text: Byzantine

text: saint

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: John the Apostle

text: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Theologian

text: theoria

text: Symeon the Studite

text: Monastery of Stoudios

text: Constantinople

text: asceticism

text: Nicetas Stethatos

text: Philokalia

text: hesychast

text: grace of God

text: divine light

text: spiritual father

text: Desert Fathers

text: Nicetas

text: Basileion

text: Galatia

text: Macedonian dynasty

text: Basil II

text: Constantine VIII

text: Monastery of Stoudios

text: patrician

text: Marcus Eremita

text: Diadochos of Photiki

text: St. Mammas

text: tonsure

text: abbot

text: Divine Liturgy

text: Patriarch Sisinios

text: Metropolitan of Nicomedia

text: Holy Spirit

text: scripture

text: church father

text: heresy

text: saint

text: icon

text: Synod

text: Sergius II of Constantinople

text: Chrysopolis

text: Bosphorus

text: Saint Macrina

text: spiritual children

text: festival day

text: laymen

text: John the Apostle

text: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: hesychast

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: Mt. Athos

text: absolve

text: St. Augustine

text: Gregory of Nyssa

text: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Mark the Hermit

text: catechesis

text: Philokalia

text: Philokalia

text: Jesus Prayer

text: Nikiphoros the Monk

text: discourse

text: Matins

text: liturgical seasons

text: feast days

text: praxis

text: askesis

text: theoria

text: repentance

text: detachment

text: faith

text: contemplation

text: mystical union

text: Baptism of the Holy Spirit

text: Baptism

text: Holy Trinity

text: God as light

text: theological

text: ethical

text: revelation

text: divine grace

text: mysticism

text: salvation

text: Gospel

text: Greek Fathers

text: Alexandrian School

text: Mark the Hermit

text: Pseudo-Macarius

text: John Climacus

text: theoria

text: asceticism

text: sanctity

text: contemplation

text: hermit

text: Desert Fathers

text: charisma

text: prophet

text: divine light

text: spiritual father

text: Desert Fathers

text: absolve

text: confession

text: absolution

text: ordained priests

text: Catholic Church in Turkey

text: Eastern Christian monasticism

text: Nepsis

text: Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)

text: Santiebeati:Symeon the New Theologian

categories: 10th-century Christian mystics,Hesychasm,Roman Catholic theologians,Saints from Constantinople,Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,11th-century Byzantine monks,10th-century Byzantine monks,1022 deaths,Eastern Orthodox mystics,Roman Catholic mystics,Byzantine abbots,10th-century Byzantine writers,11th-century Christian saints,11th-century Byzantine writers,949 births,11th-century Christian mystics,10th-century Christian theologians,Mystic poets,Eastern Orthodox theologians

paragraph: Symeon the New Theologian

paragraph: Symeon the New Theologian (sometimes spelled "Simeon") (; 949–1022 AD) was a Byzantine Christian monk and poet who was the last of three saints canonized by the Eastern Orthodox church and given the title of "Theologian" (along with John the Apostle and Gregory of Nazianzus). "Theologian" was not applied to Symeon in the modern academic sense of theological study; the title was designed only to recognize someone who spoke from personal experience of the vision of God. One of his principal teachings was that humans could and should experience "theoria" (literally "contemplation," or direct experience of God).

paragraph: Symeon was born into the Byzantine nobility and given a traditional education. At age fourteen he met Symeon the Studite, a renowned monk of the Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople, who convinced him to give his own life to prayer and asceticism under the elder Symeon's guidance. By the time he was thirty, Symeon the New Theologian became the abbot of the Monastery of St. Mammas, a position he held for twenty-five years. He attracted many monks and clergy with his reputation for sanctity, though his teachings brought him into conflict with church authorities, who would eventually send him into exile. His most well known disciple was Nicetas Stethatos who wrote the "Life of Symeon".

paragraph: Symeon is recognized as the first Byzantine mystic to freely share his own mystical experiences. Some of his writings are included in the "Philokalia", a collection of texts by early Christian mystics on contemplative prayer and hesychast teachings. Symeon wrote and spoke frequently about the importance of experiencing directly the grace of God, often talking about his own experiences of God as divine light. Another common subject in his writings was the need of putting oneself under the guidance of a spiritual father. The authority for many of his teachings derived from the traditions of the Desert Fathers, early Christian monks and ascetics. Symeon's writings include "Hymns of Divine Love", "Ethical Discourses", and "The Catechetical Discourses".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: The details of Symeon's life come from his own writings and from the "Life of Symeon", written by his disciple Nicetas. He was born at Basileion in Galatia to Basil and Theophano Galaton, members of the Byzantine nobility who supported the Macedonian dynasty. His given name at birth is unclear—it was traditional at that time, when becoming a monk, to take on a new name with the same initial as one's birth name. Symeon may have ignored that tradition in order to take the same name as his spiritual father, Symeon the Studite. In his writings, he sometimes described the experiences of "George," which might have been his birth name. Symeon received a basic Greek school education until the age of eleven, when an uncle recognized that he had potential for higher learning. The uncle helped Symeon to complete his secondary education at the court of the emperor Basil II and his brother Constantine VIII.

paragraph: At age fourteen he met Symeon the Studite (also called Symeon the Pious), a holy monk of the Monastery of Stoudios in Constantinople. That meeting convinced the younger Symeon to forgo higher education and take on Symeon the Studite as his spiritual father. At that time he began studying the life of prayer and asceticism under his guidance, with the desire to immediately enter the monastery. Symeon the Studite asked the young Symeon to wait before becoming a monk, so he spent the years until age twenty-seven serving in the household of a patrician, though according to some sources he served the emperor instead.

paragraph: Living a worldly life during the day, he reportedly spent his evenings in vigils and prayer, putting into practice the writings of two authors—Marcus Eremita and Diadochos of Photiki—that were given to him by his spiritual father. It was during this time that Symeon had his first experience of God as divine light, as he described later in one of his "Discourses" ("Disc." 22.2–4). He attributed the experience to the prayers of Symeon the Studite. In spite of the experience, the young Symeon confessed that he still fell into worldly ways of living. Direct personal experience of God was to become one of Symeon's central teachings in his writings, and to the monks who followed him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Abbot of St. Mammas monastery.

paragraph: At age twenty-seven, he entered the Monastery of Stoudios, giving his life over completely to discipleship to his teacher Symeon the Studite. The elder Symeon was not an ordained priest, but a simple monk who was considered holy by many people. The younger Symeon was extremely zealous in his practices and in following his teacher—to such an extent that the abbot of the monastery insisted that Symeon leave after only a few months.

paragraph: Following the elder Symeon's advice, he left for the nearby Monastery of St. Mammas in Constantinople, which was described as run down, both physically and spiritually. During his time at St. Mammas he continued to follow Symeon the Studite's guidance. Within three years after moving to St. Mammas, Symeon was tonsured as a monk, ordained as a priest, and elected as the abbot of the monastery. He spent the next twenty-five years as abbot of St. Mammas, attracting many monks and clergy with his reputation for learning and sanctity.

paragraph: Not all of the monks were attracted by Symeon's zealous approach. Symeon attempted to reform the Byzantine monasteries, where monks had become subservient to the emperor and had acquired large holdings of property, libraries, and art. His writings and teachings were aimed at returning the monasteries to their traditional role in the early church, urging the monks to take up a life of simplicity, asceticism, purity of heart, and constant prayer. The strict monastic discipline for which Symeon aimed upset several monks in the monastery. Symeon also took a more emotional approach to worship, suggesting that a monk shouldn't take the sacrament without tears. The introduction of vegetarian meals, along with other unique practices to instill discipline and humility, also caused some displeasure among the monks.

paragraph: Fifteen years after becoming abbot, one morning after the Divine Liturgy a group of approximately thirty monks rose against Symeon, who drove them away. Breaking the locks on the monastery gate on their way out, the monks took their appeal to the Patriarch Sisinios, who sided with Symeon and sent the monks into exile. Symeon pleaded on their behalf, doing everything he could to have the monks return to the monastery, including seeking out some of the monks to apologize to them. During his time as abbot, Symeon wrote "Hymns of Divine Love" (completed during his exile), the "Discourses," and many letters and polemical works which have been lost. He also wrote articles relating to his disputes with the church theologians—these survived as his theological and ethical treatises. In 1005 Symeon resigned as abbot of St. Mammas, appointing one of his disciples in his stead, and taking up a more solitary life at the monastery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Opposition from the church.

paragraph: Symeon endured severe opposition from church authorities, particularly from the chief theologian of the emperor's court, Archbishop Stephen, who at one time was the Metropolitan of Nicomedia. Stephen was a former politician and diplomat with a reputation for a thorough theoretical understanding of theology, but one which was removed from actual experience of the spiritual life. Symeon, in contrast, held the view that one must have actual experience of the Holy Spirit in order to speak about God, at the same time recognizing the authority of scripture and of the earlier church fathers. Their differing views on the source of authority to speak on spiritual matters was the cause of several years of intense conflict, ending with Symeon's eventual exile.

paragraph: Stephen found fault with Symeon especially for his charismatic approach, and his support of individual direct experience of God's grace. Symeon believed that direct experience gave monks the authority to preach and give absolution of sins, without the need for formal ordination—as practiced by his own teacher, Symeon the Studite. Church authorities also taught from a speculative and philosophical perspective, while Symeon taught from his own direct mystical experience. Symeon's teachings, especially those regarding the direct experience of God's grace, brought accusations of heresy from Stephen. Symeon responded to Stephen's charges by declaring that the real heresy was to teach that it is impossible to have direct experience of God ("Disc". 29.4).

paragraph: Stephen also found fault with Symeon for revering his spiritual father, Symeon the Studite. At that time, formal recognition of saints was seldom practiced and not obligatory, so revered monks were informally recognized and honored by monasteries and by their disciples. Every year the younger Symeon arranged a celebration honoring his teacher, which included an icon of Symeon the Studite and a service to him. Stephen rebuked Symeon for honoring his teacher as a saint, because in his opinion the Studite was not worth of any honor. The conflict between the two lasted for six years.

paragraph: Stephen was finally able to bring Symeon before the Synod on charges of honoring as a saint someone who Stephen believed was far from saintly. At first, Patriarch Sergius II of Constantinople supported Symeon, going so far as to send candles and perfume in support of the veneration of Symeon the Studite at St. Mammas. Stephen attacked the Studite as unholy and sinful, and was eventually able to convince others that Symeon's homage was improper by convincing them that the Studite held some unorthodox beliefs. As a compromise, Stephen suggested that the annual festival honoring the elder Symeon be held as a private observance within the monastery. Symeon the New Theologian refused to compromise, declaring that it was his duty to honor the church fathers and the saints, and in January 1009 was condemned to go into exile. Stephen also convinced the Patriarch to order all icons of Symeon the Studite removed from St. Mammas, with many of them destroyed or covered over with soot.

