text: composer

text: poet

text: Surrism-Phonoethics

text: netlabel

text: Dada

text: Surrealist

text: experimental music

text: spoken word

text: improvised music

text: Community radio stations

text: Internet radio

text: Resonance FM

text: WFMU

text: Zoviet France

text: Free Music Archive

text: netlabel

text: experimental music

text: short-film

text: Kommissar Hjuler

text: Mama Baer

text: Alessandra Celletti

text: Jochen Arbeit

text: Einstürzende Neubauten

text: The Barracudas

text: John M. Bennett

text: Bryan Lewis Saunders

text: Leif Elggren

text: The Three Johns

text: Bernard Dumaine

text: Alessandra Celletti

text: Surrism-Phonoethics

text: Surrism-Phonoethics

text: Surrism-Phonoethics

text: Leif Elggren

text: Alessandra Celletti

text: Official Website

text: Discogs

text: Surrism Phonoethics Discogs

text: Surrism-Phonoethics Official Site

text: Interview

categories: German composers,German artists,1975 births

paragraph: Jaan Patterson

paragraph: Jaan Patterson is a German composer and poet, and runs the Surrism-Phonoethics netlabel he had founded 2007. He is best known for his various Dada and Surrealist inspired experimental music and spoken word projects—such as Undress Béton, André Pissoir, Crawl Max, Dusk Euphoria, Reve Steich. Additionally, together with Goran Ivkovic, he works as Surrism on improvised music projects. Patterson's music has been played on numerous Community radio stations and Internet radio stations—including, Resonance FM, WFMU, Zoviet France, NTNS Radio by Mark Stolk and L'étranger, Radio Panik & In Memory of John Peel Radio.

paragraph: Since 2010, Patterson, has a role as curator for WFMU's Free Music Archive. Later the same year, Patterson, started to curate together with Anthony Donovan (Murmurists) the Classwar Karaoke netlabel, which releases quarterly compilations of experimental music and short-films, by artists from around the world.

paragraph: Some of his musical collaborations include—Anthony Donovan & Classwar Karaoke, AG Davis, Kommissar Hjuler & Mama Baer, Hopek Quirin, Alessandra Celletti, William Davison (Recordism), Jochen Arbeit (Einstürzende Neubauten) & Vania Rovisco, Jeremy Gluck (The Barracudas), John M. Bennett, Lee Kwo & PostVerbal, Bryan Lewis Saunders, Carmen Racovitza, J. Karl Bogartte, Leif Elggren, Dada AG, Yoshihiro Kikuchi, John Hyatt (The Three Johns), Kosta T, Bernard Dumaine, and Fake Cats Project.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tarentaliogy Defloration (Surrism-Phonoethics 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interiéur (Surrism-Phonoethics 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 16,370 Character (Surrism-Phonoethics 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postlude Presumption Architecture (Surrism-Phonoethics 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Handmade Temper (Surrism-Phonoethics 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sat Du Pond (Surrism-Phonoethics 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuckhousing Quantum Gums (Surrism-Phonoethics 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessandra Celletti / Jaan Patterson - W.C. (Bubutz Records 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Salmon Poseido (Surrism-Phonoethics 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crystallization of the Quantum Availability (Surrism-Phonoethics 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary Teleportation (Surrism-Phonoethics 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Headless Poets & The Album that Composed Itself with AG Davis (Surrism-Phonoethics 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Dark Side of Chewing Gums (Classwar Karaoke 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music for Shadows (Surrism-Phonoethics 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- suRRism - If I appear as a God, you will be no more than I (Surrism-Phonoethics/Alrealon Musique 2016)

paragraph: Section::::Videography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surround the Gap (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Exceeded Her Handkerchief (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rejected Trust Leaves you Stained (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Pissoir on Discussion (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- EOS (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- wwwArt in VIVO (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centered Closets (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leif Elggren & Jaan Patterson - 'Centered Envelope (Red)' (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessandra Celletti & Jaan Patterson - 'WC' (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaan Patterson and Zaro Ostrich Lunch 'Niño Patata Erster Satz für 77 Stimmen'

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaan Patterson & Zaro Ostrich Lunch - 'Underwater Clown' (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surrism Manifesto (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postverbal Manifesto (A collaboration between Lee Kwo & Jaan Patterson (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Flourish Béton Pamphlet (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chew Facts on Literature (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Flourish Béton. Introduction "Jaan Patterson" (suRRism 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geständnisse. Das Buch der Vorgeschichten "Jaan Patterson" (suRRism 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peculiar Mormyrid. A Surrealist Journal "Peculiar Mormyrid 1.0 Spring 2015"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peculiar Mormyrid. A Surrealist Journal "Peculiar Mormyrid Issue 3 2016"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surrism Phonoethics Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surrism-Phonoethics Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossolalia Episode 7: Stuckhousing Quantum Gums

description: German composer and poet

wikidata_label: Jaan Patterson

wikipedia_title: Jaan Patterson


text: Austria

text: Mantua

text: University of Vienna

text: University of Graz

text: Graz University of Technology

text: Emil Weyr

text: Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik

text: Ludwig Boltzmann

text: Emil Müller

text: Austrian Mathematical Society

text: Vienna

text: Eugenio Beltrami

text: hyperbolic geometry

text: Christoph Gudermann

text: hyperbolic function

text: velocity addition formula

text: Lorentz boost

text: Beltrami–Klein model

text: hyperboloid model

text: Homersham Cox

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,Chernivtsi University faculty,1935 deaths,University of Vienna faculty,19th-century mathematicians,University of Vienna alumni,1849 births,University of Graz faculty,People from Mantua,Austrian mathematicians,Austrian knights

paragraph: Gustav von Escherich

paragraph: Gustav Ritter von Escherich (1 June 1849 – 28 January 1935) was an Austrian mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Mantua, he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna. From 1876 to 1879 he was professor at the University of Graz. In 1882 he went to the Graz University of Technology and in 1884 he went to the University of Vienna, where he also was president of the university in 1903/04.

paragraph: Together with Emil Weyr he founded the journal "Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik" and together with Ludwig Boltzmann and Emil Müller he founded the Austrian Mathematical Society.

paragraph: Escherich died in Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::Work on hyperbolic geometry.

paragraph: Following Eugenio Beltrami's (1868) discussion of hyperbolic geometry, Escherich in 1874 published a paper named "The geometry on surfaces of constant negative curvature". He used coordinates initially introduced by Christoph Gudermann (1830) for spherical geometry, which were adapted by Escherich using hyperbolic functions. For the case of translation of points on this surface of negative curvature, Escherich gave the following transformation on page 510:

paragraph: which can be identified with the relativistic velocity addition formula by setting

paragraph: or with a Lorentz boost by setting

paragraph: These are in fact the relations between the coordinates of Gudermann/Escherich in terms of the Beltrami–Klein model and the Weierstrass coordinates of the hyperboloid model - this relation was pointed out by Homersham Cox (1882, p. 186), see History of Lorentz transformations#Escherich.

description: Austrian mathematician

wikidata_label: Gustav von Escherich

wikipedia_title: Gustav von Escherich


text:
Fujiwara no Kintō
myelencephalon
Earl Miner
Robert H. Brower
Stanford University

categories: 1055 births,1129 deaths,12th-century Japanese poets

paragraph: Minamoto no Shunrai

paragraph: In 1113, Toshiyori wrote the poetic treatise known as "Toshiyori zuinō (俊頼髄脳)." Zuinō, which is also seen in the title of Fujiwara no Kintō's poetic treatise the "Shinsen zuinō," can be translated literally as myelencephalon, but this term was used to refer to books that contained essays on poetry and figuratively means that it knows the "mind" of poetry.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- pgs. 237, 242-243 of "Japanese Court Poetry", Earl Miner, Robert H. Brower. 1961, Stanford University Press, LCCN 61-10925

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Minamoto no Shunrai

wikipedia_title: Minamoto no Shunrai


text: economist

text: University of Amsterdam

text: Utrecht

text: University of Amsterdam

text: Erasmus University Rotterdam

text: KPMG

text: SEO Economic Research

text: Rabobank

text: PricewaterhouseCoopers

text: Emeritus professor dr. Wim Driehuis

categories: 1943 births,Dutch economists,University of Amsterdam faculty,Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni,University of Amsterdam alumni,Living people

paragraph: Wim Driehuis

paragraph: Wim Driehuis (born 22 June 1943) is a Dutch economist, Emeritus Professor Economics and Business at the University of Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Utrecht Driehuis received his BA in Economics in 1963 and his MA in Economics in 1967 both at the University of Amsterdam. In 1972 he received his PhD cum laude from the Erasmus University Rotterdam.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Driehuis started his career as assistant for KPMG in 1960. In 1963-64 he was part-time student-researcher for SEO Economic Research and in 1965-66 he was part-time researcher for the Rabobank. In 1967 he started for CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis as economist, became Head of the Division of Labour Market and Social Policy, and later as Head of the Business Cycle Division. In 1973 Driehuis was appointed Professor of Economics at the University of Amsterdam. In 1975 he became Professor of Macroeconomics till 1991. He then became part-time Professor of Marketing and Marketing Research till 2002. From 1990-2007 Driehuis was CEO of EMIS N.V.(European Marketing Information Services). From 2000-2008 he was Director for PricewaterhouseCoopers. In 2002 he was appointed part-time Professor of Applied Economics, while affiliated to the Amsterdam Center for Law & Economics (ACLE) at the University of Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::Other positions.

paragraph: Driehuis has held numerous other part-time academic and executive positions, among which the most important are: Member (Chairman) of the SER Committee of Economic Experts, Managing Director of SEO Economic Research, Consultant to IMF, World Bank, OECD and EU, Chairman of Dutch Society for Advertising, Director of PwC European Network and Director of Economics Network for Competition and Regulation.

paragraph: Section::::Award.

