text: Yogācāra

text: Xuanzang

text: Chang'an

text: Giant Wild Goose Pagoda

text: Daci'en Temple

text: Sanskrit

text: Abhidharma

text: Cheng weishi lun

text: Vasubandhu

text: Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā

text: Cheng weishi lun shuji

text: Dasheng Fayuan yilin chang

text: Faxiang School

text: Paramārtha

text: Dharmapāla

text: Diamond Sūtra

text: Heart Sūtra

text: Lotus Sūtra

text: Yogācārabhūmi

categories: Tang dynasty Buddhist monks,632 births,682 deaths,Founders of Buddhist sects

paragraph: Kuiji

paragraph: Kuījī (; 632–682), also known as Ji (), an exponent of Yogācāra, was a Chinese monk and a prominent disciple of Xuanzang. His posthumous name was Cí'ēn dàshī (), The Great Teacher of Cien Monastery, after the Daci'en Temple or Great Monastery of Compassionate Grace, which was located in Chang'an, the main capital of the Tang Dynasty. The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda was built in Daci'en Temple in 652. According to biographies, he was an orphan who became a monk as a teenager and was sent to the imperial translation bureau headed by Xuanzang, from whom he later would learn Sanskrit, Abhidharma, and Yogācāra.

paragraph: Kuiji collaborated closely with Xuanzang on the "Cheng weishi lun", a redacted translation of commentaries on Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā. Kuiji's commentaries on the former text, the "Cheng weishi lun shuji", along with his original treatise on Yogācāra, the "Dasheng Fayuan yilin chang" (; "Essays on the Forest of Meanings in the Mahāyāna Dharma Garden") became foundations of the Faxiang School, the dominant school of Yogācāra thought in East Asia. He is accordingly considered the founder of this school which differed notably from Paramārtha's earlier Chinese Yogācāra system. Kuiji is also known for his commentaries on Dharmapāla's Yogācāra philosophy.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Commentaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amitābha and Maitreya Sūtras

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diamond Sūtra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heart Sūtra (). Translated by Shih and Lusthaus (2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lotus Sūtra (Fahua xuanzan, "Profound Panegyric to the Lotus Sūtra")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra ()

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Buddhist logic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhist logic - Great Commentary on the Nyayapravesa ()

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Commentaries specific to Yogacara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madhyāntavibhāga ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sthiramati's Commentary on Asaṅga's Abhidharmasamuccaya ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasubandhu's Twenty Verses (Viṃśatikā) ())

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasubandhu's One Hundred Dharmas Treatise ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yogācārabhūmi ()

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shih, Heng-Ching & Lusthaus, Dan. (2006) "A Comprehensive Commentary on the Heart Sutra (Prajnaparamita-hyrdaya-sutra)". Numata Center for Buddhist Translation & Research.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lusthaus, Dan (undated). "Quick Overview of the Faxiang School" (). Source:  (accessed: December 12, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katsura, Shoryu (2014). The Theory of Apoha in Kuiji’s "Cheng weishi lun Shuji" (Katsura, Shoryu). In Lin, Chen-kuo , Radich, Michael (eds), A Distant Mirror - Articulating Indic Ideas in Sixth and Seventh Century Chinese Buddhism, Hamburg Buddhist Studies vol. 3, Hamburg University Press. pp. 101-120

description: Chinese monk

wikidata_label: Kuiji

wikipedia_title: Kuiji


text: jazz

text: Jackson, Mississippi

text: alto saxophone

text: clarinet

text: Detroit

text: Alexandria, Louisiana

text: Tampa, Florida

text: New York City

text: Ernie Fields

text: Washington, DC

text: Central Avenue

text: Los Angeles

text: Charlie Parker

text: Roy Milton

text: Wynonie Harris

text: Vince Guaraldi

text: Joe Castro

text: Ernie Andrews

text: Dexter Gordon

text: The Duel

text: Houston Person

text: 100 Club

text: Dick Morrissey

text: Benny Goodman

text: Disneyland

text: 1964 New York World's Fair

text: Tom Waits

text: Dexter Gordon

text: Leo Parker

text: Wardell Gray

text: Vivien Garry

text: Arv Garrison

text: Dodo Marmarosa

text: Barney Kessel

text: Slim Gaillard

text: Metrojazz

text: Joe Castro

text: split album

text: Sonny Rollins

text: It's About Time

text: Les McCann

text: Sunset Eyes

text: Pacific Jazz

text: Blue Note

text: Teddy's Ready!

text: Contemporary

text: Back to Avalon

text: Together Again!!!!

text: Howard McGhee

text: Good Gravy!

text: Heart & Soul

text: Nothin' But the Truth!

text: Prestige

text: It's All Right!

text: Feelin's

text: Muse

text: The Inimitable Teddy Edwards

text: Xanadu

text: Young at Heart

text: Storyville

text: Wise in Time

text: Out of This World

text: SteepleChase

text: Good Gravy

text: Timeless

text: Mississippi Lad

text: Verve/Gitanes

text: Tom Waits

text: Blue Saxophone

text: Tango in Harlem

text: Horn to Horn

text: Houston Person

text: Close Encounters

text: HighNote

text: Midnight Creeper

text: Sunset Eyes 2000

text: Saskia Laroo

text: Ladies Man

text: Smooth Sailing

text: Frank Butler

text: Wheelin' and Dealin'

text: Joe Castro

text: Groove Funk Soul

text: Sonny Criss

text: Sonny's Dream (Birth of the New Cool)

text: Richard "Groove" Holmes

text: Get Up & Get It!

text: Pat Martino

text: Welcome Home

text: Milt Jackson

text: That's the Way It Is

text: Just the Way It Had to Be

text: Memphis Jackson

text: King Pleasure

text: Original Jazz Classics

text: Hank Jones

text: Ain't Misbehavin'

text: Julie London

text: Feeling Good

text: Liberty

text: Shelly Manne

text: My Son the Jazz Drummer!

text: Les McCann

text: Les McCann Sings

text: McCann/Wilson

text: Gerald Wilson

text: Howard McGhee

text: Freddie Redd

text: Everybody Loves a Winner

text: Max Roach

text: Clifford Brown

text: Jimmy Smith

text: Bluesmith

text: Verve

text: Leroy Vinnegar

text: Leroy Walks!

text: Gerald Wilson

text: Leroy Walks Again!!

text: Gerald Wilson

text: You Better Believe It!

text: Moment of Truth

text: Portraits

text: On Stage

text: Feelin' Kinda Blues

text: The Golden Sword

text: Teddy Edwards

text: Interview with Teddy Edwards

categories: Bebop saxophonists,Cool jazz saxophonists,Blue Note Records artists,Contemporary Records artists,American male saxophonists,20th-century male musicians,Muse Records artists,20th-century saxophonists,Musicians from Jackson, Mississippi,Jazz musicians from Mississippi,Hard bop saxophonists,HighNote Records artists,SteepleChase Records artists,2003 deaths,American jazz tenor saxophonists,Timeless Records artists,West Coast jazz saxophonists,Xanadu Records artists,20th-century American musicians,1924 births,Antilles Records artists

paragraph: Teddy Edwards

paragraph: Theodore Marcus Edwards (April 26, 1924 – April 20, 2003) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Edwards was born in Jackson, Mississippi. He learned to play at a very early age, first on alto saxophone and then clarinet.

paragraph: His uncle sent for him to come to Detroit to live because he felt opportunities were better. Due to illness in the family, he went back to Jackson and ventured to Alexandria, Louisiana. He was persuaded by Ernie Fields to join his band after going to Tampa, Florida. Teddy had planned to go to New York City, but Ernie Fields convinced him he could get there by way of Washington, DC, if he worked with his band. Teddy ended up at the "Club Alabam" on Central Avenue in Los Angeles, which later became his city of residence.

paragraph: Teddy Edwards played with many jazz notables, including his personal friend Charlie Parker, Roy Milton, Wynonie Harris, Vince Guaraldi, Joe Castro and Ernie Andrews. A classic 1947 recording with Dexter Gordon, "The Duel", helped set him up as a legend, a status he liked to maintain by challenging other worthy sax players to similar duels whenever possible, including a recording with Houston Person. One such "memorable" duel took place in the 1980s at London's 100 Club with British tenor Dick Morrissey.

paragraph: In 1964, Edwards played with Benny Goodman at Disneyland, and at the 1964 New York World's Fair.

paragraph: Edwards performed and recorded with Tom Waits. He toured with him on the Heart Attack and Vine tour and played to a packed Victoria Apollo in London with Waits and a bassist (the drummer had apparently been left behind after some dispute). The 1991 album "Mississippi Lad" features two tracks with Waits, and Waits covers the Edwards-written ballad "Little Man" on his "" collection.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader/co-leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 "The Foremost!" – with Dexter Gordon (Onyx #201; shared various artists LP with Leo Parker and Wardell Gray)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 "Central Avenue Breakdown, Vol. 1" (Onyx #212; shared various artists LP with Vivien Garry/Arv Garrison and Dodo Marmarosa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 "Central Avenue Breakdown, Vol. 2" (Onyx #215; shared various artists LP with Barney Kessel and Slim Gaillard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 "Sonny Rollins at Music Inn/Teddy Edwards at Falcon's Lair" (Metrojazz) with Joe Castro - split album featuring Sonny Rollins tracks

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 "It's About Time" (Pacific Jazz) with Les McCann

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 "Sunset Eyes" (Pacific Jazz; reissued on Blue Note)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 "Teddy's Ready!" (Contemporary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 "Back to Avalon" (Contemporary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 "Together Again!!!!" – with Howard McGhee (Contemporary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 "Good Gravy!" (Contemporary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 "Heart & Soul" (Contemporary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 "Nothin' But the Truth!" (Prestige)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 "It's All Right!" (Prestige)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "Feelin's" (Muse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 "The Inimitable Teddy Edwards" (Xanadu)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Young at Heart" (Storyville) with Howard McGhee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Wise in Time" (Storyville) with Howard McGhee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 "Out of This World" (SteepleChase)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Good Gravy" [live] (Timeless)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 "Mississippi Lad" (Verve/Gitanes) featuring Tom Waits

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "Blue Saxophone" (Verve/Gitanes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "" (Verve/Gitanes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Tango in Harlem" (Verve/Gitanes) - released 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Horn to Horn" (Muse) with Houston Person - released 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Close Encounters" (HighNote) with Houston Person - released 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 "Midnight Creeper" (HighNote)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "Sunset Eyes 2000" (Laroo) with Saskia Laroo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Ladies Man" (HighNote)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "The Legend of Teddy Edwards" (Cope) - soundtrack

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "Smooth Sailing" (HighNote) - released 2003

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Frank Butler

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wheelin' and Dealin'" (Xanadu, 1978)

paragraph: With Joe Castro

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Groove Funk Soul" (Atlantic, 1960)

paragraph: With Sonny Criss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonny's Dream (Birth of the New Cool)" (Prestige, 1968)

paragraph: With Richard "Groove" Holmes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Up & Get It!" – includes Pat Martino on guitar (Prestige, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Welcome Home" (World Pacific, 1968)

paragraph: With Milt Jackson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's the Way It Is" (Impulse!, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just the Way It Had to Be" (Impulse!, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memphis Jackson" (Impulse!, 1969)

paragraph: With King Pleasure

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Days" (HiFi Jazz, 1960; reissued on Original Jazz Classics)

paragraph: With Hank Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ain't Misbehavin'" (Galaxy, 1978)

paragraph: With Julie London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feeling Good" (Liberty, 1965)

paragraph: With Shelly Manne

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Son the Jazz Drummer!" (Contemporary, 1962)

paragraph: With Les McCann

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les McCann Sings" (Pacific Jazz, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McCann/Wilson" (Pacific Jazz, 1964) with the Gerald Wilson Orchestra

paragraph: With Howard McGhee

paragraph: BULLET::::- "West Coast 1945-1947" (Uptown, 2014)

paragraph: With Freddie Redd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everybody Loves a Winner" (Milestone, 1990)

paragraph: With Max Roach and Clifford Brown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Max Roach and Clifford Brown In Concert" (Gene Norman Presents, 1954; reissued on GNP Crescendo)

paragraph: With Jimmy Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bluesmith" (Verve, 1972)

paragraph: With Leroy Vinnegar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leroy Walks!" – includes Gerald Wilson on trumpet (Contemporary, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leroy Walks Again!!" (Contemporary, 1963)

paragraph: With Gerald Wilson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Better Believe It!" (Pacific Jazz, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moment of Truth" (Pacific Jazz, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portraits (Pacific Jazz, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Stage" (Pacific Jazz, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feelin' Kinda Blues" (Pacific Jazz, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Sword" (Pacific Jazz, 1966)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teddy Edwards at The A-1 Artists Agency.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Teddy Edwards

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Teddy Edwards

wikipedia_title: Teddy Edwards


text:
Flushing, New York
Miss Connecticut
Groucho Marx
You Bet Your Life
Gidget
Batman
The Monkees
Jack Lemmon
Under the Yum Yum Tree
Tony Dow
Never Too Young
Village of the Giants
Johnny Crawford
Cool Hand Luke
Jeff Gourson
Walt Disney Studios
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit
Let's Rock
Mad Dog Coll
Under the Yum Yum Tree
Roustabout
Young Dillinger
The Loved One
Village of the Giants
A Guide for the Married Man
Cool Hand Luke
Angel in My Pocket
The Beverly Hillbillies
My Three Sons
Burke's Law
Gidget
Batman
Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.
Bewitched
The Rounders
Occasional Wife
That Girl
The Monkees
Love, American Style
The Odd Couple
Thicker Than Water

categories: American beauty pageant contestants,Actresses from New York City,American television actresses,1940 births,American bakers,American film actresses,Living people

paragraph: Joy Harmon

paragraph: Joy Patricia Harmon (born May 1, 1940) is a baker and former American actress.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Joy Patricia Harmon was born in Flushing, New York. She and her family moved to Connecticut in 1946. A Miss Connecticut, Harmon was a contestant during the last season of Groucho Marx's television program "You Bet Your Life" (titled "The Groucho Show" during its last season), and later a regular on Marx's program "Tell It to Groucho" (credited as "Patty Harmon"). She guest-starred on several 1960s TV series, including "Gidget", "Batman", and "The Monkees". She appeared in a cameo role as blonde Ardice in the Jack Lemmon comedy "Under the Yum Yum Tree" in 1963. She had a role as Tony Dow's girlfriend in the 1965–66 television soap opera "Never Too Young".

paragraph: Harmon's best-remembered acting roles are as the 30-foot-tall (9 m) Merrie in "Village of the Giants" (1965, in which she captures normal-sized Johnny Crawford and suspends him from her bikini top), and as the car-washing Lucille in "Cool Hand Luke" (1967) with her purportedly 41–22–36. measurements.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Harmon was married to film editor and producer Jeff Gourson from 1968 to 2001, raising three children. For a time, a son worked at Walt Disney Studios. She later established a bakery, Aunt Joy's Cakes, in Burbank, California.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Films roles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit" (1956) - Minor Role (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let's Rock" (1958) - Pickup Girl

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mad Dog Coll" (1961) - Caroline

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Yum Yum Tree" (1963) - Ardice (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roustabout" (1964) - College Girl (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Dillinger" (1965) - Nelson's Girl

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Way Wahine" (1965) - Kit Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Loved One" (1965) - Miss Benson (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Village of the Giants" (1965) - Merrie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Guide for the Married Man" (1967) - Party Girl in Bar (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cool Hand Luke" (1967) - Lucille, The Girl

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angel in My Pocket" (1969) - Miss Holland

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Television roles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Beverly Hillbillies" (1963) - Kitty

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Three Sons" (1964) - Joanne Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burke's Law" (1964-1965) - Barbara Sue / Belle Sue Walsh

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gidget" (1965) - Blonde Girl Dancing / Midge (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Batman" (1966) - Julia Davis (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." (1966) - Barbara

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bewitched" (1966) - Francie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rounders" (1966) - Rosetta

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Occasional Wife" (1967) - Model

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Girl" (1967) - Miss Bridges

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monkees" (1967) - Zelda / Cashier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love, American Style" (1972) - Rosalie (segment "Love and the Secret Habit")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Odd Couple" (1972) - Waitress

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thicker Than Water" (1973) - (final appearance)

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Joy Harmon

wikipedia_title: Joy Harmon


text:
Tang Dynasty
Emperor Gaozong
Empress Wu
Wu Zetian
Emperor Zhongzong
crown prince
Wu Chengsi
Wu Sansi
chancellor
Di Renjie
Luoyang
coup
Empress Wei
Li Chongmao
Princess Taiping
Li Longji
Li Chengqi
Emperor Xuanzong
Taishang Huang
Emperor Gaozong
Empress Wu
Hengshui
Hebei
Hohhot
Inner Mongolia
calligraphy
Luoyang
Princess Liu
Li Zhe
Crown Prince
empress dowager
regent
empress
Li Chengqi
Empress Zetian
Chang'an
Wu Chengsi
Li Jingye
Li Ji
chancellor
Pei Yan
Suo Yuanli
Zhou Xing
Lai Junchen
Liu Yizhi
Li Zhen
Li Chong
Zhou Dynasty
Wu Sansi
Cen Changqian
Ge Fuyuan
Li Zhaode
lady in waiting
concubine
Lai Junchen
An Jinzang
Di Renjie
Wang Fangqing
Wang Jishan
Ji Xu
Zhang Yizhi
Zhang Changzong
Princess Taiping
Wu Youji
Eastern Tujue
Ashina Mochuo
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Wu Youning
Wei Yuanzhong
Xi'an
Shaanxi
Zhang Jianzhi
Cui Xuanwei
Huan Yanfan
Jing Hui
Yuan Shuji
Three Excellencies
Li Chongjun
Empress Wei
Li Chongrun
Princess Anle
Xiao Zhizhong
Consort Shangguan Wan'er
Li Chongmao
Wei Wen
Zong Chuke
Cui Riyong
Li Longji
Zhong Shaojing
Liu Youqiu
Confucian
chancellor
Liu Youqiu
Yao Yuanzhi
Song Jing
Yuncheng
Shanxi
Li Shouli
Li Xián
Beijing
Xi
Taishang Huang
Dou Huaizhen
Cen Xi
Cui Shi
Lu Xiangxian
Xue Ji
Emperor Gaozu
gastrodia elata
Guo Yuanzhen
eunuch
Gao Lishi
Liu Rengui
Pei Yan
Guo Daiju
Cen Changqian
Wei Xuantong
Liu Jingxian
Wei Hongmin
Wang Dezhen
Liu Yizhi
Wu Chengsi
Li Jingchen
Qian Weidao
Shen Junliang
Cui Cha
Wei Fangzhi
Wei Siqian
Pei Judao
Su Liangsi
Wei Daijia
Zhang Guangfu
Wang Benli
Fan Lübing
Xing Wenwei
Wu Youning
Wei Anshi
Tang Xiujing
Li Jiao
Su Gui
Zhang Renyuan
Zhang Xi
Pei Tan
Cen Xi
Liu Youqiu
Zhong Shaojing
Li Longji
Li Rizhi
Xue Ji
Yao Yuanzhi
Wei Sili
Xiao Zhizhong
Zhao Yanzhao
Cui Shi
Cui Riyong
Song Jing
Li Chengqi
Guo Yuanzhen
Zhang Shuo
Dou Huaizhen
Lu Xiangxian
Wei Zhigu
Li Zhi
Empress Zetian
Empress Suming
Li Longji
Cui clan of Qinghe
Xue Ji
Deep in the Realm of Conscience
Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
Old Book of Tang
New Book of Tang
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi,8th-century Chinese monarchs,Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang,Emperors from Xi'an,7th-century Chinese monarchs,Politicians from Xi'an,Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi,Chancellors under Emperor Shang of Tang,Tang dynasty generals at war against the Göktürks,Tang dynasty emperors,662 births,716 deaths

paragraph: Emperor Ruizong of Tang

paragraph: Emperor Ruizong of Tang (22 June 662 – 13 July 716), personal name Li Dan, also known at times during his life as Li Xulun, Li Lun, Wu Lun, and Wu Dan, was the fifth and ninth emperor of Tang Dynasty. He was the eighth son of Emperor Gaozong and the fourth son of Emperor Gaozong's second wife Empress Wu (During the first period, he did not rule the, and the entire government In the hands of to his mother, Empress Wu, later as Wu Zetian Is known Was).

paragraph: In February 684, Li Dan's mother Empress Wu demoted his older brother Emperor Zhongzong (Li Xian) who had attempted to rule free of his mother, and named him emperor (as Emperor Ruizong). Emperor Ruizong, however, was a puppet under control of his mother and did not have any real power. In October 690 he ceded the imperial throne to his mother, who installed herself as empress regnant – the only woman in Chinese history ever to rule as empress regnant. Emperor Ruizong was reduced to the position of crown prince, with the unconventional title of "Huangsi" (皇嗣, "imperial successor"). In the following years, Empress Wu's nephews Wu Chengsi and Wu Sansi tried to have one of them named heir to the throne, but Wu Zetian resisted these calls. Eventually, in October 698, faced with foreign invasion and dissatisfaction at home, Empress Wu accepted the suggestion of the chancellor Di Renjie and recalled the exiled Li Xian to the capital Luoyang. Soon, Li Dan offered to yield the position of crown prince to his elder brother, and Li Xian became crown prince instead.