paragraph: Symeon, for his part, never backed down from the church authorities. In one of his hymns, he had Christ speaking the following rebuke to the bishops:

paragraph: They (the bishops) unworthily handle My Body

paragraph: and seek avidly to dominate the masses...

paragraph: They are seen to appear as brilliant and pure,

paragraph: but their souls are worse than mud and dirt,

paragraph: worse even than any kind of deadly poison,

paragraph: these evil and perverse men! ("Hymn 58")

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile and death.

paragraph: In 1009 Symeon was sent into exile near Paloukiton, a small village near Chrysopolis on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. According to one account, he was left by church authorities alone and without food, in the middle of winter. There he found a deserted and ruined chapel that had been dedicated to Saint Macrina. It happened to be on land owned by one of Symeon's spiritual children, Christopher Phagouras, who donated the land and proceeds to start a monastery.

paragraph: By this time, Symeon had many disciples—some of them, including the patrician Geneseos, appealed to Sergius II, the Patriarch of Constantinople, to lift the order of exile. Out of fear that the dispute would reach the emperor, Sergius II lifted the exile order completely, and then offered to re-establish Symeon at the monastery of St. Mammas and consecrate him as archbishop of an important see in Constantinople. The only qualification was that Symeon must show some restraint in his celebration of Symeon the Studite's festival day. Symeon refused to compromise—the Patriarch, out of respect for Symeon, gave him his blessing to "live together with your disciples and act according to your good pleasure."

paragraph: Symeon remained at the Saint Macrina monastery, where many close disciples, both monks and secular people, gathered around him. At Saint Macrina he was free of monks who were averse to his discipline and zeal, and free from direct conflict with church authorities. He continued to honor Symeon the Studite—most of the clergy from Constantinople, along with many monks and laymen, joined him during those celebrations. He also wrote during that time and made himself accessible to all who wanted to see him. Symeon spent the last thirteen years of his life in exile, dying from dysentery on March 12, 1022. According to his biographer and disciple, Nicetas, Symeon foretold his own death many years previously, and on his last day called together all the monks to sing the funeral hymns.

paragraph: Symeon is now recognized as a saint by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. The title of "Theologian" was not given to him in the modern academic sense of someone who is learned in theology, but to recognize someone who speaks from personal experience of the vision of God. Until Symeon's time, that title was reserved mainly for John the Apostle, author of one of the four gospels, and Gregory of Nazianzus, writer of contemplative poetry. His opponents derisively called him the "new" theologian because of his creative approach—his supporters, and later the Church at large, embraced the name in the most positive sense.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: After Symeon's death his writings were kept alive by small groups of followers, eventually becoming one of the central teachings of the hesychast movement. Many copies of his works were made in the following centuries, particularly around the 14th century, and among the Eastern Orthodox monasteries on Mt. Athos. His recognition has always been greater outside the official church, its calendar and liturgy. Historians credit this to his zealous personality, his criticism of the church hierarchy, his emphasis on direct experience of God, and some of his unorthodox teachings—including his belief that an unordained monk who had the direct experience of God was empowered to absolve others of their sins.

paragraph: Symeon wrote in a similar style and taught the traditional views of several early Christian fathers and hesychasts, including St. Augustine, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Mark the Hermit. Where Symeon differed from his predecessors was in his transparent and open sharing of his most interior experiences. Symeon was the first Byzantine mystic to freely share those experiences, which were given in the context of his teaching that the direct experience of God was something to which all Christians could aspire.

paragraph: One catechesis of Symeon's, "On Faith", along with a composite work titled "One Hundred and Fifty-Three Practical and Theological Texts", are included in the "Philokalia", a collection of texts by early Christian mystics. Another text in the "Philokalia", titled "The Three Methods of Prayer" is also attributed to Symeon—it describes a method of practicing the Jesus Prayer that includes direction on correct posture and breathing while reciting the prayer. It is extremely unlikely that he wrote that text—some scholars attribute it to Nikiphoros the Monk, while others believe it was written by disciples of Symeon.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Discourses".

paragraph: The "Discourses" are the central work of Symeon's life, and were written during his time as abbot at St. Mammas (980–998). They consist of thirty-four discourses, along with two pieces on thanksgiving, that were given as talks to his monks and others interested in the spiritual life—often at St. Mammas during "Matins" services—and then compiled and likely edited by Symeon himself. They were widely read in Constantinople even before Symeon's exile. Their style maintains the personality of Symeon as expressed in his live talks: simplicity, sincerity, humility, speaking from the heart, and "full of fire and persuasion." There is no obvious sequence or order to the "Discourses"—the topics are apparently a collection of talks given during different liturgical seasons or at feast days of saints.

paragraph: There are two main themes running through the different discourses. One is the traditional theme of the early hesychasts and mystical theologians of the Christian East, especially the practices of faith ("praxis") and asceticism ("askesis") that they frequently taught as the way to reach direct experience of God ("theoria"). Specific practices discussed by Symeon include: repentance, detachment, renunciation, mercy, sorrow for sins, faith, and contemplation.

paragraph: Symeon's other main emphasis is the power of the Holy Spirit to transform, and the profound mystical union with God that is the end result of a holy life. Symeon referred to this as the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, compared to the more ritualistic Baptism of water. Symeon believed that Christianity had descended into formulae and church ritual, which for many people replaced the earlier emphasis on actual and direct experience of God. The "Discourses" express Symeon's strong conviction that the life of a Christian must be much more than mere observance of rules, and must include personal experience of the presence of the living Christ. Symeon describes his own conversion and mystical experience of the divine light.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Hymns of Divine Love".

paragraph: In "Hymns of Divine Love" (also called "Hymns of Divine Eros") most of which were completed during his time in exile, Symeon describes his vision of God as uncreated divine light. That experience of divine luminosity is associated by Symeon with the Holy Trinity, with God, and sometimes with Christ. The "Hymns" are similar in theme to the "Discourses", but are written with poetic meter and rhyme. He began writing them at the same time as the "Discourses" but only finished editing them during the last thirteen years of his life at the monastery of St. Macrina. There are 58 hymns totaling approximately 11,000 verses.

paragraph: The "Hymns" cover various themes, similar to the "Discourses": repentance, death, the practice of virtue, charity, detachment, and more. Especially notable are the Hymns that recount Symeon's mystical experiences and his love for Christ, which have been described as "ecstatic writing and ...mystical content that becomes very personal, both to Symeon and to the reader."

paragraph: An excerpt from "Hymn 25" includes the following description of Symeon's mystical union with God as light:

paragraph: —But, Oh, what intoxication of light, Oh, what movements of fire!

paragraph: Oh, what swirlings of the flame in me, miserable one that I am,

paragraph: coming from You and Your glory!

paragraph: The glory I know it and I say it is your Holy Spirit,

paragraph: who has the same nature with You, and the same honor, O word;

paragraph: He is of the same race, the same glory,

paragraph: of the same essence, He alone with your Father,

paragraph: and with you, O Christ, O God of the universe!

paragraph: I fall down in adoration before You.

paragraph: I thank You that You have made me worthy to know, however little it may be,

paragraph: the power of Your divinity.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Theological and ethical treatises.

paragraph: Symeon's theological and ethical treatises were original written works, as compared to many of his other writings that were taken from his talks. They cover his positions on various controversial issues of theology. Many of them were directed at Stephen, his main antagonist in the church, along with other church officials whom Symeon saw as taking an overly theoretical approach to Christianity. In these pieces Symeon defended the traditions of the early Byzantine mystical theologians from the teachings of the church officials of his own time. Central to this defense was Symeon's view that the revelation of scripture could only be understood through the experience of divine grace given to the pure of heart during contemplation.

paragraph: The treatises cover a wide range of topics, including Symeon's defense against Stephen regarding his own views on the unity of the Holy Trinity. He also presents his doctrine on mysticism, the necessity of faith, the possibility of direct experience of God, the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, and more. The last four treatises were written during his exile, and discuss living a holy life while on earth, salvation through faith and good works, and the need for solitude if one wants to become a channel of divine grace to others.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.

paragraph: The church authorities regularly challenged Symeon, even though his teachings were rooted in the Gospels. He was also faithful to the early Greek Fathers and the two main traditions of Byzantine spirituality: the Alexandrian School, which took a more intellectual approach, and the "school of the heart", represented by Mark the Hermit, Pseudo-Macarius, John Climacus, and other early ascetic monks. He combined these different traditions with his own inner experience in a synthesis that was new in Byzantine mysticism.

paragraph: Symeon often taught that all followers of Christ could have the direct experience of God, or "theoria", just as the early church fathers experienced and taught. In that context he frequently described his own experiences of God as divine light. He preached to his monks that the way to God's grace was through a life of simplicity, asceticism, sanctity, and contemplation, which was also the doctrine of the hermits and monks known as the Desert Fathers. In addition, Symeon placed great emphasis on putting oneself under the complete guidance of a spiritual father.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Direct experience.

paragraph: A central theme throughout Symeon's teachings and writings is that all Christians should aspire to have actual direct experience of God in deep contemplation, or "theoria". Regarding his own mystical experiences, he presented them not as unique to himself, but as the norm for all Christians. He taught that the experience came after purification through prayer, repentance, and asceticism. He especially called on his monks to take on the traditional charismatic and prophetic role in the Church.

paragraph: In one of his "Discourses" he defended the frequent sharing of his own inner experiences, writing that it was not presumptuous, but was done to encourage others in their inner life:

paragraph: We have written them because we are mindful of God's gifts, which He has bestowed on our unworthy self from the beginning of life until the present moment ... and in gratitude we show to all of you the talent He has entrusted to us. How can we be silent before such an abundance of blessings, or out of ingratitude bury the talent that has been given to us (Mt. 25:18), like ungrateful and evil servants? ... By our oral teaching we encourage you too to strive that you may have part in His gifts and enjoy them, the gifts of which we, though unworthy, have been partakers through His unutterable goodness. ("Discourse XXXIV")

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Divine light.

paragraph: Symeon repeatedly describes the experience of divine light in his writings, as both an inward and outward mystical experience. These experiences began in his youth, and continued all during his life. They came to him during inward prayer and contemplation, and were associated with a feeling of indescribable joy, as well as the intellectual understanding that the light was a vision of God. In his writings, he spoke directly to God about the experience variously as "the pure Light of your face" and "You deigned to reveal Your face to me like a formless sun." He also described the light as the grace of God, and taught that its experience was associated with a mind that was completely still and had transcended itself. At times he described the light speaking to him with kindness, and explaining who it was.

