text:
Tachibana Muneshige
Kyushu
Bungo province
Tachibana Castle
Ōtomo clan
firearms
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Higo Province
Kyūshū Campaign
Kobayakawa Takakage
daimyō
Yanagawa castle
Chikugo province
Siege of Odawara
Tachibana Naotsugu
Invasion to the Korea
Nagoya castle
Hizen Province
Toyotomi clan
Battle of Sekigahara
Ishida Mitsunari
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Ōtomo
Kuroda Kanbei
Katō Kiyomasa
Nabeshima Katsushige
Siege of Yanagawa
Shimazu Yoshihiro
Tokugawa leyasu
Yanagawa
List of female castellans in Japan

categories: People of Sengoku-period Japan,17th-century Japanese women,16th-century women rulers,Samurai,1569 births,Deified Japanese people,Tachibana clan,1602 deaths,Japanese women in warfare,16th-century Japanese women,Women of medieval Japan,Women in 17th-century warfare,16th-century Japanese people,Women in 16th-century warfare

paragraph: Tachibana Ginchiyo

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She led the clan in a period of difficulty at only 6 years old. She inherited her father's all interest such as the status of castellan, territory, belongings and the famous sword Raikiri (雷切, Lightning Cutter). She recruited women to become her elite guard and trained all the maidens of the castle in warfare skills to intimidate visitors and to prevent it if other clans attack her domain. She married Tachibana Muneshige, who had been adopted into the family and continued Dōsetsu's family line after Ginchiyo.

paragraph: Section::::Kyushu Campaign.

paragraph: In 1586 the Shimazu clan marched with his troops to conquer Kyushu, attacked the Ōtomo clan in the Bungo province and the Tachibana Castle in the north. The Tachibana clan fought back against Shimazu, because the Ōtomo clan had access to European Christians, the clan had access to firearms, Ginchiyo used her female artillery to defend her castle. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi led 200,000 men to conquer Kyushu, the Shimazu army retreated to the Higo Province. The Tachibana forces were eventually forced to flee during the Kyūshū Campaign. Tachibana castle fell to Hideyoshi, who entrusted it to Kobayakawa Takakage. Ginchiyo and Muneshige allied with Hideyoshi in the campaign against their traditional rival, Shimazu clan.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Hideyoshi.

paragraph: After the Tachibana clan siding with Toyotomi Hideyoshi and he had conquered Kyushu in 1587, Muneshige split from the Ōtomo to become a "daimyō" in his own right. He was given Yanagawa castle in Chikugo province, after this the Tachibana become a independent clan. It is said that Ginchiyo and Muneshige did not like each other, she opposes the change of domain and many other policies of Muneshige. The Tachibana clan fought in the Siege of Odawara the battle that unified Japan under Hideyoshi name.

paragraph: In 1592 Hideyoshi ordered that Tachibana Muneshige and Tachibana Naotsugu participate of the Invasion to the Korea under the command of Kobayakawa Takakage. Hideyoshi built Nagoya castle as a base to launch attacks on Korea. The castle was relatively close to Ginchiyo's residence in Hizen Province, it is said that Hideyoshi invited Ginchiyo to visit the castle several times when her husband was away. However, when Hideyoshi saw Ginchiyo with her armed women, he left fearing her personality.

paragraph: Section::::Sekigahara Campaign.

paragraph: After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the power of the Toyotomi clan declined and Japan would go to war again. In 1600 in the Battle of Sekigahara, the Tachibana clan would ally itself with Ishida Mitsunari in the Western army against the Eastern Army of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

paragraph: In the Kyushu Sekigahara campaign, Ginchiyo defended the Ōtomo clan from the invasion of Kuroda Kanbei and Katō Kiyomasa. After the defeat of Western Army in Sekigahara, the Eastern Army under the leadership of Kanbei, Kyomasa and Nabeshima Katsushige began to march toward their doorstep, Ginchiyo organized her fellow nuns in armed resistance against the advancing army. She faced them alone while wearing armor at the Siege of Yanagawa and protected the rearguard of Muneshige to escape.

paragraph: Kuroda and Kato were old comrades-in-arms of Tachibana Muneshige from the days of the Korean invasion, and following the unexpected and challenging resistance of Ginchiyo, they proposed that she and her ex-husband should surrender and join them in a campaign against Shimazu Yoshihiro, who was also from the Western Army and fled from Sekigahara. Muneshige agreed, but Tokugawa leyasu ordered the campaign to stop almost before it had begun because he did not want a further war in Kyushu. Ginchiyo and Muneshige was pardoned nonetheless. The Tachibana family was deprived of his domains in the aftermath of Mitsunari's defeat. Muneshige thanked Ginchiyo for helping him in battle and they both went their own way.

paragraph: Tachibana Ginchiyo died of illness in November 30, 1602, only 34 years old. She was buried in a temple in Yanagawa.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of female castellans in Japan

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Tachibana Ginchiyo

wikipedia_title: Tachibana Ginchiyo


text:
Serra family
Barisone II of Arborea
King of Sardinia
Hugh
Hugh I of Bas
Catalan
Agalbursa
Alfonso II of Aragon
Republic of Pisa
Republic of Genoa
Oristano
Treaty of Oristano
Constantine II of Logudoro
Comita III
William I of Cagliari
Goceano
Marmilla
Barisone
Pope Innocent III
Giusto, Archbishop of Arborea
Barisone II of Gallura
Biagio, Archbishop of Torres
Elena
Benedetta
Barisone
Ugo degli Alberti
Capraia

categories: Judges (judikes) of Arborea,12th-century births,1214 deaths

paragraph: Peter I of Arborea

paragraph: Peter I (died 1214), of the Serra family, was the eldest son and successor of Barisone II of Arborea, reigning from 1186 to his death. His mother was Barisone's first wife, Pellegrina de Lacon. He was crowned King of Sardinia, the title his father had used, with the support of a majority of the Arborean nobility.

paragraph: Immediately after his father's death, he was opposed by his nephew Hugh, the son of Hugh I of Bas and Ispella, Peter's half-sister, the elder daughter of Barisone by his second wife, the Catalan Agalbursa. Agalbursa had the support of Alfonso II of Aragon, but she died soon after instigating the war between her grandson and Peter. Peter was supported by the Republic of Pisa, while Hugh had the backing of the Republic of Genoa. In 1189, however, Peter made peace with Genoa and swore fealty to the Republic "salva domini pape fidelitate". In 1192, a compromise was finally reached at Oristano whereby Arborea was divided between Peter and Hugh (Treaty of Oristano).

paragraph: In the late 1190s, Constantine II of Logudoro and his son Comita III, allies of Genoa, warred with Peter, who was under the protection of William I of Cagliari. Comita eventually sued for peace with Pisa and abandoned his claims over Arborea in exchange for the castle of Goceano, held thitherto by William. In 1195, William of Cagliari invaded Arborea, imprisoning Peter and besieging Oristano, forcing Hugh to sign a pact ceding his territories and to marry Preciosa, his daughter and a relative of Peter through her mother.

