text:
Tjimahi
West Java
Ukulele
jazz
dixieland
Maastricht
CNR
cover version
Elvis Presley
Fun in Acapulco
Peru
BBA
Polydor Records
so called actress
Jersey
Radio Veronica
Capitol Records
Nashville
The Jordanaires
Elvis Presley
The Shorts
Zangeres Zonder Naam
Andy Tielman
the Tielman Brothers
Radio Veronica
jingles
LP record
Honorary citizen
Mayor
Llançà
Costa Brava
Spain
Rini Wagtmans
Tour de France
Jan Raas
polyps
vocal folds
malignant tumor
pharynx
larynx
EMI
Frans Bauer
Frank Michael
EMI
AVRO
TopPop
Musikladen
Certifications
Gold
Platinum
Germany
single
EMI
LP record
The Jordanaires
His Master's Voice
TROS
André van Duin
Gramophone record
LP record
Haarlem
Gramophone record
IFPI
Comment ça va
The Shorts
France
Buma Export Award
Buma Cultuur
Poland
Radio Veronica
Dutch Top 40
Single Top 100
Hitparade
List of musicians signed to EMI
Jack Jersey official website
Dutch Charts
Discogs

categories: 1941 births,Dutch rock singers,Dutch record producers,20th-century Dutch singers,Dutch songwriters,1997 deaths,Dutch country singers

paragraph: Jack Jersey

paragraph: Jack (Willem) de Nijs, artist name Jack Jersey (18 July 1941 — 26 May 1997), was a Dutch singer, composer, arranger, lyricist and producer of light music (popular music) who worked for national and international artists. He had his own production company, J.R. (Jeetzi-Rah) which means "Creation" / "Creational world" in Hebrew. He discovered artists such as André Moss, Nick MacKenzie and Frank & Mirella.

paragraph: Over the years, Jack de Nijs and the artists he represented were good for selling more than twenty million records

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The first years.

paragraph: Jack de Nijs was born in 1941 at Tjimahi in West Java, Indonesia. At the age of seven he received a Ukulele as a present, and was soon allowed to play in the local village band. A young age he showed talent as a musician and composer. In 1951 the family moved to the Netherlands, where he came into contact with a different life and music style. During high school he started his first band, named The Dixies Stampers, with jazz and dixieland music.

paragraph: After leaving high school, he went to a college for Higher Hotel Management in Maastricht. Here he formed his second band, a quartet known as The Four Sweeters and afterwards he continued in Jack and Woody. All together they released more than ten records. None of them were successful though.

paragraph: Then he became the lead singer of The Loosers, from 1964 tot 1967. They were signed by CNR that promoted them and some other bands as "Beat from Holland". In 1965 their first single "Since You're Gone" / "Mexico" was released. Only the first, however, is a beat song. The second is a cover version of Elvis Presley from his film "Fun in Acapulco" (1963). It was written by the Peruvian composer Francis Lopez. Over there, in Peru, this song became a number #1 hit.

paragraph: After receiving his diploma for Higher Hotel Management (BBA), Jack gave up his aspiration to make a success of the music business. In the meantime he married Ella and started to work for an multinational.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return.

paragraph: Music was too much appealing and he decided to give it a try again. He changed his approach and started working as a producer and composer for a record company. After teaming up with Henk Voorheijen he got a contract with Polydor Records for 500 Dutch Guilders a month. His first hit "Oh...Antoinette" was released by Leo den Hop. One of the following hits was "Gina Lollobrigida" (about the so called actress). Himself, he released "Sofia Loren" (1970) on a single. Both songs were recorded by the singer Ray Miller (Rainer Müller) as well who had two hits with them in Germany.

paragraph: In 1971 De Nijs recorded "Blame It On The Summersun" under the artist name Ruby Nash. This was his first English language recording. He started his own production company, and Henk Voorheijen participated for business matters. Meanwhile, he was father of a son and a daughter who he, however, hardly saw.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Jack Jersey.

paragraph: A couple of singles later he changed his name to Jack Jersey and continued singing in English. Jersey refers to the British island near France. It embarked a successful period in his music career, with some international hits.

paragraph: His first English single "I'm Calling" (1973) was declared "Alarm Disc" at "Radio Veronica" and became his first mayor hit in the Netherlands and Belgium. Hits that followed were "In The Still Of The Night", "Papa Was A Poor Man" and "Blue Brown Eyed Lady". His biggest hit was "Sri-Lanka ... My Shangri-Lah" that charted in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

paragraph: In 1973 he was member of the groupe Brabants Bont, with artists like Yvonne de Nijs, Leo den Hop, Jan Boezeroen en Wil de Bras. In 1974 his album "In The Still Of The Night" peaked at #3 in the album top of "Radio Hilversum 3".

paragraph: Invited by Capitol Records he record "a live-album" in 12 hours in Nashville with The Jordanaires, the group that had accompanied Elvis Presley for many years. (This entire live-album recording took only 12 hours, while in the Netherlands that applies to a recording of only 1 song.) For the European market it was released as "I Wonder" and for the American market as "Honky Tonk Man".

paragraph: In the meantime he produced and composed for many other artists, like Nick MacKenzie, André Moss and The Shorts. They had international hits with songs of Jack de Nijs. His songs were recorded by, among others, Zangeres Zonder Naam, Andy Tielman and the Tielman Brothers and the American singer Donna Lynton.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Radio Veronica Jingle.

paragraph: Radio Veronica was the first radio station in the Netherlands to introduce jingles. Of the thousands of jingles used by Veronica, 100 jingles were selected and they were released on an LP record in 1977. Jack Jersey also appeared a jingle on this elpee/LP.

paragraph: This His latest flame is sung in Dutch, better said, spoken, like several jingles on this elpee/LP: "8 januari is Elvis dag op 538". (In English: January 8, it's Elvis day on 538) The compilation of this elpee/LP was made by two well known Dutch disc-jockeys; Lex Harding and Adje Bouman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Honour.

paragraph: In May 1982 he had a hit with "Puerto de Llansa (Lady Rose)" in the Netherlands. Just a couple of months later he was appointed Honorary citizen for it by the Mayor of Llançà, a fishing village on the Costa Brava in Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tour de France.

paragraph: 1978: Certificate signed by Frie Thijs (secretary) and Rini Wagtmans (chairman) on behalf of the organizing committee, as a token of gratitude, because Jack Jersey's cooperation has made it possible to realize the Tour de France arrival in St. Willebrord. (The prologue in Leiden, the 1st stage part A from Leiden to St. Willebrord that was won on 30 June 1978 by Jan Raas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Illness.

paragraph: In 1985 and again in 1986 polyps were observed at his vocal folds, and a couple of years later, in 1988, he was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his pharynx and larynx.

paragraph: He underwent surgery and radiation treatments several times. After these heavy treatments, he lives daily under significant medication with analgesics, but he will never recover completely.

paragraph: Nine years later, May 26, 1997, he died at the consequences of it in the arms of his wife at an age of 55 years.

paragraph: In October 1996, he was severely ill due to the consequences. In February 1997 he agreed with Ton van Beusekom of EMI to release a double-cd, entitled Thanks For All The Years, for he knew that this album would probably be his last. He preferred songs about countries he had visited, the song "My Father's House" which he wrote especially about his parental home in which he was born, some songs as a tribute/an ode to Elvis Presley and further hits such as "I'm Calling" (1973), "In The Still Of The Night" (1974), "Gone Girl" (1975), "Papa Was A Poor Man" (1974) and "Sri Lanka ... my Shangri-La" (1980).).

paragraph: After he passed away, his music was still recorded by various artists, such as Frans Bauer and Marianne Weber: "Wat ik zou willen" (What I would want) and René Schuurmans, but also internationally, as by Frank Michael.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Posthumous tribute.

paragraph: In early 2007 EMI released his collection "Asian Dreams and Greatest Hits". In addition to two CDs, it includes a DVD containing, among other things, the musical voyage report he made for the Dutch AVRO Television in 1977 by his native Indonesia directed by "Theo Ordeman", a well known Dutch television director. In addition, there are TV clips from historical television programs, such as from "TopPop" (The Netherlands) and " Musikladen " (Germany).

paragraph: On May 24, 2009, a Jack Jersey Festival was held for the first time in the centre of his home town of Roosendaal, on the Oude Markt and in the Raatskelder. Various artists performed in his honour, including his discoveries "Frank & Mirella" and "Nick MacKenzie". The Raatskelder has a historical connection with the singer-songwriter, because he had a music studio there in the attic in the sixties.

paragraph: In May and August 2017, at the ceiling of the museum "Tongerlohuys" in his home town, an exhibition was sent to numerous "well-known Roosendaal icons", as well as to him. During this tribute, 26 May was also the day he passed away 20 years ago.

paragraph: On March 10, 2018 on the occasion of the celebration of "750 years Roosendaal" under the motto:"The DNA of Roosendaal" a portrait of Jack was also made by 15 professional graffiti-artists.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.

paragraph: Certifications as a singer and or songwriter and or musicproducer:

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for "Oh Antoinette" by Leo den Hop for more than 50.000 sold copies in The Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for Ray Miller in Germany with also the song "Oh Antoinette" for more than 600.000 sold copies.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the song "Sophia Loren" by Ray Miller in Germany for more than 300.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the song "Gina Lollobrigida" by Tony Bass for more than 132.000 sold copies in The Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum and Gold for the song "Gina lollobrigida" by Ray Miller for more than 900.000 sold copies in Germany.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the song "Zuster o zuster" by Sjakie Schram for more than 46.000 sold copies in The Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the song "De Fles" by Jan Boezeroen for more than 96.000 sold copies in The Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the song "Mira" by Cock van der Palm, for more than 75.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the song "Oei, oei" by Jan Boezeroen, for more than 90.000 sold copies.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gold ballpoint pen and Gold fillet pencil (brand: Cross)."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awarded, rated for quality, artistic value and popularity within the Netherlands by Conamus (Buma Cultuur) *for the song "Ze zeggen..." by Jan Boezeroen, for more than 90.000 sales.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the single "One is One", EMI, by Nick MacKenzie for more than 300.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "Juanita" by Nick MacKenzie, EMI for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "Juanita" by Nick MacKenzie, EMI in Germany for more than 300.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for "Ella", André Moss, Bovema.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- January

paragraph: BULLET::::- The single "Don't break this heart" lands in both Dutch charts and that of Flanders, Belgium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- February

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "Peaches on a tree" by Nick MacKenzie, EMI for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "Oei,Oei" by Jan Boezeroen for more than 40.000 sold copies, Bovema.

paragraph: BULLET::::- March

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "Ella", by André Moss, Bovema.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "Rosita" by André Moss, EMI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "Op Losse Groeven", EMI for more than 250.000 sold copies in The Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- April

