text: British

text: rock

text: drummer

text: British

text: band

text: Jethro Tull

text: Ginger Baker

text: Mitch Mitchell

text: Buddy Rich

text: The Hollies

text: Bobby Elliott

text: Luton

text: Bedfordshire

text: Mick Abrahams

text: album

text: Aqualung

text: married

text: Barriemore Barlow

text: Ian Anderson

text: Blodwyn Pig

text: Robin Trower

text: Steve Howe

text: UK

text: Mr Big

text: Manfred Mann

text: Jack Bruce

text: Gordon Giltrap

text: Anna Ryder

text: Uli Jon Roth

text: Electric Sun

text: Steve Hillage

text: Vikki Clayton

text: Solstice

text: Glenn Hughes

text: Jerry Donahue

text: Generation X's

text: Valley of the Dolls

text: Aviator

text: Jack Lancaster

text: This Was

text: Stand Up

text: Benefit

text: Aqualung

text: Living in the Past

text: Live at Carnegie Hall 1970

text: Aviator

text: Turbulence

text: Beyond the Astral Skies

text: Soft Vengeance

text: Clive Bunker on www.collecting-tull.com

categories: Manfred Mann's Earth Band members,People from Luton,Jethro Tull (band) members,English rock drummers,1946 births,Living people

paragraph: Clive Bunker

paragraph: Clive William Bunker (born 30 December 1946) is a British rock drummer. He was the original drummer in the British band Jethro Tull. Never a self-professed technical drummer, Bunker's technique was based on a throbbing, gritty engagement with the essence of blues and rock and roll, and he was influenced by Ginger Baker and Mitch Mitchell. He was also inspired by Buddy Rich and The Hollies' Bobby Elliott.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Bunker was born in Luton, Bedfordshire, and played in his first band The Warriors in the 1960s. With Mick Abrahams he later formed the band known as McGregor's Engine. In this early career, playing in small venues, Bunker had an extraordinary non-matching drum kit, composed of bits and pieces of various manufacturers’ equipment.

paragraph: Section::::Jethro Tull.

paragraph: Between 1967 and 1971 he drummed for Jethro Tull. But he left after the band released its most popular album to that date, "Aqualung", to get married and spend more time with his new wife. He was replaced by Barriemore Barlow, a school friend of the group's singer/songwriter Ian Anderson. Bunker said about his decision to leave Jethro Tull while its success was growing:

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: After Jethro Tull, Bunker recorded and performed as a session musician with a variety of acts, including Blodwyn Pig, Robin Trower, Jude, Steve Howe, Jeff Pain (aka Dicken, formerly of the UK band Mr Big), Manfred Mann, Jack Bruce, Gordon Giltrap, Anna Ryder, Uli Jon Roth, Electric Sun, Steve Hillage, Vikki Clayton, Solstice, Glenn Hughes and Jerry Donahue.

paragraph: He was a session musician on Generation X's second LP "Valley of the Dolls" (1979).

paragraph: Section::::Aviator.

paragraph: In 1978 Bunker founded the band Aviator with Jack Lancaster, a former "Blodwyn Pig" band mate, later releasing two LP's, "Aviator" (1979), and "Turbulence" (1980).

paragraph: Section::::Solo works.

paragraph: Bunker's debut solo album, entitled "Awakening", was released in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Awakening" (1998) - With Ian Anderson and Martin Barre.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Jethro Tull.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Was" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stand Up" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Benefit" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aqualung" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living in the Past" (1972 compilation - includes unreleased songs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Carnegie Hall 1970" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Steve Howe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Steve Howe Album" - Plays percussions on "Cactus Boogie"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Generation X.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valley of the dolls" - Guest musician

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Aviator.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aviator" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turbulence" (1980)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Steve Hillage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 : BBC Old Grey Whistle Test 2/11/76 "Hurdy Gurdy Glissando".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 : "Live Herald" : He played drums on the tracks "Salmon Song", "The Dervish Riff", "Castles In The Clouds" and "Hurdy Gurdy Man" These tracks were recorded on the gig which was played on 26 March 1977 in the Rainbow Theatre London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Green" : On the 2007 reedited version, Clive plays drums on one song recorded live at The Rainbow in 1977 : ""Not Fade Away (Glid Forever)".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Electric Sun Uli Jon Roth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond the Astral Skies" (1985)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Blodwyn Pig.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lies" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pig in the Middle" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live At The Lafayette" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Basement Tapes" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live At The Marquee Club London 1974" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Said And Done" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pigthology" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Manfred Mann's Earth Band.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soft Vengeance" (1996)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Solstice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circles" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cropredy Set" (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Beggar's Farm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diving in the Past" (2005) - With ex-PFM and Acqua Fragile italian singer Bernardo Lanzetti on vocals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Itullians" (2007) - With ex-Jethro Tull members Mick Abrahams on guitar, Jonathan Noyce on bass and Bernardo Lanzetti on vocals.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ Clive Bunker biography at Allmusic]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive Bunker on Manfred Mann's Earth Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive Bunker on www.collecting-tull.com

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Clive Bunker

wikipedia_title: Clive Bunker


text: Mylasa

text: Caria

text: satrap

text: Persian Achaemenid

text: Artaxerxes II

text: Hecatomnids

text: Lygdamids

text: Tissaphernes

text: Artaxerxes II

text: Cyrus

text: Persian

text: Evagoras I

text: Cyprus

text: Isocrates

text: Mausolus

text: Idrieus

text: Pixodarus

text: Artemisia

text: Ada

text: Evagoras

text: Cyrus the Younger

text: Orontes

text: Hakor

text: Chabrias

text: Mylasa

text: Zeus

text: labrys

text: UNESCO

text: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: Smith, William

text: "Hecatomnus"

text: Boston

text: Livius

text: Hecatomnus of Mylasa

categories: Carian people,Hecatomnid dynasty,Year of birth unknown,World Heritage Site Tentative list,Achaemenid satraps of Caria,4th-century BC deaths

paragraph: Hecatomnus

paragraph: Hecatomnus of Mylasa or Hekatomnos () was an early 4th-century BC ruler of Caria. He was the satrap (governor) of Caria for the Persian Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II (404–358 BC). However, the basis for Hecatomnus' political power was twofold: he was both a high appointed Persian official and a powerful local dynast, who founded the hereditary dynasty of the Hecatomnids. The Hecatomnids followed the earlier autochthonous dynasty of the Lygdamids (520-450 BC) in Caria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hecatomnus was the son and successor of Hyssaldomus, a dynastic ruler of Mylasa. It is likely that Hecatomnus had been a supporter of Tissaphernes and might have been employed by him in the subordinate office of hyparch.

paragraph: At some time after 395 BC Hecatomnus became the first satrap of Caria, which was until then part of other satrapies, usually that of Lydia. The designation of Caria as a separate satrapy was part of a reorganization of Persian power in western Anatolia by Artaxerxes II in the aftermath of Cyrus's revolt. Hecatomnus was the first non-Persian official to be elevated to the position of satrap.

paragraph: He acceded as satrap perhaps in 394 BC, but no later than 390 BC, when he was appointed by the Persian king to command the naval forces destined to take part in the war against Evagoras I of Cyprus.

paragraph: Isocrates states that he was still ruling in 380 BC. Stephen Ruzicka places his death in 377/376 BC

paragraph: He left three sons, Mausolus, Idrieus and Pixodarus, and two daughters, Artemisia and Ada, who were married to their brothers, Mausolus and Idrieus, all five of whom in turn succeeded him as rulers.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged collusion with Evagoras.

paragraph: Two ancient sources, Diodorus and Isocrates, report that Hecatomnus secretly supplied Evagoras with sums of money to raise mercenary troops and was in fact ready to rise against the Persian King. However, Ruzicka strongly doubts the veracity of these reports. Indeed, Hecatomnus had not shown at any other time insubordination or disaffection towards the Persian monarchy. Unlike other rebellious satraps (Cyrus the Younger or Pissuthnes, for example) Hecatomnus was not a Persian of noble or royal blood and could not hope to win the allegiance of other Persian officials. Thus, it seems highly unlikely that he would have engaged in treasonous activity without any tangible hope to benefit from it.

paragraph: Ruzicka offers two possible explanations for the reports by Diodorus and Isocrates, which must have been based on some contemporary rumours. In both cases he names Evagoras as the likely source of the rumours.

paragraph: (i) Evagoras might have wanted to compromise Hecatomnus in the eyes of his master, Artaxerxes. Later, he managed to engineer the recall and disgrace of another satrap (Orontes) who was campaigning against him.

paragraph: (ii) Evagoras might have wanted to create the impression that Hecatomnus was his secret ally in order to impress the Egyptian king Hakor with whom he was negotiating for support against Artaxerxes. From Egypt the rumour could have filtered to Athens through the Athenian general Chabrias who was then serving with Hakor as a military adviser.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Hecatomnus was a native of Mylasa, and made that city his capital and the seat of his government. Hence the figure of Zeus Labrandenos appears on his coins walking and carrying a labrys over his shoulder, from the celebrated temple of that name near Mylasa.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: In 2010 police arrested looters digging for antiquities in what later was believed to be the tomb of Hecatomnus. A marble sarcophagus and numerous frescoes were discovered in the tomb, although many relics had already been taken from the tomb and sold on the black market. The Mausoleum is now classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is considered very important for understanding of Carian art and craftsmanship as it was built by their best architects and sculptors and was a predecessor of the magnificent Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.

