text:
Romania
socialism
far-right
natural selection
Marxist
naturalist
Romanian Jew
Judaism
National Liberal Party
Ion G. Duca
Constantin Banu
anticommunist
People's Party
Senate of Romania
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non-emancipated
Romanian citizenship
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Lamarckism
Darwinism
Garabet Ibrăileanu
Izabela Andrei
Panait Mușoiu
Raicu Ionescu-Rion
literary naturalism
realism
Göttingen
Zurich
Berlin
Technical College Stuttgart
Germany
Simion Mehedinți
Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș
Central Europe
Rome University
Sc.D.
physical chemistry
radical-liberal
Românul
Bucharest
scientistic
Max Nordau
Marxism
August Bebel
Budapest
Radu D. Rosetti
naturalized Romanian
Senate
professional organization
N. Petrașcu
Dumitru Karnabatt
sensationalism
Victor Eftimiu
Romanian Symbolist movement
Mihail Cruceanu
Al. T. Stamatiad
Eugeniu Sperantia
Macca Arcade
National Liberal Party
Ion G. Duca
Constantin Banu
Flacăra
Constantin Angelescu
Constantin Argetoianu
Constantin Costa-Foru
Constantin Mille
Henri Murger
Vladimir Korolenko
Alexandru Davila
N. D. Cocea
Union of Native Jews
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philosemites
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Storojineț
Cernăuți
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modernists
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Contimporanul
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Ovidiu Papadima
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Victor Eftimiu
Babeș-Bolyai University
Michael Marrus

wikipedia_title: French Section of the Workers' International

categories: Romanian Jews,Romanian people of World War I,20th-century Romanian politicians,Romanian expatriates in Germany,University of Zurich alumni,Romanian agnostics,Jewish Romanian politicians,Romanian newspaper founders,The Holocaust in Romania,Recipients of the Order of the White Lion,Romanian essayists,Romanian anti-communists,German–Romanian translators,Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism,Revisionist Zionism,World War I prisoners of war held by Germany,Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany,Contimporanul writers,Romanian people taken hostage,People from Piatra Neamț,1873 births,Romanian Zionists,Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church,Romanian magazine editors,Romanian collaborators with Nazi Germany,Romanian newspaper editors,1949 deaths,Adevărul editors,Romanian opinion journalists,Members of the Senate of Romania,World War I civilian prisoners,Romanian Marxists,People's Party (interwar Romania) politicians,Moldavian Jews,20th-century translators,Jewish socialists,Naturalised citizens of Romania,20th-century essayists,Romanian translators,French–Romanian translators,Romanian civil servants,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,Jewish writers,University of Göttingen alumni,Romanian trade unionists,Romanian magazine founders,Romanian diplomats,Male essayists,University of Stuttgart alumni,Romanian book publishers (people),Romanian physical chemists

paragraph: Henric Streitman

paragraph: Henric Ștefan Streitman (first name also Henric Șt., Henri or Henry, last name also Streitmann, Streittman, Ștraitman; 1873 – 1949) was a Romanian journalist, translator and political figure, who traversed the political spectrum from socialism to the far-right. He was a physicist, social commentator and publisher, known for both his polemical stances and his erudition. Often struggling financially, Streitman set up several short-lived periodicals, and involved himself in the cultural and political debates, from 1889 to the time of his death. In his early years, he was a promoter of natural selection ideas, and a translator of Marxist and naturalist literature.

paragraph: A Romanian Jew who only preserved loose links with Judaism, Streitman left socialism behind before World War I, moving closer to the National Liberal Party, working alongside Ion G. Duca and Constantin Banu; he returned to public life in the 1920s as an anticommunist. He then affiliated with the People's Party, serving two terms in the Senate of Romania, where he represented Bukovina. He associated with figures on the Romanian far-right, including Octavian Goga and Pamfil Șeicaru, and eventually joined the National Agrarian Party in 1932. However, in the late 1930s, the ascent of antisemitism put his political career on hold.

paragraph: Streitman turned to Nazi collaborationism during World War II, becoming president of the Central Jewish Office. This assignment pitted him against non-collaborationists such as A. L. Zissu, whom Streitman had imprisoned. However, his was a ceremonial office, with many of its functions supplanted by the executive leader, Nandor Gingold. Streitman survived the war by a few years, but, unlike Gingold, was never brought before the Romanian People's Tribunals.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Debut years.

paragraph: Streitman was a native of Piatra Neamț town, which is located in mountainous Western Moldavia. He was born into the Judaic religion, and converted to Romanian Orthodoxy later in life, but was again a practicing Jew by 1941. Like the majority of Romanian Jews living before 1920, Streitman was non-emancipated and not yet eligible for Romanian citizenship. Young Streitman was privately tutored, in both German and French, by the Count Jurawski, a Polish refugee. As he recalled decades later, "the all-knowing, all-forgiving" Jurawski was also an amateur scientist who introduced his pupils, and Moldavians in general, to Lamarckism and Darwinism.

paragraph: Enrolled at high school, Streitman also followed Romanian politics, and was close to the budding socialist movement of students. In 1889, he began collaborating with Garabet Ibrăileanu's journal "Școala Nouă", appearing alongside the young socialists Izabela Andrei, Panait Mușoiu, Raicu Ionescu-Rion. His articles covered a vast category of subjects, introducing the Romanian public to developments in sociology, hard science, and philology. The only speaker of German in that group, he is presumably by some as the author of articles signed "I. Chilieanu" (others believe this was Ibrăileanu's own pen name). Both the anonymous article and Streitman's signed pieces discuss the differences between literary naturalism and realism, and the naturalism vs. "pornography" debate of the 1880s.

paragraph: Streitman was educated abroad, and trained in several fields. He studied physics and chemistry at the universities of Göttingen, Zurich, Berlin, and then at the Technical College Stuttgart. Although he had become an expatriate, he continued to send his articles to "Școala Nouă", before it ultimately succumbed in May 1890. In Germany, Streitman was university colleagues with several prominent Romanian intellectuals of various political hues: Barbu Brănișteanu, Gheorghe Gh. Longinescu, Simion Mehedinți, Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș, etc. He also traveled out of Central Europe, and heard lectures in philosophy at Rome University. He eventually obtained a Sc.D. in physical chemistry, and a license degree in Philosophy.

paragraph: Reportedly, the young writer made his full debut in journalism in 1894, when he contributed to the radical-liberal newspaper "Românul". However, he was by then affiliated with the Sotir Circle of socialists, Bucharest, and began contributing to the socialist magazine, "Munca". Among his colleagues there was a female journalist, Rachel Vermont, who became his wife. Together, they completed and circulated translations of scientific and scientistic literature. In 1894, Henric and Rachel Streitman published the first volume of Max Nordau's "Degeneration". The pair highlighted the connections between Nordau and socialism, but also introduced footnotes claiming to correct the author for his disagreements with Marxism. A year later, the literary duo returned with a version of August Bebel's "Woman".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Prezentul" and "Viitorul".

paragraph: Streitman's work was soon acknowledged in the literary profession, and discussed by Constantin Stamatin-Nazone in his 1894 essay "Profilurĭ" ("Profiles"). As argued by historian of journalism G. Brătescu, Streitman impressed and influenced the greats of Romanian journalism with his "subtle, malicious, ironic, doubting, often indulgent" writing style. Moreover, Brătescu writes, Streitman was an "erudite" and a competent reader of both secular and religious literature. However, his political views were the subject of controversy: in June 1900, Streitman and Petre I. Sturdza traveled to Budapest, attending the premiere of Radu D. Rosetti's play, "O lecție", and being fêted by Hungarian journalists. According to "Gazeta Transilvaniei", this implied that Streitman had "Hungarian sympathies", and had thus befriended Romania's rivals.

paragraph: In 1902, Streitman followed up with the booklet "Oamenii zilei. Instantanee" ("People of the Day. Snapshots"), signing it with the pen name "Almaviva". In February 1903, he was ultimately naturalized Romanian by special vote of the Senate. For a while, he affiliated with the Romanian Society for Literature and Arts, an abortive professional organization, noted for attempting to group under one roof the Romanian writers and their non-emancipated Jewish colleagues. This body, created by N. Petrașcu, officially admitted him in December 1904. With Dumitru Karnabatt as his secretary, Streitman was putting out a new Bucharest newspaper, "Observatorul" ("The Observer").

paragraph: He took his journalistic career further when he a new daily, "Prezentul" ("The Now") and, in 1908, the weekly "Cuvinte Libere" ("Free Words"). "Prezentul" was engaged in polemics with "Furnica", the satirical magazine. The latter hosted rhyming jokes about Streitman's supposed sensationalism. Streitman's coworkers and employees were Rudolf Uhrinowsky, ridiculed by "Furnica" for his unusual surname, poet Victor Eftimiu, and (Eftimiu noted) Adrien Le Corbeau, already famous as a habitual plagiarist. Joining them as literary contributors were three young poets, all of them representing the Romanian Symbolist movement: Mihail Cruceanu, Al. T. Stamatiad, and Eugeniu Sperantia. According to Eftimiu, "Prezentul" was a struggling business, occupying an unheated room on Macca Arcade, with Streitman often missing out on payments for his staff. In March 1910, Streitman's entire mobile property was confiscated by court order, and auctioned off to pay off his debt to an R. Goldemberg.

paragraph: The two papers did not survive this, and Streitman returned to regular publishing work. He was soon appointed editor in chief of "Viitorul", a newspaper put out by the National Liberal Party, with Ion G. Duca and Constantin Banu as managers, while he was also a "very close" collaborator of Banu's own review, "Flacăra". Still a nominal left-winger, Streitman announced in December 1912 that he would be putting out a new magazine of his own, "Realitatea" ("Reality"), its mission being to "strip public life of all ideology, of all phraseology"; during those years, he was being approached by right-wing politicians, becoming friends with Duca, then also with Constantin Angelescu and Constantin Argetoianu. In January 1913, Streitman also became involved with Romania's first journalists' union, the General Association of the Press. Alongside Karnabatt, Constantin Bacalbașa, Constantin Costa-Foru, Scarlat Lahovary, Constantin Mille, Barbu Brănișteanu, I. Hussar, he held seat on a steering committee which approved of new entries.

paragraph: In 1910 and 1911, Streitman worked as a translator for Biblioteca Lumen company, publishing Henri Murger's "Scènes de la vie de bohème", Bebel's "Women and Socialism", and the short stories of Vladimir Korolenko. Streitman's version of Henri James de Rothschild's play, "La Rampe", was used in production by the Alexandru Davila company. N. D. Cocea, a fellow socialist and a theater chronicler, noted that the production failed, not least of all because of Streitman's adaptation. According to Cocea, Streitman had an "elevated style" of writing, but was also a "very busy man", which meant that his text was published with many grammatical mistakes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:World War I and People's Party.

