text: Edo

text: Date Masamune

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Shimazu Narioki

text: Zusho Hirosato

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Shigehide

text: Hisamitsu

text: Ryūkyū Kingdom

text: Abe Masahiro

text: seclusion

text: Chosa District

text: han

text: Satsuma's castle

text: primogeniture

text: seppuku

text: Philipp Franz von Siebold

text: Dutch East India Company

text: Sakurajima

text: Rangaku Koshujo

text: Confucian texts

text: koku

text: daguerreotype

text: Important Cultural Property

text: government of Japan

text: rōjū

text: Ryūkyū Western Trade Treaty crisis

text: Date Munenari

text: Saigō Takamori

text: Ōkubo Toshimichi

text: Nariaki

text: Mito

text: Tadayoshi

text: kami

text: Shimazu Narioki

text: Tokugawa Tsunehime

text: Tokugawa Nariatsu

text: Shimazu Tadayoshi

text: Shimazu Tadayoshi

text: Tenshō-in

text: Konoe Tadafusa

text: Senior First Rank

text: Ansei purge

categories: 1809 births,Shimazu clan,Meiji Restoration,19th-century Japanese people,1858 deaths,Tozama daimyo,Recipients of Japanese royal pardons

paragraph: Shimazu Nariakira

paragraph: Section::::Early life and rise to power.

paragraph: Shimazu Nariakira was born at the Satsuma domain's estate in Edo, on April 28, 1809. From his mother, he was descendant of Date Masamune, Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga. He rose to power as "daimyō" of the domain of Satsuma only after surviving a gruesome and arduous war within his own family and domain, known as the "Oyura Sōdō" or the "Takasaki Kuzure". He faced much opposition in Satsuma since he spent most of his life in Edo (and compulsory requirement as the heir of daimyo, set by the Shogunate); as such he was considered a stranger in his own domain. In his quest to prepare Satsuma for potential Western aggression, he also faced many opposing military schools of thought in Satsuma who disagreed with the Shimazu family's plan for strengthening coastal defense.

paragraph: Nariakira did not see eye to eye with his father, Shimazu Narioki, or his father's chief advisor, Zusho Hirosato. Both Narioki and Zusho were wary of the Tokugawa shogunate. Zusho also saw many similarities in Nariakira and his grandfather, Shigehide. Shigehide also had a great interest in Dutch studies as well as scientific and industrial projects, which promptly led to the deterioration of the domain's financial position. Having worked so hard to rehabilitate and strengthen the treasury of Satsuma, Zusho did not encourage Nariakira's ambitious and costly program for a military build-up. Narioki and Zusho's mutual disdain and mistrust for Nariakira led to their endeavoring to isolate Nariakira from Satsuma's affairs, which entailed withholding or all together ceasing the flow from all sources of information regarding Satsuma's officials or their dealings with the shogunate.

paragraph: Another formidable and dangerous obstacle for Nariakira in not only his plans to bolster the defenses of all of Japan but also his ascendancy to "daimyō" of Satsuma was Yura, the mother of his half-brother, Hisamitsu. By the time Nariakira had arrived in Satsuma to address a crisis related to the Ryūkyū Kingdom (a vassal state under Satsuma) in 1846, Yura had used her charm to thoroughly convince Narioki to promote the interests of her son Hisamitsu over Narioki's legitimate son and heir-apparent (Nariakira). Zusho, Narioki, Yura, and Hisamitsu were the key members of the coalition which rallied other Satsuma bureaucrats who felt threatened by Nariakira's immense and highly intimidating intelligence, and tried to impede all attempts Nariakira made to retire his father as "daimyō" and take his place.

paragraph: Nariakira arrived in Satsuma to attempt to resolve the Ryūkyū crisis, as per the orders of shogunal high official Abe Masahiro, on June 25, 1846. A French ship had arrived in Ryūkyū in 1844, and two British ships the following year, demanding treaties of amity and commerce; as the kingdom was semi-independent and not generally regarded to be part of Japan proper, this presented a dilemma. Nariakira and Abe Masahiro decided in the end that, despite the shogunate's policies of seclusion, such relations should be allowed in Ryūkyū, rather than risking violent conflict with the Western powers.

paragraph: On March 8, 1847, Narioki arrived in Satsuma, making Nariakira's position, something equivalent to deputy to his father, obsolete. After essentially having the reins of power wrenched from his hands by his own father, Nariakira left Satsuma for Edo. The authority formerly vested him was clearly and quickly being shifted to his half brother, Hisamitsu Hisamitsu was rapidly elevated through the ranks of his father's court soon after Nariakira's departure from Satsuma for Edo. He was placed in charge of the newly created office of military service of Satsuma in October 1847. In 1848, Narioki appointed Hisamitsu steward of Chosa District, with the responsibility of acting on behalf of the "daimyō" in all military matters in the area. At about the same time, Hisamitsu was given the highly respected post of "han" councilor, a rank which, according to the instructions accompanying the appointment, placed him at the top of the social scale. At ceremonial occasions, Hisamitsu was ordered by his father to sit at a place higher than that of the deputy in charge of the "daimyō" of Satsuma's castle. Narioki even went so far as to place Hisamitsu in charge of all of Satsuma whenever the "daimyō" chose to leave Satsuma for any reason, business or pleasure. It was apparent that Hisamitsu was being groomed to become the next "daimyō", completely disregarding the fact that, by primogeniture, Nariakira was supposed to be the heir-apparent.

paragraph: To further discredit and impede Nariakira's rise to lord of Satsuma, Yura was rumored to have asked at least five spiritual leaders to cast spells on Nariakira's eldest sons as well as take other measures to curse Nariakira's children. Many of Nariakira's followers believed Yura was the source of the subsequent deaths of his eldest children. This belief caused many of them to call for the assassination of Yura, her son Hisamitsu, and Zusho, whom they felt also played a hand in the deaths of Nariakira's eldest children. Nariakira was able to restrain them; upon hearing of their plans for murder, Narioki began rooting out Nariakira's supporters and ordering their deaths by "seppuku".

paragraph: The conflict had gotten so far out of hand that Nariakira was left with no choice but to request aid from Abe Masahiro. Abe, seeing that Nariakira was being hindered in his proceeding with the Ryūkyū crisis by his own father and family retainers, aided in getting Narioki to retire and removing Zusho.

paragraph: Abe first went about the task of removing Zusho, who was greatly relied upon by Narioki, by inviting him to Edo. Abe's stated purpose was a desire to discuss the Ryūkyū crisis and its current handling. In the process of the conversation, Abe began to ask Zusho a line of questioning that made it apparently clear to Zusho that Abe, as well as the Tokugawa shōgun, knew the truth of the illegal Satsuma-Ryūkyū-Western trade relations, which were being carried out against the shogunate's policy of seclusion. Zusho's devotion to Narioki pushed him to take full responsibility for the illicit trade by committing "seppuku" on December 18, 1848. On December 3, 1850, Narioki was called to Edo by the shōgun and presented with a prized set of tea utensils, indicating the shōgun's desire for Narioki to retire. On February 3, 1851, Nairoki retired and Shimazu Nariakira was made "daimyō" of Satsuma.

paragraph: Section::::Love of education and Western culture.

paragraph: Nariakira was considered one of the wisest "daimyō" of his time, thanks to his love of education. In order to better understand this point, his background and education must be considered.

paragraph: In 1812, at age three, Nariakira was designated the heir to the Satsuma lordship by his father. As with any "daimyō’s" heir, Nariakira was prepared for his future role, by receiving a well-rounded education in the martial and scholarly arts. As stated above, Nariakira shared his grandfather Shigehide's fascination with Western culture and learning. The young Nariakira was fascinated by his grandfather's collection of western items, which included clocks, musical instruments, telescopes, microscopes, and weapons. In the course of his education, he was also taught how to read and write Roman letters, and would later use Roman letters to write Japanese words as a personal form of code. Shigehide also introduced Nariakira to Philipp Franz von Siebold, a German physician serving as the director of the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) in Nagasaki, making him one of the few Japanese to have actually met a Westerner.

paragraph: After he became "daimyō" of Satsuma, Nariakira had Minayoshi Hotoku, a Satsuma physician, to build the "Iroha-maru", one of the first Western-style ships built in Japan. It was based on Minayoshi's , model. Nariakira then built a shipyard for Western-style shipbuilding at Sakurajima. He carried his love of Western culture into the military of Satsuma where he implemented Western-style cavalry and demanded annual military field maneuvers. However, without the Satsuma budget that had been so carefully restored by his enemy Zusho, none of this would have been possible.

paragraph: He also began enacting educational changes in Satsuma geared at bringing in Western science and technology. Nariakira established the "Rangaku Koshujo", a school for the study of the Dutch language and Western culture. He would frequently visit schools and ask students to explain the meaning of the Confucian texts, to ensure that their Western learning did not corrupt their sense of nationalism. So strong was Nariakira's desire to raise well-educated youths that he set aside four "koku" annually to feed starving scholars, essentially a form of financial aid or scholarship. His goal in promoting education in Satsuma was to make sure the youths of Satsuma were “taught to master themselves, rule their homes wisely, preserve national peace, and trust the universal power.”

paragraph: In 1848, Shimazu obtained the first daguerreotype camera ever imported into Japan, and ordered his retainers to study it and produce working photographs. Due to the limitations of the lens used and the lack of formal training, it took many years for a quality photograph to be created, but on September 17, 1857, a portrait of Shimazu in formal attire was produced. This photograph became an object of worship in the (also referred to as Shōkoku Shrine) after Shimazu's death, but it later went missing. Lost for a century, the daguerreotype was discovered in a warehouse in 1975 and was later determined to be the oldest daguerreotype in existence created by a Japanese photographer. For this reason, it was designated an Important Cultural Property by the government of Japan in 1999, the first photograph ever given this honor.

paragraph: Section::::Associates and death.

paragraph: In the course of his life, Nariakira made many friends in high places. These connections came in handy during his efforts to force the retirement of his father. Abe Masahiro, who at the time was a "rōjū", was one of these friends. Abe spoke on behalf of the Tokugawa "shōgun" in regards to Japan's national military defense and was the one who placed Nariakira in charge of Satsuma's dealing with the Ryūkyū Western Trade Treaty crisis.

paragraph: Abe, and indirectly, the Tokugawa "shōgun", were disturbed by Nariakira's removal from responsibility over the Ryūkyū Western Trade Treaty crisis because their policy concerning the crisis was predicated on their trust in him, not in his father or Zusho Hirosato. Narioki and Zusho had already proven themselves untrustworthy by not being completely reliable on matters concerning Ryūkyū. Abe knew that the only way Nariakira could gain control of the Ryūkyū crisis was if his father and Zusho were removed; through Abe's intervention, this too was accomplished.

paragraph: Since Narioki and Zusho together ceased the flow of information regarding Satsuma's officials or their dealings with Ryūkyū to Nariakira, Nariakira had to establish his own information-gathering network. He relied on Date Munenari of Uwajima to explain his predicament to the Tokugawa shogunate and Abe. He instructed his associates Yamaguchi Sadayasu and Shimazu Hisataka to gather information in Satsuma for him as well as keep a close watch on Zusho's activities with special emphasis on goods and money being brought into the domain. Nariakira then decided it was time to make his bid for the lordship of Satsuma. He relied on Date Munenari to report the situation for him and gain the sympathies of Abe. In a letter addressed to Date on August 27, 1848, Nariakira thanks him for obtaining Abe's assurance that he would overlook Nairoki and Zusho's transgressions and not take Satsuma to court as long as the Ryūkyū problem was resolved satisfactorily. Date's correspondence with Abe served to hasten Narioki's retirement and Nariakira's ascendancy as "daimyō" of Satsuma.

paragraph: Once Nariakira became "daimyō", he needed loyal men to ensure that Yura and Narioki's continued efforts to undermine his power did not succeed. Saigō Takamori, a low-ranking Satsuma samurai, was promoted from assistant clerk, to Nariakira's attendant, in 1854. Ōkubo Toshimichi was exiled by Narioki for supporting Nariakira, but once Nariakira came to power he was pardoned and rose rapidly through the ranks. Saigō and Ōkubo worked on Nariakira's behalf, speaking with Nariaki, the lord of Mito to convince him to back Nariakira's view that government should have greater focus on the emperor and less on the "shōgun". Saigo and Ōkubo adopted many of Nariakira's views, which would later become the foundation of the new Meiji government. These views included centralizing the government around the emperor, and Westernizing the Japanese military.

paragraph: Shortly before his death, Nariakira was left with only a two-year-old son (Tetsumaru) and eight-year-old daughter (Teruhime). He had been forced to ask Narioki to decide between Hisamitsu or Hisamitsu's son Tadayoshi to succeed him as "daimyō". Saigō and Ōkubo felt the death of all of Nariakira's viable heirs was caused by Yura and wanted retribution, but Nariakira would not allow it. On July 8, 1858, Nariakira was supervising the joint preparatory maneuvers in Tempozan for sending 3,000 Satsuma soldiers to Edo, and he succumbed to the heat. He was transported to Tsurumaru Castle, where he died on the 16th. A few years after his death, he was deified as a Shinto kami, Terukuni-daimyōjin. His son Tetsumaru died shortly after his father.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Shimazu Narioki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Iyohime (1792–1824)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Tokugawa Tsunehime, daughter of Tokugawa Nariatsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kannosuke (1845–1848)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tetsumaru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hironosuke

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kikusaburo by Tsunehime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokunosuke (1848–1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tetsumaru (1856–1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torajumaru (1849–1854)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morinoshin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumihime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunihime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teruhime (1851–1869) married Shimazu Tadayoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norihime (1852–1908) married Shimazu Uzuhiko of Shimazu-Echizen family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yasuhime (1853–1879) married Shimazu Tadayoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tenshō-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shimazu Mitsuko, married Konoe Tadafusa

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senior First Rank (May 16, 1901; posthumous)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ansei purge

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakai, Robert K. "Shimazu Nariakira and the Emergence of National Leadership in Satsuma". in "Personality in Japanese History". Comp. Albert M. Craig and Donald H. Shively. Berkeley: University of California P, 1970. 209–233

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakai, Robert. "The Satsuma-Ryukyu Trade and the Tokugawa Seclusion Policy". "Journal of Asian Studies" 23:3, (May 1964). pp391–403.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ravina, Mark. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori". Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. 43–72.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iwata, Masakazu. "Okubo Toshimichi: The Bismarck of Japan". Berkeley: University of California P, 1964. 26–190.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori". London: Kegan Paul International Limited, 1995. 34–120.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanbayashi Norimasa 芳即正 (1993). "Shimazu Nariakira" 島津斉彬. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 吉川弘文館.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sagers, John H. "Origins of Japanese Wealth and Power: Reconciling Confucianism and Capitalism, 1830–1885". 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Nariakira, including pictures of statues and locations related to him

description: Daimyo or lord of Satsuma Domain

wikidata_label: Shimazu Nariakira

wikipedia_title: Shimazu Nariakira


text: humanist

text: grammar

text: lexicography

text: Romance language

text: Renaissance

text: Latinized

text: Aelius

text: Lebrija

text: Battle of Olmedo

text: University of Salamanca

text: Royal College of Spain

text: Bologna

text: Lorenzo Valla

text: Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa

text: Juan de Zúñiga

text: Order of Alcántara

text: Badajoz

text: Gramática de la lengua castellana

text: Isabella I of Castile

text: vernacular

text: Alfonso de Palencia

text: Nahuatl

text: Tagalog

text: Diego de Deza

text: Jiménez de Cisneros

text: Complutensian Polyglot Bible

text: Sedulius

text: Persius

text: Antonio de Lebrija

text: conquistador in Colombia

text: Spanish conquest of the Muisca

text: Gramática de la lengua castellana

text: Nicolás Antonio

text: Thomas McCrie

text: Ivan Illich's

text: essay "Vernacular Values"

categories: Spanish Latinists,University of Salamanca alumni,Grammarians from Spain,1522 deaths,Spanish translators,Spanish Renaissance people,Translators of the Bible into Spanish,Spanish academics,16th-century linguists,16th-century Spanish people,Linguists of Spanish,Linguists from Spain,Spanish lexicographers,Complutense University of Madrid alumni,People from Lebrija,1441 births

paragraph: Antonio de Nebrija

paragraph: Antonio de Nebrija (14445 July 1522) was the most influential Spanish humanist of his era. He wrote poetry, commented on literary works, and encouraged the study of classical languages and literature but his most important contributions were in the fields of grammar and lexicography. Nebrija was the author of the first Spanish grammar (1492) and the first dictionary of the Spanish language (1495). His grammar is also credited as the first published grammar of any Romance language. His chief works were published and republished many times during and after his life and his scholarship had a great influence for more than a century, both in Spain and in the expanding Spanish Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Nebrija was baptized Antonio Martínez de Cala. In typical Renaissance humanist fashion, he Latinized his name as Aelius Antonius Nebrissensis (or Elio Antonio de Nebrija in Spanish) by taking "Aelius" from the Roman inscriptions of his native Lebrija, known in Roman times as Nebrissa Veneria. He was also known as Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio de Lebrixa.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nebrija was born into a "hidalgo" family in Nebrixa, a town now called Lebrija in the province of Seville. His parents were Juan Martínez de Cala and Catalina de Xarana. He was the second of five children. There is some uncertainty about his date of birth. Nebrija wrote that he was born the year before the Battle of Olmedo in 1445, putting his birthday in 1444 but elsewhere he makes other references that would contradict this date. Traditionally, 1444 has been accepted as his year of birth.

paragraph: At age fourteen Nebrija enrolled at the University of Salamanca, where he studied mathematics, philosophy, law and theology. These latter topics earned him a scholarship from the bishopric of Seville to study theology at the Royal College of Spain in Bologna. Little is known about his studies in Italy except that he was inspired by the works of the Italian humanists, especially Lorenzo Valla. After ten years in Italy Nebrija returned to Spain armed with the new concepts of Renaissance humanism.

paragraph: Once back in Spain, Nebrija served Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa, archbishop of Seville, for three years. When Fonseca died in 1473, Nebrija returned to the University of Salamanca as a lecturer. In 1476 he was appointed First Chair of Grammar and in 1481 he published his first work, the "Introductiones latinae" ("Introduction to Latin"), a textbook on Latin grammar and literature. The first printing of 1,000 copies quickly sold out and was reprinted dozens of times in his lifetime.

paragraph: He married Isabel Montesino de Solís in 1487 and eventually fathered seven children. When Juan de Zúñiga, the master of the Order of Alcántara, offered him patronage, Nebrija quit the university in Salamanca and moved to Badajoz, where he lived for the next twelve years.

paragraph: After the success of his Latin textbook, Nebrija's literary scholarship turned to focus on Castilian rather than classical languages. In 1492 he published "Gramática de la lengua castellana" ("Grammar of the Castilian Language"), which he dedicated to Queen Isabella I of Castile. His book was one of the first to codify a European vernacular language, and it ultimately had considerable political and scholarly influence. Nebrija recognized that language played a crucial role in governance of the state. In his dedication he wrote to Isabella that language was "the instrument of empire" and suggested that his grammar would prove useful as the Catholic Monarchs conquered peoples who spoke languages other than Castilian.

paragraph: In 1492 Nebrija also published the "Diccionario latino-español" ("Spanish-Latin Dictionary"). It was not the first Latin-Spanish dictionary (Alfonso de Palencia published one in 1490) but it would become hugely influential, in part because a few years later he reversed the order and published his "Vocabulario español-latino" ("Spanish-Latin Vocabulary") in 1495. For the next century, the Spanish-Latin vocabulary continued to evolve with new words and translations. It also served as the basis for other authors developing non-Latin translating dictionaries including Spanish-Arabic (1505), Spanish-Nahuatl (1547) and Spanish-Tagalog (1613).

paragraph: After publishing his dictionaries Nebrija turned his attention to biblical scholarship. He wanted to improve the text and interpretation of the Bible by using the same critical analysis that Italian humanists had applied to classical literature. Around 1504 he fell under the suspicion of Diego de Deza, the Grand Inquisitor of Spain, who confiscated and destroyed his work. In 1507 Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros succeeded Deza as inquisitor general. Cisneros allowed Nebrija to resume his biblical studies and he eventually published a series of works that used the techniques of humanist scholarship to address problems of biblical translation and interpretation. Nebrija served briefly on the editorial committee assembled by Jiménez to prepare the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. He clashed with the more conservative editors, who resisted his humanist approach to translating the Bible. Jiménez supported the conservative viewpoint and Nebrija's input was largely ignored when the finished work was published in 1517.

paragraph: Nebrija wrote or translated a large number of other works on a variety of subjects, including theology, law, archaeology, pedagogy, and commentaries on Sedulius and Persius.

paragraph: Nebrija died on July 5, 1522 in Acala de Henares, Spain. His possible grandson Antonio de Lebrija was conquistador in Colombia and treasurer of the Spanish conquest of the Muisca expedition.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introductiones latinae", 1481

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gramática de la lengua castellana", 1492

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diccionario latino-español", 1492

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vocabulario español-latino", ca. 1495

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iuris civilis lexicon" 1506

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artis rhetoricae", 1515

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reglas de ortografía española", 1517

paragraph: BULLET::::- Posthumously published "Reglas de ortografía en la lengua castellana", 1523

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: English

paragraph: Spanish

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolás Antonio, "Bibliotheca Hispana Nova", i. 132 (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prescott, "History of Ferdinand and Isabella", i. 410 (note)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas McCrie, "The Reformation in Spain in the Sixteenth Century" (1829)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivan Illich's essay "Vernacular Values" on the significance of Nebrija's Grammar

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etext of Nebrija's "Gramática de la lengua castellana"

alias:
Antonio de Lebrija
Elio Antonio de Lebrija
Antonius Nebrissensis
Antonio of Lebrixa
Antonio Martínez de Calá
Aelius Antonius Nebrissensis
Antonius Lebrixen
Antonius Nebrissen
Nebrija
Elio Antonio de Nebrija
Antonio Martinez de Cala

description: Spanish scholar

wikidata_label: Antonio de Nebrija

wikipedia_title: Antonio de Nebrija


text: fl.

text: King of Northumbria

text: Northumbria

text: Anglo-Saxon

text: Chronicle

text: Scandinavia

text: Norse sagas

text: semi-legendary

text: Ragnar Lodbrok

text: pit of snakes

text: invasion of Northumbria

text: Ragnarssona þáttr

text: blood eagle

text: York

text: Roberta Frank

text: kenning

text: Osberht

text: Symeon of Durham

text: tyrant

text: Great Heathen Army

text: York

text: Symeon of Durham

text: Asser

text: Æthelweard

text: Historia Regum Anglorum

text: Ecgberht

text: Eadwulf of Bamburgh

text: Ivar

text: Ubba

text: Edmund of East Anglia

text: Abbo of Fleury

text: Halfdene

text: York

text: Hvitserk

text: Björn Ironside

text: Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye

text: Ivar the Boneless

text: Ubba

text: blood eagle

text: Ímar

text: King of Dublin

text: Irish annals

text: Gofraid of Lochlann

text: Amlaíb Conung

text: Auisle

text: Hector Boece

text: Stirling

text: Frank Thring

text: The Vikings

text: Ivan Kaye

text: History Channel

text: Vikings

text: Judith

text: Osburh

text: Alfred the Great

text: Judith of Flanders

text: The Last Kingdom

text: Bernard Cornwell

categories: 9th-century English monarchs,867 deaths,Anglo-Saxon warriors,Year of birth unknown,Northumbrian monarchs,Anglo-Saxons killed in battle

paragraph: Ælla of Northumbria

paragraph: Ælla (or Ælle or Aelle) (fl. 866; d. 21 March 867) was King of Northumbria, a kingdom in medieval England, during the middle of the 9th century. Sources on Northumbrian history in this period are limited, and so Ælla's ancestry is not known and the dating of the beginning of his reign is questionable.

paragraph: In addition to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ælla is also mentioned in Scandinavian sources, such as the Norse sagas. According to the latter, Ælla captured the semi-legendary Swedish-Danish Viking leader Ragnar Lodbrok and put him to death in a pit of snakes. The historical invasion of Northumbria in 866 occurred in retaliation for Ragnar's execution, according to "Ragnarssona þáttr" ("The Tale of Ragnar's Sons"). While Norse sources claim that Ragnar's sons tortured Ælla to death by the method of the blood eagle, Anglo-Saxon accounts maintain that he died in battle at York on 21 March 867. Concerning the Norse claim, Roberta Frank reviewed the historical evidence for the ritual in her "Viking Atrocity and Skaldic Verse: The Rite of the Blood-Eagle", where she writes: "By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the various saga motifs—eagle sketch, rib division, lung surgery, and 'saline stimulant'—were combined in inventive sequences designed for maximum horror." She concludes that the authors of the sagas misunderstood alliterative kennings that alluded to leaving one's foes face down on the battlefield, their backs torn as carrion by scavenging birds. If this is to be believed, then it is easy to surmise that the mention of his death via the blood eagle, is in fact a description of his death on the battlefield, which would make both accounts of his death true.

paragraph: Section::::Anglo-Saxon accounts.

paragraph: Ælla became king after Osberht (Osbryht) was deposed. The beginning of his reign is traditionally dated to 862 or 863 but evidence about Northumbrian royal chronology is unreliable prior to 867. His reign may have begun as late as 866. Almost nothing is known of Ælla's reign; Symeon of Durham states that Ælla had seized lands at Billingham, Ileclif, Wigeclif, and Crece, which belonged to the church. While Ælla is described in most sources as a tyrant and an illegitimate king, one source states that he was Osberht's brother.

paragraph: The Great Heathen Army, composed mostly of Danish Vikings, landed in Northumbria in mid-866 and had captured York by 21 November.

paragraph: Subsequent events are described by historians such as Symeon of Durham, Asser and Æthelweard in accounts that vary only in detail. According to the "Historia Regum Anglorum", following the invasion of the Danes, the previous "dissension" between Osberht and Ælla "was allayed by divine counsel" and other Northumbrian nobles. Osberht and Ælla "having united their forces and formed an army, came to the city of York" on 21 March 867. A majority of the "shipmen" (Vikings) gave the impression of fleeing from the approaching Northumbrians. "The Christians, perceiving their flight and terror", attacked, but found that the Vikings "were the stronger party". Surrounded, the Northumbrians "fought upon each side with much ferocity" until both Osberht and Ælla were killed. The surviving Northumbrians "made peace with the Danes".

paragraph: After this, the Vikings appointed a puppet king of Northumbria, named Ecgberht. According to an Anglo-Norman genealogy, Ælla had a daughter named Æthelthryth and through her was the grandfather of Eadwulf of Bamburgh, "King of the Northern English" who died in 913.

paragraph: The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" does not name the Viking leaders, but it does state that "Hingwar and Hubba" (probably Ivar and Ubba) later killed King Edmund of East Anglia. Ubba was also named as a leader of the army in Northumbria by Abbo of Fleury and by the "Historia de Sancto Cuthberto". Symeon of Durham lists the leaders of the Viking army as "Halfdene [Halfdann], Inguar [Ingvar], Hubba, Beicsecg, Guthrun, Oscytell [Ketill], Amund, Sidroc and another duke of the same name, Osbern, Frana and Harold."

paragraph: Section::::Norse sources.

paragraph: According to "Ragnarssona þáttr", the army that seized York in 866 was led by Hvitserk, Björn Ironside, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, Ivar the Boneless and Ubba, sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, who avenged his death by subjecting Ælla to the blood eagle. However, Anglo-Saxon sources claim that Ælla and Osberht died in battle at York, with the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" stating that "both the kings were slain on the spot".

paragraph: Ivar the Boneless, who plays a major role in both Norse and Anglo-Saxon accounts, is sometimes associated with the Viking leader Ímar (), a King of Dublin mentioned in the Irish annals. This is unlikely, however, as Ímar's father is usually said to be Gofraid of Lochlann and his brothers are usually named as Amlaíb Conung and Auisle. As Dorothy Whitelock notes, the names "Ívarr" and "Ímar" were "not uncommon" in Norse societies.

paragraph: Section::::Other.

paragraph: Hector Boece relates two Northumbrian princes Osbrecht and Ella who took at the castle at Stirling.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Ælla was played by Frank Thring in the film "The Vikings" (1958) as the main antagonist..

paragraph: A character broadly based on Ælla is played by Ivan Kaye in the History Channel's drama series "Vikings" (2013). The show has no indication that this Ælla had usurped his throne, and he is shown to have reigned in Northumbria for more than 15 years. The show portrays Ælla as being executed by blood eagle following a battle which is said to stand "near York".

paragraph: The show also gave Ælla a promiscuous daughter, Judith, who takes the historical role of Osburh, as the mother of Alfred the Great. The character's name seems taken from Judith of Flanders, Alfred's stepmother, but doesn't share much more.

paragraph: In "The Last Kingdom", a historical novel by Bernard Cornwell, Ælla appears very briefly as a minor character at the beginning of the book. He, along with Osberht and Uhtred, a fictional Ealdorman of Bernicia, lead a Northumbrian army to repel invading Danes at York. The battle ends disastrously for the Northumbrians when the Norse army feigns a retreat, and Ælla dies on the field.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirby, D.P., "The Earliest English Kings." London: Unwin, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Higham, N.J., "The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100." Stroud: Sutton, 1993.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tale of Ragnar's sons in translation by Tunstall at Northvegr

alias:
Ælle
Aella of Northumbria

description: king of Northumbria in the middle of the 9th century

wikidata_label: Aelle

wikipedia_title: Ælla of Northumbria


text:
Scottish
contemporary folk
BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards
Scots Trad Music Awards
Lau
Kris Drever
Martin Green
New Music 20x12
Eddi Reader
Andy Sheppard
Alyth
Roddy Woomble
Blazin' Fiddles
Oban
Seil
civil engineering
Strathclyde University
Edinburgh
Lau
drum and bass
Isle of Mull
Celtic music
Allmusic
Aonghas MacNeacail
2012 Summer Olympics
PRS for Music
TAT-1
Clarenville
BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards
Lightweights and Gentlemen
Live
Arc Light
The Bell That Never Rang

categories: British male violinists,Lau (band) members,Scottish fiddlers,21st-century violinists,1975 births,Blazin' Fiddles members,Scottish composers,Living people,People from Oban

paragraph: Aidan O'Rourke (musician)

paragraph: Aidan O'Rourke (born 1975) is a Scottish contemporary folk music fiddle player and composer. He was named the 2014 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards Musician of the Year and the Scots Trad Music Awards 2011 Composer of the Year. In addition to his solo career, O'Rourke also plays in the award-winning folk trio Lau alongside Kris Drever and Martin Green. He was one of 20 musicians commissioned for New Music 20x12 by PRS for Music Foundation to celebrate the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. O'Rourke has worked with Eddi Reader, Andy Sheppard, Alyth, Roddy Woomble and appears on more than eighty recordings. Previously, he was a member of Blazin' Fiddles, The Unusual Suspects and Tabache.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: O'Rourke grew up in a musical family in Oban and later on the nearby island of Seil. He is of Scottish/Irish parentage and grew up listening to traditional songs from both countries. He studied civil engineering at Strathclyde University. After university he moved to Edinburgh in 1998 and joined Blazin' Fiddles in the same year. O'Rourke has also been a member of such groups as Tabache, Sunhoney, and Lau, and has guested on dozens of albums by other artists.

paragraph: "Sirius", O'Rourke's debut solo album, was released in 2006. It contains a fusion of folk, jazz, and drum and bass sounds inspired by traditional Scottish, Danish, and Irish music. He released "An Tobar" in 2008. The album, dedicated to an arts center of the same name on the Isle of Mull, consists of five songs rooted in Celtic music but often displaying a "progressive twist". The song "Tobar Nan Ealain", which Allmusic writer Chris Nickson calls the album's "centerpiece", begins with a poem from Aonghas MacNeacail and features guest vocals by Kirsty MacKinnon.

paragraph: O'Rourke was commissioned to write a piece for the 2012 Summer Olympics. He told PRS for Music that the composition "draws inspiration from the fact that TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1) the first transatlantic telephone cable system was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban and Clarenville, Newfoundland between 1955 and 1956."

paragraph: O'Rourke released his third solo album, "Hotline", in 2013,

paragraph: and he was named Musician of the Year at the 2014 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sirius" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Tobar" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hotline" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Lau.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lightweights and Gentlemen" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arc Light" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Race the Loser" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bell That Never Rang" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Kan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleeper" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Unusual Suspects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Scotland" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Like This" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Tabache.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Are You Willing?" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waves of Rush" (1999)

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Aidan O'Rourke

wikipedia_title: Aidan O'Rourke (musician)


text:
archdiocese
York
Northumbria
Bede
Boniface
Bernicia
Eadberht
Northumbria
deacon
Bede
see
York
Ceolwulf
Gregory III
pallium
archbishop
papacy
book-land
Peter Hunter Blair
famous monasteries
Wearmouth
Jarrow
Alcuin
Liudger
Bishop of Munster
Gregory the Great
Aidan
Cuthbert
Hexham
Lindisfarne
Whithorn
Boniface
Æthelbald of Mercia
Dialogus ecclesiasticae institutionis
weregild
Nothhelm
penitential
pontifical
Paenitentiale Ecgberhti
Pontificale Egberti
Collectio canonum Wigorniensis
Wulfstan
Old English
Scriftboc

categories: 766 deaths,Year of birth unknown,8th-century Latin writers,Archbishops of York,8th-century archbishops,8th-century English writers,Idings

paragraph: Ecgbert of York

paragraph: Ecgbert (died November 766) was an 8th-century cleric who established the archdiocese of York in 735. In 737, Ecgbert's brother became king of Northumbria and the two siblings worked together on ecclesiastical issues. Ecgbert was a correspondent of Bede and Boniface and the author of a legal code for his clergy. Other works have been ascribed to him, although the attribution is doubted by modern scholars.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Ecgbert was the son of Eata, who was descended from the founder of the kingdom of Bernicia. His brother Eadberht was king of Northumbria from 737 to 758. Ecgbert went to Rome with another brother, and was ordained deacon while still there. Ecgbert has been claimed to have been a student of Bede, who much later visited with Ecgbert in 733 at York, but this statement may simply mean that Ecgbert was a student of Bede's writings, and not that he was formally taught by him.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.

paragraph: Ecgbert was named to the see of York around 732 (other sources date the appointment to 734) by his cousin Ceolwulf, the king of Northumbria. Pope Gregory III gave him a pallium, the symbol of an archbishop's authority, in 735. After Eadberht became king, the brothers worked together, and were forbidden by the papacy to transfer church lands to secular control. They also worked together to deal with problems that had developed in the relationship between the church and royal government. An example of the brothers' cooperation is the fact that some of Eadberht's coins feature Ecbert's image on the opposite face.

paragraph: Ecgbert's problems with the monasteries in his diocese came from the secular practice of families setting up monasteries that were totally under their control as a way of making the family lands book-land and free from secular service. Book-land was at first an exclusive right of ecclesiastical property. By transferring land to a family-controlled monastery, the family would retain the use of the land without having to perform any services to the king for the land.

paragraph: Section::::Educational activities.

paragraph: The school Ecgbert founded at York is held by the modern historian Peter Hunter Blair to have equalled or surpassed the famous monasteries at Wearmouth and Jarrow. The school educated not just the cathedral clergy but also the offspring of nobles. Blair also calls the library that was established at York "a library whose contents were unequalled in the western Europe of its day". Among the students at the school was Alcuin, who was placed by his family with Ecgbert. Both Liudger, later the first Bishop of Munster, and Aluberht, another bishop in Germany, also studied at the school in York.

paragraph: Section::::Correspondents.

paragraph: Bede wrote Ecgbert a letter dealing with monastic issues as well as the problems of large dioceses. The letter, written in 734, became known as the "Epistola ad Ecgberhtum episcopum". Bede urged Ecgbert to study Gregory the Great's "Pastoral Care", and held up Aidan and Cuthbert as examples of model bishops. The main thrust of Bede's letter was to urge Ecgbert to reform his church to more closely resemble Gregory the Great's original plan for it. Bede's admonition to divide up dioceses fell on deaf ears, as Egbert did not break up his large diocese. The suffragans continued to be limited to the bishops of Hexham, Lindisfarne, and Whithorn.

paragraph: Boniface wrote to Ecgbert, asking for support against Æthelbald of Mercia. Boniface also asked the archbishop for some of Bede's books, and in return sent wine to be drunk "in a merry day with the brethern." On another occasion, Boniface sent the archbishop a cloak and towel.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Ecgbert wrote the "Dialogus ecclesiasticae institutionis", which was a legal code for the clergy, setting forth the proper procedures for many clerical and ecclesiastical issues including weregild for clerics, entrance to clerical orders, deposition from the clergy, criminal monks, clerics in court, and other matters. It survives as one complete manuscript, with a few excerpts in other manuscripts. Because Ecgbert was the senior archbishop in England after the death of Nothhelm in 739, it is possible that the "Dialogus" was intended not just for the Northumbrian church but for the entire church in England. The "Dialogus" details a code of conduct for the clergy and how the clergy was to behave in society. The exact date it was composed is unclear, but it was probably after 735, based on the mention of the archiepiscopal status of Ecgbert in one title as well as the internal evidence of the work. The historian Simon Coates saw the "Dialogus" as not especially exalting monks above the laity.

paragraph: Other works were attributed to Egbert in the Middle Ages, but they are not regarded by modern scholars as authentic. These include a collection of church canons, as well as a penitential and a pontifical. The penitential, known as the "Paenitentiale Ecgberhti", was ascribed to Ecgbert by the 8th or 9th centuries, but its surviving versions have little or no content that can be reliably traced to Ecgbert. The pontifical, known as the "Pontificale Egberti", is thought to owe its attribution to Ecgbert's authorship to the fact that the penitential ascribed to Ecgbert was included within its contents. Lastly, the collection of church laws known previously as the "Excerptiones Ecgberhti" but today as the "Collectio canonum Wigorniensis", has been shown to be the work of a later archbishop of York, Wulfstan, and was not connected with Ecgbert until after the Anglo-Saxon period. Besides these Latin works, an Old English text, known variously as the "Scriftboc", "Confessionale Pseudo-Egberti" or "Confessionale Egberti", was once stated to be a translation from Latin by Ecgbert, but is now known to date from the late 9th or 10th century.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Ecgbert died on 19 November 766, and was buried in his cathedral at York. Ecgbert had a reputation after his death as an expert on canon law and church legislation, both in his native England and on the mainland of Europe. Alcuin also claimed that he was known as a teacher of singing. The historian D. P. Kirby described him as a "great" archbishop. The historian Henry Mayr-Harting stated that Ecgbert "must be regarded as one of the great architects of the English church in the eighth century".

description: Archbishop of York

wikidata_label: Ecgbert

wikipedia_title: Ecgbert of York


text:
Grand Prix motorcycle racer
France
MotoAmerica
Suzuki GSX-R600
Supersport World Championship
Ken Hill
Profile on MotoGP.com
Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Supersport World Championship riders,French motorcycle racers,250cc World Championship riders,1992 births,125cc World Championship riders

paragraph: Valentin Debise

paragraph: Valentin Debise (born 12 February 1992) is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from France. He currently competes in the MotoAmerica Supersport Championship riding a Suzuki GSX-R600, and is a former winner of the French 125GP Championship, in 2008. He has also competed in the Supersport World Championship and the French Supersport Championship. He finished 2nd in the French Supersport Championship in 2013. Throughout the 2016 MotoAmerica Series, Debise and his teammates were coached by former AMA racer Ken Hill.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: French motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Valentin Debise

wikipedia_title: Valentin Debise


text: Archbishop of Zaragoza

text: Archbishop of Valencia

text: Lieutenant General of Aragon

text: Cervera

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Alessandro Geraldini

text: Juan de Aragón

text: John II of Aragon

text: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Ausías de Puggio

text: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

text: Tudela

text: Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre

text: Lieutenant General of Aragon

text: ruler of Aragon

text: Queen Joanna

text: Charles I

text: Lécera

text: La Seo Cathedral

text: Juan

text: Hernando

text: Viceroy of Aragón

text: Juana

text: Juan de Borja, 3rd Duke of Gandía

text: Francis Borgia

text: Martin

text: Ana

text: 6th Duke of Medina Sidonia

text: ancestry.com: Alonso of ARAGON

text: Archbishop Alfonso de Aragón

categories: House of Argavieso,Viceroys of Aragon,Archbishops of Zaragoza,1470 births,Archbishops of Valencia,Aragonese regents,Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs,1520 deaths

paragraph: Alonso de Aragón

paragraph: Alonso de Aragón or Alfonso de Aragón (1468 – 24 February 1520) was Archbishop of Zaragoza, Archbishop of Valencia and Lieutenant General of Aragon. Born in Cervera, he was an illegitimate son of Ferdinand II of Aragon by a Catalan noblewoman called Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra (1452–1516). In his youth his tutor was Antonio Geraldini, brother of the humanist scholar Alessandro Geraldini.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical career.

paragraph: Alonso was more a politician than a clergyman. His ecclesiastical career was determined by his father when he was five years old; his half-uncle, Juan de Aragón, Archbishop of Zaragoza and illegitimate son of King John II of Aragon, died. Ferdinand II decided that Alonso would succeed him, but Pope Sixtus IV thought that he was too young and appointed Ausías de Puggio. By 1478, the Pope couldn't withstand the pressure any more and appointed Alonso as new Archbishop on 14 August. However, he was not ordained as a priest until 7 November 1501, a day before being ordained as a bishop.

paragraph: On 23 January 1512, Alonso was appointed Archbishop of Valencia. He was enthroned as such on 4 April 1512.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: His father made him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Naples in 1507, to replace Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba. In 1512, he was in command of the troops that conquered Tudela in the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.

paragraph: When his father died in 1516, the Archbishop was appointed by his will as Lieutenant General of Aragon and de facto ruler of Aragon, due to the insanity of his half-sister, Queen Joanna, who inherited the crown. When Joanna's son and co-ruler, Charles I, arrived in November 1518, the Archbishop was confirmed as Lieutenant General of Aragon. He died two years later in Lécera.

paragraph: Aragón also realised important modifications on the La Seo Cathedral, where he was buried.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Despite being Archbishop, Alonso had seven children with Ana de Gurrea (1470–1527), including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan (1498–1530), next Archbishop of Zaragoza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hernando (1498–1575), also Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragón

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio (died 1552), Lord of Quinto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juana (died 1520), married to Juan de Borja, 3rd Duke of Gandía and mother of Saint Francis Borgia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin, Lord of Argavieso

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ana, married the 5th and the 6th Duke of Medina Sidonia

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ancestry.com: Alonso of ARAGON

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fundación Casa Ducal de Medinaceli: Alonso de Aragón "Gran Bastardo de Aragón"

paragraph: BULLET::::- rodovid.org: Alonso de Aragón y Ruiz de Ivorra n. 1470 d. 24 febrero 1520

paragraph: BULLET::::- PhiloBiblon: Alfonso de Aragón y Ruiz de Ivorra

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archbishop Alfonso de Aragón

description: Catholic Archbishop

wikidata_label: Alonso de Aragón

wikipedia_title: Alonso de Aragón


text:
Kassite
Babylon
Hittite
Mursilis I
short chronology
Marduk Prophecy
lacunae
Burna-Buriaš I
Akkadian
Marduk
Ḫana
Ésagila
Guteans
Zagros mountains
Zarpanītum
library of Ashurbanipal
Kouyunjik
Sumerian
Ešnunna
Enûma Eliš
Tiāmat

categories: Babylonian kings,16th-century BC Babylonian kings

paragraph: Agum II

paragraph: Agum II (also known as Agum Kakrime) was "possibly" a Kassite ruler who may have become the 8th or more likely the 9th king of the third Babylonian dynasty sometime after Babylonia was defeated and sacked by the Hittite king Mursilis I in 1531 BC (short chronology), establishing the "Kassite Dynasty" which was to last in Babylon until 1155 BC. A later tradition, the Marduk Prophecy, gives 24 years after a statue was taken, before it returned "of its own accord" to Babylon, suggesting a Kassite occupation beginning around 1507 BC.

paragraph: The only historical source describes him as son of Urzigurumaš, the 6th king of the dynasty, but the "Synchronistic King List" has two lacunae where the 8th and 9th kings precede Burna-Buriaš I, who was the 10th The 7th position is occupied by a name containing “Ḫarba.” It has been suggested that the 9th position may show traces of the name “Kakrime”, purported to mean "Sword of Mercy" or "Weapon of Thunder".

paragraph: Section::::Agum-Kakrime Inscription.

paragraph: Everything that is known about him is through the Agum-Kakrime Inscription, an Akkadian text written in the neo-Assyrian cuneiform script but in very short lines in imitation of an antiquarian style. It is extant in two copies, which describe the King’s recovery of the cultic Statue of Marduk from the land of Ḫana ( "ḫa-ni-i"), pilfered by the Hittites during their sack of Babylon, and its restoration in the newly refurbished temple of Ésagila. In it, Agum portrays himself as the legitimate ruler and caring “shepherd” of both the Kassites and the Akkadians. He asserts his suzerainty over Padan and Alman and also the Guteans, “a foolish people,” groups variously located in regions of the Zagros mountains.

paragraph: The inscription begins with an introduction, giving the King’s name, genealogy, epithets and so on. He is a descendant of Abi[rattash], “the fierce hero.” It continues with a long narrative of the return of Marduk and his consort Zarpanītum and then lists Agum-Kakrime’s many generous donations to the temple and includes descriptions of the purification of the house itself by a snake charmer and the construction of protective demons for the doorway.

paragraph: Of uncertain provenance, it is on two tablets, one of which covers 8 columns and more than 350 lines, and including much esoteric detail concerning the temple and its rituals. One was found in the library of Ashurbanipal, purporting to be a copy of an inscription made in antiquity while the other was found elsewhere in Kouyunjik, ancient Nineveh. The Library of Ashurbanipal copy contains two colophons, and apart from the standard library identification, the earlier one reads "mudû mudâ likallim", which has been translated as “Let the learned instruct the learned” or alternatively “The initiate may show the initiate.” For those disputing its authenticity, it is a later pseudonymous propaganda piece for the cult of Marduk, emphasizing certain tax exemptions granted for the restoration of the statues. Kassite era royal inscriptions are usually inscribed in Sumerian. Those supportive of its authenticity cite the iconography of the demons described on the door of the cella, which represent Marduk’s defeated foes, the gods of cities conquered by Babylon, such as Ešnunna and are illustrative of a middle Babylonian theology. Marduk has yet to attain sovereignty over the universe characterized by the Enûma Eliš and the struggle with Tiāmat.

paragraph: Section::::Primary publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- pl. 38, no. 2 (line art), K.4149 misidentified as a tablet of Ashur-bani-pal; titles and prayers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- pl. 33 line art for tablets K.4149+4203+4348+Sm 27

paragraph: BULLET::::- full text.

paragraph: BULLET::::- pl. 36 tablet Rm 505 (the duplicate copy).

paragraph: BULLET::::- no. 4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- full text.

paragraph: BULLET::::- translation only.

paragraph: BULLET::::- transliteration, translation and photographs

wikidata_label: Agum II

wikipedia_title: Agum II


text:
Egyptian
13th Dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Detlef Franke
Turin canon
Sobekhotep IV
lacuna
Merhotepre Sobekhotep
scarab seal
Abydos
Kerma
Jericho
Levant
Sobekhotep VI

paragraph: Sobekhotep VI

paragraph: Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI (also known as Sobekhotep V) was an Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. According to egyptologist Kim Ryholt he was the thirty-first pharaoh of the dynasty, while Darrell Baker believes instead that he was its thirtieth ruler. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath and Detlef Franke see him as the twenty-fifth king of the dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Until Ryholt's study of the Second Intermediate Period, it was believed that Sobekhotep VI's prenomen was Merhotepre. Reevaluating the archeological evidence, however, Ryholt attributed Merhotepre to Sobekhotep V and Khahotepre to Sobekhotep VI. Because of this change of prenomen, Merhotepre Sobekhotep and Khahotepre Sobekhotep are respectively called Sobekhotep VI and Sobekhotep V in older studies.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI is listed in the Turin canon as the successor of Sobekhotep IV. However, this only occurs because one line is missing within a lacuna in the king list, below the line for Sobekhotep IV. This lacuna would have preserved the reign of Merhotepre Sobekhotep. Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI is credited a reign of 4 years, 8 months and 29 days, which Ryholt dates to 1719-1715 BC. In spite of this relatively long reign for the period, there are only very few objects directly attesting Sobekhotep VI. There exists a scarab seal from Abydos and a kneeling statuette of the king, possibly from Kerma. Items of unknown provenance include 6 scarab seals, a cylinder seal and a seal impression. Finally, a scarab bearing the prenomen Khahotepre was found in a tomb in Jericho, which could be evidence of trade relations between the 13th dynasty state and the Levant.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI's father was perhaps Sobekhotep IV, the best attested king of the entire second intermediate period. This hypothesis is based on an inscription found in the Wadi el-Hudi which attests that Sobekhotep IV had a son called 'Sobekhotep'. If this son is indeed Sobekhotep VI, then his mother would be possibly Tjan, wife of Sobekhotep IV. Sobekhotep VI's queen may have been named Khaenoub (also Khaesnebou) or Nubhotepti.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sobekhotep VI from Digital Egypt (University College. London)

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sobekhotep VI

wikipedia_title: Sobekhotep VI


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th Dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Detlef Franke
Ameny Qemau
Amenemhat V
Iufni
Ameny Antef Amenemhat VI
Ptah
Khatana
el-Atawla
Cairo Museum
ceremonial mace
Ebla
Syria
Immeya
Tell El-Dab'a
Avaris

categories: 18th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Hotepibre

paragraph: Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef (also Sehetepibre I or Sehetepibre II depending on the scholar) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, he was the sixth king of the dynasty, reigning for one to five years, possibly three years, from 1791 BC until 1788 BC. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath and Detlef Franke see him as the ninth king of the dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Qemau Siharnedjheritef complete nomen means "Qemau's son, Horus he who seizes his power" and from this it is likely that he was the son of his predecessor Ameny Qemau and the grandson of king Amenemhat V. Ryholt further proposes that he was succeeded by a king named Iufni, who may have been his brother or uncle. After the short reign of Iufni, the throne went to another grandson of Amenemhat V named Ameny Antef Amenemhat VI.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: A statue dedicated to Ptah and bearing the name of Hotepibre was found in Khatana, but its location of origin is unknown. A Temple-block from el-Atawla with his name is now in the Cairo Museum (Temp 25.4.22.3). This pharaoh is also known by a ceremonial mace found inside the so-called "Tomb of the Lord of the Goats" in Ebla, in modern northern Syria; the mace was a gift from Hotepibre to the Eblaite king Immeya who was his contemporary. Hotepibre is sometimes also credited as the founder of a palace recently rediscovered at Tell El-Dab'a (the ancient Avaris).

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Hotepibre

wikipedia_title: Hotepibre


text:
Czech
ice hockey
winger
HC Vrchlabí
Czech.2 Liga
Prague
Czechoslovakia
Sparta Prague
Plzeň
Finland
SM-liiga
Jyp
HIFK
Los Angeles Kings
2001 NHL Entry Draft
Andreas Lilja
Florida Panthers
Dmitri Yushkevich
Russia
2004–05 NHL Season
Avangard Omsk
Jaromír Jágr
Alexander Perezhogin
Oleg Tverdovsky
Atlant Moscow
Kontinental Hockey League
HC Davos
NLA
Petr Sykora
Petr Taticek
Josef Marha
HK Hradec Králové

categories: Sportspeople from Prague,HC Lugano players,HC Plzeň players,HIFK (ice hockey) players,Florida Panthers players,Los Angeles Kings players,HC Slavia Praha players,Czech ice hockey players,HC Davos players,Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia,JYP Jyväskylä players,Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players,Stadion Hradec Králové players,Avangard Omsk players,Los Angeles Kings draft picks,SC Bern players,HC Sparta Praha players,Living people,1976 births,San Antonio Rampage players

paragraph: Jaroslav Bednář

paragraph: Jaroslav Bednář (born 9 November 1976) is a Czech professional ice hockey winger, who currently plays with HC Vrchlabí in the Czech.2 Liga

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Bednář began his career with Slavia Prague in 1994 and stayed there for three years before moving to rivals Sparta Prague. He played just 14 games before moving to Plzeň and then returned to play for Sparta for the next season. He then spent the next two seasons playing in Finland's SM-liiga with spells at Jyp and HIFK where he led the teams in goals and points.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:NHL.

paragraph: Bednář was drafted 51st overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, but never managed to recapture the form he had in Finland. He played 37 games for the Kings, scoring 4 goals and 11 assists for 15 points. On November 26, 2002, Bednář, along with Andreas Lilja was traded to the Florida Panthers for Dmitri Yushkevich, he played 65 games for Florida, scoring 6 goals and 14 assists for 20 points. Overall, Bednář played 102 regular season games, scoring 10 goals and 25 assists for 35 points.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Return to Europe.

paragraph: Bednář moved to Russia during the cancelled 2004–05 NHL Season and played for Avangard Omsk where he played alongside Jaromír Jágr, Alexander Perezhogin and Oleg Tverdovsky. In 2005, Bednář returned to Slavia Prague where he has become one of their core players and left the team after four years on 29 April 2009 to sign with Atlant Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League. In 2010, Bednář signed a one-year contract with HC Davos from the Swiss NLA where he played alongside 3 other Czech players: Petr Sykora, Petr Taticek and Josef Marha. During the 2010–11 regular season, Bednář scored 35 goals and 15 assists for a total of 50 points in 43 games. On May 21, 2013, Bednar returned again to his original club, HC Slavia Praha for a fourth stint. He would play three seasons with HK Hradec Králové through to 2018.

description: Czech ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Jaroslav Bednář

wikipedia_title: Jaroslav Bednář


text:
Ianova
Romania
Orthodox
University of Bucharest
Mircea Eliade
Paris
Grenoble
French Resistance
World War II
Mircea Dinescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Petre Roman
Timisoara Proclamation
Securitate
Group for Social Dialogue
Revista 22
Civic Alliance Foundation
Civic Alliance Party
turned 100

categories: 20th-century Romanian philosophers,Romanian editors,Romanian philosophers,Romanian centenarians,Romanian Ministers of Education,1916 births,Honorary members of the Romanian Academy,Communist members of the French Resistance,People from Timiș County,Living people,Romanian writers

paragraph: Mihai Șora

paragraph: Mihai Șora (; born November 7, 1916 in Ianova) is a Romanian philosopher and essayist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of an Orthodox priest, Mihai Șora studied philosophy at the University of Bucharest from 1934 to 1938, where he was a student of Mircea Eliade. From 1939 to 1948 he studied in Paris and Grenoble on a fellowship granted by the French government. He joined the French Resistance during World War II.

paragraph: After travelling back to Romania in 1948, Șora was prevented from returning to France. Barred from holding a teaching appointment in communist Romania, he nevertheless became an influential editor. Șora's family emigrated to the West in the 1970s, and he was allowed to visit them in the 1980s, but he was forced to publish under pseudonyms rather than use his own name.

paragraph: In March 1989 he joined intellectuals protesting the treatment of dissident poet Mircea Dinescu. After the fall of Nicolae Ceaușescu in December 1989, he briefly served as minister of education in Petre Roman's postrevolutionary coalition. He was one of only two cabinet members to endorse the March 1990 Timisoara Proclamation, which unsuccessfully proposed a law to prevent former "Securitate" members from occupying leading political positions. He was a member of the Group for Social Dialogue, writing for its weekly publication "Revista 22", and the Civic Alliance Foundation, which later became the Civic Alliance Party.

paragraph: He has been married twice: the first time with writer Mariana Klein (1917–2011), in 1939, with whom he has three children, and the second time with Luiza Palanciuc, an essayist and poet, in 2014. He turned 100 in November 2016.

description: Romanian philosopher and essayist.

wikidata_label: Mihai Șora

wikipedia_title: Mihai Șora


text: Blockley

text: King James I of England's

text: Marprelate tracts

text: King James I of Scotland

text: Stationers' Register

text: yeoman

text: Blockley

text: Moreton in Marsh

text: Worcestershire

text: Gloucestershire

text: Stationers' Company

text: Somerset House

text: Foster Lane

text: Paul's Churchyard

text: Cannon Lane

text: Dudley Fenner

text: Laurence Chaderton

text: John Field

text: Martin Luther

text: John Calvin

text: John Knox

text: White Lion prison

text: Southwark

text: Star Chamber

text: John Udall's

text: St Mary Aldermanbury

text: Elizabeth Hussey

text: Queen Elizabeth's

text: Cofferer of the Household

text: Master of the Household

text: John Penry

text: East Molesey

text: Hampton Court Palace

text: Martin Marprelate

text: Marprelate tracts

text: Sir Richard Knightley's

text: Fawsley

text: Whitefriars, Coventry

text: John Hales

text: James VI of Scotland

text: Sir Robert Melville of Murdocairny

text: La Rochelle

text: Edinburgh

text: James VI

text: William Welwood's

text: Sir Philip Sidney's

text: King James

text: Basilikon Doron

categories: 16th-century English businesspeople,English printers,1550s births,1603 deaths,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Robert Waldegrave

paragraph: Robert Waldegrave or Walgrave (c.1554 – October 1603), the son of Richard Waldegrave of Blockley, Worcestershire, was a 16th-century printer and publisher in England and Scotland. From 1578 to 1588 he printed numerous, mainly religious works in London, and from 1590 to 1603, more than 100 books in Scotland. In 1603, following King James I of England's accession to the English throne, he returned to England, but died later the same year.

paragraph: Waldegrave is chiefly known for printing the first four of the Marprelate tracts on a secret press, and for printing the works of King James I of Scotland in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Little is known of Waldegrave's parents. According to the Stationers' Register, his father was Richard Waldegrave, a yeoman from Blockley three miles northwest of Moreton in Marsh, then in Worcestershire, now in Gloucestershire. He died before 1568.

paragraph: Further information may be gleaned from the will of Thomas Freman, of Blockley, yeoman, which was proved 27 May 1546 by Richard Sambage and Richard Walgrave, two of the four named executors. The text of the will, dated 16 March 1545 (37 Henry VIII) includes the testator's mother-in-law, Margery Walgrave, who receives 20/- (twenty shillings). John Walgrave and Martyn Walgrave are also beneficiaries. In addition Richard Walgrave is assigned the task of oversight of husbandry.

paragraph: Waldegrave is thought to have married about 1580. His wife's Christian name was Mary, but her surname is unknown. They had six children before Waldegrave arrived in Scotland. A seventh child, Robert, was born in September 1596 in Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: On 24 June 1568 Waldegrave began an eight-year apprenticeship with the London stationer, William Griffith:

paragraph: Robert Walgrave the sonne of Rychard walgrave late of blacklay in the Countye of Worcestre yeoman Deceassed hath put hym self apprentes to Wylliam greffeth Cetizen and stacioner of London from the feaste of the nativite of saynte John bapteste anno 1568 viij yeres.

paragraph: Having completed his apprenticeship, Waldegrave should have gained the freedom of the Stationers' Company by 1576; however, as the Company records for that year are lost, there is no record of his having done so. His name first appears in the company's records as a publisher on 17 June 1578, when he became licensed to publish "The Castle for the Soule", the first of many religious texts he printed or published during his career.

paragraph: Waldegrave's principal place of business was "Without Temple Bar in the Strand", near Somerset House, although in 1583 he was located for a short time in Foster Lane. In that year he was recorded as having two presses. In the late 1580s his imprints indicate that he occasionally published from shops at the sign of the Crane in Paul's Churchyard and the sign of the White Horse in Cannon Lane.

paragraph: He soon became known for printing the works of English clergymen and others who dissented from the established religion, including Dudley Fenner, Laurence Chaderton and John Field. He also published editions of works by continental and Scottish religious reformers, among them Martin Luther, John Calvin and John Knox. During the 1580s he was twice imprisoned in the White Lion prison in Southwark, spending 20 weeks there in 1586–7. In February the following year, a Star Chamber decree restricted his publishing activities. That April, he anonymously printed and published John Udall's "The State of the Churche of England Laid Open", or "Diotrephes", but on 16 April officers of the Stationers' Company confiscated his press and almost all his type, together with copies of Udall's book. Although he escaped from his house carrying a box of type hidden beneath his cloak, the copies of Udall's book were burned, and his seized press and type destroyed.

paragraph: Section::::Marprelate tracts.

paragraph: Waldegrave hid the salvaged type at the house of Mistress Crane in the parish of St Mary Aldermanbury. Born Elizabeth Hussey, Mistress Crane was the widow of Queen Elizabeth's Cofferer of the Household and Master of the Household, Anthony Crane (d.1583), had reformist sympathies, and in the late spring of 1588 she allowed Waldegrave and John Penry to set up a secret press at her country home at East Molesey, Surrey, across the Thames from Hampton Court Palace. The first tract to be printed there was another of Udall's works, the "Demonstration of Discipline". In late 1588 and early 1589, Waldegrave embarked on an even more controversial enterprise, printing the first four tracts written against the ecclesiastical authorities by an unknown satirist using the pseudonym Martin Marprelate. The first of the Marprelate tracts, Martin's "Epistle" was printed on the secret press in October 1588. The tract enjoyed immense popularity, and the ecclesiastical authorities instigated a hue and cry after Martin. In November the press was moved from East Molesey to Sir Richard Knightley's house at Fawsley in Northamptonshire, where Martin's second tract, "The Epitome", was printed. Shortly thereafter the secret press was moved to the Whitefriars, Coventry, the home of Knightley's great-nephew, John Hales, where "Certaine Minerall and Metaphysicall Schoolpoints" and "Hay Any Worke for Cooper" were printed, the former in early January and the latter in late March 1589. Waldegrave then refused to print any further tracts, citing the Puritan ministers' disapproval of Martin Marprelate's course of action. Waldegrave had a patron and protector in James VI of Scotland who asked his diplomat Sir Robert Melville of Murdocairny to intercede with Elizabeth for him.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Waldegrave's movements in the months immediately after he left the secret press are uncertain; John Penry claimed that he was printing in La Rochelle in May 1589. However, by early 1590 he was in Edinburgh, where by March that year he was granted a licence to print. On 9 October he was appointed King's Printer by James VI.

paragraph: From that point until his death in 1603–4, Waldegrave printed over 100 works, "making him the most prolific Scottish printer of the sixteenth century". His output consisted principally of religious works, but also included William Welwood's "The Sea-Law of Scotland", a pirated edition of Sir Philip Sidney's "The Arcadia", and three works by King James: the "Poetical Exercises" (1591), the "Daemonologie", "The Trew Law", and "Basilikon Doron".

paragraph: In February 1597 he suffered a temporary setback when he was convicted of "treasonably printing" an Act of the Scottish Parliament. However, the conviction was later set aside.

paragraph: When King James acceded to the English crown, following the death of Queen Elizabeth in March 1603, Waldegrave returned to England, leaving his Edinburgh printing business in his wife's care. He obtained a licence to print from the Stationers' Company in June 1603, but died later the same year during an outbreak of the plague and was buried at St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street, London, on 22 October. If he left a will, it has not survived.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bell Inn, Blockley, said to have been the home of the Waldegrave family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical map showing location of Blockley

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Anthony Crane, Master of the Queen's Household

description: English printer

wikidata_label: Robert Waldegrave

wikipedia_title: Robert Waldegrave


text: Cree

text: Muskeg Lake Cree Nation

text: Saskatchewan

text: First Nations

text: Canadian Armed Forces

text: Canadian Women’s Army Corps

text: George VI

text: Elizabeth

text: Muskeg Lake Cree Nation

text: Marcelin, Saskatchewan

text: residential school

text: Duck Lake, Saskatchewan

text: Great Depression

text: Canadian Army

text: Regina

text: Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service

text: Royal Canadian Air Force

text: Canadian Women's Army Corps

text: Canadian MLA

text: Louis LeBourdais

text: World War I

text: Piapot First Nation

text: Winnipeg Tribune

text: "Regina Leader-Post"

text: Canadian War Museum

text: Aldershot, England

text: Cockspur Street

text: Canada House

text: King George VI

text: Queen Elizabeth

text: Princess Elizabeth

text: Winnipeg, Manitoba

text: Victoria

text: Vancouver

text: Vermilion, Alberta

text: Department of Veterans Affairs

categories: People from Saskatchewan,First Nations history,1920 births,Cree people,Canadian military personnel of World War II,First Nations in Saskatchewan,Canadian women in World War II,Canadian female military personnel,First Nations women,2011 deaths

paragraph: Mary Greyeyes

paragraph: Mary Greyeyes Reid (November 14, 1920 – March 31, 2011) was a Canadian World War II servicewoman. A Cree from the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation in Saskatchewan, she was the first First Nations woman to enlist in the Canadian Armed Forces. After joining the Canadian Women’s Army Corps (CWAC) in 1942, she became the subject of an internationally famous army publicity photograph, and was sent overseas to serve in London, England, where she was introduced to public figures such as George VI and his daughter Elizabeth. Greyeyes remained in London until being discharged in 1946, after which she returned to Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mary Greyeyes was born November 14, 1920, in the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation reserve in Marcelin, Saskatchewan. She had ten siblings: six sisters and four brothers. She was raised by her widowed grandmother, Sarah Greyeyes.

paragraph: When she was five years old, Greyeyes was sent to the St. Michael's residential school in Duck Lake, Saskatchewan. The school only taught students up to grade 8, but Greyeyes managed to obtain additional tutoring in later years from a nun at the school, attending evening lessons while helping with cooking and cleaning during the day. She was known for her eagerness for knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Canadian forces.

paragraph: Section::::Canadian forces.:Enlistment.

paragraph: The Muskeg Lake Cree Nation reserve had been heavily impacted by the Great Depression, and by the early 1940s there was little work for youth on the reserve. Greyeyes' favourite brother, David Greyeyes, left the reserve in search of work to help support the family, and in 1940, David enlisted in the Canadian Army. Greyeyes subsequently decided to do the same, seeing enlistment as a valuable chance to expand her own knowledge and experience.

paragraph: In June 1942, Greyeyes travelled to Regina in order to take the test for enlistment. The Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service and the women's division of the Royal Canadian Air Force both required that new recruits be "a British subject, of white race", but recruitment for the Canadian Women's Army Corps (CWAC) was open to citizens of "any of the United Nations" and all races. Although Greyeyes worried that her grade 8 certification from the residential school would be inadequate, she passed the CWAC test and was accepted.

paragraph: Upon completing the test, Greyeyes became the first First Nations woman to join the Canadian Armed Forces.

paragraph: Section::::Canadian forces.:Photograph.

paragraph: Shortly after enlisting, Greyeyes became the subject of an army publicity photograph that showed her kneeling in her army uniform to receive a "blessing" from a man dressed in Plains Cree Chief regalia.

paragraph: During the war, Canadian MLA and public relations officer Louis LeBourdais often visited the training bases with photographers to take pictures of new CWAC recruits for newspaper publication. In June 1942, not long after she had enlisted, Greyeyes was approached and asked to participate in a photo-shoot to encourage more women to join the army. Harry Ball, a Cree man and World War I veteran from the Piapot First Nation, was convinced to pose for the photo in Plains Chief regalia. He was not an actual Chief himself at the time, though he would become one later, and had never met Greyeyes before. Ball had to cobble together a costume from borrowed items. In return for the photo-shoot, which was staged on Piapot land, Ball was paid $20, while Greyeyes received a free lunch and a new uniform.

paragraph: The photograph appeared in the "Winnipeg Tribune" and the "Regina Leader-Post", and soon spread overseas to England, appearing in multiple British newspapers.

paragraph: For decades, the photo would be identified only by a caption reading "Unidentified Indian princess getting blessing from her chief and father to go fight in the war". This sixteen-word caption contained no fewer than five inaccuracies. Greyeyes was not a "princess," a title European settlers often bestowed upon young women related to chiefs. Ball was not "her chief," since they were from different tribes. Ball was in fact not a "chief" at all. He was not her father. And there was no actual blessing being bestowed - only the hasty facsimile of one for the lens.

paragraph: It was only around 1995 that the record was finally corrected, when Greyeyes's daughter-in-law, Melanie Fahlman Reid, learned that the photo hung in the Canadian War Museum with the incorrect caption. Reid, who had discussed the photo personally with Greyeyes, provided a more accurate explanation of the photograph from her mother-in-law's recollection.

paragraph: Section::::Canadian forces.:Service and overseas work.

paragraph: Although officially integrated as part of the Canadian Army, CWAC did not train its members for combat roles, instead training women to support the war efforts through cooking, laundering, and clerical work. Greyeyes was sent overseas to Aldershot, England, to work at the Aldershot Base Laundry. She disliked her position there, and requested a transfer. Her superior tried to sabotage her transfer by writing the false statement "Does not speak English" on Greyeyes' papers, but she was granted her transfer anyway and went to work as a cook in the war centre at London. The Canadian Military Headquarters, in London was at 2–4 Cockspur Street next to Canada House.

paragraph: As a result of the "Indian princess" photo, Greyeyes became famous in London as "the Indian" who had joined the army in support of the Empire and its colonies, receiving letters from strangers offering to marry her. She was even introduced to King George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and Princess Elizabeth. Greyeyes was photographed with a number of public figures.

paragraph: Although Greyeyes sometimes encountered racism while in service – once resulting in her boarding outside the barracks – she found her overall army experience a positive one, later commenting that her wartime years had been "the best days of her life". She enjoyed the publicity she gained from being in the famous photo. Her love of learning was often noticed by others. One of her fellow corps members later recalled that Greyeyes was "a lovely young woman ... who spent much of her spare time reading and studying literature."

paragraph: Section::::Canadian forces.:Second photo-shoot.

paragraph: According to an interview with her daughter-in-law, Mary Greyeyes was approached by government officials for a second publicity photo towards the end of the war. It was an election year, and Indigenous people did not have the right to vote in Canadian elections at the time, but Indigenous veterans from World War II were being offered the choice to give up their treaty rights and Indian status in return for voting rights. Greyeyes was urged to visit a polling station and have her picture taken while voting. Instead of agreeing to the photo-shoot this time, she pointed out the unfairness of the voting laws:So Mary says to them, she says, "Can my mom vote?" And they said, "No, she didn't fight in the war." She said, "Well, what about my cousins over there, can they vote?" And they said no. They said, "C'mon Mary, you gotta come, we've got the photographer." And she said, "All those years, I said nothing. Now I'm saying "no"." It was only in 1960 that all First Nations people were granted the right to vote in Canadian federal elections.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war life.

paragraph: When the war ended, Greyeyes continued working in London until she was discharged in 1946. Afterwards, she returned to Canada and went back to the Muskeg Lake reserve to spend time with family. She met her future husband, Alexander Reid, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. They moved to Victoria and had two children. Greyeyes worked as a restaurant cook in Victoria, later finding employment as an industrial seamstress when the family moved to Vancouver in the 1960s.

paragraph: In August 1994, Greyeyes attended a reunion of over 400 CWAC members in Vermilion, Alberta. She received a pension from the Department of Veterans Affairs for her wartime service. In 2003, in recognition that post-war benefits had been poorly managed and delivered to Indigenous servicemen and women, the Canadian government paid compensation packages to Greyeyes and other surviving Indigenous veterans.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Greyeyes died on March 31, 2011, in Vancouver, British Columbia. She was 90 years old. Greyeyes was buried on the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation reserve.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Muskeg Lake Cree Nation veterans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online NFB Documentary: "Forgotten Warriors" (1997)

description: Canadian World War II servicewoman

wikidata_label: Mary Greyeyes

wikipedia_title: Mary Greyeyes