paragraph: Recently a golden crown stolen from the tomb has been identified and agreed to be returned to Turkey.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William (editor); "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", "Hecatomnus", Boston, (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Ruzicka, "Politics of a Persian Dynasty. The Hecatomnids in the Fourth Century B.C.", University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius, Hecatomnus of Mylasa by Jona Lendering

description: Achaemenid satrap

wikidata_label: Hecatomnus

wikipedia_title: Hecatomnus


text:
Billy Hart
Stuff Smith
Billy Taylor
Duke Ellington
Jimmy Blanton
Rick Henderson
Howard Theatre
Kenny Dorham
Tommy Flanagan
Sonny Clark
Blue Note Records
Alfred Lion
Watermelon Man
Herbie Hancock
Miles Davis
Hank Mobley
Donald Byrd
Dexter Gordon
Joe Henderson
Jackie McLean
Stanley Turrentine
Thelonious Monk
St. Elizabeths Hospital
Go
Donald Byrd
Royal Flush
Free Form
A New Perspective
Kenny Dorham
The Kenny Dorham Memorial Album
Jazz Contemporary
Una Mas
Dexter Gordon
Go
A Swingin' Affair
Jackie McLean
Vertigo
A Fickle Sonance
Tippin' the Scales
Hank Mobley
No Room for Squares
The Turnaround
Straight No Filter
Thelonious Monk
Miles & Monk at Newport
Big Band and Quartet in Concert
Monk in Tokyo
It's Monk's Time
Leapin' and Lopin'
Sonny Clark
High Hope!
Elmo Hope
Takin' Off
Herbie Hancock
Preach Brother!
Don Wilkerson
Jubilee Shout!!!
Stanley Turrentine
Feelin' the Spirit
Grant Green
Exodus
Slide Hampton
Happy Frame of Mind
Horace Parlan
Exultation!
Booker Ervin
Page One
Joe Henderson
Holiday Soul
Bobby Timmons
The Walter Bishop Jr. Trio / 1965
Walter Bishop, Jr.
Official site archived

categories: 2013 deaths,People with schizophrenia,American jazz double-bassists,Male double-bassists,Bebop double-bassists,1939 births,Musicians from Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Butch Warren

paragraph: Edward Rudolph "Butch" Warren Jr. (August 9, 1939 – October 5, 2013) was an American jazz bassist who was active during the 1950s and '60s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Warren's mother was a typist. His father, Edward Sr., was an electronics technician who played piano and organ part-time in clubs in Washington, D.C. The Warren home was often visited by jazz musicians Billy Hart, Jimmy Smith, and Stuff Smith. The first time Butch Warren played bass was at home on an instrument left by Billy Taylor, who had played bass for Duke Ellington. Warren has cited Jimmy Blanton, another Ellington bassist, as his biggest inspiration.

paragraph: Warren began playing professionally at age 14 in a Washington, D.C. band led by his father. He later worked with other local groups, including that of Stuff Smith, as well as with altoist and bandleader Rick Henderson at the Howard Theatre.

paragraph: When he was 19, he sat in with Kenny Dorham to substitute for an absent trumpeter. A few days later, Dorham invited him to New York City, where he spent the next six months as a sideman at a club in Brooklyn. He appeared on his first recording in January 1960 with Dorham, saxophonist Charles Davis, pianist Tommy Flanagan, and drummer Buddy Enlow. Through his friendship with Sonny Clark he recorded for Blue Note Records in 1961 on Clark's album "Leapin' and Lopin' ". Alfred Lion, president of Blue Note, hired Warren to fill the vacancy of staff bassist. During this job he played on "Watermelon Man" with Herbie Hancock. As sideman, he also recorded with Miles Davis, Hank Mobley, Donald Byrd, Dexter Gordon, Joe Henderson, Jackie McLean, and Stanley Turrentine.

paragraph: Mental illness and heroin addiction created problems for Warren. In 1963, his friend Sonny Clark died of an overdose. Months later, Thelonious Monk hired the 23-year-old Warren. Monk's band was surrounded by drugs and Warren quit after a yearlong tour. Moving back to D.C., he admitted himself to St. Elizabeths Hospital. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia.

paragraph: Following the onset of his illness he played professionally only occasionally, including a regular gig at the jazz club Columbia Station in Washington D.C.

paragraph: His only solo effort was captured on "Butch's Blues" but he was better known as a sideman on many albums, including Dexter Gordon's "Go".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Butch Warren French Quintet" - with Pierrick Menuau (saxophone), Pierre Christophe (piano), Mourad Benhammou (drums) and Jean Philippe Bordier (guitar)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Donald Byrd

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Royal Flush"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Free Form"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "A New Perspective"

paragraph: With Kenny Dorham

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: "The Kenny Dorham Memorial Album"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: "Jazz Contemporary"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Una Mas"

paragraph: With Dexter Gordon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Go"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "A Swingin' Affair"

paragraph: With Jackie McLean

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "Vertigo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "A Fickle Sonance"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Tippin' the Scales"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "Hipnosis"

paragraph: With Hank Mobley

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "No Room for Squares"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "The Turnaround"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Straight No Filter"

paragraph: With Thelonious Monk

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Miles & Monk at Newport"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Big Band and Quartet in Concert"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Monk in Tokyo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "It's Monk's Time"

paragraph: With others

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Leapin' and Lopin'" – Sonny Clark

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "High Hope!" – Elmo Hope (Beacon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Takin' Off" – Herbie Hancock

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Preach Brother!" – Don Wilkerson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Jubilee Shout!!!" – Stanley Turrentine

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Feelin' the Spirit" – Grant Green

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Exodus" – Slide Hampton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Happy Frame of Mind" – Horace Parlan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Exultation!" – Booker Ervin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Page One" – Joe Henderson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Holiday Soul" – Bobby Timmons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "The Walter Bishop Jr. Trio / 1965" – Walter Bishop, Jr.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site archived

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Butch Warren

wikipedia_title: Butch Warren


text:
Mandan
Merriweather Lewis
William Clark
Mitutanka
Lewis and Clark
United States President
Thomas Jefferson
expedition
Mandan
Chief Shehaka
Washington City
Rickarees
Missouri Fur Company
Rocky Mountains
General Thomas James
trapping
Beaver
Hidatsa

categories: 18th-century Native Americans,Native American leaders,1766 births

paragraph: Sheheke

paragraph: Sheheke, Sheheke-shote, translated as White Coyote, and also known as Coyote or Big White (1766–1812), was a Mandan chief.

paragraph: His names is also at times spelled Shahaka.

paragraph: Sheheke was at the time of the arrival of Merriweather Lewis and William Clark among the Mandan in late 1804 the main civil chief at Mitutanka.

paragraph: Sheheke traveled with Lewis and Clark to meet United States President Thomas Jefferson. On October 20, 1804, two Mandan leaders, each considering himself the principal chief of Matutonka, came to visit the captains. Having missed the previous day’s meeting, they asked the Americans to repeat their speeches. "They were gratified," Clark reported, "and we put the medal on the neck of the Big White to whom we had Sent Clothes yesterday & a flag." The captains meant well, but they only worsened an enmity between the Mandan leaders.

paragraph: Upon the explorers' return in late August 1806, Sheheke reaffirmed his friendship, and promised that his people would "Shake off all intimacy with the Seioux and unite themselves in a strong alliance and attend to what we had told them.” Amid good feelings all around, they smoked, and took a walk together. "The Mandan Chief," Clark observed, "was Saluted by Several Chiefs and brave men on his way with me to the river."

paragraph: The captains, still eager to fulfill Jefferson’s wish to show Indian leaders the advantages of American culture and civilization, invited Sheheke to return to the East with them, but their gesture only ignited old rivalries, and they had to rely on the able diplomacy of the trader and interpreter René Jusseaume to untangle the situation. Sheheke finally agreed to go if he could take his wife and son, and if Jusseaume could take his family along, too.

paragraph: Lewis and Clark returned from their expedition, bringing with them the Mandan Indian Chief Shehaka from the Upper Missouri to visit the "Great Father" at Washington City.

paragraph: When Lewis was appointed Governor of Louisiana Territory, he sent Chief Shehaka up the Missouri with an escort of about 40 United States troops under the command of Captain Nathaniel Pryor. On their arrival to the country of Rickarees, a warlike Indian tribe attacked the Mandans and killed eight or ten soldiers while the rest retreated with Shehaka to St. Louis. With the formation of the Missouri Fur Company, an expedition was proposed to head up the Missouri and into the Rocky Mountains during Spring of 1809. Governor Lewis contracted with the company to convey the Mandan Chief back to his tribe for the sum of $10,000. General Thomas James wrote a journal of how he enlisted in this expedition during his youth. The money was raised for trading with the Indians and trapping Beaver along the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. The total party consisted of 350 men.

paragraph: After his visit east, and because of resistance from Sioux and Arikara warriors, Sheheke's return home required two attempts in two years, involving a collective force of more than 600 soldiers and costing $20,000 plus four American lives. The trip cost him his once respectable reputation among his people, perhaps because of his long absence, but also because his people didn’t believe his tales of the wonders he had seen.

paragraph: Sheheke was killed in the fall of 1812 in a battle with Hidatsa Indians.

description: Mandan chief

wikidata_label: Sheheke

wikipedia_title: Sheheke


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Ogdensburg

text: Rector

text: Catholic University of America

text: Bishop of Brooklyn

text: Brooklyn

text: Manhattan College

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: St. Joseph's Seminary

text: Yonkers

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: John Murphy Farley

text: Master's degree

text: Catholic University of America

text: Washington, D.C.

