text: FRSE

text: neurophysiologist

text: Bedale

text: York

text: John Hughlings Jackson

text: James Crichton-Browne

text: nervous system

text: psychology

text: physiological psychology

text: Wetherby

text: Yorkshire

text: Wesleyan Academy on Woodhouse Grove

text: University College

text: Paris

text: Alfred Armand Velpeau

text: Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis

text: anatomy

text: physiology

text: Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin

text: Velpeau

text: la Pitié

text: Germany

text: Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx

text: University of Göttingen

text: Lower Saxony

text: hysteria

text: mental illnesses

text: hysteria

text: consciousness

text: coma

text: delirium

text: hallucination

text: somnambulism

text: York

text: Hughlings Jackson

text: Jonathan Hutchinson

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Edinburgh

text: William A.F. Browne

text: James Crichton-Browne

text: phthisis

text: tuberculosis

text: anesthetic

text: Princes Street

text: Robert Whytt

text: Marshall Hall

text: reflex arc

text: nervous system

text: Hall

text: reflex arc

text: Johann August Unzer

text: Unzer

text: teleologist

text: classification

text: psychiatric disorders

text: insanity

text: insanity

text: John Hughlings Jackson

text: Medico Psychological Association

text: John Hughlings Jackson

text: Ivan Pavlov

text: Charles Scott Sherrington

text: Sigmund Freud

text: Royal Society, Edinburgh

categories: 1812 births,Academics of the University of Edinburgh,1876 deaths,Neurophysiologists,People from Wetherby,Alumni of University College London,English physiologists

paragraph: Thomas Laycock (physiologist)

paragraph: Prof Thomas Laycock FRSE FRCPE (10 August 1812 – 21 September 1876) was an English physician and neurophysiologist who was a native of Bedale near York. Among medical historians, he is best known for his influence on John Hughlings Jackson and the psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne. Laycock's interests were the nervous system and psychology; he is known as one of the founders of physiological psychology. He was the first to formulate the concept of reflex action within the brain, and is also known for his classification of mental illnesses.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Laycock was born on 10 August 1812 in Wetherby, Yorkshire, and was the son of Wesleyan minister Rev Thomas Laycock. He attended the Wesleyan Academy on Woodhouse Grove in West Yorkshire. At the age of fifteen, Laycock trained as an apprentice surgeon-apothecary under a Mr. Spence. He went on to study at the University College in London and furthered his training in Paris in 1834 for two more years, where his instructors included Alfred Armand Velpeau (1795–1867) and Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis (1787–1872), renowned as an initiator of statistics. While in Paris, Laycock studied anatomy and physiology under Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin and Velpeau at la Pitié.

paragraph: In the spring of 1837, Laycock began to learn German to further his readings beyond English and French literature. In 1839, he went to Germany and received his doctorate degree under Professor Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx at University of Göttingen in Lower Saxony, Germany. Throughout 1839 to 1840, Laycock published many papers on hysteria and other mental illnesses.

paragraph: In his final paper on hysteria, Laycock wrote about the effects of hysteria on consciousness seen in comas, delirium, hallucinations, and somnambulism. This final paper introduced the revolutionary concept that stimuli to the brain could invoke actions in the subject without the subject being aware of them. This concept steered away from the notion of man as a unique spiritual human being, and saw man as more automated and animalistic.

paragraph: After receiving his doctorate degree in 1839, Laycock returned to York working as a physician at the York Dispensary and lecturer of medicine at York Medical School. During his time at the York Dispensary, he earned himself a reputation as a skilled physician, as well as a profound thinker, medical scientist, and prolific writer.

paragraph: In 1852, Laycock first encountered Hughlings Jackson, a new student; he also taught Jonathan Hutchinson whom Jackson was to meet in 1859 and share a house with at 14 Finsbury Circus, London for three years.

paragraph: In 1855, the position of chair of medicine at the University of Edinburgh became open. The position was highly desired and candidates would canvas for the spot. Of eight potential contestants, Laycock was selected by the Edinburgh Town Council; however, he was not generally accepted by the public or by the people of the profession. Despite the antagonism, Laycock maintained his reputation as a prolific writer in medical, philosophical, and psychological writings up until his death in 1876.

paragraph: Laycock set up a course for medical psychology and mental diseases as a professor of medicine at Edinburgh. His course was not well received by the medical students at Edinburgh. The medical students preferred being taught straightforward principles to help prepare for examinations. On the other hand, Laycock preferred to present an abstract, broad view of medicine in the hopes that his students would learn through independent reading without someone forcing them to learn.

paragraph: In Edinburgh, Laycock was friendly with the asylum reformer William A.F. Browne (1805-1885) and was a major influence on his son, the psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne (1840-1938)

paragraph: During his mid-forties, Laycock suffered from phthisis (tuberculosis). His physicians told him that he did not have long to live, however, he went on to live for another twenty years. Due to tuberculosis of the knee, his left knee had to be amputated. He insisted on having the operation done without anesthetics, and he spent the last decade of his life as an amputee.

paragraph: His wife Ann died in 1869 and is buried in York.

paragraph: Laycock died at home, 13 Walker Street, in Edinburgh's West End.

paragraph: He is buried a short distance from his home, in one of the upper terraces of St Johns Episcopal Church at the west end of Princes Street.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Reflex function of the brain.

paragraph: Following the work of Robert Whytt and Marshall Hall, Laycock studied the reflex arc in relation to the nervous system. While Hall believed that the reflex arc was mediated by the spinal cord, separate from the cerebrum, Laycock argued that the brain underwent the same reflex patterns as the rest of the nervous system. After learning the German language, he translated books by Johann August Unzer, who studied afferent and efferent reflexes. Unzer centralised the nervous system in the spinal cord, such that reflexes could occur even without a functional brain, which only controls conscious activity. Laycock disagreed with Unzer's centralisation in the spinal root ganglia; Laycock stated: "The brain, although the organ of consciousness, was subject to the laws of reflex action and in this respect it did not differ from other ganglia of the nervous system."

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Nature and methodology.

paragraph: Laycock was a teleologist. He also held a fundamental belief in the "unity of nature", and saw nature as working through an unconsciously acting principle of organisation. Through his teleological approach, he argued that the origins of the nervous system were based on a natural force which he named the "Unconsciously Acting Principle for Intelligence." This force provided a plan for organism construction, regulated organisms based on survival instinct, and acted on the brain to provoke the phenomena of thought. Laycock saw nature as purposeful in creating this force, which ultimately results in a self-conscious mind, and an unconscious intelligence where reflexes were seeded. Because of his teleological approach to seeing nature through a lens of purpose, Laycock used observation as his principal method of scientific inquiry. He did not advocate for microscopic experimentation, which he saw as unnecessary in studying nature's biological forces. Rather, he preferred passive observation of purposeful phenomena in nature, from which theories could be inducted.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Classification of psychiatric disorders.

paragraph: In 1863, Laycock published a paper on the classification of psychiatric disorders. On the classification, he said: "If we further analyse the standard as applied to the naming and classification of mental diseases in general, we find it includes attributes or qualities in common with others of the same age, sex, or social position". Laycock recognised that many factors were included in classification, and therefore absolute standards were not feasible.

paragraph: Laycock was also aware of the different possible approaches in classification, but he used a biological and neurological approach to classification. He classified insanity into three types: orectic insanity, thymic insanity, and phrenic insanity. Each type of insanity was associated with a disorder in encephalic centers that controlled instincts, feelings, or reason.

paragraph: The biological approach to classifying mental disorders was due to Laycock's belief that the mind was a result of the brain. On insanity, his definition was: "a chronic disorder of the brain by which the mental condition of the individual is so modified that he is deprived wholly or in part of common sense." He explained moral insanity and mania through the concept of "reversed evolution," a concept that was later furthered by John Hughlings Jackson.

paragraph: Laycock became president of the Medico Psychological Association in 1869. He thought that people who were mentally handicapped could also be mentally ill, which was not yet a generally accepted idea during his time.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Historians have a hard time crediting Laycock for his findings in the existence of the cerebral reflex and the continuity of the nervous system throughout the animal species because of his non-scientific methodology. Laycock's writing style was also very dense, and difficult to understand due to the lack of brevity. In his writings, he would include lots of philosophical ideas and expressions, which would hinder the understanding of his concepts.

paragraph: Laycock's ideas reached modern day acceptance through his student John Hughlings Jackson, who recast the concept of the continuity of nervous systems in animals through evolutionary proof. Jackson's scientific approach gained much more acceptance than Laycock's philosophical, observational approach. Laycock generalised the reflex patterns of the entire nervous system and the synthesis of nervous function. Ivan Pavlov, Charles Scott Sherrington, and Sigmund Freud later expanded upon Laycock's philosophical observations of nervous function synthesis.

paragraph: The honors received by Laycock include: fellowship in the Royal Society, Edinburgh, fellowship in the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and Physician in Ordinary to the Queen of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Religio Medicorum: a Critical Essay on Medical Ethics" (1848)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Social and Political Relations of Drunkenness" (1857)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mind and Brain" (1860)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Medical Journal (30 September 1876) Obituary.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: British neurophysiologist

wikidata_label: Thomas Laycock

wikipedia_title: Thomas Laycock (physiologist)


text:
Seminole
Second Seminole War
Black Seminole
Osceola
Thomas Sydney Jesup
Joseph Hernandez
Castillo de San Marcos
St. Augustine
Spanish Florida
Wildcat
King Phillip Emathla
Battle of Lake Okeechobee
Indian Territory
Oklahoma
William J. Worth
Micanopy
Mexican army
Spanish
Seminole
Micanopy
mixed-race
War of 1812
Oconee
Suwannee River
Andrew Jackson
Osceola
Tampa Bay
George M. Brooke
"gopher"
Second Seminole War
U. S. Army
Micanopy
Indian Territory
William J. Worth
Thomas Sydney Jesup
Tampa Bay
New Orleans
removal
Coacoochee
Creek Indians
Dembo Factor
Fort Gibson
Fort Smith
John Y. Mason
Attorney-General
James K. Polk
Fort Gibson
Toney Barnet
Little River
Wewoka
Creek
Marcellus Duval
American Civil War
emancipation
Brackettville
Gaspar Yanga
"John Horse"
John Horse website

categories: African-American military personnel,1882 deaths,Native American military personnel,Native Americans of the Seminole Wars,People from Micanopy, Florida,People from Kinney County, Texas,1812 births,Black Seminoles,People of Spanish Florida

paragraph: John Horse

paragraph: John Horse (c. 1812–1882), also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, John Cowaya (with spelling variations) and Gopher John, was of mixed ancestry (African and Seminole Indian) who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida. He rose to prominence in the third year of what was to become a seven-year war when the first generation of Black Seminole leaders was largely decimated and the primary Seminole war chief, Osceola (Asi Yahola), fell into the hands of the American military commander, General Thomas Sydney Jesup. John Horse had been fighting alongside Osceola and acting as his interpreter by this time. When they were seized while under a flag of truce during negotiations with Jesup's emissary, Florida militia general Joseph Hernandez, John Horse found himself imprisoned along with Osceola and other members of his band at Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos), the old Spanish fort that formerly defended St. Augustine, the colonial capital of Spanish Florida.

paragraph: John Horse gained his initial fame for joining with a Mikasuki brave named Wildcat (Coacoochee), the son of the Mikasuki chief, King Phillip Emathla, in executing a daring escape from the fort which, until then, had been believed by American forces to be unbreachable. Wildcat and John Horse formed an alliance and went on to lead the remnants of the shattered Seminole bands, including members of the Mikasuki, Tallahassee, Appalachee and Yamassee bands (many of different ethnic backgrounds in what was by then a highly mixed grouping of Indians and Africans) to safety in the south-central part of Florida, ahead of Jesup's forces. In the Battle of Lake Okeechobee on Christmas Day in 1837, Halpatta Tustanagi (Chief Alligator), an ally of the captured Osceola, and the Seminole medicine man Abiaka (Sam Jones) led the escaping Seminole with Wildcat and John Horse playing leading roles in holding off the assault of Zachary Taylor, then in hot pursuit.

paragraph: They successfully effected the escape of most of the fleeing Seminole who had joined with them by crossing Lake Okeechobee to take refuge in the Everglades. They fought Jesup himself on the Loxahatchee River the following January 1838, although the privations and losses they had suffered since their early victories in 1835 and 36 had taken their toll. Although General Jesup was wounded in the fight, the Seminole were forced to flee again. Offered a promise of peace and a new life west of the Mississippi with his family, John Horse finally agreed to surrender, although Wildcat refused to come in at that time and fought on until around 1840 when John Horse was brought back to Florida from his exile in Indian Territory. John Horse brought the offer of peace to Wildcat, contingent on his surrender and agreement to exile in Indian Territory, and Wildcat, by now the leading war chief of the remaining Seminole, finally accepted removal to the Territory (in present-day Oklahoma) which had been set aside for the eastern Indians in the early 1830s by Congress. Other bands still held out though and the war continued until August 14, 1842, when Colonel William J. Worth, finally declared "victory" and left the remaining fighters to their own devices deep in the Florida Everglades.

paragraph: John Horse, who was the son of a slave mother and an Indian father, was nominally a slave under both American and Seminole law until finally being freed by the American military for his service to the army in Florida after his return there at the military's request. He was later officially set free of any Seminole claims on his person by Chief Micanopy, titular head of all the Seminole bands, for his service to the Indians. When the Africans living among the Seminole continued to face threats of re-enslavement in their new home, thanks to the connivance of some American officials (despite Jesup's decree emancipating all surrendering escaped African slaves), John Horse would once again join forces with his old comrade, Wildcat, to lead a group of disaffected Seminole and former slaves across the Rio Grande to northern Mexico where they were granted land by the Mexican government in 1850 and where the Seminole blacks could finally be assured of their freedom, Mexico having abolished legal slavery in the 1820s.

paragraph: Horse served as a captain in the Mexican army during this period and, after 1870, briefly with the US Army again as a scout. He disappeared several years later when, by now an old man, he made a trip to Mexico City to plead for reaffirmation of the land grant to his people which local Mexican landowners were seeking to overturn. It is generally thought that John Horse died in the course of this final errand to Mexico City.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: John Horse, called Juan as a child, was born around 1812 in Florida. He was a Seminole slave of Spanish, Seminole, and African descent. He lived initially in the region that came to be called Micanopy after the last head chief of the Florida Seminole in north central Florida. John assumed the surname of his father and nominal owner, the Seminole trader Charley Cavallo, his surname "Horse" being believed to have been a translation of Cavallo (or Caballo, the Spanish word for horse). His mother was likely of pure African descent, a slave acquired by Charley Cavallo in his travels. Charley was, himself, of possibly mixed descent (Indian-Spanish parentage.). The young John also had a sister, Juana (sometimes spelled "Wannah" or "Warner" in some sources). Not much is known about Charley Cavallo although it does not appear that he treated either of his two mixed-race children as slaves.

paragraph: The War of 1812 broke out between the United States and Great Britain in the year John Horse is thought to have been born. At that time he and Juana were probably living with their mother in one of the black settlements affiliated with, and under the jurisdiction of, the Alachua band of Oconee Seminole along the Suwannee River. When the American General Andrew Jackson invaded the area, he scattered the tribal peoples and their black allies in the region, destroying settlements and seizing blacks from among the Seminole for removal to the north to be returned to plantation slavery. John was probably displaced with his family by these actions since he first enters the historical record some years later as a young adolescent in the Tampa area.

paragraph: John Horse spent his formative years among the Oconee Seminole, living like other Indian boys, learning to hunt and fish and developing tracking skills. He also became proficient with bow and arrow and with a rifle, developing a reputation in later life as a keen marksman with a steady hand in combat. Unlike many of his fellows, however, he also learned to read and write and acquired linguistic skills in English, Spanish and the Hitchiti tongue spoken by the Oconee and many other Seminole bands. We can presume that he was also conversant with Muscogee, the tongue of the Upper Creek Indians from whom the great Seminole war chief, Osceola hailed because, in his adult years, he would be one of Osceola's main translators when dealing with the Americans (though Osceola, himself, spoke some English).

paragraph: Section::::Seminole Wars.

paragraph: The First Seminole War (1817–1818) occurred during Horse's childhood and the youngster, along with his sister and mother, was probably among those displaced blacks who fled south of the Suwannee River toward Tampa Bay. There young John grew into adolescence and came into contact with American soldiers who had established an outpost, Fort Brooke, in the region with the formal annexation of Florida after the success of Jackson's incursions. John Horse first enters the written record in a short narrative by the officer in charge, Major George M. Brooke, who discovered the young Seminole black had been swindling his personal cook by selling him the same land turtle, or tortoise (a so-called "gopher"), multiple times for the major's personal mess. Discovering the young boy's fraud, Brooke opted for leniency and let John go on condition he make good on the missing turtles which he apparently did. This began a lifelong relationship between John Horse and the American military and vouchsafed him his nickname in later life, Gopher John.

paragraph: He would go on to fight against the American army, on the side of his fellow Seminole, and, eventually, to work with the Americans. During the Second Seminole War of 1835 to 1842, which began when American settlers pressured for Indian removal to free up their lands for white settlement, John Horse served as what would be called, today, a field officer on the Indian side. At first a translator for the Indian leaders (since few of them spoke English while their black allies did), he also became a lower level war chief. Because of his facility with languages and quickness of mind, John Horse eventually found himself in the midst of the Seminoles' negotiations with the U. S. Army as the war dragged on and open battles in the field gave way to guerrilla tactics and a long war of attrition.

paragraph: In the spring of 1838, after several pitched battles, Horse finally decided the fight against the Americans was unwinnable and surrendered to US troops. This may have been prompted by the loss of his first wife, a Seminole woman said to have been a daughter of Chief Holatoochee, a brother or nephew of the chief Micanopy. The blacks in the war received promises of freedom if they would cease fighting as Indian allies and accept resettlement in the newly established Indian Territory west of the Mississippi.

paragraph: Horse was later granted papers freeing him a second time by General William J. Worth for the services he subsequently rendered to the U.S. Army in the latter days of the Second Seminole War in Florida, as both translator and scout. But his initial decision to give up fighting had been in response to the offer of a prior general, Thomas Sydney Jesup, who had made the first promise of general freedom to all escaped slaves and their children willing to surrender and accept removal. Thus John Horse's claim to freedom from slavery would rest on at least two legal claims, via decisions by two different American military officers. This would eventually be important as events unfolded a few years later in the west. Unfortunately, Horse's second wife and their children, who were removed to Indian Territory with him, did not gain freedom through his later service and had only the earlier declaration by Jesup to fall back on, thus remaining at risk from the increasingly aggressive activities of slave catchers in the new Indian Territory.

paragraph: With other Seminole, Horse was shipped across the Gulf of Mexico from Tampa Bay to New Orleans and north from there by way of the Mississippi to Indian Territory. There he and his family joined with the other Seminole and Black Seminole who had accepted removal to take up residence at one of two locations assigned to the Seminole inside the Creek area. Horse quickly rose as a leader among the Black Seminole because of his friendly relations with the Americans, his experience as a leader in the fighting, his linguistic skills and decisive cleverness.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Indian Territory.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Indian Territory.:New conflicts and old issues.

paragraph: In the new territory, John Horse worked sporadically for the army as an interpreter and, sometimes, as an intermediary for the officers and the Indian leaders. Asked to help persuade the remaining Indian fighters in Florida to surrender and relocate to Indian Territory as he and others had done, he returned to Florida in 1839 to act as go-between with one of the last Seminole war chiefs, Coacoochee (Wild Cat), eventually convincing his old friend to accept the inevitable and come in, too. John Horse was sent back to Indian Territory in 1842, as part of a group of about 120 other exiles, once the army felt he had done what they needed.

paragraph: In Indian Territory again, the exiled Seminole leadership finally voted freedom for John Horse, too, around the year 1843 in light of his services to the Seminole during their lengthy war. At the time the main chief, Micanopy ("Mico Nuppa"), had nominal ownership over him. It was Micanopy, in concert with his council, who finally granted the black warrior his freedom from any claims of enslavement against him which the tribe still had. Thus John Horse had been freed three times: by Jesup's original declaration, by General Worth who was Jesup's last successor (for services rendered), and by the Seminole leadership. Only the first of these actions applied to John Horse's second wife, Susan (daughter of the black leader July) and their children, however, and that action would soon come into serious question.

paragraph: Conflict arose in the Territory because the transplanted Seminole had been placed on land allocated to the Creek Indians since the U.S. government had failed to recognize the tribal distinctions between the two peoples (the Seminole were a loose amalgam of Creek bands which had detached themselves from the Creek Indian federation a century earlier and relocated to then Spanish Florida, although they had continued to maintain ethnic and some kinship ties with their northern Creek brethren in Georgia, Alabama and part of the Carolinas). Because the Creek had adopted the American institution of chattel slavery while the Seminole had not done the same (they lived in very different ways), the presence of free blacks among the Seminole on Creek land and under the nominal sovereignty of the Creek tribal council, caused friction between the two groups. The free blacks threatened the Creek slave-holding status quo, because their very existence tempted the Creeks' own slaves to challenge their status, and provided a tempting target for Creek and affiliated groups seeking to acquire more slaves.

paragraph: Creek slavers and those from other Indian groups, and some whites, soon began raiding the Black Seminole settlements to kidnap and enslave anyone they could get their hands on, and John Horse quickly became a focal point for organizing resistance to these encroachments as well as lead spokesman for his fellow Black Seminoles. In one case, when some slavers succeeded in capturing Dembo Factor, a veteran of the Seminole War, John Horse and his on-again, off-again ally, Coacoochee (Wild Cat), who had hopes of succeeding Micanopy as leader of all the Seminole and who opposed living under the Creek, protested. The Army, responding to their concerns, demanded and got Factor's release but neither they nor the Creek tribal council pursued charges of kidnapping against the suspected slavers. The slave raids continued as tensions mounted.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Indian Territory.:Seeking a solution.

paragraph: In 1844 John Horse traveled to Washington, D.C. with a delegation of Seminole including Coacoochee to argue for a separate land grant for the Seminole on the grounds that they were and had been a separate people for at least a hundred years. Failing to secure the backing they needed, they returned to Indian Territory, but Horse traveled once more to Washington, this time on his own (acting as servant to an officer's brother) to lobby General Jesup to live up to his earlier promises. Jesup was sympathetic and probably felt a little guilty for having been instrumental in the treachery that took Osceola off the field and led to that chief's death. However he could not overcome political resistance in Washington where pressure was growing to reverse his grant of freedom to the blacks who came in voluntarily. Perhaps in response to John's advocacy, Jesup traveled to Indian Territory himself (he was now Quartermaster General for the entire U.S. Army) to arrange for the construction of new facilities at Fort Gibson, the army's headquarters in the Territory. While there he compiled a list of all those who had surrendered under his order and validated it. He also offered them work on the grounds of Fort Gibson on a construction project he had initiated.

paragraph: As a result, large numbers of Seminole blacks left the two Seminole settlements, Deep Fork and Little River, to re-settle outside the fort's walls under army protection. Once the work was done, however, the blacks chose to remain because of the ongoing predations of Creek, Cherokee and so-called half breed slave catchers, creating yet another flash point of contention with the army and the slaver gangs. John Horse, himself, was attacked by unknown assailants at one point, thought to have been members of the pro-Creek Seminole faction and came close to death from the bullet he took, but the would-be assassins were never located. After the incident, the officer in charge at Fort Gibson invited John and his family to take up residence inside the fort, which he did, giving up the claim he had staked out in the Indian area. The tensions extended to the Seminole Indian sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, an Alabamian with land holdings back east and connections in Washington. His brother, William Duval, was also a connected attorney at nearby Fort Smith in Arkansas. The Seminole sub-agent hoped to profit with the restoration of the Seminole blacks' slave status and angled incessantly to bring it about. He also began objecting to what he deemed the army's unauthorized protection of the Seminole blacks, including allowing them to remain in their makeshift settlement under Fort Gibson's walls.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Indian Territory.:Slavery again?

paragraph: Some time after John Horse's return from his second mission to Washington, and Jesup's own visit and subsequent return east, John Y. Mason, US Attorney-General at the time, was designated by President James K. Polk to rule on the legitimacy of Jesup's emancipation of the former Seminole slaves. The demand for such a ruling was being pushed by Duval and his allies and urged by his brother, the attorney William Duval, who had been retained by the Seminole tribal council, at the sub-agent's urging, to reclaim their rights to their former slaves. John Mason, a southerner, ruled that, since most of the Black Seminoles were descendants of fugitive slaves and thus legally still considered born into slavery, Jesup's decree had illegally deprived their Seminole owners of their legal property and could not be endorsed by the government. Thus the very reason many of the blacks had agreed to come in peacefully, and which had so seriously undermined the Seminoles' fight to remain in Florida, was suddenly and retroactively revoked.

paragraph: Seminole practice in Florida had acknowledged slavery, though not on the chattel slavery model then common in the American south. It was, in fact, more like feudal dependency since slaves of the Seminole generally lived in their own communities, carried weapons and hunted and fought beside the Seminole they were nominally owned by. In fact, except for the obligation of the blacks to join in hunting and war parties, and to supply an annual tribute of crops to the tribal chief for the general welfare of the tribe, there was little effective difference between how the Seminole lived and the lives of their nominal slaves. This changed in the course of the Second Seminole War when the old tribal system broke down under the pressure of the fighting and the Seminole resolved themselves into loose war bands living off the land with no distinction between tribal members and their so-called slaves. But this changed yet again in the new territory when the Seminole were obliged to settle on fixed lots of land and take up settled agriculture.

paragraph: At that point the chattel slave model adopted by their Creek cousins and other displaced tribes in the region took on more attraction for many of the Seminole. Their increasing poverty, due to the poor land they had been given and their own farming inexperience also made regaining a source of slave labor attractive to them (since the blacks were generally better farmers and craftsmen than their "owners"). The Seminole sub-agent, Marcellus Duval, became a tireless advocate for restoration of alleged Seminole property rights over their former allies in the field, a restoration he apparently hoped to turn to his own benefit as much as to the Indians'.

paragraph: With Mason's reversal of Jesup's wartime decree, those who had been freed by Jesup now suddenly found their status reversed, as Duval and the pro-Creek Seminole demanded their return to Seminole service, only now as chattel slaves. A new open season by the raiders from nearby groups and towns was about to commence as more than 280 Black Seminoles, including John Horse's own family, were now at risk again.

paragraph: Duval, who had slave interests of his own, then effectively procured a decision from Washington that would force the blacks living under the army's protection at Fort Gibson to return to the settlements of those Indians who were now deemed their legal owners. The Indian sub-agent had, in fact, already worked out an agreement with the pro-Creek faction within the Seminole tribal council to provide a large number of the re-enslaved blacks to his lawyer brother in payment for legal services rendered on their behalf in Washington in pursuit of their property rights over the Seminole blacks. He and his brother apparently hoped to turn a profit by claiming so many of the new slaves, either to work on their family holdings back in Alabama or for sale on the open market.

paragraph: The stage was thus set for a major crisis as the army received orders to evict the blacks then sheltering under Fort Gibson's walls and force their return to enslavement under the Seminole, now headed up by the pro-Creek faction who supported the institution of chattel slavery as practiced back east. John Horse, with all his options exhausted and even the government and its army turned against him, faced a decision.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Indian Territory.:Migration.

paragraph: Although the army generals were friendly to John Horse and his interests, they were bound by their duty. The War Department, from whom the army took its direction, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs were now arrayed against the interests of the Seminole blacks. John Horse soon found himself allied with Coacoochee again as the two fought a rear guard action to halt the rise of the pro-Creek leadership among the Seminole and the loss of freedom for the Seminole blacks. The two men wrangled with the various generals who quickly succeeded one another while the generals, themselves, played a delaying game with their Washington superiors. Eventually, however, Micaonopy's death ended the stalemate and the army could no longer delay evicting the ad hoc black settlement around the fort and sending its people back to certain enslavement. John Horse took charge of the exodus from Fort Gibson but, instead of taking his people to the site Duval the Indian agent had selected for them close by his agency, Horse and another ally, the black scout Toney Barnet, settled them at a place on the Little River he named "Wewoka" farther from the Creek and the Seminole agency than Duval had counted on. Settling in, they set up defenses against the gangs of slavers who quickly flocked around the black settlement. John Horse and Barnet settled on a plan which involved getting Marcellus Duval out of the way by inducing him to head off to Florida on a temporary mission which he thought would redound to his interest. To facilitate his agreement to make the trip, Barnet, also affiliated with the Seminole, offered to serve as scout and translator. (Barnet had reasons of his own for remaining behind since he was working to free his son who had been enslaved by two Cherokee brothers on Cherokee land within Indian Territory.)

paragraph: While Duval was gone with Barnet, John Horse speedily concluded a pact with his old friend Coacoochee (disaffected because of his failure to be selected to replace Micanopy) and the two of them led an exodus from Wewoka, and Indian Territory in general, in the dead of night. They led over a hundred blacks including men, women and children, and at least as many fleeing Seminole, out of the lands they had been placed on by the government, heading south across the Red River into Texas. There they began a dash across that vast state which would take them nearly a year, eventually incurring pursuit by Duval's slavers (dispatched after he had returned and discovered their flight) and the Texas Rangers who had been authorized by the Texas governor to recapture and return them to their Seminole owners (and to Duval who had placed a bounty on each man, woman and child). From October 1849 until the summer of 1850, Horse and Coacoochee led the migration south, picking up a troop of disgruntled Kickapoo Indians along the way, and facing the war arrows of the Comanche who considered Coacoochee's presence in their territory an affront. The Comanche may have known of an agreement Coacoochee had concluded with representatives of the Mexican government to gain land on which to live once in Mexico in exchange for his service on the border repelling Texan and Comanche raiders.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Indian Territory.:Race to the border.

paragraph: After a pitched battle with the Comanche, the fleeing party had to cross a desert region, meeting up with an old adversary, Major John L. Sprague, at the springs of Las Moras just north of the Mexican border. That encounter is described in Sprague's own journals which he compiled to document an expedition of supply wagons he led across southern Texas to resupply the outpost at today's El Paso (then the town of Franklin). Sprague had been a young captain back in Florida and had known both John Horse and Wild Cat there, having been involved in the latter's initial and then his final surrender. The three men sat into the night reminiscing and drinking from a bottle of liquor Sprague had supplied. But some time in the early morning hours the Indians learned that someone from the army camp had secretly gone to a nearby town to alert the Texas Rangers of their presence. Whether Sprague, himself, was implicated remains unknown.

paragraph: In the pre-dawn hours John Horse and Coacoochee woke their people and secretly departed the camp at Las Moras to make a last desperate dash to the Rio Grande. There they built makeshift rafts to ferry their people across. They were still hard at it, only midway across the river, when the Rangers and their allies abruptly arrived. But it was too late and the Seminole and their black allies, with the Kickapoo who had joined them, got across and made contact with officials in the Mexican state of Coahuila. There, in return for a pledge to fight all invaders and raiding parties from Texas, they were given land for their people and captaincies in the Mexican army on or about July 12, 1850.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: John Horse liked to drink and at one point after crossing back into Texas he allowed himself to get too drunk and was taken captive by some local whites who may have known him or had a grudge against him. They offered to ransom him back to his people and Coacoochee collected the gold they demanded and sent it to them for John's life. When they opened the bag they found the gold soaked with blood. It was Coacoochee's message to them and they fled. For several years John Horse and Coacoochee rode side by side in fulfillment of their contract with the Mexican government but Coacoochee soon died from smallpox and most of the Seminole and Kickapoo who had followed him drifted away. John Horse remained with his people and became the settlement's de facto leader.

paragraph: After the American Civil War and United States emancipation of slaves, the US Army recruited many of the Black Seminoles from Mexico to serve in the border states as scouts. John Horse was getting too old for that kind of active service although he remained titular leader of his people, still captaining their fights against the various raiding parties which descended on Mexico from the north.

paragraph: In one famous incident he returned with his men to find that a large Indian raiding party had attacked his settlement and captured many of his people in retaliation for his actions against them in his capacity of providing border security. Leading all the able bodied men he could find (about forty, including teenage boys) he took off after the Indians. The raiders tried to draw the Seminole blacks into a canyon but John Horse, sensing the trick, ordered a halt and dismounted his men. He had been a wily commander back in Florida and still possessed a well-developed perceptive faculty for this sort of thing. When the Indians lying in wait within the canyon saw that the blacks were not deceived by their ruse, they made a head-on frontal assault against the black force. John Horse's men had only single load rifles, mostly of vintage type, and when they had discharged their first volley it failed to turn the Indians who just kept coming at them. As the men scrambled to reload their weapons, John Horse stepped out in front of his men and leveled his own empty weapon at the oncoming chief, taking deliberate and careful aim. He had always been a crack shot and the Indians knew it. When the chief saw John's rifle directed straight at him he lost his nerve and swerved his horse, all those behind following him, thus breaking the charge and giving John Horse's men and boys time to complete their reload. In the end, the Indians fled and John Horse's Seminole blacks retrieved their people.

paragraph: As John Horse aged, though, many of his people migrated back across the Texas border to work for the U.S. Army as scouts. These men and their families settled near Fort Clarke in what is now Brackettville.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In his seventies, John Horse faced another crisis when local land owners tried to take the land the Mexican government had originally given to the Seminole settlers. John Horse rode out once more, to Mexico City, to obtain reaffirmation from the government of their land grant and to put a stop to the local land grab. He was never heard from again and it is commonly thought that he died on this trip to the capital (in 1882). Several hundred descendants of Black Seminoles, known as "Mascogos", still reside in Coahuila today.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaspar Yanga

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., "Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation" (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katz, William Loren, "Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage" (New York City, New York: Atheneum, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turso, Betty, "John Horse: Florida's First Freedom Fighter", (Charleston, SC: CreateSpace,2014),

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Horse", BlackPast.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Horse website

alias:
Juan Caballo
Juan Cavallo
Gopher John
John Cowaya

description: Black Seminole war leader and negotiator

wikidata_label: John Horse

wikipedia_title: John Horse


text:
gouache
Fanø
Eva Louise Buus
Royal Institute of Technology
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Axel Tallberg
etching
Konstnärhuset
Nice
Skagen
Lillehammer
Sønderho
Jutland

categories: Swedish emigrants to Denmark,People from Stockholm,Swedish male painters,Swedish painters,1868 births,1938 deaths

paragraph: Carl Johan Forsberg

paragraph: Carl Johan Wilhelm Forsberg (1868–1938) was a Swedish open-air painter whose works cover landscapes, buildings, animals and women, in watercolour or gouache. After travelling widely, in 1914 he and his Danish wife settled on the Danish island of Fanø where he lived and painted for the rest of his life. There has been renewed interest in Forsberg in recent years as a result of interpretations of his works by the Danish painter Eva Louise Buus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born on 1 August 1868 in Stockholm, Forsberg grew up in a well-to-do family, mixing with Sweden's high society. From 1889 to 1893, he studied architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology. He then went on to the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts where he studied building before attending Axel Tallberg's etching course (1895–96).

paragraph: Forsberg first exhibited at Stockholm's Konstnärhuset in 1904, receiving consistently negative reports from the critics. After travelling widely, he married the Danish consul's former wife Pia in Nice with whom he had two sons, Hans and William. They frequently returned to Nice but also travelled in southern Europe and Morocco. From 1910 to 1913, they travelled around Denmark and Norway, including Skagen and Lillehammer. In 1913, he published his only literary work "Opera" which he had illustrated himself. The same year he once again exhibited in Stockholm, now receiving more positive support. He also began to exhibit in Denmark.

paragraph: In 1914, he and his wife settled in Sønderho on the Danish island Fanø off the west coast of Jutland. He became very productive there, exhibiting every summer. He was reluctant to part from his works, eyeing them like a tiger at the exhibitions.

paragraph: Forsberg did not become recognized internationally until the 1980s when the Americans became interested in the Northern Lights. Some of his paintings have been sold in London's largest auction houses, as well as in Copenhagen and Stockholm. Since 2015, there has been renewed interest in his landscapes and portraits as a result of interpretations of his works by the Danish painter Eva Louise Buus. Inspired by his paintings, she has created motifs on acid-treated metal plates, exhibiting her works side by side with Forsberg's originals, first at Fanø Kunstmuseum where she concentrated on his landscapes, then at Rønnebækshom where she created her impressions of his paintings of women.

description: Swedish open-air painter

wikidata_label: Carl Johan Forsberg

wikipedia_title: Carl Johan Forsberg


text:
basketball
Milwaukee Bucks
Alvin Robertson
Northwest Florida
Oregon
forward
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Northwest Florida State College
Oregon
2016 NBA draft
Sacramento Kings
2016 NBA Summer League
Golden State Warriors
Santa Cruz Warriors
NBA Development League
2017 NBA Summer League
MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg
Basketball Bundesliga
Cedevita Zagreb
Croatian League
The Basketball Tournament
Oregon Ducks bio

categories: American men's basketball players,ABA League players,American expatriate basketball people in Germany,MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg players,KK Cedevita players,Basketball players from Wisconsin,Santa Cruz Warriors players,1993 births,Oregon Ducks men's basketball players,Northwest Florida State Raiders men's basketball players,Living people,American expatriate basketball people in Croatia

paragraph: Elgin Cook

paragraph: Elgin Rashad Cook (born January 15, 1993) is an American professional basketball player. The son of former Milwaukee Bucks guard Alvin Robertson, he played college basketball for Northwest Florida and Oregon.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: A forward from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Cook began his collegiate career at Northwest Florida State College. He redshirted a year after originally committing to Iowa State men's basketball. As a sophomore, he transferred to Oregon since his father was friends with one of Oregon's assistant coaches. He earned second-team All-Pac-12 honors as a junior. As a senior, Cook averaged 14.8 points and 5.1 rebounds per game and earned first-team All-Pac-12 honors. He was named Pac-12 Tournament MVP after averaging 17.3 points and 5.3 rebounds per game in the tournament. He helped Oregon achieve a 31–7 record and reach the Elite Eight while leading the team in steals with 54. In his three years at Oregon, Cook scored 1,259 points.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Santa Cruz Warriors (2016–2017).

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Cook joined the Sacramento Kings for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 16, 2016, he signed with the Golden State Warriors. However, he was later waived by the Warriors on October 9 after appearing in two preseason games. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of Golden State.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg (2017–2018).

paragraph: Cook played for the Golden State Warriors in the 2017 NBA Summer League.

paragraph: On August 10, 2017, Cook signed with MHP Riesen Ludwigsburg of the German Basketball Bundesliga for the 2017–18 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cedevita Zagreb (2018–present).

paragraph: In July 2018 he signed with Cedevita Zagreb of the Croatian League.

paragraph: Section::::The Basketball Tournament.

paragraph: Elgin Cook played for the Golden Eagles in the 2018 edition of The Basketball Tournament. In 5 games, he averaged 14.6 points, .8 steals, and shot a team-leading 61 percent from the field. The Golden Eagles reached the semi-finals before falling to Overseas Elite.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oregon Ducks bio

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Elgin Cook

wikipedia_title: Elgin Cook


text:
entomologist
American Museum of Natural History
Budweis
Cleveland, Ohio
treehopper

categories: People associated with the American Museum of Natural History,Czech emigrants to the United States,Animal artists,American entomologists,1915 deaths,American sculptors,1859 births

paragraph: Ignaz Matausch

paragraph: Ignaz Matausch (September 1, 1859 – December 14, 1915) was an Austrian-American artist and entomologist known for his models of insects and other invertebrates at the American Museum of Natural History. Born in Budweis, he emigrated to the United States in 1892 and resided in Cleveland, Ohio, until 1904, when he became a member of the modeling staff of the American Museum. He was known for his realistic large-scale models including the flea, house fly, and spider. As an entomologist he focused on treehoppers (Membracidae), authoring eight papers on their biology.

description: American entomologist and model builder

wikidata_label: Ignaz Matausch

wikipedia_title: Ignaz Matausch


text:
Joseph Mary Plunkett
Connemara
Joseph Mary Plunkett
1916 Proclamation
Ursuline
Sligo
University College Cork
Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin
Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin
Rome
Vivian Mercier
Irish Writers’ Centre
Clara
County Offaly
Bisto Book of the Year Awards
Eilís Dillon estate

categories: Irish children's writers,1920 births,20th-century Irish novelists,People from County Galway,1994 deaths,20th-century women writers,People from Galway (city),Irish women poets,Women children's writers,Irish women novelists

paragraph: Eilís Dillon

paragraph: Eilís Dillon (7 March 1920 – 19 July 1994) was an Irish author of 50 books. Her work has been translated into 14 languages.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dillon was the third of five children of Professor Thomas Dillon and his wife Geraldine née Plunkett, who was the sister of Joseph Mary Plunkett. She was raised at Dangan House outside of Galway City before moving to the small fishing village of Barna. She attended the local primary school where she became proficient in Irish and gained an intimate knowledge of tradition in the Connemara. Dillon's family was involved in Irish revolutionary politics; her uncle Joseph Mary Plunkett was a signatory of the 1916 Proclamation and was executed after the Easter Rising.

paragraph: Educated by the Ursuline nuns in Sligo, she worked briefly in the hotel and catering trade. In 1940 she married Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin, an academic from University College Cork and 17 years her senior. They had at least 3 children, including the Irish poet and Trinity College Dublin professor Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin and her brother, Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin, also a Trinity professor, who writes novels as Cormac Millar.

paragraph: Section::::Early writing career.

paragraph: Dillon's first books were in Irish including "An Choill Bheo", published in 1948, "Oscar agus an Cóiste sé nEasóg" in 1952 and "Ceol na coille" in 1955. After the success of "The Lost Island", published in 1952, she wrote almost exclusively in English. Most of her books were aimed at teen readers with themes of self-discovery and problem solving evident.

paragraph: In 1964 she moved to Rome due to her husband's poor health. While there she acted as adviser to International Commission on English in the Liturgy. She returned to Cork with her husband in 1969 where he died the following year. She continued to visit Italy over the next several years, setting some of her stories there including "Living in Imperial Rome" (1974) and "The Five Hundred" (1972), though these were not as popular as her Irish books. In 1974 she married the American-based critic and professor Vivian Mercier, dividing her time between California, Italy and Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::Later writing career.

paragraph: Dillon's adult fiction career began in 1953 with the publication of the detective novel "Death at Crane's Court". This was followed by "Sent to His Account" in 1954 and "Death in the Quadrangle" in 1956. These novels are known for their depiction of contemporary Ireland. Over the following decade Dillon published many novels including "The Bitter Glass" (1959), "Across the Bitter Sea" (1973) and "The Wild Geese" (1981).

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: In her later years Dillon played a prominent role in Irish culture. She was a Fellow of the Royal Society for Literature and a member of Aosdána, served on the Irish Arts Council 1974–9, chaired the Irish Writers’ Union and the Irish Writers’ Centre, and founded the Irish Children's Book Trust. In 1987 Dillon and her husband moved permanently to Dublin where she supported up and coming Irish authors. Her last story was "Children of Bach" published in 1993. Eilís Dillon died in Dublin in 1994 and is buried beside her second husband in Clara, County Offaly; a prize in her memory is given annually as part of the Bisto Book of the Year Awards.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eilís Dillon estate at WatsonLittle.com

description: Irish writer

wikidata_label: Eilís Dillon

wikipedia_title: Eilís Dillon


text: Admiral

text: PC

text: Conservative

text: Hamble le Rice

text: Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke

text: Charles Yorke

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke

text: Harrow

text: Royal Naval College

text: Royal Navy

text: midshipman

text: flagship

text: Spithead

text: Mediterranean

text: Lord Exmouth

text: bombardment of Algiers

text: Sir David Milne

text: HMS "Black Eagle"

text: Nicholas I

text: Genoa

text: Kingdom of Sardinia

text: Victor Emmanuel II

text: Gold Medal of Military Valour

text: Reigate

text: House of Commons

text: Cambridgeshire

text: Wimpole

text: Lord Derby

text: Postmaster General

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: Privy Council

text: Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth

text: Charles Philip

categories: People from Hamble-le-Rice,UK MPs 1832–1835,Earls of Hardwicke,1799 births,Fellows of the Royal Society,United Kingdom Postmasters General,Royal Navy admirals,1873 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Yorke family,Lord-Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire,Lords Privy Seal,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Charles Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke

paragraph: Admiral Charles Philip Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke, PC (2 April 1799 – 17 September 1873) was a British naval commander and Conservative politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born at Sydney Lodge, in Hamble le Rice, Hardwicke was the eldest son of Admiral Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, second son of Charles Yorke, Lord Chancellor, by his second wife, Agneta Johnson. He was a nephew of Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke. He was educated at Harrow and at the Royal Naval College, where he was awarded the second medal.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Hardwicke entered the Royal Navy in May 1815 as midshipman on , the flagship at Spithead. Later, he served in the Mediterranean, on (18) and (74) then subsequently (100), the flagship of Lord Exmouth, by whom he was entrusted with the command of a gunboat at the bombardment of Algiers. He later joined (60) under the flag of Sir David Milne, on the North American station, where he was given the command of the "Jane", a small vessel carrying dispatches between Halifax and Bermuda. He was then appointed acting lieutenant of (18) and after a few months commissioned in the rank of lieutenant in August 1819. The next October, he joined the frigate on the Halifax station, until appointed to the command of in 1823 on the Mediterranean station, in this post he was employed, before and after he obtained the rank of captain in 1825, in watching the movements of the Turko-Egyptian forces and in the suppression of piracy.

paragraph: Between 1828 and 1831, he took command of (28), on the same station and took an active part in the naval operation in connection with the struggle between Greece and Turkey. Lastly, between 1844 and 1845, for short periods, he assumed command of the steam yacht HMS "Black Eagle" and (120), in which he carried the Emperor of Russia, Nicholas I, to England. He attained flag rank in 1838. In 1849, while commanding , he participated in the repression of the republican rebellion of Genoa in support of the forces of the Kingdom of Sardinia. The "Vengeance" also fired on the Hospital of Pammatone, causing 107 civilian casualties. For these actions, he was decorated by the Sardinian King Victor Emmanuel II with a Gold Medal of Military Valour, which he was authorized to accept by Queen Victoria only in 1855. In 1858, he retired from the active list with the rank of rear-admiral, becoming vice-admiral in the same year, and admiral in 1863. He retired from the Royal Navy in 1870.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Hardwicke represented Reigate in the House of Commons between 1831 and 1832 and Cambridgeshire between 1832 and 1834. In 1834, on the death of his uncle, he became the fourth Earl of Hardwicke, and inherited the substantial Wimpole estate in Cambridgeshire. He was a member of Lord Derby's cabinet in 1852 as Postmaster General and as Lord Privy Seal between 1858 and 1859. In 1852 he was sworn of the Privy Council.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hardwicke married the Honourable Susan Liddell, sixth daughter of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth, in August 1833. They had five sons and three daughters, including Charles Philip and Lady Mary Catherine, whose daughter Isabel Sophie married Charles Gordon-Lennox, 7th Duke of Richmond.

paragraph: Hardwicke died in September 1873, aged 74, and was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, Charles. The Countess of Hardwicke died in November 1886.

paragraph: He also supposedly fathered an illegitimate child by one Charlotte Pratt, a serving girl at his Wimpole Hall home. Charlotte got married in 1849, and the following was noted in the marriage register:

paragraph: "The year before this marriage, 18-year-old servant girl Charlotte gave birth to a son, James Pratt, who was baptised on 2 April 1848. The father was understood to have been her employer, the 4th Earl of Hardwicke. "Charlotte... was a Pratt; and she was a picture. The handsomest woman that I ever remember to have seen. In harvest time to see her swinging along the road with a bundle of corn balanced on her head, both arms akimbo, was a study in colour, figure and poise". - A.C.Yorke"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Times 18 September 1873.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Philip Yorke, Fourth Earl of Hardwicke, Vice-Admiral R.N. — a Memoir by Lady Biddulph of Ledbury. Source:- https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7192

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Royal Navy admiral

wikipedia_title: Charles Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke


text:
basketball
Garden Grove, California
Brigham Young University
Dick Nemelka
Craig Raymond
Detroit Pistons
1966 NBA draft
Anaheim Amigos
American Basketball Association
Denver Rockets
Utah Stars
1971 ABA Championship
New York Nets
Dallas Chaparrals

categories: 1943 births,Denver Rockets players,American men's basketball players,Phillips 66ers players,People from Walworth County, Wisconsin,Detroit Pistons draft picks,Anaheim Amigos players,Utah Stars players,Continental Basketball Association coaches,Basketball players from Wisconsin,Living people,New York Nets players,BYU Cougars men's basketball players

paragraph: Jeff Congdon

paragraph: Jeffrey D. Congdon (born October 17, 1943) is an American former basketball player from Garden Grove, California.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Congdon played college basketball at Brigham Young University with teammates Dick Nemelka and Craig Raymond. Congdon was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the 4th round (2nd pick, 32nd overall) of the 1966 NBA draft.

paragraph: A 6'1" guard, Congdon played for the Anaheim Amigos during part of the 1967–68 American Basketball Association season. Congdon played the remainder of that season with the Denver Rockets, and remained with Denver during the 1968–69 and 1969–70 seasons. Congdon spent the 1970–71 seasons with the Utah Stars (who won the 1971 ABA Championship, though he was traded midseason) and New York Nets. Congdon then joined the Dallas Chaparrals to finish out his professional career during the 1971–72 season.

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Jeff Congdon

wikipedia_title: Jeff Congdon


text:
American
gridiron football
defensive back
linebacker
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
Cincinnati Bengals
undrafted free agent
college football
Kent State
Edmonton Eskimos
Toronto Argonauts
Ottawa Redblacks
Kent State
2009 NFL Draft
free agent
Cincinnati Bengals
2011 season
Edmonton Eskimos
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
2016 season
free agent
Toronto Argonauts
Calgary Stampeders
Ottawa Redblacks
Jonathan Rose
106th Grey Cup
Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio
Cincinnati Bengals bio

categories: 1987 births,Grey Cup champions,Toronto Argonauts players,Players of American football from Ohio,Hamilton Tiger-Cats players,Kent State Golden Flashes football players,Ottawa Redblacks players,Sportspeople from Cincinnati,American football cornerbacks,Cincinnati Bengals players,Living people,Edmonton Eskimos players

paragraph: Rico Murray

paragraph: Derico "Rico" Murray (born July 27, 1988) is an American professional gridiron football defensive back and linebacker for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Murray was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He played college football at Kent State. He has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos, Toronto Argonauts and Ottawa Redblacks of the CFL.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Murray played 47 games in four seasons (2005–08) at Kent State. He registered a total of 218 defensive tackles (125 solo, 93 assisted), 18 pass breakups, four interceptions, three fumbles forced and two fumble recoveries with the Golden Flashes. In his senior team as a captain he had 72 defensive tackles (47 solo, 27 assisted) and led team with seven pass breakups.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Bengals.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2009 NFL Draft, Murray signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Bengals. In 2009, 2010 and 2011 Murray was on the 53-man roster bubble. However, he was released following the first game of the 2011 season on September 14, 2011. He re-joined the Bengals practice squad on January 3, 2012, and was waived on April 12, 2012. During his three-year tenure in the NFL Murray played in 9 games and made 19 tackles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: He signed with the Edmonton Eskimos on June 4, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: He signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on July 6, 2013. Murray played four seasons for the Ti-Cats, seeing action in 50 games and contributing 180 tackles on defense, 11 on special teams, 9 interceptions, 4 forced fumbles and 3 sacks. Following the 2016 season he was not re-signed by the Ti-Cats and became a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Toronto Argonauts.

paragraph: Murray signed with the Ti-Cats' divisional rival, the Toronto Argonauts, on March 3, 2017. Murray recorded 55 tackles, one interception returned for a score, one sack, and one forced fumble during the year, which would culminate in his being named a CFL East All Star for the second time. Murray also won his first Grey Cup when the Argos defeated the Calgary Stampeders, 27-24.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Ottawa Redblacks.

paragraph: On the second day of free agency, February 14, 2018, Murray and the Ottawa Redblacks agreed to a one-year contract. Murray proved to be a good fit in the Ottawa defense, playing in all 18 games, and leading in CFL in interceptions with 5 (alongside several other players, including teammate Jonathan Rose). Two of these picks came against his former team, Toronto. Murray also put up 55 tackles, 1 forced fumble, and 3 tackles on special teams, and was named to his third CFL-East All-Star team. Murray was also the team nominee for the CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player award. Murray advanced to his fourth career Grey Cup game, but were defeated by Calgary.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats (II).

paragraph: After their loss in the 106th Grey Cup, Ottawa did not extend Murray after his All-Star 2018 season. After several days as a free agent in early 2019, Murray signed a contract to rejoin the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cincinnati Bengals bio

description: Canadian football player

wikidata_label: Rico Murray

wikipedia_title: Rico Murray


text:
Catholic
monk
archbishop
Kalocsa
Hungary
Ottoman
Sremska Mitrovica
György Szapolyai
battle of Mohács

categories: 16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1526 deaths,Hungarian Christian monks,Archbishops of Kalocsa,1475 births,Hungarian generals

paragraph: Pál Tomori

paragraph: Pál Tomori (c. 1475 – 29 August 1526) was a Catholic monk and archbishop of Kalocsa, Hungary. He defeated an Ottoman army near Sremska Mitrovica () in 1523.

paragraph: Pál Tomori was elected commander-in-chief (jointly with György Szapolyai) of the Hungarian army in the battle of Mohács in 1526. He died there while trying to stop fleeing soldiers.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: Many legends and stories exist about him. These include that his wife was killed, causing him to become a monk, and that he only became archbishop due to the pressure of his king, but refused to wear anything but his armour and the monk's cowl.

description: Hungarian archbishop

wikidata_label: Pál Tomori

wikipedia_title: Pál Tomori


text:
Newnham
Plympton St Mary
MP
pocket borough
Plympton Erle
Sir Richard Strode
Newnham
Plympton St Mary
Chalmington
Middle Temple
Member of Parliament
Plympton Erle
Convention Parliament
JP
Cavalier Parliament
Tawstock
George Treby
Plympton House
Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Joseph Maynard
Catchfrench

categories: English MPs 1660,1614 births,1676 deaths,People of the Stuart period,Members of the Middle Temple

paragraph: William Strode (1614–1676)

paragraph: Sir William Strode (1614 – 13 January 1676) of Newnham, Plympton St Mary, Devon, was a member of the Devonshire gentry and twice served as MP for his family's pocket borough of Plympton Erle, in 1660 and 1661–1676.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Strode was the eldest son of Sir Richard Strode (d. 1669) of Newnham, Plympton St Mary, Devon and Chalmington, Dorset by his second wife Elizabeth Erle, daughter of Thomas Erle of Charborough, Dorset. He was baptised on 18 December 1614.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He entered Middle Temple in 1632. During the Civil War he kept out of the conflict and in 1644 he went abroad. He was on very bad terms with his father but in about 1654 his father had to make over the estate at Newnham to him.

paragraph: In April 1660, Strode was elected Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle for the Convention Parliament. He became JP for Devon in July 1660 and became a commissioner for assessment in August 1660. He took little part in parliament but on 6 November 1660 he proposed a message of congratulation to the Queen Mother when she returned from France. He was knighted on 5 December 1660.

paragraph: In 1661 Strode was re-elected MP for Plympton Erle for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1676. He was a commissioner for corporations from 1662 to 1663 and was recorder of Plympton Erle from around 1663 until his death. He was a commissioner for recusants for Devon in 1675.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages & progeny.

paragraph: Strode married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly on 25 November 1636 to Anne Button, daughter of Sir William Button of Parkgate, Tawstock, Devon, by whom he had a son and three daughters including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Strode (1638–1707), MP for Plympton Erle. He died unmarried. Together with his near neighbour Sir George Treby (d. 1700) of Plympton House, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, also an MP for Plympton Erle, he financed the building of Plympton Guildhall which he gave to the Borough of Plympton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Strode (b. 1641), wife of Joseph Maynard (1639–1689), MP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly on 19 October 1647 he married Blanche Kekewich (d. 1665), daughter of William Kekewich of Catchfrench, Cornwall by whom he had seven sons and one daughter, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Strode (d. 1718), 2nd son, inherited Newnham from his elder half-brother Richard Strode (1638–1707). He died without progeny.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Strode (1654–1675), 3rd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sidney I Strode (1655–1712), 4th son, married a certain Thomasine by whom he had an eldest son and heir Sidney II Strode (1684–1721), of Newnham, who inherited from his uncle William Strode (d. 1718) the ancient Strode seat of Newnham and built for himself a new seat nearby on the estate at Loughtor, which he named "Newnham Park".

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Strode (1662–1663), 5th son, died an infant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Strode, 6th son, married a certain Mary and had a daughter Jane Strode (born 1679)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Strode (1657–1658), died an infant

paragraph: Section::::Death & burial.

paragraph: He died at the age of 61 and was buried at Plympton St Mary.

description: English politician (1614–1676)

wikidata_label: William Strode

wikipedia_title: William Strode (1614–1676)


text: princess

text: Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

text: Margravine

text: Brandenburg-Bayreuth

text: Schaumburg

text: Neustadt an der Aisch

text: George Frederick Charles

text: Halle

text: Holzappel

text: Christiane Sophie Charlotte

categories: Margravines of Brandenburg-Bayreuth,1715 births,House of Ascania,18th-century German people,1772 deaths

paragraph: Princess Victoria Charlotte of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym

paragraph: Victoria Charlotte of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (25 September 1715 – 4 February 1772) was a princess of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym by birth and Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth by marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Victoria Charlotte was a daughter of Prince Victor I of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1693–1772) from his first marriage to Charlotte Louise (1680–1739), daughter of Count William Maurice of Isenburg-Birstein.

paragraph: On 26 April 1732 she married the later Margrave Frederick Christian of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1708–1769) in Schaumburg. After the wedding the couple moved into the New Castle in Neustadt an der Aisch at the request Frederick Christian's brother George Frederick Charles.

paragraph: The marriage ended in divorce in 1764, a year after Frederick Christian succeeded his brother as Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. The couple had already lived separately since 1739 because Frederick Christian was very jealous. Victoria Charlotte spent the last years of her life in humble conditions in Halle.

paragraph: She died in 1772 and was buried in the "Melander Crypt" in Holzappel.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: From her marriage, Victoria Charlotte had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiane Sophie Charlotte (1733–1757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie Magdalene (1737–1737)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philipp Ernst Bertram, Johann C. Krause: "Geschichte des Hauses und Fürstenthums Anhalt: Fortsetzung", vol. 2, p. 643 ff

description: Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

wikidata_label: Victoria Charlotte of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym


text: Jiangxi

text: Peking University

text: Nanchang

text: Jiangxi

text: Xiong Shiyi

text: Wang Baochuan and Xue Pinggui

text: Lin Huiyin

text: Li Bai

text: Qian Zhongshu

text: Li Bai

text: Romeo and Juliet

text: Proust

text: Remembrance of Things Past

text: Flaubert

text: Romain Rolland

text: Tang

text: Song

text: Song Dynasty

text: Classic of Poetry

text: Chu Ci

text: Qu Yuan

text: Tao Te Ching

text: Laozi

text: Analects

text: Kongzi

text: The Story of the Western Wing

text: Wang Shifu

text: The Peony Pavilion

text: Tang Xianzu

text: The Palace of Eternal Life

text: Hong Sheng

text: The Peach Blossom Fan

text: Kong Shangren

text: Li Bai

text: Three Hundred Tang Poems

text: One Hundred Song Poems

text: Mao Zedong

text: The Red and the Black

text: Stendhal

text: Jean-Christophe

text: Romain Rolland

text: Madame Bovary

text: Gustave Flaubert

text: In Search of Lost Time

text: Marcel Proust

text: Chinese Translation Association

text: Television show about Xu

categories: People's Republic of China translators,Chinese–English translators,Educators from Jiangxi,20th-century translators,Republic of China translators,Writers from Jiangxi,People from Nanchang,Peking University faculty,English–Chinese translators,1921 births,Chinese–French translators,French–Chinese translators,21st-century translators,Living people

paragraph: Xu Yuanchong

paragraph: Xu Yuanchong (; born April 18, 1921 in Jiangxi, China) is a translator, best known for translating Chinese ancient poems into English and French. He has been a professor at Peking University since 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Xu Yuanchong was born in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. His mother, who was well educated and good at painting, had great impact on Xu in his pursuit of beauty and literature. His uncle Xiong Shiyi was a translator, who translated the play Wang Baochuan and Xue Pinggui into English, which was a hit in the UK. Xiong's achievement gave Xu a strong interest in learning English. When studying at the Provincial Nanchang No. 2 High School, he excelled in English. In 1938 he was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages, National Southwest Associated University. In 1939, as a freshman, he translated his first work, Lin Huiyin's poem "Do not throw away" into English, which was published in the "Literary Translation News".

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: His translation style is characterized by favouring domesticating translation. Xu introduced the "Creation for Loss" and the "three beauties"-concept to translation theory: the idea that a translation should be as beautiful as the original in three ways:

paragraph: BULLET::::- semantically (the -deeper- meaning)

paragraph: BULLET::::- phonologically (the style like rhyme and rhythm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- logically (amongst others: length)

paragraph: According to Gao, "he advocates that the versions of poems should combine visual and aural beauties together, and they should reproduce the fusion of pictorial composition and musical arrangement."

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: His 30 Poetries were selected as teaching materials by foreign universities. After reading his English translation "Selected Poems of Li Bai" (1987), Qian Zhongshu said: If you live in the same age with Li Bai, you'll become good friends. The British Press, "Romance of The Western Bower", which is thought as great as "Romeo and Juliet" in terms of artistic and attractiveness. British publishing company Penguin has published Xu Yuanchong's "300 China's immortal poems" (1994), which is launched in Britain, USA, Canada, Australia and other countries. That's the first time that the publishing company publishes a Chinese translation.

paragraph: Apart from translating the classical Chinese poetry into foreign languages, Xu Yuanchong also translated many of the British and French classics into Chinese. In his seventies, he was still involved in translating Proust's masterpiece, "Remembrance of Things Past" (1990) and translated Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" (1992), Stendhal's "Red" (1993). At the age of 78 years, Xu also published a voluminous long masterpiece, the translation of Romain Rolland's "John Kristof" (1999). Xu was awarded the "Lifetime achievements in translation" from the Translators Association of China (TAC) in 2010.

paragraph: On August 2, 2014, at the 20th WorldConference of the Federation of International Translators (FIT),), FIT conferred The"Aurora Borealis" Prize on Xu Yuanchong, who is the first Chinese winner of the award.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Most Beloved: Tang & Song Verses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Poems and Pictures of Song Dynasty"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laws Divine and Human and Pictures of Deities"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gems of Classical Chinese Poetry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romance of The Western Bower"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Classic of Poetry" (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chu Ci" (Qu Yuan) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tao Te Ching" (Laozi) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Analects" (Kongzi) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of the Western Wing" (Wang Shifu) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Peony Pavilion" (Tang Xianzu) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Palace of Eternal Life" (Hong Sheng) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Peach Blossom Fan" (Kong Shangren) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poetry of Li Bai" (Li Bai) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Hundred Tang Poems" (Sun Zhu) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Hundred Song Poems" (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poetry of Mao Zedong" (Mao Zedong) ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Red and the Black" (Stendhal) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jean-Christophe" (Romain Rolland) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madame Bovary" (Gustave Flaubert) (《》)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Search of Lost Time" (Marcel Proust) (《》)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese Translation Association - Competent Translator (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese translation Culture Lifetime Achievement Award (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Xu married Zhao Jun () in 1959 in Beijing, they have a son, Xu Ming (), also a translator.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Television show about Xu, "CCTV-10" (in Chinese)

description: Translator of Chinese poetry

enwikiquote_title: Xu Yuanchong

wikidata_label: Xu Yuanchong

wikipedia_title: Xu Yuanchong


text: Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach

text: Castell-Remlingen

text: Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf

text: Pietist

text: Frederick I of Prussia

text: Weferlingen

text: Magdeburg

text: Christian VI of Denmark

text: Roskilde Cathedral

text: Georg Frederick Karl

text: Albert Wolfgang

text: Sophie Magdalene

text: Christian VI of Denmark

text: Frederick Ernest

text: Drage

text: Sophie Caroline

text: George Albert, Prince of East Frisia

text: Frederick Christian

categories: 1737 deaths,Margravines of Brandenburg-Bayreuth,1667 births,German countesses,17th-century German people

paragraph: Sophie Christiane of Wolfstein

paragraph: Sophie Christiane of Wolfstein (24 October 1667 – 23 August 1737) was a Countess of Wolfstein and Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach by marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sophie Christiane was a daughter of Count Albrecht Frederick of Wolfstein (1644–1693) from his marriage to Countess Sophia Louise (1645–1717), daughter of Count Georg Wolfgang of Castell-Remlingen. Sophie Christiane's maternal uncle was married to an aunt of Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf and Sophie Christiane was consequently raised strictly religiously in the Pietist manner.

paragraph: On 14 August 1687 she married Margrave Christian Heinrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach (1661–1708), at Obersulzbürg castle. The margrave's court at Bayreuth felt that his spouse was "not befitting" (i.e. not of high enough birth to marry a member of a ruling family).

paragraph: After the birth of their first child, the family moved into the castle at Schönberg, where Sophie Christiane, who was described as "admirable" took care of raising her children. She composed a prayer book, the so-called "Schönberger Gesangbuch", containing the prayers used in the daily "prayer meeting". In 1703, Christian Heinrich and King Frederick I of Prussia concluded the Treaty of Schönberg, in which Christian Heinrich ceded Brandenburg-Ansbach to Prussia in exchange for the Weferlingen district near Magdeburg. The family then moved to Weferlingen Castle.

paragraph: After her husband's death, her son-in-law, King Christian VI of Denmark, invited her to Denmark, which became a Pietist refuge.

paragraph: Sophie Christiane died in 1737 and was buried in Roskilde Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Sophie Christiane from her marriage had 14 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Georg Frederick Karl (b. Schloss Oberzulzbürg, 30 June 1688 – d. Bayreuth, 17 May 1735), who finally inherited Bayreuth in 1726.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Albert Wolfgang (b. Schloss Obersulzbürg, 8 December 1689 – killed in action, near Parma, 29 June 1734).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Dorothea Charlotte (b. Schloss Obersulzbürg, 15 March 1691 – d. Weikersheim, 18 March 1712); married on 7 August 1711 to Karl Ludwig, Count of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Frederick Emanuel (b. Schloss Obersulzbürg, 13 February 1692 – d. Schloss Obersulzbürg, 13 January 1693).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Christiane Henriette (b. Schloss Obersulzbürg, 29 August 1693 – d. Schönberg, 19 May 1695).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Frederick Wilhelm (b. Schönberg, 12 January 1695 – d. Schönberg, 13 May 1695).

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Christiane (b. and d. Schönberg, 31 October 1698).

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Christian August (b. Schönberg, 14 July 1699 – d. Schönberg, 29 July 1700).

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Sophie Magdalene (b. Schönberg, 28 November 1700 – d. Christiansborg Castle, 27 May 1770); married on 7 August 1721 to King Christian VI of Denmark.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Christine Wilhelmine (b. Schönberg, 17 June 1702 – d. Schönberg, 19 March 1704).

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Frederick Ernest (b. Schönberg, 15 December 1703 – d. Schloss Friedrichsruhe in Drage, 23 June 1762); married on 26 December 1731 to Christine Sophie of Brünswick-Bevern. The union was childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Marie Eleonore (b. Schönberg, 28 December 1704 – d. Schönberg, 4 June 1705).

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Sophie Caroline (b. Weferlingen, 31 March 1705 – d. Sorgenfri Castle, 7 June 1764); married on 8 December 1723 to George Albert, Prince of East Frisia.

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Frederick Christian (b. posthumously, Weferlingen, 17 July 1708 – d. Bayreuth, 20 January 1769), inherited Bayreuth in 1763.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horst Weigelt: "Geschichte des Pietismus in Bayern", Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001, p. 226

description: Countess of Wolfstein by birth, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth by marriage

wikidata_label: Sophie Christiane of Wolfstein

wikipedia_title: Sophie Christiane of Wolfstein


text:
short chronology
Kassite
Babylon
Elam
Zababa-šuma-iddina
Susa
kudurru
Ur
Marduk
Šamaš
British Museum
"Marduk Prophecy"
Nabu-kudurri-uṣur I
Nebuchadnezzar I

wikipedia_title:
Short chronology
Kassites
Babylon
Elam
Zababa-shuma-iddin
Susa
Kudurru
Ur
Marduk
Utu
British Museum
Marduk
Nebuchadnezzar I
Nebuchadnezzar I

categories: 12th-century BC Babylonian kings,Babylonian kings,Kassite kings

paragraph: Enlil-nadin-ahi

paragraph: Enlil-nādin-aḫe, “Enlil gives a brother,” or "Enlil-šuma-uṣur", “Enlil protect the son,” depending on the reading of –MU-ŠEŠ, ca. 1157—1155 BC (short chronology), was the 36th and final king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that had ruled over Babylon and the land known as Karduniash since perhaps around 1500 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shutruk-Nahhunte, king of Elam, had overrun Babylonia bringing Enlil-nādin-aḫe’s predecessor, Zababa-šuma-iddina’s brief rule to an end. He had then returned to Susa leaving his son, Kutir-Nahhunte, to govern. Enlil-nādin-aḫe was proclaimed king of “Sumer and Akkad”, and ruled for three years possibly in defiance of the occupying Elamite forces. A single kudurru, or boundary stone (pictured), detailing a royal land grant, an administrative text listing recipients of grain from Ur, and a couple of tablets from a small cache from the Merkes section of Babylon, all bear witness to his reign.

paragraph: According to later chronicles, his short reign was brought to a dramatic close when he led a campaign against the Elamite forces and suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Kutir-Nahhunte, who was possibly now the successor of Shutruk-Nahhunte. He was deported with the Kassite noblemen in chains to Susa accompanied by the booty pillaged from the various Babylonian temples, whose most notable example was the cult statue of Marduk, an act so sacrilegious to the Babylonians that it would forever cast Kutir-Nahhunte in infamy.

paragraph: The memory of the disaster was preserved in the Akkadian liturgy in a prayer, presenting rituals in the third month Simanu. An invocation for the god of justice, Šamaš, recounts:

paragraph: The oblique mention of the "Subarian" in all likelihood refers to the Assyrian king.

paragraph: The so-called "Chedor-laomer" texts, from the Spartoli tablets collection in the British Museum, may make reference to this period, where Kutir-Nahhunte is represented by Kudur-lagamar. Kudur-lagamar is described as ruling in Babylon and overthrowing, or perhaps taking away Marduk. These are fragmentary second century BC texts, preserving traditions going back to perhaps the seventh century BC, relating how four successive kings, with cryptic ambiguous names, attacked Babylon.

paragraph: The "Marduk Prophecy", a "vaticinium ex eventu" (prophecy after the fact) composition of perhaps the Nabu-kudurri-uṣur I-(Nebuchadnezzar I) reign, ca. 1125 BC to 1103 BC, describes the dire consequences of the departure of the statue of Marduk, on the city of Babylon, where: “mad dogs roam the city biting citizens, friend attacks friend, the rich beg from the poor, brother eats brother, and the corpses block the city gates.”

wikidata_label: Enlil-nadin-ahi

wikipedia_title: Enlil-nadin-ahi