text: Anthony Eden

text: Earl of Avon

text: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

text: Knight of the Garter

text: earl

text: Winston Churchill

text: Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx

text: Major Jack Spencer-Churchill

text: Winston Churchill

text: 7th Earl of Abingdon

text: Second World War

text: Lord Randolph Churchill

text: Jennie Jerome

text: 7th Duke of Marlborough

text: 3rd Marquess of Londonderry

text: Viscount Castlereagh

text: Congress of Vienna

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: Boer War

text: Sir Ernest Cassel

text: Earl of Roden

text: Count Karl Kinsky

text: Lord Percy

text: Duke of Northumberland

text: Clementine Hozier

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: First World War

text: Croix de Guerre

text: Légion d'Honneur

text: Johnnie

text: Cromwell Road

text: Kensington

text: Kensington Preparatory School

text: Downham School

text: Hatfield Heath

text: unintended consequence

text: monocle

text: Fitzroy Maclean

text: Marthe Bibesco

text: Folies Bergère

text: Josephine Baker

text: Julian Asquith

text: H. H. Asquith

text: Apennines

text: Tuscany

text: frescos

text: Piero della Francesca

text: Arezzo

text: Slade School of Fine Art

text: Marlene Dietrich

text: coming out

text: débutante

text: Deborah Mitford

text: Garbo

text: Maggy Rouff

text: Liberal

text: double agent

text: Donald Maclean

text: Bonham-Carters

text: Asquiths

text: Guy Burgess

text: Russia

text: Soviet

text: handlers

text: Romania

text: Elizabeth Bibesco

text: Antoine

text: Margot Asquith

text: Bucharest

text: Roy Harrod

text: Oxford

text: Isaiah Berlin

text: Maurice Bowra

text: Antonia Fraser

text: Lord Longford

text: Christ Church

text: A. J. Ayer

text: Wykeham Professor

text: ciphers

text: Foreign Office

text: Anthony Nutting

text: Suez

text: Dorchester Hotel

text: London Films

text: Sir Alexander Korda

text: Vogue

text: Orson Welles

text: The Third Man

text: Paulette Goddard

text: Oscar Wilde

text: An Ideal Husband

text: Brussels

text: George (later Lord) Weidenfeld

text: Philip Toynbee

text: Elizabeth David

text: Marcus Sieff

text: Marks and Spencer

text: Hatfield

text: Fitzrovia

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Conservative Party

text: Labour

text: Woodrow Wyatt

text: Cate Haste

text: Lady Bragg

text: Weidenfeld & Nicolson

text: Cherie Booth

text: Tony Blair

text: Bohemian

text: Private Eye

text: Andrew Roberts

text: John McEwen

text: Sir Colville Barclay

text: Lord Vansittart

text: Duff Cooper

text: White's

text: Evelyn Waugh

text: Anthony Powell

text: Nancy Mitford

text: Lucian Freud

text: Frederick Ashton

text: James Pope-Hennessy

text: Lord Berners

text: Cecil Beaton

text: Sofka Zinovieff

text: Jennifer Fry

text: Fry's chocolate

text: Robert Heber-Percy

text: Faringdon House

text: Alan Ross

text: Vita Sackville-West

text: Harold Nicolson

text: Sissinghurst

text: Trumper's

text: Curzon Street

text: Diana, Lady Mosley

text: Ian Fleming

text: Hugh Gaitskell

text: Viscount Rothermere

text: Noël Coward

text: Lord Goodman

text: Roy (later Lord) Jenkins

text: East Hendred

text: James Lees-Milne

text: Cranborne

text: 5th Marquess of Salisbury

text: Homburg

text: War Cabinet

text: Dunkirk evacuation

text: Duke and Duchess of Marlborough

text: Chequers

text: Buckinghamshire

text: R. A. Butler

text: Lord Beaverbrook

text: Abdication crisis

text: Edward VIII

text: Leopold III of Belgium

text: Charles Lindbergh

text: Roman Catholic

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text: Michael Wilding

text: Harold Macmillan

text: 10, Downing Street

text: Anglican

text: Archbishop of Sydney

text: Mrs Simpson

text: John Betjeman

text: Anglo-Catholic

text: Calvary

text: John Colville

text: Chartwell

text: Randolph

text: Princess Margaret

text: the Queen

text: Church's

text: Peter Townsend

text: Hugh Thomas

text: Horizon

text: Evelyn Shuckburgh

text: Sir [Horace] Evans

text: aspirin

text: morphia

text: motor scooters

text: 2nd Earl of Avon

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: The Duke of Edinburgh

text: Lady Pamela Berry

text: Lord Birkenhead

text: manqué

text: John Foster Dulles

text: Chequers

text: Lady Dorothy Macmillan

text: lime

text: Nikita Khrushchev

text: Nikolai Bulganin

text: Suez Crisis

text: Dora Gaitskell

text: House of Commons

text: Trafalgar Square

text: Iraq War

text: Rachel Johnson

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text: constitutional monarchy

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text: Shakespeare

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text: Sir Gladwyn

text: Walter Monckton

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text: Hugh Trevor-Roper

text: Svengali

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text: Harold Macmillan

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text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

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text: New Zealand

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text: red carpet

text: Alvediston

text: Hobe Sound

text: New York Governor

text: Averell Harriman

text: Democratic Party

text: Pamela

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text: Royal Air Force

text: James Callaghan

text: Winston

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text: D. R. Thorpe

text: Martin Gilbert

text: Harvard

text: Falklands War

text: Lord Hailsham

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text: Prince Philip

text: Guy Millard

text: Roosevelt

text: Stalin

text: Lady Dorothy Macmillan

text: Cherie Blair

text: A. A. Gill

text: Cate Haste

text: Lady Avon

text: Jennifer Daniel

text: Ian Curteis

text: Suez 1956

text: Abigail Cruttenden

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text: A Marvellous Year for Plums

text: Chichester Festival Theatre

text: The Hour

text: Romola Garai

text: Netflix

text: The Crown

text: Clarissa Eden – a memoir: photographic images

categories: English people of Dutch descent,Women memoirists,Schuyler family,English memoirists,1920 births,Van Cortlandt family,People from Kensington,British countesses,Spencer-Churchill family,English people of American descent,Living people,Spouses of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Clarissa Eden

paragraph: Anne Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon ("née" Spencer-Churchill; born 28 June 1920) is the widow of Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (1897–1977), who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955–1957. She married Eden in 1952, becoming Lady Eden in 1954 when he was made a Knight of the Garter, and then becoming Countess of Avon in 1961 on her husband's being created an earl. She is also the niece of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Her memoir, sub-titled "From Churchill to Eden", was published in 2007 under the name of Clarissa Eden.

paragraph: Since the death of Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx, on 6 June 2018, Lady Avon is the oldest living spouse of a British Prime Minister.

paragraph: Section::::Antecedents.

paragraph: Lady Eden was born in 1920, the daughter of Major Jack Spencer-Churchill (1880–1947), the younger brother of Winston Churchill, by his marriage to Lady Gwendoline ("Goonie") Bertie (1885–1941), a daughter of the 7th Earl of Abingdon, who had been married in 1908. She is thus a niece of Winston Churchill, who was Prime Minister during the Second World War, and a granddaughter of Lord Randolph Churchill, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1886–87, and his wife the American society beauty Jennie Jerome. Her paternal great-grandfather was the 7th Duke of Marlborough, and her maternal great-great-grandfather the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, half-brother of the 2nd Marquess, who, as Viscount Castlereagh was Foreign Secretary during the Congress of Vienna of 1815 that followed the Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Antecedents.:Family.

paragraph: Jack Churchill, born in 1880, became an army officer and served with distinction in the Boer War, after which he returned to civilian life, having been found a position as a stockbroker by the financier Sir Ernest Cassel. At the time this was considered an unsuitable career for a gentleman, and in 1907 his proposed marriage to the "vivacious" Lady Gwendoline had to be postponed because her mother thought him too poor. Though self-effacing and inoffensive, a good deal of unfounded rumour attached to him as a young man, as it did to much of the Churchill clan, although in some cases for better reasons: among other things, it was suggested that his natural father was the fifth Earl of Roden (or, less plausibly, the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to Britain, Count Karl Kinsky) and that he had murdered Lord Percy, heir to the Duke of Northumberland, who had died in mysterious circumstances in 1909 and was whispered to have been the lover of Clementine Hozier, whom Winston Churchill married in 1908. It appears also that Winston had proposed marriage to Lady Gwendoline, who had turned him down in favour of his brother. In the 1920s, the mere fact that his brother was a stockbroker caused some awkwardness when Winston Churchill was Chancellor of the Exchequer. Jack Churchill fought again in the First World War and was awarded both the "Croix de Guerre" and the "Légion d'Honneur".

paragraph: Clarissa Spencer-Churchill's elder brothers were Johnnie (1909–1992), an artist, and Henry Winston (1913–2002), known as Peregrine.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Clarissa Spencer-Churchill was born at her parents' house in the Cromwell Road, Kensington, London. She was educated at Kensington Preparatory School and then at Downham School, Hatfield Heath, a "fashionable boarding school ... orientated to horses", which she disliked and left early without any formal qualifications. Seventy years later she said she had also felt the need to get away from home—"I just wanted to get out from under the whole thing of being loved too much".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Paris, Tuscany and London (1937–1939).

paragraph: In 1937 Clarissa studied art in Paris. Her mother had asked the British Ambassador, Sir George Clerk, to keep a watchful eye on her, an unintended consequence of this being that she was taken under the wing of an Embassy press secretary who, with his wife, introduced her to a round of "café" society parties. Among the friends she made in Paris were the monocled Fitzroy Maclean, a future politician and adventurer who was then third secretary at the embassy, and the writer Marthe Bibesco. Together with two female contemporaries, she made a visit to the Folies Bergère, an unusual destination for 16-year-old girls, where the singer Josephine Baker, clad only in a circlet of bananas, became the first naked female body she had ever seen.

paragraph: In the summer of 1937 Clarissa accompanied Julian Asquith (grandson of the Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith) and his mother, Katherine, on a tour, mainly by third class rail, across the Apennines in the Tuscany region of Italy. Among other artistic treasures, she saw for the first time the 15th century frescos by Piero della Francesca at Arezzo, one of which, "The Queen of Sheba Adoring the Holy Wood" ("c."1452), she nominated in 2010 as her favourite painting: "in an age of violence he went on painting clearly and calmly".

