text: Kurdish

text: sufi

text: Sarshata

text: Kurdistan

text: Iraqi Kurdistan

text: Ardalan

text: Sulaimaniya

text: Naqshbandi

text: Ardalan

text: Islamic

text: Kalam

text: Kurdish

text: Cairo

text: Tehran

text: Baghdad

text: Abdul Karim Mudarris

text: Arabic

text: Persian

text: Baghdad

text: Kurdish

text: Sorani

text: Hewrami

text: Piramerd

text: Sulaimaniya

text: Abdul Karim Mudarris

text: Alaaddin Sajadi

text: Abdullah Goran

text: Soviet Academy of Sciences

categories: 1882 deaths,Kurdish poets,Kurdish philosophers,1806 births

paragraph: Mawlawi Tawagozi

paragraph: Ebdulrehîm Mela Seîd Mawlawi Tawagozi, (1806-1882), () was a Kurdish poet and sufi. His pen name was "Madum" or "Madumi", but he is also known as "Mewlewi Kurd", Mewlewi means wise aged man.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in the village of "Sarshata (a city in Kurdistan) in khaku khol village" in Iraqi Kurdistan. He began studying under supervision of his father and later continued his religious studies in the famous schools of Ardalan and "Baban" principalities. He received his religious certificate from "Mela Ebdurehman Nodşeyî" in Sulaimaniya. Then he focused on training young students and writing literary works and poems. He was a follower of the Naqshbandi sufi order. He was in close contact with other Kurdish poets and also Ardalan and "Baban" rulers such as "Ahmad Pasha" and "Reza Quli Khan".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Eqîdey Merzîye", a book on Islamic faith and the science of Kalam in Kurdish. He began writing the book in 1863 and finished it by 1865. It has been published three times so far. The first edition was published in Cairo, 1933, the second edition in Tehran and the third one in Baghdad in 1988 with a detailed commentary by Abdul Karim Mudarris. Mawlawi has written two other books on the same subject: "Al-Fazila" in Arabic, and "Al-Fawatih" in Persian.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Eqîdey Mewlewî", a book on the Islamic faith. it has been published in 1977 in Baghdad, and for the second time in the Kurdish journal "Roşinbîrî Nwê" in 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Collection of Poems", is his most important work. It is written in Kurdish in a dialect which a mix of Sorani and Hewrami. It was edited and published by Piramerd in two volumes in Sulaimaniya in 1935 and 1940. It was published for the second time with commentaries and analysis by Mala Abdul Karim Mudarris in Baghdad in 1961. Mawlawi's poems have been the focus of research and analysis by several other Kurdish writers and academics, among them Alaaddin Sajadi, Abdullah Goran and Izzadin Mustafa Rasul. The poems of Mawlawi were the focus of a PhD thesis by Anwar Qadir Muhammad in the Leningrad Institute of Orientalism (Soviet Academy of Sciences). This research was published in Sweden in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The life and works of Mawlawi (in Kurdish)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lîrîkay shairî gewrey kurd, Mewlewî, 1806-1882, (In Kurdish)

description: Kurdish poet

wikidata_label: Mawlawi Tawagozi

wikipedia_title: Mawlawi Tawagozi


text:
Duklja
Montenegro
Albania
Constantine Bodin
Vojislavljević dynasty
Jaquinta
Vladimir
Raška
Dyrrhachium
Scutari
Kotor
Raška
Grubeša
Bar
Gradhina
Zachlumia
Bar
Podgorica
Gradhina
Duklja
Vojislavljević dynasty
Vukanović dynasty
Grand Principality of Serbia
List of Serbian monarchs
List of rulers of Montenegro

categories: Year of birth unknown,12th-century Serbian monarchs,Rulers of Duklja,1131 deaths,Vojislavljević dynasty

paragraph: Đorđe Bodinović

paragraph: George I of Duklja or Đorđe Vojislavljević (fl. 1113-1131) was a King of Duklja (southern parts of present day Montenegro and northwestern parts of present day Albania) from 1113 to 1118, and again from 1125 to 1131. He was a son of King Constantine Bodin, of the Vojislavljević dynasty.

paragraph: With his mother, Jaquinta, he opposed the rule of his cousin, Vladimir, and Raškan influence on Duklja. Jaquinta and George had Vladimir fatally poisoned in 1118 and George was crowned king that same year. As king, he planned to liquidate his relatives who were acting as pretenders of his throne.

paragraph: He unsuccessfully captured the children of knez Branislav, who had escaped to Dyrrhachium, where their uncle, Gojislav, was located. With the help of the Branislavljevići, Byzantium attacked Duklja. Upon hearing this, George was forced to withdraw to his castle, Obliquus, on the Taraboš. In the meantime, however, the Byzantines has conquered Scutari and soon the rest of Duklja. Jaquinta was captured in Kotor and as a captive was sent to Constantinople where she died.

paragraph: Defeated, George had escaped to Raška, marking the end of his first rule. Byzantium had enthroned Grubeša, Branislav's son, as king of Duklja.

paragraph: Several years later, in 1125, George, with the help of Rascian forces, attacked Duklja. In the ensuing battle in Bar, Grubeša was killed and George retook his kingdom. George decided to split control of Duklja with Grubeša's two brothers, Draghina and Dragila, with whom he established friendly relations with.

paragraph: On Dragila's advice, George invaded Rascia and conquered it. George decided to take full control of Duklja and destroy any relative who dared oppose him. He captured Michael, Vladimir's son, and Dragila and had them both imprisoned. Draghina, on the other hand, had escaped with his nephews to Durrës, which was under Byzantine protection. They were joined by Draghina's brother, Gradhina, who was at Zachlumia at the time.

paragraph: The Byzantines, with George's relatives, declared war once more on Duklja. Byzantine forces captured all Dukljan territory from Bar to Podgorica. However, the Byzantines had to halt all advances because the army's head commander had to return to Constantinople.

paragraph: George used this to his advantage and unsuccessfully attacked Obliquus, where his relatives were fortified. A Byzantine offensive soon followed suit in which Rascian forces had joined, siding with Byzantium. In the presence of the Byzantine army, George and his forces withdrew to his fortress, Oblon. However, his forces started a rebellion and Oblon was captured. George was taken as a captive to Constantinople, where he was imprisoned, and died.

paragraph: Gradhina was crowned as king of Duklja by the Byzantines in 1131.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duklja

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vojislavljević dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vukanović dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Principality of Serbia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Serbian monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Montenegro

description: King of Duklja

wikidata_label: George of Duklja

wikipedia_title: Đorđe Bodinović


text: French

text: Vermandois

text: Noyon

text: Salency

text: Oise

text: Picardy

text: Frank

text: Gallo-Roman

text: Roman Martyrology

text: Saint Gildard

text: Bishop of Rouen

text: pious fiction

text: Vermand

text: Tournai

text: Vermand

text: Vermand

text: Noyon

text: Neustria

text: Clotaire

text: Thuringii

text: Theuderic I

text: Burgundians

text: Merovingian

text: Soissons

text: Eleutherius

text: bishop of Tournai

text: Fleming

text: Radegund of Thuringia

text: deaconess

text: nun

text: Saix

text: Crouy

text: Soissons

text: Benedictine abbey

text: Abbey of Saint-Médard

text: trope

text: hagiography

text: Royal Library of Belgium

text: Psalter

text: patristic

text: Soissons

text: Childebert III

text: Aachen

text: Carolingian renaissance

text: Louis the Pious

text: Raoul of France

text: Cologne

text: Germany

text: cultus

text: Saint Venantius Fortunatus

text: Saint Gregory of Tours

text: feast day

text: Saint Swithun

text: St Barnabas

text: toothache

text: Lüdenscheid

text: Lincolnshire

text: England

text: Saint Gildard

text: eagle

text: Saint Swithun

text: Salency

text: Noyon

text: Mass

text: vespers

text: Monumenta Germaniae Historica

categories: Burials at the Abbey of St. Médard, Soissons,Frankish bishops,450s births,6th-century bishops,Bishops of Noyon,545 deaths,Weather lore

paragraph: Medardus

paragraph: Saint Medardus or St Medard (French: "Médard" or "Méard") (456–545) was the Bishop of Vermandois who removed the seat of the diocese to Noyon.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: St Medardus was born at Salency, Oise, in Picardy. His father, Nectaridus, was a noble of Frankish origin, while his mother Protagia was Gallo-Roman. The "Roman Martyrology" includes the fanciful tale that Saint Gildard, Bishop of Rouen, was his brother, ""born on the same day, consecrated bishops on the same day, and on the same day withdrawn from this life."" A pious fiction links his childhood to his future bishoprics: "He often accompanied his father on business to Vermand and Tournai, where he frequented the schools, carefully avoiding all worldly dissipation".

paragraph: His piety and knowledge, considerable for that time, caused Bishop Alomer of Vermand (d. 530) to confer on him Holy Orders. At the death of Alomer in 530, Medard was chosen, at the age of 33, to succeed him as bishop of Vermand. Despite his objections, he found himself obliged to accept the heavy responsibilities of the position, to which he devoted himself zealously.

paragraph: Evidence for his deeds as bishop is thin. He is held to have removed the see from Vermand, a little city with no defences, to Noyon, the strongest place in that region of Neustria. The year is traditionally given as 531, the year in which Clotaire marched against the Thuringii with his brother Theuderic I, but struggles with the Burgundians also troubled Merovingian Neustria. He was a councillor to Clotaire, the Merovingian king at Soissons.

paragraph: It is also claimed that in 532, at the death of Saint Eleutherius, bishop of Tournai, Medardus was invited to assume the direction of that diocese also. He refused at first, but being urged by Clotaire himself, he at last accepted. The union of the two dioceses of Noyon and Tournai lasted until 1146, when they were again separated. Tournai was a center for evangelizing the pagan Flemings. There he accepted Radegund of Thuringia as a deaconess and nun, until she removed to her own foundation at Saix.