paragraph: In 705, a coup overthrew Wu Zetian and restored Emperor Zhongzong to the throne. The five years of Emperor Zhongzong's reign were dominated by Zhongzong's empress consort, Empress Wei. In the beginning of July 710, Emperor Zhongzong died, allegedly poisoned by Empress Wei who then named Zhongzong's youngest son Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen emperor (as Emperor Shang). A mere two weeks later, Li Dan's sister Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince of Linzi launched a coup which resulted in the death of Empress Wei. Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's brother Li Chengqi the Prince of Song then persuaded Li Dan to take the throne himself, and he agreed, returning to the throne in Emperor Shang's stead. Li Longji, although not the oldest son, was made crown prince on account of his accomplishments.

paragraph: Soon, however, tensions between Princess Taiping, who had many supporters, and Li Longji mounted. Eventually, in September 712, Emperor Ruizong, believing that astrological signs called for a change of emperors, abdicated in favor of Li Longji (as Emperor Xuanzong). However, at Princess Taiping's suggestion, Emperor Ruizong, now carrying the title of "Taishang Huang" (retired emperor), continued to wield actual power. However, in 713, suspecting Princess Taiping of planning a coup, Emperor Xuanzong acted first, killing her associates and forcing her to commit suicide. After the death of Princess Taiping, Emperor Ruizong himself yielded imperial powers to Emperor Xuanzong and left the governmental scene. He died in 716.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Li Xulun was born in 662, as the youngest son of Emperor Gaozong and his second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian). Later that year, he was created the Prince of Yin. In 664, he was nominally made the commandant at Ji Prefecture (冀州, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei) and the Chanyu Protectorate General (headquarters in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia). It was said that, as he grew, he became known for humility, the love for his siblings, and talent in calligraphy. In 666, his title was changed to Prince of Yu. In 669, his title was changed to Prince of Ji, and his name was changed from Xulun to Lun. In 675, his title was changed to Prince of Xiang. In 678, his title was changed back to Prince of Yu, and his name was further changed to Li Dan. He was also made the prefect of Luo Prefecture (洛州), the prefecture containing the eastern capital Luoyang. Sometime between 676 and 679, he married his wife Princess Liu.

paragraph: Emperor Gaozong died in 683 and was succeeded by Li Dan's older brother Li Zhe the Crown Prince (as Emperor Zhongzong), but Empress Wu retained power as empress dowager and regent. In 684, when Emperor Zhongzong displayed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with Li Dan (as Emperor Ruizong), but wielded power even more firmly. Indeed, she housed Emperor Ruizong in a different palace and did not let him meet the imperial officials or give input on affairs of state. Emperor Ruizong's wife Princess Liu was created empress, while her son Li Chengqi was created crown prince.

paragraph: Section::::First reign and regent Empress Zetian.

paragraph: Soon after Emperor Ruizong took the throne, Empress Dowager Wu carried out a major renaming of governmental offices and banners. She, who disliked the capital Chang'an, also elevated Luoyang's status, making it a co-equal capital with Chang'an. She further, at the suggestion of her nephew Wu Chengsi, built an ancestral temple for five generations of her ancestors and had Emperor Ruizong posthumously create them princes.

paragraph: In fall 684, Li Jingye the Duke of Ying (the grandson of the deceased general Li Ji), started a rebellion against Empress Dowager Wu at Yang Prefecture, seeking the restoration of Emperor Zhongzong. Empress Dowager Wu, in response, sent the general Li Xiaoyi (李孝逸), assisted by the generals Li Zhishi (李知十) and Ma Jingchen (馬敬臣) to suppress Li Jianye's rebellion, and Li Xiaoyi quickly did so. Meanwhile, believing the chancellor Pei Yan to be undermining her authority, she executed Pei under accusation of treason and demoted a large number of officials and generals who dared to speak in Pei's defense, later executing some of them.

paragraph: In 686, Empress Dowager created a number of bronze boxes designed to encourage secret reports of crimes. She also began to retain a group of secret police officials to carry out torture and interrogation of people suspected of opposing her rule, including Suo Yuanli, Zhou Xing, and Lai Junchen. On one occasion, she offered to return imperial authorities to Emperor Ruizong, but Emperor Ruizong knew that she was not actually intending to do so, and therefore declined. She thereafter resumed exercising imperial powers.

paragraph: Emperor Ruizong had largely stayed out of political matters during these years, but he made an exception in 687, when Empress Dowager Wu believed the chancellor Liu Yizhi, who had previously served on his staff when he was a prince, whom she had trusted and promoted, to have turned against her in favoring that she return imperial authorities to Emperor Ruizong. She had Liu accused of corruption and arrested, and Emperor Ruizong personally wrote a petition to request her to spare Liu—which, however, as Liu observed, had the opposite effect, and she ordered Liu to commit suicide.

paragraph: In 688, fearing that Empress Dowager Wu was using a ceremony to worship the god of the Luo River (洛水, flowing near Luoyang) as an excuse to summon them to Luoyang to slaughter them, the imperial princes considered rebellion, and one was launched by Emperor Ruizong's uncle Li Zhen the Prince of Yue and Li Zhen's son Li Chong the Prince of Langye, claiming that Emperor Ruizong was under arrest and needed to be rescued. However, both Li Zhen and Li Chong were quickly defeated; Li Chong was killed in battle, while Li Zhen committed suicide. Empress Dowager Wu used this opportunity to carry out a major purge of senior imperial Li clan members, including Emperor Ruizong's granduncles Li Yuanjia (李元嘉) the Prince of Han and Li Lingkui (李靈夔) the Prince of Lu.

paragraph: In 690, Empress Dowager Wu received a number of petitions that she take the throne herself, and Emperor Ruizong also submitted such a petition. She accepted, and she took the throne as "empress regnant," establishing a new Zhou Dynasty and interrupting Tang Dynasty. She demoted Emperor Ruizong to the position of crown prince (with the unusual title "Huangsi" (皇嗣)), and changed his name back to Lun. She further had him take her family name of Wu.

paragraph: Section::::During Wu Zetian's reign.

paragraph: Despite the fact that Wu Zetian created Li Dan crown prince, she considered creating one of her nephews, Wu Chengsi the Prince of Wei or Wu Sansi the Prince of Liang crown prince, and a petition drive for Wu Chengsi to be created crown prince reached its peak in 691. The chancellors Cen Changqian and Ge Fuyuan were even executed for opposing it, but Wu Zetian never did carry out the change, and when the leader of the petition drive, Wang Qingzhi (王慶之) was caned to death by the official Li Zhaode, the petition drive dissipated.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in 693, Wu Zetian's lady in waiting Wei Tuan'er (韋團兒), who was resentful of Li Dan for reasons lost to history, falsely accused Li Dan's wife Crown Princess Liu and concubine Consort Dou of witchcraft, and Wu Zetian killed Crown Princess Liu and Consort Dou. In fear of offending Wu Zetian, Li Dan did not dare to mourn either and continued to behave normally. When Wei Tuan'er tried to further falsely accuse Li Dan, someone in turn reported her activities to Wu Zetian, and Wu Zetian executed her. Still, thereafter, Li Dan's sons were demoted in rank and kept under secure watch. Later in 693, the officials Pei Feigong (裴匪躬) and Fan Yunxian (范雲仙) were executed on account of meeting Li Dan secretly, and there were accusations that Li Dan was planning to rebel against Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian ordered that the officials not be allowed to meet Li Dan, and further arrested his servants to interrogate them. The secret police official Lai Junchen tortured Li Dan's servants, and many of them, unable to stand up to the torture, considered falsely implicating Li Dan. One of them, An Jinzang, however, cut his own belly open and proclaimed Li Dan's innocence. When Wu Zetian heard this, she sent imperial doctors to save An, and, impressed by An's willingness to die to show Li Dan's innocence, ended the investigation against Li Dan.

paragraph: In 698, after Wu Zetian had, at the encouragement of the chancellors Di Renjie, Wang Fangqing, and Wang Jishan, as well as her close associate Ji Xu and lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, recalled Li Zhe from exile, Li Dan offered to yield the crown prince position to Li Zhe. Wu Zetian agreed, and created Li Zhe crown prince (changing his name initially back to Li Xian and then Wu Xian) and Li Dan the Prince of Xiang.

paragraph: In 699, Wu Zetian, in fear that after her death that Li Xian and the Wu clan princes would not be able to coexist peacefully, had Li Xian, Li Dan, their sister Princess Taiping, her husband Wu Youji (Wu Zetian's nephew), and the other Wu clan princes swear an oath to each other and read the oaths to the gods. The oaths were then carved on iron and kept in the imperial archives. Later that year, the restrictions on his and Li Xian's sons were lifted, and they were allowed to live outside the palace.

paragraph: In 701, when there was an incursion by the Eastern Tujue khan Ashina Mochuo, Li Dan was put in command of an army to defend against the attack, but before the army could be launched, Ashina Mochuo withdrew. Subsequently, Li Dan was nominally put in charge of the imperial guards.

paragraph: In 702, Wu Zetian put Li Dan in command of an army and made the prefect of Bing Prefecture (并州, roughly modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), with Wu Sansi, Wu Youning, and Wei Yuanzhong as his assistants, apparently preparing to attack Eastern Tujue, but the army was never launched. Later that year, she had Li Xian, Li Dan, and Princess Taiping submit formal petitions to have Zhang Changzong created a prince. She then formally rejected the petitions, but created Zhang Changzong and Zhang Yizhi dukes.

paragraph: In 703, Li Dan was made the prefect of Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), the prefecture that included Chang'an.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign.

paragraph: In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup led by Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Huan Yanfan, Jing Hui, and Yuan Shuji. (Yuan was Li Dan's secretary general, and during the coup, Yuan's responsibility was to safeguard Li Dan, suggesting, but not proving, that Li Dan might have known about the coup plans.) Li Xian was restored to the throne, and he gave Li Dan the special title of "Anguo Xiangwang" (安國相王), literally "the Prince of Xiang who pacified the state." Emperor Zhongzong also gave Li Dan the title of "Taiwei" (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies) and made him a chancellor with the designation of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin" (同中書門下三品). Li Dan declined both honors, and Emperor Zhongzong then offered to create him heir apparent, which Li Dan declined as well. Emperor Zhongzong subsequently created his son Li Chongjun crown prince.

paragraph: In 707, Li Chongjun, who was not born of Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei (her only son Li Chongrun having been killed by Wu Zetian), was angry that Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle and her husband Wu Chongxun (武崇訓, Wu Sansi's son) repeatedly insulted him and were trying to persuade Emperor Zhongzong to create Li Guo'er crown princess to displace Li Chongjun, rose in rebellion and killed Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun. His subsequent attack on the palace, however, was repelled, and he was killed in flight. Some of his followers implicated Li Dan and Princess Taiping after they were arrested and interrogated. Emperor Zhongzong initially had the imperial censor Xiao Zhizhong put in charge of investigating Li Dan and Princess Taiping, but at Xiao's earnest urging stopped the investigation.