paragraph: When Clarissa returned to London she enrolled at the Slade School of Fine Art. Around this time she displayed her individualism by acquiring a specially tailored trouser suit along the lines of those associated with the actress Marlene Dietrich after the latter's appearance in the film, "Morocco" (1930). 1938 was the future Lady Avon's "coming out" year and she was regarded as "one of the more notable débutantes" in a "vintage year for beautiful girls", but, having mixed with older and more sophisticated people in Paris, she seems to have disdained the circuit—since described by Anne de Courcy as "more or less naive seventeen- and eighteen-year-olds suddenly flung into a round of gaities"—and was never presented at Court. Another débutante of 1938, Deborah Mitford, later Duchess of Devonshire, recalled Clarissa Spencer-Churchill as exhibiting "more than a whiff of Garbo in a dress by Maggy Rouff of Paris".

paragraph: Among those with whom Clarissa danced at that year's Liberal Ball was the future double agent Donald Maclean, who complained that she was too smart to be "a proper Liberal girl like the Bonham-Carters or the Asquiths". She also knew Guy Burgess, who fled to Russia in 1951 when he and Maclean were about to be unmasked as traitors. A 2015 biography of Burgess, a homosexual, contained claims that, encouraged by his Soviet "handlers", he had contemplated marriage to Clarissa. However, the latter, then aged 95, denied that they had been close. She described Burgess as "courteous, amusing, nice and good company", but said that he had been "standoffish" towards her and did not wish any friendship to develop.

paragraph: In 1939 Clarissa spent another four months in Paris and in August of that year travelled to Romania as guest of the novelist Elizabeth Bibesco and her husband Antoine (Elizabeth's mother, Margot Asquith, having been left distraught at the conclusion of her daughter's visit to her in London earlier in the year). Clarissa only just managed to return to England—on one of the last flights out of Bucharest—before the start of the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Second World War: Oxford and the Foreign Office.

paragraph: In 1940, encouraged by economist Roy Harrod, Clarissa went to Oxford to study philosophy, although not as an undergraduate because of her lack of qualifications. While there she became associated with, among other leading academics, Isaiah Berlin and Maurice Bowra. Lady Antonia Fraser, whose father, later Lord Longford, was a Fellow of Christ Church, has described her as "the don's delight". For a short while she was tutored by A. J. Ayer, a future Wykeham Professor of Logic known for his libidinous lifestyle, although his womanising was not apparently extended to her.

paragraph: When Clarissa moved back to London, she decoded ciphers in the Communications Department of the Foreign Office, where her future husband was the Secretary of State from 1940 to 1945. One of her colleagues was Anthony Nutting, who in 1956 resigned from Eden's government because of his opposition to the Suez operation. For a time the future Lady Avon lived in a roof-top room at the Dorchester Hotel, which she obtained at a cut-price rate because of its vulnerability to bombing (although the building was a modern, steel-framed structure with extensive underground accommodation that was considered relatively safe during air raids).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Post-war.

paragraph: After the war Clarissa Spencer-Churchill worked at London Films for the producer Sir Alexander Korda, who she thought made "terrible mistakes without really knowing what has happened", and as a reviewer for the fashion magazine "Vogue". She met the actor Orson Welles, who became a dining companion, on the set of the film "The Third Man" (1949), and escorted actress Paulette Goddard, who played Mrs Cheverley in Korda's production of Oscar Wilde's "An Ideal Husband" (1947), on a "rather wild trip" to Brussels. During the latter excursion Goddard expressed a wish to attend a pornographic show, but, although Korda's representatives made arrangements for this, she shied away when she and Clarissa, having climbed "a flight of shabby stairs", were greeted by two men in black suits.

paragraph: Clarissa Spencer-Churchill also worked for the short-lived monthly magazine "Contact", established by George (later Lord) Weidenfeld and edited by Philip Toynbee. Weidenfeld was keen to expand into book publishing and "Contact", which appeared with a hard cover, offered a means of circumventing post-war paper quotas. Among those Clarissa persuaded to contribute to the magazine was the cookery writer Elizabeth David, whose recipes were to become very influential in the 1950s. Through Weidenfeld she also became a close friend of Marcus Sieff, later Chairman of the retailer Marks and Spencer.

paragraph: As a result of this eclectic early career, she widened her circle of friends and contacts beyond those in society and politics with whom she already had close connections. As one of Anthony Eden's biographers put it, she was "equally at home in the worlds of Hatfield and Fitzrovia", while a reviewer of her memoir wrote that "few lives can have touched so many social worlds, or graced them so elegantly". Even so, Lady Avon did not impress everyone: after the future Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher met her at a Conservative Party ball in 1954, she wrote dismissively to her sister, "Mrs Anthony Eden received us. Really she is a most colourless personality".

paragraph: Section::::"Memoir" (2007).

paragraph: Glimpses of Clarissa Spencer-Churchill's life as a single woman, for example, in diaries and other reminiscences, are quite extensive. Although she had indicated to the former Labour Member of Parliament Woodrow Wyatt that no memoir of her own would appear until after her death, a volume, edited by Cate Haste (Lady Bragg), was nevertheless published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in 2007, and Phoenix brought out a paperback edition in 2008. In 2004 Haste had collaborated with Cherie Booth, wife of the then Prime Minister Tony Blair, to produce a biographical chapter about Lady Avon as part of a wider study of Prime Ministerial spouses. Clarissa Avon noted that after meeting Haste she realised that the latter's "enthusiasm and professionalism could make it happen".

paragraph: A photograph on the dust jacket of her memoir, depicting a young, pensive Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, cigarette in hand, conveyed an alluring and slightly Bohemian image. The book was generally well received by critics and even generated an engaging "spoof" in the satirical magazine "Private Eye" ("In the early 1950s I married Anthony Eden, a politician of above average height, with a prominent moustache ..."). Historian Andrew Roberts described it as "the last great British autobiography of the pre-war and wartime era", while art critic John McEwen remarked on its "witty and elegant restraint".

paragraph: Section::::Friends and acquaintances.

paragraph: Section::::Friends and acquaintances.:Early admirers.

paragraph: Having lost both parents by her mid twenties, Clarissa Spencer-Churchill was comparatively independent for a young woman of her time. In later years she remarked to Woodrow Wyatt on "how much more restricted" girls were when she was young, while conceding that she herself had had her first affair at 17 with a "man who was quite well-known and … still alive [in 1986]". She had many devoted admirers, an early "ardent suitor" being Sir Colville Barclay, briefly a diplomat and later a painter, who was stepson of Lord Vansittart, former permanent head of the Foreign Office.

paragraph: Lady Avon was quoted by Wyatt as having told him that she had resisted the amorous advances of Duff Cooper, wartime Information Minister and British Ambassador in Paris 1944–47, who, thirty years her senior, had also been a friend of her mother: "I was the only woman who he never got more than a peck on the cheek from". She informed Cooper in 1947, following a weekend in the country with Anthony Eden, at which the only other guest was the French Ambassador to Britain, that Eden "never stops trying to make love to her". When Cooper was raised to the peerage (eventually choosing the title Viscount Norwich), he sought Clarissa's views as to a title—"Think, child, think ... Have you any suggestions? (not funny ones)" – and she was the recipient of the last letter that he wrote (from White's club) shortly before his death at sea on New Year's Day, 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Friends and acquaintances.:Other friends.

paragraph: Among the future Clarissa Avon's many other friends, a number of whom were some years older than she, were the novelists Evelyn Waugh, Anthony Powell, and Nancy Mitford (whose sister Deborah wrote of an encounter with Lady Avon some 20 years after they had been débutantes together that she "found her rather alarming"), painter Lucian Freud, and choreographer Frederick Ashton. When she was still in her teens James Pope-Hennessy modelled on her the character of Perdita in "London Fabric" (1939) and dedicated the book "To Clarissa". Gerald, Lord Berners used her as the basis of a character in his novel "Far From the Madding War" (1941), while photographer Cecil Beaton, 16 years her senior, treated her as a special confidante and introduced her to the reclusive Swedish actress Greta Garbo. The journalist and author Sofka Zinovieff has claimed that, after her grandmother, Jennifer Fry (of the Fry's chocolate family), separated in 1944 from her grandfather, Robert Heber-Percy, who was Lord Berners' closest friend, Clarissa and Cecil Beaton amused themselves by riffling through underclothes and love letters that Jennifer had left in a drawer at Berners' country home, Faringdon House, in Oxfordshire. A few years' later, while working at "Contact", Clarissa became friends with the writer and journalist Alan Ross, who subsequently married Jennifer Fry.

paragraph: Lady Avon thought the writer and horticulturalist Vita Sackville-West (whose husband, the politician and diplomat Harold Nicolson was a friend of her mother) "an interesting romantic figure", but felt "dunched" by her "remote and rather superior" manner. Visiting her at Sissinghurst some years later, she "thought the less of her" for troubling to provide, evidently in a hurry, table napkins that were still damp. Like Clarissa herself, many of her acquaintances frequented the bookshop Heywood Hill, next to the hairdresser Trumper's in Mayfair's Curzon Street, which, during the war was managed by Nancy Mitford and became a regular meeting place: according to Mitford's sister, Diana, Lady Mosley, "its ground floor room didn't just look like a private club, it very nearly was one".

paragraph: Clarissa was a long-standing friend of Ann Fleming, wife of novelist Ian Fleming and lover of Hugh Gaitskell, leader of the Labour Party from 1955 to 1963, who had previously been married to Viscount Rothermere. In 1952, she and composer and playwright Noël Coward became godparents to the Flemings' son Caspar, who died of a drug overdose in 1975. In later years, as a widow, she was evidently close to the influential solicitor Lord Goodman. Another long-standing social acquaintance was Labour Minister Roy (later Lord) Jenkins, also a friend of Ann Fleming. Jenkins's official biographer chose, as an example of the broadly-based groups Jenkins would entertain at his home at East Hendred, a small party assembled there in March 1994—Lady Avon, together with the architectural historian James Lees-Milne, Jenkins' publisher Roland Philipps and their wives.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Anthony Eden.

paragraph: Clarissa Spencer-Churchill first met her future husband at Cranborne, Dorset (home of the future 5th Marquess of Salisbury) in 1936, when she was 16. He was already famous for his elegant attire and Homburg hat, and she was struck by Eden's unusual pinstriped tweed trousers.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Anthony Eden.:Winston Churchill and the wartime link.

paragraph: There was some further contact during the war, by virtue of the circles in which she and Eden both moved and through her uncle Winston, who became Prime Minister in May 1940. As an illustration of her occasional proximity to the centre of power, between meetings of the War Cabinet on 30 May 1940, when the Dunkirk evacuation was at its height, Clarissa was present when Churchill lunched with her parents and the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. Lady Avon has described this occasion as "a nightmare, with news of people's deaths coming in ...". After her mother's death in 1941, she stayed at Chequers, the Prime Minister's country home in Buckinghamshire.

paragraph: R. A. Butler, then Minister of Education, recalled a dinner party in Eden's flat above the Foreign Office, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Attempting to defuse an argument between Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook about their respective motivation during the Abdication crisis of 1936, Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, just turned 21, proclaimed with patent improbability that she had three favourites, King Edward VIII, King Leopold III of Belgium and the aviator Charles Lindbergh. (All three men, for various reasons, would not have appealed much to Churchill at that point in the war.)