paragraph: King Clotaire, who had paid Medardus a last visit at Noyon, where the bishop died, had his body transferred to his own manor of Crouy (Croviacum), at the gates of the royal city of Soissons; there over his tomb was erected the celebrated Benedictine abbey which bears his name, the Abbey of Saint-Médard. The selection of the site was given authenticity through a familiar trope of hagiography:

paragraph: The Royal Library of Belgium (MS. 1221 = 9850-52) conserves a fragment of a Psalter and patristic writings written at the Abbey of Saint-Médard in Soissons, in the time of Childebert III (Lowe and Rand, note 9). The Abbey's early 9th century ""Gospel Codex,"" produced at Aachen, is a monument of book production of the Carolingian renaissance. During the Carolingian fraternal struggles, in 833, Louis the Pious in a public ceremony at the Abbey, was forced to lay down his sword, was stripped of his royal vestments and made to don a penitent's coarse robe. There Raoul of France was later crowned king on July 9, 923.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Saint Medardus was one of the most honored bishops of his time. His memory has always been popularly venerated, first in the north of France, then in Cologne and extending to western Germany, and he became the hero of numerous legends. His "cultus" is mentioned by both Saint Venantius Fortunatus and Saint Gregory of Tours. His feast day is celebrated on June 8. It is believed that, as with Saint Swithun, whatever the weather on his feast day, it will continue for the forty days following, unless the weather changes on the feast of St Barnabas (11 June).

paragraph: He was often depicted laughing, with his mouth wide open, therefore he was invoked against toothache. He is also invoked against bad weather (but also for rain), sterility and imprisonment. He is patron saint of vineyards, brewers, captives and prisoners, the mentally ill, and peasants. The coat of arms of the Dutch municipality of Wessem and German municipality of Lüdenscheid features St. Medardus.

paragraph: The parish church of St Medardus and St Gildardus Church, Little Bytham in Lincolnshire, England is jointly dedicated to him and Saint Gildard.

paragraph: Section::::Legends and customs.

paragraph: As a child, St Medardus was said to have once been sheltered from rain by an eagle which hovered over him. This is how he was most commonly depicted, and is why he is associated with weather, good or bad, and why he is held to protect those who work in the open air.

paragraph: The weather legend concerning St Medardus is similar to Saint Swithun in England. The French rhyme is: "Quand il pleut à la Saint-Médard, il pleut quarante jours plus tard" (If it rains on St Medardus' Day, it rains for forty days more).

paragraph: Every year at Salency (Medardus' birthplace) near Noyon, France (and certain other villages) "the most virtuous young girl of the year" of the commune is elected the "Rosière". The custom is said to have been started by St Médard himself, and the first "Rosaire" is said to have been his sister, Sainte Médrine. Clothed in a long white dress, the "Rosière" is escorted to Mass by 12 young girls dressed in white and 12 young boys. After vespers, accompanied by two godmothers, she is crowned with a crown of 12 roses, decorated a blue ribbon and a silver ring, at the chapel of St Médard. Then she goes to receive a bouquet of roses from the mayor, who also presents her with two arrows, two tennis balls and a whistle. She blows the whistle three times and throws nuts to the assembled crowd. The procession is followed by a fair with rides, stalls and fireworks.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Life", ed. B. Krusch, "Monumenta Germaniae Historica", "Auctores Antiquissimi", iv (part 2), 67–73

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Butler's Lives of the Saints", vi 66–67

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Walsh, 1897. "Curiosities of Popular Customs ..."

description: Bishop of Vermandois

wikidata_label: Medardus

wikipedia_title: Medardus


text:
swimmer
1956 Olympics
British Empire Games

categories: 1932 births,Swimmers at the 1950 British Empire Games,Swimmers at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games,1979 deaths,Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland,Olympic swimmers of Great Britain,Place of birth missing,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Scotland,British female swimmers,Swimmers at the 1956 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Margaret Girvan

paragraph: Margaret Therese Girvan (2 October 1932 – 7 January 1979) was a Scottish swimmer. She competed for Great Britain in the 400 m and 4×100 m freestyle events at the 1956 Olympics and reached the final in the relay. She represented Scotland at the British Empire Games in 1950, 1954 and 1958 and won one gold and two bronze medals.

description: Scottish swimmer

wikidata_label: Margaret Girvan

wikipedia_title: Margaret Girvan


text:
née
Leka II, Crown Prince of Albania
Tirana
Albania
Yllka Mujo
Përmet
Podgorica
Montenegro
Shkodër
Paris
Prince Leka
National Conservatory of Bordeaux
Paris 8 University
French
English
Italian
National theatre
The Crucible
Arthur Miller
Carlo Bruni
Midsummer Night's Dream
William Shakespeare
The Sunshine Boys
Neil Simon
Three Sisters
Anton Chekhov
Goran Paskaljevic
Kënga Magjike
Ardit Gjebrea
Prince Leka
Mat District
Zogu Family
Skënder Zogu
Royal Palace
Erion Veliaj
religious leaders
Queen Sofía of Spain
Prince
Princess Michael of Kent
Crown Prince Alexander
Crown Princess Katherine
Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg
Princess Sibilla
Princess Léa of Belgium
Russia
Italy
Liechtenstein
Romania
Greece
Georgia
Montenegro
Morocco
House of Zogu
Zaharia family
National Theatre of Albania

categories: Albanian nobility,Albanian film actresses,Conservatoire de Bordeaux alumni,Living people,People from Tirana,21st-century Albanian actresses,1983 births,Albanian royalty,Albanian stage actresses,House of Zogu

paragraph: Elia, Crown Princess of Albania

paragraph: Elia Zogu (née Zaharia; born 8 February 1983) is an Albanian actress, former singer and wife of Leka II, Crown Prince of Albania. They married on October 8, 2016, and since then she is known as Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Elia of the Albanians.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: She was born on 8 February 1983 in Tirana, Albania. She is the daughter of Gjergj Zaharia and Yllka Mujo.

paragraph: Her father is from Përmet while her mother's family come from Podgorica, Montenegro. They moved to Shkodër, a city in northern Albania, later during the monarchist period. She has a younger brother, Amos Muji Zaharia. Both her mother and brother are famous artists in Albania, her mother being a well-known actress and her brother an actor and film director.

paragraph: In 2002, she graduated from the National Art School Jordan Misja in Tirana in art and scenography and later moved to Paris for her university studies, where she met Prince Leka. In 2005, she graduated from the National Conservatory of Bordeaux in art drama. She later continued her studies in scenic acting at the Paris 8 University.

paragraph: She is fluent in French, English and Italian.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Crown Princess Elia has done several plays at the National theatre including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller, Albanian National Theater

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Bitter Love" by Carlo Bruni, Albanian National Theater

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Forget Love" by Erion Kame, Albanian National Comedy Theatre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Midsummer Night's Dream" by William Shakespeare, Albanian National Theater

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "The Sunshine Boys" by Neil Simon, Albanian National Comedy Theater

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Three Sisters" by Anton Chekhov, Albanian National Theater

paragraph: Crown Princess Elia also acted in movies and performed as a singer. In 2002, she had the main role in 'Lule te kuqe, lule te zeza', while in 2008 she acted in the movie "Honeymoon" by Goran Paskaljevic.

paragraph: From 1999 until 2002 Elia took part in a musical band called “Spirit Voice”.

paragraph: In 2016 & 2018 Elia co-hosted Kënga Magjike, a major musical event in Albania, together with Ardit Gjebrea.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In Paris she met Prince Leka and on May 2010 they got engaged. Since then she has accompanied the Prince on all his visits and meetings with members of other royal families.

paragraph: She is also head of the "Queen Geraldine Foundation", which is a humanitarian, charitable and non-profit organisation, created by the Royal Court. The foundation aims to be close to the Albanian families who need help and to children who need care. It has reconstructed numerous schools and kindergartens in northern Albania, especially in the Mat District, from where the Zogu Family comes.

paragraph: On 27 March 2016 it was announced by Skënder Zogu, a member of the Albanian Royal Family, that the couple would get married on 8 October 2016 in the Royal Palace in Tirana.

paragraph: The ceremony was a semi-official ceremony, held in Tirana in the Royal Palace, with more than 300 members of other European noble and royal families attending. The couple's civil marriage was officiated by the Mayor of Tirana Erion Veliaj. A blessing was given by the religious leaders of Albania, which is a tradition for the Albanian royal family that shows the unity and tolerance between religions in Albania.

paragraph: Among the members of the Royal families, who attended the wedding were: Her Majesty Queen Sofía of Spain, their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, their Royal Highnesses Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine of Yugoslavia, His Royal Highness Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg together with Princess Sibilla, Princess Léa of Belgium, and other members from the royal families of Russia, Italy, Liechtenstein, Romania, Greece, Georgia, Montenegro, Morocco and members of other noble families. Heads of state of Albania also attended the ceremony.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8 February 1983 – 8 October 2016: "Miss" Elia Zaharia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8 October 2016 – present: "Her Royal Highness" The Crown Princess of Albania

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Zogu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaharia family

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Theatre of Albania

alias:
Queen Elia of Albania
Elia, Crown Princess of Albania

description: Albanian actress and singer

wikidata_label: Elia Zaharia

wikipedia_title: Elia, Crown Princess of Albania


text:
Chinese
freestyle wrestler
women's freestyle 53 kg
2016 Summer Olympics
Sofia Mattsson

categories: Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games,Living people,Wrestlers at the 2014 Asian Games,Wrestlers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Asian Games bronze medalists for China,Chinese female sport wrestlers,1994 births,Olympic wrestlers of China,Asian Games medalists in wrestling

paragraph: Zhong Xuechun

paragraph: Zhong Xuechun (born January 18, 1994) is a Chinese freestyle wrestler. She competed in the women's freestyle 53 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, in which she lost the bronze medal match to Sofia Mattsson.

description: Chinese wrestler

wikidata_label: Zhong Xuechun

wikipedia_title: Zhong Xuechun


text:
The Nymphs
Motel Shootout
Geoff Siegel
punk rock
goth
grunge
Nirvana
Nevermind
Geffen Records
Bad Influence
Richard Ramirez
Rolling Stone
Miami
Peter Murphy
EP
Long Gone John
Sympathy for the Record Industry
Jeff Buckley
Jack Kerouac
Yard of Blonde Girls
Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk
Triple X Records
Black Flag
Henry Rollins
Knitting Factory
Alex Kirst
The Viper Room
The Nymphs
Geffen
A Practical Guide to Astral Projection
Burn
Sympathy for the Record Industry
Transcendental Medication
Triple X
Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk
Cargo Records
Bad Influence
Down and Out with the Dolls

categories: American rock singers,Singers from New Jersey,American female singers,Sympathy for the Record Industry artists,Female punk rock singers,Living people

paragraph: Inger Lorre

paragraph: Inger Lorre (born Lori Ann Wening) is an American singer who is best known for her bands The Nymphs and Motel Shootout.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:The Nymphs.

