 20 November 1918), born Samuel Liddell Mathers, was a British occultist. He is primarily known as one of the founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a ceremonial magic order of which offshoots still exist today.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mathers was born on 8 or 11 January 1854 in Hackney, London, England. His father, William M. Mathers, died while he was still a boy. His mother, whose maiden name was Collins, died in 1885. He attended Bedford School, subsequently working in Bournemouth, Dorset, as a clerk, before moving to London following the death of his mother.

paragraph: His wife was Moina Mathers (née Mina Bergson), sister of the philosopher Henri Bergson.

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle.

paragraph: Mathers added the "MacGregor" surname as a claim to Highland Scottish heritage, although there is little evidence of such in his family background. He was a practising vegetarian, or (according to some accounts) vegan, an outspoken anti-vivisectionist, and a non-smoker. It is known that his main interests were magic and the theory of war, his first book being a translation of a French military manual. He became more and more of an eccentric towards his later years, as was noted by W. B. Yeats.

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle.:Freemasonry.

paragraph: Mathers was introduced to Freemasonry by a neighbour, alchemist Frederick Holland, and was initiated into Hengist Lodge No.195 on 4 October 1877. He was raised as a Master Mason on 30 January 1878. In 1882 he was admitted to the Metropolitan College of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia as well as a number of fringe Masonic degrees. Working hard both for and in the SRIA he was awarded an honorary 8th Degree in 1886, and in the same year he lectured on the Kabbalah to the Theosophical Society. He became Celebrant of Metropolitan College in 1891 and was appointed as Junior Substitute Magus of the SRIA in 1892, in which capacity he served until 1900. He left the order in 1903, having failed to repay money which he had borrowed.

paragraph: Upon the death of William Robert Woodman in 1891, Mathers assumed leadership of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. He moved with his wife to Paris on 21 May 1892. After his expulsion from the Golden Dawn in April 1900, Mathers formed a group in Paris in 1903 called "Alpha et Omega" (its headquarters, the Ahathoor Temple). Mathers choosing the title "Archon Basileus".

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle.:Translations.

paragraph: Mathers was a polyglot; among the languages he had studied were English, French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Gaelic and Coptic, though he had a greater command of some languages than of others. His translations of such books as "The Book of Abramelin" (14thC.), Christian Knorr von Rosenroth's "The Kabbalah Unveiled" (1684), "Key of Solomon" (anonymous 14thC.), "The Lesser Key of Solomon" (anonymous 17thC.), and the "Grimoire of Armadel" (17thC.), while probably justly criticised with respect to quality, were responsible for making what had been obscure and inaccessible material widely available to the non-academic English speaking world. They have had considerable influence on the development of occult and esoteric thought since their publication, as has his consolidation of the Enochian magical system of John Dee and Edward Kelley.

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle.:Criticism.

paragraph: In addition to many supporters, he had many enemies and critics. One of his most notable enemies was one-time friend and pupil Aleister Crowley, who portrayed Mathers as a villain named SRMD in his 1917 novel "Moonchild". According to Crowley's memoirs, "The Confessions of Aleister Crowley", Mathers was in the habit of ostensibly playing chess matches against various pagan gods. Mathers would set up the chessboard and seat himself behind the white pieces, with an empty chair opposite him. After making a move for himself, Mathers would then shade his eyes and peer towards the empty chair, waiting for his opponent to signal a move. Mathers would then move a black piece accordingly, then make his next move as white, and so forth. Crowley did not record who won.

paragraph: Earlier, Crowley wrote in his "Confessions" that: "As far as I was concerned, Mathers was my only link with the Secret Chiefs to whom I was pledged. I wrote to him offering to place myself and my fortune unreservedly at his disposal; if that meant giving up the Abra-Melin Operation for the present, all right."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mathers died on 5 or 20 November 1918 in Paris. The manner of his death is unknown; his death certificate lists no cause of death. Violet Firth claimed his death was the result of the Spanish influenza of 1918. While this seems likely, few facts are known about Mathers's private life and thus verification of such claims is difficult.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Abramelin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of occultists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathers table

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Robert Woodman

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from Kheper.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Truth about S.L. MacGregor Mathers

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Works at the Internet Sacred Text Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kabbalah Unveiled"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Key of Solomon The King"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lesser Key of Solomon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tarot

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Works in Spanish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Upasika Library

paragraph: Section::::Published Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 — The Tarot — Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers Edition by Eduardo Filipe Freitas

alias:
Samuel Liddell
Samuel Liddel
Samuel Liddell Mathers

description: British occultist

wikidata_label: Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers

wikipedia_title: Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers


text: School of Antioch

text: Christian

text: bishop

text: Cyrrhus

text: Byzantine

text: Cyril of Alexandria

text: Nestorius

text: Council of Chalcedon

text: Three Chapters Controversy

text: Second Council of Constantinople

text: Chalcedonian

text: East Syriac

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: Tillemont

text: Antioch

text: Antioch

text: monastery

text: Apamea

text: hermit

text: Macedonius

text: lector

text: Diodore of Tarsus

text: Theodore of Mopsuestia

text: Homer

text: Sophocles

text: Euripides

text: Aristophanes

text: Demosthenes

text: Thucydides

text: diocese

text: see

text: Marcionite

text: Arians

text: Macedonians

text: Tatian

text: relic

text: rhetoric

text: physician

text: Persia

text: Armenia

text: Carthaginian

text: Vandals

text: christological

text: Cyril of Alexandria

text: John I of Antioch

text: Nestorius

text: anathema

text: symbol

text: Nicene Creed

text: Chalcedon

text: eparchy

text: Diodorus of Tarsus

text: Domnus II

text: Irenaeus

text: bishop

text: Dioscorus

text: Eutyches

text: Apollinarism

text: Second Council of Ephesus

text: excommunicated

text: Leo the Great

text: Theodosius II

text: Council of Chalcedon

text: orthodox

text: Miaphysite

text: Three-Chapter Controversy

text: Second Council of Constantinople

text: exegesis

text: Song of Songs

text: Psalms

text: Daniel

text: Ezekiel

text: Minor Prophets

text: Isaiah

text: Jeremiah

text: Pauline Epistles

text: Hebrews

text: Octateuch

text: Samuel

text: Kings

text: Chronicles

text: catenae

text: Galatians

text: Gospels

text: Holy Spirit

text: Hebrew

text: Syriac

text: Septuagint

text: allegory

text: Solomon

text: Old Testament

text: apostolic

text: New Testament

text: school of Antioch

text: Monophysite

text: Cyril of Alexandria

text: hypostases

text: God

text: Mary

text: Logos

text: Arius

text: Eunomius

text: apologetic

text: Old Testament

text: Egyptian

text: Magi

text: Greek philosophy

text: Socrates Scholasticus

text: Sozomen

text: Valesius

text: Albert Guldenpenning

text: Rufinus

text: Eusebius of Caesarea

text: Athanasius

text: Sabinus

text: Philostorgius

text: Gregory Nazianzen

text: divine love

text: Sporacius

text: heresiology

text: Origen

text: John of Damascus

text: Greek Fathers

text: Nicephorus Callistus

text: Monastery

text: Patmos

text: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers

text: Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers

text: Catholic University of America Press

text: an e-book from Munseys.com

text: Sources Chrétiennes

text: Theodoret's works at CCEL

categories: 5th-century historians,Assyrian Church of the East,5th-century Byzantine people,People from Cyrrhus,5th-century bishops,450s deaths,Church Fathers,Syrian bishops,Ancient Christians involved in controversies,Christian anti-Gnosticism,Apamea, Syria,Nestorianism,5th-century Byzantine writers,Bible commentators,390s births

paragraph: Theodoret

paragraph: Theodoret of Cyrus or Cyrrhus (; AD 393 –  458/466) was an influential theologian of the School of Antioch, biblical commentator, and Christian bishop of Cyrrhus (423–457). He played a pivotal role in several 5th-century Byzantine Church controversies that led to various ecumenical acts and schisms. He wrote against Cyril of Alexandria's "12 Anathemas" which were sent to Nestorius and did not personally condemn Nestorius until the Council of Chalcedon. His writings against Cyril were included in the Three Chapters Controversy and were condemned at the Second Council of Constantinople. Some Chalcedonian and East Syriac Christians regard him as a "full" saint. Although the Eastern Orthodox Protopresbyter Michael Pomazansky repeatedly refers to him as "Blessed", there is no evidence in his work that this is the official position of any Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to Tillemont, he was born at Antioch in 393, and died either at Cyrrhus ("about a two-days' journey east of Antioch" or eighty Roman miles), or at the monastery near Apamea (fifty-four miles southeast of Antioch) about 457.

paragraph: The following facts about his life are gleaned mainly from his "Epistles" and his "Religious History" ("Philotheos historia"). He was the child of a prosperous Antiochene couple who had been childless for many years. Encouraged by the fact that his mother had been cured of a serious eye complaint and converted to a sober life by Peter the Galatian, an ascetic living in an unoccupied in the locality, Theodoret's parents sought further help from the local holy men, since she had been childless for twelve years. For years their hopes were fed but not fulfilled. Eventually, Theodoret's birth was promised by a hermit named Macedonius the Barley-Eater on the condition of his dedication to God, whence the name Theodoret ("gift of God").

