text: Georgian

text: Mikheil Javakhishvili

text: The Right Hand of the Grand Master

text: Soviet rule

text: Stalin

text: White Sea

text: Zviad

text: President of Georgia

text: civil war

text: Abasha

text: Mingrelia

text: Imperial Russia

text: Kutaisi

text: St. Petersburg

text: Nicholas Marr

text: World War I

text: doctorate

text: Berlin University

text: Traunstein

text: Thomas Mann

text: Expressionism

text: Symbolist

text: Caucasus

text: Georgia

text: Bolshevik takeover of Georgia

text: Tbilisi

text: political correctness

text: Sovietization

text: Decadent

text: anti-Soviet uprising

text: Tbilisi State University

text: German literature

text: Solovetsky Islands

text: White Sea

text: Dante

text: Lavrentiy Beria

text: collectivization

text: Khevsur

text: Trotskyite

text: enemies of the people

text: Joseph Stalin

text: Lavrentiy Beria

text: purges

text: magnum opus

text: The Right Hand of the Grand Master

text: Cathedral of Living Pillar

text: Giorgi I

text: World War II

text: David the Builder

text: Shota Rustaveli State Prize

text: biographical novel

text: Goethe

text: Colchian

text: Mtatsminda Pantheon

text: Judas

text: Ilia Chavchavadze

text: Filipp Makharadze

text: Goethe

text: The Right Hand of the Grand Master

text: David the Builder

text: Flowering of Vine

text: Rayfield, Donald

text: Routledge

categories: Expressionist writers,Diplomats of Georgia (country),Rustaveli Prize winners,20th-century poets from Georgia (country),Expressionist poets,People from Kutais Governorate,1975 deaths,Mingrelians,Historical novelists from Georgia (country),Male poets from Georgia (country),1893 births,People from Abasha,20th-century novelists

paragraph: Konstantine Gamsakhurdia

paragraph: Konstantine Gamsakhurdia () (May 3, 1893 – July 17, 1975) was a Georgian writer and public figure, who, along with Mikheil Javakhishvili, is considered to be one of the most influential Georgian novelists of the 20th century. Educated and first published in Germany, he married Western European influences to purely Georgian thematic to produce his best works, such as "The Right Hand of the Grand Master" and "David the Builder". Hostile to the Soviet rule, he was, nevertheless, one of the few leading Georgian writers to have survived the Stalin-era repressions, including his exile to a White Sea island and several arrests. His works are noted for their character portrayals of great psychological insight. Another major feature of Gamsakhurdia's writings is a new subtlety he infused into Georgian diction, imitating an archaic language to create a sense of classicism.

paragraph: Konstantine Gamsakhurdia's son, Zviad, became a notable Soviet-era dissident who was subsequently elected the first President of Georgia in 1991, but died under suspicious circumstances in the civil war in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Born into a petty noble family in Abasha in western Georgian province of Mingrelia, then under Imperial Russian rule, Gamsakhurdia received his early education at the Kutaisi gymnasium and then studied in St. Petersburg, where he quarreled with Nicholas Marr. He spent most of the World War I years in Germany, France, and Switzerland, taking his doctorate at Berlin University in 1918. As a Russian subject, he was briefly interned at Traunstein in Bavaria, where Thomas Mann sent him chocolate. Gamsakhurdia published his first poems and short stories early in the 1910s, influenced by German Expressionism and by French Post-Symbolist literature. While in Germany he regularly wrote for German press on Georgia and the Caucasus, and was involved in organizing a Georgian Liberation Committee. After Georgia's declaration of independence in 1918, he became an attaché in Georgia's embassy in Berlin, responsible for repatriation of Georgian World War I prisoners and placing Georgian students in German universities.

paragraph: Gamsakhurdia met the 1921 Bolshevik takeover of Georgia with hostility. He edited the Tbilisi-based literary journals and for a short time led an "academic group" of writers which placed artistic values above political correctness. Gamsakhurdia published his writings in defiance of growing ideological pressure, and went on to lead a peaceful protest-rally on the anniversary of Georgia's forcible Sovietization in 1922. In 1925 Gamsakhurdia published his first and one of his most impressive novels, "" ("დიონისოს ღიმილი)", which took him eight years to write. It tells the tale of a young Georgian intellectual in Paris who is detached from his native society and remains a complete stranger in the city of his ideals. This novel, like his earlier works, was partially "Decadent", and did not please the Soviet ideologists, who suspected Gamsakhurdia of fostering discontent.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and works.

paragraph: After the suppression of the 1924 anti-Soviet uprising in Georgia, Gamsakhurdia was excluded from the Tbilisi State University where he taught German literature. Soon was arrested and deported to the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea where he was to spend a few years. On his release, Gamsakhurdia was forced to keep silence. On the verge of suicide, the writer fought his depression by translating Dante. Early in the 1930s, he obtained Lavrentiy Beria's protection and was able to resume writing, with an attempt at "socialist" novel "Stealing the Moon" (მთვარის მოტაცება, 1935-6), a story of love and collectivization in Abkhazia. Next came the psychological novella "Khogais Mindia" (ხოგაის მინდია, 1937), yet another appeal in classical Georgian literature to this Khevsur myth. Beria was critical of these works, though. Soon Gamsakhurdia was arrested for an affair with Lida Gasviani, a young charming Trotskyite director of the State Publishing House, but interrogated and released by Beria who told him ironically that sexual relations with enemies of the people were permitted.

paragraph: Gamsakhurdia survived the Joseph Stalin-Lavrentiy Beria purges, which destroyed a large part of Georgian literary society, but resolutely refused to denounce others. He had to pay a tribute to the Stalinist dogma, conceiving a novel on Stalin's childhood in 1939. However, as the first published part of this work was not approved by the authorities, it was promptly discontinued and withdrawn from public libraries.

paragraph: At the height of the Stalinist terror, Gamsakhurdia turned to the more favored genre of historical and patriotic prose, embarking on his magnum opus, the novel "The Right Hand of the Grand Master" (დიდოსტატის მარჯვენა, 1939), set in the early 11th century around the legend of the building of the Cathedral of Living Pillar against a broad panorama of 11th-century Georgia. It deals with the tragic fate of the devoted architect Konstantine Arsakidze, from whom King Giorgi I commissions a cathedral, but Arsakidze becomes the king's rival in love for the beautiful Shorena, a daughter of the rebellious nobleman. The clash of powerful human passions, between illicit love and duty, culminates in the mutilation and execution of Arsakidze at Giorgi's behest. The story conveys a subtle allegorical message, and the harassed artists of Stalin's era can be recognized in Arsakidze.

paragraph: Gamsakhurdia's major post-World War II works are "The Flowering of the Vine" (ვაზის ყვავილობა, 1955), which deals with a Georgian village shortly before the war; and the monumental novel "David the Builder" (დავით აღმაშენებელი, 1942–62), which is a tetralogy about the venerated king David the Builder who ruled Georgia from 1089 to 1125. This work won for the author a prestigious Shota Rustaveli State Prize in 1962. Gamsakhurdia also wrote a biographical novel about Goethe, and literary criticism of Georgian and foreign authors. Publication of his memoirs, "Flirting with Ghosts" (ლანდებთან ლაციცი, 1963) and of his testament (1959) was aborted at that time. He died in 1975 and was interred at his mansion which he called a "Colchian Tower", refusing to be buried in the Mtatsminda Pantheon because he detested that Jesus and Judas were buried side by side there, referring to the proximity of the graves of the national writer Ilia Chavchavadze and his outspoken critic and political foe, the Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- დიონისოს ღიმილი; English translation: The Smile of Dionysus (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- გოეთეს ცხოვრების რომანი; English translation: Novel of the life of Goethe (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- მთვარის მოტაცება; English translation: Kidnapping the Moon (1935—1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ევროპა გალიაში; English translation: Europe in the Cage (1937, Unfinished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ბელადი; English translation: The Leader (1938—1939, Unfinished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- დიდოსტატის კონსტანტინეს მარჯვენა; English translation: The Right Hand of the Grand Master (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- დავით აღმაშენებელი; English translation: David the Builder (1946—1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ვაზის ყვავილობა; English translation: Flowering of Vine (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- თამარ; English translation: Tamar (Unfinished)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Selected novellas and short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- საათები; English translation: Hours

paragraph: BULLET::::- დედავ, მისტიურო ქალო!; English translation: Mother, Mistical woman!

paragraph: BULLET::::- დამსხვრეული ჩონგური; English translation: Broken Chonguri

paragraph: BULLET::::- ნაპოლეონი; English translation: Napoleon

paragraph: BULLET::::- სიბრძნე სიცრუისა; English translation: The wisdom of lies

paragraph: BULLET::::- ტაბუ; English translation: TABU

paragraph: BULLET::::- ქალის რძე English translation: Woman's milk

paragraph: BULLET::::- ქართული ჩაბალახი; English translation: Georgian Chabalakhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- დიდი იოსები; English translation: Great Ioseph

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rayfield, Donald (2000), "". Routledge, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, photo by Simon Kiladze

description: Georgian writer

wikidata_label: Konstantine Gamsakhurdia

wikipedia_title: Konstantine Gamsakhurdia


text:
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Hethum II
Hethumid dynasty
Thoros III of Armenia
Margaret of Lusignan
Hugh III of Cyprus
Thoros III
Sempad
Constantine III of Armenia
Mamluk
Bagras
Bilarghu
Anazarva
Sis
Oljeitu
Oshin
Isabella of Armenia
Amalric de Lusignan

categories: 1307 deaths,14th-century murdered monarchs,Kings of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia,1289 births,Armenian people of Cypriot descent

paragraph: Leo III, King of Armenia

paragraph: Leo III (or Leon III) , "Levon III") (occasionally numbered Leo IV; (1289–1307) was a young king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1303 or 1305 to 1307, along with his uncle Hethum II. A member of the Hethumid dynasty, he was the son of Thoros III of Armenia and Margaret of Lusignan, who was the daughter of King Hugh III of Cyprus.

paragraph: In 1303, while still a minor, he was crowned King of Armenia upon the retirement of his uncle Hethum II, who became Regent. Cilician Armenia at the time was in a volatile situation, maintaining a fragile relationship as a vassal state of the Mongol Empire, while defending from attacks by the Muslim Mamluks from the south. The throne of Armenia had changed hands multiple times during Leo's brief lifetime, being held variously by his uncle Hethum II in 1295, passed peacefully to his father Thoros III in 1296, then usurped by another uncle Sempad, who was usurped by his brother Constantine III of Armenia, who himself was deposed by his brother Hethum II in 1299. Thoros III having been killed in 1298, Hethum then passed the crown to Thoros's son, Leo, in 1303.