paragraph: In 1198, William attacked Arborea again and forced Peter to flee to Hugh. William advanced on Oristano and demanded the cession of several frontier castles, including Marmilla, which he obtained. William then captured Peter and his son Barisone and imprisoned them in order to control Arborea more directly. He entrusted the government of the "giudicato" to the bishops, the canons of Oristano, and the "majores" (major laymen). Pope Innocent III, in a letter of 11 August, launched an investigation of the church's participation in this usurpation, which Giusto, Archbishop of Arborea, claimed the canons of Oristano had no authority to effect.

paragraph: Early in 1200, William of Cagliari requested Peter's half of Arborea, which he already controlled, from the pope. Innocent refused. Unbeknownst to the pope, he had made a secret pact with Hugh whereby he retained control not only of Peter's half of Arborea, but also of all the fortresses in the realm.

paragraph: When Barisone II of Gallura died in 1203, he left his "giudicato" under the protection of Pope Innocent, who penned a letter to Biagio, Archbishop of Torres, charging him with assuring a smooth succession in Gallura, which meant arranging a marriage for the young heiress Elena. Innocent advised the judges not to interefer with her marriage and to aid Biagio in everything.

paragraph: Peter died a prisoner in Pisa and his son Barisone inherited his half of Arborea, after being freed from imprisonment to marry William's heiress, Benedetta. His wife had been Bina (1189), mother of his only legitimate son Barisone (1190), but they were divorced in 1191. She remarried to Ugo degli Alberti of the Capraia family in 1193. Peter also had a illegitimate son named Gotifred, who died in 1253.

description: Judge of Arborea

wikidata_label: Peter I of Arborea

wikipedia_title: Peter I of Arborea


text: Sera, Hiroshima

text: Tokyo

text: Tsukasa Fujimoto

text: Hikaru Shida

text: Hamuko Hoshi

text: Maki Narumiya

text: Tsukushi

text: Korakuen Hall

text: International Ribbon Tag Team Champions

text: Isami Kodaka

text: ICE Cross Infinity Championship

text: Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium

text: Ice Ribbon

text: ICE×∞ Championship

text: Maki Narumiya

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI Female 50

text: Pro Wrestling Zero1

text: World Wonder Ring Stardom

text: Ice Ribbon profile

text: Miki Production profile

text: Mizuiro Kakumei profile

text: Official blog

categories: Japanese gravure models,Japanese female professional wrestlers,Japanese actresses,1991 births,Living people

paragraph: Risa Sera

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sera was born in Sera, Hiroshima. After graduating high school, she moved to Tokyo and studied voice acting at Amusement Media Academy (AMG). In 2012, Sera took part in the audition for "Taiyo kara Plancha" (), a movie collaborated with Ice Ribbon, and she won the main role on the condition that she had to actually make her debut as wrestler with other winners of the audition, which made Ice Ribbon's recruiting project likewise in "Muscle Venus." Until then, she used her real name Risa Okuda.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Ice Ribbon (2012-present).

paragraph: Sera was trained by Tsukasa Fujimoto and Hikaru Shida and made her debut on November 10, 2012, at the Ice Ribbon dojo under the ring name Risa Sera, defeated by Hamuko Hoshi. A half of her co-actors quit wrestling early, but she, 235 and Rutsuko Yamaguchi (retired in 2014 due to knee injury) remained to be on the roster.

paragraph: In January 4, 2014, Sera teamed up with Maki Narumiya and named their tag team ".STAP". They defeated Tsukushi and Kurumi at the Korakuen Hall event on March 30 to become the International Ribbon Tag Team Champions. Until the next year, they successfully retained the championship for nine times. The team was dissolved as Narumiya left Ice Ribbon by March 31, 2015. They were defeated in a hardcore tag match against Isami Kodaka and Yuko Miyamoto in their last match, then Sera challenged Narumiya to a hardcore tag match. They had the match on May 4 and Sera's team were defeated. Sera demanded an even harder rematch with light tubes, but this was declined by management of Ice Ribbon, because it would be deviating from the main concept of the promotion. Sera declared that she would boycott the next Korakuen Hall event on June 24, but eventually she held her own event there after Ice Ribbon's event for just one match called "Human Hair Death Match" () and made peace with Narumiya after being defeated again.

paragraph: Since then, Sera held two "Death Match" events collaborating with Ice Ribbon. They were made of fun matches by Ice Ribbon's wrestlers and really hardcore matches including ladders, barbed wires and light tubes by Sera, so practically she made the promotion compromise on the matter.

paragraph: On November 14, 2015, Sera formed a new tag team with Maya Yukihi, and named the team "Azure Revolution".

paragraph: On March 21, Sera challenged Hamuko Hoshi for the ICE Cross Infinity Championship, and defeated Hoshi by a diving double knee drop to win her first title as a single player. On May 3, Sera headlined Ice Ribbon's 10th anniversary event at Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium to successfully defend the championship against Yuka. Sera was defeated by Tsukasa Fujimoto at korakuen Hall event on July 3 and lost the title, but the title went vacant by the result of the November 3 event, and on December 31, Sera won the tournament for the championship, defeating Fujimoto in the finals, and regained the title. Sera held the title for a full year, losing it to Hiiragi Kurumi in her eighth defense on December 31, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Theatrical Dramas.

paragraph: 2013: "tears"

paragraph: 2016: "A.D.〜automatic dream〜"

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Television.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ice Ribbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICE×∞ Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Ribbon Tag Team Championship (2 times, current) – with Maki Narumiya (1) and Maya Yukihi (1, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Next Ribbon Tag Team Championship Challenger Determination Tournament (2014) – with Maki Narumiya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked No. 36 of the top 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Zero1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blast Queen Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wonder Ring Stardom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Match Award (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Ribbon Wasshoi!

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Ribbon Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Yuko Miyamoto

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ice Ribbon profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miki Production profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mizuiro Kakumei profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official blog

description: Japanese professional wrestler and actress

wikidata_label: Risa Sera

wikipedia_title: Risa Sera


text:
cross-country skier
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2017
Lahti
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Swedish male cross-country skiers,Tour de Ski skiers,Olympic cross-country skiers of Sweden,1994 births,Living people,Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Jens Burman

paragraph: Jens Burman (born 16 August 1994) is a Swedish cross-country skier who competes internationally.

paragraph: He competed for Sweden at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2017 in Lahti, Finland.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

description: Swedish crosscountryskier

wikidata_label: Jens Burman

wikipedia_title: Jens Burman


text: Shaiva Siddhanta

text: Shaivism

text: Tamilians

text: Hindu philosophies

text: Advaita

text: Adi Shankara

text: Vishistadvaita

text: Ramanuja

text: Shiva

text: Tirupennākadam

text: Cuddalore District

text: Tamil Nadu

text: guru

text: Thiruvenkadu

text: Thiruvennainallur

text: Kailash

text: diksha

text: Nāmam

text: Tamil

text: guru

text: Siddhanta

text: Sutra

text: Pati

text: Pashu

text: Pasam

text: Adi Shankara

text: Ramanuja

text: Advaita

text: Visistadvaita

text: Sampradaya

text: Sampradaya

text: Nandinatha Sampradaya

text: Sanatkumara

text: Sanakar, Sanadanar, Sananthanar

text: Patanjali

text: Vyaghrapada

text: Tirumular

text: Nandinatha

text: Sanatkumara

text: Vedic

text: Saiva Siddhanta

text: Sampradaya

categories: Shaivites,13th-century philosophers,Hindu philosophers,Indian Hindu spiritual teachers,Shaivite religious leaders

image: 512px-சந்தான_குரவர்கள்.jpg

paragraph: Meykandar

paragraph: Meykandar (, Meykaṇṭār, lit. "the truth seer"), also known as Meykanda Devar, was a 13th-century philosopher and theologian who contributed to the Shaiva Siddhanta school Shaivism. His literary work known as "Śiva Jñāna Bodham" on Shaiva Siddhanta has enjoyed great vogue and prestige among Tamilians compared to other well-known Hindu philosophies such as Advaita of Adi Shankara and Vishistadvaita of Ramanuja.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Meykandar was born to "Achuta Kalappālar" and "Mangalambikai", ardent devotees of Lord Shiva who lived in the Tirupennākadam village of present-day Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu. It is said that they were troubled over their childless state which led them to be counselled by their family guru, "Sakalāgama Panditar", who advised them to do a penance at Thiruvenkadu Siva Temple. As a result, they got a boy and named him "Swethavana perumāl", after the name of the deity at Thiruvenkadu.

paragraph: The young child Swetavana Perumal was brought to his maternal hometown Thiruvennainallur by his uncle. One day while he was playing in the street, he was attracted by Rishi Paranjyoti, who "descended from Kailash". Paranjyoti initiated Swetavana Perumal as his disciple and gave him the diksha Nāmam, "Mey Kandār", the Tamil equivalent of his guru's name, "Satya njnana darshini". Meykandar composed "Śiva Jñāna Bodham", the core treatise of Southern Siddhanta tradition. It contains twelve aphorisms (Sutras) running to a total of forty lines, and deals with the nature of the three components of Saivism (Pati-Pashu-Pasam), and the means of attaining oneness with Siva. Many researchers conclude that "Śivajñānabodham" might have been composed around 1223 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Santana Kuravar.

paragraph: Sakalāgama Panditar, the family guru of Meykandar, once visited Meykandar and surprisingly became his disciple. He, later known as "Arulnandi Sivan", composed "Shiva Njana Siddiyar" and "Irupa irupahthu", in which he seconded Meykandar's "Śiva Jñāna Bodham". Arulnandi sivan's disciple "Marai njana Sampandar" was the guru of "Umapati Sivan" who composed another eight texts explaining Saiva Siddhanta. These four personages – Meykandar, Arulnandi Sivan, Marai njana Sampandar and Umapati Sivan are revered by the Tamil Siddhantins as "Santāna Kuravars" (Lineage of Gurus).

paragraph: Section::::Meykandar Siddhantism.

paragraph: Saiva Siddhanta is the youngest philosophy that emerged in Tamil land since Adi Shankara and Ramanuja, interpreters of two prominent Indian philosophies, Advaita and Visistadvaita, predate it. In this aspect, Siddhantism stands midway between Shankara and Ramanuja regarding the explanation of god and soul.

paragraph: The Sampradaya spread by Santana Kuravars during 13th and 14th centuries in Tamil land is known as "Meykandar Sampradaya" in philosophical perspective. It is also considered as a branch of Nandinatha Sampradaya, which flourished from the eight direct disciples (Sanatkumarar, Sanakar, Sanadanar, Sananthanar, Shivayogamuni, Patanjali, Vyaghrapada, and Tirumular) of Nandinatha. Meykandar Sampradaya is associated with the teachings of first disciple of Nandinatha – Sanatkumarar.

paragraph: There are totally fourteen texts of Santana Kuravar and others admired by Tamil Saivites as "Meykanda Saathirangal" (Sastras of Meykandar or Sastras that perceived the truth). Though Saiva siddhanta is often identified as a pluralistic philosophy, it declares itself "Vaidika Suddadvaita" (Vedic Pure advaita) claiming that it interprets Advaita as it is.

paragraph: Section::::See more.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saiva Siddhanta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sampradaya

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivaganabodam explanation by Gordon Matthews

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivagnanabodham English explanation part-1 by J.M. Nallaswami Pillai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivagnanabodham English explanation part-2, by J.M. Nallaswami Pillai

wikidata_label: Meykandar

wikipedia_title: Meykandar


text: Buenos Aires

text: Argentine

text: cartoonist

text: Santiago de Liniers

text: Star Wars

text: slippers

text: comic strips

text: viceroy named Liniers

text: firing squad

text: teddy bear

text: Patrick McDonnell

text: Hergé

text: Goscinny

text: Uderzo

text: Quino

text: Héctor Germán Oesterheld

text: Francisco Solano López

text: Charles Schulz

text: George Herriman

text: fanzines

text: Santiago Rial Ungaro

text: Pecha Kucha

text: Maitena

text: La Nación

text: meta humor

text: France

text: Portugal

text: Germany

text: Spain

text: Antarctica

text: Cuverville Island

text: The New Yorker

text: Kevin Johansen

text: Candlewick Press

text: Batchelder Award

text: Kevin Johansen

text: La Lengua Popular

text: Andrés Calamaro

text: "Cosas que te pasan si estás vivo"

text: Liniers

text: Comiclopedia

text: "The Big Wet Balloon"

categories: Argentine people of French descent,People from Buenos Aires,The New Yorker people,Argentine cartoonists,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Liniers (cartoonist)

paragraph: Ricardo Siri (Buenos Aires, November 15, 1973), better known by the name Liniers, is an Argentine cartoonist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Liniers is related to viceroy Santiago de Liniers. He began drawing from a very earl age; he has remarked that he began to draw in order to enjoy movies at home. "I wanted to have "Star Wars" and the only way to have it was to draw it. So we could look at it whenever we wanted to." His father was a lawyer and his mother worked at various jobs, including making slippers and little paintings. He has two siblings, who are younger, and is married (to the writer Angie Erhardt del Campo ) and has three daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In regards to the name he uses for his comic strips, Liniers has remarked: "Liniers is my second name. In Buenos Aires there was a viceroy named Liniers, who ended up being executed by firing squad. He was my ancestor, something like a greatgreatgreatgrandfather. So when I began to sign my comic strips, I used the name, because I like names that do not entirely and exactly are appropriate to the subject –for example, the teddy bear in my comic strip is called Madariaga."

paragraph: He studied advertising, but ultimately decided to pursue a career in comics. His work is influenced by Patrick McDonnell, Hergé, Goscinny and Uderzo, Quino, Héctor Germán Oesterheld and Francisco Solano López, Charles Schulz and George Herriman. He started working in fanzines, then moved on to magazines and newspapers. His work has been featured in "Lugares", "¡Suélteme!", "Hecho en Buenos Aires", "Calles", "Zona de Obras", "Consecuencias" y "¡Qué suerte!" (España), "Olho Mágico" (Brazil), "9-11 Artists respond" (USA), and "Comix 2000" (France).

paragraph: Along with Santiago Rial Ungaro, Liniers published "Warhol para principiantes" (Warhol for beginners), for Ediciones Era Naciente in 2001.

paragraph: Liniers appeared as a presenter at the second Pecha Kucha night in Buenos Aires, October 3, 2006.

paragraph: In September 1999 he started publishing a weekly strip called "Bonjour" in "NO!", a supplement of "Página/12". "Bonjour" is very experimental and features some adult language, and showcases many characters that would reappear in later works. "Bonjour" appeared for the last time on June 27, 2002.

paragraph: In June 2002, fellow cartoonist Maitena got him into the Argentine newspaper "La Nación", where he began a new daily strip called "Macanudo", which appears on the last page of the paper. Just like "Bonjour", "Macanudo" is very experimental and deals with meta humor.

paragraph: "Conejo de viaje" ("Travelling Rabbit" or "Rabbit on the Road") (2008) is a collection of illustrated travel journals that describe his journeys through France, Portugal, Germany, Spain, Argentina, and Antarctica (which includes sojourns on Antarctic islands such as Cuverville Island).

paragraph: "The Big Wet Balloon, a TOON Book" ("El Globo Grande y Mojado") (Pub date: Sept 10, 2013) is the first book by Liniers published in the U.S. In 2014 the artist illustrated some covers for "The New Yorker"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº1" (April 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº2" (April 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bonjour" (December 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº3" (April 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº4" (December 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuadernos 1985-2005" (December 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lo que hay antes de que haya algo" (June 2007) – children's book (English: What there is before there is anything there)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº5" (October 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº6" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conejo de viaje" (2008) – (English: Travelling Rabbit or Rabbit on the Road)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oops!" (2008), joint work with Kevin Johansen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Macanudo Universal - Vols. 1-5" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº7" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudismo" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº8" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº9" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macanudo Nº10" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Globo Grande y Mojado" and "The Big Wet Balloon, a TOON Book" (TOON Books/Candlewick Press, September 2013) – picture book in simultaneous Spanish and English-language editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escrito y Dibujado por Enriqueta" (TOON, 2015), ; "Written and Drawn by Henrietta" (TOON, 2015), – English translation by Liniers, one runner-up for the 2016 Batchelder Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buenas Noches, Planeta (2017); Good Night, Planet –" Winner of the 2018 Eisner Award for Best Publication for Early Readers (up to age 8)"."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Logo" by Kevin Johansen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Lengua Popular" by Andrés Calamaro – for which Liniers won the Gardel Prize for best cover art

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cosas que te pasan si estás vivo" – Liniers' comic blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liniers at Lambiek Comiclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Wet Balloon", a TOON Book in English and Spanish, Liniers' début in the U.S.

description: Argentine cartoonist

wikidata_label: Liniers

wikipedia_title: Liniers (cartoonist)


text: professional boxer

text: Goodwill Games

text: 1995 Pan American Games

text: 1996 Summer Olympics

text: bronze medal

text: Welterweight

text: Yori Boy Campas

text: Light middleweight

text: Mehrdud Takaloo

text: World Boxing Union

text: Fulgencio Zúñiga

text: Antonio Margarito

text: Sergiy Dzindziruk

text: Joachim Alcine

text: World Boxing Association

text: Lima, Peru

text: Montreal, Quebec

text: Salinas, Puerto Rico

text: Goodwill Games

text: Saint Petersburg, Russia

text: 1995 Pan American games

text: Mar del Plata

text: Argentina

text: David Reid

text: 1996 Summer Olympics

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: Morocco

text: Nariman Atayev

text: Uzbekistan

text: Cameroon

text: Oleg Saitov

text: Fort Worth, Texas

text: El Cajon, California

text: Kofi Jantuah

text: Las Vegas, Nevada

text: Giovanni Parisi

text: Calabria

text: Yorkshire

text: Great Britain

text: Antonio Margarito

text: Bayamón, Puerto Rico

text: Showtime Too

text: Yori Boy Campas

text: Las Vegas, Nevada

text: Mehrdud Takaloo

text: Cardiff Castle

text: Cardiff

text: Wales

text: Fulgencio Zúñiga

text: Bayamón, Puerto Rico

text: Don King

text: Félix Trinidad

text: Sergiy Dzindziruk

text: fight card

text: Madison Square Garden

text: José Antonio Rivera

text: Joachim Alcine

text: Sergio Gabriel Martínez

text: World Boxing Council

text: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Yuri Foreman

text: Miguel Cotto

text: Manny Pacquiao

text: Lo Se Todo

text: List of Puerto Ricans

categories: World Boxing Organization champions,Pan American Games silver medalists for Puerto Rico,Boxers at the 1995 Pan American Games,Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in boxing,1975 births,Olympic bronze medalists for Puerto Rico,World Boxing Association champions,Sportspeople from San Juan, Puerto Rico,Puerto Rican male boxers,Boxers at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Olympic boxers of Puerto Rico,Living people

paragraph: Daniel Santos (boxer)

paragraph: Daniel Santos Peña (born October 10, 1975) is a former professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2009. As an amateur Santos represented Puerto Rico in international events, including the 1990 and 1992 Junior World Championships, Pan American Boxing Tournament, Goodwill Games, 1995 Pan American Games and the 1996 Summer Olympics, where he won a bronze medal in the Welterweight Division. Santos debuted as a professional in 1996. Santos won the World Boxing Organization Welterweight championship on May 6, 2000. On March 16, 2002 he vacated the welterweight division's championship in order to compete against Yori Boy Campas for the vacant World Boxing Organization Light middleweight championship. Santos defended this championship on four occasions, against Mehrdud Takaloo (in a fight where he won the World Boxing Union Light middleweight championship), Fulgencio Zúñiga, Michael Lerma and Antonio Margarito before losing it to Sergiy Dzindziruk by unanimous decision in a fight that took place on December 3, 2005. On July 11, 2008, Santos won his third professional championship, knocking out Joachim Alcine in six rounds to win the World Boxing Association's light middleweight title.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career and early life.

paragraph: Santos was raised in a family where boxing was a common profession, with his father Paquito Santos being a trainer and his brother Edgardo Santos being a former professional boxer. Early in his life Daniel Santos was enrolled in a school specialized in sports, located in a facility designed for the training of Olympic athletes in Puerto Rico. He eventually graduated from this institution and continued a career in boxing. Santos began to compete in the international amateur circuit in 1990. On this year he won the bronze medal in the World Junior Championships that were organized in Lima, Peru. Two years later he competed in the World Junior Championships that were celebrated in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he won the bronze medal, for the second straight time in a competition with worldwide scope. On 1993 he debuted in the adult division when he competed in the Panamerican Boxing championship. This event took place in Salinas, Puerto Rico. Santos won the gold medal on this tournament. In 1994 Santos represented Puerto Rico in the Goodwill Games that took place in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Here, Santos finished third in his division and won the bronze medal. His next international participation was in the 1995 Pan American games celebrated in Mar del Plata, Argentina, where he won the silver medal. The result of the championship fight was controversial, when David Reid won the fight by decision after Santos scored a knockdown during the course of the contest. Santos represented Puerto Rico once again at the 1996 Summer Olympics organized in Atlanta, Georgia. Here he competed in three fights, he defeated two adversaries by unanimous decision, these were: Kabil Lahsen of Morocco with score of 16–4 and Nariman Atayev of Uzbekistan with a score of 28–15. In his first fight he defeated Ernest Atangana Mboa of Cameroon by RSC (referee stopping contest) at the 2:54 mark of the first round. His last fight was against Oleg Saitov of Russia where he lost by points with score of 11–13. He finished the competition in the third global place and won the bronze medal, with this medal Santos became the sixth Puerto Rican boxer to win an Olympic medal. Daniel finished his amateur career compiling a record of 117 fights won and three defeats.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Santos debuted as a professional on September 28, 1996 against Andre Hawthorne in Fort Worth, Texas, in a fight where he won by technical knockout in the first round. Following this fight Santos compiled a record of twenty-one victories, one defeat and one draw before competing for a world championship. During this period Santos boxed in the welterweight division, his adversaries in this stage of his career included: Bernard Gray, Miguel Gonzalez, Fidel Avendao, Juan Caslos Rodriguez, William Ruiz and Humberto Rodriguez. The first draw in Santos' career occurred in a fight with Jose Luis Verdugo, that was part of a card that took place in El Cajon, California. On May 7, 1999 Santos competed against Kofi Jantuah in Las Vegas, Nevada. Jantuah won this contest by technical knockout in the fifth round, marking Santos' first defeat in the professional circuit.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Welterweight.:WBO welterweight title.

paragraph: Santos fought Ahmed Kotiev for the World Boxing Organization's welterweight championship on November 27, 1999. Kotiev retained the championship by split decision. The scores of the judges were 115-113 and 115-113 in favor of Kotiev and 117-111 in favor of Santos. The fight was subsequently described as a "competitive and highly entertaining fight" and the result was reviewed as a "disputed" close split decision. On May 6, 2000 these two boxers competed in a rematch of their previous fight. In the fifth round Santos won the fight by knockout, in the process winning his first professional championship, the World Boxing Organization's championship.

paragraph: On July 21, 2000, Santos defended the welterweight championship against Giovanni Parisi in Calabria, Italy. Santos won the fight by knockout in the fourth round. Following the fight Parisi stated that the welterweight championship was always his interest as he wanted to become the first Italian to win world championships in three different divisions. In this interview he claimed that his training prior to the fight was insufficient. Giovanni said: "We battled in Reggio Calabria, a coin toss from Sicily, and he KOed me during the 4th round. I have no excuses. I didn't train properly."

paragraph: His second defense was against Neil Sinclair in Yorkshire, Great Britain. In the first round Sinclair's offensive was effective and he scored a knockdown on the defending champion. On the second round Santos responded to Sinclair's strategy and won the fight by knockout. Prior to the fight Sinclair noted that a fight between Santos and him was supposed to happen eight years before, "We were both in the 1992 World junior championships in Montreal. We were both at the same weight and were at other side of the draw from each other and ended up with bronze medals. So I have watched him fight in person and shook hands on the podium. If we had both won our semi-finals we would have faced each other." Sinclair also stated that he expected to win based on his training, he said that all of his sparring partners were southpaws since Santos is one, this preparation also included contracting a new trainer.

paragraph: On July 21, 2001, Santos defended against Antonio Margarito in a card that took place in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. This marked the first time that Santos fought a world title fight in Puerto Rico. At the moment of the fight Margarito was the mandatory challenger appointed by the World Boxing Organization, and it was televised on Showtime Too. The fight ended in at the 2:11 mark on the first round when the fight was stopped due to a large injury over Margarito's right eye, the cut caused by an accidental head butt. The fight was declared a no-contest and Santos retained the welterweight championship by default. Following the conclusion of the contest both competitors were visibly angered at the sudden conclusion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Light-middleweight.:WBO light-middleweight title.

paragraph: Santos boxed for the vacant WBO light-middleweight title against Yori Boy Campas in a fight that took place at Bally's Event Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. Santos won the fight when referee Joe Cortez intervened in the eleventh round. During the course of the fight numerous combinations hurt Campas and cut his face, in the eleventh round following one of Santos' punches Campas informed Cortez that his vision was not functioning properly. At the moment of the fight's conclusion the scores of the judges were 99–91, 97–93 and 99–90 in favor of Santos. On August 17, 2002, Santos defended this championship for a first time against Mehrdud Takaloo, in a fight that also involved the World Boxing Union Light middleweight championship. The event took place in the Cardiff Castle located in Cardiff, Wales. Takaloo began the fight by using his right hand often and on the fourth round he scored a knockdown. As the fight progressed Takaloo began to show signs of exhaustion and Santos managed to have a strong performance in the second half of the fight. Takaloo received cuts around both of his eyes which made the referee consider stopping the fight twice in the tenth round. When the fight ended Santos won the contest by unanimous decision and the judges' scores were 116–111, 116–112, 117–110.

paragraph: On January 14, 2004, Warrior's Boxing Promotions announced that they had signed Santos to exclusively acquire the rights to promote the fights where he performed. At the moment of the announcement Santos said that he expected to have a productive business relationship with the promotion, and highlighted the company's organization, he said: "I am very impressed with the Warriors organization and believe that they will provide me with the platform to show the world that I am truly one of the best champions competing today." The executive director of the promotion, Jessie Robinson said that the company had been scouting Daniel for years, his words were: "We have had our eye on Santos for the past two years and strongly feel that he is a serious player in the junior middleweight division. We will be announcing our long term plans for Mr. Santos shortly."

paragraph: On September 11, 2004 Santos fought in a rematch against Antonio Margarito as part of the undercard of the Cotto-Pinto undercard. Early in the fight Santos' strategy consisted of connecting with short punches with his left arm, including a strong impact to Margarito's face in the first round. In the fifth round Margarito connected several strong punches to his head and body. Throughout the course of the fight both boxers fought at close quarters which led to their heads hitting against each other several times. Margarito's face began bleeding in the sixth round which led to the referee stopping the fight twice in this round. Attempts by Francisco Ezpinoza, Margarito's cutman, to stop the bleeding were unsuccessful. In the late rounds Santos began boxing and focused some of his punches in Margarito's wound. In the tenth round Margarito responded to the bell but following the first seconds of the round the ringside doctor declared that he could not continue further. The result of the fight was decided by the scores of the judges, awarding Santos a victory by technical decision. On June 28, 2003 he defended against Fulgencio Zúñiga in a card that took place in the Ruben Rodriguez Coliseum in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. Daniel won the contest by unanimous decision with identical scores of 118–110.

paragraph: Santos was under contract with Warrior's Boxing Promotions for one year, his contract ended when he abandoned the promotion. On April 26, 2005, Don King Productions announced that the company had acquired the exclusive rights to promote Santos' fights. At the moment of the announcement Don King stated that: "Daniel is another proud Puerto Rican world champion and I'm excited to have him with me, Junior middleweight is a solid division and there are many fights we can make for this great champion. Viva Puerto Rico!." Santos said that this event held significance in his life because:"I want to fight all the best fighters and by being with the best promoter, I know I will get those fights and make good money. I look forward to a long and happy relationship with Don King." When interviewed about Santos' signing, Félix Trinidad Sr. said that he was impressed by Santos' performance against Antonio Margarito and said that a fight between him and Félix Trinidad seemed plausible at the moment. On December 3, 2005 Santos was scheduled to defend the light middleweight championship against Sergiy Dzindziruk. In the eight round of the competition Dzinziruk scored a knockdown. The three judges gave the fight a score of 115–112 in favor of Dzinziruk thus making him the new WBO champion.

paragraph: On October 6, 2007 Santos returned to action following a period of fifteen months of inactivity. This event took place in a fight card presented in the Madison Square Garden, against José Antonio Rivera. The contest ended in the eight round when Rivera's corner surrendered by "throwing in the towel". At the moment of the fight's conclusion Rivera was receiving several combinations of punches to the face and displayed several injuries and cuts in his face as well as having his nose swollen. Prior to the decision Santos scored a knockdown which lasted until the count of eight. Following the fight Daniel noted that "it was a hard fight." and that Rivera was a "hardy boxer with strong punches", stating that his physical condition was responsible for his resistance throughout the contest.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Light-middleweight.:WBA light-middleweight title.

paragraph: On July 11, 2008, Santos competed in his first title fight since returning to action, facing Joachim Alcine for the WBA's light middleweight championship. The first round was used by both fighters to study their adversary's technique. Alcine began the second round aggressively, displaying accuracy in some of his punches. Santos focused on counter-attacking Alcine's offense during the following two rounds. He continued using this pattern, establishing notable control of the fight's tempo in the fifth episode. In the sixth Santos connected a jab and followed it with a left hook, this combination injured Alcine who was unable to respond to the referee's count, losing the contest by knockout. Subsequently, Santos was scheduled to defend the championship against Nobihiro Ishida on January 3, 2009. However, the fight was cancelled after it was suddenly suspended less than a month before the date. Don King proposed a unificatory contest against Sergio Gabriel Martínez, who held the World Boxing Council's interim championship. Santos refused the offer, citing that he had less than a month to train for it after a long period of inactivity, but expressed interest in organizing it in another date. Consequently, the pugilist was inactive for several months. King made an offer to Ricardo Mayorga, pursuing a fight between both pugilists in May, but the negotiations failed to advance. On August 17, 2009, Top Rank won a bid to organize a fight between Santos and the WBA's first contender, Yuri Foreman. The promotion scheduled the contest to take place as part of the undercard of "Firepower", a card featuring a fight between Miguel Cotto and Manny Pacquiao in the main event. On that date, Santos lost the championship by unanimous decision to Foreman, with scores of 116–110 and 117–109 twice.

paragraph: Section::::Legal troubles.

paragraph: On September 27, 2018, Santos was arrested by police, accused of resisting arrest and threatening two policemen who went to his house to arrest him on charges of threatening his ex-wife, an event which had allegedly taken place on September 24 of that year. While taken into custody, Santos was interviewed by a reporter of the popular television gossip show, Lo Se Todo. He took that opportunity to plead with the Puerto Rican public to help him get help for unspecified problems.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

description: boxer

wikidata_label: Daniel Santos

wikipedia_title: Daniel Santos (boxer)


text: Amherst, Massachusetts

text: Hancock Point, Maine

text: radiochemistry

text: Yale University

text: Ernest Rutherford

text: decay of uranium to lead

text: older mineral deposits

text: age of earth

text: Boltwoodite

categories: 1870 births,Yale University alumni,1927 deaths,American geologists,Yale University faculty

paragraph: Bertram Boltwood

paragraph: Bertram Borden Boltwood (July 27, 1870 Amherst, Massachusetts – August 15, 1927, Hancock Point, Maine) was an American pioneer of radiochemistry.

paragraph: He graduated from Yale University, and taught there 1897-1900. He established that lead was the final decay product of uranium, noted that the lead-uranium ratio was greater in older rocks and, acting on a suggestion by Ernest Rutherford, was the first to measure the age of rocks by the decay of uranium to lead, in 1907. He got results of ages of 400 to 2200 million years, the first successful use of radioactive decay by Pb/U chemical dating (isotopes not discovered yet). More recently, older mineral deposits have been dated to about 4.4 billion years old, close to the best estimate of the age of earth.

paragraph: Boltwoodite is named after him. He was a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.

paragraph: In his later days, Boltwood suffered from depression and committed suicide on August 15, 1927.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boltwood, Bertram (1907) "The Ultimate Disintegration Products of the Radio-active Elements. Part II. The disintegration products of uranium." in "American Journal of Science" series 4, volume 23, pages 77–88.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Badash, L. (1986) "Rutherford, Boltwood, and the Age of the Earth: The Origin of Radioactive Dating Techniques", in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, volume 112 (3), pages 157-169.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vacher, H.L. (2003) "Computational geology 26: Mathematics of radioactivity - When the Earth got old" in J. Geol. Educ. 51, 436-445.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Science Odyssey: Radiometric dating finds Earth is 2.2 billion years old

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mineralogical Record - Label Archive at www.minrec.org

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

description: American geologist

wikidata_label: Bertram Boltwood

wikipedia_title: Bertram Boltwood


text:
Italian
karting
Formula BMW
EuroInternational
Formula Renault
Formula Renault 2.0 Italia
Cram Competition
Dani Clos
Adrian Zaugg
Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0
Formula Three
Formula Three Euroseries
Mücke Motorsport
Masters of Formula 3
Zolder
A1 Team Italy
A1 Grand Prix
2007–08 season
Enrico Toccacelo
Italian Formula Three Championship
Mirko Bortolotti
Formula One
Scuderia Ferrari
FIA Formula Two Championship
2009
DAMS
2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season
Main Series
Trident
Monza
2010
Johnny Cecotto Jr.
Federico Leo
Auto GP
2010
Romain Grosjean
Career statistic

categories: European Le Mans Series drivers,Toyota Racing Series drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Euroformula Open Championship drivers,Italian racing drivers,Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Formula 3 Euro Series drivers,FIA Formula Two Championship drivers,Italian Formula Three Championship drivers,GP2 Asia Series drivers,Auto GP drivers,A1 Team Italy drivers,Sportspeople from Rome,Living people,Formula BMW USA drivers,Superstars Series drivers,Blancpain Endurance Series drivers,1988 births,GP2 Series drivers,Atlantic Championship drivers

paragraph: Edoardo Piscopo

paragraph: Edoardo Piscopo (born 4 February 1988) is an Italian racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula BMW.

paragraph: After previously competing in karting, Piscopo began his single seater career in Formula BMW USA in 2005, where despite missing the first rounds he finished fifth with three wins for EuroInternational. He also finished fifth in the Bahrain World Final.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault.

paragraph: After winning in Formula BMW USA Piscopo joined the RED BULL Junior Team and moved back to Europe in 2006 to compete in Formula Renault. In his debut season, he scored ten podiums finishing third in Formula Renault 2.0 Italia for Cram Competition, behind Dani Clos and teammate Adrian Zaugg. He also finished tenth in Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 for the team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Three.

paragraph: Piscopo stepped up to Formula Three in 2007, competing in the Formula Three Euroseries for Mücke Motorsport. He only managed to score eight points in 20 races, finishing 15th in the standings. He did however finish fifth in the 2007 Masters of Formula 3 at Zolder.

paragraph: He joined A1 Team Italy to drive in the A1 Grand Prix series for the 2007–08 season, sharing duties with Enrico Toccacelo.

paragraph: He moved to the Italian Formula Three Championship in 2008, scoring seven wins on his way to second in the final standings, behind champion Mirko Bortolotti. They were both given the chance to test for Formula One team Scuderia Ferrari.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA Formula Two Championship.

paragraph: Piscopo became the last driver to sign up for the inaugural season of the FIA Formula Two Championship in 2009. He finished twelfth in the championship due to missing the final round to concentrate on his GP2 Asia campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP2 Series.

paragraph: Piscopo missed the final round of the Formula Two season as he joined DAMS for the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season.

paragraph: Piscopo made his Main Series début for the Trident team at Monza in 2010. He replaced Johnny Cecotto Jr. He was replaced by Federico Leo at the next round of the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Auto GP.

paragraph: Piscopo moved to the Auto GP series for 2010. He led the majority of the championship, but was ultimately overhauled by Romain Grosjean.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Blancpain Endurance Series.

paragraph: Piscopo was appointed by Lotus as factory driver for the Lotus GT4 campaign. Despite winning 3 rounds out of 5, he finished second in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Porsche Carrera Cup Italia.

paragraph: Piscopo joined the highly competitive Porsche Carrera Cup. He won the best rookie title and finished third in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lamborghini Super Trofeo.

paragraph: Piscopo has won the European, the American and the World Championship Super Trofeo title. In 2015 he became the Huracan GT3 factory test driver.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "edoardopiscopo.com"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career statistic "driverdb.com"

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Edoardo Piscopo

wikipedia_title: Edoardo Piscopo


text: Polish

text: pianist

text: pedagogue

text: composer

text: Chopin

text: J.S. Bach

text: Kamieniec Podolski

text: Ukraine

text: Leipzig Conservatory

text: Ignaz Moscheles

text: Carl Reinecke

text: Theodor Coccius

text: Berlin

text: Carl Tausig

text: Warsaw

text: Karol Mikuli

text: Lviv Conservatory

text: Marcelina Czartoryska

text: mazurka

text: Moriz Rosenthal

text: Franz Liszt

text: Weimar

text: Zbigniew Drzewiecki

text: Warsaw

text: Warsaw Institute of Music

text: Apolinary Katski

text: J.S. Bach

text: Wanda Landowska

text: contrapuntal

text: Jerzy Żurawlew

text: International Chopin Piano Competition

text: Wanda Landowska

text: Vladimir Sofronitsky

text: Mischa Levitzki

text: Jerzy Lefeld

text: Bolesław Kon

text: Konstantin Igumnov

text: Róża Etkin-Moszkowska

text: German

text: Henryk Pachulski

text: Piotr Maszyński

text: Stanislaw Urstein

text: Edwarda Chojnacka

text: Wiktor Chapowicki

text: Józef Śmidowicz

text: Vladimir Sofronitsky

text: Bolesław Woytowicz

text: Heinrich Neuhaus

text: Sviatoslav Richter

text: Emil Gilels

text: Yakov Zak

text: Ryszard Bakst

text: Ludomir Różycki

text: Władysław Szpilman

text: Alexander Zakin

text: Józef Turczyński

text: Zbigniew Drzewiecki

text: Stanisław Barcewicz

text: Aleksandr Verzhbilovich

text: Harold C. Schonberg

text: Artur Cimirro

text: List of Poles

text: Arthur Eaglefield Hull

categories: Lviv Conservatory alumni,Fryderyk Chopin University of Music faculty,Piano pedagogues,1873 births,Polish classical pianists,Polish composers,1938 deaths

paragraph: Aleksander Michałowski

paragraph: Aleksander Michałowski (17 October 1938) was a Polish pianist, pedagogue and composer who, in addition to his own immense technique, had a profound influence upon the teaching of pianoforte technique, especially in relation to the works of Chopin and J.S. Bach, and left this legacy among a large number of pupils.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and training.

paragraph: Aleksander Michałowski was born in 1851 in Kamieniec Podolski in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. From 1867, at the age of 16, he studied at Leipzig Conservatory as a pupil of Ignaz Moscheles, Carl Reinecke and Theodor Coccius. Coccius was his greatest influence, and he was industrious, often practising for 10 hours a day. In 1869 he went to Berlin and studied under Carl Tausig. (Tausig attempted to make him adopt a very high finger position, which nearly ruined his technique.) He moved to Warsaw, where he settled permanently, in 1870.

paragraph: At about this time he made the friendship of Karol Mikuli (1821-1897), who had received lessons from Chopin between 1844 and 1848, and was head of the Lviv Conservatory. Mikuli imparted to him many of the composer's own ideas about the performance of his works; Michałowski also met Chopin's gifted pupil Princess Marcelina Czartoryska (née Radziwiłł), who played some mazurkas to him. Moscheles had also been a friend of Chopin's, and therefore Michałowski obtained a rich understanding of Chopin's pianistic thought and performance.

paragraph: Section::::His Chopin style.

paragraph: He was familiar with all Chopin's works, and devoted a lifetime to their study. In performance, he occasionally altered the musical text, and transcribed some in the manner of Moriz Rosenthal. In 1878 he visited Franz Liszt at Weimar, and at first (having connections with the Leipzig Conservatory) was not made welcome, but afterwards made such an impression that Liszt acknowledged his authenticity of performance and approved the variants that he introduced. A later successor at Warsaw Zbigniew Drzewiecki wrote:

paragraph: 'As an interpreter of Chopin he created a certain style of rendering the composer's works which found many imitators. It consisted of the chiselling of swift passages and stressing their elegance in smoothing the edges of sharper expressive climaxes, in lending Chopin's works the air of almost drawing-room sentimentality. And yet this slight sentimentality was always under the strict control of moderation, instrumental purity and good taste.'

paragraph: Section::::Teaching principles.

paragraph: In 1874 he settled in Warsaw and took up teaching, at first privately. From 1891 he became professor of the concert pianists' class at the Warsaw Institute of Music (at that time under the direction of Apolinary Katski), and continued there until 1918, after which he taught at the Fryderyk Chopin Music School of the Warsaw Music Society. He particularly emphasised the importance of contrapuntal playing, and during the first two years of his students' work with him he made them play a lot of J.S. Bach. In the case of one of his most famous pupils, Wanda Landowska, this led to a career dedicated to Bach and to baroque music. Chopin himself had a particular sympathy for Bach, and Michałowski understood that the contrapuntal principles were most important for the understanding of Chopin's work. He also developed the imaginative and bravura aspects of his students' playing. He used much demonstration in his lessons, and encouraged students to imitate aspects of his own performance.

paragraph: Section::::Students and successors.

paragraph: Among his very many students were several who might have had more famous international careers had not the two world wars interrupted or in some cases terminated their work. Among them was Jerzy Żurawlew, who founded the International Chopin Piano Competitions in 1927. Wanda Landowska, Vladimir Sofronitsky and Mischa Levitzki were probably the most famous pupils. Jerzy Lefeld became his amanuensis. Bolesław Kon, an outstanding pupil, who also studied with Konstantin Igumnov, died in 1936 aged 30. Róża Etkin-Moszkowska was killed in the German retreat from Warsaw in 1944. Henryk Pachulski (b. 1859) and Piotr Maszyński (b. 1855) were among his earlier pupils, and Stanislaw Urstein, Edwarda Chojnacka, Wiktor Chapowicki, Józef Śmidowicz, Vladimir Sofronitsky, and Bolesław Woytowicz among the later ones. Heinrich Neuhaus, a renowned teacher, whose own pupils included Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yakov Zak and Ryszard Bakst, received lessons from Michałowski. Radziwonowicz also lists Stefania Allina, Zofia Buckiewiczowa, Janina Familier Hepner, Zofia Frankiewicz, Stefania Niekrasz, Stanislaw Nawrocki, Ludomir Różycki, Piotr Rytel, Henryk Schulz-Evler, Władysław Szpilman, Juliusz Wolfsohn and Alexander Zakin as Michałowski pupils. Józef Turczyński, his immediate successor at Warsaw, and after him Zbigniew Drzewiecki, were not his students but continued his work as leading teachers of the Polish school.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Michałowski was also a chamber musician, and performing duos with the violinist Stanisław Barcewicz, and trios with Barcewicz and the cellist Aleksandr Verzhbilovich.

paragraph: He wrote 35 pianoforte works (mostly short, brilliant items) and produced an instructive edition of the works of Chopin. He made a substantial number of gramophone records, made in three different periods, the first around 1906, the second around 1918, and the last in the 1930s. Harold C. Schonberg considered that they revealed a 'heroic voice.' Although he had been a very successful concert performer, he increasingly turned to teaching, particularly when his sight failed rapidly after 1912. However he was persuaded back to the platform by a colleague, Mme Ruszczycówna, and gave large numbers of concerts in the following years, in 1919 celebrating a half-century since his debut. In 1929 he performed both Chopin concerti in a single concert.

paragraph: He died in Warsaw aged 87, on 17 October 1938, the anniversary of the death of Chopin.

paragraph: Section::::Discographie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 : Acte Préalable AP0365 – Aleksander Michałowski - Piano Works 1 (Artur Cimirro)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Eaglefield Hull, "A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians" (Dent, London 1924).

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Methuen-Campbell, "Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day" (Gollancz, London 1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- H.C. Schonberg, "The Great Pianists" (Gollancz, London 1964).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prof Karol Radziwonowicz, "The Greatest Polish Pianists in the History of Chopin's Time till today" (Chopinov Zlati Prstan, 3 Oct 2007: KULTURNICA BLAŽ KUMERDEJ, Gorenjska cesta 25)

description: Polish musician

wikidata_label: Aleksander Michałowski

wikipedia_title: Aleksander Michałowski


text:
Four Beauties
China
Spring and Autumn period
Zhuji
State of Yue
Chinese idiom 沉魚落雁, 閉月羞花
King Goujian of Yue
King Fuchai of Wu
Yue
tributary state
Wu
Wen Zhong
Fan Li
Zheng Dan
Wu Zixu
Suzhou
suicide
Fan Li
Taihu Lake
Mozi
Zhu Luo Hill
Huansha
West Lake
Hangzhou
Song poetry
Su Shi
Li Bai
Tang dynasty
Journey to the West
Jin Yong
Sword of the Yue Maiden
Shih Tzu
Pekingese
A Depiction

categories: Zhou dynasty people,5th-century BC women,Yue (state),Ancient Chinese women,Wu (state),5th-century BC Chinese people

paragraph: Xi Shi

paragraph: Xi Shi (Hsi Shih; , literally "(Lady) Shi of the West", 506 BC – ?) was one of the renowned Four Beauties of ancient China. She was said to have lived during the end of the Spring and Autumn period in Zhuji, the capital of the ancient State of Yue. Her name was Shi Yiguang (施夷光).

paragraph: Xi Shi's beauty was said to be so extreme that while leaning over a balcony to look at the fish in the pond, the fish would be so dazzled that they forgot to swim and sank below the surface. This description serves as the meaning behind the first two characters of the Chinese idiom 沉魚落雁, 閉月羞花 (), referring to the Four Beauties which is used to compliment a woman's beauty, meaning one so beautiful she sinks fish and entices birds to fall, eclipses the moon and shames flowers, (literally 'Fish dive/Goose fall, Moon hide/Flower shame').

paragraph: Section::::Story of Xi Shi.

paragraph: King Goujian of Yue was once imprisoned by King Fuchai of Wu after a defeat in war, and Yue later became a tributary state to Wu. Secretly planning his revenge, Goujian's minister Wen Zhong suggested training beautiful women and offering them to Fuchai as a tribute (knowing Fuchai could not resist beautiful women). His other minister, Fan Li, found Xi Shi and Zheng Dan, and gave them to Fuchai in 490 BC.

paragraph: Bewitched by the beauty and kindness of Xi Shi and Zheng Dan, Fuchai forgot all about his state affairs and at their instigation, killed his best advisor, the great general Wu Zixu. Fuchai even built Guanwa Palace (Palace of Beautiful Women) in an imperial park on the slope of Lingyan Hill, about west of Suzhou. The strength of Wu dwindled, and in 473 BC Goujian launched his strike and completely routed the Wu army. King Fuchai lamented that he should have listened to Wu Zixu, and then committed suicide.

paragraph: In the legend, after the fall of Wu, Fan Li (范蠡) retired from his ministerial post and lived with Xi Shi on a fishing boat, roaming like fairies in the misty wilderness of Taihu Lake, and no one saw them ever again. This is according to Yuan Kang's "Yue Jueshu" (越绝书). Another version, according to Mozi, is that Xi Shi later died from drowning in the river.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: The Xi Shi Temple, which lies at the foot of the Zhu Luo Hill (苎萝) in the southern part of Xiaoshan, on the banks of the Huansha River.

paragraph: The West Lake in Hangzhou is said to be the incarnation of Xi Shi, hence it is also called Xizi Lake, Xizi being another name for Xi Shi, meaning Lady Xi. In his famous work of Song poetry, "Drinks at West Lake through Sunshine and Rain" (飲湖上初睛居雨), renowned scholar Su Shi compared Xi Shi's beauty to the West Lake.

paragraph: Li Bai of the Tang dynasty wrote a poem about Xi Shi.

paragraph: Xi Shi is mentioned in the novel "Journey to the West", as a sign of grace and beauty.

paragraph: Xi Shi appears in the wuxia short story by Jin Yong (Louis Cha), "Sword of the Yue Maiden".

paragraph: Her name also inspired the modern name of the Shih Tzu, whose Chinese name translates to "Xi Shi dog", but whose English name has been claimed to come from the word for "lion". The moniker "lion dog" in Chinese is actually reserved for the Pekingese.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Depiction

wikidata_label: Xi Shi

wikipedia_title: Xi Shi