text: Italian

text: theologian

text: San Giovanni in Fiore

text: eschatology

text: historicist

text: Joachimites

text: Celico

text: Cosenza

text: Calabria

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Stephen du Perche

text: Margaret of Navarre

text: William II of Sicily

text: pilgrimage

text: Holy Land

text: Jerusalem

text: hermit

text: Cistercian

text: Luzzi

text: Abbey of Corazzo

text: the apostle John's Revelation

text: Cistercian Order

text: Pope Lucius III

text: Abbey of Casamari

text: Archbishop of Cosenza

text: Pope Lucius III

text: Tancred of Sicily

text: Santa Maria della Matina

text: Empress Constance

text: Palatine Chapel

text: Mary Magdalene

text: Celestine III

text: Innocent III

text: Dante

text: Book of Revelation

text: Church

text: spiritual

text: Franciscan

text: Richard the Lionheart

text: Book of Revelation

text: Third Crusade

text: Petrus Alphonsi

text: Borromean rings

text: Trinity

text: Shield of the Trinity

text: millenarian

text: Trinity

text: Old Testament

text: New Testament

text: Franciscan

text: Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Summa Theologica

text: Dante Alighieri

text: Paradiso

text: Divine Comedy

text: Franciscans

text: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Sibyl

text: Merlin

text: Fourth Council of the Lateran

text: archbishop

text: Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino

text: Synod of Arles

text: heretical

text: Holy Trinity

text: Amalrician

text: Dulcinian

text: Brethren of the Free Spirit

text: W. B. Yeats

text: Umberto Eco

text: The Name of the Rose

text: "Illuminatus!" trilogy

text: Robert Anton Wilson

text: Robert Shea

text: eschatological

text: Barack Obama

text: 2008 presidential election

text: Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus

text: Cult of the Holy Spirit

text: Ernesto Buonaiuti

text: List of Christian mystics

text: Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus

text: Henri de Lubac

text: Marjorie Reeves

text: Neo-Joachimism

text: "Catholic Encyclopedia":

categories: 12th-century Latin writers,Italian abbots,12th-century Roman Catholic theologians,12th-century Christian mystics,12th-century apocalypticists,1130s births,1202 deaths,12th-century Italian writers,Italian Roman Catholics,Italian Christian monks,People from the Province of Cosenza

paragraph: Joachim of Fiore

paragraph: Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore (c. 1135 – 30 March 1202), was an Italian theologian and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. Later followers, inspired by his works in eschatology and historicist theories, are called Joachimites.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in the small village of Celico near Cosenza, in Calabria (at the time part of the Kingdom of Sicily), Joachim was the son of Mauro, a well-placed notary, and of Gemma, his wife. He was educated at Cosenza, where he became first a clerk in the courts, and then a notary himself. In 1166–1167 he worked for Stephen du Perche, archbishop of Palermo (c. 1167–1168) and counsellor of Margaret of Navarre, regent for the young William II of Sicily.

paragraph: About 1159 he went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, an episode about which very little is known, save that he underwent a spiritual crisis and conversion in Jerusalem that turned him away from a worldly life. When he returned, he lived as a hermit for several years, wandering and preaching before joining the Cistercian abbey of Sambucina near Luzzi in Calabria, as a lay brother, where he devoted his time to lay preaching. Under pressure from the ecclesiastical authorities, he joined the monks of the Abbey of Corazzo, and was ordained a priest, apparently in 1168. He applied himself entirely to Biblical study, with a special view to uncovering the arcane meanings he thought were concealed in the Scriptures, especially in the apostle John's Revelation. To his dismay, the monks of Corazzo proclaimed him their abbot (c. 1177). He then attempted to join the monastery to the Cistercian Order, but was refused because of the community's poverty. In the winter of 1178 he appealed in person to William II, who granted the monks some lands.

paragraph: In 1182 Joachim appealed to Pope Lucius III, who relieved him of the temporal care of his abbey, and warmly approved of his work, bidding him continue it in whatever monastery he thought best. Joachim spent the following year and a half at the Cistercian Abbey of Casamari, where he engaged in writing his three great books, his dictations keeping three scribes busy night and day; there the young monk, Lucas (afterwards Archbishop of Cosenza), who acted as his secretary, was amazed to see so famous and eloquent a man wearing such rags, and the wonderful devotion with which he preached and said Mass.

paragraph: In 1184 he was in Rome, interpreting an obscure prophecy found among the papers of Cardinal Matthew of Angers, and was encouraged by Pope Lucius III. Succeeding popes confirmed the papal approbation, though his manuscripts had not begun to circulate. Joachim retired first to the hermitage of Pietralata, writing all the while, and then founded the Abbey of Fiore ("Flora") in the mountains of Calabria. He refused the request of King Tancred of Sicily (r. 1189–1194) to move his new religious foundation to the existing Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria della Matina.

paragraph: On Good Friday in 1196, Empress Constance, also Queen of Sicily, summoned Joachim of Fiore to Palermo to hear her confession in the Palatine Chapel. Initially the empress sat on a raised chair, but when Joachim told her that as they were at the places of Christ and Mary Magdalene, she needed to lower herself, she sat on the ground.

paragraph: Fiore became the center of a new and stricter branch of the Cistercian order, approved by Celestine III in 1198.

paragraph: In 1200 Joachim publicly submitted all his writings to the examination of Innocent III, but died in 1202 before any judgment was passed. The holiness of his life was widely known: Dante affirmed that miracles were said to have been wrought at his tomb, and, though never officially beatified, he is still venerated as a "beatus" on May 29.

paragraph: He theorized the dawn of a new age, based on his interpretation of verses in the Book of Revelation, in which the Church would be unnecessary and in which infidels would unite with Christians. Members of the spiritual wing of the Franciscan order acclaimed him as a prophet.

paragraph: His popularity was enormous in the period, and some sources hold that Richard the Lionheart wished to meet him to discuss the Book of Revelation before leaving for the Third Crusade of 1189–1192.

paragraph: His famous Trinitarian "IEUE" interlaced-circles diagram was influenced by the different 3-circles Tetragrammaton-Trinity diagram of Petrus Alphonsi, and in turn led to the use of the Borromean rings as a symbol of the Christian Trinity (and possibly also influenced the development of the Shield of the Trinity diagram).

paragraph: Section::::Theory of the three ages.

paragraph: The mystical basis of his teaching is his doctrine of the "eternal gospel", founded on an interpretation of Revelation 14:6 (Rev 14:6, "Then I saw another angel flying in midheaven, with an eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth—to every nation and tribe and language and people." NRSV translation.).

paragraph: His theories can be considered millenarian; he believed that history, by analogy with the Trinity, was divided into three fundamental epochs:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Age of the Father, corresponding to the Old Testament, characterized by obedience of mankind to the Rules of God;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Age of the Son, between the advent of Christ and 1260, represented by the New Testament, when Man became the son of God;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Age of the Holy Spirit, impending, ushered in by an "Angel with a sword", when mankind was to come in direct contact with God, reaching the total freedom preached by the Christian message. The Kingdom of the Holy Spirit, a new dispensation of universal love, would proceed from the Gospel of Christ, but transcend the letter of it. In this new Age the ecclesiastical organization would be replaced and the "Order of the Just" would rule the Church. This "Order of the Just" was later identified with the Franciscan order by his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino.

paragraph: According to Joachim, only in this third age will it be possible to truly understand the words of God in their deepest meanings, and not merely literally. In this period, instead of the "parousia" (second Advent of Christ), a new epoch of peace and concord would begin; also, a new religious "order" of spiritual men will arise, thus making the present hierarchy of the Church almost unnecessary.

paragraph: Joachim distinguished between the "reign of justice" or "of law" in an imperfect society, and the "reign of freedom" in a perfect society.

paragraph: Section::::Condemnation.

paragraph: Joachim's theories were refuted by Thomas Aquinas in his "Summa Theologica" (written 1265-1274). In contrast, Dante Alighieri situated Joachim in the Paradiso of his "Divine Comedy" (composed c. 1320). Among the Spirituals, the stricter branch of the Franciscans, a Joachite group arose, many of whom saw Antichrist already in the world in the person of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (who died in 1250).

