text: mixed-media

text: photographer

text: Los Angeles

text: Miami

text: London

text: Facebook

text: Facebook

text: Facebook

text: Gregory Siff

text: Mar

text: Lab Art Gallery

text: Forbes

text: Beverly Hills Lifestyle Magazine

text: Yahoo.com

text: light painting photography

text: Above the Radar, Crewest Gallery, Los Angeles, April 2nd, 2011

text: Rise Japan, Arc gallery, San Francisco, April 7th, 2011

text: Street Heart, The Fold, Los Angeles, April 22nd, 2011

text: Friendly Fire, Le Spec Gallery, Los Angeles, July 9th, 2011

text: 80/20, LA Canvas Headquarters, Los Angeles, October 20th, 2011

text: Act Social, Active Ride Shop, Santa Monica, May 11th, 2012

text: One Love, Woven Accents, West Hollywood, February 13, 2014

text: Art Basel House, Art Basel, Miami, Florida, December 2, 2014

text: 2wenty Facebook Page

categories: Mixed-media artists,People from Los Angeles,Photographers from California,Living people

paragraph: 2wenty is an American mixed-media artist and photographer from Los Angeles. He is known for using light as the central theme in his work. 2wenty comes from a background in lighting television and film which gives him an intimate understanding of how light works. The sources of light he utilizes for his light paintings are handmade, as well as creating the LED paintings by hand. His works can be viewed both nationally and internationally in Los Angeles, Miami, and London.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.

paragraph: 2wenty first emerged in 2011, when his "Facebook Social Cigarettes" posters started appearing in technology blogs all over the internet and on the streets of Los Angeles and San Francisco. The posters featured a pack of cigarettes with the Facebook logo and a tag that read, "Social Cigarettes." He created over one hundred of the posters, comparing Facebook consumption with that of "cancer sticks." 2wenty also created three-dimensional versions of the posters, complete with a surgeon general warning, "Facebook may cause loss of time, poor work ethic, obesity, social disorder and possible interference of destiny. Use at your own risk."

paragraph: 2wenty has had multiple collaborations with fellow aritst, Gregory Siff, in addition to "This Means Mar". In December 2013, 2wenty was invited by Mar to show and create one of his "signature" light paintings at his solo show 'I Crave Love', which was held at Lab Art Gallery in Los Angeles.

paragraph: His works have been exhibited in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington D.C. and at Miami's Art Basel. He has been featured in Forbes, Beverly Hills Lifestyle Magazine, LA Canvas, Leveled Magazine, Melrose and Fairfax, Gawker and as background themes for the, "My Yahoo", main page on Yahoo.com.

paragraph: Section::::Photography.

paragraph: 2wenty expands his oeuvre into light painting photography. Through long exposures, the camera captures not only the subject, but also the source of light the artist moves across his "canvas". Within these detailed images," There is a depth and other worldliness that records both place and passage of time", says 2wenty.

paragraph: Section::::Art exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sketch for Japan,Project 1 Gallery, San Francisco, March 21st, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Above the Radar, Crewest Gallery, Los Angeles, April 2nd, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rise Japan, Arc gallery, San Francisco, April 7th, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Street Heart, The Fold, Los Angeles, April 22nd, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Graffiti is to New York - Street Art is to Los Angeles", Maximillian at Sunset Marque, Hollywood, May 28th, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friendly Fire, Le Spec Gallery, Los Angeles, July 9th, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 80/20, LA Canvas Headquarters, Los Angeles, October 20th, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Above the Radar II, The Fridge, Washington DC, November 5th, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- G by Gregory Siff (collaboration), LA Founderie, Los Angeles, November 11th, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Urban Voices, Maximillian at Sunset Marque, Hollywood, March 31st, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venice Art Walk & Auctions, Bergamot Station, Santa Monica, April 27th, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Act Social, Active Ride Shop, Santa Monica, May 11th, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denim Canvas, The Standard Hollywood, Los Angeles, June 15th, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matter of Time by Gregory Siff (collaboration), Gallery Brown, West Hollywood, October 20th, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art of Elysium and Christie's, Pieces of Heaven, (featured in the live auction by Chrisite's), Los Angeles, February 20th, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Bull Canvas Cooler, Factory West, Hollywood, March 28th, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donuts with Dawn Kasper, For Your Art in Conjunction with LACMA, Hollywood, April 20th, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canvas Streets, Destroy, Rebuild, Repeat Gallery, Santa Monica, April 27th, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Between Paint and Light, 2wenty X Gregory Siff, Loakal Gallery, Oakland, May 3rd, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- American All Stars, Gallery Brown, West Hollywood, May 18th, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venice Art Walk and Auctions Surf and Skate, Robert Berman Gallery @ Bergamot Station, Santa Monica, August 29th, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urban Influences in Contemporary Art, Ian Ross Gallery, San Francisco, September 27th, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wish, Group Exhibition, The Gabba Gallery, Los Angeles, November 16, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- One Love, Woven Accents, West Hollywood, February 13, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pieces of Heaven By Art of Elysium, Siren Studios, Los Angeles, February 26, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thanks For the Memories, Solo Show, Gallery Brown, Los Angeles, May 17, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surf & Skate Auctioin, Robert Berman Gallery, Bergamot Station, Santa Monica, August 28, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skate & Create, Flower Pepper Gallery, Pasadena, August 30, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everyone Pays, Stone Malone Gallery, West Hollywood, October 3, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Basel House, Art Basel, Miami, Florida, December 2, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drawbridge: Art Program For Homeless Children, Zener Schan Gallery, Mill Valley, CA, December 11, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pieces of Heaven by Art of Elysium, Mama Gallery, Downtown Los Angeles, February 17, 2015

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2wenty Facebook Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of One Photographer's Trippy and Stunning 'Light Paintings', LAist, July 2014

description: American artist


text:
Physician
Professor
Anatomy
Cullen
Brown
Mondovì
Rhetoric
Philosophy
University of Turin
Napoleon
Alps
Inspector
Padua
physiological
pathology
neurology
Accademia delle Scienze di Torino
reader.digitale
cisui.unibo.it

categories: 19th-century Italian physicians,19th-century Italian writers,1754 births,People from the Kingdom of Sardinia,Italian anatomists,18th-century Italian physicians,1836 deaths,People from Mondovì

paragraph: Francesco Canaveri

paragraph: Francesco Antonio Canaveri (1753-1836) was an Italian Physician and Professor of Anatomy. He was a tenacious opponent of the doctrines of Cullen and Brown

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francesco Canaveri was born in 1753 in Mondovì, Italy, son of a distinguished family of Piedmontese patricians. After finishing high school, he began his studies in Rhetoric and Philosophy in the University of Turin. In 1788, he was elected to the post of prefect in the Turin School of Medicine

paragraph: In 1796 Canaveri became professor of materia medica and anatomy of the Università degli Studi di Torino. In 1799 during the Napoleonic occupation of Piedmont, Canaveri had been chosen to lead medical schools beyond the Alps. Between 1800-1814 he was appointed Inspector of the medical schools.

paragraph: In 1807, Canaveri sent to Padua a work on physiological observations, and for the year 1815, another paper on the usefulness of physiological notions for pathology and practical medicine. He also had made some writings in medical neurology. He was the author of several popular works in this matter, including "De vitalitatis oeconomia" (1801), "Saggio sopra il dolore: dissertazione" (1803), "Analyse et réfutation des élémens de médecine du D. J. Brown" (1805) and "Neuronomia", (1836) published after his death.

paragraph: Francesco Canaveri maintained friendship ties with notable personalities of science such as Francesco Rossi and , members of the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. He died in February, 1836 in Turin at the age of 82 years.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- reader.digitale

paragraph: BULLET::::- cisui.unibo.it

description: Italian physician and professor

wikidata_label: Francesco Canaveri

wikipedia_title: Francesco Canaveri


text: Croatian

text: paintings

text: Dalmatia

text: Dubrovnik

text: Academy of Fine Arts in Munich

text: historical events

text: Zagreb

text: Vlaho Bukovac

text: Croatian Institute of History

text: Pelješac

text: still life

text: seascapes

text: landscapes

text: Kuna

text: Pelješac

text: Franciscan

text: Dubrovnik

text: Rome

text: Nazarene painters

text: Lodovico Seitz

text: fresco

text: Cathedral of Đakovo

text: Giuseppe Grandi

text: Antonio Ciseri

text: Florence

text: Emil Jakob Schindler

text: Academy of Arts in Munich

text: historical genre paintings

text: Karl von Piloty

text: Franjo Rački

text: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts

text: Vlaho Bukovac

text: Križevci

text: Požega

text: Nova Gradiška

text: Oton Iveković

text: Budapest

text: Copenhagen

text: Paris

text: Prague

text: Belgrade

text: Sofia

text: First World War

text: Sarajevo

text: Fucecchio

text: Faenza

text: Cesena

text: pointillism

text: Pašman

text: Baška

text: Krk

text: Vrboska

text: Hvar

text: Gallery of Fine Arts, Split

text: Modern Gallery, Zagreb

categories: 1857 births,1920 deaths,19th-century painters of historical subjects,19th-century Croatian painters,Croatian landscape painters,Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni,People from Orebić,People from the Kingdom of Dalmatia

paragraph: Mato Celestin Medović

paragraph: Mato Celestin Medović (birth name Mato Medović; 17 November 1857 – 20 January 1920) was a Croatian painter. Best known for his large paintings depicting historical scenes, and his series of colourful landscapes and seascapes of his native Dalmatia, Medović is one of the earliest modern Croatian painters.