paragraph: Theodoret received an extensive religious and secular education. The actual evidence given to us by Theodoret suggests that his education was exclusively religious. He paid weekly visits to Peter the Galatian, was instructed by Macedonius and other ascetics, and at an early age became a "lector" among the clergy of Antioch. Though he speaks of Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia as his teachers, this is improbable - though it was certainly their theological tradition in which he was brought up. He clearly, also, though, received an extensive classical education, unsurprisingly for the child of prosperous parents in a city which had long been a centre of secular learning and culture. His correspondents included the sophists Aerius and Isokasius. He understood Syriac as well as Greek, but was not acquainted with either Hebrew or Latin. In his letters he quotes from Homer, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Demosthenes and Thucydides. When he was twenty-three years old and both parents were dead, he divided his fortune among the poor (Epist. cxiii; P.G., LXXXIII, 1316) and became a monk in the monastery of Nicerte not far from Apamea. There he lived for about seven years.

paragraph: In 423 he left as he had been appointed Bishop of Cyrrhus, over a diocese about forty miles square and embracing 800 parishes, but with an insignificant town as its see city. Theodoret, supported only by the appeals of the intimate hermits, himself in personal danger, zealously guarded purity of the doctrine. He converted more than 1,000 Marcionites in his diocese, besides many Arians and Macedonians; more than 200 copies of Tatian's "Diatessaron" he retired from the churches; and he erected churches and supplied them with relics.

paragraph: His philanthropic and economic interests were extensive and varied: he endeavored to secure relief for the people oppressed with taxation; he divided his inheritance among the poor; from his episcopal revenues he erected baths, bridges, halls, and aqueducts; he summoned rhetoricians and physicians, and reminded the officials of their duties.

paragraph: To the persecuted Christians of Persian Armenia he sent letters of encouragement, and to the Carthaginian Celestiacus, who had fled the rule of the Vandals, he gave refuge.

paragraph: Section::::The Nestorian controversy.

paragraph: Theodoret stands out prominently in the christological controversies aroused by Cyril of Alexandria. Theodoret shared in the petition of John I of Antioch to Nestorius to approve of the term "theotokos" ("mother of God"), and upon the request of John wrote against Cyril's "anathemas".

paragraph: He may have prepared the Antiochian symbol which was to secure the emperor's true understanding of the Nicene Creed, and he was a member and spokesman of the deputation of eight from Antioch called by the emperor to Chalcedon. To the condemnation of Nestorius he could not assent. John, reconciled to Cyril by the emperor's order, sought to bring Theodoret to submission by entrenching upon his eparchy.

paragraph: Theodoret was determined to preserve the peace of the Church by seeking the adoption of a formula avoiding the unconditional condemnation of Nestorius, and toward the close of 434 strove earnestly for the reconciliation between the Eastern churches. But Cyril refused to compromise and when he opened his attack (437) upon Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore, John sided with them and Theodoret assumed the defense of the Antiochian party ( 439). Domnus II, the successor of John, took him as his counselor. After the death of Cyril, adherents of the Antiochian theology were appointed to bishoprics. Irenaeus the friend of Nestorius, with the cooperation of Theodoret, became bishop of Tyre, in spite of the protests of Dioscorus, Cyril's successor, who now turned specially against Theodoret; and secured the order from the court confining Theodoret to Cyrrhus.

paragraph: Theodoret now composed the "Eranistes" (see below). In vain were his efforts at court at self-justification against the charges of Dioscurus, as well as the countercharge of Domnus against Eutyches of Apollinarism. The court excluded Theodoret from the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 because of his antagonism to Cyril. Here, because of his "Epistle 151" against Cyril and his defense of Diodorus and Theodore, he was condemned without a hearing and excommunicated and his writings were directed to be burned. Even Domnus gave his assent.

paragraph: Theodoret was compelled to leave Cyrrhus and retire to his monastery at Apamea. He made an appeal to Leo the Great, but not until after the death of Theodosius II in 450 was his appeal for a revocation of the judgments against him granted by imperial edict. He was ordered to participate in the Council of Chalcedon, which created violent opposition. He was first to take part only as accuser, yet among the bishops. Then he was constrained (October 26, 451) by the friends of Dioscurus to pronounce the "anathema" over Nestorius. His conduct shows (though hindered from a statement to that effect) that he performed this with his previous reservation; namely, without application beyond the teaching of two sons in Christ and the denial of the "theotokos". Upon this he was declared orthodox and rehabilitated.

paragraph: The only thing known concerning him following the Council of Chalcedon is the letter of Leo charging him to guard the Chalcedonian victory ("PG", lxxxiii. 1319 sqq.). With Diodorus and Theodore he was no less hated by the Miaphysites than Nestorius himself, and held by them and their friends as a heretic. After Chalcedon, he lived in Cyrrhus until his death, which may have been in 460.

paragraph: The Three-Chapter Controversy led to the condemnation of his writings against Cyril in the Second Council of Constantinople (553).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Exegetical.

paragraph: The most significant works of Theodoret are those of exegesis.

paragraph: A chronology of the composition of these works can be developed by studying references in the latter works to the earlier works. The commentary on the "Song of Songs", written while he was a young bishop, though not before 430, precedes "Psalms"; the commentaries on the prophets were begun with "Daniel", followed by "Ezekiel", and then the "Minor Prophets". Next that on the "Psalms" was completed before 436; and those on "Isaiah", "Jeremiah", and the "Pauline Epistles" (including "Hebrews"), before 448. Theodoret's last exegetical works were the interpretations of difficult passages in the "Octateuch" and "Quaestiones" dealing with the books of "Samuel", "Kings", and "Chronicles", written about 452 to 453.

paragraph: Excepting the commentary on "Isaiah" (fragments preserved in the "catenae") and on "Galatians" ii.6-13, the exegetical writings of Theodoret are extant. Exegetical material on the "Gospels" under his name in the "catenae" may have come from his other works, and foreign interpolations occur in his comments on the "Octateuch".

paragraph: His representation of orthodox doctrine consists of a collocation of Scripture passages.

paragraph: The biblical authors are, for Theodoret, merely the mouthpieces of the Holy Spirit, though they do not lose their individual peculiarities. By the unavoidable imperfection of the translations, he states, the understanding is encumbered. Not familiar with Hebrew, Theodoret uses the Syriac translation, the Greek versions, and the "Septuagint".

paragraph: In principle his exegesis is grammatical-historical; and he criticizes the intrusion of the author's own ideas. His aim is to avoid a one-sidedness of literalness as well as of allegory. Hence he protests against the attributing of "The Song of Songs" to Solomon and the like as degrading the Holy Spirit. Rather is it to be said that the Scripture speaks often "figuratively" and "in riddles." In the Old Testament everything has typological significance and prophetically it embodies already the Christian doctrine. The divine illumination affords the right understanding after the apostolic suggestion and the New Testament fulfilment. Valuable though not binding is the exegetical tradition of the ecclesiastical teachers. Theodoret likes to choose the best among various interpretations before him, preferably Theodore's, and supplements from his own. He is clear and simple in thought and statement; and his merit is to have rescued the exegetical heritage of the school of Antioch as a whole for the Christian Church.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Dogmatic.

paragraph: Many of Theodoret's dogmatic works have perished; five, however, have survived.

paragraph: His chief christological work is the "Eranistes etoi polymorphos" ("Beggar or Multiform", or perhaps "The Collector") in three dialogues, describing the Monophysites as beggars passing off their doctrines gathered by scraps from diverse heretical sources and himself as the orthodox. The work is interspersed with lengthy "florilegia" (anthologies of patristic citations), which may be the reason for its preservation. These "florilegia" provide evidence of Theodoret's considerable learning, with 238 texts drawn from 88 works, including pre-Nicene writers such as Ignatius, Irenaeus and Hippolytus, as well as theologians such as Athanasius and the Cappadocian Fathers. This use of "florilegia" heralds a new stage in doctrinal development, in that it creates a new authority for Christian theology: that of the 'Fathers'.

paragraph: Two works, "On the Holy and Life-giving Trinity" and "On the Incarnation of the Lord", have survived through ascription to his opponent Cyril of Alexandria.

paragraph: Another surviving work by Theodoret is his "Refutation of the Anathemas", his rejection of the twelve anathemas pronounced on him by Cyril of Alexandria, which has been preserved in Cyril's defence. He detects Apollinarianism in Cyril's teaching, and declines a "contracting into one" of two natures of the only begotten, as much as a separation into two sons ("Epist." Cxliii). Instead of a "union according to hypostases," he would accept only one that "manifests the essential properties or modes of the natures." The man united to God was born of Mary; between God the "Logos" and the form of a servant a distinction must be drawn.

paragraph: Another surviving work is the "Expositio rectae fidei". This was preserved among the writings of Justin Martyr. However, both Lebon (1930) and Sellers (1945) independently recognised it as the work of Theodoret, probably pre-dating the outbreak of the Christological controversies.

