text:
rose
Sneinton
Nottingham
Keir Hardie
Saint-Quentin
conscientious objector
Wormwood Scrubs
tuberculosis
Quaker
James Maxton
Princess Elizabeth
Gedling
World War II
trademarks
Meilland
Dundreary whiskers
Royal Horticultural Society
Chelsea Flower Show
Lord Aberconway
Victoria Medal of Honour
Royal National Rose Society
Doctor Who
Tom Baker
Nottingham General Hospital
Portrait 1
Portrait 2

categories: 1898 births,English gardeners,English rose horticulturists,British conscientious objectors,1977 deaths

paragraph: Harry Wheatcroft

paragraph: Harry Wheatcroft (1898–1977) was a famous English rose grower. He did a great deal to popularise roses among British gardeners. He was known for his flamboyant appearance and opinions.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Wheatcroft was born at 23 Handel Street, Sneinton, Nottingham, the younger son of George Alfred Wheatcroft (b. 1862/3), a journeyman stonemason and builder, and his wife, Sarah Elizabeth Wood. They were dedicated members of the Independent Labour Party, whose leaders visited the modest family home, and on many occasions the young Harry sat on Keir Hardie's knee. Wheatcroft attended schools in Nottingham and also the Ecole Camille Desmoulins at Saint-Quentin, France, where he became fluent in French. After working in a lace factory and a motor firm he was conscripted in 1916, despite having claimed registration as a conscientious objector. He was court-martialled for disobedience and sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Wormwood Scrubs. Diagnosed with tuberculosis, however, he was released after serving one year to convalesce at a Quaker health home.

paragraph: Section::::Post-World War I.

paragraph: Wheatcroft considered whether to enter politics or join his brother Alfred as a market gardener. The politician James Maxton guided him into horticulture, saying 'You'll bring beauty into the world. Politics is a very dirty business' . The horticultural firm of Wheatcroft Brothers was established in 1919, with a bicycle as the only means of transport, and in 1920 roses became a speciality. Alfred managed the business and Harry was the salesman, often away looking for custom and attending horticultural shows. This worked well because the two never got on, Alfred being misanthropic and Harry outgoing. In 1927 they introduced the Princess Elizabeth rose to honour the royal baby; it was the first of many public relations successes. For the rest of his career Wheatcroft sought and won media attention. He grew into a striking figure, tall and slender until he filled out in middle age, with a pleasing gruff voice and a gift for witty repartee. He cultivated flowing hair and whiskers, finding them "more convenient to grow... than to waste valuable time shaving them off."

paragraph: Section::::Married life.

paragraph: On 15 June 1929 Wheatcroft married Dorothy, known as Doss (1905–1999) the daughter of John Averill, a wealthy Tamworth farmer. She was a gymnast and dietician. Under her influence Wheatcroft became mainly vegetarian and his health improved. They lived at the nursery in Gedling, Nottingham, in a custom built Gypsy caravan, arousing curiosity when they took it to the shows. In winter Wheatcroft used a motor cycle when seeking wholesale outlets for unsold plants. He visited breeders in Spain and France, using his linguistic skill, and returned with rose varieties for future introduction. Wheatcroft's marketing of some of those plants might suggest that the firm had originated them, but in truth they had minimal success as rose breeders. In 1935 their launch of Herbert Robinson's Phyllis Gold and Christopher Stone with unprecedented publicity surprised the British rose world. Such vigorous salesmanship was something new.

paragraph: On the outbreak of World War II Wheatcrofts had 600,000 roses 'about four feet high and in full flower. It appeared there was only one course we could take, which was to destroy our trees and convert the land for food production'. They became instead successful producers of vegetables and breeders of pigs and cattle. After the war Wheatcroft contacted Francois Meilland of Lyons, whose rose, Peace, the sensation of the time, he introduced to Britain in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Success as a rose grower.

paragraph: In 1952 he secured another coup, by introducing "Queen Elizabeth" from the USA. In 1953 Wheatcrofts sought to register eleven rose names as trademarks, to give them a monopoly over Meilland's creations. In the Chancery Division, 'With his Dundreary whiskers, his mane of black hair, his suit of black-and-white check ... the Nottingham rose king made as picturesque a figure this week as the Law Courts have seen' He made the judge laugh, lost the case, but reckoned the publicity well worth the £2000 costs. Wheatcroft displayed brilliant showmanship with two German Roses. "Super Star", exhibited in London before the name had been agreed, appeared as 'the Great Unnamed Seedling.' And he made "Fragrant Cloud" the talking point of the National Rose Society's autumn show in 1963 by filling a bowl with its wonderfully scented petals. The acquisition of these varieties, with "Peace" and "Queen Elizabeth", are Wheatcroft's enduring achievements, a tribute to his energy, good rose judgment, and entrepreneurial skills.

paragraph: Also remembered for his TV advertising of Acta-Bacta plant nutrient in the 1960's

paragraph: Section::::Split with Alfred Wheatcroft.

paragraph: In 1962, when longstanding strained relationships with his brother came to a head, Wheatcroft joined his sons in a rival firm, which bought out the older company to become the Wheatcroft Organization. With capable young family members running the day-to-day business (never his strong suit) Wheatcroft gave his publicity skills free rein. His whiskers and dress became more bizarre. Out of a huge maroon Rolls Royce would appear his tall, gangling figure. Clad in a floral shirt with royal-blue trousers flecked with colour, or perhaps in a suit of dogtooth tweed trimmed with tangerine velvet, against which his horn-rimmed spectacles swung wildly from a string. He captivated photographers, the media, and the gardening public. Show reports carried his picture even when his firm's participation had been minimal. He travelled the world, lectured extensively, and wrote books, and his television appearances included a commercial advertising cheese. During this period Wheatcroft committed a social indiscretion at the Royal Horticultural Society's Chelsea Flower Show by staging roses without a shirt on. It has been recounted that the president, Lord Aberconway, approached: 'A hot day, Harry!' 'Indeed, my lord.' 'Tell you what, Harry, if you'll put a shirt on, I'll take my jacket off!'

paragraph: The society honoured him in 1972 with the Victoria Medal of Honour, and in 1973 he was awarded the Royal National Rose Society's Dean Hole medal. Wheatcroft's prosperity and enjoyment of life's good things never blunted his sometimes naive expression of left-wing views. He offended a Texan audience by declaring that America might not be embroiled in the Vietnam combat if more Americans grew roses. Yet on attending the May Day parade in Moscow's Red Square, he admiringly described the militarism on display as awe-inspiring.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: At home he was a quiet, even subdued family man, happy with his five children though with little time to spend with them, for they attended boarding school, and summer holidays coincided with shows. His wife, Doss, was infuriated by a string of infidelities; he shrugged them off, maintaining that yielding to temptation is natural. In the 1960s, he named a red rose for his wife, and a flamboyant red and yellow rose bore his own name in 1972.

paragraph: Wheatcroft's niece, Anna Wheatcroft, was married to future "Doctor Who" star Tom Baker from 1961 to 1966. They had two children, Daniel and Piers. In his book, "Who on Earth is Tom Baker?", Baker revealed that the rest of the Wheatcroft family treated him very cruelly during his marriage to Anna.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Having suffered a stroke, Wheatcroft died in Nottingham General Hospital on 8 January 1977.

paragraph: Wheatcroft Garden Centre, in Edwalton in Nottingham, is now operated by Notcutts Ltd.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Portrait Gallery portraits "Champion rose grower and communist" Portrait 1, Portrait 2

description: British gardener

wikidata_label: Harry Wheatcroft

wikipedia_title: Harry Wheatcroft


text:
Queen of the Franks
Charles the Bald
Odo, Count of Orléans
Judith of Flanders
Æthelwulf of Wessex
Æthelbald of Wessex
Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders
Louis the Stammerer
Charles the Child
Carloman, son of Charles the Bald
embroidery
Eriugena
Chelles
Basilique Saint-Denis

categories: Carolingian dynasty,Burials at the Basilica of St Denis,823 births,9th-century people from West Francia,Women of the Carolingian Empire,869 deaths,Frankish queens consort

paragraph: Ermentrude of Orléans

paragraph: Ermentrude of Orléans (27 September 823 – 6 October 869) was Queen of the Franks by her marriage to Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia. She was the daughter of Odo, Count of Orléans and his wife Engeltrude. The epithet 'of Orléans' is not contemporary.

paragraph: She and Charles married in 842. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judith of Flanders (born c. 843, died ?), wife of Æthelwulf of Wessex, Æthelbald of Wessex, and Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis the Stammerer (846–879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles the Child (847–866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lothar (848–865), monk in 861, became Abbot of Saint-Germain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carloman, son of Charles the Bald (849–876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotrud (852–912), a nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermentrud (854–877), a nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hildegard (born 856, died ?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gisela (857–874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Godehilde (864–907)

paragraph: Ermentrude had a gift for embroidery and an interest in religious foundations. She was described by a contemporary, John Scottus Eriugena, as a 'strong woman' ("femina fortis"). Two letters written in her name survive, and a further five that were addressed to her. She had associations with several convents, including Chelles and Avenay, and was involved in twelve charters issued by King Charles the Bald.

paragraph: In August 866, Ermentrude was consecrated, over twenty years after becoming queen. It has been suggested that this reflected her husband's desire for more children. Ermentrude died on 6th October 869. She was buried in the Basilique Saint-Denis, Paris, France.

description: Frankish queen

wikidata_label: Ermentrude of Orléans

wikipedia_title: Ermentrude of Orléans


text:
al-Ansari
Syrian Arab
astronomer
mathematician
engineer
Umayyad Mosque
Damascus
sundial
minaret
Ptolemaic models
Sun
Moon
planets
Urdi lemma
equant
Tusi-couple
Nicolaus Copernicus
natural philosophy
cosmology
empirical
solar
lunar
observation
testing
Copernicus's
De revolutionibus
equant
epicycles
Commentariolus
trigonometry
al-Battānī
gnomon
time
sundial
prayers
astrolabe
List of Arab scientists and scholars
Islamic scholars
Saliba, George
PDF version
Science in Medieval Islam
The Lights of the Stars

categories: Medieval Arab astronomers,14th-century Muslims,1375 deaths,Astronomers of medieval Islam,Medieval Arab engineers,Scientists who worked on Qibla determination,14th-century astronomers,Medieval Syrian mathematicians,Inventors of medieval Islam,1304 births,Medieval Arab mathematicians,Medieval Syrian astronomers,Mathematicians of medieval Islam,Medieval Arab clockmakers

paragraph: Ibn al-Shatir

paragraph: ʿAbu al-Ḥasan Alāʾ al‐Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ansari known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (; 1304–1375) was a Syrian Arab astronomer, mathematician and engineer. He worked as "muwaqqit" (موقت, religious timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and constructed a sundial for its minaret in 1371/72.

