text:
record producer
guitarist
Queensrÿche
Geoff Tate
rural area
Redmond
Washington
Ritchie Blackmore
Redmond High School
Scott Rockenfield
progressive metal
Randy Gane
Geoff Tate
progressive metal
demo
Queensrÿche
Restless Records
Easy Street Records
recording engineering
mixer
producer
Shadowlife
Dokken
eponymous debut album
Candlebox
Brother Cane
Sven Gali
Bob Rivers
Nevermore
Second Coming
Yianni "Johnny" Bacolas
Q2K
live album
Live Evolution
Scott Rockenfield
Brother Cane
Damon Johnson
Roman Glick
hard rock
Slave to the System
eponymous album
Spitfire Records
American Soldier
Dedicated to Chaos
Q2K
Live Evolution
Take Cover
American Soldier
Dedicated to Chaos
Slave to the System
Frequency Unknown
Kings & Thieves

categories: Queensrÿche members,1963 births,Living people,Operation: Mindcrime (band) members

paragraph: Kelly Gray (musician)

paragraph: Kelly Gray (born June 20, 1963) is an American record producer and guitarist. He currently plays in former Queensrÿche vocalist Geoff Tate's band .

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Gray grew up with his mother and brother Howard D. Gray in a rural area near Redmond, Washington. He started playing guitar in the late 1970s, learning the style of Ritchie Blackmore. He attended Redmond High School, and graduated there in the same year as Scott Rockenfield, with whom he would play in the bands Queensrÿche and Slave to the System.

paragraph: Gray founded the progressive metal band Myth together with his school friends, bassist Richard Gibson and drummer Jimmy Parsons, in the garage of Parson's parents, later moving to the basement of Gray's home. Initially playing cover songs, Myth soon switched to writing original material and worked with various singers until they went with Brent Young. They were also joined by keyboardist Randy Gane, while Gibson switched from rhythm guitar to bass guitar. In 1980, some time after the departure of Young, they asked Geoff Tate to join them as the lead singer, as they were impressed by his performances with the band Tyrant. In 1981, a local progressive metal band, The Mob, got Tate to sing vocals on their demo tape, and write lyrics to one of their songs. This led to tensions in Myth. The Mob changed their name to Queensrÿche, and after a year of trying to get signed with a record label, the demo became an international success in 1982, following which Tate left Myth to become Queensrÿche's permanent lead singer. Parsons was later replaced by Layne Antonesen, and Young returned as the lead singer. In 1985, Myth performed the song "Let Me Hear The Thunder" on Restless Records' "Pacific Metal Project" album, and recorded the album "Arabia".

paragraph: After Myth disbanded, Gray played in several bands, including Fire Choir and Dog Daze (formerly Lyon House), frequently together with his Myth-bandmate Gibson. Several of these bands were managed by Kim Harris, the owner of Easy Street Records, Gray then went into a recording engineering career, working on various albums in the capacity of recording engineer, mixer, and eventually, producer for among others "Shadowlife" by Dokken, the eponymous debut album of Candlebox, Brother Cane, Sven Gali, Bob Rivers, Nevermore, Second Coming, and Yianni "Johnny" Bacolas.

paragraph: In 1998, Gray rejoined former Myth bandmate Tate when he became a guitarist in Queensrÿche. Gray produced their 1999 album, "Q2K", and plays on the 2001 live album and DVD, "Live Evolution". In 2000, Gray also collaborated with Queensrÿche drummer Scott Rockenfield and the Brother Cane members Damon Johnson and Roman Glick in the hard rock project Slave to the System, recording one eponymous album, which was released independently in 2002, and re-released in 2006 on Spitfire Records.

paragraph: In recent years, Gray's involvement with Queensrÿche has increased. Three Myth demos appeared on the collector's edition of Queensrÿche's 2007 release "", with the same song titles and partial overlap in lyrics with many classic Queensrÿche tracks. Gray and Jason Slater produced and engineered Queensrÿche's albums "American Soldier" in 2009 and "Dedicated to Chaos" in 2011, with Gray performing additional guitars and participating in the songwriting for both albums. Additionally, he contributed to Tate's second solo album, "Kings & Thieves", released in 2012.

paragraph: On September 1, Gray was announced to be part of a new Queensrÿche lineup with Tate Myth bandmate Gane is also part of this band. The band performed an """ Anniversary Tour" in 2013, celebrating the album's 25th anniversary.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Myth

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arabia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Queensrÿche

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Q2K" (1999): producer, guitars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live Evolution" (2001): guitars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2007): guitars on selected tracks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Take Cover" (2007): guitars on track 11

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Soldier" (2009): producer, songwriting, additional guitars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dedicated to Chaos" (2011): producer, songwriting, additional guitars

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Slave to the System

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slave to the System" (2002/2006): recording, mixing, guitars, vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Queensrÿche featuring Geoff Tate

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frequency Unknown" (2013): guitars

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Geoff Tate

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kings & Thieves" (2012): recording, mixing, songwriting, guitars, additional bass

description: American record producer and guitarist

wikidata_label: Kelly Gray

wikipedia_title: Kelly Gray (musician)


text: King of France

text: By virtue of his marriage

text: Joan I of Navarre

text: King of Navarre

text: Count of Champagne

text: epithet

text: Bernard Saisset

text: bishop of Pamiers

text: Guillaume de Nogaret

text: Enguerrand de Marigny

text: the kingdom

text: nobles

text: feudal

text: centralized

text: vassal

text: his house

text: Naples

text: Hungary

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: fief

text: a dispute

text: King Edward I

text: fiefs in southwestern France

text: a war

text: Flemish

text: Battle of the Golden Spurs

text: Jews

text: Knights Templar

text: state within the state

text: Pope Boniface VIII

text: papal court

text: enclave of Avignon

text: Tour de Nesle affair

text: kings of France

text: Louis X

text: Philip V

text: Charles IV

text: a succession crisis

text: Hundred Years' War

text: House of Capet

text: Fontainebleau

text: Seine-et-Marne

text: Philip III, the Bold

text: Isabella of Aragon

text: King Louis IX

text: Louis

text: Louis

text: Marie of Brabant

text: Charles

text: Guillaume d'Ercuis

text: almoner

text: Aragonese Crusade

text: Peter III of Aragon

text: Catalan

text: Joseph Strayer

text: Joan I of Navarre

text: Champagne

text: Brie

text: royal demesne

text: Lyon

text: personal union

text: Kingdom of Navarre

text: Pyrenees

text: Joan II of Navarre

text: monarchy

text: duke of Aquitaine

text: Edward I

text: homage

text: Fall of Acre

text: Edmund Crouchback

text: Blanche

text: Gascony

text: Edward I

text: Gascony

text: Guienne

text: Treaty of Paris in 1303

text: Isabella

text: the Prince of Wales

text: Boulogne

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Flanders

text: Battle of the Golden Spurs

text: Kortrijk

text: Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle

text: Lille

text: Douai

text: Béthune

text: Mahaut, Countess of Artois

text: Mongol

text: Uyghur

text: Rabban Bar Sauma

text: Yuan dynasty

text: China

text: Franco-Mongol alliance

text: Arghun

text: Ilkhanate

text: Mamluk

text: Gobert de Helleville

text: Öljaitü

text: Edward I of England

text: Council of Vienne

text: Levant

text: Pope Clement V

text: Enguerrand de Marigny

text: livres tournois

text: tonne

text: silver

text: Saxony

text: Pope Nicholas IV

text: tithe

text: livres parisis

text: Lombard

text: Florentine

text: Paris Temple

text: debase

text: Jews

text: Pope Boniface VIII

text: bull

text: Clericis Laicos

text: Estates General

text: Unam Sanctam

text: Guillaume de Nogaret

text: Anagni

text: Clement V

text: Babylonian Captivity of the papacy

text: Avignon

text: Knights Templar

text: military order

text: Latin East

text: Guillaume de Nogaret

text: Clement V

text: pawn

text: Jacques de Molay

text: Geoffroi de Charney

text: lupus

text: Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Templars

text: Beguines

text: House of Valois

text: Margaret of Burgundy

text: Blanche of Burgundy

text: flayed

text: Tour de Nesle affair

text: Joan II, Countess of Burgundy

text: Île de la Cité

text: Conciergerie

text: stroke

text: Pont-Sainte-Maxence

text: Forest of Halatte

text: Fontainebleau

text: Basilica of St Denis

text: Louis X

text: Joan I of Navarre

text: Paris

text: Paris

text: Ferdinand IV of Castile

text: Louis X

text: Paris

text: Saint Denis

text: Ferdinand IV of Castile

text: Basilica of St Denis

text: Philip V

text: Charles IV

text: Isabella

text: Edward II of England

text: Edward III of England

text: Edward III of England

text: Paris

text: Saint Germain-en-Laye

text: Bernard Gui

text: Constance of Sicily

text: Edward II of England

text: Dante Alighieri

text: La Divina Commedia

text: Les Rois maudits

text: historical novel

text: Maurice Druon

text: Georges Marchal

text: miniseries

text: Tchéky Karyo

text: Knightfall

text: Ed Stoppard

categories: 13th-century French monarchs,Burials at the Basilica of St Denis,Hunting accident deaths,14th-century French monarchs,1314 deaths,13th-century monarchs in Europe,Deaths by horse-riding accident,French Roman Catholics,1268 births,Kings of France,People of the War of the Sicilian Vespers,House of Capet,People from Fontainebleau,Jure uxoris kings,Navarrese monarchs

paragraph: Philip IV of France

paragraph: Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne. Although Philip was known as handsome, hence the epithet "le Bel", his rigid and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as the Iron King (). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "he is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."

paragraph: Philip relied on skillful civil servants, such as Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny, to govern the kingdom rather than on his nobles. Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state. Philip, who sought an uncontested monarchy, compelled his vassals by wars and restricted feudal usages. His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary. He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs.

paragraph: The most notable conflicts of Philip's reign include a dispute with the English over King Edward I's fiefs in southwestern France, and a war with the Flemish, who had rebelled against French royal authority and humiliated Philip at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. In 1306, Philip expelled the Jews from France, and in 1307 he annihilated the order of the Knights Templar. He was in debt to both groups and saw them as a "state within the state". To further strengthen the monarchy, Philip tried to take control of the French clergy, leading to a violent conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. This conflict resulted in the transfer of the papal court to the enclave of Avignon in 1309.

paragraph: His final year saw a scandal amongst the royal family, known as the Tour de Nesle affair, in which Philip's three daughters-in-law were accused of adultery. His three sons were successively kings of France, Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Their deaths without surviving sons of their own would compromise the future of the French royal house, which until then seemed secure, precipitating a succession crisis that would eventually lead to the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: A member of the House of Capet, Philip was born in the medieval fortress of Fontainebleau (Seine-et-Marne) to the future Philip III, the Bold, and his first wife, Isabella of Aragon. He was the second of four sons born to the couple. His father was the heir apparent of France at that time, being the eldest son of King Louis IX (better known as St. Louis).

paragraph: In August 1270, when Philip was two years old, his grandfather died while on Crusade, his father became king, and his elder brother Louis became heir apparent. Only five months later, in January 1271, Philip's mother died after falling from a horse; she was pregnant with her fifth child at the time and had not yet been crowned queen beside her husband. A few months later, one of Philip's younger brothers, Robert, also died. Philip's father was finally crowned king at Rheims on 15 August 1271. Six days later, he married again; Philip's step-mother was Marie, daughter of the duke of Brabant.

paragraph: In May 1276, Philip's elder brother Louis died, and the eight year old Philip became heir apparent. It was suspected that Louis had been poisoned, and that his stepmother, Marie of Brabant, had instigated the murder. One reason for these rumours was the fact that the queen had given birth to her own first son the month Louis died. However, both Philip and his surviving full brother Charles lived well into adulthood and raised large families of their own.

paragraph: The scholastic part of Philip's education was entrusted to Guillaume d'Ercuis, his father's almoner.

paragraph: After the unsuccessful Aragonese Crusade against Peter III of Aragon, which ended in October 1285, Philip may have negotiated an agreement with Peter for the safe withdrawal of the Crusader army. This pact is attested to by Catalan chroniclers. Joseph Strayer points out that such a deal was probably unnecessary, as Peter had little to gain from provoking a battle with the withdrawing French or angering the young Philip, who had friendly relations with Aragon through his mother.

paragraph: Philip married Queen Joan I of Navarre (1271–1305) on 16 August 1284. The two were affectionate and devoted to each other and Philip refused to remarry after Joan's death in 1305, despite the great political and financial rewards of doing so. The primary administrative benefit of the marriage was Joan's inheritance of Champagne and Brie, which were adjacent to the royal demesne in Ile-de-France, and thus effectively were united to the king's own lands, expanding his realm. The annexation of wealthy Champagne increased the royal revenues considerably, removed the autonomy of a large semi-independent fief and expanded royal territory eastward. Philip also gained Lyon for France in 1312.

paragraph: Navarre remained in personal union with France, beginning in 1284 under Philip and Joan, for 44 years. The Kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees was poor but had a degree of strategic importance. When in 1328 the Capetian line went extinct, the new Valois king, Philip VI, attempted to permanently annex the lands to France, compensating the lawful claimant, Joan II of Navarre, senior heir of Philip IV, with lands elsewhere in France. However, pressure from Joan II's family led to Phillip VI surrendering the land to Joan in 1329, and the rulers of Navarre and France were again different individuals.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: After marrying Joan I of Navarre, becoming Philip I of Navarre, Philip ascended the French throne at the age of 17. He was crowned on January 6, in 1286 in Reims. As king, Philip was determined to strengthen the monarchy at any cost. He relied, more than any of his predecessors, on a professional bureaucracy of legalists. To the public he kept aloof, and left specific policies, especially unpopular ones, to his ministers; as such he was called a "useless owl" by his contemporaries, among them Bishop Saisset. His reign marks the transition in France from a charismatic monarchy – which could all but collapse in an incompetent reign – to a more bureaucratic kingdom, a move, under a certain historical reading, towards modernity.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy and wars.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy and wars.:War against England.

paragraph: As the duke of Aquitaine, English King Edward I was a vassal to Philip, and had to pay him homage. Following the Fall of Acre in 1291, however, the former allies started to show dissent.

paragraph: In 1293, following a naval incident between the English and the Normans, Philip summoned Edward to the French court. The English king sought to negotiate the matter via ambassadors sent to Paris, but they were turned away with a blunt refusal. Philip addressed Edward as a duke, a vassal and nothing more, despite the international implications of the relationship between England and France, and not an internal matter involving Philip's French vassals.

paragraph: Edward next attempted to use family connections to achieve what open politics had not. He sent his brother Edmund Crouchback, who was Philip's cousin as well as his step-father-in-law, in attempts to negotiate with the French royal family and avert war. Additionally, Edward had by that time become betrothed by proxy to Philip's sister Blanche, and, in the event of the negotiations being successful, Edmund was to escort Blanche back to England for her wedding to Edward.

paragraph: An agreement was indeed reached; it stated that Edward would voluntarily relinquish his continental lands to Philip as a sign of submission in his capacity as the duke of Aquitaine. In return, Philip would forgive Edward and restore his land after a grace period. In the matter of the marriage, Philip drove a hard bargain based partially on the difference in age between Edward and Blanche; it was agreed that the province of Gascony would be retained by Philip in return for agreeing to the marriage. The date of the wedding was also put off until the formality of sequestering and re-granting the French lands back to Edward was completed.

paragraph: But Edward, Edmund and the English had been deceived. The French had no intention of returning the land to the English monarch. Edward kept up his part of the deal and turned over his continental estates to the French. However, Philip used the pretext that the English king had refused his summons in order to strip Edward of all his possessions in France, thereby initiating hostilities with England.

paragraph: The outbreak of hostilities with England in 1294 was the inevitable result of the competitive expansionist monarchies, triggered by a secret Franco-Scottish pact of mutual assistance against Edward I; inconclusive campaigns for the control of Gascony, southwest of France were fought 1294–1298 and 1300–1303. Philip gained Guienne but was later forced to return it. The search for income to cover military expenditures set its stamp on Philip's reign and his reputation at the time.

paragraph: Pursuant to the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1303, the marriage of Philip's daughter Isabella to the Prince of Wales, Edward I's heir, was celebrated at Boulogne, 25 January 1308 was meant to seal a peace; instead it would produce an eventual English claimant to the French throne itself, and the Hundred Years' War.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy and wars.:War with Flanders.

paragraph: Philip suffered a major embarrassment when an army of 2,500 noble men-at-arms (knights and squires) and 4,000 infantry he sent to suppress an uprising in Flanders was defeated in the Battle of the Golden Spurs near Kortrijk on 11 July 1302. Philip reacted with energy to the humiliation and the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle followed two years later, which ended in a decisive French victory. Consequently, in 1305, Philip forced the Flemish to accept a harsh peace treaty; the peace exacted heavy reparations and humiliating penalties, and added to the royal territory the rich cloth cities of Lille, Douai, and Bethune, sites of major cloth fairs. Béthune, first of the Flemish cities to yield, was granted to Mahaut, Countess of Artois, whose two daughters, to secure her fidelity, were married to Philip's two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy and wars.:Crusades and diplomacy with Mongols.

paragraph: Philip had various contacts with the Mongol power in the Middle East, including reception at the embassy of the Uyghur monk Rabban Bar Sauma, originally from the Yuan dynasty of China. Bar Sauma presented an offer of a Franco-Mongol alliance with Arghun of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Baghdad. Arghun was seeking to join forces between the Mongols and the Europeans, against their common enemy the Muslim Mamluks. In return, Arghun offered to return Jerusalem to the Christians, once it was re-captured from the Muslims. Philip seemingly responded positively to the request of the embassy, by sending one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to accompany Bar Sauma back to Mongol lands. There was further correspondence between Arghun and Philip in 1288 and 1289, outlining potential military cooperation. However, Philip never actually pursued such military plans.

paragraph: In April 1305, the new Mongol ruler Öljaitü sent letters to Philip, the Pope, and Edward I of England. He again offered a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks. European nations attempted another Crusade but were delayed, and it never took place. On 4 April 1312, another Crusade was promulgated at the Council of Vienne. In 1313, Philip "took the cross", making the vow to go on a Crusade in the Levant, thus responding to Pope Clement V's call. He was, however, warned against leaving by Enguerrand de Marigny and died soon after in a hunting accident.

paragraph: Section::::Finance and religion.

paragraph: Section::::Finance and religion.:Mounting deficits.

paragraph: Under Philip IV, the annual ordinary revenues of the French royal government totaled approximately 860,000 "livres tournois", equivalent to 46 tonnes of silver. Overall revenues were about twice the ordinary revenues. Some 30% of the revenues were collected from the royal demesne. The royal financial administration employed perhaps 3,000 people, of which about 1,000 were officials in the proper sense. After assuming the throne, Philip inherited a sizable debt from his father's war against Aragon. By November 1286 it reached 8 tonnes of silver to his primary financiers, the Templars, equivalent to 17% of government revenue. This debt was quickly paid off and in 1287 and 1288, Philip's kingdom ran a budget surplus.

paragraph: After 1289, a decline in Saxony's silver production, combined with Philip's wars against Aragon, England and Flanders, drove the French government to fiscal deficits. The war against Aragon, inherited from Philip's father, required the expenditure of 1.5 million LT (livres tournois) and the 1294–99 war against England over Gascony another 1.73 million LT. Loans from the Aragonese War were still being paid back in 1306. To cover the deficit, Pope Nicholas IV in 1289 granted Philip permission to collect a tithe of 152,000 LP (livres parisis) from the Church lands in France. With revenues of 1.52 million LP, the church in France had greater fiscal resources than the royal government, whose ordinary revenues in 1289 amounted to 595,318 LP and overall revenues to 1.2 million LP. By November 1290, the deficit stood at 6% of revenues. In 1291 the budget swung back into surplus only to fall into deficit again in 1292.

paragraph: The constant deficits led Philip to order the arrest of the Lombard merchants, who had earlier made him extensive loans on the pledge of repayment from future taxation. The Lombards' assets were seized by government agents and the crown extracted 250,000 LT by forcing the Lombards to purchase French nationality. Despite this draconian measure, the deficits continued to stack up in 1293. By 1295, Philip had replaced the Templars with the Florentine Franzesi bankers as his main source of finance. The Italians could raise huge loans far beyond the capacities of the Templars, and Philip came to rely on them more and more. The royal treasure was transferred from the Paris Temple to the Louvre around this time.

paragraph: Section::::Finance and religion.:Devaluation.

paragraph: In 1294, France went to war against England and in 1297, Flanders declared its independence from France. By 1295, to pay for his constant wars, Philip had no choice but to borrow more and debase the currency by reducing its silver content. This led to the virtual disappearance of silver from France by 1301. Currency depreciation provided the crown with 1.419 million LP from November 1296 to Christmas 1299, more than enough to cover war costs of 1.066 million LP in the same period.

paragraph: The devaluation was socially devastating. It was accompanied by dramatic inflation that damaged the real incomes of the creditors such as the aristocracy and the Church, who received a weaker currency in return for the loans they had issued in a stronger currency. The indebted lower classes did not benefit from the devaluation, as the high inflation ate into the purchasing power of their money. The result was social unrest. By 22 August 1303 this practice led to a two-thirds loss in the value of the "livres, sous" and "deniers" in circulation.

paragraph: The defeat at the battle of Golden Spurs in 1302 was a crushing blow to French finance, reducing the value of the French currency by 37% in the 15 months that followed. The royal government had to order officials and subjects to provide all or half, respectively, of their silver vessels for minting into coins. New taxes were levied to pay for the deficit. As people attempted to move their wealth out of the country in non-monetary form, Philip banned merchandise exports without royal approval. The king obtained another crusade tithe from the pope and returned the royal treasure to the Temple to gain the Templars as his creditors again.

paragraph: Section::::Finance and religion.:Revaluation.

paragraph: After bringing the Flemish War to a victorious conclusion in 1305, Philip on 8 June 1306 ordered the silver content of new coinage to be raised back to its 1285 level of 3.96 grams of silver per "livre". To harmonize the strength of the old and new currencies, the debased coinage of 1303 was devalued accordingly by two-thirds. The debtors were driven to penury by the need to repay their loans in the new, strong currency. This led to rioting in Paris on 30 December 1306, forcing Philip to briefly seek refuge in the Paris Temple, the headquarters of the Knights Templar.

paragraph: Perhaps seeking to control the silver of the Jewish mints to put the revaluation to effect, Philip ordered the expulsion of the Jews on 22 July 1306 and confiscated their property on 23 August, collecting at least 140,000 LP with this measure. With the Jews gone, Philip appointed royal guardians to collect the loans made by the Jews, and the money was passed to the Crown. The scheme did not work well. The Jews were regarded as comparatively honest, while the king's collectors were universally unpopular. Finally, in 1315, because of the "clamour of the people", the Jews were invited back with an offer of 12 years of guaranteed residence, free from government interference. In 1322, the Jews were expelled again by the King's successor, who did not honour his commitment.

paragraph: Philip was condemned by his enemy, Pope Boniface VIII for his spendthrift lifestyle. When he also levied taxes on the French clergy of one half their annual income, he caused an uproar within the Catholic Church and the papacy, prompting Pope Boniface VIII to issue the bull "Clericis Laicos" (1296), forbidding the transference of any church property to the French Crown. This prompted a drawn-out diplomatic battle between Church and King.

paragraph: Philip convoked an assembly of bishops, nobles and grand bourgeois of Paris in order to condemn the Pope. This precursor to the Estates General appeared for the first time during his reign, a measure of the professionalism and order that his ministers were introducing into government. This assembly, which was composed of clergy, nobles, and burghers, gave support to Philip. Boniface retaliated with the celebrated bull "Unam Sanctam" (1302), a declaration of papal supremacy. Philip gained a victory, after having sent his agent Guillaume de Nogaret to arrest Boniface at Anagni. The pope escaped but died soon afterward. The French archbishop Bertrand de Goth was elected pope as Clement V and thus began the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the papacy (1309–76), during which the official seat of the papacy moved to Avignon, an enclave surrounded by French territories, and was subjected to French control.

paragraph: Section::::Suppression of the Knights Templar.

paragraph: Philip was substantially in debt to the Knights Templar, a monastic military order whose original role as protectors of Christian pilgrims in the Latin East had been largely replaced by banking and other commercial activities by the end of the 13th century. As the popularity of the Crusades had decreased, support for the military orders had waned, and Philip used a disgruntled complaint against the Knights Templar as an excuse to move against the entire organization as it existed in France, in part to free himself from his debts. Other motives appear to have included concern over perceived heresy, assertion of French control over a weakened Papacy, and finally, the substitution of royal officials for officers of the Temple in the financial management of French government. Recent studies emphasize the political and religious motivations of Philip the Fair and his ministers (especially Guillaume de Nogaret). It seems that, with the "discovery" and repression of the "Templars' heresy", the Capetian monarchy claimed for itself the mystic foundations of the papal theocracy. The Temple case was the last step of a process of appropriating these foundations, which had begun with the Franco-papal rift at the time of Boniface VIII. Being the ultimate defender of the Catholic faith, the Capetian king was invested with a Christ-like function that put him above the pope. What was at stake in the Templars' trial, then, was the establishment of a "royal theocracy".

paragraph: At daybreak on Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of Templars in France were simultaneously arrested by agents of Philip the Fair, to be later tortured into admitting heresy in the Order. The Templars were supposedly answerable only to the Pope, but Philip used his influence over Clement V, who was largely his pawn, to disband the organization. Pope Clement did attempt to hold proper trials, but Philip used the previously forced confessions to have many Templars burned at the stake before they could mount a proper defense.

paragraph: In March 1314, Philip had Jacques de Molay, the last Grand Master of the Temple, and Geoffroi de Charney, Preceptor of Normandy, burned at the stake. An account of the event goes as follows:

paragraph: The fact that, in little more than a month, Pope Clement V died in torment of a loathsome disease thought to be lupus, and that in eight months Philip IV of France, at the early age of forty-six, perished by an accident while hunting, necessarily gave rise to the legend that de Molay had cited them before the tribunal of God. Such stories were rife among the people, whose sense of justice had been scandalized by the whole affair. Even in distant Germany, Philip's death was spoken of as a retribution for his destruction of the Templars, and Clement was described as shedding tears of remorse on his death-bed for three great crimes: the poisoning of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, and the ruin of the Templars and Beguines. Within 14 years the throne passed rapidly through Philip's sons, who died relatively young, and without producing male heirs. By 1328, his male line was extinguished, and the throne had passed to the line of his brother, the House of Valois.

paragraph: Section::::Tour de Nesle affair.

paragraph: In 1314, the daughters-in-law of Philip IV, Margaret of Burgundy (wife of Louis X) and Blanche of Burgundy (wife of Charles IV) were accused of adultery, and their alleged lovers (Phillipe d'Aunay and Gauthier d'Aunay) tortured, flayed and executed in what has come to be known as the "Tour de Nesle affair" (). A third daughter-in-law, Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (wife of Philip V), was accused of knowledge of the affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Philip IV's rule signaled the decline of the papacy's power from its near complete authority. His palace located on the Île de la Cité is represented today by surviving sections of the Conciergerie. He suffered a cerebral stroke during a hunt at Pont-Sainte-Maxence (Forest of Halatte), and died a few weeks later, on 29 November 1314, at Fontainebleau, where he was born. He is buried in the Basilica of St Denis. He was succeeded by his son Louis X.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: The children of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Margaret (ca. 1288, Paris – after November 1294, Paris). Died in childhood, but betrothed in November 1294 (aged six) to "Infante Ferdinand of Castile", later Ferdinand IV of Castile.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Blanche (1290, Paris – after 13 April 1294, Saint Denis). Died in childhood, but betrothed in December 1291 (aged one) to "Infante Ferdinand of Castile", later Ferdinand IV of Castile. Blanche was buried in the Basilica of St Denis.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Philip V (1292/93 – 3 January 1322)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Charles IV (1294 – 1 February 1328)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Isabella (c. 1295 – 23 August 1358). Married Edward II of England and was the mother of Edward III of England. This makes Philip IV the maternal grandfather of Edward III of England and an ancestor of every English king after Edward II.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Robert (1296, Paris – August 1308, Saint Germain-en-Laye). The "Flores historiarum" of Bernard Guidonis names ""Robertum"" as youngest of the four sons of Philip IV of France, adding that he died ""in flore adolescentiæ suæ"" ("in the flower of youth") and was buried "in monasterio sororum de Pyssiaco" ("in the monastery of the Sisters of Pyssiaco") in August 1308. Betrothed in October 1306 (aged ten) to Constance of Sicily.

paragraph: All three of Philip's sons who reached adulthood became kings of France, and Isabella, his only surviving daughter, was the queen of England as consort to Edward II of England.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Dante Alighieri often refers to Philip in "La Divina Commedia", never by name but as the "mal di Francia" (plague of France).

paragraph: Philip is the title character in "Le Roi de fer" ("The Iron King"), the 1955 first novel in "Les Rois maudits" ("The Accursed Kings"), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by Georges Marchal in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Tchéky Karyo in the 2005 adaptation.

paragraph: In the 2017 television series "Knightfall", Philip is portrayed by Ed Stoppard.

alias:
the Fair
King of France Philip IV
roi de France Philippe IV
Philippe le Bel
der Schöne Philipp
le Bel, re di Francia Philippe IV
Philippe le Roi de fer
le Bel, King of France Philippe IV
the Fair Philip

description: King of France 1285-1314

wikidata_label: Philip IV of France

wikipedia_title: Philip IV of France


text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Cao

text: Jia Xu

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Yuan Shao

text: a campaign

text: Wuhuan

text: posthumous title

text: Jingyuan County

text: Gansu

text: Zhang Ji

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Chang'an

text: Nanyang

text: Henan

text: Liu Biao

text: Jing Province

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Wancheng

text: Dian Wei

text: Cao Ang

text: Jia Xu

text: Cao Jun

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Qiang

text: Chaoyang

text: Liaoning

text: a northern campaign

text: Wuhuan

text: posthumous title

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: 2nd-century births,People from Baiyin,Dong Zhuo and associates,Liu Biao and associates,Han dynasty warlords,Generals under Cao Cao,207 deaths

paragraph: Zhang Xiu (warlord)

paragraph: Zhang Xiu (died 207) was a military general and minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. In 197, he clashed with the warlord Cao Cao, who was then the "de facto" head of the Han central government, at the Battle of Wancheng and subsequent skirmishes. However, in 200, he heeded the suggestion from his adviser Jia Xu and surrendered to Cao Cao, who accepted his surrender and appointed him as a general. Having fought on Cao Cao's side at the decisive Battle of Guandu against a rival warlord Yuan Shao and in the subsequent campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs, Zhang Xiu made great contributions during his service under Cao Cao. In 207, he died en route to joining Cao Cao on a campaign against the Wuhuan tribes. The Han imperial court honoured with the posthumous title "Marquis Ding".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Zhang Xiu was from Zuli County (祖厲縣), Wuwei Commandery (武威郡), which is in present-day Jingyuan County, Gansu. He was a distant nephew of Zhang Ji, who served under the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo. After Dong Zhuo's death in 192, his former subjects, including Zhang Ji, waged a coup and took over the imperial capital Chang'an. For his part in the coup, Zhang Xiu was also promoted to General who Builds Loyalty (建忠將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xuanwei (宣威侯).

paragraph: After Zhang Ji's death, Zhang Xiu took over command of his troops and occupied Wan (宛; or Wancheng (宛城); in present-day Nanyang, Henan). He allied himself with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province and a major warlord of the time. In 197, the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government, led his forces on campaigns against rival warlords. When he arrived at the banks of the Bai River (白河), Zhang Xiu promptly surrendered to him and was allowed to retain control over Wan.

paragraph: Cao Cao then took Zhang Ji's widow as a concubine, which angered Zhang Xiu. Cao Cao heard of Zhang Xiu's displeasure and plotted to kill him. However, the plan was leaked and Zhang Xiu waged a surprise attack against Cao Cao, leading to the Battle of Wancheng. Cao Cao's personal bodyguard Dian Wei died defending the front gate to the camp so that Cao Cao could escape through the back gate. In the hasty retreat, Cao Cao's eldest son, Cao Ang, offered his own horse to his father, whose steed was felled by enemy arrows, and was killed by the pursuers.

paragraph: Henceafter, Cao Cao had sent forces to attack Zhang Xiu for years without success. In 200, however, Zhang Xiu heeded the suggestion from his adviser, Jia Xu, and surrendered to Cao Cao again. Cao Cao decided to put aside his past feud with Zhang Xiu and accept his surrender. He also proposed a marriage between his son Cao Jun and Zhang Xiu's daughter.

paragraph: Around the time, Cao Cao was at war with the northern warlord Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu. Having performed well during the conflict, Zhang Xiu was soon promoted to General who Defeats the Qiang (破羌將軍). In 207, Zhang Xiu died at Liucheng (present-day Chaoyang, Liaoning) en route to join Cao Cao in a northern campaign against the Wuhuan tribes. The Han imperial court honoured him with the posthumous title "Marquis Ding" (定侯), literally meaning "steadfast marquis".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: minor warlord during the late Han Dynasty era

wikidata_label: Zhang Xiu

wikipedia_title: Zhang Xiu (warlord)


text: VC

text: MM

text: Canadian

text: First World War

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: page of the 1911 Census of Canada

text: Saint-Moïse, Quebec

text: Canadian Expeditionary Force

text: corporal

text: 22e Battalion (Canadien Francais), CEF

text: Neuville-Vitasse

text: France

text: Arras

text: CFB Valcartier

text: mess

text: Department of Fisheries and Oceans

text: Hero-class patrol vessel

text: CCGS "Caporal Keable V.C."

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Joseph Keable

text: Joseph Thomas Keable

categories: Canadian people of German descent,Francophone Quebec people,Canadian military personnel killed in World War I,1892 births,Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1918 deaths,People from Bas-Saint-Laurent,Recipients of the Military Medal

paragraph: Joseph Kaeble

paragraph: Joseph Thomas Keable, VC, MM (5 May 1892 – 9 June 1918) was a Canadian soldier during the First World War. Keable was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first French Canadian soldier to be decorated with the VC and Military Medal.

paragraph: Mostly wrongly spelled Kaeble in English, his actual name at baptism was Keable. His name is also oddly spelled Kable in a page of the 1911 Census of Canada

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on 5 May 1892 in Saint-Moïse, Quebec.

paragraph: He joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force in March 1916. Kaeble was a corporal in the 22e Battalion (Canadien Francais), CEF. On 8 June 1918 at Neuville-Vitasse, France, Kaeble performed an act of bravery for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. He died whilst doing so.

paragraph: Section::::Burial and legacy.

paragraph: He was buried in the local cemetery in Wantequin, some seven miles west of Arras (Wantequin memorial/cemetery: Plot II. Row A. Grave 8. Headstone).

paragraph: At CFB Valcartier, honours to Keable include Mount Keable, just east of Camp Vimy; a street on the base; and the Keable Club, the privates' and corporals' mess.

paragraph: On 10 February 2011, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans announced

paragraph: that the nine new vessels in a new class of midshore patrol vessels would be named the Hero-class patrol vessels.

paragraph: The second of the new vessels was named CCGS "Caporal Keable V.C.", and was presented to the Coast Guard on 13 November 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Keable's digitized military service file

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Keable biography on the Canadian Virtual War Memorial

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Thomas Keable biography on DND's Directorate of History and Heritage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legion Magazine Article on Joseph Keable

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Keable detailed biography by Jacques Castonguay

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Joseph Kaeble

wikipedia_title: Joseph Kaeble


text:
British
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
corporal
Royal Welsh Fusiliers
British Army
First World War
Delville Wood
France
staff-sergeant
The Herefordshire Regiment
Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum
Caernarfon Castle
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
VCs of the First World War - The Somme
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: Welch Regiment soldiers,British Battle of the Somme recipients of the Victoria Cross,Royal Welch Fusiliers soldiers,British Army personnel of World War I,Recipients of the Order of St. George,1889 births,1976 deaths,People from Tipton

paragraph: Joseph John Davies

paragraph: Joseph John Davies (28 April 1889 – 16 February 1976) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Davies was 27 years old, and a corporal in the 10th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 20 July 1916 at Delville Wood, France, prior to an attack on the enemy, Corporal Davies and eight men became separated from the rest of the company. When the enemy delivered their second counterattack, the party was completely surrounded, but Corporal Davies got his men into a shell hole and by throwing bombs and opening rapid fire he succeeded in routing the attackers, and even followed and bayoneted them in their retreat.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of staff-sergeant. After demobilisation from the Regular Army he joined the 1st Battalion, The Herefordshire Regiment, Territorial Army until the mid 1920s.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum in Caernarfon Castle, Gwynedd, Wales.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - The Somme (Gerald Gliddon, 1994)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Dorset)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Joseph John Davies

wikipedia_title: Joseph John Davies


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: lieutenant

text: Royal Navy

text: Mesopotamia

text: Siege of Kut

text: killed in action

text: New Malden

text: South Kensington tube station

text: York Castle Museum

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: British military personnel killed in World War I,Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross,Royal Navy officers of World War I,1916 deaths,1886 births,Royal Navy officers,People from Kensington,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: Humphrey Osbaldston Brooke Firman

paragraph: Humphrey Osbaldston Brooke Firman VC (24 November 1886 – 24 April 1916) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Firman was born in 1886 to H. B. Firman, J.P., of New Malden, Surrey. When he was 29 years old, and a lieutenant in the Royal Navy during the First World War, he was awarded the Victoria Cross for his deeds on the night of 24 April 1916 in Mesopotamia in an attempt to resupply the forces trapped in the Siege of Kut. He was killed in action.

paragraph: Section::::Citation.

paragraph: A plaque bearing his name was unveiled on the war memorial in New Malden, Surrey in April 2008. A stone slab memorial to Firman is set into the pavement on the south side of South Kensington tube station and was unveiled on 25 April 2016.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is held at the York Castle Museum.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - The Naval VCs (Stephen Snelling, 2002)

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Humphrey Osbaldston Brooke Firman

wikipedia_title: Humphrey Osbaldston Brooke Firman


text: VC

text: ISM

text: Victoria Cross

text: Commonwealth

text: private

text: British Army

text: Second Boer War

text: Battle of Bergendal

text: lance-corporal

text: Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Second Boer War recipients of the Victoria Cross,British Army personnel of the Mahdist War,1864 births,1933 deaths,People from Westminster,Rifle Brigade soldiers

paragraph: Alfred Edward Durrant

paragraph: Alfred Edward Durrant VC ISM (4 November 1864 – 29 March 1933) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 35 years old, and a private in the 2nd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place on 27 August 1900 at the Battle of Bergendal, South Africa, for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of lance-corporal. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum, Winchester, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War (Ian Uys, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(N. London)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Alfred Edward Durrant

wikipedia_title: Alfred Edward Durrant


text: VC

text: DCM

text: Warrenpoint

text: County Down

text: Irish

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: sergeant

text: 57th Regiment of Foot

text: British Army

text: Crimean War

text: Sebastopol

text: Crimea

text: Redan

text: Colour-Sergeant

text: Lifford

text: County Donegal

text: Dover Castle

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Ireland's VCs

text: Monuments to Courage

text: Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross

text: Location of grave and VC medal

text: The Middlesex Regiment 1755-1966

categories: British military personnel of the New Zealand Wars,1821 births,People from Warrenpoint,Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross,1891 deaths,Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal,Middlesex Regiment soldiers,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,Irish soldiers in the British Army

paragraph: George Gardiner (VC)

paragraph: George Gardiner VC DCM (1821 – 17 November 1891) was born in Clonallon, Warrenpoint, County Down and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was about 34 years old, and a sergeant in the 57th Regiment of Foot (later The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own)), British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 22 March 1855 at Sebastopol, Crimea, Sergeant Gardiner acted with great gallantry upon the occasion of a sortie by the enemy, in having rallied the covering parties which had been driven in by the Russians, thus regaining the trenches. On 18 June during the attack on the Redan he himself remained and encouraged others to remain in the holes made by the explosions of the shells, and whence they were able to keep up a continuous fire until their ammunition was exhausted, and the enemy cleared away from the parapet.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of Colour-Sergeant. He died at Lifford, County Donegal, 17 November 1891. He is buried at Clonleigh Church of Ireland Churchyard, Lifford.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires) "(Dover Castle, England)".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Co. Donegal, Ireland)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Middlesex Regiment 1755-1966 "(detailed history of the original "Die Hards")"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: George Gardiner

wikipedia_title: George Gardiner (VC)


text:
Lieutenant General
Irish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Dublin
major
Bombay Artillery
Bombay Army
Indian Mutiny
Chundairee
Royal Artillery
Bombay Staff Corps
British Indian Army
Rajkumar College, Rajkot
Chief Commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara
Chief Commissioner of Assam
lieutenant general
Horsham
Sussex
Shillong
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Ireland's VCs
Monuments to Courage
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: Founders of Indian schools and colleges,1825 births,British Indian Army generals,Irish officers in the British Army,19th-century Irish people,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,Royal Artillery officers,1904 deaths,Bombay Artillery officers,Companions of the Order of the Star of India,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Dublin (city),British East India Company Army officers,Indian Staff Corps officers

paragraph: Richard Harte Keatinge

paragraph: Lieutenant General Richard Harte Keatinge (17 June 1825 – 25 May 1904) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Keatinge was born in Dublin. He was 32 years old, and a major in the Bombay Artillery, Bombay Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 17 March 1858 at the assault of Chundairee for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: In 1862 he was transferred to the Royal Artillery and then to the Bombay Staff Corps of the British Indian Army.

paragraph: In 1868, Colonel Keatinge designed Rajkumar College, Rajkot, which was formally opened in 1870. The college was founded for the education of the princely order by the princes and chiefs of Kathiawad for their sons and relations.

paragraph: From 1871 to 1873 he was Chief Commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara, and from 1874 to 1878 was Chief Commissioner of Assam. He later achieved the rank of lieutenant general.

paragraph: In retirement, he settled at Horsham, Sussex, where he died in 1904.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A road in the Indian city of Shillong, which was the capital of the British Province of Assam, where Keatinge had served as Chief Commissioner, has been named Keatinge Road in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(West Sussex)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Richard Harte Keatinge

wikipedia_title: Richard Harte Keatinge


text:
VC
Dublin
Irish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
sergeant-major
Loodiana Regiment
Indian Mutiny
Benares
India
Matthew Rosamund
lieutenant
Gwalior
Madhya Pradesh
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Ireland's VCs
Monuments to Courage
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross

categories: British East India Company Army soldiers,1868 deaths,19th-century Irish people,1831 births,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,Bengal Staff Corps officers,Irish soldiers in the British East India Company Army,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Dublin (city),British Indian Army personnel killed in action

paragraph: Peter Gill (VC)

paragraph: Peter Gill VC (September 1831 – 26 July 1868) was born in St Paul's Parish, Dublin and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Gill was approximately 25 years old, and a sergeant-major in the Loodiana Regiment, during the Indian Mutiny on 4 June 1857 at Benares, India when he (and Sergeant-Major Matthew Rosamund) were awarded the Victoria Cross for the following deeds:

paragraph: Gill later achieved the rank of lieutenant. He was killed in action, Morar, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, on 26 July 1868.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development 1995)

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Peter Gill

wikipedia_title: Peter Gill (VC)


text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: British

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: First World War

text: Machine Gun Corps

text: Mesopotamia

text: Samarrah Offensive

text: 56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force)

text: Palestine

text: Cardross

text: Sir Alexander Sprot, 1st Baronet

text: Sir John Graham, 4th Baronet

text: Baronet

text: World War II

text: Scottish Command

text: New Year Honours

text: King Haakon VII's Cross of Liberty

text: Usher of the Green Rod

text: Order of the Thistle

text: King George VI

text: St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh

text: Edinburgh

text: Stirling Castle

text: GRAHAM, Sir (John) Reginald (Noble)

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Scotland's Forgotten Valour

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: People educated at Eton College,Recipients of the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross,Machine Gun Corps officers,Military personnel from Kolkata,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,1980 deaths,British Army personnel of World War I,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders officers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1892 births,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Reginald Graham

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Reginald Noble Graham, 3rd Baronet (17 September 1892 – 6 December 1980) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, "for most conspicuous bravery, coolness and resource when in command of a Machine Gun Section."

paragraph: He was born at Calcutta, India, on 17 September 1892, the eldest son of Sir Frederick Graham, 2nd Baronet, and was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. Soon after the First World War broke out he joined the British army and was posted to 9th Battalion, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's). In 1916 he was seconded to 136 Company, Machine Gun Corps, which was sent to Mesopotamia. During the Samarrah Offensive Lieutenant Graham was in command of a machine-gun section which was co-operating with the 56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force) near Istabulat on the evening of 22 April 1917:

paragraph: After recovering from his severe wounds Captain Graham, as he had become, was ordered back to Mesopotamia where he continued to serve until January 1918 when his company was transferred to Palestine where he was given command of the unit with the rank of major.

paragraph: After the war, Graham returned to Scotland to a hero's welcome at his home village of Cardross.

paragraph: He later worked in India in branches of the family firm, William Graham and Company, founded by his great-great-grandfather in Glasgow.

paragraph: In 1920 Graham married Rachel Sprot, daughter of Sir Alexander Sprot, 1st Baronet. They had one son (who inherited the baronetcy as Sir John Graham, 4th Baronet) and one daughter, Lesley married Jock Wykeham Strang Steel.

paragraph: Graham succeeded to the Baronetcy on the death of his father in 1936. During World War II he was given a temporary rank of lieutenant colonel and served in Scottish Command. He was awarded the OBE in the New Year Honours of 1946, and King Haakon VII's Cross of Liberty in 1949.

paragraph: From 1959 to 1979 Graham was Usher of the Green Rod to the Order of the Thistle and participated in many state occasions including the unveiling of a memorial to King George VI in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh in 1962. He died aged 88 in Edinburgh. Lady Graham died in 1984.

paragraph: His medals are held by the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Museum in Stirling Castle.

paragraph: Reginald Graham's Commemorative Memorial Stone was unveiled at the Cardross War Memorial on 22 April 2017, the 100th anniversary of his gallant action. There is a second Commemorative Memorial Stone to him in the National Memorial Arboretum along with Memorial Stones for all the other VCs who were born abroad.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graham, Sir (John) Reginald Noble, "Burke's peerage, baronetage & knightage, clan chiefs, Scottish feudal barons" 107th edition, volume 2, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage & Gentry (UK) Limited, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- GRAHAM, Sir (John) Reginald (Noble), Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007, accessed 21 Aug 2012]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lt.-Col. Sir John Reginald Noble Graham, 3rd Bt., V.C. – thepeerage.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scotland's Forgotten Valour" (Graham Ross, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Edinburgh)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Private Papers of Lieutenant Colonel Sir Reginald Graham Bt VC OBE – Imperial War Museum

alias:
Reginald Graham
Sir Reginald Graham
John Reginald Noble Graham

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Sir Reginald Graham, 3rd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Reginald Graham


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Chacewater
Cornwall
Royal Navy
gunner
Royal Navy
Crimean War
Sea of Azov
Crimea
HMS "Ardent"
Cecil William Buckley
Hugh Talbot Burgoyne
Location of grave and VC medal
Portsmouth Memorial Page

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Chacewater,Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross,Royal Navy personnel of the Crimean War,Royal Navy sailors,1818 births,Royal Navy personnel of the First Opium War,1888 deaths

paragraph: John Robarts (VC)

paragraph: John Robarts VC (1818 – 17 October 1888) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Robarts was born in Chacewater, Cornwall, and joined the Royal Navy in 1842. He was about 37 years old, and a gunner in the Royal Navy during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 29 May 1855 in the Sea of Azov, Crimea, Gunner Robarts of HMS "Ardent" with two lieutenants (Cecil William Buckley and Hugh Talbot Burgoyne), one from HMS "Miranda" and the other from HMS "Swallow", volunteered to land on a beach where the Russian army were in strength. They were out of covering gunshot range of the ships offshore and met considerable enemy opposition, but managed to set fire to corn stores and ammunition dumps and destroy enemy equipment before embarking again.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In the 1881 Census he is recorded as living at Providence House, 4 Park Lane, Southsea where he died of heart disease, aged 68 in 1888.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Hampshire)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portsmouth Memorial Page

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: John Robarts

wikipedia_title: John Robarts (VC)


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
St. Neots
Huntingdonshire
sergeant-major
Bengal Native Infantry
Bengal Army
Indian Mutiny
Benares
Peter Gill
John Kirk
lieutenant
Red Sea

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,British East India Company Army soldiers,1866 deaths,People from St Neots,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1823 births,British Indian Army officers

paragraph: Matthew Rosamund

paragraph: Matthew Rosamund VC (12 July 1823 – 14 July 1866) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: The christening record for Matthew Rosamond in 1823 shows his parents as George Rosamond and his wife Elizabeth. Matthew Rosamond married Bridget Mahoney in Agra, West Bengal on 21 July 1851. The English 1861 census for Eaton Socon in Bedfordshire, shows Matthew Rosamond home from India five years before his death. Just prior to his death, he married Alice Wollen in 1865 in Serampore, Bengal, India.

paragraph: Rosamund/Rosamond was born in the village of St. Neots, Huntingdonshire (some records say Swallow Cliffe, Wiltshire; other says Seaton Town, Bedfordshire), the son and grandson of soldiers.

paragraph: Section::::Victoria Cross.

paragraph: Rosamund was 33 years old, and a sergeant-major in the 37th Bengal Native Infantry, Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed on 4 June 1857 at Benares led to the award of the Victoria Cross for Rosamund, Sergeant-Major Peter Gill and Private John Kirk:

paragraph: Rosamund later achieved the rank of lieutenant but died on board ship and was buried in the Red Sea at the age of 43. His VC medal was sold at auction in 1903 and has not been located since.

paragraph: A blue plaque has been erected in the village of Eaton Socon in Bedfordshire with the correct spelling of his surname which reads "Matthew Rosamond VC - On 4th June 1857 Matthew Rosamond, a relative of the Rosamond bakers on this site, won the Victoria Cross during the Indian Mutiny. He died on the Red Sea on 14th July 1866 and was buried at sea. This building was built by Budd's Bakers as a new bakehouse around 1930, replacing a much older timber framed property."

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Matthew Rosamund

wikipedia_title: Matthew Rosamund


text: Irish

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Oldcastle, County Meath

text: captain

text: Bengal Staff Corps

text: British Indian Army

text: Naga Hills Expedition

text: Konoma

text: India

text: colonel

text: Harrogate

text: Yorkshire

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Ireland's VCs

text: Monuments to Courage

text: Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,People from County Meath,19th-century Irish people,1848 births,Bengal Staff Corps officers,British military personnel of the Tirah Campaign,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,Irish soldiers in the British Indian Army,1924 deaths

paragraph: Richard Ridgeway

paragraph: Colonel Richard Kirby Ridgeway (18 August 1848 – 11 October 1924) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ridgeway was born on 18 August 1848 in Oldcastle, County Meath, Ireland.

paragraph: On 22 November 1879, he was 31 years old, and a captain in the Bengal Staff Corps, 44th Gurkha Rifles (later 1/8th Gurkha Rifles), British Indian Army, during the Naga Hills Expedition. On that date, during the final assault on Konoma, Eastern Frontier of India, under heavy fire from the enemy, Captain Ridgeway rushed up to a barricade and attempted to tear down the planking surrounding it to enable him to effect an entrance. While doing this he was wounded severely in the right shoulder.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of colonel.

paragraph: He died at the age of 76 in Harrogate, Yorkshire on 11 October 1924.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(West Yorkshire)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Richard Kirby Ridgeway

wikipedia_title: Richard Ridgeway


text:
VC
Irish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
ensign
Bengal Army
Indian Mutiny
Abyssinian War
Second Anglo-Afghan War
colonel
Jersey
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Ireland's VCs
Monuments to Courage
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: People from County Roscommon,19th-century Irish people,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1827 births,British military personnel of the Abyssinian War,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,Irish soldiers in the British East India Company Army,British Indian Army officers,1895 deaths,British East India Company Army officers

paragraph: Patrick Roddy

paragraph: Colonel Patrick Roddy VC (17 March 1827 – 21 November 1895) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 31 years old, and an ensign in the Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: He served in the Abyssinian War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. He later achieved the rank of colonel. He died at Jersey, Channel Islands on 21 November 1895. Colonel Roddy's legacy is kept alive by the Roddy Family Hibernian Society which is now chaired by Roddy Bisgaard Lanigan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Jersey)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Patrick Roddy

wikipedia_title: Patrick Roddy


text:
VC
Scottish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
private
71st Regiment
Highland Light Infantry
British Army
Indian Mutiny
Marar
Gwalior
sulphuric acid
Southern Necropolis
Glasgow
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Scotland's Forgotten Valour
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: Highland Light Infantry soldiers,British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Deaths by poisoning,1870 deaths,People from Glasgow,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,Burials at the Southern Necropolis,British military personnel of the Umbeyla Campaign,1829 births,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,Accidental deaths in Scotland

paragraph: George Rodgers (VC)

paragraph: George Rodgers VC (January 1829 – 9 March 1870) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Rodgers was about 29 years old, and a private in the 71st Regiment (later The Highland Light Infantry), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 16 June 1858 at Marar, Gwalior for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: Rodgers returned to Glasgow and died in a domestic accident. He visited his sister in order to get an alcoholic drink but was refused and told to lie down in her flat. Some time later Rodgers got up and found a bottle of sulphuric acid and thinking it was alcohol, drank it, causing his death. He was buried in a common grave in Glasgow's Southern Necropolis.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of The Royal Highland Fusiliers, Glasgow, Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Glasgow)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: George Rodgers

wikipedia_title: George Rodgers (VC)


text: VC

text: MM

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Imperial Yeomanry

text: Second Boer War

text: lance-corporal

text: Royal Fusiliers

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Belgium

text: Lewis gun

text: World War II

text: Tower of London

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British Yeomanry soldiers,British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,People from Penrith, Cumbria,British Army personnel of World War I,Royal Fusiliers soldiers,British Home Guard soldiers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1954 deaths,Recipients of the Military Medal,1879 births

paragraph: Charles Graham Robertson

paragraph: Charles Graham Robertson VC MM (4 July 1879 – 10 May 1954) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Robertson first served with the Imperial Yeomanry during the Second Boer War. Robertson was 38 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 10th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 8/9 March 1918 west of Polderhoek Chateau, Belgium, Lance-Corporal Robertson having repelled a strong attack by the enemy, realised that he was being cut off and sent for reinforcements, while remaining at his post with only one man, firing his Lewis gun and killing large numbers of the enemy. No reinforcements arrived, so he withdrew, and then was forced to withdraw again to a defended post where he got on top of the parapet with a comrade, mounted his gun and continued firing. His comrade was almost immediately killed and he was severely wounded, but managed to crawl back with his gun, having exhausted his ammunition.

paragraph: He served in World War II in the Home Guard.

paragraph: Section::::The Medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Fusiliers Museum in the Tower of London, England. This and his other medals were presented to the museum by his widow in 1977.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Surrey)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Charles Graham Robertson

wikipedia_title: Charles Graham Robertson


text:
VC
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Wellington
Harrow
Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Bedfordshire Regiment
1st Bombay Grenadiers
Aden
British Somaliland
captain
1st Bombay Grenadiers
Indian Army
Third Somaliland Expedition
British Somaliland
William George Walker
John Edmund Gough
Imperial War Museum
major

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,British military personnel of the Third Somaliland Expedition,Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment officers,People educated at Harrow School,1869 births,1910 deaths,Indian Staff Corps officers

paragraph: George Rolland

paragraph: Major George Murray Rolland VC (12 May 1869 – 9 July 1910) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born on 12 May 1869 at Wellington, India, the son of Major P. M. Rolland, R.A. and educated at Harrow and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, before being commissioned into the Bedfordshire Regiment in November 1889. He transferred to the Indian Staff Corps on the 11 August 1891. He was appointed a double company commander with the 1st Bombay Grenadiers on 4 February 1901, and appointed a Special Service Officer on the Staff of the Somaliland Field Force on 25 October 1902, leaving Bombay via Aden for British Somaliland the previous day.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 33 years old, and a captain in the 1st Bombay Grenadiers, Indian Army, employed Berbera -Bohotle Flying Column during the Third Somaliland Expedition when on 22 April 1903 after the action at British Somaliland, the rearguard got considerably behind the rest of the column. Captain Rolland and William George Walker, with four other men were with a fellow officer when he fell badly wounded and Captain Rolland ran back some 500 yards to get help while the others stayed with the casualty, endeavouring to keep off the enemy who were all round. This they succeeded in doing, and when the officer in charge of the column (John Edmund Gough) arrived they managed to get the wounded man on to a camel. He was, however, hit again and died immediately.

paragraph: His VC is on display at the Lord Ashcroft Galley in the Imperial War Museum in London.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In November 1906, he was appointed the Adjutant of the Nagpur Volunteer Rifles, with whom he was serving when he died from a fall. He achieved the rank of major, being promoted 9 November 1907. Recently his grave was discovered in Nagpur in routine cleaning exercise.

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: George Murray Rolland

wikipedia_title: George Rolland


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: lance-corporal

text: The Royal Irish Regiment

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: National Army Museum

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: 1932 deaths,People from Bristol,1895 births,British Army personnel of World War I,Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) soldiers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: Frederick George Room

paragraph: Frederick George Room VC (31 May 1895 – 19 January 1932) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 22 years old, and an acting lance-corporal in the 2nd Battalion, The Royal Irish Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum, Chelsea, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - Passchendaele 1917 (Stephen Snelling, 1998)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Avon)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Frederick George Room

wikipedia_title: Frederick George Room


text: diver

text: United States

text: 1948 Summer Olympics

text: London

text: wrestler

text: pole vault

text: Lansdowne, Pennsylvania

text: United States Navy

text: World War II

text: University of Michigan

text: Fairfield, Connecticut

text: International Swimming Hall of Fame

categories: American male divers,Divers at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Ohio State Buckeyes men's divers,Olympic divers of the United States,Accidental deaths from falls,1959 deaths,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Accidental deaths in Connecticut,United States Navy personnel,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in diving,1926 births

paragraph: Bruce Harlan

paragraph: Bruce Ira Harlan (January 2, 1926 – June 22, 1959) was a diver from the United States and Olympic champion. He represented his native country at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, where he received one gold medal and one silver medal.

paragraph: Harlan was a high school wrestler and pole vaulter in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania, and served in the United States Navy during World War II. Harlan coached diving at the University of Michigan from 1954 to 1959. On June 21, 1959 he took part in a diving exhibition in Fairfield, Connecticut. While helping to dismantle the scaffolding of the diving tower, Harlan fell to his death.

paragraph: Harlan was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1973.

paragraph: In 1961 the Michigan Interscholastic Swim Coaches Association (MISCA) honored Bruce Harlan when they created an award in his honor. The award is given annually to a diving coach who demonstrates continued leadership, contributions, and service to Michigan High School Diving.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michigan Interscholastic Swim Coaches Association

description: diver

wikidata_label: Bruce Harlan

wikipedia_title: Bruce Harlan