paragraph: Only minor fragments (cf. "Epist." 16) of Theodoret's defense of Diodorus and Theodore (438-444) have been preserved.

paragraph: There are many lost works. Theodoret mentions having written against Arius and Eunomius, probably one work, to which were joined the three treatises against the Macedonians. There were, besides, two works against the Apollinarians, and of the "Opus adversus Marcionem" nothing has been preserved.

paragraph: God is immutable also in becoming man, the two natures are separate in Christ, and God the Logos is ever immortal and impassive. Each nature remained "pure" after the union, retaining its properties to the exclusion of all transmutation and intermixture. Of the twenty-seven orations in defense of various propositions, the first six agree in their given content with Theodoret. A few extracts from the five orations on Chrysostom were preserved by Photius (codex 273).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Apologetic, historical.

paragraph: Among apologetic writings was the "Ad quaestiones magorum" (429-436), now lost, in which Theodoret justified the Old Testament sacrifices as alternatives in opposition to the Egyptian idolatry, and exposed the fables of the Magi who worshiped the elements ("Church History" v. 38).

paragraph: "De providentia", or "Ten Discourses on Providence", consists of apologetic discourses, proving the divine providence from the physical order (chapters i-iv), and from the moral and social order (chapters vi-x). They were most probably delivered to the cultured Greek congregation of Antioch, sometime between 431 and 435. Unlike most sermons, they are reasoned arguments, lectures rather than homilies on scriptural texts.

paragraph: The "Graecarum Affectionum Curatio" or "Cure of the Greek Maladies", subtitled "The Truth of the Gospel proved from Greek Philosophy," arranged in twelve books, was an attempt to prove the truth of Christianity from Greek philosophy and in contrast with the pagan ideas and practises. As such, it forms one of the last Apologies written, since in an age when Christianity was dominant, the need for apologies gradually died out. The truth is self-consistent where it is not obscured with error and approves itself as the power of life; philosophy is only a presentiment of it. This work is distinguished for clearness of arrangement and style.

paragraph: The "Ecclesiastical History" of Theodoret, which begins with the rise of Arianism and closes with the death of Theodore in 429 (despite being completed in 449-450) is very different in style from those of Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen. It contains many sources otherwise lost, specially letters on the Arian controversy; however, the book is extremely partisan, the heretics being consistently blackened and described as afflicted with the 'Arian plague'. The narrative is more compressed than in the other historians, and Theodoret often strings documents together, with only brief comments between. Original material of Antiochian information appears chiefly in the latter books.

paragraph: Theodoret's sources are in dispute. According to Valesius these were mainly Socrates and Sozomen; Albert Guldenpenning's thorough research placed Rufinus first, and next to him, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Sozomen, Sabinus, Philostorgius, Gregory Nazianzen, and, least of all, Socrates. N. Glubokovskij counts Eusebius, Rufinus, Philostorgius, and, perhaps, Sabinus.

paragraph: The "Religious History," with an appendix on divine love, contains the biographies of thirty (ten living) ascetics, held forth as religious models. It is a document of remarkable significance for understanding the complexities of the role of early monastics, both in society and in the church; it is also remarkable for presenting a model of ascetic authority which runs strongly against Athanasius's "Life of Antony".

paragraph: Upon the request of a high official named Sporacius, Theodoret compiled a "Compendium of Heretical Accounts" ("Haereticarum fabularum compendium"), including a heresiology (books i-iv) and a "compendium of divine dogmas" (book v), which, apart from Origen's "De principiis" and the theological work of John of Damascus, is the only systematic representation of the theology of the Greek Fathers.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Letters.

paragraph: Compared to the more than 500 letters known to Nicephorus Callistus in the fourteenth century, only about half that number had survived to the twentieth century. Three collections survive, though there is some overlap between them. 179 letters were edited by J Sirmond in the seventeenth century. To these, J. Sakkelion added another 47 letters he published from a manuscript he found at the Monastery of Patmos in 1855. 36 letters have been preserved in conciliar records. These letters provide glimpses of rural Christianity in northern Syria, as well as insight into episcopal relationships; hints of the development of Christological issues between the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon can be seen; there are letters of consolation and commendation; throughout there is revealed the generous and sensitive soul of a pastor.

paragraph: An English translation of the surviving letters is part of the "Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers" (2 ser., iii. 250-348).

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations of some of Theodoret's writings can be found in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A bilingual edition of the "Eranistes" was published by Oxford University Press in 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ettlinger, GH, 2003. "Theodoret: Eranistes, FC", Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petruccione, John F and RC Hill, 2007. "Theodoret of Cyrus. The Questions on the Octateuch", Greek text and English translation, Washington, DC, Catholic University of America Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- RC Hill has published translations into English of the "Commentary on the Psalms" (2000, 2001), the "Commentary on the Songs of Songs"(2001), and the "Commentary on the Letters of St Paul" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- István Pásztori-Kupán, "Theodoret of Cyrus", (Routledge, 2006), includes full translations of "On the Trinity", "On the Incarnation", and excerpts from "A Cure of Greek Maladies" and "A Compendium of Heretical Mythification".

paragraph: BULLET::::- An English translation of the "Ecclesiastical History" is available as an e-book from Munseys.com.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bilingual editions (Greek text with parallel French translation) of several of the texts mentioned above have been published in recent years in "Sources Chrétiennes".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodoret's works at CCEL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca, with analytical indexes and concordances made on the whole writings

paragraph: BULLET::::- István Pásztori-Kupán: Theodoret of Cyrus’s Double Treatise On the Trinity and On the Incarnation: The Antiochene Pathway to Chalcedon (PhD thesis)

description: Syrian bishop

enwikiquote_title: Theodoret

wikidata_label: Theodoret

wikipedia_title: Theodoret


text: Roman Catholic

text: Archbishop of Glasgow

text: Askham Bryan

text: York

text: South Western Railway Company

text: recusant

text: Derbyshire

text: English Reformation

text: St Cuthbert's College

text: Durham

text: tonsure

text: minor orders

text: acolyte

text: exorcist

text: lector

text: porter

text: Bishop Briggs

text: ordained

text: subdeacon

text: Venerable English College, Rome

text: ordained

text: priest

text: Newcastle

text: St Mary's Church, Newcastle

text: Wooler

text: canon

text: Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle

text: Vicar-General

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Anazarbus

text: Apostolic Delegate

text: consecrated

text: Sant'Andrea della Valle

text: Rome

text: consecrator

text: Karl-August von Reisach

text: Henry Edward Manning

text: John Gray

text: Apostolic Administrator

text: Western District of Scotland

text: Glasgow

text: First Vatican Council

text: Bearsden

text: St Peter's Seminary, Cardross

text: Scottish hierarchy was restored

text: Pope Leo XIII

text: Diocese of Argyll and the Isles

text: Diocese of Galloway

text: Scottish Reformation

text: cathedral chapter

text: University of Glasgow

text: Honorary

text: Doctor of Laws

text: Celtic FC

text: Bearsden Academy

text: St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow

text: St Cuthbert

categories: 1817 births,People from Yorkshire,Archbishops of Glasgow,Post-Reformation Roman Catholic bishops in Scotland,English College, Rome alumni,19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1902 deaths,English Roman Catholics

paragraph: Charles Eyre (bishop)

paragraph: Charles Petre Eyre (1817–1902) was a Roman Catholic clergyman who served as the Archbishop of Glasgow from 1878 to 1902.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Born at Askham Bryan Hall, Askham Bryan, near York, England on 7 November 1817, he was the fifth of nine children of John Lewis Eyre (died 1880) and Sara Eyre, née Parker (died 1825). His father later became a director at the South Western Railway Company. His family was the recusant Eyre family of Derbyshire, a family which had retained their Roman Catholic beliefs since the English Reformation and suffered land loss as a result.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early ministry.

paragraph: On 28 March 1826, Charles was received into St Cuthbert's College, near Durham. He received the tonsure and the four minor orders (acolyte, exorcist, lector and porter) from Bishop Briggs on 17 December 1839 and he was ordained a subdeacon by the bishop on 25 May 1839. In December 1839, he entered the Venerable English College, Rome, and was ordained a priest there on 19 March 1842. He returned to England and appointed an assistant priest at St Andrew's Catholic Church, Newcastle in 1843, before transferred to St Mary's Church, Newcastle in 1844; becoming the senior priest there in 1847. Afterwards, he took positions at Wooler, Illness and Haggerstone between 1849 and 1856, before returning to Newcastle. He was for many years a canon of the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle; and for some time was Vicar-General of the diocese.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.

paragraph: Although previously considered for other bishoprics, it was not until 29 November 1868 that he was officially nominated for a prelacy. He was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Anazarbus" and Apostolic Delegate for Scotland on 3 December 1868. He was consecrated at the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle, Rome on 31 January 1869. The principal consecrator was Cardinal Karl-August von Reisach, Archbishop Emeritus of Munich and Freising, and the principal co-consecrators were Henry Edward Manning, Archbishop of Westminster and Frédéric-François-Xavier Ghislain de Mérode, Titular Archbishop of Melitene.

