text: Don

text: Mexican

text: Roman Catholic

text: Mexican War of Independence

text: Valladolid

text: Colima

text: Dolores, Dias

text: New Spain

text: The Cry of Dolores

text: Fernando VII

text: Peninsulares

text: Criollo

text: Battle of Calderón Bridge

text: Don

text: Doña

text: criollo

text: Valladolid

text: Michoacán

text: Charles III of Spain

text: Morelia

text: Michoacán

text: Jesuits

text: Colegio de San Nicolás

text: Latin

text: rhetoric

text: logic

text: Nahuatl

text: Otomi

text: Purépecha

text: the Enlightenment

text: Morelia

text: Colima

text: San Felipe Torres Mochas

text: the virgin birth

text: celibacy

text: Inquisition

text: mestizo

text: grape cultivation

text: silkworms

text: beekeeping

text: casta

text: Ignacio Allende

text: Mariano Abasolo

text: Mass

text: Grito de Dolores

text: Bajío

text: Atotonilco

text: San Miguel de Allende

text: Celaya

text: Salamanca

text: Irapuato

text: Silao

text: Guanajuato

text: Valladolid, Michoacán

text: Valley of Toluca

text: Valley of Mexico

text: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe

text: Atotonilco

text: Virgin

text: Alhóndiga de Granaditas

text: Acámbaro

text: generalissimo

text: baldric

text: gachupines

text: Manuel Abad y Queipo

text: excommunication

text: apostate

text: heretic

text: canon

text: Michoacán

text: Battle of Monte de las Cruces

text: Viceroy

text: Francisco Venegas

text: Cuajimalpa

text: Felix Calleja

text: end slavery

text: Guadalajara

text: Calderon Bridge

text: Aguascalientes

text: Zacatecas

text: Saltillo

text: Ignacio Elizondo

text: Wells of Baján

text: Chihuahua

text: Durango

text: defrocking

text: firing squad

text: stated

text: José Mariano Jiménez

text: Alhóndiga de Granaditas

text: Guanajuato

text: Mexican War of Independence

text: Church of St Francis

text: Chihuahua

text: Félix Calleja

text: José María Morelos Pérez y Pavón

text: Father of the Nation

text: Agustin de Iturbide

text: Diego Rivera

text: José Clemente Orozco

text: David Alfaro Siqueiros

text: Hidalgo

text: National Palace

text: Hidalgo County, Texas

text: Angel of Independence

text: Catholic Church in Mexico

text: 944 Hidalgo

categories: 1753 births,People from Pénjamo,Armed priests,19th century in Mexico,Colonial Mexico,Mexican rebels,People executed by Spain by firing squad,People of the Mexican War of Independence,People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,Executed Mexican people,Mexican revolutionaries,People executed by New Spain,1811 deaths,Mexican Roman Catholic priests,Generalissimos,Military history of Mexico,Mexican people of Spanish descent,Executed priests,Independence activists

paragraph: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

paragraph: Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Francisco Ignacio Hidalgo-Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor (8 May 1753  – 30 July 1811), more commonly known as "Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla" or simply "Miguel Hidalgo" (), was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.

paragraph: He was a professor at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid and was ousted in 1792. He served in a church in Colima and then in Dolores, Dias. After his arrival, he was shocked by the rich soil he had found. He tried to help the poor by showing them how to grow olives and grapes, but in New Spain (modern Mexico) growing these crops was discouraged or prohibited by the authorities due to Spanish imports of the items. In 1810 he gave the famous speech, "The Cry of Dolores", calling upon the people to protect the interest of their King Fernando VII (held captive by Napoleon) by revolting against the European-born Spaniards who had overthrown the Spanish Viceroy.

paragraph: He marched across Mexico and gathered an army of nearly 90,000 poor farmers and Mexican civilians who attacked and killed both Spanish Peninsulares and Criollo elites, even though Hidalgo's troops lacked training and were poorly armed. These troops ran into an army of 6,000 well-trained and armed Spanish troops; most of Hidalgo's troops fled or were killed at the Battle of Calderón Bridge. After the battle, Hidalgo and his remaining troops fled north, but Hidalgo was betrayed, captured and executed.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Hidalgo was the second-born child of Don Cristóbal Hidalgo y Costilla and Doña Ana María Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor. Hidalgo was born a criollo. Both of Hidalgo's parents were descended from well-respected families within the criollo community. Hidalgo's father was an hacienda manager in Valladolid, Michoacán, where Hidalgo spent the majority of his life. Eight days after his birth, Hidalgo was baptized into the Roman Catholic faith in the parish church of Cuitzeo de los Naranjos. Hidalgo's parents had three other sons; José Joaquín, Manuel Mariano, and José María, before their mother died when Hildalgo was nine years old. A step brother named Mariano was born later.

paragraph: In 1759, Charles III of Spain ascended to the throne of Spain; he soon sent out a visitor-general with the power to investigate and reform all parts of colonial government. During this period, Don Cristóbal was determined that Miguel and his younger brother Joaquín should both enter the priesthood and hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church. Being of significant means he paid for all of his sons to receive the best education the region had to offer. After receiving private instruction, likely from the priest of the neighboring parish, Hidalgo was ready for further education.

paragraph: Section::::Education, ordination, and early career.

paragraph: At the age of fifteen Hidalgo was sent to Valladolid (now Morelia), Michoacán to study at the Colegio de San Francisco Javier with the Jesuits, along with his brothers. When the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767, he entered the Colegio de San Nicolás, where he studied for the priesthood.

paragraph: He completed his preparatory education in 1770. After this, he went to the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico in Mexico City for further study, earning his degree in philosophy and theology in 1773. His education for the priesthood was traditional, with subjects in Latin, rhetoric and logic. Like many priests in Mexico, he learned some Indian languages, such as Nahuatl, Otomi and Purépecha. He also studied Italian and French, which were not commonly studied in Mexico at this time. He earned the nickname "El Zorro" ("The Fox") for his reputation for cleverness at school. Hidalgo's study of French allowed him to read and study works of the Enlightenment current in Europe but, at the same time, forbidden by the Catholic church in Mexico.

paragraph: Hidalgo was ordained as a priest in 1778 when he was 25 years old. From 1779 to 1792, he dedicated himself to teaching at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid (now Morelia); it was "one of the most important educational centers of the viceroyalty." He was a professor of Latin grammar and arts, as well as a theology professor. Beginning in 1787, he was named treasurer, vice-rector and secretary, becoming dean of the school in 1790 when he was 39. As rector, Hidalgo continued studying the liberal ideas that were coming from France and other parts of Europe. Authorities ousted him in 1792 for revising traditional teaching methods there, but also for "irregular handling of some funds." The Church sent him to work at the parishes of Colima and San Felipe Torres Mochas until he became the parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato, succeeding José Joaquín a few weeks after his brother died on 19 September 1802.

paragraph: Although Hidalgo had a traditional education for the priesthood, as an educator at the Colegio de San Nicolás, he had innovated in teaching methods and curriculum. In his personal life, he did not advocate or live the way expected of 18th-century Mexican priests. Instead, his studies of Enlightenment-era ideas caused him to challenge traditional political and religious views. He questioned the absolute authority of the Spanish king and challenged numerous ideas presented by the Church, including the power of the popes, the virgin birth, and clerical celibacy. As a secular cleric, he was not bound by a vow of poverty, so he, like many other secular priests, pursued business activities, including owning three haciendas; but contrary to his vow of chastity, he formed liaisons with women. One was with Manuela Ramos Pichardo, with whom he had two children, as well as a child with Bibiana Lucero. He later lived with a woman named María Manuela Herrera, fathering two daughters out of wedlock with her, and later fathered three other children with a woman named Josefa Quintana.

paragraph: These actions resulted in his appearance before the Court of the Inquisition, although the court did not find him guilty. Hidalgo was egalitarian. As parish priest in both San Felipe and Dolores, he opened his house to Indians and mestizos as well as creoles.

paragraph: Section::::Parish priest in Dolores.

paragraph: In 1803, aged 50, he arrived in Dolores accompanied by his family that included a younger brother, a cousin, two half sisters, as well as María and their two children. He obtained this parish in spite of his hearing before the Inquisition, which did not stop his secular practices.

paragraph: After Hidalgo settled in Dolores, he turned over most of the clerical duties to one of his vicars, Fr. Francisco Iglesias, and devoted himself almost exclusively to commerce, intellectual pursuits and humanitarian activity. He spent much of his time studying literature, scientific works, grape cultivation, and the raising of silkworms. He used the knowledge that he gained to promote economic activities for the poor and rural people in his area. He established factories to make bricks and pottery and trained indigenous people in the making of leather. He promoted beekeeping. He was interested in promoting activities of commercial value to use the natural resources of the area to help the poor. His goal was to make the Indians and mestizos more self-reliant and less dependent on Spanish economic policies. However, these activities violated policies designed to protect agriculture and industry in Spain, and Hidalgo was ordered to stop them. These policies as well as exploitation of mixed race castas fostered resentment in Hidalgo of the Peninsular-born Spaniards in Mexico.

paragraph: In addition to restricting economic activities in Mexico, Spanish mercantile practices caused misery for the native peoples. A drought in 1807–1808 caused a famine in the Dolores area, and, rather than releasing stored grain to market, Spanish merchants chose instead to block its release, speculating on yet higher prices. Hidalgo lobbied against these practices.

paragraph: Section::::""Grito de Dolores"" or "Cry of Dolores".

paragraph: Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio, as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo, to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release prison inmates in Dolores on the night of 15 September 1810. They managed to set eighty free. On the morning of 16 September 1810, Hidalgo called Mass, which was attended by about 300 people, including hacienda owners, local politicians and Spaniards. There he gave what is now known as the "Grito de Dolores" (Cry of Dolores), calling the people of his parish to leave their homes and join with him in a rebellion against the current government, in the name of their King.