paragraph: The Nymphs spent the mid-to-late 80's honing their craft in New Jersey, but soon decided to try to make it big in California. They hadn't been there more than a few months before only Inger and guitarist Geoff Siegel were left, and replaced the other two with guitarist Sam Merrick, drummer Alex Kirst and bassist Cliff D. (Cliff Jones).

paragraph: The band's distinctive sound, a mixture of punk rock and goth, glam and grunge, and image began to attract the attention of major record labels. At the time, the band simply wanted to sign to an Indie label, as most grunge and punk bands did before the 1991 success of Nirvana's "Nevermind", but by 1989 the Nymphs were signed to Geffen Records with a nearly million-dollar recording contract. The band even made a brief appearance in the film "Bad Influence" performing "The Highway", a song Lorre wrote about a young girl infatuated by serial killer Richard Ramirez.

paragraph: It was at about this time that the Nymphs began to have problems with their label. Almost two years had passed since the Nymphs had completed their album. Lorre was losing her battle with heroin and in an alcohol induced fit she urinated on the desk of A&R man Tom Zutaut. ""Rolling Stone" quipped, 'Talk about being pissed at your record label.'" The band fired Lorre when she refused to go on stage in Miami opening for Peter Murphy.

paragraph: An EP called "The Practical Guide to Astral Projection" was released the same year but it failed to chart.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Solo work.

paragraph: Lorre returned to New Jersey for several years. A few spots here and there over time, where Lorre popped up in various places, never evolved into a Nymphs reunion or second album. In 1995, she teamed up with Motel Shootout and released the single "Burn," on old friend Long Gone John's label, Sympathy for the Record Industry. She entered rehab and worked toward permanent recovery.

paragraph: She befriended singer Jeff Buckley and they began collaborating on music. Lorre's vocals are featured on "Angel Mine" while Jeff played guitar, sitar, and mouth sax on the track, released on the Jack Kerouac tribute album "Kicks Joy Darkness". Jeff and Lorre duetted again on the track "Thief Without The Take" contained on Lorre's album "Transcendental Medication". Buckley also covered "Yard of Blonde Girls" co-written by Lorre, which appeared on "Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk". Sadly, at the height of his popularity, Buckley drowned during an evening swim on May 29, 1997, before the album's release. Lorre reemerged from New Jersey with her solo album, "Transcendental Medication" released on Triple X Records in 1999.

paragraph: In 2000, Lorre moved back to Los Angeles, where she painted and appeared in group shows around the city. She made a cameo appearance in the 2001 indie film "Down and Out with the Dolls", a raunchy, wry and in-your-face tale of the fast rise and fall of an all-girl, four-piece Portland rock band. She performed a cover of Black Flag's "Slip It In" with Henry Rollins on the 2002 album "".

paragraph: On July 17, 2004, Lorre played an acoustic show at Hollywood's The Knitting Factory, performing Nymphs songs, new songs and covers. In 2006, a version of The Nymphs popped up in a few places. There were plans to have a reunion with all original members, but with the death of original drummer Alex Kirst, it seems unlikely.

paragraph: On 3 April 2016, Lorre announced in a Facebook post that she would be performing a show on 27 May 2016 at The Viper Room, "doing 99% Nymphs songs."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Nymphs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nymphs" LP - 1991 Geffen 36,000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Practical Guide to Astral Projection" EP - 1992 Geffen 5,000

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Inger Lorre & the Motel Shootout.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burn" Single - 1994 Sympathy for the Record Industry

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transcendental Medication" LP - 1999 Triple X 12,000

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeff Buckley, "Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk" -1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" - 2002

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Inger Lorre and the Chiefs of Infinity.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "7'Single - Side A:Snowflake / Side B:Hate in my Heart 2014 Cargo Records

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Influence" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Down and Out with the Dolls" (2003)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Inger Lorre

wikipedia_title: Inger Lorre


text: bodybuilder

text: Ben Weider

text: Mr. Olympia

text: Ms. Olympia

text: Masters Olympia

text: Muscle & Fitness

text: Flex

text: Men's Fitness

text: Shape

text: Montréal, Québec

text: Polish Jewish

text: Kurów

text: barbell

text: Betty Brosmer

text: pin-up girl

text: Schiff Nutrition International

text: Tiger's Milk

text: Muscle Builder

text: Muscle & Fitness

text: Shape magazine

text: Fit Pregnancy

text: Men's Fitness

text: Flex

text: "Jem" Magazine

text: Ben Weider

text: American Media

text: Federal Trade Commission

text: heart failure

text: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

text: Los Angeles, California

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger

text: Venice

text: Muscle Beach

text: United States

text: "Bigger"

text: Tyler Hoechlin

text: Julianne Hough

text: Aneurin Barnard

text: Joe Weider Official Website

text: Weider Fitness Official Website

categories: Bodybuilding,2013 deaths,Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent,Canadian magazine publishers (people),Sportspeople from Montreal,1920 births,Canadian sports coaches,Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States,Businesspeople from Montreal,Anglophone Quebec people,Canadian sports businesspeople,Canadian bodybuilders

paragraph: Joe Weider

paragraph: Joseph Weider (; November 29, 1919 – March 23, 2013) was a Canadian bodybuilder and entrepreneur who co-founded the International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB) alongside his brother Ben Weider. He was also the creator of the Mr. Olympia, the Ms. Olympia and the Masters Olympia bodybuilding contests. He was the publisher of several bodybuilding and fitness-related magazines, most notably "Muscle & Fitness", "Flex", "Men's Fitness" and "Shape", and the manufacturer of a line of fitness equipment and fitness supplements.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Weider was born in Montréal, Québec, Canada, to Louis and Anna Weider, Polish Jewish emigrants from the town of Kurów, Poland. He published the first issue of "Your Physique" magazine in 1940, and built a set of barbells out of car wheels and axles the same year out of the family garage on Coloniale Street in Montréal. He designed numerous training courses beginning in the 1950s, including the Weider System of Bodybuilding.

paragraph: He married Hedwiges "Vicky" Uzar; together they had one child, Lydia Ross (mother to Weider's three grandchildren), and subsequently divorced in 1960. During his marriage to Vicky Uzar he had met Betty Brosmer, who was then the highest paid pin-up girl in the U.S. In 1961 Joe and Betty married, and she began working alongside him as Betty Weider. Betty and Joe together authored books on bodybuilding. Joe and Ben together were the co-founders of the International Federation of BodyBuilders.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Nutritional products.

paragraph: The family founded Weider Nutrition in 1936, considered the first sports nutrition company. Now called Schiff Nutrition International, they were the creators of Tiger's Milk nutrition bars and related products, one of the earliest lines of sports foods.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Fitness publications.

paragraph: In 1953, "Your Physique" was renamed "Muscle Builder" magazine. The name changed again to "Muscle & Fitness" in 1980. Other magazines published by Weider's publishing empire included "Mr. America", "Muscle Power", "Shape magazine", "Fit Pregnancy", "Men's Fitness", "Living Fit", "Prime Health and Fitness", "Cooks", "Senior Golfer", and "Flex", in addition to the more risque "Jem" Magazine and "Monsieur". The last two publications caused at least two clashes with obscenity laws. Weider has written numerous books, including "The Weider System of Bodybuilding" (1981), and co-wrote the 2006 biography "Brothers Of Iron" with Ben Weider. In 1983, Weider was named "Publisher of the Year" by The Periodical and Book Association. In 2003, his publication company, Weider Publications, was sold to American Media.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Legal issues.

paragraph: In 1972, Weider and his brother Ben found themselves a target of an investigation led by U.S. Postal Inspectors. The investigation involved the claims regarding their nutritional supplement Weider Formula No. 7. The product was a weight-gainer that featured a young Arnold Schwarzenegger on the label. The actual claim centered on consumers being able to "gain a pound per day" in mass. Following an appeal wherein Schwarzenegger testified, Weider was forced to alter his marketing and claims. Also in 1972, Weider encountered legal problems for claims made in his booklet "Be a Destructive Self-Defense Fighter in Just 12 Short Lessons".

paragraph: Weider was ordered to offer a refund to 100,000 customers of a "five-minute body shaper" that was claimed to offer significant weight loss after just minutes a day of use. The claims, along with misleading "before and after" photographs, were deemed false advertising by a Superior Court Judge in 1976.

paragraph: In the 1980s, Weider found himself answering charges levied by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). In 1984, the FTC charged that ads for Weider's Anabolic Mega-Pak (containing amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and herbs) and Dynamic Life Essence (an amino acid product) had been misleading. The FTC complaint was settled in 1985 when Weider and his company agreed not to falsely claim that the products could help build muscles or be effective substitutes for anabolic steroids. They also agreed to pay a minimum of $400,000 in refunds or, if refunds did not reach this figure, to fund research on the relationship of nutrition to muscle development.

paragraph: In 2000, Weider Nutritional International settled another FTC complaint involving false claims made for alleged weight loss products. The settlement agreement called for $400,000 to be paid to the FTC and for a ban on making any unsubstantiated claims for any food, drug, dietary supplement, or program.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Death.

paragraph: Weider died of heart failure on March 23, 2013 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California at the age of 93.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and accolades.