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Anthony Eden.:Marriage to Eden.

paragraph: A more defined relationship with Eden, who was a married man 23 years older than Clarissa, developed gradually after they had sat next to each other at a dinner party in about 1947. Eden had been monopolised for much of the meal by a woman on his other side and afterwards, in an undertone, invited Clarissa out to dinner. In 1950 Eden was divorced from his first wife, Beatrice, "née" Beckett (1905–57). Although she was a Roman Catholic and her church was opposed to divorce, Clarissa Spencer-Churchill married Eden, who had become Foreign Secretary again in 1951, in a civil ceremony at Caxton Hall, London on 14 August 1952. This event drew large crowds, on a level with those earlier in the year for the wedding of film stars Elizabeth Taylor and Michael Wilding, prompting Harold Macmillan, Minister of Housing, to note that "it's extraordinary how much 'glamour' he [Eden] still has and how popular he is". The wedding reception was held at 10, Downing Street, the official residence of the prime minister, who at the time was Clarissa's uncle, Winston Churchill.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Anthony Eden.:Attitudes to the marriage.

paragraph: Until 2019 Eden was the only British Prime Minister to have been divorced (although he was one of ten to have been married twice). There was criticism of the marriage in the "Church Times"—"Mr. Eden's action this week shows how far the climate of public opinion in this matter has changed for the worse"—and from some others in the Anglican church, including the Archbishop of Sydney, who drew parallels with Edward VIII's having given up the throne to marry an American divorcée. Harold Macmillan, among others, thought such comparisons unfair: "Miss Churchill cannot be compared with Mrs Simpson, who had had two husbands" However, the marriage drew also the opprobrium of Evelyn Waugh, a convert to Roman Catholicism after divorce from his first wife, who professed to have been in love with Clarissa Spencer-Churchill himself and who, a few years earlier, had repeatedly berated the poet John Betjeman for his Anglo-Catholic beliefs. Waugh enquired of Clarissa Eden, "Did you never think that you were contributing to the loneliness of Calvary by your desertion [of the faith]?".

paragraph: On the eve on the wedding, John Colville, a long-time private secretary of Winston Churchill, who in his younger days had been part of the same social "set" as Churchill's niece, recorded in his diary that Clarissa, who was staying at Churchill's home at Chartwell, Kent, was "very beautiful, but ... still strange and bewildering". He added that Churchill "feels avuncular to his orphaned niece, gave her a cheque for £500 and told me that he thought she had a most unusual personality". According to Lady Avon herself, Churchill's wife Clementine thought her "too independent and totally unsuitable", while the marriage is said to have exacerbated the antagonism towards Eden of the Churchills' often wayward son Randolph, who, having initially defended his cousin to Evelyn Waugh, gave her "two years to knock him [Eden] into shape". His subsequent attacks on Eden in the press culminated in a scathing biography, "The Rise and Fall of Sir Anthony Eden" (1959).

paragraph: The issues relating to the Edens' marriage resurfaced in 1955, when Eden was prime minister. In that year Princess Margaret, sister of the Queen, announced that "mindful of the Church's teaching that Christian marriage is indissoluble", she had decided not to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend, a divorcé. Although recently available evidence suggests that the Eden government was prepared to be reasonably accommodating towards such a marriage and that Margaret would have needed only to renounce her right of succession to the throne, Townsend reflected in the 1970s that

paragraph: Eden could not fail to sympathise with the Princess, all the more so that while his own second marriage had incurred no penalty, either for him or his wife, he had to warn the Princess that my second marriage – to her – would [mean] she would have to renounce her royal rights, functions and income.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Anthony Eden.:Married life.

paragraph: Historian Hugh Thomas noted that, though "non-political", Lady Avon was interested in foreign affairs, having written a Berlin diary for the literary magazine "Horizon". The first five years of her marriage were dominated by Eden's political career and by the effects of a botched operation on his gall bladder in 1953, which caused lasting problems. Eden's private secretary, Evelyn Shuckburgh, recalled Lady Eden's role in ensuring that the complaint that led to the operation had been diagnosed properly: "When Eden acquired a loving wife, Sir [Horace] Evans was called in ..." Before then Eden had travelled with a tin box containing medicaments that ranged from aspirins to morphia injections.

paragraph: Lady Avon maintained many of her wider acquaintances. For example, Cecil Beaton and Greta Garbo visited 10 Downing Street at her invitation in October 1956. They drank vodka and ice and Beaton recorded Lady Avon's observation that her husband was kept awake by the sound of motor scooters, which were growing in popularity among young people in the 1950s. Lady Avon is said to have murmured, "he can't keep away", as Eden, in Beaton's words, "gangled in like a colt" and proclaimed to Garbo, who had a cigarette holder between her teeth, that he had always wanted to meet her.

paragraph: The Edens' marriage, which lasted until his death on 14 January 1977, was, by all accounts, an extremely happy one, though Lady Avon miscarried in 1954 and there were no children. Her stepson, Nicholas, Eden's surviving son from his first marriage, who succeeded him as 2nd Earl of Avon, was a Minister in Margaret Thatcher's Government in the 1980s, but died of AIDS in 1985. At this point the earldom became extinct.

paragraph: Section::::Eden's premiership.

paragraph: Churchill had told Lady Avon, following her honeymoon in 1952, that he wanted to give up the premiership. However, it was not until 6 April 1955 that Eden succeeded him as Prime Minister, shortly afterward winning a general election in which the Conservative Party polled the largest percentage of the popular vote recorded by a party between 1945 and the present day. Colville noted that, at a dinner attended by the Queen to mark Churchill's retirement, the Duchess of Westminster had put her foot through Lady Avon's train, causing the monarch's consort, The Duke of Edinburgh, to remark, "that's torn it, in more than one sense".

paragraph: Eden's premiership lasted less than two years. For much of this period Eden was the subject of hostility from elements of the Conservative press, notably the "Daily Telegraph", the wife of whose chairman, Lady Pamela Berry (an ambitious and sometimes spiteful society hostess, described by the biographer of her father, Lord Birkenhead, as "the politician "manquée" of the second generation"), was said by some to have had a "blood row" (Macmillan's phrase) with Lady Avon. The latter's attempts to make up this puzzling rift were apparently shunned.

paragraph: Section::::Eden's premiership.:Chatelaine at Downing Street and Chequers.

paragraph: As hostess at 10 Downing Street, Lady Avon oversaw the organisation of official receptions. She brought in new caterers, causing US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to lose a bet with a fellow dinner guest that he knew "exactly what every course is going to be". Because the Edens' tenure was so short, Lady Avon's plans to return the fabric and furniture of the house to the styles of the 1730s, when it was built, were never realised.

paragraph: Lady Avon was not very fond of Chequers, though she did take a keen interest in the garden and grounds, introducing old fashioned roses and increasing the range of fruit trees. However, her successor, Lady Dorothy Macmillan, so keen a horticulturalist that she sometimes gardened at night, removed yellow and white flowers planted by Lady Avon and replaced them with roses of "normal colour". One episode at Chequers attracted considerable publicity. In January 1956 Lady Avon politely requested the occupant of a farm worker's cottage on the estate to hang her washing where it could not be seen by visitors. Although it seems that the washing may have been hung across a lime walk, beyond the boundary of the cottage garden itself, the story was taken up by the "Daily Mirror" as an alleged example of Lady Avon's high-handedness. Coming shortly after attacks in the press on Eden's leadership, the timing was unfortunate.

paragraph: In April 1956 Lady Avon hosted a dinner at Chequers for the visiting Soviet leaders Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin. Khrushchev noted that Lady Avon's (sober) behaviour contradicted briefing from the Soviet Embassy in London that she shared some of Winston Churchill's "traits in the matter of drinking". Over dinner (when, according to his hostess, he ate nothing despite his reputation for eating and drinking greedily), he responded rather bluntly to her question about the range of Soviet missiles that "they could easily reach your island and quite a bit farther". The following morning Khrushchev mistook Lady Avon's room for Bulganin's but, having provoked a cry after almost walking in on her, beat a hasty retreat and did not identify himself. He confided later in Bulganin with whom he "had a good laugh over the incident".

paragraph: Section::::Suez Crisis.

paragraph: As the Suez Crisis reached its climax in 1956, the Labour Party opposed Anglo-French attacks on Egypt. On 1 November Lady Avon found herself sitting next to Dora Gaitskell, wife of the Labour leader, in the gallery of the House of Commons, whose sitting was suspended, due to uproar, for the first time since 1924. "Can you stand it?" she asked, to which, according to one version, the seasoned Mrs Gaitskell replied, "the boys must have their fun". (An alternative version is that Mrs Gaitskell responded, "What I can't stand is the mounted police charging the crowds outside".) Three days later Lady Avon attended, out of curiosity, an anti-Government "Law not War" demonstration in Trafalgar Square, but thought it politic to withdraw when she was recognised with friendly cheers.

paragraph: Section::::Suez Crisis.:"The Suez Canal flowing through my drawing room".

paragraph: In the humiliating aftermath of Suez in 1956, Lady Avon's most famous public remark to a group of Conservative woman that, "in the past few weeks I have really felt as if the Suez Canal was flowing through my drawing room", was widely reported. Lady Avon has since described this observation as "silly, really idiotic", though it remains probably the most quoted utterance of the whole crisis. One example of its durability was a journalist's observation some 54 years later, with reference to the Iraq War of 2003, that "if, as Clarissa Eden remarked, the Suez Canal ran through her drawing room, Iraq and the decisions that flowed from it still haunt [the] Labour [Party] and stir up antipathies and discomforts". Another instance was in 2013 when options for airport expansion around London were being debated. Journalist Rachel Johnson, sister of London's mayor Boris Johnson, recalled Lady Avon's remark and added, "But for those of us in West London, any further expansion to Heathrow and the airport really will be in our back yards". More directly, "The Times" newspaper cited Lady Avon's words in 2011 in connection with a call by the outgoing Cabinet Secretary Sir Gus (later Lord) O'Donnell for Prime Ministerial spouses to receive greater support from public funds: "In a constitutional monarchy, the consort of the prime minister is not an official role ... Yet, as the Countess of Avon so vividly pointed out, it can be impossible to keep public scrutiny at bay altogether". In Lady Avon's view, both she and her husband "were quite naive about how the press works. Neither of us should have been, but we were."

paragraph: In his memoirs Eden recalled that, on several occasions during the Suez crisis, he found time to sit in his wife's drawing room, whose décor he described as green. There he was able to enjoy two sanguines by André Derain and a bronze of a girl in her bath by Degas that Alexander Korda had given the Edens as a wedding present.

paragraph: Section::::Suez Crisis.:Power behind the throne?

paragraph: During this period there were some who thought they detected undue influence by Lady Avon over her husband. For example, Lady Jebb, wife of the British Ambassador in Paris, alluded in her diary to Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth and referred to "Clarissa's war". (It should be borne in mind, however, that her husband, Sir Gladwyn, a "figure of some grandeur, if not hauteur", was furious at his exclusion from an Anglo-French summit in Paris two weeks before the Suez invasion.) In December 1956 Walter Monckton, a member of Eden's Government who opposed the Suez invasion, apparently told a Labour Member of Parliament, Anthony Wedgwood Benn, that Lady Avon was a powerful force in politics, with great influence on her husband, and that "now she knows he [Monckton] opposed Anthony she won't have anything to do with him". Monckton claimed, among other things, that, during a rail strike in 1955, Eden, by then Prime Minister, had, at his wife's urging, taken a tougher public stance in relation to the railwaymen than that advised by Monckton, as Minister of Labour, and senior civil servants (although there is evidence that Churchill had also privately advocated to Eden the need for a strong line.)

paragraph: In private correspondence just after Suez, the Oxford historian Hugh Trevor-Roper derided Lady Avon's remark about the Suez Canal flowing through her drawing room and declared not only that the "vain and foolish" Eden was "wholly managed" by her, but that she herself would listen only to Cecil Beaton, whom he described (with reference to the Svengali of the last Russian Czarina Alexandra) as her "Rasputin".

paragraph: Section::::Suez Crisis.:Protective influence.

paragraph: Less dramatically, there were suggestions that Eden’s touchiness and over-sensitivity to criticism, characteristics frequently remarked upon by colleagues, were exacerbated by Lady Avon (described by historian Barry Turner, without explanation, as "equally touchy"). One of Eden's private secretaries claimed that "she had a habit of stirring up Anthony when he didn't need it". However, Eden's biographer D. R. Thorpe concluded that such imputations arose from a misreading of the Edens' relationship, noting also that, during Suez, the only two people in whom Eden could confide without inhibition were his wife and the Queen. Indeed, as historian Ben Pimlott put it, "if Lady Eden came to believe that the Suez Canal flowed through her drawing room, the Queen must have felt pretty damp as well" David Dutton, another (not notably sympathetic) biographer of Eden, noted that "some observers believed that Clarissa was excessively protective and tended to exacerbate Eden's natural volatility" but also remarked on her devoted companionship and that "during the dark days of the Suez Crisis, [she] was at his side, supportive throughout".

paragraph: Eden himself paid tribute to his wife's adaptation of their domestic arrangements to meet the "unsteady requirements" of this period, noting that his digestion took less kindly to them. There is some evidence also that, when he was Foreign Secretary, Lady Avon had influenced (or, at any rate endorsed) his patterns of work. A later Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, has observed that, though he worked hard, Eden did not keep office hours and often spent mornings working in bed. For example, on 29 December 1952, Eden wrote: "Raining and cold. Clarissa says that this is the right way to run the F[oreign].O[ffice]. Lie in bed, direct office by telephone and read Delacroix".

paragraph: Some of Lady Avon's friends may have concealed their true views about Suez. For example, Isaiah Berlin assured "dearest Clarissa" that Eden had acted with "great moral splendour", describing his stance as "very brave", "very patriotic" and "absolutely just", while opining to another acquaintance that his policy had been "childish folly". Lady Avon herself recalled that, though she sought to "bolster up" her husband and scanned the newspapers for anything that she thought he ought to know, she did not feel she "knew enough about what was going on to try and interfere in any way". Even so, her knowledge of the inner workings of Government was such that she was able to record in her diary the precise stance, at a critical point of the Suez operation, of every member of the Cabinet:[E]ach was asked in turn what they felt about going on. Selwyn [Lloyd], Alec Home, Harold [Macmillan], Alan [Lennox-Boyd], Anthony Head, Peter [Thorneycroft], [Sir David] Eccles, Duncan [Sandys], James Stuart, Gwilym [Lloyd George], and [Lord] Hailsham were for going on. [Lord] Kilmuir, [Derrick] Heathcoat Amory, [Iain] Macloed, Bobbety [Lord Salisbury], Patrick Buchan-Hepburn were for doing whatever Anthony wanted and Lord Selkirk was unintelligible.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Suez.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Suez.:Goldeneye.

paragraph: The damage caused by the Suez Crisis to the Prime Minister's already frail health persuaded the Edens to seek a month's rest cure at "Goldeneye", Ian Fleming's "plain, low roofed" bungalow on the north coast of Jamaica. Lady Avon's concern for her husband's health appears to have been decisive in the choice of destination, but it was regarded by many, including Macmillan and the Government's Chief Whip, Edward Heath, as politically unwise. In addition, although Goldeneye had a private beach and a large living room with glassless louvre windows that enabled "the moist tropical air [to] blow through", Ian Fleming's close friend, the journalist Denis Hamilton, who visited Goldeneye around that time, recalled a "shack-like house" which Fleming "went around pretending [was] ... a great palace ... a miniature Ritz". Its bedrooms have been described as "insignificant and small" Ann Fleming warned Lady Avon about some of its primitive aspects and suggested that Torquay, a seaside resort in the south west of England, and a sun-lamp might have been preferable. However, Lady Avon has insisted that "Berkshire or somewhere instead" would not have been suitable: "I thought if we didn't go to Jamaica, he was going to drop down dead, literally".

paragraph: Installed in Jamaica after a good deal of secrecy and close liaison between Downing Street and Ian Fleming's secretary, Una Trueblood, the Edens were temporary neighbours of Noël Coward who thought Goldeneye "perfectly ghastly" and presented them – "poor dears" – with a basket of caviare, pâté de foie gras and champagne. Coward also sent Frank Cooper's marmalade and Huntley and Palmer's biscuits, which, according to Lady Avon, "was not what we had been looking forward to". As was sometimes the case when Fleming let Goldeneye, he asked his neighbour (and lover) Blanche Blackwell, a member of the influential Lindo family, to ensure that the Edens were properly looked after. Indeed, it seems that Lady Avon's mentioning that Blackwell had been helpful at Goldeneye led Ann Fleming to suspect that her husband and Blackwell were having an affair. The publicity that the Edens' sojourn attracted is credited by some with boosting Fleming's literary career, including sales of his early novels about James Bond, the first of which, "Casino Royale", he had written at Goldeneye in 1952. Lady Avon later recalled her "astonishment" (and Ann Fleming's "rueful embarrassment") at the success of the Bond books, which continued after "From Russia, with Love" entered the best-seller lists in 1957.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Suez.:Eden's resignation.

paragraph: The Edens flew back to England just before Christmas 1956. A young witness of their departure from Kingston airport recalled Lady Eden looking "glacial" and her husband, pale. Lady Avon noted that, on their return, "everyone [was] looking at us with thoughtful eyes". Early in January 1957, the Edens stayed with the Queen at Sandringham, where Sir Anthony informed her of his intention to resign as Prime Minister. Eden tendered his resignation formally at Buckingham Palace on 9 January. When Harold Macmillan was appointed as his successor in preference to R. A. Butler, Lady Avon wrote to Butler (whom two years earlier she had described in her diary as "curiously unnatural") that she thought politics "a beastly profession ... and how greatly I admire your dignity and good humour". (In 1952 she had told Duff Cooper that she thought modern politics something of a "farce".)

paragraph: Macmillan's biographer Alistair Horne noted that, of the various animosities that arose before and during Macmillan's premiership, it was the "loyal wives", among whom he counted Lady Avon and Lady Butler, who "tended most to keep [them] alive". Although there is evidence of a long-standing and lasting rift between Eden and Macmillan, Eden himself maintained "a friendly (if not conspicuously warm) relationship" with his successor, often being used as a "sounding board" by Macmillan who occasionally lunched with the Edens at their home. Lady Avon, on the other hand, was said to have been consistently vitriolic about Macmillan and recalled to one of Eden's biographers that Churchill had found him too "viewy". There is some evidence that, following Suez, Macmillan had briefed sections of the press that he himself intended to retire, whereas his true intention had been to displace Eden as Prime Minister, and, as late as 2007, Lady Avon criticised his behaviour as Chancellor of the Exchequer during the crisis, claiming that he had been "too hasty" in using an American threat to withhold a loan from the International Monetary Fund as "an excuse to back down" from military action and had wept "crocodile tears" at Eden's resignation.

paragraph: Shortly after Eden's resignation, he and Lady Avon sailed to New Zealand for a further break. Their cabin steward, on what she described as "the hellship "Rangitata"", was the future Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. Half a century later Prescott recalled that, while kneeling down to clean the ship's brass, he had occasion to admire a pair of legs that turned out to be Lady Eden's—"You naturally look, don't you"—whereupon Sir Anthony tapped him on the head. When they arrived in New Zealand, which was among the few countries publicly to have supported the Suez operation, the Edens received a rapturous "red carpet" reception.

paragraph: Section::::Eden's retirement and death.

paragraph: Eden had been told by doctors that his life might be in danger if he remained in office. In the event he was to live for another twenty years. The Edens' home was at Alvediston, Wiltshire, where he died on 14 January 1977 and is buried. The last entry in Eden's diary, dated 11 September 1976, had read; "exquisite small vase of crimson glory buds & mignonette from beloved C[larissa]".

paragraph: When Eden was taken mortally ill with liver cancer, he and Lady Avon had just spent their final Christmas together at Hobe Sound, Florida as guests of former New York Governor Averell Harriman, elder statesman of the Democratic Party, and his English-born wife Pamela. (Mrs Harriman was Lady Avon's exact contemporary, a débutante of 1938 who had also taken a room at the Dorchester during the Second World War. She had previously been married to Lady Avon's cousin Randolph Churchill and in the 1990s was President Bill Clinton's Ambassador to Paris, where she died in 1997.) The Edens were flown back to Britain in a Royal Air Force VC-10 that was diverted to Miami after Prime Minister James Callaghan had been alerted to his health situation by Pamela Harriman's son, Winston.

paragraph: Section::::Widowhood.

paragraph: After her husband's death, Lady Avon received many tributes to her devoted care in the later stages of his life. She moved to an apartment in London in the 1980s. She invited firstly Robert Rhodes James and later D. R. Thorpe to write official biographies of her husband (Winston Churchill's

paragraph: biographer, Martin Gilbert, having previously declined an invitation). Published in 1986 and 2003 respectively, both offered a broadly sympathetic view of Eden's career and were generally well received by critics. Between them they did much to help restore Eden's reputation, which had taken such a battering during the final months of his premiership. In 2003 a research study by a Harvard clinician of Eden's medical condition and surgery during the 1950s was published in the US with an acknowledgement of Lady Avon's interest and co-operation.

paragraph: Lady Avon remained in touch with many influential friends. For example, in the lead-up to the Falklands War of 1982, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Hailsham, confided during a Cabinet meeting that the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had spoken to Lady Avon of the risk of a "socialist" regime being established in Argentina. Lady Avon also attended various state occasions, as well as gatherings of former Prime Ministers and their families. In 1972 (while her husband was still alive) she described to Cecil Beaton the Duchess of Windsor's "very strange" and nervous demeanour—"Is this my seat?" "Is this my prayer book?" "What do I do now?"—at the funeral of her husband, the former king Edward VIII, while thirty years later Tony Blair's press secretary Alastair Campbell noted that, at a dinner at 10 Downing Street in 2002 to mark Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee, attended by five Prime Ministers and several relatives of deceased Prime Ministers:Prince Philip was deep in conversation with T[ony] B[lair], the Countess of Avon, Macmillan's and Douglas-Home's families, and there was lots of reminiscing about life in Number 10.

paragraph: In 1994, 17 years after her husband's death, Lady Avon unveiled a bust of Eden at the Foreign Office. In 2013 she attended a memorial service for Sir Guy Millard (1917–2013), one of Eden's long-serving private secretaries and probably his last surviving close associate, having been with him and Churchill at wartime meetings with Roosevelt and Stalin and in Downing Street during the Suez Crisis.

paragraph: Section::::Widowhood.:Lady Avon's longevity.

paragraph: Lady Avon was the youngest wife of an incumbent Prime Minister in the twentieth century. She was only 36 when her husband resigned, and was widowed at 56. She has outlived five later Prime Ministerial spouses and witnessed the administrations of 12 subsequent Prime Ministers. By contrast, Lady Dorothy Macmillan was 57 when her husband succeeded Eden and 63 when he resigned, dying just three years later, her husband outliving her by 20 years. As such Lady Avon has enjoyed unusual longevity for a Prime Ministerial spouse, contributing, for example, to a television documentary by Cherie Blair in 2005 about Prime Ministers' wives and to a three-part series the following year marking the 50th anniversary of Suez. In the latter, she recalled, among other things, Eden's disillusion with the lack of American support for British policy in 1956. The critic A. A. Gill was among those who praised Lady Avon's erudite performance in the Blair documentary ("bright as a button"), while sensing that she appeared not entirely to approve of Mrs Blair.

paragraph: Lady Avon was 87 when her memoir appeared in 2007. A journalist who interviewed her and her editor, Cate Haste, observed that Lady Avon "seems slight and wan, as if painted in watercolour rather than oil", but described her as "vigorous and knowing" in conversation. In April 2008 she and Haste appeared at the "Sunday Times" Oxford Literary Festival, the literature for this event observing that, although Lady Avon was perhaps best known for her lament about the Suez Canal flowing through her drawing room, "she was far more than a drawing-room consort".

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Lady Avon was played by Jennifer Daniel in Ian Curteis' 1979 drama for BBC television, "Suez 1956". In 2012 she was portrayed by Abigail Cruttenden in Hugh Whitemore's play about the Suez crisis, "A Marvellous Year for Plums", that opened at the Chichester Festival Theatre. In the first episode of the BBC's "The Hour" (2011), also set in 1956, a television producer Bel Rowley (Romola Garai) was complimented by one of Eden's press officers for a feature about "Lady Eden at home". In the Netflix drama series, "The Crown" (2016), she was portrayed by Anna Madeley.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, Styles and Arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920–1952: "Miss" Anne Clarissa Spencer-Churchill

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952–1954: Mrs Anthony Eden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954–1961: Lady Eden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961–present: "The Right Honourable" The Countess of Avon

paragraph: Lady Avon is the only person to have held the title of "The Countess of Avon". Her husband (the 1st Earl) was succeeded by his youngest son (from his first marriage) and he died unmarried. As a result, she remains "The Countess of Avon" and it is incorrect to style her "the Dowager Countess of Avon".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarissa Eden – a memoir: photographic images

description: British countess

wikidata_label: Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon

wikipedia_title: Clarissa Eden


text: American football

text: University of South Carolina

text: college football

text: University of Florida

text: All-American

text: 1999 NFL Draft

text: Indianapolis Colts

text: Jacksonville Jaguars

text: Atlanta Falcons

text: National Football League

text: Gainesville, Florida

text: Santa Fe High School

text: Alachua, Florida

text: University of Florida

text: Steve Spurrier

text: Florida Gators football

text: 1996 Gators

text: Bowl Alliance

text: Florida State Seminoles

text: Sugar Bowl

text: Southeastern Conference

text: SEC Championship

text: Bowl Alliance National Championship

text: SEC

text: All-American

text: Indianapolis Colts

text: St. Louis Rams

text: Marshall Faulk

text: Jacksonville Jaguars

text: Jack del Rio

text: Atlanta Falcons

text: All-Pro

text: Will Muschamp

text: South Carolina

text: Alachua, Florida

text: Jacksonville

text: Atlanta

text: Chicago Bears

text: running back

text: Adrian Peterson

text: Freddie Solomon

text: Florida Gators

text: Florida Gators football, 1990–99

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,1976 births,American football middle linebackers,Living people,Players of American football from Florida,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Indianapolis Colts players,Florida Gators football players,Sportspeople from Gainesville, Florida,All-American college football players

paragraph: Mike Peterson

paragraph: Porter Michael Peterson (born June 17, 1976) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the outside linebackers coach at the University of South Carolina. Peterson played college football at the University of Florida, where he was a member of a national championship team and earned All-American honors. He was a second-round pick in the 1999 NFL Draft and played professionally for thirteen seasons with the Indianapolis Colts, Jacksonville Jaguars and Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Peterson was born in Gainesville, Florida in 1976. He attended Santa Fe High School in nearby Alachua, Florida, where he played for the Santa Fe Raiders high school football team.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Peterson accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, and played for coach Steve Spurrier's Florida Gators football team from 1995 to 1998. He was a member of the 1996 Gators team that finished 12–1 and won the Bowl Alliance national championship by defeating the top-ranked Florida State Seminoles 52–20 in the Sugar Bowl. Peterson started twenty-four of forty-two games in which he played, posted 249 tackles, three forced fumbles, thirteen tackles for a loss and 8.5 sacks. As a senior team captain in 1998, he was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection and a first-team All-American, and was selected as the Gators' most valuable player by his teammates.

paragraph: Peterson was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:College career.:College awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2× SEC Championship (1995, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bowl Alliance National Championship (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team All-SEC (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First-team All-American (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame

paragraph: The Indianapolis Colts selected Peterson in the second round (thirty-sixth pick overall, traded from the St. Louis Rams in exchange for Marshall Faulk) of the 1999 NFL Draft, and he played for the Colts for four seasons from to . Peterson also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars for the six seasons from to when he and coach Jack del Rio had a verbal altercation during a team meeting.

paragraph: Peterson played for the Atlanta Falcons from to . On March 13, 2012, he became an unrestricted free agent, but re-signed with the Falcons on July 23, 2012. Peterson again became an unrestricted free agent in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional career.:NFL awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second-team All-Pro (2005)

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Upon retirement from the NFL, Peterson returned to the University of Florida in 2013 to complete his undergraduate degree. He first worked as an undergraduate assistant coach on the Gators strength and conditioning staff then took over as its coordinator in 2014 after graduating.

paragraph: In 2016, Peterson was hired as outside linebackers coach on Will Muschamp's staff at South Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Charitable giving.

paragraph: Peterson and his wife established the Mike Peterson Foundation in 2004. The foundation was constituted in an attempt to support and benefit under-served youth and socio-economically challenged families in Peterson's hometown of Alachua, Florida and his NFL cities of Jacksonville and Atlanta. Since its inception, the Mike Peterson Foundation has already served over 15,000 youth and families through several community events and programs, most notably the Top Dog Readers Club literacy program at the Grove Park Elementary School in Atlanta.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Peterson is the older brother of former Chicago Bears running back Adrian Peterson and cousin of former NFL wide receiver Freddie Solomon. Peterson is married to his wife Chantal and they have two sons: Mike, Jr. and Gavin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Gators

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Gators football, 1990–99

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Florida Gators football All-Americans

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Florida Gators football players in the NFL

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlson, Norm, "University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators", Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golenbock, Peter, "Go Gators! An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory", Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hairston, Jack, "Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told", Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCarthy, Kevin M., "Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football", Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nash, Noel, ed., "The Gainesville Sun Presents The Greatest Moments in Florida Gators Football", Sports Publishing, Inc., Champaign, Illinois (1998). .

description: All-American college football player, professional football player, linebacker

wikidata_label: Mike Peterson

wikipedia_title: Mike Peterson


text:
stage name
Genoa
Italy
Pignola
Potenza
stage name
Teggiano
Sanremo Music Festival 2009
Mia Martini
Sincerità
Malamorenò
fifth season
The X Factor
Sky Uno
Sanremo Music Festival
Italian Singles Chart
Sanremo Music Festival
Ricky Tognazzi
The Worst Week of My Life
Alessandro Genovesi
Colpi di fulmine
Neri Parenti
Singer profile
Warner Music

categories: Italian female singers,People from the Province of Potenza,Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section,Sanremo Music Festival winners,21st-century Italian singers,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Arisa

paragraph: Rosalba Pippa (born 20 August 1982), better known by her stage name Arisa, is an Italian singer and actress.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Arisa was born in Genoa, Italy. A week after her birth, her family moved back to their original hometown, Pignola, a village a few kilometres from Potenza. Her stage name is an acronym of her family members' names: A from her father, Antonio; R from her own name, Rosalba; I and S from her sisters, Isabella and Sabrina; and A from her mother, Assunta.

paragraph: In 1999, she won first prize in the Cantacavallo competition in Teggiano for her singing ability. The president of the jury, journalist and writer Bianca Fasano, personally delivered the cup.

paragraph: Arisa rose to fame after her participation in the Sanremo Music Festival 2009. She placed first in the newcomers' section and won the Mia Martini Critics Award with her entry, "Sincerità". In early 2009, she released her first album, also titled "Sincerità". In January 2010 she released her second album, "Malamorenò". In late 2011 she starred as judge in the fifth season of the Italian version of "The X Factor", broadcast on Sky Uno.

paragraph: In February 2012, Arisa returned to the Italian musical scene, performing her single "La notte" in the Sanremo Music Festival. The song placed second in the competition and it later topped the Italian Singles Chart. It was also included in her third studio album, "Amami", which was released on 15 February 2012.

paragraph: In February 2014, Arisa returned to the Sanremo Music Festival. She sang "Controvento" and won the competition.

paragraph: The new album Una nuova Rosalba in città will be out on 8 February 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - "Tutta colpa della musica", directed by Ricky Tognazzi

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - "The Worst Week of My Life", directed by Alessandro Genovesi

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - "Colpi di fulmine", directed by Neri Parenti

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singer profile at Warner Music web site

description: Italian singer and film actress

wikidata_label: Arisa

wikipedia_title: Arisa


text:
Taiwan
Brother Elephants
Chinese Professional Baseball League
Brother Elephants
Chen Je-cheng
CPBL
Chinese Professional Baseball League
Brother Elephants

categories: People from Chiayi County,Baseball catchers,Baseball coaches,Brother Elephants players,Taiwanese baseball players,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Chen Je-chang

paragraph: Chen Je-chang (; born 30 December 1973 in Taiwan) is a former Taiwanese professional baseball catcher who had played for Brother Elephants of Chinese Professional Baseball League. He currently plays as catcher and bullpen coach for the Elephants. He is the oldest current player of Brother Elephants. Besides, His younger brother is Chen Je-cheng(陳瑞振), who plays as third baseman in the same team. particularly, he has been hit by pitcher 100 times in baseball career, also CPBL highest record.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese Professional Baseball League

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brother Elephants

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Chen Je-chang

wikipedia_title: Chen Je-chang


text:
New Mexico
U.S.-Mexican War
Santa Fe Trail
Mexico
Sonora, Mexico
Ortiz Mountains
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Josiah Gregg
Manuel Armijo
Taos, New Mexico
monte
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
manipulative
Katy Jurado
syndicated television
anthology series
Death Valley Days
Stanley Andrews

paragraph: Maria Gertrudis Barceló

paragraph: Maria Gertrudis "Tules" Barceló (c. 1800 – January 17, 1852), commonly known as "La Tules," was a saloon owner and master gambler in the Territory of New Mexico at the time of the U.S.-Mexican War. Barceló amassed a small fortune by capitalizing on the flow of American and Mexican traders involved with the nineteenth-century Santa Fe Trail. She became infamous in the U.S. as the Mexican "Queen of Sin" through a series of American travel writings and newspaper serials before, during, and after the war. These depictions, often intended to explain or justify the U.S. invasion of Mexico, presented La Tules as a madame and prostitute who symbolized the supposedly immoral nature of the local Mexican population.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Barceló may have been born in the state of Sonora, Mexico around 1800 but one correspondent of the time, Wilkins Kendall of the "New Orleans Picayune", argued in his book "Narrative of the Texas—Santa Fe Expedition" that she was French, referring to her as Madame Toulouse. Not much is known about her early life or her family. Shortly after Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, Barceló, her parents, a brother, and two sisters moved to the remote northern territory of New Mexico.

paragraph: On June 23, 1823 Barceló married Manuel Sisneros at the Church of Tome. The priest who performed the ceremony referred to her as "Doña," a title given to women of quality and high social standing. Much attention would later be given to the fact that she was four years older than her groom and four or five months pregnant at the time. The couple had two sons, both of whom died as infants. Fiercely independent, Barceló retained all of her own property throughout her marriage and was known by her maiden name.

paragraph: Section::::Early Gambling Career.

paragraph: In 1825, Mexican authorities fined Barceló for operating a gambling salon for miners in the Ortiz Mountains. Sometime over the next ten years, Barceló relocated to Santa Fe and opened a more ambitious saloon at the center of Santa Fe, New Mexico. She went by the nickname "Tules," a Spanish diminutive of "Gertrudis." Some authors have connected this to the Mexican Spanish word "tules", meaning "reeds," with suggestions that it referred to "the curvaceousness of her figure" or possibly to "her thin frame."

paragraph: Section::::Contact with Euro-Americans.

paragraph: Because of its centrality in Santa Fe, Barceló's saloon entertained many Americans traveling the Santa Fe Trail. Susan Magoffin, grand-daughter of Kentucky's first governor and the bride of an American trader, was perhaps Barceló's greatest critic. She wrote the La Tules "made her living by running a house where open gambling, drinking, and smoking were enjoyed by all...with no thought of being socially degraded." Some drank her liquor and gambled at her tables, but later reviled "Doña Tules" in writings sent to the Eastern U.S. Typical of many, Josiah Gregg's widely read "Commerce of the Prairies" described Tules as a woman of "loose habits."." In addition to erroneous assertions that she was a prostitute, many also claimed that she was having an illicit affair with Manuel Armijo, the Governor of New Mexico.

paragraph: These sensational accounts were often embellished, if not totally fabricated. Most of the American descriptions of Tules Barceló contradicted each other. Some claimed she was astoundingly beautiful, while others wrote of her as old and toothless. Some said she had coal-black hair, while others said she had a shock of red hair. Some mistakenly claimed that she had been born in Taos, New Mexico rather than Sonora. The only real agreement among them was that Tules excelled at the card game monte, often winning vast piles of gold from the male customers in her saloon.

paragraph: Barceló probably did not know about her infamy in English-language publications. She carefully guarded her good name in Santa Fe. On two occasions in the 1830s, Barceló went to court to defend herself against slanderous comments from her Mexican neighbors.

paragraph: Despite her negative reputation among Americans and the alleged source of her "ill-gotten" fortune, the U.S. Army borrowed funds from Barceló shortly after the invasion of New Mexico in 1846. This loan paid the invading troops, making the continued occupation of Santa Fe possible. She's also been credited with exposing a conspiracy against the Army and thereby preventing a massacre.

paragraph: Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Barceló, like the other Mexican citizens in the territory, automatically became a U.S. citizen in 1849 by simply having waited a year after the treaty's signing.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Barceló died on January 17, 1852 in Santa Fe with a remarkable fortune of $10,000 and several houses. Her will and a deed dictated to a local magistrate are the only documents known to have been written by her. She left her residence and property to her brother, her sister, and two young girls who had lived with her. All of Santa Fe attended her elaborate funeral, which was criticized by some for being too fancy for a woman like her, and for being financed by "ill-gotten gain."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Novelists, historians, and even performers have been drawn to Barceló's legend. Far from being historically accurate, most of the representations of her since 1852 have been influenced by ahistorical or racist assumptions. Anna Burr presented Tules as a manipulative trickster in the 1936 novel, "The Golden Quicksand."

paragraph: In 1948, Ruth Laughlin wrote the novel "The Wind Leaves No Shadow" with Barceló as the protagonist. While Laughlin clearly intended to be sympathetic to Barceló, racist assumptions nonetheless guided the novel's content. Except Barceló, the Mexicans in Laughlin's novel conform to stereotypes as jealous, superstitious, lustful, or even as outright murderers.

paragraph: The actress Katy Jurado appeared as Dona Tules in the 1962 episode "La Tules" of the syndicated television anthology series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Stanley Andrews.

paragraph: The life of Dona Tules has also been told in the musical "Viva Santa Fe!", written by James Stewart, The musical was first presented in Hobbs, New Mexico in 1991, then represented the state of New Mexico at the 1992 World's Fair in Seville, Spain. The musical was the featured entertainment at the Music Teacher's National Convention, in Albuquerque in 1995. The concert performance begins Fall of 2019 in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Starring VanAnn Moore and Andre Garcia Nuthman.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chavez, Fray Angélico."Doña Tulas: Her Fame and Her Funeral," El Palacio, Vol. 57 #8 Aug, 1950.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magoffin, Susan Shelby. Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-1847. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dominguez, Orae. "María Gertrudis Barceló: "Doña Tules," New Mexico Office of the State Historian, undated, http://newmexicohistory.org/people/maria-gertrudis-barcelo-dona-tules. Accessed 27 Oct 2016.

description: American gambler

wikidata_label: Maria Gertrudis Barceló

wikipedia_title: Maria Gertrudis Barceló


text: Queen of Aragon

text: King Alfonso IV

text: Ferdinand IV of Castile

text: Constance of Portugal

text: James

text: heir apparent

text: James II of Aragon

text: Calatayud

text: Maria

text: Peter

text: Maria de Molina

text: Alfonso XI of Castile

text: Pope John XXII

text: Gandesa

text: kiss of peace

text: Tarragona

text: Knights Hospitaller

text: Alfonso

text: Tortosa

text: Zaragoza

text: Calatayud

text: Ateca

text: Edward II of England

text: Edward

text: Ágreda

text: Alfonso IV of Aragon

text: John

text: Huesca

text: Peter

text: Teresa d'Entença

text: Countess of Urgell

text: Tortosa

text: Albarracín

text: Orihuela

text: Callosa

text: Guardamar

text: Alicante

text: Monforte

text: Elda

text: Novelda

text: Aspe

text: Elche

text: Biel

text: Xàtiva

text: Alzira

text: Sagunto

text: Morella

text: Borriana

text: Castellón de la Plana

text: Kingdom of Valencia

text: Barcelona

text: Monastery of Poblet

text: Peter I

text: Castrojeriz

text: Old Cathedral of Lleida

text: Ermengol VI, Count of Urgell

text: 14th century

categories: Aragonese queen consorts,1307 births,Countesses of Barcelona,Castilian infantas,14th-century Spanish women,14th-century Castilians,1359 deaths,Castilian House of Ivrea

paragraph: Eleanor of Castile (1307–1359)

paragraph: Eleanor of Castile (1307–1359) was Queen of Aragon as the wife of King Alfonso IV from 1329 until 1336.

paragraph: Section::::Betrothal.

paragraph: Eleanor was the eldest child and daughter of King Ferdinand IV of Castile by his wife, Constance of Portugal. At the age of four Eleanor was engaged to James, the eldest son and heir apparent of King James II of Aragon, through the agreements reached in the Meeting of Calatayud of 1311 between Ferdinand IV of Castile and James II. The marriage between Maria, daughter of James II, with Peter, brother of Ferdinand IV, was celebrated at the same time. Shortly after, Eleanor was sent to the Aragonese court to be raised there as the future queen. When she was five years old, in September 1312, King Ferdinand IV died. A year later, in November 1313, Queen Constance died as well. Eleanor's grandmother, Maria de Molina, ruled on behalf of Eleanor's young brother, King Alfonso XI of Castile.

paragraph: The young James, despite his betrothal to Eleanor, was eager to receive the sacred orders and to enter a monastery. Pope John XXII intervened to remind James of his duties. In view of the situation, King James II and his son, whose relationship was strained due to the reluctance of the latter to fulfill his court obligations, signed a document before a notary in October 1319, on the eve of the marriage ceremony, where the younger James promised to marry. Later, in an interview between father and son, both agreed that the young James should be only present at the bridal mass, which would be officiated in the city of Gandesa, but leaving undiscussed the question of whether the marriage should be consummated, given his opposition to the consummation, and taking into account that the commitments with the Kingdom of Castile and León only forced the celebration of the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Failed unions.

paragraph: On 18 October 1319 the wedding ceremony between James of Aragon and Eleanor of Castile took place. James, according to the chronicles of the time, refused to give the kiss of peace during the ceremony, and James II had to do it. After the ceremony, officiated by the Archbishop of Tarragona, the bridegroom again transmitted to his father his desire to renounce his rights to the throne and enter a convent. After the wedding ceremony, and after a discussion with his father, he fled on horseback, leaving his wife abandoned, and in December 1319, renounced his rights to the throne of Aragon in the Convent of San Francisco of Tarragona. Immediately, he took the habit of the Knights Hospitaller in the Convent of Santo Domingo of the same city.

paragraph: Alfonso, King James II's younger son, was proclaimed heir apparent. The rejection of Eleanor could have caused serious diplomatic incidents between the Castilian and Aragonese courts. James II informed Eleanor's grandmother, Queen Maria, about his regret for the actions of his eldest son, incomprehensible to him. During the spring of 1320 Eleanor remained lodged in the city of Tortosa; during her stay there, James II and Alfonso became aware that the younger James planned to recover his wife and his rights to the throne, and the conspiracy was thwarted by his father.

paragraph: After her stay in Tortosa, Eleanor lived in the cities of Zaragoza, Calatayud and Ateca, from where some Castilian "ricohombres" returned her to the Kingdom of Castile and León. Once in her homeland, Eleanor retired to the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, although she never took the veil. In early 1325, King Edward II of England proposed the marriage of his eldest son, Edward, with Eleanor, and sent his proxies to negotiate the terms of the wedding by charter dated 6 February 1325. The union never took place.

paragraph: Section::::Queenship.

paragraph: In Ágreda in January 1329 the betrothal between Eleanor and King Alfonso IV of Aragon was signed, and the wedding ceremony took place one month later, on 5 February in the Church of San Miguel de Tarazona. The ceremony was attended by King Alfonso XI of Castile and King James II's children, Maria, John, Peter and Ramón Berenguer. Alfonso IV gave his new wife the city of Huesca and other villages and castles belonging to the Aragonese crown. This marriage improved relations between Castile and Aragon in a renewed alliance formed with the aim of reconquering Granada. The Kingdom of Aragon had breached several marriage agreements, returning to Castile several princesses after breaking off engagements, and this union put an end to the practice.

paragraph: Eleanor became a disruptive influence in Aragon, plotting to advance the interests of her own sons over those of her stepson, Peter, born from Alfonso IV's first marriage with Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell, who died in 1327. She convinced her husband to consent to make significant territorial donations to the children born to them, Ferdinand and John. Alfonso IV was generous and on 28 December 1329, he granted Ferdinand the Marquisate of Tortosa and the cities of Albarracín, Orihuela, Callosa, Guardamar, Alicante, Monforte, Elda, La Mola, Novelda and Aspe. Eleanor's younger son John also received several lordships: Elche, Biel and Bolsa.

paragraph: These donations made by Alfonso IV diminished the territorial patrimony of the crown and mainly affected Peter, producing a climate of resentment in the Aragonese court. Because of this the nobility was divided into two camps. One of the two sides was in favor of Queen Eleanor and her sons, and the other defended the prerogatives of Peter and his full siblings. When the King granted his son Ferdinand the cities of Xàtiva, Alzira, Sagunto, Morella, Borriana and Castellón de la Plana, all located in the Kingdom of Valencia, the local subjects protested, and for this reason the King decided to revoke these last donations.

paragraph: Section::::Widowhood.

paragraph: After the death of Alfonso IV, which occurred in the city of Barcelona on 24 January 1336, Queen Eleanor fled to the Kingdom of Castile and León, accompanied by his two sons, Ferdinand and John, fearing the new King Peter IV of Aragon, who was resentful of his stepmother and stepbrothers, because of the postponement suffered since the second marriage of his father.

paragraph: In his testament, written in the Monastery of Poblet in August 1333, Alfonso IV bequeathed to his second wife all her jewels and confirmed the possession of the cities that he had given to her in occasion of their wedding, while bequeathing their oldest son Ferdinand the Marquisates of Tortosa and Albarracín. When she escape to the kingdom of Castile, Eleanor took with her great quantities of gold, silver and jewels, although King Peter IV tried to prevent her and her sons from leaving the Kingdom of Aragon. At first, the new monarch moved to confiscate Eleanor's revenues and prosecute her protector Pedro de Ejérica, but in 1338 he confirmed her and her sons in possession of their domains, not wishing to antagonise Castile at a time when the whole Iberian Peninsula was threatened by a new Moorish invasion.

paragraph: Once in Castile, Eleanor continued with her disruptive behavior, this time against her nephew King Peter I. Her youngest son, John of Aragon, was assassinated in Bilbao on 12 June 1358 by order of his cousin the Castilian sovereign, and one year later (March/April 1359), she was murdered in the castle of Castrojeriz by order of her nephew. Four years later, in 1363, her oldest son, Ferdinand of Aragon, was assassinated in Burriana by order of his half-brother, King Peter IV.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: There is controversy about the final whereabouts of the remains of Queen Eleanor of Castile. There are three places that adjudge the possession of its remains: the Old Cathedral of Lleida, the Church of Nuestra Señora del Manzano in Castrojeriz, and the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, place of burial of numerous members of the Castilian-Leonese royalty.

paragraph: In the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas was conserved a white marble tomb, placed in the side of the Epistle or of Saint John, that measures 2.25 meters long by 0.67 of width, with cover of limestone, and in which it is affirmed that Queen Eleanor of Castile was buried, although in the epitaph carved in the tomb appeared the name of María of Almenara, also called María of Urgel, daughter of Ermengol VI, Count of Urgell. In its interior are five skulls and bones, as well as coffin boards and pieces of badana of the linings that covered them. It has been assumed that Queen Eleanor was buried in the tombstone of María of Almenara, whose mortal remains could be transferred to another tomb placed in the same nave, and inside which a female mummy, corpulent and of mature age. The tomb which is supposed to contain the remains of Queen Eleanor was trimmed for being too long and wide. On one side of the tomb is the dead woman depicted on her deathbed, and two angels carrying her soul to heaven. To the sides, in arches on columns of twisted shaft, four bishops with miter and staff, and several personages. Below, a series of dogs chasing harpies, and dragons biting. On the other slope of the sepulcher appear vegetal scrolls and, in the corner, between rosettes that separate the words, it appears sculpted the epitaph.

paragraph: In the Old Cathedral of Lleida is a tomb in which on 23 October 1986 the remains of Alfonso IV of Aragon were deposited. Next to him, were also deposited the remains of a young man, identified as the "Infante" Ferdinand, son of Alfonso IV, and those of an adult woman, who were identified as those of Queen Eleanor, second wife of King Alfonso IV. The remains of Alfonso IV, who had been transferred to the Old Cathedral of Lleida in 1781, remained in the crypt until 1986, when they were placed in a stone tomb, located next to the door of San Berenguer of the cathedral.

paragraph: In the Church of Nuestra Señora del Manzano of Castrojeriz a tomb is conserved, attributed to the Queen Eleanor de Castile, that is located at the feet of the church, near the baptistery, and was discovered in June 1970, hidden behind a wall of adobe, by the Rescue Mission Group Marqués de Camarasa School Group. From the moment of his discovery, the grave was attributed by the experts to Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand IV, because the fashion of the sepulcher corresponds with other tombs realized in the middle of the 14th century, as well as by the fact that on its cap appears the sculpted figure of a woman. The assumption that Queen Eleanor was buried in this tomb is supported by certain documents.

description: Queen of Aragon

wikidata_label: Eleanor of Castile II

wikipedia_title: Eleanor of Castile (1307–1359)


text:
New York City
Malcolm Johnson
University of Missouri
University of Wisconsin
U.S. Army
Korean War
The New York Sun
Washington Evening Star
Vietnam War
The Washington Post
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting
Selma, Alabama
Academy Award
On the Waterfront
PBS
Washington Week in Review
The News Hour
Duke University
Princeton University
University of California at Berkeley
University of Pennsylvania
George Washington University
University of Maryland
Kathryn Oberly
Bethesda, Maryland
District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Dan Balz
Washington Post
The Philadelphia Inquirer
The New York Times
Gene Roberts
Bill Clinton
Barack Obama
Chicago Tribune
NBC News
David Axelrod
University of Maryland
Wallace Loh
Society of Professional Journalists
reportingcivilrights.loa.org
PBS bio

categories: University of Missouri School of Journalism alumni,2013 deaths,The Washington Post people,1931 births,University of Maryland, College Park faculty,American male journalists,University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni,Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners,American political writers,American male writers

paragraph: Haynes Johnson

paragraph: Haynes Bonner Johnson (July 9, 1931May 24, 2013) was an American journalist, author, and television analyst. He reported on most of the major news stories of the latter half of the 20th century and was widely regarded as one of the top American political commentators.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Johnson was born in New York City to journalist Malcolm Johnson and Emma Ludie (née Adams), a pianist. He earned his bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Missouri in 1952 and his master's in American history from the University of Wisconsin in 1956. He then served in the U.S. Army as a first lieutenant in artillery during the Korean War.

paragraph: Johnson had begun his newspaper career earlier in Manhattan as a copy boy for "The New York Sun", where his father worked. In 1956 he began reporting for the "Wilmington (Delaware) News-Journal", and the following year, Johnson joined the "Washington Evening Star" where he worked for 12 years, variously as a reporter, copy editor, night city editor and national reporter. He covered conflicts in the Dominican Republic and India, as well as the Vietnam War. Johnson joined "The Washington Post" in 1969, serving first as a National correspondent, as a special assignment correspondent at home and abroad, then as the paper's Assistant Managing Editor and finally, as a national affairs columnist.

paragraph: Johnson won a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 1966, for his coverage of the civil rights crisis in Selma, Alabama.

paragraph: The award marked the first time in Pulitzer Prize history that a father and son both received awards for reporting; his father, Malcolm Johnson, won in 1949 for the New York Sun series, "Crime on the Waterfront," which was the basis for the Academy Award-winning film, "On the Waterfront".

paragraph: He was the author or editor of sixteen books, five of them best-sellers, including his most recent work, co-authored with "Washington Post" political reporter Dan Balz, "The Battle for America: 2008." Johnson also was a regular commentator on the PBS television shows "Washington Week in Review" and "The News Hour".

paragraph: He held academic appointments at Duke University, Princeton University, University of California at Berkeley, the University of Pennsylvania and George Washington University and served as the Knight chair of public affairs journalism at the University of Maryland from 1998 until 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: He married Julia Ann Erwin in 1954; they had five children, and later divorced.

paragraph: In 2002, he married Kathryn Oberly.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.:Death.

paragraph: On May 24, 2013, he died of a heart attack in Bethesda, Maryland. Johnson's survivors include his wife, Kathryn A. Oberly, an associate judge on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, and three daughters and two sons from his previous marriage, to Julia Erwin.

paragraph: Dan Balz, senior political reporter at the "Washington Post", paid tribute to Johnson's reporting skills: "I don't say this lightly. He was a great journalist." Professor and noted former editor of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" and "The New York Times" Gene Roberts observed “He made his subjects come alive,” adding that “His writing had a flow and a polish.”

paragraph: Former advisor to Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, former "Chicago Tribune" political writer and current NBC News senior political analyst David Axelrod stated: "When I was a young political reporter, Haynes Johnson was one of the great, iconic journalists we all aspired to be. May he rest in peace." University of Maryland President Wallace Loh said of Johnson: "He helped anchor a new generation of journalists."

paragraph: Johnson was scheduled to be inducted into the Society of Professional Journalists Washington DC chapter's hall of fame in June, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dusk at the Mountain" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fulbright: The Dissenter", with Bernard M. Gwertzman (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Army in Anguish", with George C. Wilson (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unions", with Nick Kotz (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lyndon", with Richard Harwood (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fall of a President", editor (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Working White House" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Absence of Power" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Landing: A Novel of Washington and World War II," with Howard Simons (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divided We Fall" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The System: The American Way of Politics at the Breaking Point," with David Broder (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of Times: America in the Clinton Years" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election" with Dan Balz (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herblock: The Life and Work of the Great Political Cartoonist" with Harry Katz (2009)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- reportingcivilrights.loa.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBS bio

description: American journalist

wikidata_label: Haynes Johnson

wikipedia_title: Haynes Johnson


text:
Early Netherlandish painter
name of convenience
altarpiece
Mary Magdalene
donor portrait
triptych
Master of the Mansi Magdalen
Magdalen Master
Brussels
Rogier van der Weyden
Bernard van Orley
Master of the Death of the Virgin
Margaret of Habsburg
National Gallery, London
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Fitzwilliam Museum
Pieter van Coninxloo
Max Friedländer
Mary of Burgundy
Campbell, Lorne

categories: Early Netherlandish painters,1480s births,Anonymous artists,1520s deaths

paragraph: Master of the Legend of the Magdalen

paragraph: The Master of the Legend of the Magdalen (sometimes called the Master of the Magdalen Legend) was an Early Netherlandish painter, active from about 1483 to around 1527. He has not been identified; his name of convenience is derived from a large, now-dispersed altarpiece with scenes from the life of Mary Magdalene, which has been dated to between 1515 and 1520 based on the costumes of the donor portraits. However other works attributed to him are extremely difficult to date with any accuracy. Many paintings have been linked with the triptych, which is thought to have been finished late in the artist's career. Other major works include his two Magdalen panels in London.

paragraph: He is not to be confused with the "Master of the Mansi Magdalen" (fl. ?Antwerp, c. 1515–25) or the Magdalen Master (fl. Florence, c. 1265–90).

paragraph: Some of his portraits suggest a possible link with artists in Brussels, and it is thought that he worked there, and headed a large workshop. An early influence appears to have been Rogier van der Weyden; his work also shares characteristics with that of Bernard van Orley, and a link with the Master of the Death of the Virgin has been suggested. Like van Orley, this artist is believed to have been active in the court of Margaret of Habsburg, regent of the Netherlands from 1507 until 1530. Works ascribed to the Master are in the collections of the National Gallery, London, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge.

paragraph: He is sometimes associated with Pieter van Coninxloo based on similarities of style, time and location. A number of art historians, including Max Friedländer, who first made the association between the works now attributed to the Master of the Legend of the Magdalen, have speculated that they may have been the same person. It is possible also that van Coninxloo for a time was a member of the master's workshop.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: 13 versions of a portrait format image of "The Magdalen" were painted by the Master of the Magdalen Legend and his workshop between the years of 1510-20. This piece in particular was originally thought to depict Mary of Burgundy under the guise of the Magdalen, but it has since been discovered to be her daughter, Margaret of Austria. The faint gilding in the shape of a halo above the head of the sitter implies it is of a saint, and she wears a dress similar to those worn by 16th century courtesans, which was representative of Mary Magdalene's sinful past. The jar of ointment which she holds was the usual attribute of the Magdalen, as she was known for pouring this ointment on Jesus's feet.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Lorne. "The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Schools". London: National Gallery Publications, 1998.

alias: Meester van de Legende van de Heilige Magdalena

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Master of the Legend of the Magdalen

wikipedia_title: Master of the Legend of the Magdalen


text: Infante

text: Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu

text: Infanta

text: Beatrice of Portugal

text: Duke of Viseu

text: Duke of Beja

text: Covilhã

text: Moura

text: Order of Christ

text: Order of Santiago

text: Constable of Portugal

text: Afonso V

text: Moroccan

text: Anfa

text: Infante Diogo

text: Duke of Beja

text: Duke of Viseu

text: List of Portuguese Dukedoms

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,Dukes of Viseu,Dukes of Beja,House of Aviz,1472 deaths,Donatários of the Azores,Portuguese nobility,Portuguese infantes,1440s births

paragraph: João, Duke of Viseu

paragraph: Infante João of Viseu (ca. 1448 – 1472) was the older son of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and of his wife Infanta Beatrice of Portugal.

paragraph: In 1470, following his father's death, he inherited the titles of Duke of Viseu and Duke of Beja, as well as the Lordships of Covilhã and Moura

paragraph: He also became Master of the Order of Christ and of the Order of Santiago, becoming also Constable of Portugal.

paragraph: In July 1472, his uncle, King Afonso V granted him the Moroccan city of Anfa (in Portuguese "Anafé").

paragraph: He died young and single, without issue. His brother, Infante Diogo, inherited his titles and estates.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Beja

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Viseu

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Portuguese Dukedoms

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of John, 3rd Duke of Viseu, in Portuguese

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil” – Vol. II, page 409. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

description: Portuguese infante

wikidata_label: Infante John, Duke of Viseu

wikipedia_title: João, Duke of Viseu