text: thesis

text: curate

text: St. Patrick's Cathedral

text: graduate

text: New York School of Social Work

text: Catholic Charities

text: Archdiocese of New York

text: Herbert Hoover

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Child Welfare League of America

text: president

text: Catholic Near East Welfare Association

text: executive director

text: Catholic Relief Services

text: United Service Organizations

text: Bishop of Ogdensburg

text: Pope Pius XII

text: episcopal

text: consecration

text: Amleto Giovanni Cicognani

text: Edmund Gibbons

text: Stephen Joseph Donahue

text: co-consecrators

text: installation

text: rector

text: titular see

text: Bishop of Brooklyn

text: Francis Spellman

text: high school

text: Cathedral Preparatory Seminary

text: Long Island

text: seminary

text: Hispanic

text: religious

text: Spanish language

text: culture

text: Second Vatican Council

text: reforms

text: ecumenical

text: Archbishop

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Fort Greene

categories: Religious leaders from New York (state),Catholic University of America faculty,Presidents of the Catholic University of America,Roman Catholic bishops of Brooklyn,Roman Catholic bishops of Ogdensburg,American Roman Catholic bishops,Manhattan College alumni,Catholic University of America alumni,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Fordham University faculty,Saint Joseph's Seminary (Dunwoodie) alumni,James Cardinal Gibbons Medal winners,1968 deaths,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Columbia University School of Social Work alumni,1893 births

paragraph: Bryan Joseph McEntegart

paragraph: Bryan Joseph McEntegart (January 5, 1893 – September 30, 1968) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Ogdensburg (1943-1953), Rector of the Catholic University of America (1953-1957), and as Bishop of Brooklyn (1957-1968).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Bryan McEntegart was born in Brooklyn in a house in the corner of DeKalb and Nostrand Avenues to Patrick and Katherine (née Roe) McEntegart. He studied at Manhattan College, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1913, and then at St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: McEntegart was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal John Murphy Farley on September 8, 1917. In 1918 he earned a Master's degree from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., with a thesis entitled: "The Care of the Poor in New York in the 17th Century." He then served as a curate at Sacred Heart Church in New York City until 1923, when he was transferred to St. Patrick's Cathedral.

paragraph: After pursuing his graduate studies at the New York School of Social Work (1919-1920), McEntegart was named the first director of the Children's Division in the Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York. During his tenure as director, he also taught courses in child welfare at Fordham Graduate School of Social Service (1920-1930), served on the White House Committee on Child Welfare under Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was director of the Child Welfare League of America (1931-1937). He was a curate at St. Frances de Sales Church from 1938 to 1941. In 1941 he was elected president of the National Conference of Catholic Charities. From 1941 to 1943, he served as national secretary of the Catholic Near East Welfare Association. He became the first executive director of Catholic Relief Services in 1943. He also served on the board of the United Service Organizations for fourteen years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Ogdensburg.

paragraph: On June 5, 1943, McEntegart was appointed the fifth Bishop of Ogdensburg by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following August 3 from Archbishop Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, with Bishops Edmund Gibbons and Stephen Joseph Donahue serving as co-consecrators, at St. Patrick's Cathedral. Shortly after his installation, the Cathedral of Ogdensburg was destroyed by fire; however, McEntegart constructed a new edifice within months. From 1953 to 1957, he served as rector of the Catholic University of America. He was assigned the titular see of Aradi on August 19, 1953. During his administration, he embarked on a large fund-raising campaign to expand all phases of the university's work.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Brooklyn.

paragraph: Returning to New York, McEntegart was named the fourth Bishop of Brooklyn on April 16, 1957. As such, he headed the largest diocese in the United States in terms of Catholic population. He was installed by Cardinal Francis Spellman on June 13, 1957. During his tenure he launched a multimillion-dollar building program, which included six high schools, Cathedral Preparatory Seminary, a hospital, a college for training Long Island's priests, and a four-year theological seminary. He promoted outreach to the growing Hispanic population, sending priests and religious to study Spanish language and culture. He attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965; he implemented the reforms of the Council, becoming a pioneer in the ecumenical movement and establishing the Pastoral Institute in 1967. He was given the personal title of Archbishop by Pope Paul VI on April 15, 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Retirement.

paragraph: He tendered his resignation as Bishop of Brooklyn because of poor health, and Pope Paul Vi accepted it on July 17, 1968. Two months later, he died at his residence in the Fort Greene section of Brooklyn, aged 75.

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Bryan Joseph McEntegart

wikipedia_title: Bryan Joseph McEntegart


text:
Count of Piedmont
Principality of Achaea
James of Piedmont
Amadeus

categories: 1368 deaths,Counts of Piedmont,Princes of Achaea,1340 births,House of Savoy

paragraph: Philip II of Piedmont

paragraph: Philip II (1340 – 20 January 1368) was the Count of Piedmont and claimant to the Principality of Achaea briefly from 1367 to his death.

paragraph: He was the son of James of Piedmont and Sibylle des Baux. On September 19, 1362, he married Alix de Thoire de Villars, but he had no children. He succeeded James, but died within a year of that date, leaving his titles to his brother Amadeus.br

paragraph: The paternity to Umberta a nun (Filippina de Storgi) is probably his.br

paragraph: Tradition says that he was saved in 1368 by intercession of the Beaste Umberto of Savoie by a medal that he carried. He lived in Fatima in Spain, and is believed to have died in 1418.

description: Count of Piedmont

wikidata_label: Philip II of Piedmont

wikipedia_title: Philip II of Piedmont


text:
Lord of Piedmont
Prince of Achaea
James of Piedmont
University of Turin
Bona
Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy
House of Savoy

categories: 1364 births,Princes of Achaea,Medieval Italian nobility,1418 deaths,15th-century Italian people,House of Savoy,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Louis of Piedmont

paragraph: Louis (1364 – 11 December 1418) was the Lord of Piedmont and titular Prince of Achaea from 1402. He was a son of James of Piedmont and Marguerite de Beaujeu (1346–1402).

paragraph: In 1405, he founded the University of Turin. On 24 January 1403, he married Bona (1388–1432), daughter of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy, but they never had any children. When he died in 1418, the Piedmont-Achaea cadet branch of the House of Savoy died with him. His titles and estates were inherited by the senior line of the House of Savoy.

description: Prince of Achaea

wikidata_label: Louis of Piedmont

wikipedia_title: Louis of Piedmont


text:
Stalinstadt
Bezirk Frankfurt
East German
discus throw
1982 European Championships
1983 World Championships
ASK Vorwärts Potsdam
Berlin
Gabriele Reinsch
Ilke Wyludda
Diana Gansky-Sachse
Irina Meszynski
Udo Beyer
Hans-Georg Beyer

categories: 1960 births,People from Bezirk Frankfurt,Sportspeople from Eisenhüttenstadt,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold,East German female discus throwers,Olympic athletes of East Germany,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Gisela Beyer

paragraph: Gisela Beyer (later Reißmüller, born 16 July 1960 in Stalinstadt, Bezirk Frankfurt) is a retired East German discus thrower.

paragraph: She finished fourth at the 1980 Summer Olympics, fourth at the 1982 European Championships and fifth at the 1983 World Championships. She represented the sports team ASK Vorwärts Potsdam and became East German champion in 1983 and 1984.

paragraph: Her personal best throw was 73.10 metres, achieved in July 1984 in Berlin. This result ranks her ninth on the world all-time list and fifth among German discus throwers, behind Gabriele Reinsch, Ilke Wyludda, Diana Gansky-Sachse and Irina Meszynski.

paragraph: Gisela Beyer is the sister of Olympic gold medalist shot putter Udo Beyer and Olympic gold medalist in handball Hans-Georg Beyer.

description: German discus thrower

wikidata_label: Gisela Beyer

wikipedia_title: Gisela Beyer


text: German

text: playwright

text: short story

text: Expressionism

text: satirized

text: middle class

text: Wilhelmine period

text: Leipzig

text: Jew

text: Hannover

text: Berlin

text: philosophy

text: psychology

text: jurisprudence

text: Munich

text: Göttingen

text: Leipzig

text: freelance

text: Weimar

text: Thea Löwenstein

text: Ravensbrück concentration camp

text: Munich

text: Mechtilde Lichnowsky

text: Max Reinhardt

text: Frank Wedekind

text: Franz Blei

text: Hyperion

text: Franz Kafka

text: Die Aktion

text: Belgium

text: World War I

text: St. Moritz

text: Uttwil

text: Switzerland

text: Pamela Wedekind

text: Ixelles

text: Brussels

text: World War II

text: Ixelles Cemetery

text: Marcel Hastir

text: Gottfried Benn

text: Carl Einstein

text: Franz Pfemfert

text: Walther Rathenau

text: Ernst Stadler

text: Hugo von Tschudi

text: Fritz von Unruh

text: Otto Vrieslander

text: Fontane Prize

text: Nazi

text: comedic

text: Germany

text: Simon Callow

text: Bürger Schippel

text: Harry Secombe

text: Paul Schippel Esq.

text: Bürger Schippel

text: The Fossil

text: Charing Cross Theatre

text: title role

text: David Ives

text: Shakespeare Theatre Company

text: Die Hose

text: play cycle

text: Die Hose

text: Das Fossil

text: Bürger Schippel

text: essay

text: memoir

text: Steve Martin's "The Underpants"

categories: Burials at Ixelles Cemetery,German Expressionist writers,1878 births,German Jews,People from Leipzig,1942 deaths,Jewish dramatists and playwrights,Jewish writers,Modernist theatre,Writers from Saxony,German male dramatists and playwrights,People from the Kingdom of Saxony

paragraph: Carl Sternheim

paragraph: Carl Sternheim (born William Adolph Carl Francke; 1 April 1878 – 3 November 1942) was a German playwright and short story writer. One of the major exponents of German Expressionism, he especially satirized the moral sensibilities of the emerging German middle class during the Wilhelmine period.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Sternheim was born in Leipzig, the son of Rosa Marie Flora (née Francke) {1856-1908} and Carl Julius Sternheim {1852-1918}, a banker. His parents married two years after he was born. His father was Jewish and his mother was a Lutheran from a working-class family. Sternheim grew up in Hannover and Berlin. Between 1897 and 1902, he studied philosophy, psychology, and jurisprudence intermittently at the Universities of Munich, Göttingen, and Leipzig, but never graduated. In 1900, he began working as a freelance writer in Weimar, where he met and married his first wife Eugenie Hauth the same year. Their union ended in 1906 and he married the writer Thea Löwenstein (née Bauer) in 1907, with whom he had two children. Their daughter Dorothea ("Mopsa") was a resistance fighter during the Second World War and was detained by the Nazi's in Ravensbrück concentration camp.

