text:
professional baseball
second baseman
Cincinnati Reds
Major League Baseball
Miami Marlins
St. Ignatius High School
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
left field
third base
St. Ignatius High School
Cleveland, Ohio
Houston Astros
2007 Major League Baseball draft
Georgia Institute of Technology
college baseball
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball
Atlantic Coast Conference
collegiate summer baseball
Wareham Gatemen
Cape Cod Baseball League
Tampa Bay Rays
2010 Major League Baseball draft
Hudson Valley Renegades
Class A-Short Season
New York–Penn League
Bowling Green Hot Rods
Class A
Midwest League
home run
Charlotte Stone Crabs
Class A-Advanced
Florida State League
Montgomery Biscuits
Class AA
Southern League
Miami Marlins
Yunel Escobar
Jacksonville Suns
Donovan Solano
Chris Valaika
optioned
New Orleans Zephyrs
Class AAA
Pacific Coast League
Dominican Professional Baseball League
hit by pitch
hit by pitch
Cincinnati Reds
spring training
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chris Archer
Jeff Kellogg
David Bell
Yasiel Puig
Amir Garrett
Keone Kela
Felipe Vázquez
Nick Kingham
hit by pitch
Milwaukee Brewers
Steve Demeter
juggler
Puerto Rican
Monica Puig
Cleveland Indians

categories: Montgomery Biscuits players,Hudson Valley Renegades players,Miami Marlins players,Charlotte Stone Crabs players,Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball players,Bowling Green Hot Rods players,Baseball players from Ohio,Wareham Gatemen players,1989 births,Major League Baseball second basemen,Cincinnati Reds players,Living people,Sportspeople from Cleveland

paragraph: Derek Dietrich

paragraph: Derek Richard Dietrich (born July 18, 1989) is an American professional baseball second baseman for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut on May 8, 2013, with the Miami Marlins. Prior to playing professionally, Dietrich starred at St. Ignatius High School in Cleveland, Ohio and played for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. While primarily a second baseman, he has also played left field and third base for the Marlins.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Dietrich attended St. Ignatius High School in Cleveland, Ohio. One of the top high school players in the country, he took part in the East Coast Professional Baseball Showcase and the AFLAC All-American game while he was a senior.

paragraph: The Houston Astros selected Dietrich with their first selection, with the 111th overall selection in the third round, of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft. Dietrich opted not to sign, instead choosing to attend the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he played college baseball for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball team. He was named the Atlantic Coast Conference's co-player of the week from March 23–28, 2010. He also played collegiate summer baseball for the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: The Tampa Bay Rays selected Dietrich in the second round, with the 79th overall selection, in the 2010 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Rays and made his professional debut with the Hudson Valley Renegades of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League that summer. In 2011, while playing for the Bowling Green Hot Rods in the Class A Midwest League, he set a team record for home runs in a season and was named a Midwest League all-star.

paragraph: Dietrich played for the Charlotte Stone Crabs of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League and Montgomery Biscuits of the Class AA Southern League in 2012. After the 2012 season, the Rays traded Dietrich to the Miami Marlins for Yunel Escobar. The Marlins assigned Dietrich to the Jacksonville Suns of the Southern League at the start of the 2013 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Miami Marlins.

paragraph: Following injuries to Donovan Solano and Chris Valaika, the Marlins promoted Dietrich to the major leagues on May 8, 2013, and he made his MLB debut that day. He was optioned back to Jacksonville on July 22.

paragraph: In 2014, Dietrich served as the Marlins' starting second baseman. They optioned Dietrich to the New Orleans Zephyrs of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League in June due to his poor defense. After the season, Dietrich played winter baseball in the Dominican Professional Baseball League, but his season ended prematurely due to an ankle injury.

paragraph: Dietrich began the 2015 season with New Orleans. The Marlins promoted him to the major leagues on June 12.

paragraph: In 2016 he batted .279, and was 2nd in the major leagues in hit by pitch, with 24.

paragraph: He had his best offensive season in 2017, posting career highs in games played (135), at bats (406), runs (56), home runs (13), RBI (53) and walks (36).

paragraph: In 2018 he batted .265/.330/.421. He tied for the major league lead in hit by pitch, with 21. Dietrich was designated for assignment on November 20. After clearing waivers, Dietrich elected free agency on November 26.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: On February 19, 2019, Dietrich signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds, receiving a non-roster invitation to spring training. In his Reds debut on March 28, Dietrich hit a three-run home run as part of a 5–3 win on Opening Day over the Pirates.

paragraph: In a game on April 7, 2019, against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Dietrich hit a second-inning, two-run home run that landed in the river off of Pirates starter Chris Archer. As the ball flew over the wall, Dietrich stayed at home plate and admired the ball for a few seconds as it went over before he started running. When Dietrich returned to bat in the fourth inning, Archer threw a ball behind Dietrich’s back. Home plate umpire Jeff Kellogg issued Archer a warning, much to the irritation of Reds manager David Bell. As Bell argued with the umpire, benches cleared and Yasiel Puig attempted to throw punches at the Pirates players. In the end of the incident, five people were ejected: Bell, Puig, Reds southpaw Amir Garrett, Pirates setup man Keone Kela, and Pirates closer Felipe Vázquez. When play resumed, Dietrich was struck out by Archer, but got another two-run home run, also hit into the river, later in the game off of Pirates pitcher Nick Kingham.

paragraph: In late June 2019, Dietrich set a new MLB record for being hit by pitch in a single series, when he was hit six times in the first three games of a four-game series with the Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dietrich's grandfather, Steve Demeter, played in Major League Baseball. Dietrich credits his grandfather with teaching him about the game of baseball.

paragraph: Dietrich is a juggler and performs at community events and hospitals for children. As of 2018, Dietrich is in a relationship with Puerto Rican tennis player Monica Puig.

paragraph: Dietrich grew up a Cleveland Indians fan.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Derek Dietrich

wikipedia_title: Derek Dietrich


text:
House of Piast
Wodzisław Śląski
Pope John XXII
Władysław of Opole
Henry IV Probus
Wrocław
Racibórz
Mieszko I
Przemysław
Przemysław of Racibórz
Euphemia
Władysław Odonic
Greater Poland
Opole
Racibórz
Constance
Przemysł I of Greater Poland
Henry IV Probus
Wrocław
Bolesław II the Bald
Vienna
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Bruno of Schauenburg
Bishop of Olomouc
Rudolf I of Habsburg
King of Germany
Battle on the Marchfeld
Środa Śląska
Strzegom
Władysław
Opole
Bishop of Wrocław
Thomas II Zaremba
Vienna
Matilda
Otto V the Long
Margrave of Brandenburg
Salzwedel
Racibórz
Mieszko I
Przemysław
sede vacante
Pope Honorius IV
Pope Nicholas IV
Henry III the White
Mieszko II the Fat
Pope Gregory X
Przemysław of Racibórz
Anna
Konrad II of Czersk
Trzebnica
Ziemomysł of Inowroclaw
Leszek
Leszek II the Black
Wodzisław Śląski
dower
Dominican
Racibórz
Władysław of Oświęcim
Casimir III the Great
Silesia
Pszczyna
Rybnik
Żory
John of Luxembourg
Fryštát
Black Death
Anna
Nicholas II of Opawa
Franciscan
Wodzisław Śląski
Racibórz

categories: People from Wodzisław Śląski,Year of birth unknown,14th-century women rulers,1351 deaths,Piast dynasty

paragraph: Constance, Duchess of Wodzisław

paragraph: Constance (; died 1351) was a Polish princess from the House of Piast and sovereign Duchess of Wodzisław Śląski from 1324 until her death.

paragraph: Her name appears twice in contemporary sources: firstly, in a letter of Pope John XXII dated 22 September 1321, where she is named "Duchess of Racibórz", and secondly in the "Chronicle of Racibórz", who give her the title of "Duchess of Wodzisław" ("księżną wodzisławską") and mentions her death in 1351. None of these sources showed Constance's parentage. Historians and sources are agreed that she was a member of the Piast dynasty; however, the difficult of establishing who was her father, caused two theories to emerge about her origins.

paragraph: The first hypothesis states that Constance was the daughter of Duke Władysław of Opole and wife of Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław, who repudiated her after several years of marriage. She moved to Racibórz at the court of her brothers Mieszko I and Przemysław, who given to her the district of Wodzisław as her own Duchy, where she remained until her death. Historians who dispute this theory alleged that Władysław of Opole had a daughter of unknown name, who died shortly after her marriage with Henry IV, or between her repudiation and Henry IV's subsequent marriage.

paragraph: According to the second hypothesis, based on Constance's titles showed in sources: Duchess of Racibórz and Duchess of Wodzisław, she was the daughter of Duke Przemysław of Racibórz. Certainly she remained unmarried and settled in Wodzisław (which probably was her own independent Duchy) until her death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daughter of Władysław of Opole.:Problems about her identification.

paragraph: In medieval sources, it is only known that from the marriage between Euphemia, daughter of Władysław Odonic, Duke of Greater Poland, and Władysław, Duke of Opole, was born a daughter who married Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław. No source directly specified her name, and therefore the historiography is divided about this fact and her correct identification in the Piast dynasty. Some historians share the view that she was Constance of Wodzisław, but the opponents of this idea argue that her name remains unknown. Also not gaining universal approval are the hypotheses arguing that Władysław of Opole's daughter was named either Margareta or Grzymisława. In the absence of proper sources who could clarify this matter, all the information and theories only created more difficulties in reconstructing her life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daughter of Władysław of Opole.:Birth.

paragraph: The exact birth date of the daughter of Władysław of Opole is unknown. The approximate year of birth was established on the basis of one of the two supplications addressed to the Pope, whose credibility are now called into question. In those documents, her brothers (considered by historians as the authors of the two complaints) requested an adjournment of their sister's wedding with Henry IV, since they felt that her age wasn't appropriate for a bride. Since the marriage's date was established between 1277 and 1280, she could be born about 1265. Her birth probably took place in Opole, the capital of her father's Duchy, or in Racibórz. By convention, among the offspring of Władysław of Opole and Euphemia of Greater Poland, she is placed as the fifth and last child, although she could be older than Przemysław of Racibórz. If her name was Constance, she probably was named after her cousin Constance, daughter of Przemysł I of Greater Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daughter of Władysław of Opole.:Marriage with Henry IV Probus.

paragraph: Władysław of Opole's daughter was married with Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław. Historians place the wedding between the second half of 1277 and March 1280, this is, between the six-months of captivity of Henry IV by his uncle Bolesław II the Bald (since 22 July 1277) and the Congress of Vienna. The wedding couldn't take place prior to 1277, because in the description of the events of Henry IV's imprisonment in the "Polish-Silesian Chronicle", the Duke of Wrocław is identified as a boy, which would be impossible if he was then married. In the Congress of Vienna was settled the dispute between the Dukes of Wrocław and Opole, proved in a document were Władysław called Henry IV his son-in-law. It's possible that the consolidation of the agreement was just the wedding between Henry IV and Władysław's daughter.

paragraph: According to one hypothesis, the marriage between the daughter of Władysław of Opole and Henry IV Probus only could have taken place between 1277 and 1278. This is based on the following considerations:

paragraph: In a letter of King Ottokar II of Bohemia to Bruno of Schauenburg, Bishop of Olomouc dated 15 August 1277, the King referred to his allies the Opole Dukes. Since they wanted to arrange a meeting in Racibórz, he requests the presence of Duchess Euphemia of Opole and her daughter, calling a Congress to discuss matters relating to the wedding of Władysław's daughter and Henry IV. The treatments of King Ottokar II were explained in his desire to obtain the support of Henry IV and Władysław of Opole in the war against Rudolf I of Habsburg, King of Germany. According to this hypothesis, there is a proof that in the second half of 1277, there was an alliance between the Dukes of Wrocław and Opole. Among the documents issued by Władysław of Opole and his sons, was found an act who provide support for all the plans of Henry IV. This document was issued after the marriage, because there Duke of Opole called Henry IV his son-in-law, and later in 1278, was added a clause that guarantees the obligations of the Duke of Opole with King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who fell on 26 August 1278 in the Battle on the Marchfeld. It is believed that the marriage took place in 1277 after Henry IV regained his freedom at the cost of gave Bolesław II the third part of his lands, included Środa Śląska and Strzegom (both inherited by Henry IV from his uncle Władysław); at that time, the conclusion of an alliance with the Dukes of Opole was the most favorable for Henry IV. The complaints presented to the Pope supported the hypothesis that the wedding took place in Opole, and was chaired by the Bishop of Wrocław, Thomas II Zaremba. Władysław's daughter probably reunited with her husband in Wrocław after she had the proper age to consummate the marriage.

paragraph: After settling the dispute with Henry IV at the Congress in Vienna in March 1280, Władysław of Opole issued a document, in which he promised to the Duke of Wrocław, his son-in-law, assistance in obtaining the Polish royal crown. This support would be provided with the condition that her daughter (and Henry IV's wife) was also crowned queen with her husband. Giving into question the credibility of the complaints to the Pope, this document suggests the possibility that the marriage between Henry IV and the princess of Opole took place in Vienna in 1280. In 1281 or 1282, Władysław of Opole died. Since then, the relations of Henry IV with the sons of the deceased Duke were completely different. At that time, the disputes with his brothers-in-law, his efforts to obtain the royal crown and the apparent barrenness of his wife added further problems to Henry IV's political aspirations.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daughter of Władysław of Opole.:Repudiation of Henry IV's wife.

paragraph: Almost all the modern historiography universally accepted the view that Henry IV Probus repudiated Władysław of Opole's daughter. It is based on the conclusion that the complainants to the Pope against the Duke of Wrocław's conduct are the Dukes of Opole, Henry IV's brothers-in-law. According to this hypothesis, the princess of Opole was repudiated by her husband in 1287 at the latest, because between 1287–1288, the Duke of Wrocław married with Matilda, daughter of Otto V the Long, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel.

paragraph: A detonant for the decision of repudiated his wife, was Henry IV's dispute with Bishop Thomas II Zaremba. Expelled from his dominions, the Bishop took refuge in Racibórz at the side of Dukes Mieszko I and Przemysław, Henry IV's brothers-in-law. On 18 April 1287 Henry IV formally asked Mieszko I to refuse his help to Bishop Thomas II, under the threat of rupture of their good relations. He said no, but instead offering as a mediator in the dispute. Despite the adoption of this proposal, Henry IV decided to divorce his wife. Although this move clearly was made against his alliance with the Opole Dukes, the apparent reason for the repudiation was the infertility of his wife, however this fact could be unfounded, because Henry IV's second marriage with Matilda of Brandenburg was also childless. The Dukes of Opole sent to the Pope two complaints requesting the reinstalation of their sister as Henry IV's wife. The waited response never come, certainly because the complaints were sent during the sede vacante who took place between the death of Pope Honorius IV (on 3 April 1287) and the election of Pope Nicholas IV (on 22 February 1288).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daughter of Władysław of Opole.:Theories about her death during the 1280s.

paragraph: In modern historiography were found two views, according to which Henry IV's first wife died during the 1280s, before the conclusion of his subsequent marriage with Matilda of Brandenburg. Both hypotheses are opposed to the identification of Wladysław of Opole's daughter as Duchess Constance of Wodzisław.

paragraph: The first hypothesis states that the Opole princess died probably in 1287 or 1288, shortly before the conclusion of Henry IV's second marriage. One fact that supported this view was in any contemporary source was read anything about the Duke of Wrocław's ventures seeking the annulment of his marriage with Wladysław of Opole's daughter or any other obstacles, with the exception of a close relationship before marrying Matilda of Brandenburg. In addition, sources not showed any problems for Henry IV about an irregular marital status during his efforts to obtain the royal crown. This hypothesis has been challenged by historians. Is noted that the marriage of Henry IV with the daughter of Wladysław of Opole was invalid without a dispensation from the Pope because of a close affinity between husband and wife (the mother of Henry IV, Judith of Masovia, married with Henry III the White as the widow of Mieszko II the Fat, paternal uncle of the Opole princess). Moreover, in these times, there was still the custom which allowed the dismissal of infertile wives. Thus, an annulment for Henry IV's marriage wasn't needed.

paragraph: According to another hypothesis, the daughter of Wladysław of Opole wasn't repudiated by her husband, but died shortly after her marriage. This is supported by the fact that as the wife of Henry IV, she is not mentioned in the "Genealogy of St. Hedwig", which happened on several occasions with spouses of short-term childless marriages. By contrast, the only reference about the repudiation of Henry IV's wife were two complaints sent to the Pope by two brothers, identified as Wladysław of Opole's sons; in both documents, are described the dismissal of their sister and the exile of the Bishop. Modern historians believed that the complaints are forgeries, based on the following considerations:

paragraph: The second complaint related that at the time of Henry IV's marriage with the Opole princess, her brothers are minors, a fact who is proved to be false. The first complaint was addressed to "Pope Gregory": the only Pope who bears that name during the second half of the 13th century was Pope Gregory X, who died in 1276, before the events reported in the complaints. The contents of both documents shows that the man who dismissed his wife, was the ruler of a foreign language, but both spouses came from the same diocese. Finally, the repudiation of Henry IV's wife wasn't mentioned during his long dispute with Bishop Thomas II Zaremba, who constantly enumerated the Duke's vices.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daughter of Przemysław of Racibórz.

paragraph: According to another theory, Constance was the daughter of Duke Przemysław of Racibórz and his wife Anna, daughter of Duke Konrad II of Czersk. Probably born before 1307, is understood that she was the youngest child of Ducal couple. She probably named after Constance, Abbess of Trzebnica and daughter of Duke Ziemomysł of Inowroclaw, while her brother, Leszek, was named after Leszek II the Black (Ziemomysł's brother). Constance probably never married. Until her death in 1351 she lived in Wodzisław Śląski, which certainly represented her personal fief.

paragraph: Assuming that this hypothesis were true, it's easier to explain the title given to Constance in the Papal letter: "Duchess of Racibórz". According to some historians, if Constance was the daughter of Wladysław of Opole, the appropriate title for her in this document would be "Duchess of Opole". In addition, is hard to believe that Constance, daughter of Wladysław of Opole, could live almost 86 years. Another point in favor of the hypothesis about the origin of Constance, is the fact that after the death of Anna of Czersk, Duke Leszek of Racibórz give the district of Wodzisław (Anna's dower) to Constance, which is more understandable if she was his sister rather than an old paternal aunt. Another argument who supported this view was provided by the archaeological research in the Dominican monastery of Racibórz. The experts founded that in the first half of the 14th century, was buried there an approximately 40-year-old woman who died as result of a disease. If this remains belonged to Constance, they proved that her father could be Przemysław of Racibórz.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Rule of Constance in Wodzisław.

paragraph: Following the hypothesis who identified Constance as the daughter of Wladysław of Opole, after she was repudiated by her husband came to Racibórz at the side of her brothers Mieszko I and Przemysław. Probably because she lived in that district was called "Duchess of Racibórz" in the Papal letter of 22 September 1321, in which Duke Władysław of Oświęcim and his wife Euphrosyne of Płock received the right to choose their own confessor. The issue is determined how long Constance stayed in Racibórz. According to one theory, shortly after her arrival, Mieszko I gave to Constance the district of Wodzisław as her own Duchy during her lifetime. Another hypothesis assumes that Constance resided in Racibórz until the death of Anna of Czersk (aft. 13 July 1324), Przemysław's widow, who received Wodzisław as her dower. Then Duke Leszek of Racibórz (son of Przemysław and Anna) gave Constance the domain over Wodzisław, a fact who is easier to explain, if Constance was his sister and not his aunt.

paragraph: During the reign of Constance, in Wodzisław occurred two significant events. The first of them was the invasion of Casimir III the Great in Silesia from June 1345 during the Polish-Czech War. Polish troops gained the towns of Pszczyna, Rybnik and Żory, all adjacent to Wodzisław. Only the presence of the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg in Fryštát could stop the imminent attack to Constance's duchy. The second event was the epidemic of plague (commonly known as Black Death), by which perhaps the Duchess Constance had died.

paragraph: Constance ruled over Wodzisław until her death in 1351, according to the message of the "Chronicle of Racibórz". Then the heir of the Duchy of Racibórz as husband of Princess Anna, Duke Nicholas II of Opawa, reunited the land to Racibórz.

paragraph: Section::::Place of burial.

paragraph: Constance's burial place is unknown. It is believed that she was buried either in the parish church or a Franciscan monastery in Wodzisław Śląski, or - more likely - in the Dominican monastery in Racibórz.

paragraph: In 1992 during excavations in the church of the former Dominican monastery (now a museum) in Racibórz, was a tomb from the first half of the 14th century. Inside were the remains of a woman who died aged about 40 years. Next to them were discovered numerous traces of lime, a fact who proved that the person who resting in the grave died as result of an infectious disease. It is known that during 1349–1351 the Duchy of Wodzisław was affected by a plague epidemic. Therefore, if during the excavations uncovered the remains of Constance, it could be inferred that she was the daughter of Przemyslaw of Racibórz.

paragraph: Section::::Constance in art and culture.

paragraph: The nickname "preclarissima" (the brightest), given to Constance in the "Chronicle of Racibórz", indicates that as a ruler, she gained wide respect from her subjects. This is proved by the local legends, where she is named the "Gray Lady" or "Lady of Wodzisław".

paragraph: In Wodzisław are signs which commemorate Duchess Constance. Her name was given to one street (Duchess Constance Street), a school (The Duchess Constance Gimnazjum No 4), and one of the monumental oak trees on the beach near Balaton lake (Constance). Also, in a niche of the corners of the market town was placed a statue of her.

description: Polish princess

wikidata_label: Constance, Duchess of Wodzisław

wikipedia_title: Constance, Duchess of Wodzisław


text:
Bitlis
Ottoman
Kurdish
Turkey
Diyarbakır
Persian
Hosam al-Din Ali Bitlisi
Nurbakhshi
Akkoyunlu
Uzun Hasan
Selim I
Mamluks
Safavids
Egypt
Egypt Eyalet
its conquest in 1517
Kazasker
Urfa
Mosul
Mardin
Alevi
Turkomans
Sunni
Constantinople
Selim I
Eyüp
Article

categories: Kurdish scholars,Kurdish people of the Ottoman Empire,People from Bitlis,Civil servants of the Ottoman Empire,Year of birth unknown,Persian-language writers,Kurdish theologians,Political people of the Ottoman Empire,Persian literature,Jurists of the Ottoman Empire,1520 deaths

paragraph: Idris Bitlisi

paragraph: Idris Bitlisi ( 1455 – 15 November 1520), sometimes spelled Idris Bidlisi, Idris-i Bitlisi, or Idris-i Bidlisi ("Idris of Bitlis"), and fully "Mevlana Hakimeddin İdris Mevlana Hüsameddin Ali-ül Bitlisi", was an Ottoman Kurdish religious scholar and administrator from Bitlis (in modern Turkey). There is some controversy about his actual place of birth possibly having been around Diyarbekir (modern Diyarbakır). He wrote a major Ottoman literary work in Persian, named "Hasht Bihisht", which began in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bitlisi's father, Hosam al-Din Ali Bitlisi, was a Sufi author strongly affiliated to the Sufi Nurbakhshi sect. Like his father, Idris Bitlisi began his career in the Akkoyunlu court, in the service of Yakup Bey, son of Uzun Hasan. Later, he attracted the attention of the Ottoman sultan Selim I and served under him for much of the rest of his life. He joined Selim I in his campaigns against the Mamluks and the Safavids. Bitlisi assisted the sultan in establishing an Ottoman administration in Egypt, now the Egypt Eyalet (province) of the Ottoman Empire, after its conquest in 1517. He was appointed to numerous administrative positions of significant responsibility including Kazasker (district supreme administrative judge) of Diyarbekir and Arabia.

paragraph: Bitlisi was instrumental in the incorporation of the territories of Urfa and Mosul into the Ottoman Empire without a war, and of Mardin after a long siege. He played a key role in driving the Alevi Turkomans from the whole region and the assimilation and Ottomanization of the remaining Sunni Kurds.

paragraph: He died in Constantinople on 15 November 1520, shortly after the death of his longtime benefactor, Sultan Selim I. Bitlisi was buried in Eyüp neighborhood of Constantinople, in the garden of the complex known as "İdris Köşkü" (Idris House) or "İdris Çeşmesi" (Idris Fountain), built by his wife Zeynep Hatun.

paragraph: Bitlisi wrote extensively towards the end of his life; his best known work is "Selim Şahname", an epic history of Selim I's reign.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article

description: Ottomon civil servant

wikidata_label: Idris Bitlisi

wikipedia_title: Idris Bitlisi


text:
Neuss
Holy Land
Tyre
Cologne
Verona
ordeal of red hot iron
Schönau Abbey
Cistercian
novice
vows
Saint Hildegund

categories: Female-to-male cross-dressers,12th-century German people,1188 deaths

paragraph: Hildegund (virgin)

paragraph: Hildegund (died 1188) was a German woman who lived under the name Joseph disguised as a male in a monastery. She is often described as a saint (feast day April 20), though her cult has never been formally approved.

paragraph: Her father, a knight of Neuss in Germany, took the 12-year-old Hildegund on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land upon her mother's death. For her protection during the voyage, he dressed her as a boy and called her Joseph. The father died on the way back, and Hildegund was robbed and abandoned in Tyre by the man charged with her protection. Still dressed as a boy, she managed to return to Germany, where she became servant to an old canon of Cologne. The two began a voyage to visit the pope, who lived in Verona at the time. Accused of being a robber and condemned to death, Hildegund was saved by undergoing the ordeal of red hot iron, only to be hanged by the true robbers' companions. She was cut down in time and survived. After having returned to Germany, she joined Schönau Abbey as a Cistercian novice. She attempted to run away two or three times and never took the vows.

paragraph: She had described her adventures (though not her cross-dressing) to the monk charged with her instruction. Her true sex was discovered upon her death. An abbot of a nearby monastery wrote an account of her life in 1188, the year of her death.

paragraph: Hildegund should not be confused with Saint Hildegund (c. 1130–1178), whose feast day is 6 February.

description: German saint

wikidata_label: Hildegund

wikipedia_title: Hildegund (virgin)


text:
Emperor Saga
Daigaku-ryō
Ministry of the Center
Echigo Province
Sanuki Province
Emperor Montoku
Kaga
Mimasaka
Ise
Bizen
Harima Province
Gyōbu-shō
Shikibu-shō
kugyō
sangi
Ono no Takamura
Harusumi no Yoshitada
Ōe no Otondo
ume
Wen Xuan
Book of Han
Miyako no Yoshika
Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku
Sugawara no Kiyotomo
Emperor Kōkō

paragraph: Sugawara no Koreyoshi

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Koreyoshi was said to be intelligent and wise from a young age, reading books and composing poetry before Emperor Saga from the age of 11.

paragraph: In 835 he became a top-ranked student of Chinese literature in the Daigaku-ryō, and in 839 he passed an examination for governmental service and was promoted a full three steps at once, from to . He held administrative positions in the Daigaku-ryō and as in the Ministry of the Center, and in 844 was again promoted to . In 845, he became a teacher in the Daigaku-ryō. While in this role, he also served as vice-governor of Echigo Province and Sanuki Province, and as a tutor to Crown Prince Michiyasu, the future Emperor Montoku.

paragraph: In 850, Emperor Montoku took the throne, and Koreyoshi was promoted to . Continuing his work as a teacher, he also worked as the head of the Daigaku-ryō, , and governor of Kaga, Mimasaka, Ise, and Bizen provinces. In 855, he was awarded the rank of .

paragraph: In the court of Emperor Seiwa, Koreyoshi continued his role as a teacher and now governor of Harima Province, and was promoted to . Passing through a number of other positions, including as director of the "Gyōbu-shō", he was in 870 appointed as vice-minister of the "Shikibu-shō". In 872, he joined the ranks of the "kugyō" with a promotion to "sangi". In 873 he was promoted to and in 879 to . In 880, Koreyoshi died at the age of 69.

paragraph: Section::::Personality and works.

paragraph: The foremost scholar of his day, he was said to be friendly with the master poet Ono no Takamura and the court Confucian scholars Harusumi no Yoshitada and Ōe no Otondo. He counted many good officials and Confucian writers as his disciples. He was unconcerned with the mundanities of everyday life, instead reciting poems on the beauty of nature. As a believer in Buddhist teachings, he treated people with love, exhibited extreme filial piety, and disliked killing. On his deathbed, he requested only that a Buddhist memorial service be held for him in the early winter when the ume blossomed, and otherwise spoke not a word.

paragraph: As tutor to the Emperors Montoku and Seiwa, Koreyoshi lectured on the Wen Xuan and the Book of Han, and the imperial edicts and prayers he drew up as chief draftsman still remain today. With Miyako no Yoshika and others he compiled the "Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku". He also participated in the compilation of the , an amendment to the Ritsuryō legal system. Personally, he wrote texts including the , , , and . A collection of his poetry was called the .

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Sugawara no Kiyotomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: third daughter of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: , wife of Emperor Kōkō, mother of

description: Japanese noble and scholar

wikidata_label: Sugawara no Koreyoshi

wikipedia_title: Sugawara no Koreyoshi


text:
Dutch
discus
1928 Summer Olympics

categories: 1982 deaths,1905 births,Sportspeople from The Hague,Dutch female discus throwers,Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of the Netherlands

paragraph: Lena Michaëlis

paragraph: Helena Cornelia "Lena" Michaëlis (4 November 1905 – 15 June 1982) was a Dutch discus thrower. She competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics, and finished 11th with a throw of 31.04 m.

description: Dutch runner

wikidata_label: Lena Michaëlis

wikipedia_title: Lena Michaëlis


text:
The New York Ledger
trotting horse
John Hall
Derry
Scottish Presbyterian
Hartford Courant
American Republican Party
The Evening Mirror
harness racing
Commodore Vanderbilt
Princeton University
Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church
Bonner Springs, Kansas
Scotch-Irish Society of the USA

categories: 1824 births,1899 deaths,19th-century American newspaper editors

paragraph: Robert E. Bonner

paragraph: Robert Edwin Bonner (1824 – July 6, 1899) was an American publisher, now best known for "The New York Ledger", a weekly story newspaper. He owned famous trotting horses and he was a prominent supporter of the Presbyterian Church and Pastor John Hall.

paragraph: Bonner was born in Ireland on April 28, 1824, near Derry; his ancestors were Scottish Presbyterians. He arrived in America in 1839, where his uncle owned land in Hartford, Connecticut. Bonner became an apprentice in the printing trade and worked at the "Hartford Courant". There he was an extraordinarily fast compositor. Completing his apprenticeship in 1844, he moved to New York and worked for the organ of the new American Republican Party (later Native American; Know-Nothing) while he lived by "practicing the most rigid economy". When it suspended operation he found work at "The Evening Mirror", a daily launched in 1844. He began writing and contributed to various newspapers in other cities.

paragraph: He worked at "The Merchant's Ledger", a financial weekly, in the advertising department and became involved with printing that newspaper. He purchased it in 1851 and changed the name to "The New York Ledger" in 1855, when he sought a wider readership by running articles by well-known writers. He also used advertising to raise the profile of the paper and increase the circulation.

paragraph: Around 1856 Bonner became interested in horses and, in particular, the "trotting" form of harness racing. He paid large sums for his horses; one of the most famous was Dexter, a gelding that cost him £35,000. He did not gamble or race for money, but there was a rivalry between Bonner and Commodore Vanderbilt over who had the best horses.

paragraph: Bonner was a philanthropist who preferred not to make his donations public, but he was a known supporter of the Princeton University and contributed $131,000 towards the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. He was also president of the Scotch-Irish Society of America.

paragraph: Bonner married Jane McConlis in 1850 and they had six children although one child, Martha Agnes, died in infancy. Bonner's wife Jane died in 1878.

paragraph: In 1887 he passed the "Ledger" to his three sons. Robert Bonner's Sons published dime novels, too.

paragraph: Pastor John Hall died September 1898 in Ireland and one son, Andrew Allen Bonner, died in December 1898. According to his obituary, Bonner never recovered from the shocks; his health and interest failed. He was confined to a bed at times during June and he died on July 6, 1899. He was survived by sons Robert Edwin and Frederick and daughter Mrs. Francis Forbes.

paragraph: Bonner is the namesake of the city of Bonner Springs, Kansas.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotch-Irish Society of the USA

description: American newspaper publisher

wikidata_label: Robert E. Bonner

wikipedia_title: Robert E. Bonner


text:
professional golfer
The Open Championship
1866 Open Championship
Peter Paxton
1866 Open Championship
Prestwick Golf Club
Willie Park, Sr.
Andrew Strath
Robert Andrew
The Open Championship

categories: 19th-century Scottish people,19th-century sportsmen,Scottish male golfers,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Davie Park

paragraph: Davie Park (born ) was a Scottish professional golfer who played during the mid-to-late 19th century. Park had five top-10 finishes in The Open Championship. His best performance came in 1866 Open Championship when he placed second.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: David Park was born in Scotland circa 1840.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.

paragraph: In addition to his on-the-course skills as a player, Park was also an excellent club maker. He had as an apprentice Peter Paxton who would go on to be a fine player as well as a club and ball maker.

paragraph: Park's best chance to win a major championship came when he played in the 1866 Open Championship held on 13 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Park finished two shots back, losing to his brother Willie Park, Sr. who won the Championship for the third time. There were 16 competitors in the tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.:1866 Open Championship.:Details of play.

paragraph: Playing in a strong wind, Willie Park was in the first group out and was the pacesetter with a score of 54. Defending champion Andrew Strath and Davie Park were four behind, scoring 58. Willie Park extended his lead to five stokes after the second round. Despite a final round of 59, Willie Park set a useful target of 169. Davie Park's final round of 56 gave him a total of 171 and second place. Robert Andrew was third, a further five strokes behind.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Park's date of death is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Results in The Open Championship.

paragraph: "Note: Park played only in The Open Championship."

paragraph: NT = No tournamentbr

paragraph: DNP = Did not playbr

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a placebr

paragraph: Yellow background for top-10

description: golfer (1840-)

wikidata_label: Davie Park

wikipedia_title: Davie Park


text:
professional golfer
Open Championship
1861
1865
Musselburgh
Scotland
Montrose, Angus
featherie
Allan Robertson
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1861 Open Championship
golf
Prestwick Golf Club
Ayrshire
Scotland
Old Tom Morris
Willie Park, Sr.
1865 Open Championship
Andrew Strath
Willie Park, Sr.
Young Tom Morris
The Open Championship

paragraph: Willie Dow

paragraph: William Dow (born ) was a Scottish professional golfer. He had six top-10 finishes in the Open Championship. Dow placed third in both the 1861 and 1865 Open Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dow was born in Musselburgh, Scotland, circa 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.

paragraph: He served as professional at the Montrose Golf Club in Montrose, Angus, Scotland. In an 1889 sheriff's sale conducted by George Henry Thoms, sheriff of Orkney, a featherie golf ball made by Allan Robertson that Dow owned was subsequently donated to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. It is unclear whether Dow was already deceased at that time or had just forfeited property in the sale.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.:1861 Open Championship.

paragraph: The 1861 Open Championship was a golf competition held at Prestwick Golf Club, Ayrshire, Scotland. It was the second Open Championship and the first to open to amateurs as well as professionals. Ten professionals and eight amateurs contested the event, with Old Tom Morris winning the championship by 4 shots from Willie Park, Sr. Dow finished in third place, carding rounds of 59-58-54=171.

paragraph: The 1865 Open Championship was the sixth Open Championship and was held on 14 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Andrew Strath won the championship by two shots from Willie Park, Sr. There were 12 competitors. Dow finished in third place and posted rounds of 56-61-54=171. He won £4 in prize money.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.:1865 Open Championship.:Details of play.

paragraph: Strath was in the lead after the first round on 55, a one stroke ahead of Willie Dow and Park, and two shots ahead of Old Tom Morris a/k/a Tom Morris, Sr. Making his debut, Young Tom Morris, son of Old Tom Morris, scored 60. After two rounds, Park was in the lead with a total of 108 after a round of 52 with Strath being a shot behind on 109. Both Dow and Morris dropped out of contention after poor rounds. In the final round, Park scored 56 while Strath took 53 to give him a two-stroke victory.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Dow's date of death is unknown.

paragraph: "Note: Dow played only in The Open Championship."

paragraph: DNP = Did not playbr

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a placebr

paragraph: Yellow background for top-10

description: golfer

wikidata_label: Willie Dow

wikipedia_title: Willie Dow


text: Úbeda

text: Seville

text: Pedro I "the Cruel" of Castile

text: Synagogue of El Transito

text: Toledo, Spain

text: Juan Alfonso de Alburquerque

text: Henry of Trastámara

text: Toro

text: Évora

text: Museo de El Greco

categories: 1360 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,14th-century Jews,People from Toledo, Spain,Medieval Spanish Jews

paragraph: Samuel ha-Levi

paragraph: Samuel ben Meir Ha-Levi Abulafia (Úbeda, approx. 1320 - Seville, 1360), was the treasurer of king Pedro I "the Cruel" of Castile and founder of the Synagogue of El Transito in Toledo, Spain.

paragraph: Born to the Abu-l-Afiyat family of Tunisian Jewish origins his parents died of plague shortly after arriving in Toledo. First he worked as administrator to the Portuguese knight Juan Alfonso de Alburquerque and became recognized enough to achieve employment at the court of Pedro I of Castile, first as "camarero mayor" (chamberlain) and later as "almojarife" (treasurer) and as "oídor" (judge). His employment ended when the enemies of Pedro I led by Henry of Trastámara organized a pogrom against the Toledan Jewry, which enabled them to assume possession of the royal treasures. The king marched to Toro to demand the return of his belongings, and Samuel Ha-Levi accompanied him, and later supported the King in reclaiming Toledo for the crown, and in the establishment of a peace treaty with the Portuguese at Évora in 1358.

paragraph: In Toledo he lived in the palace that is today the Museo de El Greco, and with the considerable riches bestowed upon him by his employer he founded the Synagogue of El Transito between 1355 and 1357. The building was one of ten small synagogues serving Toledo's large Jewish population, and while architecturally exquisite its dimensions are not particularly impressive. Its construction was opposed vociferously by the Catholic church, but King Pedro permitted it. Constantly criticized by his rivals for his permissive stance towards Jews, eventually the King turned against ha-Levi and had him incarcerated and tortured on suspicion of embezzlement in 1360. He died under duress of torture.

paragraph: The prominence of Samuel Ha-Levi at Pedro's court has often been cited as evidence of his supposed pro-Jewish sentiment, but Ha-Levi's success did not necessarily reflect the general experience of the Spanish Jewry in this period which was often marked by discrimination and pogroms. And even Samuel's career shows that the opportunities for Jews were restricted to certain offices and positions whereas other forms of advancement were denied to them.

wikidata_label: Samuel ha-Levi

wikipedia_title: Samuel ha-Levi


text:
Neuchâtel
Berlin-Plötzensee
Adolf Hitler
Saint-Brieuc
Brittany
Marcel Gerbohay
Romanov Dynasty
communism
Russia
Brittany
Baden-Baden
Basel
Munich
Beer Hall Putsch
Pierre Taittinger
Gestapo
Volksgerichtshof
Swiss independence
Catholicism in Germany
Hans Frölicher
guillotine
Berlin-Plötzensee prison
CHF
Rolf Hochhuth
William Tell
Swiss Federal Council
German resistance to Nazism
Roger Moorhouse
Der missglückte Attentäter
"Comité Maurice Bavaud"

categories: 1941 deaths,Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany,Swiss people executed abroad,Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany,Failed assassins of Adolf Hitler,People executed by guillotine at Plötzensee Prison,People condemned by Nazi courts,Swiss Roman Catholics,Executed Swiss people,People from Neuchâtel,1916 births,Civilians killed in World War II

paragraph: Maurice Bavaud

paragraph: Maurice Bavaud (January 15, 1916 in Neuchâtel – May 14, 1941 in Berlin-Plötzensee) was a Swiss theology student who in 1938 attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Bavaud was a Catholic theology student, attending the Saint Ilan Seminary, Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, and a member of an anti-communist student group in France called "Compagnie du Mystère". The group's leader, Marcel Gerbohay, had a lot of influence over Bavaud. Gerbohay claimed that he was a member of the Romanov Dynasty, and convinced Bavaud that when communism was destroyed, the Romanovs would once again rule Russia, in the person of Gerbohay. Bavaud believed what Gerbohay had told him, became obsessed with the idea that killing Hitler would help the plans to materialise, and finally decided to carry out the assassination himself.

paragraph: Section::::Attempts.

paragraph: On October 9, 1938, Bavaud travelled from Brittany to Baden-Baden, then on to Basel, where he bought a Schmeisser 6.35 mm (.25 ACP) semi-automatic pistol. In Berlin, a policeman, Karl Deckert, overheard Bavaud saying that he would like to meet Hitler personally. Deckert advised Bavaud that a private audience could be arranged if Bavaud could obtain a letter of introduction from a suitable foreign VIP. Deckert advised him to travel to Munich for the anniversary of the 1923 "Beer Hall Putsch", which Hitler attended every year. Bavaud followed those instructions by buying a ticket for a seat on the reviewing stand by posing as a Swiss reporter, intending to shoot Hitler as the latter passed during the parade. Bavaud abandoned this attempt when, on November 9, Hitler turned out to be marching in the company of other Nazi leaders whom Bavaud did not want to injure.

paragraph: Bavaud next purchased expensive stationery and forged a letter of introduction in the name of the French nationalist leader Pierre Taittinger, which claimed that Bavaud had a second letter for Hitler's eyes only. He travelled to Berchtesgaden in the belief that Hitler had returned there, only to find that Hitler was still in Munich. When Bavaud returned to Munich, he discovered that Hitler was just leaving for Berchtesgaden.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest and trial.

paragraph: Having exhausted his money, Bavaud stowed away on a train to Paris, where he was discovered by a conductor who turned him over to the police. He was interrogated by the Gestapo and admitted his plans to assassinate Hitler.

paragraph: Bavaud was tried by the Volksgerichtshof on December 18, 1939, naming as his motives that he considered Hitler a danger to humanity in general, to Swiss independence, and to Catholicism in Germany. Swiss diplomacy made no effort to save Bavaud. Hans Frölicher, the Swiss ambassador to Germany, even publicly condemned Bavaud's assassination attempt. An offer from the Germans to exchange Bavaud for a German spy was turned down, and Bavaud was sentenced to death. He was executed by guillotine in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison on the morning of May 14, 1941.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Bavaud's father Alfred attempted to rehabilitate his son's name and reputation, resulting in a court decision on December 12, 1955 reverting the death sentence but posthumously condemning Bavaud to a five-year sentence, arguing that Hitler's life was protected by law just as any other life. A second verdict of 1956 reverted the prison sentence and Germany paid Bavaud's family the sum of CHF 40,000 in reparation.

paragraph: In 1976, Rolf Hochhuth idealized Bavaud as a "new William Tell", while in 1980 Klaus Urner relativized Hochhuth's heroic picture, analyzing psychological aspects of Bavaud's motivation. In 1989 and again in 1998, the Swiss Federal Council admitted that the Swiss authorities did not make a sufficient effort to save Bavaud. Finally, in 2008, the Swiss government honored the life and effort of Bavaud.

paragraph: In 2011, a small monument was erected in Hauterive near Neuchâtel.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German resistance to Nazism

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Hoffmann, "Maurice Bavaud’s Attempt to Assassinate Hitler in 1938," "Police Forces in History" ed. George L. Mosse. SAGE Readers in 20th Century History Vol. 2. London/Beverly Hills 1975, p. 173–204.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Moorhouse, "Killing Hitler," Jonathan Cape, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolf Hochhut's TELL 38 is an account of Maurice Bavaud's life and includes

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dokumente über die Kollaboration von Behörden der Schweiz mit der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur Deutschland. Einsehbar auf der Homepage des Eidgenössischen Diplomatischen Dienstes Dodis. Der missglückte Attentäter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Stimme des Gewissens verpflichtet - bis zum Letzten: Maurice Bavaud: Theologiestudent und Hitler-Attentäter; Requiem wider das Vergessen vom 19. November 2009" (= "Romero-Haus-Protokolle", Band 121), RomeroHaus, Luzern 2010,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hersche, Otmar, Spinatsch,Peter (Redaktion): "Maurice Bavaud: ein 22jähriger Schweizer versucht 1938 Hitler aufzuhalten", Dokumentation zum 60. Todestag, übersetzt von Bertrand Schütz, Comité Maurice Bavaud, Bern 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hochhuth, Rolf: "Tell gegen Hitler. Historische Studien. Mit einer Rede von Karl Pestalozzi." Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1992, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steinacher, Martin: "Maurice Bavaud - verhinderter Hitler-Attentäter im Zeichen des katholischen Glaubens?" (= "Anpassung, Selbstbehauptung, Widerstand", Band 38). Lit, Münster/Berlin 2015, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comité Maurice Bavaud"

description: Swiss assassin

wikidata_label: Maurice Bavaud

wikipedia_title: Maurice Bavaud


text:
canonized
Savigny Abbey
Congregation of Savigny
Normandy
Tierceville
Bayeux
chaplain
William the Conqueror
Robert of Mortain
canonry
Saint Evroul
Mortain
Dompierre
hermit
Craon
Robert of Arbrissel
preacher
Henry I of England
Robert Curthose
Abbaye Blanche

categories: Founders of Catholic religious communities,French hermits,Year of birth uncertain,1122 deaths

paragraph: Vitalis of Savigny

paragraph: Saint Vitalis of Savigny (ca. 1060 – 16 September 1122) was the canonized founder of Savigny Abbey and the Congregation of Savigny (1112).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born Vital de Mortain in Normandy at Tierceville near Bayeux about 1060-5. His parents were Rainfred le Vieux and Rohais. We know nothing of his early years; after ordination he became chaplain to Duke William the Conqueror's brother, Robert of Mortain (died 1090). Vitalis gained the respect and confidence of Robert, who bestowed upon him a canonry in the abbey church of Saint Evroul at Mortain, which he had founded in 1082.

paragraph: But Vitalis felt within him a desire for a more perfect state of life. He gave up his canonry in 1095, settled at Dompierre, 19 miles east of Mortain, and became one of the leaders of the hermit colony of the forest of Craon. Here for seventeen years he lived an ascetic life, and was called Vital le Vieux ("Vitalis the Old") taken from his father's name. At the same time he concerned himself, like his mentor Robert of Arbrissel, with the salvation of the surrounding population, giving practical help to the outcasts who gathered round him.

paragraph: He was a great preacher, remarkable for zeal, insensible to fatigue, and fearlessly outspoken; he is said to have attempted to reconcile Henry I of England with his brother, Robert Curthose. He seems to have visited England and a considerable part of western France, but Normandy was the chief scene of his labours. Between 1105-1120 he founded a monastery of nuns, Abbaye Blanche, at Mortain, with his sister Adeline—later canonized—as abbess. He died at Savigny, on 16 September 1122.

description: French hermit

wikidata_label: Vitalis of Savigny

wikipedia_title: Vitalis of Savigny


text: East Berlin

text: shot put

text: East German

text: athletics

text: SC Dynamo Berlin

text: doped

text: anabolic steroids

text: trans man

text: gender reassignment surgery

text: gender dysphoria

text: shot put event

text: Werner Franke

text: Ben Johnson

text: 1988 Summer Olympics

text: sex reassignment surgery

text: New York Times

text: doping in East Germany

text: Manfred Ewald

text: Manfred Hoeppner

text: Ute Krause

text: PBS

text: Secrets of the Dead

text: athletes

text: East German

text: Stasi

text: The Lost World of Communism

text: E. German Olympic Dopers Guilty

text: "Doping. Factory of Champions"

text: "Secrets of the Dead" episode

categories: LGBT track and field athletes,Living people,1966 births,Sportspeople from Berlin,Transgender and transsexual men,LGBT sportspeople from Germany,Transgender and transsexual sportspeople,Doping cases in athletics,East German female shot putters

paragraph: Andreas Krieger

paragraph: Andreas Krieger (born 20 July 1966 in East Berlin), is a German former shot putter who competed on the women's East German athletics team at SC Dynamo Berlin as Heidi Krieger.

paragraph: He was systematically and unknowingly doped with anabolic steroids for years by East German officials, which caused body chemistry issues. Being a trans man, Krieger subsequently underwent gender reassignment surgery. Krieger says that, while he did experience gender dysphoria before being doped, he regretted not being able to transition without the doping abuses.

paragraph: Section::::Athletics career.

paragraph: At the 1986 European Championships in Athletics, Krieger won the gold medal in the shot put event after putting the shot at 21.10 m (69 ft 3 in). Krieger retired in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Doping.

paragraph: Krieger was systematically doped with steroids from the age of 16 onward. According to Werner Franke and Brigitte Berendonk's 1991 book, "Doping: From Research to Deceit", Krieger took almost 2,600 milligrams of steroids in 1986 alone— nearly 1,000 milligrams more than Ben Johnson took during the 1988 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: As early as the age of 18, Krieger began developing visibly male characteristics. Eventually, years of doping left him with many masculine traits. By 1997, at the age of 31, Krieger underwent sex reassignment surgery and changed his name to Andreas. Krieger had "felt out of place and longed in some vague way to be a boy", and said in a 2004 "New York Times" interview that he was "glad that he became a man". However, he felt that receiving hormones without his consent deprived him of the right to "find out for myself which sex I wanted to be." Krieger's sex change operation dominated Germany's news headlines and focused widespread attention on the legacy of doping in East Germany, leading other former athletes to speak out in public for the first time.

paragraph: Krieger gave evidence at the trial of Manfred Ewald, leader of the East German sports programme and president of the East German Olympic committee and Manfred Hoeppner, East German medical director in Berlin in 2000. Both Ewald and Hoepner were convicted of accessory to the "intentional bodily harm of athletes, including minors."

paragraph: Krieger was forced to retire in part due to experiencing severe pain from lifting massive amounts of weight while on steroids. Even today, he has severe pain in his hips and thighs, and can only withstand mild exertion.

paragraph: The "Heidi Krieger Medal" (), named after Krieger, is now awarded annually to Germans who combat doping. Krieger's gold medal from 1986 forms part of the trophy.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Krieger is married to former East German swimmer Ute Krause, who was also a victim of massive doping by East German sports officials.

paragraph: Section::::Broadcasting.

paragraph: The PBS series "Secrets of the Dead" also featured Krieger in an episode covering the doping of East German athletes by the East German government covered-up by the Stasi.

paragraph: In 2008 Ukrainian filmmakers released the documentary "Doping. Factory of Champions" based on Krieger's story.

paragraph: Krieger’s story was mentioned in the first episode of the BBC documentary "The Lost World of Communism".

paragraph: Krieger's half-sister through his father's second marriage, Susann Krieger, won the Deutsche Radiopreis 2017 (German Radio Prize) for her feature, "Gedoptes Gold – Wie aus Heidi Andreas wurde" (""Doped Gold – how Heidi became Andreas""), about her brother's life and her reunion with him.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. German Olympic Dopers Guilty (wired.com)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doping. Factory of Champions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secrets of the Dead" episode

description: East German shot putter

wikidata_label: Andreas Krieger

wikipedia_title: Andreas Krieger


text: Greek

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Aydonat

text: Sesprotya

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Paramythia

text: Thesprotia

text: Greece

text: Macedonia

text: Avdella

text: Grevena regional unit

text: Epirotian

text: kaloyeros

text: Padua

text: medicine

text: philosophy

text: philology

text: logic

text: astronomy

text: poetry

text: Constantinople

text: metropolitan bishop

text: Larissa

text: Trikke

text: Patriarchate of Constantinople

text: Agrafa

text: metropolitan bishop

text: Republic of Venice

text: Thesprotia

text: garrison

text: Ioannina

text: flayed

text: dog

text: castle of Ioannina

text: Aslan Pasha Mosque

text: Ta Nea

categories: 1611 deaths,People from Thesprotia,People executed by flaying,Rebels of the Ottoman Empire,1560s births,Greek Christian monks,Greek torture victims,Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire,17th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire,17th-century Greek people,Bishops of Larissa,Greeks of the Ottoman Empire,Executed Greek people

paragraph: Dionysios Skylosophos

paragraph: Dionysios Skylosophos (; c. 1560–1611), "the Dog-Philosopher" or "Dogwise" ("skylosophist"), as called by his rivals, was a Greek Orthodox bishop who led two farmer revolts against the Ottoman Empire, in Thessaly (1600) and Ioannina (1611), with Spanish aid.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dionysius was born in 1541, in Aydonat, Sesprotya, Ottoman Empire (modern Paramythia, Thesprotia, Greece). He was of Greek descent, from Macedonia (specifically Avdella, Grevena regional unit) with Epirotian parentage. At a very young age, Dionysius became a "kaloyeros" at Dichouni.

paragraph: At age 15, he went to Padua where he studied medicine, philosophy, philology, logic, astronomy, and poetry. He took the name "Philosophos" (philosopher).

paragraph: In 1582, he lived in Constantinople and in 1592 he was elected metropolitan bishop of Larissa and Trikke.

paragraph: Due to his astrology, fortune-telling activities and contacts with demons he was deposed by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellions.

paragraph: Dionysius led a farmer revolt in 1600 in the region of Agrafa. He was demoted from the rank of metropolitan bishop of Larissa for his public speeches inciting rebellion and for his related fundraising activities. He subsequently left for the Republic of Venice where he raised enough funds to pay for a peasant army and tried to get contact with the Pope.

paragraph: After returning to Greece, he made his headquarters in the Monastery of St. Demetrius in Dichouni () of Thesprotia. As a monk, he toured the surrounding villages, raising an army of about 700 men. Armed with simple weapons, his army succeeded in several surprise attacks against small Ottoman garrisons of the area. Encouraged by these successes, he led his army into Ioannina on 11 September 1611. The inhabitants of the city were so surprised by the sight of the armed men and the fires that they turned against each other in confusion, unaware of the purpose of the fighting. This second revolt by Dionysius in 1611 in Ioannina ended in failure as the Ottoman garrison under Aslan Pasha eventually prevailed.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Dionysius hid in a cave by the lake but was captured. When he was presented to Osman Pasha his famous words were: "I fought in order to free the people from your tortures and your tyranny". Dionysius was tortured and perished upon being flayed alive by the Turks in September 1611. His skin was filled with hay and was paraded around the city, rebuked as the "skylosophos" - rather than "philosophos" ("skylos" meaning "dog"). The term was possibly coined by one of his main opponents, Maximus the Peloponnesian, another monk, loyal to the Patriarchate and the Ottoman empire.

paragraph: The Greek population was removed from those houses inside the castle of Ioannina and lost their privileges. The old church of Saint John the Baptist, guardian of the city, dating to the period of Justinian, was destroyed and its monks were killed. The Aslan Pasha Mosque was erected in its place in 1618 to commemorate the success of Aslan Pasha in quelling the rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O Larisses-Trikkes Dinysios II Philosophos o hleuastikos epikletheis "Skylosophos", "Epirotika Chronika". nr. 8, 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Εthnic and Religious Composition of Ottoman Thesprotia in the 15th to 17th centuries” (with M. Oğuz and F. Yaşar), in : B. Forsén & E. Tikkala (eds.), Thesprotia Expedition II. Environment and Settlement Patterns, Helsinki 2011, 347-389

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Vranoussis, Dionysos Skylosophos Revoltes et demarches pour la liberation de la Grice (1598-1611) dans le cadre d'une croisade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dionysius the Philosopher, Metropolitan of Larissa- Analytical Biography ("Ta Nea", 17 August 2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vrellis, Paul. "Wax Effigy of Dionyisus in the Vrellis Museum". Άλφασταρ Ελλάς Α.Ε. 1998-1999. Retrieved on September 12, 2008. "Γεννήθηκε στα μέρη της Παραμυθιάς και πολύ νέος έγινε καλόγερος στο Διχούνι. Αργότερα σπούδασε στα μεγάλα Ευρωπαϊκά κέντρα της εποχής (Βενετία, Πάδοβα) φιλοσοφία, φιλολογία και ιατρική. Συνέχισε τις σπουδές του στην Κωνσταντινούπολη με λογική, ποίηση, γραμματική και αστρονομία, μέχρι τα 34 χρόνια του. Με τα δύο αγροτικά κινήματα που έκανε - το 1600 και 1611, έδωσε στο ραγιά φως και πίστη για ξεσηκωμό. Τον έπιασαν οι Τούρκοι (με προδοσία), κάτω από το τζαμί του κάστρου των Γιαννίνων και τον έγδαραν ζωντανό - σε ηλικία 70 χρόνων. Προηγουμένως, όταν τον παρουσίασαν στον Οσμάν πασά, είπε άφοβα: "πολέμησα για να ελευθερώσω τον λαό από τα βάσανα και την τυραννία σας". Ένα μέρος της σπηλιάς όπου μαρτύρησε θέλησα ν' αποδώσω. Για την φυσιογνωμία του, μελέτησα μια μικρογραφία χειρόγραφου που βρέθηκε στην μονή Προδρόμου Σερρών, καθώς και πολλές περιγραφές βιογράφων του. Τον απεικονίζω στα 3/4 της πρώτης ώρας από τις 5 ώρες που κράτησε το μαρτύριό του. Δείχνω την προσφορά του αγώνα του προς εμάς, με το ματωμένο δεξί μισάνοιχτο χέρι του. Στο πρόσωπό του έδωσα την έκφραση του πόνου και της καρτερικότητας. Αντίθετα χαρακτήρισα τους δύο δήμιους - έκφραση μίσους και εκδίκησης."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kotzageorgis, Phokion. "VI. Ottoman Macedonia (late 14th–late 17th century)"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Μαξίμου ιερομονάχου του Πελοποννησίου λόγος στηλιτευτικός κατά Διονυσίου του επικληθέντος Σκυλοσόφου και των συναποστησάντων αυτώ εις Ιωάννινα εν έτει 1611 (Polemic of Maximus the Peloponnesian against Dionysius)

description: Monk and rebellion leader

wikidata_label: Dionysius the Philosopher

wikipedia_title: Dionysios Skylosophos


text: Roman Catholic

text: archbishop

text: Zambia

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Archdiocese of Lusaka

text: exorcism

text: faith healing

text: Sun Myung Moon

text: Unification Church

text: ordained

text: Married Priests Now!

text: consecrated

text: Holy See Press Office

text: excommunicated

text: reduced to the lay state

text: Peter Paul Brennan

text: Chipata

text: Sun Myung Moon

text: Angelo Sodano

text: Jesus Christ

text: apparition

text: Anna Ali

text: conversion

text: eucharist

text: imprimatur

text: traditionalist

text: sedevacantist

text: Nicholas Gruner

text: Korea

text: blessing ceremony

text: New York City

text: Hak Ja Han

text: Joseph Ratzinger

text: Pope John Paul II

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: prayer

text: meditation

text: Argentina

text: Capuchin monastery

text: National Press Club

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Latin Rite

text: Married Priests Now!

text: George Augustus Stallings, Jr.

text: Rev. Sun Myung Moon

text: Uganda

text: sect

text: Old Catholic

text: Independent Catholic

text: Peter Paul Brennan

text: Old Catholic Confederation

text: Las Vegas

text: excommunication

text: Latæ sententiæ

text: 1983 Code of Canon Law

text: Massa

text: Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

text: latae sententiae

text: Nyeri

text: Peter Paul Brennan

text: Lucio Dalla

text: Ron

text: healing

text: exorcism

text: spiritual beings

text: Utrecht University

text: 2011 interview

categories: People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,Unification Church and mainstream Christianity,Roman Catholic dissidents,Zambian Roman Catholic archbishops,1930 births,Bishops of Independent Catholic denominations,Unification Church controversies,Spiritual warfare,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Laicized Roman Catholic bishops,Living people,Catholic exorcists

paragraph: Emmanuel Milingo

paragraph: Emmanuel Milingo (born June 13, 1930) is a former Roman Catholic archbishop from Zambia. In 1969, aged 39, Milingo was consecrated by Pope Paul VI as the bishop of the Archdiocese of Lusaka.

paragraph: In 1983, he stepped down from his position as Archbishop of Lusaka after criticism for exorcism and faith healing practices unapproved by church authorities.

paragraph: In 2001, when Milingo was 71, he received a marriage blessing from Sun Myung Moon, the leader of the Unification Church, despite the prohibition on marriage for ordained priests. In July 2006, he established Married Priests Now!, an advocacy organization to promote the acceptance of married priests in the Roman Catholic Church. On September 24, 2006, Milingo consecrated four men as bishops without a papal mandate. The Holy See Press Office announced two days later that Milingo had been automatically excommunicated by that act.

paragraph: On December 17, 2009, the Holy See Press Office announced that Milingo had been reduced to the lay state, making him no longer a member of the Catholic clergy.

paragraph: He retired from ministry in his movement for married priests in March 2013, appointing Peter Paul Brennan to take his place.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Education and ordination.

paragraph: Born in 1930 in Mnukwa (in present-day Zambia) to Yakobe Milingo and Tomaida Lumbiwe, he was educated in St Mary's Presbyterial School in Chipata and attended the Kasina Seminary and Kachebere Seminary. He was ordained a priest in 1958. He was the parish priest in Chipata from 1963 to 1966 and founded the Zambia Helpers' Society during this time. He was the secretary of Mass Media at the Zambia Episcopal Conference from 1966 to 1969 and founded the Daughters of the Redeemer. Pope Paul VI consecrated him as bishop of the Archdiocese of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. He served there from 1969 to 1983.

paragraph: In the 1970s, Milingo conducted public religious services of healing and exorcism which attracted huge crowds. In 1999 and 2000 Milingo participated in mass-marriage ceremonies conducted by Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church in Japan and Korea, for which he received a severe written reprimand from Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Vatican Secretary of State.

paragraph: In 1983 John Paul II transferred Milingo to Rome, for his inappropriate use of exorcism powers and his role in causing divisions in the Lusaka Archdiocese. He was "barred from practicing as a priest and bishop in Zambia", but the Pope appointed Milingo a "special delegate" of the Pontifical Council for Migrants and Travelers.

paragraph: In 1992, Milingo endorsed the book "On the Eucharist, a Divine Appeal", a collection of messages said to have been given by Jesus Christ in an apparition and written from September 8, 1987, to 1991 by Sr. Anna Ali, DOJS. These messages were a traditional call to conversion and eucharistic devotion, as well as expressing sadness over the current state of the Catholic priesthood. Although he did not hold office as a diocesan bishop at the time, his name appears on the book's purported "imprimatur" with the date March 17, 1992.

paragraph: In the late 1990s, Emmanuel Milingo became well known in traditionalist and sedevacantist circles for a speech he gave at the Our Lady of Fatima 2000 International Conference on World Peace, organized by Canadian priest Nicholas Gruner and held November 18–23, 1996, in which he charged that high-ranking members of the church hierarchy were "followers of Satan" or otherwise enabled evil:

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In May 2001, Milingo said that the Roman Catholic Church should provide priests dispensation from the obligation of celibacy and should readmit married priests to the priestly ministry. To "set an example", at the age of 71, he and Maria Sung, a 43-year-old Korean acupuncturist, married in a blessing ceremony in New York City, presided over by Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja Han Moon. In July 2001, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, then prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a Public Canonical Admonition officially warning Milingo to separate from Moon and from contacts with the Unification Church. Milingo protested the order, saying,"How can I now leave my wife? ... For 43 years as a celibate priest ... I only knew God as a male. Now, through my union with Maria, I have come to see the other side of God's heart, which is female."

paragraph: In a press conference organized by the Unification Church affiliate American Church Leadership Conference, Milingo responded, "Celibacy has become a façade, secret affairs and marriages, raping of nuns, illegitimate children, rampant homosexuality, pedophilia and illicit sex have riddled the priesthood. Christ is mocked, the devil laughs."

paragraph: In August 2001, Milingo met with Pope John Paul II, who appealed to Milingo: "In the name of Jesus Christ, return to the Catholic Church." Milingo agreed to separate from Sung and went into seclusion. Sung went on a hunger strike and appeared outside of St. Peter's Basilica to protest their separation.

paragraph: In an interviews on Italian television in 2002, he said that he had spent a year in prayer and meditation in Argentina, at a Capuchin monastery. In November 2003, he made a trip to Africa over the objections of the Catholic bishops there. In 2004 and 2005, he kept a low profile and media accounts suggested that he was living in a monastery near Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.:Organization for married priests.

paragraph: In the late June or early July 2006, Milingo surrepticiously left Italy and on July 12 announced at a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. his "plans to embark on an independent charismatic ministry to reconcile married priests with the Catholic Faith" as an advocate of the removal of the rule of celibacy for Latin Rite priests in the Catholic Church; the group is called Married Priests Now!. The sponsor of the press conference was MJT Television. Archbishop George Augustus Stallings, Jr., also an excommunicated priest, who had founded his own Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation, spoke as well.

paragraph: Stallings stated that "Archbishop Milingo is not seeking to defy or divide the (Roman Catholic) Church, but is acting out of deep love for the Church and concern for its future." Milingo also announced that he wants to bring the Unification Church of the Rev. Sun Myung Moon closer to the Vatican. He announced he wanted them to co-operate in bringing religion to the world. In August 2006 Archbishop Milingo rejoined his wife, Maria Sung. In January 2010 it was reported that 20 priests in Uganda had formed a break-away Catholic sect which accepts married priests. This was said to have been inspired by Milingo; the group claims to have around 12,000 members.

paragraph: Section::::Excommunication.

paragraph: On September 24, 2006, Milingo consecrated four married men as bishops, each of whom were already ordained in the Old Catholic line of succession and serving as a bishop in their respective Independent Catholic churches. One of the four was Stallings. The other three were Archbishop Peter Paul Brennan of the Old Catholic Confederation; Archbishop Patrick E. Trujillo of the Old Catholic Church in America, and Archbishop Joseph J. Gouthro of Las Vegas, presiding bishop of the Catholic Apostolic Church International (CACI). Two days after the consecration of the four Americans as bishops, on September 26, 2006, the Holy See's press office announced in a statement that both Milingo and the four men involved in the episcopal consecration had automatically incurred excommunication (see Latæ sententiæ) in accordance with canon 1382 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.

paragraph: In October 2007, Milingo's Vatican passport was revoked, ending his status as a person with diplomatic protection from the Vatican City State.

paragraph: Section::::Reduction to the lay state.

paragraph: In December 2007, in Brazil, Milingo conferred episcopal ordination on Harold J. Norwood. On July 15, 2009, in Massa, Italy, he consecrated Vitaliy Kuzhelnyi, a former priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, as a bishop.

paragraph: On December 17, 2009, the Vatican Press Office in a statement announced that Milingo had been dismissed from the clerical state. The statement explained the effect of the action as "loss of the rights and duties attached to the clerical state, except for the obligation of celibacy; prohibition of the exercise of any ministry, except as provided for by Canon 976 of the Code of Canon Law in those cases involving danger of death; loss of all offices and functions and of all delegated power, as well as prohibition of the use of clerical attire. Consequently, the participation of the faithful in any future celebrations organized by Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo is to be considered unlawful."

paragraph: On June 11, 2011, the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts issued a statement about illicitly consecrated bishops, pointing out the canons which provide for an automatic "latae sententiae" excommunication for both the consecrating bishop and those consecrated. Bishop Juan Ignacio Arrieta, Secretary of the Council, explained that the statement applied to the bishops consecrated by Milingo as well as to more recent cases.

paragraph: Section::::Reduction to the lay state.:Split with US married bishops.

paragraph: In 2009, four bishops consecrated by Milingo withdrew from his organization, distanced themselves from him due to "philosophical and theological differences", and announced the start of a separate organization to promote the ordination of married men.

paragraph: Section::::Reduction to the lay state.:Ecumenical Catholic Apostolic Church of Peace.

paragraph: In August 2010, Milingo was named Patriarch for Southern Africa of the new "Ecumenical Catholic Apostolic Church of Peace", and called for married former Catholic clergy to join the movement. In April 2011 he consecrated the Rev. Peter Njogu as a bishop in Nyeri, Kenya. In 2012, Milingo praised the late Sun Myung Moon for his work to promote religious unity. Milingo retired from ministry in 2013, appointing Archbishop Peter Paul Brennan as his successor. Later that year, he stated that he still considered himself a Roman Catholic.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Music albums:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gubudu Gubudu" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milingo Experience" (2007)

paragraph: Animated cartoon:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milingo the Spirit of Africa" (1998), co-produced with the Italian cartoonist Mario Verger; music by Lucio Dalla, arrangements by the singer Ron and Aldo Azzaro.

paragraph: Books:

paragraph: Milingo has written numerous books about healing and exorcism. They contain details about "the world in between" human beings and the divine, a world of evil and of good spiritual beings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flower Garden of Jesus the Redeemer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demarcations"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Precautions in the Ministry of Deliverance"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Make Joni" (1972), illustrated by Arnold Chimfwembe (Lusaka: Neczam)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World in Between: Christian Healing and the Struggle for Spiritual Survival" (1984, London: Orbis Books),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le mie preghiere non sono ascoltate" ("My prayers are not heard") (1987),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guaritore d'anime: la mia storia, la mia fede" (with Renzo Allegri; Milan: Mondadori, 1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Confessioni di uno scomunicato" ("Confessions of an Excommunicated Catholic") (2008), an autobiography

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerrie ter Haar (International Institute of Social Studies): "Spirit of Africa: The Healing Ministry of Archbishop Milingo of Zambia", London: Hurst, 1992; based on her 1991 Ph.D. thesis from Utrecht University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo (video, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milingo Accuses Catholics of Illicit Sex, Homosexuality - "The Post (Lusaka)", August 8, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milingo in the Dictionary of African Christian Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 interview

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Emmanuel Milingo

wikipedia_title: Emmanuel Milingo


text:
John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
Adolf
John II
Engelbert I

paragraph: John III, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg

paragraph: John III, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (died either in 1429/1430 or 1433) was Count of Nassau-Dillenburg in Siegen and Dillenburg and son of Count John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and Margareta of the Marck.

paragraph: After the death of Count John I in 1416 his lands were not divided, but instead overseen by all four of his surviving sons Adolf, John II, Engelbert I and John III. John III was provost in Munster, and he never married.

description: Count of Nassau-Siegen, Vianden and Diez

wikidata_label: John III of Nassau-Siegen

wikipedia_title: John III, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg


text:
Shiba, Tokyo
retainer
shōgun
Hoensha
Murase Shūho
shodan
dan
Chiba Prefecture
Roppongi
Kim Ok-gyun
Hon'inbō Shūei
Ishii Senji
jubango
sen
sen-ai-sen
Yasui San'ei
Yasui house
Hon'inbō Shūgen
Karigane Junichi
Iwasa Kei
Hon'inbō
Meijin
Hon'inbō Sansa
Meiji period
Hon'inbō Shūho
shinfuseki
joseki
Nihon Ki-in
mannenko
Nihon Ki-in
Kishichiro Okura
Hiseikai
Tamejiro Suzuki
Dohei Takabe
Segoe Kensaku
1923 Great Kantō earthquake
Go organizations
Kishichiro Okura
Kiseisha
Yomiuri Shimbun
anthologised
Edward Lasker
Go and Go Moku
win-and-continue
Onoda Chiyotaro
Kitani Minoru
Go Seigen
Maeda Nobuaki
Segoe Kensaku
Hon'inbō
Nihon Ki-in
Kitani Minoru
Kawabata Yasunari
The Master of Go
sealed
Hashimoto Utaro
Segoe Kensaku
Hon'inbō
Japanese Go professionals

paragraph: Hon'inbō Shūsai

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shusai was born in Shiba, Tokyo, son of Tamura Yasunaga, a retainer of the "shōgun". He learned go at age 10 and joined the Hoensha in 1883, then under the leadership of Murase Shūho. He was made "shodan" at age 13. At age 18, he attained the rank of 2nd "dan" (the lower professional ranks cannot be assumed to correspond to modern ones). He then broke with the game for a time, tried to go into business on his own account, and ended up in a Buddhist retreat in Chiba Prefecture. After more than a year out of the game, he set up his own go salon in Roppongi.

paragraph: He was then helped by Kim Ok-gyun, a Korean then resident in Japan, who used his contacts to secure Tamura an introduction to Hon'inbō Shūei. He was re-ranked as 4th "dan" in 1892 and proceeded up the ranks from there. He engaged in a number of high-profile matches. He played Ishii Senji, a top player at Hoensha, in two "jubango", one in 1895 on "sen", and the other in 1897 on "sen-ai-sen". A fourth such match in 1899 was left incomplete. In 1897, he challenged Yasui San'ei, last of the Yasui house, to a "jubango". He also challenged Hon'inbō Shūgen. In 1897–98 he played Ishii Senji once more. In 1899 he played "jubango" against Karigane Junichi, who would be his only serious rival over the coming decades. In 1900–01 he played a "jubango" with Iwasa Kei. He emerged with the reputation of the top player, apart from Shuei. In 1907, he became 7th "dan", an exclusive grade in those times.

paragraph: He became the 21st and last hereditary head of the Hon'inbō house, as successor to Shūei. The manner of his ascension was to cause a lasting conflict between Tamura, who took the name Shūsai, and Karigane, also of the Honinbo house, who had been backed by Shuei's widow.

paragraph: He attained the title of Meijin in 1914, becoming the tenth player since the original Hon'inbō Sansa to do so. In Shūsai's case, as was for Shūei previously, there was no official government involvement, and his title was given by the acclaim of fellow players. He subsequently played in some high-profile "defenses" of the Meijin position as the only 9th "dan" player.

paragraph: Section::::Style and influence.

paragraph: Shūsai was a naturally slow and deep-thinking player. The fashion for relatively slow play in Japan has been traced back to his influence. Innovations such as time limits and clocks were introduced during his lifetime, much to the ire of Shūsai.

paragraph: Shusai pushed the strategy of the Meiji period – as famously outlined by Hon'inbō Shūho's book "Hoen Shinpo" – to further efficiency. This was done by playing farther and sometimes higher extensions, with the intention of providing better global protection to weak points. This method – then new – has been referred to as "harmony breaking".

paragraph: Be that as it may, his opening style was unable to deeply influence many others as the culmination of his style was soon cut short by the arrival of the "shinfuseki" openings revolution. He rarely innovated in "joseki", preferring the admonition "do not seek out novelty".

paragraph: Before the Nihon Ki-in was set up, there was no codified set of rules available at all. Shūsai handed down judgements on controversies in the first days, for example on "mannenko".

paragraph: Section::::Under the Nihon Ki-in.

paragraph: The 1924 foundation of the Nihon Ki-in was the most significant moment in the organisational history of Japanese go in the twentieth century. It was mediated through Shusai, whose prestige was required as a minimum condition to unify the various groups. Shusai was backed by Baron Kishichiro Okura, an influential business magnate.

paragraph: The process was started in 1923 with the foundation of the "Hiseikai" group by Karigane, Tamejiro Suzuki, Dohei Takabe, and Segoe Kensaku. This prompted the amalgamation of the Honinbo school and the Hoensha, in January 1923, in the Chūō Kiin. This arrangement was however temporary, and the two constituent organizations split three months later. The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake brought hardship to a number of Go organizations, and many of them faced closure. Under the guidance of Baron Kishichiro Okura, the Nihon Ki-in was founded in May 1924 to merge existing organizations into a single entity. Shusai was an important member of this new organization.

paragraph: Section::::Important matches.

paragraph: Section::::Important matches.:The match with Kiseisha.

paragraph: Karigane, in the meantime, had set up his rival "Kiseisha" organisation (1924). The "Yomiuri Shimbun" planned a challenge match between the two camps. This was the setting for the 1926 showdown with Karigane (the "group-capturing masterpiece"), perhaps the most anthologised game of modern times. Edward Lasker in his book "Go and Go Moku" wrote:

paragraph: Intense public interest was shown by, or perhaps aroused by, the "Yomiuri"s publicity tactic of posting the game on billboards, with plays pasted on as they happened. Shūsai won the game with White. The players had 16 hours each; the game was played out over 6 sessions, with Karigane eventually ceding as he ran out of time in a game he was likely to lose by about 5 points.

paragraph: This was just the initial game of a subsequent win-and-continue match, in which three Kiseisha players (Karigane, Takabe and Onoda Chiyotaro) rotated against Nihon Ki-in young stars. Kitani Minoru won ten games in a row, and the match was a triumph for the Ki-in.

paragraph: Section::::Important matches.:1933 game with Go Seigen.

paragraph: In 1933, Go Seigen and Shūsai played a famous game. Go Seigen was then 18 years old, ranked 5 "dan", and had been in Japan about five years. They had played before, but not an even game; Go Seigen had won five previous handicap games.

paragraph: The tradition at the time dictated whoever played White had the right to adjourn the game at any time, and there was no sealing of moves. This meant that Shūsai, being the nominally stronger player and thus holding White, could adjourn the game whenever it was his turn to play and continue deliberating at his leisure during the adjournment. Shūsai shamelessly abused this privilege by calling adjournments some 13 times, without exception, all at his turn to move, thus prolonging the match to a period of three months (16 October 1933 – 19 January 1934). For instance, Shūsai played first on the eighth day of the match, and Go Seigen replied within two minutes. Shūsai then thought for three and a half hours but only to adjourn the game. It was no secret that Shusai, during adjournments, discussed and studied the game with his students to come up with the best moves. Go Seigen was therefore put into an especially adverse position for having to take on the entire Honinbo establishment.

paragraph: Shūsai trailed throughout the game until, on the 13th day of the match, he made a brilliant move at W160, now celebrated. It was rumored that it was not Shūsai but one of his students, Maeda Nobuaki, who was the author of this ingenious move. Segoe Kensaku told a reporter this, in what he thought was an off-the-record interview. Maeda himself even hinted as much. When presented with the opportunities to debunk these rumors, Maeda neither denied nor confirmed them. The match ended with Hon'inbō Shūsai winning by two points.

paragraph: Section::::Important matches.:Retirement game.

paragraph: Shusai transferred the Hon'inbō title to the Nihon Ki-in in 1936 and retired thereafter.

paragraph: In 1938, at the age of 64, he came back to play a memorial "retirement game" against Kitani Minoru, losing it by 5 points. The game was later immortalized by Nobel Prize winner Kawabata Yasunari in the novel "Meijin" (published in English as "The Master of Go").

paragraph: Kitani Minoru, having witnessed how Shūsai abused his adjournment privilege during his match against Go Seigen, demanded that the moves be sealed before each adjournment. Initially, Shūsai's camp opposed this, but Kitani insisted, and Shūsai eventually gave in. Time limits were used, of 40 hours each, and Kitani thought deeply. He won the game by a comfortable margin of five points (the game had no komi, so Kitani as black kept his initial advantage by safe play).

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Hon'inbō Shusai has had a number of accusations leveled against his character. These deal with his rivalries, within the Hon'inbō house and subsequently with the establishment of the Nihon Ki-in, conduct as a player, and financial dealings. Even though a transitional figure, Shūsai possessed enormous prestige due to his positions of Meijin and Hon'inbō, but he often abused his privileges as the senior player.

paragraph: Hashimoto Utaro confided to a reporter that his master Segoe Kensaku had his reservations about Shūsai. Segoe had earlier, along with Shūsai, visited China at the invitation of several wealthy Chinese go patrons. They played a number of exhibition games against Chinese players. As a guest, Shūsai had refused to abide by Chinese playing rules, embarrassing his hosts in the process. Moreover, Shūsai would not apparently risk losing to young Chinese players and left many games unfinished, supposedly to be concluded another day, a promise he never fulfilled. Segoe commented to Hashimoto that it was unacceptable for Shūsai to have left the games unfinished after receiving hospitality and large game fees.

paragraph: Go Seigen also held Shūsai in very low esteem. According to Pieter Mioch, who interviewed Go Seigen for the Dutch Go Association magazine, Go Seigen called Shūsai a "scoundrel" and a "villain". Go Seigen accused Shūsai of selling his prestigious Hon'inbō title for a large sum to build himself a magnificent house while failing to give any of the money back to the go community.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese Go professionals

alias:
Shūsai Honinbō
Honinbo Shusai
Shusai Honinbo
Shūsai
Shusai
Honinbou Shuusai

description: Japanese Go player

wikidata_label: Honinbō Shūsai

wikipedia_title: Hon'inbō Shūsai


text:
German
impressionist
Würzburg
Malang
Richard Dehmel
Eduard von Keyserling
Bombing of Würzburg in World War II
List of German painters

categories: German male painters,People from Würzburg,German male poets,German Impressionist painters,1867 births,1918 deaths,20th-century German painters,19th-century German painters,German-language poets,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Max Dauthendey

paragraph: Max Dauthendey (25 July 1867 – 29 August 1918) was a German author and painter of the impressionist period. He was born in Würzburg and died in Malang. Together with Richard Dehmel and Eduard von Keyserling he is regarded as one of the most influential authors of that period.

paragraph: Dauthendey was stranded in Java at the outbreak of World War One. Attempts to provide him with a safe passage back to Germany failed.

paragraph: Dauthendey's birth place, where the family lived until 1876 was destroyed during the Bombing of Würzburg in World War II.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German painters

description: German author and painter of the impressionistic period.

wikidata_label: Max Dauthendey

wikipedia_title: Max Dauthendey