paragraph: Section::::Astronomy.

paragraph: Ibn al-Shatir most important astronomical treatise was "kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul" ("The Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Principles"). In it he drastically reformed the Ptolemaic models of the Sun, Moon and planets. His model incorporated the Urdi lemma, and eliminated the need for an equant by introducing an extra epicycle (the Tusi-couple), departing from the Ptolemaic system in a way that was mathematically identical to what Nicolaus Copernicus did in the 16th century.

paragraph: Unlike previous astronomers before him, Ibn al-Shatir was not concerned with adhering to the theoretical principles of natural philosophy or Aristotelian cosmology, but rather to produce a model that was more consistent with empirical observations. For example, it was Ibn al-Shatir's concern for observational accuracy which led him to eliminate the epicycle in the Ptolemaic solar model and all the eccentrics, epicycles and equant in the Ptolemaic lunar model. His model was thus in better agreement with empirical observations than any previous model, and was also the first that permitted empirical testing. His work thus marked a turning point in astronomy, which may be considered a "Scientific Revolution before the Renaissance".

paragraph: Drawing on the observation that the distance to the Moon did not change as drastically as required by Ptolemy's lunar model, Ibn al-Shatir produced a new lunar model that replaced Ptolemy's crank mechanism with a double epicycle model that reduced the computed range of distances of the Moon from the Earth. This was the first accurate lunar model which matched physical observations.

paragraph: Section::::Astronomy.:Possible influence on Nicolaus Copernicus.

paragraph: Although Ibn al-Shatir's system was firmly geocentric (he had eliminated the Ptolemaic eccentrics), the mathematical details of his system were identical to those in Copernicus's "De revolutionibus". Furthermore, the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the "Commentariolus" paralleled the work of Ibn al-Shatir one century earlier. Ibn al-Shatir's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus. This has led some scholars to argue that Copernicus must have had access to some yet to be identified work on the ideas of ibn al-Shatir. It is unknown whether Copernicus read ibn al-Shatir and the argument is still debated.

paragraph: Section::::Instruments.

paragraph: The idea of using hours of equal time length throughout the year was the innovation of Ibn al-Shatir in 1371, based on earlier developments in trigonometry by al-Battānī. Ibn al-Shatir was aware that "using a gnomon that is parallel to the Earth's axis will produce sundials whose hour lines indicate equal hours on any day of the year." His sundial is the oldest polar-axis sundial still in existence. The concept later appeared in Western sundials from at least 1446.

paragraph: Ibn al-Shatir also invented a timekeeping device called "ṣandūq al‐yawāqīt" (jewel box), which incorporates both a universal sundial and a magnetic compass. He invented it for the purpose of finding the times of prayers. Other notable instruments invented by him include a reversed astrolabe and an astrolabic clock.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Arab scientists and scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic scholars

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fernini, Ilias. "A Bibliography of Scholars in Medieval Islam". Abu Dhabi (UAE) Cultural Foundation, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennedy, Edward S. "Late Medieval Planetary Theory." "Isis" 57 (1966):365-378.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennedy, Edward S. and Ghanem, Imad. "The Life and Work of Ibn al-Shatir, an Arab Astronomer of the Fourteenth Century". Aleppo: History of Arabic Science Institute, University of Aleppo, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, Victor. "The Solar and Lunar Theory of Ibn ash-Shatir: A Pre-Copernican Copernican Model". "Isis", 48(1957):428-432.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, Victor and Edward S. Kennedy. "The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir". "Isis", 50(1959):227-235.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saliba, George. "Theory and Observation in Islamic Astronomy: The Work of Ibn al-Shatir of Damascus". "Journal for the History of Astronomy", 18(1987):35-43.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turner, Howard R. "Science in Medieval Islam, an illustrated introduction". University of Texas Press, Austin, 1995. (pb) (hc)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (PDF version)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Science in Medieval Islam by Howard R. Turner

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lights of the Stars

description: Arab astronomer and clockmaker

wikidata_label: Ibn al-Shatir

wikipedia_title: Ibn al-Shatir


text: French

text: Swiss

text: polymath

text: mathematics

text: physics

text: optics

text: philosophy

text: astronomy

text: map projections

text: Edward Tufte

text: William Playfair

text: Huguenot

text: Mulhouse

text: Alsace

text: France

text: exclave

text: Chur

text: Prussian Academy of Sciences

text: Frederick II

text: Prussia

text: Euler

text: hyperbolic function

text: trigonometry

text: non-Euclidean

text: π is irrational

text: generalized continued fraction

text: Euler

text: Aryabhata

text: conic section

text: orbit

text: comet

text: hyperbolic triangle

text: saddle

text: π

text: radian

text: curvature

text: similar

text: map projection

text: Lambert conformal conic

text: Transverse Mercator

text: Lambert azimuthal equal area

text: Lambert cylindrical equal area

text: map projections

text: hygrometer

text: Photometria

text: sine of the angle

text: Beer–Lambert law

text: albedo

text: Lambertian reflectance

text: perspective

text: geometrical optics

text: lambert

text: photometry

text: colour models

text: Tobias Mayer

text: Benjamin Calau

text: subjective

text: objective

text: science

text: optics

text: Immanuel Kant

text: Critique of Pure Reason

text: universe

text: nebular hypothesis

text: Thomas Wright

text: Immanuel Kant

text: solar system

text: sun

text: Milky Way

text: star system

text: galaxy

text: William Herschel

text: astrodynamics

text: Lambert's problem

text: Asteroid

text: 187 Lamberta

text: Aristotle

text: Organon

text: kinds of syllogism

text: John Stewart Mill

text: Britannica

text: Digitized works

text: Université de Strasbourg

text: BibNum

categories: Swiss astronomers,Swiss people of Walloon descent,German astronomers,Pi,Swiss mathematicians,1777 deaths,18th-century Swiss scientists,Swiss male writers,Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences,Alsatian-German people,People from Mulhouse,German philosophers,German male writers,18th-century German mathematicians,1728 births,Swiss philosophers,Swiss non-fiction writers,18th-century Swiss mathematicians

paragraph: Johann Heinrich Lambert

paragraph: Johann Heinrich Lambert (, "Jean-Henri Lambert" in French; 26 August 1728 – 25 September 1777) was a Swiss polymath who made important contributions to the subjects of mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy and map projections.

paragraph: Edward Tufte calls him and William Playfair "The two great inventors of modern graphical designs" ("Visual Display of Quantitative Information", p. 32).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lambert was born in 1728 into a Huguenot family in the city of Mulhouse (now in Alsace, France), at that time an exclave of Switzerland. Leaving school at 12, he continued to study in his free time whilst undertaking a series of jobs. These included assistant to his father (a tailor), a clerk at a nearby iron works, a private tutor, secretary to the editor of "Basler Zeitung" and, at the age of 20, private tutor to the sons of Count Salis in Chur. Travelling Europe with his charges (1756–1758) allowed him to meet established mathematicians in the German states, The Netherlands, France and the Italian states. On his return to Chur he published his first books (on optics and cosmology) and began to seek an academic post. After a few short posts he was rewarded (1763) by an invitation to a position at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, where he gained the sponsorship of Frederick II of Prussia, and became a friend of Euler. In this stimulating and financially stable environment, he worked prodigiously until his death in 1777.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Mathematics.

paragraph: Lambert was the first to introduce hyperbolic functions into trigonometry. Also, he made conjectures regarding non-Euclidean space. Lambert is credited with the first proof that π is irrational by using a generalized continued fraction for the function tan x. Euler believed the conjecture but could not prove that π was irrational, and it is speculated that Aryabhata also believed this, in 500 CE. Lambert also devised theorems regarding conic sections that made the calculation of the orbits of comets simpler.

paragraph: Lambert devised a formula for the relationship between the angles and the area of hyperbolic triangles. These are triangles drawn on a concave surface, as on a saddle, instead of the usual flat Euclidean surface. Lambert showed that the angles added up to less than π (radians), or 180°. The amount of shortfall, called the defect, increases with the area. The larger the triangle's area, the smaller the sum of the angles and hence the larger the defect C△ = π — (α + β + γ). That is, the area of a hyperbolic triangle (multiplied by a constant C) is equal to π (in radians), or 180°, minus the sum of the angles α, β, and γ. Here C denotes, in the present sense, the negative of the curvature of the surface (taking the negative is necessary as the curvature of a saddle surface is defined to be negative in the first place). As the triangle gets larger or smaller, the angles change in a way that forbids the existence of similar hyperbolic triangles, as only triangles that have the same angles will have the same area. Hence, instead of expressing the area of the triangle in terms of the lengths of its sides, as in Euclid's geometry, the area of Lambert's hyperbolic triangle can be expressed in terms of its angles.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Map projection.

paragraph: Lambert was the first mathematician to address the general properties of map projections (of a spherical earth). In particular he was the first to discuss the properties of conformality and equal area

paragraph: preservation and to point out that they were mutually exclusive.

paragraph: (Snyder 1993 p77). In 1772, Lambert published

paragraph: seven new map projections under the title "Anmerkungen und Zusätze zur Entwerfung der Land- und Himmelscharten", (translated as "Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps" by Waldo Tobler (1972)).

paragraph: Lambert did not give names to any of his projections but they are now known as:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Lambert conformal conic

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Transverse Mercator

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lambert azimuthal equal area

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Lagrange projection

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Lambert cylindrical equal area

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Transverse cylindrical equal area

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Lambert conical equal area

paragraph: The first three of these are of great importance. Further details may be found at map projections and in several texts.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Physics.

paragraph: Lambert invented the first practical hygrometer. In 1760, he published a book on photometry, the "Photometria". From the assumption that light travels in straight lines, he showed that illumination was proportional to the strength of the source, inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the illuminated surface and the sine of the angle of inclination of the light's direction to that of the surface. These results were supported by experiments involving the visual comparison of illuminations and used for the calculation of illumination. In "Photometria" Lambert also formulated the law of light absorption—the Beer–Lambert law) and introduced the term "albedo". Lambertian reflectance is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert, who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book Photometria. He wrote a classic work on perspective and contributed to geometrical optics. The photometric unit lambert is named in recognition of his work in establishing the study of photometry. Lambert was also a pioneer in the development of three-dimensional colour models. Late in life, he published a description of a triangular colour pyramid ("Farbenpyramide"), which shows a total of 107 colours on six different levels, variously combining red, yellow and blue pigments, and with an increasing amount of white to provide the vertical component. His investigations were built on the earlier theoretical proposals of Tobias Mayer, greatly extending these early ideas. Lambert was assisted in this project by the court painter Benjamin Calau.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Philosophy.

paragraph: In his main philosophical work, "Neues Organon" ("New Organon", 1764), Lambert studied the rules for distinguishing subjective from objective appearances. This connects with his work in the science of optics. In 1765 he began corresponding with Immanuel Kant who intended to dedicate to him the "Critique of Pure Reason" but the work was delayed, appearing after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Astronomy.

paragraph: Lambert also developed a theory of the generation of the universe that was similar to the nebular hypothesis that Thomas Wright and Immanuel Kant had (independently) developed. Wright published his account in "An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe" (1750), Kant in "Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels", published anonymously in 1755. Shortly afterward, Lambert published his own version of the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system in "Cosmologische Briefe über die Einrichtung des Weltbaues" (1761). Lambert hypothesized that the stars near the sun were part of a group which travelled together through the Milky Way, and that there were many such groupings (star systems) throughout the galaxy. The former was later confirmed by Sir William Herschel. In astrodynamics he also solved the problem of determination of time of flight along a section of orbit, known now as Lambert's problem.

paragraph: His work in this area is commemorated by the Asteroid 187 Lamberta named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Logic.

paragraph: Johann-Heinrich Lambert is the author of a treatise on logic, which he called "Neues Organon" (1764), that is to say, the New Organon. The most recent edition of this work named after Aristotle's "Organon" was issued in 1990 by the Akademie-Verlag of Berlin. This contains one of the first appearances of the term "phenomenology", and one can find therein a very pedagogical presentation of the various kinds of syllogism. According to John Stewart Mill,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of things named after Johann Lambert

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777): Collected Works - Sämtliche Werke Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Britannica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digitized works at Université de Strasbourg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur quelques propriétés remarquables..." (1761), demonstration of irrationality of π, online and analyzed "BibNum" (PDF).

description: German mathematician, physicist and astronomer

enwikiquote_title: Johann Heinrich Lambert

wikidata_label: Johann Heinrich Lambert

wikipedia_title: Johann Heinrich Lambert


text:
Bué
Lyon
Roman Catholic Cardinal
Archbishop of Lyon
seminary
Pontifical Gregorian University
licentiate
theology
Sorbonne University
theology
Tours
Pope John Paul II
Bishop of Dijon
Metropolitan see of Reims
Archbishop of Lyon
Cardinal-Priest
consistory
titular church
San Pietro in Vincoli

categories: 1998 deaths,Archbishops of Reims,Archbishops of Lyon,Bishops of Dijon,1934 births,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,People from Cher (department),French cardinals

paragraph: Jean Marie Balland

paragraph: Jean Marie Julien Balland (26 July 1934 in Bué, Cher, France – 1 March 1998 in Lyon) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Lyon.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He entered the seminary and later attended the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome where he earned a licentiate in philosophy in 1956, and in theology. He later attended the Sorbonne University in Paris where he graduated with doctorates in philosophy and theology. He was ordained on 3 September 1961.

paragraph: After his ordination he was a faculty member of the seminary where he was ordained from 1962–1968. He was transferred, teaching at Tours from 1967–1973.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopate.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II appointed him as Bishop of Dijon on 6 November 1982. He was transferred to the Metropolitan see of Reims in 1988. He was appointed as the Archbishop of Lyon on 27 May 1995. Archbishop Balland was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest in the consistory of 21 February 1998 with the titular church of "San Pietro in Vincoli".

paragraph: He died in 1998, eight days after becoming a cardinal.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Jean Marie Balland

wikipedia_title: Jean Marie Balland


text: Mettmann

text: Rhine Province

text: weaving

text: mill

text: Hamburg

text: Krefeld

text: management

text: loom

text: mining industry

text: accountant

text: Franco-Prussian War

text: Zeche Holland

text: Friedrich Grillo

text: Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG

text: Long Depression

text: coal mine

text: Hansa

text: Zollern

text: Germania

text: Rheinisch-Westfälisches Kohlen-Syndikat

text: employers union

text: dumping

text: pangermanist

text: Alldeutscher Verband

text: imperialist

text: Freie Ukraine

text: Kolonialverein

text: Flottenverein

text: Kaiserliche Marine

text: World War I

text: Alfred Hugenberg

text: Wilhelm II

text: Hugo Stinnes

text: trust

text: Vereinigte Stahlwerke

text: ThyssenKrupp

text: PhoenixKrupp

text: Mülheim

text: reactionary

text: authoritarian

text: democratic

text: Weimar Republic

text: workers' movement

text: trade union

text: Hitler's rise to power

text: NSDAP

text: Gregor Strasser

text: Nuremberg

text: working class

text: Marxism

text: Der Weg zum Wiederaufstieg

text: Joseph Goebbels

text: Order of the German Eagle

text: Third Reich

text: Gelsenkirchen

text: Nazi Germany

text: Hitler's rise to power

text: Emil Kirdorf

text: article

text: Route der Industriekultur

categories: German Nazi politicians,1847 births,German anti-communists,Alldeutscher Verband members,People from Mettmann,Nazi propagandists,German businesspeople,People from the Rhine Province,1938 deaths

paragraph: Emil Kirdorf

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Emil Kirdorf was born at Mettmann, Rhine Province. His father was a wealthy owner of a weaving mill. He had a brother named Adolf who would be his business partner during his adult life. Kirdorf volunteered a year in 1864 in Hamburg to work in an export enterprise. A year later, he worked in a textile company in Krefeld. The family's mill went bankrupt, mainly because of the management's refusal to introduce mechanical looms. Kirdorf therefore changed to mining industry in which he worked as an accountant. Following the Franco-Prussian War, he became director of Zeche Holland in 1871. Two years later, the entrepreneur Friedrich Grillo offered him the position of commercial director in the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG (GBAG) company. He became general manager of GBAG in 1893. He steered the company through the Long Depression of the 1870s, and held this position until 1926.

paragraph: Under his direction, the GBAG became the largest coal mines European enterprise, and Emil Kirdorf became known as the "Chimney Baron" ("Schlotbarons"). Hansa, Zollern and Germania companies were integrated to GBAG under Kirdorf's leadership. Kirdorf then was one of the main founder of the "Rheinisch-Westfälisches Kohlen-Syndikat" employers union in 1893, member of its board of directors until 1913. 98 mine enterprises of the Ruhr belonged to this union, which tried, among others aims, to prevent dumping.

paragraph: Kirdorf was also one of the founding member of the pangermanist "Alldeutscher Verband" league in 1891, which advocated imperialist policies. He was also a founding member of the "Freie Ukraine" (Free Ukraine) association, of the "Kolonialverein" (founded in 1882) and of the "Flottenverein", a lobby in favour of extension of the "Kaiserliche Marine" against the British Navy.

paragraph: After World War I, he was a co-founder of the "Wirtschaftsvereinigung zur Förderung der geistigen Wiederaufbaukräfte" (Trade Association for the Promotion of the Mental Reconstruction Forces), which subsided Alfred Hugenberg's media empire. In September 1918, it required the resignation of the Emperor Wilhelm II.

paragraph: The GBAG thereafter concentrated in its coal activities. Kirdorf lost his key-position to Hugo Stinnes, to whose management policies he was vehemently opposed. Stinnes intended to make GBAG into the basis of a German trust, which was opposed by Kirdorf. After Stinnes' death in 1924, Kirdorf regained his position and entered the executive committee. In 1926, the GBAG formed the "Vereinigte Stahlwerke", of which it controlled 15%. Others groups included ThyssenKrupp (26%) and PhoenixKrupp.

paragraph: Kirdorf died in Mülheim in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Role during Nazi Germany.

paragraph: Kirdorf was well known as a reactionary for his authoritarian and anti-democratic views. He rejected the Weimar Republic and fought the workers' movement and trade unions. According to his conceptions, the state and the entrepreneurs had to organize social order. Thus, he became an active promoter of Hitler's rise to power. He met him for the first time on 4 July 1927, and funded the NSDAP. Kirdorf then joined the NSDAP in 1927, but left it the following year, alleging as reason the influence of Gregor Strasser on the party. On 1 August 1929, he was invited as a guest of to the Nazi Party's Congress in Nuremberg. Kirdorf joined again the NSDAP in 1934. He mainly supported it in order to divert the working class from Marxism. It was also at Kirdorf's instigation that Hitler wrote Der Weg zum Wiederaufstieg in 1927, intended for exclusive distribution to, and consumption by, the leading industrialists of Germany.

paragraph: On 26 October 1927, fourteen industrial employers attended a lecture by Hitler in the Kirdorfs' house. Kirdorf then organized, in August 1931, an exchange of views between Hitler and representatives of the steel industry. Joseph Goebbels noted in his diary, on 15 November 1936, that Hitler had told him about "how he wanted to shoot himself once," because of increasing debts, but that Kirdorf helped him with 100,000 Marks.

paragraph: Hitler personally awarded to him, on 10 April 1937, date of Kirdorf's 90th birthday, the Order of the German Eagle, the highest distinction of the Third Reich. He benefited on 13 July 1938 from a state funeral in Gelsenkirchen, with Hitler deposing a crown on his coffin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nazi Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hitler's rise to power

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Kirdorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- article on the website of the "Route der Industriekultur"

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Emil Kirdorf

wikipedia_title: Emil Kirdorf


text: Avelin

text: Paris

text: French

text: Roman Catholic Cardinal

text: Archbishop of Lyon

text: Lille

text: Marcq College

text: Baraeul

text: seminary

text: Second World War

text: Catholic University of Lille

text: diocese of Lille

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Bishop of Versailles

text: metropolitan see

text: Lyon

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio

text: conclave

text: Pope John Paul I

text: Pope John Paul II

categories: People from Nord (French department),Bishops of Versailles,Archbishops of Lyon,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1906 births,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,French cardinals,1983 deaths

paragraph: Alexandre Renard

paragraph: Alexandre-Charles-Albert-Joseph Renard (7 June 1906, Avelin, Nord – 8 October 1983, Paris) was a French Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Lyon. He was ordained on 12 July 1931 in Lille.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: He taught at Marcq College, Baraeul from 1933–1936, and then taught at the seminary of Haubourdin until 1938. He continued his teaching through the Second World War at the Catholic University of Lille until 1943, and also did pastoral work in the diocese of Lille until 1947.

paragraph: On 19 August 1953 Pope Pius XII appointed Renard Bishop of Versailles, and on 28 May 1967 he was appointed to the metropolitan see of Lyon by Pope Paul VI. He was created Cardinal-Priest of "SS. Trinità al Monte Pincio" on 26 June 1967 by Pope Paul.

paragraph: He took part in both conclaves of 1978 that elected Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II. He retired as Archbishop at the age of 75. Cardinal Renard died 1983 after a surgery, at the age of 77.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church"

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Alexandre Renard

wikipedia_title: Alexandre Renard


text:
gynecologist
obstetrician
Berleburg
Berlin
Rostock
Dresden
University of Munich
Josef Albert Amann
hemoglobinuria
Justus Heinrich Wigand
August Eduard Martin
urethra
bladder
Wiesbaden
Arztliche Praxis

categories: German obstetricians,University of Rostock faculty,1837 births,German gynaecologists,1911 deaths,People from the Province of Westphalia,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty

paragraph: Franz von Winckel

paragraph: Franz Karl Ludwig Wilhelm von Winckel (5 June 1837 – 31 December 1911) was a German gynecologist and obstetrician who was a native of Berleburg.

paragraph: In 1860 he received his medical doctorate from Berlin, later becoming a professor of gynecology in Rostock (1864). In 1872 he became director of the "Königlichen Landesentbindungsschule" in Dresden, and from 1883 onward, was director of the "Frauenklinik" at the University of Munich. Among his students and assistants at Munich was gynecologist Josef Albert Amann (1866–1919).

paragraph: His name is lent to "Winckel's disease", a disease originally described in the epidemic form in 1879. It has been referred to as "epidemic hemoglobinuria of the newborn". His name is also associated with a birthing maneuver known as the "Wigand-Martin-Winckel-Handgriff". The procedure is named in conjunction with Justus Heinrich Wigand (1769–1817) and August Eduard Martin (1847–1933).

paragraph: He was the first president of the "Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe" (German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics).

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Pathologie und Therapie des Wochenbetts"; later translated into English and published as "The pathology and treatment of childbed: a treatise for physicians and students" (1866).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lehrbuch der Frauenkrankheiten"; later translated into English and published as "Diseases of women. A handbook for physicians and students" (1886).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Krankheiten der weiblichen Harnröhre und Blase" (Diseases of the female urethra and bladder), 1877

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Pathologie der weiblichen Sexual-Organe" (Pathology of the female sex organs) Hirzel, Leipzig 1881.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handbuch der Geburtshülfe" (Handbook of obstetrics) three volumes, Bergmann, Wiesbaden 1903–1907.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arztliche Praxis (translated article on the Wigand-Martin-Winckel-Handgriff)

description: German gynaecologist

wikidata_label: Franz von Winckel

wikipedia_title: Franz von Winckel


text: Ménières

text: Switzerland

text: Fribourg

text: Swiss

text: composer

text: conductor

text: Anne-Sophie Mutter

text: Violin Concerto

text: Mstislav Rostropovich

text: Cello Concerto

text: Musinfo: Norbert Moret

categories: 1998 deaths,Male pianists,People from the canton of Fribourg,20th-century conductors (music),Male conductors (music),Swiss conductors (music),Swiss male composers,20th-century composers,Swiss composers,1921 births,Swiss pianists,20th-century male musicians,20th-century pianists

paragraph: Norbert Moret

paragraph: Norbert Moret (20 November 1921 in Ménières, Switzerland – 17 November 1998 in Fribourg) was a 20th-century Swiss composer, as well as a conductor, pianist, and teacher.

paragraph: Moret composed at least 36 instrumental and vocal works between 1966 and 1998, the year of his death. While he never achieved great worldwide recognition, he was honored by prizes and an honorary doctorate, and his music has been recorded by notable artists, Anne-Sophie Mutter (she performed his Violin Concerto "En rêve") and Mstislav Rostropovich (he performed his Cello Concerto) among them.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musinfo: Norbert Moret

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musicinfo (a joint project by the Musicological Institute of the University of Zurich, the Association of Swiss Musicians (STV/ASM), the Swiss Music Edition (SME/EMS), and the SUISA-foundation for music)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musinfo: Norbert Moret Biography, List of Works (with links to an incomplete list of recordings of his works)

description: Swiss musician

wikidata_label: Norbert Moret

wikipedia_title: Norbert Moret


text: Puerto Rican

text: University of Puerto Rico

text: Matos Paoli

text: Confrontation

text: PEN International

text: Magna cum Laude

text: University of Puerto Rico

text: Latin American

text: Puerto Rican literature

text: Women's Studies

text: University of Dijon

text: New York University

text: St. Louis University

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: Adjunct professor

text: New York City Technical College

text: York College

text: CUNY

text: Women's Literature

text: University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras

text: Hato Rey

text: Onteora High School

text: Woodstock, New York

text: Rhinebeck, New York

text: City University of New York

text: Beth Israel Hospital

text: Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch

text: St. Luke's Hospital

text: NOW

text: Confrontation

text: List of Latin American writers

text: List of Puerto Rican writers

text: List of Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Rican literature

text: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States

categories: Puerto Rican feminists,American women novelists,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus,21st-century American women writers,Puerto Rican poets,Spanish feminist writers,1940 births,American women short story writers,University of Puerto Rico faculty,American feminist writers,Spanish poets,People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico,20th-century American novelists,Spanish women writers,Living people,20th-century American women writers,20th-century American poets,American women poets,21st-century American poets,Spanish feminists,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Maria Arrillaga

paragraph: María Arrillaga is a Puerto Rican poet who has been a professor at the University of Puerto Rico. She taught in the Spanish Department on the Rio Piedras campus. She is a member of PEN American Center as well as PEN Club de Puerto Rico. She was a member of the Women's Writing Committee of PEN International, served as its secretary and organizer for Latin America. Arrillaga was president of PEN Club de Puerto Rico during 1989-1991.

paragraph: She is the author of several collections of poetry. According to Matos Paoli, the poetry of Maria Arrillaga participates in the "demythologizing conventional culture" both in the claiming of human sexual nature and in its commitment to social justice.

paragraph: She has contributed to the following journals: "Confrontation", "Cupey", "Festa Da Palabra", "PEN International", and "Tercer Milenio".

paragraph: Dr. Arrillaga was a 1996 fiction finalist at the Institute of Latin American Writers. In Puerto Rico, she has won awards for poetry, essays, and fiction.

paragraph: She is currently working on a book of memoirs, "The Guava Orchard", and has a home in two cities; New York and Old San Juan, Puerto Rico.

paragraph: Section::::Academic credentials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 – PhD, Magna cum Laude, University of Puerto Rico. Majors: Latin American and Puerto Rican literature, Women's Studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 – University of Dijon, France. Advanced course work, six credits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 – M.A., School of Education New York University, New York, Major: Spanish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 – B.S. St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, Major: English; Minors: Spanish, Theology, Philosophy.

paragraph: Section::::Professional experience.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002–2005 Adjunct professor of Spanish, New York City Technical College, Brooklyn, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993–94 Visiting professor, York College, Queens (CUNY), Courses in Women's Literature and Creative Writing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973–2001 Spanish Professor, College of General Studies, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971–73 Writer. Department of Education Press, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970–71 Instructor of Art and Music of Puerto Rico, New York City Technical College, Brooklyn, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969–70 Substitute teacher at Onteora High School, Woodstock, New York and at Astor Home for Challenged Children, Rhinebeck, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968–69 Spanish Instructor, SEEK Program of the City University of New York, University Center, 154 West 71st Street, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967–68 Recreational Director, I Spy Health Program, Beth Israel Hospital, 90 Nathan D. Paerlman Place, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966–67 Spanish teacher, O. Henry School, 17th Street, New York City (Public school system).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965–66 Spanish teacher, Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch, 91 Bennet Avenue, New York City.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962–63 Typist, translator, and interpreter at St. Luke's Hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Poetry.:Poetry collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamingos en San Juan/Flamingos in Manhattan", San Juan, Puerto Rico, Ediciones Puerto, 2012, 207 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuidades como mares: Poesia 1966–1993", San Juan, Puerto Rico, Isla negra, 2012, 292 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yo soy Filí Melé" ("I am Fili Mele"), compilation of previous work and two additional unpublished collections. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, University of PR Press, 1999, 276 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frescura 1981" ("Freshness 1981"), Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, Mairena, 1981, 112 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poemas 747", Poems 747, Madrid, Seteco, 1977, 50 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cascada de sol" ("Cascade of sun"), San Juan, Puerto Rico, Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 1977, 92 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New York in the Sixties", Youlgrave, Bakewell, Derbyshire, England, Hub Publications Ltd, 1976, 20 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vida en el tiempo" ("Life in time"), San Juan, Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 1974, 134 pp.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Poetry.:Poetry in literary reviews, newspapers, and internet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christine/Cristina/Christa", "Identidad", literary review, editor, Leticia Ruiz, Colegio Regional de Aguadilla, PR, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crisantemos/Chrysantemums", "Sequoyah" No. 21, internet literary review, Gabriela López, Carlos Dzur, editors, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elegía para Anya/Elegy For Anya", "Sequoyah" No. 22, internet literary review, Gabriela L[opez, Carlos Dzur, editors, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scars", internet literary review, Woodstock Poetry Society, www.woodstockpoetry.com, Phillip Levine, editor, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blue Angel", "WestView, The New Voice of the West Village" (June 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Propúxenme a vivir", "O Correo Galego", Galicia, Spain, May 21, 1995, p. 56. Translated by Ursula Heinze.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Set on living", "PEN International", XLII, 2, 1992, pp. 74–75.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entonces" ("Then"), "Mairena", 1989, XI, 28, p. 84.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little feet cold", "Sargasso", English Department, College of Humanities, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, 1988, 5, p. 32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A las poetas de mi generación" ("To the Poets of my Generation"), "El reportero", San Juan, Fall 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escuchando la Novena sinfonía de Beethoven" ("Listening to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony"), "Mairena", Río Piedras, Fall 1982, IV, 10, p. 86.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meláncolica camino" ("Melancholy I Walk"), "Mairena", Río Piedras, Spring 1982, IV, 9, p. 79.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meteóricamente" ("Meteor Like"), "Ausubo, review of The Colegio Regional de la Montaña", Utuado, P.R., March 1982, I, 2, p. 41.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El hombre es una rosa" ("The Man Is a Rose"), "Trazo una línea negra sobre mi párpado", "Accenting my eye line with Kohl", "Renacimiento", Río Piedras, P.R., July–December 1981, I, 2, pp. 91–92.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoy me vestí para mí" ("Today I Dressed for Myself"), "El Mundo", San Juan, December 13, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Se esclarece mi casa" ("My House Lights Up"), "El Mundo", San Juan, November 8, 1981, p. 13 C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Este es el mundo del terror" ("This is the World of Terror"), "Claridad", "En Rojo", San Juan, January 30 – February 5, 1981, p. 9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al tío Fan" ("To my Uncle Fan"), "El vocero", San Juan, November 29, 1980, p. 16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poemas de María Arrillaga" ("Poems by María Arrillaga"), "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, November 28 December 4, 1980, p. 12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hágase la luz" ("Let There Be Light"), "Ultimo tango" ("Last Tango"), "Muñecos en mi mente" ("Rag Dolls in my Head"), "Mairena", Río Piedras, Fall 1979, I, 2, p. 31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Todi", "Villa Gregoriana", "Revista/Review Interamericana", Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, 1978, VIII, 1, p. 31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poemas de María Arrillaga" ("Poems by María Arrillaga"), "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, June 24, 30 1977, p. 19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meteóricamente" ("Meteor Like"), "Guajana", San Juan, January March 1977, 5, p. 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleep", "IPSE", International Poetry Society, Youlgrave, Bakewell, Derbyshire, England, Hub Publications, July 1976, 3, p. 40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuento de hadas" ("Fairy Tale"), "El Mundo", San Juan, January 11, 1976, p. 6 B.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreams", NOW, Jamaica, Spring 1974, 4/5, p. 22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De ocho a cuatro y media de la tarde" ("From Eight to Four O'clock in the Afternoon"), "En un plato de arroz con habichuelas" ("In a Plate of Rice and Beans"), "Comunidad", Iberoamerican University, México, December 1973, VIII, 46, pp. 679–681.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canción" ("Song"), "Atenea", College of Arts and Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, September 1973, X, 3, p. 134.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos poemas" ("Two Poems"), Sin nombre, San Juan, July–September 1973, IV, 1, pp. 42–43.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To a Folk Singer", NOW, Jamaica, Fall 1973, 3, pp. 15–17.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La lámpara mágica" ("The Magic Lamp"), "Revista del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña", San Juan, January–March 1973, XVI, 58, pp. 37–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viernes santo" ("Good Friday"), "Cuento de hadas" ("Fairy Tale"), "Comunidad", México, Diciembre 1972, VII, 40, pp. 695–698

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kiss the Goldfish", NOW, Jamaica, 1972, 1, pp. 22–24.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Fiction.:Novel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mañana Valentina ("Tomorrow Valentina") Institute of Puerto Rican Culture and Room of One's Own Publisher, Chile, 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Fiction.:Short stories (In literary reviews and newspapers).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enero" ("January"), Festa da palabra silenciada, Galicia, España, Winter 1991, pp. 155–157.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "January", Gloria Waldman, translator, "Mother Tongues", Ganges, B.C. Canada, Winter 1991, 2, pp. 63–66.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mosquito", "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, April 21, 27, 1989, p. 24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Del gato" ("Cat"), "Anales", Society of Puerto Rican Authors, VII, 7, 1987 88, pp. 109–110.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En voces de mujer" ("Women's Voices"), Islote, Hormigueros, P.R., December 1987, II, 1, pp. 115–118.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De los vestidos" (|"From Many Dresses"), Caribán, Río Piedras, Cultural, January August 1987, II, 1 2, pp. 10–11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De la nostalgia" ("About Nostalgia"), Cupey, Colegio Universitario Metropolitano, Río Piedras, July–December 1986, III, 2, pp. 141–143.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Con Adele H." ("With Adele H"), Islote, Hormigueros, P.R., December 1985, I, 1, pp. 39–41.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De rojo" ("In Red"), Talleres, P.R. Jr. College, Río Piedras, 1985, III, 3 4, pp. 133–135.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De los violines" ("Violins"), Cupey, Colegio Universitario Metropolitano, Río Piedras, July–December 1984, I, 2, pp. 167–173.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De los espejos" ("Mirrors"), Mariel, New York, Fall 1984, II, 7, pp. 9–10.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Del gato" ("Cats"), Talleres, Puerto Rico Jr. College, Río Piedras, II, 2, January–June 1984, pp. 85–86.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En reticencia": una estética para el futuro" (fragmento) ("In Reticence": an Aesthetic for the Future (fragment)), "Anales", Sociedad de autores puertorriqueños, Society of Puerto Rican Authors, San Juan, 1983–84, pp. 75–76.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Una cuestión de tamaño" ("Size"),"Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, November 21–27, 1980, p. 9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lost Baby", "NOW", Jamaica, Spring 1974, 1, pp. 22–24.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Essay.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Essay.:Prologues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El tango del amor homoerótico en "Debellaqueras" de Daniel Torres"/"Tango of Homoerotic Love in "Debellaqueras" of Daniel Torres", "Debellaqueras", poetry collection by Daniel Torres, Isla Negra Editores, San Juan, Santo Domingo, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prologue" to "Cuadernos de taller"/"Literary Workshop Sample", Taller de redacción de memorias/Memoir Writing Workshop, San Juan, PR, Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El pan nuestro de cada día"/"Our Daily Bread", prologue to a collection of short stories by Evelyn Cruz, Cidra, Puerto Rico, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taller de poesía-1981", Prologue to the publication of a poetry workshop, Faculty of General Studies, University of Puerto Rico, 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Essay.:In Guidebooks, newspapers, and reviews.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conservatory Garden", p. 338; The Booklyn Botanica Garden, p. 435; City Secrets, New York City, The Little Book Room, editor, Robert Kahn, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La llegada" ("The Arrival"), "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, 5 11 May 1989, p. 23.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El manjar necesario de la poesía" ("Poetry as Necessary Precious Nourishment"), "Diálogo", Río Piedras, April 1989, p. 24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "U.P.R.", "El Nuevo Día", San Juan, January 21, 1989, p. 55.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ante el monumento a Eugenio María de Hostos" ("In Front of the Monument to Eugenio María de Hostos"), El antillano, Boletín del círculo martiano, San Juan, 1986, II, 1, p. 5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No ha muerto el tío Fan" ("Uncle Fan Has not Died"), "El reportero", San Juan, May 21, 1985, p. 17.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Areyto", Educación, Departamento de Instrucción Pública, Hato Rey, P.R., June 1973, 37, pp. 202–204.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles, poems, short stories (English and Spanish), translations (English to Spanish), "Revista Escuela", Departamento de Instrucción Pública, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, February–March 1972, December–January 1973–74.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Angel and Me", April–May 1973, XXIII, 5, p. 27.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thanksgiving is Giving Thanks", October–November 1972, XXIII, 2, p. 27.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I want To Be the Color of the Sun", April–May 1972, XXII, 5, p. 24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quiero ser color de sol", April–May 1972, XXII, 5, p. 25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saint Elena", February–March 1972, XXII, 4, p. 23.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.:Stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If I Close My Eyes it Snows", December–January 1973–74, XXIV, 2,k p. 24–25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Froggy the Frog", February–March 1973, XXIII, 4, p. 24–25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tale Without End", August–September 1973, XXIV, 1, p. 30–31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Present for the Kings", December–January 1972–73, XXIII, 3, p. 24–26.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grandfather Story", October–November 1972, XXIII, 2, p. 24–25.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.:Theater.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "School of Fish", February–March 1973 XXIII, 4, p. 24–25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Group of Friends", August–September 1972, XXIII, 1, p. 24–26.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What is Christmas", December–January 1972–73, XXIII, 3, p. 23.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Very Special Puerto Rican Christmas Greeting", December–January 1972–73, XXIII, 3, p. 29–31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El reino de la tierra" ("The Kingdom of the Earth") October–November 1972, XXIII, 2, p. 12–15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Puerto Rican Fall", August–September 1972, XXIII, 1, p. 27–29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summer is Fun", April–May 1972, XXII, 5, p. 23.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Florencio Cabán", February–March 1972, XXII, 4, p. 18–21.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.:Interviews.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Científicos en ciernes" ("Beginning Scientists") August–September 1973, XXIV, 1, p. 7–12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Helen Roche: Una joven que ha llegado lejos" ("Helen Roche": An Accomplished Young Woman"), October–November 1972, XXIII, 2, p. 19–21.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De entrevista con Luz Hilda Molina" ("Interview with Luz Hilda Molina"), August–September 1972, XXIII, 1, p. 14–15.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.:Translations: English to Spanish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Operación traiganlos vivos" ("Operation Bring Them Alive"), February–March 1973, XXIII, 4, p. 20–21.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nombres de países pueden convertirse en pesadilla de cartógrafos" ("Names of Countries Can Become Cartographer's Nightmares"), December–January 1972–73, p. 14–15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabricantes de lluvia pueden exagerar su tarea" ("Rain Makers Can Overdo Themselves"), February–March 1972, XXII, 4, p. 17–18.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Children's literature.:Translations: Spanish to English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rapunzel, December–January 1973–74, XXIV, 3, p. 28–29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Ship", February–March 1973, XXIII, 4, p. 29.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Literary biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encuentros con Manuel" ("Encounters with Manuel"), "Claridad", "En Rojo", San Juan, November 9–15, 1990, p. 30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hasta siempre, Manuel" ("Till always, Manuel"), "El Mundo", "Puerto Rico Ilustrado", San Juan, October 14, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La mujer como escritora: escritura de mujer" ("Woman as Writer: Writing by Woman"), "La revista del Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe", San Juan, January–June 1987, 4, pp. 102–107.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La mujer como escritora: escritura de mujer", "Talleres", P.R. Jr. College, Río Piedras, 4, 2, 1987, pp. 107–117.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia de una censura III" ("A Case of Censorship III"), in "Imágenes e identidades: el puertorriqueño en la literatura de Asela Rodríguez de Laguna", Río Piedras, Huracán, 1985, pp. 161–168.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Manuel de María" ("To Manuel From María"), "Claridad", "En Rojo", January 30 – February 5, 1981, p. 9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El poeta: trabajador del pensamiento" ("The Poet as Intellectual Worker"), "El Mundo", San Juan, January 4, 1981, p. 10 A.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entrevista con María Arrillaga" ("Interview: María Arrillaga"), "Mairena", Río Piedras, Fall 1979, I, 2, pp. 31–36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carta abierta al crítico literario" ("Open Letter to the Literary Critic"), "El Mundo", San Juan, November 1978, p. 10 B.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "These Streets That Are Not Mean, a memoir", "Confrontation: A Literary Journal of Long Island University", No. 56/57, Summer/Fall 1995, p. 47–55.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El mundo de mi infancia: homenaje a Nilita" ("When I Was a Child: Tribute to Nilita"), "La Torre (NE)", San Juan, July–December 1993, VII, 27–28, p. 695–705.

paragraph: Section::::Literary publications.:Work included in anthologies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Asesinato en las galerías de Vicente Van Gogh: los dibujos" ("Murder in the Vincent Van Gogh Galleries: The Drawings”), "Noches de Cornelia: A Bilingual Anthology of Contemporary Poets", Ediciones Godot, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Madeline Millán, ed., 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Cicatrices” (“Scars”), in: "La mujer rota", edited by Patricia Medina, Literalia Editors, Guadalajara, México, 2008, p. 73.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Yo soy Filí Melé” in: "Literatura puertorriqueña del Siglo XX", Antología, edited by Mercedes López Baralt University of Puerto Rico Press, Río Piedras, 2004, p. 960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Propúxenme vivir" ("I Have Decided to Live"), Galician translation of the original Spanish, in anthology: "Versos de Terras Distantes", edited by Ursula Heinze de Lorenzo, O Correo Galego, Spain, Santiago de Compostela, 1995, p. 140–141.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several poems included in: "These Are Not Sweet Girls: Poetry by Latin American Women", edited by Marjorie Agosin, Fredonia, N. Y., White Pine Press, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Como Raquel" ("Like Raquel"), "Rosa/Filí", "Filí/Beatriz", poems, "Yo soy ... I am: A Celebration of Women Latina Poets", Iris Chen, editor, New York, Nuyorican Poets Café, December 15, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems included in: "New Voices" (IX Poets), Madrid, Torremozas, p. 7–12, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Me he propuesto vivir", "Frescura", "Filí/María", Festa de la Poesía, Palau de la Música Catalana, Barcelona, P.E.N. Congress, April 1992, p. 25–30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sueño, Dream, Rêve; Joven, Youth, Jeune; Paraula de dona, Barcelona, P.E.N. Congress, April 1992, p. 5–12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Felícita/Filí", "Cuadernos de poesía nueva, New Poetry Collection", Asociación Prometeo de Poesía, Madrid, March 1992, p. 47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several poems included in: Pedro López Adorno, "Papiros de Babel" (Papyrus from Babel), San Juan, University of Puerto Rico Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En una sola torre" ("In One Single Tower)", San Juan, "Guajana", XXV, 1987 pp. 77–95.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La lámpara mágica" ("The Magic Lamp"), in: Theressa Ortiz de Hadjopoulos, "Antología de la mujer puertorriqueña"/"Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers", New York, Península Publishing, 1981, pp. 13–15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pigeon Wing Fly", in: Nick Toczek, "Melanthika, an anthology of Pan Caribbean Writing", Birmingham, England, Little Word Machine, 1977, p. 12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Want for my Name", translation of the poem "Quiero para mi nombre" by Angela María Dávila, in: "Alone Amidst All This Noise", a collection of women's poetry, New York, Four Winds Press, 1976, p. 103.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinco poemas" ("Five Poems"), in: Lydia Zoraida Barreto, "Poemario de la mujer puertorriqueña" ("Poetry by Puerto Rican Women"), San Juan, Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, Literatura hoy, I, I, 10, October 1976, pp. 47–51.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Like a Chambered Nautilus", in: William LLoyd Griffin, "Quality American Poetry" 1975–76, III, Huntington, West Virginia, Valley Publications, 1976, p. 12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations of poetry by Evaristo Ribera Chevremont, Julia de Burgos, José María Lima, Marina Arzola, Angela María Dávila, in: Alfredo Matilla and Iván Silén, "The Puerto Rican Poets", New York, Bantam, 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiction finalist, 1996 Latino Literature Prize, Instituto de Escritores Latinoamericanos\Latin American Writer's Institute, Isaac Goldenberg, director, Eugenio María de Hostos College, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mañana Valentina", novel, finalist in Letras de Oro Contest sponsored by University of Miami, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First prize, short story, "En reticencia" ("In reticence") Institute of Business Administration, P.R. Jr. College, Mayagüez, P.R., December 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of Honor, Josefina Romo Arregui Memorial Foundation for contribution to literature, New York, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luis Lloréns Torres prize awarded by the Puerto Rican Academy of the Spanish Language for best Ph. D. Dissertation of the year in the Department of Hispanic Studies of the University of Puerto Rico, May 1987. Title of dissertation: "An Introduction to Feminist Literary Criticism: Three Puerto Rican Authors: Edelmira González Maldonado, Anagilda Garrastegui, Violeta López Suria".

paragraph: BULLET::::- First prize, short story, Institute of Business Administration, Puerto Rico Jr. College, Mayagüez, P.R., December 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Prize, Institute of Business Administration, P.R. Junior College, Mayagüez, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Prize, Institute of Puerto Rican Literature, 1981, for "Frescura 1981" ("Freshness 1981") Río Piedras, Mairena, 1981, 112 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorable Mention Institute of Puerto Rican Literature 1977, for "Poemas 747", Madrid, Seteco, 1977, 50 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First prize, Puerto Rican Athenaeum 1972, for "Vida en el tiempo", San Juan, Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 1974, 134 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Included in several bibliographical dictionaries:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diccionario de personalidades puertorriqueñas de hoy, Archivo Biográfico Puertorriqueño, 1978–79

paragraph: BULLET::::- Invited to be visiting professor at the University of Morón, Argentina, 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Forthcoming publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Guava Orchard, A Puerto Rican Memoir"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamingos en San Juan/Flamingoes in Manhattan", bilingual poetry collection.

paragraph: Section::::Academic publications and other work.

paragraph: Section::::Academic publications and other work.:Literary criticism.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nota sobre la novela puertorriqueña de hoy: Pedro Juan Soto, Luis Rafael Sánchez, Carmelo Rodríguez Torres, Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá" ("About Contemporary Puerto Rican Novelists: Pedro Juan Soto, Luis Rafael Sánchez, Carmelo Rodríguez Torres, Edgardo Rodríguez Juliá"), "Revista de Estudios Generales", Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, January–June 1987, I, 1, pp. 65–71.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Una rosa deslumbrantemente verde: poética de Evaristo Ribera Chevremont" ("A Dazzling Green Rose: The Poetry of Evaristo Ribera Cheveremont"), "Revista del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña", San Juan, January February March, XXV, 91, 1986, pp. 22–33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Presencia de don Federico de Onís en la literatura puertorriqueña: La poesía post modernista en Puerto Rico" ("Federico de Onís and Post Modernist Literature in Puerto Rico"), "Revista de Estudios Hipánicos", Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, 1985, XII, pp. 215–218.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los heraldos negros de César Vallejo: Apreciación de conjunto y análisis formal de algunos poemas" ("The Black Heralds by César Vallejo"), "Revista del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña", San Juan, October–December 1984, pp. 37–41.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enajenación social y lingüística en La guaracha del Macho Camacho" ("Linguistic and social alienation in Macho Camacho's Beat"), Homines, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Hato Rey, P.R., February–December 1983, 7, 1 2, pp. 39–52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enajenación social y lingüistica en La guaracha del Macho Camacho de Luis Rafael Sánchez", (abbreviated version), Hispamérica, Gaithersburg, Maryland, April–August 1983, XII, 34–35, pp. 155–164.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La ideología en un texto de primaria puertorriqueño" ("Ideology in an Elementary School Text"), Hispania, AATSP, May 1982, 65, 2, pp. 266–268.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'Menos es más' o la obsesión de Gerald Guinness" ("'Less is More', Gerald Guinness's Obsession"), "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, 12 19 March 1982, pp. 10–11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Problemas de la historiografía literaria puertorriqueña y latinoamericana" ("Problems of Puerto Rican and Latin American Literary History"), "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, January 1–7, 1982, p. 8.

paragraph: Section::::Academic publications and other work.:Book reviews.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divided Arrival: Narratives of the Puerto Rican Migration 1920 1950", "Revista de Historia", San Juan, January December 1988, 7, pp. 195-97.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isla y mar de Vieques, voz épica de Angel Rigau" ("Island and Sea of Vieques, Epic Voice of Angel Rigau"), "El Mundo", San Juan, March 25, 1984, p. 15C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carmelo Rodríguez Torres, La casa y la llama fiera" ("The House and the Fiery Flame by Carmelo Rodríguez Torres"), "El reportero", San Juan, July 14, 1982, p. 20.

paragraph: Section::::Academic publications and other work.:Women's studies and feminist literary criticism.

paragraph: Section::::Academic publications and other work.:Women's studies and feminist literary criticism.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concierto de voces insurgentes", "Concert of Insurgent Voices: Three Puerto Rican Authors", Edelmira González Maldonado, Violeta López Suria, Anagilda Garrastegui, Isla Negra Editors and Office of the Dean of Graduate Studies, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escritura de mujer: Un modelo crítico feminista y su applicación a tres autoras puertorriqueñas" ("Women's Writing: A Feminist Literary Criticism Model: Three Puerto Rican Authors"), 842 pp., Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMI) University Microfilms International, 1993, order # 9328669.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los silencios de María Bibiana Benítez, María Bibiana Benítez' Silences", San Juan, Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 1985, 70 pp.

paragraph: Section::::Academic publications and other work.:Women's studies and feminist literary criticism.:Work included in anthologies and bibliographies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trabajo literario de la mujer en la literatura puertorriqueña de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX" ("Women's Writing in Puerto Rican Literature During the Second Half of the Twentieth Century"), 22 Conferences of Puerto Rican Literature, San Juan, Ateneo Puertorriqueño, LEA, 1994, pp. 100–116.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La ruta de Julia de Burgos" ("Julia de Burgos' Voyage"), Actas del Congreso Internacional Julia de Burgos, Annals of the Julia de Burgos Congress, Edgar Martínez Masdeu, editor, San Juan, Ateneo Puertorriqueño, 1993, pp. 408–415.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un currículo balanceado: para no defraudar el ejercicio de la docencia", en: "Hacia un currículo no sexista: Integración de los Estudios de la Mujer y el Género en los cursos introductorios de español, inglés y ciencias sociales en la Universidad de Puerto Rico", ed. Yamila Azize ("A Balanced Curriculum: In Order not to Defraud our Mission as Educators", Towards a Non Sexist Curriculum: Integration of Women and Gender Studies in the Introductory Courses of Spanish, English and Social Sciences at the University of Puerto Rico, ed. Yamila Azize"), Proyecto de Estudios de la Mujer, Colegio Universitario de Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Cayey, P.R., March 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escritura de mujer en la literatura puertorriqueña y universal" ("Women's Writing in Puerto Rican and Universal Literature"), Perspectives & Resources: Integrating Latin American and Caribbean Women into the Curriculum and Research, compiled and edited by Edna Acosta-Belén and Christine E. Bose, Center for Latin America and the Caribbean and Institute for Research on Women, State University of New York, Albany, New York, 1991, pp. 262–278.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamila Azize Vargas y Knana Soldevila Picó, "Mujer y libro en Puerto Rico", Women and Books in Puerto Rico, Proyecto de Estudios de la Mujer, Women's Studies Project, Colegio Universitario de Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Cayey, P.R., 1990, pp. 8, 33.

paragraph: Section::::Academic publications and other work.:Women's studies and feminist literary criticism.:Work published in reviews and newspapers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mujer, literatura y sociedad" ("Women, Literature and Society"), "Cupey, review of Metropolitan University", Río Piedras, January–December 1992, X, 1 and 2, pp. 162–178.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Casi yo: Marina Arzola" ("Marina Arzola: Almost I"), "Cupey, review of the Metropolitan University", Río Piedras, VIII, 1991, pp. 152–157.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Puerto Rican Literature Today: Transforming Desire", "PEN International", London, England, 1991, XLI, 1, pp. 91–94.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homenaje a Violeta López Suria" ("Homage to Violeta López Suria"), "Exégesis", Colegio Universitario de Humacao, Humacao, P.R., October–December 1989, 3, 8, pp. 57–61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atisbos feministas en La ruta de su evasión de Yolanda Oreamuno" ("Feminist Signs in The Road of Her Evasion by Yolanda Oreamuno"), "Caribbean Studies", Centro de Estudios del Caribe, Center of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, July–December 1989, 22, 3 4, pp. 47–56.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La literatura puertorriqueña de hoy: deseo transformador" ("Transforming Desire: Puerto Rican Literature Today"), "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, September 1–7, 1989, XXXI, 1909, pp. 16–17.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escritura de mujer en Edelmira González Maldonado y Anagilda Garrastegui" ("Women's Writing in Edelmira González Maldonado and Anagilda Garrastegui"), Revista de Estudios Generales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, July 1988 June 1989, 3, 3, pp. 284–292.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Documentos de la otra de Soledad Cruz" ("Documents of the Other by Soledad Cruz"), in: Soledad Cruz, "Documentos de la otra", San Juan, Comité puertorriqueño de intelectuales, Puerto Rican Committee of Intellectuals, 1988, pp. 147–153.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La mujer en La sataniada de Alejandro Tapia y Rivera" ("Women in The sataniada by Alejandro Tapia y Rivera"), "Revista de Estudios Generales", Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, July 1987 – June 1988, II, 2, pp. 79–94.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La narrativa de la mujer puertorriqueña en la década del setenta" ("Narrative of Puerto Rican Women Writers in the Seventies"), Homines, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Hato Rey, P.R., August 1986 – February 1987, 10, 2, pp. 339–346, third edition; 2nd edition: January–June 1984, 8, 1, pp. 327–334; 1st edition: January–June 1982, 6, 1, pp. 43–50.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El cuento puertorriqueño actual" ("The Contemporary Puerto Rican Short Story"), "La revista del Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y del Caribe", San Juan, July–December 1986, 3, pp. 27–30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Presencia de la mujer en la literatura puertorriqueña contemporánea" ("Women's Writing in Contemporary Puerto Rican Literature"), "El sol, revista de la Asociación de maestros de Puerto Rico", Hato Rey, P.R., January May 1982, XXV, 4, pp. 12–13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Luis Palés Matos: poeta de resistencia antillana" ("Luis Palés Matos: Poetry of Antillean Resistance"), "Claridad", "En rojo", San Juan, P.R. March 10, 26 pp. 1–5, Honorable Mention, Claridad, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Se esclarece mi casa" ("My House Lights Up"), "El Mundo", San Juan, November 8, 1981, p.s. de María Bibiana Benítez, María Bibiana Benítez' Silences", San Juan, Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 1985, 70 pp.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Latin American writers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican writers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puerto Rican literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States

description: Puerto Rican writer

wikidata_label: Maria Arrillaga

wikipedia_title: Maria Arrillaga


text: Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford

text: Philippa de Beauchamp

text: Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk

text: Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford

text: Philippa de Beauchamp

text: Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford

text: Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford

text: Margaret de Audley

text: Katherine Mortimer

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

text: Edward I

text: John, King of England

text: Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk

text: Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk

text: Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk

text: William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Battle of Jargeau

text: clerk

text: France

text: Rowley Abbey

text: Oxfordshire

text: Miles Stapleton

text: Katherine de la Pole

text: Barking

text: Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley

text: Hugh Burnell, 2nd Baron Burnell

categories: 14th-century births,1419 deaths,15th-century English women,14th-century English women,14th-century English people,English countesses,Daughters of British earls

paragraph: Katherine de Stafford

paragraph: Katherine de Stafford, Countess of Suffolk (born around 1376 – 8 April 1419) was a daughter of Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford and his wife Philippa de Beauchamp. By her marriage to Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, she became known as the Countess of Suffolk.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Katherine was one of nine children born to Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford and his wife Philippa de Beauchamp. Some of her siblings included Margaret de Stafford, Countess of Westmorland and Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford.

paragraph: Her paternal grandparents were Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford and Margaret de Audley. Her maternal grandparents were Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick and Katherine Mortimer, a daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March. Through his paternal and maternal grandmothers, she was descended from Edward I and John, King of England respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Katherine was married to Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk in April 1383. He was a son of Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Katherine Wingfield. They had the following issue, the eldest of whom would not be born until 1394, eleven years after their marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (1394–1415)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1396–1450)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Alexander de la Pole (d. 1429), killed at the Battle of Jargeau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John de la Pole (d. 1429), died a prisoner in France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Thomas de la Pole (aft. 1397-1433), a clerk, died in France while a hostage for his brother William. He had an illegitimate daughter and heiress Katherine de la Pole (1416–1488, buried in Rowley Abbey, Oxfordshire), second wife of Sir Miles Stapleton, and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine de la Pole, abbess at Barking

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel de la Pole (d. 1466), married Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley, and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth de la Pole, married first Edward Burnell, son of Hugh Burnell, 2nd Baron Burnell, second Sir Thomas Kerdeston

paragraph: Michael died on 18 September 1415, from the flux. Katherine died four years later, on 8 April 1419.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works cited

description: English countess

wikidata_label: Katherine de Stafford

wikipedia_title: Katherine de Stafford


text:
Bar
Penguin Books
World War II
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
San Fernando
Trinidad
Highgate School
The Bodley Head
Allen Lane
London Zoo
Royal Mail
stamps
The Reprint Society
sub-lieutenant
shore establishment
Hove
commanding officer
First Lieutenant
Harwich
flotilla
Rothesay
lieutenant
River Medway
Dunoon
convoy
conning tower
able seaman
Torpedo
S-class
Murmansk
Malta
Distinguished Service Cross
Commanding Officer's Qualifying Course
S class
"State Express"
Cammell Laird
River Mersey
Trincomalee
Sri Lanka
Japanese navy
minesweeper
Pulau Weh
Sumatra
lieutenant commander
Tavoy Island
Distinguished Service Order
Fremantle
commander
staff
Bar
de-mobilized
The Reprint Society
Pan Books
Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd
autobiography
non-fiction
managing director
Imperial War Museum Interview

categories: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II,English book publishers (people),2003 deaths,English graphic designers,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom),Royal Navy submarine commanders,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,People educated at Highgate School,1913 births

paragraph: Edward Preston Young

paragraph: Edward Preston "Teddy" Young & Bar (17 November 1913 – 28 January 2003) was a British graphic designer, submariner and publisher. In 1935 he joined the then new publishing firm of Penguin Books and was responsible for designing the cover scheme used by Penguin for many years as well as drawing the original penguin logo. During World War II he served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) and became the first British RNVR officer to command a submarine. After the war he returned to the publishing world and eventually became managing director of the Rainbird Group. Having written his wartime biography, "One Of Our Submarines", in 1952, he later wrote several other books.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Young was born in San Fernando, Trinidad, but he moved to London as a child. He was educated at Highgate School in London. At 18 he left school and joined publishers The Bodley Head, remaining with the firm until 1935 when he moved to join Penguin Books as production manager.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Penguin Books.

paragraph: Penguin Books was newly formed in 1935 by Allen Lane. Previously managing director at Bodley Head, it was Lane who invited Young to join his new company. One of the first jobs given to Young was to go to London Zoo to make sketches of penguins to be used as the symbol for Penguin Books. Reportedly he returned from this job with the comment "My God, how those birds stink!" but the logo he drew appeared on all Penguin books until 1949. Along with Lane, Young also devised the highly recognisable colour schemes used by the firm on book covers; orange/white/orange for novels, green for crime and detective novels, and pale blue for the Pelican series. The designs were noted as classics in 2009 when the Royal Mail included Young's design in a series of stamps celebrating British design classics. Young left Penguin in 1939 to join The Reprint Society but left the society soon after with the outbreak of the war.

paragraph: Section::::War service.

paragraph: A keen yachtsman before the war, Young was appointed to the RNVR as a probationary sub-lieutenant on 12 April 1940 and underwent initial training at , the main RNVR shore establishment at Hove in Sussex. Volunteers were sought from suitable RNVR officers to join the submarine branch, Young volunteered with two others and after an interview and familiarisation trip on was accepted for service into submarines. Before reporting for submarine officer training at he was required to undertake a period of service on a surface ship, so Young joined on patrol in the North Sea. He was lucky in that both the commanding officer and First Lieutenant of "Atherstone" had served in submarines and were able to impart a lot of knowledge to Young.

paragraph: In August 1940 Young reported to HMS "Dolphin" to find that he was the only one of the three RNVR volunteers to have progressed to training. Young therefore became the first executive branch officer of the RNVR to enter the submarine service. Young passed the course, top of the class, and was posted as a watchkeeping officer to based at Harwich. After several operational patrols in the North Sea, "H28" became part of Seventh Submarine Flotilla, a training flotilla based at Rothesay on the west coast of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::War service.:HMS "Umpire".

paragraph: On 23 March 1941, Young was posted to the submarine , and was promoted to lieutenant on 12 April, "Umpire" was a brand new boat still undergoing commissioning trials on the River Medway. On commissioning the boat was ordered to join Third Submarine Flotilla at Dunoon. Attached to a north bound convoy, "Umpire" developed an engine problem and fell slightly behind the convoy. In the dark night of 19/20 July 1941 the boat was not seen by "Peter Hendriks", an armed trawler escorting a south bound convoy, and the two ships collided. "Umpire" sank almost immediately. Young was not on duty at the time and after the collision found himself in a flooding boat resting on the bottom of the North Sea in of water. Having tried to surface the boat using compressed air and having searched for other survivors, Young ended up in the conning tower with the First Lieutenant, an Engine Room Artificer (ERA) and an able seaman. They estimated that as a result of the angle of the boat and the height of the conning tower there was only about above them and that they should attempt to swim to the surface. Closing the hatch below them, they forced open the upper hatch and escaped. The ERA was never seen again and the First Lieutenant drowned after reaching the surface. Young and the seaman were picked up together with several men who had escaped through the engine room hatch. The Commanding Officer, Lt M Wingfield, had already been rescued, having been on the bridge when the collision occurred. All told 2 officers and 20 ratings died with only 2 officers, Young and Wingfield, and 14 ratings surviving.

paragraph: Section::::War service.:S-class boats.

paragraph: Following the sinking of "Umpire" Young was posted as Torpedo Officer to , an S-class submarine. During his time on "Sealion" the boat operated in Arctic waters, being based for some time in Murmansk. On return from Russia, Young was made First Lieutenant of "Sealion" until she was docked for a refit.

paragraph: Young was then transferred to again as First Lieutenant. "Saracen" was a new boat and on her "working up" patrol in the North Sea, "Saracen" sank the . For his part in this action Young was Mentioned in Despatches. In the Mediterranean "Saracen" was part of Tenth Submarine Flotilla based in Malta. She undertook a number of patrols and Young was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) following the sinking of the Italian submarine "Granito" in December 1942.

paragraph: Section::::War service.:First command.

paragraph: Returning to port on Christmas Day 1942, Young received a signal ordering him to return to the United Kingdom to attend the Commanding Officer's Qualifying Course (COQC). Arriving back in England in January 1943 Young passed the COQC (or "perisher" as it was commonly known) and was appointed commanding officer of , an American S class boat acquired by the Royal Navy in 1942. Young commanded the boat, known as "State Express" after the cigarette brand, for three months before being appointed as commander of a new boat, then under construction. On his appointment to "P555" Young was the first British RNVR officer to command a submarine.

paragraph: Section::::War service.:HMS "Storm".

paragraph: The boat was then being built by Cammell Laird on the River Mersey. On commissioning "Storm" joined Third Submarine Flotilla and her first patrol was to northern Norway. This was to be the only patrol in European waters as Young and "Storm" sailed to the Pacific in late December 1943 to become part of Fourth Submarine Flotilla at Trincomalee, Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). Arriving in the Far East in February 1944 "Storm" carried out four patrols and one special mission from Sri Lanka. During the first two patrols they sank a Japanese navy minesweeper as well as several merchant ships. After two patrols "Storm" landed an agent on the Japanese held island of Pulau Weh in northwest Sumatra. Four days later, "Storm" returned to collect the agent, during which time the Japanese had prepared an ambush and "Storm" came under concerted gunfire as the two man special forces team rowed ashore to meet the agent. Young held "Storm" as close as possible to the shore to allow the two men to return to the boat. Once retrieved Young dived the submarine and made for home. One member of the crew had been wounded during the exchange of gunfire.

paragraph: By the end of March 1944 Young was promoted to acting lieutenant commander, this stopped a previous source of embarrassment to guests who did not know Young. Young, a Lieutenant RNVR, wore the wavy stripes of the RNVR, while his First Lieutenant, Brian Mills, was a regular Royal Navy Lieutenant and wore the straight stripes of regular officer. Many visitors to "Storm" did not know Young and made the assumption that Mills, as the regular officer, was the commanding officer of the submarine. During a final patrol from Trincomalee, Young took "Storm" into Port Owen on Tavoy Island and in a surface action sank several vessels. During another surface action on this patrol "Storm" became the first submarine to pick up a Japanese prisoner, when a soldier, who was a passenger on a freighter sunk by "Storm", was picked up. For this series of patrols Young was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

paragraph: In September 1944 "Storm" was transferred to the Eighth Submarine Flotilla operating from Fremantle, Australia. Two further patrols were undertaken while based in Australia and on the second of them a short lived record was set for the longest patrol by an S-class boat, when the patrol lasted 37 days and covered . After this patrol "Storm" and her crew were directed to return to the United Kingdom. Leaving Australia at the end of January, "Storm" reached England on 8 April 1945, during which Young suffered recollections of the "Umpire" sinking when "Storm" was almost rammed by a merchant ship in fog in the Bay of Biscay. Once home, Young parted company with "Storm" and was promoted to commander on 31 July 1945 with a staff appointment with Seventh Submarine Flotilla aboard . In June, for the patrols from Fremantle a Bar to his DSC was awarded. Young left the navy in November 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar career.

paragraph: On being de-mobilized Young briefly rejoined The Reprint Society and then moved to Pan Books before moving to Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd as production director. In 1952, Young wrote his autobiography entitled "One Of Our Submarines" which was published by Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd. Two years later, Penguin Books honoured their former member of staff by making the paperback edition of "One Of Our Submarines" the 1000th Penguin publication.

paragraph: He wrote three further non-fiction works; "Look at Lighthouses" (1961), "The Fifth Passenger" (1962) and "Look at Submarines" (1964) before retirement in 1973, having ended his working career as managing director of the Rainbird Publishing Group.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial War Museum Interview

description: English book publisher and naval officer

wikidata_label: Edward Preston Young

wikipedia_title: Edward Preston Young


text: Irish

text: nobleman

text: Dutch nobility

text: Dublin

text: Ireland

text: William Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty

text: thepeerage.com

paragraph: Richard Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty

paragraph: Richard Somerset Le Poer Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty, 3rd Marquess of Heusden (13 January 1834 – 29 May 1891), styled Viscount Dunlo between 1837 and 1872, was an Irish peer, as well a nobleman in the Dutch nobility.

paragraph: Trench was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of William Trench, 3rd Earl of Clancarty and Lady Sarah Juliana Butler. On 29 November 1866 he married Lady Adeliza Georgiana Hervey, daughter of Frederick William Hervey, 2nd Marquess of Bristol and Lady Katherine Isabella Manners. They had three children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Frederick Le Poer Trench, 5th Earl of Clancarty (29 December 1868 – 16 February 1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Katherine Anne Le Poer Trench (12 August 1871 – 25 February 1953).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Richard John Le Poer Trench (25 December 1877 – 10 August 1960).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com Accessed April 11, 2009

description: Irish noble

wikidata_label: Richard Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty

wikipedia_title: Richard Trench, 4th Earl of Clancarty


text: Victorian England

text: Islington

text: Middlesex

text: Edward George Ballard

text: University College, London

text: Alfred Baring Garrod

text: clinical pharmacology

text: Royal College of Physicians

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

categories: 1897 deaths,19th-century English medical doctors,Fellows of the Royal Society,1820 births,Alumni of University College London

paragraph: Edward Ballard

paragraph: Edward Ballard (15 April 1820 – 19 January 1897) was a 19th-century English physician, best known for his reports on the unsanitary conditions in which most of Victorian England lived.

paragraph: Ballard was born in Islington, Middlesex, the son Edward George Ballard, the English writer, and Mary Ann Shadgett. He was educated at Islington Proprietary School and at University College, London, from which he received his doctorate in medicine in 1843.

paragraph: Together with Alfred Baring Garrod, Ballard co-authored "Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics", published in 1845, the first medical textbook on what is now known as clinical pharmacology. Admitted a member of the Royal College of Physicians and Fellow of the Royal Society, Ballard is best known for his work as the Medical Officer for Health at the Local Government Board, a position in which he wrote numerous reports on the unsanitary conditions in which the masses of Victorian England lived.

paragraph: In 1846, Ballard married Julia Hannah Huggons. They had three sons and two daughters. He died in 1897 at High Barnett, London.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Ballard published several books and reports during his career. The most important of these are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballard, Edward and Garrod, Alfred Baring. "Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics with Additions and Alterations by R. Eglesfeld Griffith". 1846.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballard, Edward. "Report to the Local Government Board on the sanitary condition of Wolverhampton", 1874 {Wolverhampton Archives & Local Studies reference L628.}

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballard, Edward. "Report to the Local Government Board on an outbreak of enteric fever at Tolcarne Head, Newquay, Cornwall, and generally on the sanitary condition ... of the Urban Sanitary District of Newquay". 1880, printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode for H.M.S.O.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballard, Edward. "Report to the Local Government Board upon an epidemic outbreak of enteric fever in the village of Millbrook, in the Rural Sanitary District of St. German's, Cornwall". 1880, printed by George E Eyre and William Spottiswoode for H.M.S.O.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballard, Edward. "Report to the Local Government Board upon the Causation of the Annual Mortality from "Diarrhoea" Which is Observed Principally in the Summer Season of the Year", 1889, (draft only as Ballard died prior to finalising it.)

description: British doctor

wikidata_label: Edward Ballard

wikipedia_title: Edward Ballard