paragraph: Hidalgo's "Grito" did not condemn the notion of monarchy or criticize the current social order in detail, but his opposition to the events in Spain and the current viceregal government was clearly expressed in his reference to bad government. The "Grito" also emphasized loyalty to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Creoles and Peninsulares could sympathize.

paragraph: Section::::Hidalgo's army – from Celaya to Monte de las Cruces.

paragraph: Hidalgo was met with an outpouring of support. Intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people followed Hidalgo with a great deal of enthusiasm. Hidalgo permitted Indians and mestizos to join his war in such numbers that the original motives of the Querétaro group were obscured. Allende was Hidalgo's co-conspirator in Querétaro and remained more loyal to the Querétaro group's original, more creole objectives. However, Hidalgo's actions and the people's response, meant he would lead and not Allende. Allende had acquired military training when Mexico established a colonial militia; Hidalgo had no military training at all. The people who followed Hidalgo also had no military training, experience or equipment. Many of these people were poor who were angry after many years of hunger and oppression. Consequently, Hidalgo was the leader of undisciplined rebels.

paragraph: Hidalgo's leadership gave the insurgent movement a supernatural aspect. Many villagers that joined the insurgent army came to believe that Fernando VII himself commanded their loyalty to Hidalgo and the monarch was in New Spain personally directing the rebellion against his own government. They believed that the king commanded the extermination of all peninsular Spaniards and the division of their property among the masses. Historian Eric Van Young believes that such ideas gave the movement supernatural and religious legitimacy that went as far as messianic expectation.

paragraph: Hidalgo and Allende left Dolores with about 800 men, half of whom were on horseback. They marched through the Bajío area, through Atotonilco, San Miguel el Grande (present-day San Miguel de Allende), Chamucuero, Celaya, Salamanca, Irapuato and Silao, to Guanajuato. From Guanajuato, Hidalgo directed his troops to Valladolid, Michoacán. They remained here for a while and then decided to march towards Mexico City. From Valladolid, they marched through the State of Mexico, through the cities of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, Toluca coming as close to Mexico City as the Monte de las Cruces, between the Valley of Toluca and the Valley of Mexico.

paragraph: Through sheer numbers, Hidalgo's army had some early victories. Hidalgo first went through the economically important and densely populated province of Guanajuato. One of the first stops was at the Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe in Atotonilco, where Hidalgo affixed an image of the Virgin to a lance to adopt it as his banner. He inscribed the following slogans to his troops’ flags: ""Long live religion! Long live our most Holy Mother of Guadalupe! Long live America and death to bad government!"" For the insurgents as a whole, the Virgin represented an intense and highly localized religious sensibility, invoked more to identify allies rather than create ideological alliances or a sense of nationalism.

paragraph: The extent and the intensity of the movement took viceregal authorities by surprise. San Miguel and Celaya were captured with little resistance. On 21 September 1810, Hidalgo was proclaimed general and supreme commander after arriving to Celaya. At this point, Hidalgo's army numbered about 5,000. However, because of the lack of military discipline, the insurgents soon fell into robbing, looting and ransacking the towns they were capturing. They began to execute prisoners as well. This caused friction between Allende and Hidalgo as early as the capture of San Miguel in late September 1810. When a mob ran through this town, Allende tried to break up the violence by striking at the insurgents with the flat of his sword. This brought a rebuke from Hidalgo, accusing Allende of mistreating the people.

paragraph: On 28 September 1810, Hidalgo arrived at the city of Guanajuato with rebels, who were, for the most part, armed with sticks, stones, and machetes. The town's Spanish and Creole populations took refuge in the heavily fortified Alhóndiga de Granaditas granary defended by Quartermaster Riaños. The insurgents overwhelmed the defenses after two days and killed everyone inside, an estimated 400 - 600 men, women and children. Allende strongly protested these events and while Hidalgo agreed that they were heinous, he also stated that he understood the historical patterns that shaped such responses. The mass's violence as well as Hidalgo's inability or unwillingness to suppress it caused the creoles and peninsulares to ally against the insurgents out of fear. This also caused Hidalgo to lose any support from liberal creoles he might have otherwise have attained.

paragraph: From Guanajuato, Hidalgo set off for Valladolid on 10 October 1810 with 15,000 men. When he arrived at Acámbaro, he was promoted to generalissimo and given the title of His Most Serene Highness, with power to legislate. With his new rank he had a blue uniform with a clerical collar and red lapels meticulously embroidered with silver and gold. This uniform also included a black baldric that was also embroidered with gold. There was also a large image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in gold on his chest.

paragraph: Hidalgo and his forces took Valladolid with little opposition on 17 October 1810. Here, Hidalgo issued proclamations against the peninsulares, whom he accused of arrogance and despotism, as well as enslaving those in the Americas for almost 300 years. Hidalgo argued that the objective of the war was "to send the gachupines back to the motherland" because their greed and tyranny lead to the temporal and spiritual degradation of the Mexicans. Hidalgo forced the Bishop-elect of Michoacan, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on 24 September 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on 13 October 1810 condemning Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

paragraph: The insurgents stayed in the city for some days preparing to march to the capital of New Spain, Mexico City. The canon of the cathedral went unarmed to meet Hidalgo and got him to promise that the atrocities of San Miguel, Celaya and Guanajuato would not be repeated in Valladolid. The canon was partially effective. Wholesale destruction of the city was not repeated. However, Hidalgo was furious when he found the cathedral locked to him. So he jailed all the Spaniards, replaced city officials with his own and looted the city treasury before marching off toward Mexico City. On 19 October, Hidalgo left Valladolid for Mexico City after taking 400,000 pesos from the cathedral to pay expenses.

paragraph: Hidalgo and his troops left the state of Michoacán and marched through the towns of Maravatio, Ixtlahuaca, and Toluca before stopping in the forested mountain area of Monte de las Cruces. Here, insurgent forces engaged Torcuato Trujillo's royalist forces. Hidalgo's troops forced the royalist troops to retreat, but the insurgents suffered heavy casualties for their efforts, as they had when they engaged trained royalist soldiers in Guanajuato.

paragraph: Section::::Retreat from Mexico City.

paragraph: After the Battle of Monte de las Cruces on 30 October 1810, Hidalgo still had some 100,000 insurgents and was in a strategic position to attack Mexico City. Numerically, his forces outnumbered royalist forces. The royalist government in Mexico City, under the leadership of Viceroy Francisco Venegas prepared psychological and military defenses. An intensive propaganda campaign had advertised the insurgent violence in the Bajío area and stressed the insurgents' threat against social stability. Hidalgo found the sedentary Indians and castes of the Valley of Mexico as much opposed to the insurgents as were the creoles and Spaniards.

paragraph: Hidalgo's forces came as close as what is now the Cuajimalpa borough of Mexico City. Allende wanted to press forward and attack the capital, but Hidalgo disagreed. Hidalgo's reasoning for this decision is unclear and has been debated by historians. One probable factor was that Hidalgo's men were undisciplined and unruly and had suffered heavy losses whenever they encountered trained troops. As the capital was guarded by some of the best-trained soldiers in New Spain, Hidalgo might have feared a bloodbath. Hidalgo instead decided to turn away from Mexico City and move to the north through Toluca and Ixtlahuaca with a destination of Guadalajara.

paragraph: After turning back, insurgents began to desert. By the time he got to Aculco, just north of Toluca, his army had shrunk to 40,000 men. General Felix Calleja attacked Hidalgo's forces, defeating them on 7 November 1810. Allende decided to take the troops under his command to Guanajuato, instead of Guadalajara. Hidalgo arrived in Guadalajara on 26 November with more than 7,000 poorly armed men. He initially occupied the city with lower-class support because Hidalgo promised to end slavery, tribute payment and taxes on alcohol and tobacco products.

paragraph: Hidalgo established an alternative government in Guadalajara with himself at the head and then appointed two ministers. On 6 December 1810, Hidalgo issued a decree abolishing slavery, threatening those who did not comply with death. He abolished tribute payments that the Indians had to pay to their creole and peninsular lords. He ordered the publication of a newspaper called "Despertador Americano" ("American Wake Up Call"). He named Pascacio Ortiz de Letona as representative of the insurgent government and sent him to the United States to seek support there, but Ortiz de Letona was apprehended by the Spanish army en route to Philadelphia and promptly executed.

paragraph: During this time, insurgent violence mounted in Guadalajara. Citizens loyal to the viceregal government were seized and executed. While indiscriminate looting was avoided, the insurgents targeted the property of creoles and Spaniards, regardless of political affiliation. In the meantime, the royalist army had retaken Guanajuato, forcing Allende to flee to Guadalajara. After he arrived to the city, Allende again objected to Hidalgo concerning the insurgent violence. However, Hidalgo knew the royalist army was on its way to Guadalajara and wanted to stay on good terms with his own army.

paragraph: After Guanajuato had been retaken by royalist forces, Bishop Manuel Abad y Queipo excommunicated Hidalgo and those following or helping him on 24 December 1810. Bishop Abad y Queipo had formerly been a friend of Hidalgo and also worked for the welfare of the people, but the bishop was adamantly opposed to Hidalgo's tactics and the resultant disruptions, alleged "sacrileges" and purported ill-treatment of priests. The Inquisition pronounced an edict against him with charges including denying that God punishes sins in this world, doubting the authenticity of the Bible, denouncing the popes and Church government, allowing Jews not to convert to Christianity, denying the perpetual virginity of Mary, preaching that there was no hell, and adopting Lutheran doctrine with regard to the Eucharist. Fearful of losing the support of his army, Hidalgo responded that he had never departed from Church doctrine in the slightest degree.

paragraph: Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men. Allende and Abasolo wanted to concentrate their forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this. Their second choice then was to make a stand at the Calderon Bridge ("Puente de Calderon") just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000 men and 95 cannons, but the better trained royalists decisively defeated the insurgent army, forcing Hidalgo to flee towards Aguascalientes. At Hacienda de Pabellón, on 25 January 1811, near Aguascalientes, Allende and other insurgent leaders took military command away from Hidalgo, blaming him for their defeats. Hidalgo remained as head politically but with military command going to Allende.

