text:
Chán
Buddhist
Tang Dynasty
Baizhang Huaihai
enlightenment
Yaoshan Weiyan
Changsha
Daowu Yuanzhi
Song of the Precious Mirror Samādhi
Saṅgha
Dongshan Liangjie
kōan
Daowu Yuanzhi
Book of Equanimity
Blue Cliff Record
Dōgen
Shinji Shōbōgenzō
Shōbōgenzō
Avalokiteśvara

paragraph: Yunyan Tansheng

paragraph: Yunyan Tansheng (; ) was a Chán Buddhist monk during the Tang Dynasty. Ancient biographies record that he was from Jianchang. He is said to have become a monk when he was sixteen at Shimen Temple with Baizhang Huaihai as his teacher. After twenty years with him, Baizhang died and Yuyan had still had not attained enlightenment. He visited many teachers before settling on Yaoshan Weiyan as his new master. The first part of his name comes from Yunyan Mountain, which is outside of modern Changsha, where he taught after studying with Yaoshan. Recorded dialogues involving Yunyan often include him and his fellow student, Daowu Yuanzhi. He supposedly died from illness, the day before which he ordered his students to prepare for a banquet because a monk was preparing to depart the monastery.

paragraph: A well known poem, the "Song of the Precious Mirror Samādhi", is attributed to Yunyan in Juefan Huihong's biographical compilation of 1119, the "Chanlin sengbao zhuan" ("Chronicle of the Saṅgha Treasure in the Groves of Chán"). This is the first time this poem is mentioned in the historical record. Huihong writes that the poem was given to Dongshan Liangjie, Yunyan's student, but that he believes Yunyan's teacher probably gave it to him in turn. Huihong further relates that he came upon the poem in 1108, when it was given to a scholar Zhu Yan by a monk, whom he does not identify. The scholar Morten Schlütter notes that the poem's provenance is doubtful given the way it came to Huihong, and furthermore the style differs substantially from works of the era that Huihong attributes it to. Most later historical sources, such as the "Zengaku daijiten", the "Bussho kaisetsu daijiten", and "Shinsan zenseki mokuroku", attribute the poem to Dongshan Liangjie rather than Yunyan, although again, neither is likely.

paragraph: Section::::Appearance in Kōan.

paragraph: A number of kōan dialogues feature Yunyan and his fellow student Daowu Yuanzhi. Case 54 of the Book of Equanimity, Case 89 of the Blue Cliff Record, case 105 from Dōgen's Shinji Shōbōgenzō, and the chapter "Kannon" from Dōgen's Kana Shōbōgenzō, and all involve the same story in which Yunyan and Daowu discuss the purpose of Avalokiteśvara's many hands and eyes. The precise intention of the story varies with each version.

description: Chinese zen master

wikidata_label: Yunyan Tansheng

wikipedia_title: Yunyan Tansheng


text:
Danish
Danish X Factor
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix
Eurovision Song Contest 2012
Morten Hampenberg
Amager
Taastrup
Copenhagen
Danish X Factor
Thomas Ring Petersen
Coldplay
U2
The Beatles
Muse
Michael Jackson
Paul McCartney
Dúné
Owl City
Duran Duran
Gasolin'
Steppenwolf
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2012
Take Our Hearts
Mads B. B. Krog
Engelina Larsen
Morten Hampenberg
Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2012
Denmark
Eurovision Song Contest 2012
Should've Known Better
Soluna Samay
LastFM

categories: The X Factor (TV series) contestants,Danish male singers,21st-century Danish singers,1994 births,Living people

paragraph: Jesper Nohrstedt

paragraph: Jesper Nohrstedt Boesgaard (born 20 September 1994) is a Danish singer. He made his debut on the Danish X Factor in 2010. Two years later he reached second place in the music contest Dansk Melodi Grand Prix; had he won, he would have represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. He is currently making music with Danish producer and DJ Morten Hampenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Beginnings.

paragraph: Jesper was born on Amager island, but grew up in Taastrup, near Copenhagen where he lived with his Danish father Carsten, Swedish mother Gudrun and sisters Linn and Fie.

paragraph: Section::::Danish "X Factor" (2010).

paragraph: At the age of 16, while a student, he took part in Season 3 of the Danish X Factor in 2010 reaching the Final 3 before being eliminated in the final coming third overall behind Thomas Ring Petersen and runner-up Tine Madsen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Performances

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audition: Coldplay – "A Message"

paragraph: BULLET::::- SuperBootcamp: U2 – "One"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bootcamp: The Beatles – "Blackbird" / Coldplay - "Life In Technicolor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live Show 1: Muse – "Uprising"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live Show 2: Michael Jackson & Paul McCartney – "Say Say Say"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live Show 3: Dúné – "Dry Lips"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live Show 4: Owl City – "Fireflies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live Show 5: Duran Duran – "A View to a Kill"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live Show 6: Gasolin' – "Kvinde Min" / Coldplay - "Speed of Sound"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Final: Steppenwolf – "Born To Be Wild", Dúné - "Let Go Of Your Love" (Duet)

paragraph: Section::::Dansk Melodi Grand Prix (2012).

paragraph: In 2012, he participated in Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2012 with the song "Take Our Hearts", written by Mads B. B. Krog, Engelina Larsen and Morten Hampenberg. He reached the Superfinal (final three) with the song at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2012 for a bid to represent Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 and finished runner-up behind the winning song "Should've Known Better" by Soluna Samay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dansk Melodi Grand Prix Superfinal

paragraph: Despite not winning in his bid to represent Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest, Jesper's song proved very popular and charted at #4 immediately after the final.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Featured in

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LastFM

description: Danish singer

wikidata_label: Jesper Nohrstedt

wikipedia_title: Jesper Nohrstedt


text: Lieutenant-Commander

text: Anthony Fane, 13th Earl of Westmorland

text: Lady Sybil Mary

text: Royal Navy

text: First World War

text: Battle of Jutland

text: Lord Beatty

text: Scottish Grand National

text: hunting

text: boxing

text: shooting

text: golf

text: Arsenal Football Club

text: Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale

text: Arthur Capel

text: David

text: Julian Fane

text: Badminton

text: Gloucestershire

categories: Earls of Westmorland,20th-century English nobility,British horse trainers,1948 deaths,Fane family,1893 births,19th-century English nobility

paragraph: Vere Fane, 14th Earl of Westmorland

paragraph: Lieutenant-Commander Vere Anthony Francis Fane, 14th Earl of Westmorland (25 March 1893 – 12 May 1948), styled Lord Burghersh until 1922, was a British peer.

paragraph: Styled Lord Burghersh from birth, he was the eldest son of Anthony Fane, 13th Earl of Westmorland, by Lady Sybil Mary, daughter of Robert St Clair-Erskine, 4th Earl of Rosslyn. He served in the Royal Navy during the First World War and was present at the Battle of Jutland aboard "The Lion", Lord Beatty's flagship. Noted as a "sporting peer", he succeeded his father in the earldom in 1922, when he began his association with horse racing. Having always been a keen rider to hounds he now raced as an amateur both on the flat and under National Hunt rules. He also owned and trained race horses, having a particularly successful season in 1923 when he trained 23 winners. In 1924 Royal Chancellor won him the Scottish Grand National.

paragraph: Having visited America to study business methods he began a business career in 1929 and was elected to the boards of two energy companies. He retired from training in 1931 but continued his sporting interests, which included hunting, boxing, shooting and in his later years golf: he was also on the board of Arsenal Football Club.

paragraph: Lord Westmorland married the Honourable Diana, daughter of Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale, and widow of Arthur Capel, in 1923. They had two sons, of whom the elder, David, succeeded him; the younger son was the author Julian Fane. Lord Westmorland died at his home near Badminton, Gloucestershire, on 12 May 1948, aged 55, after an illness of some three months. He was described in his obituary as being "of handsome appearance and impressive deportment". The Countess of Westmorland died in December 1983, aged 90.