paragraph: The wealth brought by Thea from her rich manufacturing family enabled the couple to build the Schloss Bellemaison in Munich. Here, Sternheim worked in the company of fellow artists such as Mechtilde Lichnowsky, Max Reinhardt, and Frank Wedekind, and assembled his own art collection. In 1908, he collaborated with Franz Blei to launch the Expressionist literary journal "Hyperion", which published the first eight prose works by Franz Kafka. He also contributed occasionally to the Expressionist journal "Die Aktion". In 1912, he relocated with his family to Belgium and in 1918, they fled the fighting of World War I and temporarily moved to St. Moritz and Uttwil in Switzerland. Sternheim and Thea divorced in 1927. His next marriage, to actress and singer Pamela Wedekind, took place in 1930 and lasted until 1934, after which he lived with Henriette Carbonara. Sternheim died in Ixelles (Brussels) during World War II and was buried in the Ixelles Cemetery. A friend of his, Marcel Hastir (1906–2011), was buried in the same tomb.

paragraph: Sternheim's circle of prominent friends included Gottfried Benn, Carl Einstein, Franz Pfemfert, Walther Rathenau, Ernst Stadler, Hugo von Tschudi, Fritz von Unruh, and Otto Vrieslander. In 1915, he presented the prize money for the Fontane Prize to the then largely unknown Kafka. The Nazi authorities banned Sternheim's work not only because of his partial Jewish descent but also because of his savage comedic assaults on the perceived moral corruption of the German bourgeoisie.

paragraph: Section::::Adaptations.

paragraph: Sternheim's works remain popular in Germany, but English language productions of them are rare. This is in part due to the large number of English comedies already in existence, bypassing the need for translations of German comedies. Academics have also argued that Sternheim's works are sometimes hard to sell to the market in foreign languages due to the difficulty in categorising his style as belonging to any one specific movement.

paragraph: As a result, Sternheim's plays have rarely been produced in a major venue. One notable exception occurred when Simon Callow made his West End debut in a version of "Bürger Schippel" (re-titled as "The Plumber's Progress") alongside Harry Secombe in the 1970s. However, in August 2011, both "Paul Schippel Esq." (an alternative title often given to "Bürger Schippel") and "The Fossil", another of Sternheim's comedies, were performed as a double-bill at the Charing Cross Theatre, London, with Kieran E. Sims and Alex Corbet Burcher in the respective title roles. In December 2018, a new adaptation of three of the short plays from "Aus dem bürgerlichen Heldenleben" by David Ives premiered at the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. "The Panties, The Partner, and The Profit" were adapted from "Die Hose, Der Snob," and "1913," and produced with the subtitle "Scenes From the Heroic Life of the Middle Class".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aus dem bürgerlichen Heldenleben" ("From the Heroic Life of the Bourgeois"), play cycle (1911–22):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Hose" ("The Trousers", also "The Underpants")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Snob" ("The Snob")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1913"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Fossil" ("The Fossil")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Kassette" ("The Cartridge")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bürger Schippel" ("Citizens Schippel")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schuhlin, Eine Erzahlung" ("Schuhlin, A Narrative"), (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampf der Metapher" ("Struggle of Metaphor"), essay (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronik von des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts Beginn" ("Chronicle of the Beginning of the Twentieth Century"), short stories, 1918

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Marquise von Arcis" ("The Mask of Virtue"), drama (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Europa", novel, 2 vol. (1919/1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manon Lescaut", drama (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oscar Wilde: His Drama", drama (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vorkriegseuropa im Gleichnis meines Lebens" ("Prewar Europe in the Parable of My Life"), memoir (1936)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steve Martin's "The Underpants", production study guide for an adaptation of Sternheim's play at the Capital Repertory Theatre (November 3 – December 2, 2006), "About the Original Playwright", p. 8.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Sternheim Society, Frankfurt (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to online resources on Carl Sternheim (in German)

description: German writer

wikidata_label: Carl Sternheim

wikipedia_title: Carl Sternheim


text: Swedish-speaking

text: Finnish

text: philologist

text: Siuntio

text: University of Helsinki

text: Fennoman

text: Svecoman

text: Russification

text: Old Norse language

text: Närpes

text: Helsinki

text: Arvid Mörne

text: Swedish People's Party

text: Axel Olof Freudenthal Medal

text: Elisabeth Rehn

categories: 1836 births,People from Siuntio,People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland),Finnish people of German descent,Swedish-speaking Finns,1911 deaths

paragraph: Axel Olof Freudenthal

paragraph: Axel Olof Freudenthal (12 December 1836 – 2 June 1911), was a Swedish-speaking Finnish philologist and politician.

paragraph: He was born in Siuntio, and studied at the University of Helsinki where the nationalistic movement struggle between the Fennomans and the Svecomans was raging. He was a strong proponent of the use of Swedish in Finland, and subsequently established the theory that the Swedish-speaking population constituted a separate nationality. This theory strongly opposed any form of Finnicization, which it regarded as turning away from Western civilization, and even as a form of Russification. In its more extreme aspects, his theory connected language, nationality and race in a way that claimed supremacy of Swedes over Finns in a way that parallelled other contemporary theories of Aryan supremacy.

paragraph: Freudenthal was appointed a docent in 1866 in Old Norse language and wrote his doctoral thesis on the dialect of Närpes in 1878. He was a Professor of Swedish language and literature between 1878-1904. He died in Helsinki.

paragraph: His life's work was documented by Arvid Mörne in the book "Axel Olof Freudenthal och den finlandssvenska nationalitetstanken" (1927).

paragraph: The Swedish People's Party in Finland considers Freudenthal to be their spiritual father, and it issues an award named after him, the Axel Olof Freudenthal Medal. Many Silver and Bronze medals have been given to individuals since 1937, but only one Gold medal has been issued - to Elisabeth Rehn in 1994.. However, the party has not issued the medal since 2007 due to external criticism of Freudenthal's racial views. To date, no Freudenthal Medal recipient has renounced the award.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Axel Olof Freudenthal in 375 humanists 23.03.2015, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki

description: Finnish academic and politician

wikidata_label: Axel Olof Freudenthal

wikipedia_title: Axel Olof Freudenthal


text: Leipzig

text: medal designer

text: engine driver

text: Borna

text: Carl Riedel

text: Arts Academy

text: Still life forms

text: Fritz Maenicke

text: Alfred Thiele

text: Historicism

text: his home city

text: New (in 1905) City Hall

text: University Library

text: Jugendstil

text: Portrait

text: medal designer

text: the Württemberg Metalwares Factory

text: Electroformed metal

text: Kassel

text: Markkleeberg

categories: German printmakers,German medallists,People from Leipzig,1862 births,20th-century German sculptors,1948 deaths,19th-century German sculptors,People from the Kingdom of Saxony

paragraph: Adolf Lehnert

paragraph: Adolf Lehnert (20 July 1862 – 6 January 1948) was a Leipzig sculptor and medal designer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family.

paragraph: Franz Robert Adolf Lehnert was born in Leipzig, the second of his parents' twelve recorded children. His father, also called Adolf Lehnert, was an engine driver. His mother, born Lina Werner, was originally from Borna (to the southeast of the city).

paragraph: In 1889 Lehnert married Else Riedel, daughter of the composer-musical director Carl Riedel. This connected him to one of Leipzig's leading artistic families. Sadly, however, the marriage was childless and Else died in 1907. Lehnert's second marriage was to Johanna Wildenhayn (1875–1957). This marriage resulted in two recorded children: Siegfried (1910–1941) and Waltraut (1916–2007).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Education.

paragraph: After leaving school Adolf Lehnert studied at the Leipzig Arts Academy (""Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig"") between 1880 and 1888. His principal teacher was . At the academy's annual exhibitions of its students' work he received a bronze medal in 1882 and a silver medal in 1885. After completion of his course at the academy he undertook a further study year in Rome and Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Teaching.

paragraph: Between 1896 and 1924 Lehnert taught at the Arts Academy. Early on he was invited to deputise for his teacher, . After the latter suddenly died Lehnert was officially appointed to succeed him as head of the sculpture classes with effect from 1 December 1897. Topics he taught included "Still life forms", "Life model forms" and "Measures of the human form". In 1907 he was given the title of "Professor". His students included , , , Fritz Maenicke, , , and Alfred Thiele. It was Thiele who would succeed him as head of the sculpture department at the Arts Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Artistic output.

paragraph: Adolf Lehnert was one of the leading exponents of Historicism in Leipzig. He undertook many public and private commissions, and his output is thereby well recorded. In his home city he was involved in providing decorative art work for Leipzig's New (in 1905) City Hall. He worked on the University Library, the nearby and the striking Jugendstil .

paragraph: Leipzig was a well heeled city, and Lehnert also received plenty of work on villa decorations and memorials. His work included elaborate tomb stones, allegorical figures, elaborate friezes and busts, along with reliefs and small sculptures. He was in particular demand as a Portraitist and medal designer. His approach built on the idealistic style of his teacher, , but with ever more precise individualisation. In that respect he can be seen as the founder of a Leipzig portrait art tradition.

paragraph: Lehnert designed a series of very appealing angel figures, approximately 135 cm high, for the Württemberg Metalwares Factory (then, as now, best known as a cutlery manufacturer). These were cast in Electroformed metal and can still be found in German cemeteries and former cemeteries. They were available "with or without wings", identified in the company's catalogue as "Grave statuette No.745 by Lehnert". There is also one of these angels at the in Kassel.

paragraph: From 1912 he lived and worked in a villa, with its own studio attached, in Markkleeberg which had been built according to his own plans. Later he moved again to a villa in where he passed his final years.

paragraph: Many of Leinhart's works, cast in copper or bronze, were melted down during the first and second world wars in response to materials shortages.

description: German sculptor

wikidata_label: Adolf Lehnert

wikipedia_title: Adolf Lehnert


text: dei Principi Ruspoli

text: Rome

text: Rome

text: Prince of the Holy Roman Empire

text: Ruspoli

text: Augusto Ruspoli on a genealogical site

text: Augusto Ruspoli on a genealogical site

paragraph: Augusto Ruspoli, 11th Duke of Fiano

paragraph: Augusto Ruspoli-Ottoboni, dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, September 8, 1880 – Rome, 1912), was an Italian aristocrat, son of Mario Ruspoli and Costanza Boncompagni-Ludovisi-Ottoboni. Mario was the youngest son of Augusto Ruspoli, who was the youngest son of Alessandro Ruspoli, 4th Prince of Cerveteri. And Costanza was daughter of Marco Boncompagni Ludovisi Ottoboni, 10th Duke of Fiano.

paragraph: Augusto inherited the title of his maternal grandfather, becoming the 11th Duke of Fiano. He was also Patrizio Romano, Noble of Viterbo and Orvieto and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: He died unmarried and without issue and was succeeded in the title by his cousin Cesare Ottoboni.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruspoli

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augusto Ruspoli on a genealogical site

wikidata_label: Augusto Ruspoli, 11th Duke of Fiano

wikipedia_title: Augusto Ruspoli, 11th Duke of Fiano


text:
Italian
Roman Catholic
bishop of Castellaneta
Satafi
Florence
Silvano Piovanelli
Cardinal
Archbishop of Florence
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
Pope
John Paul II
auxiliary bishop
Silvano Piovanelli
Ennio Antonelli
Gualtiero Bassetti
Giuseppe Betori
Vicar General
Pope Francis
bishop of Castellaneta
Italian Episcopal Conference
Liturgical Action Center
Congregation for Divine Worship
sacraments

paragraph: Claudio Maniago

paragraph: Claudio Maniago (born 8 February 1959, Florence) is an Italian, Roman Catholic bishop. (bishop of Castellaneta and Satafi).

paragraph: He was born in Florence on 8 February 1959. He entered the major seminary, attending the Florentine theological College and the Almo college of Capranica, followed by the Pontifical Athenaeum Sant'Anselmo.

paragraph: On 19 April 1984 he was ordained priest by Archbishop Silvano Piovanelli (letter Cardinal). From 1987 to 1994 he was rector of the minor seminary, director of the diocesan center for vocations and member of the diocesan pastoral council and ecclesiastical assistant of the Serra Club. In 1988 he became the Archbishop of Florence. In 1991 he was the director of the diocesan liturgical office and member of the ordained commission.

paragraph: In 1994 he became a pro-vicar of the metropolitan archdiocese, moderator of the archbishop's curia and honorary canon of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. In 2001 he was appointed Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal Ministry.

paragraph: On 18 July 2003, at just 44, Pope John Paul II appointed him auxiliary bishop of Florence and bishop of Satafi. On 8 September he received episcopal ordination, in the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, by Cardinal Silvano Piovanelli, Archbishop Ennio Antonelli (later Cardinal) and Bishop Gualtiero Bassetti (later archbishop and cardinal). At the time of the episcopal appointment he was the youngest bishop of Italy.

paragraph: In 2008, the new archbishop of Florence Giuseppe Betori confirmed him as the Vicar General of the Archdiocese.

paragraph: On 12 July 2014 Pope Francis appointed him bishop of Castellaneta. He began his episcopal ministry in the Apulian church on 14 September 2014.

paragraph: On 21 May 2015 the Italian Episcopal Conference, convened at the General Assembly, elected him President of the Episcopal Commission for the Liturgy. On 3 October he was also appointed, by the Permanent Bishop's Council of the CEI, president of the Liturgical Action Center.

paragraph: On 28 October 2016 Pope Francis appointed him a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the discipline of the sacraments.

description: Italian priest

wikidata_label: Claudio Maniago

wikipedia_title: Claudio Maniago


href: count mathematician Officer%20%28armed%20forces%29 Bohemia mathematics geometry

text:
count
mathematician
military officer
Bohemia
mathematics
geometry

categories: 1720 deaths,German mathematicians,German military officers

paragraph: Ferdinand Ernst Karl Herberstein

paragraph: Ferdinand Ernst Karl count of Herberstein (died 1720) was a German mathematician and a military officer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Son of Karl Sigmund, he lived in Bohemia. He wrote several books about mathematics and geometry. Some of the books are signed using the pseudonym of "Amari de Lapide".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Norma et regula statica intersectione circulorum desumta", Praga 1686

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mathemata adversu umbratiles Petri Poireti impetus propugnata", Praga, 1709

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diatome circulorum seu specimen geometricum", Praga, 1710

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erotema politico-philologicum an studium Geometriae rempublicam administranti obstaculo sit an adminiculo?", Praga, 1712

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Amari de Lapide) "De machinis pro rei tormentariae incremento etc. tractandis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Amari de Lapide) "Artis technicae via plana et facilis", Stettino 1736

wikidata_label: Ferdinand Ernst Karl Herberstein

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand Ernst Karl Herberstein


text:
French
mathematician
mathematics
Nicolas Malebranche
Guillaume de l'Hôpital
maître Gervais
François Nicole
Pierre Rémond de Montmort
Émilie du Châtelet
Pierre Louis Maupertuis
Royal Academy of Sciences
Paris

paragraph: Nicolas Guisnée

paragraph: Nicolas Guisnée (died 2 September 1718) was a French mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He studied mathematics with Nicolas Malebranche and was a protégé of Guillaume de l'Hôpital.

paragraph: Engineer of the king, he was a royal professor of mathematics at the college of maître Gervais.

paragraph: François Nicole, Pierre Rémond de Montmort, Émilie du Châtelet and Pierre Louis Maupertuis are some of his students.

paragraph: He was named "associé géomètre" at the Royal Academy of Sciences on 15 January 1707. He died in Paris.

description: French Mathematician

wikidata_label: Nicolas Guisnée

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Guisnée


text: Weihmichl

text: Freising

text: Bavarian language

text: Gstanzl

text: Bayerischer Rundfunk

text: Nockherberg

text: Karl Valentin

text: Roider Jackl, official website

categories: German singers,20th-century German singers,1975 deaths,20th-century comedians,1906 births,German folk singers,German male comedians

paragraph: Roider Jackl

paragraph: Roider Jackl (17 June 1906 in Weihmichl – 8 May 1975 in Freising; real name: "Jakob Roider") was a German performer, singer, and folk singer, who performed in Bavarian language.

paragraph: He became famous in the 1950s especially because of the writing and performing of Gstanzls (short Bavarian mocking songs). A Gstanzl normally consists of four lines, sometimes eight, and is sung in dialect. He performed for example in the Bayerischer Rundfunk and in the Nockherberg. He was a master of the political Gstanzl. Karl Valentin was among his admirers.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jakob Roider: "Gstanzln vom Roider Jackl". Hieber, München o. J. [1949].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jakob Roider: "Der Roider Jackl", mit Illustrationen von Josef Oberberger. Rosenheimer Verlag, Rosenheim 1980, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner Roider (Hrsg.): "Der Roider Jackl". Rosenheimer Verlag, Rosenheim 2002, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roider Jackl, official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roider Jackl in Bayerisches Musiker-Lexikon Online (BMLO)

description: German folk-musician and forester

wikidata_label: Roider Jackl

wikipedia_title: Roider Jackl


text:
Turin
Fine Arts
Turin
Fine Arts
Turin
Brera Academy
Luciano Fabro
Milan
Turin
postmodernism
Italy
Barcelona
Fundació Joan Miró
Nice
France
Carrara
ready mades
Process Art
palette
tar
copper
tar
Milan
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Amsterdam
Fundació Joan Miró
Barcelona
Turin
Carrara
Neue Nationalgalerie
Berlin
Roma

categories: Italian male painters,20th-century Italian sculptors,21st-century Italian painters,21st-century Italian sculptors,1958 births,20th-century Italian painters,Italian male sculptors

paragraph: Luigi Stoisa

paragraph: Luigi Stoisa, (Selvaggio di Giaveno, Turin, 1958) is an Italian painter and sculptor. He began creating his artwork at the end of the 1970s while he was still studying at the school of Fine Arts in Turin. He is currently a professor as well as an artist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He first attended the school of Fine Arts in Turin and afterwards studied with Jole Desanna at the Brera Academy. He then continued with Luciano Fabro and Hidetoshi Nagasawa studying at their home in Milan. He held his first solo exhibition at the Tucci Russo Gallery in Turin. At the beginning of the 1980s, during the postmodernism, he began to research different forms of art expression, and at that same time he created his first mature artworks. He was a highlighted artist in important exhibitions in Italy and abroad. His artwork has been shown at Barcelona's Fundació Joan Miró (1985) and at the museum of Contemporary Art in Nice, France (1993) and the sculpture biennial in Carrara (2008).

