text: suo jure

text: Countess

text: Ulster

text: Eltham Palace

text: Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence

text: King Edward III of England

text: Philippa of Hainault

text: Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March

text: Reading Abbey

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Yorkist

text: Anne Mortimer

text: a son of the 1st Duke of York

text: Wigmore Abbey

categories: 1355 births,People from Eltham,14th-century English women,Earls of Ulster (1264),1382 deaths,People from Herefordshire,Irish countesses,Hereditary women peers,Heirs to the English throne,House of Plantagenet

paragraph: Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster

paragraph: Philippa of Clarence (16 August 1355 – 5 January 1382) was the "suo jure" Countess of Ulster.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born at Eltham Palace in Kent on 16 August 1355, the only child of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster. Her father was the third son, but second son to survive infancy, of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault.

paragraph: Philippa married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, in 1368 at the age of thirteen in the Queen's Chapel at Reading Abbey, an alliance that would have far-reaching consequences in English history. Her cousin, King Richard II, remained childless, making Philippa and her descendants next in line to the throne until his deposition. In the Wars of the Roses, the Yorkist claim to the crown was based on descent from Edward III through Philippa, her son Roger Mortimer, and granddaughter Anne Mortimer, who married a son of the 1st Duke of York.

paragraph: Philippa died in 1382, and was buried at Wigmore Abbey, Herefordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Her children with Edmund Mortimer were as follows:

paragraph: And one other child, John de Mortimer (c. 1378–1424), Knight.

description: English countess

wikidata_label: Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster

wikipedia_title: Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster


text: Manchu

text: Bordered Yellow Banner

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Minister of Revenue

text: Ebilun

text: Minning

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Eastern Qing tombs

text: Western Qing tombs

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Xianfeng Emperor

categories: Manchu people,Qing dynasty empresses,1781 births,1808 deaths,18th-century Chinese women

image: 512px-《孝穆成皇后朝服像》局部.jpg

paragraph: Empress Xiaomucheng

paragraph: Empress Xiaomucheng (1781 – 17 February 1808), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. She was one year his senior.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family background.

paragraph: Empress Xiaomucheng's personal name was not recorded in history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Buyandalai (; d. 1801), served as the Minister of Revenue from 1799–1801, and held the title of a third class duke ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paternal grandfather: Arigūn (; d. 1769), Ebilun's grandson

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Jiaqing era.

paragraph: On 22 December 1796, Lady Niohuru married Minning, the second son of the Jiaqing Emperor, and became his primary consort. She died on 17 February 1808 and was interred in the Eastern Qing tombs.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daoguang era.

paragraph: The Jiaqing Emperor died on 2 September 1820 and was succeeded by Minning, who was enthroned as the Daoguang Emperor. Lady Niohuru was granted the posthumous title "Empress Xiaomu".

paragraph: In 1828, there was a leak in the Eastern Qing tombs, resulting in flooding. In 1829, Lady Niohuru's casket was temporarily moved to the Baohua Ravine Hall (寶華峪正殿). In 1835, her casket was transferred to the Mu Mausoleum of the Western Qing tombs.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Niohuru (from 1781)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary consort (; from 22 December 1796)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–1850):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Xiaomu" (; from 1820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Xiaomucheng" (; from 26 October 1850)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

description: Qing Dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Empress Xiaomucheng

wikipedia_title: Empress Xiaomucheng


text: Manchu

text: Bordered Yellow Banner

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Yong'an

text: Xin'an

text: lunar

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Minning

text: Western Qing tombs

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Xianfeng Emperor

text: The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty

text: Myolie Wu

text: Curse of the Royal Harem

text: Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing

text: Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

categories: 1833 deaths,Manchu people,1792 births,Qing dynasty empresses

image: 512px-《孝慎成皇后朝服像》局部.jpg

paragraph: Empress Xiaoshencheng

paragraph: Empress Xiaoshencheng (5 July 1792 – 16 June 1833), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Tunggiya clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. She was ten years his junior.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family background.

paragraph: Empress Xiaoshencheng's personal name was not recorded in history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Shuming'a (), served as the Magistrate of Yong'an from 1771–1772 and the Magistrate of Xin'an from 1776–1777, and held the title of a first class duke ()

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Qianlong era.

paragraph: The future Empress Xiaoshencheng was born on the 17th day of the fifth lunar month in the 57th year of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, which translates to 5 July 1792 in the Gregorian calendar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Jiaqing era.

paragraph: On 2 February 1809, Lady Tunggiya married Minning, the second son of the Jiaqing Emperor, and became his second primary consort. On 29 July 1813, she gave birth to his first daughter, Princess Duanmin of the First Rank, who would die prematurely on 7 December 1819.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daoguang era.

paragraph: The Jiaqing Emperor died on 2 September 1820 and was succeeded by Minning, who was enthroned as the Daoguang Emperor. On 28 December 1822, Lady Tunggiya, as the emperor's primary consort, was instated as Empress. As Empress, Lady Tunggiya was placed in charge of the emperor's harem. She died on 16 June 1833 and was interred in the Mu Mausoleum of the Western Qing tombs.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Tunggiya (from 5 July 1792)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary consort (; from 2 February 1809)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress (; from 28 December 1822)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Xiaoshen" (; from 7 September 1833)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Xiaoshencheng" (; from 26 October 1850)

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- As primary consort:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Duanmin of the First Rank (; 29 July 1813 – 7 December 1819), the Daoguang Emperor's first daughter

paragraph: Section::::In fiction and popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Wong Man-ching in "The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Myolie Wu in "Curse of the Royal Harem" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: Qing Dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Empress Xiaoshencheng

wikipedia_title: Empress Xiaoshencheng


text:
English
architect
Charles Barry
Edward Middleton Barry
London
Dulwich
London
East Anglia
Robert Richardson Banks
Dulwich College
Gothic
Southend
Bylaugh Hall
Norfolk
St Saviour's Church, Harome
Burlington House
Royal Academy
Geological Society of London
Royal Society of Chemistry
Society of Antiquaries of London
Dulwich
Stevenstone House
Clumber Park
Inner Temple
Great Eastern Hotel
Liverpool Street station
Dulwich Park
Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Gold Medal
Sir Aston Webb
Arthur John Barry
John Wolfe-Barry
Bradford Leslie

categories: 19th-century English architects,Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal,1823 births,Presidents of the Royal Institute of British Architects,1900 deaths

paragraph: Charles Barry Jr.

paragraph: Charles Barry Jr. (1823–1900) was an English architect of the mid-late 19th century, and eldest son of Sir Charles Barry. Like his younger brother and fellow architect Edward Middleton Barry, Charles Jr. designed numerous buildings in London. He is particularly associated with works in the south London suburb of Dulwich.

paragraph: Charles Jr. worked extensively on projects in London and East Anglia with fellow architect Robert Richardson Banks (1812–72), working from an office in Sackville Street, and then collaborated with his shorter-lived brother Edward on several schemes.

paragraph: Section::::Projects.

paragraph: Charles Sr. had been architect and surveyor to Dulwich College, designing the Grammar School, among other buildings. Charles Jr. then succeeded his father in the role. He designed the New College (1866–70) – a building of red brick and white stone, designed in a hybrid of Palladian and Gothic styles.

paragraph: His other projects include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cliff Town Estate, Southend, Essex (with Banks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bylaugh Hall, Norfolk (1849–1852, with Banks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pump House in the Italian Gardens, Hyde Park/Kensington Gardens, (1860, with Banks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Saviour's Church, Harome (1861-1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The forecourt of Burlington House (home of the Royal Academy), in Piccadilly, including the apartments of the Geological Society of London, Linnean Society of London, Royal Astronomical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry, and Society of Antiquaries of London (1869–73, with Banks).

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Stephen's Church, south Dulwich (1867–75)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stevenstone House, Devon (1868–72)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clumber Park, Nottinghamshire, (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chancel and pulpit of St Peter's Church, Kensington Park Road, London (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New chambers at Inner Temple, London (1879; with Edward)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Eastern Hotel, Liverpool Street station, London (1884; the design was a collaboration with his brother Edward who died in 1880 before it was finished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dulwich Park (1884)

paragraph: Charles Jr. was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1876, and was a member of the Society's Council in 1878. He was President of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1876-79. He was also awarded the prestigious RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1877. His pupils included Sir Aston Webb (himself a later President of the RIBA and winner of the Royal Gold Medal).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His son was Lt Col Arthur John Barry CBE, TD, MICE (b. 21 November 1859), civil engineer and architect. A. J. Barry collaborated on major international engineering projects with his uncle, Charles Jr.'s brother John Wolfe-Barry, and Bradford Leslie and was the author of ""Railway Expansion in China and the Influence of Foreign Powers in its Development"" [London, 1910].

alias:
Charles, Jr. Barry
Charles Barry II
Charles, the younger Barry
Charles, II Barry
Charles Barry the Younger
Charles Barry Junior
Charles Barry

description: British architect

wikidata_label: Charles Barry, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Charles Barry Jr.


