text:
Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese
Portugal
Urraca
Pope Paschal II
Kingdom of León
Fernando Pérez de Traba
Afonso Henriques
Battle of São Mamede
illegitimate
Alfonso VI of León and Castile
Jimena Muñoz
Henry of Burgundy
Constance
Raymond of Burgundy
Urraca
Minho River
Santarém
vassal
Urraca of Castile
Moors
Mondego River
Coimbra
Pope Paschal II
Portugal
Count of Trava
Lanhoso
Santiago de Compostela
Braga
Saint James
Iberian Peninsula
Afonso
Battle of São Mamede
Guimarães
kingdom of Galicia
Henry, Count of Portugal
Bermudo Pérez de Traba
Pedro Fróilaz
Velasco
Afonso Henriques
king of Portugal
Monastery of Alcobaça
Fernando Pérez de Traba
Teresa Fernández de Traba
Nuño Pérez de Lara
Ferdinand II of León
Álvaro Rodríguez de Sarria
Pedro Alfonso
Gonzalo Ruiz

categories: House of Jiménez,11th-century Portuguese women,Women in medieval European warfare,House of Burgundy,1080 births,11th-century women rulers,Burials at Braga Cathedral,Counts of Portugal (Asturias-León),Regents of Portugal,12th-century rulers of Portugal,People of the Reconquista,12th-century women rulers,Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs,County of Portugal,12th-century Portuguese women,1130 deaths,Women in 12th-century warfare

paragraph: Theresa, Countess of Portugal

paragraph: Theresa (Portuguese: "Teresa"; Galician-Portuguese: "Tareja") (1080 – 11 November 1130) was Countess and Queen of Portugal. She rebelled against vassalic ties with her half-sister Urraca and was recognised as Queen by Pope Paschal II in 1116. After being captured she was forced to accept Portugal's vassalage to the Kingdom of León in 1121, although she was allowed to keep her royal title. Her political and amorous affairs with Galician nobleman Fernando Pérez de Traba led to her ouster by her son, Afonso Henriques, who with the support of the Portuguese nobility and clergy defeated her at the Battle of São Mamede in 1128.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and marriage.

paragraph: Teresa was the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of León and Castile by Jimena Muñoz. In 1093, her father married her to a French nobleman, Henry of Burgundy, nephew of Queen Constance, a brother of the Duke of Burgundy, a descendant of the kings of France in the male line. Henry was providing military assistance to his father-in-law against the Muslims on the Portuguese march.

paragraph: In the first months of 1096, Henry and his cousin Raymond of Burgundy, husband of Queen Urraca, reached an agreement whereby each swore under oath that Raymond would give Henry the kingdom of Toledo and one-third of the royal treasury after King Alfonso's death and, if that was not possible, Henry would receive the kingdom of Galicia, while Henry, in turn, promised to support his cousin Raymond in securing all of the king's dominions and two-thirds of the treasury. King Alfonso, however, after becoming aware of this covenant, appointed Henry governor of all the land between the Minho River and Santarém, governed until then by Raymond, thereby limiting his son-in-law's government to Galicia. The two cousins then, instead of being allies, became rivals, each vying to obtain the king's favor. Upon the death of King Alfonso, Henry and Teresa continued governing these lands south of the Minho, and later, in December 1111 under the reign of Queen Urraca, were also governing Zamora.

paragraph: Section::::Struggle with sister.

paragraph: At first, Teresa and Henry were vassals of her father, but Alfonso VI died in 1109, leaving his legitimate daughter, Queen Urraca of Castile as the heir to the throne. Henry invaded León, hoping to add it to his lands. When he died in 1112, Teresa was left to deal with the military and political situation. She took on the responsibility of government, and occupied herself at first mainly with her southern lands, that had only recently been reconquered from the Moors as far as the Mondego River. In recognizing her victory in defending Coimbra, she was called "Queen" by Pope Paschal II and in light of this recognition, she appears in her documents as "Daughter of Alphonso and elected by God", explicitly being called queen in an 1117 document, leading some to refer to her as the first monarch of Portugal.

paragraph: In 1116, in an effort to expand her power, Teresa fought her half-sister, Queen Urraca. They fought again in 1120, as she continued to pursue a larger share in the Leonese inheritance, and allied herself as a widow to the most powerful Galician nobleman for that effect. This was the Fernando Pérez, Count of Trava, who had rejected his first wife to openly marry her, and served her on her southern border of the Mondego. In 1121, she was besieged and captured at Lanhoso, on her northern border with Galicia, fighting her sister Urraca. A negotiated peace was coordinated with aid from the Archbishops of Santiago de Compostela and Braga. The terms included that Teresa could go free only if she held the County of Portugal as a vassal of the Kingdom of León as she had received it initially.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellions.

paragraph: By 1128, the Archbishop of Braga and the main Portuguese feudal nobles had had enough of her persistent Galician alliance, which the first feared could favour the ecclesiastical pretensions of his new rival the Galician Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, Diego Gelmírez, who had just started to assert his pretensions to an alleged discovery of relics of Saint James in his town, as his way to gain power and riches over the other cathedrals in the Iberian Peninsula.

paragraph: The Portuguese lords rebelled, and the Queen was deposed after a short civil war. Her son and heir, Afonso, defeated Teresa's troops at the Battle of São Mamede near Guimarães and led her, along with the Count of Traba and their children, into exile in the kingdom of Galicia, near the Portuguese border, where the Traba had founded the monastery of Toxos Outos. Teresa died soon afterwards in 1130. She was succeeded by her son, who would eventually lead Portugal into becoming a fully independent nation.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: By Henry, Count of Portugal, Teresa had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urraca of Portugal (born c. 1095-after 1169), wife of Bermudo Pérez de Traba, son of count Pedro Fróilaz, with issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancha of Portugal (1097–1163). On 15 July 1129, the abbess of the Monastery of San Salvador de Ferreira de Panton acquired from Mendo Núñez and from his brother Sancho Núñez and his wife, Infanta Sancha Henriques, some properties in Estriz. One of their daughters, María Sánchez, was the abbess of the Monastery of San Salvador de Sobrado de Trives. They were also the parents of Velasco, Gil, Fernando, and Teresa Sánchez. She married, after being widowed, Fernando Mendes de Bragança, without any issue from this second marriage;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teresa of Portugal (born c. 1098);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Portugal (1106–1110);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso Henriques, (1109–1185), the first king of Portugal, named after his maternal grandfather, perhaps as "a reminder that the blood of the Emperor of all Hispania also ran through the veins of this grandson";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro, abbot at the Monastery of Alcobaça where he was buried.

paragraph: She had two daughters with count Fernando Pérez de Traba:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teresa Fernández de Traba (d. 1180) wife of count Nuño Pérez de Lara and, when widowed, the second wife of King Ferdinand II of León.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancha Fernández de Traba (d. after March 1181). Married before 1150 count Álvaro Rodríguez de Sarria, with issue. After being widowed, she became the second wife of count Pedro Alfonso and, widowed again, married count Gonzalo Ruiz; without any issue from these two marriages.

description: Countess-Queen of Portugal

wikidata_label: Theresa of León

wikipedia_title: Theresa, Countess of Portugal


text:
Krakow
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
hetman of Lithuania
Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński

categories: Field Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

paragraph: Jan Jacek Ogiński

paragraph: Prince Jan Jacek Ogiński () (1619 - 24 February 1684, Krakow) was a nobleman, commander and statesman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was also known as Jan Samuelewicz Ogiński. He served as hetman of Lithuania from 1683 to 1684, an office also later held by the youngest of Jan's four sons, Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński.

paragraph: Section::::Sources (in Polish).

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://ipsb.tymczasowylink.pl/index.php/a/jan-jacek-oginski-h-wlasnego

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leszek A, Wierzbicki, Akt konfederacji wojska litewskiego zawiązanej w Kobryniu 22 listopada 1672 roku, w: Res Historica, t. 21, Lublin 2005, s. 137.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2.Skocz do góry ↑ Volumina Legum, t. V, Petersburg 1860, s. 162.

wikidata_label: Jan Samuelowicz Ogiński

wikipedia_title: Jan Jacek Ogiński


text: professional wrestler

text: television era

text: Fred Kohler

text: NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion

text: NWA World Tag Team Champion

text: Chicago

text: American South

text: Harry Light Wrestling Office

text: USO

text: France

text: Fred Kohler

text: NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion

text: Billy Goelz

text: television era

text: Fred Kohler

text: Canada

text: Vince McMahon

text: WWE

text: National Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: Al Williams (wrestler)

paragraph: Al Williams was an American professional wrestler. He was a prominent competitor of the early television era of professional wrestling, appearing on national telecasts for Fred Kohler's NWA Chicago territory. He held several titles throughout his career and was a former NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion and NWA World Tag Team Champion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Early career.

paragraph: Williams began his career in 1933 in Chicago wrestling at the Northwest Arena for NWA Chicago. The following year, he wrestled throughout the American South for territories including NWA Tri-State in Arkansas, Harry Light Wrestling Office in Detroit and Al Haft Sports in Ohio. Williams became a mainstay for these promotions during the 1930s. By the outbreak of World II in 1939, Williams had become a prominent feature in the Chicago territory.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:USO plane crash.

paragraph: In 1945, he was a part of a USO wrestling tour in benefit of Allied troops in Europe. On March 3, 1945, the tour's plane crashed in France midway from England to Paris, resulting in the death of six wrestlers (George Mack, Jack Ross, Gerald "Kid" Chapman, Harold "Al" Sabath, Gaius W. Young and Ben Reuben) along with an additional ten inhabitants of the plane. It remains the largest loss of wrestling personnel life in a wreckage. For reasons unknown, Al Williams - the seventh member of the group - was not on board the flight and thus survived.

paragraph: Williams returned to the United States soon after the tragedy and at the same month, headlined a Fred Kohler NWA Chicago event, the proceeds of which went to the children and widows of his colleagues who perished in the crash. All six wrestlers had been wrestling for Fred Kohler prior to the wreckage.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Television era and championship victories.

paragraph: In September 1945, Williams became the Midwest Junior Heavyweight Champion. He was a standout wrestler for the following decade in the NWA's junior heavyweight division, becoming the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion in August 1948 and having memorable feuds with wrestlers such as Billy Goelz.

paragraph: During the 1940s and 50s, Williams was a prominent competitor in the early television era of professional wrestling, appearing on national telecasts for Fred Kohler's NWA Chicago territory. Heavily tattooed, he was an eye-catching feature-wrestler on programming broadcast out of the Marigold Garden. Alongside his success as a singles competitor he also wrestled in the Chicago territory and throughout the Midwest as part of a prominent "roughneck" tag team with Rudy Kay.

paragraph: His in-ring career lasted until the mid-1970s, taking Williams throughout the United States and Canada. He wrestled his last recorded match while working for Vince McMahon's World Wide Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in a time limit draw against Pete Doherty in Albany, New York

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship (Indianapolis version) (one time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Midwest Junior Heavyweight Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rocky Mountain Heavyweight Championship (two times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intermountain Junior Heavyweight Championship

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Al Williams

wikipedia_title: Al Williams (wrestler)


text:
Figueres
Catalonia
Lope de Vega
Venice Biennale

categories: 1966 births,Catalan writers,Catalan dramatists and playwrights,Living people

paragraph: Angélica Liddell

paragraph: Angélica Liddell (born Angélica González in 1966) is a Spanish writer, theatre director and actor.

paragraph: She was born in Figueres, Catalonia, and went on to study psychology and dramatic arts. Liddell began writing plays during the 1980s. In 1993, she founded the theatre company Atra Bilis Teatro.

paragraph: Her works have been performed in Spain, Germany, Brazil, France and Chile; her work been translated into French, English, Portuguese, German, Polish and Russian. Besides plays for theatre, she writes poetry and prose.

paragraph: Liddell has been awarded:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Casa de América Innovative Playwriting Award in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- second prize for the Lope de Vega Award in 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- the in 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- the in 2012 for "La casa de la fuerza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Silver Lion at the Venice Biennale in 2013

paragraph: Section::::Selected plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La falsa suicida" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once upon a time in West Asphixia" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Y cómo no se pudrió Blancanieves" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perro muerto en tintorería: los Fuertes" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ping Pang Qiu" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "¿Qué haré yo con esta espada?" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Esta breve tragedia de la carne (This Brief Tragedy of the Flesh)", 2018. Alexander Kasser Theater (New Jersey, NJ)

description: Spanish writer and theatre director and actress

wikidata_label: Angélica Liddell

wikipedia_title: Angélica Liddell


text:
Látrabjarg
Rauðasandshreppur
Barðaströnd
Winnipeg
Milton S. Eisenhower Library
The Johns Hopkins University
hreppstjóri
member of parliament
Nýja Ísland
electric train company in Winnipeg
River Park
rímur
Stefán Einarsson
Johns Hopkins University
Kemp Malone
Isaiah Bowman
rímur
chivalric sagas
Milton S. Eisenhower Library
Guttormur J. Guttormsson
Dani McMillan

categories: 19th-century Icelandic people,1867 births,1955 deaths

paragraph: Nikulás Ottenson

paragraph: Nikulás Ottenson (born Nikulás Össursson 18 November 1867 at Hvallátrar near Látrabjarg in Rauðasandshreppur on Barðaströnd; died 15 August 1955, Gysler Nursing Home, Winnipeg) was an Icelandic scholar, who spent most of his life in Canada. His book collection is now the Nikulás Ottenson Collection of Icelandic Books and Manuscripts, Special Collections, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nikulás's father was Össur Össursson (Sigurðsson) (1807-1874), a well-educated hreppstjóri and poet (who composed "Rímur af Sörla hinum sterka"), who was conversant with German as well as the Scandinavian languages. Nikulás's mother was Össur's second wife, Guðrún Snæbjarnardóttir, from Dufansdalur in Arnarfjörður. Her nephew Hákon Hákonarson was for a long time the member of parliament for Barðaströnd.

paragraph: Nikulás learned to write from his father around the age of eight, and is the scribe of manuscript 28 in the Nikulás Ottensen Collection, a copy of Magnús í Magnússkógum's "Rímur af Gretti Ásmundssyni" which he made in 1915-16. As a young man, he worked "inter alia" in the fishing industry on the ship of his mother's brother Markús Snæbjarnarson.

paragraph: In 1887, Nikulás emigrated to Canada, where he worked in military service and in a shop. He lived for a time in Nýja Ísland, but considered his career to begin in earnest when he began working for the W. E. L. (an electric train company in Winnipeg). He became the park warden at River Park, Winnipeg's foremost pleasure-garden. In 1902, Nikulás established a zoo, the first in Canada west of Toronto. After 28 years in that role, Nikulás retired.

paragraph: In Winnipeg, Nikulás continued his father's scholarship, very much in a traditional nineteenth-century Icelandic mode, collecting manuscripts and publishing two books of "rímur". He revisited Iceland in 1909-10.

paragraph: Nikulás married Anna Guðmundsdóttir of Ferjukot, and they had three children: Thordis Louise Ottenson Gudmunds (born Winnipeg 16 September 1896, known in Icelandic as Lovísa), Louis, and Eddy.

paragraph: Section::::Book collection.

paragraph: Nikulás probably began collecting books as a youth, certainly bringing a copy of the Bible from his father's collection to Canada; he probably built up most of his collection in the first decade of the twentieth century, however (not least while visiting Iceland in 1909-10). In the summer of 1942, Nikulás wrote to Stefán Einarsson at Johns Hopkins University asking if Stefán could sell his collection and, with the encouragement of Kemp Malone and Isaiah Bowman, the collection was purchased from Nikulás in the winter of 1942-43 by the Johns Hopkins University Library.

paragraph: The book collection prominently includes Iceland's oldest printed Bibles (the Guðbrandsbiblía (1584) and the Þorláksbiblía in its second printing of 1644); the "Nýja testamenti" published in Waisenhús in 1746; a range of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century religious literature; and nineteenth-century journals. It also includes 28 Icelandic manuscripts, mostly from the nineteenth century, containing in particular "rímur" and chivalric sagas. The manuscripts are now catalogued as Ms. 100, Special Collections, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University).

paragraph: Section::::Praise.

paragraph: One Kristján Benediktsson composed the following verses in praise of Nikulás:

paragraph: Section::::Winnipeg Icelander.

paragraph: Nikulás Ottensen was a well-known figure in Winnipeg's Icelandic community. Poet Guttormur J. Guttormsson's satirical "Winnipeg Icelander" (1920) contains a reference to Nikulás Ottensen (called Nick Ottins or Nickie in the poem). The language parodies that spoken by urban immigrants in Winnipeg:

paragraph: The poem ends with Nick Ottins inviting Dani McMillan to dine on wild game that he claims to have personally shot in flight, although it had in fact been purchased by the poem's hapless urbanite of a narrator after failing to hunt a moose.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Össur Össursson, "Rímur af Sörla hinum sterka", ed. by Nikulás Ottensson (Gimli 1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikulás Ottenson, "Minni Nýja Íslands, formannatal frá landnámstíð til vorra daga" (Winnipeg 1934)

wikidata_label: Nikulás Ottenson

wikipedia_title: Nikulás Ottenson


text:
Italian
Franciscan
Michael of Cesena
order
Casale Monferrato
Peter Olivi
Rule of Saint Francis
Gregory IX
Nicholas III
Pope Innocent III
Joachim of Fiore
Pope Benedict XI
Perugia
Monte Alverna
Pope Boniface VIII
cardinal
Napoleone Orsini Frangipani
Germany
France
Avignon
Bull
Giacomo Colonna
Pope John XXII
Benedictine
Gembloux
excommunicated
Louis the Bavarian
Fraticelli
Dante
Comedy
Umberto Eco
The Name of the Rose
film adaptation
William Hickey
Article on Catholic Encyclopedia
"Arbor vitae crucifixae Jesu"
Somni

categories: 1259 births,1329 deaths,People from Casale Monferrato

paragraph: Ubertino of Casale

paragraph: Ubertino of Casale (1259 – c. 1329) was an Italian Franciscan and one of the leaders (together with Michael of Cesena) of the Spirituals, the stricter branch of the Franciscan order.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ubertino was born in Casale Monferrato. He became a disciple of Peter Olivi, a leading Spiritual, and later became leader of the Spirituals in Tuscany. The Spirituals espoused poverty as obligatory and insisted on a stricter interpretation of the Rule of Saint Francis. They attacked Popes Gregory IX and Nicholas III, who had favoured a moderate interpretation of the rule, and Pope Innocent III, who had disapproved of the teaching of Joachim of Fiore, as heretics. Therefore, Ubertino was summoned before Pope Benedict XI, forbidden to preach at Perugia, and banished to the convent of Monte Alverna.

paragraph: During his banishment, Ubertino wrote the "Arbor Vitae Crucifixae Jesu Christi" ("The Tree of the Crucified Life of Jesus"), exalting a literal interpretation of the Rule of St. Francis and the poverty of Christ. In the book, Ubertino identified Pope Boniface VIII, another opponent of the Spirituals, and Benedict XI as the first and second beast of the Apocalypse.

paragraph: In 1307, he was chosen chaplain and familiar to cardinal Napoleone Orsini Frangipani, formerly a protector of the Spirituals. In 1308, when Orsini went to Germany, Ubertino moved to France. In 1312-13, he was called to Avignon with other chiefs of the Spirituals to discuss before the pope the questions at issue between the two parties in the order. During discussions, he attacked the moderate majority of his order and demanded separate convents and provinces for his party. But this was absolutely denied, whilst on the other hand the question of practical observance of poverty was settled by the famous Bull "Exivi de paradiso", 6 May 1312, partly called forth by the polemical writings of Ubertino.

paragraph: Ubertino stayed with Cardinal Giacomo Colonna until 1317, when Pope John XXII allowed him to leave the Franciscan order and enter the Benedictine Abbey of Gembloux, in the Diocese of Liège. Since Ubertino did not stop involving himself in the conflicts among Franciscans, he was excommunicated in 1318. In 1322, Ubertino was called back to Avignon by the Pope to give his opinion on a controversy between Dominicans and Franciscans concerning the poverty of Jesus Christ and the Apostles. Ubertino asserted that Christ and the Apostles, though they had rejected all property of private persons, made use of goods and money for necessities and alms as ministers of religion. This response was well received by Pope John XXII.

paragraph: Ubertino remained in Avignon, in the service of Cardinal Orsini, until 1325, when he was accused of heresy for having defended the condemned opinions of his teacher Peter Olivi. While the Pope commanded the general of the Franciscans to have him arrested as a heretic, Ubertino probably went to Germany to seek the protection of Louis the Bavarian, whom he is said to have accompanied on his way to Rome in 1328.

paragraph: Afterwards, Ubertino disappeared from the historical record. Some suppose that he left the Benedictines in 1332 to join the Carthusians, while the 15th century Fraticelli venerated him as saint and a martyr. Dante mentioned him in his "Comedy", as a supporter of stricter Franciscan rules.

paragraph: Section::::References in popular culture.

paragraph: Ubertino appears as a minor, yet important character in Umberto Eco's historical novel "The Name of the Rose" (1980), and its film adaptation, where Ubertino is played by William Hickey.

paragraph: Section::::Modern editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ubertino, "Arbor vitae crucifixae Christi", (1485; reprinted Turin: Bottega d'Erasmo, 1961)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on Catholic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ubertino da Casale: "Arbor vitae crucifixae Jesu". Italy, (1400-1450). At Somni

description: Italian Franciscan leader

wikidata_label: Ubertino of Casale

wikipedia_title: Ubertino of Casale


text:
Judenburg
Austria
motor racing
United Arab Emirates
Formula König
following season
Formula Renault 2.0 Germany
Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0
Motopark Academy
A1-Ring
2002
Dutch
Oschersleben
2003
Formula 3 Euro Series
Team Rosberg
Le Mans
Brno
Carlin Motorsport
Formula Renault 3.5 Series
2005
Estoril
pole position
Valencia
GP2 Series
2006
Trident Racing
Gianmaria Bruni
Istanbul Park
Lewis Hamilton
iSport International
2007
Timo Glock
Silverstone
Magny-Cours
2008
Piquet Sports
Pastor Maldonado
Spa-Francorchamps
2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season
FMS International
Rodolfo González
2009 GP2 Series season
Luiz Razia
Giancarlo Fisichella
Coloni family
Andy Soucek
Al Ain
Superleague Formula
football
Official site
Andreas Zuber career statistics

categories: Austrian racing drivers,People from Judenburg,Superleague Formula drivers,GP2 Series drivers,German Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,GP2 Asia Series drivers,Emirati racing drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Formula 3.5 V8 drivers,1983 births,Formula 3 Euro Series drivers,FIA GT1 World Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Andreas Zuber

paragraph: Andreas "Andi" Zuber (born 9 October 1983 in Judenburg, Austria) is a motor racing driver. An Austrian by birth, he once raced under a licence issued by the United Arab Emirates.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula König.

paragraph: Despite beginning his karting career in 1998, 2000 saw his debut in the Formula König championship with Team Böhm Sport. Zuber finished twelfth in the championship with 39 points.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault.

paragraph: The following season, Zuber competed in both the Formula Renault 2.0 Germany and Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 championships for Motopark Academy. He finished sixth in the German series standings. In the Eurocup, he took 54th place in the championship, with a best finish of seventeenth at the A1-Ring.

paragraph: For 2002, the Austrian driver remained in the German championship with Motopark Academy. He finished second behind Dutch driver Ferdinand Kool in final standings. Also he was a guest driver at the Oschersleben round of the Eurocup.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Three.

paragraph: Zuber moved on to new-for-2003 Formula 3 Euro Series with Team Rosberg. He finished in 24th place in the standings with two points scored for seventh place in the first race at Le Mans.

paragraph: He continued in the F3 Euroseries in 2004 with Team Rosberg, finishing 21st without scoring a point, with a ninth place at Brno being his best result.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault 3.5 Series.

paragraph: Zuber drove for Carlin Motorsport in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series in 2005, finishing sixth in the championship with one win at Estoril and pole position at Valencia apiece.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP2 Series.

paragraph: He switched to the GP2 Series for 2006 for the new Trident Racing team, where he partnered Gianmaria Bruni. After a slow start to his championship, he took his first race victory in the formula at the penultimate race meeting of the season at the Istanbul Park track, in which he was the only driver to hold off Lewis Hamilton, after the eventual champion spun early in the race but climbed back up to second position. This win complemented Bruni's two triumphs earlier in the year and established Zuber in fourteenth position in the championship.

paragraph: Zuber moved to iSport International for 2007, where he was paired with Timo Glock. He took a perfect result of pole position, win and fastest lap at the Silverstone feature race, but his overall season was inconsistent and he finished ninth in the championship, compared to Glock's championship-winning campaign. The team-mates also collided with one another when accelerating away from the grid at the start of the Magny-Cours feature race, after starting from the front row.

paragraph: For 2008, Zuber switched to the Piquet Sports team alongside Pastor Maldonado. Four podium finishes saw him repeat his ninth place in the championship of the previous year, but he failed to achieve a race victory for the first time in the category. He was also outperformed by Maldonado, who finished fifth overall with almost double the number of points. He was not helped by failing to score any points in the final seven races of the season, a run which included disqualification from third place at the Spa-Francorchamps for a technical infringement that both he and the team considered to be particularly unfair. Zuber also drove in the first two rounds of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season for the FMS International team, after which he was replaced by Rodolfo González.

paragraph: Zuber returned to FMS for the 2009 GP2 Series season, where he was partnered by Luiz Razia. Despite scoring more podium finishes, the year was unstable off-track: first Giancarlo Fisichella's stake in the team was bought back by the Coloni family, its original founder and owner; then the outfit missed the eighth round of the championship after its cars were impounded as a result of court proceedings initiated by driver Andy Soucek, who had briefly been employed by FMS. Zuber eventually wound up in thirteenth place overall.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Superleague Formula.

paragraph: Zuber has also represented Al Ain in the Superleague Formula, a championship in which the cars represent different football teams.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Superleague Formula.

paragraph: BULLET::::- * Al Ain FC overall standing. There is no drivers' championship in the Superleague Formula.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Zuber career statistics at Driver Database

description: Austrian racecar driver

wikidata_label: Andreas Zuber

wikipedia_title: Andreas Zuber


text: Italian

text: humanist

text: Naples

text: Galileo

text: botanist

text: Padua

text: Aroid

text: Pinellia

text: Nicolas Fabri de Peiresc

text: Biblioteca Ambrosiana

text: bibliophile

text: bookseller

text: optics

text: gallstone

text: Leonardo

text: Trattato della Pittura

text: Galileo Galilei

text: Ettore Ausonio

text: Giuseppe Moleto

text: Padua

text: Leo Africanus

text: madrigal

text: Philippe de Monte

text: Luca Ghini

text: herbarium

text: Andrea Mattioli

text: Ulisse Aldrovandi

text: Claude Dupuy

text: Gutenberg-Jahrbuch

text: Abstract

categories: Book and manuscript collectors,1535 births,Italian Renaissance humanists,Italian botanists,1601 deaths,People from Padua,Italian bibliophiles

paragraph: Gian Vincenzo Pinelli

paragraph: Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1535 – 31 August 1601) was an Italian humanist, born in Naples and known as a savant and a mentor of Galileo. His literary correspondence put him at the center of a European network of "virtuosi". He was also a noted botanist, bibliophile and collector of scientific instruments.

paragraph: He died in Padua, where he is commemorated by "Vincenzo Pinelli", and by the Aroid genus "Pinellia".

paragraph: Section::::Collector.

paragraph: His enormous library was probably the greatest in 16th-century Italy, consisting of around 8,500 printed works at the moment of his death, plus hundreds of manuscripts. When he died, in 1601, Nicolas Fabri de Peiresc was in his house and spent some of the following months studying his library and taking notes from its catalogues. Pinelli's secretary, Paolo Gualdo, wrote and published (1607) a biography of Pinelli which is also the portrait of the perfect scholar and book-collector.

paragraph: His collection of manuscripts, when it was purchased from his estate in 1608 for the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, filled 70 cases. Pinelli stood out among the early bibliophile collectors who established scientific bases for the methodically assembled private library, aided by the comparatively new figure—in the European world— of the bookseller.

paragraph: His love of books and manuscripts, and his interest in optics, labored under a disability: a childhood mishap had destroyed the vision of one eye, forcing him to protect his weak vision with green-tinted lenses. Cautious and withdrawn by nature, detesting travel whether by road or canal boat, wracked by the gallstones that eventually killed him, he found solace in the library he amassed over a period of fifty years (Nuovo 2003).

paragraph: Leonardo's treatise on painting, "Trattato della Pittura", was transcribed in the "Codex Pinellianus" "ca." 1585, perhaps expressly for Pinelli who made annotations in it. Pinelli's codex was the source for the Barberini codex from which it was eventually printed, ostensibly edited by Raphael du Fresne, in 1651 . Pinelli's interest in the new science of optics was formative for Galileo Galilei, for whom Pinelli opened his library in the 1590s, where Galileo read the unpublished manuscripts, consisting of lecture notes and drafts of essays on optics, of Ettore Ausonio, a Venetian mathematician and physician, and of Giuseppe Moleto, professor of mathematics at Padua (Dupre).

paragraph: Beside his Greek and Latin libraries of manuscripts his collection included the original Arabic manuscript from which was translated and printed the "Descrizione dell'Africa" of Leo Africanus.

paragraph: Section::::Other interests.

paragraph: He was among Europe's early botanists, and also collected mathematical instruments. He had taken musical instruction from the great madrigalist Philippe de Monte, with whom he continued a correspondence. He kept his amanuensis Camillus Venetus (Zanettus) busy.

paragraph: In the field of botany, he collected herbs in his garden and corresponded with the father of Italian botany, Luca Ghini, who pioneered the techniques of drying and pressing plant material for a herbarium and whose papers he transcribed after Ghini's death, while the botanists who would be considered Ghini's heirs, like Andrea Mattioli and Ulisse Aldrovandi, clamored for them.

paragraph: Pinelli's voluminous correspondence with the French humanist and book collector Claude Dupuy was published in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Gualdo, "Vita Ioannis Vincentii Pinelli, Patricii Genuensis. In qua studiosis bonarum artium, proponitur typus viri probi et eruditi. Autore Paulo Gualdo", Augustae Vindelicorum, Ad Insigne Pinus (=Markus Welser) (excudit Christophorus Mangus), cum privilegio Caes. Perpetuo, 1607

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolfo Rivolta, "Catalogo dei codici Pinelliani dell'Ambrosiana", Milano 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raugei Anna Maria, (editor) 2001. "" (Florence:Olschki)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela Nuovo, 2003. "Introduzione al catalogo di bibliografie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela Nuovo, "A proposito del carteggio Pinelli-Dupuy", «Bibliotheca. Rivista di studi bibliografici» 2002/2, p. 96-115

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela Nuovo, "Testimoni postumi. La biblioteca di Gian Vincenzo Pinelli tra le carte di Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc", in "L'organizzazione del sapere. Studi in onore di Alfredo Serrai", a cura di Maria Teresa Biagetti, Milano, Ed. Bonnard, 2005, pp. 317–334

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela Nuovo, "Gian Vincenzo Pinelli's collection of catalogues of private libraries in sixteenth-century Europe", «Gutenberg-Jahrbuch» 2007, p. 129-144

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela Nuovo, "The Creation and Dispersal of the Library of Gian Vincenzo Pinelli", in "Books on the Move: tracking copies through collections and the book trade", ed. by Giles Mandelbrote (et al.). New Castle, Delaware and London, UK Oak Knoll Press and The British Library, 2007, p. 39-68

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grendler, M. 1980. "A Greek Collection in Padua: The Library of Gian Vincenzo Pinelli" "Renaissance Quarterly" 33: 386-416.

paragraph: BULLET::::- —— 1981. "Book-collecting in Counter-Reformation Italy: the library of Gian Vincenzo Pinelli, 1535-1601", "Journal of Library History", 16: 143-151

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sven Dupre, 2000. "Galileo, Optics and the Pinelli Circle" History of Science Society meeting, Vancouver (Abstract)

description: Italian Renaissance humanist

wikidata_label: Gian Vincenzo Pinelli

wikipedia_title: Gian Vincenzo Pinelli


text:
American
track and field
athlete
Georgetown University
silver medal
400-meter dash
1900 Summer Olympics
Paris, France
Maxie Long
200-meter dash
Stan Rowley
Norman Pritchard
60-meter dash
Sports Reference profile

categories: American male sprinters,1874 births,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field,1930 deaths,Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni,Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Bill Holland (sprinter)

paragraph: William Joseph "Bill" Holland (March 3, 1874 – November 20, 1930) was an American track and field athlete.

paragraph: At the age of 26, Holland, a medical student at Georgetown University, won the silver medal in the men's 400-meter dash race at the 1900 Summer Olympics, in Paris, France, with a time of 49.6 seconds, just 2 tenth of a second behind Gold medal winner U.S. teammate Maxie Long.

paragraph: Holland placed fourth in the 200-meter dash, winning his semifinal heat with a time of 24.0 seconds before finishing fourth of four in the hotly contested final, in which his estimated time of 22.9 seconds was identical to that of the bronze medalist Stan Rowley and .1 seconds slower than the second place man, Norman Pritchard. Holland also competed in the 60-meter dash event, placing third in his first-round heat and not advancing to the final.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports Reference profile

alias:
William Joseph Holland
William Joseph "Bill" Holland

description: American track and field athlete

wikidata_label: William Holland

wikipedia_title: Bill Holland (sprinter)


text: French

text: Jesuit

text: mathematician

text: Compiègne

text: Society of Jesus

text: theology

text: Rheims

text: Dijon

text: Jacques Ozanam

text: Grenoble

text: rector

text: Jesuit

text: Châlons-en-Champagne

text: Langres

text: Sens

text: Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac

text: Pierre de Fermat

text: number theory

text: indeterminate analysis

text: Diophantus

text: astronomy

text: Dijon

text: eclipse

text: Paris meridian

text: astrology

text: comet

text: Dijon

text: Billy

text: Moon

text: List of Jesuit scientists

text: Moon Watch

text: Polybiblio

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic priests,1602 births,17th-century French people,Catholic clergy scientists,Number theorists,1679 deaths,17th-century French Jesuits,17th-century French mathematicians

paragraph: Jacques de Billy

paragraph: Jacques de Billy (March 18, 1602 – January 14, 1679) was a French Jesuit mathematician. Born in Compiègne, he subsequently entered the Society of Jesus. From 1629 to 1630, Billy taught mathematics at the Jesuit College at Pontà Mousson. He was still studying theology at this time. From 1631 to 1633, Billy taught mathematics at the Jesuit college at Rheims. From 1665 to 1668 he was professor of mathematics at the Jesuit college at Dijon. One of his pupils there was Jacques Ozanam. Billy also taught in Grenoble. He also served as rector of a number of Jesuit Colleges in Châlons-en-Champagne, Langres and in Sens.

paragraph: The mathematician Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, who had been a pupil of Billy's at Rheims, became a close friend. Billy maintained a correspondence with the mathematician Pierre de Fermat.

paragraph: Section::::Work and legacy.

paragraph: Billy produced a number of results in number theory which have been named after him. Bachet introduced Billy to indeterminate analysis. Billy's mathematical works include "Diophantus Redivivus".

paragraph: In the field of astronomy, he published several astronomical tables. First published in Dijon by Pierre Palliot in 1656, Billy's tables of eclipses is called "Tabulae Lodoicaeae seu universa eclipseon doctrina tabulis, praeceptis ac demonstrationibus explicata. Adiectus est calculus, aliquot eclipseon solis & lunae, quae proxime per totam Europam videbuntur". The tables were calculated for the years 1656 to 1693. This work also contains solar and lunar tables based on the Paris meridian. It also includes a detailed examination of problems involved in astronomical calculations.

paragraph: Billy was one of the first scientists to reject the role of astrology in science. He also rejected old notions about the malevolent influence of comets.

paragraph: He died at Dijon.

paragraph: The crater Billy on the Moon is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Jesuit scientists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moon Watch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybiblio

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: Jacques de Billy

wikipedia_title: Jacques de Billy


text: French

text: patristic

text: Benedictine

text: Guise

text: Picardy

text: Paris

text: Orléans

text: Poitiers

text: jurisprudence

text: Lyon

text: Avignon

text: Greek

text: Hebrew

text: St.-Léonard of Ferrières

text: Anjou

text: Taussigny

text: Touraine

text: Carthusian

text: Notre-Dame des Châtelliers

text: Saint-Michel-en-l'Herm

text: Order of St. Benedict

text: ascetic

text: Bertrand de Moussy

text: civil wars that devastated France

text: Laon

text: Nantes

text: Paris

text: Paris

text: Paris

text: Polybiblio

categories: 1535 births,1581 deaths,French abbots,Benedictine abbots

paragraph: Jacques de Billy (abbot)

paragraph: Jacques de Billy (Billi) de Prunay was a French patristic scholar, theologian, jurist, linguist, and Benedictine abbot (1535—December 25, 1581).

paragraph: Born in Guise in Picardy, he began his studies at Paris, completed a course of philosophy and theology before he was eighteen years of age, and then, at the request of his parents went to Orléans and later to Poitiers to study jurisprudence. But having no inclination for law, he devoted most of his time to literature. The early death of his parents gave him the opportunity he desired of pursuing unhampered his favorite study of letters.

paragraph: Quietly withdrawing to Lyon and later to Avignon, de Billy devoted himself, for a period, entirely to the study of Greek and Hebrew. He already held "in commendam" the Abbey of St.-Léonard of Ferrières in Anjou, and the Priory of Taussigny in Touraine, when his older brother Jean, who had hitherto led a very worldly life, suddenly announced his intention of becoming a Carthusian, and resigned in favour of Jacques his two abbeys, Notre-Dame des Châtelliers and Saint-Michel-en-l'Herm.

paragraph: After some hesitation de Billy accepted them, then entered the Order of St. Benedict, and later was made a regular abbot.

paragraph: Thenceforth he led a very ascetic life and governed his monasteries with great prudence. He was especially solicitous for the proper observance of monastic discipline and with that object in view renewed, in 1566, the statutes of his predecessor, Abbot Bertrand de Moussy. During the civil wars that devastated France at this period the monastery of St.-Michel-en-l'Herme was wholly destroyed. The abbot himself was frequently obliged to seek refuge from the ravages of war, and resided, for short periods, at Laon, Nantes, Paris, and in the Priory of Taussigny.

paragraph: His "Anthologia sacra libri quator, quorum primus & secundus a Jacobo Billio...Tertius Prosperi Aquitanici sacra Epigrammata in D. Aurelii Augustini sententias continet.. Quartus varios Hymnos sacras, pietatem spirantes complectitur" was first published in Paris in 1575.

paragraph: He died at Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S. Gregorii Nazianzeni magazine omnia latine" (Paris, 1569); a second and better edition appeared in 1583.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonnets spirituels : recueillis pour la plus part des anciens théologiens, tant grecs que latins, avec quelques autres petits traictez poëtiques de semblable matière (1567)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Consolations et instructions" (Paris, 1570)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Récréations spirituelles" (Paris, 1573)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S. Gregorii Nazianzeni opuscula" (Paris, 1575)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interpretatio Latina xviii priorum capitum S. Irenaei" (Paris, 1575).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antholigia sacra" (Paris, 1576)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joannis Damasceni opera" (Paris, 1577)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Locutiones Graecae" (Paris, 1578).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opuscula aliqua S. Joannis Chrysostomi" (Paris, 1581)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S. Isidori Pelusiotae epis. Libri tres" (Paris, 1585)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S. Epiphanii opera" (Paris, 1612).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybiblio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques de Billy at the Catholic Encyclopedia/a

description: French abbot

wikipedia_title: Jacques de Billy (abbot)


text: Italian

text: conductor

text: Santa Cecilia

text: Rome

text: Augusteo Orchestra

text: Second World War

text: liberation of Rome

text: Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra

text: Korngold

text: David Grunschlag

text: Hatikvah

text: Leonard Bernstein

text: Europe

text: Americas

text: Robert Starer

text: Ottorino Respighi

text: Pini di Roma

text: Rome

text: Josef Tal

text: Antonio Vivaldi

text: Four Seasons

text: Ottorino Respighi

text: Fontane di Roma

categories: 20th-century conductors (music),Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni,1952 deaths,Italian male conductors (music),Italian conductors (music),1880 births

paragraph: Bernardino Molinari

paragraph: Bernardino Molinari (11 April 1880 – 25 December 1952) was an Italian conductor.

paragraph: Molinari studied under Renzi and Falchi at the Accademia (then "Liceo Musicale") of Santa Cecilia in his home town of Rome.

paragraph: In 1912, he was appointed artistic director of the Augusteo Orchestra, Rome, later renamed l'Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, a position he held until the end of the Second World War. Since this was then, like now, the leading symphony orchestra position in Italy, it aroused the envy of several rivals.

paragraph: After the liberation of Rome on 4 June 1944, Molinari was contested by the public, in particular during two concerts held on 9 and 12 July, for his involvement with the Fascist regime. He had to suspend the performance and, since then, he was able to conduct in Rome the Orchestra of the Theatre of Opera only.

paragraph: In 1945, he arrived in Palestine and conducted the Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra, then became its musical advisor. The performance of the Korngold violin concerto with David Grunschlag as soloist was critically acclaimed

paragraph: According to some, his arrangement of the Israeli national anthem Hatikvah was praised by Leonard Bernstein. His version serves most Israeli performances of the piece.

paragraph: Molinari guest-conducted at all the important musical centres in Europe and the Americas, always as a symphony leader. Unlike most Italian conductors, he seldom conducted opera.

paragraph: Composer Robert Starer tells of his experience as young harpist in the Palestine Orchestra in the 1940s:

paragraph: Section::::Notable premières.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottorino Respighi: "Pini di Roma", Augusteo, Rome, 4 December 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 15.12.1947 Molinari directed Josef Tal's "Exodus" premiere with the Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel-Aviv.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recording

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Vivaldi: "Four Seasons", Parlophone/Cetra 1942

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottorino Respighi: "Fontane di Roma", Odeon, ca.1942

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mucci, E.: "Bernardino Molinari". Lanciano, 1941.

description: Italian conductor

wikidata_label: Bernardino Molinari

wikipedia_title: Bernardino Molinari


text:
footballer
manager
Liga MX
Tigres UANL
midfielder
Pumas UNAM
Botafogo
Vasco da Gama
Bonsucesso
Atlas
Neza
Monterrey
Toluca
Tigres UANL
Pumas UNAM
Toluca
Guadalajara
Monarcas Morelia
Ignacio Trelles
Mexico national team
2015 CONCACAF Cup
Mexico national team
Jorge Campos
Luis Hernández
Clausura
Clásico Regiomontano
Rayados
Apertura
Nery Pumpido
Monterrey
José Cardozo
InterLiga
Copa Libertadores de América
Tigres
Santos Laguna
Clausura 2014 Copa MX
Alebrijes de Oaxaca
Supercopa MX
Apertura 2014
2015 Copa Libertadores
River Plate
UNAM
2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League
América
Monterrey
Campeón de Campeones
Pachuca
Tijuana
América
Miguel Herrera
Mexico
Mexican Football Federation
Trinidad & Tobago
Argentina
2015 CONCACAF Cup
United States
Panama
Juan Carlos Osorio
2018 FIFA World Cup
Uruguay
United States
Costa Rica
Chile
Mexican Primera División
1980–81
1990–91
CONCACAF Champions' Cup
1980
1982
Copa Interamericana
Copa México
1988–89
Mexican Primera División
Verano 1997
CONCACAF Champions' Cup
2003
Campeón de Campeones
Mexican Primera División
Clausura 2009
Liga MX
Apertura 2011
Apertura 2015
Apertura 2016
Apertura 2017
Clausura 2019
Copa MX
Clausura 2014
Campeón de Campeones
2016
2017
2018
Interliga
2006
Campeones Cup
2018
CONCACAF Cup
2015
Apertura 2011
Profile at Globo Esporte's Futpedia
Profile at BDFA.com.ar
Profile at Mediotiempo.com

categories: Monarcas Morelia managers,Coyotes Neza footballers,Club Atlas footballers,C.D. Guadalajara managers,Tigres UANL managers,Liga MX players,Naturalized citizens of Mexico,Bonsucesso Futebol Clube players,1954 births,Mexican football managers,Brazilian footballers,Club Universidad Nacional managers,Deportivo Toluca F.C. managers,Brazilian football managers,Mexico national football team managers,Club Universidad Nacional footballers,Deportivo Toluca F.C. players,Living people,Brazilian emigrants to Mexico,CR Vasco da Gama players,Brazilian people of Italian descent,C.F. Monterrey players,Liga MX managers,Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players

paragraph: Ricardo Ferretti

paragraph: Ricardo Ferretti de Oliveira (born February 22, 1954) is a Brazilian-born Mexican former professional footballer and current manager of Liga MX club Tigres UANL. Ferretti has held Mexican citizenship since 2006. He is commonly referred to by his nickname Tuca.

paragraph: A midfielder, Ferretti spent most of his playing career with Pumas UNAM. He also played for Botafogo, Vasco da Gama and Bonsucesso in his native Brazil, and Atlas, Neza, Monterrey and Toluca in Mexico.

paragraph: As a manager, he has had three stints with Tigres UANL, two with Pumas UNAM, and has also managed Toluca, Guadalajara and Monarcas Morelia. He is one of two managers in Mexican football history to manage 1,000 league matches, the other being Ignacio Trelles. He has also served as interim coach of the Mexico national team twice, winning the 2015 CONCACAF Cup.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: After retiring as a player, Ferretti started to work as a football coach in 1991 with Pumas UNAM. In 1996, he moved to Guadalajara where he won the league championship in 1997, and a runner-up position in 1998. With Chivas he failed to qualify for the play-offs only once in eight seasons.

paragraph: In 2000, he moved to Tigres UANL, a team that constantly failed to qualify for the play-offs, despite having a squad with many star players, including many from the Mexico national team, such as Jorge Campos and Luis Hernández, and from other national teams as well. In his first year, Ferretti qualified the team for the play-offs, and a season later he made them runners-up.

paragraph: He stayed with Tigres until 2003, where his constant success and the good economic standing of the team combined to make Ferretti one of the best paid coaches of the time. However, that year's Clausura saw the first ever semi-final Clásico Regiomontano, in which Tigres played their arch-rival Rayados. Both teams were favorites for the championship, and the first game started well for Tigres, but the players' mistakes combined to give Rayados a 4–1 victory on the first leg, and the second leg was made insignificant. Because of the team's failure to defeat their arch-rival in the semi-finals, the team decided not to renew the coach's contract. Ferretti then moved on to coach Toluca for the Apertura 2003.

paragraph: However, in that season, Tigres signed Nery Pumpido as coach, but because of the similarity in the style of play and the almost insignificant change to the squad's roster, local media in Monterrey always rumored that Ferretti coached Tigres behind Pumpido. Tigres became runner-up again that season, and won a semi-final against Ferretti's Toluca.

paragraph: In 2004, due to personal differences with José Cardozo, and despite qualifying for the play-offs in all his seasons in Toluca, Ferretti was separated from the team. He then moved on to coach Morelia, with mixed success but did help save the team from relegation.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Tigres UANL.

paragraph: On January 1, 2006, Ferretti was appointed as coach for the a second time. Under his guidance, Tigres won the InterLiga, qualifying the team to the Copa Libertadores de América, and then to the play-offs of that tournament. However, Tigres failed to qualify for the Clausura 2006 playoffs, and to advance in the Libertadores. On June 30, 2006 because of this failure, Tigres decided to cease the relationship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pumas UNAM.

paragraph: On May 23, 2006 he signed again with Pumas and led them to yet another final. This time against Atlante, a team which had endured a difficult yet brilliant season. Pumas came in as underdogs due to the fact they didn't have a great season but they shined in the playoffs using home-field advantage to the full extent. They became a nightmare for other teams inside Ciudad Universitaria. So much that on the first leg of the semi-finals against No.1 seed Santos, they beat them to the rhythm of 3–0. No team during the season had scored so much on Santos. But in the first leg of the final, Pumas couldn't deliver on Atlante. On the final's second leg, Pumas fell to them with a score of 2–1. The game ended with the game winner shot from

paragraph: outside the box.

paragraph: In the 2009 season, Ferretti took Pumas back to the finals after a lot of comebacks in the playoffs. They were the underdogs yet again but beat Pachuca (who had beaten them in the regular season 2–1) in extra time 3–2, giving them their 6th title in its team's history.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Tigres UANL.

paragraph: After Pumas was eliminated in the 2010 playoffs, Ferretti quit as manager due to a huge disappointment. He was quickly signed as coach to Tigres. Ferretti led Tigres to win Apertura 2011 league title after defeating Santos Laguna, the first title for Tigres in 29 years. He was awarded best manager of the tournament for the first time in his career. On April 9, 2014, Tigres won the Clausura 2014 Copa MX after defeating Alebrijes de Oaxaca 3-0 in the final. Tigres lost Morelia in the inaugural Supercopa MX after losing 5–4 on aggregate. Tigres made it to the final of the Apertura 2014 but lost to América 3-1 on aggregate .

paragraph: In July 2015, Ferretti guided Tigres to the 2015 Copa Libertadores final, becoming the third Mexican team to do so. Tigres lost to River Plate 3–0 on aggregate. Ferretti later led Tigres to their fourth league title, his second with the team, after defeating his former club UNAM on penalty kicks. Later he led Tigres to the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League final after defeating Querétaro but lost to América. Tigres later qualified to the playoffs in eight place. They ended up losing to their city rival Monterrey in the quarterfinals.

paragraph: During the pre-season Tigres won the Campeón de Campeones after defeating Pachuca 1–0. Tigres qualified to the play-offs for the fifth straight season after beating Tijuana in an away game 1–0. Tigres ended up winning their fifth league title after defeating América on penalty kicks, the match was also Ferretti's 1,000th league match as a manager in Mexico. Ferretti became the first manager to win five league titles in the short tournament era.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Mexico.

paragraph: After Miguel Herrera was fired for an incident off the field, Ferretti was named the interim manager for Mexico. Ferretti previously stated various times he did not want to manage the Mexico national team but agreed to manage the team until the Mexican Football Federation hired a new manager. In his interim process, Mexico drew against Trinidad & Tobago and Argentina in friendlies, won the 2015 CONCACAF Cup against the United States and won his farewell match, a friendly against Panama.

paragraph: Following Juan Carlos Osorio's departure from the Mexico national team following the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Ferretti was once again called up to be the interim manager for friendly matches against Uruguay, the United States, Costa Rica, and Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Player.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UNAM

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican Primera División: 1980–81, 1990–91

paragraph: BULLET::::- CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 1980, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa Interamericana: 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toluca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa México: 1988–89

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Manager.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guadalajara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican Primera División: Verano 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toluca

paragraph: BULLET::::- CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campeón de Campeones: 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- UNAM

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican Primera División: Clausura 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- UANL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liga MX: Apertura 2011, Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016, Apertura 2017, Clausura 2019

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa MX: Clausura 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campeón de Campeones: 2016, 2017, 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interliga: 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campeones Cup: 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- CONCACAF Cup: 2015

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Individual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Coach of the tournament: Apertura 2011

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Globo Esporte's Futpedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at BDFA.com.ar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Mediotiempo.com

alias:
Ricardo Ferretti de Oliveira
Tuca Ferretti
Tuca

description: Brazilian footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Tuca

wikipedia_title: Ricardo Ferretti


text:
Gambassi
Italian
Baroque
Tuscany
Filippo Baldinucci
Pietro Tacca
duke of Mantua
Carlo Gonzaga
Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand
Pope Urban VIII
Filippo Baldinucci

categories: Blind artists,17th-century Italian sculptors,Italian Baroque sculptors,1603 births,People from the Province of Florence,1664 deaths,Italian male sculptors

paragraph: Giovanni Gonnelli

paragraph: Giovanni Gonnelli, also known as il Cieco da Gambassi ("The blindman from Gambassi"; April 4, 1603 – 1664) was an Italian sculptor of the Baroque period, born in Tuscany. He is one of the biographies featured by Filippo Baldinucci.

paragraph: He became a blind sculptor. According to Baldinucci, he had been discovered in the studio of the elder Pietro Tacca by the duke of Mantua, Carlo Gonzaga. However, following the Duke back to his capital meant that he suffered from the siege of the city by German troops in 1630. During this time, and perhaps due to the effects of deprivation and labor, he became completely blind. Back in Tuscany, after a spell of melancholy, he began to sculpt again in clay, and his work aroused accolades and patronage from the likes of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand and Pope Urban VIII. He traveled to Rome to display his work. Baldinucci recounts that one patron forced him to work in a dark room. He lived comfortably, and remained jolly. He had ten children, played guitar and sang, and engaged in various love affairs.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notizie de' professori del disegno..." by Filippo Baldinucci and others (1681). p. 253.

alias:
Cieco da Gambassi
Giovanni Francesco Gonnelli
il Cieco da Gambassi Gonnelli

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Giovanni Gonelli

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Gonnelli


text:
prima ballerina
Bolshoi Ballet
Marius Petipa
Sergei Diaghilev
Reinhold Glière
1917 Russian Revolution
ballet
People's Artist of Russia
The Red Poppy
Vasily Tikhomirov
Stalin Prize
Order of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Bolshoi Theatre
List of Russian ballet dancers

categories: Prima ballerinas,Recipients of the Order of Lenin,Soviet ballerinas,1962 deaths,Russian ballerinas,1876 births,20th-century ballet dancers,People's Artists of Russia,Stalin Prize winners,Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

paragraph: Yekaterina Geltzer

paragraph: Yekaterina Vasilyevna Geltzer (November 2, 1876 - December 12, 1962) was a prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Ballet who danced in the theatre from 1898 to 1935. She is the daughter of the famous Russian dancer Vasily Geltzer.

paragraph: She worked with Marius Petipa, Sergei Diaghilev, and Reinhold Glière. After the 1917 Russian Revolution, she helped to preserve the art of ballet in Russia. She was the first ballet dancer to receive the title of "People's Artist of Russia" (1925). Her most famous post-revolutionary role was a Chinese dancer in the premiere of Glière's "The Red Poppy". This production was staged by her husband Vasily Tikhomirov for her 50th birthday. In 1943, she was awarded a Stalin Prize and also received an Order of Lenin and an Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

paragraph: After the divorce, Yekaterina Geltzer and Vasily Tikhomirov remained onstage partners. Once backstage at the Bolshoi Theatre, and well past the age of 60, Geltzer was heard telling her colleagues "help me get myself up en pointe, after that I know what to do."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Russian ballet dancers

description: Russian ballet dancer

wikidata_label: Yekaterina Geltzer

wikipedia_title: Yekaterina Geltzer


href: philosopher Bozen Innsbruck Munich Jesuit priest Dillingen%20an%20der%20Donau Clemens%20Wenceslaus%20of%20Saxony canon%20law Augsburg papal%20nuncio Ratisbon Pius%20VII Febronian Germany Scholasticism empiricism Isaac%20Newton

text:
philosopher
Bozen
Innsbruck
Munich
Jesuit
priest
Dillingen
Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony
canon law
Augsburg
papal nunciature
Ratisbon
Pius VII
Febronian
Germany
scholastic
empiricism
Newton

categories: University of Innsbruck alumni,1735 births,People from Bolzano,German philosophers,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni,German Jesuits,1813 deaths

paragraph: Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn

paragraph: Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn was a philosopher and canonist, born in Bozen, 26 July 1735, died there, 11 January 1813.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He studied at Innsbruck and Munich, entered the Jesuit order on 9 October 1753, was ordained priest on 1 June 1765, then taught philosophy at Munich, Dillingen, and Innsbruck. Shortly after the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, Prince-bishop Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony engaged him as professor of canon law at Augsburg. He held this position for thirty years (1777-1807), with the exception of four months, during which he was theologian at the papal nunciature at Ratisbon, and sixteen months, which upon invitation of Pius VII he spent in Rome as papal councillor in German affairs (1805-6). In 1807 he returned to Bolzano, devoting the rest of his life to literary labours. As a canonist he defended the papal rights again the Febronian tendencies in Germany, and as a philosopher he endeavoured to replace the scholastic method by the empiricism of Newton.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His chief canonical works are: "Institutionum juris naturalis et ecclesiastici publici libri V" (Augsburg, 1784; Ghent, 1823; Rome, 1832); "De usu publici commentariolus" (Augsburg, 1784; Ghent, 1823); "Historische Bemerkungen über das sogenannte Resultat des Emser Congresses" (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1787); "Institutiones juris ecclesiastici, maxime privati, ordine Decretalium" (5 vols., Augsburg, 1792-3; 3 vols., Rome, 1832). His chief philosophical works are: "Lex gravitatis universalis ac mutuae cum theoria de sectione coni" (Munich, 1769); "Interpretatio naturae, seu philosophia Newtoniana methodo exposita" (3 vols., Augsburg, 1773); and "Disquisitiones philosophiae Kantianae" (2 vols., Augsburg, 1799).

description: philosopher and canonist

wikidata_label: Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn

wikipedia_title: Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn


text: Khoshut

text: Khoshut Khanate

text: Tumed

text: Altan Khan

text: Dalai Lama

text: Gelug

text: Tibetan Buddhism

text: Mongol

text: Choghtu Khong Tayiji

text: Kagyu

text: Qinghai Lake

text: Tibet

text: 5th Dalai Lama

text: Tibet

text: Khatun

text: Noyan

text: Genghis Khan

text: Qasar

text: Turkistanis

text: Ishim River

text: Tobol River

text: Torgut Oirat

text: Volga River

text: Khalkha

text: Ubasi Khong Tayiji

text: Gelug

text: Karma Kagyu

text: Dalai Lama

text: Tsangpa

text: Shigatse

text: Chahars

text: Sonam Rapten

text: 5th Dalai Lama

text: Karmapa

text: Bon

text: Choghtu Khong Tayiji

text: Amdo

text: Zaysan

text: Ertis

text: Erdeni Batur

text: Dzungar

text: Dörbet Oirat

text: Ulungur

text: Irtysh

text: Emil River

text: Torghut

text: Kho Orluk

text: Aral

text: Caspian Sea

text: Qinghai

text: Mongolia

text: Manchu people

text: Ü-Tsang

text: Lhasa

text: Chogyal

text: khagan

text: Borjigid

text: direct descendants of Genghis Khan

text: Kham

text: Bön religion

text: Karma Tenkyong

text: Tsang

text: Ü

text: Sakya

text: Gelugpa

text: Karmapa

text: Drukpa

text: Taklungpa

text: Kham

text: Shigatse

text: Karma Tenkyong

text: Chaitra

text: Kalachakra

text: Karmapa

text: Tachienlu

text: Ladakh

text: 5th Dalai Lama

text: Dharma king

text: chogyal

text: Chöying Dorje

text: Kongpo

text: Nyingma

text: exorcism

text: patron and priest relationship

text: Sakya

text: Yuan dynasty

text: Dam

text: Tengri-nor Lake

text: Tsongön Lake

text: Bhutan

text: Ngawang Namgyal

text: Dayan Khan

text: Erdeni Batur

text: Dzungar Khanate

text: Dayan

text: Tsongön Lake

text: Amdo

text: History of Tibet

text: Mongol conquest of Tibet

text: Patron and priest relationship

text: Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa

categories: 16th-century Mongol rulers,Oirats,1582 births,1655 deaths,17th-century Mongol rulers

paragraph: Güshi Khan

paragraph: Güshi Khan (also spelled Gushri Khan, , , 1582 – 14 January 1655, and Gushihan ) was a Khoshut prince and leader of the Khoshut Khanate, who supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Khan as the main benefactor of the Dalai Lama and the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1637, Güshi Khan defeated a rival Mongol prince Choghtu Khong Tayiji, a Kagyu follower, near Qinghai Lake and established his khanate in Tibet over the next years. His military assistance to the Gelug school enabled the 5th Dalai Lama to establish political control over Tibet.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Güshi Khan was born Torobaikhu, the third son of Akhai Khatun and Khanai Noyan Khonggor, chief of the Khoshuts. He was descended from a younger brother of Genghis Khan, Qasar. At the age of 12, Torobaikhu had already won renown in battle against the Turkistanis. In 1625 a conflict erupted between the Khoshot chief Chöükür and his uterine brother Baibaghas over inheritance issues. Baibaghas was killed in the fight. However, his younger brothers Güshi and Köndölön Ubashi took up the fight and pursued Chöükür from the Ishim River to the Tobol River, attacking and killing his tribal followers in 1630. The infighting among the Oirats inspired one sub-group, the Torgut Oirat, to migrate westwards and eventually settle by the Volga River. Now Güshi succeeded to the position of Baibaghas as chief of the Khoshut.

paragraph: Section::::Intervention on behalf of the Dalai Lama.

paragraph: In 1615, when the Oirats were still under the suzerainty of the Khalkha leader Ubasi Khong Tayiji, the elite had largely converted to Tibetan Buddhism. However, the period saw a rise in the internal religious rivalries within Tibet, in particular between the Gelug and Karma Kagyu schools. The main Gelug religious figure church was the Dalai Lama while the Karma Kagyu were supported by the dynasty of the Tsangpa based in Samdrubtse (modern Shigatse). They, in turn, found support from groups of Khalkhas and Chahars.

paragraph: Sonam Rapten was the chief attendant during the youth of the 5th Dalai Lama (1617-1682). He drew up plans to end persecution of the Gelug and unify Tibet with the help of Güshi. The Gelug monasteries appealed for help against the Karmapa and Bon partisans such as the Khalkha prince Choghtu Khong Tayiji, who had recently settled in Amdo. This was a very bold move since the Mongols had a reputation of ruthlessness against military foes and civilians alike. Güshi was known for his devotion to the Gelugpa and responded positively. He was joined in a pro-Gelugpa league by the other Oirat princes: his nephews Uchirtu Sechen and Ablai Tayiji in the Zaysan and Ertis areas; furthermore Erdeni Batur, whose Dzungar and Dörbet Oirat subjects lived by the Ulungur, Irtysh and Emil Rivers, and even the Torghut chief Kho Orluk, who was in the process of subduing areas to the north of the Aral and Caspian Seas. As it turned out, it would nevertheless take several years to install the "Great Fifth" as the head of a unified Tibetan state.

paragraph: In the company of the Dzungar prince Erdeni Batur, Güshi marched into Qinghai with 10,000 Oirat troops in 1636. In the next year he confronted the Khalkha forces of Choghtu Khung Tayiji, which were 30,000 strong and were opposed to the Gelugpa sect. The contest took place in the Kokonor Gorge and is known as the Battle of the Bloody Hill. The Choghtu troops were defeated and scattered, and the survivors had to surrender. Choghtu himself hid in a marmot hole but was found and killed on the spot. In that way the Khalkhas were suppressed in Tibet a short time after they were subjugated in Mongolia by the invading Manchu people.

paragraph: Güshi proceeded to Ü-Tsang in 1638 as a pilgrim. There he received religious instructions by the 5th Dalai Lama. During a ceremony in Lhasa, he was placed on a throne and proclaimed "Holder of the Doctrine Chogyal" (, ). By this time he was also known by the title of khagan, adopted in defiance of the Borjigid (the direct descendants of Genghis Khan).

paragraph: Güshi invited the Dalai Lama to visit his territories, but the Great Fifth was unable to do so due to the unstable circumstances in Ü-Tsang. He did, however, send a permanent representative to the Khoshut to maintain good relations. Güshi Khan returned to his newly conquered realm in Qinghai, where the Khoshuts resolved to settle down.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion in Kham.

paragraph: New trouble soon followed. The king of Beri in Kham, Donyo Dorje, was a practitioner of the Bön religion and an enemy of the Gelugpa. He allied with the Tsangpa ruler Karma Tenkyong and sent a message, suggesting that the troops of Kham and Tsang would attack the Gelugpa stronghold in Ü in concert. The aim was to eradicate the Gelugpa and allow freedom of worship for the other sects. The message was intercepted and forwarded to Güshi Khan, who used it as a pretext for a new invasion. The Dalai Lama is said to have been opposed to creating more bloodshed, but Sonam Rapten went behind his back and encouraged Güshi to destroy the Beri ruler. The campaign was prepared in 1639, assisted by some Tibetans. In June of that year, Güshi moved against Beri and subjugated most of Donyo Dorje's subjects. On 6 January 1641, according to the chronicles of the 5th Dalai Lama, "the ruler of Beri and others fled to a well-defended frontier, but as by the sharp iron of a person's virtue, the phenomenon of magnet and iron-filings takes place, so they were all captured and placed in a large prison-yard. All the root causes of unhappiness were removed from their places. The lamas and rulers of the Sakyapa, Gelugpa, Karmapa, Drukpa and Taklungpa were brought out of the prison dungeons where they had been placed and sent back to their own. The people up to the king of Jang paid taxes in money and earnestly sought to bow to him respectfully." The Beri ruler was executed and all the Dalai Lama's enemies in Kham were crushed.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Central Tibet.

paragraph: Having subdued Kham entirely by 1641, Güshi proceeded to invade the domain of Karma Tenkyong in Tsang. His reputation as an invincible warrior rendered resistance weak. Meanwhile, Sonam Rapten was busy taking over districts in Ü which paid allegiance to the Tsangpa. The Khoshut troops besieged Shigatse, the stronghold of Karma Tenkyong. An eyewitness described the horrors of the siege: "[the place] had turned into a big cremation ground covered with heaps of corpses deprived of their lives as one had given a flock of sheep to a pack of wolves". All attempts of mediation failed, and the monastic settlement and the suburbs fell on the 8th day of the 1st month of the Water-Horse year 1642. This was followed by the surrender of the castle on the 25th day of the 2nd month (25 March). Karma Tenkyong's life was spared for the moment and he was imprisoned in Neu, south-east of Lhasa. As for Güshi Khan, according to the 5th Dalai Lama's chronicles, "When the crystal lord [the moon] of the month of Chaitra was full [14 April 1642], from that day of the first season of the year according to the Kalachakra, he became king of the three parts of Tibet and set up the white umbrella of his laws on the peak of the world". On the 5th day of the 4th month in 1642, the Dalai Lama was led in state to the palace of Shigatse and seated on the throne of the deposed king. With this act he replaced the rival dominant school of the Karmapas. Güshi Khan then declared that he bestowed the supreme authority of Tibet on Dalai Lama, from Tachienlu in the east to the Ladakh border in the west. The 5th Dalai Lama in his turn confirmed the position of Güshi Khan as the Dharma king (or chogyal) of Tibet.

paragraph: The upheavals of the Mongol conquest led to famine and hardship. There was moreover still opposition against the Güshi Khan-Dalai Lama ruling constellation. The Karmapa hierarch Chöying Dorje was requested by the Dalai Lama to sign a formal agreement that he would not cause any further trouble. The Karmapa refused, arguing that he had not fomented trouble in the past. Mongol and Tibetan soldiers then surrounded his large movable encampment ("gar"). Chöying Dorje managed to sneak out in the last minute, but the troops broke in, ravaged the camp and killed anyone who resisted. The Karmapa hierarch fled to the mountains in the south. The surviving supporters of the Tsangpa and Karma Kagyü took up resistance in the Kongpo region in the south-east. The incensed Güshi Khan gave orders to execute his royal prisoner Karma Tenkyong, while his army ravaged Kongpo and killed 7,000 rebels. The remainder gave up. Many Karma Kagyü monasteries in the country were forcibly converted to Gelugpa, while Nyingma monks who had performed Mongol-repelling exorcism were imprisoned.

paragraph: Section::::After unification.

paragraph: The new political system renewed the old concept of "chö-yön" (patron and priest relationship) which had roots back to the relation between the Sakya lamas and the Mongol great khans during the Yuan dynasty. While Dalai Lama was the highest figure in spiritual authority, the Khoshut ruler maintained control over the armed forces; however, he did not significantly interfere in the affairs of Central Tibet. He tended to spend the summers in the pastureland of Dam by the Tengri-nor Lake, some 80 miles to the north of Lhasa which he visited in wintertime. The bulk of the semi-nomadic Khoshots stayed with their herds around the Tsongön Lake (Qinghai Lake). Sonam Rapten acted as regent ("desi") and was formally appointed by the Khoshut king. Shortly after unification, a conflict broke out with Bhutan, recently unified under the Tibetan lama Ngawang Namgyal. Güshi Khan and the regent sent several hundred Mongol and Tibetan troops into Bhutan in 1644. However, the Mongol warriors were unused to the climate and the expedition suffered a major defeat. This broke some of the Mongol reputation for invincibility. A peace was concluded in 1646 but was soon violated. Fresh fighting in the following year led to another defeat for the Dalai Lama state.

paragraph: Gushi Khan died in January 1655, leaving ten sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dayan Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonpo Sechen Daiching

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalantai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bayan Abugai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elduchi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorje Dalai Batur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hurimashi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanggaerzha Yiledeng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gunbu Chahun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tashi Batur

paragraph: Furthermore, Güshi's daughter Amin Dara married Erdeni Batur, the founder of the Dzungar Khanate. Güshi's eldest son Dayan succeeded him in his dignity as Dharma king of Tibet and protector of the faith. However, eight sons with their tribal followers, led by Dorje Dalai Batur, settled in the strategically important Tsongön Lake region in Amdo after 1648. They were known as the Eight Khoshuts and quarreled constantly over territory. The 5th Dalai Lama sent several governors in 1656 and 1659. The Mongols were gradually Tibetanised and played an important role in extending the Gelug school's influence in Amdo. The system with a Khoshut protector ruler over Tibet lasted for four generations, up to 1717.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Tibet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mongol conquest of Tibet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron and priest relationship

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth". Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Further references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew Kapstein, "The Tibetans". Oxford: Blackwell 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, "One hundred thousand moons", Vols. I-II. Leiden: Brill 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Furen and Suo Wenqing, "Highlights of Tibetan history". Beijing: New World Press 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ya Hanzhang, "Biographies of the Tibetan Spiritual Leaders Panchen Erdenis". Beijing: Foreign Languages Press 1994.

alias:
Töröbaikhu Nomin
Guush Khaan
Gushri Khan
Toral Behu
Tenzing Choigyal

description: Mongolian Khoshut prince and Tibet King

wikidata_label: Güshi Khan

wikipedia_title: Güshi Khan


text: American

text: professional wrestler

text: ring name

text: championships

text: Southeastern United States

text: Joseph

text: Robert

text: Steve

text: Brian

text: Gorgeous George

text: Marine Corps

text: United States armed forces

text: Korea

text: recruit training

text: Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island

text: Parris Island, South Carolina

text: firefighter

text: face

text: Savannah, Georgia

text: Alabama

text: Georgia

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: Miami Beach, Florida

text: Jack Brisco

text: NWA World Heavyweight Championship

text: bench press

text: dumbbell

text: gym

text: USD

text: plastic surgery

text: wrestling mask

text: feuded

text: Stud Stable

text: Continental Championship Wrestling

text: tag team

text: Japan

text: independent circuit

text: commissioner

text: Smoky Mountain Wrestling

text: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

text: pay-per-view

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: Corsica Joe

text: Dory Funk, Jr.

text: Harley Race

text: Jackie Fargo

text: Jeff Jarrett

text: Brian Gerard James

text: arthroscopic

text: TNA Impact!

text: Four Live Kru

text: Turning Point

text: Konnan

text: Kip

text: B.G. James

text: Ron Killings

text: stable

text: the Latin American Xchange

text: kayfabe

text: Against All Odds

text: The James Gang

text: Destination X

text: arm wrestling

text: Hernandez

text: Lockdown

text: The Dothan Civic Center

text: Bob Orton, Jr.

text: Championship Wrestling from Florida

text: 2 times

text: Robert Fuller

text: NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship

text: 4 times

text: NWA Georgia Television Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Macon Heavyweight Championship

text: NWA Macon Tag Team Championship

text: 6 times

text: El Mongol

text: NWA National Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Brad Armstrong

text: 1 time

text: El Mongol

text: NWA Mid-America

text: NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship

text: 2 times

text: 3 times

text: NWA Tri-State

text: 1 time

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: PWI Years

text: Southeastern Championship Wrestling

text: CWF Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship

text: 3 times

text: 4 times

text: 8 times

text: 1 time

text: Steve Armstrong

text: 8 times

text: Jos LeDuc

text: 1 time

text: WWE

text: WWE Hall of Fame

text: List of oldest surviving professional wrestlers

text: Interview with Brian James

text: "Recap of Bob Armstrong Radio Interview"

categories: Professional wrestling executives,American male professional wrestlers,Masked wrestlers,Sportspeople from Marietta, Georgia,Professional wrestlers from Georgia (U.S. state),Professional wrestling trainers,1939 births,Living people

paragraph: Bob Armstrong

paragraph: Joseph Melton James (born October 3, 1939) is an American retired professional wrestler and Hall of Famer, better known by his ring name, "Bullet" Bob Armstrong. In the course of his career, which spanned five decades, Armstrong held numerous championships throughout the Southeastern United States. His four sons, Joseph, Robert, Steve and Brian, all became wrestlers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: When he was a child, Joseph James's father took him to see Gorgeous George wrestle. The young James was impressed and intrigued by the flamboyant performer. As a young man, James served in the Marine Corps of the United States armed forces and was stationed in Korea. During his recruit training in Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island on Parris Island, South Carolina, James was named Honor Man. After leaving the military, he began working for the Fair Oaks (Later Cobb Co) Fire Department as a firefighter in 1962.

paragraph: He debuted as a wrestler in 1960, adopting the ring name "Bob Armstrong". By 1966, Armstrong had become a popular face in the Savannah, Georgia area, and in 1970 he ceased working as a firefighter and began focusing on his wrestling career.

paragraph: Section::::Wrestling career.

paragraph: Armstrong achieved considerable popularity in the Southeastern United States, particularly in Alabama and his home state of Georgia. He frequently wrestled for affiliates of the National Wrestling Alliance, and on October 9, 1974 in Miami Beach, Florida, Armstrong unsuccessfully challenged Jack Brisco for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship.

paragraph: While bench pressing a dumbbell weighing upwards of 180 lb (82 kg) in a gym in Georgia, the bench that Armstrong was lying upon broke, leading to the weight falling on his face. Armstrong's face was severely damaged and his nose was torn entirely off, and he required $38,000 USD worth of plastic surgery to repair it. While undergoing surgery, Armstrong donned a wrestling mask to conceal his disfigured features and began using the ring name "The Bullet". As "The Bullet", Armstrong feuded with the Stud Stable in Continental Championship Wrestling. He eventually discarded the mask after his surgeries were complete, but retained the nickname "Bullet" for the remainder of his career.

paragraph: Armstrong trained each of his sons to wrestle, and formed tag teams with them in the 1980s and 1990s. In the course of his career, he toured both Japan and Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Wrestling career.:Semi-retirement.

paragraph: Armstrong went into semi-retirement in the 1990s. In addition to making occasional appearance on the independent circuit in Georgia and Alabama, Armstrong acted as the commissioner of Smoky Mountain Wrestling and worked backstage with Southeast Championship Wrestling and the Continental Wrestling Federation.

paragraph: Armstrong appeared on the first weekly Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view on June 26, 2002 alongside fellow National Wrestling Alliance veterans Corsica Joe, Dory Funk, Jr., Harley Race, Jackie Fargo and Sarah Lee. His next appearance was on the August 14, 2002 pay-per-view, where he was introduced as an on-screen authority figure and informed Jeff Jarrett that he would face a mystery opponent one week later. The mystery opponent was revealed to be "The Masked Bullet", a masked wrestler who imitated Armstrong's mannerisms (although Armstrong himself came to ringside during the match, proving that he was not the Bullet). On the August 28, 2002 pay-per-view, Jarrett fought the Bullet to a no contest before striking Armstrong with a chair. On the September 18, 2002 pay-per-view, the Bullet unmasked, revealing himself to be Armstrong's youngest son Brian Gerard James, who would subsequently go by "B.G. James" in TNA.

paragraph: On December 5, 2005, Armstrong underwent arthroscopic knee surgery. Despite being advised to refrain from wrestling until March 2006, Armstrong resumed wrestling later that month.

paragraph: On the December 3, 2005 episode of "TNA Impact!", Armstrong returned to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, congratulating the newly formed Four Live Kru on their unity. However, at Turning Point on December 11, 2005, the Four Live Kru disintegrated, with Konnan betraying fellow members Kip and B.G. James. Armstrong declared that he would reunite the Kru and unsuccessfully petitioned the fourth former member, Ron Killings, to that effect on the December 24, episode of "Impact!". One week later, Armstrong tried once more to reform the group, this time approaching Konnan. Apparently willing to negotiate, Konnan led Armstrong backstage, only for Armstrong to be ambushed and beaten down by Konnan's newly formed stable, the Latin American Xchange (LAX). Footage from Armstrong's knee surgery from earlier that month aired on "iMPACT!" in January 2006, with the kayfabe explanation that the assault at the hands of the LAX had necessitated the surgical repair of Armstrong's knee.

paragraph: At Against All Odds on February 12, 2006, Kip and B.G. James (The James Gang) faced the Latin American Exchange, with B.G. intent upon avenging the harm done to his "daddy". The James Gang was victorious, but ambushed by the LAX after the match. They were saved when the returning Bob Armstrong entered the ring and chased LAX away. The confrontation led to a six-man bout between LAX and Armstrong and The James Gang at Destination X on March 12, which was won by Kip James. Despite the two consecutive victories, Armstrong remained hungry for revenge, and challenged Konnan to an arm wrestling contest on the April 8 "Impact!". The contest did not finish due to interference from Homicide and the newest LAX member, Hernandez, who had been sent to the locker room prior. The James Gang (also sent backstage) ran in to help Armstrong. This led to a rematch at "Lockdown" on April 23, in which Armstrong scored the pin.

paragraph: On the January 18, 2008 "Impact!", B.G. chose Armstrong as his tag team partner for his Feast or Fired Tag Title shot. The two lost the championship match. This was his final appearance with TNA.

paragraph: On September 20, 2008, "Bullet" Bob Armstrong was scheduled to wrestle Southeast Indy darling Ace Rockwell in Haleyville, Alabama. Rockwell pulled out of the show merely hours before showtime to take a higher paying booking that was closer to his home. The show's promoter and former WCW jobber "Action" Mike Jackson called underground rapper One Man Kru to serve as a last minute replacement. Kru was asked to cut a promo introducing himself as "Ace Rockwell" because Jackson had forgot to put "card subject to change" on the event posters & flyers. One Man Kru was concerned about the 44 year age gap between himself and Bob (who was 69 years old at the time) and was worried about possibly accidentally injuring his opponent. Legend has it that One Man Kru worked so hard to make the match so easy for Armstrong that The Bullet "didn't even break a sweat." Armstrong enjoyed working the match with Kru so much that he pulled a backstage political move to get One Man Kru booked in Carrollton, Georgia the following week for a rematch. The main reason for requesting the rematch was because Bob wanted his son "The Road Dogg" Jesse James (who was working as an agent for TNA at the time and was booked on the event) to get a look at One Man Kru and possibly get him a job. After working only one TNA house show as an extra, One Man Kru would go on to become an international pro-wrestling star and work for 30 different promotions in Japan, Thailand, South Korea, Hawaii & Mexico.

paragraph: A retirement show was held on May 29, 2009 at The Dothan Civic Center where many past stars came out to honor Armstrong before his match in the main event.

paragraph: In 2010, Bob returned to the ring at the "GOTJ 2010" event, where he defeated former rival "Cowboy" Bob Orton, Jr..

paragraph: From 2010 to 2015, Armstrong worked occasional matches around Georgia, mainly working for promotions such as All Pro Wrestling, Superstars Of Wrestling and Combat Sport Pro. Armstrong wrestled his last match on May 11, 2019 for Continental Championship Wrestling in Dothan, Alabama, where he defeated The Assassin.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Championship Wrestling from Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship "(Florida version)" (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Combat Sport Pro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mid-South Sports/Georgia Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Columbus Heavyweight Championship (4 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Columbus Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Robert Fuller

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Dick Steinborn (1) and Robert Fuller (3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Georgia Television Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Macon Heavyweight Championship (3 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Macon Tag Team Championship (6 times) - with Paul DeMarco (1), El Mongol (1), Bill Dromo (3) and Argentina Apollo (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Brad Armstrong

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship "(Georgia version)" (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship "(Georgia version)" (4 times) - with El Mongol (1), Bill Dromo (1), and Roberto Soto (2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Mid-America

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship "(Memphis version)" (3 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Tri-State

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA North American Heavyweight Championship "(Tri-State version)" (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #272 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #155 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southeastern Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- CWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Brad Armstrong

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (3 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeast Continental Heavyweight Championship (4 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship "(Northern version)" (8 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship "(Southern Division)" (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Six-Man Tag Team Championship "(Southeastern version)" (1 time) - with Brad Armstrong and Steve Armstrong

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship "(Northern Division)" (8 times) - with Ken Lucas (1), Robert Fuller (2), Jos LeDuc (2), Steve Armstrong (1), and Brad Armstrong (2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship "(Southern Division)" (1 time) - with Robert Fuller

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeastern Television Championship "(Southern Division)" (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southern Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- SCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- USA Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- USA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2011)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Brian James

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recap of Bob Armstrong Radio Interview"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samoa Joe / TNA update, Armstrong leg injury, more"

alias:
Joseph Melton James
Bullet
"Bullet" Bob Armstrong
Bullet Bob Armstrong
Alabama Jaw Jacker

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Bob Armstrong

wikipedia_title: Bob Armstrong


text: Catholic

categories: Polish Roman Catholic priests,Polish historians,1929 births,1993 deaths,20th-century historians,20th-century Polish male writers

paragraph: Janusz Pasierb

paragraph: Janusz Stanisław Pasierb (7 January 1929 – 15 December 1993), Polish Catholic priest, poet and writer, historian.

description: Polish historian

wikidata_label: Janusz Pasierb

wikipedia_title: Janusz Pasierb


text:
Parthian
Parthian Empire
Pacorus II of Parthia
Vologases II of Parthia
the Roman Client King of Armenia
civil war
Osroes I
Parthamaspates
Mithridates V
Mesopotamia
Romans
emperor
Trajan
Alans
Cappadocia
Armenia
Media
Iran
Vologases IV of Parthia
Sohaemus
Ghadana
Pharasmanes II of Iberia
Caucasian Iberia
Cassius Dio

categories: Arsacid kings of Armenia,Parthian kings,Year of birth unknown,2nd-century Iranian people,147 deaths,2nd-century monarchs in the Middle East

paragraph: Vologases III of Parthia

paragraph: Vologases III (Parthian: Walagash, , Balāsh, , Vāghārsh) was a Parthian Prince who claimed the throne of the Parthian Empire about 105, in the last days of Pacorus II of Parthia (80–105) and reigned over the eastern portion of the kingdom to 147. Vologases III was the son of Vologases II of Parthia. During his Parthian rule, he was also the Roman Client King of Armenia from 117/8 until 144 and from his Armenian Kingship is known as Vologases I or Vagharsh I. The period was one of civil war in the Parthian kingdom; for the early part of his reign Vologases III contended with Pacorus II's legitimate successors Osroes I (105–116 and 117–129), Parthamaspates (116–117), and Mithridates V (129–140), who ruled Mesopotamia. Preoccupied by conflicts with the Romans, particularly the invasion by the emperor Trajan (98–117), they were unable to effectively challenge Vologases III.

paragraph: Following the death of Osroes I, Vologases III extended his rule through most of Parthia but had to contend with Mithridates V, incursions of the nomadic Alans into Cappadocia, Armenia, and Media, and rebellion in Iran by an unknown usurper, c. 140. After Vologases III's death, the Parthian realm was finally reunited by Vologases IV of Parthia (147–191), the son of his rival Mithridates V. In 144, Vologases III's Armenian kingship was given to Sohaemus for unknown reasons. Vologases III was the father of princess Ghadana, who later married Pharasmanes II of Iberia and became Queen of Caucasian Iberia.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Dio, lxix, 15.

description: King of Parthia

wikidata_label: Vologases III of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Vologases III of Parthia


text:
Chicago, Illinois
Nigeria
American
100 metres hurdles
2012 Summer Olympics
Nigerian bobsled team
2018 Winter Olympics
bobsled
basketball
Hakeem Olajuwon

wikipedia_title:
Chicago
Nigeria
United States
100 metres hurdles
2012 Summer Olympics
Nigerian bobsled team
2018 Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Basketball
Hakeem Olajuwon

categories: Commonwealth Games competitors for Nigeria,People from Algonquin, Illinois,Nigerian female hurdlers,Olympic athletes of Nigeria,1987 births,Nigerian female bobsledders,Bobsledders at the 2018 Winter Olympics,African Games gold medalists for Nigeria,American people of Nigerian descent,Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games,Yoruba sportspeople,Olympic bobsledders of Nigeria,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 All-Africa Games,African Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Living people,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Nigeria,Sportspeople from Illinois

paragraph: Seun Adigun

paragraph: Seun Adigun (born 3 January 1987, Chicago, Illinois) is a Nigerian-American bobsledder and track and field athlete who specializes in the 100 metres hurdles. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, but did not qualify from her heat. In 2016, she founded the Nigerian bobsled team. She represented Nigeria at the 2018 Winter Olympics in 2-women bobsled.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: She is the niece of former American basketball player Hakeem Olajuwon.

description: Nigerian athlete

wikidata_label: Seun Adigun

wikipedia_title: Seun Adigun