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "In the Still of the Night", Jack Jersey, EMI Belgium for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Lion award from Belgian Television (BRT) given for the most popular recording artist in the Benelux.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "In the Still of the Night", Jack Jersey, EMI for more than 100.000 sold copies in The Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- July

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "Papa was a poor man", Jack Jersey, EMI

paragraph: BULLET::::- August

paragraph: BULLET::::- The album LP record "In The Still Of The Night" of Jack Jersey begins a "19-week tour" of the Dutch album chart.

paragraph: BULLET::::- September

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "In The Still Of The Night", Jack Jersey, EMI/Bovema in the Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- November

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "live-recorded" single "Rub it in" by Jack Jersey and The Jordanaires, climbs the Dutch and Belgian charts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- December

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd time Gold for the LP record "Rosita" by André Moss, EMI for more than 50.000 sold copies in The Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- January

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the LP record "In The Still Of The Night", Jack Jersey, EMI/Bovema for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His Master's Voice Award for Jack Jersey, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- March

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Dog" alias His Master's Voice for more than 100.000 sold copies for the LP record "Ella" by André Moss, EMI. This song was also the Dutch television and radio "TROS"-tune.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Dog" alias His Master's Voice "In the Still of the Night" by Jack Jersey, EMI, for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd time Platinum for the LP record "Ella" by André Moss, for more than 100.000 sold copies, EMI/Bovema.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the LP record "Rosita" by André Moss, EMI/Bovema.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd time Platinum for the LP record "Ella" by André Moss, for more than 100.000 sold copies, EMI/Bovema The Netherlands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold music cassette Ella, André Moss, EMI/Bovema, for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Music Cassette In The Still Of The Night, Jack Jersey, EMI, for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- June

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bovema" Director Roel R. Kruize handed Jack de Nijs "the well-known porcelain Bovema gramophone" with the logo His Master's Voice, which is only awarded by high exception.

paragraph: BULLET::::- September

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Dog Alias His Master's Voice for the LP record "Rosita", André Moss, for over 100.000 sales, EMI / Bovema.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack de Nijs is named the most popular artist in the Netherlands, a shared first place with André van Duin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- September

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "Blue Brown Eyed Lady", Jack Jersey, EMI.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- March

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Music Cassette "Rosita", André Moss, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Music Cassette "My Spanish Rose", André Moss, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the Gramophone record / LP record "My Spanish Rose", André Moss, EMI / Bovema.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two times Gold for the LP record "I wonder", Jack Jersey, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two times Gold Music Cassette "I Wonder", Jack Jersey, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two times Gold for the LP record "Sings country", Jack Jersey, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "Forever", Jack Jersey, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two times Gold for the LP record "A Christmas show", Jack Jersey, EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- November

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "Asian Dreams", Jack Jersey, EMI, for more than 50.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Also In 1977, "In Haarlem, a special, unprecedented silver plaque on marble foot was awarded to Jack de Nijs by Bovema manager Kees den Daas, which he appreciates the "artistic and productive gifts" of De Nijs, whose work at EMI is more than three-quarters Million singles and 1 1/2 million LP records Gramophone record were sold."

paragraph: BULLET::::- This special music prize has never been awarded before.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the single "Sri Lanka...My Shangri-La", Jack Jersey, on record label "Goena Goena Records", for more than 300.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An NVPI certificate - IFPI - awarded to Jack Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the LP record "The Best of Jack Jersey", EMI for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the single "Comment ça va" of The Shorts for more than 100.000 sold copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the single Comment ça va of The Shorts for more than 200.000 sold copies. The single stands for five weeks at the top in the National Hit parade of The Netherlands. It is the best-selling single in the Netherlands of this year.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platinum for the single Comment ça va of The Shorts for more than 1.000.000 (1 million) sold singles/copies in France. EMI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Receives in the same year for this international number 1-hit "Comment ça va" of "The Shorts", EMI, the Export price, Buma Export Award of the "Buma Culture Foundation", Buma Cultuur, formerly CONAMUS Foundation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Also the successor " Je suis, tu es" by "The Shorts" becomes Platinum, for more than 100.000 sales. It will be a number 3 hit.

paragraph: Section::::Music Awards.:1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold for the LP record "Close To You", Jack Jersey, Dino Music, with at least 78.051 sold copies in Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: The Album Top was compiled by "Radio Veronica" (organizer of the Dutch Top 40) and followed up by the Album Top 100 (organizer of the National Hitparade / Single Top 100). These two are in this following order combined in the next list.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: Here follows a compilation of singles of Jack Jersey. At the beginning he released records under his own name Jack de Nijs and the alias Ruby Nash. "Hitparade" in the list refers to the "National Hitparade", although this name has changed several times in history. Former names were Hilversum 3 Top 30 (1969–71), Daverende Dertig (1971-74), Nationale Hitparade (1974–89) and National Top 100 (1989–93). In 1987 the National Hitparade evolved from a top 50 to a top 100.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of musicians signed to EMI

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Jersey official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists (incomplete) of songs and productions of Jack de Nijs:Dutch Charts, Discogs

alias:
Jack de Nijs
Ruby Nash

description: Dutch singer, music producer, composer, lyricist, music arranger, musician

wikidata_label: Jack Jersey

wikipedia_title: Jack Jersey


text:
Joinville-le-Pont
Boulogne-sur-Seine
Paris Salon
Légion d'honneur
Order of Leopold
Gallica
Extraits

categories: 1874 deaths,19th-century French painters,French male painters,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,People from Val-de-Marne,1803 births

paragraph: Louis-Auguste Lapito

paragraph: Louis-Auguste Lapito (born Joinville-le-Pont, August 18, 1803 - died Boulogne-sur-Seine, April 7, 1874) was a French painter. He exhibited at many Paris Salons. He was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 1836, and a Chevalier of the Order of Leopold as well.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Émile Bellier de La Chavignerie, Louis Auvray, "Dictionnaire général des artistes de l'École française depuis l'origine des arts du dessin jusqu'à nos jours : architectes, peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs et lithographes", Tome 1, pp. 907–908, Librairie Renouard, Paris, 1882 Gallica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Claude Giansily, "Histoire de la peinture en Corse au XIXème siècle et XIXème siècle et dictionnaire des peintres", Colonna édition, 2010; p. 440 Extraits

alias:
Louis Auguste Lapito
Auguste Lapito
Lapito
louis auguste lapito
A. Lapito

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Louis-Auguste Lapito

wikipedia_title: Louis-Auguste Lapito


text:
Yathrib
Banu Najjar
Arabic
Muhammad
Job
Ansar
hijra
dysentery
First Arab Siege of Constantinople
Medina
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
Egypt
Fustat
Amr bin Al'aas
Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
Abdullah ibn Umar
Muawiyah
Sahih Muslim
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Byzantine Empire
Subhan Allah
Ansar
Conquest of Constantinople
Ottoman Turks
tomb
mosque
Eyüp
Ottoman
sayings of Muhammad
Mi'raj
Ibrahim
Abraham
Jibreel
Ummah
La hawla wa la quwwata illa billah
Dhikr
Salaf
Sunni view of the Sahaba
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Michael G. Morony

categories: Male Sahabah,Medieval Arabs killed in battle,674 deaths,Burials at Eyüp Cemetery,576 births

paragraph: Abu Ayyub al-Ansari

paragraph: Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (died 674) — born Khalid bin Zayd bin Kulayb in Yathrib — hailed from the tribe of Banu Najjar and was a close companion (Arabic: الصحابه, "sahaba") of Muhammad. He was named after the biblical Job. Abu Ayyub was one of the Ansar (Arabic: الأنصار, meaning aiders, helpers or patrons) of early Muslim history, those who supported Muhammad after the hijra (migration) to Medina in 622. The patronym "Abu Ayyub", means father (abu) of Ayyub. Abu Ayyub died of dysentery during the First Arab Siege of Constantinople.

paragraph: When Muhammad arrived in Medina, all of the inhabitants of the city offered to accommodate him. It is said that he decided instead to allow his camel to walk where it chose and to stay at whomsoever's house it stopped. The camel stopped at the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, a member of the Bani An-Najjar, who were regarded as the best of the tribes of Medina. Though Abu Ayub Al Ansari had prepared meals for only Muhammad and Abubakr, Muhammad directed that everyone in the neighborhood be invited to partake in the meal. To everyone's surprised delight, all of the approximately 180 people who came were able to eat to their satisfaction. This was deemed to be a miracle.

paragraph: Waqif of Al-Masjid an-Nabawi:

paragraph: The land of Al-Masjid an-Nabawi belonged to two young orphans, Sahal and Suhayl, and when they came to know that Muhammad wished to acquire their land for the purposes of erecting a mosque, they went to the Prophet and offered the land to him as gift; the Prophet insisted on fixing and paying a price for the land precisely because they were orphaned children. The ultimately agreed purchase price was paid by Abu Ayyub al-Ansari who thus became the واقِف (waqif, or creator of an endowment or mortmain; donor) of Al-Masjid an-Nabawi on behalf of, or in favor of, Muhammad.

paragraph: Following the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Abu Ayyub moved to Fustat, where he lived in a house adjacent to the mosque of Amr bin Al'aas that had been completed in 642. Several other notable companions were his neighbors, including Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Ubaida, Abu Dhar, Abdullah ibn Umar and Abdullah ibn Amr bin Al'aas.

paragraph: He also led a distinguished military career, regarding which it was said, "He did not stay away from any battle in which the Muslims engaged from the time of Muhammad to the time of Muawiyah, unless he was at the same time, engaged in another battle being fought elsewhere."

paragraph: Section::::Last military campaign.

paragraph: In a hadith in Qital-e Rome, a chapter of Sahih Muslim, Muhammad prophesied that the first army to conquer Constantinople will enter Paradise.