paragraph: In "Discourse XXVIII" Symeon wrote about the light and its power to transform:

paragraph: It shines on us without evening, without change, without alteration, without form. It speaks, works, lives, gives life, and changes into light those whom it illuminates. We bear witness that "God is light," and those to whom it has been granted to see Him have all beheld Him as light. Those who have seen Him have received Him as light, because the light of His glory goes before Him, and it is impossible for Him to appear without light. Those who have not seen His light have not seen Him, for He is the light, and those who have not received the light have not yet received grace. Those who have received grace have received the light of God and have received God, even as Christ Himself, who is the Light, has said, "I will live in them and move among them." (2 Cor. 6:16)

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Guidance of a spiritual father.

paragraph: Symeon taught that putting oneself under the guidance of a spiritual father was essential for those who were serious about living the spiritual life. That relationship was a historical tradition especially prominent among the Desert Fathers, who defined the qualifications for acting in the role of a spiritual father: personal experience; an interior life; purity of heart; the vision of God; insight; inspiration; discernment. Official ordination as a priest was not a requirement—Symeon's own spiritual father was a simple unordained monk who had many spiritual children. Symeon also taught that such teachers were empowered by their holiness to preach and to absolve others of their sins, a view that brought him into disagreement with church leaders of his time.

paragraph: In "Hymns of Divine Love" Symeon wrote that:

paragraph: Listen only to the advice of your spiritual father,

paragraph: answer him with humility

paragraph: and, as to God, tell him your thoughts,

paragraph: even to a simple meditation, without hiding anything,

paragraph: do nothing without his advice.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Absolution of sins.

paragraph: Symeon's teachings on the hearing of confession and the absolution of sins brought him into regular conflict with church authorities, particularly Archbishop Stephen. According to Symeon, only one who had the grace and direct experience of God was empowered by God to preach and absolve the sins of others. Stephen held the view that only ordained priests had that authority. Symeon's views were colored by his own spiritual father, Symeon the Studite, who was a simple monk, unordained, and yet who preached and gave absolution. In one of his "Ethical Discourses" Symeon went further and wrote that one should not give absolution without having first received the experience of God's grace:

paragraph: Be careful, I beg you, never to assume the debts of others when you are a debtor yourself; do not dare give absolution without having received in your heart the One who takes away the sin of the world." ("Eth. 6"')

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Turkey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eastern Christian monasticism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nepsis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symeon the New Theologian, The works, volume 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symeon the New Theologian, The works, volume 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symeon the New Theologian, The works, volume 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santiebeati:Symeon the New Theologian

description: Christian saint, monk, and theologian

wikidata_label: Symeon the New Theologian

wikipedia_title: Symeon the New Theologian


text:
German
footballer
Rot-Weiss Essen
Germany national football team
1958 FIFA World Cup
center half
Rot-Weiß Essen
German football championship
German Cup

categories: German footballers,2008 deaths,1958 FIFA World Cup players,Germany international footballers,Association football defenders,Germany B international footballers,Rot-Weiss Essen players,1927 births,German football managers

paragraph: Heinz Wewers

paragraph: Heinz Wewers (27 July 1927 – 29 August 2008) was a German footballer.

paragraph: During his career he played for Rot-Weiss Essen, and earned 12 caps and scored 1 goal for the Germany national football team from 1951 to 1958, and took part in the 1958 FIFA World Cup where Germany finished fourth.

paragraph: Wewers was the center half of the Rot-Weiß Essen team that won the German football championship in 1955 and the German Cup in 1953.

description: German footballer

wikidata_label: Heinz Wewers

wikipedia_title: Heinz Wewers


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: "fu" rhapsody

text: Commandery

text: Shanghe County

text: Shandong

text: end of the Han dynasty

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Liu Biao

text: Cao Cao

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Kong Rong

text: Emperor Xian

text: Xinzhou District, Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: Huang Zu

text: Liang dynasty

text: Tang dynasty

categories: Executed Han dynasty people,Cao Cao and associates,2nd-century executions,198 deaths,Writers from Dezhou,Liu Biao and associates,Poets from Shandong,173 births,People executed by the Han dynasty,Han dynasty poets

paragraph: Mi Heng

paragraph: Mi Heng ( AD 173198), courtesy name Zhengping, was an ancient Chinese writer and musician who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He is best known for his "fu" rhapsody ""Fu" on the Parrot", which is his only work that has survived to modern times.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mi Heng was born around AD 173 in Ban County (般縣), Pingyuan Commandery (平原郡), which is in present-day Shanghe County, Shandong. In the early 190s, Mi Heng, like many others, fled northern China to escape the chaos that broke out towards the end of the Han dynasty. He settled in Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) and joined the staff of its Governor, Liu Biao. Around 196, Mi Heng moved north to join the imperial court that the warlord Cao Cao had established in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan). Mi Heng was friendly with the prominent scholar Kong Rong, who wrote a memorial recommending him for imperial service and submitted it to Emperor Xian, who was then mainly a puppet ruler under Cao Cao's control. Mi Heng returned to Jing Province in 197, where he stayed until his death a year or two later.

paragraph: Although Mi Heng was known as a gifted poet and talented writer, he was prone to erratic behaviour, offensive jokes, and an arrogant attitude that made him difficult to socialise with, and even caused some to question his sanity.

paragraph: Upon arriving in Xu around 196, Kong Rong spoke highly of Mi Heng to Cao Cao, who summoned him for an audience. Mi Heng, however, had a low opinion of Cao Cao, and refused to attend. Cao Cao was outraged by Mi Heng's refusal, but restrained from punishing Mi due to his reputation as a talent. Mi Heng was known as a talented drummer, so Cao Cao invited him to perform with several other drummers at a banquet. Cao Cao provided special garments for the drummers to wear, but Mi Heng refused to wear the provided clothing and wore his own clothes when he performed in front of Cao Cao and the other high-ranking guests. When an attendant scolded him for not dressing appropriately, Mi slowly stripped, stood naked in front of Cao Cao and the other guests for a few moments, and then slowly put on the drummers' garments and continued performing without showing any embarrassment. Kong Rong arranged a second meeting between Mi Heng and Cao Cao, but Mi turned out to be as equally as offensive as he was at the first meeting, so Cao Cao decided to send him back to Liu Biao.

paragraph: Among Liu Biao's subordinates, Mi Heng was highly respected for his literary talents. However, he also criticised Liu Biao for being indecisive and offended most of Liu's other attendants with his arrogant attitude. Liu Biao tolerated him for a year before sending him to Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) to serve its Administrator, Huang Zu. Huang Zu's son, Huang Yi (黃射), greatly admired Mi Heng. Huang Zu himself was also initially impressed by Mi Heng's intelligence and talent. However, Mi Heng got into trouble when he insulted Huang Zu in front of all of his officers at a banquet. Huang Zu ordered Mi Heng's execution, which was quickly carried out by a senior clerk who hated Mi Heng.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: A library catalogue from the Liang dynasty recorded that a volume of Mi Heng's collected works existed in two rolls ("juan"), but this collection was already lost by the early Tang dynasty (early 7th century). Mi Heng's only surviving work is his ""Fu" on the Parrot" ("Yingwu fu" 鸚鵡賦), probably written in 198, which was collected and preserved in the "Selections of Refined Literature" ("Wen xuan" 文選). Two reliable English translations exist:

description: scholar

wikidata_label: Mi Heng

wikipedia_title: Mi Heng


text:
Castilian
poet
playwright
Spanish Golden Age
Counts
Puertollano
Madrid
Alonso de Ercilla
Philip II
Philip III

categories: 1555 births,Spanish poets,Spanish male dramatists and playwrights,Spanish male poets,1615 deaths,Spanish dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Gabriel Lobo Lasso de la Vega

paragraph: Gabriel Lobo Lasso de la Vega (1555–1615) was a Castilian poet, playwright, and historian of the Spanish Golden Age.

paragraph: De la Vega came from a minor noble family, the Counts of Puertollano, and was born and died in Madrid. He studied under the epic poet Alonso de Ercilla from 1571 to 1572. He was a king's guardsman under Philip II and Philip III. This gave him plenty of time to pursue literature.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson-Laufer, Guida M. (1996) "Lasso De La Vega, Gabriel Lobo (1558[sic]-1615)" "Encyclopedia of Literary Epics" ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA,

description: Spanish writer

wikidata_label: Gabriel Lobo Lasso de la Vega

wikipedia_title: Gabriel Lobo Lasso de la Vega


text: Sivananda Saraswati

text: The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga

text: Hatha

text: Raja yoga

text: peace activist

text: Berlin Wall

text: German reunification

text: Kerala

text: South India

text: Nair

text: caste

text: Indian Army

text: Sivananda Saraswati

text: Rishikesh

text: Ganges

text: ashram

text: prostrate

text: guru

text: sannyas

text: hatha yoga

text: rupees

text: Vedanta

text: Montreal, Quebec

text: Canada

text: Quebec

text: Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres

text: Laurentian Mountains

text: Bahamas

text: Grass Valley

text: California

text: Woodbourne, New York

text: Catskill Mountains

text: Thiruvananthapuram

text: Sahyadri Mountains

text: Uttar Kashi

text: Boston

text: Northern Ireland

text: Piper Apache

text: Peter Max

text: Peter Sellers

text: Belfast

text: Suez Canal

text: Pakistan

text: India

text: Berlin Wall

text: Berlin

text: Egon Krenz

text: Hindu

text: Sikh

text: Golden Temple

text: vegetarian

text: meditation

text: The Beatles

text: The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga

text: Sivananda Yoga

text: Vishnudevananda Saraswati

text: Swami Sivananda (1887–1963)

categories: Indian yogis,1993 deaths,20th-century Hindu religious leaders,American male writers of Indian descent,1927 births,American Hindus

paragraph: Vishnudevananda Saraswati

paragraph: Vishnudevananda Saraswati (31 December 1927 – 9 November 1993) was a disciple of Sivananda Saraswati, and founder of the International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres and Ashrams. He established the Sivananda Yoga Teachers' Training Course, one of the first yoga teacher training programs in the West. His books "The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga" (1960) and "Meditation and Mantras" (1978) established him as an authority on Hatha and Raja yoga. Vishnudevananda was a tireless peace activist who rode in several "peace flights" over places of conflict, including the Berlin Wall prior to German reunification.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vishnudevananda was born Kuttan Nair in Kerala, South India, on 31 December 1927. His family were members of a Nair caste. His father was a Brahmin named Panchanatham.