paragraph: One of Streitman's last journalistic ventures for 1913 was a series of interviews on the "Jewish Question", which was published as a brochure by the Union of Native Jews. A Romanian rival, Romulus Cioflec, argued that the set mainly featured known philosemites such as Alexandru Ciurcu and Constantin G. Dissescu. Streitman's advocacy came to a halt during the debates and campaigns of World War I. In 1914, when Romania was still neutral territory, he published a monograph on the life and ideas of Jean Jaurès, the recently assassinated SFIO leader. His old adversaries at "Furnica" alleged that he was in business with his National Liberal contacts, a middleman for "compensation" exports to countries of the Central Powers.

paragraph: Streitman stayed behind enemy lines after the occupation of southern Romania. According to several accounts, he was picked up as a hostage by the German Army, and interned for a while at Tismana Monastery. He was active in occupied Bucharest following Romania's armistice, an editorial director of Virgil Arion's "Renașterea" newspaper, which promoted reconciliation with the Germans. According to Alexandru Macedonski of "Literatorul" (himself a Germanophile), Streitman's arrival at "Renașterea" was good news, Streiman being "one of the most brilliant Romanian journalists", "a man of great culture and a writer of great talent".

paragraph: After the German capitulation, Streitman returned at the center of Romanian cultural life. He became known as the owner of a library and art salon, Hasefer, which occupied a Venetian-style villa in Bucharest. In January 1919, he was at the forefront of trade unionism in Greater Romania, becoming co-founder of the Union of Professional Journalists (UZP). At age 44, he was the oldest member, unanimously voted in as UZP President following a proposal made by Pamfil Șeicaru. The journalist then reentered politics, now as a committed anticommunist. As Brătescu writes, he rejected socialism after the October Revolution, and supported the National Liberal Party without joining its ranks. Before the electoral year 1920, Streitman joined the politically diverse People's Party (PP), where he worked alongside the Romanian nationalist poet, Octavian Goga. The Jewish journalist sent articles to the PP's own press organ, "Îndreptarea". He was an enthusiastic follower of the party leader, General Alexandru Averescu. In retrospect, he spoke of Averescu as an "imperturbable and incorruptible" figures, chosen by providence to enact a program of "prosperity and order".

paragraph: Streitman was nominated for an eligible seat in a Jewish circumscription, in the newly attached region of Transylvania. Goga campaigned in his favor, telling Jewish voters that "a Jewish intellectual of the Old Kingdom" would be best positioned to advance their demands; Streitman failed at convincing them, probably because Transylvanian Jews wished to be considered separate from the Old Kingdom Jews. More recognition of his public role in Jewish and Romanian life came in early 1921, when the PP government assigned him to welcome back in Romania Moses Gaster, the expelled Jewish community leader and scholar. Streitman met Gaster at Curtici, and led him to Arad, inspiring his subsequent address to the city's Jewish community.

paragraph: Following the 1920 setback, Streitman focused his political ambitions on another one of Greater Romania's newer regions, campaigning for the Jewish vote in Bukovina during the race of 1922. As a PP candidate, he was involved in the provincial conflict opposing two advocates of Jewish rights: Mayer Ebner, of the People's Council Party, and Benno Straucher, of the Jewish National People's Party. While Straucher became a National Liberal ally, Streitman and Karl Klüger where signed by Ebner onto a People's Council Party list for the Senate: Streitman for Storojineț, Klüger for Cernăuți. Streitman worked as a councilor for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which probably interrupted his senatorial mandate. Records of the time describe him as "formerly a senator".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:1920s controversy.

paragraph: At that stage, Streitman was being courted by the radical modernists and the avant-garde. Resuming his contacts with the socialists, he with N. D. Cocea's leftist review, "Facla". In his articles there, Streitman used the pen name "Omul de pe stradă" ("Man on the street"). Streitman's essays were also featured in "Contimporanul", a political and art magazine put out by Cocea's pupil, Ion Vinea: his name appears "Contimporanul" pages from the very first issue, on June 3, 1922. He thus joined the original "Contimporanul" crew, which mainly comprised left-wing or politically independent social critics, generally adverse to the National Liberal Party. These included, among others, Eugen Filotti, Benjamin Fondane, Nicolae L. Lupu, Camil Petrescu, and Dem. Theodorescu. Streitman was also one of the guest writers for the special issue honoring Arghezi's contribution to literary life. As "V. Dănoiu", Fondane celebrated in Streitman a contributor to both Romanian journalism and Romanian literature: "[In Streitman,] the Jews have given us a journalist who could become illustrious in any foreign literature, considering his gracious style, his subtlety and delicious irony."

paragraph: In July 1923, Streitman represented the Jewish Romanians at a congress of ethnic minority journalists, hosted by Árpád Paál in Arad. Also that year, he collected a volume of his "Revizuiri" ("Revisions"), republishing his 1894 translation from Nordau in 1924; his wife Rachel remained focused on Darwinist literature, and, before the echoes of the Scopes Trial were first felt in Romania, had translated a Darwinian popularization booklet by Émile Ferrière. Overall, according to his colleague Fondane, Streitman remained an "isolated" journalist, shunned by his press colleagues, "many of whom are Jews". Eventually, two Jewish avant-garde magazines took up his work: "Puntea de Fildeș" and Isac Ludo's "Adam".

paragraph: Both Streitman and Klüger were reelected to Senate on the Averescu–Ebner platform during the race of May–June 1926, which returned the PP to government. The PP's selection was hotly contested by Romania's other right-wing venues, who accused Streitman of harboring anti-Romanian sentiments, and implied that his patron, Goga, was politically incompetent. A rumor circulated that, at the height of the world war, Streitman had called the Romanians "a gang of thieves, consumed with alcoholism and syphilis".

paragraph: The antisemitic attack on Streitman was taken up in Parliament by the opposition National-Christian Defense League (or LANC), through the voice of Transylvanian Valeriu Pop. Pop, who noted that the supposed quote could be traced back to "Die Weltkampf" paper (of the Militant League for German Culture), accused the PP of having betrayed the cause of "nationalist activity". Streitman was publicly defended by another parliamentarian, Mișu Papp-Craiova, who called himself a man of "antisemitic principles". Papp-Craiova argued: "Streitman was the only Jew to have exhibited a dignified attitude during the war. [...] this particular Jew has never described himself as a Jew, but has always said he was a Romanian."

paragraph: Streitman was among the diplomats who worked at tightening Romania's links with the Polish Republic, in the context of the Polish–Romanian Alliance. He was an official rapporteur at the Polish–Romanian Conference, held at Galați, and contributed an essay on the history behind that cooperation. It was taken up by "Societatea de Mâine" magazine, with an editorial note announcing that Streitman was working on three "literary volumes": "Între da și nu" ("Between Yes and No"), "Ziua e scurtă" ("The Day Is Short"), "Elogiul ipocriziei" ("In Praise of Hypocrisy"). Of his planned volumes, only "Între da și nu" came out, in 1928, at Editura Cultura Națională, earning attention as a "paradoxical and savory" work.

paragraph: Averescu's premiership ended abruptly in June 1927. Streitman still served in the Foreign Ministry after the National Liberals carried the day, and, during the mandate of Nicolae Titulescu, traveled extensively in Europe. Nevertheless, he maintained a correspondence on the subject with Averescu, informing him about things he had "seen, heard, and thought about" during his trips. By 1928, he had returned to his career in the national press, managing the newspapers "Dimineața" and "Adevărul". This period coincided with the rise of a National Peasants' Party, which threatened with revolution. Its messages, including alarmist announcements by Ionel Țăranu, were given exposure by Streitman; during October, Streitman was called in to testify at Țăranu's trial, which lasted into 1929. Meanwhile, the People's Party made Streitman its Lower Chamber candidate in the December election, moving him from Storojineț to Cernăuți.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Between "Facla" and the far-right.

paragraph: Although no longer holding a seat in Parliament, Streitman was one of Romania's delegates to the 25th Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference, while also representing Romania within a journalists' version of the Little Entente, alongside Filotti and Emil Fagure. He also remained active as an adviser of the Romanian far-right. In his own pamphlet, "Mustul care fierbe" ("The Boiling Must"), Octavian Goga paid homage to Streitman as the "fine analyst". Goga cited his admiration for Streitman against those who reproached him his antisemitism: "I have never professed that stupid kind of intolerance." At the time, Streitman also advised and financed his friend Șeicaru to set up the nationalist daily, "Curentul". In its original edition, this political tribune employed other Jewish men of letters, among them F. Brunea-Fox and Moses Rosen. In 1930, Streitman launched a new magazine of his own, the short-lived "Observatorul Politic și Social" ("Political and Social Observer").

paragraph: Streitman signed up for the 1931 electoral campaign as a PP candidate, again in Bukovina. When, in 1932, Goga left the PP to found his own National Agrarian Party (PNA), Streitman followed suit. Three years later, this group merged with Streitman's old adversaries, the LANC. Paradoxically, the Jewish Streitman became an election agent for the resulting National Christian Party (PNC), a notoriously antisemitic force. The PNA and PNC both had fascist leanings and, according to political scientist Manus I. Midlarsky, were ideologically close to the more powerful Iron Guard. He writes: "The PNA had been founded by the poet Octavian Goga who propounded an anti-Semitic populism. [The PNC and the Iron Guard] would compete for the right-wing nationalist votes".

paragraph: Although working within the PNA and befriending the fascists, Streitman still assisted with leftist causes. Also in 1932, he joined the staff of "Facla", where he was colleagues with several leftist and rightist political commentators: Sergiu Dan, Ion Călugăru, N. Davidescu, Sandu Eliad, Nicolae Carandino. Following up on "Între da și nu", he returned in late 1933 with the volume "Mi se pare că..." ("Signs Point to..."), at Alcaly Publishers. A praise of agnosticism and relativism, it appeared on Pompiliu Păltânea's list of notable prose works for 1934. According to Păltânea: "Mr. Henri Streitman reveals his very own manner [...] of searching for the truth through the most distant detours, those that run into surprises and open up grand perspectives." Doctor Ygrec, the reviewer at "Adevărul", found the book amusing overall, but objected to its "commonplace" jokes about God as an anthropomorphic deity. Underneath this covering, "it would seem to me that Mr. Streiman is a religious man".

paragraph: Streitman was still a confidant of Duca, by then National Liberal chairman, who ultimately became Prime Minister in late 1933. He recorded Duca's premonition of his assassination by the Iron Guard: "Now begins the I. G. Duca tragedy..." As recorded months after by Argetoianu, Streitman had remained politically confused, and wrote for "all sorts of publications", driven mainly by material needs, though he was also "always meaningful" and "intelligent", a "superior Semite". Argetoianu's notebook records a joke about "Streitman's salute", which was neither the fascist salute nor the communist raised fist, but "arm extended, palm turned up, to pick up something or other". He also recorded how Streitman and another journalist, Clarnet, colluded to obtain larger gifts from their political patron Titulescu.

paragraph: A while after the Duca assassination, Streitman was a correspondent for N. D. Cocea's far-left magazine, "Reporter", which published his essays (signed "Quidam" and "Alcest"); but also worked with the right-wing Ion Gigurtu at "Libertatea". At the time, he was working on an edition of works by Ion Heliade Rădulescu, which was to feature his comparative essay on the links between Rădulescu's poetry and the Bible. On May 21, 1937, he was one of several journalists awarded Czechoslovakia's Order of the White Lion—other recipients for that day include Brănișteanu, Fagure, Demostene Botez, Ion Clopoțel, Romulus Dianu, and Constantin Gongopol.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Collaborationism.

paragraph: At an early stage in World War II, under successive fascist regimes, Romania sealed its alliance with Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers, and made antisemitism an official policy. When the Iron Guard imposed its National Legionary State, Streitman found himself included on lists of "Judaic writers" or "Hebrew thistles", who had "nothing in common with the spiritual structure of the Romanian peasant". The Guardists were eventually thrown out by "Conducător" Ion Antonescu, but this turn of events only increased pressures on the Jewish community. Radu Lecca, the Jewish Affairs Commissioner, began organizing a system of coercion, which was to be supervised in his name by the so-called Central Jewish Office (CE). It was seen by the German envoys as the Romanian answer to a "Judenrat", capable of assisting in the enforcement of the "Final Solution".

paragraph: Streitman probably owed his appointment to the CE to his good rapport with all sides of the political spectrum, and especially to his friendship with Antonescu's friend, Veturia Goga. According to University of Haifa scholar Bela Vago, he may also have been favored by a special German envoy, Gustav Richter, who also approved of Lazar Halberthal (Streitman's proposal for the Bucharest Jewish Community Presidency, and formerly a Macabi București sportsman). The CE was also afforded some recognition by the underground Union of Romanian Jews, whose leader Wilhelm Filderman allowed colleague David "Dadu" Rosenkranz to head the CE's Section of Professional Reeducation.

paragraph: The journalist remained a figurehead, publishing appeals to calm and obedience, and leaving most administrative work to his second-in-command, Nandor Gingold, M. D. Ethnically Jewish, but a lapsed Catholic by religion, Gingold justified his own compliance by noting that obvious resistance to Nazi demands would bring immediate destruction upon the Romanian Jews. Similarly, in the Jewish weekly "Gazeta Evreiască", Streitman informed his fellow Jews that the moment required a special kind of reasoning: "with our heads, and not with our nerves, and not with our backbone." Although conflicted due to the religious prohibitions, the CE had to comply with an official order to relocate the Jewish cemetery on Sevastopol Street. Its eviction in May 1942 was overseen by Streitman, Gingold, Halberthal, and a Sephardi delegate, Marco Presente.

paragraph: This attitude made Streitman and adversary of the dissident Jews, who still refused to take Lecca's orders. At some point in 1942, Streitman found himself opposed by the Zionist activist A. L. Zissu, who called him a traitor and a renegade. According to historian Hildrun Glass, Zissu was making himself known as the "intransigent" community leader, and, as result of his conflict with Streitman, was interned at the Târgu Jiu camp for political prisoners. Although they countersigned Lecca's extortion measures, no CE official was ever directly involved in the main criminal actions against the Jews, including the deportations to Transnistria. While providing Jewish labor for Antonescu's regime, Rosenkranz also directed relief efforts for survivors of the Iași pogrom and Vapniarka. Philosopher Iosif Brucăr was asked by Streitman to lead the CE's Education Department, but refused all collaboration. Designated by the Zionist Executive to that same position, Theodor Loewenstein-Lavi used it as a platform for Jewish nationalism. In September 1942, his appointment was reviewed by Richter, who was enraged by Lavi's history as an anti-Nazi; he was dismissed, and the Zionist Executive was outlawed.

paragraph: Streitman himself only served in the CE between February and December 1942, being succeeded by Gingold. The new CE executive subsequently included Streitman and Brucăr, alongside banker Aristide Blank, on a list of Jewish hostages; according to Brucăr, this list showed Gingold's priorities: "he was not there to protect the Jews, but to persecute and remove them". His last years brought his return to activism, this time as a Revisionist Zionist, working for a massive Jewish resettlement in British Palestine. King Michael's Coup of 1944 toppled Antonescu and brought Romania into the Allied Camp. In February 1946, Streitman's colleagues at the CE leadership were brought in front of the Romanian People's Tribunals, whereupon Gingold and Vasile Isăceanu were given life sentences. Other CE men returned to political life within the Jewish Democratic Committee, as was the case with Loewenstein-Lavi and Rosenkranz.

paragraph: All members of the CE leadership were stripped of their voting rights, by government order, in July 1946—ahead of the November election. Streitman survived the 1947 establishment of a communist regime, which, although anti-Zionist, preferred to ignore him and his political stances. Communist censorship intervened retroactively against "Mi se pare că..", copies of which were placed under restricted use. In the wake of his death, the regime clamped down on Zionist activity, imprisoning Loewenstein-Lavi, who emigrated to Israel in 1957; after acting as a public defender of the Zionists, Rosenkranz also left the country in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuvântarea dlui Dr. Valeriu Pop rostită la 7 Iulie 1926 în Adunarea Deputaților", in "Înfrățirea Românească", Issues 19–20/1926, pp. 1–5 (digitized by Transsylvanica).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucreția Angheluță, Salomeea Rotaru, Liana Miclescu, Marilena Apostolescu, Marina Vazaca, "Bibliografia românească modernă (1831–1918). Vol. IV: R-Z". Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantin Argetoianu, "Însemnări zilnice. Volumul I: 2 februarie 1935—31 decembrie 1936". Bucharest: Editura Machiavelli, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miriam Caloianu, "Biografie Theodor Lavi", in Mihaela Gligor, Miriam Caloianu (eds.), "Teodor Lavi în corespondență", pp. 403–411. Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matei Cazacu, "La disparition des Juifs de Roumanie", in "Matériaux pour l'Histoire de Notre Temps", Vol. 71, Issue 71, 2003, pp. 49–61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Cernat, "Avangarda românească și complexul periferiei: primul val". Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Șerban Cioculescu, Ovidiu Papadima, Alexandru Piru (eds.), "Istoria literaturii române. III: Epoca marilor clasici". Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dennis Deletant, "Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944". London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Durnea, "Primii pași ai Societății Scriitorilor Români (II). Problema 'actului de naționalitate'", in "Transilvania", Issue 12/2005, pp. 23–29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Eftimiu, "Portrete și amintiri". Bucharest: Editura pentru literatură, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mihaela Gligor, "Note în procesul de epurare a filosofului Iosif Brucăr". Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabetha Mănescu, "Dr. M. Gaster: viața și opera sa". Bucharest: Rotativa, 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florin-Răzvan Mihai, "Dinamica electorală a candidaților minoritari din Bucovina la alegerile generale din România interbelică", in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.), "Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX", Vol. V, pp. 77–102. Sibiu: TechnoMedia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silvia Mitricioaei, "Iudaism și pedagogie sionistă în opera de tinerețe a lui Theodor (Loewenstein) Lavi", in Lucian Nastasă, Dragoș Sdrobiș (eds.), "Politici culturale și modele intelectuale în România", pp. 378–393. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Mega, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tudor Opriș, "Istoria debutului literar al scriitorilor români în timpul școlii (1820–2000)". Bucharest: Aramis Print, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Podoleanu, "60 scriitori români de origină evreească", Vol. II. Bucharest: Bibliografia, [1935].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolae Scurtu, "Mareșalul Alexandru Averescu și scriitorii (1)", in "Lumea Militară", Issue 1/2006, pp. 57–59.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. St. Streitman, "Legăturile româno–polone după 1863", in "Societatea de Mâine", Issues 25–26/1926, pp. 461–463 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai University Transsylvanica Online Library).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bela Vago, "The Ambiguity of Collaborationism: The Center of the Jews in Romania (1942–1944)", in Michael Marrus (ed.), "The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews. 6: The Victims of the Holocaust, Volume 2", pp. 696–718. Westport & London: Meckler Publishing Corporation, 1989.

wikidata_label: Henric Streitman

wikipedia_title: Henric Streitman


text: linguist

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: Hebrew

text: Sanskrit

text: National Prize for Arts and Sciences

text: Francisco Javier Ramírez Acuña

text: Menéndez Pelayo International Prize

text: Santander, Spain

wikipedia_title: National Prize for Arts and Sciences (Mexico)

categories: 1927 births,Writers from Mexico City,Linguists from Mexico,2012 deaths

paragraph: Ernesto de la Peña

paragraph: Ernesto de la Peña (; 21 November 1927 – 10 September 2012) was a Mexican writer, translator and cultural advocate. Peña was also a linguist who studied thirty-three languages, as varied as Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit. He joined the Mexican Academy of the Language in 1993 and was a member of the Royal Spanish Language Academy.

paragraph: He studied classical literature at National Autonomous University of Mexico. His most famous books included "The Stratagems of God", published in 1988; "The Indelible Borrelli Case" in 1992; "Mineralogy For Intruders" in 1999; and "The Transfigured Rose", also released in 1999.

paragraph: De la Peña was the recipient of the National Jose Pages Llergo Prize for Cultural Journalism, the National Prize for Arts and Sciences for linguistics in 2003, and the Fine Arts Gold Medal in 2007. In August 2012, Mexican Ambassador to Spain Francisco Javier Ramírez Acuña accepted the Menéndez Pelayo International Prize on Ernesto de la Peña's behalf, as the writer was too ill to travel to Menéndez Pelayo International University in Santander, Spain, to accept it in person.

paragraph: Ernesto de la Peña died of an illness on 10 September 2012, at the age of 84.

description: Mexican writer and linguist

wikidata_label: Ernesto de la Peña

wikipedia_title: Ernesto de la Peña


text:
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
Anhalt-Bernburg
Henry XXXV
Seven Years' War
Sondershausen Palace
Blue Hall
Sondershausen
Hainleite
Victor Frederick II
Deaness
Herford

wikipedia_title: Henry XXXV, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

wikipedia_title: Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg

categories: Princes of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,1736 births,House of Schwarzburg,1794 deaths

paragraph: Christian Günther III, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

paragraph: Christian Günther III of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (24 June 1736 – 14 October 1794) was the ruling Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen from 1758 until his death. Some authors call him Prince Christian Günther I, because he was the first ruler of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen named Christian Günther who held the title of "Prince". Others call Christian Günther III, because there were two earlier Counts by that name.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Christian Günther III was the son of Prince August I of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1691-1750) and his wife Princess Charlotte Sophie (1696-1762), a daughter of Prince Charles Frederick of Anhalt-Bernburg.

paragraph: He succeeded as the ruling Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen after the death of his uncle Henry XXXV in 1758, because Henry XXXV was unmarried and had no children, and Christian Günther III's father had already died in 1750.

paragraph: He had to deal with a number of problems when he inherited the principality. Some people were abusing their power, and the country suffered from the consequences of the Seven Years' War. Although he was only 22 years old, he managed to solve these problems with unwearying zeal and vigorous energy.

paragraph: He was considered a frugal ruler and father. He used the money he saved to construct some important buildings. He expanded his residence Sondershausen Palace by extending the north wing and added the famous "Blue Hall" to the west wing. He also built very large so-called "domain" buildings in Allmenhausen and Sondershausen and the watchtower on the top of Mount Possen, in the Hainleite range. His favourite castle was Ebeleben Castle, where he grew up. He expanded this castle, and completely overhauled the adjoining park. The statues, waterfalls, fountains and flowers made it a renowned park for a long time.

paragraph: He died in 1794, at the age of 59, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Günther Frederick Charles I.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 4 February 1760, Christian Günther III married Charlotte Wilhelmine (1737-1777), a daughter of Prince Victor Frederick II of Anhalt-Bernburg. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Günther Frederick Charles I (1760-1837), his successor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catharina Charlotte Friederike Albertine (1761-1801), married in 1790 to Prince Frederick Charles Albert of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Günther Albert August (1767-1833)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Auguste Albertine (1769-1819), Deaness in Herford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albertine Wilhelmine Amalie (1771-1829), married in 1795 to Duke Ferdinand Frederick of Württemberg (1763-1834), divorced in 1801

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Charles Günther (1772-1842)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Apfelstedt: "Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit",

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Kamill von Behr: "Genealogie der in Europa regierenden Fürstenhäuser", Leipzig, 1870

description: German prince (1736-1794)


text:
Saudi
Saudi Royal Family
Saudi Arabia
Ahmed bin Abdulaziz
Fahd
Salman of Saudi Arabia
King Saud University
the World Health Organization
NGO
Dubai
Omar Al Bashir
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Atheeb Group
Atheeb Group
IAPB
MEACO
Saudi Ophthalmology Society
ICO Foundation

categories: 1963 births,Saudi Arabian businesspeople,Living people,King Saud University alumni

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed Al Saud

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed () (born 1963) is a Saudi businessman and a member of the Saudi Royal Family.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prince Abdulaziz was born on 20 June 1963. His father is Saudi Arabia's former minister of interior, Ahmed bin Abdulaziz. He is a full nephew of King Fahd and King Salman of Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed graduated from King Saud University in 1986 with a double major in political science and administration science.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Contributions.

paragraph: Prince Abdulaziz is a leading humanitarian activist on the national, regional and international levels, with close links to the World Health Organization. He is founder and chairman of IMPACT–Eastern Mediterranean Region (a regional non-governmental organization NGO that is active in the field of prevention of blindness), and Middle East African Council of Ophthalmology (MEACO). He is also chairman of Eastern Mediterranean Region of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (EMR-IAPB), President of Saudi Ophthalmological Society (SOS), He is a member in the IAPB board of trustees. He was board member of Disabled Children Association of Saudi Arabia. He is also global ambassador of the International Trachoma Initiative and a member of the International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation (ICOF).

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed received the Global Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) during its 7th General Assembly in Dubai in September 2004, the Shield of the joint 4th International Conference for the Arab Ophthalmology Association and the 1st Bahrain Ophthalmology Conference in recognition of his regional and global efforts endorsing the ‘VISION 2020:The Right to Sight’ global initiative. These efforts resulted in VISION 2020 adoption in all 22 countries of EMR region by September 2004. He also received the Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award by the Emirates Ophthalmic Society in recognition of his dedicated work in the field of Prevention of Blindness in April 2005 and the Order of the TWO-NILES Medal by President of Sudan General Omar Al Bashir in November 2005.

paragraph: In 2007, Prince Abdulaziz was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).

paragraph: Section::::Investments.

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed is a businessman. He is the chairman of Atheeb Group, a diversified investment conglomerate with stakes in telecommunications, contracting, defense, ports, shipping and other industries. He is also the CEO of Atheeb Trading Company. In addition, he is actively involved as a major partner in numerous leading Saudi private and joint venture business and industries.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed is married with two children: Turki and Maha. He is known to be fond of falcon hunting and horses, and he owns "Athba" stables which include a large number of fine horses.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atheeb Group

paragraph: BULLET::::- IAPB

paragraph: BULLET::::- MEACO

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saudi Ophthalmology Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICO Foundation

description: Nobility, House of Saud

wikidata_label: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Abdulaziz bin Ahmed Al Saud


text: Los Angeles

text: Bridgeport

text: Connecticut

text: U.S.

text: University of Southern California

text: Los Angeles

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: Artemis

text: Empire style

text: pornographic

text: Sonic Youth

text: A Thousand Leaves

text: The Perfect Me

text: Jim Shaw

text: New Gothic Art

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: Fond National d'Art Contemporain

text: Official Website

text: Marnie Weber at Kunstaspekte

text: Simon Lee Gallery, London.

categories: University of Southern California alumni,Artists from Los Angeles,1959 births,Artists from Bridgeport, Connecticut,American women artists,Living people

paragraph: Marnie Weber

paragraph: Marnie Weber (born 1959) is an American artist who lives and works in Los Angeles. Her work includes photography, sculpture, installations, film, video, and performances. She is also a musician.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Marnie Weber was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S. and spent part of her childhood moving around Asia with her family. She studied at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, and received her B.A. from University of California, Los Angeles. She has had solo shows, video screenings, and performances throughout the United States and Europe.

paragraph: Much of Weber's visual art revolves around a recurring cast of characters. An animal often found in her work is the bear, which is linked to the Greek goddess Artemis. These characters, among others, are placed in "vividly colorful environment[s]", ornate, Empire style interiors or dark, dense, eerie landscapes. Her work most often focuses on the adventures of women, which sometimes take the form of half-human, half-animal hybrids with bodies cut from pornographic magazines, and other times, pale-faced, folksy ghosts known as "Spirit Girls".

paragraph: Marnie Weber's work is featured on the cover of the 1998 Sonic Youth album "A Thousand Leaves."

paragraph: The Spirit Girls was the name of Marnie Weber's six member drone-rock musical group. The Spirit Girls is also the name of Weber's multimedia conceptual project which used film, sculpture, collage, installation and performance to explore the after-life of the all-female rock band featured in four Weber films: Songs that Never Die (2005), A Western Song (2007), The Sea of Silence (2009) and Eternity Forever (2010). In the films, the Spirit Girls "are the specters of five adolescents, killed in their prime, who come back to the real world to 'express things they weren't able to express' while they were alive." The spectral Spirit Girls are said to have died tragically in the male-dominated music scene of the 1970s. The opening of the final film in the series, Eternity Forever, was held at the Mountain View Mausoleum in Altadena, CA, built with a gallery for temporary art exhibits. The opening also featured the living Spirit Girls, who played their final concert to 500 equally alive attendees.

paragraph: Weber has also performed and recorded with The Party Boys (US-band) and The Perfect Me. She has two solo albums, "Woman with Bass", 1994 and "Cry for Happy", 1996, both recorded as "Marnie". In 2004, a compilation of her work was released entitled "Songs Forgotten: The Best of Marnie 1987 - 2004".

paragraph: In 2016 Weber released a feature length film, "The Day of Forevermore", which she wrote and directed and features her artwork.

paragraph: She is married to the Los Angeles-based artist Jim Shaw.

paragraph: Her work has been associated with New Gothic Art.

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA, US

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA, US

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neuberger Berman Inc., New York, NY, US

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progressive Corporation, Mayfield, OH, US

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fond National d'Art Contemporain (FNAC), FR

paragraph: BULLET::::- MAMCO, Geneva, Switzerland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammer Museum, Los Angeles

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- References for all exhibitions, screenings, and performances

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Miles, "Marnie Weber at Patrick Painter Inc," "Artforum", XLVI, No. 1, September 2007, pp. 477–478

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ute Thon. "Gemischtwarenladen der Gehobenen Klasse," Art Das Kunstmagazin.de, October 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Micol Hebron. "Critic's Picks Los Angeles: Marnie Weber," Artforum.com, May 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Barone. "Out at Frieze," Artnet.com, October 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunter Drohojowsha-Philpr. "That's The Spirit," Artnet.com, May 23, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annie Buckley. "Spirit Girl," Craft: transforming traditional crafts, Vol. 04, 2007, pp. 60–62

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantasy Freaky: Marnie Weber," Dazed & Confused, April, 2007

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marnie Weber at Marc Jancou Contemporary, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marnie Weber bio, selected works and exhibitions at praz-delavallade.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marnie Weber at Kunstaspekte

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Lee Gallery, London.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Marnie Weber

wikipedia_title: Marnie Weber


text:
Greek
composer
Brussels
Conservatoire de Paris
Schola Cantorum
Leroux
Georges Caussade
d'Indy
Montparnasse
Paris
Casella
Ravel
Varèse
Modigliani
Athens Conservatory
Athens
Incidental music
Agamemnon
Aeschylus
The Persians
The Birds
Aristophanes
Medea
Euripides
Zacharias Papantoniou
BACH
César Franck

categories: 1885 births,20th-century conductors (music),Greek classical composers,Male classical composers,Greek classical musicians,Greek conductors (music),20th-century male musicians,1967 deaths

paragraph: Marios Varvoglis

paragraph: Marios Varvoglis (Greek: Μάριος Βάρβογλης; 10 December 1885 – 30 July 1967) was a Greek composer.

paragraph: Varvoglis was born in Brussels. He studied music at the Conservatoire de Paris and the Schola Cantorum with Leroux, Georges Caussade, d'Indy and others. He remained in Montparnasse, Paris until 1922 and he maintained close relations with artistic circles that included Casella, Ravel, Varèse and Modigliani, whose last painting was a portrait of Varvoglis. After 1920 he taught at the Athens Conservatory and he became active as a music critic and conductor. He was persecuted for his liberal political views and, after the war, he was imprisoned in a British concentration camp.

paragraph: He died in Athens.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Varvoglis' music belongs to the Greek national school, but was also influenced by the French style. His works include:

paragraph: Stage

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Barbara" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Afternoon of Love" (1944)

paragraph: Incidental music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Agamemnon" (Aeschylus; 1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Persians" (Aeschylus; 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birds" (Aristophanes; 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medea" (Euripides; 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oath of the Dead" (Zacharias Papantoniou; 1938)

paragraph: Orchestral works

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Feast" (1906–9)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pastoral suite for strings (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capriccio (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canon, Chorale and Fugue on BACH (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prelude, Chorale and Fugue on BACH (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meditation for strings (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurels and Cypresses (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphonic poem "Behind the Barbed Wire Fence" (1945)

paragraph: Chamber

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doll's Serenade (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pastoral Suite (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hommage a César Franck" (violin and piano; 1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio for strings (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Trio (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prelude and Fugue on a Byzantine Theme (1953)

paragraph: Piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Children's Hour", 14 pieces (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Rhapsody (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonatina (1927)

paragraph: Other

paragraph: BULLET::::- songs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians"

description: Greek composer

wikidata_label: Marios Varvoglis

wikipedia_title: Marios Varvoglis


text:
abbey of Weissenburg
Wissembourg
Alsace
gospel harmony
rhyming couplets
Rhine Franconian
Old High German
German poet
sub-deacon
deacon
priest
Fulda
Hrabanus Maurus
Louis the German
Latin
biblical commentary
glossaries
gospel
Priscian
Priscian
Latin
Augustine
scriptorium
Bible
German literature
alliterative
Latin models
vernacular
Louis the German
Solomon I, Bishop of Constance
Abbey of St. Gall
Luitbert, Archbishop of Mainz
manuscript
Vienna
Heidelberg
Georgslied
Munich
Freising
Bavarian
Fulda
Bonn
Wolfenbüttel
Krakau
Bodleian Library
Ludwigslied
humanists
Johannes Trithemius
Beatus Rhenanus
Achilles Pirmin Gasser
Schottenstift
Matthias Flacius Illyricus
Hoffmann von Fallersleben
Graff
Dahn
Google Books
Internet Archive
Otfrid von Weißenburgʼs Gospel Book
Otfrid's letter to Luitbert of Mainz
Otfrid's letter to Luitbert of Mainz
Images of the Heidelberg manuscript
Images of the Munich Manuscript

categories: Medieval German poets,Writers of the Carolingian Empire,Old High German literature,Carolingian poets,German Benedictines,German male poets,9th-century people from East Francia,Alsatian-German people,9th-century Christian monks,870s deaths,9th-century poets,800s births

paragraph: Otfrid of Weissenburg

paragraph: Otfrid of Weissenburg (; ; 800 - after 870 AD) was a monk at the abbey of Weissenburg (modern-day Wissembourg in Alsace) and the author of a gospel harmony in rhyming couplets now called the "Evangelienbuch". It is written in the South Rhine Franconian dialect of Old High German. The poem is thought to have been completed between 863 and 871. Otfrid is the first German poet whose name we know from his work.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: More is known about Otfrid's life and work than about that of almost any other medieval German poet. He was born around 800. Assuming he followed the normal progression of monastic life, he will have entered Weissenburg as a novice at the age of seven, become sub-deacon by around 821, deacon around 826 and priest around 830.

paragraph: The Latin letter which prefaces the "Evangelienbuch" indicates that he was taught at Fulda by Hrabanus Maurus, and this was mostly likely in the period 832–842. There is evidence that before going to Fulda he was one of the two scribes who spent time at the court of Louis the German when (abbot of Weissenburg, c. 825–839 and 847–872) was Louis' chancellor. After his return from Fulda, Otfrid acted as "magister scholae" at Weissenburg, responsible for the teaching of the novices.

paragraph: His date of death is around 870. Haubrichs has drawn attention to the recorded death of a "presbyter Otfridus" on 23 January 867, who may be the author of the "Evangelienbuch", but this identification is not universally accepted.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: The "Evangelienbuch" was the work of an old man, and for most of his monastic life Otfrid was concerned with teaching and with the preparation of works in Latin, including biblical commentary, and glossaries to the gospels. Otfrid's own hand has been identified in the manuscripts of five bible commentaries, Priscian's "Instituones Grammaticae", an anthology of Priscian with Latin and OHG glosses, parts of Augustine's "Treatises on the Gospel of John".

paragraph: Beyond this, his impetus is seen behind the expansion of the monastery's library holdings and the increased activity of its scriptorium in this period. The resulting collection of commentaries and other reference materials for almost all of the books of the Bible was exceptional in scope.

paragraph: Section::::The "Evangelienbuch".

paragraph: With 7104 couplets, the "Evangelienbuch" is the first substantial literary work and the first use of rhyme in German literature - surviving earlier German poetry is alliterative. It is not certain whether Otfrid's choice of form was inspired by Latin models or by vernacular verse which has not survived - Otfrid himself mentions "laicorum cantus obscenus" ("obscene song of the laiety"), of which there are no survivals.

paragraph: Otfrid was fully aware of the novelty of his undertaking: the work starts with a section headed 'Cur scriptor hunc librum theotisce dictaverit' ('Why the author has written this book in the vernacular') explaining the reasons for writing in his native dialect rather than in the Latin one would expect for a religious work.

paragraph: There are three dedications:

paragraph: BULLET::::- To Louis the German

paragraph: BULLET::::- To Solomon I, Bishop of Constance

paragraph: BULLET::::- At the end of the work, to his friends Hartmuat and Werinbert, monks at the Abbey of St. Gall

paragraph: The dedication to Louis is followed by a letter in Latin prose to Luitbert, Archbishop of Mainz.

paragraph: It is the dedications and the letter which allow the dating of the work: it must have been written during both Luitbert's archbishopric (863–889) and the bishopric of Solomon I (839 until his death in 871), which gives the period 863–871.

paragraph: In his letter to Liutbert Otfried explains the purpose of the work and discusses some of the problems, both orthgraphic and grammatical, of writing in German. He also gives the following outline of the structure of the "Evangelienbuch":

paragraph: Section::::The "Evangelienbuch".:Verse form.

paragraph: The "Evangelienbuch" is written in rhyming couplets. The layout of the manuscripts shows that the couplets are paired to make, effectively, a four-line stanza, though each couplet is laid out as a single line with a caesura. The poem opens:

paragraph: Lúdowig ther snéllo, \ thes wísduames fóllo,

paragraph: er óstarrichi ríhtit ál, \ so Fránkono kúning scal;

paragraph: Ubar Fránkono lant \ so gengit éllu sin giwalt,

paragraph: thaz ríhtit, so ih thir zéllu, \ thiu sin giwált ellu.

paragraph: "Ludwig the bold \ full of wisdom

paragraph: "   He rules the whole eastern kingdom \ as befits a king of the Franks

paragraph: "over the land of the Franks \ extends all his power

paragraph: "   As I tell you, that is ruled by all his power"

paragraph: The bold letters in the manuscript, the first and last in each pair of couplets, here mark an acrostic on the name of Louis.

paragraph: Section::::The "Evangelienbuch".:Audience.

paragraph: There is debate about the audience for Otfrid's work, whether it was primarily a clerical or lay audience, whether the work was meant for recitation or private reading, and even the possibility that it was sung.

paragraph: It is perhaps unlikely that the Weissenburg monks themselves would use the "Evangelienbuch" for private reading rather than the gospels and commentaries in the monastery library, but it could have proved a suitable text for lay brothers without the Latin to read the scriptures. McLintock suggests it "may have been read aloud in the refectory at meal-times in place of the Latin sermons more commonly used" In any case, the dedications clearly imply an expected monastic audience of some sort.

paragraph: The dedication to Louis the German, however, also suggests an expectation of lay readership. There is ample evidence of an appetite for written literature among the Carolingian nobility, and for the borrowing by the literate laity of suitable religious texts from local monasteries, including Weissenburg itself. Any noble household would have had a house chaplain who might read to his hosts from such a work. The Heidelberg manuscript contains a marginal annotation "Kicilo diu scona min filu las" ("Fair Kicilo often read me") and Otfrid ascribes the impetus for his work to an unknown "venerable matron" Judith, both of which suggest the likelihood of a lay female readership.

paragraph: Section::::The "Evangelienbuch".:Manuscripts.

paragraph: The poem is preserved in four contemporary manuscripts, one of which is fragmentary:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Vienna manuscript (V), Codex Vindobonensis, written in Weissenburg by four scribes in the last third of the 9th century, carries corrections which are generally considered to have been made by Otfrid himself.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Heidelberg manuscript (P), Codex Palatinus, written in Weissenburg circa 870, copied from V by the same four scribes. It also contains the "Georgslied".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Munich manuscript (F), Codex Freisingensis, written by Sigihard in Freising circa 902-906. It was copied from V, with some readings from P and the introduction of some Bavarian forms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Codex Discissus (D), written in Fulda circa 975. survives in three sets of fragments used in book bindings ("discissus"="torn"), each in a different library (Bonn, Wolfenbüttel and Krakau).

paragraph: Jördens in 1806 mentions two additional manuscripts, now unknown: one reputed to be in Frankfurt-am-Main, and a Junius manuscript "in the Bodleian Library in London" (sic). He also refers to a Munich manuscript, but this may simply be a duplicate reference to F.

paragraph: Section::::The "Evangelienbuch".:Reception.

paragraph: The "Evangelienbuch" may have provided an impetus for some of the later short pieces of rhymed narrative such the "Georgslied" and the Ludwigslied, but the work seems to have been forgotten by the end of the 10th century. Schröder ascribes this to the exegetical passages, which were probably of little interest to lay readers and which monastic readers with a knowledge of Latin did not need in their native language.

paragraph: Thereafter the poem remained unknown until rediscovered by the humanists. In around 1492 Johannes Trithemius discovered MS V in the library at Weissenburg. and he lists Otfrid in his "Liber de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis" ("Book concerning ecclesiastical writers") of 1494, the first reference to Otfrid in print. Trithemius praises him as "a man greatly versed in holy scripture and extremely learned in secular literature, a philosopher, orator, astronomer, poet and theologian second to none in his age" and "everything the man wrote is remarkably worth reading, and he imposed rules on the Teutonic language and kept to numbered feet as in metrical verse."

paragraph: In 1530 MS F was discovered in the Cathedral Library of Freising by Beatus Rhenanus In 1560 Achilles Pirmin Gasser made a manuscript copy of the text, a copy now held in the Schottenstift in Vienna, and this formed the basis of the first printed edition by Matthias Flacius Illyricus in 1571. (Gasser's contribution to the printed volume was a word list for the text, the first printed word list for Old High German.) Johannis Schilter's edition of 1728 followed V, but included readings from Flacius and a Latin translation. In 1821 Hoffmann von Fallersleben published the Bonn fragments of D.

paragraph: Modern critical editions start with that of Graff in 1831, who drew on all three complete MSS.

paragraph: While the "Evangelienbuch" represents a significant technical achievement, modern critics have generally been dismissive of its literary merits and J.G.Robertson's faint praise is typical:

paragraph: While it is mainly to his adaptation of rhyme to German verse that Otfrid owes his

paragraph: position in German literature, it would be unjust to deny him

paragraph: altogether the possession of higher poetic powers. Overladen

paragraph: as his work is with theological learning, and hampered, especially in the earlier part of the poem, by technical difficulties, there are here and there in his verse flashes of

paragraph: genuine lyric feeling which deserve to be lifted out of the dry

paragraph: religious didacticism in which they are imbedded.

paragraph: "The beauties of Otfrid", a volume published privately in 1936 by two future professors of German, consists of a brief introduction and 136 blank pages.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: There is a relief on the side wall of the 14th century La Grange aux Dîmes, a building in the Place du Saumon in Wissembourg, which depicts Otfrid at his desk (see above).

paragraph: Two schools are named after him: the Otfried-von-Weißenburg-Gymnasium in Dahn (Germany) and the Collège Otfried in Wissembourg.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Google Books)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Internet Archive)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (selections with modern German translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Extracts based on the Vienna MS).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otfrid von Weißenburgʼs Gospel Book - full text of Wolff's 1973 edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otfrid's letter to Luitbert of Mainz - original Latin text with English translation and commentary by James Marchand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otfrid's letter to Luitbert of Mainz - original Latin and parallel English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of the Heidelberg manuscript

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of the Munich Manuscript

description: carolingian priest and poet

wikidata_label: Otfrid of Weissenburg

wikipedia_title: Otfrid of Weissenburg


text:
Parliament of Paris
Duke of Anjou
Duke of Alençon
Henry II of France
Charles IX of France
Henry III of France
Champagne
Augustin de Thou
Nicolas de Thou
Bishop of Chartres
Jacques Auguste de Thou
A. H. Bullen

paragraph: Christophe de Thou

paragraph: Christophe de Thou (1508 – 1 November 1582) was an eminent French advocate, and the First President of the Parliament of Paris.

paragraph: De Thou became Président in 1554, and Premier Président on 14 December 1562, of the Parlement de Paris. He also served as chancellor to the Duke of Anjou and Duke of Alençon, and advisor to Henry II of France, Charles IX of France, and Henry III of France.

paragraph: De Thou was a member of a respected family from Champagne. He was son of Augustin de Thou (d. 1544) and Claude de Thou (d 1523), also Président of the Parlement de Paris, and brother to Nicolas de Thou, the Bishop of Chartres. His son, Jacques Auguste de Thou (1553–1617), became a noted French historian. He was also the husband of Jacqueline de Tuleu and father of Anne de Thou and Jacques Auguste de Thou.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. (Roland) Delachenal, "Histoire des avocats au Parlement de Paris, 1300-1600", E. Plon, Nourrit, 1885. Page 397.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edouard Mougis, "Histoire du Parlement de Paris", Tome 3, Burt Franklin Research & Source Works Series #159, Ayer Publishing, New York. Page 216. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia Pardoe, "The Life of Marie de Medicis", vol. 2, Kessinger Publishing, 2004. Page 53. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. H. (George Herbert) Powell, "Duelling Stories of the Sixteenth Century from the French of Brantôme", a translation of "Discours sur les duels de Brantôme", A. H. Bullen, 1904. Page 117.

description: French lawyer

wikidata_label: Christophe de Thou

wikipedia_title: Christophe de Thou


text:
Lübz
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
East German
high jump
1980 Summer Olympics
SC Traktor Schwerin
Bernd Jahn
Jacek Wszoła
Dietmar Mögenburg
Jörg Freimuth
Henry Lauterbach
world record
Olympic Games
Jacek Wszoła
Poland
decathlete
Neubrandenburg
World Cup
European Championships
Lübstorf-Rugensee
Christine Schima
1982 European Championships

categories: 1959 births,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,East German male high jumpers,East German decathletes,People from Lübz,Former world record holders in athletics (track and field),Olympic athletes of East Germany,Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Gerd Wessig

paragraph: Gerd Wessig (born 16 July 1959 in Lübz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) was an East German high jumper who won the gold medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics, the first man ever to set a world record in the high jump at the Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Wessig, a professional chef, trained with the SC Traktor Schwerin under trainer Bernd Jahn. He attended the John Brinckmann School in Goldberg.

paragraph: Wessig was 2.01 metres tall and, while he was competing, weighed 88 kilograms (6' 7", 194 lbs). Shortly before the 1980 Olympics, he surprisingly became East German champion, setting a new personal best result of 2.30 metres and was subsequently nominated for the East German Olympic team.

paragraph: Section::::1980 Olympics.

paragraph: At the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, the 21-year-old was thus amongst the mild favourites, but the heavy favorite was the defending champion, Jacek Wszoła, of Poland: at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, Wszola had established a new Olympic record of 2.25 metres. Early in the 1980 outdoor season, Wszola set a new world record of 2.35 on Sunday 25 May (in Eberstadt, Germany), and this mark was tied the next day by 18-year-old West German Dietmar Mögenburg, at a competition in Rehlingen, Germany. Because of the western nations' boycott of the Moscow Olympics, Mögenburg did not compete. Of the 16 finalists in the men's high jump (all having qualified with jumps of 2.21 on 31 July), thirteen used the Fosbury Flop style, and three used the classic straddle.

paragraph: Wessig not only out-dueled Wszoła for the gold during the finals on 1 August, the two shattered the 1976 mark several times, with clearances at 2.27, 2.29, and 2.31. Wessig began the competition at 2.15, and was flawless until 2.29, when he needed two attempts. That proved to be the decisive height: of the 7 men who cleared (the, then new Olympic Record of) 2.27, only 4 managed to scale 2.29. Those four, the Polish champion versus the entire East German team of Wessig, 18-year-old sensation Jörg Freimuth, and 22-year-old Henry Lauterbach, would now battle for the medals. With the other three men having all cleared 2.29 on their first attempts, Wessig's first miss at that height dropped him to fourth place, out of the medals. But, he leaped back into first place, all alone, with his first attempt clearance of 2.31.

paragraph: Wessig then out-jumped the Pole at 2.33 to secure the gold medal. Wessig cleared on his second attempt, the Pole just barely brushing the bar off on his third (final) attempt. Wessig continued to jump, alone, setting a new world record with his jump of 2.36 metres. He set the new record on his second attempt, with a sensational clearance. (Wessig's duel with Wszoła can be seen on YouTube, "1980 Moscow Olympics, Mens High Jump".) Wessig, having taken 11 jumps during the competition through 2.36, then took three attempts at 2.38. He thereby became the first high jumper who had managed to improve on the Mens High Jump world record at the Olympic Games. The previous world record holder, Jacek Wszoła from Poland, won the silver medal. Wessig's effort in Moscow was the acme of his career: his world record would stand for three years, and his Olympic record was broken at the 1988 games in Seoul.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After the Olympic Games, Wessig tried his luck as a decathlete (best performance: 8015 points, 23 May 1983 in Neubrandenburg; the equivalent of 7974 points according to the scale introduced in 1985). He turned back to the high jump following frequent injuries. In 1985, he came in second at the World Cup. In 1986, he reached seventh place at the European Championships. He became East German champion again 1988 and 1989.

paragraph: Since the end of his active athletics career, he has been running an enterprise in Lübstorf-Rugensee, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern which sells sport equipment, sport and leisure systems, as well as park and garden systems. He married the long jumper Christine Schima (best performance: 6.96 metres, 1984; seventh place at the 1982 European Championships).

description: East German high jumper

wikidata_label: Gerd Wessig

wikipedia_title: Gerd Wessig


text:
NPR
Gujarat
Patience Higgins
Harlem
Minton's
Lenox Lounge
Harvard College
Brazil
Cecilia Meireles
David McCord
The Nation
Human Rights Watch
Sheila Jordan
New York City Subway
Kennedy Center
Art Basel
Rochester Jazz Festival
San Jose Jazz Festival
Melbourne Jazz Festival
Park Avenue Armory
Blue Note
Joe's Pub
Blue Whale
Vermont Jazz Center
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Rubin Museum of Art
Copenhagen Jazz Festival
Lionel Loueke
Sheila Jordan
Martial Solal
Greg Osby
Steve Wilson
Mulatu Astatke
Downbeat
Herb Alpert Young Jazz Composers Award
Greg Osby
kora
tabla
Park Avenue Armory
NPR
Martial Solal
Sheila Jordan
Jazz Times
Sheila Jordan
Martial Solal

categories: Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),American jazz singers

paragraph: Kavita Shah

paragraph: Kavita Shah is a vocalist and composer from New York, NY. She has been hailed by NPR for possessing an

paragraph: “amazing dexterity with musical languages”.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Shah's family is of Gujarati origin, and her parents are originally from Mumbai, India.

paragraph: Raised in Manhattan, Shah began her musical training in classical piano at age 5. She spent her formative years performing regularly at Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center as a member of the prestigious Young People's Chorus of New York City, with whom she trained in styles ranging from opera to gospel to folk music in more than 20 languages. She traces her commitment to jazz to the childhood influence of uptown saxophonist Patience Higgins, a former neighbor whose band she would later join at Harlem venues including like Minton's and the Lenox Lounge.

paragraph: Shah attended New York City public schools, and became fluent in Spanish at the age of 16 after living with a host family in Ecuador. She went on to major in Latin American Studies at Harvard College, where she also studied Yorùbá and became fluent in Portuguese and French. During her undergraduate years, Shah lived abroad in Perú, China, and Brazil, where she conducted fieldwork on Afro-Brazilian music and politics; her honors thesis "Experiments with Transnationalism: Constructing Diaspora in the bloco-afro Malê Debalê” was awarded the Kenneth D. Maxwell Thesis Prize in Brazilian Studies and the Cultural Agents Thesis Prize. While at Harvard, she also received the Cecilia Meireles Prize and the David McCord

paragraph: Prize.

paragraph: After college, Shah briefly worked at "The Nation" magazine and Human Rights Watch, before a chance meeting with NEA Jazz Master Sheila Jordan on the New York City Subway would steer her toward a career in music. She earned a Master's in Jazz Voice from Manhattan School of Music, where she studied with Theo Bleckmann, Peter Eldridge, Steve Wilson, and Jim McNeely.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Shah has performed at venues and events including the Kennedy Center, Art Basel: Miami, Rochester Jazz Festival, San Jose Jazz Festival, Melbourne Jazz Festival, Park Avenue Armory, Blue Note, Joe's Pub, Blue Whale, Vermont Jazz Center, Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Rubin Museum of Art, and Copenhagen Jazz Festival.

paragraph: She has worked with Lionel Loueke, Sheila Jordan, Martial Solal, François Moutin, Greg Osby, Steve Wilson, Alune Wade (Senegal), and Mulatu Astatke.

paragraph: She was named “Best Graduate Jazz Vocalist” by "Downbeat" in 2012 and won the ASCAP Herb Alpert Young Jazz Composers Award in 2013.

paragraph: Shah's 2014 debut album, "Visions", was produced by Benin-born jazz guitarist Lionel Loueke, and released on saxophonist Greg Osby's record label Inner Circle Music. "Visions" integrates a jazz quintet with the West African kora and Indian tabla, and includes special guests Loueke (guitar, vocals), Steve Wilson (saxophone, flute), and Rogerio Boccato (percussion).

paragraph: In 2017, Shah premiered the contemporary work "Folk Songs of Naboréa: a song-cycle for seven voices” at the Park Avenue Armory. The concert was named by NPR critic Nate Chinen as one of the Top 10 Performances of the year.

paragraph: In 2018, Shah released "Interplay", a bass-and-voice duo album co-led by François Moutin, on Dot Time Records. The album features standards and originals, and includes improvisation; Moutin and Shah are joined on two tracks by pianist Martial Solal and vocalist Sheila Jordan. The "DownBeat" review of the release commented on "Moutin's dark, reedy bass acting like a dance partner to Shah's pliant, flickering vocals, which retain a tonal richness even through passages of extreme agility." Jazz Times also described the album as "a stellar rapport" between the duo who "are fearless in their interpretations".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kavita Shah, "Visions" (Inner Circle Music, 2014), co-produced by Lionel Loueke.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As co-leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Moutin & Kavita Shah, "Interplay" (Dot Time Records, 2018), with special guests Sheila Jordan & Martial Solal.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideperson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miho Hazama m-unit, "Dancer in Nowhere" (Universal Japan, 2018).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jay Sand, "All Around this World: South and Central Asia Vol. 1", produced by Samir Chatterjee (2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fredy Guzmán, "Waijazz", produced by Lionel Loueke (2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steve Newcomb Orchestra, "Caterpillar Chronicles" (Listen Hear, 2012).

description: Indian-American jazz singer

wikidata_label: Kavita Shah

wikipedia_title: Kavita Shah


text:
Bournemouth
Omar
Morris Pleasure
grammy awards
Rihanna
Ronnie Scotts
London Hippodrome
The Jazz Café
Glastonbury Festival
BBC Introducing
Isle of Wight Festival
London Jazz Festival
Kenwood House
the Stylistics
Example
Newham Generals
Ed Sheeran
Jessie J
Anthony David
Roy Ayers
Katy B
Paloma Faith
Mr Hudson
Lianne La Havas
Omar
Alexander O'Neal
Heatwave (band)
Kenny Thomas
En Vogue
Eric Benet
UK Music Video Awards
Caffe Nero
Jack Savoretti
Giggs
Wiley
Gavin James
Marina and The Diamonds
Amazon prime Video
Official site

categories: English female singer-songwriters,Neo soul singers,English soul singers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Louise Golbey

paragraph: Louise Golbey is a British singer, songwriter, and musician.

paragraph: Golbey grew up in a musical family. Her grandfather played classical violin. Her uncle plays piano and her mother sings. Brought up in Bournemouth, she moved back to her home city after university to pursue a music career.

paragraph: Her first album, "Novel" (2015) was mixed and mastered by Drew 'Beats' Horley and included special guests Omar and Morris Pleasure and featured one track produced by grammy awards winning producer Aamir Yaqub Rihanna 's Unapolgetic album.

paragraph: She has played at London venues such as Ronnie Scotts, the London Hippodrome, and The Jazz Café. She has performed in France (Musique Cordiale Festival, Provence) and Germany (Cascadas Bar in Hamburg), at the Glastonbury Festival via BBC Introducing, the Isle of Wight Festival, and the London Jazz Festival. She was the opening act for George Benson at Kenwood House Picnic Concert and supported the Stylistics on their UK tour.

paragraph: She has worked on tracks with Example and Newham Generals and has shared the stage with Ed Sheeran, Jessie J, Anthony David, Roy Ayers, Katy B, Paloma Faith, Mr Hudson, Lianne La Havas, Omar, Alexander O'Neal, Heatwave (band) Kenny Thomas, En Vogue and Eric Benet.

paragraph: Her music video for "How It Is" (which she also recorded in French) was nominated in the UK Music Video Awards. She was chosen as Caffe Nero Artist of the Month following Jack Savoretti.

paragraph: Her latest single 'Different' was co-written with a produced by Dan Dare (aka Slang) who has worked with the likes of Giggs, [Charli XCX]], Wiley, Gavin James and Marina and The Diamonds to name a few.

paragraph: Louise also co-wrote and sang the theme tune for UK comedy series 'Sex, Lattes and Hideous Dates' for Amazon prime Video.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

description: British singer

wikidata_label: Louise Golbey

wikipedia_title: Louise Golbey


text:
Serbian Latin
professional baseball
outfielder
Major League Baseball
Houston Astros
Chicago Cubs
Philadelphia Phillies
Nippon Professional Baseball
Orix Buffaloes
Tulane University
outfield
starting pitcher
Chicago
De La Salle Institute
Green Wave
2005 Conference USA Tournament
2005 MLB Draft
Houston Astros
Arizona Fall League
walk-off home run
St. Louis Cardinals
fastball
Chicago Cubs
Dave Sappelt
Iowa Cubs
Ryan Sweeney
Junior Lake
David DeJesus
Darnell McDonald
Miami Marlins
Justin Ruggiano
Philadelphia Phillies
Orix Buffaloes
Nippon Professional Baseball
Boston Red Sox
Pawtucket Red Sox
Brian Bogusevic
Brian Bogusevic
Brian Bogusevic

categories: Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States,Baseball pitchers,Houston Astros players,Arizona League Cubs players,American expatriate baseball players in Japan,People from Palos Heights, Illinois,Salem Avalanche players,Scottsdale Scorpions players,People from Oak Lawn, Illinois,Indios de Mayagüez players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Major League Baseball outfielders,De La Salle Institute alumni,Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games,Toros del Este players,New Orleans Zephyrs players,American people of Serbian descent,Oklahoma City RedHawks players,Pawtucket Red Sox players,Lexington Legends players,Corpus Christi Hooks players,Águilas Cibaeñas players,Chicago Cubs players,1984 births,Sportspeople from Chicago,Iowa Cubs players,Living people,Pan American Games medalists in baseball,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Baseball players from Illinois,Gulf Coast Marlins players,Tulane Green Wave baseball players,Tri-City ValleyCats players,Round Rock Express players

paragraph: Brian Bogusevic

paragraph: Brian Thomas Bogusevic (Serbian Latin: Brian Bogušević; born February 18, 1984) is an American/Serbian professional baseball outfielder and broadcaster. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Chicago Cubs, and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Orix Buffaloes.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Bogusevic was a two-way star player for Tulane University, playing in the outfield and also used as a starting pitcher. He was also a two-way player in high school, a three-year letterman at Chicago's De La Salle Institute for coach Brad Esposito pitching and playing outfield. While playing for the Green Wave, he was named to the All-Tournament Team in the 2005 Conference USA Tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Astros.

paragraph: He was drafted 24th overall in the 2005 MLB Draft by the Houston Astros as a starting pitcher. He remained a pitcher in the Houston Astros organization until mid- before converting to an outfielder. In 2008, he was selected to play in the Arizona Fall League as an outfielder.

paragraph: On August 16, 2011, he became the 26th player in Major League History to hit an "ultimate grand slam," a pinch-hit walk-off home run which won the game by one run.

paragraph: Bogusevic reprised his old pitching role for one game in 2012, a June 7 relief appearance against the St. Louis Cardinals. Entering a 12–2 blowout, Bogusevic pitched the 9th inning and surrendered two runs. He featured a 90 mph fastball.

paragraph: On November 3, Bogusevic elected to become a free agent after being outrighted off the 40-man roster.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: On November 21, 2012, Bogusevic signed a minor league deal with the Chicago Cubs. He was allocated to the minors on March 22, 2013, in spite of hitting .410 in spring training. The fifth outfielder was Dave Sappelt, who won the job because of his platooning ability. He was the Iowa Cubs Opening Day first baseman and went 3-5 with an RBI and a run in his debut. Through April, he was hitting .420 with 10 RBI and 16 runs. Through May he was hitting .367 with 5 HR, 20 RBI and 32 runs. On June 25, Bogusevic was called up by Chicago. At the time, Bogusevic was hitting .319 with 10 HR, 32 RBI and 50 runs in 78 games with Iowa. He made his Chicago debut on June 26, going 2-4 with a walk. When Ryan Sweeney went on the disabled list with fracture ribs, Bogusevic took over in center field. However, on July 14, Bogusevic suffered an injury of his own, and was replaced by Junior Lake. After rehabbing in Arizona, Bogusevic returned on August 19, replacing the recently traded David DeJesus. Bogusevic was splitting time with Darnell McDonald in left field with Lake in center field, but when Sweeney returned on September 1, he pushed Lake to left field, and Lake and Bogusevic split time there. In 47 games with Chicago, Bogusevic hit .273 with 6 HR, 16 RBI and 18 runs.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Marlins.

paragraph: On December 12, 2013, the Cubs traded Bogusevic to the Miami Marlins for outfielder Justin Ruggiano. He was designated for assignment on March 30, 2014. Bogusevic elected free agency in October 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On November 1, 2014 Bogusevic signed a minor-league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He split between the 2015 season between the AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs and the Phillies. Bogusevic hit .296 with 12 HR and 57 RBI for Lehigh Valley in 118 games, and .259 with 2 HR and 5 RBI for Philadelphia in 22 games. After being outrighted off the Phillies' 40-man roster, he became a free agent in October 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Orix Buffaloes.

paragraph: Bogusevic signed with the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2016 season. He appeared in 60 games for the Buffaloes in 2016, and hit .187 with three home runs and 18 RBI.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: On January 7, 2017, Bogusevic returned to the MLB by signing a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox that included an invitation to spring training. Bogusevic hit .278/.331/.467 with 12 home runs and 40 RBI for the Pawtucket Red Sox, the Red Sox Triple A team. Bogusevic did not appear in a big league game in 2017. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Apparent Retirement and Broadcasting Career.

paragraph: On April 14, 2019, he was a substitute postgame anchor for the Astros.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Bogusevic at Astros Daily

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Bogusevic Milb.com Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Bogusevic Tulane Player Page

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Brian Bogusevic

wikipedia_title: Brian Bogusevic


text:
Duke of the Archipelago
Francesco I Crispo
Fiorenza I Sanudo, Lady of Milos
John II
William II
Gaspare Sommaripa
Maria Sanudo
William Miller
Ferrara
Pope Martin V
Mantua
Corinth
Byzantine Empire
Knights of St. John
Salic Law
John II Crispo

categories: 15th-century rulers in Europe,14th-century rulers in Europe,1418 deaths,15th-century Italian people,1383 births,House of Crispo,Dukes of the Archipelago,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Giacomo I Crispo

paragraph: Giacomo I Crispo (or "Jacopo") (1383–1418) was the eleventh Duke of the Archipelago, etc., from 1397 to 1418, son of the tenth Duke Francesco I Crispo and wife Fiorenza I Sanudo, Lady of Milos, and brother of John II and William II.

paragraph: He married his cousin Fiorenza Sommaripa, daughter of Gaspare Sommaripa, and wife Maria Sanudo.

paragraph: According to William Miller, Giacomo died of the flux at Ferrara while travelling to meet Pope Martin V at Mantua. He had involved in arranging the retrocession of Corinth to the Byzantine Empire by the Knights of St. John prior to his death. In his will, Giacomo introduced the Salic Law to the Duchy by excluding his daughter from succession and made his brother John II Crispo his heir and successor.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Giacomo I Crispo

wikipedia_title: Giacomo I Crispo


text: Madrid

text: Honduras

text: Texas

text: Honduras

text: John William, Baron Ripperda

text: Ripperda

text: Prime Minister

text: Spain

text: Madrid

text: Texas

text: Mexico City

text: San Antonio

text: San Antonio

text: San Augustine

text: Viceroy

text: Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa

text: Hugo Oconór

categories: 1770s in Mexico,Governors of Honduras,Politicians from Madrid,Governors of Spanish Texas,1780 deaths,1725 births,Spanish colonial governors and administrators

paragraph: Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá

paragraph: Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá, Baron de Ripperdá (Madrid, 1 September 1725 - Honduras, 21 October 1780) was the Spanish governor of Texas and Honduras.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the son of Dutch political adventurer John William, Baron Ripperda and doña Francisca de Xarava del Castillo. His father was a scion of the ancient Dutch noble house of Ripperda, who became Duke of Ripperda and Prime Minister of Spain but was forced to flee the country following a scandal. Don Juan María Vicencio was subsequently raised in Madrid by his mother and her relatives, a devoutly Catholic, aristocratic Spanish family.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Baron de Ripperdá started his military career in 1743 and rose to become a colonel in 1761. In 1769, he was appointed governor of Texas by the King of Spain and set sail for Mexico. During his stay in Mexico City he met and married (22 October) doña Mariana Gómez de Parada Gallo y Villavicencio.

paragraph: From February 1770, he lived in San Antonio with his wife and six children. Anticipating the impending reforms, he had made his headquarters in San Antonio rather than Los Adaes (now San Augustine).

paragraph: De Ripperdá's chief concern was the Apaches. He had to use threats to keep citizens from abandoning San Antonio from fear of marauders. He called for reinforcements from other presidios, which incurred the wrath of the missionaries saying he was risking ruin to the mission system. Then, fears of an imminent English attack swept over the province.

paragraph: His tenure as Governor was beset by political in-fighting and constant attempts to undermine his position. As such, he found himself besieged from two directions: Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa in Mexico City, and his predecessor and now commandant-inspector Hugo Oconór.

paragraph: In 1772, the capital of Spanish Texas was officially moved to San Antonio. The next year, orders came to De Ripperdá to remove the East Texan establishments back into the interior, now that there was no frontier to guard following the cession of Louisiana to Spain. However, to many of the Spanish of East Texas, Los Adaes was the only home most of them know, and many had married into French families.

paragraph: De Ripperdá travelled to Los Adaes hoping he could prevent the abandonment but Oconór opposed him and he went away in deep disappointment. Over the next days, the planned expulsion of the Adaesians was put into practice, and many consequently died from hardship. Their leader, Antonio Gil Ybarbo, went to Mexico City in order to petition the Viceroy to allow them to return to their homes. Only after six years of wandering were they allowed to return as close as Nacogdoches, where they made a permanent settlement, thus ending one of Texas' most tragic dramas.

paragraph: One encouraging event in De Ripperdá's administration was the aid of Athanase de Mezieres in bringing the northern tribes under control. However, Oconór beclouded even this by casting suspicion on the work and belittling it, wrongly saying Ripperda favoured Frenchmen and engaged in illicit trade. As a result, the Viceroy ultimately forbade De Ripperdá all communication with Louisiana and removed him from office for non-compliance in 1778.

paragraph: Although he had already appointed Governor of Honduras in 1776, De Ripperdá and his family remained in Texas until 1778. Known as a true aristocrat and inveterate snob, he was nevertheless much respected and became known as one of the most popular Spanish Governors. On 28 June 1779, the King promoted him to the rank of brigadier-general.

paragraph: Baron de Ripperdá died a disillusioned man.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert Eugene Bolton, "Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1915; rpt., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fritz Leo Hoffman, "The First Three Years of the Administration of Juan María, Barón de Ripperdá, Governor of Texas, 1770-1778" (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Agustín Morfi, "History of Texas, 1673-1779" (2 vols., Albuquerque: Quivira Society, 1935; rpt., New York: Arno, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert S. Weddle and Robert H. Thonhoff, "Drama and Conflict: The Texas Saga of 1776" (Austin: Madrona, 1976)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert H. Thonhoff, art. RIPPERDÁ, JUAN MARÍA VICENCIO, BARÓN DE, in "The Handbook of Texas Online" (2008).

description: Spanish governor of Texas

wikidata_label: Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá

wikipedia_title: Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá


text:
Duke of the Archipelago
John II Crispo
Francesca Morosini
Patrizia
Veneta
Dorino I of Lesbos
Doria
Dorino II of Ainos
Gian Giacomo Crispo

categories: 1426 births,15th-century Italian people,1447 deaths,House of Crispo,Dukes of the Archipelago

paragraph: Giacomo II Crispo

paragraph: Giacomo II Crispo (or Jacopo) (1426–1447) was the thirteenth Duke of the Archipelago, etc., from 1433 to 1447.

paragraph: He was the son of twelfth Duke John II Crispo and "Nobil Donna" Francesca Morosini, Patrizia Veneta. He was a minor when he succeeded to the throne, and during his minority, the Duchy was ruled by his mother Francesca, described as a "masterful woman", who continued to influence in the affairs of state during the reign of her son and grandson until the accession of William II to the throne in 1453.

paragraph: The reign of Giacomo II was reportedly a peaceful and prosperous one, as the Ottomans were occupied in Hungary, and Venice included the Duchy in their protection in their peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1446.

paragraph: He married in 1444 Ginevra Gattilusio, daughter of Dorino I of Lesbos, and wife Orietta Doria, and had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabetta Crispo (1445–14??), married in 1454 Dorino II of Ainos, without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gian Giacomo Crispo

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Giacomo II Crispo

wikipedia_title: Giacomo II Crispo


text:
Armenia
Andre
Tata Simonyan
Eva Rivas
Inga and Anush Arshakyans
Armenia 1
Apricot Stone
Eurovision Song Contest
Armenia
From Ararat to Zion
Edgar Baghdasaryan
Aidan Quinn
Michael Poghosyan
Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory

categories: 1972 births,People from Yerevan,Armenian record producers,Armenian musicians,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Ara Torosyan

paragraph: Ara Torosyan (born May 10, 1972), known in the Armenian music industry by his pen name "Murzo", is a music arranger and record producer. He is widely recognized to be one of the best music arrangers in his native country of Armenia. Torosyan arranged music and produced records for Andre, Tata Simonyan, Eva Rivas, as well as Armenian folk music stars Inga and Anush Arshakyans. He is a permanent member of the jury panel for the hit music television show Two Stars aired on Armenia 1 сhannel. Torosyan arranged and produced Eva Rivas's song "Apricot Stone", which was the Armenian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 held in Oslo, Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Ara Torosyan received the following national awards in Armenia:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Tashir Music Award in the Best Musical Producer of the Year Category

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Voske Qnar recognizing his "Contributions to the Popularization of the Armenian National Music"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Armenian Music Award (USA) for The Best Instrumental Album category

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Armenia National Music Award in the Best Arranger of the Year Category

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Sayat-Nova National Contest

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Krounk Award in the Best Arranger of the Year Category

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 Asoup in the Best Arranger of the Year Category

paragraph: Section::::Film Credits.

paragraph: Torosyan arranged music and produced soundtracks for the following feature and documentary films:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documentary Film "From Ararat to Zion", a film directed by Edgar Baghdasaryan, and narrated by Aidan Quinn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feature Film "Yerevan Jan", directed by Michael Poghosyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feature Film "Unwritten Law", directed by Gor Vadanyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feature Film "Yerevan Blues", directed by Michael Poghosyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feature Film "Mariam", directed by Edgar Baghdasaryan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documentary Film "The Land of Holy Rites", directed by Edgar Baghdasaryan

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Ara Torosyan is a graduate of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory.

description: Armenian record producer

wikidata_label: Ara Torosyan

wikipedia_title: Ara Torosyan