text: fantasy literature

text: Lewis Carroll

text: Christian apologetics

text: J. M. Barrie

text: Hope Mirrlees

text: Robert E. Howard

text: L. Frank Baum

text: T.H. White

text: Lloyd Alexander

text: Walter de la Mare

text: E. Nesbit

text: Peter S. Beagle

text: Neil Gaiman

text: Madeleine L'Engle

text: Phantastes

text: The Princess and the Goblin

text: Elizabeth Yates

text: Sir Gibbie

text: Mark Twain

text: Oswald Chambers

text: Aberdeenshire

text: MacDonalds of Glen Coe

text: massacre of 1692

text: asthma

text: bronchitis

text: tuberculosis

text: Congregational Church

text: Calvinism

text: University of Aberdeen

text: Trinity Congregational Church

text: Arundel

text: Manchester

text: Lady Byron

text: Algiers

text: Phantastes

text: The Princess and the Goblin

text: At the Back of the North Wind

text: Lilith

text: fairy tales

text: The Light Princess

text: The Golden Key

text: The Wise Woman

text: Boston Lyceum Bureau

text: Robert Burns

text: Tom Hood

text: Lewis Carroll

text: Alice

text: John Ruskin

text: Rose La Touche

text: Longfellow

text: Walt Whitman

text: fantasy

text: C. S. Lewis

text: The Great Divorce

text: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: Madeleine L'Engle

text: kailyard school

text: The Princess and the Goblin

text: civil list

text: Bordighera

text: Liguria

text: Anglican

text: fantasy

text: Casa Coraggio

text: Dante

text: Shakespeare

text: Haslemere

text: Greville

text: Ashtead

text: Woking

text: Bordighera

text: Greville

text: Edward Robert Hughes

text: Philip MacDonald

text: universalism

text: Gregory of Nyssa

text: predestination

text: Lilith

text: penal substitution

text: John Calvin

text: atonement

text: Christus Victor

text: universal reconciliation

text: Phantastes: A Fairie Romance for Men and Women

text: The Golden Key

text: At the Back of the North Wind

text: Within and Without

text: The Princess and the Goblin

text: The Wise Woman: A Parable

text: The Day Boy and the Night Girl

text: The Princess and Curdie

text: Lilith: A Romance

text: David Elginbrod

text: The Light Princess

text: Alec Forbes of Howglen

text: Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood

text: Sir Gibbie

text: Mary Marston

text: The Elect Lady

text: Novalis

text: Within and Without: A Dramatic Poem

text: Letters from Hell

text: Valdemar Adolph Thisted

text: John Craton

text: Jeff Johnson

text: Inklings

text: The Light Princess

text: Nightwish

text: The Waterboys

text: Room to Roam

text: Lilith

text: Phantastes

text: Universal Hall

text: Christian existentialism

text: Fairytale fantasy

text: Mythopoeia

text: Julia Kristeva

text: Wolff, Robert Lee

wikipedia_title:
Fantasy literature
Lewis Carroll
Christian apologetics
J. M. Barrie
Hope Mirrlees
Robert E. Howard
L. Frank Baum
T. H. White
Lloyd Alexander
Walter de la Mare
E. Nesbit
Peter S. Beagle
Neil Gaiman
Madeleine L'Engle
Phantastes
The Princess and the Goblin
Elizabeth Yates (author)
Sir Gibbie
Mark Twain
Oswald Chambers
Aberdeenshire (historic)
MacDonald of Glencoe
Massacre of Glencoe
Asthma
Bronchitis
Tuberculosis
Congregational church
Calvinism
University of Aberdeen
Trinity Congregational Church, Arundel
Arundel
Manchester
Lady Byron
Algiers
Phantastes
The Princess and the Goblin
At the Back of the North Wind
Lilith (novel)
Fairy tale
The Light Princess
The Golden Key (MacDonald book)
The Lost Princess
Boston Lyceum Bureau
Robert Burns
Tom Hood
Lewis Carroll
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
John Ruskin
Rose La Touche
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Walt Whitman
Fantasy
C. S. Lewis
The Great Divorce
J. R. R. Tolkien
Madeleine L'Engle
Kailyard school
The Princess and the Goblin
Civil list
Bordighera
Liguria
Anglicanism
Fantasy
Casa Coraggio, Bordighera
Dante Alighieri
William Shakespeare
Haslemere
Greville MacDonald
Ashtead
Woking
Bordighera
Greville MacDonald
Edward Robert Hughes
Philip MacDonald
Universal reconciliation
Gregory of Nyssa
Predestination
Lilith (novel)
Penal substitution
John Calvin
Salvation in Christianity
Christus Victor
Universal reconciliation
Phantastes
The Golden Key (MacDonald book)
At the Back of the North Wind
Within and Without
The Princess and the Goblin
The Lost Princess
The Day Boy and the Night Girl
The Princess and Curdie
Lilith (novel)
David Elginbrod
The Light Princess
Alec Forbes of Howglen
Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood
Sir Gibbie
Mary Marston
The Elect Lady
Novalis
Within and Without
Letters from Hell
Valdemar Adolph Thisted
John Craton
Jeff Johnson (musician)
Inklings
The Light Princess
Nightwish
The Waterboys
Room to Roam
Lilith (novel)
Phantastes
Universal Hall
Christian existentialism
Fairytale fantasy
Mythopoeia
Julia Kristeva
Robert Lee Wolff

categories: Mystics,Scottish Christian theologians,Mythopoeic writers,Scottish clergy,20th-century Scottish novelists,20th-century Christian universalists,Scottish Congregationalist ministers,Scottish male novelists,1905 deaths,Scottish philosophers,19th-century Scottish writers,19th-century Scottish novelists,Scottish Christian universalists,19th-century Christian universalists,Christian writers,20th-century Christian mystics,People from Huntly,Christian novelists,Christian poets,George MacDonald,20th-century Scottish poets,Scottish fantasy writers,1824 births,19th-century Scottish poets,Alumni of the University of Aberdeen,19th-century Christian mystics,20th-century Scottish people,Lallans poets,Christian universalist clergy,Christian philosophers,Fabulists,Christian Universalist theologians,Protestant mystics,Scottish male poets,Scottish children's writers,Scottish expatriates in Italy,Kailyard school

paragraph: George MacDonald

paragraph: George MacDonald (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet and Christian minister. He was a pioneering figure in the field of fantasy literature and the mentor of fellow writer Lewis Carroll. In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works on Christian apologetics.

paragraph: His writings have been cited as a major literary influence by many notable authors including W. H. Auden, J. M. Barrie, Lord Dunsany, Hope Mirrlees, Robert E. Howard, L. Frank Baum, T.H. White, Lloyd Alexander, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Walter de la Mare, E. Nesbit, Peter S. Beagle, Neil Gaiman and Madeleine L'Engle.

paragraph: C. S. Lewis wrote that he regarded MacDonald as his "master": "Picking up a copy of "Phantastes" one day at a train-station bookstall, I began to read. A few hours later", said Lewis, "I knew that I had crossed a great frontier." G. K. Chesterton cited "The Princess and the Goblin" as a book that had "made a difference to my whole existence".

paragraph: Elizabeth Yates wrote of "Sir Gibbie", "It moved me the way books did when, as a child, the great gates of literature began to open and first encounters with noble thoughts and utterances were unspeakably thrilling."

paragraph: Even Mark Twain, who initially disliked MacDonald, became friends with him, and there is some evidence that Twain was influenced by him. The Christian author Oswald Chambers wrote in his "Christian Disciplines" that "it is a striking indication of the trend and shallowness of the modern reading public that George MacDonald's books have been so neglected".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: George MacDonald was born on 10 December 1824 at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. His father, a farmer, was one of the MacDonalds of Glen Coe and a direct descendant of one of the families that suffered in the massacre of 1692.

paragraph: MacDonald grew up in an unusually literate environment: one of his maternal uncles was a notable Celtic scholar, editor of the "Gaelic Highland Dictionary" and collector of fairy tales and Celtic poetry. His paternal grandfather had supported the publication of an "Ossian" edition, the controversial Celtic text believed by some to have contributed to the starting of European Romanticism. MacDonald's step-uncle was a Shakespeare scholar, and his paternal cousin another Celtic academic. Both his parents were readers, his father harbouring predilections for Newton, Burns, Cowper, Chalmers, Coleridge, and Darwin, to quote a few, while his mother had received a classical education which included multiple languages.

paragraph: An account cited how the young George suffered lapses in health in his early years and was subject to problems with his lungs such as asthma, bronchitis and even a bout of tuberculosis. This last illness was considered a family disease and two of MacDonald's brothers, his mother, and later three of his own children actually died from the ailment. Even in his adult life, he was constantly travelling in search of purer air for his lungs.

paragraph: MacDonald grew up in the Congregational Church, with an atmosphere of Calvinism. However, his family was atypical, with his paternal grandfather a Catholic-born, fiddle-playing, Presbyterian elder; his paternal grandmother an Independent church rebel; his mother was a sister to the Gallic-speaking radical who became moderator of the disrupting Free Church, while his step-mother, to whom he was also very close, was the daughter of a Scottish Episcopalian priest.

paragraph: MacDonald graduated from the University of Aberdeen in 1845 with a master's degree in chemistry and physics. He spent the next several years struggling with matters of faith and deciding what to do with his life. His son, biographer Greville MacDonald stated that his father could have pursued a career in the medical field but he speculated that lack of money put an end to this prospect. It was only in 1848 when MacDonald began theological training at Highbury College for the Congregational ministry.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: MacDonald was appointed minister of Trinity Congregational Church, Arundel, in 1850, after briefly serving as a locum minister in Ireland. However, his sermons—which preached God's universal love and that everyone was capable of redemption —met with little favour and his salary was cut in half. In May 1853, MacDonald tendered his resignation from his pastoral duties at Arundel. Later he was engaged in ministerial work in Manchester, leaving that because of poor health. An account cited the role of Lady Byron in convincing MacDonald to travel to Algiers in 1856 with the hope that the sojourn would help turn his health around. When he got back, he settled in London and taught for some time at the University of London. MacDonald was also for a time editor of "Good Words for the Young".

paragraph: Section::::Writing Career.

paragraph: MacDonald’s first novel "David Elginbrod" was published in 1863.

paragraph: George MacDonald is often regarded as the founding father of modern fantasy writing.

paragraph: George MacDonald's best-known works are "Phantastes", "The Princess and the Goblin", "At the Back of the North Wind", and "Lilith" (1895), all fantasy novels, and fairy tales such as "The Light Princess", "The Golden Key", and "The Wise Woman". "I write, not for children," he wrote, "but for the child-like, whether they be of five, or fifty, or seventy-five." MacDonald also published some volumes of sermons, the pulpit not having proved an unreservedly successful venue.

paragraph: After his literary success, MacDonald went on to do a lecture tour in the United States in 1872–1873, after being invited to do so by a lecture company, the Boston Lyceum Bureau. On the tour, MacDonald lectured about other poets such as Robert Burns, Shakespeare, and Tom Hood. He performed this lecture to great acclaim, speaking in Boston to crowds in the neighborhood of three thousand people.

paragraph: MacDonald served as a mentor to Lewis Carroll (the pen-name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson); it was MacDonald's advice, and the enthusiastic reception of "Alice" by MacDonald's many sons and daughters, that convinced Carroll to submit "Alice" for publication. Carroll, one of the finest Victorian photographers, also created photographic portraits of several of the MacDonald children. MacDonald was also friends with John Ruskin, and served as a go-between in Ruskin's long courtship with Rose La Touche. While in America he was befriended by Longfellow and Walt Whitman.

paragraph: MacDonald's use of fantasy as a literary medium for exploring the human condition greatly influenced a generation of notable authors, including C. S. Lewis, who featured him as a character in his "The Great Divorce". In his introduction to his MacDonald anthology, Lewis speaks highly of MacDonald's views:

paragraph: Others he influenced include J. R. R. Tolkien and Madeleine L'Engle. MacDonald's non-fantasy novels, such as "Alec Forbes", had their influence as well; they were among the first realistic Scottish novels, and as such MacDonald has been credited with founding the "kailyard school" of Scottish writing.

paragraph: Chesterton cited "The Princess and the Goblin" as a book that had "made a difference to my whole existence", in showing "how near both the best and the worst things are to us from the first... and making all the ordinary staircases and doors and windows into magical things."

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1877 he was given a civil list pension. From 1879 he and his family moved to Bordighera, in a place much loved by British expatriates, the Riviera dei Fiori in Liguria, Italy, almost on the French border. In that locality there also was an Anglican church, All Saints, which he attended. Deeply enamoured of the Riviera, he spent 20 years there, writing almost half of his whole literary production, especially the fantasy work. MacDonald founded a literary studio in that Ligurian town, naming it "Casa Coraggio" (Bravery House). It soon became one of the most renowned cultural centres of that period, well attended by British and Italian travellers, and by locals, with presentations of classic plays and readings of Dante and Shakespeare often being held.

paragraph: In 1900 he moved into St George's Wood, Haslemere, a house designed for him by his son, Robert, its building overseen by his eldest son, Greville.

paragraph: George MacDonald died on 18 September 1905 in Ashtead, Surrey, England. He was cremated in Woking, Surrey, England and his ashes were buried in Bordighera, in the English cemetery, along with his wife Louisa and daughters Lilia and Grace.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: MacDonald married Louisa Powell in Hackney in 1851, with whom he raised a family of eleven children: Lilia Scott (1852), Mary Josephine (1853-1878), Caroline Grace (1854), Greville Matheson (1856-1944), Irene (1857), Winifred Louise (1858), Ronald (1860–1933), Robert Falconer (1862–1913), Maurice (1864), Bernard Powell (1865–1928), and George Mackay (1867–1909?).

paragraph: His son Greville became a noted medical specialist, a pioneer of the Peasant Arts movement, wrote numerous fairy tales for children, and ensured that new editions of his father's works were published. Another son, Ronald, became a novelist. His daughter Mary was engaged to the artist Edward Robert Hughes until her death in 1878. Ronald's son, Philip MacDonald (George MacDonald's grandson), became a Hollywood screenwriter.

paragraph: Tuberculosis caused the death of several family members, including Lilia, Mary Josephine, Grace, Maurice as well as one granddaughter and a daughter-in-law. MacDonald was said to have been particularly affected by the death of Lilia, her eldest.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: According to biographer William Raeper, MacDonald's theology "celebrated the rediscovery of God as Father, and sought to encourage an intuitive response to God and Christ through quickening his readers' spirits in their reading of the Bible and their perception of nature."

paragraph: MacDonald's oft-mentioned universalism is not the idea that everyone will automatically be saved, but is closer to Gregory of Nyssa in the view that all will ultimately repent and be restored to God.

paragraph: MacDonald appears to have never felt comfortable with some aspects of Calvinist doctrine, feeling that its principles were inherently "unfair"; when the doctrine of predestination was first explained to him, he burst into tears (although assured that he was one of the elect). Later novels, such as "Robert Falconer" and "Lilith", show a distaste for the idea that God's electing love is limited to some and denied to others.

paragraph: Chesterton noted that only a man who had "escaped" Calvinism could say that God is easy to please and hard to satisfy.

paragraph: MacDonald rejected the doctrine of penal substitutionary atonement as developed by John Calvin, which argues that Christ has taken the place of sinners and is punished by the wrath of God in their place, believing that in turn it raised serious questions about the character and nature of God. Instead, he taught that Christ had come to save people from their sins, and not from a Divine penalty for their sins: the problem was not the need to appease a wrathful God, but the disease of cosmic evil itself. MacDonald frequently described the atonement in terms similar to the Christus Victor theory. MacDonald posed the rhetorical question, "Did he not foil and slay evil by letting all the waves and billows of its horrid sea break upon him, go over him, and die without rebound—spend their rage, fall defeated, and cease? Verily, he made atonement!"

paragraph: MacDonald was convinced that God does not punish except to amend, and that the sole end of His greatest anger is the amelioration of the guilty. As the doctor uses fire and steel in certain deep-seated diseases, so God may use hell-fire if necessary to heal the hardened sinner. MacDonald declared, "I believe that no hell will be lacking which would help the just mercy of God to redeem his children." MacDonald posed the rhetorical question, "When we say that God is Love, do we teach men that their fear of Him is groundless?" He replied, "No. As much as they were will come upon them, possibly far more. ... The wrath will consume what they "call" themselves; so that the selves God made shall appear."

paragraph: However, true repentance, in the sense of freely chosen moral growth, is essential to this process, and, in MacDonald's optimistic view, inevitable for all beings (see universal reconciliation).

paragraph: MacDonald states his theological views most distinctly in the sermon "Justice", found in the third volume of "Unspoken Sermons".

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: The following is a list of MacDonald's published works in the genre now referred to as fantasy:

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Fantasy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phantastes: A Fairie Romance for Men and Women" (1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cross Purposes" (1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Portent: A Story of the Inner Vision of the Highlanders, Commonly Called "The Second Sight"" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dealings with the Fairies" (1867), containing "The Golden Key", "The Light Princess", "The Shadows", and other short stories

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At the Back of the North Wind" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Works of Fancy and Imagination" (1871), including "Within and Without", "Cross Purposes", "The Light Princess", "The Golden Key", and other works

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Princess and the Goblin" (1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wise Woman: A Parable" (1875) (Published also as "The Lost Princess: A Double Story"; or as "A Double Story".)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gifts of the Child Christ and Other Tales" (1882; republished as "Stephen Archer and Other Tales")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Day Boy and the Night Girl" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Princess and Curdie" (1883), a sequel to "The Princess and the Goblin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lilith: A Romance" (1895)

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "David Elginbrod" (1863; republished in edited form as "The Tutor's First Love"), originally published in three volumes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adela Cathcart" (1864); contains many fantasy stories told by the characters within the larger story, including "The Light Princess", "The Shadows", etc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alec Forbes of Howglen" (1865; edited by Michael Phillips and republished as "The Maiden's Bequest;" edited to children's version by Michael Phillips and republished as "Alec Forbes and His Friend Annie")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of a Quiet Neighbourhood" (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guild Court: A London Story" (1868; republished in edited form as "The Prodigal Apprentice")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robert Falconer" (1868; republished in edited form as "The Musician's Quest")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Seaboard Parish" (1869), a sequel to "Annals of a Quiet Neighbourhood"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood" (republished in edited form as "The Boyhood of Ranald Bannerman") (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wilfrid Cumbermede" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vicar's Daughter" (1871), a sequel to "Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood" and "The Seaboard Parish"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Gutta Percha Willie, the Working Genius" (1873; republished in edited form as "The Genius of Willie MacMichael"), usually called simply "Gutta Percha Willie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Malcolm" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. George and St. Michael" (1876; edited by Dan Hamilton and republished as "The Last Castle")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thomas Wingfold, Curate" (1876; republished in edited form as "The Curate's Awakening")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Marquis of Lossie" (1877; republished in edited form as "The Marquis' Secret"), the second book of "Malcolm"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Gibbie (1879): With simultaneous publication of Vol. 2 and Vol. 3, each of "ca." 300 pages. Also issued by Lippincott in America in a single volume set in two columns in smaller font, in 210 pages, The entirety of the original text is available with a Broad Scots glossary by its digitizer, John Bechard, see Republished in edited form as Also as "The Baronet's Song".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Faber, Surgeon" (1879; republished in edited form as "The Lady's Confession"), a sequel to "Thomas Wingfold, Curate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mary Marston" (1881; republished in edited form as "A Daughter's Devotion" and "The Shopkeeper's Daughter")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Warlock o' Glenwarlock" (1881; republished in edited form as "Castle Warlock" and "The Laird's Inheritance")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weighed and Wanting" (1882; republished in edited form as "A Gentlewoman's Choice")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Donal Grant" (1883; republished in edited form as "The Shepherd's Castle"), a sequel to "Sir Gibbie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What's Mine's Mine" (1886; republished in edited form as "The Highlander's Last Song")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home Again: A Tale" (1887; republished in edited form as "The Poet's Homecoming")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Elect Lady" (1888; republished in edited form as "The Landlady's Master")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Rough Shaking" (1891; republished in edited form as "The Wanderings of Clare Skymer")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There and Back" (1891; republished in edited form as "The Baron's Apprenticeship"), a sequel to "Thomas Wingfold, Curate" and "Paul Faber, Surgeon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flight of the Shadow" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heather and Snow" (1893; republished in edited form as "The Peasant Girl's Dream")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salted with Fire" (1896; republished in edited form as "The Minister's Restoration")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Far Above Rubies" (1898)

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Poetry.

paragraph: The following is a list of MacDonald's published poetic works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twelve of the Spiritual Songs of Novalis" (1851), privately printed translation of the poetry of Novalis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Within and Without: A Dramatic Poem" (1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""A Hidden Life" and Other Poems" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Disciple" and Other Poems" (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exotics: A Translation of the Spiritual Songs of Novalis, the Hymn-book of Luther, and Other Poems from the German and Italian" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dramatic and Miscellaneous Poems" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diary of an Old Soul" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Book of Strife, in the Form of the Diary of an Old Soul" (1880), privately printed

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Threefold Cord: Poems by Three Friends" (1883), privately printed, with Greville Matheson and John Hill MacDonald

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Poetical Works of George MacDonald, 2 Volumes" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scotch Songs and Ballads" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rampolli: Growths from a Long-planted Root" (1897)

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Nonfiction.

paragraph: The following is a list of MacDonald's published works of non-fiction:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unspoken Sermons" (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "England's Antiphon" (1868, 1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Miracles of Our Lord" (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cheerful Words from the Writing of George MacDonald" (1880), compiled by E. E. Brown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orts: Chiefly Papers on the Imagination, and on Shakespeare" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preface" (1884) to "Letters from Hell" (1866) by Valdemar Adolph Thisted

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: A Study With the Text of the Folio of 1623" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unspoken Sermons, Second Series" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unspoken Sermons, Third Series" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Cabinet of Gems, Cut and Polished by Sir Philip Sidney; Now, for the More Radiance, Presented Without Their Setting by George MacDonald" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hope of the Gospel" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dish of Orts" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beautiful Thoughts from George MacDonald" (1894), compiled by Elizabeth Dougall

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American classical composer John Craton has utilized several of MacDonald's stories in his works, including "The Gray Wolf" (in a tone poem of the same name for solo mandolin – 2006) and portions of "The Cruel Painter", "Lilith", and "The Light Princess" (in "Three Tableaux from George MacDonald" for mandolin, recorder, and cello – 2011).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary new-age musician Jeff Johnson wrote a song titled "The Golden Key" based on George MacDonald's story of the same name. He has also written several other songs inspired by MacDonald and the Inklings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jazz pianist and recording artist Ray Lyon has a song on his CD "Beginning to See" (2007), called "Up The Spiral Stairs", which features lyrics from MacDonald's 26 and 27 September devotional readings from the book "Diary of an Old Soul".

paragraph: BULLET::::- A verse from "The Light Princess" is cited in the "Beauty and the Beast" song by Nightwish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rock group The Waterboys titled their album "Room to Roam" (1990) after a passage in MacDonald's "Phantastes", also found in "Lilith". The title track of the album comprises a MacDonald poem from the text of "Phantastes" set to music by the band. The novels "Lilith" and "Phantastes" are both named as books in a library, in the title track of another Waterboys album, "Universal Hall" (2003).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian existentialism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fairytale fantasy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mythopoeia

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Works cited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greville. "George Macdonald and his wife", 1924, MacVeagh, New York

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ankeny, Rebecca Thomas. "The Story, the Teller and the Audience in George MacDonald's Fiction". Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wingfold. A journal "Celebrating the works of George MacDonald"". Published by Barbara Amell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Gerold, "Die Gotteskindschaft des Menschen. Die theologische Anthropologie bei George MacDonald", Münster: Lit, 2006 (A study of MacDonald's theology).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gray, William N. "George MacDonald, Julia Kristeva, and the Black Sun." "SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900" 36.4 (Autumn 1996): 877–593. Accessed 19 May 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolland Hein, "George MacDonald: Victorian Mythmaker". Star Song Publishing, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, C. S. "Surprised by Joy".

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGillis, Roderick, ed. "For the Childlike: George MacDonald's Fantasies for Children". Metuchen, NJ, and London: The Children's Literature Association and the Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greville MacDonald, "George MacDonald and his Wife", London: *George Allen & Unwin, 1924 (republished 1998 by Johannesen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George MacDonald Selections From His Greatest Works", compiled by David L. Neuhouser, published by Victor Press 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Raeper, "George MacDonald. Novelist and Victorian Visionary", Tring, Herts., and Batavia, IL: Lion Publishing, 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robb, David S. "George MacDonald". Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolff, Robert Lee. "The Golden Key: A Study of the Fiction of George Macdonald". New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worthing, Mark W. "Phantastes: George MacDonald's Classic Fantasy Novel". Northcote Victoria: Stone Table Books, 2016.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worthing, Mark W. "Narnia, Middle-Earth and the Kingdom of God: A History of Fantasy Literature and the Christian Tradition". Northcote Victoria: Stone Table Books, 2016

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Twain, George MacDonald's Friend Abroad, at GeorgeMacdonald.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- "North Wind. A Journal of George MacDonald Studies". The Journals of the George MacDonald Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- George MacDonald Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- The George MacDonald Informational Web

paragraph: BULLET::::- George MacDonald on The Victorian Web

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Twain and George MacDonald: The Salty and the Sweet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life and Works of George MacDonald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Free audio recording of "The Golden Key" at librivox.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Center for the Study of C.S. Lewis and Friends – Taylor University at taylor.edu

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Marion E. Wade Center – George MacDonald research collection at Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL

paragraph: BULLET::::- E-texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Classics Ethereal Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extracts from Scribner's Monthly, etc. containing a few poems and translations of Novalis (Cornell University's "Making of America" Journal Collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several Works at Penn State University's Electronic Classics (pdf format)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alec Forbes of Howglen. (Ebook/PDF format)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audio-texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audio recordings of GM Works ongoing

description: Scottish journalist, novelist

enwikiquote_title: George MacDonald

wikidata_label: George MacDonald

wikipedia_title: George MacDonald


text:
Norse
explorer
Iceland
North America
Greenland
Christopher Columbus
Sagas of Icelanders
Norse settlement
Vinland
L'Anse aux Meadows
Newfoundland
Canada
archaeological
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Erik the Red
Greenland
Brattahlíð
Eastern Settlement
Hebrides
Erik the Red
Naddodd
Viking
Iceland
Breiðafjörður
Thorsteinn
Thorvaldr
Freydís
Norway
manslaughter
Greenland
Tyrker
thrall
Hebrides
hird
Olaf Tryggvason
Saga of Erik the Red
Saga of the Greenlanders
Vinland
Adam of Bremen
Book of Icelanders
Einar Haugen
Bjarni Herjólfsson
omen
Helluland
Baffin Island
Markland
Labrador
Tyrker
Vinland
Leifsbudir
Helge Ingstad
Anne Stine Ingstad
L'Anse aux Meadows
Christopher Columbus
Gulf of St. Lawrence
Straumfjǫrðr
Wonderstrands
Brattahlíð
Eiríksfjǫrðr
other Norsemen to also make the journey
skræling
Adam of Bremen
Anne Whitney
Boston
Eben Norton Horsford
Vinland
Charles River
Cape Cod
another casting of Whitney's statue
Milwaukee
World's Columbian Exposition
"Viking" ship
Bergen
Christian Krohg
National Gallery of Norway
Calvin Coolidge
Minnesota State Fair
Minnesota State Capitol
St. Paul
Lake Superior
Duluth
Seattle
Restaurationen
Stavanger
Wisconsin Legislature
United States Congress
Leif Erikson Day
Vinland the Good
The Viking
Makoto Yukimura
manga
Vinland Saga
Alonso Sánchez
Jean Cousin
Leif Erikson Awards

wikipedia_title:
Norsemen
Viking expansion
Icelandic Commonwealth
North America
Greenland
Christopher Columbus
Sagas of Icelanders
Norse colonization of North America
Vinland
L'Anse aux Meadows
Newfoundland (island)
Canada
Archaeology
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Erik the Red
Greenland
Brattahlíð
Eastern Settlement
Hebrides
Erik the Red
Naddodd
Vikings
Icelandic Commonwealth
Breiðafjörður
Thorstein Eiriksson
Thorvald Eiriksson
Freydís Eiríksdóttir
Norway
Manslaughter
Greenland
Tyrker
Thrall
Hebrides
Hird
Olaf Tryggvason
Saga of Erik the Red
Saga of the Greenlanders
Vinland
Adam of Bremen
Íslendingabók
Einar Haugen
Bjarni Herjólfsson
Omen
Helluland
Baffin Island
Markland
Labrador
Tyrker
Vinland
Leifsbudir
Helge Ingstad
Anne Stine Ingstad
L'Anse aux Meadows
Christopher Columbus
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Straumfjörð
Wonderstrands
Brattahlíð
Tunulliarfik Fjord
Norse colonization of North America
Skræling
Adam of Bremen
Anne Whitney
Boston
Eben Norton Horsford
Vinland
Charles River
Cape Cod
Leif, the Discoverer (Whitney)
Milwaukee
World's Columbian Exposition
Viking (replica Viking longship)
Bergen
Christian Krohg
National Gallery (Norway)
Calvin Coolidge
Minnesota State Fair
Minnesota State Capitol
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Lake Superior
Duluth, Minnesota
Seattle
Restauration (ship)
Stavanger
Wisconsin Legislature
United States Congress
Leif Erikson Day
Vinland the Good
The Viking (1928 film)
Makoto Yukimura
Manga
Vinland Saga (manga)
Alonso Sánchez
Jean Cousin (navigator)
Leif Erikson Awards

categories: Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,Baffin Island,Icelandic explorers,1020s deaths,Leif Erikson,Explorers of Canada,Norse colonization of North America,Viking explorers,970s births,Scandinavian explorers of North America

paragraph: Leif Erikson

paragraph: Leif Erikson or Leif Ericson () was a Norse explorer from Iceland. He was the first known European to have set foot on continental North America (excluding Greenland), before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, tentatively identified with the Norse L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada. Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station.

paragraph: Leif was the son of Erik the Red, the founder of the first Norse settlement in Greenland and of Thjodhild (Þjóðhildur), both of Norwegian origin. His place of birth is not known, but he is assumed to have been born in Iceland, which had recently been colonized by Norsemen mainly from Norway. He grew up in the family estate "Brattahlíð" in the Eastern Settlement in Greenland. Leif had two known sons: Thorgils, born to noblewoman Thorgunna in the Hebrides; and Thorkell, who succeeded him as chieftain of the Greenland settlement.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Leif was the son of Erik the Red and his wife Thjodhild, and the grandson of Thorvaldr Ásvaldsson, and distant relative of Naddodd, who discovered Iceland. He was a Viking in the early days. His year of birth is most often given as or . Though Leif's birthplace is not accounted for in the sagas, it is likely he was born in Iceland, where his parents met—probably somewhere on the edge of Breiðafjörður, and possibly at the farm "Haukadal" where Thjóðhild's family is said to have been based. Leif had two brothers, whose names were Thorsteinn and Thorvaldr, and a sister, Freydís.

paragraph: Thorvald Asvaldsson was banished from Norway for manslaughter and went into exile in Iceland accompanied by young Erik. When Erik was himself banished from Iceland, he travelled further west to an area he named Greenland, where he established the first permanent settlement in 986. Tyrker, one of Erik's thralls, had been specially trusted to keep in charge of Erik's children, as Leif later referred to him as his "foster father".

paragraph: Section::::Discovering Vinland.

paragraph: Leif and his crew travelled from Greenland to Norway in 999. Blown off course to the Hebrides and staying for much of the summer, he arrived in Norway and became a "hirdman" of King Olaf Tryggvason. He also converted to Christianity and was given the mission of introducing the religion to Greenland. The "Saga of Erik the Red" and the "Saga of the Greenlanders", both thought to have been written around 1200, contain different accounts of the voyages to "Vinland". The only two known strictly historical mentions of "Vinland" are found in the work of Adam of Bremen and in the "Book of Icelanders" compiled by Ari the Wise. According to the "Saga of Erik the Red", Leif apparently saw "Vinland" for the first time after being blown off course on his way to introduce Christianity to Greenland.

paragraph: According to a literal interpretation of Einar Haugen's translation of the two sagas in the book "Voyages to Vinland", Leif was not the first European to discover America: he had heard the story of merchant Bjarni Herjólfsson who claimed to have sighted land to the west of Greenland after having been blown off course. Bjarni reportedly never made landfall there, however. Later, when travelling from Norway to Greenland, Leif was also blown off course, to a land that he did not expect to see, where he found "self-sown wheat fields and grapevines". He next rescued two men who were shipwrecked in this country and went back to Greenland (and Christianised the people there). Consequently, if this is to be trusted, Bjarni Herjólfsson was the first European to see America beyond Greenland, and the two unnamed shipwrecked men were the first people known to Europeans to have made landfall there.

paragraph: Leif then approached Bjarni, purchased his ship, gathered a crew of thirty-five men, and mounted an expedition towards the land Bjarni had described. His father Erik was set to join him but dropped out after he fell from his horse on his way to set sail, an incident he interpreted as a bad omen. Leif followed Bjarni's route in reverse and landed first in a rocky and desolate place he named "Helluland" (Flat-Rock Land; possibly Baffin Island). After venturing further by sea, he landed the second time in a forested place he named "Markland" (Forest Land; possibly Labrador). Finally, after two more days at sea, he landed in a verdant area with a mild climate and plentiful supplies of salmon. As winter approached, he decided to encamp there and broke his party into two groups – one to remain at camp and the other to explore the country. During one of these explorations, Tyrker discovered that the land was full of vines and grapes. Leif therefore named the land "Vinland". There, he and his crew built a small settlement, which was called "Leifsbudir" (Leif's Booths) by later visitors from Greenland.

paragraph: After having wintered over in "Vinland", Leif returned to Greenland in the spring with a cargo of grapes and timber. On the return voyage, he rescued an Icelandic castaway and his crew, earning him the nickname "Leif the Lucky".

paragraph: Research done in the early 1960s by Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, identified a Norse site located at the northern tip of Newfoundland. It has been suggested that this site, known as L'Anse aux Meadows, is "Leifsbúðir". The Ingstads demonstrated that Norsemen had reached America about 500 years before Christopher Columbus. Later archaeological evidence suggests that "Vinland" may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station and waypoint for voyages there. That does not necessarily contradict the identification of L'Anse aux Meadows with "Leifsbúðir" since the two sagas appear to describe "Vinland" as a wider region which included several settlements. The "Saga of Erik the Red" mentions two other settlements in "Vinland": a settlement called "Straumfjǫrðr", which lay beyond "Kjalarnes" promontory and the Wonderstrands, and one called "Hóp", which was located even farther south.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Leif was described as a wise, considerate, and strong man of striking appearance. During his stay in the Hebrides, he fell in love with a noblewoman, Thorgunna, who gave birth to their son Thorgils. Thorgils was later sent to Leif in Greenland, but he did not become popular.

paragraph: After Leif's first trip to "Vinland", he returned to the family estate of "Brattahlíð" in Greenland, and started preaching Christianity to the Greenlanders. His father Erik reacted coldly to the suggestion that he should abandon his religion, while his mother Thjóðhildr quickly became a Christian and built a church called Thjóðhild's Church. Leif is last mentioned alive in 1019, and by 1025 he had passed on his chieftaincy of "Eiríksfjǫrðr" to another son, Thorkell. Nothing is mentioned about his death in the sagas—he probably died in Greenland some time between these dates. Nothing further is known about his family beyond the succession of Thorkell as chieftain.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Norse and Medieval Europe.

paragraph: Leif's successful expedition in Vinland encouraged other Norsemen to also make the journey. The first apparent contact between the Norse and the indigenous people, who the Norse later referred to as "skrælingjar", was made by his brother Thorvald, and resulted in hostilities and killing. In the end there were no permanent Norse settlements in Vinland, although sporadic voyages at least to "Markland" for forages, timber and trade possibly lasted for centuries. The casual tone of references to these areas may suggest that their discovery was not seen as particularly significant by contemporaries, or that it was assumed to be public knowledge, or both. Knowledge of the Vinland journeys might have spread around medieval Europe, as writers such as Adam of Bremen made mention of remote lands to the west. It has been suggested that the knowledge of Vinland might have been maintained in European seaports in the 15th century, and that Christopher Columbus, who claimed in a letter to have visited Iceland in 1477, could have heard stories of it.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Travels and commemoration.

paragraph: Stories of Leif's journey to North America had a profound effect on the identity and self-perception of later Nordic Americans and Nordic immigrants to the United States. The first statue of Leif (by Anne Whitney) was erected in Boston in 1887 at the instigation of Eben Norton Horsford, who was among those who believed that Vinland could have been located on the Charles River or Cape Cod; not long after, another casting of Whitney's statue was erected in Milwaukee. A statue was also erected in Chicago in 1901, having been originally commissioned for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition to coincide with the arrival of the reconstructed "Viking" ship from Bergen, Norway. Another work of art made for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, the painting "Leiv Eiriksson oppdager Amerika" by Christian Krohg, was in the possession of a Leif Erikson Memorial Association in Chicago before being given back to the National Gallery of Norway in 1900.

paragraph: For the centenary of the first official immigration of Norwegians to America, President Calvin Coolidge stated at the 1925 Minnesota State Fair, to a crowd of 100,000 people, that Leif had indeed been the first European to discover America. Further statues of him were erected at the Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul in 1949, near Lake Superior in Duluth in 1956, and in downtown Seattle.

paragraph: The Sagas do not give the exact date of Leif Erikson's landfall in America, they only state that it was in the fall of the year. At the suggestion of Christian A. Hoen, Edgerton, Wis., 9 October was settled upon, as that already was a historic date for Norwegians in America, the ship "Restaurationen" coming from Stavanger, arrived in New York Harbor on 9 October 1825 with its first organized party of Norwegian immigrants.

paragraph: In 1929, the Wisconsin Legislature passed a bill to make 9 October "Leif Erikson Day" in the state; the bill was signed by Governor Walter J. Kohler, Sr. that May. In 1964 the United States Congress authorized and requested the president to proclaim 9 October of each year as "Leif Erikson Day".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In fiction.

paragraph: Leif is the main character in two novels called "Vinland the Good", and the 1928 film "The Viking".

paragraph: Leif is one of the main characters in Makoto Yukimura's manga "Vinland Saga".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alonso Sánchez, a Spanish navigator who purportedly visited the Americas before Columbus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Cousin, a French navigator with a similar claim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leif Erikson Awards

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Account of the discovery of North America from the "Saga of Eric the Red"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Saga of Erik the Red – Full text in English and Old Norse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reconstructed portrait of Ericsson Based on historical sources, in a contemporary style; from Reportret

alias:
Leif Eiricson
Leif Ericson
Leif Eriksson
Leifur Eríksson
Leifur Eiriksson
Leifur Eriksson
Leif the Lucky
Lonely Hermit

description: Norse explorer, discoverer of New Foundland

wikidata_label: Leif Erikson

wikipedia_title: Leif Erikson


text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Confederate

text: Battle of Chancellorsville

text: St. Petersburg, Florida

text: Gulfport

text: Augusta, Maine

text: private

text: 5th Battery, Maine Light Artillery

text: Edmund Kirby

text: muzzle

text: 116th Pennsylvania Infantry

text: Irish Brigade

text: Louis J. Sacriste

text: caissons

text: John F. Reynolds

text: I Corps

text: Culp's Hill

text: Cemetery Hill

text: Philadelphia

text: patent

text: hoop skirt

text: bustle

text: peddler

text: power station

text: streetcar

text: F. A. Davis

text: Gulfport

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: People from St. Petersburg, Florida,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,People from Kennebec County, Maine,1843 births,1914 deaths

paragraph: John F. Chase

paragraph: John F. Chase (1843–1914) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. An artilleryman, Chase earned the medal by continuing to work his cannon despite intense Confederate fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville. He later participated in the Battle of Gettysburg and was severely wounded, losing his right arm, by a Confederate artillery shell. After the war, Chase worked as an inventor before moving to the St. Petersburg, Florida, area. In Florida, he was involved in various business pursuits, including an attempt to form a retirement community for former soldiers in Veteran City, today known as Gulfport.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Chancellorsville.

paragraph: Chase joined the Army from Augusta, Maine, and by May 3, 1863, was serving as a private in the 5th Battery, Maine Light Artillery. On that day, during the Battle of Chancellorsville, his unit was ordered to move forward through heavy fire, set up their six cannons, and commence firing on the Confederate forces. Confederate artillery had been established on a ridge away, and the guns poured heavy fire onto the 5th Maine's designated position. Within thirty minutes of setting up their own cannons, half of the men in Chase's battery were dead. Soon, all of the battery's officers had been killed or wounded and Chase's cannon was one of only two that were still operational. Lieutenant Edmund Kirby from the 1st U.S. Battery arrived to take command of the 5th Maine. Immediately after reaching Chase's gun, a Confederate shell exploded nearby and struck Kirby in the hip, leaving him incapacitated. As he lay beside the cannon, Chase asked if he wanted to be taken from the field, and Kirby replied, "No, not as long as a gun can be fired."

paragraph: Eventually, Chase and another man, Corporal James Lebroke, were the only members of the battery still standing. Together, they continued to fire their cannon, with Chase sponging and ramming the muzzle, despite sustained fire from the Confederate artillery and approaching infantry. The gun was finally disabled when it was hit directly in the muzzle by a Confederate shell; the damage prevented Chase and Lebroke from reloading the weapon. Chase again asked Lieutenant Kirby if he wanted to be carried from the field, and Kirby replied, "No, not until the guns are taken off."

paragraph: Stationed next to the 5th Maine Battery during the battle was the 116th Pennsylvania Infantry of the Irish Brigade. Seeing that their position was about to be overrun, Second Lieutenant Louis J. Sacriste, in command of the 116th Pennsylvania's Company D, led his men through the smoke and enemy fire to reach the 5th Maine. While Chase and Lebroke lifted the rear of their cannon, Sacriste and his company attached ropes to the front and pulled the gun from the field. The rest of the 116th Pennsylvania and then the whole Irish Brigade joined in, pulling all of the cannons and caissons to safety.

paragraph: Satisfied that the cannons were out of the Confederates' reach, Chase returned to the field, picked up Lieutenant Kirby, and carried him to the rear. Before Chase left, Kirby took down his and Lebroke's names and stated "If ever two men have earned a Medal of Honor, you have, and you shall have it." Kirby died of his wounds three weeks later.

paragraph: For these actions, Chase was awarded the Medal of Honor several decades later, on February 7, 1888. Louis Sacriste was also awarded the medal, in part for his actions in saving the 5th Maine Battery's cannons.

paragraph: Chase's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: Nearly all the officers and men of the battery having been killed or wounded, this soldier with a comrade continued to fire his gun after the guns had ceased. The piece was then dragged off by the two, the horses having been shot, and its capture by the enemy was prevented.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Gettysburg.

paragraph: Two months after earning the Medal of Honor at Chancellorsville, Chase participated in the Battle of Gettysburg. The 5th Maine Battery was a part of General John F. Reynolds' I Corps and fought at Seminary Hill on the first day of the battle, July 1, 1863. As the Confederates advanced, the corps fell back past the town of Gettysburg, with Chase's battery taking up a position on a knoll between Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. On the battle's third day, July 3, the Confederates launched an assault on Cemetery Hill. Chase's battery fired with devastating effect on the attacking infantry, and in response, three or four Confederate batteries began targeting the 5th Maine's position.

paragraph: A Confederate shell exploded near where Chase was standing. The blast took off his right arm, destroyed his left eye, and sent forty-eight pieces of shrapnel into his body. He was carried, unconscious, to the rear and left for dead. Two days later, his body was loaded onto a wagon along with many others to be buried. The wagon driver heard him moan, pulled him out from among the dead bodies, and gave him a drink of water. The first words Chase said were "Did we win the battle?".

paragraph: Chase was taken to an Army hospital set up on a farm outside of Gettysburg and lain down beside a barn. The doctors there ignored him, thinking that he would die any minute, while they tended to other patients. After three days of lying on the ground, his wounds were bandaged and he was eventually moved into the farmhouse, where he stayed for a week. Sent to Seminary Hospital, his condition was still grim and about three weeks after arriving, he was again set outside to die. Despite the doctor's predictions, Chase survived his wounds. Following three months at Seminary Hospital, he was taken to West Philadelphia Hospital, where he stayed until he was well enough to return home to Augusta.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war life.

paragraph: After the war, he returned to Maine and worked as an inventor, receiving dozens of patents for his work. His most well-known invention was a collapsible hoop skirt and bustle combination. He married Maria Merrill and had seven children: George Edgar, Lena M, Beulah C, Frank, Maude Elizabeth, Ralph, and Bernette.

paragraph: In 1895 he moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where he engaged in a series of business ventures. These included working as a food peddler, owning a steamboat, and trying unsuccessfully to gain permission to build a power station and streetcar. His interest in the electric power industry brought him into contact with F. A. Davis, and he was involved in Davis' Florida West Coast Company. Using funding provided by Davis, Chase promoted the growth of Veteran City, today known as Gulfport, on St. Petersburg's southwest side. He encouraged the sale of land in the area and used his connections with veterans' organizations to arrange buyers from among former soldiers.

paragraph: Chase, aged 71 at his death, was buried at Saint Bartholomew Episcopal Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

paragraph: His Medal of Honor was passed down through his family until reaching great-grandson Steve Chase. On May 3, 2009, the 146th anniversary of the day John Chase earned the medal, his great-grandson donated it to Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park during a ceremony at the park's Chancellorsville Visitor Center.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: John F. Chase

wikipedia_title: John F. Chase


text:
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Mütter Museum
College of Physicians of Philadelphia
Heterotopic ossification
bronchial pneumonia
Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia
bunion
Myositis ossificans
Bronchial Pneumonia
University of Pennsylvania
Mütter Museum
Frederick Kaplan
ACVR1
International FOP Association
Edgar Allan Poe
The Tell-Tale Heart
Tell-Tale

categories: 1973 deaths,Infectious disease deaths in Pennsylvania,People from Philadelphia,1933 births

paragraph: Harry Raymond Eastlack

paragraph: Harry Raymond Eastlack, Jr. (17 November 1933 – 11 November 1973) was the subject of the most recognized case of FOP (fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva) from the 1900s. His case is also particularly acknowledged, by scientists and researchers, for his contribution to medical advancement. After suffering from a rare, disabling, and currently incurable genetic disease, Eastlack decided to have his skeleton and medical history donated to the Mütter Museum of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia in support of FOP research. His skeleton is one of the few FOP-presenting, fully articulated ones in existence, and it has proved valuable to the study of the disease.

paragraph: As is characteristic of FOP patients, Eastlack did not demonstrate any possible sign of a disease at birth except for a malformation of the big toes. At the time it was not recognized as the first clinical sign of FOP. It was not until 1937 when the first Heterotopic ossification symptom surfaced. By the time of his death, Eastlack's skeleton bore sheets of bone along the vertebrae, which fused to and locked his skull, and branches of bone along his limbs, which immobilized his shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees. He died in Philadelphia of bronchial pneumonia six days before his 40th birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Birth.

paragraph: Harry Eastlack was born on November 17, 1933 at 10:24 AM in the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia. There are no reports of any difficulties during his delivery, though there was the observation of a minor congenital malformation. The noted malformation was his congenital bilateral hallux valgus, oftentimes referred to as a bunion.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Family.

paragraph: Harry Raymond Eastlack, Jr. was son to Helen Florence Brown and Harry Raymond Eastlack. They were both 40 years of age at the time of his birth. His father, Harry, worked in the railroads under engineering management, while his mother was a housewife. They resided in 5745 Haddington Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and at the time of Harry's birth they already had a daughter by the name of Helene. Harry was closest to his mother, Helen. She would walk him to and from school, as well as bake for him at home. His sister, Helene, later became a music teacher and remained in Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Childhood.

paragraph: Records suggest that his childhood was an active and happy one. His pastimes consisted of listening to music on the radio or records at home. Eastlack would also enjoy reading, playing with his sister, and going to the movies. Additionally, a seat was exclusively reserved for him at the center of the seventh row in Hamilton Theater, a musical theater, in Philadelphia. It has been claimed that ushers would not let anyone else sit there, as the spot was spacious enough to later allow Eastlack to stretch his immobile leg.

paragraph: Section::::Diagnosis.

paragraph: While heterotopic bone growth can begin spontaneously in FOP patients, Eastlack, like most patients, first experienced a triggered proliferation due to an illness or injury. He was about four years old, playing with Helene, his sister, outdoors. A car hit his leg, injuring his left femur. He was taken to the hospital where his leg was put in a cast before returning home. The fracture never set properly, and when the cast was removed months later, his leg was painfully swollen with a high amount of inflammation. No further action was taken and shortly after Eastlack begun to experience his first set of abnormal bone growths. His hips and knees had become difficult to move. When he was taken to the hospital with this concern, the doctor took X- rays in which the bony deposits on his thigh muscles were revealed. The doctors were not able to diagnose his condition having seen this, and it continued to progress in the anatomically characteristic manner that FOP does. Eastlack soon suffered flare- ups along his back, neck, and chest.

paragraph: In attempts to diagnose and treat Eastlack's condition, the doctors ordered biopsies and performed a total of 11 surgical procedures to remove excess and heterotopic ossification, such as that on his thigh muscles. However, Eastlack's condition was aggravated by such procedures and the bone plates returned thicker and more predominant. It was 1938, the following year after the incident, when he was finally diagnosed with Myositis ossificans progressiva, which is now known as Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP).

paragraph: Section::::Later life and FOP progression.

paragraph: Unaware of the consequences of surgery on an FOP patient, the physician admitted Eastlack for hip surgery in 1941 which caused further physical restriction. Over time Eastlack became more and more immobilized as more joints became fused and newly formed sheets or strings of bone calcified his limbs. In 1944 he was readmitted for a study which confirmed that the calcified smooth muscles, tendons, and ligaments had indeed become mature bone. The ossification along his vertebrae and other anatomical parts that Eastlack would suffer in the next 29 years ultimately fused him into an eternally bowed position.

paragraph: Eastlack's case of FOP progressed at a more rapid rate due to the number of intrusive surgeries he underwent. In 1948, at the age of 15, his jaw had become fused so he could no longer eat solid food and had to speak through clenched teeth. At a young age he faced difficulty sitting down, as well. His hips were one of the first anatomical parts to become immobilized due to heterotopic ossification. Soon, bone formed across his upper arms and extended onto his sternum, tying his arms to his breast. Sheets of bone spread along his back and ribbons of bone extended from there to his skull, inhibiting proper head movement. The new bone growths throughout the years also caused juts of bone to form on his pelvis and thighs, and it caused both of his feet to become clubbed. One year he accidentally bumped his buttocks into a radiator, and this resulted in a bruise wherein the smooth tissue was destroyed and gave way to newly formed bone. Ultimately, the only mobility that Eastlack had left was that of his eyes, lips, and tongue.

paragraph: As the disease progressed, Eastlack struggled more with routine movement and self-care. At first it was his mother, Helen, who would assist and care for him. However, by the time Eastlack reached about 20 years old, his mother was too feeble to continue. He was then taken to a nursing home in Philadelphia, The Inglis House for the Incurables, which is now simply known as the Inglis House.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Eastlack died at the Inglis House for the Incurables—a care home dedicated to attending low income, physically disabled individuals. As he approached the later stages of his life, he required assistance to stand and used a cane to be able to shuffle. During his time there, his right leg broke and is said to have healed at an odd angle. Consequently, he spent years bedridden and developed Bronchial Pneumonia from the physical inactivity. Due to the ossification on his ribs, his lungs could not expand well and this inhibited his ability to cough. Near the time of his death, Eastlack told his sister, Helene, that he desired to donate his body and medical records to research, so that the disease may be further investigated and understood. On November 11 1973, just six days shy of his 40th birthday, he died of pneumonia.

paragraph: Section::::Medical contributions.

paragraph: Eastlack's home, Philadelphia, has become a center for FOP research with much of it concentrated at the University of Pennsylvania. With his skeleton on display, doctors and professors alike lead students to the Mütter Museum to observe the result of the rare disorder in person. Since surgeries and examinations of FOP patients exacerbate the condition, the ability to study Eastlack's skeleton has been significant for research. For example, in 2006, University of Pennsylvania's team of researchers and scientists led by Frederick Kaplan was able to distinguish the particular gene responsible for the disease, the ACVR1 gene. It is said that Eastlack's skeleton was a useful reference for this medical discovery. The International FOP Association is also granted Eastlack's skeleton for displaying and informational purposes in medical meetings and international FOP symposia, which physicians, researchers, and patients attend. For example, over 43 families were recorded to have attended a two- day symposium hosted in Philadelphia on October 1995 to listen to orthopedic surgeons and physicians discuss the details of FOP. During this symposium, Eastlack's skeleton was used as a reference.

paragraph: Section::::Mentions in culture.

paragraph: In the 2009 film inspired by Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart", Tell-Tale, Eastlack is mentioned and referred to as Harry Erlich. The mention occurs in a scene where characters are in a museum, and a skeleton is referred to. The scene provides some genuine facts, such as how Eastlack's skeleton does not require any wiring or glue to be held together in the museum because the fused bones hold it all in one piece.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)". "The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library". Digitized by the Mütter Museum of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 28, 2018.

description: Eastlack had fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. He willed his skeleton to medical science.

wikidata_label: Harry Raymond Eastlack

wikipedia_title: Harry Raymond Eastlack


text: downhill

text: mountain biker

text: Morongo Valley, California

text: Yeti Cycles

text: World Cup

text: Mont Sainte-Anne

text: World Cup

text: Leogang

text: BMX

text: Trek World Racing

text: Specialized Racing

text: Sam Hill

text: Troy Brosnan

text: Aaron Gwin Official Site

text: Aaron Gwin: Rider Bio

categories: People from Morongo Valley, California,1987 births,Downhill mountain bikers,American male cyclists,Living people

paragraph: Aaron Gwin

paragraph: Aaron Holmes Gwin is an American professional downhill mountain biker from Morongo Valley, California. He is a five-time World Cup overall champion.

paragraph: Section::::Race career.

paragraph: Aaron Gwin started his cycling career off early racing BMX from age 4, by age 8 Gwin was racing all the nationals. At age 12 Gwin moved on to motocross and raced up until he was 17 when he quit due to constant injuries. In 2008 at age 20 Gwin was loaned a bike by fellow professional downhill racer and good friend Cody Warren and was encouraged to compete in a race. In his first race in the Fontana Winter Series he got 3rd and began racing from then on, quickly signing with Yeti Cycles. He became well-known for breaking into the international World Cup scene after only 8 months of riding downhill.

paragraph: Many saw Gwin as the savior for US downhilling on the international scene since his 10th-place finish at the Mont Sainte-Anne World Cup in 2008 was the first American top 10 finish since 2004. He has since won eight United States National Championships for Downhill, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017.

paragraph: In 2011 and 2012 Gwin dominated the UCI World Cup downhill series. Gwin won 5 of 7 World Cup races in 2011, and finished 13th at the UCI World Championships in Champery. In 2012, Gwin once again dominated the circuit, taking first place in 4 of 6 World Cup races. He finished in a disappointing 128th at World Championships in Leogang.

paragraph: The year 2013 was a disappointing one for Gwin with unexpected poor results culminating in an accident involving a tree at the World Championships

paragraph: Returning with a vengeance his 2014 and 2015 campaigns continued to provide International respect for Gwin, Although with only one 1st in the World Cup along with the USA National Championships in 2014. His racing showed recovery from his 2013 setbacks but whose runs remain notoriously plagued with, what some think, the worst luck on the circuits, such as this run in Leogang at the UCI MTB World Cup in 2014 where his tyre flatted as he left the start then came off or this now famous ride from 2015 again at Leogang UCI MTB World Cup where his chain broke on the start line and he put in a text-book perfect pedal stroke-less ride holding his speed to win the race.

paragraph: Section::::Riding style.

paragraph: Much of Gwin's style and skill come from his motocross, and his whips and jumping technique show it. He also gained a lot of flow from racing BMX for so many years, bringing him success in Dual Slalom and Mountain Cross.

paragraph: Aaron left the Yeti team to join the Trek World Racing Team in November 2010 after relocating to Temecula, CA. During his time at Trek World Racing, he won two World Cup Overall titles, in 2011 and 2012. On January 7, 2013, it was announced that Aaron would be riding for Specialized Racing, replacing Sam Hill on the team. His team mate at Specialized was Troy Brosnan.

paragraph: Section::::Results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aaron Gwin Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aaron Gwin: Rider Bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aaron Gwin: Rider Results and Palmares at Roots & Rain

description: American racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Aaron Gwin

wikipedia_title: Aaron Gwin


text:
American football
offensive tackle
Green Bay Packers
National Football League
college football
Iowa
2010 NFL Draft
Super Bowl XLV
Pittsburgh Steelers
Polish descent
Crystal Lake, Illinois
Marian Central Catholic High School
Woodstock, Illinois
offensive tackle
tight end
defensive end
linebacker
high school football
touchdown
Rivals.com
athletic scholarship
University of Nebraska
Oklahoma State University
University of Wisconsin
tight end
football coach
left guard
true freshman
Sporting News
left tackle
College Football News
Rivals.com
Outland Trophy
thyroid
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
2010 Orange Bowl
2010 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
2010 NFL Draft
Washington Redskins
Super Bowl
Pittsburgh Steelers
left tackle
2013 NFL season
anterior cruciate ligament
Seattle Seahawks
Eddie Lacy
Monday Night Football
Iowa Hawkeyes bio
Green Bay Packers bio

categories: American football offensive guards,Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois,Green Bay Packers players,People from Barrington, Illinois,Players of American football from Illinois,People from Woodstock, Illinois,1989 births,American people of Polish descent,Living people,Iowa Hawkeyes football players,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Bryan Bulaga

paragraph: Bryan Joseph Bulaga ( ; born March 21, 1989) is an American football offensive tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa. Bulaga was drafted by the Packers in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He won Super Bowl XLV with the team over the Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: His parents are of Polish descent. Bulaga has one small Polish word tattooed on each arm (' "strength", and ' "pride"). He was raised Catholic. Bulaga grew up in Crystal Lake, Illinois, where he played peewee football for the Crystal Lake Raiders Youth Football program. He attended Marian Central Catholic High School in Woodstock, Illinois, where he played offensive tackle and tight end but also at defensive end occasionally, and even at linebacker for the Marian Central Catholic Canes high school football team. He recorded 261 career tackles with 46 tackles for losses, 31 sacks, and one interception, while as a tight end, he had 35 pass receptions for a total of 665 yards, and scored 10 touchdowns. Bulaga and his teammates at the Marian Central High School, coached by Ed Brucker, were undefeated during their regular season in nine games, and they took second place in the state playoffs, losing in the championship to the Springfield Sacred Heart Griffin High School.

paragraph: Bulaga was considered a four-star college recruit by the service "Rivals.com", and he ranked sixth among the college prospects for offensive tackle. He had numerous offers for to play football on athletic scholarships, including ones from the University of Nebraska, Oklahoma State University, and the University of Wisconsin, with a number of other schools recruiting him as either a defensive lineman or a tight end. Bulaga chose to attend the University of Iowa, whose football coaches promised him that he could play in the offensive line.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Bulaga played left guard in his true freshman year in 2007, and was a starter by mid-season. He was named to "Sporting News′" Freshman All-Big Ten team. In 2008, he made the move to left tackle, and he started every game at that position for the Hawkeyes. He earned a second team All-Big Ten selection by the coaches and a second team Sophomore All-American selection by "College Football News".

paragraph: In 2009, Bulaga was listed at number three on "Rivals.com′s" preseason offensive tackle power ranking. He was also named to the 2009 Outland Trophy watch list.

paragraph: After missing three games with a thyroid disease, Bulaga started all of the remaining games for the Hawkeyes, including their 24–14 win over the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in the 2010 Orange Bowl. He was named the Big Ten's offensive lineman of the year for 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: On January 6, 2010, Bulaga released a statement about his intentions to forgo his final season of college and enter the 2010 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Bulaga was selected in the first round (23rd overall) by the Green Bay Packers in the 2010 NFL Draft. He began the 2010 season as a back-up offensive lineman before getting his first start in the fifth week against the Washington Redskins. He went to start every game for the rest of the season, eventually being named to the NFL All-Rookie team. At , Bulaga became the youngest player to start in a Super Bowl. Bulaga and the Packers defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers by a score of 31–25 in the Super Bowl.

paragraph: During the 2012 NFL season, Bulaga injured his hip and in November was placed on season-ending injured reserve. The Packers decided to shift him over to the left tackle slot for the 2013 NFL season.

paragraph: Bulaga suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during training camp workouts on August 4, 2013. He missed the entire 2013 season.

paragraph: In 2014, Bulaga had one of his finest seasons. Despite suffering an injury in week 1 to the Seattle Seahawks, he started and played in 15 of 16 games. Bulaga was instrumental in the offensive line giving up its fewest sacks (30) since the 2007 season and helped propel Eddie Lacy toward his second consecutive 1,000-yard rushing season.

paragraph: On March 10, 2015, Bulaga and the Packers agreed to a 5-year deal, worth just under $7 million per year. On November 29, 2015, Bulaga was sidelined with an ankle sprain. He was later declared inactive for Week 13 against the Detroit Lions.

paragraph: During Monday Night Football against the Lions in Week 9, November 6, 2017, Bulaga was carted off the field with a left knee injury. The next day, it was revealed that his left knee was diagnosed with a torn ACL, putting Bulaga out for the rest of the 2017 season. He was placed on injured reserve on November 18, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iowa Hawkeyes bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green Bay Packers bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Bryan Bulaga

wikipedia_title: Bryan Bulaga


text: Chinese:

text: Liang dynasty

text: ink

text: Emperor Wu of Liang

text: Wu Commandery

text: Suzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Zhang clan of Wu

text: Wu Commandery

text: Tang dynasty

text: Zhang Yanyuan

text: Notes of Past Famous Paintings

text: Emperor Wu of Liang

text: Wuxing Commandery

text: Gu Kaizhi

text: Lu Tanwei

text: Wu Daozi

text: Chen Dynasty

text: History of the Southern Dynasties

text: Buddhism

text: Nanjing

text: mogu

text: chengyu

categories: Liang dynasty painters,Politicians from Suzhou,Liang dynasty politicians,Painters from Suzhou

paragraph: Zhang Sengyou

paragraph: Zhang Sengyou (Chinese: , Zhāng Sēngyóu) was a famous Liang dynasty painter in the ink style in the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang.

paragraph: His birth and death years are unknown, but he was active "circa" 490–540. He was from Wu Commandery (around present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu).

paragraph: Section::::Background and reputation.

paragraph: Zhang was a member of Zhang clan of Wu, one of the four prominent clans in Wu Commandery.

paragraph: According to Tang dynasty art critic Zhang Yanyuan's "Notes of Past Famous Paintings", Zhang served as an official during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang. He was the director of the imperial library and was also in charge of any painting related affairs in the court of Emperor Wu. Later, Zhang served the country as the general of right flank army and the governor of Wuxing Commandery. His works were rated the finest quality by Zhang Yanyuan. He also listed Zhang's artistic style as one of the four "Standards" of the traditional Chinese paintings; the other three artists were Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei and Wu Daozi.

paragraph: Yao Zui, an art critic in Chen Dynasty, described Zhang as a diligent painter who paints "without the notion of day and night".

paragraph: Zhang was especially skillful in depicting human or animal figures. According to the History of the Southern Dynasties, Zhang painted a portrait for Prince Wuling, one of the sons of Emperor Wu of Liang. After viewing his son's portrait, the Emperor was amazed by the verisimilitude of Zhang's painting.

paragraph: Buddhism with all its iconography, came to China from India, bringing with it to China a Western influence at one remove. Pictorial forms thus acquired a certain three-dimensional quality. Zhang Sengyou, working in the early sixth century, painted large murals of Buddhist shrines in Nanjing. He was one of the first to use these influences with happy results. He was also well known for landscapes, especially snow scenery, with a reputation for the so-called "boneless" technique ("mogu").

paragraph: Zhang is also associated with a famous story. It is said that one day, having painted four dragons on the walls of Anle temple in Jinling, he did not mark the pupil, not by negligence but prudence. However, one person, unwilling to heed Zhang's warnings, painted in the eyes of two dragons, causing the dragons to immediately flee to heaven riding on clouds with crashing thunder. Marking the eyes of dragons opens their eyes and gives them life. The spirit is fleeting, omnipresent, so that grasping and fixing it in a painting gives his work an uncanny power of suggestion. This story, summarized in the chengyu (), is used in modern Chinese as a metaphor to describe a written work or speech that lacks only a small element which would make it perfect.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bring the Painted Dragons to Life by Putting Pupils in Their Eyes"

wikidata_label: Zhang Sengyou

wikipedia_title: Zhang Sengyou


text: KG

text: peer

text: Meaux

text: Thomas Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford

text: Thomas de Roos, 4th Baron Roos

text: Helmsley

text: Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford

text: John Neville, 6th Baron Latimer

text: High Sheriff of Westmorland

text: tournament

text: Carlisle

text: Siege of Harfleur

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: Henry V

text: Cherbourg

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Henry V

text: Siege of Meaux

text: Bolton Priory

text: Staindrop

text: Durham

text: Sir Henry "Hotspur" Percy

text: Lady Elizabeth Mortimer

text: Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March

text: Philippa of Clarence

text: Lionel of Antwerp

text: Edward III of England

text: Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford

text: Thomas Dacre, 6th Baron Dacre

text: Lady Phillipa de Neville

text: Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland

text: Sir Philip Wentworth

text: Nettlestead, Suffolk

text: Middleham

text: Battle of Hexham

text: Lady Margery Wentworth

text: Sir John Seymour

text: Wolf Hall

text: Robert Waterton

text: Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland

text: John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter

categories: High Sheriffs of Westmorland,Knights of the Garter,1380s births,People from Westmorland,15th-century English MPs,1422 deaths

paragraph: John Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford

paragraph: John Clifford, 7th Baron de Clifford (c. 1389 – 13 March 1422), also known as John, Lord Clifford, 7th Lord of the Honor of Skipton, KG, was an English peer. He was slain at the siege of Meaux, France.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: John Clifford, born about 1389, was the only son of Thomas Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford (d. 18 August 1391), and Elizabeth de Roos (d. March 1424), daughter of Thomas de Roos, 4th Baron Roos of Helmsley and Lady Beatrix Stafford, daughter of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford. He had a sister, Maud Clifford, who married firstly, John Neville, 6th Baron Latimer, and secondly, Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At his father's death on 18 August 1391, Clifford, then aged about three, inherited the title and the position of hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland. He was summoned to Parliament from 21 September 1411 to 26 February 1421.

paragraph: He took part in a great tournament at Carlisle between six English and six Scottish knights, and in the war in France. He was at the Siege of Harfleur and at the Battle of Agincourt, where he was indented to serve Henry V with 3 archers. He accepted the surrender of Cherbourg. He was made a Knight of the Garter on 3 May 1421. He was a legatee in the will of his cousin, Henry V.

paragraph: He was slain at the Siege of Meaux on 13 March 1422, and is said to have been buried at Bolton Priory. His widow, who died 26 October 1436, is buried at Staindrop, Durham.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: John Clifford married, in about 1404, Elizabeth Percy, the daughter of Sir Henry "Hotspur" Percy and Lady Elizabeth Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and Philippa of Clarence, daughter of Lionel of Antwerp (son of King Edward III of England). By his wife Elizabeth, he had two sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, who married Joan Dacre, daughter of Thomas Dacre, 6th Baron Dacre and Lady Phillipa de Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Clifford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Clifford, who married Sir Philip Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk (c. 1424 – 18 May 1464), beheaded at Middleham, Yorkshire, after the Battle of Hexham, by whom she had a son and two daughters. Lady Mary Clifford's granddaughter, Lady Margery Wentworth, married Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Blanche (or Beatrix) Clifford, who married Sir Robert Waterton (d. 10 December 1475), son of the Lancastrian retainer, Robert Waterton (d. 17 January 1425). There were no issue of the marriage.

paragraph: After Clifford's death, his widow Elizabeth married secondly, in 1426, Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, by whom she had a son, Sir John Neville, who married Lady Anne Holland, daughter of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blore, Thomas (1811). "The History and Antiquities of the County of Rutland". Stanford: R. Newcomb.

description: English peer

wikidata_label: John Clifford, 7th Baron de Clifford

wikipedia_title: John Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford


text:
Jiaozhou
Shandong
Qing Dynasty
courtesy name
Jiao Bingzhen

categories: Painters from Shandong,18th-century Chinese painters,Qing dynasty painters,Artists from Qingdao,Year of birth unknown,17th-century Chinese painters,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Leng Mei

paragraph: Leng Mei (), a native of Jiaozhou, Shandong province, was a Qing Dynasty Chinese painter, active 1677-1742 (his specific years of birth and death are not known). His courtesy name was Jichen (吉臣), and sobriquet Jinmen Waishi, or Jinmen Shushi. He was Jiao Bingzhen's student. Leng's specialty was painting human figures, particularly court ladies.

description: painter

wikidata_label: Leng Mei

wikipedia_title: Leng Mei


text: Nettlestead

text: Suffolk

text: English

text: Jane Seymour

text: King Henry VIII

text: Middleham

text: Yorkshire

text: Esquire

text: North Elmsall

text: Yorkshire

text: Margery le Despencer

text: Usher

text: Esquire of the Body

text: Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk

text: Knight of the Shire

text: Suffolk

text: Clare Castle

text: Chief Steward

text: Henry VI

text: Battle of Hexham

text: John Clifford, 7th Baron de Clifford

text: Lady Elizabeth Percy

text: Henry Percy (Hotspur)

text: Lady Elizabeth Mortimer

text: Ipswich

text: Suffolk

text: Sir Henry Wentworth

text: Nettlestead, Suffolk

text: Margery

text: Margery Wentworth

text: Sir John Seymour

text: Wolf Hall

text: Jane Seymour

text: King Henry VIII

text: Queen

text: England

text: Martin De La See

text: Barmston, East Riding of Yorkshire

categories: People from Mid Suffolk District,Esquires of the Body,1464 deaths,1420s births

paragraph: Philip Wentworth

paragraph: Sir Philip Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk ( 1424 – 18 May 1464) was an English knight and courtier. Wentworth was the great grandfather of Jane Seymour, third wife of King Henry VIII, and was beheaded at Middleham, Yorkshire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Philip Wentworth was the son of Roger Wentworth (died 24 October 1462), Esquire, of North Elmsall, Yorkshire, and wife Margery le Despencer (died 1478) daughter and heiress of Philip le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer, and wife Elizabeth de Tibetot.

paragraph: Wentworth was Usher of the King's Chamber, King's Sergeant, Esquire of the Body, King's Carver, Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk (1459–1460), Knight of the Shire for Suffolk, Constable of Llanstephen and Clare Castles, Chief Steward of the Honour of Clare.

paragraph: Wentworth supported the house of Lancaster and was in the army of King Henry VI, which was defeated at the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464. He was captured and three days later beheaded at Middleham, Yorkshire on 18 May 1464.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Wentworth married Mary, daughter of John Clifford, 7th Baron de Clifford and wife Lady Elizabeth Percy, daughter of Henry Percy (Hotspur) and his wife Lady Elizabeth Mortimer. When Mary died, she was buried at the Friars Minor at Ipswich, Suffolk.

paragraph: They had a son and two daughters who survived him:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Henry Wentworth, de jure 4th Baron Despenser, of Nettlestead, Suffolk, who married firstly Anne Say, by whom he had two sons, Sir Richard and Edward, and four daughters, Elizabeth, Margery, Dorothy and Jane, and secondly Elizabeth Neville, by whom he had no issue. His daughter, Margery Wentworth, married Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall and had several notable children, including Jane Seymour, third wife of King Henry VIII and Queen of England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Wentworth, who married Thomas Cotton, Esquire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Wentworth, who married, as his second wife, Sir Martin De La See, Knight, of Barmston, East Riding of Yorkshire, son of Brian De La See, by Maud, daughter of John Monceaux

description: English knight

wikidata_label: Philip Wentworth

wikipedia_title: Philip Wentworth


text:
infielder
Major League Baseball
Chicago Cubs
Cincinnati Reds
second baseman
batting average
home run
RBI
Freddie Maguire
World Series
Rogers Hornsby
Norm McMillan
Woody English
Philadelphia Athletics
waivers
Temple City, California
Baseball-reference page

categories: Chicago Cubs players,1900 births,Baseball players from California,1988 deaths,Cincinnati Reds players

paragraph: Clyde Beck

paragraph: Clyde Eugene "Jersey" Beck (January 6, 1900 - July 15, 1988) was a right-handed infielder in Major League Baseball for the Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds from 1926 to 1931.

paragraph: Beck spent the first five seasons of his career with the Cubs. After making his major league debut on May 19, 1926, Beck was used as a reserve second baseman for the Cubs, playing in 30 games and finishing with a .198 batting average, only one extra-base hit (a home run), and 4 RBI. The next season, he was in the Cubs' lineup more often than not, playing in 117 games. He saw some time at third base and shortstop as well as his familiar second base position. His .258 average would prove to be the best of his career, as would his tally of doubles (20) and triples (5).

paragraph: During the 1928 campaign, Beck saw considerably more time at third base (87 games) and shortstop (47 games) than second base (1 game). Freddie Maguire had become the everyday second sacker, but Beck had certainly become an infield fixture for the Cubs. He posted career highs in at-bats, runs, hits, and RBI, batting a solid .257 as Chicago fell just four wins short of first place and a trip to the World Series. In 1929, Rogers Hornsby, Norm McMillan and Woody English proved to be a dependable trio of infielders for the club and Beck was again relegated to backup status. He played in just 54 games and batted only .211, collecting a mere seven extra-base hits all year, all of them doubles. Though the Cubs made the World Series after the season, Beck did not appear in any of the Series' five games as the Philadelphia Athletics won four games to one.

paragraph: Beck saw some increased playing time in 1930; in fact, he played more games at shortstop than any Cub except English, who split his time almost evenly between shortstop and third base. He also saw somewhat of a power surge, hitting a career-high six home runs in 244 at-bats. In fact, that matched the total number of home runs he'd hit in 1,145 at-bats over his first four seasons. However, his batting average was again low at .213, and the Cubs put Beck on waivers after the season ended.

paragraph: Claimed by the Cincinnati Reds for 1931, Beck found himself as a backup third baseman and occasional shortstop, and his numbers plummeted. He managed to hit just .154 in 53 games and played his last game in the majors on September 11, 1931.

paragraph: Beck died on July 15, 1988 in Temple City, California.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball-reference page

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Clyde Beck

wikipedia_title: Clyde Beck