text: Galilee

text: Perea

text: New Testament

text: John the Baptist

text: Jesus of Nazareth

text: Augustus

text: Herod the Great

text: ethnarch

text: Herod Archelaus

text: client state

text: Roman Empire

text: Sepphoris

text: Betharamphtha

text: Tiberias

text: Sea of Galilee

text: Tiberius

text: rabbinic

text: Aretas IV

text: Nabatea

text: Herodias

text: Herod II

text: Malthace

text: Mariamne II

text: Gospel

text: Machaerus

text: Agrippa I

text: Caligula

text: Gaul

text: Gospel of Luke

text: Pontius Pilate

text: Roman Judea

text: Jesus was arrested

text: Pilate's court

text: Herod the Great

text: Judea

text: Malthace

text: Samaria

text: Archelaus

text: Philip

text: Rome

text: Aristobulus

text: Alexander

text: Antipater

text: Idumea

text: tetrarch

text: Gaulanitis

text: Golan Heights

text: Trachonitis

text: Hauran

text: client kingdom

text: Augustus

text: prefect

text: Decapolis

text: Sepphoris

text: Quinctilius Varus

text: Nabatea

text: Betharamphtha

text: Livia

text: his daughter

text: Sea of Galilee

text: Tiberias

text: Tiberius

text: bathe

text: Emmaus

text: First Jewish-Roman War

text: rabbinic

text: ritual impurity

text: forced migrants

text: idolatry

text: Pontius Pilate

text: Jerusalem

text: Aretas IV

text: Nabatea

text: Herod II

text: Herodias

text: Mariamne I

text: Machaerus

text: Josephus

text: Antiquities of the Jews

text: John the Baptist

text: Gospel of Luke

text: baptism

text: Jordan River

text: New Testament

text: Gospel

text: Machaerus

text: Matthew

text: Mark

text: Salome

text: Jesus of Nazareth

text: raised from the dead

text: Luke

text: Pharisees

text: fox

text: miracle

text: Theodor Mommsen

text: A. N. Sherwin-White

text: trying to avoid

text: Robin Lane Fox

text: Psalm 2

text: anointed

text: Philip

text: Lucius Vitellius

text: legions

text: Euphrates

text: Artabanus III

text: Parthia

text: Caligula

text: Caligula

text: Agrippa

text: Herodias

text: Sejanus

text: Antiquities

text: Spain

text: Cassius Dio

text: Joanna

text: Manaen

text: above

text: pseudepigraphical

text: Gospel of Peter

text: Pilate

text: passion

text: Frank Thring

text: King of Kings

text: José Ferrer

text: The Greatest Story Ever Told

text: Christopher Plummer

text: Jesus of Nazareth

text: Jesus Christ Superstar

text: The Passion of the Christ

text: Joshua Mostel

text: Luca De Dominicis

text: Salome

text: Charles Laughton

text: Dame Judith Anderson

text: Rita Hayworth

text: The Secret Magdalene

text: Ki Longfellow

text: Flaubert

text: Oscar Wilde

text: Jules Massenet

text: Richard Strauss

text: William Dieterle

text: Alan Badel

text: Herodian dynasty

text: Herodian kingdom

text: Bible

text: Dio

text: Josephus

text: Antiquities

text: War

text: Gospel of Peter

text: Philo

text: On the Embassy to Gaius

text: Suetonius

text: Caligula

text: Galilee under Antipas

text: Antipas

categories: 1st-century Herodian rulers,1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Herodian dynasty,1st-century BC Herodian rulers,1st-century monarchs in the Middle East,Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire,1st-century BC births,People in the canonical gospels,Roman client rulers,1st-century BCE Jews,1st-century deaths,Jesus and history

paragraph: Herod Antipas

paragraph: Herod Antipater (, "Hērǭdēs Antipatros"; born before 20 BC – died after 39 AD), known by the nickname Antipas, was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter") and is referred to as both "Herod the Tetrarch" and "King Herod" in the New Testament although he never held the title of king. He is widely known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.

paragraph: After being recognized by Augustus upon the death of his father, Herod the Great (c. 4 BC/AD 1), and subsequent ethnarch rule by his brother, Herod Archelaus, Antipas officially ruled Galilee and Perea as a client state of the Roman Empire. He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha, and more important for the construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Named in honor of his patron, the emperor Tiberius, the city later became a center of rabbinic learning.

paragraph: Antipas divorced his first wife Phasaelis, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favour of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his half-brother Herod II. (Antipas was Herod the Great's son by Malthace, while Herod II was his son by Mariamne II.) According to the New Testament Gospels, it was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested; John was subsequently put to death in Machaerus. Besides provoking his conflict with the Baptiser, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas; a Roman counter-offensive was ordered by Tiberius, but abandoned upon that emperor's death in 37 AD. In 39 AD Antipas was accused by his nephew Agrippa I of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor Caligula, who sent him into exile in Gaul. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date.

paragraph: The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea, which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested. Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate's court.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Antipas was a son of Herod the Great, who had become king of Judea, and Malthace, who was from Samaria. His date of birth is unknown but was before 20 BC. Antipas, his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip were educated in Rome.

paragraph: Antipas was not Herod's first choice of heir. That honor fell to Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonean princess Mariamne. It was only after they were executed (c. 7 BC), and Herod's oldest son Antipater was convicted of trying to poison his father (5 BC), that the now elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son Antipas, revising his will to make him heir. During his illness in 4 BC, Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of his will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was now to become king of Judea, Idumea and Samaria, while Antipas would rule Galilee and Perea with the lesser title of tetrarch. Philip was to receive Gaulanitis (the Golan Heights), Batanaea (southern Syria), Trachonitis and Auranitis (Hauran).

paragraph: Because of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. The three heirs therefore travelled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honored. Despite qualified support for Antipas from Herodian family members in Rome, who favoured direct Roman rule of Judea but considered Antipas preferable to his brother, Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will. Archelaus had, however, to be content with the title of ethnarch rather than king.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:6 AD to c. 29 AD.

paragraph: In 6 AD, Archelaus was deemed incompetent by Augustus and replaced with a prefect. As a result, Antipas would govern Galilee and Perea for the next forty-two years. The two territories were separated by the region of the Decapolis, with Galilee to the north and Perea to the south (see map). Threats to stability in both areas would have been clear to Antipas when he took office. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, dissidents led by Judas son of Hezekiah had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money as well as weapons which they used to terrorize the area. In a counterattack ordered by Quinctilius Varus, Roman governor of Syria, Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and its inhabitants sold as slaves. Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of Nabatea, which had long had uneasy relations with Romans and Jews.

paragraph: Part of Antipas' solution was to follow in his father's footsteps as a builder. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, while also adding a wall to Betharamphtha in Perea. The latter city was renamed Livias after Augustus' wife Livia, and later Julias after his daughter. However, the tetrarch's most noted construction was his capital on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee – Tiberias, so named to honor his patron Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus as emperor in 14 AD. Residents could bathe nearby at the warm springs of Emmaus, and by the time of the First Jewish-Roman War the city's own buildings included a stadium, a royal palace and a sanctuary for prayer. It gave its name to the sea and later became a center of rabbinic learning. However, pious Jews at first refused to live in it because it was built atop a graveyard and therefore a source of ritual impurity; Antipas had to colonize it using a mixture of foreigners, forced migrants, poor people and freed slaves.

paragraph: At other times Antipas was more sensitive to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry. When Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea from 26 AD to 36 AD, caused offence by placing votive shields in the Antonia palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:John the Baptist and Jesus.

paragraph: Early in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea. However, on a visit to Rome he stayed with his half-brother Herod II and there, he fell in love with his wife, Herodias, (granddaughter of Herod the Great and Mariamne I), and the two agreed to marry, after Herod Antipas had divorced his wife. Aretas' daughter learned of the plan and asked permission to travel to the frontier fortress of Machaerus, whence Nabatean forces escorted her to her father. With his daughter now safe in his custody, Aretas now could declare war on Herod. It is generally agreed that the war, in which Herod was defeated, occurred in 36, a year before the death of the emperor Tiberius. A point of contention today is how long before this date Herod's marriage to Herodias took place. Some surmise that the marriage of Antipas and Herodias took place shortly before the war in about the year 34, after the death of Philip, but others have pointed to Josephus' "Antiquities of the Jews" Book 18, chapter 5, paragraph 4 comment that Herodias "divorced herself from her husband while he was alive" to argue that it took place before Herod II's death, in about the year 27, thus making it possible for Jesus to have been born in the reign of Herod the Great (as indicated by the Gospel of Matthew) and to have died in his early 30s (as indicated by the Gospel of Luke).

paragraph: Antipas faced more immediate problems in his own tetrarchy after John the Baptist – in 28/29 AD according to the Gospel of Luke (or 27 AD, if the co-regency of Augustus and Tiberius is included in Luke's reckoning of time, for which there is some evidence) – began a ministry of preaching and baptism by the Jordan River, which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. The New Testament Gospels state that John attacked the tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law (it was incestuous, as Herodias was also Antipas' niece, but also John criticized the fact that she was his brother's wife in Mark 6:18, lending credence to the belief that Antipas and Herodias married while Herod II was still alive), while Josephus says that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion. John was imprisoned in Machaerus and executed. According to Matthew and Mark, Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled by Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but named by Josephus as Salome), to whom he had promised any reward she chose as a result of her dancing for guests at his birthday banquet.

paragraph: Among those baptized by John was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry in Galilee – causing Antipas, according to Matthew and Mark, to fear that the Baptiser had been raised from the dead. Luke alone among the Gospels states that a group of Pharisees warned Jesus that Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox" and declared that he, Jesus, would not fall victim to such a plot because "it cannot be that a prophet should perish away from Jerusalem". Luke also credits the tetrarch with a role in Jesus' trial. According to Luke, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke says that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite their earlier enmity.

paragraph: The reason for Antipas' involvement has been debated. Theodor Mommsen argued that the normal legal procedure of the early Roman empire was for defendants to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces. A. N. Sherwin-White re-examined the relevant legal texts and concluded that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes, but that there was a possibility of referral to a province of origin in special cases. If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making a show of courtesy to the tetrarch and trying to avoid the need to deal with the Jewish authorities himself. When Jesus was sent back, Pilate could still have represented Antipas' failure to convict as support for his own view (according to Luke) that Jesus was not guilty of a capital offence, thus allowing him to avoid responsibility for Jesus' crucifixion.

paragraph: Due to the lack of historical evidence, it has been suggested that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is unhistorical. Robin Lane Fox, for example, an English historian, claims that the story was invented based on Psalm 2, in which "the kings of the earth" are described as opposing the Lord's "anointed", and also served to show that the authorities failed to find grounds for convicting Jesus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Later reign.

paragraph: Between 34 and 36 AD the conflict with Aretas of Nabatea, caused by Antipas' divorce from Aretas' daughter and the rulers' disagreement over territory, developed into open war. Antipas' army suffered a devastating defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of Philip sided with the Nabateans, and Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered Lucius Vitellius, governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed. Vitellius obediently mobilized two legions, sending them on a detour around Judea while he joined Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. While staying there he learned of the death of Tiberius (16 March 37 AD), concluded he lacked the authority to go to war, and recalled his troops.