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.

paragraph: Through his painting Stoisa wishes to express himself artistically in different forms and steers away from all preconceived notions of art. For him art is a constant confrontation between the past and the present. Through the use of different shapes and images, Stoisa transforms his work into poetic links and colour changes. He intentionally works in pure defined forms. His artworks feature contrasts between different surfaces, materials, textures, and dimensions. It is often compared to ready mades and Process Art.Some examples of all these elements were presented in 1990 at the Tucci Russo Gallery, where 4 installations highlighted the theatrical and scenic features of space.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.:"L'Angelo della Pittura" (1981).

paragraph: This is considered one Stoisa's first mature artworks after finishing his education. There's an angel with a palette and brush in hand, depicted in an anacronic style. By his use of novel materials such as oil paint, tar and unframed canvas, it demonstrates his versatility in painting styles. This unframed technique allows Stoisa the freedom to abandon the traditional two dimensional system and leads him to create his later installations. Starting in 1982, he began to experiment with new materials such as copper leaf.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.:"Le nostre strade infinito" (Endless Roads, 1986).

paragraph: A common feature of Stoisa's installations, is the use of tar as main material. In "Endless Roads", the artist installed piles of rubber tyres against a wall that left a visual strip of tar creating a path throughout the gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Solo (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Luigi Stoisa", Palazzo Litta, Milan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "Objekte - Zeichnungen" - Galeria Clara Maria Sels, Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Luigi Stoisa" - "Objekte und Zeichnungen" - Galeria Clara Maria Sels, Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "Passeggio ad Amsterdam" - Appel Arts Centre, Amsterdam

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 "Ferro-pintura-temps" - Espai 10, Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Group (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Scatola Negra" - Allegretti Contemporary art, Turin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "SU NERO NERO/ OVER BLACK BLACK" Castillo de Rivara, Contemporany Art Center, Rivara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "XII International Sculpture Biennial", Carrara

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Aetas Mutationis" - Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "XI Quadriennale di Roma"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giulio Ciavoliello, Francesco Poli, Bernardo Mercuri, Giorgio Verzotti, and Eugenio Gazzola. "Luigi Stoisa. 1982-1992". Fondazione Torino Musei. Torino, 1993.

description: Italian painter and sculptor

wikidata_label: Luigi Stoisa

wikipedia_title: Luigi Stoisa


text: Vladimir Nabokov

text: Gogol

text: Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka

text: Edgar Allan Poe

text: Angst

text: Akademgorodok

text: Akademgorodok

text: Novosibirsk

text: Russia

text: Angst

text: Angst

text: Russian Booker Prize

text: Lolita

text: EKSMO

text: Dmitry Kuzmin

text: Albert Camus

text: Caligula

text: Golden Mask

text: E.T.A. Hoffmann

text: Literature by and about Oleg Postnov

text: Library of Congress

text: "Caligula", stage photos

categories: 1962 births,Russian philologists,Living people,Russian writers

paragraph: Oleg Postnov

paragraph: Oleg Postnov (; born 1962) is a Russian author.

paragraph: Postnov is a novelist most recognized for his fiction about love. The critics have described Postnov's work as an amalgamation of the Russian's classics: "as if Vladimir Nabokov took on a rewrite of Gogol's "Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka""—with the added "macabre of Edgar Allan Poe." Postnov's novel "Angst" has been translated into German.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Postnov was born in Russian Akademgorodok. He graduated from the Novosibirsk University, the Humanities Division. In 1990, Oleg Postnov received his PhD.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Postnov lives in Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia with his son Nikita.

paragraph: Section::::Writing career.

paragraph: The Sand Timer () (Novosibirsk, 1997) Postnov published his first work of fiction—a short story "The Sand Timer"—in 1997.

paragraph: The Sand Timer received the distinction of Matador Magazine's prestigious "top ten books 1998."

paragraph: "Angst" () (Amfora 2001) is an "erotic mysticism novel with a detective plot". In Russia, Postnov's Angst took the first prize in the "Catch of 1999" and was nominated for the Russian Booker Prize of 2002; for the National Bestseller Prize, shortlisted for the Apollon Grigoriev Prize

paragraph: In Germany, Die Berliner Literaturktitik compared the book to Nabokov's Lolita and called Postnov a "magician."

paragraph: "The Antiquary" () (Lenizdat 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Kiss the Harlequin" ()(EKSMO2006). Chapters of Harlequin appeared in 2001 in Dmitry Kuzmin's "New Literary Card of Russia" ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirgorod" () (Azbuka, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl That Ran on Ice" () (Azbuka, 2014)

paragraph: Section::::Academic career and awards.

paragraph: Postnov's doctorate explores classic Russian literature of the first third of the 19th century.

paragraph: Between 1986 and 2007, Postnov worked as senior scientist for the Institute of Philology Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch). He is a recipient of the medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch) and a Silver Sigma.

paragraph: Postnov has published a number of scholarly books and articles.

paragraph: Section::::Academic career and awards.:Scholarly books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Esthetics of Goncharov"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pushkin and Death"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death in Russia X-XX century"

paragraph: Section::::Academic career and awards.:Scholarly articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pushkin and Grin (the crossroads of one anthroponym) (Moscow 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryus and the Russian Literary Tradition of the XX Century (Петербург 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian Military Epitaph XVIII-early XIX (Петербург 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Truth in Literary Text (Novosibirsk 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Individual and the Tradition in the Modern World (Novosibirsk 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sysoev's Paradox (Moscow, 2009)

paragraph: Section::::Television and theater.

paragraph: In 2011, The Moscow Theater of Nations opened its production of Albert Camus's "Caligula" in translation of Oleg Postnov and E.A. Gorny. In 2012, the production received the most prestigious award in the Russian Federation theater—the Golden Mask. TV channel Moskva 24 reported that "The ever-busy Muscovites not only find the time to watch this four-hour-long play," but even form long lines to buy the expensive tickets.

paragraph: Postnov’s contribution to the theater, —in addition to his translation of Camu’s "Caligula", include an original play called "Ernst, Theodor, Amadeus". Postnov’s fairy-tale-like play explores the last year and death of the German Romantic and storyteller best known as E.T.A. Hoffmann (the author of "The Nutcracker").

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literature by and about Oleg Postnov in the Library of Congress catalogue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Mask official website, 2012 list of recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caligula", stage photos

description: Russian author, playwright, literary critic

wikidata_label: Oleg Postnov

wikipedia_title: Oleg Postnov


text:
Modern Turkish
Ottoman
calligrapher
hilye
Istanbul
Dervish
Ahmed II
Mustafa II
Ahmed III
Mustafa II
Suyolcuzade Mustafa Eyyubi
Seyh Hamdullah
hilye
hilye
hadith
Prophet
Koran
Topkapi Palace
Yedikuleli Seyyid 'Abdullah Efendi
Topkapi Collection
Culture of the Ottoman Empire
Islamic calligraphy
List of Ottoman calligraphers
Ottoman art

categories: 1698 deaths,1642 births,Muslim artists,Calligraphers of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Hâfiz Osman

paragraph: Hâfiz Osman ( Modern Turkish: "Hâfız Osman") (1642–1698) was an Ottoman calligrapher noted for improving the script and for developing a layout template for the hilye which became the classical approach to page design.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Born Osman Den Ali, in Istanbul, he was of Dervish origin and worked under the name of Hâfiz Osman. His father was a muezzin at the Khassèki mosque, a position which afforded he and his family great protection.

paragraph: He became an accomplished calligrapher and was a tutor to the sultans Ahmed II, Mustafa II and Ahmed III, and was held in high esteem by the sultan Mustafa II, who, according to legend often watched him work and held his inkwell as he wrote.

paragraph: He received his formal training with Suyolcuzade Mustafa Eyyubi and Derviş Ali. He studied "nashk" and "sulus" with Derviş Ali, and was certified by Suyolcuzade Mustafa Eyyubi. Osman also admired the work of the 15th-century calligrapher, Seyh Hamdullah, and spent many hours copying his works assiduously in order to perfect his craft.

paragraph: Osman revived some of the six scripts that had fallen into disuse. These scripts underwent a process of purification and became known as "Hâfiz Osman's style". The younger generation of calligraphers preferred this style, and it gradually replaced Hamdullah's style.

paragraph: Osman was not only a fine calligrapher, but was also a master of layout. He raised text design to new heights, often incorporating different styles of calligraphy on the same page. His masterpiece is the Ottoman, "hilye"; a design template that includes eight distinct elements arranged aesthetically to provide for contemplative reflection and devotion. The elements are: "Ba makan" (prelude); "Gobek" (belly); "Hilal" (crescent); "Ko'eler" (corners); "Ayak" (verse); "Etek" (foot); "Koltukar" (alleys) and "Pervaz" (frame). His "hilye" became the standard layout in the Ottoman world.

paragraph: A "hilye" is a calligraphic panel containing a hadith-based text describing the Prophet's physical appearance and attributes. Hâfiz Osman incorporated such texts, which had been popular for some time, in a formal design that soon became standard for this art form. "Hilye" came to be used as wall decorations or surface adornments, fulfilling much the same function as figurative paintings in other religious traditions. While containing a concrete and artistically appealing description of Prophet's appearance, they complied with the strictures against figurative depictions of the Prophet, leaving his appearance to the viewer's imagination.

paragraph: Hâfiz Osman also reinvigorated Hamdullah's tradition, in particular the re-introduction of a number of scripts that had fallen into disuse. Among his surviving works are copies of the Koran held at the Topkapi Palace Museum Library in Istanbul and the Nasser D. Khalili Collection. The volumes of the Koran produced by Osman were among the most highly sought-after in his time.

paragraph: He gave lessons to the poor on Sundays and lessons to the wealthy on Wednesdays. Throughout his lifetime, he trained a large number of calligraphers, of whom the finest was Yedikuleli Seyyid 'Abdullah Efendi.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Surviving examples of his work can be found in the Topkapi Collection.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic calligraphy