paragraph: Following the resignation of Bishop John Gray on 4 March 1869, Archbishop Eyre was appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the Western District of Scotland on 16 April 1869. He travelled to Glasgow in March 1869, charged with organising the re-establishment of Roman Catholic hierarchy in Scotland. After attending the First Vatican Council (1869–70), he returned to Scotland in a mission to build schools and to unite the Scottish catholic community, bitterly divided between Scottish and Irish Catholics. In 1874, he opened St Peter's Seminary, Bearsden (subsequently removed to St Peter's Seminary, Cardross).

paragraph: Despite some resistance among Scottish Catholics, the Scottish hierarchy was restored by Pope Leo XIII on 15 March 1878. The Western District was divided into the Archdiocese of Glasgow, the Diocese of Argyll and the Isles and the Diocese of Galloway; with Charles Petre Eyre appointed as the first Roman Catholic archbishop of Glasgow since the Scottish Reformation.

paragraph: Six years later he established a cathedral chapter. Archbishop Eyre was successful to a large extent in integrating the new establishment into Scottish society. The University of Glasgow awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Laws in 1892. He was one of the early patrons of Celtic FC, founded in 1888 with a name designed to inspire unity between Scottish and Irish Catholics in the Glasgow area.

paragraph: He died at his home in Glasgow on 27 March 1902, aged 84. He was buried in his seminary at Bearsden; now the site of the new Bearsden Academy building. His body was later moved to St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow. Archbishop Eyre left a number of religious and historical works, including works on Scottish saints, the medieval church of Glasgow, and St Cuthbert.

description: Roman Catholic Archbishop of Glasgow

wikidata_label: Charles Petre Eyre

wikipedia_title: Charles Eyre (bishop)


text:
Cardinal
Archbishop of Turin
Cantù
province of Como
Lombardy
St Peter Martyr
Seminary
Venegono
Milan
Alfredo Schuster
Archbishop
Milan
Desio
Honorary Prelate
Pope John Paul II
titular bishop
auxiliary bishop
consecrated
Carlo Maria Martini
Giovanni Colombo
Emeritus
Archbishop of Turin
Cardinal Priest
Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
pro hac vice
consistory
conclave

categories: Archbishops of Turin,People from Cantù,Italian cardinals,1924 births,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,2011 deaths

paragraph: Giovanni Saldarini

paragraph: Giovanni Saldarini (11 December 1924 – 18 April 2011) was an Italian Cardinal and Archbishop of Turin.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Saldarini was born in Cantù in the Italian province of Como, in Lombardy. He was educated at St Peter Martyr Seminary in Venegono and the Theological Faculty, Milan. He was ordained to the priesthood on 31 May 1947 in Milan, by Alfredo Schuster then Archbishop of Milan. He taught at the archiepiscopal school in Desio from 1947 till 1949. After further studies in Rome he was a faculty member at the Seminary of Venegono from 1952 until 1967. After this he worked as a parish priest in the archdiocese of Milan until 1982. He was named Honorary Prelate on 24 April 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopate.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II appointed him titular bishop of Gaudiaba and auxiliary bishop of Milan on 10 November 1984. He was consecrated that December by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, assisted by Cardinal Giovanni Colombo, (then Archbishop Emeritus of Milan). He remained as an auxiliary bishop of Milan until he was appointed Archbishop of Turin on 31 January 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinal.

paragraph: He was created and proclaimed Cardinal Priest of Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio (deaconry elevated pro hac vice to presbyteral title) in the consistory of 28 June 1991. He resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese because of bad health, at the age of 74 on 19 June 1999. After his resignation Saldarini resided in the parish of S. Francesco di Paola, via Montenapoleone. He lost the right to participate in a conclave when he turned 80 years old in 2004. Cardinal Saldarini died on April 18, 2011, in Clinica San Giuseppe, Milan, He was buried in the Cathedral of Turin.

paragraph: br

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Martin Bräuer, "Handbuch der Kardinäle: 1846-2012" (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2014).

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Giovanni Saldarini

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Saldarini


text:
Queens
New York
Las Vegas, Nevada
Birmingham
grindcore
Mick Harris
grindcore
Napalm Death
Defecation
Meathook Seed
Goatlord
Savages
Soulfly
Max Cavalera

categories: Songwriters from New York (state),American heavy metal singers,American heavy metal guitarists,American male singers,Living people,Singers from New York City,People from Wolverhampton,American male guitarists,21st-century American singers,1970 births,American expatriates in the United Kingdom,Death metal musicians,Guitarists from New York City,21st-century American guitarists,21st-century male singers

paragraph: Mitch Harris

paragraph: Mitch Harris (born October 31, 1970) is an American guitarist, born in Queens, New York, then moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, but currently lives in Birmingham, England. He started his career in the grindcore band Righteous Pigs. He did a side project with Mick Harris – then the drummer of grindcore band Napalm Death, called Defecation. Shortly thereafter, he left Righteous Pigs and joined Napalm Death permanently in 1989, firstly appearing on the "Harmony Corruption" album. He is still with them, playing guitar and back-up vocals. He also participated in the projects Meathook Seed, Little Giant Drug, and Goatlord. In 2013, a featured song called "K.C.S." was included on the album "Savages" by the band Soulfly that was released on October 4, 2013, and was written by Harris and Max Cavalera.

paragraph: His latest band project is called Menace, who released their debut album, "Impact Velocity", on March 14, and March 18, 2014 in the US, on the label Season of Mist.

description: American rock musician

wikidata_label: Mitch Harris

wikipedia_title: Mitch Harris


text:
Scottish
prelate
Roman Catholic
Archbishop of Glasgow
Glen Roy
Inverness-shire
ordained
priesthood
Bishop
Diocese of Argyll and the Isles
Holy See
consecrated
Episcopate
consecrator
Andrew Thomas McDonald
George Henry Bennett
William Henry Mellon
translated
Metropolitan see of Glasgow
Marshal Tito
Nero
Second Vatican Council

categories: Archbishops of Glasgow,Post-Reformation Roman Catholic bishops in Scotland,1963 deaths,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,People from Argyll and Bute,1894 births

paragraph: Donald Campbell (bishop)

paragraph: Donald Alphonsus Campbell (1894–1963) was a Scottish prelate who served as the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Glasgow from 1945 to 1963.

paragraph: Born in Bohunhin, Glen Roy, Inverness-shire on 8 December 1894, he was ordained to the priesthood on 3 April 1920. He was appointed the Bishop of the Diocese of Argyll and the Isles by the Holy See on 5 October 1939, and consecrated to the Episcopate on 14 December 1939. The principal consecrator was Archbishop Andrew Thomas McDonald of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh, and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop George Henry Bennett of Aberdeen and Bishop William Henry Mellon of Galloway.

paragraph: Six years later, he was translated to the Metropolitan see of Glasgow as archbishop on 6 January 1945. In 1952, Archbishop Campbell described Marshal Tito as a "modern Nero". He attended the first session of the Second Vatican Council in 1962.

paragraph: He died in office on 22 July 1963, aged 68.

description: bishop

wikidata_label: Donald Campbell

wikipedia_title: Donald Campbell (bishop)


text: Italian

text: Renaissance

text: England

text: Treviso

text: Pier Maria Pennacchi

text: Giorgione's

text: Bologna

text: Raphael's

text: St. Cecilia

text: San Petronio

text: grisaille

text: Genoa

text: Faenza

text: Trent

text: Palazzo del Te

text: Mantua

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: Henry VIII

text: Royal Collection

text: siege

text: Boulogne-sur-Mer

text: Artists of the Tudor court

text: List of The Tudors episodes

categories: Renaissance painters,Italian male painters,1508 births,1544 deaths,16th-century Italian painters,People from Treviso

paragraph: Girolamo da Treviso

paragraph: Girolamo da Treviso (1508 – September 10, 1544), also known as Girolamo di Tommaso da Treviso the Younger and Girolamo Trevigi, was an Italian Renaissance painter in Henry VIII's court in England.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Treviso, to a Tommaso. The identity of Girolamo da Treviso the Elder, remains unclear.

paragraph: He was likely not a pupil of Pier Maria Pennacchi, as supposed in the 19th century.

paragraph: Stylistically, Girolamo is associated with "Giorgionismo" and the continuation of Giorgione's style, and, while working in Bologna during the 1520s, the influence of Raphael's St. Cecilia. Besides working in Bologna, which included sculptural decoration on the portal of San Petronio and grisaille paintings inside, he also worked in Genoa, Faenza, Trent, and at the Palazzo del Te in Mantua. Giorgio Vasari, in his "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects", writes that Girolamo traveled to England to work as a military engineer for Henry VIII. He also worked as a painter there, "A Protestant Allegory" in the Royal Collection shows the Pope on the ground being pelted with large stones by various figures. Girolamo was working as an engineer for Henry when killed by a cannon shot during the siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1544.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artists of the Tudor court

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of The Tudors episodes

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives of the Most Eminent Painters Sculptors and Architects, by Giorgio Vasari