paragraph: Josephus implies that Vitellius was unwilling to cooperate with the tetrarch because of a grudge he bore from an earlier incident. According to his account, Antipas provided hospitality at a conference on the Euphrates between Vitellius and King Artabanus III of Parthia, and after Vitellius' diplomatic success anticipated the governor in sending a report to Tiberius. However, other sources place the meeting between Vitellius and Artabanus under Tiberius' successor Caligula, leading some historians to think that Josephus misdated it to the reign of Tiberius or conflated it with an earlier diplomatic meeting involving Antipas and Vitellius.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile and death.

paragraph: Antipas' fall from power was due to Caligula and to his own nephew Agrippa, brother of Herodias. When Agrippa fell into debt during the reign of Tiberius despite his connections with the imperial family, Herodias persuaded Antipas to provide for him, but the two men quarrelled and Agrippa departed. After Agrippa was heard expressing to his friend Caligula his eagerness for Tiberius to die and leave room for Caligula to succeed him, he was imprisoned. When Caligula finally became emperor in 37 AD, he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy (slightly extended), with the title of king.

paragraph: Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against the tetrarch: allegedly, he had conspired against Tiberius with Sejanus (executed in 31 AD) and was now plotting against Caligula with Artabanus. As evidence, Agrippa noted that Antipas had a stockpile of weaponry sufficient for 70,000 men. Hearing Antipas' admission to this last charge, Caligula decided to credit the allegations of conspiracy. In the summer of 39 AD, Antipas' money and territory were turned over to Agrippa, while he himself was exiled. The place of his exile is given by Josephus' "Antiquities" as in Spain. Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property. However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile.

paragraph: Antipas died in exile. The 3rd-century historian Cassius Dio seems to imply that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas (both translations are possible for the Greek ). It has been conjectured that these were sources for early Christian knowledge of Antipas and his court. In any case, Antipas featured prominently in the New Testament in connection with the deaths of John the Baptist and Jesus (see above). The pseudepigraphical "Gospel of Peter" went further, stating that it was Antipas rather than Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. In line with the work's anti-Judaic theme, it pointedly remarked that Herod and "the Jews", unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death.

paragraph: Antipas has appeared in a large number of representations of the passion of Jesus – most notably portrayed by Frank Thring in "King of Kings" (1961), José Ferrer in "The Greatest Story Ever Told" (1965), and Christopher Plummer in "Jesus of Nazareth" (1977). Often, as in the films "Jesus Christ Superstar" (1973) and "The Passion of the Christ" (2004), Antipas is portrayed as effeminate (Antipas was played in those films by Joshua Mostel and Luca De Dominicis respectively); the origin of this tradition may have been Antipas' manipulation by his wife Herodias, as well as Christ's description of him as a "fox" in Luke 13:32, using a feminine word in the original Greek. In "Salome" (1953), he is portrayed by Charles Laughton, opposite Dame Judith Anderson as Herodias and Rita Hayworth in the title role. He also features in "The Secret Magdalene" by Ki Longfellow. In Longfellow's view, he was not effeminate so much as rash, ineffective, and when backed into a corner by his furious ex-father-in-law, willing to do anything to save himself.

paragraph: In Flaubert's "Herodias" (1877), Herodias uses her long-concealed daughter, Salome, to manipulate Herod sexually for her own political purposes. This conceit (original with Flaubert) inspired Oscar Wilde's play "Salome" (1891), the first version of the legend to show Salome with a will of her own, opposing her mother and lusting after John the Baptist herself. Naive and puzzled by her stepfather's lascivious attentions, the young girl arouses Herod in order to avenge herself on the prophet who has refused her advances. Flaubert's novella was turned into an opera by Jules Massenet (1881) in which Salome, ignorant of her royal parentage, becomes a disciple of the Baptist, who is then executed by the lustful and jealous Herod (a baritone). In Richard Strauss's operatic setting of Wilde's play (1905), Herod, one of the most difficult tenor roles in the repertory, is depicted as befuddled by both drink and lust, and in bitter conflict with his wife (as in Flaubert). At the end of the opera (as in Wilde's play), disgusted with Salome's behavior with the head of John, he orders her execution.

paragraph: Flaubert's novella was also, very roughly, the basis of the 1953 film "Salome," a Rita Hayworth vehicle directed by William Dieterle, in which the girl is implausibly unaware that her dancing will be used by her mother (Judith Anderson) to secure Herod's (Charles Laughton) consent to the execution of John the Baptist (Alan Badel).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bible: ; ; ; , , , , , ; John ; , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio 59.8.2, 59.27.2–3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josephus, "Antiquities" 17–18, "War" 1–2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gospel of Peter" 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philo, "On the Embassy to Gaius" 299–305.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, "Caligula" 14.3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd rev. ed. (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2010) Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.Reihe (WUNT II), 215.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galilee under Antipas and Antipas entries in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

alias:
Tetrarch of Galilee Herod Antipas
Herodes Antipas
Hērǭdēs Antipatros
Herod Antipatros
Ἡρῴδης Ἀντίπατρος

description: Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea

wikidata_label: Herod Antipas

wikipedia_title: Herod Antipas


text:
First Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria
Pernik
Byzantine
Tsar
Samuil
Gavril Radomir
Ivan Vladislav
Vardar
captured Skopje
Basil II
Sredets
Constantinople
Pecheneg
Dorystolon
Dyrrhachium
Adrianople
Serres
patrikios
Krakra Bluff
Livingston Island
South Shetland Islands
Antarctica

wikipedia_title:
First Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria
Pernik
Byzantine Empire
Tsar
Samuel of Bulgaria
Gavril Radomir of Bulgaria
Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria
Vardar
Battle of Skopje
Basil II
Sofia
Constantinople
Pechenegs
Silistra
Durrës
Edirne
Serres
Patrician (ancient Rome)
Krakra Bluff
Livingston Island
South Shetland Islands
Antarctica

categories: Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,11th-century Bulgarian people,Pernik,11th-century deaths,10th-century births,10th-century Bulgarian people,Medieval Bulgarian nobility,Patricii,People from Pernik

paragraph: Krakra of Pernik

paragraph: Krakra of Pernik (, "Krakra Pernishki"), also known as Krakra Voevoda or simply Krakra, was an 11th-century feudal lord in the First Bulgarian Empire whose domain encompassed 36 fortresses in what is today southwestern Bulgaria, with his capital at Pernik. He is known for heroically resisting Byzantine sieges on multiple occasions as the Byzantines overran the Bulgarian Empire.

paragraph: Krakra was a "man remarkable in military affairs" and a high-ranking bolyarin, possibly governor of the Sredets comitatus, under the Tsars Samuil, Gavril Radomir and Ivan Vladislav. His name appears in the historical annals in connection to a Byzantine military campaign in the Bulgarian lands in 1003, when Samuil's army was crushed at the Vardar and the Byzantines captured Skopje. As Basil II's forces headed to seize Sredets, however, in 1004 they came up against Krakra's well-defended fortress of Pernik and the emperor was forced to return to Constantinople after sustaining heavy losses.

paragraph: In 1016, another campaign by Basil II was stopped by Krakra at Pernik after an unsuccessful 88-day Byzantine siege. As the Byzantine-Bulgarian conflict continued, Krakra and Ivan Vladislav looked for Pecheneg support for a large-scale Bulgarian campaign against the Byzantines and initially persuaded the Pechenegs to collaborate in the winter of 1016–1017. However, the Byzantine governor of Dorystolon learned about the plan and notified Basil II. Upon hearing this, the Pechenegs declined to take part, effectively ruining the Bulgarian plans.

paragraph: Following the death of Ivan Vladislav at Dyrrhachium in early 1018, Basil II entered the Bulgarian territory in March 1018 without meeting any resistance. At Adrianople, Krakra and 35 other bolyari's envoys met with him and after negotiating generous concessions from Basil II, including creating Theme Bulgaria and a separate Bulgarian archbishop choose to join the Eastern Roman Empire. Basil II met with Krakra personally in Serres and awarded him the title of "patrikios".

paragraph: Section::::Honour.

paragraph: Krakra Bluff on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Krakra.

description: Bulgarian noble

wikidata_label: Krakra of Pernik

wikipedia_title: Krakra of Pernik


text: American

text: mezzo-soprano

text: Verdian

text: Salem, Oregon

text: Nevada

text: Ted Puffer

text: University of Nevada

text: Manhattan School of Music

text: International Tchaikovsky Competition

text: Moscow

text: Merola Program

text: San Francisco Opera

text: Il Trovatore

text: Verdi

text: Aida

text: Don Carlos

text: Verdi

text: Un ballo in maschera

text: Macbeth

text: Cilèa

text: Adriana Lecouvreur

text: Moussorgsky

text: Khovanshchina

text: Dvořák

text: Rusalka

text: Tchaikovsky

text: The Maid of Orleans

text: Mascagni

text: Cavalleria rusticana

text: Bellini

text: Norma

text: Saint-Saëns

text: Samson et Dalila

text: Massenet

text: Hérodiade

text: Donizetti

text: La favorite

text: Tobias Picker

text: An American Tragedy

text: The Queen of Spades

text: Puccini

text: Suor Angelica

text: Wagner

text: Lohengrin

text: Poulenc

text: Dialogues des Carmélites

text: The Turn of the Screw

text: Carmelite Order

text: St Teresa of Avila

text: Psalm 84

text: Chanticleer

text: San Francisco

text: Davies Symphony Hall

text: I Never Saw Another Butterfly

text: La forza del destino

text: Verdi

text: Messa da Requiem

text: Orchestra e Coro del Teatro alla Scala

text: Riccardo Muti

text: Aida

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: James Levine

text: Il trovatore

text: Prokofiev

text: Ivan the Terrible

text: Alexander Nevsky

text: London Symphony Orchestra

text: Mstislav Rostropovich

text: Don Carlo

text: Massenet

text: Hérodiade

text: San Francisco Opera

text: Valery Gergiev

text: Dvořák

text: Rusalka

text: Czech Philharmonic

text: Sir Charles Mackerras

text: Il trovatore

text: Eva Marton

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: James Levine

text: Met Opera on Demand

text: Aida

text: Aprile Millo

text: Don Carlo

text: Teatro alla Scala

text: Daniele Gatti

text: Violeta Urmana

text: Sondra Radvanovsky

text: Rusalka

text: Renée Fleming

text: Yannick Nézet-Séguin

text: Anna Netrebko

text: The Institute for Young Dramatic Voices

text: Interview with Dolora Zajick

categories: Singers from Oregon,21st-century opera singers,20th-century opera singers,Richard Tucker Award winners,American operatic mezzo-sopranos,1952 births,University of Nevada alumni,Musicians from Nevada,Manhattan School of Music alumni,20th-century American singers,21st-century American singers,Musicians from Salem, Oregon,Living people,20th-century American women singers

paragraph: Dolora Zajick

paragraph: Dolora Zajick(born 24 March 1952) is an American mezzo-soprano opera singer who specializes in the Verdian repertoire. Zajick has been described as having "one of the greatest voices in the history of opera".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Salem, Oregon, but raised in Nevada, Zajick was a pre-med student at the University of Nevada, Reno and member of the Nevada Opera chorus, when her talent was first noticed. She studied voice with Ted Puffer, conductor of Nevada Opera, whom she credits with developing her vocal technique and guiding her in career moves, especially early in her performing career.

