text:
60 Minutes
Univision
ABC Radio
Mexico City
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Universidad Iberoamericana
Mexico City
Mexico City
Telesistema Mexicano
Pablo Casals
Mstislav Rostropovich
Palace of Fine Arts
Telesistema Mexicano
Television Independiente de Mexico
Televisa
Televisa
Emilio Azcarraga Milmo
60 Minutes
CBS
60 Minutes
60 Minutes
United States
Univision
Univision
San Antonio
Texas
Phoenix Arizona
TV Azteca
Telemundo
Novedades
Excelsior
Unomásuno
Mexico City
New York City
San Antonio
Texas

categories: Male journalists,Mexican people of American descent,Mexican journalists,Mexican people of Irish descent,Mexican news anchors,Living people

paragraph: Juan Ruiz Healy

paragraph: Juan Ruiz Healy is a Mexican -US journalist. As an anchorman, investigative reporter, and political commentator, Ruiz-Healy has over 40 years' experience behind the scenes as news-director, producer, writer, investigative journalist, and media consultant in both Mexico and the United States.

paragraph: Juan Ruiz-Healy was the anchor, writer and co-producer from 1978–1984 of the Mexican version of "60 Minutes". In 1985 he became the first Mexican-born journalist to broadcast nationally in the United States, for the Spanish International Network (renamed Univision in 1986). Ruiz-Healy is a political columnist for numerous publications. In 2001–2002 he spearheaded the first comprehensive, live (over 15 hours), radio transmission of Mexican elections which was broadcast nationwide and simultaneously via Cadena RASA (Radio 620) and ABC Radio (760 AM). He has covered numerous Mexican presidential visits to different countries in the world and launched the career of several journalists who are now influential personalities in the Mexican media. He is the recipient of numerous awards for journalism and excellence in broadcasting.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born and raised in Mexico City, Juan Ruiz-Healy's father, Dr Fidel Ruiz Moreno was a former congressman and an internationally respected Mexican surgeon leader in the field of Gastroenterology and Proctology. His mother, Josephine Oslund Healy an American of Irish and Swede descent, earned a master's degree in Art History and Criticism at a time when few women were pursuing advanced degrees. He worked as an actor and studied drama at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, but ultimately he earned his degree, Licenciatura en Ciencias y Técnicas de la Información (Communications), from the Universidad Iberoamericana, (generation 65–69) in Mexico City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: While still in college he started his career in broadcast news, working in the late 1960s as a reporter for several daily newscasts in Mexico City, quickly progressing to anchor positions in Noti 4, and Diario Nescafe for Channel 4; Hoy Domingo, 24 Horas, Día Con Día for Channel 2; and En Contacto Directo.

paragraph: In 1971, Ruiz-Healy was awarded Reporter of the Year by the National Association of Journalists. He began his career in print journalism, in 1975, with articles for the magazine's Siempre and Teleguía (Mexico's T.V. Guide). In 1976 he wrote and directed for Telesistema Mexicano a documentary on cellist and composer Pablo Casals' oratorio, El Pesebre (The Manger), an interpretive illustration with the participation of world-renowned cellist, Mstislav Rostropovich and the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional which was transmitted live, from Mexico's Palace of Fine Arts, via satellite, to various parts of the world.

paragraph: Ruiz-Healy's popularity as a newscaster and journalist is attested by the furor created when he left the TV monopoly Telesistema Mexicano in the early 1970s to become News Director and anchor for their main competition, Television Independiente de Mexico (T.I.M.), Channel 8. Ruiz-Healy anchored and directed the Noticiero En Punto and Punto Final. The competition, however, was short-lived. In 1973 T.I.M merged with Telesistema to form the mega-monopoly Televisa.

paragraph: In 1973, Ruiz-Healy directed and produced a one-hour independent investigative documentary: Las Madres Solteras (unwed mothers), with the intent to convince Televisa to air an investigative reporting weekly program named El Reportaje. Ruiz-Healy pitched the idea to Televisa's CEO Emilio Azcarraga Milmo who titled it 60 Minutes, after the landmark CBS program creating a legal tension between the two companies. It didn't prosper into a lawsuit. The program generated an overwhelming response quickly becoming a cultural phenomenon. In the tightly controlled media environment of the late 1970s and 1980s, 60 Minutes was the first program to openly criticize the government and business establishment and to address important social issues, making it one of the most highly rated shows in the history of Mexican television. It was also the first show of its kind in the Spanish-speaking world, paving the way for investigative TV journalism throughout Latin America, as well as Spain. Juan Ruiz-Healy received in 1983 the Premio Nacional de Periodismo (National Journalism Medal) for his role as anchorman and investigative reporter. He also was awarded other recognitions for his investigative reporting on political and social issues such as government corruption, food contamination, poverty, gender, social inequities, and the position of indigenous groups in Mexico.

paragraph: Because of multiple censorships in "60 Minutes", Ruiz-Healy moved to the United States in 1984, where he co-anchored, along with Teresa Rodriguez, for the national news telecast of S.I.N, Spanish International Network (renamed Univision in 1986); where he was also a reporter and liaison for Mexican affairs. When [Televisa] took control of S.I.N. programming in 1986, they instituted the same tight controls on news content, and Ruiz-Healy resigned. He served as political analyst for Univision Channel 41 in San Antonio, Texas (1987–88) and Channel 33 in Phoenix Arizona (1989).

paragraph: In 1994 again to compete with Televisa's monopoly, the government of Mexico issued a permit for a new TV network. TV Azteca was launched, becoming the second largest television company. To establish a fully competitive news program, they contracted Ruiz-Healy as an advisor. Juan called his former boss Gustavo Godoy, former vice president and news director of S.I.N. and Telemundo, who was instrumental in the success of the overhaul news department.

paragraph: From 1984–2003 Ruiz-Healy served as editor and writer for the 4-page political and economic Sunday section, A Fondo (In Depth), published in the former Novedades, one of the top national newspapers in Mexico. He wrote a daily column, A Fondo from 1985–2003, which was syndicated in 20 Mexican newspapers. Among his most relevant articles was Los Narcoperiodistas (The Narcojournalists), denouncing the links between journalists and drug lords. He wrote a daily column for The News, Latin America's largest English-language newspaper (1997–2003), and feature articles for "Excelsior" (2004) and Unomásuno (2003).

paragraph: Juan Ruiz-Healy has been the subject of several discredit campaigns including two assassination attempts, one in 2000 and the other one in 2001. He has been a controversial figure because of his bohemian life style, and criticized by the left because of his upbringing and working life with the moguls of private enterprise. For the last few years, Ruiz-Healy has been conducting research for a documentary on freedom of speech in Mexico.

paragraph: Ruiz-Healy married his wife, Ana Patricia, in 1984. They have two daughters, Patricia who works at Sotheby’s Auction House in New York City and Josephine who works for the San Francisco-based Visa Company.

paragraph: Ruiz-Healy divides his time between Mexico City, New York City, and San Antonio, Texas, where he lives with his wife, the art gallery owner and art historian Patricia Ruiz-Healy.

description: Mexican journalist

wikidata_label: Juan Ruiz Healy

wikipedia_title: Juan Ruiz Healy


text: ambassador

text: Uruguay

text: Hungary

text: Italy

text: Denmark

text: El Salvador

text: Nicaragua

text: Honduras

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Great Cross of Dannebrog

text: Order of Merit

text: British Foreign Office

text: River Plate

text: 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état

categories: Ambassadors of Mexico to Uruguay,Ambassadors of Mexico to Hungary,Possibly living people,Saint Mary's College of California alumni,Year of birth missing,Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog,Ambassadors of Mexico to El Salvador,Ambassadors of Mexico to Italy

paragraph: Manuel Y. de Negri

paragraph: Manuel Yberri de Negri was a Mexican diplomat who served as ambassador of Mexico to Uruguay (1959–1965). He also served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Hungary (1932–1933), Italy (1932–1933), Denmark (1933–1935), El Salvador (1935–1940), Nicaragua (1937), Honduras (1937–1940), Uruguay (1939–1940) and Czechoslovakia (1946–1948).

paragraph: On 8 March 1940, he requested permission to receive the Great Cross of Dannebrog from Denmark and the Order of Merit from Chile.

paragraph: While De Negri was serving in Czechoslovakia, a diplomat of the British Foreign Office described him, in a confidential report written on 16 May 1946, as: "A career diplomat who has served in many posts, having spent the last ten years on the River Plate. Speaks excellent English and appears cultivated and knowledgeable. His lively wife is Chilean by birth." The report, apparently amended in 1948, also describes his reaction to the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état: "M. De Nigri and his wife left for Mexico soon after the February coup and gave out that they hoped not to come back. He has, however, now returned to his post."

description: Mexican diplomat

wikidata_label: Manuel Y. de Negri

wikipedia_title: Manuel Y. de Negri


text:
Conquistador
Talavera de la Reina
Toledo
Castilla–La Mancha
America
Francisco de Aguirre
Panama
Chile
Francisco Pizarro
Río Bermejo
Lima
San Miguel de Tucumán
www.bn.gov.ar

categories: Explorers of South America,1510 births,Spanish nobility,Spanish military personnel,People from the Province of Toledo,Spanish conquistadors,Spanish colonial governors and administrators

paragraph: Juan Gregorio Bazán

paragraph: Juan Gregorio Bazán (1510-1570) was a Spanish military man, who served as Conquistador of Peru and Tucumán.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bazán was born in 1510 in Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain, the son of a distinguished family. He arrived to America, with its relative the Conqueror Francisco de Aguirre.

paragraph: Bazan lived in several places belonging to the Spanish Empire, including Panama and Chile. In the Peru, he join to the forces of Pablo de Meneses, against Captain Francisco Pizarro. In 1568 he took part of a contingent to explore the area Río Bermejo.

paragraph: In 1570 Juan Gregorio Bazán traveled ciudad de Los Reyes (Lima), for reunited with his wife Catalina de Placencia, and sons. Return to Chile, he and family were ambushed by the tribes and . Bazán dies in the incursion, his wife and children manage to survive after finding refuge in the mountains.