paragraph: In 1975 Driehuis was awarded the Winkler Prins Prize for the best PhD in Economics.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Driehuis has authored and co-authored many books and articles in the field of macro-economics, econometric model building, labour market, market research and law and economics. His most important publications involve:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1969). "Primary Commodity Prices: Analysis and Forecasting". Ed. Rotterdam University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1969). "Experiments in Explaining and Forecasting the Invisible Trade of the Netherlands Bulletin Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistics", (pp. 335–352).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1970). "An Econometric Analysis of Liner Freight Rates", Review of Word Economics (pp. ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1972). "Fluctuations and Growth in a Near Full Employment Economy: a Quarterly Econometric Analysis of the Netherlands", Rotterdam University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1975). "Inflation, Wage bargaining, Wage Policy and Production Structure: Theory and empirical results for the Netherlands", De Economist, (pp. 638–679).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1976). "A Sectoral Wage-Price Model for the Netherlands’ Economy", (with P.de Wolff) in H. Frisch, Inflation in Small Countries, (pp 283–339).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1978). "Labour Market Imbalances and Structural Unemployment", Kyklos, (pp. 638–661).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1979). "An Analysis of the Impact of Demand and Cost factors on Employment", De Economist, (pp. 255–285).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1980). "A Critical View on the Preparation of Economic Policy" (in Dutch), with A. van der Zwan. Stenfert Kroese.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1981). "Employment and Technical Progress in Open Economies", in Economies of the Labour Market, (pp. 189–220).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1983). "A Sectoral Model for the Dutch Economy" (with E.C. van Ierland and P.J. van den Noord. University of Lodz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1984). "Economics, Energy and Environment" (in Dutch), (with E.C. van Ierland en P.J. van den Noord), SEO-research.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1985). "Macroeconomic Investment and Employment Functions" in R. v.d. Ploeg (ed.) Mathematical Methods in Economics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1986). "Unemployment in the Netherlands 1960-1983", Economica (pp. 297–312).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1987). "Introduction to Economics" (in Dutch), Vol. 1 and vol. 2., Stenfert Kroese.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1988). "Challenges for Macroeconomic Modelling", (ed. with M.M.G. Fase and H. den Hartog) North-Holland Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1988). "A Disequilibrium Model for the Dutch economy", in C. Bean(ed.), Europe’s Unemployment Problem (pp. 329–365).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1988). "The Effects of investment Subsidies on Employment" (with P.J. van den Noord, Economic Modelling,(pp. 32–40).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emeritus professor dr. Wim Driehuis

description: Dutch economist

wikidata_label: Wim Driehuis

wikipedia_title: Wim Driehuis


text:
Canadian
Sherbrooke
Music Canada
Prix Félix-Leclerc de la chanson
Prix Gilles-Vigneault
Vincent Vallières
CBC Radio
DND news article
Vincent Vallières

categories: 1978 births,Canadian guitarists,French Quebecers,Canadian male singers,Living people,French-language singers of Canada,Musicians from Sherbrooke,21st-century Canadian singers,Canadian male guitarists,21st-century Canadian guitarists

paragraph: Vincent Vallières

paragraph: Vincent Vallières (born August 8, 1978) is a Canadian singer from Sherbrooke.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Vallières debut album, "Trente Arpents", was released in 1999, followed by "Bordel Ambiant" in 2001 . He became popular in Quebec in 2003 with the release of his third album, "Chacun Dans Son Espace". On August 29, 2006, his fourth album, "Le Repère Tranquille", was released, with the first single "Je pars à pied" immediately put into the regular rotations of many Québéc radio stations. The second single from the latest album, "Un quart de piasse", is currently receiving airplay.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trente arpents", 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bordel ambiant", 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chacun dans son espace", 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Repère tranquille", 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Monde tourne fort", 2009, Gold (Music Canada)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fabriquer l'aube", 2013, Gold (Music Canada)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le temps des vivants", 2017

paragraph: Section::::Prizes and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Prix Félix-Leclerc de la chanson (Québec)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Prix Gilles-Vigneault

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vincent Vallières Biography at answers.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBC Radio

paragraph: BULLET::::- DND news article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vincent Vallières Official site

description: Canadian singer

wikidata_label: Vincent Vallières

wikipedia_title: Vincent Vallières


href: Amisus Diocletian Amisus Diocese%20of%20Pontus Diocletian

text: Amisus Diocletian Amisus Pontus Diocletian

categories: 3rd-century Romans,4th-century women,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,3rd-century women,Late Ancient Christian female saints,304 deaths,287 births

paragraph: Charitina of Amisus

paragraph: St. Charitina of Amisus (also known as Charitina of Rome), was a virgin from Asia Minor, distinguished by strict chastity and piety. Charitina spent her life in fasting, prayer and study. By her example she converted many to Christianity during the reign of Emperor Diocletian and was seized in the city of Amisus in Pontus. After torture, death, burial and desecration, her body was thrown into the sea in the year 304.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Orphaned young, she was the servant of an eminent Christian man called Claudius the pious, who brought her up as his own daughter. The young woman was very pretty, sensible, and kind. She imparted her love for Christ to others, and she converted many to the way of salvation. Charitina was meek, humble, obedient and silent. Although not as yet baptized, she was a Christian at heart. She studied the law of God day and night and vowed to live in perpetual virginity as a true bride of Christ.

paragraph: Having brought others to the Christian faith, the Emperor Diocletian's governor, Dometius, heard of her and sent soldiers to take her from her foster-father for trial. The judge asked her: "Is it true, little girl, that you are a Christian, and that you delude others by bringing them to this dishonourable faith?" Charitina courageously replied: "It is true that I am a Christian, and a lie that I delude others. I lead those in error to the way of truth, bringing them to my Christ."

paragraph: The judge ordered that her hair be cut off and live coals put on her head, but the maiden was preserved by God's power. They threw her into the sea, but she clambered out saying, "This is my baptism." God delivered her from it. She was bound to a wheel which began to turn, but an angel of God stopped the wheel and Charitina remained unharmed. Then the wicked judge sent some dissolute youths to rape her. Fearing this dishonour, St Charitina prayed to God to receive her soul before these dissolute men could foul her virginal body and so, while she was kneeling in prayer, her soul went out from her body to the immortal Kingdom of Christ St. Charitina died a martyr’s death in the year 304.

paragraph: Section::::Kontakion of St Charitina.

paragraph: - Thou didst arm thy soul with faith and knowledge and put the enemy to open shame. br

paragraph: - Thou didst stand before Christ in a robe dyed with thy blood and art now rejoicing with the Angels. br

paragraph: - Pray for us, Martyr Charitina.

paragraph: Section::::Iconography.

paragraph: Charitina is represented with an angel extinguishing a funeral pyre.

description: Religious preacher and saint of the Orthodox Church

wikidata_label: Charitina of Amisus

wikipedia_title: Charitina of Amisus


text: Manfred von Richthofen

text: Roy Brown

text: Amelia Earhart

text: Montclair, New Jersey

text: Wright Brothers Flying School

text: Mineola, New York

text: Royal Naval Air Service

text: Royal Naval Air Service

text: Sopwith Triplane

text: Royal Naval Air Service

text: Royal Flying Corps

text: Royal Air Force

text: Somme River

text: Robert Foster

text: Merrill Samuel Taylor

text: Albatros

text: Roy Brown

text: Manfred von Richthofen

text: skywriter

text: barnstormer

text: Hell's Angels

text: Wings

text: Amelia Earhart

text: Civil Aviation Authority

text: Las Vegas, Nevada

text: Wilmer Stultz

categories: Royal Air Force personnel of World War I,Royal Navy officers of World War I,Royal Naval Air Service aviators,Members of the Early Birds of Aviation,Royal Air Force officers,American World War I flying aces,1983 deaths,1894 births,Aviators from New Jersey

paragraph: Oliver Colin LeBoutillier

paragraph: Captain Oliver Colin LeBoutillier (24 May 1894 – 12 May 1983) was a World War I aviator who witnessed the death of Manfred von Richthofen. He was a vigorous proponent of Captain Roy Brown as the victor over Richthofen.

paragraph: Post World War I, he became a stunt pilot for movies, a skywriter, and an aviation instructor whose most famous student was Amelia Earhart. Later, he became a civil aviation inspector.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on 24 May 1894 to an English father and Canadian mother in Montclair, New Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:World War I.

paragraph: He trained at the Wright Brothers Flying School in Mineola, New York. He then crossed into Canada and joined the Royal Naval Air Service on 21 August 1916. By April 1917, he had joined the No. 9 Squadron Royal Naval Air Service as a sub-lieutenant to pilot a Sopwith Triplane. Between 25 May and 29 July 1917, he scored four victories by driving enemy planes down out of control.

paragraph: On 1 April 1918, the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps were combined into the Royal Air Force and 9 Naval became No. 209 Squadron RAF.

paragraph: During a squadron dogfight on 21 April 1918 in the Somme River valley, LeBoutillier, Robert Foster, and Merrill Samuel Taylor shot down an Albatros two-seater and sparked a running dogfight during which Captain Roy Brown claimed to have downed Manfred von Richthofen. LeBoutillier claimed to have witnessed Brown's tracer bullets penetrating Richthofen's cockpit. Immediately after its crash, LeBoutillier flew over the triplane of von Richthofen.

paragraph: He finished the war with ten aerial victories; one shared aircraft captured, three destroyed (including two shared), and six 'out of control' (one of which was shared). He had over 600 hours flying time in his log book by the end of the war.

paragraph: Upon his return to the United States, LeBoutillier became a skywriter, and later an official of the Skywriting Corporation of America. He also became a barnstormer and piloted aircraft for eighteen movies, including: "Hell's Angels" and "Wings". As a flight instructor, he gave Amelia Earhart her first lesson in a twin-engined aircraft. He became a Civil Aviation Authority inspector in charge of Colorado and Wyoming.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: He died on 12 May 1983 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of World War I flying aces from the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilmer Stultz

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Aces of World War 1" Harry Dempsey. Osprey Publishing, 2001. , .

description: American World War I flying ace

wikidata_label: Oliver Colin LeBoutillier

wikipedia_title: Oliver Colin LeBoutillier


text:
jurist
Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal
linguistics
jurisprudence
Leipzig
Heidelberg
Roman
Byzantine
Saint Petersburg
Copenhagen
Brussels
Oxford
Dublin
Edinburgh
Cambridge
Athens
Constantinople
monasteries
Mount Athos
province of Saxony

categories: 1894 deaths,German untitled nobility,Leipzig University alumni,German jurists,Heidelberg University alumni,1812 births,Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences,People from the Grand Duchy of Baden,Members of the Prussian House of Representatives,People from Heidelberg,Heidelberg University faculty

paragraph: Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal

paragraph: Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal (December 24, 1812 – June 3, 1894) was an eminent German jurist and the son of Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He studied philosophy, history, mathematics and linguistics, as well as jurisprudence, at Leipzig, Berlin and Heidelberg.