paragraph: In 708, when Li Guo'er married again, to Wu Yanxiu (武延秀), Li Dan was the ceremonial protector of her litter.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Shang's reign and regent Empress dowager Wei.

paragraph: On 3 July 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning carried out by Empress Wei and Li Guo'er, so that Empress Wei could be Empress Regnant like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could be crown princess. Under a will drafted for Emperor Zhongzong by Princess Taiping and Emperor Zhongzong's concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er, Emperor Zhongzong's son by another concubine, Li Chongmao would be named emperor, with Empress Wei serving as empress dowager and regent, but with Li Dan as co-regent. This plan, however, was opposed by and ultimately altered at the suggestions of Empress Wei's cousin Wei Wen and Zong Chuke. After Li Chongmao took the throne (as Emperor Shang), Empress Wei became empress dowager and regent, while Li Dan only received an entirely ceremonial title of senior advisor to the crown prince (太子太師, "Taizi Taishi") – as there was no crown prince at the time.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Empress Dowager Wei's party viewed Li Dan and Princess Taiping as threats and considered eliminating them. One of her partisans, Cui Riyong, was fearful of what would happen if the plan failed, and therefore informed the plan to Li Dan's son (by Consort Dou) Li Longji the Prince of Linzi. Li Longji responded by conspiring with Princess Taiping, Princess Taiping's son Xue Chongjian (薛崇簡), as well as several low level officials close to him – Zhong Shaojing, Wang Chongye (王崇曄), Liu Youqiu, and Ma Sizong (麻嗣宗) – to act first. Meanwhile, Empress Wei's nephews Wei Bo (韋播) and Gao Song (高嵩), who had recently been put in command of imperial guards and who had tried to establish their authority by dealing with the guards harshly, had alienated the guards, and the guard officers Ge Fushun (葛福順), Chen Xuanli (陳玄禮), and Li Xianfu (李仙鳧) thereafter also joined the plot.

paragraph: Without first informing Li Dan, the conspirators rose on 21 July, first killing Wei Bo, Gao, and Empress Wei's cousin Wei Gui (韋璿). They then attacked the palace. When Empress Dowager Wei panicked and fled to an imperial guard camp, a guard beheaded her. Li Guo'er, Wu Yanxiu, and the powerful lady in waiting Lady Helou were killed as well. Li Longji soon slaughtered a number of officials in Empress Dowager's faction as well as her clan, while displaying Empress Dowager Wei's body on the street. Li Dan took over as regent, but at the urging of Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Chengqi, Li Dan soon took the throne from Emperor Shang and again became emperor. Emperor Shang was reduced in rank back to Prince of Wen.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.

paragraph: Emperor Ruizong was immediately faced with the issue of whom to make crown prince—as Li Chengqi, as the oldest son overall and the oldest son of his wife, was the appropriate heir under Confucian principles of succession, but Li Longji had been the one whose accomplishments had allowed him to retake the throne. He hesitated. Li Chengqi declined consideration to be crown prince—stating to his father:

paragraph: Li Chengqi wept and begged to yield for several days, and after further persuasion by the chancellor Liu Youqiu – who had been part of Li Longji's coup plans—Emperor Ruizong agreed, and created Li Longji crown prince. Li Longji submitted a petition offering to yield to Li Chengqi, but Emperor Ruizong rejected it.

paragraph: Emperor Ruizong reversed many of Emperor Zhongzong's actions and posthumously honored many people who lost their lives during the reigns of Wu Zetian and Emperor Zhongzong. He further removed thousands of officials that Emperor Zhongzong had commissioned at the recommendations of powerful courtiers, without having been submitted for examination by the examination (門下省, "Menxia Sheng") and legislative (中書省, "Zhongshu Sheng") bureaus of government, as was proper. Meanwhile, though, with Emperor Ruizong considered meek, the court was dominated by two competing factions—of Princess Taiping and Li Longji. Indeed, it was said that whenever chancellors brought proposals to Emperor Ruizong, Emperor Ruizong would ask them whether they had consulted Princess Taiping and Li Longji, and only act if the chancellors had consulted them. Princess Taiping, finding Li Longji to be not receptive to her influences, began to spread news of offenses by Li Longji, hoping that he would eventually be removed. In 711, the chancellors Yao Yuanzhi and Song Jing tried to defuse the situation by having Princess Taiping sent to Pu Prefecture (蒲州, roughly modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) and the two princes with arguable better claims on the throne than Li Longji—Li Chengqi and Li Shouli the Prince of Bin (whose father Li Xián (note different tone than Emperor Zhongzong) was an older brother to both Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong) – out of the capital to serve as prefectural prefects, but after their plan was discovered by Princess Taiping, she angrily complained, and was recalled to the capital along with Li Chengqi and Li Shouli. Yao and Song, credited with reforming the civil service system, were demoted, and it was said that thereafter, the civil service system became as confused as it was during Emperor Zhongzong's reign.

paragraph: In 712, the general Sun Quan (孫佺), the commandant at You Prefecture (幽州, roughly modern Beijing), aggressively attacked the Xi chieftain Li Dabu (李大酺), and was defeated by Li Dabu, at the loss of nearly the entire army.

paragraph: Later in 712, Princess Taiping had astrologers warn Emperor Ruizong that the constellation that symbolized the imperial throne, "Dizuo" (帝座), showed that there would be a change in the emperor's position—believing that Emperor Ruizong would suspect Li Longji of plotting a coup and that she could remove Li Longji this way. Instead, Emperor Ruizong, reasoning that the change in the emperor's position could be accounted by an orderly transition, offered to pass the throne to Li Longji. Princess Taiping fervently opposed it, and Li Longji initially declined, but at Emperor Ruizong's insistence finally accepted and took the throne (as Emperor Xuanzong). However, at Princess Taiping's suggestion, Emperor Ruizong retained much of the imperial power as "Taishang Huang" (retired emperor), and his edicts continued to carry greater force than Emperor Xuanzong's.

paragraph: Section::::As retired emperor.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Princess Taiping continued to be highly influential in governmental matters through Emperor Ruizong, and most chancellors were her associates. (Of the seven chancellors at the time, five – Dou Huaizhen, Xiao Zhizhong, Cen Xi, Cui Shi, and Lu Xiangxian – were made chancellors at her recommendation, although Lu was not considered a member of her party.) Liu Youqiu and the general Zhang Wei (張暐), with Emperor Xuanzong's approval, planned to mobilize the imperial guards to kill several of those chancellors—Dou, Cui, and Cen However, after Zhang told the plan to the imperial censor Deng Guangbin (鄧光賓), the news was leaked. Liu was arrested, and initially set to be executed. Emperor Xuanzong interceded on his behalf with Emperor Ruizong, and Liu, Zhang, and Deng were spared but exiled.

paragraph: Later in 712, Emperor Ruizong decreed that Emperor Xuanzong lead a group of soldiers to examine the northern border. However, the group of conscripted soldiers was disbanded in spring 713, and the plan was never carried out.

paragraph: By summer 713, it was said that Princesses Taiping, Dou, Cen, Xiao, Cui; along with other officials Xue Ji, Li Jin (李晉) the Prince of Xinxing (a grandson of Li Deliang (李德良), a cousin of Tang's founder Emperor Gaozu), Li You (李猷), Jia Yingfu (賈膺福), Tang Jun (唐晙); the generals Chang Yuankai (常元楷), Li Ci (李慈), and Li Qin (李欽); and the monk Huifan, were plotting to overthrow Emperor Xuanzong. It was further said that they discussed, with the lady in waiting Lady Yuan to poison the "gastrodia elata" that Emperor Xuanzong routinely took as an aphrodisiac. When this alleged plot was reported to Emperor Xuanzong by Wei Zhigu, Emperor Xuanzong, who had already received advice from Wang Ju (王琚), Zhang Shuo, and Cui Riyong to act first, did so. He convened a meeting with his brothers Li Fan (李範) the Prince of Qi, Li Ye (李業) the Prince of Xue, Guo Yuanzhen, along with a number of his associates—the general Wang Maozhong (王毛仲), the officials Jiang Jiao (姜皎) and Li Lingwen (李令問), his brother-in-law Wang Shouyi (王守一), the eunuch Gao Lishi, and the military officer Li Shoude (李守德)—and decided to act first. On 29 July, Emperor Xuanzong had Wang Maozhong take 300 soldiers to the imperial guard camp to behead Chang and Li Ci. Then, Jia, Li You, Xiao, and Cen were arrested and executed as well. Dou fled into a canyon and committed suicide by hanging. Xue Ji was forced to commit suicide. When Emperor Ruizong heard about this, he quickly ascended the tower at Chengtian Gate (承天門) to ascertain what was happening. Guo reported to him Emperor Xuanzong's intentions, and Emperor Ruizong felt compelled to affirm Emperor Xuanzong's actions in an edict. The next day, Emperor Ruizong issued an edict transferring all authorities to Emperor Xuanzong and moved to a secondary palace, Baifu Hall (百福殿). Meanwhile, Princess Taiping, hearing what happened to her associates, fled into a temple in the mountains, only appearing three days later. Emperor Xuanzong ordered her to commit suicide at home, and put to death her sons and associates, except for Xue Chongjian. It was said that when Emperor Ruizong was at Baifu Hall, the only person who attended to him regularly was Emperor Xuanzong's daughter Princess Shouchun.

paragraph: In 716, Emperor Ruizong died at Baifu Hall. He was enshrined into the imperial temple, along with Emperor Xuanzong's mother Consort Dou, who was posthumously honored an empress. Emperor Xuanzong had his daughter Princess Wan'an become a Taoist nun to seek blessings for Emperor Ruizong.

paragraph: Section::::Chancellors during reign.

paragraph: Section::::Chancellors during reign.:First reign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Rengui (684–685)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Yan (684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guo Daiju (684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cen Changqian (684–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Xuantong (684–689)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Jingxian (684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Hongmin (684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Dezhen (684–685)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Yizhi (684–687)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wu Chengsi (684, 685, 689–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Jingchen (684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qian Weidao (684–685, 688)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shen Junliang (684–685)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Cha (684–685)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Fangzhi (684–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Siqian (685–687)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Judao (685–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Liangsi (685–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Daijia (685–689)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Guangfu (687–689)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Benli (688–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan Lübing (689–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xing Wenwei (689–690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wu Youning (690)

paragraph: Section::::Chancellors during reign.:Second reign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Anshi (710, 711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang Xiujing (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Jiao (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Gui (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Renyuan (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Xi (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Tan (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cen Xi (710, 712)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Youqiu (710–711, 711–712)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhong Shaojing (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Longji (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Rizhi (710–711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xue Ji (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yao Yuanzhi (710–711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Sili (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Zhizhong (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Yanzhao (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Shi (710, 711–712)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Riyong (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Jing (710–711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Chengqi (710)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guo Yuanzhen (711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Shuo (711)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dou Huaizhen (711, 712)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lu Xiangxian (711–712)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Zhigu (711–712)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Zhi, Gaozong (; 628–683)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zetian, of the Wu clan (; 624–705), personal name Zhao ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Suming, of the Liu clan of Pengcheng (; d. 693)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xian, Emperor Rang (; 679–742), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Shouchang (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Cui Zhen of Boling ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Dai (; 689–734), personal name Hua (), fourth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zheng Wanjun of Xingyang, Duke Xingyang () in 705, and had issue (two sons, four daughters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zhaocheng, of the Dou clan of Henan (; d. 693), second cousin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Longji, Xuanzong (; 685–762), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Jinxian (; 689–732), eighth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yuzhen (; d. 762), personal name Chiying (), ninth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guifei", of the Cui clan of Qinghe (; d. 691)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Fan, Crown Prince Huiwen (; 686–726), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xi (; 689–725), seventh daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xue Jing of Hedong, Duke Fenyin (; 689–720), and had issue (four sons, five daughters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zheng Xiaoyi of Xingyang () in 720

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Defei", of the Wang clan of Taiyuan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ye, Crown Prince Huixuan (; 686–734), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Huaiyang (; 686–704), personal name Huashan (), third daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Chengqing of Langya, Duke Linyi (; d. 717) in 702, and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Liang (; 687–724), personal name Nou (), fifth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xue Boyang of Hedong, Duke Anyi (; d. 713), a son of Xue Ji, and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wen Xi () in 713, and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Liu clan of Hedong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Hui, Crown Prince Huizhuang (; d. 724), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Longti, Prince Sui" (; 692–702), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Anxing Zhaohuai" (; d. 692), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xue ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Shouyi of Taiyuan, Duke Qi (; d. 723), and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Pei Xun of Hedong, Duke Wei (; 672–726) in 723

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married, and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Huo (; d. 756)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Pei Xuji of Hedong ()

paragraph: Section::::In fiction and popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Lee Lung Kei in Deep in the Realm of Conscience (2018)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Chinese emperors family tree (middle)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Book of Tang", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Book of Tang", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , , , .

alias:
Li Si
Li Xulun
Wu Lun
Li Dan
Lǐ Dàn
Wu Dan
Dasheng zhen huangdi
Ruizong
Li Lun

description: emperor of the Tang Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Ruizong of Tang

wikipedia_title: Emperor Ruizong of Tang


text:
Liberty
Peace Dollar
Anthony de Francisci
Naples, Italy
Clinton, Massachusetts
Clinton High School
United States Commission of Fine Arts
silver dollar
Chester Beach
Victor David Brenner
John Flanagan
Henry Hering
Hermon Atkins MacNeil
Adolph Alexander Weinman
obverse
Liberty

categories: Numismatics,1898 births,People from Naples,1990 deaths

paragraph: Teresa de Francisci

paragraph: Teresa Cafarelli de Francisci (May 4, 1898 – October 20, 1990) is best known as the model for the depiction of Liberty on the obverse of the Peace Dollar and as the wife of artist Anthony de Francisci.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: De Francisci was born Mary Teresa Cafarelli in a town south of Naples, Italy. When she was four years old, she and her mother emigrated to the United States. She was raised in Clinton, Massachusetts, graduating from Clinton High School in 1918. De Francisci was the first person of Italian descent to graduate the school. She married Anthony de Francisci in 1920. Anthony de Francisci died on October 20, 1964. Terese de Francisci died exactly 26 years later, on October 20, 1990, at the age of 92.

paragraph: Section::::Peace dollar model.

paragraph: In 1921, the United States Commission of Fine Arts held a contest in order to determine who would design the new silver dollar that was to be issued as a commemorative of peace. The coin was slated to go into production later that year. Eight sculptors were invited to take part. The artists invited were Chester Beach, Victor David Brenner, Anthony de Francisci, John Flanagan, Henry Hering, Hermon Atkins MacNeil and Adolph Alexander Weinman. De Francisci's design was eventually chosen. As winner of the contest, de Francisci was awarded $1,500; the other seven participants were awarded $100 for their entries.

paragraph: Due to time constraints, de Francisci was unable to schedule a professional model to pose for the obverse depiction of Liberty. Instead, he opted to model his depiction of Liberty on his wife. In describing his technique, he stated "I opened a window of my studio and let the wind blow on her hair while she was posing for me." The sculptor later stated that though his wife was the model for the coin, it did not depict a perfect likeness. In remarks published by the "Minneapolis Tribune" in 1922, de Francisci states that "the Liberty is not a photograph of Mrs. de Francisci. It is a composite face and in that way typifies something of America." The Peace dollar officially went into production on December 29, 1921. The coin was minted yearly from 1921 to 1928, and again in 1934 and 1935.

description: American numismaticist

wikidata_label: Teresa de Francisci

wikipedia_title: Teresa de Francisci


text:
American football
safety
undrafted free agent
college football
Oklahoma State
Cypress Falls High School
Oklahoma State University
wide receiver
starter
Kansas City Chiefs
practice squad
safety
DaJuan Morgan
injured reserve
Kansas City Chiefs bio

categories: Kansas City Chiefs players,People from Houston,1987 births,American football wide receivers,Oklahoma State Cowboys football players,American football safeties,Players of American football from Texas,Living people

paragraph: Ricky Price

paragraph: Ricky Earl Price (born September 16, 1987) is a former American football safety. He was signed by the Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2009 and played for the Chiefs in the 2009 and 2010 season. He played college football at Oklahoma State.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Price attended Cypress Falls High School in Houston, graduated in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Price attended Oklahoma State University, where he played wide receiver for his first two seasons, and became a full-time starter at safety his junior and senior years.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: The Kansas City Chiefs signed Price to their practice squad on October 28, 2009. He was promoted to the active roster on December 26 after safety DaJuan Morgan was placed on injured reserve. Price spent the majority of the 2010 season on the practice squad before being activated in December. Price was waived on September 3, 2014 during the final roster cutdowns.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kansas City Chiefs bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Ricky Price

wikipedia_title: Ricky Price


text:
Buyid
Kerman
Fars
Iraq
'Adud al-Dawla
Baghdad
Marzuban
title
Taj al-Dawla
Diya' al-Dawla
Basra
Khuzestan
Fakhr al-Dawla
Ray
Samanids
Khorasan
Oman
Fuladh ibn Manadhar
Daylamite
Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh
caliph
Kurd
Diyarbakr
Baha' al-Dawla

categories: Buyid dynasty,980s deaths,Medieval Iraq,Year of birth uncertain,10th-century rulers in Asia,History of Fars Province

paragraph: Sharaf al-Dawla

paragraph: Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris () (c. 960-September 7, 988 or September 6, 989) was the Buyid amir of Kerman and Fars (983-988/9), as well as Iraq (987-988/9). He was the eldest son of 'Adud al-Dawla.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: When Kerman was conquered by his father in 968, Shirdil was appointed as viceroy to that province. For some time after 977 he resided in Baghdad, but was then sent back to Kerman. As the eldest son, Shirdil regarded himself as the successor to his father; 'Adud al-Dawla's apparent preference for his second son Marzuban therefore made him hostile toward his brother. 'Adud al-Dawla never definitively named a successor by the time of his death in 983. Marzuban (now Samsam al-Dawla) took power in Baghdad as senior amir, but Shirdil also laid his claims to the succession, and from Kerman he invaded and captured Fars.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Shirdil, who now used the title "Sharaf al-Dawla" (), soon found his position surrounded by enemies. In the west, Samsam al-Dawla ruled in Baghdad, while two more of his brothers, Taj al-Dawla and Diya' al-Dawla, were in control of Basra and Khuzestan. To the north, Fakhr al-Dawla ruled in Ray. The next few years were spent by Sharaf al-Dawla fighting against all of these individuals. He provided support to the Samanids when Fakhr al-Dawla attempted to wrest Khorasan from them. Despite this, the rulers of Basra and Khuzestan soon acknowledged Fakhr al-Dawla as senior amir, making the latter the most powerful of the Buyids.

paragraph: Despite this turn of events, Sharaf al-Dawla was able to expand his position. He recovered Buyid Oman, which had earlier seceded to Samsam al-Dawla. In early 986 he captured Basra and Khuzestan, forcing the two brothers to flee to Fakhr al-Dawla's territory. He then took on Samsam al-Dawla; by May or June 986 the latter recognized Sharaf al-Dawla as senior amir. Sharaf al-Dawla probably intended to invade Fakhr al-Dawla's realm, but Iraq soon slipped into anarchy and he was forced to intervene there. He entered Baghdad in 987, deposed Samsam al-Dawla and imprisoned him along with his official Fuladh ibn Manadhar in Fars. He also had the Daylamite officer Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh executed. In July of that year the caliph proclaimed him as senior amir.

paragraph: Sharaf al-Dawla's next planned to subdue the Kurd Badr ibn Hasanwayh, who had taken over Diyarbakr during Samsam al-Dawla's reign and was an ally of Fakhr al-Dawla. The campaign failed, and not long afterwards Sharaf al-Dawla died, either in 988 or 989. He had managed to mostly preserve 'Adud al-Dawla's empire, but the Buyids of Ray under Fakhr al-Dawla had become effectively independent. He was succeeded by his brother Baha' al-Dawla, but Samsam al-Dawla escaped from prison and captured Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan.

description: Buyid amir of Kerman and Fars

wikidata_label: Sharaf al-Dawla

wikipedia_title: Sharaf al-Dawla


text: medieval

text: bishop

text: Lucca

text: Italy

text: Investiture Controversy

text: Matilda

text: countess

text: Tuscany

text: Emperor

text: Henry IV

text: papacy

text: Pope Alexander II

text: Mantua

text: Pope Alexander II

text: Bishop of Lucca

text: Germany

text: Emperor Henry IV

text: temporal

text: investiture

text: Pope Gregory VII

text: Benedictine

text: Cluniac

text: canons of his cathedral

text: Guibert, Antipope Clement III

text: Matilda of Tuscany

text: Arno

text: vita

text: Canossa

text: Benzo of Alba

text: Pope Victor III

text: papal legate

text: Lombardy

text: Antipope Clement III

text: Emperor Henry IV

text: Gregorian reform

text: Gratian

text: Justinian

text: Novellae

text: patron saint

text: Pope Victor III

text: "Catholic Encyclopedia"

text: Matilda of Tuscany:

text: Sant'Anselmo a Mantova

categories: 1086 deaths,People from Milan,Medieval Italian saints,11th-century Italian writers,Italian cardinals,1036 births,Investiture Controversy,11th-century Christian saints,Bishops of Lucca,Cardinal-nephews,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,11th-century jurists

paragraph: Anselm of Lucca

paragraph: Saint Anselm of Lucca (; ; 1036 – March 18, 1086), born Anselm of Baggio (""), was a medieval bishop of Lucca in Italy and a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy amid the fighting in central Italy between Matilda, countess of Tuscany, and Emperor Henry IV. His uncle Anselm preceded him as bishop of Lucca before being elected to the papacy as Pope Alexander II; owing to this, he is sometimes distinguished as or

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Mantua, and was educated there in grammar and dialectic. Anselm was a nephew of Anselm of Lucca the Elder, who became Pope Alexander II in 1061 and who designated Anselm to succeed him in his former position as Bishop of Lucca (1071) and sent him to Germany advising him to take investiture from Emperor Henry IV. Alexander II, may have elevated him to the cardinalate ca. 1062.

paragraph: Anselm went to Germany, but was loath to receive the insignia of spiritual power from a temporal ruler and returned without investiture. In 1073, Pope Gregory VII, again appointed Anselm Bishop of Lucca, but advised him not to accept investiture from Henry IV. For some reason, Anselm did so this time, but soon felt such remorse that he resigned his bishopric, and entered the Benedictine Order at Padilirone, a Cluniac monastery near Mantua.

paragraph: Gregory VII ordered him to return to Lucca, and he reluctantly obeyed, but continued to lead the life of a monk. In the years 1077–79, he accepted the transfer of several castles from Countess Matilda, in preparation for Henry's expected campaign, which was carried out in 1081–84. Meanwhile, he attempted to impose stricter monastic discipline upon the canons of his cathedral. Most of the canons refused to submit to the new regulations. Anselm was expelled from Lucca around 1080, with the help of Emperor Henry and Guibert, Antipope Clement III, after the defeat of the papal defender, the Countess Matilda of Tuscany at the Battle of Volta Mantovana (October 1080). Anselm fled first to the shelter of Moriana, an episcopal stronghold only a few miles up the Arno from Lucca— accompanied by Bardo, a priest who later wrote his "vita"—then retired to Canossa as spiritual guide to Countess Matilda. Bishop Benzo of Alba, Henry IV's fiercely partisan supporter, tells how Matilda and Anselm stripped the monasteries to send gold and silver to Gregory in Rome. Because through his prayers was obtained the rout of the enemies of Gregory VII, he is represented before an army in confusion.

paragraph: Some time later Pope Victor III made him papal legate to Lombardy, with authorization to rule over all the dioceses which had been left without bishops due to the conflict between pope and emperor.

paragraph: Anselm was well versed in scripture and wrote some important works attacking lay investiture and defending Pope Gregory against Antipope Clement III and Emperor Henry IV. He spent his last years assembling a collection of ecclesiastical law canons in 13 books, which formed the earliest of the collections of canons ("Collectio canonum") supporting the Gregorian reforms, which afterwards were incorporated into the well-known "Decretum" of the jurist Gratian. The "Collectio canonum" most notably revived the Justinian’s "Novellae", which set the basis for Roman law in the middle ages.

paragraph: Anselm died in Mantua on March 18, 1086, and is regarded as the patron saint of that city. Two biographies were written about the bishop-saint shortly after his death: Pseudo-Bardone’s "Vita Anselmi episcopi Lucensis" and Bishop Rangerius of Lucca’s, "Vita metrica of S. Anselmi lucensis episcopi." Anselm was canonized by Pope Victor III in 1087.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia": St Anselm of Lucca, the Younger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Projekt PseudoIsidor: Die Sammlung Anselms von Lucca (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda of Tuscany: material concerning Anselm of Lucca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sant'Anselmo a Mantova (Italian)

alias:
Anselmo da Baggio
Anselmo II di Lucca
Anselmo da Badagio

description: Catholic cardinal and saint

wikidata_label: Anselm of Lucca

wikipedia_title: Anselm of Lucca


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
Stanley Cup
Toronto Blueshirts
Seattle Metropolitans
Victoria Cougars
Pacific Coast Hockey Association
Hockey Hall of Fame
Minesing, Ontario
National Hockey Association
1914 Stanley Cup Finals
1917 Stanley Cup Finals
1919 Stanley Cup Finals
influenza epidemic
1920 Stanley Cup Finals
Western Canada Hockey League
1925 Stanley Cup Finals
1926 Stanley Cup Finals
National Hockey League
Detroit Cougars
Detroit Olympics
Canadian Professional Hockey League
Syracuse Stars
Bronx Tigers
North West Hockey League
Hockey Hall of Fame
Seattle, Washington

categories: Hockey Hall of Fame inductees,Stanley Cup champions,People from Simcoe County,Canadian ice hockey coaches,1891 births,Ice hockey people from Ontario,1966 deaths,Seattle Metropolitans players,Detroit Cougars players,Canadian ice hockey forwards,Toronto Blueshirts players

paragraph: Frank Foyston

paragraph: Frank Corbett "The Flash" Foyston (February 2, 1891 – January 19, 1966) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Foyston was a member of Stanley Cup championship teams with the Toronto Blueshirts in 1914, the Seattle Metropolitans in 1917, and the Victoria Cougars in 1925. While with the Metropolitans, he twice led the Pacific Coast Hockey Association in goals. After his retirement from playing, Foyston became a minor league head coach. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Foyston was born in Minesing, Ontario, in 1891. From 1908 to 1910, he played for the Barrie Athletic Club in the OHA Jr. league. In 1908–09, he scored 17 goals in 6 games. In 1910–11, Foyston played for the Barrie Athletic Club in the OHA Sr. league and scored 14 goals in 6 games. The following season, he played for the Toronto Eaton's, scoring 15 goals in 6 games in the regular season and 5 goals in 4 games in the playoffs.

paragraph: Section::::Toronto Blueshirts.

paragraph: Foyston began his professional hockey career with the National Hockey Association's Toronto Blueshirts in 1912–13. In his first season with Toronto, he scored 8 goals in 16 games. The following year, he scored 16 goals in 19 regular season games and 1 goal in 2 playoff games to help the Blueshirts win the NHA championship. In the 1914 Stanley Cup Finals against the PCHA's Victoria Cougars, Foyston scored two goals, including the series-clincher for Toronto. The following season, he had 13 goals and 9 assists in 20 games.

paragraph: Section::::Seattle Metropolitans.

paragraph: At the beginning of the 1915–16 season, Foyston signed with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, where he would play for nine seasons, leading the league in goals twice. In his first season with Seattle, he had 13 points in 18 games. The following season, he had 36 goals and 12 assists in 24 games. Seattle played in the 1917 Stanley Cup Finals against the Montreal Canadiens, and Foyston had 7 goals and 3 assists to help the Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup in four games. It was the first time an American team had won the Cup. At the end of the season, Foyston was voted the "Champion All-Around Hockey Player" in the PCHA.

paragraph: In 1918–19, Foyston scored 15 goals in 18 regular season games and 3 goals in 2 playoff games, as Seattle advanced to the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals against the Canadiens. Foyston scored 9 goals in 5 games before the series was abandoned due to the influenza epidemic. The Stanley Cup was not awarded that year. The following season, in 1919–20, Foyston scored 26 goals in 22 regular season games and 3 goals in 2 playoff games, as Seattle advanced to the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals. In the Finals, he had 6 goals in 5 games.

paragraph: Section::::Victoria and Detroit.

paragraph: Foyston played with Seattle until 1924. After the franchise folded, he signed with the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League. In 1924–25, he had 11 points in 27 regular season games and 2 points in 4 playoff games. In the 1925 Stanley Cup Finals against the Canadiens, he scored 1 goal in 4 games to help the Cougars become the last non-NHL team to win the Cup. He played in the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals the following year but had no points. The Victoria franchise was purchased by the National Hockey League's Detroit Cougars, and Foyston played for the team during the next two seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: In 1928–29, Foyston was a player-coach for the Detroit Olympics of the Canadian Professional Hockey League. He had 24 points in 42 regular season games and led the team to a 27-10-5 record. His playing career ended after the season. In 1930–31, he coached the Syracuse Stars, and in 1931–32, he coached the Bronx Tigers. Foyston then coached the Seattle Seahawks of the North West Hockey League for the next few years. In 1934–35, he led the Seahawks to a 20-9-3 record and a first-place finish, but the team lost in the playoffs.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Foyston is one of 11 players who have won Stanley Cups with three or more different franchises. He was capable of playing well at center, left wing, and right wing, and rover, and in 1958, he was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Foyston died in Seattle, Washington, in 1966.

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Frank Foyston

wikipedia_title: Frank Foyston


text: Emperor Ninkō

text: concubine

text: Hashimoto Tsuneko

text: Emperor Kōmei

text: waka

text: Emperor Ninkō

text: Hashimoto Tsuneko

text: Tokugawa Iemochi

text: Tokugawa Iesato

text: Prince Arisugawa Taruhito

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: rōjū

text: Andō Nobumasa

text: Kuze Hirochika

text: kuge

text: naishinnō

text: han

text: Tenshō-in

text: bakufu

text: Chōshū Expedition

text: Tokugawa Iesato

text: rōjū

text: Tenshō-in

text: Meiji Restoration

text: surrender of Edo Castle

text: Emperor Meiji

text: Katsu Kaishū

text: beriberi

text: Zōjō-ji

text: Minato, Tokyo

text: photographic plate

text: Tokugawa Iemochi

text: Prince Arisugawa Taruhito

text: Harvard University Press

text: OCLC 48943301

text: Satow

categories: Japanese Buddhist nuns,Tokugawa clan,Japanese Buddhists,Japanese princesses,19th-century Japanese people,19th-century Japanese women,1877 deaths,1846 births

paragraph: Princess Kazu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her birth name was Chikako. She was the eighth and youngest daughter of Emperor Ninkō and his concubine, Hashimoto Tsuneko – renamed Kangyō'in (観行院) after she took the tonsure. She was the younger half-sister of Emperor Kōmei. A few months before her birth, her father, Emperor Ninkō, died unexpectedly. Born on 1 August 1846, her official birth date was changed to 10 May because the actual birth date was a bad omen date, and a double bad omen with the death of her father a few months before.

paragraph: She was known as an excellent calligrapher and she was also highly regarded as a "waka" poet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Emperor Ninkō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Hashimoto Tsuneko (1825–1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husband: Tokugawa Iemochi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted son: Tokugawa Iesato

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage.

paragraph: In 1851, Chikako was engaged to Prince Arisugawa Taruhito (有栖川宮熾仁親王). However, this engagement was subsequently broken when the Imperial court needed someone for a political marriage with the Tokugawa shogunate. Such a marriage had been arranged

paragraph: by the "rōjū" Andō Nobumasa and Kuze Hirochika in order to foster reconciliation between the Imperial court and the shogunate, but the original candidate for the marriage died in 1861. Subsequently, the Shogunate petitioned the court for a royal marriage between Princess Kazu and Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi.

paragraph: Initially, Princess Kazu refused, and her brother Emperor Kōmei declined the shogunate request stating that Kazu was already engaged and did not want to leave Kyoto, and that, like any woman in Japan, his own sister could not be compelled to marry anyone she did not wish to marry, even by Imperial order. However, the proposal was taken up enthusiastically by a number of people, including Princess Kazu's mother and uncle as well as several prominent kuge at the Imperial court, who persuaded both the Emperor and Princess Kazu to acquiesce to the request. Eventually Emperor Kōmei was persuaded to accept the proposal if, in return, the shogunate would repudiate the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States, and return to the previous isolationist policy.

paragraph: It was then resolved that if Princess Kazu continued to refuse to accept the marriage, Emperor Kōmei would abdicate, another member of the Imperial family would be chosen instead, and that Princess Kazu would have to become a nun. Under pressure from her family, unwilling to be responsible for Emperor Kōmei's abdication and threatened with the monastery, Princess Kazu finally agreed, but gave several conditions including demands that her lifestyle in Edo would remain the same as in Kyoto and that she would be able to return to Kyoto on the anniversaries of her father's death. Emperor Kōmei would also add the conditions that the Shogunate must deliver on its promises on foreign affairs, work out a strategy to improve the livelihood of artisans unable to compete with cheap foreign imports, and that Princess Kazu's conditions must be met. Emperor Kōmei would then make his sister a "naishinnō".

paragraph: In 1862, Chikako, her mother Kangyō-in, and her chief attendant Niwata Tsuguko moved to Edo Castle with a number of attendants. Due to concerns over attacks by those against the Tokugawa shogunate's policies, security forces from dozens of hans were mobilised to protect the procession. In addition, rumours that the support in the court for Princess Kazu's unprecedented marriage was the result of Tokugawa bribery and scheme to hold an Imperial Princess hostage led Emperor Kōmei to send Iwakura Tomomi to safeguard the court's interests. Iwakura would force the "shōgun" to put a vow of loyalty to paper before returning to Kyoto.

paragraph: The marriage ceremony was held on 11 February 1862. This ceremony differed from that of all previous Tokugawa "shōguns": having been made a "naishinnō" by her brother before leaving Kyoto, Kazu now outranked her husband as well as her mother-in-law, Tenshō-in. Furthermore, Princess Kazu retained the customs of the Imperial palace, which caused considerable friction with Lady Tenshō-in. However, she apparently enjoyed such a good relationship with her husband that they are usually called the closest couple out of all the Tokugawa "shōguns", and Iemochi only once took a concubine, which the princess gave him permission to do. Eventually Tenshō-in would reconcile with Princess Kazu, and the "bakufu" submitted to her order to address her as "Kazu-no-Miya-sama", as opposed to the traditional "Midai-sama".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Buddhist nun.

paragraph: A series of tragedies hit Princess Kazu between 1865 and 1867. Her mother, who followed her to Edo to keep her company, died on 10 August 1865, followed by her husband "shōgun" Iemochi, who died in Osaka while commanding the Chōshū Expedition on 20 July 1866. She became a Buddhist nun, receiving the title of Seikan'in-no-miya

paragraph: (静寛院宮) on 9 December 1866, but just a few weeks later her brother Emperor Komei would also pass away.

paragraph: The death of Shogun Iemochi put an end to their very short marriage, and the couple did not have any children. When Iemochi's will to have Tokugawa Iesato succeed him arrived in Edo, the "rōjū" consulted her and Tenshō-in, voicing opposition to having someone so young as "shōgun" during such turbulent times, Seikan'in and Tenshō-in instead supported Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who would become the last Tokugawa Shogun. However their relationship quickly turned sour as public opinion turned against Yoshinobu.

paragraph: During the Meiji Restoration, Seikanin and Tenshō-in helped negotiate for the peaceful surrender of Edo Castle by restraining extremists of both sides. They were therefore instrumental in maintaining the lineage of the Tokugawa family. After the shogunal surrender, Seikanin briefly returned to Kyoto. But after Emperor Meiji moved the capital to Tokyo (the former Edo), he and her uncle persuaded Seikanin to join them there.

paragraph: Seikan'in arrived in Tokyo in 1874 and she took up residence in the home of Katsu Kaishū, in the mansion in Azabu ichibei-cho. She remained there until her death in 1877 of beriberi, at the young age of 31. Her grave is at Zōjō-ji, in Minato, Tokyo. After World War II, her tomb was excavated for reburial. A photographic plate of a man in traditional hitatare and a tachieboshi was found on her person. The image on the plate disappeared the following day, however, perhaps due to improper handling. As a result, the identity of the male is unknown. Although it is generally believed to have been of her husband, Tokugawa Iemochi, it has also been suggested that it could have been of her former fiancé, Prince Arisugawa Taruhito.

paragraph: The body of Iemochi was found. An old tradition was if the husband died, his wife would cut a piece of her hair, and the hair would be buried with her husband, but the hair that was buried with Iemochi was not Kazunomiya's.

paragraph: There is a legend that Princess Kazu gave one of her ladies-in-waiting to Iemochi as a concubine, named Sachi. Sachi followed the "shōgun" to Kyoto and Osaka, but one year after Iemochi's death, Sachi was murdered by a samurai from Satsuma who believed her to be Princess Kazu.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan Encyclopedia". Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satow, Ernest Mason and Baba Bunyei. (1905). "Japan 1853–1864, or, Genji Yume Monogatari", Tokyo: Naigai shuppan kyokai.

alias:
Princess Kazu
和宮親子内親王
Kazunomiya
Chikako
Lady Seikan'in no miya
Lady Seikan'in
Seikan'in
Seikanin
Kazu
Kazu-no-miya
Chikako naishinnō
Princess Chikako
Seikan-in
Imperial Princess Chikako
Kazunomiya Chikako-naishinnō
Kazu-no-miya Chikako-naishinno
Kazu-no-miya Chikako-naishinnou

description: Japanese princess

wikidata_label: Kazu-no-miya Chikako-naishinnō

wikipedia_title: Princess Kazu


text:
ice hockey
National Hockey League
Detroit Red Wings
1929
1944
forward
defenceman
Stanley Cup
1935–36
1936–37
1942–43
Syd Howe as team captain
Hart Trophy
1939–40 season
Gordie Howe
Sid Abel
Sergei Fedorov
American Hockey League
Chicago Black Hawks
Saskatoon Sheiks
Western Canada Hockey League
Ottawa Montagnards
Ottawa City Hockey League
Detroit Olympics
Herbie Lewis
Larry Aurie
1930–31 season
Howie Morenz
1940
Jack Adams
St. Louis Flyers
American Hockey League
Charlie Conacher
Chicago Black Hawks
1950–51
1951–52
Hockey Hall of Fame
Sarasota, Florida
NHL Second All-Star Team
1935–36
NHL First All-Star Team
1936–37
1939–40
Hart Trophy
1939–40
Hockey Hall of Fame
Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame
Michigan Sports Hall of Fame

categories: Hockey Hall of Fame inductees,Sportspeople from Ottawa,Chicago Blackhawks coaches,Stanley Cup champions,Detroit Falcons players,1985 deaths,Detroit Red Wings players,Detroit Cougars players,1906 births,Hart Memorial Trophy winners,Canadian ice hockey defencemen

paragraph: Ebbie Goodfellow

paragraph: Ebenezer Robertson "Poker Face" Goodfellow, "Ebbie" for short, (April 9, 1907 – September 10, 1985) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Goodfellow played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for fourteen seasons with the Detroit Red Wings from 1929 to 1944 as both a forward and defenceman. Goodfellow helped the Red Wings win three Stanley Cups, back to back in 1935–36 and 1936–37, and another in 1942–43. He was captain of the Wings for five seasons, including winning the first Red Wings MVP as a defenseman in 1939-40. He played on the team until 1942 when he was succeeded by Syd Howe as team captain. Goodfellow was the first Red Wing to have won the NHL's Hart Trophy (MVP) for the 1939–40 season. Goodfellow was the first Red Wing to receive this award and one of only four Red Wings in history to win the Hart; the other three being six-time winner Gordie Howe, Sid Abel (1949) and Sergei Fedorov (1994). After retiring from playing, Goodfellow coached in the American Hockey League (AHL) and later with the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

paragraph: Section::::Hockey career.

paragraph: While still a junior, Goodfellow signed a contract with the professional Saskatoon Sheiks of the Western Canada Hockey League on December 25, 1924. When Saskatoon called him up in December 1926, he refused to report and played senior hockey with the Ottawa Montagnards of the Ottawa City Hockey League instead. While playing in Ottawa, his professional rights were traded to Detroit Olympics of the AHL for $4,000 in February 1927. Goodfellow remained in Ottawa and was a member of the Montagnards' 1927–28 senior championship team. In 1928, he joined the Olympics and played with the club for one season. The following year, he signed with the of the NHL, starting a fourteen-year career in the NHL with the franchise. Goodfellow was a high-scoring forward and the original center in a famous line with Herbie Lewis and Larry Aurie. During the 1930–31 season, he scored 25 goals (a franchise record that stood for fourteen years) and 48 points and was second to Howie Morenz in overall league scoring. After three seasons Ebbie switched to defence for the benefit of the team. Position switches were (and are) rare in the NHL, but it was as a defenceman that he won the Hart Memorial Trophy in 1940 and three All-Star Teams.

paragraph: Goodfellow displayed even more versatility during the 1942–43 season. He missed most of the season due to injury, but when coach Jack Adams was suspended during the 1943 playoffs, Goodfellow agreed to serve as coach during the suspension. Detroit went on to win the Stanley Cup in 1943, and Goodfellow's name was engraved on the Cup for a third and final time. He was one of the last NHL players to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup as both player and coach as league rules changed and playing coaches were eliminated. Goodfellow retired to the private sector the following season after knee problems began to slow him down.

paragraph: At the start of the 1947-48 season he was persuaded out of retirement by the St. Louis Flyers of the American Hockey League (AHL). In his two years as coach of the Flyers, Ebbie was able to lead them from last place to the AHL Western Division Championship, the team's highest achievement at that time. Succeeding Charlie Conacher, Goodfellow became the coach of the Chicago Black Hawks for the seasons of 1950–51 and 1951–52. After little success with the Black Hawks, Goodfellow finally retired from the NHL for good.

paragraph: Goodfellow was a founding member of the Detroit Red Wings Alumni Association, a charitable organization formed in 1959 and still in operation today. Goodfellow was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and served for twenty-one years on the Hockey Hall of Fame selection committee. He was an avid golfer and one time caddy master at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He died of cancer on September 10, 1985 in Sarasota, Florida and is buried at White Chapel Cemetery in Troy, Michigan. Goodfellow's date of birth is often incorrectly printed as 1907. He was born in 1906 as verified by his surviving family members.

paragraph: Section::::Hockey career.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL Second All-Star Team - 1935–36

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL First All-Star Team - 1936–37, 1939–40

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hart Trophy (MVP) - 1939–40

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hockey Hall of Fame - 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michigan Sports Hall of Fame - 1968

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Ebbie Goodfellow

wikipedia_title: Ebbie Goodfellow


text: Commonwealth of England

text: Dutch Republic

text: England

text: William III

text: Glorious Revolution

text: Member of Parliament

text: Berwick-upon-Tweed

text: Babingtons Regiment, later the 6th Foot

text: The Boyne

text: Northumberland

text: First English Civil War

text: Militia Ordinance

text: New Model Army

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Gray's Inn, London

text: George Fenwick

text: Berwick-upon-Tweed

text: Arthur Hesilrige

text: Five Members

text: Protectorate

text: Glencairn's rising

text: Battle of Dalnaspidal

text: Restoration

text: Charles II

text: Tower of London

text: Bolam, Northumberland

text: Puritans

text: excommunicated

text: Church of England

text: Pentland Rising

text: Scots Brigade

text: Dutch Republic

text: Franco-Dutch War

text: Treaty of Westminster

text: Battle of Cassel in 1677

text: Saint-Denis in 1678

text: Treaties of Nijmegen

text: Sir Henry Belasyse

text: Earl of Argyll

text: James II

text: Monmouth Rebellion

text: Argyll's Rising

text: Glorious Revolution

text: Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed

text: Convention Parliament

text: Berwick-upon-Tweed

text: Colonel

text: Frederick Schomberg

text: Jacobites

text: Williamite War in Ireland

text: Charlemont Fort

text: Battle of the Boyne

text: James Douglas

text: Athlone

categories: Babington family,Military personnel of the English Civil War,1632 births,Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland,People from Northumberland,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1690 deaths,Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers

paragraph: Philip Babington (died 1690)

paragraph: Philip Babington (1632–1690) was an English military officer, who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and the England. He accompanied William III to England in the 1688 Glorious Revolution and served as Member of Parliament and Governor for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1690.

paragraph: In April 1690, he was appointed Colonel of Babingtons Regiment, later the 6th Foot, which was sent to Ireland. He fought at The Boyne in July and died of disease before the end of 1690.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Philip Babington was born in 1632, eldest of seven surviving children of William Babington (died 1648) and Elizabeth Helmes. His family had long-standing links with Northumberland ; during the 1642–1646 First English Civil War, his father was county commissioner under the Militia Ordinance and a Colonel in the New Model Army.

paragraph: Philip attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1650 and later studied law at Gray's Inn, London; in 1662, he married Katherine, widow of George Fenwick, MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed and daughter of Arthur Hesilrige, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest sparked the Civil Wars.

paragraph: He and Katherine had a son, also called Philip, before her death in 1670; in 1679, he married Anne Webb, daughter of William Webb, headmaster of Berwick School. After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government; in 1707, she was still being paid an annual pension of £100.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Babington's military career began in 1654 when he was part of the Protectorate army that ended Glencairn's rising at the Battle of Dalnaspidal. When the 1660 Restoration returned Charles II to the throne, he was a Captain in the Northumberland Militia.

paragraph: Katherine's father Sir Arthur escaped execution by the new regime but was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661. Shortly after his marriage, Babington moved to Harnham Hall, near Bolam, Northumberland; he and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Katherine was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons. As a result, she was denied churchyard burial when she died in September 1670 and Babington instead built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists.

paragraph: In 1674, Harnham Hall was leased to William Veitch (1640–1722), a Scottish Presbyterian radical outlawed from Scotland for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising. Babington resumed his military career by joining the Scots Brigade, a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic whose origins went back to the 1580s. Despite the name, it normally contained three Scots and three English regiments; the latter were withdrawn when England allied with France in the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War but restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement. By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to re-establish them as English and Scottish units.

paragraph: Babington was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the 6th Foot or the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was promoted Major after the Battle of Cassel in 1677, then wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis in 1678. Released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the Franco-Dutch War in August, in 1682 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the English regiment commanded by Sir Henry Belasyse. At this time, his former tenant William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll; when James II became King in 1685, Veitch reappeared in Northumberland, recruiting for the proposed Monmouth Rebellion in South-West England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland.

paragraph: Babington's connection with Veitch meant that when William of Orange, later William III of England sent the Brigade to England to suppress these revolts, James demanded his dismissal. William refused, although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops; he described him as 'a very prudent and honourable man, and assuredly a very brave and excellent officer – even one of the best who have served me here of his nation.' In the event, the Brigade arrived after the rebellions had been crushed and returned to the Netherlands in August without seeing any fighting.

paragraph: In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty. For reasons that are unclear, Sir Henry Bellasyse returned to England in April 1688 and Babington replaced him as Colonel. His unit formed part of the army that accompanied William to England in the Glorious Revolution of November 1688; en route, a ship carrying four of its companies was captured but the soldiers released after James went into exile.

paragraph: Babington was appointed Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed and elected to the Convention Parliament as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed. In 1690, his regiment was transferred from the Dutch to the English military establishment, with its seniority backdated to 1685. It was now listed as 'Babington's Regiment' or simply 'Babingtons;' at this time, regiments were considered the personal property of their Colonel and carried their name, which changed when transferred to another.

paragraph: In April 1690, his unit joined the army led by Frederick Schomberg fighting the Jacobites in the 1689–1691 Williamite War in Ireland. Three companies were detached to garrison Charlemont Fort after its capture in May, while the rest fought at the Battle of the Boyne in July, suffering heavy casualties. Following the battle, Babington's was part of a detachment commanded by Lieutenant-General James Douglas that unsuccessfully attempted to capture the Jacobite-held town of Athlone. These minor operations continued and Babington died of disease in Ireland shortly before the end of 1690.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cannon, Richard (1839). "Historical Record of the Sixth, or Royal First Warwickshire Regiment of Foot, containing an Account of the Formation of the Regiment in the Year 1674, and of its Subsequent Services to 1838;" (Longman, Orme and Co., and William Clowes, 1839);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cherry, George; "The Convention Parliament 1689: A Biographical Study of Its Members;" (Irvington Publishers, 1966);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardner, Ginny; "Veitch, William [alias William Johnston, George Johnston];" (Oxford DNB, 2005);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayton, D(ed), Cruickshanks, E (ed), Handly, S (ed); "Babington, Philip (c.1632–1690), of Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumb;" (The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690–1715);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miggelbrink, Joachim; McKilliop, Andrew; Murdoch, Steve, eds; "Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experiences c.1550–1900;" (Brill, 2002);

description: politician

wikidata_label: Philip Babington

wikipedia_title: Philip Babington (died 1690)


text:
O.F.M.
Bishop of Córdoba
Asunción
Paraguay
Order of Friars Minor
Pope Gregory XIII
Bishop of Córdoba
consecrated
Luis López de Solís
Bishop of Quito

categories: Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XIII,1614 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1547 deaths

paragraph: Fernando Trexo y Senabria

paragraph: Fernando Trexo y Senabria, O.F.M. or Hernando de Trejo y Sanabria (1547–1614) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Córdoba (1595–1614).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fernando Trexo y Senabria was born in Asunción, Paraguay in 1547 and ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor in 1576. On 13 January 1578, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Bishop of Córdoba. On 16 May 1595, he was consecrated bishop by Luis López de Solís, Bishop of Quito. He served as Bishop of Córdoba until his death on 24 December 1614.

description: 17th-century Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Fernando Trexo y Senabria

wikipedia_title: Fernando Trexo y Senabria


text: Hasan ibn Ali

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Fatimah

text: Battle of Karbala

text: Hasan ibn Ali

text: Imam

text: Zaynab

text: Abbas ibn Ali

text: Ali Akbar

text: Husayn ibn Ali

text: Medina

text: Fatima Kubra

text: Sakinah bint Husayn

categories: 667 births,Muslim martyrs,Family of Muhammad,680 deaths

image: 512px-القاسم_بن_الحسن_بن_علي_بن_أبي_طالب_العلوي_الهاشمي_القرشي_(رحمه_الله).png

paragraph: Qasim ibn Hasan

paragraph: Qasim ibn al-Hasan () (Sha'aban 7, 47 AH /October 2, 667 CE – Muharram 10, 61 AH /October 10, 680 CE), was the son of Hasan ibn Ali and grandson of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah. He took part in Battle of Karbala and was killed. He was 13 years of age in the battle of Karbala and known as a young warrior.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Qasim was born three years before the death of his father, Hasan ibn Ali, the second Imam. He, like his cousins, Aun and Muhammad, who were his aunt Zaynab's sons, was taught fencing by his uncle Abbas ibn Ali and his cousin Ali Akbar.

paragraph: Section::::Travel to Karbala.

paragraph: When Hasan's brother Husayn ibn Ali prepared to leave Medina in 680, Qasim's mother Umm Farwa asked Husayn to take her and Qasim with him.

paragraph: Section::::Wedding story.

paragraph: There are some narrations stating that Qasim was married to Husayn's daughter, Fatima Kubra, three days before battle of Karbala,

paragraph: Section::::In Karbala.

paragraph: Section::::In Karbala.:The night before Ashura.

paragraph: Qasim ask his uncle that: "Will I also be among the martyrs?" Husayn ibn Ali replied: "How do you see death?" Qasim said: "O uncle, death to me is sweeter than honey."

paragraph: Section::::In Karbala.:Day of Ashura.

paragraph: On the day of Ashura, Qasim, like other cousins before him, went to his uncle to ask for permission. Husayn would not permit him because he was so young and could not bear the thought of anything happening to him. This went on for many times until Qasim gave up and went to the tent his mother was in. When his mother saw her son is upset, she gave him a letter that Qasim's father, Hassan ibn ali, had written for his son before he died. In the letter it was written,

paragraph: Qasim read the letter and gave to his uncle. After reading the letter Husayn said,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of casualties in Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakinah bint Husayn

url: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/القاسم_بن_الحسن_بن_علي_بن_أبي_طالب_العلوي_الهاشمي_القرشي_(رحمه_الله).png

description: Early Muslim martyr

enwikiquote_title: Qasim ibn Hasan

wikidata_label: Qasim ibn Hasan

wikipedia_title: Qasim ibn Hasan