text:
Sanskrit
Tamil language
Tolkāppiyam
Tiruchirappalli
Thiruvaiyaru
grammar
philosophy
Madras Presidency College
Benares Hindu University
Saidapet
Chennai
Indo Aryan languages
Tamil literature
Madras University
Annamalai University
Thomas T. Burrow
Oxford University
Mahaperiyava
Ganga
Yamuna
English
German
French
Telugu
Kannada
Malayalam
Tirukkural

categories: Tamil-language writers,Annamalai University faculty,Indian Sanskrit scholars,University of Madras alumni,People from Tiruchirappalli district,Tamil scholars,Scholars from Tamil Nadu,Translators from Tamil,1978 deaths,1890 births,Indian Tamil people

paragraph: P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri

paragraph: Dr. P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri (29 July 1890 – 20 May 1978) was a Sanskrit scholar, who also acquired mastery over Tamil language and literature. He was the first to translate "Tolkāppiyam" into English.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri did his S.S.L.C. at National High School, F.A. at St. Joseph's College and B.A. Mathematics at SPG (later Bishop Heber's) College – all in Tiruchirappalli. He started his professional career as a Mathematics assistant at the Central High School (now Srinivasa Rao Higher Secondary School), Thiruvaiyaru, and National High School, Tiruchi.

paragraph: He studied Sanskrit under Nilakanta Sastri, a specialist in grammar and philosophy. He also learnt Nyaya (logic) and Alankara Sastra (Poetics and Literary Criticism) from Prof. S. Kuppuswami Sastri of the Madras Presidency College and Mimamsa (Linguistics) from Chinnaswami Sastri of the Benares Hindu University. A graduate in M.A. (Sanskrit), Subrahmanya Sastri also passed L.T. through Teachers’ Training College at Saidapet, Chennai.

paragraph: While teaching Sanskrit, Subrahmanya Sastri had to teach Tamil also. This paved the way for his in-depth study in both Sanskrit and Tamil, specifically grammar. Prof. Kuppuswami Sastri also taught him the Comparative Philology of Indo Aryan languages. All these inspired Subrahmanya Sastri to take up a systematic study of Tamil literature and grammar.

paragraph: Section::::First Ph.D in Tamil.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri submitted his Ph.D. thesis, ‘History of Grammatical Theories in Tamil and their relation to grammatical literature in Sanskrit’ in 1930 at the Madras University. His was the first Ph.D. degree in Tamil awarded by the University of Madras.

paragraph: This was subsequently published by the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Chennai

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri was appointed Professor of Oriental Studies at SPG College, Tiruchi, by Fr. Gardiner in 1917 and served his "alma mater" till 1926. He then became the Asst. Editor, Tamil Lexicon, University of Madras, in which capacity he served till 1932 and editor of the Lexicon for a month. He was principal, Rajah's College, Thiruvaiyaru, (1932-1942) and Head of the Department of Sanskrit at the Annamalai University (1942–47).

paragraph: During his tenure at Annamalai University Subrahmanya Sastri revived the defunct Sanskrit Honours course. His class lectures in Sanskrit or English used to be interspersed with parallels from Tamil literature. It is because of this, Mr. Thomas T. Burrow, a Sanskrit scholar from England (later Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the Oxford University and the joint author of the epoch making Dravidian Etymological Dictionary), took keen interest in attending his Sanskrit classes at Annamalai University.

paragraph: Section::::Research.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri worked on the Tolkappiyam, which he later translated into English. The translation of ‘Ezhuthu’ and ‘Poruladhikaram’ were published by the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, while the ‘Solladhikaram part’ was published by Annamalai University.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri's text on Tolkappiyam in Roman transliteration and English translation received encomiums from linguists across the world.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: During his tenure at Annamalai University, Subrahmanya Sastri published two volumes of lectures on Patanjali's Mahabhashya, the Thonivilakku, a Tamil translation of Dhvanyaloka (a Sanskrit rhetorical text), History of Sanskrit literature and Sanskrit Language (2 books) in Tamil and Historical Tamil Reader in English.

paragraph: On his retirement, he returned to Thiruvaiyaru and completed the translation of the Mahabhashya into English (in 14 volumes running to about 4,000 pages) on the advice of the Mahaperiyava of Kanchi. He finished his translation in 1953. The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute has published all the 14 Vols. of Prof. P.S.S.Sastri.

paragraph: Under each sutra just before taking up the bhashya, Subrahmanya Sastri had pointed out the topics that would be dealt with in the great commentary. Then giving the original in the Devanagari script, he translated each passage of the text. With a view to elucidating the obscure points, he often added notes mostly based on Kaiyata's Pradipa and Nagesabhatta's Udyota. Footnotes are also given offering further explanation and showing variance in readings. The index of words is a welcome addition.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and felicitations.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri was a recipient of several titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vidyaratna (Benares)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vidyanidhi (Kerala)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vidyabhushana (Karnataka)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahamahimopadhyaya (Allahabad) and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vani-Triveni-Prayaga from the Periyava of Kanchi Mutt.

paragraph: In the fifth title, the Mahaswami implied that Sanskrit and Tamil represented the rivers Ganga and Yamuna and English represented Antarvahini Saraswathi since his proficiency in English was hidden in his works.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri was a voracious reader, versatile writer and an erudite scholar. Apart from his mastery over Sanskrit, Tamil and English, he also studied German, French, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Subrahmanya Sastri, who was known for his simplicity, taught Tirukkural to a manual scavenger during his retired life at Tiruvaiyaru.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri was extremely kind to his students that sometimes he would pay their course and examination fee. He had studied the Rg, Yajur and Sama Vedas and taught them to many students. He had also published about 40 books besides his contribution of research articles in journals.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Subrahmanya Sastri died on 20 May 1978 at Tiruvaiyaru.

paragraph: An Endowment has been created in his name in 1997 at the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute and every year lecture is being arranged under this Endowment.

wikidata_label: P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri

wikipedia_title: P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri


text:
Pinkerton Detective Agency
Union spy
American Civil War
Charleston, Virginia
Union Army
Timothy Webster
Newton, Wales
Chicago
Pike's Peak Gold Rush
Allan Pinkerton
detective agency
Jackson, Tennessee
Cincinnati
George McClellan
Union Army
Charleston, Virginia
Kanawha
Ohio River
James River and Kanawha Turnpike
George Patton
Henry Wise
Twomile Creek
Parkersburg
Logan Court House, Kentucky
Jacob Cox
Baltimore
Washington DC
Rose Greenhow
Phillip Phillips
Jackson Morton
Richmond, Virginia
Timothy Webster
Hattie Lawton
John Winder
Chickahominy River
Judah Benjamin
George Randolph
Castle Thunder
Old Capitol Prison
Lafayette Baker
Alexander Stewart
Bureau of Pensions
Torrington, Connecticut
The Pryce Lewis Collection
St. Lawrence University

categories: American Civil War spies,1831 births,1911 deaths,People from Porthcawl,Welsh emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Pryce Lewis

paragraph: Pryce Lewis was an operative of the Pinkerton Detective Agency and Union spy during the American Civil War. His activities in Charleston, Virginia and the surrounding area heavily assisted the Union Army during the early years of the war. Lewis was later captured and played a part in the trial and execution of fellow agent Timothy Webster.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lewis was born in 1831 to a family of wool weavers living in Newton, Wales. As a young man, Lewis had no interest in inheriting the family trade, and in May 1856 emigrated to the United States in search of a new life. After arriving in America, Lewis got a job as a traveling salesman for the London Printing and Publishing Company which he held for nearly two years until quitting it and moving to Chicago in the spring of 1859. After working there for almost a year as a grocery store clerk, Lewis grew restless again and began to make plans to head west as part of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. A day before he was scheduled to leave Chicago, Lewis encountered an old friend of his who persuaded him to abandon his attempt at prospecting and instead apply for a position with Allan Pinkerton's growing detective agency. This friend arranged an interview with one of Pinkerton's employees, and Lewis began working for the organization in the spring of 1860.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-war work with the Pinkerton agency.

paragraph: After a brief period of training, Pinkerton assigned Lewis to several surveillance jobs throughout the northeastern United States, and in late 1860 invited him to assist in a more in-depth case in New York. The two men bonded over their shared European background and abolitionist sympathies, and in 1861 Pinkerton thought highly enough of Lewis to entrust him with investigating a murder in Jackson, Tennessee. The chief suspect was a respected citizen of the town, and Pinkerton instructed Lewis to travel to Jackson disguised as a "gentleman of leisure" and gain the suspect's trust to secure information that might assist in building a case against him.

paragraph: Lewis remained in Jackson for five months, cultivating the appearance of an "English gentleman" which allowed him to earn the trust of secessionist locals who were more willing to talk to a foreigner than a suspected "Yankee." After several meetings with the chief suspect, Lewis determined that he was not guilty of the murder, discovering instead that a local horse thief had killed the victim. Lewis left the city on June 9, a day after the state of Tennessee voted to become the eleventh state to secede officially from the Union. Lewis made observations of the strength and number of Confederate troops he encountered during his return trip to Chicago, which he relayed to Pinkerton after relocating to the agency's new headquarters in Cincinnati.

paragraph: Section::::Mission to Charleston, West Virginia.

paragraph: During Lewis' stay in Jackson, Pinkerton had begun gathering intelligence for General George McClellan of the Union Army. Upon his return to Cincinnati, Lewis was assigned to investigate the location and strength of rebel forces in Charleston, Virginia and the surrounding Kanawha Valley area. Lewis would reprise his role as an English noble touring the countryside, accompanied on his journey by Sam Bridgeman, a fellow Pinkerton operative who would pose as his manservant and carriage driver. The two agents set off from Cincinnati on June 27, 1861, traveling in a carriage well-stocked with food, expensive liquor, and a British Army chest strapped prominently to the exterior.

paragraph: After a steamboat trip down the Ohio River and several days' journey along the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, Lewis and Bridgeman were stopped by Confederate soldiers under the command of Colonel George Patton. Lewis was taken to see the colonel at his camp in a nearby farmhouse. Patton received Lewis warmly after hearing his cover story and gave him a full tour of the encampment as well as a pass that would let Lewis continue to Charleston. After dinner and a night of champagne and cigars at the farmhouse, Lewis resumed his journey along the turnpike and arrived in Charleston on June 30.

paragraph: Upon their arrival, Lewis and Bridgeman checked into the Kanawha House Hotel, the headquarters of General Henry Wise, commander of the Confederate forces in the region. Lewis approached Wise in the hope of receiving another pass that would allow the pair to leave Charleston if necessary, but the general refused, and Lewis was forced to write to George Moore, the British consul in Richmond, for permission to travel further. While he waited for Moore's response, Lewis continued to observe rebel movements in and around Charleston, including details of Wise's camp and fortifications at Twomile Creek.

paragraph: On July 10, Wise was called away from Charleston in response to a Union advance near Parkersburg, leaving Colonel Christopher Tompkins in command. Lewis, who had become anxious to depart the city after several incidents in which a drunken Bridgeman confronted Confederate officers, asked the colonel for a travel pass in Wise's absence. Tompkins was not authorized to issue such documents, but he assured Lewis that mentioning the colonel's name would be enough to satisfy most Confederate troops. Lewis and Bridgeman left Charleston on July 12, 1861, and were able to make it back into Union territory after being stopped only once in the village of Logan Court House, Kentucky.

paragraph: After returning to Cincinnati, Lewis relayed his information to General Jacob Cox. Acting on Lewis' knowledge of the quality of Wise's troops, Cox was able to overwhelm the rebel fortifications and capture Charleston on July 24.

paragraph: Section::::Counterespionage in Washington DC.

paragraph: After their return from Charleston, Lewis and Bridgeman spent some time investigating secessionist activity in Baltimore, before being called to Washington DC to rendezvous with the recently-relocated Pinkerton. Pinkerton had been forming a case against Confederate spy and local socialite Rose Greenhow, and on August 23, 1861, he raided Greenhow's house in the company of Lewis and several other agents. Lewis was responsible for keeping an eye on Greenhow during the search and at one point she attempted to threaten the detective with an uncocked revolver. After the discovery of multiple sources of incriminating information at her residence, Greenhow was put under house arrest, with Lewis remaining at the house as one of her guards. The day after Greenhow's arrest, Pinkerton agents detained the family of U.S. Representative Phillip Phillips on similar spying charges, and the women of the family, including Phillips' wife Eugenia, were relocated to the Greenhow residence and put under Lewis' guard for the remaining weeks Pinkerton had him stationed there.

paragraph: Following the Greenhow incident, Lewis investigated other suspected rebel sympathizers in Washington including Elizabeth Morton, the wife of Florida Senator Jackson Morton.

paragraph: Section::::Capture.

paragraph: In February 1862, Pinkerton ordered Lewis to travel to Richmond, Virginia, to investigate the status of Timothy Webster and Hattie Lawton, two of Pinkerton's top agents who had ceased communication with the agency. Lewis raised serious objections to the mission, fearing that the number of deported Confederate sympathizers in the city that knew him to be a federal agent would pose a risk to his cover. Pinkerton assured him that the Morton and Phillips families would not be in Richmond during his time there, and Lewis ultimately agreed to the plan, mostly due to his respect and concern for Webster. Pinkerton partnered Lewis with fellow agent and Englishman John Scully for the mission, and the two left the capital on February 18.

paragraph: Lewis and Scully arrived in Richmond on February 26 and were able to locate Webster and Lawton at the couple's room in the Monumental Hotel. Webster had been confined to his bed by an outbreak of rheumatism and was under close surveillance by members of Richmond's secret police, who had begun to suspect his true identity as a Northern double agent. When Lewis and Scully first entered Webster's room, they found him in the company of P.B. Price, one of Webster's Richmond contacts who still supposed him to be a loyal Confederate. Not wanting to blow Webster's cover, the two returned the following afternoon only to find Webster again with a Southern visitor, Captain Samuel McCubbin of the secret police. McCubbin had been dispatched by Provost Marshal General John Winder to observe Webster and was staying in the room directly opposite from his. After greeting Lewis and Scully, McCubbin explained that since they had crossed the Potomac into Confederate territory, both would have to report to Winder's headquarters as soon as possible.

paragraph: During their meeting, Winder gave no indication of his suspicions that Lewis and Scully might also be Northern agents, and let the two leave after only asking a few questions about their opinions of the Confederacy and reasons for traveling to Richmond. However, after returning to Webster's room Lewis and Scully were intercepted by one of Winder's agents and Chase Morton, the son of the Morton family Lewis had investigated in Washington. Morton was able to confirm Lewis' identity, and the officer escorted the two men back to Winder's office where the general revealed that he had suspected Lewis all along and promptly arrested the two men on charges of espionage.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment.

paragraph: Winder's men took Lewis and Scully to Henrico County Jail on February 28, and Scully was transferred to Castle Godwin the following day. Lewis remained at Henrico until he and several other inmates staged an escape attempt on March 16. Due to the jail's light security, the group was able to make it north of the Chickahominy River and almost reached the Northern army's front line before being recaptured by Confederate troops on March 19. Lewis was returned to Richmond and tried by court-martial, after which he joined Scully at Castle Godwin. On April 1, the two were notified that that court-martial had found them both guilty and that they would be hanged in three days.

paragraph: Lewis was able to get a letter explaining their situation to Fredrick Cridland, the British Acting Consul in Richmond, who agreed to speak with the Southern officials in defense of the two British subjects. On April 3, Cridland arranged a meeting with the Confederate secretary of state Judah Benjamin and secretary of war George Randolph in which he argued that the condemned men had been convicted based on insufficient evidence. The secretaries agreed, and on the morning of April 4, hours before he was scheduled to die, Lewis received word that Benjamin had officially postponed his execution to April 12.

paragraph: During the following week, Lewis was pressured by agents of Winder into making a confession that would incriminate Webster, who had been arrested by Winder's men on similar charges several days after Lewis and Scully's capture. Lewis initially refused but eventually gave in after fearing that Scully had already told the interrogators everything. On April 10, two days before his scheduled date of execution, Lewis met with Judge Advocate William Crump and confessed to him the circumstances of his employment to Pinkerton and the reasons for his trip to Richmond. Lewis made no mention of his previous activity in Charleston and Washington, and would later insist he told the Confederates no more than they already knew. Webster was tried on this information, and both Scully and Lewis made statements during the trial, although records of exactly what information they provided did not survive the war. Webster was executed on April 29, and guards returned the prisoners to Castle Godwin with their executions postponed indefinitely.

paragraph: Lewis and Scully remained at Castle Godwin until August 18, 1862, when overcrowding necessitated their relocation to Castle Thunder, a newly-built prison under the command of Assistant Provost Marshal Captain George Alexander. After currying favor with the captain and writing several letters to Pinkerton in Washington, Lewis and Scully were able to obtain their release in exchange for Confederate prisoners being held by the Union Army. The two were released on September 28, 1863, and arrived in Washington on September 30.

paragraph: Section::::Post-release activity and suicide.

paragraph: Lewis met with Pinkerton on October 2, resulting in a furious altercation that put an end to their professional relationship. Lewis blamed Pinkerton for his capture and incarceration and refused to accept responsibility for Webster's execution, saying that Pinkerton's poor judgment was the cause of the entire incident. Pinkerton, who had previously forgiven the agents for their involvement in Webster's capture, accused Lewis of treachery and incompetence. The two men never met face-to-face again.

paragraph: Lewis returned to Washington and worked as a bailiff at Old Capitol Prison until June 1864, when Colonel Lafayette Baker accepted him back into his reorganized military secret service. Lewis worked for Baker until later that year, when he resigned after becoming disillusioned with the organization's corruption. He lived for a time with his brother in Connecticut and returned to Britain in 1865. Lewis returned to America in 1867, and on January 20, 1868, married Maria Thwaites, an acquaintance of the store owner he worked for in Chicago before meeting Pinkerton. In 1871 Maria gave birth to a daughter, Mary, and in 1878 a son, Arthur. The family later moved to New York City, where Lewis had opened up a detective agency of his own. The new organization was highly successful and came into the public eye in 1878 when it was involved in a dispute over the will of Alexander Stewart.

paragraph: During this time Allan Pinkerton had been working to bring attention to the story of Timothy Webster and in 1884 published "The Spy of the Rebellion", in which he presented an embellished account of his agency's activities during the war, including Lewis' trip to Charleston. Pinkerton included in his descriptions an entirely fictional incident in which Lewis became romantically involved with the daughter of a Virginia judge, and an unflattering account of Lewis' confession at the hands of rebel authorities. Lewis was outraged by his portrayal in the book and tried to contact Pinkerton with corrections, but the publication permanently damaged his reputation and his business suffered as a result. In 1888 Lewis began work on a memoir entitled "Pryce Lewis: his adventures as a union spy during the war of the rebellion. A historical narrative." He hoped that the book would set the record straight, but no publisher was willing to accept his manuscript and Lewis eventually abandoned the project.

paragraph: Maria Lewis died in 1901, and Arthur soon joined her in 1903 after living for only 24 years. Mary had moved out of the house and was working as a pottery teacher, leaving Lewis alone in New York. He made a living doing small jobs for friends and acquaintances but was unable to secure aid from the Bureau of Pensions in Washington on account of his foreign citizenship. On December 6, 1911, Lewis committed suicide by jumping from the observation deck of the New York World Building. He was buried in an unmarked grave at Center Cemetery in Torrington, Connecticut. In 2014, the Connecticut Civil War Round Table took up a collection for a grave marker, which residents erected on June 11, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kane, Harnett T. (1954). "Spies for the Blue and Gray". Garden City, NY, Hanover House.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Markle, Donald E. (1994). "Spies and Spymasters of the Civil War". New York, Hippocrene Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mortimer, Gavin (2010). "Double Death: The True Story of Pryce Lewis, the Civil War's Most Daring Spy". New York, Walker Publishing Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pinkerton, Allan (1989). "The Spy of the Rebellion". Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pryce Lewis Collection at St. Lawrence University

description: Welsh born American spy

wikidata_label: Pryce Lewis

wikipedia_title: Pryce Lewis


text:
Roman Republic
Praetor
Pompey
Milo
Clodius

categories: 1st-century BC Romans,Roman Republican praetors,Plautii

paragraph: Publius Plautius Hypsaeus

paragraph: Publius Plautius Hupsaeus (Hypsaeus) was a politician of the Roman Republic.

paragraph: Praetor and ally of Pompey, Hypsaeus was later tried under Pompey's retroactive laws on violence and corruption (52 BC) for bribery. In 53 BC he was a candidate for the consular position, against Milo. Hypsaeus' gangs were reinforced by Clodius and fights broke out between the competing parties.

description: Roman praetor

wikidata_label: Publius Plautius Hypsaeus

wikipedia_title: Publius Plautius Hypsaeus


text: Blessed

text: German

text: German

text: Roman Catholic

text: coal miner

text: journalist

text: World War II

text: resistance

text: Third Reich

text: Adolf Hitler

text: assassination attempt on Hitler

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Saint Peter's Square

text: Niederwenigern

text: baptized

text: coal miner

text: Christian political movement

text: Oberhausen

text: Essen

text: Waldenburg

text: Lower Silesia

text: Zwickau

text: Bottrop

text: Nazis

text: propaganda

text: Düsseldorf

text: Wehrmacht

text: trade unions

text: Cologne

text: Berlin

text: Carl Friedrich Goerdeler

text: Adolf Hitler

text: plot to kill Hitler

text: Wolf's Lair

text: East Prussia

text: Ravensbrück

text: Berlin

text: Tegel

text: Volksgerichtshof

text: Roland Freisler

text: Plötzensee

text: Servant of God

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: nihil obstat

text: Essen diocese

text: Rome

text: Positio

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Saint Peter's Square

text: postulator

text: museum

text: Niederwenigern

text: Berlin

text: Essen

text: Chapel of Blessed Nikolaus Groß

text: List of members of the July 20 plot

text: Widerstand

text: Hagiography Circle

text: Saints of the Faith

text: Executed Today

text: Find a Grave

categories: Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era,20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,Executions at Plötzensee Prison,German Roman Catholics,People condemned by Nazi courts,20th-century venerated Christians,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,1945 deaths,German trade unionists,Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church,20th-century German people,German people who died in Nazi concentration camps,Executed members of the 20 July plot,People from the Province of Westphalia,German beatified people,Roman Catholics in the German Resistance,Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia,People from Hattingen,People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison,20th-century journalists,People killed by Nazi Germany,1898 births,Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany,Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps,Executed German Resistance members,German civilians killed in World War II

paragraph: Nikolaus Gross

paragraph: Blessed Nikolaus Gross (German: Groß) (30 September 1898 – 23 January 1945) was a German Roman Catholic. Gross first worked in professions requiring skilled labor before becoming a coal miner like his father while joining a range of trade union and political movements. But he soon settled on becoming a journalist before he got married while World War II prompted him to become a resistance fighter in the time of the Third Reich and for his anti-violent rhetoric and approach to opposing Adolf Hitler. He was also one of those implicated and arrested for the assassination attempt on Hitler despite not being involved himself.

paragraph: His cause for sainthood saw it acknowledged that Gross had died in 1945 "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith) which allowed for Pope John Paul II to preside over the beatification for the murdered journalist on 7 October 2001 in Saint Peter's Square.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nikolaus Gross was born in Niederwenigern on 30 September 1898 to a miner; he was baptized on 2 October and he attended the local Catholic school from 1905 until 1912.

paragraph: Gross first worked in a plate rolling mill as a grinder (1912–15) and then as a coal miner like his father before him from 1915 until 1920. In June 1917 he joined the Christian Mineworkers' Trade Union and in 1918 joined a Christian political movement. On 6 June 1919 he joined the Saint Anthony's Miners' Association.

paragraph: He furthered his education in evening courses at the Volksverein für das katholische Deutschland and in 1920 gave up his job as a miner and worked for the Christian Mineworkers' Trade Union ("Gewerkverein Christlicher Bergarbeiter") in Oberhausen in a secretarial role from July 1920 until June 1921. From July 1921 until May 1922 he was an assistant editor at the union newspaper known as the "Bergknappen" in Essen. From June 1922 until October 1922 he was a trade union secretarial worker in Waldenburg in Lower Silesia and afterwards in Zwickau and then at (December 1924 to December 1926) Bottrop. In January 1927 he changed jobs to become the assistant editor at the Westdeutsche Arbeiterzeitung which was the organizational organ of the Katholische Arbeitnehmer-Bewegung ("Catholic Workers' Movement" or K.A.B.) before soon becoming the general editor in 1929. The Westdeutsche Arbeiterzeitung stood out as a paper that was critical of the Nazis. After the elections in March 1933 the paper was banned for three weeks. In the beginning of 1935 the paper bore the name Kettelerwacht and was banned once and for all on 19 November 1938 but he continued to publish an underground edition to expose the lies of propaganda. Gross took over the leadership of the Düsseldorf K.A.B. for its secretarial worker had been called into the Wehrmacht. His activities were linked with travels which would be a help to him in his upcoming resistance activities. He also represented the K.A.B. at Catholic conferences.

paragraph: He had good friends from the K.A.B. as well as trade unions and the Christian politicians and all would discuss alternatives to the Nazi regime in the so-called Cologne Circle which was meeting in the K.A.B.'s center called the Kettelerhaus in Cologne no later than 1942. This group worked with those in Berlin about Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and took part in his personal plans for the time after Adolf Hitler was out of office should that have happened.

paragraph: Gross later became engaged to Elisabeth Koch (11.03.1901-21.02.1971) and the two later married on 24 May 1923. The pair had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikolaus Heinrich (1925-2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhardine Elisabeth (1926-2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marianne (b. 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liesel (b. 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander (b. 1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhard (b. 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helene (b. 1939)

paragraph: In 1940 he endured interrogations and house searches since he was being monitored at the time. On 12 August 1944 he was arrested sometime towards noon in connection with the failed plot to kill Hitler at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia. He was first taken to Ravensbrück and then to Berlin at the Tegel prison (from September 1944) where his wife visited him twice and reported the torture done to a hand and both his arms. From prison he sent letters to his wife including the farewell letter just moments before he died. On 15 January 1945 he was sentenced to death at the Volksgerichtshof (Roland Freisler condemned him) and was hanged on 23 January 1945 at the Plötzensee prison in Berlin. His remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at a sewage plant. He died soon after the Servant of God Eugen Bolz who was imprisoned in the same prison.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification and other honors.

paragraph: The beatification process commenced on 19 January 1988 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" to the cause and titled Gross as a Servant of God; but it would be a decade until the actual diocesan phase of investigation opened in the Essen diocese on 12 November 1996 which later closed on 12 October 1997. The C.C.S. validated the diocesan phase in Rome on 13 November 1998 and received the Positio dossier in 2000 for investigation. The theologians approved the dossier's contents on 25 May 2001 as did the members of the C.C.S. on 3 July 2001. Pope John Paul II confirmed on 7 July 2001 that Gross had been killed "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith) and so beatified Gross in Saint Peter's Square on 7 October 2001.

paragraph: The current postulator for the cause (since 1996) is Dr. Andrea Ambrosi.

paragraph: There is a museum dedicated to Nikolaus Gross in Niederwenigern. In 1948 a street in Cologne was named in his honor and streets were named after him in places such as Berlin and Essen amongst others. A chapel was dedicated to him on 10 October 2004, and a memorial stone in Gelsenkirchen-Buer on 26 October 2003.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapel of Blessed Nikolaus Groß, Essen Minister

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of members of the July 20 plot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widerstand

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints of the Faith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Executed Today

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find a Grave

description: German resistance fighter

wikidata_label: Nikolaus Gross

wikipedia_title: Nikolaus Gross


text: American

text: blues

text: singer

text: Take the "A" Train

text: Duke Ellington

text: Wilmington, Delaware

text: Atlantic City, New Jersey

text: Apollo Theater

text: New York City

text: Savoy Sultans

text: Reveille with Beverly

text: Frank Sinatra

text: Count Basie

text: AFM recording ban

text: Black, Brown and Beige

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Lester Young

text: Hot Lips Page

text: Minton's Playhouse

text: bebop

text: Thelonious Monk

text: Kenny Clarke

text: Earl Hines

text: LP

text: Ellington Uptown

text: arrangement

text: San Diego, California

text: Charles Brown

text: Clark Terry

text: The Complete Porgy and Bess

text: Prestige Records

text: Pleasantville, New Jersey

text: Take the "A" Train

text: Bethlehem

text: Singin' & Swingin'

text: Prestige

text: Lightly and Politely

text: Betty Roché: 1920-1999

text: "New York Times" obituary

categories: 1999 deaths,American jazz singers,Prestige Records artists,1918 births,20th-century American singers,American blues singers,Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware,Duke Ellington Orchestra members,American female jazz singers

paragraph: Betty Roché

paragraph: Mary Elizabeth Roché (January 9, 1918 – February 16, 1999) was an American blues singer. Though she had a sporadic career, she became most noted for her version of "Take the "A" Train" with its composer Duke Ellington, and "was famous for her strong, dramatic way of putting across blues material".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Roché was born in Wilmington, Delaware, as Mary Elizabeth Roach, and was raised by her grandparents in Atlantic City, New Jersey. She won a talent contest at the Apollo Theater after settling in New York City in 1939, and then joined the Savoy Sultans, with whom she made her first recordings in 1941. The following year, she joined the Duke Ellington Orchestra to make the film "Reveille with Beverly", which also featured Frank Sinatra and Count Basie. She performed "Take the A Train" in the film, but the AFM recording ban meant that she could not make a recording of it at the time. She also sang in Ellington's performance of his "Black, Brown and Beige" suite at Carnegie Hall, but again no recordings were made at the time, and by the time Ellington was able to record it in 1944, Roché had left the band.

paragraph: She also sang with Lester Young and Hot Lips Page, and in the 1940s performed at Minton's Playhouse with bebop musicians including Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke. She joined the Earl Hines band in 1944, and recorded with him, before leaving the music business for a few years. In 1951 she rejoined Ellington, and the following year recorded an extended version of "Take the A Train" on the LP "Ellington Uptown", which became the song's best-known arrangement and continues to feature on compilations of Ellington's work. She settled in San Diego, California, and worked occasionally in clubs and with Charles Brown and Clark Terry. In the mid-1950s, she was part of the cast recording of "The Complete Porgy and Bess". She also recorded two albums, "Take the A Train" in 1956, and "Singin' and Swingin"' for Prestige Records in New York in 1960, but was unwilling to maintain a full-time career in music.

paragraph: Roché died in Pleasantville, New Jersey in February 1999, aged 81.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Take the "A" Train" (Bethlehem, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singin' & Swingin'" (Prestige, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lightly and Politely" (Prestige, 1961)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Betty Roché page in Fuller Up, The Dead Musicians Directory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Betty Roché: 1920-1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New York Times" obituary

description: American blues singer

wikidata_label: Betty Roché

wikipedia_title: Betty Roché


text:
Peruvian
footballer
centre back
Universitario
Torneo Descentralizado
Asunción
Paraguay
Swiss
América Cochahuayco
farm team
Universitario de Deportes
Tito Chumpitaz
2008 Segunda División Peruana
Sport Boys
Segunda División Peruana
2009 season
Torneo Descentralizado
Universidad San Martín
Miguel Company
Alexander Callens
Universitario de Deportes
Torneo Descentralizado
2013
U-20 Copa Libertadores
2011

categories: Paraguayan people of Swiss descent,Peruvian people of Swiss descent,Sportspeople from Asunción,Association football central defenders,U América F.C. footballers,Club Universitario de Deportes footballers,Sport Boys footballers,1990 births,Peruvian footballers,Peruvian Primera División players,Peruvian Segunda División players,Living people,Paraguayan footballers

paragraph: Werner Schuler

paragraph: Werner Luis Schuler Gamarra (born 27 July 1990) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a centre back. Schuler currently plays for Universitario in the Torneo Descentralizado.

paragraph: He was born in Asunción, Paraguay and also has Swiss nationality.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Schuler started his senior career in 2008 with América Cochahuayco, a farm team of Universitario de Deportes. There he played under the management of Tito Chumpitaz in the 2008 Segunda División Peruana.

paragraph: Then in January 2009 he joined Sport Boys. The club was competing in the Segunda División Peruana at the time and finished as champions at the end of the 2009 season. With Sport Boys promoted the following year, Schuler made his Torneo Descentralizado debut on 8 May 2010 in Round 13 at home against Universidad San Martín. Manager Miguel Company placed him in the starting eleven alongside Alexander Callens in the centre of defence, but his debut ended in a 0–1 loss for his side.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universitario de Deportes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torneo Descentralizado (1): 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- U-20 Copa Libertadores (1): 2011

description: Peruvian footballer

wikidata_label: Werner Schuler

wikipedia_title: Werner Schuler


text:
United States Navy
flying ace
Korean War
World War II
F4U Corsair
Lavochkin La-9
La-11s
Yak-18s
Vietnam War
Ruston, Louisiana
List of Korean War flying aces

categories: Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States),United States Navy officers,1922 births,2002 deaths,American Korean War flying aces,United States Navy pilots of World War II,Recipients of the Silver Star

paragraph: Guy Bordelon

paragraph: Guy Pierre Bordelon Jr. (February 1, 1922 – December 19, 2002) was a United States Navy flying ace during the Korean War, shooting down five enemy aircraft. Bordelon was the only U.S. Navy aviator to become an ace in the war.

paragraph: A veteran of World War II, then Lieutenant Guy Bordelon was the leader of VC-3 Detachment D off the . In addition to being the Korean War's only navy ace, he was the only night ace and the only American ace to do so flying a piston engined aircraft, the F4U Corsair.

paragraph: Bordelon, nicknamed "Lucky Pierre", was credited with three Lavochkin La-9s or La-11s, and two Yak-18s between 29 June and 16/17 July 1952.

paragraph: Bordelon became an instructor after Korea, and taught survival training to pilots during the Vietnam War. He was also chosen for the prestigious Top Gun award. Guy Bordelon retired as a commander after 27 years in the U.S. Navy, returning to his home town of Ruston, Louisiana. He died in 2002 at the age of 80, and was buried in the family plot in Greenwood Cemetery, in Ruston.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean War flying aces

description: American flying ace

wikidata_label: Guy Bordelon

wikipedia_title: Guy Bordelon


text: Peugeot Type 7

text: Paris to Rouen

text: Comte de Dion

text: crime of passion

text: Ay, Marne

text: Épernay

text: champagne

text: crime of passion

text: Pierre Giffard

text: Le Petit Journal

text: Paris

text: Mantes-la-Jolie

text: Bezons

text: Houilles

text: Maisons-Laffitte

text: Paris

text: Rouen

text: Porte Maillot

text: Bois de Boulogne

text: Neuilly-sur-Seine

text: Courbevoie

text: Nanterre

text: Chatou

text: Le Pecq

text: Poissy

text: Triel-sur-Seine

text: Vaux-sur-Seine

text: Meulan

text: Mantes

text: Vernon, Eure

text: Gaillon

text: Pont-de-l'Arche

text: Rouen

text: Rouen

text: Peugeot Type 7

text: Auguste Doriot

text: De Dion-Bouton

text: Jules-Albert de Dion

text: stoker

text: Nice

text: Castellane

text: La Turbie

text: Pau

text: Bayonne

text: Mercedes Simplex

categories: 1860s births,French murderers,Year of death missing,French racing drivers

paragraph: Albert Lemaître

paragraph: Albert Lemaître (c. 1864 – in or after 1906), (aka Georges Lemaître), was a French sporting motorist and early racing driver. He was the first petrol powered finisher in what is described as 'the world's first competitive motoring event' when he drove his Peugeot Type 7 from Paris to Rouen at in 1894. The Comte de Dion had finished first but his steam powered vehicle was ineligible for the main prize which was shared between the manufacturers Peugeot and Panhard.

paragraph: Throughout the 1890s he competed in a range of events and races driving Peugeots, but after their withdrawal from competition in the early 1900s he was contracted to drive Mercedes.

paragraph: In 1906 in Paris he murdered his wife in a domestic argument after she had filed for divorce. He then fired the third gunshot into his own head, but survived. In September 1906 he was acquitted of a crime of passion.Le Petit Journal, 7 September 1906, Court Reports - Crime of Passion/ref

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: Albert Lemaître was born (circa 1864) in Ay, Marne, a village outside Épernay, where he worked in partnership with his brother as an exporter in the champagne industry. His brother's name is not established, but could be Joseph "Georges" Lemaître, born in 1868 in Ay as the son of the wine dealer Louis-Emmanuel Lemaître and M. Julie Fabry. This Georges Lemaître married into the Mercier champagne family and was also involved in motoring during the 1900s.

paragraph: Circa 1901 (1900), Albert married Miss Lucie Dumény after her first engagement with a Mr. Bruyant had been broken off for family reasons. His business was failing, resulting in serious domestic difficulties. After 4 years of marriage, Lucie had rekindled feelings for her ex-fiancée and in February 1906 she both filed for divorce and moved out of the marital apartment. On 7 May 1906 at the apartment on rue de Miromesnil in Paris he murdered her with two gunshots and then shot himself in the head. She was 28 years old and they had no children. Albert Lemaître was taken to the 'Hopital Beaujon'. On hearing the news of Lucie's death, Bruyant took his own life. In September 1906 Lemaître was acquitted of a crime of passion.

paragraph: Section::::Car racing.

paragraph: Section::::Car racing.:1894 – Paris to Rouen.

paragraph: On 22 July 1894, Pierre Giffard organised what is considered to be the world's first competitive motoring event from Paris to Rouen to publicise his newspaper, "Le Petit Journal". The paper promoted it as a "Competition for Horseless Carriages" (Concours des Voitures sans Chevaux) that were "not dangerous, easy to drive, and cheap during the journey". The 'easy to drive' clause precluded the use of a travelling mechanic or technical assistant, thereby making steam powered vehicles ineligible for the main prize.

paragraph: Lemaître completed the qualification event on Friday 20 July, driving from Paris to Mantes-la-Jolie via Bezons, Houilles and Maisons-Laffitte. The main race from Paris to Rouen started from Porte Maillot and went through the Bois de Boulogne, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Courbevoie, Nanterre, Chatou, Le Pecq, Poissy, Triel-sur-Seine, Vaux-sur-Seine, and Meulan, to Mantes where he held first place with the best time 2 hours 36 minutes when they stopped for lunch from 12:00 until 13:30. Lemaître completed the final 80 kilometre section via Vernon, Eure, Gaillon, Pont-de-l'Arche, to the 'Champ de Mars' at Rouen in 4 hours 15 minutes. Lemaître and his 3 passengers took 6 hours 51 minutes 30 seconds to reach Rouen in his 3 hp Peugeot Type 7, the first petrol powered car to finish, 13 minutes ahead of Auguste Doriot (Peugeot). The fastest vehicle, and the first home, was the steam powered De Dion-Bouton driven by the Comte Jules-Albert de Dion, but was ineligible for the main prize because it needed a stoker, a technical assistant.

paragraph: Section::::Car racing.:1897.

paragraph: On 29–31 January 1897 Lemaître finished second in the 'Marseilles-Nice-La Turbie' race driving a Peugeot. He completed the event in 8 hours 7 minutes 27 seconds, an average speed of .

paragraph: On 24 July 1897 he finished 20th in the Paris-Dieppe Trail driving a Peugeot. He completed the event in 5 hours 27 minutes 46 seconds, an average speed of .

paragraph: On 14 August 1897 he finished 3rd in the Paris-Trouville Trail, driving a Peugeot. He completed the event in 4 hours 17 minutes 40 seconds, an average speed of .

paragraph: Section::::Car racing.:1898 – 1899.

paragraph: On 21 August 1898 he finished 3rd in the Bordeaux-Biarritz Trail, driving a Peugeot. He completed the event in 8 hours 4 minutes at an average speed of .

paragraph: On 21 March 1899 Lemaître won the Nice-Castellane-Nice race driving a Peugeot. He completed the in 2 hours 52 minutes 50 seconds, an average speed of . He was driving the latest version of rear engined, two cylinder, (140 mm bore x 190 mm stroke) Peugeot, in which he also achieved a standing start mile in 1 minute 35 seconds.

paragraph: On 24 March 1899 Lemaître won the La Turbie Hill climb in 24 minutes 23 seconds in the new 17 h.p. Peugeot.

paragraph: On 6 April 1899 he won the Pau-Bayonne-Pau race in a 10 hp Peugeot. He completed the event in 3 hours 57 minutes 36 seconds, an average speed of .

paragraph: On 1 September 1899 he finished 3rd in the Paris-Ostende race driving a Peugeot. He completed the event in 6 hours 32 minutes, an average speed of .

paragraph: Section::::Car racing.:1901 – 1902.

paragraph: On 25 March 1901 he drove a Mercedes in the Nice-Salon-Nice event, but failed to finish.

paragraph: On 27–29 June 1901 he finished 28th in the Paris-Berlin Trail (Subsequently named VI Grand Prix de l'A.C.F.) driving a Mercedes. He completed the event in 23 hours 9 minutes 53 seconds, an average speed of .

paragraph: On 7 April 1902, during "Nice week", Lemaître finished second in the 'Nice – La Turbie mountain race driving a 40 hp Mercedes Simplex during its first competitive event. He was competing in the category for racing cars weighing more than 1000 kg.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Google Books) Mercedes And Auto Racing In The Belle Epoque, 1895-1915 by Robert Dick.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallica, Online Archive, "Le Petit Journal" Index

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallica, Online Archive, "Le Petit Journal" 7 September 1903 – Court Reports (Les Tribunaux)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heroes of the Past – Images of Albert Lemaître and other 1894 competitors

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Albert Lemaître

wikipedia_title: Albert Lemaître


text:
Italian
Roman Catholic
cardinal
Venice
Francesco Foscari
Doge of Venice
Abbot
Saints Cosmas and Damian
Zara
canon
cathedral chapter
Padua Cathedral
primicerius
St Mark's Basilica
protonotary apostolic
consistory
Pope Paul II
cardinal
papal conclave of 1471
Pope Sixtus IV
cardinal priest
titular church
San Nicola fra le Immagini
Rome
red hat
apostolic administrator
metropolitan see of Spalato
see of Padua
Padua
papal conclave of 1484
Pope Innocent VIII
Baths of Bacucco Viterbo
Viterbo
Giovanni di Stefano
Costa Chapel
Santa Maria del Popolo

paragraph: Pietro Foscari

paragraph: Pietro Foscari (died 1485) (called the Cardinal of Venice) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pietro Foscari was born in Venice ca. 1417. He was the nephew of Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice.

paragraph: Early in his career he became Abbot of the monastery of Saints Cosmas and Damian in Zara. In 1448, he became a canon of the cathedral chapter of Padua Cathedral. He became "primicerius" of St Mark's Basilica in Venice in 1452. He later became a protonotary apostolic.

paragraph: In the secret consistory of March 25, 1471, Pope Paul II secretly made Foscari a cardinal, but this was not published before the pope's death on July 26 and he was therefore not admitted to the papal conclave of 1471 that elected Pope Sixtus IV. In the consistory of December 10, 1477, Pope Sixtus IV made Foscari a cardinal priest; this was published on December 20 and Foscari given the titular church of San Nicola fra le Immagini. He arrived in Rome on March 12, 1478 and received the red hat on April 6, 1478.

paragraph: On April 1478, he was named apostolic administrator of the metropolitan see of Spalato, a post he occupied until September 17, 1479. On April 15, 1481, he was named apostolic administrator of the see of Padua and occupied that post until his death. He left Rome for Padua on June 18, 1481 and returned to Rome on May 25, 1483.

paragraph: He participated in the papal conclave of 1484 that elected Pope Innocent VIII.

paragraph: He died at the Baths of Bacucco Viterbo near Viterbo on August 11, 1485. His bronze and marble tomb by Giovanni di Stefano is preserved in the Costa Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo.

description: Italian cardinal

wikidata_label: Pietro Foscari

wikipedia_title: Pietro Foscari


text:
Armadale
Andrew Pendlebury
Slaughtermen
post-punk
Southern gospel
Deep South
Bible Belt
Footscray
Crystal Ballroom
St Kilda
Missing Link Records
La Bamba
Stephen Cummings
Elvis Presley
Melbourne
EMI
Cementville
Indiana
Memphis, Tennessee
Mission District
James Allred
Governor of Texas
Drag queen
Millbrae
Brisbane, California
The Shaggs
The Stooges
Orange County
upstate New York
Psychedelic
existential
urban
alternative rock
comedy music
Federal Hall National Memorial
United States citizen
Romanesque
Upstate New York
John Laws
Electronica

wikipedia_title:
Armadale, Victoria
Andrew Pendlebury
Slaughtermen (band)
Post-punk
Southern gospel
Deep South
Bible Belt
Footscray, Victoria
Crystal Ballroom (Melbourne)
St Kilda, Victoria
Missing Link Records
La Bamba (song)
Stephen Cummings
Elvis Presley
Melbourne
EMI
Cementville
Indiana
Memphis, Tennessee
Mission District, San Francisco
James Allred
Governor of Texas
Drag queen
Millbrae, California
Brisbane, California
The Shaggs
The Stooges
Orange County, New York
Upstate New York
Psychedelic rock
Existentialism
Urban contemporary
Alternative rock
Comedy music
Federal Hall
United States nationality law
Romanesque Revival architecture
Upstate New York
John Laws
Electronica

categories: Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Australian musicians

paragraph: Ian Stephen

paragraph: Ian Stephen (born in Armadale, Victoria, Australia) is an Australian/American musician.

paragraph: In 1984, with bass player Mark Ferrie, guitarists Terry Doolan and Andrew Pendlebury, and drummer Des Hefner, Ian formed the Slaughtermen in Melbourne, a mid eighties post-punk alternative Southern gospel group (albeit 12,000 miles away from their original source of inspiration, America's Deep South Bible Belt). Around this time Ian began private voice lessons with vocal coach Eve Godley and later at the Melba Conservatorium. Much earlier Ian had studied piano at the Andrios School of Music in Footscray, which was also attended by Mark Ferrie, although not at the same time. Prior to the Slaughtermen, Ian's checkered career included The Armchairs, a satirical four piece outfit co-founded with Johnny Topper which had its debut in 1979 at the infamous Crystal Ballroom in St Kilda. Other members included guitarist Pierre Jaquinot, Andrew Snow, drums, and Fred Cass, bass. Later incarnations featured Rod Haywood, guitar, and Sue Parncutt, bass. The Armchairs released a 7-inch Ep, "Ski Lo Lo", and a 12" album, "Party Time", on Missing Link Records with the entire B side taken up by a 20-minute version of "La Bamba". The Armchairs, later with the help of Stephen Cummings, who in the early 1980s Ian had struck up a songwriting partnership with, morphed into the mildly successful, yet short lived 11 piece group, Go Wild in French, which featured songs of Elvis Presley, as well as original compositions.

paragraph: Fed up with the claustrophobic Melbourne scene, Ian moved to Sydney in 1989 and recorded a solo album with some members of The Danglin' Bros and others, entitled "Workin' on The Nightshift", which was released on Agape records through EMI. This was followed in 1996 by "King of the Cross", released on the Massive label. A collection of original and Southern gospel songs.

paragraph: In 1998, he recorded and self-released "Cementville", the title inspired after visiting the town of the same name while driving through Indiana en route to Memphis, Tennessee. in 1997. The album contained bleak and acerbic observations of Australian life.

paragraph: In 2000, Ian moved to San Francisco and while living in the Mission District continued recording and releasing a number of left of center albums. In 2003 Ian, together with Broadway and cabaret star, Houston Allred, (the son of James Allred, 33rd Governor of Texas), "Genetically Challenged Drag queen" Anita Cocktail, her partner Sharon Boggs and Norman Anderson collectively known as The Shakers, performed at various venues in San Francisco, Millbrae and their hometown bar, in Brisbane, California, the infamous 23 Club. The group split somewhat acrimoniously in 2006, and Ian returned to creating new music in the Brisbane environment.

paragraph: In 2004, Ian, along with Brisbanite Sharon De Milo and Australian singer/guitarist, Sally De Jesus recorded and released the self-titled album "Capital Expressway". "Capital Expressway" was recorded in four days and largely improvised. The CD contains original compositions, and has been described as "The Shaggs meet The Stooges". A San Francisco Indie Music Festival review panel described it in so many words, "It seems as though the band is purposefully singing and playing badly, so if this is the intention, why not make it worse?" Since 2006 a compilation series, "Eden vol 1" and "Eden vol 2", featuring Ian Stephen musical highlights from the past 25 years has also been commercially available.

paragraph: In June 2006, Ian moved to Orange County, in upstate New York recording and releasing a new CD, "Singing Is A Hobby and a Waste of Time", which featured music]al content such as "Amish Man", "U Two Suck on Wheels" and "Welcome to the New Fascism" under a musical banner described as Psychedelic existential urban alternative rock.

paragraph: In Nov 2009 Ian released "War is Peace" an album psychedelic comedy music, featuring the musical and instrumental contributions of fellow Australians now residing in the USA, Keith Glass and Randy Bulpin. John Cobbin and MaryAnne Slavich from Sydney, Australia contributed as well.

paragraph: In Dec 2006, at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York City Ian became a United States citizen.

paragraph: In 2010 Ian released "Tea First Then Sex", a 13 track CD of original compositions recorded at Granite Fortess an 1895 Romanesque style Frank Estabrook designed house, in Upstate New York. Several of these compositions were the result of an earlier project, with Keith Glass involving the poetry of John Laws, which was terminated for reasons unknown. Players on the CD include Randy Bulpin, and Keith Glass, who co-wrote several of the songs.

paragraph: In January 2011, under the nom-de-plume of Sabrage, Ian released "This is Very Gay", a nine track Electronica/Dance CD on the IAW label.

paragraph: Tracks included "Frostcreep", "Velvet Cough" and "Strollermeat"

paragraph: In January 2012 saw the release of "Great Wall of Sound", a completely instrumental project, recorded in Sydney Australia in 2000, and unreleased until the present time.

paragraph: August 2013 saw the release of "Per Sempre" Ian's 9th album. An album of "love" songs described as "like looking at a Diorama in a natural history museum". To coincide with its release, Ian Stephen and the Imperfectionists. (Johnny Moonlight-guitar, Barry Divola -bass, Mary Anne Slavich -vocals and Tony Slavich- keyboards, and 'Bird' David Two Hill – drums), played a one-off show on 15 August 2013, at the Green Room Lounge in Enmore, NSW.

paragraph: In 2014 Ian Stephen and the Imperfectionists featuring the 2013 line up, minus MaryAnne and Tony Slavich, played a one-off show in August at the Petersham Bowling Club in Sydney Australia. This show was replicated in 2015 with the addition of Graham Osborn on guitar and vocals.

paragraph: On March 6, 2015 Ian released 9, his tenth solo album.

paragraph: 2016 saw the release of Ian's 11th solo album, Uncivilization recorded at the Granite Fortress. Randy Bulpin played guitar on a two of the tracks. In November 2016, a limited pressing, live recording was made available by mail order only. "Far Out Man - Live at the Fortress" Featuring Ian Stephen on guitar and vocals, along with Randy Bulpin on guitar, Scott Kenyon, keyboards, Patrick O'Gorman drums, and Gary Ferraro bass.

paragraph: In 2017 it was decided that all further Ian Stephen releases for the foreseeable future would be under the Far Out Man name. This coincided with the release of Far Out Man - Far Out, a ten track album of original songs, recorded at "The Fortress" in Upstate New York.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Ian Stephen's Schizoprenia 4 track 7" EP Reverse Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 The Armchairs – Ski Lo Lo 4 track 7" EP Reverse Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 The Armchairs – Party Time! 12" LP Reverse Records thru Missing Link

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 The Slaughtermen – Live Naturally 12" LP Cleopatra Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 The Slaughtermen – Still Lovin' You 12 LP Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 The Slaughtermen – Melbourne, Memphis and a Mansion in the Sky 12" LP Agape records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 The Slaughtermen – Gospel Gold 23 track CD Massive Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Ian Stephen – King of the Cross – CD Massive Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Ian Stephen – Cementville CD Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Capital Expressway – Capital Expressway – Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Ian Stephen – Eden Vol 1 Compilation 18 track CD – Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Ian Stephen – Eden Vol 2 Compilation 16 track CD – Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Suicide Doors – Blue Ribbon Hell – CD Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Ian Stephen – Singing is a Hobby and a Waste of Time – CD Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 The Slaughtermen – Temptation – Compilation CD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Ian Stephen – War is Peace CD Endtime Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Ian Stephen – Tea First Then Sex – CD International Art Wankers

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Sabrage – This Is Very Gay – CD International Art Wankers

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Ian Stephen – Great Wall of Sound – Digital download – Endtime

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Ian Stephen - Per Sempre - CD Endtime

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Ian Stephen - 9 - CD Endtime

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Ian Stephen - Uncivilization Endtime

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Far Out Man - Live at the Fortress - Endtime

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Far Out Man - Far Out

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: References

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://pbsfm.org.au/node/19192

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://stripedsunlight.blogspot.com/2009/04/slaughtermen-live-naturally.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://wallabybeat.blogspot.com/2011/11/armchairs-party-time-lp-reversemissing.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20040806231410/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=376

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/122760678/

description: Australian musician

wikidata_label: Ian Stephen

wikipedia_title: Ian Stephen


text: stagecoach

text: Sharon, Vermont

text: Lebanon, New Hampshire

text: Providence, Rhode Island

text: James E. Birch

text: Gold Rush

text: Stockton

text: Mariposa

text: San Jose

text: Oakland

text: San Juan

text: Santa Cruz

text: Watsonville, California

text: Aptos

text: rheumatism

text: Rheumatism

text: San Francisco Call

text: The New York Times

text: Santa Cruz Sentinel

text: election of 1868

text: Soquel, California

text: Autry National Center

text: Los Angeles

text: Pam Muñoz Ryan

text: Karen Kondazian

text: Death Valley Days

text: Frank Gerstle

text: "Charley Darkey Parkhurst had a secret"

text: "The New York Times" 1880 Obituary

text: radio episode

text: California Legacy Project

categories: People from Lebanon, New Hampshire,1879 deaths,People of the American Old West,Deaths from oral cancer,1812 births,LGBT people from Vermont,Transgender and transsexual men,Deaths from cancer in California,People of the California Gold Rush

paragraph: Charley Parkhurst

paragraph: Charley Darkey Parkhurst, born Charlotte Darkey Parkhurst (1812–1879), also known as "One Eyed Charley" or "Six-Horse Charley", was an American stagecoach driver, farmer and rancher in California. Born and reared as a girl in New England, mostly in an orphanage, Parkhurst ran away as a youth, taking the name Charley and living as a male. He started work as a stable hand and learned to handle horses, including to drive coaches drawn by multiple horses. He worked in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, traveling to Georgia for associated work.

paragraph: In his late 30s, Parkhurst sailed to California following the Gold Rush in 1849; there he became a noted stagecoach driver. In 1868, he may have been the first anatomically female individual to vote in a presidential election in California. At his death, it was discovered that he was anatomically female, as was the fact that he had given birth at an earlier time.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Charley Parkhurst was born Charlotte Darkey Parkhurst in 1812 in Sharon, Vermont, to Mary (Morehouse) Parkhurst and Ebenezer Parkhurst. Parkhurst had two siblings, Charles D. and Maria. Charles D. was born in 1811 and died in 1813. The mother, Mary, died in 1812. Some time after Charles D. died, Charlotte and Maria were taken to an orphanage in Lebanon, New Hampshire. (Some sources say Charlotte was born there.) They were raised under the care of Mr. Millshark.

paragraph: Parkhurst ran away from the orphanage at age 12. He adopted the name Charley and assumed a more masculine self-presentation. According to one account, Parkhurst soon met Ebenezer Balch, who had a livery stable in Providence, Rhode Island. He took what he thought was an orphaned boy under his care and returned to Rhode Island. Treating Parkhurst like a son, Balch taught him to work as a stable hand and gradually with the horses. He developed an aptitude with horses, and Balch taught him to drive a coach, first with one, then four, and eventually six horses. Parkhurst worked for Balch for several years. He may have gotten to know James E. Birch, who was a younger stagecoach driver in Providence.

paragraph: In 1848, the 21-year-old Birch and his close friend Frank Stevens went to California during the Gold Rush to seek their fortunes. Birch soon began a stagecoach service, starting as a driver with one wagon. He gradually consolidated several small stage lines into the California Stage Company.

paragraph: Seeking other opportunities as well, Parkhurst, in his late 30s, also left for California, sailing on the "R.B. Forbes" from Boston to Panama; travelers had to cross the isthmus overland and pick up other ships on the west coast. In Panama, Parkhurst met John Morton, returning to San Francisco where he owned a drayage business; Morton recruited the driver to work for him. Shortly after reaching California, Parkhurst lost the use of one eye after a kick from a horse, leading to his nickname of "One Eyed Charley" or "Cockeyed Charley".

paragraph: Later Parkhurst went to work for Birch, where he developed a reputation as one of the finest stage coach drivers (a "whip") on the West Coast. This inspired another nickname for him, "Six-Horse Charley." He was ranked with "Foss, Hank Monk and George Gordon" as one of the top drivers of the time. Stagecoach drivers were also nicknamed "Jehus," after a Biblical passage in Kings 9:20: "…and the driving is like the driving of Jehu the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously."

paragraph: Among Parkhurst's routes in northern California were Stockton to Mariposa, "the great stage route" from San Jose to Oakland, and San Juan to Santa Cruz. Stagecoach drivers carried mail as well as passengers, and had to deal with hold-up attempts, bad weather, and perilous, primitive trails. As historian Charles Outland described the era, "It was a dangerous era in a dangerous country, where dangerous conditions were the norm."

paragraph: Seeing that railroads were cutting into the stagecoach business, Parkhurst retired from driving some years later to Watsonville, California. For fifteen years he worked at farming and lumbering in the winter. He also raised chickens in Aptos.

paragraph: He later moved into a small cabin about six miles from Watsonville, and suffered from rheumatism in his later years. Parkhurst died there on December 18, 1879, due to tongue cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous revelation.

paragraph: After Parkhurst died in 1879, neighbors came to the cabin to lay out the body for burial and discovered that his body appeared to be female to them. Rheumatism and cancer of the tongue were listed as causes of death. In addition, the examining doctor established that Parkhurst had given birth at some time. A trunk in the house contained a baby's dress. The "LA Times" reported, "The discovery of her true sex became a local sensation," and was soon carried by national newspapers.

paragraph: The obituary about Parkhurst from the "San Francisco Call" was reprinted in "The New York Times" on January 9, 1880, so the extraordinary driving career and the post-mortem discovery of Parkhurst's assigned sex received national coverage. The headline was: "Thirty Years in Disguise: A Noted Old Californian Stage-Driver Discovered. After Death. To be a Woman."

paragraph: The article noted how unusual it was that Parkhurst could have lived so long with no one discovering his assigned sex, and to "achieve distinction in an occupation above all professions calling for the best physical qualities of nerve, courage, coolness and endurance, and that she should add to them the almost romantic personal bravery that enables one to fight one's way through the ambush of an enemy..." was seen to be almost beyond believing, but there was ample evidence to prove the case.

paragraph: Section::::1868 vote.

paragraph: The "Santa Cruz Sentinel" of October 17, 1868, lists Charles Darkey Parkhurst on the official poll list for the election of 1868. There is no record that Parkhurst actually cast a vote. If he had voted, Parkhurst may have been the first anatomically female individual to vote in a presidential election in California. Local legend and Parkhurst's gravestone claims that Parkhurst was "the first woman to vote in the U.S."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The fire station in Soquel, California, has a plaque reading:

paragraph: The first ballot by a woman in an American presidential election was cast on this site November 3, 1868, by Charlotte (Charley) Parkhurst who masqueraded as a man for much of her life. She was a stagecoach driver in the mother lode country during the gold rush days and shot and killed at least one bandit. In her later years he drove a stagecoach in this area. She died in 1879. Not until then was she found to be female. She is buried in Watsonville at the pioneer cemetery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1955, the Pajaro Valley Historical Association erected a monument at Parkhurst's grave, which reads:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2007, the Santa Cruz County Redevelopment Agency oversaw the completion of the Parkhurst Terrace Apartments, named for the stagecoach driver and located a mile along the old stage route from the place of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Representation in popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Autry National Center of Los Angeles had a series of programs and events, entitled "Out West," from 2009-2010, that included exhibits, lectures, films and other material about homosexual, bisexual and transgender people's contributions to the Old West. Charley/Charlotte Parkhurst was one of the individuals featured in this series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pam Muñoz Ryan wrote a fictionalized biography of Charley Parkhurst's life for children, titled "Riding Freedom" (1999). It is illustrated by Brian Selznick.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fern J. Hill wrote a fictional memoir based on Parkhurst's life, "Charley's Choice: The Life and Times of Charley Parkhurst" (2008).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karen Kondazian wrote a historical fiction novel, "The Whip" (2012), based loosely on the life of Charley Parkhurst.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On March 13, 1958 during the sixth season of the television series "Death Valley Days", the episode "Cockeyed Charlie Parkhurst" aired. It was loosely based on his life. Frank Gerstle played the role of Charley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janice Holt Giles had Charlie Parkhurst as a character in the novel "Six Horse Hitch", a historical fiction novel about stage coaching covering the period from 1859-1869. Published in June 1969 by Houghton Mifflin company.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harris, Gloria G. and Hannah S. Cohen. "Women Trailblazers of California: Pioneers to the Present," The History Press, 2012 (no sources or footnotes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outland, Charles F. "Stagecoaching on El Camino Real", American Trails Series, Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clarke Company, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pryor, Alton. "Fascinating Women in California History", Roseville, California: Stagecoach Publishing, 2003, , self-published (no sources or footnotes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southwick, Albert B. (published 1970 in "Carriage Journal"), republished in "Selected Writings Volume II" (2014) , self-published (no sources or footnotes)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charley Darkey Parkhurst had a secret", "Santa Cruz Sentinel", 8 October 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Strange Life and Times of Charley Parkhurst", "Metro Active"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Survival with Style: The Women of the Santa Cruz Mountains"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New York Times" 1880 Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short radio episode reading news article of the day about Parkhurst, California Legacy Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life and Death of Fearless Stagecoach Driver, Charley Parkhurst", 4 May 2016

description: Californian settler

wikidata_label: Charley Parkhurst

wikipedia_title: Charley Parkhurst


text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: British Army

text: Fort William Henry

text: Seven Years' War

text: French and Indian War

text: Indian

text: James Fenimore Cooper

text: The Last of the Mohicans

text: Clonfin

text: County Longford

text: Ireland

text: George Munro, 1st of Auchinbowie

text: Battle of Dunkeld

text: John Alexander Inglis

text: 35th Regiment of Foot

text: Lieutenant

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Siege of Fort William Henry

text: Marquis de Montcalm

text: General Daniel Webb

text: Fort Edward

text: Albany

text: James Fennimore Cooper

text: The Last of the Mohicans

text: film adaptation

text: Maurice Roëves

text: Magua

text: 1920 silent film

text: James Gordon

text: 1932 version

text: Edward Hearn

text: 1936 version

text: Hugh Buckler

text: 1965 version

text: Paul Muller

text: 1968 version

text: Otto Ambros

text: Assassin's Creed Rogue

text: New York City

text: Templar Order

text: Christopher Gist

text: Shay Patrick Cormac

text: Assassin

text: Albany

text: Biography of Colonel George Monro.

text: Lineage of George Monro

categories: British military personnel of the French and Indian War,Irish officers in the British Army,People from County Longford,35th Regiment of Foot officers,1757 deaths,18th-century Irish people

paragraph: George Monro (British Army officer)

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel George Monro (sometimes spelled 'Munro') (1700 – 1757) was a Scottish-Irish soldier. He was an officer in the British Army best remembered for his resolute but ultimately unsuccessful defence of Fort William Henry in 1757 during the Seven Years' War / French and Indian War and the subsequent massacre of his garrison at the hands of France’s Indian allies. These events were made famous by James Fenimore Cooper in his novel "The Last of the Mohicans" (and subsequent TV/film adaptations).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Monro was born in Clonfin, County Longford, Ireland in about 1700, younger son of George Munro, 1st of Auchinbowie who was famed for his victory at the Battle of Dunkeld in 1689 in Scotland. However, when John Alexander Inglis wrote his history of the Monro of Auchinbowie family in 1911, he had not at that time identified the younger George Monro as a member of the family.

paragraph: Monro joined Otway’s Regiment, the 35th Regiment of Foot, as a Lieutenant in 1718. He appears to have had an unremarkable military career. By 1750, he had been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.

paragraph: Section::::Seven Years War.

paragraph: In 1757, with hostilities renewed between Britain and France, Monro was placed in command of Fort William Henry with 1,500 troops. That summer the Siege of Fort William Henry took place where he was attacked by a French force and their Indian allies, totalling about 8,000 men, under the command of the Marquis de Montcalm. Effectively cut off from the main British force, commanded by General Daniel Webb, the small British garrison stood little chance once the siege started in earnest on 3 August. Monro was forced to open negotiations with Montcalm on 9 August.

paragraph: Munro’s tenacious defence won him generous terms, with the articles of surrender referring to the garrison’s "honourable defence", and Monro was able to negotiate for his troops to be allowed safe passage to Fort Edward, about seventeen miles away. However, it was not to be. As Monro led his garrison from Fort William Henry, Montcalm’s Indian allies attacked without order from Montcalm, leaving approximately 185 dead. Monro actually survived the massacre, but died suddenly just three months later, on 3 November 1757, at Albany.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monro is portrayed as Colonel Munro in James Fennimore Cooper's story "The Last of the Mohicans", in which he is the father of two daughters, Alice and Cora. In the story, he plays a similar role as he did in history, leading the defense of Fort William Henry. In the 1992 film adaptation, he is portrayed by Scottish actor Maurice Roëves, in which he is portrayed as being killed in the massacre by Montcalm's Indian allies, the leader of whom (Magua) cuts his heart out as revenge for Monro killing his family. He is also portrayed in the 1920 silent film by James Gordon, in the 1932 version by Edward Hearn, in the 1936 version by Hugh Buckler and in the 1965 version by Paul Muller and in the 1968 version by Otto Ambros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monro is also portrayed as a supporting character in the 2014 action-adventure video game "Assassin's Creed Rogue". He is shown to be a noble character, seeking to help the people of New York City recover from the gang violence and the disrepair of the city. He is a member of the Templar Order and assists Christopher Gist and the protagonist Shay Patrick Cormac until he is killed by Assassin Liam O'Brien in Albany after the fall of Fort William Henry. He is voiced by Graham J. Cuthbertson.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Colonel George Monro.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Col. Monro and the Siege of Fort William Henry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lineage of George Monro

description: British Army officer

wikidata_label: George Monro

wikipedia_title: George Monro (British Army officer)


text: Eger

text: Budapest

text: wrestling

text: Jew

text: Jewish

text: Nazi Olympics

text: Wolfgang Ehrl

text: 1932 Summer Olympics

text: Los Angeles

text: Amsterdam Games

text: Einstein

text: International Olympic Committee

text: Juan Antonio Samaranch

text: Olympic Order

text: antisemitic

text: Holocaust

text: forced labor camp

text: Nadvirna

text: Attila Petschauer

text: List of select Jewish wrestlers

text: a site about Jewish sportsmen

text: on a site of sports

categories: People from Eger,Olympic silver medalists for Hungary,Hungarian male sport wrestlers,Hungarian Jews,1996 deaths,Wrestlers at the 1932 Summer Olympics,Hungarian wrestlers,People condemned by Nazi courts,Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics,Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for Hungary,Recipients of the Olympic Order,1906 births,Jewish wrestlers,Olympic medalists in wrestling,Olympic wrestlers of Hungary,Wrestlers at the 1928 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Károly Kárpáti

paragraph: Károly Kárpáti (also Károly Kellner, born July 2, 1906 in Eger – September 23, 1996 in Budapest) was a Hungarian Olympic wrestling champion of Jewish heritage.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Károly Kárpáti was born on July 2, 1906 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He won a gold medal in 1936 in the Lightweight Freestyle class. The Jewish wrestler's victory in the Berlin 1936 Nazi Olympics provided special significance, because it came at the expense of Germany's vaunted titleholder, Wolfgang Ehrl. He was one of a number of Jewish athletes who won medals at the Nazi Olympics in Berlin in 1936.

paragraph: Kárpáti won a silver medal in the Lightweight Freestyle class at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In 1928 at the Amsterdam Games, he finished fourth in the same weight class.

paragraph: Kárpáti was Hungary's first "freestyle" wrestler, winning his first Hungarian National Junior title in 1925. He went on to win ten Hungarian National Championships, as well as European Lightweight wrestling crowns in 1927, 1929, 1930, and 1935. He also won one silver and two bronze medals in European Championships competitions during the years in between.

paragraph: Kárpáti was a Hungarian wrestling master trainer-coach and Olympics coach for many years. He authored six books on the sport of wrestling.

paragraph: The Hungarian champion listed among his hobbies Einstein's Theory of Relativity. In 1982, International Olympic Committee President Juan Antonio Samaranch presented the bronze medal of the Olympic Order to Kárpáti for his lifelong work with youth in sports education.

paragraph: Section::::The Holocaust.

paragraph: During the years of the Second World War and worsening of the antisemitic policy in Hungary, and the Holocaust, as an Olympic Champion Kárpáti was initially exempt from forced labor camp service or concentration camps to which Jews were sent. Ultimately, however, he was arrested and sent to work on a labor crew in Nadvirna, Poland and in Western Ukraine. He there saw the killing of a fellow inmate, Olympic champion fencer Attila Petschauer, and later recalled: “The guards shouted: ‘You, Olympic fencing medal winner . . . let’s see how you can climb trees.’ It was midwinter and bitter cold, but they ordered him to undress, then climb a tree. The amused guards ordered him to crow like a rooster, and sprayed him with water. Frozen from the water, he died shortly after.”

paragraph: For the rest of the war he succeeded in hiding in the Banki woods and in Pest with family and friends. Kárpáti died in 1996 at age 90.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of select Jewish wrestlers

paragraph: Section::::Sources and external links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- on site of Hungarian wrestling with pictures of the sportsman

paragraph: BULLET::::- on the site of the Jewish Sports hall of fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- a site about Jewish sportsmen

paragraph: BULLET::::- on a site of sports

description: Olympic wrestler

wikidata_label: Károly Kárpáti

wikipedia_title: Károly Kárpáti


href: Ancient%20Egypt 18th%20dynasty Pharaoh Amenhotep%20III Great%20Royal%20Wife Tiye Akhenaten Aten Amarna%20Tomb%201 Huya%20%28Noble%29 Tiye Amarna Pharaoh Akhenaten Nefertiti Akhenaten Amenhotep%20III Tiye Nebetah Kiya Meritaten Ankhesenpaaten Meritaten%20Tasherit Ankhesenpaaten%20Tasherit Amarna Nefertiti Akhenaten Kiya Tiye Ramesses%20II Akhenaten Smenkhkare Tutankhamen Ay Horemheb Mika%20Waltari The%20Egyptian The%20Egyptian%20%28film%29 Horemheb Bastet

text:
Ancient Egypt
18th dynasty
Pharaoh
Amenhotep III
Great Royal Wife
Tiye
Akhenaten
Aten
the tomb
Huya
Tiye
Amarna
Pharaoh
Akhenaten
Nefertiti
Akhenaten
Amenhotep III
Tiye
Nebetah
Kiya
Meritaten
Ankhesenpaaten
Meritaten Tasherit
Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit
Amarna
Nefertiti
Akhenaten
Kiya
Tiye
Ramesses II
Akhenaten
Smenkhkare
Tutankhamen
Ay
Horemheb
Mika Waltari
The Egyptian
the movie
Horemheb
Bast

categories: 14th-century BC women,Princesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,Amarna Period

paragraph: Beketaten

paragraph: Beketaten (14th century BCE) was an Ancient Egyptian princess of the 18th dynasty. Beketaten is considered to be the youngest daughter of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his Great Royal Wife Tiye, thus the sister of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Her name means "Handmaid of Aten".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Beketaten is mainly known from the tomb of Huya, the steward of Queen Tiye in Amarna.

paragraph: Beketaten is shown with Queen Tiye in two separate banquet scenes. Queen Tiye is shown seated opposite Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti. In one scene Beketaten is shown seated on a small chair next to her mother Tiye, and in the other banquet scene Beketaten is shown standing next to Tiye. On the east wall of Huya's tomb Akhenaten is shown leading his mother Tiye to a temple. They are accompanied by Beketaten as they enter the temple.

paragraph: The lintel on the North Wall shows a depiction of the two royal families. On the right side Amenhotep III is shown seated opposite Queen Tiye who is accompanied by the princess Beketaten. Three female attendants are shown behind Tiye.

paragraph: Section::::Proposed alternative identities.

paragraph: Beketaten's only known title is "King's Daughter of his Body." It is likely that she died young since she is not mentioned in the historical records after Queen Tiye's death. Some scholars have speculated that Nebetah, Amenhotep III's youngest daughter, was identical with Beketaten. However, no evidence proves that they are the same person.

paragraph: According to one theory Beketaten was in fact a daughter of Akhenaten and his secondary wife Kiya. She may be identical with the princess who is shown with Kiya, whose name ends in "-aten" but whose full name was lost. After Kiya's demise her depictions were re-carved to show Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten with their daughters Meritaten Tasherit and Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit (who might have been fictional and made up to fill the place of Kiya's child on these depictions). This theory is partially based on the fact that Beketaten was never named king's sister in the scenes from Amarna, but only king's bodily daughter. She never appears alongside the daughters of Nefertiti, leading to the conjecture that she must be the daughter of Akhenaten by another wife who may be Kiya. After the death of her mother, Beketaten may have been raised by her grandmother Tiye. A wine docket mentioning Beketaten dates to year 13 and it has been proposed that she inherited Kiya's estates after her death.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.:Amarnan Kings series.

paragraph: Beketaten is the central character in a series of five historical novels written by Max Overton and published by Writers Exchange E-Publishing. The novels follow the life of Beketaten from early childhood through to the end of her life in the reign of Ramesses II. The five books cover her life during the reigns of Akhenaten (Scarab-Akhenaten), Smenkhkare (Scarab-Smenkhkare), Tutankhamen (Scarab-Tutankhamen), Ay (Scarab-Ay), and Horemheb (Scarab-Horemheb). A sixth novel in the series is set in 1960s Egypt and deals with the discovery of Beketaten's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.:The Egyptian.

paragraph: Beketaten is featured as a secondary character in Mika Waltari's novel "The Egyptian", going under the name Baketaton (and named Bakethamun in the movie). In the novel, she is wed to Horemheb, Egypt's warlord, though of common blood, who has desired her (and her royal bloodline) since youth. However, she resents being touched by a simple commoner, and makes good on her promise that if he ever touches her again, she will lie with every man in Thebes, starting a rumor she is the incarnation of the goddess Bast.

description: ancient Egyptian princess

wikidata_label: Beketaten

wikipedia_title: Beketaten


text: High Point, North Carolina

text: Lubbock, Texas

text: Texas Tech University

text: Israel

text: Zionism

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: Juris Doctor

text: Aharon Megged

text: Ha’aretz

text: Davar

text: "Rustic Sunset and Other Stories"

text: Yitzhak Ben Ner

text: Simon Halkin

text: Austin, Texas

text: Potomac, Maryland

text: Federal Communications Commission

text: low-power broadcasting

text: Whitehill Trade Services

text: urea-formaldehyde

text: United States

text: Israel

text: China

text: Saul Tchernikhovsky

text: Commentary Magazine

text: Michael Weingrad

text: "After the Silence" at text.org.il

text: Contemporary Lawyer Poets

text: Strangers to Us All: Lawyers and Poetry

categories: Living people,1947 births,Hebrew-language poets

paragraph: Robert Whitehill (Hebrew poet)

paragraph: Robert Whitehill is an American Hebrew poet.

paragraph: Robert Whitehill was born in 1947 in High Point, North Carolina, and grew up in Lubbock, Texas, where he attended Texas Tech University. Although he was raised with little Jewish identity, Whitehill was fascinated by Israel and Zionism. Starting at the age of 15, Whitehill studied Hebrew using self-help books and vinyl records, then found his first Hebrew conversational partner in a fellow Texas Tech student—an Israeli Arab. At age 21, Whitehill made his first trip to Israel, where he enrolled in a two-month intensive Hebrew course. Upon his return, Whitehill enrolled at University of Texas at Austin, where he received a Juris Doctor as well as a master's degree in English literature. He met his future wife, Susan Lilly, at the University, and married her in 1978.

paragraph: During the 1970s, Whitehill wrote his first Hebrew poem, which was accepted by the now-defunct Hebrew periodical "Hadoar". Whitehill entered into correspondence with Israeli author and playwright Aharon Megged and translated several of Megged's novels into English. Although "Hadoar" rejected his later poems, Megged helped Whitehill to get his work published in the Israeli daily newspapers Ha’aretz and Davar. In 1976, Whitehill translated his first book, the collection "Rustic Sunset and Other Stories" by Israeli screenplay writer and journalist Yitzhak Ben Ner. With the help of Israeli poet Simon Halkin, Israeli lyricist Yossi Gamzu, and Aharon Megged, Whitehill wrote his first poetry collection entitled "Orvim Humim" ("Brown Crows"). It was published in Israel in 1977. Whitehill's second collection, "Efes Makom" ("No Place"), was published in Israel in 1981.

paragraph: In 1983, Whitehill and his family (Lilly and their two young sons) moved from Austin, Texas to the Washington, DC suburb of Potomac, Maryland. In 1985 and 1988, Whitehill and Lilly had two more children, both daughters. In the DC area, Whitehill worked for the Federal Communications Commission, in the low-power broadcasting regulation division. In 1990, Whitehill started his own import-export company, Whitehill Trade Services, which primarily traded glassware, electronics, and urea-formaldehyde between the United States, Israel, and China.

paragraph: In the 1980s, the work of Hebrew poet Saul Tchernikhovsky convinced Whitehill that he was wasting his time. The worst of Tchernikhovsky's works, he believed, was better than his own best poems. Discouraged, Whitehill stopped publishing his poetry. A decade later, Whitehill revisited his Hebrew poetry and determined that he had been too hard on himself. He began work on a new collection of poems, some of which were published in Israeli literary journals. In March 2006, "Commentary Magazine" published an article by Michael Weingrad, titled "The Last of the (Hebrew) Mohicans." Weingrad's article discussed Whitehill's growing poetry collection and the Texan’s anomalous maturation into a Hebrew poet. The article distinguished Whitehill as "probably the only non-Israeli publishing fine Hebrew poetry today."

paragraph: Whitehill's third book, "After the Silence", was published by Carmel Publishing Company, Jerusalem, in June 2007. A fourth book, "Tap Dancing Through Black Holes," was published by Hakibutz Hameuhad Publishing Company, in January 2014.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weingrad, Michael. "The Last of the (Hebrew) Mohicans." "Commentary" March 2006: 45-50.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weingrad, Michael. AMERICAN HEBREW LITERATURE. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011, pages 248-258.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabin, Elliott. Interview with Robert Whitehill-Bashan. http://www.ravsak.org/news/469/163/From-Deep-in-the-Heart-of-Texas/d,HaYidion#.U2ZfB_ldXJI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weingrad, Michael. Review of TAP DANCING THROUGH BLACK HOLES. http://investigationsandfantasies.com/2014/03/19/tap-dancing-through-black-holes/

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "After the Silence" at text.org.il

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary Lawyer Poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strangers to Us All: Lawyers and Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last of the (Hebrew) Mohicans" abstract

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern Hebrew Literature - a Bio-Bibliographical Lexicon," compiled by Joseph Galron-Goldschläger

description: American poet

wikidata_label: Robert Whitehill

wikipedia_title: Robert Whitehill (Hebrew poet)


text: GC

text: train driver

text: British Railways

text: Barbridge

text: Wheelock Heath

text: Sandbach

text: Crewe

text: firebox

text: BR Standard Class 7

text: Fireman

text: regulator

text: blower

text: brake

text: burns

text: morphine

text: St. Matthew's Church, Haslington

text: George Cross

text: Carnegie Hero Medal

text: Class 86

text: electric locomotive

text: National Railway Museum

text: GC awards to Railwaymen

text: George Cross database entry

categories: 1932 births,British recipients of the George Cross,People from Sandbach,Railroad engineers,Rail transport in Cheshire,1965 deaths,Railway accident deaths in England

paragraph: Wally Oakes

paragraph: Wallace Arnold Oakes GC (23 April 1932 – 12 June 1965), known as Wally Oakes, was a train driver with British Railways who was born in Barbridge, Cheshire and lived at Wheelock Heath, Sandbach, Cheshire.

paragraph: Section::::1965 train accident.

paragraph: On 5 June 1965 he was the driver in charge of a relief train when at about seven miles from Crewe the fire suddenly blew back from the firebox of a BR Standard Class 7 steam locomotive No. 70051 "Firth Of Forth", filling the cab with smoke and flames. Fireman Gwilym Roberts managed to climb out of the cab window and extinguish his clothing by rubbing against the plating, but Oakes stayed at the footplate to close the regulator, open the blower, and apply the brake.

paragraph: Roberts found his mate lying on the embankment next to the train, badly burned, but evidently having remained in the cab until the train stopped. Oakes suffered burns to approximately 80% of his body. The pain was such that he had to be suspended above his hospital bed and given large doses of morphine. A week after the accident, he died from his injuries.

paragraph: Oakes was buried in an unmarked grave in St. Matthew's Church, Haslington, Cheshire. On 1 February 2018, a headstone was dedicated. It had been paid for by a group of railwaymen and donors to an appeal launched by "Heritage Railway" magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: For his gallantry in ensuring the safety of his passengers, Oakes was posthumously awarded the George Cross on 19 October 1965.

paragraph: In February 1966 Oakes was also awarded a bronze Carnegie Hero Medal.

paragraph: On 19 February 1981, Class 86 electric locomotive no. 86260 was named "Driver Wallace Oakes GC". A memorial plaque in the offices above Crewe station reads:

paragraph: In September 2017, the National Railway Museum purchased Oakes's George Cross at auction for £60,000. It will be displayed at the museum.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GC awards to Railwaymen

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Cross database entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- This is Cheshire: Plea For Train Hero's Medal

description: Railwayman awarded the George Cross

wikidata_label: Wally Oakes

wikipedia_title: Wally Oakes