text: Old Norse

text: Danish

text: king of Denmark

text: Harald II of Denmark

text: Cnut the Great

text: Estrid Svendsdatter

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Trondejarl

text: Eric of Lade

text: Norway

text: Danish king of England

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Deeds of the Bishops of Hamburg

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: Heimskringla

text: Encomium Emmae Reginae

text: encomium

text: Emma

text: Normandy

text: Chronicon ex chronicis

text: Florence of Worcester

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: be baptised

text: Otto I

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Tove

text: Erik, king of Sweden

text: Boleslav, ruler of Poland

text: Scania

text: Zealand

text: Eric the Victorious

text: Sweden

text: Lund

text: Roskilde

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Viken

text: Olof Skötkonung

text: Eirik Hákonarson

text: Jarl of Lade

text: Olaf Tryggvason

text: Kings' sagas

text: Sigrid the Haughty

text: Thyri

text: Baltic Sea

text: Battle of Svolder

text: Viken district

text: Trondheim

text: Møre

text: Romsdal

text: Rånrike

text: Fagrskinna

text: Oppland

text: Svein Hákonarson

text: Olaf Tryggvason

text: Archbishopric of Bremen

text: Danelaw

text: Hamburg-Bremen

text: Chronicle of John of Wallingford

text: England

text: St. Brice's Day massacre

text: Æthelred the Unready

text: Thorkell the Tall

text: Simon Keynes

text: Danegeld

text: Peterborough Chronicle

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Sandwich

text: East Anglia

text: Humber

text: Trent

text: Gainsborough

text: Earl

text: Uchtred

text: Northumbria

text: Kingdom of Lindsey

text: Five Boroughs

text: shire

text: Watling Street

text: Oxford

text: Winchester

text: London

text: Thorkell the Tall

text: Bath

text: Edward

text: Alfred

text: Isle of Wight

text: Gainsborough, Lincolnshire

text: Roskilde

text: Lund

text: Harald II

text: Cnut

text: Edmund Ironside

text: Pomerania

text: Schleswig

text: Harold Harefoot

text: Harthacnut

text: Edward the Confessor

text: Estrid Svendsdatter

text: Sweyn II of Denmark

text: reign in Denmark

text: Margaret of Denmark

text: James III of Scotland

text: James VI

text: Sigrid the Haughty

text: Gunhild of Wenden

text: Harald II of Denmark

text: Cnut the Great

text: Estrid Svendsdatter

text: Medieval Archives Podcast

categories: 11th-century Danish people,10th-century Danish people,Danish Christians,Roman Catholic monarchs,House of Knýtlinga,Norwegian monarchs,11th-century English monarchs,Anglo-Norse monarchs,Burials at Roskilde Cathedral,960 births,Viking warriors,Viking Age monarchs,1014 deaths,Danish monarchs

paragraph: Sweyn Forkbeard

paragraph: Sweyn Forkbeard (; Old Norse: "Sveinn Haraldsson tjúguskegg"; Danish: "Svend Tveskæg"; 960 – 3 February 1014) was king of Denmark from 986 to 1014. He was the father of King Harald II of Denmark, King Cnut the Great and Queen Estrid Svendsdatter.

paragraph: In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father, Harald Bluetooth, and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards in November 986 or 987. In 1000, with the allegiance of Trondejarl, Eric of Lade, Sweyn ruled most of Norway. In 1013, shortly before his death, he became the first Danish king of England after a long effort.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Historiographical sources on Sweyn's life include the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (where his name is rendered as "Swegen"), Adam of Bremen's 12th-century "Deeds of the Bishops of Hamburg", and Snorri Sturluson's 13th-century "Heimskringla". Conflicting accounts of Sweyn's later life also appear in the "Encomium Emmae Reginae", an 11th-century Latin "encomium" in honour of his son king Cnut's queen Emma of Normandy, along with "Chronicon ex chronicis" by Florence of Worcester, another 11th-century author.

paragraph: Sweyn's father, Harald Bluetooth, was the first of the reigning Scandinavian kings to be baptised, in the early or mid-960s. According to Adam of Bremen, Harald's son Sweyn was baptised "Otto" (in honour of German king Otto I).

paragraph: There are conflicting records as to the identity of his mother. Adam of Bremen identifies her as "Gunhild", but some modern day scholars give her name as Tove from Western Wendland.

paragraph: Sweyn married the widow of Erik, king of Sweden, named "Gunhild" in some sources, or identified as an unnamed sister of Boleslav, ruler of Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Revolt and possible exile.

paragraph: In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards in November 986 or 987.

paragraph: Adam of Bremen depicted Sweyn as a rebellious pagan who persecuted Christians, betrayed his father and expelled German bishops from Scania and Zealand. According to Adam, Sweyn was sent into exile by his father's German friends and deposed in favour of king Eric the Victorious of Sweden, whom Adam wrote ruled Denmark until his death in 994 or 995. Sørensen (2001) argues that Adam's depiction of Sweyn may be overly negative, as seen through an "unsympathetic and intolerant eye".

paragraph: Adam's account is thus not seen as entirely reliable; the claimed 14-years' exile of Sweyn to Scotland does not seem to agree with Sweyn's building churches in Denmark throughout the same period, including the churches in Lund and Roskilde. According to Adam, Sweyn was punished by God for leading the uprising which led to king Harald's death, and had to spend fourteen years abroad (i.e. 986–1000). The historicity of this exile, or its duration, is uncertain. Adam purports that Sweyn was shunned by all those with whom he sought refuge, but was finally allowed to live for a while in Scotland. Adam also suggests that Sweyn in his youth lived among heathens, and only achieved success as a ruler after accepting Christianity.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Battle of Svolder.

paragraph: Harald Bluetooth had already established a foothold in Norway, controlling Viken in c. 970.

paragraph: He may, however, have lost control over his Norwegian claims following his defeat against a German army in 974.

paragraph: Sweyn built an alliance with Swedish king Olof Skötkonung and Eirik Hákonarson, Jarl of Lade, against Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason.

paragraph: The Kings' sagas ascribe the causes of the alliance to Olaf Tryggvason's ill-fated marriage proposal to Sigrid the Haughty and his problematic marriage to Thyri, sister of Svein Forkbeard.

paragraph: The allies attacked and defeated king Olaf in the western Baltic Sea when he was sailing home from an expedition, in the Battle of Svolder, fought in September of either 999 or 1000. The victors divided Norway among them. According to the account of the "Heimskringla",

paragraph: Sweyn re-gained direct control of Viken district.

paragraph: King Olaf of Sweden received four districts in Trondheim as well as Møre, Romsdal and Rånrike (the "Fagrskinna", by contrast, says that the Swedish part consisted of Oppland and a part of Trondheim). He gave these to his son in law, Jarl Svein Hákonarson, to hold as a vassal. The rest of Norway was ruled by Eirik Hákonarson as King Svein's vassal.

paragraph: The Jarls Eirik and Svein proved strong, competent rulers, and their reign was prosperous. Most sources say that they adopted Christianity but allowed the people religious freedom, leading to a backlash against Christianity which undid much of Olaf Tryggvason's missionary work.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Religion.

paragraph: King Sweyn enlisted priests and bishops from England rather than from the Archbishopric of Bremen. This may have been a reason for Adam of Bremen's apparent hostility in his accounts. Numerous converted priests of Danish origin from the Danelaw lived in England, while Sweyn had few connections to Germany or its priests.

paragraph: By allowing English ecclesiastical influence in his kingdom, he was spurning the Hamburg-Bremen archbishop. Since German bishops were an integral part of the secular state, Sweyn's preference for the English church may have been a political move. He sought to pre-empt any threat against his independence posed by the German kings.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Invasions of England.

paragraph: The "Chronicle of John of Wallingford" (c. 1225–1250) records Sweyn's involvement in raids against England during 1002–1005, 1006–1007, and 1009–1012 to avenge the St. Brice's Day massacre of England's Danish inhabitants in November 1002. According to Ashley (1998), Sweyn's invasion was partly motivated by the massacre of Danes in England ordered by Æthelred the Unready in 1002, in which his sister and brother-in-law are said to have been killed. but Lund (2001) argues that the main motivation for the raids was more likely the prospect of revenue.

paragraph: Sweyn campaigned in Wessex and East Anglia in 1003–1004, but a famine forced him to return to Denmark in 1005. Further raids took place in 1006–1007, and in 1009–1012 Thorkell the Tall led a Viking invasion into England. Simon Keynes regards it as uncertain whether Sweyn supported these invasions, but "whatever the case, he was quick to exploit the disruption caused by the activities of Thorkell's army".

paragraph: Sweyn acquired massive sums of "Danegeld" through the raids. In 1013, he is reported to have personally led his forces in a full-scale invasion of England.

paragraph: The contemporary "Peterborough Chronicle" (part of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle") states:

paragraph: before the month of August came king Sweyn with his fleet to Sandwich. He went very quickly about East Anglia into the Humber's mouth, and so upward along the Trent till he came to Gainsborough. Earl Uchtred and all Northumbria quickly bowed to him, as did all the people of the Kingdom of Lindsey, then the people of the Five Boroughs. He was given hostages from each shire. When he understood that all the people had submitted to him, he bade that his force should be provisioned and horsed; he went south with the main part of the invasion force, while some of the invasion force, as well as the hostages, were with his son Cnut. After he came over Watling Street, they went to Oxford, and the town-dwellers soon bowed to him, and gave hostages. From there they went to Winchester, and the people did the same, then eastward to London.

paragraph: But the Londoners put up a strong resistance, because King Æthelred and Thorkell the Tall, a Viking leader who had defected to Æthelred, personally held their ground against him in London itself. Sweyn then went west to Bath, where the western thanes submitted to him and gave hostages. The Londoners then followed suit, fearing Sweyn's revenge if they resisted any longer. King Æthelred sent his sons Edward and Alfred to Normandy, and himself retreated to the Isle of Wight, and then followed them into exile. On Christmas Day 1013 Sweyn was declared King of England.

paragraph: Based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Sweyn began to organise his vast new kingdom, but he died there on 3 February 1014, having ruled England for only five weeks. His embalmed body was returned to Denmark for burial in the church he had built. Tradition locates this church in Roskilde, but it is more plausible that it was actually located in Lund in Scania (now part of Sweden). Sweyn's elder son, Harald II, succeeded him as King of Denmark, while his younger son, Cnut, was proclaimed King of England by the people of the Danelaw. However, the English nobility sent for Æthelred, who upon his return from exile in Normandy in the spring of 1014 managed to drive Cnut out of England. Cnut soon returned and became king of all England in 1016, following the deaths of Æthelred and his son Edmund Ironside; he succeeded his brother as King of Denmark in 1019 and eventually also ruled Norway, parts of Sweden, Pomerania, and Schleswig.

paragraph: Cnut and his sons, Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut, ruled England over a combined 26-year period (1016–1042). After Harthacnut's death, the English throne reverted to the House of Wessex under Æthelred's younger son Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042–1066).

paragraph: Sweyn's daughter, Estrid Svendsdatter, was the mother of King Sweyn II of Denmark. Her descendants continue to reign in Denmark to this day. One of them, Margaret of Denmark, married James III of Scotland in 1469, introducing Sweyn's bloodline into the Scottish royal house. After James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne in 1603, Sweyn's descendants became monarchs of England again.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Sweyn had eight children with Sigrid the Haughty and Gunhild of Wenden:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harald II of Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cnut the Great

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estrid Svendsdatter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gytha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gunnhild

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santslaue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thyra

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northvegr (Scandinavian) – A History of the Vikings (Search)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vikingworld (Danish) – Swein Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sweyn Forkbeard: The Viking King of England on Medieval Archives Podcast

alias:
Sweyn Forkbeard
Sweyn, King of Denmark

description: King of Denmark, England, and Norway

wikidata_label: Sweyn I of Denmark

wikipedia_title: Sweyn Forkbeard


text: Chicago

text: school

text: museum

text: harbor

text: park

text: bridge

text: Chicago River

text: is identified

text: National Historic Landmark

text: Pioneer Court

text: Great Lakes

text: Illinois Country

text: Native American

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Michilimackinac

text: St. Clair, Michigan

text: St. Charles

text: Missouri River

text: Juliette Kinzie

text: Chicago

text: Hispaniola

text: Milo Milton Quaife

text: historical novel

text: Saint-Marc

text: Saint-Domingue

text: Haiti

text: French Canada

text: French Louisiana

text: Potawatomi

text: Catholic

text: Cahokia

text: Illinois Country

text: Mississippi River

text: Native American

text: Arent DePeyster

text: Fort Michilimackinac

text: British Quebec territory

text: Harbor Springs, Michigan

text: Trail Creek

text: Michigan City, Indiana

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Patrick Sinclair

text: St. Clair River

text: St. Clair

text: Chicago River

text: Chicago portage

text: pirogue

text: John Kinzie

text: Jean La Lime

text: livres

text: smokehouse

text: St. Charles

text: Missouri

text: Spanish Louisiana

text: colonial governor

text: ferry

text: Missouri River

text: Archdiocese of St. Louis

text: University of Illinois at Chicago

text: Great Lakes region

text: mate

text: Kaskaskia

text: Illinois Territory

text: Peoria

text: Illinois River

text: Jean La Lime

text: Quebec

text: Lexington, Kentucky

text: Treaty of Greenville

text: Northwest Indian War

text: Louis Jolliet

text: Jacques Marquette

text: Chicago Portage

text: René LaSalle

text: Henri Tonti

text: Mission of the Guardian Angel

text: Fort Dearborn

text: Pioneer Court

text: Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite

text: National Historic Landmark

text: Michigan Avenue

text: Michigan–Wacker Historic District

text: Michigan Avenue Bridge

text: DuSable High School

text: Bronzeville

text: Margaret Taylor-Burroughs

text: Chicago's South Side

text: Randolph Street

text: DuSable Park

text: Harold Washington

text: US Postal Service

text: History of Chicago

text: List of African-American firsts

text: Antoine Ouilmette

text: DuSable Heritage Association

text: Jean Baptiste Dusable

text: findagrave

categories: People from Chicago,African-American history,Haitian-American history,1818 deaths,Year of birth unknown,American city founders,People of New France,People of African descent

paragraph: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

paragraph: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (also spelled "Point de Sable", "Point au Sable", "Point Sable", "Pointe DuSable"; before 1750 – August 28, 1818) is regarded as the first permanent non-Indigenous settler of what would later become Chicago, Illinois, and is recognized as the "Founder of Chicago". A school, museum, harbor, park, and bridge have been named in his honor. The site where he settled near the mouth of the Chicago River around the 1780s is identified as a National Historic Landmark, now located in Pioneer Court.

paragraph: Point du Sable was of African descent but little else is known of his life prior to the 1770s. During his career, the areas where he settled and traded around the Great Lakes and in the Illinois Country changed hands several times among France, Britain, Spain and the new United States. Described as handsome and well educated, Point duSable married a Native American woman, Kitiwaha, and they had two children. In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, he was arrested by the British military on suspicion of being an American sympathizer. In the early 1780s he worked for the British lieutenant-governor of Michilimackinac on an estate at what is now the city of St. Clair, Michigan.

paragraph: Point du Sable is first recorded as living at the mouth of the Chicago River in a trader's journal of early 1790. By then he had established an extensive and prosperous trading settlement in what later became the City of Chicago. He sold his Chicago River property in 1800 and moved to St. Charles, now in Missouri, where he was licensed to run a Missouri River ferry. Point duSable's successful role in developing the Chicago River settlement was little recognized until the mid-20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: There are no records of Point du Sable's life prior to the 1770s. Though it is known from sources during his life that he was of African descent, his birth year, place of birth, and parents are unknown. Juliette Kinzie, another early pioneer of Chicago, never met Point duSable but stated in her 1856 memoir that he was "a native of St.Domingo" (the island of Hispaniola). This became generally accepted as his place of birth. Historian Milo Milton Quaife regarded Kinzie's account of Point duSable as "largely fictitious and wholly unauthenticated", later putting forward a theory that he was of African and French-Canadian origin. A historical novel published in 1953 helped to popularize the commonly recited claim that he was born in 1745 in Saint-Marc in Saint-Domingue (Haiti). If he was born outside continental North America, there are further competing accounts that he entered as a trader from the north through French Canada, or from the south through French Louisiana.

paragraph: Point du Sable married a Potawatomi woman named Kitihawa (Christianized to Catherine) on October27, 1788, in a Catholic ceremony in Cahokia, an old French Illinois Country town on the Mississippi River, though it is likely they were married in the Native American tradition in the 1770s. They had a son named Jean and a daughter named Susanne. Point duSable supported his family as a frontier trader and settler during a period when Great Britain, and later the newly formed United States, were seeking to assert control in the former southern dependencies of French Canada and in the Illinois Country.

paragraph: In a footnote to a poem titled "Speech to the Western Indians", Arent DePeyster, British commandant from 1774 to 1779 at Fort Michilimackinac (a former French fort in what was then the British Quebec territory), noted that "Baptist Point deSaible" was "a handsome negro", "well educated", and "settled in Eschecagou". When he published this poem in 1813, DePeyster presented it as a speech that he had made at the village of Abercroche (now Harbor Springs, Michigan) on July4, 1779. This footnote has led many scholars to assume that Point duSable had settled in Chicago by 1779; but letters written by traders in the late 1770s suggest that Point duSable was at this time settled at the mouth of Trail Creek ("Rivière duChemin") at what is now Michigan City, Indiana. In August 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, Point duSable was arrested as a suspected partisan at Trail Creek by British troops and imprisoned briefly at Fort Michilimackinac. An officer's report following his arrest noted that Point du Sable had many friends who vouched for his good character. The following year, he was ordered transported to the Pinery. From the summer of 1780 until May 1784, Point duSable managed the Pinery, a tract of woodlands claimed by a British officer, Lt.Patrick Sinclair, on the St. Clair River in eastern Michigan; possibly this was part of his confinement by the British, or at least the best choice Point du Sable was given by his captors. Point duSable with his family lived in a cabin at the mouth of the Pine River in what is now the city of St. Clair.

paragraph: Point du Sable settled on the north bank of the Chicago River close to its mouth at some time in the 1780s. The earliest known record of Point duSable living in Chicago is an entry that Hugh Heward made in his journal on May10, 1790, during a journey from Detroit across Michigan and through Illinois. Heward's party stopped at Point duSable's house enroute to the Chicago portage; they swapped their canoe for a pirogue that belonged to Point duSable, and they bought bread, flour, and pork from him. Perrish Grignon, who visited Chicago in about 1794, described Point duSable as a large man and wealthy trader. Point du Sable's granddaughter, Eulalie Pelletier, was born at his Chicago River settlement in 1796. In 1800 Point duSable sold his farm to John Kinzie's frontman, Jean La Lime, for 6,000 livres. The bill of sale, which was rediscovered in 1913 in an archive in Detroit, outlined all of the property Point duSable owned as well as many of his personal effects. This included a house, two barns, a horse drawn mill, a bakehouse, a poultry house, a dairy, and a smokehouse. The house was a log cabin filled with fine furniture and paintings.

paragraph: After Point du Sable sold his property in Chicago, he moved to St. Charles, now in Missouri but at that time in Spanish Louisiana, where he was commissioned by the colonial governor to operate a ferry across the Missouri River. In St.Charles, he may have lived for a time with his son, and later with his granddaughter's family, and late in life, he may have sought public or charitable assistance. He died in 1818 and was buried in an unmarked grave in St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery. His entry in the parish burial register does not mention his origins, parents, or relatives; it simply describes him as "negre" (French for "negro").

paragraph: The St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery was moved twice in the 19thcentury, and oral tradition and records of the Archdiocese of St. Louis suggested that Point duSable's remains were also moved. On October12, 1968, the Illinois Sesquicentennial Commission erected a granite marker at the site believed to be Point duSable's grave in the third St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery. In 2002 an archaeological investigation of the grave site was initiated by the African Scientific Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Researchers using a combination of ground-penetrating radar, surveys, and excavation of a area did not find any evidence of any burials at the supposed grave site, leading the archaeologists to conclude that Point duSable's remains may not have been moved from one of the two previous cemeteries.

paragraph: Section::::Theories and legends.

paragraph: Section::::Theories and legends.:Early life.

paragraph: Though there is little historical evidence regarding Point duSable's life before the 1770s, there are several theories and legends that give accounts of his early life. Writing in 1933, Quaife identified a French immigrant to Canada, Pierre Dandonneau, who acquired the title "Sieur deSable" and whose descendants were known by both the names "Dandonneau" and "DuSable". Quaife was unable to find a direct link to Point duSable, but he identified descendants of Pierre Dandonneau living around the Great Lakes region in Detroit, Mackinac, and St.Joseph, leading him to speculate that Point duSable's father was a member of this family, while his mother was a slave. In 1951 Joseph Jeremie, a native of Haiti, published a pamphlet in which he said he was the great grandson of Point duSable. Based on family recollections and tombstone inscriptions he claimed that Point duSable was born in Saint-Marc in Haiti, studied in France, and returned to Haiti to deal in coffee before traveling to French Louisiana. Historian and Point duSable biographer John F. Swenson has called these claims "elaborate, undocumented assertions... in a fanciful biography". In 1953 Shirley Graham built on the work of Quaife and Jeremie in a historical novel about Point duSable that she described as "not accurate history nor pure fiction", but rather "an imaginative interpretation of all the known facts". This book presented Point duSable as the son of the mate on a pirate ship, the "Black Sea Gull", and a freed slave called Suzanne. Despite lack of evidence and the continued debate about Point duSable's early life, parentage, and birthplace, this popular story is widely presented as being definitive.