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two works by Girolamo da Treviso at the National Gallery, London

alias:
Girolamo da Treviso
Girolamo da Treviso Pennachi
Girolamo da Treviso II
Girolamo Pennachi
Girolamo da Treviso.
Girolamo Pennacchi the Younger
Girolamo di Tommaso da Treviso ii
Gerolamo da Treviso
il giovane
Girolamo di Tommaso da Treviso
Girolamo Pennacchi
Gerolamo, the younger Pennacchi
Girolamo, the younger Pennacchi
Girolamo Da Treviso

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Girolamo da Treviso the Younger

wikipedia_title: Girolamo da Treviso


text: Mormonism

text: British Isles

text: Brigham Young

text: Journal of Discourses

text: Deseret Alphabet

text: Manchester

text: Preston

text: Joseph

text: Latter-day Saint church

text: Upper Canada

text: Latter-day Saint missionaries

text: Heber C. Kimball

text: Orson Hyde

text: Willard Richards

text: Latter-day Saint

text: Heber C. Kimball

text: River Ribble

text: Latter-day Saint

text: Mormons

text: Scotland

text: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Brigham Young

text: Pitman shorthand

text: mission president

text: George Q. Cannon

text: Salt Lake Valley

text: Utah Territory

text: Deseret News

text: Journal of Discourses

text: Deseret Alphabet

text: William S. Godbe

text: Godbeites

text: Quorum of the Twelve Apostles

text: Godbeite

text: John Taylor

text: Kaysville

text: Utah Territory

text: self-made man

text: temple robes

text: plural marriage

categories: Mormon missionaries in Scotland,Godbeites,Converts to Mormonism,1881 deaths,Creators of writing systems,Journalists from Utah,English emigrants to the United States,19th-century Mormon missionaries,1812 births,Editors of Latter Day Saint publications,Mormon pioneers,English Mormon missionaries,People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,English Latter Day Saints,People from Manchester

paragraph: George D. Watt

paragraph: George Darling Watt (12 May 1812 – 24 October 1881) was the first convert to Mormonism baptized in the British Isles. As a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Watt was a secretary to Brigham Young, the primary editor of the "Journal of Discourses" and the primary inventor of the Deseret Alphabet.

paragraph: Watt was born in Manchester, England. While living in Preston as a young man, Watt was a member of the Reverend James Fielding's congregation. Fielding's brother Joseph had joined the Latter-day Saint church in Upper Canada and had written to James about the new church. In 1837, Latter-day Saint missionaries Heber C. Kimball, Orson Hyde, Willard Richards, and Joseph Fielding traveled to Preston and were given permission by James Fielding to preach in his chapel.

paragraph: Watt was baptized a Latter-day Saint on July 30, 1837 by Heber C. Kimball in the River Ribble. Watt won the right to be the first official British Latter-day Saint convert by winning a footrace against eight others from Fielding's congregation that desired to join the Mormons. In 1840 and 1841 Watt served as a Mormon missionary in Scotland. In 1842, Watt left England to join the gathering of the Latter-day Saints in Nauvoo, Illinois.

paragraph: In 1846, Brigham Young sent Watt and his wife back to England as church missionaries. Watt used his skill at Pitman shorthand in serving as a clerk to mission president George Q. Cannon. In late 1850, the Watts returned to America and joined the new gathering of Latter-day Saints in the Salt Lake Valley in Utah Territory.

paragraph: In Utah, Watt worked as a reporter for the "Deseret News" and as a private clerk for Brigham Young. Using his skill as a stenographer, Watt began recording the sermons given by Young and other LDS Church leaders. Beginning in 1853, Watt published these sermons in a periodical known as the "Journal of Discourses". Watt remained the primary editor of the "Journal" until 1868.

paragraph: In 1852, Watt was appointed by Young to a committee that was charged with creating a new phonetic alphabet that would assist non-English speaking Latter-day Saint immigrants learn English. The result was the Deseret Alphabet. Although the alphabet was largely a failure, Watt remained a strong promoter of the language system.

paragraph: In 1869, Watt was disfellowshipped from the LDS Church for following the teachings of dissident William S. Godbe. Watt was identified as one of the leaders of the "Godbeites" and was disciplined by the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Although Watt was initially repentant and desired to return to full fellowship in the LDS Church, by 1874 he was a devoted Godbeite and was excommunicated from the LDS Church on May 3, 1874.

paragraph: Later, Watt tried to return to the LDS Church. Four times he attempted to rejoin the church but was denied because his beliefs differed from those of the LDS Church. Upon his last visit to church president John Taylor, Watt said, "President Taylor, I want you to know that if anything happens to me before I am reinstated in the Church, it is your responsibility."

paragraph: Watt died in Kaysville, Utah Territory, at the age of 65, estranged from the LDS Church and its leaders. Watt's obituary describes him as "honest truthful and sincere although perhaps misguided being a self-made man of strong character and exercising vast influence there is not a little in his career which is remarkable." Following his death, Taylor made a special trip to the home to say that he should be buried in his temple robes.

paragraph: Like many early Latter-day Saints, Watt practiced plural marriage; he had six wives. One of his wives, Jane Brown, was his half sister—they shared a mother, Mary Ann Wood.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

alias:
G. D. Watt
George Darling Watt

description: English Mormon editor and missionary

wikidata_label: George D. Watt

wikipedia_title: George D. Watt


text: Modena

text: Ettore Ferrari

text: Fascist imagery and style

text: Mussolini

text: Order of the Crown of Italy

text: Accademia di San Luca

text: Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna

text: Cesare Bazzani

text: Brescia

text: Avezzano

text: Luigi Miceli

text: Ricciotti Garibaldi

text: Dublin

text: Foggia

text: Forest Lawn Memorial Park

text: Elizabeth Taylor

categories: 1937 deaths,Members of the Rome Guild of Saint Luke,20th-century Italian sculptors,1877 births,Italian male sculptors

paragraph: Ermenegildo Luppi

paragraph: Ermenegildo Luppi (1877–1937) was an Italian sculptor.

paragraph: Born in Modena, Luppi studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in his hometown under sculptor Giuseppe Gibellini. He moved to Rome in 1901, studying under Ettore Ferrari, and began exhibiting around 1903. After continuing his education in Florence in 1906 and 1907, Luppi returned to Rome permanently in 1907.

paragraph: Winning increasingly important government commissions, Luppi graduated from producing freestanding statues for exhibition into architectural sculpture and war memorials. A tendency towards Fascist imagery and style is clear in his mid-1920s memorials for Modena and Avezzano, both with powerful central figures of Victory. Political content becomes explicit in 1934 at the Palazzo del Podestà, now the City Hall of Foggia, where Luppi contributed two sculpted exterior panels which both feature a muscular Mussolini in heroic poses.

paragraph: Among other honors, Luppi was made a commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy and was elected to the Accademia di San Luca. He died in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Luppi's work includes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- exterior frieze "Corteo della Bellezza e della Forza", for the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna building, Rome, architect Cesare Bazzani (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pieta", Cimitero di Brescia, Brescia (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monument to the Fallen of Modena in the First World War", along Viale Martiri della Libertà, Modena (1923–1926; unveiled 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- a similar "Monumento ai Caduti" in Avezzano (1925–1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- seven of the historical busts in the gardens of the Janiculum, Rome (Gabriele Martucci della Spada, Luigi Miceli, Paolo Narducci, Domenico Piva, Ricciotti Garibaldi, Bernardino Serafini, and Augusto Valenzani, completed between 1925 and 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dublin Lamentation", Dublin, Ireland, with sculptor A. Gardini (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- two Mussolini panels, Palazzo del Podestà, Foggia, for architect Armando Brasini (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- a ten-foot-tall white marble "Angel of Memory" by Luppi stands in the "Great Mausoleum" of Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Los Angeles, California, close to the grave of Elizabeth Taylor

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Ermenegildo Luppi

wikipedia_title: Ermenegildo Luppi


text: Romania

text: aerodynamics

text: experimental aircraft

text: Coandă effect

text: fluid dynamics

text: Bucharest

text: Constantin Coandă

text: mathematics

text: Brittany

text: wind

text: Petrache Poenaru

text: Saint Sava National College

text: Iaşi

text: sergeant major

text: Technische Hochschule

text: Charlottenburg

text: Romanian Army

text: Montefiore Institute

text: Liège

text: Gianni Caproni

text: Isfahan

text: Teheran

text: Tibet

text: aeronautical engineers

text: Gianni Caproni

text: motorjet

text: Charles Gibbs-Smith

text: G. Harry Stine

text: Caproni Campini N.1

text: Bristol Aeroplane Company

text: Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes

text: British Military Aeroplane Competition

text: World War I

text: Delaunay-Belleville

text: Saint-Denis

text: Sud Aviation Caravelle

text: Coandă Effect

text: World War II

text: occupied France

text: Dyson "Air Multiplier"

text: Ceauşescu

text: Romania

text: Elie Carafoli

text: Polytechnic University of Bucharest

text: Bellu cemetery

text: Royal Aeronautical Society

text: Henri Coandă International Airport

text: UNESCO

text: ducted fan

text: torque

text: Palace of Culture

text: Iaşi

text: Persian Gulf

text: Coandă Effect

text: Albert Metral

text: Coanda Effect#Applications

text: History of aviation

text: Early flying machines

text: List of firsts in aviation

text: List of aviation pioneers

text: Dr Henri Coanda

categories: French aerospace engineers,Technical University of Berlin alumni,1972 deaths,Aviation pioneers,History of aviation,Romanian aviators,1886 births,Aviation history of Romania,Saint Sava National College alumni,Politehnica University of Bucharest faculty,Supaéro alumni,Aviation inventors,Romanian emigrants to France,Romanian aerospace engineers,People from Bucharest,French people of Romanian descent

paragraph: Henri Coandă

paragraph: Henri Marie Coandă (; 7 June 1886 – 25 November 1972) was a Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer, and builder of an experimental aircraft, the Coandă-1910 described by Coandă in the mid-1950s as the world's first jet, a controversial claim disputed by some and supported by others. He invented a great number of devices, designed a "flying saucer" and discovered the Coandă effect of fluid dynamics.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Bucharest, Coandă was the second child of a large family. His father was General Constantin Coandă, a mathematics professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads. His mother, Aida Danet, was the daughter of French physician Gustave Danet, and was born in Brittany. Coandă recalled later in life that beginning from childhood he was fascinated by the miracle of wind.

paragraph: Coandă attended Elementary school at the "Petrache Poenaru" Communal School in Bucharest, then (1896) Began his secondary school career at the Liceu "Sf. Sava" (Saint Sava National College). After three years (1899), his father, who desired a military career for him, had him transferred to the Military High School in Iaşi where he required four additional years to complete high-school. He graduated in 1903 with the rank of sergeant major, and he continued his studies at the School of Artillery, Military, and Naval Engineering in Bucharest. Sent with an artillery regiment to Germany (1904), he enrolled in the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg, Berlin.

paragraph: Coandă graduated as an artillery officer, but he was more interested in the technical problems of flight. In 1905, he built a missile-aeroplane for the Romanian Army. He continued his studies (1907–08) at the Montefiore Institute in Liège, Belgium, where he met Gianni Caproni. In 1908 Coandă returned to Romania to serve as an active officer in the Second Artillery Regiment. His inventor's spirit did not comport well with military discipline and he obtained permission to leave the army, after which he took advantage of his renewed freedom to take a long automobile trip to Isfahan, Teheran, and Tibet.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Aviation activities in France.

paragraph: Upon his return in 1909, he travelled to Paris, where he enrolled in the newly founded "École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Construction Aéronautique" (now the École Nationale Supérieure de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, also known as SUPAERO). One year later (1910) he graduated at the head of the first class of aeronautical engineers.

paragraph: In 1910, in the workshop of Gianni Caproni, he designed and built an aircraft known as the Coandă-1910, which he displayed publicly at the second International Aeronautic Salon in Paris that year. The aircraft used a 4-cylinder piston engine to power a rotary compressor which was intended to propel the craft by a combination of suction at the front and airflow out the rear instead of using a propeller.

paragraph: Contemporary sources describe the Coandă-1910 as incapable of flight. Years later, after others had developed jet technology, Coandă started making claims that it was a motorjet, and that it actually flew. According to Charles Gibbs-Smith: "There was never any idea of injecting fuel; the machine never flew; it was never destroyed on test; and "Flight" noted that it was sold to a Monsieur Weyman." Gibbs-Smith continued, "The claim said that after a disastrous crash (which never happened) Coandă wished to begin a 'second aircraft', but 'his funds were exhausted.' Within a year he was ... exhibiting (in October 1911) a brand new propeller-driven machine at the Reims Concours Militaire..." Other aviation writers accepted Coandă's story of his flight tests with the Coandă-1910.

paragraph: Coandă's colleague at Huyck Corporation, G. Harry Stine—a rocket scientist, author and "the father of American model rocketry"—stated in his book "The Hopeful Future" that "there were several jet-propelled aircraft in existence at an early time-the Coandă-1910 jet and the 1938 Caproni Campini N.1, the pure jet aircraft flight was made in Germany in 1938". Rolf Sonnemann and Klaus Krug from the University of Technology of Dresden, mentioned in passing in their 1987 book "Technik und Technikwissenschaften in der Geschichte" ("Technology and Technical Sciences in History") that the Coandă-1910 was the world's first jet.

paragraph: Between 1911 and 1914, he worked as technical manager of the Bristol Aeroplane Company in the United Kingdom, where he designed several aeroplanes known as the Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes. In 1912 one of these aircraft won a prize at the British Military Aeroplane Competition.

paragraph: In 1915, he returned to France where, working during World War I for Delaunay-Belleville in Saint-Denis, he designed and built three different models of propeller aeroplane, including the Coandă-1916, with two propellers mounted close to the tail. This design was to be reprised in the 1950s Sud Aviation Caravelle transport aeroplane, for which Coandă was a technical consultant.

paragraph: In the years between the wars, he continued travelling and inventing. In 1934 he was granted a French patent related to the "Coandă Effect". During early 1930 he used the same principle as the basis for the design of a disc-shaped aircraft called "Aerodina Lenticulară" (lens-shaped aerodyne), a "flying saucer" shaped aircraft that used an unspecified source of high-pressure gases to flow through a ring-shaped vent system. In 1936 Coandă applied for a patent for his design. No practical full-scale version was built.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:World War II.

paragraph: Coanda spent World War II in occupied France where he worked for the Nazis to help their war effort by developing the turbopropulseur (turbopropeller) drive system from his 1910 biplane into a propulsion system for snow sleds. The German contract concluded after one year, yielding no plans for production.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later work.

paragraph: Coandă's research on the Coandă Effect was of interest post-war and became the basis for several investigations of entrained or augmented flow. A small stream of a high-velocity fluid could be used to generate a greater mass flow, at lower velocity. Although eventually unsuccessful for aircraft propulsion, this effect has been widely used on a smaller scale, from packaging machinery for small pills through to the Dyson "Air Multiplier" bladeless fan.

paragraph: In 1969, during the early years of the Ceauşescu era, he returned to spend his last days in his native Romania, where he served as director of the Institute for Scientific and Technical Creation (INCREST) and in 1971 reorganized, along with professor Elie Carafoli, the Department of Aeronautical Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, spinning it off from the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

paragraph: Coandă died in Bucharest on 25 November 1972 at the age of 86. He is buried at Bellu cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: At the International Automation Symposium in New York, Coandă received the Harry Diamond Laboratories Award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He received an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Award and Grand Gold Medal "Vielles Tiges".

paragraph: BULLET::::- UNESCO Award for Scientific Research

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Medal of French Aeronautics, Order of Merit, and Commander ring

paragraph: Section::::Inventions, and discoveries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910: The Coandă-1910, an experimental aircraft powered by a ducted fan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911: An aircraft powered by two engines driving a single propeller – the configuration cancelled the torque of the engines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He invented a new decorative material for use in construction, "beton-bois"; one prominent example of its use is the Palace of Culture, in Iaşi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926: Working in Romania, Coandă developed a device to detect liquids under ground, useful in petroleum prospecting. Shortly thereafter, in the Persian Gulf region, he designed a system for offshore oil drilling.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The most famous of Coandă's discoveries is the Coandă Effect. After more than 20 years studying this phenomenon along with his colleagues, Coandă described what Albert Metral was later to name the "Coandă Effect". This effect has been utilized in many aeronautical inventions. "See Coanda Effect#Applications"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A modular system of sea water desalination and transformation to fresh water, based on solar energy, a clean, ecological and adaptable system.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of aviation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early flying machines

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of firsts in aviation

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of aviation pioneers

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stine, G. H., "The Rises and Falls of Henri-Marie Coanda", Air & Space Smithsonian, Sept. 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr Henri Coanda "Flight International", 13 January 1973, p. 76

description: Romanian inventor

wikidata_label: Henri Coandă

wikipedia_title: Henri Coandă


text: Copenhagen

text: Paris

text: Valentin Toutin

text: Stockholm

text: Frederick III of Denmark

text: Christian V of Denmark

text: Louis XIV of France

text: British Museum

text: The Numismatic Circular, Volumes 14-15

paragraph: Anton Meybusch

paragraph: Anton Meybusch (1645 – May 1, 1702) was a German medallist active primarily in Copenhagen, but also in Paris from 1681 to 1690.

paragraph: Meybusch apprenticed under Valentin Toutin in Stockholm in the 1660s, and perhaps in Copenhagen, where from 1667 to 1674 he worked for King Frederick III of Denmark and King Christian V of Denmark. In 1675 he moved to the Swedish Royal Mint in Stockholm where he worked as a die-cutter, but had his license revoked in 1676 for making coronation medals without authorization. His permit was eventually renewed in 1680 and 1683. However, in 1681 he relocated to the Paris mint as "Médailleur du Roi de France" for Louis XIV of France. For his travel he received 400 livres, and September 1687 a further total of 2,540 livres, as well 600 livres gratuity and 3300 livres for a coin-making machine of his invention. In 1690 he returned to Copenhagen, and in 1692 received a post at the Danish court with a salary of 1000 crowns per year.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Numismatic Circular, Volumes 14-15

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, urn:SBL:9314 (Swedish language)

wikidata_label: Anton Meybusch

wikipedia_title: Anton Meybusch


text: Puritan

text: Staffordshire

text: Sir Edward Bromley

text: Sheriffhales

text: English Civil War

text: Loughborough

text: heraldic visitation

text: Staffordshire

text: Enville, Staffordshire

text: The History of Parliament

text: manor

text: marcher lord

text: Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn

text: Victoria County History

text: Fisherwick

text: Lichfield

text: manor

text: Bishop of Lichfield

text: fine of lands

text: mark

text: Prerogative court

text: proved

text: Inner Temple

text: mercer

text: landed gentry

text: Derbyshire

text: bailiff

text: Protestant

text: Marian persecutions

text: Joyce Lewis

text: martyr

text: Elmhurst Hall

text: Hammerwich

text: acre

text: River Tame

text: Skeffington

text: Inner Temple

text: King's Bench

text: Inn's

text: buttery

text: Edward Bromley

text: called to the bar

text: Sir George Bromley

text: Sir Thomas Bromley

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Bridgnorth

text: Shifnal

text: Bridgnorth

text: Serjeant-at-law

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: knight

text: codicil

text: jointure

text: Worfield

text: executrix

text: Puritan

text: Sheriffhales

text: meadow

text: William Whitmore

text: George Whitmore

text: Benjamin Brook

text: Samuel Clarke

text: Julines Herring

text: Shrewsbury

text: John Ball

text: Thirty-Nine Articles

text: Wrenbury

text: Brampton Bryan

text: Middlewich

text: Thomas Morton's

text: Bishop of Chester

text: signing with the Cross

text: baptism

text: surplice

text: Communion

text: advowson

text: Tixall

text: Sir Walter Aston

text: Roman Catholicism

text: vicar

text: "Vicar of Bray"

text: Parliamentarians

text: English Civil War

text: Presbyterian

text: Richard Leveson

text: Lilleshall

text: royalist

text: Trentham Estate

text: Richard Baxter

text: Christ's College, Cambridge

text: ordained

text: priest

text: Eccleshall

text: Victoria County History

text: Francis Ottley

text: Charles I's

text: Samuel Fisher

text: Upton Magna

text: Kidderminster

text: Coventry

text: Battle of Edgehill

text: Loughborough

text: Leicestershire

text: Edmund Calamy

text: ejected minister

text: rector

text: Loughborough Parish Church

text: manor house

text: Great Ejection

text: Act of Uniformity

text: Google Books

text: National Archives

categories: People from Shropshire,English Presbyterians,17th-century English Puritans,17th century in Shropshire,1570s births,People from Loughborough,Women in the English Civil War,People from Lichfield,1657 deaths,History of Leicestershire,16th-century English people

paragraph: Margaret Bromley

paragraph: Margaret Bromley "née" Lowe (died 1657) was a noted English Puritan of Staffordshire origins. She married Sir Edward Bromley, a noted lawyer and judge of the period. After his death she established a base for sheltering and supporting nonconforming ministers at Sheriffhales. Leaving the area during the English Civil War, she spent the final years of her life at Loughborough.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Margaret Bromley is identified by the heraldic visitation of Staffordshire as the daughter of Nicholas Lowe of Tymore, Enville, Staffordshire. This Enville connection has been accepted by several authorities since, including successive volumes of The History of Parliament, which name her father as Nicholas Lowe of Enville. It is true that the Lowes had a long history as landowners in the region and were once the lords of the manor of Enville: it passed to the Grey family in the 15th century when Eleanor Lowe, heir of Humphrey Lowe, married Robert Grey, son of the notorious marcher lord Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn. However, Tymore or Timmor was not at Enville: the Victoria County History locates it rather at Fisherwick, near Lichfield, on the other side of the county. It was part of the manor of Lichfield, which was held by the Bishop of Lichfield, although leased to the corporation of Lichfield. Parts of Tymore, including the house, some of the land and other rights, were leased for £100 to Michel Lowe and his heirs in October 1581, using the archaic device of fine of lands, by Peter Roos or Ross. Ross had himself purchased Tymore earlier that year for 400 marks.

paragraph: It seems certain that Margaret Lowe's father was Michael Lowe, the sole Lowe to be mentioned as a tenant of Tymore and the only Lowe resident at Tymore whose will was filed with Prerogative court of Canterbury in the relevant period. The detail of the will makes clear that he was the father-in-law of Edward Bromley. Written in July 1593, shortly after Margaret's marriage, and proved on 13 Feb 1594, it refers to two sons-in-law, George Abney and Mr. Bromley, and three daughters, Margery, Margaret, and Katherine. In his will Michael Lowe mentions his study in the Inner Temple, London, and his law books, as well as his study in Tymore, Staffordshire. His daughter Margery married George Abney and Margaret married Edward Bromley. Katherine was unmarried at the time of writing. Large number of relatives are mentioned in his will including Michael Lowe, a nephew and namesake, who received a considerable bequest.

paragraph: It is known that Michael Lowe's wife, Margaret, was buried on 1 April 1584. She was the daughter of Simon Biddulph, a mercer of Lichfield, just as Michael was the son of a Lichfield mercer, Humphrey Lowe.

paragraph: Hence the parents of Margaret Bromley "née" Lowe were:

paragraph: Margaret Bromley's date of birth is unknown, but as her sole marriage was in 1593 it was probably in the early 1570s. Margaret's family, if related to the Lowes of Enville, as seems likely, were a very junior branch of the family. They had recently become fairly substantial landed gentry with interests in several parts of Staffordshire and neighbouring Derbyshire. However, Michael Lowe's background lay in the urban ruling group in Lichfield, rather than the landed gentry, and his considerable wealth came from his career as a lawyer. Humphrey Lowe and Simon Biddulph or Biddle, Margaret Bromley's grandfathers, both appear repeatedly in the lists of the town's officials, particularly the bailiffs, as do her uncle and cousin, both also called Simon Biddulph. There is evidence that the small, close group of families that dominated Lichfield was strongly Protestant even during the Marian persecutions. Margaret's grandmothers, Margaret Biddulph and Joan Lowe, are listed among the supporters of Joyce Lewis a Protestant martyr burnt at Lichfield in 1557. The Biddulphs, as much as the Lowes, acquired country properties close to their urban base, with substantial estates at Elmhurst Hall. and Hammerwich. Lichfield's records refer to the elder Simon Biddulph always as a mercer, while the younger is described as a gentleman, reflecting the social ascent of these merchant families into the rural landed class. However, Michael Lowe seems to have wanted a country retreat close to Lichfield rather than an investment in agriculture. He took on only three of the farming tenants, with their tofts, cottages and orchards, and only 80 of the 300 acres of grazing. Prominent among what he leased were 100 acres of flooded land and fishing rights on the River Tame, suitable for sport and leisure pursuits.

paragraph: That Michael Lowe's focus and commitment remained at Lichfield is made clear by his 1571 grant of houses and 45 acres of land there to fund provision of clothing and coal to 12 poor local men annually – a grant that was confirmed in his will. This was the origin of Michael Lowe's Charity, which grew in income and scope over the next three centuries. In 1980 it was merged with nine other charitable funds to form Michael Lowe's and Associated Charities, which continued to emphasise provision of fuel and it plays a part in combatting poverty in the area to the present.

paragraph: It seems likely that it was around Lichfield, rather than Enville, that Margaret Lowe and her sisters grew up, and that they came to maturity while living at least some of the time at Tymore. Their mother died while they were still children. Perhaps sensing that his profitable lessee was approaching death, Peter Roos sold the Tymore estate to William Skeffington in November 1593: The Skeffington family had held Fisherwick itself since the 1520s and Sir John had handed it over to his son William in 1587, so this was a natural extension to his estates in Staffordshire. In 1594 Skeffington leased the house at Tymore to Batholomew Farmer for ten years, so it cannot have bee occupied by Michael Lowe's heirs at that date.

paragraph: As they were their father's heiresses, Margaret and her two sisters cannot have had surviving brothers. By some point in 1594 all three seem to have moved from Tymore to join their recently married husbands. Nevertheless, they seem to have remained close to easch other. Margaret and Edward Bromley were to remain childless, so her most important male relatives were to be her nephews, the sons of her sisters: these included Oliver Bromskill and James and Thomas Abney.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Members of the Lowe family were prominent in the Law and it was probably through connections in the profession that Margaret's marriage was arranged. On 5 July 1590, the parliament or governing body of the Inner Temple allowed Michael Lowe a chief clerk of the King's Bench, lifetime's access to a study he had helped repair above the Inn's buttery. At the same time it granted permission to use the study to his nephew, Humphrey Lowe, and to Edward Bromley, a young lawyer who was called to the bar at the same meeting. Michael Lowe, was given a supervisory role in Bromley's work in November 1590. They were joined in their chamber by George Abney, who was admitted to the Inner Temple in April 1591. and paid his share of the repair bills. It seems that the working relationship between Bromley and the Lowes was close and culminated in his marriage to Margaret Lowe, which took place on 18 April 1593. Moreover, Abney also married into the Lowe family by the same route.

paragraph: Edward Bromley was a son of Sir George Bromley, a prominent politician and lawyer, a nephew of Sir Thomas Bromley, a former Lord Chancellor, and had already been returned three times as MP for Bridgnorth. However, he was Sir George's second son, with only a small inheritance of property at Shifnal and Bridgnorth. His and his wife's status was transformed in February 1610, when, in a few weeks, he was made Serjeant-at-law and a Baron of the Exchequer, inherited the family estates on the death of his nephew and was knighted.

paragraph: The couple remained childless. When Sir Edward Bromley died in 1626, disputes about the inheritance of the family estates had already begun. The codicil to his will showed that he had been forced to sacrifice some of the lands he had intended as part of Lady Margaret's jointure to placate the Davenports, his great-niece and her husband, who were ultimately to acquire the main estate at Hallon, next to Worfield, after protracted litigation. As compensation, he left her all his moveable property, although he had originally intended to give her only the use of it during her life and the right to bequeath £400-worth in her own will. For everything not relating to the property dispute, Lady Margaret was appointed executrix. Sir Edward set aside £100 for a monument "to be set up in Shifnall Church, or elsewhere, to me and my wife Dame Margaret." However, he directed that his burial itself be "without funeral pompe," probably an indication of Puritan views. He was buried in the church at Worfield, where his wife subsequently had the prescribed monument built, with an inscription attesting her role: "Dame Margaret his wife according to his will did dedicate This monument to his memory."

paragraph: Section::::Sheriffhales.

paragraph: The Bromleys had property at Sheriffhales, a parish then divided between Shropshire and Staffordshire, and Sir Edward had left a small sum for the poor of the parish. Lady Margaret settled at Sheriffhales after his death and it became her base for the support of Puritan ministers. Her presence locally is first noted in the parish register in 1630, when her servant Robert Cowper died. She seems to have taken steps to manage and invest her wealth. In 1636, for example, she leased a meadow at Worfield from a consortium of businessmen: William Whitmore, George Whitmore and John Weld of Willey.

paragraph: Benjamin Brook, the nonconformist minister and historian, wrote that Margaret Bromley was "many years famous for promoting, by her influence and practice, the interests of the Redeemer's kingdom, and the genuine principles of the reformation." Brook's estimate was based on the testimony of Samuel Clarke, a Puritan minister of the period, who wrote of Margaret Bromley in 1651, while she was still alive, that she

paragraph: This she did essentially by providing accommodation for persecuted ministers and a platform for their preaching, and by making her home available for religious exercises held by what appear to have been regional networks of Puritan ministers. Of those mentioned by Clark and Brook, Julines Herring seems to have been central: he was the public preacher appointed to St Alkmund's Church, Shrewsbury, by the town's corporation; John Ball was an old friend of Herring, ordained alongside him by an Irish bishop in 1610 to avoid subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles; Robert Nicolls of Wrenbury was Herring's brother-in-law; Thomas Pierson of Brampton Bryan was one the ministers Herring invited, along with Nicolls, to preach in Shrewsbury. Another who took refuge at Sheriffhales was Thomas Langley of Middlewich. Nicolls had clashed with the ecclesiastical authorities over ceremonial practice since Thomas Morton's time as Bishop of Chester. He died while taking refuge at Sheriffhales in 1630, leaving polemical writings that would not be published until 1660, attacking in particular signing with the Cross in baptism, the surplice and kneeling to receive Communion.

paragraph: Clarke related that the Puritan preachers residing with Margaret Bromley were able to deliver sermons on special occasions in the local parish church. The circumstances locally were unusual. The advowson of the parish was held by the Aston family of Tixall and both incumbents during Margaret Bromley's time were presented by Sir Walter Aston, a noted diplomat who had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1623. The vicar from 1622 was William Jeffray or Jeffreye, Aston's chaplain but an inexperienced cleric, straight out of university. In 1631 he was replaced by John Morton, whose attitude seems to have been ambiguous or possibly subject to the "Vicar of Bray" spirit apparently common in the region at the time: he preached bitterly against the Parliamentarians at the opening of the English Civil War but remained in place throughout the Presbyterian experiment of the 1640s to die in office in 1649. By far the most important landowner locally was Sir Richard Leveson, who held the manor of Sheriffhales and the neighbouring estate of Lilleshall. It is possible he was sympathetic or neutral: his parents, particularly his mother, Christian Mildmay, had been of Puritan background, and he was to take the royalist side in the Civil War only after efforts at neutrality and mediation. Moreover, he was preoccupied with his Trentham Estate in the 1630s.

paragraph: Richard Baxter affirmed that Margaret Bromley gave a home to her nephew Oliver Bromskill or Brumskill. He was a clergyman, educated at Christ's College, Cambridge and ordained as priest by Bishop Morton at Eccleshall in 1620, when he subscribed to the Thirty-Nine Articles. However, the Clergy of the Church of England database has nothing further on him. The Victoria County History for Leicestershire says he was curate at Sheriffhales, citing Baxter. However, Baxter does not mention his position at Sheriffhales and the editor of the parish register gave a list of curates, on which he does not figure. Samuel Clarke implies the contrary, stating that Margaret Bromley's supportive relatives in Sheriffhales were "Parishioners of the Congregation." Nevertheless, Oliver Bromskill and his wife Sarah are well-attested in the parish register during the 1630s. A daughter, Sarah, was baptised by John Morton, the vicar, on 25 April 1633 but buried on 19 August of the same year. A son, Epaphras was baptised on 27 April 1634 and reached the age of three, being buried on the same date as his sister, 19 August, in 1637. Four further children, George ( baptised 28 June 1635), Samuel (baptized 10 July 1636), Margaret (baptised 11 February 1638), and John (baptised 4 August 1639), all survived to receive bequests in Margaret Bromley's will. There is nothing to indicate that Oliver Bromskill was living in the parish of Sheriffhales in anything but a private capacity: none of the register entries gives his occupation or status, as was customary. It was known for displaced Puritan ministers to assist in pastoral work in a private capacity, staying with a relative, as Herring did at Wrenbury, where he stayed with Nicolls' widow after he fled Shrewsbury in 1635.

paragraph: Section::::Flight.

paragraph: The deteriorating political situation forced Bromskill to flee, although it is not known at what point he was followed by Margaret Bromley and other family members. As the country drifted into war during 1642, the ecclesiastical situation became polarised, with clergy forced to take sides, a situation intensified in Shropshire by Francis Ottley's royalist coup in Shrewsbury, which led to the arrival of the Charles I's army on 20 September. Puritan clergy who were committed to Parliament, even those in the rural parishes, like Samuel Fisher of Upton Magna were forced to flee. When the king's army headed south, Richard Baxter was displaced from Kidderminster and fled east, taking refuge at Coventry, after witnessing the aftermath of the Battle of Edgehill. It was there that he met Bromskill, one of "about thirty worthy ministers in the City, who fled thither for safety from Soldiers and Popular Fury, as I had done, though they never meddled in the wars." Baxter comments on Bromskill that he: "lived with that Eminent Saint the old Lady "Bromley", Widow to Judge "Bromley", whose only discernible fault to me was too much Humility and low thought of her self." As Baxter uses the simple past tense, there is ambiguity about whether he understood Bromskill to be living with Margaret Bromley at Coventry or in the period before. However, it is certain that she, together Bromskill's wife and children did move east to join him at some stage in the Civil War, as they were next recorded at Loughborough in Leicestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Loughborough.

paragraph: Margaret Bromley moved to Loughborough to live with Bromskill and his family by the later stages of the Civil War: this was remarked by Edmund Calamy in his famous account of the ejected ministers. Bromskill was appointed or, as royalist writers like to say, "intruded" as rector of Loughborough Parish Church by the county's parliamentary committee on 26 June 1647, during the period when Parliament was trying to impose a Presbyterian polity on the country. The living was reckoned as worth £300 per year, a very substantial income. Bromskill was sufficiently wealthy to buy the Loughborough manor house from Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon, in 1654. Nicholas Hall, the existing rector, was displaced, although he was to regain his position when Bromskill was removed in the Great Ejection of 1662, and Hall was treated as the existing incumbent when he subscribed to the Act of Uniformity.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Margaret Bromley died in 1657 and was buried at Loughborough on 23 March. In her will she asked for no solemnity of any kind, specifically prohibiting the use of bells, and asked that no relative be sent for, apart from her nephew Abney: she left small bequests to both James and Thomas Abney but it was James who was appointed executor, along with Sarah Bromskill. Samuel Bromskill was given the proceeds of a lease she had recently taken out. John and George Bromskill were given £50 each, but Margaret Bromskill was to receive £100. There were other small bequests and the residue was to go the Oliver and Sarah Bromskill. The will was proved on 28 May 1657.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fee payable for download: free access at National Archives.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: At Shropshire Archives:

description: English Puritan

wikidata_label: Margaret Bromley

wikipedia_title: Margaret Bromley