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari records a number of raids against the Byzantine Empire under the period A.H. 49 (9/2/669 - 28/1/670). Though Abu Ayyub was by then an old man, that did not deter him from enlisting. Shortly after engaging in battle, it is recorded that he fell ill and had to withdraw. The chief of army staff Yazid ibn e Muawiya asked, "Do you need anything, Abu Ayyub?" To which Abu Ayyub replied, "Convey my "salaams" (Islamic greeting and farewell) to the Muslim armies and tell them, "Abu Ayyub urges you to penetrate deep into enemy territory, as far as you can go; and that you should carry him with you, and that you should bury me under your feet at the walls of Constantinople." At this, he died. Yazid ordered the Muslim army to fulfil his request, and they pushed back the enemy's forces until they reached the walls of Constantinople where Abu Ayyub was finally interred.

paragraph: About this battle, Aslam-ibn `Imran narrates that when they were fighting the Byzantines, a Muslim soldier penetrated deep into enemy ranks. People exclaimed, ""Subhan Allah!" He has contributed to his own destruction." Abu Ayyub al-Ansari stood up and answered, "O people! You give this interpretation to this verse, whereas it was revealed concerning us the Ansar. When Allah had actually given honor to Islam and its supporters had become many, whereupon some of us secretly said to one another... 'Our wealth has been depleted, and Allah has given honor to Islam and its supporters have become many, let us stay amidst our wealth and make up what has been depleted of it.' Thereupon, Allah revealed to Muhammad, 'And spend in the Path of God (فِي سَبِيلِ اللّهِ), and do not contribute to your own destruction'... refuting what we had said. So, destruction lay in staying with our wealth and repleting it and abandoning combat."

paragraph: Section::::Final resting place.

paragraph: After the Conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, a tomb was constructed above Abu Ayyub's grave and a mosque built in his honor. From that point on, the area now known as the locality of Eyüp has become sacred and many Ottoman officials requested burial in proximity of Abu Ayyub

paragraph: Section::::Some "hadith" narrated by Abu Ayyub.

paragraph: Abu Ayyub al-Ansari is credited with narrating many sayings of Muhammad. Well-known examples of these include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allah's Apostle said, "It is not lawful for a man to desert his brother Muslim for more than three nights. (It is unlawful for either that) when they meet, one should turn his face away from the other, and the other turns his face from the former; and the best of them is the one who first offers the salutation [of peace]."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu Ayyub al-Ansari narrates that on the night of Mi'raj, Muhammad passed by Ibrahim (Abraham). Ibrahim asked, "O Jibreel, who is with you?" Jibreel answered, "Muhammad." Ibrahim said to him, "Command your Ummah to plant trees of Paradise in abundance, as the soil of Paradise is fertile and its plain is spacious." It was asked, "Which are the trees of Paradise?" He replied, "La hawla wa la quwwata illa billah (Arabic "لا حول ولاقوة إلا بالله".)"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dhikr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salaf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History v. 18 "Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah," transl. Michael G. Morony, SUNY Press, Albany, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, "Kitab at-Tabaqat al-Kabir", np, nd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prof. Philip K. Hitti, "A History of the Arabs", Macmillan, London, 1951 rev.ed.

description: Muhammad's Ansar

wikidata_label: Abu Ayyub al-Ansari

wikipedia_title: Abu Ayyub al-Ansari


text:
18th Dynasty
Amenhotep III
Great Royal Wife
Tiye
Yuya
Thuya
Great Royal Wife
Malkata
Malkata
Amenhotep, son of Hapu
Karnak
Egyptian Museum
Cairo
Amenhotep III's mortuary temple
William Matthew Flinders Petrie
Tiye
Akhenaten
Tutankhamun
Valley of the Kings
E. Riefstahl

categories: 14th-century BC women,Ancient Egyptian princesses,Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Sitamun

paragraph: Sitamun (also Sitamen, Satamun; c. 1370 BCE–unknown) was an Ancient Egyptian princess and queen consort during the 18th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sitamun is considered to be the eldest daughter of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his Great Royal Wife Tiye. She was later married to her father around Year 30 of Amenhotep III's reign.

paragraph: The belief that Sitamun was a daughter of Amenhotep and Tiye is based on the presence of objects found in the tomb of Yuya and Thuya, Queen Tiye's parents, especially a chair bearing her title as the king's daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sitamun is very well attested, most notably in the tomb of Yuya and Thuya where three finely made chairs were discovered. As these chairs were used, and are of progressively larger size, it is assumed they belonged to Sitamun as she was growing up. They were then placed in her grandparents' tomb in the tradition of placing objects which had meaning in the deceased person's life. She is also depicted on the stele of her nurse Nebetkabeny.

paragraph: Almost nothing is known of her life beyond being the oldest daughter of a powerful (and long-lived) queen. In the last decade of her father's reign, she was promoted to the status of Great Royal Wife. The evidence for this marriage consists of a blue-faience kohl-tube with the cartouches of Amenhotep III and Sitamun, an alabaster bowl found at Amarna with the same cartouches and jar-label inscriptions from Malkata palace. Sitamun's elevation to her role as Great Royal Wife of her father, Amenhotep III, is attested as early as Year 30 of his reign from jar label inscription No.95 which was discovered in the royal palace.

paragraph: She maintained her own rooms in the Malkata palace complex, and Amenhotep, son of Hapu was appointed as the steward of her properties here. She is attested on a Karnak statue of Amenhotep, son of Hapu (now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo) where she is mentioned as the king's Great Royal Wife. She also appears on a relief from Amenhotep III's mortuary temple, found by William Matthew Flinders Petrie, (now in the Petrie Museum). Sitamun is among a handful of figures that appear near the end of the reign of Amenhotep III. This was an era of Egyptian history in which women assumed far more prominent and powerful roles with Amenhotep III's wife Tiye, Sitamun's mother, being a particular example. Prior to Tiye's reign, "no previous queen ever figured so prominently in her husband's lifetime". Tiye regularly appeared besides Amenhotep III in statuary, tomb and temple reliefs and stelae, while her name is paired with his on numerous small objects, such as vessels and jewellery, as well as their large commemorative scarabs.

paragraph: As the eldest daughter of a powerful queen, Sitamun would have been groomed for a political role but never fulfilled this potential, despite having her own property at Malkata and her high position at court. One possibility is that she was married to an heir who never assumed the throne. Another possibility is that she died prematurely or went into seclusion after her brother Akhenaten became king. She was an aunt of Tutankhamun.

paragraph: She vanishes at the end of Amenhotep III's reign and is not mentioned during Akhenaten's reign. A separate chamber was carved for her in Amenhotep III's tomb in the Valley of the Kings, but there is no evidence that she was ever buried there.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singer of the Lord of the Two Lands"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King’s Wife"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King’s Great Wife"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King’s Daughter"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King’s Daughter Whom He Loves"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eldest Daughter of the King"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Daughter of the King Whom He Loves"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Significant books on Sitamun:

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Schäfer's "Amarna in Religion und Kunst", Leipzig 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Riefstahl "Thebes in the Time of Amenhotep III", NY 1964.

alias: Sitamón Sitamon

description: Ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Sitamun

wikipedia_title: Sitamun


text: Iowa

text: Iowa Wesleyan College

text: DePauw University

text: Clara Foltz

text: American Civil War

text: valedictorian

text: salutatorian

text: Union Block

text: DePauw University

text: Greencastle, Indiana

text: women's suffrage

text: Susan B. Anthony

text: Iowa Women's Hall of Fame

text: Benjamin Victor

text: Carrie Chapman Catt

text: First women lawyers around the world

text: List of suffragists and suffragettes

text: Gertrude Rush

text: Feminism

text: History of feminism

text: Biography: "Arabella Mansfield"

text: "Arabella Mansfield"

text: "Arabella Mansfield"

categories: Iowa Wesleyan University faculty,DePauw University faculty,American feminists,People from Burlington, Iowa,Iowa Wesleyan University alumni,People from Mount Pleasant, Iowa,American women lawyers,Simpson College faculty,Iowa lawyers,American suffragists,1911 deaths,1846 births

paragraph: Arabella Mansfield

paragraph: Arabella Mansfield (May 23, 1846 – August 1, 1911), born Belle Aurelia Babb, became the first female lawyer in the United States in 1869, admitted to the Iowa bar; she made her career as a college educator and administrator. Despite an Iowa state law restricting the bar exam to males, Mansfield had taken it and earned high scores. Shortly after her court challenge, Iowa amended its licensing statute and became the first state to accept women and minorities into its bar.

paragraph: During her career, Mansfield worked primarily as an educator and activist, teaching at Iowa Wesleyan College and DePauw University. At the latter, she also became a university administrator, serving successively as dean in the 1890s of two different schools.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Belle Aurelia Babb (known as Belle) was born in 1846 on a family farm in Benton Township, Des Moines County, Iowa, as the second child to Mary (Moyer) (1820-1895) and Miles Babb. Her older brother, Washington Irving Babb, born in 1844 and named after the prominent New York author, was her lifelong friend. While Belle was young, her father left for California April 10, 1850 on the Flint River Company wagon train. Prior to his departure he signed a will making provisions for the educations of his children. Miles became superintendent of the Bay State Mining Company and was killed in the collapse of a mining tunnel at the Mameluke Hill mine in El Dorado County, California Dec. 23, 1852.

paragraph: Mary Babb moved with their two children to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where they attended local schools. (Clara Foltz, the first woman lawyer to be accepted to the bar on the West Coast, also grew up in Mount Pleasant around this time.)

paragraph: In 1862, Babb started her studies at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant. There she began using the name Arabella (previously, she had gone by her given name of Belle). As many men were leaving to fight in the American Civil War, universities were admitting more women students and hiring them as teachers. Arabella Babb graduated in three years as valedictorian; her brother Washington Babb was salutatorian in the same class.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Babb taught at Des Moines Conference Seminary (now Simpson College) in Indianola, Iowa for a year. She returned to Mount Pleasant to marry her college sweetheart, John Melvin Mansfield, a young professor at Iowa Wesleyan. He encouraged her in her ambition to study law. Arabella Mansfield "read the law" as an apprentice in her brother Washington's law office, after he had passed the bar and established his practice. Although by Iowa law the bar exam was restricted to "males over 21," Arabella Mansfield took the exam in 1869, passing it with high scores.

paragraph: In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law after Mansfield challenged the state law excluding her. The Court ruled that women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa, admitting Mansfield to the bar. Mansfield was sworn in at the Union Block building in Mount Pleasant that year.

paragraph: Although admitted to the bar, Mansfield did not practice law, concentrating on college teaching and activist work. She taught at Iowa Wesleyan College, followed by DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. In 1893 she was selected as Dean of the School of Art at DePauw, and in 1894 as Dean of the School of Music. In 1893, Mansfield joined the National League of Women Lawyers.

paragraph: Mansfield was also active in the women's suffrage movement, chairing the Iowa Women’s Suffrage Convention in 1870, and working with Susan B. Anthony.

paragraph: Mansfield died Aug. 1, 1911 at the home of her brother, Washington I. Babb, in Aurora, Illinois, before getting to see the suffrage movement’s ultimate achievement: passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, effective in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1980, Arabella Mansfield was inducted into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2002 the Iowa Organization of Women Attorneys established the Arabella Mansfield Award to recognize outstanding women lawyers in the state.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A commemorative sculpture of her was commissioned by Iowa Wesleyan College and installed at the campus; it was created by Benjamin Victor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The National Association of Women Lawyers named its most prestigious award after Arabella Babb Mansfield. Past winners include all three sitting female U.S. Supreme Court Justices, Judge Ann Claire Williams (7th Circuit), Anita Hill, and Marcia Greenberger.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carrie Chapman Catt, contemporaneous Iowa leader of women's suffrage movement

paragraph: BULLET::::- First women lawyers around the world

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of suffragists and suffragettes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude Rush, Iowa's first African-American lawyer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feminism

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of feminism

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography: "Arabella Mansfield", Iowa Women Attorneys

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arabella Mansfield", American Law & Legal Information, JRank

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arabella Mansfield", Encyclopædia Britannica

description: Lawyer, suffragist

wikidata_label: Arabella Mansfield

wikipedia_title: Arabella Mansfield


text:
French
Catholic Church
Bishop of Bayeux
Granville
Salesians of Dom Bosco
Dormans
Pope John Paul II
Bayeux
Pontifical Council for the Laity
Castrillon Hoyos
Congregation for the Clergy
Pope John Paul II
Pope Benedict XVI
Episcopal Conference of France
Petites Sœurs des Pauvres
Catholic Hierarchy biography

categories: 1935 births,2018 deaths,Bishops of Bayeux

paragraph: Pierre Pican

paragraph: Pierre Auguste Gratien Pican S.D.B. (27 February 1935 – 23 July 2018) was a French prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Bayeux from 1998 to 2010. In 2001, he was given a three-month suspended sentence for failing to notify civil authorities of charges of sexual abuse of a minor made against one of his priests, the first criminal conviction of a French bishop since the Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pican was born in Granville on 27 February 1935. He studied ancient languages and literature before joining the Salesians of Dom Bosco. He continued his education at the seminary in Dormans and spent his years as a scholastic in Lyon. He took his final vows as a Salesian in 1963. He was ordained a priest on 24 April 1966. He was a school chaplain in Caen for two years and then from 1968 to 1971 led a parish as well as a French-Lebanese school in Beirut, followed by directorship of a technical school. He was provincial superior of the Salesians from 1975 to 1981.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II named Pican Coadjutor Bishop of Bayeux on 17 April 1988. He received his episcopal consecration on 17 April, and became bishop there on 19 November.

paragraph: He was a member of the Pontifical Council for the Laity.

paragraph: On 4 September 2001, Pican was sentenced to three months in prison for having failed to report Father Rene Bissey, a parish pastor in his diocese, to authorities after a woman charged in December 1996 that the priest had molested her teenage son. The priest had admitted his guilt and confessed to abusing others, and in January 1997 Pican had assigned him to therapy without changing his parish assignment. Pican's sentence was suspended. Pican's attorney said "This is the first time a bishop is condemned since the French Revolution. No boy presented in the civil hearing of the trial suffered any consequence because of Bishop Pican's silence." Pican said he had not assessed the seriousness of Bissey's actions properly, but that when they first spoke in 1997 Bissey had appeared suicidal and he had responded to his condition, which alerting the authorities would have exacerbated. His defense claimed he had the right to maintain "professional secrecy", which the court said did not apply to his relationship with Bissey. In October 2000, Bissey had been sentenced to 18 years in prison for molesting eleven minor boys. Cardinal Castrillon Hoyos, Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy, wrote Pican to say he was glad to have "a brother bishop who in the eyes of history and of all the world's bishops would choose prison over denouncing his priest". He said Pope John Paul II had approved his letter to Pican.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation, which he was required to submit when he turned 75 on 27 February 2010, on 12 March 2010. His retirement ceremony, held on 21 February, took place in the Basilica in Lisieux because the Bayeux cathedral was too small to accommodate the crowds expected. Asked about the way he handled the case of the sexual abuse he said that "Today I would not report it any more than yesterday" and that he "preferred to be condemned by his country's justice than betray his conscience".

paragraph: In retirement Pican remained active within the Salesians and the Episcopal Conference of France, where at the age of 80 he was tasked with representing the concerns of retired clergy. He lived first with the Salesian community in Paris and then on rue Picpus with the community of Petites Sœurs des Pauvres.

paragraph: Pican died on 23 July 2018 at the age of 83.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy biography

description: French priest

wikidata_label: Pierre Pican

wikipedia_title: Pierre Pican


text:
Croatia
Trpimirović dynasty
vassal
Frankish Emperor
Lothair I
Mislav
Klis
Roman
stronghold
Klis Fortress
Byzantine
strategos
Zadar
Bulgaria
Khan
Boris I
Bulgarians
Croatians
Biaći
Latin
Mislav
Archbishopric
Split
kingdom
Klis Fortress
church
Benedictine monastery
Rižinice
Solin
Benedictins
monastery
pilgrimage
Cividale
Evangelistary
dominus
Saxon
theologian
Gottschalk of Orbais
court
Venice
Bulgaria
predestination
independent rule
Zdeslav
Muncimir
Branimir
Domagoj
Constantinople
Croatian–Bulgarian wars
Trpimirović dynasty

categories: 864 deaths,Trpimirović dynasty,9th-century Croatian people,9th-century people from East Francia,Dukes of Croatia,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Trpimir I of Croatia

paragraph: Trpimir I (, ) was a duke () in Croatia from around 845 until his death in 864. He is considered the founder of the Trpimirović dynasty that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from around 845 until 1091. Although he was formally vassal of the Frankish Emperor Lothair I, Trpimir used Frankish-Byzantine conflicts to rule on his own.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Trpimir succeeded Croatia's Duke Mislav around 845, ascended the throne in Klis and expanded the early Roman stronghold into Klis Fortress, the capital of his domain. Trpimir battled successfully against his neighbours, the Byzantine coastal cities under the strategos of Zadar in 846. In 854 he repulsed an attack by an army of the Bulgarian Khan Boris I and concluded a peace treaty with him, exchanging gifts. The Bulgarians and Croatians coexisted peacefully after that time.

paragraph: On 4 March 852 Trpimir issued a charter in Biaći ("in loco Byaci dicitur") in the Latin language, confirming Mislav's donations to the Archbishopric in Split. The charter is preserved in a copy from 1568. In this document, Trpimir named himself "by the mercy of God, Duke of the Croats" ("Dux Chroatorum iuvatus munere divino") and his realm as the "Realm of the Croats" ("Regnum Chroatorum"), which is the first known usage of the name "Croats". The term "regnum" was used by other rulers of that time as a sign of their independence and did not necessarily mean a kingdom. The charter documents his ownership of Klis Fortress and mentions Trpimir's decision to build a church and the first Benedictine monastery in Rižinice, between the towns of Klis and Solin, thus bringing the Benedictins into Croatia. On a gable arch from an altar screen of the Rižinice monastery, carved in stone, stands a text with the duke's name and title:"PRO DVCE TREPIME[RO... ...PRECE]S CHR[IST]O SV[B]MIT[TATIS ET INCLINATA HABE]TE COLA TERME[NTES...]"He also likely built a church in Kapitul, in the vicinity of Knin castle, where his name is recorded from archaeological remains.

paragraph: Trpimir undertook a pilgrimage to Cividale together with his son Peter, which was recorded in the "Evangelistary of Cividale", where he is titled as "dominus" ("domno").

paragraph: The Saxon theologian Gottschalk of Orbais was at Trpimir's court between 846 and 848, after leaving Venice and before moving to Bulgaria, and his work "De Trina deitate" is an important source for Trpimir's reign. He describes Trpimir's accomplishments and his victory over a Byzantine patricius in 846, which Gottschalk connected with his theory of predestination. Trpimir was a proclaimed "rex Sclavorum" as a token of admiration from Gottschalk, which is also a sign of his independent rule.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Descendants.

paragraph: The end of Trpimir's reign remains vaguely distinctive, just like the sequence of his successors. He had three sons: Peter, Zdeslav and probably Muncimir, since in a charter dated to 892, in the time of Duke Muncimir's rule, Muncimir stated that "he returned to his fathers throne," which was usurped by Branimir. Trpimir was succeeded in around 864 either by his son Zdeslav, who was shortly after deposed by Domagoj, or directly by Domagoj who forced Trpimir's sons to flee to Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croatian–Bulgarian wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trpimirović dynasty

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (od najstarijeg doba do g. 1657.)", Zagreb 1924.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nada Klaić, "Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku", Zagreb 1975.

description: Duke of Croatia

wikidata_label: Trpimir I of Croatia

wikipedia_title: Trpimir I of Croatia


text: Muslim

text: Ottoman

text: noble

text: Greek

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Mediterranean

text: Admiral

text: Corsair

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Navy

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Bey

text: Algiers

text: Djerba

text: Beylerbey

text: Mediterranean

text: Pasha

text: Tripoli

text: Pasha

text: Tripoli

text: North Africa

text: Karatoprak

text: Bodrum

text: Aegean

text: Asia Minor

text: Bodrum

text: Turgutreis

text: Aegean

text: Asia Minor

text: Muslim

text: Ottoman

text: cannoneer

text: siege artillery

text: Egypt

text: Ottoman conquest of

text: Egypt

text: Cairo

text: Alexandria

text: Sinan Pasha

text: corsair

text: brigantine

text: galiot

text: Eastern Mediterranean

text: Venice

text: Aegean

text: Repubblica Serenissima

text: Hayreddin Barbarossa

text: galiot-class

text: Capo Passero

text: Sicily

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Spain

text: Italy

text: fusta

text: barque

text: galley

text: Aegina

text: Andrea Doria

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Albania

text: Gulf of Preveza

text: Lefkada

text: Candia

text: Crete

text: Venetian

text: Aegean Sea

text: Battle of Preveza

text: Holy League

text: Knights of Malta

text: Papal States

text: Andrea Doria

text: Holy League

text: Giambattista Dovizi

text: Bibbiena

text: Castelnuovo

text: Venetians

text: Corfu

text: Sinan Pasha

text: Djerba

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Red Sea

text: Suez

text: Genoese

text: Santa Margherita Ligure

text: Gozo

text: Pantelleria

text: Charles V

text: Tyrrhenian Sea

text: Corsica

text: Palasca

text: Capraia

text: Corsica

text: Girolata

text: Battle of Girolata

text: Andrea Doria

text: galley slave

text: Genoa

text: France

text: Francis I

text: Franco-Ottoman alliance

text: Spain

text: Bonifacio

text: Maltese

text: Tyrrhenian Sea

text: Capraia

text: Liguria

text: Italian Riviera

text: Monterosso

text: Corniglia

text: Manarola

text: Riomaggiore

text: La Spezia

text: Rapallo

text: Pegli

text: Levanto

text: Mahdia

text: Sfax

text: Sousse

text: Al-Munastir

text: Tunisia

text: Knights of St. John

text: Malta

text: Liguria

text: Laigueglia

text: Savona

text: Andora

text: podestà

text: San Lorenzo al Mare

text: Civezza

text: Favignana

text: Toulon

text: Mediterranean

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Pietro of Toledo

text: Marsa Scirocco

text: Aeolian Islands

text: Salina Island

text: Apulia

text: Salve

text: Calabria

text: Beylerbeyi

text: Algeria

text: Djerba

text: Castellamare di Stabia

text: Pozzuoli

text: Procida

text: Capo Miseno

text: Procida

text: Tripoli

text: Rapallo

text: Portofino

text: San Remo

text: Aragonese

text: Barcelona

text: Palmi

text: Al Munastir

text: Sousse

text: Tunisia

text: Sardinia

text: Claude de la Sengle

text: Tyrrhenian Sea

text: Tunis

text: sipahi

text: Constantinople

text: Sultan Suleiman

text: galleys

text: galleasses

text: Janissaries

text: Sinan Pasha

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Augusta

text: Marsa Muscietto

text: Birgu

text: Senglea

text: Mdina

text: Gozo

text: Tarhuna Wa Msalata

text: attacked and captured Tripoli

text: Ottoman Tripolitania

text: Libya

text: Knights of St. John

text: ambassador

text: Gabriel d'Aramon

text: Tripoli

text: Sanjak Bey

text: Taggia

text: Riva Trigoso

text: Misrata

text: Zuwara

text: Henry II of France

text: Augusta

text: Licata

text: Pantelleria

text: Taormina

text: Palmi

text: Sinan Pasha

text: Polin de la Garde

text: Scauri

text: Formia

text: Ponza

text: Lazio

text: Papal States

text: Pope

text: Vatican

text: Massa Lubrense

text: Sorrento

text: Pozzuoli

text: Minturno

text: Nola

text: German

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Battle of Ponza

text: Beylerbeyi

text: Aegean Sea

text: Crotone

text: Licata

text: Sciacca

text: Modica

text: Tavolara

text: Porto Ercole

text: Marciana Marina

text: Rio

text: Capoliveri

text: he sailed to Corsica

text: Bastia

text: France, then ally of the Ottoman Empire

text: Piombino

text: Portoferraio

text: Pianosa

text: Capri

text: Bosphorus

text: Chios

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Vieste

text: Foggia

text: Dalmatia

text: Ragusa

text: Republic of Ragusa

text: Orbetello

text: Tuscany

text: Capo Vaticano

text: Ceramica

text: San Lucido

text: Paola

text: Populonia

text: Piombino

text: Calvi

text: Ospedaletti

text: San Remo

text: Pasha

text: Tripoli

text: Lampedusa

text: Bergeggi

text: San Lorenzo

text: Gafsa

text: Gulf of Taranto

text: Cariati

text: Apulia

text: Gharyan

text: Misrata

text: Piyale Pasha

text: Strait of Messina

text: Reggio Calabria

text: Aeolian Islands

text: Amalfi

text: Salerno

text: Massa Lubrense

text: Sorrento

text: Torre del Greco

text: Ciutadella

text: Menorca

text: Algiers

text: Messina

text: Viceroy Cerda of Sicily

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Battle of Djerba

text: Uluç Ali Reis

text: Marettimo

text: Stromboli

text: Malta

text: Oran

text: Granada

text: Almuñécar

text: Málaga

text: Salih Reis

text: Mers-el-Kebir

text: Capri

text: Chiaia

text: Oristano

text: Abruzzo

text: Sultan Suleiman

text: Great Siege of Malta

text: Piyale Pasha

text: Marsa Muscietto

text: Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha

text: Fort St. Elmo

text: Cittadella

text: Mdina

text: Grand Harbour

text: Fort St. Angelo

text: friendly fire

text: Francisco Balbi di Correggio

text: Uluç Ali Reis

text: Karatoprak

text: Turkish Navy

text: Turgutreis

text: Tigne

text: Malta

text: Fort Saint Elmo

text: memorial

text: Great Siege of Malta

text: Rafael Sabatini

text: Marthese Fenech

text: David W. Ball

text: Tony Rothman

text: Dorothy Dunnett

text: Lymond Chronicles

text: Francis Crawford of Lymond

text: Civilization V

text: Ottoman Navy

text: List of Muslim military leaders

text: Military of the Ottoman Empire

text: The Ottomans: Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in English.

text: Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in Turkish.

text: Turkish Navy official website: Historic heritage of the Turkish Navy (in Turkish)

text: Chronological list of important dates and events in the life of Turgut Reis (Italian)

text: Municipality of Turgutreis

text: Privateering History: Dragut Reis

text: Almuñécar: Watchtowers and Coastal Defences

text: Capraia Island and Dragut

text: Turgut Reis and Sinan Pasha

categories: 16th-century Ottoman military personnel,16th century in Algeria,Military history of France,16th century in Italy,16th century in Malta,Governors of the Ottoman Empire,Naval battles of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars,People of the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent,Ottoman Empire admirals,Ottoman Tunisia,1485 births,Greek slaves of the Ottoman Empire,Ottoman military personnel killed in action,Political people of the Ottoman Empire,Naval history of the Ottoman Empire,Naval warfare,Governors of Tripoli,Pashas,People from Bodrum,Military history of the Ottoman Empire,Ottoman Tripolitania,16th century in Spain,Ottoman Sunni Muslims,16th century in Tunisia

paragraph: Dragut

paragraph: Dragut () (1485 – 23 June 1565), known as "The Drawn Sword of Islam", was a Muslim Ottoman naval commander, governor, and noble, of Greek descent. Under his command, the Ottoman Empire's maritime power was extended across North Africa. Recognized for his military genius, and as being among "the most dangerous" of corsairs, Dragut has been referred to as "the greatest pirate warrior of all time", "undoubtedly the most able of all the Turkish leaders", and "the uncrowned king of the Mediterranean". He was described by a French Admiral as "A living chart of the Mediterranean, skillful enough on land to be compared to the finest generals of the time. No one was more worthy than he to bear the name of king".

paragraph: In addition to serving as Admiral and Corsair in the Ottoman Empire's Navy under Suleiman the Magnificent, Dragut was also appointed Bey of Algiers and Djerba, Beylerbey of the Mediterranean, as well as Bey, and subsequently Pasha, of Tripoli. While serving as Pasha of Tripoli, Dragut constructed great feats in the city, making it one of the most impressive to behold along all the North African Coast.

paragraph: Section::::Origin and early career.

paragraph: Dragut was born in Karatoprak near Bodrum, on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, in the sub-district called Saravalos in the western tip of Bodrum peninsula (which is called Turgutreis in his honour today) or probably in the Karabağ village on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The religion of Dragut's parents and his religion at birth are currently disputed, though there is consensus that he was a Muslim throughout his entire adult life.

paragraph: At the age of 12 he was noticed by an Ottoman army commander for his extraordinary talent in using spears and arrows and was recruited by him. Under his support the young Turgut became a skilled sailor, an outstanding gunner, and was trained as a cannoneer and master of siege artillery, a skill which would play an important role in Turgut's future success and reputation as a superb naval tactician. The Ottoman Turkish governor eventually carried Turgut off to Egypt in 1517, where he participated in the Ottoman conquest of Egypt as a cannoneer. He further improved his skills in this field during his presence in Cairo. Following the death of his master, Turgut went to Alexandria and began his career as a sailor after joining the fleet of Sinan Pasha. He immediately became one of the favourite crewmen of the famous corsair due to his success in hitting enemy vessels with cannons. Turgut soon mastered the skills of seamanship and became the captain of a brigantine, while given 1/4 of its ownership. After several successful campaigns, he became the sole owner of the brigantine. Turgut later became the captain and owner of a galiot, and arming it with the most advanced cannons of that period, he started to operate in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially targeting the shipping routes between Venice and the Aegean islands belonging to the Repubblica Serenissima.

paragraph: In 1520, he joined the fleet of Hayreddin Barbarossa, who would become his protector and best friend. Turgut was soon promoted to the rank of Chief Lieutenant, by Barbarossa, and was given command of 12 galiot-class naval vessels. In 1526, Turgut Reis captured the fortress of Capo Passero in Sicily. Between 1526 and 1533 he landed several times at the ports of the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples, while intercepting the ships which sailed between Spain and Italy, capturing many of them.

paragraph: In May 1533, commanding four fustas and 18 barques, Turgut Reis captured two Venetian galleys near the island of Aegina. In June and July 1538 he accompanied Barbarossa on his pursuit of Andrea Doria in the Adriatic Sea, while capturing several fortresses on the coasts of Albania as well as the Gulf of Preveza and the island of Lefkada. In August 1538 Turgut Reis captured Candia in Crete as well as several other Venetian possessions in the Aegean Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Preveza.

paragraph: In September 1538, at the Battle of Preveza, Turgut Reis, with 20 galleys and 10 galiots, commanded the center-rear wing of the Ottoman fleet which defeated the "Holy League," a short-lived Christian alliance consisting of the Knights of Malta, the Papal States, Venice, Spain, Naples and Sicily, who were then under the command of Andrea Doria.

paragraph: Despite the Holy League's vastly superior numbers of ships, 302, and soldiers, 60,000, Dragut and the Ottoman fleet dealt the Christian alliance a decisive defeat, with only 112 ships, and 12,000 soldiers. During the battle, with two of his galiots, Dragut captured the Papal galley under the command of Giambattista Dovizi, the knight who was also the abbot of Bibbiena, taking him and his crew as prisoners.In 1539, commanding 36 galleys and galiots, Turgut Reis recaptured Castelnuovo from the Venetians, who had taken the city back from the Ottomans. During the combat he sank two Venetian galleys and captured three others. Still in 1539, while landing on Corfu, he encountered 12 Venetian galleys under the command of Francesco Pasqualigo and captured the galley of Antonio da Canal. He later landed at Crete and fought against the Venetian cavalry forces under the command of Antonio Calbo.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Djerba.

paragraph: Later that year, when Sinan Pasha, the Governor of Djerba, was appointed by Suleiman the Magnificent as the new Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman Red Sea Fleet based in Suez, Turgut Reis was appointed as his successor and became the Governor of Djerba.

paragraph: In early 1540 Turgut Reis captured several Genoese ships off the coast of Santa Margherita Ligure. In April 1540, commanding two galleys and 13 galiots, he landed at Gozo and sacked the island. He later landed at Pantelleria and raided the coasts of Sicily and Spain with a force of 25 ships, inflicting so much damage that Andrea Doria was ordered by Charles V to chase him with a force of 81 galleys. From there, Turgut Reis sailed to the Tyrrhenian Sea and bombarded the southern ports of Corsica, most notably Palasca. He later captured and sacked the nearby island of Capraia.

paragraph: Section::::Captivity and freedom.

paragraph: Turgut Reis later sailed back towards Corsica and docked his ships at Girolata on the western shores of the island. Taken by surprise in the Battle of Girolata while repairing his ships, Turgut Reis and his men were attacked by the combined forces of Giannettino Doria (Andrea Doria's nephew), Giorgio Doria and Gentile Virginio Orsini. Turgut Reis was captured and was forced to work as a galley slave in the ship of Giannettino Doria for nearly four years before being imprisoned in Genoa. Barbarossa offered to pay ransom for his release but it was rejected.

paragraph: In 1544, when Barbarossa was returning from France with 210 ships sent by Sultan Suleiman to assist King Francis I in a Franco-Ottoman alliance against Spain, he appeared before Genoa, laying siege to the city and forcing the Genoese to negotiate for the release of Turgut Reis. Barbarossa was invited by Andrea Doria to discuss the issue in his palace at Fassolo, and the two admirals reached an agreement for the release of Turgut Reis in exchange of 3,500 gold ducats.

paragraph: Barbarossa gave Turgut his spare flagship and the command of several other vessels, and in that same year Turgut Reis landed at Bonifacio in Corsica and captured the city, inflicting particular damage to Genoese interests. Still in 1544 he assaulted the island of Gozo and fought against the forces of knight Giovanni Ximenes while capturing several Maltese ships which were bringing precious cargo from Sicily. In June 1545 he raided the coasts of Sicily and bombarded several ports on the Tyrrhenian Sea. In July he ravaged the island of Capraia and landed at the coasts of Liguria and the Italian Riviera with a force of 15 galleys and fustas. He sacked Monterosso and Corniglia, and later landed at Manarola and Riomaggiore.

paragraph: In the following days he landed at the Gulf of La Spezia and captured Rapallo, Pegli and Levanto. In 1546 he captured Mahdia, Sfax, Sousse and Al-Munastir in Tunisia, afterwards using Mahdia as a base to assault the Knights of St. John in Malta. In April 1546 he raided the coasts of Liguria. In May, still in Liguria, he captured Laigueglia, a province of Savona, with a force of 1000 men. He later captured Andora and took the podestà of the town as a prisoner. There he and his troops rested for a brief period, before resuming their assault on the Italian Riviera and landing at San Lorenzo al Mare. He also destroyed the village of Civezza. From there he once again sailed towards Malta and laid siege to the island of Gozo.

paragraph: In June 1546 Andrea Doria was appointed by Emperor Charles V to force Turgut Reis away from Malta, and Doria based his forces at the island of Favignana. The two admirals, however, did not meet up, as Turgut Reis had sailed to Toulon in August 1546, staying there for several months and letting his men have some rest in the security of a French port.

paragraph: Section::::Commander-in-chief of Ottoman naval forces in the Mediterranean.

paragraph: After Barbarossa's death in July 1546, Turgut succeeded him as supreme commander of Ottoman naval forces in the Mediterranean. In July 1547 he once again assaulted Malta with a force of 23 galleys and galiots, after hearing the news that the Kingdom of Naples was shaken by the revolt against Viceroy Don Pietro of Toledo, which would make a naval support from there to Malta rather unlikely. Turgut Reis landed his troops at Marsa Scirocco, the extreme southern point of the island which faces the shores of Africa. From there the Ottoman troops quickly marched towards the vicinity of the Church of Santa Caterina. The guards of the church tower escaped as soon as they saw the forces of Turgut Reis, which prevented them from igniting the tub of gunpowder—a common method used then to warn the local inhabitants of attacks.

paragraph: After sacking the island, Turgut Reis headed towards Capo Passero in Sicily, where he captured the galley of Giulio Cicala, son of Duke Vincenzo Cicala. He later sailed to the Aeolian Islands, and at Salina Island he captured a Maltese trade ship with valuable cargo. From there he sailed to Apulia and towards the end of July 1547 he assaulted the city of Salve. He later sailed to Calabria, forcing the local population to flee towards the safety of the mountains. From there he went to Corsica and captured a number of ships.

paragraph: Section::::Beylerbeyi of Algiers.

paragraph: In 1548 he was appointed "Beylerbeyi" ("Chief Governor") of Algeria by Suleiman the Magnificent. In that same year he ordered the construction of a quadrireme galley at the naval arsenal of Djerba, which he started using in 1549. In August 1548 he landed at Castellamare di Stabia on the Bay of Naples and captured the city along with nearby Pozzuoli. From there he went to Procida. A few days later, he captured a Spanish galley loaded with troops and gold at Capo Miseno near Procida. In the same days he captured the Maltese galley, "La Caterinetta", at the Gulf of Naples, with its cargo of 70,000 gold ducats which were collected by the Knights of St. John from the churches of France with the aim of strengthening the defenses of Tripoli, which was then under Maltese control.

paragraph: In May 1549 he set sail towards Liguria with 21 galleys and in July he assaulted Rapallo, later replenishing his ships with water and other supplies at San Fruttuoso. From there he sailed to Portofino and landed at the port, before appearing at San Remo where he captured an Aragonese galley from Barcelona which was heading towards Naples. From there he first sailed towards Corsica and later towards Calabria where he assaulted the city of Palmi.

paragraph: In February 1550, sailing with a force of 36 galleys, he recaptured Mahdia along with Al Munastir, Sousse and most of Tunisia. In May 1550 he assaulted the ports of Sardinia and Spain and landed on their coasts with a force of six galleys and 14 galiots. Still in May he unsuccessfully tried to capture Bonifacio in Corsica. On his way back to Tunisia, he stopped at Gozo to replenish his ships with water and to gather information on the activities of the Maltese Knights. He later sailed towards Liguria.

paragraph: In June 1550, while Turgut Reis was sailing near Genoa, Andrea Doria and Bailiff Claude de la Sengle of the Maltese Knights attacked Mahdia in Tunisia. In the meantime, Turgut Reis was busy assaulting and sacking Rapallo for a third time, before raiding the coasts of Spain. He then sailed to the Tyrrhenian Sea and towards the beginning of July landed at the western shores of Sardinia, before returning to Djerba, where he learned that Doria and Claude de la Sengle had been attacking Mahdia and Tunis. He collected a force of 4500 troops and 60 sipahis and marched on Mahdia to assist the local resistance. He did not succeed and returned to Djerba with his troops.

paragraph: In September 1550 Mahdia surrendered to the joint Spanish-Sicilian-Maltese force. In the meantime, Turgut Reis was repairing his ships at the beach of Djerba. On October, Andrea Doria appeared with his fleet at Djerba and blocked the entrance of the island's lagoon with his ships, trapping the beached galleys of Turgut Reis inside the Channel of Cantera. Turgut Reis had all his ships dragged overland through hastily dug canals and on a heavily greased boardway to the other side of the island and sailed to Constantinople, capturing two galleys on the way, one Genoese and one Sicilian, which were en route to Djerba in order to assist the forces of Doria. Prince Abu Beker, son of the Sultan of Tunis, who was an ally of Spain, was on the Genoese galley.

paragraph: After arriving in Constantinople, Turgut Reis, under mandate by Sultan Suleiman, mobilized a fleet of 112 galleys and two galleasses with 12,000 Janissaries, and in 1551 set sail with the Ottoman admiral Sinan Pasha towards the Adriatic Sea and bombarded the Venetian ports, inflicting serious damage on Venetian shipping.

paragraph: In May 1551 they landed on Sicily and bombarded the eastern shores of the island, most notably the city of Augusta, as revenge for the Viceroy of Sicily's role in the invasion and destruction of Mahdia, where most inhabitants had been massacred by the joint Spanish-Sicilian-Maltese force. They then attempted to capture Malta, landing with about 10,000 men at the southern port of Marsa Muscietto. They laid siege to the citadels of Birgu and Senglea, and later went north and assaulted Mdina, but lifted the siege after realizing that it was impossible to capture the island with the number of troops in hand.

paragraph: Instead, they moved to the neighboring island of Gozo, where they bombarded the citadel for several days. The Knights' governor there, Galatian de Sesse, realizing that resistance was futile, surrendered the citadel, and the corsairs sacked the town. Taking virtually the entire population of Gozo (approximately 5,000 people) into captivity, Turgut and Sinan set sail from the port of Mġarr ix-Xini in Gozo and headed towards Libya, where they shipped the captives to Tarhuna Wa Msalata. They later sailed towards Tripoli with the aim of conquering the strategic port city and its environs.

paragraph: Section::::Sanjak Bey of Tripoli.

paragraph: In August 1551 Turgut Reis attacked and captured Tripoli (Ottoman Tripolitania, modern Libya) which had been a possession of the Knights of St. John since 1530. Gaspare de Villers, the commander of the fort, was captured, along with other prominent knights of Spanish and French origin.

paragraph: However, upon the intervention of the French ambassador in Constantinople, Gabriel d'Aramon, the French knights were released. A local leader, Ağa Murat, was initially installed as governor of Tripoli, but subsequently Turgut himself took control of the area. In recognition of his services, Sultan Suleiman awarded Tripoli and the surrounding territory to Turgut, along with the title of "Sanjak Bey" (""Lord of the Standard"").

paragraph: In September 1551, Turgut Reis sailed to Liguria and captured the city of Taggia, before capturing other ports of the Italian Riviera, after Ottoman troops landed at the beach of Riva Trigoso. Later that year, he returned to Tripoli and sought to extend his territory, capturing the entire region of Misrata all the way to Zuwara and Djerba to the west. Turning inland, he enhanced his territory until reaching Gebel.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Ponza and campaigns in the western Mediterranean.

paragraph: In 1552 Sultan Suleiman appointed Turgut Reis commander-in-chief of the Ottoman fleet which he dispatched to Italy (on the basis of a treaty between the Sultan and King Henry II of France). Turgut Reis first landed at Augusta and Licata in Sicily, before capturing the island and castle of Pantelleria. In July 1552 he landed at Taormina and later bombarded and disabled the ports on the Gulf of Policastro. He later landed at Palmi and captured the city, before sailing to the Gulf of Naples in order to meet with the other branch of the Ottoman fleet under the command of Sinan Pasha and the French fleet under the command of Polin de la Garde.

paragraph: After arriving at the meeting location, Turgut Reis anchored his ships off the beach of Scauri, near Formia, where he met with the fleet of Sinan Pasha, but their French ally did not show up in time. After waiting for several days, Sinan Pasha decided to return to Constantinople, following an order by Suleiman to do so in case of a delay or postponement of the meeting. Turgut Reis convinced Sinan Pasha to join him, and their combined fleet bombarded various ports of Sardinia and Corsica, before capturing the island of Ponza.

paragraph: From there, the Turkish fleet sailed towards Lazio and bombarded the ports belonging to the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples, even though Henry II had guaranteed the Pope that the Ottoman fleet would not damage the Vatican's possessions. Due to bad weather, however, Turgut Reis and Sinan Pasha sailed back to the Gulf of Naples and landed at Massa Lubrense and Sorrento, capturing both towns. They later captured Pozzuoli and the entire coastline up to Minturno and Nola.

paragraph: In response, Andrea Doria set sail from Genoa with a force of 40 galleys and headed towards Naples. When the two fleets first encountered off Naples, Turgut Reis managed to capture seven galleys, with colonel Madruzzi and many German soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire on board. The two fleets later went southwards, where, on 5 August 1552, Turgut Reis defeated the Spanish-Italian fleet under Andrea Doria at the Battle of Ponza.

paragraph: Section::::Beylerbeyi of the Mediterranean.

paragraph: Following this victory, Suleiman appointed Turgut "Beylerbeyi" ("Chief Regional Governor") of the Mediterranean Sea.

paragraph: In May 1553 Turgut Reis set sail from the Aegean Sea with 60 galleys, captured Crotone and Castello in Calabria, and from there marched inland. Later he landed on Sicily and sacked most of the island until stopping at Licata for replenishing his ships with water. Afterwards he assaulted Sciacca and Modica in southern Sicily. From there he went to the island of Tavolara and to Sardinia, later headed towards Porto Ercole and landed on the coast, before setting sail towards Elba, where he captured Marciana Marina, Rio and Capoliveri.

paragraph: From there he sailed to Corsica and took Bonifacio and Bastia on behalf of France, then ally of the Ottoman Empire, which paid him 30,000 gold ducats for the expense of ammunition in the conquest. Leaving Corsica, Turgut Reis returned to Elba and attempted to capture Piombino and Portoferraio, but eventually gave up and captured the island of Pianosa and recaptured the island and castle of Capri (previously captured by Barbarossa back in 1535) before returning to Constantinople.

paragraph: In 1554 he sailed from the Bosphorus with 60 galleys and passed the winter in Chios. From there he sailed to the Adriatic Sea and landed at Vieste near Foggia, capturing and sacking the city. He then sailed towards Dalmatia and bombarded the port of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), capital of the maritime Republic of Ragusa. In August 1554 he landed at Orbetello and raided the coasts of Tuscany.

paragraph: The following year, in July 1555, he landed at Capo Vaticano in Calabria, and from there marched to Ceramica and San Lucido, bombarding these cities, before capturing Paola and Santo Noceto. He then sailed to Elba and captured the city of Populonia before assaulting Piombino. From there he sailed to Corsica and ransacked Bastia, taking 6000 prisoners. He later assaulted Calvi before setting sail towards Sardinia and bombarding the ports of that island. From there he turned towards Liguria and landed at Ospedaletti, capturing the city and the coastline around it. He later landed at San Remo before returning to Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Pasha of Tripoli.

paragraph: In March 1556, Turgut Reis was appointed Pasha of Tripoli. There, he strengthened the walls of the citadel surrounding the city and built a gunpowder bastion (Dar el Barud). He also strengthened the defenses of the port and built the Turgut (Dragut) Fortress in place of the old Fortress of San Pietro. In July 1556 he again set sail and landed at Cape Santa Maria at the island of Lampedusa, where he captured a Venetian ship which transported ammunition and weapons for the defense of Malta. He later landed in Liguria and captured Bergeggi and San Lorenzo. In December 1556 he captured Gafsa in Tunisia and added it to his territory.

paragraph: In the summer of 1557 he left the Bosphorus with a fleet of 60 galleys and, arriving at the Gulf of Taranto, he landed in Calabria and assaulted Cariati, capturing the city. He later landed at the ports of Apulia.

paragraph: In 1558 he added Gharyan, about 70 miles south of Tripoli, to his territory. He then defeated the Beni Oulid dynasty with a force of janissaries and added their territories to the Ottoman Empire. He later took Taorga, Misrata and Tagiora, before recapturing the island of Djerba and adding it to his province. In June 1558 he joined the fleet of Piyale Pasha at the Strait of Messina, and the two admirals captured Reggio Calabria, sacking the city.

paragraph: From there, Turgut Reis went to the Aeolian Islands and captured several of them, before landing at Amalfi, in the Gulf of Salerno, and capturing Massa Lubrense, Cantone and Sorrento. He later landed at Torre del Greco, the coasts of Tuscany, and Piombino. In August he captured several ships off Malta. In September 1558 he joined Piyale Pasha, and the two admirals assaulted the coasts of Spain before capturing Ciutadella (Menorca) and inflicting particular damage on the island's ports.

paragraph: In 1559 he repelled a Spanish attack on Algiers and put down a revolt in Tripoli. In that same year he captured a Maltese ship near Messina. Learning from its crew that the knights were preparing for a major attack on Tripoli, he decided to sail back there and strengthen the city's defenses.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Djerba.

paragraph: In the meantime, Dragut had made enemies of many of the nominally Ottoman, but practically independent rulers in Tunis and the adjoining hinterland, and several of them entered into an alliance in 1560 with Viceroy Cerda of Sicily, who had orders from King Philip II of Spain to join his forces in an effort to capture Tripoli.

paragraph: Philip II's efforts ended in failure when the Ottoman fleet of 86 ships, under the command of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis, decisively defeated the fleet of the Christian alliance of Philip II, consisting of 200 ships, at the Battle of Djerba.

paragraph: Section::::Mediterranean landings and sieges.

paragraph: In March 1561 Turgut Reis and Uluç Ali Reis captured Vincenzo Cicala and Luigi Osorio near the island of Marettimo. In June 1561 Turgut landed on the island of Stromboli. In July 1561 he captured seven Maltese galleys under the command of knight Guimarens, whom he later freed for a ransom of 3,000 gold ducats. After stopping at Gozo to replenish his galleys with water, he sailed back to Tripoli. In August 1561 he laid siege to the city of Naples and blocked the port with 35 galleys.

paragraph: In April 1562 he sent scout ships to explore all corners of the island of Malta. Still in 1562 he laid siege to Oran which was under Spanish control.

paragraph: In 1563 he landed at the shores of the province of Granada and captured coastal settlements in the area like Almuñécar, along with 4,000 prisoners. He later landed at Málaga. In April 1563 he supported the fleet of Salih Reis with 20 galleys during the Ottoman siege of Oran, bombarding the Fortress of Mers-el-Kebir.

paragraph: In September 1563, Dragut sailed to Naples and captured six ships near the island of Capri, which carried valuable goods and Spanish soldiers. He later landed at the Chiaia neighbourhood of Naples and captured it. From there he sailed to Liguria and Sardinia, raiding the coastal towns, particularly Oristano, Marcellino and Ercolento. He then sailed to the Adriatic Sea and landed on the coasts of Apulia and Abruzzo. He later landed twice at San Giovanni near Messina with a force of 28 galleys. In October 1563 he sailed towards Capo Passero in Sicily and later landed once more on Gozo, where he briefly fought against the knights.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Malta and death.

paragraph: When Sultan Suleiman ordered the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, Turgut Reis joined Piyale Pasha and the Ottoman forces with 1,600 men (3,000 according to some sources) and 15 ships (13 galleys and 2 galiots; while some sources mention 17 ships) on 31 May 1565. He landed his troops at the entrance of Marsa Muscietto, a cape which is now named 'Dragut Point' after Turgut Reis.

paragraph: It was there where Dragut met with Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha, commander of the Ottoman land forces, who was besieging Fort St. Elmo. He advised him to first capture the poorly defended Cittadella and Mdina as soon as possible, but this advice was not taken. He also arranged for more cannon fire to be concentrated on the recently built Fort St. Elmo which controlled the entrance of the Grand Harbour and seemed weaker than the other forts; joining the bombardment with 30 of his own cannon. In only 24 hours the Ottomans fired 6000 cannon shots. Realizing that Fort St. Elmo and Fort St. Angelo (the main headquarters of the Knights on the other side of the Grand Harbour) could still communicate with each other, Turgut Reis ordered a complete siege of Fort St. Elmo with the aim of isolating it from Fort St. Angelo.

paragraph: On 17 June 1565, Dragut was mortally injured when he was hit by splinters from a cannonball which hit the ground close to his position. It is not clear if the shot was fired from Fort St. Angelo, or if he was hit by friendly fire from a Turkish battery. Turgut succumbed to his wounds and died on 23 June 1565. Various Spanish and Italian historians such as Francisco Balbi di Correggio record the eventual defeat of Dragut's forces, after his death, in Malta. Many historians believe that, had he lived, the siege would have succeeded. His death, however, prompted squabbling between the two senior Ottoman military officers, which led, in turn, to a series of disastrous decisions that helped save the knights. His body was taken to Tripoli by Uluç Ali Reis, and buried in the Dragut mosque, situated behind the castle. The mosque is still in use today.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Dragut is depicted in many works of art, statues, and many books have been written about his life and conquests. Points of interest and buildings in multiple countries have been named after his native Turkish name of Turgut Reis. The town where he was born now bears his name, being renamed from Karatoprak in his honor, in 1972. Warships of the Turkish Navy, and passenger ships have been named after Turgut Reis. Turgut Reis continues to enjoy great fame and respect in Turkey, where the town of his birth is named Turgutreis. The end of the Tigne promontory in Malta is called Dragut Point, where Turgut established his first battery for the bombardment of Fort Saint Elmo in 1565. Dragut is considered a nemesis in Maltese history, and "il-Ponta ta' Dragut" serves as a memorial to the great battles that were fought there and the ultimate defeat of Dragut at the Great Siege of Malta.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rafael Sabatini's story "The Sword of Islam" was published in Premier magazine, August 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marthese Fenech's novel "Eight Pointed Cross" (BDL 2011). This novel set in 16th Century Mediterranean features details of the life of Dragut from 1542 to the Siege of Gozo, 1551. www.marthesefenech.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- David W. Ball's novel "Ironfire" (Bantam Dell 2004, published as "The Sword and the Scimitar" in the U.K., and in two parts as "Haç ve Hilal - Savrulan Yürekler" and "Haç ve Hilal - Kavuşan Yürekler", Istanbul, 2005). This novel of the 16th Century Mediterranean includes details of the life of Dragut from the Battle of Djerba to the Siege of Malta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Course of Fortune" by Tony Rothman (J. Boylston 2015, in three volumes). In this novel, which follows the adventures of a young Spaniard throughout the contest between the Turks and Christians to control the Mediterranean, Dragut is portrayed as a clever and ruthless adversary from his enslavement of the population of Gozo in 1551, through the Djerba campaign in 1560 and finally to the Siege of Malta in 1565.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Disorderly Knights" and "Pawn in Frankincense" by Dorothy Dunnett both feature Dragut Rais as part of the 6-book series The Lymond Chronicles following fictional character Francis Crawford of Lymond.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Civilization V features Turgut Reis as a Great Admiral.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman Navy

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Muslim military leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Hamilton Currey, "Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean", London, 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bono, Salvatore: "Corsari nel Mediterraneo" ("Corsairs in the Mediterranean"), Oscar Storia Mondadori. Perugia, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Condottieri di ventura. Online database in Italian, based on Salvatore Bono's book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bradford, Ernle, "The Sultan's Admiral: The life of Barbarossa", London, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf, John B., "The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks", New York, 1979;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ottomans: Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in Turkish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turkish Navy official website: Historic heritage of the Turkish Navy (in Turkish)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronological list of important dates and events in the life of Turgut Reis (Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Municipality of Turgutreis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Privateering History: Dragut Reis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Almuñécar: Watchtowers and Coastal Defences

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capraia Island and Dragut

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turgut Reis and Sinan Pasha

description: Ottoman admiral

wikidata_label: Turgut Reis

wikipedia_title: Dragut


text:
Architecture Association
Elizabeth Chesterton
Ann MacEwan
The Bartlett
University College London
Milton Keynes
Buckinghamshire
life peer
Hastoe
Hertfordshire
Patricia Parry
life peer
Moya Llewelyn-Davies
James O'Connor
Llewelyn Davies boys
Northwick Park Hospital
The Times
Walter Bor
Milton Keynes

categories: 1912 births,British urban planners,Life peers,Academics of University College London,1981 deaths,20th-century British architects

paragraph: Richard Llewelyn-Davies, Baron Llewelyn-Davies

paragraph: Richard Llewellyn-Davies, Baron Llewelyn-Davies (24 December 1912 – 27 October 1981) was a British architect.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He worked at the Architecture Association where his contemporaries included Elizabeth Chesterton and Ann MacEwan.

paragraph: Llewelyn-Davies was Professor of Architecture at The Bartlett, University College London from 1960 to 1969, and Professor of Urban Planning and Head of the School of Environmental Studies from 1970 to 1975. He was the designer of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.

paragraph: On 16 January 1964, he was created a life peer with the title Baron Llewelyn-Davies, of Hastoe in the County of Hertfordshire.

paragraph: He was married to Patricia Parry, having three children. As his wife was made a life peeress, they were one of the few couples who both held titles in their own right.

paragraph: Llewelyn-Davis was the son of Moya Llewelyn-Davies and the grandson of Irish MP James O'Connor and a first cousin of the Llewelyn Davies boys.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: In 1960, Richard Llewelyn-Davies and John Weeks formed the architectural and planning practice Llewelyn-Davies Weeks, which became one of the most influential hospital design and master planning companies in the UK. Major early commissions included the design of Northwick Park Hospital and offices for "The Times" newspaper.

paragraph: The company grew with the addition of Walter Bor in 1964 and become Llewelyn-Davies, Weeks, Forestier-Walker, and Bor, and was known for the master planning of Milton Keynes. The company now trades as 'Llewelyn Davies' and retains the name 'Llewelyn Davies Weeks Ltd' in memory of the founding partners.

alias:
Richard, Baron Llewelyn-Davies
Richard Llewelyn- Davies
Richard Llewelyn-Davies
Richard Llewelyn-, Baron Davies
Richard Llewelyn-Davies Baron

description: British architect


text: Senlis

text: French painter

text: naïve style

text: Arsy

text: Oise

text: shepherdess

text: domestic worker

text: convent

text: Sisters of Providence

text: Clermont, Oise

text: Senlis

text: Wilhelm Uhde

text: Chantilly

text: naïve painter

text: Great Depression

text: chronic psychosis

text: Clermont

text: lunatic asylum

text: Villers-sous-Erquery

text: Zurich

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Kandinsky

text: Musée Maillol

text: Senlis

text: Nice

text: Villeneuve-d'Ascq

text: Séraphine

text: Martin Provost

text: César Award

text: Yolande Moreau

text: Wilhelm Uhde

text: Philippe Daudy

text: Albin Michel

text: Françoise Cloarec

text: Éditions Phébus

text: Marie-Jo Bonnet

text: Musée Maillol

text: Senlis

text: Wilhelm Uhde

text: Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie de Senlis

text: The Artists

text: Artnet

categories: 20th-century French women artists,People from Oise,1864 births,1942 deaths,19th-century French painters,19th-century French women artists,Outsider artists,French women painters,20th-century French painters,Naïve painters

paragraph: Séraphine Louis

paragraph: Séraphine Louis, known as Séraphine de Senlis (Séraphine of Senlis) (1864–1942), was a French painter in the naïve style. Self-taught, she was inspired by her religious faith and by stained-glass church windows and other religious art. The intensity of her images, both in colour and replicative design, is sometimes interpreted as a reflection of her own psyche, walking a tightrope between ecstasy and mental illness.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Louis was born in Arsy (Oise) on 3 September 1864. Her father was a manual laborer and her mother came from a farmworking background. Louis's mother died on her first birthday and her father, who remarried, also died before she was seven; at which point, she came under the charge of her eldest sister. She first worked as a shepherdess but, by 1881, she was engaged as a domestic worker at the convent of the Sisters of Providence in Clermont, Oise. Beginning in 1901, she was employed as a housekeeper for middle-class families in the town of Senlis.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In addition to her arduous day jobs, Louis painted by candlelight, largely in secret isolation, until her considerable body of work was discovered in 1912 by German art collector Wilhelm Uhde. While in Senlis, Uhde saw a still-life of apples at his neighbor's house and was astonished to learn that Louis, his housecleaner, was the artist. His support had barely begun to lift her horizons when he was forced to leave France in August 1914; the war between France and Germany had made him an unwelcome outsider in Senlis, much as Louis was, given her eccentric persona. They only re-established contact in 1927 when Uhde – back in France and living in Chantilly – visited an exhibition of local artists in Senlis and, seeing Louis's work, realized that she had survived and her art had flourished. Under Uhde's patronage, Louis began painting large canvases, some of them two meters high, and she achieved prominence as the naïve painter of her day. In 1929, Uhde organized an exhibition, "Painters of the Sacred Heart," that featured Louis's art, launching her into a period of financial success she had never known – and was ill prepared to manage. Then, in 1930, with the effects of the Great Depression destroying the finances of her patrons, Uhde had no choice but to stop buying her paintings.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1932, Louis was admitted for chronic psychosis at Clermont's lunatic asylum, where her artistry found no outlet. Although Uhde reported that she had died in 1934, some say that Louis actually lived until 1942 in a hospital annex at Villers-sous-Erquery, where she died friendless and alone. She was buried in a common grave.

paragraph: Section::::After.

paragraph: Uhde continued to exhibit her work: in 1932, at the exhibition "The Modern Primitives" in Paris; in 1937–38 in an exhibition titled "The Popular Masters of Reality" which showed in Paris, Zurich, and New York (at the Museum of Modern Art); in 1942, at the "Primitives of the 20th Century" exhibition in Paris, and finally, in 1945, in a solo exhibition of her work in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Louis's works are predominantly rich fantasies of intensely repeated and embellished floral arrangements. She used colours and pigments that she made herself from unusual and exotic ingredients she never revealed that have stood the test of time for durable vividness. Her paintings' surfaces have a matte, almost waxy appearance. Sometimes her signature (typically "S. Louis") was carved by knife, revealing a ground of contrasting colour. In some cases, she appears to have signed her paintings before painting them.

paragraph: Louis was an artist consumed by an irrepressible urge to create, "this famous internal necessity of which Kandinsky spoke", terms employed by Bertrand Lorquin, conservator of the Musée Maillol in his introduction to the exhibition "Séraphine Louis dite Séraphine de Senlis" at the Musée Maillol in Paris, which ran from 1 October 2008 to 18 May 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Louis's paintings are exhibited in the Musée d'art de Senlis, the Musée d'art naïf in Nice, and the Musée d'Art moderne Lille Métropole in Villeneuve-d'Ascq.

paragraph: In 2009, the French biographical film "Séraphine" by director Martin Provost won seven César Awards, including Best Film and Best Actress for Yolande Moreau who starred in the title role. The film explores the relationship between Louis and Wilhelm Uhde from their first encounter in 1912 until her days in the Clermont Asylum.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alain Virdondelet, "Séraphine de Senlis", Albin Michel, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Uhde, "Cinq Maitres Primitifs", pp. 127–139, Librairie Palmes (3, place Saint-Sulpice, Paris), Philippe Daudy Editeur, Paris, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- H M Gallot "Séraphine, bouquetiére 'sans rivale' des fleurs maudites de l'instinct" in "L'Information artistique", N° 40, Etude de, pp 32, mai 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Pierre Foucher, "Séraphine de Senlis", Éditions du Temps, coll., Paris, 1968, pp 124.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alain Vircondelet, "Séraphine de Senlis", Albin Michel, coll., Une Vie, Paris, 1986, pp 217, 8 p. de planches illustrées.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alain Vircondelet, "Séraphine : de la peinture à la folie", éditions Albin Michel, Paris, 2008, pp 211.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Françoise Cloarec, "Séraphine : la vie rêvée de Séraphine de Senlis", Éditions Phébus, Paris, 2008, pp 172, 8 p. de planches illustrées .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie-Jo Bonnet, "Séraphine Louis, un génie singulier", LM, Lesbia mag, N° 265, décembre 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue de l'exposition "Séraphine de Senlis", présentée à Paris, du 1st octobre 2008 au 5 janvier 2009, par la Fondation Dina Vierny et le Musée Maillol, avec la collaboration de la ville de Senlis. Textes de Bertrand Lorquin, Wilhelm Uhde et Jean-Louis Derenne. Publication : éditions Gallimard, Fondation Dina Vierny et Musée Maillol, Paris, 2008, pp 55, (Gallimard) ou (Fondation Dina Vierny et Musée Maillol).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition "Séraphine de Senlis, de l'ombre à la lumière" au musée d'Art et d'Archéologie de Senlis, from 25 June 2014 to 26 January 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie de Senlis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'art naïf (M.A.N.) Beraut (near Toulouse) Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Artists Photographie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artnet

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Her work at Musée Maillol

alias:
Séraphine
Séraphine De Senlis
Seraphine Seraphine
Seraphine Louis
Louis Seraphine
Séraphine de Senlis
Seraphine de Selis
Senlis Seraphine de Selis
Seraphine
Seraphine De Senlis
Séraphine Louise

description: French naive-style painter

wikidata_label: Séraphine Louis

wikipedia_title: Séraphine Louis