paragraph: As the appointed year approached, spurious works began to circulate under Joachim's name: "De Oneribus Prophetarum," an "Expositio Sybillae et Merlini" ("Exposition of the Sibyl and Merlin") and commentaries on the prophecies of Jeremiah and Isaiah. The Fourth Council of the Lateran, in 1215, condemned some of his ideas about the nature of the Trinity. In 1263, the archbishop Fiorenzo enhanced the condemnation of his writings and those of his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino, joining a commission in the Synod of Arles, in which Joachim's theories were declared heretical. The accusation was of having an unorthodox view of the Holy Trinity.

paragraph: His views also inspired several subsequent movements: the Amalricians, the Dulcinians and the Brethren of the Free Spirit. All of these were eventually declared heretical by the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Of importance is the fact that Joachim himself was never condemned as a heretic by the Church; rather, the ideas and movement surrounding him were condemned. Joachim the man was held in high regard during his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Literary references.

paragraph: W. B. Yeats' short story "The Tables of the Law" tells about a single surviving copy of a certain book by Joachim of Flora and its powerful effects on its owner.

paragraph: Joachim is mentioned in Umberto Eco's medieval mystery "The Name of the Rose". His influence on the Franciscan Spirituals and the rediscovery of his books foreseeing the advent of a new age are part of the book's background story in which an inquisitorial debate is held in a remote monastery where a number of murders take place.

paragraph: The sprawling conspiracy leg-pull entitled the "Illuminatus!" trilogy of novels by Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea also reference Joachim of Fiore repeatedly. His writings fit well with the eschatological tone of the story. The authors attempt to confuse matters and give an air of authenticity to the madness of the various plotlines by including references to real people and events.

paragraph: A hoax circulated that Barack Obama referred to Joachim's third age three times in his campaign speeches during the 2008 presidential election. He is said to have spoken of him as a "master of contemporary civilization" who had sought to create a better world, but there is no evidence Obama ever quoted or mentioned Joachim.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber Concordiae Novi ac Veteris Testamenti" ("Harmony of the Old and New Testaments"/"Book of Concordance"), completed in 1200.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expositio in Apocalipsim" ("Exposition of the Book of Revelation"), finished around 1196–1199. The "Liber introductoris in Apocalypsim", sometimes cited as a separate work, forms an introduction to this.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psalterium Decem Cordarum" ("Psaltery of Ten Strings").

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus super quatuor Evangelia" ("Treatise on the four Gospels").

paragraph: Lesser works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genealogia" ("Genealogy"), written about 1176.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De prophetia ignota", dateable to 1184.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adversus Judeos" (also known as "Exhortatorium Iudeorum"), probably written in the early 1180s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De articulis fidei", probably written in the early 1180s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Professio fidei", probably written in the early 1180s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus in expositionem vite et regule beati Benedicti", sermons belonging to the late 1180s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Praephatio super Apocalipsim". Written around 1188–1192.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intelligentia super calathis". Written in 1190–1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De ultimis tribulationibus", which is a short sermon by Joachim.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enchiridion super Apocalypsim". Written in 1194-6, this is an earlier and shorter version of the "Liber introductorius" that prefaces Joachim's "Expositio in Apocalipsim".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De septem sigillis". It is uncertain when this was written.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Liber figurarum" was drawn together soon after Joachim's death in 1202, and is a collection of 24 'figurae' drawn by Joachim. The name was used in thirteenth-century manuscripts to describe a work attributed to Joachim of Fiore, but it was only in the mid-twentieth century that it was identified in relation to three extant manuscripts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The late thirteenth-century set of pseudo-prophecies, united with a later series under the title "Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus" was falsely attributed to Joachim of Fiore without any basis in truth.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cult of the Holy Spirit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernesto Buonaiuti (one of the first researchers in Joachinism)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Christian mystics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Gil, "Zeitkonstruktion als Kampf- und Protestmittel: Reflexionen über Joachim's von Fiore Trinitätstheologische Geschichtskonstruktion und deren Wirkungsgeschichte." In "Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages", ed. Carol Poster and Richard Utz (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1997), pp. 35–49.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri de Lubac, "La Postérité spirituelle de Joachim de Flore", Lethielleux, 1979 and 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marjorie Reeves, "Joachim of Fiore & the prophetic future : a medieval study in historical thinking", Stroud : Sutton Pub., 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthias Riedl, "Joachim von Fiore. Denker der vollendeten Menschheit", Koenigshausen & Neumann, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gian Luca Potestà, "Il Tempo dell'apocalisse - Vita di Gioacchino da Fiore", Laterza, Bari, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valeria de Fraja, "Oltre Cîteaux. Gioacchino da Fiore e l'ordine florense", Viella, Roma 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Randolph Daniel, "Abbot Joachim of Fiore and Joachimism", Variorum Collected Studies Series, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Lopetrone, "L'effigie dell'abate Gioacchino da Fiore", in Vivarium, Rivista di Scienze Teologiche dell'Istituto Teologico S. Pio X di Catanzaro, Anno XX, n. 3, Edizioni Pubblisfera 2013, pp. 361–386.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eternal Gospel" by Leoš Janáček, a 1913 composition described as A legend for soprano, tenor, chorus and orchestra.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Center for Joachimist Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim of Fiore’s Constitution of Future Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim of Fiore's circles diagram and Trinitarian symbolism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Joachimism

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia": "Joachim of Flora"

description: Italian abbot

enwikiquote_title: Joachim of Fiore

wikidata_label: Joachim of Fiore

wikipedia_title: Joachim of Fiore


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
sergeant
The Lancashire Fusiliers
British Army
World War I
Victoria Cross
battle of Passchendaele
Belgium
Stockport
Lancashire Fusiliers
Ypres
Belgium
Reddish
Imperial War Museum
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: People from Salford,1886 births,British Army personnel of World War I,Lancashire Fusiliers soldiers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1963 deaths

paragraph: Joseph Lister (VC)

paragraph: Joseph Lister VC (19 October 1886 – 19 January 1963) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Lister was 30 years old, and a sergeant in the 1st Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers, British Army during World War I when he received the Victoria Cross for his actions at the battle of Passchendaele, Belgium on 9 October 1917. Lister was a native of Stockport, and served in the 1st Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. He earned his medal for storming two machine gun posts and capturing 100 enemy troops.

paragraph: On 9 October 1917 east of Ypres, Belgium, seeing that the advance of his company was held up by machine-gun fire from the direction of a pillbox, Sergeant Lister dashed ahead of his men and found the gun - he shot two of the gunners and the remainder surrendered. He then went to the pillbox and shouted to the occupants to surrender. They did so with the exception of one man whom the sergeant shot, whereupon about 100 of the enemy emerged from the shell-holes further to the rear and surrendered.

paragraph: Sergeant Lister survived the war and died in 1963. He is buried in Willow Grove Cemetery, Reddish. His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London.

paragraph: 100 years after his actions, Salford City Council unveiled a commemorative paving stone, outside Broughton Hub, in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage", David Harvey, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" This England, 1997

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Cheshire)"

description: English recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Joseph Lister

wikipedia_title: Joseph Lister (VC)


text: Mexican-born

text: Major League Baseball

text: third baseman

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Tampa Bay Devil Rays

text: Houston Astros

text: Washington Nationals

text: San Diego Padres

text: Jeff Bridich

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Walt Weiss

text: 1994-95 Major League Baseball strike

text: Charlie Hayes

text: Don Baylor

text: Matt Williams

text: All-Star

text: Opening Day

text: Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey

text: Monterrey

text: Major League Baseball

text: United States

text: Canada

text: National League champion

text: San Diego Padres

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Jose Canseco

text: Greg Vaughn

text: Fred McGriff

text: Washington Nationals

text: Caribbean Series

text: Dan O'Dowd

text: Mexico baseball team

text: Pan American Games

text: 2009 World Baseball Classic

text: Naranjeros de Hermosillo

text: Mexican Pacific League

text: List of Colorado Rockies team records

categories: People from Oaxaca City,Houston Astros players,1967 births,Atlanta Braves players,Colorado Rockies players,Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States,Baseball players from Oaxaca,National League All-Stars,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,National League RBI champions,Major League Baseball players from Mexico,Colorado Rockies (baseball) coaches,Tampa Bay Devil Rays players,Major League Baseball third basemen,Richmond Braves players,Durham Bulls players,Caribbean Series players,Greenville Braves players,Living people,2006 World Baseball Classic players,Silver Slugger Award winners,San Diego Padres players

paragraph: Vinny Castilla

paragraph: Vinicio "Vinny" Castilla Soria (; born July 4, 1967) is a Mexican-born former Major League Baseball third baseman who played his best years with the Colorado Rockies and Atlanta Braves. Previously, he played with the Atlanta Braves (1991–1992, 2002–2003), Colorado Rockies (1993–1999, 2004, 2006), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2000–2001), Houston Astros (2001), Washington Nationals (2005), and San Diego Padres (2006). He currently serves as a special assistant to the Rockies GM Jeff Bridich.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career (1991-2006).

