text:
fl.
fraud
cross-dressing
Newgate calendar
Henry Fielding
Quarter Sessions
Henry Fielding
Fielding
BBC Radio 4
Sandi Toksvig
PBS
Antiques Roadshow
George Cruikshank
Sarah Paul
St Giles' Church, Camberwell
St Thomas' Hospital

categories: 18th-century British people,Year of birth missing,18th-century LGBT people,People from Somerset,Year of death missing,LGBT people from England,Female-to-male cross-dressers

paragraph: Mary Hamilton (transvestite)

paragraph: Mary Hamilton (fl. 1746) was the subject of a notorious 18th-century case of fraud and female cross-dressing, in which Hamilton, under the name of Charles, duped a woman into a supposed marriage.

paragraph: While the surviving records of the case indicate that Hamilton was only prosecuted for deceiving one woman into marriage, newspaper reports at the time claimed that there had been 14 marriages in all. A 1746 account in the Newgate calendar gives other details.

paragraph: Henry Fielding published a partially fictionalised account of the case under the title "The Female Husband".

paragraph: Section::::The court case.

paragraph: In 1746 Hamilton was brought before the summer Quarter Sessions in Taunton, Somerset. According to the local newspaper report, "There was a great Debate for some Time in Court about the Nature of her Crime, and what to call it, but at last it was agreed that she should be charged with fraud."

paragraph: Section::::The court case.:Depositions.

paragraph: According to Hamilton's own deposition, she was born in Somerset, the daughter of Mary and William Hamilton. Her family later moved to Scotland. When she was fourteen, she used her brother's clothes to pose as a boy, travelled to Northumberland and entered the service of a Dr. Edward Green (described in the deposition as a "mountebank") and later of a Dr. Finey Green. She studied to become a "quack doctor" as an apprentice of the two unlicensed practitioners. In 1746, she moved to Wells, and set up a medical practice of her own under the name Charles Hamilton. She met Mary Price, a relative of her landlady, whom she married in July 1746. The marriage lasted for two months before her true sex was discovered, and she was arrested.

paragraph: A deposition from Mary Price says that after the marriage she and Hamilton travelled selling medicines. During the marriage Hamilton "entered her body several times, which made this examinant believe, at first, that the said Hamilton was a real man, but soon had reason to judge that the said Hamilton was not a man, but a woman." When they were in Glastonbury, Price confronted her. Hamilton admitted the truth to Price, at which point she reported the matter and Hamilton was arrested.

paragraph: Section::::The court case.:Conviction.

paragraph: The justices delivered their verdict that "The he or she prisoner at the bar is an uncommon, notorious cheat, and we, the Court, do sentence her, or him, whichever he or she may be, to be imprisoned six months, and during that time to be whipped in the towns of Taunton, Glastonbury, Wells, and Shepton Mallet ..."

paragraph: The report in the Newgate Calendar concludes "And Mary, the monopoliser of her own sex, was imprisoned and whipped accordingly, in the severity of the winter of the year 1746."

paragraph: Section::::The court case.:Newspaper reports.

paragraph: In addition to Hamilton's and Price's own depositions, there are several reports of the case in the local newspaper, the "Bath Journal". The first of these says that after news of the arrest got out many people visited the prison to get a look at Hamilton, who was very "bold and impudent". It added that "it is publickly talk'd that she has deceived several of the Fair Sex by marrying them." The author promises to "make a further Enquiry" into these allegations for a later report. A subsequent report states that Hamilton was born in Yeovil. Another report says that at the trial the prosecuting attorney, Mr. Gold, had alleged in his opening statement that Hamilton had been married fourteen times.

paragraph: The final report was repeated in the "Daily Advertiser" on 12 November, where it was probably seen by Henry Fielding.

paragraph: In 1746, Fielding anonymously published a sensational pamphlet, "The Female Husband", that gives a different account of Hamilton's life. The author claims that he had his information "from the mouth" of Hamilton herself. However, it is likely that he never met the woman he satirized in his work. He says that she was born in 1721 on the Isle of Man, the daughter of a former army sergeant who had married a woman of property on the island. She had been brought up in the strictest principles of virtue and religion, but was seduced into "vile amours" by her friend Anne Johnson, an enthusiastic Methodist, and "transactions not fit to be mention'd passed between them". When Anne leaves her for a man, Hamilton seeks another female lover. She dresses as a man and pretends to be a Methodist preacher. She meets Mrs. Rushford, a wealthy 68-year-old widow who takes her to be a lad of about 18. Tempted by the money she will get as a "husband", Hamilton marries Mrs. Rushford. According to Fielding, she was able to deceive her bride by means "which decency forbids me even to mention". However, the bride eventually discovers Hamilton's sex, and Hamilton is forced to flee.

paragraph: Hamilton uses various other aliases to marry other women, but is repeatedly forced to flee when the ruse is discovered. In at least three instances she lived for some time unnoticed by her married spouse. Finally, posing as a doctor, she marries Mary Price, a beautiful 18-year-old girl. The marriage is apparently happy until, while Hamilton is visiting Glastonbury, she is recognised by someone from a previous "marriage". Mary cannot believe it, but her mother ensures that Hamilton is arrested and prosecuted. She is sentenced to imprisonment and to four public whippings in the market towns of Somerset. Fielding claims that "on the very evening she had suffered the first whipping, she offered the gaoler money, to procure her a young girl to satisfy her most monstrous and unnatural desires."

paragraph: Fielding's text was re-published with alterations in 1813, again anonymously, as "The surprising adventures of a female husband! Containing the whimsical amours, curious incidents, and diabolical tricks of Miss M. Hamilton, alias Mr. G. Hamilton, alias Minister Bentley, Mr. O'Keefe, alias Mrs. Knight, the Midwife, &c ..." This lesser-known version has many alterations including a more sensationalized title and changes to the historical and cultural context. The pamphlet was inexpensive and more than likely purchased by both men and women of different social statuses. Fielding exaggerated and fictionalized parts of the story in order to keep the audience interested and to entice people to read who might not be interested in erotic fiction.

paragraph: Something interesting about Fielding's version of "The Female Husband" was his use of pronouns. When Hamilton is passing as a male, Fielding uses 'he/him', a tactic which might seem to cast the author as complicit in the deception. In Fielding's version the reader can be confused by the use of gender: "She had not been long in this city, before she became acquainted with one Mary Price, a girl of about eighteen years of age, and of extraordinary beauty. With this girl, hath this wicked woman since her confinement declared, she was really as much in love, as it was possible for a man ever to be with one of her own sex." Fielding's use grammar here confuses the gender issue; both 'man' and 'her' refer back to Hamilton, or the 'wicked woman' speaking to Fielding from her jail cell. However, in the pamphlet published in the 19th century, the author makes a point of correcting this ambiguity, often adding italics to emphasize the pronoun choice. Not only does the nineteenth-century pamphlet consistently refer to Hamilton with a female pronoun, the author draws attention to the choice by using italics which are only used when a masculine pronoun would be indicated by Hamilton's masculine persona. While in earlier text Fielding does play with the idea that women might find Hamilton attractive because of her femininity, whenever her 'sex' is discovered in his pamphlet, the relationship abruptly ends and unlike the 19th century author, Fielding more subtly exploits the possibilities of suggestion, and manages at the same time to maintain a tone of moral reprimand. It has recently been claimed that Fielding merged the conventions of the criminal biographies that were so popular in his time, with those of the comic marriage plot (a staple of drama that was slowly gaining ground in fiction as well).

paragraph: Section::::Fielding's version: "The Female Husband".:Authenticity of the accounts.

paragraph: Though Fielding's is the only full account of Hamilton's life before her arrest, it is not known how fictionalised it is. Historian Louis Crompton describes it as probably "one part fact to ten parts fiction". Sheridan Baker says of the 23 page booklet, "I think it fairly safe to put down the first twenty pages of "The Female Husband" to pure fiction by Fielding. And in the last three pages, as the record indicates, fiction is not altogether lacking." He dismisses Fielding's claim to have interviewed Hamilton herself, saying that "it seems certain" no such interview took place, and that he was not present at the trial. He notes that many elements of the 'life' of Hamilton as described by Fielding seem to parallel the plots of his novels, and that even the details of the court case, which can be checked against the record, contain elements that are demonstrably false, and probably follow from a misinterpretation of phrases in the newspaper reports. It is possible that Fielding got some details from the prosecuting council Henry Gould (misspelled as 'Mr. Gold' in the newspapers), who was his cousin, but Baker thinks this unlikely, especially as Fielding himself copies the newspapers in misspelling the name 'Gold'. Since details of Hamilton's life as reported by Fielding contradict her sworn deposition, the evidence suggests that Fielding simply elaborated on the newspaper reports, perhaps supplemented by rumours that were circulating about the case.

paragraph: As far as is known, Hamilton was in truth only prosecuted for fraudulently marrying Price: there is no record of any other prosecution. Whether any previous marriages ever occurred, or if they were merely a product of local gossip and rumour remains unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Fielding's version: "The Female Husband".:Broadcast media.

paragraph: Fielding's version of the story was adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play of the same name, starring comedian Sandi Toksvig. The play was written by Sheila Hannon and was first broadcast in June 2006.

paragraph: The 1813 publication by Henry Fielding was the subject of an appraisal in a 2010 episode of PBS' "Antiques Roadshow" entitled "Naughty or Nice." The publication includes a colour etching attributed, possibly falsely, to George Cruikshank which depicts Hamilton being publicly whipped for her crimes.

paragraph: Section::::Other cases of female husbands.

paragraph: Prosecutions involving women disguising themselves as men, and often marrying other women, were regularly reported since the seventeenth century and continued on into the eighteenth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1694: Anthony à Wood writes in a letter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1720: Sarah Ketson took on the alias John and attempted to defraud a woman named Ann Hutchinson into marriage. She was convicted.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1759: Sarah Paul, going by the alias Samuel Bundy, was convicted and sent to Southwark Bridewell for tricking a woman into marrying her and defrauding the woman of her money and apparel. Although in Paul's case the wife, Mary Parlour, brought up the charges it appears to be under community pressure. Parlour, in fact, knew of Paul's sex and originally chose to continue their relationship. It was neighbors who inspected the nature of Parlour and Paul's relationship, suspecting that they had not consummated the marriage, and found out Paul was performing as a man. Parlour failed to appear at trial, resulting in the magistrate discharging Paul, but not before he ordered her masculine clothing to be burned.

paragraph: In 1829 it was widely reported that another female husband, James Allen, had successfully evaded detection and prosecution for 21 years. He had married Abigail Allen (née Naylor) in 1807 at St Giles' Church, Camberwell. It was only under autopsy at St Thomas' Hospital, London, that his sex was discovered to be female. His wife declared she was "entirely ignorant of the fact of the said James Allen being a female".

description: British 18th-century cross-dresser who duped other women into marriage

wikidata_label: Mary Hamilton

wikipedia_title: Mary Hamilton (transvestite)


text:
Durban
South Africa
hockey
2012 Summer Olympics
national team
men's tournament
Wade Paton
2014 Commonwealth Games

categories: 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players,Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics,2010 Men's Hockey World Cup players,Olympic field hockey players of South Africa,South African male field hockey players,Commonwealth Games competitors for South Africa,Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games,1989 births,2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players,Sportspeople from Durban,Living people

paragraph: Taine Paton

paragraph: Taine Paton (4 January 1989 in Durban, South Africa) is a South African hockey player. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed for the national team in the men's tournament, with his brother Wade Paton. He also represented South Africa at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

description: South African field hockey player

wikidata_label: Taine Paton

wikipedia_title: Taine Paton


text:
field hockey
Leuven
Belgium national team
Oranje Zwart
Racing Bruxelles
Bloemendaal
Euro Hockey League
Euro Hockey League
2012 Summer Olympics
national team
men's tournament
2013 European Championship
Boom
2018 World Cup
England
Netherlands
final

categories: People from Nivelles,2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players,Olympic silver medalists for Belgium,Expatriate field hockey players,Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Waterloo Ducks H.C. players,Living people,Olympic medalists in field hockey,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic field hockey players of Belgium,HC Bloemendaal players,Belgian male field hockey players,1991 births,2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players,Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Male field hockey midfielders,Oranje Zwart players,Men's Hoofdklasse Hockey players

paragraph: Simon Gougnard

paragraph: Simon Gougnard (born 17 January 1991) is a Belgian field hockey player who plays as a midfielder for Leuven and the Belgium national team.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Gougnard played club hockey in Belgium for Waterloo Ducks until 2009, when he transferred to the Netherlands to play for TMHC Tilburg. He left them after one season to play for Oranje Zwart. In 2012 he returned to Belgium because of his study. He played one year in Belgium for Racing Bruxelles.

paragraph: In 2013, Gougnard went back to the Netherlands, where he signed a two-year contract for Bloemendaal. He played for Bloemendaal until 2015, when he returned to Racing Bruxelles. In 2017 he went back to the Waterloo Ducks. In April 2019, he agreed to play for Leuven from the 2019–20 season onwards. During that year's Euro Hockey League, Gougnard's Waterloo Ducks became the first Belgian club to win the Euro Hockey League.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed for the national team in the men's tournament. Gougnard became European vice-champion with Belgium at the 2013 European Championship on home ground in Boom. During the 2018 World Cup, he lost his father and in the match on the next day against England, Belgium played with a mourning band. Gougnard scored the 2–0 in that match and eventually they won the tournament by defeating the Netherlands in the final.

description: Belgian international field hockey player

wikidata_label: Simon Gougnard

wikipedia_title: Simon Gougnard


text:
Kamphaeng Phet
2012 Summer Olympics
2009 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships
2009 Southeast Asian Games
2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships
José Kelvin de la Nieve
2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships
Zou Shiming
2012 Summer Olympics (results)
Mohamed Flissi
Carlos Quipo
Aleksandar Aleksandrov
David Ayrapetyan
Zou Shiming
AIBA Bio

categories: 1980 births,Thai male boxers,Boxing trainers,Competitors at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games,Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in boxing,Competitors at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games,Southeast Asian Games medalists in boxing,Olympic silver medalists for Thailand,Olympic boxers of Thailand,Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for Thailand,Competitors at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games,People from Kamphaeng Phet Province,Members of the Order of the Direkgunabhorn,Living people,Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 2001 Southeast Asian Games,Southeast Asian Games bronze medalists for Thailand,Competitors at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games,Competitors at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games

paragraph: Kaeo Pongprayoon

paragraph: Kaeo Pongprayoon (, , ; born 28 March 1980 in Kamphaeng Phet) is a Thai amateur boxer who won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Pongprayoon won the 2009 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships and the 2009 Southeast Asian Games and 2011 at light flyweight.

paragraph: At the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships he lost his third fight to José Kelvin de la Nieve.

paragraph: At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships he beat two opponents, then lost 8:14 to Zou Shiming.

paragraph: At the 2012 Summer Olympics (results) he won his first fight against Algerian Mohamed Flissi 19:11, then defeated Ecuador's Carlos Quipo and Bulgarian Aleksandar Aleksandrov. He reached the final by edging out Russian David Ayrapetyan 13:12. He controversially lost the final to Zou Shiming 10:13.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AIBA Bio

description: boxer

wikidata_label: Kaeo Pongprayoon

wikipedia_title: Kaeo Pongprayoon


text: philologist

text: missionary

text: Sindh Province

text: Punjab Province

text: Peshawar

text: British India

text: independence

text: Pakistan

text: Sindhi

text: Guru Granth Sahib

text: Sikhs

text: Ilsfeld

text: Wurtemberg Province

text: Baden-Württemberg

text: East India House

text: British East India Company

text: India

text: languages of India

text: missionaries

text: Karachi

text: Sindhi language

text: Peshawar

text: Pashto language

text: Sikh scripture

text: Württemberg

text: Oriental languages

text: Common Prayer Book

text: Persian language

text: Shah Jo Risalo

text: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai

text: Sindhi

text: Adi Granth

text: Japji Sahib

text: Sohila

text: the Ragas

text: Gauri

text: Asa

text: Kabir

text: Guru Tegh Bahadur

text: Robert Needham Cust

text: linguist

text: Court of Directors

text: British East India Company

text: India office

text: Adi Granth

text: Regius Professor

text: Oriental Languages

text: University of Munich

text: Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences

text: Punjab

text: Sikh scriptures

text: Janamsakhis

text: Dasam Granth

text: Sikhs

text: manuscript

text: Guru Nanak

text: India office Library

text: List of East India Company directors

text: Waheguru

categories: German philologists,Missionary linguists,People from Heilbronn (district),1885 deaths,1828 births,Sindhi language,Anglican missionaries in India,German Anglican missionaries

paragraph: Ernest Trumpp

paragraph: Ernest Trumpp (13 March 1828 – 5 April 1885) was a German philologist and missionary to Sindh Province, Punjab Province, and Peshawar, which were all part of what was British India before the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

paragraph: He authored the first Sindhi grammar entitled "Sindhi Alphabet and Grammar". He also published "Grammar of Pashto, or language of the Afghans, compared with the Iranian and North Indian idioms", and translated most of the Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture of the Sikhs, into English.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Trumpp was born on 13 March 1828 at Ilsfeld in Wurtemberg Province (now Baden-Württemberg) in Germany. As a young man he migrated to London as a consequence of political upheaval, and found employment as an assistant librarian at the East India House (later known as India Office), headquarters of British East India Company.

paragraph: Around 1854 he arrived in India as a missionary sponsored by the Ecclesiastical Mission Society to study the languages of India and to prepare grammars and glossaries for use by Christian missionaries. There he was initially stationed at the Karachi mission, where he learnt the Sindhi language. Later, he was stationed at Peshawar, where he studied the Pashto language. He went back to Germany in 1860, and was subsequently summoned to return to work in the subcontinent on translations of Sikh scripture in Lahore.

paragraph: He returned to Württemberg in 1871, and in 1874 began working as a professor of Oriental languages in Munich.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: While at Karachi, he translated the Common Prayer Book into the Persian language in 1858. In 1866 he edited and published Shah Jo Risalo, a poetic compendium of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. He pubslished the first Sindhi grammar entitled "Sindhi Alphabet and Grammar" in 1872.

paragraph: He published "Grammar of the Pushtoo, or language of the Afghans, compared with the Iranian and North Indian idioms" in 1873, and translated most of the sacred books of the Sikh Adi Granth in 1870.

paragraph: After he returned to Württemberg in 1876, he dedicated most of his energies to translation. By 1876 he translated the Japji Sahib, So Purkh, Sohila, So Darh, Majh, the Ragas (Siri, Gauri and Asa), sloks of Kabir, Shaikh Farid, and Guru Tegh Bahadur, and Savaiyyas of the Bhatts.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Sikh scriptures.

paragraph: Robert Needham Cust, a British colonial administrator and linguist, suggested Court of Directors of the British East India Company on 12 August 1857 that India office in London should make arrangements for translation of Adi Granth into English language. Later, Robert Needham recommended Ernest Trumpp, who was Regius Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Munich and member of Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, to do the job of translation.

paragraph: In 1869, Trumpp was summoned by India office to work in Punjab to translate the Sikh scriptures into English; accordingly, he stayed in Punjab for fifteen months and translated one-third of Adi Granth that was published in 1877. He translated Puratan and Bala Janamsakhis, the lives of the later [Sikh] gurus, including an account of their teachings. However, he concluded that Adi Granth was not worth translating in full--"the same few ideas, he thought, being endlessly repeated." Gilchrist also felt that the Dasam Granth was not worth translating at all, prompting criticism from devout Sikhs for the insult

paragraph: In the course of his research, it seems he had discovered the first known manuscript of the Puratan Janamsakhis(also spelt Janam-sakhi), the earliest known biography of Guru Nanak, at the India office Library, London. Trumpp found these manuscripts among the manuscripts forwarded to him from the India office's Library in 1872 with a note saying "in hope that some of them may be useful in the project entrusted to you."