paragraph: Having made Roman and Byzantine law his special study, he visited Paris in 1832 to examine Byzantine MSS., went in 1834 to Saint Petersburg and Copenhagen for the same purpose, and in 1835 worked in the libraries of Brussels, London, Oxford, Dublin, Edinburgh and Cambridge.

paragraph: After a few months as a practising lawyer and "privatdozent" at Heidelberg, he went in 1837, in search of materials, to Italy and the East, visiting Athens, Constantinople and the monasteries of Mount Athos.

paragraph: Having a taste for a country life, and none for teaching, he gave up his position as extraordinary professor at Heidelberg, and in 1845 bought an estate in the Prussian province of Saxony. Here he lived, engaged in scientific agriculture and interested in Prussian politics, until his death.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Hamza, G., Comparative Law and Antiquity. Budapest, 1991. 74-80. pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: German lawyer

wikidata_label: Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal

wikipedia_title: Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal


text: Roman emperor

text: Claudius

text: Valeria Messalina

text: Agrippina the Younger

text: Lucius Domitius

text: Octavia

text: agnomen

text: Drusus the Elder

text: Germanicus

text: conquest of Britain

text: Rome

text: Julio-Claudian dynasty

text: gens Claudia

text: sestertii

text: Claudius Drusus

text: Plautia Urgulanilla

text: Antonia

text: Aelia Paetina

text: conquest of Britain

text: Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus

text: Roman historian

text: Publius Suillius Rufus

text: Titus Vespasianus

text: Decimus Valerius Asiaticus

text: equestrians

text: Senate

text: Cassius Dio

text: Gardens of Lucullus

text: sesterces

text: Ludi Saeculares

text: Battle of Troy

text: Tacitus

text: Callistus

text: Narcissus

text: Julii

text: incestuous

text: Gaius

text: Lucius Caesar

text: donative

text: Praetorian Guard

text: Sextus Afranius Burrus

text: Illium

text: Troy

text: Aeneas

text: Julian line

text: Bologna

text: Italy

text: Rhodes

text: Tiberius Gemellus

text: Suetonius

text: toga virilis

text: Campania

text: Marcus Junius Silanus

text: Asia

text: Pallas

text: Saturn

text: Saturnalia

text: Locusta

text: Mausoleum of Augustus

text: gypsum

text: Vespasian

text: Jean Racine

text: Graham Seed

text: I, Claudius

text: Jack Pulman

categories: Poisoned Romans,Claudii,55 deaths,1st-century Romans,41 births,Claudius

paragraph: Britannicus

paragraph: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus (c. 12 February AD 41 – 11 February AD 55), usually called Britannicus, was the son of Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Valeria Messalina. For a time he was considered his father's heir, but that changed after his mother's downfall in 48, when it was revealed she had engaged in a bigamous marriage without Claudius' knowledge. The next year, his father married Agrippina the Younger, Claudius' fourth and final marriage. Their marriage was followed by the adoption of Agrippina's son, Lucius Domitius, whose name became Nero as a result. His step-brother would later be married to his sister Octavia, and soon eclipsed him as Claudius' heir. Following his father's death in October 54, Nero became emperor. The sudden death of Britannicus shortly before his fourteenth birthday is reported by all extant sources as a poisoning on Nero's orders—as Claudius' natural son, he represented a threat to Nero's claim to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Britannicus' name at birth was Tiberius Claudius Germanicus. The "agnomen", his first surname Germanicus, was first awarded to his paternal grandfather Drusus the Elder after his death in 9 BC to commemorate his victories over the Germanic tribes. Accordingly, Drusus' sons (Claudius and Germanicus) inherited the name and passed it to their sons as well. Britannicus was given to his father in AD 43 following his conquest of Britain. Claudius never used it himself and gave the name to his son instead, and his full name became: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus. He came to be known by his new name which seems to have replaced "Germanicus" altogether.

paragraph: Section::::Background and family.

paragraph: Britannicus was born on or about 12 February 41 in Rome, to Emperor Claudius and his third wife Valeria Messalina. As such, he was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, specifically of the "gens Claudia". Britannicus' father had been reigning for less than a month, and his position was boosted greatly by the birth of an heir. To mark the birth, the emperor issued sestertii with the obverse "Spes Augusta" – the hope of the imperial family.

paragraph: Britannicus had four siblings: a half-brother, Claudius Drusus, by Claudius' first wife (Plautia Urgulanilla) who died at the age of 3 or 4; a half-sister, Antonia, by Claudius' second wife (Aelia Paetina); a sister by the same mother named Octavia; and an adoptive brother, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (the future emperor Nero), who was adopted in AD 49 and renamed Nero Claudius Caesar as a result.

paragraph: Two years later, in 43, Claudius was granted the honorific "Britannicus" by the senate as a reward for his conquest of Britain. The emperor never used the name himself, but allowed his son to inherit it. This is the name by which the boy became known to posterity. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, a Roman historian writing from the late first century, says that Claudius adored Britannicus, carrying him around at public events, and "would wish him happy auspices, joined by the applauding throng."

paragraph: Section::::During his father's marriage to Messalina.:Education.

paragraph: Britannicus was tutored by Sosibius, who was a close associate of Publius Suillius Rufus and a friend of his mother. He was educated alongside Titus Vespasianus, the future emperor of Rome. They were brought up together and taught similar subjects by the same tutors.

paragraph: In 47, Sosibius gave Claudius a reminder of the power and wealth which threatened the Emperor's throne. His tutor then, as part of his mother's contrivances, told the emperor of Decimus Valerius Asiaticus's involvement in the murder of Caligula and of his growing popularity in Rome. Sosibius went on, saying Asiaticus meant to rally Roman legions in Germany against the throne. Asiaticus was apprehended immediately, and brought to Rome in chains. Sullius successfully pursued charges against other equestrians in the Senate. According to Cassius Dio, Asiaticus was put to death as a favor to Messalina for his property (the Gardens of Lucullus).

paragraph: It was later voted by the Senate that Sosibius be given a million sesterces for giving Britannicus the benefit of his teachings and Claudius that of his counsel (i.e. for his involvement in the case against Asiaticus).

paragraph: Section::::During his father's marriage to Messalina.:Fall of Messalina.

paragraph: Brittanicus took part in the celebrations of Rome's 800th anniversary (48). It was the sixth ever "Ludi Saeculares" ("Secular Games") and sixty-four years since the last one held in the summer of 17 BC by Augustus. Britannicus' father was there as was Lucius Domitius and his mother Agrippina who were the last surviving descendants of Germanicus. Claudius watched the young nobility, including Britannicus and Domitius, enact the Battle of Troy in the circus. Tacitus says Domitius was greeted with more enthusiasm than Britannicus.

paragraph: The games were seen as the introduction of Agrippina and Domitius to public life, and his mother Messalina must have been aware of this and envious of Agrippina. Tacitus writes that Messalina was too busy engaging in an "insane" affair to plot the destruction of Agrippina. He says:

paragraph: The affair continued into the next year. It was then that the affair between Messalina and Silius took a new turn. Silius, who had no children of his own, proposed to marry Messalina on condition that she allow him to adopt Britannicus. The plan was to overthrow Claudius and rule together as regents of Britannicus. She acquiesced and waited for Claudius to leave Rome before performing the sacrifice and entering the bigamous marriage. The illegal union was made known to Claudius by Callistus and Narcissus, freedmen in his service. Claudius had Messalina, Silius, and others who knew of the affair put to death. Messalina was given a knife to kill herself with, though a tribune of the Praetorian Guard had to force it through her neck. Images and statues of Silius and his associates were ordered destroyed.

paragraph: The fall of Silius and Messalina opened the way for Agrippina the Younger to become his father's fourth wife. His father claimed to be disinterested in another marriage, but it wouldn't be long. Unlike his uncle Germanicus, his father had never been adopted into the "Julii". Claudius thought marrying his niece would bring his family closer to that of Augustus, as Agrippina and Domitius were the last living descendants of Germanicus. So, in 49, despite a marriage between uncle and niece being incestuous under Roman law, his father remarried.

paragraph: Section::::During his father's marriage to Agrippina.:Rise of Nero.

paragraph: In 49, during the term of consul-elect Mammius Pollio (March–June), Domitius was betrothed to his sister Octavia and thus became his equal in rank. Tacitus suggests this move had the support of those who feared the vengeance of Britannicus against those who wronged his mother.

paragraph: Through the insistence of Pallas, his father was convinced to adopt Domitius as his son. Claudius was convinced to do as Augustus had done in adopting Gaius and Lucius Caesar, and as Tiberius had done in adopting Germanicus despite having a son already. It was in February 50 that his father passed a law adopting Domitius into the "Claudii" and naming him Nero, and Domitius became "Nero Claudius Caesar". Nero and Britannicus then became joint-heirs to the emperor, and Agrippina was then given the title of "Augusta".

paragraph: In AD 51, his brother Nero assumed the "toga virilis" despite not yet being 14. The Senate also decided then that Nero should hold the consulship during his twentieth year (AD 56) and, as consul-elect, that he should enjoy "imperium proconsulare" ("proconsular authority") beyond the limits of Rome with the title of "princeps iuventutis" ("prince of the youth of Rome"). The progress of Nero seems to have followed in the footsteps of Gaius and Lucius Caesar. To mark the occasion, a donative was given to the soldiery of Rome, and presents to the people. His step-brother's status, along with that of Agrippina, is echoed on contemporary coinage.

paragraph: By contrast, Britannicus was progressively isolated. At the games of the circus Nero appeared in triumphal robes while Britannicus was still dressed as a boy. Tacitus says their clothing at the games affected the expectations of the people: with Nero in a general's clothing, and Britannicus in the dress of boyhood. He wouldn't be due for the toga until 12 February AD 55. He and his supporters were seen as a potential problem for Nero. Agrippina replaced his tutors with her own nominees, having convinced Claudius to order their executions, including the execution of Sosibius. Not just his tutors, but the two prefects of the Praetorian Guard, Lusius Geta and Rufius Crispinus, were replaced as well. They were thought to be sympathetic to the cause of Britannicus and his mother, as Tacitus reports: it would have been risky to surround Nero with any but those loyal to Claudius and Agrippina. His step-mother had them replaced with Sextus Afranius Burrus who was a good soldier, but knew to whom he owed his allegiance.