paragraph: In 1305, Hethum and Leo led the Armenian army to defeat a Mamluk raiding force at Bagras.

paragraph: On November 17, 1307, Leo and Hethum were murdered with their retinue while visiting the Mongol general Bilarghu at Anazarva. Bilarghu, a Mongol who had converted to Islam, had sought to build a mosque in the capital city of Sis, but Hethum had blocked the move and complained to the leader of the Mongol Ilkhanate, Oljeitu. Bilarghu invited Hethum, Leo, and many other Armenia nobles to a meeting at Anazarva, presumably for discussions, but then his forces attacked, and all of the nobles were killed. Bilarghu was later executed by the Mongol ilkhan for his actions.

paragraph: Leo was succeeded as king by another of his uncles, Oshin.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to his cousin Agnes (Marie) de Lusignan (died 1309), daughter of Princess Isabella of Armenia and Amalric de Lusignan, without issue.

description: King of Armenia

wikidata_label: Leo III

wikipedia_title: Leo III, King of Armenia


text:
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Mongol Empire
Franciscan order
Leo II of Armenia
Kyranna de Lampron
Hethumid dynasty
Hethum I
Leo III
Bilarghu
Ilkhan
Öljaitü
Hethum I
Sultanate of Rum
Angelo da Clareno
Spiritual Franciscans
missionize
Armenian Christians
St Thomas of Tolentino
Armenian Church
Rome
Khalil
Mamluk
Egypt
Qalawun
Marash
Behesni
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Siege of Acre
Hromgla
Tel Hamdoun
Thoros III
Ketbougha
Sempad
Constantinople
Rita
Byzantine Emperor
Michael IX Palaeologus
Constantine
Caesarea
Partzerpert
cauterization
Ghazan
Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar
Damascus
Mongol raids into Palestine
Gaza
Jerusalem
Nerses Balients
Saint James of Jerusalem
Battle of Shaqhab
Moussoul
Leo III
Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
Ghazan
Öljaitü
Bilarghu
mosque
Sis
Anazarba
Roman province
Cilicia
Oshin

categories: 1307 deaths,1266 births,14th-century murdered monarchs,13th-century Armenian people,Kings of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia,Christians of the Crusades

paragraph: Hethum II, King of Armenia

paragraph: Hethum II (; 1266– November 17, 1307), also known by several other romanizations, was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1289 to 1293, 1295 to 1296 and 1299 to 1303, while Armenia was a subject state of the Mongol Empire. He abdicated twice in order to take vows in the Franciscan order, while still remaining the power behind the throne as "Grand Baron of Armenia" and later as Regent for his nephew. He was the son of Leo II of Armenia and Kyranna de Lampron, and was part of the Hethumid dynasty, being the grandson of Hethum I, who had originally submitted Cilicia to the Mongols in 1247. He was assassinated with his nephew and successor Leo III by the Mongol general Bilarghu, who himself was later executed for this by the Mongol Ilkhan ruler Öljaitü.

paragraph: Section::::First reign.

paragraph: Since 1247, Cilician Armenia itself had been a vassal state of the Mongol Empire, from an agreement made by Hethum II's grandfather, Hethum I. As part of this relationship, Cilician Armenia routinely supplied troops to the Mongols, cooperating in battles against the Mamluks and other elements of the Islamic empire.

paragraph: Hethum II took the throne in his early 20s, when his father Leon II died in 1289. At the time, Cilician Armenia was in a precarious position between major powers, balancing between friendly relations with the Christian Europeans and Byzantine Empire, aggression from the Turkish Sultanate of Rum to the west, a vassal relationship with the aggressive Mongol Empire in the East, and defending itself from attacks from the South, from the Muslim Mamluks out of Egypt. The Crusades had lost European support and were winding down, and Islamic forces were sweeping northwards from Egypt, re-taking land which had earlier been lost to the Crusaders, and pushing back against the Mongol advance.

paragraph: In 1289, Angelo da Clareno and a few other Spiritual Franciscans arrived to missionize among the Armenian Christians. They had been repeatedly jailed in Italy for their strong condemnations of luxury in the church but they won favor at the Armenian court. St Thomas of Tolentino was sent by Hethum to Rome, Paris, and London to advocate another crusade to support the Armenians; he failed in this, but returned with additional clerics to support the mission and advocate the reunification of the Armenian Church with Rome.

paragraph: In 1292, Cilician Armenia was invaded by Khalil, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt. His father the Mamluk sultan Qalawun had earlier broken the treaty of 1285, was marching North through Palestine with his troops, and also demanded the surrender of the Armenian cities of Marash and Behesni. Qalawun died before the campaign was completed, but Khalil continued his father's advance northwards, and had conquered the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291 at the Siege of Acre. Khalil's forces continued on from there, sacking the Armenian city of Hromgla, which was defended by Hethum's uncle, Raymond, but fell after a siege of 33 days. To stave off further invasion, Hethum II abandoned the cities of Marash, Behesni, and Tel Hamdoun to the Mamluks.

paragraph: In 1293, Hethum abdicated in favor of his brother Thoros III and entered the Franciscan monastery at Mamistra. He did stay active in the politics of the kingdom though, and negotiated with the Egyptian leader Ketbougha for the return of the prisoners who had been taken at Hromgla, as well as for some church relics which had been pillaged.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.

paragraph: In 1295, Thoros III asked Hethum to resume the throne to help renew the Mongol alliance. Hethum made the long journey to the Mongol capital, and was successfully able to request aid from the Mongols. When he returned to Armenia in 1296, further good news manifested from the Byzantine Empire, with an offer of a marital alliance. Hethum and Thoros placed Armenia under the regency of their brother Sempad, and traveled to Constantinople to bestow their sister Rita upon the Byzantine Emperor Michael IX Palaeologus. However, during their absence Sempad usurped the Armenian throne with the aid of another brother, Constantine. Hethum and Thoros were both captured in Caesarea upon their return, and imprisoned in the fortress of Partzerpert. There, Hethum was partially blinded by cauterization. Thoros was murdered in Partzerpert in 1298; but Constantine turned against Sempad, usurped the throne for himself, imprisoned Sempad and freed Hethum.

paragraph: Section::::Third reign.

paragraph: In 1299, Hethum, recovered at least partially from his blindness, ousted Constantin and once again resumed the crown. Soon thereafter, he again sought assistance from Ghazan's Mongols, and fought against the Mamluks in Syria. The combined forces achieved a major victory at the December 1299 Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar (sometimes called the Battle of Homs), taking Damascus, and Hethum was able to regain all of the Armenian territory which had previously been lost to the Mamluks. One group of Mongols split off from Ghazan's army and was even able to launch some Mongol raids into Palestine, pursuing the retreating Egyptian Mamluk troops as far south as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.

paragraph: According to modern traditions, Hethum may have visited Jerusalem in 1300 during this time. However, historians disagree as to whether or not the visit actually occurred. Angus Donal Stewart points out that the source of the tradition, a medieval account by the Armenian historian Nerses Balients, does not match with any other accounts by any other historians of the time period, and was simply written as Armenian propaganda of the time. However, Claude Mutafian, in "Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie", suggests that it may have been on this occasion that Hethum remitted his amber scepter to the Armenian convent of Saint James of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Speculation aside, the Mongols retreated northwards a few months later, and the Mamluks reclaimed Palestine with little resistance.

paragraph: Hethum's gains against the Mamluks were short-lived, as in 1303, the Mamluks counter-attacked from Egypt. The Armenians again joined forces with a sizable number of Mongol troops, 80,000, on a Syrian offensive, but they were defeated at Homs on March 30, 1303, and at the decisive Battle of Shaqhab (Merj-us-Safer), south of Damas, on April 21, 1303. This campaign is considered to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria. Hethum retreated to Ghazan's court in Moussoul, and then again resigned his crown. His brother Thoros III having been killed in 1298, Hethum passed the crown to Thoros's teenaged son, Leo III. Hethum retired to a monastery, although as Leo was not yet an adult, Hethum retained the office of Regent of Armenia.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In 1304, the Mamluks continued their assault on Cilician Armenia, and succeeded in taking back all the lands which the Armenians had acquired during the Mongol invasion.

paragraph: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia's alignment with the Mongol Empire continued, motivated as much by the need for self-protection from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm on their western borders as self-interest in acquiring territory to the east, albeit short-lived. Following the conversion of the Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan to Islam in 1295, his successor Öljaitü exercised less control over outlying countries under Mongol protection and reduced the military campaigns against the Mamluks in Syria. According to contemporary Arabic and Persian accounts, one of his generals, Bilarghu, a devout Muslim, had indicated his intention to erect a mosque in the city of Sis, still part of the Christian Kingdom of Armenia, possibly as part of a wider plan to place the province under his own control. Hethum conveyed his worries about these plans by letter to Öljaitü. He was subsequently summoned by Bilarghu to a meeting on November 17, 1307, in an encampment beneath the walls of the royal stronghold of Anazarba ("Caesarea" in the Roman province of Cilicia), either to hold counsel or for a banquet. Hethum attended with about 40 noblemen and his young nephew King Leon, for whom as "Grand Baron" he was acting as regent. Bilarghu, however, had learnt of Hethum's letter and ordered his men to massacre the Armenian guests upon their arrival. Following this assassination, Hethum's brother Oshin, heir to the throne, occupied Sis. He sent another brother Alinakh to report on Bilarghu's treachery to Öljaitü, who ordered the immediate execution of Bilarghu and his soldiers and confirmed his support of Oshin as king.

description: King of Cilician Armenia

wikidata_label: Hethum II, King of Armenia

wikipedia_title: Hethum II, King of Armenia


text: jeweller

text: Fabergé egg

text: Easter egg

text: precious metal

text: gemstone

text: House of Fabergé

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Baltic German

text: Gustav Fabergé

text: Danish

text: Huguenot

text: La Bouteille

text: Picardy

text: revocation of the Edict of Nantes

text: Berlin

text: Pernau

text: Pärnu

text: Baltic

text: Livonia

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Germany

text: House of Fabergé

text: Dresden

text: Agathon Fabergé

text: Dresden

text: Grand Tour

text: Europe

text: Paris

text: Eugene Fabergé

text: Agathon Fabergé

text: Alexander Fabergé

text: Nicholas Fabergé

text: Hermitage

text: Agathon Fabergé

text: Agathon Fabergé Sr.

