text: Confederate

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text: United States Military Academy

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text: Barnard Elliott Bee Jr.

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text: Seven Days Battles

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text: brigadier general

text: First Battle of Bull Run

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text: Joseph E. Johnston

text: Francis S. Bartow

text: Stonewall Brigade

text: major general

text: Valley District

text: headquarters

text: Winchester

text: Maj. Gen.

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text: Richard S. Ewell

text: division

text: Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's

text: McDowell

text: Brig. Gens.

text: Robert H. Milroy

text: Robert C. Schenck

text: Front Royal

text: Winchester

text: John C. Frémont

text: Harrisonburg

text: Cross Keys

text: James Shields

text: Port Republic

text: oxymoron

text: foot cavalry

text: Peninsula Campaign

text: Battle of Seven Pines

text: Robert E. Lee

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text: A Walk in the Woods

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text: Freeman, Douglas S.

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text: "R. E. Lee, A Biography"

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text: "Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War"

text: The 1900 version has an introduction by Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley

text: Johnson, Robert Underwood

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text: McGuire, Dr. Hunter

text: "Death of Stonewall Jackson"

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text: "Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography"

text: Dabney, R. L.

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text: Simon & Schuster

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text: before-death-on-maryland Stonewall Jackson Original Letter as Lieutenant General, Near Fredericksburg, 1863

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text: Details on John Jackson's larceny trial in the Court Records of the Old Bailey

categories: People from Clarksburg, West Virginia,Virginia Military Institute faculty,American Presbyterians,United States Army officers,Deaths from pneumonia,Hypochondriacs,Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War,Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees,Stonewall Jackson,Deaths by firearm in Virginia,American military personnel of the Mexican–American War,Military history of the American Civil War,Confederate States Army lieutenant generals,Accidental deaths in Virginia,People of West Virginia in the American Civil War,Military personnel from West Virginia,Infectious disease deaths in Virginia,1824 births,United States Military Academy alumni,American amputees,1863 deaths,Military personnel from Virginia,American people of Scotch-Irish descent,19th-century Presbyterians,People of Virginia in the American Civil War,American people of English descent,American slave owners,Military personnel killed by friendly fire,Stonewall Brigade

paragraph: Stonewall Jackson

paragraph: Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) served as a Confederate general (1861–1863) during the American Civil War, and became one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee. Jackson played a prominent role in nearly all military engagements in the Eastern Theater of the war until his death, and played a key role in winning many significant battles.

paragraph: Born in what was then part of Virginia, Jackson received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, served in the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848 and distinguished himself at Chapultepec (1847). From 1851 to 1863 he taught at the Virginia Military Institute, where he was unpopular with his students. During this time, he married twice. His first wife died giving birth, but his second wife, Mary Anna Morrison, lived until 1915. When Virginia seceded from the Union in May 1861 after the attack on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861), Jackson joined the Confederate Army. He distinguished himself commanding a brigade at the First Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861) the following month, providing crucial reinforcements and beating back a fierce Union assault. In this context Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. compared him to a "stone wall", hence his enduring nickname.

paragraph: Jackson performed well in the campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley during 1862. Despite an initial defeat due largely to faulty intelligence, through swift and careful maneuvers Jackson was able to defeat three separate Union armies and prevent any of them from reinforcing General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac in its campaign against Richmond. Jackson then quickly moved his three divisions to reinforce General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in defense of Richmond. His performance in the subsequent Seven Days Battles (June–July 1862) against George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac was poor, but did not inhibit Confederate victory in the battles. During the Northern Virginia Campaign that summer, Jackson's troops captured and destroyed an important supply depot for General John Pope's Army of Virginia, and then withstood repeated assaults from Pope's troops at the Second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862. Jackson's troops played a prominent role in September's Maryland Campaign, capturing the town of Harpers Ferry, a strategic location, and providing a defense of the Confederate Army's left at Antietam on September 17, 1862. At Fredericksburg in December, Jackson's corps buckled but ultimately beat back an assault by the Union Army under Major General Ambrose Burnside.

paragraph: In late April and early May 1863, faced with a larger Union army now commanded by Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, Lee divided his force three ways. On May 2, Jackson took his 30,000 troops and launched a surprise attack against the Union right flank, driving the opposing troops back about two miles. That evening he was accidentally shot by Confederate pickets. The general survived but lost his left arm to amputation; weakened by his wounds, he died of pneumonia eight days later.

paragraph: Military historians regard Jackson as one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history. His tactics are studied even today. His death proved a severe setback for the Confederacy, affecting not only its military prospects, but also the morale of its army and the general public. After Jackson's death, his military exploits developed a legendary quality, becoming an important element of the ideology of the "Lost Cause".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Ancestry.

paragraph: Thomas Jonathan Jackson was the great-grandson of John Jackson (1715/1719–1801) and Elizabeth Cummins (also known as Elizabeth Comings and Elizabeth Needles) (1723–1828). John Jackson was an Irish Protestant from Coleraine, County Londonderry, Ireland. While living in London, England, he was convicted of the capital crime of larceny for stealing £170; the judge at the Old Bailey sentenced him to seven years penal transportation. Elizabeth, a strong, blonde woman over tall, born in London, was also convicted of felony larceny in an unrelated case for stealing 19 pieces of silver, jewelry, and fine lace, and received a similar sentence. They both were transported on the merchant ship "Litchfield", which departed London in May 1749 with 150 convicts. John and Elizabeth met on board and were in love by the time the ship arrived at Annapolis, Maryland. Although they were sent to different locations in Maryland for their bond service, the couple married in July 1755.

paragraph: The family migrated west across the Blue Ridge Mountains to settle near Moorefield, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1758. In 1770, they moved farther west to the Tygart Valley. They began to acquire large parcels of virgin farming land near the present-day town of Buckhannon, including 3,000 acres (12 km²) in Elizabeth's name. John and his two teenage sons, were early recruits for the American Revolutionary War, fighting in the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780; John finished the war as captain and served as a lieutenant of the Virginia militia after 1787. While the men were in the Army, Elizabeth converted their home to a haven, "Jackson's Fort", for refugees from Indian attacks.

paragraph: John and Elizabeth had eight children. Their second son was Edward Jackson (March 1, 1759 – December 25, 1828), and Edward's third son was Jonathan Jackson, Thomas's father. Jonathan's mother died on April 17, 1796. Three years later, on October 13, 1799, his father married Elizabeth Wetherholt, and they had nine more children.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Early childhood.

paragraph: Thomas Jackson was the third child of Julia Beckwith (née Neale) Jackson (1798–1831) and Jonathan Jackson (1790–1826), an attorney. Both of Jackson's parents were natives of Virginia. The family already had two young children and were living in Clarksburg, in what is now West Virginia, when Thomas was born. He was named for his maternal grandfather. There is some dispute about the actual location of Jackson's birth. A historical marker on the floodwall in Parkersburg, West Virginia, claims that he was born in a cabin near that spot when his mother was visiting her parents who lived there. There are writings which indicate that in Jackson's early childhood, he was called "The Real Macaroni", though the origin of the nickname and whether it really existed are unclear.

paragraph: Thomas's sister Elizabeth (age six) died of typhoid fever on March 6, 1826, with two-year-old Thomas at her bedside. His father also died of a typhoid fever on March 26. Jackson's mother gave birth to Thomas's sister Laura Ann the day after Jackson's father died. Julia Jackson thus was widowed at 28 and was left with much debt and three young children (including the newborn). She sold the family's possessions to pay the debts. She declined family charity and moved into a small rented one-room house. Julia took in sewing and taught school to support herself and her three young children for about four years.

paragraph: In 1830, Julia Neale Jackson remarried. Her new husband, Blake Woodson, an attorney, did not like his stepchildren. There were continuing financial problems. The following year, after giving birth to Thomas's half-brother Willam Wirt Woodson, Julia died of complications, leaving her three older children orphaned. Julia was buried in an unmarked grave in a homemade coffin in Westlake Cemetery along the James River and Kanawha Turnpike in Fayette County within the corporate limits of present-day Ansted, West Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Working and teaching at Jackson's Mill.

paragraph: As their mother's health continued to fail, Jackson and his sister Laura Ann were sent to live with their half-uncle, Cummins Jackson, who owned a grist mill in Jackson's Mill (near present-day Weston in Lewis County in central West Virginia). Their older brother, Warren, went to live with other relatives on his mother's side of the family, but he later died of tuberculosis in 1841 at the age of twenty. Thomas and Laura Ann returned from Jackson's Mill in November 1831 to be at their dying mother's bedside. They spent four years together at the Mill before being separated—Laura Ann was sent to live with her mother's family, Thomas to live with his Aunt Polly (his father's sister) and her husband, Isaac Brake, on a farm four miles from Clarksburg. Thomas was treated by Brake as an outsider and, having suffered verbal abuse for over a year, ran away from the family. When his cousin in Clarksburg urged him to return to Aunt Polly's, he replied, "Maybe I ought to, ma'am, but I am not going to." He walked eighteen miles through mountain wilderness to Jackson's Mill, where he was welcomed by his uncles and he remained there for the following seven years.