paragraph: In his youth Medović was schooled to become a priest in the Franciscan Seminary in Dubrovnik, and was ordained in 1874, taking the name of Celestin. He received his first art training in Italy, and went on to study at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he began painting artistic impressions of historical events. Following graduation he decided to leave the church and pursue his painting career. Medović then moved to Zagreb and joined a group of artists led by Vlaho Bukovac, a renowned painter. His work from this period includes historical depictions at the building of the Croatian Institute of History (). Since 1901 Medović increasingly began to spend time on his native Pelješac in southern Croatia, painting nature, still lifes, seascapes and landscapes in a style marked by his use of colour and light shadows.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mato Medović was born on 17 November 1857 in Kuna on the Pelješac peninsula into a peasant family. Young Mato got his first education at a nearby Franciscan monastery dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto (Delorita). In 1868, at the age of 11 he joined the Franciscan seminary in Dubrovnik, where he took his vows in 1874, taking the name of Celestin. The artistic talent of the young monk was noticed by Abbot Portoguaro Bernardino, on a visit from Rome. So in 1880, Medović was placed in the monastery of St Isidoro in Rome, known for its Nazarene painters. He was assigned to Lodovico Seitz, an influential artist who painted the frescoes in the Cathedral of Đakovo. However, the rigid and outdated artistic style did not suit Medović, and he looked for a different teacher in Giuseppe Grandi, then in the private school of Antonio Ciseri in Florence.

paragraph: In 1886, the Franciscan order sent him back to Dubrovnik. However, at the urging of the painter Emil Jakob Schindler, he was sent to continue his studies at the Academy of Arts in Munich. There Medović studied historical genre paintings, particularly the work of Karl von Piloty. He composed large canvases of historical scenes, winning a silver medal in 1893 for his final diploma work "Bacchanal" (), and successfully exhibited his work in several European cities.

paragraph: On his return to Dubrovnik in 1893, there seemed no possibility for further artistic progress. Dr Franjo Rački (a founder member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) and Dr Iso Kršnjav (head of the Department of Culture ()) invited him to Zagreb to join the group of artists around Vlaho Bukovac, a Dubrovnik artist who had recently left Paris and settled in Zagreb. So in 1895 Medović left the Franciscan order and set up a studio in Zagreb. During his stay there (1895–1907) he painted many religious works in northern Croatian churches (Križevci, Požega, Nova Gradiška) and historical compositions based on Croatian history, most notably those in the Golden Hall () of the Institute of History in Zagreb. Medović also painted a series of portraits of Zagreb people using fragmented lines, soft contours and vibrant colours.

paragraph: In 1898, Medović had a house and studio built in Kuna, and a villa on the coast at Crkvice. He began to spend increasing amounts of time there, painting nature. In 1901, he held a group exhibit with Oton Iveković, in which he presented his entire Zagreb works. Until 1907 Medović was kept busy with government works in Zagreb and exhibited with other Croatian artists in Budapest, Copenhagen, Paris, Prague, Belgrade, Sofia and Zagreb.

paragraph: After 1908, Medović gave up his Zagreb studio entirely and remained on the Pelješac peninsula, living alone and painting. His subjects were taken from the nature around him, still lifes of fruit and fish, seascapes, and landscapes, filled with colour, light and soft shadows. His seascapes are studies of light playing on the open sea, breaking waves or a moonlit night.

paragraph: After a few years Medović grew tired of the isolation from other artists, and for a short time worked in Vienna (1912–1914). In 1914 he held an exhibition, where he sold all his paintings. At the start of the First World War he again went back to Kuna where the harsh living conditions took their toll on his health. By the end of the war Medović was suffering from renal disease and in late December 1919 he sought help at a hospital in Sarajevo, but too late. He died on 20 January 1920, and was laid to rest in the cemetery in Kuna.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Medović's time in Italy did not leave a lasting impression his work. His paintings from the time can be found in a few Franciscan monasteries, for example Fucecchio, Faenza, and Cesena.

paragraph: His years spent at the Academy of Art in Munich (1888–1893) were more formative. There he adopted the style and neutral colors typical of the late 19th century. Some very well preserved portraits ("Mother" (), "Old Fisherman" (), "Portrait of an old man" ()) are impressive studies of elderly people. A few paintings of saints, for example "St. Bonaventura", painted during this period, all reveal a high quality realistic interpretation.

paragraph: During his time in Zagreb (1895–1907), Medović gradually absorbed some of Bukovac's techniques and brighter colours into his own artistic personality. His large historical compositions, "Srijemski Martyr" ()", "Split Parliament" (), "Arrival of the Croats" (), "Betrothal of King Zvonimir" (), and "The Coronation of King Ladislas" () demonstrate Medović's eye for detail and his skillful interpretation of the subject. Portraits from this time include the expressive "St. Francis", and some drawings and paintings of the people of Zagreb.

paragraph: Medović's work on the Pelješac peninsula marked a complete departure in technique and themes. He painted still lifes, seascapes, and landscapes, which were new genres in Croatian art at the time. His palette became lighter and brighter as he worked outdoors: browns, greys and dull greens became purer, and were joined the purple of heather, the yellow of broom, and the rich array of blues of the sea. Abandoning his previously detailed style, his smaller studies from nature are more creative. With thick impasto and impulsive brush strokes, around 1907 a new style emerged in his work – pointillism in a light, bright colours, that he used for his landscapes of Pelješac. Initially (1908–1912), these were disciplined strokes on larger canvases, but in his later (1914–1918), smaller paintings with impressionistically captured motifs, the strokes became softer and more diffuse colours. He was one of the first Croatian artists to paint the coastal landscapes, and it dominated his work after the turn of the century.

paragraph: Medović was a versatile artist, among the first generation of modern Croatian painters. He was the leader in historical and religious paintings (from intimate images of saints to altarpieces such as those on the island of Pašman, the town of Baška on the island of Krk, and Vrboska on the island of Hvar). He painted some fine portraits, and Medović was the only Croatian artist in this period painting still lifes. However, his major contribution to Croatian painting is his series of landscapes, full of bright southern light and vigorous colours.

paragraph: His hometown of Kuna now hosts an art colony, and art gallery in his name - KUD Mato Celestin Medović.

paragraph: Medovic's painting of "Pelješko - korčulanski kanal", 1908-1912 appeared on a Croatian Post Office stamp in 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Munich paintings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother ("Portret Majka") 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old Fisherman ("Stari ribar")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of an old man ("Portret starca")

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Bonaventura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bacchanal ("Bakanal") 1890

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Zagreb paintings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Split Parliament ("Splitski sabor")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arrival of the Croats ("Dolazak Hrvata"),

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Coronation of Ladislas of Naples ("Krunjenje Ladislava Napuljskog")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Betrothal of King Zvonimir ("Zaruke kralja Zvonimira")

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Srijem Martyrs ("Srijemski mučenici")

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Jeronim 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madonna ("Bogorodica") 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Francis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of Clotilde Guthardt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of middle-aged woman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of Archbishop Posilovic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of Pope Pius X

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Pelješac paintings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dead Calm Sea ("Bonaca")

paragraph: BULLET::::- After Spring Rains ("Poslije proljetne kiše")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pelješac Korčula Canal("Pelješko Korčulanski Kanal") 1908-12

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moonlight ("Mjesečina")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heather ("Vrijes") 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landscape ("Pejzaž")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fields ("Polje")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heather ("Vrijes")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still Life ("Mrtva Priroda")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Grobnik Plain ("Bitka Na Grobničkom Polju")

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Mato Celestin Medović: Works from the Gallery's permanent collection Gallery of Fine Arts, Split ("Galerija Umjetnina Split")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007/2008 MATO CELESTIN MEDOVIĆ: An exhibition marking the 150th anniversary of his birth. From the holdings of the Museum of Modern Art, Dubrovnik

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Zagreb - Munich: Croatian Painting and the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, Art Pavilion Zagreb, Zagreb ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 From the Gallery Collection, Museum of Modern Art, Dubrovnik

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Selection from the Museum of Modern Art Dubrovnik Collection, Museum of Modern Art, Dubrovnik

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1896 Millennial Exhibition in Budapest

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Museum collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gallery, Zagreb

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallery of Fine Arts, Split ("Galerija Umjetnina Split")

