text:
Egyptian
Lebanese
Greek
Egyptian film industry
Omar Sharif
film festivals
11'9"01 September 11
Collège Saint Marc
Victoria College
Victoria college
Alvise Orfanelli
Melkite Catholic
Lebanese
Zahle, Lebanon
Wafd Party
Egypt
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Cannes Film Festival
Golden Tanit
Carthage Film Festival
Six-Day War
Israel
Egypt
Algeria
Silver Bear – Special Jury Priz
29th Berlin International Film Festival
Alexandria... Why?
Humbert Balsan
Adieu, Bonaparte
Dalida
Aly Badrakhan
Chafika et Metwal
Comédie-Française
Albert Camus
Caligula
Joseph
Jacob
Egypt
Omar Sharif
Hind Rostom
Hind Rostom
Farid Shawki
Jamila Bouhired
Ayyubid
Naguib Mahfouz
pan-Arabism
Six Day War
Nasser’s
Alexandria... Why?
An Egyptian Story
Cairo
cerebral haemorrhage
Cinema of Egypt
List of Egyptians

categories: 2008 deaths,Egyptian Arab nationalists,Egyptian former Christians,Egyptian film directors,People from Alexandria,Nasserists,Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria alumni,Egyptian people of Lebanese descent,1926 births

paragraph: Youssef Chahine

paragraph: Youssef Chahine (; 25 January 1926 – 27 July 2008) was an Egyptian film director, of Lebanese and Greek origin.

paragraph: He was active in the Egyptian film industry from 1950 until his death. A winner of the Cannes 50th Anniversary Award (for lifetime achievement), Chahine was credited with launching the career of actor Omar Sharif. A critically acclaimed director frequently seen in film festivals during the earlier decades of his work, Chahine reached wider international audiences as one of the co-directors of "11'9"01 September 11".

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Fascinated by the performing arts from an early age, young Chahine began to create shows at home for his family. Chahine began his education at a Frères' school Collège Saint Marc. Growing up, he attended Alexandria's elite Victoria College.After graduating from Victoria college in 1944, he was determined to go abroad to fulfill his passions. His parents refused, and tried to talk him out of him. They enrolled him in the college of Engineering at the University of Alexandria, but Chahine refused and later said that he had to “blackmail them, and almost jump out of the window.” He was later able to get what he wanted, and enrolled in the Pasadena PlayHouse, California- where he studied theater and television, but not film. Out of the 200 students that attended, only thirteen took the final examination, and only four passed- Chahine ranking first.

paragraph: After returning from Pasadena, Chahine didn’t work in Egyptian theater or film. Instead, he worked in Twentieth-Century in FOX’s publicity department, where he worked with and Alvise Orfanelli.  In one instance, a producer and a director had a quarrel, and the director walked off the set. The producer turned to Chahine to pick the film up, however, Chahine refused to complete someone else’s work. In another told instance, Chahine was offered the position of Assistant Director, which he also refused, stating that he was working on Hollywood theaters beforehand and an Assistant Director role was not for him.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and early life.

paragraph: Chahine was born in Alexandria, Egypt to a Melkite Catholic family of Lebanese descent. His father was an attorney originally from Zahle, Lebanon and was a supporter of the Egyptian nationalist Wafd Party. His mother, Claire Bastorous was a tailor. Although Chahine was raised Catholic, he was not a believer in organized religion. If asked of his religion, he would state, "Egyptian". At home, the Chahines spoke five languages, which was common in cosmopolitan Alexandria at the time.

paragraph: Chahine had affectionate parents and had a strong relationship with both of them- even though his mother and father had distinct personalities. At a young age, he knew what he wanted to become. Chahine would stay under his bed and in his room for hours, picturing himself in the industry- whether in a projection theater, a cinema hall or a production company.

paragraph: When asked about his childhood and early interest in cinema, Chahine said:

paragraph: "“ At the age of Eight, I discovered that 9.5mm films and projectors were being sold in stores. I saved from allowances enough to buy the projector and then became a regular for the Rabbani Bibi films. I used to gather the children of the neighborhood to show them these films. Some of them didn’t care for cinema and would come up with excuses not to attend. So I had no choice but to form a gang to beat up those who were late coming to the show.”"

paragraph: In the following years, two concepts raged Chahine and gagged his interest: indulging in sexual fantasies and cinema. A few years later, Chahine dealt with the death of his brother Alfred, who was only two years older than him. Chahine always remembered Alfred’s eyes, which influenced his work. Most his male actors had eyes that resembled Alfred’s.

paragraph: According to Chahine, his father was honest, which seeped into his values and was a trait he appreciated having. Along with honesty, Chahine’s father ignited his love for books. Being a lawyer, Chanie’s father could not keep up with the tuition bills, so he closed up his law office and took a job in the legal department in the Alexandria municipality so he could send Chahine to "Victoria College." Another memory Chahine was fond of, was how his father took him to the desert, and taught him how to look for landmarks and find his way back home. Scouting for film locations often brought back these memories. Their home was aristocratic, even though they were not rich. They had to be well mannered, and mistakes had punishments(which usually meant having dinner alone in the kitchen rather than outside on the family table.) Despite them being tight on money, they would still have guests over for dinner and lived without paying much attention to bank statements.

paragraph: Section::::Starting as a director.

paragraph: After returning to Egypt, he turned his attention to directing. Cinematographer Alvise Orfanelli helped Chahine into the film business. Chahine directed his first feature film in 1950, Baba Amin (Daddy Amin) at the age of 23, two years before the revolution of 1952 that saw the overthrow of the monarchy and the rise of the charismatic leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. One year later, with "Nile Boy" (1951) he was first invited to the Cannes Film Festival. Sira’ fi-l-Wadi ("Struggle in the Valley") introduced Omar Sharif to the cinematic screen. In 1970 he was awarded a Golden Tanit at the Carthage Film Festival for al-Ikhtiyar (The Choice). With "The Sparrow" (1973), in which he showed his political opinions after the Six-Day War with Israel, he directed the first Egypt–Algeria co-production.

paragraph: He won the Silver Bear – Special Jury Priz at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival for "Alexandria... Why?" (1978), the first instalment in what would prove to be an autobiographic quartet, completed with "An Egyptian Story" (1982), "Alexandria, Again and Again" (1990), and "Alexandria...New York" (2004). The producer Humbert Balsan went to Cannes in 2004 with "Alexandria... New York", his ninth film with the Egyptian director since 1985's "Adieu, Bonaparte". In one of his films "The Sixth Day" اليوم السادس, an adaptation of a novel written in French by Lebanese writer André Chedid, the famous Egyptian singer Dalida was the protagonist in the role of a poor Egyptian woman.

paragraph: About his work, Chahine has said, "I make my films first for myself. Then for my family. Then for Alexandria. Then for Egypt," Chahine once famously said. "If the Arab world likes them, ahlan wa sahlan (welcome). If the foreign audience likes them, they are doubly welcome."

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.

paragraph: During his long career Chahine produced different movies, including Aly Badrakhan's Chafika et Metwal. His early films in Egypt included "Raging Sky" (1953), which begun while Farouk was still King and dealing with a peasant farmer’s challenge to a feudal landlord. In 1992 Jacques Lassalle approached him to stage a piece of his choice for Comédie-Française. Chahine agreed and chose to adapt Albert Camus' "Caligula." The same year he started writing "The Emigrant" (1994), a story inspired by the Biblical character of Joseph, son of Jacob.

paragraph: This had long been a dream-project and he got to film it in 1994. This film created a controversy in Egypt between the liberal wing and the fundamentalists who opposed the depiction of religious characters in films. In 1997, 46 years later, his work was acknowledged at the Cannes Film Festival with the lifetime achievement award. Chahine is also credited with discovering Omar Sharif, whose first starring role was in Chahine's film "The Blazing Sun" (1954). He also provided Hind Rostom with a role early on in her career in "Bab al-Hadid" ("Cairo Station.")

paragraph: Chahine produced his four autobiographical films starting 1978 and uptill 2004. These films tell Yehia's life- who is a mirroring of Chahine. In this quartet, he explores his sexuality, personality, and family issues. The autobiographical films all take place between World War One and World War Two.

paragraph: Released in 1979, and set in the 1940s, "Alexandria...Why? S"parked controversy and censorship from the government- it examines Egypt's social and political issues. Haddouta Masriya, released later in 1982, Chahine looks at his own journey as an auteur and a director.

paragraph: In 1989, Chahine released his third autobiographical film "Alexandria Again and Forever." This film follows a strike that the actors and actresses, as well as production workers in the Egyptian film industry participate in. The film is a political commentary on censorship in Egypt. Chahine uses many directoral styles: "verité," normal narrative and formalism.

paragraph: The fourth and final film to the autobiographical film is "Alexandria ... New York" which Chahine released in 2004. The film draws a parrallel between Chahine's life and the narrative he tells: it explores the relationshop between The United States and Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Cairo Station (Bab al-Hadid)," 1958.

paragraph: The film is set in Cairo train station and features mainly Kinawi (played by Youssef Chahine), a mentally unstable newspaper seller that is madly in love with Hanouma, who works as an illegal cold drinks vendor at the same station. Kinawi cuts pictures of women from magazines for the little cabin that he lives in, and has a psychosexual obsession with Hanouma (played by the acknowledged actress Hind Rostom), who is engaged to Abou Seri' (Farid Shawki), porter and trade union organiser. In a turn of events, Kinawi murders Halawithom, Hanouma's friend.