paragraph: What was left of the insurgent Army of the Americas moved north towards Zacatecas and Saltillo with the goal of making connections with those in the United States for support. Hidalgo made it to Saltillo, where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by General José de la Cruz in the name of Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, they were betrayed and captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján ("Norias de Baján") on 21 March 1811 and taken to Chihuahua.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: Hidalgo was turned over to the bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on 27 July 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed. There are many theories about how he was executed, the most famous that he was killed by firing squad in the morning of 30 July and then decapitated. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, two soldiers, Ortega and Melchor, for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo stated "Though I may die, I shall be remembered forever; you all will soon be forgotten." His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display in the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison and then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains were transferred to Mexico City in 1824.

paragraph: Hidalgo's death resulted in a political vacuum on the insurgent side until 1812. The royalist military commander, General Félix Calleja, continued to pursue rebel troops. Insurgent fighting evolved into guerrilla warfare, and eventually the next major insurgent leader, José María Morelos Pérez y Pavón, who had led rebel movements with Hidalgo, became head of the insurgents, until Morelos himself was captured and shot in 1815.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla had the unique distinction of being a father in three senses of the word: a priestly father in the Roman Catholic Church, a biological father who produced illegitimate children in violation of his clerical vows, and the father of his country." He has been hailed as the "Father of the Nation" even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between 16 September, the day of Hidalgo's Grito and 27 September, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war.

paragraph: Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, and 16 September 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas McGinty University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. He is the namesake of Hidalgo County, Texas.

paragraph: The remains of Hidalgo lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.

paragraph: His birthday is a civic holiday in Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minor planet 944 Hidalgo, named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" ("2010 film")

wikidata_label: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

wikipedia_title: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla


text:
Agron
Ardiaei
Illyria
Triteuta
Ardiaean kingdom
Queen Teuta
Adriatic
Ionian
Greece
Rome
Magna Graecia
First Illyrian War
Demetrius of Pharos
Hvar
Triteuta
Macedon
Second Roman-Illyrian War
Macedon
Polybius
Appian
Cassius Dio
Illyrian warfare
List of rulers of Illyria

categories: Illyrian royalty,217 BC deaths,230s BC births

paragraph: Pinnes (Ardiaean)

paragraph: Pinnes (; also Pinnius; c. 230 – 217 BC) was the son of Agron, king of the Ardiaei in Illyria, and Agron's first wife Triteuta. He officially succeeded his father as king in 230 BC, but the Ardiaean kingdom was ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pinnes was only a young boy when his father died in 230 BC, and his stepmother Teuta assumed "de facto" control. Local chiefs demanded greater power and autonomy for their regions and Teuta, who feared losing her status, appeased the aggressors. This act was seen as a sign of weakness and no ship in the Adriatic and Ionian sea was safe from Illyrian pirates who raided regardless of a ship's country or the damage it would do to Illyria's foreign relations.

paragraph: Greece was the most affected by this new danger as their economy depended on the seas. Rome, wanting to protect trade routes between Magna Graecia and Greece, sent delegates to mediate the situation, but war broke out due to a disagreement between Teuta and Rome's ambassadors. She ordered the assassinations of the delegates and sparked the First Illyrian War in 229 BC. Teuta surrendered and accepted Rome's peace terms which included her abdication and the reinstatement of Pinnes.

paragraph: Pinnes once again lost his throne when, Demetrius of Pharos (Pharos is today the island of Hvar) married Triteuta and declared himself king. Demetrius ignored the treaty with Rome and allied Illyria with Rome's long term enemy Macedon. The Second Roman-Illyrian War began in 219 BC when a Roman army was sent to Illyria. Demetrius fled to Macedon and Pinnes finally became king, though his sudden death in 217 BC at the age of 15 was ironic since he never actually ruled.

paragraph: Pinnes is not even mentioned by Polybius, though Appian and Cassius Dio refer to him as the legitimate heir. Appian writes that Pinnes asked for the aid of the Romans but nothing seems to have come of it.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyrian warfare

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Illyria

description: King of Ardieai

wikidata_label: Pinnes

wikipedia_title: Pinnes (Ardiaean)


text:
Prince-Bishop
Münster
Osnabrück
Minden
Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle
Holy Roman Empire
Münster Rebellion
millenarian
Anabaptist
theocratic
insurrection
fortified city
Münster
Philip II of Waldeck-Eisenberg
County of Ravensberg
Catherine von Solms-Lich
Kuno von Solms-Lich
Walpurgis von Dhaun
Erfurt
Leipzig
Cologne
Trier
Mainz
Paderborn
Einbeck
Reformation
Bernhard Rothmann
Lutheran
Anabaptist
Easter
Jan Matthys
John of Leiden
Hille Feicken
Judith and Holophernes
Holy Roman Empire
Luther
Osnabrück
Lübeck
Herman Bonnus
Minden
Online-Biography of Franz von Waldeck

categories: 1491 births,People from Bielefeld,1553 deaths,Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Minden,Counts of Germany,House of Waldeck

paragraph: Franz von Waldeck

paragraph: Count Franz von Waldeck (1491 – 15 July 1553), was Prince-Bishop of Münster, Osnabrück, and Minden in the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. He suppressed the Münster Rebellion, a millenarian Anabaptist theocratic insurrection which occupied the fortified city of Münster.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Franz was the son of Count Philip II of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1453–1524), who while being originally destined for the ministry, took a greater interest in his family's more worldly duties and thus became governor of the County of Ravensberg. His mother was the Countess Catherine von Solms-Lich (1467–1492), daughter of Count Kuno von Solms-Lich and Countess Walpurgis von Dhaun. Franz was the third and last son of six children of Count Phillip and Countess Catherine. A year after Franz's birth, his mother died.

paragraph: Franz von Waldeck was early on destined to fulfill his father's original ambition for a place in the aristocratic cathedral chapter. Because chapter members were required to obtain a secular law degree, Franz began studying in Erfurt in 1506 and moved to Leipzig in 1510. Without having received sacred orders, he did receive numerous ""Kanonikerpräbenden"". Franz was, among other things, a canon in Cologne, Trier, Mainz and Paderborn, as well as dean of St. Alexander's Foundation in Einbeck.

paragraph: Franz von Waldeck's attitude towards the Reformation was ambiguous. In the early 1530s, the city of Münster embraced the Reformation, but soon fell under the control of the radical Bernhard Rothmann. Von Waldeck took action against the city, including the confiscation of goods owned by city merchants. In February 1533, both sides settled their differences with the Treaty of Dülmen. Von Waldeck conceded full religious freedom to the city.

paragraph: When the Lutheran movement gave way to the radical Anabaptists in the annual council election on 23 February 1534, Waldeck besieged the city. On Easter Sunday, 1534, Anabaptist leader Jan Matthys led a small band out of the city and was defeated and killed. John of Leiden then installed himself as king of the city of New Jerusalem (Münster). During the following siege, Hille Feicken attempted to murder him by the example of Judith and Holophernes. With the help of the Holy Roman Empire and a traitor from within, Waldeck's troops took the city back on 24 June 1535.

paragraph: Münster was re-Catholicised, and Waldeck used his influence to further the teachings of Luther. His Reformation efforts in 1541 met with unified resistance in the Bishopric of Münster. In 1543 in Osnabrück, together with Lübeck Superintendent Herman Bonnus, Waldeck planned to introduce the Reformation. In Minden, where the Lutheran doctrine had been widely accepted even before he took office, Franz attempted in 1535 to reach out to the balance of the city beyond just the cathedral chapter. These efforts at aiding the Reformation were closely linked to his desire to have his relationship with Anna Polmann legalized and to have the three dioceses of Münster, Osnabrück, and Minden secularized, in order to create a secular territory for his heirs.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In Einbeck, Waldeck met Anna Polmann (1505–1557), the daughter of local linen weaver Barthold Polmann. They lived from 1523/24 in a marriage-like relationship, having eight children: four sons and four daughters. Whether or not the couple entered into a proper marriage is unclear. However, his children were well looked after and proved in any case that he was a caring father. His children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz von Waldeck, Jr. (1524–?), who became a clergyman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barthold von Waldeck (1536–?), a clergyman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillipp von Waldeck (1538–1605), a clergyman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Catherina von Waldeck (1540–1579), married Wernerus Crispinus (1535–1604)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johanna von Waldeck (1540–1572)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermegard von Waldeck (1542–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christoph von Waldeck (1543–1587), married Agnes Pagenstecher (1545–1606)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherina von Waldeck (1544–1597).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online-Biography of Franz von Waldeck

description: Prince-bishop

wikidata_label: Franz von Waldeck

wikipedia_title: Franz von Waldeck


text:
Count of Dreux
Robert IV of Dreux
Philip IV of France
Flanders
Veurne
Cassel
Bergues
Lille
Battle of the Golden Spurs
Cambrai
Robert II of Artois
Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle
Robert
John
Peter
Joan
Capet

categories: 1309 deaths,House of Dreux,1265 births,Counts of Dreux

paragraph: John II, Count of Dreux

paragraph: John II of Dreux (1265–1309), called John the Good, Count of Dreux and Braine, was the son of Robert IV of Dreux and Beatrice, Countess of Montfort.

paragraph: Robert fought with Philip IV of France in his wars in Flanders, including the sieges of Veurne, Cassel, de Bergues and Lille in 1297. He was at the Battle of the Golden Spurs (fought near Cambrai), where the French forces under Robert II of Artois suffered an unexpected defeat. In 1304, he fought at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle and served at the siege of Lille. He was chosen as one of the French ambassadors who negotiated an end to the war.

paragraph: His first marriage to Jeanne of Montpensier (?–1308) produced four sons and a daughter. Three of the sons, Robert, John and Peter were successively Counts of Dreux. His second marriage to Perrenelle of Sully in 1308 produced one child, Joan, the last Capetian ruler of the county.

description: French Count

wikidata_label: John II, Count of Dreux

wikipedia_title: John II, Count of Dreux


text:
Princess Nītabe
Emperor Tenji
Kiyohara clan
Kiyohara no Natsuno
Prince Mihara
Kiyohara no Fukayabu
Kiyohara no Motosuke
Sei Shōnagon

categories: Man'yō poets,735 deaths,Japanese princes,676 births

paragraph: Prince Toneri

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Prince Toneri was a son of Emperor Tenmu. Toneri's mother was Princess Nītabe, who was a daughter of Emperor Tenji.

paragraph: His consort was Taima-no-Yamashiro (or Tagima-no-Yamashiro) and he had many sons: Princes Mihara, Mishima, Fune (or Funa), Ikeda, Moribe, Miura and Ōi (later Emperor Junnin).

paragraph: Although he was plagued, he survived and lived longest among the sons of Emperor Tenmu.

paragraph: Some of his descendants (known as the Kiyohara clan) took the Kiyohara surname. Examples include Kiyohara no Natsuno, who was the grandson of Prince Mihara, Kiyohara no Fukayabu, Kiyohara no Motosuke and his daughter, Sei Shōnagon.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The character Toneri Otsutsuki in "" is named after Prince Toneri.

alias:
Imperial Prince Toneri
Prince Toneri
Toneri Shinnō
Toneri-shinno
Toneri-shinnou

description: son of emperor Temmu; father of emperor Junnin

wikidata_label: Toneri-shinnō

wikipedia_title: Prince Toneri


text:
Bishop of Brescia
synod held in Aquileia in 381
St. Augustine
Milan
heresies
St. Gaudentius
sermon
Abraham
Arians
St. Paul
disputation
Louis Ellies du Pin
Knappe
Bollandist
Richard Adelbert Lipsius
Christian heresies
Noetus
Epiphanius of Salamis
Pseudo-Tertullian
Nazaraei
Nazoraioi
F. Marx
Gabriele Banterle
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina

categories: 390s deaths,Bishops of Brescia,4th-century bishops,Christian anti-Gnosticism,4th-century Christian saints,Italian saints

paragraph: Philastrius

paragraph: Saint Philastrius (also Philaster or Filaster) Bishop of Brescia, was one of the bishops present at a synod held in Aquileia in 381. St. Augustine met him at Milan about 383, or perhaps a little later (St. Augustine, "Ep." ccxxii). He composed a catalogue of heresies ("Diversarum Hereseon Liber") about 384. He died before 397.

paragraph: Among the writings of St. Gaudentius was a sermon purporting to be preached on the fourteenth anniversary of St. Philastrius's death. According to this sermon, Philastrius's life began with a great act of renunciation, for which he might fitly be compared to Abraham. Later he was ordained priest, and travelled over nearly the whole Roman world "(circumambiens Universum pene ambitum Romani Orbis"), preaching against pagans, Jews, and heretics, especially the Arians. Like St. Paul he carried in his body the "stigmata" of Christ, having been scourged for his zeal against the last-named heretics. At Milan he was a great stay of the Catholic party in the time of St. Ambrose's Arian predecessor. At Rome he held both private and public disputations with heretics, and converted many. His wanderings ceased when he was made Bishop of Brescia.

paragraph: Doubts were first raised by Louis Ellies du Pin as to the genuineness of this sermon, and these have been reiterated by Marx, the latest editor of Philastrius, who thinks the sermon a forgery of the eighth or ninth century. The chief objection to its genuineness, rather a weak one, seems to be that it is not found in the manuscripts containing the undoubted sermons of St. Gaudentius. Marx was answered by Knappe, "Ist die 21 Rede des hl. Gaudentius (Oratio B. Gaudentii de Vita et Obitu B. Filastrii episcopi prædecessoris sui) echt? Zugleich ein Betrag zur Latinität des Gaudentius" (Osnabrück), who endeavours to prove the genuineness of the sermon in question by linguistic arguments. His Bollandist reviewer thinks he has made a strong case ("Anal. Boll.", XXVIII, 224).

paragraph: Richard Adelbert Lipsius discovered that in Philastrius's "Catalogue" of heresies, for the Christian heresies up to Noetus, the compiler drew from the same source as Epiphanius of Salamis, i. e. the lost "Syntagma of Hippolytus". By the aid, therefore, of these two and the Pseudo-Tertullian "Adversus Omnes Haereses" it has been possible in great measure to reconstruct the lost treatise of Hippolytus.

paragraph: Philastrius' comments and spellings do not always accord with those of Epiphanius or Pseudo-Tertullian, for example his description of "Nazaraei" does not match well with either the "Nasaraioi" or "Nazoraioi" which Epiphanius attempts to distinguish.

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first edition of the "Catalogue" was published at Basle (1528)

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. Marx, "Philastrius" (Vienna, 1898) in the "Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriele Banterle, translator, (1991, Rome) San Filastro di Brescia, "Delle varie eresie" / San Gaudenzio di Brescia, "Trattati"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina

description: Bishop of Brescia

wikidata_label: Philastrius

wikipedia_title: Philastrius


text:
Latin
French
French
theological
Troyes
benefice
Notre-Dame at Paris
as ecclesiastical chancellor
Pope Alexander III
Gospels
Holy Scripture
St. Paul
Acts of the Apostles
Huguccio
Jacob van Maerlant
Bible Historiale
Migne
Peter of Blois
Hildebert de Mans
transubstantiation
Roland Bandinelli
canonical

wikipedia_title:
Latin
French language
France
Theology
Troyes
Benefice
Notre-Dame de Paris
Chancellor of the University of Paris
Pope Alexander III
Gospel
Religious text
Paul the Apostle
Acts of the Apostles
Huguccio
Jacob van Maerlant
Bible Historiale
Jacques Paul Migne
Peter of Blois
Hildebert
Transubstantiation
Pope Alexander III
Canon (priest)

categories: Medieval Paris,Medieval French theologians,Chancellors of the University of Paris,French historians,People from Troyes,12th-century Roman Catholic theologians,Year of birth unknown,French male writers,1170s deaths,12th-century French writers,12th-century historians

paragraph: Petrus Comestor

paragraph: Petrus Comestor, also known as Pierre le Mangeur – both names, respectively, the Latin and French for "Peter the Devourer" (of knowledge) – was a twelfth-century French theological writer and university administrator who died around 1178.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Petrus Comestor was born in Troyes and was a member of the Church of Notre-Dame, referring to himself as "Presbyter Trecensis". In approximately 1148, he became Dean of the Chapter and received a benefice. In 1160, he formed one of the Chapters of Notre-Dame at Paris. He then replaced Eudes (Odon) as ecclesiastical chancellor and took charge of the theological school.

paragraph: While in Paris, Petrus Comestor composed and finished his "Historia Scholastica" dedicated to the Bishop of Sens, Guillaume aux Blanches Mains (1169–76). Pope Alexander III ordered the Cardinal Peter of St. Chrysogonus to allow Chancellor Peter to charge a small fee on conferring the license to teach. This authorization was personal. In conversation with Alexander III shortly thereafter, Cardinal Peter of St. Chrysogonus described Petrus as one of the three most cultured men in France.

paragraph: Petrus's nickname "Comestor" ("Devourer") demonstrated the esteem in which his learning was held. He was a bibliophile and prolific author, although much of his work was not published. Some of his unpublished work included commentaries on the Gospels, allegories on Holy Scripture, and a moral commentary on St. Paul.

paragraph: His "Historia Scholastica" is a kind of sacred history composed for students. The author begins the sacred narrative at the Creation, and continues it to the end of the incidents related in the Acts of the Apostles. All the books of the Bible are contained therein, except those whose nature is purely didactic – the Book of Wisdom, the Psalms, the Prophets, the Epistles, etc. The discourses are abbreviated.

paragraph: Petrus Comestor borrowed frequently from profane authors, especially Flavius Josephus for the beginning of the Gospels. The text is as though paraphrased in a commentary where all data, cosmological, physical, philosophical, theological, geographical, etc., are found. There are numerous inaccuracies and fables. The work consists of twenty books, and often small "additions" supply geographical or etymological appendices at the end of the chapters. This Biblical history met with great success, as witnessed by the large number of manuscripts, by the mention of his name in all the libraries of the Middle Ages, and the lists of classical books for the universities and schools. The quotations and eulogies where the author was named (cf. the canonist Huguccio, about 1190) and its numerous translations, the first written by the Flemish poet Jacob van Maerlant († c. 1288) and finished on March 25, 1271: "Scolastica in dietschen" better known as "Rijmbijbel", but most of all the "Bible Historiale" in French. In the fifteenth century, the work was still in great demand, as can be seen by the editions made before 1500 of the Latin text, or of the French translation. Migne reproduces the Madrid edition of 1699.

paragraph: The sermons of Peter Comestor have left us numerous manuscripts, often under different names. However, the complete and continued series has not yet been published. A series of fifty-one sermons was placed wrongly under the name of Peter of Blois and printed among his work. Some believe the work of Hildebert de Mans was also included. The sermon in which the word "transubstantiation" occurs, the ninety third (not seventy third), is not Hildebert's but Peter Comestor's; the word however is already found in Roland Bandinelli (the later Pope Alexander III) before 1150.

paragraph: Other collections, like that of the 114 sermons copied at St. Victor before 1185, are still unpublished. More than twelve manuscripts are in Paris libraries, and all have not yet been unraveled. As a preacher, Peter was subtle and pedantic in his style in keeping with the taste of his time, and of his audience of scholars and professors assembled around the pulpit of the chancellor. The sermons attributed to him during his stay at St. Victor are simple in style, instructive, and natural in tone. Also some verses are attributed to Peter Comestor and a collection of maxims entitled "Pancrisis", perhaps that which still exists in a manuscript of Troyes.

paragraph: He often referred his surname in his sermons and in his own epitaph, which he allegedly composed. The words included "Petrus eram ... dictusque comestor, nunc comedor." ("Peter was I... and called the devourer: now I am eaten.") Afterwards, he withdrew to St. Victor's Abbey, Paris and made a profession of canonical life. Petrus Comestor died in Paris, around 21 October 1178 and was buried at St. Victor's. The necrology of the canons mentions him as "one of themselves".