paragraph: On Labor Day 2006, California governor and seven times Mr. Olympia winner Arnold Schwarzenegger, a Weider protégé, presented him with the Venice Muscle Beach Hall of Fame's Lifetime Achievement award. Schwarzenegger credited Weider with inspiring him to enter bodybuilding and to come to the United States. That same year Joe and Ben received the lifetime achievement award by the Young Men's Hebrew Association.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: A movie called "Bigger" was released in 2018 on the life of Ben Weider and his brother Joe Weider. Tyler Hoechlin will be seen playing as Joe Weider, while Julianne Hough plays Betty Weider, his wife and Aneurin Barnard will be seen playing the role of Ben Weider.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe Weider Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weider Fitness Official Website

description: Canadian bodybuilder and businessman

wikidata_label: Joe Weider

wikipedia_title: Joe Weider


text:
volleyball
Jefferson Pereiraon fivb

categories: Asian Games competitors for Qatar,Olympic beach volleyball players of Qatar,Qatari beach volleyball players,1989 births,Beach volleyball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Beach volleyball players at the 2014 Asian Games,Living people

paragraph: Jefferson Pereira

paragraph: Jefferson Pereira (born June 8, 1989) is a Brazilian-born Qatari Olympic volleyball player.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jefferson Pereiraon fivb

description: Qatar beach volleyball player born in Brazil

wikidata_label: Jefferson Pereira

wikipedia_title: Jefferson Pereira


text: UCI Continental

categories: Colombian track cyclists,1994 births,Colombian male cyclists,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Brayan Sánchez

paragraph: Brayan Sánchez Vergara (born ) is a Colombian male road and track cyclist, currently riding for UCI Continental team . He won the gold medal at the 2016 Pan American Track Cycling Championships in the team pursuit.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016

description: Colombian bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Brayan Sánchez

wikipedia_title: Brayan Sánchez


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Shu Han

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Guizhou

text: Hunan

text: Hubei

text: Gansu

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Confucian

text: Laozi

text: Legalist

text: Cao Pi

text: Sun Quan

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: chi

text: cun

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: lipstick

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Zhuo Commandery

text: Zhuozhou

text: Baoding

text: Hebei

text: Liu Zhen

text: Liu Sheng

text: Emperor Jing

text: Pei Songzhi

text: commentary

text: Liu Yan

text: Liu Xiong

text: Lu Zhi

text: Gongsun Zan

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Guan Yu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Jian Yong

text: Zou Jing

text: Anguo

text: Hebei

text: Xu Province

text: Jiangsu

text: Gaotang County

text: Shandong

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text: Yuan Shao

text: Dong Zhuo

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text: Qing Province

text: Shandong

text: Pingyuan County

text: Tian Kai

text: Yuan Tan

text: Cao Cao

text: attacked

text: Tao Qian

text: Xu Province

text: Yuan Shu

text: Liu Biao

text: Zhang Miao

text: Lü Bu

text: Yan Province

text: Henan

text: Pei County

text: Jiangsu

text: Wuhuan

text: Mi Zhu

text: Mi Fang

text: Chen Gui

text: Chen Deng

text: Lady Mi

text: Chen Qun

text: Yuan Shu

text: Kong Rong

text: Yuan Shao

text: Yuan Shu

text: Ji Ling

text: Xu Province

text: Xuyi County

text: Zhang Fei

text: Pizhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Cao Bao

text: Lü Bu

text: Huai'an

text: Guannan County

text: Pei County

text: Jiangsu

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Cao Cao

text: Emperor Xian of Han

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text: Battle of Xiapi

text: Emperor Xian

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text: his defeat

text: Zhu Ling

text: Shou County

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text: Jiangsu

text: Guan Yu

text: Pizhou

text: Gongsun Zan

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text: Yellow River

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text: Xi County, Henan

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text: Battle of Guandu

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text: Xiahou Dun

text: Battle of Bowang

text: a campaign

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text: Nanyang, Henan

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text: Zhuge Liang

text: Jiujiang

text: Jiangxi

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

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text: Yue Jin

text: Xiangyang

text: Zhou Yu

text: Jing Province

text: Gong'an County

text: Lady Sun

text: Jingzhou

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text: Lu Su

text: Yi Province

text: Liu Zhang

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Fa Zheng

text: Zhang Song

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Guan Yu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Zhao Yun

text: Jing Province

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text: Meng Da

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text: Chengdu

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text: Mianyang

text: Sichuan

text: Zhang Ren

text: Wu Yi

text: Mianzhu

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text: Ma Chao

text: Gong'an County

text: Wu Yi's sister

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Dong He

text: Yi Province

text: Sun Quan

text: Lu Su

text: Jing Province

text: Lü Meng

text: Ling Tong

text: Gan Ning

text: Yiyang County

text: Guan Yu

text: Gong'an County

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Xiang River

text: Zhang Lu

text: Battle of Yangping

text: Sima Yi

text: Liu Ye

text: Yi Province

text: Jing Province

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Zhang He

text: Xu Huang

text: Qu County

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Zhang Fei

text: Nanzheng County

text: Fa Zheng

text: Ma Chao

text: Chen Shi

text: Chang'an

text: Huang Zhong

text: Mount Dingjun

text: Zhao Yong

text: Du Xi

text: Guo Huai

text: Han River

text: Baoji

text: Shaanxi

text: Meng Da

text: Liu Feng

text: vassal

text: Emperor Xian

text: Chengdu

text: Yi Province

text: Liu Shan

text: Wei Yan

text: Xu Jing

text: Lü Meng

text: invaded Liu Bei's territories

text: Jing Province

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Wei

text: Zhao Yun

text: Qin Mi

text: Liu Feng

text: Shu Han

text: crown prince

text: Jing Province

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Zhang Fei

text: Lu Xun

text: Sun Quan

text: Yichang

text: Hubei

text: Huang Quan

text: Baidicheng

text: Li Yan

text: posthumous name

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: swords

text: Oath of the Peach Garden

text: Battle of Hulao Pass

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Three visits to the thatched cottage

text: List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Liu Bei and Lady Sun's marriage

text: Battle of Xiaoting#In fiction

text: Chengdu

text: yuan

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Qing dynasty

text: Sanyi Temple

text: Wuhou District

text: Yangtse Evening Post

text: Yu Ze

text: Yellow Emperor

text: West China Shoe Center Industrial Zone

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chang Fu-chien

text: Guan Gong

text: Elliot Ngok

text: You Yong

text: Red Cliff

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Alex Fong

text: The Lost Bladesman

text: Yan Yikuan

text: God of War, Zhao Yun

text: Tony Yang

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: San Guo Sha

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Samurai Warriors

text: "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" series

text: Kessen II

text: Destiny of an Emperor

text: Nintendo Entertainment System

text: Capcom

text: MapleStory

text: Diaochan

text: Inazuma Eleven GO

text: Puzzle & Dragons

text: Two Qiaos

text: Creative Assembly

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: List of Chinese monarchs

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 161 births,Liu Bei and immediate family,Political office-holders in Hubei,Generals under Yuan Shao,Liu Biao and associates,Political office-holders in Sichuan,Gongsun Zan and associates,Political office-holders in Jiangsu,Politicians from Baoding,Han dynasty warlords,Shu Han emperors,Officials under Yuan Shao,Han dynasty politicians from Hebei,223 deaths,Officials under Cao Cao,Generals under Cao Cao,Tao Qian and associates

paragraph: Liu Bei

paragraph: Liu Bei (; ; 161 – 10 June 223), courtesy name Xuande, was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler. Despite early failings compared to his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, he gathered support among disheartened Han loyalists who opposed Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian, and led a popular movement to restore the Han dynasty through this support. Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, and parts of Hubei and Gansu.

paragraph: Culturally, due to the popularity of the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Liu Bei is widely known as an ideal benevolent, humane ruler who cared for his people and selected good advisers for his government. His fictional counterpart in the novel was a salutary example of a ruler who adhered to the Confucian set of moral values, such as loyalty and compassion. Historically, Liu Bei, like many Han rulers, was greatly influenced by Laozi. He was a brilliant politician and leader whose skill was a remarkable demonstration of a Legalist. Liu Bei's somewhat Confucian tendencies were also dramatized compared to his rival states' founders, Cao Pi and Sun Quan, who both ruled as pure Legalists. His political philosophy can best be described by the Chinese idiom "Confucian in appearance but Legalist in substance" (), a style of governing which had become the norm after the founding of the Han dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Physical appearance.

paragraph: The historical text "Records of the Three Kingdoms" described Liu Bei as a man seven "chi" and five "cun" tall (approximately 1.73 metres), with long arms that extended beyond his knees, and ears so large that he could see them.

paragraph: The 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" gives a similar description about Liu Bei's physical appearance, but with additional features. It mentions that Liu Bei is seven "chi" and five "cun" tall, with ears so large that they touch his shoulders and that he can even see them, long arms that extend beyond his knees, a fair and handsome face, and lips so red that it seems as though he is wearing lipstick.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: According to the 3rd-century historical text "Records of the Three Kingdoms", Liu Bei was born in Zhuo County, Zhuo Commandery, which is in present-day Zhuozhou, Baoding, Hebei. He was a descendant of Liu Zhen, a son of Liu Sheng and a grandson of Emperor Jing. However, Pei Songzhi's 5th-century commentary, based on the "Dianlue" (典略), said that Liu Bei was a descendant of the Marquis of Linyi (臨邑侯). As the title "Marquis of Linyi" was held by Liu Fu (劉復; grandson of Liu Yan) and later by Liu Fu's son Liu Taotu (劉騊駼), who were also descendants of Emperor Jing, it was possible that Liu Bei descended from this line rather than Liu Zhen's line. Liu Bei's grandfather Liu Xiong (劉雄) and father Liu Hong (劉弘) both served as clerks in the local commandery office.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Liu Bei grew up in a poor family, having lost his father when he was still a child. To support themselves, Liu Bei and his mother sold shoes and straw-woven mats. Even so, Liu Bei was full of ambition from childhood: he once said to his peers, while under a tree that resembled the imperial chariot, that he desired to become an emperor. In 175, his mother sent him to study with Lu Zhi, a distinguished man from Zhuo Commandery. One of his fellow-students was Gongsun Zan, whom Liu Bei admired and treated as an elder brother, and another was his kinsman Liu Deran (劉德然). The adolescent Liu Bei was said to be unenthusiastic in studying and displayed interest in hunting, music and dressing.He enjoyed associating with braves (haoxia), and in his youth he fought and hung out with them. Concise in speech, calm in demeanour, and kind to his friends, Liu Bei was well liked by his contemporaries

paragraph: Section::::Yellow Turban Rebellion.

paragraph: In 184, at the outbreak of the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Liu Bei became much more politically aware and called for the assembly of a militia to help government forces suppress the rebellion. Liu Bei received financial contributions from two wealthy horse merchants, Zhang Shiping (張世平) and Su Shuang (蘇雙), and rallied a group of loyal followers, including Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Jian Yong.