paragraph: Nero's career progressed steadily: he gave speeches in AD 51 and 52. The speech in 51 thanked the emperor for honours given to him, and that of 52 was a vow for the safe recovery of the emperor from illness. It was in 53 that Nero married Britannicus' sister Octavia, who first had to be legally transferred to another family to obviate charges of incest. By this time it became clear that Nero was the unambiguous designate. His step-brother became more politically active following his marriage to Octavia: he exempted Illium from all public burdens arguing that Rome was descended from Troy through Aeneas (the founder of the Julian line), procured funds for the colony of Bononia (modern Bologna, Italy) which had been devastated by fire, and the people of Rhodes had their freedom restored.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Britannicus himself was kept in reserve in case Nero died, with deaths of princes being recent (such as Tiberius Gemellus). Though Nero was clearly the heir-designate, he was not named "princeps designate" to avoid hurting both Republican sentiment and the Augustan compromise of a principate that lay between monarchy and magistracy.

paragraph: Section::::Death of his father, Claudius.

paragraph: Suetonius reports that Claudius wished Rome to have a "real Caesar", and Britannicus enjoyed support from Claudius' loyal and influential freedman, Narcissus. There are possible signs of support for Britannicus seen on coins from Moesia and North Africa, placing Britannicus' head and title on the obverse side. Claudius became aware of his wife's actions and began preparing for the end of her power. His father wished to bestow upon him the toga, and to declare Britannicus as his heir. According to Suetonius, when Claudius mentioned his intention to give Britannicus the toga of manhood he said, "That the Roman people may at last have a genuine Caesar."

paragraph: The actions Claudius took to preserve his rule in the short-term were not easily undone as Britannicus approached manhood. In late 54, Britannicus was within 6 months of reaching manhood by Roman tradition, and had matured early. According to the historian Suetonius, Claudius began to mention divorcing Agrippina and dismissing Nero now that he was no longer needed. In preparation, Claudius commended both his son and adopted son to the Senate as equals in his last Senate address. Suetonius reports that Claudius now admonished his son to grow up quickly, implying that everything would be righted when he assumed the toga virilis.

paragraph: On 13 October 54, Claudius died, either by natural causes or poison. In the accounts of his death by poison, Agrippina, aware of Claudius' intentions of placing Britannicus on the throne, had a well-known poisoner, Locusta, infuse mushrooms with poison that were fed to the emperor.

paragraph: There were those who preferred Britannicus over Nero, such as Claudius' freedman Narcissus. Unfortunately for his cause, Narcissus was away in Campania when the emperor was poisoned, while Britannicus and his sisters, Octavia and Antonia, were kept out of sight in their rooms by Agrippina. That way none could challenge Nero's succession. If one thought that Britannicus' claim should take precedence, the response was that Nero too was the son of Claudius, with Agrippina linking him back to Augustus. It didn't help that many were convinced that Britannicus was no longer in the line of succession, a direct effect of the propaganda against him by Agrippina. Nero spoke the eulogy at the emperor's funeral and took sole power. Claudius' new will, which either granted joint-rule to Britannicus and Nero or just Britannicus, was suppressed by the new emperor's men in the senate.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.

paragraph: Immediately following the death of Claudius, Agrippina set upon removing those she had seen as a threat. Marcus Junius Silanus, proconsul of Asia whose brother Lucius had been eliminated by her as well, was poisoned for no other reason than that he had been the great-great-grandson of Augustus. Claudius' freedman Narcissus, Britannicus' champion according to Tacitus, had been driven to suicide after a harsh imprisonment. In Tacitus XIII, this was carried out by Agrippina against the wishes of Nero.

paragraph: Before Nero's consulship in 55, Nero forbade the persecution of a Julius Densus, an equestrian whose partiality for Britannicus had been construed as a crime.

paragraph: During his consulship, Nero had become more independent from his mother's influence. He began a relationship with a slave girl, and removed Pallas, a favorite of Agrippina, from his post as secretary of the treasury. In response, Agrippina threatened to champion the cause of Britannicus to keep her son in line. In the account of Tacitus, Agrippina says to Nero:

paragraph: Tacitus recounts Nero's numerous attempts to publicly undermine Britannicus' image. In one such attempt, during the feast of Saturn (the Saturnalia), he and Nero were playing a game among a group of their friends, and Nero chose Britannicus to sing a song with the expectation that Britannicus would embarrass himself. Britannicus however, not only avoided humiliation, but also generated sympathy amongst the guests, after singing a poem telling the tale of how he had been cast aside in favour of Nero. The young emperor immediately began plotting his step-brother's assassination.

paragraph: According to Suetonius, Nero moved against Britannicus, employing the same poisoner, Locusta, who had been hired to murder his father, Claudius. The first dose failed, and Nero decided to throw caution to the wind. In the account of Suetonius, he had Locusta brought to his room to mix a faster acting poison before his very eyes. After many tests on kids, there was a mixture that killed an animal instantly. Being pleased, Nero had the concoction brought immediately to the dining room.

paragraph: Britannicus was poisoned at a dinner party attended by his sister, Octavia, Agrippina, and several other notables. Tacitus' account of the event is as follows: Britannicus was given a hot drink, which was tested by a food taster, and when he asked for it to be cooled, the poison was added to it with the cold water. The substance was instantly effective, and he "lost alike both voice and breath." Nero claimed to those present that Britannicus was merely suffering from an epileptic fit, and that he had been afflicted with the condition since childhood. He died sometime between December and his 14th birthday, on 11 February 55, when he was to assume manhood, and just four months after his father's death. For her service, the emperor had Locusta rewarded with large estates, and even sent her pupils.

paragraph: Section::::Post mortem.

paragraph: Britannicus was cremated and his ashes placed with those of his father in the Mausoleum of Augustus. Nero held his funeral the very next day in the rain and gave no eulogy, saying it was "a tradition in the case of untimely deaths not to oppress the public with eulogies and processions." Dio says that Nero had the corpse covered in gypsum to cover the effects of the poison on the skin. While he was being carried through the Forum, the rain had uncovered the body making plain to all who could see that he had been poisoned. Author and historian Beacham considers Dio's account to be "theatrical".

paragraph: Given his and Nero's relationship, it was not surprising when Britannicus died just before his fourteenth birthday. Britannicus criticized Nero's singing voice, and referred to his adoptive brother by his original name of Lucius Domitius. In favoring Nero, Claudius sealed the fate of his son, and perhaps his own. Ominously for Agrippina, Seneca and Burrus did not complain: either they had been bought off, or regarded Britannicus' death as inevitable given his relationship with Nero. Instead, they concentrated on growing their influence with Nero.

paragraph: According to Suetonius, Britannicus was good friends with the future Emperor Titus, whose father Vespasian had commanded legions in Britain. As part of the Flavians' attempts to link themselves with the Julio-Claudians, Titus claimed that he had been seated with Britannicus on the night he was killed. He even claimed to have tasted the poison, which resulted in a serious and long illness. Titus would go on to erect a gold statue of his childhood friend, and issue coins in his memory.

paragraph: Section::::Britannicus in popular culture.

paragraph: Britannicus is portrayed in "Britannicus" (1669) by French playwright Jean Racine.

paragraph: He was played by Graham Seed in "I, Claudius", a 1976 television series by Jack Pulman.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius. "Historia Romanum." Books LX-LXII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius. "Twelve Caesars." "Life of Claudius."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius. "Twelve Caesars." "Life of Titus."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus. "Annals." Books XI-XIII.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girolamo Cardano "Neronis Encomium" Translated by Angelo Paratico as Nero. An Exemplary Life. Inkstone Books, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Britannicus de Jean Racine : Analysis, Plot overview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Britannicus de Jean Racine in a new translation by Timberlake Wertenbaker

wikidata_label: Britannicus

wikipedia_title: Britannicus


text:
Roman
patrician
Second Triumvirate
Augustus
Marcus Antonius
Pontifex Maximus
Roman Republic
Julius Caesar
Shakespeare
Cicero
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus
populares
Sulla
optimates
Junia Secunda
Marcus Junius Brutus
Junia Tertia
Cassius Longinus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger
College of Pontiffs
cursus honorum
triumvir monetalis
Julius Caesar
praetor
Pompey
dictator
Hispania Citerior
Quintus Cassius Longinus
Hispania Ulterior
Bogud
triumph
consul
Pompeians
magister equitum
Master of the Horse
Mark Antony
Lupercalia
Ides of March
Marcus Junius Brutus
Campus Martius
Aulus Hirtius
Pontifex Maximus
Sextus Pompey
Hispania
Narbonese Gaul
Cisalpine Gaul
Decimus Brutus
Cicero
Battle of Mutina
Octavian Caesar
Modena
Second Triumvirate
Lex Titia
First Triumvirate
Pompey
Crassus
consul
Republic
Narbonese Gaul
proscription
Lucius Paullus
Cassius Dio
assassins' faction
Battle of Philippi
Numidia
Africa
Perusine War
Lucius Antonius
Tarentum
Third Punic War
Sicilian revolt
Sicily
Lex Titia
Circeii
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor
Gaius Maecenas
Lucius Saenius Balbinus
palace
Palatine Hill
Battle of Mutina
Velleius Paterculus
Cassius Dio
Fulvia
Shakespeare
Julius Caesar
Antony and Cleopatra
Ronald Syme
Caspar Brülow
Georges de Scudéry
Pierre Corneille
Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon
Voltaire
Alfred Duggan
W. G. Hardy
Allan Massie
Robert Harris
Dictator
Cicero
Tiro
Rome
Lepidus
Ronan Vibert

categories: Aemilii Lepidi,80s BC births,10s BC deaths,Roman governors of Hispania,Aemilii,Roman Republican consuls,Pontifices Maximi of the Roman Republic,Ancient Roman Masters of the Horse,Ancient Roman exiles,1st-century BC clergy,1st-century BC Romans,Correspondents of Cicero,Roman Republican praetors

paragraph: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)

paragraph: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (; c. 89 or 88 BC – late 13 or early 12 BC) was a Roman patrician and statesman who was a part of the Second Triumvirate alongside Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (the future Augustus) and Marcus Antonius, and the last Pontifex Maximus of the Roman Republic. Lepidus had previously been a close ally of Julius Caesar.