paragraph: She graduated from the University of Nevada with a Bachelor's and a Master's degree in music before going to New York for further music studies at the Manhattan School of Music. In 1982 she won the Bronze Medal at the 7th International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, the only non-Soviet medalist that year and the first American musician to place in the contest in over twelve years. After this and graduating from the Manhattan School of Music, she was offered a place in the San Francisco Opera's Merola Program, she debuted with the San Francisco Opera as Azucena in "Il Trovatore" in 1986, which launched her to international acclaim.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In addition to the role of Azucena, Zajick is well known for her interpretations of Amneris and Eboli (in Verdi's "Aida" and "Don Carlos" respectively). Zajick has also performed in other Verdi roles, including Ulrica in "Un ballo in maschera" and Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth". She has also appeared as the Princess in Cilèa's "Adriana Lecouvreur", Marfa in Moussorgsky's "Khovanshchina", Ježibaba in Dvořák's "Rusalka", Joan of Arc in Tchaikovsky's "The Maid of Orleans", Santuzza in Mascagni's "Cavalleria rusticana", Adalgisa in Bellini's "Norma", Dalila in Saint-Saëns' "Samson et Dalila", the title role in Massenet's "Hérodiade" and Léonor in Donizetti's "La favorite".

paragraph: In 2005, she created the role of Elvira Griffiths in Tobias Picker's "An American Tragedy" at the Metropolitan Opera, New York. In recent years, while continuing to sing her established repertoire, she has added the roles of the Countess in Tchaikovsky’s "The Queen of Spades", La Zia Principessa in Puccini's "Suor Angelica", made her Wagner debut as Ortrud in "Lohengrin", her Poulenc debut as Madame de Croissy in "Dialogues des Carmélites"), and her Britten debut as Mrs. Grose in "The Turn of the Screw".

paragraph: Section::::Composer.

paragraph: In August, 2014 Zajick’s first public composition, an opera scene titled "Roads to Zion" was premiered at The Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in San Jose, CA. The work was written for performance during the celebrations by the Carmelite Order of the 500th anniversary of the birth of St Teresa of Avila and is available in a commercial recording. It sets a text derived from Psalm 84 and is in three parts: 1) "A Soul Yearns", 2) "A Soul Takes Flight" and 3) "A Soul Returns". The first and third parts contain dialogues between soloists and choir, while the middle movement is purely instrumental.

paragraph: Reviewers praised the "accomplished vocal and instrumental writing ... that delivered its message in a resonant, almost beatific, glow" and noted that "this music created an intense experience. Its impressive orchestration and unified architectural design made it a most fascinating piece".

paragraph: A second work, "Birdsong", was premiered by Chanticleer in March 2015 at the 2nd National Youth Choral Festival in San Francisco's Davies Symphony Hall. This piece is a setting of a poem from the anthology "I Never Saw Another Butterfly".

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Recording dates are used, rather than release dates.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.:CD.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Verdi's "La forza del destino" (Preziosilla) Orchestra e Coro del Teatro alla Scala, Riccardo Muti. EMI

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Verdi's "Messa da Requiem" Orchestra e Coro del Teatro alla Scala Riccardo Muti. EMI

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Verdi's "Aida" (Amneris) Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus, James Levine. Sony

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: Verdi's "Il trovatore" (Azucena) Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus, James Levine. Sony

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: Prokofiev's "Ivan the Terrible"/"Alexander Nevsky" (Nevsky) London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Mstislav Rostropovich. Sony

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Verdi's "Don Carlo" (Eboli) Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus, James Levine. Sony

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Massenet's "Hérodiade" (Hérodiade) San Francisco Opera Orchestra and Chorus, Valery Gergiev. Sony

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Metropolitan Opera Gala: James Levine’s 25th Anniversary. Deutsche Grammophon CD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: Dvořák's "Rusalka" (Ježibaba) Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Sir Charles Mackerras. Decca

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: Dolora Zajick The art of the dramatic mezzo-soprano Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Charles Rosenkrans. Telarc

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Living Water: celebrating St Teresa of Avila's 500th Birthday (including "Roads to Zion"), CD available from Carmel of Reno website

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.:DVD and streaming video.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: Verdi's "Il trovatore" (Azucena) with Eva Marton as Leonora. Metropolitan Opera, James Levine. Met Opera on Demand SD streaming video; also Deutsche Grammophon DVD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Verdi's "Aida" (Amneris) with Aprile Millo as Aida. Metropolitan Opera, James Levine. Met Opera on Demand SD streaming video; also Deutsche Grammophon DVD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: James Levine 25th Anniversary Gala, Metropolitan Opera, James Levine. Deutsche Grammophon DVD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: Pavarotti's 30th Anniversary Gala. Metropolitan Opera, James Levine. Met Opera on Demand SD streaming video

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Verdi's "Don Carlo" (Eboli) Teatro alla Scala Orchestra and Chorus, Daniele Gatti. Hardy Classic Video

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Verdi's "Aida" (Amneris) with Violeta Urmana as Aida. Metropolitan Opera, Daniele Gatti. Met Opera on Demand HD streaming video; Decca DVD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Verdi's "Il trovatore" (Azucena) with Sondra Radvanovsky as Leonora. Metropolitan Opera, Marco Armiliato. Met Opera on Demand HD streaming video; also Deutsche Grammophon DVD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Dvořák's "Rusalka" (Jezibaba) with Renée Fleming as Rusalka. Metropolitan Opera, Yannick Nézet-Séguin. Met Opera on Demand HD streaming video

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Verdi's "Il trovatore" (Azucena) with Anna Netrebko as Leonora. Metropolitan Opera, Marco Armiliato. Met Opera on Demand HD streaming video

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Institute for Young Dramatic Voices

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Dolora Zajick by Bruce Duffie, January 3, 1989 (Very early in her career)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Terry Gross on NPR's "Fresh Air", 2014

description: American opera singer

wikidata_label: Dolora Zajick

wikipedia_title: Dolora Zajick


text:
East Anglia
Anglo-Saxon
Norfolk
Suffolk
St Edmund
Vikings
Kingdom of the East Angles
Norman
Barbara Yorke
monasteries
Æthelstan
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
numismatic
Mercia
Wessex
Edmund

categories: 854 deaths,East Anglian monarchs,9th-century English monarchs,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Æthelweard of East Anglia

paragraph: Æthelweard (died 854) was a 9th-century king of East Anglia, the long-lived Anglo-Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Little is known of Æthelweard's reign and even his regnal dates are not known for certain. He was succeeded by St Edmund, who was said to have been crowned on 25 December 854.

paragraph: Section::::9th century East Anglia.

paragraph: Prior to the arrival of the Vikings, the 6th century Kingdom of the East Angles was rich and powerful, with a distinctive ecclesiastical culture. Between this time and the early Norman period, practically nothing is known of the history of East Anglia, except that the kingdom was rich and powerful enough to remain independent. Its kings are in some cases known only from the coins issued during their reigns. According to the historian Barbara Yorke, Viking attacks eventually destroyed all the East Anglian monasteries, where books and charters would have been kept.

paragraph: Section::::Life and reign of Æthelweard.

paragraph: As with Æthelstan,whom he succeeded, textual evidence for Æthelweard's reign is very limited. He is not mentioned in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". However, numismatic evidence in the form of surviving coinage suggests that he was the ruler of an independent kingdom and not subject to Mercia or Wessex. The date when Æthelweard became king is uncertain, but it is conventionally dated to the middle or late 840s. It appears that he died in 854. He was succeeded as king by his fourteen-year-old son Edmund, known as Saint Edmund, who was said to have been crowned on 25 December 854.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; see also

alias:
Aethelweard of East Anglia
AEthelweard of East Anglia

description: East Anglian king

wikidata_label: Æthelweard

wikipedia_title: Æthelweard of East Anglia


text: African American

text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Battle of Chaffin's Farm

text: Portsmouth, Virginia

text: private

text: Confederate

text: Richmond, Virginia

text: Alfred B. Hilton

text: Christian Fleetwood

text: Benjamin Butler

text: Butler Medal

text: Hampton National Cemetery

text: Hampton, Virginia

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: People from Portsmouth, Virginia,1872 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1838 births,African Americans in the Civil War

paragraph: Charles Veale

paragraph: Charles Veale or Veal was an African American Union Army soldier during the American Civil War and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Veale joined the Army in Portsmouth, Virginia, enlisting as a private in Company D of the 4th Regiment United States Colored Infantry. He was promoted to corporal on August 28, 1863. Before the war he worked as a fireman.

paragraph: On September 29, 1864, his unit participated in a charge during the Battle of Chaffin's Farm on the outskirts of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Among the charging soldiers was Sergeant Alfred B. Hilton, the bearer of two flags, one of which had been seized from a wounded sergeant. When Hilton himself was wounded, Veale and another soldier, Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood, each grabbed a flag from him before the colors could touch the ground. Now carrying the blue regimental flag, Veale continued in the fight through heavy enemy fire. General Benjamin Butler witnessed these events and desired to promote Veale to sergeant on the spot. He was officially promoted on November 12, 1864.

