text:
Celt
onomastics
Iron Age
Belgic
Atrebates
Britain
Roman invasion
Augustus
Res Gestae
Commius
numismatic
client kingdom
Roman client kingdoms in Britain
Rome
Juba II
Numidia
Verica
Calleva Atrebatum
Silchester
Eppillus
Augustus
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
C. E. A. Cheesman
Coinage south of the Thames
Atrebates
Roman-Britain.org
Atrebates
Romans in Britain

categories: Briton rulers,1st-century BC rulers in Europe

paragraph: Tincomarus

paragraph: Tincomarus (a dithematic name form typical of insular and continental Celtic onomastics, analysable as "tinco-", perhaps a sort of fish [cf Latin "tinca", English "tench"] + "maro-", "big") was a king of the Iron Age Belgic tribe of the Atrebates who lived in southern central Britain shortly before the Roman invasion. His name was previously reconstructed as Tincommius, based on abbreviated coin legends and a damaged mention in Augustus's "Res Gestae", but since 1996 coins have been discovered which give his full name.

paragraph: He was the son and heir of Commius and succeeded his father around 25-20 BC. Based on coin distribution it is possible that Tincomarus ruled in collaboration with his father for the last few years of Commius's life. Little is known of his reign although numismatic evidence suggests that he was more sympathetic to Rome than his father was in later years: the coins he issued much more closely resemble Roman types, and are so much better made that they must have come from professional Roman die-cutters. GC Boon has suggested that this technical advance was not limited to coinage and represents wider industrial assistance from the Roman Empire. Tincomarus's successors used the term "rex" on their coins and this indicates that Tincomarus had begun the process of achieving client kingdom status with Rome (see Roman client kingdoms in Britain).

paragraph: John Creighton argues, based on the imagery used on his coins, that Tincomarus may have been brought up as an "obses" (diplomatic hostage) in Rome in the early years of Augustus's reign. He compares Tincomarus's coins to those of Juba II of Numidia, who is known to have been an "obses", and identifies a coin found in Numidia which may bear the name of Tincomarus's younger brother Verica.

paragraph: By 16 BC Roman pottery and other imports appear in considerable quantities at Tincomarus's capital of Calleva Atrebatum, today known as Silchester, and it is likely that the Atrebatic king had established trading and diplomatic links with Augustus.

paragraph: Tincomarus was expelled by his subjects for unknown reasons around AD 8 and fled to Rome as a refugee and supplicant. He was replaced by his brother Eppillus whom Augustus chose to recognise as "rex" rather than depose and reinstate Tincomarus. Augustus may have planned to use his ally's ejection as an excuse to invade Britain but other, more pressing foreign policy matters probably persuaded him to postpone the move.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustus, "Res Gestae Divi Augusti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Creighton (2000), "Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain", Cambridge University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. E. A. Cheesman, 'Tincomarus Commi filius', "Britannia" 29 (1998) pp 309–315

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage south of the Thames

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atrebates at Roman-Britain.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atrebates at Romans in Britain

description: King of the Atrebates in southern central Britain

wikidata_label: Tincomarus

wikipedia_title: Tincomarus


text:
Queen of Hungary
Andrew II
regent
Bavarian
Berthold IV of Andechs
Duke of Merania
Frederick Barbarossa
Agnes
House of Wettin
Agnes of Merania
Philip II of France
Hedwig of Silesia
Piast
Henry I the Bearded
High Duke of Poland
Otto
Árpád
Andrew II
Béla III of Hungary
conflict over the German throne
Philip of Swabia
Emeric of Hungary
Otto IV of Germany
Anna Maria of Hungary
Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
Béla IV of Hungary
Elisabeth of Hungary
Louis IV of Thuringia
Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria
Andrew II of Halych
Emeric
Ladislaus III
Hungarian
magnate
Dietrich of Apolda
Berthold
Archbishop of Kalocsa
Transylvania
Galicia
Peter, son of Töre
Leopold VI of Austria
Pilis Mountains
Gothic
Yolanda de Courtenay
Ferenc Erkel
Bánk bán

categories: 12th-century Hungarian people,Hungarian murder victims,Queens consort,House of Andechs,13th-century women rulers,1213 deaths,1185 births,Hungarian queens consort,13th-century Hungarian women,Murdered royalty,13th-century Hungarian people,House of Árpád,People murdered in Hungary

paragraph: Gertrude of Merania

paragraph: Gertrude of Merania (1185 – 28 September 1213) was Queen of Hungary as the first wife of Andrew II from 1205 until her assassination. She was regent during her husband's absence.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the daughter of the Bavarian Count Berthold IV of Andechs, who had been elevated to the title Duke of Merania by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and his wife Agnes from the Saxon House of Wettin. Gertrude's elder sister was Agnes of Merania, a famous beauty, who married King Philip II of France. Her younger sister was St. Hedwig of Silesia, wife of the Piast duke Henry I the Bearded, the later High Duke of Poland. Their brother was Otto, who succeeded their father as Duke of Merania.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Marriage.

paragraph: Her parents wanted their daughters to all make important political marriages, which would create alliances for Duke Berthold IV. Gertrude married the Árpád prince Andrew II, younger son of late King Béla III of Hungary, before 1203. Andrew thereby took sides in the conflict over the German throne, joining his father-in-law in his support of Duke Philip of Swabia, while his elder brother King Emeric of Hungary backed King Otto IV of Germany.

paragraph: The couple had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Maria of Hungary (c. 1204 – 1237), wife of Tzar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Béla IV of Hungary (1206 – 3 May 1270)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Elisabeth of Hungary (1207 – 10 November 1231), wife of Landgraf Louis IV of Thuringia

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria (1208 – June 1241)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Andrew II of Halych (c. 1210 – 1234)

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Queen.

paragraph: Ambitious Gertrude exerted much political influence over her husband. It was probably she who persuaded Andrew to conspire against his brother again, but when King Emeric, who had realised that Andrew's troops outnumbered his armies, went unarmed, wearing only the crown and the sceptre, to Andrew's camp near Varasd, Andrew surrendered voluntarily on the spur of the scene. The king had his brother arrested, but Andrew managed to escape shortly afterwards. During this time, Gertrude was sent back to her father. Things improved for her, when Prince Andrew took over the government of the Hungarian kingdom upon the death of King Emeric in 1204, officially as regent for his minor nephew Ladislaus III, who nevertheless died driven in exile one year later.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Regent.

paragraph: Gertrude was killed in 1213, by Hungarian noblemen (magnates), who were jealous over the advancement of her German relatives at court. While the king was in battle, Gertrude gave out Hungarian land as "gifts" to her favorites. According to medieval chroniclers, one third of the country was given away but the magnates got it back after the queen's death. Thus, Hungary did not prosper. During the frequent absence of her husband, the queen was regent and, as Dietrich of Apolda states, conducted the affairs of the kingdom "like a man". In 1206 her younger brother Berthold was installed as Archbishop of Kalocsa, in 1212 he was also appointed Voivode of Transylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Murder.

paragraph: While King Andrew was campaigning in Galicia, the Hungarian nobles, led by Peter, son of Töre decided to get rid of the queen and in 1213 on a hunt with Berthold and their guest Duke Leopold VI of Austria in the Pilis Mountains, she was killed. Gertrude's body was torn to pieces, her brother and Duke Leopold narrowly escaped with their lives. Due to the current political situation most of her murderers remained unpunished during the rule of Andrew II. Only Gertrude's son King Béla IV took revenge after his accession to the throne.

paragraph: Gertrude's tomb was of a Gothic style. Her tomb was excavated between 1967 and 1980.

paragraph: On Gertrude's death, Andrew married Yolanda de Courtenay.

paragraph: Section::::In culture.

paragraph: She is the main character in Ferenc Erkel's opera, "Bánk bán". It is based on a true fact: Lord Bánk, a nobleman went touring the country on Gertrude's order, while the king was on crusade. His young wife stayed at home. Gertrude's brother fell in love with the young woman but she was afraid of him. Gertude encouraged her brother. When Lord Bánk heard of this, he was very angry and he was leader of the group of men that killed the queen. Her brother fled for his life.

description: Queen consort of Hungary

wikidata_label: Gertrude of Merania

wikipedia_title: Gertrude of Merania


text:
Frisia
rebel
pirate
West Frisian
Dutch
Petrus Thaborita
Conrad Busken Huet
Kimswerd
Harlingen
Wonseradeel
Friesland
Netherlands
Wijerd Jelckama
Franeker
Black Band
Landsknecht
George, Duke of Saxony
civil war
Habsburg
Black Band
guerrilla war
Habsburg
Charles of Egmond, Duke of Guelders
Arumer Zwarte Hoop
Arum
Zuider Zee
IJsselmeer
Erasmus
West Frisian coast
Medemblik
Duke Charles, the future Emperor
duke Albrecht
Guelders
Enkhuizen
Wervershoof
Medemblik
Kasteel Radboud
Alkmaar
Asperen
Stadhouder
Anthonius van den Houte
Bunschoten
Hoorn
Hindelopen
shibboleth
Wierd Jelckama
Sneek
Sneek
Groote Kerk
Leeuwarden
great sword
Fries Museum
Leeuwarden
town hall
Gysbert Japicx
Dutch
"Floris" series
Hans Boskamp
Greate Pier
Leeuwarden

categories: Dutch military commanders,People from Wûnseradiel,Dutch pirates,Dutch folklore,Frisian warriors,Dutch farmers,1480s births,16th-century Dutch people,1520 deaths

paragraph: Pier Gerlofs Donia

paragraph: Pier Gerlofs Donia ( 1480 – 28 October 1520) was a Frisian rebel leader and pirate. He is best known by his West Frisian nickname "Grutte Pier" ("Big Pier"; in the pre-1980 West Frisian spelling written as "Greate Pier"), or by the Dutch translation "Grote Pier" which referred to his legendary size and strength.

paragraph: His life is mostly shrouded in legend. Based upon a description now attributed to Pier's contemporary Petrus Thaborita, the 19th-century historian Conrad Busken Huet wrote that Grutte Pier was

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Pier Gerlofs was born around 1480 in Kimswerd near the city of Harlingen, Wonseradeel (modern Friesland, Netherlands). Pier Gerlofs was one of at least four children born to Fokel Sybrants Bonga and Gerlof Piers. Pier's mother Fokel was the daughter of the Schieringer noblemen Sybrant Doytsesz. Bonga of Bongastate, Kimswerd.

paragraph: Pier married Rintsje Syrtsema and they had two children, a son named Gerlof and a daughter named Wobbel, who were born around 1510. Pier died in 1520, and in 1525, Pier's mother appointed in her will Pier's brother, Sybren, as guardian of Pier's children, who still were minors. Pier and Pier's brother-in-law Ane Pijbes (husband of Tijdt Gerlofs), were partners in the farming estate of Meyllemastate in Kimswerd.

paragraph: Wijerd Jelckama often is described by 18th and 19th century authors as the nephew of Grutte Pier. Contemporary Worp van Thabor identifies him simply as Wierd van Bolsward. Modern authors such as J.J. Kalma doubt the nephew connection and Brouwer in the "Encyclopedia of Friesland" states that Wierd was not Grutte Pier's nephew but instead his "lieutenant".