paragraph: Though he was an able military commander and proved a useful partisan of Caesar, Lepidus has always been portrayed as the weakest member of the Triumvirate. He typically appears as a marginalised figure in depictions of the events of the era, most notably in Shakespeare's plays. While some scholars have endorsed this view, others argue that the evidence is insufficient to discount the distorting effects of propaganda by his opponents, principally Cicero and, later, Augustus.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lepidus was the son of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul in 78), his mother may have been a daughter of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus. His brother was Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (consul in 50). His father was the first leader of the revived populares faction after the death of Sulla, and led an unsuccessful rebellion against the optimates in 78-77 (he was defeated just outside of Rome and fled to Sardinia where he died in 77).

paragraph: Lepidus married Junia Secunda, sister of Marcus Junius Brutus and Junia Tertia, Cassius Longinus's wife. Lepidus and Junia Secunda had at least one child, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ally of Caesar.

paragraph: Lepidus joined the College of Pontiffs as a child. He started his "cursus honorum" as "triumvir monetalis", overseeing the minting of coins, from c. 62–58 BC. Lepidus soon became one of Julius Caesar's greatest supporters. He was appointed as a praetor in 49 BC, being placed in charge of Rome while Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece. He secured Caesar's appointment as dictator, a position Caesar used to get himself elected as consul, resigning the dictatorship after eleven days. Lepidus was rewarded with the position of proconsul in the Spanish province of Hispania Citerior.

paragraph: While in Spain Lepidus was called upon to act to quell a rebellion against Quintus Cassius Longinus, governor of neighbouring Hispania Ulterior. Lepidus refused to support Cassius, who had created opposition to Caesar's regime by his corruption and avarice. He negotiated a deal with the rebel leader, the quaestor Marcellus, and helped defeat an attack by the Mauretanian king Bogud. Cassius and his supporters were allowed to leave and order was restored. Caesar and the Senate were sufficiently impressed by Lepidus' judicial mixture of negotiation and surgical military action that they granted him a triumph.

paragraph: Lepidus was rewarded with the consulship in 46 after the defeat of the Pompeians in the East. Caesar also made Lepidus "magister equitum" ("Master of the Horse"), effectively his deputy. Caesar appears to have had greater confidence in Lepidus than in Mark Antony to keep order in Rome, after Antony's inflammatory actions led to disturbances in 47. Lepidus appears to have been genuinely shocked when Antony provocatively offered Caesar a crown at the Lupercalia festival, an act that helped to precipitate the conspiracy to kill Caesar.

paragraph: When in February 44 Caesar was elected dictator for life by the Senate, he made Lepidus "magister equitum" for the second time. The brief alliance in power of Caesar and Lepidus came to a sudden end when Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 (the Ides of March). Caesar had dined at Lepidus' house the night before his murder. One of the ringleaders of the conspiracy, Gaius Cassius Longinus, had argued for the killing of Lepidus and Mark Antony as well, but Marcus Junius Brutus had overruled him, saying the action was an execution and not a political coup.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Aftermath of Caesar's death.

paragraph: As soon as Lepidus learned of Caesar's murder, he acted decisively to maintain order by moving troops to the Campus Martius. He proposed using his army to punish Caesar's killers, but was dissuaded by Antony and Aulus Hirtius. Lepidus and Antony both spoke in the Senate the following day, accepting an amnesty for the assassins in return for preservation of their offices and Caesar's reforms. Lepidus also obtained the post of Pontifex Maximus.

paragraph: At this point Pompey's surviving son Sextus Pompey tried to take advantage of the turmoil to threaten Spain. Lepidus was sent to negotiate with him. Lepidus successfully negotiated an agreement with Sextus that maintained the peace. The senate voted him a public thanksgiving festival. Lepidus thereafter administered both Hispania and Narbonese Gaul.

paragraph: When Antony attempted to take control of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) by force and displace Decimus Brutus, the Senate, led by Cicero, called on Lepidus to support Brutus – one of Caesar's killers. Lepidus prevaricated, recommending negotiation with Antony. After Antony's defeat at the Battle of Mutina, the Senate sent word that Lepidus' troops were no longer needed. Antony, however, marched towards Lepidus's province with his remaining forces. Lepidus continued to assure the Senate of his loyalty, but engaged in negotiations with Antony. When the two armies met, large portions of Lepidus's forces joined up with Antony. Lepidus negotiated an agreement with him, while claiming to the Senate that he had no choice. It is unclear whether Lepidus' troops forced him to join with Antony, whether that was always Lepidus's plan, or whether he arranged matters to gauge the situation and make the best deal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second Triumvirate.

paragraph: Antony and Lepidus now had to deal with Octavian Caesar, Caesar's great-nephew and who had been adopted by Caesar in Caesar's will. Octavian was the only surviving commander of the forces that had defeated Antony at Mutina (modern Modena). The Senate instructed Octavian to hand over control of the troops to Decimus Brutus, but he refused. Antony and Lepidus met with Octavian on an island in a river, possibly near Mutina but more likely near Bologna, their armies lined along opposite banks. They formed the Second Triumvirate, legalized with the name of "Triumvirs for Confirming the Republic with Consular Power" (Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate) by the "Lex Titia" of 43. With the triumvirs in possession of overwhelming numerical superiority, Decimus Brutus' remaining forces melted away, leaving the triumvirs in complete control of the western provinces.

paragraph: Unlike the First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, this one was formally constituted. In effect, it sidelined the consuls and the Senate and signalled the death of the Republic. The triumvirate's legal lifespan was for five years. At the beginning Lepidus was confirmed in possession of both the provinces of Hispania, along with Narbonese Gaul, but also agreed to hand over seven of his legions to Octavian and Antony to continue the struggle against Brutus and Cassius, who controlled the eastern part of Roman territory. In the event of a defeat, Lepidus' territories would provide a fall-back position. Lepidus was to become consul and was confirmed as Pontifex Maximus. He would assume control of Rome while they were away.

paragraph: According to Lepidus's biographer Richard D. Weigel, Lepidus' willingness to give up his legions inevitably consigned him to a subsidiary role in the triumvirate.

paragraph: Lepidus also agreed to the proscriptions that led to the death of Cicero and other die-hard opponents of Caesar's faction. Later historians were particularly critical of him for agreeing to the death of his brother Lucius Paullus, a supporter of Cicero. However, Cassius Dio hints that Lepidus helped Paullus to escape.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After Philippi.

paragraph: After the pacification of the east and the defeat of the assassins' faction in the Battle of Philippi, during which he remained in Rome, Antony and Octavian took over most of Lepidus' territories, but granted him rights in the provinces of Numidia and Africa. For a while he managed to distance himself from the frequent quarrels between his colleagues Antony and Octavian. When the Perusine War broke out in 41, Octavian tasked Lepidus with the defence of Rome against Lucius Antonius, Mark Antony's brother. Lucius, with superior forces, easily took the city. Lepidus was forced to flee to Octavian's camp. Lucius soon withdrew from Rome and Octavian retook the city. After this Lepidus was given six of Antony's legions to govern Africa. In 37 BC the treaty of Tarentum formally renewed the Triumvirate for another five years.

paragraph: During Lepidus' governorship of Africa he promoted the distribution of land to veterans, possibly in order to build up a network of clients. He appears to have encouraged the Romanisation of Thibilis in Numidia and to have demolished illicit extensions to Carthage so that the formally cursed area of the old city, destroyed after the Third Punic War, was not built upon.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Fall from power.

paragraph: In 36, during the Sicilian revolt, Lepidus raised a large army of 14 legions to help subdue Sextus Pompey. However, this was to lead to an ill-judged political move that gave Octavian the excuse he needed to remove Lepidus from power. After the defeat of Sextus Pompey, Lepidus had stationed his legions in Sicily and a dispute arose over whether he or Octavian had authority on the island. Lepidus had been the first to land troops in Sicily and had captured several of the main towns. However, he felt that Octavian was treating him as a subordinate rather than an equal. He asserted that Sicily should be absorbed into his sphere of influence. After negotiation, he suggested an alternative: Octavian could have Sicily and Africa, if he agreed to give Lepidus back his old territories in Spain and Gaul, which should legally have been his according to the Lex Titia. Octavian accused Lepidus of attempting to usurp power and fomenting rebellion. Humiliatingly, Lepidus' legions in Sicily defected to Octavian and Lepidus himself was forced to submit to him.

paragraph: On 22 September 36, Lepidus was stripped of all his offices except that of Pontifex Maximus; Octavian then sent him into exile in Circeii. After the defeat of Antony in 31 BC, Lepidus' son Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor became involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Octavian, but the plot was discovered by Gaius Maecenas. The younger Lepidus was executed, but the former triumvir himself was left unmolested. His wife Junia was, however, implicated. Lepidus had to plead with his former enemy Lucius Saenius Balbinus to grant her bail.

paragraph: Spending the rest of his life in obscurity, Lepidus was apparently allowed to return to Rome periodically to participate in Senatorial business. Octavian, now known as "Augustus", is said to have belittled him by always asking for his vote last. Lepidus died peacefully in late 13 or early 12, upon which Augustus assumed the position of Pontifex Maximus for himself; afterwards, the chief priest’s office was moved from the Regia to Augustus' palace, located on the Palatine Hill in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Lepidus's biographer Richard D. Weigel says that he has been typically caricatured by both ancient and modern historians as "weak, indecisive, fickle, disloyal and incompetent". Cicero condemned Lepidus for "wickedness and sheer folly" after he allowed his forces to join with Mark Antony's after Antony's initial defeat at the Battle of Mutina. He also privately suggested that Lepidus' wife Junia was unfaithful to him. Decimus Brutus called him a "weathercock" and Velleius Paterculus called him "the most fickle of mankind", and incapable of command. According to Cassius Dio, while Mark Antony and Octavian were away from Rome fighting Brutus and Cassius, Lepidus was nominally in control of the city, but Mark Antony's wife Fulvia was the real power. Dio wrote that "She, the mother-in‑law of Octavian and wife of Antony, had no respect for Lepidus because of his slothfulness, and managed affairs herself, so that neither the senate nor the people transacted any business contrary to her pleasure."