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: Vere Fane, 14th Earl of Westmorland

wikipedia_title: Vere Fane, 14th Earl of Westmorland


text:
peer
Member of Parliament
Peterborough
Kent
Lamport Hall
Lamport
Buckinghamshire
Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland
Charles Fane
Earldom of Westmorland
John Bence
Sir William Stapleton, 4th Baronet
Francis Dashwood
Vere Fane, 5th Earl of Westmorland
Thomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland
John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland
Mildmay Fane
diabetes
Vere
Member of Parliament
Peterborough
Kent
Whig
King Charles II
Knight of the Bath
Charles
Baron Burghersh

categories: English MPs 1680–1681,Earls of Westmorland,1645 births,English MPs 1661–1679,1693 deaths,Lord-Lieutenants of Kent,English MPs 1681,English MPs 1689–1690,English MPs 1690–1695,English MPs 1679,People of the Stuart period,17th-century English nobility,Fane family,Knights of the Bath,Deputy Lieutenants of Kent

paragraph: Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland

paragraph: Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland (13 February 1645 – 29 December 1693), styled The Honourable Vere Fane from 1644 to 1661 and Sir Vere Fane from 1661 to 1691, was a British peer and Member of Parliament for Peterborough and twice for Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Vere Fane was born on 13 February 1645 in Lamport Hall, Lamport, Buckinghamshire as the second son of Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland and his wife Mary Vere; he was the younger half-brother of Charles Fane. As Charles died without issue in 1691, Vere inherited the Earldom of Westmorland. On 13 July 1671, Fane married Rachel Bence, daughter of John Bence and Judith Andrews, at Allhallows', London. The couple had eleven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Rachel Fane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Catherine Fane (whose great-grandson would become the 12th Lord le Despencer). She married (marriage licence dated 21 February 1696) William Paul (1673-1711), of Bray, Berkshire. One of their co-heiress daughters married Sir William Stapleton, 4th Baronet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth Fane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Susan Fane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Rachel Fane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Dashwood, mother to Francis Dashwood, who inherited the Le Despencer barony upon the death of John Fane

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Fane (died in infancy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vere Fane, 5th Earl of Westmorland (1678-1698)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland (1681-1736)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland (1686-1762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Honourable Mildmay Fane (1689-1715)

paragraph: Fane died on 29 December 1693, probably from complications that arose from diabetes. His oldest surviving son Vere inherited his father's earldom and further titles, but died without issue before reaching the age of 20.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As was common in his family (his grandfather Francis, his father Mildmay and his older brother Charles had been Members of Parliament before they became earl; his sons John and Mildmay would do so as well), Vere Fane served as a Member of Parliament. From 1671 to 1671, he was Member of Parliament for Peterborough; the year his Kent office ended, he became Member of Parliament for Kent, an office which he held until 1681. From 1689 to 1691, he was again Member of Parliament for Kent. He was classed as a Whig, but it seems that he was not particularly active. At the coronation of King Charles II on 23 April 1661, he was invested as a Knight of the Bath.

paragraph: After the death of his brother Charles, who had no issue, on 18 September 1691, Vere Fane inherited the Earldom of Westmorland as well as his brother's further titles Baron Burghersh and Lord le Despencer.

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland

wikipedia_title: Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland


text:
Dano–Norwegian
courtier
spy
baron
Rosenkrantz
Karen Mowat
lady-in-waiting
Christian V
Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel
Rønne
Rosenkrantz, Justine Cathrine

categories: 17th-century Danish people,1659 births,17th-century Danish women,Poisoners,17th-century spies,Danish ladies-in-waiting,Danish nobility,1746 deaths

paragraph: Justine Cathrine Rosenkrantz

paragraph: Justine Cathrine Rosenkrantz (1659 – 1 August 1746) was a Dano–Norwegian noblewoman, courtier and spy.

paragraph: Rosenkrantz was the daughter of baron Ludvig Rosenkrantz and Karen Mowat. Between 1680 and 1699, she was lady-in-waiting to Christian V's queen consort, Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel. She was placed in her position by the queen's enemies to spy on the queen; officially to place a Lutheran in the queen's circle, which was otherwise dominated by people of the reformed faith. Rosenkrantz was described as unattractive but very skillful in the art of handling the plots of the royal court and an excellent informer and held a powerful position at court—it was also noted that she was rude and a torment to the queen. She fell from her position after a great scandal in 1699, when she poisoned the soup of her colleague Anna Emilie von Dalwig, who was her rival over her love interest Emanuel Friedrich von Kötzschau: Dalwig survived the poisoning, but Rosenkrantz was sentenced to death for attempted murder on 17 April 1699, which was commuted to exile in Rønne.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenkrantz, Justine Cathrine i Carl Frederik Bricka, Dansk biografisk Lexikon (första utgåvan, 1900)

description: Dano-Norwegian noble

wikidata_label: Justine Cathrine Rosenkrantz

wikipedia_title: Justine Cathrine Rosenkrantz


text:
Vaxholm
Nyköping
Royal Institute of Technology
Nordic Museum
Skansen
Alfred Westholm
Swedish Cyprus Expedition
Cyprus
SF Studios
Erik Sjöqvist
Idalion
Einar Gjerstad
Swedish Institute
Västerås
Södermanland

categories: 1898 births,Swedish architects,1961 deaths

paragraph: John Lindros

paragraph: John Lindros (August 3, 1898 Vaxholm, Sweden – December 2, 1961 Nyköping, Sweden) was a Swedish architect and photographer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: During his studies at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (1923–1925), Lindros was employed by the Nordic Museum and Skansen to study buildings around Sweden. He graduated in 1924. One of his study mates was Alfred Westholm, who later recruited him to the Swedish Cyprus Expedition.

paragraph: During the expedition in Cyprus (1927–1931), Lindros worked as architect, responsible for measuring and drawing the many maps, plans and sections that are the result of an archaeological excavation. He also worked as a photographer and took an enormous amount of pictures of the excavations. He photographed when SF Studios produced a newsreel about the Swedish Cyprus expedition. As Alfred Westholm himself had experience in photographic and topographic work, Lindros worked mostly in Erik Sjöqvist's excavation team. When Sjöqvist was ill, Lindros temporarily took over the excavation in Idalion, Cyprus. He was also interested in documenting Cypriot folklore and visited many remote villages with his camera. John's wife Rosa Lindros followed him to Cyprus and stayed there until June 1928. She also participated in restoration of the archeological findings.

paragraph: Along with expedition leader Einar Gjerstad, John Lindros was responsible for unpacking the archaeological materials after returning to Sweden. He worked with the other expedition members on the major scientific publication, "The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavation in Cyprus 1927-1931", volume I, volume II, volume III.

paragraph: From 1933–35 John Lindros served as assistant at the Swedish Institute in Rome. He then worked at Byggnadstyrelsen in 1936, Svenska Köpmannaförbundet 1936–1937, and the insurance company Liv-Thule 1937–1940. After that Lindros had his own company. In 1944 he was employed at the Västerås county architectural office and in 1947 he became deputy county architect in Södermanland, Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Rosa Lindros; they had a daughter, Birgitta Lindros Wohl.

description: Swedish architect

wikidata_label: John Lindros

wikipedia_title: John Lindros


text:
Evanston, Illinois
physics
University of Chicago
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
Santa Fe, New Mexico
relief
Smithsonian American Art Museum
National Gallery of Art
Department of the Interior
Main Interior Building
limestone
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
Janesville, Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Main Interior Building
Main Interior Building
black walnut
Macomb, Illinois
Smithsonian American Art Museum

categories: Federal Art Project artists,20th-century American sculptors,American male painters,1981 deaths,School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni,1907 births,Sculptors from Illinois,Sculptors from New Mexico

paragraph: Boris Gilbertson

paragraph: Boris Gilbertson (1907–1982) was an American sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Gilbertson was born in Evanston, Illinois in 1907 to a Norwegian-Russian family and spent much of his childhood with his grandparents outside Chicago, Illinois. He began studies in physics at the University of Chicago but soon switched to art and enrolled at this School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He married Genevieve Van Metre. Gilbertson moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1960. He died in 1982.

paragraph: Section::::His work.

paragraph: Much of Gilbertson's work consisted of sculpted reliefs that were commissions for public buildings, including post office buildings, courthouses and government buildings. Consequently, many are part of the General Services Administration collection and have been transferred to the holdings of the Smithsonian American Art Museum and National Gallery of Art. His most famous work may be his reliefs in the interior of the Department of the Interior's Main Interior Building in Washington DC.