paragraph: For their actions during the battle, Fleetwood, Hilton, and Veale were each issued the Medal of Honor just over six months later, on April 6, 1865. He also received another medal for valor which was awarded to colored troops, the Butler Medal.

paragraph: Charles Veale was buried in Hampton National Cemetery, Hampton, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Although his name is spelled Veale his name was spelled "Charles Veal" on the citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Private, Company D, 4th U.S. Colored Troops. Place and date: At Chapins Farm, Va., September 29, 1864. Entered service at: Portsmouth, Va. Birth: Portsmouth Va. Date of issue: April 6, 1865.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Seized the national colors after 2 color bearers had been shot down close to the enemy's works, and bore them through the remainder of the battle.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of African-American Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melvin Claxton and Mark Puls, "Uncommon valor : a story of race, patriotism, and glory in the final battles of the Civil War", (Wiley, 2006) ()

wikidata_label: Charles Veale

wikipedia_title: Charles Veale


text:
American
motorcycle
racer
AMA
road race
AMA
Motorcycle Hall of Fame
Salinas, California
motocross
Rookie of the Year Award
Mid-Ohio
AMA Superbike
Muzzy
Kawasaki
World Superbike
Brainerd
1991
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
Kenny Roberts
Yamaha
Suzuki
1992
Kevin Schwantz
1993
1994
Cagiva
Australia
John Kocinski
Harley-Davidson
Fred Merkel
Reg Pridmore
Laguna Seca
Ben Bostrom
Ducati
Supermoto
AMA Supermoto Championship
motorcycle training
American Motorcyclist Association (AMA)
MotoAmerica
DougChandlerRacing.com
"The Amazing Career of Doug Chandler"
A photo of Doug racing in the AFM

categories: Superbike World Championship riders,Motorcycle trainers,500cc World Championship riders,AMA Superbike Championship riders,American motorcycle racers,Sportspeople from Salinas, California,Living people

paragraph: Doug Chandler

paragraph: John Douglas Chandler (born September 27, 1965) is an American former professional motorcycle racer. He earned a reputation as one of the most versatile racers of the 1980s and 1990s. Chandler is one of only four riders in AMA racing history to win the AMA Grand Slam, representing national wins at a mile, half-mile, short track, TT and road race. He was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Born in Salinas, California, Chandler began competing in dirt track oval racing after experiencing success in motocross competitions. In 1983 he earned the prestigious AMA Rookie of the Year Award. His first-ever road race win was in 1988 in the Pro-Twins class at Mid-Ohio. He went on to take the AMA Superbike title in 1990 on a Muzzy Kawasaki, also taking World Superbike wins at Brainerd and Sugo that year.

paragraph: In 1991 Chandler travelled to Europe to compete in the Grand Prix motorcycle racing series. He rode for former world champion Kenny Roberts on a satellite team aboard a Yamaha. He finished a respectable 9th in his first year on the Grand Prix circuit. He accepted a job from Suzuki in 1992 finishing 5th overall, only just behind experienced teammate Kevin Schwantz. Chandler spent 1993 and 1994 riding for the Cagiva team. He opened 1993 with a podium finish in Australia before things went sour and the team's support moved towards countryman John Kocinski.

paragraph: After the 1994 Grand Prix season, Chandler left Europe and returned to the AMA Superbike series with Harley-Davidson. After a less than successful year in 1995 developing the Harley-Davidson superbike, he rejoined the Muzzy team for 1996, and won both the 1996 and 1997 AMA Superbike titles. As a result, he joined Fred Merkel and Reg Pridmore as three-time AMA Superbike champions. Despite a severe crash in World Superbike competition at Laguna Seca in 1998, he finished second overall to Ben Bostrom in the AMA Superbike championship. Chandler remained with Kawasaki until 2002, before a final year of road racing with Ducati. In 2003, Chandler tried his hand at Supermoto racing in the inaugural season of the AMA Supermoto Championship. Showing his impressive versatility, Chandler won a race in the new series.

paragraph: Chandler currently runs motorcycle training courses. In 2015, he began working to assist with race control operations for the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) sanctioned American motorcycle road racing series, MotoAmerica.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DougChandlerRacing.com - Official racing school site

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Amazing Career of Doug Chandler", by Dean Adams, Superbike Planet.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- A photo of Doug racing in the AFM

description: American motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Doug Chandler

wikipedia_title: Doug Chandler


text:
bushranger
Queensland
James Kenniff
Boggo Road Gaol
Dungog, New South Wales
Casino, New South Wales
Grafton, New South Wales
Queensland
Roma, Queensland
Upper Warrego
Yuleba
Mitchell
Supreme Court
Samuel Griffith
Patrick Real
Privy Council
Joe Lesina
Labour
Queensland Legislative Assembly
Clermont
Queensland Governor
Boggo Road Gaol
Boggo Road Gaol
South Brisbane Cemetery
Roman Catholic rites
Charters Towers
Mike Munro
Paddy and Jimmy Kenniff

categories: Bushrangers,Executed Australian people,People convicted of murder by Queensland,20th-century executions by Australia,Australian Roman Catholics,1903 deaths,People executed by Australia by hanging,Australian people convicted of murder,People executed for murder,1865 births,People executed by Queensland

paragraph: Patrick Kenniff

paragraph: Patrick Kenniff (1865-1903) was an Australian bushranger who roamed western Queensland, Australia, with his brother James Kenniff (1869-1940). They were primarily cattle thieves, but the brothers were found guilty of murder and Patrick was hanged in Boggo Road Gaol in 1903.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Patrick was born at Main Creek, near Dungog, New South Wales, on 28 September 1863. Along with his father, and three brothers Patrick worked as a labourer in northern New South Wales in the 1880s. He also was in trouble with the law.

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 12, 1878, at Casino, New South Wales, he was fined £5 for a breach of the Impounding Act.

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 21, 1884, at Casino, New South Wales, he was fined £2 for riotous conduct.

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 21, 1888, at Grafton, New South Wales, he was convicted of cattle stealing, and sentenced to four years

paragraph: The Kenniff family moved across the border into the colony of Queensland in 1891.

paragraph: BULLET::::- March 14, 1895, he and brother James were convicted at Roma, Queensland of horse stealing, and sentenced to three years

paragraph: BULLET::::- August 22, 1899, he was convicted at Roma of receiving a stolen cheque, and sentenced to three years

paragraph: After their release they moved to the Upper Warrego where their father took up a large grazing lease known as Ralph Block.

paragraph: The Kenniffs became the prime suspects when cattle disappeared from neighbouring properties, local squatters demanded their eviction. The Kenniffs took up a nomadic life, riding armed through the district, they continued to steal cattle and horses and held up a general store at Yuleba. The police were so concerned that the Upper Warrego Police Station was established on the Ralph property.

paragraph: Section::::Murder and capture.

paragraph: In March 1902, a warrant was issued against the brothers for stealing a pony. A police posse set out consisting of Constable George Doyle, Albert Dahlke, the manager of Carnarvon Station, and Sam Johnson, an Aboriginal tracker. On the morning of Sunday 30 March 1902, the police party surprised the Kenniffs, who were camping at Lethbridge's Pocket, and took James into custody but Patrick managed to escape. Sam Johnson was sent to collect the police pack horses so they could start in pursuit of Patrick Kenniff. However, on his return, he found Doyle and Dahlke were nowhere to be seen, and he was chased by the Kenniffs as he fled for help. A later search located the camp site, showing considerable evidence that a gun fight had occurred. Constable Doyle's horse was located and the saddle bags were found to contain approximately 200 pounds of charcoal that was later identified as burnt human remains, including some personal belongings of Doyle and Dahlke. It became apparent that the Kenniffs had burnt the bodies of Doyle and Dahlke with the intention of disposing of their ashes, in an attempt to conceal evidence of the crime.

paragraph: A reward of £1,000 and a large police manhunt was organised. Three months later, the brothers were captured on 23 June at Arrest Creek, south of Mitchell.

paragraph: The Kenniff brothers were committed for trial to the Supreme Court in Brisbane, for the wilful murder of Constable George Doyle and Albert Dahlke. Doyle's Aboriginal tracker, Sam Johnson, did not see the actual murders, but he testified that he heard shooting and, when he neared the arrest scene, the Kenniffs pursued him, but he escaped. On Saturday 8 November 1902, both Patrick and James Kenniff were found guilty of murder and the judge Samuel Griffith sentenced them to death by hanging.

paragraph: In December, the court heard the appeal against the convictions. On 9 December 1902, four appeal judges upheld the conviction against Patrick Kenniff but only three of the four judges upheld the conviction against James Kenniff with Justice Patrick Real dissenting. The Kenniffs then sought to appeal to the Privy Council and a benefit concert was held on 29 December to raise funds for the appeal. Joe Lesina, a Labour Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Clermont, spoke at the concert saying the evidence was not strong enough to hang the two men. On 1 January 1903 it was announced that the Executive Council of the Queensland Government had decided that Patrick Kenniff was to be hung on Monday 12 January, while James Kenniff's sentence was reduced to life imprisonment with hard labour. The Kenniff's solicitors decided to pursue the Privy Council appeal only for James Kenniff, as Patrick Kenniff would be already executed.

paragraph: Despite a number of public meetings and deputations to the Queensland Governor to postpone Patrick Kenniff's execution, he was hanged on 12 January 1903 at the Boggo Road Gaol. Although it was normal practice for prisoners executed at Boggo Road Gaol to be buried in the simplest way in unconsecrated ground in South Brisbane Cemetery, at the request of Kenniff family, it was permitted for the family to provide the coffin and a hearse, although the burial would still occur in unconsecrated ground. The coffin was polished cedar with silver mountings with religious symbols. A funeral procession of the hearse, the mourning coaches and approximately 30 other vehicles accompanied by people walking (an estimate of 400 people all together) made its way to the cemetery, where Patrick Keniff was buried with Roman Catholic rites by Father Michael Baldwin.

paragraph: After Kenniff's execution, it was reported that the cost to the government of the capture of the Kenniffs was £2911/17/8 and of the trial £690/5/2, a total of £3601/2/10.

paragraph: James served twelve years. He died in Charters Towers on 8 October 1940 from cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Documentary.

paragraph: In 2017, Mike Munro hosted and helped to produce a four part science-based documentary series for Foxtel's History Channel on Bushrangers. One of the one-hour specials included Munro's great uncles, Paddy and Jimmy Kenniff, one of whom was hanged in Brisbane jail in 1903 after being convicted of murdering a police constable and a station manager in the Carnarvon Ranges in Queensland. In 2017 a TV crew unearthed bullet believed to be used by Kenniff brothers three metres from the site of the double murders.

description: Australian murderer

wikidata_label: Patrick Kenniff

wikipedia_title: Patrick Kenniff


text:
field hockey
Netherlands
Marieke Veenhoven-Mattheussens

categories: People from Bergen op Zoom,Dutch female field hockey players,1950 births,Living people

paragraph: Maria Mattheussens-Fikkers

paragraph: Maria Mattheussens-Fikkers is a retired field hockey player from the Netherlands. Together with the Dutch team she won a bronze and a gold medal at the 1976 and 1978 World Cups, respectively.

paragraph: Her daughter, Marieke Veenhoven-Mattheussens (born 1984), also competed internationally in field hockey.

description: field hockey player

wikidata_label: Maria Mattheussens-Fikkers

wikipedia_title: Maria Mattheussens-Fikkers


text: Eastern Roman Emperor

text: Emperor Anastasius

text: Justinian dynasty

text: Justinian I

text: consort

text: Euphemia

text: Acacian schism

text: swineherd

text: Dardania

text: Prefecture of Illyricum

text: hamlet

text: Scupi

text: Skopje

text: North Macedonia

text: Thraco-Roman

text: Illyro-Roman

text: Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus

text: Vigilantia

text: Justin II

text: Marcellus

text: Praejecta

text: Constantinople

text: excubitors

text: Sassanian Persians

text: tribune

text: comes

text: senator

text: Anastasius I

text: comes excubitorum

text: Procopius

text: barbarian

text: slave

text: concubine

text: silentarii

text: Celer

text: magister officiorum

text: Scholae Palatinae

text: John of Cappadocia

text: Patriarch of Constantinople

text: Great Palace

text: Hippodrome of Constantinople

text: Flavius Paulus

text: consul

text: John Malalas

text: praepositus sacri cubiculi

text: Theocritus

text: Christian martyr

text: Diocletianic Persecution

text: Chalcedon

text: Council of Chalcedon

text: consecrated

text: Chalcedonian Christian

text: Chalcedonian

text: Christological

text: Monophysite

text: Theoderic

text: Ostrogothic

text: Eutharic

text: Athalaric

text: Kaleb I

text: Aksum

text: Himyar

text: Principality of Iberia

text: Antioch

text: consecrate

text: Vakhtang I of Iberia

text: Tzath

text: baptized

text: Christian

text: Kavadh I

text: Khosrow

text: Sittas

text: Belisarius

text: Acacian schism

text: Pope Hormisdas

text: Patriarch John II

text: Arianism

text: Pope John I

text: Trinity

text: earthquake

text: Ephraim

text: comes Orientis

text: Chalcedonian

text: comes domesticorum

text: Theodora

text: mime

text: Justinian

text: Anazarbus

text: List of Byzantine emperors

text: Gibbon, Edward

text: vol. 4, chapter xl

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Justin I

categories: Illyrian people,450 births,Comites excubitorum,Flavii,Iberian War,Imperial Roman consuls,Justinian dynasty,6th-century Byzantine emperors,527 deaths

paragraph: Justin I

paragraph: Justin I (; ; 2 February 450 – 1 August 527) was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 518 to 527. He rose through the ranks of the army to become commander of the imperial guard. When Emperor Anastasius died he out-maneouvered his rivals and was elected as his successor, in spite of being almost 70 years old. His reign is significant for the founding of the Justinian dynasty that included his eminent nephew Justinian I and three succeeding emperors. His consort was Empress Euphemia.

paragraph: He was noted for his strongly orthodox Christian views. This facilitated the ending of the Acacian schism between the churches of Rome and Constantinople, resulting in good relations between Justin and the papacy. Throughout his reign he stressed the religious nature of his office and passed edicts against various Christian groups seen at the time as non-Orthodox. In foreign affairs he used religion as an instrument of state. He endeavoured to cultivate client states on the borders of the Empire, and avoided any significant warfare until late in his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Justin was a peasant and possibly a swineherd by occupation, from the region of Dardania, part of the Prefecture of Illyricum. He was born in the hamlet Baderiana near Scupi (modern Skopje, North Macedonia). He was of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman descent, spoke Latin and only rudimentary Greek, and bore, like his companions and members of his family (Zimarchus, Dityvistus, Boraides, Bigleniza, Sabbatius, etc.), a Thracian name. His sister Vigilantia (b. ) married Sabbatius and had two children: the future emperor Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus (b. 483) and Vigilantia (b. ca 490). The younger Vigilantia married Dulcissimus (or Dulcidio) and had at least three children: the future emperor Justin II (b. 520); the future general Marcellus; and Praejecta (b. 520), who married the senator Areobindus.

paragraph: As a teenager, he and two companions fled from a barbarian invasion. Taking refuge in Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, they possessed nothing more than the ragged clothes on their backs and a sack of bread among them. Illiterate at the time of his arrival there, Justin joined the newly formed palace guard, the "excubitors". He served in various positions, campaigning against the Isaurians and the Sassanian Persians and was noticed for his bravery. Because of his ability he was successively appointed a tribune, a "comes", a senator and, under the Emperor Anastasius I, the influential position of "comes excubitorum", commander of the palace guard. During this period he married Lupicina; no surviving children are recorded from this marriage. According to contemporary historian Procopius, Lupicina was a barbarian slave who had been Justin's concubine before their marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: During the night of 8–9 July 518, Anastasius died and his "silentarii", a senior servant, summoned Justin and Celer to his deathbed. Celer was the "magister officiorum" (master of offices) and commander of the palace regiments of the "Scholae Palatinae", a force of parade-ground display troops. By morning the event had been announced throughout the capital, Constantinople. The high officials, including John of Cappadocia, the recently appointed Patriarch of Constantinople, were summoned to the Great Palace for the election of a new emperor. Meanwhile, the people gathered in the Hippodrome of Constantinople and awaited the proclamation of the name of the new emperor.

paragraph: Anastasius had died childless but had a host of known relatives. This extensive family included several viable candidates for the throne. His brother Flavius Paulus had served as consul in 496. According to John Malalas, the "praepositus sacri cubiculi" (grand chamberlain), Amantius, had intended to have Theocritus, commander of an elite guard unit, elected to the throne. Theocritus and Amantius were relying on their control of a large military force and on buying the support of the other officials. Amantius was said to have given a substantial sum of money to Justin in order to buy his support. However, Justin controlled a smaller, but higher quality group of soldiers, and used the money to buy support for himself. He was elected as the new emperor by the council and was proclaimed emperor in the Hippodrome as JustinI.

paragraph: His wife became his empress consort under the name Euphemia. The name was probably chosen for reasons of respectability. The original Euphemia was a Christian martyr during the Diocletianic Persecution. She was a local saint of Chalcedon and the Council of Chalcedon (451) had taken place in a cathedral consecrated in her name. The selection of this name was an early indication of Justin and Lupicina being fervent Chalcedonian Christians. The population of the capital were supportive because of his strong Chalcedonian position on the fierce Christological debate of the time, in opposition to his predecessor's Monophysite leanings.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.

paragraph: Justin cemented his position by assassinating potential opponents, especially anti-Chalcedonian supporters of Anastasius. Both Amantius and Theocritus were executed nine days after the election. A career soldier with little knowledge of statecraft, Justin surrounded himself with trusted advisors. The most prominent of these was his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius, whom he adopted as his son and invested with the name Iustinianus (Justinian).

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Foreign affairs.

paragraph: Justin endeavoured to cultivate client states on the borders of the Empire, and avoided any significant warfare until late in his reign.

paragraph: In 497 Anastasius had agreed with Theoderic, the Ostrogothic king of Italy, that he would rule Italy as Anastasius’ deputy. This preserved Italy as nominally a part of the Empire, and neutralised a potentially dangerous neighbour. The arrangement suited Theodoric, as the Ostrogoths were a small aristocratic minority in Italy and the blessing of Constantinople helped reconcile the majority of the population to their rule. The feelings of the majority of Italians towards the Empire were mixed, as Anastasius was a Monophysite, while they were Chalcedonian. The Ostrogoths were Arians, and there was a tendency to consider both them and Monophysites as different breeds of heretics. With a strongly Chalcedonian emperor on the throne and the Italian-based papacy formally healing the rift the situation became less stable. Initially relations were friendly. Theodoric's son-in-law Eutharic was appointed consul in Constantinople in 519 and confirmed as Theodoric's heir. Eutharic died in 522, by which time Justin's policies, possibly influenced by Justinian, had become more anti-Arian. In 526 Theodoric died, leaving Eutharic's ten-year-old son Athalaric as heir to the throne.

paragraph: A number of initiatives in respect of neighbouring states were founded on religious motives, and were usually developed by Justinian as he assumed more power towards the end of Justin's reign. Kaleb I of Aksum was probably encouraged to aggressively enlarge his empire by Justin. Contemporary chronicler John Malalas reported that Byzantine merchants were robbed and killed by the Jewish King of the south Arabian Kingdom of Himyar, causing Kaleb to claim, "You have acted badly because you have killed merchants of the Christian Romans, which is a loss both to myself and my kingdom." Himyar was a client state of the Sassanian Persians, perennial enemies of the Byzantines. Kaleb invaded Himyar, vowing to convert to Christianity if successful, which he was in 523. Justin thus saw what is now Yemen pass from Sassanian control to that of an allied and Christian state.

