text:
pop art
psychedelic posters
Bob Dylan
Donovan
OZ
Cream
Tales of Brave Ulysses
Disraeli Gears
Wheels of Fire
Tiny Tim
Luna Park
Bellevue Hill, New South Wales
Cranbrook
National Art School
East Sydney
Garry Shead
The Bulletin
Sydney University
Richard Neville
University of NSW
Tharunka
Richard Walsh
Honi Soit
April Fool's Day
Censorship Wars
Clune Galleries
Blunderball
obscene
Tom Bass
P&O
Robert Menzies
Jill Neville
Knightsbridge
Robert Whitaker
The Speakeasy
Eric Clapton
Disraeli Gears
psychedelic
Robert Whitaker
Wheels of Fire
Mighty Baby
The Pheasantry
Kings Road
Chelsea
Georgian
Eleanor Thornton
Charles Sykes
Rolls Royce
Spirit of Ecstasy
Serafina Astafieva
Diaghilev
Ballets Russes
Alicia Markova
Margot Fonteyn
Lou Reed
Queen
Hawkwind
Yvonne Elliman
Andrew Lloyd Webber
Tim Rice
Jesus Christ Superstar
Germaine Greer
Philippe Mora
Timothy Whidborne
David Litvinoff
Nicolas Roeg
Performance
Anthony Haden-Guest
Robert Whitaker
The Beatles
Yesterday and Today
Speakeasy Club
President Kennedy
Summer of Love
Jimi Hendrix
Linda McCartney
Legalise Pot
Sigi Krauss Gallery
Thelma Clune
Yellow House
Magritte
Van Gogh
Matisse
Botticelli
Picasso
Vermeer
Gauguin
Bonython Gallery
Nimrod Theatre
Jeannie Lewis
Circus Oz
Luna Park
Richard Liney
Art Gallery of NSW
Festival of Sydney
Ghost Train
Friends of Luna Park
Sydneysider
Tiny Tim
Tales Of Brave Ulysses
Eternity
Arthur Stace
Mr Eternity
Christianity
copperplate
Haymarket
Museum of Sydney
Jørn Utzon
Bellevue Hill
emphysema
Martin Sharp – Profile at MILESAGO
Hapshash and the Coloured Coat
Martin Sharp – Official website
"Guardian" obituary
Marsha Rowe

categories: 1942 births,2013 deaths,Underground cartoonists,Australian songwriters,Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom,National Art School alumni,People educated at Cranbrook School, Sydney,Australian painters,Psychedelic artists,Album-cover and concert-poster artists,Deaths from emphysema,Australian cartoonists,People from Sydney

paragraph: Martin Sharp

paragraph: Martin Ritchie Sharp (21 January 1942 – 1 December 2013) was an Australian artist, cartoonist, songwriter and film-maker.

paragraph: Sharp made contributions to Australian and international culture from the early 1960s, and was called Australia's foremost pop artist. His psychedelic posters of Bob Dylan, Donovan and others rank as classics of the genre, and his covers, cartoons and illustrations were a central feature of "OZ" magazine, both in Australia and in London. Sharp co-wrote one of Cream's best known songs, "Tales of Brave Ulysses", created the cover art for Cream's "Disraeli Gears" and "Wheels of Fire" albums, and in the 1970s became a champion of singer Tiny Tim, and of Sydney's embattled Luna Park.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sharp was born in Bellevue Hill, New South Wales in 1942, and educated at Cranbrook private school, where one of his teachers was the artist Justin O'Brien. In 1960, Sharp enrolled at the National Art School at East Sydney, where he contributed to the short-lived student magazine "The Arty Wild Oat", along with fellow artists Garry Shead and John Firth Smith. He also submitted cartoons to "The Bulletin". In 1961, he enrolled for two terms in architecture at Sydney University before returning to the National Art School.

paragraph: Section::::"OZ".

paragraph: In 1962 Sharp met Richard Neville, editor of the University of NSW student magazine "Tharunka", and Richard Walsh, editor of its Sydney University counterpart "Honi Soit". Both wanted to publish their own "magazine of dissent" and they asked Sharp and Shead to become contributors. The magazine was dubbed "OZ". From 1963 though to February 1966 when he left Australia for London, Sharp was its art director and a major contributor.

paragraph: Sydney "OZ" was first published on April Fool's Day, 1963. Its irreverent attitude was in the tradition of the student newspapers, but its satirical and topical coverage of local and national issues and people developed a national profile, and made it a target for "the Establishment", and soon a prominent casualty of the so-called "Censorship Wars".

paragraph: Sharp held his first one-man exhibition at the Clune Galleries in Sydney in 1965. "Art for Mart's Sake" almost sold out on the opening night. One of the paintings exhibited also featured in Shead's James Bond spoof "Blunderball", made earlier that year.

paragraph: During the life of Australian "OZ" Sharp, Neville and Walsh were twice charged with printing an obscene publication. The first trial was relatively minor, and should have been a non-event, but they were poorly advised and pleaded guilty, which resulted in their convictions being recorded. As a result, when they were charged with obscenity a second time, their previous convictions meant that the new charges were considerably more serious.

paragraph: The charges centred on two items in the early issues of "OZ"—one was Sharp's ribald poem "The Word Flashed Around The Arms", which satirised the contemporary habit of youths gatecrashing parties; the other offending item was the well known photo (used on the cover of "OZ" #6) which depicted Neville and two friends pretending to urinate into a Tom Bass sculptural wall fountain, set into the wall of the new P&O office in Sydney, which had recently been opened by Prime Minister Robert Menzies.

paragraph: Sharp, Neville and Walsh were tried, convicted and sentenced to prison. Their convictions caused a public outcry and they were subsequently acquitted on appeal, but the so-called "OZ Three" realised that there was little future battling such strong opposition.

paragraph: Section::::London.

paragraph: In 1966 Sharp published a selection of cartoons in the book "Martin Sharp Cartoons". "Swinging London" was a mecca for young artists, writers and musicians, and after the "OZ" trials, Sharp and Neville needed little encouragement to leave Australia. They set off on an overland trek through Asia, parting company in Kathmandu and making their separate ways to London.

paragraph: On arrival, Sharp stayed for a short time with Neville's sister, writer Jill Neville in Knightsbridge before sharing a Chelsea studio with photographer Robert Whitaker. It was at this time that he was introduced to a musician in the London nightclub, The Speakeasy. During the evening, Sharp told the musician about a poem he had recently written; the musician in turn told Sharp that he was looking for a lyric for some new music he had just written. Sharp obligingly wrote out the poem and his address on a serviette and gave it to his new acquaintance.

paragraph: The musician turned out to be guitarist Eric Clapton. The song that resulted from the meeting, "Tales of Brave Ulysses", was recorded as the B-side of Cream's smash hit "Strange Brew" and was included on Cream's second album "Disraeli Gears". His friendship with Clapton led to the commission to design the famous 'dayglo' psychedelic collage cover for that album, which included painted photographs by Sharp's friend Robert Whitaker, whom Sharp knew from Australia and whose studio was in the same building where Sharp lived.

paragraph: The following year Sharp designed the gatefold sleeve for Cream's third album, the double LP "Wheels of Fire" (1968), for which he won the New York Art Directors Prize for Best Album Design in 1969. He also designed the cover for the eponymous debut L.P. of London underground band Mighty Baby (1969).

paragraph: Section::::The Pheasantry.

paragraph: Not long after his meeting with Clapton, Sharp moved into The Pheasantry at 152 Kings Road, Chelsea, a Georgian building. As the name suggests, the site was originally used to raise pheasants for the royal household. In the early 1900s (decade), it was the home of Eleanor Thornton, the favourite model of artist and sculptor Charles Sykes. Thornton is believed to have been the model for Sykes' most famous work, his Rolls Royce mascot "the Spirit of Ecstasy".

paragraph: In the 1920s and 1930s, it housed the studio of dance teacher Serafina Astafieva, who trained several of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes dancers and who taught prima ballerinas Alicia Markova and Margot Fonteyn. By the time Sharp moved in, The Pheasantry was a well-known 'artists' colony', its rooms rented out as apartments and residential studio space. The basement also housed a nightclub which operated into the 1970s. The Pheasantry nightclub was the venue for early UK gigs by Lou Reed, Queen and Hawkwind, among others, and was where singer Yvonne Elliman was discovered by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, leading to her role in the original soundtrack recording of "Jesus Christ Superstar". The Pheasantry currently houses apartments, shops and a pizza restaurant, which has retained Madame Astafieva's mirrors and practice barre as a feature on the first floor.

paragraph: Sharp shared this domicile with Eric Clapton (who moved in not long after Sharp did), Germaine Greer, filmmaker Philippe Mora, artist Timothy Whidborne, David Litvinoff (later an adviser on the production of Nicolas Roeg's "Performance"), writer Anthony Haden-Guest (author of "The Last Party: Studio 54, Disco, and the Culture of the Night") and Sharp's friend Robert Whitaker, the preferred photographer for many leading rock groups, including The Beatles. Whitaker was already famous/infamous for the controversial "butcher" photo used on the original cover of the Beatles' album "Yesterday and Today".

paragraph: Many years later, Sharp recalled the story of his meeting with Clapton:

paragraph: "I visited the Speakeasy Club in London one evening (1967). I saw a girl I knew, Charlotte, who was sitting at a table with two young men who I didn't know. Being alone I asked if I could join them and I was made welcome. I remember that there was a discussion about a controversial article which had appeared in "The Idealist" concerning the assassination of President Kennedy. I gathered that the young men were musicians and as I had just written a poem which I thought would make a good song, I mentioned this fact, and one of the musicians replied that he had just written some music. In grand show business tradition I wrote the lyrics on a paper serviette and gave them to him with my address. I was sharing a studio off the Kings Road Chelsea with the photographer, Bob Whitaker, at the time. I was pleasantly surprised when the musician, who turned out to be Eric Clapton, arrived at the studio with a 45 r.p.m. record with "Strange Brew" on the A-side and my song, "Tales of Brave Ulysses" on the B-side."

paragraph: "Soon after I moved to a nearby studio in "The Pheasantry", Kings Road, Chelsea, and needing someone to share with I asked my new friend if he would care to share the space and experience. Chelsea was an exciting place to live and Eric agreed. (David Litvinoff, a well-known and extraordinary character in the music and art world had found the studio.) It was a perfect place to work and live. Charlotte eventually moved in with Eric. Later we were joined by my girlfriend, a Finish model called Eija Veka Aho, and a young friend from Melbourne, painter and filmmaker, Philippe Mora, and his girlfriend, Freya. David Litvinoff worked in Tim Whidbornes' studio downstairs... Anthony Haden-Guest had a flat there...Germaine Greer was writing "The Female Eunuch" in a room there... there were photographic studios...it was quite a special and creative building...it was called "The Pheasantry" because in the old days the land had been used for breeding pheasants for the King's table.

paragraph: "Eric asked me to design the cover for "Disraeli Gears". I loved record cover art and was very happy to do it. I commissioned my ex-studio mate, Bob Whitaker, to take some photos which were used in a collage on the back cover. I believe the photo used on the cover was a publicity shot that I got from Eric. I was using fluorescent paints at the time. It was the height of psychedelia.

paragraph: "Some of the ingredients in the cover are made up from Victorian decorative engravings. It was done in black and white first and then painted with fluorescent colors. I tried to capture the warm joyful liveliness of Cream's songs. I later went on to design the cover for "Wheels Of Fire" for Cream and also for Ginger Baker's "Airforce", a band called Mighty Baby...Jeannie Lewis' "Free Fall Through Featherless Flight" and a few of my own releases of Tiny Tim, "Chameleon", "Keeping My Troubles To Myself", and "The World Non-Stop Singing Record."

paragraph: "In the basement of The Pheasantry was a club of the same name and often one's sleep was disturbed by the R&B bass notes...so I was reacting by listening to a lot of old songs that had been re-released. Al Jolson, Al Bowly... the dance bands of the war years and earlier. Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, and "Hutch" (Leslie Hutchinson). Eric had seen Tiny Tim perform at The Scene in New York City and knowing I loved the old songs he urged me to go and see Tiny in his first London performance at the Royal Albert Hall. I'd never heard Tiny before and I was completely amazed by his extraordinary, joyful persona and his absolute mastery over the whole language of popular song. I felt I would love to work with him, but thought he was destined to the heights of stardom. I never felt the opportunity would arise. Over twenty years later I write this on letterhead from the film, "Street of Dreams" I have been making with Tiny over the last 12 years, thinking of the hundreds of songs and conversations I have recorded with him over the years. Thus was my entry into the world of popular song.

paragraph: "The meeting of musician and artist directly without intermediaries is, and always has and will be, a fruitful one. Such was the goodwill that existed in London during the late '60's that a painter from Australia could meet a great musician from England and informally give him some lyrics which would become a song, a friendship, a career with Tiny Tim, and a record cover."

paragraph: Freed from the constraints of nine-to-five work thanks to an allowance from his maternal grandfather, Sharp found himself at the centre of London's counter-cultural life and the Underground scene and quickly became one of its leading lights. When Richard Neville arrived in London in September, and he and Sharp jointly established "London OZ", which proved even more controversial than its Australian parent. Sharp became its Art Director and chief cartoonist. Although the magazine struggled to find its feet, Sharp's "Plant a Child" image in the July 1967 issue helped transform "OZ"'s fortunes and became an icon of the Summer of Love.

paragraph: This period in London and his work with "OZ" brought him international renown. As well as his "OZ" artwork and his famed album covers for Cream, he produced famous posters of musicians—Bob Dylan, Donovan and his classic 'exploding' Jimi Hendrix poster, based on a photo by Linda McCartney. These and other works like the poster for the "Legalise Pot" rally are keynote graphic works of the period and originals are now highly prized collector's items. He also designed at that time a controversial poster titled "Rasputin & his London Popes" for an antique shop in Barcelona run by a young Spanish photographer named Alexis de Vilar.

paragraph: Section::::Solo projects.

paragraph: In 1969 Sharp held his second solo exhibition at the Sigi Krauss Gallery. Entitled "Sharp Martin and his Silver Scissors" it featured collages based on famous works of art. He returned to Australia later that year, taking up residency in the old Clune Galleries. Thelma Clune, the director, had decided to sell the building, but there was no rush for the sale, and under the watchful eye of mutual friend "Charlie" Brown, Sharp presented his first exhibition after his return.

paragraph: This was followed by "The Incredible Shrinking Exhibition", which comprised photographs of the first show re-exhibited in small gem-like mirror frames. These two exhibitions laid the foundations for the famous "Yellow House" project of 1970–71. The house became a unique multimedia space, an art environment in which each room was an entire art work. The Yellow House was open 24 hours a day and had thousands of visitors between 1971 and 1973 when it closed.

paragraph: Returning to London in 1972, Sharp continued his interest with the idea of appropriation. He created "Art Book", another miniature production, approximately 5" x 6" in size and incorporating 36 colour collages cut from the pages of glossy art books, bringing together the work in single images of Magritte and Van Gogh, Matisse and Magritte, Botticelli and Picasso with occasional overlays of Van Gogh on Van Gogh, Van Gogh on Botticelli, or Vermeer on Vermeer.

paragraph: "I have never been shy about cutting things up if I had a good idea. To me it was worth the price of a book for the idea it expressed, the interconnecting of different worlds. I could put a Gauguin figure in a Van Gogh landscape, make the composition work, and also say something about their relationship."

paragraph: Distributed in the United Kingdom, France and Italy in 1972, "Artbook" was released in Australian in 1973 to coincide with Sharp's return to Australia and his "Art Exhibition" at the Bonython Gallery, Sydney. The previous collage images were presented as completed paintings, returning them to their original medium. Extending viewer involvement, one work, "Self Portrait" was simply a mirror in an ornate gold frame while another more iconicised work was a linen, cheap reproduction of the "Mona Lisa" in an equally ornate gold frame, entitled "Tea Towel".

paragraph: During the mid-Seventies, Sharp was probably best known in Australia for his work with the Nimrod Theatre, for whom he produced his famous series of posters, as well as designing numerous sets, costumes and scenery pieces. His famous Nimrod posters (now prized collectors' items) include his iconic poster for the plays "Young Mo", "The Venetian Twins", and "Kold Komfort Kaffee". Sharp's rendering of the "Mo" face became the symbol of the Nimrod Theatre; and one of his best known images. In this period he also designed the classic cover for Jeannie Lewis' debut album "Free Fall Through Featherless Flight" (1974).

paragraph: Sharp designed at least two posters for Australia's premier contemporary circus, Circus Oz including the iconic 'World-famous'/'Non-Stop Energy' design.

paragraph: Section::::Later interests.

paragraph: For the most of the 1970s and beyond, Sharp's work and life was dominated by two major interests: Sydney's Luna Park and the entertainer Tiny Tim.

paragraph: Section::::Later interests.:Luna Park.

paragraph: Sharp's involvement with the restoration of Luna Park in the 1970s proved a bittersweet experience. He was engaged as designer and artist to oversee the restoration of Luna Park, including a commission to renovate the enormous laughing face at the entrance; he also painted a large eye with a reflective pupil on the inside of the gate, but this was subsequently painted over. In 1978, he and fellow artist/designer Richard Liney (who had participated in the reconstruction of Luna Park, also an avid collector of memorabilia), lent their combined collection of hundreds of fairground, circus, Luna Park and sideshow artefacts to the Art Gallery of NSW to coincide with the Festival of Sydney.

paragraph: A year later, as pressure mounted to redevelop the prime harbourside site, an arson attack in the Luna Park Ghost Train claimed seven lives, including a father and his two sons. The Luna Park fire was a turning point in Sharp's life; like many others he firmly believed that the fire was a deliberate act of terrorism aimed at destroying the park and making the site available for redevelopment and in a 2010 interview on the ABC Radio National program "The Spirit of Things", he revealed that the fire and the circumstances surrounding it had exerted a profound effect on his spiritual outlook.

paragraph: Along with various other artist friends and sympathetic supporters, Sharp was instrumental in forming the Friends of Luna Park in an endeavour to lobby the State Government and remind Sydneysiders of what they stood to lose if the park was lost. Sharp's painting "Snow Job" was an expression of his feelings about this matter, and if it had not been for the efforts of Sharp and his friends and supporters, Sydney might have lost an important part of its character.

paragraph: Section::::Later interests.:Tiny Tim.

paragraph: Sharp first saw performer Tiny Tim at the Royal Albert Hall in 1968 at the suggestion of Eric Clapton. From that time on, Tiny Tim was one of Sharp's strongest inspirations.

paragraph: "Tim's appropriation of song is very much like my appropriation of images. We are both collagists taking the elements of different epochs and mixing them to discover new relationships."

paragraph: Sharp's appreciation of Tiny Tim manifested itself in many ways, including record production, costume design and other works. He created a five-metre painting now hanging in Macquarie University, painted during the mid-1970s with Tim Lewis. His Tiny Tim Opera House concert poster is one of his most memorable and collectible images.

paragraph: His cherished Tiny Tim film project "Street of Dreams" is commemorated in the painting "Film Script". He laboured for over a decade on this film and it almost forced him to sell his house to finance it. However, the story goes that on the eve of the sale, Sharp received a surprise cheque in the mail: a substantial royalty payment for his lyrics for "Tales Of Brave Ulysses", which enabled him to continue working on the film without having to sell his house.

paragraph: Section::::Later interests.:"Eternity".

paragraph: Another recurring element in Sharp's work is the "Eternity" signature. The origin of this image was the remarkable story of Sydney man Arthur Stace, also known as "Mr Eternity". Stace was an illiterate former soldier, petty criminal and alcoholic who became a devout convert to Christianity in 1930. For years after his conversion up until his death in 1967, Stace walked the streets of Sydney at night writing the single word "Eternity" on walls and footpaths in his unmistakable copperplate handwriting. For years, Stace's identity remained unknown until it was finally revealed in a newspaper article in 1956. Sharp has perpetuated and celebrated Stace's work and message, and the 'Eternity' image has appeared in many of his works, including a poster celebrating Sydney's Haymarket area, and a large canvas that first appeared in the Oxford Street window of a Sydney store in 1990. During the millennium celebrations in 2000, the Sydney Harbour Bridge was lit up with the word "Eternity", as a tribute to the legacy of Arthur Stace, made popular by Martin Sharp.

paragraph: Sharp's work was celebrated in many exhibitions including a special" Yellow House" exhibition at the Art Gallery of NSW and a major retrospective at the Museum of Sydney which ran from October 2009 to March 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Later interests.:Sydney Opera House.

paragraph: Sharp maintained a lifelong friendship with artist Lin Utzon, daughter of the Sydney Opera House architect Jørn Utzon. The Danish architect was controversially forced from his uncompleted masterpiece in 1966 and secretly left Australia with the aid of Sharp's mother.

paragraph: In the mid-1990s, Sharp helped broker a reconciliation between the Sydney Opera House and Jørn Utzon, who subsequently developed a set of design principles to guide the building's future.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sharp inherited the heritage-listed house "Wirian", in Victoria Road, Bellevue Hill, Sydney, in 1978. The house had been bought by Sharp's grandfather, Stuart Douglas Ritchie, a merchant, in 1937 for 20,000 pounds. Sharp lived there until he died from emphysema on 1 December 2013, at the age of 71.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Sharp – Profile at MILESAGO

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hapshash and the Coloured Coat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Sharp – Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guardian" obituary by Marsha Rowe

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgan, Joyce. "Martin Sharp: His Life and Times". Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2017.

description: Australian artist and cartoonist

wikidata_label: Martin Sharp

wikipedia_title: Martin Sharp


text: The Rt. Hon.

text: PC

text: County Limerick

text: Viscount Guillamore

text: Limerick

text: Trinity College, Dublin

text: called to the bar

text: Munster

text: High Sheriff of County Limerick

text: Lord Kilwarden

text: Attorney-General

text: Privy Council of Ireland

text: Robert Emmet

text: Lord Avonmore

text: David Richard Pigot

text: Leonard McNally

text: quo warranto

text: Lough Gur

text: Berkeley Paget

text: Baron Massy

text: Serjeant-at-Law

text: John Vereker, 3rd Viscount Gort

categories: Peers of Ireland created by William IV,High Sheriffs of County Limerick,Members of the Privy Council of Ireland,Irish Anglicans,1766 births,O'Grady family,Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland,People from County Limerick,1840 deaths

paragraph: The Rt. Hon. Standish O'Grady, 1st Viscount Guillamore, PC (1766 – 21 April 1840), from Cahir Guillamore, County Limerick, served as Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer for Ireland for a number of years. He was created Viscount Guillamore by a patent of 28 January 1831.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: O'Grady was the eldest son of Darby O'Grady of Mount Prospect, Limerick, and of Mary, daughter of James Smyth of the same county. He was born on 20 January 1766, and, entering Trinity College, Dublin, graduated B.A. in 1784. He was called to the bar, and went on the Munster circuit. He was remarkable for wit as well as learning, and built up a considerable practice. He inherited the Cahir Guillamore estate on the death of his uncle John and was appointed High Sheriff of County Limerick for 1790.

paragraph: On 10 June 1803, after the murder of Lord Kilwarden, O'Grady became Attorney-General and was sworn of the Privy Council of Ireland. He was one of the prosecuting counsel at the trial of Robert Emmet. In October 1805 he was made Lord Chief Baron, in succession to Lord Avonmore. He was a sound judge, and  David Richard Pigot, his successor as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, expressed the opinion: "O'Grady was the ablest man whose mind I ever saw at work". His witticisms on and off the bench were long remembered. O'Grady was one of the first to suspect the duplicity of the notorious informer Leonard McNally. He clashed with his superiors in 1816 when they brought quo warranto proceedings to challenge his right to appoint his son Waller as a Court clerk.

paragraph: On his retirement from the bench in 1831, O'Grady was created Viscount Guillamore of Cahir Guillamore and Baron O'Grady of Rockbarton, co. Limerick, in the peerage of Ireland. The O'Grady seat was Cahir Guillamore, close to Lough Gur. He was a handsome man, of a fine presence, and over in stature. He died in Dublin on 20 April 1840.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1790 O'Grady married Katharine (died 1853), second daughter of John Thomas Waller of Castletown, co. Limerick, with whom he had several children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Standish O'Grady, 2nd Viscount Guillamore (1792–1848) Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army, married Gertrude-Jane, daughter of Berkeley Paget, they had two daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waller, barrister-at-law, married on 26 June 1823, Grace-Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Hugh, 3rd Baron Massy. He became a Serjeant-at-Law and Commissioner of the Irish Insolvency Court.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, joined the Royal Navy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, an officer in the British Army.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria married on 13 December 1814, John Vereker, 3rd Viscount Gort.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine (d.1829) married Dudley Persse of Roxburgh, in county Galway.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

description: Irish peer


text:
Welsh
Liberal
Radnor
Radnorshire
Baronet
Norton
County of Radnor
High Sheriff of Radnorshire

categories: UK MPs 1880–1885,UK MPs 1859–1865,UK MPs 1865–1868,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1868–1874,1887 deaths,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies,High Sheriffs of Radnorshire,1803 births

paragraph: Richard Green-Price

paragraph: Sir Richard Green-Price, 1st Baronet (18 October 1803 – 11 August 1887), was a Welsh Liberal politician.

paragraph: Born Richard Green, he assumed the additional surname of Price as heir to his maternal uncle Richard Price of Norton Manor, Radnorshire. He was returned to Parliament for Radnor in 1863, a seat he held until 1869, and later represented Radnorshire between 1880 and 1885. In 1874 he was created a Baronet, of Norton Manor in the parish of Norton in the County of Radnor and in 1876 served as High Sheriff of Radnorshire.

paragraph: Green-Price died in August 1887, aged 83.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Richard Green-Price

wikipedia_title: Richard Green-Price


text:
1914 film
Outwitting Dad
Oliver Hardy
silent film
Mae Hotely
Outwitting Dad
He Won a Ranch
The Particular Cowboys
For Two Pins
She Was the Other
The Servant Girl's Legacy
The Twin Sister
A Lucky Strike
Matilda's Legacy
A Gentleman Preferred
With Kit Carson Over the Great Divide
The Little Wild Girl
Old Age Handicap

wikipedia_title:
1914 in film
Outwitting Dad
Oliver Hardy
Silent film
Mae Hotely
Outwitting Dad
He Won a Ranch
The Particular Cowboys
For Two Pins
She Was the Other
The Servant Girl's Legacy
The Twin Sister
A Lucky Strike
Matilda's Legacy
A Gentleman Preferred
With Kit Carson Over the Great Divide
The Little Wild Girl
Old Age Handicap

categories: American male screenwriters,American film directors,1938 deaths,1873 births,American film producers

paragraph: Arthur Hotaling

paragraph: Arthur Hotaling (February 3, 1873 – July 13, 1938) was an American film director, producer and writer. He directed 113 films between 1910 and 1928, including the 1914 film "Outwitting Dad", which featured the onscreen debut of Oliver Hardy.

paragraph: In August 1902 he married the silent film actress Mae Hotely, who created her stage name as a play on his. She appeared in some of his films and he also acted in some of them. He worked for Lubin for 11 years including time at the company's Jacksonville film studio.

paragraph: Hotaling was born in New York City, and died in California from a heart attack.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: As a director:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outwitting Dad" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He Won a Ranch" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Particular Cowboys" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Two Pins" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "She Was the Other" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Servant Girl's Legacy" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Twin Sister" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Lucky Strike" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Matilda's Legacy" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alice in Dreamland" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gentleman Preferred" (1928)

paragraph: As an actor:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With Kit Carson Over the Great Divide" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Wild Girl" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Age Handicap" (1928)

description: American film director

wikidata_label: Arthur Hotaling

wikipedia_title: Arthur Hotaling


text:
Trondenes
Norway
Lier
Duchy of Brabant
Habsburg Netherlands
Regent of Norway
Riksråd
Norwegian nobility
Roman Catholic
Sverre Steen
Trondenes
Harstad
Troms
Romerike
Eastern Norway
bailiff
Bergen
gentry
Christian I of Denmark
canon
Oslo
Torbjørn Olavssøn Bratt
Jens Olavssøn Bratt
Aspa family
Frei
Nordmøre
University of Rostock
Germany
Magister
theology
conservatives
Catholic Church
Rostock
humanism
indulgence
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wikipedia_title: Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)

wikipedia_title: List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands

categories: Norwegian Roman Catholic bishops,16th-century Norwegian people,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1538 deaths,Roman Catholic archbishops in Europe,Regents of Norway,Norwegian exiles,University of Rostock alumni,1480 births

paragraph: Olav Engelbrektsson

paragraph: Olav Engelbrektsson (, Trondenes, Norway – 7 February 1538, Lier, Duchy of Brabant, Habsburg Netherlands) was the 28th Archbishop of Norway from 1523 to 1537, the Regent of Norway from 1533 to 1537, a member and later president of the "Riksråd" (Council of the Realm), and a member of the Norwegian nobility. He was the last Roman Catholic to be the Archbishop of Norway before he fled to exile in 1537.

paragraph: After his death, Olav Engelbrektsson was given a "bad reputation as an untrustworthy and scheming prelate" ["dårlig ettermæle som en upålitelig og intrigant prelat"] by the Protestant historians. His reputation did not improve after 1814, when Norway made its declaration of independence from Denmark, because he was still blamed for promoting the Catholic Church at the expense of Norwegian independence. But the later historians – in 1917, Sverre Steen in 1935 and in 1998 – have rehabilitated most of his reputation with detailed studies and labeled most of the accusations as unfair.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Olav Engelbrektsson is believed to have been born at Trondenes near Harstad in Troms around 1480 as the son of Engelbrekt Gunnarsson and Jorunn. Engelbrekt Gunnarson was a "bondefører" ( a leader of farmers ) and "storbonde" ( a large landowner ) in Romerike in Eastern Norway around 1447. He kept getting in arguments and fights with the Danish bailiff Lasse Skjold and eventually killed him. Researchers believe that that is why Engelbrekt and Jorunn moved to Trondenes, where his son Aslak was already living because, at that time, Aslak was the wealthiest man between Bergen and Senja. Young Olav was raised in a home that was always opposing the Danish overseers, and that might have been one of the several influences of his attitude towards the Danes in his years as the Archbishop.

paragraph: Olav Engelbrektsson was from an old landowning family in Romerike, and it is often claimed that he and his family belonged to the gentry. King Christian I of Denmark was supposed to have ennobled Engelbrekt Gunnarson and his descendants sometime before 1480 but, in 1961, cand. philol. wrote that the documentation did not exist to such a claim. Nevertheless, the family had a coat of arms – a blue shield showing a red rose surrounded by three lilies.

paragraph: Five of Olav's relatives belonged to the clergy. Two of them were his paternal uncles Sakse Gunnarsson and Gunnar Gunnarson. Gunnar was a canon in Oslo, a profession that even some of his own sons chose. It is known that Olav and four of these relatives studied at foreign universities. His uncle Sakse was the one who gave Olav clerical education.

paragraph: There is a prevailing theory among the Norwegian genealogists that Olav Engelbrektsson was not the first member of his family to be the Archbishop of Nidaros. But, throughout his life, the records were more concerned with the church, the politics and the wars than with the families. So there may not be enough evidence to prove that Olav was the grandnephew of the 25th Archbishop , the nephew of the 26th Archbishop and the uncle of his own successor, Torbjørn Olavssøn Bratt, the first Lutheran "superintendent" of Trondheim. He did help with the education and careers of Torbjørn and his brother, Jens Olavssøn Bratt, but their biographies at "Norsk Biografisk Leksikon" do not name him as their uncle. It is the same with the possibility that Olav's mother might be the daughter of Ivar Trondsson from the Aspa family in Frei in Nordmøre.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Olav Engelbrektsson was enrolled in 1503 at the University of Rostock in Germany, which at that time had between 400 and 500 students. He was already ordained as a priest but he wanted to continue his studies. He eventually took examinations to earn several more degrees at the University – a baccalaureus in 1505 and a Magister's degree in 1507. At the University, theology was being taught by conservatives from the Catholic Church but the city of Rostock was once the center of North German humanism. There were several reformists who came to the University as guest speakers over the years but, when Olav was a student there, the regular teaching was left to the conservatives because the department of theology was led by a deputy commissioner of the business of papal indulgences of the city.

paragraph: Olav Engelbrektsson soon became the leader of the Norwegian Collegiate Club, called "Regentia Sancti Olavi" [ Senate of St. Olav ] in the memory of the martyred King of Norway, Olav the Holy. They were located in a separate building under the Norwegian name of "St. Olavs hus" [ House of St. Olav ]. Among the students, Engelbrektsson was known as a very sociable person, but not particularly charismatic, and he was not the one who usually followed the ways and beliefs of the club. He became acquainted with, among others, the brothers from Sweden, Johannes Magnus and Olaus Magnus. The brothers would be the last two Catholics to be the Archbishop of Uppsala, but Olaus is still famous for his map of Scandinavia, the "Carta Marina" of 1537. Engelbrektsson were especially good friends with another Swede, Laurentius Andreae, the archdeacon of Uppsala who quickly became one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation of Sweden under Gustavus Vasa. By 1515, Olav Engelbrektsson had been at the University for eleven years and had even taught for his own studies, including a brief period at the Catholic University of Louvain. But in 1515 he decided that it was the time to return to his homeland.

paragraph: Section::::The Dean of Nidaros.

paragraph: When he returned to Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson was briefly mentioned as a canon in Oslo but, by 10 May 1515, he was already in Nidaros ( now Trondheim ) as a canon. Seven months later, on 17 December 1515, he was promoted to the Dean of Nidaros, with a Papal dispensation from Pope Leo X to succeed the late Peter Jonsson Stut. Although he was only thirty years old at that time, Olav became the second most important member in the Cathedral Chapter, next to the Archbishop of Nidaros, the Dane . Walkendorf had been appointed to his post in 1510 by King Christian II of Denmark and Norway without any consultation or recommendations from the Cathedral Chapter.

paragraph: Olav Engelbrektsson was responsible for the production of the sermons in the Nidaros Cathedral and probably sat on the editorial staff of the book for the Mass at the Cathedral, the "Missale Nidrosiense" [ Latin, "Missal of Nidaros" ], the first book printed in the Norwegian language. Along with the cantor Peter Sigurdsson, Archbishop Walkendorf had the missal printed in Copenhagen in 1519. According to the church historian , it is "with his careful treatment of the Latin text, the excellent proof of Olav's learning" [ "med sin omhyggelige behandling av den latinske tekstform et ypperlig bevis for Olavs lærdom" ]. A few years later, another book of liturgy was also published for Nidaros with the title of the "Breviarium Nidrosiense" [ Latin, "Breviary of Niadros" ]. Olav was on good terms with Walkendorf and became his representative, i.e., the head of the ecclesiastical proceedings within the Archdiocese. It also appears that he was also the Archbishop's economist and accountant.

paragraph: When Walkendorf fled from the tyranny of King Christian II in 1521, the authority of the Archdiocese went to the Cathedral Chapter, whose chairman was Olav Engelbrektsson. Account books, the "Register paa Sancta Oluffa Ioerdher" ( a register of properties, ca. 1533 ) and extensive building activities suggests that Olaf was a "talented and versatile administrator" [ "dyktig og allsidig administrator" ] according to historian Øystein Rian. Olav Engelbrektsson began the complete reconstruction of the Archbishop's Palace, whose hall in the north wing and parts of the west wing had been destroyed by the Danish troops in 1532.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.:The Beginning.

paragraph: In 1522, the news came to Nidaros that Walkendorf had died in Rome. The Cathedral Chapter then unanimously elected on 13 April 1522 Olav Engelbrektsson as the new Archbishop of Nidaros, and he therefore went to Rome for his pallium. Just over a month before the election, King Christian II had fled to the Habsburg Netherlands after the nobles revolted with the help from the Duchy of Schleswig - Holstein. This was known to the Cathedral Chapter when Olav Engelbrektsson was chosen because it still had to send a letter to the King for his approval of the election. On his way to Rome, Olav stopped in Mechelen, Flanders, for a visit with the King, who had been living in exile in the Duchy of Burgundy, because Christian II was still legally the King of Norway. Olav hailed the King, pledged his allegiance to him and delivered the Cathedral Chapter's letter to him. He left with the King's approval.

paragraph: However, for his pallium, Olav had to wait in Rome for the election of the next Pope because Adrian VI had just died on 14 September 1523. During his stay, Olav met the Bavarian scholar, Jacob Ziegler, and gave him the information that went into Ziegler's major treatise of geography, "Schondia", published in Strasbourg in 1532. Engelbrektsson’s statements about his homeland showed his deep sense of nationalism and his distrust of the Danish officials who had been oppressing his homeland. When Giulio de' Medici was elected as Pope Clement VII on 19 November 1523, Olav could finally have his pallium and go home. He was consecrated as the Archbishop of Nidaros by the new Pope in December 1523. On Christmas Day, Olav left Rome for home.

paragraph: Engelbrektsson probably would not have been the Archbishop of Nidaros, had the King of Denmark had the complete control of Norway. But the situation was left unsettled when Christian II fled to exile and Frederick I would not be legally elected by the "Riksråd" of Norway as the next King of Norway until 1524.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.:"Riksråd" Assembly of 1524.

paragraph: As the new Archbishop of Nidaros, Engelbrektsson automatically gained a seat in the "Riksråd". So he was present at the national meeting in Bergen in August 1524, when the councilors built an agreement, which Frederick would have to accept and sign if he wished to be the King of Norway. According to the historian , it was a mere formality, delaying the coronation. First and foremost, Norway was to be an equal partner with Denmark in their union, with its administration to be done by its own National Council and the same Council was to have the say and consent in the matters of national taxation and foreign policies. Moreover, the laws and church of Norway were to be respected and all the documents of the Norwegian archives were to be returned to Norway, and the king was to help in regaining all the lands Norway had lost under the previous Kings. There were also many conditions that strengthened the power and privileges of the local nobility and clergy. It is not clear who was the main mover behind the politics during the meeting – Vincens Lunge or Olav Engelbrektsson. Lunge and Henrik Krummedike had originally been sent to Norway as its "rikshovmeisters" [ Lord High Stewards ].

paragraph: The politics of the "Riksråd" were influenced by the conditions inspired by the previous changes in the Throne of Denmark and the national wishes and needs matched the attitudes and beliefs of Olav Engelbrektsson. The results were outlined in a meeting between the Archbishop, the Bishop of Hamar (Mogens Lauritssøn) and the notables from "Østlandet" (East Norway) in May 1524. Before that meeting, Olav was able to secure the royal approval of the eventual agreement from King Frederick with the help of Mogens, who had gone to Copenhagen for the negotiations with the king.

paragraph: Afterwards, on 5 August 1524, the "Riksråd" elected Frederick as the new King of Norway and swore its allegiance to him. Two days later, in Copenhagen, he was crowned as the King of Denmark and Norway. But he never went to Nidaros to be formally crowned as the King of Norway. But Engelbrektsson did not trust him. He constantly worked to keep Nidaros from holding the coronation of Frederick as the King of Norway and he managed to delay it three times. The Archbishop wanted Christian II, the King's nephew, to return as the King of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.:The Struggles of the Archbishop.

paragraph: For the next twelve years until 1536, Olav Engelbrektsson was virtually the leader of Norway, serving as the defender of the Catholic faith against the hordes of the Reformation, while his cousin, Admiral Kristoffer Trondson handled the military defenses for him. As the Archbishop, Olav built the Steinvikholm Castle outside Trondheim.

paragraph: But the Catholic Church was not the only concern of the Archbishop. He also constantly tried to break Norway away from the bonds that bound her to Denmark but he constantly failed. His failures paved the way for the submission of Norway to the Danish crown, marking the end of both Norwegian independence and Catholicism.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.:The Feud with Vincens Lunge.

paragraph: The impetuosity and recklessness in the implementation of the policy in Bergen after the election, is most often been attributed to Vincens Lunge. From 1524 to 1525 he pushed partly to have Henrik Krummedike deprived of all his Norwegian "len", and partly to give the Akershus Castle to Oluf Galle, both in defiance of the wishes of the King. In Denmark, Lunge was believed to be the man behind the more aggressive policies, while the archbishop was seen as more deliberate.

paragraph: Øystein Rian believes that Olaf Engelbrektsson's official actions in the years between 1524 and 1528 indicate that he was a supporter of a "careful line" [ "forsktig linje" ]. His position as the head of the "Riksråd" was weakened by Vincent Lunge's headstrong line. However, it was still strengthened by the fact that Lunge was still the King's governor in the fjords of North Norway. According to Rian, King Frederick and the Royal Council of Denmark knew the difference between the boldness of Lunge and the forbearance of others. Lunge also weakened the Norwegian cooperation by going after the properties of other noble families, directly challenging them. He also interfered with their disputes over their inheritances. Olav Engelbrektsson even began to be suspicious when Lunge expressed his sympathy for the teachings of Martin Luther and others, which had also made enemies out of the Bishop of Bergen, Olav Torkelsson, and the Bishop of Stavanger, Hoskuld Hoskuldsson.

paragraph: Lunge added fire to the enmity in Bergen, then the second largest city in Norway, by razing several ecclesiastical buildings to the ground, by allowing the Lutherans to stay in the city in 1526, and by bringing two Lutheran preachers to preach in the city's churches in 1529. These preachers had their letters of protection from the King himself and the King also secularized, in the same year, the Nonneseter Monastery in Bergen. He offered it to Lunge and he accepted it, turning it into his personal ( and fortified ) residence, Lungegården.

paragraph: The Archbishop was furious at the actions of Lunge. He went out in the open against him and his mother-in-law, Inger Ottesdotter Romer ( Lady Inger of Austrått), by ordering the looting of Austrått and seizing the control of its associated properties, while Lady Inger fled to Bergen. Engelbrektsson had been promised support from Christian II's brother-in-law, Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, but the support did not materialize. The Archbishop was forced to make a new oath of allegiance to Frederick I, pay the compensation and make peace with Vincens Lunge and Lady Inger.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.:The Feud with the Two Kings.

paragraph: In March 1532, Engelbrektsson was recorded as paying 46.3 lbs. ( 21 kg ) of silver, in minter form, to mercenaries hired by Christian II during his unsuccessful struggle against Frederick I for the throne of Denmark and Norway. When Christian lost the war in July, Archbishop Engelbrektsson was fined heavily for his support with the amount of 15,000 Danish marks, the equivalent of about 295.4 lbs. ( 134 kg ) of silver, to be paid in three installments.

paragraph: The 1533 accession of the new King of Denmark, Christian III, escalated the political situation; here was a king who was serious not only about bringing Norway into the Kingdom of Denmark but also bringing the Protestant Reformation to Norway. For Engelbrektsson as the representative of the Holy See in Norway, the news were naturally not welcome. As his response, he tried to formalize Norwegian sovereignty and independence at a meeting of the Norwegian Privy Council at Bud but failed.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.:The Murder of Vincens Lunge.

paragraph: Tensions rose in 1536, when the Danish Privy Council declared Norway to be the province of the Kingdom of Denmark. Vincens Lunge was sent back to Norway as the "rikshovmeister" [ Lord High Steward ] to enforce the annexation. The response was not friendly; he was murdered by followers of Olav. The actual murder of Lunge was said to have taken place at the hands of Engelbrektsson's cousin, Admiral Kristoffer Trondson, Norway's military commander who had been fighting against Danish ships with the funds mostly from the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::The Archbishop of Nidaros.:Exile and Death.

paragraph: In 1536, Olav fled Steinvikholm Castle to Nidarholm Abbey on Munkholmen ( Norwegian, "Monk's Isle" ), a small island just outside Trondheim, and spent the winter there.

paragraph: In the following spring, on 3 May 1537, Mary of Austria, the Governor of the Netherlands at that time, agreed to a truce of three years with Christian III. One of the paragraphs of the agreement specifically referred to Olav Engelbrektsson, allowing him the possibility of emigration to any country of his choice with his personal belongings. If he was already in captivity, he was to be freed immediately. But, by then, he had already been in the Habsburg Netherlands for two days.

paragraph: The Archbishop had waited as long as he could to leave Norway. His last act as the Archbishop of Nidaros was the consecration of of Iceland as the Bishop of Skálholt on Palm Sunday, 25 March 1537, in the ruins of the Cathedral of Nidaros. A week later, on Easter Sunday, 1 April 1537, the Archbishop left Nidaros with 60 followers. He took the archives of the Archdiocese, including the "Register paa Sancta Oluffa Ioerdher", with him. but he left behind St. Olav's shrine and other valuables. However, he was saddled ( possibly unfairly ) with the reputation of having looted the Nidaros Cathedral. After his death, his archives went to the Louis V, the Elector of the Palatinate, in Heidelberg and later to the Bavarian Royal Archives in Munich but in 1830 they were returned to Norway.

paragraph: On 1 May 1537, the Archbishop and his entourage arrived at Enkhuizen, a port of the Duchy of Burgundy, to a hearty welcome. They were assigned to Lierre ( now Lier, Belgium ) in the Duchy of Brabant, where he died on 6 February 1538. He is buried under the high altar of the Gommaire in Lierre. His grave is marked by a plaque, unveiled on 21 May 2003 by Queen Sonja of Norway on her official visit to Belgium and made by a resident of Trondheim, Marit Wiklund.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:"A Midnight Opera".

paragraph: The drama of the Olav Engelbrektsson saga, including the violent murder of , is reenacted in a modern opera in Trondheim. The murder of Nils Lykke is dramatized with a song. Created in 1993, the opera has been ongoing since 2009; it is held biannually on the premises of the Steinvikholm Castle in the evenings during the summer. But it is held only every two years to protect the condition of the grounds of the ancient castle. The opera was originally funded with grants from the Norwegian Ministry of Culture.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Vodka in Norway.

paragraph: But the life of Olav Engelbrektsson was not entirely "Sturm und Drang". He also introduced vodka to Norway as a universal remedy and drink. In 1531, he was given a package, with the letter dated 13 April 1531, from Eske Bille, then the "rikshovmeister" at the Bergenhus Fortress. Bille wrote in his letter that the package contained "some water . . . which is called Aqua vite and helps the same water for all his illness that a man can have internally and externally" [ "nogit watn . . . som kallis Aqua vite och hielper szamme watn for alle hande kranchdom som ith menniske kandt haffue indwortis" ]. At that time, "Aqua vitae" ( Latin, "water of life" ) was the common name of vodka. The letter is the earliest known mention of either vodka or akvavit in Scandinavia. The supplied alcohol probably came from Denmark, where it was already quite popular. Perhaps at that time Engelbrektsson began to produce vodka in Nidaros. Today Norway is one of the major producers and consumers of vodka, the west end of the so-called "vodka belt".

description: archbishop

wikidata_label: Olav Engelbrektsson

wikipedia_title: Olav Engelbrektsson


text:
Lorenzo de' Medici
Clarice Orsini
Maria Salviati
Giovanni Salviati
Sandro Botticelli
Jacopo Salviati
florins
Valori
Medici family
Clarice de' Medici
Filippo Strozzi the Younger
Giuliano
Pope Leo X
Alfonsina Orsini
Lorenzo
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Pope Clement VII
Catherine de' Medici
Henry II of France
Niccolò Machiavelli
Alexander the Great
Girolamo Benivieni
Dante Alighieri
Iacopo V Appiani
Maria Salviati
Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
Alessandro de' Medici
Ottaviano de' Medici
Pope Leo XI
Bernardo Salviati
Order of St. John of Jerusalem
Catherine de' Medici

wikipedia_title:
Lorenzo de' Medici
Clarice Orsini
Maria Salviati
Giovanni Salviati
Sandro Botticelli
Jacopo Salviati
Florin
Valori (family)
House of Medici
Clarice de' Medici
Filippo Strozzi the Younger
Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
Pope Leo X
Alfonsina Orsini
Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Pope Clement VII
Catherine de' Medici
Henry II of France
Niccolò Machiavelli
Alexander the Great
Girolamo Benivieni
Dante Alighieri
Iacopo V Appiani
Maria Salviati
Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
Ottaviano de' Medici
Pope Leo XI
Bernardo Salviati
Knights Hospitaller
Catherine de' Medici

categories: Women of medieval Italy,1553 deaths,1470 births,House of Medici

image: 512px-Лукреция_Мария_Ромола_Медичи.jpg

paragraph: Lucrezia de' Medici (1470–1553)

paragraph: Lucrezia Maria Romola de' Medici (4 August 1470 – between 10 and 15 November 1553) was an Italian noblewoman, the eldest daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici and Clarice Orsini and mother of Maria Salviati and Giovanni Salviati. Her portrait was considered (as a newborn) as the baby Jesus in Our Lady of the Magnificat of Sandro Botticelli.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was married in February 1488 to Jacopo Salviati. She brought a dowry of 2000 florins to the marriage. When her brothers were exiled from Florence, she was in a difficult spot, as Jacopo was a supporter of the new rulers. In August 1497 she spent 3000 ducats to support a plot to return her brother Piero to power. When it failed, the men participating in the plot were executed, but the Francesco Valori, leader of Florence, could not consider harming a woman. She continued to work to build support for the Medici family, including negotiating the marriage of her niece, Clarice de' Medici (1493-1528), to Filippo Strozzi the Younger against the desires of the Florentine leaders. When her brother, Giuliano returned to Florence in 1512, he asked the advice of his sisters on how he should restructure the government.

paragraph: In March 1513, her brother became Pope Leo X, and the Medicis held days of celebrations in Florence. Lucrezia and her siblings gave gifts and money to crowds outside the family palace. By 1514, Pope Leo had so drained the Vatican treasuries that he pawned the papal tiara (worth 44000 ducats) to Lucrezia and her husband. Lucrezia began to have public disputes with her sister-in-law, Alfonsina Orsini, who was working to elevate her son, Lorenzo to Captain General and later Duke. She and her husband preferred that a group rule Florence, rather than an individual. Pope Leo appointed Lucrezia's son Giovanni a Cardinal in 1517. Lucrezia managed his household and office for him from 1524, particularly while he was travelling as a Papal Legate. She used that influence to help promote Medici causes in Rome. Lucrezia was with Pope Leo when he died.

paragraph: In 1527, when the Medici were again exiled from Florence, Jacopo wound up a prisoner of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor along with Lucrezia's cousin, Pope Clement VII. Lucrezia worked to gather a ransom and get her husband released. She and her husband opposed Pope Clement's decision to marry their grand-niece Catherine de' Medici to the future Henry II of France, claiming that such an important Medici heir should marry within Italy.

paragraph: Jacopo died in 1533. Lucrezia outlived him by twenty years. Lucrezia's exact death date is unknown, but it is estimated that she died between 10 and 15 November 1553. She was 83 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Patronage.

paragraph: In 1520, Pope Leo X asked her to help support convents in Florence. She paid for a significant expansion of the convent of San Giorgio, funding new dormitories, cloisters, and workshops. She built other chapels in 1530 in Rome. She and Giovanni later worked together to pay for a chapel in Rome which would also serve as a resting place for the family. In November 1520, she exchanged messages with Filippo Nerli and Niccolò Machiavelli about editing a biography of Alexander the Great. She was a patron of Girolamo Benivieni. Together, she and Benivieni petitioned her brother Pope Leo X to support their effort to bring the body of Dante Alighieri to his home town of Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: By Salviati, she had 10 children, some of whom were of great importance to the history of Renaissance Europe:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Giovanni Salviati (Florence, 1490 - Ravenna, 1553)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzo Salviati (Florence, 1492 - Ferrara, 1539), senator and patron

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piero Salviati, patrician

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elena Salviati (Florence, 1495 circa - Genoa, 1552), married the Marquis Pallavicino Pallavicino and second marriage to the Prince Iacopo V Appiani in Appiano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baptist Salviati (1498–1524)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Salviati (1499–1543), married to Giovanni dalle Bande Nere. This marriage united the main branch and Popolano branch of the Medici family. His son, Cosimo, was named to lead Florence after the death of Duke Alessandro de' Medici

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luisa Salviati, married Sigismund de Luna and Peralta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesca Salviati, married first to Piero Gualterotti and second, in 1533, to Ottaviano de' Medici and was the mother of Pope Leo XI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernardo Salviati (Florence, 1505/1508 - Rome, 1568) knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; served Catherine de' Medici in France; 1561 Cardinal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alamanno (1510–1571), patrician

wikidata_label: Lucrezia de' Medici

wikipedia_title: Lucrezia de' Medici (1470–1553)