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career (1991-2006).:Atlanta Braves (1991-1992).

paragraph: The Atlanta Braves purchased Castilla's contract from the Saltillo club out of the Mexican League in 1990. He made his MLB debut as a shortstop for the Braves on September 9, 1991. For the 1992 season he only appeared in 8 games.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career (1991-2006).:Colorado Rockies (1993-1999).

paragraph: In November 1992 he was selected by the Rockies in the expansion draft. For the 1993 season he played regularly hitting 9 home runs and 9 triples (8th in the league) in 105 games as a shortstop. In 1994 his playing time was reduced mainly due to the acquisition of shortstop Walt Weiss and the 1994-95 Major League Baseball strike. Castilla only saw action in 52 games, playing all four positions in the infield.

paragraph: After the departure of starting third baseman Charlie Hayes, Castilla was the leading candidate to man third base for the 1995 season. This, along with the help of manager Don Baylor, was the turning point in Castlla's career, hitting .319 with 17 home runs and 48 runs batted in by the All Star break, earning him a backup spot in the All Star team. He was later named the starting third baseman for the NL after Matt Williams was out with an injury. He finished the season with a .309 batting average, 32 home runs and 90 RBIs. In the NLDS against Atlanta he hit .467 with 3 home runs. Many considered Castilla's numbers to be a fluke, mainly because of playing at the friendly confines of a thin-air Denver stadium, a stigma that would follow Vinny for most of his Colorado career. However, in 1996 he surpassed his numbers from the previous year, his 40th home run came on the last game of the season, he finished the year hitting .304 with 40 home runs, including 2 Grand Slams for a total of 113 RBIs. For the 1997 season he would have exactly the same totals of home runs, RBIs and batting average (40-113-.304) as well as 3 multi-homer games on the year.

paragraph: Castilla's most productive season was 1998, earning his second All-Star and his first Home Run Derby selection in front of his home crowd in Colorado. Playing in all 162 games he finished the season with 46 home runs (4th in the league), 144 RBIs (3rd), 206 hits (3rd), 380 total bases (3rd),108 runs scored and a .319 batting average (10th in the league and career-high), good enough numbers to finish 11th in the NL MVP ballot.

paragraph: On April 4, 1999, Castilla was a part of history as the Rockies played their Opening Day contest in his native Mexico at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey. The game marked the first time Major League Baseball (MLB) commenced the regular season outside of the United States or Canada. The Rockies' opponent were the defending National League champion San Diego Padres. Castilla delighted the crowd with four hits including a double, as Colorado won 8–2.

paragraph: On June 6, 1999, Castilla produced his first career three-home run game against the Milwaukee Brewers. He finished the season with 33 home runs and 102 RBIs.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career (1991-2006).:Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2000-2001).

paragraph: Prior to the 2000 season, Castilla was sent to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, a team that featured veteran sluggers Jose Canseco, Greg Vaughn and Fred McGriff. However, he played only in 85 games, hitting for a .221 BA and 6 home runs.

paragraph: The following year, he played only 24 games for Tampa Bay before being traded to the Houston Astros.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career (1991-2006).:Houston Astros (2001).

paragraph: After playing only 24 games for Tampa Bay at the beginning of the 2001 season, Castilla went to play for the Houston Astros where he re-discovered his power at the plate. He played in 122 games, hitting 23 home runs (including three in one game against the Pirates on July 28) and 82 RBIs, making it to the post season with the Astros, where he hit .273 with a solo home run in the NLDS.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career (1991-2006).:Return to the Atlanta Braves (2002-2003).

paragraph: He was signed as a free agent by the Braves in 2002. Although his offensive numbers declined (.232/12/61), he established himself as a premier defender at third base, leading the league in fielding average with .982. In the post season he hit a solid .320 with a home run and 4 RBIs. He played another season with the Braves in 2003, finishing the year with 22 homers and 76 runs batted in.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career (1991-2006).:Return to the Colorado Rockies and final seasons (2004-2006).

paragraph: He returned for a second stint with the Colorado Rockies for the 2004 season and had a tremendous year, hitting 43 doubles and 35 home runs, and led the league with 131 RBIs. Defensively Castilla had arguably his best season at third base, leading the league in fielding average and committing only 6 errors all year long. Inexplicably he was denied of Gold Glove, Silver Slugger Award or All Star Game considerations.

paragraph: He moved on to play with the Washington Nationals in 2005, hitting 12 home runs and 66 RBIs in 142 games. He finished second among third basemen in fielding average, with .970. In 2006, he played 72 games for the San Diego Padres before being released. He then signed with the Rockies for a third time to finish his career in Colorado. His last home run with the Rockies came on September 9, 2006 giving him a total of 239, good for 3rd all time in franchise history.

paragraph: Always a fan favorite in Colorado, Castilla was the last player to retire from the original 1993 Colorado roster. As of 2018 he is the all-time home run leader among Mexican-born players (320). He won three Silver Slugger Awards ('95, '97 and '98) and was selected twice to the All Star Game. He hit 30+ home runs six times (including three 40-homer seasons) and drove in 100+ runs five times. At the peak of his career (1995 to 1999) he averaged 38 home runs and 112 RBIs. In post season play he finished with a .350 average (21 of 60) in 17 games, with 5 homers and 12 RBIs. He played in 16 seasons for six different clubs, and averaged 165 hits, 28 home runs and 97 RBIs for every 162 games played.

paragraph: Section::::Post-playing career.

paragraph: He decided to retire after the Caribbean Series on February 7, 2007, becoming a special assistant to Rockies GM Dan O'Dowd.

paragraph: In 2007, he was named manager of the Mexico baseball team for the Pan American Games, and also served as manager in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. In 2008, he was a player-manager for the Naranjeros de Hermosillo in the Mexican Pacific League.

paragraph: Castilla and his wife, Samantha, have 3 sons, Vinicio Jr., Daulton and Cristian.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Colorado Rockies team records

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Silver Slugger Award winners at third base

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Vinny Castilla

wikipedia_title: Vinny Castilla


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
goaltender
National Hockey League
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Norm Maracle at hockeygoalies.org

categories: Adirondack Red Wings players,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Slovenia,First Nations sportspeople,Detroit Red Wings players,Detroit Red Wings draft picks,Chicago Wolves players,Sportspeople from Belleville, Ontario,HDD Olimpija Ljubljana players,Avangard Omsk players,Star Bulls Rosenheim players,Kölner Haie players,Orlando Solar Bears (IHL) players,Ice hockey people from Alberta,Living people,Iserlohn Roosters players,Atlanta Thrashers players,Saskatoon Blades players,Sportspeople from Calgary,Ice hockey people from Ontario,Canadian ice hockey goaltenders,Metallurg Magnitogorsk players,1974 births

paragraph: Norm Maracle

paragraph: Norm Maracle (born October 2, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. Prior to ending his career in Europe, Maracle played in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings and Atlanta Thrashers.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Junior.