paragraph: Cummins Jackson was strict with Thomas, who looked up to Cummins as a schoolteacher. Jackson helped around the farm, tending sheep with the assistance of a sheepdog, driving teams of oxen and helping harvest wheat and corn. Formal education was not easily obtained, but he attended school when and where he could. Much of Jackson's education was self-taught. He once made a deal with one of his uncle's slaves to provide him with pine knots in exchange for reading lessons; Thomas would stay up at night reading borrowed books by the light of those burning pine knots. Virginia law forbade teaching a slave, free black or mulatto to read or write; nevertheless, Jackson secretly taught the slave, as he had promised. Once literate, the young slave fled to Canada via the Underground Railroad. In his later years at Jackson's Mill, Thomas served as a schoolteacher.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Brother against sister.

paragraph: The Civil War has sometimes been referred to as a war of "brother against brother", but in the case of the Jackson family, it was brother against sister. Laura Jackson Arnold was close to her brother Thomas until the Civil War period. As the war loomed, she became a staunch Unionist in a somewhat divided Harrison County. She was so strident in her beliefs that she expressed mixed feelings upon hearing of Thomas's death. One Union officer said that, though she seemed depressed at hearing the news, her Unionism was stronger than her family bonds. In a letter, he wrote that Laura had said she "would rather know that he was dead than to have him a leader in the rebel army." Her Union sentiment also estranged her later from her husband, Jonathan Arnold.

paragraph: Section::::Early military career.

paragraph: Section::::Early military career.:West Point.

paragraph: In 1842, Jackson was accepted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Because of his inadequate schooling, he had difficulty with the entrance examinations and began his studies at the bottom of his class. Displaying a dogged determination that was to characterize his life, he became one of the hardest working cadets in the academy, and moved steadily up the academic rankings. Jackson graduated 17th out of 59 students in the Class of 1846. It was said by his peers that if he had stayed there another year, he would have graduated first.

paragraph: Section::::Early military career.:U.S. Army and the Mexican War.

paragraph: Jackson began his United States Army career as a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery Regiment and was sent to fight in the Mexican–American War from 1846 to 1848. He served at the Siege of Veracruz and the battles of Contreras, Chapultepec, and Mexico City, eventually earning two brevet promotions, and the regular army rank of first lieutenant. It was in Mexico that Thomas Jackson first met Robert E. Lee.

paragraph: During the assault on Chapultepec Castle on September 13, 1847, he refused what he felt was a "bad order" to withdraw his troops. Confronted by his superior, he explained his rationale, claiming withdrawal was more hazardous than continuing his overmatched artillery duel. His judgment proved correct, and a relieving brigade was able to exploit the advantage Jackson had broached. In contrast to this display of strength of character, he obeyed what he also felt was a "bad order" when he raked a civilian throng with artillery fire after the Mexican authorities failed to surrender Mexico City at the hour demanded by the U.S. forces. The former episode, and later aggressive action against the retreating Mexican army, earned him field promotion to the brevet rank of major.

paragraph: After the war, Jackson was briefly assigned to forts in New York, and then to Florida during the Second Interbellum of the Seminole Wars, during which the Americans were attempting to force the remaining Seminoles to move West. He was stationed briefly at Fort Casey before being named second-in-command at Fort Meade, a small fort about thirty miles south of Tampa. His commanding officer was Major William H. French. Jackson and French disagreed often, and filed numerous complaints against each other. Jackson stayed in Florida less than a year.

paragraph: Section::::Lexington and the Virginia Military Institute.

paragraph: In the spring of 1851, Jackson accepted a newly created teaching position at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), in Lexington, Virginia. He became Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Instructor of Artillery. Parts of Jackson's curriculum are still taught at VMI, regarded as timeless military essentials: discipline, mobility, assessing the enemy's strength and intentions while attempting to conceal your own, and the efficiency of artillery combined with an infantry assault.

paragraph: Though he spent a great deal of time preparing in depth for each class meeting, Jackson was unpopular as a teacher. His students called him "Tom Fool". He memorized his lectures and then recited them to the class; any student who came to ask for help was given the same explanation as before. And if a student asked for help a second time, Jackson viewed him as insubordinate and punished him. For his tests, Jackson typically had students simply recite memorized information that he had given them. The students mocked his apparently stern, religious nature and his eccentric traits. In 1856, a group of alumni attempted to have Jackson removed from his position.

paragraph: Jackson's peculiar personal traits contributed to his unpopularity as an educator. With little sense of humor, he once tried to get a cadet dismissed from VMI for playing a prank on him. He was a hypochondriac who had sinus problems and arthritis and stood for long periods of time to keep his internal organs in place, a tiring activity that he believed contributed to good health. He rarely ate much food and often subsisted on crackers and milk. He required little sleep but was known to take catnaps. He liked mineral baths.

paragraph: The founder of VMI and one of its first two faculty members was John Thomas Lewis Preston. Preston's second wife, Margaret Junkin Preston, was the sister of Jackson's first wife, Elinor. In addition to working together on the VMI faculty, Preston taught Sunday School with Jackson and served on his staff during the Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Lexington and the Virginia Military Institute.:Slavery.

paragraph: Little as he was known to the white inhabitants of Lexington, Jackson was revered by many of the African Americans in town, both slaves and free blacks. In 1855, he was instrumental in the organization of Sunday School classes for blacks at the Presbyterian Church. His second wife, Mary Anna Jackson, taught with Jackson, as "he preferred that my labors should be given to the colored children, believing that it was more important and useful to put the strong hand of the Gospel under the ignorant African race, to lift them up." The pastor, Dr. William Spottswood White, described the relationship between Jackson and his Sunday afternoon students: "In their religious instruction he succeeded wonderfully. His discipline was systematic and firm, but very kind. ... His servants reverenced and loved him, as they would have done a brother or father. ... He was emphatically the black man's friend." He addressed his students by name and they, in turn, referred to him affectionately as "Marse Major".

paragraph: Jackson's family owned six slaves in the late 1850s. Three (Hetty, Cyrus, and George, a mother and two teenage sons) were received as a wedding present. Another, Albert, requested that Jackson purchase him and allow him to work for his freedom; he was employed as a waiter in one of the Lexington hotels and Jackson rented him to VMI. Amy also requested that Jackson purchase her from a public slave auction and she served the family as a cook and housekeeper. The sixth, Emma, was a four-year-old orphan with a learning disability, accepted by Jackson from an aged widow and presented to his second wife, Mary Anna, as a welcome-home gift. After the American Civil War began he appears to have hired out or sold his slaves, except, apparently at least, one slave: "A 'servant', Jim Lewis, had stayed with Jackson in the small house as he lay dying". Mary Anna Jackson, in her 1895 memoir, said, "our servants ... without the firm guidance and restraint of their master, the excitement of the times proved so demoralizing to them that he deemed it best for me to provide them with good homes among the permanent residents." James Robertson wrote about Jackson's view on slavery:

paragraph: Section::::Lexington and the Virginia Military Institute.:Marriages and family life.

paragraph: While an instructor at VMI in 1853, Thomas Jackson married Elinor "Ellie" Junkin, whose father, George Junkin, was president of Washington College (later named Washington and Lee University) in Lexington. An addition was built onto the president's residence for the Jacksons, and when Robert E. Lee became president of Washington College he lived in the same home, now known as the Lee–Jackson House. Ellie gave birth to a stillborn son on October 22, 1854, experiencing a hemorrhage an hour later that proved fatal.

paragraph: After a tour of Europe, Jackson married again, in 1857. Mary Anna Morrison was from North Carolina, where her father was the first president of Davidson College. Her sister, Isabella Morrison, was married to Daniel Harvey Hill. They had a daughter named Mary Graham on April 30, 1858, but the baby died less than a month later. Another daughter was born in 1862, shortly before her father's death. The Jacksons named her Julia Laura, after his mother and sister.

paragraph: Jackson purchased the only house he ever owned while in Lexington. Built in 1801, the brick town house at 8 East Washington Street was purchased by Jackson in 1859. He lived in it for two years before being called to serve in the Confederacy. Jackson never returned to his home.

paragraph: Section::::Lexington and the Virginia Military Institute.:John Brown raid aftermath.

paragraph: In November 1859, at the request of the governor of Virginia, Major William Gilham led a contingent of the VMI Cadet Corps to Charles Town to provide an additional military presence at the hanging of militant abolitionist John Brown on December 2, following his raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry on October 16. Major Jackson was placed in command of the artillery, consisting of two howitzers manned by twenty-one cadets.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.

paragraph: In 1861, after Virginia seceded from the Union and as the American Civil War broke out, Jackson became a drill master for some of the many new recruits in the Confederate Army. On April 27, 1861, Virginia Governor John Letcher ordered Colonel Jackson to take command at Harpers Ferry, where he would assemble and command the unit which later gained fame as the "Stonewall Brigade", consisting of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia Infantry regiments. All of these units were from the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia, where Jackson located his headquarters throughout the first two years of the war. Jackson became known for his relentless drilling of his troops; he believed discipline was vital to success on the battlefield. Following raids on the B&O Railroad on May 24, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 17.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:First Battle of Bull Run.

paragraph: Jackson rose to prominence and earned his most famous nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) on July 21, 1861. As the Confederate lines began to crumble under heavy Union assault, Jackson's brigade provided crucial reinforcements on Henry House Hill, demonstrating the discipline he instilled in his men. Brig. Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians!" There is some controversy over Bee's statement and intent, which could not be clarified because he was killed almost immediately after speaking and none of his subordinate officers wrote reports of the battle. Major Burnett Rhett, chief of staff to General Joseph E. Johnston, claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee's and Francis S. Bartow's brigades while they were under heavy pressure. Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee's statement was meant to be pejorative: "Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall!"