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ottoman calligraphers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman art

alias:
Hafiz Osman
Hafiz 'Uthman ibn 'Ali

description: Ottoman calligrapher

wikidata_label: Hâfiz Osman

wikipedia_title: Hâfiz Osman


text:
Persian
Turkmen
full name
Turkic
Khwarezmian Empire
Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
Genghis Khan
battle of Parwan
Kabul
Samarkand
India
Indus River
Battle of Indus
Sultanate of Delhi
Iltutmish
Abbasid
Herat
Ghazni
Merv
Khokhars
Lahore
Punjab
Iltutmish
Turkish Mamluk
Sultan of Delhi
Uchch
Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha
Sindh
Gujarat
Persia
Burak Hadjib
Qara Khitai
Kerman
Caliph An Nasser
Ildegizid
Tabriz
Georgia
battle of Garni
Tbilisi
Seljuk Turks
Rum
Akhlat
Ayyubids
Isfahan
Oxus
Fars
Akhlat
Kayqubad I
Erzincan
Euphrates
Battle of Yassıçemen
Diyarbakir
Ögedei
Chormagan
Rayy
Grousset, Rene

categories: 13th-century murdered monarchs,1231 deaths,1199 births,Turkic rulers,Year of birth unknown,Khwarezmid rulers

paragraph: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu

paragraph: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu (Persian: جلال الدین خوارزمشاه; Turkmen: Jelaleddin Meňburun or Jelaleddin Horezmşa; full name: "Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Manguberdi ibn Muhammad") or "Manguberdi" (Turkic for "Godgiven"), also known as "Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh", was the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Following the defeat of his father, Ala ad-Din Muhammad II by Genghis Khan in 1220, Jalal ad-Din Mengübirti came to power and retreated with the remaining Khwarazm forces, while pursued by a Mongol army and at the battle of Parwan, north of Kabul, defeated the Mongols.

paragraph: Due to the Mongol invasion, the sacking of Samarkand and being deserted by his Afghan allies, Jalal ad-Din was forced to flee to India. At the Indus River, however, the Mongols caught up with him and slaughtered his forces, along with thousands of refugees, at the Battle of Indus. He escaped and sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi but Iltutmish denied this to him in deference to the relationship with the Abbasid caliphs. The cities of Herat, Ghazni and Merv were destroyed and massacred by the Mongols, for his resistance or rebelliousness.

paragraph: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu spent three years in exile in India. Entering into an alliance with the Khokhars Lahore and much of the Punjab was captured. At this stage he requested an alliance with Iltutmish the Turkish Mamluk Sultan of Delhi against the Mongols. The Sultan of Delhi refused so he could avoid a conflict with Genghis Khan and marched towards Lahore at the head of a large army. Mingburnu retreated from Lahore and moved towards Uchch inflicting a heavy defeat on its ruler Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha, and plundered Sindh and northern Gujarat before returning to Persia in 1224.

paragraph: Having gathered an army and entered Persia he sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224 Jalal ad-Din confirmed Burak Hadjib, ruler of the Qara Khitai, in Kerman, received the submission of his brother Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the Caliph An Nasser in Khuzestan. In 1225 the sultan dethroned the Ildegizid Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din and set himself up in their capital of Tabriz on the 25 of July in 1225. In 1226 he attacked Georgia defeating their forces in the battle of Garni and conquered Tbilisi.

paragraph: Jalal ad-Din spent the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the Seljuk Turks of Rum. His dominance in the region required year-after-year campaigning. In 1226, the governor of Kerman, Burak Hadjib, rebelled against him, but after the sultan marched against him he was again brought back into agreement. Jalal ad-Din then had a brief victory over the Seljuks and captured the town of Akhlat in Turkey from the Ayyubids. In 1227 he battled against the Mongols on the approach to Isfahan and while he didn't defeat the invaders following their great losses they weren't able to utilise their victory and withdrew afterwards across the Oxus river. In 1228, his brother Ghiyath al-Din rebelled and was defeated by the Sultan. Ghiyath al-Din fled to Burak Hadjib in Kerman where he and his mother were murdered. The revived Khwarezmid Sultan by this time controlled Kerman, Tabriz, Isfahan and Fars. Jalal ad-Din moved against Akhlat again in 1229. However he was defeated in this campaign by Sultan Kayqubad I at Erzincan on the Upper Euphrates at the Battle of Yassıçemen (Yassi Chemen) in 1230, from whence he escaped to Diyarbakir. Meanwhile, the Khan Ögedei sent a new army of 30,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the Khwarezmids were swept away by the new Mongol army. The winter of 1231 in the ensuing confusion the Mongols arrived into Azerbaijan from the direction of Khorasan and Rayy. Jalal ad-Din was afraid of the enemy because he hadn't time to prepare an army and fled again. He was murdered the 15 of August 1231 in Diyarbakir.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grousset, Rene, "The Empire of the Steppes", Rutgers University Press, 1991

description: Ruler of the Khwarezmian empire

wikidata_label: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu

wikipedia_title: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu


text:
Ali bin Abi Talib
Asad ibn Hashim
Fatimah bint Qays
Hashim
Quraysh
Muhammad's wife
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Talib
Fakhitah (Umm Hani)
Aqeel
Jumanah
Ja'far
Rayta
Ali
Muhammad
Fatimah
Muhammad
emigrated to Medina
Anas bin Malik
Jannatul Baqee
"Great Women of Islam".
kalamullah.com
Fatimah bin Assad & Kaaba
Yazehra

paragraph: Fatimah bint Asad

paragraph: Fatimah bint Asad ( 555–626 CE) (, "") was the mother of Ali bin Abi Talib.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Asad ibn Hashim and Fatimah bint Qays, hence a member of the Hashim clan of the Quraysh.

paragraph: The maternal grandfather of Muhammad's wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Za'ida ibn al-Asamm ibn Rawaha, was the cousin of Fatimah's mother.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: She married her cousin, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and was the mother of seven of his children.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Talib.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Fakhitah (Umm Hani).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Aqeel.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Jumanah.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ja'far.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Rayta.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Ali, who was the husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.

paragraph: The orphaned Muhammad, who was Abu Talib's nephew and Fatimah's cousin, came to live in their house in 579 (when he was eight).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fatimah became a Muslim and is described as a "righteous woman". Following Abu Talib's death in 620, Fatimah emigrated to Medina with her son Ali in 622. Muhammad used to visit her and take siestas in her house there.

paragraph: She died in the year 625/626. According to Anas bin Malik, when Muhammad learned that Fatimah had died, he went to her house to sit beside her body and pray for her, gave his shirt to be incorporated into her shroud, and personally placed her in her grave in the Jannatul Baqee cemetery in Medina.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Mahmood Ahmad Ghadanfar. "Great Women of Islam". Translated by Jamila Muhammad Qawi. Darussalam Publishers & Distributors, Riyadh. Online at kalamullah.com. pp. 163–167. Retrieved 2013-06-22.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatimah bin Assad & Kaaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yazehra

description: Sahabah

wikidata_label: Fatimah bint Asad

wikipedia_title: Fatimah bint Asad


text: Sahabah

text: Islamic prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Mecca

text: muezzin

text: prayers

text: Hejaz

text: Banu Jumah

text: Abyssinia

text: Ka'aba

text: Umayyah ibn Khalaf

text: William Muir

text: Quraysh

text: Islam

text: Abu Jahl

text: Bayt al-Mal

text: muezzin

text: Battle of Badr

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Ammar ibn Yasir

text: Abu Dharr al-Ghifari

text: Abu Bakr

text: Umar

text: Mus`ab ibn `Umair

text: Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam

text: Uthman

text: Ruqayyah

text: Salman the Persian

text: Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi

text: bay'ah

text: Abu Bakr

text: Umar ibn al-Khattab

text: al-Isti'ab

text: Sunni

text: Syria

text: Abu Ja'far al-Tusi

text: Purnam Allahabadi

text: Sufi

text: Mughal Empire

text: Qawwali

text: Adhan

text: al-Suyuti

text: Tarikh al-khulafa

text: AH

text: al-Isabah

text: an-Nawawi

text: Ethiopia

text: East Africa

text: Imperial family of Mali

text: West Africa

text: Turkey

text: Africa

text: The Farewell Sermon

text: Edward Wilmot Blyden

text: List of non-Arab Sahabah

text: Zayd ibn Harithah

text: Keita Dynasty

text: List of expeditions of Muhammad

text: Medieval Islamic Civilization

text: The First Muezzin

categories: Non-Arab Sahabah,Muezzins,Arabian slaves and freedmen,Sahabah favored by Shias,Muhajirun,630s deaths,Sahabah participated in battle of Badr,640s deaths,580 births

paragraph: Bilal ibn Rabah

paragraph: Bilal ibn Rabah (; 580–640 AD) also known as Bilal ibn Riyah, and ibn Rabah), was one of the most trusted and loyal "Sahabah" (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was born in Mecca and is considered as the first muezzin, chosen by Muhammad himself. He was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people to their prayers. He died in 640, at the age of 57.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.

paragraph: Bilal ibn Rabah was born in Mecca in the Hejaz in the year 580 . His father Rabah was an Arab slave for the clan of Banu Jumah while his mother, Hamamah, was a former princess of Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) who was captured after the event of Amul-Fill (the attempt to destroy the Ka'aba) and put into slavery. Being born into slavery, Bilal had no other option but to work for his master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Through hard work, Bilal became recognised as a good slave and was entrusted with the keys to the Idols of Arabia. However, racism and sociopolitical statutes of Arabia prevented Bilal from achieving a lofty position in society.

paragraph: Section::::Bilal's appearance.

paragraph: Muhammad Abdul-Rauf in his book, "Bilal ibn Rabah", states,

paragraph: Similarly, William Muir in his book, "The Life of Muhammad", states,

paragraph: Muir also states that noble members of the Quraysh despised Bilal and called him ibn Sauda (son of the black woman).

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Islam.

paragraph: When Muhammad announced his prophethood and started to preach the message of Islam, Bilal renounced idol worship, becoming one of the earliest converts to the faith.

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Islam.:Persecution of Bilal.

paragraph: When Bilal's master, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, found out, he began to torture Bilal. At the instigation of Abu Jahl, Umayyah bound Bilal and had him dragged around Mecca as children mocked him. Bilal refused to renounce Islam, instead repeating "Ahad Ahad" (God is absolute/one). Incensed at Bilal's refusal, Umayyah ordered that Bilal be whipped and beaten while spread-eagled upon the Arabian sands under the desert sun, his limbs bound to stakes. When Bilal still refused to recant, Umayyah ordered that a hot boulder be placed on Bilal's chest. However, Bilal remained firm in belief and continued to say "Ahad Ahad". News of this slave reached some of Muhammad's companions, who informed the prophet. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr to negotiate for the emancipation of Bilal in exchange for three of Abu Bakr's slaves (a pagan male and his wife and daughter).