paragraph: A number of small states on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and of Sassanian Persia were constant areas of contention between the two powers. The Georgian Principality of Iberia was in the Sassanian sphere of influence, but was Christian. Iberian bishops were sent to Antioch in the Byzantine Empire to be consecrated. Vakhtang I of Iberia was encouraged into war with the Sassanians. A "fervent Christian", his religious policies were "part and parcel of his larger strategic aims". After a lengthy struggle he was defeated and Iberia subjugated as a Sassanian province in 522.

paragraph: Lazica was another border state; it was Christian, but in the Sassanid sphere. Its king, Tzath, wished to reduce Sassanid influence. In 521 or 522, he went to Constantinople to receive the insignia and royal robes of kingship from Justin's hand and to make his submission. He was also baptized as a Christian and married a Byzantine noblewoman, Valeriana. After having been confirmed in his kingdom by the Byzantine emperor, he returned to Lazica. Shortly after Justin's death the Sassanids attempted to forcibly regain control, but were beaten off with assistance from Justin's successor.

paragraph: In 524 the Sassanid emperor Kavadh I approached Justin asking that he formally adopt his youngest son, Khosrow, in order to secure his succession over his elder, but less favoured, brothers. Justin was agreeable, but, aware that being childless himself an adopted Persian son would have a claim on the Byzantine throne, offered adoption according to barbarian custom. The Persians were insulted and broke off all negotiations. In 526, the Byzantines raided Persian Armenia at Justinian's initiative. Justinian was increasingly taking control of policy from his aging uncle. The raiding parties were led by two of Justinian's up-and-coming military protégees, Sittas and Belisarius. The raids achieved little, other than to make a statement of intent.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Religion.

paragraph: Justin's reign is noteworthy for the resolution of the Acacian schism between the eastern and western branches of the Christian church. On ascending the throne Justin invited Pope Hormisdas to Constantinople for negotiations. Justinian sent a similar, but separate, invitation; said to have been closer to a summons. Hormisdas promptly despatched a delegation to Constantinople with instructions to state the orthodox position rather than to negotiate. Carrying out a policy developed by his nephew Justinian, the future emperor, Justin endorsed Rome's view on the question of the dual nature of Christ. On 28 March 519, in the cathedral of Constantinople in the presence of a great throng of people, a reluctant Patriarch John II accepted the formula of Pope Hormisdas and the end of the schism was concluded in a solemn ceremony.

paragraph: For the first three years of his reign Justin persecuted the Monophysites, even serving soldiers. Thereafter he adopted a more pragmatic approach. In 523 Justin issued a strict edict against Arianism. Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, was an Arian himself, as were most Ostrogoths. He despatched Pope John I, Pope Hormisdas' successor, to Constantinople with firm instructions to obtain a policy reversal. John received an exceptionally warm welcome; the population of Constantinople applauded him, Justin laid on celebrations, prostrated himself at the Pope's feet and insisted on being re-crowned by the Pope's hands. John did not succeed in having the edict overturned, it seems that he did not press the matter. On his return to Italy an enraged Theodoric had him flung into prison, where he shortly died.

paragraph: Again encouraged by Justinian, Justin increasingly expressed his position as emperor as a religious one. He claimed that "we have been elected to the empire by favour of the indivisible Trinity. Edicts were endorsed with "We continuously commit ourselves to all plans and actions in the name of Jesus Christ". In either 519 or 522 Justin abandoned the tradition of depicting pagan symbols on the reverse of his coins and seals. "During the reign, the characteristic identifying the reverse female figure as Victory, a high girdle below the breasts, was substituted by a tunic, therefore identifying the figure as an angel." This was a very public and widespread restatement of the Empire as a Christian state.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.:Later years.

paragraph: The later years of the reign of Justin were marked by increased tension with the Empire's neighbours, especially the Ostrogoths, and the Sassanids. In 526 Antioch was destroyed by an earthquake with an estimated 250,000 deaths. Justin arranged for sufficient money to be sent to the city for both immediate relief and to start reconstruction. The rebuilding of the Great Church and many other buildings was overseen by Ephraim, the "comes Orientis", whose efforts saw him replace Euphrasius as the Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antioch. Many of the buildings erected after the earthquake were destroyed by another major earthquake in November 528, although there were far fewer casualties.

paragraph: Section::::Justinian.

paragraph: During his uncle's reign Justinian successively occupied the positions of "comes domesticorum", commander of the imperial guard, patrician, and, in 521, consul. In 525, Justin repealed a law that effectively prohibited a member of the senatorial class from marrying women from a lower class of society, including the theatre, which was considered scandalous at the time. This edict paved the way for Justinian to marry Theodora, a former mime actress, and eventually resulted in a major change to the old class distinctions at the Imperial court. She came to participate in Justinian's rule with significant influence. Justin's health began to decline and he formally named Justinian as co-emperor and, on 1 April 527, as his successor. On 1 August Justin died and was succeeded by Justinian.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The town of Caesarea was renamed Justinopolis in 525, in honour of Justin I. The name persisted until the 12th century when Thoros I, king of Lesser Armenia, made it his capital and renamed it Anazarbus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", 2006

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bury, John Bagnall, "History of the Later Roman Empire", Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans, James Allan, "Justin I (518–527 A.D.)", "De Imperatoribus Romanis", 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbon, Edward, "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", vol. 4, chapter xl.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica Justin I

description: Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 518 to 527

wikidata_label: Justin I

wikipedia_title: Justin I


text: Nōami

text: Geiami

text: Ashikaga shogunate

text: Ginkaku-ji

text: Southern School

text: nanga

text: Japan

text: Ryōan-ji

text: Seika

text: Daisen-in

categories: Landscape artists,1525 deaths,Japanese painters,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Sōami

paragraph: Sōami was the grandson and son of the painters and art connoisseurs Nōami and Geiami, respectively. He was in the service of the Ashikaga shogunate who is claimed to have designed the rock garden of the Ginkaku-ji.

paragraph: Unlike many of his contemporaries, Sōami's paintings were in the style of China's Southern School; some of his greatest pieces covered over twenty panels, and depicted Japanese landscapes using Chinese methods. His work was among the first "nanga" or Southern School work in Japan. Sōami is most known for his Landscape of the Four Seasons (Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers) (at Archive.org).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryōan-ji: Zen temple whose rock garden may have been designed by Soami

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seika: style of flower arrangement supported by Soami

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daisen-in: Zen temple noted in part for screen paintings attributed to Soami

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etō, Shun, "Sōami•Shōkei" (from the series "Nihon bijutsu kaiga zenshū"), Shūeisha, Tokyo, 1979.

alias:
Nakao Shinsō
Shōsetusai
Kangaku
Soami
Souami

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Sōami

wikipedia_title: Sōami


text:
genre
Antwerp
Peeter van Bredael
Jan Peeter the Elder
Joris
Guild of Saint Luke
Jan Frans
Johan Baptist Govaerts
Pieter Snyers
David Teniers the Younger
Pieter van Aelst
Erasmus de Bie
Oudenaarde
David Teniers III
Pieter Spierinckx

categories: Flemish painters,1663,People from Antwerp,Flemish genre painters,Flemish landscape painters,1720 deaths

paragraph: Alexander van Bredael

paragraph: Alexander van Bredael (1 April 1663 – 14 July 1720) was a Flemish painter known for Italianate landscapes and genre scenes of fairs, cattle markets and villages. He was a prominent member of the Antwerp artistic family van Bredael.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Antwerp into an artist family as the son of Peeter van Bredael, a well-known painter specializing in market scenes and village feasts set in Italianate landscapes. His mother was Anna Maria Veldener, the daughter of the prominent sculptor Jenijn Veldener. Two of his brothers, Jan Peeter the Elder and Joris became painters.

paragraph: Alexander trained under his father. He became a master in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1685.

paragraph: On 11 August 1685, he married Cornelia Sporckmans, daughter of the Antwerp history painter Hubert Sporckmans. They had three daughters and six sons of whom Jan Frans became a painter. Alexander van Bredael died in Antwerp.

paragraph: His pupils include his son Jan Frans, Peeter Busschop, Johan Baptist Govaerts, Guielmus van Ryn and Pieter Snyers.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Alexander van Bredael painted in a wide variety of genres including cattle market scenes, Italianate landscapes and village scenes. He is probably best known for his depiction of festivals and processions set in his native Antwerp. His village scenes are reminiscent of the genre scenes of David Teniers the Younger. He also took his inspiration from other Flemish artists. For instance, his composition "" likely drew its inspiration from similar paintings representing processions in cities by Flemish artists such as Pieter van Aelst and Erasmus de Bie.

paragraph: He painted many scenes of cattle markets, which offered him the opportunity to showcase his skill in depicting group scenes populated with many figures as well as his ability to paint animals. He made various Italianate landscapes often including harbour scenes such as the "Harbour Scene with View of a Town".

paragraph: Alexander van Bredael produced designs for the tapestry workshops in Oudenaarde. In 1698 he is recorded as supplying designs for six tapestries with genre scenes depicting peasants and gypsies. He provided designs for tapestries that are referred to as "Teniers scenes or tapestries". This refers to tapestries related to the Flemish genre painters David Teniers the Younger and David Teniers III. Even though it is not possible to connect the tapestries known as Teniers tapestries, which were woven in numerous weaving centers in Flanders, to any specific designs of these genre painters, these tapestries have been called Teniers tapestries since the early 18th century. Correspondences between the merchant Pieter van Verrren and Alexander van Bredael of 1700 make clear Alexander van Bredael designed some Teniers tapestries. A tapestry depicting an eyeglass vendor was sold by Christie’s on 5 February 2003 in New York. It is possible that the landscape in this tapestry was drawn by Pieter Spierinckx, particularly since such a collaboration between Bredael and Spierinckx on Teniers tapestries is mentioned in documents of 1707.