paragraph: These views are reflected in Shakespeare's portrayal of Lepidus in "Julius Caesar", in which Antony describes him as "a slight, unmeritable man, meet to be sent on errands", comparable to a donkey required to bear burdens. In "Antony and Cleopatra" he is portrayed as extremely gullible, asking Antony silly questions about Egypt while very drunk. Antony taunts him with an elaborately nonsensical description of a Nile crocodile. After Lepidus's fall from power, he is referred to as the "poor third" and "fool Lepidius".

paragraph: Modern writers have often been equally dismissive. Ronald Syme called him "a flimsy character...perfidious and despised". Weigel argues that these views are coloured by evidence that was in large part politically motivated, and that Lepidus's career was no more perfidious or inconsistent than that of the other major players in the power struggles at the time. Léonie Hayne says that he acted "skillfully and consistently in support of Antony and (indirectly) of the Caesarian faction". She also argues that his power bid over Sicily was logical and justifiable. Alain Gowing has also argued that his actions in Sicily, though "futile", were no more than an "attempt to regain a position from which he had been unfairly thrust."

paragraph: Section::::Fictional depictions.

paragraph: Despite his role as "a slight, unmeritable man" in Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" and as a rambling drunk in "Antony and Cleopatra", other Renaissance-era writers portrayed Lepidus in a more positive way. Caspar Brülow's Latin play "Caius Julius Caesar" depicts Lepidus as Caesar's loyal ally, warning him against conspiracies and later planning revenge on his killers. Georges de Scudéry's "La Mort de César" portrays him in a similar light, warning Caesar, and later working closely with Antony, who refers to him as "sage et prudent Lépide". In Pierre Corneille's "Mort de Pompée" his is a non-speaking role, simply presented as one of Caesar's entourage of officers.

paragraph: Lepidus appears in several 18th century French plays, such as Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon's "Le Triumvirat, ou la mort de Cicéron", in which he attempts to save Cicero's life, and is portrayed as a conflicted figure, who respects traditional Roman values, but is unable to resist the will of his colleagues. Cicero rejects compromise, but Lepidus is too weak to do so. Voltaire's "Le Triumvirat" refers to Lepidus as a pawn, merely used by Antony and Octavian.

paragraph: Lepidus appears in a number of novels. He is the principal character of Alfred Duggan's 1958 historical novel "Three's Company". As the novel's title implies, it is centered on the second triumvirate, but relates the period through the lens of Lepidus' life and experiences. According to Weigel, he becomes a kind of "a Don Quixote in a toga". The novel follows the standard portrayal of him as "cowardly, stupid, shying away from combat, dominated by women, and longing for someone to give him orders". A reviewer at the time of publication referred to Duggan's Lepidus as "the eternal conservative stuffed shirt without the moral strength to live by the traditional virtues he admires and pretends to possess." He's portrayed as a more competent figure in W. G. Hardy's "The Scarlet Mantle" and "The Bloodied Toga". In Allan Massie's "Let the Emperor Speak", he is a weasely politician. He is also mentioned in Robert Harris' "Dictator", told from the perspective of Cicero's secretary Tiro.

paragraph: In the BBC/HBO TV series "Rome", Lepidus (Ronan Vibert) is portrayed in the familiar way, as an inadequate rival for the powerhouses of Octavian and Antony. Much of his involvement in the second Triumvirate is barely mentioned in the series. No mention is made of his alliance with Antony and Caesar before the assassination. He is depicted as a general sent to defeat the weakened Antony after Mutina. His whole army immediately defects to his enemy. He appears sporadically as a barely-noticed participant in later discussions about future plans.

description: Roman patrician, last Pontifex Maximus of the Roman Republic

wikidata_label: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

wikipedia_title: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)


text:
Aria
Amico è
Milan
Lucio Battisti
Adriano Celentano
Equipe 84
Mia Martini
Aria
Sanremo Music Festival
Sarah Brightman
Just Show Me How to Love You
Amico è
Mike Bongiorno
football chant
Daniel Sentacruz Ensemble
Mina
Ornella Vanoni
Céline Dion
L'amour viendra
Caterina Caselli

wikipedia_title:
Aria (song)
Amico è
Milan
Lucio Battisti
Adriano Celentano
Equipe 84
Mia Martini
Aria (song)
Sanremo Music Festival
Sarah Brightman
Just Show Me How to Love You
Amico è
Mike Bongiorno
Football chant
Daniel Sentacruz Ensemble
Mina
Ornella Vanoni
Celine Dion
La voix du bon Dieu
Caterina Caselli

categories: 1948 births,Italian male composers,Singers from Milan,Italian pop singers,Italian music arrangers,Italian keyboardists,Italian singer-songwriters,Italian pop musicians,Italian composers,Living people

paragraph: Dario Baldan Bembo

paragraph: Dario Baldan Bembo (born 15 May 1948) is an Italian composer, singer-songwriter, music arranger and musician, best known for the songs "Aria" and "Amico è".

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in Milan, Baldan Bembo started his music career as a keyboardist for, among others, Lucio Battisti and Adriano Celentano.

paragraph: In 1970 he joined the group Equipe 84, with whom he started working as a composer. In 1972 he got his first successes as author of two songs written for Mia Martini, "Piccolo uomo" and "Donna sola", followed in 1973 by "Minuetto" and in 1974 by "Inno". In 1975 he made his debut as a singer with the song "Aria", which ranked second in the Italian hit parade and became an international success.

paragraph: In 1981 he entered the competition at the Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Tu cosa fai stasera", which ranked third; the song was later covered by Guys 'n'Dolls as "Broken Dreams" and by Sarah Brightman under the title "Just Show Me How to Love You". He came back in Sanremo in 1985, with the song "Da quando non ci sei".

paragraph: His main hit as a songwriter was the song "Amico è", ending theme song of the Mike Bongiorno's quiz show "SuperFlash", which later became a widely spread football chant.

paragraph: As a composer his collaborations include Daniel Sentacruz Ensemble, Mina and Ornella Vanoni. Céline Dion covered his songs "Dolce fiore" (released as a single with the title "L'amour viendra") and "L'amico è" (with the title "Hymne à l'amitié").

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 - Aria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 - Crescendo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 - Non mi lasciare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 - Piccolina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 - Giuro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 - Tu cosa fai stasera?

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 - Amico è (with Caterina Caselli)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 - Voci di città

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 - Flashback (as "Space Philharmonic")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - Da quando non ci sei (una volta ancora)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 - "Aria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 - "Crescendo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 - "Migrazione

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 - "Dario Baldan Bembo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 - "Voglia d'azzurro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 - "Etereo" (as "Bembo's Orchestra")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 - "Spirito della Terra

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - "Spazi uniti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - "Un po' per vivere, un po' per sognare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 - "Il canto dell'umanità

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 - "Amico è - I successi

description: Italian singer and songwriter

wikidata_label: Dario Baldan Bembo

wikipedia_title: Dario Baldan Bembo


text:
English
painter
William Hoare's
Prince Hoare's

wikipedia_title:
English people
Painting
William Hoare
Prince Hoare (younger)

categories: 1753 births,1820 deaths,18th-century English painters,19th-century English painters,English women painters,English dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Mary Hoare

paragraph: Mary Hoare (1753-1820) was an English painter. She was William Hoare's daughter and Prince Hoare's sister. The latter had a strong influence on her.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: There is little known about Mary Hoare's life. In 1765 she married Henry Hoare (of Stourhead). Between 1761 and 1764 she displayed works at the Society of Artists of Great Britain and at the Free Society of Artists.

paragraph: Section::::Works by Hoare.

paragraph: Most of her known works deal with scenes of Shakespearean plays and can be located at the Yale Center of British Art.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hammerschmidt-Hummel, Hildegard, ed. Die Shakespeare-Illustration (1594-2000): Bildkünstlerische Darstellungen zu den Dramen William Shakespeares: Katalog, Geschichte, Funktion und Deutung. Vol. 3, Katalog: Abbildungen 1494-3000, edited by Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kindler, Simone. Ophelia: Der Wandel von Frauenbild und Bildmotiv. Berlin: Reimer 2004.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Hoare's works at the Yale Center for British Art

description: English painter

wikidata_label: Mary Hoare

wikipedia_title: Mary Hoare


text:
Theban
Second Intermediate Period
Upper Egypt
Jürgen von Beckerath
13th dynasty
Kim Ryholt
17th dynasty
Turin canon
graffiti
Medamud temple
Sobekemsaf I
Senusret III
Karnak king list
Georges Legrain
El-Tod
Georges Legrain
Karnak
Shemu
Edfu
Senusret I

wikipedia_title:
Thebes, Egypt
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Upper Egypt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Kim Ryholt
Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
Turin King List
Graffiti
Temple of Montu (Medamud)
Sobekemsaf I
Senusret III
Karnak king list
Georges Legrain
El-Tod
Georges Legrain
Karnak
Season of the Harvest
Edfu
Senusret I

categories: 16th-century BC Pharaohs,17th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt,Pharaohs of the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Senusret IV

paragraph: Senusret IV Seneferibre was an ancient Egyptian Theban king during the late Second Intermediate Period that is attested only through finds from Upper Egypt. The chronological position of Senusret IV is unclear and even the dynasty to which he belongs is debated.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological position.

paragraph: According to Jürgen von Beckerath Senusret IV belonged to the late 13th dynasty, while Kim Ryholt classifies him as a king of the 16th dynasty with an uncertain position in the dynasty. Alternatively, Norbert Dautzenberg proposed that Senusret IV is part of the 17th dynasty. Dautzenberg bases this hypothesis on his reading of entry 11.4 of the Turin canon as referring to Senusret IV. He also attributes graffiti on a gate of the Medamud temple mentioning a king "Senusret" to Senusret IV since the gate was decorated by Sobekemsaf I, who lived during the early 17th dynasty. Both arguments are rejected by Ryholt: first, Ryholt notes that the Turin canon entry 11.4 is not compatible with Senusret IV's prenomen and second, he observes that the gate of the temple of Medamud was built by Senusret III so the graffiti is likely to refer to this king rather than Senusret IV.

paragraph: In the new arrangement the dynasty of Senusret IV is left partially undetermined, being simply categorized as late 13th to early 17th.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Senusret IV is attested on the Karnak king list under his prenomen "Senefer[...]re". The most important contemporary attestation of the king is a 2m 75 cm tall colossal statue of him, sculpted in pink granite and discovered in Karnak in 1901 by Georges Legrain. Other attestations include a block from El-Tod and the upper-right corner of a stela discovered in 1907 by Georges Legrain in Karnak and which is inscribed with the date II Shemu 1 of the first regnal year of Senusret IV. Finally, a lintel from Edfu and an axe-blade bearing the nomen Senusret have also been attributed to Senusret IV based on stylistic considerations. In the case of the axe blade however, some have attributed it to Senusret I.

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Senusret IV

wikipedia_title: Senusret IV


text:
Italian
Cardinal
Roman Catholic Church
Colonna family
Orsogna
Colonna family
Filippo I Colonna
Prince of Paliano
Anna Colonna
Taddeo Barberini
Francesco Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Maffeo Barberini
Carlo Barberini
Lucrezia Barberini
Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena
Barberini
Pope Urban VIII
Papal conclave of 1644
Pope Innocent X
Lateran basilica
Holy Door
Holy Year
Pope Alexander VII
Holy See
Spain
Philip IV
Emperor Leopold I
Infanta Margarita
Jules Mazarin
Barberini
Pamphili
last rites
Finale Marina
Genoa

categories: 1604 births,1666 deaths,Italian cardinals,Colonna family,People from the Province of Chieti

paragraph: Girolamo Colonna

paragraph: Girolamo Colonna (23 March 1604 – 4 September 1666) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and member of the noble Colonna family.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Colonna was born at Orsogna into the Colonna family and his extended family included members of various 17th-century Italian royal and noble houses. His father was Filippo I Colonna, Prince of Paliano and his mother was Lucrezia Tomacelli. His sister, Anna Colonna, married Taddeo Barberini, brother of cardinals Francesco Barberini and Antonio Barberini (Antonio the Younger).

paragraph: Colonna was uncle to the children of his sister and brother-in-law, Maffeo Barberini, Cardinal Carlo Barberini and Lucrezia Barberini who married Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena.

paragraph: He was elevated to cardinal on 30 August 1627 by Barberini Pope Urban VIII (the uncle of his brother-in-law Taddeo) at the insistence of his sister, Anna.

paragraph: After the death of Pope Urban, he participated in the Papal conclave of 1644 that elected Pope Innocent X. He was Archpriest of the patriarchal Lateran basilica and Legate "a latere" for the opening and closing of the Holy Door in the patriarchal Lateran basilica in the Holy Year of 1650. He took part in the conclave of 1655 that elected Pope Alexander VII.

paragraph: Pope Innocent X appointed him as Ambassador of the Holy See to Spain. He was called to Spain by King Philip IV and appointed as a counselor on state and military affairs. He celebrated the wedding between Emperor Leopold I and Infanta Margarita of Spain (daughter of Philip IV) and as legate accompanied her to Germany.

paragraph: He was accompanied to Spain by Jules Mazarin (then 17 years old; later elevated to Cardinal himself). Mazarin later assisted Colonna's brother-in-law Taddeo and his brothers when they went into exile during the short schism between the Barberini and the Pamphili.

paragraph: King Philip IV died in 1665 and Colonna assisted in the provision of last rites. At the death of the King, Colonna returned to his native Italy but died on 4 September 1666 at the Dominican convent in Finale Marina, near Genoa.

paragraph: Letters from Milan and Genoa, dated 15 January 1667, verified the news. After six years, his remains were moved to Rome and buried in the chapel of his family in the patriarchal Lateran basilica.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Girolamo Colonna

wikipedia_title: Girolamo Colonna


text: artist

text: Coggeshall

text: Essex

text: Sir Robert Hitcham

text: slate

text: Public House

text: cervical vertebrae

text: The Lancet

text: post-mortem

text: autonomic system

text: Liverpool

text: line-drawing

text: George Richmond

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: Raphael

text: Rembrandt

text: Van Dyke

text: Landseer

text: line-engravings

text: Queen Victoria

text: Hermann Winterhalter

text: Quadriplegia

text: Sarah Biffen

text: Bartram Hiles

text: Christy Brown

text: The life of John Carter

text: John Carter

categories: 1815 births,English male painters,1850 deaths,People from Coggeshall,19th-century English painters,English Christians,People with tetraplegia,English people with disabilities,British weavers

paragraph: John Carter (mouth artist)

paragraph: John Carter (31July 18154June 1850) was an English silk weaver and artist, who, after an accident left him paralysed from below the neck, learnt to draw, paint and write by holding the pencil, pen or brush in his mouth. His outstanding ability drew much public interest, with accounts of his life and favourable reviews of his work appearing in the press both at home, the United States and elsewhere.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Carter, a silk-weaver by trade, was born of humble parents at Coggeshall, in the county of Essex, on 31 July 1815. He attended the local infants' school in Church Street in the town, followed by the Parish National School, then, at the age of 13, the local endowed school (founded by Sir Robert Hitcham in 1636), where he remained for 2 years. Although he had no obvious great talent as a boy, he admitted that "Whenever I had a pen or pencil in my hand, I was sure to be drawing in my books or on my slate, and at home about the walls of the house"; however this propensity was not developed any further and an artistic career was not considered.

paragraph: On leaving school, Carter was apprenticed to a silk-weaver named Charles Beckwith, and, after his marriage to Lucy (d. Nov. 1841) in 1835, pursued the business on his own account. However, he fell into bad company and spent much of his time drinking in the local Public House.

paragraph: Section::::First accident and aftermath.

paragraph: One Saturday night, in May 1836, after a drinking session with friends, he was persuaded to climb a tree in search of bird's eggs, in the course of which he missed his hold, falling 40 feet to the ground and severely damaging his cervical vertebrae. He was lucky to survive, but was left effectively paralysed from below the neck, though with some movement in the chest and left shoulder.

paragraph: Articles about his injuries appeared in "The Lancet" on 19 July 1856 and 27 October 1860, some years after his death. His case was described by Doctors as ""the most remarkable...with which we are acquainted"" due to his having lived for another 14 years after the accident. A post-mortem revealed that paralysis had been caused by compression of the spinal cord due to displacement of the vertebrae; the fact that the cord had not been severed allowed the continued functioning of the autonomic system which accounts for his survival.

paragraph: Carter was now totally dependent on others for care and obviously unable to work. The shock also inclined him to seek solace in religion and prayer, which he had previously forsaken. After 6 weeks of recovery, he moved, with his wife, for reasons of economy and practicality, back to his father's house, where he was attended by friends and family.

paragraph: Section::::Career beginnings.

paragraph: About a year after the accident, he read an account of how "Elizabeth Kinning", an inmate of a Liverpool asylum, having lost the use of her limbs, learnt to draw using her mouth. He began to do the same thing, using either a slate or a piece of paper pinned to his pillow, and a pencil or very-fine brush held in his mouth.

paragraph: By dogged perseverance, he taught himself to draw and paint, and to such a great proficiency that belied his disability. He devoted himself mainly to line-drawing, and, with the help of an attendant to supply his materials, and a specially adapted desk, produced work of great beauty and thorough artistic finish in every detail. He was also able to write legibly using the same method.

paragraph: Carter became something of a celebrity, and received personal visits from many eminent people, including leading members of the medical profession, the Church, and artists such as George Richmond. His life and work was still the subject of many articles in journals several decades after his death, in Britain, the United States and elsewhere.

paragraph: Section::::Second accident and death.

paragraph: On 21 May 1850, he was involved in an accident, when the small carriage in which he was travelling overturned; his system received so severe a shock that he never recovered, and died on 4 June that same year. His dying words, which reflected his new-found faith after the accident of 1836, were carefully recorded:

paragraph: ""O Lord, have mercy on me ! Help me through this misery, and lead me in the way everlasting. Help me through the valley of death, and pardon and forgive all my sins; and receive me into thy heavenly kingdom, O Lord, I beseech thee, for Jesus Christ's sake. Amen. O Lord Jesus, make haste to help me.""

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The Rev. W. J. Dampier, vicar of Coggeshall, published a memoir in 1850 (reissued in 1875). A list of eighty-seven of Carter's drawings is given, with the names of the owners at the time. They include drawings after Albrecht Dürer, Raphael, Rembrandt, Van Dyke, and Landseer. They resemble fine line-engravings and as George Richmond, who knew Carter well, commented to the author of the book, the power of imitation is most extraordinary.

paragraph: Of his original works, his best, and most widely acclaimed is "A Ratcatcher and his Dogs" (1849), which drew uniform praise in all its reviews, and a copy of which was acquired by Queen Victoria; The great artist, Landseer described the work as the finest specimen of animal drawing he had ever seen. Other works of importance include "Our Father who art in Heaven", and "Innocence" (the latter based on a work by Hermann Winterhalter).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quadriplegia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Biffen (1784–1850), mouth artist, born without arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartram Hiles (1872–1927), a mouth artist who lost both arms in an accident.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christy Brown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Association of Mouth and Foot Painting Artists of the World

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mills, Frederick James. The life of John Carter (New York, Hurd and Houghton, 1868).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beaumont, George Frederick. A history of Coggeshall, in Essex: with an account of its church, abbey, manors, ancient houses, &c., and biographical sketches of its most distinguished men and ancient families, including the family of Coggeshall from 1149, to the re-union at Rhode Island, U.S.A., in 1884 (London: Marshall, 1890).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Carter (Coggleshall Museum – "Local Heroes")

description: English silk weaver and artist

wikidata_label: John Carter

wikipedia_title: John Carter (mouth artist)


text:
Eastern Jin Dynasty
Yangxia County
Henan
Xie Xuan
Xie An
Daoist
Confucianist
Huan Xuan
Jiangzhou
Sun En
Kuaiji
Book of Jin
Three Character Classic
Ming Dynasty

categories: 4th-century women,Jin dynasty (265–420) philosophers,Chinese women philosophers,4th-century women writers,Chinese women writers,4th-century writers,4th-century philosophers

paragraph: Xie Daoyun

paragraph: Xie Daoyun (謝道韞, before 340-after 399) was a Chinese poet, writer, scholar, calligrapher and debater of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Born in Yangxia County, Henan, Daoyun belonged to the Xie clan and was a sister of the general Xie Xuan. Though her mother is unknown, it is known that she gave birth to five more children. She was also the favourite niece of prime-minister Xie An. There were Daoist and Confucianist influences in her work.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Her uncle Xie An enjoyed spending time with his nieces and nephews and would quiz them on literature and philosophy. She outperformed her siblings and cousins during the tests her uncle set. Later, she would defend her uncle against the criticism of Huan Xuan.