paragraph: Maracle joined the WHL's Saskatoon Blades during the 1991–92 season and remained with them until the 1993–94 season. Maracle's level of play during the 1993–94 season would earn him the Del Wilson Trophy for best goaltender in the WHL. Prior to the 1993–94 seasons, the Detroit Red Wings drafted Maracle in the 5th Round, 126th overall, in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional.:Detroit.

paragraph: For the start of the 1994–95 season, Maracle was signed by the Detroit Red Wings and reassigned to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings, sharing goaltending duties with Kevin Hodson. For the next two seasons, Maracle remained in the AHL, posting prolific winning records and a high save percentage each season, but was not called up by the Red Wings due to their overwhelming goaltending depth, as he was the fourth goaltender behind Mike Vernon, Chris Osgood and Hodson. Later in 2018, on January 6 Maracle was honored into the Adirondack Hockey Hall of Fame in Glens Falls, New York. He was one of three former members if the Detroit Red Wings affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings, next to Neil Smith (ice hockey) and Chris Tancill.

paragraph: While Maracle spent the 1997–98 season as the starting goaltender in Adirondack, he eventually received a call up from the Red Wings and posted a 2–0–1 record in four NHL appearances. He did not see any playoff action that season, where the Red Wings went on to win their second consecutive Stanley Cup championship. He was included on the team picture, and awarded a Stanley Cup Ring. However, his name does not appear on the Stanley Cup because he did not play enough games to qualify.

paragraph: Maracle challenged Hodson for the backup spot for the 1998–99 season. Maracle put up solid numbers during the season and as a result, became Detroit's backup goaltender to Osgood. Maracle appeared in 16 regular season contests, posting a 6–5–2 record and a 91.8% save percentage. Hodson, however, was sent to the Tampa Bay Lightning prior to the trade deadline so the Red Wings could acquire Bill Ranford as Detroit's third goaltender. Due to Ranford's strong showing towards the end of the regular season, the Red Wings kept Maracle on the roster, but designated him as the third goaltender. After the Red Wings defeated the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in the opening round of the playoffs, they went on to face the Colorado Avalanche in the Conference Semifinals. Osgood was injured prior to the first game, making Ranford the starting goaltender and Maracle the backup. Maracle played in two games against Colorado, relieving Ranford both times. By the time Osgood returned, the Red Wings could not overcome the Avalanche and were eliminated. Not having lived up to expectations, Ranford was not re-signed at the end of the season, and Maracle also fell under scrutiny for underperforming in the playoffs, and his conditioning was also questioned. Maracle was left unprotected in the 1999 NHL Expansion Draft, and was claimed by the Atlanta Thrashers on 25 June 1999.

paragraph: Maracle earned the nickname "Miracle" because despite being a borderline starting goaltender, he would occasionally have superb games (including three 50+ save performances).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional.:Atlanta.

paragraph: With the 1999–2000 season in the NHL being the first for the Thrashers, there was some instability in the lineup. Maracle still managed to start in more games for the Thrashers than any of Atlanta's other four goalies (Damian Rhodes, Scott Fankhouser, Scott Langkow and Rick Tabaracci). However, Maracle finished the season with a 4–19–2 record and a save percentage of .890. Maralce's save percentage put him in 43rd place out of 83 eligible goaltenders, to be eligible the goalie had to of played at least 20 games in the NHL season. The team did not make the playoffs in the 1999-2000 season.

paragraph: When Maracle reported for the 2000–01 training camp, his conditioning had become so poor that he was reassigned to the Orlando Solar Bears of the International Hockey League, Atlanta's minor league affiliate. Maracle posted an impressive 33–13–3 record at the minor level, his eight shutouts with Orlando are a team record. He also helped backstop the Solar Bears to their first and only Turner Cup victory in the league's final year of operation. His strong minor league performance earned him 13 appearances for the Thrashers during that season. Though his record for the Thrashers was 2–8–3, his save percentage slightly improved.

paragraph: Maracle appeared in a single NHL game for the 2001–02 season, a 3–0 loss to the Washington Capitals on November 10, 2001; this was his last NHL game. Maracle spent the rest of the season with the Thrashers' new minor league affiliate, the Chicago Wolves of the AHL, as the starting goaltender with Pasi Nurminen backing him up.

paragraph: For the 2002–03 Season, Maracle remained in the minors while Nurminen ascended the depth charts to become Atlanta's starting goaltender, with Milan Hnilicka, Byron Dafoe and Frédéric Cassivi supporting him. Having run out of options to leave the minors in the North American system, Maracle signed with Magnitogorsk Metallurg of the RSL on 8 June 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional.:Europe.

paragraph: Maracle, better conditioned and in a new system, appeared in 46 contests for Magnitogorsk Metallurg for the 2003–04 season.

paragraph: Though he signed a contract with the Nurnburg Ice Tigers of the Deutsche Liga at the start of the 2004–05 season, he never appeared in a contest for them. Maracle then signed with the 2004 RSL Champion Avangard Omsk on 5 November 2004, with whom Maracle won the European Cup Championship. Maracle was the starting goaltender for Avangard in 2005–06 season as well.

paragraph: In 2006–07, Maracle was the backup to Alexandre Fomichev. The team placed third overall in the league and lost the semi-finals of the Russian Super League Championships to the eventual champions, Metallurg Magnitogorsk.

paragraph: For the 2007–08 season, Maracle signed with the Iserlohn Roosters in Germany's Deutsche Eishockey Liga. Maracle became a favorite amongst Roosters fans, especially for his on ice antics including break dancing.

paragraph: Maracle joined HDD Olimpija Ljubljana who played in the Austrian Hockey League in the 2009–10 season, from January to April 2010 he transferred to return to the DEL for Kölner Haie.

paragraph: Maracle signed with Starbulls Rosenheim, a team in Germany's 2nd tier Bundesliga, in July 2010, he remained as the club's first choice keeper in two seasons in Rosenheim. On May 25, 2012, the Starbulls announced that due to personal issues, Maracle would not be returning to the team.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Maracle was born in Belleville, Ontario, but grew up in Calgary, Alberta. He coaches young players in Whapmagoostui, in northern Quebec. Maracle is a Mohawk from the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory. This Territory is an Indian Reserve located near Belleville, Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norm Maracle at hockeygoalies.org

description: retired Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Norm Maracle

wikipedia_title: Norm Maracle


text:
usurper
Roman Emperor
Aurelian
Historia Augusta
Thirty Tyrants
Gallic Empire
Victorinus
Caesar
Victoria
Augustus
"Tyranni Triginta" 7

categories: 271 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Thirty Tyrants (Roman),Piavonii

paragraph: Victorinus Junior

paragraph: Victorinus iunior (supposedly died 271) was a fictional usurper who was claimed to have risen up against the Roman Emperor Aurelian, according to the "Historia Augusta". He is included in the list of the Thirty Tyrants.

paragraph: According to the often unreliable chapter describing the "Thirty Tyrants", the Emperor of the Gallic Empire Victorinus had a son called Victorinus who was proclaimed "Caesar" by his father or grandmother (Victoria) just before Victorinus senior's death, but was himself killed by his soldiers alongside his father.

paragraph: There is no evidence that this son existed or, if he did, that he was made "Augustus".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tyranni Triginta" 7

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Victorinus Junior

wikipedia_title: Victorinus Junior


text:
heavy metal
hard rock
guitarist
Blue Cheer
New York City
Ross the Boss
Black Sabbath
Blue Öyster Cult
France
Elf
Rainbow
Gary Driscoll
Craig Gruber
Bible Black
Jeff Fenholt
Anthrax
Carl Canedy
The Rods
Kim Simmonds
Blue Cheer
Dickie Peterson
Dieter Saller
Dickie Peterson
Highlights and Lowlives
What Doesn't Kill You
Blitzkrieg Over Nüremberg
Blue Cheer MySpace
Bible Black MySpace