paragraph: Section::::Selected public artworks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birds and Animals of the Northwest" (1937), eleven limestone reliefs, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild Ducks" (1940), four aluminum panels for the Post office Building in Janesville, Wisconsin, now in storage at Main Post Office in Madison, Wisconsin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Moose" (1940), limestone relief – Main Interior Building, Washington DC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Bison" (1940), limestone relief – Main Interior Building, Washington DC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cow and Calf" (1943) black walnut relief sculpture for Macomb, Illinois Post Office, now in Smithsonian American Art Museum collection

paragraph: Section::::Selected sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- White, Charlotte, "Greatness in the Commonplace: The Art of Boris Gilbertson" Sunstone Press, January 1, 1988

description: American sculptor

wikidata_label: Boris Gilbertson

wikipedia_title: Boris Gilbertson


text:
Bern
Reichenbach Castle
Swiss Confederation
Battle of Laupen
von Erlach family
Solothurn
ministerialis
Count
Nidau
castellan
Erlach
Reichenbach castle
Freiburg
County of Burgundy
Habsburg
Eight Cantons
Unterwalden

categories: Erlach family,14th-century Swiss people,Swiss military personnel,1299 births,1360 deaths,Swiss nobility,Swiss murder victims

paragraph: Rudolf von Erlach (1299–1360)

paragraph: Rudolf von Erlach (Born around 1299 in Bern, died in 1360 in Reichenbach Castle) was a knight and commander of the Swiss Confederation forces at the Battle of Laupen.

paragraph: He was the son of Ulrich, a knight and steward, and Mechtilde of Rheinfelden. The von Erlach family had been Bernese citizens since the late 13th century.

paragraph: In 1316, Rudolf married Elisabeth Rych, the daughter of Ulrich of Solothurn. He was a squire, knight, and ministerialis (or unfree knight) in the service of Count Rudolf III of Nidau. He was the castellan in Erlach and owner of Reichenbach castle. He served as the guardian of the young Count of Nidau. According to Konrad Justinger, he led the Confederation armies in the Battle of Laupen in 1339. The Confederation victory against Freiburg army and feudal landholders from the County of Burgundy and the Habsburgs. His victory led to Bern and Freiburg avoiding further warfare. Bern was drawn into closer association with the Swiss Confederation, becoming one of the Eight Cantons in 1353. Freiburg itself would become an associate of the Confederation in 1454 and a full member in 1481. He was killed in 1360 by his son-in-law Jost of Rudenz of Unterwalden. They had argued with each other on the subject of a dowry, when Jost saw the sword from the Battle of Laupen hanging against wall. In sudden anger he seized it and plunged it the heart of Rudolf. He then fled, pursued by his father in law's hounds and was never seen again.

description: Bernese knight and army commander

wikidata_label: Rudolf von Erlach

wikipedia_title: Rudolf von Erlach (1299–1360)


text:
organist
Bamberg
Reformation
Nuremberg
Apocalypse
Frankfurt
Martin Schongauer
Albrecht Dürer
Hans Sebald Lautensack
Heinrich Lautensack

categories: German male painters,1478 births,1558 deaths,15th-century German painters,German organists,Male organists,16th-century German painters,People from Bamberg

paragraph: Paul Lautensack

paragraph: Paul Lautensack (1478 – 15 August 1558) was a German painter and organist.

paragraph: Lautensack was born in Bamberg, but in 1525, on account of his having embraced the Reformation, he left that city and settled in Nuremberg. There he painted many subjects from the Apocalypse, and also wrote some treatises upon it, which were collected and published in Frankfurt in 1619. However, his fanaticism became such a public nuisance that he was in 1542 expelled from the city. After a time he was allowed to return, and is believed to have died there in 1558. Some of his paintings still exist in Bamberg, chiefly copies of the prints of Martin Schongauer and the woodcuts of Albrecht Dürer. His portrait, dated 1529, is in the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg.

paragraph: Lautensack was the father of Hans Sebald Lautensack, a painter and printmaker, and the goldsmith and printer Heinrich Lautensack.

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Paul Lautensack

wikipedia_title: Paul Lautensack


text:
lawyer
poet
Pakistan Movement
All-India Muslim League
partition
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Government College
Ambala
Lahore
Central Legislative Assembly
Khilafat Movement
Shuddhi movement
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
Karachi
Pakistan
Moinuddin Aqeel
Nairang.org official website

categories: All India Muslim League members,Government College University, Lahore alumni,Pakistani male poets,Leaders of the Pakistan Movement,People from Ambala district,1952 deaths,Poets from Haryana,Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954,1876 births,Pakistani writers,Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India

paragraph: Ghulam Bhik Nairang

paragraph: Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang (26 September 1876 – 16 October 1952), also known as "Mir Nairang", was a distinguished lawyer, a poet and a prominent Pakistan Movement leader. He held the office of Deputy Leader, from 1938 to 1942, with the All-India Muslim League in the pre-partition India.

paragraph: Section::::Friendship with Allama Iqbal.

paragraph: He was close friends with Allama Muhammad Iqbal, a college hostel-mate and a fellow poet. Nairang had sketched Allama Iqbal's personality as a college student and had described the exact location of his college hostel room in an article that he wrote at that time. Allama Iqbal had resided in that hostel room between 1895 and 1900.

paragraph: In 2016, the evidence mentioned about Iqbal's hostel room in Nairang's article helped the Government College's staff in tracing the exact location of his room.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Ghulam Bhik Nairang was born in Daurana, near Ambala in British India in 1876. He received his BA degree from Government College, Lahore. He also joined the editorial staff of a magazine, "Makhzan". Nairang was politically active and became an important leader of Muslim India. He was a member of the Central Legislative Assembly from 1936 to 1942.

paragraph: Nairang also was actively involved in the Khilafat Movement, played a protective and key role in resisting the anti-Muslim Shuddhi movement by some Hindu leaders in British Punjab where they were trying to reconvert Muslims back to Hinduism.

paragraph: After migrating to Pakistan, he also was a member of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kalaam-e-Nairang" - Nairang's compilation of poetry was published in 1982 from Karachi, Pakistan (first edition in 1907, second edition in 1917, third edition with detailed introduction by Moinuddin Aqeel in 1982)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nairang.org official website

description: Indian writer

wikidata_label: Ghulam Bhik Nairang

wikipedia_title: Ghulam Bhik Nairang


text: American

text: San Fernando Valley

text: Harry Chandler

text: Van Nuys

text: West Sparta, New York

text: Millstone, New Jersey

text: Dutch

text: New Netherland

text: Groningen

text: Cayuga County, New York

text: the Netherlands

text: Long Island, New York

text: Napa

text: Monticello

text: Los Angeles

text: Isaac Lankershim

text: Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando

text: James Boon Lankershim

text: Los Angeles Harbor

text: San Pedro

text: Europe

text: milling

text: Farmers and Merchants Bank

text: Downtown Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles County

text: Harry Chandler

text: Los Angeles Times

text: Hobart Johnstone Whitley

text: Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando

text: Simi Hills

text: Santa Monica Mountains

text: Rancho Los Encinos

text: Rancho El Escorpión

text: Isaac Lankershim

text: James Boon Lankershim

text: Masonic order

text: Republican

text: Hollywood Cemetery

text: Evergreen Cemetery

text: Liberty Ship

text: Los Angeles Harbor

text: San Pedro, California

text: Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California

text: Van Nuys, Indiana

categories: People from the San Fernando Valley,1836 births,History of Los Angeles,American people of Dutch descent,People from Livingston County, New York,Businesspeople from Los Angeles,California pioneers,Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles,Land owners from California,American city founders,California Republicans,American bankers,1912 deaths,History of the San Fernando Valley,People in 19th-century California

paragraph: Isaac Newton Van Nuys

paragraph: Isaac Newton Van Nuys (; November 20, 1836 – February 12, 1912) was an American businessman, farmer and rancher who owned the entire southern portion of the San Fernando Valley—an area 15 miles long and 6 miles wide. With the approach of the Owens River aqueduct, and the possibility of intensive small farming, Los Angeles speculators, including Harry Chandler of the "Los Angeles Times", combined to buy out Van Nuys in 1909 and develop the San Fernando Valley.

paragraph: Issac Van Nuys was not the founder of Van Nuys in 1911—he died in 1912—but was made the honorary godfather of the hardscrabble town, later to be the Valley's center, by the development syndicate as a promise in the land sale.