paragraph: She married Wang Ningzhi, son of a famous calligrapher. Despite being displeased with him, they still had several children together. The Wang family had debates at their house and she was undefeated at those.

paragraph: Xie Daoyun and her children accompanied Wang Ningzhi to Jiangzhou, when he became a regional inspector. When Sun En led a rebellion, he promised divine intervention. Since none came, he and their sons were killed by rebels. Xie Daoyun and her maids then went to meet the rebels. She is said to have killed several before being taken prisoner. When the rebel leader Sun En planned to kill her grandson as well, she told him to kill her first. After this, he spared the boy's life.

paragraph: Xie Daoyun returned to Kuaiji and lived out her days in the Wang household.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Book of Jin has a biography of her. This book states that her work was popular with her contemporaries. She was seen as a symbol of female talent during her time and during later dynasties. The Three Character Classic tells her story and a Ming Dynasty musical composition is about the gatherings of Xie Daoyun and Xie An.

description: Chinese philosopher, poet

wikidata_label: Xie Daoyun

wikipedia_title: Xie Daoyun


text:
bishop
Constantinople
Constans
Constantius II
feast day
Thessalonica
presbyter
Alexander of Constantinople
see
Arian
Orthodox
Hagia Sophia
Emperor
Constantius II
synod
Eusebius of Nicomedia
Athanasius
Alexandria
Marcellus
Ancyra
Gaza
Pope Julius I
creed
Nicaea
Theognis of Nicaea
heterodox
Macedonius
Antioch
Zeuxippus
Bosphorus
Illyricum
Singara
Mesopotamia
Emesa
Cucusus
Cappadocia
Socrates Scholasticus
Sozomenus
Athanasius of Alexandria
Mansi

categories: Archbishops of Constantinople,350 deaths,Ancient Roman murder victims,Year of birth unknown,4th-century Romans,Saints of Roman Thessalonica,4th-century bishops,4th-century Christian saints,Opponents of Arianism

paragraph: Paul I of Constantinople

paragraph: Paul I or Paulus I or Saint Paul the Confessor (died c. 350), was the sixth bishop of Constantinople, elected first in 337 AD. Paul became involved in the Arian controversy which drew in the Emperor of the West, Constans, and his counterpart in the East, his brother Constantius II. Paul was installed and deposed three times from the See of Constantinople between 337 and 351. He was murdered by strangulation during his third and final exile in Cappadocia. His feast day is on November 6.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was a native of Thessalonica, a presbyter of Constantinople, and secretary to the aged bishop Alexander of Constantinople, his predecessor in the see. Both the city and its inhabitants suffered much during the Arian controversies. No sooner had Alexander breathed his last than the Arian and Orthodox parties came into open conflict. The Orthodox party prevailed; in 337 Paul was elected and consecrated by bishops who happened to be at Constantinople in the Church of Peace, close to what was afterwards the Hagia Sophia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First exile.

paragraph: The Emperor Constantius II had been away during these events. On his return he was angry at not having been consulted. He summoned a synod of Arian bishops, declared Paul quite unfit for the bishopric, banished him, and transported Eusebius of Nicomedia to Constantinople. This is thought to have been around 339. Paul, seeing himself rendered useless to his flock, while Arianism reigned in the East under the protection of Constantius, took shelter in the West, in the dominions of Constans. He went to Rome where he met Athanasius, who also had been expelled from his see.

paragraph: Athanasius of Alexandria was then in exile from Alexandria, Marcellus from Ancyra, and Asclepas from Gaza; with them Paul betook himself to Rome and consulted Pope Julius I, who examined their cases severally, found them all staunch to the creed of Nicaea, admitted them to communion, espoused their cause, and wrote strongly to the bishops of the East. Athanasius and Paul recovered their sees; the Eastern bishops replied to Pope Julius altogether declining to act on his advice.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second exile.

paragraph: Paul returned to Constantinople. Eusebius died in 341, and Paul was reinstated as bishop. The Arians seized the occasion; Theognis of Nicaea, Theodorus of Heraclea, and other heterodox bishops, consecrated bishop Macedonius in the church of St. Paul; and again the city became the prey of a civil war.

paragraph: The Emperor Constantius was at Antioch when he heard of this, where he ordered Hermogenes, his general of cavalry, to see that Paul was again expelled. The people would not hear of violence being done to their bishop; they rushed upon the house where the general was, set fire to it, killed him on the spot, tied a rope round his feet, pulled him out from the burning building, and dragged him in triumph round the city. Constantius was not likely to pass over this rebellion against his authority. He rode on horseback at full speed to Constantinople, determined to make the people suffer heavily for their revolt. They met him, however, on their knees with tears and entreaties, and he contented himself with depriving them of half their allowance of corn, but ordered Paul to be driven from the city.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Third exile.

paragraph: Paul seems to have retired to Triers, but returned to Constantinople in 344, with letters of recommendation from Constans, the emperor of the West, who wrote to Constantius, that should Paul not receive his patriarchal see, he would attack him. Constantius only allowed Paul's re-establishment for fear of his brother's arms, and the saint's situation in the East continued very uneasy, for he had much to suffer from the power and malice of the Arian party.

paragraph: Constans died in 350. Constantius, in Antioch, ordered Philippus, prefect of the East, to once more expel Paul and to put Macedonius in his place. At a public bath called Zeuxippus, adjoining a palace by the shore of the Bosphorus, Philippus asked bishop Paul to meet him, as if to discuss some public business. When Paul arrived, he showed him the emperor's letter, and ordered him to be quietly taken through the palace to the waterside, placed on board ship, and carried off to Thessalonica, his native town. Philippus allowed him to visit Illyricum and the remote provinces, but forbade him to set foot again in the East.

paragraph: Paul was later loaded with chains and taken to Singara in Mesopotamia, then to Emesa, and finally to Cucusus in Cappadocia. Here he was confined in a close, dark place, and left to starve to death. After he had passed six days without food, he was, to the great disappointment of his enemies, found alive. Upon which they strangled him, and gave out that he died after a short sickness.

paragraph: The body of St. Paul was brought to Ancyra in Galatia, and, by the order of Theodosius the Great, was thence translated to Constantinople in 381, about thirty years after his death. It was buried there in the great church built by Macedonius, which from that time was known by no other name than that of St. Paul. His remains were removed to Venice in 1226, where they are kept with great respect in the church of St. Laurence.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: BULLET::::- sources used by Sinclair:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Socrates Scholasticus, H. E. ii. 6, etc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sozomenus, H. E. iii. 3, etc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athanasius of Alexandria, Hist. Arian. ad Monach. 275;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mansi, "Concil". i. 1275.

description: Bishop of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Paul I of Constantinople

wikipedia_title: Paul I of Constantinople


text:
Piacenza
Castell’Arquato
Province of Piacenza
Italian
Istituto Gazzola
Lorenzo Toncini
Bernardino Pollinari
Macerato di Perino
Lugagnano
Francesco Ghittoni
Vigolo Marchese
De Longe
San Lorenzo
Gaspare Landi

categories: Italian male painters,1936 deaths,20th-century Italian painters,19th-century Italian painters,1852 births,People from Piacenza

paragraph: Emilio Perinetti

paragraph: Emilio Perinetti (1852 in Piacenza – 1936 in Castell’Arquato, Province of Piacenza) was an Italian painter. He painted mostly within his native province in religious subjects and private commissions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Perinetti initially enrolled at the Istituto Gazzola in Piacenza. After 1866, he worked under Lorenzo Toncini, and after 1872 with Bernardino Pollinari. Author of portraits and sacred subject, landscapes, and still lifes. Among his works: "Martyrdom of St Bartholemew" (1895) for the church of Macerato di Perino; in 1897, he decorated a room in the ground floor of Casa Gianelli in via Giordani at Piacenza; two ovals Sant’Alfredo and Santa Rosa (1920) for the Oratory of the Santissima Annunziata at Lugagnano; in 1929 and 1930, he completed two other ovals "Holy Family" and a "Santa Filomena". In 1882, in collaboration with Francesco Ghittoni, a fellow student at the Institute Gazzola, he painted the first ten stations of the Via Crucis of the church of Vigolo Marchese. In 1903 he completed restorations in Piacenza: while Perinetti restored the frescoes by De Longe in the presbytery of San Lorenzo Ghittoni restored the two pendants by Gaspare Landi in the presbytery of the cathedral.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Emilio Perinetti

wikipedia_title: Emilio Perinetti


text: Mechelen

text: Naples

text: Duke of Feria

text: Jane Dormer

text: lady-in-waiting

text: Mary I

text: Viceroy of Catalonia

text: Viceroy of Sicily

text: Fundacion Medinaceli

text: Casa de Feria

categories: Viceroys of Catalonia,Dukes of Feria,Viceroys of Sicily,1559 births,1617 deaths

paragraph: Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba

paragraph: Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba (Mechelen, 1559 – Naples, 1607) was the second Duke of Feria.

paragraph: He was the son of Gómez Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, 1st Duke of Feria and Jane Dormer, an English lady-in-waiting to Mary I.

paragraph: He succeeded his father at the age of 12.

paragraph: He served as Spanish Embassador in Rome (1591–1592), France (1593–1595), Viceroy of Catalonia (1596–1602) and Viceroy of Sicily (1603–1607).

paragraph: He married twice in 1577 with Isabel de Cárdenas, daughter of the Marquis of Elche and in 1586 with Isabel de Mendoza, daughter of Íñigo López de Mendoza y Mendoza, 5th Duke of the Infantado.

paragraph: His second wife gave him his only surviving son and successor Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fundacion Medinaceli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casa de Feria

description: Spanish diplomat and military personnel (1559-1607)

wikidata_label: Lorenzo IV Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba

wikipedia_title: Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba