text: musicologist

text: acoustician

text: communications

text: acoustics

text: anti-nuclear activism

text: cultural criticism

text: electronic

text: experimental music

text: form

text: avant-garde music

text: musique concrète

text: music technology

text: post-war

text: electroacoustic

text: acousmatic music

text: treatises

text: theoretics

text: philosophy of music

text: electronic musician

text: recording

text: sampling

text: electronic

text: experimental

text: Nancy

text: Lycée Saint-Sigisbert

text: École Polytechnique

text: École supérieure d'électricité

text: École nationale supérieure des télécommunications

text: telecommunications

text: Strasbourg

text: Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française

text: musical expression

text: avant-garde

text: chromatic, sliding and universal phonogenes

text: Francois Bayle

text: Acousmonium

text: gramaphones

text: tape recorders

text: Catholic

text: Christian novel

text: Studio d'Essai

text: Radiodiffusion Nationale (France)

text: Pierre Henry

text: tape recorder

text: phonographs

text: turntables

text: magnetic tape

text: À la Recherche d'une Musique Concrète

text: Jean Michel Jarre

text: Ocora

text: Charles Duvelle

text: associate professor

text: Paris Conservatoire

text: 1988 Armenian earthquake

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Aix-en-Provence

text: phenomena

text: harmony

text: music theory

text: tape looping

text: sound collage

text: electronic

text: experimental

text: Luigi Russolo

text: play

text: freely improvised sound

text: electroacoustic improvisation

text: Jean Michel Jarre

text: Oxygene 7-13

text: Pierre Henry

text: Joanna Bruzdowicz

text: Bernard Parmegiani

text: Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux

text: Armando Santiago

text: Elzbieta Sikora

text: rap

text: It Takes A Nation of Millions To Hold Us Back

text: Public Enemy

text: 3 Feet High And Rising

text: De La Soul

text: Qwartz Electronic Music Awards

text: cassettes

text: magnetic tape

text: discography

text: Mass-production

text: Institut national de l'audiovisuel

text: ballets

text: Disques Adès

text: Phonurgia Nova

text: J.-J. Grunenwald

text: Cinq études de bruits

text: Pierre Henry

text: Symphonie pour un homme seul

text: Luc Ferrari

text: Catholic

text: Christian novel

text: In Search of a Concrete Music

text: Dalibor Davidović

text: Nikša Gligo

text: Ivo Malec

text: François Bayle

text: Dieter Kaufmann

text: Marc Battier

text: Leigh Landy

text: Elzbieta Sikora

text: Rijeka

text: PierreSchaeffer.com

text: "Le Groupe de Recherches Musicales"

text: Institut national de l'audiovisuel

text: "Club d'Essai"

text: "Les Machines à Communiquer"

text: "Pierre Schaeffer"

text: alumni

text: École Polytechnique

text: "Pierre Schaeffer"

text: Electronic Music Foundation

text: "Pierre Schaeffer"

text: Last.fm

text: "Pierre Schaeffer"

text: BBC Music

text: "Pierre Schaeffer"

text: Discogs

text: "Pierre Schaeffer"

text: Artistdirect

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Electroacoustic music composers,French academics,French music theorists,Pierre Schaeffer,French classical composers,French opera composers,Acoustical engineers,Male opera composers,French experimental musicians,Academics of the Conservatoire de Paris,1995 deaths,French engineers,French writers about music,Prix Sainte-Beuve winners,French inventors,Musicians from Nancy, France,Inventors of musical instruments,French male classical composers,French people of German descent,Cultural critics,École Polytechnique alumni,French electronic musicians,French radio personalities,20th-century French writers,Experimental composers,French music critics,Musique concrète,1910 births,French record producers

paragraph: Pierre Schaeffer

paragraph: Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer ( , ; 14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician. His innovative work in both the sciences—particularly communications and acoustics—and the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end of World War II, as well as his anti-nuclear activism and cultural criticism garnered him widespread recognition in his lifetime.

paragraph: Amongst the vast range of works and projects he undertook, Schaeffer is most widely and currently recognized for his accomplishments in electronic and experimental music, at the core of which stands his role as the chief developer of a unique and early form of avant-garde music known as musique concrète. The genre emerged in Europe from the utilization of new music technology developed in the post-war era, following the advance of electroacoustic and acousmatic music.

paragraph: Schaeffer's writings (which include written and radio-narrated essays, biographies, short novels, a number of musical treatises and several plays) are often oriented towards his development of the genre, as well as the theoretics and philosophy of music in general.

paragraph: Today, Schaeffer is considered one of the most influential experimental, electroacoustic and subsequently electronic musicians, having been the first composer to utilize a number of contemporary recording and sampling techniques that are now used worldwide by nearly all record production companies. His collaborative endeavors are considered milestones in the histories of electronic and experimental music.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Schaeffer was born in Nancy in 1910. His parents were both musicians (his father a violinist; his mother, a singer), and at first it seemed that Pierre would also take on music as a career. However his parents discouraged his musical pursuits from childhood and had him educated in engineering. He studied at several universities in this inclination, the first of which was Lycée Saint-Sigisbert located in his hometown of Nancy. Afterwards he moved westwards in 1929 to the École Polytechnique in Paris and finally completed his education in the capital at the École supérieure d'électricité, in 1934.

paragraph: Schaeffer received a diploma in radio broadcasting from the École Polytechnique. He may have also received a similar qualification from the École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, although it is not verifiable as to whether or not he ever actually attended this university.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First experimentations and work in broadcasting and engineering; marriage and fatherhood.

paragraph: Later in 1934 Schaeffer entered his first employment as an engineer, briefly working in telecommunications in Strasbourg. In 1935 he began a relationship with a woman named Elisabeth Schmitt, and later in the year married her and with her had his first child, Marie-Claire Schaeffer. He and his new family then officially relocated to Paris where he joined the Radiodiffusion Française (now called Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française; French for "French Radio and Television Broadcasting") in 1936 and began his work in radio broadcasting and presentation. It was there that he began to move away from his initial interests in telecommunications and to pursue music instead, combining his abilities as an engineer with his passion for sound. In his work at the station, Schaeffer experimented with records and an assortment of other devices—the sounds they made and the applications of those sounds—after convincing the radio station's management to allow him to use their equipment. This period of experimentation was significant for Schaeffer's development, bringing forward many fundamental questions he had on the limits of modern musical expression.

paragraph: In these experiments, Pierre tried playing sounds backwards, slowing them down, speeding them up and juxtaposing them with other sounds, all techniques which were virtually unknown at that time. He had begun working with new contemporaries whom he had met through RTF, and as such his experimentation deepened. Schaeffer's work gradually became more avant-garde, as he challenged traditional musical style with the use of various devices and practices. A unique variety of electronic instruments—ones which Schaeffer and his colleagues created, using their own engineering skills—came into play in his work, like the chromatic, sliding and universal phonogenes, Francois Bayle's Acousmonium and a host of other devices such as gramaphones and some of the earliest tape recorders.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Beginnings of writing career.

paragraph: In 1938 Schaeffer began his career as a writer, penning various articles and essays for the "Revue Musicale", a French journal of music. His first column, "Basic Truths", provided a critical examination of musical aspects of the time.

paragraph: A known ardent Catholic, Schaeffer began to write minor religiously-based pieces, and in the same year as his "Basic Truths" he published his first novel: "Chlothar Nicole" — a short Christian novel.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Club d'essai and the origin of musique concrète.

paragraph: The Studio d'Essai, later Club d'Essai, was founded in 1942 by Pierre Schaeffer at the Radiodiffusion Nationale (France). It played a role in the activities of the French resistance during World War II, and later became a center of musical activity.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète.

paragraph: In 1949, Schaeffer met the percussionist-composer Pierre Henry, with whom he collaborated on many different musical compositions, and in 1951, he founded the "Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète" (GRMC) in the French Radio Institution. This gave him a new studio, which included a tape recorder. This was a significant development for Schaeffer, who previously had to work with phonographs and turntables to produce music. Schaeffer is generally acknowledged as being the first composer to make music using magnetic tape. His continued experimentation led him to publish "À la Recherche d'une Musique Concrète" (French for ""In Search of a Concrete Music"") in 1952, which was a summation of his working methods up to that point. His only opera, "Orphée 53" (""Orpheus 53""), premiered in 1953.

paragraph: Schaeffer left the GRMC in 1953 and reformed the group in 1958 as the "Groupe de Recherche Musicale[s]" (GRM) (at first without "s", then with "s"), where he briefly mentored the young Jean Michel Jarre, among other students. His last ""etude"" ("study") came in 1959: the ""Study of Objects"" ("Etudes aux Objets").

paragraph: In 1954 Schaeffer founded traditional music label Ocora ("Office de Coopération Radiophonique") alongside composer, pianist and musicologist Charles Duvelle, with a worldwide coverage in order to preserve African rural soundscapes. Ocora also served as a facility to train technicians in African national broadcasting services. Today, it is still run by Duvelle.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life and death.

paragraph: Schaeffer became an associate professor at the Paris Conservatoire from 1968 to 1980 after creating a "class of fundamental music and application to the audiovisual."

paragraph: In the aftermath of the 1988 Armenian earthquake, the 78 year old Schaeffer led a 498-member French rescue team to look for survivors in Leninakan, and worked there until all foreign personnel were asked to leave.

paragraph: Schaeffer suffered from Alzheimer's disease later in his life, and died from the condition in Aix-en-Provence in 1995. He was 85 years old. He is buried in Delincourt in the very nice and green Vexin region (55 minutes from Paris) where he used to have his countryside property.

paragraph: Schaeffer was thereafter remembered by many of his colleagues with the title, "Musician of Sounds".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Musique concrète.

paragraph: The term musique concrète (French for "real music", literally "concrete music"), was coined by Schaeffer in 1948. Schaeffer believed traditionally classical (or as he called it, "serious") music begins as an abstraction (musical notation) that is later produced as audible music. Musique concrète, by contrast, strives to start with the "concrete" sounds that emanate from base phenomena and then abstracts them into a composition. The term musique concrète is then, in essence, the breaking down of the structured production of traditional instruments, harmony, rhythm, and even music theory itself, in an attempt to reconstruct music from the bottom up.

paragraph: From the contemporary point of view, the importance of Schaeffer's musique concrète is threefold. He developed the concept of including any and all sounds into the vocabulary of music. At first he concentrated on working with sounds other than those produced by traditional musical instruments. Later on, he found it was possible to remove the familiarity of musical instrument sounds and abstract them further by techniques such as removing the attack of the recorded sound. He was among the first musicians to manipulate recorded sound for the purpose of using it in conjunction with other sounds in order to compose a musical piece. Techniques such as tape looping and tape splicing were used in his research, often comparing to sound collage. The advent of Schaeffer's manipulation of recorded sound became possible only with technologies that were developed after World War II had ended in Europe. His work is recognized today as an essential precursor to contemporary sampling practices. Schaeffer was among the first to use recording technology in a creative and specifically musical way, harnessing the power of electronic and experimental instruments in a manner similar to Luigi Russolo, whom he admired and from whose work he drew inspiration.

paragraph: Furthermore, he emphasized the importance of "playing" (in his terms, "jeu") in the creation of music. Schaeffer's idea of "jeu" comes from the French verb "jouer", which carries the same double meaning as the English verb play: 'to enjoy oneself by interacting with one's surroundings', as well as 'to operate a musical instrument'. This notion is at the core of the concept of musique concrète, and reflects on freely improvised sound, or perhaps more specifically electroacoustic improvisation, from the standpoint of Schaeffer's work and research.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Influences on music.

paragraph: Pierre's aforementioned student in GRM, Jean Michel Jarre, went on to great international success in his own musical career. Jarre's 1997 album, Oxygene 7-13, is dedicated to Schaeffer. Pierre Henry also made a tribute to the man, composing his "Écho d'Orphée, Pour P. Schaeffer" alongside him for Schaeffer's last work and second compilation, "L'Œuvre Musicale". His other notable pupils include Joanna Bruzdowicz, Bernard Parmegiani, Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux, Armando Santiago, Elzbieta Sikora.

paragraph: Many rap albums, such as "It Takes A Nation of Millions To Hold Us Back" by Public Enemy and "3 Feet High And Rising" by De La Soul take ordinary sounds and use them to create a finished product.

paragraph: Pierre Schaeffer moved away from the musical universe in the 1980s, after criticizing the avant-garde of the 1950s that sought to break with tradition. He spoke on this point with the pianist Otavio Henrique Soares Brandão who, under his direction, conducted a reading of his book Treatise on Musical Objects. This reading aims at the creation of an innovative instrumental technique that does not break with tradition (1).

paragraph: Pierre Schaeffer has written three texts on this subject:

paragraph: (1) About the transcription for piano by Otavio Brandão of Pierre Schaeffer's Study of Objects, program of the Soares Brandão concert at the House of Latin America (9 January 1988): https://plus.google.com/u/0/photos/105316909845907907792/album/6158828608049225697 .

paragraph: (2) Reply to Otavio, text by Pierre Schaeffer in the program of Soares Brandão's concert in Salle Pleyel in honor of Pierre Schaeffer's 80th birthday (January 12, 1990): https://plus.google.com/u/0/photos/105316909845907907792/album/6158826910365187889 . Cadence Link of the concert: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJCJWsLrtU4

paragraph: (3) Text by Pierre Schaeffer in support of experimental piano pedagogy (13/09/1990): https://plus.google.com/u/0/photos/photo/105316909845907907792/6587039137130588530

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Other.

paragraph: Today, in his honor, the Qwartz Electronic Music Awards has named several of its past events after Schaeffer. Pierre himself was a prize winner at the awards more than once.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Music.

paragraph: All of Schaeffer's musical compositions ("concrète" or otherwise) were recorded before the advent of the CD, either on cassettes or a more archaic form of magnetic tape (therefore the term "discography" cannot be appropriately used here; rather his music in general). Mass-production for his work was limited at best, and each piece was, by Schaeffer's terms, intended to be released foremost as an exposé to the masses of what he believed was a new and somewhat revolutionizing form of music. The original production of his marketed work was done by the ""Groupe de Recherches Musicales"" (a.k.a. GRM; now owned and operated by INA or the "Institut national de l'audiovisuel"), the company which he initially had formed around his creations. Other music was broadcast live (Pierre himself being notable on French radio at the time) and/or done in live "concert". Some individual tracks even found their way into the use of other artists, with Pierre's work being fronted in mime performances and ballets. Now after his death, various musical production companies, such as "Disques Adès" and "Phonurgia Nova" have been given rights to distribute his work.

paragraph: Below is a list of Schaeffer's musical works, showing his compositions and the year(s) they were recorded.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concertino-Diapason" (1948; collaboration with J.-J. Grunenwald)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinq études de bruits" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite pour 14 instruments" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variations sur une flûte mexicaine" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bidule en ut" (1950; collaboration with Pierre Henry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La course au kilocycle" (1950; radio score, collaboration with Pierre Henry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'oiseau r.a.i." (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphonie pour un homme seul" (1950; collaboration with Pierre Henry; revised versions in 1953, 1955, and 1966 (Henry))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toute la lyre" (1951; pantomime, collaboration with Pierre Henry. Also known as "Orphée 51")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masquerage" (1952; film score)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les paroles dégelées" (1952; music for a radio production)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scènes de Don Juan" (1952; incidental music, collaboration with Monique Rollin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orphée 53" (1953; opera)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sahara d'aujourd'hui" (1957; film score, collaboration with Pierre Henry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Continuo" (1958; collaboration with Luc Ferrari)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Etude aux sons animés" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Etude aux allures" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exposition française à Londres" (1958; collaboration with Luc Ferrari)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Etude aux objets" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nocturne aux chemins de fer" (1959; incidental music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phèdre " (1959; incidental music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simultané camerounais" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phèdre" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'aura d'Olga" (1962; music for a radio production, collaboration with Claude Arrieu)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le trièdre fertile" (1975; collaboration with Bernard Durr)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bilude" (1979)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Broadcast narratives.

paragraph: Apart from his published and publicized music, Schaeffer conducted several musical (and specifically musique concrète-related) presentations via French radio. Although these broadcasts contained musical pieces by Schaeffer they cannot be adequately described as part of his main line of musical output. This is because the radio ""essays"", as they were appropriately named, were mainly narration on Schaeffer's musical theories philosophies rather than compositions in and of themselves.

paragraph: Schaeffer's radio narratives include the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shell Filled With Planets" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cantata to Alsace" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Hour of the World" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Claudel to Brangues" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Years of Radiophonic Experiments from the 'Studio' to the 'Club' d'Essai: 1942–1952" (1955)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Selected writings.

paragraph: Schaeffer's literary works span a range of genres, both in terms of fiction and non-fiction. He predominantly wrote treatises and essays, but also penned a film review and two plays. An ardent Catholic, Schaeffer wrote "Chlothar Nicole" (French: "Clotaire Nicole"; published 1938)—a Christian novel or short story—and "Tobias" (French: "Tobie"; published 1939) a religiously-based play.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Selected writings.:Fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Selected writings.:Fiction.:Novels and short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chlothar Nicole" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Guardian of The Volcano" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prelude, Chorale and Fugue" (1981)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Selected writings.:Fiction.:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tobie" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secular Games" (1946)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Selected writings.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traité des objets musicaux" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solfège de l'objet sonore" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "America, We Ignore You" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Non-Visual Element of Films" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Search of a Concrete Music" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music and Acoustics" (1967)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalibor Davidović, Nikša Gligo, Seadeta Midžić, Daniel Teruggi, and Jerica Ziherl (eds.) (2011). "Proceedings of the International Conference Pierre Schaeffer: mediArt", with a foreword by Ivo Malec, papers by Daniel Teruggi, François Bayle, Jocelyne Tournet-Lammer, Dieter Kaufmann, Francisco Rivas, Seadeta Midžić, Marc Battier, Brian Willems, Leigh Landy, Cedric Maridet, Hans Peter Kuhn, Tatjana Böhme-Mehner, Jelena Novak, Martin Laliberté, Suk-Jun Kim, Darko Fritz, Stephen McCourt, Biljana Srećković, and Elzbieta Sikora. Rijeka: Muzej moderne i suvremene umjetnosti. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PierreSchaeffer.com – Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Groupe de Recherches Musicales" at the Institut national de l'audiovisuel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Club d'Essai" – Unofficial website of Club d'Essai

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Machines à Communiquer" – Unofficial website by French historian Elizabeth Antebiel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre Schaeffer" at the online alumni community of the École Polytechnique

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre Schaeffer" at the Electronic Music Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre Schaeffer" at Last.fm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre Schaeffer" at BBC Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre Schaeffer" at Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pierre Schaeffer" at Artistdirect

description: French musicologist

enwikiquote_title: Pierre Schaeffer

wikidata_label: Pierre Schaeffer

wikipedia_title: Pierre Schaeffer


text:
Rigvedic
Rig Veda
suktas
Angirasa
gotra
Bharadvaja
Angirasa
Angirasa
Devi Bhagavatam
Godavari
Vamadeva
Bhadra
Sama Veda
Shiva
Trimbakeshvar
Jyotirlinga
Brahmanda Purana
Sama Veda
Shaandilya
Bharadvaja
Dharmasutra
Akṣapāda Gotama
Nyaya
Hindu philosophy
""Gautama"" Buddha
Jainism
Indrabhuti Gautama
1
2
3
Gotama Maharshi

paragraph: Gautama Maharishi

paragraph: Gautama Maharishi ( "Maharṣiḥ Gautama") was a Rigvedic sage in Hinduism, and also finds mentions in Jainism and Buddhism.

paragraph: Section::::Rig-Veda.

paragraph: The Rig Veda has several suktas (Sanskrit: 'hymns') that mentions him. The Vedic sage Gautama is credited with authoring many hymns in Mandala 1.

paragraph: He was the son of Rahugana, belonging to the lineage of Angirasa. Gautama was the progenitor of the paternal "Gautama gotra" lineage. Gautama and Bharadvaja share a common ancestry, as they are both descended from Angirasa, and sometimes they are both bracketed together under the name Angirasa.

paragraph: Section::::Puranas.

paragraph: The Devi Bhagavatam says that the river Godavari is so named because of its association with Gautama. He had two sons by name Vamadeva and Nodhas, both themselves discoverers of Mantras. There is a hymn called Bhadra in the Sama Veda which again is ascribed to Gautama Maharishi. The descendant of Lord Shiva as Trimbakeshvar, that constitutes the source of the Jyotirlinga nearby, happened for the sake of Gautama. The Brahmanda Purana mentions that one of the sub-branches of the Raanaayani branch of Sama Veda was initiated by this Gautama. Some famous disciples of Gautama were Praachina-yogya, Shaandilya, Gārgya, and Bharadvaja.

paragraph: Section::::Similar.

paragraph: A Dharmasutra is known as "Gautama Dharmasutra", but was not authored by Gautama Maharishi. Akṣapāda Gotama is the 6th century BCE founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy, not to be confused with Vedic Sage Gautama Maharishi. Buddhist pali canon texts traces Buddhas paternal lineage to Vedic sages Gautama and Angirasa, he is therefore known as ""Gautama"" Buddha. Jainism traces tirthankara Indrabhuti Gautama paternal lineage to Vedic sage Gautama.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of stories on Gotama Maharshi: 1, 2, 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gotama Maharshi

description: Vedic sage

wikidata_label: Gautama Maharishi

wikipedia_title: Gautama Maharishi


text:
margrave of Ivrea
Oscheret
Burgundy
Guy III of Spoleto
throne of France
Charles the Fat
Odo, Count of Paris
Alps
King of Italy
March of Ivrea
Amadeus of Oscheret
Tegernsee
Boso of Provence
Fulk, Archbishop of Rheims
Carolingian
Arnulf of Carinthia
Lambert
Berengar of Friuli
Adalbert
Anscarids

categories: Margraves of Ivrea,Nobility of the Carolingian Empire,902 deaths,Anscarids,9th-century births

paragraph: Anscar I of Ivrea

paragraph: Anscar I (;born 860 - died March 902) was the margrave of Ivrea from 888 to his death. From 877 or 879, he was the count of Oscheret in Burgundy. He supported Guy III of Spoleto for the throne of France after the deposition of Charles the Fat in 887, but after Guy's failed attempt and the coronation of Odo, Count of Paris, he returned with Guy across the Alps, where the duke was elected King of Italy. In gratitude, he created the March of Ivrea in the northeast and invested his Burgundian supporter.

paragraph: He was a son of the count Amadeus of Oscheret (c. 790-867) of possible Bavarian origin with landholdings also in Tegernsee.

paragraph: Anscar was a counsellor of Boso of Provence and brother of Fulk, Archbishop of Rheims, who strongly supported the Carolingian dynasty in France. With Fulk, he probably invited Guy to France. Anscar fought on behalf of Guy's kingship in Italy. He battled Arnulf of Carinthia during the latter's invasion of 894 and he supported Guy's son Lambert after Guy's death that year. In 896, he was one of the few in the north to oppose Arnulf second invasion. After Lambert's death, he supported Berengar of Friuli as king and became his chief counsellor.

paragraph: Anscar's wife was unknown, but he had only one son, Adalbert, through whom he was the progenitor of a dynasty, the Anscarids.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wickham, Chris. "Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400-1000". MacMillan Press: 1981.

description: Margrave of Ivrea/Count of Oscheret/Burgundy

wikidata_label: Anscar of Ivrea

wikipedia_title: Anscar I of Ivrea


text: salonnière

text: Sibylle von Olfers

text: Ignaz von Olfers

text: Hedwig, née von Staegemann

text: Grave of Marie von Olfers

categories: German salon-holders,1826 births,20th-century German writers,German women novelists,German illustrators,19th-century German writers,People from Berlin,1924 deaths,19th-century women writers

paragraph: Marie von Olfers

paragraph: Marie von Olfers (27 October 1826, Berlin – 8 January 1924, Berlin) was a German writer, illustrator and salonnière. She wrote under the pseudonym "M(aria) Werner, Werner Maria". She was also a major artistic influence on her niece Sibylle von Olfers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the second daughter of the museum director Ignaz von Olfers and the writer Hedwig, née von Staegemann.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drei Märchen. Zum Besten einer armen Waise" (1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herr Mops. Ein Mährchen" (1863)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frau Evchen. Eine sehr alltägliche Historie" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Novellen" (1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eigenthum" (Novelle, in: Deutsche Rundschau, 1. Jg. Bd. 2, 1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neue Novellen" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nathanael" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zeichen- und Mal-Fibel" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Sohn des Herzens" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vielliebchen. Ein Blumenmärchen" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ragenhart und Swanhild. Ein Harzepos aus dem achten Jahrhundert in 12 Gesängen" (1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simplizitas" (Episches Gedicht, 1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Vernunftheirath und andere Novellen" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Backfische und Alte Jungfern" (Novellen, 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zwei Novellen. Jeremias und die schöne Vincenzia, Frau Evchen" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maximiliane Gräfin von Oriola, geb. von Arnim. Eine Jugenderinnerung" (in: Illustrierte Frauen-Zeitung, 22. Jg., Heft 4)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Briefe und Tagebücher", hrsg. v. Margarete von Olfers (1928–1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Band 1: 1826–1870

paragraph: BULLET::::- Band 2: 1870–1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rosenwölkchen" (Roskow, 9 September)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Groß: "Deutsche Dichterinen und Schriftstellerinen in Wort & Bild": Fr. Thiel, Berlin 1885, S. 258ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petra Wilhelmy-Dollinger: "Die Berliner Salons: Mit historisch-literarischen Spaziergängen". Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2000, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grave of Marie von Olfers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuscripts and letters by Marie von Olfers in libraries and archives

description: German author and illustrator

wikidata_label: Marie Olfers

wikipedia_title: Marie von Olfers


text:
footballer
São Paulo FC
Roma
right-back
São Paulo
Audax São Paulo Esporte Clube
Clube Atlético Bragantino
Guarani Futebol Clube
Série B
Campeonato Paulista
Santos FC
Grêmio
Ponte Preta
SC Internacional
Cicinho
Serie A
Torino
€
Cristian Molinaro
Hellas Verona
penalty
Omar El Kaddouri
Cagliari
Fabio Quagliarella
Fiorentina
Juventus
Sampdoria
Marco Benassi
Palermo
€
Roma
São Paulo
Roma
dribbling
full-back
wing-back
wide midfielder
defender
Recopa Sudamericana
2012

categories: Grêmio Osasco Audax Esporte Clube players,Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players,São Paulo FC players,Sportspeople from São Paulo,Brazilian footballers,Serie A players,Association football defenders,Guarani FC players,Santos FC players,Torino F.C. players,Expatriate footballers in Italy,Clube Atlético Bragantino players,A.S. Roma players,1990 births,Brazilian expatriate footballers,Living people,Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players

paragraph: Bruno Peres

paragraph: Bruno da Silva Peres (born 1 March 1990), known as Bruno Peres, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for São Paulo FC on loan from Roma as a right-back.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Audax and loans.

paragraph: Born in São Paulo, Bruno Peres began his football career with Audax São Paulo Esporte Clube, and was eventually loaned to Clube Atlético Bragantino. He made 6 appearances for the club, scoring once.

paragraph: In the following year, Peres returned to Audax, but was loaned again, this time to Guarani Futebol Clube. He played on 16 Série B games, and on 17 Campeonato Paulista games.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Santos.

paragraph: On 5 July 2012, Peres signed a one-and-a-half-year loan contract with Santos FC. He made his Santos debut three days later, on the match against Grêmio. Peres scored his first goal for the club on 29 July, against Ponte Preta. Bruno finished the season with 27 appearances for the club (25 for the league), scoring twice.

paragraph: On 15 January 2013, it was announced that he would join SC Internacional in a four-year deal. However, "Colorado" had to pay a compensation to Santos, and three days later, the deal collapsed. Santos signed the player permanently in the same day.

paragraph: After the arrival of Cicinho, Peres was later used as a backup to the former, and appeared in only 11 league matches during the campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Torino.

paragraph: On 16 June 2014, Bruno Peres moved to Serie A side Torino, for a €2 million fee. After lengthy problems concerning his registration as a non-EU player, Peres made his debut for the club on 21 September, replacing Cristian Molinaro in the 69th minute of a 0–1 home loss to Hellas Verona, suffering a penalty in the 87th minute, missed by Omar El Kaddouri.

paragraph: Bruno Peres made his first start on 24 September 2014, in a 2–1 away victory against Cagliari, and assisted Fabio Quagliarella in a 1–1 home draw against Fiorentina four days later. He scored his first goal for the club on 30 November, netting the momentary 1–1 against Juventus, after running for 78 meters with the ball, starting from the defence. On 1 February 2015, he scored the last goal in a 5–1 home win against Sampdoria, on an assist from teammate Marco Benassi. On 29 April 2015, he opened the score in an away game against Palermo (the match would end 2–2). He concluded the season with three goals in 34 appearances, contributing decisively to the season of Torino, who closed in ninth place.

paragraph: On 26 November 2015, he renewed his contract with the club until 2020, doubling his wage to €800,000.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Roma.

paragraph: On 16 August 2016, Peres joined Roma on loan from Torino, for a fee of €1 million, with a conditional obligation to purchase – depending on the completion of certain performance targets – for a fee of €12.5 million. Moreover, Torino would receive an additional €1.5 million for certain sporting objectives reached by the club and player, making the total fee a maximum of €15 million.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Roma.:Loan to São Paulo.

paragraph: On 6 July 2018, Bruno Peres signed with São Paulo on loan from Roma until 31 December 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Style of play.

paragraph: Peres is a right-sided player with exceptional acceleration, pace, notable dribbling skills, and a good shot from distance; an offensive-minded defender, he is capable of playing anywhere along the right flank and has been used as a full-back, as a wing-back, and as a wide midfielder. In 2015–16, Peres was the defender that completed the most dribbles (83) and shots on target (15) across Europe's top five leagues.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Santos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recopa Sudamericana: 2012

description: Brazilian footballer

wikidata_label: Bruno Peres

wikipedia_title: Bruno Peres


text: Girolamo Aleandro

text: in pectore

text: poet

text: Motta di Livenza

text: Friuli

text: University of Padua

text: Guido Panciroli

text: belles-lettres

text: jurisprudence

text: philosophy

text: theology

text: Gaius

text: Rome

text: Attilio Amalteo

text: Brescia

text: Accademia degli Umoristi

text: Cardinal

text: Ottavio Bandini

text: literature

text: antiquities

text: Pope Urban VIII

text: Cardinal Barberini

text: legate

text: France

text: Spain

text: Genoa

text: Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura

text: bust

text: Antonio Giorgetti

text: Baillet

text: De Rossi

text: Johann Georg Graevius

text: Ciacconius

text: Jacques Sirmond

text: Jean Morin

text: Richard Simon

text: Lucas Holstenius

text: Mazzucchelli

text: Erythraeus

text: Fontanini

text: Peiresc

categories: 1594 births,1629 deaths,Italian antiquarians,Italian scholars

paragraph: Girolamo Aleandro, the younger

paragraph: Girolamo Aleandro, the younger (29 July 1574 – 9 March 1629) was a very distinguished Italian scholar. His grand-uncle Girolamo Aleandro, the elder (1480–1542) is better known and was the first cardinal appointed "in pectore".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Girolamo Aleandro was the son of Scipio Aleandro and Amaltea Amaltei, the daughter of the celebrated poet Girolamo Amaltei, and was born at Motta di Livenza in Friuli, on the twenty ninth of July, 1574. Like the cardinal, he displayed great precocity of intellect, and at the age of sixteen he composed seven beautiful odes in the form of paraphrases on the seven penitential psalms, which were afterwards printed at Rome under the title of "Le Lagrime di Penitenza": he had previously written a paraphrase of the same psalms in Latin elegiac verse. The epigram upon the death of Camillo Paleotto, printed among his Latin poems, is stated to have been composed in his sleep.

paragraph: Being designed for the church, he was sent at the age of twenty to the University of Padua, where, under the guidance of Guido Panciroli, he applied himself with great ardour to the study of belles-lettres, jurisprudence, philosophy and theology. At the age of twenty six he published his Commentary upon the "Institutes" of Gaius, which was well received, and the public professorship of jurisprudence was offered to him by several universities. These invitations he declined, and went to Rome on the suggestion of his uncle, Attilio Amalteo, who speedily obtained for him the office of preposito of Saint Philip and Saint James of Brescia.

paragraph: He joined the Accademia degli Umoristi, just then instituted at Rome, and embracing all the most learned men in that city, and became one of its most active members; his academical name was Aggirato. He had not long resided at Rome when Cardinal Ottavio Bandini appointed him his secretary, in which post he continued twenty years, notwithstanding the numerous solicitations from other cardinals who were anxious to obtain his services. During this long period he devoted all his leisure to the pursuit of literature and antiquities.

paragraph: In 1624 Pope Urban VIII succeeded in drawing him from Cardinal Bandini, and made him his own secretary: he also acted as secretary for his nephew Cardinal Barberini, and accompanied him in this capacity and as councillor upon his being sent, in 1625, as legate "a latere" to France for the purpose of negotiating a peace between France, Spain and Genoa. Up to this period Aleandro, whose constitution was naturally delicate, had accustomed himself to great regularity and simplicity of life; but in France the necessity to which he was subjected of living more freely, threw him into an ill state of health, which compelled him, instead of accompanying the cardinal, who proceeded into Spain, to return to Rome, where he died on the ninth of March 1629.

paragraph: His loss was deeply felt by Cardinal Barberini, who was greatly attached to him, and, as a mark of respect, ordered him a splendid funeral. His funeral oration was pronounced by Gaspar de Simeonibus. Aleandro was buried in the Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. Cardinal Barberini paid for his grave monument; the bust is a work by Antonio Giorgetti.

paragraph: Baillet, on account of his early proofs of genius, has placed him among his "Enfans célèbres par leurs Études". He was one of the most learned men of his time, and his style is commended by De Rossi as pure and elegant.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Aleandro's main works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psalmi poenitentiales versibus elegiacis expressi", Tarvisii 1593, 4to;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caii Institutionum fragmenta, & epitome cum Hieronymi Aleandri iunioris commentario", Venetiis, apud Franciscum Bolzetam Bibliopolam Patauinum, 1600;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sopra l'impresa degli Accademici Humoristi", Roma, 1611, 4to;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hieronymi Aleandri Antiquae tabulae marmoreae solis effigie symbolisque exculptae accurata explicatio". Roma, Zannetti, 1616 (republished: Lutetiae Paris. 1617, and in Johann Georg Graevius, "Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum", Lugduni Batav. 1696, V, ff. 702 ss.);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Effigies Sistri Ægyptii quod servatur in Musaeo Francisci Gualdi, explicata";

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Nuptiis M.A. Burghesii Carmen", Roncilioni, 1619, 4to;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hieronymi Aleandri iunioris Refutatio coniecturae anonymi scriptoris de suburbicariis regionibus et dioecesi Episcopi Romani". Parigi, Cramoisy, 1619;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Obitum Catellae Aldinae Lachrymae poeticae", Parisiis, 1622, 8vo;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Lagrime di Penitenza ad Imitazione de' sette Salmi penitenziali", Roma, 1623, 8vo;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Navis ecclesiam referentis symbolum in veteri gemma annulari insculptum". Roma, Francesco Corbelletti, 1626;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Difesa dell'Adone, poema del Cav. Marini, per risposta all'Occhiale del Cav. Stigliani". Venezia, Scaglia, 1629.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Additiones ad Ciacconium de Vitis Pontificum". Urban VIII having determined that a new edition of Ciacconius' work should be published, deputed Aleandro and Andrea Vittorelli to the task of editors: Aleandro died before the completion of the work, but his additions, comprising vol ii were printed at Rome in 1630;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Additamentum ad Explanationem antiquae Inscriptionis Scipionis Barbati", published in tom. iv, p. 597 of the works of Jacques Sirmond;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The greater part of his Latin poems were published with those of Girolamo, Giambattista and Cornelio Amalteo, his maternal grandfather and uncles, at Venice, in the year 1627.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His letters addressed to Jean Morin, were published posthumously by Richard Simon in his edition of Morin's "Antiquitates Ecclesiae Orientalis" (London in 1682, pp. 140 ss.). The greater part of his correspondence with Lucas Holstenius was published by Pélissier.

paragraph: He also left in manuscript "Commentarius in Legem de Servitutibus", various treatises on antiquarian subjects, poems in Latin and Italian, a particular account of which is given by Mazzucchelli.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liruti, "Notizie delle Vite ed Opere scritte da Letterati del Friuli", p. 506-536;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erythraeus, "Pinacotheca Imaginum illustrium Virorum", p. 46;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mazzucchelli, "Scrittori d'Italia";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fontanini, "Aminta di Tasso difeso", p. 136. 169. 292.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Correspondance de Peiresc et Aleandro", ed. Jean-Francois Lhote and Danielle Joyal, 2 vols., Clermont-Ferrand: Editions Adosa, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Italian scholar

wikidata_label: Girolamo Aleandro, the younger

wikipedia_title: Girolamo Aleandro, the younger


text: St. Lazare

text: Manitoba

text: Canadian

text: ice hockey

text: defenceman

text: Augsburger Panther

text: Deutsche Eishockey Liga

text: Western Hockey League

text: Saskatoon Blades

text: Prince George Cougars

text: Edmonton Oilers

text: Bill Hunter Trophy

text: Dan Hamhuis

text: Vancouver Canucks

text: St. John's Maple Leafs

text: American Hockey League

text: ECHL

text: Las Vegas Wranglers

text: Manitoba Moose

text: Iowa Stars

text: GET-ligaen

text: Norway

text: Vålerenga Ishockey

text: Augsburger Panther

text: ERC Ingolstadt

categories: Franco-Manitoban people,Edmonton Oilers draft picks,People from Westman Region, Manitoba,1980 births,Las Vegas Wranglers players,St. John's Maple Leafs players,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany,Iowa Stars players,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Norway,ERC Ingolstadt players,Ice hockey people from Manitoba,Saskatoon Blades players,Vålerenga Ishockey players,Augsburger Panther players,Prince George Cougars players,Manitoba Moose players,Living people,Canadian ice hockey defencemen

paragraph: Christian Chartier

paragraph: Christian Chartier (born December 29, 1980 in St. Lazare, Manitoba) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Augsburger Panther in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Junior.

paragraph: Chartier played junior hockey in the Western Hockey League (WHL) for the Saskatoon Blades and Prince George Cougars. Chartier was drafted 199th overall in the 1999 National Hockey League (NHL) Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers. During his final season in the WHL (2000-01), Chartier was awarded the Bill Hunter Trophy as the WHL's Top Defenceman. While playing in Prince George, Chartier spent much of his time paired with Dan Hamhuis of the Vancouver Canucks. After the 2000-01 season, Chartier and Hamhuis were both named to the WHL's First All-Star Team.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional.

paragraph: He spent three seasons with the St. John's Maple Leafs in the American Hockey League between 2001 and 2004. He then spent two seasons in the ECHL with the Las Vegas Wranglers with short spell in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose and the Iowa Stars in between.

paragraph: In 2006, he moved to the GET-ligaen in Norway to play for Vålerenga Ishockey. He moved to play with the Augsburger Panther of the DEL starting in 2007. Chartier productively spent the next three seasons on the Panthers blueline. After scoring 33 points in the 2009-10 season, he left to sign a one-year contract with ERC Ingolstadt on May 3, 2010. However in his first season with Ingolstadt, Chartier struggled to recapture his offensive presence and recorded only 13 points in 52 games.

paragraph: In an attempt to regain form Chartier returned to Augsburger on a one-year deal on April 1, 2011.

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Christian Chartier

wikipedia_title: Christian Chartier


text:
Toomebridge
Northern Ireland
British Superbike Championship
Michael
Eugene
George Best
John McEnroe
Trials Riding
motocross
European Superstock
British Superbike Championship
Michael Rutter
Gary Mason
Perth
Oulton Park
red flag
concussion
Mallory Park
BMW S1000RR
Oulton Park
Aprilia RSV4

categories: Living people,1982 births,British Superbike Championship riders,Motorcycle racers from Northern Ireland

paragraph: John Laverty

paragraph: John Laverty (born 6 July 1982) is a former Northern Irish motorcycle racer from Toomebridge, Northern Ireland . He was champion of the Cup class of the British Superbike Championship in 2008. His older brother Michael and younger brother Eugene are both also notable racers.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: In his youth he was a keen tennis player. His sporting heroes are George Best and John McEnroe He also enjoys Trials Riding and Golf

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Laverty raced motocross in his youth, switching to circuit racing for the 1999 Aprillia Challenge UK. The early part of his career was affected by injuries, however he scored a single European Superstock podium at Imola in 2003 and finished 7th overall in 2004. He first entered the British Superbike Championship in 2005, but pulled out when the bike proved uncompetitive. He spent the next 2½ years in British Superstock, taking over a ride midseason (and ultimately earning long-term backing from the team's sponsor Buildbase). He came close to a first win at Donington 2005 and Oulton Park 2006, and it finally came at Brands Hatch in 2007. he was 5th overall in the series in 2006 and 4th overall in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::British Superstock/Superbike Cup.

paragraph: For 2008 Laverty was entered by the Northwest 200 Ducati team into the British Superstock Championship, which allows few modifications to basic road bikes. Three days before the season started, the team discovered that the bike was ineligible. They instead entered him into the British Superbike Cup, as a team-mate to the veteran Michael Rutter. Laverty qualified 9th overall for the season opener, and lead the Cup class throughout, winning it comfortably in the end, taking 11 class wins and 9 further podiums despite missing the Knockhill round due to injury.

paragraph: He finished 17th overall, with a best overall result of 8th, although fellow Cup entrant Gary Mason outpointed him in the main class due to a strong finish He finished 2008 by contesting the Kings of Wanneroo meeting in Perth, Australia, which for 2008 was run to Superstock regulations

paragraph: For 2009 he switched to the Hawk Kawasaki team, taking Buildbase as title sponsor. After a slow start to the season in the first event, at Oulton Park Laverty narrowly escaped serious injury after he went on the grass to overtake and subsequently fell casing a red flag, he was unable to make race 2 due to a concussion. Laverty earned his best finish of the year at Mallory Park finishing 4th in race 2

paragraph: Section::::British Superbike Championship.:2010.

paragraph: Laverty remained with Buildbase for 2010, scoring his first podium finish at Oulton Park. The rest of the year saw mid-pack finishes, ending the season in 8th place with 190 points

paragraph: Section::::British Superbike Championship.:2011.

paragraph: The 2011 season saw John ride again for Buildbase but this time astride the BMW S1000RR. The season did not start well as technical issues prevailed. But as the season continued the team worked hard to resolve these issues

paragraph: At the second visit to Oulton Park mid season towards the end of Free Practice 1 John suffered a serious crash on the start-finish straight leaving him with serious injuries. This unfortunately ended his 2011 season.

paragraph: Section::::British Superbike Championship.:2012.

paragraph: The 2012 season promises to be an exciting challenge for John as he gets to sit astride an Aprilia RSV4 Superbike for the first time with the Spiltlath Redmond Team.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Stats correct as of 9 July 2012

description: British motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: John Laverty

wikipedia_title: John Laverty


text:
Antwerp
Flemish
still life
Jan Davidszoon de Heem
Guild of St. Luke

categories: Artists from Antwerp,Flemish still life painters,1633 births,1690 deaths,Flemish Baroque painters

paragraph: Theodoor Aenvanck

paragraph: Theodoor Aenvanck or Theodor Aenvanck (Antwerp, 1633, – Antwerp (?), after 19 April 1690) was a Flemish painter. He is known for his still lifes of flowers and fruit.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Theodoor Aenvanck was born in Antwerp where he was baptized on 30 november 1633.

paragraph: He was a pupil of the prominent Dutch still life painter Jan Davidszoon de Heem who resided in Antwerp for a long time. He registered as a pupil of the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke in 1647 and in 1669 he became a master of the Guild.

paragraph: Aenvanck traveled abroad probably before 1669. He likely left Antwerp again after March 1686. He died after 19 April 1690 but the place of death is not recorded.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Theodoor Aenvanck was a specialist still life painter who painted flower, fruit, vegetable and fish still lifes. Only a few works of the artist are currently known.

alias:
Theodore Aenvanck
Theodor Van Aenvanck
Théodoor Aenvanck
Theodor van Aenvanck
Unvanck
Anvank
Aenranick
Theod. Anrbanck
Theodor Aenvanck
Théodoor Aenranick

description: Flemish still life painter

wikidata_label: Theodoor Aenvanck

wikipedia_title: Theodoor Aenvanck


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Cao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Pi

text: Lü Bu

text: Liu Bei

text: Sun Quan

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei State

text: Bozhou

text: Anhui

text: Xiahou Ying

text: Han dynasty

text: Liu Bang (Emperor Gao)

text: Cao Cao

text: campaign

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Hua County

text: Henan

text: Commandery

text: Puyang

text: Liaocheng

text: Shandong

text: Yan Province

text: campaign

text: Tao Qian

text: Xu Province

text: Cao Song

text: Puyang

text: Zhang Miao

text: Chen Gong

text: Lü Bu

text: Juancheng County

text: Han Hao

text: kowtow

text: Kaifeng

text: Henan

text: Dingtao County

text: Shandong

text: commanderies

text: Marquis

text: Huai River

text: Intendant of Henan

text: Yuan Shao

text: Liu Bei

text: Jing Province

text: Liu Biao

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Yu Jin

text: Li Dian

text: Battle of Bowang

text: Battle of Ye

text: Sun Quan

text: Chaohu

text: Anhui

text: Wei Jiang

text: Rong people

text: Jia County

text: Henan

text: Emperor Xian

text: vassal

text: Chen Qun

text: Huan Jie

text: Mandate of Heaven

text: King Wen of Zhou

text: Cao Pi

text: Liu Bei

text: Shun

text: Yu

text: Sun Sheng

text: Cao Pi

text: Emperor Xian

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: posthumous title

text: Xiahou Mao

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Battle of Bowang#In fiction

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Samurai Warriors

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Battle Vixens

text: Koihime Musō

text: Yuyushiki

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: Han dynasty generals from Anhui,Politicians from Bozhou,Year of birth unknown,220 deaths,Generals under Cao Cao,Han dynasty politicians from Anhui,Officials under Cao Cao

paragraph: Xiahou Dun

paragraph: Xiahou Dun () (died 13 June 220), courtesy name Yuanrang, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He served for a few months under Cao Cao's successor, Cao Pi, before his death. As one of Cao Cao's most trusted generals, Xiahou Dun aided the warlord in his campaigns against Lü Bu, Liu Bei, Sun Quan and others.

paragraph: Xiahou Dun lost his left eye when he was a hit by a stray arrow during a battle against Lü Bu in the late 190s, and subsequently became known among the rank and file as "Blind Xiahou". His image as a one-eyed warrior was popularised by the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", in which he yanked the arrow out of his eye and devoured his eyeball.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Xiahou Dun was from Qiao County (譙縣), Pei State (沛國), which is on present-day Bozhou, Anhui. He was a descendant of Xiahou Ying, who served under the Han dynasty's founding emperor, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao). He was notorious for his fiery personality as he once killed a man who insulted his teacher when he was just 13 years old. In 190, when Cao Cao was raising an army to participate in the campaign against Dong Zhuo, Xiahou Dun became an officer under Cao and fought in many battles. When Cao Cao was appointed as acting General of Uplifting Martial Might (奮武將軍) by the Han imperial court, Xiahou Dun was commissioned as a Major (司馬) and was ordered to garrison at Boma (白馬; near present-day Hua County, Henan). He was later promoted to Colonel Who Breaks and Charges (折衝校尉) and was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Dong Commandery (東郡; the areas around present-day Puyang, Henan and Liaocheng, Shandong).

paragraph: Section::::Defence of Yan Province.

paragraph: In 193, Cao Cao left his base in Yan Province on a campaign against Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province, whom he held responsible for the murder of his father Cao Song. Xiahou Dun was left behind to defend Puyang, one of Cao Cao's key strongholds in Yan Province.

paragraph: While Cao Cao was away in Xu Province, his subordinates Zhang Miao and Chen Gong rebelled in Yan Province and defected to another warlord Lü Bu. At that time, Cao Cao's family members were in Juancheng County, so Xiahou Dun led a lightly armed force towards Juancheng to fetch them. He encountered Lü Bu's army on the way and engaged the enemy in battle. Lü Bu withdrew his forces and took advantage of Xiahou Dun's absence to conquer Puyang and capture much of Xiahou's supplies and equipment. Lü Bu later sent his men to pretend to surrender to Xiahou Dun, who fell for the ruse and was taken hostage by the enemy in his own camp. Lü Bu's men demanded a heavy ransom. Xiahou Dun's troops became fearful and confused when they heard that their commander had been taken hostage.

paragraph: Xiahou Dun's subordinate, Han Hao, led his men to outside Xiahou's camp, where he gave orders for the other officers to remain in their respective camps and not make any move. The situation in the other camps became stable. He then headed towards Xiahou Dun's tent and shouted at the hostage-takers, "You murderous traitors, how dare you take the commander hostage! Do you still expect to live? I've received orders to attack the enemy, so I won't let you have your way just for the sake of one officer." With tears in his eyes, he told Xiahou Dun, "This is the law. I've to follow it." Han Hao then ordered his men to attack the hostage-takers, who were shocked by his response and immediately gave up. The hostage-takers kowtowed and begged for their lives, "We only want to obtain some money for our use and we'll leave after that." Han Hao reprimanded them sternly and had them all executed. Xiahou Dun was saved.

paragraph: When Cao Cao learnt of the rebellion, he withdrew his army from Xu Province and returned to Yan Province to attack Lü Bu. Xiahou Dun participated in the battles against Lü Bu, and was hit in the left eye by a stray arrow during a skirmish. After the loss of his left eye, he was given the nickname "Blind Xiahou" (盲夏侯) in Cao Cao's army. Xiahou Dun hated this nickname and he would throw a mirror to the ground whenever he saw his own reflection. Lü Bu was besieged by Cao Cao in Puyang for over 100 days and he eventually abandoned the city when a famine broke out. Cao Cao seized back his territories in Yan Province previously lost to Lü Bu.

paragraph: Section::::Mid-career.

paragraph: Xiahou Dun was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Chenliu (陳留; around present-day Kaifeng, Henan) and Jiyin (濟陰; near present-day Dingtao County, Shandong) commanderies, and held the rank of General Who Builds Martial Might (建武將軍). He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Gao'an District (高安鄉侯). While he was in office, a drought broke out and there was a locust infestation in the region. To counter these problems, Xiahou Dun spearheaded an agricultural programme, in which he instructed workers to dam up the Taishou River (太壽水; a tributary of the Huai River) to create a large pond. He personally participated in the construction works and also encouraged the people to grow crops in the inundated land. This programme greatly aided the people during those years of severe famine. He was later reassigned to be the Intendant of Henan (河南尹).

paragraph: Xiahou Dun did not participate in Cao Cao's campaigns in northern China against Yuan Shao, Yuan's sons and their allies throughout the 200s CE. Instead, he remained behind to defend Cao Cao's territories in central China. In 202, Cao Cao's rival Liu Bei, who had sought refuge under Jing Province's governor Liu Biao, received an order from Liu Biao to take advantage of Cao Cao's absence to attack Cao's base in the imperial capital, Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan). In response, Cao Cao sent Xiahou Dun, Yu Jin and Li Dian to lead an army to resist Liu Bei and both sides clashed at the Battle of Bowang. Liu Bei burnt his camps and feigned retreat to lure the enemy into an ambush. Xiahou Dun and his men fell for the trick and were defeated in the ambush. Li Dian, who suspected an ambush and did not join in the pursuit, led reinforcements to help Xiahou Dun and Yu Jin. Liu Bei withdrew his forces after seeing Li Dian's approach.

paragraph: After the Battle of Ye in 204, Xiahou Dun was promoted to General Who Calms the Waves (伏波將軍) but retained his appointment as the Intendant of Henan. He was able to administer and oversee affairs smoothly without being hampered by layers of bureaucracy. In 207, Xiahou Dun was granted an additional 1,800 taxable households in his marquisate in recognition of his contributions, bringing the total number of households to 2,500.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: In 216, after a campaign against Cao Cao's rival Sun Quan, Xiahou Dun was ordered to station at Juchao (居巢; in present-day Chaohu, Anhui) and was placed in command of 26 "jun"s (軍). As a reward for his contributions in battle, he received a number of performing courtesans to entertain him. The imperial order that came with the reward read: "When Wei Jiang (魏絳) pacified the Rong people, he was only rewarded with gold and riches. Don't you, General, deserve more than him?"

paragraph: In 219, when Cao Cao was on a journey back from Mobei (摩陂; southeast of present-day Jia County, Henan), he treated Xiahou Dun like a close aide by letting Xiahou ride in the same carriage as him and allowing Xiahou to enter his private quarters. At the time, Emperor Xian had made Cao Cao a vassal king under the title "King of Wei" (魏王) and granted him permission to set up an independent vassal kingdom, which was still nominally under Han imperial control. While many of Cao Cao's subordinates had been appointed to positions in his vassal kingdom, Xiahou Dun still held appointments under the Han central government. Xiahou Dun requested to serve in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom to show his loyalty, but Cao Cao told him, "I heard that the best rulers learn from their subjects while the second best befriend their subjects. Officials are noble men of virtue. Why lower yourself to serve such a small kingdom like Wei?" Xiahou Dun insisted, so Cao Cao appointed him as General of the Vanguard (前將軍). Xiahou Dun then led his men to Shouchun (壽春) and later garrisoned at Zhaoling (召陵).

paragraph: Around late 219, Xiahou Dun, along with Chen Qun, Huan Jie and others, urged Cao Cao to take the throne from Emperor Xian. Xiahou Dun said, "Everyone in the Empire knows that the Han dynasty's lifespan has come to an end and that there are many contenders seeking to replace it. Since ancient times, whoever succeeds in eliminating the people's troubles will win the hearts of the people and become their ruler. As of now, Your Highness has been fighting battles for over 30 years, you've made outstanding achievements and the hearts of the people are with you. You should follow the will of Heaven and the people. What's there to hesitate about?" Cao Cao replied, "'These qualities are displayed in government. This then also constitutes the exercise of government.' If the Mandate of Heaven does belong to me, I'll be like King Wen of Zhou."

paragraph: Cao Cao died in early 220 and passed on his vassal king title to his son, Cao Pi, who was still a nominal subject of Emperor Xian. Xiahou Dun was promoted to General-in-Chief (大將軍). He died some months later.

paragraph: The "Cao Man Zhuan" (曹瞞傳) and the "Shiyu" (世語) mentioned that Xiahou Dun once suggested to Cao Cao to eliminate Liu Bei first in order to force Sun Quan to surrender of his own accord, and then follow in the footsteps of the mythological rulers Shun and Yu by making Emperor Xian voluntarily abdicate the throne to him. Cao Cao accepted his proposal. After Cao Cao's death, Xiahou Dun regretted his words and fell sick and died. The historian Sun Sheng dismissed the "Shiyu" account as nonsense, saying that it did not match what was recorded in the main text of Xiahou Dun's biography in the "Sanguozhi" – Xiahou Dun felt ashamed of serving under the Han imperial court so he requested to serve in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In late 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour and established the state of Cao Wei, marking the end of the Han dynasty and the start of the Three Kingdoms period.

paragraph: Cao Pi granted Xiahou Dun the posthumous title "Marquis Zhong" (忠侯), which literally means "loyal marquis". Xiahou Dun's original marquis title, "Marquis of Gao'an District" (高安鄉侯), was inherited by his son, Xiahou Chong (夏侯充). Later, in recognition of Xiahou Dun's past contributions, Cao Pi added 1,000 taxable households to Xiahou Chong's marquisate and made each of Xiahou Dun's seven sons and two grandsons a Secondary Marquis (關內侯).

paragraph: Xiahou Dun's younger brother, Xiahou Lian (夏侯廉), was also enfeoffed as a marquis. Xiahou Dun's second son, Xiahou Mao, married one of Cao Cao's daughters, Princess Qinghe (清河公主), and held high-ranking positions in the Wei imperial court. Xiahou Dun also had two other sons—Xiahou Zizang (夏侯子臧) and Xiahou Zijiang (夏侯子江).

paragraph: When Xiahou Chong died, his marquis title was inherited by his son, Xiahou Yu (夏侯廙). Xiahou Yu, in turn, was succeeded by his son Xiahou Shao (夏侯劭). According to the "Jin Yang Qiu" (晉陽秋), Xiahou Dun did not have any successor after his grandson, Xiahou Zuo (夏侯佐), died in 266.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Although Xiahou Dun was a soldier for most of his life, he was receptive to scholarly arts and even invited notable scholars to his camp to tutor him. He led a frugal and simple lifestyle and used his excess wealth to help the needy. He took from official treasuries (instead of directly from the common people) when he did not have enough money. He also did not own much property.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Xiahou Dun is featured as a character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period.

paragraph: See the following for some fictitious stories in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" involving Xiahou Dun:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Xiapi#Xiahou Dun losing his left eye

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Bowang#In fiction

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Xiahou Dun is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video game series, as well as "Warriors Orochi", a crossover between "Dynasty Warriors" and "Samurai Warriors". He also appears in all instalments of Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" strategy game series.

paragraph: There is a card based on Xiahou Dun, called "Xiahou Dun, the One-Eyed", in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set of the "" collectible card game.

paragraph: The anime "Battle Vixens," "Koihime Musō," and "Yuyushiki" also make references to Xiahou Dun, in which he is known by his Japanese name "Kakōton".

paragraph: Xiahou Dun also appears as a unique character in "".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Han dynasty general

wikidata_label: Xiahou Dun

wikipedia_title: Xiahou Dun


text:
Swiss
Swiss Federal Council
Swiss Federal Council
Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
Department of Finance
Department of Posts and Railways
Political Department
President of the Confederation
President of the Confederation

categories: 1825 births,People from Chur,Free Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians,1896 deaths,Members of the National Council (Switzerland),Members of the Swiss Federal Council,Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians,Foreign ministers of Switzerland

paragraph: Simeon Bavier

paragraph: Simeon Bavier (16 September 1825 – 27 January 1896) was a Swiss politician, member of the Swiss Federal Council (1878-1883).

paragraph: He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 10 December 1878 and resigned on 5 January 1883. He was affiliated with the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. During his time in office he held the following departments:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Department of Finance (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Department of Posts and Railways (1880 - 1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Political Department (1882) as President of the Confederation

paragraph: He was President of the Confederation in 1882.

description: member of the Swiss Federal Council

wikidata_label: Simeon Bavier

wikipedia_title: Simeon Bavier