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Islam.:Treasury.

paragraph: Bilal rose to prominence in the Islamic State of Medina, as Muhammad appointed him minister of the Bayt al-Mal (treasury). In this capacity, Bilal distributed funds to widows, orphans, wayfarers, and others who could not support themselves.

paragraph: Section::::Adhan.

paragraph: Muhammad chose Bilal as the first muezzin.

paragraph: Section::::Adhan.:Sunni view.

paragraph: Sunnis believed that Muhammad specifically chose Bilal to become the Muezzin (caller to prayer) of Islam. He personally taught Bilal how to call the Muslims to prayer. However, other Sunni traditions suggest that a companion suggested to Muhammad that they should blow a trumpet or ring a bell in order to alert the Muslims before the time of each prayer. According to the Sunni traditions Muhammad did not accept this suggestion because he did not want to adopt the Jewish or Christian customs. One day, Abdullah ibn Ziyad, a citizen of Yathrib (Medina), came to see Muhammad. Abdullah ibn Ziyad explained to him that while he was half-awake or half-asleep, a man appeared before him in his dream and told him that the human voice ought to be used to call the Muslims to prayer. In addition, the man also taught Abdullah the Adhan along with the manner of saying it. The Sunni historians state that Muhammad was pleased with the idea and adopted it. After adopting the Adhan, Muhammad called Bilal and taught the Adhan to him.

paragraph: Section::::Adhan.:Shia view.

paragraph: Shias, on the other hand, do not accept Abdullah ibn Ziyad’s story. They state that the Adhan was revealed to Muhammad just as the Qur'an al-Majid was revealed to him. Shias believe that the Adhan could not be left to the dreams or reveries. Furthermore, Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy states, "If the Prophet could teach the Muslims how to perform prostrations, and how, when, and what to say in each prayer, he could also teach them how and when to alert others before the time for each prayer."

paragraph: According to the Shia traditions, the angel who taught Muhammad how to perform ablutions preparatory to prayers and how to perform prayers also taught him the Adhan..

paragraph: Section::::Military campaigns during Muhammad's era.

paragraph: He participated in the Battle of Badr. Muhammad's forces included Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Ammar ibn Yasir, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abu Bakr, Umar, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, and Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam, The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel. However, many early Muslim sources indicate that no serious fighting was expected, and the future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad. Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad.:Sunni view.

paragraph: In the Sīrat Abī Bakr Al-Ṣiddīq that compiled many narrations and compiled historical circumstances regarding the rule of Caliph Abu Bakr, Bilal accompanied the Muslim armies, under the commands of Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi, to Syria.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad.:Shia view.

paragraph: After Muhammad died in 632 AD, Bilal was one of the people who did not give bay'ah (the oath of allegiance) to Abu Bakr. It is documented that when Bilal did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab grabbed Bilal by his clothes and said,

paragraph: To which Bilal replied,

paragraph: Similarly, al-Isti'ab, a Sunni source, states that Bilal told Abu Bakr:

paragraph: The following is a poem by Bilal on his refusal to give Abu Bakr bay'ah:

paragraph: Being exiled from Medina by Umar and Abu Bakr, Bilal migrated to Syria.

paragraph: Abu Ja'far al-Tusi, a Shia scholar, has also stated in "lkhtiyar al-Rijal" that Bilal refused to pay allegiance to Abu Bakr.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad.:Sufism.

paragraph: Purnam Allahabadi, a Sufi poet whose works originated from the Mughal Empire, composed a Qawwali in which he mentioned how time had stopped when some companions blocked Bilal from delivering the Adhan (which he had seen in his dream), and appealed that it was incorrect. Because the companion Bilal was of an Abyssinian origin, he could not pronounce the letter "Sh" (Arabic: "Shin" ش ). A hadith of Muhammad reports that he said, "The 'seen' of Bilal is 'sheen' in the hearing of Allah," meaning God does not look at the external but appreciates the purity of heart.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bilal's death is disputed by historians. Some think that he died in 638 AD, while others believe he died in 642. It is said that Bilal was 63 years old when he died.

paragraph: The Sunni scholar al-Suyuti in his "Tarikh al-khulafa" wrote: "He (Bilal) died in Damascus in 17 or 18 AH, but some say 20 AH, or even 21 AH when he was just over sixty years old. Some said he died in Medina, but that is wrong. That is how it is in al-Isabah and other works such as the Tahdhib of an-Nawawi."

paragraph: When Bilal's wife realized that death was approaching Bilal, she became sorrowful. It is documented that she cried and said, "What a painful affliction!" However, Bilal objected his wife's opinion by stating, "On the contrary, what a happy occasion! Tomorrow I will meet my beloved Muhammad and his host (hizb)!"

paragraph: Section::::Descendants and legacy.

paragraph: The descendants of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi are said to have migrated to the land of Ethiopia in East Africa. The Imperial family of Mali in West Africa also claims descent from him.

paragraph: Though there are some disagreements concerning the hard facts of Bilal's life and death, his importance on a number of levels is incontestable. Muezzins, especially those in Turkey and Africa, have traditionally venerated the original practitioner of their profession. The story of Bilal is the most frequently cited demonstration of Islam's views of measure people not by their nationality nor social status nor race, but measuring people by their Taqwah (piety). Which is demonstrated in Muhammad's The Farewell Sermon in Mina:

paragraph: In 1874, Edward Wilmot Blyden, a former slave of African descent, wrote:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of non-Arab Sahabah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zayd ibn Harithah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keita Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of expeditions of Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", a 2015 animated film about Bilal's life.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "H.M. Ashtiyani". Bilâl d’Afrique, le muezzin du Prophète, Montréal, Abbas Ahmad al-Bostani, la Cité du Savoir, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "İbn Sa'd". et-Tabakâtü'l-Kübrâ, Beyrut 1960, III, s. 232

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avnu'l-Ma'bud". Şerh Ebû Dâvud, III,185, İbn Mâce, Ezan, 1, 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- "А. Али-заде". Билал аль-Хабаши // Исламский энциклопедический словарь. – М.: Издательский дом Ансар, 2007. — 400 с.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Islamic Civilization

paragraph: BULLET::::- Omar H. Ali, "Arabian Peninsula," Schomburg Center, The New York Public Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-islam.org – Slaves in the History of Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- The First Muezzin

alias:
Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi
Bilal ibn Rabah
Bilal-i Habeşi
Bilal, son of Rabah

description: muezzin

wikidata_label: Bilal ibn Ribah

wikipedia_title: Bilal ibn Rabah


text:
consul
Roman Republic
Publius Postumius Tubertus
was victorious
Sabine
triumph
led Roman troops
Pometia
patricians
secession of the plebs
plebs
tribune of the plebs
Saint Paul
Roman citizen
parable
Christians of Corinth
Xenophon
Cicero
William Shakespeare
Coriolanus
Menenia (gens)
Agrippa (disambiguation)

categories: Menenii,Roman Republican consuls,6th-century BC Romans,6th-century BC births,5th-century BC Romans,5th-century BC deaths

paragraph: Agrippa Menenius Lanatus

paragraph: Agrippa Menenius Lanatus (died 493 BC), sometimes called Menenius Agrippa, was a consul of the Roman Republic in 503 BC, with Publius Postumius Tubertus. He was victorious over the Sabines and was awarded a triumph which he celebrated on 4 April, 503 BC. According to Livy, he also led Roman troops against the Latin town of Pometia.

paragraph: According to Livy, writing five hundred years after the fact, Menenius was chosen by the patricians during the secession of the plebs in 494 BC to persuade the plebs to end their secession. Livy says that Menenius told the soldiers a fable about the parts of the human body and how each has its own purpose in the greater function of the body. The rest of the body thought the stomach was getting a free ride so the body decided to stop nourishing the stomach. Soon, the other parts became fatigued and unable to function so they realized that the stomach did serve a purpose and they were nothing without it. In the story, the stomach represents the patrician class and the other body parts represent the plebs. Eventually, Livy says, an accord was reached between the patricians and the plebs, which included creating the office of tribune of the plebs.

paragraph: It is not improbable that Saint Paul, an educated Roman citizen, knew this story (not necessarily through Livy) and was prompted by it in his use of the same parable when he admonished the Christians of Corinth that, for all their "diversity of gifts", they were all members of one body (I Cor. 12: 13 ff). However, the imagery was not new, even for Livy. It appears in Xenophon's "Memorabilia" (2.iii.18) and in Cicero's "De Officiis" (III.v.22).

paragraph: One puzzle about Menenius concerns his social status: Was he patrician or plebeian? Livy asserts that he was "an eloquent man and dear to the plebeians as being one of themselves by birth." On the other hand, he was sent to the plebs as a representative of the Senate, and furthermore he had held the office of consul. The consulship, according to the traditional historiography, was at this time reserved strictly for patricians. Ancient accounts of early Roman history are compromised by uneven use of sources, the author's bias toward either senatorial or popular interests, and sheer uncertainty. The existence of the "plebeian" and "patrician" social division in the earliest period of Rome's history has been questioned by modern scholars.

paragraph: Menenius died in 493 BC. Livy records that during his life he had been beloved of both the senate and the plebs (particularly the latter since his involvement in ending their secession). As his estate lacked funds to pay for his funeral, the people contributed to his funeral expenses by way of a levy.

paragraph: Menenius had a son who would become consul in 439 BC.

paragraph: Menenius was also a character in William Shakespeare's "Coriolanus".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Menenia (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agrippa (disambiguation)

description: Roman Republican consul

wikidata_label: Agrippa Menenius Lanatus

wikipedia_title: Agrippa Menenius Lanatus