paragraph: During his short career in the Indian Army, he was inspired by a pamphlet, "Sadhana Tattwa", written by Sivananda Saraswati. He travelled twice to Rishikesh to meet Sivananda. At his second visit, he and others waited as Sivananda ascended the stairs from the bank of the Ganges to the ashram. When Vishnudevananda declined to prostrate, Sivananda surprised him by prostrating before him. This lesson in humility was the first given to Vishnudevananda by his guru.

paragraph: Section::::Training.

paragraph: Vishnudevananda entered the Sivananda Ashram in Rishikesh in 1947 at the age of twenty. He took "sannyas" (became a monk) in February 1949 and was appointed the first professor of hatha yoga at the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Forest Academy. In this capacity, he trained scores of Indian and Western students. At the same time he continued his own practice, mastering advanced hatha yoga techniques.

paragraph: He would tell the story at evening meditations of how one day in 1957 Sivananda placed a symbolic 10 rupees (about $0.15 USD) in Vishnudevananda's palm and instructed him to bring the ancient teachings of yoga (Vedanta) to the West. "People are waiting," Sivananda said.

paragraph: Section::::Centers and ashrams.

paragraph: Vishnudevananda travelled throughout North America, teaching yoga and observing the western life style. He founded the first Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1959. Shortly thereafter, in 1961, he called into life the first yoga vacation in Val Morin, Quebec, (on 11th Avenue), which has since become a tradition in the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres and Ashrams.

paragraph: In February 1962, Vishnudevananda saw the present site of the Yoga Camp in Val Morin, and intuitively chose to settle in the dense forest area near the Laurentian Mountains. The Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre was opened there on 19 September 1962 by Marcia Moore, an American trained by Vishnudevananda a few years earlier. Since then, it has expanded to include several temples, a yoga hall, guest lodges and offices, a swimming pool and a sauna.

paragraph: In 1967, Vishnudevananda founded the Sivananda Ashram Yoga Retreat on Paradise Island in the Bahamas.

paragraph: In August 1971, the "Sivananda Ashram Yoga Farm" was established in Grass Valley, California.

paragraph: Vishnudevananda inaugurated a fourth ashram, in Woodbourne, New York, near the Catskill Mountains.

paragraph: In February 1978, Vishnudevananda inaugurated the "Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Dhawanthari Ashram" in Neyyar Dam, near Thiruvananthapuram in the foothills of the Sahyadri Mountains in Kerala.

paragraph: A small Himalayan ashram, "Sivananda Kutir", was established in Netala, just outside Uttar Kashi on the banks of the Ganges and was to become the site of Vishnudevananda’s "jala-samadhi" (sacred drowning).

paragraph: Today the organization founded by Vishnudevananda has nine ashrams and 19 centers around the world. In addition, it has many affiliated centers and has trained thousands of teachers who continue to disseminate the ancient wisdom of yoga.

paragraph: Section::::Peace missions.

paragraph: In reaction to a vision of a world in peril, Vishnudevananda began his peace mission. The first act was to create the Sivananda Yoga Teacher Training Course in 1969, as he felt the need to train future leaders and responsible citizens of the world in the yogic disciplines. Later he conducted peace flights over the world's trouble spots, earning himself the name "The Flying Swami".

paragraph: On 30 August 1971, Vishnudevananda flew from Boston to Northern Ireland in his Peace Plane, a twin-engine Piper Apache plane painted by artist Peter Max. His Vedantic message, "Man is free as a bird", challenged all man-made borders and mentally constructed boundaries. Upon landing, he was joined by actor Peter Sellers and they walked through the streets of Belfast chanting a song called "Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself." Later that same year, on 6 October, he took off with his co-pilot Bren Jacobson, who had been with him during the entire trip, from Tel Aviv to fly over the war-ridden Suez Canal and was buzzed by Israeli jets. The same thing happened with the Egyptian Air Force on the other side of the Canal. He continued eastward, "bombing" Pakistan and India with flowers and peace leaflets.

paragraph: On 15 September 1983 Vishnudevananda flew over the Berlin Wall, from West to East Berlin, in a highly publicized and dangerous mission to promote peace. Vishnudevananda returned to Berlin when the Wall fell in 1989, staging a peace festival and a brief meeting with then-East German leader Egon Krenz to thank him for allowing the events to unfold peacefully.

paragraph: In 1984, Vishnudevananda and his students toured India in a double-decker bus, conducting programs to awaken the Indian people to their ancient tradition of yoga. In February he tried to mediate between the Hindu and Sikh factions in Amritsar, entering the Golden Temple to speak to the Sikh leaders who had sought refuge there.

paragraph: Over the years, Vishnudevananda met regularly with other spiritual and religious leaders to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding. He organized yearly symposia on such topics as yoga and science, the possibilities of the mind, sustainable living and nuclear disarmament.

paragraph: Vishnudevananda died on 9 November 1993. His body was then placed into the Ganges at the Sivananda Kutir, and the rite named "jalasamadhi" was performed, merging the abandoned body with the water.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Vishnudevananda condensed the teachings of classical yoga into five principles: proper exercise, proper breathing, proper relaxation, proper diet (vegetarian), and meditation and positive thinking. The Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Organization founded by Vishnudevananda has centers and ashrams around the world. It is one of the largest training bodies of yoga teachers in the world, having produced over 45,000 graduates since the Sivananda Yoga Teachers’ Training Course was first inaugurated in 1969. His motto was, ""Health is Wealth. Peace of Mind is Happiness. Yoga Shows the Way.""

paragraph: He is known also for having introduced The Beatles to yoga in the 1960s.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meditation and Mantras" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Commentary on the Hatha Yoga Pradipika"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Karma and Disease"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivananda Yoga

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishnudevananda Saraswati at International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swami Sivananda (1887–1963) at Sivananda Yoga Europe

description: Author, peace activist, founder of a multinational network of yoga centers

wikidata_label: Vishnudevananda Saraswati

wikipedia_title: Vishnudevananda Saraswati


text: ancient Greek

text: Daedalus

text: cult figure

text: Hera

text: Samos

text: Aegina

categories: Ancient Aeginetans,6th-century BC Greek sculptors,Ancient Greek sculptors

image: 512px-Новый_Эрмитаж._Смилид_(Smilis).jpg

paragraph: Smilis

paragraph: Smilis () was a legendary ancient Greek sculptor, the contemporary of Daedalus, whose name was associated with the archaic cult figure of Hera at Samos. Smilis was born in the island of Aegina.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Stewart, "One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works" "The Sculptors: The Archaic Period"

description: Ancient Greek sculptor

wikidata_label: Smilis

wikipedia_title: Smilis


text:
Conversano
Loritello
Vassonville
Dieppe
Robert I of Bassunvilla
Roger II
William
William I
Holy Roman imperial
Frederick Barbarossa
Byzantine imperial
Manuel I Comnenus
John Ducas
Michael Palaeologus
Bari
Treaty of Benevento
Pope Adrian IV
diocese of Penne
John Axuch
constable
Richard of Mandra
Taranto
Salerno
Rainald of Dassel
Battle of Monte Porzio
Margaret of Navarre
regent
William II
Adelisa
"Lexikon des Mittelalters".
Molise in the Norman period.
Norwich, John Julius
London
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press

categories: Counts of Loritello,Italo-Normans,Year of birth unknown,Norman warriors,Counts of Conversano,1182 deaths

paragraph: Robert III of Loritello

paragraph: Robert of Bassunvilla (also Basunvilla and Bassonville) (died 15 September 1182) was the count of Conversano (from 1138) and Loritello (from 1154, as Robert III). His family had a long history in Vassonville, near Dieppe.

paragraph: Robert (II) was the son of Robert I of Bassunvilla, who had been granted Conversano by Roger II. Robert inherited this possession on his father's death. Roger II had cause later to confiscate the county of Loritello from William, his own relative. On his deathbed, he asked his son William I to appoint Robert count of Loritello, a quasi-autonomous post. Soon however, he was implicated (truly or falsely) in rebellion and fled first to the Holy Roman imperial court of Frederick Barbarossa and then the Byzantine imperial court of Manuel I Comnenus. He may have laid claim to the throne, on the basis of a forged will. He had the assistance of John Ducas when he returned to lead the revolt of 1155–1156, but the Byzantine general Michael Palaeologus died at Bari and William defeated the imperial troops.

paragraph: By the Treaty of Benevento of 1156, Pope Adrian IV guaranteed Robert's right to leave the kingdom peacefully, but he renewed instead his designs on the land of the diocese of Penne. In 1157 he was encouraged in his rebellious efforts by a new emissary of Manuel I. This was Alexius Axuch, the son of Manuel's chief advisor John Axuch. Though his constable, Richard of Mandra, was captured, he evaded the royal army and continued in defiance of William I's authority. In 1161, he conquered much territory to the south. William responded by chasing him from Taranto and almost razing Salerno. In 1163, however, he was forced to flee again to Barbarossa.

paragraph: In 1167, he was with the army of Rainald of Dassel at the Battle of Monte Porzio on 29 May, when a great Roman army was defeated.

paragraph: In 1169, Margaret of Navarre, regent of William II and widow of William I, and her council of advisors restored Robert to all his former possessions. His widow Adelisa, daughter of Roger II, inherited Conversano.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lexikon des Mittelalters".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molise in the Norman period.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. "The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194". Longman: London, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. "Byzantium: The Decline and Fall". New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew, Donald. "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily". Cambridge University Press: 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houben, Hubert. "Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West". Trans. G. A. Loud and Diane Milbourne. Cambridge University Press: 2002.

paragraph: BR

description: Norman noble

wikidata_label: Robert III of Loritello

wikipedia_title: Robert III of Loritello


text:
Port Phillip Association
Cornwall
Tasmania
John Batman
John Charles Darke
Port Phillip
Yarra River
Victoria
Mount Cottrell
Melton
Port Phillip
Batman Treaty
Joseph Gellibrand
Charles Swanston

categories: 1860 deaths,1806 births,Australian businesspeople,English emigrants to colonial Australia,Settlers of Melbourne

paragraph: Anthony Cottrell

paragraph: Anthony Cottrell (21 March 1806 – 4 May 1860) was a farmer and one of fifteen investors in the Port Phillip Association. The son of Ellen and William Cottrell, a farmer living in the South Esk County of Cornwall, Tasmania. He immigrated to Tasmania in 1824 on the 'Cumberland'. He was to later befriend John Batman and John Charles Darke, fellow Tasmanian investors and move to Port Phillip on the Yarra River in 1835 as one of the original settlers in what was to become Victoria. He later returned to Tasmania. He is officially remembered in the name of a hill and an outer western Melbourne suburb, Mount Cottrell, near Melton.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and business interests.

