text: Polish

text: film director

text: screenwriter

text: dramatist

text: actor

text: National Film School in Łódź

text: Golden Bear

text: Le départ

text: Deep End

text: Jane Asher

text: John Moulder Brown

text: Cztery noce z Anną

text: Golden Lion

text: Venice Film Festival

text: Łódź

text: Poland

text: née

text: architect

text: Prague

text: Poděbrady

text: Miloš Forman

text: Ivan Passer

text: Václav Havel

text: Krzysztof Komeda

text: Zbigniew Cybulski

text: Andrzej Munk

text: Roman Polanski

text: Andrzej Wajda

text: Jerzy Andrzejewski

text: Ashes and Diamonds

text: Innocent Sorcerers

text: Łódź Film School

text: Knife in the Water

text: Walkover

text: Barrier

text: Hands Up!

text: Moonlighting

text: Success Is the Best Revenge

text: Le Départ

text: Deep End

text: Golden Bear

text: 17th Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Adventures of Gerard

text: King, Queen, Knave

text: The Shout

text: Torrents of Spring

text: Ferdydurke

text: Ręce do góry

text: Jimi Hendrix

text: Arthur Conan Doyle

text: The Adventures of Gerard

text: Zbyněk Brynych

text: Le départ

text: Jean-Pierre Léaud

text: Deep End

text: Jeremy Irons

text: Siegfried Lenz

text: Robert Duvall

text: Klaus Maria Brandauer

text: US Coast Guard

text: Russia

text: Ivan Turgenev

text: Timothy Hutton

text: Nastassja Kinski

text: Valeria Golino

text: KGB

text: White Nights

text: Eastern Promises

text: The Avengers

text: Black Widow

text: Erotique

text: Little Hamlet

text: The Menacing Eye

text: Boxing

text: Your Money or Your Life

text: The Nude

text: Walkover

text: Barrier

text: Le départ

text: Ręce do góry

text: Deep End

text: The Adventures of Gerard

text: King, Queen, Knave

text: The Shout

text: Moonlighting

text: Dialóg 20-40-60

text: Success Is the Best Revenge

text: The Lightship

text: Torrents of Spring

text: Ferdydurke

text: Four Nights with Anna

text: Essential Killing

text: 11 Minutes

text: Niewinni czarodzieje

text: Boks

text: Walkover

text: Sposob bycia

text: Deep End

text: Ręce do góry

text: Die Fälschung

text: White Nights

text: Big Shots

text: Torrents of Spring

text: Mars Attacks!

text: L.A. Without a Map

text: Before Night Falls

text: Eastern Promises

text: The Avengers

text: Berghahn Books

text: Jerzy Skolimowski

text: The Wall Street Journal

text: External Wandering

categories: National Film School in Łódź alumni,People from Łódź,20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights,Polish male actors,Polish screenwriters,1938 births,Polish film directors,Polish male dramatists and playwrights,Living people

paragraph: Jerzy Skolimowski

paragraph: Jerzy Skolimowski (, born 5 May 1938) is a Polish film director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. A graduate of the prestigious National Film School in Łódź, Skolimowski has directed more than twenty films since his 1960 début "Oko wykol" ("The Menacing Eye"). In 1967 he was awarded Golden Bear for his film "Le départ". His most famous film is "Deep End" (1970), starring Jane Asher and John Moulder Brown. He lived in Los Angeles for over 20 years where he painted in a figurative, expressionist mode and occasionally acted in films. He recently returned to Poland, and to film making as a writer and director, after a 17-year hiatus with "Cztery noce z Anną" ("Four Nights with Anna") in 2008. He received the Golden Lion Award for Lifetime Achievement at the 2016 Venice Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Skolimowski was born in Łódź, Poland, the son of Maria (née Postnikoff) and Stanisław Skolimowski, an architect. He often recognized indications in his work to a childhood ineradicably scarred by the War. As a small child he witnessed the brutalities of war, even having been rescued from the rubble of a bombed-out house in Warsaw. His father, a member of the Polish Resistance, was executed by the Nazis. His mother hid a Jewish family in the house and Skolimowski recalls being required to take candy from the Nazis to maintain appearances.

paragraph: After the war, his mother became the cultural attaché of the Polish embassy in Prague. His fellow pupils at school in Poděbrady, a spa town near Prague, included future film-makers Miloš Forman and Ivan Passer, as well as Václav Havel.

paragraph: Skolimowski was considered as a trouble maker at school as he was the origin of many pranks which angered the authorities. At college he studied ethnography, history and literature and took up boxing, which was also the subject of a feature-length documentary, his first significant film. Skolimowski's interest in jazz and association with composer Krzysztof Komeda brought him into contact with actor Zbigniew Cybulski and directors Andrzej Munk and Roman Polanski.

paragraph: Section::::Writer and actor.

paragraph: In his early twenties Skolimowski was already a writer, having published several books of poems, short stories and a play. Soon Skolimowski met Andrzej Wajda, the leading director of the then dominant 'Polish school' and twelve years his senior, who showed him a script for a film about youth written by Jerzy Andrzejewski, the author of the novel "Ashes and Diamonds". Skolimowski was not impressed and dismissed the script. However, in response to a challenge by Wajda, he produced his own version which became a basis for the finished film, " Innocent Sorcerers " (1960), directed by Wajda with Skolimowski playing a boxer.

paragraph: Skolimowski enrolled in the Łódź Film School with the intention of avoiding the long apprenticeship required before graduating to feature film direction. He used the film stock available to him for student exercises, and with initial advice from Andrzej Munk, he filmed over several years in such a way that the sequences were later clipped off and joined together into one piece of work. While scoring poorly in course work Skolimowski had a finished feature film by the end of the course.

paragraph: Section::::Into the movie arena.

paragraph: Skolimowski then collaborated with Polański, writing the dialogue for the script of "Knife in the Water" (1962).

paragraph: Between 1964 and 1984 he completed six semi-autobiographical feature films: "", "Walkover", "Barrier" (1966), "Hands Up!" (completed 1967, released 1981), "Moonlighting" (GB 1982) and "Success Is the Best Revenge", a segment in "Dialóg" and two other features "Le Départ" (1967) and "Deep End" based on his original screenplays. "Barrier" won Grand Prix at Bergamo International Film Festival. "Le Départ" won the Golden Bear at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraph: While living and working in many countries, he also completed another six relatively big budget productions, including four international co-productions, between 1970 and 1992 ("The Adventures of Gerard", "King, Queen, Knave", "The Shout", "The Lightship", "Torrents of Spring" and "Ferdydurke"), all distinctly bearing Skolimowski’s signature.

paragraph: Section::::Film as life.

paragraph: After "Barrier" he left Poland to make "Le Départ" in Belgium in French. According to him "Le Départ" was a light film rather than a comedy, ""does not have the serious layers that I like in my work."" Skolimowski returned to Poland to make "Ręce do góry" ("Hands Up!"), the third film of the Andrzej trilogy and the fourth of his Polish sextet. The anti-Stalinist themes of "Hands Up!" resulted in that film being banned and him being effectively expelled from then communist Poland. He then resettled in London, notably having Jimi Hendrix as a neighbor in the same building.

paragraph: Between "Hands Up!" and his next feature, Arthur Conan Doyle’s "The Adventures of Gerard" (1970), Skolimowski contributed a story to a Czech-produced portmanteau film, "Dialóg 20-40-60" (1968), in which three different directors (with Zbyněk Brynych and Peter Solan) each devised their own story using identical dialogue even though the central characters in each section are separated in age by twenty years. Skolimowski's segment, "The Twenty Year Olds", would seem to be an extension of "Le départ" with Jean-Pierre Léaud playing opposite Skolimowski's wife Joanna Szczerbic.

paragraph: "Deep End" (1970) was Skolimowski's second non-Polish feature to be based on his own original screenplay. The movie with a coming of age storyline bears distinctive thematic similarities to "Le Départ". "Deep End" was a promising film yet it was poorly handled by the studio. His films "The Shout" (1978) and "Moonlighting" (1982) became critical successes, with "Moonlighting", made in the UK and starring Jeremy Irons, the fifth of his Polish sextet, being critically and commercially his most successful film.

paragraph: Section::::In America.

paragraph: "The Lightship", Skolimowski’s first US production, was adapted from a novella by the German writer Siegfried Lenz and starring Robert Duvall and Klaus Maria Brandauer. Set on a US Coast Guard ship it was filmed in the North Sea. It is suspended between psychological duel with a doppelgänger theme and a pure performance piece within the stage-like confines of the lightship. However, even though receiving the best film award at the Venice Film Festival, "The Lightship" had only a very limited release.

paragraph: "Torrents of Spring" (1989), adapted from a semi-autobiographical novella by Russian author Ivan Turgenev, was a big budget European co-production starring Timothy Hutton, Nastassja Kinski and Valeria Golino. It could be considered as Skolimowski's most impersonal 'generic' film, the only real departure from his expressed interest in making films only to please himself.

paragraph: Skolimowski is also an actor, having appearances as Colonel Chaikov, a ruthless yet composed KGB colonel, in "White Nights" (1985) and Uncle Stepan, a Russian expatriate in "Eastern Promises" (2007), among other roles. In 2012, he appeared in "The Avengers", as a villain interrogating Black Widow.

paragraph: In July 2016, at the Venice Film Festival, Skolimowski was honoured with the Golden Lion for "lifetime achievement".

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erotique" ("Erotyk") (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Hamlet" ("Hamles") (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Menacing Eye" ("Oko wykol") (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boxing" ("Boks") (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Your Money or Your Life" ("Pieniadze albo zycie") (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nude" ("Akt") (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" ("Rysopis") (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walkover" ("Walkower") (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barrier" ("Bariera") (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le départ" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ręce do góry" (subtitled English version entitled "Hands Up!", completed 1967, released 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep End" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventures of Gerard" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King, Queen, Knave" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shout" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moonlighting" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialóg 20-40-60" (1968) (segment "The Twenty-Year-Olds")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Success Is the Best Revenge" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lightship" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torrents of Spring" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ferdydurke" ("30 Door Key") (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Nights with Anna" ("Cztery noce z Anną") (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essential Killing" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "11 Minutes" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Actor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Niewinni czarodzieje" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boks" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1964) as Andrzej Leszczyc

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walkover" (1965) as Andrzej Leszczyc

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sposob bycia" (1966) as Leopold

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep End" (1970) as a man with newspaper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ręce do góry" (1981) as Andrzej Leszczyc

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Fälschung" (1981) as Hoffmann

paragraph: BULLET::::- "White Nights" (1985) as KGB Colonel Chaiko

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Shots" (1987) as Doc

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torrents of Spring" (1989) as Victor Victorovich

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mars Attacks!" (1996) as Dr. Zeigler

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L.A. Without a Map" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Before Night Falls" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eastern Promises" (2007) as Stepan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Avengers" (2012) as Georgi Luchkov

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Demons of Modernity: Ingmar Bergman and European Cinema", John Orr, Berghahn Books, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerzy Skolimowski at culture.pl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Two Paths, Little Glory For This Polish Director', Anthony Paletta, "The Wall Street Journal", 14 June 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- External Wandering, Michael Atkinson, movingimagesource.us

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding Zen in Poland: An Interview with Jerzy Skolimowski, Ben Sachs and Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, MUBI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs and literature on Jerzy Skolimowski

wikidata_label: Jerzy Skolimowski

wikipedia_title: Jerzy Skolimowski


text:
Nigeria
sprinter
100 metres
African record holder
4 x 100 metres relay
2004 Olympic Games
African Championships
2006 Commonwealth Games
Asafa Powell
60 metres
Sapele
Delta State
Jamaica
Don Quarrie
200 metres
secondary school
primary school
football
volleyball
basketball
sprint events
high jump
long jump
Obafemi Awolowo University
Ile-Ife
4 x 100 metres relay
2003 World Championships in Athletics
Afro-Asian Games
2004 African Championships in Athletics
2004 Athens Olympics
World Championships
World Indoor Championships
Commonwealth Games
African record
Doha
Frankie Fredericks
2006 African Championships
2007 All-Africa Games
Nigerian flag
2007 World Championships
World Indoor Championships
2008 Summer Olympics
Beijing
Tyson Gay
Richard Thompson
Martial Mbandjock
2009 World Championships
2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships
Athletic Federation of Nigeria
Ngozi Nwokocha
400 metres
African record holder
NACAC
60 metres
Leonard Myles-Mills
Deji Aliu
Morne Nagel
Official homepage
IAAF "Focus on Athletes" article

categories: Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Nigeria,Nigerian male sprinters,Olympic athletes of Nigeria,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics,1984 births,African Games gold medalists for Nigeria,Olympic bronze medalists for Nigeria,Yoruba sportspeople,Sportspeople from Delta State,African Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games,Nigerian people of Jamaican descent,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Olusoji Fasuba

paragraph: Olusoji Adetokunbo Fasuba (born 9 July 1984) is a Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. He is the current African record holder in the event with 9.85 seconds, thus making him the fastest African of all time.

paragraph: He was a member of the Nigerian bronze medal winning team in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2004 Olympic Games. The same year he won the African Championships on 100 metres. He won the silver medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games behind Asafa Powell and was the indoor world champion over 60 metres in 2008, becoming the first African to complete the feat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fasuba was born in Sapele, Delta State in Nigeria, the eldest of three children. Sprinting was part of his family life as his mother, a Jamaican, was a runner in her youth and is the cousin of Don Quarrie, a 200 metres Olympic gold medallist. His parents encouraged him to run from a young age and he was so fast that secondary schools would ask him to compete for them, even though he was of primary school age. Furthermore, he was a proficient football, volleyball or basketball player and, as a result, he managed to attend Merit Mixed Secondary School through an athletics scholarship. He dominated the school's athletics events, winning not only the sprint events but also the high jump and long jump. Fasuba continued his studies at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife but found the work difficult. Encouraged by his mother, he decided to leave the education system in favour of athletics, his foremost passion.

paragraph: Section::::Athletics career.

paragraph: Fasuba had his breakthrough year in 2003, starting with the 2003 national trials. He was selected for the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and finished fourth with the Nigerian team. Fasuba closed the year with a win in the 100 m at the inaugural Afro-Asian Games. In 2004, he went on to win at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics, and won his first major medal a few months later – an Olympic bronze medal as part of the 4×100 m relay team at the 2004 Athens Olympics. The following year he competed in the 100 and 200 m at the World Championships, but failed to reach either final.

paragraph: In early 2006 he finished fifth at the World Indoor Championships and second at the Commonwealth Games. He then established a new African record with 9.85 seconds from the Doha Grand Prix in May, breaking Frankie Fredericks' old record of 9.86 s from 1996, Fasuba's run was remarkable as he is almost a foot shorter than many other sprinters, he is thought to have one of the fastest footspeeds in athletics. Despite having injury problems throughout the season, Fasuba defended his regional title at the 2006 African Championships. For his 2006 achievements, the Athletics Federation of Nigeria chose him as the Nigerian Male Athlete of the Year.

paragraph: He won two gold medals at the 2007 All-Africa Games, winning in the 100 m and 4×100 m relay. However, the occasion was marred by calls for him to be banned from the Nigerian team following a misunderstanding: Fasuba had planned to celebrate with the Nigerian flag but he had to abandon the celebration after he was called to take a drugs test. On 26 August 2007, he finished fourth in the 100 m at the 2007 World Championships with 10.07 s. Fasuba won the World Indoor Championships 60 m sprint on 8 March 2008 in a time of 6.51 s. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing he competed at the 100 m and placed second in his heat after Tyson Gay in a time of 10.29 s. He qualified for the second round in which he improved his time to 10.21 seconds. However, he was unable to qualify for the semi-finals as he finished in fourth place after Richard Thompson, Gay and Martial Mbandjock.

paragraph: Fasuba was entered into the 100 m at the 2009 World Championships, but his performance was modest and he was eliminated in the second round after running 10.25 seconds. After a poor start to 2010, he was not selected to defend his 60 m title at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships as Sunday Bada of the Athletic Federation of Nigeria stated he was not in form.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Fasuba is the first child of Olumide and Evelyn Fasuba, and has a younger brother (Kayode) and a younger sister (Yinka). He met Ngozi Nwokocha, a 400 metres runner, at his first national athletics training camp in 2003 and they are now married They have 1 daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: In April 2011 Olusoji joined the Royal Navy applying through the Royal Navy Careers Office in Oxford, and embarked on a career as Logistician (Supply Chain) Rating. He hopes to continue with athletics as a hobby and compete for the Royal Navy. He stated that the reason behind this was that he was looking for a more settled life for his family. Now a fully qualified Logistician.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: "Last updated April 2009"

paragraph: Having beaten Frank Fredericks' previous mark, Fasuba is the 100 m African record holder with 9.85 s. Furthermore, this places him as the ninth fastest 100 m runner ever and the fastest runner outside of the NACAC area. He also has the fourth fastest time by an African runner in the 60 metres with 6.49 s; only Leonard Myles-Mills, fellow Nigerian Deji Aliu, and Morne Nagel have run faster.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- IAAF "Focus on Athletes" article

paragraph: br

description: Nigerian sprinter

wikidata_label: Olusoji Fasuba

wikipedia_title: Olusoji Fasuba


text:
Surname Law
Hanım
Mustafa Kemal Pasha
Atatürk
Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil
İzmir
Uşak
İzmir
Law
Paris
London
Turkey
Turkish War of Independence
İzmir
Zübeyde Hanım
first lady
emancipation of women
İzmir
İstanbul
Turkish Historical Society
Cumhuriyet

categories: 1898 births,Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,People of the Ottoman Empire,People from Izmir,First Ladies of Turkey,1975 deaths

paragraph: Latife Uşşaki

paragraph: Latife Uşakizâde (later Latife Uşaklıgil after the Surname Law of 1934; with the honorifics, Latife Hanım) (17 June 1898 – 12 July 1975) was Mustafa Kemal Pasha's (later Atatürk) wife between 1923 and 1925. She was related from her father's side to Turkish novelist Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lâtife Hanım was born in 1898 in Smyrna (İzmir) to one of the most prominent trading families of the city, with roots in the city of Uşak, whence their unofficial family name of "Uşakizâde". She completed her high school studies in İzmir and in 1919 she went abroad to study Law in Paris and London. When she came back to Turkey, the Turkish War of Independence was nearing its end.

paragraph: On 11 September 1922, upon returning to her family mansion in Izmir, she was confronted by soldiers who notified her that the Pasha had taken the house as General Headquarters in Izmir. After convincing the soldiers that she actually belonged to the household, she was allowed in.

paragraph: Lâtife Hanım and Mustafa Kemal Pasha married on 29 January 1923 when he had returned to İzmir just after his mother Zübeyde Hanım's death. For two and a half years, Lâtife Hanım symbolized the new face of Turkish women as a first lady who was very present in public life which, in Turkey, was a novelty by the standards of her day. She had a significant influence on the reforms which began in Turkey in the 1920s for the emancipation of women. Likely influenced by her husband's staunch secularism, she discarded her Islamic head covering and urged Turkish women to do the same.

paragraph: However, the relationship between her and her husband was cut short after the summer of 1925. They divorced on 5 August 1925. Lâtife Hanım lived the rest of her days in İzmir and İstanbul, in virtual seclusion, avoiding contacts outside her private circle until her death in 1975. She never remarried, and remained silent about their relationship throughout her life. In 2005, the Turkish Historical Society was to make her diaries public "except for the most private ones, taking the views of her family into consideration". However, her family publicly claimed that they had the right to the ownership of the letters and stated that they did not wish the diaries to be published. Consequently, the society decided against the publication.

paragraph: A comprehensive but also controversial biography of Latife Hanım by the veteran "Cumhuriyet" journalist İpek Çalışlar was published in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Gallery.

paragraph: /div

description: First Lady of Turkey

wikidata_label: Latife Uşşaki

wikipedia_title: Latife Uşşaki


text: B.E.

text: Buddhist

text: Thailand's

text: Rattanakosin Period

text: Thailand

text: Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province

text: Rama I

text: Pāli Canon

text: Mongkut

text: Thai poetry

text: Mae Nak Phra Khanong

text: Jinapanjara

categories: 1788 births,1872 deaths,Thai Theravada Buddhist monks

paragraph: Somdej Toh

paragraph: Somdet To (1788-1872; B.E. 2331-2415), known formally as Somdet Phra Buddhacarya (To Brahmaramsi) (; ), was one of the most famous Buddhist monks during Thailand's Rattanakosin Period and continues to be the most widely known monk in Thailand. He is widely revered in Thailand as a monk who is said that he possessed magical powers and his amulets are widely sought after. His images and statues are some of the most widespread religious icons in Bangkok.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Somdet To was born in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, the illegitimate son of King Rama I. He studied the Buddhist scriptures of the Pāli Canon with several Buddhist masters. After becoming a well-known monk, he became the preceptor for Prince Mongkut, later King Rama IV, when Mongkut became a monk. During Rama IV's reign Somdet To was given the ceremonial name Somdet Phra Buddhacarya (To Brahmaramsi) by the King and used to be one of his trusted advisers, having left a lot of teaching stories around him and the King.

paragraph: He was noted for the skill of his preaching and his use of Thai poetry to reflect the beauty of Buddhism, and for making amulets called Somdej. The amulets were blessed by himself and other respected monks in Thailand. He also appears in many versions of the story of the ghost "Mae Nak Phra Khanong", and he is said to be the one to finally subdue her. Somdet To also wrote the "Jinapanjara", a protective magical incantation which is widely chanted and used by Thais.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Legends of Somdet Toh, Ven. Thanissaro Bhikkhu,

description: Thai buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Somdej Toh

wikipedia_title: Somdej Toh


text:
Kadaň
Kadaň
Prague
Prague Astronomical Clock
Jan Šindel
Wenceslas IV
Master Hanuš
Alois Jirásek
Astronomical clock

categories: 1419 deaths,15th-century Bohemian people,Bohemian clockmakers,1350 births,People from Kadaň,14th-century Bohemian people

paragraph: Mikuláš of Kadaň

paragraph: Mikuláš of Kadaň () (born 1350, Kadaň – died 1419, Prague) was an Imperial clockmaker who designed the clock machine of the Prague Astronomical Clock around 1410, together with Jan Šindel. The Emperor at that time was Wenceslas IV. The clock was modified by Master Hanuš, who was mistakenly identified as the creator of the clock in a legend related by Alois Jirásek.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astronomical clock

description: Czech clockmaker

wikidata_label: Mikuláš of Kadaň

wikipedia_title: Mikuláš of Kadaň


text:
Wigan
silent era
Alfred Hitchcock
Bernard Shaw
Major Barbara
Jamaica Inn
Caesar and Cleopatra
Love on the Dole
1941 film version
Class and No Class
Wee MacGregor's Sweetheart
A Prince of Lovers
If Four Walls Told
The Grass Orphan
Paddy the Next Best Thing
The Monkey's Paw
The Starlit Garden
Woman to Woman
The Colleen Bawn
The Rat
The Prude's Fall
The Triumph of the Rat
A Daughter in Revolt
Mademoiselle from Armentieres
Roses of Picardy
Madame Pompadour
Hindle Wakes
The Rolling Road
The Silver Lining
Dawn
Victory
Virginia's Husband
God's Clay
Yellow Stockings
Life
Troublesome Wives
Little Miss London
The Alley Cat
The Return of the Rat
Kitty
Third Time Lucky
The Speckled Band
Contraband Love
Money for Speed
Maid Happy
Their Night Out
Little Fella
Swinging the Lead
Windfall
Lend Me Your Wife
Tropical Trouble
Owd Bob
Jamaica Inn
Freedom Radio
You Will Remember
Major Barbara
Love on the Dole
The Missing Million
We Dive at Dawn
The Demi-Paradise
It Happened One Sunday
Twilight Hour
Blithe Spirit
The Man from Morocco
Waltz Time
Caesar and Cleopatra
They Knew Mr. Knight
Wanted for Murder
I See a Dark Stranger
Carnival
Blanche Fury
The Three Weird Sisters
No Room at the Inn
Madness of the Heart
Cheer the Brave

categories: 1870 births,1951 deaths,English stage actresses,People from Wigan,Actresses from Lancashire,English film actresses,English silent film actresses,20th-century English actresses

paragraph: Marie Ault

paragraph: Marie Ault (2 September 1870 – 9 May 1951) was a British character actress of stage and film.

paragraph: Born at Wigan, Lancashire, she was a star in many British films of the silent era but is most remembered for her role as Daisy Bunting's mother in "" (1927) directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Other notable film work includes the role of Rummy Mitchens in the film of Bernard Shaw's "Major Barbara" (1941).

paragraph: She also had bit parts in films such as "Jamaica Inn" (1939) and "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1945).

paragraph: On stage from 1891, her theatre work included the original production of "Love on the Dole" in 1935, as well as the 1941 film version.

paragraph: She died in London, England on 9 May 1951.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Class and No Class" (1921) - Liza Ann

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wee MacGregor's Sweetheart" (1922) - Miss Todd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Prince of Lovers" (1922) - Nannie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If Four Walls Told" (1922) - Minor Role

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Grass Orphan" (1922) - Landlady

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paddy the Next Best Thing" (1923) - Mrs. Adair

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monkey's Paw" (1923) - Mrs. White

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Starlit Garden" (1923) - Old Prue

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Woman to Woman" (1923) - Henrietta

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Colleen Bawn" (1924) - Sheelah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rat" (1925) - Mere Colline

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prude's Fall" (1925) - Mrs. Masters

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Triumph of the Rat" (1926) - Mère Colline / The Landlady

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1927) - The Landlady

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Daughter in Revolt" (1927) - Mrs. Dale

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mademoiselle from Armentieres" (1927) - Aunt

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roses of Picardy" (1927) - Baroness d'Archeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madame Pompadour" (1927) - Belotte

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hindle Wakes" (1927) - Mrs. Hawthorn

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rolling Road" (1927) - Grannie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Silver Lining" (1927) - Mrs. Hurst

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dawn" (1928) - Mme. Rappard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victory" (1928) - Mother

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virginia's Husband" (1928) - Aunt Janet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "God's Clay" (1928) - Hannah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yellow Stockings" (1928) - Countess

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life" (1928) - Isidora

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Troublesome Wives" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Miss London" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Alley Cat" (1929) - Ma

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Return of the Rat" (1929) - Mère Colline

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitty" (1929) - Sarah Greenwood

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Downstream" (1929) - Martha Jaikes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Third Time Lucky" (1931) - Mrs. Midge

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Speckled Band" (1931) - Mrs. Hudson (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contraband Love" (1931) - Sarah Sterling

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hobson's Choice" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Money for Speed" (1933) - Ma

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daughters of Today" (1933) - Mrs. Tring

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maid Happy" (1933) - Miss Woods

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Their Night Out" (1933) - Cook (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Fella" (1933) - Mrs. Turner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song at Eventide" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swinging the Lead" (1934) - Mrs. Swid

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Windfall" (1935) - Maggie Spooner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lend Me Your Wife" (1935) - Aunt Jane

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tropical Trouble" (1936) - Nonnie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Owd Bob" (1938) - Mrs. Sanderson (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jamaica Inn" (1939) - Coach Passenger (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freedom Radio" (1941) - Woman Customer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Will Remember" (1941) - Minor Role (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Major Barbara" (1941) - Rummy Mitchens

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love on the Dole" (1941) - Mrs. Jike

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Missing Million" (1942) - Mrs. Tweedle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Dive at Dawn" (1943) - Mrs. Metcalfe (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Demi-Paradise" (1943) - Mrs. Jones (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Happened One Sunday" (1944) - Madame

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twilight Hour" (1945) - Liz (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blithe Spirit" (1945) - Cook (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man from Morocco" (1945) - Hotelière

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waltz Time" (1945) - Cenci's Maid

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1945) - Egyptian Lady (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They Knew Mr. Knight" (1946) - Grandma Blake

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wanted for Murder" (1946) - Flower Seller (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I See a Dark Stranger" (1946) - Mrs. O'Mara

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carnival" (1946) - Mrs. Dale

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blanche Fury" (1948) - Old Gypsy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Three Weird Sisters" (1948) - Beattie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Room at the Inn" (1948) - Vicar's Maid (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madness of the Heart" (1949) - Nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cheer the Brave" (1951) - Mother-in-Law (final film role)

description: British actress

wikidata_label: Marie Ault

wikipedia_title: Marie Ault


text: Romania

text: Coșbuc

text: Beszterce-Naszód County

text: Bistriţa-Năsăud County

text: Bucharest

text: Communist

text: Marxist-Leninist

text: Greek Catholic

text: Telcs

text: Lyceum

text: Naszód

text: University of Kolozsvár

text: Cluj-Napoca

text: Convorbiri Literare

text: Romanian language

text: Vatra

text: Virgil

text: Aeneid

text: Kalidassa

text: Sanskrit

text: Abhignānashākuntala

text: German

text: Homer

text: Odyssey

text: Friedrich Schiller

text: Romanian Academy

text: Dante Aligheri

text: Divine Comedy

text: Alexandru Vlahuță

text: Sămănătorul

text: Bellu

text: Coşbuc

text: George Cosbuc

categories: Romanian schoolteachers,Romanian folklorists,Titular members of the Romanian Academy,Romanian-language poets,19th-century male writers,People from Bistrița-Năsăud County,Romanian Austro-Hungarians,Romanian male poets,Burials at Bellu,Romanian magazine editors,Romanian newspaper editors,19th-century translators,1866 births,Catholic poets,Austro-Hungarian emigrants to Romania,20th-century translators,19th-century Romanian poets,Romanian Greek-Catholics,Romanian translators,1918 deaths

paragraph: George Coșbuc

paragraph: George Coșbuc (; 20 September 1866 – 9 May 1918) was a Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best remembered for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life, its many travails but also its occasions for joy.

paragraph: Coșbuc was born in Hordó ("Romanian: Hordou, since known as Coșbuc"), in Beszterce-Naszód County, Hungary (now: Bistriţa-Năsăud County, Romania) and died in Bucharest. Although his work was later co-opted by Communist propagandists to embellish Marxist-Leninist rhetoric marginalizing intellectuals while emphasizing "the alliance between peasants and the laboring class", he is still widely regarded as a master of verse, accomplished translator and loving chronicler of the Romanian human and geographical topography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: His father Sebastian Coșbuc, a Greek Catholic priest looked up to by his parish, drew from a line reputed to have yielded fourteen consecutive generations of priests. George attended primary school and graduated to secondary classes in the neighboring village of Telcs ("now: Telciu"). He happily took to the scholarly bent encouraged by his father, earning the praise of instructors and being chosen among the few who were to sign up for advanced courses at "Liceul Românesc" (Romanian Lyceum), a higher learning academy in the town of Naszód ("now: Năsăud"). He soon found himself doubling as teacher.

paragraph: He began tearing through the library of the institution, impressing colleagues with his encyclopedic inclinations, and joined a local literary club, the "Virtus Romana Rediviva", an association his father frowned upon as a deviation for a prospective career as clergyman. In 1884, already a well-loved teacher at the age of 24, he published his very first poems in the yearly almanac of the literary club.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First works.

paragraph: Coşbuc began attending courses at the University of Kolozsvár ("now: Cluj-Napoca") in 1884, while collecting fairy tales and popular stories, which he rewrote and published to local success. He became so popular that three years later, he was asked to become editor in chief of the main Kolozsvár Romanian newspaper, "Tribuna".

paragraph: He soon published what widely became known as his first masterpiece, "Nunta Zamfirei" ("Zamfira's Wedding") to enthusiastic praise in Romanian literary circles. He moved to Romania, Bucharest, the capital, and the center of cultural discourse. His contributes to the periodical "Convorbiri Literare" to consistent acclaim. In collaboration with other former educators, he pieced together a praised Romanian language textbook: "Carte românească de citire" (the "Romanian Book of Reading").

paragraph: In 1893, he published "Balade și idile" ("Ballads and Pastorals") a volume which cemented his reputation. He began dabbling in poetry with political subtext, penning the emphatic "Noi vrem pământ" ("We Demand Land"), "Lupta vieții" ("Life's struggle"), and overviewes the debut of yet another literary magazine, "Vatra". In 1895, he married Elena Sfetea.

paragraph: He completed the first Romanian translation of Virgil's "Aeneid" in 1896, and also published a collection of various poems and short stories, "Versuri și proză" ("Verses and Prose"). His output as a translator is astonishing: within the span of three years, he published large portions of Kalidassa's Sanskrit "Abhignānashākuntala" (a part of them through German translations), and a new Romanian translation of Homer's "Odyssey". Coşbuc also undertook the translation of various works by Friedrich Schiller. The Romanian Academy deemed him an ""outstanding member"" in 1898. He further contributed to literature by completing, a decade later, the epic effort of translating Dante Aligheri's "Divine Comedy" in its entirety.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: In December 1901, he joined Alexandru Vlahuță in founding and, until 1905, editing the influential magazine "Sămănătorul", a traditionalist publication appealing to those intellectuals who could claim peasant roots. After more than a decade of tremendous success as an author, he experienced personal tragedy in 1915, when his only son, Alexandru, died in a car accident. Heartbroken, Coșbuc ceased all work. He is buried at Bellu cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coşbuc. universal_lexikon.deacademic.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Cosbuc. georgecosbuc.eu

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romanian Poetry – George Cosbuc (english)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romanian Poetry – George Cosbuc (romanian)

wikidata_label: George Cosbuc

wikipedia_title: George Coșbuc


text: Governor of South Australia

text: first British battle of the war at Mons

text: The Somme

text: Passchendaele

text: Kent

text: Newton Abbot College

text: Royal Military Academy, Woolwich

text: Alvilde Bridges

text: Anthony Chaplin, 3rd Viscount Chaplin

text: James Lees-Milne

text: Royal Artillery

text: second lieutenant

text: India

text: Nyasaland

text: Malawi

text: lieutenant

text: captain

text: Second Boer War

text: Mounted infantry

text: Cape Town

text: Southampton

text: mentioned in despatches

text: Lord Kitchener

text: brevet

text: major

text: Flying Column

text: Somaliland

text: Netheravon

text: 4th Queen's Own Hussars

text: Low Countries

text: Scandinavia

text: Battle of Mons

text: Saint Quentin

text: General French's

text: 19th (Western) Division

text: New Army

text: Battle of Loos

text: major general

text: Battle of the Somme

text: La Boiselle

text: Balfour Mission

text: Arthur Balfour

text: Passchendaele

text: Battle of the Menin Road Ridge

text: Western Front

text: White Army

text: Novorossiysk

text: Poet Laureate

text: Robert Bridges

text: Winston Churchill

text: Adelaide

text: Legislative Council

text: Bolshevism

text: Prohibition

text: licensed victualler

text: G. K. Chesterton

text: Labor

text: John Gunn

text: Slade School of Fine Art

text: Brighton

categories: 1871 births,Governors of South Australia,1939 deaths,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,People from Eltham,Imperial Light Horse officers,5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards officers,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,British Army cavalry generals of World War I,British military personnel of the Second Boer War,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,5th Dragoon Guards officers

paragraph: Tom Bridges

paragraph: Sir George Tom Molesworth Bridges, (20 August 1871 – 26 November 1939) known as Sir Tom Bridges, was a British military officer and Governor of South Australia.

paragraph: Bridges had a distinguished military career, seeing service in Africa, India, South Africa, and most notably Europe in the First World War, where he was involved in the first British battle of the war at Mons, and later commanded a division at The Somme and Passchendaele. After the First World War, he served in Greece, Russia, the Balkans and Asia Minor. He was Governor of South Australia from 1922–27.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bridges was born at Park Farm, Eltham, Kent, England, to Major Thomas Walker Bridges and Mary Ann Philippi. He was educated at Newton Abbot College and later at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was married in London on 14 November 1907, to a widow, Janet Florence Marshall; they had one daughter, Alvilde Bridges, who was married first to Anthony Chaplin, 3rd Viscount Chaplin, and then to James Lees-Milne.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: After graduating from the Royal Military Academy, Bridges joined the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant on 19 February 1892, and soon served in India and Nyasaland (now Malawi). He was promoted to lieutenant on 19 February 1895, and received the rank of captain supernumerary to the establishment on 5 April 1900. Serving in the Second Boer War in South Africa, he was for a few months in 1901 in command of two West Australian Mounted infantry contingents. He was confirmed as captain in the Royal Artillery on 8 January 1902, and served in South Africa till the end of the war in June 1902, after which he left Cape Town in the SS "Plassy" in August, returning to Southampton the following month. For his war service, he was mentioned in despatches (including the final despatch by Lord Kitchener dated 23 June 1902,) and received a brevet promotion as major on 22 August 1902. Later that year saw him in charge of Guns in a Flying Column serving in Somaliland. In 1908, he became the chief instructor at the Cavalry School at Netheravon. Seeking a more rapid promotion in the army, Bridges transferred to the 4th Queen's Own Hussars in 1909, attaining the substantive rank of major. He was appointed military attaché to the Low Countries and Scandinavia between 1910 and 1914.

paragraph: Early in World War I, Bridges was involved in the Battle of Mons, where he suffered a shattered cheekbone and concussion. During the British Army's retreat, he met two battalions of exhausted British soldiers at Saint Quentin, whose officers planned to surrender to save the town from bombardment. In a celebrated incident on 27 August, the injured Bridges used a tin whistle and toy drum purchased from a toy shop to rally the men and led them to rejoin General French's army. In October, French flew Bridges to the besieged Belgian city of Antwerp to provide intelligence there for the British headquarters.

paragraph: He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1915 and given command of the 19th (Western) Division of the New Army, which was demoralised after severe casualties at the Battle of Loos. In 1916 he was promoted to major general. He set about turning the 19th Division into an efficient fighting unit, purging the senior officers. The division was in reserve on the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme, and thus avoided serious casualties. It acquitted itself well in the small subsequent attacks around La Boiselle in July.

paragraph: In 1917, Bridges was sent on the Balfour Mission, military liaison to the United States under Arthur Balfour, soon after the Americans entered the war, to coordinate the sending of American soldiers to Europe. He ran into some difficulty because, like most British generals and politicians, he pushed for the amalgamation or incorporation of Americans into understrength British units to be commanded by British officers. This caused much friction as the American general staff felt that US troops should be commanded by US officers.

paragraph: Bridges returned in time to lead his division at Passchendaele in 1917. He was severely injured on 20 September at the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge, losing a leg. However he recovered quickly, and after a brief stint as head of the trench warfare department of Churchill's Ministry of Munitions, was sent back to Washington to coordinate the dispatch of American reinforcements to the Western Front. The rate of reinforcements was soon increased threefold.

paragraph: Subsequently, Bridges was appointed to liaison missions to Greece, the Balkans, and Russia (where he was responsible for the evacuation of the British Mission and the remains of the anti-Bolshevik White Army from Novorossiysk in March 1920). His final active service was in Greece, fighting against the Turks in Asia Minor.

paragraph: After the war, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (1919) and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1925). His uncle, the Poet Laureate Robert Bridges, also honoured him with an ode "To His Excellency".

paragraph: Section::::Governor of South Australia.

paragraph: Bridges was appointed Governor of South Australia in 1922, at the instigation of his friend Winston Churchill. Bridges arrived in Adelaide in December of the same year.

paragraph: Bridges was a conservative governor, defending capital punishment, supporting the Legislative Council, and denouncing "unemployables". He was also popular with returned servicemen. His speeches were dominated mostly by denouncements of Bolshevism, and promotion of immigration. He was scornful of the Prohibition movement, and created a political storm by addressing a licensed victualler's dinner, entertaining them with G. K. Chesterton drinking songs and other hilarious prohibition stories.

paragraph: Bridges became frustrated with the Labor ministries of 1924–27. He was particularly angered by Premier John Gunn's publishing of a secret memorandum of a former premier to the governor. When he was offered a second term as governor in 1927 he refused it, and returned to London that year.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Bridges devoted his retirement to painting and writing. He published several books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alarms and excursions: reminiscences of a soldier" (Longmans & Co, London, 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- compiler, "Word from England: an anthology of prose and poetry" (English Universities Press, London, 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Adam Julius von Bernhardi, "Cavalry in war and peace" translated from the German by Major George Tom Molesworth Bridges (Hugh Rees, London, 1910)

paragraph: He had also studied at the Slade School of Fine Art, and was an accomplished painter. He held many one-man exhibitions in Adelaide and London where his oils and watercolours were sold.

paragraph: He died at 12 Dyke Road, Brighton, on 26 November 1939.

alias:
George Tom Molesworth Bridges
Sir George Tom Molesworth Bridges

description: British general

wikidata_label: Tom Bridges

wikipedia_title: Tom Bridges


text: Kosemühl

text: Pomerania

text: Berlin

text: Prussia

text: Frederick the Great

text: Black Eagle Order

text: Frederick

text: Frederick I

text: Frederick William

text: Hessian-Kassel

text: Frederick

text: Valet de chambre

text: Spanish War of Succession

text: Malplaquet

text: Ramillies

text: Great Northern War

text: Siege Stralsund

text: Frederick William I

text: proprietor

text: First Silesian War

text: Wroclaw

text: Battle of Mollwitz

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Second Silesian War

text: Siege of Prague

text: Battle of Hohenfriedberg

text: Bayreuth Dragoon

text: Battle of Kesselsdorf

text: Black Eagle Order

text: Spandau

text: Seven Years' War

text: Glogau

text: Order of Saint John

text: canon

text: Magdeburg

text: Abbey of Saint Sebastian

text: Philipp Bogislav von Schwerin

text: Garrison Church

text: Digital version

text: Priesdorff, Kurt von

categories: 1766 deaths,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class),1686 births,People from Bytów County,Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War,Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle,German military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession,People from the Province of Pomerania

paragraph: Gustav Bogislav von Münchow

paragraph: Gustav Bogislav von Münchow (10 September 1686 in Kosemühl, Pomerania–20 June 1766 in Berlin) was a Prussian general. In the early years of the reign of Frederick the Great, Münchow was not only a soldier and a diplomatic confidant, but he also earned a reputation for the improvement of Prussian military medical care. He was honored with the Black Eagle Order and his name is listed on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Gustav von Münchow was the son of Bernhard Christian von Münchow and Clara Erdmuthe Wobeser. The father was a master of Kosemühl, a royal Brandenburg cornet at a young age, and when Crown Prince Frederick was imprisoned between 1732–1733, he was chamber president in Küstrin. A long-term friendship existed between Bernhard and both Frederick I and his son and successor, Frederick William.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: In 1701, Gustav von Münchow entered as a junior cadet in the Hessian-Kassel regiment of prince Frederick, who was the son-in-law of his father's friend and benefactor, Frederick William I. The following year, the prince appointed Münchow as his "Valet de chambre".

paragraph: In 1703, Münchow changed to the Prussian infantry regiment of the Prince of Hesse. With his promotion to the second lieutenant in 1707, he entered the regiment Markgraf Albrecht. During the Spanish War of Succession, he fought in the Prussian contingent on the imperial side in the battles of Malplaquet and Ramillies. Appointed staff captain in 1710, he participated in the Great Northern War at the Siege Stralsund. In September 1715 he became a captain with field command, and became a major in October 1717. In 1724, he commanded the Regiment Kalckstein. In May 1735 King Frederick William I promoted Münchow to colonel.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Service to Frederick the Great.

paragraph: Frederick's father and grandfather had had a close friendship with Bernhard von Münchow, and Frederick II had been included with Bernhard's family. Shortly after his accession to the throne, on 1 June 1740 Frederick gave Münchow the position of the proprietor of the newly established regiment, subsequently called "Regiment Münchow". On 7 June 1740 Frederick sent Colonel Münchow on a diplomatic mission to Vienna informing the Austrians of his ascension.

paragraph: In the course of the First Silesian War, in May 1741, Münchow took over the supervision of the Prussian hospitals set up in the neutral Wroclaw after the Battle of Mollwitz. Until then, Prussian military medicine had been in a neglected and chaotic state. Münchow's most important improvement was the separate treatment and care of the sick from wounded, which greatly reduced the danger of cross infection. For his success, in July 1742, Frederick awarded Münchow the Order Pour le Mérite and appointed him in September 1742 to major general.

paragraph: During the Second Silesian War, Münchow participated in the Siege of Prague in September 1744 and the Siege of Cosel and in the Battle of Hohenfriedberg. There, on the left wing of the first meeting with the regiments Borcke, Blankensee and Bevern, he held the position until the attack of the Bayreuth Dragoons decided the battle in favor of Prussia. On 15 July 1745 Frederick promoted him as lieutenant-general. For his actions in the Battle of Kesselsdorf, the King awarded him the Black Eagle Order in December 1745. In August 1747 he became governor of Spandau.

paragraph: At the beginning of the Seven Years' War, Frederick II appointed him as interim commander of the fortress of Glogau in August 1756. Münchow carried out the function until January 1758.

paragraph: Section::::Powers and honors.

paragraph: On 20 April 1720, he became knight of the Order of Saint John, and commander on 7 April 1728. Frederick II, in the first year of his reign in October 1740, endowed Münchow with a place as a canon at the cathedral at Magdeburg, and he later became Chancellor of the Order. In 1752, Münchow received an appointment to the cathedral in the Abbey of Saint Sebastian in Magdeburg. In addition to the names of other contemporaries who had been associated with the king, Münchow is also listed on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

paragraph: Gustav von Münchow was married twice. With his first wife, Antoinette Philippine von Borstell (20 February 1701–5 September 1730 in Berlin), he had a son and two daughters. The daughter, Antoinette Katharina (born 24 August 1730), married Ludwig Clamor de la Chevallerie, the son of General Ernst August de la Chevallerie von la Motte. His married second wife, Sophie Elenore von Schwerin, on 14 June 1732 (13 April 1706 in Rehberg–16 July 1769 in Berlin), in the Berlin garrison church. She was the sister of General Philipp Bogislav von Schwerin. This marriage remained without children.

paragraph: Münchow died in Berlin in 1766 and was buried in the Garrison Church.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- König, Anton Balthasar, "Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen." Band III, Berlin, 1796, pp. 77–79.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mebes, Julius. "Beiträge zur Geschichte des Brandenburgisch-Preussischen Staates", Band 1, S. 397 Digital version. Accessed 11 January 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Priesdorff, Kurt von, "Soldatisches Führertum. Teil 2. Die preußischen Generale vom Regierungsantritt Friedrichs des Großen bis 1763" [Band 1], Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg o.J. (1937), S. 258f. (Nr. 301)

wikidata_label: Gustav Bogislav von Münchow

wikipedia_title: Gustav Bogislav von Münchow


text:
Bishop of Rieti
Apostolic Nuncio to France
Apostolic Nuncio to Florence
Bishop of Ascoli Satriano
Rome
Italy
Pope Urban VIII
Bishop of Ascoli Satriano
Luigi Caetani
Cardinal-Priest
Santa Pudenziana
Antonio Ricciulli
Bishop Emeritus of Belcastro
Benedetto Landi
Bishop of Fossombrone
Apostolic Nuncio to Florence
Apostolic Nuncio to France
Bishop of Rieti
Scipione Pannocchieschi d'Elci
Bishop of Pienza
Christophoro d'Authier de Sisgau
Titular Bishop

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Urban VIII,1595 births

paragraph: Giorgio Bolognetti

paragraph: Giorgio Bolognetti or Gregorio Bolognetti (22 December 1595 – 17 January 1680) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Rieti (1639–1660), Apostolic Nuncio to France (1634–1639), Apostolic Nuncio to Florence (1631–1634), Bishop of Ascoli Satriano (1630–1631).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giorgio Bolognetti was born in Rome, Italy on 22 December 1595.

paragraph: On 23 September 1630, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Ascoli Satriano.

paragraph: On 7 October 1630, he was consecrated bishop by Luigi Caetani, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Pudenziana, with Antonio Ricciulli, Bishop Emeritus of Belcastro, and Benedetto Landi, Bishop of Fossombrone, serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: On 8 November 1631, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Apostolic Nuncio to Florence.

paragraph: On 26 March 1634, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Apostolic Nuncio to France.

paragraph: On 28 February 1639, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Rieti.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Rieti until his resignation in 1660. He died on 17 January 1680.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scipione Pannocchieschi d'Elci, Bishop of Pienza (1631); and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christophoro d'Authier de Sisgau, Titular Bishop of "Bethlehem" (1651).

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Giorgio Bolognetti

wikipedia_title: Giorgio Bolognetti


text:
British Army
American War of Independence
East Florida
House of Commons
Ballindalloch
Scotland
Royal Scots
the Continent
Battle of Fontenoy
77th Regiment of Foot
French and Indian War
John Forbes
George Washington
Francis Marion
Hugh Mercer
militia
Fort Duquesne
Indians
Battle of Fort Duquesne
Cherokee
Anglo-Cherokee War
Fort Ticonderoga
Caribbean
Seven Years' War
Treaty of Paris
East Florida
St. Augustine
Governor's House
indigo
cochineal
Parliament
Tain Burghs
American Revolutionary War
Boston
Battle of Bunker Hill
General Gage
55th Regiment of Foot
Halifax
Nova Scotia
General William Howe
New York Campaign
American army
Battle of Brooklyn
Battle of White Plains
Washington
Battle of Long Island
Red Lion Inn
William Alexander's
Battle of Brandywine Creek
Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette
Battle of Barren Hill
Schuylkill River
Oneida Indians
Allen McLane
James Potter
Enoch Poor
Sir William Howe
Charles Grey
St. Lucia
Lord Germain
15th
28th
55th Foot
Saint Kitts
27th
35th
49th Foot
Saint Lucia
Antigua
40th
60th Foot
Sutherland
Stirling Castle
55th
11th Foot
Avon
Spey
Ballindalloch
National Archives of Scotland
Library of Congress

categories: Governors of East Florida,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies,1806 deaths,1720 births,British MPs 1774–1780,British MPs 1790–1796,People from Moray,British MPs 1768–1774,British military personnel of the French and Indian War,Royal Scots officers,British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession,British Army generals,British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War,Devonshire Regiment officers,British MPs 1784–1790,UK MPs 1801–1802,77th Regiment of Foot officers,British MPs 1796–1800,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: James Grant (British Army officer, born 1720)

paragraph: James Grant, Laird of Ballindalloch (1720–1806) was a British Army officer who served as a major general during the American War of Independence. He served as Governor of East Florida from 1763 to 1771, and between 1773 and 1802 he had seats in the House of Commons.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Grant was born on the family estate of Ballindalloch in Banffshire in the Northeast of Scotland. He began his military career by purchasing a commission as captain in the Royal Scots on 24 October 1744. The regiment was shipped to the Continent and Grant fought with them in the Battle of Fontenoy.

paragraph: Section::::French and Indian War.

paragraph: By 1757, Grant was a major of the 77th Regiment of Foot (Montgomerie's Highlanders), fighting in the French and Indian War. In 1758, he led part of the regiment in an expedition led by General John Forbes. On this expedition, he became acquainted with others who would also play larger parts in the American Revolutionary War: George Washington, Francis Marion, and Hugh Mercer, among others. He also gained a contempt for the colonial or militia troops that would colour his later views.

paragraph: In September, Grant was assigned to lead an advance part of around 800 men to determine the French strength at Fort Duquesne. The force was mainly made up of militia, but he took along a number of officers from the regulars, since he had little respect for the colonial troops. He then decided to split his force hoping to encourage a French attack that he could surprise and overwhelm. Having no wilderness experience, he was ambushed himself by Indians and French on 14 September 1758. At this engagement, the Battle of Fort Duquesne, the British force was repelled with 342 men killed, wounded or captured. The prisoners consisted of Major Grant and 18 of his men. He was paroled soon after, and tried to blame his defeat on the failure of the colonial militia to follow orders.

paragraph: In 1761, he commanded an expedition against the Cherokee during the Anglo-Cherokee War.

paragraph: After being briefly stationed at Fort Ticonderoga, his regiment was moved to the Caribbean Theatre of the Seven Years' War. They fought at the Siege of Havana, held by Spanish forces, which ended in the surrender of the city. When the war was over, the regiment was disbanded in America in 1763.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Florida.

paragraph: With the Treaty of Paris, Britain gained control of Florida from the Spanish. They divided it into two colonies, and James Grant was named governor of East Florida in 1764. He moved to the capital of East Florida at St. Augustine and resided in the Governor's House. He ended Indian raids with the Treaty of Fort Picolata in attempts at maintaining peaceful relations between American Indian groups and Florida colonists and to entice future immigrants to his colony. During the Anglo-Cherokee War of 1759-1761, Grant had become familiar with systems of gift exchange and reciprocity used by Southeast Indian groups, which he sought to implement in Florida. Grant also established the Florida-Georgia border.

paragraph: Grant's ventures were ultimately profitable, but most attempts failed to produce results. He encouraged new agriculture, setting up trade in cotton, indigo, timber, and cochineal. He personally gained and developed several plantations as grants. Then, in 1771, illness forced him to return to England. Patrick Tonyn replaced him as governor. Grant appointed Dr. David Yeats, the Secretary of the Colony, to manage his plantations in his absence. Yeats' letters to Grant concerning the properties have long interested Florida colonial historians.

paragraph: Back home in Scotland, Grant was elected to Parliament in 1773 as an MP for Tain Burghs.

paragraph: In the period leading up to the American Revolutionary War, he became one of the most outspoken of the anti-American members. In a speech early in 1775, he remarked that the colonists "...could not fight...", and declared that he could "go from one end of America to other and geld all the males."

paragraph: By the summer of 1775, he was returned to active service, and Colonel Grant was ordered to America. He arrived in Boston on 30 July. In the aftermath of the Battle of Bunker Hill, he urged General Gage to move the troops to New York City, to have room to manoeuvre. His advice was ignored at the time, and he remained as a supernumerary until December, when he was made colonel and commander of the 55th Regiment of Foot. He would hold that command until 1791.

paragraph: His prediction that Boston was an untenable position was proved correct the following spring, and, on 17 March 1776, he accompanied the general withdrawal to Halifax, Nova Scotia . By the summer of 1776, General William Howe had replaced Gage as commander, and took Grant's advice about New York. Grant was given the provisional rank of major-general, and played several key parts in Howe's movements. Fortunately for the Americans, Howe refused advice from Grant, who proposed burning Boston, Marblehead, New York, and Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::American War of Independence.:Battle for New York.

paragraph: As the New York Campaign sought to give the British control of New York City, Grant had become Howe's primary planning officer. He developed two plans, each of which was designed to both gain control of territory and to deal a serious or fatal blow to the American army. These resulted in the Battle of Brooklyn, and Battle of White Plains. Both of these were British victories, as was the overall campaign, but General Washington avoided the death blow each time.

paragraph: In the Battle of Long Island on 26 and 27 August, Major General Grant led the division that landed on the left wing. He was to engage the American right and divert attention from Howe's flanking manoeuvre with the main body. An advance unit of his troops engaged the Americans at the Red Lion Inn, which was the first engagement of the battle. Grant completed his mission, and severely defeated the American General William Alexander's division.

paragraph: After the event, Grant was unfairly criticised by some for allowing the escape of most of this force. It is true that he had almost 7,000 men in ten regiments opposing Alexander's 1,600 Continentals, but there are two factors that mitigate this criticism. First, he stopped according to the plan, awaiting Howe's attack on the American rear, rather than attacking the Americans dug in on the heights. Second, he was running low on ammunition, since the boats and logistic support were busy ferrying and supplying the Hessian units on the right and the main body that was landing at Gravesend.

paragraph: Grant quick-marched his battalion to the Battle of White Plains, but he arrived too late. In 1777, Grant devised the battle plans for the Battle of Brandywine Creek.

paragraph: Section::::American War of Independence.:Philadelphia and the West Indies.

paragraph: Grant was unsuccessful in trapping Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, at the Battle of Barren Hill, on 20 May 1778. Lafayette held the position along the Schuylkill River with 2,200 troops and five guns. His front was picketed by 150 light infantry and 50 Oneida Indians under Allen McLane and his left was held by James Potter and 600 Pennsylvania militia. The bulk of his command was formed by a veteran brigade under Enoch Poor. Sir William Howe sent Grant with 6,000 men and 15 guns to circle wide to the right and come in behind Lafayette's force, while he attacked in front with 4,000 soldiers. Charles Grey with 2,000 British and Hessian grenadiers was ordered to strike the American left flank. The manoeuvre began auspiciously when Potter's militia dispersed in the face of Grant's column. However, the capture of two of Grey's soldiers warned Lafayette of his danger. Meanwhile, Grant halted his troops to wait for Grey to appear and this allowed the Americans to begin moving back to Matson's Ford. When Grant finally lurched forward again, Lafayette sent some of Poor's troops forward in a feint. Grant was fooled and stopped his advance a second time. By the time he realised what was happening, most of the Americans had slipped out of his grasp via a road that the British were not aware of. Grant nevertheless unleashed his cavalry in pursuit, but they took the wrong route and only arrived in time to see the last of Lafayette's men crossing at Matson's.

paragraph: Finally, Grant was shipped off to the West Indies. On 27 October 1778 he led a successful expeditionary force to capture the French West Indian island of St. Lucia. A superior French garrison, surrendered on 28 December, at the Battle of La Vigie.

paragraph: On 1 April 1779, Lord Germain instructed Grant to establish small garrisons throughout the West Indes. Grant had the moral courage to defy Germain and refused to carry out this order. In his letters of 8 and 17 July, he pointed out to the Secretary of State for America that naval superiority was paramount and that small detachments on every island would not be wise. Instead he deployed the West Indes garrisons to cover the major naval bases. He posted the 15th, 28th, and 55th Foot and 1,500 gunners at Saint Kitts. The 27th, 35th, and 49th Foot and 1,600 gunners defended Saint Lucia. Meanwhile, the royal dockyard at Antigua was held by an 800-man garrison of the 40th and 60th Foot. Grant also reinforced the fleet with 925 soldiers. He embarked for England on 1 August 1779, but his dispositions provided the basis for the British successes in the Caribbean during the final years of the war.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: In 1780, he was defeated in parliamentary elections. In 1782, he was appointed a lieutenant general. In 1787, he was re-elected to Parliament, this time for Sutherland. He held the seat until 1802.

paragraph: In 1789, he was appointed governor of Stirling Castle, and commanding general of the army in Scotland. In 1791, he was transferred from the 55th as Colonel to the 11th Foot. In 1796, he was appointed a full General, and retired from active military services. In 1802, he retired to his estate on the Avon and Spey rivers as the Laird of Ballindalloch, after relinquishing his seat in Parliament. In 1805, he retired from the British army. He died at 86 on 13 April 1806. His estate went to his grandnephew, George Macpherson.

paragraph: His papers are at the National Archives of Scotland, and have been copied for the Library of Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul David Nelson; "General James Grant, Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida"; 1993, University Press of Florida, .

description: major general in the British Army

wikidata_label: James Grant


text: Quechua

text: Sapa Inca

text: Inca Empire

text: Spanish conquest

text: Huayna Capac

text: Quito

text: smallpox

text: Ninan Cuyochi

text: Cusquenian

text: Huáscar

text: Inca Civil War

text: Francisco Pizarro

text: Neo-Inca State

text: Tupac Inca Yupanqui

text: Cañari

text: Quitus

text: Caras

text: Puruhá

text: Yahuarcocha

text: Pedro Pizarro

text: Tumebamba

text: tambo

text: Chasqui

text: Miguel Cabello de Balboa

text: Cañari

text: Tumbes

text: Marcahuamachuco

text: Catequil

text: Pizarro

text: Quizquiz

text: Chalkuchimac

text: Rumiñawi

text: Chimborazo

text: Battle of Quipaipan

text: Cuzco

text: Cajamarca

text: Francisco Pizarro

text: Puná Island

text: Tumbes

text: San Miguel de Piura

text: Cajamarca

text: Konoj

text: hot spring

text: aclla

text: Hernando de Soto

text: Hernando Pizarro

text: litter

text: hammock

text: battle axe

text: slings

text: Dominican friar

text: Vincente de Valverde

text: requerimiento

text: Spanish Crown

text: Christian

text: breviary

text: gold

text: silver

text: emerald

text: a large room

text: Rumiñahui

text: idolatry

text: Vincente de Valverde

text: breviary

text: Catholicism

text: strangling

text: garrote

text: Túpac Huallpa

text: Manco Inca

text: Inés Yupanqui

text: Hernando Pizarro

text: Dominican

text: José Desiderio Valverde

text: Bolivia

text: Pedro José Domingo de Guerra

text: Jose Gutierrez Guerra

text: Portuguese

text: Estadio Atahualpa

text: Royal Palace of Madrid

text: Moctezuma II

text: Spain

text: Peter Shaffer

text: The Royal Hunt of the Sun

text: National Theatre

text: Chichester Festival

text: Old Vic

text: Robert Stephens

text: David Carradine

text: Tony Award

text: Christopher Plummer

text: 1969 movie version

text: Narrative of the Conquest of Peru

categories: 16th-century monarchs in South America,1502 births,Executed monarchs,Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions,1533 deaths,People executed by ligature strangulation

paragraph: Atahualpa

paragraph: Atahualpa (), also Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa (in Hispanicized spellings) or Atawallpa (Quechua) (c. 1502–26 July 1533) was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) before the Spanish conquest ended his reign.

paragraph: Before the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac died in Quito in 1524 (possibly due to smallpox), he had appointed his son Ninan Cuyochi as his successor. Ninan died of the same disease. The Cusquenian nobles named Huáscar (another son of Huayna) as Sapa Inca, and he appointed his brother Atahualpa as governor of Quito. The Inca Civil War began in 1529 when Huáscar declared war on Atahualpa, for fear that he would try to carry out a coup d'état against him. Atahualpa became Inca emperor in May 1532 after he had defeated and imprisoned Huáscar and massacred any pretenders to the throne.

paragraph: The Spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa in November 1532 and used him to control the Inca Empire. While imprisoned by the Spaniards, Atahualpa gave orders to kill Huáscar in Jauja, thinking Huáscar would use the Spaniards as allies to regain his throne.

paragraph: The Spanish eventually executed Atahualpa, effectively ending the empire. A succession of emperors, who led the Inca resistance against the invading Spaniards, claimed the title of Sapa Inca as rulers of the Neo-Inca State, but the empire began to disintegrate after Atahualpa's death.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-conquest.

paragraph: Throughout the Inca Empire's history, each Sapa Inca worked to expand the territory of the empire. When Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca ruled, he expanded the Empire to northern Peru. At this point, Pachacuti sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui to invade and conquer the territory of present-day Ecuador. News of the expansion of the Inca reached the different tribes and nations of Ecuador. As a defense against the Inca, the Andean chiefdoms formed alliances with each other.

paragraph: Around 1460, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, with an army of 200,000 warriors that were sent by his father, easily gained control of the Palta nation in southern Ecuador and northern Peru in a matter of months. However, the Inca army met fierce resistance from the defending Cañari, which left the Incas so impressed that after they were defeated the Cañari were recruited into the Inca army. In northern Ecuador the Inca army met fiercer resistance from an alliance between the Quitus and the Cañari. After defeating them in the battle of Atuntaqui, Tupac Yupanqui sent settlers to what is now the city of Quito and left as governor Chalco Mayta, belonging to the Inca nobility.

paragraph: Around 1520, the tribes of Quitos, Caras and Puruhá rebelled against the Inca Huayna Cápac. He personally led his army, and defeated the rebels in the battle of Laguna de Yahuarcocha where there was such a massacre that the lake turned to blood. The alliance of the northern tribes collapsed and finally ended when Huayna Cápac married Paccha Duchicela, queen of the Quitos, making them recognize him as monarch, this marriage was the basis of the alliance that guaranteed the Inca power in the area.

paragraph: After Huayna Capac died in 1525, Atahualpa was appointed governor of Quito by his brother Huáscar. Atahualpa defeated Huáscar's armies, sent because the Inca thought his brother could overthrow him, and in the process conquered and ruled the Inca Empire as Sapa Inca. His rule lasted only a few months before he was captured by the army of Francisco Pizarro, who sided with the Cuzco supporters of the executed Inca Huáscar. The Spanish conquerors executed Atahualpa in July 1533.

paragraph: Section::::Inca Civil War.

paragraph: Huáscar saw Atahualpa as the greatest threat to his power, but did not dethrone him to respect the wishes of his late father. A tense five-year peace ensued, Huáscar took advantage of that time to get the support of the Cañari, a powerful ethnic group that dominated extensive territories of the north of the empire and maintained grudges against Atahualpa, who had fought them during his father's campaigns. By 1529, the relationship between both brothers was quite deteriorated. According to the chronicler Pedro Pizarro, Huáscar sent an army to the North that ambushed Atahualpa in Tumebamba and defeated him. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned in a “tambo” (roadside shelters built for the Chasqui) but succeeded in escaping. During his time in captivity, he was cut and lost an ear. From then on, he wore a headpiece that fastened under his chin to hide the injury. But, the chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa said that this story of capture was improbable because if Atahualpa had been captured by Huáscar's forces, they would have executed him immediately.

paragraph: Atahualpa returned to Quito and amassed a great army. He attacked the Cañari of Tumebamba, defeating its defenses and leveling the city and the surrounding lands. He arrived in Tumbes, from which he planned an assault by rafts on the island Puná. During the naval operation, Atahualpa sustained a leg injury and returned to land. Taking advantage of his retreat, the "punaneños" (inhabitants of Puña) attacked Tumbes. They destroyed the city, leaving it in the ruined state recorded by the Spaniards in early 1532.

paragraph: From Cuzco the Huascarites attacked the armies of general Atoc and defeated Atahualpa in the battle of Chillopampa. The Atahualapite generals responded quickly; they gathered together their scattered troops, counter-attacked, and forcefully defeated Atoc in Mulliambato. They captured Atoc, and later tortured and killed him.

paragraph: The Atahualapite forces continued to be victorious, as a result of the strategic abilities of Quisquis and Calcuchimac. Atahualpa began a slow advance on Cuzco. While based in Marcahuamachuco, he sent an emissary to consult the oracle of the Huaca (a god) Catequil, who prophesied that Atahualpa's advance would end poorly. Furious at the prophecy, Atahualpa went to the sanctuary, killed the priest, and ordered the temple to be destroyed. During this period, he first learned that Pizarro and his expedition had arrived in the empire.

paragraph: Atahualpa's leading generals were Quizquiz, Chalkuchimac, and Rumiñawi. In April 1532, Quizquiz and his companions led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato, Chimborazo and Quipaipan.

paragraph: The Battle of Quipaipan was the final one between the warring brothers. Quizquiz and Chalkuchimac defeated Huáscar's army, captured him, killed his family, and seized the capital, Cuzco. Atahualpa had remained behind in the Andean city of Cajamarca, which is where he encountered the Spanish, led by Pizarro.

paragraph: Section::::Spanish conquest.

paragraph: In January 1531, a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro, on a mission to conquer the Inca Empire, landed on Puná Island. Pizarro brought with him 169 men and 69 horses. The Spaniards headed south and occupied Tumbes, where they heard about the civil war that Huáscar and Atahualpa were waging against each other. About a year and a half later, in September 1532, after reinforcements arrived from Spain, Pizarro founded the city of San Miguel de Piura, and then marched towards the heart of the Inca Empire, with a force of 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen. Atahualpa, in Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, heard that this party of strangers was advancing into the empire, and sent an Inca noble to investigate. The noble stayed for two days in the Spanish camp, making an assessment of the Spaniards' weapons and horses. Atahualpa decided that the 168 Spaniards were not a threat to him and his 80,000 troops, so he sent word inviting them to visit Cajamarca and meet him, expecting to capture them. Pizarro and his men thus advanced unopposed through some very difficult terrain. They arrived at Cajamarca on 15 November 1532.

paragraph: Atahualpa and his army had camped on a hill just outside Cajamarca. He was staying in a building close to the Konoj hot springs, while his soldiers were in tents set up around him. When Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the town was mostly empty except for a few hundred "acllas". The Spaniards were billeted in certain long buildings on the main plaza, and Pizarro sent an embassy to the Inca, led by Hernando de Soto. The group consisted of 15 horsemen and an interpreter; shortly thereafter de Soto sent 20 more horsemen as reinforcements in case of an Inca attack. These were led by Francisco Pizarro's brother, Hernando Pizarro.

paragraph: The Spaniards invited Atahualpa to visit Cajamarca to meet Pizarro, which he resolved to do the following day. Meanwhile, Pizarro was preparing an ambush to trap the Inca: while the Spanish cavalry and infantry were occupying three long buildings around the plaza, some musketeers and four pieces of artillery were located in a stone structure in the middle of the square. The plan was to persuade Atahualpa to submit to the authority of the Spaniards and, if this failed, there were two options: a surprise attack, if success seemed possible, or to keep up a friendly stance if the Inca forces appeared too powerful.

paragraph: The following day, Atahualpa left his camp at midday, preceded by a large number of men in ceremonial attire; as the procession advanced slowly, Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to invite the Inca to enter Cajamarca before nightfall. Atahualpa entered the town late in the afternoon in a litter carried by eighty lords; with him were four other lords in litters and hammocks and 5–6,000 men carrying small battle axes, slings, and pouches of stones underneath their clothes. "He was very drunk from what he had imbibed in the [thermal] baths before leaving as well as what he had taken during the many stops on the road. In each of them he had drunk well. And even there on his litter he requested drink." The Inca found no Spaniards in the plaza, as they were all inside the buildings. The only man to emerge was the Dominican friar Vincente de Valverde with an interpreter.

paragraph: Although there are different accounts as to what Valverde said, most agree that he invited the Inca to come inside to talk and dine with Pizarro. Atahualpa instead demanded the return of every thing the Spaniards had taken since they landed. According to eyewitness accounts, Valverde spoke about the Catholic religion but did not deliver the "requerimiento", a speech requiring the listener to submit to the authority of the Spanish Crown and accept the Christian faith. At Atahualpa's request, Valverde gave him his breviary but, after a brief examination, the Inca threw it to the ground; Valverde hurried back toward Pizarro, calling on the Spaniards to attack. At that moment, Pizarro gave the signal; the Spanish infantry and cavalry came out of their hiding places and charged the unsuspecting Inca retinue, killing a great number while the rest fled in panic. Pizarro led the charge on Atahualpa, but captured him only after killing all those carrying him and turning over his litter. Not a single Spanish soldier was killed.

paragraph: Section::::Prison and execution.

paragraph: On 17 November the Spaniards sacked the Inca army camp, in which they found great treasures of gold, silver, and emeralds. Noticing their lust for precious metals, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room about long and wide up to a height of once with gold and twice with silver within two months. It is commonly believed that Atahualpa offered this ransom to regain his freedom. But Hemming says that he did so to save his life. None of the early chroniclers mention any commitment by the Spaniards to free Atahualpa once the metals were delivered.

paragraph: After several months in fear of an imminent attack from general Rumiñahui, the outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to be too much of a liability and decided to execute him. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahualpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish, practicing idolatry, and murdering Huáscar, his brother. Atahualpa was sentenced to death by burning at the stake. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vincente de Valverde, who had earlier offered his breviary to Atahualpa, intervened, telling Atahualpa that, if he agreed to convert to Catholicism, the friar could convince Pizarro to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Catholic faith. He was given the name Francisco Atahualpa in honor of Francisco Pizarro. In accordance with his request, he was executed by strangling with a garrote on 26 July 1533.

paragraph: At 1:30 a.m. on 26 July 1533, Atahualpa was interrogated before his death by his Spanish Captors about his birthplace. Atahualpa verbally declared that his birthplace is in what the Incas called the Kingdom of Quito, in a place called Caranqui (today located 2 km southeast of Ibarra, Ecuador). Most chroniclers suggest that Atahualpa was born in what the Incas used to call the Kingdom of Quito, though other stories suggest various other birthplaces.

paragraph: When questioned about his age Atahualpa answered "We do not use this western way of calculating time; but I can tell you that my life has seen 31 harvests since I was born, thanks to my mother's help in telling me of my beginnings."

paragraph: Following his execution, his clothes and some of his skin were burned, and his remains were given a Christian burial. Atahualpa was succeeded by his brother, Túpac Huallpa, and later by another brother Manco Inca.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: It was after the death of Pizarro, Inés Yupanqui, the favorite sister of Atahualpa, who had been given to Pizarro in marriage by her brother, married a Spanish cavalier named Ampuero and left for Spain. They took her daughter by Pizarro with them, and she was later legitimized by imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui married her uncle Hernando Pizarro in Spain, on 10 October 1537—they had a son, Francisco Pizarro y Pizarro. The Pizarro line survived Hernando's death, although it is extinct in the male line. Among Inés direct descendants, with Inca royal blood flowing in their veins, at least three governed Latin American nations during the 19th and early 20th centuries, Dominican President José Desiderio Valverde and Bolivian Presidents Pedro José Domingo de Guerra and Jose Gutierrez Guerra. Pizarro's third son, by a relative of Atahualpa renamed Angelina, who was never legitimized, died shortly after reaching Spain. Another relative, Catalina Capa-Yupanqui, who died in 1580, married a Portuguese nobleman named António Ramos, son of António Colaço. Their daughter was Francisca de Lima who married Álvaro de Abreu de Lima, who was also a Portuguese nobleman.

paragraph: The most notable football stadium in Ecuador is named Estadio Atahualpa, located in Quito.

paragraph: On the facade of the Royal Palace of Madrid there is a statue of the Inca emperor Atahualpa, along with another of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, among the statues of the kings of the ancient kingdoms that formed Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Remains.

paragraph: The burial site of Atahualpa is unknown, but historian Tamara Estupiñán argues it lies somewhere in modern-day Ecuador. She argues he was buried in Ecuador for safekeeping. The location is named Malqui-Machay, which in Quechua translates to "mummy", and stone walls and trapezoidal underground water canals were found in this location. More serious archaeological excavation needs to be done to confirm Estupiñán's beliefs.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Atahualpa Inca's conflict with Pizarro was dramatized by Peter Shaffer in his play "The Royal Hunt of the Sun", which originally was staged by the National Theatre in 1964 at the Chichester Festival then in London at the Old Vic. The role of Atahualpa was played by Robert Stephens and by David Carradine (who received a Tony Award nomination) in the 1965 Broadway production. Christopher Plummer was Atahualpa in the 1969 movie version of the play.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atahualpa – Ancient History Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francisco de Xeres. Narrative of the Conquest of Peru

alias: Atahuallpa Atabalipa Atawallpa Atabalica

description: Ruler of the Inca Empire

wikidata_label: Atahualpa

wikipedia_title: Atahualpa


text:
Māori
British
Ngāti Ruanui
iwi
Taranaki
Methodist
King Movement
First Taranaki War
punitive campaign
Hāwera
Pātea
Whanganui
Pipiriki
Whanganui River
Hawera
Prussia
Gustavus von Tempsky
Pākehā
Tauranga Ika
James Belich
James Belich
Maurice Shadbolt
Monday's Warriors
River Queen
Temuera Morrison
Tītokowaru's War
New Zealand Wars
Marian Maguire

categories: People from Taranaki,Military leaders of the New Zealand Wars,1823 births,New Zealand Māori religious leaders,1888 deaths

paragraph: Tītokowaru

paragraph: Riwha Tītokowaru (c. 1823–1888) became a Māori leader in the Taranaki region and one of the most successful opponents of British colonization anywhere.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Riwha was a subtribal leader (having succeeded his father "Tītokowaru") of the Ngāti Ruanui iwi in South Taranaki. A lot of what was accomplished by his father had been wrongly attributed to the son; being events of intertribal warring during his time of preadolescence. There is some mystery about his early life, but he is known to have become a Methodist in 1842 having been baptised and given the name of Hohepa Otene (named after the missionary). He joined the "King Movement" and fought in the First Taranaki War in 1860 and 1861.

paragraph: In 1865 and 1866, British troops conducted a punitive campaign throughout Taranaki, destroying numerous villages.

paragraph: Despite this, 1867 was declared by Tītokowaru to be a year of peace, ""the year of the daughters...the year of the lamb"", and he led over 100 of his followers on a peace march during the winter of 1867 from Waihī, near Hāwera, down to Pātea and Whanganui and ending at Pipiriki on the upper Whanganui River.

paragraph: However, continuing disputes with settlers proved intolerable and in 1868 Tītokowaru went to war.

paragraph: Section::::Tītokowaru's War (1868-69).

paragraph: In June 1868 Tītokowaru's forces destroyed a colonist blockhouse at Turuturumokai, inland of Hawera. The colonial response was to send a large contingent to destroy Tītokowaru's stronghold. On 7 September 1868 the colonial forces were defeated with heavy casualties. The stronghold was then abandoned. Amongst the dead was the famous Prussian adventurer Gustavus von Tempsky. Turuturumokai was, previous to becoming a Pākehā garrison, a small Māori encampment, which had been found to be abandoned. Later after careful surveying, it was also discovered that, contrary to appearances, Turuturumokai was not as inconquerable as thought by British troops. The Māori decision to leave Turuturumokai was a strategic move.

paragraph: Tītokowaru then advanced southward and defeated a second colonial force at Moturoa. He then stopped at Tauranga Ika and proceeded to build another fortress pa. This diamond-shaped fortress is considered the strongest ever constructed in New Zealand according to James Belich. It had numerous underground bunkers and tunnels, which could withstand heavy bombardment. There were three types of firing positions: trenches, loopholed palisades and European-style bastions from which fire could be directed along the frontages of the diamond. On the north-west corner was a tall lookout tower. At 5 am, on 2 February 1869, the advance party moved to within a few hundred meters of the stronghold and artillery opened fire. Maori returned rifle fire from within. Under cover of darkness, the colonial force closed the fort to within shouting distance. Both sides shouted and sang to encourage themselves until at 3 am the fighting reached a peak, gradually dying away until daybreak. At dawn, the army noticed the pa had gone very quiet. Three men approached the pa with great caution and found it deserted.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: His later understanding of the needed union of two peoples (Māori and settler) was incomparable. He advocated peace and diplomacy between the British and Māoridom. He practised his own message, demonstrating great tolerance that was noted by many settlers and authority figures of his time.

paragraph: In 1886, he was part of a peaceful occupation of land near Manaia. Tītokowaru and nine others were taken to Wellington and, after being held in jail for two and a half months, were tried and sentenced to jail. He died shortly afterwards.

paragraph: Hailed as a war leader, prophet and peacemaker, Tītokowaru's story lapsed into obscurity before being popularised by New Zealand historian James Belich in his works on the New Zealand Wars. He is also the subject of a Maurice Shadbolt novel "Monday's Warriors". The character, Te Kaipo, in the 2005 film "River Queen", played by Temuera Morrison, is closely based on Tītokowaru.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tītokowaru's War

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Zealand Wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marian Maguire, artist whose series "Titokowaru's Dilemma" depicts a dialogue between Tītokowaru and Socrates

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: The Fox Boy. Peter Walker. Bloomsbury. 2001

paragraph: I Shall not Die. James Belich. Wellington 1989.

alias:
Tito Kowauru
Tito kowaru
Riwha Titokowaru
Tītokowaru

description: New Zealand Maori leader

wikidata_label: Titokowaru

wikipedia_title: Tītokowaru


text:
MVO
MA
LLB
FRHistS
FSA (Scot)
Lord Lyon King of Arms
Oxford University
Bachelor of Arts
LLB
University of Edinburgh
Scottish
Faculty of Law
University of Edinburgh
Lordship of the Isles
Highland
Ancient Monuments Board for Scotland
Genealogy Society
Heraldry Society of Scotland
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Bute Pursuivant of Arms
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
Member of the Royal Victorian Order
Islay Herald Extraordinary
Edinburgh University
www.scottishlegal.com
www.law.ed.ac.uk
www.scotsheraldry.com
www.scotland.gov.uk
www.lyon-court.com

categories: 1941 births,Legal historians,Fellows of the Royal Historical Society,Alumni of the University of Oxford,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,Academics of the University of Edinburgh,Scottish legal scholars,Lords Lyon King of Arms,2019 deaths,Scottish historians,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Members of the Royal Victorian Order

paragraph: David Sellar

paragraph: William David Hamilton Sellar, MVO, MA, LLB, FRHistS, FSA (Scot) (27 February 1941-26 January 2019) served as Lord Lyon King of Arms from 2008 to 2014. He was married, with three adult sons and a step-son.

paragraph: Sellar read history at Oxford University graduating as Bachelor of Arts before gaining a law degree (LLB) from the University of Edinburgh. He qualified as a Scottish solicitor in 1966, and after two years as a legal assessor with the Scottish Land Court joined in 1968 the Faculty of Law at the University of Edinburgh, where he was elected an Honorary Fellow.

paragraph: Sellar wrote about the Lordship of the Isles and on the origins of many Highland families.

paragraph: He served as a Member of the Ancient Monuments Board for Scotland, was President of the Scottish Genealogy Society and sat on the council of the Heraldry Society of Scotland, and as Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. He was the O'Donnell Lecturer, in Celtic Studues, at Edinburgh in 1985 and the Rhind Lecturer for the Society of Antiquaries in 2000. He held the office of Bute Pursuivant of Arms from 2001 until his appointment in 2008 as Lord Lyon King of Arms.

paragraph: A Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (FSA Scot) and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS), Sellar was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) in the 2014 New Year Honours in anticipation of his retirement from the office of Lord Lyon. Upon retirement, he was appointed Islay Herald Extraordinary.

paragraph: He died on 26 January 2019. His funeral took place in the Lorimer chapel at Warriston Crematorium, Edinburgh, on Saturday 23 February 2019, with standing room only, followed by a reception in the Playfair Library at Edinburgh University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.scottishlegal.com Photograph and painting

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.law.ed.ac.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.scotsheraldry.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.scotland.gov.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.lyon-court.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://bill.celt.dias.ie/vol4/author.php?AuthorID=1395

description: Officer of Arms

wikidata_label: David Sellar

wikipedia_title: David Sellar