text: Moscow

text: St. Stanisias Medal

text: Alexander III

text: House of Fabergé

text: Fabergé egg

text: Hen Egg

text: Maria Fyodorovna

text: Hermitage

text: Jean-Jacques Duval

text: Jérémie Pauzié

text: enameling

text: Nicholas II

text: Alexandra

text: October Revolution

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Moscow

text: Odessa

text: Kiev

text: London

text: 1900 World's Fair

text: Paris

text: October Revolution

text: Bolsheviks

text: nationalisation

text: diplomatic

text: Riga

text: Latvia

text: Bad Homburg

text: Wiesbaden

text: Finland

text: Switzerland

text: Pully

text: Lausanne

text: Russian Revolution

text: Lausanne

text: Cimetière du Grand Jas

text: Cannes

text: Eugène

text: Agathon

text: Alexander

text: Nicholas

text: fop

text: Agathon Carl Theodor Fabergé

text: A Kenneth Snowman

text: A Kenneth Snowman

text: More facts from Faberge biography

categories: People from Saint Petersburg,Russian inventors,1920 deaths,Russian businesspeople,Russian people of Danish descent,Fabergé family,Russian artists,Burials at the Cimetière du Grand Jas,People who emigrated to escape Bolshevism,Russian people of Baltic German descent,Imperial Russian emigrants to Switzerland,Russian goldsmiths,1846 births

paragraph: Peter Carl Fabergé

paragraph: Peter Carl Fabergé, also known as Karl Gustavovich Fabergé (, "Karl Gustavovich Faberzhe"; 30 May 1846 – 24 September 1920), was a Russian jeweller best known for the famous Fabergé eggs made in the style of genuine Easter eggs, but using precious metals and gemstones rather than more mundane materials. He was the founder of the famous jewelry legacy House of Fabergé.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Peter Carl Faberge was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to the Baltic German jeweller Gustav Fabergé and his Danish wife Charlotte Jungstedt. Gustav Fabergé's paternal ancestors were Huguenots, originally from La Bouteille, Picardy, who fled from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, first to Germany near Berlin, then in 1800 to the Pernau (today Pärnu) Baltic province of Livonia, then part of Russia, now Estonia.

paragraph: Until he was 14 years old he went to the German St Anne School in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In 1860 his father retired from his jewelry business and moved with his family to Germany. He left the House of Fabergé in Saint Petersburg in the hands of his business partner. Carl Fabergé undertook a course at the Dresden Arts and Crafts School. In 1862 Agathon Fabergé, the Fabergés' second son, was born in Dresden, Germany, where he went to school as well.

paragraph: In 1864, Peter Carl Fabergé embarked upon a Grand Tour of Europe. He received tuition from respected goldsmiths in Germany, France and England, attended a course at Schloss's Commercial College in Paris, and viewed the objects in the galleries of Europe's leading museums.

paragraph: His travel and study continued until 1872, when at the age of 26 he returned to St. Petersburg and married Augusta Julia Jacobs. 1874 saw the arrival of his first child, Eugene Fabergé and two years later, Agathon Fabergé was born; Alexander Fabergé and Nicholas Fabergé followed in 1877 and 1884 respectively. For the following 10 years, his father's trusted workmaster Hiskias Pendin acted as his mentor and tutor. The company was also involved with cataloguing, repairing, and restoring objects in the Hermitage during the 1870s. In 1881 the business moved to larger street-level premises at 16/18 Bolshaya Morskaya.

paragraph: Section::::Taking over the family business.

paragraph: Upon the death of Hiskias Pendin in 1882, Carl Fabergé took sole responsibility for running the company. Carl was awarded the title Master Goldsmith, which permitted him to use his own hallmark in addition to that of the firm. In 1885 his brother Agathon Fabergé joined the firm and became Carl Faberge's main assistant in the designing of jewelry.

paragraph: Carl and Agathon Fabergé Sr. were a sensation at the Pan-Russian Exhibition held in Moscow in 1882. Carl was awarded a gold medal and the St. Stanisias Medal. One of the Fabergé pieces displayed was a replica of a 4th-century BC gold bangle from the Scythian Treasure in the Hermitage. The Tsar, Alexander III, "Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russians", declared that he could not distinguish the Fabergé's work from the original and ordered that objects by the House of Fabergé should be displayed in the Hermitage as examples of superb contemporary Russian craftsmanship. The House of Fabergé with its range of jewels was now within the focus of Russia's Imperial Court.

paragraph: When Peter Carl took over the House, there was a move from producing jewellery in the then-fashionable French 18th century style to becoming artist-jewellers.

paragraph: Fabergé's production of the very first so-called Fabergé egg, the Hen Egg, given as a gift from the Tsar to his wife Maria Fyodorovna on Orthodox Easter (24 March) of 1885 so delighted her that on 1 May the Emperor assigned Fabergé the title "Goldsmith by special appointment to the Imperial Crown" of that year. This meant that Fabergé now had full personal access to the important Hermitage Collection, where he was able to study and find inspiration for developing his unique personal style. Influenced by the jewelled bouquets created by the eighteenth century goldsmiths Jean-Jacques Duval and Jérémie Pauzié, Fabergé re-worked their ideas combining them with his accurate observations and his fascination for Japanese art. This resulted in a revival of the lost art of enameling and a focus on the setting of every single gemstone in a piece to its best visual advantage. Indeed, it was not unusual for Agathon to make ten or more wax models so that all possibilities could be exhausted before deciding on a final design. Shortly after Agathon joined the firm, the House introduced "objects deluxe": gold bejewelled items embellished with enamel ranging from electric bell pushes to cigarette cases and including "objects de fantaisie".

paragraph: Section::::Easter eggs.

paragraph: In light of the Empress' response to receiving one of Fabergé's eggs on Easter, the Tsar soon commissioned the company to make an Easter egg as a gift for her every year thereafter. The Tsar placed an order for another egg the following year. Beginning in 1887, the Tsar apparently gave Carl Fabergé complete freedom with regard to egg designs, which then became more and more elaborate. According to Fabergé Family tradition, not even the Tsar knew what form they would take— the only stipulation was that each one should be unique and each should contain a surprise. Upon the death of Alexander III, his son, the next Tsar, Nicholas II, followed this tradition and expanded it by requesting that there be two eggs each year, one for his mother (who was eventually given a total of 30 such eggs) and one for his wife, Alexandra (who received another 20). These Easter gift eggs are today distinguished from the other jeweled eggs Fabergé ended up producing by their designation as "Imperial Easter eggs" or "Tsar Imperial Easter eggs". The tradition continued until the October Revolution when the entire Romanov dynasty was executed and the eggs and many other treasures were confiscated by the interim government. The two final eggs were never delivered nor paid for.

paragraph: Although today the House of Fabergé is famed for its Imperial Easter eggs, it made many more objects ranging from silver tableware to fine jewelry which were also of exceptional quality and beauty, and until its departure from Russia during the revolution, Fabergé's company became the largest jewelry business in the country. In addition to its Saint Petersburg headquarters, it had branches in Moscow, Odessa, Kiev and London. It produced some 150,000 to 200,000 objects from 1882 until 1917.

paragraph: In 1900, Fabergé's work represented Russia at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. As Carl Fabergé was a member of the jury, the House of Fabergé exhibited "hors concours" (without competing). Nevertheless, the House was awarded a gold medal and the city's jewelers recognized Carl Fabergé as a maître. Additionally, France recognized Carl Fabergé with one of the most prestigious of French awards, appointing him a knight of the Legion of Honour. Two of Carl's sons and his head workmaster were also honored. Commercially, the exposition was a great success and the firm acquired a great many orders and clients.

paragraph: Section::::Stock, Russian Revolution and nationalisation.

paragraph: In 1916, the House of Fabergé became a joint-stock company with a capital of 3-million rubles.

paragraph: The following year upon the outbreak of the October Revolution, the business was taken over by a 'Committee of the Employees of the Company K Fabergé. In 1918 The House of Fabergé was nationalised by the Bolsheviks. In early October the stock was confiscated. The House of Fabergé was no more.

paragraph: After the nationalisation of the business, Carl Fabergé left St. Petersburg on the last diplomatic train for Riga. In mid-November, the Revolution having reached Latvia, he fled to Germany and first settled in Bad Homburg and then in Wiesbaden. Eugène, the Fabergés' eldest, travelled with his mother in darkness by sleigh and on foot through snow-covered woods and reached Finland in December 1918. During June 1920, Eugène reached Wiesbaden and accompanied his father to Switzerland where other members of the family had taken refuge at the Bellevue Hotel in Pully, near Lausanne.

paragraph: Peter Carl Fabergé never recovered from the shock of the Russian Revolution. He died in Switzerland on September 24, 1920. His family believed he died of a broken heart. His wife, Augusta, died in 1925. The two were reunited in 1929 when Eugène Fabergé took his father's ashes from Lausanne and buried them in his mother's grave at the Cimetière du Grand Jas in Cannes, France.

paragraph: Fabergé had four sons: Eugène (1874–1960), Agathon (1876–1951), Alexander (1877–1952) and Nicholas (1884–1939). Descendants of Peter Carl Fabergé live in mainland Europe, Scandinavia and South America.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Henry Bainbridge, a manager of the London branch of the House of Fabergé, recorded recollections of his meetings with his employer in both his autobiography and the book he wrote about Fabergé. We are also given an insight into the man from the recollections of François Birbaum, Fabergé's senior master craftsman from 1893 until the House's demise.

paragraph: From Bainbridge we know that while punctilious with his dress, Fabergé "rarely if ever wore black but favoured well-cut tweeds". He added "There was an air of the country gentleman about him, at times he reminded one of an immaculate gamekeeper with large pockets." He was a very focused individual with no wasted actions or speech. He did not like small talk. On one occasion during dinner Bainbridge, feeling out of the conversation said, "I see Lord Swaythingly is dead". Fabergé asked who he was and upon being told responded cuttingly, "And what can I do with a dead banker?"

paragraph: When taking orders from customers he was always in a hurry and would soon forget the fine detail. He would then interrogate the staff so as to find any who had been standing near him and may have overheard. His great-granddaughter Tatiana Fabergé notes that he usually had a knotted handkerchief in his breast pocket.

paragraph: When Carl noticed an unsuccessfully wrought item, he would call for his senior master craftsman and make endless derisory and ironic remarks. On occasions when Birbaum realized Fabergé was the designer, he would show him his sketch. Fabergé would then smile guiltily and say, "Since there is nobody to scold me, I have had to do it myself".

paragraph: From Birbaum we also know that Carl was famous for his wit and was quite merciless to fops, whom he hated. A certain prince who fell into this category boasted to Fabergé about his latest honour from the Tsar, adding that he had no idea as to why the award was made. The prince expected the jeweler to shower him with congratulations. Instead, Fabergé simply replied, "Indeed, your Highness, I too have no idea what for".

paragraph: Carl never traveled with luggage—he bought all his requisites at his destination. On one occasion, when he arrived at the Negresco Hotel in Nice the doorman barred him from entering because of the amount of luggage he carried. Thankfully one of the grand dukes who was in residence called out a greeting and Carl Fabergé was promptly ushered apologetically into the establishment.

paragraph: Bainbridge concludes, "Taking him all in all, Fabergé came as near to a complete understanding of human nature as it is possible for a man to come, with one word only inscribed on his banner, and that word – tolerance. There is no doubt whatsoever that this consideration for the worth of others was the foundation for his success."

paragraph: Section::::In memory of Carl Fabergé.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ukraine, Kiev, Khreschatyk Street, Building 15 (25) - Commemorative plaque.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agathon Carl Theodor Fabergé

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tatiana Fabergé, Lynekmkmtte G. Proler, Valentin V, Skurlov. "The Fabergé Imperial Easter Eggs" (London, Christie's 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of the House of Fabergé according to the recollections of the senior master craftsman of the firm, Franz P. Birbaum" (St Petersburg, Fabergé and Skurlov, 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Charles Bainbridge. "Peter Carl Fabergé – Goldsmith and Jeweller to the Russian Imperial Court – His Life and Work" (London 1979, Batsfords – later reprints available such as New York, Crescent Books, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Kenneth Snowman "The Art of Carl Fabergé" (London, Faber & Faber, 1953–68)SBN 571 05113 8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geza von Habsburg "Fabergé" (Geneva, Habsburg, Feldman Editions, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander von Solodkoff & others. "Masterpieces from the House of Fabergé" (New York, Harry N Abrahams, 1984) * Géza von Habsburg "Fabergé Treasures of Imperial Russia" (Link of Times Foundation, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toby Faber. "Faberge's Eggs: The Extraordinary Story of the Masterpieces That Outlived an Empire" (New York: Random House, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerald Hill. "Faberge and the Russian Master Goldsmiths" (New York: Universe, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Kenneth Snowman, "Carl Fabergé: Goldsmith to the Imperial Court of Russia" (Random House, 1988),

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabergé Research Site. One of the most comprehensive websites about the firm

paragraph: BULLET::::- More facts from Faberge biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empire of Eggs, Svetlana Graudt, "Moscow Times", November 18, 2005

alias:
Pierre-Karl Fabergé
Carl Fabergé
Carl Gustavovitch Fabergé
Karl Gustavovich Faberzhe
Peter Carl Gustavovitch Fabergé
Karl Gustavovich Fabergé
Carl Peter Fabergé
Petr Karl Fabergé
Charles Fabergé
Karl Gustavovič Fabergé
Peter Carl Faberge
Pierre-Karl Faberge
Carl Faberge
Carl Gustavovitch Faberge
Peter Carl Gustavovitch Faberge
Karl Gustavovich Faberge
Carl Peter Faberge
Petr Karl Faberge
Charles Faberge

description: Russian jeweller

wikidata_label: Peter Carl Fabergé

wikipedia_title: Peter Carl Fabergé


text: astronaut

text: U.S. Air Force officer

text: test pilot

text: Apollo 16

text: jet aircraft

text: extravehicular activity

text: New Braunfels, Texas

text: Charlotte, North Carolina

text: Lancaster High School

text: Lancaster, South Carolina

text: valedictorian

text: Admiral Farragut Academy

text: St. Petersburg, Florida

text: Boy Scouts of America

text: Eagle Scout

text: Bachelor of Science

text: United States Naval Academy

text: Master of Science

text: Aeronautics

text: Astronautics

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Spence Air Force Base

text: Georgia

text: Webb Air Force Base

text: Texas

text: F-86 Sabre

text: Moody Air Force Base

text: fighter interceptor

text: 526th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron

text: Ramstein Air Base

text: West Germany

text: Aerospace Research Pilot School

text: F-101 Voodoo

text: F-104 Starfighter

text: T-33 Shooting Star

text: Air Force Reserve

text: Industrial College of the Armed Forces

text: Brigadier General

text: fifth group of astronauts

text: Apollo 10

text: CAPCOM

text: Apollo 11

text: Southern drawl

text: Lunar Module

text: Apollo 13

text: German measles

text: Ken Mattingly

text: Command Module

text: Jack Swigert

text: John Young

text: Descartes Highlands

text: EVA

text: Apollo 17

text: Apollo 16

text: John F. Kennedy Space Center

text: Ken Mattingly

text: Descartes region

text: extravehicular activities

text: cosmic ray

text: UV

text: Pacific Ocean

text: splashdown

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: New Braunfels

text: hunting

text: fishing

text: reading

text: golf

text: Eagle Scout

text: Distinguished Eagle Scout Award

text: Boy Scouts of America

text: Christian

text: prison ministry

text: NASA Advisory Council

text: Air Force Association

text: Society of Experimental Test Pilots

text: Reserve Officers Association

text: USNA Alumni Association

text: Christian Business Men's Committee

text: Explorers Club

text: National Space Society

text: Young Astronaut Council

text: Honorary Doctorate

text: Philosophy

text: University of South Carolina

text: Humanities

text: Francis Marion University

text: Clemson University

text: NASA Distinguished Service Medal

text: JSC

text: Air Force Distinguished Service Medal

text: Oak leaf cluster

text: Legion of Merit

text: Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings

text: Society of Experimental Test Pilots

text: Iven C. Kincheloe Award

text: American Astronautical Society

text: Fédération Aéronautique Internationale

text: V. M. Komarov

text: South Carolina

text: Boy Scouts of America

text: Distinguished Eagle Scout Award

text: Kennesaw State University

text: Airdrie Astronomical Association

text: International Olympic Committee (IOC)

text: International Space Hall of Fame

text: U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame

text: 26382 Charlieduke

text: Minor Planet Center

text: HBO

text: miniseries

text: From the Earth to the Moon

text: Scott Glenn

text: Alan Shepard

text: The Right Stuff

text: book

text: In the Shadow of the Moon

text: Moon landing hoax theories

text: country music

text: audio cassette tapes

text: disc jockey

text: Houston

text: radio

text: KIKK

text: Merle Haggard

text: Porter Wagoner

text: Dolly Parton

text: Buck Owens

text: Jerry Reed

text: Chet Atkins

text: Floyd Cramer

text: stage name

text: Robert Earl Keen

text: Randy Rogers

text: List of Eagle Scouts

categories: United States Naval Academy alumni,Recipients of the Legion of Merit,American aviators,U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States),United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees,People from Lancaster, South Carolina,Apollo program astronauts,People from New Braunfels, Texas,American astronauts,Admiral Farragut Academy alumni,20th-century American businesspeople,Apollo 16,Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni,1972 in spaceflight,American test pilots,Aviators from North Carolina,United States Air Force generals,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,People from Charlotte, North Carolina,Distinguished Eagle Scouts,1935 births,Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal,People who have walked on the Moon,Living people,American Christians,United States Air Force astronauts,Articles containing video clips

paragraph: Charles Duke

paragraph: Charles Moss Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935) is an American former astronaut, retired U.S. Air Force officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon.

paragraph: Duke has logged 4,147 hours flying time, which includes 3,632 hours in jet aircraft; and 265 hours in space, plus 20 hours and 15 minutes of extravehicular activity.

paragraph: A resident of New Braunfels, Texas, he is currently chairman of the board of directors of the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Duke was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, on October 3, 1935. He attended Lancaster High School in Lancaster, South Carolina, and graduated as valedictorian from Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1953. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America and earned its highest rank, Eagle Scout. Duke received a Bachelor of Science degree in Naval Sciences from the United States Naval Academy in 1957, and a Master of Science degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Military service.

paragraph: Duke was commissioned upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1957. Entering the U.S. Air Force, he went to Spence Air Force Base in Georgia for primary flight training, then to Webb Air Force Base in Texas for basic flying training, where he graduated with distinction in 1958 as a member of Pilot Training Class 59-B. Duke completed advanced training on the F-86 Sabre aircraft at Moody Air Force Base in Georgia, where he was a distinguished graduate. After completion of this training, Duke served three years as a fighter interceptor pilot with the 526th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Ramstein Air Base in West Germany.

paragraph: After graduating from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in September 1965, Duke stayed on as an instructor teaching control systems and flying in the F-101 Voodoo, F-104 Starfighter, and T-33 Shooting Star aircraft.

paragraph: Following his NASA retirement, Duke entered the Air Force Reserve and served as Mobilization Augmentee to the Commander, Air Force Basic Military Training Center and to the Commander, USAF Recruiting Service. He graduated from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1978. He was promoted to Brigadier General in 1979, and retired in June 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.

paragraph: In April 1966, Duke was one of 19 men selected for NASA's fifth group of astronauts. In 1969, he was a member of the astronaut support crew for Apollo 10. He then served as CAPCOM for Apollo 11, the first landing on the Moon, where his distinctive Southern drawl became familiar to audiences around the world. As CAPCOM, he became the voice of a Mission Control nervous by a long landing that almost expended all of the Lunar Module "Eagle"'s fuel. Duke's first words to the Apollo 11 crew on the surface of the Moon were flustered, "Roger, Twank...Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot!"

paragraph: Duke was backup Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 13; however, shortly before the mission, he caught German measles (rubella) from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As Ken Mattingly had no natural immunity to the disease, Mattingly was then replaced as Command Module Pilot by Jack Swigert. Mattingly would be reassigned as Command Module Pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16.

paragraph: Duke served as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16 in 1972 where he and John Young landed at the Descartes Highlands and conducted three EVAs, making Duke the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon. He also served as backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 17. Duke retired from NASA in December 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.:Apollo 16.

paragraph: Apollo 16 (April 16–27, 1972) was launched from John F. Kennedy Space Center and was the fifth crewed lunar landing mission. The crew consisted of John Young as Commander, Ken Mattingly as Command Module Pilot, and Duke as Lunar Module Pilot. Apollo 16 was the first scientific expedition to inspect, survey, and sample materials and surface features in the Descartes region of the rugged lunar highlands. Young commenced the then-record setting lunar surface stay of 71 hours and 14 minutes by maneuvering the lunar module "Orion" to a landing on the rough Cayley Plains. In three subsequent excursions onto the lunar surface, he logged 20 hours and 15 minutes in extravehicular activities involving the emplacement and activation of scientific equipment and experiments, the collection of nearly 213 lb (96 kg) of rock and soil samples, and the evaluation and use of Rover-2 over the roughest surface yet encountered on the moon.

paragraph: Other Apollo 16 achievements included the largest payload placed in lunar orbit (76,109 lb or 34,595 kg); first cosmic ray detector deployed on the lunar surface; first lunar observatory with the far UV camera; and longest in-flight EVA from a command module during transearth coast (1 hour and 13 minutes). The Apollo 16 mission was concluded with a Pacific Ocean splashdown and subsequent recovery by .

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Duke has been married to Dorothy Meade Claiborne of Atlanta, Georgia since June 1, 1963. They have two grown sons; Charles M. Duke III (born March 8, 1965) and Thomas C. Duke (born May 1, 1967), and nine grandchildren. He and his wife reside in New Braunfels, Texas. His recreational interests include hunting, fishing, reading, and playing golf. Duke is an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.

paragraph: Since 1978, Duke has been a committed born-again Christian. He wrote in his book that his temper, ego, single-minded devotion to work, and greed had ruined his relationship with his wife and his children, and his marriage teetered on the verge of divorce in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Duke and his wife, who became a Christian before him, both credit religion with making their lives much happier. Duke also stated that his marriage and relationship with his children became considerably better soon after finding religion. He is active in prison ministry.

paragraph: Duke has a twin who became a medical doctor practicing in Lancaster, SC until he passed.

paragraph: Section::::Organizations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Advisory Council, at-large member 1998–2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astronaut Scholarship Foundation, chairman of the board (2011– )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Air Force Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reserve Officers Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- USNA Alumni Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full Gospel Businessmen's Fellowship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Business Men's Committee

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Fellowship of Christian Businessmen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Explorers Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Space Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Astronaut Council, former director

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: In 1973, Duke received an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy from the University of South Carolina. He also received an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Francis Marion University in 1990. Duke was also presented an Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy from Clemson University in 2012. Other honors include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Distinguished Service Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- JSC Certificate of Commendation in 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with Oak leaf cluster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legion of Merit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Society of Experimental Test Pilots' Iven C. Kincheloe Award of 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award for 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Haley Astronautics Award for 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fédération Aéronautique Internationale V. M. Komarov Diploma in 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Named South Carolina Man of the Year in 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Presented the Boy Scouts of America Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennesaw State University honorary alumnus 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Airdrie Astronomical Association honorary member 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach presented the Sky is the Limit Trophy to Charles Duke in 2018.

paragraph: Duke was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame in 1973 and the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983. He was one of 24 Apollo astronauts who were inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997. He was also inducted into the Texas Science Hall of Fame in 2000.

paragraph: Asteroid 26382 Charlieduke was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on May 18, 2019 ().

paragraph: Section::::Cultural depictions.

paragraph: In the 1998 HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon", Duke was portrayed by J. Downing.

paragraph: In the 2005 documentary "" Duke was voiced by Scott Glenn, who had portrayed Alan Shepard in "The Right Stuff".

paragraph: Duke is one of the astronauts featured in the 2007 book and documentary "In the Shadow of the Moon". At the end of the documentary, in response to Moon landing hoax theories, he says "We've been to the Moon nine times. Why would we fake it nine times, if we faked it?"

paragraph: In 2018, Duke joined the Back to Space organization as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars.

paragraph: Duke is featured prominently in the BBC World Service Podcast, "13 Minutes to the Moon", released in 2019 to mark 50 years since the Apollo 11 mission.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural depictions.:"Charlie Duke Took Country Music to the Moon".

paragraph: In 2018, country music duo The Stryker Brothers released the song "Charlie Duke Took Country Music To The Moon," which tells the true story of how Duke brought two audio cassette tapes of country music to play during the Apollo 16 mission. Duke's friend Bill Bailey, a disc jockey at Houston-area country music radio station KIKK, had enlisted several country stars of the time to provide personalized recordings for the astronauts. The tapes were introduced by Merle Haggard, and other artists included Porter Wagoner, Dolly Parton, Buck Owens, Jerry Reed, Chet Atkins, and Floyd Cramer.

paragraph: "The Stryker Brothers" was the stage name for a collaboration between Robert Earl Keen and Randy Rogers, but the two initially kept their identities secret, with promotional material claiming that the music originated from two actual brothers who had died in a prison fire. Duke appeared in an online video asserting that he got to know the brothers as children at the home of disc jockey Bailey, and that he gave them a copy of the tapes following his return from the Moon. In reality, Duke met Rogers at an event in New Braunfels, where both men live.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Eagle Scouts

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moonwalker" by Charlie & Dotty Duke, published by Thomas Nelson Inc, April 1990,

description: American engineer, retired U.S. Air Force officer, test pilot, and a former astronaut for NASA

wikidata_label: Charles Duke

wikipedia_title: Charles Duke


text:
flat racing
jockey
Great Britain
Wally Swinburn
Irish flat racing Champion Jockey
Kempton Park
Shergar
The Derby
All Along
Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year
North America
Washington, D.C. International
Laurel, Maryland
Canadian International Stakes
Woodbine Racetrack
Toronto, Ontario
Turf Classic
Aqueduct Racetrack
Jamaica, New York
Pilsudski
Breeders' Cup Turf
Woodbine Racetrack
Grosser Preis von Baden
Iffezheim Racecourse
Baden-Baden
Germany
Group One
British Classics
Aldbury
Tring
Hertfordshire
Peter Harris
Stocks House
Aldbury

categories: People educated at Rockwell College,1961 births,English jockeys,2016 deaths,British horse trainers

paragraph: Walter Swinburn

paragraph: Walter Robert John Swinburn (7 August 1961 – 12 December 2016) was a flat racing jockey and trainer who competed in Great Britain and internationally.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Swinburn was born in Oxford. He was the son of Wally Swinburn, who won the Irish flat racing Champion Jockey title in 1976 and 1977 and was the first jockey to record over 100 winners in an Irish flat season. Nicknamed the "Choirboy", he rode his first winner, Paddy's Luck, on 12 July 1978 at Kempton Park but gained considerable fame for riding the superstar Shergar to victory in The Derby in 1981 by a record 10 lengths. Swinburn went on to win the Derby two more times.

paragraph: In 1983, he rode All Along to victory in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe then the filly captured 1983 Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year honors with three straight major event wins in North America: the Washington, D.C. International at Laurel, Maryland, the Canadian International Stakes (Rothmans International) at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario, and the Turf Classic at Aqueduct Racetrack in Jamaica, New York. In 1996 he rode Pilsudski to victory in the Breeders' Cup Turf at Woodbine Racetrack and the Grosser Preis von Baden at Iffezheim Racecourse in Baden-Baden, Germany.

paragraph: Swinburn spent four days in a coma after a fall in 1996, which was thought to have caused him to develop epilepsy, and retired from racing in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Trainer.

paragraph: After retiring as a winner of numerous Group One races, including eight British Classics, Swinburn began working as a licensed trainer in 2004 and operated Walter Swinburn Racing Stables based at Church Farm in Aldbury, Tring, Hertfordshire. At the end of the 2011 UK Flat Season Walter Swinburn gave up his flat training licence.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Swinburn married Alison Harris, the daughter of Peter Harris, a retired horse trainer, entrepreneur and multimillionaire in 2002. They had two daughters, Claudia and Camilla. His family home was Stocks House at Aldbury, a golf spa hotel and resort purchased by Harris in 2004 and converted for domestic use.

paragraph: Swinburn died in London on 12 December 2016 at the age of 55. An inquest in January 2017 heard that Swinburn had fallen from a bathroom window, and the coroner ruled his death an accident.

description: British jockey

wikidata_label: Walter Swinburn

wikipedia_title: Walter Swinburn


text: footballer

text: outside left

text: Preston North End

text: England

text: loyalty to Preston

text: Kendal Town F.C.

text: Order of the British Empire

text: 1961 New Year Honours

text: 1992 New Year Honours

text: knighted

text: 1998 New Year Honours

text: Preston, Lancashire

text: Deepdale

text: Preston North End F.C.

text: apprentice

text: plumbing

text: Will Scott

text: Second World War

text: Southampton

text: Arsenal

text: The Dell

text: Royal Armoured Corps

text: Montgomery

text: Eighth Army

text: Battle of the Argenta Gap

text: Stuart tank

text: 9th Lancers

text: Omar Sharif

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Football League

text: England

text: Northern Ireland

text: cap

text: Palermo

text: one-club player

text: Footballer of the Year

text: FA Cup Final

text: West Bromwich Albion

text: 1954 FA Cup Final

text: Tommy Thompson

text: Soviet Union

text: England all-time top-scorer

text: Vivian Woodward

text: Nat Lofthouse

text: Northern Ireland

text: Bobby Charlton

text: Soviet Union

text: groin

text: Blackburn Rovers

text: Dave Whelan

text: 1960 FA Cup Final

text: Distillery

text: Benfica

text: European Cup

text: This Is Your Life

text: Michael Aspel

text: Honorary Fellowship

text: Myerscough College

text: Tommy Docherty

text: Messi

text: Peter Hodgkinson

text: The National Football Museum

text: Chelsea

text: Stamford Bridge

text: National Football Museum

text: The Football Association

text: Bobby Charlton

text: Bill Shankly

text: Stanley Matthews

text: Diego Maradona

text: Pelé

text: George Best

text: Alfredo Di Stéfano

text: Bill Shankly

text: Football League Second Division

text: FA Cup

text: FWA Footballer of the Year

text: Tom Finney Profile at Football England

categories: People from Preston, Lancashire,England international footballers,English Football Hall of Fame inductees,Association football wingers,English Football League representative players,English Football League players,Bolton Wanderers F.C. wartime guest players,Place of death missing,Knights Bachelor,1954 FIFA World Cup players,British plumbers,1950 FIFA World Cup players,2014 deaths,Preston North End F.C. players,British Army personnel of World War II,Football players and officials awarded knighthoods,1922 births,Southampton F.C. wartime guest players,English footballers,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,England wartime international footballers,1958 FIFA World Cup players

paragraph: Tom Finney

paragraph: Sir Thomas Finney (5 April 1922 – 14 February 2014) was an English footballer who played from 1946 to 1960 as an outside left for Preston North End and England. He is widely acknowledged to have been one of the sport's greatest-ever players. He was noted for his loyalty to Preston, for whom he made 569 first-class appearances, and for many outstanding performances in international matches.

paragraph: In later life, Finney was Club President of both Preston and of non-league Kendal Town F.C. For his charitable work, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1961 New Year Honours and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1992 New Year Honours and was knighted in the 1998 New Year Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tom Finney was born on 5 April 1922 at his parents' home on St Michael's Road, Preston, Lancashire, only a few hundred yards from Deepdale stadium, the home of Preston North End F.C. His parents were Maggie ("née" Mitchell) and Alf Finney. He had an elder brother called Joe and four sisters called Madge, Peggy, Doris and Edith. Alf was a clerical worker in local government who sometimes found himself unemployed on account of the changing economic climate. When Tom was very young, the family moved to Daisy Lane in the Holme Slack area of Preston. They were struck by tragedy in 1927 when Maggie was suddenly taken ill and died, aged 32. Alf managed to keep the family together with the help of relations and neighbours.

paragraph: Inspired by his father, who was a keen football fan, Finney played the game from a very early age both at school and in the fields near home. His ambition was always to become a professional footballer but he was somewhat frail and sickly in his youth and stood only when he left school in 1936 at the age of fourteen. He became an apprentice for a local plumbing company called Pilkington's.

paragraph: The following year, Finney saw an advert placed by Preston North End in the local newspaper for junior players aged fourteen to eighteen. Finney asked his father to help him get a trial. His father met Preston trainer Will Scott and it was arranged. Finney had an outstanding match in the trial and was immediately offered a contract at the wage of £2 10s a week. He went home to get his father's approval but Alf Finney refused, insisting that he must first complete his apprenticeship before signing professional terms. Preston were nevertheless happy with this and Finney joined them as an amateur, doing his training in the evenings after work and eligible to play for the club's junior teams.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: Soon after Finney turned professional, the Second World War began. First-class league and cup football was suspended for the duration, though Finney started to achieve some recognition playing in wartime tournaments. In December 1942, he made a guest appearance for Southampton in a 3–1 defeat by Arsenal at The Dell.

paragraph: Called up to serve in the Royal Armoured Corps in 1942, Finney fought for Montgomery's Eighth Army in Egypt. Later, in Italy, he was in the final offensive at the Battle of the Argenta Gap in April 1945 as a Stuart tank driver with the 9th Lancers. Local leave in North Africa allowed him to play in army teams against local opposition, and on one occasion he played against the future actor Omar Sharif.

paragraph: Finney was married to Elsie ("née" Noblett) from 1945 until her death in 2004. In her later years, she suffered from Alzheimer's disease, which led Finney as her full-time carer to be a strong supporter of the Alzheimer's Society. They had two children: a son Brian (born 1947) and a daughter Barbara (born 1950).

paragraph: Section::::Post-war career and England debut.

paragraph: Once normal competition was restored, Finney made his debut for Preston in August 1946 and soon established himself as an agile forward. Post-war demand for plumbers ensured that he had a second income to supplement the £14 he received as a footballer and was nicknamed "The Preston Plumber". Such was his influence on the team that Preston were, rather unfairly, known to some as "the Plumber and his 10 drips". Twenty-eight days after his first Football League appearance for Preston, and aged 24, Finney made his England debut against Northern Ireland in Belfast, scoring once in England's 7–2 victory. Finney referred to this as his "proudest day as a footballer". He went on to win 76 caps and score 30 goals in an England career that spanned 13 years and included 51 victories.

paragraph: In 1952, Preston's chairman Nat Buck rejected an offer for Finney worth £10,000 over two years from Italian club Palermo, and Finney remained a one-club player. He was voted Footballer of the Year in 1953–54, the season of his only appearance in the FA Cup Final where Preston lost 3–2 to West Bromwich Albion. He was Footballer of the Year again in 1956–57, becoming the first player to win this award more than once. Finney revealed in his autobiography that he was not fully match fit for the 1954 FA Cup Final, and therefore did not give his best performance.

paragraph: Finney formed an attacking partnership with Tommy Thompson in the 1950s. In the 1956–57 season they scored 57 goals altogether; in 1957–58 their combined tally was 60 goals. In June 1958, he scored his 29th international goal, against the Soviet Union to become joint England all-time top-scorer, sharing the record with Vivian Woodward and Nat Lofthouse. In October the same year, he netted his 30th goal, against Northern Ireland, to become the sole holder of the record. Two weeks later, Lofthouse equalled his tally. Both were surpassed by Bobby Charlton in October 1963. Finney's final appearance for England came in October 1958, in a 5–0 win over the Soviet Union at Wembley.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Finney retired from competitive football in 1960 because of a persistent groin injury. He had played his entire career for his local club, making 433 League appearances and scoring 187 goals. At the end of the 1960–61 season, the first one after Finney's retirement, Preston were relegated from the top flight of English football. Finney was still involved with them and made occasional non-competitive appearances. One of these was in a 1962 pre-season friendly against Blackburn Rovers, in which he was marked by Dave Whelan who described Finney as the perfect gentleman, explaining that it was his (Whelan's) first game back for Blackburn after recovering from a broken leg sustained two years earlier in the 1960 FA Cup Final. Finney said to him: "You've had some bad luck, son, and I'm not going to take you on. I want you to get through today's game and get back into the first team".

paragraph: Finney came briefly out of retirement in 1963 to play for Northern Irish club Distillery against Benfica in the European Cup.

paragraph: Finney was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1988 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel and a coach full of his former England team players in Central London. In 2007, Finney was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from Myerscough College in Preston. Celebrating Finney's 90th birthday in 2012, Tommy Docherty said "To me, Messi is Finney reborn".

paragraph: Section::::"The Splash".

paragraph: On 31 July 2004, Finney unveiled the water feature sculpture "The Splash", by sculptor Peter Hodgkinson, which stands outside The National Football Museum. The sculpture was inspired by the 1956 Sports Photograph of the Year which shows Finney beating two Chelsea defenders at a waterlogged Stamford Bridge.

paragraph: Section::::Preston North End.

paragraph: Finney maintained his links with Preston North End as the club's President and 2006 marked 60 years since his League debut for the club. To celebrate this diamond anniversary, the National Football Museum, an organisation which he championed and with which he had close links, invited football fans to sign a specially commissioned flag which was presented to Finney at the beginning of the 2006–07 season to mark his 60 years with Preston.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Finney died on 14 February 2014; the cause of death was not announced. The Football Association called him "one of England's all-time greatest players", while fellow England player Bobby Charlton said Finney's contributions to football were "immeasurable". Former teammate and Liverpool manager, Bill Shankly, had called him "the greatest player to ever play the game" while Stanley Matthews once compared him to Diego Maradona, Pelé, George Best and Alfredo Di Stéfano. At the time of his death aged , Finney was one of England's oldest living former international footballers.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes about Finney.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bill Shankly: "Tom Finney would have been great in any team, in any match and in any age ... even if he had been wearing an overcoat".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shankly again, after he was asked to compare a leading player of the 1970s to Finney: "Aye, he's as good as Tommy – but then Tommy's nearly 60 now".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tom Finney should claim income tax relief ... for his 10 dependents". (Satirical observation on the weakness of the Preston team in his absence).

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Club.

paragraph: Source:.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Preston North End

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Second Division: 1950–51

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup: Runner-up 1954

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Individual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FWA Footballer of the Year: 1954, 1957

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finney, Tom (1982) "Tom Finney's Preston North End Scrapbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finney, Tom (1958) "Finney on Football" ISBN B0000CK63X

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finney, Tom (1955) "Instructions to Young Footballers" ISBN B0000CJABP

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finney, Tom (1953) "Football Round the world" ISBN B0000CIMPY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Booth, John. (ed.) (1998) "Tom Finney: A Pictorial Tribute"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full list of Finney's international goals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Finney at the International Football Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Finney Profile at Football England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Finney's appearance on This Is Your Life

description: English footballer

wikidata_label: Tom Finney

wikipedia_title: Tom Finney


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Royal Regiment of Artillery
British Army
Mahdist War
Battle of Abu Klea
Sudan
Royal Arsenal
Woolwich
Royal Artillery Museum
176 Battery
honour title
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,1932 deaths,People from London,1861 births,British Army personnel of the Mahdist War,Royal Artillery soldiers

paragraph: Alfred Smith (VC)

paragraph: Alfred Smith VC (18616 January 1932) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Smith was about 24 years old, and a gunner in the Royal Regiment of Artillery, British Army during the Mahdist War, when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 17 January 1885 at the Battle of Abu Klea, Sudan, Gunner Smith saved a lieutenant who was being attacked by a native. The officer was superintending his gun at the time and had no weapon in his hand, but Gunner Smith, wielding the hand spike of his gun, warded off the thrust of the spear, giving the lieutenant time to draw his sword and bring the assailant to his knees. The latter, however, made a wild thrust at the officer with a long knife, which Gunner Smith again warded off, but not before the lieutenant was wounded. Gunner Smith then managed to kill the native before he could attack again.

paragraph: In 1895, while working at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich, Smith was involved in an accident when his forearm was crushed by machinery.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich, England.

paragraph: Gunner Smith's unit, 1 Battery, Southern Division, Royal Artillery, was later re-numbered 176 Battery and still exists today. In 1955 it was awarded the honour title "Abu Klea" in recognition of Gunner Smith's VC.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(S.E. London)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Alfred Smith

wikipedia_title: Alfred Smith (VC)


text:
Ming dynasty
Shanyin
Shaoxing
Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism
Wang Yangming
Qing dynasty
Hu Hong
Mou Zongsan

categories: Ming dynasty scholars,Chinese Confucianists,1578 births,1645 deaths

paragraph: Liu Zongzhou

paragraph: Liu Zongzhou (, 1578–1645), also known as Liu Jishan (), was a Confucian scholar from the Ming dynasty, born in Shanyin, Shaoxing. He is considered the last master of Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism and is known for his criticism of the teachings of Wang Yangming. Grieved at the fall of the Ming dynasty to Qing dynasty, Liu Zongzhou died on 8 June of the self-imposed starvation at age 68. Along with Hu Hong, Liu Zongzhou's thoughts are regarded as part of a third stream of Neo-Confucianism by Mou Zongsan.

description: Confucian scholar

wikidata_label: Liu Zongzhou

wikipedia_title: Liu Zongzhou


text: Paris

text: France

text: Juilliard School

text: New York City

text: Kenny Barron

text: William Christie

text: Philip Lasser

text: Edith Wiens

text: Mark Kidel

text: Pinakothek der Moderne

text: Munich

text: Herrenchiemsee

text: Hong Kong

text: Hong Kong City Hall

text: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

text: Tour Majunga

text: La Défense

text: Puteaux

text: Paris

text: Jean-Paul Viguier

text: National Art Museum of China

text: Beijing

text: Jean Nouvel

text: Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele

text: Portrait of Margaret van Eyck

text: Jan van Eyck

text: Death of the Virgin

text: Hugo van der Goes

text: Hans Memling

text: Simon Marmion

text: Groeninge

text: Memling

text: Bruges

text: Brussels

text: Éditions Albin Michel

text: Quattrocento

text: Torlonia

text: Rome

text: fresco

text: Musée National d'Art Moderne

text: Centre Pompidou

text: Switzerland

text: Lausanne

text: Hubert Looser

text: Zurich

text: John Chamberlain

text: Donald Judd

text: Willem de Kooning

text: Ellsworth Kelly

text: Cy Twombly

text: Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg

text: Germany

text: Vienna

text: Kunsthaus Zürich

text: Centre Pompidou-Metz

text: China

text: Sichuan Fine Arts Institute

text: Chongqing

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Waddington Custot

text: Musée Cernuschi

text: François Pinault

text: Palais Bourbon

text: Tour Majunga

text: Centre national des arts plastiques

text: Festival d’Avignon

text: Official site Fabienne Verdier

text: Fabienne Verdier

text: Fabienne Verdier

text: Fabienne Verdier

text: Fabienne Verdier

text: Fabienne Verdier

categories: 1962 births,21st-century French painters,20th-century French painters,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Fabienne Verdier

paragraph: Fabienne Verdier (born 1962, Paris, France) is a painter who lives and works in France.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Fabienne Verdier's artistic path has taken her through successive phases of research, all focused on her fundamental areas of interest, including the dynamism of forces of nature, the instantaneous and enduring, and incessant movement. By adopting new tools and ever-larger brushstrokes, she proposes to enable viewers to better access the infinite world of energy and transformations she extensively explores.

paragraph: For the 50th anniversary edition of "Le Petit Robert", France's household dictionary invited Verdier to celebrate the creative forces of the French language. Having been given a carte blanche, Verdier collaborated with lexicographer Alain Rey to create 22 works organized around word pairs such as arborescence-allegory, force-form, rhythm-reflection and duality-dialogue that appear in fold out pages throughout the text. Many of the paintings were exhibited at the Musée Voltaire in Geneva in late 2017 in a show organized by the Bibliothèque de Genève, coordinated by Alexandre Vanautgaerden. The art book "Polyphonies", a co-publication of Albin Michel and Editions Robert, goes behind the scenes of the project to explore its three-year genesis and highlights the extensive artistic research behind the work in the form of preparatory collages.

paragraph: Current lines of research into the dynamics of forms has led Verdier to explore possible links between music and painting, specifically between pictorial and sonic lines. In July, 2017, at the invitation of the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence and its Académie, Verdier set up an experimental studio/laboratory in painting and music, with the goal of creating a new 360° immersive film experience for public viewing at the 2018 edition of the Festival. As an artist in residence at the Juilliard School in New York City for several months in 2014, she worked with some of its foremost faculty members, including Darrett Adkins, Kenny Barron, William Christie, Philip Lasser and Edith Wiens, as well as with many students. A documentary by filmmaker Mark Kidel relating the extensive experiments carried out in Verdier's studio-laboratory at Juilliard was released in 2016.

paragraph: In 2014, the Pinakothek der Moderne of Munich invited Verdier to create an installation of seven works on the theme of transformation. Entitled "Mélodie du réel", it was presented at the Herrenchiemsee Palace, together with key works by German and American artists from the museum's permanent collection. Also that year, the city of Hong Kong organized the first retrospective of Verdier's work: over thirty-five paintings and drawings, loaned mainly by public and private collections and covering the last thirty years of her career, were exhibited at Hong Kong City Hall with the support of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Finally, 2014 saw the completion of a 13-meter-high monumental painting inside the entrance to the new Tour Majunga at La Défense in Puteaux, near Paris. The work was commissioned by Unibail-Rodamco, under the aegis of architect Jean-Paul Viguier.

paragraph: In 2013, in the conceptual phase of the new National Art Museum of China (NAMOC) in Beijing, architect Jean Nouvel asked Verdier to assist him, soliciting her thoughts and drawing on her knowledge of dynamism to shape a building that would transpose the simplicity, energy and power of a single brushstroke.

paragraph: In 2012, Verdier discovered a way to "dematerialize" her brush, leading her to develop a new technique that she called "Walking-Paintings". These new works were first presented in Singapore at Art Plural Gallery. The following year, Galerie Jaeger Bucher in Paris held a solo exhibition featuring this new series.

paragraph: In 2009, Verdier embarked on an intense period of research and painting. Long fascinated by the strength of the color spectrum but also the mystery of intriguing immobility in works by the 15th century Flemish primitives, she created a large body of sketches and paintings, drawing particular inspiration from six important works: "Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele" (1436) and "Portrait of Margaret van Eyck" (1439) by Jan van Eyck; "Death of the Virgin" (c. 1481) by Hugo van der Goes; the "Moreel Triptych" by Hans Memling (1484); and the Simon Marmion diptych "Mater Dolorosa and Man of Sorrows" (c. 1460).

paragraph: The Groeninge and Memling museums in Bruges would ultimately exhibit the results of Verdier's research side by side with their inspirations in the museum galleries. Daniel Abadie acted as visiting curator and edited a compendium entitled "Fabienne Verdier, L'Esprit de la Peinture". A concurrent show of Verdier's preparatory drawings and notebooks was held at the Erasmus House museum in Brussels. "Fabienne Verdier et les Maîtres Flamands, notes et carnets" by Alexandre Vanautgaerden was published by Éditions Albin Michel.

paragraph: As she was expanding her research into spontaneity, Verdier also turned her interest to early Italian frescos and specifically to Quattrocento masters. During this period, the Torlonia family in Rome commissioned her to create a contemporary fresco of monumental paintings (5m x 8m) for a reception room in the family palazzo. Her research related to the project was recorded in studio notebooks and reproduced in "Fabienne Verdier, Palazzo Torlonia" (2010), by Eric Fouache and Corinna Thierolf.

paragraph: In 2007, the Musée National d'Art Moderne (Centre Pompidou) in Paris acquired its first Verdier painting. In 2005, drawn by the energy and dynamism of the works shown at Verdier's first solo exhibition in Switzerland at the Alice Pauli Gallery in Lausanne, the Hubert Looser Foundation of Zurich commissioned her to create a series of paintings to resonate with Abstract Expressionist and Minimalist works in its permanent collection by American artists including John Chamberlain, Donald Judd, Willem de Kooning, Ellsworth Kelly and Cy Twombly.

paragraph: Several other museums have since included Verdier's Looser Foundation paintings in exhibitions, including "Art of Deceleration, from Caspar David Friedrich to Ai Wei Wei," Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany, 2011; "My Private Passion – Foundation Hubert Looser," Vienna Kunstforum, 2012; "The Hubert Looser Collection," Kunsthaus Zürich, 2013; and "Formes simples," Centre Pompidou-Metz, France, 2014.

paragraph: In 2002, following her return to France after nearly a decade of intense work and immersion in China, Verdier wrote about this apprenticeship inside a radically different system of thought. Her account, "Passagère du Silence", published by Albin Michel in 2003, won several prizes, was translated into six languages and sold over 230,000 copies.

paragraph: In 1985, at 22, Verdier left for China to study at the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute in Chongqing. She chose at the same time to work alongside and train with the last great Chinese painters who had survived the Cultural Revolution, who she persuaded to transmit their mastery of spontaneous painting and aesthetic theories despite continued bans. After becoming the first foreign woman to be awarded a post-graduate diploma in fine arts by the institute, Verdier began to progressively create her own new abstract painting.

paragraph: Section::::Creative process.

paragraph: Fabienne Verdier's creative process most often involves three phases. First, she records her research, thoughts and observations in notebooks, sketches and inks on paper. Then she prepares the canvas by applying several layers of pigment and glaze in order to obtain the desired degree of vibration, saturation and depth of color. Finally, standing directly on the stretcher and using tools of her own invention, she shapes the paint matter to express fundamental life forces.

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.:Solo.

paragraph: Galerie Lelong, Paris, France

paragraph: Galerie Lelong, Paris, France

paragraph: Musée Voltaire, Geneva, Switzerland

paragraph: Galerie Alice Pauli, Lausanne, Switzerland

paragraph: Patrick Derom Gallery, Brussels, Belgium

paragraph: Waddington Custot Galleries, London, United Kingdom

paragraph: Retrospective, "Le French May", City Hall, Hong Kong, curated by Daniel Abadie

paragraph: Galerie Jaeger Bucher, Paris, France

paragraph: “Fabienne Verdier, L’Esprit de la Peinture, Hommage aux Maîtres Flammands”, Groeninge Museum

paragraph: and Hans Memling Museum, Bruges, Belgium, curated by Daniel Abadie

paragraph: Art Plural Gallery, Singapore

paragraph: Galerie Jaeger Bucher, Paris, France

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.:Group.

paragraph: “Picasso - Gorky - Warhol", Kunsthalle Krems, Austria

paragraph: “Un Autre Oeil", Musée d’Art Contemporain de Dunkerque, France

paragraph: “Passion de l'Art”, Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence, France

paragraph: “Restless Gestures”, National Museum of Art, Architecture & Design, Oslo, Norway

paragraph: “Fabienne Verdier Meets Sigmar Polke. Talking Lines”, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, Germany, curated by Bernhard Maaz and Corinna Thierolf

paragraph: “Collection Looser – Museum Folkwang, A Dialogue”, Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany, curated by Mario von Lüttichau and Florian Steininger

paragraph: “The World Meets Here”, Custot Gallery, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

paragraph: “Köningsklasse III”, organised by Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, at Herrenschiemsee Palace,

paragraph: “Formes Simples”, Centre Pompidou-Metz, France, curated by Jean de Loisy

paragraph: “Köningsklasse II”, organized by Pinakothek der Moderne of Munich at Herrenschiemsee Palace, Bavaria, Germany, curated by Corinna Thierolf

paragraph: “The Hubert Looser Collection”, Kunsthaus, Zurich, Switzerland, curated by Philippe Büttner

paragraph: “My Private Passion – Foundation Hubert Looser”, Kunstforum, Vienna, Austria, curated by Florian Steininger

paragraph: “Art of Deceleration, from Caspar David Friedrich to Ai Wei Wei”, Kunstmuseum, Wolfsburg, Germany, curated by Markus Brüderlin

paragraph: “Elles@Centre Pompidou”, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France, curated by Camille Morineau

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musee National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée Cernuschi, Paris, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foundation Hubert Looser, Zurich, Switzerland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foundation François Pinault, Paris, France, and Venice, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palais Bourbon, Paris, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tour Majunga (developer Unibail-Rodamco), La Défense, Puteaux, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centre national des arts plastiques, La Défense, France (commission by the Festival d’Avignon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ministère de l’Équipement (Direction de l’Architecture), Paris, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ministriere des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese Ministry of Culture, Beijing, China

paragraph: Section::::Books and films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polyphonies" by Alain Rey and Fabienne Verdier, Éditions Le Robert and Albin Michel, 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Petit Robert de la Langue Française" edited by Alain Rey and Josette Rey-Debove, featuring 22 original works by Fabienne Verdier, Éditions Le Robert, 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Juilliard Experiment", documentary film by Mark Kidel, Calliope Media, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crossing Signs" by Daniel Abadie, Éditions Albin Michel, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Esprit de la Peinture, Hommage aux Maîtres Flamands" by Daniel Abadie, Éditions Albin Michel, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Maîtres Flamands, Notes et Carnets" by Alexandre Vanautgaerden, Éditions Albin Michel, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabienne Verdier: Painting Space" by Doris von Drathen, Edizioni Charta, Milan 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabienne Verdier: Peindre l’Instant", documentary film by Mark Kidel, Films d’Ici, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabienne Verdier: Palazzo Torlonia" by Philippe Chancel, Éditions Xavier Barral, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabienne Verdier: Flux", documentary film by Philippe Chancel, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entre Ciel et Terre" by Fabienne Verdier, Éditions Albin Michel, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entretien avec Fabienne Verdier" by Charles Juliet, Éditions Albin Michel, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Passagère du Silence" by Fabienne Verdier, Éditions Albin Michel, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Unique Trait de Pinceau" by Fabienne Verdier, Éditions Albin Michel, 2001

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site Fabienne Verdier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabienne Verdier Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabienne Verdier Galerie Alice Pauli, Lausanne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabienne Verdier Waddington Custot, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabienne Verdier Patrick Derom Gallery, Brussels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabienne Verdier Custot Gallery, Dubai

description: painter

wikidata_label: Fabienne Verdier

wikipedia_title: Fabienne Verdier


text:
jewellery designer
Cartier
Boucheron
Air Force
cartographer
Rue de la Paix
Place Vendôme
Van Cleef & Arpels
Minaudière
Mauboussin
Marlene Dietrich
Michèle Morgan
Maurice Chevalier
Duchess of Windsor
water-colours
Maisons-Laffitte

categories: 1901 births,2000 deaths,French jewellery designers

paragraph: René Sim Lacaze

paragraph: René Sim Lacaze (27 July 1901 – 5 January 2000) was a French jewellery designer and artist. He played a major role in the development of the style known as European Art Deco.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: René Lacaze was born in Paris on 27 July 1901. His mother ran a tailoring and dressmaking business in Rue d’Alger, where Lacaze grew to love fashion from his early childhood. His uncle, Armand Bignon, often took the young Lacaze to visit museums, where he discovered a passion for art.

paragraph: A friend of Lacaze was a jeweller and regaled Lacaze with accounts of his work, describing how he created pieces of jewellery set with precious stones including diamonds. Lacaze felt drawn to the profession. He began a four-year training course at Atelier Mentel in Paris, a studio which worked with the most famous jewellers of the time: Cartier, Boucheron, Ancoc and Janésich.

paragraph: However, he was forced to interrupt this training in 1921 to complete his military service. After spending 26 months in the Air Force near Bourges, where he was deployed as a cartographer, he returned to Paris and introduced himself to the great jewellers in the Rue de la Paix and Place Vendôme.

paragraph: In 1923 Lacaze began to work for Van Cleef & Arpels, where it was not long before his exceptional talent for drawing was spotted. Together with Alfred van Cleef's daughter, Renée Rachel Puissant, he took over as head of artistic and creative design at Van Cleef & Arpels in 1926. This period saw the creation of famous pieces of jewellery such as the Minaudière and the introduction of the 'serti invisible' technique which enabled gemstones to be held in place without visible prongs or claws.

paragraph: In June 1928 Lacaze married his wife Simone; the couple went on to have four children. As he explains in his unpublished biography, in that year Lacaze added the first syllable of his wife's name to his own and henceforth was known as René Sim Lacaze.

paragraph: Lacaze ceased to work for Van Cleef & Arpels in 1941, moving to Mauboussin and also running his own jewellery studio. He created pieces for illustrious clients including Marlene Dietrich, Michèle Morgan, Maurice Chevalier and the Duchess of Windsor.

paragraph: Upon his retirement in 1968, Lacaze devoted himself to painting and produced numerous water-colours. He died at the age of 99 in Maisons-Laffitte on 5 January 2000.

paragraph: Today, the name of René Sim Lacaze stands for the luxury online jewellery store RenéSim, founded in 2010 by Lacaze's grandson Maximilian Hemmerle and Hemmerle's business partner Georg Schmidt-Sailer.

description: French jewellery designer

wikidata_label: René Sim Lacaze

wikipedia_title: René Sim Lacaze


text:
Italian
jurist
Bologna
Four Doctors
University of Bologna
Justinian I
Chrysostom
Glossators
Martinus Gosia
Hugo de Porta Ravennate
Jacobus de Boragine
Irnerius
Friedrich Karl von Savigny
Proculians
Imperial Rome
Joannes Bassianus
Azo
Accursius
Diet of Roncaglia
Frederick I
Placentinus
Cujacius
Irnerius
Four Doctors of Bologna

categories: 12th-century Latin writers,Italian Roman Catholics,Italian jurists,12th-century Italian writers

paragraph: Bulgarus

paragraph: Bulgarus was a twelfth-century Italian jurist, born in Bologna. He has been confused with Bulgarinus, another 15th-century jurist.

paragraph: He was the most celebrated of the famous Four Doctors of the law school of the University of Bologna, probably because his school promoted Roman emperors, such as Justinian I, as the highest authority. Bulgarus was regarded as the Chrysostom of the Glossators, being frequently designated by the title of the "Golden Mouth" ("os aureum"). He died in 1166 at a very advanced age.

paragraph: According to popular tradition, all four of the famous Four Doctors (Bulgarus, Martinus Gosia, Hugo de Porta Ravennate and Jacobus de Boragine) were pupils of Irnerius; however, while there is currently no insuperable difficulty in substantiating this claim with regard to Bulgarus, Friedrich Karl von Savigny considered the evidence to be insufficient to support this claim. Martinus Gosia and Bulgarus were the chiefs of two opposite schools at Bologna, corresponding in many respects to the Proculians and Sabinians of Imperial Rome, Martinus being at the head of a school that accommodated the law in a manner that his opponents referred to as the "equity of the purse" ("aequitas bursalis"), whilst Bulgarus adhered more closely to the letter of the law. Martinus's school was also generally more flexible in its interpretation of the law, whereas Bulgarus's school was much more orthodox and adhered more closely to the tradition of the "Corpus Iuris Civilis". Bulgarus' school ultimately prevailed. Joannes Bassianus, Azo and Accursius all numbered amongst its notable adherents, each of whom, in turn, went on to exercise a commanding influence over the course of legal studies in Bologna.

paragraph: At the Diet of Roncaglia in 1158, Bulgarus assumed the leading role amongst the Four Doctors, and was one of the most trusted advisors to the emperor Frederick I. His most celebrated work is a notable commentary, "De Regulis Juris", which was at one time printed amongst the writings of Placentinus. However, this commentary has since been properly credited to its true author, Cujacius, based on internal evidence contained in the additions annexed to it, which were undoubtedly penned by Placentinus himself. This commentary is the earliest extant work of its kind emanating from the school of the Glossators. According to Savigny, it is a model specimen of the excellence of the method introduced by Irnerius, and a striking example of the brilliant results obtained in a short period of time by virtue of a constant, exclusive study of the sources of law.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Doctors of Bologna

description: twelfth-century Italian jurist

wikidata_label: Bulgarus

wikipedia_title: Bulgarus


text:
Ghana
diplomat
politician
West African National Secretariat
West African Students' Union
Minister for Foreign Affairs
Kwame Nkrumah
Convention People's Party
Adisadel College
Cape Coast
Achimota College
Accra
Sierra Leone
Fourah Bay University College
university
West Africa
United Kingdom
Brasenose College
Oxford University
St. Augustine's College
Abuakwa State College
Kibi
barrister

categories: Bandung Conference attendees,Fourah Bay College alumni,Labour ministers of Ghana,Foreign ministers of Ghana,Ghanaian MPs 1951–1954,Ghanaian MPs 1956–1965,Trade ministers of Ghana,Alumni of Achimota School,Ghanaian MPs 1965–1966,2001 deaths,Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford,Agriculture ministers of Ghana,Ghanaian MPs 1954–1956,1916 births,Convention People's Party (Ghana) politicians

paragraph: Kojo Botsio

paragraph: Kojo Botsio (21 February 1916 – 6 February 2001) was a Ghanaian diplomat and politician. He studied in Britain, where he became the treasurer of the West African National Secretariat and an acting warden for the West African Students' Union. He served as his country's first Minister of Education and Social Welfare from 1951, as Minister for Foreign Affairs twice in the government of Kwame Nkrumah, and was a leading figure in the ruling Convention People's Party (CPP).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Kojo Botsio attended Adisadel College, Cape Coast and then the Achimota College in Accra. He proceeded to Sierra Leone, where he obtained his first degree from the Fourah Bay University College, the only university in West Africa at the time. He then went to the United Kingdom in 1945 and attended Brasenose College, Oxford University, where he was awarded a postgraduate degree in Geography and Education.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Botsio was a teacher at the St. Augustine's College and the London City Council Secondary School in the United Kingdom. He was also once Vice-Principal of Abuakwa State College at Kibi in Ghana.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Kojo Botsio was married to Ruth Whittaker. They had two children, Kojo and Merene, both barristers.

description: Diplomat, educationist, politician and former foreign minister of Ghana

wikidata_label: Kojo Botsio

wikipedia_title: Kojo Botsio