paragraph: Juan Gregorio Bazán participated in the foundations of Ciudad de Cañete, San Juan Bautista de la Rivera and San Miguel de Tucumán.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.bn.gov.ar

description: Spanish conquistador

wikidata_label: Juan Gregorio Bazán

wikipedia_title: Juan Gregorio Bazán


text:
Australian rules football
West Coast Eagles
Australian Football League
Norm Smith Medal
2006 AFL Grand Final
Perth
West Australian Football League
1998 National Draft
1999 season
AFL Rising Star
Australia
International Rules Series
Norm Smith Medal
2013 season
the club's goal-kicking
Perth, Western Australia
Anglo-Burmese
Spanish
Rangoon
1962 Burmese coup
Victoria Park
Ballarat
Italian
Irish
Perth
Melbourne
Swan Districts Football Club
Trinity College
East Perth
Swan Districts
1998 National Draft
1999 season
Western Derby
affiliation
half-forward flanker
2000 AFL Rising Star
round 14
John Worsfold
Ken Judge
2002 season
2003
2004 finals series
Phil Matera
Brownlow Medal
Australia
International Rules Series
2005
Grand Final loss
2006 season
half-forward line
wings
Quinten Lynch
final series
Norm Smith Medal
best-on-ground
Grand Final win
2007 season
2008
2009 seasons
Round 6, 2008
Round 19, 2009
2010
Round 10
2011 season
Western Derby
2012 NAB Cup
regular season
Herald Sun
NAB Cup
substitute
Adam Selwood
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Kevin Bryant
Claremont
Dean Cox
investment
business development
Burswood
consulting firm
Andrew Embley player profile

categories: Australian people of Spanish descent,Australian people of Italian descent,Sportsmen from Western Australia,1981 births,Australian people of Anglo-Burmese descent,Australian people of Irish descent,West Coast Eagles players,Australian rules footballers from Perth, Western Australia,Anglo-Burmese people,Norm Smith Medal winners,Claremont Football Club players,Swan Districts Football Club players,People educated at Trinity College, Perth,Australian rules footballers from Western Australia,Living people

paragraph: Andrew Embley

paragraph: Andrew Embley (born 27 June 1981) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is known for winning the Norm Smith Medal as the best player in the 2006 AFL Grand Final.

paragraph: Embley was born in Perth and began his career with in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). He was recruited by West Coast with the 57th pick in the 1998 National Draft. Embley made his debut in the first match of the 1999 season, and was an AFL Rising Star nominee the following year. In 2004, he represented Australia in the International Rules Series. Embley was one of West Coast's vice-captains between 2004 and 2006, and played a key part in West Coast's victory over in the 2006 AFL Grand Final. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as the best player on the ground. Embley retired at the end of the 2013 season after 250 games for the club. He also kicked 216 goals, finishing second in the club's goal-kicking in 2003 and 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Embley was born in Perth, Western Australia, to parents Maurice and Anne Embley. His father is of Anglo-Burmese and Spanish descent and was born in Rangoon, emigrating to Australia in 1964 with his family after the 1962 Burmese coup and settling in Victoria Park. His mother, originally from Ballarat, is of Italian and Irish descent. His father played reserves football for Perth, and also represented Western Australia in the 1973 national junior athletic championships in Melbourne. Embley's brothers James (17 games) and Michael (8 games) have both played football for the Swan Districts Football Club. Michael Embley also was rookie-listed by West Coast for three seasons from 2004 to 2006, but did not play a senior game for the club. Along with his brothers, Embley attended Trinity College in East Perth, and played junior football for the Bassendean Junior Football Club. He made his WAFL debut for Swan Districts in 1998, and was recruited by the West Coast Eagles with the 57th pick overall in the 1998 National Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: Embley made his debut for West Coast in the first round of the 1999 season, a Western Derby against , gathering nine disposals and taking three marks. He played nine games in total for the season, as well as 13 WAFL games for as part of an affiliation with West Coast which lasted until 2000. Embley played 28 games over the next two seasons, mainly as a half-forward flanker, scoring 29 goals including three four-goal hauls. He was nominated for the 2000 AFL Rising Star for his efforts against in round 14.

paragraph: With John Worsfold having replaced Ken Judge as coach of the club prior to the start of the 2002 season, Embley established himself as a regular part of the Eagles' line-up over the next two seasons, playing in losing elimination finals in both the 2003 and 2004 finals series. He kicked 31 goals in 2003 to finish second in the Eagles' goalkicking behind Phil Matera (62 goals). A 25-disposal, four-goal game against in round eight, 2003, earnt him three Brownlow Medal votes, the first of his career. Embley was named vice-captain of West Coast for the 2004 season, and also represented Australia in that year's International Rules Series. Embley played 18 games for the Eagles in the 2005 season, including all of the Eagles' finals and the Grand Final loss to . He played 23 out of a possible 24 games in the Eagles' 2006 season, playing mainly across the half-forward line and wings. Embley also kicked 31 goals for the season to be the club's second leading-goalkicker behind Quinten Lynch (65 goals). Despite injuries late in the season, Embley played a key role in the team's successful final series. He averaged 26 possessions and kicked five goals across the Eagles' three finals matches, despite playing the semi-final against the with a paralysed vocal chord. He took a game-saving mark in the preliminary final against in a game the Eagles won by 10 points. He was awarded the 2006 Norm Smith Medal as the best-on-ground player in the Eagles' Grand Final win over for his 26-disposal, two-goal effort.

paragraph: Embley played only 13 out of a possible 24 games during the 2007 season, missing seven games between rounds 6 and 12 and four games at the end of the season due to a hamstring injury. He was dropped as Eagles vice-captain for the 2007 season. Embley played 42 out of a possible 44 games during the 2008 and 2009 seasons in a shift to a more midfield role. He played his 150th game for the Eagles against the in Round 6, 2008 in a 60-point loss, earning life membership of the club. He received three Brownlow votes for a best-on-ground performance against the Western Bulldogs in Round 19, 2009, getting 32 possessions and scoring four goals. Embley played 20 games in 2010, including his 200th game in the AFL against in Round 10. After a strong pre-season, Embley started the 2011 season with two best-on-ground efforts against and , receiving some credit for West Coast's strong start to the season after a wooden spoon the previous year. The round eight Western Derby against was the only match Embley missed through the entire season, playing 24 out of a possible 25 games, and also recording several personal bests, including career-high numbers in disposals, tackles, and Brownlow votes.

paragraph: In the 2012 NAB Cup, Embley injured his left shoulder, but played the first two games of the regular season before opting to have surgery, missing much of the Eagles' season as a result. He returned to football via Swan Districts, his first WAFL match since the 2002 season. Having successful tested the durability of his shoulder, Embley returned to West Coast's side for the round 20 match against , starting as the substitute. He played every remaining game of West Coast's season, recording 22 disposals and four goals in the club's elimination final defeat of . However, in the following week's qualifying final loss to , Embley turned the ball over late in the game, resulting in a Collingwood goal, with the "Herald Sun" describing him as "at one of his lowest ebbs". At the end of the 2012 season, he signed a further one-year extension to his contract with West Coast.

paragraph: In what was to be his final season at AFL level, Embley was again troubled by injury, straining a hamstring in the NAB Cup and missing another three weeks with a foot injury early in the season. He also struggled for consistency during the season—of his eleven matches during the season, he played three consecutive matches only once. Embley spent portions of the season in the WAFL, averaging 23 disposals over five games for Swan Districts. When he did play for West Coast, he was often used as substitute, especially towards the end of the season. Embley announced his retirement towards the end of the 2013 season, retiring at the same time as Adam Selwood, a premiership teammate. The pair, who had not been regular selections in the team throughout the season, were selected for what was described as "farewell game" in the team's final match of the season, at home against Adelaide. The match was Embley's 250th at AFL level, and he became the seventh West Coast player to reach that milestone.

paragraph: Section::::Statistics.

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2006

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013

paragraph: ! colspan=3| Career

paragraph: ! 250

paragraph: ! 216

paragraph: ! 182

paragraph: ! 2908

paragraph: ! 1613

paragraph: ! 4521

paragraph: ! 1229

paragraph: ! 539

paragraph: ! 0.9

paragraph: ! 0.7

paragraph: ! 11.6

paragraph: ! 6.5

paragraph: ! 18.1

paragraph: ! 4.9

paragraph: ! 2.2

paragraph: ! 40

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Embley married Rayne Ella Bryant, the daughter of Kevin Bryant, who played for and , in December 2006. Subsequently, Rayne has left Embley and has gone back to her maiden name. The couple have three children together, a daughter and two sons.

paragraph: Outside of football, Embley co-owns a seafood restaurant, "Beluga", in Claremont, with Dean Cox, which opened in April 2011. He also operates a cooking demonstration business, Cooking With Embers, and participated in the inaugural edition of Celebrity Chef in 2011, a charity cooking event.

paragraph: Embley also has a strong passion in property investment. He is currently the business development manager of Burswood-based property investment consulting firm Investwise.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Embley player profile

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Andrew Embley

wikipedia_title: Andrew Embley


text:
Uruguay
Afro-Latin
Pilar Barrios
San Carlos
black feminist movement

categories: 1932 deaths,Uruguayan journalists,1892 births,Uruguayan women writers

paragraph: María Esperanza Barrios

paragraph: María Esperanza Barrios (18 December 1892 – 2 October 1932) was an Uruguayan journalist and writer. She notably co-founded "Nuestra Raza", a long-running periodical catering to Uruguay's Afro-Latin population.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Barrios was born in 1892. She was the sister to the influential journalist and poet Pilar Barrios, whom had founded a paper titled "La Verdad" in 1911. Maria worked as a correspondent for the paper until 1914, before going on to co-found the periodical "Nuesta Raza" with her brother in 1917. The magazine was published in San Carlos and it continued to publish for ten years when the editor had to announce that it was to cease publication. The paper blamed its end on apathy and lack of results. "Nuesta Raza" was later cited as being important tool for advocating civil rights reforms in Uruguay. Similarly, Barrios was noted for her interest in art and has been cited as being a precursor to the black feminist movement.

description: Uruguayan writer

wikidata_label: María Esperanza Barrios

wikipedia_title: María Esperanza Barrios


text:
Roman Catholic
Bishop of Laibach
Warthill
Aberdeenshire
William Elphinstone
King's College, Aberdeen
Garioch
Padua
Pontifical Scots College
Gregorio Barbarigo
Bishop of Waitzen
Emperor Joseph I

categories: Scottish Roman Catholic priests,Bishops of Ljubljana,1727 deaths,1657 births

paragraph: Wilhelm von Leslie

paragraph: Wilhelm von Leslie (originally William Leslie) (1657–1727) was a Scottish Roman Catholic priest, who became Bishop of Laibach in 1718.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the second son of William Leslie, fifth laird of Warthill, Aberdeenshire, and his wife Anne, daughter of James Elphinstone of Glack, and great-niece of William Elphinstone, bishop of Aberdeen. He went at the age of 11 with his elder brother to King's College, Aberdeen.

paragraph: On leaving the university Leslie was for a time parish schoolmaster of Chapel of Garioch, near his father's property. In 1684 he moved to Padua to study. There he became a Roman Catholic convert and after studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical Scots College in Rome took holy orders. Cardinal Gregorio Barbarigo appointed him professor of theology at Padua. He held a succession of church posts in Austria and Hungary, and also became a diplomat.

paragraph: Leslie had relatives in Austria, the Counts Leslie, and through their influence he became in 1716 Bishop of Waitzen in Hungary. In favour with Emperor Joseph I, and a privy councillor, he was in 1718 translated to the see of Laibach, an appointment which carried with it the dignities of metropolitan of Carniola and prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: In 1725 Leslie sent home to Scotland, to his brother, his portrait and his diploma from the university of Padua, with some correspondence. He died in 1727.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Scottish Roman Catholic prince-bishop of Laibach

wikidata_label: Wilhelm von Leslie

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm von Leslie


text:
Persian
Kings of Persis
Pars
Ardashir V
Sasanian Empire
Ardashir I
Papak
Istakhr
Gochihr
Parthian
Artabanus V
Arabic
Persian
Ardashir I
al-Tabari
Daryaee
Romans
Vologases VI
Ka'ba-ye Zartosht

categories: 3rd-century Iranian people,3rd-century monarchs in the Middle East,222 deaths,2nd-century births

paragraph: Shapur (son of Papak)

paragraph: Shapur () was a Persian prince, who ruled as one of the last Kings of Persis in Pars briefly in ca. 222. He was succeeded by Ardashir V, who founded the Sasanian Empire as Ardashir I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shapur was the eldest son of Papak, a local ruler of a district named Khir in southern Istakhr. Papak was a vassal of Gochihr, the overlord of Pars, who was himself the vassal of the Parthian king Artabanus V (r 208–224). According to Arabic-Persian sources, Shapur's brother, Ardashir I started an uprising when he was the commander of Fort Darabgerd in eastern Pars. According to the medieval historian, al-Tabari, Ardashir then asked Papak to stand against Gochihr and start a rebellion. Papak did it and rebelled against Gochihr and killed him. However, Daryaee believes that Papak dreamed of conquering Istakhr himself and was eventually able to achieve it by the help of Shapur; that means in contrast to al-Tabari's report, it was not Ardashir's request and order that caused Papak's rebellion against Gochihr, governor of Istakhr, and it can be implied from the common coins of Papak and Shapur. Later, Papak wrote a letter to Artabanus and requested permission to appoint Shapur instead of the "overthrown" Gochihr in power; in response, Artabanus announced Papak and Ardashir outlaws.

paragraph: Although Artabanus had defeated the Romans, he faced the problem of the defiance of Vologases VI, who had minted coins in his own name between 221 and 222; and this shows that no powerful emperor controlled the Parthian Empire then. During the time that Artabanus was dealing with a more important challenge, and thus he could not pay much attention to the rise of a newcomer in Pars. After a while, Papak died in ca. 222 and Shapur ascended to the throne; afterward, the contest and fight started between the two brothers (Shapur and Ardashir), but Shapur died in an accidental way. According to sources, Shapur stopped at a ruin while assaulting Darabgerd and a stone suddenly separated from the ceiling and hit his head and Shapur succumbed immediately. After the incident, the brothers relinquished the Persian throne and crown to Ardashir, who became the Persian Shah thereafter. Ardashir and his followers could be considered the main suspects of Shapur's mysterious death, since they "benefitted from the accidental death"; but the accusation is not provable. A nephew of Ardashir, Narseh, whose name is mentioned in the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, was most likely the son of Shapur.

wikidata_label: Shapur

wikipedia_title: Shapur (son of Papak)


text:
Canadian
karting
GASTops Chumps for Charity team
Network IT Consulting
Lombardi Racing
CCTCC Website
NCKC Website
Florida Winter Tour
SRA Karting, Montreal
Pictures of RSX in 2004
Inside Track News Blog
Globe and Mail Article
Alex Healy Racing Press Release
Alex Healy Racing Press Release
Alex Healy Racing Press Release
Alex Healy Racing Press Release

categories: 1989 births,Living people,Racing drivers from Ontario

paragraph: Alex Healy (racing driver)

paragraph: Alex Healy (born January 15, 1989) is a Canadian Touring Car racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After a successful stint in karting in Ottawa (NCKC), Montreal (SRA) and in the Florida Winter Tour (SRA, 2005–2008) Healy began car racing in the Canadian Touring Car Championship in 2008 in a shared car, a 2003 Honda Civic coupe, in the Touring Car class. At the end of the 2008 season, Alex purchased, with help from family and friends, a much faster 2003 Acura RSX from CTCC Super Touring Champions (2008) Krikorian Motorsports, originally built by King Motorsports as a World Speed Challenge car. In 2009, Alex moved up to the Super Touring Class. He finished the eight-event season in the RSX with 2 second-place finishes, and earning 7th overall in the Championship.

paragraph: Inside Track Motorsports News named Alex Healy, as voted by readers in its annual Readers' Choice Awards, as "Up and Coming Canadian Road Racer of the Year" for 2009.

paragraph: In 2010, Alex signed with Lombardi Racing of Montreal and raced in the Super Touring class in a four-door Honda SI for the first two events at Mosport finishing 7th in both events. In June 2010, Alex Healy Racing announced that Alex was parting company with Lombardi on a friendly basis to return to compete in his RSX for the remaining 2010 CTCC events.

paragraph: Healy returned to CTCC series in 2011 in his redesigned and upgraded RSX, and completed six of the seven scheduled events. Unfortunately, the RSX encountered many mechanical issues throughout the 2011 season, including two transmissions and an engine failure. This resulted in a high number of DNFs. He finished the series in 8th place overall.

paragraph: In 2012, Alex Healy appointed a new crew and received increased support from his main sponsor. The RSX had a significant power train upgrade with major improvement to aerodynamics, expecting to see improved handling, performance and reliability. Healy returned to the CTCC series with sufficient funding to compete for the entire season of 8 events (16 races).

paragraph: In 2013, Healy spent the pre-season doing a complete re-build of his RSX- including a new power train and revamped support systems. He completed 6 of 7 race weekends and reached the podium on five of the weekends, resulting in an overall 4th in the CTCC Super Touring championship. 2013 was his most successful season in touring car racing.

paragraph: In 2014, Alex Healy tested a car for the Porche Cup series and competed in the Canadian National Karting Championships in Mont Tremblant, QC. Starting 5th on the grid of the Briggs & Stratton senior class final, he had to settle for a 14th-place finish after being hit from behind early in the race.

paragraph: In 2015 Alex sold his Acura RSX to an American former pro racer based in Pennsylvania. He is taking a break from competitive racing by competing with the GASTops Chumps for Charity team and doing selected Karting events.

paragraph: Alex is the co-founder and account executive for Network IT Consulting, a staffing and resources consulting firm.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lombardi Racing Lombardi Racing website

paragraph: BULLET::::- CCTCC Website Castrol Canadian Touring Car Championship website

paragraph: BULLET::::- NCKC Website National Capital Karting Club, Ottawa (NCKC) website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Winter Tour Florida Winter Tour website

paragraph: BULLET::::- SRA Karting, Montreal SRA Karting website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures of RSX in 2004 King Motorsports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inside Track News Blog Inside Track Magazine – News Blog, January 6, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Globe and Mail Article Globe and Mail – "Canadian Touring Car chase gears up" May 19, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Healy Racing Press Release "Alex Healy and Lombardi part company", June 24, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Healy Racing Press Release "Alex Healy's New Look for 2011", April 14, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Healy Racing Press Release "Alex Healy on Podium at the Honda Toronto Indy", July 10, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Healy Racing Press Release "Unfinished Business", May 17, 2012

description: Canadian racing driver

wikidata_label: Alex Healy

wikipedia_title: Alex Healy (racing driver)


text:
The Fair
10th Berlin International Film Festival
Rose-Girl Resli
The Fair
The Trial
The Nun
Signs of Life
Tears of Blood
Derrick
Woyzeck
A Guru Comes
Derrick
War and Remembrance

categories: 1932 births,People from Bytom,People from the Province of Upper Silesia,1991 deaths,German male film actors,20th-century German male actors

paragraph: Wolfgang Reichmann

paragraph: Wolfgang Reichmann (7 January 1932 – 7 May 1991) was a German actor. He appeared in 69 films and television shows between 1954 and 1991. He starred in the film "The Fair", which was entered into the 10th Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rose-Girl Resli" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fair" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Trial" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1962, TV film)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nun" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Signs of Life" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tears of Blood" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derrick" - Season 3, Episode 10 "Das Bordfest" (1976, TV)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Woyzeck" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Guru Comes" (1980, TV film)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derrick" - Season 9, Episode 7: "Hausmusik" (1982, TV)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War and Remembrance" (1988–1989, TV miniseries)

description: German actor

wikidata_label: Wolfgang Reichmann

wikipedia_title: Wolfgang Reichmann


text:
pastoralist
MLC
colonial
Western Australia
Galway
Ireland
Australind
William Burges
York
Major Logue
William
Lockier Burges
Thomas
Kenneth Brown
overlanding
Greenough
Tibradden Station
Western Australian Legislative Council
by-election
Justice of the Peace
Fremantle

categories: 1893 deaths,Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council,People from Geraldton,People from Galway (city),1817 births,Politicians from County Galway

paragraph: John Davis (Australian politician)

paragraph: John Sydney Davis (1817 – 30 September 1893) was an early pastoralist and MLC in colonial Western Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Galway, Ireland in 1817, nothing is known of his life until he arrived in Western Australia on board the "Trusty" in about 1842. Initially he lived at Australind, then moved to Hotham River to manage William Burges' station there. Later he was at York in partnership with Robert de Burgh.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pastoralism.

paragraph: In 1850, Davis joined a group of pastoralists including Major Logue, William and Lockier Burges, and Thomas and Kenneth Brown, in overlanding stock from York to Greenough. From 1852 he was partner in a lease of "Glengarry", and the following year he settled at Tibradden Station.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Western Australian Legislative Council.

paragraph: On 12 March 1884, John Davis was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council seat of Geraldton in a by-election. He held the seat until 27 October 1884. He died at "Tibradden" on 30 September 1893. In 1858 he became a Justice of the Peace.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1854 he married Sarah Heal at Fremantle.

wikidata_label: John Davis

wikipedia_title: John Davis (Australian politician)


text:
oil painting
deerhound
etching
Sir Frank Dicksee
Royal Academy
Slade School
Chevy Chase
London Zoo
bloodhound
French bulldog
pug
bull terrier
Gladys Cooper
World War I
Hampstead
executor
King Edward VII
Collectible
"HD Catalogue"
"Collecting: Herbert Dicksee"
"The Art of Mr Herbert Dicksee"
Windsor Magazine

categories: English male painters,1942 deaths,19th-century English painters,1862 births,20th-century English painters,Dog artists

paragraph: Herbert Dicksee

paragraph: Herbert Thomas Dicksee (14 June 1862 – 20 February 1942) was an English painter who specialised in oil paintings of dogs, particularly the deerhound. Prints and etchings of his best-known paintings were widely distributed by publishers such as Klackner of London, and his work is popular among collectors and dog enthusiasts today.

paragraph: Dicksee belonged to an illustrious artistic family. His father was the artist John Dicksee (1817–1905). John's brother Thomas (1819–1895), also a painter, was the father of Sir Frank Dicksee (1853–1928), president of the Royal Academy from 1924 until his death. (Herbert, meanwhile, had one sister, whose name was Amy.) Dicksee studied art at the Slade School, London, on a scholarship. His first painting was exhibited in 1881.

paragraph: Dicksee specialised in sympathetic paintings of hounds, such as "After Chevy Chase" and "Silent Sympathy", but he also painted big cats at London Zoo, of which he was a fellow. His paintings were usually done from life; he kept numerous dogs as pets. Those pets featured in his etchings included a bloodhound, a French bulldog named "Shaver", and several pugs and bull terriers.

paragraph: Many of Dicksee's works, especially those painted during the war, depict the dogs accompanying melancholy young ladies. His most frequent model was the actress Gladys Cooper.

paragraph: The artist married Ella Crump in 1896, and they had two children, Maurice (who was killed in World War I) and Dorothy (who also studied art). Herbert Dicksee died in 1942 in Hampstead. His daughter Dorothy was the executor of his will, which directed her to destroy most of the plates for Dicksee's etchings.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: This is an incomplete list.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watercress Beds – Surrey" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beauty and the Beast" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All His Troubles Before Him" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silent Sympathy" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Watcher on the Hill" (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where's Master?" (1911), commissioned by King Edward VII

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kill" (1933)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collectible

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HD Catalogue", by Mike Herwin, an on-line catalogue of his works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collecting: Herbert Dicksee", by Nick Waters. Originally published in "Dogs Monthly", December 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Mr Herbert Dicksee", by Enoch Scribe. Originally published in "Windsor Magazine", April 1906.

alias:
Herbert Thomas Dicksee
Herbert T. Dicksee

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Herbert Dicksee

wikipedia_title: Herbert Dicksee


text:
Albi
Paris
French clergyman
Hôtel de Bourgogne
Jean-Paul C. Montagnier

categories: 1698 deaths,1618 births,17th-century male writers,Members of the Académie française,People from Albi,17th-century French poets,17th-century French dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Claude Boyer

paragraph: Claude Boyer (1618, Albi – 22 July 1698, Paris) was a French clergyman, playwright, apologist and poet. Contrary to a popular belief, he was never abbot.

paragraph: Claude Boyer was educated by the Jesuits, where he excelled in rhetoric. His classmate Michel Le Clerc, who like him wrote tragedies and was elected to the French Academy, became one of his closest friends. In 1645, Boyer moved to Paris where he attended exhibitions and produced his first play, "The Roman Portia", played at the Hôtel de Bourgogne in 1646. The play was a great success. Throughout his career some thirty plays, most of which were tragedies, experienced great success. The tragedy "The Loves of Jupiter and Semele" in 1666 was a triumph. When one of the highest literary authorities of the seventeenth century, Jean Chaplain, composed around 1662 a paper on literary men of his time, he thought of Claude Boyer.

paragraph: Section::::Source.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Paul C. Montagnier, “Claude Boyer librettiste: remarques sur "Méduse",” "Revue d’histoire du théâtre" 191 (1996), pp. 303-320.

description: French poet

wikidata_label: Claude Boyer

wikipedia_title: Claude Boyer


text: Canadian

text: Roman Catholic

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Saint-Jean-Longueuil

text: Montreal

text: Bachelor's degree

text: ordained

text: master's degree

text: Université de Sherbrooke

text: Rome

text: dogmatic theology

text: sacrament

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm

text: chaplain

text: Mount Royal

text: Scouts and Guides

text: Chaplain of His Holiness

text: Holy See

text: episcopal vicar

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Titular Bishop

text: Thizica

text: consecrated

text: Cardinal

text: Jean-Claude Turcotte

text: Vicar General

text: Rector

text: Mary, Queen of the World, Cathedral

categories: Roman Catholic titular bishops,Canadian Roman Catholic bishops,Clergy from Montreal,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm alumni,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,1946 births,Université de Sherbrooke alumni

paragraph: Louis Dicaire

paragraph: Louis Dicaire (born 29 August 1946) is a Canadian Roman Catholic bishop. He is the auxiliary bishop of Saint-Jean-Longueuil.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Montreal, Dicaire was educated at the Collège André-Grasset and Collège Saint-Jean-Vianney. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in Theology in 1973 and was ordained a priest on 20 January 1974. He went on to earn his master's degree in Pastoral Care at the Université de Sherbrooke in 1983.

paragraph: From 1983 to 1985, Dicaire went to Rome, Italy, where he studied dogmatic theology and sacramental theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm. He exercised his ministry in various parishes: Blessed John XXIII, Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Colette and St. Joseph of Mont-Royal.

paragraph: Dicaire served as chaplain to the Mount Royal Scouts and Guides, episcopal secretary and was named a Chaplain of His Holiness by the Holy See. From 1996 to 1999 he was episcopal vicar for the region of East Montreal. In 1999, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Montreal and Titular Bishop of Thizica, for which office he was consecrated on 25 March, by Cardinal Jean-Claude Turcotte. Until 2002, he was responsible for the parish facilities.

paragraph: In 2001 Dicaire was appointed Vicar General of the Archdiocese for one year. He was named the Rector of the Mary, Queen of the World, Cathedral of Montreal. In June 2004 he was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil. At the Assembly of Catholic Bishops of Quebec, he served as a member of the Committee of the liturgy, theology and social communications.

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Louis Dicaire

wikipedia_title: Louis Dicaire


text:
American
weightlifter
1904 Summer Olympics
St. Louis

categories: Year of birth missing,Olympic weightlifters of the United States,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in weightlifting,American male weightlifters,Weightlifters at the 1904 Summer Olympics,Year of death missing

paragraph: Frederick Winters

paragraph: Frederick Winters was an American weightlifter and Olympic medalist. He received a silver medal at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis.

description: weightlifter

wikidata_label: Frederick Winters

wikipedia_title: Frederick Winters


text: king

text: South Saxons

text: Sussex

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Cymensora

text: Britons

text: Pevensey

text: Bede

text: imperium

text: Anglo-Saxon

text: bretwalda

text: Henry of Huntingdon

text: Roman

text: Pict

text: Scotland

text: Gaels

text: Scoti

text: Ireland

text: Saxons

text: Jutland

text: Saxon Shore forts

text: Count of the Saxon Shore

text: Honorius

text: Gildas

text: Aetius

text: consul

text: Vortigern

text: Hengest

text: Horsa

text: Angles

text: Saxons

text: Jutes

text: Frisians

text: Mons Badonicus

text: Bede

text: Northumbria

text: Humber

text: Wessex

text: Alfred the Great

text: Cymen's shore

text: Cymen's shore

text: Selsey Bill

text: Southampton

text: Bognor

text: Weald

text: Hampshire

text: Anderitum

text: Pevensey Castle

text: "Britannia"

text: William Camden

text: Newenden, Kent

text: bretwaldas

text: Egbert of Wessex

text: Ceawlin of Wessex

text: Nothelm

text: Procopius

text: Byzantine

text: Armorica

text: Brittany

text: Worthing

text: Angmering

text: Hastings

text: Franks

text: Armorica

text: Brittany

text: France

text: Dumnonia

text: Cornwall

text: Clovis I

text: Hampshire

text: Thames

text: Guy Halsall

text: Æthelwalh

text: Mount Badon

text: Highdown Hill

categories: 510s deaths,Anglo-Saxon warriors,People whose existence is disputed,6th-century English monarchs,5th-century English monarchs,Founding monarchs,South Saxon monarchs

paragraph: Ælle of Sussex

paragraph: Ælle (also Aelle or Ella) is recorded in early sources as the first king of the South Saxons, reigning in what is now called Sussex, England, from 477 to perhaps as late as 514.

paragraph: According to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", Ælle and three of his sons are said to have landed at a place called Cymensora and fought against the local Britons. The chronicle goes on to report a victory in 491, at present day Pevensey, where the battle ended with the Saxons slaughtering their opponents to the last man.

paragraph: Ælle was the first king recorded by the 8th century chronicler Bede to have held "imperium", or overlordship, over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the late 9th-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (around four hundred years after his time) Ælle is recorded as being the first bretwalda, or "Britain-ruler", though there is no evidence that this was a contemporary title. Ælle's death is not recorded and although he may have been the founder of a South Saxon dynasty, there is no firm evidence linking him with later South Saxon rulers. The 12th-century chronicler Henry of Huntingdon produced an enhanced version of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" that included 514 as the date of Ælle's death, but this is not secure.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context.

paragraph: Historians are divided on the detail of Ælle's life and existence as it was during the least-documented period in English history of the last two millennia.

paragraph: By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years. Amongst the enemies of Roman Britain were the Picts of central and northern Scotland, and the Gaels known as Scoti, who were raiders from Ireland. Also vexatious were the Saxons, the name Roman writers gave to the peoples who lived in the northern part of what is now Germany and the southern part of the Jutland peninsula. Saxon raids on the southern and eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts, and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions. Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them to look to their own defence. Britain had been repeatedly stripped of troops to support usurpers' claims to the Roman empire, and after 410 the Roman armies never returned.

paragraph: Sources for events after this date are extremely scarce, but a tradition, reported as early as the mid-6th century by a British priest named Gildas, records that the British sent for help against the barbarians to Aetius, a Roman consul, probably in the late 440s. No help came. Subsequently, a British leader named Vortigern is supposed to have invited continental mercenaries to help fight the Picts who were attacking from the north. The leaders, whose names are recorded as Hengest and Horsa, rebelled, and a long period of warfare ensued. The invaders—Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians—gained control of parts of England, but lost a major battle at Mons Badonicus (the location of which is not known). Some authors have speculated that Ælle may have led the Saxon forces at this battle, while others reject the idea out of hand.

