text: sculptor

text: First World War

text: Royal Artillery Memorial

text: Hyde Park Corner

text: Great Western Railway War Memorial

text: Paddington Railway Station

text: Sheffield Royal Grammar School

text: Mappin & Webb

text: Sheffield School of Art

text: Royal College of Art

text: Édouard Lantéri

text: Lambeth School of Art

text: William Reid Dick

text: William McMillan

text: New Sculpture

text: British Prix de Rome

text: Edith

text: David

text: Artists' Rifles

text: Worcestershire Regiment

text: Gallipoli

text: Western Front

text: Military Cross

text: Tate

text: Royal Artillery Memorial

text: howitzer

text: Royal Regiment of Artillery

text: Daily Express

text: Stoneheart

text: Charlie Fletcher

text: Associate of the Royal Academy

text: Art Deco

text: Edwin Lutyens

text: Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral

text: Walker Art Gallery

text: government buildings in New Delhi

text: Empire Exhibition

text: pneumonia

text: Pathe

text: Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett

text: David

text: Imperial War Museum

text: Mappin Art Gallery

text: Borough of Bedford, Bedfordshire

text: "An Unfinished Symphony in Stone"

text: Pathé

text: Great Western Railway War Memorial

text: "No Man's Land"

categories: 1885 births,Associates of the Royal Academy,Alumni of Sheffield Hallam University,British Army personnel of World War I,English male sculptors,Worcestershire Regiment officers,English sculptors,British war artists,20th-century British sculptors,Recipients of the Military Cross,British architectural sculptors,Commonwealth War Graves Commission,Prix de Rome (Britain) winners,People from Kilnhurst,Modern sculptors,People educated at Sheffield Grammar School,1934 deaths,Alumni of the Royal College of Art,Artists' Rifles soldiers

paragraph: Charles Sargeant Jagger

paragraph: Charles Sargeant Jagger (17 December 1885 – 16 November 1934) was a British sculptor who, following active service in the First World War, sculpted many works on the theme of war. He is best known for his war memorials, especially the Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner and the Great Western Railway War Memorial in Paddington Railway Station, both of which are in London, and he also designed several other monuments around Britain and other parts of the world.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jagger was the son of a colliery manager, and was educated at Sheffield Royal Grammar School. At age 14 he became an apprentice metal engraver with the Sheffield firm Mappin & Webb.

paragraph: He studied at the Sheffield School of Art before moving to London to study sculpture at the Royal College of Art (1908–11) under Édouard Lantéri. Jagger worked as Lanteri's assistant, and also as instructor in modelling at the Lambeth School of Art. He counted among his friends William Reid Dick and William McMillan. His early works dealt with classical and literary themes and were influenced by the New Sculpture movement in the focus on medievalism and on surface qualities. His student work won him a travelling scholarship that made it possible for him to spend several months in Rome and Venice. In 1914 he won the British Prix de Rome.

paragraph: Both his elder sister, Edith, and his younger brother, David were painters.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: When war broke out in 1914, Jagger gave up his Rome scholarship to join the army. At first, Jagger joined the Artists' Rifles, and in 1915 he was commissioned in the Worcestershire Regiment. Jagger served in Gallipoli and on the Western Front, and was wounded three times. He was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry.

paragraph: Section::::Work as a sculptor.

paragraph: Jagger's style tended towards realism, especially his portrayal of soldiers. The fashion at the time was for idealism and modernism in sculpture, but Jagger's figures were rugged and workman-like, earning him a reputation for 'realist' sculpture. Although Jagger was commissioned as a sculptor of a variety of monuments, it is for his war memorials that he is chiefly remembered.

paragraph: Whilst convalescing from war wounds in 1919, he began work on "No Man's Land", a low relief which is today is part of the Tate Collection. It depicts a "listening post", a technique of trench warfare in which a soldier would hide among the corpses, broken stretchers and barbed wire of No Man's Land, in order to listen for the enemy.

paragraph: His Royal Artillery Memorial (1921–25) at Hyde Park Corner in London is one of his best-known works. It features a giant sculpture of a howitzer surrounded by four bronze soldiers and stone relief scenes, and is dedicated to casualties in the British Royal Regiment of Artillery in World War I. When Jagger was commissioned to work on the Royal Artillery Memorial, he remarked to the "Daily Express" the "experience in the trenches persuaded me of the necessity for frankness and truth".

paragraph: Monumental works of the period used symbolic figures rather than actual depictions of soldiers. Furthermore, during the war years, a government edict had banned images of dead British soldiers. Jagger defied both these conventions by creating realistic bronze figures of three standing soldiers and the body of a dead soldier laid out and shrouded by a greatcoat. The Gunner became the inspiration for a hero in the children's fantasy novel "Stoneheart" by Charlie Fletcher.

paragraph: Jagger was made an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1926.

paragraph: After the demand for war memorials had subsided, Jagger continued to receive important commissions and his works were increasingly influenced by Art Deco. Some of his works include allegorical stone figures at Imperial Chemical House, London (1928) and The Kelham Rood (1929).

paragraph: In 1931 Jagger was commissioned by architect Edwin Lutyens to design a sculpture of Christ the King for the designs for Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. The sculpture was never executed because Lutyens' design was extremely costly and funding for the building work ran out. A model of Lutyens' unrealised building is displayed in the Walker Art Gallery. Jagger was also commissioned to provide sculptures of elephants and imperial lions for Lutyens' government buildings in New Delhi, India.

paragraph: Jagger produced many smaller works, such as busts, statuettes, reliefs, and exhibited them at the Royal Academy 1913-34, his work continued to be exhibited posthumously, including at the Glasgow Empire Exhibition in 1938.

paragraph: Charles Sargeant Jagger died suddenly from pneumonia on 16 November 1934. He was in the process of finishing a statue of "George V" for New Delhi at his death, and work on it was completed by William Reid Dick. A documentary about Jagger's work and featuring this statue of "George V" was in the process of being filmed by Pathe. This was edited into a short two-minute filmic obituary which was released under the title "An Unfinished Symphony in Stone."

paragraph: A touring memorial exhibition was organised by two of his chief patrons in 1935-36 (Freda, Lady Forres and Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett). Two years later a second touring exhibition was arranged called "Art of the Jagger Family", which featured sculptures by Charles Sargeant Jagger together with portraits by his brother, David, (also highly successful) and landscapes and flower subjects by his sister, Edith. Thereafter his reputation declined until 1985–86 when a large retrospective exhibition entitled "War and Peace Sculpture" was held at the Imperial War Museum, with the Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield.

paragraph: A blue plaque was unveiled in his home village, Kilnhurst by the Rotherham District Civic Society in October 2018. A similar plaque was unveiled in 2000 at his London home, 67 Albert Bridge Road, Battersea.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Some of Jagger's major commissions include the following:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borough of Bedford, Bedfordshire

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (exhibition catalogue)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Unfinished Symphony in Stone" (Pathé, 00:02:26) - a short film about Jagger's work on the sculpture of King George V

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Western Railway War Memorial - York University Institute of Railway Studies and Transport History

paragraph: BULLET::::- - extensive summary of works on the National Archives wiki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brits Oorlogsmonument/Monument britannique - the Jagger's Brussels Monument (Dutch language)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Man's Land" in the Tate Collection (with biography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

description: English sculptor

wikidata_label: Charles Sargeant Jagger

wikipedia_title: Charles Sargeant Jagger


text:
luge
Czechoslovakia
European luge championships
1934
1937
1939
World War II
Austria
1952 European luge championships
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
West Germany
European championships
Hahnenklee
List of European luge champions

categories: German male lugers,Czechoslovak people of German descent,Possibly living people,Year of birth missing,Czechoslovak male lugers,German Bohemian people,Austrian male lugers

paragraph: Albert Krauss

paragraph: Albert Krauss (sometimes shown as Albert Kraus) was a luger who competed from the 1930s to the 1950s for three countries. He won three bronze medals in the men's doubles for Czechoslovakia at the European luge championships (1934, 1937, 1939). After World War II, Krauss won a bronze medal in the men's singles event for Austria at the 1952 European luge championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany. Three years later, he won a silver medal in the same event for West Germany at the European championships in Hahnenklee.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of European luge champions

description: luger

wikidata_label: Albert Krauss

wikipedia_title: Albert Krauss


text:
Han dynasty
temple name
Qin dynasty
Pei County
conquered state of Chu
First Emperor
Xiang Yu
Qin heartland
last Qin ruler
Eighteen Kingdoms
Sichuan
Chongqing
Three Qins
Chu–Han Contention
Battle of Gaixia
corvée
Confucianism
vassal
heqin
de jure
Xiongnu
Battle of Baideng
Liu Ying
Emperor Yao
Yellow Emperor
divine ruling legitimacy
Feng Township
Pei County
Chu
Warring States period
Liu Taigong
manual labour
retainer
Lord Xinling
magistrate
Waihuang County
sheriff
Pei County
Xiao He
Cao Shen
statute labour
Xianyang
First Emperor
gentry
Shanfu County
Xiao He
Lü Zhi
Emperor Hui
Princess Yuan of Lu
Mount Li
First Emperor's mausoleum
Yongcheng
Shangqiu
Henan
Chen Sheng
Wu Guang
Dazexiang Uprising
Fan Kuai
Qin Er Shi
Yan
Zhao
Qi
Wei
a series of wars
Jiangsu
Xiang Liang
Xiong Xin
Chu state
Xiang Yu
Song Yi
Guanzhong
Ziying
Xianyang
Xiang Yu
Guanzhong
Fan Zeng
Xiang Bo
Zhang Liang
Xiang Zhuang
sword dance
Fan Kuai
Epang Palace
Records of the Grand Historian
Eighteen Kingdoms
King Huai II
three former Qin generals
Hanzhong
Sichuan
Qi kingdom
Xuzhou
Jiangsu
Chu–Han Contention
Battle of Gaixia
Han
Luoyang
Chang'an
Lü Zhi
Liu Ying
crown prince
Xiao He
Cao Shen
Guanzhong
corvée
vassal kings
Confucianism
Lu Jia
Legalism
Ying Bu
Shandong
Confucius
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Empress Lü Zhi
Liu Ying
Liu Ruyi
Zhang Liang
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vassal kings
Zang Tu
Hán Xin
Han Xin
Peng Yue
Ying Bu
Wu Rui
Xiongnu
Qin dynasty
Qin Shi Huang
Meng Tian
Great Wall
Modu
Battle of Baideng
Chen Ping
heqin
Ying Bu
Fan Kuai
eunuch
Zhao Gao
Empress Lü Zhi
Bian Que
Cao Shen
Xiao He
chancellor
Chen Ping
Zhou Bo
Emperor Hui
Pei County
Ying Bu
guqin
Liu Tuan
Empress Gao
Princess Luyuan
Zhang Ao
Empress Xiaohui
Liu Ying
Empress Gao
Liu Heng
Liu Fei
"Furen"
Liu Ruyi
Liu You
Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI
Koei
Chu–Han Contention#Cultural references
Family tree of the Han Dynasty
Chu-Han contention
Lü Clan Disturbance
Sima Qian
Records of the Grand Historian
Ban Gu
Book of Han

categories: Han Gaozu,Politicians from Xuzhou,Han dynasty generals from Jiangsu,Western Han dynasty emperors,3rd century BC in China,Chu–Han contention people,Founding monarchs,3rd-century BC Chinese monarchs,195 BC deaths,Chinese warlords,2nd century BC in China,3rd-century BC births

paragraph: Emperor Gaozu of Han

paragraph: Emperor Gaozu of Han (; 256 BCE – 1 June 195 BCE), born Liu Bang (劉邦), was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 202 – 195 BCE. "Gaozu of Han" is his temple name, meaning "The High Ancestor of Han". Liu Bang was one of the few dynasty founders in Chinese history who was born in a peasant family.

paragraph: Before coming to power, Liu Bang initially served as a minor patrol officer for the Qin dynasty in his home town Pei County, within the conquered state of Chu. With the First Emperor's death and the Qin Empire's subsequent political chaos, Liu Bang renounced his government position and became an anti-Qin rebel leader. He won the race against fellow rebel leader Xiang Yu to invade the Qin heartland and forced the surrender of the last Qin ruler in 206 BCE.

paragraph: After the fall of the Qin, Xiang Yu, as the "de facto" chief of the rebel forces, divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms, and Liu Bang was forced to accept the poor and remote Bashu region (parts of present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) with the title "King of Han" (). Within the year, Liu Bang broke out with his army and conquered the Three Qins, starting a civil war known as the Chu–Han Contention as various forces battled for supremacy over China.

paragraph: In 202 BCE, Liu Bang emerged victorious following the Battle of Gaixia, unified most of China under his control, and established the Han dynasty with himself as the founding emperor. During his reign, Liu Bang reduced taxes and corvée, promoted Confucianism, and suppressed revolts by the lords of non-Liu vassal states, among many other actions. He also initiated the policy of "heqin" to maintain a "de jure" peace between the Han Empire and the Xiongnu after losing the Battle of Baideng in 200 BCE. He died in 195 BCE and was succeeded by his son, Liu Ying.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.

paragraph: In imperial Han myth, Liu Bang was a descendant of the mythical Emperor Yao, who descended from the Yellow Emperor. It was a common practice among many ancient Chinese noble families to claim descent from the mythical Yellow Emperor, in order to proclaim divine ruling legitimacy.

paragraph: Liu Bang was born to a peasant family in Zhongyang Village (中陽里), Feng Township (丰邑), Pei County (沛縣) in the state of Chu during the late years of the Warring States period. His parents' names were not recorded in history; they were simply referred to as "Liu Taigong" (劉太公; lit. "Old Sir Liu") and "Liu Ao" (劉媪; lit. "Old Madam Liu"). According to legend, before Liu Bang's birth, his mother was caught in a rainstorm and took shelter under a bridge. At that moment, lightning struck and the sky darkened. Liu Bang's father went to fetch his wife home and saw a dragon hovering above her. She became pregnant and later gave birth to Liu Bang.

paragraph: It was subsequently recorded that the young Liu Bang was outspoken, charismatic and of great generosity and forbearance. However, he enjoyed loafing, disliked reading, showed no interest in farming and manual labour and frequently ran into trouble with the law, hence his father often called him a "little rascal" for his lazy lifestyle. Liu Bang persisted in his idling ways and depended on his brother's family for food and lodging. When he grew older, he became a good friend and live-in companion of a former retainer of Lord Xinling named Zhang Er (, ? — 202 BCE), who, at the time, was the magistrate of the nearby Waihuang County.

paragraph: After Qin conquered Chu, Zhang Er went into hiding, and Liu Bang returned to his own home town. He was later recommended and appointed as the local sheriff (亭長) at Sishui Ting (泗水亭) in Pei County, working under the supervision of his close friends Xiao He and Cao Shen, who often helped cover up his delinquent behaviours. He nevertheless forged close relationships with most of the local county bureaucrats, and earned himself a small reputation in the district. Liu Bang was once sent for statute labour in the capital Xianyang, and encountered the First Emperor going on an inspection tour around the nation. Awed by the majestic sight of the royal convoy, he exclaimed, "Alas, this is how a great man should be! (嗟乎，大丈夫當如此也)"

paragraph: One day, Lü Wen (呂文), a wealthy and influential member of the gentry from Shanfu County, who had recently moved to Pei County, was putting on a feast to host the local elites. Xiao He, who was in charge of helping Lü Wen collect gifts from the visitors, announced that "those who do not offer more than 1,000 coins worth of gifts shall be seated outside the hall". Liu Bang went there without bringing any money and said, "I offer 10,000 coins." Lü Wen saw Liu Bang and was so impressed with him on first sight, that he immediately stood up and welcomed Liu into the hall to sit beside him, despite Xiao He telling him that Liu Bang was not being serious. Lü Wen chatted with Liu Bang, and said, "I used to predict fortunes for many people but I have never before seen someone so exceptional like you." He then offered his daughter Lü Zhi's hand in marriage to Liu Bang. After they were wed, Lü Zhi bore Liu Bang a son Liu Ying (the future Emperor Hui) and a daughter (the future Princess Yuan of Lu).

paragraph: Section::::Insurrection against the Qin dynasty.

paragraph: Liu Bang had been tasked with escorting a group of convicts to Mount Li where they would be put to work to help build the First Emperor's mausoleum. A few prisoners managed to escape during the journey. Liu Bang began to fear for his life as having convicts escape under one's care was, under the laws of the ruling Qin dynasty, a capital offence. Realizing that to keep his life he'd have to flee, Liu Bang decided to release the remaining prisoners in his care. A few of these convicts were so grateful to be set free that they decided to join Liu Bang of their own accord.

paragraph: According to legend they encountered a gigantic white serpent which killed members of Liu Bang's group with its poisonous breath. It is said that while drunk, Liu Bang slew the serpent that night and later encountered an old woman weeping by the side of the road the next morning. When the men following Liu asked her why she was crying, she replied, "My child, the White Emperor's son, has been slain by the son of the Red Emperor." She then mysteriously disappeared. After hearing the old woman's strange words, Liu Bang's followers believed that he was destined to become a ruler in the future and became even more impressed with him. This event is known as the "Uprising of the Slaying of the White Serpent" ().

paragraph: Liu Bang and his followers took refuge on Mount Mangdang (芒碭山; in present-day Yongcheng, Shangqiu, Henan) and lived as outlaws in an abandoned stronghold. Liu had maintained secret contact with some of his old friends such as Xiao He and Cao Shen who still lived in Pei County. In 209 BCE, two men named Chen Sheng and Wu Guang began the Dazexiang Uprising to overthrow the Qin dynasty. The magistrate of Pei County considered joining the rebellion as well and acting on the advice of both Xiao He and Cao Shen, he sent Fan Kuai (a relative of Liu Bang) to invite Liu and his followers back to Pei County to support him. However, he later decided against it and ended up denying Liu Bang entry into the his lands. He also worried that Liu's friends Xiao He and Cao Shen might decide to open the gates for Liu now that he had been denied entry, so he set a plan in motion to kill them but Xiao and Cao managed to escape before it was put into action and eventually joined up with Liu and his entourage. While in Liu's company, Xiao came up with a plan to gain entry into the county and managed to convince Liu to take his advice. Liu Bang ordered his men to write letters, wrap them around their arrows and fire the arrows over the border and into the neighboring county from which they had been barred. In the letters they urged the local townsfolk to help him. The peasants responded to this call for aid by killing the magistrate and welcoming Liu back into Pei County. Liu Bang decided to style himself the "Duke of Pei" (沛公) after this and became known to others by this title.

paragraph: In 208 BCE, during the reign of Qin Er Shi, the descendants of the former royal families who had ruled over the states of Yan, Zhao, Qi and Wei rebelled against the Qin Empire in the hope of restoring their former kingdoms. All of which had been conquered by the Qin dynasty in a series of wars to unify China under one ruler (the later Qin Emperor) about two decades earlier. In the county of Wu (present-day Jiangsu), a commoner named Xiang Liang (who's father had been a general for the state of Chu during the wars of unification) began his own uprising and installed Xiong Xin as "King Huai the Latter" (楚後懷王) on the throne of the former Chu state. Liu Bang decided to join Xiang Liang's rebellion and served in Chu for some time. After Xiang Liang was killed in action at the Battle of Dingtao, King Huai II sent Xiang Liang's nephew Xiang Yu and minister Song Yi to lead an army to reinforce the Zhao state, which was under attack by Qin forces.

paragraph: Liu Bang was later granted the title "Marquis of Wu'an" (武安侯) by the king and tasked with leading an army which was to attack Qin. The king then promised that whoever entered Guanzhong (the heartland of the Qin state) first would receive the title "King of Guanzhong". In 206 BCE, Liu Bang managed to beat Xiang Yu in the race to Guanzhong and arrived outside of the Qin capital. Ziying who would end up being the last ruler of the Qin dynasty, surrendered the capital city of Xianyang to Liu Bang's forces. Liu issued strict orders to his men which forbade them killing any innocent civilians or pillaging the city. Thanks to this, peace and stability were temporarily restored in Xianyang while Liu Bang's forces were stationed there. Liu's friend and confidante Xiao He ordered the collection of all the legal documents in the Qin palace and government facilities so they could be preserved and safely transported away.

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Feast at Hong Gate.

paragraph: Xiang Yu was dissatisfied that Liu Bang had beat him in the race to Guanzhong. Instigated by his advisor Fan Zeng and Cao Wushang (曹無傷), an informer from Liu Bang's camp, he decided to set a trap to kill Liu Bang. He pretended to invite Liu Bang to a banquet, while secretly planning to assassinate Liu during the feast. However, Xiang Yu's uncle, Xiang Bo, was a close friend of Liu Bang's strategist Zhang Liang, and managed to persuade his nephew to not personally order Liu Bang's execution on the feast. Frustrated by Xiang Yu's indecisiveness, Fan Zeng then ordered Xiang Yu's cousin Xiang Zhuang to pretend performing a sword dance and use the opportunity to kill Liu Bang, but Xiang Bo volunteered to join the dance and blocked his nephew every time he thrust his sword towards Liu Bang.

paragraph: Seeing Liu Bang was in mortal danger, Zhang Liang sneaked outside and summoned Liu Bang's brother-in-law and personal bodyguard Fan Kuai, who then crashed the party clad in full armor and scolded Xiang Yu for the sinister plot. Embarrassed by Fan Kuai's accusation, Xiang Yu ordered the sword dance to stop and rewarded Fan Kuai for his bravery. Liu Bang then pretended to go to the latrine and used the chance to escape Xiang Yu's camp unannounced. He and his forces then evacuated from Xianyang and retreated west. Xiang Yu led his forces into Xianyang, where they plundered and pillaged the city and burnt down the Epang Palace.

paragraph: Records of the Grand Historian recounts an event during this conflict, an event omitted from the emperor's own biography but present in the biography of Xiang Yu, where he pushed his own children out of his carriage to lighten it in a desperate attempt to escape in a chase from Xiang Yu's men.

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Conquest of the Three Qin.

paragraph: After occupying Xianyang, Xiang Yu proclaimed himself "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" and split the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. The Guanzhong area, which was rightfully Liu Bang's per King Huai II's earlier promise, was given by Xiang Yu to three former Qin generals instead. Liu Bang was relocated to Hanzhong in the remote Bashu region (in present-day Sichuan) and received the title "King of Han" (漢王). When a rebellion broke out in the Qi kingdom in late 206 BCE, Xiang Yu left Western Chu to suppress the revolt. Liu Bang used the opportunity to invade and conquer Guanzhong and then attack several Chu territories, including the capital Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu).

paragraph: Section::::Chu–Han Contention.:Battle of Gaixia.

paragraph: From 206–202 BCE, Liu Bang engaged Xiang Yu in a power struggle – historically known as the Chu–Han Contention – for supremacy over China, while simultaneously attacking and subjugating the other kingdoms. In 203 BCE, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang came to an armistice, known as the Treaty of Hong Canal, which divided China into east and west along the Hong Canal under the Chu and Han regimes respectively. A few months later, Liu Bang renounced the treaty and attacked Xiang Yu again. In 202 BCE, Xiang Yu lost to Liu Bang at the Battle of Gaixia and committed suicide, after which Chu surrendered to Han. Liu Bang had unified much of China under his control by then.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of the Han dynasty.

paragraph: In 202 BCE, Liu Bang was enthroned as the emperor with support from his subjects even though he expressed reluctance to take the throne. He named his dynasty "Han", and was historically known as "Emperor Gaozu" (or "Emperor Gao"). He established the capital in Luoyang (later moved to Chang'an) and instated his official spouse Lü Zhi as the empress and their son Liu Ying as the crown prince.

paragraph: The following year, Emperor Gaozu wanted to reward his subjects who had contributed to the founding of the Han Empire, but the process dragged on for a year because they could not agree on the distribution of the rewards. The emperor thought that Xiao He's contributions were the greatest, so he awarded Xiao the title "Marquis of Zan" and gave him the largest amount of food stores. Some of the others expressed objections because they thought that Xiao He was not directly involved in battle so his contributions should not be considered the greatest. Emperor Gaozu replied that Xiao He should receive the highest credit because he planned their overall strategy in the war against Xiang Yu. He named Cao Shen as the person who made the greatest contributions in battle and rewarded him and the others accordingly.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Reducing taxes and corvée.

paragraph: Emperor Gaozu disbanded his armies and allowed the soldiers to return home. He gave an order stating that the people who remained in Guanzhong were exempted from taxes and corvée for 12 years while those who returned to their respective native territories were exempted for six years and that the central government would provide for them for a year. He also granted freedom to those who had sold themselves into slavery to avoid hunger during the wars. In 195 BCE, the emperor issued two decrees: the first officialised the lowering of taxes and corvée; the second set the amount of tribute to be paid by the vassal kings to the imperial court in the 10th month of every year. The land tax on agricultural production was reduced to a rate of 1/15 of crop yield. He also privatised the coinage.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Emphasis on Confucianism.

paragraph: In his early days, Emperor Gaozu disliked reading and scorned Confucianism. After becoming the emperor, he still held the same attitudes towards Confucianism as he did before until he encountered the scholar Lu Jia (or Lu Gu). Lu Gu wrote a 12-volume book, "Xinyu" (新語), which espoused the benefits of governing by moral virtue as opposed to using harsh and punitive laws (as it was under the Qin dynasty). Lu Gu read each volume to the emperor after he finished writing it. The emperor was deeply impressed. Under Emperor Gaozu's reign, Confucianism flourished and gradually replaced Legalism (of Qin times) as the state ideology. Confucian scholars, including Lu Gu, were recruited to serve in the government. The emperor also reformed the legal system by relaxing some laws inherited from the Qin regime and reducing the severity of certain penalties. In 196 BCE, after suppressing a rebellion by Ying Bu, he passed by Shandong, the birthplace of Confucius, and personally prepared for a ceremony to pay respect to the philosopher.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Dispute over the succession.

paragraph: In his later years, Emperor Gaozu favoured Concubine Qi and neglected Empress Lü Zhi. He thought that Liu Ying, his heir apparent (born to the empress), was too weak to be a ruler. Thus, he had the intention of replacing Liu Ying with another son, Liu Ruyi, who was born to Concubine Qi. Lü Zhi became worried, so she asked Zhang Liang to help her son maintain his position. Zhang Liang recommended four reclusive wise men, the "Four Haos of Mount Shang" (), to help Liu Ying.

paragraph: In 195 BCE as Emperor Gaozu's health started to worsen, he desired even more to replace Liu Ying with Liu Ruyi as the crown prince. Zhang Liang tried to dissuade him but was ignored, so he retired on the excuse that he was ill. Shusun Tong (the crown prince's tutor) and Zhou Chang also strongly objected to the emperor's decision to replace Liu Ying with Liu Ruyi. Zhou Chang said, "I am not good in arguing, but I know this is not right. If Your Majesty deposes the Crown Prince, I won't follow your orders any more." Zhou Chang was outspoken but he had a stuttering problem, which made his speech very amusing. The emperor laughed. After that, the Four Haos of Mount Shang showed up in the court. Emperor Gaozu was surprised to see them because they had previously declined to join the civil service when he invited them. The four men promised to help Liu Ying in the future if he were to remain as the crown prince. The emperor was pleased to see that Liu Ying had their support so he dismissed the idea of changing his heir apparent.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Military campaigns.

paragraph: After establishing the Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu appointed princes and vassal kings to help him govern the Han Empire and gave each of them a piece of land. There were seven vassal kings who were not related to the imperial clan: Zang Tu, the King of Yan; Hán Xin, the King of Hán; Han Xin, the King of Chu; Peng Yue, the King of Liang; Ying Bu, the King of Huainan; Zhang Er, the King of Zhao; Wu Rui, the King of Changsha. However, later, the emperor became worried that the vassal kings might rebel against him because they after all had no blood relations with him. Han Xin and Peng Yue were (falsely) accused of treason, arrested and executed along with their families. Ying Bu and Zang Tu rebelled against him but were defeated and killed. Only Wu Rui and Zhang Er were left.

paragraph: The Xiongnu in the north had been a threat since the Qin dynasty. Qin Shi Huang had sent the general Meng Tian to oversee the defences on the Qin Empire's northern border and the construction of the Great Wall to repel the invaders. Meng Tian achieved success in deterring the Xiongnu from advancing beyond the border. However, after the Qin dynasty collapsed, the Xiongnu seized the opportunity to move south and raid the border again. In 201 BCE, Hán Xin (King of Hán) defected to the Xiongnu leader, Modu. In the following year, Emperor Gaozu led an army to attack the Xiongnu but was besieged and trapped by the enemy at the Battle of Baideng. Acting on Chen Ping's advice, he bribed Modu's wife with gifts and got her to ask her husband to withdraw his forces. Modu did so. After returning to the capital, Emperor Gaozu initiated the policy of "heqin", which involved sending noble ladies to marry the Xiongnu leaders and paying annual tribute to the Xiongnu in exchange for peace between the Han Empire and the Xiongnu.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Emperor Gaozu was wounded by a stray arrow during the campaign against Ying Bu. He became seriously ill and remained in his inner chambers for a long period of time and ordered his guards to deny entry to everyone who tried to visit him. After several days, Fan Kuai barged into the chambers to see the emperor and the other subjects followed behind him. They saw Emperor Gaozu lying on his bed and attended to by a eunuch. Fan Kuai said, "How glorious it was when Your Majesty first led us to conquer the empire and how weary we are now. Your subjects are worried when they learn that Your Majesty is ill, but Your Majesty refuses to see us and prefers the company of a eunuch instead. Has Your Majesty forgotten the incident about Zhao Gao?" The emperor laughed and got out of bed to meet his subjects.

paragraph: Emperor Gaozu's health deteriorated later so Empress Lü Zhi hired a famous physician to heal him. When Emperor Gaozu enquired about his condition, the physician told him that his illness could be cured, but the emperor was displeased and he scolded the physician, "Isn't it Heaven's will that I managed to conquer this empire in simple clothing and with nothing but a sword? My life is determined by Heaven. It is useless even if Bian Que is here!" He refused to continue with the treatment and sent the physician away. Before his death, he said that Cao Shen could succeed Xiao He as the chancellor after Xiao died, and that Wang Ling could succeed Cao Shen. He also said that Wang Ling might be too young to perform his duties so Chen Ping could assist Wang, but Chen was also qualified to assume the responsibilities of a chancellor all by himself. He also named Zhou Bo as a possible candidate for the role of Grand Commandant. He died in Changle Palace (長樂宮) on 1 June 195 BCE and was succeeded by Liu Ying, who became historically known as Emperor Hui.

paragraph: Section::::Song of the Great Wind.

paragraph: The "Song of the Great Wind" was a song composed by Liu Bang in 195 BCE when he visited his hometown in Pei County after suppressing Ying Bu's rebellion. He prepared a banquet and invited all his old friends and townsfolk to join him. After some drinks, Liu Bang played the guqin and sang the "Song of the Great Wind".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Tuan, Retired Emperor (; 271–197 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zhaoling, of the Wang clan (), personal name Hanshi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Gao, of the Lü clan (; 241–180 BC), personal name Zhi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Luyuan (; d. 187 BC), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zhang Ao, Marquis Xuanping (d. 182 BC), and had issue (one son, Empress Xiaohui)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Ying, Emperor Xiaohui (; 210–188 BC), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Gao, of the Bo clan (; d. 155 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Heng, Emperor Xiaowen (; 203–157 BC), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Cao clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Fei, Prince Daohui of Qi (; 221–189 BC), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furen", of the Qi clan (; 224–194 BC), personal name Yi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao (; 208–194 BC), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Zhao clan (; d. 198 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Chang, Prince Li of Huainan (; 199–174 BC), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Hui, Prince Gong of Zhao (; d. 181 BC), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu You, Prince You of Zhao (; d. 181 BC), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Jian, Prince Ling of Yan (; d. 181 BC), eighth son

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: Liu Bang is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game "Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI" by Koei.

paragraph: His life story has also been dramatized in numerous TV series and films (See Chu–Han Contention#Cultural references).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Family tree of the Han Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Chu-Han contention

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lü Clan Disturbance

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2". Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Qian. "Records of the Grand Historian", Volume 8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ban Gu et al. "Book of Han", Volume 1.

alias:
Gao Zu
Gaozu
Liu Bang
Ji
Emperor liu bang

description: founding emperor of the Han Dynasty (256 BC - 195 BC)

enwikiquote_title: Emperor Gaozu of Han

wikidata_label: Emperor Gaozu of Han

wikipedia_title: Emperor Gaozu of Han


text: Czech

text: conductor

text: violin

text: viola

text: Prague

text: Prague Conservatory

text: Josef Micka

text: violin

text: Pavel Dědeček

text: Metod Doležil

text: conducting

text: Smetana Quartet

text: Karlovy Vary

text: Brno

text: Komische Oper

text: Berlin

text: Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra

text: Czech Philharmonic

text: Prague Academy for Music

text: Oliver von Dohnányi

text: Vítězslav Podrazil

text: Leoš Janáček

text: The Excursions of Mr. Brouček

text: Czech Philharmonic

text: Cello Concerto

text: Julian Lloyd Webber

text: Dvorak - In Love?

text: Tony Palmer

text: František Sláma (musician)

text: "Conductors"

text: Neumann

categories: 1995 deaths,Prague Conservatory alumni,Musicians from Prague,20th-century conductors (music),1920 births,Czech classical violinists,Czech conductors (music),Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk,Male violinists,20th-century classical violinists,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Václav Neumann

paragraph: Václav Neumann (29 September 1920 – 2 September 1995) was a Czech conductor, violinist and viola player.

paragraph: Neumann was born in Prague, where he studied at the Prague Conservatory with Josef Micka (violin), and Pavel Dědeček and Metod Doležil (conducting). He co-founded the Smetana Quartet, playing 1st violin and then viola, before conducting in Karlovy Vary and Brno. In 1956, he began to conduct at the Komische Oper in Berlin, leaving in 1964 to become conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. He stayed there until 1968, when he became principal conductor of the Czech Philharmonic, a post he held until 1990.

paragraph: Neumann taught conducting at the Prague Academy for Music, where his students included Oliver von Dohnányi and Vítězslav Podrazil.

paragraph: Neumann was particularly noted as a champion of Czech music, and made the first studio recording of Leoš Janáček's opera "The Excursions of Mr. Brouček" in 1962.

paragraph: Neumann can be seen conducting the Czech Philharmonic in a recording of the Dvořák Cello Concerto with Julian Lloyd Webber. This is featured in the 1988 film "Dvorak - In Love?" by director Tony Palmer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- František Sláma (musician) Archive: More on the history of the Czech Philharmonic between the 1940s and the 1980s. Sections "Conductors" and "The Czech Philharmonic and the people around it"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaclav Neumann. A necrologue in The New York Times by Allan Kozinn. Published: September 6, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review Digest for Performances by Vaclav Neumann on ClassicsToday

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neumann rehearing Dvořák's cello concerto with the Czech Philharmonic.

wikidata_label: Václav Neumann

wikipedia_title: Václav Neumann


text:
Italian
Renaissance
painter
Fra Bartolomeo
Perugino
Piero di Cosimo
Lorenzo di Credi
Florence
gold beater
gold beater
Cosimo Rosselli
Fra Bartolomeo
Columbia Museum of Art
Vasari
Alfonsina Orsini
Piero II de’ Medici
Lorenzo II de' Medici
Piero di Cosimo
Savonarola
Dominican order
Uffizi
Jacopo da Pontormo
Innocenzo di Pietro Francucci da Imola
Giuliano Bugiardini
Perugino
Flemish
Memling
Leonardo's
Sfumato
Uffizi

categories: Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,1474 births,15th-century Italian painters,1515 deaths,15th-century people of the Republic of Florence,16th-century people of the Republic of Florence,Florentine painters

paragraph: Mariotto Albertinelli

paragraph: Mariotto Albertinelli, in full Mariotto di Bigio di Bindo Albertinelli (13 October 1474 – 5 November 1515) was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Florentine school. He was a close friend and collaborator of Fra Bartolomeo and their joint works appear as if they have been painted by one hand.

paragraph: His work shows the influence of Perugino, Piero di Cosimo and Lorenzo di Credi as well as of Flemish painting. Some of Albertinelli's works reveal an eccentrically archaic tendency while others show a return to conventions of the early Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mariotto Albertinelli was born in Florence as the son of a gold beater. He was an only child and his mother died when he was just five years old. He was himself trained as a gold beater until the age of 12 when he became a pupil of Cosimo Rosselli and a fellow-pupil with Fra Bartolomeo. The two pupils formed such a close friendship that in 1494 they started a joint studio in Florence. After a while Albertinelli had mastered Fra Bartolomeo’s technique to such extent that he could paint in a style that blended with that of his partner. The closeness in style was such that for many years some doubts remained over who had painted certain works. For example, the Kress tondo, now in the Columbia Museum of Art was previously attributed to Fra Bartolomeo but is now thought to be the work of Albertinelli using the former's cartoon.

paragraph: According to the early Italian biographer Vasari, Albertinelli was in the beginning of his career exclusively working for Alfonsina Orsini, the wife of Piero II de’ Medici and mother of Lorenzo II de' Medici. His early works were small paintings destined for the homes of sophisticated patrons. He produced these works independently of Fra Bartolommeo and as a result they are stylistically distinguishable. Piero di Cosimo who worked in Cosimo Rosselli’s workshop introduced Albertinelli to Flemish techniques.

paragraph: From around 1500 Fra Bartolomeo renounced painting for a few years in the wake of Savonarola's morality campaign. He joined the Dominican order as Fra Bartolomeo. Albertinelli then worked as an independent painter. He received various commissions including in 1503 for the high altarpiece for the Chapel of Congregazione di San Martino (later Church of Santa Elisabetta) in Florence (now in the Uffizi). The central panel depicts the Visitation and the predella the Circumcision, the Adoration of the Child and the Annunciation. The subject depicts the story in the Gospel of Luke when Elizabeth, the cousin of the Virgin Mary visits Mary, who is, like herself, pregnant. Elizabeth features prominently in this episode and this subject was therefore chosen for a church dedicated to her. While the figural composition of the Visitation was derived from designs by Fra Bartolomeo, Albertinelli changed elements in these designs by replacing Fra Bartolomeo’s strong contrasts in light and dark with smoother gradations of tone. The work also shows the influence of Perugino in its use of soft highlights and its inclusion of a classical arcade.

paragraph: In 1509 Albertinelli and Fra Bartolomeo, who had by then resumed painting, entered again into a partnership. Their partnership was on an equal footing and entitled each to half the profit of a shared commission. The partnership was dissolved in January 1513, as is evidenced by a surviving document.

paragraph: According to Vasari, Albertinelli lived as a libertine and was fond of good living and women. He experienced financial problems and was unable to repay some of his loans, including one to Raphael, before he died. Albertinelli’s wife Antonia whom he had married in 1506 repaid some loans. Among his many students were Jacopo da Pontormo, Innocenzo di Pietro Francucci da Imola and Giuliano Bugiardini.

paragraph: Albertinelli's paintings bear the imprint of varied influences: Perugino's sense of volume in space and perspective, Fra Bartolomeo's coloring, the landscape portrayal of Flemish masters like Memling and Leonardo's Sfumato technique. His chief paintings are in Florence, notably his masterpiece, the "Visitation" (1503), which is in the collection of the Uffizi.

alias: Mariotto di Biagio di Bindo Albertinelli

description: painter

wikidata_label: Mariotto Albertinelli

wikipedia_title: Mariotto Albertinelli


text:
Angevin house
Prince of Achaea
Taranto
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Philip I of Taranto
Catherine of Valois
Charles, Duke of Durazzo
King of Albania
Louis
Joanna I of Naples
Maria of Calabria
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Prince of Achaea
Taranto
Robert
Elizabeth of Slavonia
James of Baux
Maria of Calabria
Elisabeth of Slavonia

categories: Princes of Taranto,Princes of Achaea,1374 deaths,1329 births,House of Anjou-Taranto,Latin Emperors of Constantinople,14th-century Latin Emperors of Constantinople

paragraph: Philip II, Prince of Taranto

paragraph: Philip II of Taranto (1329 – 25 November 1374) of the Angevin house, was Prince of Achaea and Taranto, and titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople (as Philip III) from 1364 to his death in 1374.

paragraph: He was the son of Philip I of Taranto and Catherine of Valois. Upon the execution of his cousin Charles, Duke of Durazzo, in 1348, he succeeded as King of Albania. Shortly after, his older brother Louis married their first cousin, Joanna I of Naples, and became king. In April 1355, Philip married Joanna's younger sister, Maria of Calabria.

paragraph: In 1364, Philip succeeded as titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople and Prince of Achaea and Taranto on the death of his oldest brother, Robert.

paragraph: Maria died in 1366. On 20 October 1370, Philip married yet another Angevin, Elizabeth of Slavonia, former heir presumptive to the throne of Hungary. In 1373, he resigned his rights to the Principality of Achaea to his cousin and former sister-in-law Joanna. He died on 25 November 1374 in Taranto.

paragraph: All his children had died young. His heir was his sister's son James of Baux, Duke of Andria.

paragraph: He had several illegitimate children. Most of the old maltese nobility can trace back their ancestry to Philip II.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By his first wife, Maria of Calabria, Philip had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip (1356)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles (1358)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip (1360)

paragraph: BULLET::::- a child, (1362)

paragraph: BULLET::::- a child, (1366)

paragraph: By his second wife, Elisabeth of Slavonia, Philip had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip (1371)

description: Prince of Achaea and Taranto, and titular Emperor of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Philip II, Prince of Taranto

wikipedia_title: Philip II, Prince of Taranto


text: novelist

text: Mold (Yr Wyddgrug), Flintshire

text: Thomas Edwards

text: Argoed

text: tailor

text: Calvinistic Methodist Church

text: eisteddfod

text: Timothy Shay Arthur

text: Bala Theological College

text: Roger Edwards

text: Y Dreflan

text: Rhys Lewis

text: Enoc Huws

text: Charles Dickens

text: Welsh-language

text: Y Dreflan

text: Rhys Lewis

text: Enoc Huws

text: Gwen Tomos

text: Welsh language

text: Kate Roberts

text: T. Rowland Hughes

text: National Eisteddfod

text: Daniel Owen Festival

categories: 1836 births,Welsh male novelists,19th-century Welsh writers,19th-century Welsh novelists,1895 deaths,Welsh-language writers

paragraph: Daniel Owen

paragraph: Daniel Owen (20 October 1836 – 22 October 1895) was a Welsh novelist, generally regarded as the foremost Welsh-language novelist of the 19th century, and as the first significant novelist to write in Welsh.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Daniel Owen was born in Mold (Yr Wyddgrug), Flintshire, the youngest of six children in a working-class family. His father, Robert Owen, was a coal miner, while his mother belonged to the family of Thomas Edwards, poet and writer. His father and his two brothers, James and Robert, were killed on 10 May 1837 when the Argoed mine became flooded. The loss impacted heavily on the family, who remained in poverty. Owen received little formal education, but he acknowledged his debt to his Sunday School.

paragraph: At the age of 12, Owen was apprenticed to a tailor, Angel Jones, an Elder with the Calvinistic Methodist Church. Owen described his apprenticeship as a "kind of college", and began writing poetry after being influenced by one of his colleagues there. Owen found at the tailor's shop opportunities to discuss and argue topics with workers and customers.

paragraph: Section::::Early writings.

paragraph: Owen began writing poetry under the pseudonym "Glaslwyn", entering his work into local eisteddfodau and succeeding in publishing some pieces. His first significant work in Welsh was a translation of Timothy Shay Arthur's novelette "Ten Nights in a Bar-Room and What I Saw There". His translation was published in a fortnightly called "Charles o'r Bala". Owen then trained unsuccessfully for the Ministry of his church, preaching from 1860. He enrolled in Bala Theological College in 1865, but failed to complete the course. From 1867 until the end of his life, he worked as a tailor in Mold, preaching on Sundays until prevented by illness.

paragraph: Thereafter his mentor, Roger Edwards, suggested that he try his hand at writing instead. Owen's first attempt at fiction was a short story, "Cymeriadau Methodistaidd" ("Methodist Characters") about the election of Chapel Elders. Modest success with it led Edwards to encourage Owen to embark upon his first novel, "Y Dreflan", which described a fictionalized version of Mold.

paragraph: Section::::Mature work.

paragraph: Although "Y Dreflan" was popular in its time, Owen's reputation rests mainly on his three later novels, particularly "Rhys Lewis" and its sequel "Enoc Huws". In these he again explored a fictionalized version of Mold and its Methodist chapel culture, blending comedy with satire and psychological introspection. His work is sometimes compared with that of Charles Dickens, who was a likely influence, although Owen's work is uniquely informed by his own Welsh-language culture and chapel background.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Offrymau Neilltuaeth" (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Y Dreflan" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rhys Lewis" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Y Siswrn" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enoc Huws" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gwen Tomos" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Straeon y Pentan" (short stories) (1895)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Although not the first to write novels in Welsh, Owen is the earliest Welsh-language novelist whose works are still widely read. He is credited with starting the tradition of novel writing in the Welsh language and of influencing many later fiction writers, such as Kate Roberts and T. Rowland Hughes.

paragraph: Owen is commemorated in Mold by a statue and in the name of a shopping precinct and cultural centre. He also gives his name to the Daniel Owen Memorial Prize (Gwobr Goffa Daniel Owen), awarded at the National Eisteddfod for the best unpublished novel of no less than 50,000 words with a strong story. The prize has been awarded since 1978, although if none of the entries have been deemed to be of a high enough quality the award is not presented. Mold also holds an annual cultural festival centered on the life and works of Daniel Owen. Called the Daniel Owen Festival

description: Welsh novelist

wikidata_label: Daniel Owen

wikipedia_title: Daniel Owen


text: Ossington

text: Nottinghamshire

text: Maria Louisa Charlesworth

text: Horncastle

text: Lincoln

text: Thomas Milnes

text: Lincoln Asylum for the Insane

text: medical restraint

text: Robert Gardiner Hill

text: John Conolly

text: Hanwell Asylum

text: York Retreat

text: William Alexander Francis Browne

categories: People from Newark and Sherwood (district),19th-century English medical doctors,1783 births,1853 deaths,English psychiatrists

paragraph: Edward Parker Charlesworth

paragraph: Edward Parker Charlesworth (1783–1853) was an English physician, known as an innovator in psychiatric treatment.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was son of John Charlesworth, rector of Ossington, Nottinghamshire, and was brother of John Charlesworth the father of Maria Louisa Charlesworth. After a pupilage with Dr. Edward Harrison of Horncastle, he went to Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1807.

paragraph: Charles settled at Lincoln, where he acquired a large practice, and became physician to the Lincoln county hospital. He died of paralysis, on 20 February 1853. Thomas Milnes made a statue of Charlesworth for Lincoln Asylum.

paragraph: Section::::Psychiatric practice.

paragraph: From 1820 Charlesworth was visiting physician to the Lincoln Asylum for the Insane. It was housed in a new building, completed in 1819, and was an independent institution, sharing its medical staff with the County Hospital.

paragraph: Knowing Harrison's private asylum and its highly coercive methods of treating the insane, Charlesworth secured the issue of an order forbidding attendants to use medical restraint or violence without the consent of the directors. He supervised the structure and arrangements of the asylum, and secured in 1821 a classification of patients and opportunities for their exercise in the open air. In 1828 he obtained an order for the display of instruments of restraint, the destruction of some, and record-keeping of cases of coercion.

paragraph: While a house surgeon named Hadwen was in office in 1834, for some weeks no patient was under restraint in the asylum. Robert Gardiner Hill was house surgeon from 1835 onwards, and mechanical restraint was practically abolished there.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: The experience of the Lincoln asylum influenced John Conolly in his abolition of restraint at Hanwell Asylum. Hill later claimed priority for the approach, and the matter of attribution of influence remained disputed. Conolly visited the York Retreat and the Lincoln asylum, and William Alexander Francis Browne had by then published on non-restraint.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In 1828 Charlesworth published "Remarks on the Treatment of the Insane".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Charlesworth married a daughter of Dr. Rockcliffe of Horncastle.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- britishlistedbuildings.co.uk, "Charlesworth Monument, Lincoln".

wikidata_label: Edward Parker Charlesworth

wikipedia_title: Edward Parker Charlesworth


text:
Nicolaas Johannes Roosenboom
Andreas Schelfhout
Brussels
The Hague
Pulchri Studio
Johannes Gijsbert Vogel
World's Fair Vienna
Chicago World Exposition
World's Fair Atlanta
Adrienne van Hogendorp-s' Jacob
Helene Cramer
Margaretha Roosenboom
Artnet

categories: 19th-century Dutch painters,Artists from The Hague,Dutch still life painters,Flower artists,1896 deaths,Members of The Hague Guild of Saint Luke,1843 births,Dutch women painters

paragraph: Margaretha Roosenboom

paragraph: Margaretha Roosenboom (1843 – 1896), was a 19th-century Dutch flower painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born in Voorburg as the daughter of Nicolaas Johannes Roosenboom and Maria Schelfhout, the daughter of Andreas Schelfhout. She was a pupil of her father in Brussels where she grew up, and in 1867 she returned to The Hague to learn watercolour painting from her grandfather. She was a child prodigy who showed her work at Pulchri Studio at the age of 16 though she only became a member there in 1878. In 1887 she moved in with her cousin Maria Henrietta Catherina van Wielik, who was married to the painter Johannes Gijsbert Vogel. After her cousin died in 1892 she married Vogel in the same year in Voorburg.

paragraph: She sent her work to foreign exhibitions and won prizes at the World's Fair Vienna in 1873, the Chicago World Exposition in 1893, and the World's Fair Atlanta in 1895. She signed her works with "Marguerite" and is known for fruit and flower still lifes. She had many female pupils, including Adrienne van Hogendorp-s' Jacob and Helene Cramer, who also showed works in Chicago in 1893.

paragraph: She died in Voorburg relatively young from injuries suffered from a fall.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaretha Roosenboom on Artnet

alias: Margaretha Cornelia Johanna Wilhelmina Henriëtta Roosenboom

alias: Margaretha Cornelia Johanna Wilhelmina Henrietta Roosenboom

alias: Margaretha Cornelia Johanna Wilhelmina Roosenboom

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Margaretha Roosenboom

wikipedia_title: Margaretha Roosenboom


text:
Persian
Ghurid dynasty
Ghaznavid
Mahmud of Ghazni
Ghazni
Mahayana
Buddhism
Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad of Ghor
Lahore
Malik
Amir Suri
Ghor
Mandesh

categories: 11th-century rulers in Asia,10th-century Iranian people,Year of birth unknown,10th-century rulers in Asia,11th-century Iranian people,Ghurid dynasty,History of Ghor Province,1011 deaths

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Suri

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Suri (Persian: محمد بن سوری, died 1011) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty from the 10th-century to 1011. During his reign, he was defeated by the Ghaznavid emperor Mahmud of Ghazni and his domains were conquered. According to Minhaj-us-Siraj, Muhammad was captured by Mahmud of Ghazni, made prisoner along with his son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad died by poisoning himself. Subsequently, the whole population of Ghuristan was taught the precepts of Islam and converted from Mahayana Buddhism to Islam. Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad of Ghor later overthrew the Ghaznavid Empire in 1186 and conquered their last capital at Lahore.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: The region was governed under a Malik named Amir Suri and the population was not yet converted to Islam.

paragraph: Muhammad has also been referred to as Ibn I Suri,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mandesh

description: Ghurid Sultan

wikidata_label: Amir Suri

wikipedia_title: Muhammad ibn Suri


text:
Charles de Rohan
Louis XV
Madame de Marsan
smallpox
Louis de Melun
Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine
Louis de Melun
Jules, Prince of Soubise
Paris
House of Rohan
Her Highness
Hercule Mériadec, Duke of Rohan-Rohan
Anne Geneviève de Lévis
children of France
Madame de Ventadour
smallpox
Charles de Rohan
Prince of Soubise
Anne Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne
Princess Anna Teresa of Savoy
Anne Victoire de Hesse-Rotenburg
François Armand Auguste de Rohan
Marie Louise Geneviève de Rohan
Gaston Jean Baptiste de Lorraine
Count of Marsan

categories: Duchesses of Rohan-Rohan,French suo jure nobility,House of Rohan,House of Melun,Princesses of Soubise,Governesses to the Children of France,Duchesses of Joyeuse,1698 births,Deaths from smallpox,17th-century French people,1724 deaths,People of the Ancien Régime,People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans,18th-century French women,18th-century French people

paragraph: Anne Julie de Melun

paragraph: Anne Julie de Melun (Anne Julie Adélaïde; 1698 – 18 May 1724) was a French noblewoman and mother of Charles de Rohan, the famous general of Louis XV as well as "Madame de Marsan". She died of smallpox in her twenties.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in 1698, she was baptised with the names Anne Julie Adélaïde and was known as "Anne Julie". Born to Louis de Melun, "Prince d'Epinoy" and his wife Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, "princesse de Lillebonne" she was the second of two children. Her brother Louis de Melun disappeared in 1724, two months after her death.

paragraph: She was the Lady of Boubers in her own right. The peerage was confiscated in 1789.

paragraph: At the age of roughly fifteen, she married Jules, Prince of Soubise. The couple were wed in Paris on 16 September 1714. Her husband was a member of the Princely House of Rohan and with the marriage, Anne Julie took on the style of "Her Highness". Her husbands parents were Hercule Mériadec, Duke of Rohan-Rohan and Anne Geneviève de Lévis.

paragraph: She and her husband were second cousins. Anne Julie was an under governess to the children of France working with Madame de Ventadour, her husband's maternal grandmother.

paragraph: The couple had five children in all. She and her husband died in Paris of smallpox. Her eldest son Charles succeeded as Prince of Soubise. Her brother's disappearance, led to the Principality of Epinoy (previously enjoyed by Anne Julie's father) was given to her son, Charles.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise, Duke of Rohan-Rohan (16 July 1715–4 July 1787) married Anne Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne (1722–1739) and had issue; married again to Princess Anna Teresa of Savoy (1717–1745) and had issue; married Anne Victoire de Hesse-Rotenburg (1728–1792) no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Armand Auguste de Rohan, "cardinal de Soubise", Prince of Tournon (1 December 1717–28 Juin 1758)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Louise Geneviève de Rohan (7 January 1720–4 March 1803) married Gaston Jean Baptiste de Lorraine, Count of Marsan, no issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Auguste de Rohan, Count of Tournon (16 September 1721–6 August 1736) never married;

paragraph: BULLET::::- René de Rohan, Abbot of Luxeuil (26 July 1723–7 February 1743) never married.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1698 – 16 September 1714 Anne Julie de Melun

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16 September 1714 – 18 May 1724 "Her Highness" the Princess of Soubise

paragraph: Section::::References and notes.

description: undergoverness to the children of France

wikidata_label: Anne Julie de Melun

wikipedia_title: Anne Julie de Melun


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of Chicago

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: Carver High School

text: St. Lawrence Seminary High School

text: Saint Joseph's College

text: Rensselaer, Indiana

text: B.A. degrees

text: Master of Divinity

text: St. Francis Seminary

text: Archdiocese of Milwaukee

text: canon law

text: Sacred Heart School of Theology

text: Hales Corners, Wisconsin

text: Marquette University Law School

text: Mundelein Seminary

text: titular diocese

text: Lead

text: episcopal vicar

text: Francis George

text: Postulator

text: Augustus Tolton

text: National Black Catholic Congress

text: Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary

text: liaison

text: Ecclesiastical Court of Appeals

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago

categories: Saint Joseph's College (Indiana) alumni,People from Chicago,African-American Roman Catholic bishops,1948 births,Christianity in Chicago,Sacred Heart School of Theology alumni,Religious leaders from Illinois,Religious leaders from Milwaukee,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee,St. Francis Seminary (Wisconsin) alumni,Marquette University faculty,American titular bishops,University of St. Mary of the Lake faculty,Living people

paragraph: Joseph Perry (bishop)

paragraph: Joseph Nathaniel Perry (born April 18, 1948) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: A native of Chicago, Illinois, Joseph Perry attended various Catholic elementary schools in Chicago between 1954 and 1962. For one year, in 1962, he attended Carver High School, moving on to St. Lawrence Seminary High School for the remainder of his high school years.

paragraph: Perry undertook undergraduate studies (1967) at Saint Joseph's College in Rensselaer, Indiana and the Capuchin Seminary of St. Mary, Crown Point, Indiana, graduating in 1971 with two B.A. degrees in Philosophy and Theology, with a minor in Education. Perry obtained a Master of Divinity from St. Francis Seminary in 1975. Perry attended the Catholic University of America, Washington DC 1979-1981 where he matriculated with the licentiate degree J.C.L. (license) in canon law.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: Perry was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Milwaukee on May 24, 1975.

paragraph: From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, Bishop Perry was a priest within the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, serving first as associate pastor of St. Nicholas Parish followed by an assignment (1976) within the tribunal department of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, becoming Chief Judicial Officer of the Tribunal from 1983 until 1995. Bishop Perry then was assigned pastor of All Saints Church in Milwaukee in 1995 until his ordination as a bishop June 1998.

paragraph: Perry was a professor of canon law at the Sacred Heart School of Theology in Hales Corners, Wisconsin 1981-1995. Since 1996 he was an instructor in canon law at both the Marquette University Law School and since 1997 at Mundelein Seminary.Mundelein, Illinois.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago.

paragraph: Perry was given the titular diocese of Lead on May 5, 1998. After his consecration as a bishop on June 29, 1998, Bishop Perry was appointed the episcopal vicar for Vicariate VI of the Archdiocese of Chicago} serving Cardinal Francis George, OMI the Archbishop of Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Membership and Appointments.

paragraph: In 2010, Bishop Perry was named by Cardinal Francis George to be the Diocesan Postulator for the sainthood cause of Fr. Augustus Tolton (1854-1897).

paragraph: A member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops he has served as chairman of the Committee on African American Catholics. He has also served on several other USCCB committees, including those for Education, Home Missions; the Ad Hoc Committee on Catholics' Use of Holy Scripture; the Secretariat for Family, Laity, Women and Youth; and the Ad Hoc Committee for a Plenary Council, the Catholic Campaign for Human Development, the subcommittee for the Defense of Marriage and the subcommittee for Migrants, Refugees and Travelers.

paragraph: Perry is vice-president of the National Black Catholic Congress's board. Since 1977 he has been a member of the Canon Law Society of America (CLSA). In 1998 he sat on the Board of Advisors of Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary. In addition, he is an episcopal liaison for Catechetics and Liturgical Training Publications (LTP) of the Archdiocese of Chicago, and is a judge sitting on the Ecclesiastical Court of Appeals for the dioceses in the state of Illinois.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the Archdiocese of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the National Black Catholic Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago

description: American Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Nathaniel Perry

wikipedia_title: Joseph Perry (bishop)


text: Zlatá Olešnice

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Nordic skier

text: 1933 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships

text: Innsbruck

text: Nordic combined

text: ski jumping

text: 1932 Winter Olympics

text: Lake Placid

text: Nordic combined

text: 1936 Winter Olympics

text: Garmisch-Partenkirchen

text: 1948 Winter Olympics

text: St. Moritz

categories: Nordic combined skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics,Czech male cross-country skiers,Czech male Nordic combined skiers,1910 births,People from Jablonec nad Nisou District,Cross-country skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics,Nordic combined skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics,Czech male ski jumpers,Czechoslovak male cross-country skiers,Nordic combined skiers at the 1932 Winter Olympics,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,Ski jumpers at the 1932 Winter Olympics,Year of death missing,Cross-country skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics

paragraph: František Šimůnek

paragraph: František Šimůnek (born 2 December 1910 in Zlatá Olešnice date of death unknown) was a Czechoslovakian Nordic skier who competed in the 1930s. He won a silver medal in the 4 x 10 km at the 1933 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Innsbruck.

paragraph: Šimůnek finished 8th in the Nordic combined and 23rd in ski jumping at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. Four years later he finished 5th in both the 4 x 10 km cross-country and the Nordic combined, and 11th in the 18 km cross-country event at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

paragraph: Šimůnek competed also in the 1948 Winter Olympics held in St. Moritz. He finished 36th in Nordic combined and 72nd in 18 km event.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postcard of Šimůnek (5th one from the top)

description: ski jumper

wikidata_label: František Šimůnek

wikipedia_title: František Šimůnek


text: modernism

text: cybernetics

text: Pratt Institute

text: Minimalism

text: Jasper Johns

text: Process Art

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Walter de Maria

text: Sonnabend Gallery

text: Tony Cragg

text: Bill Jensen

text: Stephen Mueller

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Irish Museum of Modern Art

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Matthew Marks Gallery

text: Artforum

text: "Thinking, Mapping, Painting,"

text: Art in America

text: New York Times

text: Los Angeles Times

text: Time Out New York

text: Terry Winters Official Website

categories: 21st-century American painters,1949 births,Artists from New York (state),20th-century American painters,American male painters,American draughtsmen,Pratt Institute alumni,Living people

paragraph: Terry Winters

paragraph: Terry Winters (born 1949, Brooklyn, NY) is an American painter, draughtsman, and printmaker whose nuanced approach to the process of painting has addressed evolving concepts of spatiality and expanded the concerns of abstract art. His attention to the process of painting and investigations into systems and spatial fields explores both non-narrative abstraction and the physicality of modernism. In Winters’ work, abstract processes give way to forms with real word agency that recall mathematical concepts and cybernetics, as well as natural and scientific worlds.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Originally from Brooklyn, NY, Terry Winters studied at the Pratt Institute where he earned his B.F.A. in 1971. Interested in Minimalism and its exploration of painting’s conventions, Winters began to think against the reductive tendencies of the then dominant Formalist abstraction while maintaining hard-won modernist sensibility of non-narrative abstraction.

paragraph: For ten years following his graduation from the Pratt Institute Winters worked quietly and deliberately, not showing his work publicly and watched quietly by a small group of fellow artists, including Jasper Johns. During this time, Winters explored his interest in Process Art, collecting books on pigments such as Pliny the Elder’s "Natural History". These studies, combined with his interest in building paintings ″from the ground up″, led him to explore making his own pigments, introducing him to the study of biology and mineralogy (and eventually to empirical information systems) and these fields’ associative and metaphoric potential.

paragraph: In 1977, Winters had a significant encounter with landscape while he lived in New Mexico to help construct the earthwork "Lightning Field" by Walter de Maria.

paragraph: By the late 1970s, Winters was using pigment to investigate the referential nature of painting. Soon after, his focus shifted to the illusionism inevitable in painting, how mark making and process create illusions that give way to non-representational spatial dimension. This approach is evident in Winters’ first exhibition in 1982 at Sonnabend Gallery. Here, gestures and modules create complex paths and grounds that premiere Winters’ nuanced painting method.

paragraph: Terry Winters has since exhibited widely, joining a group of contemporaries – such as Tony Cragg, Bill Jensen, and Stephen Mueller – engaging with organic abstraction and constantly changing thought on visuality impacted by evolving technology. Throughout the 1990s and onward the scale of Winters’ work and its visual complexity has grown considerably. Continuing to take from the natural sciences and information systems, amongst other subject matters, the construction of his compositions has transitioned from occupied fields to plaited grids and networks that offer unpredictable images. Winters reforms his subjects to maintain their resonance and referentiality – what one sees in his compositions is ambiguously familiar – while waxing to an analog for the act of their making.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: The paintings, drawings, and prints of Terry Winters have been the subject of numerous solo and group exhibitions, including major retrospectives at the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Irish Museum of Modern Art, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Terry Winters is represented by the Matthew Marks Gallery.

paragraph: Sonnabend Gallery,1982

paragraph: The first solo show for Terry Winters, this exhibition established his reputation as an accomplished and distinctive painter and draughtsman. Previously unknown outside of underground circles of artists and collectors, this debut presented his nuanced approach to painting – including his evolving lexicon of biomorphic forms and honed drafting skills – as a welcome tonic for the atmosphere of painting at the time.

paragraph: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1992

paragraph: This early 1990s survey demonstrates a perceptible evolution in Terry Winters’ work as he frequently shifts from large to small scales and reorients his compositions. The exhibition outlines Winters’ experimentation with printmaking and drawing after 1986 that realized new tonal and mark making potential in his work. Mining graphics and functional analytical tools, diagrams and schema like the architectural grid appear abstracted and occupied by ambiguous forms analogous to the outside world ("Dumb Compass", 1985). A centerpiece of the exhibition, "Spine Series" (1980) simultaneously demonstrates Winters’ interest in the construction of the painting and his investigations into visuality. Later work in the exhibition features complex but singular forms emerging from fields and grounds to take on emotional dimension, evoking consciousness and sensuality ("Tone", 1989).

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Filters in Stock". New York: 38th Street Publishers, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Terry Winters: Prints & Sequences". Waterville, Maine: Colby College Museum of Art, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Terry Winters: 1981–1986". New York: Matthew Marks Gallery, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Terry Winters: Drawings". Munich: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Terry Winters: Drawings". New York: Matthew Marks Gallery, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Graphic Primitives". New York: Matthew Marks Gallery, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Terry Winters: Computation of Chains". New York: Matthew Marks Gallery, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winters, Terry. "Ocular Proofs". New York: Dome Editions, 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artforum" (February 1998), "Terry Winters, Matthew Marks Gallery", pp. 92–93.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diehl, Carol. "Thinking, Mapping, Painting," "Art in America", April 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kastner, Jeffrey. "An Energetic Imagist Who Dances with Chance." "New York Times", Sunday, August 19, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muchnic, Suzanne. "Winters’ Show Is an Earthly Experience." "Los Angeles Times", Tuesday, February 9, 1988, part VI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schjeldahl, Peter. "The Redeemer." "Time Out New York", October 28, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, Lisa. "Terry Winters". New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weinberg, Adam. "Terry Winters: Paintings, Drawings, Prints, 1994-2004". New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Winters Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nancy Princenthal interviews Terry Winters for "Art in America"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Winters at the Matthew Marks Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Winters at Universal Limited Art Editions, Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Winters in the collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Winters in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Winters exhibition "Printed Works" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Terry Winters

wikipedia_title: Terry Winters


text:
the first baronet
3rd earl of Cardigan
Member of Parliament
Grand Tour
Aldeburgh
Samuel Fludyer, 3rd Baronet
Felixstowe

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,1833 deaths,1759 births,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,British MPs 1780–1784

paragraph: Sir Samuel Brudenell Fludyer, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Samuel Brudenell Fludyer (1759–1833) was an English politician. He inherited great wealth from his father, the first baronet, and social position from his mother Caroline Brudenell, the niece of the 3rd earl of Cardigan. He became a Member of Parliament, but there is no record of his having spoken in the house.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Samuel Brudenell Fludyer was born 8 October 1759, the first son of Samuel Fludyer and his second wife. He was educated at Westminster School from 1771 and went on the Grand Tour. He inherited the baronetcy in his minority, 18 January 1768 and was returned to Parliament for Aldeburgh when a vacancy occurred in May 1781. When Parliament was dissolved in 1784 he was not re-elected.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: On 5 October 1786, Fludyer married his first cousin Maria, the daughter of Robert Weston and Louisa, daughter of James Brudenell. They had four children, Samuel Fludyer, 3rd Baronet and three daughters, Maria and Caroline-Louise, and Charlotte who died young.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On February 17 1833 he died in Felixstowe, Suffolk. Apart from lending his name to the Fludyer Arms, a hotel in Felixstowe, he seems to have no lasting achievements.

description: Member of Parliament

wikidata_label: Sir Samuel Fludyer, 2nd Baronet


text: Baron Marmion

text: Winteringham

text: Lincolnshire

text: Wars of Scottish Independence

text: Richard FitzRoy

text: homage

text: Abbot of Peterborough

text: distrain

text: Knight of the Shire for Lincolnshire

text: Edward II

text: Piers Gaveston

text: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster

text: John Marmion

text: Fountains Abbey

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: crenellate

text: Tanfield

text: Earl of Lancaster's

text: Battle of Boroughbridge

text: Wath

text: knight's fee

text: Exelby

text: Quinton

text: Berwick

text: Winteringham

text: Keisby

text: John Marmion

text: Gunthorpe, Lincolnshire

text: Marmion Tombs in Winteringham Church

categories: History of Lincolnshire,History of Yorkshire,People from Yorkshire,13th-century English MPs,Year of birth unknown,14th-century English MPs,1322 deaths,English people of French descent,People from the Borough of North Lincolnshire

paragraph: John Marmion, 3rd Baron Marmion of Winteringham

paragraph: John Marmion, Baron Marmion of Winteringham was an Anglo-Norman baron who represented Lincolnshire in Parliament and fought in the Wars of Scottish Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Marmion was the son of William Marmion, 2nd Baron Marmion of Winteringham and his wife Lorette, daughter of Richard FitzRoy and granddaughter of King John.

paragraph: Section::::Career and life.

paragraph: In 1276 Marmion paid homage to the Abbot of Peterborough who granted him his father's lands. He was distrained for knighthood in 1278.

paragraph: Marmion served repeatedly in the Scottish War from 1291 to 1322.

paragraph: Marmion was summoned to the king's councils on 8 June 1294, 26 January 1297 and from 26 July 1313 to 14 March 1322 and as a Knight of the Shire for Lincolnshire to York on 25 May 1298.

paragraph: During the turbulence of 1314 that saw growing friction between Edward II, Piers Gaveston and Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and his large private army, Marmion became involved in trouble for reasons not immediately obvious. An arrest warrant was issued for both John and his son John Marmion who lead a group of dozens of men on a raid upon Fountains Abbey's land at Aldeburgh and Balderby, Yorkshire. Timber, two hundred sheep, fifty oxen and four carts were stolen and the abbot's servants suffered kidnapping, beatings, cuts and had their beards plucked out. The abbot and his monks may not have been entirely innocent having themselves been accused of violent assault in 1307 and of stealing deer in 1316.

paragraph: The dispute seems to have been overtaken by events and after the disastrous Battle of Bannockburn Marmion was summoned to defend the north against the rampant Scots. Forgiveness was forthcoming and on 24 September 1314 he was granted licence to crenellate his mansion ""the Hermitage"" in his wood at Tanfield.

paragraph: The king ordered Marmion to not go to the Earl of Lancaster's meeting of good peers on 29 November 1321. He was then ordered to bring his forces to Coventry on 28 February 1322 to march against the Earl's adherents. This culminated in the Battle of Boroughbridge on 16 March 1322.

paragraph: Marmion likely died at the battle, or shortly after, as on 7 May 1322 an inquisition post-mortem was held to assess his estates in Yorkshire which established that he owned West Tanfield, Wath, Langeton and Wirton manors and one knight's fee in Exelby. A second inquisition found he owned Quinton, Gloucestershire, Berwick and Wingeton in Sussex, Luddington and Castre in Northamptonshire and Willingham and Winteringham in Lincolnshire.

paragraph: In addition to his manors, Marmion also held four knight's fees at Wintringham and Wolingham, one at Keisby and a 1/4 at Trickingham and Stowe.

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: Marmion married Isabella (perhaps Peck?) and had a son John Marmion, who died in 1335. Another son may have been Richard Marmion who was accused of cutting William Gentyl's right hand off at Gunthorpe, Lincolnshire in 1317.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marmion Tombs in Winteringham Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Possible site of Marmion Hermitage Manor House at West Tanfield

description: 3rd Baron Marmion of Winteringham


text:
Tashkent
Uzbek SSR
Uzbekistan
high jump
Asian Games
2015
Asian Athletics Championships
Asian Indoor Athletics Championships
Tashkent
2003 World Youth Championships
2004 World Junior Championships
2006 World Junior Championships
2006 Asian Games
Olympic Games
Nadiya Dusanova
Tashkent
Nadejda Dusanova
Yekaterina Yevseyeva

categories: Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games,Uzbekistani female high jumpers,Sportspeople from Tashkent,Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics,1987 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games,Olympic athletes of Uzbekistan,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games,Asian Games gold medalists for Uzbekistan,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Uzbekistan,Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games,Radziwiłł family,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Svetlana Radzivil

paragraph: Svetlana Mikhaylovna Radzivil (; born 17 January 1987 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) is an Uzbekistani high jumper. She is among Asia's top female high jumpers. She won the Asian Games title three times running (2010 to 2018) and was the Asian champion in 2015. She has also won two silver and one bronze medal at the Asian Athletics Championships. She is a two-time champion at the Asian Indoor Athletics Championships (2006 and 2014). She is a three-time Olympian (2008, 2012 and 2016).

paragraph: She was born in Tashkent. She finished ninth at the 2003 World Youth Championships and thirteenth at the 2004 World Junior Championships. In 2006, she won the 2006 World Junior Championships, in a new personal best jump of 1.91 metres, and finished seventh at the 2006 Asian Games. She jumped 1.91 again in 2007. In 2008, she competed at the Olympic Games. She won the gold medal at the 17th Asian Games with a jump of 1.94 metres ahead of China's Xingjuan Zheng who claimed silver with her season’s best jump of 1.92 m and Uzbekistan's Nadiya Dusanova who took home the bronze with a best leap of 1.89 m. She won gold medal in Asian Games 2018, with games record of 1.96 meters beating Nadiya Dusanova 1.94 m.

paragraph: Her personal best jump is 1.98 metres, achieved in May 2008 in Tashkent. This is the Asian record, although she shares it with two athletes: Nadejda Dusanova and Yekaterina Yevseyeva.

description: Uzbekistani high jumper

wikidata_label: Svetlana Radzivil

wikipedia_title: Svetlana Radzivil


text: British

text: engraver

text: Victorian era

text: coinage

text: Golden Jubilee

text: Queen Victoria

text: engraver

text: William Wyon

text: née

text: Royal Mint

text: Merchant Taylors' School

text: British Museum

text: Numismatic

text: Royal Academy

text: Royal Mint

text: Irish

text: Temperance

text: Theobald Mathew

text: The Great Exhibition

text: Art Union of London

text: British

text: Britannia

text: Penny

text: Golden Jubilee

text: Queen Victoria

text: Joseph Boehm

text: R.A.

text: British Empire

text: South Africa Medal

text: Arctic

text: Baltic Medal

text: Indian Mutiny Medal

text: South Africa Medal

text: William Wordsworth

text: Robert Stephenson

text: Joseph Paxton

text: Richard Sainthill

text: Henry Hallam

text: William Ewart Gladstone

text: Maida Vale

text: St John's Wood

text: Bright's disease

text: apoplexy

text: Wyon on the Jersey Coins website

categories: Artists from London,1826 births,1891 deaths,British stamp designers,People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood,Deaths from nephritis,19th-century sculptors,British medallists,English engravers

paragraph: Leonard Charles Wyon

paragraph: Leonard Charles Wyon (23 November 1826 – 20 August 1891) was a British engraver of the Victorian era most notable for his work on the gold and silver coinage struck for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887 and the bronze coinage of 1860 with the second ("bun") head portrait, in use from 1860 to 1894.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The eldest son of chief engraver William Wyon and his wife, Catherine Sophia, née Keele (d. 1851), Leonard Charles Wyon was born in one of the houses in the Royal Mint in 1826, and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School. L.C. Wyon's father taught him art and also from his father he inherited great skill in die engraving. By the age of 16 he had already made several medals and some of his early work is displayed in the British Museum's Numismatic collection. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1843. From 1844 he studied at the Royal Academy Schools and in the same year, at the age of just 18, he became Second Engraver under his father at the Royal Mint. One of his earliest medals to be widely praised was his 1846 medal of the Irish Temperance preacher Theobald Mathew. In 1850 he was commissioned by Queen Victoria to make medallic portraits of the royal children, and in 1851 he executed the reverse of the prize-medal for The Great Exhibition. Also in 1851, at the age of 24, he succeeded his father, who had died, with the title of Modeler and Engraver. In 1854 he engraved the 'William Wyon Laudatory Medal', in memory of his father, for the Art Union of London. Like his father before him, he also produced dies for postage and other stamps.

paragraph: In 1860 L. C. Wyon was invited to prepare designs for the new British bronze coin denominations. It was pointed out to Wyon that on no account was Britannia to be omitted from the reverse of the new coinage. The Queen herself took a personal interest in the design for the new minor coinage and gave several sittings to him for her portrait. Wyon submitted a number of designs to the Queen for her approval, one of which she adopted. This design included a bronze Penny, commonly known as the 'Bun' Penny on account of Victoria's hair style.

paragraph: Intending to give a bold relief to the designs on the new bronze coins, Wyon engraved the original dies so deeply that they were liable to fracture after relatively few pieces had been struck from them. He therefore had to start again and, after he had produced dies of less bold relief, mass-production of the bronze coinage began.

paragraph: L. C. Wyon also engraved the dies for the gold and silver coinage struck for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. This coinage, the designs for which were prepared from life by Sir Joseph Boehm, R.A., produced a storm of disapproval, directed particularly against Boehm's portrait of the Queen.

paragraph: Wyon, like his father William before him, prepared many dies for coinage use in various parts of the British Empire, including those for Australia, British East Africa, British Guiana, the West Indies, British Honduras, British India; the British India Native States of Alwar, Bikanir, Dwas and Dgar; Canada, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Jersey, Malta, Mauritius, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the Straits Settlements. His official medals included the South Africa Medal (1853), the Arctic and Baltic Medals, the Indian Mutiny Medal, and the South Africa Medal (1879). Among his portrait medals are those of William Wordsworth (1848), Robert Stephenson (1850), Joseph Paxton (1854), Richard Sainthill (1855), Henry Hallam (1859), and William Ewart Gladstone (1879).

paragraph: On 22 June 1852 Wyon married Mary Birks (1831–1902) and the couple lived in London, first in Maida Vale and from 1856 in St John's Wood. None of their numerous offspring took up their father's profession.

paragraph: At the age of 64, Leonard Charles Wyon died of Bright's disease and apoplexy at his home, 54 Hamilton Terrace, St John's Wood, London, on 20 August 1891 and was buried at Paddington Old Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyon on the Jersey Coins website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyon biography on Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery website/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyon Medal Designs on the Fitzwilliam Museum website/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyon's Paris Exhibition Medal on the National Library of Australia website/a

alias:
Leonard C. Wyon
Leonard Wyon
L. C. Wyon

description: English engraver

wikidata_label: Leonard Charles Wyon

wikipedia_title: Leonard Charles Wyon


text:
racing driver
open-wheel racing
European Formula 3 Championship
Van Amersfoort Racing
Carlin
2016 season
Jenzer Motorsport
2017
Santino Ferrucci
Arjun Maini
2018 Silverstone FIA Formula 2 round

categories: Italian racing drivers,Formula Renault 2.0 Alps drivers,Karting World Championship drivers,1998 births,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: Alessio Lorandi

paragraph: Alessio Lorandi (born 8 September 1998) is an Italian racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Lorandi began his racing career in karting 2007. He remained in karting until 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula 3.

paragraph: In 2015, Lorandi debuted in open-wheel racing, in European Formula 3 Championship with Van Amersfoort Racing. The following year, he switched to Carlin and claimed his maiden victory at the third race at Pau.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP3 Series.

paragraph: Lorandi made his debut in the series at the final two rounds of the 2016 season with Jenzer Motorsport. In 2017, he reunited with the team to contest the series full-time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula 2.

paragraph: In July 2018, Lorandi was called up to be a temporary replacement for Santino Ferrucci at Trident's Formula 2 team, after Ferrucci aggressively crashed into his team-mate Arjun Maini on the cool-down lap at the 2018 Silverstone FIA Formula 2 round. This replacement was set to last for four races. But shortly after the Trident team chose to sack Ferrucci due to unsportsmanlike behaviour, resulting in Lorandi replacing Ferrucci for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lorandi's brother Leonardo Lorandi is also a racing driver.

description: Italian racing driver

wikidata_label: Alessio Lorandi

wikipedia_title: Alessio Lorandi


text:
Gustav II Adolf of Sweden
Gustav of Vasaborg
Ingrian War
Pskov
military engineer
Gustav Gustavson
paper
petardist
Feuerwerker
artillerist
gunpowder
Uppland
bailiff
tenants

categories: Mistresses of Swedish royalty,17th-century Swedish people,1669 deaths,Year of birth missing

paragraph: Margareta Slots

paragraph: Margareta Slots or Margareta Cabiljau (died 1669) was the royal mistress of king Gustav II Adolf of Sweden and the mother of his illegitimate son Gustav of Vasaborg.

paragraph: Margareta Slots was the daughter of the Dutch merchant Abraham Cabiljau and Maria van Leest. During the Ingrian War Slots met Gustav at the siege of Pskov in 1615. At the time she was married to the Dutch military engineer Andries Sessandes, who fell in battle at Pskov soon after (October 1615).

paragraph: In 1616, she and Gustav had a son, Gustav Gustavson; Gustav acknowledged her son and granted her an allowance. She then married the paper maker Arendt Slots, who died a few years later, and then the petardist and "Feuerwerker" (artillerist and gunpowder maker) Jacob Trello (died 1632), and was given the estate Benhamn in Uppland, where she lived with her husbands, often asking for favours from the king.

paragraph: In 1625, she was involved in an incident. The bailiff Jacob Galle threatened her with confiscation after she had prevented her tenants to take part in royal construction work. As a response she visited Galle, asked if he had not heard of the privileges granted her by the monarch, and struck him with her stick, after which Galle was beaten by her servants. Galle died of the injuries and she was accused for his murder, but no legal action against her is mentioned.

paragraph: Reportedly, she met Gustav Adolph only once, in 1630, after their relationship had ended.

description: Swedish royal mistress

wikidata_label: Margareta Slots

wikipedia_title: Margareta Slots