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,American heavy metal guitarists,Blue Cheer members,1953 births,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Duck MacDonald

paragraph: Andrew "Duck" MacDonald (born September 17, 1953) is an American heavy metal/hard rock guitarist, who has played in several bands, the most well-known of which being Blue Cheer.

paragraph: He started playing in various bands around New York City. In 1980 he was asked to join Shakin' Street, replacing guitarist Ross the Boss. Shakin Street toured the U.S., supporting Black Sabbath and Blue Öyster Cult on the Black and Blue tour. Following this and a tour of France, Shakin Street broke up.

paragraph: MacDonald met with ex-Elf/Rainbow members Gary Driscoll and Craig Gruber, and started the band Bible Black. They recorded the album "Ground Zero" with singer Jeff Fenholt. After this, MacDonald and Driscoll worked with Anthrax producer Carl Canedy to put together the album "Thrasher", with various other musicians. It was released in 1985.

paragraph: For the next three years he worked with various artists, such as David Feinstein, in his band The Rods, and Kim Simmonds, in the Kim Simmonds Band. In 1988 he was contacted by Blue Cheer bassist Dickie Peterson, and he joined them for the 1989 live album "Blitzkrieg over Nüremberg" and 1990's "Highlights and Lowlives", followed by a tour of the United States. In 1992 he left Blue Cheer, being replaced with Dieter Saller, following which he built a recording studio and started the band Playground. Playground released several unsuccessful albums before he re-joined Blue Cheer in 1999. He had been playing with them up until Dickie Peterson's death and Blue Cheer's official disbandment on October 12, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Bible Black

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bible Black" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ground Zero" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Thrasher

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burning at the Speed of Light" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Lone Rager

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Metal Rap" Single, (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Blue Cheer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Highlights and Lowlives" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Doesn't Kill You" (2007)

paragraph: Live

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blitzkrieg Over Nüremberg" (1989; Thunderbolt/Nibelung Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hello Tokyo, Bye Bye Osaka – Live in Japan 1999" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live Bootleg: London – Hamburg" (2005; Rockview Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rocks Europe" CD/DVD, 2009; Rainman/Captain Trip Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Anti WAA Festival 1989 CD/DVD, (2014; Nibelung Records)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue Cheer MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bible Black MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.myspace.com/thrasherburningatthespeedofficialsite

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.lastfm.ru/music/Bible+Black

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Duck MacDonald

wikipedia_title: Duck MacDonald


text:
Alemannic
Notker of St. Gall
Abbey of St. Gall
hymnist
architect
painter
sculptor
ecclesiastical
drama
Mass
Easter Sunday
manuscript
Ekkehard IV
tropes
paintings
Konstanz
Metz
Mainz
Saint Catherine
List of medieval composers

categories: 10th-century composers,Medieval male composers,10th-century poets,850 births,Irish male classical composers,Carolingian poets,915 deaths,German male poets,German male classical composers,9th-century composers,10th-century Christian saints,9th-century mathematicians,Irish male poets,10th-century German writers,Hymnographers

paragraph: Tuotilo

paragraph: Saint Tuotilo (Tutilo, Tutilo von Gallen, Tutilo of Gall, Tutilo of Saint Gall) (c. 850 – c. 915) was a medieval monk and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Alemannic Germany, he is said to have been a large and powerfully built man, and an excellent boxer. Always cheerful and in excellent spirits, he was a general favourite. He received his education at St. Gall's, from Iso and the Irishman Moengall, teachers in the monastic school. He was the friend of Notker of St. Gall, with whom he studied music under Moengal. Educated at the Abbey of St. Gall, he remained to become a monk there.

paragraph: Tuotilo was a poet, hymnist, architect, painter, sculptor, metal worker, and composer. His artistic interests included book illumination and music.

paragraph: Tuotilo was a good speaker, had a fine musical voice, was a capital carver in wood, and an accomplished illuminator. Like most of the earlier monks of St. Gall, he was a clever musician, equally skilful with the trumpet and the harp. Besides being teacher of music in the upper school to the sons of the nobility, he was a classical tutor and could preach both in Latin and Greek. His chief accomplishments, however, were music and painting, and on these his reputation mainly rests. He was much in request and by the permission of his abbot travelled to distant places. One of his celebrated sculptures was the image of the Blessed Virgin for the cathedral at Metz. In addition, he was a mathematician and astronomer, and constructed an astrolabe or orrery, which showed the courses of the planets.

paragraph: Section::::Tuotilo's music.

paragraph: Tuotilo played several instruments, including the harp. The history of the ecclesiastical drama begins with the trope sung as Introit of the Mass on Easter Sunday. It has come down to us in a St. Gallen manuscript dating from the time of Tuotilo. According to the works catalogue of Ekkehard IV, "Casus sancti Galli", Tuotilo is the author of five tropes; further research ascribed five further tropes to him. Some of them are available in modern editions.

paragraph: Section::::Tuotilo's art.

paragraph: James Midgley Clark points out that the most interesting items at the St. Gallen Abbey in Switzerland are the ivory tablets attributed to Tuotilo, which form the cover of the "Evangelium Longum". Tuotilo's paintings can be found at Konstanz, Metz, St. Gallen, and Mainz.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Tuotilo was buried at a chapel dedicated to Saint Catherine in St. Gall, which was later renamed for him. His feast day is celebrated on March 28.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of medieval composers

description: Medieval composer and monk at Saint Gall Abbey

wikidata_label: Tuotilo

wikipedia_title: Tuotilo


text: House of Habsburg-Lorraine

text: Grand Duke of Tuscany

text: Lausanne

text: Archduke Leopold Franz

text: Laetitia d'Arenberg

text: Arenberg

text: computer science

text: banker

text: Order of Saint Stephen

text: Grand Master

text: Order of Saint Joseph

text: Order of Saint Stephen

text: orders of knighthood

text: patron

text: Almanach de Gotha

text: Uruguay

text: Switzerland

text: Uruguay

text: Glasgow

text: Marshall Field

text: Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall

text: Alice Keppel

text: Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall

text: Livingston

text: Lausanne

text: Grand Ducal House of Tuscany

categories: Austrian princes,1966 births,House of Habsburg-Lorraine,Grand Masters of the Order of Saint Joseph,People from Lausanne,Living people

paragraph: Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany

paragraph: Archduke Sigismund of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany ("Sigismund Otto Maria Josef Gottfried Henrich Erik Leopold Ferdinand Von Habsburg-Lothringen"; born 21 April 1966) is the current head of the Tuscan branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and current claimant to the title Grand Duke of Tuscany .

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sigismund was born in Lausanne the son of Archduke Leopold Franz and his first wife "Princess" Laetitia d'Arenberg, born Laetitia de Belzunce (and adopted by her stepfather Erik, 11th Duke of Arenberg). Sigismund was educated in computer science and has worked as a banker.

paragraph: In 1993 Sigismund's father Leopold Franz renounced his rights as Head of the in favour of Sigismund because his second marriage (after a divorce) conflicted with the laws of the Roman Catholic Order of Saint Stephen, of which he was then head. Since then, Sigismund has been the head of the grand ducal house of Tuscany.

paragraph: Sigismund is Grand Master of the Order of Saint Joseph and the Order of Saint Stephen, the two orders of knighthood of the Grand Ducal House of Tuscany. He has also a served as a patron for the Almanach de Gotha.

paragraph: Sigismund was raised in Uruguay and Switzerland by his mother and father. His maternal family are said to possess businesses in Uruguay.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1999, Sigismund married Elyssa Edmonstone (born Glasgow, 11 September 1973), the only daughter of Sir Archibald Bruce Edmonstone, of Duntreath, 7th Baronet by his second wife Juliet Elizabeth Deakin. Archduchess Elyssa is a great-great-granddaughter of Marshall Field and a third cousin of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. The Edmonstone family is an old Scottish family that was raised to a baronetcy in 1774; their best-known member was the royal mistress Alice Keppel. Through this family connection, Elyssa and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall are third cousins. The couple are divorced since 25 June 2013, with annulment in 2016.

paragraph: The couple have three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archduke Leopold Amadeo, Grand Prince of Tuscany (born 9 May 2001 in Glasgow), heir apparent to the headship of the House of Tuscany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archduchess Tatyana of Austria, Princess of Tuscany (born 3 March 2003 in Livingston)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archduke Maximilian of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (born 27 May 2004 in Livingston)

paragraph: Sigismund lives with his family in Lausanne, Switzerland. In 2017, the renunciation of French citizenship (obtained by his ancestors and held by their descendants since loss of the Tuscan throne) was legally recorded for him and his children.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Ducal House of Tuscany

description: Archduke of Austria


text: Queen consort

text: Yaxchilan

text: Maya civilization

text: Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II

text: Lady Pacal

text: iconography

text: ancient Maya art

text: lineage

text: throne

text: principal wife

text: she bore him no sons

text: Maya civilization

text: Yaxchilan

text: sun

text: Yaxchilan

text: Yaxchilan

text: bloodletting

text: Lintel 24

text: bloodletting

text: Yaxchilan

text: sacrifice

text: Vision Serpent

text: Yaxchilan

text: helmet

text: jaguar

text: Maya civilization

text: spear

text: headdress

text: Yaxchilan

text: glyphs

text: Yaxchilan

paragraph: Lady Xoc

paragraph: Lady Kʼabʼal Xook or Lady Xoc was a Maya Queen consort of Yaxchilan and is considered to have been one of the most powerful and prominent women in Maya civilization. She was the principal wife and aunt of King Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II, who ruled the prominent kingdom of Yaxchilan from AD 681 to 742. She is believed by many to have been the sister of Lady Pacal.

paragraph: Lady Xoc is best known for adorning Structure 23 in Yaxchilan with 3 lintels (Lintel 24, Lintel 25, and Lintel 26) that depict her performing rituals. Royal Maya women are often depicted via texts and iconography like lintels. However, other women of Maya culture are not depicted in this manner. Also, Lady Xoc appears in the images performing ritual sacrifices, which women were not typically seen doing in ancient Maya art. It is through Lady Xoc and her lintels that we understand just how involved royal women were with Maya rituals and politics.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Lady Xoc's lineage is what led Itzamnaaj Bʼalam to his throne; for this reason, she was his principal wife even though she bore him no sons. He was considered to be a great ruler of Yaxchilan. He was seen as a war leader of his time as he led many ritual battles with the surrounding city-states. He also erected many temples in Yaxchilan. Given that he was such a prominent and popular king, it is interesting to see that his principal wife, Lady Xoc, was one of the few women depicted in ancient Maya carvings. This fact alone speaks to Lady Xoc's popularity in Yaxchilan.

paragraph: Section::::Structure 23.

paragraph: Most houses in Maya civilization were owned by the supernatural. Inomata and Houston identify only 5 structures owned by humans, and only two of them were owned by women – Structure 11 and Structure 23. Structure 11 is owned by Ix Sak Biya꞉n who is also seen as a "woman of Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II".

paragraph: Structure 23 is seen as Lady Xoc's place in Yaxchilan and, in general, a place where royal women could gather. To pay homage to Lady Xoc, Shield Jaguar dedicated Structure 23 to her. Unlike the other structures created during Shield Jaguar's time, Structure 23 does not depict warfare. Furthermore, Tate reports that "through the selection of astronomically significant dates, [the location of Structure 23] implies that the movement of the planets and sun are synchronized with the activities of the Yaxchilan kings and Lady Xoc". Many see Structure 23 as Lady Xoc's house because of the amount of privacy it provided – the four benches in the house are not located near doors. To claim Structure 23 as her own, Lady Xoc had 3 lintels (24, 25, and 26) placed above the doorway, thus asserting her prominence. Some historians discuss Structure 23 as Lady Xoc's queen's quarters, and it is often described as a place of great activity. Inscriptions on Lintel 25 have a term carved on it that mean "bee's house". Inomata and Houston believe that this sets up Structure 23 as a place for a woman - the Queen's space. Also, Inomata and Houston report that many of the inscriptions on the lintels refer to it as Lady Xoc's "oto꞉t" which translates from Maya to "her space". By giving Lady Xoc a space of her own, Shield Jaguar put his principal wife in a place of great prominence and power in Yaxchilan.

paragraph: Another reason Structure 23 is identified as Lady Xoc's is the fact that her tomb is held there. It is believed that the front right room of Structure 23 holds Lady Xoc's bones, as they are carved with her name. Furthermore, this burial is considered to be the most rich and elaborate in the royal household of Yaxchilan. Also, Structure 24, created by King Bird Jaguar, holds the death dates of his most important ancestors: Shield Jaguar, his mother, and Lady Xoc. This structure is located near Structure 23; by recording Lady Xoc's death date, Bird Jaguar pays homage to his father's principal wife.

paragraph: Structure 23 has been identified as Lady Xoc's quarters because of the lintels found adorning the doorway. It has been suggested that the rituals depicted on these lintels may have occurred in Structure 23 – given that Lady Xoc is pictured in the lintels performing ritual sacrifices with her husband, this would mean Shield Jaguar entered the space of women with power.

paragraph: Section::::Lintels.

paragraph: Lady Xoc donated three lintels to hang above the doors of a building in Yaxchilan's plaza. In the lintels, she is depicted performing central roles in ritual life. The fact that a woman appears in the lintels as the central figure is what makes them so unique. Also, the lintels were meant to show the hopes Shield Jaguar had for the kingdom. Putting up the lintels was a way for Shield Jaguar to pay respect to Lady Xoc, whose lineage made him king.

paragraph: In the art world, the lintels are numbered 24, 25, and 26 and are estimated to have been created in A.D. 725. In these lintels Lady Xoc is seen performing a bloodletting ritual in the presence of Shield Jaguar, communicating with a dead ancestor, and preparing the King for battle. By looking at these lintels in order, we can see the role Lady Xoc played in war and in the ancient rituals of the Maya.

paragraph: In Lintel 24 Lady Xoc performs a blood sacrifice (or bloodletting ritual) by threading a thorned-rope through a hole in her tongue. In Yaxchilan, blood sacrifices were a way for kings to seek help or advice from departed ancestors. Blood sacrifices were seen as a way to get oneself in the favor of the gods – essentially, preparing the king for battle.

paragraph: In Lintel 25 we see the pinnacle of the blood sacrifice; we see that Lady Xoc places her blood beneath her in a bowl. We also see the Vision Serpent rising from the bowl of blood. In the 2-heads of the Vision Serpent, emerging from its mouths, are the bodies of a War God and the founder of Yaxchilan – Yat Balam. From this we can ascertain that King Shield Jaguar is seeking help from the gods and Yaxchilan ancestors as he prepares for battle. Lintel 25 also is reported to have inscriptions on it that indicates that the lintel is placed above the house of Lady Xoc. The phrase is translated by Inomata and Houston as: “Lady Xoc's house is the heart/center of Tan-Haʼ Yaxchilan” (p. 107).

paragraph: Lintel 26 shows Shield Jaguar as he prepares for battle. Lady Xoc appears in the lintel as well, handing a helmet to the king. As Shield Jaguar was a warrior king, Lady Xoc hands him a jaguar helmet for battle. In Maya civilization the jaguar was a symbol of power. She also appears to be handing Shield Jaguar a spear. Both the spear and the jaguar helmet appear in other monuments with King Shield Jaguar (Inomata and Houston). In this lintel Lady Xoc is also wearing a headdress that Tate (1992) reports as occasionally being worn by kings on other sites at Yaxchilan.

paragraph: Lintel 23, which appears on the southwest door of Structure 23, was not donated by Lady Xoc but contains genealogies for Lady Xoc. It also has glyphs that further indicate Structure 23 as Lady Xoc's residence as it is inscribed to say “the opening/door of her house” (Insomata and Houston, p. 111, 2001). Lintel 23 also depicts ceremonies involving Structure 23.

paragraph: Structure 23 was the subject of two och-kʼakʼ ceremonies. These ceremonies involved modifications of the southwest doorways of the building as well as dedications of the carvings in Structure 23 (Inomata and Houston, 2001). Lintel 23 also shows that the ceremonies were attended mostly by women closely related to Lady Xoc. The fact that ceremonies were dedicated to Lady Xoc's house further shows her stature in Yaxchilan. Furthermore, these ceremonies kept women involved in the social and political aspects of Yaxchilan society.

paragraph: The lintels adorning the doorways of Lady Xoc's house establishes the role of women in Yaxchilan society taking part in political, social, and ritual roles. From lintel 23 which shows Lady Xoc's genealogy and the ceremonies involving her home to the famous lintels (24, 25, and 26) which depict her taking a part of ritual and political aspects of Yaxchilan life, Lady Xoc's monuments depict her power and importance in Yaxchilan society.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- - An interview with Mary Ellen Miller 'Mayan High Life'

paragraph: BULLET::::- - An article from the Smithsonian about the art exhibit showing lintels 24, 25, and 26

paragraph: BULLET::::- - An article from the New York Times on the National Gallery of Art's exhibit

wikidata_label: Lady Xoc

wikipedia_title: Lady Xoc


text:
Count of Cardona
Cardona
Sicily
new king, Martín
Admiral of Aragon
Martin the Young
Sardinian campaign
tragedy of Sanluri
interregnum
Crown of Aragon
Antoni de Cardona
Jaume, Count of Urgell
Compromis de Casp
Ferran de Antequera
king of Aragon
Urgellist revolt
Ambassador
king Alfonso V
Council of Constance
fleet
Naples
infante Pere
Marseilles
John II of Aragon
Termes
Joan Ramon II
Joana de Prades
Alfons, Duke of Gandia
Violant de Arenos
Sardinia
Marquess of Oristany

paragraph: Joan Ramon I, Count of Cardona

paragraph: The 2nd Count of Cardona, Joan Ramon I Folc de Cardona (3 January 1375 - 11 April 1441), was a Catalan nobleman in the late Middle Ages. His titles included Count of Cardona and Viscount of Vilamur. Comte de Cardona i vescomte de Vilamur.

paragraph: His parents were Hug I, 1st Count of Cardona, and his wife Beatriu.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1396 Joan Ramon, heir of Cardona, was one of the magnates who went to Sicily to assist its new king, Martín. The young king soon granted him the investiture to the Admiralty previously held by his father. Upon the death of his father, the first count, Hug de Cardona, in 1400 he inherited the county of Cardona.

paragraph: He inherited the title of Admiral of Aragon.

paragraph: Joan Ramon, count of Cardona, was one of the generals of king Martin the Young in the Sardinian campaign. The campaign ended in the tragedy of Sanluri, in 1409.

paragraph: During the interregnum of 1410-12 in the realm of the Crown of Aragon, count Joan Ramon and his brother Antoni de Cardona were the most notable leaders of the party of Jaume, Count of Urgell, in the parliamentary processes. In 1412 they both lodged their protest against the way the delegates for the Compromis de Casp had been elected.

paragraph: However, once the decision had been pronounced, choosing Ferran de Antequera as the new king of Aragon, the count Joan Ramon I was fervently loyal to the new dynasty and refused to collaborate with the Urgellist revolt of 1413. In 1418 count Joan Ramon I was the Ambassador of king Alfonso V to the Church Council of Constance.

paragraph: In 1423 count Joan Ramon I commanded the fleet that brought to besieged Naples the troops lead by the infante Pere. These reinforcements allowed king Alfonso V to retake the city of Naples. In return voyage, his fleet plundered Marseilles.

paragraph: In 1430?, Joan Ramon commanded a fleet of 22 galleys and eight big ships, assisting Aragonese king Alfonso V of Aragon, (1395 - king of Aragon and Sicily 1416 - king of Naples "manu militari" between 1434 - 1458), who was besieged in Naples. On his return home, he took the French city of Marseille. For his actions his family in 1463 was awarded by Alfonso V of Aragon brother, king John II of Aragon, (king successor 1458 - 1479) the Sicilian town of Termes.

paragraph: After 1436, count Joan Ramon I retired to Cardona.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural achievements.

paragraph: For the occasion of the wedding of his son Joan Ramon II with Joana de Prades, the elderly count authored a beautiful letter of advice and instructions.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: At the age of 16 years, Joan Ramon I was married to a young lady from the Royal House, by name Joana de Arago de Gandia, in 1391. She was daughter of Alfons, Duke of Gandia and his wife Violant de Arenos. Countess Joana died in 1419.

paragraph: Their adult children were:

paragraph: Joan Ramon II (1400-1471), his successor as Count of Cardona

paragraph: Hug de Cardona i Gandia (1405-1470)

paragraph: Joana de Cardona

paragraph: Jaume de Cardona i de Gandia (1405-1466), bishop of Vic (1445-1459) and President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1443 to 1446

paragraph: Elionor de Cardona (she embarked in 1451 to Sardinia for marriage with the Marquess of Oristany

paragraph: Pere de Cardona

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enciclopedia catalana

wikidata_label: Giovanni Raimondo Folch I de Cardona

wikipedia_title: Joan Ramon I, Count of Cardona


text:
S.T.D.
JUD
Italian
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Poggio Garfagnana
Seminary
Lucca
Pontifical Roman Seminary
theology
doctorate "in utroque iure"
canon
attaché
Yugoslavia
Privy chamberlain of His Holiness
Domestic prelate of His Holiness
Second World War
Bern
Chargé d'affaires
Czechoslovakia
Pope Pius XII
titular
Archbishop
Nicomedia
apostolic delegate
consecrated
Eugène Tisserant
Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Colombia
Nuncio
Apostolic Nuncio
Second Vatican Council
Cardinal-Deacon
San Girolamo della Carità
consistory
Pope Paul VI
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni
conclave
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul II
August
October
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
suburbicarian see of Frascati

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to France,Apostolic Nuncios to Colombia,Apostolic Nuncios to Lebanon,1908 births,Cardinal-bishops of Frascati,Members of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints,Italian cardinals,Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church,2001 deaths,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni

paragraph: Paolo Bertoli

paragraph: Paolo Bertoli S.T.D. JUD (1 February 1908 – 8 November 2001) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal and Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Paolo Bertoli was born in Poggio Garfagnana, Italy. He was educated at the Seminary of Lucca and later at the Pontifical Roman Seminary in Rome where he earned doctorates in philosophy and theology. He carried on his studies at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", where he earned a doctorate "in utroque iure" (in both canon and civil law).

paragraph: Section::::Priest.

paragraph: He was ordained on 15 August 1930 in Lucca. From 1930 until 1933 he studied further. From 1933 until 1938 he served as an attaché of the nunciature in Yugoslavia. He was created Privy chamberlain of His Holiness in 1934. He was an Auditor of the nunciature in France between 1938 and 1942. He was raised to the level of Domestic prelate of His Holiness in 1946. He was the Papal representative to the International Conference to solve the problems caused by the Second World War in Bern, Switzerland, in 1946. He was Chargé d'affaires of the nunciature in Czechoslovakia for 1949 but was unable to hold the post for political reasons.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII appointed him titular Archbishop of Nicomedia on 24 March 1952. Pope Pius appointed him apostolic delegate in Turkey two days later. He was consecrated on 11 May 1952 by Eugène Tisserant then Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He was moved to Colombia to serve as Nuncio there on 7 May 1953. He was Nuncio in Lebanon from 1959 until 16 April 1960 when he was named Apostolic Nuncio to France. He also became Permanent Observer of the Holy See to UNESCO. He attended the Second Vatican Council.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinal.

paragraph: He was created Cardinal-Deacon of San Girolamo della Carità in the consistory of 28 April 1969. Pope Paul VI appointed him Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 7 May 1969. He remained as Prefect until he resigned on 1 March 1973. After ten years as a Cardinal-Deacon he opted for the order of Cardinal-Priests and he exchanged his deaconry for the title of "S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni" on 5 March 1973. He took part in the conclaves that elected Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II in August and October. Pope John Paul named him Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. He was elevated to the rank of Cardinal-Bishop of the suburbicarian see of Frascati on 30 June 1979. He resigned the post of Camerlengo on 25 March 1985. He lost the right to participate in any further conclaves when turned 80 years of age on 1 February 1988. He died in 2001 in Rome.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Paolo Bertoli

wikipedia_title: Paolo Bertoli


text: Jamaica

text: Communist

text: United States

text: West Indies

text: National Maritime Union

text: Joseph Curran

text: U.S. Immigration Service

text: Savanna-la-Mar

text: Westmoreland Parish

text: Jamaica

text: laborer

text: porter

text: Panama

text: Jim Crow

text: World War I

text: migrant laborer

text: Mobile, Alabama

text: steward

text: Communist

text: Maritime Workers Industrial Union

text: National Maritime Union

text: Scottsboro Boys

text: 1934 West Coast waterfront strike

text: Harry Bridges

text: Marine Cooks and Stewards

text: International Seamen's Union

text: Industrial Workers of the World

text: National Negro Congress

text: Negro Labor Victory Committee

text: Earl B. Dickerson

text: Donald M. Nelson

text: War Production Board

text: race riot in Harlem

text: Frank Marshall Davis

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

text: Paul Palazzi

text: Howard McKenzie

text: Benjamin J. Davis, Jr.

text: New York City Council

text: U.S. Immigrations

text: Lee Pressman

text: Gerhart Eisler

text: Abraham J. Isserman

text: Irving Potash

text: Fur and Leather Workers Union

text: Charles A. Doyle

text: Gas, Coke and Chemical Workers Union

text: Isadore Englander

text: CPUSA

text: John Williamson

text: Carol Weiss King

text: Joseph Forer

text: Pete Seeger

text: Immigration and Naturalization Service

text: National Lawyers Guild

text: World Federation of Trade Unions

text: Benjamin J. Davis, Jr.

text: Charles Wilbert White

text: Peter Salem

text: Nat Turner

text: Denmark Vesey

text: Peter Still

text: Harriet Tubman

text: Frederick Douglass

text: Booker T. Washington

text: George Washington Carver

text: Marian Anderson

text: Paul Robeson

text: Lead Belly

text: Peter Cole

text: Library of Congress

text: Charles Wilbert White

categories: American communists,1893 births,Leaders of American trade unions,Jamaican communists

paragraph: Ferdinand Smith

paragraph: Ferdinand Smith (5 May 1893 – 14 August 1961) was a Jamaican-born Communist labor activist. A prominent activist in the United States and the West Indies, Smith co-founded the National Maritime Union with Joseph Curran and M. Hedley Stone. By 1948 he was wanted by the U.S. Immigration Service for deportation, and is remembered as one of the most powerful black labor leaders in U.S. history.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Ferdinand Christopher Smith was born on May 5, 1893, in Savanna-la-Mar in Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica. His father was a teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early years.

paragraph: Smith was first a laborer (porter), then waiter in a local hotel. He left to live in Panama, where he worked as hotel steward and salesman: he first experienced Jim Crow conditions. At the end of World War I, he left to live in Cuba as a migrant laborer. He left Cuba for Mobile, Alabama, as a sailor. He worked for two decades as a ship's steward.

paragraph: During the 1920s, he joined the Communist-created Maritime Workers Industrial Union (MWIU). In 1936, he supported the 1936 Gulf Coast maritime workers' strike and joined its national committee.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:NMU.

paragraph: In 1937, Smith emerged as vice president during formation of the National Maritime Union, which itself reflected a rise in union activism among seaman in the wake of the 1933 Scottsboro Boys Case and the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike (led by Harry Bridges's  International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union or ILWU and the West Coast Marine Cooks and Stewards or MCS), following the demise of the International Seamen's Union (ISU) and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "Wobblies") in the 1920s. Ironically, Smith's name came to the fore because he was tried internally by an NMU committee for failing to support the 1934 strike but later cleared the union.

paragraph: Smith supported non-discrimination. He pushed through a non-discrimination plank in the NMU constitution. In 1944, he had a non-discrimination pledge added to contracts with more than 100 ship companies. He supported civil rights more broadly by partaking in the National Negro Congress and Negro Labor Victory Committee.

paragraph: In 1940, Smith joined Chicago Alderman Earl B. Dickerson to meet with Donald M. Nelson, Chair of the War Production Board.

paragraph: In 1943, during a race riot in Harlem, local and federal officials asked Smith to come help ease tensions. He was also involved with maritime unions in the Caribbean and South Atlantic.

paragraph: In 1944, Smith had at least one major speech written for him by Frank Marshall Davis during the presidential campaign of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

paragraph: Also in 1944, it became public knowledge that Smith had British, not American citizenship.

paragraph: In 1945, he resigned as vice president left the country. He soon re-entered as a legal immigrant and became NMU secretary In 1948, the NMU expelled Smith, Paul Palazzi, and Howard McKenzie for mis-use of union funds. Also 1945, the NMU gave more money than any other union for the re-election of Benjamin J. Davis, Jr. for New York City Council.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Deportation.

paragraph: In early 1948, NMU president Joe Curran bowed to pressure and fired known communists from the NMU, including Smith.

paragraph: In February 1948, U.S. Immigrations arrested Smith as an illegal alien. In March 1948, Smith found himself lumped into a group of Communist party and labor leaders, headed for deportation. Lee Pressman, who had just left the CIO as general counsel, joined a group of lawyers to defend them. Pressman represented all five, at least some of whom had their own attorneys: alleged Soviet spy Gerhart Eisler (represented by Abraham J. Isserman), Irving Potash of the Fur and Leather Workers Union; Smith, secretary of the NMUM (Pressman); Charles A. Doyle of the Gas, Coke and Chemical Workers Union (Isadore Englander), and CPUSA labor secretary John Williamson (Carol Weiss King). Pressman went on to join Joseph Forer, a Washington-based attorney, in representing the five before the U.S. Supreme Court.

paragraph: In April 1948, Pete Seeger partook in a benefit concert for Smith's defense. By that time, according to congressional hearings in 1955, Smith was no longer vice president.

paragraph: On May 5, 1948, Pressman and Forer received a preliminary injunction so their defendants might have hearings with examiners unconnected with the investigations and prosecutions by examiners of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. (All attorneys were members of the National Lawyers Guild.)

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Last years.

paragraph: Smith was deported. He went to live in Vienna, Austria, where he worked for the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). In 1951 (or 1952), Smith found himself deported to Jamaica. He remained involved in union activism by organized sugar works and leading a union federation until his death in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Personal and death.

paragraph: Benjamin J. Davis, Jr. was a close friend of Smith's.

paragraph: Smith died on August 14, 1961, in Jamaica.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In the 1943 mural "The Contribution of the Negro to Democracy in America" by African-American artist Charles Wilbert White, Smith appears among: Peter Salem, Nat Turner Denmark Vesey, Peter Still, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, George Washington Carver, Marian Anderson, Paul Robeson, and Lead Belly. "By placing White in the "Contribution" mural, White suggests the importance of organized labor to the collective uplift of African American communities, particularly given that the CIO was steadily gaining ground within the American labor movement."

paragraph: Historian Peter Cole has assessed: Through his position at the NMU, he [Francis Smith] gave money and spoke out on many issues: the racist hiring practices of New York City employers, the election of the black Communist Ben Davis to the NYC city council, the effort to oust notoriously racist senator Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi, etc. Other struggles were anticolonial--as when he pushed for the independence of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and Ghana. In 1944, Smith was one of the most prominent labor or black leaders campaigning for Franklin Delano Roosevelt until being "red-baited." Smith embodied the ideal of the sailor as a working-class intellectual and cosmopolitan internationalist.

paragraph: Section::::External sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Congress: Photo of Ferdinand Smith (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Contribution of the Negro to Democracy in America by Charles Wilbert White

alias:
Ferdie Smith
Ferdinand Christopher Smith

description: Jamaican labour activist

wikidata_label: Ferdinand Smith

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand Smith