paragraph: The British thus gained a respite, and peace lasted at least until the time Gildas was writing: that is, for perhaps forty or fifty years, from around the end of the 5th century until midway through the sixth. Shortly after Gildas's time the Anglo-Saxon advance was resumed, and by the late 6th century nearly all of southern England was under the control of the continental invaders.

paragraph: Section::::Early sources.

paragraph: There are two early sources that mention Ælle by name. The earliest is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People", a history of the English church written in 731 by Bede, a Northumbrian monk. Bede mentions Ælle as one of the Anglo-Saxon kings who exercised what he calls "imperium" over "all the provinces south of the river Humber"; "imperium" is usually translated as "overlordship". Bede gives a list of seven kings who held "imperium", and Ælle is the first of them. The other information Bede gives is that Ælle was not a Christian—Bede mentions a later king as "the first to enter the kingdom of heaven".

paragraph: The second source is the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", a collection of annals assembled in the Kingdom of Wessex in c. 890, during the reign of Alfred the Great. The "Chronicle" has three entries for Ælle, from 477 to 491, as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 477: Ælle and his 3 sons, Cymen and Wlencing and Cissa, came to the land of Britain with 3 ships at the place which is named Cymen's shore, and there killed many Welsh and drove some to flight into the wood called Andredes leag.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 485: Here Ælle fought against the Welsh near the margin of Mearcred's Burn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 491: Here Ælle and Cissa besieged Andredes cester, and killed all who lived in there; there was not even one Briton left there.

paragraph: The "Chronicle" was put together about four hundred years after these events. It is known that the annalists used material from earlier chronicles, as well as from oral sources such as sagas, but there is no way to tell where these lines came from. It should also be noted that the terms 'British' and 'Welsh' were used interchangeably, as 'Welsh' is the Saxon word meaning 'foreigner', and was applied to all the native Romano-British of the era.

paragraph: Three of the places named may be identified :

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Cymen's shore" ("Cymenes ora" in the original) is believed to be located at what is now a series of rocks and ledges, in the English Channel off Selsey Bill, on the south coast, known as the Owers. It has been suggested that Ower is derived from the word ora that is found only in placenames where Jutish and West Saxon dialects were in operation (mainly in southern England). It is possible that the stretch of low ground along the coast from Southampton to Bognor was called "Ora", "the shore", and that district names were used by the various coastal settlements, Cymens ora being one of them.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The wood called "Andredes leag" is the Weald, which at that time was a forest extending from north-west Hampshire all through northern Sussex.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Andredes cester" is thought to be Anderitum, the Saxon Shore fort built by the Roman rebel Carausius in the late 3rd century at Pevensey Castle, just outside the town. Some believe Andredes cester may have been an imperial stronghold somewhere else as Henry of Huntingdon described the place as a fortified city and gave a very full account of the siege which is inconsistent with the geography of ancient Pevensey and little archaeological evidence of sustained settlement there. Also, in his "Britannia", William Camden suggests that it could be Newenden, Kent

paragraph: The "Chronicle" mentions Ælle once more under the year 827, where he is listed as the first of the eight "bretwaldas", or "Britain-rulers". The list consists of Bede's original seven, plus Egbert of Wessex. There has been much scholarly debate over just what it meant to be a "bretwalda", and the extent of Ælle's actual power in southern England is an open question. It is also noteworthy that there is a long gap between Ælle and the second king on Bede's list, Ceawlin of Wessex, whose reign began in the late 6th century; this may indicate a period in which Anglo-Saxon dominance was interrupted in some way.

paragraph: Earlier sources than Bede exist which mention the South Saxons, though they do not name Ælle. The earliest reference is still quite late, however, at about 692: a charter of King Nothelm's, which styles him "King of the South Saxons". Charters are documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen, and which would be witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land. They are one of the key documentary sources for Anglo-Saxon history, but no original charters survive from earlier than 679.

paragraph: There are other early writers whose works can shed light on Ælle's time, though they do not mention either him or his kingdom. Gildas's description of the state of Britain in his time is useful for understanding the ebb and flow of the Anglo-Saxon incursions. Procopius, a Byzantine historian, writing not long after Gildas, adds to the meagre sources on population movement by including a chapter on England in one of his works. He records that the peoples of Britain—he names the English, the British, and the Frisians—were so numerous that they were migrating to the kingdom of the Franks in great numbers every year, although this is probably a reference to Britons emigrating to Armorica to escape the Anglo-Saxons. They subsequently gave their name to the area they settled as Brittany, or "la petite Bretagne" (lit., "little Britain").

paragraph: Section::::Evidence from place names in Sussex.

paragraph: The early dates given in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" for the colonization of Sussex are supported by an analysis of the place names of the region. The strongest evidence comes from place names that end in "-ing", such as Worthing and Angmering. These are known to derive from an earlier form ending in "-ingas". "Hastings" for example, derives from "Hæstingas" which may mean "the followers or dependents of a person named Hæsta", although others suggest the heavily Romanised region may have had names of Gallo-Roman origin derived from "-ienses".

paragraph: From west of Selsey Bill to east of Pevensey can be found the densest concentration of these names anywhere in Britain. There are a total of about forty-five place names in Sussex of this form, but personal names either were not associated with these places or fell out of use. This does not necessarily mean that the Saxons killed or drove out almost all of the native population, despite the slaughter of the Britons reported in the "Chronicle" entry for 491; however, it does imply that the invasion was on a scale that left little space for the British.

paragraph: These lines of reasoning cannot prove the dates given in the "Chronicle", much less the details surrounding Ælle himself, but they do support the idea of an early conquest and the establishment of a settled kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: If the dates given by the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" are accurate to within half a century, then Ælle's reign lies in the middle of the Anglo-Saxon expansion, and prior to the final conquest of the Britons. It also seems consistent with the dates given to assume that Ælle's battles predate Mons Badonicus.This in turn would explain the long gap, of fifty or more years, in the succession of the "bretwaldas": if the peace gained by the Britons did indeed hold till the second half of the 6th century, it is not to be expected that an Anglo-Saxon leader should have anything resembling overlordship of England during that time. The idea of a pause in the Anglo-Saxon advance is also supported by the account in Procopius of 6th century migration from Britain to the kingdom of the Franks. Procopius's account is consistent with what is known to be a contemporary colonization of Armorica (now Brittany, in France); the settlers appear to have been at least partly from Dumnonia (modern Cornwall), and the area acquired regions known as Dumnonée and Cornouaille. It seems likely that something at that time was interrupting the general flow of the Anglo-Saxons from the continent to Britain.

paragraph: The dates for Ælle's battles are also reasonably consistent with what is known of events in the kingdom of the Franks at that time. Clovis I united the Franks into a single kingdom during the 480s and afterwards, and the Franks' ability to exercise power along the southern coast of the English channel may have diverted Saxon adventurers to England rather than the continent.

paragraph: It is possible, therefore, that a historical king named Ælle existed, who arrived from the continent in the late 5th century, and who conquered much of what is now Sussex. He may have been a prominent war chief with a leadership role in a federation of Anglo-Saxon groups fighting for territory in Britain at that time. This may be the origin of the reputation that led Bede to list him as holding overlordship over southern Britain. The battles listed in the "Chronicle" are compatible with a conquest of Sussex from west to east, against British resistance stiff enough to last fourteen years. His area of military control may have extended as far as Hampshire and north to the upper Thames valley, but it certainly did not extend across all of England south of the Humber, as Bede asserts.

paragraph: The historian Guy Halsall argues that as Ælle immediately preceded the late sixth-century King Ceawlin as Bretwalda, it is far more likely that Ælle dates to the mid sixth century, and that the "Chronicle" has moved his dates back a century in order to provide a foundation myth for Sussex which puts it chronologically and geographically between the origins of the kingdoms of Kent and Wessex.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Ælle's death is not recorded by the "Chronicle", which gives no information about him, or his sons, or the South Saxons until 675, when the South Saxon king Æthelwalh was baptized.

paragraph: It has been conjectured that, as Saxon war leader, Ælle may have met his death in the disastrous battle of Mount Badon when the Britons halted Saxon expansion. If Ælle died within the borders of his own kingdom then it may well have been that he was buried on Highdown Hill with his weapons and ornaments in the usual mode of burial among the South Saxons. Highdown Hill is the traditional burial-place of the kings of Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Primary sources

paragraph: Secondary sources

alias: Aelle Ella

description: first king of the South Saxons

wikidata_label: Ælle of Sussex

wikipedia_title: Ælle of Sussex


text: Paul the Apostle

text: Pauline epistles

text: Epistle to Titus

text: Crete

text: Corinth

text: presbyter

text: Gortyna

text: Heraklion

text: Antioch

text: Mosaic

text: Timothy

text: Gentile

text: Ephesus

text: Corinth

text: Macedonia

text: Dalmatia

text: New Testament

text: 2 Timothy

text: Marius Victorinus

text: Tridentine Calendar

text: Catholic Church

text: Conversion of St. Paul

text: Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

text: Silas

text: Orthodox Church

text: Heraklion

text: United States Army Chaplain Corps

categories: 1st-century births,1st-century bishops,Seventy disciples,107 deaths,People in the Pauline epistles,Christian saints from the New Testament

paragraph: Saint Titus

paragraph: Titus (; ) was an early Christian missionary and church leader, a companion and disciple of Paul the Apostle, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles including the Epistle to Titus. He is believed to be a Gentile converted to Christianity by Paul and, according to tradition, he was consecrated as Bishop of the Island of Crete.

paragraph: Titus brought a fundraising letter from Paul to Corinth, to collect for the poor in Jerusalem. Later, on Crete, Titus appointed presbyters (elders) in every city and remained there into his old age, dying in Gortyna, near the city of Candia (modern Heraklion).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Titus was a Greek, apparently from Antioch, who is said to have studied Greek philosophy and poetry in his early years. He seems to have been converted by Paul, whereupon he served as Paul's secretary and interpreter. In the year 49, Titus accompanied Paul to the council held at Jerusalem, on the subject of the Mosaic rites. Although Paul had consented to the circumcision of Timothy, in order to render his ministry acceptable among the Jews, he would not allow the same in regard to Titus, so as not to seem in agreement with those who would require it for Gentile converts.

paragraph: Towards the close of the year 56, Paul, as he himself departed from Asia, sent Titus from Ephesus to Corinth, with full commission to remedy the fallout precipitated by Timothy's delivery of 1 Corinthians and Paul's "Painful Visit", particularly a significant personal offense and challenge to Paul's authority by one unnamed individual. During this journey, Titus served as the courier for what is commonly known as the "Severe Letter", a Pauline missive that has been lost but is referred to in 2 Corinthians.

paragraph: After success on this mission, Titus journeyed north and met Paul in Macedonia. There the apostle, overjoyed by Titus' success, wrote 2 Corinthians. Titus then returned to Corinth with a larger entourage, carrying 2 Corinthians with him. Paul joined Titus in Corinth later. From Corinth, Paul then sent Titus to organize the collections of alms for the Christians at Jerusalem. Titus was therefore a troubleshooter, peacemaker, administrator, and missionary.

paragraph: Early church tradition holds that Paul, after his release from his first imprisonment in Rome, stopped at the island of Crete to preach. Due to the needs of other churches, requiring his presence elsewhere, he ordained his disciple Titus as bishop of that island, and left him to finish the work he had started. Chrysostom says that this is an indication of the esteem St. Paul held for Titus.

paragraph: Paul summoned Titus from Crete to join him at Nicopolis in Epirus. Later, Titus traveled to Dalmatia. The New Testament does not record his death.

paragraph: It has been argued that the name "Titus" in 2 Corinthians and Galatians is nothing more than an informal name used by Timothy, implied already by the fact that even though both are said to be long-term close companions of Paul, they never appear in common scenes. The theory proposes that a number of passages—1 Cor. 4:17, 16.10; 2 Cor. 2:13, 7:6, 13–14, 12:18; and Acts 19.22—all refer to the same journey of a single individual, Titus-Timothy. 2 Timothy seems to dispute this, by claiming that Titus has gone to Dalmatia (). The fact that Paul made a point of circumcising Timothy () but refused to circumcise Titus () would indicate that they are different men, although certain manuscripts of Galatians () have been taken (by Marius Victorinus, for example) to indicate that Paul "did" circumcise Titus.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: The feast day of Titus was not included in the Tridentine Calendar. When added in 1854, it was assigned to 6 February. In 1969, the Catholic Church assigned the feast to 26 January so as to celebrate the two disciples of Paul, Titus and Timothy, the day after the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America celebrates these two, together with Silas, on the same date. The Orthodox Church commemorates him on 25 August and on 4 January.

paragraph: His relics, now consisting of only his skull, are venerated in the Church of St. Titus, Heraklion, Crete, to which it was returned in 1966The Orthodox Messenger, v. 8(7/8), July/Aug 1997/ref after being removed to Venice during the Turkish occupation.

paragraph: St. Titus is the patron saint of the United States Army Chaplain Corps. The Corps has established the Order of Titus Award, described by the Department of Defense:

description: Greek saint

wikidata_label: Saint Titus

wikipedia_title: Saint Titus


text: Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre

text: William Henry Fox Talbot

text: combination printing

text: silver chloride paper

text: potassium iodide

text: hyposulfite

text: Édouard Baldus

text: Henri Le Secq

text: Gustave Le Gray

text: O. Mestral

text: French Academy of Sciences

text: François Arago

text: Louis Daguerre

text: daguerreotype

text: French Academy of Sciences

text: French Society of Photography

text: Missions Héliographiques

text: combination printing

text: Bayard Islands

text: Breteuil-sur-Noye

text: Hippolyte Bayard and Photogenic Drawing

text: Hippolyte Bayard (Getty Museum)

categories: French photographers,1807 births,Pioneers of photography,1887 deaths

paragraph: Hippolyte Bayard

paragraph: Hippolyte Bayard (20 January 1801 – 14 May 1887) was a French photographer and pioneer in the history of photography. He invented his own process that produced direct positive paper prints in the camera and presented the world's first public exhibition of photographs on 24 June 1839. He claimed to have invented photography earlier than Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre in France and William Henry Fox Talbot in England, the men traditionally credited with its invention.

paragraph: Bayard experimented with the new medium taking photos of plant speciments, statuary (including posing with them for self-portraits), street scenes, urban landscapes, architectural photos, and portraits. He photographed prominent figures and an ordinary worker. He also advocated combination printing and was one of the founders of a photo society.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: While working as a civil servant, Bayard experimented with photography. He developed his own method of producing photos called the direct positive process. It involved exposing silver chloride paper to light, which turned the paper completely black. It was then soaked in potassium iodide before being exposed in a camera. After the exposure, it was washed in a bath of hyposulfite of soda and dried.

paragraph: The resulting image was a unique photograph that could not be reproduced. Due to the paper's poor light sensitivity, an exposure of approximately twelve minutes was required. Using this method of photography, still subject matter, such as buildings, were favoured. When used for photographing people, sitters were told to close their eyes so as to eliminate the eerie, "dead" quality produced due to blinking and moving one's eyes during such a long exposure.

paragraph: In the summer of 1851, along with photographers Édouard Baldus, Henri Le Secq, Gustave Le Gray, and O. Mestral, Bayard travelled throughout France to photograph architectural monuments at the request of the Commission des Monuments Historiques.

paragraph: Section::::Self Portrait as a Drowned Man.

paragraph: Bayard was persuaded to postpone announcing his process to the French Academy of Sciences by François Arago, a friend of Louis Daguerre, who invented the rival daguerreotype process. Arago's conflict of interest cost Bayard the recognition as one of the principal inventors of photography. He eventually gave details of the process to the French Academy of Sciences on 24 February 1840 in return for money to buy better equipment.

paragraph: As a reaction to the injustice he felt he had been subjected to, Bayard created the first staged photograph entitled, "Self Portrait as a Drowned Man". In the image, he pretends to have committed suicide, sitting and leaning to the right. Bayard wrote on the back of his most notable photograph:

paragraph: Section::::Late career.

paragraph: Despite his initial hardships in photography, Bayard continued to be a productive member of the photographic society. He was a founding member of the French Society of Photography. Bayard was also one of the first photographers to be commissioned to document and preserve architecture and historical sites in France for the "Missions Héliographiques" in 1851 by the Historic Monument Commission. He used a paper photographic process similar to the one he developed to take pictures for the Commission. Additionally, he suggested combining two negatives to properly expose the sky and then the landscape or building, an idea known as combination printing which began being used in the 1850s.

paragraph: Section::::Famous photographs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Self Portrait as a Drowned Man", 1840.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Specimens", 1842.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Construction Worker, Paris", 1845-1847.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Self Portrait in the Garden", 1847.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bayard Islands

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gautrand, Jean-Claude and Frizot, Michel, "Hippolyte Bayard. Naissance de l'image photographique", Éd. Trois cailloux, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keeler, Nancy, "Hippolyte Bayard aux origines de la photographie et de la ville moderne", in: "La Recherche photographique" Nr. 2, Univ. Paris VIII, May 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lavin, Amélie, "Hippolyte Bayard. Fictions photographiques: effet d'image et jeu idéal", DEA Thesis, Univ. Paris I, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poivert, Michel & Lavin, Amélie, "Hippolyte Bayard", "Photopoche Nr. 91", Paris: Nathan 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosen, Margit, "Hippolyte Bayard. Fotografie und die Fiktion des Todes", MA Thesis, Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung Karlsruhe (HfG), 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hippolyte Bayard: chevalier de l'ombre" (Proceedings of the colloquy in Breteuil-sur-Noye, 16–17 November 2001), Breteuil-sur-Noye: Société historique de Breteuil-sur-Noye, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lerner, Jillian, "The Drowned Inventor: Bayard, Daguerre, and the Curious Attractions of Early Photography" "History of Photography" 38.3 (2014) http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/YhBxjaWf7hNBxVYmNGNn/full

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippolyte Bayard and Photogenic Drawing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippolyte Bayard (Getty Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippolyte Bayard (Metropolitan Museum of Art)

description: French photographer

wikidata_label: Hippolyte Bayard

wikipedia_title: Hippolyte Bayard


text: King of Naples

text: Count of Provence

text: Forcalquier

text: Prince of Achaea

text: Count of Anjou

text: Maine

text: King of Albania

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Charles I of Anjou

text: Beatrice of Provence

text: Principality of Salerno

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Sicilian Vespers

text: Sicily

text: Peter III of Aragon

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Calabria

text: Gulf of Naples

text: Roger of Lauria

text: naval battle near Naples

text: Charles I of Anjou

text: Beatrice of Provence

text: Provence

text: Forcalquier

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Anjou

text: Maine

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Holy See

text: King of Albania

text: Ionian Sea

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Achaea

text: Peloponnese

text: Stephen V of Hungary

text: Maria

text: Isabelle

text: Ladislaus

text: Saint Nicholas

text: Bari

text: Mary the Virgin

text: Rocamadour

text: Philip

text: Pentecost

text: Principality of Salerno

text: Norman kings of Sicily

text: Philip III of France

text: Peter III of Aragon

text: Toulouse

text: Manfred of Sicily

text: James II of Majorca

text: Rudolf I of Germany

text: Kingdom of Arles

text: Pope Martin IV

text: Dauphiné

text: Savoy

text: Charles Martel

text: Clemence

text: purveyance

text: Sicily

text: Sicilian Vespers

text: Palermo

text: judicial duel

text: Robert II, Count of Artois

text: papal legate

text: Reggio Calabria

text: San Martino di Taurianova

text: subventio generalis

text: Sanseverino

text: Malta

text: Roger of Lauria

text: Capri

text: Ischia

text: Bay of Naples

text: Nisida

text: surrounded and defeated his fleet

text: Messina

text: Conradin

text: Constance of Sicily

text: Cefalù

text: Sisteron

text: Pope Martin IV

text: William I de la Roche

text: Duke of Athens

text: bailiff

text: Odo Poilechien

text: Acre

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Catalonia

text: Alfonso III

text: James

text: Henry II of Cyprus

text: Knights Templar

text: Hospitallers

text: Edward I of England

text: Pope Honorius IV

text: College of Cardinals

text: Oloron-Sainte-Marie

text: Philip IV of France

text: Charles of Valois

text: Nicholas IV

text: new agreement

text: Canfranc

text: Louis

text: Robert

text: Rieti

text: Whit Sunday

text: Raymond Berengar

text: usury

text: blood libel

text: Inquisition

text: Gaeta

text: Isabella of Villehardouin

text: William II

text: Florent of Hainaut

text: Margaret

text: Perpignan

text: Tarascon

text: Avignon

text: Mamluks of Egypt

text: Frederick

text: Andrew III

text: Croatia

text: Slavonia

text: Sancho IV of Castile

text: Peter of Morrone

text: Benedetto Caetani

text: Treaty of Anagni

text: Basilicata

text: prince of Taranto

text: Battle of La Falconara

text: Caltabellotta

text: Robert the Wise

text: Charles I of Hungary

text: Maria of Hungary

text: Stephen V of Hungary

text: Elizabeth the Cuman

text: Charles Martel of Anjou

text: King of Hungary

text: Margaret

text: Countess of Anjou

text: Corbeil

text: Charles of Valois

text: Saint Louis of Toulouse

text: Nocera Inferiore

text: Brignoles

text: Bishop of Toulouse

text: Robert the Wise

text: King of Naples

text: Philip I of Taranto

text: Prince of Achaea

text: Taranto

text: Despot of Romania

text: Durazzo

text: Emperor of Constantinople

text: Blanche of Anjou

text: Barcelona

text: Villebertran

text: James II of Aragon

text: Raymond Berengar

text: Count of Provence

text: Piedmont

text: Andria

text: Eleanor of Anjou

text: Arene, Elis

text: Messina

text: Frederick III of Sicily

text: Maria of Naples

text: Palma de Majorca

text: Sancho I of Majorca

text: Peter

text: Battle of Montecatini

text: John of Gravina

text: Matilda of Hainaut

text: Azzo VIII d'Este

categories: Capetian House of Anjou,Claimant Kings of Jerusalem,Roman Catholic monarchs,Princes of Achaea,1254 births,Counts of Anjou,Princes of Salerno,Charles I of Naples,1309 deaths,Albanian monarchs,Counts of Provence,Monarchs of Naples

paragraph: Charles II of Naples

paragraph: Charles II, also known as Charles the Lame (; ; 1254 – 5 May 1309), was King of Naples, Count of Provence and Forcalquier (1285–1309), Prince of Achaea (1285–1289), and Count of Anjou and Maine (1285–1290); he also styled himself King of Albania and claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1285. He was the son of Charles I of Anjouone of the most powerful European monarchs in the second half of the 13th centuryand Beatrice of Provence. His father granted Charles the Principality of Salerno in the Kingdom of Sicily (or "Regno") in 1272 and made him regent in Provence and Forcalquier in 1279.

paragraph: After the riot known as the Sicilian Vespers against Charles' father, the island of Sicily became an independent kingdom under the rule of Peter III of Aragon in 1282. A year later, his father made Charles regent in the mainland territories of the "Regno" (or the Kingdom of Naples). Charles held a general assembly where unpopular taxes were abolished and the liberties of the noblemen and clerics were confirmed. He could not prevent the Aragonese from occupying Calabria and the islands in the Gulf of Naples. The Sicilian admiral, Roger of Lauria, captured him in a naval battle near Naples in 1284. For he was still in prison when his father died on 7 January 1285, his realms were ruled by regents.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in 1254, Charles was the son of Charles I of Anjou and Beatrice of Provence. He was the sole heir of his father's vast dominion. By the time of Charles' birth, his father had seized Provence and Forcalquier (in the Holy Roman Empire), Anjou and Maine (in France), and the Kingdom of Sicily (a fief of the Holy See). In the 1270s, his father also proclaimed himself King of Albania (in reference to his conquests along the Eastern coast of the Ionian Sea), partially asserted his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and inherited Achaea (in the Peloponnese). Charles' mother died in 1267, but his father's determination to keep his empire intact deprived Charles of his maternal inheritance during his father's lifetime.

paragraph: Charles I arranged a double marriage alliance with Stephen V of Hungary in 1269. Stephen's daughter, Maria was engaged to Charles, and Charles' sister, Isabelle to Maria's brother, Ladislaus. Charles fell seriously ill in late 1271. To encourage prayers for his recovery, his father donated Charles' wax sculptures to churches frequented by pilgrims in the whole kingdom. After Charles recovered, his father made a pilgrimage at the shrine of Saint Nicholas in Bari and sent gifts to the sanctuary of Mary the Virgin at Rocamadour.

paragraph: Charles was knighted together with his brother, Philip, and 100 Italian and French young noblemen at Pentecost 1272. On this occasion, his father also granted him the Principality of Salerno, which had customarily been held by the crown princes during the reign of the Norman kings of Sicily. The king stipulated that Charles could not claim other territories, most probably in reference to Provence.

paragraph: Section::::Regent.

paragraph: His father appointed him to administer Provence in late 1279. He accompanied his cousin, Philip III of France, to a meeting with Peter III of Aragon at Toulouse in December 1280. Peter was the son-in-law of Manfred of Sicily who had lost the Kingdom of Sicily to Charles' father in 1266. Peter insolently ignored Charles during the meeting, although both Philip III and James II of Majorca, who was also present, reminded Peter that Charles was closely related to him.

paragraph: The envoys of Charles' father with the representatives of Rudolf I of Germany and the Holy See started negotiations about the restoration of the Kingdom of Arles in 1278. They reached a compromise, that Pope Martin IV included in a papal bull on 24 May 1281. The bull prescribed that the kingdom, which should include the Dauphiné, Savoy and the nearby territories, was to be given to Charles' son, Charles Martel, on the day of his marriage with Rudolf's daughter, Clemence. Charles was appointed regent for his minor son.

paragraph: Heavy taxation, forced loans and purveyance caused widespread discontent among Charles I's Italian subjects, especially in the island of Sicily. A French soldier's arrogance caused a popular riotknown as the Sicilian Vespersin Palermo on 30 March 1282. The riot quickly spread and put an end to Charles I's rule in the island. Peter III of Aragon came to Sicily accompanied by a large fleet in late August. He was proclaimed king on 4 September.

paragraph: Charles I and Peter III agreed that a judicial duel should decide their conflict. Before leaving for France in January 1283, Charles I appointed Charles and Charles' cousin, Robert II, Count of Artois, co-regents. He authorized them to take measures, after consulting with the papal legate, Gerard of Parma, to prevent the spread of the rebellion to the mainland territories. Charles and his troops left Reggio Calabria and marched as far as San Martino di Taurianovaan easily defensible townon 13 February 1283. After his departure, Peter III captured Reggio Calabria.

paragraph: Charles held a general assembly for the barons, prelates and the envoys of the towns at his camp near San Martino. The royal monopoly of salt and the practise of regular exchange of small coins was abolished. The assembly also decided that the monarchs could levy the most unpopular tax, the "subventio generalis", only after consulting with the representatives of their subjects. The liberties of the noblemen and the clergy were confirmed and the commoners' obligations to contribute to the maintenance of royal fortresses and the flee were reduced. The reforms adopted at the assembly made the continuation of his father's active foreign policy impossible.

paragraph: Charles strengthened the position of native aristocracy, appointing members of the Aquinas, Ruffo and Sanseverino families to the royal council. He also tried to make his father's most unpopular officials scapegoats for the abuses. In June 1283, he ordered the imprisonment of all male members of the della Marre and Rufouli families, who had been responsible for the collection of taxes and custom duties. The heads of the families were executed and their relatives were to pay huge ransoms.

paragraph: Charles did not have funds to finance a lengthy war. He had to borrow thousands of ounces of gold from the Holy See, the kings of France and England, the ruler of Tunis and Tuscan bankers, and from the towns of the "Regno". Gerard of Parma also persuaded the Southern Italian prelates to cede a part of their revenues to Charles for the war against the rebels and their supporters. He could then equip 40 new galleys in Provence. The Aragonese fleet had meanwhile imposed a blockade on the island of Malta. Charles dispatched his new fleet to the island, but the Sicilian admiral, Roger of Lauria, attacked and almost annihilated the Provençal galleys before they reached Malta. Lauria soon occupied the islands of Capri and Ischia, which enabled him to make frequent raids against the Bay of Naples. After he also captured Nisida, he imposed a blockade on Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Captivity.

paragraph: The inhabitants of Naples urged Charles to expel the Aragonese garrison from Nisida. Although his father had forbidden him to attack the Aragonese until his arrival, Charles decided to invade the islet. Believing that most Aragonese ships had left the Bay of Naples, he sailed for Nisida on 5 June 1284, but the Aragonese galleys soon surrounded and defeated his fleet. During the battle, Charles fell into captivity. He was first taken to Messina where the crowd demanded his execution in revenge for Conradin (Manfred of Sicily's young nephew, who had been beheaded at Charles I's order in 1268). To save Charles' life, Constance of SicilyPeter III of Aragon's wifeimprisoned him at the fortress of Cefalù.

paragraph: Charles I died on 7 January 1285. On his deathbed, he had made Robert of Artois regent for the minor Charles Martel who would rule as vicar general until Charles was held in captivity. The Provençal delegates held a general assembly at Sisteron and decided to do their utmost to secure Charles' release. Pope Martin IV partially ignored Charles I's last will. He did not acknowledge the right either of the captive Charles or of his minor son to rule, claiming that an interregnum followed the king's death. The pope confirmed Artois' regency, but he made Cardinal Gerald co-regent, authorizing them to administer the kingdom on behalf of the Holy See. The regents appointed the most powerful ruler of the Peloponnese, William I de la Roche, Duke of Athens, bailiff of Achaea to secure the local lords' loyalty. Odo Poilechienwho had been made baillif during Charles I's reigncontinued to rule Acre which was the only town to acknowledge Charles' rule in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Pope Martin died on 29 March 1285. The crusade that he had declared against Aragon started in late May, but Peter III's resistance forced the crusaders to withdraw in September. At Peter's order, Charles was moved from Cefalù to Catalonia. Peter died on 10 November; his eldest sons, Alfonso III and James succeeded him in Aragon and Sicily, respectively. Henry II of Cyprus, who was regarded the lawful king of Jerusalem by most local lords, forced Odo Poilechien to leave Acre in June 1286. Since the Knights Templar and Hospitallers supported Henry, their estates were confiscated in the "Regno".

paragraph: Charles' sons sent a letter to Edward I of England, asking him to intervene to secure their father's release. Edward accepted their offer and mediated a fourteen-month truce in July 1286. James entered into negotiations with Charles about the conditions of Charles' release. Charles was ready to renounce the island of Sicily and Calabria in favor of James for at least the rest of his own lifetime, but Pope Honorius IV sharply opposed this plan. After Honorius died on 3 April 1287, Edward I mediated a compromise, which was completed in the presence of the delegates of the College of Cardinals in Oloron-Sainte-Marie in July. However, Philip IV of France refused to sign it, because it did not arrange for the compensation of his younger brother, Charles of Valois, who had laid claim to Aragon.

paragraph: The new pope, Nicholas IV, who was enthroned in February 1288, also disapproved the treaty, but allowed Edward I to continue the negotiations. A new agreement, repeating most terms of the previous compromise, was signed at Canfranc in October. According to the treaty, Charles was to be released for a ransom of 50,000 marks of silver, but he also had to promise to mediate a reconciliation between Aragon, France and the Holy See. He pledged that he would send his three sonsCharles Martel, Louis and Robertand 60 Provençal noblemen as hostages to Aragon to secure the fulfilment of his promise. He also promised that he would return to Aragon if he could not persuade his allies to make peace with Aragon in three years. After Edward I gave further guarantees, Alfonso III released Charles who went to Paris to start negotiations with Philip IV. Philip again refuted the treaty and Charles left France for Italy to meet with the pope.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Start of his reign.

paragraph: Pope Nicholas IV crowned Charles king in Rieti on Whit Sunday 1289. To persuade Charles to continue the war for Sicily, the pope granted the tenth of Church revenues from Southern Italy to him. The pope also absolved Charles from the promises that he had made to secure his release. Edward I of England protested against the pope's decision and continued to mediate between Charles and Alfonso III of Aragon. At Edward's request, Alfonso III released Charles Martel in exchange for Charles' fifth son, Raymond Berengar.

paragraph: Influenced by Bartolomeo da Capua and his other advisors, Charles adopted a concept about the establishment of a purely Christian kingdom. He ordered the expulsion of the Jews and Lombards from Anjou and Maine, accusing them of usury. Applying the blood libel against the Jews of Southern Italy, he forced many of them to convert into Christianity. He also introduced the Inquisition in the Regno.

paragraph: Alfonso III invaded Charles' realm and laid siege to Gaeta, because he thought that the burghers were ready to rise up against Charles, but the town resisted. Charles Martel and Robert of Artois led troops to the town and surrounded the besiegers. Edward I of England sent envoys to Charles, urging him to respect the treaty of Canfranc. The pope dispatched two cardinals to prevent the reconciliation, but Charles and Alfonse signed a two-year truce. To secure stability in Achaea, Charles decided to restore a line of local rulers in the principality. He arranged a marriage for Isabella of Villehardouinthe daughter of the last native prince, William IIwith a successful military commander, Florent of Hainaut. In September, he granted Achaea to them, but he kept his right to suzerainty over the principality and also stipulated that if Florent predeceased her, Isabella could not remarry without his consent.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Negotiations.

paragraph: Charles left Southern Italy to start new negotiations with Philip IV. Before visiting Paris, he went to the Aragonese frontier to offer himself for imprisonment on 1 November in accordance with the treaty of Canfranc, but nobody came to arrest him. Charles and Philip IV signed a treaty at Senlis on 19 May 1290. Charles gave his daughter, Margaret, in marriage to Charles of Valois, giving Anjou and Maine to him as her dowry in return for his promise to abandon his claim to Aragon with the pope's consent. Philip IV also promised that he would make peace with Aragon as soon as Alfonso III and the Holy See were reconciled.

paragraph: The envoys of all parties, but James of Sicily, started negotiations with the mediation of English delegates at Perpignan, and continued them in Tarascon in late 1290 and early 1291. They reached a compromise which was included in a treaty in Brignoles on 19 February 1291. The document confirmed most terms of the treaty of Senlis and restored the peace between Alfonso III, Philip IV and Charles. Charles received the districts of Avignon held by the French monarch. The Holy See also accepted the terms of the treaty because Alfonso of Aragon promised that he would lead a crusade against the Mamluks of Egypt.

paragraph: The treaty of Brignoles deprived Alfonso's brother, James of Sicily, of Aragonese support, but Alfonso unexpectedly died on 18 June. James succeeded Alfonso in Aragon, but he did not want to cede the island of Sicily and Calabria to Charles and made his younger brother, Frederick, his lieutenant. The Mamluks occupied the last strongholds in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the summer of 1291. Pope Nicholas IV called for a new crusade and urged the Christian "kings, princes and prelates" to send their proposals about the recovery of the Holy Land. Charles was the only monarch to answer the pope. He suggested that the sole grand master of the united military orders, who should be appointed from about the royal princes, was to rule the reconquered Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: After realizing that his new subjects would not support a war for Sicily, James sent envoys to Rome to start negotiations about his submission shortly before Pope Nicholas died on 4 April 1292. Charles was also willing to reach a compromise, because he wanted to secure Hungary for his family. Charles' brother-in-law, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, had been murdered on 10 July 1290. The Hungarian noblemen elected Ladislaus' cousin, Andrew III, king, although Andrew's legitimacy was doubtful. Charles' wife regarded herself Ladislaus' lawful heir. Claiming that Hungary was the fief of the Holy See, Pope Nicholas IV granted Hungary to her son, Charles Martel, in 1292. The most powerful noblemen in Croatia and Slavoniatwo realms ruled by the kings of Hungaryaccepted the pope's decision. Charles made donations to them to secure their support, but Charles Martel could never assert his claim.

paragraph: The death of Pope Nicholas IV gave rise to a prolonged interregnum. Charles continued the negotiations with James with the mediation of Sancho IV of Castile. An agreement was completed in Figueras in late 1293. James agreed to give up Sicily in return for a compensation. To put an end to the interregnum in Rome, Charles persuaded the cardinals to elect Peter of Morronea hermit who had been known for his apocalyptic visionspope. Being grateful to Charles, Pope Celestine V granted him Church revenues from France, the Holy Roman Empire and England to finance a new military campaign against Sicily. After Celestine abdicated in December 1294, the cardinals elected Benedetto Caetani pope. Pope Boniface VIII was determined to put an end to the war, because he wanted to declare a new crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Peace.

paragraph: Pope Boniface VIII confirmed the compromise between James and Charles in Anagni on 12 June 1295. However, the Sicilians refused the Treaty of Anagni and James of Aragon's brother, Frederick, was crowned king of Sicily on 12 December 1295. Frederick soon made a raid against Basilicata.

paragraph: An attempt was made to bribe Frederick into consenting to this arrangement, but being backed up by his people he refused, and was afterwards crowned King of Sicily. The ensuing war was fought on land and sea, but Charles, though aided by the Pope, his cousin Charles of Valois and James, was unable to conquer the island, and his son the prince of Taranto was taken prisoner at the Battle of La Falconara in 1299. Peace was at last made in 1302 at Caltabellotta. Charles gave up all rights to Sicily and agreed to the marriage of his daughter Eleanor and King Frederick; the treaty was ratified by the Pope in 1303. Charles spent his last years quietly in Naples, which city he improved and embellished.

paragraph: He died in Naples in May 1309, and was succeeded by his son Robert the Wise, with his eldest grandson Charles I of Hungary excluded from Neapolitan succession.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1270, he married Maria of Hungary (c. 1257 – 25 March 1323), the daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth the Cuman. They had fourteen children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Charles Martel of Anjou (1271-1295), titular King of Hungary

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Margaret (1273– 31 December 1299), Countess of Anjou and Maine, married at Corbeil 16 August 1290 to Charles of Valois

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Saint Louis of Toulouse (9 February 1274, Nocera Inferiore – 19 August 1298, Chateau de Brignoles), Bishop of Toulouse

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Robert the Wise (1275-1343), King of Naples

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Philip I of Taranto, Prince of Achaea and Taranto, Despot of Romania, Lord of Durazzo, titular Emperor of Constantinople

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Blanche of Anjou (1280 – 14 October 1310, Barcelona), married at Villebertran 1 November 1295 James II of Aragon

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Raymond Berengar (1281–1307), Count of Provence, Prince of Piedmont and Andria

paragraph: BULLET::::8. John (1283 – aft. 16 March 1308), a priest

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Tristan (1284–bef. 1288)

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Eleanor of Anjou, (August 1289 – 9 August 1341, Monastery of St. Nicholas, Arene, Elis), married at Messina 17 May 1302 Frederick III of Sicily

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Maria of Naples (1290 – c. 1346), married at Palma de Majorca 20 September 1304 Sancho I of Majorca, married 1326 Jaime de Ejerica (1298 – April 1335)

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Peter (1291 – 29 August 1315, Battle of Montecatini), Count of Gravina

paragraph: BULLET::::13. John of Gravina (1294 – 5 April 1336, Naples), Duke of Durazzo, Prince of Achaea, and Count of Gravina, married March 1318 (div 1321) Matilda of Hainaut (29 November 1293–1336), married 14 November 1321 Agnes of Périgord (d. 1345)

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Beatrice (1295 – c. 1321), married April 1305 Azzo VIII d'Este, marchese of Ferrara etc. (d. 1308); she married secondly 1309 Bertrand III of Baux, Count of Andria (d. 1351)

description: King of Naples

wikidata_label: Charles II of Naples

wikipedia_title: Charles II of Naples


text:
Attleborough
Seneschal of Gascony
Thomas of Lancaster
John Fastolf
Robert Harling

wikipedia_title:
Attleborough
Seneschal of Gascony
Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster
John Fastolf
Robert Harling (knight)

categories: Year of birth unknown,15th-century English people,Medieval English knights,1441 deaths

paragraph: John Radcliffe (died 1441)

paragraph: Sir John Radcliffe (died 1441), of Attleborough, was an English knight and administrator who served as Seneschal of Gascony, 2nd Baron of the Exchequer of Ireland, Joint Chief Butler of Ireland, Bailli of Evreux and Constable of Bordeaux. He represented Norfolk as a Member of Parliament in 1420 and 1427.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Radcliffe was the younger son of James Radcliffe of Radcliffe, Lancaster and Joan Tempest. John spent his early years in the entourage of Thomas of Lancaster. He was appointed in April 1406, Joint Chief Butler of Ireland by Thomas.

paragraph: John died in 1441 and was buried at Attleborough church, Norfolk, England.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Radcliffe married firstly, Cecilia, daughter of Thomas Mortimer and Mary Parke. She was a maternal half-sister of Sir John Fastolf and mother of Sir Robert Harling. They are known to have had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Radcliffe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Radcliffe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fynette Radcliffe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Radcliffe

paragraph: He married secondly, Catherine, daughter of Edward Burnell and Alice Le Strange, they are known to have had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Radcliffe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Radcliffe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alicia Radcliffe

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421, ed. J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe., 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radcliffe, Sir John: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

description: English knight and administrator, died 1441

wikidata_label: Sir John Radcliffe

wikipedia_title: John Radcliffe (died 1441)