text:
Stephen II
Vladislav
regent
Jelena
Roman Catholic
Louis I of Hungary
magnate
Serbian Empire
crowned
Serbia
Nemanjić dynasty
Kingdom of Bosnia
Adriatic
Pomorje
Queen Mary
Slavonia
Dalmatia
Croatia proper
Battle of Kosovo
Ottoman Empire
Dabiša
Jelena Šubić
ban
Stephen II
George II Šubić of Bribir
Roman Catholic
Kotromanić
regent
King Louis I
stanak
Mile
Bosnia
Donji Kraji
Zagorje
Hum land
Mladen III Šubić
Duvno
Katarina
royal domain
Neretva
Drijeva
dowry
Elizabeth
Vuk
Bosnian Church
Peregrin Saxon
Peter Siklósi
crusade against Bosnia
lector
Đakovo
Eastern Orthodoxy
Republic of Ragusa
Palatine of Hungary
Nicholas Kont
Nicholas Apáti
Ključ
Vukac Hrvatinić
župa
Pliva
Srebrenik Fortress
Republic of Venice
Rama
Sanko Miltenović
Pope Urban V
Serbian Empire
Vojislav Vojinović
George I
Kotor
Moravian Serbia
Podrinje
Gacko
Mileševa Monastery
Dorothea
Pope Gregory XI
Travunia
Trebinje
Konavli
Dračevica
Nemanjić dynasty
Vukašin Mrnjavčević
Marko
Ottoman
Macedonia
Vuk Branković
time immemorial
Elizabeth
Dragutin
logothete
King of Bosnia
Serbia
feast day
Mavro Orbini
metropolitan bishop
Serbian historiography
Mile
by the Grace of God
Pomorje
Western Areas
Stephen
Mary
Rascia
Dinaric Alps
Neretva
Bay of Kotor
War of Chioggia
Genoa
Saint Stephen
Novi
Dalmatia
Italian Peninsula
Sveti Srđ
Opuzen
Balša II
battle
Ottoman Turks
George II
Charles III of Naples
Ladislaus of Naples
Klis
John of Palisna
Split
Zadar
Ostrovica Fortress
Trogir
Šibenik
Croatia
Kingdom of Bosnia
Lala Şahin Pasha
Bileća
Battle of Bileća
Vlatko Vuković
Battle of Kosovo
Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Murad I
Republic of Florence
Slavonia
Velebit
John Horvat
bans
Archbishop of Split
Sutjeska
Albert III, Duke of Austria
Habsburgs
Dabiša
Ostoja
Vladimir Ćorović

wikipedia_title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska

categories: Kotromanić dynasty,1338 births,Roman Catholic monarchs,Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics,Bans of Bosnia,14th-century Bosnian people,14th-century rulers in Europe,Pretenders to the Serbian throne in the Middle Ages,1391 deaths,Bosnian monarchs

paragraph: Tvrtko I of Bosnia

paragraph: Stephen Tvrtko I (, Стефан/Стјепан Твртко; 1338 – 10 March 1391) was the first King of Bosnia. A member of the House of Kotromanić, he succeeded his uncle Stephen II as Ban of Bosnia in 1353. As he was a minor at the time, Tvrtko's father, Vladislav, briefly ruled as regent, followed by Tvrtko's mother, Jelena. Early in his personal rule, Tvrtko quarreled with his country's Roman Catholic clergy, but later enjoyed cordial relations with all the religious communities in his realm. After initial difficulties – the loss of large parts of Bosnia to his overlord, King Louis I of Hungary, and being briefly deposed by his magnates – Tvrtko's power grew considerably. He conquered some remnants of the neighbouring Serbian Empire in 1373, after the death of its last ruler and his distant relative, Uroš the Weak. In 1377, he had himself crowned King of Bosnia and of Serbia, claiming to be the heir of Serbia's extinct Nemanjić dynasty.

paragraph: As the Kingdom of Bosnia continued to expand, Tvrtko's attention shifted to the Adriatic coast. He gained control of the entire Pomorje and the major maritime cities of the area, established new settlements and started building a navy, but never succeeded in subjugating the lords of the independent Serbian territories. The death of King Louis and the accession of Queen Mary in 1382 allowed Tvrtko to take advantage of the ensuing succession crisis in Hungary and Croatia. After bitter fighting, from 1385 to 1390, Tvrtko succeeded in conquering large parts of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia proper. Following the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, his tenuous claim to Serbia became a mere fiction, as the Serbian rulers he sought to subdue became vassals of the victorious Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turks also launched their first attacks on Bosnia during Tvrtko's reign, but his army was able to repel them. Tvrtko's sudden death in 1391 prevented him from solidifying the Kotromanić hold on Croatian lands.

paragraph: Tvrtko is widely considered one of Bosnia's greatest medieval rulers, having enlarged the country's borders to their greatest extent, left a strong economy, and improved the living standards of his subjects. He was survived by at least one son, Tvrtko II, but was succeeded by Dabiša, under whom Tvrtko's burgeoning realm began to decay.

paragraph: Section::::Minority.

paragraph: Tvrtko was the elder son of Vladislav Kotromanić and Jelena Šubić, and was likely born within a year of their marriage, which was celebrated in 1337. His father was the brother of the Bosnian ban Stephen II, and his mother the daughter of the Croatian lord George II Šubić of Bribir. Tvrtko was most likely raised as a Roman Catholic; his mother belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, and his uncle Stephen joined it shortly after Tvrtko's birth. Stephen died in September 1353, leaving behind no sons. Although Vladislav was still alive, Stephen's title passed directly to Tvrtko; the reason for Vladislav's exclusion from the Kotromanić succession is unclear. Tvrtko, however, was only about fifteen years old at the time, so his father governed as regent. Soon after his accession, Tvrtko traveled with his father throughout the realm, to settle relations with his vassals. Jelena replaced Vladislav as regent upon his death in 1354. She immediately traveled to Hungary to obtain consent to Tvrtko's accession from King Louis I, his overlord. Following her return, Jelena held an assembly ("stanak") in Mile, with mother and son confirming the possessions and privileges of the noblemen of "all of Bosnia, Donji Kraji, Zagorje, and the Hum land".

paragraph: The death of Tvrtko's maternal uncle Mladen III Šubić, in 1348, led to a decline of the Šubić noble family and a long conflict over their lands. In May 1355, Jelena and Tvrtko marched with an army to Duvno in order to claim Tvrtko's share of his uncle's patrimony. An agreement was reached with the vice-Ban of Dalmatia by which Tvrtko was to inherit all the cities held by his maternal grandfather and a city which belonged to his aunt Katarina, but it is unknown whether he actually took possession of them.

paragraph: The state assembled by Tvrtko's uncle Stephen broke apart on Tvrtko's accession, much to the satisfaction of his overlord King Louis. The Hungarians were keen to encourage Stephen's vassals to act independently from Tvrtko, forcing Tvrtko to compete with Louis for their loyalty in order to rebuild the Bosnian state. Louis posed a more direct threat as well; he was determined to enlarge his royal domain, and throughout his realm he ardently reclaimed all lands that once belonged to the monarch. Taking advantage of the precarious situation early in Tvrtko's reign, Louis moved to claim most of Donji Kraji and western Hum up to the river Neretva, including the prosperous customs town of Drijeva. In 1357, he succeeded in compelling Tvrtko to come to Hungary and surrender these territories as the dowry of Elizabeth, Stephen's daughter who had been married to Louis since 1353. In July, King Louis confirmed Tvrtko and his younger brother Vuk as rulers of Bosnia and Usora. Donji Kraji and Hum were purposely omitted from their title, with Usora likely having been granted as compensation. Two conditions were forced upon the Bosnians: one of the two Kotromanić brothers would be at Louis's court whenever the other was in Bosnia, and they would make an effort to suppress the "heretical" Bosnian Church.

paragraph: Section::::Initial difficulties.

paragraph: Little is known about internal affairs in Bosnia between 1357, when Tvrtko started ruling on his own, and 1363. His religious policy came into focus in this period, as the Avignon papacy became more insistent on curbing the Bosnian Church. This endangered Tvrtko, for although he was a Roman Catholic throughout his life, the King of Hungary now had a religious pretext for invading Bosnia. The death of the Bishop of Bosnia—Peregrin Saxon, a supporter of both Stephen II and Tvrtko I and acknowledged by the latter as his "spiritual father"—led to the appointment of Peter Siklósi to the episcopal throne. Peter actively promoted the idea of launching a new crusade against Bosnia, earning him Tvrtko's hostility. Tvrtko even attempted to plot against Peter, but failed when his letters to a lector in Peter's Đakovo residence were discovered. The Bosnian Church, meanwhile, survived throughout Tvrtko's reign but only became prominent in state affairs after his death. One hostile source even tried to link Tvrtko himself to the Church due to his tolerance of all local faiths, including Hum's Eastern Orthodoxy.

paragraph: At the start of his personal rule the young Ban somehow considerably increased his power. Although he constantly emphasized his subordinance to the King, Tvrtko started regarding the loyalty of the Donji Kraji noblemen to Louis as treachery against himself. In 1363, a conflict broke out between the two men. The cause is not clear, although Louis stated that his intention was to eradicate the Bosnian heretics. By April, the King had begun amassing an army; and in May, officials of the Republic of Ragusa ordered their merchants to leave Bosnia, due to an imminent clash. An army led by Louis himself attacked Donji Kraji, where the nobility was divided in its loyalties between Tvrtko and Louis. A month later an army led by the Palatine of Hungary Nicholas Kont and the Archbishop of Esztergom Nicholas Apáti struck Usora. Vlatko Vukoslavić deserted to Louis and surrendered to him the important fortress of Ključ, but Vukac Hrvatinić succeeded in defending the Soko Grad fortress in the "župa" of Pliva, forcing the Hungarians to retreat. In Usora, the Srebrenik Fortress held out against a "massive attack" by the royal army, which suffered the embarrassment of losing the King's seal. The successful defense of Srebrenik marked Tvrtko's first victory against Hungary.

paragraph: The unity of the Bosnian magnates waned as soon as the Hungarians were defeated, weakening Tvrtko's position and that of a united Bosnia. In 1364, Tvrtko, his mother, and his brother were granted citizenship of the Republic of Venice, an honour that guaranteed them sanctuary in Venice in case of necessity, but also obligated Tvrtko to protect Venetian merchants. Various charters issued by the previous bans of Bosnia, and confirmed by Tvrtko on his accession, promised the same protection to Ragusan merchants. In late 1365, however, both republics complained to Tvrtko about the treatment of their merchants by his vassals. Evidently, the Ban had lost control over his feudatories. The anarchy escalated, and in February the following year, the magnates revolted against Tvrtko and dethroned him. Little is known about the circumstances under which Tvrtko was deposed. Accusing the magnates of treachery against "foremostly God" and himself, Tvrtko fled Bosnia with his mother. He was replaced by his younger brother, who had hitherto functioned as "junior ban". Vuk's personal role in the rebellion is uncertain.

paragraph: Tvrtko acted resolutely and efficiently. He and Jelena took refuge at the Hungarian royal court, where they were welcomed by Tvrtko's former enemy and overlord, King Louis. Apparently dissatisfied with the turn of events in Bosnia, Louis provided Tvrtko with aid (likely military) in reclaiming Bosnia. Tvrtko returned to Bosnia in March and reestablished control over a part of the country by the end of the month, including the areas of Donji Kraji, Rama (where he then resided), Hum, and Usora. In order to secure the loyalty of the noblemen he had subjugated, as well as to win over those still supporting Vuk, Tvrtko bestowed a number of grants; in August he invested Vukac Hrvatinić with the entire "župa" of Pliva for his part in the 1363 war with Hungary. After initially rapid success, Tvrtko's campaign slowed. Sanko Miltenović, ruler of eastern Hum, defected to Vuk in late 1366. Throughout the following year, Tvrtko forced Vuk southwards, eventually compelling him to flee to Ragusa. Sanko, Vuk's last supporter, submitted to Tvrtko in late summer and was allowed to retain his holdings. Ragusan officials made an effort to procure peace between the feuding brothers, and in 1368, Vuk asked Pope Urban V to intervene with King Louis I on his behalf. Those efforts were futile; but by 1374, Tvrtko had reconciled with Vuk on very generous terms.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests in Serbia and marriage.

paragraph: The death of Dušan the Mighty and the accession of his son Uroš the Weak, in December 1355, was soon followed by the breakup of the once-powerful and threatening Serbian Empire. It disintegrated into autonomous lordships that, by themselves, could not resist Bosnia. This paved the way for Tvrtko to expand towards the east, but internal problems prevented him from seizing the opportunity immediately. A lordship on Bosnia's eastern border was that of Vojislav Vojinović. When Vojislav attacked Ragusa, in 1361, the republic appealed to Tvrtko for help, but to no avail. Vojislav's widow Gojislava, ruling on behalf of their minor sons, provided Tvrtko with passage through the family's land during his struggle with Vuk, and Tvrtko remained cordial with the family. He was, however, unable to defend her from her nephew Nicholas Altomanović, who, by November 1368, had seized her sons' lands. All Tvrtko could do was help the dispossessed widow safely reach her native Albania.

paragraph: The ambitious Nicholas soon started inciting rebellions against Tvrtko; Sanko Miltenović rose against his lord again and was once more defeated and pardoned in 1369. Tvrtko and Nicholas made peace in August 1370, but the latter's belligerence soon earned him the enmity of all his neighbours. Entering into a coalition with Venice and the Lord of Zeta, George I, Nicholas intended to attack Ragusa and Kotor. Tvrtko and Lazar Hrebljanović, lord of Moravian Serbia, both backed by Louis of Hungary, acted to protect the cities. Lazar, too, swore fealty to Louis, after which he and Tvrtko were given 1,000 horsemen to counter Nicholas, who was completely defeated in the autumn of 1373, his lands being divided between the victorious allies. Tvrtko took the upper Podrinje, Gacko, and a part of Polimlje with the Mileševa Monastery. This was the first significant expansion of Bosnia during Tvrtko's reign and gave him substantial influence over Serbian affairs.

paragraph: In 1374, Tvrtko married Dorothea, daughter of Tsar Ivan Stratsimir of Bulgaria. The marriage was likely arranged by Louis, who had kept Dorothea and her sister as honored hostages at his court to ensure Ivan Stratsimir's loyalty. The bride was Orthodox, but the marriage was celebrated in the Catholic rite by Tvrtko's old enemy Peter, Bishop of Bosnia, to whom Tvrtko then awarded large tracts of land. Tvrtko thereby solidified his relations with the Roman Catholic Church and earned recognition from Pope Gregory XI.

paragraph: The division of Nicholas Altomanović's lands created friction between Tvrtko and George of Zeta, since the latter seized coastal "župas" which Tvrtko had expected to annex. In early 1377, Tvrtko successfully plotted with the Travunians the takeover of Trebinje, Konavli, and Dračevica, making his final conquests of the Serbian lands. By that time, Serbia had been reduced to a patchwork of independent lordships.

paragraph: Section::::Coronation.

paragraph: Uroš the Weak, the last of the Nemanjić dynasty, died in December 1371. His chosen co-ruler, Vukašin Mrnjavčević, left a son, Marko, who took up the royal title. Having been forced to accept Ottoman suzerainty, Marko was not recognized as king by any of the Serbian magnates, effectively leaving the throne vacant. Serbia was divided between Marko (whose small realm extended no further than western Macedonia), Lazar (the greatest lord), Vuk Branković (Lazar's son-in-law), George of Zeta, and Tvrtko of Bosnia.

paragraph: The idea of restoring the Serbian Empire nevertheless persisted. George discussed it in one of his charters, but the Serbian regional lords were not considered suitable. They had only recently risen to prominence and lacked illustrious family backgrounds, as well as formal titles to their lands; they were merely "lords". Tvrtko not only controlled a significant portion of Serbia, but was a member of the dynasty which had ruled as bans of Bosnia from time immemorial and – most importantly – could boast descent from the Nemanjić dynasty. A genealogy published in Tvrtko's newly conquered Serbian lands emphasized his Nemanjić ancestry, derived from his paternal grandmother, Elizabeth, daughter of King Dragutin. A Serbian logothete named Blagoje, having found refuge at Tvrtko's court, attributed to Tvrtko the right to a "double crown": one for Bosnia, which his family had ruled since its foundation, and the other for the Serbian lands of his Nemanjić ancestors, who had "left the earthly realm for the heavenly kingdom". Arguing that Serbia had been "left without its pastor", Tvrtko set out to be crowned as its king.

paragraph: Tvrtko's coronation as King of Bosnia and Serbia was held in the fall of 1377 (probably 26 October, the feast day of Saint Demetrius), but there is no consensus as to where it took place. The Ragusan chronicler Mavro Orbini wrote, in 1601, that the coronation was performed in the Serbian monastery of Mileševa by its Orthodox metropolitan bishop, an opinion accepted today only in Serbian historiography. Citing more recent archaeological and historical research, Croatian and Bosnian historians agree that the coronation more likely took place in the Franciscan Church of Saint Nicholas in the Bosnian town of Mile, which is the undisputed place of the coronations of Tvrtko I's successors. Writing to Ragusa shortly after his coronation, Tvrtko successfully claimed Saint Demetrius' income, which had been paid to the kings of Serbia since the 13th century.

paragraph: Although he presented himself as the heir to the Nemanjić crown, Tvrtko decided to assume the royal title of his great-grandfather, rather than continue Dušan's unpopular claim to an imperial style, thus becoming "by the Grace of God King of the Serbs, Bosnia, Pomorje and the Western Areas". In addition to the royal title, Tvrtko also adopted the symbolic name Stephen in order to associate himself with the Nemanjić kings; his successors followed suit. Tvrtko, in fact, at times completely omitted his birth name and used only the honorific. Tvrtko's right to kingship was derived from his right to the Serbian throne, and was likely recognized by Lazar Hrebljanović and Vuk Branković, but Tvrtko never established authority over the regional lords of Serbia. Tvrtko's new title was also approved by Louis and by his successor Mary. Venice and Ragusa consistently referred to Tvrtko as king of Rascia, Ragusa even complaining, in 1378, about Tvrtko's preoccupation with his new kingdom. Despite his cordial relations with its clergy, Tvrtko's claim to Serbia did not enjoy the support of the Orthodox Church, severely hindering Tvrtko's efforts.

paragraph: Section::::Economy.

paragraph: Having taken as much Serbian land as he could, King Tvrtko turned his attention to the coast. The rapid economic growth of Bosnia, having begun during the reign of Tvrtko's uncle, continued unabated even during the political upheavels that followed Tvrtko's accession. The export of metal ores and metalwork (mainly silver, copper and lead) formed the backbone of the Bosnian economy. These goods were transported over the Dinaric Alps to the seashore, where they were bought chiefly by the Republics of Ragusa and Venice. The maritime cities of Ragusa and Kotor also depended on Tvrtko's realm for food, a dependency the king leveraged to increase the initially low and, for the Bosnians, disadvantageous prices. Yet, Bosnia could not make economic use of its share of the Adriatic coast, from the river Neretva to the Bay of Kotor, which lacked any major settlements. The three major cities in the area were all controlled by Hungary: Drijeva (which Tvrtko was forced to cede to Louis in 1357), Ragusa, and Kotor.

paragraph: The War of Chioggia erupted between the old-time rival Republics of Venice and Genoa in 1378, and it soon involved Venice's neighbours. King Louis took Genoa's side; and Ragusa—subordinate to Hungary, and Venice's competitor in the Adriatic—did so as well. The Venetians, having taken Kotor in August 1378, made an effort to have Tvrtko join the war on their side, which caused panic in Ragusa. Tvrtko, however, offered the Ragusans help in fighting Venice, which they initially refused. The death of George I of Zeta warranted Tvrtko's involvement in Serbian affairs, which reduced his ability to take an active part in the conflict. The Ragusans started calling for the destruction of Kotor, whose officials promised to renounce fealty to Venice and return to Louis. Kotor failed to fulfill this promise, but instead promised fealty to Tvrtko, who laid claim to the city as part of his Nemanjić ancestors' heritage. The political climate was ideal, since he was to take Kotor from his overlord's enemy. The Ragusans were furious, and an embargo ensued. Tvrtko defended Kotor from Ragusa, but was betrayed in June 1379, when the city overthrew its Venetian governor and submitted again directly to Louis.

paragraph: The failure to seize Kotor and the damage to the Bosnian economy from the Ragusan embargo, as well as the need for easier access to maritime trade, led Tvrtko to found the youngest medieval town on the eastern Adriatic coast. In early 1382, Tvrtko constructed a new fortress in the Bay of Kotor and decided that it should form the basis of a new salt trading center. Initially named after Saint Stephen, the city came to be known as Novi (meaning "new"). Commerce started in August, when the first ships carrying salt arrived, but so did trouble. Kotor and the merchants from Dalmatia and the Italian Peninsula looked favorably on the development, but the Ragusans were very displeased at the prospect of losing their salt trade monopoly. They argued that Tvrtko, as King of Serbia, should respect the exclusive rights to salt trade granted by his Nemanjić predecessors to Ragusa, Kotor, Drijeva, and Sveti Srđ. During the dispute, Ragusa hindered Novi's commerce and assembled an alliance of Dalmatian cities against Bosnia and Venice. Tvrtko relented by November, and his new city failed to achieve the purpose he had envisaged.

paragraph: Section::::Hungarian succession crisis.

paragraph: Tvrtko's yielding in the legal dispute with Ragusa may have been brought about by another, major change: the death of King Louis I on 11 September 1382. Without a male heir, the Hungarian crown passed to Louis's 13-year-old daughter Mary and the reins of government to his widow, Tvrtko's cousin Elizabeth. The great unpopularity of the queens led to rebellions and presented an opportunity for Tvrtko, not only to reclaim Drijeva and other lands lost to Louis in 1357, but also to seize Kotor. When exactly or how this took place is not known. Already in the spring of 1383, Tvrtko started building a navy: he bought a galley from Venice, ordered two more to be built, and employed a Venetian patrician as his admiral with the consent of the republic. Around the same time, he erected a new town, Brštanik, near present-day Opuzen.

paragraph: In 1385, Tvrtko still formally recognized Hungarian supremacy, although it no longer had any practical meaning. He emphasized his loyalty to the queens, "his dearest sisters", and cited his oath of fealty to them. Mary and Elizabeth, however, had no power to enforce their suzerainty over him. In fact, they so respected his strength that they made concessions to win his favor: one of the concessions being their recognition of Tvrtko's possession of Kotor in the spring of 1385. The incorporation of the trade centers of Drijeva and Kotor did not result in a significant expansion on the coast, but it was of great importance to the Bosnian economy and the King's finances.

paragraph: The capture of Kotor earned Tvrtko the enmity of George I of Zeta's brother and successor, Balša II, who also desired the city. Nothing is known about Balša's military conflict with Tvrtko except that the latter asked Venice, whose trading opportunities were threatened by the clashes, to mediate with the Lord of Zeta. The mediation was thwarted by Balša's death in a 1385 battle with the invading Ottoman Turks. Balša's nephew and successor, George II, maintained Zeta's hostility toward Bosnia.

paragraph: The revolt against Elizabeth and Mary culminated in late 1385, when Mary was deposed in favor of her kinsman, King Charles III of Naples. Elizabeth had Charles assassinated the following February, and Mary was restored to the throne. On 25 July, however, both women ended up imprisoned by the supporters of the murdered monarch's son, King Ladislaus of Naples. Civil war engulfed Mary's realm. Her betrothed, Sigismund, invaded from Bohemia with the intent to liberate her and ascend her throne. The neighbouring countries took sides: Venice opted for the queens and Sigismund, but Tvrtko chose to support their opponents and Ladislaus's claim to Hungary, thus tacitly renouncing a vassalage that had in any case been only nominal since 1370. Elizabeth was strangled in prison, while Sigismund's coronation as King of Hungary, in March 1387, and subsequent liberation of Mary prompted Tvrtko to act more resolutely. From Ragusa, still loyal to Queen Mary, he exacted a promise of support against everyone but the Queen, and from then on he was free to attack Dalmatia, ostensibly in the name of the King of Naples.

paragraph: Dalmatian cities remained loyal to Mary and Sigismund, not least thanks to the couple's alliance with Venice. A notable exception was Klis, which supported the rebellious nobleman John of Palisna. Tvrtko took control of the Klis Fortress in July 1387, which enabled him to launch attacks on Split. Although the Bosnian army laid waste to the areas of Split and Zadar, the cities refused to capitulate. Their officials were willing to honour King Tvrtko but insisted that Queen Mary and King Sigismund were their legitimate sovereigns. Ostrovica Fortress submitted to Tvrtko in November, followed by Trogir.

paragraph: By 1388, the devastation of Dalmatia by the Bosnian army had become so severe that the authorities of the cities pleaded with Sigismund to either help them or to allow them to save themselves by submitting without being labeled as traitors. Neither Sigismund's army nor an alliance of Dalmatian cities and noblemen were able to counter Tvrtko's advances. Split, Zadar, and Šibenik having lost all hope, Tvrtko called upon them to negotiate their surrender in March 1389. Each of the cities asked to be the last one to submit and even to be allowed to request Sigismund's assistance once more. Tvrtko granted their wish and decided that Split should be the last to submit, by 15 June 1389.

paragraph: Section::::Ottoman attacks.

paragraph: During the entire course of his campaign in Dalmatia and Croatia, Tvrtko was also engaged in skirmishes in the east of his realm, which prevented him from focusing all of his manpower on expansion westwards. The Kingdom of Bosnia was believed to be far from the reach of the Ottomans during Tvrtko I's reign, shielded by a belt of independent Serbian statelets. George II of Zeta, however, purposely enabled the Turks to launch raids against Bosnia, first in 1386 (of which little is known) and again in 1388. In the second instance the Ottoman and Zetan invaders, led by Lala Şahin Pasha, penetrated as far as Bileća. The Battle of Bileća, which took place in late August 1388, ended with the victory of the Bosnian army, led by Duke Vlatko Vuković.

paragraph: 15 June 1389, the date by which Tvrtko had intended to complete his conquest of Dalmatia, was also the day when the Ottoman army met the forces of a coalition of Serbian states at the Battle of Kosovo. Tvrtko, feeling it his duty as King of Serbia, ordered his army to leave Dalmatia and assist the lords Lazar Hrebljanović and Vuk Branković. He resented the Milanese ruler, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, for selling weaponry to the Ottomans in wake of the battle. The highest ranking among the casualties, which also included Bosnian noblemen, were Lazar and the Ottoman ruler Murad I. The outcome of the battle was difficult to ascertain, but Vlatko's letters from the battlefield convinced Tvrtko that the Christian alliance came out victorious. Tvrtko in turn informed various Christian states of his great triumph; the authorities of the Republic of Florence responded praising both the Kingdom of Bosnia and its king for achieving a "victory so glorious that the memory of it would never fade". The triumph, however, was hollow. Tvrtko's Serbian title lost what little actual significance it had when Lazar's successors accepted Ottoman suzerainty, while Vuk Branković turned to Tvrtko's enemy Sigismund. Since the Battle of Kosovo, the Bosnian claim to the Serbian throne was merely nominal.

paragraph: Section::::Final achievements and aftermath.

paragraph: Tvrtko's engagement in the east allowed Sigismund's forces to reverse some of his gains in Dalmatia. Klis was briefly lost in July, the Dalmatian cities again refused to surrender, and Tvrtko was forced to again launch raids. A series of battles and skirmishes, from November to December, resulted in a decisive Bosnian victory and the retreat of the Hungarian army. In May 1390, the cities and the Dalmatian islands finally surrendered to Tvrtko, who then started calling himself "by the Grace of God King of Rascia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and Pomorje". His realm now encompassed much of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia south of Velebit. Acting as King of Dalmatia and Croatia, Tvrtko appointed his supporters John of Palisna and John Horvat as his bans, and hosted the Archbishop of Split Andrea Gualdo in Sutjeska.

paragraph: In the last months of his reign, Tvrtko devoted himself to solidifying his position in Dalmatia and to plans for the taking of Zadar, the only Dalmatian city that had evaded his rule. He offered an extensive alliance to Venice, but it did not suit the republic's interests. Meanwhile, Tvrtko was also fostering relations with Albert III, Duke of Austria. By the late summer of 1390, a marriage was expected to be contracted between the recently widowed King and a member of the Austrian ruling family, the Habsburgs. Hungary remained the focus of Tvrtko's foreign policy, however. Although they did not recognize each other as kings, Tvrtko and Sigismund started negotiating a peace in September. Sigismund was in the weaker position and likely ready to make concessions to Tvrtko when his ambassadors arrived at Tvrtko's court in January 1391. The negotiations were probably never concluded, as Tvrtko died on 10 March. He is buried in Mile alongside his uncle Stephen II.

paragraph: Tvrtko I left at least one son, Tvrtko II, whose legitimacy is debated, and who was a minor and apparently not considered fit to succeed his father. Dabiša, a relative (possibly illegitimate half-brother) exiled by Tvrtko I for his part in the 1366 rebellion and reconciled with him in 1390, was elected king instead. Ostoja, the next king, may have been Tvrtko I's illegitimate son (or more likely another illegitimate half-brother).

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: Tvrtko I is considered one of the greatest medieval rulers of Bosnia, having "left behind a country larger, stronger, politically more influential and militarily more capable than the one he inherited." His political achievements were aided by the feudal anarchy in Serbia and Croatia, while the Ottomans were still not close enough to seriously threaten him. The Bosnian economy flourished, new settlements and trade centers appeared, and his subjects' living standards improved.

paragraph: Vladimir Ćorović noted that, in comparison with Dušan, who had also left a considerably extended state, Tvrtko was not an overly ambitious conqueror so much as he was an able statesman. Tvrtko, he wrote, used force when necessary but otherwise took care to appear to Serbians as the legitimate heir rather than as a foreign subjugator and to the Croatians as the preferable ruler. Emphasizing his patience and diplomacy, Ćorović calls Tvrtko a man capable of making the most out of his opportunities.

description: Ban and first King of Bosnia

wikidata_label: Tvrtko I of Bosnia

wikipedia_title: Tvrtko I of Bosnia


text:
Shropshire
Anna Brownell Jameson
The Keepsake
Mary Howitt
Agnes Strickland
Strand Theatre
London

wikipedia_title:
Shropshire
Anna Brownell Jameson
The Keepsake
Mary Howitt
Agnes Strickland
Royal Strand Theatre
London

categories: People from Shropshire,19th-century English poets,19th-century biographers,1846 deaths,1797 births,19th-century English dramatists and playwrights,19th-century English writers,19th-century British women writers,English women poets,English lyricists,British women dramatists and playwrights,English editors,English biographers

paragraph: Mrs. Cornwell Baron Wilson

paragraph: Margaret Harries Wilson (also known as Mrs. Cornwell Baron Wilson; 1796–1846) was an English poet, playwright, lyricist, writer and editor. She is considered one of the first female biographers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Margaret Harries was born in Shropshire in 1796. She created her first book of poetry in 1815, and after her second poetry collection was published, she married a solicitor in 1819. After this, she worked under her married name. Wilson was content to be "a domestic poet" as she considered that men could have larger ambitions. Wilson had a number of children, several of whom died, and this became a theme of several of her publications.

paragraph: She wrote a poem in tribute to Anna Brownell Jameson who had the clever idea of writing a book about the fictional and actual loves of the famous poets of the time. "The Loves of the Poets" enabled readers to put themselves in the role of having a poet as an admirer.

paragraph: Wilson wrote for journals including "Forget Me Not", "Friendship's Offering", "The Keepsake" and "Pledge of Friendship". She wrote poems, prose and music and this was presented in her own 1833 publication, "La Ninon, or, Leaves for the Album". Contributors to this included the notable writers Mary Howitt and Agnes Strickland. A publication that became "New Monthly Belle Assemblée" was also started in 1933 and this also included items on fashion. Wilson also wrote plays and one was retitled as "Venus in Arms" and it was performed at the Strand Theatre in 1836.

paragraph: Her final achievement was as a biographer as she published three including "The Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis". This was about her fellow writer and playwright which she published in two volumes anonymously in 1839. Wilson is considered one of the first female biographers. In her work "Our Actresses", she acknowledges that these 67 women are admired, but they individually do not get a high position in society.

paragraph: Wilson died in London on 12 January 1846.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Hours at Home: a Collection of Miscellaneous Poems", 1826

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "The Cypress Wreath: a Collection of Original Ballads and Tales in Verse", 1828

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Poems", 1831

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Water Music, a Collection of National Melodies … Arranged with a Guitar Accompaniment", 1832

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "The Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis", 1839

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "A Volume of Lyrics", 1840

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Chronicles of Life", 1840

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "Popularity: and the Destinies of Woman: Tales of the World", 1842

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Our Actresses; or Glances at Stage Favourites past and present", 1844

alias:
Margaret Harries Wilson
Mrs Cornwell Baron Wilson
Mrs. Cornwell Baron Wilson

description: British poet, playwright, lyricist, writer and editor

wikidata_label: Margaret Wilson

wikipedia_title: Mrs. Cornwell Baron Wilson


text:
Finnish
sport shooter
IPSC
2017 IPSC Rifle World Shoot
2018 IPSC Shotgun World Shoot
2015 IPSC Shotgun World Shoot
Finnish
Nordic
European championships
arborist
Raine Peltokoski
Josh Froelich

categories: Finnish male sport shooters,IPSC shooters,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Teemu Rintala

paragraph: Teemu Rintala is a Finnish sport shooter who is the current IPSC Rifle World Champion in the Open division from the 2017 IPSC Rifle World Shoot and Shotgun World Champion in the Modified division from the 2018 IPSC Shotgun World Shoot. He also has a bronze medal from the 2015 IPSC Shotgun World Shoot. Rintala has been one of the top IPSC Rifle and Shotgun shooters in Europe the last couple of years having placed well in the last Finnish, Nordic and European championships. Rintala shoots for

paragraph: Astro Sweden Rifle Team (formerly GP Rifle Team), and alongside the shooting he works as an arborist.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raine Peltokoski, Finnish sport shooter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josh Froelich, American sport shooter

wikidata_label: Teemu Rintala

wikipedia_title: Teemu Rintala


text:
Akkadian Empire
Middle Chronology
Akkadian Empire
Sargon of Akkad
Tashlultum
En-hedu-ana
Rimush
Shu-Enlil
Naram-Sin
Rimush
Tigris River
Elam
Inanna
Nineveh
Naram-Sin
Louvre
History of Sumer
Sumerian king list
Manishtushu Obelisk
List of kings of Akkad

categories: Sumerian rulers,Ancient murdered monarchs,Year of birth unknown,23rd-century BC deaths,Akkadian people

paragraph: Manishtushu

paragraph: Manishtushu (𒈠𒀭𒅖𒌅𒋢, "Ma-an-ish-tu-su") was a king of the Akkadian Empire from 2270 to 2255 BC (Middle Chronology).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Manishtushu was the third king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad and Queen Tashlultum, brother of En-hedu-ana, Rimush, and Shu-Enlil, and the father of Naram-Sin.

paragraph: He became king in c. 2270 BC after the death of his brother Rimush. Manishtushu, freed of the rebellions of his brother's reign, led campaigns to distant lands. According to a passage from one of his inscriptions, he led a fleet down the Persian Gulf where 32 kings allied to fight him. Manishtushu was victorious and consequently looted their cities and silver mines, along with other expeditions to kingdoms along the Persian Gulf. He also sailed a fleet down the Tigris River that eventually traded with 37 other nations, conquered the city of Shirasum in Elam,and rebuilt the destroyed temple of Inanna in Nineveh in c. 2260 BC. In c. 2255 BC he died, assassinated by members of his own court, and was succeeded by his son Naram-Sin. A pyramidal stele erected by Manishtushu bearing a long cuneiform inscription in Akkadian is featured in the Louvre.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sumer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumerian king list

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manishtushu Obelisk

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of kings of Akkad

description: Akkadian king

wikidata_label: Manishtushu

wikipedia_title: Manishtushu


text:
middle chronology
short chronology
Akkadian Empire
Naram-Sin
Gutian
Sharlag
Gutium
Sumer
a terrible drought
Pepi II
Puzer-Mama
Lagash
Guti
Diyala
Tigris
Gutians
Amorite
Elam
Nippur
Babylon
Akshak
Dudu
Sargon of Agade
History of Sumer

paragraph: Shar-Kali-Sharri

paragraph: Shar-Kali-Sharri (𒊬𒂵𒉌 𒈗𒌷, "Shar-Gani-Sharri"; r. c. 2217-2193 BC middle chronology, c. 2153-2129 BC short chronology) was a king of the Akkadian Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: Succeeding his father Naram-Sin in c. 2217 BC, he came to the throne in an age of increasing troubles. The raids of the Gutian hill peoples of the Zagros mountains that began in his father's reign were becoming more and more frequent, and he was faced with a number of rebellions from vassal kings against the high taxes they were forced to pay to fund the defence against the Gutian threat. Contemporary year-names for Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad indicate that in one unknown year of his reign, he captured Sharlag, king of Gutium, while in another year, "the yoke was imposed on Gutium".

paragraph: Sumer also suffered from a terrible drought during Shar-Kali-Sharri's reign in about c. 2200 BC, leading to the complete abandonment of some cities. This is complementary to Egyptian records, which suggest there was a drought around the same time during the reign of king Pepi II. After Shar-Kali-Sharri’s death in c. 2193 BC, Sumer fell into anarchy, with no king able to achieve dominance for long. The king list states:

paragraph: Section::::Rule.:Loss of Lagash.

paragraph: Rival Puzer-Mama took control of Lagash during Shar-kali-sharri’s reign, when troubles with the Guti left the Sargonic king with only “a small rump state whose center lay at the confluence of the Diyala and Tigris river.” Puzer-Mama started the 2nd Dynasty of Lagash.

paragraph: Out of the 24 years of his reign, names survive for some 18 of them, and indicate successful campaigns against the Gutians, Amorites, and Elamites, as well as temple construction in Nippur and Babylon. Shar-Kali-Sharri reported defeating the Elamites at Akshak.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The next recorded king of Akkad to rule for any reasonable amount of time was Dudu, who is said by the king list to have reigned for 21 years. However, by this time the Akkadian empire was no more, and Dudu most likely controlled no more than Akkad itself, meaning Shar-Kali-Sharri was the last Akkadian king to actually have an empire under his control.

paragraph: In the 1870s, Assyriologists thought Shar-Kali-Sharri was identical with the Sargon of Agade of Assyrian legend, but this identification was recognized as mistaken in the 1910s.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sumer

description: Akkadian king

wikidata_label: Shar-Kali-Sharri

wikipedia_title: Shar-Kali-Sharri


text:
Ayatollah
Iran
Twelver
Shia
Marja'
Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi
Persian
Azerbaijani
Qom, Iran
Azerbaijani
Soviet Azerbaijan
Najaf
Qom
Arabic
Azerbaijani
Persian
Russian
ijtihad
Qum
Marja al-taqlid
Shi'a
Hawza
Ayatollah Khomeini
Resalah
Islam
fiqh
Usul al-fiqh
Hooman Majd
Iranian revolution
Assembly of Experts
Islamic Republic
fatwa
Salman Rushdie
The Satanic Verses
Afghanistan
Taliban
fatwa
Rafiq Tağı
Azeri
Islam
Teheran
Ahmadinejad
CEDAW
CEDAW
Ulama
Amman Message
Official site
Biography
New terror-fatwa

categories: People from Qom,Shia Islamists,1931 births,2007 deaths,Iranian Azerbaijani grand ayatollahs and clerics

paragraph: Mohammad Fazel Lankarani

paragraph: Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Fazel Lankarani (1931 – June 16, 2007) was an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja'. He was student of Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi. He was a child of a Persian mother and an Azerbaijani father.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and clerical activities.

paragraph: Lankarani was born in Qom, Iran. His father was an Azerbaijani-speaking native of Soviet Azerbaijan who studied in Najaf and Qom and eventually settled in the latter. His mother was a woman of Sayed descent. Lankarani was fluent in Arabic, Azerbaijani, Persian, and Russian.

paragraph: Lankarani received his ijtihad, the permission of independent interpretation of the legal sources (the Qur'an and the Sunnah), from Ayatollah Boroujerdi at the age of 25. He led the prayer in the haram of Bibi Masouma A.S in Qum.

paragraph: Grand Ayatollah Fazel Lankarani was declared as the most knowledgeable specialist in the field of Islamic law (Marja al-taqlid) by the central Shi'a school of religious studies in Qom, Hawza 'Ilmiyyah, after the death of Ayatollah Khomeini. At the time of his death, he was one of seven Grand Ayatollahs in Iran. His Resalah, the book including his interpretation of Islamic laws on different topics, is available in Arabic, English, Persian, Turkish, and other languages. Lankarani taught in the areas of the interpretation of Islamic law (fiqh) and Usul al-fiqh for the last 25 years of his life.

paragraph: As a Shia Grand Ayatollah, he received generous contributions from his many followers. According to author Hooman Majd "one of Lankarani's aides" told him that "approximately ten million dollars a month flows" into Lankarani's treasury "from his supporters alone."

paragraph: Fazel Lankarani was a strong supporter of Ayatollah Khomeini, being jailed several times and exiled once prior to the Iranian revolution. After the Iranian Revolution, he was a member of the Assembly of Experts, Iran's leading religious body.

paragraph: As his health conditions deteriorated he moved from the holy city of Qom to Tehran and then to London to receive medical treatment then on Friday 15 June 2007 he moved to Qom and he died on Saturday, June 16, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Views and fatwas.

paragraph: Politically, Lankarani followed the traditions of the Islamic Republic in criticizing western corruption in the Islamic world.

paragraph: Fazel Lankarani supported Ayatollah Khomeini's fatwa calling for the death of Salman Rushdie following the publication of "The Satanic Verses" in 1989 and called on Muslims to kill that author. He (along with some other senior clerics) continued to call the killing of Rushdie a "duty" for all Muslims although the Iranian government itself ceased to do so in a 1998 compromise with the British government. In 1998, Lankarani called for the Iranian government to do "its utmost" to protect Shiites in Afghanistan, then reportedly endangered by the Taliban.

paragraph: Lankarani also issued a fatwa calling for the deaths of another author, Rafiq Tağı, an Azeri writer, and Tagi's editor, Samir Sədaqətoğlu, who were accused of criticizing Islam. Tagi's writings sparked recent demonstrations outside the Azerbaijani embassy in Teheran. According to Iranian and Islamic law, these sentences are only applicable if either individual freely and willfully enters Iran and submit themselves to the authorities. Possibly related to the fatwa Rafiq Tağı died in a Baku hospital on November 19, 2011, after having been stabbed with a knife seven times in public.

paragraph: Lankarani believed strongly in the separation of sexes and opposed President Ahmadinejad's declaration that women have the right to attend soccer matches at stadiums despite the fact that they would see male soccer players. He "famously refused for weeks" to meet with President Ahmadinejad in early 2007 after the president attempted to open soccer events to women. Lankarani was also staunchly opposed to Iran joining CEDAW. When the parliament (the Iranian Majles) was going to debate the signing and ratification of CEDAW, he announced that joining CEDAW and moving toward gender equality would contradict Islamic values.

paragraph: He is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- New terror-fatwa

description: Iranian grand ayatollah

wikidata_label: Mohammad Fazel Lankarani

wikipedia_title: Mohammad Fazel Lankarani


text: Barbados

text: Queen Elizabeth

text: Barbados

text: University of the West Indies

text: Ro-Ann Mohammed

text: Caribbean

text: Freundel Stuart

text: Queen's Young Leader Award

text: Commonwealth

categories: University of the West Indies alumni,LGBT rights activists from Barbados,Barbadian women,Barbadian human rights activists,1990 births,Recipients of the Queen’s Young Leader Award,Living people

paragraph: Donnya Piggott

paragraph: Donnya Piggott (born 1990) is a human rights activist from Barbados. In 2012, she co-founded B-GLAD, a support organisation for LGBT persons in Barbados. In 2015, she was awarded Queen Elizabeth's "Young Leaders Award" for her activism in changing the lives of young people.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Donnya Piggott was born in 1990 in Barbados. She attended the University of the West Indies studying history and accounts.

paragraph: In 2012 Piggott and Ro-Ann Mohammed founded an association Barbados Gays, Lesbians and All-Sexuals Against Discrimination B-GLAD as an organisation to create an education mechanism and open public dialogue in a supportive manner for the LGBT community of Barbados.

paragraph: According to Piggott, her organisation focuses on people's common humanity. Piggott believes that approaching homosexuality from a moral standpoint results in stalemate. Instead, she believes that the questions of focus are whether discrimination is legal and whether equal opportunity for employment and protection under the law should exist for all people.

paragraph: In June 2014, Piggott joined with other LGBT support groups throughout the Caribbean in a project called "Generation Change." Activists from the region called on heads of state to embrace all members of society and eliminate discriminatory laws and customs. In response to B-GLAD's appeal, Prime Minister Freundel Stuart said he was committed to eliminating discrimination for all Bajans, including the LGBT community. A study completed by B-Glad in 2014, "The State of LGBT Barbados: A Brief Overview," found that stigma and discrimination, unequal and homophobic legislation, and lack of acceptance produce "covert oppression" for LGBT Bajans. Piggott stressed that the harshness of Barbadian law, which calls for life imprisonment for consensual sexual acts, leads to feelings of non-acceptance, depression, substance abuse, absence from school due to fear of discrimination.

paragraph: In January 2015, Piggott was named as one of the recipients of the Queen's Young Leader Award. The award provides recognition from the British Monarchy to young leaders across the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth presented the award in June 2015.

wikidata_label: Donnya Piggott

wikipedia_title: Donnya Piggott


text:
American football
defensive end
Philadelphia Soul
Arena Football League
Philadelphia Soul
undrafted free agent
college football
Connecticut
Beijing Lions
China Arena Football League
2016 CAFL Draft
Just Sports Stats
UCONN Huskies bio
Arena Football League bio

categories: Canadian football defensive linemen,UConn Huskies football players,Blacktips (FXFL) players,Montreal Alouettes players,Living people,Sportspeople from Dayton, Ohio,American football defensive ends,Players of American football from Ohio,1990 births,Philadelphia Soul players,Beijing Lions players,American players of Canadian football

paragraph: Ted Jennings

paragraph: Edward Jennings (born March 15, 1990), known as Ted or Teddy Jennings, is an American football defensive end for the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League (AFL). He was signed by the Philadelphia Soul as an undrafted free agent in 2014. He played college football at Connecticut. Jennings was selected by the Beijing Lions of the China Arena Football League (CAFL) in the fourth round of the 2016 CAFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- UCONN Huskies bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arena Football League bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Ted Jennings

wikipedia_title: Ted Jennings


text:
cricket
Hampshire
Hambledon Club
Surrey
roundarm bowling
overarm bowling
Churt
Frensham
Surrey
Lord Frederick Beauclerk
Bourne Paddock
White Conduit Club
Kent
Gentlemen v Players
Harry
John
Chiddingfold
H S Altham
Derek Birley
Arthur Haygarth
Ashley Mote
John Nyren
Ashley Mote

categories: English cricketers of 1701 to 1786,Surrey cricketers,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,Players cricketers,White Conduit Club cricketers,Brighton cricketers,English cricketers of 1787 to 1825,English cricketers,1831 deaths,Hampshire cricketers,Left-Handed v Right-Handed cricketers,Hambledon cricketers,Middlesex cricketers,Surrey and Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,Kent cricketers,1762 births

paragraph: Tom Walker (cricketer)

paragraph: Thomas Walker (16 November 1762 – 1 March 1831) was an English cricketer who played for Hampshire in the days of the Hambledon Club and later for Surrey. He was famous for his brilliant defensive batting. He is also credited with introducing, roundarm bowling, the predecessor of modern overarm bowling.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Walker was born in Churt, near Frensham, Surrey. Known as "Old Everlasting", he was one of the greatest batsmen of the late 18th century and was also a very useful bowler. He is believed to have been the originator of the roundarm bowling style. Legend has it that he and some of his fellow players in the "Hambledon Era" used to practise in a barn during the winters. Walker worked out that he could generate more bounce and variation of pace if he bowled with his arm away from his body and soon realised that these deliveries gave the batsman added problems. He failed to get the new style accepted during his career although he sowed the seeds of a bowling revolution that took place a generation later.

paragraph: Walker was noted for his outstanding defensive play and was notoriously difficult to dismiss. On one occasion the frustrated bowler Lord Frederick Beauclerk is reported to have thrown down his hat and shouted: "You confounded old beast!" at Walker whose laconic response to his teammates afterwards was: "I don't care what he says".

paragraph: On another occasion he faced 170 deliveries from David Harris and scored one run.

paragraph: In a match at Bourne Paddock on 8–12 August 1786, playing for White Conduit Club versus Kent, Walker came very close to scoring two centuries in the match and would have been the first known achiever of this feat if he had scored five more in his first innings. He made 95* and 102. White Conduit won the game by 164 runs.

paragraph: Walker played for the Players in the inaugural and second Gentlemen v Players matches in 1806.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His brothers Harry, who was a very good player, and John, an occasional player, also represented Surrey.

paragraph: Tom Walker died in Chiddingfold, Surrey.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H S Altham, "A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)", George Allen & Unwin, 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derek Birley, "A Social History of English Cricket", Aurum, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Haygarth, "Scores & Biographies", Volume 1 (1744-1826), Lillywhite, 1862

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashley Mote, "The Glory Days of Cricket", Robson, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Nyren, "The Cricketers of my Time" (ed. Ashley Mote), Robson, 1998

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Tom Walker

wikipedia_title: Tom Walker (cricketer)


text:
Old Norse
Norwegian
Olaf Haraldsson
Snorri Sturluson
Heimskringla
cognomen
Viking Age
Melhus
Earls of Lade
Battle of Svolder
Olaf Tryggvason
Olaf Tryggvason
Erling Skjalgsson
Sveinn Hákonarson
Olaf Haraldsson
Battle at Nesjar
Olaf Haraldsson
Battle of Stiklestad
Trøndelag
Cnut the Great
Norway
Sveinn
Ælfgifu
Sveinn Knutsson
Garðaríki
Magnus
Kalv Arnesson
Harthacnut
Thorir Hund
Jerusalem
Harald Sigurdsson
Constantinople
Harald Fairhair
Nidaros
Bergljot Håkonsdatter
Lade
Harald Fairhair
Sør-Trøndelag

categories: Norwegian military leaders,980s births,1050s deaths,Viking warriors,Assassinated Norwegian people,Assassinated military personnel,Medieval Norwegian nobility,People from Melhus,Norwegian politicians

paragraph: Einar Thambarskelfir

paragraph: Einar Eindridesson Thambarskelfir (c. 980–c. 1050) (Old Norse: "Einarr Þambarskelfir", Modern Norwegian: "Einar Tambarskjelve") was an influential Norwegian noble and politician during the 11th century. He headed the feudal lords in their opposition to Olaf Haraldsson.

paragraph: Several references are made to him in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla. His cognomen, "Thambarskelfir", has two strongly differing explanations. One is that it is derived from "tomb", meaning shaking bowstring. Thus, the name suggests a master of the longbow. The other is that it is derived from "tambr", meaning 'belly', and that it translates to 'wobbly belly', surely an unflattering reflection of his physical build.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Einarr Thambarskelfir was the son of Eindride, a rich and influential farmer at the Viking Age political center of Melhus. Einar Thambarskelfir was a jarl and chieftain at Husaby, a farm in Skaun municipality, and a powerful warlord with his own army. He descended from the Earls of Lade, one of the dominant families of Norwegian Viking Age politics. He made his debut both as a saga character and in the political arena at the sea Battle of Svolder in 1000, fighting on the losing side of Olaf Tryggvason. From his description of this battle, Snorri presents us with one of the saga's most famous passages:

paragraph: Section::::Olaf Haraldsson's reign.

paragraph: King Olaf Tryggvason disappeared during the battle, though his corpse was never found after the Battle of Svolder. Einar, however, survived, and spent the next decades maneuvring through shifting political waters. Einar, together with Erling Skjalgsson, supported Lade jarl Sveinn Hákonarson against Olaf Haraldsson at the Battle at Nesjar in 1016. While Sveinn had to flee the country after the battle, and Erling was forced to join an uneasy alliance with the new king, Einar remained unscathed. He returned to Melhus and remained an opponent of the king. Therefore, when Danish influences sought to overthrow Olaf Haraldsson in 1028, he supported them. However, he did not join the peasants' army at the Battle of Stiklestad. This was more due to luck than calculation – when news of Olaf's presence in Trøndelag broke, Einarr was in England, making a political visit to the Anglo-Danish King Cnut the Great. However, this move would later pay off handsomely.

paragraph: After Stiklestad, many Norwegian noblemen felt that King Cnut had promised to install them as rulers of Norway in his place. Einar Thambarskelfir expected that he would be the natural choice, being the oldest opponent of Olaf. However, the Anglo-Danish king instead made his son Sveinn a viceroy, in effect placing his mother Ælfgifu in charge of his recent conquest. This greatly infuriated Einar.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: As the pressure grew more intense on him during Sveinn Knutsson's viceroy reign, Einar made his greatest political masterstroke. He traveled to Garðaríki (later Russia), where he found Olaf's eleven-year-old illegitimate son Magnus (later dubbed 'the Good'). Forming a political alliance with former Stiklestad peasant army leader Kalv Arnesson, he then proceeded to broker an agreement between the puppet king Magnus and the newly installed Danish ruler, Harthacnut, son of Cnut the Great.

paragraph: Thus, Einar became the de facto ruler of Norway, a position he at this point never could have held if he himself had fought Magnus's father at Stiklestad. Kalv Arnesson and Thorir Hund, two nobles who did, both faded out into insignificance; the latter even forced to go to Jerusalem in search of forgiveness for killing the holy king. While Magnus did assume some power as he grew older, Einar remained a very influential figure throughout his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Turn of the tide.

paragraph: However, around 1045 the aging Einar ran out of luck. At this point, Olaf Haraldsson's half-brother Harald Sigurdsson, later dubbed "Hardrada", returned with a vast fortune amassed as a military commander in Constantinople. According to the succession laws put in place by the earlier monarch Harald Fairhair, Harald had a legitimate claim to the throne, a claim he did not hesitate to put forward. Fearing that Harald would turn his economic power into military power, Magnus against Einar's advice let Harald become joint monarch in late 1046. Only a year later, Magnus died, and the strong-willed Harald became sole monarch.

paragraph: Harald was determined to centralize power, and had little patience with the quarreling nobles and peasant leaders. Thus, he was bound to end up on a collision course with the equally determined Einar Thambarskelfir. Conflict ensued, threatening civil war, and Einar began raising another peasants' army against the increasingly unpopular and tyrannical Harald. However, before this work was completed, Harald appeared to seek reconciliation. He asked Einar for a meeting at his farm in Nidaros, so that the two could sit down and broker an agreement. Harald, of course, had no such intentions. He had decided that Einar had to be removed before his support was too powerful. Thus, when arriving at the king's farm, Einar and his son Eindride were assassinated.

paragraph: His widow Bergljot Håkonsdatter raised an army and attacked the king's farm to avenge the murder, but the king manage to escape her.

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation.

paragraph: According to the saga, Einar Thambarskelfir played a crucial role both in terms of the sanctification of Olaf in 1031 and in the restoration of Magnus as Norwegian regent in 1035.

paragraph: The death of Einar Thambarskelfir concludes two important eras of Norwegian medieval politics. Firstly, he is the last of the Lade family to play a political role at this level. Secondly, he is also the last nobleman to seek power in Norway without a claim based on the succession laws of Harald Fairhair. From this point on, all potential kings – however dubious their alleged relation to the ancient king – would claim to be descended from Harald Fairhair.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The coat of arms of Melhus municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county shows an archer, symbolizing the famous chief and archer from Skaun, Einar Thambarskelfir.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferguson, Robert. "The Vikings: A History" (New York City: Penguin Group. 2009)

description: noble and politician from Norway

wikidata_label: Einar Thambarskelfir

wikipedia_title: Einar Thambarskelfir


text: Arad

text: Austro-Hungarian

text: Serbia

text: Arad

text: Habsburg Empire

text: Budapest Academy of Fine Arts

text: Budapest

text: Zagreb

text: Munich

text: Academy of Fine Arts

text: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Novi Sad

text: Belgrade

text: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

text: Paris

text: Webpage with Tabaković's works

text: ArtFacts Entry

text: Serbian Sculpture

categories: Serbs of Romania,1898 births,Serbs of Vojvodina,Serbian painters,Hungarian University of Fine Arts alumni,Romanian people of Serbian descent,Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni,1977 deaths,People from Arad, Romania

paragraph: Ivan Tabaković

paragraph: Ivan Tabaković (10 December 1898, Arad – 27 June 1977, Belgrade) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Serbian painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Arad, then part of the Habsburg Empire, on 10 December 1898, to a Serbian family. He studied at the Budapest Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, and afterwards, at the Royal Academy of Applied Arts in Zagreb. Tabaković’s education under the mentorship of Ljubo Babić in Zagreb and with Hans Hofmann in Munich directed his painting towards the foundations of modernist painting vocabulary. In the autumn of 1922, Tabaković left for Munich, only temporarily interrupting his studies in Zagreb. He attended the Academy of Fine Arts for two semesters, in the class of Professor Becher Gundal, as well as Hans Hofmann's private school. In 1926, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, he was engaged as a part-time draftsman at the Institute of Anatomy, spending time with Postružnik and founding the Zagreb group “Earth” (1929) led to an emphasis on satirical criticism of human weaknesses and flaws, which he elevated to the level of a parable, personification or allegory with expressive language, and which culminated in the painting Genius (1929), the zenith of his Zagreb period (1925–1930), which was a result of his activities in the group “Earth” (until 1932). He moved to Novi Sad in 1930, and started his pedagogical work in 1938 at the School of Applied Arts in Belgrade.

paragraph: His Novi Sad period (1930–1938) was marked by a gradual abandonment of that which is morphological and stylistic, and partially of the ideological procedure of “Earth,” which can be seen in his paintings with a social theme. It was characterized by a multitude of extraordinary depictions of private and public spaces, still-lifes and landscapes with brilliant drawings possessing elements of an intimist, melancholically Proustian sensitivity and with a splendidly shaded and refined use of colour.

paragraph: His Belgrade period (1938–1977) encompassed several experimental-creative phases. The first one (1938–1955) continued an already established melancholic-poetic procedure often permeated by elements of grotesque, irony and sarcasm. After the foundation of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Academy of Applied Arts (in 1948), he continued his work at the Ceramics Department. This resulted with politically motivated passionate criticism of his art after World War II. A true turning point in Tabaković’s opus came with the entities of “The origin and forms of visual expression” and “Sources of visual research – Analysis and photographic records,” with theses that had the character of manifestos (1955). The second Belgrade period (1955–1977) was characterized by emphatic independent research into the fundamental principles of the modernist painting, chiefly its two-dimensional plane, as well as the non-mimetic approach through the use of pure, non-descriptive visual elements. His other research was aimed at the object, sculpture, collage and trick photography with the application of the visual logic of the early post-modern, aimed at the creation of super oeuvre created by the proliferation of landscapes, fragments, paintings, clippings, signs, emblems and symbols. It was this eccentric, creative and experimental period of the second half of the twentieth century that made Tabaković one of the most significant, exceptionally individual, indigenous innovators in Serbian modern art.

paragraph: He became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1965.

paragraph: Tabaković won a Grand Prix for ceramics on the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris (1937).

paragraph: Tabaković died at Belgrade on 27 June 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genius" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadows" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Message" (1968)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Webpage with Tabaković's works

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtFacts Entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serbian Sculpture

description: Serbian painter, sculptor

wikidata_label: Ivan Tabaković

wikipedia_title: Ivan Tabaković


text:
American
environmental art
University of California, Los Angeles
Robert Heineken
Robert Irwin
Richard Diebenkorn
Tadao Ando
LACMA
Chouinard Art Institute
California Institute of the Arts
Ferus Gallery
ArtForum
CalArts
Columbia Records
Charles and Ray Eames
Venice
Kirk Varnedoe
Whitney Biennial
Tribeca
National Endowment for the Arts
National Geographic Society
David Childs

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,21st-century American sculptors,21st-century American women artists,Artists from Philadelphia,1945 births,American women sculptors,Environmental artists,20th-century American women artists,University of California, Los Angeles alumni,Living people

paragraph: Elyn Zimmerman

paragraph: Elyn Zimmerman (born 1945) is an American sculptor known for her emphasis on large scale, site specific projects and environmental art. Along with these works, Zimmerman has exhibited drawings and photographs since graduating with an MFA in painting and photography at University of California, Los Angeles in 1972. Her teachers included Robert Heineken, Robert Irwin, and Richard Diebenkorn.

paragraph: In the mid 1970s Zimmerman created a number of temporary, site-specific installations for museum and gallery exhibitions. Some of these projects were presented at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Hudson River Museum, NY; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles; and the Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, DC.

paragraph: Zimmerman's permanent sculpture works, beginning in the 1980s, range from studio pieces and private commissions, to large scale projects for civic, university and corporate sites.

paragraph: She was most recently awarded the 2016 Isamu Noguchi Award alongside Tadao Ando.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Zimmerman's career as a sculptor began when she returned to California after a trip to India in 1977 where she was profoundly inspired by the archeological sites she visited. This trip precipitated her interest in doing outdoor projects and to work with stone. Upon her return she was invited to do temporary outdoor works at venues such as Artpark, Lewiston, NY; 1980 Winter Olympics, Lake Placid, NY; Laguna Gloria Art Museum, Austin, TX, and other spaces. As she has written, the ability to experiment with new materials and to learn while creating these temporary projects was invaluable and gave her confidence to create the permanent commissions that came later.

paragraph: These permanent projects, beginning in 1980, are recognized for their use of stone, water, (reflecting pools, fountains) and landscape elements. Included among these large scale, public commissions is a fountain to memorialize the 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City; the design of the sculpture garden at the Birmingham Museum of Art, Alabama; a fountain and seating area for AT&T headquarters in New Jersey; and the plaza design at the National Geographic headquarters in Washington, DC featuring a large pool surrounded by polished and natural cleft granite boulders.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early influences.

paragraph: During her undergraduate years at UCLA, Zimmerman took classes in the fine arts program while completing a BA in perceptual psychology. It was her knowledge in this discipline and her interest in contemporary art that led her to start working for Jim Turrell and Robert Irwin, doing research for their joint project for the Art and Technology exhibition at LACMA in 1967.

paragraph: Working as an independent student with Robert Heineken in photography and Richard Diebenkorn in painting, she was accepted into the MFA program in 1968 and graduated with an MFA in 1972.

paragraph: In the 1960s and 1970s Los Angeles was home for many art communities as well as quality art colleges: Chouinard Art Institute, Otis Parsons Art Institute, California Institute of the Arts, and the art departments at UCLA and USC.

paragraph: To compensate for the scarcity of art museums interested in contemporary art and the lack of art galleries, save for well-known Ferus Gallery founded by Walter Hopps, there were alternative art exhibition spaces, such as L.A.C.E and LAICA. In 1962 ArtForum was founded in San Francisco; the Feminist Art Movement began in 1971 with roots at CalArts; LACMA initiated the first museum exhibition of Art &Technology, and what came to be called the LA Light and Space Movement was generated, making use of unconventional venues to exhibit artist's projects.

paragraph: Zimmerman's work in graduate school was influenced by this rich environment as well as by the young architect she lived with during those years. He had been in the peace corps and traveled through India, Nepal and Central Asia. The images and cultural influences he shared when they met fueled her desire to travel and investigate the world herself. Together they traveled throughout the American southwest and to Mexico to see Native American and Pre-Columbian archeological sites, as well as visit the progressive modern architecture.

paragraph: Between her undergraduate and graduate years Zimmerman worked in a diverse number of positions. She was a part-time studio assistant for several artists until she was hired to work at Columbia Records in Hollywood as assistant to the head designer in the art department. She left that job when an offer came from the Charles and Ray Eames office in Venice to be the assistant to the house photographer and to run their darkroom.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later influences.

paragraph: Zimmerman and Kirk Varnedoe began a correspondence in 1975 after he wrote an enthusiastic article about the drawing and photographic piece she exhibited in the 1974 Whitney Biennial. She was in NYC in 1976 to install a project at PS1 when they met for coffee, from that point on engaging in a long distance relationship. In 1977 Zimmerman moved to New York City where she and Varnedoe shared a loft in the newly named "Tribeca" neighborhood. They married in 1983. He was a professor of art history at NYU's Institute of Fine Art and she taught studio classes at SUNY Purchase. Varnedoe's deep knowledge of western art history and his widely celebrated talent to convey this information to students, colleagues and friends enriched Zimmerman's understanding of and appreciation for these traditions. On the other hand, her studies of oriental art history, her residency in Japan, and travels to India and China became new interests of his.

paragraph: In 1979, the National Endowment for the Arts started a new program called Art in Public Places. Projects using government funds were required to use a percentage of the funds for artworks specific to the project at hand. Zimmerman was awarded one of the first of these projects in 1979, for Fort Lincoln Park in Washington, DC. Although the project was never realized, it began her relationship with Cold Spring Granite Company in Cold Spring, MN. This would become her major source of stone materials for over 30 years.

paragraph: When the National Geographic Society selected David Childs of SOM to design their new headquarters in Washington, DC his office sought out artists who worked with stone. This became Zimmerman's first substantial commission, reinforcing her desire to pursue this type of artwork and to learn more about all the aspects of creating outdoor public projects including: construction methods; landscape requirements; sustainable building practices and materials sources. It was after spending considerable time at stone quarries that she became interested in also making smaller more intimate stone sculptures.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Public projects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 "Marabar," National Geographic Society, Washington D.C. Plaza with 60' long pool and granite boulders. Surrounding garden includes numerous sited granite boulders.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 "Terrain," O'Hare International Center, adjacent to O'Hare airport, Chicago, IL. Commissioned by Hawthorn Realty Group & Melvin Simon & Associates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 "First Market Plaza", First Market Tower Plaza, 525 Market St. San Francisco, CA. Commissioned by Tishman/Speyer and San Francisco Arts Commission.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Untitled," Conference Center, AT&T Headquarters, Basking Ridge, NJ.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Untitled," World Trade Center, New York City. Commemorating the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 "Wa Marafiki Mkusanyiko (Assembly of Friends)," US Embassy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Commissioned by the US State Department & Foundation of Art & Preservation in Embassies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Suspended Arcs", Olympic Park, Beijing, China. Commissioned by the Beijing 2008 Olympic Committee.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Capsouto Park", Commissioned by the NYC Parks Department, Art Tribeca Park Commission & the Mayor's Fund. A collaborative effort by the artist & Gail Wittwer-Laird of the NYC Parks Depart. This one acre park features landscape, seating and a 120' long x 10' wide stone and water 'canal' by the artist.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Sculpture commissions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 "Shunyata," Private residence, Oakbrook, IL

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 "Portal Meidum," Private residence, Amagansett, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Morbihan," General Mills Art Collection, Minneapolis, MN

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Agate", Private Residence, Darien, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Archeos," Private residence, Kent, NY

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: Elyn Zimmerman has exhibited for more than 40 years in Europe, Australia, Japan, and the United States. Including but not limited to the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1974 Whitney Biennial", Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1976 2nd Biennale of Sydney", Art Gallery of New South Wales, Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1979 Custom & Culture Part II", U.S. Customs House, NYC

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1979 Eight Artists: The Elusive Image", Walker Art Center, Minneapolis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "California Sculpture 1975-80", San Diego Museum of Art, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "Drawings: The Pluralist Decade", Venice Biennale, USA, Venice, Italy; & Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "Architectural Sculpture", LAICA, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Window Room Furniture", Houghton Gallery, Cooper Union, NYC; also Tokyo and Osaka, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 "Art & Architecture & Landscape", San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "Sculpture for Public Spaces", Marisa Del Re Gallery, NYC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 "Layers of Vision", Bette Stoler Gallery, NYC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 "Private Work for Public Spaces", R.C. Erpf Gallery, NYC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "Concept - Decoratif: Anti-formalist Art of the 70's", Nahan Contemporary Gallery, NYC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Tenth Anniversary", Socrates Sculpture Park, LIC, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Some Grids", L.A. County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Urban Visions", Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Environmental Sculptures", Dorsky Gallery, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Contemporary Impressionism: Light, Color, Form, Time", LA Art House, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Artpark: 1974-1984", UB Art Gallery, Center for the Arts, Buffalo, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 "Master Drawings New York", Barbara Mathes Gallery, New York, NY

paragraph: Section::::Selected collections.

paragraph: Selected public and corporate collections include: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Telfair Museum Jepson Center, Savannah; Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham; Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton; Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover; AT&T Corporation, Basking Ridge; British Museum, London; Chase Manhattan Bank Corporation, New York; Clos Pegase Winery Sculpture Garden, Napa Valley; Commodities Corporation, Princeton; Equitable Corporation, New York; General Mills Sculpture Garden, Minneapolis; Goldman Sachs Corporate Collection, New York; Henry Buhl Collection, New York; Kramarsky Collection, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 Artist Fellowship Grant, National Endowment for the Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 New Talent Award, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Artist Fellowship Grant, National Endowment for the Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 C.A.P.S. Artist Fellowship Grant, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 Japan - US Creative Artist Exchange Fellowship, Residency in Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 Artist Fellowship Grant, National Endowment for the Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 ASLA - Maryland Chapter for National Geographic Society Plaza, Washington D.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Bessie Award - Set Design for "Memory Theater of Giulio Camillo," Creative Time, NYC

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Excellence in Design for Capsouto Park, Art Commission of the City of New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Great Places in America Award /Public Spaces, The Charles Ireland Sculpture Garden, Birmingham Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Resident American Academy in Rome (RAAR '10) Roy Lichtenstein Residency

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 San Francisco's Best Public Open Spaces, CURBED/SF

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Isamu Noguchi Award, Noguchi Museum, Long Island City, NY

paragraph: Section::::Monographs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Elemental / Elyn Zimmerman Works on Paper

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Elyn Zimmerman: Places + Projects 40 Years

wikidata_label: Elyn Zimmerman

wikipedia_title: Elyn Zimmerman


text:
Attic
black-figure
name vase
kalpis
Sappho
National Museum, Warsaw
lekythoi
epinetra
white-ground
red-figure
Six's technique
Edinburgh Painter
The Sappho Painter's name vase

categories: 6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek vase painters

paragraph: Sappho Painter

paragraph: Sappho Painter was an Attic black-figure vase painter, active .

paragraph: His name vase is a "kalpis" depicting the poet Sappho, currently held by the National Museum, Warsaw (Inv. 142333). The hand of the Sappho Painter has been identified on 95 vessels, 70% of which are "lekythoi". His work has been also seen on tomb wall slabs and epinetra.

paragraph: Nearly half of his paintings are of the white-ground style. He apparently avoided the then-predominant red-figure technique, but sometimes used Six's technique whereby figures are laid on a black surface in white or red and details are incised so that the black shows through. He was influenced and possibly trained by the Edinburgh Painter.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sappho Painter's name vase at The Beazley Archive, University of Oxford

description: ancient attic-greek black-figure vase-painter

wikidata_label: Sappho Painter

wikipedia_title: Sappho Painter


text: CBE

text: Sudan

text: British School of Archaeology

text: Jerusalem

text: Jesus College, Oxford

text: Chancellor

text: Lincoln Cathedral

text: Worthing

text: Beccles

text: Suffolk

text: Molly

text: Marlborough College

text: Brasenose College, Oxford

text: Greats

text: Senior Hulme Exhibitioner

text: British School at Athens

text: Cyprus

text: Birmingham University

text: Tewfik Pasha

text: Government of Sudan

text: Babikr Bedri

text: Mahdism

text: Grace Mary Hood (Molly)

text: Dorothy

text: Joan

text: Lord Kitchener

text: Khartoum

text: John Garstang

text: Jerash

text: Samaria-Sebaste

text: Ahab

text: Palestine Exploration Fund

text: Grace Mary ("Molly")

text: Tayler & Green

text: Joan Crowfoot Payne

text: Ashmolean Museum

text: Graham Rowley

text: Dorothy

text: Royal Society

text: Nobel Prize in Chemistry

text: Sudan Archive at Durham University

text: catalogue of his papers

text: Palestine Exploration Fund

text: "Obituary"

text: Kathleen Kenyon

text: John Garstang

text: Grace Mary Crowfoot

text: George Horsfield

text: Agnes Conway

categories: People educated at Marlborough College,1959 deaths,Educational administrators,British archaeologists,Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford,1873 births

paragraph: John Winter Crowfoot

paragraph: John Winter Crowfoot CBE (28 July 1873 – 6 December 1959) was a British educational administrator and archaeologist. He worked for 25 years in Egypt and Sudan, serving from 1914 to 1926 as Director of Education in the Sudan, before accepting an invitation to become Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Origins, education and early career.

paragraph: John Winter Crowfoot was the eldest of three children, and the only son, of clergyman John Henchman Crowfoot (1841-1927) and his wife Mary (née Bayly). A Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford and later the Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral, John Henchman lived with his wife Mary in Lincoln for most of their married life, retiring to Worthing before World War I.

paragraph: By tradition, the Crowfoots were a medical family. Between 1783 and 1907 they provided five generations of surgeons and doctors to the market town of Beccles in Suffolk. John's uncles William Miller Crowfoot (1837-1918) and Edward Bowles Crowfoot (1845-1897) were doctors in Beccles, as was his cousin William Bayly Crowfoot (1878-1907). In 1921 John and his wife Molly leased a house at Geldeston, near Beccles, which became the family home for the next sixty years.

paragraph: John was educated at the Fauconberge School before entering Marlborough College and then Brasenose College, Oxford, where he read Greats and was Senior Hulme Exhibitioner in 1896.

paragraph: On graduating Crowfoot studied from 1896 to 1897 at the British School at Athens. He excavated on Cyprus between 1897 and 1898. Lacking private means or other funding to continue an archaeological career, John accepted an appointment in 1899 as lecturer in Classics at Birmingham University, the first "red-brick university" to gain a royal charter in the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Sudan and Egypt.

paragraph: In 1901 John went to Egypt, to take up a post as Assistant Master at a school founded in Cairo by the late Tewfik Pasha. Between 1903 and 1908 he served as Assistant Director of Education and Acting Conservator of Antiquities for the Government of Sudan, before being appointed in 1908 as Inspector at the Ministry of Education in Cairo.

paragraph: During his first period in Sudan John Crowfoot became acquainted with Babikr Bedri, a former soldier of the Mahdi. Colonial officials warned Bedri that his intention to set up the first modern school for girls in Sudan would be "under your own name and at your own expense". John Crowfoot made a personal donation of £10 towards the costs. The school opened in 1907.

paragraph: In the early 20th century the colonial authorities in Sudan still feared a further eruption of Mahdism. As a consequence the region was under quasi-military rule. There were no European women in the country and any man recruited to work in Sudan had to provide assurances that he was not only unmarried but also without a fiancée. In 1909 after John moved to Cairo he was able to marry Grace Mary Hood (Molly), whom he had met in Lincoln years before. She joined him in Egypt and over the next four years their daughters Dorothy, Joan and Elisabeth were born in Cairo.

paragraph: In 1916, on the recommendation of Lord Kitchener, Crowfoot returned to the Sudan as the Director of Education and Principal of Gordon College, Khartoum. He was now accompanied by his wife Molly. John Crowfoot served, at the same time, as Director of the Department of Antiquities of the Sudan. In 1919, Crowfoot was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for wartime services in the Sudan, which included monitoring shipping in the Red Sea.

paragraph: Government attitudes towards the provision of educational opportunities to the Sudanese hardened over time, particularly after political disturbances in 1924. Crowfoot, “who despite a lack of forcefulness was an educational administrator of long experience”, decided to claim the pension to which he was already entitled and resigned in 1926.

paragraph: Section::::Palestine.

paragraph: That same year, still in his early fifties, John Crowfoot succeeded John Garstang as Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. This enabled him and his wife Molly, at long last, to engage in archaeology full-time. He retained the directorship until his retirement in 1935.

paragraph: Between 1928 and 1930 John Crowfoot directed the BSAJ-Yale University excavation of more than a dozen 5th- and 6th-century Christian churches at Jerash (Gerasa) in Trans-Jordan. This broke with the prevailing "obsession" with the Old Testament among archaeologists in Palestine and their desire "to prove it true". Under his guidance there was a shift to examining what survived of early Christian archaeology, which was "rich in architecture, art, epigraphy and the classical roots of Western society" (R.W. Hamilton).

paragraph: From 1931 to 1935 John Crowfoot directed the Joint Expedition of the BSAJ, PEF, Harvard University and the Hebrew University at Samaria-Sebaste. These excavations made it possible to reconstruct the "dramatically changing fortunes" of this provincial capital of Omri and his son Ahab through twenty centuries, with the successive cultural contributions of Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Crusaders. Three large volumes of the findings from this site were published, between 1938 and 1957.

paragraph: In the words of the Palestine Exploration Fund, "Crowfoot’s work in this period was of the greatest importance for Levantine archaeology, with major contributions to the understanding of the Iron Age ceramic sequence, the eastern terra sigillata, and pioneering work on early churches".

paragraph: From 1945 to 1950 John Crowfoot was Chairman of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

paragraph: Section::::Family and retirement.

paragraph: John Crowfoot married Grace Mary ("Molly") Hood in 1909. A botanist and fine draughtswoman, she became a distinguished scholar in her own right, an authority on archaeological textiles, and served as an equal partner in many of his professional activities.

paragraph: In the years following the end of World War II Crowfoot was an active member of the housing committee at the Loddon Rural District Council, and took pride in his successful support of the distinctive local council housing designed by the Tayler & Green partnership.

paragraph: At varying times and in varying ways his four daughters followed their parents and also pursued archaeological interests. Joan Crowfoot Payne (1912-2002) worked for thirty years on Egyptian antiquities at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford; Elisabeth Crowfoot (1914-2005) succeeded her mother as a textile archaeologist; and Diana (b. 1918), a geographer, married Graham Rowley, the Arctic explorer and archaeologist.

paragraph: Their eldest daughter, Dorothy, visited her parents on site in Jerash and helped with drawings of certain mosaics there. Her field was chemistry and in 1947 she was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, only the third woman to have received that honour. (In 1964 Dorothy would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.)

paragraph: John Winter Crowfoot died in 1959 and is buried, with his wife Molly, next to the tower of St Michael's parish church, Geldeston.

paragraph: Section::::Papers and publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Winter Crowfoot's unpublished papers relating to his time in Egypt, Sudan and Palestine are held, respectively, in the Sudan Archive at Durham University (see catalogue of his papers there) and the archives of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The published writings of John Winter Crowfoot include archaeological reports, articles on anthropology and folklore, and memoirs.

paragraph: Section::::Papers and publications.:Early works (Anatolia).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Survivals among the Kappadokian Kizilbash (Bektash)" (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kleinasien Ein Neuland Der Kunstgeschichte" (1903)

paragraph: Section::::Papers and publications.:Sudan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some lacunae in the Anthropology of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan" (1907). A paper read before the British Association in August 1907 ..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The island of Meroë" (London and Boston, 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wedding Customs in the Northern Sudan" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Days, 1903-1931" (1954)

paragraph: Section::::Papers and publications.:Palestine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palestine Exploration Quarterly", 1865 to present, online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley, Jerusalem, 1927" (Dawsons, 1929; with G.M. Fitzgerald)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Churches at Jerash" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Churches at Bosra and Samaria-Sebaste" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samaria-Sebaste 2: Early Ivories" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gerasa, city of the Decapolis: The Christian churches" (American Schools of Oriental Research, 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Churches in Palestine: Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1937" (Oxford University Press, 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samaria-Sebaste 1: The Buildings" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samaria-Sebaste 3: The Objects" (1957)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obituary" by Kathleen Kenyon in the "Palestinian Exploration Quarterly" (1960) 92:2, pp. 161–163.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Memoirs of Babikr Bedri", Vol 2, Ithaca Press, London (1980). Numerous references to John and Molly Crowfoot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth Crowfoot, "John Winter Crowfoot", "Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East" (1997), Vol. 2, pp. 72–73. Published under the auspices of the American Schools of Oriental Research by Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amara Thornton (2011) "British Archaeologists, Social Networks and the Emergence of a Profession: The Social History of British Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, 1870-1939" (PhD in Archaeology, UCL Institute of Archaeology). The thesis focuses on five British archaeologists—John Garstang, John Winter Crowfoot, Grace Mary Crowfoot, George Horsfield and Agnes Conway.

wikidata_label: John Winter Crowfoot

wikipedia_title: John Winter Crowfoot


text:
Gibraltar international
footballer
Lincoln Red Imps
Gibraltar Premier Division
left back
left winger
Gibraltar
Linense
Segunda División B
Tercera División
Spanish football league system
CD San Roque
Leyton Orient
League One
UEFA Champions League
Lincoln Red Imps
HB Tórshavn
Faroe Islands
Hibernian
UEFA
England C
Livingston
2011 Island Games
Gibraltar national futsal team
UEFA Futsal Championship
Montenegro
Slovakia
Estonia
Greece national football team
Gibraltar
Armenia
2018–19 UEFA Nations League
Liechtenstein
Kenneth Chipolina

categories: Gibraltarian footballers,1987 births,Gibraltarian expatriate footballers,Gibraltar international footballers,Lincoln Red Imps F.C. players,Segunda División B players,Real Colorado Foxes players,Association football forwards,Tercera División players,Expatriate footballers in Spain,St Joseph's F.C. players,Expatriate soccer players in the United States,CD San Roque footballers,Living people,Real Balompédica Linense footballers

paragraph: Joseph Chipolina

paragraph: Joseph Luis Chipolina (born 14 December 1987) is a Gibraltar international footballer who plays for Lincoln Red Imps of the Gibraltar Premier Division as a left back or left winger.

paragraph: He is his nation's second most-capped player of all time, having also played the first 27 official matches after Gibraltar were accepted into UEFA.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Chipolina began his career with Linense of the Spanish Segunda División B and Tercera División, the third and fourth tier of the Spanish football league system respectively, between 2007 and 2012. In 2011–12, Chipolina played one season at CD San Roque of the Tercera División. In March 2012, Chipolina earned a week-long trial at Leyton Orient of England's League One. Chipolina and San Roque terminated his contract by mutual consent in April 2012. In total, Chipolina made 26 appearances for the club.

paragraph: On 2 July 2014, Chipolina scored the first goal for a Gibraltarian club in the UEFA Champions League, with a penalty to give Lincoln Red Imps the lead over HB Tórshavn of the Faroe Islands in a 1–1 draw.

paragraph: In December 2015, Chipolina was offered trials with three Scottish clubs, including Hibernian. However, the trials were cancelled at the last moment because of apparent contract complications with his club Lincoln Red Imps.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Between 2007 and 2013, Chipolina appeared in seven matches for Gibraltar and scored five goals before Gibraltar applied for and was granted UEFA membership. One of his caps came in a friendly match against England C which garnered interest in the player from Leyton Orient and Scotland's Livingston. He was also a part of the squad that competed in the 2011 Island Games. Chipolina made history by being the first Gibraltarian player to score in an official UEFA match when he scored for the Gibraltar national futsal team in a UEFA Futsal Championship match against Montenegro in 2013.

paragraph: After Gibraltar was accepted as a member of UEFA, Chipolina was selected as part of the 23-man squad for Gibraltar's official debut against Slovakia on 19 November 2013. Chipolina made his international debut in the match, a start in the eventual 0–0 draw. He played in every one of Gibraltar's games from 19 November 2013 until 3 September 2017, but was left out of the senior squad announcement on 28 September 2017 to face Estonia and Greece national football team. On 13 October 2018, Chipolina scored the only goal from the penalty spot as Gibraltar recorded their first competitive win in a 1–0 victory over Armenia in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League. He was on the scoresheet again three days later, heading the winner as Gibraltar came from behind to beat Liechtenstein 2–1.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Chipolina works as an admin clerk in Gibraltar. He is the older brother of Kenneth Chipolina who also plays for the Gibraltar national football team.

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Joseph Chipolina

wikipedia_title: Joseph Chipolina


text:
prelate
Roman Catholic Church
auxiliary bishop
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
ordained
priesthood
auxiliary bishop
Buenos Aires
titular bishop
Ipagro
episcopal consecration
Jorge Mario Bergoglio
pope Francis
Jorge Eduardo Lozano
José Antonio Gentico
co-consecrators
Bishop Eduardo Horacio García

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1956 births,Argentine Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Eduardo Horacio García

paragraph: Eduardo Horacio García (born January 22, 1956) is a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He serves as auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires since 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Buenos Aires, García was ordained to the priesthood on November 18, 1983.

paragraph: On June 21, 2003, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires and titular bishop of "Ipagro". García received his episcopal consecration on the following August 16 from Jorge Mario Bergoglio, archbishop of Buenos Aires, the later pope Francis, with auxiliary bishops of Buenos Aires, Jorge Eduardo Lozano and José Antonio Gentico, serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- catholic-hierarchy.org, Bishop Eduardo Horacio García

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Eduardo Horacio García

wikipedia_title: Eduardo Horacio García