text:
Sunni
Islamic scholar
Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi
Toghtekin
Gumushtegin
Nezamiyeh
al-Ghazali
hafiz
Nur ad-Din Zangi
Nur al-Din
Syria
Damascus
chain of narration
Arabic
poems
Al-Ash'ari
Imam
Sunni Islam
List of Islamic scholars
Al-Zahiriyah Library
Ibn 'Abd as-Salam

wikipedia_title: List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam

categories: Asharis,Shafi'i fiqh scholars,Muslim historians of Islam,Hadith scholars,1106 births,1175 deaths

paragraph: Ibn `Asakir

paragraph: Ibn Asakir (; 1106–1175) was a Sunni Islamic scholar, a historian and a disciple of the Sufi mystic Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: His full name was Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Hibat Allah ibn `Abd Allah, Thiqat al-Din, Abu al-Qasim, known as Ibn `Asakir al-Dimashqi al-Shafi`i al-Ash`ari (الحافظ المورخ علی بن الحسن بن ھبۃ اللہ بن عبداللہ بن الحسین الدمشقی الشافعی).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Damascus, during the reign of "atabeg" Toghtekin, Ibn Asakir received an extensive education, as befitting someone from a wealthy family. By 1120, he was attending lectures of al-Sulami at the Shafi'i madrasa, which was built by "atabeg" Gumushtegin. He traveled to Baghdad, following the death of his father, and went on "hajj" in 1127. He returned to Baghdad to hear lectures at the Nezamiyeh, from Abu l'Hasan al-Ansari(a pupil of al-Ghazali), lectures on the "hadith" of Abi Salih al-Karamani and Ibn al-Husayn Abu 'l-Kasim.

paragraph: By 1132, Ibn Asakir returned to Damascus being married within the year. Civil disturbances forced him to leave Damascus and travel from Isafahan to Merv, where he met Abu Sa'd 'Abd al-Karim al-Samani. With al-Samani he travel to Nishapur and Herat and by 1139 he had passed through Baghdad on his way back to Damascus. Throughout his journey he collected numerous "hadiths" and had become a "hafiz".

paragraph: Under the patronage of Nur ad-Din Zangi, Ibn Asakir wrote the "Tarikh Dimashq". In 1170, Nur al-Din built the madrasa "Dar al-Hadith" for Ibn Asakir.

paragraph: Ibn Asakir studied under 80 female Muslim scholars.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "History of Damascus" (Arabic: "Tarikh Dimashiq") is one of the most important books about the Islamic history of Syria, covering the life of important figures who resided in or visited Damascus. That is not limited to the assessment of narrators of hadith, Ilm ar-Rijal, but also includes historical and political figures. When it comes to Islamic figures, Ibn Asakir tried to collect everything that has been said about that figure, true or false, with full chain of narration. It also contains a huge collection of Arabic poems. It was printed recently in 74 volumes plus six volumes containing indices only.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Al-Muwaafaqaat `alaa Shuyukhu-l-A'immati-th-Thiqaawt (72 volumes).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. `Awali Malik ibn Anas wa Dhayl 'alaa `Awali Malik ibn Anas (50 volumes).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Manaaqib ash-Shubbaan (15 volumes).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Al-Mu`jam (12 volumes) listing only the names of his shaykhs.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Fadaa'il Ashaabi-l-Hadeeth (11 volumes): Fadl al-Jumu`a, Fadl Quraysh, Fada'il al-Siddiq, Fada'il Makka, Fada'il al-Madina, Fada'il Bayt al-Muqaddas, Fada'il `Ashura', Fada'il al-Muharram, Fada'il Sha`ban.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Ghawraaw'ibb Malik (10 volumes).

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Al-Suba`iyyat (7 volumes), listing narrations with chains containing only seven narrators up to the Prophet -- Allah bless and greet him --.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Yawmi-l-Mazeed (3 volumes).

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Al-Ishraf `ala Ma`rifatu-l-Atraf.

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Akhbar al-Awza`i.

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Al-Musalsalat.

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Bayan al-Wahm wa al-Takhlit fi Hadith al-Atit ("The Exposition of Error and Confusion in the Narration of the [Throne's] Groaning")

paragraph: BULLET::::14. "At-Tawbah wa Sa'atu-r-Rawhmatullaah (Repentance and the Intensity of the Mercy of Allaah)

paragraph: BULLET::::15. "Al-Arba'oon fee Manaaqib Ummahaati-l-Mu'mineen (R)" (including "Fadlu Ummu-l-Mu'mineen Aa'ishah (R)")

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Arba`un Hadithan fi al-Jihad.

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Arba`un Hadithan `an Arba`ina Shaykhan min Arba`ina Madeenah.

paragraph: BULLET::::18. "The Exposure of the Culmniator's Lying Concerning What Has Been Imputed to the Imam Abul Hasan Al-Ash'ari" (Arabic: "Tabyin Kadhibi-l-Muftaree feemaa Nusiba ila-l-Imam Abu-l-Hasan al Ash'ari") is a biography of Al-Ash'ari, relaying his ancestry, his conversion from Mu'tazilism and his subsequent "middle position" creed, i.e. Orthodox Sunni Islam. In it, Ibn Asakir lays out Ash'ari's "middle position" in 13 points, highlighting two opposing and extreme views in each and discussing the middle position Ash'ari took. For example, he writes:

paragraph: "Likewise, The Najjariyya held that the Creator is in every place without localization or direction. And the Hashwiyya and Mujassima held that God is localized on the Throne, and that Throne is a place for him, and that He is sitting on it. But al-Ash'ari followed a middle course between them and held that God was when no place was, and then He created the Throne and the [Kursiyy] without His needing a place, and He was just the same after creating place as He had been before He created it."

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Lectures.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adh-Dhuhriyyu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Jaami' fi-l-Haththi 'alaa Hifzwi-l-'Ilm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dhammu-l-Malaahee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maddhu-t-Tawaadwu'i Wadhammu-l-Kibbr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Majjlisaan minn Majaalis fee Masjidi-Dimashqq

paragraph: BULLET::::- Majjmoo'a Feehi Khawmsi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sa'ati Rawhmatullaah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nafee Tashbiyah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swiffati-Allaah Ta'alaa

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Islamic scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Zahiriyah Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn 'Abd as-Salam

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arabic Books Collection"

description: Islamic scholar

wikidata_label: Ibn 'Asakir

wikipedia_title: Ibn Asakir

wikipedia_title: Ibn `Asakir


text:
Tory
House of Commons
Tackley
John Roysse
Free School
Abingdon School
Trinity College, Oxford
Medmenham
OA Club
Inner Temple
called to the bar
King's Counsel
Member of Parliament
Abingdon
1747 general election
George III
Whigs
Dowager Princess of Wales
Lord Bute
George Grenville
House of Commons
House of Lords
Lord Northington
Lord Temple
Edward Kynaston
Samuel Martin
Nathaniel Bayly
Sir Edward Dering, 6th Baronet
New Romney
Wigan
Sir Beaumont Hotham
Baron of the Exchequer
List of Old Abingdonians

wikipedia_title: Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple

wikipedia_title: Samuel Martin (Secretary to the Treasury)

categories: British MPs 1768–1774,British MPs 1761–1768,British MPs 1754–1761,People from Oxfordshire,British MPs 1747–1754,1710s births,Members of the Inner Temple,Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford,British MPs 1774–1780,1780 deaths,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan,Tory MPs (pre-1834),People educated at Abingdon School

paragraph: John Morton (MP)

paragraph: John Morton (c. 1716 – 25 July 1780) was an English lawyer and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1747 to 1780.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the son of John Morton of Tackley, Oxfordshire and was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon (now Abingdon School) and Trinity College, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Morton bought the ruins of Medmenham Abbey in 1778. He married Elizabeth, the daughter of Paul Jodrell of Duffield, Derbyshire. He was a Steward of the OA Club in 1749.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He entered the Inner Temple in 1732, was called to the bar in 1740 and made a bencher in 1758. He was appointed Recorder of Woodstock in 1743, made King's Counsel in 1758, Chief Justice of Chester from 1762 to his death and deputy high steward of Oxford University from 1770 to his death.

paragraph: Morton was returned as Member of Parliament for Abingdon at the 1747 general election. In 1765, a Bill of Regency came before Parliament, to make provisions should George III die unexpectedly. The terms of the Bill and the choice of regents rapidly became the subject of debate between Whigs and Tories, particularly the question of whether the King's mother, the Dowager Princess of Wales, should be capable to serve as Regent. (Her connection with Lord Bute had made her the target of Whig attacks.) George Grenville, who opposed her appointment, represented to the King that a Regency Bill inclusive of her could not pass the House of Commons. The King reluctantly consented, not wishing to re-open the accusations against his mother, and the Bill passed the House of Lords excluding the Princess. However, the Chancellor, Lord Northington, discovering the circumstances, he gave Morton secret instructions. Morton, in what Lord Temple called "a dull speech", proposed to amend the Bill and add the Princess to it; he was seconded by Edward Kynaston and thirded by Samuel Martin, the Princess' treasurer, and the amendment unexpectedly passed. The Whigs were largely unwilling to divide and go on the record opposing the amendment, and the amended bill passed both Commons and Lords, notwithstanding Grenville's prediction. The King was outraged, and dismissed Grenville soon after.

paragraph: Morton was re-elected for Abingdon in 1768, defeating Nathaniel Bayly by the narrow margin of two votes. However, the election was overturned on petition and Bayly declared the victor in 1770. Morton was able to obtain a seat from Sir Edward Dering, 6th Baronet, at New Romney, which he represented until the close of that Parliament in 1774. In the election of 1775, he was elected MP for Wigan, replacing Sir Beaumont Hotham, who had been appointed a Baron of the Exchequer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Old Abingdonians

description: English Tory politician

wikidata_label: John Morton

wikipedia_title: John Morton (MP)


text:
Bishop of Salisbury
chaplain
Robert de Bingham
cathedral chapter
Sarum Rite
Giles of Bridport

wikipedia_title:
Bishop of Salisbury
Chaplain
Robert de Bingham
Cathedral chapter
Use of Sarum
Giles of Bridport

categories: 1271 deaths,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops of Salisbury

paragraph: Walter de la Wyle

paragraph: Walter de la Wyle was the Bishop of Salisbury from 1263 to 1271. He was also a subcentor of Salisbury. Walter de la Wyle's is most famous for founding the St. Edmund's College and creating a new parish of St. Edmund's to serve the growing population of Salisbury. The College was also meant to help support the growing university at Salisbury.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: De la Wyle began his career as a chaplain to Robert de Bingham, which helped him get appointed as warden of a bridge over the Avon connected with St. John's Hospital. Eventually Walter de la Wyle was elected Succentor of Salisbury, one of the chief officers of a cathedral chapter, with responsibility for overseeing religious ritual in cathedral worship services. This was an especially prestigious position in Salisbury since the Sarum Rite, the order of service used at Salisbury Cathedral, was quickly becoming the most popular order of service in England. It was from the office of Succentor that Walter de la Wyle was elevated to the office of bishop on 29 January 1263 as the successor to Bishop Giles of Bridport. He was consecrated on 27 May 1263.

paragraph: De la Wyle died on 3 January or 4 January 1271.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007

description: Bishop of Salisbury

wikidata_label: Walter de la Wyle

wikipedia_title: Walter de la Wyle


text:
Italian
Caravaggio
Alessandro Bisnati
Duomo
Milan
Accademia Ambrosiana
Francesco Maria Richini
Biblioteca Ambrosiana
Collegio Elvetico
Federico Borromeo
Dionigi Bussola
San Sebastiano

categories: People from Caravaggio, Lombardy,1629 deaths,1587 births

paragraph: Fabio Mangone

paragraph: Fabio Mangone (1587–1629) was an Italian architect.

paragraph: Born in Caravaggio, he was a pupil of Alessandro Bisnati, and succeeded him as architect for the Duomo of Milan. Later he was professor architecture at the Accademia Ambrosiana.

paragraph: He was assisted by Francesco Maria Richini and others in the rebuilding of the famous Biblioteca Ambrosiana, centering on the large classical enclosed courtyards (1608) of the Collegio Elvetico (now "Archivio di Stato" or state archives), commissioned by the cardinal Federico Borromeo. The two courtyards are surrounded by a double columns. The facade was completed by Richini. The sculpture on the facade is by Dionigi Bussola. He also worked on the completion of the church of San Sebastiano in Milan.

paragraph: He died at Milan.

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Fabio Mangone

wikipedia_title: Fabio Mangone


text:
lead singer
keyboardist
Mutemath
Steve Angello
Seven Lions
Jason Ross
Warner Bros. Records
Caroline Records
Teleprompt Records
Darren King
Earthsuit
Macrosick
contemporary worship
Twenty One Pilots
Trench
"TOPxMM"
Blurryface
Heathens

categories: 1976 births,American performers of Christian music,American male singers,American rock singers,American indie rock musicians,Living people,21st-century American singers,American multi-instrumentalists,Musicians from New Orleans,Brother Martin High School alumni,American rock keyboardists,Singers from Louisiana,21st-century male singers

paragraph: Paul Meany

paragraph: Paul Meany (born July 2, 1976) is the lead singer and keyboardist for the indie band Mutemath.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Meany has continued to work on various projects outside of Mutemath, producing tracks for Forenn and KiND, as well as the debut EP of bandmate Jonathan Allen. Meany was the featured vocalist on Steve Angello single "Breaking Kind" released on August 4, 2017 as well as Seven Lions and Jason Ross' single "Higher Love" released on January 13, 2017.

paragraph: After Mutemath and Warner Bros. Records parted ways in 2015 and the dissolution of the Teleprompt partnership, Meany launched his own independent label Wojtek Records based in New York. Mutemath's fourth & fifth full length albums and remix project were all released via Wojtek in partnership with Caroline Records.

paragraph: He was one of the co-founders of the independent label Teleprompt Records that has since been dissolved. Prior to forming Mutemath with drummer Darren King, Meany was the keyboardist and backing vocalist for the band Earthsuit and provided the same for the beginning stages of another Adam LaClave-fronted band, Macrosick. Meany has also co-produced tracks for Jeremy Larson and another Earthsuit spin-off, Club of the Sons.

paragraph: In 2003, Meany collaborated on an LP entitled, "Elevator Music," released by Victory Fellowship Church prior to Hurricane Katrina, and was later used as a fund-raising initiative to support victims. The album, comprising fifteen contemporary worship tracks, was recorded live at Victory Fellowship Church, with Meany providing lead vocals.

paragraph: Meany assisted in producing the fifth Twenty One Pilots album, "Trench", released on October 5, 2018. Meany previously worked with them to "reimagine" and produce the "TOPxMM" EP released on December 19, 2016, that included four remixes off of their "Blurryface" album and "Heathens", as well as a live 20-minute video of the bands performing it together in the studio.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Paul Meany

wikipedia_title: Paul Meany


text:
Louis XV of France
Beast of Gévaudan
Duke of Orléans
Duke of Penthiévre
Prince de Condé
National Gendarmerie
wolfhounds
greyhound
Catholic
Sabbath
beaters
dragoon
Gévaudan
Pont-Saint-Esprit
Clermont
Clément Charles François de Laverdy
wolf hunter
Normandy
Bishop of Mende
intendant
Julianges
extreme unction
vicar
copse
juniper
syndic
Languedoc
Ministre d'État
Piedmont
Pyrenees
Paulhac-en-Margeride
bayonet
Joan of Arc
mass
Holy Ghost
prior
Saint Louis
fireworks
fusillade
hunting horns
Voltaire
pack
Versailles
livres
Order of Saint Louis
coat of arms
Jean Chastel
The Brotherhood of the Wolf
Johan Leysen
Wolf of Soissons
Wolves of Périgord
Wolf of Sarlat
Hunting of Jean-Baptiste
List of fatal wolf attacks
Wolfcatcher Royal
Wolf hunting

paragraph: François Antoine

paragraph: François Antoine Marques Argents, Officer of the Royal Bedchamber, Knight Equerry of the Royal Military Order of Saint Louis, served as Gun-Bearer to the King and Lieutenant of the Hunt under Louis XV of France, and is most notable as having pursued and slain the Beast of Gévaudan, its mate, and its whelps between 23 June and 17 October 1765.

paragraph: Antoine, by personal decree of the King, arrived in Malzieu on 23 June 1765 to replace the ineffective Norman father-son duo of Jean-Charles-Marc-Antoine Vaumesle d'Enneval and Jean-François, who had been at the hunt since March with little to show for their efforts but the skins of ordinary wolves. His hunting party consisted of eight gamekeepers from the Royal Captaincies of the Hunt, two mounted gamekeepers on loan from the Duke of Orléans, three aides of the Duke of Penthiévre, a servant of the Prince de Condé, two doghandlers, a valet, and Antoine's own son, de Beauterne, of the National Gendarmerie. With him Antoine brought four male wolfhounds and a female greyhound, all hand-picked from the Royal Pack. He intended to supplement this small group with hounds from d'Enneval's own pack, as the Norman had yet to receive the recall of the King, and experienced dogs from local packs that had fought with the Beast.

paragraph: Antoine first hunted with the d'Ennevals on 23 June, a Sunday, in the Malzieu area. Though the majority of the Gévaudanais were Catholic, thereby restricting them from strenuous activity on the Sabbath, Sunday hunts allowed the citizenry to depart from churches en-masse and move to the positions to which they had been assigned by local government officials, often as beaters.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The d'Ennevals themselves had on 17 February replaced "capitaine-aide-major" Duhamel and his fifty-seven dragoons as masters of the hunt in Gévaudan, but they were proving to be equally unsuccessful in the field. On 8 April Duhamel relocated to new quarters at Pont-Saint-Esprit with his mixed regiment, the Volunteers of Clermont, having been removed and reassigned by Clément Charles François de Laverdy, whose faith in the Duhamel placed him outside of the King's favour. Despite enjoying the reputation of a great wolf hunter in Normandy, d'Enneval having destroyed 1200 wolves during his career, the Beast remained at large. Moreover, his surly demeanor towards the Gévaudanais and local government officials, including the Bishop of Mende, did not place him in a favorable position, no matter how much favour he had at the court of the King, where he was vouched for by the intendant of his province M. Lallemant de Levignen.

paragraph: Public confidence in the d'Ennevals collapsed on 24 May during the popular fair at Malzieu. The Beast made its first attack of the day at Julianges, critically wounding twenty-year-old Marguerite Martin, who received extreme unction by the roadside from the vicar of Saint-Privat. A mile from this episode, in Amourettes, a boy of eleven was seized, but the Beast was put to flight by neighbors coming to his aid. It then fell upon a boy and girl as they entered a copse, devouring thirteen-year-old Marie Valét even as her companion attempted to fight off the assailant. When the boy brought help from local villagers, they found only a headless corpse from which most of the flesh had been eaten. A huntsman of d'Enneval was sent to set an ambush at the corpse of Valét, but the Beast did not return. Instead, it arrived in Lorciéres and attacked Marguerite Boney, eighteen, by the village of Marcillac, emerging from its hiding place in a juniper thicket and rending her clothes until she was naked from the waist up. To her aid came sixteen-year-old Pierre Tanavelle, whose aunt had been slain by the Beast on 23 February. Wielding an improvised spear he wounded the Beast, and it fled. News of these depredations reached the marketplace at Malzieu even as the Beast went about its business, prompting many to pack up their wares and head home.

paragraph: Louis XV, upon hearing of the events of 24 May, became furious and informed his court that he intended to replace the d'Ennevals, who had fared no better than Duhamel before them, with Antoine. The Royal Gunbearer departed for the Gévaudan on 8 June. Antoine and the d'Ennevals cooperated in the field until 18 July, when de Laverdy assented to the orders of Étienne Lafont, syndic of the estates of the Gévaudan and subdelegate to the intendant of Languedoc, to remove the Normans and give Antoine complete control of the hunt. D'Enneval and son soon returned to Normandy after they were mocked for their futile efforts at the court of the King. A contemporary was noted as saying the d'Ennevals bore "shame tantamount to that of a fox who has been caught by a chicken."

paragraph: Section::::July through September.

paragraph: Antoine had been busy in the field long before the d'Ennevals packed for Normandy. On 6 July he and his party arrived in Broussolles, where a cowherd had been slain by the Beast two days before. Antoine discovered two sets of tracks at the site of the latest attack, that of a large male wolf and a she-wolf, which he suspected to be the Beast's mate. If the Beast had in fact reproduced, Antoine surmised, the she-wolf and whelps would have to be destroyed as well. His first formal hunt occurred on 11 July, but yielded nothing, and activity among the huntsmen was sporadic for the remainder of the month due to heavy rains, with large-scale hunts on 24 and 28 July. The Beast, however, continued to assail the Gévaudanais irrespective of the weather.

paragraph: Several local government officials were soon the recipients of a communique from Antoine titled "Observations", including Louis Phélypeaux, Count de Saint-Florentin and Ministre d'État; M. Marie-Joseph-Emmanuel de Guignard de Saint-Priest, intendant of the Languedoc; and Jean-Bapstiste de Morin, Count de Moncan, the provincial commander who had originally assigned Duhamel to the hunt. His correspondence highlighted the extreme severity of the terrain in the Gévaudan, which Antoine found more difficult than that of any region he had hunted in the last fifty years, including all of France, and locales in Germany, Piedmont, and the Pyrenees. He also requested a dozen sergeants to organize the peasants who served as beaters during the large hunts, and pleaded for a detachment of hounds and coursers to replace the dogs of his own pack, which were faring none too well. The Duke of Penthiévre, who had already donated three of his personal huntsmen to Antoine's cause, was among the nobility to which Antoine sent his requests.

