text: German

text: Social Democratic Party of Germany

text: Communist Party of Germany

text: "Die Linke" (""The Left"") party

text: Regional Parliament in Thuringia

text: Lörrach

text: Baden

text: Basel

text: Friedrichroda

text: Thuringian Forest

text: Friedrichroda

text: Gotha

text: Eisenach

text: Leipzig

text: Clara Zetkin

text: Hamburg

text: Karl Bücher

text: Karl

text: Leipzig

text: Dresden

text: "Die Gleichheit" (""Equality"")

text: Mannheim

text: Stuttgart

text: Nuremberg

text: Copenhagen

text: Clara Zetkin

text: Austria

text: International Working Women's Day

text: New York

text: Jena

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Die Gleichheit

text: Berlin

text: War

text: Reichstag (national parliament)

text: SPD

text: party truce

text: war credits

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Spartacus League

text: Leo Jogiches

text: Spartacus League

text: revolutionary months

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Karl Liebknecht

text: Leipzig

text: Leo Jogiches

text: Sweden

text: Lund University

text: Lund

text: terms imposed

text: US president

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Germany

text: habilitation

text: SPD

text: Spartacus League

text: Spartacus League

text: Communist Party of Germany

text: Berlin

text: Thuringia

text: Lüttwitz-Kapp Putsch

text: the party

text: the chamber

text: Eisenach

text: Friedrichroda

text: crèche

text: precepts

text: Maria Montessori

text: SPD

text: Weimar years

text: Moscow

text: Berlin

text: Soviet Union

text: Régime change

text: transition

text: one-party dictatorship

text: Denmark

text: Karl

text: Cambridge

text: England

text: United States

text: Moscow

text: Friedrichroda

text: New York

text: Nikolai Bukharin

text: purges of the time

text: Gestalt psychologist

text: Swarthmore College

text: Philadelphia

text: semi-occupied France

text: Rostock

text: Bernau

text: Berlin

text: Soviet occupation zone

text: German Democratic Republic

text: Soviet Union

text: its creation

text: Wilhelm Pieck

text: Moscow

text: Soviet occupation zone

text: Red Cross

text: (military) tank

text: Soviet occupation zone

text: Bernau bei Berlin

text: Walter Ulbricht

text: the party

text: Friedrichroda

text: Eisenach

text: Hanover

text: the changes

text: German reunification

text: Friedrichroda

categories: Communist Party of Germany politicians,Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians,1871 births,Exiles from Nazi Germany,Politicians from Thuringia,People from Lörrach

paragraph: Käte Duncker

paragraph: Käte Duncker (born Käte Döll: 23 May 1871- 2 May 1953) was a German political and feminist activist who became a politician in the Social Democratic Party of Germany and then the Communist Party of Germany.

paragraph: On 15 October 2013 Germany's "Die Linke" (""The Left"") party renamed its meeting room at the Regional Parliament in Thuringia (where she sat as a Communist Party member in the 1920s) the Käte Duncker room (""Käte-Duncker-Saal"").

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Provenance and early childhood.

paragraph: Paula Kathinka Döll was born in Lörrach (Baden), directly across the border to the north of Basel. Her father was a businessman and the family lived reasonably well, but when she was seven her father died and her mother took them to live at Friedrichroda on the edge of the Thuringian Forest, and where her mother ran a small guest house for summer holidaymakers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Politics trumps teaching.

paragraph: She attended an all-girls' school in Friedrichroda and the commercial school in Gotha before moving on to the Teacher Training College in Eisenach between 1888 and 1890. Her ambition to become a teacher had encountered initial opposition from her guardian and her mother, but she nevertheless persisted, passing her qualifying exams in 1890 and teaching, initially, in Friedrichroda. By 1893 she had moved to Leipzig where she taught in a girls' school. In November 1893 she attended a political meeting which was addressed by Clara Zetkin by whom she was greatly impressed. The next year she herself started teaching at evening classes organised by the Leipzig Workers' Education League. It was here that she first met , studying to become a music teacher, and later her husband. However, in 1895 or 1896 she lost her job at the Leipzig school because of her Socialism (""wegen sozialistischer Gesinnung""). She moved to Hamburg where she taught at another all-girls' school. In Hamburg she became involved in the dockworkers' strike which occurred between November 1896 and February 1897. As a result of her support for the strike she was, as before, dismissed from her teaching post. The realisation that the career teaching children which she loved and for which she had struggled, was going to be incompatible with her political involvement, was a heavy blow. She returned to Leipzig where, despite not being enrolled at the university, she was able to attend certain lectures on a "guest basis", notably those delivered by Karl Bücher. It was, she later asserted, as a result of her studies at this time that she produced her first publication, "On the participation of the female sex in employment" (""Ueber die Beteiligung des weiblichen Geschlechts an der Erwerbsthätigkeit""). Her study concluded that industrialisation would expand employment openings for women, and that it would become impossible to restrict women's professional careers.

paragraph: She married Hermann Duncker, by now an economics student, towards the end of 1898. Their daughter, Hedwig, was born in 1899. In the meantime, Käte immersed herself in the leftwing politics of the city, becoming first a member of the Social Democratic Party (""Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"" / SPD) and then a party worker, although legally it only became permissible for women to participate in politics in 1908. She employed her teaching skills, giving lectures to the Workers' Education League covering literature, pedagogy, history, socio-politics and economics. She became the chair of the "Association for women and girls of the working class" (""Verein für Frauen und Mädchen der Arbeiterklasse"") in Leipzig.

paragraph: In February 1903 the couple's second child, Karl was born: Käte Duncker's health collapsed. They moved away from Leipzig to Dresden. As she recovered she returned to lecturing on child protection, education and women's rights. Another publication on child labour (""Die Kinderarbeit und ihre Bekämpfung"") appeared in 1906. Over the next few years she developed a close friendship with Clara Zetkin which was both personal and political. In 1906 she became deputy controlling editor for "Die Gleichheit" (""Equality""), the women's magazine managed by Zetkin, under whose direction it had surged from obscurity to a distribution estimated in 1907 at 70,000 copies. Duncker's particular area of responsibility on the paper was the section entitled "For our children", which became a great favourite with working-class families.

paragraph: In 1906 she gave a presentation to the fourth SPD Women's Congress in Mannheim on care of women during and following pregnancy. In 1907 the family relocated to Stuttgart. That year she gave a presentation on education to the Women's Congress in Nuremberg. In 1910 she was a delegate at the International Women's Conference in Copenhagen (held in tandem with that year's ), at which she delivered a presentation on motherhood and childcare. She was also involved in the resolution to introduce an , proposed at the conference by her friend, Clara Zetkin. The first International Women's Day celebrated in Germany (and Denmark, Austria and Switzerland) duly took place on 19 March 1911 (although the idea had come from International Working Women's Day first celebrated in New York on 28 February 1909).

paragraph: In 1911 Duncker gave a presentation to the SPD Party Conference, held that year in Jena, where, according to one source, she had her first encounter with Rosa Luxemburg. By now, a couple of months before the birth of her third child early in 1909, she had withdrawn from her editorial position with "Die Gleichheit". She had been a member of the party's national Education Committee since 1908. In 1912 the family relocated again, this time to Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:War and the Spartacus League.

paragraph: War broke out at the end of July 1914. In the Reichstag (national parliament) the SPD leadership implemented an effective party truce for its duration. In a vote held on 4 August 1914, instead of voting against war credits, the SPD abstained. From the outset, however, this version of patriotism from the party leadership encountered opposition from internationalist and left-wing party members. Hermann and Käte Duncker passionately opposed funding for the war, and as economic destitution on the home front mounted, the call for an end to the slaughter on the front line would only grow louder. In 1915 Käte Duncker, was a co-founder of the news-sheet, , to which she became a frequent contributor. The news-sheet took its name from which had been launched within the SPD on the initiative of Rosa Luxemburg at outbreak of the war and to which the Dunckers had been early recruits. In 1916 the was renamed, becoming the Spartacus League. Duncker continued to campaign against the war, using her background on the party's education to locate and address youth groups, while also producing illegal "Spartacus Letters" (""Spartakusbriefe""), carrying the same pro-peace messages. This earned her a "speech ban" on 30 May 1916. She worked in Berlin with Leo Jogiches to coordinate anti-war efforts across the country. In September 1916 she represented the Spartacus League at the national party conference of the SPD. Shortly after this she suffered a health crisis and spent three months in a sanatorium. From 1918 she was responsible for "Women work" (""Frauenarbeit"") in the Spartacus League headquarters.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Post war chaos.

paragraph: Regarding the closing phases of the war, sources are relatively silent on her pacifist activism. In the context of the revolutionary months that followed national military defeat, following the murders in January 1919 of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, Käte Duncker was arrested on 16 January 1919: she was briefly detained and interrogated. She then moved back to Leipzig where the risk of sudden attack or further arrest seemed less pressing than in Berlin. During the war her sons had been sent to Denmark where they were staying with friends, and in Match 1919, around the time when Leo Jogiches was murdered, she joined them. However, her Danish residence permit was of short duration, and at the end of May 1919 she had to move on to Sweden, where , a philosophy professor at Lund University to whom her friend Gertrud Liljequist was married, was able to provide the necessary guarantees on her behalf. From Lund she followed post war developments with keen interest. Writing to her husband on 25 June 1919, she identified the peace terms imposed by US president, Woodrow Wilson as the "dictates of an imperialistic power, victorious following the downfall of its German rival" (""Diktat imperialistischer Siegermächte über den niedergeworfenen Konkurrenten Deutschland""). However, much of her attention was devoted to planning for future developments of socialism and the labour movement in Germany. (She also helped with the translation of at least one Swedish habilitation dissertation into German, in order to try and support herself financially.) According to one source, by 1919 Duncker felt that she had been greatly aged by her activities and experiences during the First World War. The next few years indicated that her reserves of energy were not yet spent, however.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Weimar years.

paragraph: The SPD had finally broken apart over the issue of support for the war in 1917. The two principal breakaway movements were the Spartacus League and the Independent Social Democratic Party (""Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"" / USPD). A century later, it is not always easy to differentiate the two movements from each other, and in March 1917 the Spartacus League merged into the USPD while retaining a semi-autonomous status within it. Some of the contradictions inherent in these arrangements were addressed at a conference held in Berlin between 30 December 1918 and 1 January 1919 which gave structure to agreements entered into earlier in the month, in the process establishing the Communist Party of Germany. Hermann and Käte Duncker were among its first members, elected early on to the party central committee.

paragraph: Käte Duncker returned from Sweden towards the end of 1919 and embarked on a brief series of lectures at the Workers' Education College (""Arbeiterbildungsschule"") in Berlin, also supporting herself with translation work. In December 1919, with her husband, she moved back to Thuringia where the family were allocated an apartment in . 1920 was a difficult year as the region became a focus for the Lüttwitz-Kapp Putsch. In the aftermath of the violence the local left-wing district government resigned and Hermann Duncker, employed by it in a senior secretarial/administrative capacity, lost his job and was obliged to resort to his "fallback occupation" as a peripatetic teacher working for the Communist party, which had a depressive impact on the family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Regional parliament.

paragraph: In the late summer of 1921 Duncker invited by the party to stand as a candidate for the . The candidacy was not without controversy among her political comrades, and at one stage she withdrew it. Nevertheless, in the end her name was on the Communist Party candidate list and in December 1921, now aged fifty, she was elected to the chamber. She addressed her parliamentary responsibilities with characteristic energy, her contributions focusing on issues involving childhood, and building on ideas that had originated during her time as a teacher in Eisenach and Friedrichroda. She campaigned for the introduction of nutritious school meals and of crèche facilities. She urged improvements in the education available to ordinary people. As a result of her truncated teaching career Käte Duncker had become a proponent of the precepts developed by the education pioneer Maria Montessori, which led her to concern herself with enhancements to the professionalism of teacher training.

paragraph: During a period of on-going internal fractionalism within the Communist Party her parliamentary duties had to be combined with endless national and regional party meetings. The quantity of parliamentary and party work could be exhausting and she suffered several interludes of absence caused by illness.

paragraph: On top of her other activities, she continued organising women's groups across the region. It is clear from her letters that these meetings, and the lively discussions that often broke out at them, remained very important to her.

paragraph: Following a further period of unrest, in November 1923 the regional government in Thuringia, which had been a coalition between the SPD and her own Communist group, collapsed. In February 1924 she was not nominated as a candidate in the subsequent election.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Twilight years of the Weimar democracy.

paragraph: Relations between the Soviet communist party and the German communist party were close during the Weimar years. Between March 1924 and July 1924 Käte Duncker undertook an extended visit to Moscow. By 1926 she was living back in Berlin. Some evidence of her activities and impressions from her first visit to the Soviet Union appeared in her 1927 publication "Women in the Soviet Union" (""Die Frau in der Sowjetunion""). After 1925 she joined with her husband in his teaching work and political journalism, also teaching classes at the Marxist Workers' Academy (""Marxistische Arbeiterschule"" / "MASCH") in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Nazi years.

paragraph: Régime change in January 1933 signalled a rapid transition to one-party dictatorship, with communists high on the government hate list. Intrusive house searches and book burnings became mainstream. Hermann Duncker was arrested in February 1933 and remained in prison till November 1933. It was, perhaps, a tribute to the vigour with which his wife campaigned for his release from the penitentiary at Brandenburg that by the end of 1933 he was home. He lived under intense police surveillance till 1935 when he managed to escape, initially, to Denmark. The Duncker's elder son, Karl, went into exile in 1935, first to Cambridge in England, and then ending up in the United States. Their younger son, , also went into exile in 1935, relocating with his Swiss-born wife, Erika, to Moscow. During 1936 Käte Duncker moved back from Berlin to Friedrichroda. In November 1936, she emigrated to the United States where she lived in a New York apartment block and was able to find work as a cleaner and as a language teacher. One of her reasons for choosing New York was to be close to her brilliant elder son who was believed to be unwell. The next few years were dominated by family tragedy.

paragraph: After 1935 her son Wolfgang worked in the movie industry in Moscow. He is described by one source as a follower of Nikolai Bukharin, however. This may or may not be why he was caught up in the purges of the time, disappearing, along with many other , in 1938. Her elder son was building a career as a notable Gestalt psychologist, by this time based at Swarthmore College near Philadelphia, and a couple of hours by train from New York. There are sources indicating that he had nevertheless been struggling with mental health issue of his own for some year: early in February 1940, shortly after his 37th birthday, following a series of "nervous breakdowns", Karl committed suicide. His mother was badly affected. She was nevertheless able to agitate successfully to obtain a US residence permit for her husband, at this point living precariously in semi-occupied France. He arrived "stateside" in September 1941. By this time Käte Duncker had obtained a job teaching German at a high school.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic.

paragraph: The Dunckers returned to Germany in 1947, settling first in Rostock and later in Bernau, just outside Berlin. Home was now part of the Soviet occupation zone, relaunched in October 1949 as the German Democratic Republic a new separated German state with its political and economic structures modelled on those of the Soviet Union. By now chronically ill, Käte Duncker was no longer politically engaged, and never bothered to sign her communist party membership across to the new Socialist Unity Party (""Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"" / SED), which, following its creation in April 1946, quickly became the ruling party in a new kind of German one-party dictatorship. Nevertheless, on 2 June 1948 she wrote to her old friend and comrade, Wilhelm Pieck, imploring him to use his personal influence to find out what had happened to her younger son, . Like Wolfgang Duncker, Wilhelm Pieck had moved to Moscow in 1935: unlike Wolfgang, he had survived, and was now a top German politician in the Soviet occupation zone. (In 1949 he became East Germany's first president.) On 10 November 1948 the Dunckers received a message from the Red Cross informing them that their younger son had died in on 20 November 1942. According to a detailed report submitted by his wife to the Central Committee of the exiled German Communist Party in Moscow on 22 September 1939, Wolfgang had been arrested on 21 March 1938 and interrogated. He had been forced, after four months, to sign a false confession, and then taken to a concentration camp where conditions had been grim. (Wolfgang's widow had survived the war, working in a (military) tank factory, and returned to the Soviet occupation zone in 1945 accompanied by her second husband and her two surviving children.)

paragraph: Käte Duncker died at Bernau bei Berlin on 2 May 1953. Less than a year earlier she had called in a favour from another old comrade, writing on behalf of her friend, the journalist , to Walter Ulbricht. Walcher had been thrown out of the party because of doctrinal differences. It is not known whether Duncker's plea to Ulbricht in 1952 played any part in triggering her friend's formal rehabilitation in 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Celebration.

paragraph: The East German state needed to find suitable heroes and heroines: Käte Duncker evidently satisfied the criteria. Before 1990 a number of places had streets named after her. In Friedrichroda the street in which her mother had run a small guest house during the closing decades of the nineteenth century became "Käte-Duncker-Straße". Schools, Kindergarten, and even the teachers' training college she had attended in Eisenach were renamed in her honour. As recently as 2013 a mayoral candidate in Hanover was proposing that the street "Walderseestraße" should be renamed as "Käte-Duncker-Straße", as one of four street name changes intended to demonstrate that his city was liberal, progressive, and open to the world, having left its undemocratic national socialist and monarchist days behind.

paragraph: Inevitably, however, heroes of the German Democratic Republic lost a little of their lustre after the changes that led to the demise of the régime, followed by German reunification in October 1990. In a public park (""Kurpark"") in Friedrichroda the memorial statue showing Duncker as a teacher instructing three pupils was removed in 2009 in order to clear the way for a new walkway. (Nevertheless, unconfirmed assurances from town officials, briefly reported in the local press, indicated that it would be restored to the park, in an alternative location, some time round 2018.)

description: politician

wikidata_label: Käte Duncker

wikipedia_title: Käte Duncker


text: swimmer

text: 1956 Summer Olympics

text: Invercargill

text: Hamilton

text: Waikato

text: British Empire and Commonwealth Games

text: Cardiff

text: Jody Braskamp

text: 100 metres

text: 400 metres freestyle

text: 1956 Summer Olympics

text: Melbourne

text: Gisborne

text: Whangarei

categories: New Zealand female swimmers,Sportspeople from Invercargill,Swimmers at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games,1935 births,Female freestyle swimmers,2017 deaths,Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand,Olympic swimmers of New Zealand

paragraph: Marrion Roe

paragraph: Marrion Douglass Roe (later Beck; 3 April 1935 – 29 June 2017) was a New Zealand swimmer who represented her country at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and the 1956 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Invercargill on 3 April 1935, Roe later moved to Hamilton, and represented Waikato at the New Zealand national swimming championships. In all, she won eight national swimming titles: the 100 yards freestyle every year from 1952 to 1956; the 220 yards freestyle in 1954 and 1956; and the 440 yards freestyle in 1956.

paragraph: In 1954, Roe swam at the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff. In the 110 yards freestyle, she finished fourth in the final, with a time of 1:08.9. She recorded a time of 5:34.7 in her heat of the 440 yards freestyle and did not progress to the final.

paragraph: In February 1955, Roe swam what was at that time the fastest 100 yards freestyle in the Southern Hemisphere, recording a time of 59.0 seconds, which was 0.9 seconds outside Jody Braskamp's world record.

paragraph: She competed in 100 metres and 400 metres freestyle at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. In the 100 metres she finished in seventh place in the final with a time of 1:05.6, while in the 400 metres she swam 5:18.5 to finish fourth in her heat and did not progress to the final.

paragraph: In early 1957, Roe married John Aitchison Beck, who was secretary of the Waikato Swimming Centre. On their honeymoon, she gave a demonstration at a swimming carnival in Gisborne.

paragraph: Marrion Beck was widowed by the death of her husband in 2010. She died at Puriri Court Rest Home in Whangarei on 29 June 2017.

wikidata_label: Marrion Roe

wikipedia_title: Marrion Roe


href: Estonia badminton

text: Estonia badminton

categories: Badminton players at the 2019 European Games,European Games competitors for Estonia,1998 births,Estonian female badminton players,Sportspeople from Tartu,Living people

paragraph: Kati-Kreet Marran

paragraph: Kati-Kreet Marran (born 13 July 1998) is an Estonian badminton player.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.:BWF International Challenge/Series.

paragraph: "Women's doubles"

description: badminton player

wikidata_label: Kati-Kreet Marran

wikipedia_title: Kati-Kreet Marran


text:
Estonian
badminton
European Junior Badminton Championships
Kristin Kuuba

categories: Badminton players at the 2019 European Games,European Games competitors for Estonia,Living people,Sportspeople from Tartu,1997 births,Badminton players at the 2015 European Games,Estonian female badminton players

paragraph: Helina Rüütel

paragraph: Helina Rüütel (born 11 August 1997) is an Estonian badminton player.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2015, she won bronze medal at the European Junior Badminton Championships in girls' doubles event with her partner Kristin Kuuba.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.:European Junior Championships.

paragraph: "Girls' doubles"

paragraph: "Women's doubles"

description: badminton player

wikidata_label: Helina Rüütel

wikipedia_title: Helina Rüütel


text: Fujiwara clan

text: Fujiwara no Fuhito

text: Agata Inukai no Michiyo

text: Emperor Shōmu

text: Prince Nagaya

text: ritsuryo

text: Empress Kōken

text: Shōsōin

text: Man'yōshū

text: Shinyakushi-ji

text: Hokke-ji

text: Kōfuku-ji

text: Tōdai-ji

text: Kōmyōike Station

text: Osaka Prefecture

text: Izumi Province

text: Nara City

text: Japanese empresses

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: "The Emergence of Japanese Kingship."

text: Stanford University Press

text: OCLC 247691704

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: OCLC 59145842

text: Empress Kōmyō's poetry

categories: 760 deaths,People of Asuka-period Japan,Japanese empresses,701 births,People of Nara-period Japan

paragraph: Empress Kōmyō

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A member of the Fujiwara clan, her father was Fujiwara no Fuhito and her mother was Agata Inukai no Michiyo (県犬養三千代). During her life she was also known as Asukabehime (安宿媛), Kōmyōshi (光明子), and Tōsanjō (藤三娘). She is buried in Nara Prefecture's Hōrenji-cho in the mausoleum "Sahoyama no Higashi no Misasagi" 佐保山東陵 near Emperor Shōmu in the southern mausoleum.

paragraph: She married Emperor Shōmu at the age of 16 and gave birth to the princess Abe at the age of 18. She gave birth to her first son at the age of 27. He died soon after birth. The Fujiwara clan insisted that Prince Nagaya had killed the prince by a curse. She became an empress at the age of 29; she was the first to be raised to the rank of "kogo" in historical times.

paragraph: A ritsuryo office was created for the empress-consort, the "Kogogushiki"; this bureaucratic innovation continued into the Heian period.

paragraph: After a 25-year reign, Emperor Shōmu abdicated in favor of his daughter, Princess Takano, who would become Empress Kōken. Some time later, Shōmu took the tonsure, thus becoming the first retired emperor to become a Buddhist priest. Empress Kōmyō, following her husband’s example, also took holy vows in becoming a Buddhist nun.

paragraph: Artifacts connected with Kōmyō and Shōmu are among the treasures housed at the Shōsōin. Four of her poems are included in the Man'yōshū imperial anthology. As a devout adherent of Buddhism, Kōmyō encouraged the construction and enrichment of temples, including Shinyakushi-ji (Nara), Hokke-ji (Nara), Kōfuku-ji (Nara), and Tōdai-ji (Nara).

paragraph: Kōmyōike Station in southern Osaka Prefecture takes its name from a nearby artificial lake named after Empress Kōmyō. This toponym comes from a supposed association with the empress's birthplace in Izumi Province.

paragraph: Emperor Shōmu's officially designated Imperial "misasagi" or tomb can be visited in Hōrenji-cho, Nara City. The Imperial tomb of Empress Kōmyō is nearby.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese empresses

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past." Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piggott, Joan R. (19970. "The Emergence of Japanese Kingship." Stanford: Stanford University Press. ; OCLC 247691704

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs of the mausolea of Empress Kōmyō and Emperor Shōmu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Kōmyō's poetry in Japanese

alias:
Empress Kōmyō
Komyo
Empress Komyo
光明皇后
Kōmyō-kōgō
Kōmyō kōgō
Koumyou

description: consort empress of Japan

wikidata_label: Kōmyō

wikipedia_title: Empress Kōmyō


text: German

text: illustrator

text: Imperial Period

text: nautical paintings

text: lithograph

text: sinking of the RMS "Titanic"

text: Wolgast

text: Germany

text: Baltic

text: shipyards

text: draftsman

text: Kaiser Wilhelm II

text: German Navy League

text: honorary

text: professor

text: Imperial German Navy

text: Hans Bohrdt

text: Berlin-Tegel

text: Jerusalem

text: New Church

text: Commercial art

text: trading cards

text: Stollwerck

text: Die Gartenlaube

text: Achilleion

text: Island of Corfu

text: oil on canvas

text: Military History Museum

text: U-boat

text: World War I

text: monograph

text: List of German artists

categories: German male painters,1864 births,1931 deaths,German marine artists,German illustrators,20th-century German painters,19th-century German painters

paragraph: Willy Stöwer

paragraph: Willy Stöwer (22 May 1864 – 31 May 1931) was a German artist, illustrator and author during the Imperial Period. He is best known for nautical paintings and lithographs. Many of his works depict historical maritime events such as the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" in 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Willy Stöwer, the son of a sea captain, was born in Wolgast, Germany on the Baltic coast. He originally trained as a metalworker and worked as a technician in the engineering offices of various German shipyards. He soon received commissions as a draftsman, illustrator and painter. His talent was recognized early and his painting technique was self-taught. In 1892 he married Henrietta Dettmann from a wealthy family, and this allowed him to devote himself exclusively to his work as an artist.

paragraph: Kaiser Wilhelm II became an enthusiastic supporter and patron of the artist and Stöwer was said to be the Kaiser's favorite naval painter. Stöwer even accompanied the Emperor on several voyages between 1905 and 1912. He was a board member of the German Navy League () and was awarded an honorary professorship in 1907. The course of his life then followed that of his patron and the fate of the Imperial German Navy. As with contemporaries such as Hans Bohrdt, his greatest creative period came to an end with the abdication of the Kaiser and the passing of the Imperial era. His later career, being without Imperial favor, relied on a few commissions from steamship lines. He died in relative obscurity at his Berlin-Tegel villa on 31 May 1931, nine days after his 67th birthday. Stöwer is interred in Cemetery III of the Jerusalem and New Churches in Berlin, where the grave remains preserved.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Stöwer was a very prolific artist between 1892 and 1929, creating approximately 900 black-and-white and 335 color illustrations for 57 books, as well as posters, postcards, trading-cards, labels, brochures and calendars. An early example of his Commercial art is a series of trading cards from 1899~1900 which he made for the German chocolate producer Stollwerck entitled "The New German Warships" in "Scrapbook No. 3, Series 132".

paragraph: Stöwer's representation of the sinking of the in the magazine "Die Gartenlaube" earned him a special popularity. He created the illustration shortly after the disaster in 1912 without detailed information, in particular, the fourth funnel did not eject black smoke as it was only for ventilation. However, the image became iconic despite minor errors and has been reprinted numerous times even to the present day. Stöwer, not known for portraiture, also painted a portrait of the Kaiser in a naval uniform, which along with some of his naval paintings, hang in the Kaiser's Room at Achilleion, the Kaiser's summer palace from 1907 to 1914 (currently a museum) on the Island of Corfu.

paragraph: Other examples of Stöwer's work currently in museums include oil on canvas: "Sinking of the Italian destroyer "Turbine" by Austrian destroyers on 24 May 1915." at the Military History Museum, Vienna, and: "Speedboat ahead!" at International Maritime Museum of Hamburg. In 1917, postcards were produced from some of his paintings for charitable aid to benefit wounded U-boat crew members and families of the deceased during World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: In addition to his works in the visual arts, he wrote, published or edited several German books, and is credited as co-author on many more. Books by Willy Stöwer include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 : "To Sea with Brush and Palette." Includes reminiscences of the author's voyages with Kaiser Wilhelm II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916 : "German U-boat Actions, in Words and Pictures". Published collection of reproductions of paintings of submarines; text in German on pages facing illustrations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912 : "Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Navy." Conceived in honor of 25th anniversary of the Kaiser's rule.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905 : "The German Sailing Sport." (Editor) Stöwer's comprehensive compendium of the German sailing sport from the early heyday of yachting in the German Empire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1901 : "Marine ABC." Children's alphabet book

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900 : "German Fleet Maneuvers: After Watercolors and Studies."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1898 : "Germany's Navy: With use of Official Materials for Original Watercolors."

paragraph: Biography (monograph) by Jörg M. Hormann: "Marine Painter of the Empire, Willy Stöwer"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German artists

alias:
Willy Stower
Willy Stoewer
willy stoewer
w. stower
willi stower
willy stower

description: German artist and illustrator

wikidata_label: Willy Stöwer

wikipedia_title: Willy Stöwer


text: Liu Zhang

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yi Province

text: Chengdu

text: Sichuan

text: Liu Zhang

text: Liu Bei

text: Mianyang

text: Liu Xun

text: Guanghan

text: Guanghan

text: Sichuan

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Qing dynasty

text: Emperor Hui

text: Western Jin dynasty

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Yi Province

text: Zhang Lu

text: Pang Tong

text: Wei Yan

text: Valley of the Fallen Phoenix

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Executed Han dynasty people,2nd-century births,Executed people from Sichuan,Liu Zhang and associates,213 deaths,3rd-century executions,People executed by the Han dynasty

paragraph: Zhang Ren

paragraph: Zhang Ren () (died 213) was a military officer serving under the warlord Liu Zhang during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Zhang Ren was from Shu Commandery (蜀郡), Yi Province, which is around present-day Chengdu, Sichuan. He had a humble family background, and was known for his courage and loyalty since he was young. He was recruited to serve as an Assistant Officer (從事) in the provincial office under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province.

paragraph: In 212, the warlord Liu Bei launched a campaign to seize control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang ordered his officers Liu Gui (劉璝), Leng Bao (冷苞), Zhang Ren, Deng Xian (鄧賢) and others to lead troops to Fu (涪; in present-day Mianyang, Sichuan) to resist Liu Bei, but they were defeated and forced to retreat to Mianzhu (緜竹).

paragraph: Zhang Ren and Liu Zhang's son, Liu Xun, moved to a garrison at Luo (雒; north of present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). When Liu Bei's forces showed up, Zhang Ren led his men to engage the enemy at Yan Bridge (鴈橋) but was defeated and captured alive. Liu Bei had heard of Zhang Ren's reputation for being brave and loyal so he asked Zhang to surrender. However, Zhang Ren replied sternly, "I'll never serve two lords." He was then executed. Liu Bei felt it was a pity.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Ren Tomb.

paragraph: Zhang Ren's grave is located in Weigan Village (桅杆村), Beiwai District (北外鄉), Guanghan, Sichuan. During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor in the Qing dynasty, the local government erected a tombstone for the grave with the words "Tomb of the Han General Zhang Ren" (漢將軍張公任之墓) inscribed on it. In 1954, a brick bearing the words "Built in the 8th month of the 6th year of Yuankang" was unearthed at the site of the tomb. The brick serves as evidence that the tomb was constructed in as early as 296 during the Yuankang era (291–300) of the reign of Emperor Hui in the Western Jin dynasty. In July 1990, the tomb became a Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the County Level under the Guanghan administration.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Zhang Ren appears in chapters 60–64 of the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the events in the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. Like his historical counterpart, Zhang Ren serves under Liu Zhang and is known for being very loyal to his lord. When Liu Bei first enters Yi Province in the name of helping Liu Zhang counter a rival warlord, Zhang Lu, Zhang Ren and others warn Liu Zhang to be wary of Liu Bei and take precautionary measures, but Liu Zhang ignores them. When Liu Zhang attends a banquet hosted by Liu Bei, Liu Bei's strategist Pang Tong instructs the general Wei Yan to pretend to perform a sword dance and use the opportunity to assassinate Liu Zhang. Zhang Ren senses danger so he draws his sword and pretends to join the sword dance while secretly protecting Liu Zhang from Wei Yan's advances. When war breaks out between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang, Zhang Ren sets up an ambush at the Valley of the Fallen Phoenix, where his archers kill Pang Tong. After Zhang Ren is captured alive, Liu Bei asks him to surrender but he firmly refuses and is executed. Liu Bei feels it was a pity so he has Zhang Ren buried with full honours.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

wikidata_label: Zhang Ren

wikipedia_title: Zhang Ren


text:
Archbishop of York
Liège
William I of England
Norman Conquest
Ealdred
Lanfranc
Archbishop of Canterbury
William II
Odo of Bayeux
Bishop of Durham
William de St-Calais
suffragan
Anselm
Primate of England
Henry I
Thomas
Samson
Bishop of Worcester
Abbey of Bec
Normandy
canon
Bayeux Cathedral
Battle of Hastings
see
Canterbury–York dispute
pallium
Alexander II
Dorchester on Thames
Lichfield
River Humber
Eadmer
Windsor
Whitsuntide
suffragans
Hugh the Chanter
Accord of Winchester
papal legate
Gregory VII
Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester
Peter, Bishop of Chester
Bishop of Orkney
cathedral chapter
prebend
dean
precentor
archdeacons
York Minster
refectory
Canterbury Cathedral
William of Malmesbury
Robert Curthose
Remigius de Fécamp
Lincoln
Metropolitan
Frank Barlow
Richard Southern
Herbert de Losinga
Urban II
Abbot
Selby Abbey
Diocese of Lincoln
Bishop of Norwich
Ralph de Luffa
See of Chichester
Hervey le Breton
Bishop of Bangor
Henry
Bishop of London
Thomas II of York
Bishop of Bayeux
St. Etienne
Orderic Vitalis
Investiture Crisis

categories: People from Calvados (department),11th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Norman clerics given benefices in England,Year of birth unknown,1100 deaths,Archbishops of York,Normans in England

paragraph: Thomas of Bayeux

paragraph: Thomas of Bayeux (died 1100) was Archbishop of York from 1070 until 1100. He was educated at Liège and became a royal chaplain to Duke William of Normandy, who later became King William I of England. After the Norman Conquest, the king nominated Thomas to succeed Ealdred as Archbishop of York. After Thomas' election, Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, demanded an oath from Thomas to obey him and any future Archbishops of Canterbury; this was part of Lanfranc's claim that Canterbury was the primary bishopric, and its holder the head of the English Church. Thomas countered that York had never made such an oath. As a result, Lanfranc refused to consecrate him. The King eventually persuaded Thomas to submit, but Thomas and Lanfranc continued to clash over ecclesiastical issues, including the primacy of Canterbury, which dioceses belonged to the province of York, and the question of how York's obedience to Canterbury would be expressed.

paragraph: After King William I's death Thomas served his successor, William II, and helped to put down a rebellion led by Thomas' old mentor Odo of Bayeux. Thomas also attended the trial for rebellion of the Bishop of Durham, William de St-Calais, Thomas' sole suffragan, or bishop subordinate to York. During William II's reign Thomas once more became involved in the dispute with Canterbury over the primacy when he refused to consecrate the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm, if Anselm was named the Primate of England in the consecration service. After William II's sudden death in 1100, Thomas arrived too late to crown King Henry I, and died soon after the coronation.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Thomas is sometimes referred to as Thomas I to distinguish him from his nephew Thomas, who was also an Archbishop of York. The elder Thomas' father was a priest named Osbert; his mother was named Muriel, but little else of them is known. He had a brother named Samson, who was Bishop of Worcester from 1086 until 1112. He was of Norman descent. Under the patronage of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, both boys were sent to Liège for their education. Thomas may also have studied with Lanfranc in Normandy while the latter was teaching at the Abbey of Bec, and some scholars contend that he also studied in Germany and Spain. Thomas then returned to Normandy to become one of Bishop Odo's officials and a chaplain, or secretary. He was a canon and the treasurer of Bayeux Cathedral as well as a member of Duke William's ducal clergy before the Norman Conquest of England. The new King named him a royal clerk after the Battle of Hastings.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop under William I.

paragraph: Thomas succeeded Ealdred as Archbishop of York in 1070; he was nominated on 23 May and was probably consecrated on 25 December. The appointment of Thomas was a departure for the King, who had usually promoted Norman nobles or monks when he was still Duke of Normandy. The appointment was more consistent with English norms, as most of those appointed to the English episcopate before the Conquest had previously been royal clerks.

paragraph: Shortly after Thomas' election, Lanfranc, pursuing a claim that Canterbury was the primatial see, or bishopric, of England, demanded that Thomas provide a written oath swearing to obey both Lanfranc and any future Archbishops of Canterbury. Thomas declined to make such a written promise, so Lanfranc refused to consecrate him. Thomas argued that Lanfranc's demand was unprecedented, as no other Archbishop of York had been required to swear such an oath before. King William wanted clear lines of authority in the church to match the lines of authority in the secular sphere; thus, the King supported Lanfranc in the dispute. Royal pressure induced Thomas to submit to Lanfranc and Thomas was consecrated, but his profession of obedience was made orally to Lanfranc personally and not in writing or to any future archbishops of Canterbury. Although this settled the issue between Thomas and Lanfranc, it was the beginning of the long-running Canterbury–York dispute over the claims of Canterbury to have jurisdiction over York.

paragraph: The next year both archbishops travelled to Rome for their palliums, where Thomas took advantage of the opportunity to ask Pope Alexander II to decree that the sees of Canterbury and York were equal. Thomas also sought to have the pope declare that the midland sees of Worcester, Dorchester on Thames, and Lichfieldall south of the River Humberwere part of the Archdiocese of York rather than Canterbury. The 12th-century chronicler Eadmer, a monk at Canterbury, wrote much later that Thomas had resigned and surrendered his archiepiscopal symbols, but they were promptly returned to him by Lanfranc on the pope's orders. The story's partisan source casts some doubt on its accuracy.

paragraph: The pope referred the dispute to a council of English prelates, which met at Windsor during Whitsuntide in 1072. The council decided that the Archbishop of Canterbury was the superior of the Archbishop of York and further ruled that York had no rights south of the Humber River. This meant that the disputed bishoprics were taken from the province of York, an outcome that probably had the support of the King, who aimed to prevent the separation of the north from the rest of England. By depriving the Archbishop of suffragans, William limited York's power and separatist tendencies. The medieval chronicler Hugh the Chanter commented that by requiring Thomas to obey Canterbury, the King removed the threat that Thomas might crown someone else as King of England – such as the Danish king. However, the council of Windsor also ruled that York's province included Scotland. Although Thomas was required to profess obedience to Lanfranc and Lanfranc's successors, the obedience did not mention nor was held to acknowledge any primacy of Canterbury, and it did not bind Thomas' successors.

paragraph: All of these decisions were ratified in the Accord of Winchester that year, witnessed by the King and the papal legate, or representative of the pope, as well as many bishops and abbots. Thomas then made a written profession of obedience, some time after late May. Lanfranc wrote to Alexander II, attempting to get a written papal privilege of Canterbury's primacy, but Alexander replied that Lanfranc must personally resubmit the case to the papal court before a papal privilege could be issued. Alexander died in 1073. His successor, Pope Gregory VII, was opposed to the idea of primacies, and the matter of the papal privilege for Canterbury went nowhere. In 1073, with the help of Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester and Peter, Bishop of Chester, Thomas consecrated Radulf as Bishop of Orkney in an attempt to increase York's authority in Scotland. Wulfstan often performed episcopal functions in parts of the diocese of York during the 1070s for Thomas, especially in areas that were still in turmoil after the conquest.

paragraph: Thomas reorganised the cathedral chapter during his archiepiscopate, establishing a group of secular canons with individual prebends to provide the clergy with income. The cathedral chapter at York had until then lived in a group, but Thomas' reforms allowed the clergy to live in their own houses. Thomas also set up a number of officials within the cathedral chapter, including a dean, treasurer, and precentor. He increased the number of clergy in the chapter, increasing it from the three he found at York when he took office, and reorganised the episcopal and chapter's estates, giving a number of estates to the chapter. He introduced the continental system of archdeacons to the Diocese of York, dividing the diocese into territorial units and appointing an archdeacon to each. Archdeacons were responsible for aiding the bishop or archbishop with his episcopal duties, collecting revenues, and presiding over some judicial courts.

paragraph: Section::::Rebuilding the cathedral.

paragraph: Shortly before Thomas' appointment, York Minster, the cathedral of the archdiocese, was damaged in a fire that swept through York on 1069, and which also destroyed the refectory and dormitory for the canons. Soon after his consecration, Thomas had a new dormitory and refectory built and a new roof put on the cathedral; these appear to have been temporary measures however, as some time later, probably in about 1075, he ordered the construction of a new cathedral on a different site. The new building, much larger than the one it replaced, has not survived. It was excavated between 1966 and 1973, showing the plan of the cathedral to be different from most others built in England around that time. It was longer, had no aisles in the nave, and it had a rectangular ring crypt that had been long out of style in 1075. Because of the way the foundations were laid out, it appears likely that the entire building was planned and built in one design phase, with few modifications. It may have been that Thomas designed his cathedral to be as unlike Canterbury Cathedral as possible, perhaps because of the conflict between York and Canterbury over primacy. William of Malmesbury, a 12th-century writer, states that Thomas finished the cathedral, and this is corroborated by the fact that Thomas was buried in the minster in 1100. Some elements of Thomas' structure are still visible in the crypt of York Minster.

paragraph: Section::::Serving William II.

paragraph: After the death of the Conqueror, Thomas was loyal to the third son, William Rufus, who had inherited England instead of the eldest brother, Robert Curthose. Thomas supported Rufus despite a rebellion led by his old mentor Odo of Bayeux, and the Archbishop accompanied the King on his campaigns to put down the revolt. Thomas attended the subsequent trial for rebellion in 1088 of William de St-Calais, Bishop of Durham, who had sided with Odo. William was Thomas' sole suffragan bishop, but it was Thomas who pronounced the sentence of the court.

paragraph: In 1092 and again in 1093 the dispute with Canterbury resurfaced, when Thomas complained about what he felt were infringements of York's rights. The first of these occasions was over the dedication of Remigius de Fécamp's new cathedral at Lincoln and the second concerned the consecration of Anselm as Archbishop of Canterbury. Thomas refused to consecrate Anselm if the latter was referred to as Primate of England. The impasse was finally resolved by naming Anselm the Metropolitan of Canterbury. The medieval chronicler Eadmer, Anselm's biographer and a Canterbury partisan, says that Anselm was consecrated as the primate. Hugh the Chanter, who was a member of the York community, stated that the metropolitan title was used. Modern historical opinion is divided, with Frank Barlow, author of "The English Church 1066–1154" inclined towards the primatial title, but with Richard Southern, in his biography of Anselm, leaning towards the metropolitan title. The whole affair is probably subject to much duplicity and dishonesty, with both sides presenting biased accounts.

paragraph: Herbert de Losinga was appointed a papal legate in 1093 by Pope Urban II to investigate the matter of Thomas' profession of obedience to Lanfranc. Herbert seems to have done nothing about investigating the issue. Also in 1093, King William II gave the Archbishops of York the right to appoint the Abbot of Selby Abbey in compensation for the loss of York's claim to the Diocese of Lincoln. While Anselm was in exile after quarrelling with the King in 1097, Thomas consecrated Herbert de Losinga as Bishop of Norwich, Ralph de Luffa to the See of Chichester, and Hervey le Breton as Bishop of Bangor, an unusual step because these dioceses were in Canterbury's province, and it was Anselm's right to consecrate the new bishops. In 1100 after the sudden death of King William II and the seizure of power by the King's younger brother Henry, Thomas arrived in London too late to crown Henry I, as the ceremony had already been performed by Maurice, Bishop of London, in the absence of both archbishops. Anselm at this time was still in exile. Thomas was initially angry at the slight, until it was explained to him that the King had worried over the chance of disorder in the kingdom if there was a delay. To mollify him, Thomas was allowed to crown the King publicly at a church council held soon after the coronation.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Thomas died at York on 18 November 1100. He was considered to have been an excellent archbishop, and ensured his cathedral clergy were well cared for. He repaired the cathedral and did much to promote trade in the city of York. Thomas also helped to advance the careers of his family; one of his nephews, Thomas II of York, became Archbishop of York in 1108, and another, Richard, became Bishop of Bayeux in 1107.

paragraph: During his lifetime, Thomas was praised for his learning, his encouragement of education in his diocese, and his generosity. He was an excellent singer and composed hymns. In his youth, he was known for having a sturdy build, and in his old age he had a ruddy complexion and snow white hair.

paragraph: Thomas composed the epitaph placed on William the Conqueror's tomb in St. Etienne in Caen, but the chronicler Orderic Vitalis felt that Thomas was chosen more for his rank than for his skill in composition. Thomas did not concern himself with the church–state issues surrounding the Investiture Crisis, but he was tenacious in defending the independence of York against the efforts of Canterbury to assert primacy over the whole of England. Later authors, including William of Malmesbury and Hugh the Chantor, praised Thomas for his generosity, chastity, elegance, and charm.

description: Archbishop of York

wikidata_label: Thomas of Bayeux

wikipedia_title: Thomas of Bayeux


text: Margate

text: Eden Project

text: Falmouth School of Art

text: St Ives

text: Browns

text: Gianni Versace

text: Tate magazine

text: Tim Smit

text: Eden Project

text: Cornish

text: autism

text: charity

text: autism

text: art

text: Gary Lucas

text: Jeff Buckley

text: Captain Beefheart

text: art thieves

text: War Child

text: The Drang Gallery

text: Gary Lucas

text: Captain Beefheart

text: Grace

text: Jeff Buckley

text: Gary Lucas

text: Gods and Monsters

text: The Ordeal Of Civility

text: Banksy

text: Inkie

text: Houses of Parliament

text: Temwa

text: London Westbank Gallery

text: Urban in Ibiza

text: street

text: graffiti

text: contemporary artists

text: Paul McGowan's official website

text: Video

categories: English male painters,People from Margate,1967 births,20th-century English painters,21st-century English painters,Living people,Alumni of Falmouth University

paragraph: Paul McGowan (artist)

paragraph: Paul McGowan (born 1967 in Margate) is an artist, fashion designer and formerly the artist in residence at the Eden Project. He is a former student of the Falmouth School of Art, and had his first exhibition in St Ives while still a student.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: McGowan established himself as a fashion designer at a young age, becoming the youngest designer to have ever sold a collection to fashion house Browns at the age of 20, and went on to work for a variety of well-known fashion industry names including Gianni Versace.

paragraph: He won the Tate magazine award while still a student.

paragraph: A meeting with Tim Smit at a charity auction led to McGowan becoming artist-in-residence at the Eden Project in Cornwall and the appearance of his paintings in the "Mediterranean Biome" under the title ""Living on the Edge"".

paragraph: A triptych from Paul McGowan, working with illustrators Mark Lascelles Thornton and Michael Cole, and artist Chris Stocker was donated to the SpectrumArt 2009 Auction. The auction is to raise funds for the Cornish charity working with those affected by autistic spectrum disorders. The piece was inspired by a genuine Dartmoor Prison door which had been graffitied by prisoners and which McGowan had at his studio.

paragraph: In June 2010 Police in riot gear were sent to raid central London gallery Mauger Modern Art after a fake bomb in the window which was part of Paul McGowan’s exhibition ‘Precipice’ had caused reports of a "suspicious” device.

paragraph: During 2010 Paul McGowan opened three progressive bodies of work that follow on from the Eden Project's "Living on The Edge" Program. Each of the 3 shows have its own identity. These new works were produced on McGowan's Ark Studio that was given to him by Spectrum, a Cornish autism charity that is heading a pioneering study in the relationship between autism and art. A program that McGowan is participating in and helping Spectrum to develop. In each of the shows a selection of work from McGowan's experimental ‘Blockhead Project' will be exhibited. These works will include an audio piece made for the project by American guitar Legend Gary Lucas who has previously worked with Jeff Buckley and Captain Beefheart.

paragraph: In 2010 Paul McGowan's 'Knuckle Buster' studio was raided by art thieves, causing him to lose the majority of his archived work spanning 2 decades. After this, McGowan cancelled all exhibitions and interviews while he produced a new catalogue of works. The new work included a series of artworks informed by children as victims of war that raised funds for the charity War Child. The exhibition titled 'Trigger Finger' was launched at The Drang Gallery in Sept 2013. The work was subversive, consisting of bright coloured limited edition prints that depicted children, using biomorphic images constructed from weapons of violence.

paragraph: McGowan also continued collaborating with American guitarist Gary Lucas who worked with Captain Beefheart and co-wrote Grace with Jeff Buckley. They released an audio visual collaboration that included a limited edition 7-inch single on green vinyl. McGowan also produced the artwork for the Gary Lucas & Gods and Monsters Album The Ordeal Of Civility.

paragraph: In December 2013 and December 2014, McGowan, Banksy, Ben Allen, Inkie and other artists collaborating with London West Bank Gallery were included in the event ‘Smile Britannia’. 'Smile Britannia' is an annual charity art auction held at the Houses of Parliament. The event was established in 2013 and benefits three organisations; the Smile Britannia Project - benefiting disadvantaged communities in London, The Last Night a DJ Saved My Life Foundation, and Temwa.

paragraph: In 2014 McGowan was included in London Westbank Gallery’s annual Urban in Ibiza exhibition that features artworks from the gallery’s international network of street, graffiti and contemporary artists.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:""The Divinity Of Monsters"".

paragraph: Triptych is an experimental artwork that took two years to complete. The work went through many stages and mediums and was produced for the Blockhead Project. The artists involved were Paul McGowan creative director, Chris Stocker, Mark Lascelles Thornton and Michael Cole. McGowan gave each artist an individual brief. Each artist interpreted the brief in their own way not knowing the others brief. Then the work was placed through various treatments by Chris Stocker and composed by Paul McGowan.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:""Make Up"".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- 94 cm x 120 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oil on paper

paragraph: This work is from McGowan's body of work that was produced for the Eden Projects "Living on the Edge Project". With this piece McGowan confronted how animals are used in the development of cosmetics for our superficial longing for a priceless vanity.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:""Friday Night Saturday Morning"".

paragraph: This piece was created by filming McGowan drinking and smoking at the table. Examining the process involved in making art and questioning the social relevance and existence of art today. The next day the table was presented as the completed work. The T.V on the table shows a film that was shot during the making session. The piece was filmed in December 1996 and McGowan has refused to exhibit the final work due to one of the original cigarettes being removed from the piece the next day. Stating "The piece has been corrupted.The integrity of the work has to be maintained for it to operate with any real meaning".

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:""Worship Me"".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- 94 cm x 150 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oil on paper

paragraph: This piece is from McGowan's new works examining the glorification of lifestyles and its effect and implications on our established belief systems.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:""BlockHead - SexyBomb"".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: Paul McGowan is part of BlockHead, a collaboration of artists including Gary Lucas, Hin, Mark Lascelles, Chris Stocker and Samuel Webster.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:Private Life.

paragraph: Paul lives with professional musician Dominique Olliver. By his own admission Paul says he supports American President Donald Trump. He describes his twitter feed as, "I’m just a man ordained by god to search & destroy progressives commies Marxists socialists. Exposing religious degeneracy & defending women and children."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul McGowan's official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details of Paul McGowans ‘precipice' shows

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Paul McGowan

wikipedia_title: Paul McGowan (artist)


text: Italian

text: Florence

text: Renaissance

text: Vasari

text: Polidoro da Caravaggio

text: Evelina Borea

text: Sack of Rome

categories: 1528 deaths,Italian male painters,16th-century Italian painters,1490 births,Florentine painters

paragraph: Maturino da Firenze

paragraph: Maturino da Firenze (1490–1528) was an Italian painter, born in Florence, but working in Rome during the Renaissance.

paragraph: Vasari described the relationship between Polidoro da Caravaggio and Maturino as exceedingly close:

paragraph: Vasari did not distinguish between the two painters in the joint works of Polidoro and Maturino Dr. Evelina Borea, in her recent study on Polidoro, considers the contribution of the Florentine painter, Maturino, to be minimal.

paragraph: Most sources say he died ca.1528, but some say he was killed in the Sack of Rome the previous year.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgio Vasari, "Vita" of Polidoro da Caravaggio

alias:
Matturino
Maturino da Siena
B. C. Maturino
Mathurin
Mathurin de Florence
Maturino
Mathurino
Maturino di Firenze
Maturino Da Firenze
Muturino

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Maturino da Firenze

wikipedia_title: Maturino da Firenze


text:
Rohaczów
Rotmistrz
Polish Legions in World War I
Józef Pankiewicz
Józef Mehoffer
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Otto Seitz
Orientalist
Lwów
National Bank of Ukraine
Tygodnik Ilustrowany
Legion Wschodni
Władysław Belina-Prażmowski
Battle of Lemberg
Polish-Soviet War
Battle of Koziatyn
Chyrów
Cross of Independence
Cross of Valour
Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów

wikipedia_title:
Rahachow
Rittmeister
Polish Legions in World War I
Józef Pankiewicz
Józef Mehoffer
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Otto Seitz
Orientalism
Lviv
National Bank of Ukraine
Tygodnik Ilustrowany
Legion Wschodni
Władysław Belina-Prażmowski
Battle of Lemberg (1918)
Polish–Soviet War
Battle of Koziatyn
Khyriv
Cross of Independence
Cross of Valour (Poland)
Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów

categories: Polish Legions in World War I,1920 deaths,Orientalist painters,Recipients of the Cross of Independence,1886 births,Art Nouveau designers,Polish people of Armenian descent,People from Drohobych,20th-century Polish painters,Polish illustrators

paragraph: Kajetan Stefanowicz

paragraph: Kajetan Stefanowicz (12 July 1886, Drohobycz - 20 September 1920, near Rohaczów) was a Polish Art-Nouveau painter and illustrator of Armenian ancestry who served as a Rotmistrz (Cavalry Captain) with the Polish Legions in World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was taught the basics of drawing and painting by his father, the portrait painter, . This was followed by studies at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts with Józef Pankiewicz and Józef Mehoffer; the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, with Otto Seitz, and private lessons in Paris with .

paragraph: He began working primarily as an illustrator; favoring fairy tales and Orientalist themes. He also did posters and designed women's clothing and furniture. Later, he painted decorations at the offices of the Land Credit Society in Lwów (now a branch of the National Bank of Ukraine) and was a co-founder of the artistic and literary magazine, "Wianki" (Garlands). Along with many Polish artists, he was a contributor to "Tygodnik Ilustrowany".

paragraph: In February, 1915, he joined the Legion Wschodni, under the command of Władysław Belina-Prażmowski, and received the nickname "Soplica". He served throughout the war and participated in the Battle of Lemberg. During the Polish-Soviet War, he fought in the Battle of Koziatyn and the seizure of Chyrów. He was killed just before the beginning of the truce.

paragraph: In 1916, he published "Song of the Legionnaires: drawings of Kajetan Stefanowicz - Petty Officer 1st Regiment of the Polish Legions", a collection of engravings. He received several posthumous awards, including the Order Virtuti Militari, Cross of Independence and Cross of Valour, and was buried at the Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Stefanowicz @ the Wirtualne Muzeum Secesji

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song of the Legionnaires..." full text at the Jagiellonian Digital Library

description: Polish Art Nouveau painter

wikidata_label: Kajetan Stefanowicz

wikipedia_title: Kajetan Stefanowicz


text:
Châtel-Censoir
Yonne
vendémiaire
Paris
pseudonym
plays
Bourgogne
Le Figaro
Alphonse Karr
George Sand
Molière
Clairville
Achille Tenaille de Vaulabelle
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
melodrama
Jules-Édouard Alboize
Charles Desnoyer
Jacques-François Ancelot
Théâtre du Palais-Royal
Cogniard brothers
Théâtre du Vaudeville
Auguste Pittaud de Forges
Jean-François Bayard
Alexis Decomberousse
Clairville
tableaux
Dumanoir
Arthur de Beauplan
extravaganza
pochade
Théâtre Montansier
féerie
revue
Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin
The Great Exhibition
prologue
Daphnis et Chloé
opéra-bouffe
Jacques Offenbach
Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
Philibert Audebrand

wikipedia_title:
Châtel-Censoir
Yonne
Vendémiaire
Paris
Pseudonym
Play (theatre)
Burgundy
Le Figaro
Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr
George Sand
Molière
Clairville (Louis-François Nicolaïe)
Achille Tenaille de Vaulabelle
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
Melodrama
Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol
Charles Desnoyer
Jacques-François Ancelot
Théâtre du Palais-Royal
Cogniard brothers
Théâtre du Vaudeville
Auguste Pittaud de Forges
Jean-François Bayard
Alexis Decomberousse
Clairville (Louis-François Nicolaïe)
Tableau vivant
Dumanoir
Arthur de Beauplan
Extravaganza
Pochade
Théâtre du Palais-Royal
Féerie
Revue
Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin
Great Exhibition
Prologue
Daphnis et Chloé (Offenbach)
Opéra bouffe
Jacques Offenbach
Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
Philibert Audebrand

categories: 19th-century French dramatists and playwrights,1859 deaths,French male journalists,19th-century French journalists,People from Yonne,1801 births

paragraph: Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle

paragraph: Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle (Châtel-Censoir (Yonne) 20 vendémiaire an X – Paris 12 October 1859 ) was a French writer and playwright. He published his novels under the pseudonym Ernest Desprez and all his plays under the name Jules Cordier.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After he spent his youth in Bourgogne, Éléonore de Vaulabelle moved to Paris at the end of the Bourbon restauration. There he authored articles in several satirical newspapers as well as a daily pamphlet for "Le Figaro", where he met Alphonse Karr and George Sand.

paragraph: He wrote two novels under the pseudonym Ernest Desprez and a fictionalized autobiography: "Un enfant". In "Les Femmes vengées", he developed a theory inspired from Molière: "Women are what we make of them". Vaulabelle adds, "If women lie it is because we teach them to lie". But he devoted most of his work to theatre under the pseudonym Jules Cordier, most of the time in collaboration with Clairville. Only the collection of short stories "Les Jours heureux" appeared under his real name.

paragraph: If he privately adhered to Republican ideas - probably under the influence of his older brother, Achille Tenaille de Vaulabelle, author of "Histoire des deux Restaurations" and Minister of Education under general Louis-Eugène Cavaignac's presidency in 1848 – in theatre, he expressed his opposition to the regime according to the forms of the time

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Theatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1812: "Monsieur Malbroug ou Mironton, ton, ton, mirontaine", « complainte en action », folie in 2 acts, Théâtre de la Gaîté (25 August) - J.-N. Barba, Paris, s.d.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1831: "La Tireuse de cartes", melodrama in 3 acts by Ernest Desprez and Jules-Édouard Alboize, music by Obell, Théâtre Molière (9 June) then Théâtre de la Gaîté (13 April 1832) - J.-N. Barba, Paris, 1832

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1834: "Un enfant", drama in 4 acts by Charles Desnoyer and *** [Vaulabelle], imitated from the novel by Ernest Desprez, Théâtre de la Gaîté (21 June) - Marchant, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1836: "Clémentine", comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Jacques-François Ancelot and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (7 March) - Marchant, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1838: "Les Trois Dimanches", comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts by the Cogniard brothers and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (19 August) - Marchant, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1838: "Contre fortune, bon cœur", comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (21 February) - Marchant, Paris, 1839

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1840: "Le Mari de ma fille", comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Jacques-François Ancelot and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (25 August) - Marchant, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1841: "Les Willis",vaudeville in 1 act by Vaulabelle and Auguste Pittaud de Forges, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (19 October)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1842: "Le Mari à l'essai", comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Jean-François Bayard and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (4 May) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1844: "La Polka en province", folie-vaudeville in 1 act by Alexis Decomberousse and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (6 April) - Giroux and Vialat, Saint-Denis-du-Port

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1845: "La Polka en province", folie-vaudeville in 1 act by A. Decomberousse and J. Cordier - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1846: "Colombe et Perdreau", idylle in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (15 August) - Maistrasse and Wiart, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1846: "Les Dieux de l'Olympe à Paris", vaudeville in 6 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (26 February) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1846: "La Femme électrique", folie-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (9 May) - Marchant, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1847: "Éther, magnétisme et hatchis", à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (4 April) - Tresse, Paris, 1846

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: " Ah ! enfin !" pièce d'ouverture in 3 acts and 2 intermission by Clairville, J. Cordier and Léon Dumoustier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (29 April) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: " L'Avenir dans le passé ou les Succès au paradis", à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (30 September) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: "Le Club des maris et le Club des femmes", vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (4 June) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: "Les Filles de la liberté", à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act, by Clairville and J. Cordier, thTâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (14 march) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: "Les Parades de nos pères", folie in 3 tableaux from ancient parades by Dumanoir, Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre Montansier (6 October) - G. Olivier, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: "La Tireuse de cartes", vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (9 January) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: "Un petit de la mobile", comédie-vaudeville in 2 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (7 August) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Daphnis et Chloé", vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (23 November) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Les Grenouilles qui demandent un roi", vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville, Arthur de Beauplan and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase (26 February) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Les Partageux", vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (17 November) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1848: "La Propriété, c'est le vol", folie-socialiste in 3 acts and 7 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (28 November) - Beck, Paris, 1849

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Les Représentants en vacances", comédie vaudeville in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (15 September) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Une semaine à Londres ou les Trains de plaisirs", folie-vaudeville extravaganza in 3 acts and 11 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, music by Victor Chéri, Théâtre du Vaudeville (9 August) - Beck, Paris ; new version, Théâtre des Variétés, 23 June 1862 - Dentu, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "L'Alchimiste ou le Train de plaisir pour la Californie", vaudeville in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (8 August) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "Le Bourgeois de Paris ou les Leçons au Pouvoir", comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts and 6 tableaux, Théâtre du Gymnase-Dramatique (15 June) - Dondey-Dupré, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "C'en était un !" pochade in 1 act, mingled with couplets by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre Montansier (31 May) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Paris sans impôts", vaudeville in 3 acts and 6 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (28 December) - Beck, Paris, 1850

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "Les Tentations d'Antoinette", vaudeville in 5 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase (29 November) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "Les Secrets du diable", féerie-vaudeville in 2 acts, extravaganza by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (23 February) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1851: "Le Duel au baiser", comedy mingled with couplets in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre Montansier (17 June) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1851: "La Dot de Marie", comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Gymnase (18 January) - D. Giraud and J. Dagneau, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "Le Journal pour rire", revue in 1 act and 3 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (25 December) - Beck, Paris, 1851

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1851: "Le Palais de cristal ou les Parisiens à Londres", grande revue on the occasion of The Great Exhibition, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (26 May) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "Les Compagnons d'Ulysse", vaudeville in 1 act and 2 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (5 July) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "La Maîtresse d'été et la Maîtresse d'hiver", comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (29 May) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "La Mère Moreau", « débit de chinois, mêlé de prunes et de couplets », pochade in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (1 August) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "La Queue du diable", vaudeville fantastique in 3 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin (29 July) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1851: "La Vénus à la fraise", folie in 1 act mingled with couplets by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (31 December) - Beck, Paris, 1852

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: " Les Abeilles et les Violettes", revue extravaganza in 6 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (28 December) - Beck, Paris, 1853 (read Online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1853: "Le Baromètre des amours", comédie-vaudeville in 5 acts, by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (11 January) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1853: "Cadet-Roussel, Dumollet, Gribouille et Cie", bambochade in 3 acts, preceded with a prologue in verses, Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques (15 June) - Beck, Paris ; rééd. Tresse, Paris, 1860

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1853: "L'Esprit frappeur ou les Sept Merveilles du jour", comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, music by Sylvain Mangeant, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (17 December) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1853: "Fraichement décorée", à-propos-vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (25 June) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1853: "La Vie à bon marché", vaudeville in 1 act by Clairville, J. Cordier and Louis Couailhac, Théâtre du Vaudeville (5 April) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1854: "Les Contes de la Mère l'oie", grande féerie in 5 acts and 22 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique (20 May) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1854: "Mesdames les pirates", vaudeville extravaganza by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Vaudeville (25 February) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1854: "La Mort de Pompée", comédie-vaudeville in 3 acts by J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (18 July) - J. Dagneau, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1855: "Les Binettes contemporaines", revue in 3 acts and 7 tableaux by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (23 December) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1858: "Un dîner et des égards", comédie-vaudeville in 1 act by J. Cordier and Léon Dumoustier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (13 June) - Michel-Lévy frères, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1858: "Une dame pour voyager", vaudeville in 1 act by J. Cordier, Théâtre des Variétés (31 May) - Michel-Lévy frères, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1859: "Le Banquet des Barbettes", comédie-vaudeville in 2 acts by Clairville and J. Cordier, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (17 June) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1866 (posthumous): "Daphnis et Chloé", opéra-bouffe in 1 act by Clairville and J. Cordier, music by Jacques Offenbach, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens (6 October) - Beck, Paris

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels and other texts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Épître à Sidi Mahmoud..." after Quérard, with Jules Méry, Ladvocat, Paris, 1825

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Étang de Varzy" (short story) in "Journal des enfans", Everat, Paris, 1832-1833

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Troc des âges" (tale) in "Journal des enfans", Everat, Paris, 1832-1833

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Grisettes à Paris", Ladvocat, Paris, 1832 (Read Online) ; rééd. la Première Heure, Marseille, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Jours heureux, contes et morale à l'usage des enfans des deux sexes", Dumont, Paris, 1836

paragraph: BULLET::::- under the pseudonym Ernest Desprez

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Une seconde famille" (nouvelle) in "Journal des enfans", Everat, Paris, 1832-1833

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un enfant" (roman), 3 vol., C. Gosselin, Paris, 1833

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Femmes vengées" (roman), 2 vol., A. Ledoux, Paris, 1834

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Fils de Claire d'Albe" (nouvelle) dans "Le Sachet", Poulton, Paris, 1835

paragraph: BULLET::::- under the pseudonyme de C. de Saint-Estève

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M. de Similor en Californie", A. Courcier, Paris, 1856 (2e éd.)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frédéric de Berthier de Grandry, "La Famille d’Achille Tenaille de Vaulabelle (1799-1879), un ministre pionnier de l’Education nationale", préface de Jean-Pierre Soisson, Paris, 1998-2004,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philibert Audebrand, « Le Journal au théâtre », "Petits mémoires d'une stalle d'orchestre : acteurs, actrices, auteurs, journalistes", Paris, Jules Lévy libraire-éditeur, 1885, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- « Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle », "Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne", t.|95, Beck, 1862, .

description: French journalist

wikidata_label: Éléonore Tenaille Vaulabelle

wikipedia_title: Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle


text:
basketball
John Burroughs High School
Burbank, California
forward
college basketball
UCLA
John Wooden
67
68
69
Lew Alcindor
Curtis Rowe
Henry Bibby
American Basketball Association
Miami Floridians
ESPN
CBS
NBC
Los Angeles Lakers
Chick Hearn
Almost Anything Goes
Basketball-reference.com stats

categories: American men's basketball players,College basketball announcers in the United States,Basketball players at the 1969 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,UCLA Bruins men's basketball players,1947 births,Miami Floridians players,Sportspeople from Burbank, California,Basketball players from California,San Diego Rockets draft picks,Basketball players at the 1967 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,Basketball players at the 1968 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,Living people,National Basketball Association broadcasters

paragraph: Lynn Shackelford

paragraph: Lynn Shackelford (born August 27, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player.

paragraph: A graduate of John Burroughs High School in Burbank, California, Shackelford earned 7 varsity letters in 3 years in basketball, baseball and golf. He was the CIF Player of the Year in basketball in 1965 for the Southern California Section.

paragraph: A 6'5" forward, Shackelford played college basketball at UCLA under legendary coach John Wooden. He was one of only 4 players to have started on 3 NCAA championship teams(67, 68, 69). The others are Lew Alcindor, Curtis Rowe and Henry Bibby. He complemented his teammates as a dead eye pure shooter; most of his shots would be 3 pointers today.

paragraph: Shackelford played one season in the American Basketball Association as a member of the Miami Floridians. He was later a broadcaster for ESPN, CBS, and NBC. Additionally he spent 7 seasons broadcasting all Los Angeles Lakers games with Chick Hearn. He worked on the crew of the American game show "Almost Anything Goes".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basketball-reference.com stats

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Lynn Shackelford

wikipedia_title: Lynn Shackelford


text:
Trondhjem
Copenhagen
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Peter Schmidt

categories: People from Trondheim,Norwegian jurists,1833 deaths,1754 births,Fathers of the Constitution of Norway

paragraph: Andreas Rogert

paragraph: Andreas Rogert (10 November 1754 – 10 June 1833) was a Norwegian jurist and politician.

paragraph: Rogert was born in Trondhjem (now Trondheim), Norway. He acquired a legal education in Copenhagen. He worked as a judge and assessor before he became Chief Justice during 1805. He maintained a residence at Collin-gården in Bispegata.

paragraph: He represented the city of Trondhjem at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, together with merchant Peter Schmidt. He was vice-president for meeting the first week and was one of the fifteen who sat in the Constitutional Committee. He generally favored the Independence Party ("Selvstendighetspartiet"). He was not active in politics after National Assembly.

description: Norwegian politician

wikidata_label: Andreas Rogert

wikipedia_title: Andreas Rogert


text:
Richard Warren
King
Swainswick
Winchester
St. George's Hospital, London
Surgeons' Company
Percivall Pott
philippic
Court of Assistants
Surgeon-General
King
John Hunter
Everard Home
Henry Cline
House of Lords
Thurlow
Bath

paragraph: John Gunning

paragraph: John Gunning (1734–1798), was an English surgeon.

paragraph: He married, in 1768, Dorothy, sister of Richard Warren, Physician to the King.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Gunning was born at Swainswick and educated at Winchester. He was the assistant surgeon to St. George's Hospital, London, from 21 January 1760 to 4 January 1765, and full surgeon from that date till his death. In 1773 he was elected Steward of Anatomy by the Surgeons' Company, but paid a fine rather than serve. In 1789 he was elected Examiner on the death of Percivall Pott, and in the same year he was chosen Master of the Company, and signalised his year of office by a firm effort to reform its administration and reorganise its work.

paragraph: His attack upon the expensive system of dinners of the courts of assistants and of examiners, and his philippic on retiring from office on 1 July 1790, as recorded by South, show that he could be fearlessly outspoken.

paragraph: The Court of Assistants appointed a committee to consider the question, and numerous reforms were effected. In 1790 Gunning was appointed the first professor of surgery; but he soon resigned on the plea that it occupied too much of his time, and no new appointment was made. Gunning had been appointed Surgeon-General of the army in 1793, on the death of John Hunter; he was also senior Surgeon Extraordinary to the King.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with John Hunter.

paragraph: Gunning was in general opposed to his colleague at St. George's, John Hunter, who was frequently overbearing to his professional brethren, and appeared to them to neglect the proper business of a surgeon for unpractical pursuits. The quarrel rose to a great pitch when a surgeon was elected in succession to Charles Hawkins (1750-1816), who had resigned. Thomas Keate (1745-1821) was supported by Gunning, and Everard Home by Hunter, and after a sharp contest Keate was elected. A dispute ensued about fees for surgical lectures, which led to a controversy between Gunning, senior surgeon, supported by two of his colleagues, and Hunter (see the account in Drewry Ottley, "Life of John Hunter", pp. 126-132). It ended in John Hunter's dramatically sudden death on 16 Oct. 1793, immediately after being flatly contradicted by one of his colleagues, apparently Gunning.

paragraph: Section::::The sale of Surgeon's Hall.

paragraph: In 1796 it was determined to sell the Surgeons' Hall on account of the expense attending its repair; but on 7 July Gunning, on behalf of the committee, reported that as no one had bid within £200 of the price set upon it, it had been bought in. At the same court Henry Cline was elected a member of the Court of Assistants, in the absence of a governor (one having just died, and the other being blind and paralysed in Warwickshire). This voided the charter. A bill brought into parliament in 1797 to indemnify the company, and to give it greater power over the profession, after passing the commons, was lost in the House of Lords by the influence of Thurlow, owing, it is said, to a grudge against Gunning. Thurlow having said, "There's no more science in surgery than in butchery" (a remark apparently prompted by his brother's death while undergoing treatment by Hunter). Gunning had retorted: "Then, my lord, I heartily pray that your lordship may break your leg, and have only a butcher to set it".

paragraph: Gunning died at Bath on 14 Feb. 1798, leaving five children.

description: British doctor

wikidata_label: John Gunning

wikipedia_title: John Gunning


text: William Burges

text: gesamtkunstwerk

text: suffragette

text: St Catharine's College, Cambridge

text: Bryanston School

text: Second World War

text: conscientious objector

text: epileptic

text: Lingfield

text: art therapy

text: Modernism

text: Wyndham Lewis

text: Victorian

text: Edwardian

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: William Burges

text: First World War

text: Pugin

text: Ruskin

text: William Morris

text: Joseph Mordaunt Crook

text: Eastlake

text: Smirke

text: Country Life

text: Mark Girouard

text: Victoria & Albert Museum

text: Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery

text: The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum

text: Joseph Mordaunt Crook

categories: Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge,Suicides in England,British architecture writers,British architectural historians,British conscientious objectors,1971 deaths,People educated at Bryanston School,1916 births

paragraph: Charles Handley-Read

paragraph: Charles Handley-Read (1916 – 15 October 1971) was an architectural writer and collector and the first serious 20th century student of the work of William Burges, "a pioneer in Burges studies who was the first to assess the historical brilliance of Burges as "gesamtkunstwerk" architect and designer."

paragraph: Handley-Read was born in 1916 to a father who was a magazine illustrator and military artist and a mother who, beside being one of the first qualified female doctors and dentists, was a militant suffragette. In the thirties, he went up to St Catharine's College, Cambridge to read architecture, and upon graduation became art master at his old school, Bryanston School. His career was interrupted by Second World War service as a conscientious objector, during which he worked at the epileptic colony at Lingfield, developing art therapy for children.

paragraph: On the resumption of his career, Handley-Read's architectural passion was Modernism and in 1951 he completed his monograph on ""The Art of Wyndham Lewis."" However, the subsequent, and very different, course of his life was set when, in 1952, he saw the Exhibition of Victorian and Edwardian Decorative Arts at the Victoria and Albert Museum.

paragraph: Following the exhibition, and his marriage to the devotee of Victorian sculpture Lavinia Stainton, Handley-Read "pinned all his hopes and dreams on one central, all-consuming passion: the work of William Burges." In the period between the First World War and the 1960s Victorian architecture reached its nadir of appreciation; "at best an unhappy interlude between Neo-Classicism and Modernism; at worst a period of grotesque bad taste, associated with religious cranks like Pugin and Socialist crackpots like Ruskin and William Morris." The desire for, and consequently the prices of, the Victorian decorative arts were therefore at an all-time low. Handley-Read and his wife, aided by a considerable inheritance, began to collect on an increasingly gargantuan scale. But whilst his collection expanded, his ability to write about the works he bought did not: "A lifetime spent struggling to write produced just seventeen articles." Accepting his own inability to undertake Burges's biography, Handley-Read wrote to a friend, Joseph Mordaunt Crook; "Now look. You have just edited Eastlake's "Gothic Revival"...with complete success. You are well soaked in John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute. You know all about Smirke...why not do William Burges?...partnership is less than I am looking for. I want to hand the job over."

paragraph: On 15 October 1971, Handley-Read committed suicide, followed by Lavinia on 9 December the same year. In an article in "Country Life" in March 1972, Mark Girouard, the architectural historian and close friend to both, wrote of his visits to their London home to view their collection. Of Charles and Lavinia, Girouard recalled "two highly strung, vulnerable and complicated people who for 18 years had supported each other". Their collection of Victorian artefacts was broken up at sale. Many pieces were bought by major museums such as the Victoria & Albert Museum and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, as well as private collectors. The largest part of the collection to stay together was the 200 plus pieces purchased by The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum, Bedford, including William Burges's own bed and dressing table.

paragraph: Handley-Read's notes on William Burges were passed to Joseph Mordaunt Crook and became the basis of his seminal work on Burges, "William Burges and the High Victorian Dream".

description: Architectural writer and collector

wikidata_label: Charles Handley-Read

wikipedia_title: Charles Handley-Read