paragraph: He also penned some essays on "The Life of Nanak according to the Janam Sakhis", "Sketch of the Life of the other Sikh Gurus", "Sketch of the Religion of the Sikhs", "On the Composition of the Granth", and "On the Language and the Metres used in the Granth".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grammar of the Sindhi Language".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Sindhi Reading-Book in the Sanscrit and Arabic Character".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grammar of the Pastō Or Language of the Afghāns, Compared with the Īrānian and North-Indian Idiom".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of Bengali Language 2 Vols."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ādi Granth: Or, the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampf Adams".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Religion der Sikhs".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Taufbuch der Aethiopischen Kirche: Aetiopisch und Deutsch".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Einleitung in das Studium der Arabischen Grammatiker".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of East India Company directors

paragraph: BULLET::::- East India House in London, later renamed India office

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waheguru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krodh – Shaikh Farid, a thirteenth-century Muslim saint whose compositions are preserved in the Sikh Scripture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan – Editions and Translations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A History of Indian Literature, Volume 9, Parts 1–2 – Author: By Annemarie Schimmel – p.2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trumpp's partial translation of Adi Granth

description: German missionary

wikidata_label: Ernest Trumpp

wikipedia_title: Ernest Trumpp


text:
outlaw
Senga
slave-raiders
Zambezi
British South Africa Company
Chintanda
hut tax
Broken Hill
brewery
Northern Rhodesia
Port Elizabeth
Cape Colony
Cape Mounted Riflemen
outlaw
Mozambique
Zambezi
Feira
Luangwa River
ghost town
David Livingstone
boma
Zumbo
Merchant Navy
Red Ensign
Slave-raiding
Chikunda
Batonga
Senga
ivory
Union Jack
voetsek
Lukasashi
Lunsemfwa River
Kafue
British South Africa Company
Cecil Rhodes
occupy and develop
Transvaal
Cape to Cairo railway
Matabeleland
Mashonaland
Barotseland
Rhodesia
North-Eastern Rhodesia
Fort Salisbury
Ngoni
Mpezeni
Earl Grey
Robert Warton
alluvial
Southern Rhodesia
£
shilling
Bulawayo
Mazoe
hut tax
Arthur Lawley
High Commissioner for Southern Africa
Alfred Milner
British South Africa Police
Broken Hill
Northern Rhodesia
brewery
Ford Model T

categories: White South African people,North-Eastern Rhodesia,Explorers of Africa,1860 births,Zambian businesspeople,South African emigrants to Zambia,Zambian people of English descent,Traditional rulers in Zambia,Settlers of Zambia,South African people of English descent,Zambian farmers,19th-century explorers,South African military personnel,Micronational leaders,South African explorers,People from Port Elizabeth,Northern Rhodesia people,1927 deaths,19th-century British politicians

paragraph: John Harrison Clark

paragraph: John Harrison Clark or Changa-Changa (c. 1860–1927) effectively ruled much of what is today southern Zambia from the early 1890s to 1902. He arrived alone from South Africa in about 1887, reputedly as an outlaw, and assembled and trained a private army of Senga natives that he used to drive off various bands of slave-raiders. He took control of a swathe of territory on the north bank of the Zambezi river called Mashukulumbwe, became known as Chief "Changa-Changa" and, through a series of treaties with local chiefs, gained mineral and labour concessions covering much of the region.

paragraph: Starting in 1897, Clark attempted to secure protection for his holdings from the British South Africa Company. The Company took little notice of him. A local chief, Chintanda, complained to the Company in 1899 that Clark had secured his concessions while passing himself off as a Company official and had been collecting hut tax for at least two years under this pretence. The Company resolved to remove him from power, and did so in 1902. Clark then farmed for about two decades, with some success, and moved in the late 1910s to Broken Hill. There he became a prominent local figure, and a partner in the first licensed brewery in Northern Rhodesia. Remaining in Broken Hill for the rest of his life, he died there in 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Not much is known about John Harrison Clark's early life. The son of a man "in the hardware business" (according to a military officer who knew him, Major G R Deare), he was born in Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony around 1860, and engaged for a time in the Cape Mounted Riflemen during the 1880s. A tall, physically strong man, he wore a large black moustache and was regarded as a fine shot and a capable hunter.

paragraph: Harrison Clark left South Africa in 1887, but it is unclear why; according to a story that may be apocryphal, he fled the country as an outlaw soon after his revolver fired—by accident, so the story goes—and killed a man. Whatever the truth, he travelled to Mozambique, then a Portuguese territory, where he made his way upriver along the Zambezi until he reached Feira, a long-abandoned Portuguese settlement at the confluence of the Zambezi and Luangwa Rivers, in what is today southern Zambia. Feira was founded by missionaries from Portugal in about 1720, but by 1887 it was a ghost town. Its last inhabitants had fled amid a native rising about half a century before, and since then it had been deserted.

paragraph: David Livingstone, who visited Feira in 1856, described it as utterly ruined at that time, but still conspicuous by the ramshackle monastery buildings on the site. When Clark arrived about three decades later, the Portuguese still maintained a "boma" (fort) called Zumbo on the opposite bank of the Luangwa, but the surrounding country, then called Mashukulumbwe, was largely wild, and out of the control of any government. Harrison Clark settled at Feira, initially alone. According to a letter he wrote in 1897, he flew the British Merchant Navy's Red Ensign flag over his house.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Slave-raiding was rife in Mashukulumbwe, with gangs of Arab, Portuguese and mixed Chikunda-Portuguese ethnicity competing for the capture of local Baila and Batonga people for use as slaves. Clark, who became known to the locals as "Changa-Changa", raised and trained an "army" from among the Senga people, and issued these men a vague uniform. How he became a chief is equivocal—Deare asserted that Clark arrived in Mashukulumbwe "on the very day the chief died ... [and] was finally made chief of the tribe". According to a story told by an acquaintance, Harry Rangeley, and partly corroborated by Alexander Scott in the "Central African Post" in 1949, he became chief by virtue of winning a battle. Rangeley's version has him defeating a rival chief; Scott has Clark coming to the rescue of a Baila village under attack by Portuguese slavers, "liberat[ing] the slaves" and thereupon being proclaimed chief by the grateful villagers.

paragraph: As chief, Clark secured his authority with his army of Senga warriors, defined and collected "taxes" and oversaw the activities of foreign traders in the area. Locals paid tribute in the form of cattle, and overseas merchants had to obtain a "trading licence" from Harrison Clark before they could operate in his territory. Where a trader was harvesting ivory to sell overseas, Clark levied every other tusk as an "export tax". As well as regulating local trade, Clark encouraged the people to make paths between their villages, and repeatedly defended them against the various slave-raiding gangs. As his Senga troops expanded, he conferred various grandiose titles on himself, including "King of the Senga" and "Chief of the Mashukulumbwe".

paragraph: All of this caused considerable annoyance to the Portuguese at Zumbo, though the "boma" coexisted with Clark's settlement for the most part. The most prominent trans-river clash came when Clark demonstrated the strength of his army by overpowering the fort's garrison, pulling down the Portuguese flag and running up the Union Jack in its place. He then returned to Feira, leaving the British flag flying over Zumbo. His point made, he made no attempt to stop the Portuguese garrison from returning. The Portuguese arrested Clark at one point, according to one story, but released him after the native troopers refused to guard him, saying he was "too great a man to be arrested". A similar tale has Harrison Clark being captured in Mozambique and deported to Feira under guard by two Portuguese soldiers; these men found the journey so harrowing that Clark ended up escorting them back. According to one of Clark's indigenous followers, he once put an intruding Chikunda force to flight simply by bellowing at the enemy leader to "voetsek you bloody nigger".

paragraph: Clark consolidated his chieftainship by marrying a daughter of Mpuka, the chief of the Chikunda people; according to Deare this was just one of "the usual assortment of wives". In 1895 he relocated north to the confluence of the Lukasashi and Lunsemfwa Rivers, where he established his own village. He named the settlement "Algoa" after the Portuguese name for Port Elizabeth, and lived in a small stone fort he built. Writing in 1954, the historian W V Brelsford described Clark's sphere of influence from Algoa as "the Luano Valley and the uplands as far westwards as the Kafue and southwards to Feira".

paragraph: Section::::Contact with the British South Africa Company.

paragraph: The British South Africa Company (BSAC), established by Cecil Rhodes in 1889, was designed to occupy and develop the area immediately north of the Transvaal, with the ultimate goal of aiding Rhodes's dream of a Cape to Cairo railway through British territory. Having a firm hold over Matabeleland, Mashonaland and Barotseland by 1894, the Company began officially calling its domain "Rhodesia" in 1895. The BSAC sought to further expand its influence north of the Zambezi, and to that end regularly sent expeditions into what was dubbed North-Eastern Rhodesia to negotiate concessions with local rulers and found settlements.

paragraph: In 1896, Major Deare led one such expedition north from the main seat of Company administration, Fort Salisbury, to meet with the Ngoni chief Mpezeni, who ruled to the east of Harrison Clark. One day, to Deare's surprise, a small group of warriors approached his party from the west, carrying a letter. This message, written in English and signed "Changa-Changa, Chief of the Mashukulumbwe"—the name John Harrison Clark was given in the body of the letter—said that its author had heard of a white man being entertained recently by Mpezeni, and wished to provide the same hospitality at Algoa. "Really, wonders never cease!" Deare recalled. "I had heard of this man on the Zambezi and had known him well many years ago in the Cape Colony ... We had both lived in the same town for years. I learnt his story later." It is unclear whether Deare took up Clark's invitation to Algoa.

paragraph: Harrison Clark subsequently sought protection from the British South Africa Company. He negotiated concessions with two neighbouring chiefs, Chintanda and Chapugira, each of whom signed over the mining and labour rights for his respective territory in return for a specified fee whenever Clark wished to use them. In August 1897, Clark wrote to the Company administrator in Salisbury, Earl Grey, requesting that the Company honour these holdings, enclosing copies of the concessions he had secured. Also providing a cursory description of gold mining prospects in the region, Clark criticised the actions of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Warton, who was in the vicinity representing the North Charterland Exploration Company, a BSAC subsidiary. "Mashukulumbwe can be occupied without fighting," he wrote. "I am on friendly terms with all the natives, and, if necessary, can raise a force of three to seven thousand to operate on Mfisini [Mpezeni] or Mashukulumbwe. Colonel Warton's Administration of this country has been a mistake; the country is rich in alluvial and reef gold." The Company took little notice of Clark, but he continued in the same vein, acquiring similar concessions from the chiefs Chetentaunga, Luvimbie, Sinkermeronga and Mubruma over the following two years.

paragraph: Clark wrote to the Company again on 12 April 1899, once more attaching copies of his concessions, with an offer to supply the BSAC settlements in Southern Rhodesia with contract labourers taken from among his neighbouring chiefs' populations. He said he had permission from all of the chiefs involved to do so. He requested as his fee £1 per man, and said that he had agreed a monthly wage of 10 shillings for each worker plus food, accommodation and fuel. Having split his concessions into two sections to draw labour from, Clark proposed to provide Salisbury with workers from his eastern concessions, and Bulawayo with those from the west. The chiefs had agreed to provide workers on contracts lasting six months, but Clark wrote that he could attempt to supply labour all year round if the Company wished.

paragraph: Section::::Decline and fall.

paragraph: On 14 April 1899, Chief Chintanda gave a BSAC commissioner at Mazoe, Southern Rhodesia a statement in which, among other things, he asserted that Clark had been claiming to be a Company official and had been collecting tariffs such as hut tax under that pretence for at least two years. Clark's labour and mining concessions, Chintanda said, had been agreed under the impression that he represented the BSAC. Chintanda furthermore claimed that Clark was a prolific womaniser who had once raped a pregnant woman. "Whenever Clark sees a girl he fancies he takes her as his mistress for a few days, and when tired of her sends her home," Chintanda said. "The fathers and husbands of these girls are constantly complaining to me about Clark's actions, but I can do nothing as Clark is a white man, and professed to be representing the government." The chief asked the Company to send a genuine representative.

paragraph: Chintanda's affidavit caused the BSAC to become concerned about Clark's continued authority in North-Eastern Rhodesia and to begin investigating him more thoroughly. The situation was complicated when, after a month's perusal, the Company's lawyers resolved that the courts in Salisbury and Bulawayo held no jurisdiction outside Southern Rhodesia and therefore could not hear any case brought against Clark. On 4 July 1899, Arthur Lawley, the Company's administrator in Matabeleland, wrote to Cape Town to report the situation to the resident High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Alfred Milner. Lawley briefly summarised the charges against Clark and requested permission to hold a court north of the Zambezi under the supervision of one of three chiefs friendly to the Company. Milner replied on 17 August that he could not legally sanction this, and that Lawley should pursue the matter further only when authority extended over Clark's area.

paragraph: On 24 August 1899, Sub-Inspector A M Harte-Barry of the British South Africa Police interviewed Chief Mubruma, who corroborated much of what Chintanda had said regarding Clark's claims to represent the Company. Mubruma said that Clark had visited the previous week and had told him to have his men ready for work south of the river within a month. When told that Clark had no connection with the BSAC, Mubruma said that he would not give Clark the workers, but would readily take part in the kind of scheme he had suggested if the Company wished. He made no comment relevant to Clark's alleged sexual misconduct.

paragraph: The BSAC established two forts to the north-west of Algoa in 1900, then a "boma" at Feira in 1902, bringing Mashukulumbwe under Company control. Harrison Clark said that his concessions gave him authority over the area and demanded that the Company pay him for them. The BSAC said Clark's documents were illegal and refused to deal with him. It offered him compensation, the form of which differs by source; Brelsford and a man who knew Clark personally during the 1920s, Colonel N O Earl Spurr, say that he was given farms as compensation, while a 1920s business acquaintance, A M Bentley, writes that the Company promised grants of land and the right to reserve some mining claims. Clark reluctantly accepted the compensation when he realised that to challenge the BSAC he would have to travel a great distance, possibly to England, and invest heavily in a court case he would probably lose.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Clark became a successful farmer, experimenting with the growing of rubber, cotton and other plants previously absent from the area. His cotton plantation developed promisingly for a few years, but he abandoned it after heavy rain destroyed an entire crop around 1909. He remained on the farm until the late 1910s, when he either gave or sold it to Catholic missionaries, and moved to Broken Hill, one of the largest settlements in what had become Northern Rhodesia in 1911. Here he lived for the rest of his life. Retaining "Changa-Changa" as a nickname, he helped to develop various businesses and events, acted as a partner in the first licensed brewery in Northern Rhodesia (alongside Lester Blake-Jolly), and became "one of the pillars of society in the Broken Hill of those days", according to Spurr. He owned one of the first automobiles in Northern Rhodesia—a dark green Ford Model T.

paragraph: According to Brelsford, the elderly Harrison Clark remained highly respected among the indigenous people and was sometimes called upon to settle disputes. His last job was personnel manager at a local mine. He dedicated his final years to the writing of a book about his life, the manuscript for which was lost when his house burned down. Clark alleged that the BSAC orchestrated the fire to stop him from publishing unflattering information about the early days of Company rule. He died from heart disease in Broken Hill on 9 December 1927, aged about 67, and was buried in the Protestant section of the town cemetery. The modest savings he possessed at the time of his death were left to his sister in Port Elizabeth.

paragraph: According to M D D Newitt, Clark embodied much of the pioneering spirit of the time and was "an object of legend" to his fellow frontiersmen. "He had led a wild, tough life but it had not turned him either into a rascal or into an uncouth bush dweller," Brelsford writes. "Changa-Changa" endured in the local vernacular as a word roughly meaning "boss", and was still in use in Zambia in the 1970s. Summarising Clark's life, Peter Duignan and Lewis Gann conclude that he "experienced in his own person the transition from bush feudalism to capitalism."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Journal articles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: South African adventurer

wikidata_label: John Harrison Clark

wikipedia_title: John Harrison Clark


text:
jazz
mailman
Washington, D.C.
Charlie Byrd
This Is Buck Hill
SteepleChase
Scope
Easy to Love
Impressions
Capital Hill
Muse
The Buck Stops Here
I'm Beginning to See the Light
Impulse
Severn
Charlie Byrd
Byrd's Word!
Byrd in the Wind
Shirley Horn
Close Enough for Love
You Won't Forget Me
The Main Ingredient
I Remember Miles
Shirley Scott
Great Scott!

categories: 1927 births,People from Greenbelt, Maryland,2017 deaths,SteepleChase Records artists,Jazz musicians from Maryland,American jazz saxophonists,American male saxophonists,Musicians from Washington, D.C.,Muse Records artists

paragraph: Buck Hill (musician)

paragraph: Roger Wendell "Buck" Hill (February 13, 1927 – March 20, 2017) was an American jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist.

paragraph: Hill began playing professionally in 1943 but held a day job as a mailman in his birthplace of Washington, D.C. for over thirty years. He played with Charlie Byrd in 1958-59, but was only occasionally active during the 1960s. He began recording extensively as a leader in the 1970s, but continued recording with others, such as an album with the Washington-area trumpeter Allan Houser in 1973.

paragraph: Hill died at his home in Greenbelt, Maryland, at the age of 90.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Is Buck Hill" (SteepleChase, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scope" (SteepleChase, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Easy to Love" (SteepleChase, 1981 [1982])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impressions" (SteepleChase, 1981 [1983])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buck Hill Plays Europe" (Turning Point, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Capital Hill" (Muse, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Buck Stops Here" (Muse, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm Beginning to See the Light" (Muse, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impulse" (Muse, 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Northsea Festival" (SteepleChase, 1997) - compiles "Easy to Love" and "Impressions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uh Huh! Buck Hill, Live at Montpelier!" (Jazzmont, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relax" (Severn, 2006)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Charlie Byrd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Byrd's Word!" (Riverside, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Byrd in the Wind" (Riverside, 1959)

paragraph: With Shirley Horn

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Close Enough for Love" (Verve, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Won't Forget Me" (Verve, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Main Ingredient" (Verve, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Remember Miles" (Verve, 1998)

paragraph: With Shirley Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Scott!" (Muse, 1991)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Buck Hill

wikipedia_title: Buck Hill (musician)


text:
Ukrainian
football
midfielder
FC Krymteplytsia Molodizhne
Ukrainian First League
2007–08
Naftovyk
2008–09
FC Lviv
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
Profile on Official Website
Profile at football squads

categories: FC Lviv players,Ukrainian Premier League players,FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka players,1985 births,People from Borodyanka,Ukrainian footballers,FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih players,FC Dnipro players,FC Krymteplytsia Molodizhne players,FC Obolon Kyiv players,Living people

paragraph: Ivan Kotenko

paragraph: Ivan Petrovych Kotenko (born 28 April 1985) is a Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for FC Krymteplytsia Molodizhne in the Ukrainian First League. During the 2007–08 season, Kotenko was on loan at Naftovyk and in the 2008–09 season is on loan at FC Lviv from Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at football squads

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Ivan Kotenko

wikipedia_title: Ivan Kotenko


text:
Irish
Tirah Campaign
Second Boer War
Irish Citizen Army
Easter Rising
Jack White
James Larkin
P. T. Daly
Constance Markievicz
Easter Rising
St. Stephen's Green
Michael Mallin
Capel Street
Dublin
Fenian Brotherhood
2nd East Yorkshire Regiment
Michael Mallin
Irish Citizen Army
Jack White
Constance Markievicz
Jim Larkin
ITGWU
Stephen's Green
Lee Enfield rifle
Commandant Mallin
ICA
Connolly
Mallin
Royal College of Surgeons
Constance Markievicz
Frongoch internment camp
Defiance

categories: Irish socialists,1875 births,1965 deaths,People from Dublin (city),Irish soldiers in the British Army

paragraph: Kit Poole

paragraph: Christopher "Kit" Poole (17 December 1875 – 27 November 1965) was an Irish soldier and military tactician who fought in the Tirah Campaign and the Second Boer War as a British Army private, as well as a captain of the Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising. During the Citizen Army's inception in 1913, he was a member of the group's initial provisional council alongside Jack White, James Larkin, P. T. Daly and Constance Markievicz, and would go on to take up a permanent position on its executive committee. He was also a pivotal figure during the 1916 Easter Rising, as second-in-command at St. Stephen's Green under Citizen Army commandant Michael Mallin where they held out for six days against British forces, ending the engagement when the British brought them a copy of Pearse's surrender order.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Christopher Damian Poole was born on Capel Street in Dublin, the second of six children to parents Frederick Poole, a tailor, and Mary Jane Madden, a housewife. Poole grew up in a nationalist environment; Joseph Poole, his older brother and member of the Fenian Brotherhood, was executed in 1883 for a murder which he did not commit. His other brothers; Vincent, John Denis, Patrick, and Patrick's son, John, took active roles in the Rising and the Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Enlistment & Service in British Army.

paragraph: Poole enlisted with the British army at the age of 18 (30/7/94) and was assigned to the 2nd East Yorkshire Regiment alongside his future commandant, Michael Mallin. Poole served for a period in South Africa, earning the Queen's South Africa Medal and two King's South Africa Medal clasps for his service during the Boer War, after which he retired from British Military Service.

paragraph: Section::::Irish Citizen Army.

paragraph: Six years after returning to Ireland, Poole was elected to the founding provisional committee of the Irish Citizen Army alongside Jack White, Constance Markievicz and Jim Larkin. On 22 March 1914, Larkin presided at a meeting reconstituting the ICA. Primarily Larkin, Seán O’Casey, Markievicz and other members of the ITGWU drew up a new constitution, calling for an ‘army council’ and included explicitly nationalist aims. The committee consisted of Poole, T. Blair, John Bohan, T. Burke, P. Coady, P. Fogarty, P.J. Fox, Thomas Healy, T. Kennedy, J. MacGowan, Michael Mallin, P. Morgan, F. Moss, P. O’Brien and John Shelly.

paragraph: Poole's reputation while fighting in South Africa had made an impression on founder Jack White and his eventual fellow soldiers while fighting at Stephen's Green. Poole also owned the only Lee Enfield rifle in possession of the army at its inception, and would go on to train enlistees how to carry weapons (hurley sticks were used in training to simulate the weight of the rifles) prior to entering battle.

paragraph: Poole formed an important part of the honour guard during the iconic raising of the harped flag over Liberty Hall in the run up to Easter 1916, escorting Molly O'Reilly, colour bearer and representative of Women's Worker's Union, and a colour guard of 16 men as they made their way to raise the flag.

paragraph: Section::::Irish Citizen Army.:Easter Rising & The Battle of St. Stephen's Green.

paragraph: During the Easter Rising, Poole was Commandant Mallin's most senior officer, earning him the rank of captain and placing him third in hierarchal command of the ICA after Connolly and Mallin. After the insurgents took control of the Green and the civilians were evacuated, Poole allocated a company of men to secure each gate entrance. Gates were barricaded with wheelbarrows, gardening tools and park benches. Meanwhile, Poole ordered a number of men to dig slit trenches and foxholes in the style he had used prior in South Africa.

paragraph: When Mallin ordered the evacuation of the Green on Tuesday 25 April, Poole organised the fall back to the Royal College of Surgeons which had been secured by Constance Markievicz prior. When it came to evacuating the park due to heavy fire Poole mustered remaining men at the Park entrance, sending them in separate sections at regular intervals out the West gate towards the college.

paragraph: After Padraig Pearse's surrender order was accepted by the British side, Poole was tried and sent to Stafford Jail detention barracks in England before being transferred to Frongoch internment camp in Wales with the majority of the remaining soldiers. He was released under the general amnesty of Christmas 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Irish Citizen Army.:Raiding the "Defiance".

paragraph: Following the Rising, a significant challenge for the ICA was the sourcing of weapons and ammunition. On the Dublin docks in 1918, Poole led a battalion of ICA men and secured a huge windfall of ammunition from an American transport vessel, the "Defiance", which had served as a cargo ship in the United States Navy during the late stages of the Great War. Arms expert Seamus McGowan was smuggled aboard in as a docker who then allowed the rest of Poole's men to come aboard when all was clear.

paragraph: According to R.M Fox's "The History of the Irish Citizen Army," "cases had to be broken open in the hold by dockers without being observed by the guards. Then all the stuff had to be concealed to get it across the gangway. No parcels were allowed. In spite of all the difficulties the booty was too valuable to lose, and relays of Citizen Army men were down on the quays for eight hours a day, taking the revolvers and ammunition from those who succeeded in getting the necessary shore permits."

paragraph: The munitions haul yielded 56 .45 revolvers, 2,000 rounds of revolver ammunition, 5,000 rounds of Springfield ammunition in canvas bandoliers and an assortment of Verey lights and pistols. Arrangements were also made with a member of the crew to deliver 34 .45 automatics, which had been served out to the crew.

wikidata_label: Kit Poole

wikipedia_title: Kit Poole


text:
Albanian
Axis
collaborator
Adjutant
Balli Kombetar
Kosovo
World War II
Mitrovica
Shala
Kosovar-Albanian
Chetnik
Gjirokaster
Trepca mines
zinc
lead
Shala
Shala-tribe
Xhafer Deva
Gunther Hausding
Gestapo
Bajgora
Isa Boletini
Novi Pazar
Bosniak
Žika Marković
Kosta Pećanac
Novi Pazar
Shaban Polluzha
Drenica
Peć
Llap
Yugoslav forces
Turkey
Istanbul
Albanian national costume
venerated

categories: Albanian politicians,People from Kosovo Vilayet,1947 deaths,Albanian nationalists,Albanian fascists,Albanian military personnel of World War II,1900 births,19th-century Albanian people,People from Mitrovica, Kosovo,20th-century Albanian people,Albanian anti-communists,Balli Kombëtar,Albanian collaborators with Nazi Germany,Kosovo Albanians

paragraph: Bislim Bajgora

paragraph: Bislim Kadri Bajgora (c. 1900 - 1947) was an Albanian nationalist and Axis collaborator, Adjutant for the Balli Kombetar forces of Kosovo during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Mitrovica sometime around the 1900s to an Albanian patriotic family, he grew up with guns and tales of Albanian heroism. He was from the Shala tribe of Mitrovica. When the Axis powers occupied Kosovo in the 1940s, Kosovar-Albanians saw the chance to free themselves from Serb rule and collaborated with the Germans. Chetnik forces had been expelling and killing Albanians and the family of Bislim Bajgora had fled to Gjirokaster. When the Germans occupied Kosovo, the Albanians freely chose to serve in the German Army which surprised the Germans. Bislim Bajgora was offered by the DDR,to join the German military police and get a plot in Hamburg, and Bislim rejected it, and said that he will not accept it and he will fight for his country.

paragraph: The Germans had for a long time been very interested in working the Trepca mines and when they seized it, they started producing zinc and lead for the army. When the German forces occupied Mitrovica, they were not attacked as the Albanians saw it as liberation fromm the chetnik-Serbian forces. The city was handed over to influential leaders such as Bislim Bajgora, Ahmet Selaci, Ukshin Kovaqica, etc. Bislim Bajgora had a good reputation among the Shala tribe and the region had a good, strategic location enabling a good defence. When the Germans occupied the city they asked for an authoritative character and the Albanians picked Bislim Bajgora to lead the liberation forces of Mitrovica thus the Germans, in need of an ally against the Serb, gave Albanians arms and training.

paragraph: Immediately, the Shala-tribe and the Germans began cooperating and they received help from one of the most educated Albanians named Xhafer Deva who ran the German-Albanian politics in the city. Bislim Bajgora and Xhafer Deva got along well and showed mutual respect.

paragraph: On 21 April 1941, there was a gathering of the Albanian forces and the Germans at the "Jadran" hotel, where Xhafer Deva sought to station his political activities and the Germans approved of his request. Bislim Bajgora had now won full support from the Germans and was considered a good ally of Germany. He became an adjutant for Gunther Hausding, head of Gestapo, the German secret police. After the 21st of April the Germans opened up schools for Albanian language for the first time in 40 years Albanians were able to educate themselves. The tribes of Shala and Bajgora was given arms and they were enforced further by more recruits led by commander Ahmet Selaci and Pajazit Boletini (nephew of Isa Boletini).

paragraph: The forces of the Balli Kombetar were mainly stationed in Mitrovica, but also among regions which were under control of Bislim Bajgora, Ukshin Kovaqica, Mehmet Gradica, Shaban Polluzha, Sylejman Viquterna, etc. The Balli Kombetar patrolled the city, keeping order but they mainly focused on guarding the borders of Greater Albania which the Germans had created for the first time since 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Novi Pazar.

paragraph: In 1941, chetnik forces began burning houses and killing civilians in the Albanian village of in which Bislim Bajgora and his forces headed for the village in order to save Albanians. When they arrived, the Chetniks fled and the village was saved from further attacks. In 1943, during the chetnik occupation of Novi Pazar, Serbs killed Albanian and Bosniak civilians. The chetnik leaders were Žika Marković and Kosta Pećanac who encouraged the Serbian forces to burn houses, massacre civilians and plunder. Bislim Bajgora arrived in Novi Pazar with 200 fighters, along with Shaban Polluzha, who also had 200 fighters and many others. The list of commanders involved in the fighting was Mulla Iljas Broja, Miftar and Cen Bajraktari, Col Bajraktari, Ymer Fazlija, Isuf Gradica, Imer Selaci, Pajazit Boletini, Sadik Lutani, etc. The first commander to reach the town was Hysen Llakiqi from Polaci, Drenica. During the fight with the chetniks there were numerous casualties among the Albanian forces. The Balli Kombetar killed 163 Chetniks and captured the town of Novi Pazar.

paragraph: Section::::Peć.

paragraph: In 1943 the Serb forces of Peć began committing war crimes against civilians to which the Albanians responded by sending their forces. The Serb casualties numbered 130 that day. The Serbian population of Kosovo, fearing revenge from the Albanian forces after the Chetnik war crimes against Albanians, began fleeing Kosovo. 40,000 Serbs fled to Italy, 30,000 to Germany and 25,000 to a Bulgarian peace-zone. The total amount of Serbs who fled Kosovo was 100,000. During the war, Albanians were given jobs, arms and schools were opened for the first time in several decades. Albanians were free from Serbian fascist rule and Kosovo was united with Albania as it was planned in 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bajgora was one of the leaders of the ONDSH (Albanian National Democratic Organization), an anti-communist and nationalist league founded in 1945 to oppose Kosovo returning under Yugoslav rule. After guerrilla fights against chetnik forces, winter came and Bislim Bajgora and his men were forced to find shelter. Some of the fighters chose the village of Lupq in Llap where they hid in a bunker. They were discovered by spies who reported them to the Yugoslav forces. On 1 March 1947, they were surrounded. The Yugoslav forces consisted of Albanians and they did not want to open fire against the Balli Kombetar and one commander approached them and asked if they would surrender their weapons in peace. Bislim Bajgora and his friends answered "Back away from the frontline because we did not gather arms only to surrender them!". After the fighting the Yugoslav casualties numbered 350. The surviving friends of Bislim Bajgora took his body away and buried it nearby. His grave remains unknown to this very day.

paragraph: Section::::Afterwards.

paragraph: After the war, Albanians from Kosovo and Mitrovica were expelled to Turkey. The family of Rashit Bajgora, relative of Bislim Bajgora, had fled to Turkey in 1914. The family of Nuh Bajgora, also relative, had fled to Turkey in 1921. The only remaining relative of Bislim Bajgora was Sar Bajgora. After 100 years, in 2014, a forgotten relative of the family, Tuncay Baygora from Istanbul, returned to Kosovo to visit the remaining places of his family. Tuncay also met up with Miradije Bajgora Shala, the daughter of Bislim Bajgora.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Bislim Bajgora is said to have been one of the greatest Albanian riflemen. He was tall, well-built and often wore his Albanian national costume.

paragraph: Today he is a venerated symbol of Albanians in Mitrovica and a he is celebrated as a hero. Recently, there was a book published by the Albanian author and professor Asllan Istrefi about the life of Bislim Bajgora.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20150510025652/http://www.shqiperiaetnike.de/html/body_avni_bilalli.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ballikombit.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=9

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.trepca.net/histori/020113-shala-bajgores-ne-veshtrimin-historik.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.zemrashqiptare.net/news/id_5127/Emil-Kastrati:-Epopeja-e-Bes%C3%ABlidhjes-komb%C3%ABtare-Demokratike-Shqiptare-(B-K-D-SH).html

description: Ottoman Empire politician

wikidata_label: Bislim Bajgora

wikipedia_title: Bislim Bajgora


text: Halle

text: Leipzig

text: Bernburg

text: Arnold Böcklin

text: Franz von Stuck

text: Anselm Kiefer

categories: German artists,1964 births,Living people

paragraph: Moritz Goetze

paragraph: Moritz Götze (born 26 July 1964 in Halle, East Germany) is a German artist, publisher and art collector. His oeuvre comprises paintings, silkscreen prints, enamel paintings and mosaics, graphics and sculptures.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Moritz Götze is the son of Wasja and Inge Götze. His father, Wasja Götze, was one artists of the counter-culture movement in East Germany. Moritz Götze grew up in Halle. In the 1980s he worked as carpenter, singer and guitar player in punk bands and organized punk festivals, as the East German authorities had blocked his development as an artist. Between 1985 and 1995 he ran a workshop, in which he produced posters and silkscreen prints. He held an academic appointment as a lecturer at the University of Art and Design Halle in 1991-194 and was a visiting scholar at the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1994.

paragraph: Götze works with his spouse and fellow-artist Grita Goetze in Halle, where he curates exhibitions, supports young musicians and is involved in heritage conservation.

paragraph: Together with Peter Gerlach and Simone Trieder he founded in 2006 the publishing house Hasenverlag in Halle/Saale, which specializes in art books and the cultural history of the region.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Since 1990 Götze has produced large-format art works for public buildings and churches as well as sculptures. He produced multi-piece silkscreens and murals in enamel e.g. for the Federal Ministry for Economics and Labour in Berlin and the employment office in Halle. In 1995 he embellished the five-storey atrium of the Leipzig trade-fair building with a series of large-format images depicting the history of the Leipzig trade-fair.

paragraph: Götze’s large-format works in the artist’s hallmark pop-art style often deal with watershed moments in history, historic figures and the state of the German society. In 2006/07 Götze produced the 700 piece enamel composition Victoria. In 2012-2016 he decorated the interior of the Baroque castle church St. Giles in Bernburg, Saxony-Anhalt with enamel sheet steel plates.

paragraph: Götze's art works are his take on German history and with that he follows in the tradition of Arnold Böcklin, Franz von Stuck, Jörg Immenhoff, Anselm Kiefer, – characterized by his life in two Germanys. His works are playful, ambiguous, ironic and visually narrative.

paragraph: Together with his fellow-artist from Halle, Rüdiger Giebler, Götze is taking his art on a tour to four continents: "Giebler & Götze. Grand Tour. Made in Kaisersaschern." The title refers to a fictitious setting in the Thomas Mann novel "Dr. Faustus".

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silkscreen print

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 : Eine Reise nach Ägypten série de sérigraphie, 6 parts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 : James Bond 007, Siebdruckmappe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 : All die toten Albaner meines Surfbretts, en coopération avec Matthias "Baader"-Holst

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 : Je t'aime, Siebdruckmappe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 : Nibelungen, Siebdruckmappe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 : Der Prinzenraub, Siebdruckmappe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 : Was man alles braucht, Siebdruckmappe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993-1994 : Tristan und Isolde, Siebdruckmappe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 : The little Dog, en 9 éléments, 210 x 300 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paintings

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 : Propagandaztanze, Öl auf Leinwand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 : Scapa Flow, Öl auf HF

paragraph: • 1990 : Der Stuhl, Acryl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 1991 : Prinz, Acryl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 1992 : Schlafende, Acryl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 1992 : Eine Melodie, Buntstift auf Bütten

paragraph: • 1993 : 7 Pf., Buntstift auf Bütten

paragraph: • 1994 : a.b.c., Acryl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 1994 : Ein neuer Kontinent, Buntstift auf Bütten

paragraph: • 1998 : Nachts, Acryl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 1998 : Die Entscheidung, Acryl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 1997 : Das Wochenende, Buntstift

paragraph: • 2002 : Wo die Sonne aufgeht, Öl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 2002 : Der Durchmarsch, Öl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 2002 : Am Schaltpult. Nach Willi Sitte, Öl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 2003 : Parteidiskussion. Nach Willi Neubert, Öl auf Leinwand

paragraph: • 2005 : Im Zimmer, Öl auf Leinwand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enamel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 : Orlando, Emailschild

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 : Mono, Emailschild

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 : Seewasserdose, Emailschild

paragraph: BULLET::::- Large-format enamels and mosaics

paragraph: • 1994 : Mosaics, Ceramics, Leipzig, Messehaus, „Speck’s Hof“.

paragraph: • 1995 : It’s a new day, Murals on Prisma walls

paragraph: • 2000 : Mural, enamel, Berlin, Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology

paragraph: • 2001 : Mural, enamel, Halle, Arbeitsamt

paragraph: • 2006 : Victoria, large-format enamel composition in 700 parts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books and Illustrations

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 : Manfred Krug: 66 Gedichte - was soll das, Gestaltung und Illustrationen. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 : Halle um die Jahrhundertwende - Fotografien von Fritz Möller, Gestaltung. .

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Moritz Götze

wikipedia_title: Moritz Goetze


text:
transdisciplinary
Berlin
Guaratingueta
performance
video art
installation
new media
body art
physics
psychology
feminist
Playboy Magazine

categories: Brazilian performance artists,Brazilian women artists,Queer artists,1988 births,LGBT entertainers from Brazil,Video artists,Brazilian photographers

paragraph: Luiza Prado

paragraph: Luiza Jesus Prado, known as Luiza Prado is a transdisciplinary artist who lives in Berlin, Germany. She was born in Guaratingueta, Brazil, in 1988. She uses artistic tools such as photography, performance, video art, installation, sculpture, painting, new media, body art, music and drawing along with physics, psychology, neuroscience and philosophy. Her research is specifically on memory. She explores topics of violence, sexual trauma, sociopolitical issues and minorities within Latin America. She has been mentioned as a feminist artist in "FFW", "Gedelés" and "O Grito". In 2014, her work "Corpo Estranho" was cataloged in the Portuguese book Evocations of Performance Art – Paco Editorial" and since 2010 has been featured in "Playboy Magazine", "Digital Photographer" and "Efêmero Concreto" among others.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Poteh Pehuono

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Funk Pesadão

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Tumor Militar

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Reincarnate Project

wikidata_label: Luiza Prado

wikipedia_title: Luiza Prado


text:
Donauwörth
Limburg Stirum
Bronckhorst
Gemen
Adolf Ernst of Limburg Stirum
imperial Field Marshal
Gemen
Gemen
Gemen
Bayreuth
Field Marshal
War of the Spanish Succession
Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold I
Battle of Höchstädt
French
Bavaria
Villars
Battle of Schellenberg
Raesfeld
Otto Leopold Ernst
Limburg Styrum
Bronckhorst
Gemen
Raesfeld
Spencer, Charles

categories: Counts of Limburg Stirum,1646 births,1704 deaths,German army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession

paragraph: Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum

paragraph: Field Marshal Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum (1 April 1646 – Donauwörth, 8 July 1704), count of Limburg Stirum and Bronckhorst, sovereign lord zu Gemen, was the son of Adolf Ernst of Limburg Stirum and an imperial Field Marshal.

paragraph: He inherited the immediate lordship of Gemen in 1675, being 18 years after the death of his father during which the regency on Gemen was exercised by his mother Isabella countess von Vehlen und Meggen zu Raesfeld. The reason for the regency is not known. On 15 September 1700, a decision by the Courts confirmed its succession right over Gemen.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: He served in a Bayreuth regiment. In 1678 he was named comandant of an imperial regiment. After his nomination as General-Major in 1684 he distinguished himself several times in the wars against the Turcs. He became Field Marshal in 1696.

paragraph: in 1701 he fought in the War of the Spanish Succession in the service of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I against France and Bavaria. In 1703, he lost the Battle of Höchstädt against the French-Bavarian forces under General Villars. In 1704, he led the second assault on enemy positions in the Battle of Schellenberg and was mortally wounded. He died a few days later.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: He married in 1678 Charlotte Amalie countess von Vehlen und Meggen zu Raesfeld (born 1662, died 1718). They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Leopold Ernst, count of Limburg Styrum and Bronckhorst, sovereign lord zu Gemen and lord zu Raesfeld (born 1688, died 1754);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle Wilhelmine (born 1696), married first in 1729 count Johann Kajetan von Kolowrat (died 1729) and then Baron Albert Eugen von Przichowsky (died 1737);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie (born 1689, died 1714), married in 1711 count Maximilian von Reinstein-Tattenbach (died 1762);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Anna;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhardine (died 1764), a nun in Bergen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magdalene Sibylle (born 1698, died 1762)

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spencer, Charles (2005). "Blenheim: Battle for Europe". Phoenix.

description: German army commander

wikidata_label: Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum

wikipedia_title: Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum


text:
Pablo Picasso
La Coruña
Barcelona
Barcelona

categories: Spanish educators,19th-century Spanish painters,People from Málaga,Painters from Barcelona,Andalusian painters,1913 deaths,1838 births,Spanish male painters,20th-century Spanish painters

paragraph: José Ruiz y Blasco

paragraph: José Ruiz y Blasco (1838– May 3, 1913) was a Spanish painter, an art teacher, and the father of artist Pablo Picasso (1881–1973).

paragraph: He was born in Málaga, Spain where he became a teacher of drawing at the Escuela Provincial de Bellas Artes. He specialized in still lifes, landscapes, and images of doves and pigeons. He gave his son his first art lessons in 1888. In 1891 Ruiz y Blasco moved to La Coruña and taught at the Escuela de Bellas Artes, and Pablo attended his ornamental drawing classes. In 1895 he moved to Barcelona and taught at the Escuela de Bellas Artes ("La Lonja").

paragraph: Ruiz y Blasco died in Barcelona in 1913 at the age of 75.

alias:
José Ruiz Blasco
José Ruiz
José Ruiz Blanco
Jose Ruiz y Blasco
Jose Ruiz Blasco
Jose Ruiz
Jose Ruiz Blanco

description: Spanish artist, father of Pablo Picasso

wikidata_label: José Ruiz y Blasco

wikipedia_title: José Ruiz y Blasco


text: English

text: highwayman

text: felon

text: All-Hallows-the-Great

text: London

text: St Giles-without-Cripplegate

text: William Blewitt

text: Jonathan Wild

text: thief

text: pickpocket

text: nickname

text: complexion

text: facial hair

text: port-wine birthmark

text: pun

text: James Carrick

text: sabre

text: King's evidence

text: Wood Street Compter

text: deportation

text: sureties

text: Jack Sheppard

text: burgled

text: Westminster

text: fence

text: highwaymen

text: Royal Mint Street

text: Tower of London

text: Quilt Arnold

text: Newgate Prison

text: St Giles

text: pocket-knife

text: Tyburn

text: Holborn

text: scaffold

text: St Andrew, Holborn

text: stock

text: John Gay

text: John Thurmond

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Oxford University Press

text: online edition

text: Joseph Blake

text: The Complete Newgate Calendar

text: "Jack Sheppard, Jail-Breaker"

categories: 1700 births,People executed for robbery,English criminals,1714 crimes,People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain,1724 deaths,Executed people from London

paragraph: Joseph Blake (criminal)

paragraph: Joseph "Blueskin" Blake ("baptised" 31 October 1700 – 11 November 1724) was an 18th-century English highwayman and felon.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Blake was the son of Nathaniel and Jane Blake. He was baptised at All-Hallows-the-Great in London. His parents had the means to send him to the parish school of St Giles-without-Cripplegate for about six years.

paragraph: A school friend, William Blewitt, introduced him to the self-styled "Thief-Taker General" (and thief) Jonathan Wild around 1714. He left school and became a professional thief.

paragraph: By the age of 17, he was earning his living as a pickpocket, working with Edward Pollitt (or Pawlett or Pollard), and had been nicknamed "Blueskin". The origin of his sobriquet is uncertain: it could be due to his swarthy complexion, but possibly also to excessive facial hair, a port-wine birthmark, or perhaps a punning reference to his friend Blewitt.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: By 1719, Blake was working with Irish highwayman James Carrick, and, by 1722, he was a member of a gang of street robbers led by Robert Wilkinson. Several of his colleagues were arrested that summer, and three were hanged in September. Blake escaped this time, perhaps due to influence deployed on his behalf by Wild, but he received a sabre cut to the head as he resisted his arrest by Wild in December 1722. He turned King's evidence against several former associates, including Blewitt. Three accomplices (John Levee, Richard Oakey and Matthew Flood) were hanged on the strength of Blake's testimony in February 1723. Blueskin expected to be released and to receive some of the reward money for securing the convictions, but he was confined in Wood Street Compter instead, under threat of deportation.

paragraph: Eventually, Blake found sureties for his good behaviour, and was released in June 1724. He quickly joined forces with notorious thief and gaol-breaker Jack Sheppard. They burgled the house of William Kneebone (Sheppard's former apprentice master) on Sunday 12 July, stealing a quantity of cloth and some other trinkets, but this burglary was to prove their undoing. Having stored the goods near the horse ferry at Westminster, they approached one of Wild's fences, William Field, to sell the stolen goods. Word of the crime soon reached Wild, who was determined to punish Sheppard because he had refused to work for Wild. After a brief interlude as highwaymen on the Hampstead Road on Sunday 19 July and Monday 20 July, Sheppard was arrested at Blueskin's mother's brandy shop in Rosemary Lane (later renamed Royal Mint Street), east of the Tower of London, on 23 July by Wild's henchman, Quilt Arnold. He was detained in Newgate Prison pending trial, accused of the Kneebone robbery. Kneebone, Wild and Field gave evidence against Sheppard, and he was convicted of the burglary on 12 August.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Wild took against Blake, his former underling, probably due to his recent association with Sheppard. Blake was arrested by Wild, Arnold and Abraham Mendez Ceixes at his lodgings in St Giles on Friday 2 October 1724. Blueskin was tried on Thursday 15 October, with Field and Wild again due to give evidence. Outside the courtroom, Blake tried to persuade Wild to put in a good word for him, but Wild refused. Blake attacked Wild, slashing his throat with a pocket-knife. Wild was quickly attended by passing surgeons, and taken away. Blake's attack caused an uproar which spread to the adjacent prison, and the disturbance continued into the evening. Sheppard, having escaped from Newgate on 4 September and been recaptured five days later, used the distraction inside the prison to cover his fourth, and most audacious, escape.

paragraph: Despite the altercation outside the court, Blake's trial went ahead in Wild's absence. Field's evidence was enough to ensure that Blake was convicted, although his account was not consistent with the evidence that he gave at Sheppard's trial. Blake was sentenced to be hanged, but showed no remorse for his crimes. He tried to escape from Newgate without success.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Sheppard was recaptured for a final time on 1 November. On Wednesday 11 November 1724, the day after Sheppard's death sentence was confirmed, Blake was drawn to Tyburn along the traditional route, stopping at the Griffin tavern on Holborn for a stiff drink. In his drunkenness, he slurred his speech from the scaffold before he was hanged. His body was laid out for a few days, and he was buried in the churchyard at St Andrew, Holborn. Sheppard was hanged 5 days after Blake, on Monday 16 November.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Blake is best remembered for his vicious attack on Wild. Wild was lucky to survive, protected by the stock worn about his neck. He was incapacitated for weeks, and his grip over his criminal empire started to slip while he recuperated. He quickly lost the confidence of his "customers" and the grudging respect of the general populace, and he was himself convicted and hanged in 1725.

paragraph: Blake was overshadowed by Sheppard's fame. His attack on Wild inspired John Gay's ballad "Newgate's Garland", also called "Blueskin's Ballad", which appears in John Thurmond's play, "Harlequin Sheppard". Blake appears in many accounts of Sheppard's life, although the characterisation often bears little resemblance to the reality.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrea McKenzie, ‘Blake, Joseph (bap. 1700, d. 1724)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, Jan 2006, accessed 21 Aug 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Blake, from "The Complete Newgate Calendar".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Blake , alias Blueskin, theft : burglary, 14 October 1724 - The Proceedings of the Old Bailey Ref: t17241014-43

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howson, Gerald. "Thief-Taker General: Jonathan Wild and the Emergence of Crime and Corruption as a Way of Life in Eighteenth-Century England." New Brunswick, NJ and Oxford, UK: 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton, Rictor. "Early Eighteenth-Century Newspaper Reports: A Sourcebook", "Jack Sheppard, Jail-Breaker". Retrieved 2 October 2007.

description: 18th century English criminal

wikidata_label: Joseph Blake

wikipedia_title: Joseph Blake (criminal)


text: British

text: Labour Party

text: Greater London Council

text: Labour Chief Whip

text: House of Lords

text: Lord Strabolgi

text: London School of Economics

text: Fabian Society

categories: Members of London County Council,General Secretaries of the Fabian Society,Councillors in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers,1930 births,1990 deaths,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Labour Party (UK) councillors,Ponsonby family

paragraph: Thomas Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede

paragraph: Thomas Arthur Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede (23 October 1930 – 13 June 1990) was a British Labour Party politician.

paragraph: He succeeded to his title on the death of his father in 1976.

paragraph: He served in London local government for 20 years, firstly as a council member of the Kensington and Chelsea council from 1956 to 1965 and then as an Alderman from 1964 to 1974. He then became an Alderman of Greater London Council from 1970 to 1977 and was elected Chairman of the Council from 1976 to 1977.

paragraph: He was elected Labour Chief Whip in the House of Lords in 1982, defeating Lord Strabolgi. He served as Opposition Chief Whip until his death in 1990.

paragraph: He was a Governor of the London School of Economics from 1970 to 1990. He was also an active member of the Fabian Society, serving for a time as its general secretary.

paragraph: He had married twice: firstly Ursula Mary Fox-Pitt, the daughter of Cdr Thomas Stanley Lane Fox-Pitt of Devon, with whom he had a son and three daughters, and secondly Maureen Estelle Campbell-Teich, the widow of Dr Paul Campbell-Teich of Geneva, Switzerland. He was succeeded by his son, Frederick Ponsonby, 4th Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede.

description: British politisian


text:
Dresden
Anticoli Corrado
landscape painter
Academy of his native city
Ludwig Richter
Academy of St. Luke
Anticoli di Campagna
National Gallery at Berlin
Berlin Gallery

categories: German male painters,German landscape painters,Members of the Rome Guild of Saint Luke,1822 births,1875 deaths,People from Dresden,19th-century German painters

paragraph: Heinrich Dreber

paragraph: Heinrich Dreber, known as Franz-Dreber (9 January 1822, Dresden - 3 August 1875, Anticoli Corrado), was a German landscape painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Living in the house of a relation whose name Franz he adopted, he frequented the Academy of his native city, and afterwards the studio of Ludwig Richter. After he had gained the gold medal, he resided for some time in Munich, and in the spring of 1843 went as exhibitioner of the Dresden Academy to Rome, where he became a member of the Academy of St. Luke, and spent almost the entire remainder of his life. His study of Italian nature had the greatest influence on his works, and at the same time the impression made upon him by modern French landscape painters increased his desire to obtain a soft fusion of colours.

paragraph: He died in Anticoli di Campagna, near Rome, in 1875. His pictures, which were exhibited together in 1876 in the National Gallery at Berlin, are with few exceptions in the hands of private persons; there are two in the Berlin Gallery — a 'Landscape, with the Hunting of Diana,' and 'An Autumn Morning in the Sabine Mountains.'

alias:
Franz-Dreber Dreber
Karl Heinrich Franz-Dreber
Heinrich Franz-Dreber
Karl Heinrich Dreber
Heinrich Danioth
H. Franz-Dreber
H. Dreber
h. f. dreber
k. franz-dreber
Heinrich Franz Dreber
franz dreber
Heinrich Dreber gen. Franz-Dreber
heinrich dreber
Heinrich Dreber-Franz
Franz Heinrich Dreber
gen. Franz-Dreber Heinrich Dreber
Franz Dreber
F. Dreber

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Heinrich Dreber

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Dreber


text: Egyptian

text: Egyptologist

text: Egypt

text: Sudan

text: University of Chicago

text: Pierre Montet

text: Tanis

text: Twenty-first

text: Twenty-second

text: Tutankhamun

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Avaris

text: Tell el-Dab'a

text: Egyptian Antiquities Service

text: German Archaeological Institute

text: Institut d'Égypte

text: Charles University

text: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

text: Legion of Honour

text: New York University

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,Egyptian Copts,1984 deaths,Egyptian Egyptologists,Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic,People from Mansoura,1906 births

paragraph: Labib Habachi

paragraph: Labib Habachi (لبيب حبشي) (April 18, 1906 – February 18, 1984) was an influential Egyptian Egyptologist.

paragraph: Dr Habachi spent 30 years in the Antiquities Department of the Egyptian Government, ending his career as Chief inspector. During this period he spent an enormous amount of time in numerous dig sites in Egypt and the Sudan. He left government work to accept a position at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago as an Archaeological Consultant to its Nubian Expedition.

paragraph: Section::::Tell el-Dab'a.

paragraph: Between 1929 and 1939, Pierre Montet excavated at Tanis, finding the royal necropolis of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Dynasties — the finds there almost equalled that of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. He believed that he found the location of Avaris, and this opinion was widely accepted at the time.

paragraph: Yet Habachi was not convinced. In 1941-42 he worked at Tell el-Dab'a for the Egyptian Antiquities Service and came to the conclusion that this was in fact Avaris.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Habachi (1977). "The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the Past". Scribner.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aswan : the town with a glorious past and a promising future / by Labib Habachi ; Henry Riad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Features of the deification of Ramesses II / [by] Labib Habachi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fī ṣaḥrāʼ al-ʻArab wa-al-adyirah al-sharqīyah / taʼlīf Labīb Ḥabashī, Zakī Tāwaḍrūs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KHATA'NA-QANTIR; IMPORTANCE

paragraph: BULLET::::- LABIB HABACHI MISCELLANEA; A COLLECTION OF ARTICLES ON EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES BY LABIB HABACHI

paragraph: BULLET::::- The sanctuary of Heqaib / by Labib Habachi, with contributions by Gerhard Haeny and Friedrich Junge ; photographs by Dieter Jo

paragraph: BULLET::::- The second Stela of Kamose and his struggle against the Hyksos ruler and his capital / [by] Labib Habachi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixteen studies on lower Nubia / by Labib Habachi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studies on the Middle Kingdom / Labib Habachi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tell Basta / by Labib Habachi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le tombeau de Naÿ à Gournet Marʻeï (no. 271) / Labib Habachi, Pierre Anus.

paragraph: Section::::Decorations and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Member of the German Archaeological Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Member of the Institut d'Égypte

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 the Egyptology Institute of Charles University in Prague

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 Honorary Member of the Société Française d'Egypte.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egyptian state award and a medal for the first class in the humanities and natural sciences,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 Order of Merit of the Legion of Honour (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Honorary doctorate from New York University

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Honorary President of the International Association of Coptic Studies

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jill Kamil, "Labib Habachi: The Life and legacy of an Egyptologist." American Univ in Cairo Press, 2007

description: Egyptian egyptologist

wikidata_label: Labib Habachi

wikipedia_title: Labib Habachi


text:
jazz
lyricist
singer
vocalese
Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
human voice
jazz
Johnny Long
Buddy Stewart
jazz
Ella Fitzgerald
Jon Hendricks
Annie Ross
David Lucas
RCA
D. A. Pennebaker
Connecticut Turnpike
D. A. Pennebaker
Merritt Parkway
Jet

categories: American jazz singers,American male singers,Jazz musicians from Massachusetts,1917 births,1966 deaths,20th-century American singers,Road incident deaths in Connecticut,Vocalese singers,20th-century male singers,People from Boston,Male jazz musicians

paragraph: Dave Lambert (American jazz vocalist)

paragraph: David Alden Lambert (June 19, 1917 – October 3, 1966) was an American jazz lyricist, singer, and an originator of vocalese. He was best known as a member of the trio Lambert, Hendricks & Ross. Lambert spent a lifetime experimenting with the human voice, and expanding the possibilities of its use within jazz.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lambert's band debut was with Johnny Long's Orchestra in the early 1940s. Along with early partner Buddy Stewart, Lambert successfully brought singing into modern jazz (concurrently with Ella Fitzgerald). In the late 1950s he teamed with wordsmith and vocalese pioneer Jon Hendricks. The two were later joined by Annie Ross, and the lineup was a hit.

paragraph: After Ross left the group in 1962, Lambert and Hendricks went on without her by using various replacements, but the partnership ended in 1964. He then formed a quintet called "Lambert & Co." which included the multiple voices of Mary Vonnie, Leslie Dorsey, David Lucas, and Sarah Boatner. The group auditioned for RCA in 1964, and the process was documented by filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker in a 15-minute documentary entitled "Audition at RCA", and the "Charlie Parker with Voices". It was one of the last images recorded of Lambert, as two years later he was killed in a highway incident.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Accounts of Lambert's death vary slightly in details. It is established that he was on the Connecticut Turnpike and that a flat tire was involved and that he was struck by a tractor-trailer truck driven by Floyd H. Demby in the early hours of October 3, 1966. The disabled vehicle was not fully off the roadway and its lights were turned off. In addition, an account on D. A. Pennebaker's website states that the accident was on the Merritt Parkway.

paragraph: Some accounts mention that Richard Hillman was killed in the same incident. Newspaper stories differ about whose vehicle was disabled. "Jet" magazine's account says it was a panel truck owned by Lambert. Jon Hendricks' telling of the story says that Lambert was a compulsive do-gooder and that he had stopped to assist another motorist. The newspaper follow-up stories say that Demby was not at fault and that Lambert and Hillman were in the roadway when they were struck.

description: American jazz singer

wikidata_label: Dave Lambert

wikipedia_title: Dave Lambert (American jazz vocalist)


text:
FRCS
orthopaedic surgeon
Royal College of Surgeons of England
British Orthopaedic Association
Thornham, Royton, Lancashire
tuberculous knee
Victoria University of Manchester
Manchester Royal Infirmary
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Ancoats Hospital
World War I
Royal Army Medical Corps
Lancashire County Council
University of Manchester
Knight Bachelor
baronet
Bradshaw Lecture
sarcoma
Robert Jones
Liverpool
John Charnley
Platt baronets
Harry Platt Papers
University of Manchester Library

categories: Presidents of the Royal Society of Medicine,Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons,People from Royton,1886 births,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Knights Bachelor,Academics of the University of Manchester,English centenarians,British orthopaedic surgeons,Alumni of the University of Manchester,1986 deaths

paragraph: Harry Platt

paragraph: Sir Harry Platt, 1st Baronet, FRCS (7 October 1886 – 20 December 1986) was an English orthopaedic surgeon, president of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1954–1957). He was a founder of the British Orthopaedic Association, of which he became president in 1934–1935.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Thornham, Royton, Lancashire, the son of Ernest Platt, a velvet cutter and later chairman of United Velvet Cutters, Ltd. Harry developed a tuberculous knee as a child and his early education was at home. He entered the Victoria University of Manchester to study medicine and qualified in 1909 from both Victoria and London Universities. After resident and registrar appointments he demonstrated anatomy at Manchester Royal Infirmary. His orthopaedic training was mainly at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in London, and in Boston, USA. On his return to England in 1914, he was appointed surgeon at Ancoats Hospital but on the outbreak of World War I he was appointed to be surgeon-in-charge of a military orthopaedic centre in Manchester as a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps.

paragraph: By 1932, his posts included being senior honorary surgeon and surgeon-in-charge of the orthopaedic service, Ancoats Hospital, as consulting orthopaedic surgeon for Lancashire County Council and in 1939 he advanced on his earlier status as a clinical lecturer in orthopaedic surgery at the University of Manchester when he was appointed professor. He became a Knight Bachelor in 1948.

paragraph: He was elected to the Council of the Royal College of surgeons in 1940, serving there for eighteen years, and was elected vice-president in 1949–1950 and president 1954–1957, being made a baronet on completing his term as president. He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture to the Royal College of surgeons in 1950 on the subject of bone sarcomas.

paragraph: In 1959 he produced the Platt Report, which encouraged hospitals to permit parents to visit and care for their children in hospital much more than had previously been allowed. This was the result of a three-year enquiry by a committee set up to investigate the welfare of children in hospital, as opposed to their medical needs. Before this time parental visiting was commonly limited to just a couple of hours a week.

paragraph: Platt had been much influenced by the work of Robert Jones in Liverpool and by his training in the US. He continued to be inspired by US methods for medical training and organisation. Among those whom he influenced in turn was John Charnley.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Platt baronets

paragraph: Section::::External resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Platt Papers at the University of Manchester Library

alias:
Harry Platt
Sir Harry Platt

description: British orthopaedic surgeon

wikidata_label: Sir Harry Platt, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Harry Platt


text:
House of Saud
poets in Saudi Arabia
Riyadh
Ibn Saud
Prince Saad
Prince Musaid
Madinah Province
King Saud
Free Princes Movement
Prince Talal
Prophet's Mosque
Saud bin Abdul Muhsin
Hail province
King Faisal Hospital
Order of the Defender of the Realm

categories: Saudi Arabian poets,Government ministers of Saudi Arabia,Governors of provinces in Saudi Arabia,20th-century poets,1985 deaths,Sons of Ibn Saud,1925 births

paragraph: Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud () (1925 – 10 May 1985) was the governor of Medina and member of House of Saud. He was one of the leading poets in Saudi Arabia, and a lover of literature, poetry and historical books.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Muhsin was born in Riyadh in 1925. He is the thirteenth son of Ibn Saud with his wife, Al Jawhara bint Saad Sudairi, member of the Al Sudairi family. His full brothers included Prince Saad and Prince Musaid.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Muhsin studied at the school of princes, and memorized the Quran and learned horsemanship, and then completed the history, politics, arts of war.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Abdul Muhsin was the a highly regarded former governor of Madinah Province between 1965 and 1984. He was interior minister in King Saud's cabinet in 1961. Prince Abdul Muhsin supported the Free Princes Movement, led by Prince Talal. He had a reputation as being relatively liberal. During his governorship, the television station opened and highways were built to help people to reach to the Prophet's Mosque.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Abdul Muhsin married eight times and had 12 children. His son, Saud bin Abdul Muhsin, was the governor of Hail province from 1999 till 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Abdul Muhsin died on 11 May 1985 in Riyadh's King Faisal Hospital, suffering from illness at the age of 60.

paragraph: Section::::Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Honour.:Foreign honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (1982)

description: Member of House of Saud

wikidata_label: Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
Turin
Kingdom of Sardinia
Turin
Kingdom of Italy
Italian
vedute
Accademia Albertina
Lorenzo Delleani
Antonio Fontanesi
Camille Corot
Davide Calandra
Leonardo Bistolfi
Giorgio Ceragioli
Enrico Thovez

categories: Italian landscape painters,Italian male painters,Accademia Albertina alumni,20th-century Italian painters,Piedmontese painters,1855 births,19th-century Italian painters,1928 deaths

paragraph: Enrico Reycend

paragraph: Enrico Reycend (Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia, November 3, 1855 – Turin, Kingdom of Italy, February 21, 1928) was an Italian painter, mainly of landscapes and vedute.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He attended the Accademia Albertina under Lorenzo Delleani and Antonio Fontanesi. He traveled to Paris a few times, and was influenced by the circle of Camille Corot. In 1877 at Naples, he exhibited: "In Piemonte"; in 1880 at Turin, "La quiete"; "Natura mesta"; in 1881 at Milan, he sent: "In Ottobre"; "Sul Canavese"; "Rive del Pò"; in 1883 at Milan, "Ritorno dal Pascolo"; "Lungo il Pò a Turin"; in 1883 to Rome, "Dintorni di Torino"; and finally in 1884 also to Rome, "Il Barchetta"; "Ultime foglie" and other landscapes painted al vero.

paragraph: In 1885, he sent to Milan and Venice: "In Ottobre"; "Greek temple nel Porto dì Genoa". In 1886 at Milan, he displayed: "Giornata triste"; "Studi dal vero"; "Notte d'autunno". At the 1887 Mostra of Venice he sent: "Pomeriggio"; "Studi dal vero"; "Fine d'agosto": "The Port of Genoa": in 1888 to Bologna: "Mattino tra i monti"; "Rain in the Port of Genoa"; "Scalo di Ferrovia a Turin"; "Settembre in montagna"; and "Sole velato"; and finally in 1889 to Florence, he sent: "Tra i monti".

paragraph: Reycend, along with Davide Calandra, Leonardo Bistolfi, Giorgio Ceragioli and Enrico Thovez founded in 1902 the journal, "L’arte decorativa moderna" .

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Enrico Reycend

wikipedia_title: Enrico Reycend