paragraph: On 11 August, Marie-Jeanne Valet and her younger sister were attacked while fording a tributary of the River Desges, on the road from Paulhac-en-Margeride to Broussous. Valet successfully defended herself and her sister with a bayonet mounted at the end of a staff, wounding the Beast, which threw itself into the river and thrashed about madly before escaping. Antoine and company quickly made their way to Paulhac when they heard of this event, praising Marie-Jeanne for her bravery. The Royal Gunbearer compared her favourably to Joan of Arc, calling her the "Maid of the Gévaudan." Unconvinced that the Beast had been wounded to the death, however, he remained in the field. Writing to M. Saint-Priest, Antoine respectfully requested if a monetary reward for Marie-Jeanne Valet would be forthcoming. "By the way", he added, "I have sent to the royal kennels for help, just in case the Beast is not dead. While awaiting the arrival of this help, we shall gather all our strength and our wits to finish thereby the tragedy whose sad enactment has gone on too long."

paragraph: Antoine was in Besseyre on 19 August for a special mass said in honour of the Holy Ghost, attended by many members of the surrounding parishes and presided over by such notables as the prior of Prévac, the prior-vicar of Nozeyrolles, and the vicars of Paulhac, Sauges, and Venteuges. A procession of Antoine's huntsmen in full dress lead to the nearby castle at Besset, where a feast was held, followed by a celebration in honour of Saint Louis, accompanied by fireworks, fusillades, and the music of hunting horns. The men were in good spirits after the festivities, some believing that Marie-Jean Valet's bayonet thrust on 11 August had done the Beast in. Their spirits fell when a woman of twenty-two was attacked near the village of Diége on 2 September. Attacks increased in frequency through the first weeks of the month, on 8, 11, 12, and 13 September, resulting in four injuries and two deaths, and Antoine was at the verge of surrender. "Had I the wit of a Voltaire", wrote Antoine to Saint-Priest and Lafont, tantamount to a resignation with the onset of winter, "I could pen a moving farewell." On 16 September, as he was composing his official withdrawal from the hunt, he was surprised by the arrival of two doghandlers and a dozen hounds, the progeny of the requests he had submitted at the end of July. Heartened, Antoine abandoned his surrender and again took to the field.

paragraph: Section::::Loup de Chazes.

paragraph: On 19 September, a huntsman informed Antoine that a large wolf had been sighted in Saint-Julien-des-Chazes, and that a she-wolf and her whelps were nearby. Antoine and his party quickly moved in, and on 21 September a doghandler gave the good news that the entire wolf pack had been located in the Pommier Woods, north of the abbey Sainte-Marie-des-Chazes. The forest was soon surrounded. Antoine's hunting party, bolstered by the addition of forty sharpshooters from Langeac and elsewhere, moved into the trees, houndsmen at the front. Antoine himself had set up at the exit to a defile known as the Béal Ravine, and it was there that he encountered the wolf as it emerged from the forest. His musket loaded with no less than five charges of powder, a ball, and thirty to forty pieces of shrapnel known as "wolf shot", he fired at a range of fifty yards, the kick of his weapon knocking him nearly to the ground. The wolf collapsed, having taken the ball to his right eye and the shot to his right shoulder and side. As Antoine raised the call of triumph to his fellow huntsmen, the wolf struggled to its feet and made straight for him, only to be put to flight by a shot from Rinchard, cousin to Antoine and one of the mounted gamekeepers supplied by the Duke of Orléans. The wolf, struck by Rinchard's shot, made a dash of twenty-five yards before at last dropping dead.

paragraph: "Le Loup de Chazes", as it was afterward known, was six feet long, slightly over three feet tall, and weighed a hundred and forty pounds. Antoine was anxious to confirm without doubt that the dead animal before him was the Beast, so it was soon taken to Besset where a necropsy was performed by the surgeon Boulanger. Though no human remains were uncovered in its stomach or intestines, a number of individuals who had been attacked by the Beast came forward and identified Antoine's wolf as their assailant, including Marie-Jeanne Valet, whom Antoine had called the "Maid of the Gévaudan." His hopes confirmed, Antoine arranged for the embalming of the animal, whose carcass was to be presented before Louis XV himself.

paragraph: The death of the Wolf of Chazes notwithstanding, Antoine was unable to locate the rest of the wolf pack. The she-wolf and her whelps remained unaccounted for until October. It was said at the time that Antoine, having left his post at the Pommier Woods when his father Antoine let out his cry of victory, allowed the escape of the she-wolf and whelps, he having been positioned at the edge of forest where they made their escape.

paragraph: Section::::She-wolf and whelps.

paragraph: Antoine, fearing that the hunger and ferocity of the Beast may have passed into its offspring, also resolved to destroy the she-wolf and its whelps, ignoring premature celebration over the events of 21 September. From 22 September to 3 October Antoine and his party continued the hunt to no avail. On 4 October, however, Antoine returned to the abbey of Sainte-Marie-des-Chazes, where his huntsmen wounded one of two wolves traveling together. Due to the evidence at hand, Antoine believed that the wounded wolf was one of the cubs and, moreover, had suffered a mortal injury.

paragraph: On 5 October Antoine again hunted in the Forest of Chazes and his marksmen shot and wounded the she-wolf, which escaped. His renewed activities had kept the Beast's mate and its progeny at bay; during this week they had killed nothing but sheep. On 13 October Antoine returned to Chazes at the behest of Madame de Guerin de Lugeac, prioress of Sainte-Marie-des-Chazes, who reported the presence of two wolves in her timber preserves. After a pursuit of nearly an hour and a half, Regnault, one of the eight gamekeepers from the Royal Captaincies of the Hunt, wounded the she-wolf, and she was finished off by two sharpshooters from Langeac twenty yards from where Antoine had fired on the Wolf of Chazes, the Beast, on 21 September. The she-wolf was twenty-six inches at the shoulder and showed signs of having recently nursed whelps. Antoine, who believed the first whelp to have fallen on 4 October, surmised that but one wolf remained.

paragraph: 17 October brought the death of the last wolf, shot fittingly by Antoine himself. The carcasses of the wolf and its mother were poorly preserved, unlike that of the Beast, and prepared for shipment to Versailles. The reward for the slaying of the Beast, by now hovering at ten-thousand livres, Antoine distributed among his huntsmen while only taking a small fraction for himself. After more than four months in the field Antoine departed the Gévaudan for Versailles on 3 November, reaching the court of the King where he received copious praise for his victory, the Cross of the Order of Saint Louis, a pension of a thousand livres, and the right to add the image of the Beast to his coat of arms.

paragraph: Attacks ceased for a time after the destruction of the Loup de Chazes, the she-wolf, and her whelps, but began anew on 3 December 1765, and continued until 19 June 1767. It was Gévaudan rustic Jean Chastel who ended the scourge of the wolves once and for all, mortally wounding the new Beast at Mountmouchet during a hunt organized by M. le Marquis d'Apcher. It was guessed by many at the time that the whelp Antoine had believed to be wounded to the death on 4 October was the animal killed by Chastel, which had retreated into the Margeride Range for two months, recuperating and growing in size and returning to continue the depredations of its sire.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Antoine appeared as a character in the French film "The Brotherhood of the Wolf" where he is played by Johan Leysen, though the treatment of his character is greatly at odds with the official version of events.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf of Soissons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolves of Périgord

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf of Sarlat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunting of Jean-Baptiste

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fatal wolf attacks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfcatcher Royal, who curiously was "not" assigned to this task

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf hunting

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Thompson, Richard H. "Wolf-Hunting in France in the Reign of Louis XV: The Beast of the Gévaudan." Lewistown: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1991.

wikidata_label: Antoine de Beauterne

wikipedia_title: François Antoine


text: hermit

text: Novgorod

text: hermit

text: Volkhov

text: pilgrimage

text: Vologda

text: Overview at bogolub.narod.ru

categories: Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,1192 deaths,12th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Barlaam of Khutyn

paragraph: Barlaam of Khutyn (), also known as Varlaam, was a hermit. Born Alexis Milchalevich to a wealthy family from Novgorod. After the death of his parents, he became a hermit on the Volkhov and handed all of his inheritance to the poor. At this time he had gained many followers. So great were their numbers that he founded a monastery, the Khutyn Monastery of Saviour's Transfiguration, and took the name of Barlaam (Varlaam). He died on 6 November 1192, his grave has become a site for pilgrimage.

paragraph: Varlaam is famous for healing the Grand Prince Vasily (from a family of Riazan boyars) when the last was visiting Novgorod. Later he became a patron of the Vologda city. He was also an accomplished painter, and painted several murals in the Gothic style in Novgorod, none of which survived destruction during the Second World War

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Overview at bogolub.narod.ru

description: hermit

wikidata_label: Barlaam of Khutyn

wikipedia_title: Barlaam of Khutyn


text:
Gévaudan
Beast of Gévaudan
Mont Mouchet
Brotherhood of the Wolf
Patricia Briggs

categories: French farmers,1708 births,People from Haute-Loire,1790 deaths,18th-century French people

paragraph: Jean Chastel

paragraph: Jean Chastel (March 31, 1708 – 1790) was a farmer and inn-keeper from the province of Gévaudan in France, noted for killing the Beast of Gévaudan on June 19, 1767 at Mont Mouchet.

paragraph: Chastel appeared as a character in the "Brotherhood of the Wolf" film.

paragraph: Chastel is also a werewolf in Patricia Briggs' novel "Hunting Ground". In this he is both the Beast of Gévaudan and Jean Chastel. The werewolf known as Jean Chastel, after being threatened by the Marrok, stops hunting humans openly, and takes credit for the death of The Beast. Chastel continues to hunt humans, specifically women and children, but is more subtle.

description: French farmer

wikidata_label: Jean Chastel

wikipedia_title: Jean Chastel


text:
Masashige
Masanori
Nanbokucho Wars
shogunate
Kii Province
Izumi
Settsu
Northern Court
Hosokawa Akiuji
Battle of Shijō Nawate
Emperor Go-Daigo
Ben-Naishi
death poem
Equinox Flower
Yasujirō Ozu

categories: 1348 deaths,Japanese warriors killed in battle,1326 births,Samurai

paragraph: Kusunoki Masatsura

paragraph: , along with his father Masashige and brother Masanori, was a supporter of the Southern Imperial Court during Japan's Nanbokucho Wars.

paragraph: Masatsura was one of the primary military leaders who revived the Southern Court in the 1340s. The Court had had little to no resources for three years; the strategy was too focused on defending their base at Yoshino, and not on gaining allies, land, or income. The Kusunoki family, and Masatsura in particular, fought to gain power and support for the Emperor. In 1347, Masatsura led an attack on "bakufu" (shogunate) sympathizers in Kii Province and ended up attracting supporters from Kii, as well as Izumi and Settsu Provinces. When the Shōgun's Northern Court sent Hosokawa Akiuji to stop him, Masatsura met Hosokawa and defeated him at Sakainoura. After several more campaigns against the "bakufu", Masatsura was killed in the Battle of Shijō Nawate, in February 1348 at the age of 22.Also because of his loyalty Emperor Go-Daigo reward him one most beautiful woman in palace called Ben-Naishi as his wife.

paragraph: Before he died, he composed a death poem on the Nyoirin-ji temple door in Yoshino, the location of Go-Daigo's tomb:

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In Equinox Flower (彼岸花, Higanbana), a 1958 color Japanese film directed by Yasujirō Ozu, one of the characters declaims a poet "based on a death poem of patriot Kusunoki Masatsura". Whether it has to do with the above poem is unknown.

paragraph: An approximate translation is :

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Kusunoki Masatsura

wikipedia_title: Kusunoki Masatsura


text: Apostolic Visitor

text: Belarusian Greek-Catholic

text: Belarus

text: Haradzieja

text: Niasviž

text: 2nd Polish Corps

text: Great Britain

text: University of London

text: Pontifical Greek College

text: Rome

text: London

text: Greek-Catholic

text: Chernobyl

categories: British religious leaders,Belarusian emigrants to England,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,2015 deaths,British Eastern Catholics,Belarusian writers,Polish military personnel of World War II,Belarusian Eastern Catholic priests,People from Nesvizh District,Belarusian religious leaders,Belarusian historians,1926 births

paragraph: Alexander Nadson

paragraph: Alexander Nadson (, Aliaksandar Nadsan, 8 August 1926 – 15 April 2015) was the Apostolic Visitor for Belarusian Greek-Catholic faithful abroad and a notable Belarusian émigré social and religious leader.

paragraph: Born Aliaksandar Bochka () in the village Haradzieja near Niasviž, he studied at the Niasvizh seminary. In 1944 he emigrated from Belarus, and in 1945 was a soldier in the 2nd Polish Corps fighting in northern Italy, where he was wounded. In 1946 he moved to Great Britain where he studied at the University of London. Nadson was one of the founders of the Association of Belarusians in Great Britain and its chairman in 1951–1953. He was editor of the periodicals "Biełarus na čužynie" and "Na šlachu", and took part in the activities of the Belarusian Christian academic society "Ruń" and the "Belarusian People's Independent Christian Movement".

paragraph: From fall 1953 he studied at the Pontifical Greek College in Rome. He was ordained priest on 23 November 1958. In July 1959 Fr Nadson returned to London, where he resumed his activities in organizations of the Belarusian diaspora.

paragraph: From 1971 Fr Nadson was the director of the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum in London, the largest Belarusian library abroad. From 1981 he was head of the Belarusian Catholic mission in Great Britain, and from 1986, Apostolic Visitor for all Belarusian Greek-Catholic faithful abroad.

paragraph: He was the author of several books on the history of Belarus and the head of a Chernobyl charity fund. Nadson died at 88 on 14 April 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum in London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Nadson - Ceslaus Sipovich: The first Belarusian Catholic Bishop in the 20th Century (1914–1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Nadson - Princess Magdalena Radzivill and the Greek Catholic Church in Belarus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Nadson - Spiritual Writings of St Cyril of Turau

description: Belarusian Apostelic Visitor

wikidata_label: Alexander Nadson

wikipedia_title: Alexander Nadson


text: artist

text: Dunnville, Ontario

text: Toronto

text: sculptor

text: Geometric abstraction

text: modernist

text: Formalist

text: Clement Greenberg

text: Hamilton, Ontario

text: Upper Canada College

text: Central Technical School

text: Ibiza, Spain

text: Canada Council for the Arts

text: Anthony Caro

text: Yorkville

text: New York City

text: Helen Frankenthaler

text: Francis J. Greenburger

text: Guggenheim Museum

text: Barcelona

text: Catalonia

text: modernistic

text: contemporary

text: aesthetic

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: London

text: Agnes Etherington Art Centre

text: Karen Wilkin

text: North America

text: Rudy Buttignol

text: List of sculptors

text: "André Fauteux"

text: André Fauteux's homepage

text: Artnet (André Fauteux)

text: André Fauteux at Moore Gallery, Ltd.

categories: People from Haldimand County,1946 births,20th-century Canadian sculptors,Living people,North American sculpture

paragraph: André Fauteux

paragraph: André Fauteux is a Canadian artist born in Dunnville, Ontario, Canada on March 15, 1946, who now lives in Toronto, Ontario. Fauteux is a sculptor known for his abstract welded steel sculpture, which relates to Geometric abstraction. His modernist sculptures are also related to the Formalist ideas associated with Clement Greenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Fauteux was raised by his mother, Lyle Secord Fauteux, Nee Ferguson, in Hamilton, Ontario. She encouraged his artistic endeavors.

paragraph: Fauteux attended Upper Canada College in Toronto as a boy, where Vernon Mould taught him painting. He next studied art at Central Technical School in Toronto, Ontario, principally with Robert Ross and Winston Laurence, in the mid-1960s.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Fauteux moved to Ibiza, Spain in 1967, where he met other artists, including Graham Coughty and Gordon Rayner. While in Ibiza, he painted and only began sculpture after his return move to Toronto in 1969. His first work was made of wood.

paragraph: Fauteux worked at a Toronto gallery owned by Av Isaacs in the late 1960s. In 1970, he received his first Canada Council for the Arts grant. Fauteux worked with Anthony Caro at York University in 1974 and 1975. He showed with the Sable Castelli Gallery in the Yorkville area for over 25 years. In New York City, he showed with William Edward O'Reilly Gallery.

paragraph: In 1987, Fauteux was chosen by Helen Frankenthaler as one of five artists chosen to receive the Francis J. Greenburger Foundation Awards presented at the Guggenheim Museum. Also in 1987, he participated Triangle Barcelona, Casa de la Caridad, Barcelona, where he made a large circular sculpture that is now a Holocaust Memorial in the Parc de la Ciutadella. Fauteux returned to Spain in 1990 to make sculptures at the Centre D'ART la Rectoria, Sant Pere Villamajor, Catalonia.

paragraph: In recent years his art is currently represented by The Moore Gallery in Toronto, which has had shows of Fauteux's boldly colored and shaped paintings.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Fauteux sculptures are spare in form and do not replicate external subjects. The modernistic style is an international contemporary aesthetic. The sculptures include visual spaces, often with a rhythmic quality made of repeated elements and over-lapping sections. Examples of this are the group of pyramid galvanized sculptures made in 1976 (Triangle no. 1) and in pieces such as "Verve" 1975, "Moro" 1977, and "Rosalino Roll," 1977. There are clearly connected elements within works such as "Blacksmith" 1974, "Empire" 1976, and "Fountain of Irony" 1987. Fauteux has also used other materials including rubber in a group of works made in Chicago, Illinois in the 1990s; such as "La Salle Loop," of gum rubber and brass. Recent sculpture has been colored with multiple layers of polychrome color and iridescent pigments, on top of coated galvanized steel and with some elements which are dipped in chrome and therefore very shiny.

paragraph: Section::::Major group shows.

paragraph: 1975, The Condition of Sculpture, The Hayward Gallery, London and 1977, Eleven Sculptors, Musée d'Art Contemporain, Montreal. In 1982–83 a major retrospective of his sculpture toured Canada's museums; André Fauteux Ten Years" organized and originating at the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, which included a published catalog essay by Karen Wilkin.

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Two Canadians, Gallery Ivan Spence, Ibiza, Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Salon de Mayo, Barcelona, Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Five on the Scene, Isaacs Gallery, Toronto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 The Condition of Sculpture, The Hayward Gallery, London, U.K.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 Dietcher / O'Reilly Gallery, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 New Abstract Art, Edmonton Art Gallery, Alberta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 William Edward O'Reilly Gallery, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Selections from the Art Bank Collection, the Mendel Art Gallery, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Salander – O'Reilly Gallery, New York. (catalogue)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Contemporary Sculpture from the Art Bank Collection " Washington Square, Washington D.C. Selected by Michael Botwinick, Corcoran Gallery, and traveling to Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Dallas and San Diego.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Greenburger Foundation Awards, Jack Gallery, New York and the Mira Goddard Gallery, Toronto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Triangle Barcelona, Casa de la Caridad, Barcelona. Sculpture; André Fauteux: "Als barcelonins morts als camps d'extermini nazi", Parc de la Ciutadella, Barcelona, Catalunya

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 Gallery One, Toronto. (catalogue)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 Sculpture of the Americas in the 90s, Museum of Modern Art of Latin America, Washington D.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 Academia de Belles Artes, Sabadell, Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 La Rectoria, Sant Pere Villamajor, Barcelona, Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Sable-Castelli Gallery, Toronto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Moore Gallery, Toronto.

paragraph: Section::::Selected public collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Gallery of Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Edmonton Art Gallery, Edmonton, Alberta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Canada Council Art Bank, Ottawa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Agnes Etherington Art Centre. Kingston, Ontario.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Douglas Duncan Collection, National Gallery, Ottawa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Innis College, University of Toronto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Gallery of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The City of Barcelona, Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Rectoria, Sant Pere Villamajor, Barcelona, Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lakehead Art Gallery, Thunder Bay, Ontario.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert McLaughlin Art Gallery, Oshawa, Ontario.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, Halifax.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musee d'art contemporain, Montreal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mendel Art Gallery, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Lethbridge Art Gallery, Lethbridge Alta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- York University, Dept. of Fine Art, Toronto, Ontario.

paragraph: Fauteux's art work is held in major public collections across North America and abroad in Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canada Council Grants

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis J. Greenburger Foundation Award (1987) Guggenheim Museum; André Fauteux, was chosen by Helen Frankenthaler as one of five artists chosen to receive the Francis J. Greenburger Foundation Awards presented at the Guggenheim Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Books on André Fauteux.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "André Fauteux, Ten Years, 1972–1982": "André Fauteux, Dix Ans, 1972–1982" (Paperback, 1982), text by Karen Wilkin, Publisher: Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Queen's University at Kingston, 61 pages, Illustrated, Language: English, ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canadian Art: Fauteux, André: New Sculpture" [1989]

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Fauteux appeared in the 1979 National Film Board film "Jack Bush", explaining how Bush influenced him. The film was directed by Murray Battle and produced by Rudy Buttignol at Cinema Productions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sculptors

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "André Fauteux". The Centre for Contemporary Canadian Art website

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Fauteux's homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes Etherington Art Centre (André Fauteux)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artnet (André Fauteux)

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Fauteux at Moore Gallery, Ltd.

alias:
Andre Lucien Fauteux
André Lucien Fauteux
Andre Fauteux

description: Canadian artist

wikidata_label: André Fauteux

wikipedia_title: André Fauteux


text: pen name

text: Russian-born

text: novelist

text: poet

text: entomologist

text: prose

text: Lolita

text: Modern Library 100 Best Novels

text: Pale Fire

text: Speak, Memory

text: Random House

text: National Book Award for Fiction

text: lepidopterist

text: composer of chess problems

text: Old Style

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Tatar

text: Murza

text: Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov

text: gold-mine

text: Nicolas Nabokov

text: Alexander II

text: Baltic German

text: Baroness

text: Carl Heinrich Graun

text: Ayn Rand

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Siverskaya

text: Florence Montgomery

text: Speak, Memory

text: Mary

text: Orthodox

text: Rozhdestveno

text: October Revolution

text: Zinaida Gippius

text: February Revolution

text: Russian Provisional Government

text: Crimea

text: Livadiya

text: Ukrainian Republic

text: Crimean Regional Government

text: German Army

text: White Army

text: Trinity College

text: University of Cambridge

text: zoology

text: Slavic

text: Romance languages

text: Tripos

text: starred first

text: second-class

text: Glory

text: The Real Life of Sebastian Knight

text: Pyotr Shabelsky-Bork

text: Pavel Milyukov

text: Constitutional Democratic Party

text: Pale Fire

text: Prague

text: fabulous bird

text: Véra Evseyevna Slonim

text: Dmitri

text: Cannes

text: Menton

text: Cap d'Antibes

text: Fréjus

text: SS "Champlain"

text: Neuengamme concentration camp

text: entomologist

text: American Museum of Natural History

text: Wellesley College

text: lepidoptery

text: Wellesley, Massachusetts

text: Cambridge

text: naturalized citizen

text: Harvard University

text: Museum of Comparative Zoology

text: Morris Bishop

text: Cornell University

text: U.S. Supreme Court

text: Justice

text: Ruth Bader Ginsburg

text: Lolita

text: Ashland, Oregon

text: Pnin

text: Ithaca, New York

text: Thomas Pynchon

text: Reggio Emilia

text: Montreux Palace

text: Montreux

text: Montreux

text: Clarens

text: Montreux

text: The Original of Laura

text: literary executor

text: Die Zeit

text: Playboy

text: Joseph Conrad

text: Edmund Wilson

text: Mnemosyne

text: individualism

text: totalitarianism

text: Sigmund Freud

text: psychoanalysis

text: Poshlost

text: anagram

text: word play

text: The Vane Sisters

text: acrostic

text: Signs and Symbols

text: Alexander Pushkin

text: Eugene Onegin

text: Notes on Prosody

text: iambic tetrameter

text: Russian literature

text: Ulysses

text: Kitsch

text: Playboy

text: synesthete

text: gene

text: aquarelle

text: Bend Sinister

text: entomology

text: Maria Sibylla Merian

text: zoology

text: Museum of Comparative Zoology

text: Harvard University

text: Polyommatini

text: Lycaenidae

text: Karner blue

text: genus

text: Nabokovia

text: Madeleinea

text: Pseudolucia

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: lepidoptery

text: I Have Landed

text: genetics

text: chromosome

text: genitalia

text: Harvard Museum of Natural History

text: Polyommatus

text: New World

text: Bering Strait

text: post hoc ergo propter hoc

text: fallacy

text: chess problem

text: Poems and Problems

text: Speak, Memory

text: classical liberal

text: Provisional Government

text: February Revolution

text: Constitutional Democratic Party

text: capital punishment

text: Bolshevik Revolution

text: Bolshevik

text: Russian Empire

text: Tsar Alexander II

text: Russian Jewish

text: New Left

text: social revolutionaries

text: Vietnam War

text: Johnson

text: Nixon

text: Pushkin

text: Véra

text: Jane Austen

text: Mansfield Park

text: Mary McCarthy

text: Glory

text: Lidiya Charski

text: Yuly Aykhenvald

text: James Wood

text: Martin Amis

text: John Updike

text: Thomas Pynchon

text: Lolita

text: The Crying of Lot 49

text: John Banville

text: Don DeLillo

text: Salman Rushdie

text: Edmund White

text: John Hawkes

text: Aleksandar Hemon

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Michael Chabon

text: Jeffrey Eugenides

text: T. Coraghessan Boyle

text: Marisha Pessl

text: W. G. Sebald

text: The Emigrants

text: Troika

text: Jay Greenberg

text: Michael Schelle

text: Lev Zhurbin

text: Boyd, Brian

text: Nicol, Charles

text: Schiff, Stacy

text: «Nabokov le Nietzschéen»

text: Garland Publishing

text: Montalbán, Manuel Vázquez

text: Glasauer, Willi

text: Peter Medak

text: dramatisation

text: Franz Kafka

text: The Metamorphosis

text: Christopher Plummer

text: W. G. Sebald

text: The Emigrants

text: Lolita

text: King, Queen, Knave

text: movie

text: Jerzy Skolimowski

text: Gina Lollobrigida

text: David Niven

text: John Moulder-Brown

text: Despair

text: Tom Stoppard

text: Rainer Werner Fassbinder

text: Mary

text: Cary Elwes

text: The Defense

text: The Luzhin Defence

text: "Vladimir Nabokov: More Chess Problems and the Novel"

text: Vladimir-Nabokov.org

text: "Nabokov under Glass"

text: "The Atlantic Monthly"

text: "The Life and Works of Vladimir Nabokov"

text: New York Public Library

text: Vladimir Nabokov poetry

text: Nabokov Online Journal

text: "The problem with Nabokov"

text: Martin Amis

text: "Talking about Nabokov"

text: Russia Beyond the Headlines

text: "The Gay Nabokov"

text: BBC interviews 4 October 1969

text: Nabokov Bibliography: All About Vladimir Nabokov in Print

categories: People associated with the American Museum of Natural History,American male non-fiction writers,Imperial Russian emigrants to Germany,Harvard University staff,1899 births,American male short story writers,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States,Novelists from Oregon,Translators of the Tale of Igor's Campaign,Translators from French,German emigrants to France,1977 deaths,Russian chess players,Chess composers,American anti-communists,English–Russian translators,20th-century Russian poets,People from Montreux,Translators from Russian,Wellesley College faculty,Russian male short story writers,Russian translators,20th-century Russian novelists,Fyodor Dostoyevsky scholars,Imperial Russian emigrants to Switzerland,American entomologists,Russian refugees,American male novelists,Russian entomologists,Imperial Russian emigrants to France,Russian anti-communists,Russian male novelists,Translators from Old East Slavic,American male poets,American male dramatists and playwrights,20th-century American scientists,20th-century American dramatists and playwrights,Lepidopterists,Russian people of Tatar descent,Russian alternate history writers,American agnostics,Russian male dramatists and playwrights,Postmodern writers,Guggenheim Fellows,Literary translators,Translators from English,Exophonic writers,20th-century American novelists,American literary critics,Classical liberals,American writers of Russian descent,Amateur chess players,French emigrants to the United States,Writers from Ashland, Oregon,American translators,Russian male poets,American chess players,20th-century American poets,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Vladimir Nabokov,Cornell University faculty,Novelists from New York (state),American alternate history writers,Russian literary critics,Translators of Alexander Pushkin,Russian people of Baltic German descent,Russian memoirists,Novelists from Massachusetts,Pseudonymous writers,Russian agnostics

paragraph: Vladimir Nabokov

paragraph: Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (; , also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (); 2 July 1977) was a Russian-born American novelist, poet, translator and entomologist. His first nine novels were in Russian (1926–38), but he achieved international prominence after he began writing English prose.

paragraph: Nabokov's "Lolita" (1955) was ranked fourth in the list of the Modern Library 100 Best Novels in 2007; "Pale Fire" (1962) was ranked 53rd on the same list; and his memoir, "Speak, Memory" (1951), was listed eighth on publisher Random House's list of the 20th century's greatest nonfiction. He was a finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction seven times.

paragraph: Nabokov was also an expert lepidopterist and composer of chess problems.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Russia.

paragraph: Nabokov was born on 22 April 1899 (10 April 1899 Old Style), in Saint Petersburg, to a wealthy and prominent family of the Russian nobility that traced its roots to the 14th-century Tatar prince Nabok Murza, who entered into the service of the Tsars, and from whom the family name is derived. His father was the liberal lawyer, statesman, and journalist Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov (1870–1922) and his mother was the heiress Yelena Ivanovna "née" Rukavishnikova, the granddaughter of a millionaire gold-mine owner. His father was a leader of the pre-Revolutionary liberal Constitutional Democratic Party and wrote numerous books and articles about criminal law and politics. His cousins included the composer Nicolas Nabokov. His paternal grandfather, Dmitry Nabokov (1827–1904), was Russia's Justice Minister during the reign of Alexander II. His paternal grandmother was the Baltic German Baroness Maria von Korff (1842–1926). Through his father's German ancestry, he was related to the composer Carl Heinrich Graun (1704–1759).

paragraph: Vladimir was the family's eldest and favorite child, with four younger siblings: Sergey (1900–45), Olga (1903–78), Elena (1906–2000), and Kirill (1912–64). Sergey was killed in a Nazi concentration camp in 1945 after publicly denouncing Hitler's regime. Ayn Rand recalled Olga (her close friend at Stoiunina Gymnasium) as a supporter of constitutional monarchy who first awakened Rand's interest in politics. Elena, who in later years became Vladimir's favorite sibling, published her correspondence with him in 1985 and was an important source for later biographers of Nabokov.

paragraph: Nabokov spent his childhood and youth in Saint Petersburg and at the country estate "Vyra" near Siverskaya, south of the city. His childhood, which he called "perfect" and "cosmopolitan", was remarkable in several ways. The family spoke Russian, English, and French in their household, and Nabokov was trilingual from an early age. He related that the first English book his mother read to him was "Misunderstood" (1869) by Florence Montgomery. In fact, much to his patriotic father's disappointment, Nabokov could read and write in English before he could in Russian. In "Speak, Memory" Nabokov recalls numerous details of his privileged childhood, and his ability to recall in vivid detail memories of his past was a boon to him during his permanent exile, providing a theme that echoes from his first book "Mary" to later works such as "". While the family was nominally Orthodox, there was little religious fervor, and Vladimir was not forced to attend church after he lost interest. In 1916, Nabokov inherited the estate Rozhdestveno, next to Vyra, from his uncle Vasily Ivanovich Rukavishnikov ("Uncle Ruka" in "Speak, Memory"), but lost it in the October Revolution one year later; this was the only house he ever owned.

paragraph: Nabokov's adolescence was also the period in which his first serious literary endeavors were made. In 1916, Nabokov published his first book, "Stikhi" ("Poems"), a collection of 68 Russian poems. At the time he was attending Tenishev school in Saint Petersburg, where his literature teacher Vladimir Vasilievich Gippius had been critical of his literary accomplishments. Some time after the publication of "Stikhi", Zinaida Gippius, renowned poet and first cousin of Vladimir Gippius, told Nabokov's father at a social event, "Please tell your son that he will never be a writer."

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Emigration.

paragraph: After the 1917 February Revolution, Nabokov's father became a secretary of the Russian Provisional Government in Saint Petersburg. After the October Revolution, the family was forced to flee the city for Crimea, not expecting to be away for very long. They lived at a friend's estate and in September 1918 moved to Livadiya, at the time part of the Ukrainian Republic; Nabokov's father became a minister of justice in the Crimean Regional Government.

paragraph: After the withdrawal of the German Army in November 1918 and the defeat of the White Army (early 1919), the Nabokovs sought exile in western Europe. They settled briefly in England and Vladimir enrolled in Trinity College of the University of Cambridge, first studying zoology, then Slavic and Romance languages. His examination results on the first part of the Tripos, taken at the end of second year, were a starred first. He sat the second part of the exam in his fourth year, just after his father's death. Nabokov feared he might fail the exam, but his script was marked second-class. His final examination result was second-class, and his BA conferred in 1922. Nabokov later drew on his Cambridge experiences to write several works, including the novels "Glory" and "The Real Life of Sebastian Knight".

paragraph: In 1920, Nabokov's family moved to Berlin, where his father set up the émigré newspaper "Rul"' ("Rudder"). Nabokov followed them to Berlin two years later, after completing his studies at Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Berlin years (1922–37).

paragraph: In March 1922, Nabokov's father was fatally shot in Berlin by the Russian monarchist Pyotr Shabelsky-Bork as he was trying to shield the real target, Pavel Milyukov, a leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party-in-exile. This mistaken, violent death echoed again and again in Nabokov's fiction, where characters would meet their deaths under accidental terms. (In "Pale Fire", for example, one interpretation of the novel has an assassin mistakenly kill the poet John Shade, when his actual target is a fugitive European monarch.) Shortly after his father's death, Nabokov's mother and sister moved to Prague.

paragraph: Nabokov stayed in Berlin, where he had become a recognised poet and writer within the émigré community and published under the nom de plume "V. Sirin" (a reference to the fabulous bird of Russian folklore). To supplement his scant writing income, he taught languages and gave tennis and boxing lessons. Of his 15 Berlin years, Dieter E. Zimmer has written: "He never became fond of Berlin, and at the end intensely disliked it. He lived within the lively Russian community of Berlin that was more or less self-sufficient, staying on after it had disintegrated because he had nowhere else to go to. He knew little German. He knew few Germans except for landladies, shopkeepers, and immigration officials at the police headquarters."

paragraph: In 1922, Nabokov became engaged to Svetlana Siewert; she broke off the engagement in early 1923, her parents worrying that he could not provide for her. In May 1923, he met a Russian-Jewish woman, Véra Evseyevna Slonim, at a charity ball in Berlin. They married in April 1925. Their only child, Dmitri, was born in 1934.

paragraph: In 1936, Véra lost her job because of the increasingly anti-Semitic environment; also in that year the assassin of Nabokov's father was appointed second-in-command of the Russian émigré group. In the same year, Nabokov began seeking a job in the English-speaking world. In 1937, he left Germany for France, where he had a short affair with Russian émigrée Irina Guadanini. His family followed him to France, making en route their last visit to Prague, then spent time in Cannes, Menton, Cap d'Antibes, and Fréjus and finally settled in Paris. In May 1940, the Nabokovs fled the advancing German troops to the United States on board the SS "Champlain", with the exception of Nabokov's brother Sergei, who died at the Neuengamme concentration camp on 9 January 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:United States.

paragraph: The Nabokovs settled in Manhattan and Vladimir began volunteer work as an entomologist at the American Museum of Natural History.

paragraph: Nabokov joined the staff of Wellesley College in 1941 as resident lecturer in comparative literature. The position, created specifically for him, provided an income and free time to write creatively and pursue his lepidoptery. Nabokov is remembered as the founder of Wellesley's Russian Department. The Nabokovs resided in Wellesley, Massachusetts, during the 1941–42 academic year. In September 1942 they moved to Cambridge, where they lived until June 1948. Following a lecture tour through the United States, Nabokov returned to Wellesley for the 1944–45 academic year as a lecturer in Russian. In 1945, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He served through the 1947–48 term as Wellesley's one-man Russian Department, offering courses in Russian language and literature. His classes were popular, due as much to his unique teaching style as to the wartime interest in all things Russian. At the same time he was the "de facto" curator of lepidoptery at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology. After being encouraged by Morris Bishop, Nabokov left Wellesley in 1948 to teach Russian and European literature at Cornell University, where he taught until 1959. Among his students at Cornell was future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who later identified Nabokov as a major influence on her development as a writer.

paragraph: Nabokov wrote "Lolita" while travelling on butterfly-collection trips in the western United States that he undertook every summer. Véra acted as "secretary, typist, editor, proofreader, translator and bibliographer; his agent, business manager, legal counsel and chauffeur; his research assistant, teaching assistant and professorial understudy"; when Nabokov attempted to burn unfinished drafts of "Lolita", Véra stopped him. He called her the best-humored woman he had ever known.

paragraph: In June 1953 Nabokov and his family went to Ashland, Oregon. There he finished "Lolita" and began writing the novel "Pnin". He roamed the nearby mountains looking for butterflies, and wrote a poem called "Lines Written in Oregon". On 1 October 1953, he and his family returned to Ithaca, New York, where he would later teach the young writer Thomas Pynchon.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Montreux and death.

paragraph: After the great financial success of "Lolita", Nabokov returned to Europe and devoted himself to writing. His son obtained a position as an operatic bass at Reggio Emilia. On 1 October 1961, he and Véra moved to the Montreux Palace Hotel in Montreux, Switzerland; he stayed there until the end of his life. From his sixth-floor quarters he conducted his business and took tours to the Alps, Corsica, and Sicily to hunt butterflies. In 1976 he was hospitalized with a fever doctors were unable to diagnose. He was rehospitalized in Lausanne in 1977, suffering from severe bronchial congestion. He died on 2 July in Montreux surrounded by his family and, according to his son, Dmitri, "with a triple moan of descending pitch". His remains were cremated and buried at the Clarens cemetery in Montreux.

paragraph: At the time of his death, he was working on a novel titled "The Original of Laura". Véra and Dmitri were entrusted with Nabokov's literary executorship, and though he asked them to burn the manuscript, they chose not to. The incomplete manuscript, around 125 handwritten index cards long, remained in a Swiss bank vault, where only two people, Dmitri and an unknown person, had access. Portions of it were shown to Nabokov scholars. In April 2008, Dmitri announced that he would publish the novel.

paragraph: Prior to the incomplete novel's publication, several short excerpts of "The Original of Laura" were made public: German weekly "Die Zeit" reproduced some of Nabokov's original index cards obtained by its reporter Malte Herwig in its 14 August 2008 issue. In the accompanying article Herwig concluded that "Laura", although fragmentary, is "vintage Nabokov".

paragraph: In July 2009, "Playboy" magazine acquired the rights to print a 5,000-word excerpt of "The Original of Laura". It was printed in the December issue.

paragraph: "The Original of Laura" was published on 17 November 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Nabokov is known as one of the leading prose stylists of the 20th century; his first writings were in Russian, but he achieved his greatest fame with the novels he wrote in the English language. As a trilingual (also writing in French, see "Mademoiselle O") master, he has been compared to Joseph Conrad; Nabokov, however, disliked both the comparison and Conrad's work. He lamented to the critic Edmund Wilson, "I am too old to change Conradically" – which John Updike later called, "itself a jest of genius". (This lament came in 1941, when Nabokov had been an apprentice American for less than one year Later in a November 1950 Wilson letter, Nabokov offers a solid, non-comic appraisal: "Conrad knew how to handle readymade English better than I; but I know better the other kind. He never sinks to the depths of my solecisms, but neither does he scale my verbal peaks." Nabokov translated many of his own early works into English, sometimes in cooperation with his son Dmitri. His trilingual upbringing had a profound influence on his artistry.

paragraph: Nabokov himself translated into Russian two books that he had originally written in English, "Conclusive Evidence" and "Lolita". The "translation" of "Conclusive Evidence" was made because of Nabokov's feeling of imperfections in the English version. Writing the book, he noted that he needed to translate his own memories into English, and to spend a lot of time explaining things that are well known in Russia; then he decided to re-write the book once again, in his first native language, and after that he made the final version, "Speak, Memory" (Nabokov first wanted to name it "Speak, Mnemosyne"). Nabokov was a proponent of individualism, and rejected concepts and ideologies that curtailed individual freedom and expression, such as totalitarianism in its various forms, as well as Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Poshlost, or as he transcribed it, "poshlust", is disdained and frequently mocked in his works. On translating "Lolita", Nabokov writes, "I imagined that in some distant future somebody might produce a Russian version of Lolita. I trained my inner telescope upon that particular point in the distant future and I saw that every paragraph, pock-marked as it is with pitfalls, could lend itself to hideous mistranslation. In the hands of a harmful drudge, the Russian version of Lolita would be entirely degraded and botched by vulgar paraphrases or blunders. So I decided to translate it myself."

paragraph: Nabokov's creative processes involved writing sections of text on hundreds of index cards, which he expanded into paragraphs and chapters and rearranged to form the structure of his novels, a process that has been adopted by many screenplay writers in subsequent years.

paragraph: Nabokov published under the pseudonym "Vladimir Sirin" in the 1920s to 1940s, occasionally to mask his identity from critics. He also makes cameo appearances in some of his novels, such as the character "Vivian Darkbloom" (an anagram of "Vladimir Nabokov"), who appears in both "Lolita" and "Ada, or Ardor", and the character Blavdak Vinomori (another anagram of Nabokov's name) in "King, Queen, Knave".

paragraph: Nabokov is noted for his complex plots, clever word play, daring metaphors, and prose style capable of both parody and intense lyricism. He gained both fame and notoriety with his novel "Lolita" (1955), which tells of a grown man's devouring passion for a twelve-year-old girl. This and his other novels, particularly "Pale Fire" (1962), won him a place among the greatest novelists of the 20th century. His longest novel, which met with a mixed response, is "" (1969). He devoted more time to the composition of this novel than any of his others. Nabokov's fiction is characterized by linguistic playfulness. For example, his short story "The Vane Sisters" is famous in part for its acrostic final paragraph, in which the first letters of each word spell out a message from beyond the grave. In another of his short stories, "Signs and Symbols" (1958), Nabokov creates a character suffering from an imaginary illness called "Referential Mania," in which the afflicted is faced with a world of environmental objects exchanging coded messages.

paragraph: Nabokov's stature as a literary critic is founded largely on his four-volume translation and commentary for Alexander Pushkin's novel in verse, "Eugene Onegin", published in 1964. That commentary ended with an appendix titled "Notes on Prosody", which has developed a reputation of its own. It stemmed from his observation that while Pushkin's iambic tetrameters had been a part of Russian literature for a fairly short two centuries, they were clearly understood by the Russian prosodists. On the other hand, he viewed the much older English iambic tetrameters as muddled and poorly documented. In his own words:I have been forced to invent a simple little terminology of my own, explain its application to English verse forms, and indulge in certain rather copious details of classification before even tackling the limited object of these notes to my translation of Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", an object that boils down to very little—in comparison to the forced preliminaries—namely, to a few things that the non-Russian student of Russian literature must know in regard to Russian prosody in general and to "Eugene Onegin" in particular.

paragraph: Nabokov's lectures at Cornell University, as collected in "Lectures on Literature", reveal his controversial ideas concerning art. He firmly believed that novels should not aim to teach and that readers should not merely empathize with characters but that a 'higher' aesthetic enjoyment should be attained, partly by paying great attention to details of style and structure. He detested what he saw as 'general ideas' in novels, and so when teaching "Ulysses", for example, he would insist students keep an eye on where the characters were in Dublin (with the aid of a map) rather than teaching the complex Irish history that many critics see as being essential to an understanding of the novel. In 2010, "Kitsch" magazine, a student publication at Cornell, published a piece that focused on student reflections on his lectures and also explored Nabokov's long relationship with "Playboy". Nabokov also wanted his students to describe the details of the novels rather than a narrative of the story and was very strict when it came to grading. As Edward Jay Epstein described his experience in Nabokov's classes that he made it clear from the very first lectures that he had little interest in fraternizing with students, who would be known not by their name but by their seat number.

paragraph: Section::::Synesthesia.

paragraph: Nabokov was a self-described synesthete, who at a young age equated the number five with the colour red. Aspects of synesthesia can be found in several of his works. His wife also exhibited synesthesia; like her husband, her mind's eye associated colours with particular letters. They discovered that Dmitri shared the trait, and moreover that the colours he associated with some letters were in some cases blends of his parents' hues—"which is as if genes were painting in aquarelle".

paragraph: For some synesthetes, letters are not simply "associated with" certain colors, they "are themselves" colored. Nabokov frequently endowed his protagonists with a similar gift. In "Bend Sinister" Krug comments on his perception of the word "loyalty" as being like a golden fork lying out in the sun. In "The Defense", Nabokov mentioned briefly how the main character's father, a writer, found he was unable to complete a novel that he planned to write, becoming lost in the fabricated storyline by "starting with colors". Many other subtle references are made in Nabokov's writing that can be traced back to his synesthesia. Many of his characters have a distinct "sensory appetite" reminiscent of synesthesia.

paragraph: Section::::Entomology.

paragraph: Nabokov's interest in entomology had been

paragraph: inspired by books of Maria Sibylla Merian he had found in the attic of his family's country home in Vyra. Throughout an extensive career of collecting he never learned to drive a car, and he depended on his wife Véra to take him to collecting sites. During the 1940s, as a research fellow in zoology, he was responsible for organizing the butterfly collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. His writings in this area were highly technical. This, combined with his specialty in the relatively unspectacular tribe Polyommatini of the family Lycaenidae, has left this facet of his life little explored by most admirers of his literary works. He described the Karner blue. The genus "Nabokovia" was named after him in honor of this work, as were a number of butterfly and moth species (e.g. many species in the genera "Madeleinea" and "Pseudolucia" bear epithets alluding to Nabokov or names from his novels). In 1967, Nabokov commented: "The pleasures and rewards of literary inspiration are nothing beside the rapture of discovering a new organ under the microscope or an undescribed species on a mountainside in Iran or Peru. It is not improbable that had there been no revolution in Russia, I would have devoted myself entirely to lepidopterology and never written any novels at all."

paragraph: The palaeontologist and essayist Stephen Jay Gould discussed Nabokov's lepidoptery in his essay, "No Science Without Fancy, No Art Without Facts: The Lepidoptery of Vladimir Nabokov" (reprinted in "I Have Landed"). Gould notes that Nabokov was occasionally a scientific "stick-in-the-mud". For example, Nabokov never accepted that genetics or the counting of chromosomes could be a valid way to distinguish species of insects, and relied on the traditional (for lepidopterists) microscopic comparison of their genitalia.

paragraph: The Harvard Museum of Natural History, which now contains the Museum of Comparative Zoology, still possesses Nabokov's "genitalia cabinet", where the author stored his collection of male blue butterfly genitalia. "Nabokov was a serious taxonomist," says museum staff writer Nancy Pick, author of "The Rarest of the Rare: Stories Behind the Treasures at the Harvard Museum of Natural History". "He actually did quite a good job at distinguishing species that you would not think were different—by looking at their genitalia under a microscope six hours a day, seven days a week, until his eyesight was permanently impaired." The rest of his collection, about 4,300 specimens, was given to the Lausanne's Museum of Zoology in Switzerland.

paragraph: Though his work was not taken seriously by professional lepidopterists during his life, new genetic research supports Nabokov's hypothesis that a group of butterfly species, called the "Polyommatus" blues, came to the New World over the Bering Strait in five waves, eventually reaching Chile.

paragraph: Many of Nabokov's fans have tried to ascribe literary value to his scientific papers, Gould notes. Conversely, others have claimed that his scientific work enriched his literary output. Gould advocates a third view, holding that the other two positions are examples of the "post hoc ergo propter hoc" fallacy. Rather than assuming that either side of Nabokov's work caused or stimulated the other, Gould proposes that "both" stemmed from Nabokov's love of detail, contemplation, and symmetry.

paragraph: Section::::Chess problems.

paragraph: Nabokov spent considerable time during his exile on the composition of chess problems. Such compositions he published in the Russian émigré press, "Poems and Problems" (18 chess compositions) and "Speak, Memory" (one problem). He describes the process of composing and constructing in his memoir: "The strain on the mind is formidable; the element of time drops out of one's consciousness". To him, the "originality, invention, conciseness, harmony, complexity, and splendid insincerity" of creating a chess problem was similar to that in any other art.

paragraph: Section::::Politics and views.

paragraph: Section::::Politics and views.:Russian politics.

paragraph: Nabokov was a classical liberal, in the tradition of his father, a liberal statesman who served in the Provisional Government following the February Revolution of 1917 as a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party. In "Speak, Memory", Nabokov proudly recounted his father's campaigns against despotism and staunch opposition to capital punishment. Nabokov was a self-proclaimed "White Russian", and was, from its inception, a strong opponent of the Soviet government that came to power following the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917. In a poem he wrote as a teenager in 1917, he described Lenin's Bolsheviks as "grey rag-tag people".

paragraph: Throughout his life, Nabokov would remain committed to the classical liberal political philosophy of his father, and equally opposed Tsarist autocracy, communism, and fascism.

paragraph: Nabokov's father Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov was the most outspoken defender of Jewish rights in the Russian Empire, continuing in a family tradition that had been led by his own father, Dmitry Nabokov, who as Justice Minister under Tsar Alexander II had successfully blocked anti-semitic measures from being passed by the Interior Minister. That family strain would continue in Vladimir Nabokov, who fiercely denounced anti-semitism in his writings, and in the 1930s Nabokov was able to escape Hitler's Germany only with the help of Russian Jewish émigrés who still had grateful memories of his family's defense of Jews in Tsarist times.

paragraph: When asked, in 1969, whether he would like to revisit the land he had fled in 1918, now the Soviet Union, he replied: "There's nothing to look at. New tenement houses and old churches do not interest me. The hotels there are terrible. I detest the Soviet theater. Any palace in Italy is superior to the repainted abodes of the Tsars. The village huts in the forbidden hinterland are as dismally poor as ever, and the wretched peasant flogs his wretched cart horse with the same wretched zest. As to my special northern landscape and the haunts of my childhood – well, I would not wish to contaminate their images preserved in my mind."

paragraph: Section::::Politics and views.:American politics.

paragraph: In the 1940s, as an émigré in America, Nabokov would stress the connection between American and English liberal democracy and the aspirations of the short-lived Russian provisional government. In 1942 he declared: "Democracy is humanity at its best ... it is the natural condition of every man ever since the human mind became conscious not only of the world but of itself." During the 1960s, in both letters and interviews, he reveals a profound contempt for the New Left movements, describing the protesters as "conformists" and "goofy hoodlums." In a 1967 interview, Nabokov stated that he refused to associate with supporters of Bolshevism or Tsarist autocracy but that he had "friends among intellectual constitutional monarchists as well as among intellectual social revolutionaries." Nabokov supported the Vietnam War effort and voiced admiration for both Presidents Johnson and Nixon. Racism against African-Americans appalled Nabokov, who touted Pushkin's multiracial background as an argument against segregation.

paragraph: Section::::Politics and views.:Religion.

paragraph: In his religious views, Nabokov was an agnostic.

paragraph: Section::::Politics and views.:Views on women writers.

paragraph: Despite the fact that Nabokov's wife Véra was his biggest supporter and assisted him throughout his lifetime, Nabokov admitted to having a "prejudice" against women writers. He wrote to Edmund Wilson, who had been making suggestions for his lectures: "I dislike Jane Austen, and am prejudiced, in fact against all women writers. They are in another class." However, on rereading Austen's "Mansfield Park", he soon changed his mind and taught it in his literature course; he also praised the work of Mary McCarthy. Although his wife worked as his personal translator and secretary, he made publicly known that his ideal translator was a male, and particularly not a "Russian-born female". In the first chapter of "Glory" he attributes the protagonist's similar prejudice to the impressions made by children's writers like Lidiya Charski, and in the short story "The Admiralty Spire" deplores the posturing, snobbery, antisemitism, and cutesiness he considered characteristic of Russian women authors.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: The Russian literary critic Yuly Aykhenvald was an early admirer of Nabokov, citing in particular his ability to imbue objects with life: "he saturates trivial things with life, sense and psychology and gives a mind to objects; his refined senses notice colorations and nuances, smells and sounds, and everything acquires an unexpected meaning and truth under his gaze and through his words." The critic James Wood argued that Nabokov's use of descriptive detail proved an "overpowering, and not always very fruitful, influence on two or three generations after him", including authors such as Martin Amis and John Updike. While a student at Cornell in the 1950s, Thomas Pynchon attended several of Nabokov's lectures and alluded to "Lolita" in chapter six of his novel "The Crying of Lot 49" (1966) in which Serge, counter-tenor in the band the Paranoids, sings:

paragraph: It has also been argued that Pynchon's prose style is influenced by Nabokov's preference for actualism over realism. Of the authors who came to prominence during Nabokov's lifetime, John Banville, Don DeLillo, Salman Rushdie, and Edmund White were all influenced by him. The novelist John Hawkes took inspiration from Nabokov and considered himself his follower. Nabokov's story "Signs and Symbols" was on the reading list for Hawkes's writing students at Brown University. "A writer who truly and greatly sustains us is Vladimir Nabokov," Hawkes stated in a 1964 interview.

paragraph: Several authors who came to prominence in the 1990s and 2000s have also cited Nabokov's work as a literary influence. Aleksandar Hemon, whose high-wire wordplay and sense of the absurd are often compared to Nabokov's, has acknowledged the latter's impact on his writing. Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Michael Chabon listed "Lolita" and "Pale Fire" among the "books that, I thought, changed my life when I read them," and stated that "Nabokov's English combines aching lyricism with dispassionate precision in a way that seems to render every human emotion in all its intensity but never with an ounce of schmaltz or soggy language". Pulitzer Prize winner Jeffrey Eugenides said that "Nabokov has always been and remains one of my favorite writers. He's able to juggle ten balls where most people can juggle three or four." T. Coraghessan Boyle said that "Nabokov's playfulness and the ravishing beauty of his prose are ongoing influences" on his writing, and Marisha Pessl has also been influenced by Nabokov.

paragraph: Nabokov appears in W. G. Sebald's 1993 novel "The Emigrants".

paragraph: Section::::Adaptations.

paragraph: The song cycle "Sing, Poetry" on the 2011 contemporary classical album "Troika" comprises settings of Russian and English versions of three of Nabokov's poems by such composers as Jay Greenberg, Michael Schelle and Lev Zhurbin.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyd, Brian. "Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian Years." Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990. (hardback) 1997. (paperback). London: Chatto & Windus, 1990. (hardback)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Field, Andrew. "VN The Life and Art of Vladimir Nabokov". New York: Crown Publishers. 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golla, Robert. "Conversations with Vladimir Nabokov". Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parker, Stephen Jan. "Understanding Vladimir Nabokov". Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proffer, Elendea, ed. "Vladimir Nabokov: A Pictorial Biography." Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1991. (a collection of photographs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivers, J.E., and Nicol, Charles. "Nabokov's Fifth Arc." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schiff, Stacy. "Véra (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov)." New York, NY.: Random House, 1999. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Criticism.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livry, Anatoly. «Nabokov le Nietzschéen», HERMANN, Paris, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ливри, Анатолий. Физиология Сверхчеловека. Введение в третье тысячелетие. СПб.: Алетейя, 2011. – 312 с. https://web.archive.org/web/20110816062952/http://exlibris.ng.ru/non-fiction/2011-06-02/6_game.html

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juliar, Michael. "Vladimir Nabokov: A Descriptive Bibliography". New York: Garland Publishing, 1986. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montalbán, Manuel Vázquez; Glasauer, Willi. "Escenas de la Literatura Universal y Retratos de Grandes Autores". Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandrov, Vladimir E., ed. "The Garland Companion to Vladimir Nabokov". New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Funke, Sarah. "Véra's Butterflies: First Editions by Vladimir Nabokov Inscribed to his Wife". New York: Glenn Horowitz Bookseller, 1999. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Media adaptations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Medak's short television film, "Nabokov on Kafka", is a dramatisation of Nabokov's lectures on Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis". The part of Nabokov is played by Christopher Plummer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabokov makes three cameo appearances, at widely scattered points in his life, in W. G. Sebald's "The Emigrants".

paragraph: BULLET::::- See "Lolita".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1972 the novel "King, Queen, Knave" was released as a movie directed by Jerzy Skolimowski and starring Gina Lollobrigida, David Niven and John Moulder-Brown.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1978 the novel "Despair" was adapted by Tom Stoppard for the movie directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1986 his first novel "Mary" (in Russian "Maschenka") was loosely adapted for the movie "Maschenka", starring Cary Elwes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The novel "The Defense" was adapted as a feature film, "The Luzhin Defence", in 2000 by director Marleen Gorris. The film starred John Turturro and Emily Watson.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Entomology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, Kurt, and Steve Coates. "Nabokov's blues: The scientific odyssey of a literary genius". New York: McGraw-Hill. (very accessibly written)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sartori, Michel, ed. "Les Papillons de Nabokov" [The butterflies of Nabokov]. Lausanne: Musée cantonal de Zoologie, 1993. (exhibition catalogue, primarily in English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zimmer, Dieter E. "A Guide to Nabokov's Butterflies and Moths". Privately published, 2001. (web page)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deroy, Chloé, "Vladimir Nabokov, Icare russe et Phénix américain" (2010). Dijon: EUD

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gezari, Janet K.; Wimsatt, W. K., "Vladimir Nabokov: More Chess Problems and the Novel", "Yale French Studies", No. 58, In Memory of Jacques Ehrmann: Inside Play Outside Game (1979), pp. 102–115, Yale University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir-Nabokov.org – Site of the Vladimir Nabokov French Society, Enchanted Researchers (Société française Vladimir Nabokov : Les Chercheurs Enchantés).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nabokov under Glass" – New York Public Library exhibit.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Atlantic Monthly" – Review of "Nabokov's Butterflies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life and Works of Vladimir Nabokov". The New York Public Library, profile and lectures. 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Nabokov poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabokov Online Journal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The problem with Nabokov". By Martin Amis 14 November 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talking about Nabokov" George Feifer, Russia Beyond the Headlines, 24 February 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gay Nabokov". "Salon" Magazine 17 May 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC interviews 4 October 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabokov Bibliography: All About Vladimir Nabokov in Print

alias:
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov
Vladimir Sirin
納布可夫
Vl. Sirin
Владимир Набоков
Wladimir Nabokoff-Sirin
Wladimir Nabokoff- Sirin
Владимир Владимирович Набоков
ולאדימיר נאבוקוב
ולדימיר נבוקוב
V. Sirin
ולאדימיר ולאדימירוביץ׳ נאבוקוב

description: Russian-American novelist, lepidopterist, professor

enwikiquote_title: Vladimir Nabokov

wikidata_label: Vladimir Nabokov

wikipedia_title: Vladimir Nabokov


text: Clermont-Ferrand

text: First French Empire

text: Bourbon Restoration

text: July Monarchy

text: Clermont-Ferrand

text: Estates-General

text: National Constituent Assembly

text: Royalist

text: Les Actes des Apôtres

text: Army of Condé

text: Coblenz

text: liberal

text: cannonade of Valmy

text: Hamburg

text: London

text: English

text: Paris

text: Napoleon

text: France

text: Louis XVIII

text: agriculture

text: Charles X

text: revolution of 1830

text: Louis Philippe

text: House of Peers

text: Blois

categories: 1755 births,French counter-revolutionaries,Peers of France,French political writers,French scholars,Counts of France,People from Clermont-Ferrand,1838 deaths

paragraph: François Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier (April 16, 1755 in Clermont-Ferrand – December 9, 1838), was a notable French politician and political writer during the First French Empire, Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy. He was the youngest of a large family belonging to the poorer nobility.

paragraph: Section::::Political activity.

paragraph: He was elected as a stand-in diplomat from the nobility of bailiwick of Clermont-Ferrand to the Estates-General, where he was a member from September 1789. Later, in 1791, he was also elected to the National Constituent Assembly, where he sat on the Royalist side. He defended the French monarchy with obstinacy and talent and helped edit the French pamphlet "Les Actes des Apôtres".

paragraph: In September 1791, after the dissolution of the Assembly, Montlosier fled to Germany where he tried to join the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé at Coblenz. After some protest concerning the liberal leanings he had shown in the Assembly, he was finally accepted.

paragraph: Section::::Exile in England.

paragraph: After the cannonade of Valmy, Montlosier withdrew to Hamburg, and thence to London, where he avoided English society, moving exclusively among the French exiles.

paragraph: In his "Courrier de Londres", published in London, he advocated moderation and the abandonment by the exiles of any idea of revenge. He was recalled to Paris in 1801, with permission to publish his paper in London. The "Courrier" was soon suppressed, nevertheless, its editor being compensated by a comfortable sinecure in the ministry of foreign affairs. Next year he sold his pen to the government to edit the violent anti-English "Bulletin de Paris".

paragraph: Section::::Historical works.

paragraph: At Napoleon's request he undertook an account of the ancient monarchy of France, which should serve as a justification for the empire. After four years' labor Montlosier submitted his work to a specially appointed committee, by which it was rejected because of the stress laid on the feudal limitations of the royal authority. The work "De la monarchie française . . . ou recherches sur les anciennes institutions françaises . . . et sur les causes qui ont amené la revolution . . ." appeared in 1814 in three volumes, a fourth and supplementary volume in the next year containing a preface hostile to Napoleon.

paragraph: His views were no more acceptable to Louis XVIII than they had been to the emperor, and he devoted himself to agriculture until he was roused by the clerical and reactionary policy of Charles X. His anti-clerical "Memoire à consulter sur un système religieux, politique . . ." (1826) rapidly passed through eight editions.

paragraph: In 1829 he published "De l'origine, de la nature, et des progrés de la puissance écclesiastique en France" [On the origin, nature, and progress of ecclesiastical power in France]. In this book, Montlosier claims there were 500,000 affiliated Jesuits in France in the Chamber of Paris, in the Chamber of Deputies, at the court, in the army, in the courts, etc. He had no part in the revolution of 1830, but supported Louis Philippe's government, and entered the House of Peers in 1832. He died on December 9, 1838 at Blois. Ecclesiastical burial was denied him because he had refused to abjure his anti-clerical writings.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoires sur la revolution française, le consulat, l'empire, la restoration, et les principaux evenements qui I'ont suivie" (2 vols., 1829).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of De la nécessité d'une contre-révolution en France : Pour rétablir les finances, la religion, les moeurs, la monarchie et la liberté, by Francois Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier, 1791.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Brugerette, "Le Comte de Montlosier", 1931

alias: François Dominique de Reynaud de Montlosier

description: French politician and writer