alias:
Alexander Van Bredael
alexander v. bredael
A. Breda
alexander v. bredal
Alexander Bredael
Alexander von Bredael
A. van Bredael
A.V. Bredel
alex. von bredael
A. v. Bredael
Alexander von Bredaael

description: Flemish painter

wikidata_label: Alexander van Bredael

wikipedia_title: Alexander van Bredael


text:
Anabaptist
Markelo
Diepenheim
David Joris
Ursula
Martyr's Mirror
Thieleman J. van Braght

categories: Dutch nobility,People executed by Spain by burning,Year of birth uncertain,1544 deaths,16th-century Protestant martyrs,People executed for heresy,Year of birth unknown,Executed Dutch people,16th-century Dutch people,People from Hof van Twente,16th-century Dutch women

paragraph: Maria van Beckum

paragraph: Maria van Beckum (before 1510 – 13 November 1544) was a Dutch noblewoman and Anabaptist executed for heresy.

paragraph: Maria was born in Markelo as the daughter of Johan II van Beckum (d. 1526) and Johanna van Wrede (died before 1511). She was the sister of Johan III van Beckum. After their father's brother died, they moved to Nijenhuis in Diepenheim. When their mother died, their father remarried Beatrix van de Hoeve, who threw Maria out of the house for becoming a follower of David Joris. In 1542, the Anabaptists were declared heretics in the Netherlands, and some time after that Maria was taken in by her brother. Maria was arrested 31 May 1544 on the orders of Goesen van Raesveldt, the bailiff of Twente, who was a relative and was next in line as the heir of Nijenhuis because Jan and Ursula van Beckum were childless. Her sister-in-law Ursula accompanied her out of sympathy. Both women were sentenced to death by burning. Their case attracted a lot of attention and Maria is remembered in the Martyr's Mirror by Thieleman J. van Braght.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DVN/lemmata/data/beckumm (Dutch)

description: Dutch noblewoman and Anabaptist burned at the stake for heresy

wikidata_label: Maria van Beckum

wikipedia_title: Maria van Beckum


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Fort Jackson, South Carolina

text: Second Lieutenant

text: 5th Special Forces Group

text: Dong Xoai

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: Special Forces

text: executive officer

text: attacked by a Vietcong regiment

text: First Lieutenant

text: major

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: Arlington County, Virginia

text: Doug Murray

text: Dark Horse

text: Medal of Honor

text: Desmond Doss

text: regiment

text: flare

text: air strike

text: grenade

text: rocket launcher

text: volunteer

text: recoilless rifle

text: artillery

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: Military personnel from Charleston, South Carolina,1933 births,United States Army officers,1982 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American army personnel of the Vietnam War,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

paragraph: Charles Q. Williams

paragraph: Charles Quincy Williams (September 17, 1933 – October 15, 1982) was a United States Army major and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for heroism above and beyond the call of duty as an Army Special Forces second lieutenant in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Williams joined the U.S. Army from Fort Jackson, South Carolina in 1958. After serving as a NCO and paratrooper in a heavy weapons Company, he later attended Officer Candidate School and by June 9, 1965 was serving as a Second Lieutenant with the 5th Special Forces Group.

paragraph: On that day, in Dong Xoai, Republic of Vietnam, the Special Forces camp where Williams was the executive officer of a Special Forces "A" Team, was attacked by a Vietcong regiment. As the battle raged through the night and into the next day, Williams was in command of the camp which consisted of two compounds after the Special Forces commander was badly wounded. He coordinated the defense and, eventually, the evacuation of the wounded from the camp which included besides the Special Forces compound, the district headquarters compound. He was wounded four separate times during the fourteen-hour siege on the camp. He was subsequently promoted to First Lieutenant and, on July 5, 1966, he was presented the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle.

paragraph: Williams reached the rank of major before leaving the Army in 1978. He died at age 49 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia.

paragraph: Williams was featured in the "Medal of Honor Special" comic written by Doug Murray and published by Dark Horse comics. The comic was a special edition of the series "Medal of Honor", published April 1, 1994. The title was sanctioned by the United States Congressional Medal of Honor Society. The issue features Lt. Williams along with another Medal of Honor recipient Cpl. Desmond Doss. The comic depicts the wartime experience of Williams during the event in which he earned his Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: First Lieutenant Williams' official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: 1st Lt. Williams distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while defending the Special Forces Camp against a violent attack by hostile forces that lasted for 14 hours. 1st Lt. Williams was serving as executive officer of a Special Forces Detachment when an estimated Vietcong reinforced regiment struck the camp and threatened to overrun it and the adjacent district headquarters. He awoke personnel, organized them, determined the source of the insurgents' main effort and led the troops to their defensive positions on the south and west walls. Then, after running to the District Headquarters to establish communications, he found that there was no radio operational with which to communicate with his commanding officer in another compound. To reach the other compound, he traveled through darkness but was halted in this effort by a combination of shrapnel in his right leg and the increase of the Vietcong gunfire. Ignoring his wound, he returned to the district headquarters and directed the defense against the first assault. As the insurgents attempted to scale the walls and as some of the Vietnamese defenders began to retreat, he dashed through a barrage of gunfire, succeeded in rallying these defenders, and led them back to their positions. Although wounded in the thigh and left leg during this gallant action, he returned to his position and, upon being told that communications were reestablished and that his commanding officer was seriously wounded, 1st Lt. Williams took charge of actions in both compounds. Then, in an attempt to reach the communications bunker, he sustained wounds in the stomach and right arm from grenade fragments. As the defensive positions on the walls had been held for hours and casualties were mounting, he ordered the consolidation of the American personnel from both compounds to establish a defense in the district building. After radio contact was made with a friendly air controller, he disregarded his wounds and directed the defense from the District building, using descending flares as reference points to adjust air strikes. By his courage, he inspired his team to hold out against the insurgent force that was closing in on them and throwing grenades into the windows of the building. As daylight arrived and the Vietcong continued to besiege the stronghold, firing a machinegun directly south of the district building, he was determined to eliminate this menace that threatened the lives of his men. Taking a 3.5 rocket launcher and a volunteer to load it, he worked his way across open terrain, reached the berm south of the district headquarters, and took aim at the Vietcong machinegun 150 meters away. Although the sight was faulty, he succeeded in hitting the machinegun. While he and the loader were trying to return to the district headquarters, they were both wounded. With a fourth wound, this time in the right arm and leg, and realizing he was unable to carry his wounded comrade back to the district building, 1st Lt. Williams pulled him to a covered position and then made his way back to the district building where he sought the help of others who went out and evacuated the injured soldier. Although seriously wounded and tired, he continued to direct the air strikes closer to the defensive position. As morning turned to afternoon and the Vietcong pressed their effort with direct recoilless rifle fire into the building, he ordered the evacuation of the seriously wounded to the safety of the communications bunker. When informed that helicopters would attempt to land as the hostile gunfire had abated, he led his team from the building to the artillery position, making certain of the timely evacuation of the wounded from the communications area, and then on to the pickup point. Despite resurgent Vietcong gunfire, he directed the rapid evacuation of all personnel. Throughout the long battle, he was undaunted by the vicious Vietcong assault and inspired the defenders in decimating the determined insurgents. 1st Lt. Williams' extraordinary heroism, are in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army and reflect great credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of his country.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Charles Q. Williams

wikipedia_title: Charles Q. Williams


text:
Italian
Papal States
Neoclassic
Imola
Giovanni Domenico Trifogli
Comacini
Vincenzo Savini
Pontifical States
curia
Pope Pius VII
painters
Alessandro Dalla Nave
Antonio Villa
Angelo Gottarelli
Imola
Bishop
Pope Pius IX
Palazzo Braschi
Rome
Piazza Navona
Pius IX
Orsini
Museum of Rome
Teatro dell'Aquila
Fermo
acoustics
Macerata
Duomo of Imola
Fermo Cathedral
Fossombrone Cathedral
Macerata Cathedral
Lugo
Iesi
Osimo
Forlì

categories: 18th-century Italian architects,Architects from Emilia-Romagna,19th-century Italian architects,People from Imola,1812 deaths,1732 births,Italian neoclassical architects

paragraph: Cosimo Morelli

paragraph: Cosimo Morelli (1732 – February 26, 1812) was an Italian architect, active throughout the Papal States in a Neoclassic style.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Imola. His father, also an architect, studied under Giovanni Domenico Trifogli, who was considered to be one of the Comacini, whose works were much appreciated in northern Italy. Cosimo is said to have studied geometry under Vincenzo Savini. Boni says of that Morelli was of a "vast genius, and enterprising, he advanced rapidly in his new career; firm of character, pleasant tract, witty expression, he obtained the affection and esteem of many illustrious person".

paragraph: Morelli was the most prolific architect during the Pontifical States of the mid-18th century. He was knighted by Pius IX. thanks mostly to his relationship with the "Roman" curia and his ability to interpret and develop the tastes of his epoch. Under the tutelage of Pope Pius VII, Morelli build, renovated, and amplified numerous civic and religious buildings. His fame, beyond his talent, was partly due to employing a “team” of artisans and painters in his commissions, such as Alessandro Dalla Nave, Antonio Villa and Angelo Gottarelli, among others.

paragraph: He died at Imola in 1812.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiesa di San Prospero" in Imola, finished on September 4, 1836 for Bishop Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who would later become Pope Pius IX, in 1846.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palazzo Braschi" in Rome, on Piazza Navona and Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, built for duke Luigi Braschi Onesti, nephew of Pius IX, which used to be a former palazzo for the Orsini family. Today it houses the Museum of Rome.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teatro dell'Aquila" in Fermo, in 1780, is renowned for its acoustics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teatro Lauro Rossi" in Macerata, inaugurated in 1774 and still in use today.

paragraph: Other works include at the Duomo of Imola, Fermo Cathedral, Fossombrone Cathedral, and Macerata Cathedral, the church of Santo Stefano in Imola, of San Francesco in Lugo; helped rebuild the Main parish of Ravenna, and the facade of San Pietro in Bologna; also the theaters of Iesi, Osimo, Forlì, Ferrara, Tor di Nona in Rome, and others. He helped design the palace of Anguissola in Piacenza, Silvestri in Macerata, and the facade of Palazzo Berio on via Toledo in Naples. He designed the civic hospital of Imola, the seminary of Subiaco, and the triumphal arch erected by San Arcangelo in honor of their fellow native, Clement XIV.

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Cosimo Morelli

wikipedia_title: Cosimo Morelli