paragraph: Still, as a pioneer resident and honorary godfather of Van Nuys, there are schools, streets, libraries, and a Liberty Ship with the name of Van Nuys.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Isaac Van Nuys was born in West Sparta, New York, the son of Peter Van Nuys and Harriet Kerr. His father was born in Millstone, New Jersey, on February 7, 1808. He moved to West Sparta, in 1822, where he became a farmer and eventually owned . He also served as a town supervisor and justice of the peace. He died January 2, 1875. Their patrilineal ancestor was Auke Jans van Nuys, a Dutch carpenter who came to New Netherland around 1651 from Nuis, in western Groningen. The mother of Isaac Van Nuys was born in Cayuga County, New York, on April 13, 1809. Peter and Harriet were married on November 19, 1829. They had seven children, Caroline M. Van Nuys (born June 4, 1833); Isaac N.; A. Vinton Van Nuys (born June 8, 1840); Ella L. Van Nuys (November 22, 1842 – July 22, 1843); Harriett E. Van Nuys (January 9, 1844 – August 9, 1871); Webster B. Van Nuys (born February 8, 1847); and Herbert K. Van Nuys (born April 22, 1852).

paragraph: He attended the academy at Lima, in which he was a student for one year. His relatives emigrated from the Netherlands and located on Long Island, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Fernando Homestead Association

paragraph: In 1865, at the age of 29, Van Nuys was the first family member to move to California. He first lived in Napa, and later in Monticello where he owned a country store. In 1871, he moved to Los Angeles, where he bought in with Isaac Lankershim's corporation, the San Fernando Homestead Association, that in 1869 had bought the southern half of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando totaling 60,000 acres (240 km) and engaged in the raising of stock, principally sheep. In 1873, Van Nuys, and future brother-in-law Isaac Lankershim's son, James Boon Lankershim, moved to the San Fernando Valley and assumed management of the property. In 1874, they began raising grain, introducing dryland farming. In 1876 they filled two ships with Valley wheat at the Los Angeles Harbor in San Pedro. It was both the first grain cargo shipped from the L.A. Harbor, and the first grain shipped to Europe from California.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company

paragraph: In 1880, Van Nuys and James Boon Lankershim formed the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company from the San Fernando Homestead Association. Isaac Van Nuys was its president and manager. The company had a four-story building for milling to produce flour, meals, cracked wheat, hominy and livestock feed. Van Nuys also served as vice-president of the Farmers and Merchants Bank, a director in the Union Bank of Savings, a director in the Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company, and owner of the Van Nuys Hotel erected in 1896 in Downtown Los Angeles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company

paragraph: The Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company, in the "biggest land transaction ever recorded in Los Angeles County", was a syndicate led by Harry Chandler, business manager of the "Los Angeles Times", with Isaac Van Nuys, Hobart Johnstone Whitley, and James Boone Lankershim that acquired "Tract 1000" in 1909. It was acquired from the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company owned Van Nuys and Lankershim. It encompassed the remaining of the southern half of the former Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando land grant—everything west of the Lankershim town limits and south of the old furrow (present day Roscoe Boulevard) to the Simi Hills and Santa Monica Mountains, excluding Rancho Los Encinos and Rancho El Escorpión.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: In 1880, he married Susanna H. Lankershim of Los Angeles, the daughter of Isaac Lankershim (1818–1882) and the sister of James Boon Lankershim (1850–1931), both of whom were his business partners. They had three children: Annis H.; James Benton; and Kate. He was a member of the Masonic order, connected with Pentalpha Blue Lodge, Signet Chapter, Los Angeles Commandery and Al Malaikah Shrine Temple. He was a Republican and member of the Baptist church. He also founded Hollywood Cemetery.

paragraph: He died at age 75, on February 12, 1912. He is interred (in Section G, Lot 118) at the Evergreen Cemetery in East Los Angeles, with a tall and distinctive monument.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Legacy.

paragraph: On February 23, 1944, a Liberty Ship was named for Van Nuys, and launched at Los Angeles Harbor in San Pedro, California.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Nuys, Indiana

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the San Fernando Valley to 1915

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: History of Livingston County, New York by James H. Smith, published by D. Mason & Co, Syracuse, NY

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American History and Genealogy Project California section - Isaac Newton Van Nuys

description: American farmer

wikidata_label: Isaac Newton Van Nuys

wikipedia_title: Isaac Newton Van Nuys


text: Holy See

text: Roman Curia

text: cardinal

text: Turin

text: canon law

text: Pontifical Lateran University

text: Catholic Action

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: attaché

text: Guatemala

text: Madrid

text: Pontifical Council for Public Affairs

text: Pope John Paul I

text: titular archbishop

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: Ss. Cosma e Damiano

text: consistory

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Stephen Fumio Hamao

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Tarcisio Bertone

text: Order of Isabel the Catholic

text: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Angelo Sodano

text: Biography

categories: Knights of the Order of Merit of Savoy,2013 deaths,Permanent Observers of the Holy See to the United Nations,People from Turin,Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants,Italian cardinals,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,1918 births,Italian titular archbishops,Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni,Knights Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

paragraph: Giovanni Cheli

paragraph: Giovanni Cheli (4 October 1918 – 8 February 2013) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, who had a career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and then in the senior ranks of the Roman Curia. He was made a cardinal in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Cheli was born in Turin, Italy. He was educated at the seminary of Asti and soon developed his skills in canon law. At the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome he obtained his doctorate in that subject in 1942 and was ordained on 21 April of that year. Cheli returned to the parish of Asti and became diocesan vice-counselor of the "Young Men of Catholic Action".

paragraph: Section::::Diplomat.

paragraph: He prepared for a career in the diplomatic corps at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He entered the Vatican diplomatic service in 1952. At first, Cheli had the minor role of attaché of the nunciature in Guatemala and then in more important roles in Spain and Italy. He also did pastoral work in Madrid and worked for the Pontifical Council for Public Affairs from 1967 to 1973.

paragraph: He became Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in 1973. By this time Cheli was known for his knowledge of the problems the Vatican encountered relating to the communist nations of Eastern Europe.

paragraph: On 8 September 1978, Pope John Paul I named him titular archbishop of Santa Giusta and gave him the rank of nuncio, though his title remained permanent observer. He received his episcopal consecration on 16 September.

paragraph: Section::::Roman Curia.

paragraph: He was named Pro-Prefect of the Pontifical Commission for Migration and Tourism in 18 September 1986, and his title changed to President when it was reorganized as the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People in 1988.

paragraph: John Paul II made Cheli Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano in the consistory of 21 February 1998. On 1 March 2008, he was elevated to Cardinal-Priest.

paragraph: On 15 June 1998, he retired from his role at the Pontifical Council upon the appointment of his successor, Stephen Fumio Hamao.

paragraph: He continued to be outspoken in retirement. He criticized the rule excluding cardinals over the age of 80 from participating in a papal conclave. He told a journalist in December 2003: "It is a great deprivation for cardinals. Perhaps different limits can be used in future. Perhaps those whose minds have gone should not vote. We all know who they are. And some of them are in their seventies." Behind the scenes he participated in a campaign in opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's appointments of Tarcisio Bertone as Secretary of State, believing Bertone lacked the requisite diplomatic experience.

paragraph: He was decorated with the Order of Isabel the Catholic and named commendatore of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, and of the Verdienstkreuz of the Federal Republic of Germany.

paragraph: Cheli died on 8 February 2013 of natural causes, at the age of 94. His funeral was held on 9 February at St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City with Cardinal Angelo Sodano saying the Mass.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Giovanni Cheli

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Cheli


text: FBA

text: British

text: mathematician

text: model theory

text: Queen Mary, University of London

text: logic

text: New College, Oxford

text: Literae Humaniores

text: Theology

text: Logic

text: Philosophy

text: Mathematics

text: Bedford College, University of London

text: University of California

text: University of Colorado

text: British Logic Colloquium

text: British Academy

text: model theory

text: stability theory

text: Home page of Wilfrid Hodges

categories: 1941 births,20th-century British mathematicians,British philosophers,21st-century British mathematicians,British logicians,Academics of Queen Mary University of London,University of Colorado faculty,20th-century British philosophers,Model theorists,University of California faculty,Living people,Alumni of New College, Oxford

paragraph: Wilfrid Hodges

paragraph: Wilfrid Augustine Hodges, FBA (born 27 May 1941) is a British mathematician, known for his work in model theory.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hodges was Professor of Mathematics at Queen Mary, University of London from 1987 to 2006, and is the author of books on logic.

paragraph: He attended New College, Oxford (1959–65), where he received degrees in both "Literae Humaniores" and (Christianic) Theology. In 1970 he was awarded a doctorate for a thesis in Logic. He lectured in both Philosophy and Mathematics at Bedford College, University of London. He has held visiting appointments in the department of philosophy at the University of California and in the department of mathematics at University of Colorado.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Hodges was President of the British Logic Colloquium, of the European Association for Logic, Language and Information and of the Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science.

paragraph: In 2009 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Writing style.

paragraph: Wilfrid Hodges' books are written in an informal style. The "Notes on Notation" in his book "Model theory" end with the following characteristic sentence:

paragraph: When this 780-page book appeared in 1993, it became one of the standard textbooks on model theory. Due to its success an abbreviated version (but with a new chapter on stability theory) was published as a paperback.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: "Only first editions are listed."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home page of Wilfrid Hodges

description: British mathematician

wikidata_label: Wilfrid Hodges

wikipedia_title: Wilfrid Hodges


text:
black metal
Borknagar
Under the Sign of Hell
Gorgoroth
suicide
bipolar disorder
sleeping-pill overdose
Hordaland County
Bergen
depressed
Nargaroth
Incipit Satan
Hole in the Sky

categories: Male suicides,20th-century drummers,Norwegian black metal musicians,1999 deaths,1969 births,Gorgoroth members,Immortal (band) members,Norwegian heavy metal drummers,Male drummers,Place of death missing,Place of birth missing,Borknagar members,Musicians who committed suicide,Drug-related suicides in Norway

paragraph: Erik Brødreskift

paragraph: Erik Brødreskift (a.k.a. Grim) (December 23, 1969 – October 4, 1999) was a Norwegian drummer, who played in several black metal bands during his career. He committed suicide by taking an overdose of drugs.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Erik was born in Bergen, Norway on December 23, 1969. In 1987 through 1988, he joined the band Hell Awaits. The band was inspired by Slayer and had a gig at the Kronstadt-Festival in 1988 in Bergen, the members were Yngve Eide (vocals), Finn Solemdal (guitars), Dag Nesbø (bass) and Erik Brødreskift (drums). The band broke up and Erik moved on to the Death/Thrash metal band Emptor. Their music was mainly inspired by the American band Sadus. Erik played drums on the demo, which was released in 1988. He used his birth name for his appearance in Emptor and Hell Awaits.

paragraph: After leaving Emptor in 1989, he took the stage name "Grim" and joined Immortal on the drums in 1993 right after they had recorded the Pure Holocaust album. He appeared on the cover and despite not playing on the album, was still credited. He played with Immortal two tours: “Fuck Christ” Tour and “Sons of the Northern Darkness” Tour, afterwards in 1994, Abbath and Demonaz decided that Erik had to leave the band, because he wasn't useful for the band's later career. In 1995, Grim was a founding member of the band Borknagar and played on the band's first three albums. In 1996 and 1997, he recorded the two albums The Last Tormentor and Under the Sign of Hell by Gorgoroth.

paragraph: Grim also played session drums on the never officially released album Nocturno Inferno in 1996. In 1997, he quit Gorgoroth and in 1998 he also left Borknagar, both due to personal reasons.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Grim committed suicide on October 4th, 1999. He was suffering from bipolar disorder and had attempted suicide several times, before finally succeeding with a sleeping-pill overdose. His funeral was held in Møllendal Church Cemetery, Hordaland County, Bergen. It is said that his reason for committing suicide was related to his departure from Immortal, as there was a rumor that Grim was unable to deal with it and became depressed as a result.

paragraph: As a tribute, Nargaroth wrote the song "Erik, May You Rape the Angels" for him, and Gorgoroth dedicated the album "Incipit Satan" to him. The first annual Hole in the Sky metal festival took place in Erik Brødreskift's memory and was organised by his memorial fund.

description: Norwegian musician

wikidata_label: Erik Brødreskift

wikipedia_title: Erik Brødreskift


text: American

text: hip hop

text: recording artist

text: Brooklyn

text: New York City

text: underground hip hop

text: Jay-Z

text: Black Thought

text: Cape Town

text: South Africa

text: jazz

text: Sathima Bea Benjamin

text: Abdullah Ibrahim

text: New York City

text: Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School

text: New York University

text: George Rithm Martinez

text: The Source

text: hip hop

text: disc jockey

text: 12-inch single

text: Pumpkinhead

text: 12-inch single

text: Run Run Shaw

text: stage name

text: X-Men

text: Jean Grey

text: LP

text: This Week

text: Atmosphere

text: The Roots

text: Talib Kweli

text: The Herbaliser

text: Royce da 5'9

text: Da Beatminerz

text: Phonte

text: Mr. Len

text: Masta Ace

text: Vordul Mega

text: C-Rayz Walz

text: Mos Def

text: Styles P

text: Pharoahe Monch

text: Immortal Technique

text: North Carolina

text: 9th Wonder

text: Little Brother

text: Jeanius

text: Robert Christgau

text: 9th Wonder

text: Babygrande Records

text: Talib Kweli

text: Blacksmith Records

text: MySpace

text: Craigslist

text: MySpace

text: Bandcamp

text: W.A.R.

text: Gutter Rainbows

text: Judge John Hodgman

text: CBS

text: sitcom

text: 2 Broke Girls

text: Rolling Stone

text: Anna Wise

text: Hannibal Buress

text: Quelle Chris

text: "Genius"

text: "Vox"

text: Ghostface Killah

text: RZA

text: Attack of the Attacking Things

text: This Week

text: Jeanius

text: The Evil Jeanius

text: Everything's Fine

text: The Bootleg of the Bootleg EP

text: Akir

text: The High & Mighty

text: Mr. Lif

text: Atmosphere

text: The Herbaliser

text: Quelle Chris

text: Cannibal Ox

text: Ski Beatz

text: Wale

text: Diverse

text: Joell Ortiz

text: Lil B

text: DJ Jazzy Jeff

text: Sharkey's Machine

text: Maurice "Mobetta" Brown

text: MC Frontalot

text: Rapsody

text: Sammus

text: Jean Grae Discography on Discogs

text: Jean Grae Lyrics

categories: Underground rappers,Songwriters from New York (state),American women record producers,American female rappers,1976 births,Musicians from Brooklyn,East Coast hip hop musicians,Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni,21st-century American rappers,21st-century women musicians,American people of South African descent,South African songwriters,South African record producers,American hip hop record producers,Women in hip hop music,Record producers from New York (state),Rappers from New York City,Living people

paragraph: Jean Grae

paragraph: Tsidi Ibrahim, November 26, 1976), known professionally as Jean Grae (formerly What? What?), is an American hip hop recording artist, emcee, producer, actress, and comedian from Brooklyn, New York City. She rose to prominence in the underground hip hop scene in New York City and has since built an international fanbase. She is known as an important figure in hip hop and popular culture. Grae, unlike many rappers and emcees, take to rapping about nuances in Black heterosexual relationship in an effort to "rupture the normative narratives of black sexuality" and resist the bondage of heteronormativity. Evident of this is how she adopts the language of men to "assert her mastery over lyricism and her desire for both men and women". Nonetheless, her unique music style, gritty rhymes and lyrical mastery has earned her recognition as favorite emcee among many rap artists such as Talib Kweli, Jay-Z and Black Thought of the Roots.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jean Grae was born Tsidi Ibrahim, in Cape Town, South Africa, on November 26, 1976. The daughter of South African jazz musicians Sathima Bea Benjamin and Abdullah Ibrahim, she was raised in New York City, where her parents relocated after her birth. She studied Vocal Performance at Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School, before majoring in Music Business at New York University. She dropped out after three weeks of class.

paragraph: On August 5, 2018, Grae was wedded to her longtime boyfriend Quelle Chris at an intimate location, the W Loft in Brooklyn.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:1996–98: Career beginnings.

paragraph: In 1995, she was discovered by George Rithm Martinez, when he recruited her for a five-song demo under the name of his group, Ground Zero. Their demo was critically acclaimed and earned the duo "Unsigned Hype" honors in "The Source" in March 1996. She later joined a hip hop group called Natural Resource, along with fellow rapper Ocean and disc jockey James "AGGIE" Barrett. In 1996, they released a pair of 12-inch singles called "Negro League Baseball" b/w "Bum Deal" b/w "They Lied", and "Bum Deal (remix)" b/w "They Lied (remix)" b/w "I Love This World", on their own label, Makin' Records. She also appeared on singles by fellow Makin' Records artists Pumpkinhead and Bad Seed, as well as on the O.B.S. (Original Blunted Soldiers) double 12-inch single alongside crew members Pumpkinhead, Bad Seed and Meat-pie, and produced much of the material released on the label under the pseudonym Run Run Shaw. During this period she established strong ties with the Brooklyn Academy crew, with which she would appear throughout her career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:1998–2004: Solo career.

paragraph: Natural Resource dissolved in 1998, after which Ibrahim changed her stage name from What? What? to Jean Grae, a reference to the X-Men character Jean Grey. Under her new moniker, she released her first LP—"Attack of the Attacking Things"—on August 6, 2002, and followed it on September 21, 2004 with "This Week". Throughout her career she has also recorded tracks with numerous major hip-hop artists, Atmosphere, The Roots, Talib Kweli, The Herbaliser, Royce da 5'9, Da Beatminerz, Phonte, Mr. Len, Masta Ace, Vordul Mega, C-Rayz Walz, Mos Def, Styles P, Pharoahe Monch and Immortal Technique among them.

paragraph: Grae recorded an album with celebrated North Carolina producer 9th Wonder, of Little Brother fame, entitled "Jeanius"; this unfinished recording was leaked on the internet, and subsequently work stopped on the album. However, at the release party for "9th Wonder's Dream Merchant Volume 2" album she stated that "Jeanius" was still going to be released. This album was eventually released first through Zune Live Marketplace two weeks before its disc release on July 8, 2008. Her rapping on the album was described by Robert Christgau as "remarkable for its rapidity, clarity and idiomatic cadence. The writing has a good-humored polysyllabic literacy." Elsewhere, it was reported that her proposed fourth album, provisionally titled "Phoenix" had gone into production and that 9th Wonder would handle the lion's share of the production duties with unknown UK producer Passion Hifi, English producer DJ SonicBass and NY resident Clinikal providing a beat each.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:2005–2008: Blacksmith Music.

paragraph: Previously signed to Babygrande Records, she signed a deal in 2005 with Talib Kweli's Blacksmith Records. On April 28, 2008, Grae posted a blog entry on her MySpace page saying goodbye to her fans. She later cited disenchantment with the music industry and desire to start a family as the reasons behind the "retirement" and said that she was working on new material and still wanted to continue in music: "You know what? I need that Grammy. I think I might be able to stop after that." In July 2008, Talib Kweli posted a blog entry explaining Grae's album, mentioning that she was not retiring. The blog ends encouraging fans to purchase the album, referring to Grae as "one of the last true MCs left." Grae returned to doing live performances later that year.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:2008–present: Freelance.

paragraph: On September 18, 2008, Jean Grae posted a Craigslist ad offering her creative services for $800/16 bars. On her MySpace blog, she stated, "I don't wanna complain anymore, I just wanna change some things about the way artists are treated and the way you guys are allowed to be involved, since it IS the digital age." Since that time, all of her music has been self-released through her website and Bandcamp.

paragraph: In 2008, Grae wrote song "My Story" is autobiographical and paints a vivid picture of her experience getting an abortion at age 16.

paragraph: On June 25, 2011, after a three-year break, Grae released a free mixtape entitled "Cookies or Comas", which features guest appearances from Styles P, Talib Kweli and Pharoahe Monch; it also includes the highly praised tracks "Assassins" from Monch's "W.A.R." album and "Uh Oh" From Talib Kweli's "Gutter Rainbows". This was followed on January 2, 2013, by the 10-track "Dust Ruffle", featuring unreleased songs from between 2004 and 2010. Of the album she says: "It's such an interesting retrospective project because I get to actually hear myself evolve from 2004-2010. Snapshots of life." Between October and November 2013 she released a series of EPs entitled "Gotham Down Cycle 1: Love in Infinity (Lo-Fi)", "Gotham Down Cycle II: Leviathan", "Gotham Down Cycle 3: The Artemis Epoch". In December 2013 she combined the releases into one, entitled "Gotham Down Deluxe". In an interview on Judge John Hodgman late in 2012 she foreshadowed that her next full-length album would be called "Cake or Death".

paragraph: More recently Grae has branched out from music, releasing the audiobook "The State of Eh", in January 2014, and writing, directing and starring in the online sitcom "Life with Jeanie". In 2013, she had a supporting role in the indie feature film "Big Words" and in 2015 appeared on the "And The Crime Ring" episode of CBS sitcom "2 Broke Girls".

paragraph: On October 2, 2016, Grae hosted the Golden Probes, which paid tribute to "outstanding achievements in the fields of sexism and anti-abortion extremism".

paragraph: On September 9, 2018, Jean Grae and Quelle Chris released their 15 track joint album "Everything's Fine". Rolling Stone rated the album as the 22nd best Hip Hop Album of 2018. "Everything's fine" included many guest appearances including Anna Wise and Hannibal Buress.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and music style.

paragraph: On December 3, 2017, Jean Grae got engaged to fellow rapper and producer Quelle Chris. He is known for more than 15 studio albums and collaborative albums with fellow rappers.

paragraph: Her rapping style relies on a complex interplay of shifting rhythms and slanted rhymes; Martin Connor, a music theorist who writes for "Genius" and "Vox", feels that Grae's musical ability as a rapper will eventually place her in the "top 3 of the greatest musical rappers of all time". A quantitative analysis by Matt Daniels for "The Pudding" also indicated that she uses a higher-than-average range of vocabulary in her lyrics, a quality that she shares with such luminaries as Ghostface Killah and RZA.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attack of the Attacking Things" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Week" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Orchestral Files" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeanius" ) (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Evil Jeanius" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything's Fine" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grae Fruits: The Jean Grae Compilation" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dust Riffle" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotham Down Deluxe" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bootleg of the Bootleg EP" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ho x 3: A Christmas Thingy" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotham Down: Cycle 1: Love In Infinity (Lo-Fi)" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotham Down: Cycle II: Leviathan" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotham Down: Cycle 3: The Artemis Epoch" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "jeannie." (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "#5" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The State of Eh. A Read Along Album Book Thing. By Jean Grae." (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's Not How You Do That: An Instructional Album for Adults" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's Not How You Do That Either: Yet Another Instructional Album for Adults" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "iSweatergawd" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saix" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jean Grae's CHRISTMAKWHANNUVUSWALIYEARS" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MERRYPOCALYPSE" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sevvin" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Official Bootleg" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Grae Files" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Grae Mixtape" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hurricane Jean The Mixtape" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hurricane Jean: The Jeanius Strikes Again" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cookies or Comas" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other song appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Immortal Technique – "The Illest" (ft. Jean Grae and Pumpkinhead)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Immortal Technique – "You Never Know" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akir – "Tropical Fantasy" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The High & Mighty – "Hands On Experience" (ft. What?What?, Kool Keith and Bobbito)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tek 9 – "Keep It Hot" (ft. What?What?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tek 9 – "Bruklon" (ft. What?What?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mr. Lif – "Post Mortem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atmosphere – "Insomnia 411" (ft. Roosevelt Franklin and Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Blow Your Headphones" – "The Blend"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Blow Your Headphones" – "New + Improved"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Blow Your Headphones" – Bring It"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Very Mercenary" – "Mission Improbable"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Very Mercenary" – "Let It Go"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Take London" – "Nah' Mean, Nah'm Sayin'"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Take London" – "Generals"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Take London" – "Close Your Eyes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Take London" – "Twice Around"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Take London" (second edition's bonus disc) – "More Tea, More Beer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Take London" (second edition's bonus disc) – "How To Keep A Girlfriend"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbaliser – "Same As It Never Was" – "Street Karma (A Cautionary Tale)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masta Ace – "Soda and Soap" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quelle Chris – "Being You Is Great, I Wish I Could Be You More Often" – "The Prestige" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talib Kweli – "New York Shit" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talib Kweli – "Say Something"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talib Kweli – "Where You Gonna Run" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talib Kweli – "Uh Oh" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cannibal Ox – "Swing Blades" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soul Daddy – "No Drank" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ski Beatz – "Prowler 2" (ft. Jean Grae, Jay Electronica, Joell Ortiz & Mos Def)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wale – "Goodbye" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diverse – "Under the hammer" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joell Ortiz – "So Wrong" (ft. Talib Kweli, Brother Ali & Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lil B – "Base 4 Ya Face" (ft. Jean Grae & Phonte)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DJ Jazzy Jeff – "Supa Jean" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pharoahe Monch – "Assassins" (ft. Jean Grae & Royce Da 5'9")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharkey – "Sharkey's Machine" – "Summer in the City (Lovin' It)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosco P. Coldchain – "It's Our World (Tryin' Times)" (ft. D.P. & Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice "Mobetta" Brown – "Back At The Ranch" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodi – "Epilogue" (ft. Kristoff Krane & Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jota Mayúscula – "Maybe" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Roots – "Somebody's Gotta Do It" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- MC Frontalot - "Gold Locks"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rapsody - "Blankin Out Remix" (ft. Jean Grae)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sammus - "1080p (feat. Jean Grae)"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Grae Discography on Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Grae Lyrics

description: Hip-hop musician

wikidata_label: Jean Grae

wikipedia_title: Jean Grae


text:
Roger Penney
Bermuda Triangle Band
Roger and Wendy
Euphoria
Variety
BBC Radio 4
Tom Mangold
Art Students League of New York
bermudatriangleband.net

categories: American folk singers,Art Students League of New York alumni,Female bass guitarists,1940s births,20th-century American bass guitarists,American bass guitarists,Living people,People from Greenwich Village

paragraph: Wendy Penney

paragraph: Wendy Penney (born c. 1940) is a singer and bass guitar player who began performing in 1966, and together with husband Roger Penney formed the musical groups Bermuda Triangle Band, Roger and Wendy, and Euphoria.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Wendy started playing bass guitar in 1967 at a time when women bass players were a rarity. In October 1969 "Variety" wrote, "Wendy is one of the very few women who can really play electric bass."

paragraph: Penney also became known for her vocal ability. In 1981, "Entertainment New York" magazine wrote, "Wendy, ethereal and beautiful bass guitarist, mesmerizes with a crystal clear soprano that's got to be one of the best in the business." Penney has been a member of three bands: Roger and Wendy (1967–), Euphoria (1969–1970), and Bermuda Triangle Band (1975–). She has done extensive concert tours throughout the United States and Canada.

paragraph: In 1969 Wendy Penney formed the group Euphoria with Roger Penney, Tom Pacheco and Sharon Alexander, They recorded the album entitled "Euphoria" for MGM/Heritage Records.

paragraph: Wendy Penny wrote all the music for a 10 part series "Inside The Bermuda Triangle" on BBC Radio 4 which was broadcast September 14–25, 2009. The series was produced by Adam Fowler and featured Tom Mangold. In recognition of her oil paintings, Penney was made a lifetime member of the prestigious Art Students League of New York.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Euphoria" (Euphoria) MGM/Heritage Records (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Euphoria" (Euphoria) Polydor Records single #59368

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Rog and Wem" (Roger and Wendy) Horny Records 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bermuda Triangle" (Bermuda Triangle) Winter Solstice Records 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bermuda's II" (Bermuda Triangle) Tribecket Records 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bermuda Triangle" (Bermuda Triangle) Reissued on Radioactive Records UK 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Day at a Time" (R&W PENNEY) Winter Solstice Records 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bermuda Triangle" (Bermuda Triangle) Reissued CD Winter Solstice Records 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Euphoria" (Euphoria) Reissued CD Heritage Records 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Missing Tapes" (Bermuda Triangle) Winter Solstice Records 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bermuda Triangle" (Bermuda Triangle) Reissued 12" vinyl Anazitisi Records 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Rog and Wem" (Roger and Wendy) 12" vinyl Acme Records UK 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Missing Tapes" (Bermuda Triangle) 12" vinyl Anazitisi Records 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roger and Wendy" (Love Rog and Wem) Reissued CD on Lion Productions 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- bermudatriangleband.net

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Wendy Penney

wikipedia_title: Wendy Penney


text:
angel investor
Keyhole, Inc.
geospatial
Google
Google Earth
National Academy of Engineering
Lawrence, Kansas
Lawrence High School
University of Kansas
electrical engineering
Silicon Graphics
RealityEngine
InfiniteReality
@Home Network
Keyhole, Inc.
Google Earth
Uber
alma mater
University of Kansas
Liquid Galaxy
homecoming
venture capitalist
Kansas Secretary of State
Scott Schwab
United Nations
KML
GIS data
Website
NAE Profile

categories: Google employees,1964 births,Living people,Businesspeople in software

paragraph: Brian McClendon

paragraph: Brian McClendon (born 1964) is an American software designer, developer, and engineer. He was a co-founder and angel investor in Keyhole, Inc., a geospatial data visualization company that was purchased by Google in 2004 to produce Google Earth. Keyhole itself was spun off from another company called Intrinsic Graphics, of which McClendon was also a founder. He was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: McClendon grew up in Lawrence, Kansas. His childhood home, Meadowbrook Apartments in Lawrence, is the default center point of Google Earth. He graduated from Lawrence High School in 1982 and from the University of Kansas in 1986 with a degree in electrical engineering.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Technology.

paragraph: McClendon spent eight years with Silicon Graphics developing high-end workstation 3D graphics including GT, GTX, RealityEngine, and InfiniteReality, and then was Engineering Director with @Home Network.

paragraph: In 2001 he was one of the original investors in Keyhole, Inc., a software development company specializing in geospatial data visualization applications. He later joined the company as a vice-president of engineering. He was also a board member.

paragraph: McClendon became a Vice President at Google in 2004, when Google purchased Keyhole. Keyhole's main application suite, Earth Viewer, formed the basis of Google Earth.

paragraph: He left Google to join Uber in June 2015 to work on mapping. Although living in California, he maintained close ties with his alma mater, the University of Kansas, serving on advisory boards for both the School of Engineering and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He and his wife Beth Ellyn McClendon established the McClendon Engineering Scholarship at the university in 2007, donated computer tablets for electrical engineering and computer science students, and provided a Google Liquid Galaxy interactive display at the University's Eaton Hall. In 2013, he served as Grand Marshal of the University's homecoming parade.

paragraph: In January 2017, he joined Kansas City venture capitalist firm Firebrand VC. In March 2017, he resigned from Uber (though remaining as an adviser) to return to his hometown, indicating an interest in Kansas politics.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Politics.

paragraph: In January 2018, he announced his intention to run for Kansas Secretary of State as a Democrat. He ran unopposed in the primary election and was selected as the Democratic candidate. He was defeated in the general election by the Republican candidate Scott Schwab.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognitions.

paragraph: McClendon received an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, the University of Kansas, "for outstanding contributions to the fields of electrical engineering and computer science." He has been recognized by the United Nations as a "Champion of the Earth", which is its top environmental prize, "for harnessing the power of technology to support conservation and green economic development."

paragraph: McClendon holds twelve issued patents, including seven relating to KML, the XML-based language schema for expressing geographic annotation and visualization in two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers. KML became an open standard for GIS data in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- NAE Profile

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Brian McClendon

wikipedia_title: Brian McClendon


text:
World War II
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Nazi Germany
World War I
World War II
Invasion of Poland
Battle of France
Erwin Rommel
7th Panzer Division
20th Panzer Division
Operation Barbarossa
Army Group Centre
Africa Korps
21st Panzer Division
Battle of Alam el Halfa
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Oberst

categories: Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,Bismarck family,Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern,1942 deaths,German military personnel killed in World War II,1891 births,People from Myślibórz County,People from the Province of Brandenburg,Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht),Knights of the Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order,German military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Georg von Bismarck

paragraph: Georg von Bismarck (15 February 1891 – 31 August 1942) was a German general during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

paragraph: Bismarck joined the army in 1910 and took part in World War I. During the interwar years he served as an officer in the Reichswehr. During World War II, Bismarck took part in the Invasion of Poland in September 1939. During the Battle of France in 1940, he commanded a motorized infantry regiment of Erwin Rommel's 7th Panzer Division.

paragraph: In 1941 he was promoted to commander of the newly formed 20th Panzer Division. He led the division during Operation Barbarossa on the Eastern Front as a part of Army Group Centre. In January 1942 he was transferred to Africa to serve in the Africa Korps as commander of the 21st Panzer Division. Here he again served under Rommel. Bismarck was killed by a mine while leading the 21st Panzer Division in the Battle of Alam el Halfa, 31 August 1942.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 September 1940 as "Oberst" and commander of Schützen-Regiment 7

description: German General and Knight's Cross recipient

wikidata_label: Georg von Bismarck

wikipedia_title: Georg von Bismarck


text:
Wehrmacht
World War II
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Deutsches Afrikakorps
Erwin Rommel
Iron Cross
Frederickscross
Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
Wehrmacht Long Service Award
Memel Medal
Clasp to the Iron Cross
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
generalmajor
Italian Military Order of Savoy

categories: 1974 deaths,Reichswehr personnel,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,People from West Prussia,German prisoners of war in World War II,1886 births,Prussian Army personnel,Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht),German military personnel of World War I,People from Toruń

paragraph: Karl Böttcher

paragraph: Karl Böttcher (25 October 1889 – 21 October 1973) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

paragraph: Böttcher served in the Deutsches Afrikakorps under Erwin Rommel where he commanded an artillery regiment. Later Böttcher was made commander of the 21st Panzer Division. Böttcher surrendered to the Western Allies in 1945 and was interned until 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (November 1914) & 1st Class (July 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederickscross (27 January 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (1 January 1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wehrmacht Long Service Award 1st Class (2 October 1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memel Medal (10 December 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (5 June 1940) & 1st Class (15 November 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 December 1941 as "generalmajor" and commander of 21st Panzer Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italian Military Order of Savoy (14 January 1942)

wikidata_label: Karl Böttcher

wikipedia_title: Karl Böttcher


text:
pharaoh
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Karnak king list
Turin canon
Abydos
British Museum
Turin King List
Sobekhotep IV
List of pharaohs

paragraph: Khaankhre Sobekhotep

paragraph: Khaankhre Sobekhotep (now believed to be Sobekhotep II or Sobekhotep IV; known as Sobekhotep I in older studies) was a pharaoh of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Khaankhre Sobekhotep was the 13th pharaoh of the dynasty and had a short reign ca. 1735 BC. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees him as the 16th pharaoh of the dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Evidence.

paragraph: Sobekhotep appears in the Karnak king list as "Khaankhre". A name "Sobek[hote]pre" is also given on column 6, line 15 of the Turin canon, which could be Sobekhotep I. However this identification is not certain and Sobekhotep I's chronological position within the 13th Dynasty is debated. Contemporary attestations of Sobekhotep comprise reliefs coming from a chapel which once stood in Abydos and a fragment of inscribed column. Furthermore, the name "Khaankhre Sobekhotep" appears in an inscription on a granite statue pedestal once in the Amherst collection and, since 1982, in the British Museum (exhibit BM 69497).

paragraph: His reign was most likely short, amounting to three to four-and-a-half years.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Ryholt mentions that Sobekhotep I may be identical with Sobekhotep II, who is only mentioned as Sobekhotep in the Turin King List. Others, like Dodson, consider Khaankhre Sobekhotep II and Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I to be two different rulers from the 13th Dynasty, while Bierbrier lists Khaankhre Sobekhotep I and Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep II. Recently Simon Connor and Julien Siesse investigated the style of the king's monument and argue that he reigned much later than previously thought (after Sobekhotep IV - who would become Sobekhotep III).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pharaohs

description: 13th Dynasty Egyptian king

wikidata_label: Sobekhotep I

wikipedia_title: Khaankhre Sobekhotep


text: Montpellier

text: Jesuits

text: mathematics

text: Toulouse

text: Bernard de Fontenelle

text: Journal de Trévoux

text: Sir Isaac Newton

text: analogical thinking

text: free will

text: deterministic

text: Telemann

text: Goethe

text: Theory of Colours

text: Color organ

text: Theory of Colours

categories: French mathematicians,Fellows of the Royal Society,Catholic clergy scientists,1757 deaths,Visual music artists,1688 births,18th-century French Jesuits

paragraph: Louis Bertrand Castel

paragraph: Louis Bertrand Castel (5 November 1688 – 11 January 1757) was a French mathematician born in Montpellier, who entered the order of the Jesuits in 1703. Having studied literature, he afterwards devoted himself entirely to mathematics and natural philosophy. After moving from Toulouse to Paris in 1720, at the behest of Bernard de Fontenelle, Castel acted as the science editor of the Jesuit "Journal de Trévoux".

paragraph: He wrote several scientific works, that which attracted most attention at the time being his "Optique des couleurs" (1740), or treatise on the melody of colours. He also wrote "Traité de physique sur la pesanteur universelle des corps" (1724), "Mathématique universelle" (1728), and a critical account of the system of Sir Isaac Newton in 1743.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical approach.

paragraph: Louis Bertrand Castel wrote on areas as wide-ranging as physics, mathematics, morals, aesthetics, theology and history. His philosophical approach attempted to reconcile fields and viewpoints. Castel based much of his work on analogical thinking, seeking to understand the physical and moral worlds through the discovery of analogies.

paragraph: Castel's first major published work was his "Traité de physique de la pesanteur universelle des corps" (1724). He first attempted to systematise physical phenomena, through the mechanical action of universal gravity. He then considered a mechanistic world-view's shortcomings, from a theological and metaphysical perspective. He held humanity as central to natural philosophy, in that humans are embodied spirits whose actions, chosen with free will, affect the world around them and each other. In emphasising free will and the actions of mankind Castel attempted to counter deterministic views of man and nature.

paragraph: Castel considered that true science should focus on readily experienced and described phenomena. His emphasis on the description and analysis of the perceived world was consistent with analogic thinking and phenomenal explanation. Castel actively opposed the idea of a science based on experimental methods, instruments, speculation and theorising.

paragraph: Section::::The Ocular Harpsichord.

paragraph: Early on, Castel illustrated his optical theories with a proposal for a "Clavecin pour les yeux" ("Ocular Harpsichord", 1725). A new series of articles, published in the "Mercure de France" in 1735, gave his idea wider currency. In 1739 the German composer Telemann went to France to see Castel's Ocular Harpsichord for himself. He ended up composing several pieces for it, as well as writing a description of it.

paragraph: The ocular harpsichord had sixty small coloured glass panes, each with a curtain that opened when a key was struck. A second, improved model of the harpsichord was demonstrated for a small audience in December 1754. Pressing a key caused a small shaft to open, in turn allowing light to shine through a piece of stained glass. Castel thought of colour-music as akin to the lost language of paradise, where all men spoke alike, and he claimed that thanks to his instrument's capacity to paint sounds, even a deaf listener could enjoy music.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism of Newton.

paragraph: It was in 1740 that Louis Bertrand Castel published a criticism of Newton's spectral description of prismatic colour in which he observed that the colours of white light split by a prism depended on the distance from the prism, and that Newton was looking at a special case. It was an argument that Goethe later developed in his Theory of Colours.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Color organ

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of Colours

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Musique Oculaire" in Edmé-Gilles Guyot, "Nouvelles récréations physiques et mathématiques", Gueffier, Paris 1770, pp. 234–240.

description: Mathematician, philosopher

wikidata_label: Louis Bertrand Castel

wikipedia_title: Louis Bertrand Castel


text:
Lady Kasuga
Saito Toshikazu
Saito Toshimitsu entry at Samurai Wiki

categories: Saitō clan,1582 deaths,Samurai,1534 births

paragraph: Saitō Toshimitsu

paragraph: Lady Kasuga was the daughter of Toshimitsu.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saito Toshikazu

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saito Toshimitsu entry at Samurai Wiki

alias:
Saito Toshimitsu
Saitou Toshimitsu

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Saitō Toshimitsu

wikipedia_title: Saitō Toshimitsu