text: Norman French

text: French

text: Henry II

text: the "Young King" Henry

text: Richard I

text: John

text: Henry III

text: Knight

text: knight errant

text: tournament

text: Stephen Langton

text: Earl of Pembroke

text: Isabel de Clare

text: regent

text: Earl Marshal

text: James VI and I

text: cognatic

text: Robert the Bruce

text: John Marshal

text: King Stephen

text: Empress Matilda

text: the Anarchy

text: Newbury Castle

text: trebuchet

text: terms agreed at Winchester

text: Château de Tancarville

text: Normandy

text: Tancarville

text: Latin

text: romance literature

text: chivalry

text: knight

text: Upper Normandy

text: Flanders

text: David Crouch

text: tournament

text: Patrick

text: Earl of Salisbury

text: Guy de Lusignan

text: Eleanor of Aquitaine

text: Young King Henry

text: Henry II

text: Revolt of 1173-1174

text: mesnie

text: Margaret of France

text: lèse-majesté

text: "Life of William Marshal"

text: Richard the Lionheart

text: Jerusalem

text: Knights Templar

text: Cartmel

text: Philip II

text: Berry

text: Châteauroux

text: Richard

text: Poitou

text: Le Mans

text: Chinon

text: Isabel de Clare

text: Richard de Clare

text: Earl of Pembroke

text: Normandy

text: Pembroke Castle

text: Chepstow Castle

text: Third Crusade

text: William Longchamp

text: seneschal

text: Marlborough

text: marshalship

text: Hamstead Marshall

text: Rouen

text: interregnum

text: Arthur of Brittany

text: Geoffrey

text: Capetian

text: Philip II of France

text: paid homage

text: Leinster

text: justiciar

text: Meilyr fitz Henry

text: New Ross

text: Carlow Castle

text: Runnymede

text: Magna Carta

text: First Barons' War

text: Worcester Cathedral

text: Gloucester

text: First Barons' War

text: King Henry III

text: Prince Louis

text: battle of Lincoln

text: the naval victory

text: Hubert de Burgh

text: straits of Dover

text: liege

text: Tower of London

text: Caversham

text: Reading

text: Papal legate

text: Pandulf Verraccio

text: Hubert de Burgh

text: Peter des Roches

text: Bishop of Winchester

text: Knights Templar

text: Temple Church

text: William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

text: Béthune

text: Baldwin of Bethune

text: Eleanor Plantagenet

text: John of England

text: Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke

text: Maud Marshal

text: Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk

text: William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey

text: Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke

text: William I of Scotland

text: Maelgwn ap Rhys

text: Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke

text: Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Lincoln

text: Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester

text: Isabel Marshal

text: Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford

text: Isabel de Clare

text: Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale

text: Robert the Bruce

text: Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall

text: William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby

text: William de Vesci

text: William de Vivonia (de Forz)

text: Chelmarsh

text: Eva Marshal

text: William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny

text: Isabella de Braose

text: Dafydd ap Llywelyn

text: Maud de Braose

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer

text: Eva de Braose

text: Sir William de Cantelou

text: Eleanor de Braose

text: Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke

text: Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford

text: Swanscombe

text: Joan de Munchensi

text: William of Valence

text: King John

text: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Hugh X of Lusignan

text: Count of La Marche

text: Henry III

text: Edward I

text: Bishop of Ferns

text: Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk

text: dukes of Norfolk

text: William of Valence

text: Joan de Munchensi

text: de Valence line of earls of Pembroke

text: Edward IV

text: Richard III

text: Henry VIII

text: Asbridge, Thomas

text: Crouch, David

text: Crouch, David

text: Crouch, David

text: L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal

text: Modern French

text: Société de l'histoire de France

text: Volume 1

text: Volume 2

text: Volume 3

text: William Marshall at Castlewales.com

categories: Anglo-Normans in Ireland,1147 births,Earls of Pembroke (1189),Norman warriors,People from Newbury, Berkshire,Anglo-Normans in Wales,Anglo-Normans,People from Caversham, Reading,Regents of England,Earls Marshal,Marshals of England,1219 deaths,Male Shakespearean characters,People associated with Sandleford, Berkshire,People from Marlborough, Wiltshire,Regents,English soldiers,Burials at the Temple Church,13th-century viceregal rulers,People from Hamstead Marshall

paragraph: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke

paragraph: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 114714 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: ', French: '), was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman. He served five English kings – Henry II, his sons the "Young King" Henry, Richard I, John, and John's son Henry III.

paragraph: Knighted in 1166, he spent his younger years as a knight errant and a successful tournament competitor; Stephen Langton eulogized him as the "best knight that ever lived."

paragraph: In 1189, he became the "de facto" Earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Isabel de Clare, though the title of earl would not be officially granted until 1199 during the second creation of the . In 1216, he was appointed protector for the nine-year-old Henry III, and regent of the kingdom.

paragraph: Before him, his father's family held a hereditary title of Marshal to the king, which by his father's time had become recognized as a chief or master Marshalcy, involving management over other Marshals and functionaries. William became known as 'the Marshal', although by his time much of the function was delegated to more specialized representatives (as happened with other functions in the King's household). Because he was an Earl, and also known as the Marshal, the term "Earl Marshal" was commonly used and this later became an established hereditary title in the English Peerage. All Kings of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom since James VI and I have been cognatic descendants of William Marshal through his great-great-grandson Robert the Bruce.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William's father, John Marshal, supported King Stephen when he took the throne in 1135, but in about 1139 he changed sides to support the Empress Matilda in the civil war of succession between her and Stephen which led to the collapse of England into "the Anarchy".

paragraph: When King Stephen besieged Newbury Castle in 1152, according to William's biographer, he used the young William as a hostage to ensure that John kept his promise to surrender the castle. John, however, used the time allotted to reinforce the castle and to alert Matilda's forces. When Stephen ordered John to surrender immediately or William would be hanged, John replied that he should go ahead saying, "I still have the hammer and the anvil with which to forge still more and better sons!" Subsequently, a pretence was made to launch William from a pierrière (a type of trebuchet) towards the castle. Stephen could not bring himself to harm young William. William remained a crown hostage for many months, and was released following the peace resulting from the terms agreed at Winchester on 6 November 1153, by which the civil war was ended.

paragraph: Section::::Knight-Errant.

paragraph: As a younger son of a minor nobleman, William had no lands or fortune to inherit, and had to make his own way in life. Around the age of twelve, when his father's career was faltering, he was sent to the Château de Tancarville in Normandy to be brought up in the household of William de Tancarville, a great magnate and cousin of young William's mother. Here he began his training as a knight. This would have included biblical stories and prayers written in Latin, and some exposure to French romance literature to confer precepts of chivalry upon the future knight. In Tancarville's household he is also likely to have learned important and lasting practical lessons in the politics of courtly life. According to his thirteenth-century biography, "", Marshal had enemies at Tancarville's court who plotted against him — presumably men threatened by his close relationship with the magnate.

paragraph: He was knighted in 1166 on campaign in Upper Normandy, then being invaded from Flanders. His first experience in battle received mixed reviews. According to ', everyone who witnessed the young knight in combat agreed that he had acquitted himself well. However, as medieval historian David Crouch remarks, "War in the twelfth century was not fought wholly for honour. Profit was there to be made..." In this regard Marshal was not so successful, as he was unable to parlay his combat victories into profit from either ransom or seized booty. ' relates that the Earl of Essex, expecting the customary tribute from his valorous knight after the battle, jokingly remarked: "Oh? But Marshal, what are you saying? You had forty or sixty of them — yet you refuse me so small a thing!"

paragraph: In 1167 he was taken by William de Tancarville to his first tournament, where he found his true métier. Quitting the Tancarville household he then served in the household of his mother's brother, Patrick, Earl of Salisbury. In 1168 his uncle was killed in an ambush by Guy de Lusignan. William was injured and captured in the same skirmish, but Queen Eleanor, whom they were escorting, and who was the target of the ambush, was able to escape. It is known that William received a wound to his thigh and that someone in his captor's household took pity on the young knight. He received a loaf of bread in which were concealed several lengths of clean linen bandages with which to dress his wounds. This act of kindness by an unknown person perhaps saved Marshal's life as infection setting into the wound could have killed him. After a period of time he was ransomed by Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was apparently impressed by tales of his bravery. He would remain a member of Queen Eleanor's household for the next two years, possibly attending a few tournaments during this time as well.

paragraph: Section::::Service to Young King Henry.

paragraph: In 1170, Marshal was appointed as Young King Henry's tutor-in-arms by the Young King's father, Henry II. During the Young King-led Revolt of 1173-1174, little is known of Marshal's specific activities besides his loyalty to the Young King. After the failed rebellion, Young King Henry and his "mesnie", including Marshal, traveled with Henry II for eighteen months, before asking for, and receiving, permission to travel to Europe to participate in knightly tournaments. Marshal followed the Young King, and from 1176-1182 both Marshal and the Young King gained prestige from winning tournaments. Tournaments were dangerous, often deadly, staged battles in which money and valuable prizes were to be won by capturing and ransoming opponents, their horses and armour. Marshal became a legendary tournament champion: on his deathbed he recalled besting 500 knights during his tournament career.

paragraph: In late 1182, Marshal was accused of having an affair with the Young King's wife, Margaret of France. Historian Thomas Asbridge has stated that while the affair very strongly appears to have been fabricated by Marshal's political enemies within the Young King's service, it cannot be proven either way. David Crouch has suggested that the charge against William was actually one of "lèse-majesté", brought on by Marshal's own arrogance and greed, with the charge of adultery only introduced in the "Life of William Marshal" as a distraction from the real charges, of which he was most probably guilty. Regardless of the truth of the accusations, by early 1183 Marshal had been removed from the Young King's service.

paragraph: Young King Henry declared war against his brother, Richard the Lionheart, in January 1183, with Henry II siding with Richard. By May, Marshal had been cleared of all charges against the Young King, and returned to his service. However, the Young King became sick in late May, and died on 11 June 1183. On his deathbed, the Young King asked Marshal to fulfill the vow the Young King had made in 1182 to take up the cross and undertake a crusade to the Holy Land, and after receiving Henry II's blessing Marshal left for Jerusalem in late 1183. Nothing is known of his activities during the two years he was gone, except that he fulfilled the Young King's vow, and secretly committed to joining the Knights Templar on his deathbed.

paragraph: Section::::Royal favour.

paragraph: After his return from the Holy Land in late 1185 or early 1186, William rejoined the court of King Henry II, and now served as a loyal captain through the many difficulties of Henry II's final years. The returns of royal favour were almost immediate. The king gave William the large royal estate of Cartmel in Cumbria, and the keeping of Heloise, the heiress of the northern barony of Lancaster. It may be that the king expected him to take the opportunity to marry her and become a northern baron, but William seems to have had grander ambitions for his marriage. In 1188 faced with an attempt by Philip II to seize the disputed region of Berry, Henry II summoned the Marshal to his side. The letter by which he did this survives, and makes some sarcastic comments about William's complaints that he had not been properly rewarded to date for his service to the king. Henry therefore promised him the marriage and lands of Dionisia, lady of Châteauroux in Berry. In the resulting campaign, the king fell out with his heir Richard, count of Poitou, who consequently allied with Philip II against his father. In 1189, while covering the flight of Henry II from Le Mans to Chinon, William unhorsed the undutiful Richard in a skirmish. William could have killed the prince but killed his horse instead, to make that point clear. He is said to have been the only man ever to unhorse Richard. Nonetheless after Henry's death, Marshal was welcomed at court by his former adversary, now King Richard I, who was wise to include a man whose legendary loyalty and military accomplishments were too useful to ignore, especially in a king who was intending to go on Crusade.

paragraph: During the old king's last days he had promised the Marshal the hand and estates of Isabel de Clare (c.1172–1220), but had not completed the arrangements. King Richard however, confirmed the offer and so in August 1189, at the age of 43, the Marshal married the 17-year-old daughter of Richard de Clare (Strongbow). Her father had been Earl of Pembroke, and Marshal acquired large estates and claims in England, Wales, Normandy and Ireland. Some estates however were excluded from the deal. Marshal did not obtain Pembroke and the title of earl, which his father-in-law had enjoyed, until 1199, as it had been taken into the king's hand in 1154. However, the marriage transformed the landless knight from a minor family into one of the richest men in the kingdom, a sign of his power and prestige at court. They had five sons and five daughters, and have numerous descendants. William made numerous improvements to his wife's lands, including extensive additions to Pembroke Castle and Chepstow Castle.

paragraph: William was included in the council of regency which King Richard appointed on his departure for the Third Crusade in 1190. He took the side of John, the king's brother, when the latter expelled the justiciar, William Longchamp, from the kingdom, but he soon discovered that the interests of John were different from those of Richard. Hence in 1193 he joined with the loyalists in making war upon him. In spring 1194, during the course of the hostilities in England and before King Richard's return, William Marshal's elder brother John Marshal (who was serving as seneschal) was killed while defending Marlborough for the king's brother John. Richard allowed Marshal to succeed his brother in the hereditary marshalship, and his paternal honour of Hamstead Marshall. The Marshal served the king in his wars in Normandy against Philip II. On Richard's death-bed the king designated Marshal as custodian of Rouen and of the royal treasure during the interregnum.

paragraph: Section::::King John and Magna Carta.

paragraph: William supported King John when he became king in 1199, arguing against those who maintained the claims of Arthur of Brittany, the teenage son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. William was heavily engaged with the defence of Normandy against the growing pressure of the Capetian armies between 1200 and 1203. He sailed with King John when he abandoned the duchy in December 1203. He and the king had a falling out in the aftermath of the loss of the duchy, when he was sent with the earl of Leicester as ambassadors to negotiate a truce with King Philip II of France in 1204. The Marshal took the opportunity to negotiate the continued possession of his Norman lands.

paragraph: Before commencing negotiations with King Philip, William had been generously permitted to do homage to the King of France by King John so he might keep his possessions in Normandy; land which must have been of sentimental value due to the time spent there in his adolescence. However, once official negotiations began, Philip demanded that such homage be paid exclusively to him, which King John had not consented to. When William paid homage to King Philip, John took offence and there was a major row at court which led to cool relations between the two men. This became outright hostility in 1207 when John began to move against several major Irish magnates, including William.

paragraph: Though he left for Leinster in 1207 William was recalled and humiliated at court in the autumn of 1208, while John's justiciar in Ireland Meilyr fitz Henry invaded his lands, burning the town of New Ross.

paragraph: Meilyr's defeat by Countess Isabel led to her husband's return to Leinster. He was once again in conflict with King John in his war with the Braose and Lacy families in 1210, but managed to survive. He stayed in Ireland until 1213, during which time he had Carlow Castle erected and restructured his honour of Leinster. Taken back into favour in 1212, he was summoned in 1213 to return to the English court.

paragraph: Despite their differences, William remained loyal throughout the hostilities between John and his barons which culminated on 15 June 1215 at Runnymede with the sealing of Magna Carta. William was one of the few English earls to remain loyal to the king through the First Barons' War. It was William whom King John trusted on his deathbed to make sure John's nine-year-old son Henry would get the throne. It was William who took responsibility for the king's funeral and burial at Worcester Cathedral.

paragraph: On 11 November 1216 at Gloucester, upon the death of King John, William Marshal was named by the king's council (the chief barons who had remained loyal to King John in the First Barons' War) to serve as protector of the nine-year-old King Henry III, and regent of the kingdom. In spite of his advanced age (around 70) he prosecuted the war against Prince Louis and the rebel barons with remarkable energy. In the battle of Lincoln he charged and fought at the head of the young King's army, leading them to victory. He was preparing to besiege Louis in London when the war was terminated by the naval victory of Hubert de Burgh in the straits of Dover.

paragraph: William was criticized for the generosity of the terms he accorded to Louis and the rebels in September 1217, but his desire for an expedient settlement was dictated by sound statesmanship. Self-restraint and compromise were the keynotes of Marshal's policy, hoping to secure peace and stability for his young liege. Both before and after the peace of 1217 he reissued Magna Carta, in which he is a signatory as one of the witnessing barons.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Marshal's health finally failed him early in 1219. In March 1219 he realised that he was dying, so he summoned his eldest son, also William, and his household knights, and left the Tower of London for his estate at Caversham in Berkshire, near Reading, where he called a meeting of the barons, Henry III, the Papal legate Pandulf Verraccio, the royal justiciar (Hubert de Burgh), and Peter des Roches (Bishop of Winchester and the young King's guardian). William rejected the Bishop's claim to the regency and entrusted the regency to the care of the papal legate; he apparently did not trust the Bishop or any of the other magnates that he had gathered to this meeting. Fulfilling the vow he had made while on crusade, he was invested into the order of the Knights Templar on his deathbed. He died on 14 May 1219 at Caversham, and was buried in the Temple Church in London, where his tomb can still be seen.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (11906 April 1231), married (1) Alice de Béthune, daughter of Baldwin of Bethune; (2) 23 April 1224 Eleanor Plantagenet, daughter of King John of England. They had no children.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (119116 April 1234), married Gervase le Dinant. He died in captivity. They had no children.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Maud Marshal (119427 March 1248), married (1) Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, they had four children; (2) William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, they had two children.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke (119727 June 1241), married (1) Marjorie of Scotland, youngest daughter of King William I of Scotland; by an unknown mistress he had one illegitimate daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Isabel Marshal, betrothed to Rhys ap Maelgwn Fychan (son of Maelgwn ap Rhys)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1199November 1245), married Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Lincoln, granddaughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester. No children.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Isabel Marshal (9 October 120017 January 1240), married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, whose daughter Isabel de Clare married Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, the grandfather of Robert the Bruce; (2) Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Sibyl Marshal (c. 120127 April 1245), married William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby; they had seven daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Agnes Ferrers (died 11 May 1290), married William de Vesci.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Isabel Ferrers (died before 26 November 1260)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Maud Ferrers (died 12 March 1298), married (1) Simon de Kyme, and (2) William de Vivonia (de Forz), and (3) Amaury IX of Rochechouart.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Sibyl Ferrers, married Sir Francis or Franco de Bohun.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Joan Ferrers (died 1267)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Agatha Ferrers (died May 1306), married Hugh Mortimer, of Chelmarsh.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Eleanor Ferrers (died 16 October 1274), married to:

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Eva Marshal (1203–1246), married William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Isabella de Braose (born 1222), married Prince Dafydd ap Llywelyn. She died childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Maud de Braose (1224–1301), in 1247, she married Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer and they had descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Eva de Braose (122728 July 1255), married Sir William de Cantelou and had descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Eleanor de Braose (c. 12281251). On an unknown date after August 1241, she married Sir Humphrey de Bohun and had descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke (c. 120822 December 1245), married Maud de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford. They had no children.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Joan Marshal (1210–1234), married Warin de Munchensi (died 1255), Lord of Swanscombe

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Joan de Munchensi (123020 September 1307) married William of Valence, the fourth son of King John's widow, Isabella of Angoulême, and her second husband, Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche. Valence was half-brother to Henry III and Edward I's uncle.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants of William Marshal and Isabel de Clare.:Fate of the Marshal family.

paragraph: During the civil wars in Ireland, William had taken two manors that the Bishop of Ferns claimed but could not get back. Some years after William's death, that bishop is said to have laid a curse on the family that William's sons would have no children, and the great Marshal estates would be scattered. Each of William's sons did become earl of Pembroke and marshal of England, and each died without legitimate issue. William's vast holdings were then divided among the husbands of his five daughters. The title of "Marshal" went to the husband of the oldest daughter, Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, and later passed to the Mowbray dukes of Norfolk and then to the Howard dukes of Norfolk, becoming "Earl Marshal" along the way. The title of "Earl of Pembroke" passed to William of Valence, the husband of Joan Marshal's daughter, Joan de Munchensi; he became the first of the de Valence line of earls of Pembroke.

paragraph: Through his daughter Isabel, William is ancestor to both the Bruce and Stewart kings of Scots. Through his granddaughter Maud de Braose, William is ancestor to the last Plantagenet kings, Edward IV through to Richard III, and all English monarchs from Henry VIII and afterward.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cultural depictions of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asbridge, Thomas (2015). "The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, Power Behind Five English Thrones". London: Simon & Schuster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benson, Larry D. (1980). 'The Tournament in the romances of Chrétien de Troyes and L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal' in "Studies in Medieval Culture" XIV 1–24

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crouch, David (2007). "Biography as Propaganda in the 'History of William Marshal", in" Convaincre et persuader: Communication et propagande aux XII et XIIIe siècles". Ed. par Martin Aurell. Poitiers: Université de Poitiers-centre d'études supérieures de civilisation médiévale.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crouch, David edited (2015). "The Acts and Letters of the Marshal Family, Marshals of England and Earls of Pembroke, 1145-1248". Camden Society, 5th series, vol. 47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crouch, David (2016). "William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219". 3rd edn, London: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duby, Georges (1985). "William Marshal, the Flower of Chivalry". New York: Pantheon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillingham, John (1988). "War and Chivalry in the History of William the Marshal" in "Thirteenth Century England" II ed. P.R. Coss and S.D. Lloyd. Woodbridge, 1–13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyer, Paul (1891–1901). "L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal", with partial translation of the original sources into Modern French. Edition, "History of William Marshal", (3 vols). Paris: Société de l'histoire de France. Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Marshall at Castlewales.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abels, Richard, William Marshal—Events in Life and Historical Context

alias:
William the Marshal
Williame le Mareschal
William Marshal

description: Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman

wikidata_label: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke

wikipedia_title: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke


text:
Norwegian
Nordic skier
Holmenkollen medal
Knut Holst
Holmenkollen medalists

categories: 1886 births,1956 deaths,Holmenkollen medalists

paragraph: Otto Tangen

paragraph: Otto Tangen (28 January 1886 – 13 October 1956) was a Norwegian Nordic skier who shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1911 with Knut Holst.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmenkollen medalists - click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file

description: Norwegian nordic skier

wikidata_label: Otto Tangen

wikipedia_title: Otto Tangen


text:
Norwegian
nordic combined
Holmenkollen ski festival
Holmenkollen Medal
Holmenkollen medalists
Holmenkollen winners since 1892

categories: Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners,Holmenkollen medalists,1953 deaths,1889 births,Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers

paragraph: Johan Kristoffersen (skier)

paragraph: Johan Kristoffersen (9 July 1889 – 22 January 1953) was a Norwegian nordic combined skier who won the event at the 1911 Holmenkollen ski festival. He earned the Holmenkollen Medal in 1914.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmenkollen winners since 1892 - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file

description: Norwegian Nordic combined skier

wikidata_label: Johan Kristoffersen

wikipedia_title: Johan Kristoffersen (skier)


text:
Norwegian
Nordic skier
Holmenkollen Medal
Holmenkollen medalists

categories: 1889 births,Holmenkollen medalists,1984 deaths

paragraph: Sverre Østbye

paragraph: Sverre Østbye (28 July 1889 – 22 October 1984) is a Norwegian Nordic skier who was awarded the Holmenkollen Medal in 1915.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Norwegian Nordic skier

wikidata_label: Sverre Østbye

wikipedia_title: Sverre Østbye


text:
Norwegian
nordic skier
Fåberg
Rjukan
Norsk Hydro
nordic combined
Holmenkollen ski festival
Holmenkollen medal
Thorleif Haug
ski jumping
1926 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
Lahti
cross-country skiing

categories: Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners,Norwegian male ski jumpers,Holmenkollen medalists,Place of death missing,Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers,Place of birth missing,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping,People from Rjukan,1983 deaths,1894 births

paragraph: Otto Aasen

paragraph: Otto Aasen (1 January 1894 – 20 October 1983) was a Norwegian nordic skier.

paragraph: He was born in Fåberg, but moved to Rjukan in 1916. He spent his working career at Norsk Hydro in Rjukan from 1916 to 1964.

paragraph: He won the nordic combined at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1917 and 1918. For his Nordic combined victories, Aasen shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1919 with Thorleif Haug. Aasen also competed in ski jumping, and won a silver medal in the individual large hill at the 1926 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti. He also competed in cross-country skiing on a national level.

description: Norwegian nordic skier

wikidata_label: Otto Aasen

wikipedia_title: Otto Aasen


text: Norwegian

text: Nordic skier

text: Holmenkollen medal

text: 1924 Winter Olympics

text: Fossum IF

text: Holmenkollen medalists

categories: Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing,1984 deaths,Nordic combined skiers at the 1924 Winter Olympics,1897 births,Holmenkollen medalists,Olympic cross-country skiers of Norway,Norwegian male cross-country skiers,Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Norway,Olympic silver medalists for Norway,Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers,Olympic medalists in Nordic combined,Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Bærum,Cross-country skiers at the 1924 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Thoralf Strømstad

paragraph: Thoralf Strømstad (13 January 1897 – 10 January 1984) was a Norwegian Nordic skier who was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1923. Strømstad also earned silvers at the 1924 Winter Olympics both in 50 km cross-country skiing and in the Nordic combined.

paragraph: He represented the club Fossum IF.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing (men)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in nordic combined

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Cross country profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Nordic combined profile

description: Nordic skier

wikidata_label: Thoralf Strømstad

wikipedia_title: Thoralf Strømstad


text:
Norwegian
Nordic combined
Holmenkollen ski festival
Holmenkollen medal
Johan Grøttumsbråten
Bærum
1924 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined event
Olav Økern
Marit Økern Jensen
Holmenkollen medalists
Holmenkollen winners since 1892

categories: Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners,1898 births,Nordic combined skiers at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Holmenkollen medalists,Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Norway,Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers,1977 deaths

paragraph: Harald Økern

paragraph: Harald Johannes Økern (19 January 1898 – 17 August 1977) was a Norwegian Nordic combined skier who won the event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1922 and 1924. For his Nordic combined victories, Økern shared the Holmenkollen medal in 1924 with Johan Grøttumsbråten.

paragraph: He was born and died in Bærum.

paragraph: At the 1924 Winter Olympics he finished fourth in the Nordic combined event.

paragraph: Harald Økern was the uncle of Olav Økern, who later earned the Holmenkollen medal in 1950.

paragraph: He was the father of Marit Økern Jensen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Norwegian Nordic combined skier

wikidata_label: Harald Økern

wikipedia_title: Harald Økern


text:
Prague
Bohemia
Hussite
gentry
Jan Zizka
sect
Battle of Lipany
Sion
Hynek Ptáček
Michael Ország
Emperor Sigismund's

categories: Czech revolutionaries,Executed Czech people,People executed by Hungary by hanging,People executed by the Holy Roman Empire,15th-century executions,Year of birth unknown,Hussite people,1437 deaths,Czech military leaders

paragraph: Jan Roháč z Dubé

paragraph: Jan Roháč z Dubé (died 9 September 1437 in Prague) was a Bohemian Hussite general who originated in the Bohemian gentry.

paragraph: Following the death of Jan Zizka, he became Master of Orphans, a radical Hussite sect. He survived the Battle of Lipany in 1434 and, in 1437, he retreated with his last remaining disciples to his small castle Sion in what is now the Czech Republic. There he was besieged and after four months the castle defenses were successfully breached by the combined efforts of Bohemian troops under Hynek Ptáček and Hungarian troops led by Michael Ország. Roháč was hanged on Emperor Sigismund's order three days later in Prague.

description: Bohemian general

wikidata_label: Jan Roháč z Dubé

wikipedia_title: Jan Roháč z Dubé


text: Australian rules football

text: West Coast Eagles

text: Sydney Swans

text: Hawthorn Football Club

text: Australian Football League

text: 2005 AFL Draft

text: Eastern Ranges

text: Sydney Swans

text: 2010 Draft

text: Launceston, Tasmania

text: Facebook

categories: 1987 births,East Fremantle Football Club players,Sydney Swans players,West Coast Eagles players,Box Hill Football Club players,Living people,Hawthorn Football Club players,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Matt Spangher

paragraph: Matthew "Matt" Spangher (born 23 April 1987) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for West Coast Eagles, Sydney Swans and Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Spangher is a key position player that can play as a forward or a defender. His career has been hampered by injuries.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Spangher was recruited by as the number 34 draft pick in the 2005 AFL Draft from Eastern Ranges. In 2006, he only played one WAFL reserves game for East Fremantle, before sustaining a groin injury which kept him out for the rest of the season.

paragraph: In 2007, he played the season with East Fremantle in the WAFL, as a defender. After his WAFL performances in the first 3 rounds of 2008, he made his AFL debut for the West Coast Eagles in the round 4, who had a 62-point loss to Sydney at ANZ Stadium, picking up 12 disposals and 7 marks.

paragraph: Spangher flagged his intentions to move home to Victoria at the end of 2009 but the club convinced him to sign a one-year deal for 2010. Had some success being the club’s third tall defender and played eight games in season 2010 before getting delisted.

paragraph: Hawthorn had asked him to attend preseason training in the hope of drafting him. He was taken by the Sydney Swans in the 2010 Draft.

paragraph: His first game for the Swans was against the in Round 16, 2011. The result was a 70-point win to the Swans.

paragraph: After playing the last five games for Sydney in 2011, he was unable to get a game in 2012. He was traded to for pick 66 in the 2012 AFL draft.

paragraph: He made his debut for Hawthorn in the round 8, 2013 clash against in Launceston, Tasmania.

paragraph: Spangher then played against St Kilda and Sydney in the home and away rounds before playing against Sydney again in the first week of the finals.

paragraph: Spangher played his first game for 2014 in round 3 against Fremantle, before suffering a major ankle injury in round 4 against Gold Coast. He returned against his old club West Coast in round 12, being one of Hawthon's best players, with 22 disposals including 7 contested marks. Spangher again put in a strong performance the next week against Carlton, and continued his form against Collingwood. In the 2014 Grand Final, after witnessing premierships at West Coast in 2006, Sydney in 2012, and being an emergency in the Hawks 2013 win, Spangher was finally picked in his first Grand Final, and won his first premiership. During the medal ceremony, MC Craig Willis made reference to his incredible journey.

paragraph: At the conclusion of the 2016 season, he was delisted by Hawthorn.

paragraph: Section::::Cult hero.

paragraph: Spangher's move to the Hawks has been greeted with "cult hero" status. In mid 2013, a Facebook fan page titled "Sir Matthew Spangher" was created, that as of September 2015 has over 14,000 followers. Spangher's popularity amongst players and fans was shown with overwhelming applause and chants whenever he went near the ball during the VFL Grand Final for Box Hill. "It's interesting isn't it. It's nice, but I don't think it's deserved," he said of the attention. With Spangher's appearances in the 2014 season, members of the media began to draw more attention to the fans growing affection, with members of the media also happy to play into the image. Herald Sun journalist Jon Ralph wrote "Let’s face it, when you look half rock god and half Jesus, men want to be you and women want to be with you." Spangher has gained the nickname "Fabio" from 3AW due to his long hair. After finally claiming his first premiership in 2014, Hawthorn fans chanted his name, and demanded he speak to the fans at the premiership party, before fan favourite Cyril Rioli.

paragraph: Section::::Statistics.

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016

paragraph: ! colspan=3| Career

paragraph: ! 56

paragraph: ! 13

paragraph: ! 16

paragraph: ! 421

paragraph: ! 265

paragraph: ! 686

paragraph: ! 228

paragraph: ! 109

paragraph: ! 0.2

paragraph: ! 0.3

paragraph: ! 7.5

paragraph: ! 4.7

paragraph: ! 12.3

paragraph: ! 4.1

paragraph: ! 2.0

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Matthew Spangher

wikipedia_title: Matt Spangher


text:
University of the West Indies
University of Hull
Barbados
Harrison College
Pembroke College, Cambridge
Inner Temple
University College, London
University of Sheffield
University of Ife
Nigeria
constitution of Barbados
United Kingdom
Order of the British Empire
University of the West Indies
Stanley R Dennison
University of Hull
Philip Larkin
human rights
race relations

categories: 2015 deaths,1920 births,People associated with the University of Hull,Barbadian lawyers,Leaders of universities in Barbados,20th-century Barbadian lawyers

paragraph: Roy Marshall (academic)

paragraph: Sir Roy Marshall, also known as Oshley Roy Marshall, (1920 - 2015), an academic lawyer, was the third vice-chancellor of the University of the West Indies and the fourth vice-chancellor of the University of Hull.

paragraph: Marshall was born on the island of Barbados and was educated at Harrison College, Barbados and subsequently Pembroke College, Cambridge, gaining 1st class honours in 1945. He was called to the Bar of the Inner Temple in 1947. Marshall was awarded a doctorate from University College, London (UCL) in 1948. He taught law at UCL, and in 1956 he obtained a chair in law at the University of Sheffield. From 1956 to 1969 he remained at Sheffield excepting a period teaching at the University of Ife in Nigeria (1963-1965). In the mid 1960s he was intimately involved in writing the constitution of Barbados, prior to the island's independence from the United Kingdom (UK). In 1968 Marshall was made a Commander of Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1969 he became vice-chancellor of the University of the West Indies, serving until 1974. The Queen's New Year's Honours list of 1974 announced the award of a knighthood to Marshall. Between 1974 and 1979 he was secretary general of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the UK Universities. On the retirement of Stanley R Dennison in 1979, Marshall was appointed vice-chancellor of the University of Hull, serving until his own retirement in 1985.

paragraph: In Marshall's time at Hull he is reputed to have refused to accept the poet Philip Larkin's resignation as university librarian. Larkin's reason for tendering his resignation was his apprehension that his technical knowledge was not adequate to cope with the changes in technology affecting how academic libraries functioned. Sir Roy was High Commissioner for Barbados in London between 1989 and 1991. Marshall made significant contributions to society in the realms of human rights and race relations. He died in November 2015, in his native Barbados.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antoine, R-M B (2008) "Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems", Psychology Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Briggs, A (1991) "Serious Pursuits: Communications and Education", University of Illinois Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayward J E S (2013) "Out of Slavery: Abolition and After", Routledge.

wikidata_label: Roy Marshall

wikipedia_title: Roy Marshall (academic)


text: Arden International

text: Jackie Chan DC Racing

text: World Endurance Championship

text: Jehan Daruvala

text: Lando Norris

text: French F4 Championship

text: Hungaroring

text: Formula Renault 2.0

text: Tech 1 Racing

text: Sacha Fenestraz

text: Arden International

text: 2018 GP3 Series

text: 2017–18 Asian Le Mans Series

text: Sepang

text: Jackie Chan DC Racing

text: Ho-Pin Tung

text: Stephane Richelmi

text: FIA World Endurance Championship

text: G-Drive Racing

categories: Sportspeople from Yvelines,Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,1998 births,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,French racing drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,French F4 Championship drivers,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: Gabriel Aubry (racing driver)

paragraph: Gabriel "Gabi" Aubry (born 3 April 1998) is a French racing driver currently racing in GP3 for Arden International and for Jackie Chan DC Racing in the World Endurance Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Born in Saint Germain-en-Laye, Aubry began karting in 2008 at the age of eleven, partaking in events across Europe. One of his karting achievements was the third place in the KFJ class of the Andrea Margutti Trophy, when he finished ahead of such drivers as Jehan Daruvala and Lando Norris.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula 4.

paragraph: In 2015, Aubry graduated to single-seaters. He competed in the French F4 Championship, where he won Hungaroring race and had another nine podium finishes. As a result, he finished in the top-three in the overall standings and as runner-up in the International F4 Championship standings.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault 2.0.

paragraph: In 2016, Aubry switched to Formula Renault 2.0 with Tech 1 Racing, joining his French F4 rival Sacha Fenestraz. He had six point-scoring finishes and finished eleventh in the drivers' standings. He also had a partial 2016 Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup campaign with the same team.

paragraph: Aubry continued with Tech 1 in 2017. He won three races—two of them on Hungaroring and one at Spa—and had finished another five races on the podium position. He ended the season fifth. He again competed in the Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup, ending the season fifth as well.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP3 Series.

paragraph: In January 2018, Aubry joined Arden International for the 2018 GP3 Series campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA World Endurance Championship.

paragraph: After two races in the LMP3 Class of the 2017–18 Asian Le Mans Series with win in the season finale at Sepang. In March 2018, Aubry was announced as Jackie Chan DC Racing driver alongside with Ho-Pin Tung and Stephane Richelmi in the LMP2 class of the FIA World Endurance Championship. He finished second (eighth overall), behind the G-Drive Racing car which was the invitational entry in the season opener at Spa, taking his first LMP2 win in the World Endurance Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete European Le Mans Series results.

paragraph: Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Gabriel Aubry

wikipedia_title: Gabriel Aubry (racing driver)


text:
KG
Baron Strabolgi
Baron Cobham
Sterborough
William Burgh, 2nd Baron Burgh
Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln
Elizabeth Blount
King Henry VIII
Duke of Norfolk
Knight of the Garter
Lord Seton
Seton Palace
James VI of Scotland
Anne of Denmark
Lord Deputy of Ireland
Robert Burgh, 4th Baron Burgh
Winchester Cathedral
George Brooke
William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham
Newry
County Down
Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia
Heidelberg
Sterborough
Alexander Henry Leith, 5th Baron Burgh

categories: Borough family,Barons in the Peerage of England,1597 deaths,16th-century English nobility,Year of birth uncertain,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh

paragraph: Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh KG ("c." 1558–14 October 1597) 3rd Baron Borough of Gainsborough, "de jure" 7th Baron Strabolgi and 9th Baron Cobham of Sterborough was the son of William Burgh, 2nd Baron Burgh and Lady Katherine Clinton, daughter of Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln and Elizabeth Blount, former mistress of King Henry VIII. He was one of the peers who conducted the trial of the Duke of Norfolk in 1572. (aged 14?)

paragraph: Sir Thomas Burgh succeeded to the title of 3rd Lord Burgh [E., 1529] on 10 September 1584, by writ. He was invested as a Knight of the Garter on 23 April 1593.

paragraph: In February 1593, he was appointed as English Ambassador to Scotland. Burgh was met by Lord Seton and banqueted at Seton Palace. James VI of Scotland was in the north and Burgh had to wait in Edinburgh until the 14 March when he saw the king and discussed the risks of Spanish invasion. On 18 March he had an audience with Anne of Denmark and received "ill grace both of words and looks".

paragraph: On 18 April 1597, he was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland but held the office only briefly, dying the same year.

paragraph: Burgh married Frances Vaughan, the only daughter of John Vaughan of Sutton-on-Derwent, Yorkshire, by Anne Pickering, daughter and heir of Sir Christopher Pickering, by whom he had a son and four daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Burgh, 4th Baron Burgh (c.1594 – 26 February 1602), buried at Winchester Cathedral 19 March 1602.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Burgh, married George Brooke, a younger son of William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, and had issue. She married secondly John Byrd of Broxton and had issue. She married thirdly Francis Reade, 2nd son of Sir William Reade, of Osterley, Middlesex. There were no issue of her third marriage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Burgh (died after 1 June 1641), who married Sir Drew Drury on 11 October 1604.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Burgh (died before 24 Nov 1618), who married Francis Coppinger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine Burgh (died April 1646), who married, on 28 February 1620, Thomas Knyvett, son of Sir Thomas Knyvett and Elizabeth Bacon and had issue.

paragraph: Burgh died at Newry, County Down, Ireland, on 14 October 1597.

paragraph: In November 1613 his widow Frances, Lady Burgh, was given an allowance of £500 and went to join the household of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia at Heidelberg.

paragraph: On the death of Burgh's son, Robert, his baronies of Burgh, Strabolgi, and Cobham of Sterborough fell into abeyance between his sisters. 314 years later, on 5 May 1916, the abeyance was terminated in favour of Alexander Henry Leith, 5th Baron Burgh (1866–1926).

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh

wikipedia_title: Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh


text: Garter Principal King of Arms

text: Sandwich, Kent

text: Nieuwkerk

text: Brabant

text: Dennehill

text: Gray's Inn

text: Venice

text: Sir Robert Bruce Cotton

text: Norroy king of arms

text: Arundel House

text: Strand

text: Sir Richard St. George

text: Clarenceux king of arms

text: Horsham

text: Sir William Segar

text: Charles I

text: great council of peers

text: First English Civil War

text: Edward Norgate

text: Ripon

text: D.C.L.

text: Christ Church Cathedral

categories: English MPs 1624–1625,Year of birth unknown,English MPs 1625,English MPs 1626,People of the Stuart period,1643 deaths,English officers of arms,English MPs 1621–1622

paragraph: John Borough

paragraph: Sir John Borough (died 21 October 1643) was the Garter Principal King of Arms 1633-43.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was grandson of William Borough, of Sandwich, Kent, by the daughter of Basil Gosall, of Nieuwkerk, Brabant, and son of John Borough, of Sandwich, by his wife, daughter of Robert Denne, of Dennehill, Kent. He received a classical education, and afterwards studied law at Gray's Inn. In 1622 he was at Venice, and from that city he addressed several letters to Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, chiefly about the purchase of manuscripts, subscribing himself ‘Your faithful servant and poore kinsman’.

paragraph: He was appointed in 1623 Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London. In June of the same year, by the favour of the earl marshal, to whom he was secretary, he was sworn herald-extraordinary by the title of Mowbray, and on 23 December following he was created Norroy king of arms, at Arundel House in the Strand, in the place of Sir Richard St. George, who was created Clarenceux king of arms. He was M.P. for Horsham 1624, 1625, and 1626. On 17 July 1624 he was knighted, and in 1634 made Garter principal king of arms in the place of Sir William Segar, who had died.

paragraph: As keeper of the records, when King Charles I was discussing the propriety of summoning the great council of peers, Borough was called in with records respecting those assemblies. He attended his sovereign when he went to Scotland to be crowned in 1633. On 14 April 1636 he obtained a grant to entitle him to the fees and perquisites of his office of Garter while employed beyond the seas for the king's special service. As principal king of arms he followed the fortunes of his sovereign in the field during the First English Civil War, and had several narrow escapes while in the royal camp. For instance, Edward Norgate, Windsor herald, writing from Berwick to his cousin Thomas Read, on 3 June 1639, says that the king's tent was shot through once, and Sir John Borough's twice.

paragraph: Borough was a good note-taker, and drew up accounts of various conferences between the royalists and the parliamentarians. The notes of the interview between Charles and the covenanters in the earl marshal's tent near Berwick on 11 June 1639 were probably taken by him. When the great council met at York he was appointed its clerk, and in that capacity he took the full notes of its proceedings which constitute the only record we possess of what took place in that assembly. Again, when the sixteen commissioners went to Ripon, Borough accompanied them as their clerk, and took notes of the treaty there. Finally when the treaty was adjourned to London, Borough resumed his attendance upon the commissioners, and carried on his notes until the treaty was concluded.

paragraph: While in the service of the court at Oxford the university conferred upon him the degree of D.C.L. on 5 August 1643. He died about two months afterwards, on 21 October 1643, at Oxford, and was buried the next day at the upper end of the divinity chapel adjoining, on the north side, the choir of Christ Church Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Garter Principal King of Arms

wikidata_label: John Borough

wikipedia_title: John Borough


text:
Russia
Neoclassical
Empire style
Imperial Academy of Arts
Andreyan Zakharov
Italy
Ivan Martos
statues of Minin and Pozharsky
Red Square
Duc de Richelieu
Potemkin Stairs
Odessa
Imperial School of Jurisprudence
Arctic and Antarctic Museum
New Russia
Volga
Rybinsk
St. Isaac's Cathedral
St. Petersburg
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
Moscow
Alexander I of Russia
Nicholas I
Konstantin Thon
Arctic and Antarctic Museum
Imperial School of Jurisprudence
Potemkin Stairs
Nativity Cathedral, Chişinău
Saviour Cathedral, Bolhrad
Semicircular Square, Odessa
Kazan Cathedral, Yaroslavl
Rybinsk
Demidov Lyceum
St. Nicholas Cathedral, Mtsensk

categories: 1854 deaths,1784 births,Neoclassical architects

paragraph: Avraam Melnikov

paragraph: Abram or Avraam Melnikov (Авраам Иванович Мельников; 1784—1854) was a Russian Neoclassical architect associated with the late phase of the Empire style. His teachers at the Imperial Academy of Arts included Andreyan Zakharov. He graduated with a gold medal and went to further his studies in Italy. Melnikov became de facto Dean of the Academy in 1831 but was not officially appointed until 1843.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Melnikov collaborated with sculptor Ivan Martos on the pedestals for his statues of Minin and Pozharsky in Red Square and Duc de Richelieu at the top of the Potemkin Stairs in Odessa. Apart from the Imperial School of Jurisprudence and the Old Believer Church of St. Nicholas (later converted into the Arctic and Antarctic Museum), Melnikov's major buildings are in New Russia and the Volga provinces.

paragraph: The Saviour Cathedral in Rybinsk is based on Melnikov's design that had won the architectural competition for St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. It was also Melnikov who won the competition for the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. Neither design was approved by Alexander I of Russia. His successor, Nicholas I, also preferred the Russo-Byzantine designs of Konstantin Thon to the supposedly ponderous Late Neoclassical style espoused by Melnikov.

paragraph: Section::::Major buildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arctic and Antarctic Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial School of Jurisprudence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Potemkin Stairs, Odessa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nativity Cathedral, Chişinău

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saviour Cathedral, Bolhrad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semicircular Square, Odessa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazan Cathedral, Yaroslavl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saviour Cathedral, Rybinsk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demidov Lyceum, Yaroslavl

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Nicholas Cathedral, Mtsensk

paragraph: BULLET::::- The cathedral belltower in Yaroslavl

alias:
Avraam Ivanovich Mel'nikov
Avraam Mel'nikov

description: Russian architect

wikidata_label: Avraam Melnikov

wikipedia_title: Avraam Melnikov


text:
Burlöv
Swedish
Halmstad
railroad
Konstfack
Stockholm
Royal University College of Fine Arts
Carl Milles
Nils Sjögren
Paris
France
Orrefors Glasbruk
Småland
Vicke Lindstrand
Lindshammars Glasbruk
prism
gemstone
contest
Sergels torg
obelisk
Kristallvertikalaccent
Prince Eugen Medal

categories: 20th-century sculptors,Swedish male sculptors,1994 deaths,1906 births,People from Burlöv Municipality,Recipients of the Prince Eugen Medal

paragraph: Edvin Öhrström

paragraph: Karl "Edvin" Öhrström (August 22, 1906 in Burlöv – December 2, 1994) was a Swedish sculptor and glass artist.

paragraph: Öhrström grew up in Halmstad, where his father worked at the railroad. He started to work as a railroad worker, he trained to become an art teacher at Tekniska skolan (current Konstfack) in Stockholm 1925–1928, and at the sculptural department at the Royal University College of Fine Arts 1928–1931, with Carl Milles and Nils Sjögren as teachers. In 1932, in Paris, France. From 1932 to 1957, he worked two months per year at Orrefors Glasbruk in Småland. He often used the "ariel" technique, which he had invented together with the master Gustaf Bergkvist and the artist Vicke Lindstrand. Later, he worked at Lindshammars Glasbruk, where he developed his sculptures to prisms of gemstone colors that played with light reflections and refractions in the glass.

paragraph: Edvin Öhrstrom won a contest for the decoration of Sergels torg in Stockholm, with a 37.5 metres high steel construction with 80 000 glass prisms, lit from within. This 130 tonnes heavy glass obelisk, "Kristallvertikalaccent", is made from steel and covered with glass from Lindshammars Glasbruk and was inaugurated in 1974. The light source is four lamps inside the obelisk.

paragraph: He was awarded the Prince Eugen Medal for sculpture in 1979.

alias:
Karl Edvin Ohrstrom
Karl Edvin Öhrström

description: Swedish sculptor

wikidata_label: Edvin Öhrström

wikipedia_title: Edvin Öhrström


text:
Cape Verde
footballer
Batuque FC
goalkeeper
São Vicente
Sporting Clube da Praia
CS Mindelense
AD Ceuta
Spanish third division
his first and only season
Batuque FC
cap
Cape Verde
friendly
Covilhã
Portugal
2010 FIFA World Cup
South Africa

categories: Cape Verdean expatriate footballers,Batuque FC players,AD Ceuta footballers,Cape Verde international footballers,Living people,1982 births,Girabola players,CS Mindelense players,Segunda División B players,People from São Vicente, Cape Verde,C.R. Caála players,S.L. Benfica (Luanda) players,Expatriate footballers in Spain,Cape Verdean footballers,Atlético Petróleos de Luanda players,Sporting Clube da Praia players,Association football goalkeepers,2013 Africa Cup of Nations players

paragraph: Fock (footballer)

paragraph: Fredson Jorge Ramos Tavares (born 25 July 1982), known as Fock, is a Cape Verdean footballer who plays for Batuque FC as a goalkeeper.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Born in São Vicente, Fock started playing for Real Júnior Tarrafal, Sporting Clube da Praia and CS Mindelense. In 2010, he had his first experience abroad, joining a host of compatriots at AD Ceuta in the Spanish third division and being the most utilised player in his position in his first and only season.

paragraph: Fock returned to his country in 2011, going on to spend two years with Batuque FC.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Fock won his first cap for Cape Verde in 2009. On 24 May of the following year he appeared in a friendly in Covilhã with Portugal – who was preparing for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa – playing the entire match as the minnows (ranked 117th) managed a 0–0 draw.

description: Cape Verdean association football player

wikidata_label: Fredson Tavares

wikipedia_title: Fock (footballer)


text:
Compton, California
Toot It and Boot It
Ty Dolla Sign
"Billboard" Hot 100
Def Jam Recordings
Young Jeezy
CTE World
My Nigga
Rich Homie Quan
"Billboard" Hot 100
Left, Right
Who Do You Love?
Drake
My Krazy Life
Still Brazy
Stay Dangerous
Big Bank
"4Real 4Real",
Compton, California
Bloods
CTE World
Yo Gotti
Act Right
Boss Yo Life Up Gang
Def Jam Recordings
My Krazy Life
Drake
lead single
My Nigga
Rich Homie Quan
"Billboard" Hot 100
Left, Right
Who Do You Love?
Billboard
Instagram
Krayzie Bone
Nipsey Hussle
50 Cent
Still Brazy
Why You Always Hatin?
Drake
Kamaiyah
I Don't
Mariah Carey
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Remy Ma
Stay Dangerous
4Real 4Real
Nipsey Hussle
Interscope Records
Empire Distribution
Compton
Blood gang
Studio City, California
vegan
My Krazy Life
Blame It On the Streets
Still Brazy
Stay Dangerous
4Real 4Real

categories: West Coast hip hop musicians,Def Jam Recordings artists,Living people,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,African-American businesspeople,American shooting survivors,American music industry executives,Gangsta rappers,Musicians from Compton, California,1990 births,Rappers from Los Angeles,Businesspeople from Los Angeles,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: YG (rapper)

paragraph: Keenon Daequan Ray Jackson (born March 9, 1990), better known by his stage name YG, is an American rapper and actor from Compton, California. In 2009, he released his debut single, "Toot It and Boot It" featuring Ty Dolla Sign, which peaked at number 67 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The single's success resulted in him signing to Def Jam Recordings. In the following years, YG released mixtapes such as "The Real 4Fingaz, Just Re'd Up," "Just Re'd Up 2", "4 Hunnid Degreez," and many others.

paragraph: In June 2013, YG signed a deal to Young Jeezy's imprint CTE World. His 2013 single, "My Nigga" featuring Jeezy and Rich Homie Quan, peaked at number 19 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. He then released the singles "Left, Right" and "Who Do You Love?" featuring Drake, leading up to the release of his debut studio album. His debut album, "My Krazy Life," was released on March 18, 2014 by Pu$haz Ink, CTE World and Def Jam, and received critical acclaim. On June 17, 2016, he released his second studio album, "Still Brazy," to critical acclaim. On August 3, 2018, he released his third studio album, "Stay Dangerous", to generally positive reviews which included the single, "Big Bank", his highest charting single, peaking at number 16. His fourth studio album, "4Real 4Real", was released on May 24, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: YG was born in 1990 as Keenon Daequan Ray Jackson in Compton, California. His name YG stands for "Young Gangster." Jackson joined the Bloods gang in 2006 at age 16. His father served time in jail for tax fraud.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2012–2014: Signing with CTE World and "My Krazy Life".

paragraph: In 2012, he announced his debut album, then titled "I'm 4rm Bompton", would be exclusively produced by rapper Syla$. Later in June 2013, he revealed that Jeezy's record label CTE World would release the album. He was then featured on Yo Gotti's "Act Right" also featuring Jeezy. It would peak at number 100 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. He was then prominently featured on the CTE World mixtape, "Boss Yo Life Up Gang" in August 2013.

paragraph: On September 4, 2013, YG revealed that his debut album would be released on November 19, 2013 via Def Jam Recordings and that he has changed the album title to "My Krazy Life". He also revealed that Drake would be featured on a song titled "Who Do You Love?", produced by DJ Mustard. Shortly thereafter he released the album's lead single "My Nigga" featuring Rich Homie Quan and Jeezy, also produced by DJ Mustard. The song has since peaked at number 19 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. On December 10, 2013, YG released the DJ Mustard-produced "Left, Right" as the album's second single. The following day, Def Jam announced that "My Krazy Life" would be released on March 18, 2014 and that "Who Do You Love?" featuring Drake would be the album's next single. On February 18, 2014, YG revealed the cover artwork for his debut album "My Krazy Life". The artwork features YG posing for a mugshot, with his name and album title detailed in the placard around his neck. It was released on March 18, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015–present: "Still Brazy" and "Stay Dangerous".

paragraph: On June 24, 2015, in an interview with "Billboard", YG revealed that his second studio album would be called "Still Krazy" and it would be released in 2016. On July 15, 2015, YG teased the first single for the album, "Twist My Fingaz" on Instagram. The same day, YG released the single, "Cash Money" featuring Krayzie Bone. The full version of "Twist My Fingaz" was released July 17, 2015. On December 12, 2015, he released the second single, titled "I Want a Benz" featuring rappers Nipsey Hussle and 50 Cent.

paragraph: "Still Brazy" was released on June 17, 2016. The third single "Why You Always Hatin?" premiered on OVO Sound Radio on May 21, 2016 featuring rappers Drake and Kamaiyah. On November 25, 2016, he released the "Black Friday" inspired Red Friday, released digitally; it had 8 tracks.

paragraph: On December 17, 2016, YG announced through social media, the announcement of "Just Re'd Up 3", it was released in 2017. The project was executively produced by himself and DJ Mustard.

paragraph: On February 3, 2017, the song "I Don't", by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey was released, featuring YG. Carey and YG performed "I Don't" live on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on February 15, 2017. On March 24, 2017, a remix featuring Remy Ma and YG was released.

paragraph: On February 19, 2018 YG announced his third studio album would be "Stay Dangerous" on his Instagram page and would be released this summer. It was released in 2018.

paragraph: On April 3, 2019 YG announced a "surprise album" titled "4Real 4Real" via Twitter originally due for release on April 12, being delayed to May 24 due to the death of his close friend Nipsey Hussle. It was released to positive reviews.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:4Hunnid Records.

paragraph: When YG originally came up with the idea for a label (originally titled Pushaz Ink, stylized as Pu$haz Ink), he later attempted to co-found it with DJ Mustard and Ty Dolla $ign. Originally the "label" was used as a promotional tool and a brand for YG and DJ Mustard's group of rap collaborators they had grown up with. But as they moved forward in laying the groundwork for the label and its roster, plans for the label were scrapped when their meeting with Capitol went south and the three artists decided to go their separate ways.

paragraph: There were rumors throughout 2016 that YG would be launching a new label under the name 4Hunnid. They originally begun when YG released a fashion line prominently featuring the 4Hunnid logo. This was confirmed to be true on August 17, 2016 when Billboard magazine reported that YG signed a distribution deal for the label under the 4Hunnid name with Interscope Records and Empire Distribution.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: YG is a member of the Compton-based Westside Tree Top Piru Blood gang. On January 25, 2012, shots were fired during the filming of YG's music video "I'm a Thug". The police shut down and closed the set. On January 25, 2012, shots were fired during the filming of YG's music video "I'm a Thug". The police shut down and closed the set.

paragraph: On June 12, 2015, YG was shot one time that created three separate wounds in the hip at a recording studio in Studio City, California. Authorities said that YG was "very uncooperative" when asked about the incident. His manager later revealed that his injuries were not life-threatening and said he was "fine" and recovering. He returned to the studio the next day.

paragraph: YG followed a vegan diet for about three months in 2016, citing health reasons.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Krazy Life" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blame It On the Streets" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Brazy" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stay Dangerous" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "4Real 4Real" (2019)

alias:
Yg
Keenon Jackson
YG400

description: American rapper from Compton, California

wikidata_label: YG

wikipedia_title: YG (rapper)


text:
Mexico City
Mexican
American Le Mans Series
Level 5 Motorsports
American Le Mans Series
Adrián Fernández
Rolex Sports Car Series
Indy Lights
Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez
Chip Ganassi Racing
Rolex Sports Car Series
Scott Pruett
American Le Mans Series
Fernandez Racing
Adrian Fernandez
Fernandez Racing
Alex Job Racing
Level 5 Motorsports
2011 12 Hours of Sebring
Ryan Hunter-Reay
Level 5 Motorsports
Christophe Bouchut
Level 5 Motorsports
Luis Diaz Career Statistics

categories: A1 Team Mexico drivers,American Le Mans Series drivers,Indy Lights drivers,Living people,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,Mexican racing drivers,1977 births,Mexican Formula Three Championship drivers,Racing drivers from Mexico City,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Luis Díaz (racing driver)

paragraph: Luis Miguel ‘Chapulín’ Díaz Castell (born 1 December 1977, in Mexico City) is a Mexican racing driver who competes in the American Le Mans Series for Level 5 Motorsports. He won the 2009 American Le Mans Series LMP2 class drivers championship alongside team owner Adrián Fernández, and was runner-up in the 2005 and 2006 Rolex Sports Car Series DP drivers championship. Díaz also has an extensive open-wheel racing background.

paragraph: Section::::Early racing career.

paragraph: Starting off in karting in 1989, Diaz was National Kart Champion in the A category and a two-time champion in the Super 100cc category. He earned Rookie of the Year honors in 1996 in Formula Reynard before moving up to Formula 3 International in 1997, where he was the highest-placed Mexican driver in the series that year.

paragraph: Diaz earned the Formula Mexico title in 1998, followed by a season in the Panamerican Indy Lights, where he was also Rookie of the Year and the first Mexican driver to win a race in that series.

paragraph: Section::::Indy Lights.

paragraph: Díaz made his Indy Lights debut in 1999, finishing 10th in his first race at Laguna Seca. One year later, he joined the FO-Quaker-Herdez team before transitioning to Roquin Motorsports in 2001, where he finished seventh in the championship with one podium and four top-five finishes to his credit.

paragraph: Section::::Atlantic championship.

paragraph: Diaz was hired by Dorricot Racing in 2002 and competed in his first Formula Atlantic season, finishing fourth in the championship with wins at Portland and Road America.

paragraph: The following year, he won the season-opening round at Monterrey en route to an eighth-place finish in the end-of-year championship. Diaz was awarded the Gilles Villeneuve trophy for his achievements that year.

paragraph: Section::::Champ Car.

paragraph: Díaz made two Champ Car starts, both as a substitute driver at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez circuit in Mexico City. He failed to finish both events.

paragraph: Section::::Grand-Am.

paragraph: Making his sports car racing debut in 2004, Diaz teamed with Jimmy Morales in a Lexus-Riley Daytona Prototype for Chip Ganassi Racing in the Rolex Sports Car Series.

paragraph: In 2005, Diaz moved to the team’s No. 01 entry with Scott Pruett, earning three wins, eight podium finishes and four poles en route to a runner-up finish in the Daytona Prototype drivers championship. He repeated the feat again in 2006 and helped lead Ganassi to the teams championship.

paragraph: Section::::American Le Mans Series.

paragraph: Díaz made his American Le Mans Series debut in 2007, driving for Lowe’s Fernandez Racing in the LMP2 category with an Lola B06/43 Acura and later the Acura ARX-01a/b. He enjoyed a successful three-year stint with the team, culminating with the 2009 LMP2 Drivers Championship for he and Adrian Fernandez. That year, they scored nine wins out of ten races, with Diaz earning three class poles.

paragraph: Following the demise of Fernandez Racing Diaz made a handful of starts for both Alex Job Racing and PR1/Mathiasen Motorsports in 2010, reaching the podium four times and earning three class poles in the GTC and PC ranks.

paragraph: The 2011 season saw Diaz join Level 5 Motorsports for its P2 program. He kicked off the season with a class win in the 2011 12 Hours of Sebring with Scott Tucker and Ryan Hunter-Reay before earning additional victories at Road America and Laguna Seca. Diaz remained at Level 5 Motorsports for 2012, earning the P2 victory at Laguna Seca in the team's HPD ARX-03b.

paragraph: In addition to his success on the track, Diaz is a two-time winner of the "Most Popular Driver" award.

paragraph: Section::::24 Hours of Le Mans.

paragraph: Diaz made his Le Mans debut in 2012, co-driving with Scott Tucker and Christophe Bouchut in Level 5 Motorsports’ LMP2-class HPD ARX-03b. The car failed to finish after running out of fuel on-track.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Díaz enjoys karting, golf, tennis, fitness, and Mini-Z RC Car Racing. His nickname is "Chapulín" (Grasshopper in English).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luis Diaz Career Statistics

description: Mexican racecar driver

wikidata_label: Luis Díaz

wikipedia_title: Luis Díaz (racing driver)


text:
Governor General
Spanish Philippines
Trascala
Nueva España
Mexico
Manila
Zamboanga
Archbishop of Manila
José Torralba
₱
excommunication
church asylum
Manila Cathedral
sanctuary
Dominican
canon law
Real Universidad de Santo Tomás
Félix Resurrección Hidalgo
National Art Gallery
National Museum
Fidel Villarroel
Freemason

categories: 1719 deaths,Captains General of the Philippines

paragraph: Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda (died 1719) served as the 37th Governor General of Spanish Philippines from 1717 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Governor-General of the Philippines.

paragraph: Usually called "mariscal" (marshal) as he was the first field marshal to govern the Islands, Bustamante was the former "alcalde mayor" of Trascala, in Nueva España (modern-day Mexico). He was appointed governor by royal provision on September 6, 1708 and arrived at Manila on August 9, 1717.

paragraph: Considered severe in judgments, Bustamante was also responsible for re-establishing the garrison at Zamboanga in 1718.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with the Church.

paragraph: Several individuals with pending charges had taken church asylum. Bustamante adopted very stringent measures to counteract excessive claims to immunity by Archbishop of Manila Francisco de la Cuesta. Archbishop De la Cuesta was appealed to either hand them over to the civil authorities or allow them to be taken. He refused to do either, supporting the claim of immunity of sanctuary. At the same time it came to the knowledge of the governor that a movement had been set on foot against him by those citizens who favoured the Archbishopʼs views.

paragraph: José Torralba, the late acting-governor, was released from confinement by the governor, and reinstated by him as judge in the Supreme Court, although he was under an accusation of embezzlement to the extent of ₱700,000. The Archbishop energetically opposed Torralba's appointment, notifying the latter of his excommunication and ecclesiastical censures. With sword and shield in hand, Torralba expelled the Archbishopʼs messenger by force, then as judge in the Supreme Court, hastened to avenge himself by issuing warrants against his enemies. Torralba's opponents sought church asylum, and, with the moral support of the Archbishop, laughed at the clown.

paragraph: Tensions climaxed when the governor's soldiers stormed Manila Cathedral, thereby violating the right of sanctuary. The violation was due to the governor's orders to recover the government inventories and official records held by a notary public who was then taking refuge in the Cathedral. Upon consultation with the Archbishop, Dominican canon law experts from the Real Universidad de Santo Tomás declared that "under no circumstances or conditions could civil authorities exercise jurisdiction within sacred places, even under the orders of the governor and of the "audiencia".

paragraph: The series of troubles with ecclesiastical authorities led to the arrest and imprisonment of Archbishop De la Cuesta, along with the Dominican friars and other clerics in league with the Archbishop.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: In reaction to the Archbishop's imprisonment and to the government's total disregard of the church as a sanctuary, a mob of the Archbishop's supporters stormed the Palacio de Gobernador and killed Governor Bustamante. Archbishop De la Cuesta was released from prison and appointed acting Governor-General.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:In art.

paragraph: Félix Resurrección Hidalgo's "The Assassination of Governor Bustamante" at the National Art Gallery of the National Museum depicts the incident, showing a mob of Dominican friars dragging the governor down the Palacio's staircase.

paragraph: However, according to Spanish historian, theologian, and former archivist at the University of Santo Tomás Fr Fidel Villarroel, Ph.D., Hidalgo was misled by some advisers to wrongly portray the Spanish missionaries as the promoters of the murder. Antonio Regidor, a Freemason noted for his anticlerical sentiments, was the painter's adviser. Villarroel goes further by concluding that all the friars were far away from the scene at the moment of the assassination, imprisoned together with the Archbishop.

description: Spanish Field Marshal


text: musician

text: television producer

text: voice actor

text: child actor

text: Nick Jr.

text: children's television series

text: Yo Gabba Gabba!

text: Orange County

text: The Aquabats

text: The Aquabats! Super Show!

text: Rexburg, Idaho

text: Los Angeles

text: Parker

text: child actor

text: Joey Stivic

text: All in the Family

text: Gloria

text: Pretty in Pink

text: Gleaming the Cube

text: Married... with Children

text: Roseanne

text: Mark Gonzales

text: Jason Lee

text: Blind Skateboards

text: Video Days

text: Tony Hawk

text: Birdhouse Skateboards

text: Steve Berra

text: Mormon

text: LeGrand Richards

text: missionary

text: Tōhoku

text: Japan

text: Chad Larson

text: Boyd Terry

text: The Aquabats

text: lead singer

text: stage name

text: superhero

text: ska

text: punk

text: new wave

text: cult act

text: The Fury of The Aquabats!

text: "Billboard" 200

text: MTV

text: Vans Warped Tour

text: Scott Schultz

text: The Sandfleas

text: Hi-Five Soup!

text: Fearless Records

text: The Aquabats! Super Show!

text: The Hub

text: Daytime Emmy

text: production company

text: children's television series

text: Yo Gabba Gabba!

text: Viacom

text: Nick Jr.

text: Huntington Beach, California

text: The Return of The Aquabats

text: The Fury of The Aquabats!

text: Yo! Check Out This Ride! EP

text: Charge!!

text: Radio Down!

text: Hi-Five Soup!

text: Bad Credit

text: Giving Back by Giving Up

text: MC Lars

text: This Gigantic Robot Kills

categories: American punk rock singers,Singers from California,The Aquabats members,American male child actors,American child models,20th-century Mormon missionaries,American male singers,American male television actors,Eagle Scouts,Television producers from California,Male television writers,American Mormon missionaries in Japan,Latter Day Saints from California,1972 births,Singers from Idaho,People from Rexburg, Idaho,American Latter Day Saint writers,Screenwriters from California,Living people,People from Huntington Beach, California,Screenwriters from Idaho,American television writers

paragraph: Christian Jacobs

paragraph: Christian Richards Jacobs (born January 11, 1972) is an American musician, television producer, voice actor and former child actor. He is perhaps most recognized as the co-creator of the award-winning Nick Jr. children's television series "Yo Gabba Gabba!", on which he additionally serves as a writer, director, composer and voice actor.

paragraph: Under the stage persona of The MC Bat Commander, Jacobs is also well known for his work as lead singer for the Orange County rock band The Aquabats, which he co-founded in 1994. In addition to his musical work with the band, Jacobs also portrayed the character of the Bat Commander on the live-action comedy television series "The Aquabats! Super Show!", which he also co-created and produced, from 2012 to 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Jacobs was born in Rexburg, Idaho in 1972, the second of five children. Following his family's relocation to Los Angeles in 1976, Jacobs and his siblings, namely his older sister Rachel and younger brother Parker, began working as child actors. Throughout the course of his childhood and into his late teens, Jacobs appeared in numerous productions, most prominently playing the role of Joey Stivic in the short-lived "All in the Family" spin-off "Gloria", but primarily playing bit parts in teen films such as "Pretty in Pink" and "Gleaming the Cube" and episodes of sitcoms like "Married... with Children" and "Roseanne", before retiring from acting in the early 1990s, citing a dislike of the competitive nature of the business.

paragraph: While working on "Gleaming the Cube", Jacobs befriended a number of well known and highly influential skateboarders and artists. In 1990, he worked alongside Mark Gonzales and Jason Lee on Blind Skateboards "Video Days", and as an artist, Jacobs designed board graphics for Tony Hawks Birdhouse Skateboards and for the Jason Lee and Steve Berra pro models.

paragraph: The great-grandson of prominent Mormon leader LeGrand Richards, Jacobs is a lifelong member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1991, he left the United States to serve as a missionary in the Sendai, Japan mission and lived in and around Tōhoku, Japan for two years. Upon returning to California, he began working various jobs and moonlighting in bands.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The Aquabats.

paragraph: In 1994, Jacobs, along with friends Chad Larson and Boyd Terry, formed the Orange County-based band The Aquabats, wherein he acted as lead singer and lyricist under the stage name of The MC Bat Commander (formerly "The Caped Commander" and "The Bat Commander"). Noted for their matching costumes and theatrical stage shows centered around their superhero-themed persona, The Aquabats initially formed as part of the burgeoning Orange County ska scene, though since 2000 have evolved into playing more punk and new wave-influenced rock music.

paragraph: Though The Aquabats are most recognized for being a cult act, the band experienced brief mainstream commercial success in the late 1990s during the height of the American ska revival, when their second album "The Fury of The Aquabats!" peaked at number 172 on the "Billboard" 200, granting the band national exposure on MTV and as part of the 1998 Vans Warped Tour. During this time, Jacobs was also active producing skateboarding videos with his friend and creative partner Scott Schultz. In 1999, Jacobs anonymously performed with other members of The Aquabats in the side project The Sandfleas, playing drums under the stage name "Fang".

paragraph: As of 2018, The Aquabats continue to tour and record, and released their fifth studio album "Hi-Five Soup!" in January 2011 on Fearless Records. On March 3, 2012, "The Aquabats! Super Show!", a live-action musical television series starring the band, premiered on cable channel The Hub, with Jacobs serving as co-creator, producer, writer and star. Despite accumulating six Daytime Emmy nominations over the course of two seasons, winning one for stunt coordination, The Hub declined to pick "Super Show!" up for a third season, effectively cancelling the series. Jacobs has repeatedly expressed plans to keep pitching "Super Show!" to other networks.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Yo Gabba Gabba!".

paragraph: In 1999, Jacobs and Schultz formed a production company which was later formalized as "The Magic Store" with the goal of creating family-oriented television entertainment. Together, the two independently created, wrote and directed two pilot episodes in 2005 for a preschooler-targeted children's television series called "Yo Gabba Gabba!". The series was picked up by Viacoms Nick Jr. channel in 2007, eventually becoming an international success and winning numerous television awards. "Yo Gabba Gabba!" has since completed four seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Christian Jacobs is an avid surfer, skateboarder, Japanese toy collector and artist. He lives in Huntington Beach, California, with his wife and four children.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Aquabats.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Return of The Aquabats" (1996) - vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fury of The Aquabats!" (1997) - vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Aquabats vs. the Floating Eye of Death!" (1999) - vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Myths, Legends and Other Amazing Adventures, Vol. 2" (2000) - vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yo! Check Out This Ride! EP" (2004) - vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charge!!" (2005) - vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radio Down!" (2010) - vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hi-Five Soup!" (2011) - vocals

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Got Sumethin' (That You Ought to Know)" from Bad Credit's album "Giving Back by Giving Up" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Gigantic Robot Kills" from MC Lars album "This Gigantic Robot Kills" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: The following list is of awards Christian Jacobs has been personally nominated for:

description: American actor, model, television writer/producer

wikidata_label: Christian Jacobs

wikipedia_title: Christian Jacobs


text:
Romania
Romanian Academy
University of Bucharest
(in Romanian)

categories: 19th-century Romanian physicians,Romanian Ministers of Culture,Romanian Ministers of Industry and Commerce,Presidents of the Romanian Academy,Romanian Ministers of Public Works,1919 deaths,Romanian Ministers of Education,1850 births,Romanian chemists,20th-century Romanian physicians

paragraph: Constantin Istrati

paragraph: Constantin I. Istrati (7 September 1850 – 17 January 1919) was a Romanian chemist and physician. He was president of the Romanian Academy between 1913-1916.

paragraph: He introduced the teaching of organic chemistry at the University of Bucharest.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Academia Republicii Populare Române, "Dicționar Enciclopedic Român", Editura Politică, București, 1962-1964

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Romanian)

description: Romanian chemist

wikidata_label: Constantin Istrati

wikipedia_title: Constantin Istrati


text: Conservative

text: Earl of Derby's

text: Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury

text: William Jolliffe

text: Musgrave Baronets

text: John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton

text: Manchester

text: Peterloo Massacre

text: Merstham

text: High Sheriff of Surrey

text: Petersfield

text: Earl of Derby

text: Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury

text: Privy Council

text: first-class

text: Hampshire

text: Sussex

text: Berkeley Thomas Paget

text: Coldstream Guards

text: cholera

text: Crimean War

text: Reigate

text: Hedworth

categories: UK MPs 1859–1865,UK MPs 1837–1841,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1865–1868,15th The King's Hussars officers,High Sheriffs of Surrey,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1857–1859,1800 births,1876 deaths,UK MPs 1830–1831,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832,UK MPs 1847–1852,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,English cricketers,Hampshire cricketers,English cricketers of 1787 to 1825,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

paragraph: William Jolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton

paragraph: William George Hylton Jolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton (7 December 1800 – 1 June 1876), known as Sir William Jolliffe, Bt, between 1821 and 1866, was a British soldier and Conservative politician. He was a member of the Earl of Derby's first two administrations as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1852 and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between 1858 and 1859.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Jolliffe was the son of Reverend William John Jolliffe, the son of William Jolliffe, and his wife Eleanor Hylton, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Hylton, 5th Baronet (who had assumed the surname of Hylton in lieu of his patronymic Musgrave; see Musgrave Baronets) and his wife Anne, sister and co-heiress of John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton. Jolliffe first served in the Army and achieved the rank of Captain in the 15th Dragoons. He notably took part in the events at St Peter's Field in Manchester in 1819 (the "Peterloo Massacre"). In 1821, at the age of twenty, Jolliffe was created a Baronet, of Merstham in the County of Surrey.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Jolliffe served a year as High Sheriff of Surrey in 1830 and then sat as a Member of Parliament for Petersfield from 1830 to 1832, 1837 to 1838 and 1841 to 1866 and served under the Earl of Derby as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1852 and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury from 1858 to 1859. He was admitted to the Privy Council in 1859 and in 1866 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Hylton, of Hylton in the County Palatine of Durham and of Petersfield in the County of Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket.

paragraph: Jolliffe played a single first-class match for Hampshire in 1825 against Sussex. Jolliffe scored 12 runs in the match.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Hylton married, firstly, Eleanor Paget, daughter of the Hon. Berkeley Thomas Paget, in 1825. Their eldest son Hylton Jolliffe was a Captain in the Coldstream Guards but died from cholera during the Crimean War. Hylton married, secondly, Sophia Penelope, daughter of Sir Robert Sheffield, 4th Baronet, and widow of William Fox-Strangways, 4th Earl of Ilchester, in 1867. He died at Merstham House near Reigate on 1 June 1876, aged 75, and was succeeded in his titles by his second but eldest surviving son from his first marriage, Hedworth.

wikidata_label: William Jolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton

wikipedia_title: William Jolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton


text: Japanese-ruled Korea

text: Marcel Granet

text: Marcel Mauss

text: Noh

text: Haruchika Noguchi

text: aikido

text: Morihei Ueshiba

text: Ki

text: dojo

text: Guy Trédaniel Editeur

text: Yume Editions

text: Yume Editions

text: Yume Editions

text: Ecole de la Respiration

text: École Itsuo Tsuda

text: kiai

text: randori

text: Seitai Inteligencia Vital

text: Laura López Coto

categories: Japanese male writers,1984 deaths,Japanese philosophers,Japanese aikidoka,1914 births

paragraph: Itsuo Tsuda

paragraph: Tsuda was born in Japanese-ruled Korea. When he was 16 years old, he defied his father, who wished for his eldest son to remain home and manage his family's estate. He left his family home and begin wandering, searching for new philosophies that would free his mind.

paragraph: Having reconciled with his father, in 1934 he went to France, where he studied with Marcel Granet and Marcel Mauss until 1940, when he went back Japan: he studied Noh with Hosada, Seitai with Haruchika Noguchi and aikido with Morihei Ueshiba.

paragraph: In 1970 Itsuo Tsuda came back to Europe to disseminate the regenerative movement (or katsugen undō 活元運動, かつげんうんどう, a basic Seitai practice) and his ideas on Ki. In 1973 he published his first book, "Le Non-Faire" while waiting to open his first dojo, in Paris, L'Ecole de la Respiration (also the title of his series of books).

paragraph: He died in Paris in 1984, but his practical philosophy is left in his work and his books and taught in several European "School of Breathing" dojos.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: All books available from Guy Trédaniel Editeur

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Le Non Faire (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. La Voie du Dépouillement (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. La Science du Particulier (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Un (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Le Dialogue du Silence (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Le Triangle Instable (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Même si je ne pense pas, je suis (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. La Voie des Dieux (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Face à la Science (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Coeur de ciel pur(2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. The Not Doing (1984, English translation of vol. 1 )

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The Non Doing (2014, New English translation of vol. 1) book available from Yume Editions

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The Path of Less (2014, English translation of vol. 2) book available from Yume Editions

paragraph: BULLET::::4. The Science of the Particular (2015, English translation of vol. 3) book available from Yume Editions

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ecole de la Respiration Tsuda's original dojo in Paris where he taught Aikido and Seitai.

paragraph: BULLET::::- École Itsuo Tsuda, dojo in France : Paris, Toulouse, Le Mas d'Azil ; in Italy : Milano and Ancona ; in the Netherlands : Amsterdam.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , video of Tsuda explaining his teaching followed by an Aikido demonstration: Tsuda's "pratique solitaire" (breathing practices including funa-kogi undo 船漕ぎ運動　ふなこぎうんどう), kiai and randori.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , includes photos of Tsuda with Aikido founder Ueshiba and Seitai founder Noguchi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy Trédaniel Editeur Le Courrier du Livre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yume editions : english and italian editor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seitai Inteligencia Vital Laura López Coto (Books and Seitai Divulgation)

description: Japanese aikido teacher and philosopher

wikidata_label: Itsuo Tsuda

wikipedia_title: Itsuo Tsuda


text: 1972 Summer Olympics

text: Mikhail Safonov

categories: Universiade medalists in diving,Olympic divers of the Soviet Union,Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union,Divers at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Russian female divers,1946 births,Soviet female divers,Divers at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in diving,Divers at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Living people,Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Tamara Safonova

paragraph: Tamara Stepanovna Safonova (née Fedosova, later Pogozheva, later Safonova; , born 24 June 1946) is a retired Russian diver. She competed in the 3-metre springboard at the 1964, 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics and finished in fifth, second and seventeenth place, respectively.

paragraph: She won bronze medals in the springboard at three consecutive European championships: in 1966, 1970 and 1974. She was a Soviet champion in this event in 1964, 1966–1968 and 1970–1974.

paragraph: Her husband, Mikhail Safonov, is a Russian diver who competed at the 1964 and 1968 Olympics.

description: Olympic diver

wikidata_label: Tamara Safonova

wikipedia_title: Tamara Safonova