paragraph: Section::::Theories and legends.:Peoria.

paragraph: In 1815 a land claim that had been submitted by Nicholas Jarrot to the land commissioners at Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, was approved. In the claim Jarrot asserted that a "Jean Baptiste Poinstable" had been "head of a family at Peoria in the year 1783, and before and after that year", and that he "had a house built and cultivated land between the Old Fort and the new settlement in the year 1780". This document has been taken by Quaife and other historians as evidence that Point duSable lived at Peoria on the Illinois River prior to going upriver to Chicago. Other records demonstrate that Point duSable was living and working under the British at the Pinery in Michigan in the early 1780s. The Kaskaskia land commissioners identified many fraudulent land claims, including two previously submitted in the name of Point duSable. Nicholas Jarrot, the claimant, was involved in many false claims, and Swenson suggests that this one was also fraudulent, made without the knowledge of Point duSable. Although perhaps in conflict with some of the above information, some historical records suggest that Point duSable bought land in Peoria from J.B. Maillet on March13, 1773, and sold it to Isaac Darneille in 1783 before he became the first "permanent" resident of Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Theories and legends.:Departure from Chicago.

paragraph: Point du Sable left Chicago in 1800. He sold his property to Jean La Lime, a trader from Quebec, and moved to the Missouri River valley, at that time part of Spanish Louisiana. The reason for his departure is unknown. By 1804, John Kinzie, who also settled in Chicago, had bought the former du Sable house. In her 1852 memoir, Juliette Kinzie, Kinzie's daughter-in-law, suggested that "perhaps he was disgusted at not being elected to a similar dignity [great chief] by the Pottowattamies". In 1874 Nehemiah Matson elaborated on this story, claiming that Point duSable was a slave from Virginia who had moved with his master to Lexington, Kentucky, in 1790. According to Matson, Point duSable became a zealous Catholic to convince a Jesuit missionary to declare him chief of the local Native Americans, and left Chicago when the natives refused to accept him as their chief. Quaife dismisses both of these stories as being fictional.

paragraph: In her 1953 novel Graham suggests that Point du Sable left Chicago because he was angered with the United States government, which wanted him to buy the land on which he had lived and called his own for the previous two decades. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville, which ended the Northwest Indian War, and the subsequent westward migration of Native Americans away from the Chicago area might also have influenced his decision.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.:Founder of Chicago.

paragraph: The French came to the North American mid-continent region in the 17thcentury. Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, during their 1673 Mississippi Valley expedition, though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area, are the first in the written record to have crossed the Chicago Portage and traveled along the Chicago River. Over the following years visits continued, and occasional intermittent posts were established, including those by René LaSalle, Henri Tonti, Pierre Liette and the four-year Mission of the Guardian Angel. Point duSable 1780s establishment is recognized as the first settlement that continued on and ultimately grew to become the city of Chicago. He is therefore widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago and has been given the appellation "Founder of Chicago".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.:Memorials.

paragraph: By the 1850s, historians of Chicago recognized Point duSable as the city's earliest non-native permanent settler. For a long time the city did not honor him in the same manner as other pioneers. Point du Sable was generally forgotten in the 19thcentury and instead the Scots-Irish trader John Kinzie, who had bought his property, was often credited for the settlement. A plaque was erected by the city in 1913 at the corner of Kinzie and Pine Streets to commemorate the Kinzie homestead. In the planning stages of the 1933–1934 Century of Progress International Exposition, several African-American groups campaigned for Point duSable to be honored at the fair. At the time, few Chicagoans had even heard of Point duSable, and the fair's organizers presented the 1803 construction of Fort Dearborn as the city's historical beginning. The campaign was successful, and a replica of Point duSable's cabin was presented as part of the "background of the history of Chicago".

paragraph: In 1965 a plaza called Pioneer Court was built on the site of Point duSable's homestead as part of the construction of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of America building. The Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite was designated as a National Historic Landmark on May11, 1976, as a site deemed to have "exceptional value to the nation". Pioneer Court is located at what is now 401N.Michigan Avenue in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. At this site in 2009 the City of Chicago and a private donor erected a large bronze bust of Point duSable by Chicago-born sculptor Erik Blome. In October 2010 the Michigan Avenue Bridge was renamed "DuSable Bridge" in honor of Point duSable. Previously, a small street named "DeSaible Street" had been named after him.

paragraph: Several Chicago institutions have been named in honor of Point duSable. DuSable High School opened in Bronzeville in 1934. The DuSable campus today houses the Daniel Hale Williams Prep School of Medicine, and the Bronzeville Scholastic Institute. Dr.Margaret Taylor-Burroughs, a prominent African-American artist and writer, taught at the school for twenty-three years. She and her husband co-founded the DuSable Museum of African American History, located on Chicago's South Side, which was renamed in honor of Point duSable in 1968. DuSable Harbor is located in the heart of downtown Chicago at the foot of Randolph Street, and DuSable Park is a urban park in Chicago currently awaiting redevelopment. The project was originally announced in 1987 by Mayor Harold Washington. The US Postal Service has also honored Point duSable with the issue of a Black Heritage Series 22-cent postage stamp on February20, 1987.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of African-American firsts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antoine Ouilmette

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DuSable Heritage Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Baptiste Dusable at findagrave

alias:
Jean Baptiste Point de Sable
Jean Baptiste Point au Sable
Jean Baptiste Point Sable
Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable
Point de Sable

description: Early Founder of Chicago

wikidata_label: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

wikipedia_title: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable


text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Duke of Saxony

text: King of Germany

text: Gebhard of Supplinburg

text: Hohenstaufen

text: Frederick II of Swabia

text: Conrad of Franconia

text: Norman

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Saxon Rebellion

text: Salian dynasty

text: Battle of Langensalza

text: Henry IV

text: Unterlüß

text: Richenza

text: Henry of Northeim

text: Gertrude of Brunswick

text: Brunonids

text: House of Billung

text: Northeim

text: North German

text: Henry V

text: Duke of Saxony

text: Magnus of Billung

text: Investiture Controversy

text: Adolf of Schauenburg

text: Holstein

text: Battle of Welfesholz

text: Wiprecht of Groitzsch

text: Margraviate of Meissen

text: Conrad of Wettin

text: March of Lusatia

text: Albert the Bear

text: Archbishop of Mainz

text: King of the Romans

text: Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

text: Bohemia

text: Albert of Ascania

text: Margrave of Brandenburg

text: Frederick II

text: Conrad

text: Salian dynasty

text: House of Hohenstaufen

text: House of Welf

text: Hohenstaufen

text: Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

text: Duke Conrad of Franconia

text: Imperial ban

text: Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen

text: rector of Burgundy

text: Imperial Free Cities

text: Duchy of Austria

text: Duchy of Swabia

text: anti-king

text: King of Italy

text: Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan

text: Nuremberg

text: Speyer

text: Anacletus II

text: Innocent II

text: Rome

text: Liège

text: Concordat of Worms

text: Roger II of Sicily

text: King of the Romans

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Lateran

text: Matilda of Tuscany

text: Bamberg

text: King of Italy

text: John II Comnenus

text: Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

text: Tronto

text: William of Loritello

text: Termoli

text: Bari

text: Apulia

text: Capua

text: Rainulf of Alife

text: Salerno

text: follari

text: Königslutter

text: Tuscan

text: Holstein

text: Stormarn

text: Schauenburg

text: Albert the Bear

text: Margrave of Brandenburg

text: Conrad the Great of Wettin

text: Archbishopric of Bremen

text: Archbishopric of Magdeburg

text: Eric II of Denmark

text: Poland

text: Bohemia

text: Hungary

text: Bolesław III Wrymouth

text: Pomerania

text: Rügen

text: Richenza of Northeim

text: Gertrude

text: Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

text: Henry the Lion

text: Harzgau

text: Eastphalia

text: Gebhard

text: Hedwig

text: Bavarian

text: Formbach

text: Dietrich of Haldensleben

text: Billung

text: Ordulf of Saxony

categories: 1137 deaths,Christians of the Norwegian Crusade,12th-century Kings of Germany,Dukes of Saxony,1075 births,German kings of Burgundy,12th-century Holy Roman Emperors,12th-century Kings of the Romans,People from Celle (district),12th-century kings of Italy

paragraph: Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor

paragraph: Lothair II or Lothair III (before 9 June 1075 – 4 December 1137), known as Lothair of Supplinburg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death. He was appointed Duke of Saxony in 1106 and elected King of Germany in 1125 before being crowned emperor in Rome. The son of the Saxon count Gebhard of Supplinburg, his reign was troubled by the constant intriguing of the Hohenstaufens, Duke Frederick II of Swabia and Duke Conrad of Franconia. He died while returning from a successful campaign against the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Little is known of Lothair's youth. His father joined the Saxon Rebellion against the ruling Salian dynasty and died on 9 June 1075 in the Battle of Langensalza, fighting troops loyal to Emperor Henry IV. Shortly thereafter, Lothair was born posthumously at Unterlüß. In 1100 he married Richenza, daughter of Count Henry of Northeim and Gertrude of Brunswick, heiress of the Brunonids.

paragraph: After years of purchasing lands or gaining them via inheritance or marriage alliances throughout Saxony, Lothair gained the domains of the House of Billung, the Counts of Northeim and the Brunonids, and became one of the dominant landowners in the North German duchy. He backed the emperor's son Henry V during the disempowerment of his father Henry IV and in turn was made Duke of Saxony upon the death of Magnus of Billung in 1106. Emboldened by the promotion and incensed over the imposition of a new tax on ducal lords, however, Duke Lothair subsequently revolted against Emperor Henry's rule and denied his ability to rule Saxony during the Investiture Controversy. He acted autonomously, vesting Count Adolf of Schauenburg with Holstein in 1110, was temporarily deposed in 1112 but reinstated after he tactically submitted himself to the rule of Henry V. In 1115 however, he joined the rebellious Saxon forces which defeated those of the Emperor in the Battle of Welfesholz. When in 1123 Henry V vested Count Wiprecht of Groitzsch with the Margraviate of Meissen, Lothair enforced the appointment of Conrad of Wettin and ceded the March of Lusatia to Count Albert the Bear.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: After the death of Emperor Henry V in 1125, Lothair was viewed by the Imperial chancellor, the Archbishop of Mainz, as a perfect candidate. As an extensive landowner all over Saxony, he brought power to the table, but he was old (slightly over fifty years of age) and had no male issue, potentially making him malleable for the nobility. He was therefore elected King of the Romans after a contentious power struggle with Duke Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, head of the rising House of Hohenstaufen. His election was notable in that it marked a departure from the concept of hereditary succession. Somewhat naive concerning the complex power struggle between the papacy and the empire, Lothair also consented to several symbolic acts that were subsequently interpreted by Rome as signaling acceptance of papal confirmation of his position.

paragraph: A campaign undertaken in the same year against Bohemia ended in defeat, a weak start by Lothair. Among those captured by the Bohemians was Albert of Ascania, future Margrave of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Duke Frederick II and Conrad were the two contemporary male Hohenstaufen, by their mother Agnes were grandsons of late Emperor Henry IV and nephews of Henry V. Frederick attempted to succeed to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor (formally known as the King of the Romans) through a customary election, but lost to the Saxon duke Lothair of Supplinburg. A civil war between Frederick's dynasty and Lothair's ended with Frederick's submission in 1134.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Dispute with the Staufens.

paragraph: With both Saxon and Bavarian origins, the Süpplingenburg dynasty was a political opponent of the Salian dynasty and the Swabian House of Hohenstaufen. During his reign, a succession dispute broke out between the House of Welf and the Hohenstaufens; the latter were led by Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and his brother Duke Conrad of Franconia. The Staufens, in addition to claiming the private Salian lands which clearly fell to them, also claimed all of the crown lands they had gained under Henry IV and Henry V. Lothair attempted to seize the crown lands following approval from a group of nobles meeting in Regensburg, which provoked Staufen reaction. Lothair then moved further. Frederick II was placed under the Imperial ban, Conrad was deprived of Franconia, and Lothair appointed his ally Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen as rector of Burgundy.

paragraph: The Staufens, with the support of their own lands, many Imperial Free Cities, the Duchy of Austria, and the Duchy of Swabia, got Duke Conrad elected as "anti-king" Conrad III. In 1128 Conrad went to Italy, to be crowned King of Italy by Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan. Lothair took advantage of Conrad's absence and weak position by attacking the Staufens in Germany. In 1129 he took two strong Staufen cities, Nuremberg and Speyer. Conrad failed to make anything of his visit to Italy, and returned in 1130 with nothing to show for it, which assured at least a partial victory for Lothair.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Relations with the Papacy.

paragraph: In the double papal election of 1130, both sides campaigned for Lothair's support. The king had an opportunity to take advantage of the situation and reassert imperial control over the papacy, but choosing instead to deal with the Staufen resistance, he let his inferiors make the decision. Anacletus II offered Lothair the Imperial crown, but in the end Innocent II gained his support, and he promised to escort the new pope back to Rome. In 1131 the two met at Liège, where the king demonstrated subservience to the pope, and his request that investiture be restored to him was ignored. He did, however, maintain the rights secured by the Concordat of Worms. He also agreed to assist Innocent against King Roger II of Sicily, an ally of Anacletus. In exchange, Innocent II again crowned Lothair as King of the Romans on 29 March 1131.

paragraph: The force Lothair took with him into Italy in 1132 was not strong, due to his leaving troops in Germany to prevent the Hohenstaufen from revolting. While he carefully avoided any cities that were hostile, he did attempt to besiege Milan, which failed due to the small army he had at his disposal. Consequently, he reached Rome in 1133, which was mostly held by Anacletus. As St. Peter's Basilica was closed to them, Innocent instead crowned Lothair as emperor in the Lateran on 4 June 1133. The emperor continued giving little or no resistance against papal interference with his power; he even ignored a bull by Innocent which stated that the emperor's authority derived from him. He also recognized papal claims to the Matildine lands (formerly owned by Countess Matilda of Tuscany), in exchange receiving those lands as fiefs.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Campaign against Sicily.

paragraph: Returning to Germany, he set out to create peace. The Staufen brothers, falling short on resources, were compelled to submit. The Reichstag in Bamberg in 1135 pardoned the two brothers and restored them to their lands. In return, they recognized Lothair as emperor, Conrad abandoned his title of King of Italy, and both promised to assist him in another Italian campaign, before a ten-year ‘Landpeace’ was declared.

paragraph: In 1136, at the insistence of Innocent and Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus, the campaign against Roger of Sicily began. Two main armies, one led by Lothair, the other by his son-in-law Henry X, Duke of Bavaria ("Henry the Proud"), entered Italy. On the river Tronto, Count William of Loritello did homage to Lothair and opened the gates of Termoli to him. This was followed by the submission of Count Hugh II of Molise. Advancing deep into the southern part of the peninsula, the two armies met at Bari, and continued further south in 1137. Roger offered to give Apulia as a fief of the Empire to one of his sons and give another son as a hostage; terms which Lothair refused after being pressured by Innocent.

paragraph: The German troops, however, were adamant against campaigning during the hot summer and revolted. The emperor, who had hoped for the complete conquest of Sicily, instead separated Capua and Apulia from Roger's kingdom and gave them to Roger's enemies. Innocent, however, protested, claiming that Apulia fell under papal claims; the two eventually jointly enfeoffed the duchy to Rainulf of Alife. Lothair occupied Salerno from August to October 1137. There he had copper coins ("follari") minted in his name.

paragraph: Returning to Germany, Lothair died while crossing the Alps on 4 December 1137. His body was boiled to prevent putrefaction, and his bones were carried to the monastery church of Saints Peter and Paul at Königslutter, which he endowed as his burial church and for which he laid the cornerstone in 1135.

paragraph: Shortly beforehand, he gave his Tuscan Matildine lands to Henry the Proud of Bavaria, and his last acts were to give him also the Duchy of Saxony and the imperial regalia. However, the kingship subsequently ended up in the hands of the Staufens, destroying Lothair's hopes for a powerful Welf hereditary monarchy.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Actions in the north and east.

paragraph: The emperor's most long-lasting contribution to Germany came from his actions in the north and east. Being a Saxon, he gave more attention to the region than previous emperors. Even before becoming German king, he had given control of Holstein and Stormarn to Adolf I of Schauenburg. In 1134 he appointed the Ascanian Albert the Bear as Margrave of Brandenburg. In 1136 he appointed Conrad the Great of Wettin, already margrave of Meissen, to the position of margrave of Lausitz, uniting the two marches. In addition, he petitioned the pope to expand the rights of the Archbishopric of Bremen and Archbishopric of Magdeburg in the area. King Eric II of Denmark was made a vassal of the emperor in 1135, becoming a member of the Reichstag. Successful diplomatic intervention by Lothair in ending war between Poland and Bohemia/Hungary resulted in the Polish Duke's Bolesław III Wrymouth payment of Pomeranian tribute that was long overdue. In addition, the Polish Duke had to accept Pomerania and Rügen as fiefs of the Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: The Süpplingenburg dynasty was only short-living. By his wife, Richenza of Northeim, Lothair had only one surviving child, a daughter Gertrude, born 18 April 1115. To secure Welf support for his election as king, Lothair married Gertrude to Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, on 29 May 1127. Their only son was Henry the Lion.

paragraph: After Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King as Conrad III. Henry the Proud, Lothair’s son-in-law and heir, refused to acknowledge the new king. In response, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: In 1013, one Saxon noble named Liutger was mentioned as a count in the Harzgau subdivision of Eastphalia. His grandson Count Gebhard, father of Emperor Lothair, possibly acquired the castle of Süpplingenburg about 1060 by his marriage with Hedwig, a daughter of the Bavarian count Frederick of Formbach and his wife Gertrud, herself a descendant of the Saxon margrave Dietrich of Haldensleben who secondly married the Billung duke Ordulf of Saxony upon Count Frederick's death.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Lothar's seal in high quality resolution taken from the collections of the

alias: empereur du Saint Empire romain germanique Lothar III

alias: King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III

alias: keizer van het Duitse Rijk Lotharius III

alias: Kaiser Lothar III. Heiliges Römisches Reich

description: German royalty; Holy Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Lothair III

wikipedia_title: Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor

wikipedia_title: Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor


text: né

text: Swansea

text: South Wales

text: Rebecca Riots

text: Pontarddulais

text: Bishop Gore School

text: Dylan Thomas

text: Exeter College, Oxford

text: academic degree

text: BBC

text: war correspondent

text: RAF

text: Lancaster bomber

text: bombing raid

text: Nazi

text: Anzio

text: Burgundy vineyards

text: Lord Haw-Haw

text: Belsen concentration camp

text: Anzio

text: Operation Shingle

text: Anzio

text: BBC

text: war correspondent

text: Robert Mitchum

text: Peter Falk

text: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

text: Richard Dimbleby

text: HTV

text: ITV

text: Pembrokeshire Coast Path

text: Pembrokeshire Coast National Park

text: Amroth, Pembrokeshire

text: Order of the British Empire

text: 1974 Birthday Honours

text: 1986 Birthday Honours

text: Fishguard

text: Pembrokeshire

text: Aberhosan

text: toposcope

text: Snowdon

text: BBC Wales History

text: BBC Cymru

text: Thames Television Interview from 1972

categories: Welsh television presenters,Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford,Welsh-language television presenters,British male journalists,1908 births,20th-century British writers,Welsh journalists,Welsh radio presenters,1987 deaths,Welsh-speaking journalists,People educated at Bishop Gore School,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,BBC newsreaders and journalists,People from Swansea

paragraph: Wynford Vaughan-Thomas

paragraph: Lewis John Wynford Vaughan-Thomas (né Thomas) (15 August 1908 – 4 February 1987) was a Welsh newspaper journalist and radio and television broadcaster. In later life he took the name Vaughan-Thomas after his father.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Thomas was born in Swansea, in South Wales, the second son of Dr. David Vaughan Thomas, a Professor of Music, and Morfydd Lewis, the daughter of Daniel Lewis who was one of the leaders of the Rebecca Riots in Pontarddulais.

paragraph: He attended the Bishop Gore School, Swansea, where the English master was the father of Dylan Thomas, who was just entering the school at the time that Vaughan-Thomas was leaving for Exeter College, Oxford. At Oxford he read Modern History and gained a second class academic degree.

paragraph: In the mid 1930s he joined the BBC and in 1937 gave the Welsh-language commentary on the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. This was the precursor to several English-language commentaries on state occasions he was to give after the Second World War. During the war he established his name and reputation as one of the BBC's most distinguished war correspondents of the Second World War. His most memorable report was from an RAF Lancaster bomber during a real bombing raid over Nazi Berlin. Other notable reports were from Anzio, the Burgundy vineyards, Lord Haw-Haw's broadcasting studio and the Belsen concentration camp.

paragraph: Anzio (US title), also known as Lo sbarco di Anzio (original Italian title) or The Battle for Anzio (UK title) - a 1968 war film, an Italian and American co-production, about Operation Shingle, the 1944 Allied seaborne assault on the Italian port of Anzio in the Second World War - was adapted from the book "Anzio" by Wynford Vaughan-Thomas, who had been the BBC war correspondent at the battle. The film starred Robert Mitchum and Peter Falk.

paragraph: In 1946 Thomas married Charlotte Rowlands.

paragraph: In 1953 he was one of a team of BBC commentators on the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. He commentated on the funeral of his fellow wartime BBC correspondent Richard Dimbleby in 1965.

paragraph: In 1967, after leaving the BBC, he was one of the founders of Harlech TV (HTV), now ITV Wales, being appointed Director of Programmes, as a frequent TV broadcaster himself throughout his early career with the BBC he had adopted the required BBC accent of the time but employed his more natural native Welsh accent to even better effect in his later career. He wrote numerous books, many on Wales and a favourite subject of his, the Welsh countryside. In May 1970, when President of the "Council for the Protection of Rural Wales", he officially opened the Pembrokeshire Coast Path in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park at its southern end, at Amroth, Pembrokeshire.

paragraph: His wartime overview and experiences, and his successful broadcasting career later, enabled him to view life and its vagaries with what he called 'pointless optimism' — a perspective that served him.

paragraph: He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1974 Birthday Honours for services to Wales, and promoted Commander (CBE) in the 1986 Birthday Honours for services to Welsh culture.

paragraph: He died in Fishguard, Pembrokeshire on 4 February 1987 aged 78.

paragraph: A memorial was constructed after his death, completed and unveiled in 1990 near Aberhosan in the form of a toposcope looking out over the rolling hills and mountains of Wales, with a depiction of Vaughan-Thomas pointing towards Snowdon, Wales' highest peak, which is just visible on a clear day.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anzio" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madly in All Directions" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shell Guide to Wales" (1969, with Alun Llewellyn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Gower" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Little Trains Of Wales" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trust to Talk" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wynford Vaughan-Thomas's Wales" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princes of Wales" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Countryside Companion" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dalgety" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wales: a History" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How I Liberated Burgundy: And Other Vinous Adventures" (1985)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of National Biography 1986-1990", ISBN No. 019865212

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Wales History

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Cymru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thames Television Interview from 1972

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trust to Talk", an autobiography.

description: Welsh journalist

wikidata_label: Wynford Vaughan-Thomas

wikipedia_title: Wynford Vaughan-Thomas


text:
Jerusalem College of Technology
Holocaust
Israel
Vienna
Chassidic
Berlin
Gateshead Yeshiva
Queen's University
Ontario
Columbia University
New York City
Nobel Prize
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Levi
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Torah
Israel Prize
Israel Defense Forces
Sayeret Matkal
Khalil al-Wazir
Tunis
List of Israel Prize recipients

categories: Israeli Jews,Israel Prize in exact science recipients,Austrian Jews,1922 births,German Jews,Israeli physicists,Columbia University alumni,Queen's University alumni,2004 deaths,Israeli people of Austrian-Jewish descent,Israeli people of German-Jewish descent,Israel Prize in exact science recipients who were physicists,Jerusalem College of Technology faculty,Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty

image: 512px-זאב_לב_מקבל_פרס_ישראל_1962_צלם_יהודה_איזנשטרק_גנזך_המדינה.jpg

paragraph: Ze’ev Lev

paragraph: Ze'ev Lev (26 April 1922 – 3 October 2004), (), born William Low, was an Israeli physicist, Torah scholar, and founder of the Jerusalem College of Technology. After being educated in Europe, Canada and the U.S., and having lost his parents and sister in the Holocaust, he became one of Israel's leading scientists and educators.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Lev was born in Vienna to a Chassidic family. In 1934, his family moved to Berlin. At the age of 16, he was able to leave Germany in order to study at the Gateshead Yeshiva in England, thereby avoiding the fate of all other members of his immediate family.

paragraph: Having decided to enter the academic world rather than become a rabbi like his grandfather, he obtained a scholarship to Queen's University in Ontario, Canada and graduated with honors. He then received his master's degree and doctorate at Columbia University in New York City, where he studied with Nobel Prize laureate Isidor Isaac Rabi.

paragraph: With his wife, Dvora Lederer, he moved to Israel in 1950, adopting his grandfather's name, Ze'ev, and changing his last name to Lev. This name, like the Germanic version Low, indicated he was a descendant of the tribe of Levi.

paragraph: Section::::Work in Israel.

paragraph: Lev took a position as a lecturer in paramagnetic resonance at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He became a worldwide expert in this field, and his research led to the development of microwave and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices.

paragraph: Later in the 1960s, Lev decided there was a need for a college in Jerusalem that combined scientific study with the study of the Torah. Despite initial resistance from some rabbis and educators, the institution he started with seven students in 1969 grew to have an enrollment of more than 2,000, becoming one of Israel's four accredited engineering schools.

paragraph: Lev led the development of the Jerusalem College of Technology for ten years, and afterwards continued to do research and academic work. His scientific articles covered subjects including atomic physics and shock waves, and he also wrote about science in relation to the Torah.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1962, at the age of 40, Lev was awarded the Israel Prize, in exact sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Jerusalem College of Technology has developed special programs for high school students, members of the Israel Defense Forces, ultra-Orthodox women, and members of the Ethiopian immigrant community. Many of its alumni have joined Israeli high-tech firms.

paragraph: Lev had five children, and after the death of his first wife, he married Sarah Katzburg, who herself was the mother of four children. In his later years he also devoted himself to compiling a family tree of the Lev family. It started with his great-grandfather's life in Poland during the early 19th century and has grown to include approximately 1,000 descendants.

paragraph: One of his sons, Nahum, became a high-ranking officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal unit, and the first religious officer in that unit. He led the commando operation to assassinate Khalil al-Wazir in Tunis in 1988. Nahum Lev died in a traffic accident in August 2000.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Israel Prize recipients

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Low, W. Genealogy of Family Low, English version.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel-Itzhovich, Judy. His Heart Was in the Future. Jerusalem Post, October 31, 2004.

description: Israeli physicist

wikidata_label: Ze’ev Lev

wikipedia_title: Ze’ev Lev


text:
musician
band
Massive Attack
Bristol
sound system
The Wild Bunch
Robert del Naja
Andrew Vowles
trip hop
Massive Attack
Bristol Sound
Portishead
Tricky
100th Window
mixed
DJ-Kicks

categories: English people of West Indian descent,1959 births,Massive Attack members,British trip hop musicians,English people of Barbadian descent,English electronic musicians,Musicians from Bristol,Culture in Bristol,British people of Barbadian descent,Living people

paragraph: Daddy G

paragraph: Grantley Evan Marshall (born 18 December 1959), also known by the stage name Daddy G, is an English musician and a founding member of the band Massive Attack.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Bristol to West Indian parents, Marshall joined the Bristol music scene as a member of the sound system The Wild Bunch in the 1980s. The sound system included the other two founding members of Massive Attack, Robert del Naja and Andrew Vowles. At the time he was one of the youngest DJs in the city. In 1986, The Wild Bunch disbanded. Del Naja, Vowles, and Marshall then formed the trip hop group Massive Attack in 1988, which are considered to have pioneered the Bristol Sound along with Portishead and Tricky. Between 2001 and 2005, Marshall was mainly absent from Massive Attack, with "100th Window" being the only album he did not have major input on.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Marshall mixed a for the "DJ-Kicks" mix series in 2004.

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Daddy G

wikipedia_title: Daddy G


text: auguste clown

text: International Clown Hall of Fame

text: clown car

text: Bremerhaven, Germany

text: John Ringling

text: The Greatest Show on Earth

text: Jean Rockwell

text: aerialist

text: Dolly

text: acrobat

text: trapeze artist

text: elephant trainer

text: Cecil B. DeMille

text: The Greatest Show On Earth

text: Clown Hall of Fame

text: Felix Adler

text: Otto Griebling

text: Emmett Kelly

text: Mark Anthony

text: Red Skelton

text: P. T. Barnum

categories: Contortionists,1992 deaths,German Jews,1903 births,Vaudeville performers,American clowns,German clowns

paragraph: Lou Jacobs

paragraph: Johann Ludwig Jacob (January 1, 1903 – September 13, 1992), professionally known as Lou Jacobs, was a German-born American auguste clown who performed for Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus for more than 60 years. He was inducted into the International Clown Hall of Fame in 1989. He is credited with popularizing the clown car, which has been a staple of circus clown acts ever since. He is also often cited as the originator of the red rubber ball nose, which is used by many clowns today. He was the first living person to have his portrait appear on an American postage stamp.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lou Jacobs was born in Bremerhaven, Germany. His parents were a song and dance team. Lou was the youngest of their nine children. His original name was Jacob Ludwig. He broke into show business at age seven at a variety hall in Bremen, Germany. In his first performance, he played the hindquarters of an alligator, while his brother played the head and forefeet. He posed as a cherub in a living statue display. At age 11, Lou saw his first clown act and desired to pursue clowning, but his father disapproved. Mr. Ludwig apprenticed Lou to a hand balancer and a tumbler in hopes that this would keep him away from clowning. He went on to study acrobatics, barrel jumping, and contortion techniques after school and at nights.

paragraph: Section::::Career in US.

paragraph: In 1923, Lou Jacobs came to the U. S. on a steamship. His older brother Karl, had already made it to the U. S. and worked in the Keith Orpheum Theater as a contortionist. He saved up $150.00 to pay for his brother's boat fare. When Jacobs arrived in New York, he had only two dollars and could not speak English. Yet, he landed a part in a Belgian acrobatic act that paid $25.00 a week. After almost two years of performing in fairs, outdoor exhibits, and winter vaudeville, Jacobs teamed up with Michael Morris, a British contortionist in late 1924. They did a comedy act that satirized the trapeze acts, a broomstick was their “trapeze.”

paragraph: Fortunately for Jacobs, Morris had a contract with Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. Morris was able to bring him into the circus with his act for the 1925 campaign. As the year progressed, Jacobs spent more time with the clowns. He eventually got into costume and makeup and worked in some of the production numbers. Starting out as a whiteface clown, he changed to an auguste (clown that has white just around the mouth and eyes) after John Ringling gave him a full-time position as a clown in the 1926 campaign. Jacobs wasted no time in developing his costume. It was a checkered pink and lavender suit with baggy pants and a collar. He wore big shoes and carried a small umbrella attached to a handle.

paragraph: Some of Jacobs's early sketches were a satire on the Dempsey-Tunney prizefight, the burning house gag, and the clown wedding. Even though Jacobs excelled in comedy sketches and satires, he was best known for developing several mechanical contraptions. He made himself a one-man band by mounting a bass drum on his back with a pair of sock cymbals on top which crashed on motion. The mallet was attached to the bass drum and activated by a rope connected to Jacobs's right ankle. He wore a special cap with about bells rigged on it. To top it off, Jacobs played the harmonica while keeping the bass drum, cymbals and bells going.

paragraph: Jacobs's most notable mechanical device was the midget car. This act took him about four years to perfect. The first prototypes were made in 1944. After going through some difficulty getting the cars to run, George Wallenda, the famed wire walker, advised him to use a washing machine motor. He also helped Jacobs tailor the small car to his folded-up contorted body by helping him build several cardboard mock-ups. Once they began road testing the car, they discovered that Jacobs had a vision problem after he ran into a tree. The midget car finally made its debut in 1946, only to get scrubbed from the program due to stalling problems.

paragraph: The act was reentered in the 1947 campaign. Jacobs enhanced the visual contrast between his six-foot-one-inch frame and his tiny twenty-three inch car by making himself a bigger pair of shoes. However, the shoes impaired his vision. He accidentally ran into Jimmy Armstrong, a fellow clown. That collision broke the steering arm to the car, causing another collision into a stage in the center ring. Jacobs could not get out of the car due to the extent of the damage. He had to be towed from the arena while inside the car and was eventually freed with a hacksaw backstage.

paragraph: In 1948, the perfected midget car was reentered and used in a sketch that became an all-time classic. Jacobs opened the act by racing the loud honking car into the center ring. The car would start to sputter and backfire as he pulled up to a makeshift gas station. Watching Jacobs unfold out of the car was an act all by itself. Once he was out, the gas station attendant played by Frankie Saluta insisted that the car was not parked close enough to the pump. Jacobs whacked Frankie over the head with a mallet and a balloon welt rose on his head. The car would sputter and backfire as Jacobs tried to move it closer. He then removed the radiator cap, a snake lunged out and a geyser of water followed. Jacobs sat on the geyser only to have water squirting from the top of his head. When he stopped the flow with his hand, the water squirted out of his mouth. Finally, the car was pushed closer to the pump. Frankie climbed inside the pump and Jacobs threw in a bomb. The explosion sent up a dummy dressed like Frankie and it floated down under a parachute. Jacobs closed the act by making a speedy exit in the midget car in an attempt to evade the pursuing cop played by Jimmy Armstrong.

paragraph: The clown car act is featured in the 1952 Cecil B. DeMille movie, "The Greatest Show on Earth".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1953 he married Jean Rockwell, a former model and circus aerialist. They had two daughters: Dolly, who became a well-known acrobat and trapeze artist, and Lou Ann, an elephant trainer.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In 1966 he had the distinction of being the only living American to have his image put on a U.S. postage stamp.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: On November 11, 1967, Irvin and Israel Feld and Judge Roy Hofheinz, Jr. pooled their money and bought RB&B&B Circus from John Ringling North for 8 million dollars. The official signing and transfer of ownership was ceremoniously carried out at the ruins of the old Coliseum in Rome. Irvin Feld realized the important role clowns played in the overall success of the Circus. When he acquired the Circus, there were only 14, all over fifty. Irvin Feld wanted to infuse some fresh blood into the Clown Alley. He did this by starting a Clown College in the summer of 1968.

paragraph: After the school experienced limited success in its inaugural term, Irvin Feld commissioned Bill Ballantine to direct the next class. The first person Bill wanted on his faculty was Lou Jacobs. Bill was well acquainted with Jacobs because he performed with him as a clown in the 1947 and ’48 campaigns. This was not the first time Jacobs taught clowning. He was James Stewart’s tutor when he played a clown in the 1952 Cecil B. DeMille movie, "The Greatest Show On Earth". The teaching position at the Clown College had a farther reaching impact because he taught hundreds of young men and women.

paragraph: Bill Ballantine described Jacobs as an “unselfish and a natural-born teacher.” He was known for his patience and brought out the best in his pupils. They called him “Papa Lou.” His method of instruction was to teach the beginner material that had already been written, after the student acquired a feel for the art, he could start writing his own material. Jacobs had an inexhaustible supply of clown sketches for his students. He wrote down every clown sketch he had seen, heard of, or thought of and kept them all in a little black book. There were well over fifty years of material in it.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and later life.

paragraph: In 1988, after 64 years, Lou Jacobs finally retired from the Circus, but continued teaching at the Clown College. On April 23, 1989, he was one of the first six clowns to be inducted into the recently formed Clown Hall of Fame in Delavan, Wisconsin. His fellow inductees were: Felix Adler, Otto Griebling, Emmett Kelly, Mark Anthony, and Red Skelton. On September 13, 1992, Lou Jacobs died at age 89. He died peacefully in his sleep in Sarasota, Florida. Funeral services were held four days later at Sarasota’a First United Methodist Church. The church was packed with circus people from all over the country. Everyone from riggers to ringmasters came to pay their respects to the Master Clown.

paragraph: Of all the accomplishments Jacobs made during his circus career, his most significant accomplishment was his family. He married Jean Rockwell, a fashion model and an aerialist in 1953. They had two daughters who became accomplished circus stars in their own right. Lou Ann and Dolly Jean performed as show girls with RB&B&B Circus and Billy Lee's Sarasota Sailor Circus. Lou Ann trained elephants with Tommy Hanneford's Royal Hanneford Productions. She is married to animal trainer George Barreda, and they have a daughter named Julia. Dolly is an award-winning aerialist and the undisputed “queen” of the Roman Rings. She was also her Dad's fishing partner.

paragraph: P. T. Barnum referred to clowns as the pegs of the circus. Irvin Feld said that clowns are as important to the life of a circus as bread is to the life of man. There is no question that Jacobs was a very big peg. In addition to being a peg, he could also be described as a bridge. Jacobs was a part of the old circus when it was under the Big Top and has been billed in the same program with Emmett Kelly, Otto Griebling, and many other circus greats. He played a vital role in helping the circus make its transition to the modern era. He perfected the art of clowning and helped preserve it by teaching the next generation. Lou Jacobs is one of many people who have made a significant contribution in the preservation of the Circus in the 20th century. Because of that, the Circus will be around for children of all ages well into the 21st century.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. Ballantine, Bill. Clown Alley. Boston/Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2. Bradna, Fred. The Big Top. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1952.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3. Culhane, John. The American Circus, An Illustrated History. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4. Foster, Jim. Mater Clown Just Knew What Was Funny. Potomac, MD: The White Top Nov/Dec 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5. Hoh, LaVahn G. and Rough William H. Step Right Up! The Adventure of Circus in America. White Hall, Virginia: Betterway Publications, Inc. 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6. O’Dell, Kathryn. Clown Hall of Fame Tour and Research Director. October 21, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7. Snowberg, Richard. Clowning Around, October, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8. Souvenir Program and Magazine. Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Combined Shows Inc. 1976 (105th edition), 1982 (111th edition), and 1984 (113th edition).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9. Swortzell, Lowell. Here Come The Clowns. New York: Viking Press, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10. Towsen, John H. Clowns. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11. Wood, R.F. Memories of Lou. Minneapolis, MN: The New Calliope, Nov/Dec 1992.

description: German clown

wikidata_label: Lou Jacobs

wikipedia_title: Lou Jacobs


text:
English
King James
Scots
Parliament
English Civil War
Kent
accessed 6 July 2007

categories: 1648 deaths,17th-century English writers,People of the Stuart period,1583 births,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Anthony Weldon

paragraph: Sir Anthony Weldon (1583–1648) was an English 17th century courtier and politician. He is also the purported author of "The Court and Character of King James I", although this attribution has been challenged.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with King James.

paragraph: The story of Weldon's dismissal from King James' court for his negative assessment of the Scots in "A Description of Scotland", is usually taken as the justification for the criticism of James in "The Court and Character of King James I", which contains the famous comment that James was "the wisest fool in Christendom". However, it is unclear whether Weldon was the author of either of these works. "A Description of Scotland" was first published six years before Weldon's dismissal from the court and was not credited to him until the second half of the 17th century. Likewise "The Court and Character of King James I" was not credited to Weldon until after his death in 1648. He did, however, support Parliament during the English Civil War, holding and administering the county of Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the English Civil War.

paragraph: In 1643 Weldon became chairman of the Kent County Committee, which was the Parliamentary government of the county. As such Weldon was a very powerful man, kind to his friends but a bitter enemy to those who crossed him. Weldon was fearless against both Royalist and Parliamentarian officials in London who tried to squeeze the Kentish economy for their own purposes. An ardent Parliamentarian, Weldon informed on the Rector of Swanscombe in 1642 whose loyalties were in doubt. When, in 1648, the county rose up against the Parliamentary regime and drew up the County Petition of complaints, Weldon roared that he would not cross Rochester High Street to save the soul of any person whose name appeared therein. The revolt was serious and General Fairfax's army was despatched to destroy the Royalists; a process which included the battle at Stonebridge Hill, Northfleet, on 1 June 1648. Weldon was in his sixties and waited in his manor house at Swanscombe for the Royalists to arrest or kill him. He is quoted as saying, "Hourly I waited to be seized, which must cost the seizers, or some of them, their lives, for I shall not be their prisoner to be led in triumph ..." Weldon lived to see Parliamentarian order restored before he died and was buried at Swanscombe on 27 October 1648.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Marshall and Sean Kelsey, 'Weldon, Sir Anthony (bap. 1583, d. 1648)', "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 6 July 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Weldon, Sir?, "The Court and Character of King James I", London, 1651

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swanscombe local history http://swanscombe.com/newsevents/history.asp

description: English courtier and politician

wikidata_label: Anthony Weldon

wikipedia_title: Anthony Weldon


text:
Greek
Hydra
Greek War of Independence
Commissioner
Crete
Iakovos Tombazis
Epidaurus
Astros
fort
Kissamos
Epirote
Cretan
insurgents
Ottoman Turks
Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Gergeri
Ioannis Kapodistrias
Minister for Naval Affairs

categories: Modern history of Crete,1784 births,Ministers of Naval Affairs of Greece,Greek military leaders of the Greek War of Independence,1831 deaths,Greek revolutionaries

paragraph: Emmanouil Tombazis

paragraph: Emmanouil Tombazis (, 1784–1831) was a Greek naval captain from Hydra, active during the Greek War of Independence, who was appointed Commissioner of Crete for the Greek provisional government in 1823–1824 and naval minister for a short period in 1828.

paragraph: He was the son of Nikolaos Tombazis and brother of Iakovos Tombazis. During the early years of the War of Independence, he participated in several naval battles and served as a representative for his native island in the national assemblies of Epidaurus and Astros.

paragraph: Appointed Commissioner for Crete in early 1823, he arrived on the island on 21 May 1823 at the fort of Kissamos with a small fleet of five warships, three transports and 600, mostly Epirote, volunteers. His arrival gave new impetus and hope to Cretan insurgents, notably since the Ottoman Turks at the fort surrendered shortly after his arrival, on May 25, and this was followed by other victories.

paragraph: However, Tombazis was criticised for his delay in organising a military force to repel the expected arrival of 12,000 Turkish-Egyptian soldiers under the command of Hussein Bey, a son-in-law of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. When he finally gathered 3,000 insurgents at Gergeri they were no match for the larger and better-trained force at the battle of Amourgelles on 20 August 1823.

paragraph: In 1828 he was appointed by Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias as Minister for Naval Affairs, but resigned shortly after when he disagreed with his policies. He died at Hydra in 1831, leaving behind a son, Nikolaos (1815–1896).

description: Greek politician

wikidata_label: Emmanouil Tombazis

wikipedia_title: Emmanouil Tombazis


text:
French
free diver
Istres
Bouches-du-Rhône
static apnea
lung capacity
Mifsud

categories: 1971 births,Living people,French freedivers

paragraph: Stéphane Mifsud

paragraph: Stéphane Mifsud is a French free diver born 13 August 1971 in Istres (Bouches-du-Rhône). He is five times world champion in static apnea (breath holding). His lung capacity was measured at 10.5 litres.

paragraph: His surname, Mifsud, is of Maltese origin.

paragraph: Section::::Personal best.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Static apnea: 11 minutes 35 seconds on 8 June 2009 (AIDA World Record at the time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dynamic apnea without fins - 131 m

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dynamic apnea with fins - 213 m

description: French freediver

wikidata_label: Stéphane Mifsud

wikipedia_title: Stéphane Mifsud


text:
American football
linebacker
college football
University of Washington
2010 NFL Draft
San Diego Chargers
Del Campo High School
Fair Oaks, California
Sacramento Bee
lettered
track & field
100-meter dash
200-meter dash
long jumper
Sacramento Bee
outside linebacker
Rivals.com
University of Washington
NFL Combine
Pro Day
2010 NFL Draft
San Diego Chargers
2011 season
Takeo Spikes
2012
team captain
Cincinnati Bengals
Giovani Bernard
2014 NFL season
Twitter
Arizona Cardinals
San Diego Chargers bio
Washington Huskies bio

categories: Sportspeople from Sacramento, California,San Diego Chargers players,Players of American football from California,1988 births,Washington Huskies football players,People from Fair Oaks, California,American football linebackers,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: Donald Butler

paragraph: Donald Butler (born October 17, 1988) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at the University of Washington. He was considered one of the top linebacker prospects for the 2010 NFL Draft, and was selected with the 79th overall pick by the San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Butler attended Del Campo High School in Fair Oaks, California. As a junior in 2004, he had 1,504 rushing yards and 22 touchdowns, leading Del Campo to a 9-2 record and the Capital Athletic League championship. He was selected an All-Metro second-team and All-CAL MVP pick. Limited to seven games by a hamstring injury, Butler led Del Campo to an 8-3 record and a state playoff berth as a senior in 2005, rushing for 762 yards and 16 touchdowns, with an average of 9.29 yards per carry and 108.9 yards per game. He was named an honorable mention All-Metro selection by the Sacramento Bee. Butler also lettered in track & field while at Del Campo. He competed as a sprinter (11.38 seconds in the 100-meter dash and 23.53 seconds in the 200-meter dash) and long jumper (personal-best of 6.21m or 20'4").

paragraph: Butler was named one of the Top 15 prospects in the Sacramento area by the Sacramento Bee. He was ranked 55th nationally among outside linebackers by Rivals.com. On March 3, 2005, Butler committed to the University of Washington.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In four years at Washington, Butler had 239 tackles (159 solo), 26.5 TFLs (for 78 yards), three sacks (for 35 yards), five forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, two interceptions (for 15 yards), and seven pass deflections. At the NFL Combine, he had 35 reps benching 225. At his Pro Day, he had a 4.61 40, a 35.5 vertical, a 121.0 broad jump, a 4.28 shuttle, and a 6.93 three cone drill.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: In the 2010 NFL Draft, the San Diego Chargers traded up 12 spots to select the Butler in the third round. Butler suffered a season-ending injury prior to the start of his rookie season as he tore his left Achilles tendon during a pass rush drill. He was placed on the injured reserve list on August 31. The linebacker spent all of the 2010 season rehabilitating.

paragraph: However, in the 2011 season, his first in the NFL, Butler had his breakout season as he became an immediate starter on the Chargers' defense. Butler had 96 tackles playing in all 16 games, including 2 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, and an interception, playing alongside veteran linebacker Takeo Spikes.

paragraph: In 2012, Butler was already a well-known and vocal team leader for the Chargers. Playing in only 12 games, he managed to make 77 tackles, 3 of which were sacks. He had a stellar game against the Kansas City Chiefs on September 30, where he caught a tipped off ball and returned the interception for a 21-yard touchdown. Butler was named AFC Defensive Player that week.

paragraph: Butler again was known as a team leader in 2013, being elected a team captain in his fourth year. Butler played 13 games, missing 3 with a groin injury, managing to make 84 tackles, half a sack, 1 interception, and a fumble recovery. In the wild card round vs the Cincinnati Bengals, Butler stripped running back Giovani Bernard from behind, which was ruled a fumble and recovered by the Chargers.

paragraph: Butler was an impending free agent for the 2014 NFL season, but on February 28, 2014, he announced on Twitter that he would be staying with the Chargers on a multi-year deal. He was placed on injured reserve with a dislocated elbow on December 15, 2014.

paragraph: Butler was released by the Chargers on March 3, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: On July 27, 2016, Butler was signed by the Arizona Cardinals. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Cardinals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On September 13, 2016, Butler was signed by the Dolphins.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Butler studied business and construction management at the University of Washington. His mom, Janet Rice, has been in the housing industry for a number of years. Her career path is what spurred an interest for Donald in the business side of construction and real estate development. For two years while he was in college, he interned with the Walsh Construction Co. in Tacoma, Wash.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego Chargers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Huskies bio

description: American football player, linebacker

wikidata_label: Donald Butler

wikipedia_title: Donald Butler


text:
Robert Joffrey
Astarte
Joffrey Ballet
Kate Millett
Betty Friedan
Alice Miller
Tillie Olsen
Saving Faces
John Huston
Shoulder to Shoulder
suffragette
Frank Cvitanovich

categories: 1938 births,2004 deaths,British screenwriters

paragraph: Midge Mackenzie

paragraph: Margaret Rose MacKenzie, known as Midge Mackenzie, (6 March 1938 - 28 January 2004) was a London-born writer and filmmaker who first become known for producing Robert Joffrey's multimedia ballet "Astarte" with the Joffrey Ballet, and "Women Talking", a documentary with interviews of Kate Millett, Betty Friedan and other leading figures in the US women's liberation movement.

paragraph: After reading the work of psychoanalyst Alice Miller, MacKenzie started exploring the meaning of her own childhood and from this came "Prisoners of Childhood" (1991) in which actors brought out themes of pain and damage from early years. She made the wonderful "I Stand Here Ironing" (1980) based on the Tillie Olsen stories, and later a trilogy of films looking at remote communities in Ireland, Scotland and Wales. "Saving Faces" documented the patients whose faces had been reconstructed by surgeon Ian Hutchison, who is the chief executive of the charity Saving Faces. Hutchison recalls, "She followed us around absolutely silently and made a film that said so much."

paragraph: After many years refusing her request to interview him about his World-War Two documentaries, Hollywood film director John Huston finally agreed to MacKenzie interviewing him at his home in Mexico, which became "John Huston War Stories", released in 1999, more than a decade after his death.

paragraph: MacKenzie organised and script edited "Shoulder to Shoulder" (1974), a 6-part drama series for the BBC recounting the struggle of the suffragettes.

paragraph: MacKenzie had a severely disabled son, Bunny,(real name Luke) by Frank Cvitanovich, born in 1967 who died, aged 11, in 1978. With Cvitanovich, she made a documentary about him called "Bunny".

description: British writer and filmmaker

wikidata_label: Midge Mackenzie

wikipedia_title: Midge Mackenzie


text: stamp catalog

text: Brighton

text: Mount Brown

text: philatelist

text: Yorkshire

text: Humberside

text: Hull

text: Scarborough

text: Whitby

text: Haddon Hall

text: Derbyshire

text: Alfred Potiquet

text: Archive here

categories: Philatelic literature,British draughtsmen,English watercolourists,1924 deaths

paragraph: Frederick Booty

paragraph: Frederick William Booty (1841 – 13 October 1924) was an English artist from , who was also the author of the first postage stamp catalogue in English, and the first illustrated stamp catalogue anywhere.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Booty was born in Brighton, Sussex, the son of Edward and Fanny Booty. He later worked as an art professor in Yorkshire.

paragraph: Section::::Stamp catalogues.

paragraph: Booty's "Aids to Stamp Collectors, being a list of British and Foreign Postage Stamps in Circulation since 1840 - by a Stamp Collector", was published in April 1862, just weeks before Mount Brown issued his more successful work, and when Booty was in his early twenties. The catalogue was partly based on earlier works produced in Belgium and France.

paragraph: Later in 1862, Booty was also the first to issue an illustrated catalogue, titled "The Stamp Collector’s Guide; being a list of English and Foreign Postage Stamps, with 200 fac-simile drawings". This edition listed 1100 stamps and Booty drew all of the illustrations himself. He reportedly used half a million stamps to compile the catalogue.

paragraph: Booty also contributed to the "Monthly Advertiser", published by Edward Moore & Co., in 1862.

paragraph: These catalogues appear to have been a business venture, capitalising on Booty's artistic skills, as there is no evidence that Booty was a philatelist.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: Booty's watercolour landscape pictures are still regularly featured in art auctions in Britain. Although originally based in Brighton, his later work is mainly of scenes from Yorkshire and Humberside, including Hull and the ports of Scarborough and Whitby. Harbour scenes were a popular subject with Booty. He also painted Yorkshire panoramas and the peacocks at Haddon Hall, Derbyshire.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Potiquet Author of the world's first illustrated stamp catalogue published 1861.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aids to Stamp Collectors, being a list of British and Foreign Postage Stamps in Circulation since 1840 - by a Stamp Collector". 1st edition, H.& C. Treacher, Brighton, April 1862. (2nd edition 1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stamp Collector’s Guide; being a list of English and Foreign Postage Stamps, with 200 fac-simile drawings". 1st edition, H. & C. Treacher, Brighton, & Hamilton, Adams & Co., London, 1862.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Frederick Booty bibliography" in "The Stamp Lover", 1909.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Who Was Who in British Philately. Archive here

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Frederick Booty

wikipedia_title: Frederick Booty


text:
ancient Egypt
2nd dynasty
3rd dynasty
ink
alabaster
step pyramid
necropolis
pharaoh
Djoser
Saqqara
Shunet el-Zebib
Khasekhemwy
mastaba
pyramid
Sekhemkhet
Khnum
Nynetjer
prince
"Hebsed" festival
Ilona Regulski
Peter Kaplony
Wolfgang Helck
Nynetjer
Old Kingdom
Peribsen
placenta
Sekhemib
Horus Za
serekh

categories: Ancient Egyptian princes,3rd-millennium BC births

paragraph: Inykhnum

paragraph: Inykhnum (also read as Khnum-Iny) was an ancient Egyptian high-ranking official who worked and lived during the transition time between 2nd dynasty and 3rd dynasty. The king(s) under which he served are not known for certain, the subject being currently highly disputed.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Inykhnum's name appears exclusively in black ink inscriptions on alabaster shards and vessel fragments as well as on a few limestone shards. These artifacts were found beneath the step pyramid in the eastern galeries of the necropolis of pharaoh Djoser (3rd dynasty) at Saqqara and in the great fort Shunet el-Zebib of king Khasekhemwy (end of 2nd dynasty) at Abydos. Additional findings bearing Inykhnum's name come from two private mastaba tombs at Saqqara and from the pyramid of king Sekhemkhet. The ink inscriptions are short and written in hieratic writings.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.:Name.

paragraph: Inykhnum's name is connected to te deity Khnum. Toby A. H. Wilkinson translates the name with "Khnum is my father" and evaluates this as a proof for an upcoming cult of Khnum during the reign of king Nynetjer.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.:Titles.

paragraph: As a high-ranking official and priest, Inykhnum owned elite and pious titles:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the elite (Egypt. "Iry-pat")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valet of the king (Egypt. "Hery-tep nesw")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sem-priest (Egypt. "Sem")

paragraph: BULLET::::- God servant of Khnum (Egypt. "Hem-netjer Khnum")

paragraph: Iny-khnum's titles are typical for a member of the royal family, especially for princes. The inscriptions furthermore reveal that Inykhnum participated in a "Hebsed" festival. He possibly shared his services and works with an office partner named "Ma'a-aper-Min".

paragraph: Section::::Identity.:Career.

paragraph: Ilona Regulski and Peter Kaplony are convinced that Inykhnum held his office some time between the end of Khasekhemwy's and the beginning of Sekhemkhet's reigns. Earlier assumptions made by Wolfgang Helck, who dated Inykhnum's ink inscriptions to the time of Nynetjer (3rd ruler of 2nd dynasty), are questioned by Ilona Regulski. She points to comparisons between the ink inscriptions from Abydos and findings from Saqqara with contemporary cursive writings from the 2nd and early 3rd dynasties. First, Regulski remarks that the "17th time of the cattle count" appearing alongside the official's name, is a way of writing which was not common until the reign of Djoser. Additionally, if the cattle count was celebrated every second year as was the case during the Old Kingdom, Inykhnum must have served a king reigning for at least 34 years. Such a long reign is only attested for king Nynetjer of the early 2nd dynasty. However, Regulski suspects that Khasekhemwy or Djoser may have ruled longer than thought.

paragraph: Furthermore, special font designs appearing together with Inykhnum's name were not yet common during Nynetjer's time on the throne. In particular, Regulski points to special hieroglyphs and their spellings within the hieratic writing: the zigzag-shaped hieroglyph "N35" (water line; value "n") was still visibly jagged when written cursively under king Nynetjer, but from the reign of king Peribsen onwards it was written as a simple horizontal line with thickened ends. This is precisely the writing form that appears in the ink inscriptions of Inykhnum. Another hieroglyph, the sign "Aa1" (human placenta; value "kh") was depicted as a simple ring or circle during Ninetjer's lifetime, while from king Sekhemib onwards it was written with the familiar horizontal hashing inside the circle. In cursive hieratic writings this sign appears as a circle with one or two fattened, horizontal or diagonal lines. This is also the case in the ink inscriptions of Inykhnum. Thus, according to Regulski, the typographics of the ink inscriptions lead to a secure datation of Inykhnum's life some time between the end of Khasekhemwy's reign and the very beginning of king Sekhemkhet's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.:Evaluation of Inykhnum's ink inscriptions.

paragraph: Inykhnum's ink inscriptions are of great importance to egyptologists and historians alike. Not only do they show the development of the hieratic writing, but also they mention a special building alongside Inykhnum's name: it is a "Ka"-house, the forerunner of the later mortuary temple. The writings inside the "Ka"-house point to an obscure king of 2nd dynasty: Horus Za. The existence and identity of this king are highly disputed, in particular because his name never appears inside a royal serekh. Therefore, it is unknown, when and for how long did king Za ruled.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Inykhnum's burial is unknown, W. Helck and J. Spencer list mastaba tombs S2429 and S3009 at Saqqara as possible burial sites.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Kaplony: "Die Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit." Vol. I, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Lacau, Jan-Phillip Lauer: "La Pyramide a Degrees." Vol. IV: "Inscriptions Gravees sur les Vases: Fouilles à Saqqarah." Service des antiquités de l’Égypte, Kairo 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dilwyn Jones: "An Index of ancient Egyptian titles, epithets and phrases of the Old Kingdom." Archaeopress, Oxford 2000, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilona Regulski: "Second dynasty ink inscriptions from Saqqara paralleled in the Abydos material from the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels". In: Stan Hendrickx, R.F. Friedman, Barbara Adams & K. M. Cialowicz: "Egypt at its origins. Studies in memory of Barbara Adams. Proceedings of the international Conference „Origin of the State, Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt“, Kraków, 28th August – 1st September 2002" (= "Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta". Vol. 138). Peeters Publishers, Leuven (NL) 2004, .

wikidata_label: Inykhnum

wikipedia_title: Inykhnum


text:
Harlem, New York
Lil Wayne
record label
Young Money Entertainment
Cash Money Records
rap battle
Murda Mook
40 Cal.
JR Writer
mixtape
Billboard
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
Warner Bros. Records
Universal Records
soundtrack
EA
video game
NBA Live 06
Young Money Entertainment
Lollipop
Tha Carter III
Young Money
We Are Young Money
Every Girl
BedRock
"Billboard" 200
RIAA
BBC Radio 1
Tim Westwood
Lil Wayne
DatPiff
4/20
Birdman
Gucci Mane
Smoke DZA
New Jersey
XXL
Cam'ron
Vado
Bronx, NY
domestic dispute
illegal substance

categories: East Coast hip hop musicians,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,People from Harlem,1983 births,Young Money Entertainment artists,Rappers from New York City,Living people

paragraph: Jae Millz

paragraph: Jarvis Mills (born September 11, 1983), better known by his stage name Jae Millz, is an American rapper from Harlem, New York, who was signed to Lil Wayne's record label Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records. His debut major label studio album, titled "Nothing Is Promised" was scheduled for a 2015 release. Millz is noted for participating in rap battles with MCs Murda Mook, E Ness, K-Shine, 40 Cal. and JR Writer. he has appeared in young money’s bedrock song with Lil Wayne

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jae Millz was born in Harlem, New York. He started writing lyrics while at junior high school. He followed his love for art and went to the New York High School for Cartoon and Fashion Architecture.

paragraph: Millz grew to local fame by winning hip hop battles and doing performances and releasing a number of mixtapes. In 2003, he released his debut single "No, No, No", which received radio play and peaked at number 89 on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. After the success of the song, Millz was offered a record deal with Warner Bros. Records. However, due to creative differences, he left the label, without having an album released. Soon after that he signed with Universal Records. Eventually, he left Universal, too, due to the lack of promotion, as the label was giving priority to other artists.

paragraph: Jae Millz' 2004 single "Streetz Melting" was featured on the soundtrack of the EA video game "NBA Live 06".

paragraph: Millz has released 20 mixtapes since 2004, including "Back 2 Tha Future", "Zone Out Season" and "Dead Presidents".

paragraph: In January 2008, Millz was signed to Young Money Entertainment. He made a cameo appearance in the video for Lil Wayne's single "Lollipop" from "Tha Carter III".

paragraph: On December 21, 2009, Millz' collaboration album with Young Money "We Are Young Money" was released. Millz was featured on eight of the songs, including the singles "Every Girl" and "BedRock". The album landed at number nine on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 142,000 copies in its first week, and was later certified gold by the RIAA.

paragraph: Millz' debut album "Nothing Is Promised" is currently scheduled for a 2013 release. In an interview with BBC Radio 1's Tim Westwood, Millz explained that the title refers to his health problems – "The title come from [me] having two seizures in the previous year. I had them in my sleep. It's like you wake up and you don't know what happened." The first single from the album, called "Forever Winning", was released in July 2011 and features fellow Young Money rapper Lil Wayne. His newest mixtape "Dead Presidents 2" was released on February 4, 2013. It got over 18,000 downloads in the first day of its release on the popular mixtape site DatPiff.

paragraph: On April 19, 2013, Millz released his 20th official mixtape "Property Of Potentness 2", to celebrate 4/20. The tape features guest performances by Birdman, Gucci Mane and Smoke DZA, among others, and production from Harry Fraud, LoudxPack and Millz himself.

paragraph: Section::::Legal issues.

paragraph: In April 2010, Millz was arrested in New Jersey, while on his way to XXL's 2010 Freshman concert, where he was supposed to perform with rappers Cam'ron and Vado. He was detained for driving without a license.

paragraph: On May 18, 2010, Millz was arrested in Bronx, NY, for an alleged domestic dispute and for possession of an illegal substance.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lenox Ave Legend" (2017)

description: rapper

wikidata_label: Jae Millz

wikipedia_title: Jae Millz