text:
Mizoguchi Nobukatsu
Shibata
Edo Castle
Agano River
flood control
Shōgun
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Kyoto
Shimabara Rebellion
attainder
Katō Akinari
Aizu Domain
Aizuwakamatsu Castle
Great fire of Meireki
Taitō
Inaba Kazumichi
Usuki Domain
Morikawa Shigetoshi
Oyumi Domain
Mizoguchi clan
"Shibata-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1605 births,Tozama daimyo,1676 deaths,Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Mizoguchi Nobunao

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mizoguchi Nobunao was the eldest son of Mizoguchi Nobukatsu and was born in Shibata. He became "daimyō" in 1628 on the death of his father. Shortly afterwards, he was called upon by the shogunate to repair a portion of the ramparts of Edo Castle. In 1633, the Agano River burst its banks and he was called upon to contract new dikes and flood control works. He accompanied Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu on his trip to Kyoto and provided soldiers for enhanced security at Edo Castle during the Shimabara Rebellion. Following the attainder of Katō Akinari from Aizu Domain in 1643, he was assigned to take possession of Aizuwakamatsu Castle on behalf of the shogunate. He was later appointed "Osaka kaban". The domain suffered during this time from flooding, followed by a great fire, and the domain's Edo residence also burned down during the Great fire of Meireki in 1657. Despite these disasters, he was able to lay out the Shimizu-en gardens in Shibata, and to also develop flood control projects for the Shibata River. he retired in 1672, and died in Edo 1676, leaving a domain in fiscal exhaustion. His grave is at the temple of Shōtō-ji in what is now Taitō, Tokyo, which he founded.

paragraph: Nobunao was married to a daughter of Inaba Kazumichi of Usuki Domain, and after he death remarried to a daughter of Morikawa Shigetoshi of Oyumi Domain. He had 3 sons and 4 daughters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shibata-han" on "Edo 300 HTML" )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia."

description: Japanese daimyō

wikidata_label: Mizoguchi Nobunao

wikipedia_title: Mizoguchi Nobunao


text:
Mizoguchi Nobunao
Shogun
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Takada Castle
Matsudaira Mitsunaga
Takada Domain
Edo Castle
Azabu
Japanese tea ceremony
Kisshō-ji
Matsudaira Masatsuna
Tamanawa Domain
Sakai Tadakatsu
Obama Domain
Mizoguchi clan
"Shibata-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: Tozama daimyo,1708 deaths,1633 births,Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Mizoguchi Shigekatsu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mizoguchi Shigekatsu was the eldest son of Mizoguchi Nobunao. He was received in formal audience by Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu in 1640 and became "daimyō" in 1672 on the retirement of his father. In 1681 he was ordered to take possession of Takada Castle after the dispossession of Matsudaira Mitsunaga from Takada Domain, and in 1699 was ordered to oversee the construction of a new moat for Edo Castle in the Azabu area of the city. During his tenure at Shibata, Shigekatsu was noted as a patron of the arts, especially that of the Japanese tea ceremony. He completed the Shimizu-en gardens begun by his father.

paragraph: He retired in 1706 and died in Edo in 1709. His grave is at the temple of Kisshō-ji in Tokyo.

paragraph: Shigekatsu was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Masatsuna of Tamanawa Domain, and after her death remarried to a daughter of Sakai Tadakatsu of Obama Domain. He had 4 sons and 7 daughters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Japanese daimyō

wikidata_label: Mizoguchi Shigekatsu

wikipedia_title: Mizoguchi Shigekatsu


text:
Mizoguchi Shigekatsu
Shibata
Shōgun
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Confucian
Itō Jinsai
Kisshō-ji
Maida Toshiaki
Daishōji Domain
kuge
Mizoguchi clan
"Shibata-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1719 deaths,Tozama daimyo,1680 births,Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Mizoguchi Shigemoto

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mizoguchi Shigemoto was the eldest son of Mizoguchi Shigekatsu and was born in Shibata. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in 1694 and became "daimyō" in 1706 on the retirement of his father. He encouraged the development of scholarship and martial arts in the domain, and invited disciples of the noted Confucian philosopher and educator Itō Jinsai to the domain in 1715.

paragraph: He died in Edo in 1719 at the age of 39. His grave is at the temple of Kisshō-ji in Tokyo.

paragraph: Shigemoto was married to a daughter of Maida Toshiaki of Daishōji Domain, and after her death remarried to Masa, the daughter of the "kuge" Nakanoin Michiomi. He had 2 sons and 1 daughter; however, his eldest son and daughter both died in childhood.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mizoguchi clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Japanese daimyō

wikidata_label: Mizoguchi Shigemoto

wikipedia_title: Mizoguchi Shigemoto


text:
Pierre de La Primaudaye
John Hungerford Pollen
Stroud
Gloucester
Dublin
University College Dublin
John Henry Newman
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
Oxford Union
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
John Hungerford Pollen
Arthur Hungerford Pollen
Francis Pollen
Shipley
Sussex
Wilfrid Scawen Blunt
Elizabeth Longford
Lady Anne Blunt
Arthur Pollen
Judith
Mrs Bury Palliser
South Kensington Museum
1908 Franco-British Exhibition
1910 Japan-British Exhibition
liturgical vestments
Catalogue
Churchill Archives Centre

categories: Antiques experts,English women non-fiction writers,1838 births,Women collectors

paragraph: Maria Margaret Pollen

paragraph: Maria Margaret La Primaudaye Pollen (10 April 1838 – c. 1919), known as Minnie, was a decorative arts collector. As Mrs John Hungerford Pollen, she became known during the early-twentieth century as an authority on the history of textiles, publishing "Seven Centuries of Lace" in 1908.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Maria Margaret La Primaudaye was born into a Huguenot family on 10 April 1838, the third child of the Revd Charles John La Primaudaye, a descendant of Pierre de La Primaudaye. She was educated in Italy. Her family converted to Catholicism in 1851, and it was in Rome that her father met another recent English convert, John Hungerford Pollen, previously an Anglican priest and a decorative artist. She became engaged to Pollen, who was then seventeen years her senior, in the summer of 1854, and was married in the church of Woodchester monastery, near Stroud, Gloucester, on 18 September 1855. The Pollens initially settled in Dublin, where John Hungerford Pollen had been offered the professorship of fine arts at the newly-founded University College Dublin, having been introduced to John Henry Newman by Charles La Primaudaye.

paragraph: In the summer of 1857, the Pollens moved to London, where they became enthusiastic members of the artistic and literary community. A renewed friendship with members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood led to Pollen's involvement in the decoration of the Oxford Union debating chamber. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who co-ordinated the project, made a portrait sketch of Maria Margaret Pollen in August 1857.

paragraph: The Pollens had ten children, among them the Jesuit historian and archivist, John Hungerford Pollen, and the journalist, inventor, and businessman, Arthur Hungerford Pollen. The church architect, Francis Pollen, was a great-grandson.

paragraph: During the 1870s and 1880s, the Pollens rented Newbuildings Place in Shipley, Sussex from Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, a childhood friend of the La Primaudaye family. Blunt's biographer, Elizabeth Longford, suggested that from 1872 he and Maria Margaret Pollen were engaged in a romantic affair. Relations between the two families, which had been unusually intimate, broke down in 1888 when Lady Anne Blunt accused Arthur Pollen of over-familiarity towards her daughter, Judith.

paragraph: Section::::Collecting.

paragraph: Maria Margaret Pollen collected old lace, fans, and eighteenth-century English glass. She attributed her particular interest in textiles to her friend Mrs Bury Palliser, the art writer and lace expert, who gave her one of her first 'specimens' in 1862. Pollen's collections were exhibited during her lifetime at the South Kensington Museum, where her husband was from 1863 Assistant Keeper; the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition; and the 1910 Japan-British Exhibition.

paragraph: Following the death of her husband in 1902, she had continued to develop their joint interest in decorative art and antique textiles, becoming a lecturer on the subject of old lace. In 1908, she published a history of lace-making, including an illustrated catalogue of 120 pieces in her own collection, entitled "Seven Centuries of Old Lace". Based on the study of illuminated manuscripts, Italian fresco paintings, and original research into other examples of old lace in private and ecclesiastical collections, the work was notable for arguing that lace, previously thought to have been an invention of the sixteenth century, could be traced back to antiquity through the ornamentation of linen liturgical vestments.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Centuries of Lace", with a preface by Alan S. Cole (London: W. Heinemann, 1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lace" in "The Catholic Encyclopedia", vol. 8 (New York, 1910), pp. 729–32

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Design in Lace" in "The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs" 19:98 (May 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Lace in the Royal Museums, Brussels" in "The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs" 21:114 (September 1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Linen Garments" in "The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs" 25:136 (July 1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preface to Anne Pollen, "John Hungerford Pollen, 1820-1902" (London: John Murray, 1919)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of the Pollen family papers at the Churchill Archives Centre

alias:
Maria Hungerford Pollen
Minnie Pollen
Maria Margaret LaPrimaudaye
Maria Margaret Primaudaye

description: English writer on lace

wikidata_label: Maria Margaret Pollen

wikipedia_title: Maria Margaret Pollen


text:
ski jumper
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
Engelberg
Joacim Ødegård Bjøreng
Phillip Sjøen
Johann André Forfang
2018–19 season

categories: 1996 births,Living people,Sportspeople from Oslo

paragraph: Halvor Egner Granerud

paragraph: Halvor Egner Granerud (born 29 May 1996) is a Norwegian ski jumper. He debuted in the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup in 2015, and got his best result in Engelberg in December 2017, when he finished 5th. Granerud was part of the team that won the FIS Junior World Championship in 2015, together with Joacim Ødegård Bjøreng, Phillip Sjøen and Johann André Forfang. From the 2018–19 season, he's been a part of the national team.

description: Norwegian ski jumper

wikidata_label: Halvor Egner Granerud

wikipedia_title: Halvor Egner Granerud


text: Agathocles

text: Syracuse, Sicily

text: Pyrrhus of Epirus

text: Corcyra

text: Alexander

text: Demetrius I Poliorcetes

text: Macedonia

text: Sicily

text: Carthage

categories: Ancient Epirote queens consort,Ancient Syracusans

paragraph: Lanassa (wife of Pyrrhus)

paragraph: Lanassa was a daughter of king Agathocles of Syracuse, Sicily, perhaps by his second wife Alcia. In 295 BC Agathocles married Lanassa to King Pyrrhus of Epirus. Agathocles himself escorted his daughter with his fleet to Epirus to her groom. Lanassa brought the island of Corcyra as dowry into the marriage. The couple had two sons: Alexander and Helenus. However, Lanassa could not accept her husband's polygamous lifestyle, and so she left Pyrrhus in 291 BC, went to Corcyra, and offered this island as dowry to Demetrius I Poliorcetes, then king of Macedonia, if he would become her new husband. The courted diadoch came to Corcyra, married Lanassa and occupied the island. After the death of Agathocles (289 BC) Pyrrhus, as former husband of Lanassa, asserted hereditary claims to Sicily. On the basis of these claims the inhabitants of Syracuse asked Pyrrhus in 279 BC for assistance against Carthage.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix Stähelin: "Lanassa 2)". In: "Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft". Vol XII, 1 (1924), col. 617-618.

wikidata_label: Lanassa

wikipedia_title: Lanassa (wife of Pyrrhus)


text:
New York
Ellicottville
Cattaraugus County, New York
Buffalo
New York Supreme Court
Standard Oil
John D. Archbold
New York state election, 1889
Republican
New York Court of Appeals
Denis O'Brien
New York state election, 1894
New York state election, 1908

categories: Politicians from Buffalo, New York,People from Ellicottville, New York,1842 births,New York Supreme Court Justices,New York (state) Republicans,1926 deaths,New York Court of Appeals judges

paragraph: Albert Haight

paragraph: Albert Haight (February 20, 1842 - October 1926) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on February 20, 1842, in Ellicottville, Cattaraugus County, New York, the son of Henry Haight (born c. 1815) and Sarah Maria (Sisson) Haight (1817–1868). He was admitted to the bar in 1863, and practiced in Buffalo.

paragraph: He was Judge of the Erie County Court from 1873 to 1877. He was a Justice of the New York Supreme Court (8th D.) from 1877 to 1894, and was appointed to the General Term (5th Dept.) in 1884.

paragraph: In 1887, he made a controversial decision in a trial involving Standard Oil and John D. Archbold, and was severely censured in the press for it. Subsequently Standard Oil pushed his campaign for the Court of Appeals, but it did not work out. At the New York state election, 1889, he ran on the Republican ticket for the New York Court of Appeals but was defeated by Democrat Denis O'Brien.

paragraph: At the New York state election, 1894, he ran again and this time was elected. He was re-elected at the New York state election, 1908, and retired from the bench at the end of 1912 when he reached the constitutional age limit.

paragraph: He died in October 1926.

description: New York politician and judge

wikidata_label: Albert Haight

wikipedia_title: Albert Haight


text:
MA
Irish peer
Joshua Allen, 5th Viscount Allen
County Kildare
Stillorgan

categories: 1845 deaths,Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland,1780s births

paragraph: Joshua Allen, 6th Viscount Allen

paragraph: Joshua William Allen, 6th Viscount Allen MA ( 1782 – 21 September 1845), was an Irish peer, the son of Joshua Allen, 5th Viscount Allen. He succeeded to the titles of 6th Viscount Allen, County Kildare, and 6th Baron Allen of Stillorgan, on 1 February 1816.

paragraph: He never married, and on his death his titles became extinct.

description: Irish peer

wikidata_label: Joshua Allen, 6th Viscount Allen

wikipedia_title: Joshua Allen, 6th Viscount Allen


text:
Duke of Gascony
Count of Bordeaux
Kingdom of France
Peace of God
Viking
feudal
Basque
William Sánchez
García Sánchez I of Pamplona
patronymic
Pierre de Marca
deniers
obols
investiture
Abbo of Fleury
monastery of La Réole
Benedictine rule
Robert II
Adhemar of Chabannes
Montaner
abbey of Saint-Sever
Sancho William
William II of Angoulême
cartulary
cathedral of Saint Mary of Auch
count of Fezensac
Vic-Fezensac
Odo of Astarac
Buzet-sur-Baïse
García Sánchez
Medieval Lands Project: Gascony.

categories: 1009 deaths,Dukes of Gascony,10th-century births

paragraph: Bernard William of Gascony

paragraph: Bernard William, sometimes Bernard I (died 25 December 1009), was the Duke of Gascony and Count of Bordeaux from 997 to his death. During his time, Gascony was effectively independent, its duke a sovereign and any connection to the Kingdom of France theoretical. His reign fell during a period of relative peace and prosperity: the Peace of God movement had originated in Gascony in his father's time, monastic reform was introduced during his reign and the period of Viking attacks was over. Nonetheless, it was also a period of increasing feudal fragmentation, and Bernard died a violent death.

paragraph: Descended on both sides from dynasties of Basque origin, Bernard was the eldest son of Duke William Sánchez and Urraca, daughter of King García Sánchez I of Pamplona. "Bernard" was his given name and "William" a patronymic, being the name of his father. He used both names.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: The date of Duke William's death and Bernard's succession may be placed anywhere between 996 and 999. The early modern historian Pierre de Marca believed that Bernard was a minor and under a regency at the time of his accession, but this very unlikely. Jean de Jaurgain reckons he was 23 or 24 years old, based on the lifespans of his father and brother.

paragraph: Bernard's father had inherited the county of Bordeaux between 977 and 988 and begun minting coins there. Bernard continued to mint deniers and obols under his name and possibly under his patronymic as well. Of the several different types of obol minted under the name William, some were probably minted by Bernard. The hand on the obverse of some of Bernard's coins may represent a glove as used in a ceremony of investiture. A coin bearing his name was found in an 11th-century hoard of diverse coins in Piedmont. The hoard was probably assembled by a merchant or pilgrim who travelled throughout France and Gascony.

paragraph: During Bernard's rule, the abbot Abbo of Fleury visited the monastery of La Réole with some of his monks to reform the monastery and establish the Benedictine rule. He is said to have remarked that he was more powerful in La Réole than the king of France (then Robert II), since nobody feared the power of the king. In fact, the Fleury mission was under the protection of Amalvi, viscount of Bézeaune. When Abbo was assassinated on 13 November 1004, according to the contemporary chronicler Adhemar of Chabannes, Bernard punished the assassins, "some he hanged, other he sent to the flames", and gave all the disputed monastic property and the monastic church of St Peter itself to the French monks from Fleury who had accompanied Abbo.

paragraph: Bernard's swift response to the murder of Abbo may have been designed to strengthen his authority in the territory of Viscount Amalvi and show who was the real protector of La Réole, for there is other evidence of challenges to Bernard's authority over the monasteries of Gascony. The ruling family of Montaner annexed the in 1009 and installed one of their own as abbot. By 1010, the head of the family Odon-Doat, had appropriated for himself the title of viscount.

paragraph: On 3 April 1009, Bernard and his wife Urraca issued a charter of confirmation for the property of the abbey of Saint-Sever, founded by his father. By the time of this charter, Bernard's mother had also died.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bernard's death is dated to 25 December 1009 by the necrology of the abbey of Saint-Sever. Since Bernard died without a male heir, his younger brother Sancho William succeeded him. A certain William Bernard, called "de Laussianum", who got into a dispute with the abbey of Saint-Sever during the reign of Sancho William, may have been a natural son of Bernard. There are two non-overlapping accounts of Bernard's death.

paragraph: According to Adhemar, Bernard was poisoned through "womanly plots". Probably he means to identify the killers as witches. Adhemar describes the poisoning of Count William II of Angoulême in 1028 in nearly identical terms.

paragraph: According to a document in the "black" cartulary of the cathedral of Saint Mary of Auch, dating to about 1110, Bernard was assassinated by a knight named Raymond Paba. After the murder, Raymond sought refuge at the court of Aimeric I, count of Fezensac, who granted him the fief of Vic-Fezensac. This clearly implicates Aimeric in the murder. In response, Odo of Astarac, archbishop of Auch, excommunicated Raymond. As an act of penance, the latter went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, during which he died. Before he left, however, he received from Duke Sancho as a fief the castle of Buzet-sur-Baïse, which had been constructed by Sancho and Bernard's grandfather, Duke García Sánchez, to protect a now lost monastery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project: Gascony.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Bernard I William of Gascony

wikipedia_title: Bernard William of Gascony


text: ulama

text: philosopher

text: Majelis Ulama Indonesia

text: Muhammadiyah

text: The Al-Azhar University

text: The Malaysian National University

text: Moestopo University

text: Minangkabau

text: Muslim

text: Abdul Karim Amrullah

text: Muhammad Amrullah

text: Jamaah Naqsyabandiyah

text: Maninjau

text: silek

text: Diniyah School

text: Sumatera Thawalib

text: Afiq Aimon Zainuddin

text: Kaba Cindua Mato

text: Central Java

text: Java

text: Parabek

text: Bukittinggi

text: Aiman Ibrahim Wong

text: smallpox

text: Bengkulu

text: Yogyakarta

text: Muhammadiyah

text: Sarekat Islam

text: Christianization

text: Bagoes Hadikoesoemo

text: HOS Tjokroaminoto

text: Abdul Rozak Fachruddin

text: Suryopranoto

text: Bandung

text: Masjumi

text: Ahmad Hassan

text: Mohammad Natsir

text: Pekalongan

text: West Java

text: Sutan Mansur Ahmad Rashid

text: superstition

text: Iron Bridge Mosque

text: Dawah

text: Arabic

text: Mecca

text: hajj

text: Ahmad Al-Khatib Minangkabawi

text: kitab

text: Agus Salim

text: Medan

text: Tebing Tinggi

text: Bandung

text: Abdul Rozak Fachruddin

text: Yogyakarta

text: Minangkabau

text: Mi'raj

text: colonial government in power that time

text: Sutan Mansur Ahmad Rashid

text: Maninjau

text: 1926 earthquake

text: Sungai Batang

text: Pedoman Masyarakat

text: M. Yunan Nasution

text: Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah

text: Sinking of the van der Wijck

text: Tuan Direktur

text: Revolution

text: Batang River

text: Solo

text: Bukittinggi

text: Yogyakarta

text: Bengkalis

text: Makassar

text: Semarang

text: Central Sumatra

text: SY Sutan Mangkuto

text: Purwokerto

text: Arabic

text: Abu Bakar

text: Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah

text: Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck

text: Tuan Direktur

text: Jamal-ad Din Al-Afghani

text: Tafsir Al-Azhar

text: Ceramah Buya Hamka

text: Info lain tentang Hamka

text: Tafsir Hamka Online

categories: Muhammadiyah,1908 births,Indonesian Muslims,Indonesian journalists,Minangkabau people,1981 deaths,National Heroes of Indonesia

paragraph: Hamka

paragraph: Prof. Dr. H. Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah, better known by the pen name Hamka (17 February 1908 — 24 July 1981) was an Indonesian ulama and philosopher. During his life, he was also known as a writer, lecturer and journalist. He went into politics through the Masyumi Party until it was disbanded, served as the first Head of Majelis Ulama Indonesia, and was active in Muhammadiyah until he died. The Al-Azhar University and The Malaysian National University bestowed upon him an Honorary Doctorate, while Moestopo University of Jakarta appointed Hamka as one of their distinguished Professor. His name is used for Muhammadiyah's University of Hamka and he was listed in the Indonesian's National Heroes List.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: Hamka was born on 17 February 1908 in Kampung Molek, Sungai Batang, Tanjung Raya, Minangkabau as the first child of seven. He was raised in a family of devout Muslims. His father was Abdul Karim Amrullah, a clerical reformer of Islam in Minangkabau who was known as Haji Rasul. His mother, Sitti Shafiyah, came from artists of Minangkabau descent. The father of Abdul Karim, Hamka's grandfather, namely Muhammad Amrullah was known as a follower of the Jamaah Naqsyabandiyah.

paragraph: Before his education in formal schools, Hamka lived with his grandmother in a house south of Maninjau. When he was six years old, he moved with his father to Padang Panjang, West Sumatera. Following common tradition in Minang, he studied the Quran and slept in a mosque near the place where he used to lived because Minang boys did not have a place to sleep in the family home. In the mosque he studied the Quran and "silek". He listened to "kaba", stories which were sung along with traditional Minangkabau music. Interaction with these storytellers gave him knowledge of the art of storytelling. Later, through his novels, Hamka often drew on Minang terms. Minang rhymes and proverbs often influenced his works.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.:Education.

paragraph: In 1915, at the age of seven, he enrolled in a village school ("Sekolah SMKA Sultan Muhammad") and studied general sciences such as mathematics and reading. Hamka considered this time of his life to be one of the more joyous times. In the morning, he rushed off to school so that he could play before class started. Then after school, he would go play again with his friends, such as hide and seek, wrestling, chasing after one another, like other kids his age. Two years later, while still studying at the village school in the morning, he also studied in Diniyah School in the afternoon. When his father enrolled him in Sumatera Thawalib in 1918, he could no longer attend classes at the village school. He quit after passing two classes. After that, he studied at the Diniyah School every morning, while in the afternoon and evening he studied in Thawalib back at the mosque. Young Hamka's activities, he admitted, were not fun and he felt that his freedom was curbed.

paragraph: While studying in Helmi Talib, he was not considered to be a smart child. He often did not attend school for a few days because he felt bored and chose to study by himself. He preferred to stay in a library owned by his public teacher, Afiq Aimon Zainuddin rather than study the lessons he needed to memorise for class. In the library, he was free to read a variety of books and even borrowed them to bring home. However, because of the books he borrowed had nothing to do with lessons in Thawalib, his father reprimanded him when he was caught busy reading Kaba Cindua Mato. His father said, "Are you going to be a pious person or become a storyteller?"

paragraph: In an effort to prove himself to his father and partly driven by the books he was reading about Central Java, Hamka became very interested in migrating to the island of Java. At the same time, he was no longer interested in completing his education at Thawalib. After studying for about four years, he left Thawalib without obtaining a diploma. Afterwards, Hamka moved to Parabek, about 5 km from Bukittinggi, in 1922 to study under Aiman Ibrahim Wong, but did not last long. He preferred to follow his heart to seek knowledge and experience in his own way. He decided to leave for Java, though his father initially knew about his plan.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.:Migrating to Java.

paragraph: Hamka had traveled to many places in Minangkabau since he was a teenager. He gained a nickname "The Faraway Kid" ("Si Bujang Jauh") from his father. His parents divorced when he was 15, which had a great impact on him. He decided to go to Java after he learnt that the Islam taught in Java was more advanced than that in the highlands, especially in terms of movement and organisation. However, he contracted smallpox when on his way in Bengkulu, so he decided to return to Padang Panjang after being bedridden for about two months. Even so, his desire to move to Java never went away, and he departed for Java in 1924, a year after recovering from the disease.

paragraph: Arriving in Java, Hamka went to Yogyakarta and settled in the house of his father's younger brother, Amrullah Ja'far. Through his uncle, he had the opportunity to participate in the discussions and trainings organized by the Islamic movements Muhammadiyah and Sarekat Islam. In addition to studying with the Islamic movements, he also expanded his views in the disruption of Islam's progress by Christianization and communism. While in Java, he was active in various social and religious organizations. He also studied under many experts such as Bagoes Hadikoesoemo, HOS Tjokroaminoto, Abdul Rozak Fachruddin, and Suryopranoto. Before returning to Minangkabau, he visited Bandung and met with Masjumi leaders such as Ahmad Hassan and Mohammad Natsir, which gave him the opportunity to write in the magazine "Pembela Islam" ("Defenders of Islam"). Subsequently, in 1925, he went to Pekalongan, West Java to meet Sutan Mansur Ahmad Rashid, who was the chairman of the Muhammadiyah's Pekalongan branch at the time, and learnt more about Islam from him. While in Pekalongan, he stayed at his brother's house and started giving religious talks in some places.

paragraph: In his first wandering in Java, he claimed to have a new spirit in studying Islam. He also saw no difference between Islamic reformation missions in both the Minangkabau and Javan regions: the reformation in Minangkabau aimed at purifying Islam off regressive practices of imitation and superstition, while the Javan movement was more focused to the efforts of combating backwardness, ignorance and poverty.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.:Performing the Pilgrimage.

paragraph: After a year in Java, Hamka went back to Padang Panjang in July 1925 where he wrote his first magazine titled "Chatibul Ummah", which contained a collection of speeches that he listened on Iron Bridge Mosque ("Surau Jembatan Besi"), and Tabligh Muhammadiyah. Between the business of his activity in the field of Dawah through writing, he made speeches in several places in Padang Panjang. But at that moment, everything is precisely sharply criticised by his father, "Speeches alone are useless, fill yourself with knowledge, then those speeches would be meaningful and useful." On the other hand, he did not get a good reception from the public. He was often derided as an "uncertified Islam orator", even he had received criticism from some scholars because he did not master Arabic language well. Criticism he received in his native land motivated him to be more mature.

paragraph: In February 1927, he made the decision to go to Mecca to expand his religious knowledge, including learning the Arabic language and performing his first hajj pilgrimage. He left without saying goodbye to his father and went on his own dime. While in Mecca, he became correspondent of the daily "Andalas Light" ("Pelita Andalas") and also worked at a printing company owned by Mr. Hamid, son of Majid Kurdish, Ahmad Al-Khatib Minangkabawi's father-in-law. His mastery of the foreign language he learned enabled him to read classic Islamic kitab, books, and Islam newsletters.

paragraph: Towards the pilgrimage, Hamka and several other pilgrims candidate founded the East Indian Association ("Persatuan Hindia Timur"), an organisation giving lessons to Dutch Indies pilgrims-to-be. He lived where?? for some time after the pilgrimage, where he met Agus Salim and had expressed his desire to settle in Mecca, but Agus Salim instead advised him to go home reasoning: "You can do a lot more work with your study and movements that you are fighting for. Therefore, it would be better to develop yourself in your own homeland", Agus Salim said. Hamka soon returned to his homeland after seven months of living in Mecca. However, instead of going home to Padang Panjang, Hamka instead settled in the city of Medan, where his returning ship had anchored.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.:Career in Medan.

paragraph: While in Medan, he wrote many articles for various magazines and had become a religion teacher for several months in Tebing Tinggi. He sent his writings to the newspaper" Pembela Islam" in Bandung and Voice of Muhammadiyah, which was led by Abdul Rozak Fachruddin, in Yogyakarta. In addition, he also worked as a correspondent for the daily paper "Pelita Andalas" and wrote trip reports, especially about his journey to Mecca in 1927. In 1928, he wrote the first story in Minangkabau titled "Sabariyah". In the same year, he was appointed as editor of the "Era Progress" ("Kemajuan Zaman") magazine, which was based on the results of the Muhammadiyah conference in Padang Panjang. The next year, he wrote several books, among others : Agama dan Religion and Women, Islamic Defenders, Minangkabau Tradition, Islam Defender, "Kepentingan Dawah", and Mi'raj Verses. However, some of his writings were confiscated because they were considered as seditious by the colonial government in power that time.

paragraph: When in the field, the people in the village had repeatedly asked him to send some letters home, yet he declined. This worried his father, who asked Sutan Mansur Ahmad Rashid to pick him up and persuade him to go home. Sutan's plea finally convinced Malik to return to his hometown in Maninjau, which at the time was in ruins due to the 1926 earthquake, including his father's home in Padang Panjang Lantah. Arriving at his hometown, he finally met his father and was overcomed with emotions. His father was shocked to learn that he journeyed to Hajj on his own and paid with his own money, saying "Why don't you let me know about this noble and sacred mean? I was poor and on hard times at the time" His realization for his father's honest concern of him changed his view of his father.

paragraph: After about a year settling in Sungai Batang, Abdul Malik left his hometown again to go to Medan in 1936. During his time in Medan, he worked as an editor and became editor-in-chief of a magazine "Pedoman Masyarakat," which he founded with an Islamic cleric M. Yunan Nasution. Through" Pedoman Masyarakat", he used the penname "Hamka" for the first time. While in Medan, he wrote" Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah", which was inspired by his trip to Mecca in 1927. After the novel was published in 1938, he wrote" Sinking of the van der Wijck", which was written as a serialised story in" Pedoman Masyarakat". In addition, he also published several novels and books such as:" Merantau ke Deli" ("Going Away to Deli")," Kedudukan Perempuan dalam Islam ("Women's Position in Islam")," "Tuan Direktur" ("The Director")," New Forces," Driven"," In The Valley of Life"," Father"," Modern Mysticism"," and "Falsafah Hidup" ("Life Philosophy")"." The parent magazine for "Pedoman" was shut down in 1943 during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies.

paragraph: During the Japanese occupation, Hamka was appointed as a religious adviser to the Japanese. He was also a member of a makeshift assembly that handled government and Islamic matters in 1944. He accepted this position, believing the Japanese's promise to grant independence to Indonesia. But after occupying this position, he was regarded as an accomplice to the invaders by his friends. He was subjected to endless criticism as the Japanese were defeated and surrendered to the Allies, which drove him back to the Minangkabau after the Revolution broke out in 1945, in the mean time also fighting to repel the invaders by joining Indonesian guerrillas to fight against the return of the Dutch in the jungles in Medan.

paragraph: Section::::Career and later life.

paragraph: Section::::Career and later life.:Muhammadiyah.

paragraph: After his marriage to Siti Rahim, Hamka Muhammadiyah branch was active was the management of Minangkabau, whose origin stemmed from the association Joints bakalnya Safe founded by his father in 1925 in Batang River. In addition, he became the head of Tablighi School, a religious school founded Muhammadiyah on 1 January 1930.

paragraph: Since attending the congress of Muhammadiyah in Solo in 1928, Hamka never missed attending congresses next Muhammadiyah. Upon his return from Solo, he began to assume various positions, until finally he was appointed as Chairman of Muhammadiyah branch of Padang Panjang. After the 19th Muhammadiyah Congress in Bukittinggi in 1930, followed by the next congress in Yogyakarta, he meets an invitation to set up a branch of Muhammadiyah in Bengkalis. Subsequently, in 1932, he was sent by Muhammadiyah to Makassar to prepare and move the spirit of the people to welcome the Muhammadiyah Congress to-21 in Makassar. While in Makassar, he had published "Al-Mahdi", a monthly Islamic science magazine. In 1934, a year after attending a congress of Muhammadiyah in Semarang, he was made a permanent member of the Council of Muhammadiyah Council for the region Central Sumatra.

paragraph: Muhammadiyah increasingly uphill career when he moved to Medan. In 1942, along with the fall of the Dutch East Indies to the Japanese colonial power, Hamka was elected as leader of East Sumatra Muhammadiyah to replace H. Mohammad Said. But in December 1945, he decided to return to the Minangkabau and the release position. The following year, he was elected Chairman of the Assembly of West Sumatra Muhammadiyah leaders replace SY Sutan Mangkuto. This position he embraces until 1949.

paragraph: In 1953, he was elected as the leader of the centr Muhammadyiah Muhammadiyah Congress to-32 at Purwokerto. Since then, he has always chosen the Muhammadiyah Congress further, until in 1971 he pleaded not elected because he was senile. However, he was still appointed as an adviser to the central leadership of Muhammadiyah until the end.

paragraph: Section::::List of books and novels.

paragraph: A prolific writer, apart from his magnum opus, the thirty-volumes Qur'anic commentary called "Tafsir Al-Azhar", he was known to have written "over 100 books, ranging from philosophy, politics, Minangkabau adat, history and biography, Islamic doctrine, ethics, mysticism, tafsir, and fiction."

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Khatibul Ummah (written in Arabic).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Pembela Islam (History of Abu Bakar as-shiddiq) (1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Ringkasan Tarikh Ummat Islam (1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Kepentingan Melakukan Tabligh (1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Tasawuf Modern (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Hikmat Isra' dan Mikraj

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. "Tenggelamnya Kapal van der Wijck" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. "Tuan Direktur" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Merantau ke Deli (Travelling to Deli) (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Revolusi Agama (1946).

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Mandi Cahaya di Tanah Suci (1950).

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Mengembara di Lembah Nil (1950).

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Ditepi Sungai Dajlah (at the Tigris River) (1950).

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Kenangan-kenangan Hidup (4 series, Hamka's autobiography) (1950).

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Sejarah Ummat Islam /Sejarah Umat Islam edisi Baru tulisan dan kajian Prof Dr.Hamka (4 series).

paragraph: BULLET::::17. 1001 Soal Hidup (1950).

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Pelajaran Agama Islam (1956).

paragraph: BULLET::::19. Sayid Jamaluddin Al-Afghani (about Jamal-ad Din Al-Afghani) (1965).

paragraph: BULLET::::20. Ekspansi Ideologi (Alghazwul Fikri) (1963).

paragraph: BULLET::::21. Hak Asasi Manusia Dipandang dari Segi Islam (Human Rights from the Islam Perspective) (1968).

paragraph: BULLET::::22. Falsafah Ideologi Islam (1950).

paragraph: BULLET::::23. Keadilan Sosial Dalam Islam (Social Justice in Islam) (1950).

paragraph: BULLET::::24. Studi Islam (1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::25. Himpunan Khutbah-khutbah.

paragraph: BULLET::::26. Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau (Muhammadiyah in Minangkabau) (1975).

paragraph: BULLET::::27. Pandangan Hidup Muslim (1960).

paragraph: BULLET::::28. Kedudukan perempuan dalam Islam (1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::29. Tafsir Al-Azhar

paragraph: BULLET::::30. Falsafah hidup

paragraph: BULLET::::31. Falsafah ketuhanan

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeffrey Hadler, "Home, Fatherhood, Succession: Three Generations of Amrullahs in Twentieth-Century Indonesia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceramah Buya Hamka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Info lain tentang Hamka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tafsir Hamka Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.uhamka.ac.id/?page=info_list&id=206

description: Indonesian journalist and activist

wikidata_label: Hamka

wikipedia_title: Hamka


text:
Italian
Renaissance
Genoa
Agostino Calvi
Perin del Vaga
Genoa
Monaco
Naples
Giacomo Bargone
Andrea Semini
Luca Cambiaso

categories: Italian decorators,Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,17th-century Italian painters,16th-century Italian painters,People from Genoa,Genoese painters,1512 births,1603 deaths

paragraph: Lazzaro Calvi

paragraph: Lazzaro Calvi (1512–1587) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance period. He was born in Genoa and trained with his father Agostino Calvi and Perin del Vaga. Older sources claim he lived till the improbable age of 105 years

paragraph: His elder brother Pantaleone (died 1595) was also a painter. They worked together at Genoa and the different cities of the republic, as well as at Monaco and Naples. Pantaleono acting as the decorator for Luzzato’s works. They painted a façade of the Palazzo Doria (now Palazzo Spinola). They painted a "Continence of Scipio" for a palace in Genoa. Lazzaro, irritated by the success of some of his contemporaries, prompted him to the commission the poisoning of Giacomo Bargone; and he hired persons to vilify the works of the ablest painters of the time, and to extol his own. While engaged in these schemes, he was engaged to paint the "Birth and Life of St. John the Baptist", together with Andrea Semini and Luca Cambiaso, for the chapel of the Nobili Centurioni. Lazzaro was so mortified at this challenge, that he became a mariner, and withdrew himself from painting for twenty years. He returned, however, to his profession, which he continued till he was in his 85th year. His last works were for the church of Santa Cattaprina.

paragraph: Pantaleone's sons: Aurelio, Marcantonio, Benedetto, and Felice; also became painters. Of these, Marcantonio Calvi was the most distinguished painting with his brothers decorations in palazzo Doria, and by himself in Pegli, San Pietro d'Ancona, and other palaces of Liguria, including the loggia degli Spinola. He then moved to Venice. The brothers painted in the Convent of Gesu e Maria in Genoa, and in the church of Santa Caterina.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Lazzaro Calvi

wikipedia_title: Lazzaro Calvi


text:
Bergerac
Élancourt
physicist
CERN
World War II
prisoner of war
camp for military officers
École Polytechnique
United States
cosmic rays
Ph.D.
MIT
Bruno Rossi
Leprince- Ringuet
École Polytechnique
École Polytechnique
Polytechnique
81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
École Polytechnique
CERN PS
Geneva
hadron collider
Intersecting Storage Rings

wikipedia_title:
Bergerac, Dordogne
Élancourt
Physicist
CERN
World War II
Prisoner of war
Oflag
École Polytechnique
United States
Cosmic ray
Doctor of Philosophy
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bruno Rossi
Louis Leprince-Ringuet
École Polytechnique
École Polytechnique
École Polytechnique
81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
École Polytechnique
Proton Synchrotron
Geneva
Hadron collider
Intersecting Storage Rings

categories: People from Bergerac, Dordogne,French physicists,People associated with CERN,1919 births

paragraph: Bernard Gregory

paragraph: Bernard Gregory (19 January 1919, Bergerac – 24 December 1977, Élancourt) was a prominent French physicist and director-general of CERN.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: During World War II, Gregory was a prisoner of war in a German camp for military officers. After the war he graduated from the École Polytechnique and École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, then went to the United States to study fundamental particle interactions in high-energy cosmic rays.

paragraph: After earning his Ph.D. in 1950 at MIT, under the supervision of Professor Bruno Rossi, Gregory returned to France. He became known in the high energy physics world in the 1950s when he worked as a researcher, with the title of deputy director, under Professor Leprince- Ringuet at the École Polytechnique. At the École Polytechnique he worked with a number of physicists including , Jean Crussard, , and later André Astier.

paragraph: In 1958, Gregory was appointed professor of physics at the Polytechnique. Around 1960, Gregory got involved in the bubble chambers research. He directed the work on the 81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber, developed by the technical services at Saturne for the laboratory of the École Polytechnique, and was subsequently brought to CERN PS in Geneva.

paragraph: He was Directorate Member for Research at CERN from 1964 to 1965. From 1966 to 1970, he was Director General of CERN. At CERN, he supervised most of the construction of the world's first hadron collider, the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR).

paragraph: Following his mandate as CERN Director-General, Gregory returned to the Polytechnique laboratory in Paris. Soon he became director-general of the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), which he led from 1973 to 1976. The same year, he became Délégué général à la Recherche scientifique et technique (DGRST). Gregory was elected president for the CERN Council for 1978, but died before entering this position.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard Gregory bio at CERN

description: French physicist

wikidata_label: Bernard Gregory

wikipedia_title: Bernard Gregory


text:
Oldleighlin
synod
St Laserian's Cathedral, Old Leighlin
Killamery
St Goban
Celtic Christianity
Portadown
Church of Ireland
Diocese of Down and Dromore
Church of Ireland
Roman Catholic Diocese of Dromore
John Colgan
Killamery
Lough Neagh
river Bann
County Armagh
County Down
County Antrim
Iveagh
Plantation of Ulster
topography
Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898
Killamery High Cross
Munster
County Kerry
Ciarraige
Fergus mac Róich
Ulster Cycle
Irish mythology
Geoffrey Keating
Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin
Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín
Tralee
Ballyheigue
Cashen Bay
Corkaguiny
Rattoo
Ardfert
river Feale
River Shannon
Scuithin
Saint David
Gowran
Leinster
Castlewarren
St Goban
List of monastic houses in Ireland
Tuatha Dé Danann
Fir Bolg
Goibniu
Old Irish
Gobán Saor

wikipedia_title:
Old Leighlin
Synod
St Laserian's Cathedral, Old Leighlin
Killamery
St Goban
Celtic Christianity
Portadown
Church of Ireland
Diocese of Down and Dromore
Church of Ireland
Roman Catholic Diocese of Dromore
John Colgan
Killamery
Lough Neagh
River Bann
County Armagh
County Down
County Antrim
Iveagh
Plantation of Ulster
Topography
Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898
Killamery High Cross
Munster
County Kerry
Ciarraige
Fergus mac Róich
Ulster Cycle
Irish mythology
Geoffrey Keating
Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin
Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín
Tralee
Ballyheigue
Cashen Bay
Dingle Peninsula
Ballyduff, County Kerry
Ardfert
River Feale
River Shannon
Scuithin
Saint David
Gowran
Leinster
Castlewarren
St Goban
List of monastic houses in Ireland
Tuatha Dé Danann
Fir Bolg
Goibniu
Old Irish
Gobán Saor

paragraph: St Gobhan

paragraph: St Gobhan has long been historically linked with the parish of Seagoe – "Teach dho-Ghobha" in County Armagh, Ireland. A St Gobban - "Gobban find mac Lugdach" (c. 560-639), was primarily known for his abbacy of the monastery of Oldleighlin, County Carlow, where in 633 an important synod was held to debate the timing of Easter. This monastery later evolved into St Laserian's Cathedral, Old Leighlin. St. Gobban also held authority at Killamery – "Cell Lamraide" in county Kilkenny. St Gobban died in 639 and was buried in either the ancient abbey of Clonenagh: "Cluain-Ednech", County Laois or Clooneagh: "Chluain Each", County Kerry.

paragraph: Section::::St. Gobhan of Seagoe in Iveagh.

paragraph: "Clans, landscapes and borders"

paragraph: A holy man named St. Gobhan (St Goban-Gobban-Goba) is associated with the foundation , of a church of Celtic Christianity origins in the parish of Seagoe, Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The present St. Gobhan's church is a post reformation Church of Ireland and is located within the Diocese of Down and Dromore (of the Church of Ireland), or alternatively the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dromore. The 17th century Irish historian and hagiographer John Colgan wrote of this location: ""Gobanus – Goba of Teg da-goba – Seagoe, on the bank of the Bann in Iveagh of Ulidia (also) St. Gobanus of Killamery, near the mountain called Slievenaman."" Situated four miles due south of Lough Neagh, St. Gobhan's church stands on a high-commanding ridge overlooking and to the east of the upper river Bann in a region where three counties almost meet – County Armagh, County Down and County Antrim. When St. Gobhan first arrived in this locale almost one and a half thousand years ago he was in the lands of the Uí Echach Cobo whose territory would later become the baronies of Upper & Lower Iveagh, in modern-day County Down.

paragraph: This boundary remained for many centuries until the Plantation of Ulster when in 1605 ""The land east of the Upper Bann on the shore of Lough Neagh, known as Clanbrassilagh was formally annexed to the County of Ardmaghe...becoming eventually the barony of Oneilland East"". The continuous spread of urban development and the re-designation of boundaries has masked or obliterated the ancient topography allowing many small and independent hamlets to be swallowed up.

paragraph: Seagoe continued its independent existence until in 1888 the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 facilitated its inclusion into Portadown Urban District.

paragraph: So although present-day Seagoe by definition is in county Armagh, its location and ancient history displays an affinity and tenuous bond of ecclesiastical ties with the lands within the historical diocese of Down and Dromore. The original foundation of St. Gobhan's church is in the ancient cemetery some one hundred yards distance from the present church. The old church ruins set amid tall Yew trees and ornate headstones are a poignant reminder of many past incarnations.

paragraph: Section::::Gobban of Killamery.

paragraph: Whether political upheaval or ecclesiastical differences precipitated St. Gobban's departure from OldLeighlin is unclear. However, prior to the highly important synod of 633, it would appear that he left his monastery and along with numerous monks journeyed into the west of the kingdom of Ossory. Again whether or not he founded or inherited the monastery at Killamery:"Cill lamraidhe" in Ossory is disputed; however, during his abbacy, its fame and importance flourished. The 9th-century book - "The Martyrology of Oengus" states “"of Gobban of Cell Lamraide in Hui Cathrenn in the west of Ossory, a thousand monks it had, as experts say and of them was Gobban."",

paragraph: The Killamery High Cross has become famous as part of the west Ossory group of High crosses.

paragraph: Section::::Gobban find mac Lugdach of Uí Ferba-Altraighe.

paragraph: In the south west of Ireland, in the province of Munster, on the edge of the Atlantic ocean, lies the ""Kingdom"" of County Kerry (Irish: Ciarraí). The kingdom of the Ciarraige tribe whose founder was Ciar, son of the legendary Fergus mac Róich of the Ulster Cycle in Irish mythology. A place where crumbling fortresses on jagged headlands still guard the memories of faded kingdoms.

paragraph: In the ""Martyrology of Oengus the culdee"", (9th-century register of saints and their feast days), it is stated…""Of Gobban, i.e. of cell Lamraide in Hui Cathrenn in the west of ossory, i.e. a thousand monks it had, as experts say. angelic wall, i.e. angels founded the wall of his church for him. Lane, an old tribe which was once in the south of Ireland, and of them was Gobban"."

paragraph: The tribal name of "Lane" is an interpretation of the Irish O'Laoghin or O'Laeghain as mentioned by Geoffrey Keating when referring to

paragraph: the Topographical Poems of Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin and Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín. where it is stated - ""O'LAEGHAIN, O'Leyne, or Lane, chief of UI ferba and O'Duibhduin, chief of Ui Flannain, districts in the county of kerry"..."O'Laeghain, a warrior of fame, We found him over Ui fearba; O'Cathnendaigh obtained the land, firmly settled under the high hills of cualan.""

paragraph: Some authorities describe the land of Ui Ferba as extending northwards from Tralee along Ballyheigue bay to Cashen Bay. However prior to its breakup during the Cambro-Norman invasion of Ireland, Ui Ferba not only included the forementioned lands but also included territory to the west of Tralee in the Dingle/Corkaguiny peninsular. Scattered and embedded into this primitive landscape of stone age dolmens and Iron Age forts are the very foundation stones of early Irish medieval ecclesiastical sites.

paragraph: Many of these early Christian sites have been lost to the vagaries of time, man, and nature. However many still exist to some extent: one of which is the ancient ecclesiastic site of Rattoo, with its famous round tower.

paragraph: The estate of the Abbey and churches of Rattoo arose within the ancient ecclesiastical see of Ardfert in the cantred of Altry bordering Ui Ferba, within the over kingdom of Ciarraige Luachra and was founded by - ""the gentle bishop Lugdach"". This ecclesastical site, which was reported to consist of seven churches was long known as ""Rath Muighe tuaiscirt"" - the fort of the northern plain. This bishop Lugdach, could be the father of Gobban find mac Lugdach and this ecclesiaastical enclosure might not only be St. Gobhan's birthplace: but also that of his real final resting abode.

paragraph: It is generally regarded that St.Gobhan was buried, or his holy relics preserved at the celebrated monastery of St. Fintan of Clonenagh("Cluain Ednech)", county Laois. However St. Gobhan had no apparent ecclesiastical ties to this historic establishment. An examination of the etymology of "Cluain Eidhneach" may be instructive. The meaning of the middle Irish word "Cluain" is invariably found to be a piece of fertile land surrounded by a bog or moor, or on one side by a bog, and the other by water. Also the word "eidnech/eidhneach" refers to an area of ivy-clad trees. In summary an area of raised fertile land surrounded by bog/swamp.

paragraph: A few miles to the north of Ratoo the river Feale, Brick and Gale converge: thus united they become the Cashen river which flows some six more miles before emptying into Cashen bay on the River Shannon estuary. The low ground south of the Cashen river was known as cashen bog. The church of Rattoo lies within this bog, though now much reduced: however one and a half thousand years ago this topography would have been more apparent.

paragraph: The church of Rattoo adjoins the ancient townland of Clooneagh:"Cluain Each." - while seven miles west of Tralee, on the Corkaguiny peninsular is the old church of Kilgobbin.

paragraph: Section::::St Gobban and St Scuithin.

paragraph: St. Gobban founded his monastery at OldLeighlin in 616.

paragraph: The boundary lines of counties Carlow, Laois and Kilkenny all meet on the castlecomer plateau. A portion of this plateau has often been referred to as Slieve Margy. OldLeighlin sits on the eastern slopes of the Johnswell hills in the south of the plateau in county Carlow. In the 6th century Scuithin left Ireland to become a disciple of the Welsh holy man Saint David, whom he is credited with saving from poisoning. On returning home to Ireland he became a hermit and holy man in the Johnswell hills where the memory of his name and abode are preserved in "tigh scuithin." While the site of ""Tigh Scuthin"" has thankfully been preserved in the eponymous location of Tiscoffin it has unfortunately almost obliterated the memory of St. Scuithin as an actual historical entity.

paragraph: When the ancient tuatha were reorganised Kilkenny was divided into baronies and parishes. The Kilkenny barony of Gowran includes the civil parish of Tiscoffin (tigh scuithin) which stretches into the Johnswell hills. It seems probable that here, in the 7th century, existed the fluid and fluctuating boundary between the Kingdom of Ossory and that of Leinster in which Old leighlin is situated. Kilkenny would eventually become a county of Leinster in 1210.

paragraph: The county Kilkenny town of Castlewarren:("Caisleán an Bhairínigh") in the civil parish of Tiscoffin preserves his memory with the Church of Scuithin. This church is seven kilometres distant from OldLeighlin. No doubt the ancient abode of St. Gobban of OldLeighlin is on the periphery of Tigh Scuthin – Tiscoffin. Also according to the "Journal of the Royal Antiquaries of Ireland (1876)" St. Gobban may have briefly aboded at "tigh Scuithin." (after leaving OldLeighlin and before Killamery) for at a time unknown a monastery was erected here.

paragraph: Time, linguistic variations, dialects and anglicisation has confused and entangled St Goban and St.Scuithin: however, two distinct historical persons did exist. Vague references to a "tascaffin" in county Limerick are extant but no designation of that name can be found. However Tiscoffin monastery, county Kilkenny is in the List of monastic houses in Ireland.

paragraph: The Goban Saor.

paragraph: The history of Ireland is steeped in mythology. According to Irish invasions tradition, the fifth group to arrive was the Tuatha Dé Danann. They fought and won many battles and displaced and disposest the Fir Bolg. The Tuatha de Danann had a trinity of gods of craft, the most important of which was Goibniu. Goibnui forged lethal weapons and brewed their magical elixirs of invincibility. His name in Old Irish Gobae~Gobann translates as smith~craftsman. Gobann the craftsman – a skilled builder – the Gobán Saor. St. Gobhan was renowned as a builder-founder of many churches. However, as a founder, he should be acclaimed, for the churches were not lavish, spectacular Romanesque or Gothic cathedrals but simple mud and wattle mixtures that embraced usually the holy well – Christianized to act as the font. The interconnectedness and mutuality of names and professions undoubtedly gave rise to an expression of oneness.

paragraph: The Goban Saor of the Tuatha de Danann existed in an un-dateable period of Ireland's pre-history. St. Gobhan's death is recorded during a dateable period of Ireland's early history. Although St. Gobhan is not the goban saor of the Tuatha de Danann, he could be described as a "Goban Saor" of 6th–7th century Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [Saint Gobain (disambiguation)|Saint Gobain]

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byrne, Francis John (1973), Irish Kings and High-Kings, London: Batsford,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2000), Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Annals of Ulster, volume 1". CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fragmentary Annals of Ireland at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irelands History in maps – rootsweb.ancestry. com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Offaly Historical & Archaeological Society – local history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annals of the Four Masters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey Keating, 1636, Foras Feasa ar Eirenn

description: Irish saint

wikidata_label: St. Gobhan

wikipedia_title: St Gobhan


text: Maubuisson

text: Count of Foix

text: Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix

text: Battle of the Golden Spurs

text: Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle

text: Carcassonne

text: Count of Armagnac

text: Châtelet

text: James II of Majorca

text: Ermengol X, Count of Urgell

text: County of Urgell

text: Alfonso IV of Aragon

text: Crown of Aragon

text: Maubuisson Abbey

text: Pontoise

text: Couvent des Jacobins

text: Paris

text: Joan of Artois

text: Philip of Artois

text: Blanche of Brittany

text: Captal de Buch

text: Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques

categories: Occitan nobility,House of Foix,1287 births,1315 deaths,14th-century Princes of Andorra,Counts of Foix

paragraph: Gaston I, Count of Foix

paragraph: Gaston I of Foix or Gaston VIII of Foix-Béarn (1287 – Maubuisson, 13 December 1315) was the 9th Count of Foix, the 22nd Viscount of Béarn and Co-Prince of Andorra.

paragraph: He was a son of Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix and Margaret of Montcada, the eldest daughter and heiress of Gaston VII of Béarn. He succeeded his father in 1302 as Count Gaston I of Foix and Viscount Gaston VIII of Béarn, first under the regency of his mother.

paragraph: He was probably present at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302, and fought again for the King of France against the Flemish at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle in 1304.

paragraph: When the cities of his County of Foix rebelled against the Royal tax collectors, because they raised the taxes to finance the expensive war against Flanders, Gaston supported his cities. For this, the County was confiscated for a while by the Senechal of Carcassonne.

paragraph: In 1308, he started a war against the Count of Armagnac, against the orders of the King, who had forbidden intra-French warfare. Gaston was taken prisoner and locked up in the Châtelet. He was only released after paying a ransom of 36,000 pond. He also had armed conflicts with his uncle James II of Majorca and even with his own mother, who firmly ruled Foix during his many absences.

paragraph: In 1310, he inherited the Viscounty of Marsan from his aunt Constance of Moncada.

paragraph: When another uncle, Ermengol X, Count of Urgell, died without a male heir, Gaston claimed the County of Urgell, but was no match against King Alfonso IV of Aragon, who incorporated Urgell into the Crown of Aragon.

paragraph: On his return from yet another war against Flanders, Gaston fell ill and died in the Maubuisson Abbey, near Pontoise.

paragraph: His body was transferred to the Boulbonne Abbey, where it was buried alongside his ancestors. Some records state he was buried in the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Gaston married in 1301 Joan of Artois (1289-1350), daughter of Philip of Artois and Blanche of Brittany.br

paragraph: They had 6 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaston II de Foix, Count of Foix, Viscount of Béarn (1308 – 26 September 1343).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Bernard IV de Foix (1310 – after 24 March 1350), married Constanza de Luna (1310 – January 1353), daughter of Artal de Luna, by whom he had three children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert de Foix, Bishop of Lavaur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret of Foix

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanche de Foix, married in 1328 Jean de Grailly, Viscount of Castillon, Captal de Buch, by whom she had two children, including Jean III de Grailly, Captal de Buch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan of Foix (died 1358), married Infante Peter of Aragon, Count of Ribagorza y Ampurias, by whom she had three children, including Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Cyprus.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.webcitation.org/66sEKikm2?url=http://www.foixstory.com/data/comtes/10.htm (In French)

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Gaston I, Count of Foix

wikipedia_title: Gaston I, Count of Foix


text:
Meiningen
medley
1977 European Aquatics Championships
1976 Summer Olympics

wikipedia_title:
Meiningen
Medley swimming
1977 European Aquatics Championships
1976 Summer Olympics

categories: 1959 births,Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics,German female swimmers,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Living people

paragraph: Sabine Kahle

paragraph: Sabine Kahle (born 25 June 1959 in Meiningen) is a retired German swimmer who won two silver medals in medley events at the 1977 European Aquatics Championships. She also participated in the 1976 Summer Olympics and finished fifth in the 400 m medley and eighth in the 400 m freestyle.

description: Olympic swimmer

wikidata_label: Sabine Kahle

wikipedia_title: Sabine Kahle


text: MBE

text: Paralympian

text: wheelchair rugby

text: Great Britain

text: 2008 Summer Paralympics

text: 2012 Summer Paralympics

text: discus

text: club throw

text: Bristol

text: Brilley

text: Hay-on-Wye

text: Goytre

text: wheelchair racer

text: Cardiff University

text: Athens Games

text: Great Britain

text: 2008 Summer Paralympics

text: IPC Athletics World Championships

text: Royal Mail

text: 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships

text: 2016 Summer Paralympics

text: British Cycling

text: handcycling

wikipedia_title: Great Britain national wheelchair rugby team

wikipedia_title: Wheelchair rugby at the 2008 Summer Paralympics

categories: Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics,Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain,Members of the Order of the British Empire,British female wheelchair racers,Female discus throwers,World record holders in Paralympic athletics,1986 births,English people with disabilities,Wheelchair rugby players at the 2008 Summer Paralympics,British club throwers,Sportspeople from Bristol,British wheelchair rugby players,English female discus throwers,Living people,British female discus throwers,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics,Paralympic wheelchair rugby players of Great Britain,Disabled sportswomen,Disabled track and field athletes,Alumni of Cardiff University,Paralympic athletes of Great Britain

paragraph: Josie Pearson

paragraph: Josie Rachel Pearson MBE (born 3 January 1986) is a Paralympian wheelchair rugby player and athlete from England. Pearson represented Great Britain in the 2008 Summer Paralympics, becoming the first women to compete in wheelchair rugby for her country at the Paralympics. After competing as a sprint athlete, Pearson switched to throwing events and qualified for the 2012 Summer Paralympics in both discus and club throw in the F51 class, eventually taking the gold in discus with a world record distance.

paragraph: Section::::Career history.

paragraph: Pearson was born in Bristol in 1986 to Philip and Sue. The younger of two daughters, Pearson grew up in the village of Brilley, Herefordshire. She later moved to Hay-on-Wye on the Welsh border, where her mother ran a fashion and lifestyle shop. A keen show jumper, she was involved in a head-on car collision near Goytre in Wales in May 2003. The accident, in which her boyfriend died, resulted in Pearson breaking two bones in her neck and suffering permanent spinal damage. Her legs were paralysed but she retained some use of her arms.

paragraph: While Pearson at first wished to continue riding, her injuries made that course difficult. She continued her sporting endeavours and along with appearing in a dressage exhibition in 2005, she also trained as a wheelchair racer in 100, 200 and 400m events. She began wheelchair rugby while studying neuroscience at Cardiff University, and while there she contacted the local club, Cardiff Pirates. Accepted into the team, she decided to leave university after a year to concentrate on making the Paralympic squad, a goal she had followed since watching the Athens Games. In November 2006 she was selected to represent Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. The team finished just outside the medals, after losing to Canada in the bronze medal decider.

paragraph: In 2011 at the IPC Athletics World Championships in New Zealand she finished 5th in both the 100m and 800m events and was disqualified in both the 200m and 400m races. Frustrated by her performance, Pearson decided to leave wheelchair racing and switched to throwing events. She took up discus and the club throw, and in 2011 came first in the F51 discus in the Czech Open with a distance of 4.42 and second in the F51 club throw, recording 8.81m. In 2012, she improved on her personal bests, throwing 12.81m in the club and a world record of 6.66m in the F51 discus. These results were enough to qualify for the 2012 Summer Paralympics in both events.

paragraph: On 7 September 2012, Pearson won gold at the 2012 Paralympic Games, breaking the F51 discus world record in the process. As part of the Olympic and Paralympic home-nation celebrations, the Royal Mail issued a stamp of each of the gold winning medalists, as well as painting a post-box in their home town gold. Pearson chose Hay-on-Wye as the location for her golden post-box. Pearson was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to athletics.

paragraph: In 2013 Pearson qualified for the discus and club throw as part of the British team for the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships in Lyon, France. In the discus Pearson threw a distance of 7.09m, setting a new world record and securing the gold medal. Four days later she recorded a personal best in the club throw, and secured the bronze medal.

paragraph: In 2014, Pearson won silver in the club throw at the IPC European Championships in a GB & NI one, two, three (Jo Butterfield, Josie Pearson, Gemma Prescott).

paragraph: After a restructuring to the Paralympic programme in the run-up to the 2016 Summer Paralympics, in April 2015 it was announced that Pearson had joined British Cycling's Paralympic Podium Programme in order to compete in handcycling.

description: Paralympic wheelchair rugby player

wikidata_label: Josie Pearson

wikipedia_title: Josie Pearson


text:
Crystal, New Mexico
Narbona Pass
Cass County
Crook County, Wyoming
Sheridan, Wyoming
Gallup
authenticity

categories: People of the New Mexico Territory,19th-century American businesspeople,American businesspeople in retailing,1855 births,1926 deaths

paragraph: John Bradford Moore

paragraph: John Bradford Moore (1855–1926) was a trader who established a post at Crystal, New Mexico at the western end of the Narbona Pass, where he developed the manufacture of Navajo Blankets for sale in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: John Bradford Moore was of Irish origin.

paragraph: He was born in June 1855 in Texas, possible in Cass County, though on his death certificate of 1926 his age was estimated as "apparently 74".

paragraph: John Bradford Moore of Crook County, Wyoming marrying Marion A. E. Cooney on 27 Mar 1887.

paragraph: Mary Anne [Marion] Cooney was born on 12 February 1864 in Liverpool England, and died on 20 September 1917 in LaFeria, Texas.

paragraph: John B. Moore was mayor of Sheridan, Wyoming in 1892.

paragraph: The Moores had one child, Eunice Moore, born in Wyoming on 23 Feb 1894.

paragraph: Section::::Trader.

paragraph: Moore arrived at Narbona Pass in 1896 and bought the trading site, which until then had been open seasonally without permanent buildings.

paragraph: Moore cut timber in the mountains and hauled it down to build a log trading post, which he stocked with supplies carted from the rail head in Gallup.

paragraph: He named his establishment the Crystal Trading Post.

paragraph: Moore wrote of the trading post in 1911, "it is also our mission here to buy any and everything the Navajo has to sell ... to sell him in turn ... everything, in fact, that he has need for."

paragraph: During the winter months, Moore employed Navajo weavers to make rugs.

paragraph: He ensured that the wool and the weaving was good quality, and created designs of his own, quickly gaining a reputation as a source of good quality rugs.

paragraph: He would buy local wool, but send it for mechanical cleaning and carding to eastern woolen mills.

paragraph: The mills would also dye some of the wool in blue or black.

paragraph: Moore would issue the dyed wool, along with undyed gray and brown wool, to the most skilled weavers.

paragraph: In a break with tradition, Moore had the sixteen or so weavers who worked for him repeat the same design again and again.

paragraph: In a 1910 article, Moore noted that many excellent weavers were under twenty years old, and often the older women suffered from trachoma or other problems with their eyes that prevented them from producing good quality rugs.

paragraph: He paid low wages. Talking of the weaver's life, he said, "there is no more dismal wage proposition than her remuneration for her part in the industry. Given any other paying outlet for her labor, there would very soon be no such thing as a blanket industry ... it is her one and only way of earning money."

paragraph: Moore's business flourished, and in 1903 and in 1911 he published mail-order catalogs, drawing business from across the United States.

paragraph: In his 1903 catalog, Moore made much of the authenticity of his products. The catalog included photographs of the interior and exterior of the trading post and the land around it, and of Navajo people, outdoor looms and hogans.

paragraph: He said: "While this booklet makes no claim of being a pioneer in its field, I think it may claim to be the first of its kind published and distributed from the very center of the Navajo Indian Reservation, by an Indian trader living among and dealing directly with the Indans who makes the goods which it illustrates and describes."

paragraph: Moore left the reservation in 1911 due to a scandal.

paragraph: He sold the post to his manager, Jesse A. Molohon.

paragraph: Molohon continued to introduce complex non-Navajo styles that probably drew on Oriental rug designs.

paragraph: Section::::Rug design.

paragraph: Around the turn of the century there was great demand for oriental rugs,

paragraph: so Moore developed simplified oriental patterns for his weavers.

paragraph: Moore understood what the market in the eastern United States would value, and in his catalog stressed the use of natural materials and primitive technology. Despite this, he introduced production-line techniques, and had no problem with using machine-produced yarns with synthetic dyes. When it was too obvious that the materials were commercial, Moore made a point of the authenticity of the spiritual qualities of the works.

paragraph: Moore had considerable influence in the development of Navajo rugs as a form of art.

paragraph: Both the Two Gray Hills and the Crystal styles of rug evolved from Moore's designs.

paragraph: Until the 1930s the Crystal rugs were bordered, with a central design woven in natural colors, sometimes with some red.

paragraph: After this, the style changed to banded rugs with distinctive "wavy" lines made by alternating weft strands in two or three different colors. A typical new-style Crystal rug will alternate groups of two or three wavy or solid lines with broader bands decorated with patterns representing squash blossoms or geometrical motifs. The newer rugs are woven in muted colors such as rust, rich brown and grey, but may include pastel colors.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

description: Irish-American trader

wikidata_label: John Bradford Moore

wikipedia_title: John Bradford Moore


text: American

text: U.S. Secretary of the Navy

text: Director of Policy Planning

text: U.S. State Department

text: NSC 68

text: Team B

text: Cold War

text: Amherst, Massachusetts

text: University of Chicago

text: ancestor

text: Magdeburg

text: state

text: Saxony-Anhalt

text: Germany

text: World War I

text: Munich

text: The Hotchkiss School

text: Harvard University

text: investment banking

text: brokerage firm

text: Clarence Dillon

text: Great Depression

text: Revlon

text: sociology

text: Dillon, Read & Co.

text: John Teele Pratt

text: Standard Oil

text: Ruth Baker Pratt

text: Nicholas Thompson

text: George F. Kennan

text: Walter Paepcke

text: Aspen Institute

text: Aspen Skiing Company

text: World War II

text: James Forrestal

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

text: Nelson Rockefeller

text: Board of Economic Warfare

text: Foreign Economic Administration

text: Strategic Bombing Survey

text: Harry S. Truman

text: Legion of Merit

text: Japan

text: Director of Policy Planning

text: State Department

text: National Security Council

text: policy paper

text: NSC 68

text: Soviet

text: Foreign Service Educational Foundation

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Project Nobska

text: anti-submarine warfare

text: oceanography

text: Christian Herter

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Kennedy

text: Secretary of the Navy

text: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

text: SALT II

text: Team B

text: think tank

text: National Intelligence Estimate

text: CIA

text: window of vulnerability

text: Carter administration

text: Ronald Reagan

text: weapons of mass destruction

text: nuclear war

text: Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

text: Gorbachev

text: Ronald Reagan

text: Soviet Union

text: Presidential Medal of Freedom

text: John Heinz

text: Jefferson Awards

text: United States Military Academy

text: Sylvanus Thayer Award

text: Duty, Honor, Country

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: St. Mary's College of Maryland

text: Director of Policy Planning

text: United States Department of State

text: Secretary of the Navy

text: Secretary of Defense

text: public domain

text: United States Navy

text: Interview about the SALT I negotiations

categories: People from Amherst, Massachusetts,Harvard University alumni,Recipients of the Legion of Merit,Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients,United States Secretaries of the Navy,Johns Hopkins University faculty,Charles Pratt family,American people of German descent,Directors of Policy Planning,United States Deputy Secretaries of Defense,2004 deaths,University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni,Hotchkiss School alumni,People from Washington, D.C.,St. Mary's College of Maryland,1907 births,Reagan administration personnel,Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel

paragraph: Paul Nitze

paragraph: Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was an American statesman who served as United States Deputy Secretary of Defense, U.S. Secretary of the Navy, and Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. State Department. He is best known for being the principal author of NSC 68 and the co-founder of Team B. He helped shape Cold War defense policy over the course of numerous presidential administrations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life, education and family.

paragraph: Nitze was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, the son of Anina Sophia (Hilken), a homemaker, and William Albert Nitze, a professor of Romance linguistics who concluded his career at the University of Chicago. His parents were both of German descent. His ancestors came from the region of Magdeburg in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. In his memoir, "From Hiroshima to Glasnost", Paul Nitze describes how as a young boy he witnessed the outbreak of World War I while he was traveling in Germany with his father, mother, and sister, arriving in Munich just in time to be struck by the city crowds' patriotic enthusiasm for the imminent conflict.

paragraph: Nitze attended The Hotchkiss School, where he was a member of the class of 1924 and the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. He graduated from Harvard University in 1928 and entered the field of investment banking.

paragraph: In 1928 and 1929, the Chicago brokerage firm of Bacon, Whipple and Company sent Nitze to Europe. Upon his return, he heard Clarence Dillon predict the Great Depression and the decline of the importance of finance. Having attained financial independence through the sale to Revlon of his interest in a French laboratory producing pharmaceutical products in the United States, Nitze took an intellectual sabbatical that included a year of graduate study at Harvard in sociology, philosophy, and constitutional and international law. In 1929 he joined investment bank Dillon, Read & Co. where he remained until founding his own firm, P. H. Nitze & Co, in 1938. He returned to Dillon, Read as Vice-President from 1939 through to 1941.

paragraph: In 1932, he married Phyllis Pratt, daughter of John Teele Pratt, a Standard Oil financier, and of Ruth Baker Pratt, Republican Congresswoman for New York. She died in 1987. They had four children: Heidi, Peter, William, and Phyllis Anina (Nina). The journalist Nicholas Thompson, who wrote a biography of Nitze and George F. Kennan, is his grandson. He was married to Elisabeth Scott Porter from 1993 until his death in 2004.

paragraph: Nitze's brother-in-law, Walter Paepcke, founded the Aspen Institute and Aspen Skiing Company. Nitze continued to ski in Aspen until well into his 80s.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Nitze entered government service during World War II after having been hired by his Wall Street colleague James Forrestal when Forrestal became an administrative assistant to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In 1942, he became finance director of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, working for Nelson Rockefeller. In 1943 he became chief of the Metals and Minerals Branch of the Board of Economic Warfare, until he was named director, Foreign Procurement and Development Branch of the Foreign Economic Administration later that year. From 1944 to 1946, Nitze served as director and then as Vice Chairman of the "Strategic Bombing Survey" for which President Harry S. Truman awarded him the Legion of Merit. One of his early government assignments was to visit Japan in the immediate aftermath of the nuclear attacks and assess the damage. This experience framed many of his later feelings about the power of nuclear weapons and the necessity of arms control.

paragraph: In the early postwar era, he served in the Truman Administration as Director of Policy Planning for the State Department (1950–1953). He was also the principal author in 1950 of the highly influential but secret National Security Council policy paper, NSC 68, which provided the strategic outline for increased US expenditures to counter the perceived threat of Soviet armament.

paragraph: From 1953 to 1961, Nitze served as president of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation while concurrently serving as associate of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research and the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of the Johns Hopkins University. In 1956 he attended the Project Nobska anti-submarine warfare conference, where discussion ranged from oceanography to nuclear weapons.

paragraph: Nitze co-founded the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) with Christian Herter in 1943 and the world-renowned graduate school, based in Washington, D.C., is named in his honor. His publications during this period include "U.S. Foreign Policy: 1945–1955". In 1961, President Kennedy appointed Nitze Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In 1963, Nitze became the Secretary of the Navy, serving until 1967. According to the US Navy "as the Navy secretary, he raised the level of attention given to quality of Service issues. His many achievements included establishing the first Personnel Policy Board and retention task force (the Alford Board), and obtaining targeted personnel bonuses. He lengthened commanding officer tours and raised command responsibility pay."

paragraph: Following his term as Secretary of the Navy, he served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967–1969), as a member of the US delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (1969–1973). Later, fearing Soviet rearmament, he opposed the ratification of SALT II (1979).

paragraph: Paul Nitze was a cofounder of Team B, a 1970s intelligence think tank that challenged the National Intelligence Estimates provided by the CIA. The Team B reports became the intellectual foundation for the idea of "the window of vulnerability" and of the massive arms buildup that began toward the end of the Carter administration and accelerated under President Ronald Reagan. Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed new weapons of mass destruction and had aggressive strategies with regard to a potential nuclear war. Team B's analysis of Soviet weapon systems was later believed to be largely exaggerated.

paragraph: According to Anne Cahn of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1977–1980), "if you go through most of Team B's specific allegations about weapons systems, and you just examine them one by one, they were all wrong." Nonetheless, some still claim that its conclusions about Soviet strategical aims were largely proven to be true, but this hardly squares with the elevation of Gorbachev in 1985.

paragraph: Nitze was President Ronald Reagan's chief negotiator of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1981–1984). In 1984, Nitze was named Special Advisor to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control.

paragraph: For more than forty years, Nitze was one of the chief architects of US policy toward the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: In 1985 President Reagan awarded Nitze the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contributions to the freedom and security of the United States.

paragraph: In 1989, Nitze received the US Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

paragraph: In 1991, he was awarded the prestigious United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to the Academy's ideals of "Duty, Honor, Country".[6]

paragraph: In 1997, Nitze was awarded the Naval Heritage Award by the US Navy Memorial Foundation for his support of the US Navy while he was Secretary of the Navy.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Nitze died in Washington, D.C., at age 97 in October 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The is named in his honor. Nitze visited the ship for several ceremonial occasions prior to his death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University is named in his honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary's College of Maryland, where he served as a trustee, has an honors program in his name.

paragraph: Section::::Offices and positions held.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vice chairman of the "U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey" (1944–1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Director of Policy Planning for the United States Department of State (1950–1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assistant Secretary of Defense for international affairs (1961–1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secretary of the Navy (1963–1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deputy Secretary of Defense (1967–1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the US delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1969–1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Special Adviser to the President and Secretary of State on Arms Control (1984–1989)

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I have been around at a time when important things needed to be done."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One of the most dangerous forms of human error is forgetting what one is trying to achieve."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "This article incorporates public domain text from the United States Navy."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annotated bibliography for Paul Nitze from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview about the SALT I negotiations for the WGBH series War and Peace in the Nuclear Age

description: American government official

wikidata_label: Paul Nitze

wikipedia_title: Paul Nitze