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petris Comestoris Scolastica Historia: Liber Genesis." Edited by Agneta Sylwan. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004, Pp. xc + 227. (Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 191).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. J. Clark, "The Making of the" Historia scholastica", 1150–1200" ("Studies and Texts", 198), Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2016 ()

description: French theologian

wikidata_label: Petrus Comestor

wikipedia_title: Petrus Comestor


text:
Bologna
Pope Innocent III
Corpus Juris
Decretals of Gregory IX
Eucharist
Decretum
Gratian
grammarian
etymologies
Pisa

wikipedia_title:
Bologna
Pope Innocent III
Corpus Juris Canonici
Decretales Gregorii IX
Eucharist
Decretum Gratiani
Decretum Gratiani
Philology
Etymology
Pisa

categories: 1210 deaths,Bishops of Ferrara,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Canon law jurists,12th-century Italian people,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Year of birth unknown,12th-century jurists,13th-century Italian people,12th-century Italian writers

paragraph: Huguccio

paragraph: Huguccio (died 1210) was an Italian canon lawyer.

paragraph: He studied at Bologna, probably under Gandolphus, and taught canon law in the same city, perhaps in the school connected with the monastery of SS. Nabore e Felice. He is believed to have become Bishop of Ferrara in 1190.

paragraph: Among his supposed pupils was Lotario de' Conti, afterward Pope Innocent III, who held him in high esteem as is shown by the important cases which the pontiff submitted to him, traces of which still remain in the "Corpus Juris" (c. "Coram", 34, X, I, 29). Two letters addressed by Innocent III to Huguccio were inserted in the "Decretals of Gregory IX" (c. "Quanto", 7, X, IV, 19; c. "In quadam", 8, X,III,41). However, Innocent probably was not well acquainted with Huguccio's ideas on the Eucharist when he issued the decretal "Cum Marthae" (X 3.41.16).

paragraph: He wrote a "Summa" on the "Decretum" of Gratian, concluded according to some in 1187, according to others after 1190, the most extensive and perhaps the most authoritative commentary of that time. He omits, however, in the commentary the second part of the Causae of the "Decretum" of Gratian, Causae xxiii-xxvi, a gap which was filled by Johannes de Deo.

paragraph: Huguccio argued, in a widely known opinion, that a pope who fell into heresy automatically lost his see, without the necessity of a formal judgment.

paragraph: Section::::Huguccio the grammarian.

paragraph: Huguccio the canon lawyer has traditionally been identified with the grammarian Huguccio Pisanus (Hugh of Pisa; Italian Uguccione da Pisa). The grammarian's principal work was the "Magnae Derivationes" or "Liber derivationum", which dealt with etymologies, and was based on the earlier "Derivationes" of Osbernus of Gloucester. This identification of the two Huguccios as the same man dates back to a short biography compiled by the Italian historian Mauro Sarti, published posthumously in 1769. However, it has been challenged by Wolfgang Müller. While there is too little biographical evidence to be certain either way, Müller argues that the canon lawyer who went on to become Bishop of Ferrara is to be distinguished from the grammarian who was born in Pisa.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles de Miramon, “Innocent III, Huguccio de Ferrare et Hubert de Pirovano: Droit canonique, théologie et philosophie à Bologne dans les années 1180,” in "Medieval Church Law and the Origins of the Western Legal Tradition. A Tribute to Kenneth Pennington", ed. Wolfgang P. Müller and Mary E. Sommar, Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2006, 320-346.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilfried Hartmann and Kenneth Pennington, "The history of medieval canon law in the classical period, 1140-1234", Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2008.

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Huguccio

wikipedia_title: Huguccio


text:
Stockholm
Sweden
Uppsala
Sweden
chemist
tantalum
deaf
Uppsala University
docent
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Carl Gustaf Ekeberg

categories: 18th-century Swedish scientists,18th-century chemists,19th-century chemists,1767 births,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,Deaf people from Sweden,Uppsala University alumni,Discoverers of chemical elements,Tantalum,Swedish chemists,Uppsala University faculty,1813 deaths,19th-century Swedish scientists

paragraph: Anders Gustaf Ekeberg

paragraph: Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (Stockholm, Sweden, 16 January 1767 – Uppsala, Sweden, 11 February 1813) was a Swedish chemist who discovered tantalum in 1802. He was notably deaf.

paragraph: Anders Gustav Ekeberg was a Swedish scientist, mathematician and expert in Greek literature. He was a gifted student and enrolled at Uppsala University 1784, graduating in 1788. He was made docent in chemistry 1794 and experimentator ("laborator") 1799. In 1799, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Carl Gustaf Ekeberg was his uncle.

paragraph: Ekeberg is credited with finding the element tantalum in two different minerals, specifically, tantalite from Kimito, Finland and yttrotantalite from Ytterby, Sweden. Ekeberg named the new element after the mythical Ancient Greek demigod Tantalus who, according to legend, was condemned to eternal frustration when he had to stand in water up to his neck, but the water receded as he attempted to drink.

paragraph: Ekeberg suffered from poor health throughout his life. During his childhood a severe cold had impaired his hearing, which was further weakened over the years, so that it hindered his teaching activities. Subsequently, a gas explosion blinded him in one eye. Ekeberg was portrayed by his friends and students as a kind and gentle man. He died, unmarried, at the age of 46.

paragraph: In 2018 the Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center established The Anders Gustaf Ekeberg Tantalum Prize ("Ekeberg Prize"), an annual award to recognize excellence in tantalum research. The Prize will increase awareness of the many unique properties of tantalum products and the applications in which they excel.

paragraph: The inaugural winner of the Ekeberg Prize was Dr Yuri Freeman for his book “Tantalum and Niobium-Based Capacitors” (Springer, 2018).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- - subscription required

alias:
Anders Gustav Ekeberg
Anders G. Ekeberg
Ekeberg A G

description: Swedish chemist

wikidata_label: Anders Gustaf Ekeberg

wikipedia_title: Anders Gustaf Ekeberg


text:
Nader Shah
victory at Karnal
Battle of Mosul (1745)
Joseph von Semlin

categories: Afsharid generals,Afsharid dynasty,18th-century Iranian people

paragraph: Morteza Mirza Afshar (Nassrollah Mirza)

paragraph: Morteza Mirza Afshar was an Afsharid prince and the son of Nader Shah of Persia, who was renamed Nassrollah Mirza () in honour of his role in the victory at Karnal. He proved to be a talented military leader and demonstrated his worth during the battle of Karnal by commanding the centre of the Persian army which defeated Sa'adat Khan's forces and captured his person.

paragraph: He also held independent command during the Perso-Ottoman war of 1743-46 where he was tasked by Nader Shah of penetrating into Ottoman held Mosul province and engaging one of the two Ottoman armies whilst his father, Nader, marched against the other army at Kars in the north. He dealt a decisive blow to the Turkish and Kurdish forces around Mosul in the Battle of Mosul (1745).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph von Semlin

wikidata_label: Morteza Mirza Afshar

wikipedia_title: Morteza Mirza Afshar (Nassrollah Mirza)


text:
Leipzig
botanist
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig
University of Leipzig
natural history
pathology
materia medica
surgery
rector
mineralogy
Abraham Gottlob Werner

categories: German naturalists,18th-century German physicians,Leipzig University faculty,Leipzig University alumni,People from Leipzig,1823 deaths,1757 births

paragraph: Christian Friedrich Ludwig

paragraph: Christian Friedrich Ludwig (19 May 1757, Leipzig – 8 July 1823, Leipzig) was a German physician and naturalist. He was the son of botanist Christian Gottlieb Ludwig (1709–1773).

paragraph: He studied medicine at the University of Leipzig, where in 1779 he obtained his habilitation. In 1780/81 he took a study trip to southern Germany, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands and England. Afterwards in Leipzig, he became an associate professor of medicine (1782) and natural history (1787). In 1796 he was named a full professor of pathology, and he later attained professorships in therapy and materia medica (from 1812) and surgery (from 1820). On two separate occasions he served as rector at the University of Leipzig (1801/02) and 1807/08).

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primae lineae anatomiae pathologicae", Leipzig 1785.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scriptores neurologici minores selecti", 1791

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historiae insitionis variolarum humanarum et vaccinarum comparatio", 16 parts, Leipzig 1803-1823.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handbuch der Mineralogie nach A.G. Werner", 1803 – Handbook of mineralogy according to Abraham Gottlob Werner.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Einleitung in die Bücherkunde der praktischen Medizin", Leipzig 1806 – Introduction to scientific practical medicine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De artis obstetriciae in academia et civitate Lipsiensi incrementis", Leipzig 1811.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De nosogenia in vasculis minimis", 5 volumes, Leipzig 1809-1819.

description: German botanist and author

wikidata_label: Christian Friedrich Ludwig

wikipedia_title: Christian Friedrich Ludwig


text:
Gurnee, Illinois
Oscar Peterson
Northern Illinois University
Los Angeles
Boney James
Norman Brown
Everette Harp
Janet Jackson
The First Time
Dave Koz
Jonathan Butler
Gerald Albright
Marc Antoine
Allen Hinds
Michael Brecker
George Duke
Chuck Loeb
Wayman Tisdale
Kirk Whalum
Euge Groove
Peter White
Jonathan Fritzén
Maysa
Najee
Brian Simpson's Official Website
Brian Simpson on AllMusic
Brian Simpson on CDBaby
Brian Simpson on Last.fm

categories: Smooth jazz pianists,American jazz pianists,Living people,1961 births,People from Gurnee, Illinois,American male pianists,21st-century male musicians,21st-century American pianists,Jazz musicians from Illinois

paragraph: Brian Simpson (musician)

paragraph: Brian Simpson is a contemporary jazz pianist and composer. He has released 8 albums as a solo artist, his most recent, "Something About You", released in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Simpson was born and raised in Gurnee, Illinois to very music-oriented parents. His father was a fan of jazz music, and Simpson says, "Our house was filled with music. I never really considered any other lifestyle." The musician also states that his brother and sister both played instruments. At the age of ten, he began to play the piano. He states that while he initially preferred the sound of jazz guitar, the main individual who influenced his piano tastes was Oscar Peterson. Simpson then graduated from Northern Illinois University, earning a Bachelor's of Arts degree in music (piano).

paragraph: Soon after graduating, Simpson moved to Los Angeles in order to take part in the music scene there. He played with several jazz artists, including Boney James, Norman Brown and Everette Harp. His career took a twist when he later toured with multiple pop stars including Janet Jackson, co-writing a major pop hit The First Time, before returning to jazz. Simpson has worked with smooth jazz musicians including Dave Koz, Jonathan Butler, Gerald Albright and Marc Antoine throughout his career.

paragraph: His debut album "Closer Still", released in 1995, features smooth jazz tracks played on the piano, saxophone and guitar. Simpson did the composing, producing and engineering for the album as well as playing the keyboard. Simpson's second album, "It's All Good", was released in 2005. It features guest artists including Dave Koz (tenor sax), Everette Harp (alto sax) and Allen Hinds (guitar). The album peaked at No. 37 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums. The song "Saturday Cool" from the album reached a high of No. 15 on Billboard's Top Smooth Jazz Songs.

paragraph: "Above the Clouds" (released in 2007), Simpson's third album, features Michael Brecker, George Duke, Dave Koz, Chuck Loeb, Wayman Tisdale and Kirk Whalum as the primary artists in addition to Simpson. On Billboard, the album topped out at No. 21 on the top jazz albums, and on the top smooth jazz songs list, "What Cha Gonna Do?" topped at No. 9 and "Juicy" reached a high point of No. 21. 2010 saw the release of his next album, "South Beach", his first album to crack the top 15 in the top jazz albums on Billboard, getting to No. 14. It is also his first album to be released under the Shanachie label. Headlining artists on his fourth album are George Duke on synth, Euge Groove on tenor sax and Peter White on guitar. Songs placing on the top smooth jazz list include both the album's namesake song at No. 11 and "Lay It On Me" at No. 28.

paragraph: Brian Simpson's fifth album, "Just What You Need" (released in 2013), presents a collection of smooth jazz pieces with lite rhythm & blues. The song of the same name achieved a high of No. 3 on Billboard's smooth jazz song list while "Emerald City" reached No. 9; the album itself placed at No. 6 on the jazz album list. Albright, Antoine, Butler, Koz and Elan Trotman are the spotlighted musicians, while Simpson composes, produces and performs the piano. "Out of a Dream" came almost 2 years later and stars Jonathan Fritzén, Norman Brown, Maysa and Najee, among others. On Billboard, "When I Say Your Name" and "Sky Watcher" peaked at No. 12 and No. 6 respectively on the top smooth jazz song list, and the album reached No. 8 on the top jazz albums.

paragraph: Simpson's latest album, "Persuasion", was released in late 2016. He has toured with many varying artists in countries including Barbados, the Caribbean, the United Kingdom and the United States, and he later plans to tour in Indonesia, Mexico and Spain. In addition, he has spent almost a decade as the Musical Director of the "Dave Koz and Friends Cruise" and of "The Smooth Jazz Cruise", and has won the American Smooth Jazz Keyboardist of the Year award. "Just What You Need" finished at No. 5 on SmoothJazz.com's Year End 2013 Top 50 Albums, and "Out of a Dream" placed at No. 21 on the 2015 list.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Simpson's Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Simpson on AllMusic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Simpson on CDBaby

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Simpson on Last.fm

description: musician

wikidata_label: Brian Simpson

wikipedia_title: Brian Simpson (musician)


text: ordinary

text: Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Benevento

text: metropolitan

text: suffragan diocese

text: Cori

text: Latina

text: Lazio

text: Pontifical College Leoniano

text: Anagni

text: Cisterna di Latina

text: Latina

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome

text: Franciscans

text: Pope Francis

text: Archbishop of Benevento

text: Andrea Mugione

text: Mariano Crociata

text: co-consecrators

text: Giuseppe Petrocchi

text: pallium

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Edizioni Paoline

categories: Archbishops of Benevento,People from the Province of Latina,1959 births,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Living people

paragraph: Felice Accrocca

paragraph: Felice Accrocca (born 2 December 1959) is an Italian ordinary of the Catholic Church and the current Archbishop of Benevento. As the head of the Ecclesiastical Province of Benevento, Accrocca is the metropolitan for the neighboring suffragan dioceses.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Felice Accrocca was born on 2 December 1959 in Cori (within the Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno), in the province of Latina, in the region of Lazio. He studied at the seminary of the Pontifical College Leoniano in Anagni. He was then ordained a priest in the Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno on 12 June 1986. Following ordination, he became an associate pastor at the Church of the Assumption of Mary in Cisterna di Latina. In 1989, he became a parish priest at the Church of Saint Luke in Latina, where he remained until 2004. He was then transferred to the Church of Saint Pius X, also in Latina. Finally, he was appointed a parish priest at the Church of the Sacred Heart in Latina in 2012.

paragraph: He was also the coordinator of the diocese's lay groups, managing editor of the monthly diocese magazine "Chiesa Pontina," and was the episcopal vicar for pastoral affairs.

paragraph: Accrocca was also a professor of medieval history at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he furthered his studies of the medieval Franciscans, publishing numerous essays.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Episcopal ministry.

paragraph: On 18 February 2016, Pope Francis appointed Accrocca Archbishop of Benevento, succeeding Andrea Mugione who retired due to age. On 15 May, he was consecrated a bishop by Mariano Crociata, Bishop of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno and co-consecrators Archbishop Giuseppe Petrocchi and Archbishop Andrea Mugione. He was installed on 12 June and received his pallium as metropolitan from Pope Francis on 29 June in St. Peter's Basilica.

paragraph: He chose as his episcopal motto "Nisi dominus ædificaverit" (Unless the Lord build the house), the opening verse of ().

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angelo Clareno. Seguire Cristo povero e crocifisso", Messaggero di Sant'Antonio Editrice, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francesco e le sue immagini. Momenti della evoluzione della coscienza storica dei frati Minori (13th to 16th centuries)," 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francesco. Un folle per amore", Edizioni Paoline, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viveva ad Assisi un uomo di nome Francesco. Un'introduzione alle fonti biografiche di san Francesco", Messaggero di Sant'Antonio Editrice, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francesco fratello e maestro", Messaggero di Sant'Antonio Editrice, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schiavo in Egitto. La storia di Giuseppe", Edizioni Paoline, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francesco, un nome nuovo. Vita di un uomo santo", Messaggero di Sant'Antonio Editrice, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Identità complessa. Percorsi francescani fra due e trecento", 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La leggenda dei tre compagni", Messaggero di Sant'Antonio Editrice, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. Accrocca - L. Bertazzo - P. Maranesi - L. Pellegrini, "L'identità in cammino. Povertà e penitenza, predicazione e studi nello sviluppo dei testi legislativi dei frati Minori (13th-16th centuries)", edited by A. Czortek, Cittadella editrice, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francesco e la Santa Chiesa Romana. La scelta del Vangelo e la codificazione difficile di un ideale", Cittadella editrice, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Benevento official website

description: Italian bishop of the Catholic Church

wikidata_label: Felice Accrocca

wikipedia_title: Felice Accrocca


text: comic book

text: comic strip

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Yugoslavia

text: France

text: François Walthéry

text: BAM

text: Lazar Odanović

text: Lazar Odanović

text: Sorg

text: Rubine

text: François Walthéry

text: Le Lombard

text: BAM

text: Dragan de Lazare sur Bedetheque

text: "Blogografija: BAMova strip avantura"

categories: Serbian cartoonists,1964 births,20th-century Serbian people,People from Rio de Janeiro (city),Serbian illustrators,Serbian comics writers,People from Belgrade,Serbian comics artists,21st-century Serbian people,Living people

paragraph: Dragan de Lazare

paragraph: Dragan de Lazare is an international pen name of Dragan Lazarević (, born 8 May 1964), a Serbian cartoonist, comic book and comic strip artist, illustrator and scriptwriter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Rio de Janeiro, and grew up in Yugoslavia and France. He debuted in Yugoslav comics industry when he was 17, becoming a member of "Beogradski krug 2" artistic group.

paragraph: His notable works include Franco-Belgian comics series "Rubine" created with and François Walthéry, and one shot "Acidités de couleur noire", with BAM and Lazar Odanović. He lives in Belgrade.

paragraph: Section::::Comics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Une aventure de Yves Rokatansky", written by Lazar Odanović alias Lazzaro, Sorg

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Le témoin", 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rubine", written by and François Walthéry, Le Lombard

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Les mémoires troubles", 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Fenêtre sur rue", 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Le second témoin", 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Serial killer", 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "La disparue d'Halloween", 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "America", 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Devoirs de vacances", 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "96 heures", 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acidités de couleur noire", with BAM and Odanović, YIL Editions, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dragan de Lazare sur Bedetheque

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acidités de couleur noire", official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Lazare, Dragan. "Blogografija: BAMova strip avantura", 2015. (sr)

description: Brazilian comics artist

wikidata_label: Dragan de Lazare

wikipedia_title: Dragan de Lazare


text:
Catholic Church
Holy See
los Villares
Jaén, Spain
titular archbishop
Bolsena
Apostolic Nuncio
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
Secretariat of State
Pope Benedict XVI
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Cathedral of the Incarnation
Almería
Catholic Hierarchy: Justo Mullor Garcia

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to Lithuania,1932 births,Apostolic Nuncios to Burkina Faso,Apostolic Nuncios to Latvia,Apostolic Nuncios to Ivory Coast,2016 deaths,Apostolic Nuncios to Estonia,Spanish Roman Catholic archbishops,Apostolic Nuncios to Niger

paragraph: Justo Mullor García

paragraph: Justo Mullor García (8 May 1932 – 30 December 2016) was a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church who spent his career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and then headed the Vatican's academy for training diplomats.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in los Villares, Jaén, Spain, on 8 May 1932, Justo Mullor García was ordained to the priesthood on 8 December 1954. He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See and in 1979 was named titular archbishop of Bolsena. He held several posts with the rank of apostolic nuncio. He was permanent observer of the Holy See to the European Council, permanent observer of the Holy See to the Office of the United Nations Organization in Geneva, and Nuncio to Ivory Coast, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Mexico.

paragraph: He was the Apostolic Nuncio to Mexico when Pope John Paul II appointed him President of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy on 11 February 2000.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II named him a Consultor to the Secretariat of State on 4 July 2000. He also named him a participant in the 2001 Synod of Bishops.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation as President of the Ecclesiastical Academy on 13 October 2007.

paragraph: Pope Benedict named him a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 22 April 2009.

paragraph: He died in Rome on 30 December 2016. His remains were interred in the Cathedral of the Incarnation in Almería.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy: Justo Mullor Garcia

description: Spanish priest

wikidata_label: Justo Mullor García

wikipedia_title: Justo Mullor García


text: surrealist

text: Portbou

text: Rafael Santos Torroella

text: Emilio Grau Sala

text: Creu de Sant Jordi

text: Paris

text: Iberian Artists Collective

text: Copenhagen

text: Carnegie Institute

text: Pittsburgh

text: Venice Biennale

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Post-Impressionism

text: Madrid

text: Madrid

text: Figueres

categories: Spanish women artists,Recipients of the Creu de Sant Jordi,2013 deaths,Catalan painters,People from Alt Empordà,Women centenarians,20th-century women artists,Spanish centenarians,Catalan women artists,1911 births

paragraph: Ángeles Santos Torroella

paragraph: Àngeles Santos Torroella (7 November 1911 – 3 October 2013) was a Spanish surrealist painter. Born in Portbou, Catalonia, she was the sister of the poet and art critic Rafael Santos Torroella. She married the painter Emilio Grau Sala. Her son is the painter . In 2005 she received the Creu de Sant Jordi.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1929 Santos Torroella presented her work "Un Mundo (A World)" at the autumn salon in Madrid. The next year she was given her own room at the exhibition. In 1931 she presented a solo exhibition in Paris. In 1932 she participated in the Iberian Artists Collective in Copenhagen and Paris. In 1933 she was invited to the exhibition at the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh (US) and on 1936 she figured of the Spanish Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. She was presented in Barcelona for the first time in 1935 at Syra Galleries.

paragraph: In 1936, at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Santos Torroella and her husband fled Spain for France. She returned to Spain by herself in 1937. The couple reunited in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Her work, decanted into Post-Impressionism, is preferably landscape and interiors. Her most important painting is a world of large format oil represents a strange surreal world (Madrid, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia).

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Works in museums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid

paragraph: BULLET::::- , Figueres

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Torroella died on 3 October 2013, at the age of 101.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- images of Ángeles Santos Torroella's work at The Museo Reina Sofía

alias:
Angelita Santos
Angeles Santos Torroella
Angeles Santos
Angels Santos
Angela Santos
Ángeles Santos

description: Catalan surrealist painter

wikidata_label: Ángeles Santos Torroella

wikipedia_title: Ángeles Santos Torroella


text:
New York City
American Institute of Architects
Georgia
William Merritt Chase
Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art
Long Island
Columbia University
William R. Ware
Grosvenor Atterbury
Grenville T. Snelling
Henry G. Emery
Manhattan
Esther Marjorie Hill
Arts and Crafts
Colonial revival
World War I
Julia Morgan
Fay Kellogg
YMCA
Chester
Tavares
Colonial Revival
YWCA
Architectural Record
Country Life
American Homes and Gardens
Long Island
Adelaïde Alsop Robineau
Syracuse
Columbia
Charlotte
Augusta
Camp Mills
Harry C. Duncan House
Howey House

categories: 1860 births,20th-century American architects,1951 deaths

paragraph: Katharine Budd

paragraph: Katharine Cotheal Budd (1860–1951) was a pioneering woman architect and author who ran a New York City architectural practice for over three decades. She became a member of the American Institute of Architects in 1924. She obtained an architectural license in Georgia in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: From 1891-1894, Katharine Cotheal Budd studied art and design at William Merritt Chase's Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art in Long Island; after which, she served as secretary and administer of the cottages and had the opportunity to renovate several of the buildings. While not formally trained in architecture, she learned from architect and Columbia University professor William R. Ware. Additionally she worked with architects Grosvenor Atterbury, Grenville T. Snelling, and William Porter. After 1910, she entered into a partnership with Henry G. Emery and they worked together for several years. She maintained a Manhattan office since 1899, and employed Esther Marjorie Hill from 1925-1928. Primarily her work was in Arts and Crafts, Colonial revival, and Mediterranean styles. By 1908, Budd had designed more than 100 houses, but also designed hospitals and churches.

paragraph: During World War I Budd, along with architects Julia Morgan and Fay Kellogg, designed Hostess Houses for the YMCA, which specifically sought women architects. They were facilities for female friends and relatives of troops and located near existing army bases; Budd's were located in the South and Midwest. The first she designed was the Great Lakes Hostess House, taking God's Providence House of Chester, England as precedent. She was responsible for 72 of the 96 Hostess Houses, either designing or renovation the projects; most are modelled from barns and country houses.

paragraph: Budd designed the Harry C. Duncan house in Tavares, one of the best examples of the Colonial Revival style in Florida. She also designed the Innis Arden Cottage at "Innis Arden" (now known as Greenwich Point), the former Old Greenwich, Connecticut estate of Mr. and Mrs. J. Kennedy Tod. The Innis Arden Cottage, built in 1903, has been recognized as a seminal example of early Bungalow-style architecture and was the subject of an award-winning restoration by the Greenwich Point Conservancy between 2006-2011.

paragraph: Budd had been practicing architecture for over 30 years when she applied for recognition by the American Institute of Architects. She became the first woman member of the New York chapter of the AIA in 1924. She designed "Hostess Houses" for the YWCA in the South and Mid-west.

paragraph: In addition to practicing, Budd contributed to journals, such as "Architectural Record", "Country Life", and "American Homes and Gardens" in the 1900s, which focused on kitchen, pantry, and Japanese design.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894-1896 Shinnecock School (with Atterbury), later renovated for Anne Porter, cottage for Zella de Milhau (alone), Long Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908 Burchel House, alterations, 29 E. 63rd St. New York (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- before 1910 Adelaïde Alsop Robineau House in Syracuse (Four Winds House)

paragraph: BULLET::::- c.1910 YWCA Hostess Houses, including those located in Columbia, Spartenburg, South Carolina, Charlotte, Augusta, Camp Mills, and Camp Dodge, Iowa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 Harry C. Duncan House, Tavares, Florida, National Register, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925-1927 M.G. Howey House, Lake County, Florida, (National Register, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- n.d. Great Lakes Naval Training Station, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- n.d. Facade of 65 East 80th Street for Francis R. Arnold, New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- n.d. Anna Winegar Studio, alterations, Bronxville, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- n.d. Clarissa and Walter Stillman House, Syracuse

description: architect

wikidata_label: Katharine Budd

wikipedia_title: Katharine Budd


text:
Independent State of Croatia
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Šibenik
University of Zagreb
Yugoslavia
Banovina Croatia
adjutant
Ustaša
World War II
prisoner of war
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ante Pavelić
Franjo Nevistić
Antun Bonifačić
Hrvatska revija
Rajmund Kupareo
Ivan Rodić
Order of Duke Trpimir

categories: Order of Duke Trpimir recipients,1912 births,People from Šibenik,Croatian collaborators with Fascist Italy,Croatian journalists,University of Zagreb alumni,Croatian male poets,World War II political leaders,Croatian collaborators with Nazi Germany,Croatian people of World War II,Croatian nationalists,Independent State of Croatia,1997 deaths,20th-century Croatian poets,Holocaust perpetrators in Yugoslavia,Yugoslav anti-communists

paragraph: Vinko Nikolić

paragraph: Vinko Nikolić (2 March 1912 – 12 July 1997) was a Croatian writer, poet and journalist, and a high-ranking official in the fascist Independent State of Croatia (NDH). After the downfall of NDH, he emigrated to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he lived in exile until returning to Croatia, several years before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vinko Nikolić was born in Šibenik in 1912. He attended elementary school and Catholic gymnasium in his birth town. He joined the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Zagreb and graduated in 1937.

paragraph: As a professor at the Commercial Academy he saw political changes in Yugoslavia in 1939, the most significant of which was the creation of Banovina Croatia. For much of World War II he was an adjutant at Supreme Ustaša Headquarters. Supreme Ustaša Headquarters directed the operation of the Independent State of Croatia.

paragraph: At the end of World War II he retreated to Austria with the rest of the Ustaša army and civilians. During his stay in Austria he gained status as a prisoner of war, and left for another camp in Italy. During his transfer to the other camp, he jumped out of a train. To avoid extradition to Yugoslavia, Nikolić went to Buenos Aires, Argentina, arriving there on 8 June 1947.

paragraph: At first he lived in an old house with Ante Pavelić. He worked as a journalist, and along with Franjo Nevistić, he published the magazine "Hrvatska" which he edited until June 1950. In the same year, along with Antun Bonifačić, he published the Croatian emigrant magazine "Hrvatska revija", which he edited from the first published issue of magazine in 1951 until his death.

paragraph: He edited other Croatian emigrant magazines, including "Ave", "Hrvatski vitez" (Croatian knight), "Oganj" (Flame), "Novi život" (New life), "Za Boga i Hrvatsku" (For God and Croatia), "Danica", "La Croatie", "Osoba i duh" (Person and spirit), "Islam", "Glasnik društva Muslimana Austrije" (Herald of Muslims of Austria), "Hrvatski radnik" (Croatian worker), "Hrvatska gruda" (Croatian land), "Hrvatska sloboda" (Croatian freedom) and "Rakovica". After the fall of Yugoslavia, he returned to his birthplace of Šibenik, where he died on 12 July 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proljetna svitanja" (Spring dawns), Zagreb, 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Svijetli putovi" (Lights and ways), Zagreb, 1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moj grad" (My town), Zagreb, 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oslobođeni žali (Free from regrets), Zagreb, 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duga nad porušenim mostovima: izabrane pjesme" (Rainbow above destroyed bridges: chosen poems), chosen by Rajmund Kupareo, Buenos Aires, 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pred vratima domovine: susret s hrvatskom emigracijom 1965: dojmovi i razgovori" (In front of fatherland: meetings with Croatian emigration 1965: impressions and conversations), Buenos Aires, 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gorak je zemje kruv" (Bread is bitter because of land), München-Barcelona, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Povratak: izabrane pjesme" (Return: selected poems), prepared by Božidar Petrač and Ivan Tolj, Zagreb, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stepinac mu je ime. Zbornik uspomena, svjedočanstava i dokumenata" (Stepinac is his name. Collection of memories, testimonies and documents), prepared by Vinko Nikolić, Zagreb, 1991. (First ed. München-Barcelona, knj. 1, 1978., knj. 2, 1980.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opjevani grad" (Singed town), Šibenik, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tragedija se dogodila u svibnju: jedna (prva) godina egzila u dnevniku "ratnog" zarobljenika broj 324.664" (Tragedy occurred in May: one year of exile in a diary of the prisoner of war no. 324,644), Zagreb, 1995. (Prvo izd. Barcelona-München, 1984.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "U službi domovine: studije, ogledi, portreti" (In service of fatherland: studies, essays, portraits), prepared by Ivan Rodić, Zagreb, 1996

paragraph: Posthumously:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Izabrane pjesme" (Selected poems), prepared by Cvjetko Milanja, Vinkovci, 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: Order of Duke Trpimir

description: Croatian writer and poet

wikidata_label: Vinko Nikolić

wikipedia_title: Vinko Nikolić


text:
Festival da Canção
Jeux Sans Frontières
Eurovision Song Contest
RTP
Teatro Maria Matos
Festival da Canção
Jeux Sans Frontières
Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Paul de Leeuw
Sakis Rouvas
RTP
"Dança Comigo"
Strictly Come Dancing
RTP
RTP Memória

categories: 1941 births,Living people,Portuguese television presenters,Game show hosts

paragraph: Eládio Clímaco

paragraph: Eládio Taboas Clímaco (born 27 October 1941 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese television presenter best known for hosting "Festival da Canção", "Jeux Sans Frontières" and commentating on the Eurovision Song Contest for RTP viewers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After several years of training in theatre and cinema, Clímaco joint RTP in 1972 and began hosting the entertainment show "Domingo à Noite" which was broadcast from Teatro Maria Matos. In 1976 Clímaco began hosting "Festival da Canção" (Portuguese heats for the Eurovision Song Contest), he also presented "Jeux Sans Frontières" for Portuguese viewers from 1979 until 1997 and commentated on the Eurovision Song Contest for RTP viewers between 1976 and 2006 on 14 occasions, during the presentation of the Dutch televote in the "Eurovision Song Contest 2006", Clímaco didn't translate properly the gay remarks televote presenter Paul de Leeuw gave to presenter Sakis Rouvas and said "he was saying that they really look like Greeks".

paragraph: In recent years Clímaco has still remained associate with RTP, in 2006 he participated in "Dança Comigo" (Portuguese counterpart of the UK's "Strictly Come Dancing") and in 2007 he participated in the Golden Anniversary programme to celebrate 50 Years of RTP.

paragraph: Currently he is a presenter on RTP Memória.

description: Television host

wikidata_label: Eládio Clímaco

wikipedia_title: Eládio Clímaco


text: FRSE

text: Scottish

text: geographer

text: cartographer

text: Penicuik

text: Edinburgh

text: Thomas Brumby Johnston

text: High School

text: University of Edinburgh

text: apprenticed

text: James Kirkwood

text: William Home Lizars

text: Sir William Johnston

text: Lord Provost of Edinburgh

text: cartographical

text: Edinburgh's New Town

text: America

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

text: Ben Rhydding

text: Yorkshire

text: Grange Cemetery

text: King William IV

text: physical geography

text: Alexander von Humboldt

text: letterpress

text: geology

text: hydrography

text: meteorology

text: botany

text: zoology

text: ethnology

text: Heinrich Berghaus

text: Montesquieu

text: Humboldtian science

text: Kosmos

text: military geography

text: Alison

text: atlas

text: map

text: Bartholomew

text: classical antiquity

text: William Ewart Gladstone

text: Alexander Keith Johnston

text: DavidRumsey.com

text: Berlin State Library

text: "Atlas of Astronomy"

text: John Russell Hind

text: Linda Hall Library

categories: Scottish lexicographers,19th-century Scottish people,People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh,Scottish geographers,1871 deaths,Scottish cartographers,People from the Scottish Borders,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,1804 births

paragraph: Alexander Keith Johnston (1804–1871)

paragraph: Alexander Keith Johnston FRSE FRGS FGS FEGS LLD (28 December 18049 July 1871) was a Scottish geographer and cartographer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Kirkhill near Penicuik, south of Edinburgh. He was the son of Andrew Johnston and Isabel Keith. His brother was Thomas Brumby Johnston FRSE.

paragraph: After an education at the High School and the University of Edinburgh he was apprenticed to the Edinburgh engraver and mapmaker, James Kirkwood and William Home Lizars. In 1826, he joined his brother William (who would become Sir William Johnston, Lord Provost of Edinburgh) in a printing and engraving business, forming the well-known cartographical firm of W. and A. K. Johnston with offices based at 4 St Andrew Square in Edinburgh's New Town (demolished 2016) and their printworks based at Edina Works, off Easter Road. The firm used the clan motto of "Ready Aye Ready" as their logo. Early hikes in the West Highlands had led Johnston to despair at the accuracy of maps, and inspired a deire to rectify this.

paragraph: The rest of Johnston's life was devoted to geography, his later years to its educational aspects especially. His services were recognised by the leading scientific societies of Europe and America.

paragraph: In October 1849, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Robert Chambers. In 1862 he was a founding member of the Meteorological Society of Scotland. He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1865.

paragraph: His Edinburgh address in later years was 16 Grosvenor Crescent in the affluent West End.

paragraph: He died at Ben Rhydding, Yorkshire, in 1871. He is buried in the north-west section of Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Johnston combined cartography with a painstaking and scholarly approach to map production. He went on to establish a reputation for scope and accuracy. Thematic atlases became the hallmark of the company he had founded and W & A K Johnston were appointed engravers to King William IV in 1834. In 1835 he constructed the first English language physical globe of the world incorporating its geology, hydrography and meteorology.

paragraph: In 1843 Johnston published "The National Atlas of Historical, Commercial and Political Geography". Johnston was the first to bring the study of physical geography into competent notice in England. His attention had been called to the subject by Alexander von Humboldt. In 1848 Johnston published "The Physical Atlas", followed by a second and enlarged edition in 1856. The atlas contained maps and descriptive letterpress to illustrates the geology, hydrography, meteorology, botany, zoology, and ethnology of the globe. "The Physical Atlas" was partly based on Heinrich Berghaus's German language "Physikalischer Atlas" and reflected the increased interest in the mapping of zoological and biological distributions. 18th century thinkers such as Montesquieu had stressed the importance of geography and climate as determining factors in history, and the concept of "natural frontiers". The atlas was a visual representation of Humboldtian science, which became popular in the 19th century and was preoccupied with the measurement of environmental parameters on a global scale. Berghaus and Johnston effectively illustrated the text of Humboldt's "Kosmos" and both atlases were subsequently plagiarized and abridged for school editions.

paragraph: Johnston published a "Dictionary of Geography" in 1850, with many later editions. "The Royal Atlas of Modern Geography" was first published in 1855 and served as an atlas of military geography to accompany Alison's "History of Europe" published in 1848. A variety of other atlases and maps for educational or scientific purposes. In 1856 Johnston published the "School Atlas of Astronomy".

paragraph: In 1861 Johnston published the first edition of the "Royal Atlas of Modern Geography" with 48 maps. By 1914 the atlas had gone through 12 editions and morphed into the "Johnston's Handy Royal Atlas of Modern Geography" with 61 colour lithographed maps and an index of 84 pages. While the Bartholomew's "Citizen's Atlas" sold more copies, being half the price, the "Royal Altlas"became the standard library atlas throughout the British Empire.

paragraph: In 1867 Johnston produced a new edition of his "School Atlas of Classical Geography". It contained a series of new maps that reflected the results of the most recent research into the classical antiquity. The "Map of the Outer Geography of the Odyssey" and two maps of ancient Greece were based on the scholarly work of William Ewart Gladstone, who had also revised the map plates and text of the atlas.

paragraph: In 1871 Johnston published the "Half-Crown Atlas of British History" for the price sensitive educational market. It was designed as a connected series of maps for teachers and students and illustrated leading events of history.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Margaret Gray in 1837. She was thereafter known as Margaret Keith Johnston.

paragraph: His eldest son, also named Alexander Keith Johnston (1844–1879), was also the author of various geographical works and papers.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DavidRumsey.com has high resolution digital versions of A.K. Johnston's 1856 "Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena" and 1861 "Royal Atlas of Modern Geography."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by and about Alexander Keith Johnston in the Berlin State Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnston's 1855 "Atlas of Astronomy", edited by John Russell Hind - Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library.

alias:
Keith Johnston the elder
Keith Johnston
Alexander Keith Johnston the elder

description: Scottish geographer

wikidata_label: Keith Johnston

wikipedia_title: Alexander Keith Johnston (1804–1871)