text: nuclear physicist

text: Physics

text: University of Chicago

text: Manhattan Project

text: Pupin Hall

text: Columbia University

text: Trinity

text: University of Chicago

text: Enrico Fermi Institute

text: Los Alamos National Laboratory

text: Enrico Fermi Award

text: Jewish

text: Meir Katzenellenbogen

text: Columbia University

text: electrical engineering

text: physics

text: John R. Dunning

text: Ernest Lawrence

text: cyclotron

text: Dana Mitchell

text: Eugene T. Booth

text: G. Norris Glasoe

text: ionization chamber

text: linear amplifier

text: Otto Hahn

text: Fritz Strassmann

text: Naturwissenschaften

text: barium

text: uranium

text: neutrons

text: Lise Meitner

text: Otto Robert Frisch

text: nuclear fission

text: Nobel Prize for Chemistry

text: Niels Bohr

text: Princeton University

text: Isidor Isaac Rabi

text: Willis Lamb

text: University of Columbia

text: Pupin Hall

text: Eugene T. Booth

text: John R. Dunning

text: Enrico Fermi

text: G. Norris Glasoe

text: Francis G. Slack

text: Manhattan Project

text: Metallurgical Laboratory

text: University of Chicago

text: Walter Henry Zinn

text: Chicago Pile-1

text: nuclear chain reaction

text: Argonne National Laboratory

text: DuPont

text: Hanford

text: plutonium

text: Los Alamos National Laboratory

text: Trinity

text: nuclear yield

text: University of Chicago

text: Enrico Fermi Institute

text: Italy

text: Brazil

text: berylliosis

text: Los Alamos

text: Guggenheim Fellow

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Enrico Fermi Award

text: E. T. Booth

text: J. R. Dunning

text: E. Fermi

text: G. N. Glasoe

text: F. G. Slack

text: Leo Szilard

text: John Ray Dunning 1907 – 1975

text: Herbert L. Anderson

categories: 1914 births,Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,20th-century American physicists,Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni,Guggenheim Fellows,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,Enrico Fermi Award recipients,1988 deaths,University of Chicago faculty,Manhattan Project people

paragraph: Herbert L. Anderson

paragraph: Herbert Lawrence Anderson (May 24, 1914 – July 16, 1988) was an American nuclear physicist who was Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago.

paragraph: He contributed to the Manhattan Project. He was also a member of the team which made the first demonstration of nuclear fission in the United States, in the basement of Pupin Hall at Columbia University. He participated in the first atomic bomb test, codenamed Trinity. After the close of World War II, he was a professor of physics at the University of Chicago until his retirement in 1982. There, he helped Fermi establish the Enrico Fermi Institute and was its director from 1958 to 1962. The latter part of his career was as a senior fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was a recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Born in New York, New York, to a Jewish family. Anderson's lineage to Rabbi Meir Katzenellenbogen, the Maharam of Padua, is detailed in "The Unbroken Chain". Anderson earned three degrees at Columbia University, a Bachelor of Arts in 1931, a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering in 1935, and a PhD in physics in 1940.

paragraph: John R. Dunning, professor of physics at Columbia, closely followed the work of Ernest Lawrence on the cyclotron. Dunning wanted a more powerful neutron source and the cyclotron appeared as an attractive tool to achieve this end. During 1935 and 1936, he was able to construct a cyclotron using many salvaged parts to reduce costs and funding from industrial and private donations. The cyclotron design and building project began as Anderson was completing his engineering degree. At the suggestion of Professor Dana Mitchell, Dunning offered Anderson a teaching assistant position if he would also help with the design and building of the cyclotron. While working on his doctorate, Anderson made two major contributions to the project. The first was to design a high frequency filament supply, rather than the commonly used direct current version. This fostered longer filament life in the high magnetic field environment of a cyclotron. The second and more important contribution was the use of a pair of concentric lines to feed the cyclotron dees (cyclotron electrodes in the shape of a "D"), rather than the usual induction system. This refinement resulted in greater cyclotron efficiency and thereafter became a regular feature in cyclotron design. Others assisting Anderson in the construction of the cyclotron were Eugene T. Booth, G. Norris Glasoe, Hugh Glassford, and, of course, professor Dunning. In anticipation of conducting experiments with the cyclotron, Anderson also built an ionization chamber and a linear amplifier in late 1938.

paragraph: In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to "Naturwissenschaften" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939. In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. Some historians have documented the history of the discovery of nuclear fission and believe Meitner should have been awarded the Nobel Prize with Hahn.

paragraph: Even before it was published, Meitner's and Frisch's interpretation of the work of Hahn and Strassmann crossed the Atlantic Ocean with Niels Bohr, who was to lecture at Princeton University. Isidor Isaac Rabi and Willis Lamb, two University of Columbia physicists working at Princeton, heard the news and carried it back to Columbia. Rabi said he told Fermi; Fermi gave credit to Lamb. Bohr soon afterwards went from Princeton to Columbia to see Fermi. Not finding Fermi in his office, Bohr went down to the cyclotron area and found Anderson. Bohr grabbed him by the shoulder and said: "Young man, let me explain to you about something new and exciting in physics." It was clear to scientists at Columbia that they should try to detect the energy released in the nuclear fission of uranium from neutron bombardment. On January 25, 1939, Anderson was a member of the experimental team at Columbia University that conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States, which was conducted in the basement of Pupin Hall; the other members of the team were Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack.

paragraph: Fermi had arrived at Columbia only a short time before this historic demonstration. This bringing together of Fermi and Anderson resulted in a rewarding relationship lasting until the death of Fermi in 1954. Fermi and Anderson conducted a series of experiments at Columbia on the slowing down of neutrons in graphite, absorption and reflection of slow neutrons by numerous relevant materials, fissioning of uranium, and preliminary experiments using a lattice of uranium in graphite. A paper based on Anderson's PhD thesis, "Resonance Capture of Neutrons by Uranium", for security reasons, was not published until 10 years later.

paragraph: Section::::Chain reaction.

paragraph: When, as part of the Manhattan Project, the Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab) was started up at the University of Chicago, in February 1942, Fermi and Anderson, along with Walter Henry Zinn from Columbia, became leaders in the design and construction of Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1), which achieved the first manmade nuclear chain reaction on December 2, 1942. Thereafter, Anderson led the construction of CP-2 at Argonne National Laboratory in 1943. He was also a key consultant to DuPont in the design and construction of the Hanford reactors, which generated fissionable plutonium for the U.S. nuclear arsenal.

paragraph: In 1944, Anderson went to the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he participated in using the Omega reactor to determine the critical mass of uranium-235. In preparation for the first nuclear device test on July 16, 1945, which was codenamed Trinity, Anderson, with his radiochemist colleagues, developed a method of determining the nuclear yield by collecting fission products at the detonation site. This technique was later perfected for nuclear yield determinations through the analysis of airborne fission products.

paragraph: After the conclusion of World War II, Fermi and Anderson returned to the University of Chicago. There, they established the Institute for Nuclear Studies (today, the Enrico Fermi Institute). At the University, Anderson was assistant professor of physics 1946 to 1947, associate professor 1947 to 1950, professor 1950 to 1977, and distinguished service professor 1977 to 1982. From 1958 to 1962, Anderson was director of the Enrico Fermi Institute.

paragraph: In addition to Anderson's work in Italy and Brazil, he was intermittently at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Finally, he returned there in 1978 as a fellow and then a senior fellow until his death from an almost forty-year struggle with berylliosis. His death on July 16, 1988 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, was on the 43rd anniversary of the first test of an atomic bomb.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and appointments.

paragraph: Anderson's distinguished career earned him a number of honors:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 to 1957 – Appointed a Guggenheim Fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 to 1957 – Fulbright Lecturer in Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 – Member of the National Academy of Sciences

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 – Enrico Fermi Award

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. L. Anderson, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, E. Fermi, G. N. Glasoe, and F. G. Slack "The Fission of Uranium", "Phys. Rev." Volume 55, Number 5, 511 - 512 (1939). Institutional citation: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 16 February 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. L. Anderson, E. Fermi, and Leo Szilard "Neutron Production and Absorption in Uranium", "Phys. Rev." Volume 56, Issue 3, 284 - 286 (1939). Institutional citation: Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 3 July 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold M. Agnew and Herbert L. Anderson "Double Magnetic Lens Nuclear Spectrometer", "Rev. Sci. Instrum." Volume 20, 869 (1949). Institutional citation: Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert L. Anderson "Resonance Capture of Neutrons by Uranium", "Phys. Rev." Volume 80, Issue 4, 499 - 506 (1950). Institutional citation: Columbia University, New York, New York. Received 27 April 1940. When Anderson submitted the paper, based on his doctoral thesis, he was a University Fellow, at Columbia University. For national security reasons, the paper was not published until 10 years later. By then, Anderson was at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert L. Anderson "AIP 50th Anniversary Physics Vade Mecum" (American Institute of Physics, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert L. Anderson (Editor-in-Chief) "A Physicist's Desk Reference" (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert L. Anderson "John Ray Dunning 1907 – 1975" in "Biographical Memoir" 163-186 (National Academy of Sciences, 1989).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold M. Agnew [Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory 1970 to 1979] " Biographical Memoirs: Herbert L. Anderson" (National Academy of Sciences)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Audio Interview with Herbert L. Anderson by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Audio Interview with Herbert L. Anderson by S. L. Sanger Voices of the Manhattan Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annotated Bibliography for Herbert L. Anderson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

description: American physicist

wikidata_label: Herbert L. Anderson

wikipedia_title: Herbert L. Anderson


href: Amorite First%20Dynasty%20of%20Babylon Kazallu Mesopotamia

text:
Amorite
First Dynasty of Babylon
Kazallu
Mesopotamia

categories: 19th-century BC rulers,Babylonian kings,19th-century BC Babylonian kings

paragraph: Sumu-abum

paragraph: Sumu-Abum (also Su-abu) was an Amorite, and the first King of the First Dynasty of Babylon (the "Amorite Dynasty"). He reigned from 1830-1817 BC (middle chronology). He freed a small area of land previously ruled by the fellow Amorite city state of Kazallu which included Babylon, then a minor administrative center in southern Mesopotamia. Sumu-Abum (and the three Amorite kings succeeding him) makes no claim to be "King of Babylon", suggesting that the town was at this time still of little importance.

description: Babylonian king

wikidata_label: Sumu-abum

wikipedia_title: Sumu-abum


text: Province of Pennsylvania

text: Quaker

text: Dolobran

text: Meifod

text: Montgomeryshire

text: Earls of Derby

text: Ruthin School

text: Jesus College, Oxford

text: Quaker

text: Welshpool

text: Royal Declaration of Indulgence

text: William Penn

text: Philadelphia County

text: provincial council

text: Bucks County

text: John Blackwell

text: Quaker party

text: George Keith

text: Dublin

text: David Lloyd

categories: 1694 deaths,People educated at Ruthin School,People from Montgomeryshire,Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford,Converts to Quakerism,Welsh Quakers,People of colonial Pennsylvania,Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council,American Quakers,Colonial governors of Pennsylvania,1640 births,17th-century English medical doctors

paragraph: Thomas Lloyd (lieutenant governor)

paragraph: Thomas Lloyd (6 April 1640 – 10 September 1694) was a lieutenant-governor of the Province of Pennsylvania and a Quaker preacher.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: He was the third son of Charles I Lloyd (1597-) of Dolobran, in the parish of Meifod, Montgomeryshire in Wales, by his wife Elizabeth Stanley, a member of a junior line of the Stanley family, Earls of Derby.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was educated at Ruthin School. He studied law and medicine at Jesus College, Oxford, from which he was graduated in 1661. He became a Quaker, and in 1664 was arrested and imprisoned in Welshpool until the Royal Declaration of Indulgence in 1672.

paragraph: He became a physician and enjoyed a large practice; but in 1683 he and his family removed to Pennsylvania due to continued religious persecution with William Penn, who made him master of the rolls. He was chosen to represent Philadelphia County in the provincial council in January 1684, and as its president administered the government, after Penn sailed for England in August, till 9 December 1687, when he was one of an executive commission of five that held power for ten months.

paragraph: He was again elected to the council to represent Bucks County in 1689, and took his seat in spite of the opposition of the governor, John Blackwell, with whom he and others of the Quaker party had a controversy. Blackwell was removed from office by Penn, and Lloyd was again chosen president of the council and afterward commissioned lieutenant-governor by Penn, holding office from 1690 to 1693. During his administration the schism headed by George Keith took place.

paragraph: Two of his Quaker pamphlets were later published: ""An epistle to my Dear and well beloved Friends of Dolobran"" in 1788 and ""A Letter to John Eccles and Wife"" in 1805.

paragraph: Section::::Personal Life.

paragraph: He married twice, firstly to Mary Jones (d.1680), daughter of Col. Roger Jones of Welshpool, Governor of Dublin during the reign of King James II, who defeated the Marquess of Ormond in Ireland. Secondly he married Patience Storey, without issue.

paragraph: He may have been the cousin of David Lloyd, the judge and politician in the Province of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: He died in Pennsylvania, 10 September 1694.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical data and biographical notes

description: Lieutenant-governor of provincial Pennsylvania and Quaker preacher

wikidata_label: Thomas Lloyd

wikipedia_title: Thomas Lloyd (lieutenant governor)


text:
Italian
Neoclassicist
Teatro Regio
Duches Marie Louise

categories: 1780 births,1854 deaths,19th-century Italian architects,People from Parma

paragraph: Nicola Bettoli

paragraph: Nicola or Niccolò Bettoli (3 September 1780 – 16 July 1854) was an Italian architect. Born in Parma, he is best known as the designer of the Neoclassicist Teatro Regio (Royal Theatre) of that city for Duches Marie Louise which was begun in 1821 and inaugurated on 16 May 1829.

alias:
Nicolò Bettoli
Nicolo Bettoli

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Nicola Bettoli

wikipedia_title: Nicola Bettoli


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Raleigh, North Carolina

text: Sergeant

text: Khe Gio Bridge

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: Concord, Tennessee

text: North Vietnamese Army

text: Sapper

text: bunker

text: searchlight

text: mortar

text: Fort Bliss

text: US Army

text: Loudon County, Tennessee

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: People from Knoxville, Tennessee,1970 deaths,1950 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Mitchell W. Stout

paragraph: Mitchell William Stout (February 24, 1950 – March 12, 1970) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stout joined the Army from Raleigh, North Carolina in August 1967. By March 12, 1970 was serving as a Sergeant in Battery C, 1st Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment. On that day, at Khe Gio Bridge in the Republic of Vietnam, Stout picked up an enemy-thrown grenade and used his body to shield his comrades at the expense of his own life.

paragraph: Stout, aged 20 at his death, was buried in Virtue Cemetery, Concord, Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Sergeant Stout's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: Sgt. Stout distinguished himself during an attack by a North Vietnamese Army Sapper company on his unit's firing position at Khe Gio Bridge. Sgt. Stout was in a bunker with members of a searchlight crew when the position came under heavy enemy mortar fire and ground attack. When the intensity of the mortar attack subsided, an enemy grenade was thrown into the bunker. Displaying great courage, Sgt. Stout ran to the grenade, picked it up, and started out of the bunker. As he reached the door, the grenade exploded. By holding the grenade close to his body and shielding its blast, he protected his fellow soldiers in the bunker from further injury or death. Sgt. Stout's conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action, at the cost of his own life, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::Other.

paragraph: The gym on main post Fort Bliss is named in his honor.

paragraph: SGT Stout is the only US Army Air Defense Artillerymen to earn the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: The bridges on I-75 across the Tennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee are named in honor of Sgt. Stout.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Mitchell W. Stout

wikipedia_title: Mitchell W. Stout


text:
Soviet
Moscow Art Theatre
Habima
Tel-Aviv
Gulag
Joseph Stalin
Ekaterinoslav
Ukraine
Kharkiv
Maria Sukhodolska-Dikova
Oleksi Sukhodolskiy
Moscow
Moscow Art Theatre
Konstantin Stanislavski
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
Michael Chekhov
Michael Chekhov
Jewish Chamber Theatre
Habima
Sholem Aleichem
Calderón
Dmitri Shostakovich
Katerina Izmailova
Leningrad
Moscow
Joseph Stalin
Bolshoi Drama Theater
Leningrad
Boris Babochkin
Great Terror
Gulag
Siberia
Omsk
Second World War
Prince Kutuzov
Kutuzov
Russia
Stalin Prize
Nikolai Leskov
Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
propaganda
Kremlin
People's Artist of the USSR
Venice Film Festival
Admiral Nakhimov
Boris Babochkin
Pravda
Ekaterina Furtseva
Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union
Novodevichy
Admiral Nakhimov
Pirogov
The Third Blow
Tale of a True Man
Aleksey Dikiy article

categories: Russian and Soviet theatre directors,People from Dnipro,1955 deaths,Soviet male actors,1889 births,Soviet prisoners and detainees

paragraph: Aleksei Dikiy

paragraph: Aleksei Dikiy () (February 24, 1889 - October 1, 1955) was a Soviet actor and director who worked at Moscow Art Theatre and later worked with Habima Jewish theatre in Tel-Aviv. He was arrested and imprisoned in Gulag under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin but later played the role of Joseph Stalin in several films.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ukraine.

paragraph: He was born Aleksei Denisovich Dikiy on February 24, 1889, in Ekaterinoslav, Russian Empire, now Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine. At young age he moved to Kharkiv, where his sister, Maria Sukhodolska-Dikova, was a popular actress, and she helped him to become an actor. Young Dikiy made his acting debut at the age of 6, on stage of the Kharkiv Drama under the directorship of Oleksi Sukhodolskiy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Moscow.

paragraph: In 1909 he moved to Moscow with the assistance of I. Uralov, actor of Moscow Art Theatre. There Dikiy studied acting under S. Khalyutina and K. Mardzhanov. Then Dikiy studied under Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, and was hired as an actor at the Moscow Art Theater in 1910. He admired the stage works of Michael Chekhov and was his partner on stage. In 1922 Dikiy followed Michael Chekhov in the formation of the second Moscow Art Theater, MKhAT-2. There his artistic rivalry with Michael Chekhov turned into a bitter dispute, and Dikiy left Moscow Art Theatre in 1928. At that time he also worked as director with the Jewish Chamber Theatre in Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tel Aviv.

paragraph: In 1928 Aleksei Dikiy received an invitation to work in Tel Aviv as director with Habima, the Jewish theatre troupe that had originated in Russia. Dikiy directed two successful Hebrew-language plays for Habima in the 1928-29 season. On December 29, 1928, he premiered "The Treasure", a translation of the Yiddish play "Der Oytser" by Sholem Aleichem, which became an artistic and financial success. On May 23, 1929, he premiered "David's Crown", an adaptation of "The Hair of Absalom" by Calderón. With the success of Dikiy's directorship Habima became established as a national Jewish theatre, and Dikiy gained an international reputation as an innovative director.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Repressions.

paragraph: In 1931, back in Moscow, Dikiy started his own theater-studio in Moscow and also taught an acting class. In 1934 Dikiy collaborated with Dmitri Shostakovich on production of the opera "Katerina Izmailova" (a.k.a. Lady Makbeth of Mtsensk District). Dikiy's production of "Katerina Izmailova" had over 100 performances in Leningrad and Moscow, and was considered a highlight of his directing career. However, in 1936, Joseph Stalin saw the opera and severely criticized the work of both Dmitri Shostakovich and Dikiy. After Stalin's criticisms both Shostakovich and Dikiy suffered from serious troubles in their lives and careers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Leningrad.

paragraph: In 1936, Dikiy was ordered out of Moscow, then he was appointed the director of the Bolshoi Drama Theater (BDT) in Leningrad. There he began his lifelong collaboration and friendship with actor Boris Babochkin. At that time many Russian intellectuals were terrorized by purges and repressions, known as the "Great Terror" under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin. In 1937 Aleksei Dikiy was arrested on false accusations of anti-Soviet activity. In reality he was a victim of behind-the-scenes manipulations against him by other jealous actors. Dikiy was sentenced and exiled to a Gulag prison-camp in Siberia, where he spent four years until his release in 1941.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Comeback.

paragraph: Dikiy was not allowed to return to work either in Leningrad or in Moscow, instead he lived and worked in the Siberian city of Omsk for several years during the Second World War. In 1944 Dikiy was cast in the title role as Prince Kutuzov in a Soviet propaganda film "Kutuzov" (1944), which was also known outside of Russia as "1812". For that role Dikiy was awarded the Stalin Prize and was allowed to work in Moscow as a theater director. His most important works as director were "Blokha" by Nikolai Leskov and "Teni" (Shadows) by Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Stalin.

paragraph: After serving time in one of Stalin's Gulag prison-camps in Siberia, Aleksei Dikiy was cast to portray Joseph Stalin in several propaganda films. Stalin approved Dikiy for the role. Stalin became interested in the brilliant actor, after he saw the film Kutuzov (1944). Then Stalin saw Dikiy's performance in the role as Stalin, and sent his security officers to get Dikiy delivered to Kremlin for a brief meeting. Stalin had a drink and told Dikiy that his imprisonment was a must, and that everyone in the country must undergo such experience in exile and prison-camps. Later Dikiy told his students that he played the role of

paragraph: Joseph Stalin as a dangerous, scary, power-hungry dictator. Stalin liked the image of himself made by Dikiy in films.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Recognition.

paragraph: Stalin was moved by Dikiy's talent and awarded the actor with the Stalin Prize five times, in 1946, 1947, 1949 twice, and 1950. "I am playing not a human, but a granite monument" said Dikiy, alluding to Stalin. Dikiy was designated People's Artist of the USSR (1949). He was nominated for 'Best Actor' and received a special mention at the 1947 Venice Film Festival for the title role in "Admiral Nakhimov".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:More repressions.

paragraph: In 1953 Dikiy directed his last stage production, the play "Teni" (Shadows), by Saltykov-Shchedrin. Under Dikiy's direction his friend and partner Boris Babochkin played one of his best roles ever – Klaverov, a corrupt career politician, alluding to a typical Soviet bureaucrat. For that work Babochkin was viciously attacked in the official Soviet newspaper "Pravda" by Ekaterina Furtseva, who was then a Mayor of Moscow and later was made Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Furtseva became enraged with Dikiy and Babochkin's satirical portrayal of the Soviet bureaucracy with allusions to the Soviet leadership. She banned the play, and censored both Babochkin and Dikiy from public performances and kept them virtually unemployed for three years until Babochkin was finally forced to repent to the Communist Party.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Dikiy suffered from many traumatic experiences in his life. The last blow was being a powerless witness of censorship and public humiliation of his friend Boris Babochkin. Official attacks by the Soviet Communist Party caused Dikiy a severe emotional trauma, which led to alcoholism, depression and other health problems.

paragraph: Aleksei Dikiy died of a heart failure on October 1, 1955, in Moscow, and was laid to rest in Novodevichy Monastery Cemetery in Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Admiral Nakhimov" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pirogov" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Third Blow" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tale of a True Man" (1948)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aleksey Dikiy article on peoples.ru encyclopedia

description: Russian and Soviet actor and theatre director

wikidata_label: Aleksei Dikiy

wikipedia_title: Aleksei Dikiy


text: c.

text: Clann Domhnaill

text: Alasdair Óg Mac Domhnaill

text: Edward I, King of England

text: John, King of Scotland

text: Clann Dubhghaill

text: chiefship

text: Lord of Islay

text: Robert Bruce VII, Earl of Carrick

text: John Comyn III, Lord of Badenoch

text: King of Scotland

text: Bruce

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Battle of Faughart

text: Eóin Mac Domhnaill

text: Lord of the Isles

text: Clann Domhnaill

text: Argyll

text: Kintyre

text: Islay

text: Jura

text: Colonsay

text: Oronsay

text: Clann Somhairle

text: Clann Dubhghaill

text: Clann Ruaidhrí

text: Caimbéalaigh

text: Sleat History

text: Cailéan Mór Caimbéal

text: Hugh Bisset

text: Alasdair Óg

text: Eóin Sprangach

text: Ardnamurchan branch

text: Alexander III, King of Scotland

text: Margaret

text: Edward I, King of England

text: leading claimants

text: John Balliol, Lord of Galloway

text: Robert Bruce V, Lord of Annandale

text: King of Scotland

text: crushed the Scots at Dunbar

text: Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, Lord of Argyll

text: Eóin Mac Dubhghaill

text: Comyn kindred

text: Sheriff of Lorn

text: overcame and slew

text: Robert Bruce VII, Earl of Carrick

text: John Comyn III, Lord of Badenoch

text: Bruce

text: defeated at Methven

text: Dalry

text: Dunaverty Castle

text: Malcolm le fitz l'Engleys

text: Rathlin Island

text: Dunyvaig Castle

text: siege

text: Gesta Annalia II

text: Cairistíona Nic Ruaidhrí

text: Bruce

text: John Menteith

text: Carrick

text: Lochaber

text: Ardnamurchan

text: Morvern

text: Duror

text: Glencoe

text: Mull

text: Tiree

text: Eóin Mac Domhnaill

text: Ardnamurchan

text: Colonsay

text: Gigha

text: Knapdale

text: Lewis

text: Skye

text: Domhnall of Islay

text: Robert II, King of Scotland

text: Lord of Kintyre

text: tocher

text: Edward II, King of England

text: feu

text: Eóin Mac Suibhne

text: Stirling

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Carrick

text: Scottish Lowlands

text: Edward Bruce, Earl of Carrick

text: high-kingship of Ireland

text: Battle of Faughart

text: Annals of Loch Cé

text: Irish annals

text: Annals of Connacht

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Annals of Clonmacnoise

text: Book of Clanranald

text: Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí

text: Lord of the Isles

text: surname

text: Cú Maighe na nGall Ó Catháin

text: Uí Néill

text: Clann Aodha Buidhe

text: Ó Néill

text: Clann Lachlainn

text: William III, Earl of Ross

text: Eóin

text: Glencoe

text: Clann Mhic an Tóisigh

text: Lochaber

text: Moray

categories: 14th-century Scottish people,13th-century Scottish people,Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence,Medieval Gaels from Scotland,Clan Donald,Year of birth unknown,Scottish clan chiefs

paragraph: Aonghus Óg of Islay

paragraph: Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill (died 1314 × 1318/c. 1330), or Angus Og MacDonald, was a fourteenth-century Scottish magnate and chief of Clann Domhnaill. He was a younger son of Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay. After the latter's apparent death, the chiefship of the kindred was assumed by Aonghus Óg's elder brother, Alasdair Óg Mac Domhnaill.

paragraph: Most of the documentation regarding Aonghus Óg's career concerns his support of Edward I, King of England against supporters of John, King of Scotland. The latter's principal adherents on the western seaboard of Scotland were Clann Dubhghaill, regional rivals of Clann Domhnaill. Although there is much uncertainty concerning the Clann Domhnaill chiefship at this period in history, at some point after Alasdair Óg's apparent death at the hands of Clann Dubhghaill in 1299, Aonghus Óg seems to have taken up the chiefship as Lord of Islay.

paragraph: Pressure from Clann Domhnaill and other supporters of the English Crown evidently compelled Clann Dubhghaill into coming onside with the English in the first years of the fourteenth century. However, when Robert Bruce VII, Earl of Carrick murdered the Scottish claimant John Comyn III, Lord of Badenoch in 1306, and subsequently made himself King of Scotland (as Robert I), Clann Domhnaill seems to have switched their allegiance to Robert I in an effort to gain leverage against Clann Dubhghaill. Members of Clann Domhnaill almost certainly harboured the latter in 1306, when he was doggedly pursued by adherents of the English Crown.

paragraph: Following Robert I's successful consolidation of the Scottish kingship, Aonghus Óg and other members of his kindred were rewarded with extensive grants of territories formerly held by their regional opponents. According to the late fourteenth-century "Bruce", Aonghus Óg participated in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Robert I's greatest victory over the English. It is uncertain when Aonghus Óg died. It could have been before or after the death of an unknown member of the clan at the Battle of Faughart in 1318—a man who seems to have held the chiefship at the time. Certainly, Eóin Mac Domhnaill—Aonghus Óg's lawful son by Áine Ní Chatháin—held the chiefship by the 1330s, and became the first member of Clann Domhnaill to rule as Lord of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Familial background.

paragraph: Aonghus Óg was a younger son of Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay, chief of Clann Domhnaill. The latter last appears on record in 1293, when he was listed as one of the principal landholders in Argyll. At about this period, the territories possessed by the clan comprised Kintyre, Islay, southern Jura, and perhaps Colonsay and Oronsay. Clann Domhnaill was a branch of Clann Somhairle. Other branches included Clann Dubhghaill—the senior-most—and Clann Ruaidhrí. Aonghus Óg's mother was a member of the Caimbéalaigh kindred (the Campbells). According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the seventeenth-century "Sleat History", she was a daughter of Cailéan Mór Caimbéal, a leading member of the Caimbéalaigh. Aonghus Óg had a sister who married Domhnall Óg Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill; another sister who married Hugh Bisset; an older brother, Alasdair Óg, who appears to have succeeded their father by 1296; and another brother, Eóin Sprangach, ancestor of the Ardnamurchan branch of Clann Domhnaill.

paragraph: Section::::In English service against Scottish patriots.

paragraph: When Alexander III, King of Scotland died in 1286, his acknowledged heir was his granddaughter, Margaret. Although this Norwegian girl was accepted by the magnates of the realm, and betrothed to the heir of Edward I, King of England, she perished on her journey to Scotland, and her death triggered a succession crisis. The leading claimants to kingship were John Balliol, Lord of Galloway and Robert Bruce V, Lord of Annandale. By common consent, Edward I was invited to arbitrate the dispute. In 1292, John Balliol's claims were accepted, and he was duly inaugurated as King of Scotland. Unfortunately for this king, his ambitious English counterpart systematically undermined his royal authority, and John's reign lasted only about four years. In 1296, after John ratified a military treaty with France, and refused to hand over Scottish castles to Edward I's control, the English marched north and crushed the Scots at Dunbar. Edward I's forces proceeded forward virtually unopposed, whereupon Scotland fell under English control.

paragraph: The chief of Clann Dubhghaill in the last quarter of the thirteenth century and first decade of the next was Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, Lord of Argyll. The wife of this pre-eminent magnate—and mother of Eóin Mac Dubhghaill, his son and successor—was almost certainly a member of the Comyn kindred, a family closely bound to the Balliol family. During the short Balliol regime, Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill had been appointed Sheriff of Lorn, a position which made him the Scottish Crown's representative throughout much of the western seaboard, including Clann Domhnaill and Caimbéalaigh territories. If tradition preserved by the seventeenth-century "Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells" is to be believed, Clann Dubhghaill overcame and slew Cailéan Mór in the 1290s. Certainly, Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill came into bloody conflict with his Clann Domhnaill counterpart during the decade.

paragraph: This Clann Somhairle infighting appears to have stemmed from Alasdair Óg's marriage to an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill, and seems to have concerned this woman's territorial claims. Although the opposing chiefs swore to postpone their disagreement in 1292, and uphold the peace in the "isles and outlying territories", the struggle continued throughout the 1290s. Clann Dubhghaill authority along the western seaboard was seriously threatened by about 1296, when Alasdair Óg was acting as Edward I's royal representative in the region. Certainly, Alasdair Óg appealed to the English king regarding Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill's ravaging of Clann Domhnaill territories in 1297, and may well be identical to the like-named Clann Domhnaill dynast who was recorded slain against Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill two years later. If this identification is indeed correct, this could have been the point when Aonghus Óg succeeded Alasdair Óg as chief.

paragraph: Section::::Shift of allegiance to the Bruce cause.

paragraph: In February 1306, Robert Bruce VII, Earl of Carrick, a claimant to the Scottish throne, murdered his chief rival to the kingship, John Comyn III, Lord of Badenoch. Although the former seized the throne (as Robert I) by March, the English Crown immediately struck back, defeating his forces in June. By September, Robert I was a fugitive, and seems to have escaped into the Hebrides. There is no certain record of Aonghus Óg between 1301 and 1306. If the fourteenth-century "Bruce" is to be believed, however, Aonghus Óg played an instrumental part in Robert I's survival. Specifically, this source relates that, after Robert I was defeated at Methven and Dalry in the summer of 1306, the king fled into the mountains and made for the coast of Kintyre, where he was protected by Aonghus Óg himself. Although the "Bruce" maintains that Aonghus Óg harboured the king at Dunaverty Castle, contemporary evidence reveals that Robert I's men were already in possession of the fortress by March, having acquired it from a certain Malcolm le fitz l'Engleys. In fact, in the immediate aftermath of John Comyn III's murder, Robert I secured control of several western fortresses (including that of Dunaverty), seemingly in an effort to keep a lane open for military assistance from Ireland or the Hebrides.

paragraph: According to the "Bruce", Robert I stayed at the castle for three days before fleeing to Rathlin Island. There is reason to suspect that this account instead masks an historical incident in which the king fled from Kintyre to a Clann Domhnaill castle on Islay—perhaps Dunyvaig Castle—the next northern-most island. If the account of Rathlin given by the "Bruce" actually refers to Islay, it is still uncertain if Aonghus Óg played any part in the king's salvation. In any case, contemporary sources reveal that Dunaverty Castle succumbed to an English-backed siege in September. Quite where Robert I fled after leaving Kinytre is uncertain. He could have spent time in the Hebrides, Ulster, or Orkney. Certainly, the fourteenth-century "Gesta Annalia II" states that the king was assisted by Cairistíona Nic Ruaidhrí—a woman with Hebridean connections—and it is possible that the king indeed set sail for a Clann Ruaidhrí or Clann Domhnaill island. Moreover, Edward I himself thought that Robert I was hidden somewhere amongst the islands on the western seaboard.

paragraph: The catalyst behind Clann Domhnaill's shift of allegiance from Edward I to Robert I likely lies in local Hebridean politics rather than Scottish patriotism. Whilst Edward I's destruction of the Balliol regime in 1296 resulted in Clann Dubhghaill finding itself out of favour with the English regime, Clann Domhnaill seems to have sided with the English Crown in an effort to earn royal support in its localised power struggle with Clann Dubhghaill. To the leading clans on the western seaboard, internecine rivalries appear to have been more of a concern than the greater war over the Scottish Crown. Aonghus Óg's documented service to the English Crown in the years after Alasdair Óg's apparent death was almost certainly undertaken in the context of pursuing his kindred's struggle against Clann Dubhghaill. Pressure from Clann Domhnaill and other supporters of the English Crown evidently compelled Clann Dubhghaill into coming onside with the English in the first years of the fourteenth century. Whilst Robert I's subsequent murder of John Comyn III undoubtedly galvanised Clann Dubhghaill's new-found alignment with Edward I, it also precipitated Clann Domhnaill's realignment of support from the English Crown to the Bruce cause. Although Edward I ordered Hugh and John Menteith to sweep the western seaboard with their fleets in 1307, the evanescent Scottish monarch remained at large, seemingly harboured by Clann Domhnaill and Clann Ruaidhrí.

paragraph: Section::::Rewarded service to the Scottish Crown, and a contested chiefship.

paragraph: In 1307, at about the time of Edward I's death in July, Robert I mounted a remarkable return to power, first striking into Carrick in about February. By 1309, Robert I's opponents had been largely overcome, and he held his first parliament as king. Clann Domhnaill clearly benefited from their support of the Bruce cause. Although no royal charters associated with the kindred exist from this period, there are seventeenth-century charter indices that note several undated royal grants. For instance, Aonghus Óg was granted the former Comyn lordship of Lochaber and the adjacent regions of Ardnamurchan, Morvern, Duror, and Glencoe; whilst a certain Alasdair of the Isles received the former Clann Dubhghaill islands of Mull and Tiree.

paragraph: Although the indices fail to note any Clann Domhnaill grants concerning Islay and Kintyre it is not inconceivable that the kindred received grants of these territories as well. Later in the fourteenth century, Aonghus Óg's son, Eóin Mac Domhnaill, was granted the territories of Ardnamurchan, Colonsay, Gigha, Glencoe, Jura, Kintyre, Knapdale, Lewis, Lochaber, Morvern, Mull, and Skye. It is possible that the basis for many of these grants laid in the clan's military support of the Bruce cause, and stemmed from concessions gained from the embattled king in about 1306. If this was indeed the case, the fact that Robert I later granted a significant portion of these territories (Lochaber, Kintyre, Skye, and lands in Argyll) to other magnates suggests that his conceivable concessions to Clann Domhnaill may have been undertaken with some reluctance.

paragraph: There is reason to suspect that the Clann Domhnaill chiefship was contested during this period. For example, the royal grants to Aonghus Óg and Alasdair of the Isles—a man whose identity is uncertain—could be evidence that these two were competitors. Another apparent claimant to the chiefship, a certain Domhnall of Islay—whose identity is likewise uncertain—was present at the parliament of 1309. Furthermore, the "Bruce" states that when Robert I fled to Dunaverty Castle in 1306 he was fearful of treason during his stay. One possibility is that this statement preserves a record of the king's vulnerability to competing regional factions. Although the "Bruce" specifies that the Clann Domhnaill dynast to whom the king owed his salvation was Aonghus Óg, there is reason to question this claim. If Robert I indeed found protection at a Clann Domhnaill fortress—like Dunyvaig Castle—the attestations of Domhnall of Islay could indicate that it was he who assisted the king.

paragraph: The "Bruce" was certainly influenced by later political realities, and was composed during the reign of Robert II, King of Scotland (reigned 1371–1390), the father-in-law of Eóin Mac Domhnaill. The fact that this son of Aonghus Óg ruled as chief when the poem was composed could account for the remarkably favourable light in which Aonghus Óg is portrayed. If the account of Rathlin Island given by the "Bruce" actually refers to Islay and Dunyvaig Castle, the description of the island's reluctant inhabitants being forced to assist the king could indicate that he did not trust the Clann Domhnaill lord. Furthermore, the claim that Aonghus Óg was Lord of Kintyre during this period could stem from the fact that, by the time the "Bruce" was composed, Eóin Mac Domhnaill was married to a daughter of the Robert II, and had gained this contested lordship by way of her tocher.

paragraph: Seemingly in 1310, whilst in the service of the English Crown, Aonghus Óg inquired of Edward II, King of England as to whether Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill was within the king's peace, and entreated the king on behalf of several unnamed members of Clann Ruaidhrí—men were then aiding Aonghus Óg's English-aligned forces—to grant these Clann Ruaidhrí clansmen feu of their ancestral lands. An indication of the military might at Clann Dubhghaill's disposal may be Aonghus Óg's expressed opinion that, if he were able to join forces with Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, Edward II would have nothing to fear from his enemies. The fact that Aonghus Óg styled himself "of Islay" in his letter could be evidence that he was indeed acting as chief at this point. Another letter—this one from Hugh to Edward II—reveals that Hugh, Eóin Mac Suibhne, and Aonghus Óg himself, were engaged in maritime operations on behalf of the English Crown, and were enquiring of the king about the status of Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill.

paragraph: Section::::Participation in the Battle of Bannockburn.

paragraph: In about October/November 1313, Robert I declared that his opponents had one year to come into his peace or suffer permanent disinheritance. Seemingly in consequence of this declaration, Edward II announced a massive invasion of Scotland. On 23–24 June, the English and Scottish royal armies clashed near Stirling at what became known as the Battle of Bannockburn. Although there are numerous accounts of the battle, one of the most important sources is the "Bruce", which specifies that the Scottish army was divided into several battalions. According to this source, the king's battalion was composed of men from Carrick, Argyll, Kintyre, the Hebrides, and the Scottish Lowlands. Although the size of the opposing armies is uncertain, the Scottish force was undoubtedly smaller than that of English, and may well have numbered somewhere between five thousand and ten thousand. The battle resulted in one of the worst military defeats suffered by the English. Amongst the Hebridean contingent, the "Bruce" notes Aonghus Óg himself. According to this source, the king's battalion played a significant part in the conflict: for although it had hung back during the onset of hostilities, the battalion engaged the English at critical point in the fray. In any event, just as with the episode at Dunaverty, John Barbour's association of Aonghus Óg with Bannockburn could well be influenced by later political realities.

paragraph: Section::::Clann Domhnaill's part in the Bruce campaign in Ireland.

paragraph: Aonghus Óg—or at least a close relative—may have played a part in the Scottish Crown's later campaigning against the Anglo-Irish in Ireland. In 1315, Robert I's younger brother, Edward Bruce, Earl of Carrick, launched an invasion of Ireland and claimed the high-kingship of Ireland. For three years, the Scots and their Irish allies campaigned on the island against the Anglo-Irish and their allies. Although every other pitched-battle between the Scots and the Anglo-Irish resulted in a Scottish victory, the utter catastrophe at the Battle of Faughart cost Edward his life and brought an end to the Bruce regime in Ireland.

paragraph: According to the sixteenth-century "Annals of Loch Cé", a certain "'" and a "'" were slain in the onslaught. This source is mirrored by several other Irish annals including the fifteenth - to sixteenth-century "Annals of Connacht", the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters", the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster", and the seventeenth-century "Annals of Clonmacnoise". The precise identities of these men are unknown for certain, although they could well have been the heads of Clann Ruaidhrí and Clann Domhnaill. Whilst the slain member of Clann Ruaidhrí seems to have been Ruaidhrí, the identity of the Clann Domhnaill dynast is much less certain. He could have been Alasdair Óg (if this man was not the one who had been killed in 1299), or perhaps a son of Alasdair Óg. Another possibility is that he was Aonghus Óg himself, or perhaps a son of his. An after-effect of the continued support of Clann Domhnaill and Clann Ruaidhrí to the Bruce cause was the destruction of their regional rivals like Clann Dubhghaill. In fact, the albeit exaggerated title "King of Argyll" accorded to the slain Clann Domhnaill dynast in many of these annal-entries exemplifies the catastrophic effect that the rise of the Bruce regime had on its opponents like Clann Dubhghaill. By the mid-part of the century, Clann Domhnaill, under the leadership of Aonghus Óg's succeeding son, was undoubtedly the most powerful branch of Clann Somhairle.

paragraph: Section::::Death and descendants.

paragraph: Aonghus Óg seems to have died at some point after the Battle of Bannockburn—notwithstanding the Hebridean tradition preserved by the eighteenth-century "Book of Clanranald" and the "Sleat History" that dates his death to about 1300. According to the latter source, Aonghus Óg was laid to rest on Iona. One possibility is that he passed away between 1314 and 1318. This could well have been the case if the slain Clann Domhnaill chieftain at Faughart was indeed his son and successor. On the other hand, it is not impossible that Aonghus Óg lived as late as about 1330, after which the Clann Domhnaill lordship seems to have taken up by his son, Eóin Mac Domhnaill.

paragraph: The political situation in the Hebrides is murky between this man's accession and the disaster at Faughart, and it is possible that an after-effect of this defeat was a period of Clann Ruaidhrí dominance in the region. In 1325, a certain """", Ruaidhrí of Islay, suffered the forfeiture of his possessions by Robert I. Although this record could refer to a member of Clann Ruaidhrí—perhaps Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí—another possibility is that the individual actually refers to a member of Clann Domhnaill—perhaps a son of either Alasdair Óg or Aonghus Óg.

paragraph: If Ruaidhrí of Islay was indeed a member of Clann Domhnaill, and a son of Alasdair Óg, his expulsion may have marked the downfall of Alasdair Óg's descendants—Clann Alasdair—and may account for the fact that this branch of Clann Domhnaill failed to hold power in Hebrides after this date. As such, Ruaidhrí of Islay's expulsion could well mark the date upon which Clann Alasdair relocated overseas. The eclipse of Alasdair Óg's line—the senior branch of Clann Domhnaill—may explain the rise of Aonghus Óg's line. If Ruaidhrí of Islay indeed represented the line of Alasdair Óg, his forfeiture evidently paved the way for the rise of Eóin Mac Domhnaill. In fact, before the end of Robert I's reign, this son of Aonghus Óg appears to have administered Islay on behalf of the Scottish Crown, and eventually came to be the first Clann Domhnaill dynast to bear the title "" ("Lord of the Isles").

paragraph: If Aonghus Óg was still alive in 1325, he would have witnessed Robert I's apparent show of force into Argyll within the same year. Although Aonghus Óg's tenure as chief is remarkable in regard to his close support of the Bruce cause, the later career of Eóin Mac Domhnaill saw a conspicuous cooling of relations with the Bruce regime—a distancing which may well have contributed to the latter's adoption of the title "Lord of the Isles".

paragraph: Aonghus Óg married Áine Ní Chatháin, an Irish woman from Ulster. According to the "Sleat History", Áine Ní Chatháin's tocher consisted of one hundred and forty men from each surname that dwelt in the territory of her father, Cú Maighe na nGall Ó Catháin. The "Book of Clanranald" numbers the men at eighty. The Uí Catháin of Ciannachta were a major branch of the Uí Néill kindred, and the "" or "train of followers" that is said to have accompanied Áine Ní Chatháin is the most remarkable retinue to have arrived through a marriage from Ireland in Scottish tradition. In any case, this tocher appears similar to an historical one dating almost a century earlier, when a Clann Ruaidhrí bride brought over one hundred and sixty warriors to her Irish husband. The tradition of the Clann Domhnaill–Uí Catháin union is corroborated by the record of an English safe-conduct instrument granted to Áine Ní Chatháin, identified as the mother of Eóin Mac Domhnaill in 1338. At a later date, Áine Ní Chatháin appears to have remarried a member of Clann Aodha Buidhe, a branch of the Ó Néill kindred.

paragraph: Aonghus Óg and Áine Ní Chatháin were the parents of Eóin Mac Domhnaill. Another child of the couple may be the Áine Nic Domhnaill noted in the Clann Lachlainn pedigree preserved by the fifteenth-century manuscript National Library of Scotland Advocates' 72.1.1 (MS 1467). This source reveals that this woman was the wife Lachlann Óg Mac Lachlainn, and mother of his son, Eóin Mac Lachlainn. Whatever the case, a certain daughter of Aonghus Óg was Máire, a woman who married William III, Earl of Ross. Aonghus Óg appears to have also had another son named Eóin, a man from whom descended the Glencoe branch of Clann Domhnaill.

paragraph: Although the parentage of Alasdair of the Isles is uncertain, one possibility is that he was another son of Aonghus Óg. Domhnall of Islay could have also been his son. According to the seventeenth-century "Macintosh History", an ancestor of Clann Mhic an Tóisigh named Fearchar married a daughter of Aonghus Óg named """". The fact that Fearchar is supposed to have died in 1274, however, suggests that this source has conflated Aonghus Óg and Aonghus Mór. According to the "Sleat History", an illegitimate daughter of Aonghus Mór was the mother of an early chiefly ancestor of Clann Mhic an Tóisigh. The father of this ancestor is stated to have fled to Aonghus Mór whilst on the run for committing manslaughter. Having fathered a son with Aonghus Mór's daughter, the man is stated to have campaigned with Edward Bruce in Ireland where he was slain. The "Sleat History" also claims that the slain man's son—the ancestor of later Clann Mhic an Tóisigh chiefs—was brought up in Clann Domhnaill territory and endowed by the kindred with lands in Lochaber and Moray. Whatever the case, there is no solid evidence of Clann Mhic an Tóisigh in the Lochaber region before the reign of Robert II.

alias:
Aengus Óg MacDomhnaill
Angus Macdonald
Angus MacDonald
Angus Og mac Donald
Angus Óg MacDonald
Angus Og Macdonald
Angus Og MacDonald
Angus Og macDonald
Aonghas Óg MacDòmhnaill
Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill
Aonghus Óg MacDomnaill
Aengus Óg Mac Domnaill
Aonghas Óg MacDhomhnaill
Aonghas Óg MacDonald
Aonghus Og of Islay
Aengus Og MacDomhnaill
Aonghas Og MacDomhnaill
Aonghus Og Mac Domhnaill
Aonghus Og MacDomnaill
Aengus Og Mac Domnaill
Aonghas Og MacDhomhnaill
Aonghas Og MacDonald
Áengus Óc Mac Domnaill
Aonghas Óg MacDomhnaill

description: Scottish magnate

wikidata_label: Aonghus Óg of Islay

wikipedia_title: Aonghus Óg of Islay


text: Henry VIII of England

text: Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

text: Howard Family

text: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham

text: Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Henry VIII

text: Henry FitzRoy

text: illegitimate

text: Elizabeth Blount

text: Thomas Wolsey

text: consumption

text: Arthur

text: Margaret Douglas

text: Mary Shelton

text: Anne of Cleves

text: Catherine Howard

text: Tower of London

text: Thomas Seymour

text: Henry, Earl of Surrey

text: Madame d'Etampes

text: French King

text: Queen Mary I

text: Kelly Hart

text: film

text: television program

text: historical fiction

text: The Sixth Wife

text: Catherine Parr

text: Hans Holbein

categories: English duchesses by marriage,1557 deaths,Daughters of British dukes,Howard family (English aristocracy),Women of the Tudor period,1519 births,16th-century English women

paragraph: Mary FitzRoy, Duchess of Richmond and Somerset (Howard; 1519 – 7 December 1557), born Lady Mary Howard, was the only daughter-in-law of King Henry VIII of England, being the wife of his only acknowledged illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mary FitzRoy (formerly Lady Mary Howard) was the second daughter of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk: a member of the ambitious Howard Family. At the time of her birth, her father was the second-most senior noble in the English peerage; her maternal grandfather Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, the most senior. After Buckingham's execution in 1521, her father was one of only two dukes in the Kingdom, (the other being Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk). This changed in 1525, when Henry VIII elevated Henry FitzRoy, his six-year-old illegitimate son by Elizabeth Blount, to the Dukedom of Richmond and Somerset. When in 1529 Thomas Wolsey, who was charged with FitzRoy's care, fell from grace the mantle passed to Thomas Howard. At the same time the idea arose, allegedly from either the King or Anne Boleyn, that FitzRoy should marry Howard's daughter. Four years later, in November 1533, negotiations were completed and Howard, now aged fourteen or fifteen, and FitzRoy, himself just fifteen, were married. Through her father, she was first cousin to both Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, as well as second cousin to Jane Seymour.

paragraph: The match was a triumph for the Boleyn family as the Duchess was a former member of Queen Anne's household, and a staunch advocate of reform. It was also a very advantageous match for the Duchess as with no legitimate male heir to the throne, the Duke was seen at the time as a likely future king. However, the marriage was not to last as FitzRoy died of consumption within three years. He had barely turned seventeen.

paragraph: Fearful that too much sexual activity had hastened his elder brother Arthur's death, the King had ordered the couple not to consummate their marriage. As a result, the Duchess was not allowed to keep many of the lands which would normally have been her entitlement as widow: the King insisted without the consummation, it was not a true marriage. She remained at court, closely associated with the King's niece, Margaret Douglas, and one of his mistresses, Mary Shelton. In 1539, Douglas and the Duchess were appointed to meet Anne of Cleves at Calais.

paragraph: When Catherine Howard fell from grace, the Duchess and her entire family were arrested and briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London. In both 1538 and 1546 her father petitioned for her to be married to Thomas Seymour. The King gave his approval for the match, but her brother, Henry, Earl of Surrey, objected strongly, as did the Duchess herself; and the marriage did not take place. Surrey then suggested that the Duchess should seduce the aged King, her father-in-law, and become his mistress, to "wield as much influence on him as Madame d'Etampes doth about the French King". The Duchess, outraged, said she would "cut her own throat" rather than "consent to such villainy". She and her brother fell out, and she later laid testimony against Surrey that helped lead to his trial and execution for treason.

paragraph: The Duchess never remarried and her presence at court dwindled not long after Henry VIII died in January 1547. She, knowing how merciless her family was about power, and perhaps not wanting to be involved in another scandal, possibly chose to stay out of their plans in order to live a quiet life. She died in late 1557, during the reign of her half-sister-in-law, Queen Mary I.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beverley A. Murphy's "Bastard Prince: Henry VIII's Lost Son"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly Hart's "The Mistresses of Henry VIII"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henry VIII's Last Victim: The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey" by Jessie Childs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henry Howard, the Poet Earl of Surrey: A Life" by W.A. Sessions

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: Though the Duchess has not been portrayed in any film or television program thus far, she has appeared in many books of noted historical fiction, most notably "The Secrets of the Tudor Court" by Darcey Bonnette which features Mary as the main character, and "The Sixth Wife", in which she is a rival of Catherine Parr, and is used by her brother Surrey to try to become a "seventh wife" of the King despite her protests. As in history's account, her character mainly falls into the background toward the end of the novel after the king has died. She is also featured in "Queen's Gambit", a novel about Catherine Parr and is featured as one of Catherine's rivals. Mary was also the main character and story-teller in "Brazen" by Katherine Longshore, and was mentioned by her cousin Catherine Howard in "Gilt", also by Longshore.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A portrait of the Duchess titled "Lady of Richmond" was sketched by Hans Holbein

description: British duchess


text: B.J. and the Bear

text: The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo

text: Harper Valley P.T.A.

text: Oakland, California

text: Stockton

text: Victor French

text: Royal Academy of Dramatic Art

text: Marcola, Oregon

text: Emergency!

text: McCloud

text: M*A*S*H

text: The Rockford Files

text: The A-Team

text: CHiPs

text: Murder She Wrote

text: ...tick...tick...tick...

text: The Wild Country

text: Dirty Little Billy

text: Charley and the Angel

text: Papillon

text: The Midnight Man

text: Treasure of Matecumbe

text: Up In Smoke

text: Cujo

text: Bulletproof

text: War and Remembrance

text: TV Guide

text: Claude Akins

text: Brian Kerwin

categories: 1940 births,Male actors from Oakland, California,American male television actors,American male film actors,Living people

paragraph: Mills Watson

paragraph: Mills Watson (born William Oscar Watson on July 10, 1940) is an American actor who is probably best known for his comedic portrayal of the law enforcement character Deputy Perkins, first on "B.J. and the Bear" and later as a series star on "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo". He played Uncle Buster in the sitcom "Harper Valley P.T.A.".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Watson was born in Oakland, California and grew up on a ranch near Stockton. His father was a sheep rancher and his mother a school teacher. His grandparents were from Texas. He attended Franklin Elementary School and graduated from Elk Grove High School in 1958. His family did not have a television during his childhood and like most families of that era listened to the radio for news and entertainment. After high school he went to San Francisco State University for two semesters where he studied acting for a short time under Victor French.

paragraph: After appearing in a small independent film, he wanted to pursue more formal acting training and he applied to and was accepted as a student at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, where he acquired a lot of stage experience. Says Watson, "I figured if I got in, I wouldn't have any excuse to fail on a training level. I could never say I didn't get the right kind of training, because this was the best in the world." Returning from England, he moved to Los Angeles and began appearing in television shows and movies, eventually retiring from acting in the early 1990s.

paragraph: During the 1970s, he raised a son, Mason as a single parent, with the help of neighbors and professionals when he was at work acting.

paragraph: Now residing in Marcola, Oregon, where he lives on a 15-acre farm with his second wife Sue.When asked in an interview if he missed acting, he replied: "No. I was very fortunate to have been able to do as much as I wanted. I did enough of that. Today I have a fifteen-acre farm, growing hay. I just relax here with Sue. There's no pressure up here in Oregon. It's safe and it's not stressful at all, which I feel is keeping me alive."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Watson appeared in guest roles in numerous TV series such as "Gunsmoke, Mission:Impossible, Hawaii Five-O", "Emergency!", "McCloud", "M*A*S*H", "The Rockford Files", "The A-Team", "CHiPs", and "Murder She Wrote", as well as movies including "...tick...tick...tick..." (1970), "The Wild Country" (1970), "Dirty Little Billy" (1972), "Charley and the Angel" (1973), "Papillon" (1973), "The Midnight Man" (1974), "Treasure of Matecumbe" (1976), "Up In Smoke" (1978), "Cujo" (1983) and "Bulletproof" (1988). He also had a part in the TV miniseries "War and Remembrance" (1988), which he filmed in Hawaii. His last role was in the 1992 television film "".

paragraph: The acting role he considers his personal favorite and most fun was as Deputy Perkins on "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo". He appeared on the March 22–28, 1980 cover of "TV Guide" as the character along with co-stars Claude Akins and Brian Kerwin.

description: actor

wikidata_label: Mills Watson

wikipedia_title: Mills Watson


text:
spoken-word
Porterville, CA
InVogue Records
Defeater
Counterparts
Title Fight
Happy Holidays, I Miss You
mewithoutYou
Modest Mouse
The Click Five

paragraph: Hotel Books

paragraph: Hotel Books is an American spoken-word project from Porterville, CA revolving around the poetry of Cam Smith (born February 16, 1993). Hotel Books is a Christian band. The project is often presented on tour as a full band, but has also been shown as a solo project of Cam Smith. They are known for Smith's unique vocal style, which is often the central focus of their work.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Hotel Books began in 2011. After the release of "Call Me Human," many demos were released online, which ultimately became "Everything We Could Have Done Differently." After extensive touring in the US and overseas, the band signed to InVogue Records, in which they released a double-packaged EP, "I'm Almost Happy Here," as well two full band records, "Run Wild, Young Beauty," and "Run Wild, Stay Alive."

paragraph: The band's InVogue Records debut, "I'm Almost Happy Here, But I Never Feel at Home" was released July 1, 2014, via InVogue Records. The album received mostly positive reviews, as well as earning the band their first Billboard chartings, No. 9 on Alternative New Artists and No. 20 on Heatseekers, for the album's debut week. Their next effort, "Run Wild, Young Beauty," was released on April 7, 2015, and spent three total weeks on the Billboard charts.

paragraph: In 2016, Hotel Books released their second long-player "Run Wild, Stay Alive" to negative and mixed reviews. The album focused more on the rock elements and traditional song structure.

paragraph: In October of 2017, Hotel Books released "Equivalency" via InVogue Records to critical acclaim.

paragraph: Hotel Books has toured the USA, Europe, Asia, and Australia, playing with a variety of notable acts, including Defeater, Counterparts, and Title Fight.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Other Appearances

paragraph: BULLET::::- Happy Holidays, I Miss You (2016) - Christmas Eve Until I Leave

paragraph: Section::::Style and influence.

paragraph: Hotel Books has been predominantly recognized for Cam Smith's spoken-word vocal style. According to an interview with OurVinyl, Smith cited Aaron Weiss of mewithoutYou and Isaac Brock of Modest Mouse as his favorite lyricists.

paragraph: Musically, Hotel Books has been referred to as emo. Cam Smith has stated that he does not see the band as real emo, but understands the constant connection people make. According to Smith, "music is music. If genres are necessary, we usually like saying we are ambient rock." Smith has listed The Click Five as a main influence in many interviews. The Click Five is also the only artist thanked in all three Hotel Books releases.

wikidata_label: Hotel Books

wikipedia_title: Hotel Books


text:
general
Sixth Army
Seventh Army
Battle of France
Ailette
Aisne
Seine
Loire
Corsica
Elba
19th Corps
Sétif massacres

paragraph: Henry Martin (general)

paragraph: Henry Jules Jean Maurice Martin (1888-1984) was a French general. (His name is often wrongly written as "Henri," the more common spelling in French.)

paragraph: In 1940 he commanded the African Infantry 87th Division (in the Sixth Army of General Robert-Auguste Touchon and the Seventh Army of General Aubert Frère) during the Battle of France on the Ailette, where he took an active part in the defense of the Aisne, then retreated to the Seine and the Loire. He was then at the head of the Marrakech Division and the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division before taking command of the 1st Corps, in which capacity he commanded French troops during the liberation of Corsica in September–October 1943 and of the island of Elba in June 1944. Between 1944 and 1946, he was commander of the 19th Corps in Algeria, notably during the Sétif massacres.

alias:
Henry Jules Jean Maurice Martin
Henri Martin

description: French general

wikidata_label: Henry Martin

wikipedia_title: Henry Martin (general)


href: China Qing%20Dynasty She%20County%2C%20Anhui Anhui Yangzhou Jiangsu sobriquet

text:
Chinese
Qing Dynasty
She County
Anhui
Guangling
Jiangsu
sobriquet

categories: Qing dynasty Buddhists,People from Huangshan,Painters from Anhui,Qing dynasty poets,Qing dynasty painters,1824 births,19th-century painters,1896 deaths,19th-century Chinese poets,19th-century Chinese painters,Buddhist artists,19th-century Chinese people,Poets from Anhui

paragraph: Xu Gu

paragraph: Xū Gǔ (Hsü Ku, traditional: 虛谷, simplified: 虚谷); ca. (1824–1896) was a Chinese painter and poet during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).

paragraph: Xu was born in She County in the Anhui province, and later lived in Guangling in the Jiangsu province. His style name was 'Xugu' and his sobriquet was 'Ziyang Shanren'. Xu was an army official, and then later a monk. When painting he used the side of the brush in a fluent and bold style. In poetry he produced the work "Poetry of Xugu monk".

alias:
Xugu
Chüan-ho
Juanhe
Huairen Zhu
Huai-jen Chu
Ziyangshanmin
Xubai Zhu
Tzu-yang-shan-min
Hsü-pai Chu
Monk Hsi Ku
虛谷
Xi Gu
Hsü-ku
Hsi Ku

description: Chinese painter and poet

wikidata_label: Xu Gu

wikipedia_title: Xu Gu


text:
Chinese
Qing Dynasty
Jiangsu
sobriquet
Kangxi Emperor
Lan Ying
bird-and-flower painting

categories: Qing dynasty landscape painters,1647 births,1709 deaths,Painters from Yangzhou

paragraph: Yu Zhiding

paragraph: Yu Zhiding (Yü Chih-ting, traditional: 禹之鼎, simplified: 禹之鼎); ca. (1647–1709) was a Chinese painter during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).

paragraph: Yu was a native of Jiangdu (present-day Yangzhou) in Jiangsu province. His style name was 'Shangji' (上吉) and his sobriquet was 'Shenzai' (慎齋). He served in the Imperial Painting Academy (廷畫院) during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. Yu was taught by Lan Ying, and painted landscapes, human figures, and bird-and-flower paintings.

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Yu Zhiding

wikipedia_title: Yu Zhiding


text:
Attorney General of New Jersey
Elizabeth, New Jersey
Princeton College
valedictorian
American Revolutionary War
Electoral College
New Jersey General Assembly
Hunterdon County
Trenton
capital
New Jersey Attorney General
Andrew S. Hunter
Federalist
Democratic-Republicans
New Jersey Legislature
Warren County, New Jersey

categories: Members of the New Jersey General Assembly,Princeton University alumni,Politicians from Elizabeth, New Jersey,People from Hunterdon County, New Jersey,1817 deaths,1762 births

paragraph: Aaron Woodruff

paragraph: Aaron Dickinson Woodruff (September 12, 1762 – June 24, 1817) was the Attorney General of New Jersey from 1792 to 1811 and from 1812 to 1817.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Woodruff was born in 1762 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, the oldest child of Elias and Mary Joline Woodruff. In 1779 he graduated from Princeton College as the valedictorian for his class. After serving in the American Revolutionary War, he was admitted to the bar in 1784. He served in the Electoral College and won a seat in the New Jersey General Assembly from Hunterdon County. As a legislator he was influential in having Trenton selected as the state capital in 1790.

paragraph: In 1793, he was appointed New Jersey Attorney General and served in the position until 1811, when he was replaced by Andrew S. Hunter. Woodruff, who was a Federalist, was ousted by the Democratic-Republicans who had taken control of the New Jersey Legislature in that year's elections. However, when the Federalists regained control of the Legislature in 1812, they reinstated Woodruff as Attorney General.

paragraph: Woodruff continued to serve until his death in 1817. He died at the home of his brother-in-law in Changewater (now Warren County, New Jersey).

description: new jersey Attorney General

wikidata_label: Aaron Woodruff

wikipedia_title: Aaron Woodruff


text:
football competition
2016 Summer Olympics

categories: Juticalpa F.C. players,Association football defenders,Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Honduran footballers,Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras players,Olympic footballers of Honduras,1994 births,Living people

paragraph: Brayan Ramírez (footballer)

paragraph: Brayan Ramírez (born 16 June 1994) is a Honduran footballer. He represented Honduras in the football competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

description: Honduran footballer

wikidata_label: Brayan Ramírez

wikipedia_title: Brayan Ramírez (footballer)


text:
canoeist
K-2 500 m
K-4 500 m
2016 Summer Olympics

categories: Danish female canoeists,Olympic canoeists of Denmark,1994 births,Canoeists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Amalie Thomsen

paragraph: Amalie Thomsen (born 12 September 1994) is a Danish canoeist. She competed in the K-2 500 m and K-4 500 m events at the 2016 Summer Olympics and finished 12th and 6th, respectively.

description: Danish canoeist

wikidata_label: Amalie Thomsen

wikipedia_title: Amalie Thomsen


text:
dejazmach
Tigray
Simien
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Kassa Hailu
Zemene Mesafint
Wogera
vassal
court
"Ras" Ali II
regent
Emperor of Ethiopia
See of Alexandria
Abuna Salama III
Ethiopian Orthodox Church
Gondar
Battle of Debre Tabor
"Dejazmach" Birru Aligaz
Massawa
Tigray
Battle of Ayshal
Kassa Hailu
Negus

categories: 19th-century Ethiopian people,1800 births,1867 deaths,Warlords of the Zemene Mesafint

paragraph: Wube Haile Maryam

paragraph: Wube Haile Maryam, also called Wube Haile Mariam or "Dejazmach" Wube, (1800–1867) was a regional ruler and "dejazmach" in Tigray, Simien, and other coastal territories, in an area that is now part of northern Ethiopia and central Eritrea. Wube is remembered in Eritrea for barbarous military raids. He was defeated and imprisoned in 1855 by Kassa Hailu. Some sources date Wube's defeat as the end of Ethiopia's Zemene Mesafint era.

paragraph: Section::::Dejazmach.

paragraph: Wube was born in 1800. He is variably reported as having become the regional chief of Simien upon the death of his father in 1826 or as having ruled from 1831. He was a persistent warlord, who leveraged his governorship of the district of Wogera into a wider rule of Simien and Tigray. Considered one of the more powerful of numerous concurrently feuding regional warlords, Wube is recognized as having had ambitions on becoming emperor himself, and he arranged for completion of the ongoing building of Dirasge Mariam Church for his coronation. His status is underpinned by his being exempted from the usual requirement of vassals to attend the court of "Ras" Ali II, regent to the Emperor of Ethiopia.

paragraph: In 1841, at Wube's request, the See of Alexandria sent Abuna Salama III to become the new patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. That same year, Wube defeated "Ras" Ali II in battle, taking Gondar, the then capital of Ethiopia. Nonetheless, "Ras" Ali II escaped. In February 1842, their armies clashed again in the Battle of Debre Tabor, where Wube's initial tactical superiority from imported firearms almost carried the day, until a detachment under "Dejazmach" Birru Aligaz, "Ras" Ali's uncle, broke through to Wube's encampment and captured him, thus enabling Ali to retain his title.

paragraph: Although Ras Ali II and Wube continued to have some tension, they avoided any serious clash as there was constant threat from Egyptian rulers from the north. Subsequently, Wube was unsuccessful in his efforts to take Massawa and in 1844 withdrew inland, finally leaving Tigray in 1846. Kassa Hailu later definitively defeated Ali II in the Battle of Ayshal, 29 June 1853, whereupon Ali disappeared from history.

paragraph: Section::::Defeat and death.

paragraph: Some sources date the ending of Zemene Mesafint era, during which Ethiopia lacked effective central authority from approximately 1769 to approximately 1855, to "Ras" Ali II's defeat at the Battle of Ayshal in 1853, after which Kassa became the "de facto" ruler of Ethiopia. However, other sources denote the ending of the Zemene Mesafint as Wube's defeat in 1855, as the last remaining autonomous regional ruler. On 9 February 1855, Wube's army was defeated by Kassa Hailu and Wube was captured and imprisoned. Within a few days, Kassa, who had previously been titled as a "Negus", was finally crowned Emperor Tewodros II, ironically by Abuna Salama III in the Dirasge Mariam Church. Although some sources suggest that Wube may have died in 1855, it is more commonly accepted that he spent the later part of his years in prison and died in 1867.

wikidata_label: Wube Haile Maryam

wikipedia_title: Wube Haile Maryam


text: KG

text: William Beauchamp

text: Powick

text: Worcestershire

text: Gloucester

text: Earls of Warwick

text: Richard II

text: Henry IV

text: Henry V

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Duke of Bedford

text: medieval France

text: Pont-de-l'Arche

text: Rouen Castle

text: Henry VI

text: Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick

text: Master of the King's Horse

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Alcester

text: Warwickshire

text: Lord Saye and Sele

text: Lord Treasurer

text: Duke of Somerset

text: battle of St Albans

text: Steward of the Household

text: Edward IV

text: Dominican friary

text: Worcester

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

categories: 15th-century births,Barons in the Peerage of England,1475 deaths,Knights of the Garter,15th-century English people,Lord High Treasurers of England

paragraph: John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (fifth creation)

paragraph: John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Powick, KG, (died April 1475) was an English nobleman and administrator. He was the son and eventual heir of Sir William Beauchamp of Powick in Worcestershire (ca. 1370–ca. 1421), Constable of Gloucester, and his wife, Katherine Usflete (d. after 1436).

paragraph: Beauchamp's father, a near kinsman of the Earls of Warwick, had been a royal retainer under Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. On his father's death he also entered the king's service in the Hundred Years' War. During the 1420s Beauchamp served under the Duke of Bedford in medieval France : he was captain of Pont-de-l'Arche in 1422–1429, lieutenant of Rouen Castle in 1429, a participant in the Maine–Anjou campaigns, and a counsellor to the duke and member of his household. About the time of Henry VI's visit to France for his coronation, in 1430–1432, however, he seems to have taken up a permanent post within the king's domestic establishment. Some time before 1434 he married Margaret de Ferrers, possibly daughter of Edmund de Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Chartley.

paragraph: The death of his kinsman Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick in 1439 seems to have been the first major turning point of John Beauchamp's career, when he became joint guardian of the extensive lands of Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick. During the following decade Beauchamp's importance grew. In 1439 or 1440 he rose up the household ladder to become Master of the King's Horse. In 1445 he became a Knight of the Garter. At about the same time he seems to have inherited his father's estates, with their centres at Powick and at Alcester in Warwickshire, and became the major power in the west midlands. On the death of the Duke of Warwick in 1446, Sir John felt sufficiently confident to launch a claim for the earldom of Warwick itself. While the powerful interests clustered around the duke's female heirs ensured his failure, Beauchamp was able to exact a handsome price for his acquiescence. Amid a series of grants made in 1446–7, including his father's old office of Constable of Gloucester and the post of Justice of South Wales, he was on 2 May 1447 elevated to the peerage as "Lord Beauchamp of Powick".

paragraph: Beauchamp emerged unscathed - even enhanced - from the crisis of 1449–1450 which brought about the downfall of so many of his colleagues. On 22 June 1450 he succeeded the hated Lord Saye and Sele as Lord Treasurer of England, a post which he held for the next two years. Policy during his tenure was probably more determined by the conflicting designs of parliament and the recipients of royal patronage than by his agency. He seems to have done well financially out of his office, departing with a reward of £400.

paragraph: Between 1450 and 1453 he remained a central figure in the royal household, under the Duke of Somerset, but he avoided being implicated in the duke's more partisan activities. Beauchamp maintained a low profile during the crisis of 1453–1454: he stayed at Henry VI's side during the latter's madness, and was allotted a place as one of two ‘barons’ of the household in the Yorkist ordinances of November 1454.

paragraph: If Somerset intended to enlist him as an ally by appointing him as a councillor on 21 February 1455, he did not succeed. Beauchamp attended the council sporadically but he played no part in the battle of St Albans a few months later. A poem of 1458 identified him as a member of the royalist party, but this is almost certainly to be explained by his long-standing place at court, where he became Steward of the Household in the second half of 1457. There is no evidence either that he ever fought for Lancaster, or that Edward IV's new regime was hostile towards him.

paragraph: In February 1462 Beauchamp received a pardon, and in October of that year an exemption from the obligations of office, on the grounds of his great age. Thus with the downfall of Henry VI he went into retirement rather than opposition, failing to help either king against his enemies in the rebellions of 1469–1471. He died between 9 and 19 April 1475 and was buried in the Dominican friary at Worcester. His wife Margaret was also buried there when she died in 1487.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his son Richard Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Powick.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.E. Cokayne.(1910–1959). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant.

description: English nobleman and administrator

wikidata_label: John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp


text:
rock and roll
nueva ola
Festival de Viña del Mar
Bierfest Valdivia
Vienna
Santiago
Alain Johannes
ALS
La Cuarta - La inmortal Nueva Ola
MúsicaPopular.cl Peter Rock

categories: Musicians from Vienna,Chilean people of Austrian descent,Chilean singer-songwriters,Deaths from motor neuron disease,Chilean rock singers,1945 births,2016 deaths,Chilean guitarists,Male guitarists,Austrian emigrants to Chile,Chilean male singers

paragraph: Peter Rock (musician)

paragraph: Peter Mociulski von Remenyk (September 3, 1945 – April 16, 2016), known professionally as Peter Rock, was an Austrian-born Chilean rock and roll and nueva ola musician. He sang in Festival de Viña del Mar and in Bierfest Valdivia.

paragraph: He was born near Vienna in 1945, shortly after the death of his father. His mother remarried and the family emigrated to Chile in 1955.

paragraph: Peter Rock's son, Justin Leigh, resides in Los Angeles and his daughter Natalie lived with him in Santiago, Chile. Peter Rock is Alain Johannes' uncle.

paragraph: In October 2014, he was diagnosed with ALS, which kept him in a wheelchair. He died on Viña del Mar on April 16, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Cuarta - La inmortal Nueva Ola

paragraph: BULLET::::- MúsicaPopular.cl Peter Rock

description: Chilean musician

wikidata_label: Peter Rock

wikipedia_title: Peter Rock (musician)


text:
Blessed
German
Roman Catholic
Judaism
Austrian Parliament
Pope John Paul II
Pope Benedict XVI
Venerable
Angelo Amato
Jewish
German Empire
Berlin
Switzerland
Zurich
college
Protestant
Switzerland
doctorate
Hungarian
Easter
Sisters of Saint Charles Borromeo
conversion
baptized
Pope Leo XIII's
Rerum Novarum
World War I
Ignaz Seipel
Friedrich Gustav Piffl
mass
Christian-Socials
Austrian Parliament
Pentecost
God
Crucifix
Savior
Pope John XXIII
Pope John Paul II
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
nihil obstat
Positio
Pope Benedict XVI
heroic virtue
Venerable
Angelo Amato
postulator
Irmgard Burjan-Domanig
Caritas Socialis
Hanna-Barbara Gerl-Falkovitz
Alfred Koblbauer
Michaela Kronthaler
Verlag Styria
Ingeborg Schödl
Tyrolia
Hagiography Circle
Caritas Socialis
Official Website

categories: Christian Social Party (Austria) politicians,20th-century German women,Converts to Roman Catholicism,University of Zurich alumni,German women in politics,Roman Catholic activists,German Roman Catholics,Jewish women,20th-century venerated Christians,Jewish German politicians,People from Görlitz,Members of the Austrian Parliament,19th-century German people,German humanitarians,20th-century German people,19th-century German women,German beatified people,Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI,20th-century German women politicians,1883 births,Founders of Catholic religious communities,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism,20th-century Roman Catholics,1933 deaths,Anti-poverty advocates

paragraph: Hildegard Burjan

paragraph: Blessed Hildegard Burjan (30 January 1883 – 11 June 1933) - born Hildegard Lea Freund - was a German Roman Catholic convert from Judaism and the founder of the Sisterhood of Caritas Socialis. Burjan set up several organizations for the promotion of women's rights and for the rights of all workers and their families and this even saw her elected to the Austrian Parliament where she served until her retirement due to ill health.

paragraph: The beatification process commenced under Pope John Paul II in 1982 and Pope Benedict XVI named her as Venerable in 2007; that same pope beatified Burjan in 2012 though Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the celebration on the pope's behalf.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hildegard Freund was born to non-practicing Jewish parents in the German Empire in 1883 as the second-born to Abraham and Berta Freund.

paragraph: The Freunds relocated to Berlin in 1895 where she was sent to high school and the Freunds relocated once more in 1899 to Switzerland where she studied in Zurich at the college there. Freund graduated from high school in 1903 after the completion of her examinations and then began her college studies. Freund studied German literature as well as philosophical and sociological studies under the two Protestant professors Saitschik and Foerster in Switzerland and then in Berlin when she returned in 1907 to also start an economics course; she obtained a doctorate in 1908. On 2 May 1907 she married the Hungarian entrepreneur Alexander Burjan (26 November 1882 - 6 November 1973).

paragraph: In October 1908 she suffered from severe renal colic that forced her hospitalization on 9 October at the Saint Hedwig Catholic Hospital in Berlin where she underwent several operations. Just before Easter in 1909 the condition got to the point where doctors gave up all hope but she was healed from this grave illness after Easter on 12 April 1909. It was during her hospitalization that she came to admire the work of the Sisters of Saint Charles Borromeo. This illness prompted her conversion to the Roman Catholic Church; she was baptized on 11 August 1909 and her husband followed in August 1910. Burjan moved with her husband to the Austrian capital of Vienna where she bore her sole daughter Lisa on 27 August 1910 despite possible risk, as past pregnancies had threatened her life. The doctors advised her to have an abortion but she refused and exclaimed: "that would be murder!" Burjan soon started to take interest in the social issues of the nation and took a particular interest in the working conditions and spiritual welfare of the poor.

paragraph: In September 1912 she gave an address at the annual gathering of women's leagues and in 1912 founded the "Christian Women Working at Home" and in 1918 the group dubbed "Social Help". The former group offered social protection and better wages as well as legal assistance. Her social activism was also due to inspiration she received from the late Pope Leo XIII's 1881 Rerum Novarum on social teachings and conditions. On 16 April 1914 she gave another talk at another such annual gathering and discussed the topic of women's rights and the importance of women in the workplace. During World War I she defended the idea of women replacing men in factories and hailed the trend even after the war. The prelate Ignaz Seipel said that he had never met a more enthusiastic or wise politician as Burjan while Cardinal Friedrich Gustav Piffl dubbed her as "the conscience of the Parliament". On 3 December 1918 she earned a seat on the district council and became the vice-chair to the chairman of the Christian Socials Leopold Kunschak.

paragraph: Her main achievement remains the founding of a religious congregation for serving the poor and on 4 October 1919 founded the congregation titled the "Sisterhood of Caritas Socialis". The first ten women joined that October at a special mass. In 1918 she became active in the Christian-Socials and in 1919 became one of the first female members of the Austrian Parliament; she spoke in the Parliament for the first time on 12 March 1919 and at one point filed a petition for the extension of legal rights of expectant and nursing mothers. Burjan concerned herself with issues such as equal wages for men and women and social protection for the working class as well as social and spiritual care for poor families. Burjan was invited to run in the 1920 elections and was proposed as the Minister for Social Affairs but declined due to poor health - she informed the executive committee for the Christian Socials that she would not re-contest but retire instead.

paragraph: On Pentecost in 1933 she suffered a severe and painful renal inflammation. Burjan died on 11 June 1933. The ailing women murmured on her deathbed: "how beautiful it will be to go to rest in God!" and then kissed a Crucifix and spoke her final words: "Dear Savior - make all men lovable so that You might love them. Enrich them with Yourself alone!" The order that she founded received diocesan approval in 1936 and then papal approval from Pope John XXIII in 1960. Her remains were later moved in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: The official start to the cause came on 7 January 1982 under Pope John Paul II after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" to it. The cognitional process was also held from 1982 until 1983 and the C.C.S. later validated both causes on 24 May 1985 before receiving the Positio dossier over a decade later in 1999.

paragraph: The board of theologians voiced their assent to the cause on 24 March 2006 as did the C.C.S. on 6 March 2007. Pope Benedict XVI confirmed that Burjan had lived a life of heroic virtue and named her as Venerable on 6 July 2007. The process for a miracle needed for beatification spanned from 30 January 2001 to 12 March 2001 in the place it occurred in and it received C.C.S. validation on 22 February 2002. The medical board met on 15 March 2007 but did not come up with a conclusive verdict so met once again on 10 December 2009 and approved it; theologians followed on 25 January 2008 as did the C.C.S. on 7 June 2011. The pope approved this miracle on 27 June 2011 and delegated Cardinal Angelo Amato to preside over the beatification in Vienna in his name on 29 January 2012.

paragraph: The current postulator for this cause is Dr. Andrea Ambrosi.

paragraph: On 11 June 2015 a memorial was revealed and blessed at a special Mass held at Saint Stephen's Cathedral. Weihbischof Dr. Helmut Krätzl and Erzbischof Dr. Peter Zurbriggen were present for the blessing.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irmgard Burjan-Domanig: "Hildegard Burjan, eine Frau der sozialen Tat". 3rd ed. Caritas Socialis, Vienna, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanna-Barbara Gerl-Falkovitz: "Mystik, Emanzipation und Politik: Hildegard Burjan" (1883–1933). Caritas Socialis, Vienna, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Koblbauer: "Spiritualität". 2nd vol.: Hildegard Burjan. Missionsdruckerei St. Gabriel, Mödling, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michaela Kronthaler: "Hildegard Burjan (1883–1933). Katholische Arbeiterinnenführerin und christliche Sozialpolitikerin". Dr.-Karl-Kummer-Institut f. Sozialpolitik u. Sozialreform in Steiermark, Graz, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michaela Kronthaler: "Die Frauenfrage als treibende Kraft: Hildegard Burjans innovative Rolle im Sozialkatholizismus und Politischen Katholizismus vom Ende der Monarchie bis zur 'Selbstausschaltung' des Parlaments" (= Grazer Beiträge zur Theologiegeschichte und Kirchlichen Zeitgeschichte, Bd. 8). Verlag Styria, Graz-Vienna-Cologne, 1995,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingeborg Schödl (ed.): "Hoffnung hat einen Namen. Hildegard Burjan und die Caritas Socialis". Tyrolia, Innsbruck-Vienna, 1995,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caritas Socialis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: Austrian politician

wikidata_label: Hildegard Burjan

wikipedia_title: Hildegard Burjan


text: Schilde

text: Erasmus II Schetz

text: marquess

text: viscount

text: Brussels

text: Woluwé-St-Lambert

text: Ixelles

text: Schilde

categories: Lords of Schilde,Lords of Giessen-Oudkerk,Van de Werve,Lords of Wavre-Notre-Dame,1696 deaths,1627 births

paragraph: Charles II Henri van de Werve, Lord of Schilde

paragraph: Baron Charles-Henri van de Werve (1627–1696), Lord of Schilde, Lord of Giessen-Oudkerk, Lord of Wavre-Notre-Dame and Lord of Wavrans, formed part of a very old, important and noble family of Antwerp.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was the son of Charles I Bruno van de Werve, Lord of Schilde; and of Cornélie van de Werve, daughter of the Lord of Westkercke. Through his grandmother side he is one of the descendants of Erasmus II Schetz. He married Eléonore de Varick in 1696. Eléonore was the daughter of Charles-Hyacinthe de Varick, Lord of Court St-Etienne and of Witterzée; and of Eléonore-Louise de Haynin, Lady of Wavrans.

paragraph: They had 4 children's:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eléonore-Marie van de Werve (1698–1726).

paragraph: BULLET::::- X1(1716): She married Charles-François Boot, Lord of Veltem, Oppem, Sombeke and La Motte.

paragraph: BULLET::::- X2(1724): She married Ferdinand-Joseph, marquess de la Puente y Reiffenberg, baron of Limal, Lord of Bierges.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude-Madeleine van de Werve (1700–1746): She married in 1725 her cousin Philippe-Adrien de Varick, viscount of Brussels, baron of Woluwé-St-Lambert and of Libersart, Lord of Boendaal, Ixelles, Huizingen and Eizingen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Charles-Philippe van de Werve (1702–1744), Lord of Schilde, Giessen-Oudkerk and Wavre-Notre-Dame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles III Philippe van de Werve, 1st Count of Vorsselaer (1706–1776): baron of Lichtaert and of Rielen, Lord of Giessen-Oudkerk. He married Marie-Anne de Pret, Lady of Vorsselaer, Lichtaert and Rielen.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20070312045421/http://vandewerve.skyblog.com/

description: Belgian noble

wikidata_label: Charles-Henri van de Werve