paragraph: Regardless of the controversy and the delay in relieving Bee, Jackson's brigade, which would thenceforth be known as the Stonewall Brigade, stopped the Union assault and suffered more casualties than any other Southern brigade that day; Jackson has since then been generally known as Stonewall Jackson. During the battle, Jackson displayed a gesture common to him and held his left arm skyward with the palm facing forward – interpreted by his soldiers variously as an eccentricity or an entreaty to God for success in combat. His hand was struck by a bullet or a piece of shrapnel and he suffered a small loss of bone in his middle finger. He refused medical advice to have the finger amputated. After the battle, Jackson was promoted to major general (October 7, 1861) and given command of the Valley District, with headquarters in Winchester.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:Valley Campaign.

paragraph: In the spring of 1862, Union Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac approached Richmond from the southeast in the Peninsula Campaign. Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's large corps was poised to hit Richmond from the north, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army threatened the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson was ordered by Richmond to operate in the Valley to defeat Banks's threat and prevent McDowell's troops from reinforcing McClellan.

paragraph: Jackson possessed the attributes to succeed against his poorly coordinated and sometimes timid opponents: a combination of great audacity, excellent knowledge and shrewd use of the terrain, and an uncommon ability to inspire his troops to great feats of marching and fighting.

paragraph: The campaign started with a tactical defeat at Kernstown on March 23, 1862, when faulty intelligence led him to believe he was attacking a small detachment. But it became a strategic victory for the Confederacy, because his aggressiveness suggested that he possessed a much larger force, convincing President Abraham Lincoln to keep Banks' troops in the Valley and McDowell's 30,000-man corps near Fredericksburg, subtracting about 50,000 soldiers from McClellan's invasion force. As it transpired, it was Jackson's only defeat in the Valley.

paragraph: By adding Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's large division and Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's small division, Jackson increased his army to 17,000 men. He was still significantly outnumbered, but attacked portions of his divided enemy individually at McDowell, defeating both Brig. Gens. Robert H. Milroy and Robert C. Schenck. He defeated Banks at Front Royal and Winchester, ejecting him from the Valley. Lincoln decided that the defeat of Jackson was an immediate priority (though Jackson's orders were solely to keep Union forces occupied away from Richmond). He ordered Irvin McDowell to send 20,000 men to Front Royal and Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont to move to Harrisonburg. If both forces could converge at Strasburg, Jackson's only escape route up the Valley would be cut.

paragraph: After a series of maneuvers, Jackson defeated Frémont's command at Cross Keys and Brig. Gen. James Shields at Port Republic on June 8–9. Union forces were withdrawn from the Valley.

paragraph: It was a classic military campaign of surprise and maneuver. Jackson pressed his army to travel in 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a force of about 17,000 against a combined force of 60,000. Stonewall Jackson's reputation for moving his troops so rapidly earned them the oxymoronic nickname "foot cavalry". He became the most celebrated soldier in the Confederacy (until he was eventually eclipsed by Lee) and lifted the morale of the Southern public.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:Peninsula.

paragraph: McClellan's Peninsula Campaign toward Richmond stalled at the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1. After the Valley Campaign ended in mid-June, Jackson and his troops were called to join Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in defense of the capital. By utilizing a railroad tunnel under the Blue Ridge Mountains and then transporting troops to Hanover County on the Virginia Central Railroad, Jackson and his forces made a surprise appearance in front of McClellan at Mechanicsville. Reports had last placed Jackson's forces in the Shenandoah Valley; their presence near Richmond added greatly to the Union commander's overestimation of the strength and numbers of the forces before him. This proved a crucial factor in McClellan's decision to re-establish his base at a point many miles downstream from Richmond on the James River at Harrison's Landing, essentially a retreat that ended the Peninsula Campaign and prolonged the war almost three more years.

paragraph: Jackson's troops served well under Lee in the series of battles known as the Seven Days Battles, but Jackson's own performance in those battles is generally considered to be poor. He arrived late at Mechanicsville and inexplicably ordered his men to bivouac for the night within clear earshot of the battle. He was late at Savage's Station. At White Oak Swamp he failed to employ fording places to cross White Oak Swamp Creek, attempting for hours to rebuild a bridge, which limited his involvement to an ineffectual artillery duel and a missed opportunity to intervene decisively at the Battle of Glendale, which was raging nearby. At Malvern Hill Jackson participated in the futile, piecemeal frontal assaults against entrenched Union infantry and massed artillery, and suffered heavy casualties (but this was a problem for all of Lee's army in that ill-considered battle). The reasons for Jackson's sluggish and poorly coordinated actions during the Seven Days are disputed, although a severe lack of sleep after the grueling march and railroad trip from the Shenandoah Valley was probably a significant factor. Both Jackson and his troops were completely exhausted. An explanation for this and other lapses by Jackson was tersely offered by his colleague and brother in-law General Daniel Harvey Hill: "Jackson's genius never shone when he was under the command of another."

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:Second Bull Run to Fredericksburg.

paragraph: The military reputations of Lee's corps commanders are often characterized as Stonewall Jackson representing the audacious, offensive component of Lee's army, whereas his counterpart, James Longstreet, more typically advocated and executed defensive strategies and tactics. Jackson has been described as the army's hammer, Longstreet its anvil. In the Northern Virginia Campaign of August 1862 this stereotype did not hold true. Longstreet commanded the Right Wing (later to become known as the First Corps) and Jackson commanded the Left Wing. Jackson started the campaign under Lee's orders with a sweeping flanking maneuver that placed his corps into the rear of Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia. The Hotchkiss journal shows that Jackson, most likely, originally conceived the movement. In the journal entries for March 4 and 6, 1863, General Stuart tells Hotchkiss that "Jackson was entitled to all the credit" for the movement and that Lee thought the proposed movement "very hazardous" and "reluctantly consented" to the movement. At Manassas Junction, Jackson was able to capture all of the supplies of the Union Army depot. Then he had his troops destroy all of it, for it was the main depot for the Union Army. Jackson then retreated and then took up a defensive position and effectively invited Pope to assault him. On August 28–29, the start of the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas), Pope launched repeated assaults against Jackson as Longstreet and the remainder of the army marched north to reach the battlefield.

paragraph: On August 30, Pope came to believe that Jackson was starting to retreat, and Longstreet took advantage of this by launching a massive assault on the Union army's left with over 25,000 men. Although the Union troops put up a furious defense, Pope's army was forced to retreat in a manner similar to the embarrassing Union defeat at First Bull Run, fought on roughly the same battleground.

paragraph: When Lee decided to invade the North in the Maryland Campaign, Jackson took Harpers Ferry, then hastened to join the rest of the army at Sharpsburg, Maryland, where they fought McClellan in the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Antietam was primarily a defensive battle against superior odds, although McClellan failed to exploit his advantage. Jackson's men bore the brunt of the initial attacks on the northern end of the battlefield and, at the end of the day, successfully resisted a breakthrough on the southern end when Jackson's subordinate, Maj. Gen. A. P. Hill, arrived at the last minute from Harpers Ferry. The Confederate forces held their position, but the battle was extremely bloody for both sides, and Lee withdrew the Army of Northern Virginia back across the Potomac River, ending the invasion. On October 10, Jackson was promoted to lieutenant general, being ranked just behind Lee and Longstreet and his command was redesignated the Second Corps.

paragraph: Before the armies camped for winter, Jackson's Second Corps held off a strong Union assault against the right flank of the Confederate line at the Battle of Fredericksburg, in what became a Confederate victory. Just before the battle, Jackson was delighted to receive a letter about the birth of his daughter, Julia Laura Jackson, on November 23. Also before the battle, Maj. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, Lee's dashing and well-dressed cavalry commander, presented to Jackson a fine general's frock coat that he had ordered from one of the best tailors in Richmond. Jackson's previous coat was threadbare and colorless from exposure to the elements, its buttons removed by admiring ladies. Jackson asked his staff to thank Stuart, saying that although the coat was too handsome for him, he would cherish it as a souvenir. His staff insisted that he wear it to dinner, which caused scores of soldiers to rush to see him in uncharacteristic garb. Jackson was so embarrassed with the attention that he did not wear the new uniform for months.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:Chancellorsville.

paragraph: At the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Army of Northern Virginia was faced with a serious threat by the Army of the Potomac and its new commanding general, Major General Joseph Hooker. General Lee decided to employ a risky tactic to take the initiative and offensive away from Hooker's new southern thrust – he decided to divide his forces. Jackson and his entire corps went on an aggressive flanking maneuver to the right of the Union lines: this flanking movement would be one of the most successful and dramatic of the war. While riding with his infantry in a wide berth well south and west of the Federal line of battle, Jackson employed Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry to provide for better reconnaissance regarding the exact location of the Union right and rear. The results were far better than even Jackson could have hoped. Fitzhugh Lee found the entire right side of the Federal lines in the middle of open field, guarded merely by two guns that faced westward, as well as the supplies and rear encampments. The men were eating and playing games in carefree fashion, completely unaware that an entire Confederate corps was less than a mile away. What happened next is given in Fitzhugh Lee's own words:

paragraph: Jackson immediately returned to his corps and arranged his divisions into a line of battle to charge directly into the oblivious Federal right. The Confederates marched silently until they were merely several hundred feet from the Union position, then released a bloodthirsty cry and full charge. Many of the Federals were captured without a shot fired, the rest were driven into a full rout. Jackson pursued relentlessly back toward the center of the Federal line until dusk.

paragraph: Darkness ended the assault. As Jackson and his staff were returning to camp on May 2, they were mistaken for a Union cavalry force by the 18th North Carolina Infantry regiment who shouted, "Halt, who goes there?", but fired before evaluating the reply. Frantic shouts by Jackson's staff identifying the party were replied to by Major John D. Barry with the retort, "It's a damned Yankee trick! Fire!" A second volley was fired in response; in all, Jackson was hit by three bullets, two in the left arm and one in the right hand. Several other men in his staff were killed, in addition to many horses. Darkness and confusion prevented Jackson from getting immediate care. He was dropped from his stretcher while being evacuated because of incoming artillery rounds. Because of his injuries, Jackson's left arm had to be amputated by Dr. Hunter McGuire. Jackson was moved to Thomas C. Chandler's plantation named "Fairfield". He was offered Chandler's home for recovery, but Jackson refused and suggested using Chandler's plantation office building instead. He was thought to be out of harm's way; but unknown to the doctors, he already had classic symptoms of pneumonia, complaining of a sore chest. This soreness was mistakenly thought to be the result of his rough handling in the battlefield evacuation.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lee wrote to Jackson after learning of his injuries, stating: "Could I have directed events, I would have chosen for the good of the country to be disabled in your stead." Jackson died of complications from pneumonia on May 10, 1863, eight days after he was shot. On his deathbed, though he became weaker, he remained spiritually strong, saying towards the end: "It is the Lord's Day; my wish is fulfilled. I have always desired to die on Sunday."

paragraph: Dr. McGuire wrote an account of Jackson's final hours and last words:

paragraph: His body was moved to the Governor's Mansion in Richmond for the public to mourn, and he was then moved to be buried in the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia. The arm that was amputated on May 2 was buried separately by Jackson's chaplain (Beverly Tucker Lacy), at the J. Horace Lacy house, "Ellwood", (now preserved at the Fredericksburg National Battlefield) in the Wilderness of Orange County, near the field hospital.

paragraph: Upon hearing of Jackson's death, Robert E. Lee mourned the loss of both a friend and a trusted commander. As Jackson lay dying, Lee sent a message through Chaplain Lacy, saying: "Give General Jackson my affectionate regards, and say to him: he has lost his left arm but I my right." The night Lee learned of Jackson's death, he told his cook: "William, I have lost my right arm", and, "I'm bleeding at the heart."

paragraph: "Harper's Weekly" reported Jackson's death on May 23, 1863, as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Jackson's sometimes unusual command style and personality traits, combined with his frequent success in battle, contribute to his legacy as one of the greatest generals of the Civil War. He was martial and stern in attitude and profoundly religious, a deacon in the Presbyterian Church. One of his many nicknames was "Old Blue Lights," a term applied to a military man whose evangelical zeal burned with the intensity of the blue light used for night-time display.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.:Physical ailments.

paragraph: Jackson held a lifelong belief that one of his arms was longer than the other, and thus usually held the "longer" arm up to equalize his circulation. He was described as a "champion sleeper", and occasionally even fell asleep with food in his mouth. A paper presented to the Society of Clinical Psychologists hypothesized that Jackson had Asperger syndrome, although other possible explanations, such as a herniated diaphragm, exist. Indeed, Jackson suffered a number of ailments, for which he sought relief via contemporary practices of his day including hydrotherapy, popular in America at that time, visiting establishments at Oswego, New York (1850) and Round Hill, Massachusetts (1860) although with little evidence of success. Jackson also suffered a significant hearing loss in both of his ears as a result of his prior service in the U.S. Army, as an artillery officer.

paragraph: A recurring story concerns Jackson's love of lemons, which he allegedly gnawed whole to alleviate symptoms of dyspepsia. General Richard Taylor, son of President Zachary Taylor, wrote a passage in his war memoirs about Jackson eating lemons: "Where Jackson got his lemons 'no fellow could find out,' but he was rarely without one." However, recent research by his biographer, James I. Robertson, Jr., has found that none of Jackson's contemporaries, including members of his staff, his friends, or his wife, recorded any unusual obsessions with lemons. Jackson thought of a lemon as a "rare treat ... enjoyed greatly whenever it could be obtained from the enemy's camp". Jackson was fond of all fruits, particularly peaches, "but he enjoyed with relish lemons, oranges, watermelons, apples, grapes, berries, or whatever was available."

paragraph: Section::::Personal.:Religion.

paragraph: Jackson's religion has often been discussed. His biographer, Robert Lewis Dabney, suggested that "It was the fear of God which made him so fearless of all else." Jackson himself had said, "My religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed."

paragraph: Stephen W. Sears suggests that "Jackson was fanatical in his Presbyterian faith, and it energized his military thought and character. Theology was the only subject he genuinely enjoyed discussing. His dispatches invariably credited an ever-kind Providence." However, according to Sears, "this fanatical religiosity had drawbacks. It warped Jackson's judgment of men, leading to poor appointments; it was said he preferred good Presbyterians to good soldiers." James I. Robertson, Jr. suggests that Jackson was "a Christian soldier in every sense of the word." According to Robertson, Jackson "thought of the war as a religious crusade", and "viewed himself as an Old Testament warrior – like David or Joshua – who went into battle to slay the Philistines."

paragraph: Jackson encouraged the Confederate States Army revival that occurred in 1863, although it was probably more of a grass-roots movement than a top-down revival. Jackson strictly observed the Sunday Sabbath. James I. Robertson, Jr. notes that "no place existed in his Sunday schedule for labor, newspapers, or secular conversation."

paragraph: Section::::Personal.:Command style.

paragraph: In command, Jackson was extremely secretive about his plans and extremely meticulous about military discipline. This secretive nature did not stand him in good stead with his subordinates, who were often not aware of his overall operational intentions until the last minute, and who complained of being left out of key decisions.

paragraph: Robert E. Lee could trust Jackson with deliberately undetailed orders that conveyed Lee's overall objectives, what modern doctrine calls the "end state". This was because Jackson had a talent for understanding Lee's sometimes unstated goals, and Lee trusted Jackson with the ability to take whatever actions were necessary to implement his end state requirements. Few of Lee's subsequent corps commanders had this ability. At Gettysburg, this resulted in lost opportunities. With a defeated and disorganized Union Army trying to regroup on high ground near town and vulnerable, Lee sent one of his new corps commanders, Richard S. Ewell, discretionary orders that the heights (Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill) be taken "if practicable." Without Jackson's intuitive grasp of Lee's orders or the instinct to take advantage of sudden tactical opportunities, Ewell chose not to attempt the assault, and this failure is considered by historians to be the greatest missed opportunity of the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.:Horsemanship.

paragraph: Jackson had a poor reputation as a horseman. One of his soldiers, Georgia volunteer William Andrews, wrote that Jackson was "a very ordinary looking man of medium size, his uniform badly soiled as though it had seen hard service. He wore a cap pulled down nearly to his nose and was riding a rawboned horse that did not look much like a charger, unless it would be on hay or clover. He certainly made a poor figure on a horseback, with his stirrup leather six inches too short, putting his knees nearly level with his horse's back, and his heels turned out with his toes sticking behind his horse's foreshoulder. A sorry description of our most famous general, but a correct one." His horse was named "Little Sorrel" (also known as "Old Sorrel"), a small chestnut gelding which ironically was a captured Union horse from a Connecticut farm. He rode Little Sorrel throughout the war, and was riding him when he was shot at Chancellorsville. Little Sorrel died at age 36 and is buried near a statue of Jackson on the parade grounds of VMI. (His mounted hide is on display in the VMI Museum.)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Jackson was greatly admired and respected throughout the South, and his death had a profound effect there on civilians and soldiers alike.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Mourning his death.

paragraph: After the war, Jackson's wife and young daughter Julia moved from Lexington to North Carolina. Mary Anna Jackson wrote two books about her husband's life, including some of his letters. She never remarried, and was known as the "Widow of the Confederacy", living until 1915. His daughter Julia married, and bore children, but she died of typhoid fever at the age of 26 years.

paragraph: A former Confederate soldier who admired Jackson, Captain Thomas R. Ranson of Staunton, Virginia, also remembered the tragic life of Jackson's mother. Years after the war, he went to the tiny mountain hamlet of Ansted in Fayette County, West Virginia, and had a marble marker placed over the unmarked grave of Julia Neale Jackson in Westlake Cemetery, to make sure that the site was not lost.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:As a general.

paragraph: Many theorists through the years have postulated that if Jackson had lived, Lee might have prevailed at Gettysburg. Certainly Jackson's discipline and tactical sense were sorely missed.

paragraph: General George Patton of World War 2 fame as a boy prayed next to two portraits of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, whom he assumed were God and Jesus. He once told Dwight D. Eisenhower "I will be your Jackson." General Douglas MacArthur called Robert L. Eichelberger his Stonewall Jackson. Chesty Puller idolized Jackson, and carried George Henderson's biography of Jackson with him on campaigns. Alexander Vandegrift also idolized Jackson.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Commemorations.

paragraph: Jackson has been commemorated in numerous ways, including through statues, currency, and postage. A poem penned during the war soon became a very popular song, "Stonewall Jackson's Way". The Stonewall Brigade Band is still active today.

paragraph: West Virginia's Stonewall Jackson State Park is named in his honor. Nearby, at Stonewall Jackson's historical childhood home, his uncle's grist mill is the centerpiece of a historical site at the Jackson's Mill Center for Lifelong Learning and State 4-H Camp. The facility, located near Weston, serves as a special campus for West Virginia University and the WVU Extension Service.

paragraph: During a training exercise in Virginia by U.S. Marines in 1921, the Marine commander, General Smedley Butler was told by a local farmer that Stonewall Jackson's arm was buried nearby under a granite marker, to which Butler replied, "Bosh! I will take a squad of Marines and dig up that spot to prove you wrong!" Butler found the arm in a box under the marker. He later replaced the wooden box with a metal one, and reburied the arm. He left a plaque on the granite monument marking the burial place of Jackson's arm; the plaque is no longer on the marker but can be viewed at the Chancellorsville Battlefield visitor's center.

paragraph: The Commonwealth of Virginia honors Jackson's birthday on Lee–Jackson Day, a state holiday observed as such since 1904. It is currently observed on the Friday preceding the third Monday in January.

paragraph: Jackson is featured on the 1925 Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William B. Ebbert, 1st Lt., W. Virginia Infantry, Union Army. (1923 quote recalling battle of Winchester, March 1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Frietchie

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Francis Robert Henderson (biographer) and his work "Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War"

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of memorials to Stonewall Jackson

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander, Bevin. "Lost Victories: The Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson". New York: Holt, 1992, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apperson, John Samuel. "Repairing the "March of Mars": The Civil War diaries of John Samuel Apperson, hospital steward in the Stonewall Brigade, 1861–1865". Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryson, Bill. "A Walk in the Woods". New York: Broadway Books, 1998. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eicher, David J. "The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War". New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. "Civil War High Commands". Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farwell, Byron. "Stonewall: A Biography of General Thomas J. Jackson". New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1993. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freeman, Douglas S. "Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command". 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freeman, Douglas S. "R. E. Lee, A Biography". 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henderson, G. F. R. "Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War". New York: Smithmark, 1995. . First published in 1898 by Longman, Greens, and Co. (The 1900 version has an introduction by Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hettle, Wallace. "Inventing Stonewall Jackson: A Civil War Hero in History and Memory" (Louisiana State University Press, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War". 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGuire, Dr. Hunter. "Death of Stonewall Jackson". "Southern Historical Society Papers" 14 (1886).

paragraph: BULLET::::- McPherson, James M. "Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era". Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pfanz, Harry W. "Gettysburg – The First Day". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robertson, James I., Jr. "Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend". New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1997. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sears, Stephen W. "Gettysburg". Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharlet, Jeff. "Through a Glass, Darkly: How the Christian Right is Reimagining U.S. History." "Harpers", December 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, Richard. "Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War". Nashville, Tennessee: J.S. Sanders & Co., 2001. . First published 1879 by D. Appleton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trudeau, Noah Andre. "Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage". New York: HarperCollins, 2002. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wert, Jeffry D. "General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography". New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson genealogy site at Virginia Military Institute

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambers, Lenoir. "Stonewall Jackson". New York: Morrow, 1959. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cooke, John Esten, Moses Drury Hoge, and John William Jones. "Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography". New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cozzens, Peter. "Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dabney, R. L. "Life of Lieut.-Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (Stonewall Jackson)". London: James Nisbet and Co., 1866. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douglas, Henry Kyd. "I Rode with Stonewall: The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson's Staff". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gwynne, S. C. "Rebel Yell: The Violence, Passion, and Redemption of Stonewall Jackson". New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- King, Benjamin. "A Bullet for Stonewall", Pelican Publishing Company, 1990. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lively, Mathew W. "Calamity at Chancellorsville: The Wounding and Death of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson". El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie, 2013. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mackowski, Chris, and Kristopher D. White. "The Last Days of Stonewall Jackson: The Mortal Wounding of the Confederacy's Greatest Icon". El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie, 2013. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robertson, James I., Jr. "Stonewall Jackson's Book of Maxims". Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House, 2002. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shackel, Paul A. "Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park". New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- White, Henry A. "Stonewall Jackson". Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs and Co., 1909. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkins, J. Steven. "All Things for Good: The Steadfast Fidelity of Stonewall Jackson". Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing, 2004. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Military Institute Archives Stonewall Jackson Resources

paragraph: BULLET::::- before-death-on-maryland Stonewall Jackson Original Letter as Lieutenant General, Near Fredericksburg, 1863 Shapell Manuscript Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson genealogy site

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death of 'Stonewall' Jackson, Southern Confederacy, May 12, 1863. Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive. Digital Library of Georgia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fitzhugh Lee's 1879 address on Chancellorsville

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stonewall Jackson House

paragraph: BULLET::::- Animated history of the campaigns of Stonewall Jackson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details on John Jackson's larceny trial in the Court Records of the Old Bailey

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters, Winchester VA

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Guinea Station, the place where Thomas Jackson died

wikipedia_title: Stonewall Jackson


text:
ancient Egypt
4th Dynasty
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafra
Henutsen
vizier
mastaba
east field
Giza Necropolis
Canopic jar
Egyptian Museum
Cairo

categories: Viziers of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt,Princes of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Minkhaf I

paragraph: Minkhaf I was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 4th Dynasty. Minkhaf was a son of Pharaoh Khufu, half-brother of Pharaoh Djedefre and elder brother of Pharaoh Khafra. His mother may have been Queen Henutsen. Minkhaf had a wife and at least one son, but their names are not known.

paragraph: Minkhaf served as vizier during his father Khufu's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Minkhaf was buried in the double mastaba numbered G 7430-7440 in the east field which is part of the Giza Necropolis. The construction of the mastaba started during the reign of his father Khufu. The mastaba contained an interior chapel and an exterior chapel consisting of four rooms. One of the rooms was built to house at least four statues. The niches were large enough to hold standing statues and the niches were inscribed with Minkhaf's name and titles.

paragraph: Two burial shafts were found, labeled G 7430 A and G 7430 B. Shaft G 7430 A contained Minkhaf's sarcophagus which was found in a coffin pit located on the western side of the burial chamber. A canopic pit where the Canopic jars would have been stored was located in the south-east corner of the burial chamber. Shaft G 7430 B belonged to Minkhaf's wife, but the structure was unfinished and appears to not have been used.

paragraph: Minkhaf's sarcophagus is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Djedefhor's titles were:

paragraph: Translation and indexes from Dilwyn Jones.

description: ancient Egyptian prince and vizier

wikidata_label: Minkhaf I

wikipedia_title: Minkhaf I


text:
ancient Egypt
prince
4th Dynasty
Khufu
Meritites I
vizier
east field
Giza Necropolis
Khufu
Meritites I
Djedefre
Khafre
Sneferu
Hetepheres II
Duaenhor
Kaemsekhem
Mindjedef
Meresankh III
Djedefre
Abu Rawash
Giza
Roman
Anubis
Serket
vizier
mastaba
east field
Giza Necropolis
Khaemweset
Ramesses II
temple
Memphis
David Macaulay
Nubia

categories: Viziers of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt,Princes of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt,Heirs to the ancient Egyptian throne

paragraph: Kawab

paragraph: Kawab is the name of an ancient Egyptian prince of the 4th Dynasty. He was the eldest son of King Khufu and Queen Meritites I. Kawab served as vizier and was buried in the double mastaba G 7110 - 7120 in the east field which is part of the Giza Necropolis.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kawab was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khufu and Meritites I and half-brother of pharaohs Djedefre and Khafre. He was possibly born during the reign of his grandfather Sneferu. Kawab married his sister Hetepheres II. They had at least three sons named Duaenhor, Kaemsekhem and Mindjedef and a daughter Meresankh III.

paragraph: Kawab died during the reign of his father so the next ruler was Djedefre, who married his widow Hetepheres II. It used to be believed that Djedefre had Kawab murdered, since Djedefre was buried in Abu Rawash, instead of Giza, which was the custom. Djedefre's pyramid was also vandalized, but it is now thought that the tomb was vandalized much later, that is, during Roman times.

paragraph: Kawab's titles included officiant of Anubis, Priest of Serket, King's son of his body, King’s eldest son of his body, hereditary prince, chief of the ten(s) of Upper Egypt, sole companion of love, vizier (the title of vizier occurs on a statue from Mitrahina).

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: The full list of titles of Kawab were:

paragraph: Translations and indexes from Dilwyn Jones.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Kawab was buried in a large double mastaba G 7110-7120 in the east field which is part of the Giza Necropolis. Mastaba G 7110 belonged to Kawab's wife. Her name was found in the chapel. G 7120 belonged to Kawab. A relief in the door way shows Kawab standing before his mother:

paragraph: "sA.s mr.s KA-wab, sAt Ntr.s xrp jmAt sSmt Mrt.jt.s mwt.f mst n Xwfw"br

paragraph: "Her son, her beloved, Ka-wab, the daughter of her god, she who is in charge of the affairs of the jmAt, Meritites, his mother, who bore (him) to Khufu."

paragraph: Four burial shafts were constructed as part of the mastaba. Shaft G 7110A was never used. Shaft G 7110B was originally intended for Hetepheres II, but was never finished and shows no sign of ever being used. This is most likely due to the fact that Hetepheres remarried after the death of her husband. Shaft G 7120A was the burial place of Kawab. A red granite sarcophagus was made for Kawab and found in place. The sarcophagus is inscribed with the following text:

paragraph: 1) "A boon which the king gives and Anubis, foremost of the divine booth, a burial in the necropolis as a possessor of a well provided state before the great god, officiant of Anubis, priest of Selket, Kawabbr

paragraph: 2) a boon which the king gives and Anubis, foremost of the divine booth, a burial in the necropolis in the western cemetery, having grown gracefully old, the king’s son of his body, Kawab br

paragraph: 3) king’s eldest son of his body, officiant of Anubis, Kawab."

paragraph: Section::::After death.

paragraph: Several centuries after Kawab died, Prince Khaemweset, son of Ramesses II, restored Kawab's statue in the temple of Memphis.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The film adaptation of David Macaulay's 1975 book "Pyramid" depicts Kawab as being killed by an ambush near the border between Egypt and Nubia.

description: ancient Egyptian prince and vizier

wikidata_label: Kawab

wikipedia_title: Kawab


text:
American football
tight end
2010 NFL Draft
college football
USC
Bullard High School
Fresno, California
touchdown
wide receiver
tackles
sacks
defensive lineman
special teams
Boston College
Emerald Bowl
Notre Dame
2010 NFL Draft
Seattle Seahawks
Pete Carroll
Washington Redskins
Washington Redskins bio
Seattle Seahawks bio
USC Trojans bio

categories: USC Trojans football players,Sportspeople from Fresno, California,1987 births,Seattle Seahawks players,Players of American football from California,Washington Redskins players,American football tight ends,Living people

paragraph: Anthony McCoy

paragraph: Robert Anthony McCoy (born December 28, 1987) is a former American football tight end. He was drafted by Seattle in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at USC.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: McCoy attended Bullard High School in Fresno, California. As a senior, he had 70 receptions for 1,210 yards and 15 touchdowns as a tight end and wide receiver and 65 tackles and 14 sacks as defensive lineman.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a freshman in 2006, McCoy played in only four games due to an injury and did not have a reception. As a sophomore in 2007 he played in all 13 games as a backup tight end and on special teams. He finished the season with two receptions for 18 yards and a touchdown. As a junior in 2008, McCoy started all 13 games at tight end, making 22 receptions for 256 yards and a touchdown.

paragraph: During his senior year in 2009, McCoy started all 10 games for USC. He missed two games due to nagging injuries, and was named academically ineligible during the season finale against Boston College in the Emerald Bowl. McCoy finished the season with 22 catches for 457 yards and one touchdown. His most productive performance of his senior year came in the game against rival Notre Dame, catching 5 passes for 153 yards. McCoy left USC with 46 career catches, 731 career yards, and three career touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: McCoy was considered one of the top tight end prospects for the 2010 NFL Draft. He ended up being selected in the sixth round, 185th overall, by the Seattle Seahawks. The move reunited him with his college head coach from USC Pete Carroll who in 2010 took the head coaching job with Seattle.

paragraph: On May 21, 2013, McCoy suffered a torn Achilles' during organized team activities, and underwent surgery three days later. His recovery was expected to take about six to nine months, prompting the Seahawks to waive him injured on May 28. After clearing waivers the following day, McCoy reverted to the reserve/injured list.

paragraph: On July 29, 2014 McCoy suffered another torn Achilles' during training camp, his second in just over a year. The injury resulted in him missing the entire season and postseason.

paragraph: On September 5, 2015, as part of the cutdown to a 53-man roster, the Seahawks terminated McCoy's contract.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: McCoy signed with the Washington Redskins on September 7, 2015. He was waived on November 23, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with Seahawks.

paragraph: The Seahawks re-signed him on December 9, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Seahawks bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- USC Trojans bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Anthony McCoy

wikipedia_title: Anthony McCoy


text: Buddhahood

text: Buddhist

text: mahasiddha

text: India

text: Tantra

text: Sutrayana

text: Tibet

text: Machig Labdrön

text: lineage

text: Chöd

text: Mahamudra

text: Chöd

text: Machig Labdrön

text: Sanskrit

text: Padmasambhava

text: dark retreat

text: Keith Dowman

text: Dilgo Khyentse

text: Śāntarakṣita

text: Shechen Monastery

text: esoteric

text: Tibetan Buddhism

text: Bodhidharma

text: Zen

text: Tingri

text: Tibet

text: yogi

text: Kathmandu

text: morality tale

text: allegory

text: Chöd

text: Cham dance

text: Moheyan

text: Dunhuang

text: gradualist

text: Chan Buddhism

text: direct

text: dichotomy

text: Kamalaśīla

text: Trisong Detsen

text: Council of Samye

text: Giuseppe Tucci

text: Bsam yas

text: Samye

text: Lhasa

text: Kamalaśīla

text: mahapandita

text: Nalanda

text: trance

text: meditation

text: nirodha

text: ideation

text: phowa

text: mindstream

text: contagion

text: Chökyi Senge

text: Milarepa meets Padampa Sangye

categories: Mahasiddhas,Indian Buddhists,Tibetan Buddhism,Buddhist yogis,1117 deaths,History of Buddhism

paragraph: Dampa Sangye

paragraph: Dampa Sangye ( "Excellent Buddhahood", d.1117, also called "Father Excellent Buddhahood", ) was a Buddhist mahasiddha of the Indian Tantra movement who transmitted many teachings based on both Sutrayana and Tantrayana to Buddhist practitioners in Tibet in the late 11th century. He travelled to Tibet more than five times. On his third trip from India to Tibet he met Machig Labdrön. Dampa Sangye appears in many of the lineages of Chöd and so in Tibet he is known as the Father of Chod, however perhaps his best known teaching is "the Pacification" (). This teaching became an element of the Mahamudra Chöd lineages founded by Machig Labdrön.

paragraph: His Tibetan name translates into Sanskrit as "Buddha Paramapitā" "Buddha Excellent Father". He often was identified by the descriptive name "Nakpopa", "Black One".

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Some texts report that Padmasambhava was reborn as Dampa Sangye during the life of Machig Labdrön.

paragraph: Another text says:

paragraph: "Drum khar Nagpopa": Khampa yogi who meditated in dark retreat for 18 years was -according to Keith Dowman- considered to have been the twelfth of Dudjom/Jiktrel Yeshe Dorje's seventeen previous incarnations.

paragraph: According to Dilgo Khyentse (1910–1991), considered an emanation of Dampa Sangye, the story goes that the great pandit Śāntarakṣita, who was instrumental in transplanting Buddhism from India to Tibet, promised that one of his students would come one day to complete his work. Kamalaśīla (Tib., Padampa Sangye) fulfilled this prophecy. Khyentse Rinpoche in a 1987 gathering of students at Shechen Monastery, his seat in Nepal, offered a commentary on the Hundred Verses of Padampa Sangye.

paragraph: In the esoteric oral tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, a version of Dampa Sangye's life-story has him traveling to China and teaching there for 12 years, where he was known as Bodhidharma the founder of Zen. Dampa Sangye is associated with the Tingri area of Tibet, where he lived for many years.

paragraph: Bardok Chusang Rinpoche is recognized as the incarnation Dampa Sangye. He is a married yogi, living in Kathmandu.

paragraph: There is a morality tale, allegory and teaching story inherent within the transmission of Chöd to Tibet that has been culturally remembered as a Cham dance. In this sacred dance, Moheyan is generally depicted as of ample girth goaded by children. Chöd is a product of both the Indian and Chinese transmissions of Buddhism into the Himalaya. For a discussion of the Dunhuang fulcrum of the entwined relationship of Chinese and Indian Buddhism refer van Schaik and Dalton (2004).

paragraph: For simplicity, the Indian tantric transmission may be characterized as "gradualist", () and the Chan Buddhism transmission may be characterized as "direct", (). It needs to be emphasized that this neat dichotomy in characterization of these two approaches to the Dharma is only valid for the historical context of the great debate between Kamalaśīla and Moheyan arranged by Trisong Detsen and even then it is still open to dialectic. This debate has been named the "Council of Samye" by Giuseppe Tucci and also as the "Bsam yas Debate" or "Council of Lhasa" in English. According to the general Tibetan tradition, the two years of the debate transpired at Samye (Tibetan "Bsam yas"), a significant distance from Lhasa.

paragraph: According to the lore of the orthodox, prevailing Tibetan cultural tradition, Kamalaśīla, a "mahapandita" and scholar educated at Nalanda, advocated the "gradual" process to enlightenment; whereas Moheyan, as a trance and meditation master advocated the "direct" awakening of original mind through the "nirodha" of discursive thought, the cessation of the mind of ideation. The historicity of this debate has been drawn into question by Gomez (1983) and Ruegg (1992) though this does not lessen its importance in defining the religious and cultural traditions of Tibet. Kamalaśīla was very handsome and a great orator and historically "won" the debate: Though there are conflicting primary sources and secondary accounts.

paragraph: One hagiography asserts that directly after this debate with Moheyan, as Kamalaśīla was making his way down from the Himalaya to the Indian lowlands, he was incited to enact "phowa" through compassionate duress, transferring his mindstream to animate a corpse polluted with contagion; and thereby, safely moving the hazard it presented. As the mindstream of Kamalaśīla was otherwise engaged, mahāsidda Dampa Sangye came across the vacant "kuten" or "physical basis" of Kamalaśīla. Dampa Sangye was not karmically blessed with an aesthetic corporeal form, and upon finding the very handsome and healthy empty body of Kamalaśīla, which he perceived as a newly dead fresh corpse, Dampa Sangye transferred his mindstream into Kamalaśīla's body and left with his new beautiful body. When Kamalaśīla returned to where he had left his body he only found the dark ugly body of Dampa Sangye, which he had no choice but to inhabit. Kamalaśīla's mindstream in Dampa Sangye's body continued the ascent to the Himalaya and thereby transmitted Chöd.

paragraph: Section::::Tingri Hundred (Wylie: ding ri brgya rtsa).

paragraph: Padampa Sangye's last testament to the people of Tingri is known by various names in English 'The Tingri Hundred' or the 'Hundred Verses'. The roman-letter transcription (Wylie) of the Tibetan, along with an English translation, is available on the Internet.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dilgo Khyentse: The Hundred Verses of Advice of Padampa Sangye. Translated by Padmakara Translation Group. Published by Shechen Publications, New Delhi, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padampa Sangye and Chökyi Senge: "Lion of Siddhas: The Life and Teachings of Padampa Sangye" translated by David Molk with Lama Tsering Wangdu Rinpoche, Snow Lion Pubn (July 30, 2008), (10), (13)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Twelve Emanations of Pa Dampa Sangye and the Life of Bardok Chusang Rinpoche

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milarepa meets Padampa Sangye

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staue of The Mahasiddha (Great Adept) Dampa Sangye (Nagpopa) (d. 1117)

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hundred Verses of Advice of Padampa Sangye

description: Buddhist yogi

wikidata_label: Dampa Sangye

wikipedia_title: Dampa Sangye


text:
samurai
Sengoku period
Battle of Sekigahara
Azuchi–Momoyama period
Ōmi Province
Nagahama city
Shiga Prefecture
Ishida Masatsugu
Azai clan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Edo period
daimyō
Chūgoku region
Tottori Castle
Takamatsu Castle
Okayama
Sakai
Ishida Masazumi
bugyō
Sawayama
Ōmi Province
koku
Hikone
Sawayama Castle
Hōjō clan
Siege of Oshi
Oshi Castle
Japanese invasions of Korea
Kuroda Nagamasa
Hachisuka Iemasa
Kobayakawa Hideaki
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Toyotomi Hideyori
Maeda Toshiie
Uesugi
Mōri Terumoto
Fushimi Castle
Konishi Yukinaga
Ankokuji Ekei
Daitoku-ji
Sakakibara Yasumasa
Shigeie
Shigenari
Tatsuhime
Shōgun
Nobuo Kaneko
Sekigahara
Sengoku Basara
Iaido
Tomokazu Seki
Troy Baker
Matthew Mercer
Samurai Warriors
Pokémon Conquest
Pokémon
Pawniard
Bisharp
Nioh
Shima Sakon
Ōtani Yoshitsugu
SengokuDaimyo.com
Anthony J. Bryant
SamuraiArchives.com

categories: People executed by Japan by decapitation,Daimyo,Executed Japanese people,1559 births,1600 deaths,16th-century executions by Japan

paragraph: Ishida Mitsunari

paragraph: Ishida Mitsunari (, 1559 – November 6, 1600) was a Japanese samurai and military commander of the late Sengoku period of Japan. He is probably best remembered as the commander of the Western army in the Battle of Sekigahara following the Azuchi–Momoyama period of the 16th century. He is also known by his court title, "Jibu-no-shō" (治部少輔).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in the north of Ōmi Province (which is now Nagahama city, Shiga Prefecture), and was the second son of Ishida Masatsugu, who was a retainer for the Azai clan. His childhood name was Sakichi (). The Ishida withdrew from service after the Azai's defeat in 1573. According to legend, he was a monk in a Buddhist temple before he served Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but the accuracy of this legend is doubted since it only came about during the Edo period.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Hideyoshi.

paragraph: Mitsunari met Toyotomi Hideyoshi when the former was still young and the latter was the "daimyō" of Nagahama. When Hideyoshi engaged in a campaign in the Chūgoku region, Mitsunari assisted his lord in attacks against castles like the Tottori Castle and Takamatsu Castle (in present-day Okayama).

paragraph: After Hideyoshi seized power, Mitsunari became known as a talented financial manager due to his knowledge and skill at calculation. From 1585 onward, he was the administrator of Sakai, a role he took together with his elder brother Ishida Masazumi. He was appointed one of the five bugyō, or top administrators of Hideyoshi's government. Hideyoshi made him a "daimyō" of Sawayama in Ōmi Province, a five hundred thousand koku fief (now a part of Hikone). Sawayama Castle was known as one of the best-fortified castles during that time. Mitsunari also participated in the 1590 campaign against the Hōjō clan, where he commanded the Siege of Oshi and captured Oshi Castle. Later, he served in the Japanese invasions of Korea.

paragraph: Mitsunari was a leader of bureaucrats in Hideyoshi's government, and was known for his unbending character. Though he had many friends, he was on bad terms with some "daimyōs" that were known as good warriors, including Hideyoshi's relatives Kuroda Nagamasa and Hachisuka Iemasa. Additionally, the young warrior Kobayakawa Hideaki developed a grudge against Mitsunari as a result of rumors spread by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Toward the end of Taiko Hideyoshi's life, Hideyoshi ordered the execution of his heir Hidetsugu and the execution of his family, leaving his new heir to be the extremely young child Toyotomi Hideyori. After Hideyoshi's death, the conflicts in the court worsened. The central point of the conflict was the question of whether Tokugawa Ieyasu could be relied on as a supporter of the Toyotomi government, whose nominal lord was still a child, with actual leadership falling to a council of regents. After the death of the respected "neutral" Maeda Toshiie in 1599, the conflict came to arms, with Mitsunari forming an alliance of loyalists to Toyotomi's young heir to stand against Tokugawa. Mitsunari's support largely came from the south and west of Japan, with the addition of the Uesugi clan in the north, while Tokugawa's support came from central and northern Japan, but had influence and intimidation over some of the Western lords. The titular head of the Western alliance was Mōri Terumoto, but Mōri stayed entrenched in his castle; leadership fell to Mitsunari in the field. In 1600, He besieged Fushimi Castle before marching into direct conflict with Tokugawa's alliance at Sekigahara. A number of lords stayed neutral, watching the battle from afar, not wishing to join in the losing side. Tokugawa's forces gained the edge in the battle, especially with the betrayal of Kobayakawa Hideaki to his side, and won the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Hideyoshi's death and Battle of Sekigahara.:Death.

paragraph: After his defeat, Mitsunari sought to escape, but was caught by villagers. He was beheaded in Kyoto. Other "daimyōs" of the Western army, like Konishi Yukinaga and Ankokuji Ekei were also executed. After execution, his head, severed from his body, was placed on a stand for all the people in Kyoto to see. His remains were buried at Sangen-in, a sub-temple of the Daitoku-ji, Kyoto.

paragraph: A theory / legend says that Ieyasu showed him mercy, but hid him, for political reasons, with one of his veteran generals, Sakakibara Yasumasa, where he grew old and died a natural death. To thank Yasumasa for his silence, Mitsunari gave him a treasured "sunnobi-tantō" of 31,2 cm therefore nicknamed "Ishida-Sadamune" (石田貞宗), ranked "Jūyō Bunkazai" by the Japanese Government.

paragraph: In general, traditional Japanese historiography did not pay much attention to Mitsunari's legacy, as he lost and Tokugawa won; he was often portrayed as a weak bureaucrat. His reputation has somewhat recovered since then, with later historians noting his skill in planning and earlier battlefield victories, and that Sekigahara could easily have gone the other way had a few more lords on his side stayed loyal.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Mitsunari had three sons (Shigeie, Shigenari, and Sakichi) and three daughters (only the younger girl's name is known, Tatsuhime) with his wife. After his father's death, Shigenari changed his family name to Sugiyama to keep living.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: In James Clavell's novel "Shōgun", Ishida served as basis for the character of "Ishido". Ishido was portrayed by Nobuo Kaneko in the 1980 TV mini-series adaptation.

paragraph: In the 2017 film "Sekigahara", Mitsunari is the main character and is portrayed quite sympathetically. This version of Mitsunari is dismayed at Hideyoshi's execution of his heir and regent, recruits allies interested in ruling with justice, is uncomfortable with taking families hostage as leverage, genuinely seeks the best for Hideyoshi's heir, and is in general a forthright and honest type. His rival Tokugawa is portrayed as more of a schemer. The director, Masato Harada, saw Mitsunari as a more modern type of ruler, ahead of his time.

paragraph: Mitsunari is a character in the "Sengoku Basara" franchise where he is portrayed more as a warrior loyal to Hideyoshi as opposed to an administrator and a general. He excels in using Iaido and darkness-based attacks there. In one anime he hates Ieyasu Tokugawa but in the other Ieyasu hated him, while in movie he hated Masamune Date more than Ieyasu. Mitsunari is voiced by Tomokazu Seki in all Japanese media. Troy Baker voiced him in English with the exception of "", where he is replaced by Matthew Mercer.

paragraph: In the "Samurai Warriors" video game series, Mitsunari is portrayed as a strategist of the Toyotomi forces against the Hōjō clan, using a fan in battle.

paragraph: Mitsunari is a playable character in "Pokémon Conquest" ("Pokémon + Nobunaga's Ambition" in Japan), with his partner Pokémon being Pawniard and Bisharp.

paragraph: In a fictional game based in late Sengoku period, "Nioh", Ishida Is featured as a strategist under Toyotomi clan. In game, he Is shown in Battle of Sekigahara with his top generals "Shima Sakon" And "Ōtani Yoshitsugu". In this Story, he sided with main villain, english alchemist Kelly, who helped him in his campaign. Following death of all his generals including Yoshitsugu And Shima Sakon, he flees deep into Mountain Ibuki where he Is betrayed by Kelly And transformers into demon. After main protagonist defeats him, he surrenders. In the end, he Is executed. In his last moments, he spots Sakon, who was supposed to be dead, among the crowd.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryant, Anthony. "Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power". Praeger Publishers, 2005

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SengokuDaimyo.com The website of Samurai Author and Historian Anthony J. Bryant

paragraph: BULLET::::- SamuraiArchives.com

description: samurai who led the Western army in the Battle of Sekigahara

wikidata_label: Ishida Mitsunari

wikipedia_title: Ishida Mitsunari


text: Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya

text: Maeda Toshimasa

text: kabukimono

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Hashiba Hideyoshi

text: Sassa Narimasa

text: Akechi Mitsuhide

text: Takayama Ukon

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Shibata Katsuie

text: Hokuriku

text: Battle of Anegawa

text: Battle of Tedorigawa

text: han

text: Kaga Domain

text: Noto

text: Kaga Province

text: Edo period

text: koku

text: Murai Nagayori

text: Okumura Nagatomi

text: Honnō-ji

text: Akechi Mitsuhide

text: Battle of Shizugatake

text: Battle of Suemori Castle

text: council of Five Elders

text: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Toshinaga

text: Maeda Toshimasa

text: Maeda Matsu

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Maeda Matsu

text: Maeda Toshinaga

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Ukita Hideie

text: Asano Yoshinaga

text: Maeda Toshimasa

text: Maeda Toshitsune

text: Maeda Toshitaka

text: daimyō

text: Maeda Nagatane

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Ukita Hideie

text: Murai Nagayori

text: Nagatsugu

text: Sengoku Basara 2

text: Sengoku Basara 4

text: Junior First Rank

text: Battle of Nagashino

text: Maeda Genealogy (in Japanese)

text: Biography (in Japanese)

categories: Toyotomi retainers,Daimyo,People from Nagoya,1539 births,Maeda clan,Japanese pages,Oda retainers,1599 deaths,Tairō

paragraph: Maeda Toshiie

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Toshiie was born in the village of Arako (present-day Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya), the fourth son of Maeda Toshimasa, who held Arako Castle. Toshiie served Oda Nobunaga from childhood (first as a page) and his loyalty was rewarded by being allowed to be the head of the Maeda clan, very unusual for a fourth son with no apparent failures among his elder brothers. Just like Nobunaga, Toshiie was also a delinquent, usually dressed in the outlandish style of a kabukimono. It is believed he also became a friend to Kinoshita Tokichiro (later Toyotomi Hideyoshi) in their youth. Just as Hideyoshi was known as "Saru", 猴 or "monkey," it is believed that Toshiie was called "Inu", 犬 or "dog" by Nobunaga. Due to a long-standing belief that dogs and monkeys are never friendly to each other, Toshiie is often depicted as reserved and stern, in contrast to Hideyoshi's talkative and easy-going nature.

paragraph: Section::::Military life.

paragraph: Toshiie began his career as a member of the "akahoro-shū" (赤母衣衆), the unit under Oda Nobunaga's personal command. He later became an infantry captain ("ashigaru taishō" 足軽大将) in the Oda army. During his military career, Toshiie made the acquaintance of many important figures, such as Hashiba Hideyoshi, Sassa Narimasa, Akechi Mitsuhide, Takayama Ukon, and others. Toshiie also was a lifelong rival of Tokugawa Ieyasu. After defeating the Asakura clan, Maeda fought under Shibata Katsuie in the Hokuriku area.

paragraph: He participated in the 1570 Battle of Anegawa and the 1577 Battle of Tedorigawa. He was eventually granted the fief of Fuchu, and a han (Kaga Domain) spanning Noto and Kaga Provinces. Despite its small size, Kaga was a highly productive province which would eventually develop into the wealthiest "han" in Edo period Japan, with a net worth of 1 million "koku" (百万石); thus, it was nicknamed "Kaga Hyaku-man-goku" (加賀百万石).

paragraph: Toshiie benefited from a core group of very capable senior vassals. Some, like Murai Nagayori and Okumura Nagatomi, were retainers of long standing with the Maeda.

paragraph: After Nobunaga's assassination at Honnō-ji (本能寺) by Akechi Mitsuhide and Mitsuhide's subsequent defeat by Hideyoshi, he battled Hideyoshi under Shibata's command in the Battle of Shizugatake. After Shibata's defeat, Toshiie worked for Hideyoshi and became one of his leading generals. Later somewhere during this time he was forced to fight another of his friends, Sassa Narimasa. Narimasa was greatly outnumbered and felled by Toshiie, following the major Maeda victory at the Battle of Suemori Castle. Before dying in 1598, Hideyoshi named Toshiie to the council of Five Elders to support Toyotomi Hideyori until he was old enough to take control on his own. However, Toshiie himself was ailing, and could manage to support Hideyori for only a year before he died as well.

paragraph: Toshiie was succeeded by his son Toshinaga.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Maeda Toshimasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Nagayowai-in (d.1573)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshihisa (d. 1583)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Yasukatsu (d. 1594)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshifusa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sawaki Yoshiyuki (d. 1572)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Hidetsugu (d. 1585)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Masa (given in marriage to Takabatake Sadayoshi)

paragraph: Toshiie's wife, Maeda Matsu, was famous in her own right. Strong-willed from childhood, she was well-versed in the martial arts and was instrumental in Toshiie's rise to success. After her husband died, Matsu, then known by her Buddhist nun name of Hoshun-in, assured the safety of the Maeda clan after the year 1600 by voluntarily going as a hostage to Edo, capital of the new shōgun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, whom she loathed throughout her life as she watched him, her husband, and Hideyoshi compete for power.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wives,Concubines,Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Maeda Matsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Son: Maeda Toshinaga

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: Kō (1559–1616) married Maeda Nagatane

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second daughter: Sho married Nakagawa Mitsushige

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third daughter: Maa (1572–1605) become Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s concubine later married Madenokoji Atsufusa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth daughter: Gō (1574–1634) married Ukita Hideie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Daughter: Yome, Asano Yoshinaga's fiancée

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Son: Maeda Toshimasa (1578-1638)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seventh Daughter: Chise (1562–1614) married Hosokawa Tadataka later married Murai Nagatsugu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine: Chiyobo (1570-1631) later Kinsein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshitsune

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine: Ryujoin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kikuhime (1578–1584)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshi married Shinohara Sadahide

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine: Kinsein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuku married Tyou Yoshitsura later married Nakagawa Mitsutada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Tomoyoshi (1591-1628)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine: Jufuku-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshitaka (1594–1637)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine: Kaishoin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshisada (1598-1620)

paragraph: Their sons all became "daimyōs" in their own right. Their daughters married into prestigious families; the eldest, Kō, married Maeda Nagatane, a distant relative of Toshiie who became a senior Kaga retainer; Ma'a, was a concubine of Toyotomi Hideyoshi later Married Marikouji Mitsurubo, Gō was adopted by Hideyoshi and became the wife of Ukita Hideie, and Chise, who was first wedded to Hosokawa Tadaoki's son Tadataka, later married Murai Nagayori's son Nagatsugu. Sho married Nakagawa Mitsushige. Toshi married Shinohara Sadahide. Fuku married Nakagawa Mitsutada]].

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: He is a playable character in video game "Sengoku Basara 2" (PS2) and an unplayable character in video game "Sengoku Basara 4" (PS3). He wields a large Nodachi and fire-based attacks. In anime, they were initially servants of Oda Nobunaga, later turned to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

paragraph: He is a playable character in the video game "Samurai warriors 2 Extreme legends " (ps2) and appears in every major samurai warriors title following his first appearance . He wields a single sword and twin spears.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junior First Rank (24 March 1599; posthumously)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Nagashino

paragraph: BULLET::::- People of the Sengoku period in popular culture

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanagasaki Moriaki 花ケ前盛明, ed. "Maeda Toshiie no Subete" 前田利家のすべて. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha 新人物往来社, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iwasawa Yoshihiko 岩沢愿彥. "Maeda Toshiie" 前田利家. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 吉川弘文館, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitamura Saburō 北村三郎. "Maeda Toshiie monogatari: Kaga hyakumangoku no so" 前田利家物語:加賀百万石の祖. Kanazawa: Hokkoku Shuppansha 北国出版社, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshiyasu 前田利祐. "Omatsu to Toshiie: Kaga hyakumangoku wo tsukutta hitobito" おまつと利家:加賀百万石を創った人びと. Tokyo: Shūeisha 集英社, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsumoto Yō 津本陽. "Maeda Toshiie" 前田利家. Tokyo: Kōdansha 講談社, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buke-kaden page on the Maeda clan (in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Genealogy (in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Kanazawa-han daimyo, including Toshiie (in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography (in Japanese)

description: general of Oda Nobunaga following the Sengoku period

wikidata_label: Maeda Toshiie

wikipedia_title: Maeda Toshiie