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.

paragraph: Approximately to the north-east of Donia's village of Kimswerd, in the city of Franeker, the Black Band, a Landsknecht regiment in the service of George, Duke of Saxony was quartered. The regiment was charged with suppressing the civil war between the Vetkopers, who opposed Burgundian and subsequently Habsburg rule, and the Schieringers. The Black Band were notorious as a violent military force; when their pay was insufficient or lacking, they would extract payments from local villagers. On 29 January 1515, the Black Band plundered Donia's village, then allegedly raped and killed his wife, Rintze Syrtsema, burning to the ground both the village church and Donia's estate. Seeking revenge, Pier started a guerrilla war campaign against the Habsburgs and allied himself with Charles of Egmond, Duke of Guelders (1492–1538).

paragraph: Section::::Peasant rebels.

paragraph: Section::::Peasant rebels.:Arumer Zwarte Hoop.

paragraph: Pier's armed band, known as the Arumer Zwarte Hoop (English: Black Hope (or heap) of Arum), were pirates mainly active against the Hollanders and Burgundians at sea. He managed to capture many English and Dutch ships, mainly on the Zuider Zee (today's ‘IJsselmeer’). Erasmus criticized Grutte Pier's exploits.

paragraph: Section::::Peasant rebels.:Pirating in the Zuiderzee.

paragraph: Pier targeted ships that travelled the Zuiderzee and was very active in 1517, when he used his "signal ships" to attack ships in the region of the West Frisian coast, to which he also transported Geldrian forces, setting them ashore at Medemblik. Pier bore a personal enmity to Medemblik and its inhabitants as, in earlier years, soldiers from Medemblik had cooperated with the Holland army commanded by Duke Charles, the future Emperor. In March 1498, Medemblik was where representatives of the Schieringers met the Saxon ruler duke Albrecht to request Saxon protection from the Vetkopers—a request that resulted in the Saxon occupation of Friesland, Netherlands. On 24 June 1517, Grutte Pier and his Arumer Zwarte Hoop, consisting of some 4,000 soldiers from Frisia and Guelders, sailed to West Frisia, passing Enkhuizen, landing near Wervershoof and advancing to Medemblik. They swiftly captured Medemblik, killing many inhabitants and taking many others prisoner. Some were released on payment of a high ransom. Some of the town's inhabitants fled and found safety at Kasteel Radboud. The castle's governor, Joost van Buren, succeeded in keeping the aggressors outside the castle walls. Unable to take the castle, the Arumer Zwarte Hoop plundered the town and set it on fire. With most houses made of wood, the town, including the church, monastery and town hall, was razed. After this partial victory, Pier and his army stormed both Nieuwburg and Middleburg Castle near Alkmaar, plundered and set them on fire, leaving only ruins.

paragraph: Section::::Peasant rebels.:Battles on land.

paragraph: In 1517, the Arumer Zwarte Hoop captured the town of Asperen, slaughtering virtually all its inhabitants. They then used the heavily fortified city as a base until driven out by Holland's Stadhouder. In response to the attacks on Medemblik and Alkmaar and the failure of the Captain General of Amstelland, Waterland and Gooiland to defend his territories, the Stadhouder of Holland agreed to outfit a war fleet in July 1517. The fleet came under the supreme command of Anthonius van den Houte, Lord of Vleteren, appropriately titled "Admiral of the Zuiderzee". In the name of Charles V, van den Houte announced he would free the region of Frisian and Gelder piracy. Although van den Houte was initially successful, with some of the Frisian vessels being burnt near Bunschoten, Grutte Pier responded by seizing 11 of Holland's ships in a battle off the coast near Hoorn in 1518.

paragraph: Shortly after this victory, Pier defeated 300 Hollanders in Hindelopen. According to a legend, Pier forced his captives to repeat a shibboleth to distinguish Frisians from Holland and Lower German infiltrators:

paragraph: Bûter, brea en griene tsiis: wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries.

paragraph: ("Butter, bread, and green cheese: if you can’t say that, you’re not a real Frisian.")

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: Despite his successes, Pier could not turn the Burgundian/Habsburg tide and he retired, disillusioned, in 1519. Wierd Jelckama took over the command of Pier’s forces. Pier died peacefully in his bed at Grootzand 12 in the Frisian city of Sneek on 18 October 1520. Pier is buried in Sneek in the 15th-century Groote Kerk (English: "Large Church"; also called the Martinikerk). His tomb is located at the north side of the church.

paragraph: Pier's son Gerloff died unmarried and left no issue. His daughter Wobbel married three times, lastly to one Popta by whom she had issue. Therefore, Donia left no descendants in male line, but has many descendants through his daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Superhuman strength and size.

paragraph: In 1791, Jacobus Kok wrote that above the porticus of the New City Hall of Leeuwarden, two remarkably large swords were found which were said to have belonged to Grutte Pier and Wijerd Jelckama. Donia was noted for the ability to wield this great sword so efficiently that he could behead multiple people with it in a single blow.

paragraph: Today, a great sword that is said to have belonged to Pier is on display at the Fries Museum in Leeuwarden. It measures in length and weighs about . Pier was alleged to be so strong that he could bend coins using just his thumb, index and middle finger. Some sources put Pier Gerlofs height at 213 cm. A huge helmet said to be Grutte Pier's is kept in the town hall of Sneek.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Gysbert Japicx.

paragraph: The seventeenth century Friese poet Gysbert Japicx (1603–1666) wrote in his composition "Tjesck Moars See Aengste" ("Grandmothers's Sea Anguish") the following verse in reverence to Grote Pier (eng. trans., Tall Peter):

paragraph: Grandmothers’s Sea Anguish

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Fivefal.

paragraph: Stories about Pier grew into legends that often share themes with stories of other strong men in Germanic heroic literature. For example, one story says Pier ploughed his land by pulling the plough himself instead of using horses. Another story states that Pier could lift a horse above his head. "Fivefal" is the name in Frisian of a Frisian legend. It tells the story of Pier beating five strong men who came to fight him: the place where he beat them is known as Fivefal, (Lit. Five fall) for all five of them fell to the ground.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Television.

paragraph: In the 1970s, in the Dutch "Floris" series, Donia was a major character played by actor Hans Boskamp.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Video gaming.

paragraph: Pier is also the main character of a video game named "Cross of the Dutchman".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Sport.

paragraph: The Greate Pier rugby club in Leeuwarden, which plays on a regional level, is named after Donia in Friesland. Many other clubs and several ships are named after him.

alias:
Grutte Pier
"Big Pier"

description: Frisian warrior, pirate, and rebel

enwikiquote_title: Pier Gerlofs Donia

wikidata_label: Pier Gerlofs Donia

wikipedia_title: Pier Gerlofs Donia


text: sport shooter

text: 1906 Intercalated Games

text: 1908 Summer Olympics

text: 1912 Summer Olympics

text: Geneva

text: Switzerland

text: Ouveillan

text: France

text: Intercalated Games

text: Athens

text: 1906 Intercalated Games

text: free rifle, free position

text: 50 m pistol

text: trap, single shot

text: trap, double shot

text: 200 m army rifle

text: 20 m duelling pistol

text: 25 m army pistol (standard model)

text: 30 m duelling pistol

text: 25 m rapid fire pistol

text: team military rifle event

text: individual 1000 yard free rifle event

text: team free rifle event

text: team military rifle event

text: individual 600 m free rifle event

categories: Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,French male sport shooters,Medalists at the 1906 Intercalated Games,Olympic silver medalists for France,1949 deaths,Olympic medalists in shooting,Olympic shooters of France,1862 births,Shooters at the 1906 Intercalated Games,ISSF pistol shooters,Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for France,Trap and double trap shooters,Sportspeople from Geneva,Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics,ISSF rifle shooters

paragraph: Raoul de Boigne

paragraph: Raoul Marie Joseph Count de Boigne (25 December 1862 – 19 May 1949) was a French sport shooter who competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games, the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: He was born in Geneva, Switzerland and died in Ouveillan, France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906 Athens

paragraph: At the Intercalated Games 1906 in Athens he won a silver medal and two bronze medals.

paragraph: In the 1906 Intercalated Games he also participated in the following events:

paragraph: BULLET::::- free rifle, free position – seventh place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 50 m pistol – ninth place

paragraph: BULLET::::- trap, single shot – tenth place

paragraph: BULLET::::- trap, double shot – tenth place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 200 m army rifle – eleventh place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20 m duelling pistol – eleventh place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25 m army pistol (standard model) – twelfth place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30 m duelling pistol – 18th place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25 m rapid fire pistol – 23rd place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908 London

paragraph: In the 1908 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the team free rifle event, was fourth in the team military rifle event and was 19th in the individual 1000 yard free rifle event.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912 Stockholm

paragraph: Four years later he was fourth in the team free rifle event, fifth in the team military rifle event, 50th in the individual 600 m free rifle event, 53rd in the individual 300 m free rifle, three positions event and 58th in the individual 300 m military rifle, three positions event.

description: sport shooter

wikidata_label: Raoul de Boigne

wikipedia_title: Raoul de Boigne


text: Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen

categories: Samurai,Japanese warriors killed in battle,Takeda retainers,1575 deaths,1531 births

paragraph: Hara Masatane

paragraph: He was known as one of the 'Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen'.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen. "Kawanakajima 1553-64: Samurai Power Struggle"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legendary Takeda's 24 Generals" at Yamanashi-kankou.jp

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Hara Masatane

wikipedia_title: Hara Masatane


text:
St Leonards-on-Sea
Nazi Germany
Westminster School
Middlesex Regiment
World War I
Christ Church
University of Oxford
Westminster School of Art
Robert Byron
Near East
Kish
Iraq
Al-Hirah
David Talbot Rice
Islamic pottery
China
World War II
anti-aircraft
Auschwitz
800,000 to 900,000 dead
Holocaust
art market
The Burlington Magazine
Austin Osman Spare
Henri Matisse
cerebral hemorrhage
Sussex
porcelain
Ashmolean Museum
Beckley, East Sussex

wikipedia_title:
St Leonards-on-Sea
Nazi Germany
Westminster School
Middlesex Regiment
World War I
Christ Church, Oxford
University of Oxford
Westminster School of Art
Robert Byron
Near East
Kish (Sumer)
Iraq
Al-Hirah
David Talbot Rice
Islamic pottery
China
World War II
Anti-aircraft warfare
Auschwitz concentration camp
Auschwitz concentration camp
The Holocaust
Art market
The Burlington Magazine
Austin Osman Spare
Henri Matisse
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Sussex
Porcelain
Ashmolean Museum
Beckley, East Sussex

categories: British art historians,People educated at Westminster School, London,Historians of the Holocaust,Middlesex Regiment soldiers,20th-century British historians,1900 births,British Army personnel of World War I,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,British Army personnel of World War II,Writers from London,20th-century British people,1978 deaths,Alumni of the Slade School of Art

paragraph: Gerald Reitlinger

paragraph: Gerald Roberts Reitlinger (born 1900 in London, United Kingdom – died 1978 in St Leonards-on-Sea, United Kingdom) was an art historian, especially of Asian ceramics, and a scholar of historical changes in taste in art and their reflection in art prices. After World War II he wrote three large books about Nazi Germany. He was also a painter and collector, mainly of pottery. Reitlinger's major works were "The Final Solution" (1953), "The SS: Alibi of a Nation" (1956), and between 1961–1970 he published "The Economics of Taste" in three volumes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in London to the banker Albert Reitlinger and his wife Emma Brunner, Reitlinger was educated at Westminster School in London before a short service with the Middlesex Regiment at the end of World War I. He then studied history, concentrating on art history, at Christ Church, University of Oxford and later at the Slade School and Westminster School of Art, during which time he also edited "Drawing and Design", a journal "devoted to art as a national asset" from 1927–29, and exhibited his own paintings in London. He appears under the name of "Reinecker" in Robert Byron's early travel book "The Station" (1928). In the 1930s he took part in two archaeological excavations in the Near East, one in 1930–31 financed by the Field Museum of Chicago to Kish, now in Iraq, and the second in 1932 to Al-Hirah, financed by Oxford, where he was co-director with David Talbot Rice. These inspired not only his book "A Tower of Skulls: a Journey through Persia and Turkish Armenia" published in 1932, but also his collecting interest in Islamic pottery.

paragraph: He travelled extensively and wrote non-fiction works on his trips to China and the Near East. During World War II, he served again as a British soldier, in an anti-aircraft battery and then lectured to troops, before being discharged because of ill-health. Postwar, he wrote articles about art for newspapers and art journals, and with his second wife Eileen Anne Graham Bell he became known for hosting parties for members of London society.

paragraph: During the 1950s he wrote two books about the Holocaust: "The SS: Alibi of a Nation" and "The Final Solution", both of which achieved large sales. In the latter book, he alleged that Soviet claims of the Auschwitz death toll being 4 million were "ridiculous", and he suggested an alternative figure of 800,000 to 900,000 dead; about 4.2 to 4.5 million was his estimate for the total number of Jewish deaths in the Holocaust. Subsequent scholarship has generally increased Reitlinger's conservative figures for death tolls, though his book was still described in 1979 as being "widely regarded as a definitive account".

paragraph: In 1961, he published the first of three volumes of "The Economics of Taste", a work on the art market from the eighteenth century onwards, mostly in Britain and France, with much detailed information on historic prices, and a very lively commentary, though the reviewer for "The Burlington Magazine" of Volume III criticised "a tone of provocative flippancy". The tone of the "Economics of Taste" aroused mixed feelings among reviewers, but they and those reviewing the books on the Nazis found large numbers of points of detail that were incorrect.

paragraph: Reitlinger was a great fan of the work of London artist Austin Osman Spare, and purchased the sole copy of Spare's 1924 sketchbook of "automatic drawings", "The Book of Ugly Ectasy", which contained a series of grotesque creatures. He would later tell Frank Letchford that while he would happily sell his prints by Henri Matisse, he would never part with his Spare drawings.

paragraph: Section::::Donation and death.

paragraph: Reitlinger died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Sussex. His collection of Islamic pottery, Japanese and Chinese porcelain was donated in 1972 to the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, where a gallery is named in his honour. The carefully recorded collection had been kept in his house at Beckley, East Sussex, which he also gave to the museum, intending it to be displayed there, and with the condition he lived there for the rest of his life. However the house was severely damaged by fire in February 1978, a few months before his death, though most of the collection was saved.

paragraph: Section::::Main publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Tower of Skulls: a Journey through Persia and Turkish Armenia", London: Duckworth, 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "South of the Clouds: a Winter Ride through Yün-nan", London: Faber & Faber, 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Final Solution", New York: Beechhurst Press, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The SS: Alibi of a Nation", London: Heinemann, 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House built on Sand, the conflicts of German policy in Russia", London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Economics of Taste", (three volumes) London: Barrie and Rockliffe, 1961–1970.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of Art Historians

description: British art historian

wikidata_label: Gerald Reitlinger

wikipedia_title: Gerald Reitlinger


categories: Samurai,1564 deaths,People from Chiba Prefecture,Takeda retainers,1497 births

paragraph: Hara Toratane

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Hara Toratane

wikipedia_title: Hara Toratane


text: Wick Poetry Prize

text: Oregon Book Award

text: Bread Loaf Writers' Conference

text: James Merrill

text: Dartmouth College

text: Brigit Pegeen Kelly

text: Tyehimba Jess

text: A. Van Jordan

text: Stations of the Cross

text: The Kenyon Review

text: Pulitzer-prize

text: Forrest Gander

text: Alaska Quarterly Review

text: The Believer

text: The Cincinnati Review

text: Hayden's Ferry Review

text: The Massachusetts Review

text: Passages North

text: Pleiades

text: Poetry Northwest

text: Salamander

text: Southern Indiana Review

text: The Southern Review

text: Virginia Quarterly Review

text: West Branch

text: Ninth Letter

text: Millikin University

text: Pacific University

text: University of Portland

categories: Formalist poets,Writers from Illinois,Poets from Illinois,20th-century American poets,Oregon Book Award winners,University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni,Wick Poetry Prize winners,Writers from Portland, Oregon,Writers from Oregon,21st-century American poets,University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni,Poets from Oregon,Writers from Massachusetts,Latin–English translators,Poets from Massachusetts,Living people,American male poets

paragraph: Matthew Minicucci

paragraph: Matthew Minicucci is an American writer and poet. His first full-length collection, "Translation", won the 2015 Wick Poetry Prize, and his second collection, "Small Gods", won the 2019 Stafford/Hall Oregon Book Award in Poetry. Having received numerous fellowships and residencies, including with the National Park Service, the C. Hamilton Bailey Oregon Literary Fellowship, the Stanley P. Young Fellowship in Poetry from the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, and the James Merrill House, Minicucci was named the 2019 Dartmouth College Poet-in-Residence at the Frost Place.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After completing a degree in Classical Literature and Languages, Minicucci pursued his MFA at the University of Illinois; he has trained with Brigit Pegeen Kelly, Tyehimba Jess, and A. Van Jordan. His chapbook, "Reliquary", marshalls the Stations of the Cross to explore themes later positively received in the full-length "Translation". "The Kenyon Review" remarked the book's ″attention to craft as well as its thematic concerns and narrative devices [invoke] ancient history and myth to make sense of the poet's own personal history of loss.″

paragraph: In his citation for the Oregon Book Award, judge and 2019 Pulitzer-prize winner Forrest Gander remarkedThe lexicon is inordinately rich, somehow both precise and lush. And the poems are insistently but never portentously philosophical, grounded as they are in bailing twine, bared teeth, baptismal tears. Disinterested in irony, softly-toned, Minicucci opens depths inside us that we can sense long after we’ve closed his book.

paragraph: Minicucci's poetry, essays, fiction, and reviews have appeared in "Alaska Quarterly Review", "The Believer", "The Cincinnati Review", "Copper Nickel", the "Gettysburg Review", "Hayden's Ferry Review", "The Massachusetts Review", "Oregon Humanities" magazine, "Passages North", "Pleiades", "Poetry Northwest", "Salamander", "Southern Indiana Review", "The Southern Review", "Tupelo Quarterly", the "Virginia Quarterly Review", and "West Branch", among others. It has also been featured on "Verse Daily" and "Poetry Daily".

paragraph: He serves as a member of the advisory board for "Ninth Letter", and as senior poetry editor to "Silk Road Review: A Literary Crossroads". Minicucci has taught writing at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Millikin University, Pacific University, and currently at the University of Portland.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goodreads profile

description: American writer and poet

wikidata_label: Matthew Minicucci

wikipedia_title: Matthew Minicucci


text:
Wisconsin
forensic dentist
Ted Bundy's
Ray Krone

wikipedia_title:
Wisconsin
Forensic dentistry
Ted Bundy
Ray Krone

categories: People wrongfully convicted of rape,People wrongfully convicted of murder,Overturned convictions in the United States,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Robert Lee Stinson Case

paragraph: Robert Lee Stinson is a Wisconsin man that was charged with the rape and murder of 63-year-old woman, Ione Cychosz. Cychosz’ body was discovered in a vacant lot close to Stinson's backyard. Bite marks, that were left on the body, were analyzed by Dr. Lowell T. Johnson, a forensic dentist, who advised that the bites were left by someone missing their front tooth. Due to Richard Lee Stinson's proximity and Dr. Johnson's testimony, that was later analyzed by Dr. Raymond Rawson (both members of the American Board of Forensic Odontology), he was sentenced to life in prison.

paragraph: In 2005, the Wisconsin Innocence Project took up Stinson's case and alleged that the forensic evidence was faulty, DNA evidence was reassessed that ruled out Stinson's involvement. Finally on July 27, 2009, Robert Lee Stinson was exonerated of Ione Cychosz's murder after serving over 20 years in prison. Later in the same year, he began a lawsuit against James Gauger, the lead investigator on the case, Dr. Lowell T. John and Dr. Raymond Rawson.  Robert Lee Stinson's case is one of many that have led to the continued push to discredit forensic evidence deemed admissible and relevant at the time of trial.

paragraph: Stinson's lawsuit is still ongoing in the court of appeals after a previous federal lawsuit was dismissed in 2015. In April 2012, Moses Price Jr. was charged and sentenced with the murder of Ione Cychosz after DNA evidence linked him to the crime. Price was in prison serving a 35-year sentence for homicide when the DNA evidence was found and received another 19 years incarceration.

paragraph: Section::::The 1985 Case.

paragraph: On the morning of November 3, 1984, a passerby discovered the body of Ione Cychosz, she had been beaten, raped and stabbed. There were no eyewitnesses or motives that police could identify in relation to the murder. Bite marks that were left on the body were subsequently examined by Dr. Lowell T. Johnson, who asserted that they must have been left by an attacker missing a front tooth. After interviewing Robert Lee Stinson due to his proximity to the scene, investigators noticed his missing front tooth and arrested and charged him for murder.

paragraph: Stinson's legal team attempted to exclude the bite mark evidence from the case, however, trial Judge Janine Geske denied this request and stated ‘there are adequate standards and controls in the area of forensic odontology… (And it is) a recognized area of science’. Dr. Johnson's testimony was backed up by fellow forensic odontologist, Raymond Rawson who stated, ‘there was no question that there was a match to reasonable scientific certainty’.

paragraph: Finally on 12 December 1985, Robert Lee Stinson was convicted for the murder of Ione Cychosz and sentenced to life in prison.

paragraph: Section::::Exoneration.

paragraph: Robert Lee Stinson appealed the court's decision, arguing that the bite mark evidence is inadmissible, however, the Wisconsin Judicial System upheld the previous conviction.

paragraph: Throughout his 23 years in jail, Robert Lee Stinson refused to admit any guilt, and was subsequently never granted parole, which requires an acceptance of guilt, and acknowledgment of the crimes committed.

paragraph: In 2005, The Wisconsin Innocence Project took up Robert Lee Stinson's case; following a letter written from Stinson while in jail. Alleging that the forensic evidence was faulty, DNA evidence was reassessed and conclusively ruled out any involvement of Robert Lee Stinson in the murder.  Milwaukee County District Attorney's office overturned Stinson's conviction and he was released on the 30th January 2009. All charged were dropped formally on 27 July 2009.

paragraph: The new DNA evidence sought by the Innocence project also showed links to a Moses Price Jr. who at the time was serving a 35-year sentence for a 1991 murder of a man in Milwaukee. In May 2009, Moses Price Jr. signed a confession for his murder of Ione Cychos.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent Appeals.

paragraph: The first appeal launched by Robert Lee Stinson was in 1986 following the conviction. The appeal cited 4 main issues with the case; that the court erred in allowing expert testimony on bite mark identification, the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury verdict, the limits on the counsel’s closing argument and the denial of Stinson’s request to change counsel.

paragraph: Firstly the defense argued that the scientific knowledge of bite mark identification was ‘not sufficiently developed to allow a reasonable opinion to be asserted by an expert’. The court upheld the previous decision citing expert witness as an important aid to a jury in processing and understanding evidence. In allowing the evidence into trial, therefore, ‘the evidence was sufficient to convince a reasonable jury beyond a reasonable doubt that Stinson was guilty’.

paragraph: Stinson also argued that the trial court limited his counsels closing argument by not allowing a statement from an article that had been submitted and accepted into evidence. The statement in question ‘referred to the disagreement among experts as to the admissibility and reliability of bite mark evidence’. The appeals court again ruled in the previous court's decision by saying that it would ‘unduly confuse the issues and confuse the jury’. At the time 19 jurisdictions accepted bite mark evidence. The court did note that ‘without the admission of the bite mark evidence, the state’s case against Stinson may not have been sufficient’.

paragraph: After his case had been picked up by the innocence project and Stinson had been released, he launched a new lawsuit in 2015 against James Gauger, Lowell T. Johnson and Raymond Rawson. Stinson again lost the lawsuit as the court stated that while Drs. Johnson and Rawson had been negligent in asserting that the bite marks belonged definitively to Stinson, their opinions while unreasonable were ‘by an error in forensic analysis, not a due-process violation’, Drs. Johnson and Rawson were entitled to qualified immunity. Stinson would have to prove that that the expert testimony was wrong ‘and that the expert knew it was wrong at the time he gave it’ thus fabricating evidence.

paragraph: In August 2017, the full U.S 7 Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the previous decision in a 6-4 decision and stated that Stinson did have grounds to sue Gauger, Johnson, and Rawson. Dr. Michael Bowers, Stinson’s odontological expert in the case argued the methods used in the 1985 case ‘were flawed and did not comport with the accepted standards of practice in… forensic odontology at the time’. Thus he stated, ‘Johnson and Rawson knowingly manipulated the bite mark evidence… to match’.

paragraph: The court also looked into the fact that James Gauger had interviewed Stinson previously in relation to the murder of a man named Ricky Johnson, 2 years prior to the death of Ione Cychosz, for which Stinson was not charged. In his 2010 book "The Memo Book", James Gauger stated that he still believed Stinson had been involved and wrote ‘lots of people get away with murder… because we had the right guys, but couldn’t prove it’.

paragraph: The court ruled that Johnson and Rawson were not ‘entitled to absolute immunity’ and could legally be sued by Stinson. Robert Lee Stinson’s lawsuit is still ongoing. Stinson received $25,000 from the state of Wisconsin, as well as an additional $90,000 in 2014 after legislature was passed to award him more than the maximum allowed under the Wisconsin compensation law.

paragraph: Section::::Issues with Forensic Dentistry and Bite Mark Analysis.

paragraph: The case came at a time when forensic sciences were still relatively new in the court system and was the first example of it being used in a case in the state of Wisconsin. Stinson’s case was subsequently used in conjunction with multiple other cases setting the precedent for the inclusion of bite mark forensics.

paragraph: The first time it had been used was in 1975, the People V Marx, which in turn was cited by many succeeding, cases, despite the court in this case ‘conceding there was no official science behind it’. The dentists in the Marx case went to great lengths to explain that in many other cases this type of bite mark comparison would not be valid but ‘this case, they felt, was a rare exception to the general rule’. Its inclusion in the case however led to what can be called a ‘judicial echo chamber’ as other cases cite it.

paragraph: Following this bite mark comparison and analysis began to be more commonly used in legal cases. Notably, the field would become more ‘legitimized’ when it was used in the 1979 Ted Bundy's case. Lowell Levine, the bite mark analyst, in this case, wrote ‘that a bite mark match is as good as a fingerprint’. Lowell Levine went on to provide analysis on many cases including the wrongful arrest of Edmund Burke 20 years later due to his testimony.

paragraph: Judge Janine Geske at the time was working within the requirement set that evidence be ‘relevant and helpful’, however in 1993, the Daubert Standard would be introduced that added that expert testimony be from an established scientific field with approved methods of testing.

paragraph: Robert Lee Stinson’s case highlights issues with bite-mark comparison. One issue is that the sketch that was originally drawn by Dr. Johnson was inconsistent with the missing tooth that Robert Lee Stinson had, but he would later change his testimony once investigators had brought Stinson in. The second sketch used in the trial was drawn by a police sketch artist who was told by Dr. Johnson ‘that a tooth in the upper quadrant was missing’, but did not specify which tooth. Stinson drew attention to this in his 2015 lawsuit against the two doctors, when Dr. Johnson first said the murderer was ‘missing the right lateral incisor’ not the ‘right central incisor’ that Stinson was missing.

paragraph: While the 2015 lawsuit upheld the protection of the doctors due to ‘qualified immunity’, by this point the study had already begun to be discredited. One judge on the validity of Johnson and Rawson’s ‘immunity’ stated ‘the very quackery of the field protects its practitioners from liability… akin to saying that an astrologer has falsified his conclusions’. Johnson and Rawson, at the time of the 1985 case had been leading exponents of bite mark analysis, both were members of the American Bureau of Forensic Odontology, and Rawson himself had provided testimony in many cases including the 1992 trial against Ray Krone who was sentenced as guilty and put on death row; partly due to forensic testimony. Ray Krone would later be exonerated by DNA evidence after serving 10 years in prison.

paragraph: In 2009, a committee on identifying the needs of the Forensic Science community pointed to the fact ‘that many forensic tests – such as those used to infer the source of… bite marks – have never been exposed to stringent scientific scrutiny’, as these fields had developed alongside law enforcement not as a scientific discipline. The paper also highlights the role of the examiner and their potential for bias in ‘evaluating a specific bite mark in cases in which the police agencies provide the suspects for comparison’, such as the Robert Lee Stinson case with Dr. Johnson.

paragraph: The committee posited the biggest issues to bite mark analysis and comparison (not to be confused with other disciplines in the field such as dental identification of human remains) was the accuracy of human skin in registering bite marks, the uniqueness of human teeth, the techniques used in the field and the examiner’s bias. A 2016 study also stated that the forensic field had ‘outrun empirical testing of those claims’ and that the testing in that particular study, rather than confirming the validity had ‘confirmed that the foundations of bite mark identifications are unsound’. In 2017, another paper stated that the issue lay rather with the confusion between bite mark analysis and bite mark comparison, arguing that bite mark analysis could lead to important information and ‘analysis has nothing to do with comparing or matching anything to a suspect’.

paragraph: The American Board of Forensic Odontology has been facing increasing scrutiny as groups such as the Innocence Project has taken on ‘at least 25 wrongful… convictions due to erroneous bite mark analysis’. However, some still see value in the science and argue that the complete removal of all bite mark analysis would be an error ‘equivalent to the proverbial throwing the baby out with the bathwater’.

wikidata_label: Robert Lee Stinson Case

wikipedia_title: Robert Lee Stinson Case


text:
Jessore District
Bengal Presidency
British India
Hare School
Scottish Church College
Ishwar Chandra Gupta
Akshay Kumar Datta
Bangiya Sahitya Parishad

wikipedia_title: Presidencies and provinces of British India

categories: 20th-century Bengali poets,1831 births,Bengali writers,1912 deaths,Bengali Hindus

paragraph: Manomohan Bose

paragraph: Manomohan Bose was a Bengali journalist, poet, and playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bose was born in 1831 in Nishchintapur, Jessore District, Bengal Presidency, British India. He studied at the Sanskrit school in Jessore and Hare School in Calcutta. He then went onto to study at the Scottish Church College. He was inspired to write by Ishwar Chandra Gupta.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bose wrote for Ishwar Chandra Gupta's Sambad Prabhakar. His writings were also published in Akshay Kumar Datta's Tattvabodhini. He wrote in and edited Madhyastha in 1872 and Sambad Bibhakar in 1852. He wrote a number of plays based on history and mythology. His plays were nationalist in nature. He supported the Hindu Mela, a nationalist organization. In 1896 he was the Vice-President of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sati (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramabhisek (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pranayapariksa (1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harishchandra (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parthaparajay (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raslila (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anandamay (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindur Achar-byabahar (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baktrtamala (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dulin (1891).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manomohan Gitabali

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bose died in 1912.

description: Bengali playwright and writer

wikidata_label: Manomohan Basu

wikipedia_title: Manomohan Bose


text: Cannes

text: Album Verlag

text: Zur Geschichte der Firma Foto Fayer

categories: Hungarian people,Austrian photographers,1892 births,1950 deaths

paragraph: Georg Fayer

paragraph: Georg Fayer (1892 – 5 November 1950) was an Austrian photographer of Hungarian origin. The artist photographer was his daughter.

paragraph: Fayer died in Cannes at age about 58.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timm Starl: "Lexikon zur Fotografie in Österreich 1839 bis 1945". Album Verlag, Vienna 2005,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zur Geschichte der Firma Foto Fayer

description: Austrian-American photographer of Hungarian origin

wikidata_label: Georg Fayer

wikipedia_title: Georg Fayer


text: The Hague

text: Overschie

text: Rotterdam

text: Dutch

text: Baroque

text: painter

text: still life

text: still life

text: pronkstilleven

text: Tyman Arentsz. Cracht

text: Leiden

text: Guild of Saint Luke

text: Crispijn van den Queborn

text: Pieter de Putter

text: Delft

text: Amsterdam

text: Alkmaar

text: Gouda

text: fish

text: Jan van Goyen

text: floral

text: vanitas

text: Jan Davidsz. de Heem

text: Pieter Claesz

text: Willem Claeszoon Heda

text: Scottish National Gallery

text: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: Ashmolean Museum

text: Cleveland Museum of Art

text: Dallas Museum of Art

text: Detroit Institute of Arts

text: Museum de Fundatie

text: Honolulu Museum of Art

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: Louvre

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Minneapolis Institute of Arts

text: National Maritime Museum

text: York Art Gallery

text: York

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

text: Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

text: Rhode Island School of Design Museum

text: Royal Castle

text: Warsaw

text: Seattle Art Museum

text: Vermeer and The Delft School

categories: Dutch still life painters,Dutch male painters,Dutch marine artists,1690 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters,1620 births

paragraph: Abraham van Beijeren

paragraph: Abraham Hendriksz van Beijeren or Abraham van Beyeren (c. 1620, The Hague – March 1690, Overschie (Rotterdam)) was a Dutch Baroque painter of still lifes. Little recognized in his day and initially active as a marine painter, he is now considered one of the most important painters of still lifes, and in particular still lifes of fish and so-called 'pronkstillevens', i.e. sumptuous still lifes of luxurious objects.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Abraham van Beijeren trained with Tyman Arentsz. Cracht in 1636. He lived in Leiden in 1638-1639 where in 1639 he married Emmerentia Stercke. He was back in The Hague in 1640 where he became a master of the local Guild of Saint Luke.

paragraph: After the death of his first wife he was left to raise three daughters. He married with Anna van den Queborn in 1647. His second wife was a painter and daughter of the painter Crispijn van den Queborn. Anna's aunt was married to Pieter de Putter, a painter of fish still lifes. De Putter may have been the source of van Beijeren's initial interest in the genre of fish still lifes as well as his tutor in this genre.

paragraph: Van Beijeren's initial works were marine and fish still life paintings. These were not very well paid at the time and the relative poverty of van Beijeren may explain his frequent moves from one place to another. He resided in Delft from 1657 where he joined the local Guild of Saint Luke. In 1663 he returned to The Hague where he remained until 1669 when he moved to Amsterdam. Further moves followed: to Alkmaar in 1669, then Gouda in 1675 and finally Overschie (Rotterdam) in 1677. This was his last home.

paragraph: The artist may have been doing better financially in his later years as he was able to buy a house in Overschie for 1,000 guilders of which 600 was covered by a mortgage. His wife was reported as being sick in bed in 1679 when she made her will. The date of her death is unknown. Van Beijeren died in Overschie in 1690.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Van Beijeren signed his canvases with the monogram AVB and invariably failed to include a date. As a result, it has been difficult to compile a precise chronology of his works.

paragraph: While in the 1640s most of his paintings were seascapes, van Beijeren began to develop as a skilled still life painter of fish. In his early marine paintings he shows the influence of Jan van Goyen.

paragraph: In the 1650s and 1660s he started to focus on "pronkstillevens", i.e. still lifes with fine silverware, Chinese porcelain, glass and selections of fruit. He also painted a number of floral still life paintings, dead bird paintings and vanitas paintings. The move to painting pronkstillevens may have been motivated by economic necessity as they could be sold to a wealthier clientele. These still lifes are often quite elaborate displays and show the influence of Jan Davidsz. de Heem.

paragraph: He generally used a fairly broad technique and brown tonalities with some precision of detail. Van Beijeren was likely familiar with the other Dutch painters of pronkstillevens such as Pieter Claesz and Willem Claeszoon Heda who were specialists in monochrome banquet still lives. He often worked on a larger scale than his Dutch contemporaries with his tall canvasses reaching a height of one meter.

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: The Scottish National Gallery, the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, the Ashmolean Museum (University of Oxford), the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts (Stanford University, California), the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Detroit Institute of Arts, Museum de Fundatie, the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, the National Maritime Museum (Greenwich, UK), the York Art Gallery, York, UK; the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, the Royal Castle in Warsaw and the Seattle Art Museum are some of the public collections that hold paintings by Abraham van Beyeren. In private collections: Ger Eenens Collection the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bergström, Ingvar, "Dutch Still Life Painting in the Seventeenth Century", New York: T. Yoseloff, 1956.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Abraham van Beijeren

alias:
Abraham van Beyeren
Abraham van Byron
Abraham Hendricksz. van Beyeren
Albert Van Beijren
Abraham Van Beyeren
Albert van Beijjeren
Albert Beijren
Abraham van Beyeron
Abraham Hendricksz van Beyeren
Abraham Hendricksz. Van Beyeren
Abraham van Bergaren
a. v. beyeren
Van Byron
beyeren abraham hendricksz
Beyer
Beyern
A. Beyer
van Beyere
A. Bayer
Beijeren Abraham van
A. van Beyeren
Abrah. Beyer
Ad. de Beyer
Van Beijeren
Abraham Beyeren van
abraham v. beijeren
A. Van Beyern
abraham van beijern
Albert van Beyeren
abr. van beyeren
Bejer
Bayer
abram van beijeren
abr. v. beijeren
beyeren abraham hendricksz van
Adr. v. Beyern
Jan van Beieren
Abraham Hendriksz van Belferen
van Bayren
Beijeren
Van Beyer
v. Beyern
Abraham Hendricksz Beyeren
Abraham von Beyeren
van Beyeren
A. van Beijeren
Abraham Hendricksz Van Beyeren
abr. beyeren
A. von Beyeren
abraham beyeren
A. v. Beyern
Van Beyern
abr. v. beyeren
Vanbiron
A.v. Beyer
abraham hendricks van beyeren
abraham van beyren
Adriaen van Beyeren
Abram van Beyeren
abraham beijeren
Beyeren
Vanbyron
Abraham Hendrickez Van Beyeren
Abr. Hendricksz van Beijeren

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Abraham van Beijeren

wikipedia_title: Abraham van Beijeren


text: Scottish

text: presbyterian

text: minister

text: excommunicated

text: Moderator

text: Irvine

text: University of Glasgow

text: John Cameron

text: Principalship

text: Bangor

text: Robert Echlin

text: Kirk of Shotts

text: Charles I.

text: Ayr

text: Colonel Hepburn

text: St Andrews

text: Lord President Spottiswood

text: Moderator of General Assembly

text: Cromwell

text: Protector

text: Musselburgh

text: Kirkcaldy

text: Aberdour

text: Irvine, Ayrshire

text: University of Glasgow

text: polemics

text: Covenanters

text: Robert Baillie

text: Bangor, County Down

text: Robert Echlin

text: Bishop of Down

text: Theophilus Buckworth

text: Bishop of Dromore

text: James Ussher

text: John Sprint

text: Charles I

text: John Bramhall

text: bishop of Derry

text: New England

text: Ayr

text: Patrick Hepburn of Waughton

text: Leith

text: Burntisland

text: St. Andrews

text: Bishops' War

text: Irish Rebellion of 1641

text: lord president

text: Robert Spottiswoode

text: Alexander Henderson

text: Chapel Royal

text: Cromwell

text: Resolutioners

text: James Sharp

text: Musselburgh

text: Kirkcaldy

text: Meikle Couston

text: Aberdour

text: Covenanter

text: Wodrow Society

text: Dysart

text: William Row

text: Ceres

text: Robert Blair

text: Hugh Blair

categories: Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland,1593 births,1666 deaths,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,People from Irvine, North Ayrshire,Scottish Commissioners at the Westminster Assembly

paragraph: Robert Blair (moderator)

paragraph: Robert Blair (1593 – 27 August 1666) was a Scottish presbyterian minister who was excommunicated in 1634 but became Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1646.

paragraph: He was born in Irvine, 1593, the sixth son of John Blair of Windyedge, a merchant-adventurer and cadet of Blair, and Beatrix Mure of the Rowallan family. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, graduating with an M.A. in 1612. He was appointed regent there in 1615 and licenced in 1616. In consequence of the appointment of John Cameron, to the Principalship, who favoured Episcopacy, Blair resigned his regency, went to Ireland on the invitation of Lord Claneboy, and was sometime minister of a Presbyterian congregation at Bangor. He was ordained thereto by Robert Echlin, Bishop of Down, and some of the neighbouring pastors. Blair narrates that he was "very careful to inform him [Echlin] both of what accusations had been laid against me of disaffection to the civil powers, and that I could not submit to the use of the English liturgy nor Episcopal government. But he having been informed of my altercations with Dr Cameron, said, 'I know all that business,' and added that he was confident of procuring a free entry for me, which he quickly effectuated. . . . Having been invited to preach by the patron, and by Mr Gibson, the sick incumbent, I yielded to their invitation and preached there three Sabbath days. After that, several of the aged and most respectful persons in the congregation came to me by order of the whole, and informed me that they were edified by the doctrine delivered by me, and intreated me not to leave them. Likewise the dying man did several ways encourage me. He professed great sorrow for his having been a dean. He condemned Episcopacy more strongly than ever I durst do: he charged me in the name of Christ, and as I expected his blessing on my ministry, not to leave that good way wherein I had begun to walk, and then drawing my head towards his bosom with both his arms, he laid his hands on my head, and blessed me. Within a few days after he died, and my admission was accomplished as quickly as might be, in the following way. The Viscount Claneboy did, on my request, inform the Bishop how opposite I was to Episcopacy and their liturgy, and had the influence to procure my admission on easy and honourable terms. Yet, lest his lordship had not been plain enough, I declared my opinion fully to the Bishop at our first meeting, and found him yielding beyond my expectation. The Bishop said to me, 'I hear good of you, and will impose no conditions on you: I am old and can teach you ceremonies, and you can teach me substance, only I must ordain you, else neither I nor you can answer the law nor brook the land.' I answered him that his sole ordination did utterly contradict my principles; but he replied both wittily and submissively, 'Whatever you account of Episcopacy, yet I know you account a presbytery to have divine warrant; will you not receive ordination from Mr [Robert] Cunningham [minister at Holywood] and the adjacent brethren, and let me come in among them in no other relation than a presbyter!' This I could not refuse, and so the matter was performed," 10 July 1623. Echlin, however, turned to be his bitter enemy, and in September 1631, Blair was suspended from the exercise of his ministerial functions, the ostensible reason being that he had taken part (with John Livingston) in a celebration of the Lord's Supper at the Kirk of Shotts; and on 4 May 1632 he was deposed. Through the intervention of Charles I. sentence was removed in May 1634, but he was again deposed by Echlin in November that same year. He was now bent on emigrating to New England, but the ship in which he and other ministers sailed was driven back by stress of weather, a sign, as Blair thought, that his services were still required at home.

paragraph: The next months were spent partly in Scotland and England, and an order for his apprehension being issued, he escaped to Scotland, and was admitted to the Second Charge of Ayr in July 1638. He was invited to go to France as chaplain to Colonel Hepburn's Regiment, but after embarking at Leith was threatened by a soldier whom he had reproved for swearing, and thereupon went ashore again.

paragraph: He petitioned the Privy Council for liberty to preach the Gospel and was admitted to St Andrews 8 October 1639. In 1640 he accompanied the Scottish army to England and assisted at the negotiations for the Peace of Ripon; pres. by Charles I. 8 November 1641.

paragraph: He preached in Ulster for three months during 1642, the Presbyterians there having petitioned the General Assembly for a supply of ministers after the Irish Rebellion of 1641. He attended Lord President Spottiswood and others to the scaffold in 1645.

paragraph: He was elected Moderator of General Assembly 3 June 1646. He was then appointed Chaplain-in-Ordinary to King Charles I. that year. He was also appointed by Commission of Assembly in 1648, one of a Committee to endeavour to get Cromwell to establish "a uniformity of religion in England." On the division of the Church in 1650, he inclined to the Resolutioners and endeavoured to effect a union between them and the Protesters. He was summoned to London by the Protector in 1654, but excused himself on the ground of ill-health. He was named by the Council of England that year on the Committee for authorising admissions to the ministry in Perth, Fife, and Angus. On the establishment of Episcopacy he was removed from

paragraph: his charge September 1661, confined to Musselburgh and subsequently to Kirkcaldy (where he was for three years and a half), and

paragraph: afterwards at Meikle Couston, parish of Aberdour, Fife, where he died 27 August 1666, and was buried in the churchyard of Aberdour.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a native of Irvine, Ayrshire. His father was a merchant-adventurer, John Blair of Windyedge, a younger brother of the family of Blair of that ilk; his mother was Beatrix Muir (of the house of Rowallan), who lived for nearly a century.

paragraph: From the parish school at Irvine Blair proceeded to the University of Glasgow, where he took his degree of M.A. He is stated to have acted as a schoolmaster in Glasgow. In his twenty-second year he was appointed a regent or professor in the university. One of his students was the future author of polemics for the Covenanters, Robert Baillie. In 1616 he was licensed as a preacher of the gospel in connection with the established church (presbyterian) of Scotland. In 1622 he resigned his professorship.

paragraph: Having gone over to Ireland, he was called to Bangor, County Down and ordained by Robert Echlin, the Bishop of Down, on 10 July 1623. But he was suspended in the autumn of 1631, and deposed in 1632 for nonconformity; Echlin had turned a blind eye in the 1620s to presbyterian clergy in his diocese, but Blair (on his own account) didn't react to hints by Theophilus Buckworth, Bishop of Dromore, and was then interviewed by James Ussher, who tried to persuade him with arguments current from John Sprint. By the intervention of the king, Charles I, he was restored in May 1634; but the former sentence was renewed, with excommunication, by John Bramhall, bishop of Derry, the same year.

paragraph: Excommunicated and ejected, Blair, along with others, fitted out a ship, intending to go to New England in 1635. But the weather proved so bad that they were beaten back, and, returning to Scotland, he lived partly in that country and partly in England. Orders were issued in England for his apprehension in 1637, but he escaped to Scotland, and preached for some time in Ayr. He was invited to go to France as chaplain to the regiment of Colonel Patrick Hepburn of Waughton, but after embarking at Leith he was threatened by a soldier whom he had reproved for swearing, and went ashore again. He also petitioned the privy council 'for liberty to preach the gospel,' and received an appointment at Burntisland in April 1638. He was nominated to St. Andrews in the same year, and was admitted there on 8 October 1639.

paragraph: In the Second Bishops' War of 1640 he accompanied the Scottish army on its march into England. He assisted in the negotiations for the treaty of peace presented by Charles I on 8 November 1641. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641 he once more went to Ireland with several other clergymen of the Scottish kirk, the Irish general assembly (presbyterian) having petitioned for supplies for their vacant charges. He afterwards returned to St. Andrews.

paragraph: In 1645 he attended the lord president Robert Spottiswoode and others to the scaffold. In the same year he was one of the Scottish ministers who went to Newcastle to speak very plainly to the king. In 1646 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (3 June). Later, on the death of Alexander Henderson, he was appointed chaplain-in-ordinary to the king, supported by the revenues of the Chapel Royal. The Commission of the General Assembly, in 1648, named him one of those for 'endeavouring to get Cromwell to establish a uniformity of religion in England.'

paragraph: At the division of the church, in 1650, into Resolutioners and Protesters, he leaned to the former, but lamented the strife. Summoned with others to London in 1654, that 'a method might be devised for settling affairs of the church,' he pleaded ill-health and declined to go. In the same year he was appointed by the council of England 'one of those for the admission to the ministry in Perth, Fife, and Angus.'

paragraph: At the Restoration he came under the notice of Archbishop James Sharp, had to resign his charge in September 1661, and was confined to certain places, first of all to Musselburgh, afterwards to Kirkcaldy (where he remained three and a half years), and finally to Meikle Couston near Aberdour. As a Covenanter he preached outdoors. He died at Aberdour on 27 August 1666, and was buried in the parish churchyard.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Autobiography" was published by the Wodrow Society (1848); fragments were published in 1754.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preface to Durham's Treatise on Scandal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on the Book of Proverbs, (ready but not published)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Answer to Bishop Hall's Remonstrance, ready for the Press, but these were never published.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edin. Guild. Reg. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edin. Marr. Reg. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reg. Sec. Sig. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. R. Sas., iii. 164, ix. 106;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lamont's Diary;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tombst. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baillie's Letters ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hill's Life of Hugh Blair ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reid's Ireland, i., 101 et seq. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary Nat. Biog.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reed's Presbyterianism of Ireland, i.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Row and Stevenson's Hist.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rutherford's and Baillie's Letters;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirkcaldy Presb. Reg.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connolly's Fifeshire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambers's Biogr.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott's Fasti, ii. 91;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hill's Life of Hugh Blair

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married first Beatrix, daughter of Robert Hamilton, merchant, in right of whom he became a burgess of Edinburgh on 16 July 1626; she died in July 1632, aged 27. Their issue were two sons and a daughter: James, one of the ministers of Dysart, Robert, and Jean, who married William Row, minister of Ceres. His second wife was Katherine, daughter of Hugh Montgomerie of Braidstane, afterwards Viscount Airds. Their issue were seven sons and a daughter. One of these sons, David, was father of Robert Blair, the poet of the "Grave", and another, Hugh, grandfather of Dr. Hugh Blair.

paragraph: He marr. (1) 16th July 1626,

paragraph: Beatrix (died July 1632, aged 27), daugh.

paragraph: of Robert Hamilton, merchant, burgess of

paragraph: Edinburgh, and had issue — James, min.

paragraph: of Dysart ; Robert ; Jean (marr. William

paragraph: Row, min. of Ceres) : (2) Katherine, daugh.

paragraph: of Hugh Montgomerie of Braidstane, Vis-

paragraph: count Airds, and had issue — William ;

paragraph: David, min. of Old Kirk Parish, Edinburgh

paragraph: [father of Robert B., min. of Athelstane-

paragraph: ford, author of The Grave] ; Samuel ;

paragraph: John, writer, Edinburgh, born 1640; Archi-

paragraph: bald ; Alexander in Edinburgh ; Andrew,

paragraph: born 1644; Montgomery, born 1646; Hugh,

paragraph: merchant, Edinburgh ; Catherine (marr.

paragraph: George Campbell, min. of Old Kirk, Edin-

paragraph: burgh, and Professor of Divinity).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

description: Scottish nonconformist minister, excommunicated in 1634

wikidata_label: Robert Blair

wikipedia_title: Robert Blair (moderator)


text:
American
baseball
pitcher
Pittsburgh Pirates
Florida Marlins
Major League Baseball
Montreal Expos
2001 Major League Baseball Draft
Sabino High School
Florida Marlins
2002 Major League Baseball Draft
Pima Community College
Florida Marlins
2002 Major League Baseball Draft
Pima Community College
Baltimore Orioles
Robert Andino
Washington Nationals
Pittsburgh Pirates
Texas Rangers
Texas Rangers
Pittsburgh Pirates
Indianapolis
Minnesota Twins

categories: Jamestown Jammers players,New Orleans Zephyrs players,Jupiter Hammerheads players,Living people,Florida Marlins players,Baseball players from Arizona,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Sportspeople from Tucson, Arizona,Fort Myers Miracle players,Indianapolis Indians players,Pima Aztecs baseball players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Greensboro Bats players,Carolina Mudcats players,1982 births

paragraph: Tim Wood (baseball)

paragraph: Timothy Dayle Wood (born November 16, 1982), is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He pitched for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.

paragraph: Wood was drafted by the Montreal Expos in the 21st round of the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft out of Sabino High School, but did not sign. He was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 44th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft out of Pima Community College.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: Wood was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 44th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft out of Pima Community College. He was brought up to the majors on June 4, 2009, but was optioned back to the minors on June 7 without appearing in a game. The Marlins called him up once again on June 21. Wood made his major league debut June 25, 2009, pitching 2 scoreless innings against the Baltimore Orioles. The first batter he faced, Robert Andino, lined out to second base.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: The Washington Nationals signed Wood in November 2010. The Nationals released Wood in March 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: The Pittsburgh Pirates signed Wood in April 2011. On June 10, 2011, the Pirates purchased Wood's contract. He was designated for assignment on August 12, after making 13 appearances, recording a 5.63 ERA in eight innings. He was traded to the Texas Rangers on August 18, in exchange for cash considerations.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: The Texas Rangers acquired Wood from the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 18, in exchange for cash considerations. He became a free agent at the end of the 2011 season.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Return to the Pirates.

paragraph: In November 2011, Wood signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. In 54 games for the Pirates' Triple-A affiliate Indianapolis, Wood had a 2.19 ERA with 21 saves while striking out 67 in 70 innings.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Minnesota Twins.

paragraph: On November 10, 2012, Wood was reported to be close to a deal with the Cleveland Indians. Later the same day, he signed a minor league deal with the Minnesota Twins with an invitation to spring training and is expected to make the team. The club then signed him to a 1-year, $675,000 deal to avoid losing him in the Rule 5 Draft. He was released on August 28, 2013.

description: baseball player from the United States

wikidata_label: Tim Wood

wikipedia_title: Tim Wood (baseball)


text:
American
professor
humanitarian
poppies
as a symbol of remembrance
World War I
Good Hope
Walton County, Georgia
Francis Marion
Huguenot
Brittany
Flanders
Morgan County
Martin Institute
Jefferson, Georgia
Monroe, Georgia
Lucy Cobb Institute
Normal School
Athens, Georgia
Columbia University
New York City
RMS "Carpathia"
University of Georgia
YWCA
John McCrae
In Flanders Fields
We Shall Keep the Faith
American Legion Auxiliary
Earl Haig
The Royal British Legion
Liberty ship
SS "Moina Michael"
U.S. Postal Service
U.S. Highway 78
Georgia Women of Achievement
Daughters of the American Revolution
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Lillian Bilsky Freiman

categories: Columbia University alumni,American women in World War I,1944 deaths,1869 births,University of Georgia faculty,Aftermath of World War I in the United States

paragraph: Moina Michael

paragraph: Moina Belle Michael (August 15, 1869 – May 10, 1944) was an American professor and humanitarian who conceived the idea of using poppies as a symbol of remembrance for those who served in World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Michael was born on what is now known as 3698 Moina Michael Road in Good Hope, in Walton County, Georgia. She was the eldest daughter and second of the seven children of John Marion Michael, a Confederate Veteran and Alice Sherwood. She was distantly related to General Francis Marion on her father's side, and the Wise family of Virginia state governors on her mother's side. Both sides of her family had Huguenot ancestry, with origins in Brittany and Flanders respectively. Her family was wealthy and owned a cotton plantation until 1898. She was educated at Braswell Academy in Morgan County, and the Martin Institute in Jefferson, Georgia.

paragraph: She became a teacher in 1885, initially in Good Hope and then in Monroe, Georgia. She taught at the Lucy Cobb Institute and Normal School, both located in Athens, Georgia. She studied at Columbia University in New York City in 1912-13.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.

paragraph: Michael visited Europe in June and July 1914. She was in Germany when the First World War broke out in August 1914, and travelled to Rome to return home to the US. In Rome, she assisted around 12,000 US tourists to seek passage back across the Atlantic. She returned to the US on the RMS "Carpathia" and returned to teaching at Normal School in Athens, Georgia.

paragraph: She was a professor at the University of Georgia when the U.S. entered World War I in April 1917. She took a leave of absence from her work and volunteered to assist in the New York-based training headquarters for overseas YWCA workers.

paragraph: Section::::Remembrance poppy.

paragraph: On 9 November 1918, inspired by the Canadian John McCrae battlefront-theme poem "In Flanders Fields", she wrote a poem in response called "We Shall Keep the Faith". In tribute to the opening lines of McCrae's poem – "In Flanders fields the poppies blow / Between the crosses row on row," – Michael vowed to always wear a red poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who served in the war.

paragraph: After the war was over, Michael returned to the University of Georgia and taught a class of disabled servicemen. Realizing the need to provide financial and occupational support for these servicemen, she pursued the idea of selling silk poppies as a means of raising funds to assist disabled veterans. In 1921, her efforts resulted in the poppy being adopted as a symbol of remembrance for war veterans by the American Legion Auxiliary, and by Earl Haig's British Legion Appeal Fund (later The Royal British Legion) later that year.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Known as the "Poppy Lady" for her humanitarian efforts, Michael received numerous awards during her lifetime. She retired from the University of Georgia in 1934, and published an autobiography in 1941, "The Miracle Flower: The Story of the Flanders Fields Memorial Poppy".

paragraph: In 1944, a Liberty ship constructed in Georgia was named SS "Moina Michael" in her honor. In 1948, four years after her death, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative 3-cent stamp honoring her life's achievement. In 1969, the Georgia General Assembly named a section of U.S. Highway 78 the Moina Michael Highway. In 1999 she was named to the Georgia Women of Achievement Hall of Fame. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lillian Bilsky Freiman

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: American academic

wikidata_label: Moina Michael

wikipedia_title: Moina Michael


text:
São Paulo
Brazil
football
central defender
Ceará
Icasa
Fortaleza
Ituano
Brazilian Série C
Fortaleza Esporte Clube
2005 Brazilian Série B
Flamengo
Vasco da Gama
Taca Guanabara
Grêmio
2009 Brazilian Série A
Botafogo
Taca Guanabara
Maracanã Stadium
Brazilian Cup
Vasco da Gama
Fabio Luciano
Copa Libertadores
Taça Guanabara
Rio de Janeiro State League
Taça Rio
Rio de Janeiro State League
Ronaldo
Taça Rio
Rio de Janeiro State League
Barueri
Brazilian Série A
Flamengo
Brazilian Série A
Grêmio
Maracanã Stadium
Petkovic
Taça Guanabara
Fortaleza
Ceará State League
Flamengo
Copa do Brasil
2006
Taça Guanabara
Taça Rio
Rio State League
2009
2011
Brazilian Série A
2009
CBF
Guardian Stats Centre

categories: Clube de Regatas do Flamengo footballers,Brazilian footballers,Associação Desportiva Recreativa e Cultural Icasa players,1975 births,Grêmio Barueri Futebol players,Fortaleza Esporte Clube players,Ceará Sporting Club players,Ituano FC players,Living people,Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players

paragraph: Ronaldo Angelim

paragraph: Ronaldo Simões Angelim (born November 26, 1975 in São Paulo), or simply Ronaldo Angelim, is a former Brazilian football central defender. He is known as the "Steel Skinny" by the soccer media in Brazil.

paragraph: Angelim's history would be the same of thousand of boys that, alongside their families, went to São Paulo coming from the northeast looking for a better life quality. However, his story starts differing from the other kids when his family decides to move back to São Paulo.

paragraph: He was born and raised in Ceará. By that time, he tried to balance playing soccer at Icasa with working to support his humble family. Among other activities he dug wells and worked as a farmer.

paragraph: In the Juazeiro do Norte soccer club, he spell was from 1996 until 1999, when that club went through one of the most delicate moments of its history, including having to change his name to escape debts that could lead the team to declare bankruptcy.

paragraph: In 1999 Angelim came to Ceará to play at a traditional club from Fortaleza. In 2000, Ituano envisioned in Angelim, the sheriff commanding the team's back four who dispute the Brazilian Série C that year.

paragraph: With few opportunities, the defender returned a year later to Fortaleza, this time to defend his namesake club, and was in Fortaleza Esporte Clube, that Angelim that has emerged.

paragraph: Known by the ability to disarm strikers, he led the team back to the first division of the 2005 Brazilian Série B, scoring a goal fifteen minutes from the end in a decisive match, which gave him cult status at the club.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Angelim has become one of the greatest idols of Flamengo's current generation. He is most remembered for his header goals against Vasco da Gama, in the Taca Guanabara semi final match; Grêmio, in the last round of the 2009 Brazilian Série A; and against Botafogo, in the semi finals of the 2011 Taca Guanabara.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2006 Season.

paragraph: In 2006, Angelim was signed by Flamengo, where he directly made the first squad. Although he alternated good and bad performances in the beginning, he saw innumerous defenders unsuccessfully pass through the club, while he was always kept in the squad. He debuted for the scarlet-blacks on February 2, in a 4-2 victory over Americano at Maracanã Stadium. In this game he scored one of his many goals for Flamengo. He helped the team win the Brazilian Cup, with two convincing wins against rivals, Vasco da Gama.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2007 Season.

paragraph: In the second semester of 2007, along with the newly signed defender Fabio Luciano, he started having constant solid performances. The impressive defenders helped Flamengo go from the relegation zone to qualifying for the Copa Libertadores.

paragraph: In 2007, he won the Taça Guanabara, and consequently the Rio de Janeiro State League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2008 Season.

paragraph: In 2008, he won the Taça Rio, and consequently won Rio de Janeiro State League for the second time in a row.

paragraph: On October 27, 2008, on a Brazilian national television sports show, Ronaldo paid compliments to Angelim considering him as the "ideal defender".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2009 Season.

paragraph: In the beginning of the year, Angelim helped the team win the Taça Rio, and consequently won Rio de Janeiro State League for the third time in a row.

paragraph: In the first half of the year suffered a rare muscular injured that almost caused him to amputate his leg. On July 22, 2009, in a 1-1 draw against Barueri, Angelim completed 100 Brazilian Série A matches for Flamengo.

paragraph: In the last round of the Brazilian Série A, Angelim headed the title-winning goal against Grêmio on December 6, with capacity crowd at Maracanã Stadium. This goal gave Flamengo its sixth national title at 25 minutes of the second half. After becoming the hero of the title, Angelim declared once more his love for the club, "I consider myself a player, with game and soul. I try to play bravely because I am a "flamenguista" (name given to those who support Flamengo) since I was a child, and the least I can do is to put a lot of effort every time I'm on the pitch." It was the most important goal of his career. "This is a dream for me as a fan and player of Flamengo. I have to thank Pet (Petkovic) who sent over a marvellous ball for my goal".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2011 Season.

paragraph: On February 21, he scored Flamengo's goal against Botafogo in the semi-finals of 2011 Taça Guanabara. The game ended up tied 1–1, and Flamengo won on the penalty kicks.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Flamengo career statistics.

paragraph: "according to combined sources on the Flamengo official website and Flaestatística."

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fortaleza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceará State League: 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flamengo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa do Brasil: 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taça Guanabara: 2007, 2008, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taça Rio: 2009, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rio State League: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brazilian Série A: 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBF

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guardian Stats Centre

description: Brazilian footballer

wikidata_label: Ronaldo Angelim

wikipedia_title: Ronaldo Angelim


text: German Jewish

text: architect

text: Haifa

text: Israel

text: Berlin

text: Germany

text: Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg

text: Technische Hochschule of Munich

text: Neo Baroque

text: Wilhelmine

text: Ernst Eberhard von Ihne

text: Prussian Cultural Heritage

text: Unter den Linden

text: Berlin-Dahlem

text: Ottoman Palestine

text: Haifa

text: Technion University

text: Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden

text: moshav

text: Merchavya

text: Bank Le'umi Le-Israel

text: Afula

text: Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives

text: Oxford University Press

categories: Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives,Architects from Berlin,Jewish architects,German Jews,1877 births,German architects,1930 deaths,Jews in Mandatory Palestine,Architects in Mandatory Palestine

paragraph: Alexander Baerwald

paragraph: Alexander Baerwald (1877–1930) was a German Jewish architect best known for his work in Haifa, Israel.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Baerwald was born in Berlin, Germany on 3 March 1877. He studied at the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg (1897-1901), interrupted by the summer semester 1898 at the Technische Hochschule of Munich. From 1903 to 1927 he was employed with the Prussian Construction and Financial Direction of Berlin, responsible for public constructions in Berlin. He advanced to become a Royal Ministerial Construction Councillor (). One of his tasks was the construction management for the new building of the "Prussian Royal Library" (), in Berlin between 1908 and 1913. The building known for its Neo Baroque architecture, following a design of the popular Wilhelmine architect Ernst Eberhard von Ihne, adapted by Baerwald, is now the House I of the "State Library at Berlin of Prussian Cultural Heritage" (), in Unter den Linden street. After designing several other structures in the capital in the early 1910s, including his own villa in Berlin-Dahlem (1912), he moved to Ottoman Palestine temporarily around 1912 where he began work in Haifa.

paragraph: Baerwald is best known for designing the Technion University campus in Haifa, Israel between 1912 and 1924, for which he had been employed by the Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden (Relief association of the German Jews). He also designed the neighbouring building of the "Beit Sefer haReali" (), a school to prepare pupils for a study at the Technion. Today the old Technion building forms part of the Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space. He became a Professor of Architecture at the Technion throughout much of his later life and he made a significant contribution to the Prussian academic discipline in the country.

paragraph: In 1915 he built the moshav of Merchavya after his designs. In 1924 he designed the Anglo-Palestine Bank department in Haifa, now operating as Bank Le'umi Le-Israel. He also designed numerous other buildings in Palestine, and in 1925 Baerwald had settled there permanently. There he was acclaimed for introducing academic architecture to the country.

paragraph: By the late 1920s he had designed the Central Hospital, Afula in 1928, and the Phillips House, in Haifa (1929–30) shortly before his death on 27 October 1930 in Haifa. He was buried at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture", Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (), "Alex Baerwald", in: "Sie legten den Grundstein. Leben und Wirken deutschsprachiger jüdischer Architekten in Palästina 1918-1948", Berlin and Tübingen: Wasmuth, 1996, pp. 34–41.

description: German architect

wikidata_label: Alexander Baerwald

wikipedia_title: Alexander Baerwald


text:
fencer
Hong Kong
China
2006 Asian Games
2008 Summer Olympics
2012 Summer Olympics

categories: Fencers at the 2006 Asian Games,Hong Kong épée fencers,Olympic fencers of Hong Kong,Asian Games bronze medalists for Hong Kong,Fencers at the 2010 Asian Games,Place of birth missing (living people),Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games,Hong Kong female fencers,1982 births,Fencers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Fencers at the 2002 Asian Games,Fencers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Alumni of Hong Kong Baptist University,Living people,Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games,Asian Games medalists in fencing,Fencers at the 2014 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games

paragraph: Yeung Chui Ling

paragraph: Yeung Chui Ling (; born 17 September 1982) is a fencer from Hong Kong, China who won a bronze medal at the 2006 Asian Games in the women's épée team competition. She also competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics, losing her only bout both times.

description: Hong Kong fencer

wikidata_label: Yeung Chui Ling

wikipedia_title: Yeung Chui Ling


text:
Georgist
Arts and Crafts movement
Walt Whitman
Camden
New Jersey
Jewish
German
Philadelphia
lithography
paperboy
cub reporter
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass
Camden, New Jersey
Delaware River
literary criticism
poetry
The Conservator
Will Price
Hawley McLanahan
Rose Valley Association
Arts and Crafts movement
socialist
Eugene V. Debs
Emma Goldman
Upton Sinclair
stroke
Norwich, Connecticut
New York City
David Karsner
Canada
Bon Echo
Ontario
Toronto
hearse
Rand School of Social Science
Harleigh Cemetery
"Horace Traubel."
"Horace Traubel: His Life and Work."
"Whitman and Traubel."
Walt Whitman collection

categories: 1919 deaths,Writers from Philadelphia,American literary critics,American socialists,American magazine editors,Writers from Camden, New Jersey,1858 births,American male poets

paragraph: Horace Traubel

paragraph: Horace L. Traubel (1858–1919) was an American essayist, poet, magazine publisher, author, and Georgist. Traubel was closely associated with the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States and published a monthly literary magazine called "The Conservator" from 1890 until the time of his death. Although a poet of note in his own right, Traubel is best remembered as the literary executor and biographer of his friend, poet Walt Whitman, with whom he transcribed and compiled nine volumes of daily conversations, entitled "With Walt Whitman in Camden."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Horace L. Traubel was born in Camden, New Jersey on December 19, 1858, the son of an ethnic Jewish father and an ethnic German mother. His father, Maurice Traubel, had been born in Germany before emigrating to the United States as a young man, where he settled in Philadelphia and learned the trade of lithography. His mother, the former Katherine Grunder, was met by Maurice after his arrival.

paragraph: Horace was the fifth child of seven born to the couple. He left school at an early age, going to work at the age of 12 as a paperboy before working variously as a printers' assistant, lithographer, cub reporter at a newspaper, and bank clerk.

paragraph: Early in his life he came to know Walt Whitman, whose volume of poetry "Leaves of Grass" was the subject of much hostile commentary among the literary critics of the day.

paragraph: Traubel married in 1891. He and his wife Anne had two children — a daughter who survived him and a son who died at the age of 5. The family moved from Philadelphia to neighboring Camden, New Jersey, but Traubel maintained an office across the Delaware River in the big city for years afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Traubel began to write himself in the late 1880s, specializing in literary criticism and poetry. In 1890 Traubel founded a literary journal, "The Conservator," a monthly publication which he continued until the time of his death nearly three decades later. While the publication never attained a mass readership, it was well regarded for its quality and spirit by literary aficionados of the day. Traubel signed most his later work in the journal "T.", previously "H. T." and "H. L. T."

paragraph: During the years 1903 to 1907 Traubel was associated with another literary magazine, "The Artsman, " which he edited along with Will Price and Hawley McLanahan. "The Artsman" was associated with the Rose Valley Association, part of the international Arts and Crafts movement of the day.

paragraph: Traubel was a dedicated socialist and was among the founders of "The Worker," a socialist weekly newspaper in New York City which was later transformed into the Socialist daily "New York Call." Traubel was the author of many unsigned editorials in early issues of that paper and contributed a daily essay, often dealing with a spiritual topic. Many of Traubel's essays from "The Worker" were eventually collected into hard covers as a book entitled "Chants Communal." Traubel was a regular correspondent of a number of leading political radicals of his day, including Socialist Party leader Eugene V. Debs, anarchist Emma Goldman, and California novelist Upton Sinclair.

paragraph: A close personal friend and literary heir of Walt Whitman, Traubel was a key figure in memorializing the great American poet. During his own life Traubel managed to see into print three volumes on Whitman's life and philosophy during his final years. Six additional volumes of Traubel's "Walt Whitman in Camden" were published posthumously, bringing the total length of the work to nine volumes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: During his last few years of life Traubel's health failed him. He suffered a stroke in the summer of 1918 which paralyzed his left leg and impacted his vision. That fall he moved with his wife to stay with a friend in Norwich, Connecticut, but there his health became steadily worse.

paragraph: In April 1919 Traubel moved to New York City staying at the apartment of his biographer, David Karsner. There he suffered a series of debilitating heart attacks from which he never fully recovered.

paragraph: Although critically weak in his last days, Traubel decided to set out on one last trip at the end of the summer of 1919, setting out for Canada. He died early in September 1919 at Bon Echo, Ontario, near the city of Toronto. He was 60 years old at the time of his death.

paragraph: Traubel's funeral, held Thursday, September 11, 1919, was interrupted when the church at which it was to be held, located at 34th Street and Park Avenue in New York City, burst into flames just as the hearse containing Traubel's body rolled up outside the building. About 1,000 people gathered at the scene, most of whom were present to attend the service, and a quick decision was made to relocate the funeral to the so-called "People's House," home of the Rand School of Social Science, located at 7 East 15th Street. When the gathering finally reassembled, several of Traubel's poems from "Optimos" were read in tribute, with Dr. Percival G. Wiksell of Boston presiding.

paragraph: Traubel was buried in Harleigh Cemetery in Camden, New Jersey, close to Walt Whitman's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At the Graveside of Walt Whitman, Harleigh, Camden, New Jersey, March 30th; and Sprigs of Lilac." Philadelphia, H.L. Traubel, 1892.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lowell-Whitman: A Contrast." Boston, Poet Lore, 1892.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In re Walt Whitman." Editor, with Richard Maurice Bucke and Thomas Biggs Harned. Philadelphia: D. McKay, 1893.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He Died for Us." Philadelphia: Conservator, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Give All to Love." Philadelphia: Conservator, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Make Room for Man." Philadelphia: Conservator, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Put Money in Your Purse." Philadelphia: Conservator, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Soul of the Workman." Philadelphia: Conservator, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chants Communal." Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With Walt Whitman in Camden (March 28-July 14, 1888)." Boston: Small, Maynard, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Optimos." New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1910.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Traubel Songs." New York: n.p., 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Master of Money is Dead." New York: Albert Boni, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collects." Albert and Charles Boni, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walt Whitman on Himself: From the Camden Diary of Horace Traubel." New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1924.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With Walt Whitman in Camden: January 21 to April 7, 1889." Sculley Bradley, ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heart's Gate: Letters between Marsden Hartley & Horace Traubel, 1906-1915." Highlands, NC : Jargon Society, 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mildred Bain, "Horace Traubel." New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Karsner, "Horace Traubel: His Life and Work." New York: Egmont H. Arens, 1919.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Reps, "Horace Traubel is Born." East Aurora, NY: The Roycroft, 1919.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gary Schmidgall (ed.), "Conserving Walt Whitman's Fame: Selections from Horace Traubel's Conservator, 1890-1919." Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William English Walling, "Whitman and Traubel." New York: Egmont H. Arens, 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Percival Wiksell, "Horace Traubel," "The FRA," vol. 7 (1911), pp. 117–121.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman collection Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania

alias:
Horace L. Traubel
Horace Logo Traubel

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Horace Traubel

wikipedia_title: Horace Traubel