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Jamila al-Jaza'iriyya (Jamila, The Algerian)," 1958.

paragraph: Jamila Bouhired, often known as Jamila. was an Algerian and Arab symbol of resistance. Jamila sees the French militants arrest her friend. She then volunteers to join the liberation front. After a while, she is promoted to an organizer because of her intelligence. Eventually she is arrested and tortured in prison. She is put on trial in a military court and they try to accidentally kill him, as they have disposed of many witnesses. Luckily, the lawyer survives but the court still gives her the death penalty. The resistance movements rile up and Jamila is a symbol of inspiration and resistance to the Arab world.

paragraph: It premiered at Moscow's Film Festival in 1959, with the French government's dismay. However it was not shown on Egyptian television for a long time. According to Magda, the lead actress and producer of the film, Egypt had banned the screening in order to not harm political relations with France.

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Saladin" (original title: "El Nasser Salah Ed-Din" ("Saladin, The Victorious"), 1963.

paragraph: Chahine made an epic, three-hour film in CinemaScope named after the 12th century Ayyubid sultan who, as the film begins, is preparing to liberate Jerusalem from its Crusader occupiers. It was scripted by Naguib Mahfouz and the poet and progressive writer, Abderrahman Cherkaoui.

paragraph: A parallel between Saladin and President Nasser, a champion of pan-Arabism, is easily drawn. Saladin is protrayed as an educated and peaceful man—at one point he is asked to give clandestine medical help to Richard the Lion Heart, who was shot by an arrow. Saladin later tells him: "Religion is God’s and the Earth is for all ... I guarantee to all Christians in Jerusalem the same rights as are enjoyed by Muslims."

paragraph: Chahine was well aware of the propaganda dimension that implicitly painted President Nasser as a modern-era Saladin, stating "My own sympathies were with pan-Arabism, which I still believe in." The main reason he made the film was to prove that an epic film with a small budget, by global cinema standards. From then on, he only produced color films.

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Al Ard (The Earth)," 1968.

paragraph: A novel by Cherkaoui, serialised , formed the basis of "The Earth" ,and is noted particularly for its image of the peasant farmer – "eternal ‘damned of the earth’" – which broke with "the ridiculous image the cinema had (hitherto) given him" (Khaled Osman). There followed a further collaboration with Mahfouz on "The Choice."

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Al Ikhtiyar (The Choice)," 1970.

paragraph: The protagonist of the film is schizophrenic, a fact that the audience discovers well into the film. The film mainly follows the police as they try to solve the murder of Mahmoud, who is believed to be the unidentified corpse in the beginning of the film. The older detectives believe that Sayyid, Mahmoud's twin brother killed him. While a young assistant questions whether this is self-deception and not even a real crime.

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Al Usfur (The Sparrow)," 1972.

paragraph: The film deals with the aftermath of the Six Day War and Nasser’s announcement of the defeat and his subsequent resignation.

paragraph: Bahiyya, the main character runs into the street, followed by a growing crowd, shouting "No! we must fight. We won’t accept defeat!"—an iconic scene in Egyptian cinema.

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Iskinderiya.. leh? (Alexandria, Why?)," 1978.

paragraph: Yehia, a young Victoria College student, is obsessed with Hollywood and dreams of cinema. It is 1942, the Germans are about to enter Alexandria, a thought that is preferable to the presence of the British in Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Notable films.:"Hadduta Masriya" ("An Egyptian Story)," 1982.

paragraph: As a result of a heart operation, he reviews his life: moments of Chahine’s own films are replayed against their autobiographical and social historical context.

paragraph: Memory is very important to Chahine’s most recent work —whether of the "city of my childhood, Alexandria, between the two world wars tolerant, secular, open to Muslims, Christians and Jews" or of a more distant past: such as evoked in Adieu Bonaparte (1985), based on the cultural aspect of Bonaparte’s expedition into Egypt (1798). "Out of this marvelous confrontation there was a rebirth of Egyptian consciousness, of its past ... which belongs to humanity."

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.

paragraph: Despite being internationally renowned, and successful in Egypt, Chahine has often been the center of controversies due to his liberal views, portrayal of sexuality and political critique.

paragraph: "Cairo Station", albeit a classic of Egyptian cinema, shocked viewers both by the sympathy with which a "fallen woman" is depicted and by the violence with which another is killed. It was also a style that Egyptian audiences were not used to, hence it was rejected by the public, but still received appraisal from critics.

paragraph: "The Sparrow" attacked Egyptian corruption and blamed it for the defeat in the Six Day War, which gained backlash from government supporters.

paragraph: During the several following years, Chahine found himself increasingly in conflict with the government-backed film industry of Egypt and its heavy political restrictions in filmmaking. In 1964, he traveled to Lebanon, where he shot two musicals: Bayya al-Khawatim (1965, Ring Seller) and Rimal al-Dhahab (1967, Sands of Gold). Ring Seller became one of the best musicals of Arab cinema, bringing success to Youssef Chahine, whereas Sands of Gold, due to delays in shooting and its box-office failure, forced him to quit his work in Lebanon and return to Egypt.

paragraph: In 1994, with the release of "Al Mohaguer (The Emigrant)," Chahine ran into trouble with fundamentalists. The film tells the story of Joseph, and Islam does not condone the drawing, or acting out the role of a prophet. The film was initially banned awaiting a lawsuit that Chahine eventually won, however, it was still not screened.

paragraph: He again found himself at conflict with fundamentalists after the release of "Al Masir (Destiny)" which tells the story of Andalucian Arab philosopher, Abu al-Walid ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd (known in the west as Averroes). The film's goal was to initiate religious tolerance, however, it was seen as disrespectful to Ibn Rushd.

paragraph: Upon the release of "Al Akhar (The Other)" in 1999, the film caused some public controversy. The film features a mother who exposes a woman's scam after she and her son had fallen in love and planned to marry. We later discover in the film that the mother's relationship to her son was somewhat sexual. The film was not banned, and screened normally in theaters and on televisions.

paragraph: Section::::Gay-Bisexual themes in his work.

paragraph: Chahine frequently included gay or bisexual themes in his work. "Alexandria... Why?" tells the story of two young men—one Egyptian, the other European—who fall in love during World War II. Yehia’s cousin is gay and ‘buys’ drunken British soldiers. Jewish friends are forced to leave and decide to settle in Palestine.

paragraph: In "An Egyptian Story" (1982) Yehia is a film-maker, going to London (as Chahine had earlier) for open-heart surgery. He has a brief affair with a taxi driver.

paragraph: Section::::Illness and death.

paragraph: Chahine was hospitalised at El Shorouq hospital in Cairo, having fallen into a coma following an apparent cerebral haemorrhage, on Sunday, 15 June 2008.

paragraph: On Monday, 16 June 2008, Chahine was flown to Paris on an emergency flight and admitted to the American Hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of Paris, where his niece told AFP his condition was "critical but stable."

paragraph: Youssef Chahine died in his Cairo home on Sunday, 27 July 2008.

paragraph: He was honored by BAFTA for his contribution to film.

paragraph: Section::::Nominations and awards.

paragraph: Cannes Film Festival

paragraph: Amiens International Film Festival

paragraph: Cairo National Festival for Egyptian Cinema

paragraph: Carthage Film Festival

paragraph: Chicago International Film Festival

paragraph: Dubai International Film Festival

paragraph: Moscow International Film Festival

paragraph: Murex D'Or

paragraph: New York Film Festival

paragraph: Toronto International Film Festival

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cinema of Egypt

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Egyptians

description: Egyptian film director

wikidata_label: Youssef Chahine

wikipedia_title: Youssef Chahine


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categories: 21st-century American painters,1955 births,20th-century American painters,American male painters,Guggenheim Fellows,African-American contemporary artists,Franklin Furnace artists,Drama teachers,Bates College faculty,American performance artists,Walking art,Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni,Living people,University of Chicago faculty

paragraph: William Pope.L

paragraph: Pope.L (also known as William Pope.L, born 1955 in Newark, New Jersey) is an American visual artist best known for his work in performance art, and interventionist public art. However, he has also produced art in painting, photography and theater. He was included in the 2002 Whitney Biennial and is a Guggenheim Fellow and a recipient of the Creative Capital Visual Arts Award. Pope.L was also included in the 2017 Whitney Biennial.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Pope.L attended Pratt Institute from 1973 to 1975 and participated in the Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program from 1977 to 1978. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, in 1978. He received a Master of Fine Arts degree in visual arts from the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey in 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Early work.

paragraph: From 1990 to 2010, Pope.L was a lecturer of Theater and Rhetoric at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. As a faculty member he directed a production of Lorraine Hansberry's "A Raisin In the Sun", in which he used both African-American and Caucasian actors as members of the same family.

paragraph: For "ATM Piece", performed in 1997, he attached himself with an eight-foot length of Italian sausage to the door of a Chase Bank in midtown Manhattan wearing nothing but a skirt made out of dollar bills.

paragraph: "eRacism", a project that Pope.L began during the late 1970s, included over 40 endurance-based performances consisting of “crawls”, varying in length and duration. In one example titled "Tompkins Square Crawl" (1991) Pope.L dressed in a business suit and crawled through the gutter in Tompkins Square Park, New York, pushing a potted flower with one hand. Another example titled "The Great White Way" involved a crawl which stretched over 22 miles and took five years to complete. For this performance he donned a Superman outfit and strapped a skateboard to his back. The crawl stretched the entire 22 miles of Broadway, in New York City. Documentation of this performance was included in the 2002 Whitney Biennial.

paragraph: Section::::2001 – 2010.

paragraph: In 2001 the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) advisory renew panel granted Pope.L $42,000 in financing for a traveling retrospective called "William Pope.L: eRacism". Shortly after announcing the award, the acting chairman, Robert S. Martin, rescinded funding for the grant. Joel Wachs, then president of the Andy Warhol Foundation for Visual Arts, stated in the December 21 issue of "The New York Times": "It is important, particularly in light of what I would consider an attack on freedom of expression, to stand firm. We want this exhibition to occur; we want other funders to step forward; we don't want the N.E.A.'s decision to be something that has the effect of stopping what I think is going to be an important exhibition of art."

paragraph: The Warhol Foundation, in partnership with the Rockefeller Foundation and the LEF Foundation provided $50,000 in funding for the traveling retrospective to tour the United States. "eRacism" exhibited at the Institute of Contemporary Art at Maine College of Art; Diverse Works Art space, Houston, 2003; Portland Institute for Contemporary Art (PICA), Oregon, 2003; and Artists Space, New York, 2003 .

paragraph: The catalog "William Pope.L: Friendliest Black Artist in America" was produced by curator Mark Bessire in conjunction with the retrospective exhibition.

paragraph: In 2002 Pope.L received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award. In 2004 he received a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 2005 "The Black Factory", an art installation on wheels, traveled from Maine to Missouri as part of The Interventionists show organized by the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (Mass MOCA). "Typically the Factory arrives at a city or town and sets up its interactive workshop on the street. People bring objects that represent blackness to them. The Factory’s workers use these objects in tightly rehearsed but loosely performed skits to stimulate a conversation — a flow of ideas, images and experiences. Most objects are photographed and made part of the Factory’s virtual library, some are housed in the Factory’s archive for later use, and some are pulverized in the Factory’s workshop to make new products available in the Factory’s gift shop."

paragraph: In 2006 he was selected as one of the United States Artists fellows, for which he was awarded a $50,000 unrestricted grant.

paragraph: He was featured alongside other performing artists: Sean Penn, Willem Dafoe, Brad Pitt, Steve Buscemi, and Juliette Binoche in Robert Wilson's LAB HD portraits. In 2008, Pope.L's piece "One Substance, Eight Supports, One Situation" was selected to participate in The Renaissance Society's group exhibition, "Black Is, Black Ain't".

paragraph: In 2010 Pope.L was appointed faculty at the University of Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Recent work.

paragraph: In 2015 MOCA, Los Angeles presented "Trinket", the largest solo museum presentation of Pope.L's work to date. The centerpiece of the show is "Trinket", a monumental, custom-made American flag (approximately 54 x 16 feet) hanging on a pole in the middle of the Geffen. During the museum's public hours the flag will be continuously blown by four large-scale industrial fans — the type used on Hollywood film sets to create wind or rain effects — and will be illuminated from below by a bank of custom theatrical lights. Over time the flag will appear to fray at its ends due to the constant whipping of the forced air, a potent metaphor for the rigors and complexities of democratic engagement and participation. "Trinket" was originally produced in 2008 at Grand Arts, in Kansas City, Mo., as the centerpiece of Pope.L's exhibition Animal Nationalism.

paragraph: In 2015 Pope.L produced "The Beautiful", a new choreographed crawl performance staged for the first time at Art Basel in Miami Beach. For "The Beautiful", four men, dressed as Superman with skateboards strapped to their backs, roll onward in the dark. The rumbling of their wheels grows louder through speakers as they approach the crowd, and blends with the low churning of electric guitars. The ‘Super-Gents’ reach a wooden stage and crab-walk their way up, barely fitting onto the small surface. Holding each other, they finally break into a heart-rending, soulful version of the patriotic song America The Beautiful.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: Pope.L's art focuses on issues of consumption, social class, and masculinity as they relate to race. He is quoted as saying of his own work: “I am a fisherman of social absurdity, if you will… My focus is to politicize disenfranchisement, to make it neut, to reinvent what’s beneath us, to remind us where we all come from.”

paragraph: In his Foundation for Contemporary Art Fellowship bio, he writes: "Like the African shaman who chews his pepper seeds and spits seven times into the air, I believe art re-ritualizes the everyday to reveal something fresh about our lives. This revelation is a vitality and it is a power to change the world.".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William Pope.L: The Friendliest Black Artist in America", Mark H. C. Bessire, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 2002 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Whole Entire World: Interview with William Pope.L by Amy Horschak" in "Dak'Art 2006", La Biennale de Dakar: Dakar, 2006, p. 382-383.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pope.L: Showing Up to Withhold", The Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago, The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, 2014 ().

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Factory" project official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documentary Film of the Black Factory Rehearsal 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artful Mind article from 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Void Show Exhibition Review published in "X-TRA Contemporary Art Quarterly"

alias:
William Pope Lancaster
L. William Pope
Pope.L

description: American artist

wikidata_label: William Pope.L

wikipedia_title: William Pope.L


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categories: American football fullbacks,Atlanta Falcons players,Dallas Cowboys players,1981 births,Chicago Bears players,Miami Dolphins players,Sportspeople from Pennsylvania,Pittsburgh Panthers football players,New England Patriots players,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Living people

paragraph: Lousaka Polite

paragraph: Lousaka Romon Polite (born September 14, 1981) is a former American football fullback in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, Chicago Bears, Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots and Atlanta Falcons. He played college football at the University of Pittsburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Polite attended Woodland Hills High School, where played at fullback and inside linebacker. As a senior, he posted 116 carries for 1,022 yards (8.8-yard average), 20 touchdowns and 83 tackles, while earning All-conference honors.

paragraph: He also practiced track, where he was a two-time state finalist in the javelin throw.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Polite accepted a football scholarship from the University of Pittsburgh. As a redshirt freshman, he was named the starter at fullback, tallying 36 carries for 109 yards, 16 receptions for 118 yards and one touchdown.

paragraph: As a sophomore, he collected 22 carries for 77 yards, 9 receptions for 69 yards and one touchdown. As a junior, he registered 52 carries for 211 yards, 9 receptions for 76 yards and 2 touchdowns. As a senior, he rushed for 258 yards on 70 carries, caught 25 passed for 222 yards and scored 2 touchdowns.

paragraph: He became the first three-year captain in school history and was a four-year starter at fullback. He also saw action at running back, but had minimal success at that position.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: Polite was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2004 NFL Draft. He was waived before the start of the season and signed to the practice squad on November 3. On December 28, he was promoted to the active roster after fullback Richie Anderson was placed on the injured reserve list with a neck injury.

paragraph: In 2005, he took over the starting fullback position after Darian Barnes was waived injured with a sprained ankle. In 2006, he was released on October 20 and re-signed on November 2. He was cut on November 7 and re-signed on November 15.

paragraph: He spent three years with the team, contributing mostly with his blocking at fullback, while registering 28 rushing yards and 97 receiving yards on 12 receptions. He was waived before the start of the 2007 season, with the team deciding to keep rookie Deon Anderson and second-year player Oliver Hoyte.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: In 2007, Polite signed with the Chicago Bears. He played in 5 games and had 2 tackles on special teams, but did not see any action on the offense. He was cut on August 30, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On October 16, 2008, he signed as a free agent with the Miami Dolphins. The move reunited him with various coaches and front office personnel from the Cowboys, including Bill Parcells who signed him as the Cowboys' head coach in 2004. He saw action on short yardage situations. In 2008, he had 83 yards rushing on 23 attempts, and 51 yards on 11 receptions. He also gained 11 first downs in 12 attempts on 3rd or 4th and one.

paragraph: In 2009, he played in all 16 games for the first time in his career, while blocking for Ricky Williams. That year, he racked up 123 yards rushing, his career high, on 37 attempts. He also converted all 16 attempts on 3rd or 4th and one.

paragraph: In 2010, he played in all 16 games for the second year in a row. He had 62 yards rushing on 26 attempts and also a rushing touchdown, what was the first of his career. He did not contribute much in the passing game having only 61 yards on 12 receptions, however 12 receptions was his career high. He was 14 of 15 in 3rd or 4th and one situations. He was released on September 3, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: On December 27, 2011, he was signed as free agent by the New England Patriots to improve their roster depth. He appeared in the season finale, all three postseason games and in Super Bowl XLVI. He was released on March 26, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: On August 11, 2012, he signed with the Atlanta Falcons. He was released on November 7, after he was replaced with Mike Cox.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Career statistics.

paragraph: Rushing Stats

paragraph: Receiving

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2016, Polite earned a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Miami Business School.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- When Will Miami Dolphins Fullback Lousaka Polite Get the Praise He Deserves?

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Lousaka Polite

wikipedia_title: Lousaka Polite


text: CMG

text: British

text: Lieutenant-Governor of British Honduras

text: Colonial Secretary

text: Hong Kong

text: Lieutenant-Governor

text: British Honduras

text: Colonial Secretary

text: Hong Kong

text: Auditor General

text: Administrator

text: Barbados

text: Legislative council

text: Sir Harold Austin

text: Swedish parliament

text: leap day

text: Mount Austin

text: Hong Kong Island

text: Austin Road

text: Austin Avenue

text: Kowloon

text: Austin Station

text: MTR

text: List of heads of Hong Kong by education

categories: 1812 births,Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong,Governors of British Honduras,1900 deaths

paragraph: John Gardiner Austin

paragraph: John Gardiner Austin, CMG (; 7 August 1812 – 25 July 1900) was a British colonial administrator. He was Lieutenant-Governor of British Honduras 1864–1867, and Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1868 to 1879, acting as Administrator (acting Governor) of the colony in 1877.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Austin was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of British Honduras in February 1864, and served for two years until 1867.

paragraph: In 1868, he was appointed Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong, serving as such until 1879. He was also Auditor General of the colony from 1870 to 1879, and Administrator (acting Governor) from March to April 1877. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in March 1876, for his services in Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Austin married, in 1836, Emma Wilday (1 February 1811 – 9 May 1879), and was the father of six sons and four daughters, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Wilday Austin (19 January 1837 – 1 December 1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gardiner Austin (19 July 1838 – 8 March 1902), who in September 1901 was appointed a Member of the Barbados Legislative council. Sir Harold Austin was his son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mehetabel Percy Austin (29 February 1840 – 27 December 1943), who married in 1862 (1826–1899), a member of the Swedish parliament of Scottish origin. She was one of few people born on leap day to celebrate a centennial.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Mount Austin on Hong Kong Island, Austin Road and Austin Avenue in Kowloon were named after him. The Austin Station of the MTR was so-named due to its proximity to Austin Road West, and the naming may be more influenced by geographical convenience rather than any direct link to Austin himself.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heads of Hong Kong by education

description: British colonial administrator

wikidata_label: John Gardiner Austin

wikipedia_title: John Gardiner Austin


text: Tom Jones

text: Academy Award for Best Director

text: The Hotel New Hampshire

text: Blue Sky

text: Shipley

text: West Riding of Yorkshire

text: Ashville College

text: Harrogate

text: Wadham College

text: Oxford

text: Rupert Murdoch

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Kenneth Tynan

text: Lindsay Anderson

text: Gavin Lambert

text: Oxford University Dramatic Society

text: Isis

text: Shirley Williams

text: John Schlesinger

text: Nigel Davenport

text: Robert Robinson

text: Jean Giraudoux

text: The Apollo of Bellac

text: Denholm Elliott

text: Natasha Parry

text: Free Cinema

text: Momma Don't Allow

text: Karel Reisz

text: British "New Wave"

text: George Devine

text: John Osborne

text: Look Back in Anger

text: Royal Court Theatre

text: Stratford-upon-Avon

text: Laurence Olivier

text: The Entertainer

text: Woodfall Film Productions

text: John Osborne

text: Harry Saltzman

text: Look Back in Anger

text: Academy Awards

text: Tom Jones

text: Henry Fielding

text: The Loved One

text: John Gielgud

text: Rod Steiger

text: Robert Morse

text: sound stage

text: Haskell Wexler

text: director of photography

text: Jeanne Moreau

text: Orson Welles

text: Rob Lowe

text: Milton Berle

text: Trevor Howard

text: David Hemmings

text: Nicol Williamson

text: Lynn Redgrave

text: Marianne Faithfull

text: Richard Burton

text: Jodie Foster

text: Anthony Hopkins

text: Mick Jagger

text: Katharine Hepburn

text: Seth Green

text: Tommy Lee Jones

text: Paul Scofield

text: Judi Dench

text: Antoine Duhamel

text: John Addison

text: Shel Silverstein

text: Jean Genet

text: Christopher Isherwood

text: Terry Southern

text: Marguerite Duras

text: Edward Bond

text: Vladimir Nabokov

text: Edward Albee

text: Charge of the Light Brigade

text: Laurence Harvey

text: Mademoiselle

text: The Charge of the Light Brigade

text: Ned Kelly

text: Laughter in the Dark

text: A Delicate Balance

text: Joseph Andrews

text: Vaslav Nijinsky

text: Edward Albee

text: Rudolf Nureyev

text: Claude Jade

text: Paul Scofield

text: Sam Shepard

text: Mahogany

text: Diana Ross

text: Motown

text: Berry Gordy

text: comedy-drama

text: The Hotel New Hampshire

text: John Irving

text: novel of the same name

text: Jodie Foster

text: Beau Bridges

text: Rob Lowe

text: Blue Sky

text: Jessica Lange

text: Wormwood Scrubs prison

text: double agent

text: George Blake

text: Vanessa Redgrave

text: Natasha

text: Joely Richardson

text: Jeanne Moreau

text: Oscar Lewenstein

text: Jo Grimond

text: bisexual

text: AIDS

text: The Apollo of Bellac

text: Momma Don't Allow

text: Karel Reisz

text: Look Back in Anger

text: The Entertainer

text: Sanctuary

text: A Taste of Honey

text: Tom Jones

text: The Loved One

text: Mademoiselle

text: The Sailor from Gibraltar

text: The Charge of the Light Brigade

text: Laughter in the Dark

text: Hamlet

text: Ned Kelly

text: A Delicate Balance

text: Dead Cert

text: Mahogany

text: Berry Gordy

text: Joseph Andrews

text: A Death in Canaan

text: The Border

text: The Hotel New Hampshire

text: Penalty Phase

text: Frederic Raphael

text: Ken Russell

text: The Phantom of the Opera

text: Blue Sky

text: Kitchen sink realism

text: BFI: Tony Richardson

categories: English film producers,LGBT producers,BAFTA winners (people),People educated at Ashville College,English film directors,1928 births,Bisexual men,People from Shipley, West Yorkshire,Directors Guild of America Award winners,Best Directing Academy Award winners,LGBT directors,AIDS-related deaths in California,1991 deaths,Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford,LGBT people from England

paragraph: Tony Richardson

paragraph: Cecil Antonio "Tony" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films "Tom Jones" (1963), which won him the Academy Award for Best Director; "The Hotel New Hampshire" (1984); and his final film, "Blue Sky" (1994).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford. His Oxford contemporaries included Rupert Murdoch, Margaret Thatcher, Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson and Gavin Lambert. He had the unprecedented distinction of being the President of both the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Experimental Theatre Club (the ETC), in addition to being the theatre critic for the university magazine "Isis". Those he cast in his student productions included Shirley Williams (as Cordelia), John Schlesinger, Nigel Davenport and Robert Robinson.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1955, in his directing debut, Richardson produced Jean Giraudoux's "The Apollo of Bellac" for Television with Denholm Elliott and Natasha Parry in the main roles. Around the same time he began to be active in Britain's Free Cinema movement, co-directing the non-fiction short "Momma Don't Allow" (also 1955) with Karel Reisz.

paragraph: Part of the British "New Wave" of directors, he was involved in the formation of the English Stage Company, along with his close friend George Goetschius and George Devine. He directed John Osborne's play "Look Back in Anger" at the Royal Court Theatre, and in the same period he directed Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon. Then in 1957 he directed Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice in Osborne's next play "The Entertainer", again for the Royal Court.

paragraph: In 1959, Richardson co-founded Woodfall Film Productions with John Osborne and producer Harry Saltzman, and, as Woodfall's debut, directed the film version of "Look Back in Anger" (1959), his first feature film.

paragraph: In 1964 Richardson received two Academy Awards (Best Director and Best Picture) for "Tom Jones" (1963) based on the novel by Henry Fielding. His next film was "The Loved One" (1965), during which he worked with established stars including John Gielgud, Rod Steiger and Robert Morse working in Hollywood both on location and on the sound stage. In his autobiography, he confesses that he did not share the general admiration of Haskell Wexler, who worked on "The Loved One" as both director of photography and a producer.

paragraph: Among stars that Richardson directed were: Jeanne Moreau, Orson Welles, Rob Lowe, Milton Berle, Trevor Howard, David Hemmings, Nicol Williamson, Lynn Redgrave, Marianne Faithfull, Richard Burton, Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, Mick Jagger, Katharine Hepburn, Seth Green, Tommy Lee Jones, Paul Scofield and Judi Dench. His musical composers included Antoine Duhamel, John Addison and Shel Silverstein. His screenwriters were Jean Genet, Christopher Isherwood, Terry Southern, Marguerite Duras, Edward Bond (adapting Vladimir Nabokov) and Edward Albee. Richardson and Osborne eventually fell out during production of the film "Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968). The basic issue was Osborne's unwillingness to go through the rewrite process, more arduous in film than it is in the theatre. Richardson himself had a different version. In his autobiography (p. 195) he writes that Osborne was angry at being replaced, in a small rôle, by Laurence Harvey to whom the producers had obligations. Osborne took literary revenge by creating a fictionalised and pseudonymous Richardson – a domineering and arrogant character whom everyone hated – in his play "Hotel in Amsterdam".

paragraph: Richardson's work was stylistically varied. "Mademoiselle" (1966) was shot "noir"-style on location in rural France with a static camera, monochrome film stock and no music. "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968) was part epic and part animated feature. "Ned Kelly" (1970) was what might be called an Aussie-western. "Laughter in the Dark" (1969) and "A Delicate Balance" (1973) were psycho-dramas. "Joseph Andrews" (1977), based on another novel by Henry Fielding, was a return to the mood of "Tom Jones".

paragraph: In 1970, Richardson was set to direct a film about Vaslav Nijinsky with a script by Edward Albee. It was to have starred Rudolf Nureyev as Nijinsky, Claude Jade as Romola and Paul Scofield as Diaghilev, but producer Harry Saltzman cancelled the project during pre-production.

paragraph: In 1974, he travelled to Los Angeles to work on a script (never produced) with Sam Shepard, and took up residence there. Later that year he began work on "Mahogany" (1975), starring Diana Ross, but was fired by Motown head Berry Gordy shortly after production began, owing to creative differences.

paragraph: He wrote and directed the comedy-drama "The Hotel New Hampshire" (1984) based on John Irving's novel of the same name and starring Jodie Foster, Beau Bridges and Rob Lowe. Although it was a box office failure, the film received a positive critical reception.

paragraph: Richardson made four more major films before his death. His last, "Blue Sky" (1994), was not released for nearly three years after he died. Jessica Lange won a Best Actress Oscar for her performance.

paragraph: In 1966, Richardson financed the escape from Wormwood Scrubs prison of the spy and double agent George Blake.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: Richardson was married to actress Vanessa Redgrave from 1962 to 1967. The couple had two daughters, Natasha (1963–2009) and Joely Richardson (born 1965), both actresses. He left Redgrave for actress Jeanne Moreau, although the marriage he had anticipated never materialised. In 1972, he also had a relationship with Grizelda Grimond, who was a secretary for Richardson's former business partner Oscar Lewenstein, and daughter of British politician Jo Grimond. Grizelda gave birth to his daughter, Katharine Grimond, on January 8, 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Richardson was bisexual, but never acknowledged it publicly until after he contracted HIV. He died of complications from AIDS in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography (as director).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Apollo of Bellac" (TV) (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Actor's End" (TV) (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Momma Don't Allow" (with Karel Reisz; 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Look Back in Anger" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Entertainer" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Subject of Scandal and Concern" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sanctuary" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Taste of Honey" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tom Jones" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Loved One" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mademoiselle" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red and Blue" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sailor from Gibraltar" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laughter in the Dark" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hamlet" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ned Kelly" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Delicate Balance" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead Cert" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahogany" (uncredited; replaced by Berry Gordy 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joseph Andrews" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Death in Canaan" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Border" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hotel New Hampshire" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Penalty Phase" (TV) (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beryl Markham: A Shadow on the Sun" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (with Frederic Raphael and Ken Russell; 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Phantom of the Opera" (TV) (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Sky" (1994)

paragraph: Section::::Theatre.

paragraph: "sources: Adler; Little & McLaughlin; Richardson"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitchen sink realism

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BFI: Tony Richardson

description: English theatre and film director and producer

wikidata_label: Tony Richardson

wikipedia_title: Tony Richardson


text: English peer

text: Villiers family

text: William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey

text: Governor

text: Foundling Hospital

text: royal charter

text: orphanage

text: abandoned children

text: London

text: Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgwater

text: thepeerage.com

categories: Earls in the Jacobite peerage,Earls of Jersey,Villiers family,Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain,1769 deaths,18th-century births

paragraph: William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey

paragraph: William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey, 6th Viscount Grandison, (died 28 August 1769) was an English peer and politician from the Villiers family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey. Among other achievements, Villiers was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital, a charity which received its royal charter on 17 October 1739 to operate an orphanage for abandoned children in London.

paragraph: On 23 June 1733, he married Anne Russell, Dowager Duchess of Bedford (c. 1704/1709 – 1762). She was the daughter of Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgwater, and widow of Wriothesley Russell, 3rd Duke of Bedford. They had two sons, but only one survived them:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick William Villiers, Viscount Villiers (25 March 1734 – before 11 October 1742)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Bussy Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey (1735–1805)

paragraph: He commissioned the building of the previous Middleton Park, in Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com Retrieved 5 September 2009: William Villiers, 3rd Earl of the Island of Jersey

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey

wikipedia_title: William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey


text:
landscape painter
Alexander Nasmyth
Jane
Barbara
Anne
Charlotte
James
steam hammer
Edinburgh
Patrick Miller
London
Meindert Hobbema
Jacob van Ruysdael
pneumonia
Paintings by Patrick Naysmith
Patrick Naysmith

categories: 1787 births,19th-century Scottish painters,Deaths from pneumonia,Artists from Edinburgh,1831 deaths,Scottish male painters,Scottish landscape painters,Scottish watercolourists

paragraph: Patrick Nasmyth

paragraph: Patrick Nasmyth, (7 January 1787 – 17 August 1831), was a Scottish landscape painter. He was the eldest son of the artist Alexander Nasmyth.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nasmyth was one of the eleven children of Barbara and Alexander Nasmyth of Edinburgh. His six sisters—Jane, Barbara, Margaret, Elizabeth, Anne, and Charlotte — were notable artists whilst his younger brother, James, was a prominent engineer who invented the steam hammer. Nasmyth was born in Edinburgh and was named after his father's patron, Patrick Miller. He developed an affinity for art at an early age. He and his siblings were all given art lessons. His father was keen to see that they were independent. As a teenager Nasmyth lost the use of his right hand following an accident, forcing him to learn how to paint with his left. He also lost most of his hearing through illness.

paragraph: Much of Nasmyth's work, a great deal of which is undated, depicts his native Scotland, which he continued to paint even after moving to London in 1810. Like his father, he was heavily influenced by the Dutch masters of the 17th century, particularly Meindert Hobbema and Jacob van Ruysdael (a large number of works by both men were displayed in London galleries during Nasmyth's lifetime).

paragraph: Nasmyth died of pneumonia-like symptoms, which he contracted shortly after painting a scene just outside London.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irwin, David & Francina (1975). "Scottish Painters at Home and Abroad, 1700-1900" London, Faber & Faber, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nasmyth, James (2004). "James Nasmyth Engineer An Autobiography" London, Kessinger, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paintings by Patrick Naysmith (Artcyclopedia.com)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patrick Naysmith (TheFamousArtists.com)

alias:
Peter Nasmyth
nasymth p.
Peter Naesmyth
P. Nasmyth
P. Naysmyth
p. nasmith
P. nasymth
peter gen. patrick nasmyth
P. Nay Smith
gen. "patrick" nasmyth peter
Junior Nasmyth
Pat. Nasmyth
P. Naysmith
p. nasmyth
Jun. Naysmith
Peter, Genannt Patrick Nasnyth

description: Scottish painter

wikidata_label: Patrick Nasmyth

wikipedia_title: Patrick Nasmyth


text: English peer

text: Villiers family

text: Lady Sarah Fane

text: Member of Parliament

text: Rochester

text: Minehead

text: Honiton

text: Weymouth & Melcome Regis

text: Cirencester

text: Sir Robert Peel

text: Sir George Orby Wombwell, 4th Baronet

text: Alfred Charles Whitman

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,1859 deaths,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1847–1852,Earls in the Jacobite peerage,Earls of Jersey,UK MPs 1837–1841,Villiers family,1808 births,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: George Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey

paragraph: George Augustus Frederick Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey (4 April 1808 – 24 October 1859), styled Viscount Villiers until 1859, was an English peer and politician from the Villiers family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Villiers was the son of George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey, by Lady Sarah Fane.

paragraph: He sat as Member of Parliament for Rochester from 1830 to 1831, for Minehead from 1831 from 1832, for Honiton from 1832 to 1835, for Weymouth & Melcome Regis from 1837 to 1842 and for Cirencester from 1844 to 1852. He succeeded in the earldom on the death of his father on 3 October 1859 but only held the title until his own death three weeks later.

paragraph: Lord Jersey married Julia Peel (d. 1893), daughter of the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, on 12 July 1841. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia Sarah Alice Child Villiers (d. 1921); she married Sir George Orby Wombwell, 4th Baronet, on 3 September 1861 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Anne Child-Villiers; she married William Henry Philips Jenkins on 4 April 1872

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Albert George Child-Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey (1845–1915)

paragraph: Lady Jersey married Charles Brandling on 12 September 1865.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Charles Whitman, "Samuel Cousins' Nineteenth Century Mezzotinters section: V. The lettering of title slightly strengthened. B.M. 125. PEEL, MISS JULIA. After Sir T. Lawrence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Letters of Richard Cobden": 1815-1847

description: British politician


text: Roman emperor

text: Valentinian I

text: Rhine

text: Danube

text: Valentinian II

text: Lentienses

text: Alamanni

text: Battle of Argentovaria

text: Rhine

text: Valens

text: Battle of Adrianople

text: Goths

text: Christianity

text: traditional Roman religion

text: Pontifex maximus

text: Altar of Victory

text: Roman Senate

text: Valentinian I

text: Marina Severa

text: Sirmium

text: Sremska Mitrovica

text: Serbia

text: Pannonia

text: Gratian the Elder

text: Flavia Maxima Constantia

text: Constantius II

text: Laeta

text: Justina

text: Valentinian II

text: Galla

text: Ausonius

text: Augustus

text: Gratian

text: Valentinian II

text: Aequitius

text: Gallic

text: provinces

text: Italy

text: Illyricum

text: Africa

text: Mediolanum

text: Mallobaudes

text: Franks

text: Naniemus

text: Lentienses

text: Alamanni

text: Battle of Argentovaria

text: Valens

text: Battle of Adrianople

text: Theodosius I

text: Augustus

text: Frankish

text: Merobaudes

text: Scythian

text: Scythian

text: army

text: Magnus Maximus

text: Britain

text: Gaul

text: Paris

text: Lyon

text: Andragathius

text: Nicene Christianity

text: Arianism

text: Macedonians

text: Ambrose

text: Bishop of Milan

text: pagan worship

text: Vestal Virgins

text: Altar of Victory

text: Senate

text: List of Byzantine emperors

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Flavius Gratianus

categories: 383 deaths,4th-century Christians,4th-century executions,Executed Roman emperors,4th-century murdered monarchs,4th-century Byzantine emperors,4th-century Roman emperors,Flavii,Imperial Roman consuls,People from Sremska Mitrovica,Valentinian dynasty,People executed by the Roman Empire,359 births

paragraph: Gratian

paragraph: Gratian (; ; ; 18 April/23 May 359 – 25 August 383) was Roman emperor from 367 to 383.

paragraph: The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied, during his youth, his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Upon the death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian's brother Valentinian II was declared emperor by his father's soldiers. In 378, Gratian's generals won a decisive victory over the Lentienses, a branch of the Alamanni, at the Battle of Argentovaria. Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the Rhine, the last emperor to do so, and attacked the Lentienses, forcing the tribe to surrender. That same year, his uncle Valens was killed in the Battle of Adrianople against the Goths. He favoured Christianity over traditional Roman religion, refusing the office of Pontifex maximus and removing the Altar of Victory from the Roman Senate.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gratian was the son of Emperor Valentinian I by Marina Severa, and was born at Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) in Pannonia. He was named after his grandfather Gratian the Elder. Gratian was first married to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II. His second wife was Laeta. Both marriages remained childless. His stepmother was Empress Justina and his paternal half siblings were Valentinian II, Galla and Justa. Gratian was educated by Ausonius who had praised his pupil for his tolerance.

paragraph: On 24 August 367 he received from his father the title of "Augustus". When his father died on 17 November 375, Gratian began his actual reign at the age of sixteen. Six days later, Gratian's half brother Valentinian II, Valentinian's four-year old son by his second wife Justina, was also proclaimed Emperor by troops in Pannonia, impelled by the generals Aequitius and Maximinus, two of Valentinian's more unscrupulous ministers.

paragraph: Gratian prudently acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, to command the forces responsible for the frontier, while handing over the peaceful Italy, Illyricum and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Mediolanum. The division, however, was merely nominal, and the real authority even in those provinces remained in the hands of Gratian.

paragraph: Gratian, with the aid of his capable generals Mallobaudes, a king of the Franks, and Naniemus, completely defeated the Lentienses, the southernmost branch of the Alamanni, in May 378 at the Battle of Argentovaria. Next, Gratian personally led a campaign across the Upper Rhine into the territory of the Lentienses. After initial trouble facing the Lentienses on high ground, Gratian blockaded the enemy instead and received their surrender. The Lentienses were forced to supply young men to be levied into the Roman army, while the remainder were allowed to return home.

paragraph: Later that year, Gratian's uncle Valens met his death in the Battle of Adrianople against a coalition of hostile Gothic and Hunnic tribes who had rebelled after being settled in Thrace by the eastern emperor. Valens refused to wait for Gratian, who had promised to march to his aid as soon as the Alemanni threat was contained; as a result, two-thirds of Valens men, to the number of 40,000 dead, fell in the battle along with the emperor and some of his top staff. By the time Gratian arrived in the east, the Gothic war had spiraled out of control; the provinces south of the Danube were daily being devastated by barbarians, and Roman authority as well as military prestige was all but annihilated. Hearing that the Germans were planning a new invasion in Gaul now that Gratian had departed from the province, and convinced that one emperor alone was incapable of repelling the inundation of foes on several different fronts, Gratian appointed the Spaniard Theodosius I Augustus on 19 January 379 to govern the east. During the ensuing four years Theodosius would take advantage of the internal discord and disorder of the Goths to destroy the more intractable of the barbarians and settle the rest by a peaceful treaty in the provinces of Thrace and Asia Minor.

paragraph: For some years Gratian governed the Empire with energy and success, earning the esteem of the army and people by his personal courage and justice, but at length, being deprived by death of some of his abler counselors, the promising young emperor neglected public affairs, and occupied himself chiefly with the hunting. He alienated the army and German auxiliaries by his favoritism towards his Frankish general Merobaudes and a body of Scythian archers whom he made his body-guard and companions in the hunt.

paragraph: By appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior, after the disaster of the Battle of Adrianople, he finally exasperated his army. One of his generals, Magnus Maximus, took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army. From Paris, Gratian, having been deserted by his troops, fled to Lyon. There, through the treachery of the governor, Gratian was delivered over to one of the rebel generals, Andragathius, and assassinated on 25 August 383.

paragraph: Section::::Empire and Christianity.

paragraph: The reign of Gratian forms an important epoch in church history, since during that period Nicene Christianity for the first time became dominant throughout the empire. In his reign, his co-Emperor Theodosius I also published an edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria (i.e., the Nicene faith). The move was mainly thrust at the various beliefs that had arisen out of Arianism, but smaller dissident sects, such as the Macedonians, were also prohibited.

paragraph: Gratian, under the influence of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, took active steps against pagan worship. This brought to an end a period of widespread religious tolerance that had existed since the death of Julian.

paragraph: In 382, Gratian appropriated the income of the pagan priests and Vestal Virgins, forbade legacies of real property to them and abolished other privileges belonging to the Vestals and to the pontiffs. He confiscated the personal possessions of the colleges of pagan priests, which also lost all their privileges and immunities. Gratian declared that all of the pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the royal treasury. According to Zosimus, Gratian was the first Emperor to reject the insignia of the "Pontifex Maximus". He ordered another removal of the Altar of Victory from the Senate House at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate, and confiscated its revenues.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae Libri XXXI"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flavius Gratianus (AD 359 – AD 383)

paragraph: BULLET::::- This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Gratian relating to Christianity.

alias: Emperor of Rome Flavius Gratianus Augustus

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Gratian

wikipedia_title: Gratian


text: Western Roman Emperor

text: collapse of the Western Empire

text: western

text: Ravenna

text: Galla Placidia

text: Flavius Constantius

text: Honorius

text: patrician

text: power behind the throne

text: Theodosius I

text: Valentinian I

text: maternal grandmother

text: Theodosius II

text: Arcadius

text: Justa Grata Honoria

text: Paul the Deacon

text: Ataulf

text: Visigoths

text: Barcelona

text: Roman Emperor

text: Nobilissimus

text: Honorius

text: Theodosius II

text: Justa Grata Honoria

text: Constantinople

text: usurper

text: Joannes

text: Augustus

text: Caesar

text: Licinia Eudoxia

text: magister officiorum

text: Western Emperor

text: Rome

text: minority

text: Augustus

text: Felix

text: Magister utriusque militiae

text: Huns

text: Flavius Aetius

text: Pannonia Valeria

text: Visigoths

text: Franks

text: Rhine

text: Gaul

text: Hispania

text: Mauretania Tingitana

text: Flavius Felix

text: Bonifacius

text: Africam

text: Flavius Aetius

text: Gallias

text: Sigisvultus

text: the African provinces

text: Ravenna

text: Gaiseric

text: Battle of Ravenna

text: Pannonia Savia

text: Licinia Eudoxia

text: Burgundians

text: Bagaudae

text: Suebi

text: Eudocia

text: fall

text: Carthage

text: Sicily

text: Byzacena

text: Tripolitana

text: Mauretania Sitifensis

text: Mauretania Caesariensis

text: Sardinia

text: Corsica

text: Sicily

text: Hispania Tarraconensis

text: Bagaudic

text: Magister militum

text: Attila the Hun

text: Honoria

text: Rhine

text: Divodurum Mediomatricum

text: Aurelianum

text: Battle of Châlons

text: Aquileia

text: Verona

text: Vincentia

text: Rome

text: Pope Leo I

text: Marcian

text: Pannonia

text: Petronius Maximus

text: Placidia

text: Priscus

text: Scythian

text: Gaiseric

text: Vandals

text: captured Rome

text: Saint Lawrence

text: Papacy

text: Saint Peter

text: Nicene Creed

text: expelling all Jews

text: Edward Gibbon

text: John Bagnall Bury

text: John Fletcher

text: "Valentinian"

text: Metastasio

text: Ezio

text: Handel

text: his 1731 opera

text: Gluck

text: his 1750 opera

text: Mercy Otis Warren

text: Hal Foster

text: Prince Valiant

text: Roldano Lupi

text: Revenge of The Gladiators

text: Reg Rogers

text: Attila

text: Vlahos

text: Barbarians Rising

text: Flavia (gens)

text: Prosper

text: Jordanes

text: The Gothic History of Jordanes

text: Sidonius Apollinaris

categories: 455 deaths,Flavii,Nobilissimi,5th-century Christians,419 births,5th-century Roman emperors,5th-century murdered monarchs,Imperial Roman consuls,Valentinian III,Ancient child rulers,Valentinian dynasty,People from Ravenna,Theodosian dynasty,Murdered Roman emperors

paragraph: Valentinian III

paragraph: Valentinian III (; 2 July 41916 March 455) was Western Roman Emperor from 425 to 455. His reign was marked by the ongoing collapse of the Western Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Valentinian was born in the western capital of Ravenna, the only son of Galla Placidia and Flavius Constantius. His mother was the younger half-sister of the western emperor Honorius, while his father was at the time a patrician and the power behind the throne.

paragraph: Through his mother, Valentinian was a descendant both of Theodosius I, who was his maternal grandfather, and of Valentinian I, who was the father of his maternal grandmother. It was also through his mother's side of the family that he was the nephew of Honorius and first cousin to Theodosius II (the son of Honorius' brother Arcadius), who was eastern emperor for most of Valentinian's life. Valentinian had a full sister, Justa Grata Honoria, who was probably born in 417 or 418 (the history of Paul the Deacon mentions her first when mentioning the children of the marriage, suggesting she was the eldest). His mother had previously been married to Ataulf of the Visigoths, and had borne a son, Theodosius, in Barcelona in 414; but the child had died early in the following year, thus eliminating an opportunity for a Romano-Visigothic line.

paragraph: When Valentinian was less than two years old, Honorius appointed Constantius co-emperor, a position he would hold until his death seven months later. As a result of all these family ties, Valentinian was the son, grandson, great-grandson, cousin, and nephew (twice over) of Roman Emperors.

paragraph: Section::::Infancy and regency of Galla Placidia (421–437).

paragraph: In either 421 or 423, Valentinian was given the title of Nobilissimus by Honorius, but which was not initially recognized in the eastern court of Theodosius II. After the death of his father in 421, Valentinian followed his mother and his sister (Justa Grata Honoria) to Constantinople, when court intrigue saw Galla Placidia forced to flee from her half-brother, Emperor Honorius, and the young Valentinian went to live at the court of his cousin Theodosius II.

paragraph: In 423, Honorius died, and the usurper Joannes took power in Rome. To counter this threat to his power, Theodosius belatedly recognised Valentinian's father as "Augustus" and nominated the 5-year-old Valentinian "Caesar" of the West in October 23, 424. Theodosius also betrothed him to his own daughter Licinia Eudoxia (whom Valentinian would eventually marry in 437 when he was 18). It was only in the following year, after Joannes had been defeated in a combined naval and land campaign, that Valentinian was installed by the eastern "patricius et magister officiorum" Helion as Western Emperor in Rome, on October 23, 425, at the age of six.

paragraph: Given his minority, the new "Augustus" ruled under the regency of his mother Galla Placidia, one of whose first acts was to install Felix as the Magister utriusque militiae in the west. Her regency lasted until 437, and, for the duration, Theodosius II gave her his full support. This period was marked by a vigorous imperial policy and an attempt to stabilize the western provinces as far as the stretched resources of the empire could manage.

paragraph: In 425, the court at Ravenna negotiated with the Huns who had accompanied Flavius Aetius to Italy in support of Joannes. They agreed to leave Italy, and to evacuate the province of Pannonia Valeria, which was returned to the empire. This allowed Felix and the imperial government to restructure the defences along the Danubian provinces in 427 and 428. In addition, there were significant victories over the Visigoths in Gaul in 426/7 and 430 and the Franks along the Rhine in 428 and 432.

paragraph: Nevertheless, there were significant problems that threatened the viability of the Roman state in the west. The Visigoths were a constant presence in south-eastern Gaul and could not be dislodged. The Vandals in Hispania continued their incursions, and, in 429, they commenced their invasion of Mauretania Tingitana. The loss of these territories seriously impacted the state's ability to function. The burden of taxation became more and more intolerable as Rome's power decreased, and the loyalty of its remaining provinces was seriously impaired in consequence.

paragraph: In addition, the initial period of Valentinian's reign was dominated by the struggle among the leaders of the three principal army groups of the west – Flavius Felix, the senior "Magister militum praesentalis", Bonifacius, the "Magister militum per Africam" and Flavius Aetius, the "Magister militum per Gallias". In 427, Felix accused Bonifacius of treason and demanded that he return to Italy. Bonifacius refused and defeated an army sent by Felix to capture him. Weakened, Felix was unable to resist Aetius who, with the support of Galla Placidia, replaced him as "Magister militum praesentalis" in 429, before having him killed in 430.

paragraph: Bonifacius, in the meantime, had been unable to defeat Sigisvultus, whom Galla Placidia had sent to deal with the rebel. Bonifacius, therefore, entered into an agreement with the Vandals to come to his aid and, in return, they would divide the African provinces between themselves. Concerned by this turn of events and determined to hold onto the African provinces at all costs, the court at Ravenna sought reconciliation with Bonifacius, who agreed in 430 to affirm his allegiance to Valentinian III and stop the Vandal king Gaiseric.

paragraph: In 431, Bonifacius was crushed and fled to Italy, abandoning western North Africa. The imperial court, and especially Galla Placidia, worried about the power being wielded by Aetius, stripped him of his command and gave it to Bonifacius. In the civil war that followed, Bonifacius defeated Aetius at the Battle of Ravenna, but died of his wounds. Aetius fled to the Huns and, with their help, was able to persuade the court to reinstate him to his old position of "Magister militum praesentalis" in 434. As a consequence, in 435, Valentinian was forced to conclude a peace with Gaiseric, whereby the Vandals kept all their possessions in North Africa in return for a payment of tribute to the empire, while the Huns were granted new territory in Pannonia Savia to occupy.

paragraph: Galla Placidia's regency came to an end in 437 when Valentinian travelled to Constantinople to marry his fiancée, Licinia Eudoxia. On his return to Rome, he was nominally the emperor, but in truth the management of imperial policy in the west was in the hands of Aetius.

paragraph: Section::::Ascendancy of Aetius (437–455).

paragraph: From 436 to 439, Aetius was focused on the situation in Gaul. Serious Gothic defeats in 437 and 438 were undone by a Roman defeat in 439, which saw the status quo restored through a new truce. He also enjoyed initial success against the Franks and the Burgundians, as well as putting down a revolt by the Bagaudae by 437. In 438, peace was also achieved with the Suebi in Spain, the same year Valentinian's daughter, Eudocia, was born.

paragraph: With Aetius completely occupied with events in Gaul, Valentinian was unable to do anything to prevent the Vandals completely overrunning the remaining western African provinces, culminating in the fall of Carthage on 19 October 439. This was a major blow because taxes and foodstuffs from these wealthy provinces supported Rome. By 440, Vandal fleets were ravaging Sicily and Aetius coordinated a joint response with the eastern court, which saw large numbers of troops arriving in Sicily, with the intent of attacking Gaiseric.

paragraph: These plans were abandoned when pressure from the Huns forced the transfer of these troops to the Danube to repulse the Hunnic invasions. Therefore, in 442, Aetius and Valentinian were forced to acknowledge the Vandal conquests of Proconsular Africa, Byzacena, and western Numidia, in exchange for which Rome was returned the now devastated provinces of Tripolitana, Mauretania Sitifensis, Mauretania Caesariensis, and part of Numidia. Regardless, however, Gaiseric had soon retaken Mauretania Sitifensis and Mauretania Caesariensis, as well as taking Sardinia and Corsica, and conducting devastating raids on Sicily.

paragraph: Therefore, Aetius was determined that, if they could not prevent Gaiseric wreaking havoc by military means, that perhaps linking him to the imperial dynasty would be the next best thing. Consequently, sometime before 446, he convinced Valentinian to agree to a marriage between his eldest daughter, Eudocia, and Gaiseric's son, Huneric. Unfortunately, Huneric was already married to the daughter of the king of the Visigoths, so the idea was abandoned.

paragraph: Spain as well continued to slip away from imperial control during the early to mid 440s as the Suebi extended their control. By 444, all the Spanish provinces bar Hispania Tarraconensis had been lost to the Germanic tribe and even Tarraconensis was under pressure due to continued Bagaudic uprisings. As a consequence of these territorial losses, by the mid 440s the state was experiencing severe financial problems, with the government openly acknowledging that there was insufficient revenue to meet the military needs of the Roman state. The emperor issued a law on 14 July 444, stripping the bureaucrats of their exemptions from the recruitment tax.

paragraph: In that year, two additional taxes were issued in Valentinian's name, one a sales tax of around four percent and another on the senatorial class, specifically to raise new troops as well as feeding and clothing them. Senators of illustrious rank were required to contribute the money for maintaining three soldiers, senators of the second class money for one soldier, and senators of the third class one-third the cost of maintaining a soldier. Even Valentinian himself was not exempt and he was forced to sacrifice part of his income and use the reduced contents of his personal income to help the State in its financial straits.

paragraph: Section::::Hunnic invasions.

paragraph: The Huns continued to pressure the Danubian provinces in the 440s. Sometime before 449, Valentinian granted the honorary title of Magister militum of the western empire upon their chieftain, Attila the Hun, and the western court was relieved when he concentrated on raiding the eastern empire's provinces in the Balkans from 441 through to 449. In 449, Attila received a message from Honoria, Valentinian III's sister, offering him half the western empire if he would rescue her from an unwanted marriage that her brother was forcing her into.

paragraph: Attila had been looking for a pretext for invading the West and was allegedly bribed by the Vandal king Gaiseric to attack the Visigoths in Gaul. In 450, he invaded the Gallic provinces, after securing peace with the eastern court. Valentinian was furious over the invasion. The man Honoria sent to Attila with the offer was tortured to reveal all the details of the arrangement and then beheaded. It took a great deal of persuading for Valentinian's mother to get her son to agree to spare his sister's life.

paragraph: In early 451, Attila crossed the Rhine and entered the Belgic provinces, capturing Divodurum Mediomatricum on April 7, 451, Aetius gathered together a coalition of forces, including Visigoths and Burgundians, and raced to prevent Attila from taking the city of Aurelianum, successfully forcing the Huns to beat a hasty retreat. The Roman-Germanic forces met Hunnic forces at the Battle of Châlons, resulting in a victory for Aetius, who sought to retain his position by allowing Attila and a significant number of his troops to escape.

paragraph: This allowed Attila to regroup, and, in 452, Attila invaded Italy. He sacked and destroyed Aquileia and took Verona and Vincentia as well. Aetius was shadowing the Huns but did not have the troops to attack, so the road to Rome was open. Although Ravenna was Valentinian's usual residence, he and the court eventually moved back to Rome, where he was as Attila approached.

paragraph: Valentinian sent Pope Leo I and two leading senators to negotiate with Attila. This embassy, combined with a plague among Attila's troops, the threat of famine, and news that the Eastern Emperor Marcian had launched an attack on Hun homelands along the Danube, forced Attila to turn around and leave Italy. The death of Attila in Pannonia in 453 and the power struggle that erupted between his sons ended the Hunnic threat to the empire.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: With the Hun invasion thwarted, Valentinian felt secure enough to begin plotting to have Aetius killed, egged on by Petronius Maximus, a high ranking senator who bore Aetius a personal grudge and his chamberlain, the eunuch Heraclius. Aetius, whose son had married Valentinian's youngest daughter, Placidia, was murdered by Valentinian on 21 September 454. The ancient historian Priscus reported that Aetius was presenting a financial statement before the Emperor when Valentinian suddenly leapt from his throne and accused him of drunken depravity. He held him responsible for the empire's tribulations and accused him of plotting to take the empire away from him. Valentinian then drew his sword and together with Heraclius, rushed at the weaponless Aetius and struck him on the head, killing him on the spot. When Valentinian later boasted that he had done well to dispose of Aetius in such a way, a counselor famously replied "Whether well or not, I do not know. But know that you have cut off your right hand with your left."

paragraph: On March 16 of the following year, however, the emperor himself was assassinated in Rome by two Scythian followers of Aetius: Optelas and Thraustelas. According to Priscus, these men were put up to it by Petronius Maximus, whose aims of political advancement were thwarted by Heraclius. He may also have been taking revenge for the rape of his wife Lucina by Valentinian. The assassination occurred as Valentinian rode his horse on the Campus Martius. As the emperor dismounted to practise archery, the conspirators attacked. Optelas struck Valentinian on the side of the head, and when he turned to see who had hit him, Optelas delivered the death-blow. Meanwhile, Thraustelas slew Heraclius. Priscus reports a curious occurrence: as the emperor lay dead, a swarm of bees appeared and sucked up his blood.

paragraph: The day after the assassination Petronius Maximus had himself proclaimed emperor by the remnants of the Western Roman army after paying a large donative. He was not as prepared as he thought to take over and stabilize the depleted empire, however; after a reign of only 11 weeks, Maximus was stoned to death by a Roman mob. King Gaiseric and his Vandals captured Rome a few days later and sacked it for two weeks.

paragraph: Section::::Character and legacy.

paragraph: Valentinian's reign is marked by the dismemberment of the Western Empire; by the time of his death, virtually all of North Africa, all of western Spain, and the majority of Gaul had passed out of Roman hands. He is described as spoiled, pleasure-loving, and heavily influenced by sorcerers and astrologers. Valentinian was devoted to religion, contributing to churches of Saint Lawrence in both Rome and Ravenna.

paragraph: He also handed over greater authority to the Papacy. On 6 June 445, he issued a decree which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome based on the merits of Saint Peter, the dignity of the city, and the Nicene Creed (in their interpolated form); ordained that any opposition to his rulings, which were to have the force of ecclesiastical law, should be treated as treason; and provided for the forcible extradition by provincial governors of anyone who refused to answer a summons to Rome. Valentinian was also consumed by trivialities: during the 430s, he began expelling all Jews from the Roman army because he was fearful of their supposed ability to corrupt the Christians they were serving with.

paragraph: According to Edward Gibbon, Valentinian III was a poor emperor:

paragraph: He faithfully imitated the hereditary weakness of his cousin and his two uncles, without inheriting the gentleness, the purity, the innocence, which alleviate in their characters the want of spirit and ability. Valentinian was less excusable, since he had passions without virtues: even his religion was questionable; and though he never deviated into the paths of heresy, he scandalised the pious Christians by his attachment to the profane arts of magic and divination.

paragraph: John Bagnall Bury was equally scathing:

paragraph: Though he had ruled for thirty years, Valentinian had influenced the destinies of his empire even less than his uncle Honorius. He only flashed once into action, when, piqued by the presumption of Aetius in aspiring to connect himself with the imperial family, he struck him down. He thought he had slain his master; he found that he had slain his protector: and he fell a helpless victim to the first conspiracy which was hatched against his throne.

paragraph: The opinion of most modern historians is that Valentinian not only lacked the ability to govern the empire in a time of crisis but aggravated its dangers by his self-indulgence and vindictiveness.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayal in culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentinian III's life was dramatized by John Fletcher in his play "Valentinian", c. 1612 (published 1647).

paragraph: BULLET::::- He also appears in Metastasio's opera libretto "Ezio", set by Handel for his 1731 opera, by Gluck for his 1750 opera, and by a number of other composers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1790 his life was again dramatized in the play "The Sack of Rome" by Mercy Otis Warren.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The story of Valentinian and Aetius was recounted in the pages of Hal Foster's "Prince Valiant".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentinian III was played by Roldano Lupi in the 1964 Italian "sword and sandal" film "Revenge of The Gladiators" ("La vendetta dei gladiatori").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentinian III was played by Reg Rogers in the 2001 miniseries "Attila".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentinian III was portrayed by Alexander Vlahos in the 2016 History Channel docudrama miniseries "Barbarians Rising".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentinian III was played by Walter Coy in the 1954 film "Sign of the Pagan".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flavia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prosper "Chronicles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jordanes, "Gothic History" see The Gothic History of Jordanes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sidonius Apollinaris

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blockley, R. C., "The Dynasty of Theodosius" in "The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425" (ed. Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey) (1998), pgs. 111–138

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heather, Peter, "The Western Empire 425–76" in "The Cambridge Ancient History: Late antiquity : empire and successors, A.D. 425–600" (ed. Averil Cameron and Bryan Ward-Perkins) (2000), pgs. 1–32

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martindale, J. R., "The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire", Vol. II, Cambridge University Press (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bury, J. B., "A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene", Vol. I (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oost, "Galla Placidia Augusta", University Press, Chicago, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, A.H.M., "The Later Roman Empire A.D. 284–602", Volume One. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elia, Fibronia, "Valentiniano III", CULC, Catania, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Valentinian III relating to Christianity.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathisen, Ralph, "Valentinian III", "De Imperatoribus Romanis".

alias:
Flavius Placidus Valentinianus
Flavius Placidius Valentinianus
Valentinianus III

description: Emperor of the Western Roman Empire

wikidata_label: Valentinian III

wikipedia_title: Valentinian III