text: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell

text: Oakham

text: Elizabeth Seymour

text: John Seymour

text: Wolf Hall

text: Margery Wentworth

text: Jane Seymour

text: Henry VIII

text: Lewes

text: Sussex

text: Priory of St. Pancras

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Anthony Ughtred

text: Henry Ughtred

text: Elizabeth

text: John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester

text: William Courtenay

text: Battle of St. Quentin

text: Burnby

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: William Strode

text: sweating sickness

text: Basing

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Earl of Essex

text: attainder

text: Oakham

text: Mary Paulet

text: John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester

text: Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell

text: Puslinch, Devon

text: Felmingham

text: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass

text: Earl of Essex

text: Dingley, Northamptonshire

text: James I

text: Belvoir Castle

text: Sir Lionel Tollemache, 1st Baronet

text: Helmingham

text: Sir Lionel Tollemache, 2nd Baronet

text: North Elmham

text: Launde Abbey

text: Leicestershire

text: Launde Abbey

text: Launde

text: HathiTrust

text: HathiTrust

text: Henry Cromwell, Baron Cromwell

text: The Priory of St. Pancras, Lewes

text: Katharine Cromwell

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,Cromwell family,16th-century English nobility,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,1538 births,1592 deaths,People from Lewes,Seymour family,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell

paragraph: Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell of Oakham (before 21 May 1538 – 20 November 1592) was an English peer.

paragraph: He was the eldest son and heir of Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell of Oakham and Elizabeth Seymour, who was daughter to John Seymour of Wolf Hall, Wiltshire, and to Margery Wentworth, as well as sister to Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Henry Cromwell was born in Lewes, Sussex in 1538 in the former Cluniac Priory of St. Pancras, that had been acquired by his grandfather Thomas Cromwell.

paragraph: Cromwell's mother, Elizabeth married three times. She married firstly, in 1531, Anthony Ughtred, governor of Jersey, by whom she had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Ughtred, (1533 – c. 1598), married Elizabeth, daughter to John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester and the widow of William Courtenay who was killed at the Battle of St. Quentin in 1557.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margery Ughtred (c. 1535 – ) married William Hungate of Burnby, Yorkshire and had two sons, William and Leonard.

paragraph: In 1537, three years after death of Anthony Ughtred in October 1534, she married Gregory Cromwell, the son of Thomas Cromwell and 1st Baron Cromwell. The couple had three sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell, (1538–1592)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Cromwell, (1539 – died young)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Cromwell, (c. 1540 – 1611), educated at St John's College, Cambridge. Married, August 1580, Katherine (died 1615/1616), daughter of Thomas Gardner of Coxford, 5 sons, 4 daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine or Catherine Cromwell, (c. 1541 – ) wife of John Strode of Parnham, Dorset, son of Robert Strode and Elizabeth Hody, had six sons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Cromwell (c. 1544 – 7 February 1562) married Richard Strode of Newnham, Devon, son of William Strode of Newnham and Elizabeth Courtenay, on 11 November 1560 at Compton, Hampshire, they had one son, William Strode

paragraph: Gregory Cromwell died suddenly of the sweating sickness on 4 July 1551 leaving his heir, Henry, a minor at thirteen years of age. His widow went on to marry, in 1554, as her third and last husband, John Paulet, lord St John (later 2nd Marquess of Winchester). She died 19 March 1568, and was buried 5 April at Basing, Hampshire.

paragraph: Henry Cromwell was educated at St. John's College Cambridge, where he matriculated in 1553. He may have been admitted to Lincoln's Inn, 7 March 1557.

paragraph: Section::::Peerage.

paragraph: Henry's grandfather, Thomas Cromwell, had been created Baron Cromwell of Wimbledon and Earl of Essex as a reward for his service as chief minister to Henry VIII, but he had lost those titles by attainder in June 1540. On 18 December 1540, his son Gregory was created 1st Baron Cromwell of Oakham. This title was a new creation rather than a restoration of his father's forfeited barony. Henry succeeded his father as the second Baron Cromwell under that creation. A minor at his father's premature death, he was first summoned to Parliament in 1563

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Cromwell married, before 1560, Mary Paulet, (c. 1540 – 10 October 1592), the daughter of his stepfather John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester and his first wife Elizabeth Willoughby, and by her had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell, (c. 1560 – 27 April 1607), married firstly, Elizabeth Umpton (died 1592/3), of Puslinch, Devon and secondly, Frances Rugge, (died 1631) of Felmingham, Norfolk, by whom he had a son, Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Ardglass and two daughters, Frances and Anne. He served with the Earl of Essex in the expedition against Spain and was knighted by him in Dublin 12 July 1599.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory Cromwell, married Frances, daughter of Sir Edward Griffin of Dingley, Northamptonshire. He was knighted by James I at Belvoir Castle 23 April 1603.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katharine Cromwell (c. 1562 – 24 March 1620), married on 10 February 1580/1581 at North Elmham, Norfolk, Sir Lionel Tollemache, 1st Baronet, of Helmingham, Suffolk (14 December 1562 – bet. 1617 and 1621), son of Sir Lionel Tollemache and Susan Jermyn. They had a son, Sir Lionel Tollemache, 2nd Baronet.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cromwell's wife, Mary died at North Elmham, Norfolk, 10 October 1592, and was buried, on 23 October, at Launde Abbey Leicestershire. He died shortly after his wife, on 20 November at North Elmham, Norfolk, 1592 and was buried, on 4 December, in the chapel at Launde Abbey, Launde, Leicestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at HathiTrust

paragraph: BULLET::::- at HathiTrust

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Cromwell, Baron Cromwell Family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extracts from the Will of Henry Lord Cromwell

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Priory of St. Pancras, Lewes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katharine Cromwell Portrait by Robert Peake, 1581

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell

wikipedia_title: Henry Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell


text:
peer
Member of Parliament
64th Regiment of Foot
17th Regiment of Light Dragoons
Gretna Green
Earl of Northington
Appuldurcombe House
Isle of Wight
Lady Worsley
George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry
Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire
Earl of Coventry
George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry

wikipedia_title: 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot

categories: Earls of Coventry,Lord-Lieutenants of Worcestershire,1831 deaths,1758 births,17th Lancers officers,North Staffordshire Regiment officers,British Militia officers

paragraph: George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry

paragraph: George William Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry (25 April 1758 – 26 March 1831), styled Viscount Deerhurst until 1809, was a British peer and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: On 7 May 1776, Coventry was commissioned an ensign in the 64th Regiment of Foot. On 21 January 1777, he became a lieutenant in the 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons.

paragraph: In 1776 he had eloped to Gretna Green with Lady Catherine Henley, daughter of the Earl of Northington, leading to a long-standing estrangement from his father, the 6th Earl. Forbidden to return home, he spent much time with his friend Sir Richard Worsley, 7th Baronet at Appuldurcombe House, Isle of Wight.

paragraph: He had an affair with Lady Worsley and was later involved in her scandalous elopement with George Bisset in 1781, and the subsequent trial.

paragraph: Deerhurst was later appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Worcestershire Militia on 10 May 1806.

paragraph: He succeeded his father George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire in 1808 and as Earl of Coventry in 1809.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1783, Coventry married Peggy Pitches, daughter of the brandy merchant Sir Abraham Pitches. They had five sons including the future 8th Earl, and six daughters, one son and one daughter dying young.

paragraph: Upon his death in 1831, he was succeeded by his son George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry.

description: English noble and politician

wikidata_label: George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry

wikipedia_title: George Coventry, 7th Earl of Coventry


text: NASCAR

text: 1980 Daytona 500

text: Florence, South Carolina

text: NASCAR Championship

text: Buck Baker

text: Randy Baker

text: 1980 Daytona 500

text: David Pearson

text: Jimmy Spencer

text: International Race of Champions

text: Buck Baker Racing School

text: Bobby Isaac

text: The Nashville Network

text: CBS races

text: TBS races

text: 2000 season

text: American Speed Association

text: Bob Dillner

text: 2002 Winchester 400

text: Sirius Satellite Radio

text: Catawba County, North Carolina

text: International Motorsports Hall of Fame

text: Talladega, Alabama

text: NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers

text: Official website

text: Driver stats at racing-reference.info

text: Profile

categories: 1941 births,Motorsport announcers,Deaths from lung cancer,2015 deaths,NASCAR drivers,Deaths from cancer in North Carolina,American television sports announcers,20th-century American racing drivers,International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees,International Race of Champions drivers,Sportspeople from Florence, South Carolina,NASCAR team owners

paragraph: Buddy Baker

paragraph: Elzie Wylie "Buddy" Baker Jr. (January 25, 1941 – August 10, 2015) was an American NASCAR driver and sports commentator. He won the 1980 Daytona 500.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Elzie Wylie Baker Jr. was born in Florence, South Carolina, the son of two-time winner of the NASCAR Championship and a Hall of Fame member Buck Baker and brother of fellow racer Randy Baker. Baker began his NASCAR career in 1959. In 1970, he became the first driver to ever exceed 200 mph (320 km/h) on a closed course. This World Record feat was accomplished in the Chrysler Engineering blue No. 88 Charger Daytona, which is being restored in Detroit.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During his career, Baker won nineteen races including the 1980 Daytona 500, NASCAR's most prestigious race. His victory remains the fastest Daytona 500 ever run, with an average speed of 177.602 mph (285.809 km/h).

paragraph: Baker is one of nine drivers to have won a Career Grand Slam, by winning the sport's four majors – the Daytona 500, Aaron's 499, Coca-Cola 600, and the Southern 500.; Richard Petty, David Pearson, Bobby Allison, Darrell Waltrip, Dale Earnhardt, Jeff Gordon, Jimmie Johnson, and Kevin Harvick are the other eight to have accomplished the feat. He is the only one of the eight to not win the championship.

paragraph: He generally raced part-time, competing in every race in only three seasons. He owned a car with Danny Schiff from 1985 to 1989, and was instrumental in the career of Jimmy Spencer. He competed in two International Race of Champions series. His final race in NASCAR was in 1992.

paragraph: Baker helped run the Buck Baker Racing School with his brother for a number of years.

paragraph: Baker was the first driver to exceed the 200 mph mark on March 24, 1970 on a closed course test run. His speed was clocked at ; a record that was broken later that year by Bobby Isaac. It was recently found out that the Isaac car had two four barrel carbs on it, therefore that run was not done in a legal car.

paragraph: Section::::Commentator.

paragraph: From 1991 until 2000, he became a television commentator on The Nashville Network and later (1994–2000) races produced by their World Sports Enterprises division, including CBS races and TBS races. After the 2000 season Baker could still be heard on TNN, calling the American Speed Association races in 2001 and 2002 with Bob Dillner (their final race call was for the 2002 Winchester 400). During 2007, Baker could be heard as the part-time co-host of The Driver's Seat with John Kernan on Sirius Satellite Radio. From 2011 until 2015, he co-hosted "Late Shift" with Brad Gillie, and "Tradin' Paint" with Jim Noble on SiriusXM.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Baker resigned effective immediately on July 7, 2015 due to inoperable lung cancer, stating "Do not shed a tear. Give a smile when you say my name". He died on August 10, 2015 at his home in Catawba County, North Carolina. During the August 2015 race weekend at Michigan International Speedway, all three NASCAR series honored Baker by placing stickers on their cars side to remember the legacy that Baker had left behind.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1997, Baker joined his father as an inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in Talladega, Alabama. He, previously, had been inducted into the Charlotte Motor Speedway Court of Legends in 1995, and into the National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame in 1997. He was named one of NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Inside Groove.com – Historical Nascar Image Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driver stats at racing-reference.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- Actual footage of Buddy Baker setting the 200 mph world record in the No. 88 Chrysler Engineering Charger Daytona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile, aerowarriors.com

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Buddy Baker

wikipedia_title: Buddy Baker


text: French

text: Huguenot

text: Nantes, France

text: Province of Maryland

text: patent

text: Calvert family

text: Laval

text: South River

text: Anne Arundel County, Maryland

text: Middle Plantation

text: Davidsonville, Maryland

text: gentry

text: Belair

text: Davidsonville, Maryland

text: Prince George's Counties

text: Queen Anne Parish

text: St. Barnabas Church

text: Colonel Henry Ridgley

text: Jacob Henderson

text: Harry S. Truman

text: Barack Obama

text: Dick Cheney

text: Wallis Simpson

text: Edward VIII

text: Robert Duvall

text: Gabriel Duvall

text: Warren Buffett

text: Bradley Tyler Johnson

text: Betty Duvall

text: Colonial families of Maryland

text: Duvall Society

text: Duvall family tree

text: Mareen Duvall's Genealogy Page

text: Family Group Sheet for Mareen DUVALL

text: Cheney, Obama 'distant cousins'

categories: People from Nantes,1694 deaths,Huguenots,French emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,1625 births,Duvall family

paragraph: Mareen Duvall

paragraph: Mareen Duvall (1625–1694) was a French Huguenot and an early American settler.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was born "Marin Duval", at Nantes, France in 1625 and arrived in the Province of Maryland on August 28, 1650. He eventually received a patent from the first proprietors of the Maryland Colony, the Calvert family for La Val, possibly named after his family's estate in the County of Laval. an independent county created in the 15th century. This property was on the south side the South River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.

paragraph: He became quite prosperous and his "Middle Plantation" in Davidsonville, Maryland and La Val were "as luxurious and courtly as any of the manors of the English gentry."

paragraph: He died in 1694 and his third and final wife, Mary Stanton, administered his substantial estate. Duvall had purchased sizeable tracts of land, including "Catton," later known as Belair as well as owning Middle Plantation in Davidsonville, Maryland. Combined, he owned several thousand acres in Anne Arundel and Prince George's Counties. It is believed that the original house called Middle Plantation was located somewhere along Rutland Road.

paragraph: In 1705, his son, John Duvall and his wife Mary deeded land to Queen Anne Parish to construct St. Barnabas Church. Mareen Duvall's widow, Mary went on to marry Colonel Henry Ridgley (1635-1710) and later after his death, Reverend Jacob Henderson.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: In genealogies, he is often called "The Emigrant" to distinguish him from several descendants also named Mareen Duvall. His notable descendants include U.S. Presidents Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama, American Vice-President Dick Cheney, Wallis Simpson (for whom Edward VIII gave up the throne), and actor Robert Duvall.

paragraph: Other descendants include U.S. Associate Supreme Court Justice Gabriel Duvall, billionaire Warren Buffett, Confederate General Bradley Tyler Johnson, and Confederate spy Betty Duvall.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonial families of Maryland

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William P. Doepkins, "Excavations at Mareen Duvall's Middle Plantation of South River Hundred" (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1991)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duvall Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Partial Listing of Descendants of Mareen Duvall "the Emigrant"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duvall family tree, by Ron Ulrich.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mareen Duvall's Genealogy Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family Group Sheet for Mareen DUVALL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheney, Obama 'distant cousins', BBC, 17 October 2007

description: American settler

wikidata_label: Mareen Duvall

wikipedia_title: Mareen Duvall


text:
German
dance
Groove Coverage
Munich
Germany
Ingolstadt
Groove Coverage
Groove Coverage
Moonlight Shadow
Verena Rehm
Facebook
Groove Coverage website

categories: 1981 births,Groove Coverage,German female singers,Living people,People from Munich

paragraph: Melanie Munch

paragraph: Melanie Münch, (born April 8, 1981), better known by the stage name Mell, is a German singer, best known for being the lead singer of dance group Groove Coverage.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mell was born in Munich, Germany on April 8, 1981. She later moved to Ingolstadt.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Singing.

paragraph: According to her autobiography, Mell first developed a passion for singing when she was in elementary school. She enjoyed singing her favorite songs far more than doing her math homework, much to the dismay of her family and friends. After two years of classical Vocal-Coaching, she met the Groove Coverage Producers Axel Konrad, Ole Wierk, and her (according to present knowledge) husband Taly at a Karaoke-Bar in Ingolstadt (Bavaria), and was invited to sing and produce "Moonlight Shadow". She is perhaps most famous for her vocals on the Groove Coverage cover of "Moonlight Shadow".

paragraph: Section::::Pregnancy.

paragraph: While she was pregnant with her second child until summer 2003 was replaced by Verena Rehm in music videos, singles, and album covers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groove Coverage website

description: German singer

wikidata_label: Melanie Munch

wikipedia_title: Melanie Munch


text: English

text: music hall

text: Hannah Chaplin

text: George Dryden Wheeler Jr

text: Charlie Chaplin

text: Cane Hill

text: Coulsdon

text: Funiculì Funiculà

text: Boer War

text: Rudyard Kipling

text: Barrack-Room Ballads

text: South Wales

text: World War I

text: Walter Scott

text: busking

text: Spencer Dryden

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: Music

text: findagrave.com

categories: English male singers,Place of birth missing,1863 births,English male comedians,1939 deaths

paragraph: Leo Dryden

paragraph: George Dryden Wheeler Sr. (6 June 1863 – 21 April 1939), known as Leo Dryden, was an English music hall singer and vocal comic.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: George Dryden Wheeler, known as Leo Dryden, was born in London, the son of Sarah Ann (Frost) and George Kingman Wheeler.

paragraph: Leo Dryden became a music hall entertainer, and was best known as the "Kipling of the Halls", noted for his patriotic and colonial songs including "The Miner's Dream of Home" (1891).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Marriage and family.

paragraph: In 1892, he met Hannah Chaplin (stage name Lily Harley) also a music hall performer. They had an affair and a son, George Dryden Wheeler Jr, which resulted in the breakdown of her marriage to Charles Chaplin Sr. (She had already had a young son with her husband, who later became known as actor and director Charlie Chaplin) The couple split up and Dryden kept his son because of Hannah's mental instability.

paragraph: Hannal suffered bouts of mental illness and was committed to the Cane Hill Asylum at Coulsdon. This marked the end of her career and the start of a long decline. She was not reunited with her son Wheeler until 1918, when he joined her and her older two sons, his half-brothers, in the United States. Charlie Chaplin was beginning his film career in Hollywood.

paragraph: In 1897 Leo Dryden married singer Marie Tyler (real name Marian Louise Crutchlow) in London. His son Wheeler also became an entertainer, even touring in India in 1915.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:More on career.

paragraph: Dryden also performed parodies, including "Shopmates" and one on "Funiculì Funiculà". He dressed to fit the songs, as a Canadian Indian for "The Great Mother", as an Indian soldier for "India's Reply", and "How India Kept Her Word" (1898). Even America did not escape, with "America Looking On", about the Boer War.

paragraph: These examples of colonial fealty were well received by British audiences, and were parodied in Rudyard Kipling's "Barrack-Room Ballads". Dryden also was known for performing tear-jerking ballads, such as "Don't Go Down the Mine, Dad" (1910), possibly inspired by the great 1907 mining disaster at St. Genard in South Wales, and "Good-bye, Mary!" (1911).

paragraph: At the start of World War I, Dryden returned to patriotic songs with "Call Us and We’ll Soon Be There" (1914).

paragraph: Dryden also appeared in "The Lady of the Lake" (1925), an early sound film inspired by the Walter Scott poem.

paragraph: With the music halls in decline by the 1930s, and his son having joined his Chaplin half-brothers in America, Leo Dryden was reduced to busking in the streets. He died in London 21 April 1939.

paragraph: He is the paternal grandfather of rock musician Spencer Dryden, the drummer for Jefferson Airplane.

paragraph: Section::::The Miner's Dream of Home.

paragraph: Will Godwin and Leo Dryden wrote "The Miner's Dream of Home" in 1891. Leo Dryden sang it in the music halls for many years and recorded it on August 27, 1898 on a Berliner cylinder E2013

paragraph: Extract:

paragraph: poem

paragraph: It is ten weary years since I left England's shore

paragraph: In a far distant country to roam.

paragraph: How I long to return to my own native land,

paragraph: To my friends and the old folks at home.

paragraph: Last night, as a slumbered, I had a strange dream.

paragraph: One that seemed to bring distant friends near.

paragraph: I dreamt of Old England, the land of my birth,

paragraph: To the heart of her sons ever dear.

paragraph: "Chorus"

paragraph: I saw the old homestead and faces I love

paragraph: I saw England's valleys and dells.

paragraph: I listen'd with joy, as I did when a boy

paragraph: To the sound of the old village bells

paragraph: The log was burning brightly

paragraph: 'Twas a night that should banish all sin

paragraph: For the bells were ringing the old year out

paragraph: And the new year in.

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Miner's Dream of Home", Leo Dryden

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Words to "The Miner's Dream of Home" (bottom of page) Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Words to "Don't Go Down in the Mine, Dad"

paragraph: BULLET::::- findagrave.com

description: British singer

wikidata_label: Leo Dryden

wikipedia_title: Leo Dryden


text:
Groningen
Dutch
sculptor
Official website

categories: Dutch sculptors,Dutch male sculptors,1945 births,People from Groningen (city),Living people

paragraph: René de Boer

paragraph: René de Boer (born 14 March 1945, in Groningen) is a Dutch sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Dutch sculptor

wikidata_label: René de Boer

wikipedia_title: René de Boer


text: Nepalese

text: Nepali language

text: Mustang district

text: Banaras

text: Nepali literature

text: Laxmi Prasad Devkota

text: Gopal Prasad Rimal

text: Bhupi Sherchan

categories: 1937 births,1990 deaths,Nepalese male poets,Nepali-language poets,People from Mustang District

paragraph: Bhupi Sherchan

paragraph: Bhupi Sherchan ( (1937-1990); was a Nepalese poet of Nepali language. He was born in Mustang district in Nepal. He went to Banaras College. He was awarded the Sajha Puraskar for his 1969 poem collection "Ghumne Mech Mathi Andho Manche" (Blind man on a Revolving Chair).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sherchan was the most successful poet to popularize free verse. He has analyzed humans and human life in different ways but his biggest contribution to Nepalese society is that he has tried to show the way to the new generation through his numerous poems. His Himalayan nationalism can be seen in his poem "Hami" ("Us"), where he claimed that Nepalese are brave, but foolish (because they are brave).Sherchan produced several odes to the martyrs of Nepal, including "Sahid Ko Samjhana," "Main Batti Ko Sikha," and "Ghantaghar"."Ghumne Mechmathi Andho Manchhe," or "Blind Man on a Revolving Chair,"has undergone its 10th edition.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nepali literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laxmi Prasad Devkota

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gopal Prasad Rimal

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The life of Bhupi Serchan - Poetry and Politics in Post-Rana Nepal" by M.J Hutt, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2010,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nepali Books you must have to read once in your life

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Works Of Bhupi Sherchan @ Online Sahitya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nepali Poems Of Bhupi Sherchan @ Sanjaal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some poems of Bhupi Sherchan in English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhupi Sherchan

description: Nepali poet

wikidata_label: Bhupi Sherchan

wikipedia_title: Bhupi Sherchan


text: Pergola

text: Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

text: Prefect

text: Apostolic Signatura

text: Roman Curia

text: cardinalate

text: moral theology

text: Pergola

text: baptised

text: minor seminary

text: Pesaro

text: tonsure

text: Pontifical Roman Seminary

text: ordained

text: theology

text: canon and civil law

text: pastoral

text: Tor di Mezzavia d'Albano

text: Torretta Massimi

text: Rector

text: Domestic Prelate of His Holiness

text: canon law

text: advocate

text: Roman Rota

text: Holy Office

text: referendary

text: prelate

text: Apostolic Signatura

text: voting

text: Undersecretary

text: Auditor

text: Dean

text: Sacred Congregation of the Council

text: dicastery

text: Pietro Ciriaci

text: libel

text: consultor

text: Secretariat of State

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: Santa Maria in Cosmedin

text: consistory

text: Prefect

text: Titular Archbishop

text: episcopal consecration

text: Giuseppe Pizzardo

text: Benedetto Aloisi Masella

text: co-consecrators

text: Lateran Basilica

text: Second Vatican Council

text: cardinal electors

text: 1963 papal conclave

text: Pope Paul VI

text: prefect

text: Roman congregations

text: Curia

text: Cardinal Priest

text: Ss. XII Apostoli

text: consistory

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Italian cardinals,1889 births,People from Pergola, Marche,Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII,Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,1977 deaths

paragraph: Francesco Roberti

paragraph: Francesco Roberti (7 July 1889 in Pergola – 16 July 1977) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura in the Roman Curia from 1959 to 1969, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958. He was also known for his work in moral theology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and ordination.

paragraph: Roberti was born in Pergola to Terenzio and Giuseppina (née Profili) Roberti. He was baptised on the very day of his birth. After entering the minor seminary of Pesaro in 1899, he received the clerical tonsure on 26 December 1901. Roberti studied at the Pontifical Roman Seminary before being ordained to the priesthood on 3 August 1913.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pastoral and academic work.

paragraph: From the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" he obtained his doctorates in philosophy, theology, and canon and civil law. After a period of pastoral work in Rome, Tor di Mezzavia d'Albano, and Torretta Massimi, Roberti was Vice-Rector of the Pontifical Minor Seminary in Rome from 1915 to 1916. He was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 2 March 1917, and taught canon law at his alma mater of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" from 1918 to 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Roman Curia.

paragraph: Made an advocate of the Roman Rota and the Holy Office in 1927, Roberti became a referendary prelate of the Apostolic Signatura on 17 March 1928, and later a voting prelate of the same on 27 November 1930. On 24 April 1931, he was appointed Undersecretary of the Sacred Congregation of Seminaries and Universities. Monsignor Roberti was made Auditor of the Roman Rota on 5 June 1936, and served as Dean of the Pontifical Institute of Canon and Civil Law from 1937 to 1943.

paragraph: He was named Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council on 9 March 1946; as such, he was the second-highest official of that dicastery, successively under Cardinals Francesco Marmaggi, Giuseppe Bruno, and Pietro Ciriaci. In 1948, after a Communist newspaper accused him of illegal financial manipulations, Roberti successfully sued for libel, sending the reporter to jail for twenty months. On 6 October 1952, Roberti also assumed the position of legal consultor to the Secretariat of State.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cardinal.

paragraph: Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal-Deacon of "Santa Maria in Cosmedin" in the consistory of 15 December 1958, and then Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura on 14 November 1959. As Prefect, Roberti headed the Church's highest judicial authority below the Pope himself. He was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Columnata" on 5 April 1962, and received his episcopal consecration on the following 19 April from Pope John, with Cardinals Giuseppe Pizzardo and Benedetto Aloisi Masella serving as co-consecrators, in the Lateran Basilica. He resigned as Titular Archbishop shortly afterwards, on 20 April of that same year. From 1962 to 1965 he attended the Second Vatican Council, during the course of which he was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1963 papal conclave that selected Pope Paul VI.

paragraph: Pope Paul had Cardinal Roberti ask the prefects of the Roman congregations to suggest possible reforms within the Curia.

paragraph: Before resigning as prefect of the Apostolic Signatura on 24 March 1969, Roberti exercised his right as a Cardinal-Deacon of ten years' standing to become a Cardinal Priest, receiving the title of Ss. XII Apostoli in the consistory of 26 June 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Cardinal Roberti died in Rome on 16 July 1977, at age 88. He is buried in his family's plot in Pergola.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: cardinal from Italy

wikidata_label: Francesco Roberti

wikipedia_title: Francesco Roberti


text:
Italian
Baroque
Florence
Tommaso Aldrovandini
Jacopo Chiavistelli
Giuseppe Nasini
Uffizi gallery
Sebastiano Ricci
Pitti Palace
Uffizi gallery.

categories: Italian male painters,17th-century Italian painters,1668 births,18th-century Italian painters,1732 deaths,Florentine painters,Italian Baroque painters

paragraph: Giuseppe Tonelli

paragraph: Giuseppe Tonelli (1668–1732) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Florence. He studied under Tommaso Aldrovandini and Jacopo Chiavistelli. He worked alongside Giuseppe Nasini during 1696-1699 in frescoing the ceiling of second floor corridor of the Uffizi gallery facing the Arno. He painted quadratura for Sebastiano Ricci in the Pitti Palace.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uffizi gallery.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Tonelli

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Tonelli


text: Stockholm

text: Swedish

text: bandy

text: ice hockey

text: football

text: Hammarby IF

text: Stockholm

text: Södermalm

text: ball boy

text: Hammarby IF

text: goalkeeper

text: Division 2

text: Allsvenskan

text: AIK

text: rivals

text: French

text: Racing Club de Paris

text: player-manager

text: Swedish national football team

text: Germany

text: 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics

text: Stockholm dialect

text: Alice Babs

text: cap

text: fashion trend

text: Big boy

text: Swedish Football Association

text: ice hockey defender

text: Hammarby Hockey

text: Swedish top division

text: champions

text: AIK

text: Swedish national ice hockey team

text: 1935 World Ice Hockey Championships

text: Davos

text: 1938 World Ice Hockey Championships

text: 1948 St. Moritz Winter Olympics

text: International Hockey Hall of Fame

text: Big boy

text: Swedish Ice Hockey Association

text: Hans "Tjalle" Mild

text: bandy goalie

text: Hammarby Bandy

text: highest Swedish division

text: Swedish national team

text: handball

text: highest Swedish division

text: SoIK Hellas

text: Swedish national team

text: field handball

text: 1936 Summer Olympics

text: bowling

text: salesman

text: Lennart Skoglund

text: archery

text: 1960 Summer Paralympics

text: Rome

text: Katarina Church

text: Tele2 Arena

text: Johanneshov

categories: Footballers at the 1936 Summer Olympics,Hammarby Fotboll players,Olympic ice hockey players of Sweden,Olympic footballers of Sweden,AIK Fotboll players,1914 births,Association football goalkeepers,Sportspeople from Stockholm,AIK IF players,Swedish footballers,Sweden international footballers,Hammarby IF Bandy players,International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame inductees,Swedish football managers,Swedish bandy players,Hammarby Hockey (1921–2008) players,1966 deaths,Hammarby Fotboll managers,Swedish ice hockey players

paragraph: Sven Bergqvist

paragraph: Sven "Svenne Berka" Bergqvist (20 August 1914 in Stockholm – 16 December 1996) was a Swedish bandy, ice hockey and football player, known for representing Hammarby IF in all three sports.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sven Bergqvist grew up in a working class home in a southern part of Stockholm known as Södermalm. He had several siblings and frequently acted as a ball boy during the football matches of the local club Hammarby IF during his youth. At the age of 14, in 1928, he begun his football career at said club.

paragraph: Section::::Athletic career.

paragraph: Section::::Athletic career.:Football.

paragraph: In 1932, at the age of 17, he debuted in Hammarby's senior football team. Bergqvist would stay as the team's regular goalkeeper up until 1934, playing in the Swedish second tier then known as Division 2.

paragraph: He enjoyed a short stint at the Allsvenskan club AIK, one of Hammarby's main rivals, during the season of 1935. But Bergqvist failed to make a single appearance for the club and soon returned to Hammarby, reportedly turning down a move abroad to then French giants Racing Club de Paris, that would have turned Bergqvist into the first professional Swedish footballer.

paragraph: "Svenne Berka" would then remain as a prolific player at Hammarby until 1947. During this period he was a part of a successful promotion campaign to Allsvenskan in 1939. Between 1944 and 1946, he also acted as a player-manager of Hammarby. Bergqvist made a total of 212 competitive appearances during his two stints at the club.

paragraph: He also won 35 caps for the Swedish national football team between 1935 and 1943. In his second cap, on 30 June 1935, Sweden defeated Germany in a memoable victory. Bergqvist played his only major international tournament for his country in the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics.

paragraph: His nickname "Svenne Berka" originated from the supporters of Hammarby, who shortened his full name in accordance to the then reigning Stockholm dialect. But the nickname became nationally household when the popular recording artist Alice Babs referred to Bergqvist as "Svenne Berka" in the song "Vårat gäng" during the 1940s. Bergqvist was also characterized as always wearing an own sewn cap on the pitch, which inspired a long lasting fashion trend among male youngsters living in Södermalm.

paragraph: In 2004, he was voted as Hammarby Fotboll's fifth biggest profile throughout the history of the club. He is also a recipient of the honorary award "Big boy", which is handed out by the Swedish Football Association.

paragraph: Section::::Athletic career.:Ice hockey.

paragraph: Bergqvist was also a prominent ice hockey defender, debuting for Hammarby Hockey in 1932, also aged 17. He would play 13 seasons for the club in the Swedish top division, with Hammarby being crowned champions on five occasions during his tenures: in 1933, 1937, 1942, 1943 and 1945.

paragraph: He represented AIK during one season in 1935/36, before returning to Hammarby. In total, he made 209 appearances for Hammarby, scoring 63 goals.

paragraph: He also won 55 caps for the Swedish national ice hockey team during his active career. He appeared in three major tournaments for his country – the 1935 World Ice Hockey Championships in Davos, the Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 Winter Olympics and the 1938 World Ice Hockey Championships in Prague – but failed to win any of them.

paragraph: After his playing career, he made one season as the manager of Hammarby Hockey in 1946. He also coached the Swedish national ice hockey team during the 1948 St. Moritz Winter Olympics, where the team finished in fourth place.

paragraph: In 1999, Sven Bergqvist was inducted in the International Hockey Hall of Fame. He is a recipient of the honorary award "Big boy", which is handed out by Swedish Ice Hockey Association. Only two persons have been awarded the badge in both ice hockey and football, Bergqvist and Hans "Tjalle" Mild.

paragraph: Section::::Athletic career.:Other sports.

paragraph: At the early age of 16, in 1931, he made his debut as a bandy goalie in Hammarby Bandy's senior team. He played another four seasons in the highest Swedish division before quitting. He also represented the Swedish national team.

paragraph: Bergqvist was also a talented sportsman in handball, playing one game in the highest Swedish division – though not for Hammarby IF, but SoIK Hellas. He was offered to represent the Swedish national team in the sport of field handball ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics, but chose to decline.

paragraph: "Svenne Berka" as well competed in the highest Swedish bowling division for the club IK City.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: During his whole active athletic career an onwards, Bergqvist worked full-time as a salesman. On 3 December 1955, he was severely injured in an automobile accident and spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair. Bergqvist was a close friend of fellow Hammarby and Swedish national player Lennart Skoglund, who visited him in the hospital after the incident.

paragraph: Bergqvist's injuries however did not stop him from continuing to exercise sport at an elite level. He took up archery and was chosen to represent Sweden at the 1960 Summer Paralympics in Rome, but had to decline due to financial reasons, since he would have had to pay all expenses himself.

paragraph: Sven Bergqvist died on 16 December 1996, at the age of 82. He was buried at the cemetery of Katarina Church, close to his childhood home at Södermalm in Stockholm.

paragraph: Upon the construction of the Tele2 Arena, Hammarby Fotboll's new home stadium, Bergqvist was honoured with a nearby square being named after him. "Svenne Berkas torg" in Johanneshov was subsequently opened in July 2013.

description: Swedish association football and bandy goalkeeper, and ice hockey defenseman

wikidata_label: Sven Bergqvist

wikipedia_title: Sven Bergqvist


text: American football

text: wide receiver

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: 2008 NFL Draft

text: Super Bowl XLIII

text: Arizona Cardinals

text: college football

text: Texas

text: Saskatchewan Roughriders

text: Ottawa Redblacks

text: Canadian Football League

text: Brenham, Texas

text: Colt McCoy

text: 2007 Texas Longhorns football team

text: Red River Shootout

text: Senior Bowl

text: NFL Scouting Combine

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: astigmatism

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: Cincinnati Bengals

text: Dallas Baker

text: Shaun McDonald

text: Mike Wallace

text: Saskatchewan Roughriders

text: Ottawa Redblacks

categories: Texas Longhorns football players,Canadian football wide receivers,African-American players of American football,Pittsburgh Steelers players,American football wide receivers,1984 births,Super Bowl champions,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,Ottawa Redblacks players,Players of American football from Texas,African-American players of Canadian football,Living people

paragraph: Limas Sweed

paragraph: Limas Lee Sweed Jr. (born December 25, 1984) is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He was part of their Super Bowl XLIII championship team, beating the Arizona Cardinals. He played college football at Texas. He also played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders and the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Sweed attended Brenham High School in Brenham, Texas. He was a starting receiver on the Brenham Cubs and took them to the Texas AAAA State Championship, where they were defeated by Denton Ryan High School.

paragraph: He lettered in basketball and track. In track, he finished 4th at the UIL State Meet in the 110 Hurdles his senior year.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Sweed was a redshirt freshmen in the 2004 season. As a sophomore, Sweed recorded 36 receptions for 545 yards and 5 touchdowns. One of these touchdowns was a game winning catch from Vince Young against Ohio State to keep the Longhorns ranked second in the nation. In addition, Sweed recorded eight receptions for 65 yards in the BCS National Championship against USC.

paragraph: Sweed's junior year would be his best season statistically. Receiving for new quarterback Colt McCoy, Sweed collected 46 receptions for 801 yards and 12 touchdowns. By catching a touchdown pass in seven straight games, Sweed broke former Longhorn Roy Williams' record for consecutive games with a touchdown reception.

paragraph: In the summer prior to the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season, Sweed injured his wrist but was cleared to play in the season opener for the 2007 Texas Longhorns football team. In the sixth game of the season, the 2007 Red River Shootout, he left the game early because he re-injured his left wrist. He underwent surgery to tighten the ligaments in the wrist, ending his season. He returned to play in the Senior Bowl, and was fully healthy for the NFL Scouting Combine.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Originally projected to be the first or second receiver taken in the draft, Sweed's stock fell sharply due to his injury. He was selected 53rd overall by the Pittsburgh Steelers, and was the ninth receiver selected. On July 27, 2008, Sweed agreed to a four-year contract with the Steelers worth $3.3 million.

paragraph: During training camp, Sweed discovered that he had astigmatism in both eyes and would have to wear contacts. In the 2008 preseason opener against the Philadelphia Eagles, Sweed led the Steelers with 3 receptions for 23 yards. His regular season debut came in week 7 against the Cincinnati Bengals, due to an injury suffered by Dallas Baker. He caught one pass for 11 yards. He would go on to win a Super Bowl with the Steelers that season.

paragraph: Going into training camp in 2009, Sweed faced competition for the 3rd wide receiver position between veteran Shaun McDonald and rookie Mike Wallace. Sweed entered the season as the 6th receiver, rarely playing in the first 3 games. He dropped a pass in Week 3 which would have been a touchdown. Following this drop, Sweed bounced between the 4th and 5th receiver spots until Shaun McDonald was released on November 28, solidifying Sweed as the 4th receiver.

paragraph: On December 21, 2009, Sweed was placed on the Reserve/Non-Football Injury/Illness List. The nature of the injury was not announced, although he stated that he was dealing with "personal issues."

paragraph: On May 2, 2010, Sweed injured his left Achilles tendon during the final day of a three-day minicamp. On May 3, 2010, Sweed underwent surgery to repair his torn Achilles tendon, and he was placed on season-ending Injured Reserve a few days later.

paragraph: On August 17, 2011, the Steelers placed Sweed on the Waived/Injured list. He was then released by the Steelers in mid-September.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: On October 25, 2012, the Saskatchewan Roughriders signed Sweed. He was released by the team on June 4, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Ottawa Redblacks.

paragraph: On February 10, 2014, Sweed signed with the Ottawa Redblacks. He was released by the team on April 16, 2014.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Limas Sweed

wikipedia_title: Limas Sweed


text:
Japan
Cardinal
Catholic Church
Archbishop of Tokyo
cardinalate
Sendai
baptized
seminary
Pontifical Urbaniana University
Rome
ordained
priesthood
pastoral
Secretary
Apostolic Delegation
Japan
Archbishop of Tokyo
Pope Pius XI
episcopal consecration
MEP
co-consecrators
World War II
Executive Director
Apostolic Administrator
Yokohama
Pope John XXIII
Cardinal Priest
S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
consistory
Vatican
Church in Japan
College of Cardinals
Second Vatican Council
cardinal electors
1963 papal conclave
Pope Paul VI
St. Mary's Cathedral
Stefan Wyszyński
Paul Peter Meouchi
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: People from Sendai,Japanese Roman Catholic archbishops,1970 deaths,1892 births,Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Japanese cardinals

paragraph: Peter Doi

paragraph: Peter Tatsuo Doi (土井 辰雄 "Doi Tatsuo") (22 December 1892—21 February 1970) was a Japanese Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Tokyo from 1937 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1960.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Doi was born in Sendai. He was baptized at the age of nine, on 21 April 1902. He studied at the seminary in Sendai and the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome.

paragraph: Doi was ordained to the priesthood on 1 May 1921. Doi then did pastoral work in Sendai until 1934, when he was made Secretary of the Apostolic Delegation to Japan.

paragraph: On 2 December 1937, Doi was appointed Archbishop of Tokyo by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on 13 February 1938 from Archbishop Jean-Alexis Chambon, MEP, with Bishops Paul Aijiro Yamaguchi and Marie-Joseph Lemieux serving as co-consecrators. During World War II, Doi served as Executive Director of the National Catholic Central Committee. He was Apostolic Administrator of Yokohama from 1945 to 1947.

paragraph: Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal Priest of "S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana" in the consistory of 28 March 1960. Doi, hoped by the Vatican to enliven the Church in Japan, thus became the first Japanese member of the College of Cardinals. He attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, and was later one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1963 papal conclave that selected Pope Paul VI.

paragraph: Doi died in Tokyo, aged 77. He is buried in St. Mary's Cathedral.

paragraph: Doi, along with Stefan Wyszyński, assisted Paul Peter Meouchi in delivering one of the closing messages of the Second Vatican Council on 8 December 1965.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

alias:
Peter Doi
Petrus Tatsuo Doi
Doi Tatsuo
Tatsuo doi

description: Japanese Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

wikidata_label: Peter Tatsuo Doi

wikipedia_title: Peter Doi


text: public relations

text: September 11 attacks

text: United Airlines Flight 93

text: Todd Beamer

text: Tom Burnett

text: Jeremy Glick

text: hijackers

text: Shanksville, Pennsylvania

text: Washington, D.C.

text: U.S. Capitol Building

text: White House

text: gay stereotype

text: Miami, Florida

text: Southern California

text: San Jose

text: Los Gatos High School

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Jack Clark's

text: Chi Psi

text: came out as gay

text: gay

text: rugby union

text: San Francisco Fog RFC

text: rugby

text: New York City

text: the Gotham Knights

text: United Airlines Flight 93

text: Tom Burnett

text: American Airlines Flight 11

text: World Trade Center

text: United Flight 175

text: New Jersey

text: Pennsylvania

text: Ohio

text: LeRoy Homer

text: ACARS

text: Ziad Samir Jarrah

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Todd Beamer

text: Tom Burnett

text: Jeremy Glick

text: The Week

text: ABC News

text: 9/11 Commission Report

text: voice data recorder

text: Allah akbar

text: Shanksville, Pennsylvania

text: White House

text: U.S. Capitol Building

text: Dick Cheney

text: George W. Bush

text: Running of the Bulls

text: Pamplona

text: Saratoga, California

text: John McCain

text: Barbara Boxer

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: American flag

text: Arthur Ashe Courage Award

text: Melissa Etheridge

text: Tuesday Morning

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: National 9/11 Memorial

text: Flight 93 National Memorial

text: United Airlines

text: LGBT rights

text: The New York Times

text: SFFOG.ORG

text: Advocate Magazine article on Bingham

text: Mark Bingham Scholarship Fund

text: Official Website of The Bingham Cup

text: "With You: The Mark Bingham Story"

categories: West Valley College alumni,Murdered rugby union players,Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona,LGBT rugby union players,United Airlines Flight 93 victims,American business executives,University of California, Berkeley alumni,American terrorism victims,People from Los Gatos, California,2001 deaths,LGBT sportspeople from the United States,American rugby union players,1970 births,Terrorism deaths in Pennsylvania,People murdered in Pennsylvania,LGBT people from California,American sportsmen,Gay sportsmen

paragraph: Mark Bingham

paragraph: Mark Kendall Bingham (May 22, 1970 – September 11, 2001) was an American public relations executive who founded his own company, the Bingham Group. During the September 11 attacks in 2001, he was a passenger on board United Airlines Flight 93. Bingham was among the passengers who, along with Todd Beamer, Tom Burnett and Jeremy Glick, formed the plan to retake the plane from the hijackers, and led the effort that resulted in the crash of the plane into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, thwarting the hijackers’ plan to crash the plane into a building in Washington, D.C., most likely either the U.S. Capitol Building or the White House.

paragraph: Both for his presence on United 93, as well as his athletic physique, Bingham has been widely honored posthumously for having "smashed the gay stereotype mold and really opened the door to many others who came after him."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mark Bingham was born in 1970, the only child of mother Alice Hoagland and father Gerald Bingham. When Mark was two years old, his parents divorced. Raised by his mother and her family, Mark grew up in Miami, Florida, and Southern California before moving to the San Jose area in 1983. Bingham was an aspiring filmmaker growing up, and began using a video camera as a teenager as a personal diary through which he expressed himself and documented his life and the lives of his family and friends. He accumulated hundreds of hours of video documenting the final decade and a half of his life. He graduated from Los Gatos High School as a two-year captain of his rugby team in 1988. As an undergraduate at the University of California, Berkeley, Bingham played on two of Coach Jack Clark's national-championship-winning rugby teams in the early 1990s. He also joined the Chi Psi fraternity, eventually becoming its president. Upon graduation at the age of twenty-one, Bingham came out as gay to his family and friends.

paragraph: Section::::Rugby and business career.

paragraph: A large athlete at and , Bingham also played for the gay-inclusive rugby union team San Francisco Fog RFC. Bingham played No. 8 in their first two friendly matches. He played in their first tournament, and taught his teammates his favorite rugby songs.

paragraph: Bingham had recently opened a satellite office of his public relations firm in New York City, and was spending more time on the East Coast. He discussed plans with his friend Scott Glaessgen to form a New York City rugby team, the Gotham Knights.

paragraph: Section::::On September 11, 2001.

paragraph: On the morning of September 11, Bingham overslept and nearly missed his flight, on his way to San Francisco to be an usher in his fraternity brother Joseph Salama's wedding. He arrived at the Terminal A at 7:40am, ran to Gate 17, and was the last passenger to board United Airlines Flight 93, taking seat 4D, next to passenger Tom Burnett.

paragraph: United Flight 93 was scheduled to depart at 8:00am, but the Boeing 757 did not depart until 42 minutes later due to runway traffic delays. Four minutes later, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower. Fifteen minutes later, at 9:03 am, as United Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower, United 93 was climbing to cruising altitude, heading west over New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. At 9:25 am, Flight 93 was above eastern Ohio, and pilots Jason Dahl and LeRoy Homer received an alert, "beware of cockpit intrusion," on the cockpit computer device ACARS (Aircraft Communications and Reporting System). Three minutes later, Cleveland controllers could hear screams over the cockpit's open microphone. Moments later, the hijackers, led by the Lebanese Ziad Samir Jarrah, took over the plane's controls and told passengers, "Keep remaining sitting. We have a bomb on board". Bingham and the other passengers were herded into the back of the plane. Within six minutes, the plane changed course and was heading for Washington, D.C. Several of the passengers made phone calls to loved ones, who informed them about the two planes that had crashed into the World Trade Center.

paragraph: After the hijackers veered the plane sharply south, the passengers decided to act. Bingham, along with Todd Beamer, Tom Burnett and Jeremy Glick, formed a plan to take the plane back from the hijackers. They relayed this to their loved ones and the authorities via telephone. Bingham got through to his aunt's home in California. Bingham stated, "This is Mark. I want to let you guys know that I love you, in case I don't see you again...I'm on United Airlines, Flight 93. It's being hijacked." according to "The Week", Hoagland formed the impression that her son was talking "confidentially" with a fellow passenger, to form a plan to retake the plane. According to ABC News, the call was cut off after about three minutes. Hoagland, after seeing news reports of the plane's hijacking, called him back and left two messages for him, calmly saying, "Mark, this is your mom. The news is that it's been hijacked by terrorists. They are planning to probably use the plane as a target to hit some site on the ground. I would say go ahead and do everything you can to overpower them, because they are hellbent. Try to call me back if you can." Bingham, Burnett, and Glick were each more than 6 feet tall, well-built and fit. As they made their decision to retake the plane, Glick related this over the phone to his wife, Lyz. Fellow passenger Todd Beamer, speaking to GTE-Verizon Lisa Jefferson and the FBI, related that he too was part of this group. They were joined by other passengers, including Lou Nacke, Rich Guadagno, Alan Beaven, Honor Elizabeth Wainio, Linda Gronlund, and William Cashman, along with flight attendants Sandra Bradshaw and Cee Cee Ross-Lyles, in discussing their options and voting on a course of action, ultimately deciding to storm the cockpit and take over the plane.

paragraph: According to the "9/11 Commission Report", after the plane's voice data recorder was recovered, it revealed pounding and crashing sounds against the cockpit door and shouts and screams in English. "Let's get them!" a passenger cries. A hijacker shouts, "Allah akbar!" ("God is great"). Jarrah repeatedly pitched the plane to knock passengers off their feet, but the passengers apparently managed to invade the cockpit, where one was heard shouting, "In the cockpit. If we don't, we'll die." At 10:02 am, a hijacker ordered, "Pull it down! Pull it down!" The 9/11 Commission later reported that the plane's control wheel was turned hard to the right, causing it to roll on its back and plow into an empty field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 580 miles an hour, killing everyone on board. The plane was twenty minutes of flying time away from its suspected target, the White House or the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. According to Vice President Dick Cheney, President George W. Bush had given the order to shoot the plane down had it continued its path to Washington.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Bingham was survived by his parents, and Hoagland family members who played a part in his upbringing: his grandparents Betty and Herbert Hoagland, his aunt Candyce Hoagland, his uncles Lee, Linden and Vaughn Hoagland. He is survived as well by his stepmother and various stepsiblings. and his former partner of six years, Paul Holm, who said Bingham had risked his life to protect the lives of others on occasions prior to 9/11, having twice successfully protected Holm from attempted muggings, one at gunpoint. Holm described Bingham as a brave, competitive man, saying, "He hated to lose—at anything." He was known to proudly display a scar he received after being gored at the Running of the Bulls in Pamplona, Spain. He is buried at Madronia Cemetery, Saratoga, California.

paragraph: U.S. Senators John McCain and Barbara Boxer honored Bingham on September 17, 2001, in a ceremony for San Francisco Bay Area victims of the attacks, presenting a folded American flag to Paul Holm.

paragraph: The Mark Kendall Bingham Memorial Tournament (referred to as the Bingham Cup), a biennial international rugby union competition predominantly for gay and bisexual men, was established in 2002 in his memory.

paragraph: Bingham, along with the other passengers on Flight 93, was posthumously awarded the Arthur Ashe Courage Award in 2002.

paragraph: The Eureka Valley Recreation Center's Gymnasium in San Francisco was renamed the Mark Bingham Gymnasium in August 2002.

paragraph: Singer Melissa Etheridge dedicated the song "Tuesday Morning" in 2004 to his memory.

paragraph: Beginning in 2005, the Mark Bingham Award for Excellence in Achievement has been awarded by the California Alumni Association of the University of California, Berkeley to a young alumnus or alumna at its annual Charter Gala.

paragraph: At the National 9/11 Memorial, Bingham and other passengers from Flight 93 are memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-67.

paragraph: At the Flight 93 National Memorial in Pennsylvania, Bingham's name is located on one of the 40 8-foot-tall panels of polished, 3-inch thick granite that comprise the Memorial's Wall of Names.

paragraph: The 2013 feature-length documentary "The Rugby Player" focuses on Bingham and the bond he had with his mother, Alice Hoglan, a former United Airlines flight attendant who, following his death, became a nationally known authority on airline safety and a champion of LGBT rights. Directed by Scott Gracheff, the film relies on the vast amount of video footage Bingham himself shot beginning in his teens until weeks before his death. The film's alternate title, "With You", is a popular rugby term, and one of Bingham's favorite expressions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Kendall Bingham Memorial Tournament

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrett, Jon "Hero of Flight 93: Mark Bingham", Advocate Books, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "UNITED FLIGHT 93: On Doomed Flight, Passengers Vowed to Perish Fighting" "The New York Times". September 13, 2001

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Bingham: a Tribute to a Wonderful Man, a Great Friend, a Loving Brother, and an American Hero.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SFFOG.ORG Mark's rugby team, the S.F. Fog (Mark's Memorial page).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Advocate Magazine article on Bingham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daily Cal Article referencing Mark attacking Stanford tree.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Bingham Scholarship Fund.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website of The Bingham Cup.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Team Bingham - Mark Bingham Scholarship fundraising Organization.

paragraph: BULLET::::- After September 11: Farewell to a Hero (California Monthly tribute).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With You: The Mark Bingham Story"

description: American rugby union player, victim of United Airlines Flight 93 crash during 9/11

wikidata_label: Mark Bingham

wikipedia_title: Mark Bingham


text: theologian

text: Najd

text: Arabia

text: Wahhabism

text: jurists

text: orthodox jurisprudence

text: Hanbali

text: school of law

text: heretical religious innovation

text: idolatry

text: Muhammad bin Saud

text: Emirate of Diriyah

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Al ash-Sheikh

text: ulama

text: Banu Tamim

text: 'Uyayna

text: Najd

text: jurists

text: Hanbali

text: school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence

text: jurisconsult

text: judge

text: Quran

text: Hanbali

text: jurisprudence

text: theology

text: Ibn Qudamah

text: veneration of saints

text: ability to perform miracles by the grace of God

text: the vast majority of the classical scholars

text: Greater Pilgrimage

text: Mecca

text: Medina

text: Ibn Taymiyyah

text: Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi

text: Medina

text: Naqshbandi

text: tariqa

text: Sufism

text: wali

text: Medina

text: Basra

text: Zayd ibn al-Khattab

text: companion of Muhammad

text: Bani Khalid

text: Al-Hasa

text: Qatif

text: Najd

text: Al-Hasa

text: Uyayna

text: Diriyah

text: Muhammad bin Saud

text: Diriyah

text: bay'ah

text: Saudi

text: Diriyah

text: Al Saud

text: Saudi

text: Najd

text: Saud's

text: Salafi

text: Saudi Arabia

text: polytheism

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Baghdad

text: affluent

text: Diriyah

text: ulama

text: Saudi royal family

text: Salafi

text: moral authority

text: Tawhid

text: shirk

text: ulema

text: hadith

text: Muhammad

text: salat

text: sawm

text: Dua

text: tawhid

text: shirk

text: takfir

text: Wahhabism

text: Salafi movement

text: tazkiah

text: Dore Gold

text: hadith

text: Natana J. DeLong-Bas

text: Musaylimah the liar alayhi la'na

text: Hanbali

text: Kharijites

text: mushrik

text: Shafi'i

text: mufti

text: sunna

text: Pakistani Muslim

text: Israr Ahmed

text: Salafi

text: Nasiruddin Albani

text: mosque

text: Qatar

text: Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque

text: Emir of Qatar

text: Prophet's family

text: companions

text: Diriyah

text: Rafida

text: Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh

text: alim

text: al-Hasa

text: Sunni

text: Najd

text: Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

categories: Salafis,Wahhabists,Critics of Shia Islam,1703 births,18th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Muslim reformers,Wahhabism

image: 512px-محمد_بن_عبد_الوهاب.png

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (; ; 1703 – 22 June 1792) was a religious leader and theologian from Najd in central Arabia who founded the movement now called Wahhabism. Born to a family of jurists, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's early education consisted of learning a fairly standard curriculum of orthodox jurisprudence according to the Hanbali school of law, which was the school of law most prevalent in his area of birth. Despite his initial rudimentary training in classical Sunni Muslim tradition, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab gradually became opposed to many of the most popular Sunni practices such as the visitation to and the veneration of the tombs of saints, which he felt amounted to heretical religious innovation or even idolatry. Despite his teachings being rejected and opposed by many of the most notable Sunni Muslim scholars of the period, including his own father and brother, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab charted a religio-political pact with Muhammad bin Saud to help him to establish the Emirate of Diriyah, the first Saudi state, and began a dynastic alliance and power-sharing arrangement between their families which continues to the present day in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Al ash-Sheikh, Saudi Arabia's leading religious family, are the descendants of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, and have historically led the ulama in the Saudi state, dominating the state's clerical institutions.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab is generally acknowledged to have been born in 1703 into the sedentary and impoverished Arab clan of Banu Tamim in 'Uyayna, a village in the Najd region of central Arabia. Before the emergence of Wahhabism there was a very limited history of Islamic education in the area. For this reason, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab had modest access to Islamic education during his youth. Despite this, the area had nevertheless produced several notable jurists of the Hanbali school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence, which was the school of law most prominently practiced in the area. In fact, Ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab's own family "had produced several doctors of the school," with his father, Sulaymān b. Muḥammad, having been the Hanbali jurisconsult of the Najd and his grandfather, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, having been a judge of Hanbali law.

paragraph: Ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab's early education consisted of learning the Quran by heart and studying a rudimentary level of Hanbali jurisprudence and theology as outlined in the works of Ibn Qudamah (d. 1223), one of the most influential medieval representatives of the Hanbali school whose works were regarded "as having great authority" in the Najd. As the veneration of saints and the belief in their ability to perform miracles by the grace of God had become one of the most omnipresent and established aspects of Sunni Muslim practice throughout the Islamic world, being an agreed upon tenet of the faith by the vast majority of the classical scholars, it was not long before Ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab began to encounter the omnipresence of saint-veneration in his area as well; and it is probable that he chose to leave Najd and look elsewhere for studies in order to see if the honoring of saints was as popular in the neighboring places of the Muslim world.

paragraph: After leaving 'Uyayna, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab performed the Greater Pilgrimage in Mecca, where the scholars appear to have held opinions and espoused teachings that were unpalatable to him. After this, he went to Medina, the stay at which seems to have been "decisive in shaping the later direction of his thought." In Medina, he met a Hanbali theologian from Najd named ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm al-Najdī, who had been a supporter of the neo-Hanbali works of Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1328), the controversial medieval scholar whose teachings had been considered heterodox and misguided on a number of important points by the vast majority of Sunni Muslim scholars up to that point in history.

paragraph: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's teacher Abdallah ibn Ibrahim ibn Sayf introduced the relatively young man to Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi in Medina who belonged to the Naqshbandi order (tariqa) of Sufism and recommended him as a student. Mohammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab and al-Sindhi became very close and Mohammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab stayed with him for some time. Muhammad Hayya also taught Mohammad Ibn ʿAbd-al-Wahhab to reject popular religious practices associated with walis and their tombs that resembles later Wahhabi teachings.

paragraph: Following his early education in Medina, Ibn Abdul Wahhab traveled outside of the peninsula, venturing first to Basra.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Early preaching.

paragraph: After his return home, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab began to attract followers, including the ruler of 'Uyayna, Uthman ibn Mu'ammar. With Ibn Mu'ammar, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab came to an agreement to support Ibn Mu'ammar's political ambitions to expand his rule "over Najd and possibly beyond", in exchange for the ruler's support for Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's religious teachings. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab began to implement some of his ideas for reform. First, he persuaded Ibn Mu'ammar to help him level the grave of Zayd ibn al-Khattab, a companion of Muhammad, whose grave was revered by locals. Secondly, he ordered the cutting down of trees considered sacred by locals, cutting down "the most glorified of all of the trees" himself. Third, he organised the stoning of a woman who confessed to having committed adultery.

paragraph: These actions gained the attention of Sulaiman ibn Muhammad ibn Ghurayr of the tribe of Bani Khalid, the chief of Al-Hasa and Qatif, who held substantial influence in Najd. Ibn Ghurayr threatened Ibn Mu'ammar with denying him the ability to collect a land tax for some properties that Ibn Mu'ammar owned in Al-Hasa if he did not kill or drive away Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab. Consequently, Ibn Mu'ammar forced Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab to leave.

paragraph: Section::::Emergence of Saudi state.

paragraph: Section::::Emergence of Saudi state.:Pact with Muhammad bin Saud.

paragraph: Upon his expulsion from 'Uyayna, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was invited to settle in neighboring Diriyah by its ruler Muhammad bin Saud. After some time in Diriyah, Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab concluded his second and more successful agreement with a ruler. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud agreed that, together, they would bring the Arabs of the peninsula back to the "true" principles of Islam as they saw it. According to one source, when they first met, bin Saud declared:

paragraph: Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab replied:

paragraph: The agreement was confirmed with a mutual oath of loyalty ("bay'ah") in 1744.

paragraph: Ibn Abd al-Wahhab would be responsible for religious matters and Ibn Saud in charge of political and military issues. This agreement became a "mutual support pact"

paragraph: Section::::Emergence of Saudi state.:Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State).

paragraph: The 1744 pact between Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab marked the emergence of the first Saudi state, the Emirate of Diriyah. By offering the Al Saud a clearly defined religious mission, the alliance provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion. First conquering Najd, Saud's forces expanded the Salafi influence to most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, eradicating various popular practices they viewed as akin to polytheism and propagating the doctrines of ʿAbd al-Wahhab.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: According to academic publications such as the Encyclopædia Britannica while in Baghdad, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab married an affluent woman. When she died, he inherited her property and wealth. Muhammad ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab had six sons; Hussain, Abdullah, Hassan, Ali and Ibrahim and Abdul-Aziz who died in his youth. All his surviving sons established religious schools close to their homes and taught the young students from Diriyah and other places.

paragraph: The descendants of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, the Al ash-Sheikh, have historically led the ulama in the Saudi state, dominating the state's religious institutions. Within Saudi Arabia, the family is held in prestige similar to the Saudi royal family, with whom they share power, and has included several religious scholars and officials. The arrangement between the two families is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Salafi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimise the royal family's rule.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.

paragraph: Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab considered his movement an effort to purify Islam by returning Muslims to what, he believed, were the original principles of that religion. He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the uniqueness and unity of God ("Tawhid"). He also denounced popular beliefs as polytheism (shirk), rejected much of the medieval law of the scholars (ulema) and called for a new interpretation of Islam.

paragraph: The "core" of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teaching is found in "Kitab al-Tawhid", a short essay which draws from material in the Quran and the recorded doings and sayings ("hadith") of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It preaches that worship in Islam includes conventional acts of worship such as the five daily prayers ("salat"); fasting ("sawm"); supplication ("Dua"); seeking protection or refuge ("Istia'dha"); seeking help ("Ist'ana" and "Istighatha") of Allah.

paragraph: Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was keen on emphasizing that other acts, such as making "dua" or calling upon/supplication to or seeking help, protection or intercession from anyone or anything other than Allah, are acts of "shirk" and contradict the tenets of tawhid and that those who tried would never be forgiven.

paragraph: Traditionally, most Muslims throughout history have held the view that declaring the testimony of faith is sufficient in becoming a Muslim. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not agree with this. He held the view that an individual who believed that there could be intercessors with God was actually performing shirk. This was the major difference between him and his opponents and led him to declare Muslims outside of his group to be apostates (takfir) and idolators (mushrikin).

paragraph: Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's movement is today often known as Wahhabism, although many adherents see this as a derogatory term coined by his opponents, and prefer it to be known as the Salafi movement. Scholars point out that Salafism is a term applicable to several forms of puritanical Islam in various parts of the world, while Wahhabism refers to the specific Saudi school, which is seen as a more strict form of Salafism. According to Ahmad Moussalli, professor of political science at the American University of Beirut, "As a rule, all Wahhabis are Salafists, but not all Salafists are Wahhabis". Yet others say that while Wahhabism and Salafism originally were two different things, they became practically indistinguishable in the 1970s.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:On Sufism.

paragraph: At the end of his treatise, "Al-Hadiyyah al-Suniyyah", Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's son 'Abd Allah speaks positively on the practice of tazkiah (purification of the inner self).

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:On Non-Muslims.

paragraph: According to author Dore Gold, in "Kitab al-Tawhid", Ibn Abd al-Wahhab described followers of both the Christian and Jewish faiths as sorcerers who believed in devil worship, and cited a hadith of Muhammad stating that punishment for the sorcerer is `that he be struck with the sword.` Wahhab asserted that both religions had improperly made the graves of their prophet into places of worship and warned Muslims not to imitate this practice. Wahhab concluded that `The ways of the people of the book are condemned as those of polytheists.`

paragraph: However author Natana J. DeLong-Bas defends Abdul Wahhab, stating that

paragraph: despite his at times vehement denunciations of other religious groups for their supposedly heretical beliefs, Ibn Abd al Wahhab never called for their destruction or death … he assumed that these people would be punished in the Afterlife …"

paragraph: Historical accounts of Wahhab also state that, "Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab saw it as his mission to restore a more purer and original form of the faith of Islam. … Anyone who didn't adhere to this interpretation were considered polytheists worthy of death, including fellow Muslims (especially Shi'ite who venerate the family of Muhammad), Christians and others. He also advocated for a literalist interpretation of the Quran and its laws"

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:On saints.

paragraph: Despite his great aversion to venerating the saints after their earthly passing and seeking their intercession, it should nevertheless be noted that Ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab did not deny the existence of saints as such; on the contrary, he acknowledged that "the miracles of saints ("karāmāt al-awliyāʾ") are not to be denied, and their right guidance by God is acknowledged" when they acted properly during their life.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.:By contemporaries.

paragraph: Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teachings were criticized by a number of Islamic scholars during his life for disregarding Islamic history, monuments, traditions and the sanctity of Muslim life. One scholar named Ibn Muhammad compared Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab with Musaylimah the liar alayhi la'na. He also accused Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab of wrongly declaring the Muslims to be infidels based on a misguided reading of Qur'anic passages and Prophetic traditions and of wrongly declaring all scholars as infidels who did not agree with his "deviant innovation".

paragraph: The traditional Hanbali scholar Ibn Fayruz al-Tamimi (d. 1801/1802) publicly repudiated Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's teachings when he sent an envoy to him and referred to the Wahhabis as the "seditious Kharijites" of Najd. In response, the Wahhabis considered Ibn Fayruz an idolater (mushrik) and one of their worst enemies.

paragraph: According to the historian Ibn Humayd, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's father criticized his son for his unwillingness to specialize in jurisprudence and disagreed with his doctrine and declared that he would be the cause of wickedness. Similarly his own brother, Suleyman ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab wrote one of the first treatises' refuting Wahhabi doctrine claiming he was ill-educated and intolerant, and classing Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's views as fringe and fanatical.

paragraph: The Shafi'i mufti of Mecca, Ahmed ibn Zayni Dehlan, wrote an anti-Wahhabi treatise, the bulk of which consists of arguments and proof from the sunna to uphold the validity of practices the Wahhabis considered idolatrous: Visiting the tombs of Muhammad, seeking the intercession of saints, venerating Muhammad and obtaining the blessings of saints. He also accused Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab of not adhering to the Hanbali school and that he was deficient in learning.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.:By modern scholars.

paragraph: Pakistani Muslim scholars such as Israr Ahmed have spoken positively on him. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab is accepted by Salafi scholars as an authority and source of reference. 20th century Albanian scholar Nasiruddin Albani refers to Ibn Abdul Wahhab's activism as "Najdi da'wah."

paragraph: A list of scholars with opposing views, along with names of their books and related information, was compiled by the Islamic scholar Muhammad Hisham.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary recognition.

paragraph: The state mosque of Qatar is named after him. The "Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque" was opened in 2011, with the Emir of Qatar presiding over the occasion. The mosque can hold a congregation of 30,000 people. There has been request from descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab that the name of the mosque be changed.

paragraph: Despite Wahhabi destruction of many Islamic, non-Islamic, and historical sites associated with the first Muslims (the Prophet's family and companions), the Saudi government undertook a large-scale development of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's domain, Diriyah, turning it into a major tourist attraction. Other features in the area include the "Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab Foundation" which is planned to include a light and sound presentation located near the "Mosque of Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdulwahab".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā'idatuhu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitab al-Quran" (The book of Allah)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitab at-Tawhid" (The Book of the Oneness of God)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kashf ush-Shubuhaat" (Clarification of the Doubts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Usool-uth-Thalaatha" (The Three Fundamental Principles)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al Qawaaid Al 'Arbaa"' (The Four Foundations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Usool us Sittah" (The Six Fundamental Principles)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nawaaqid al Islaam" (Nullifiers of Islam)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adab al-Mashy Ila as-Salaa" (Manners of Walking to the Prayer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Usul al-Iman" (Foundations of Faith)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fada'il al-Islam" (Excellent Virtues of Islam)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fada'il al-Qur'an" (Excellent Virtues of the Qur'an)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Majmu'a al-Hadith 'Ala Abwab al-Fiqh" (Compendium of the Hadith on the Main Topics of the Fiqh)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mukhtasar al-Iman" (Abridgement of the Faith; i.e. the summarised version of a work on Faith)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mukhtasar al-Insaf wa'l-Sharh al-Kabir" (Abridgement of the Equity and the Great Explanation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mukhtasar Seerat ar-Rasul" (Summarised Biography of the Prophet)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitaabu l-Kabaair" (The Book of Great Sins)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitabu l-Imaan" (The Book of Trust)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Radd 'ala al-Rafida" (The Refutation of the Rejectionists)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoirs of Mr. Hempher, The British Spy to the Middle East

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia and a descendant of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

paragraph: BULLET::::- Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: There are two contemporary histories of Muhammed ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his religious movement from the point of view of his supporters: Ibn Ghannam's "Rawdhat al-Afkar wal-Afham" or "Tarikh Najd" (History of Najd) and Ibn Bishr's "Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd". Husain ibn Ghannam (d. 1811), an alim from al-Hasa was the only historian to have observed the beginnings of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's movement first-hand. His chronicle ends at the year 1797. Ibn Bishr's chronicle, which stops at the year 1854, was written a generation later than Ibn Ghannam's, but is considered valuable partly because Ibn Bishr was a native of Najd and because he adds many details to Ibn Ghannam's account.

paragraph: A third account, dating from around 1817 is "Lam' al-Shihab", written by an anonymous Sunni author who respectfully disapproved of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's movement, regarding it as a "bid'ah". It is also commonly cited because it is considered to be a relatively objective contemporary treatment of the subject. However, unlike Ibn Ghannam and Ibn Bishr, its author did not live in Najd and his work is believed to contain some apocryphal and legendary material with respect to the details of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's life.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentine, S. R., "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, 2015,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoirs of Mr. Hempher, The British Spy to the Middle East", a Turkish disinformation pamphlet about his life

paragraph: Section::::External Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

alias:
Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab
Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab

description: Scholar, jurist and islamic cleric

wikidata_label: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

wikipedia_title: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab


text: Dutch Golden Age

text: whitewash

text: Interior of St Bavo's Church in Haarlem

text: Assendelft

text: Northern Mannerist

text: printmaker

text: Jan Pietersz Saenredam

text: Haarlem

text: Frans de Grebber

text: Haarlem Guild of St. Luke

text: British Museum

text: Jacob Van Campen

text: Jacob van Campen

text: Salomon de Bray

text: Pieter Post

text: Emanuel de Witte

text: Calvinist

text: Gothic

text: Romanesque

text: iconoclasm

text: Protestant Reformation

text: Calvinist

text: United Provinces

text: St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht

text: Dutch Revolt

text: Palladio

text: J. Paul Getty Trust

text: Andrea Pozzo

text: Centraal Museum

text: Buurkerk

text: National Gallery

text: Kimbell Art Museum

text: Mondrian

text: Feininger

categories: People from Zaanstad,Dutch male painters,Dutch painters,1597 births,1665 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters

paragraph: Pieter Jansz. Saenredam

paragraph: Pieter Jansz. Saenredam (9 June 1597 - buried 31 May 1665) was a painter of the Dutch Golden Age, known for his distinctive paintings of whitewashed church interiors such as "Interior of St Bavo's Church in Haarlem" and "Interior of the Sint-Odulphuskerk in Assendelft".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Saenredam was born in Assendelft, the son of the Northern Mannerist printmaker and draughtsman Jan Pietersz Saenredam whose sensuous naked goddesses are in great contrast with the work of his son. In 1612 Saenredam moved permanently to Haarlem, where he became a pupil of Frans de Grebber. In 1614 he became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke. A painting in the British Museum by his friend Jacob Van Campen shows him to be very short and hunch backed. He died in Haarlem.

paragraph: Saenredam was a contemporary of the painter-architects Jacob van Campen, Salomon de Bray, and Pieter Post.

paragraph: Saenredam specialized in the representation of church interiors. These pictures were based on precise measurements of the building and meticulously-rendered sketches, done on site, in pencil, pen, and chalk, after which washes were applied. Painting took place in the studio, often years after the studies were made.

paragraph: Saenredam's emphasis on even light and geometry is brought out by comparing his works with those of the rather younger Emanuel de Witte, who included people, contrasts of light and such clutter of church furniture as remained in Calvinist churches, all usually ignored by Saenredam. Unlike de Witte's, Saenredam's views are usually roughly aligned with a main axis of the church.

paragraph: Saenredam's paintings frequently show medieval churches, usually Gothic, but sometimes late Romanesque, which had been stripped bare of their original decorations after the iconoclasm of the Protestant Reformation. Although Utrecht was the centre of the remaining Catholic population of the mainly Calvinist United Provinces, all the old churches were retained by the Protestants. The drawing for Saenredam’s "Interior of St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht" (above) is typical. As a Catholic church the Cathedral had been highly decorated. Then, in the Dutch Revolt the church fell into Protestant hands, it was ‘cleaned’ of Catholic influences. The altarpieces and statuary were removed, and the walls and ceiling were white washed.

paragraph: Alternatively, the paintings of church interiors by Saenredam and other 17th-century Dutch painters have been interpreted as having less to do with religion and more with the new-found interest in perspective and with the Dutch interpretation (known as Dutch Classicism) of Palladio’s theories of proportion, balance and symmetry.

paragraph: In any case, Saenredam wanted to record this time of change by documenting the country’s buildings. Many artists before him had specialized in imaginary and fanciful architecture, but Saenredam was one of the first to focus on existing buildings. According to the J. Paul Getty Trust "Saenredam’s church paintings...owe their poetry to his remarkable blend of fact and fiction. He began by making site drawings of buildings that record measurements and detail with archaeological thoroughness." This meticulous preparation helped him to create such accurate and enchanting paintings. The measurements aided him in using scientific linear perspective, just like Andrea Pozzo. He was able to use his measurements to create a realistic image with depth.

paragraph: There are a small number of Saenredam's works in British collections but the Utrecht Archives houses a large number of Saenredam's drawings. In 2000-2001 the Centraal Museum at Utrecht held a major exhibition of his drawings and paintings.

paragraph: Perhaps his best known works are a matching pair of oil paintings both titled "Interior of the Buurkerk, Utrecht". One hangs in London's National Gallery, the other in the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. In their simplicity and semi-abstract formalism, they foreshadow more modern works such as those of Mondrian and Feininger.

paragraph: In July 2012 a picture of Saenredam's village at Assendelft was sold at Christie's for more than £3,500,000. Six months earlier it was entered into a Christie's sale advertised as by a follower of Saenredam with an estimate of between £3,000-5,000 before being withdrawn from sale.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Jantzen, "Das Niederländische Architekturbild", Braunschweig, Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1910

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works and literature on Pieter Saenredam

alias:
Pieter Jansz Saenredam
Pr. Saenredam
Pieter Jansz. Zaenredam
Pieter Janszoon Saenredam
Pieter Jansz. Sandradan
Pieter Saenredam
Pieter Jansz Zaenredam
Pieter Jansz. Sauraedam
Pieter Jansz. Sanredam
Pieter Zaenredam
Saenridam
Serdam
Sanreaam
Saerdam
J. Saenredam
Sanredam
P. Saanredam
Sanradam
P. Saenredam
Sandaedam
Pieter Saerdam
Zaenredam
Saenredam
Sardam
Zaanredam
Saenreadan
Pieter Sardam
Sandradam
Sauraedam
Sandradan
Sanraedam
Saanredam
Sanderdam
P. J. Saenredam

description: painter of the Dutch Golden Age

wikidata_label: Pieter Jansz. Saenredam

wikipedia_title: Pieter Jansz. Saenredam


text:
Japanese
poet
Kii
Ōmi
Hakone
Zen monk
Kyoto
waka
renga

categories: 1421 births,Japanese writers of the Muromachi period,1502 deaths

paragraph: Sōgi

paragraph: Iio Sōgi, (or Inō Sōgi) generally known as , was a Japanese poet. He came from a humble family from the province of Kii or Ōmi, and died in Hakone on September 1, 1502. Sōgi was a Zen monk from the Shokokuji temple in Kyoto and he studied poetry, both waka and renga. In his 30s he became a professional renga poet.

paragraph: During his travels to almost every corner of Japan, he was welcomed by the most powerful political, military and literary figures of his day. He attracted more disciples than any other poet of his generation. After traveling throughout Japan, he returned to Kyoto where he commanded great respect.

paragraph: He is best-remembered for his renga, wherein two or more poets collaborate to create a poem, by writing alternate stanzas. In Sōgi's day, such renga were typically 100 verses in length. Arising from the court tradition of waka, renga was cultivated by the warrior class as well as by courtiers, and some of the best renga poets, such as Sōgi, were commoners.

paragraph: Sōgi is considered the greatest master of renga, his two most famous works being "Three Poets at Minase" ("Minase sangin hyakuin", 1488) and "Three Poets at Yuyama" ("Yuyama sangin hyakuin", 1491). This outstanding poet left more than 90 works (anthologies, diaries, poetic criticisms and manuals, among others). Before his death, he wrote "Sōgi Alone", which mostly includes his memoirs.

alias:
Iio Sogi
Iio Sougi

description: Japanese poet

wikidata_label: Iio Sōgi

wikipedia_title: Sōgi