paragraph: In January 1835 he married Frances Solomon. Seven months later he moved to Port Phillip to take up his new holdings he had invested and acquired via the later disputed Batman Treaty. The young couple quickly had three children who were amongst the first Europeans born in the new settlement: Ellen Lowes, 1835, Anthony Crisp, 1837, and Harriet Ann 1839.

paragraph: The extraordinary claims to large areas of land made by members of the Association after Joseph Gellibrand returned from his exploration in February 1836 were such that each began to ship stock to holdings of 40,000 acres (160 km²) or more. The members of the Association claimed in 1838 to have shipped between 2500 and 500 sheep each, and Cottrell is listed with 1000. Of course the Government of NSW did not allow them to keep this land acquired by "treaty" with the aborigines, and it is not known what happened to Cottrell's claim or to his sheep. His share in the Association was sold to banker and fellow member Charles Swanston in July 1838 for 411 pounds, which corresponded to one seventeenth of the value after expenses of the assessed value of the 10,416 acres (42 km²) which the Government eventually allowed them to purchase.

paragraph: By March 1839 Cottrell was later known as a stock agent, the first in Geelong, and as an auctioneer in the area West of Melbourne. Cottrell sold a wide range of Batman's possessions under orders from his executors seeking to recover funds to repay Batman's creditors after his death in May 1839. Cottrell's acquisition of this place of business came by virtue of an interesting legal agreement with Batman in January 1839, for which the deed still exists, in which he undertook to pay Eliza Batman, John Batman's wife who was about to leave for England, 60 pounds a year for the rest of her life in exchange for a peppercorn rental on a building in William Street.

paragraph: In September 1840 he returned to Tasmania where several more children were born to Anthony and Frances Cottrell: William Joseph later known as William Ostler 1842; Fanny Randall 1843; Sarah Alicia Barbara 1844; and Joseph Solomon 1846. Cottrell's original land on the Nile River passed into other hands in 1839 and he acquired another smaller property of near Launceston that year. His later years were lived in Hobart where Anthony Cottrell died at his home in Elphinstone Road on 4 May 1860, aged 54.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. R von Steiglitz, "A History of Evandale", Evandale History Society, Rev. Ed., 1992. p. 27

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hopton, Arthur James, "A Pioneer of two Colonies: John Pascoe Fawkner, 1792-1869", "The Victorian Historical Magazine" (VHM), 30, 103-250 (1960), p. 153.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crawford, the Hon. Mr. Justice, W. F. Ellis, and G. H. Stancombe. (Eds.) "The Diaries of John Helder Wedge 1824-35". The Royal Society of Tasmania, 1962. Introduction p xvi ff.

description: Australian farmer

wikidata_label: Anthony Cottrell

wikipedia_title: Anthony Cottrell


text:
priest
theologian
poet
scholar
Carolingian Renaissance
Patriarch of Aquileia
synod
Spanish Adoptionism
Filioque
Nicene Creed
Christianisation
Avars
alpine Slavs
Aquileian patriarchate
apostle
Slovenes
Premariacco
Cividale
Roman
Friuli
Italy
Lombard
ordination
priesthood
Latin
classics
jurisprudence
patristic
Carolingian Renaissance
Christendom
Western Civilization
barbarian
Charlemagne
King
Franks
Carolingian Empire
Hrodgaud's
Mimo of Lavariano
Ivrea
palace court
palace school
Peter of Pisa
Alcuin of York
Fardulf
Arno of Salzburg
Albrico
Riculph
Raefgot
Rado
Lullus
Bassinus
Fuldrad
Eginard
Adalard
Adelbert
Siguald
Patriarch of Aquileia
count
March of Friuli
Aquileia
destruction
Attila the Hun
patriarchal basilica
Istria
Patriarch of Grado
Buja
Verona
Ratisbon
Spanish Adoptionism
Elipandus
Toledo
Felix of Urgel
Frankfort
Pepin
Avars
synod
Danube
Slavs
Salzburg
Arno
Drava
Alcuin of York
Christianised
Slovenes
Holy Trinity
double-procession of the Holy Spirit
Altinum
Hefele
missi dominici
Pistoia
Rome
Pope Leo III
Catholic Church
Letter to the Hebrews
manuscript
elegy
Eric of Friuli
Siege of Trsat
rhythm
Christmas
Candlemas
Lent
Easter
feast of Saint Mark
feast of Saints Peter and Paul
Monumenta Germanica Historica
Patrologia Latina
translations
basilica of Cividale del Friuli
Charles the Bald
Martyrology of Usuard
feast day
Cividale
octave
Epiphany
patriarch Francesco Barbaro
Roman Martyrology

categories: Medieval linguists,720s births,Medieval Italian theologians,Bishops of Aquileia,Linguists from Italy,History of Christianity in Slovenia,People from Premariacco,8th-century Italian writers,Carolingian dynasty,800s deaths,8th-century Latin writers,8th-century Christian theologians,8th-century bishops,8th-century Christian saints,Medieval Slovenian people,8th-century Frankish writers,8th-century philosophers,Medieval Latin poets,Italian saints,Italian male poets

paragraph: Paulinus II of Aquileia

paragraph: Saint Paulinus II ( 726 – 11 January 802 or 804 AD) was a priest, theologian, poet, and one of the most eminent scholars of the Carolingian Renaissance. From 787 to his death, he was the Patriarch of Aquileia. He participated in a number of synods which opposed Spanish Adoptionism and promoted both reforms and the adoption of the "Filioque" into the Nicene Creed. In addition, Paulinus arranged for the peaceful Christianisation of the Avars and the alpine Slavs in the territory of the Aquileian patriarchate. For this, he is also known as the apostle of the Slovenes.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Paulinus was born at Premariacco, near Cividale (the Roman "Forum Iulii") in the Friuli region of north-eastern Italy, probably of a Roman family (though distinctions between Roman and Lombard no longer existed) during the latter days of Lombard rule. He received his education in the patriarchal school at Cividale and, after ordination to the priesthood, he became master of the same school. There he acquired a thorough Latin culture, both in pagan and Christian classics. He also acquired a relatively deep knowledge of jurisprudence, and an extensive Scriptural, theological, and patristic training.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Carolingian Renaissance.

paragraph: Paulinus' educational background prepared him to play a key part in the Carolingian Renaissance, allowing him to capably assist in the promotion of Christendom and the restoration of Western Civilization after centuries of unstable barbarian rule.

paragraph: It was precisely because of his exceptional learning that Paulinus first came to the attention of Charlemagne in 774 when the King of the Franks conquered all of Lombard northern Italy for the Carolingian Empire. Moreover, because of his loyalty to Charlemagne during Duke Hrodgaud's rebellion in 776, Paulinus was rewarded with many favors, among them the gift of the property of Waldand, son of Mimo of Lavariano, by means of a diploma issued by Charlemagne from Ivrea. In the same year, Charlemagne also invited Paulinus to the palace court to be royal "master of grammar ("grammaticus magister")." It was at the itinerant palace school ("schola palatina") that Paulinus would stay for about ten years and make the acquaintance of other leading scholars of the age, including Peter of Pisa, Alcuin of York, Fardulf, Arno of Salzburg, Albrico, Riculph, Raefgot, Rado, Lullus, Bassinus, Fuldrad, Eginard, Adalard and Adelbert. He formed an enduring friendships with Alcuin as attested to by numerous letters.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Patriarch of Aquileia.

paragraph: On the death of Patriarch Siguald in 787, Charles appointed Paulinus to be consecrated as the Patriarch of Aquileia. Paulinus returned from court to his episcopal see and took up residence at Cividale, also the seat of the Carolingian count in charge of the March of Friuli. (Aquileia itself had been reduced to a tiny village after its destruction in 452 by Attila the Hun, although the patriarchal basilica remained there.) As patriarch, Paulinus was able to take a more active and prominent part in implementing societal reforms. In his relations with the churches of Istria, or with the nearby Patriarch of Grado, the representative of Byzantine interests, he exhibited prudence and pastoral zeal. Meanwhile, from Charlemagne, Paulinus obtained diplomas for the free election of the future patriarchs by the cathedral chapter of Aquileia, and other privileges for his patriarchate as well as for the monastery of St. Mary in Organo, the church of St. Lawrence in Buja, and the hospitals of St. John at Cividale and St. Mary at Verona.

paragraph: Section::::Synods.

paragraph: Paulinus was solicitous for the integrity of Catholic doctrine. In 792, he took part in the Council of Ratisbon, which condemned the heresy of Spanish Adoptionism taught by Spanish bishops, Elipandus of Toledo and Felix of Urgel. In 794, he took a leading part in the Frankish national council at Frankfort, where Adoptionism was again condemned, and composed a book against the heresy which was sent to Spain in the name of the assembled bishops. Departing Frankfort, Paulinus returned to his episcopal residence at Cividale.

paragraph: In 796 he accompanied Charlemagne's son Pepin in his military campaign against the nearby hostile Avars. In late summer of 796, after the Avars had been defeated, Paulinus presided over a synod of bishops at Pepin's military camp on the banks of the Danube in which the bishops decided on a program of evangelization and catechesis for the recently subdued territories inhabited by the Avars and the Slavs. With the consent of Paulinus, the synod also assigned the patriarchate of Aquileia's northernmost territory to the bishop of Salzburg, headed by Arno. The border between the dioceses was drawn on the Drava River. The agreement was confirmed in 811 by Charlemagne and lasted for almost a millennium, until the middle of the 18th century. At the advice of Alcuin of York, it was decided that the areas should be Christianised nonviolently. Nowadays, the Slovenes regard Paulinus as their apostle who peacefully brought them Christian religion, although the true missionary activity in the Aquileian sphere started only after his death.

paragraph: Returning from the synod, Paulinus once more opposed the Adoptionism at the Council of Cividale. The patriarch expounded the Western Catholic doctrine of the Holy Trinity, affirming the double-procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father "and the Son" ("filioque"). At this synod fourteen canons of ecclesiastical discipline, and on the sacrament of marriage, were framed and a copy of the Acts was sent to Charlemagne. [Paulinus was once thought to have assisted at a Council of Altinum, but the theologian Karl Josef von Hefele has provided evidence that such a council never occurred.]

paragraph: Section::::"Missus dominicus".

paragraph: Always protesting the immunity of the Church from secular obligations and interference in his correspondences with Charlemagne, Paulinus, nonetheless, served as one of Charlemagne's "missi dominici" at Pistoia, with Arno of Salzburg and ten other bishops, in 798. Afterwards he also traveled to Rome as legate to Pope Leo III.

paragraph: Much of the activity of Paulinus as patriarch can be gathered from the "Sponsio Episcoporum ad S. Aquileiensem Sedem".

paragraph: He died, revered as a saint by the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Among his works are: "Libellus Sacrosyllabus contra Elipandum", "Liber Exhortationis", "Libri III contra Felicem", and the protocol of the conference with Pepin and the bishops on the Danube, a work very important for the history of that expedition. Among his early works is a Commentary on the Letter to the Hebrews which, however, remains in manuscript form.

paragraph: Paulinus was also a poet. Among his better known poetical productions are his "Carmen de regula fidei"; a "Versus de Lazaro"; a "planctus" or elegy inspired by the death of his friend, Duke Eric of Friuli who was killed in Siege of Trsat, 799; a rhythm on the destruction of Aquileia; and eight liturgical rhythms or hymns to be sung in his own church at Christmas, the Candlemas, Lent, Easter, the feast of Saint Mark, the feast of Saints Peter and Paul (known by incipit "Felix per omnes festum mundi cardines"), and the feast of the dedication of his cathedral.

paragraph: Letters written by and to Paulinus are preserved in the "Monumenta Germanica Historica" and "Patrologia Latina".

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: After several translations the relics of the patriarch were laid to rest under the altar of the crypt of the basilica of Cividale del Friuli.

paragraph: The first appearance of the name St. Paulinus in the Liturgy occurs in the "Litaniae" of Charles the Bald of the 9th century. It appears also in the "Litaniae Carolinae," in the "Litaniae a S. Patribus constitutae," and finally in the manuscript "Litaniae of the Gertrudian" of the 10th century.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.:Feast day.

paragraph: In manuscripts prior to the "Martyrology of Usuard" his feast day is recorded on 11 January. In the calendars of saints of the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, used in the Church of Aquileia and Cividale, his feast has a special rubric. Until the 16th century, the feast continued to be celebrated on 11 January, during the privileged octave of the Epiphany. The patriarch Francesco Barbaro at the beginning of the 17th century translated the feast to 9 February. The Church of Cividale keeps his feast on 2 March.

paragraph: According to the most recent (2004) edition of the Roman Martyrology, Paulinus' feast day is assigned to the date of his death, 11 January.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martyrologium Romanum", Editio Altera, (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004) 94.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints". 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Everett, "Paulinus, the Carolingians and "famosissima" Aquileia", in "Paulino d'Aquileia e il contributo italiano all'Europa carolingia", ed. Paolo Chiesa (Udine, 2003), pp. 115–154

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Everett, "Paulinus of Aquileia's "Sponsio Episcoporum": written oaths and clerical discipline in Carolingian Italy", in W. Robins (ed), "Textual Cultures of Medieval Italy" (University of Toronto Press, 2011), pp. 167–216 (includes new edition of Latin text with Eng. translation of the "Sponsio").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Giannoni, Paulinus II, "Patriarch von Aquileia", (Wien: Verlag, 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dag Norberg, L'oeuvre poétique de Paulin d'Aquilée. Stockholm, 1979 (edition of all poetic texts)

description: Patriarch of Aquileia

wikidata_label: Paulinus II of Aquileia

wikipedia_title: Paulinus II of Aquileia


text: luchador

text: professional wrestler

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: Alas de Oro

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: Gran Apache

text: Abismo Negro

text: 2003 Guerra de Titanes

text: football

text: Club Deportivo Guadalajara

text: Antonio Peña

text: storyline

text: Real Fuerza Aérea

text: Laredo Kid

text: Pegasso

text: Rey Cometa

text: Super Fly

text: Argenis

text: Gato Eveready

text: El Ángel

text: Pay-Per-View

text: Verano de Escándalo

text: Estrellita

text: Octagoncito

text: Alfa

text: Pirata Morgan

text: Faby Apache

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: the Black Family

text: Dark Cuervo

text: Dark Escoria

text: Dark Ozz

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Nygma

text: Psicosis II

text: Triplemanía XVI

text: Alas de Oro

text: Extreme Tiger

text: Jack Evans

text: Teddy Hart

text: Último Gladiador

text: Los Psycho Circus

text: Killer Clown

text: Psycho Clown

text: Zombie Clown

text: Triplemania XVII

text: Billy Boy

text: Mari Apache

text: Luchas de Apuestas

text: Steel cage match

text: Sexy Star

text: Verano de Escándalo

text: Cynthia Moreno

text: El Oriental

text: AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champion

text: Alex Koslov

text: Christina Von Eerie

text: Héroes Inmortales IV

text: torneo cibernetico

text: Copa Antonio Peña

text: rudo

text: Octagón

text: La Sociedad

text: Japan

text: Pro Wrestling Noah

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: Rey de Reyes 2015

text: El Texano Jr.

text: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: 2015 Battle of Los Angeles

text: Brian Cage

text: Chikara

text: Fénix

text: 2015 King of Trios

text: Chuck Taylor

text: Drew Gulak

text: Frightmare

text: Hallowicked

text: Silver Ant

text: Bullet Club

text: A.J. Styles

text: Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson

text: Tony Nese

text: Conan

text: Conan O'Brien

text: Atlantis

text: Rey Mysterio

text: Drago

text: Impact Wrestling

text: El Hijo del Vikingo

text: Puma King

text: Psycho Clown

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Faby Apache

text: Alas de Oro

text: Copa Antonio Peña

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Chikara

text: King of Trios

text: Drago

text: Fénix

text: Lucha Underground

text: Lucha Underground Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: AAA profile

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,Masked wrestlers,1984 births,Professional wrestlers from Mexico City,Living people

paragraph: Aero Star

paragraph: Aero Star (real name unrevealed; born October 22, 1984) is a Mexican luchador, which is a masked professional wrestler currently signed to Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). Aero Star won the 2008 "Alas de Oro" tournament and is known for his high risk moves off the top rope or off the arena's lighting structures.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2003–present).

paragraph: The wrestler that would later work as "Aero Star" joined Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide in 2003, initially working as "El Acuatico" (Spanish for "the Aquatic") in opening matches while receiving further training from Gran Apache and Abismo Negro. In mid to late 2003 he began working as the unmasked "El Chamagol"; as El Chamagol he teamed with Chiva Rayada and Nino de Oro to defeat "Los Diabolicos" (Ángel Mortal, Mr. Condor and Gallego) at the 2003 Guerra de Titanes show. In 2004 he was given a new ring persona as he took the part of "Chiva Rayada II" (literally "Striped Goat II"), teaming with Chiva Rayada to form a team of "Soccer goats" inspired by the Mexican football team Club Deportivo Guadalajara who wear red and white striped jerseys and are nicknamed "Los Chivas". The Chivas Rayada gimmick has been used by many young wrestlers while still training so it is hard to establish exactly which matches he wrestled as Chiva Rayada II but he worked under the mask off and on between 2004 and 2006 while receiving further training from Abismo Negro.

paragraph: After five years of AAA training he finally "graduated" and was given the "Aero Star" ring persona. Aero Star made his debut on December 20, 2006 and was promoted as the "Last creation of Antonio Peña", the AAA founder who had died only months earlier. Peña, Fernando Fuentes and Aero Star's father had created the outfit, so the "last creation" label was not just a storyline but actually the truth. Aero Star was paired up with other young wrestlers who all wrestled a high flying style to form the group "Real Fuerza Aérea" ("Royal Air Force") along with Laredo Kid, Pegasso, Rey Cometa and Super Fly. When Laredo Kid was injured in 2007/2008 Aero Star and Super Fly became co-leaders of the group. By 2009 Pegasso and Rey Cometa left AAA and were replaced with Argenis, some times Gato Eveready or Atomic Boy and El Ángel who himself left AAA in mid-2009. Aero Star made his Pay-Per-View (PPV) debut at AAA's 2007 Verano de Escándalo show where he teamed with Rey Cometa, Estrellita and Octagoncito losing to Alfa, Pirata Morgan, Faby Apache and Mini Chessman Real Fuerza Aérea made their PPV debut as a unit at the 2007 Guerra de Titanes where Aero Star, Rey Cometa and Super Fly defeated the Black Family (Dark Cuervo, Dark Escoria and Dark Ozz) Aero Star, El Ángel, Pegasso and Rey Cometa qualified for the 2008 "Rey de Reyes" tournament by defeating "Los Night Queens" (Jessy, Nygma, Polvo de Estrellas and Yuriko). Aero Star was eliminated in the first round of the tournament by Psicosis II. At Triplemanía XVI Aero Star, El Ángel and Super Fly lost to Dark Ozz, Dark Espirtu, Dark Cuervo and Dark Escoria of the Black Family.

paragraph: On August 8, 2008 Aero Star won the second annual "Alas de Oro" ("Wings of Gold") tournament by outlasting a field of eight other wrestlers that included El Angel, Gato Eveready, Escoria, Extreme Tiger, Jack Evans, Super Fly, Teddy Hart and Último Gladiador. In early 2009 Aero Star gained a lot of attention by a series of high risk jumps moves off the 20 foot high lighting rigs that AAA use for their television tapings onto opponents on the floor. During a six-man tag team match between Aero Star, Super Fly and Laredo Kid against Los Psycho Circus (Killer Clown, Psycho Clown and Zombie Clown) at Triplemania XVII Aero Star wore a specially created mask where one side of the mask was a replica of Abismo Negro's mask, a homage to his trainer that had died a couple of months before the event. Aero Star was interjected in a storylin feud between Billy Boy and the Apache Family (Gran Apache, Mari Apache and Faby Apache) when he came to the rescue of his mentor after a match. Subsequently he asked Gran Apache's permission to date Faby Apache, Billy Boy's ex-wife. The storyline has led to a "Luchas de Apuestas" Steel cage match with Aero Star teaming with Faby Apache against Billy Boy and Sexy Star at the 2009 version of Verano de Escándalo. At the event Aero Star, Faby Apache, and Sexy Star successfully escaped from the cage leaving Billy Boy head getting his hair shave. On September 7, 2009 Aero Star and Faby Apache defeated Cynthia Moreno and El Oriental to win the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champion, Aero Star's first AAA championship. On June 2, 2010 Aero Star and Faby Apache lost the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship to "La Legión Extranjera" representatives Alex Koslov and Christina Von Eerie. On October 1, 2010, at Héroes Inmortales IV Aero Star won an eight-man "torneo cibernetico" to win the 2010 Copa Antonio Peña and Chris Stone's hair. After over a year of on and off teasing of a "rudo" turn, Super Fly finally turned on November 28, 2010, when he, along with members of "La Milicia", attacked Aero Star and Octagón, revealing himself as the man who had attacked and bloodied Octagón prior to "Héroes Inmortales IV". With his turn, Super Fly left "Real Fuerza Aérea" and joined "La Milicia" and its umbrella group "La Sociedad". In July 2011, Aero Star and Jack Evans traveled to Japan to represent AAA in Pro Wrestling Noah's 2011 Nippon TV Cup Jr. Heavyweight Tag League. After two wins and two losses, the team finished third in their block, missing the finals of the tournament. By 2013, "Real Fuerza Aérea" was disbanded with Aero Star talking about the possibility of forming a new group with up-and-coming high flyers. In 2014, Aero Star re-ignited his rivalry with Super Fly, which culminated on December 7, 2014, at Guerra de Titanes, where Aero Star was victorious in a "Lucha de Apuestas", forcing his rival to unmask. at Rey de Reyes 2015, Aero Star was involved in a match for the Rey de Reyes sword also including El Texano Jr., Psycho Clown, and El Mesias which Texano won.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:American independent circuit (2015–present).

paragraph: On August 28, 2015, Aero Star made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) by entering the 2015 Battle of Los Angeles tournament, losing to Brian Cage in his first round match. On September 4, Aero Star made his debut for another American promotion, Chikara, when he, Drago and Fénix entered the 2015 King of Trios tournament as "Team AAA". They defeated the Gentleman's Club (Chuck Taylor, Drew Gulak and The Swamp Monster) in their first round match. The following day, Team AAA defeated the Nightmare Warriors (Frightmare, Hallowicked and Silver Ant) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On September 6, Team AAA first defeated reigning King of Trios winners, the Devastation Corporation (Blaster McMassive, Flex Rumblecrunch and Max Smashmaster), in the semifinals and then Bullet Club (A.J. Styles, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in the finals to win the 2015 King of Trios. Aero Star returned to Chikara on September 3, 2016, entering the annual "Rey de Voladores" tournament and winning a four-way elimination match to advance to the finals of the tournament. The following day, Aero Star defeated Tony Nese to win the tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Other media.

paragraph: In February 2017, Aero Star took part in a skit on "Conan", welcoming Conan O'Brien to Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Growing up, his favorite luchadors were Atlantis and Rey Mysterio.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle Championship Wrestling Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- BCW Tag Team championship (1 time) – with Drago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impact Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impact World Cup of Wrestling (2019) – with El Hijo del Vikingo, Puma King and Psycho Clown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Drago

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Faby Apache

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alas de Oro" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Copa Antonio Peña" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Match of the Night (2017) - with Drago vs. DJZ and Andrew Everett

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rey de Reyes" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Trios (2015) – with Drago and Fénix

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rey de Voladores" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Underground

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Underground Trios Championship (1 time) – with Drago and Fénix

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #166 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2015

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA profile

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Aero Star

wikipedia_title: Aero Star


text:
deacon
Metropolitan Pimen
Constantinople
Smolensk
hieromonk
Battle of Kosovo
Prince Lazar
Murad I
Miloš

categories: Russian Orthodox clergy,14th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians,14th-century Russian people,14th-century Christian clergy

paragraph: Deacon Ignjatije

paragraph: Deacon Ignjatije () was a Russian deacon who accompanied Metropolitan Pimen during his travel to Constantinople at the end of the 14th century. Ignjatije was also mentioned as Grk Ignjatije of the Church of Archangel Michael in Smolensk. Together with hieromonk of his church, bishop Michail and Metropolitan Pimen he traveled to Constantinople and its region in 1389.

paragraph: Ignjatije wrote the earliest record about the Battle of Kosovo, only 12 days after the battle. He recorded that a man who loyally served Prince Lazar () was slandered as traitor. With intention to prove his loyalty during the battle this man pretended that he deserted Lazar's troops, went to the sultan Murad I and killed him. The name of this man is added (Miloš) to some later transcripts of Ignjatije's original text although it was not presented in the original manuscript.

description: 14th century deacon of the Russian Orthodox Church

wikidata_label: Deacon Ignjatije

wikipedia_title: Deacon Ignjatije


text: Sir Henry Moncreiff Wellwood

text: St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh

text: Glasgow University

text: exhibition

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Scottish bar

text: Henry Erskine

text: Sir John Connell

text: sheriff of Clackmannan and Kinross

text: Lord Liverpool

text: Faculty of Advocates

text: Francis Jeffrey

text: William Burke

text: Catholic Emancipation

text: court of session

text: Sir Robert Peel

text: Lord Alloway

text: Disruption of 1843

text: Free Church of Scotland

text: Dean Cemetery

text: James Moncreiff, 1st Baron Moncreiff

categories: 1851 deaths,Deans of the Faculty of Advocates,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,Senators of the College of Justice,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,1776 births,Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia

paragraph: Sir James Wellwood Moncreiff, 9th Baronet, with the judicial title Lord Moncreiff (1776–1851) was a Scottish lawyer and judge.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the second son of the Rev. Sir Henry Moncreiff Wellwood (1750–1827) of Tullibole in Kinross-shire, baronet and minister of St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh. Born 13 September 1776, he was educated at school in Edinburgh and at Glasgow University, and held an exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.C.L. in 1800. He was called to the Scottish bar on 26 January 1799.

paragraph: A supporter of Henry Erskine while still young, Moncrieff retained his Whig principles. In the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland he was one of the lay leaders of the opposition to private patronage. In 1806 he stood for the office of procurator or legal adviser of the church, but was defeated by Sir John Connell. On 7 February 1807 he was appointed sheriff of Clackmannan and Kinross, and also acquired a good practice at the bar.

paragraph: On 19 December 1820 Moncrieff presided at the Pantheon meeting, which passed resolutions in favour of a petition to the Crown for the dismissal of the Tory ministry of Lord Liverpool. On 22 November 1826 he was elected Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, his friend Francis Jeffrey making way for him, though his senior, gracefully ceding his claim in favour of his friend. In 1828, following the custom of the bar that no criminal should be undefended, he acted for the "resurrectionist" William Burke. In March 1829 he spoke at a large meeting in Edinburgh in favour of Catholic Emancipation.

paragraph: On 24 June 1829 Moncrieff was made a judge of the court of session by Sir Robert Peel, in succession to Lord Alloway, and was succeeded as Dean of Faculty by Jeffrey. After becoming a judge he still acted as a member of the General Assembly, and carried in 1834 a motion in favour of a popular veto on patronage.

paragraph: At the Disruption of 1843 Moncrieff joined the Free Church of Scotland.

paragraph: He died on 30 March 1851. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh, against the north wall of the original cemetery, backing onto the late Victorian extension.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By his marriage in 1808 with Ann, daughter of Captain J. Robertson, R.N., he had five sons and three daughters. His eldest son was the Rev. Sir Henry Wellwood-Moncreiff, 10th Baronet, and James Moncreiff, 1st Baron Moncreiff was his second son.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British judge


text: Hauraki Gulf

text: Auckland

text: the Queen's

text: New Zealand Herald

text: University of Auckland

text: Works of Petersen

categories: 1994 deaths,1915 births,New Zealand photographers

paragraph: Olaf Petersen (photographer)

paragraph: Olaf Petersen (1915–1994) was a New Zealand photographer who specialised in nature photography. The main subject of his photos are the islands of the Hauraki Gulf and the beaches of Auckland's west coast.

paragraph: In 1953, Petersen became a professional photographer and captured the Queen's visit to Henderson for the "Weekly News". He also continued to take photographs for the New Zealand Herald.

paragraph: In 1972, Petersen won the New Zealand Photographic Society's Maadi Cup which is given to the 'best photograph of the year for his piece 'So Lonely'.

paragraph: Petersen was a life member of the Auckland Photographic Society and a member of the University of Auckland Field Club. It was on these trips where Petersen took many of his nature photographs.

paragraph: In 1982 a short film was made for television about Olaf's work called 'Olaf's Coast'. This was aired on Kaleidoscope in October 1982.

paragraph: In Petersen's own words, photography was, 'painting with light' and 'being in the right place at the right time'.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Petersen are held in the collection of Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira

description: Photographer

wikidata_label: Olaf Petersen

wikipedia_title: Olaf Petersen (photographer)


text:
Alicante
racing cyclist

categories: Living people,1980 births,Spanish male cyclists

paragraph: Javier Cherro

paragraph: Javier Cherro Molina (10 December 1980 in Alicante) is a Spanish former racing cyclist.

paragraph: Section::::Palmares.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005

description: Spanish cyclist

wikidata_label: Javier Cherro

wikipedia_title: Javier Cherro


text: PC

text: British

text: law lord

text: Lords of Appeal in Ordinary

text: Beaumont College

text: Oriel College, Oxford

text: Third

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: Second World War

text: Royal Artillery

text: D-Day

text: mentioned in dispatches

text: Croix de Guerre

text: took silk

text: Chancery Division

text: High Court

text: knighthood

text: Lord Justice of Appeal

text: Privy Council

text: Lord of Appeal in Ordinary

text: life peer

text: County Down

categories: Law lords,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),1908 births,Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford,People educated at Beaumont College,Royal Artillery officers,Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,Lords Justices of Appeal,Knights Bachelor,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Attorneys-General of the Duchy of Cornwall,Members of Lincoln's Inn,20th-century British lawyers,Chancery Division judges,1986 deaths

paragraph: Charles Ritchie Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, PC (12 January 1908 – 23 June 1986) was a British judge and law lord.

paragraph: Russell was born in London, the son of Frank Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen and the grandson of Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, both Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. His paternal grandfather was the Scottish politician Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee. Following his father, he was educated at Beaumont College and Oriel College, Oxford, where he took a Third in Jurisprudence. He was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1931.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Russell was commissioner into the Royal Artillery, and flew into France on D-Day by glider. Wounded in action, he was mentioned in dispatches and received the French Croix de Guerre. Returning to the bar after the war, he took silk in 1948 at the age of forty, like his father and grandfather. He was Attorney General of the Duchy of Cornwall from 1951 to 1960. A leading Chancery counsel, he was appointed to the Chancery Division of the High Court in 1960, receiving the customary knighthood. He was promoted Lord Justice of Appeal in 1962, and was sworn of the Privy Council.

paragraph: In 1960 he pled guilty to a charge of drunk driving, which was thought to have delayed his promotion. Nevertheless, on 30 September 1975, he was appointed Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and was made a life peer with the title Baron Russell of Killowen, of Killowen in the County Down, the same title that his grandfather and father had held.

paragraph: Section::::Famous judgments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whitehouse -v- Lemon; Whitehouse -v- Gay News Ltd On Appeal From Regina -v- Lemon"[1979] 2 WLR 281

alias:
Charles Russell
Charles Ritchie Russell

description: British Law Lord


text: Canton

text: Cardiff

text: Cardiff Castle

text: Cardiff School of Art

text: London

text: South London School of Technical Art

text: Jules Dalou

text: William Silver Frith

text: Royal Academy

text: Paris

text: Luke Fildes

text: Gloucestershire

text: magnate

text: philanthropist

text: John Cory

text: City Hall, Cardiff

text: Port Sunlight

text: Lever Brothers Ltd

text: First World War

text: French Institute

text: Kilburn, London

text: Seymour Lucas

text: Hampstead Cemetery

text: David Lloyd George

text: Caernarfon, Gwynedd

text: Daniel Owen

text: Mold, Flintshire

text: statue

text: Duke of Devonshire

text: Eastbourne

text: King Edward VII

text: Cape Town

text: Prince Christian Victor

text: Windsor

text: historian

text: Lecky

text: Trinity College

text: Dublin

text: equestrian

text: Earl of Minto

text: Calcutta

text: Westminster Abbey

text: New Sculpture

categories: Artists from Cardiff,19th-century Welsh artists,Burials at Hampstead Cemetery,Welsh sculptors,Recipients of the Order of Leopold II,1952 deaths,Knights Bachelor,20th-century Welsh artists,City and Guilds of London Art School alumni,Royal Academicians,British male sculptors,1860 births,20th-century British sculptors,19th-century British sculptors,Alumni of Cardiff School of Art and Design

paragraph: Goscombe John

paragraph: Sir William Goscombe John (21 February 1860 – 15 December 1952) was a Welsh sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Canton, Cardiff, and as a youth assisted his father, Thomas John, a wood carver, in the restoration of Cardiff Castle. He initially studied in his home town, attending the Cardiff School of Art. He went to London in 1882 and studied at the South London School of Technical Art under Jules Dalou and William Silver Frith and afterward at the Royal Academy schools, where he won the gold medal and a travelling scholarship in 1887. In 1890–91 he studied in Paris. He married Swiss-born Marthe Weiss. Their daughter Muriel married the son of artist Sir Luke Fildes.

paragraph: As a young man he adopted the first name Goscombe, taken from the name of a village in Gloucestershire near his mother's home.

paragraph: Goscombe John was commissioned to design many public monuments and statues of public figures such as the shipping magnate and philanthropist John Cory; John's statue of the latter was erected in front of City Hall, Cardiff. In 1921 he designed the memorial at Port Sunlight to the employees of Lever Brothers Ltd who had died in the First World War; he also sculpted portraits of Lord and Lady Lever. He received a gold medal in Paris in 1901, was made a Royal Academician in 1909, was knighted in 1911, and became corresponding member of the French Institute. He settled in Greville Road, Kilburn, London (in a house that had previously belonged to Seymour Lucas), and is buried in Hampstead Cemetery. The memorial statue of his wife, which he designed when she died in 1923, was stolen from the cemetery in 2001 but recovered after a few months; it was put into secure storage, but was again stolen in early 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other.

paragraph: John's output also included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculptures on Electra House in Moorgate, City of London, these dating from 1900 to 1903 and representing Egypt, Japan, India and China.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Equestrian Statue of Edward VII on Pier Head, Liverpool.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Arthur Sullivan Memorial on the Embankment in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Judge Gwilym Williams in Cathays Park, Cardiff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The work "Grief" dating to 1890.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Alexandra. Statue on the facade of the Victoria & Albert Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carved figures on a reredos in St John the Baptist Church, St John Street, Cardiff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of David Lloyd George in Caernarfon, Gwynedd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evan James and James James Statues in Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taf. Evan James, bardic name Ieuan ap Iago was a weaver and poet and James James, bardic name Iago ap Ieuan was a harpist and musician. They wrote the tune and the lyrics of Hen Wlad fy Nhadau ("Land of my Fathers"), the national anthem of Wales. This Goscombe John work dates to 1930 and is located in Ynysangharad Park.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Daniel Owen in Mold, Flintshire.

paragraph: Goscombe John's output was prolific and also includes the seated statue of the Duke of Devonshire, at Eastbourne, King Edward VII, at Cape Town; Prince Christian Victor, at Windsor; the historian Lecky at Trinity College, Dublin, and the equestrian statue of the Earl of Minto, at Calcutta. Goscombe John also executed the monument to the Marquis of Salisbury, in Westminster Abbey and Hatfield Church.

paragraph: The National Museum of Wales holds many works by Goscombe John.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Sculpture

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, Sir William Goscombe (1860–1952) Article on Goscombe John's work with images from The National Archives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

alias:
Goscombe John
Sir William Goscombe John

description: Welsh sculptor

wikidata_label: William Goscombe John

wikipedia_title: Goscombe John


text:
Tobago
Cornelius Lampsins
a wealthy merchant family
Vlissingen
New Courland
New Walcheren
Couronian
Dutch government
Sweden
Louis XIV
France
Tobias Bridge
Cornelius Lampsins
Lampsins family

categories: History of Trinidad and Tobago,17th-century Dutch people,17th-century Dutch politicians,European colonization of the Americas,Tobago,1598 births

paragraph: Adrian Lampsins

paragraph: Adrian Lampsins, sometimes called Adrien Lampsius, (1598-1673) was the Baron of colonial Tobago, alongside his brother, Cornelius Lampsins.

paragraph: Born to a wealthy merchant family in Vlissingen, in 1654 Adrian and Cornelius led a group of 50 colonists on the opposite side of Tobago of what was then New Courland, and named their settlement New Walcheren. A dispute arose between the Dutch and Couronian colonists, but the Dutch government arbitrated and declared Courland as the legitimate claimant to Tobago. In 1659, however, Courland was seized by Sweden, and the colony was now in the hands of the Dutch.

paragraph: In 1662, the brothers Lampsins collaborated with King Louis XIV of France, and were given the title of the "Barons of Tobago," a title they held until the loss of Tobago to the English in 1666. Approximately 1,500 settlers lived under the rule of the Lampsins brothers.

paragraph: In 1673, Adrian and the late Cornelius' son Jan briefly again retook Tobago, but the island was recaptured by an English force under Sir Tobias Bridge, and Adrian was killed alongside his nephew when the fort was blown up.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelius Lampsins

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lampsins family

wikidata_label: Adrian Lampsins

wikipedia_title: Adrian Lampsins


text:
Temple name
Zhou dynasty
Wey
Ji Chang
King Wu of Zhou
Duke of Zhou
Shu Zhenduo of Cao
Gao the Duke of Bi
Rebellion of the Three Guards
Zhaoge
Kang Hou Gui
Qin
Qi county

paragraph: Shu Feng of Kang

paragraph: Shu Feng of Kang (), also known as Shu of Wey–Kang or Kang Shu of Wey (衛康叔), given name Feng (封), Temple name Liezu (烈祖). was a Zhou dynasty feudal lord and the founder of the state of Wey. He was the ninth son of Ji Chang. Feng was also the brother of King Wu of Zhou, Duke of Zhou, Shu Zhenduo of Cao and Gao the Duke of Bi.

paragraph: Shu Feng was at first the lord of Kang (康). After Rebellion of the Three Guards, Shu Feng received the capital city of Shang dynasty Zhaoge as his fief. This event marked the beginning of Wey's history.

paragraph: Shu Feng had a son named Mao. Mao succeeded his title and was later known as .

paragraph: In 1931 CE, Shu Feng's bronze vessel Kang Hou Gui was unearthed. The vessel's inscription shows that Shu Feng was sent to Zhaoge with the purpose of pacifying the people of Shang after their defeated rebellion.

paragraph: Before sending Shu Kang to Zhaoge, Duke of Zhou worried that the young brother of his might not be capable of handling a new environment. It is said that Duke of Zhou made three admonitions for Shu Feng to prevent him from any wrong-doing.

paragraph: Shu Feng's state of Wey would outlive all other Chinese states during Zhou dynasty except Qin which unified China. Wey existed even after Qin's unification of the six major states.

paragraph: Shu Feng's shrine was located in Qi county，Henan province. It is currently abandoned.

alias:
Wei Kang Shu
Kang Shu Feng
Ji Feng
Shu Feng of Kang

description: first ruler of Wey, a client state of Zhou dynasty

wikidata_label: Kang Shu of Wey

wikipedia_title: Shu Feng of Kang


text:
Welsh
librarian
Anglican
priest
Bodleian Library
University of Oxford
Llandegla
Denbighshire
rector
Llangollen
vicar
Jesus College, Oxford
matriculated
Bachelor of Arts
Master of Arts
Bodleian library
Humphrey Owen
William Cleaver
Brasenose College, Oxford
Bishop of Chester
Church of England

categories: Bodley's Librarians,1735 births,Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford,18th-century Welsh Anglican priests,Welsh librarians,1813 deaths

paragraph: John Price (librarian)

paragraph: John Price (1735–1813) was a Welsh librarian and Anglican priest, who was in charge of the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford for 45 years.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Price was born on 1 March 1735 in Llandegla, Denbighshire, Wales, where his father was the rector. He was educated in Llangollen (his father having become the vicar there in 1737) and at Jesus College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1754, obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1757 and a Master of Arts degree in 1760, the year in which he was ordained. He was initially appointed janitor of the Bodleian library by Humphrey Owen in 1757, becoming sub-librarian in 1761. He was acting librarian from 1765 to 1767 when Owen was Principal of Jesus College, succeeding as librarian upon Owen's death in 1768 after an election (in which he defeated William Cleaver, who later became Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford and Bishop of Chester).

paragraph: He remained librarian until his death in the night of 11 to 12 August 1813, a period of 45 years, but was criticised during this period for neglecting his duty and the manner in which he organised the library. He also held various appointments as a parish priest in England and in Wales, and wrote some works such as a "Short Account of Holyhead in the Isle of Anglesea" (1783). His collection of books, manuscripts, maps and prints took five days to sell after his death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of England

description: Welsh librarian and Anglican priest

wikidata_label: John Price

wikipedia_title: John Price (librarian)


categories: Lithuanian painters,People from Šiauliai District Municipality,1921 births,2011 deaths

paragraph: Antanas Krištopaitis

description: Lithuanian artist

wikidata_label: Antanas Krištopaitis

wikipedia_title: Antanas Krištopaitis


text:
List of Lithuanian painters
Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia

categories: 19th-century Lithuanian painters,1829 births,1905 deaths

paragraph: Boleslovas Dluskis

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Lithuanian painters

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia

description: Lithuanian artist

wikidata_label: Boleslovas Dluskis

wikipedia_title: Boleslovas Dluskis


categories: 1932 deaths,1888 births,20th-century Lithuanian painters

paragraph: Vladimiras Dubeneckis

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Lithuanian painters

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Lithuanian artist

wikidata_label: Vladimiras Dubeneckis

wikipedia_title: Vladimiras Dubeneckis