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vera Kružić Uchytil:"Mato Celestin Medović", Monograph, colour photographs Mitja Koman; black and white photographs Ivica Buzjak, Mitja Koman, Mladen Grčević, published 1978 by Grafički zavod Hrvatske in Zagreb. (Croatian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zdenko Rus: "Medović, Celestin Mato", in: "The Dictionary of Art", hrsg. v. Jane Turner, Band 21, 1996. ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallerija Remek-djela Online Exhibit Mato Celestin Medović

alias:
Celestin Mato Medovic
Celestin Mato Medović

description: Croatian painter

wikidata_label: Mato Celestin Medović

wikipedia_title: Mato Celestin Medović


text: Italian

text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: cardinalate

text: Soriano

text: doctorate in theology

text: English

text: French

text: Greek

text: Spanish

text: Ordained

text: priesthood

text: philosophy

text: Rome

text: Vatican Secretariat of State

text: Secretary

text: Oriental

text: First Vatican Council

text: canon

text: Liberian Basilica

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Archivist

text: Pope Pius IX

text: general chapter

text: Armenian

text: Mechitarists

text: Venice

text: Domestic Prelate of His Holiness

text: Undersecretary

text: of State

text: Oriental rites

text: Assessor

text: Titular Archbishop of Damascus

text: Pope Leo XIII

text: episcopal consecration

text: Raffaele Monaco La Valletta

text: Nuncio

text: Spain

text: Cardinal Priest

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: consistory

text: Prefect

text: Sacred Congregation of Rites

text: papal conclave of 1903

text: Pope Pius X

text: church

text: San Carlo ai Catinari

text: Campo Verano

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

categories: 1909 deaths,Italian cardinals,1833 births,19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops

paragraph: Serafino Cretoni

paragraph: Serafino Cretoni (4 September 1833 – 3 February 1909) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1903 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Serafino Cretoni was born in Soriano, and studied at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare, where he obtained his doctorate in theology. He also studied and was fluent in English, French, Greek, and Spanish. Ordained to the priesthood in 1857, Cretoni then taught philosophy at the Pontifical Urban Athenaeum of "Propaganda Fide" in Rome. He also served as Vice-Substitute of the Vatican Secretariat of State, and as Secretary of the commission for Oriental affairs at the First Vatican Council (1869–1870).

paragraph: Cretoni was named a canon of the Liberian Basilica and of St. Peter's Basilica before becoming Archivist of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. In 1877, he was sent by Pope Pius IX to attend the general chapter of the Armenian Mechitarists in Venice. Cretoni was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 21 May 1878, and made Undersecretary of State on 19 September 1879. He later became Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, in the section of Oriental rites, on 16 November 1880 and Assessor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office on 20 March 1889.

paragraph: On 16 January 1893 Simeoni was appointed Titular Archbishop of Damascus by Pope Leo XIII, receiving his episcopal consecration on the following 5 February from Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta. Simeoni was named Nuncio to Spain on 9 May that year, and created Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva by Pope Leo in the consistory of 22 June 1896.

paragraph: From 19 April 1900 to 15 April 1901 he served as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He was appointed Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and Relics on 23 October 1900 and of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 7 January 1903. He also participated in the papal conclave of 1903, which selected Pope Pius X.

paragraph: Cardinal Cretoni died in Rome, at the age of 75. After lying in state in the church of "San Carlo ai Catinari", he was buried at the Campo Verano cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Serafino Cretoni

wikipedia_title: Serafino Cretoni


text:
French
prelate
Roman Catholic Church
Bishop of Orléans
cardinal
Soliers
Seminary
Saint-Sulpice
Paris
ordained
priesthood
pastoral
Archdiocese of Besançon
Bishop of Orléans
Pope Leo XIII
episcopal consecration
co-consecrators
Besançon Cathedral
Assistant at the Pontifical Throne
Cardinal Priest
Santa Maria sopra Minerva
Pope Pius XI
consistory
Orléans
its Cathedral
Catholic-Hierarchy
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

categories: 1842 births,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1926 deaths,19th-century Roman Catholic bishops,French cardinals

paragraph: Stanislas Touchet

paragraph: Stanislas-Arthur-Xavier Touchet (13 November 1842 – 23 September 1926) was a French prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Orléans from 1894 until his death, and became a cardinal in 1922.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stanislas Touchet was born in Soliers, and studied at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice in Paris. He was ordained to the priesthood on 13 June 1872, and then did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Besançon until 1894.

paragraph: On 18 May 1894, Touchet was appointed Bishop of Orléans by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 15 July from Bishop Flavien-Abel Hugonin, with Bishops Abel-Anastase Germain and Charles-Bonaventure Theuret serving as co-consecrators, in the Besançon Cathedral.

paragraph: After becoming an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 19 June 1922, Touchet was created Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva by Pope Pius XI in the consistory of 11 December of that same year. He would serve as Bishop of Orléans for a period of thirty-two years.

paragraph: He died in Orléans, at the age of 77, and is buried in its Cathedral.

paragraph: Some of the Books Written by Him:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. La sainte de la patrie

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Vie de sainte Jeanne d'Arc

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Pour les Arméniens

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Panégyrique de Jeanne d'Arc

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ce que fut Jeanne d'Arc

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Oeuvres choisies

paragraph: BULLET::::7. La mission de la vénérable Jeanne d'Ar

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Aux infirmières de France

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Stanislas Touchet

wikipedia_title: Stanislas Touchet


text:
Waitman T. Barbe
Thomas Dunn English
West Virginia
Copenhagen, Denmark
President Buchanan
Rhode Island
Flushing, New York
American Civil War
Shepherdstown, Virginia
Rose Brake
Battle of Antietam
Flushing, Long Island
Virginia
Godey's Lady's Book
Lippincott's Monthly Magazine
G.P. Putnam's Sons
Afro-American
hammock
suicide
American prisoners of the Revolution
Garden and Forest
A Lantern in a Poet's Garden

categories: People from Copenhagen,20th-century American women writers,1854 births,Female nurses in the American Civil War,People from Shepherdstown, West Virginia,19th-century American women writers,American garden writers,American women historians,American women poets,Bedinger family,Writers from West Virginia,20th-century American writers,19th-century American historians,19th-century American poets,Dandridge family of Virginia,People of West Virginia in the American Civil War,1914 deaths

paragraph: Danske Dandridge

paragraph: Danske Dandridge (November 19, 1854 – June 3, 1914) was a Danish-born American poet, historian, and garden writer. Along with her contemporaries, Waitman T. Barbe and Thomas Dunn English, Dandridge was considered a major poet of late 19th-century West Virginia.

paragraph: By marriage, Dandridge secured not only the sympathy, encouragement and criticism she needed, but alliteration of name. She had scribbled verses since she was a child of eight. But the morbid, sensitive child had not attempted ambitious verse, nor did she as a grown woman till she had been married some years. Her works were "Joy and Other Poems", "Twilight in the Woods", "The Lover in the Woods", "Rose Brake", and miscellaneous contributions to the periodicals.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Caroline "Danske" Bedinger was born on November 19, 1854 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Her father was Hon. Henry Bedinger, was the first United States ambassador to Denmark, having been appointet by President Buchanan. He wrote poems for "The Southern Literary Messenger". Her mother was Caroline Lawrence Bedinger (from Rhode Island), was a granddaughter of Eliza Southgate Bowne (1797–1802), whose “Letters of a Young Girl Eighty Years Ago” gave a picture of New England society in the early years of the 19th-century.

paragraph: She was brought to the United States in 1857, living in Flushing, New York.

paragraph: Mr. Bedinger's death took place shortly before the beginning of the American Civil War, and his widow returned with her three children – of whom Danske was the youngest — to the homestead at Shepherdstown, Virginia.

paragraph: In Shepherdstown, her mother purchased an estate called "Poplar Grove", renaming it "Rose Brake" and here the family cared for wounded soldiers during the Battle of Antietam.

paragraph: She did not survive her husband many years; and the orphans were taken into the care of their grandfather, Hon. J. W. Lawrence, at Flushing, Long Island.

paragraph: Dandridge was frail in health and nervous in temperament. Early in life, she developed the practice of singing, and, later, the study of the composition of verse. She wrote in rhyme from childhood, but refrained from publishing until her work was no longer immature.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Danske married Adam Stephen Dandridge, Jr. on May 3, 1877, and they moved back to Shepherdstown. He owned an agricultural implements and machinery shop, and like his wife, was a member of a prominent Virginia family. The Dandridges went on to have three children. Her husband was not rich, and they lived upon a farm. Thus, Dandridge did not have access to books or opportunities for literary culture. At times, she did not have a dictionary, and she was burdened with ill health.

paragraph: She began writing poetry again in 1883 and had her first poem, "Chrysanthemum", published in "Godey's Lady's Book" in 1885. She renamed her husband's Shepherdstown family home "Rose Brake" at about the same time. In the following summer, she wrote “The Lover in the Woods” for "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine"; and “Twilight in the Woods” for the "New York Independent". To the latter journal, she was a constant and favorite contributor, writing also for various magazines and other periodicals. Her first volume, entitled "Joy, and Other Poems" (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1888), a collection of fugitive verses, made a distinct impression. The critics united in praise of the delicate, aerial music, the sensitive sympathy with nature, the luminous and capricious fancy, and the bright and healthful tone of these poems. Dandridge never overstrained the clear light voice that is hers; not even when she touches tragic notes, as in the finely imaginative ode, “The Dead Moon,” or in the more directly human theme of the terse and significant lyric, “Fate.” Her comprehension and utterance of the realities of life appeared delicately remote. The volume was also recalled as a sweet, simple first venture. None of the poems were profound or great; but many were striking for thought and expression, and they all had a delicate freshness.

paragraph: The second volume of poems by Dandridge was published in 1890. It took its title, “Rose Brake,” from the name of her estate in Shepherdstown. One reviewer stated that the volume fully confirmed the favorable impression already made by her first publication. In the poem "Fancy", she was said to have excelled; while in the expression of sentiment less imaginative, her work was good, but not surpassing. Yet another reviewer stated that Dandridge's first volume, "Joy and Other Poems", raised hopes which her second volume, "Rose Brake", did not satisfy. There was no lack of metrical skill, or appreciation of nature and subtle moods, but there was lacking the deeper interpretation of life which poetry demands.

paragraph: During the period of 1891 till 1904, she turned to writing garden articles, more than 200 of them, for "Forest and Stream", "Garden and Forest", "Gardening", among other publications. After that, she devoted her time to writing works of early American history.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dandridge created a "remarkable" garden at Rose Brake, assisted by Afro-American gardeners Tom and Charity Devonshire. Here, she spent time in her hammock. She had three children, but the death of two of them led her to be withdrawn. There was speculation that Dandridge's death at home in Shepherdstown, on June 3, 1914, was a suicide, though it was refuted by the family.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joy and Other Poems", 1888

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rose Brake", 1890

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George Michael Bedinger: Kentucky Pioneer", 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historic Shepherdstown", 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American prisoners of the Revolution", 1910

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garden and Forest at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Lantern in a Poet's Garden Nine of Dandridge's Poems Set to Music by Terry Tucker

description: American poet, writer, historian

wikidata_label: Danske Dandridge

wikipedia_title: Danske Dandridge


text:
Japan
Maeda Toshiie
Kaga Domain
Maeda clan
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Battle of Sekigahara
Siege of Osaka
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Toyotomi clan
Tokugawa clan
Edo
Siege of Osaka
Kanazawa Castle
Maeda Toshiie
Maeda Toshinaga
Maeda Toshimasa (1578)
Matsushima Nanako
NHK
Taiga drama
Tenchijin
Devil Kings
Sengoku Basara X

categories: 17th-century Japanese women,1547 births,Women in war,17th-century Japanese people,Maeda clan,Japanese women in warfare,1617 deaths,16th-century Japanese women,Women of medieval Japan,Women in 17th-century warfare,16th-century Japanese people,Women in 16th-century warfare

paragraph: Maeda Matsu

paragraph: , also known as Omatsu no Kata (お松の方) (1547–1617), was a Japanese woman of the 16th century. She was the wife of Maeda Toshiie, who founded the Kaga Domain. Matsu had a reputation for intelligence; she was skilled at both literary and martial arts and fought alongside her clan. She was eternalized for saving the Maeda clan from Tokugawa Ieyasu in Battle of Sekigahara and Siege of Osaka.

paragraph: Section::::Matsu Sacrifice.

paragraph: When the Maeda family was accused of revolt against Tokugawa Ieyasu and being close to the Toyotomi clan, ran the risk of being annihilated by the Tokugawa clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Matsu was voluntarily hostage to the capital of Edo, she did not bother to sacrifice herself to ensure the survival of the Maeda clan. After the defeat and extinction of the Toyotomi clan in the Siege of Osaka in 1615, she was free to leave. Matsu eventually died in Kanazawa Castle becoming a figure of great respect for her heroic deed.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husband: Maeda Toshiie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maahime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gōhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chiyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sho

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yukari.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshinaga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maeda Toshimasa (1578)

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: Actress Matsushima Nanako acted as Maeda Matsu in NHK Taiga drama "Toshiie to Matsu" in 2002. In the TV mini-series "Tenchijin", one of her sons sells her to Tokugawa Ieyasu in order to live.

paragraph: She is depicted as either playable or non-playable characters in the video games: "Devil Kings", "Sengoku Basara X", "Sengoku Basara 2, Sengoku Basara 2: Heroes, Sengoku Basara 3: Utage (all in which she was armed with naginata and summons beasts), Samurai Warriors 2, Samurai Warriors 2: Xtreme Legends, Samurai Warriors 3: Empires, Kessen", and "Kessen III".

alias:
前田まつ
Omatsu no Kata
お松の方
Hōshun-in
Hoshun-in

description: wife of Maeda Toshiie, Japanese daimyo

wikidata_label: Maeda Matsu

wikipedia_title: Maeda Matsu


text:
dirt
late model
Newport, Tennessee
UMP
Scott Bloomquist
Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series
The World 100
Eldora Speedway
Florence, KY
Gaffney, SC
Mineral Wells, WV
Tampa, FL
Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series

categories: American racing drivers,Racing drivers from Tennessee,People from Newport, Tennessee,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Jimmy Owens (racing driver)

paragraph: Jimmy Owens, also known as "The Newport Nightmare," and "The O Show" is a dirt late model driver from Newport, Tennessee. Owens won 4 UMP Modified National Championships before moving up to super late models where he has also had success. Rather than following a touring series, he opted for the "outlaw" mentality, traveling where he chooses and hitting all of the crown jewels, similar to Scott Bloomquist. He stopped racing "outlaw" and joined the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series to become series' the 2011 national champion.

paragraph: Owens' 2007 season included winning The World 100 at Eldora Speedway, the 25th Annual North/South 100 at Florence Speedway in Florence, KY, the Blue/Gray 100 in Gaffney, SC, Racefest World Championship in Mineral Wells, WV, and the Crate World Championship in Tampa, FL. Owens won a total of seventeen races in 2007.

paragraph: In 2008, Jimmy won the $40,000 to win Hillbilly 100 at Tyler County (WV) Speedway.

paragraph: In 2009, Jimmy won the 15th Annual Dirt Late Model Dream at Eldora Speedway, a win that was worth $100,000. He went on later in the year to capture the 17th Annual Comp Cams Topless 100 at Batesville (AR) Speedway, a win worth $42,000.

paragraph: He joined the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series and won the 2011 championship over Bloomquist. He won eight races, had 32 Top 5s and 35 Top 10s.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.jimmyowens20.com/

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Jimmy Owens

wikipedia_title: Jimmy Owens (racing driver)


text: Prince

text: Princess Michael of Kent

text: St Mary's Hospital, London

text: first cousin once removed

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

text: Lady Gabriella

text: Church of England

text: Wetherby School

text: Sunningdale School

text: Eton College

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: trainee

text: Burberry

text: Tomasz Starzewski

text: JP Morgan

text: music journalist

text: Tatler

text: The Times

text: Chartered Financial Analyst

text: Sophie Winkleman

text: Royal Marriages Act 1772

text: Hampton Court

text: Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center

text: Princess Eugenie

text: wedding

text: Jack Brooksbank

text: Thomas's Preparatory School, Battersea

text: Chelsea and Westminster Hospital

text: London

text: Jamie Oliver

text: Grand Order of Water Rats

categories: People educated at Eton College,English financial analysts,British people of Russian descent,British people of German descent,1979 births,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,British people of Hungarian descent,People educated at Wetherby School,House of Windsor,Grand Order of Water Rats members,British people of Austrian descent,People from Paddington,People educated at Sunningdale School,Living people,British people of Danish descent

paragraph: Lord Frederick Windsor

paragraph: Lord Frederick Michael George David Louis Windsor (born 6 April 1979) is a British financial analyst, and the only son of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. He is currently 49th in the line of succession to the British throne. He is president of the charity Soldier On!

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Windsor was born on 6 April 1979 at St Mary's Hospital, London. He is a first cousin once removed of Queen Elizabeth II and a first cousin twice removed of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is 49th in the line of succession to the British throne. Lord Frederick and his sister, Lady Gabriella, were brought up in the Church of England.

paragraph: He was educated at Wetherby School, Sunningdale School, Eton College, and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gained a 2:1 in Classics. He has also been a trainee at a bank and has worked as a fashion model for a campaign by Burberry and for the designer Tomasz Starzewski. He is now a banker and Vice President at JP Morgan.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: A sometime music journalist (notably for "Tatler" magazine), he planned to become a solicitor working in entertainment law. In September 2006, according to "The Times", Lord Frederick works as a Chartered Financial Analyst at the investment bank JPMorgan in London.

paragraph: On St Valentine's Day (14 February) 2009, Lord Frederick became engaged to actress Sophie Winkleman. The Queen consented to the marriage, as required under the Royal Marriages Act 1772, and they were married at Hampton Court on 12 September 2009.

paragraph: The couple's first child, Maud Elizabeth Daphne Marina, was born at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on 15 August 2013 in Los Angeles. She was baptised at St James's Palace in December 2013 and has Princess Eugenie amongst her godparents. Maud acted as a bridesmaid at the wedding of Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank in 2018. Maud attends Thomas's Preparatory School, Battersea.

paragraph: On 20 January 2016, it was announced Lord and Lady Frederick Windsor had become parents to a girl, Isabella Alexandra May, born on 16 January 2016 at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London. She was baptised at Kensington Palace in June 2016 with Jamie Oliver, a close friend of her mother, serving as one of the godparents.

paragraph: In September 2016, it was announced that Lord Frederick had become president of the charity Soldier On!, which invites vulnerable, disadvantaged or socially isolated people to participate in archaeology and heritage projects as well as personal development workshops.

paragraph: On 21 February 2017, Lord Frederick was inducted into the Grand Order of Water Rats charitable fraternity.

alias: The Lord Frederick Michael George David Louis Windsor

description: British Royalty and financial analyst

wikidata_label: Lord Frederick Windsor

wikipedia_title: Lord Frederick Windsor


text:
Mexican
Pihuamo
Jalisco
Academy of San Carlos
Mexico City
Porfirio Díaz
Henri Bergson
Socialist Party
Nahuatl
Leopoldo Lugones
Diego Rivera
Savia Moderna
Victoriano Huerta
Francisco I. Madero
Venustiano Carranza
José Clemente Orozco
David Alfaro Siqueiros
Popocatépetl
Iztaccíhuatl
Paricutín
Mexican Revolution
John Steinbeck
Carmen Mondragón
Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor
Panteon Civil de Dolores
The New York Times
The Artist As Volcano

categories: Artists from Mexico City,Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco,Recipients of the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor,Mexican landscape painters,Mexican muralists,1875 births,Members of El Colegio Nacional,1964 deaths,Mexican amputees,20th-century Mexican painters

paragraph: Dr. Atl

paragraph: Gerardo Murillo Cornado, also known by his signature "Dr. Atl", (October 3, 1875 – August 15, 1964) was a Mexican painter and writer.

paragraph: He was born in Pihuamo, state of Jalisco, where he began the study of painting at an early age, under Felipe Castro. At the age of 21, Murillo entered the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City to further his studies.

paragraph: After showing his abilities, Murillo was granted a pension in 1897 by President Porfirio Díaz to study painting in Europe. There he broadened his scope of learning, with study of philosophy and law at the University of Rome, and many trips to Paris to listen to lectures about art given by Henri Bergson. His strong interest in politics led him to collaborate with the Socialist Party in Italy and work in the "Avanti" newspaper. In 1902 he was "baptized" "Dr. Atl" (the Nahuatl word for "water") by Leopoldo Lugones.

paragraph: Dr. Atl became very active in Mexico when he returned. In 1906 he participated with Diego Rivera, Francisco de la Torre and Rafael Ponce de León and others in an exhibition sponsored by Alonso Cravioto and Luis Castillo Ledon, the editors of the magazine "Savia Moderna".

paragraph: In 1906 Dr. Atl issued a manifesto calling for the development of a monumental public art movement in Mexico linked to the lives and interests of the Mexican people, a precursor of the Mexican Mural Movement launched in 1922. He was also commissioned by the Diaz government to design a glass curtain for the Institute of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes) under construction in Mexico City, which was executed by Tiffany's of New York. The curtain featured the two volcanoes overlooking the capital. He was also commissioned to paint a mural, which was postponed by the eruption of the Mexican Revolution against Porfirio Díaz in 1910.

paragraph: In 1911, Dr. Atl returned to Europe. In Paris, he founded a journal and wrote about the social and political issues of Mexico, and criticized General Victoriano Huerta, who had helped overthrow the democratically elected government of Francisco I. Madero. Dr. Atl supported the Constitutionalist faction in the Mexican Revolution, leaning towards "biblical socialism" and promoting the growth of art, literature, and science. When he returned from Europe, he joined the Constitutionalist forces led by Venustiano Carranza,

paragraph: and was appointed Director of the Academy of San Carlos. During the Revolution, he persuaded two young art students, José Clemente Orozco and David Alfaro Siqueiros, to join the Carrancistas and illustrated "La Vanguardia", the carrancista official paper.

paragraph: The winning faction of the Revolution rejected the euro-centric emphasis of the Mexican government in the 19th and early 20th century and following the Revolution, there was a revival of interest in Mexico's rich indigenous past and the popular arts, including folk dance, music, arts and crafts. Dr. Atl and other artists arranged exhibits of the folk arts and performances of popular dance and music and Dr. Atl prepared a two-volume study, "Folk Arts in Mexico", published by the Mexican government in 1922.

paragraph: Dr. Atl's strong love of the outdoors and his active nature are seen in his many paintings which portray the landscapes of his era. Among his interests was the study of volcanoes, and he spent much time visiting both Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl. In his 1950 book, "Cómo nace y crece un volcán, el Paricutín" ("How a Volcano is Born and Grows – Paricutín"), he told of his experience of witnessing the eruption of Paricutín in 1943. He was injured while observing the eruption and his leg was amputated. Besides painting volcanic landscapes, he was considered an expert volcanologist and his papers were valuable to understanding volcanos.

paragraph: His literary writings include "Cuentos de todos los colores" ("Stories of All Colors"), which focuses on the themes of the Mexican Revolution and has been hailed as one of the best narrations of that historical period. His book "La Perla" ("The Pearl") inspired the writing of the novella, much the same, by John Steinbeck.

paragraph: He gave the Nahuatl name "Nahui Olin" (a symbol of Aztec renewal meaning "four movement," the symbol of earthquakes) to Carmen Mondragón (1893–1978), a Mexican poet and painter with whom he established a very intense love relationship.

paragraph: Dr. Atl received numerous awards for his literature and art, including the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor, in 1956, and the National Arts Award in 1958.

paragraph: In 1961 ""aired an episode based on an experience of Dr. Atl in 1920. The plot description states: "On the run from the authorities, Atl (played by David J. Stewart) takes refuge in a convent that is allegedly haunted by the ghost of an aztec warrior. Of course, Atl is too intelligent a man to believe in such nonsense—until the "Federale" who is pursuing him is mysteriously strangled to death. The real Dr. Atl makes a guest appearance in the closing scene."

paragraph: He died in Mexico City in 1964. He is buried in Panteon Civil de Dolores cemetery in the capital.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bordan, Iain and Jane Rendell, eds. (2000). " Intersections: Architectural Histories and Critical Theories". London: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calderazzo, John (2004). "Rising fire : volcanoes and our inner lives". Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. p61 ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cumberland, Charles (1957). "Dr. Atl and Venustiano Carranza." "The Americas". 13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Espejo, Beatriz (1994). "Gerardo Murillo: El paisaje como pasión". Coyoacán, Mexico: Fondo Editorial de la Plástica Mexica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1964). "Gerardo Murillo, Mexican Artist, 89." "The New York Times". August 16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helm, Mckinley (1989). "Modern Mexican Painters". New York: Harper Brothers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patterson, Robert (1964). "An Art in Revolution: Antecedents of Mexican Mural Painting, 1900-1920." "Journal of Inter-American Studies". 6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pilcher, Jeffrey (2003). "The Human Tradition in Mexico". Wilmington: Scholarly Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- White, D. Anthony, "Siqueiros: Biography of a Revolutionary Artist" (Book Surge, 2009)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Artist As Volcano: a profile of Dr. Atl in Cabinet Magazine, by Jesse Lerner

alias:
Dr Atl (pseudonym)
Gerardo Murillo
Dr. (pseudonym) Atl
Dr (pseudonym) Atl
Jose Gerardo Francisco Murillo Cornado
Dr Atl

description: Mexican artist

wikidata_label: Dr. Atl

wikipedia_title: Dr. Atl


text: Latvian emigrant

text: United States

text: Coral Castle

text: Florida

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: magnetism

text: Stāmeriena Parish

text: Latvia

text: stonemasonry

text: New York City

text: Pacific Northwest

text: logging

text: Reedsport, Oregon

text: tuberculosis

text: Florida City

text: quarried

text: limestone

text: Coral Castle

text: secrets

text: Great pyramid at Giza

text: Egypt

text: Homestead, Florida

text: Jackson Memorial Hospital

text: Miami

text: pyelonephritis

text: pamphlet

text: moral education

text: aphorism

text: magnetism

text: electricity

text: magnetism

text: Coral Castle

text: Billy Idol

text: Sweet Sixteen

text: Whiplash Smile

text: Piñataland

text: Andrew Peterson

text: Carried Along

text: Viktor Schauberger

text: Simon Rodia

text: Electromagnetic lock

text: Coral Castle Museum

text: Investigating Coral Castle

categories: Sculptors from Florida,20th-century American sculptors,1951 deaths,Latvian emigrants to the United States,People from Gulbene Municipality,Artists from Miami,20th-century Latvian artists,American people of Latvian descent,People from Reedsport, Oregon,Deaths from kidney failure,People from the Governorate of Livonia,American male sculptors,Latvian sculptors,1887 births

paragraph: Edward Leedskalnin

paragraph: Edward Leedskalnin () (January 12, 1887 – December 7, 1951) was a Latvian emigrant to the United States and self-taught engineer who single-handedly built the Coral Castle in Florida, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Leedskalnin was also known for developing theories of magnetism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Edward Leedskalnin was born on January 12, 1887 in Stāmeriena Parish, Latvia. Little is known of his childhood, aside from the fact that his parents were not wealthy and he received only a fourth-grade formal education. Edward was a sickly boy who often spent time reading books, helping him to develop an inquisitive mind and life-long yearning for knowledge. It was suggested that he learned stonemasonry from his father and practiced this craft in Latvia after coming of age.

paragraph: At the age of 26 he was engaged to marry Agnes Skuvst who was ten years younger. However, the girl who Leedskalnin later referred to as his "Sweet Sixteen" broke their engagement. He then decided to emigrate to North America.

paragraph: On April 7, 1912 Leedskalnin arrived in New York City. After looking for suitable work around the East Coast until August, he relocated to the Pacific Northwest, which was experiencing a logging boom. On June 5, 1917 while in Oregon he filled in his draft registration stating that he was self-employed and engaged in ax-handle manufacturing. The 1920 census data reveal that he resided in Reedsport, Oregon.

paragraph: In the winter of 1922–1923, after allegedly contracting tuberculosis, Leedskalnin moved to the warmer climate of Florida, where he purchased an undeveloped parcel of land in Florida City, which at the time was lightly inhabited. On February 27, 1923 "The Homestead Enterprise" newspaper published a notice that "E. Leedskalnin a Californian has purchased an acre of the R. L. Moser homestead and is planning to erect a home soon."

paragraph: Over the next 20 years, Leedskalnin constructed a massive structure that he called "Rock Gate" and dedicated, in his own words, to the girl who had left him years before. Working alone and mostly at night, Leedskalnin eventually quarried and sculpted more than 1,100 short tons (997,903 kg) of oolite limestone into architectural and engineering landmark that would later be known as the Coral Castle. He used various basic tools available under his modest means including salvaged timber and old automobile parts. First, he built a house out of limestone blocks and wood, then he gradually constructed the stone structure for which he is now famous. With a reserved personality, he eventually opened the Coral Castle to the public, offering tours for 10 cents.

paragraph: When people were asking Leedskalnin how he had moved all of the heavy stone on his own, he usually replied, "I understand the laws of weight and leverage and I know the secrets of the people who built the pyramids", referring to the Great pyramid at Giza, Egypt. Some local residents later remembered that as school children they had field trips to the construction site of the future Coral Castle, and Leedskalnin personally explained manual methods of his work.

paragraph: In the 1920s, the structure with assortment of sculpted stones was located in Florida City; then, in the mid-1930s, Leedskalnin hired a truck with a driver to move it to its present location on a site in the adjacent Homestead, Florida. On November 9, 1951 he checked himself into Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami. Apparently, Leedskalnin suffered a stroke either before he left for the hospital or at the hospital. He died twenty-eight days later of pyelonephritis (kidney infection) at the age of 64. His death certificate noted that his death was a result of "uremia; failure of kidneys, as a result of the infection and abscess."

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Leedskalnin published five pamphlets on various subjects, advertising them in local newspapers.

paragraph: "Magnetic Current" was first published in 1988 and the only source for any of these pamphlets is the Coral Castle gift shop.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Moral education.

paragraph: His first and longest booklet, a treatise on moral education, is printed on only the left-hand pages, and begins with the following preface:

paragraph: In the first section, Leedskalnin argues that girls should be kept pure, and that boys are primarily a soiling influence upon them. On page 4 of "A Book in Every Home", Leedskalnin writes:

paragraph: The second section continues along the theme of moral education, with several aphorisms aimed at parents regarding the proper way to raise children. The last, "Political" section, reveals that the reclusive Leedskalnin had strong political views. He advocates voting for property owners only (and in proportion to their holdings), and argues that "Anyone who is too weak to make his own living is not strong enough to vote."

paragraph: Some writers have suggested that Leedskalnin's booklet contains further information on his electromagnetic research and philosophies encoded in its pages, and the blank pages are provided for the reader to fill in their decrypted solutions. It has also been suggested that Leedskalnin's frequent referral to his "Sweet Sixteen" may in fact refer to the numerological and/or scientific relevance of the number sixteen to his research and theories.

paragraph: He wrote that a mother's most important task is to ensure that her daughter remains "chaste and faithful":

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Magnetism.

paragraph: Leedskalnin became interested in the general theory of magnetism. His four pamphlets addressed interaction of electricity, magnetism and the body; Leedskalnin also included a number of simple experiments to validate his theories.

paragraph: Contradicting the standard model of electromagnetism, but remarkably in line with the concept of 'magnetic moment' / 'electron spin theory', his thesis is based upon the theory that the metal itself is not the magnet and that the real magnets are circulating in the metal. These individual north and south pole magnets are particles smaller than atoms or photons and each particle in the substance was an individual magnet by itself.

paragraph: Leedskalnin claimed that all matter was being acted upon by what he called "individual magnets". He also claimed that scientists of his time were looking in the wrong place for their understanding of electricity and that they were observing only "one half of the whole concept" with "one sided tools of measurement".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Ed Leedskalnin and his megalithic creation of Coral Castle became a part of the American popular culture due to the magnitude of a single man's effort and ingenuity. Many have analyzed his seemingly superhuman ability based on esoteric ancient knowledge, to levitate blocks of stone and move them with the aid of the Earth's magnetic energy. Other explanations center on Leedskalnin's stonemasonry and logging experiences that presumably allowed him to apply his work skills creatively to a tedious process of moving large blocks of stone using levers, wheels, axles, pulleys, ramps, and wedges without any electrical equipment.

paragraph: The emotional side of Ed Leedskalnin's life story drew the attention of songwriters and performers, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Billy Idol recorded the song "Sweet Sixteen" for his "Whiplash Smile" album. It was based on the love story of Leedskalnin and his runaway girl. The music video was recorded at Coral Castle in 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Brooklyn-based band Piñataland recorded a song about Leedskalnin, titled "Latvian Bride", for their 2003 album "Songs for the Forgotten Future Vol. 1". Douglas Stone, band's musician, said:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Peterson recorded a song, "The Coral Castle", in his "Carried Along" (2002) studio album that evoked Leedskalnin's "broken heart" story.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viktor Schauberger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Rodia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electromagnetic lock — about the "Magnetic Motion Holder" experiment of magnetic current

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stavro, Andris. "Koral̦l̦u pils: Edvarda Liedskalnin̦a Koral̦l̦u pils ir uzn̦emta Amerikas Savienoto Valstu Vēsturisko vietu nacionālajā reg̓istrā". Rīga: LA izdevniecība, 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coral Castle Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation of the published writings of Edward Leedskalnin

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Carr, Independent Researcher and Writer, Investigating Coral Castle, July 8, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ed Leedskalnin's Magnetic Current illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Māris Goldmanis, Researcher at University of Latvia. Edward Leedskalnin and his Coral Castle in Florida, "Latvian History", January 11, 2014.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Edward Leedskalnin

wikipedia_title: Edward Leedskalnin


text:
astrologer
mathematician
cosmographer
Florence
University of Padua
comet
Halley's comet
Halley
Renaissance Florence
Filippo Brunelleschi
Florence Cathedral
Marsilio Ficino
Leon Battista Alberti
Nicholas of Cusa
humanist
Filelfo
George of Trebizond
Pope Nicholas V
gnomon
Florence Cathedral
camera obscura
Gemistos Plethon
Council of Florence
Strabo
Portuguese
Lisbon Cathedral
Spice Islands
King
Afonso V of Portugal
Lisbon
Christopher Columbus
Taccola
Brunelleschi
Leonardo da Vinci
Cathay
Pope Eugenius IV
Niccolo da Conti
Voyages of Christopher Columbus
The Pinzon Brothers
Juan de la Cosa
Catholic Encyclopedia entry

categories: 1482 deaths,1397 births,15th-century Italian mathematicians,People from Florence,Italian Roman Catholics,Italian astronomers

paragraph: Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli

paragraph: Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397 – 10 May 1482) was an Italian astrologer, mathematician, and cosmographer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli was born in Florence, the son of the physician Domenico Toscanelli. There is no precise information on his education and background. Gustavo Uzielli claimed in 1894 that Toscanelli studied at the University of Padua, but modern authors consider this pure conjecture.

paragraph: Toscanelli is noted for his observations of comets. Among these was the comet of 1456—only named Halley's comet when Halley predicted its return in 1759.

paragraph: Thanks to his long life, his intelligence and his wide interests, Toscanelli was one of the central figures in the intellectual and cultural history of Renaissance Florence in its early years. His circle of friends included Filippo Brunelleschi, the architect of the Florence Cathedral, and the philosopher Marsilio Ficino. He knew the mathematician, writer and architect Leon Battista Alberti, and his closest friend was Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa—himself a wide-ranging intellect and early humanist, who dedicated two short mathematical works in 1445 to Toscanelli, and made himself and Toscanelli the interlocutors in a 1458 dialogue titled "On Squaring the Circle" ("De quadratura circuli").

paragraph: Toscanelli along with Nicholas of Cusa appears to have belonged to a network of Florentine and Roman intellectuals who searched for and studied Greek mathematical works, along with Filelfo, George of Trebizond, and the humanist Pope Nicholas V, in company with Alberti and Brunelleschi.

paragraph: Around 1468 Toscanelli devised the gnomon still to be seen in the Florence Cathedral. A bronze plate let into the dome high above the left transept, and a circular white marble slab let into the floor of the cathedral, which records the summer solstice to a half-second. This was then and subsequently used for centuries for other calculations such as the regular movement of the Sun, effectively a camera obscura.

paragraph: In 1439, the Greek philosopher Gemistos Plethon, attending the Council of Florence, acquainted Toscanelli with the extensive travels, writings and mapping of the 1st century BC/AD Greek geographer Strabo, hitherto unknown in Italy. Nearly 35 years later, the Italian was to follow up this amplified knowledge.

paragraph: In 1474 Toscanelli sent a letter and a map to his Portuguese correspondent Fernão Martins, priest at the Lisbon Cathedral, detailing a scheme for sailing westwards to reach the Spice Islands and Asia. Fernão Martins delivered his letter to the King Afonso V of Portugal, in his court of Lisbon. The original of this letter was lost, but its existence is known through Toscanelli himself, who later transcribed it along with the map and sent it to Christopher Columbus, who carried them with him during his first voyage to the new world. Toscanelli had miscalculated Asia as being 5,000 miles longer than it really was, and Columbus miscalculated the circumference of the Earth by 25 percent: both of which resulted in Columbus not realizing initially he had found a new continent.

paragraph: Toscanelli lived most of his life in Florence, with occasional excursions to Todi and Rome. He is said to have entered into correspondence with scholars around Europe, but his writings have yet to be thoroughly researched.

paragraph: An uncorroborated story links Toscanelli's attendance at a Chinese delegation to the Pope in 1432, when many Chinese inventions were discussed, with a flood of drawings made around the same year by the artist-engineer Taccola (1382 – c.1453), which were later developed by Brunelleschi and Leonardo da Vinci. In a 1474 letter of Toscanelli to Columbus, the authenticity of which has been a matter of disagreement among scholars, Toscanelli mentions the visit of men from Cathay (China) during the reign of Pope Eugenius IV (1431–1447):

paragraph: It has been suggested that the man in question may have been Niccolo da Conti, who was returning from the east and is known to have met with Pope Eugenius in 1444. In a second letter, Toscanelli further describes these men as extremely learned and willing to share their knowledge:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voyages of Christopher Columbus

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pinzon Brothers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan de la Cosa

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armando Cortesão, "Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga", Lisboa, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armando Costesão, "História da Cartografia Portuguesa", 2 vols., Lisboa, 1969–1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davidson, Miles H. "Columbus then and now: a life reexamined" University of Oklahoma Press, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Uzielli, "La Vita e i tempi di Paolo di Pozo Toscanelli", Roma 1894.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quinn, David B. Quinn "The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase c. 1400–c. 1700" Liverpool University Press, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Markam, Clements R. "Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage, 1492–93) and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real" Ayer Publishing, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rahn Phillips, Carla "The Worlds of Christopher Columbus" Cambridge University Press, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kern, Ralf. "Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit". Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Cologne: Koenig, 2010. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia entry

alias:
Pietro Toscanelli
Paolo Toscanelli

description: Italian astronomer

wikidata_label: Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli

wikipedia_title: Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli


text:
queen regnant
queen consort
John I of Aragon
Yolande of Bar
Robert I, Duke of Bar
Marie of Valois
Joan of Arc
Rohan Hours
Zaragoza
Aragon
Yolande of Bar
John II of France
Martha of Armagnac
England
France
Louis II
King of Naples
Marie of Blois
Richard II of England
Charles VI of France
Isabella
Martin I of Aragon
Arles
John I of Aragon
Joanna, Countess of Foix
Ferdinand
Eleanor of Aragon
John I of Castile
King of Aragon
Louis III of Anjou
Duke of Calabria
Pact of Caspe
Sicily
Jerusalem
Cyprus
Naples
Majorca
Valencia
Sardinia
fief
Provence
Anjou
Bar
Maine
Touraine
Valois
René I of Anjou
Lorraine
Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine
Hundred Years' War
Armagnac
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
Dauphin of France
Queen Isabeau of France
Marie
Charles
Dauphin
Charles VII of France
Loire Valley
Joan of Arc
Mary of Anjou
House of Valois
Louis II of Anjou
Arles
Angers
Saumur
Margaret of Anjou
Henry VI of England
Battle of Agincourt
Charles VI
Duke of Burgundy
John the Fearless
Louis
Jean
Henry V
Montereau
Philip the Good
Henry V of England
Treaty of Troyes
Henry VI of England
Catherine of Valois
John VI, Duke of Brittany
Arthur de Richemont
Constable of France
La Trémoille
Jean Juvenal des Ursins
Bishop of Beauvais
Louis XI of France
Jehanne d'Orliac
Margaret of Anjou
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis III of Anjou
Joanna II of Naples
Margaret of Savoy
Marie of Anjou
Charles VII of France
Louis XI of France
René I of Naples
Isabella of Lorraine
Margaret of Anjou
Francis, Count of Montfort l'Amaury
Charles of Anjou
Count of Maine
Catherine
Faye Dunaway
Princess Michael of Kent
Philippe Contamine

categories: Armagnac faction,Joan of Arc,Duchesses of Anjou,14th-century Spanish women,1384 births,People from Zaragoza,Medieval French nobility,House of Valois-Anjou,14th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon,People of Byzantine descent,Countesses of Maine,House of Aragon,Countesses of Provence,1442 deaths,Aragonese infantas,15th-century Spanish women,15th-century French people,People of the Hundred Years' War,15th-century French women,14th-century French people,15th-century women rulers,14th-century French women

paragraph: Yolande of Aragon

paragraph: Yolande of Aragon (11 August 1384 – 14 November 1442) was a throne claimant and titular queen regnant of Aragon, titular queen consort of Naples, Duchess of Anjou, Countess of Provence, and regent of Provence during the minority of her son. She was a daughter of John I of Aragon and his wife Yolande of Bar (daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar, and Marie of Valois).

paragraph: Yolande played a crucial role in the struggles between France and England, influencing events such as the financing of Joan of Arc's army in 1429 that helped tip the balance in favour of the French. She was also known as Yolanda de Aragón and Violant d'Aragó. Tradition holds that she commissioned the famous Rohan Hours.

paragraph: Section::::Family and marriage.

paragraph: Yolande was born in Zaragoza, Aragon, on 11 August 1384, the eldest daughter of King John I of Aragon by his second wife, Yolande of Bar, the granddaughter of King John II of France. She had three brothers and two sisters, as well as five older half-siblings from her father's first marriage to Martha of Armagnac. Yolande later played an important role in the politics of England, France, and Aragon during the first half of the 15th century.

paragraph: In 1389, Louis II was crowned King of Naples. His mother Marie of Blois opened negotiations for a marriage between her son and Yolande to prevent Aragon from obstructing his rule there. When Yolande was eleven, she signed a document to disavow any promises made by ambassadors about her marrying Louis II. In 1395, Richard II of England also opened negotiations for Yolande's hand. To prevent this marriage, Charles VI of France offered his own daughter Isabella to King Richard. After the death of Yolande's father, Marie of Blois convinced Yolande's uncle Martin I of Aragon to have Yolande wed Louis II. Yolande signed a protest, but was forced to retract it later. The couple married in Arles on December 2, 1400. Despite Yolande's earlier objections and the later illnesses of her husband, the marriage was a success.

paragraph: Section::::Claim to the Aragonese throne.

paragraph: As the surviving daughter of King John I of Aragon, she claimed the throne of Aragon after the deaths of her elder sister Joanna, Countess of Foix, and her uncle, King Martin I. However, unclear though they were, the laws of succession for Aragon and Barcelona at that time were understood to favour all male relatives over the females (which is how Yolande's uncle Martin of Aragon came to inherit the throne of Aragon). Martin died without surviving issue in 1410, and after two years without a king, the Estates of Aragon elected Ferdinand, the second son of Eleanor of Aragon and John I of Castile, as the next King of Aragon.

paragraph: The Anjou candidate for the throne of Aragon was Yolande's eldest son Louis III of Anjou, Duke of Calabria, whose claim was forfeited in the Pact of Caspe. Yolande and her sons regarded themselves as the heirs with the stronger claim, and began to use the title of Kings of Aragon. As a result of this additional inheritance, Yolande was called the "Queen of Four Kingdoms" - the four apparently Sicily, Jerusalem, Cyprus and Aragon. Another interpretation specifies Naples separate from Sicily, plus Jerusalem and Aragon. The number could be raised to seven if the two component kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon (Majorca and Valencia) and Sardinia were included. However, the reality was that Yolande and her family controlled territories in the said kingdoms only at short intervals, if ever. Their true realm was the Anjou fiefdoms across France: they held uncontestably the provinces of Provence and Anjou, and also at times Bar, Maine, Touraine and Valois. Yolande's son René I of Anjou became ruler of Lorraine through his marriage to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine.

paragraph: Section::::France and the House of Anjou.

paragraph: In the emerging second phase of the Hundred Years' War, Yolande chose to support the French (in particular the Armagnac party) against the English and the Burgundians. After John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, instigated a mob attack on the Dauphin of France in 1413, she and her husband repudiated the engagement of their son Louis to John's daughter Catherine of Burgundy, which placed them decisively in the Armagnac camp. In the same year, Yolande met with Queen Isabeau of France to finalize a marriage contract between her daughter Marie and Isabeau's third surviving son Charles.

paragraph: After his two older brothers died, she supported the claim of the Dauphin Charles who, relying upon Yolande's resources and help, succeeded in becoming crowned Charles VII of France. As Charles' own mother, Queen Isabeau, worked against his claims, it has been said that Yolande was the person who protected the adolescent Charles against all sorts of plots on his life and acted as a substitute mother. She removed Charles from his parents' court and kept him in her own castles, usually those in the Loire Valley, where Charles received Joan of Arc. Yolande arranged the marriage of Charles to her daughter Mary of Anjou, thus becoming Charles' mother-in-law. This led to Yolande's personal, and crucial, involvement in the struggle for the survival of the House of Valois in France.

paragraph: Yolande's marriage to Louis II of Anjou, at Arles in December 1400, was arranged as a part of long-standing efforts to resolve contested claims upon the kingdom of Sicily and Naples between the houses of Anjou and Aragon. Louis spent much of his life fighting in Italy for his claim to the Kingdom of Naples. In France, Yolande was the Duchess of Anjou and the Countess of Provence. She preferred to hold court in Angers and Saumur. She had six children, and through her second son René was the grandmother of Margaret of Anjou, the wife of King Henry VI of England.

paragraph: With the victory of the English over the French at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the Duchy of Anjou was threatened. The French king, Charles VI, was mentally ill and his realm was in a state of civil war between the Burgundians and the Orleanists (Armagnacs). The situation was made worse by an alliance among the Duke of Burgundy, John the Fearless, the English, and the French queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who submitted to the Duke of Burgundy's scheme to deny the crown of France to the children of Charles VI. Fearing the abusive power building behind the Duke of Burgundy, Louis II had Yolande move with her children and future son-in-law, Charles, to Provence in southern France.

paragraph: Section::::The Dauphin.

paragraph: In the years 1415 and 1417, the two oldest surviving sons of Charles VI of France died in quick succession: first Louis, then Jean. Both brothers had been in the care of the Duke of Burgundy. Yolande was the protectress of her son-in-law, Charles, who became the new Dauphin. She refused Queen Isabeau's orders to return Charles to the French Court, reportedly replying, "We have not nurtured and cherished this one for you to make him die like his brothers or to go mad like his father, or to become English like you. I keep him for my own. Come and take him away, if you dare." (according to Jehan de Bourdigné)

paragraph: On 29 April 1417, Louis II of Anjou died of illness, leaving Yolande, at age 33, in control of the House of Anjou. She acted as regent for her son because of his youth. She also had the fate of the French royal house of Valois in her hands. Her young son-in-law, the Dauphin Charles, was exceptionally vulnerable to the designs of the English King, Henry V, and to his older cousin, John the Fearless, the Duke of Burgundy. Charles' nearest older relatives, the Dukes of Orléans and of Bourbon, had been made prisoners at the Battle of Agincourt and were held captive by the English. With his mother, Queen Isabeau, and the Duke of Burgundy allied with the English, Charles had no resources to support him other than those of the House of Anjou and the smaller House of Armagnac.

paragraph: Following the assassination of John the Fearless at Montereau in 1419, his son Philip the Good succeeded him as Duke of Burgundy. With Henry V of England, he forced the Treaty of Troyes (21 May 1420) on the mentally-ill King Charles VI. The treaty designated Henry as "Regent of France" and heir to the French throne. Following this, the Dauphin Charles was declared disinherited in 1421. When both Henry V of England and Charles VI of France died in 1422 (on 31 August and 21 October, respectively), the Dauphin Charles, at age 19, legitimately became Charles VII of France. Charles' title was challenged by the English and their Burgundian allies, who supported the candidacy of Henry VI of England, the infant son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois, Charles' own sister, as king of France. This set the stage for the last phase of the Hundred Years' War: the "War of Charles VII".

paragraph: In this struggle, Yolande played a prominent role in surrounding the young Valois king with advisers and servants associated with the House of Anjou. She manoeuvred John VI, Duke of Brittany, into breaking an alliance with the English, and was responsible for a soldier from the Breton ducal family, Arthur de Richemont, becoming Constable of France in 1425. Yolande's early and strong support of Joan of Arc, when others had doubts, suggests her possible larger role in orchestrating Joan's appearance on the scene. Yolande unquestionably practised realistic politics. Using the Constable de Richemont, Yolande was behind the forceful removal of several of Charles VII's advisers. Thus, La Trémoille was attacked and forced from the court in 1433. Yolande was not averse to recruiting beautiful women and coaching them to become the mistresses of influential men who would spy on them on her behalf. She had a network of such women in the courts of Lorraine, Burgundy, Brittany, and her son-in-law.

paragraph: The contemporary chronicler Jean Juvenal des Ursins (1433–44), Bishop of Beauvais, described Yolande as "the prettiest woman in the kingdom." Bourdigné, chronicler of the house of Anjou, says of her: "She who was said to be the wisest and most beautiful princess in Christendom." Later, King Louis XI of France recalled that his grandmother had "a man's heart in a woman's body." A twentieth-century French author, Jehanne d'Orliac, wrote one of the few works specifically on Yolande, and noted that the duchess remains unappreciated for her genius and influence in the reign of Charles VII. "She is mentioned in passing because she is the pivot of all important events for forty-two years in France", while "Joan [of Arc] was in the public eye only eleven months."

paragraph: Yolande retired to Angers and then to Saumur. She continued to play a role in politics. When the bishopric in Angers fell vacant, she threatened Charles VII's candidate with beheading if he showed up in the city. The king backed down and the post went to her secretary. At least from 1439 onwards, her granddaughter Margaret of Anjou came to live with her. Yolande taught her not only etiquette and literature, but also how to check account books. Her last act before her death was to prepare Margaret for a possible marriage with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. She received his ambassadors in Samur and presented her granddaughter to them. She died at the Château de Tuce-de-Saumur on 14 November 1442.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: She was betrothed in 1390 to Louis, the heir of Anjou (who had one year earlier succeeded in conquering Naples and become King Ludovico II of Naples), and married him on 2 December 1400 at Montpellier. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Louis III of Anjou (25 September 1403 – 12 November 1434), Duke of Anjou, Titular King of Naples. He was adopted by Queen Joanna II of Naples. Married Margaret of Savoy. Died childless;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Marie of Anjou (14 October 1404 – 29 November 1463). Married in 1422 King Charles VII of France. Had issue including King Louis XI of France;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. René I of Naples (16 January 1409 – 10 July 1480), Duke of Anjou and Bar, Duke Consort of Lorraine, Titular King of Sicily and Naples. Married Duchess Isabella of Lorraine. They were the parents of Margaret of Anjou, Queen-Consort of England.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Yolande of Anjou (13 August 1412 – 17 July 1440). Married in 1431 Francis, Count of Montfort l'Amaury, who succeeded his father in 1442 as Duke of Brittany.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Charles of Anjou (14 October 1414 – 10 April 1472), Count of Maine (who never was Duke of Anjou, but his namesake son was). Married firstly Cobella Ruffo and secondly Isabelle de St.Pol, Countess of Guise. Had issue by both marriages.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: Queen Yolande appears as a character in the TV series "Catherine", in which she is played by , the grand dame of the French theatre.

paragraph: Yolande appears as a character in the 1999 film , in which she is played by actress Faye Dunaway.

paragraph: She is the subject of the historical novel "The Queen of Four Kingdoms", by Princess Michael of Kent (Beaufort Books, 2014).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zita Rohr, "Lifting the Tapestry: The Designs of Yolande of Aragon (1381-1442)", in Anthony McElligott, Liam Chambers, Ciara Breathnach, Catherine Lawless (dir.), "Power in History : From Medieval Ireland to the Post-Modern World", Dublin / Portland, Oregon, Irish Academic Press, coll. "Historical studies" (n° 27), 2011, XVI-314 p. (), pp. 145–166.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zita Eva Rohr, Yolande of Aragon (1381-1442). Family and Power: The Reverse of the Tapestry, Basingstoke/New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippe Contamine, "Yolande d'Aragon et Jeanne d'Arc : l'improbable rencontre de deux parcours politiques", in Éric Bousmar, Jonathan Dumont, Alain Marchandisse et Bertrand Schnerb (dir.), "Femmes de pouvoir, femmes politiques durant les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge et au cours de la première Renaissance", Bruxelles, De Boeck, coll. "Bibliothèque du Moyen Âge", 2012, 656 p. (), pp. 11–30.

alias: Queen, consort of Louis II, King of Naples Yolande d'Aragon

alias: Yolande d', Queen, consort of Louis II, King of Naples Aragon

alias: Queen consort of Louis II, King of Naples Yolande

description: Infanta of Aragon, titular queen consort of Naples, French noble

wikidata_label: Yolande of Aragon

wikipedia_title: Yolande of Aragon


text:
House of Saud
King Abdullah
Ibn Saud
Riyadh
Prince Badr
Prince Abdul Majeed
Al-Qassim Province
Al Jawf Province
King Abdullah
Allegiance Council
King Abdullah
King Salman
Al-Rajhi Bank

categories: Saudi Arabian politicians,Living people,1939 births,Governors of provinces in Saudi Arabia

paragraph: Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz (), also spelled Abdulillah, born 1939) is a member of the House of Saud and was an adviser to the late King Abdullah.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Elah was born in 1939. He is the son of Ibn Saud and Haya bint Sa'ad al Sudairi, a member of the powerful Sudairi family who died in Riyadh on 18 April 2003 at the age of 90. He is a full brother of the late Prince Badr, and the late Prince Abdul Majeed.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Elah served as the governor of Al-Qassim Province from March 1980 to March 1992. Then, he was appointed governor of Al Jawf Province in 1998 and served in this post until 2001. He accompanied King Abdullah on diplomatic trips abroad, when Abdullah was Crown Prince.

paragraph: He is a member of the Allegiance Council. On 8 October 2008, he was appointed as adviser to King Abdullah with the rank of minister. He is an entrepreneur and chairman of the Arabian Jewelry Company, National Investment Company, and the National Automobile Company.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Elah became an advisor to King Salman in January 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Although Prince Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz was considered a candidate for the throne by virtue of seniority, he had some drawbacks such as his ill-starred government career. Since he was twice removed from governorships, there were doubts about his competency. He was passed over in favor of Prince Muqrin for the post of Deputy Crown Prince and is thought to be out of the running for the Kingship.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Abdul Elah is married to Princess Salwa Al Ahmed, a medical doctor. His children, two sons and three daughters, are Abdul Aziz (born 1965), a stakeholder in Al-Rajhi Bank, Abdul Majid and Fahda (Twins, born 1993), Noura (born 2002) and Mashael (born 1967).

description: Member of the House of Saud

wikidata_label: Abdul Ilah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud