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categories: French Open champions,Simona Halep,Sportspeople from Constanța,Olympic tennis players of Romania,Romanian female tennis players,Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Romanian people of Aromanian descent,French Open junior champions,1991 births,World No. 1 tennis players,Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles,Living people

paragraph: Simona Halep

paragraph: Simona Halep (; born 27 September 1991) is a Romanian professional tennis player. She has been ranked world No. 1 in singles twice between 2017 and 2019. She reached the No. 1 ranking for the first time on 9 October 2017. On her second occasion, she held the ranking for 48 consecutive weeks. In total, she has been No. 1 for 64 weeks, which ranks tenth in the history of women's tennis. Halep was the year-end No. 1 in 2017 and 2018. She has won 19 WTA singles titles. Halep has also finished runner-up 17 times. Halep has won two Grand Slam singles titles: the 2018 French Open and the 2019 Wimbledon Championships.

paragraph: Halep first broke into the world's top 50 at the end of 2012, reached the top 20 in August 2013, and finally the top 10 in January 2014. She won her first six WTA titles in the same calendar year in 2013 (the first to do so since Steffi Graf in 1986), being named the WTA's Most Improved Player at its end, as well as being named ESPN Center Court's 2013 Most Improved Player. Halep won her first major tournament at the 2018 French Open and went on to win the Wimbledon Championships in 2019. She had previously reached the finals of the 2014 French Open, 2017 French Open, and 2018 Australian Open finals. She also reached the final of the 2014 WTA Finals, losing to Serena Williams in straight sets after having defeated her earlier in the tournament (which to that point was Serena's worst defeat in her career).

paragraph: Halep was the most clicked player on "WTATennis.com" for two consecutive years (2014–2015), when she was awarded the WTA Most Popular Player of the Year prize. After the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, Simona Halep became the active player with the most consecutive weeks within the top 10. Halep has also won WTA's Fan Favorite Singles Player in 2017 and 2018 and WTA's Player of the Year in 2018. In December 2018, Halep was named the most dominant tennis player of the year by ESPN and ranked ninth in "The Dominant 20" top of the most dominant 20 athletes in the world. She notched a 46–8 record. She was given the award of "Cetățean de onoare" ("Honorary Citizen") of the city of Bucharest in 2018. She is also a recipient of the Patriarchal Cross of Romania and the Order of the Star of Romania.

paragraph: Halep is the third Romanian female tennis player, after Virginia Ruzici and Irina Spîrlea, to have ever entered the top 10 WTA ranking (Magda Rurac was also ranked in the top 10 in unofficial world rankings in 1948 and 1949, before the existence of WTA rankings). She is also the first Romanian tennis player to win a Wimbledon singles title.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and background.

paragraph: Born in Constanța, Halep started playing tennis at the age of four, in emulation of her older brother. At age 6, she was practicing daily. At age 16, she relocated to Bucharest to further her tennis career. She named Justine Henin and Andrei Pavel as two of her idols when she was younger.

paragraph: Section::::Junior career.

paragraph: Halep is a former world No. 1 junior. She began playing on the ITF Junior Circuit in 2005 at the age of 13 and finished runner-up at the low-level Grade 4 Mamaia-Sen Junior ITF Tournament in Romania in her second career event. The following year, Halep won all four ITF singles events she entered, including the Mamaia-Sen tournament which was reclassified to mid-level Grade 3. She also represented Romania at the Junior Fed Cup that year alongside Irina-Camelia Begu and Andreea Mitu. The team finished in ninth place. Halep moved up to higher-level events in 2007 and won her first and only Grade 1 title at the Perin Memorial in Umag in April. She also made her junior Grand Slam debut that year, losing in the third round at the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open.

paragraph: Halep improved her junior Grand Slam performance in 2008, her last year on the junior tour. She entered just four events that year. In Australia, she finished runner-up to Arantxa Rus at Nottinghill and then lost to Australian Jessica Moore in the semifinals of the Australian Open. After focusing on professional tournaments, Halep returned to the junior circuit in May and won her first Grade A title at the Trofeo Bonfiglio without dropping a set. She then finished her junior career by winning her only junior Grand Slam title at the French Open. As the ninth seed, she defeated the fifth-seed Moore and the second-seed Rus en route to reaching the final without losing a set. Halep defeated compatriot Elena Bogdan in three sets in the final to become the second Romanian girl to win a junior Grand Slam singles title after Mariana Simionescu won the 1974 French Open. With the title, she also became the top-ranked junior in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2006–10: Top 100 debut.

paragraph: Halep turned pro in 2006 and started her professional career playing low-level $10K ITF Women's Circuit events in Romania in 2006 and 2007. She won both her first two ITF singles and doubles titles in back-to-back weeks in Bucharest in May 2007. After accomplishing this feat a third time the following year, Halep won her first $25K singles title in Sweden in June 2008. She began playing more higher-level events once she finished her junior career, reaching a $50K final in 2009 in Makarska. Halep also attempted to qualify for WTA events twice that year, losing in the second qualifying round at both the Open GDF Suez and the French Open. Towards the end of the season, she defeated No. 96 Angelique Kerber for her first top 100 victory and also reached the semifinals of a $50K event in Minsk to make her debut in the top 200 of the WTA rankings.

paragraph: Halep made her WTA main draw debut in April 2010, qualifying for three consecutive events. In her first WTA tournament, she reached the quarterfinals at the Andalucia Tennis Experience, defeating compatriot and world No. 36 Sorana Cîrstea before losing to No. 16 Flavia Pennetta. At her third event, Halep made her first career WTA final, finishing runner-up at the Morocco Open to Iveta Benešová. This success helped her rise from No. 166 at the beginning of April to No. 110 in the first set of rankings in May. Later that month, Halep made her Grand Slam debut at the 2010 French Open, losing her opening round match in straight sets to No. 7 Samantha Stosur after reaching the main draw through qualifying. After losing in qualifying at Wimbledon, Halep made her top 100 debut in July following a semifinal at the $100K Open GDF Suez de Biarritz. With her rise in the rankings, she was directly accepted into a Grand Slam main draw at the first time at the US Open, where she was drawn against No. 4 Jelena Janković, another top 10 opponent. Unlike at the French Open, Halep won the second set and had a chance to serve for the match at 5–4 in the third, but ultimately lost that game and the match, which lasted two hours and twenty minutes in severe heat. Halep's best result of the year after the US Open was a final at the $100K Torhout Ladies Open, which helped her finish the season with a year-end ranking of No. 81 in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2011–12: Steady ranking, top 50.

paragraph: Halep played almost exclusively WTA Tour events in 2011. She won her first career Grand Slam matches at the Australian Open, defeating Anne Kremer and No. 23 Alisa Kleybanova to reach the third round. During the clay court season, Halep defended her runner-up finish at the Morocco Open from the previous year, again losing in the final, this time to Alberta Brianti. Nonetheless, she struggle in the other clay court tournaments, only recording one more match win, which came in the opening round at the 2011 French Open. She also reached the second round at Wimbledon, losing in three sets to seventh-seed and defending champion Serena Williams. During the US Open Series, Halep qualified for the Rogers Cup and recorded her first top 20 victory against No. 15 Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round. At the US Open, Halep then recorded her first top 10 victory over No. 6 Li Na in her opening match, despite playing with an ankle sprain she suffered at the Rogers Cup. Despite a loss to Carla Suárez Navarro in the next round, this result put Halep in the top 50 for the first time. She finished the year at No. 47 in the world.

paragraph: Halep maintained a steady ranking throughout 2012, rising no higher than No. 37, falling no lower than No. 63, and finishing the year at No. 47 for the second consecutive year. She won just one Grand Slam singles match all year, which came at the US Open. She won more than two matches at an event just twice, the first at the Morocco Open where she made the semifinals in April and the second at the Brussels Open where she made the final in May. Although Halep defeated top seed Anabel Medina Garrigues in Morocco, she was upset by qualifier Kiki Bertens, who prevented her from reaching a third straight final at the event. The final in Brussels was Halep's first at the Premier level. She defeated No. 21 Jelena Jankovic and No. 16 Dominika Cibulková before losing to top seed and world No. 3 Agnieszka Radwańska.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2013: Breakthrough, six WTA titles, world No. 11.

paragraph: Halep had a slow start to the year, only winning multiple matches at a tournament once before May. Her first breakthrough came at the Italian Open, where she reached the semifinals as a qualifier. She defeated three top 20 players at the Premier 5 event, including No. 4 Agnieszka Radwańska, before losing to world No. 1 Serena Williams who was on a 23-match win streak. Halep continued to struggle at the Grand Slams, losing in the opening round at both the Australian Open and the French Open, while making the second round at Wimbledon. Nonetheless, she began to dominate the lower level tournaments, winning her first three WTA titles at the International level across June and July. Her first two titles came in back-to-back weeks at the Nuremberg Cup on clay over Andrea Petkovic and at the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships on grass over Kirsten Flipkens. After a third title at the Budapest Grand Prix, she climbed up to No. 23 in the world.

paragraph: Halep won her fourth title at the New Haven Open, defeating No. 8 Caroline Wozniacki and No. 9 Petra Kvitová in the semifinals and final respectively. This was her first title at the Premier level and put her in the top 20 for the first time. Halep continued her success at the US Open, where she was seeded at a Grand Slam event for the first time at No. 21. She made it to the fourth round, her best result at a Grand Slam event to date. Halep won a fifth title at the Premier-level Kremlin Cup, defeating Stosur in the final. At the end of the season, she qualified for the WTA Tournament of Champions, an event for the highest-ranked WTA title-holders who did not qualify for the WTA Finals. Halep won this event as well, defeating No. 16 Ana Ivanovic and No. 19 Stosur in the knockout rounds. With her sixth WTA title, she finished the year at No. 11 in the world and was named the WTA Most Improved Player of the Year. She was second on the tour in singles titles behind only Serena Williams who had 11. Halep attributed her improvement to developing a more positive mindset, saying, "What changed was that I allowed myself to be relaxed on the court by taking the pressure off. I told myself to enjoy it and play with pleasure."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2014: French Open final, world No. 2.

paragraph: Halep greatly improved her Grand Slam results in 2014. She reached her first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the Australian Open with a victory over No. 8 Jelena Janković, where she was upset by No. 20 Dominika Cibulková. With this result, Halep made her debut in the top 10 of the WTA rankings. The next month, Halep won her first Premier 5 title at the Qatar Open, defeating three top 10 opponents in the last three rounds, including No. 9 Angelique Kerber in the final. After a semifinal at the Indian Wells Open, she rose to No. 5 in the world, making her the highest-ranked Romanian in the history of the WTA rankings. During the clay court season, Halep reached the two biggest finals of her career to date. She finished runner-up to Maria Sharapova at both the Premier Mandatory Madrid Open and the French Open. She had not lost a set before the French Open final, making her the first woman to reach her maiden Grand Slam final without dropping a set since Martina Hingis at the 1997 Australian Open. Both finals went to three sets, and the French Open final lasted over three hours. With these two runner-ups, Halep moved up to No. 3.

paragraph: The next month, Halep came close to another Grand Slam final at Wimbledon, but was upset in the semifinals by No. 13 Eugenie Bouchard after suffering an ankle injury in the first set. Nonetheless, she recovered in time to play inaugural Bucharest Open in her home country of Romania a week later. She won the event for her second and last title of the year, defeating Roberta Vinci in the final. This helped her rise to No. 2 in the world in August. Although she was the second seed at the US Open, she was upset in straight sets by veteran qualifier Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. The next month, she withdrew from the Beijing Open in the quarterfinals due to a hip injury. She did not play another event until the WTA Tour Championships, where she qualified for the first time. Halep won two of three matches in her round robin group to advance to the knockout rounds, defeating No. 5 Eugenie Bouchard and No. 1 Serena Williams before losing her last match to No. 7 Ana Ivanovic. The victory over Williams was her first over a current world No. 1 and was also tied for the most lopsided loss of Williams' career at the time, as Halep held her to just two games. Halep won her semifinal against No. 6 Agnieszka Radwanska to set up a rematch with Williams in the final. In a complete reversal of the round robin match, Williams won the final easily, limiting Halep to just three games. Halep finished the year at No. 3 in the world, behind Williams and Sharapova.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2015: Premier Mandatory title, US Open semifinal.

paragraph: Halep had a strong start to 2015, reaching at least the quarterfinals in her first six events. After a title in her first event of the year at the Shenzhen Open, she lost in the quarterfinals at the Australian Open for the second straight year, this time to No. 11 Ekaterina Makarova. Nonetheless, Halep rebounded to win her next two events, the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Indian Wells Open. The former was her second Premier 5 title and tenth WTA title in total, while the latter was her first Premier Mandatory title and biggest title to date. She extended her win streak to 14 matches at the Miami Open where she lost in the semifinals to world No. 1 Serena Williams. Halep did not reach any finals during the clay court season, with her best results being two semifinals at the Women's Stuttgart Open and the Italian Open. She was two points away from advancing to the final in Rome, but could not break Carla Suárez Navarro at 5–4 in the third set and ended up losing. In the second round of the French Open, she was upset by Mirjana Lučić-Baroni for the second time in the last three majors. She performed even worse at Wimbledon, being upset by No. 106 Jana Čepelová while struggling with a blister on her foot.

paragraph: After Wimbledon, Halep took more than a month off before returning to tournament play for the North American hard court season. She rebounded from her results off the hard courts and finished runner-up at both Premier 5 events in August, the Canadian Open and the Cincinnati Open. Halep had won the second set of the final in Canada against Belinda Bencic, but ultimately needed to retire midway through the third set due to heat illness two and a half hours into the match. She recovered in time to play Cincinnati, but lost in the final to world No. 1 Serena Williams. Halep then produced her best Grand Slam result of the year, a semifinal at the US Open. She was upset at the event by the eventual champion No. 26 Flavia Pennetta. At the end of the season, Halep qualified for the WTA Finals and became the top seed at the event after Williams withdrew. Although she defeated Pennetta in her opening match, she lost her last two round robin matches to No. 4 Maria Sharapova and No. 6 Agnieszka Radwańska and did not advance out of the group. Nonetheless, she finished the season with a career-best year-end ranking of No. 2 in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2016: Premier Mandatory title on clay.

paragraph: Halep underperformed at the Grand Slam events in 2016. She also had a slow start to the year, highlighted by an opening round loss at the Australian Open to qualifier Zhang Shuai who had not won a Grand Slam match in 14 attempts. She dealt with both an achilles injury and infections in the first two months of the season, and delayed nose surgery so she could play in the Fed Cup. In March, Halep lost in the quarterfinals at both Premier Mandatory events, the Indian Wells Open and the Miami Open. Having reached at least the semifinals at both events the previous year, she fell out of the top 5 in the rankings for the first time in over a year and a half. During the clay court season, Halep won her second career Premier Mandatory title, defeating Dominika Cibulková in the final of the Madrid Open to return to the top 5. She did not continue this form into the French Open, losing to Samantha Stosur in the fourth round in a controversial match where play continued in rainy conditions. Halep fared better at Wimbledon, losing to eventual runner-up No. 4 Angelique Kerber in the quarterfinals.

paragraph: Halep followed up Wimbledon with back-to-back titles at the Bucharest Open and the Canadian Open, her last two titles of the year. She also made her first career WTA doubles final at the Canadian Open, finishing runner-up to Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina alongside compatriot Monica Niculescu. In singles, Halep was able to defeat Kerber in Canada in the semifinals, and won in the final against No. 12 Madison Keys. However, she lost to Kerber in the semifinals at her next event, the Cincinnati Open. At the US Open, Halep made another Grand Slam quarterfinal, losing to world No. 1 Serena Williams in a tight three-set match. Her best result of the last stage of the year was a semifinal at the Wuhan Open, where she lost to eventual champion Petra Kvitová. For the second straight year, Halep ended the season by failing to advance out of her round robin group at the WTA Finals. After a win against No. 7 Keys and a loss to No. 1 Kerber, Halep only needed to win a set against No. 8 Cibulková to advance, but lost in straight sets. She finished the season ranked No. 4 in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017: Another French Open final, world No. 1.

paragraph: For the second straight season, Halep had a slow start to the year. She once again lost in the opening round at the Australian Open to Shelby Rogers and did not win multiple matches at an event until the Miami Open in late March where she made the quarterfinals. During this time, she was having issues with her left knee. Halep rebounded during the clay court season, reaching at least the semifinals at all four events she entered. She defended her title at the Madrid Open to secure a Premier Mandatory title for the third consecutive year. She also made the final the following week at the Premier 5 Italian Open, but finished runner-up to No. 11 Elina Svitolina. At the French Open, she faced Svitolina again in the quarterfinals and fell behind a set and 5–1 before coming from behind to take the second set in a tiebreak and ultimately win the match. She also needed to save a match point in the second set tiebreak. Halep defeated world No. 3 Karolína Plíšková in the semifinals in three sets to make her second final at the French Open. Heavily favoured against unseeded Jeļena Ostapenko, Halep led the final by a set and a break before Ostapenko came from behind to win in three sets. With the runner-up, she moved back to No. 2 in the world. At Wimbledon, Halep lost in the quarterfinals to British No. 1 Johanna Konta, who had defeated her earlier in the year at Miami as well.

paragraph: Halep continued to produce strong results in the second half of the season. She made it to the semifinals at the Canadian Open, losing again to Svitolina. She fared better at the Cincinnati Open, finishing runner-up to Garbiñe Muguruza. However, at the US Open, Halep was given a difficult draw in the first round against former champion Maria Sharapova, who was unseeded because she was returning from a doping suspension. Sharapova defeated Halep in three sets, ending her streak of reaching the quarterfinals at 10 consecutive events. Nonetheless, Halep rebounded and reached another Premier 5 final at the China Open. She defeated Sharapova during the event, but finished runner-up to No. 15 Caroline Garcia. Despite the loss, Halep became the world No. 1 for the first time, taking the ranking from Muguruza. She is the first Romanian woman to hold the No. 1 ranking, and the seventh to do so without having first won a Grand Slam tournament. At the 2017 WTA Finals, Halep could not advance out of her round robin group for the third consecutive year. After a win against No. 8 Garcia and a loss to No. 6 Wozniacki, Halep needed to defeat No. 4 Svitolina to advance, but lost in straight sets. She finished the season as the world No. 1.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018: French Open champion, Australian Open runner-up.

paragraph: Halep kept the No. 1 ranking for nearly the entire year, only losing it for four weeks in February. She began the season by winning both the singles and doubles titles at the Shenzhen Open. This was her first WTA doubles title and came alongside compatriot Irina-Camelia Begu against the top-seeded team of Barbora Krejcikova and Katerina Siniakova. She also defeated Siniakova in the singles final.

paragraph: Having not won a match at the Australian Open in three years, Halep made it all the way to her third Grand Slam final. During the event, she played two of the ten best matches of the year according to "Tennis.com". In the third round, Halep defeated Lauren Davis in a three hour and forty-five minute match that ended 15–13 in the third set. She needed to save three match points on her serve at 11–12. Halep and Davis tied the Australian Open record for most games played in the women's singles main draw match with 48. It was also the third longest women's singles match in Australian Open history. The match was ranked as the third-best women's match of the year and seventh-best overall. In the semifinals, Halep defeated No. 16 Angelique Kerber in a two hour and twenty minute match that ended 9–7 in the third set. After being broken while having a chance to serve the match at 5–3 in the final set, Halep had two break points for the match on Kerber's serve but could not convert. Kerber then broke Halep for a second consecutive service game and had two match points on her own serve, before Halep broke back to level the set at six games each. Halep would break Kerber two service games later on her second match point of the game. The match was ranked as the best women's match of the year and third best overall. Halep faced No. 2 Caroline Wozniacki in the final and lost in another tight three-set match, also losing the No. 1 ranking to Wozniacki. Halep reached two more hard court semifinals in the next two months at the Qatar Open and the Indian Wells Open. She regained the No. 1 ranking in late February.

paragraph: Halep did not win any titles on clay in the lead-up to the French Open, with her best result being a runner-up finish at the Italian Open to Elina Svitolina in a rematch of the previous year's final. Karolina Plíšková ended Halep's 15-match win steak at the Madrid Open in the quarterfinals. At the French Open, Halep made her second Grand Slam final in a row and second consecutive French Open final, defeating No. 12 Angelique Kerber and No. 3 Garbiñe Muguruza in the quarterfinals and semifinals. She then came from a set and a break down against No. 10 Sloane Stephens to win her first career Grand Slam title. The only grass court event Halep played was Wimbledon, where she was upset by world No. 48 Hsieh Su-wei despite having a match point.

paragraph: Halep continued her success on hard courts after Wimbledon, reaching the final at both the Canadian Open and the Cincinnati Open. She won the Canadian Open against Stephens in three sets in a rematch of the French Open final. The match was ranked as the second-best women's match of the year and the fifth-best overall. Together with her two Australian Open classics, Halep won the three best women's matches of the year according to "Tennis.com". She nearly won back-to-back Premier 5 titles the following week, but finished runner-up to No. 17 Kiki Bertens despite having a match point in the second-set tiebreak. However, Halep would end up losing her last three matches of the year, including her opening match at the US Open against No. 44 Kaia Kanepi. She ended her season in late September after dealing with an achilles injury and then a back injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2019: Wimbledon champion.

paragraph: Halep recovered from her back injury in time for the start of the 2019 season. She lost her first match back at the Sydney International to the eventual champion Ashleigh Barty. She received a difficult draw at the Australian Open and lost in the fourth round to Serena Williams, who had finished runner-up at the previous two Grand Slam events. With this result, she also lost the No. 1 ranking. Halep finished runner-up to Elise Mertens at her next event, the Qatar Open. She made another hard court semifinal at the Miami Open. Halep's best result on clay was another final at the Madrid Open, where she lost to Kiki Bertens. For the first time in three years, she didn't make it to the final at the French Open, losing in the quarterfinals to Amanda Anisimova. As a result, Halep fell to No. 8 in the rankings.

paragraph: Halep played in one grass court tune-up, losing in the quarterfinals of the Eastbourne International to Angelique Kerber. At Wimbledon, Halep made it to the final as the seventh seed, only dropping one set in the second round against compatriot Mihaela Buzărnescu. She did not face a ranked opponent until she defeated No. 8 Elina Svitolina in the semifinals. Halep entered the final against Serena Williams as an underdog, having won just one match against her in ten meetings. Nonetheless, she won the championship easily in under an hour, losing just two games in each set. She became the first Romanian to win a Wimbledon singles title and rose back to world No. 4.

paragraph: Section::::National representation.

paragraph: Section::::National representation.:Fed Cup.:2010–14: Five years in Europe/Africa Zone Group I.

paragraph: Halep made her debut for the Romania Fed Cup team in 2010 when they were in the third-tier Europe/Africa Zone Group I. They needed to win all three of the ties in their round robin pool to have a chance to get promoted to the next tier. From 2010 through 2012, they only won two out of three ties, and in 2013, they only won one tie. Halep played on the team in 2010, 2012, and 2014 when they were in this group. She won all three of her singles matches in 2010 and 2012, but lost a decisive doubles match in both ties Romania lost. Halep had partnered with Raluca Olaru in their loss against Switzerland in 2010, and Irina-Camelia Begu in their loss against Poland in 2012. In 2014, Romania swept their group of Hungary, Great Britain, and Latvia. They won in spite of Halep's first Fed Cup singles loss to Tímea Babos against Hungary. They then won a playoff against Ukraine, with Halep and Sorana Cirstea winning the two singles rubbers, to advance to the World Group II Play-offs. In the Play-offs, Romania defeated Serbia by a score of 4–1 to get promoted to World Group II in 2015. Halep and Cîrstea each played two singles rubbers, with Halep suffering the only loss against Ana Ivanovic.

paragraph: Section::::National representation.:Fed Cup.:2015–18: Promotions to World Group II and World Group.

paragraph: With the promotion, Romania faced Spain in the 2015 World Group II. Halep and Begu both defeated Sílvia Soler Espinosa, while both losing to Garbiñe Muguruza. Begu and Monica Niculescu then won the decisive doubles rubber to win the tie for Romania. Although Halep decided to skip the World Group Play-off tie to rest and Begu also unavailable due to injury, Romania defeated Canada by a score of 3–2 to advance to the top-tier World Group in 2016. Halep postponed having nose surgery to make her Fed Cup World Group debut in the first round against the defending champion Czech Republic team at home in Cluj. Halep lost the first match of the tie to Karolína Plíšková, despite taking the first set. Niculescu then defeated Petra Kvitová to level the tie. On the second day, Halep also defeated Kvitová. After Niculescu lost to Plíšková, the Czech team of Plíšková and Barbora Strýcová defeated Niculescu and Olaru in the decisive doubles rubber to win the tie. Romania's next tie came against Germany in the World Group Play-offs. Germany won three of the four singles rubbers, with Halep losing her second singles match to Angelique Kerber, to relegate Romania back to World Group II for 2017.

paragraph: Halep missed Romania's first Fed Cup tie in 2017 due to injury. Romania lost the tie to Belgium, sending them to the World Group II Play-offs where they played a tie against Great Britain to avoid relegation. Halep was instrumental in Romania winning the tie 3–2 to keep them in World Group II for 2018. She won both of her singles matches against Heather Watson and Johanna Konta to give Romania 2–1 lead. Begu then clinched the tie with a win over Watson in the last singles rubber. Although Halep missed the 2018 World Group II tie due to injury, Romania won the tie against Canada to advance back to the World Group Play-offs. Facing Switzerland, Romania took the first three singles rubbers, with Halep winning two and Begu winning the other, to secure the tie and get promoted back to the top-tier World Group for 2019.

paragraph: Section::::National representation.:Fed Cup.:2019: World Group semifinal.

paragraph: Romania reached the semifinals of the World Group in 2019 for the first time since 1973, their best ever result. Like their last appearance in the World Group three years earlier, they were drawn against the defending champion Czech Republic team, who hosted the tie unlike in 2016. Halep and Mihaela Buzărnescu played the singles ties against Karolína Plíšková and Kateřina Siniaková. Halep won both of her rubbers, while Buzărnescu lost both of hers. In the decisive doubles rubber, Begu and Niculescu defeated Siniaková and Barbora Krejčíková to win the tie and put Romania in the semifinals. Romania faced France in the semifinals away from home. The tie began similarly to the first round, with Halep winning her two singles matches and Buzărnescu losing her first. Begu was chosen for the last singles rubber, but lost in three sets. Halep and Niculescu played the decisive doubles rubber against Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic. After winning the first set, the Romanians lost the match in three sets in nearly three hours to clinch the tie for France.

paragraph: Section::::National representation.:Olympics.

paragraph: Halep has represented Romania at the 2012 Olympics in London. With a ranking of No. 50 in the world, she lost her opening round match to No. 47 Yaroslava Shvedova of Kazakhstan in straight sets. She skipped the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro due to concerns over the Zika virus.

paragraph: Section::::Playing style.

paragraph: Halep has described her playing style as being "an aggressive baseliner" and said that she models her game on Justine Henin. Henin said of Halep: "She has an intelligent game. There is a little something that reminds me of myself... it is offensive and aggressive."

paragraph: In 2010, before her breakthrough, "New York Times" columnist Michael Kimmelman described Halep as "a scrappy player from Romania, short but with potent ground strokes and a scrambler's talent."

paragraph: In 2014, Louisa Thomas of Grantland wrote that "it turns out that [Simona] is astonishingly fast. She started to think ahead during points [...] she has uncanny anticipation. She became even faster [...] her strokes became more simple: compact, beautiful, unreadable. [...] she learned to disrupt the opposition's rhythm and disguise her own. At her best, she does not play in patterns. She hits with surprising power. She covers the whole court. She hits balls with heavy power without making a sound. [...] Like Djokovic she has a talent for hitting winners from defensive positions. She is a defensive aggressor, an aggressive defender. She is becoming unclassifiable." After Halep finished runner-up in her first Grand Slam final against Maria Sharapova in Roland Garros in 2014, Eleanor Crooks of "The Independent" wrote that Halep "has a lovely fluidity of movement and superb balance that enables her to comfortably trade with more powerful players." Michael Beattie of Wimbledon.org also said that she "is free of the shrieks, tics and fist-pumps of her contemporaries."

paragraph: In terms of tennis strategy, Halep is an aggressive counterpuncher. Her athleticism provides her with good all-court movement, and she tends to make few errors; she also uses this agility to reach the ball earlier because of her wide back swings and sliding. At the same time, she likes to control the rally and can hit cross-court and down-the-line flat shots, often producing winners.

paragraph: Section::::Coaches.

paragraph: Halep was coached from an early age by Ioan Stan, a local tennis coach in Constanța. She has also previously been coached by Adrian Marcu, Andrei Mlendea and Firicel Tomai.

paragraph: In January 2014, Halep hired Belgian coach Wim Fissette, former coach of Kim Clijsters and Sabine Lisicki. At the end of the year, she chose to split with him and hired Romanian coach Victor Ioniță, with Thomas Högstedt serving as a coaching consultant for the first three tournaments of the year. In November 2015, Halep announced that Darren Cahill would be her full-time coach, starting in January 2016. At the end of 2018, Cahill announced he would take 2019 off from coaching, and Halep hired Thierry Van Cleemput as her new coach in February 2019. This arrangement lasted a matter of weeks before she hired Daniel Dobre as her coach, a Romanian coach with whom she had worked before.

paragraph: Halep is managed by Virginia Ruzici. Her fitness coach is Teo Cercel.

paragraph: Section::::Endorsements.

paragraph: Halep's clothing sponsor has been Nike since February 2018. She signed a $1.7 million a few weeks after competing at the 2018 Australian Open without a sponsor and finishing as the runner-up. Halep did not have a sponsor because her deal with Adidas, which began in May 2014, ended at the start of the year. She had also previously been sponsored by Lacoste. Halep uses Wilson rackets, specifically the Blade 98 model.

paragraph: Halep is sponsored by a variety of Romanian brands. She had a three-year deal with Vodafone Romania that began in November 2014. She appeared in commercials for Vodafone with her mother as part of their "Românii au iniţiativă" (Romanians have initiative) campaign. She also has appeared in Romanian commercials for Rexona, an international antiperspirant company. Halep endorses Dorna, a brand of water produced by Coca-Cola, and has also participated in their "Grija pentru copii" (Care for children) campaign to provide care for babies born prematurely. Halep is also sponsored by Dedeman, a Romanian home improvement chain. She has been a brand ambassador for the Mercedes-Benz Romania automobile manufacturing company since 2017, and internationally for Hublot watches since 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Simona Halep was born in Constanța to Stere and Tania Halep, a family of Aromanian descent. Her father, a former football player at Săgeata Stejaru playing in the lower leagues, owns a dairy products factory. She has an older brother, Nicolae. Halep spoke of her lifelong love of football in an interview with FIFA. She revealed she grew up idolising Gheorghe Hagi, is a passionate follower of the Romania national team, and admires Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo.

paragraph: In 2009 Halep underwent a breast reduction surgery to increase physical comfort during play and exercise. She has later commented that this was her biggest single sacrifice for tennis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of French Open champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Grand Slam women's singles champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Grand Slam girls' singles champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Romanians

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: Romanian tennis player

wikidata_label: Simona Halep

wikipedia_title: Simona Halep


text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: knight of the shire

text: Huntingdonshire

text: Bedfordshire

text: Speaker of the House

categories: 14th-century births,Speakers of the House of Commons of England,Year of birth missing,Year of death uncertain,1450s deaths,High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire,Members of Lincoln's Inn,Barons of the Exchequer

paragraph: Roger Hunt (speaker)

paragraph: Roger Hunt (died c. 1455) was an English MP and Speaker of the House of Commons.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was of obscure origins, but acquired the manor of Molesworth in Huntingdonshire and acquired a circle of influential friends such as Sir John Tiptoft and John Mowbray, the future Duke of Norfolk.

paragraph: About 1402, he leased a London house, perhaps while training as a lawyer at Lincoln's Inn, and became royal attorney for the common pleas, under Tiptoft's patronage, from 1408 to 1410.

paragraph: In 1407, he was returned as knight of the shire for Huntingdonshire, the first of eighteen times he was elected to parliament, being returned on every occasion except one (December 1421) between then and 1433.

paragraph: On three occasions (1414, 1416, and 1420) he chose to represent Bedfordshire, where he had interests at Chawston, instead of Huntingdonshire.

paragraph: He was elected Speaker of the House in 1420 and again in 1433.

paragraph: Following his parliamentary career he was appointed High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1433 and 1434.

paragraph: He was appointed second baron of the exchequer in 1439 until 1447.

paragraph: He died about 1455.

paragraph: He had married Margery, whose surname was probably Bullock; they had a son, Roger, who succeeded to his father's estates in July 1456.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Roger Hunt

wikipedia_title: Roger Hunt (speaker)


text:
colonel
Paraguayan War
Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay
Mato Grosso Campaign
Rio de Janeiro
Jardim
Order of Christ
Order of the Rose
Order of Aviz

categories: 1821 births,1867 deaths,Recipients of the Order of the Rose,Brazilian military personnel,19th-century Brazilian military personnel

paragraph: Carlos de Morais Camisão

paragraph: Carlos de Morais Camisão (8 May 1821 – 29 May 1867) was a Brazilian colonel of the Paraguayan War. He was one of the leaders of Laguna, with Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay. He took command of the Brazilian force counter-attacking the Paraguayan invasion during the Mato Grosso Campaign, but died of cholera during the retreat.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Rio de Janeiro and died in Jardim.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was a "Cavaleiro da Ordem de Cristo" (Knight of the Order of Christ), since 21 January 1849.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was a "Cavaleiro Imperial da Ordem da Rosa" (Emperor Knight of the Order of the Rose), since 16 March 1849.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was a "Cavaleiro da Ordem de São Bento de Avis" (Knight of the Order of Aviz), since 10 July 1860.

description: Brazilian Army officer

wikidata_label: Carlos de Morais Camisão

wikipedia_title: Carlos de Morais Camisão


text:
Bishop
Chaldean Catholic Church
Mardin
Rabban Hormizd
Alqosh
Aqra
Joseph VI Audo
Thrissur
Joseph VI Audo
Thomas Christians
Syro-Malabar
Patriarchate of Babylon
catholicate
Seleucia-Ctesiphon
Chaldean Syrian Church
Thomas Darmo
Ancient Church of the East
Mosul

categories: Chaldean bishops,1831 births,Iraqi Eastern Catholics

paragraph: Elias Mellus

paragraph: Mar Yohannan Elias Mellus (or "Milos", "Milus") (1831–1908) was a Bishop of the Chaldean Catholic Church.

paragraph: Elias Mellus was born on September 19, 1831 in Mardin. He entered in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd in Alqosh. On September 21, 1856 he was ordained priest and on June 5, 1864 he was ordained bishop Aqra by Patriarch Joseph VI Audo.

paragraph: He worked from 1874 to 1882 in the Indian city of Thrissur. On behalf of the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch Joseph VI Audo, he looked in vain for the reunification of the Catholic faction of Thomas Christians called Syro-Malabar with their sister church, namely the "Patriarchate of Babylon" as the Catholic successor to the ancient catholicate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon.

paragraph: The experiment resulted in a schism: some of the followers of Mellus left the Chaldean Catholic Church and joined the Chaldean Syrian Church in 1894/1909. This group gained more than regional significance. In 1968 their Metropolitan, Mar Thomas Darmo, opposed Assyrian Patriarch Mar [Shimun XXI Eshai]] and formed Ancient Church of the East.

paragraph: In 1882 Mar Elias Mellus was suspended by his office of bishop and returned to Mosul. After some hesitation he fully reentered in the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1890 and was appointed bishop of Mardin, where he died on February 16, 1908. He wrote a "History of Oriental Chaldean Church" (from the early to mid-6th century).

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugène Tisserant: "Eastern Christianity in India". Longmans, Green and Co., London 1957, 112-119.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georg Graf: "History of Christian Arabic literature". 4th Bd Apost Bibl. Vaticana, Città del Vaticano 1951, 112f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Habbi: "Les Chaldéens et les Malabar au 19e siècle."In: Oriens Christianus 64 (1980) 82-107.

description: Chaldean Catholic Metropolitan of Mardin

wikidata_label: Elias Mellus

wikipedia_title: Elias Mellus


text:
Roman
senator
suffect consul
nundinium
legatus
proconsul
Asia
Cappadocia
Galatia
curator
Ferentinum
patron
Pliny the Younger
Lucius Pomponius Bassus

wikipedia_title:
Roman Empire
Roman Senate
Roman consul
Nundinium
Legatus
Proconsul
Asia (Roman province)
Cappadocia (Roman province)
Galatia (Roman province)
Curator
Ferentino
Patronage in ancient Rome
Pliny the Younger
Pomponia (gens)

categories: 1st-century Romans,Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome,2nd-century Romans,Roman governors of Cappadocia

paragraph: Titus Pomponius Bassus

paragraph: Titus Pomponius Bassus was a Roman senator who held a number of imperial appointments. He was suffect consul in the "nundinium" of September-December 94 as the colleague of Lucius Silius Decianus.

paragraph: He enters history as the "legatus" or assistant of the proconsular governor of Asia Marcus Ulpius Traianus in 79/80. Although being a proconsular legate was a posting which could result in a number of influential contacts, fifteen years passed until Bassus acceded to the consulate.

paragraph: Around the year 94, either after he stepped down from the consulate, or while holding that magistracy "in absentia", Bassus began his term as governor of Cappadocia-Galatia; where most terms as governor are about three years, his was prolonged for six years, standing down in the year 100. Upon returning to Rome, he was appointed curator of the alimenta in Central Italy, and was elected by the council of Ferentinum to be patron of that city.

paragraph: His last mention in history is as an addressee of Pliny the Younger. Pliny wrote Bassus a letter congratulating his retirement from the Senate, looking forward to a life of leisure and self-education after a career holding "highly distinguished magistracies" and having "commanded armies". This letter probably dates from the year 104 or 105.

paragraph: It is likely that Lucius Pomponius Bassus, suffect consul in 118, is his son.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Titus Pomponius Bassus

wikipedia_title: Titus Pomponius Bassus


text:
Armenian
Byzantium
Sicily
Cyril Toumanoff
Gnuni
Pope Gregory II
Leo III the Isaurian
komes
Opsikion
Syriac
Michael the Syrian
Chronicle of 1234
patrikios
Constans II
Italian
Sicilian
Syracuse, Sicily
heretic
Monothelitism
Theophanes the Confessor
Constantine IV
Liber pontificalis
Exarchate of Africa
Constantinople

wikipedia_title:
Armenians
Byzantine Empire
Sicily
Cyril Toumanoff
Gnuni
Pope Gregory II
Leo III the Isaurian
Comes
Opsikion
Syriac language
Michael the Syrian
Chronicle of 1234
Patrician (ancient Rome)
Constans II
Italian Peninsula
Sicily
Syracuse, Sicily
Heresy
Monothelitism
Theophanes the Confessor
Constantine IV
Liber Pontificalis
Exarchate of Africa
Constantinople

categories: 7th-century Armenian people,Byzantine Sicily,Byzantine usurpers,Armenian Byzantine emperors,7th-century Byzantine people,7th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire,669 deaths,Byzantine generals

paragraph: Mizizios

paragraph: Mizizios (; , "Mžēž" or "Mzhezh") was an Armenian noble who served as a general of Byzantium, later usurping the Byzantine throne in Sicily from 668 to 669.

paragraph: Section::::Origin and early career.

paragraph: According to the Byzantine chroniclers, Mizizios was an Armenian, and "exceedingly handsome and beautiful". According to Cyril Toumanoff, he descended from the princely Gnuni family. In a letter supposedly written by Pope Gregory II to the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (r. 717–741 A.D), he is referred to as "komes" of the Opsikion ()—at that time not yet a province, but rather the emperor's personal military retinue and field army. The 12th-century Syriac chronicle of Michael the Syrian, and the so-called "Chronicle of 1234", also accord him the rank of "patrikios".

paragraph: Section::::Usurpation and death.

paragraph: Mizizios accompanied Emperor Constans II (r. 641–668 A.D) in his Italian and Sicilian expedition. When Constans was murdered in Syracuse, Sicily, in 668 A.D, Mizizios was proclaimed emperor against his will. However, according to the supposed letter of Pope Gregory II, the Sicilian bishops had pushed him to rebellion, because Constans had been a heretic for his support of Monothelitism. Michael the Syrian implies that the rebellion lasted about seven months before it was suppressed, but the sources, and modern scholars, are divided in how that came about: Theophanes the Confessor reports that Constans' son, Constantine IV (r. 668–685 A.D), personally led an expedition to Sicily, where he had Mizizios and his father's murderers executed, while the "Liber pontificalis" reports that loyalist troops from Italy and the Exarchate of Africa suppressed the revolt, executed Mizizios, and sent his severed head to Constantinople.

paragraph: Mizizios had one son, John, who remained on Sicily after his father's execution. According to Michael the Syrian, in ca. 678 A.D, he too rebelled against Constantine IV, and also lasted for seven months before the emperor arrived in Sicily and defeated and killed him.

description: Byzantine general and usurper

wikidata_label: Mezezius

wikipedia_title: Mizizios


text:
fl.
Patras
Theophanes
Peloponnese
Constantinople
Leo VI the Wise
Southern Italy

wikipedia_title:
Floruit
Patras
Theophanes the Confessor
Peloponnese
Constantinople
Leo VI the Wise
Southern Italy

categories: Women of medieval Greece,9th-century Byzantine people,9th-century businesspeople,People from Patras,Byzantine businesspeople,9th-century Byzantine women,Medieval Peloponnese

paragraph: Danielis

paragraph: Danielis (, "Daniēlís", fl. 9th century AD) was a widowed Byzantine noblewoman from Patras. According to the written tradition (continuing in the tradition of Theophanes) she was an extremely wealthy landowner, owning a significant part of the Peloponnese, as well as a flourishing carpet and textile industry. However, Ilias Anagnostakis has argued that the narrative about Danielis is not merely exaggerated but largely fictional. Her relationship with Basil I was

paragraph: modeled on that between King Solomon and the queen of Sheba on the one hand and Alexander the Great’s visit to Kandake (as related in the Alexander Romance) on the other. The invention was meant, along with the other miraculous tales told about Basil in that text, to base his legitimacy and heroic stature in the realm of romantic

paragraph: fable and Scriptural parallel (he was also said to be descended from Alexander and sought to rival Solomon as a builder).

paragraph: Her estate, which she eventually bequeathed to the Emperor Leo VI, an estate ‘exceeding any private fortune and barely inferior to that of a ruler’, included 80 domains and over 3000 slaves whom the emperor sent as colonists to southern Italy.

paragraph: Danielis became acquainted with the future emperor Basil I the Macedonian during a visit he made in Patras when he was still an attendant of an imperial delegate. For some reason or other, Danielis offered Basil lavish gifts and land property which proved useful in his subsequent ascent to the imperial throne. She also travelled to Constantinople with a large retinue, in order to visit Basil after he became emperor, in what the chronicles describe as an extravagant journey. Her loyalty to the throne was rewarded with the title of King's Mother ("Basileomētōr"). She outlived Basil I and named Basil's son Leo VI the Wise as her heir. Leo released 3,000 of her slaves and sent them to settle in Southern Italy.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia. "The Byzantine Empire".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foundation of the Hellenic World. "Middle Byzantine Period: large-scale property".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runciman, Steven (1966). Byzantine Civilisation, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd..

description: Byzantine noble

wikidata_label: Danielis

wikipedia_title: Danielis


text: Swedish

text: officer

text: geographer

text: German

text: Russia

text: Ural mountains

text: Stralsund

text: Great Northern War

text: Battle of Poltava

text: prisoner of war

text: Tobolsk

text: geography

text: Siberia

text: anthropology

text: native tribes

text: Stockholm

text: English

text: French

text: Spanish

text: Johan Anton von Matérn

text: continent

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Urals

text: Volga river

text: Don river

text: Vasily Tatischev

text: Boundaries between continents

text: Tatars

text: Yakuts

text: Chuvash

text: Crimean Tatars

text: Uzbeks

text: Bashkirs

text: Kyrgyz

text: Turkmen Tatars

text: Mongols

text: mushroom

text: Amanita muscaria

text: (15766) Strahlenberg

text: Johan Gustaf Renat

categories: 1747 deaths,People from Swedish Pomerania,Prisoners of war held by Russia,People from Stralsund,Swedish cartographers,Swedish prisoners of war,1676 births,Imperial Russian explorers,18th-century cartographers,Swedish military personnel of the Great Northern War,Caroleans,Battle of Poltava,Turkologists,Imperial Russian cartographers

paragraph: Philip Johan von Strahlenberg

paragraph: Philip Johan von Strahlenberg (1676–1747) was a Swedish officer and geographer of German origin who made important contributions to the cartography of Russia. he was the first geographer, who came up with the "Ural border" idea, which determined the Ural mountains and river as the eastern borders of the European continent. Then later he fixed it with the approval of Russian Tzar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Strahlenberg was born in Stralsund, which then belonged to Sweden, and his original name was Philip Johan Tabbert. He joined the Swedish army in 1694 and was promoted captain in 1703. In 1707, he was ennobled and took the name von Strahlenberg.

paragraph: Taking part in the Great Northern War, he was captured by the victorious Russian forces during the Battle of Poltava in 1709. As a prisoner of war, he was sent to Tobolsk, where he lived from 1711 to 1721. During this time, he studied the geography of Siberia and the anthropology, languages and customs of its native tribes. After returning to Stockholm in 1730, he published his book "Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia" ("North and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia") with the results of his studies. The book was well received and soon translated into English, French and Spanish.

paragraph: As part of his book, Strahlenberg and Johan Anton von Matérn drew new maps of all of Russia - a formidable task in itself. He also suggested a new border between the continents of Europe and Asia in Russian territory. This border follows the peaks of the Urals, then branches off westwards along a minor mountain range, follows the hilly west bank of Volga river downstream to the 49th degree of latitude and Don river thereon to the Black Sea. Vasily Tatischev claimed that it was at his suggestion that Strahlenberg adopted the idea. See Boundaries between continents for the current political and geographical debates about the Europe-Asia border.

paragraph: Strahlenberg's book also extensively deals with the languages and customs of the Tatars, Yakuts, Chuvash, Crimean Tatars, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz, Turkmen Tatars and Mongols. He also compiled and published a Kalmyk-German dictionary, subsequently issued with French and English translations. In writing about the shamanic rituals of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, he noted their use of the fly agaric mushroom ("Amanita muscaria").

paragraph: In his later years, Strahlenberg wrote an extensive two-volume treatise on the history of Russia, which was published in French translation as "Description Historique de l'Empire Russien" ("Historical Description of the Russian Empire") in 1757.

paragraph: The asteroid (15766) Strahlenberg is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia", 1730 (English translation reprinted in 1970 under the title "Russia, Siberia, and Great Tartary")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Description Historique de l'Empire Russien", 1757

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johan Gustaf Renat

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strahlenberg's description of shamanic rituals [only two small references, this link is misleading]

description: Swedish officer and geographer

wikidata_label: Philip Johan von Strahlenberg

wikipedia_title: Philip Johan von Strahlenberg


text: Islington

text: London College of Printing

text: Hornsey College of Art

text: Reading University

text: DAAD

text: Architectural Association

text: Tony Cragg

text: Richard Long

text: Bow Gamelan Ensemble

text: Anne Bean

text: Paul Burwell

text: Matt's Gallery

text: Saatchi Gallery

text: installation art

text: Tyne Bridge

text: Newcastle-upon-Tyne

text: Millennium Dome

text: A Slice of Reality

text: Liverpool Biennial

text: London School of Economics

text: The Italian Job

text: De La Warr Pavilion

text: Bexhill-on-Sea

text: Slipstream

text: Terminal 2 building

text: Heathrow airport

text: University of East London

text: Biography at British Council

text: Richard Wilson Turner Prize 1988

text: Richard Wilson artist page Tate website

text: Interview with Wilson from 1998

text: "Turning the Place Over"

text: "Slice of Reality"

categories: English gamelan musicians,People from Islington (district),English male sculptors,English installation artists,English sculptors,English contemporary artists,1953 births,Living people

paragraph: Richard Wilson (sculptor)

paragraph: Richard Wilson (born 24 May 1953) is an English sculptor, installation artist and musician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Islington, London, Wilson studied at the London College of Printing, Hornsey College of Art and Reading University. He was the DAAD resident in Berlin in 1992, Maeda Visiting Artist at the Architectural Association in 1998 and nominated for the Turner Prize in both 1988 (when Tony Cragg won) and 1989 (when Richard Long won).

paragraph: Wilson's first solo show was "11 Pieces", at the Coracle Press Gallery in London in 1976. Since then he has had at least 50 solo exhibitions around the world.

paragraph: He formed the Bow Gamelan Ensemble in 1983 with Anne Bean and Paul Burwell.

paragraph: Wilson's work is characterised by architectural concerns with volume, illusionary spaces and auditory perception. His most famous work "20:50", a room of specific proportions, part-filled with highly reflective used sump oil creating an illusion of the room turned upside down was first exhibited at Matt's Gallery, London in 1987, became one of the signature pieces of the Saatchi Gallery. It is considered to be a defining work in the genre of site-specific installation art. The same year the temporary (May–June) installation "One Piece at a Time" filled the south tower of the Tyne Bridge at Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

paragraph: In the 1990s and 21st century, Wilson continued to work on a large scale to fulfil his ambitions to "tweak or undo or change the interiors of space... in that way unsettle or break peoples preconceptions of space, what they think space might be", including an installation near London's Millennium Dome called "A Slice of Reality" in 2000. It consisted of a portion (15%) of a ship being sliced off from the rest and mounted on the river bed. In 2007, Wilson installed "Turning the Place Over" in a building in Liverpool's city centre. Described by Liverpool Biennial organisers as his "most radical intervention into architecture to date", Wilson cut an 8-metre diameter disc from the walls and windows of the building, and attached it to a motor which literally turned this section of the building inside out, in a cycle lasting just over two minutes. It was switched off in 2011. In 2009, Wilson's architectural intervention, "Square the Block", was installed on the northwest exterior of LSE's New Academic Building at the corner of Kingsway and Sardinia Street. Commissioned by London School of Economics and curated by the Contemporary Art Society, Square the Block is an outdoor sculpture that both mimics and subtly subverts the existing façade of the building. In 2012 the installation "Hang On A Minute Lads, I've Got a Great Idea" recreated the closing scene of the film The Italian Job on the roof of the De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea.

paragraph: Wilson was commissioned to create "Slipstream", to be installed in the rebuilt Terminal 2 building at Heathrow airport during 2013. For this work he received the 2014 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture.

paragraph: In September 2013 Wilson, in collaboration with the artists Zatorski + Zatorski, created "1513: A Ships' Opera" a large-scale performance with historic ships on the river Thames, produced by The Cultureship.

paragraph: He is Visiting Research Professor at the University of East London's School of Architecture and the Visual Arts. In November 2010, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the university.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at British Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Wilson Turner Prize 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Wilson artist page Tate website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Wilson from 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turning the Place Over" at Liverpool Biennial website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slice of Reality" at http://www.memoryscape.org.uk/

wikidata_label: Richard Wilson

wikipedia_title: Richard Wilson (sculptor)


text: Serb

text: Romanian

text: printing

text: Serbian language

text: Walachia

text: Romania

text: Cetinje

text: Đurađ Crnojević

text: Ivan Crnojević

text: Zeta

text: Montenegro

text: Battle of Kosovo

text: Venice

text: printing works

text: Venice

text: Aldus Manutius

text: Andrija Paltašić

text: Obod

text: Cetinje

text: Oktoih

text: Cetinje

text: Walachia

text: Targoviste

text: Podgorica

text: Jerolim Zagurović

text: Božidar Goraždanin

text: Goražde printing house

text: Goražde

text: Dimitrije Ljubavić

text: Hilandar

text: Hilandar

text: Mount Athos

text: Greece

text: Dacia

text: Chester Beatty Library

text: vellum

text: Božidar Vuković

text: Francysk Skaryna

text: Ivan Fyodorov (printer)

text: Muscovy

text: Nikola Tesla

text: Božidar Vuković

text: Božidar Vuković

text: Božidar Goraždanin

text: Đurađ Crnojević

text: Stefan Marinović

text: Hieromonk Mardarije

text: Hegumen Mardarije

text: Vićenco Vuković

text: Hieromonk Pahomije

text: Trojan Gundulić

text: Andrija Paltašić

text: Jakov of Kamena Reka

text: Dimitrije Ljubavić

text: Stefan Paštrović

text: Inok Sava

categories: 15th-century births,15th-century printers,Medieval European scribes,16th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians,16th-century deaths,Medieval Serbian writers,Serbian Orthodox clergy,16th-century printers,Principality of Zeta,Serbian abbots,16th-century Serbian people,Serbian printers,Medieval Athos,16th-century Christian monks

paragraph: Hieromonk Makarije

paragraph: Hieromonk Makarije (; 1494–d. after 1528) is the founder of Serbian and Romanian printing, having printed the first book in Serbian language and the first book in the territory of Walachia (part of modern-day Romania).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The origins of printing in Serbia are linked to the press established in Obod, near Cetinje, in 1493 by Đurađ Crnojević, the eldest son of Ivan Crnojević, the ruler of Zeta (the earliest designation of the Serb land of Crnagora (also known as Montenegro in translation). At the time, Zeta was the last free territory of the former powerful Serbian state that began to collapse after the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. In an attempt to defend Zeta from Turkish aspirations to the land Đurađ Crnojević sought an ally in Venice. He dispatched a monk Makarije to Venice to purchase a printing press and learn the trade of printing.

paragraph: After Hieromonk Makarije found a printing works, he travelled to Venice, where he learned about printing, probably in the printing works of Aldus Manutius or from Andrija Paltašić. After returning to Cetinje, he founded printing works in Obod, then the capital, and later, with the shifting of the capital, moved back to Cetinje where, in 1494, he printed the first book in Serbian language, an Oktoih (it is probable that the first two or four parts were printed in Venice, but the last four were printed in Obod, near Cetinje). Serbia, however in straitened circumstances, acquired a press some three decades after the invention of movable type.

paragraph: After the fall of Zeta to the Turks in 1499, Makarije fled to Walachia. It was owing to these circumstances that the second and third Serbian printing presses were established outside Serb lands. In 1511, Makarije started a printing works in Targoviste, where he printed the first books in this principality; and his compatriot Božidar Vuković of Podgorica also started printing in Venice in 1519.

paragraph: After Vuković came Jerolim Zagurović, formerly a Kotor native, who also printed in Venice in the sixteenth century. Contemporaneously with Vuković, Božidar Ljubavić or better-known as Božidar Goraždanin and his sons Đurađ and Teodor Ljubavić started the Goražde printing house, which worked between 1519 and 1523, at first in Venice and then near Goražde in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1544, Božidar's grandson Dimitrije Ljubavić (Đurađ Ljubavić's son) transferred the printing press from Goražde to Târgoviște, where he printed two books, in 1545 and 1547.

paragraph: Hieromonk Makarije, a few years later, moved to the Hilandar monastery, where he became the abbot. There he helped found the fourth printing press, the well-known Hilandar printing works at Mount Athos, Greece.

paragraph: Makarije also wrote the treatise "On the Borders of Dacia" ("O medjah Dacije") preserved in Hilandar library.

paragraph: The British Library has what appears to be one of the few complete copies of Makarije's 1495 "Psalter" with liturgical appendices in existence, and the Chester Beatty Library has a magnificent copy, printed on vellum, of Serb Božidar Vuković's 1538 "Menaion." Works by Francysk Skaryna, Ivan Fyodorov (printer), and Petr Mstislavich are also well represented. England's early contacts with Serbian and Muscovy merchants meant that books were acquired by English traders and brought home as curiosities. Their trophies survived undisturbed in libraries, rather than suffering the fate of being handled to destruction by invaders in their native lands.

paragraph: Serbian-American scientist and inventor Nikola Tesla's most prized possession was Božidar Vuković's 1517 "Sluzbenik", an inheritance from his father, a Serbian Orthodox priest. This rare book is now on display in the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum at Independence, Missouri.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalter with liturgical appendices (Cetinje, 1495)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gospels (Târgoviște, 1512)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Božidar Vuković

paragraph: BULLET::::- Božidar Goraždanin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Đurađ Crnojević

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Marinović

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieromonk Mardarije

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hegumen Mardarije

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vićenco Vuković

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieromonk Pahomije

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trojan Gundulić

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrija Paltašić

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jakov of Kamena Reka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartolomeo Ginammi who followed Zagurović's footsteps reprinting Serbian books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dimitrije Ljubavić

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Paštrović

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inok Sava

wikidata_label: Hieromonk Makarije

wikipedia_title: Hieromonk Makarije


text:
Russia
poet
political
Illegitimacy
surname
Nicholas Repnin
illegitimate
Alexander I of Russia
Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
Enlightenment in Russia
serfdom
Russian Empire
Derzhavin
idealism
Deist
Radishchev
Volney
d'Holbach

categories: 1773 births,Russian male poets,1805 deaths

paragraph: Ivan Pnin

paragraph: Ivan Petrovich Pnin (; 1773–1805) was a Russian poet and political writer. In accordance with Russian Illegitimacy custom, Pnin's surname was the abbreviation of that of his father, Prince Nicholas Repnin.

paragraph: Born out of wedlock, he famously deplored the status of illegitimate children in his 1802 petition to Alexander I of Russia (Pnin's father was rumored to have also illegitimately fathered Poland's Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski.)

paragraph: Pnin's liberal "Essay on the Enlightenment in Russia" (1804) attacked serfdom and therefore was banned in the Russian Empire.

paragraph: The titles of Pnin's best-known poems, "Man" (1804) and "God" (1805), mirror Derzhavin's on purpose, as he sought to refute the great poet's idealism by taking up the Deist stance of Radishchev, Volney, and d'Holbach.

description: Russian poet

wikidata_label: Ivan Pnin

wikipedia_title: Ivan Pnin


text:
Amed
Tabasaran
Shaykh Junayd
Safavid order
extremist heterodox
Twelver
Shi'i
gores
The Twelve Imams
Qizilbash
Shirvanshah
Ak Koyunlu
North Caucasus
Circassia
Dagestan
Farrukh Yassar
Soltan-Ali
Safavid dynasty
Ismail I
Shaykh Junayd
Uzun Hasan
Ak Koyunlu
Trabzon
Battle of Tabasaran
Khvajeh Mohammad Safavi
Ardabil
Uzun Hassan
Jahan Shah
Kara Koyunlu
Battle of Chapakchur
Safavid order
tariqa
Talish
Shirvan
Dagestan
Northern Caucasus
Roger Savory
Circassia
Dagestan
Alans
Ossetians
Darial Pass
Kabardian
Circassians
Shirvanshah
Salyan
Azerbaijan
Khalkhal
Astara
Derbent
Caspian Sea
Shamakhi
Tabasaran
Farrukh Yassar
Tabriz
Ismail I
Ardabil
Uzun Hasan
Despina Khatun
John IV of Trebizond
Circassian
Georgian
Soltan-Ali
Ismail I
Shamlu
Qizilbash
Ardabil
Husayn Beg Shamlu
Hazo
Sason
Anatolia
Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty family tree

categories: 1459 births,15th-century Iranian people,Safaviyeh order,1488 deaths,Safavid dynasty

paragraph: Shaykh Haydar

paragraph: Shaykh Haydar or Sheikh Haydar ( "Shaikh Ḥaidar"; b. 1459, Amed - d. 9 July 1488, Tabasaran) was the successor of his father (Shaykh Junayd) as leader of the Safavid order from 1460-1488. Haydar maintained the policies and political ambitions initiated by his father. Under Sheikh Haydar, the order became crystallized as a political movement with an increasingly extremist heterodox Twelver Shi'i coloring and Haydar was viewed as a divine figure by his followers. Shaykh Haydar was responsible for instructing his followers to adopt the scarlet headgear of 12 gores commemorating The Twelve Imams, which led to them being designated by the Turkish term Qizilbash "Red Head".

paragraph: Haydar soon came into conflict with the Shirvanshah's, as well as the Ak Koyunlu, who were allied to the former. Following several campaigns into the North Caucasus, mainly in Circassia and Dagestan, he and his men were eventually trapped in 1488 at Tabasaran by the combined forces of the Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar and Ya'qub ibn Uzun Hassan of the Ak Koyunlu. In a pitched battled that ensued, Shaykh Haydar and his men were defeated and killed. He was succeeded by his son Soltan-Ali as leader of the order. Soltan-Ali was on his part succeeded by Haydar's younger son, who would become the founder of the Safavid dynasty, and known by his regnal name of Ismail I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Haydar was born in June–July 1459 to Shaykh Junayd and Khadija Begum bt. Qara Othman, a sister of Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu. His parents had married on the eve of Shaykh Junayd's invasion of Trabzon. Less than a year later, Haydar's father was killed in the Battle of Tabasaran.

paragraph: Apart from Haydar, the only sons of Junayd that had survived were Khvajeh Mohammad Safavi and Khvajeh Jamshid Safavi. Haydar's only surviving sister, Shah-Pasha Khatun, was married off to Mohammad Beg Talish, a pivotal figure in the foundation of the Safavid dynasty in the early 16th century. In 1469-70, Haydar was installed in Ardabil by his uncle Uzun Hassan, who had defeated Jahan Shah of Kara Koyunlu dynasty at the Battle of Chapakchur and established his own authority over its former domains. The Safavid order's return to Ardabil prompted an influx of Haydar’s followers from northern Syria and eastern Anatolia to Ardabil to be beside him.

paragraph: Functioning as the "spiritual leader" of the order ""tariqa"", Haydar would engage into various alliances with the leaders of the Talish, Shirvan and southern Dagestan regions. Subsequently, he initiated three military campaigns against various rural areas and villages in the Northern Caucasus. According to Prof. Roger Savory, meant to drill his men, these raids targeted the "infidels" of Circassia and Dagestan. These were however probably the Christian Alans (nowadays better known as Ossetians) who roamed to the north of the Darial Pass as well as the Kabardian subgroup of Circassians. In order to reach the area, Haydar had to cross areas ruled by the Shirvanshah (specifically the Shirvanshah rulers of Salyan and Mahmudabad), who were hostile as they were allied to the Ak Koyunlu ruler of Azerbaijan, Sultan Yaqub. Therefore, Haydar ordered for the production of boats in Khalkhal and Astara, in order to avoid having to go by land. By using boats, Haydar and his men would be able to circumvent the Shirvanshah's, reaching Derbent and coastal Dagestan through the Caspian Sea. In particular, the towns of Agrica and Mian-Qeslaq seem to have been the main target at the time. In around 1473-3, Haydar and his men performed their first seaborne attack on Dagestan, during which they plundered the predominantly Circassian-inhabited town of Qaytaq as well as the Hamiri plain. Haydar's first mainland campaign in Dagestan happened five years later, in 1478. However, the third and final of his campaigns in Dagestan, which took place in 1488, proved to be his last.

paragraph: The Shirvanshah had allowed Haydar's first two campaigns, but this time, on his way to the North Caucasus, he sacked the city of Shamakhi. In Tabasaran, outside the Bayqird Castle, Haydar and his men were cornered; in the ensuing pitched battle, on 9 July 1488, they were killed by the combined forces of the Shirvanshah ruler Farrukh Yassar and the Ak Koyunlu Sultan Ya'qub ibn Uzun Hassan. The Ak Koyunlu then ordered for the beheading of Haydar; they buried his severed head later on in Tabriz. Haydar died not far from the location where his own father Junayd had died in 1460. Haydar's son, known regnally as Ismail I, would later move his father's remains (which were thus located in both Tabriz as well as Tabasaran), and bury them inside the Safavid shrine located at Ardabil. Haydar's tomb in Ardabil became a place of pilgrimage.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Shaykh Haydar was married on two occasions. His first wife, whom he married in 1471-1472, named Halima (otherwise known as Alamshah Begum, or Martha) was a daughter of Uzun Hasan by his wife Despina Khatun (Theodora Megale Komnene), daughter of John IV of Trebizond. In 1473, he married a daughter of Shaykh Farid al-din Jafar b. Khvajeh Ali, the paternal uncle of his father. Shaykh Haydar furthermore had several Circassian and Georgian concubines. With regard to his offspring, ten sons and four daughters are known to have survived his death in 1488.

paragraph: By Alamshah, Soltan-Ali, Ebrahim Mirza and Ismail I were born. From his marriage to Jafar's daughter, Sayyed Hasan was born (died ca. 1525). He would serve as an official at the Safavid shrine located in Ardabil during the reign of his half-brother and future king Ismail I. Haydar's eldest daughter, Fakhr-Jahan Khanum, was given in marriage to Bayram Beg Qaramanlu (d. 1514) a powerful tribal leader. The younger sister of Fakhr-Jahan Khanum, Malek Khanum, married Abdallah Khan Shamlu, a high-ranking Qizilbash chief, who hailed from Ardabil. The other two daughters of Haydar were given in marriage to respectively Husayn Beg Shamlu, who would later serve as the first "vakil" (viceregent) of the Safavid Empire, and to Shah-Ali Beg (d. after 1540), the ruler of Hazo and Sason in Anatolia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Safavid dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Safavid dynasty family tree

wikidata_label: Shaykh Haydar

wikipedia_title: Shaykh Haydar


text: Israel

text: Rudolf Kastner

text: Nazi

text: the Holocaust

text: Hungary

text: Vienna

text: pogrom

text: Mandatory Palestine

text: Jerusalem

text: Zionists

text: White Paper of 1939

text: illegal immigration

text: Irgun

text: Mount Zion

text: 1948 Arab-Israeli War

text: Hadassah

text: Shlomo Aronson

text: SS "Patria"

text: Ben Hecht

text: Hebrew

text: Mizrahi

text: Knesset

text: Mapai

text: Rudolf Kastner

text: Aid and Rescue Committee

text: Nazi

text: Jews in Hungary

text: Nuremberg trials

text: SS

text: Kurt Becher

text: war crime

text: Time Magazine

text: Hungarian Jews

text: Attorney General

text: Shmuel Tamir

text: Jerusalem

text: Jewish Legion

text: Joseph Trumpeldor

text: Battle of Gallipoli

text: Zeev Jabotinsky

text: Irgun

text: Adolf Eichmann

text: Kurt Becher

text: Nuremberg authorities

text: Supreme Court of Israel

text: On Trial

text: Time magazine

text: Bauer, Yehuda

text: Hecht, Ben

text: Segev, Tom

text: Bilsky, Leora

text: Judging Evil in the Trial of Kastner

text: Hilberg, Raul

categories: Blood for goods,Israeli businesspeople,Place of death missing,Hungarian Jews,Israeli journalists,1881 births,Zionists,Place of birth missing,Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent,1958 deaths

image: 512px-מלכיאל_גרינוולד.gif

paragraph: Malchiel Gruenwald

paragraph: Malchiel Gruenwald (; also written Grünwald, Gruenvald, and Greenwald) (1882–1958) was an Israeli hotelier, amateur journalist and stamp collector, who came to public attention in 1953, when he accused an Israeli government employee, Rudolf Kastner, of having collaborated with the Nazis during the Holocaust.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gruenwald was born in Hungary, and lived there and in Vienna, working in a number of trades, including as a part-time journalist. In 1937, while in Vienna with his family, he was caught in a pogrom in which his teeth were smashed out, tongue slashed, arms and legs broken, and he was beaten unconscious and left for dead.

paragraph: In 1938, when he had recovered from his injuries, he emigrated to Mandatory Palestine along with his wife, son Itzhak, and daughter Rina. There he settled in Jerusalem, where, with his life savings, he bought the "Hotel Austria", a ten room hotel on Zion Square that he ran with his wife.

paragraph: The Gruenwalds as a family were committed Zionists. After the White Paper of 1939, Malchiel and his two brothers assisted illegal immigration to Palestine, organizing immigrant runs, particularly of Jews trying to escape the Holocaust. His son joined the Irgun, and was killed in the battle for Mount Zion during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, after which Gruenwald renamed the hotel the "Mount Zion Hotel". His daughter meanwhile worked as a nurse in a Hadassah hospital by day, and at night tended to the Irgun's wounded.

paragraph: Shlomo Aronson in his book "Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews," claims that Gruenwald's personal file, released by Israeli Home Intelligence, provides a very different picture of Gruenwald's early activities. Gruenwald was a criminal in Hungary and Austria, he would inform on Labour Zionists, threaten Orthodox leaders and swindle refugees. The file also accuses Gruenwald of asking British authorities to stop a ship carrying refugees, the SS "Patria", from entering Palestine.

paragraph: Section::::Political pamphlets.

paragraph: In the early 1950s Gruenwald decided to devote his remaining years to journalism, but as Ben Hecht writes, no one was about to employ a 72-year-old man who wrote no Hebrew. Gruenwald therefore began self-publishing a more-or-less weekly three-page mimeographed pamphlet, which he would have translated from German into Hebrew before distributing up to 1,000 copies himself, by mail or by hand in local cafés, all free of charge. Titled "Michtavim el haveray be'Mizrahi" ("Letters to my Friends in Mizrahi"), the pamphlets consisted of attacks "on leaders who were corrupt, on religious officials who in his opinion were not worthy of their positions, on greedy public officials and on people in authority." Gruenwald's targets included various leaders of religious groups, including Mizrahi, and ministers and members of the Knesset and other politicians from all parties, in particular those from the ruling Mapai party. Occasionally one of the targets of his pamphlets would threaten to sue him for libel; in response Gruenwald would make a public apology, often in the "Café Vienna", which occupied the ground floor of his hotel.

paragraph: In August 1952 he published the 51st such pamphlet. This one accused Rudolf Kastner — the press spokesman for the Israeli Ministry of Commerce and Industry, a senior member of Mapai, and the former "de facto" head of the Hungarian-Jewish Aid and Rescue Committee during the Holocaust — of being a Nazi collaborator. The pamphlet alleged that Kastner's collaboration had resulted in the deaths of 400,000 Jews in Hungary, and that after the war, he had testified at the Nuremberg trials on behalf of SS "Standartenführer" (colonel) Kurt Becher, thereby saving him from punishment for his war crimes. According to Hecht, Gruenwald obtained his information from an anonymous letter and a conversation with a stranger at the "Café Vienna", though a 1955 "Time Magazine" article says he was attempting to discover who had betrayed his relatives in Hungary, and drew his conclusions "after poring through mountains of yellowed records."

paragraph: The actual text of the pamphlet included the following:

paragraph: poemI have waited a long time to expose this careerist whom I consider, because of his collaboration with the Nazis, an indirect murderer of my dear people.

paragraph: Who is this spokesman for the Ministry of Trade and Industry; who is this big shot leader of the Hungarian Jews; who is this fellow who has been put high on the list of candidates for Israel's parliament by the government party Mapai?

paragraph: This character is Dr. Rudolf Kastner, political adventurer, driven by sickly megalomania.

paragraph: For whom, on whose account, Dr. Kastner, did you go like a thief in the night to Nuremberg to become a witness for the defense of S.S. Colonel Kurt Becher, the murderer of Jews, the man who wallowed in the blood of our brothers in Hungary? Kurt Becher - Economic Administrator of the Gestapo!

paragraph: Why did you save him from the death penalty which he had so richly earned?

paragraph: You flew to Nuremberg to save a mass murderer of Jews. What induced you to do that?

paragraph: What kind of gentleman's agreement was there between this murderer Becher and this man who I accuse as a collaborator with the Nazis?

paragraph: And it is this same Kastner that Mapai has taken to its bosom and place high on its list of officials.

paragraph: My God! Kastner's deeds in Budapest cost us the lives of hundreds of thousands of Jews!

paragraph: We demand an impartial public committee of investigation.

paragraph: Kastner must be removed from the politics and from the society of this land.

paragraph: We shall keep this on our agenda until the evil is ended./poem

paragraph: Gruenwald answered his charges as follows:

paragraph: poemHe wanted to save himself, so that Becher would not reveal to international court their deals and their joint acts of robbery...

paragraph: Where now is the money of the Jews of Hungary, millions for which no accounting is given...

paragraph: He saved no fewer than fifty-two of his relatives, and hundreds of other Jews—most of whom had converted to Christianity—bought their rescue from Kastner by paying millions! That's how Kastner saved the members of Mapai...

paragraph: He saved people with connections, made a fortune in the process. But thousands of senior Zionists, members of the Mizrahi and ultrareligious parties—these, Kastner left in the valley of the shadow of death./poem

paragraph: The only Israeli newspaper to pay attention to Kastner's charges was "Herut". In it, political columnist Yoel Marcus stated that for three years Hungarian Jews had been claiming that "a man with an official position" had testified for Nazi war criminals, been involved in shady deals, and had made profits "at the expense of operations to rescue Jews". Marcus challenged Kastner to exonerate himself. Kastner's superior, the Minister of Commerce and Industry Dov Yoseph, felt that whether Kastner wanted to take action regarding these accusations was purely a personal matter. However, Attorney General Haim Cohen felt that the charges were serious enough that Kastner would either have to resign or attempt to clear his name. In Cohen's words "in our new, pure, ideal State ... a man cannot officiate in a senior position ... when there is a stain on him, or even only a grave suspicion of collaboration with the Nazis." Feeling he had no choice, Kastner allowed the Israeli government to file a lawsuit on his behalf against Gruenwald.

paragraph: Section::::Kastner trial.

paragraph: In 1953 Cohen, who also held the position of Minister of Justice, filed criminal defamation charges against Gruenwald; according to Asher Moaz, this was "against the wishes of many public figures, including the person who later reoccupied the post of minister of justice, Pinhas Rosen, and the minister in charge of Kastner, Dov Yoseph." Gruenwald engaged as his lawyer Shmuel Tamir, a 31-year-old lawyer who had been born in Jerusalem as Shmuel Katzenelson. Tamir was the son of Reuven Katzenelson, a member of the Jewish Legion and Joseph Trumpeldor's sergeant and companion in the Battle of Gallipoli, and the nephew of Joseph Katzenelson, a companion of Zeev Jabotinsky, and one of the Irgun's two Chiefs of Illegal Immigration. Shmuel Katzenelson joined the Irgun at the age of 15, and was nicknamed "Tamir" ("tall and straight" in Hebrew), a name he later adopted legally. Tamir had been the Irgun's Chief of Intelligence in Jerusalem, and Gruenwald's daughter Rina had been under his command as a nurse.

paragraph: The trial, which government lawyers expected to last four days, lasted for two years, and resulted in 1955 in an acquittal of Gruenwald and a statement from the judge that Kastner had "sold his soul to the devil." The basis of the allegation and the judge's statement was that Kastner had collaborated with SS officer , and later Adolf Eichmann, by betraying the Hungarian Jewish masses in return for the rescue of a few hundred Jewish VIPs. The judge also condemned Kastner because after the war, he had given a positive affidavit on behalf of another SS officer, Kurt Becher, which convinced the Nuremberg authorities not to prosecute Becher for war crimes. Although the Supreme Court of Israel overturned the collaboration finding in the verdict in 1958, Kastner had already been assassinated.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Trial","Time magazine", Foreign News, July 11, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bauer, Yehuda. "Jews for Sale: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933-1945", Yale University Press, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hecht, Ben. "Perfidy", Milah Press, first published in 1961; this edition 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maoz, Asher. Historical Adjudication: Courts of Law, Commissions of Inquiry, and "Historical Truth", "Law and History Review", University of Illinois Press, Vol. 18. No. 3, Fall 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Segev, Tom. "The Seventh Million: Israelis and the Holocaust", New York: Henry Holt (Owl Books edition), 2000, .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bilsky, Leora. Judging Evil in the Trial of Kastner, "Law and History Review", University of Illinois Press, Vol 19, No. 1, Spring 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hilberg, Raul. "The Destruction of the European Jews", first published in 1961, this edition Yale University Press, 2003.

alias:
Gruenwald  Malkiel
Gruenwald, Malkiel
Griynwwald, Malkiyʾel
Griynwald, Malkiyʾel
Grünwald, Malkiel
Grunwald, Malkiel
Malchiel Grünwald
Malchiel Gruenvald
Malchiel Greenwald
Grinṿald, Malkiʼel
Grunwald, Malkiel
Malkiʼel Grinṿald
Grinṿald, Malkiʾel
Grünwald, M.

description: Israeli businessman and citizen journalist

wikidata_label: Malchiel Gruenwald

wikipedia_title: Malchiel Gruenwald


text:
Frank O. Weary
National Register of Historic Places
Andrews United Methodist Church
Brooklyn, NY
Baptist Temple
Brooklyn, NY
Bay Ridge United Methodist Church
Brooklyn, NY
Birmingham Green Historic District
Derby, CT
Duke Memorial United Methodist Church
Durham, NC
Findlay Downtown Historic District
Findlay, OH
First United Methodist Church
Birmingham, AL
First United Methodist Church
Conway, AR
First United Methodist Church
Mount Vernon, NY
San Francisco, California
Second Presbyterian Church
Portsmouth, OH
St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal Church
Dubuque, IA
St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church
Hartford, CT

categories: American architects,1938 deaths,1848 births

paragraph: George W. Kramer

paragraph: George Washington Kramer (1848-1938) was an American architect.

paragraph: He worked also in the partnership of Weary & Kramer with Frank O. Weary.

paragraph: A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrews United Methodist Church, 95 Richmond St. Brooklyn, NY (Kramer,George W.; Kramer & Weary), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baptist Temple, 360 Schermerhorn St. Brooklyn, NY (Weary & Kramer), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bay Ridge United Methodist Church, 7002 Fourth St. Brooklyn, NY (Kramer, George W.), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- One or more works in Birmingham Green Historic District, roughly bounded by Fifth, Caroline, Fourth and Olivia Sts. Derby, CT (Kramer, George Washington), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke Memorial United Methodist Church, 504 W. Chapel Hill St. Durham, NC (Kramer,George W.), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- One or more works in Findlay Downtown Historic District, roughly along Main, W. Sandusky and W. Main Cross Sts. Findlay, OH (Weary & Kramer), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- First United Methodist Church, 6th Ave. and 19th St., N Birmingham, AL (Weary & Kramer), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- First United Methodist Church, jct. of Prince and Clifton Sts., NW corner Conway, AR (Kramer,George W.), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- First United Methodist Church, 226 E. Lincoln Ave. Mount Vernon, NY (Kramer, George W.), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- First St. John Methodist Church, 1601 Clay St. San Francisco, California. (Kramer, George W.). Demolished 16 May 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Presbyterian Church, 801 Waller St. Portsmouth, OH (Kramer,George W.), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal Church, 1199 Main St. Dubuque, IA (Kramer, George W.), NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, 1886-1906 Park St. Hartford, CT (Kramer,George W.), NRHP-listed

description: American architect

wikidata_label: George W. Kramer

wikipedia_title: George W. Kramer