paragraph: Liu Bei led his militia to join the local government forces led by Colonel Zou Jing and participated in battles against the rebels. In recognition of his contributions, the Han central government appointed Liu Bei as the Prefect (令) of Anxi County (安喜縣; northwest of present-day Anguo, Hebei), one of the counties in Zhongshan Commandery (中山郡). Later, the Han central government decreed that any official who had gained the post as a reward for military contributions was to be dismissed and Liu Bei resigned the post after attacking the inspector who had attempted to formally dismiss him. He then travelled south with his followers to join another militia in fighting the Yellow Turbans remnants in Xu Province (present-day northern Jiangsu). As a reward for his contributions, the Han central government appointed him as the Prefect (令) and Commandant (都尉) of Gaotang County (高唐縣; east of present-day Gaotang County, Shandong).

paragraph: Section::::Warlord state.

paragraph: Section::::Warlord state.:In Gongsun Zan's service (189–194).

paragraph: Liu Bei never participated in the Campaign against Dong Zhuo, although he is said to have raised troops for the purpose. Instead, he opted to move north to join an old friend, the warlord Gongsun Zan. In 191, they scored a major victory against another warlord Yuan Shao (leader of the former alliance against Dong Zhuo) in their struggle for control of Ji Province (covering parts of present-day Hebei) and Qing Province (covering parts of present-day Shandong and Hebei). Gongsun Zan nominated Liu Bei to be the Chancellor (相) of Pingyuan State (平原國; around present-day Pingyuan County, Shandong) and sent him to join his subordinate Tian Kai in fighting Yuan Shao's eldest son Yuan Tan in Qing Province.

paragraph: Section::::Warlord state.:Succeeding Tao Qian (194).

paragraph: In 194, Yuan Shao's ally, Cao Cao, attacked Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province. At the time, there were two opposing alliances – Yuan Shu, Tao Qian and Gongsun Zan on one side, Yuan Shao, Cao Cao and Liu Biao the other. In face of strong pressure from Cao Cao, Tao Qian appealed to Tian Kai for help. Tian Kai and Liu Bei led their armies to support Tao Qian.

paragraph: Despite initial success in the invasion, Cao Cao's subordinate Zhang Miao rebelled and allowed Lü Bu to take over Cao Cao's base in Yan Province (covering parts of present-day Shandong and Henan), forcing Cao Cao to retreat from Xu Province. Tao Qian asked Liu Bei to station his army in nearby Xiaopei (小沛; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) and gave him 4,000 more troops, in addition to the 1,000 troops and some Wuhuan cavalry already under his command. Thus, Liu Bei deserted his supervisor Tian Kai for Tao Qian. Tao Qian became Liu Bei's mentor and benefited greatly under the tutelage of Tao Qian, who governed like a Confucian populist, which influenced Liu Bei's future governance. Meanwhile, Liu Bei raised troops around the area, and actively built up connections with influential clans and people of the region. In a rather short period of time, he had gained the support of the two most powerful families in Xu Province: the Mi family led by Mi Zhu and Mi Fang, and the Chen family led by Chen Gui and Chen Deng. Liu Bei also married Mi Zhu's younger sister, Lady Mi, to draw support from the Mi family.

paragraph: Upon Tao Qian's death in 194, the Mi family backed Liu Bei, instead of one of Tao Qian's sons, to be the new Governor of Xu Province. Liu Bei was hesitant and apprehensive about taking the post when Chen Qun told him that Yuan Shu would fight for control over Xu Province with him. Liu Bei then consulted Kong Rong and Chen Deng, who advised him to form an alliance with Yuan Shao. Liu Bei finally took over Xu Province after Yuan Shao recognised the legitimacy of his governorship.

paragraph: Section::::Warlord state.:Conflict with Lü Bu (195–198).

paragraph: In 195, Lü Bu was defeated by Cao Cao and sought shelter under Liu Bei. In the next year, Yuan Shu sent his general Ji Ling with an army to invade Xu Province. In response, Liu Bei led his troops to counter Ji Ling's advances near present-day Xuyi County, where they had a standoff for about a month without any decisive result. In the meantime, Zhang Fei, whom Liu Bei left in charge of Xiapi Commandery (下邳郡; around present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu), the capital of Xu Province, murdered Cao Bao, the Chancellor of Xiapi, after an intense quarrel. Cao Bao's death stirred up unrest in Xiapi Commandery which provided the warlord Lü Bu an opportunity to link up with defectors from Liu Bei's side to seize control of Xiapi Commandery and capture Liu Bei's family.

paragraph: Upon receiving news of Lü Bu's intrusion, Liu Bei immediately headed back to Xiapi Commandery but most of his troops deserted along the way. With his remaining men, Liu Bei retreated to Guangling Commandery (廣陵郡; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu), where Yuan Shu's forces defeated him. Liu Bei then retreated to Haixi County (海西縣; southeast of present-day Guannan County, Jiangsu). Surrounded by hostile forces and facing a lack of food supplies, Liu Bei and his men resorted to cannibalism before eventually surrendering to Lü Bu, who accepted Liu Bei's surrender and returned his family to him as an act of good faith. Lü Bu then ordered Liu Bei to help him resist Yuan Shu. Lü Bu, fearing that Yuan Shu would turn on him after eliminating Liu Bei, obstructed Yuan Shu's attempts to destroy Liu Bei. Liu Bei then moved to Xiaopei (小沛; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu), where he managed to rally about 10,000 troops. Upon seeing Liu Bei's growing power, Lü Bu became worried that Liu Bei would turn against him, so he launched a preemptive attack on Xiaopei. Liu Bei fled to the imperial capital, Xuchang (許昌; in present-day Henan), where he took shelter under Cao Cao, the warlord who had been controlling the Han central government since he had brought the figurehead Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang in 196. Cao Cao welcomed Liu Bei, used Emperor Xian's name to appoint him as the Governor of Yu Province, and put him in command of some troops. Liu Bei then returned to Xiaopei to keep an eye on Lü Bu.

paragraph: In 198, Lü Bu renewed his alliance with Yuan Shu to counter Cao Cao's growing influence and sent Gao Shun and Zhang Liao to attack Liu Bei at Xiaopei. Cao Cao sent Xiahou Dun to support Liu Bei but they were defeated by Gao Shun. Liu Bei fled to Xuchang again to take shelter under Cao Cao, who brought Liu Bei along as he personally led an army to attack Lü Bu in Xu Province. Later that year, the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi; Lü Bu was captured and executed after his defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Warlord state.:Role in the Cao–Yuan conflict (199–201).

paragraph: By 199, Cao Cao enjoyed a strong political advantage over his rivals because he had Emperor Xian and the Han central government firmly under his control. During this time, Liu Bei participated in a conspiracy with Dong Cheng and others to assassinate Cao Cao, after Dong Cheng alleged that he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xian to kill Cao Cao. However, at the same time, Liu Bei was anxious to leave Xuchang and be free of Cao Cao's control. Thus, upon hearing news that Yuan Shu was on his way to join Yuan Shao after his defeat, Liu Bei requested permission from Cao Cao to lead an army to stop Yuan Shu. Cao Cao agreed and sent Liu Bei and Zhu Ling to lead an army to block Yuan Shu, who retreated back to his base in Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui) and died there later that year. While Zhu Ling returned to Xu, Liu Bei remained in command of the army and led them to attack and seize control of Xu Province after murdering Che Zhou (車冑), the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao. Liu Bei then moved to Xiaopei (小沛; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) while leaving Guan Yu in charge of Xu Province's capital, Xiapi Commandery (下邳郡; around present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu).

paragraph: In the meantime, Yuan Shao had defeated Gongsun Zan and was preparing to attack Cao Cao in the Henan region. Liu Bei then sent his adviser Sun Qian to meet Yuan Shao and request that he launch an immediate attack on Cao Cao, but Yuan Shao refused. In 200, Cao Cao discovered Dong Cheng's conspiracy and had all the participants rounded up and executed along with their families. Liu Bei survived the purge because he was not in Xuchang.

paragraph: Having achieved stability in Xuchang, Cao Cao turned his attention towards preparing for a battle with Yuan Shao. He fortified many key crossing points along the south banks of the Yellow River and set up a main camp at Guandu. At the same time, he sent his subordinates Liu Dai (劉岱) and Wang Zhong to attack Liu Bei in Xu Province but they were defeated. Cao Cao then made a highly risky move: He predicted that Yuan Shao would not make any advances so he secretly left his defensive position along the Yellow River and personally led an army to Xu Province to attack Liu Bei. Under the weight of Cao Cao's attacks, Liu Bei's forces quickly disintegrated and Xu Province fell to Cao Cao. Zhang Fei protected Liu Bei as he fled from Xiaopei after his defeat; Guan Yu, isolated in Xiapi Commandery, was captured by Cao Cao's forces and decided to surrender and temporarily serve under Cao Cao. Liu Bei headed north to join Yuan Shao, who welcomed him. He participated in the Battle of Yan Ford alongside Yuan Shao's general Wen Chou against Cao Cao's forces, but they suffered a defeat and Wen Chou was killed in battle.

paragraph: As Liu Pi, a former Yellow Turban rebel, started a revolt in Runan Commandery (汝南郡; around present-day Xi County, Henan), Liu Bei convinced Yuan Shao to "lend" him troops to assist Liu Pi. Liu Bei and Liu Pi then led their forces from Runan Commandery to attack Xuchang while Cao Cao was away at Guandu, but they were defeated and driven back by Cao Ren. Liu Bei then returned to Yuan Shao and urged him to ally with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). Yuan Shao then sent him with some troops to Runan Commandery to assist another rebel leader, Gong Du (共都/龔都). Liu Bei and Gong Du defeated and killed Cai Yang (蔡陽), one of Cao Cao's officers who led troops to attack them.

paragraph: Section::::Warlord state.:Taking refuge under Liu Biao (201–208).

paragraph: In 201, Cao Cao led his army to attack Liu Bei in Runan Commandery after his victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu. After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to Jing Province to take shelter under Liu Biao. Although Liu Biao treated Liu Bei like an honoured guest, he never trusted Liu Bei as he only allowed Liu Bei to station at Xinye County in northern Jing Province to guard against Cao Cao's advances.

paragraph: Liu Bei stayed in Jing Province for about seven years. When he started weeping during a meeting with Liu Biao, the latter asked why, to which Liu Bei answered, "In earlier times, I've never left the saddle. My thighs were thin. Now I do not ride anymore, they are fat and flabby. The days and months pass like a stream, and old age will come, but I have achieved nothing. That's why I am sad. In 202, Cao Cao sent Yu Jin and Xiahou Dun to attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei ambushed and defeated them at the Battle of Bowang.

paragraph: In 207, Cao Cao planned a campaign to conquer the Wuhuan in the north, but was apprehensive that Liu Biao might attack his base but he was assured by Guo Jia that Liu Biao would not do so for fear of Liu Bei being more powerful than he was. Cao Cao agreed and Guo Jia's point was proven later, when Liu Biao refused to attack Xu when Liu Bei advised him to do so.

paragraph: Away from the battlefields in the east and under Liu Biao's efficient rule, Jing Province was prosperous and a popular destination for literati fleeing from the destruction of war. Liu Bei asked Sima Hui, a revered recluse, about scholars. Sima Hui's friend Pan Degong named Zhuge Liang and Pang Tong as exceptional talents who could comprehend important events of their time well. Xu Shu also urged Liu Bei to call on Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei went to see Zhuge Liang and finally had an audience with him after three visits. Zhuge Liang presented Liu Bei with his Longzhong Plan, a general long-term plan outlining the takeover of Jing Province and Yi Province to set up a two-pronged final strike at the imperial capital.

paragraph: Liu Biao died in 208 and his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him and surrendered to Cao Cao without informing Liu Bei. By the time Liu Bei heard news of Liu Cong's surrender, Cao Cao's army had already reached Wan (宛; in present-day Nanyang, Henan). Liu Bei led his troops away and abandoned Fancheng, leading civilians and his followers (including some of Liu Biao's former followers) on an exodus to the south. By the time they reached Dangyang (當陽; south of present-day Duodao District, Jingmen, Hubei), his followers numbered more than 100,000 and they moved only 10 "li" a day. Liu Bei sent Guan Yu ahead to wait for him in Jiangling County (江陵縣; in present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), where abundant supplies and arsenal were stored, with Jing Province's fleet.

paragraph: Afraid that Liu Bei might reach Jiangling County before him, Cao Cao led his cavalry on pursuit. In a day and a night, Cao Cao caught up with Liu and captured most of his people and baggage at the Battle of Changban. Leaving his family behind, Liu Bei fled with only scores of followers. With Guan Yu's fleet, they crossed the Mian River to Jiangxia Commandery and the Yangtze River to Xiakou, where they took shelter under Liu Qi, Liu Biao's elder son. Liu Qi objected to his brother's surrender to Cao Cao and was able to maintain Jiangxia Commandery and Xiakou allowing more of his father's former subordinates to escape from Cao Cao.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with Sun Quan.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with Sun Quan.:Battles of Red Cliffs and Jiangling.

paragraph: When Liu Bei was still at Dangyang, Lu Su hinted to him that he should ally with the warlord Sun Quan against Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang, as Liu Bei's representative, followed Lu Su to meet Sun Quan at Chaisang County (柴桑縣; southwest of present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi), where they discussed the formation of a Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Cao.

paragraph: Liu Bei and Sun Quan formed their first alliance against the southward expansion of Cao Cao. Both sides clashed at the Battle of Red Cliffs, which concluded with a decisive victory for the Sun–Liu side. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left behind Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling County and Yue Jin to defend Xiangyang.

paragraph: Sun Quan's forces, led by Zhou Yu, attacked Cao Ren after their resounding victory to wrestle for control of Jiangling County. Liu Bei recommended Liu Qi to be the new Inspector of Jing Province and led his men to capture the four commanderies in southern Jing Province – Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵), Guiyang (桂陽) and Wuling (武陵). Liu Bei set up his base at Gong'an County and continued to strengthen his forces. When Liu Qi died in 209 shortly after Liu Bei secured his position in southern Jing Province, Liu Bei succeeded Liu Qi as the new Inspector of Jing Province. To further strengthen the Sun–Liu alliance, Liu Bei travelled to Sun Quan's territory to marry Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun. After the political marriage, Sun Quan not only recognised the legitimacy of Liu Bei's control over southern Jing Province, but also agreed to "lend" Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) to him.

paragraph: Subsequently, former subordinates of Liu Biao who were unwilling to serve Cao Cao came to join Liu Bei. After the death of Zhou Yu in 210 and Liu Bei's growing influence in southern Jing Province, Sun Quan's position in the north became more untenable. Lu Su succeeded Zhou Yu as the frontline commander of Sun Quan's armies and moved the headquarters to Lukou (陸口), yielding all commanderies of Jing Province (except Jiangxia Commandery) and access to Yi Province to Liu Bei. In diplomatic terms, Sun Quan's side thought that they were "lending" Jing Province to Liu Bei as a temporary base that should be returned to them after Liu Bei found another base.

paragraph: Section::::Establishing the Shu regime.

paragraph: Section::::Establishing the Shu regime.:Conquering Yi Province.

paragraph: In 211, Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), heard that Cao Cao planned to attack the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery. As Hanzhong Commandery was a strategic location and the northern "gateway" into Yi Province, Liu Zhang sent Fa Zheng to form an alliance with Liu Bei after listening to advice from Zhang Song. Zhang Song and Fa Zheng privately disapproved of Liu Zhang's governance and looked at Liu Bei as a solution for a legitimate successor. Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei to join him in Yi Province to capture Hanzhong Commandery before Cao Cao did.

paragraph: Liu Bei led an expedition force into Yi Province after leaving behind Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to guard Jing Province. Liu Zhang welcomed Liu Bei and provided him with more troops under his command. Liu Bei headed to Jiameng Pass (southwest of present-day Guangyuan, Sichuan) at the border between Liu Zhang and Zhang Lu's territories. Instead of engaging Zhang Lu, Liu Bei halted his advance and focused on building connections and gaining influence around the area.

paragraph: In 212, Fa Zheng, Zhang Song and Meng Da set into motion their plan to overthrow Liu Zhang and let Liu Bei replace him. On Liu Bei's side, Pang Tong outlined three plans for him to choose from. The first was to advance swiftly to seize Chengdu, Yi Province's capital, from Liu Zhang with a special task force. The second was to take command of Liu Zhang's armies in the north and then move to capture Chengdu. The third one was to return to Baidicheng to await further action. Liu Bei chose the second option. Liu Bei requested to Liu Zhang that he needed more troops to divert Cao Cao's attention away from the east (where Sun Quan was under attack), and requested that another 10,000 soldiers and additional provisions aid in the defence of Jing Province. Liu Zhang gave him only 4,000 troops and half of the other supplies he requested.

paragraph: Zhang Su, Zhang Song's brother, discovered his brother's secret communications with Liu Bei and reported the issue to Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang was furious and stunned when he heard that Zhang Song had been helping Liu Bei to take over Yi Province from him – he executed Zhang Song and ordered his officers guarding the passes to Chengdu to keep secret his knowledge that Liu Bei wanted to attack him. Nevertheless, Liu Bei still found out from the spies he planted around Liu Zhang. Fa Zheng and Meng Da defected to Liu Bei's side before Yang Huai (楊懷) and Gao Pei (高沛), Liu Zhang's subordinates guarding Boshui Pass, knew about Liu Bei's true motive. Liu Bei lured Yang Huai and Gao Pei into a trap and executed them for behaving disrespectfully towards him. He then took command of Yang Huai's and Gao Pei's troops, numbering under 5,000, and turned to attack Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan).

paragraph: In the spring of 213, Liu Zhang sent Liu Gui, Ling Bao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian, Wu Yi and other officers to defend Mianzhu. All were soundly killed or captured by Liu Bei's forces. Despite being the most trusted vassal of Liu Zhang, Wu Yi soon changed allegiance, so Li Yan and Fei Guan were sent to replace him, but they surrendered to Liu Bei as well. Now the remnant force was under command of Liu Zhang's son, Liu Xun, and he retreated to Luo County (northwest of Chengdu, Sichuan). There, Pang Tong was killed by a stray arrow, and the siege became a prolonged one, forcing Liu Bei to call for reinforcements from Jing Province.

paragraph: In 214, after Luo County fell to Liu Bei, Liu Zhang continued to hold up inside Chengdu. Ma Chao, a former warlord and vassal under Zhang Lu, defected to Liu Bei's side and joined him in attacking Chengdu. Although Chengdu's citizens were terrified by Ma Chao's army, they insisted on putting up a desperate fight against the enemy. However, Liu Zhang surrendered to Liu Bei after stating that he did not wish to see further bloodshed. Liu Bei then succeeded Liu Zhang as the Governor of Yi Province and relocated him to Gong'an County in Jing Province.

paragraph: Liu Bei married Wu Yi's sister and went on numerous public tours to consolidate his control on the newly conquered Yi Province. He promoted Zhuge Liang to an office that granted him control over all affairs of state and appointed Dong He as Zhuge Liang's deputy. The rest of Liu Bei's followers, new and old, were entrusted with new responsibilities and promoted to new ranks.

paragraph: Section::::Establishing the Shu regime.:Sun–Liu territorial dispute.

paragraph: After Liu Bei's conquest of Yi Province, Sun Quan sent Lu Su as an emissary to demand the return of the commanderies in southern Jing Province, but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent Lü Meng and Ling Tong to lead 20,000 men to attack southern Jing Province and they succeeded in capturing Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling commanderies. In the meantime, Lu Su and Gan Ning advanced to Yiyang County with 10,000 men to block Guan Yu) and took over command of the army at Lukou (陸口). Liu Bei personally went to Gong'an County while Guan Yu led 30,000 men to Yiyang County. When war was about to break out, Liu Bei received news that Cao Cao was planning to attack Hanzhong Commandery, and he requested for a border treaty with Sun Quan as he became worried about Cao Cao seizing Hanzhong Commandery. Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to give him back Lingling Commandery and create a diversion for Cao Cao by attacking Hefei; in return, Liu Bei ceded Changsha and Guiyang commanderies to Sun Quan, setting the new border along the Xiang River.

paragraph: Section::::Establishing the Shu regime.:Hanzhong Campaign.

paragraph: In 215, Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu at the Battle of Yangping and seized Hanzhong Commandery. Sima Yi and Liu Ye advised him to take advantage of the victory to attack Yi Province, since it was still unstable under Liu Bei's new government and Liu himself was away in Jing Province. Cao Cao, who was not fond of the terrain of the region, refused and left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and Xu Huang to defend Hanzhong Commandery.

paragraph: In anticipation of a prolonged war, Zhang He led his army to Dangqu County (宕渠郡; around present-day Qu County, Sichuan) in order to relocate the population of Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day Chongqing) to Hanzhong Commandery. Meanwhile, Liu Bei appointed Zhang Fei as the Administrator of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡) and ordered him to take over the region. Zhang Fei and Zhang He faced each other for 50 days, which concluded with a victory for the former following a surprise attack on the latter. Narrowly escaping, Zhang He retreated to Nanzheng County on foot, and the Ba region became part of Liu Bei's territory.

paragraph: In 217, Fa Zheng pointed out the strategic necessities of seizing Hanzhong Commandery and advised Liu Bei to drive Cao Cao's force out of the area. Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and others to capture Wudu Commandery (武都郡), while he assembled an army and advanced to Yangping Pass. Zhang Fei was forced to retreat after his aides Wu Lan (吳蘭) and Lei Tong (雷銅) were defeated and killed by Cao Cao's forces. Liu Bei, engaging Xiahou Yuan at Yangping Pass, tried to cut the enemy's supply route by sending his general Chen Shi to Mamingge (馬鳴閣), but was routed by Xiahou Yuan's subordinate, Xu Huang. Liu Bei then pressed on Zhang He at Guangshi (廣石) but failed to achieve any success; at the same time, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He were not able to hinder Liu Bei from mobilising forces around the area. The war turned into a stalemate, and Cao Cao decided to gather an army in Chang'an to fight Liu Bei.

paragraph: In the spring of 218, Liu Bei and Xiahou Yuan had faced each other for over a year. Liu Bei led the main army to the south of the Mian River (沔水) and ordered Huang Zhong to set up camps on Mount Dingjun, where Xiahou Yuan's encampment in the valley below could be easily monitored. One night, Liu Bei sent 10,000 troops to attack Zhang He in Guangshi and set fire to Xiahou Yuan's barricades. Xiahou Yuan then led a small detachment to put out the fire and sent the main army to reinforce Zhang He. Fa Zheng saw an opportunity for attack and signalled to Liu Bei to launch an assault. Liu Bei sent Huang Zhong to attack the weakened enemy from above. Huang Zhong targeted Xiahou Yuan's unit and completely routed it. Both Xiahou Yuan and Zhao Yong, Cao Cao's appointed Inspector of Yi Province, were killed in the battle.

paragraph: Zhang He, who had been informally elected to succeed Xiahou Yuan by Du Xi and Guo Huai, retreated to the northern bank of the Han River, and awaited Cao Cao's reinforcement. Meanwhile, Liu Bei secured all strategic points at the exit of the passes linking Chang'an and Hanzhong Commandery while Cao Cao was approaching via Xie Valley. Liu Bei faced Cao Cao for several months but never engaged the latter in battle, effectively forcing Cao to retreat as his soldiers started to desert. Zhang He also retreated to Chencang County (陳倉縣; east of present-day Baoji, Shaanxi) to set up defences for a potential invasion by Liu Bei. Liu Bei led his main army to Nanzheng County and sent Meng Da and Liu Feng to capture Fangling (房陵) and Shangyong (上庸) commanderies.

paragraph: Section::::Establishing the Shu regime.:Becoming an emperor.

paragraph: In 219, after Liu Bei conquered Hanzhong Commandery, his subjects urged him to declare himself a vassal king too to challenge Cao Cao, who was enfeoffed as a vassal king ("King of Wei") by Emperor Xian in 216. Liu Bei thus declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王) and set up his headquarters in Chengdu, the capital of Yi Province. He designated his son Liu Shan as his heir-apparent. Wei Yan was put in charge of Hanzhong Commandery. Xu Jing and Fa Zheng were respectively appointed as Grand Tutor and Prefect of the Masters of Writing in Liu Bei's vassal kingdom, while Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong were respectively appointed Generals of the Vanguard, Right, Left and Rear.

paragraph: In early winter 219, Sun Quan's forces led by Lü Meng invaded Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province and captured and executed Guan Yu. After learning of Guan Yu's death and the loss of Jing Province, Liu Bei turned furious and ordered his troops to begin preparing for war with Sun Quan. In early 220, Cao Cao died and was succeeded by his son, Cao Pi. Later that year, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. When Meng Da learnt that Liu Bei was going to launch a campaign against Sun Quan, he became concerned that he would be punished for not sending reinforcements to Guan Yu earlier, so he defected to Wei. At the same time, Zhao Yun, Qin Mi and others reminded Liu Bei that he should focus his attack on Cao Pi instead of Sun Quan, but Liu Bei rejected their advice. Seeing that Liu Bei did not prepare strong defences against Wei, Meng Da suggested a plan to Cao Pi to attack Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng commanderies. Liu Bei's adopted son, Liu Feng, fought a desperate battle against the invaders, but he was betrayed by his subordinates and defeated. Upon his return to Chengdu, Liu Bei was furious with Liu Feng's loss and his refusal to send reinforcement to Guan Yu in 219, so he had Liu Feng executed. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor too and established the state of Shu Han; he claimed that his intention was to keep the Han dynasty's lineage alive. He designated his son Liu Shan as crown prince.

paragraph: Section::::Defeat and death.

paragraph: In the autumn of 222, Liu Bei personally led an army to attack Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu and retake his lost territories in Jing Province, while leaving Zhuge Liang in charge of state affairs in Chengdu. Even though Zhang Fei was murdered by his subordinates during the onset of the battle, Liu Bei was still able to achieve initial victories until Lu Xun, the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces, ordered a retreat to Yiling (present-day Yichang, Hubei). Lu Xun held his position there and refused to engage the invaders.

paragraph: By summer, the Shu troops were camped along their invasion route and had grown weary due to the hot weather. Liu Bei then moved his camp into a forest for shade and ordered Huang Quan to lead a portion of his navy to camp just outside the forest. Knowing that his enemy was not expecting a sudden strike, Lu Xun ordered a counterattack and set fire to the Shu camps linked to each other by wooden fences. 40 camps of Liu Bei's expedition force were destroyed in the fire attack and the remaining troops were defeated and forced to flee west to Ma'an Hills (northwest of Yiling), where they set up a defence. Lu Xun caught up with and besieged Liu Bei there before his men could recuperate. Liu Bei managed to escape overnight to Baidicheng by ordering his men to discard their armour and set them aflame to form a fire blockade.

paragraph: Liu Bei died in Baidicheng in the summer of 223. On his deathbed, he named Zhuge Liang and Li Yan as regents to support Liu Shan. His body was brought back to Chengdu and entombed at Huiling (惠陵; southern suburb of present-day Chengdu) four months later. Liu Bei was given the posthumous name Zhaolie. Liu Shan succeeded him as the emperor of Shu Han, while Zhuge Liang later made peace with Sun Quan and rebuilt the old Sun–Liu alliance against Cao Pi.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a 14th-century historical novel which romanticises the historical figures and events before and during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Written by Luo Guanzhong more than 1,000 years after the Three Kingdoms period, the novel incorporates many popular folklore and opera scripts into the character of Liu Bei, portraying him as a compassionate and righteous leader, endowed with charismatic potency (called "de" 德 in Chinese) who builds his state on the basis of Confucian values. This is in line with the historical background of the times during which the novel was written. Furthermore, the novel emphasises that Liu Bei was related, however distantly, to the imperial family of the Han dynasty, thus favouring another argument for the legitimacy of Liu Bei's reign. In the novel, he wields a pair of double edged swords called "shuang gu jian" (雙股劍).

paragraph: See the following for some fictitious stories in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" involving Liu Bei:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oath of the Peach Garden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Hulao Pass

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Three visits to the thatched cottage

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Liu Bei's horse leaps across the Tan Stream

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Liu Bei and Lady Sun's marriage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Xiaoting#In fiction

paragraph: Section::::General worship of Liu Bei.

paragraph: Liu Bei is worshipped as the patron of shoemakers in Chengdu, which is also known as the "City of Shoes" as more than 80 million pairs of shoes totalling five billion yuan in sales are manufactured there annually. It is said that in 1845, during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor in the Qing dynasty, the shoemakers guild in Chengdu, who called themselves "disciples of Liu Bei", sponsored the construction of the Sanyi Temple in Liu Bei's honour. After being relocated many times, the temple can be found in Wuhou District today.

paragraph: Since the Chinese government loosened its control on religious practices in recent years, the worship of Liu Bei among shoemakers has again gained popularity in Chengdu. In 2005, a large procession was carried out in front of the Sanyi Temple to commemorate Liu Bei — the first such event since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

paragraph: A commentary carried by the "Yangtse Evening Post" criticised such practice as mere commercial gimmickry to exploit the fame of Liu Bei. It argued that although Liu Bei sold straw-woven shoes and mats for a living when he was young, he was hardly the inventor of shoes. According to legend, it was Yu Ze who made the first pairs of shoes with softwood during the time of the Yellow Emperor. However, the criticism did not dampen the enthusiastic shoe industry owners in their decision to erect a statue of Liu Bei in the West China Shoe Center Industrial Zone, which was still under construction in Wuhou District as of August 2005.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Film and television.

paragraph: Notable actors who have portrayed Liu Bei in films and television series include: Sun Yanjun in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (1994); Chang Fu-chien in "Guan Gong" (1996); Elliot Ngok in "" (2008); You Yong in "Red Cliff" (2008–09); Yu Hewei in "Three Kingdoms" (2010); Alex Fong in "The Lost Bladesman" (2011); Yan Yikuan in "God of War, Zhao Yun" (2016); Tony Yang in "Dynasty Warriors" (2019).

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Card games.

paragraph: In the collectible card game "" there is a card named "Liu Bei, Lord of Shu" in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set. In the selection of hero cards in the Chinese card game "San Guo Sha", there is also a "Liu Bei" card that players can select at the beginning of the game.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Video games.

paragraph: Liu Bei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's video game series "Dynasty Warriors", as well as "Warriors Orochi", a crossover between "Dynasty Warriors" and "Samurai Warriors". He also appears in other Koei video game series such as the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" series and "Kessen II".

paragraph: Liu Bei is the protagonist in "Destiny of an Emperor", a RPG on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Released in the United States by Capcom in 1989, the game also loosely follows the plot of the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Liu Bei's armour (based on the designs appearing in the "Dynasty Warriors" series) is available in the MMORPG "MapleStory". Also featured are Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang, Sun Quan, and Diaochan's designs.

paragraph: Liu Bei is featured in the sequel to Level-5's game and anime "Inazuma Eleven GO", Chrono Stone, as well as Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.

paragraph: Liu Bei is featured as a "monster" in "Puzzle & Dragons" as part of the Three Kingdoms God Series, along with the Two Qiaos, Cao Cao, Lü Bu, Guan Yu, and many others.

paragraph: He is also featured as one of the available warlords that the player can choose from in Creative Assembly's game "".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese monarchs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Shu Han emperor

wikidata_label: Liu Bei

wikipedia_title: Liu Bei


text:
K2
Lodi, California
Castro Valley High School
Castro Valley, California
Sierra Nevada
United States Air Force
United States Air Force Pararescue
Denali
Mount Cook
Mount Everest
Kangchenjunga
Cho Oyu
Karakoram
K2
Gasherbrum I
Gasherbrum II
Makalu
bottled oxygen
Ama Dablam
Twitter
Seven Summits
8,000 meter peaks
Aconcagua
Mount Aspiring
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Peter Hillary
Listing of deaths on K2

categories: 1960 births,American mountain climbers,2013 deaths,People from Lodi, California,New Zealand mountain climbers,Mountain guides,Mountaineering deaths on K2

paragraph: Marty Schmidt

paragraph: Martin Walter Schmidt (June 10, 1960 – July 27, 2013), known as Marty, was a New Zealand-American mountain climber, guide and adventurer.

paragraph: Schmidt and his son, Denali, died in 2013, while attempting to summit the mountain K2.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Martin Walter Schmidt was born in Lodi, California on June 10, 1960, of German/American parents. He attended Castro Valley High School in Castro Valley, California. He began climbing as a young boy, mostly in the Sierra Nevada range where he moved after finishing high school in 1978. At the age of 20, Schmidt joined the United States Air Force (USAF) and served in the United States Air Force Pararescue unit known as the "PJs". As a USAF airman he served at a number of posts including the Philippines, where he earned the USAF Air Medal in 1984, for his rescues in a hotel fire; and in Alaska, where he first climbed Denali in 1983.

paragraph: Marty met his first wife Joanne Patti Munisteri in Santa Cruz, California in 1986. They were married and had their first child, son Denali Schmidt in Macksville, Australia on April 27, 1988. Joanne was hired by Kahurangi National Maori Dance Theatre based in Hastings, New Zealand in 1989. Their daughter, Sequoia Patti Schmidt, was born in Napier, New Zealand on January 1, 1991. The Schmidt family were sponsored by Ngati Kahungunu and received their New Zealand citizenship in 1994. Marty and Denali used their New Zealand passports to travel and climb K2 in 2013, where they both perished.

paragraph: Section::::Professional accomplishments.

paragraph: Schmidt climbed and guided in the mountains of Europe, South America, Africa and the Himalayas. His first high altitude ascents on Denali in Alaska were from 1983-1986. Schmidt acted as an assistant guide on Aconcagua in Argentina in 1988, before creating his own company and guiding in the Andes as MSIG (Marty Schmidt International Guiding). He made his first ascent of Mount Cook in New Zealand in November 1988.

paragraph: In the Himalayas, Schmidt attempted to climb Mount Everest in 1994 and 2008. He summited Kangchenjunga in 2001, and summited Cho Oyu in 2001, 2004 and 2009. In the Karakoram, he made unsuccessful attempts on K2 in 1992 and 2000, and summitted Gasherbrum I and Gasherbrum II in 2010. In the 2010 Himalayan climbing season, Schmidt became the third New Zealander to summit Makalu solo and the first to do so without bottled oxygen. Schmidt summitted Ama Dablam and attempted Lhotse in the same season.

paragraph: Schmidt led two successful expeditions to Mount Everest guiding for the Canada-based company Peak Freaks in 2012 and 2013. In 2012, he became the oldest New Zealander to summit Everest at the age of 51. He summitted Everest again in May 2013.

paragraph: Marty and Denali Schmidt created a new route on Denali in 2011. They named this route "Dad and Son".

paragraph: In 2013, Marty and Denali Schmidt summitted Broad Peak, an 8,000 meter climb in Pakistan before attempting to summit K2. Marty, Denali and Mike Horn participated in a rescue attempt on Broad Peak for the three young Iranian climbers in July 2013, but they were unsuccessful and the Iranian climbers were never found. After this rescue work, Marty, Denali and other climbers started on their ascent of K2. However, they were advised by expedition sherpas that conditions were too dangerous to attempt to climb higher at that time. All the other teams and climbers turned around except for Marty who made the decision to continue on alone with his son, Denali. Marty and Denali climbed toward K2's Camp 3, but went missing after an avalanche hit their camp on 26 July; Marty Schmidt's daughter, Sequoia Di Angelo, confirmed their deaths via Twitter on 29 July 2013.

paragraph: Schmidt climbed and guided clients on all of the Seven Summits—the highest mountains on each continent—and climbed five of the world's fourteen 8,000 meter peaks. Throughout his career, he climbed and summited - Denali 29 times, Aconcagua 34 times (five different routes including the south face), Mount Cook 26 times, Mount Aspiring 16 times, Mount Tasman 7 times and Mount Everest two times.

paragraph: Schmidt was a member of the American Alpine Guides and became a member of the New Zealand Alpine guides in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Peter Hillary noted the loss of Schmidt and remarked on his enthusiasm. The place of his residency, Christchurch, New Zealand, held a memorial service for Schmidt and his son at the Horticultural Society Hall in Hagley Park. Schmidt's daughter, Sequoia travelleled to Pakistan and K2 to search for the remains of her father and brother in 2015. Her book, "Journey of Heart-A Sojourn to K2", was a finalist for the International Book Award for Non-Fiction in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Listing of deaths on K2

description: American mountain climber

wikidata_label: Marty Schmidt

wikipedia_title: Marty Schmidt


text: feudal

text: baron of Berkeley

text: Berkeley Castle

text: peer

text: Edward II

text: Despencers

text: epithet

text: Nibley

text: Berkeley Castle

text: Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley

text: feudal baron of Berkeley

text: Joan de Ferrers

text: William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby

text: Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester

text: Capture of Berwick

text: Justiciar of South Wales

text: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster

text: Edward II

text: Roger la Zouch

text: Roger de Beler

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Eva la Zouche

text: Eudo La Zouche

text: Millicent de Cantilupe

text: William III de Cantilupe

text: jure uxoris

text: Lord of Abergavenny

text: Eva de Braose

text: Marcher Lords

text: Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley

text: Stoke Gifford

text: Siege of Calais

text: John Mautravers/Maltravers

text: Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford

text: Alice de Lusignan

text: Wallingford Castle

text: Berkshire

text: Oxfordshire

text: St Augustine's Abbey

text: Bristol Cathedral

text: Bristol

text: Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley

text: Find a Grave

categories: Barons Berkeley,Berkeley family,1271 births,1326 deaths,People from Berkeley, Gloucestershire,English rebels

paragraph: Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley

paragraph: Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (April 1271 – 31 May 1326), "The Magnanimous", feudal baron of Berkeley, of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, England, was a peer. He rebelled against King Edward II and the Despencers. His epithet, and that of each previous and subsequent head of his family, was coined by John Smyth of Nibley (died 1641), steward of the Berkeley estates, the biographer of the family and author of "Lives of the Berkeleys".

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was born at Berkeley Castle, the eldest son and heir of Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (1245–1321), "The Wise", feudal baron of Berkeley, by his wife Joan de Ferrers (1255–1309), a daughter of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby by his wife Margaret de Quincy, a daughter of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was involved in the Scottish Wars from about 1295 to 1318. He was Governor of Gloucester 1312, Governor of Berwick-on-Tweed from 1314 which he lost to the Scots under the 1318 Capture of Berwick, Steward of the Duchy of Aquitaine 1319 and Justiciar of South Wales 1316.

paragraph: He joined the Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster in his rebellion against his first cousin King Edward II and the Despencers. Also on his side in the rebellion was Roger la Zouch of Lubbesthorp, his first wife's nephew, who in January 1326 sanctioned the assassination of Roger de Beler, Baron of the Exchequer.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: He married twice, firstly in 1289 to Eva la Zouche, daughter of Eudo La Zouche by his wife Millicent de Cantilupe, one of the two daughters and eventual co-heiresses of William III de Cantilupe (died 1254) "jure uxoris" Lord of Abergavenny, in right of his wife Eva de Braose, heiress of the de Braose dynasty of Welsh Marcher Lords. By his wife he had children including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley, born c. 1296

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Maurice de Berkeley (1298–1347), of Uley, Gloucester, who in 1337 acquired for his seat the manor of Stoke Gifford in Gloucestershire, and founded there the line of "Berkeley of Stoke Gifford". He was killed at the Siege of Calais in 1347.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel de Berkeley married Robert de Clifford, 3rd Baron de Clifford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milicent de Berkeley married John Mautravers/Maltravers (1290-1365), son of John Maultravers (1266-abt 1343) of Childrey, Berks, and Lichet, Dorset.

paragraph: His second marriage, in about 1316, was to Isabella de Clare, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford by his wife Alice de Lusignan.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Berkeley was imprisoned by the Despencers in Wallingford Castle in Berkshire (now in Oxfordshire), where he died on 31 May 1326 and was eventually buried in St Augustine's Abbey (now Bristol Cathedral) in Bristol, founded by his ancestor. He was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley (born c. 1296).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancestral roots of certain American colonists who came to America before 1700, Frederick Lewis Weis, 1992, seventh edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancestral roots of sixty colonists who came to New England 1623-1650. Frederick Lewis Weis (earlier edition).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magna Charta Sureties, 1215., Frederick Lewis Weis, Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr., William R. Beall, 1999, 5th Ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magna Charta Sureties, 1215", Frederick Lewis Weis, 4th Ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Complete Peerage, Cokayne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Peerage, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plantagenet Ancestry of Seventeenth-Century Colonists, David Faris, Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Genealogy information held at University of Hull.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find a Grave

description: English noble and rebel

wikidata_label: Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley

wikipedia_title: Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley