text:
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wikipedia_title:
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categories: Yi Sun-sin,Korean generals,Joseon Dynasty people,Korean military personnel killed in action,Korean admirals,1545 births,1598 deaths,16th-century Korean people,Military history of Korea

paragraph: Yi Sun-sin

paragraph: Admiral Yi Sun-Sin (; April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598) was a Korean naval commander famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon Dynasty, who became an exemplar of conduct for both the Koreans and Japanese. Despite the fact that he had no prior naval training, Admiral Yi was never defeated at sea nor lost a single ship under his command to enemy action, and military historians have placed him on par with Admiral Horatio Nelson as one of the greatest naval commanders in history. His title of "Samdo Sugun Tongjesa" ( ; 三道水軍統制使), literally meaning "Naval Commander of the Three Provinces", was the title used for the commander of the Korean navy until 1896.

paragraph: Over the course of his career, Admiral Yi fought in at least 23 recorded naval engagements, all against the Japanese. In most of these battles, he was outnumbered and lacked necessary supplies. His most famous victory occurred at the Battle of Myeongnyang, where despite being outnumbered 133 warships to 13, he managed to disable or destroy 31 of the 133 Japanese warships without losing a single ship of his own. Yi died from a gunshot wound at the naval Battle of Noryang on December 16, 1598. His last words, "[t]he battle is at its height. Beat my war drums. Do not announce my death", are often cited as an important part of his character.

paragraph: Although his successes often were ignored by the Korean royal court during his life, after his death various honors were bestowed upon him, including the title of "Chungmugong" (충무공; 忠武公; Duke of Loyalty and Warfare), an enrollment as a "Seonmu Ildeung Gongsin" (선무일등공신; 宣武一等功臣; First-class military order of merit during the reign of Seonjo), and two posthumous offices, "Yeonguijeong" (영의정; 領議政; Prime Minister), and the "Deokpung Buwongun" (덕풍부원군; 德豊府院君; The Prince of the Court from Deokpung). Over time, Admiral Yi became a national hero in Korea, and remains so today.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yi was born in Geoncheon-dong Street (건천동; 乾川洞), Hanseong (then capital, present-day Inhyeon-dong, Jung-gu District, Seoul) but spent his adolescence and early adulthood period before passing the military examination in Asan where his mother's relatives lived and where now a shrine to him stands.

paragraph: His family was part of the Korean Deoksu Yi clan. His grandfather Yi Baeg-nok (이백록; 李百祿) retired from politics when neo-Confucian reformer Jo Gwang-jo was executed in the Third Literati Purge of 1519 and moved to a village near where Jo was buried. Yi Sun-sin's father Yi Jeong (이정, 李貞) was likewise disillusioned with politics and did not enter government service as expected of a yangban (noble) family. However, popular belief that Yi Sun-sin had difficult childhood because of his family's connection with Jo (as depicted in KBS TV series "Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin") is not true.

paragraph: One of the most important events of his early life was when Yi met and became friends with Ryu Seong-ryong (류성룡; 柳成龍; 1542–1607), a prominent scholar who held the key official position of "Dochaechalsa" (도체찰사; 都體察使), and was in command of the military during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). During the war, Ryu's support of Admiral Yi was critical to Yi's achievements.

paragraph: As a young boy, Yi played war games with other local boys, showing excellent leadership talent at an early age and constructed his own bow and fletched his own arrows as a teenager. Yi also became proficient in reading and writing Hanmun.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: In 1576, Yi passed the military examination (무과; 武科). Yi is said to have impressed the judges with his archery, but failed to pass the test when he broke a leg during the cavalry examination. After he re-entered and passed the examination, Yi was posted to the "Bukbyeong" (Northern Frontier Army) military district in Hamgyeong province. However, he was the oldest junior officer at the age of thirty-two. There, Yi experienced battles defending the border settlements against the Jurchen marauders and quickly became known for his strategic skills and leadership.

paragraph: In 1583, he lured the Jurchen into battle, defeated the marauders, and captured their chief, Mu Pai Nai. According to a contemporary tradition, Yi then spent three years out of the army upon hearing of his father's death. After his return to the front line, Yi led a string of successful campaigns against the Jurchen.

paragraph: However, his brilliance and accomplishments so soon in his career made his superiors jealous, and they falsely accused him of desertion during battle. The conspiracy was led by General Yi Il (이일; 李鎰; 1538–1601), who would later fail to repel the Japanese invasion at the Battle of Sangju. This tendency to sabotage and frame professional adversaries was very common in the later years of the Joseon military and government. Yi was stripped of his rank, imprisoned, and tortured. After his release, Yi was allowed to fight as an enlisted soldier. After a short period of time, however, he was appointed as the commander of the Seoul "Hunryeonwon" (a military training center) and was later transferred to a small county, to be its military magistrate.

paragraph: Yi's efforts in northern Korea were rewarded when Yi was assigned as Commander of the Jeolla Province (전라 좌도; 全羅左道) Left Naval District. Within the span of a few months in late 1590, he received four military appointments, in rapid succession, with each subsequent post carrying greater responsibility than the last: Commander of the Kosarijin Garrison in Pyeongan province, Commander of the Manpo Garrison, also in Pyeongan province, and the Commander of the Wando Garrison, in Jeolla province, before finally receiving the appointment as Commander of the Left Jeolla Naval District.

paragraph: The royal court was in a state of confusion over the possibility of a war with Japan, now unified under the rule of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and the unstable situation in Manchuria where a young Jurchen chieftain named Nurhaci was gathering strength. Nurhaci's descendants would become masters of China as founders of the Qing Dynasty in a few decades' time, after invading Korea in 1627 and 1637.

paragraph: Yi assumed his new post at Yeosu on the 13th day of the 2nd lunar month of 1591 (March 13, 1591). From there, he was able to undertake a buildup of the regional navy, which was later used to confront the Japanese invasion force. He subsequently began to strengthen the province's navy with a series of reforms, including the construction of the turtle ship.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).

paragraph: Yi is remembered for his numerous victories fighting the Japanese during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). Among his twenty-three victories, the Battle of Myeongnyang and the Battle of Hansan Island are the most famous battles.

paragraph: In 1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi gave the order to invade Korea and use it as a forward base to conquer Ming China. After the Japanese attacked Busan, Yi began his naval operations from his headquarters at Yeosu. Despite never having commanded a naval battle in his life, he won the Battle of Okpo, Battle of Sacheon, and several others in quick succession. His string of victories made the Japanese generals suddenly wary of the threat at sea.

paragraph: Hideyoshi was fully aware of the need to control the seas during the invasion. Having failed to hire two Portuguese galleons to help him, he increased the size of his own fleet to 1700 vessels, assuming that he could overwhelm the Joseon navy with numerical superiority.

paragraph: There were numerous reasons why Yi was so successful against the Japanese fleets. Yi had prepared for the war by checking the status of his soldiers, granaries, and supplies, replacing them when it was necessary. As part of this preparation, Yi resurrected and built the turtle ship, which was a considerable factor in his victories. Yi also had a great deal of information about the southern Korean coast and he planned his battles using the sea tides and narrow straits to his advantage.

paragraph: Yi was a charismatic leader, and was able to maintain his soldiers' morale despite constantly being low on supplies and food, and continuous news of countless Korean losses in ground battles. In some records, it is stated that he went as far as to personally fulfill some of his soldiers' dying wishes. He demonstrated his loyalty to the people by treating them with respect and fighting amongst them even when endangered. Because of this, Admiral Yi became immensely popular among his soldiers and the Korean people, who often provided him with intelligence reports at great risk to themselves.

paragraph: The Joseon panokseon were structurally stronger than Japanese ships at the time. Panokseon had stronger hulls and could carry at least 20 cannons, compared to the Japanese 1 or 2. Japanese ship-mounted cannons were inferior to the Koreans' in both range and power. Cannon development had been neglected by the Korean government, so Yi personally saw to it that the technology was developed. As such, the Korean side had several different types of cannons at their disposal in battle.

paragraph: Admiral Yi was an excellent naval strategist. The Japanese navy's strongest tactic was to board enemy ships and engage in hand-to-hand combat. The panokseon was slower than the Japanese ships so Yi had little room for error to negate the Japanese navy's most dangerous tactic. He was able to do so in every naval engagement he commanded.

paragraph: As Yi's brilliance as a strategist revealed itself throughout the war, his legend grew. In what could be considered his greatest victory in the Battle of Myeongnyang, Yi proved victorious in the battle with 13 panokseon, while the Japanese had at least 333 ships (133 warships, at least 200 logistical support ships).

paragraph: It was largely due to Yi's complete control of the seas that the Japanese were eventually forced to retreat, keeping Joseon safe from another Japanese invasion until the end of the war.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Four campaigns of 1592.

paragraph: A Japanese invasion force landed at Busan and Dadaejin, port cities on the southern tip of Joseon. The Japanese, without meeting any naval resistance, quickly captured these ports and began a lightning march north. They reached Seoul in just nineteen days, on May 2, 1592, due to the military inefficiency of the Joseon army, especially at the Battle of Sangju and the failure to defend Joryeong Pass.

paragraph: After capturing Hanseong and Pyongyang, the Japanese planned to cross the Yalu River into Chinese territory, and use the waters west of the Korean peninsula to supply the invasion. However, Yi Sun-sin was able to stay informed on all his enemy's activities.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Four campaigns of 1592.:First campaign.

paragraph: Yi had never officially studied naval warfare in his limited time in the military academy, and neither he, nor his subordinates had experienced naval combat before the Japanese invasion.

paragraph: On the June 13, 1592, Admiral Yi and Admiral Yi Eok-gi (이억기; 李億祺; 1561–1597), the commander of the Right Jeolla navy, set sail with 24 Panokseons, 15 small warships, and 46 boats (i.e. fishing boats), and arrived at the waters of the Gyeongsang Province by sunset. Next day, the Jeolla fleet sailed to the arranged location where Admiral Won Gyun (원균; 元均; 1540–1597) was supposed to meet them, and met the admiral on June 15. The augmented flotilla of 91 ships then began circumnavigating the Geoje Island, bound for the Gadeok Island, but scouting vessels detected 50 Japanese vessels at the Okpo harbor. Upon sighting the approaching Korean fleet, some of the Japanese who had been busying themselves with plundering got back to their ships, and began to flee. At this, the Korean fleet encircled the Japanese ships and finished them with artillery bombardments. The Koreans spotted five more Japanese vessels that night, and managed to destroy four. The next day, the Koreans approached 13 Japanese ships at Jeokjinpo as reported by the intelligence. In the same manner as the previous success at Okpo, the Korean fleet destroyed 11 Japanese ships – completing the Battle of Okpo without a loss of a single ship.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Four campaigns of 1592.:Second campaign.

paragraph: About three weeks after the Battle of Okpo, Admirals Yi and Won sailed with a total of 26 ships (23 under Admiral Yi) toward the Bay of Sacheon upon receiving an intelligence report of a Japanese presence. Admiral Yi had left behind his fishing vessels that used to make up most of his fleet in favor of his newly completed Turtle ship. Admiral Yi ordered the fleet to feign withdrawal, which caused the Japanese to eagerly pursue the Korean fleet with their 12 vessels. With the Japanese ships drawn out of the safety of the harbor, the Korean navy countered, and with the Turtle Ship leading the charge, they successfully destroyed all 12 ships. Admiral Yi was shot by a bullet in his left shoulder, but survived.

paragraph: On July 10, 1592, the Korean fleet destroyed 21 Japanese ships at the Battle of Dangpo. On July 13, they destroyed 26 Japanese warship at the Battle of Danghangpo.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Four campaigns of 1592.:Third campaign.

paragraph: In response to the Korean navy's success, Toyotomi Hideyoshi recalled three admirals from land-based activities: Wakizaka Yasuharu, Kato Yoshiaki, and Kuki Yoshitaka. They were the only ones with naval responsibilities in the entirety of the Japanese invasion forces. However, the admirals arrived in Busan nine days before Hideyoshi's order was actually issued, and assembled a squadron to counter the Korean navy. Eventually Admiral Wakizaka completed his preparations, and his eagerness to win military honor pushed him to launch an attack against the Koreans without waiting for the other admirals to finish.

paragraph: The combined Korean navy of 70 ships under the commands of Admirals Yi Sun-sin and Yi Eok-gi was carrying out a search-and-destroy operation because the Japanese troops on land were advancing into the Jeolla Province. The Jeolla Province was the only Korean territory to be untouched by a major military action, and served as home for the three admirals and the only active Korean naval force. The admirals considered it best to destroy naval support for the Japanese to reduce the effectiveness of the enemy ground troops.

paragraph: On August 13, 1592, the Korean fleet sailing from the Miruk Island at Dangpo received local intelligence that a large Japanese fleet was nearby. The following morning, the Korean fleet spotted the Japanese fleet of 82 vessels anchored in the straits of Gyeonnaeryang. Because of the narrowness of the strait and the hazard posed by the underwater rocks, Admiral Yi sent six ships to lure out 63 Japanese vessels into the wider sea, and the Japanese fleet followed. There the Japanese fleet was surrounded by the Korean fleet in a semicircular formation called "crane wing" (학익진) by Admiral Yi. With at least three turtle ships (two of which were newly completed) spearheading the clash against the Japanese fleet, the Korean vessels fired volleys of cannonballs into the Japanese formation. Then the Korean ships engaged in a free-for-all battle with the Japanese ships, maintaining enough distance to prevent the Japanese from boarding; Admiral Yi permitted melee combats only against severely damaged Japanese ships.

paragraph: The battle ended in a Korean victory, with Japanese losses of 59 ships – 47 destroyed and 12 captured in the Battle of Hansan Island. Several Korean prisoners of war were rescued by the Korean soldiers throughout the fight. Admiral Wakisaka escaped due to the speed of his flagship. When the news of the defeat at the Battle of Hansando reached Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he ordered that the Japanese invasion forces cease all naval operations.

paragraph: On August 16, 1592, Yi Sun-sin led their fleet to the harbor of Angolpo where 42 Japanese vessels were docked.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Four campaigns of 1592.:Fourth campaign.

paragraph: In September 1592, Yi left his base at Hansan Island and attacked the Japanese in Busan harbor. Yi withdrew his forces from Busan harbor after the battle due to the absence of a landing force.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Four campaigns of 1592.:Aftermath of four campaigns of 1592.

paragraph: Yi was victorious in every single operation (at least 15 battles) of the four campaigns of 1592. His campaigns resulted in hundreds of sunken Japanese warships, transports, supply ships and thousands of Japanese naval casualties.

paragraph: In 1593, Admiral Yi was appointed to command the combined navies of the three southern provinces with the title "Naval Commander of the Three Provinces" (삼도수군통제사; 三道水軍統制使) which gave him command over the Right and Left Navies of Jeolla province, the Right and Left Navies of Gyeongsang province, and the Navy of Chungcheong province.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Turtle Ships.

paragraph: One of Yi's greatest accomplishments was resurrecting and improving the turtle ship (; ). With his creative mind and the support of his subordinates, Yi was able to devise the "geobukseon", or Turtle Ship. Contrary to popular belief, the turtle ship was not actually invented by Admiral Yi; rather, he improved upon an older design that had been suggested during the reign of King Taejong.

paragraph: The turtle ships designed by Yi held eleven cannons on each side of the ship, with two each at the stern and the bow. The ship's figurehead was in the shape of a dragon. The figurehead itself held up to four cannons, and emitted a smokescreen that, in combination with its fierce appearance, was meant to be used as psychological warfare. The sides of the turtle ship were dotted with smaller holes from which arrows, guns, and mortars could be fired. The roof was covered with planks and spikes. The purpose of the spikes was to prevent the ship from being boarded by the enemy. The larger Japanese ships' sides were higher than the turtle ships' and thus, the spikes prevented boarders from jumping down onto the roof without risking impalement. There were two masts that held two large sails. The turtle ship was also steered and powered by twenty oars, each of which were pulled by two men during fair conditions and five in foul seas or combat.

paragraph: There is a continuing debate as to whether the turtle ship had two decks or three; historians still have no definitive answer. Whichever is the case, it is clear that the turtle ship employed multiple decks to separate the rowers from the combat compartment. This enabled the turtle ship to be very mobile since wind and manpower could be used simultaneously. Most support the argument of two decks since that was what was drawn out in the first and second designs of the turtle ships. Some historians maintain that, since Yi was a unique individual and often pursued innovative ideas (contrary to the established wisdom of his peers), it is possible that he had the turtle ship built with three decks. It is known that his flagship, a panokseon, had three decks during his campaigns, so there is support for the belief that the turtle ship had three decks.

paragraph: Turtle ships are the most famous part of Admiral Yi's fleet; however, he never deployed more than five in any one battle. The Joseon Dynasty used cannons as its primary offensive naval weapon. Historically, they had often used guns and cannons against Japanese pirates as early as the 1390s. The Joseon navy did not implement the ship-boarding strategy that the Japanese navy did, so it was imperative that their warships "stand off" from Japanese vessels. Admiral Yi made it a strategic priority to avoid hand-to-hand combat, in which the Japanese navy specialized. The turtle ship was developed to support his tactic against Japanese fleets.

paragraph: Turtle ships were first used in the Battle of Sacheon (1592) and were used in nearly every battle until the devastating Battle of Chilchonryang, when a Japanese double-agent plot nearly succeeded, resulting in every turtle ship and all but 13 panokseon being sunk. The turtle ships did not re-appear in battle until the Battle of Noryang.

paragraph: Turtle ships were mostly used to spearhead attacks. They were best used in tight areas and around islands rather than the open sea.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:The Japanese double-agent plot.

paragraph: As Yi won battle after battle, Hideyoshi and his commanders became anxious as they neared Busan. Yi constantly attacked and delayed supply ships bringing food, weapons, and reinforcements to the Japanese. At one point, the entire invasion was halted just before attacking Pyongyang when supplies and troops failed to reach the First and Second Divisions.

paragraph: Hideyoshi soon adjusted. At Busan, the Japanese warships were reinforced and some cannons added to larger ships. The fleet clustered beneath the harbor's defenses of heavy shore-mounted cannons that were acquired from the armory. But, above all, the Japanese knew that, for a successful invasion of Joseon, Yi had to be eliminated. Not a single Japanese ship would be safe for as long as he was commanding the sea.

paragraph: Taking advantage of the many internal court rivalries of the Joseon Dynasty, the Japanese devised a plan. A Japanese double agent named Yoshira (要時羅) was sent to the Joseon general Kim Gyeong-seo (김경서; 金景瑞; 1564–1624), and convinced the general that he would spy on the Japanese. Yoshira played this role until Kim began believing anything he would say.

paragraph: One day, he told General Kim Gyeong-seo that the Japanese general Katō Kiyomasa would be coming on a certain date with a great fleet for another attack on the south shores and insisted that Admiral Yi be sent to lay an ambush. General Kim agreed and sent the message to Field Marshal Gwon Yul (권율; 權慄; 1537–1599), Commander-in-Chief (도원수; 導元帥) of the Joseon military, who, in turn, sent the message to King Seonjo. King Seonjo, who was desperate for victories to loosen the Japanese grip on his kingdom, gave permission for the attack. When General Kim gave Admiral Yi his orders, the admiral refused to carry them out, for he knew that the location given by the spy was studded with sunken rocks and was thus extremely dangerous. Admiral Yi also refused because he did not trust the words of spies.

paragraph: When General Kim informed the king of Admiral Yi's refusal, the admiral's enemies at court quickly insisted on his replacement by General Won Gyun, former commander of the Gyeongsang Province Western Fleet & Commander of the Jeolla Province Ground Forces. They advised that Admiral Yi be arrested.

paragraph: As a result, in 1597, Yi was relieved of command, placed under arrest, and taken to Seoul in chains to be imprisoned and tortured. Yi was tortured almost to the point of death by using simple torture tactics such as whipping, flogging, burning, the cudgel, or even the classic technique of leg breaking torture. King Seonjo wanted to have Yi killed, but the admiral's supporters at court, chiefly the minister Jeong Tak (정탁; 鄭琢; 1526–1605), convinced the king to spare him due to his past service record. The prime minister, Yu Seong-ryong, who was Yi's childhood friend and his main supporter, remained silent during this deadly hour. Spared the death penalty, Admiral Yi was again demoted to the rank of a common infantry soldier under General Gwon Yul. This penalty was worse than death for Joseon generals at that time, since they lived by honor. However, Yi responded to this humiliation as a most obedient subject, quietly going about his work as if his rank and orders were appropriate. Despite his low rank, many officers treated him with respect, since they knew that the admiral did nothing wrong. Yi would stay under General Gwon Yul's command for a short while until Won Gyun's death at the Battle of Chilchonryang, which would lead to his reinstatement.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Joseon defeat at Chilchonryang and reinstatement of Admiral Yi.

paragraph: With Yi stripped of influence and negotiations breaking down in 1596, Hideyoshi again ordered an attack on Joseon. The second Japanese invasion landed in the first month of 1597 with a force of 140,000 men transported on 1000 ships. In response, Ming China sent thousands of reinforcements to aid Joseon. With the help of the Ming, the Joseon army was able to halt the Japanese offensive and push it back during the winter of 1597, before the Japanese were able to reach the Joseon capitol of Hanseong.

paragraph: On the high seas, Yi's successor Won Gyun failed to respond to reports from his scouts and allowed the Japanese to land critical reinforcements at Sosang Harbor for their land offensive unopposed. Without adequate reconnaissance or planning, Won Gyun decided to attack with the entire naval force of Joseon at his disposal; a fleet consisting of 150 warships operated by 30,000 men that had been carefully assembled and trained by Admiral Yi. Won Gyun left anchor at Yeosu with the fleet and sailed into waters marked by treacherous rocks where the Japanese ambushed the Joseon fleet in the Battle of Chilchonryang on August 28, 1597. Ignorant of the strength and disposition of the enemy, Won was stunned to find a Japanese fleet of 500 to 1000 ships which immediately closed for melee combat, denying the Joseon ships the advantages of superior seamanship and cannon fire. The exhausted Joseon sailors were reduced to fighting boarding actions while heavily outnumbered and slaughtered en masse.

paragraph: The Joseon fleet was decimated with only 13 warships surviving under Admiral Bae Seol, who fled before battle was fully engaged to save the warships under his command. After the destruction of the Joseon fleet, Won Gyun and Yi Eok-gi, another Joseon commander, fled to an island with a band of survivors but were killed by waiting Japanese soldiers from the nearby fort. The Battle of Chilchonryang was the only naval victory for the Japanese during the war against Joseon. When King Seonjo and the royal court learned of the catastrophic defeat, they hurriedly pardoned and reinstated Admiral Yi as commander of the greatly reduced Joseon fleet.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:Battle of Myeongnyang.

paragraph: Admiral Yi located the 13 warships and rallied the 200 surviving sailors. Together with his flagship, Admiral Yi's entire fleet totaled 13 ships, none of which were turtle ships. In the belief that the Joseon fleet would never be restorable, King Seonjo, sent an edict to Admiral Yi to abandon the warships and take his men to join the ground forces under General Gwon Yul. Admiral Yi responded with a letter written ""...your servant still doth have twelve warships under his command and he is still alive, that the enemy shall never be safe in the West Sea" (the Yellow Sea being the closest body of water to Hanseong)."

paragraph: Emboldened after their victory at Chilchonryang, Japanese admirals Kurushima Michifusa, Todo Takatora, Kato Yoshiaki, and Wakisaka Yasuharu sailed out of Busan Harbor with a fleet of over 300 ships, confident in being able to defeat Admiral Yi. Elimination of the Joseon fleet would mean unrestricted movement of supplies and reinforcements from Japan for the offensive drive on land towards Hanseong and beyond.

paragraph: After careful study of potential battlefields, in October 1597 Admiral Yi lured the Japanese fleet into the Myeongnyang Strait, by sending a fast warship near the Japanese naval base and luring the Japanese fleet out of anchorage. The Japanese assumed that this was a Joseon scouting ship and that pursuing it would lead to the location of Admiral Yi, giving them an opportunity to destroy the courageous admiral and the remnants of the Joseon fleet. What they did not know was that they were being lured into a masterfully devised trap.

paragraph: There were several reasons why Admiral Yi decided on this location for battle. Myeongnyang Strait had currents, eddies, and whirlpools so powerful that ships could only enter safely a few at a time. The north-south tidal flow reversed every three hours, limiting the time that the Japanese could mount an offensive. The strait was sufficiently narrow that it would prove impossible for the Japanese to flank or envelop the numerically inferior Joseon fleet. The deep shadows of the surrounding hillsides provided the Joseon ships with concealment. On that particular day there was also a heavy mist, dramatically reducing visibility in favor of the Joseon fleet. Therefore, despite being vastly outnumbered, Admiral Yi used the terrain restrictions to neutralize the Japanese navy's staggering numerical advantage.

paragraph: The Japanese fleet of approximately 333 ships (133 warships, at least 200 logistical support ships) entered Myeongnyang Strait in groups. The Japanese ships that made it through were met by 13 Joseon warships obscured by the shadows of the surrounding hills, ready with archers and cannons, and the melee-based Japanese found themselves unable to fight effectively and break through the superior Joseon ranged fire. The unpredictable current eventually wreaked havoc on the Japanese; their ships found themselves unable to maneuver and collided with each other when the tide reversed, while also presenting a perfect target for the Joseon naval artillery. Admiral Yi was astonishingly able to rout a force that outnumbered him more than 25 to 1 in ships alone. About 31 of the 333 Japanese ships that entered the Myeongnyang Strait were destroyed or damaged. Joseon losses on the other hand were around ten casualties and no ships lost. Kurushima Michifusa was killed on his flagship by Joseon archers; his body in its ornate armor was fished out of the water, his severed head was put on display to further demoralize the Japanese fleet.

paragraph: Admiral Yi's miraculous victory at the Battle of Myeongnyang turned the tide of the entire war against the Japanese; their ground forces on the verge of invading Hanseong were cut off from steady flow of supplies and reinforcements, and forced to pull back. Today, the battle is celebrated in Korea as one of Admiral Yi's greatest victories. No other engagement involving such an outnumbered fleet has resulted in such a disproportionate victory, making it one of the greatest achievements in naval warfare.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).:The final battle and Admiral Yi's death.

paragraph: On December 15, 1598, a huge Japanese fleet under the command of Shimazu Yoshihiro, was amassed in Sachon Bay, on the east end of Noryang Strait. Shimazu's goal was to break the allied forces' blockade on Konishi Yukinaga, join the two fleets, and sail home to Japan. Admiral Yi, meanwhile, knew exactly where Shimazu was, after receiving reports from scouts and local fishermen.

paragraph: At this time, the Joseon fleet consisted of 82 panokseon and three turtle ships, with 8,000 soldiers under Admiral Yi. The Ming fleet consisted of six large war junks, 57 lighter war galleys and two panokseon given to Chen Lin by Admiral Yi, with 5,000 Ming soldiers of the Guangdong squadron and 2,600 Ming marines who fought aboard Joseon ships.

paragraph: The battle began at two o'clock in the early morning of December 16, 1598. Like Admiral Yi's previous battles, the Japanese were unable to respond effectively to the Korean's tactics. The tightness of Noryang Strait hindered lateral movement, and Yi's maneuvers prevented the Japanese fleet from boarding their enemies' vessels, their primary naval tactic.

paragraph: As the Japanese retreated, Admiral Yi ordered a vigorous pursuit. During this time, a stray arquebus bullet from an enemy ship struck Admiral Yi, near his left armpit. Sensing that the wound was fatal, and fearing a repeat of the Battle of Chilchonryang, the admiral uttered, ""The war is at its height – wear my armor and beat my war drums. Do not announce my death."" He died moments later.

paragraph: Only two people witnessed his death: Yi Hoe, Yi's eldest son, and Yi Wan, his nephew. Admiral Yi's son and nephew struggled to regain their composure and carried the admiral's body into his cabin before others could notice. For the remainder of the battle, Yi Wan wore his uncle's armor and continued to beat the war drum to encourage the pursuit.

paragraph: During the battle, Chen Lin found himself in trouble many times and Yi's flagship rowed to his rescue. When Chen Lin called for Admiral Yi to thank him for coming to his aid, he was met by Yi Wan, who announced that his uncle was dead. It is said that Chen himself was so shocked that he fell to the ground three times, beating his chest and crying. News of Admiral Yi's death spread quickly throughout the allied fleet and both Joseon and Ming sailors and fighting men wailed in grief.

paragraph: Admiral Yi's body was brought back to his hometown in Asan to be buried next to his father, Yi Jeong (in accordance to Korean tradition). Shrines, both official and unofficial, were constructed in his honor all throughout the land."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Today, Admiral Yi is considered one of Korea's greatest heroes of all time. Koreans look upon Yi as a man of courage, perseverance, strength, self-sacrifice, intellect, and loyalty to his country.

paragraph: Admiral George Alexander Ballard of the Royal Navy considered Yi a great naval commander, and compared him to Lord Nelson of England:

paragraph: It is always difficult for Englishmen to admit that Nelson ever had an equal in his profession, but if any man is entitled to be so regarded, it should be this great naval commander of Asiatic race who never knew defeat and died in the presence of the enemy; of whose movements a track-chart might be compiled from the wrecks of hundreds of Japanese ships lying with their valiant crews at the bottom of the sea, off the coasts of the Korean peninsula... and it seems, in truth, no exaggeration to assert that from first to last he never made a mistake, for his work was so complete under each variety of circumstances as to defy criticism... His whole career might be summarized by saying that, although he had no lessons from past history to serve as a guide, he waged war on the sea as it should be waged if it is to produce definite results, and ended by making the supreme sacrifice of a defender of his country. ("The Influence of the Sea on The Political History of Japan", pp. 66–67.)

paragraph: Admiral Togo regarded Admiral Yi as his superior. At a party held in his honor, Togo took exception to a speech comparing him to Lord Nelson and Yi Sun-sin.

paragraph: It may be proper to compare me with Nelson, but not with Korea’s Yi Sun-sin, for he has no equal. ("The Imjin War", by Samuel Hawley, pg. 490)

paragraph: Prior to the 1905 Battle of Tsushima, Lieutenant Commander Kawada Isao recalled in his memoirs that:

paragraph: ...naturally we could not help but remind ourselves of Korea’s Yi Sun-sin, the world’s first sea commander, whose superlative personality, strategy, invention, commanding ability, intelligence, and courage were all worthy of our admiration. ("The Imjin War", by Samuel Hawley, pg. 490)

paragraph: Admiral Tetsutaro Sato of the Imperial Japanese Navy mentioned the Korean admiral in his book published in 1908:

paragraph: Throughout history there have been few generals accomplished at the tactics of frontal attack, sudden attack, concentration and dilation. Napoleon, who mastered the art of conquering the part with the whole, can be held to have been such a general, and among admirals, two further tactical geniuses may be named: in the East, Yi Sun-sin of Korea, and in the West, Horatio Nelson of England. Undoubtedly, Yi is a supreme naval commander even on the basis of the limited literature of the Seven-Year War, and despite the fact that his bravery and brilliance are not known to the West, since he had the misfortune to be born in Joseon Dynasty. Anyone who can be compared to Yi should be better than Michiel de Ruyter from Netherlands. Nelson is far behind Yi in terms of personal character and integrity. Yi was the inventor of the covered warship known as the turtle ship. He was a truly great commander and a master of the naval tactics of three hundred years ago.

paragraph: During the time of the invasion, it was up to the admiral to supply his fleet. Yi's fleet was cut off from any helping hand from the king's court and had to fend for itself. The admiral often wrote in his war diary, "Nanjung Ilgi War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin", about how concerned he was about the food supply during winters. His enemy was fully supplied, and always outnumbered him.

paragraph: Yi himself had never been trained as a naval commander. Korea, called Joseon at the time, did not have any naval training facilities. Although Yi passed the military exams when he was young, he was never trained at an academy. Yi's only military experiences came from fighting foreign Jurchen tribes invading from Manchuria. In fact, the Battle of Okpo, his first victory against the Japanese fleet, was also his first sea battle ever. None of his subordinates, including his own staff, had ever fought at sea before.

paragraph: One reason Admiral Yi was successful in his battles was because his cannon had longer range and power than the enemy's, with the Japanese heavily favoring troop transport over naval combat. His turtle ship, which had first set sail the day before the invasion, was very effective in leading the attack and breaking the enemy's formation. Yi won all of at least twenty-three naval battles fought while suffering very minimal losses, destroying many Japanese ships and killing many Japanese soldiers.

paragraph: Admiral Yi used many different formations according to the situation, and capitalized on tides and ocean currents. Yi also took advantage of his knowledge of the surrounding sea. Many times, he lured the enemy to a place where his fleet would have the upper hand.

paragraph: At the Battle of Hansando, the Japanese commander broke ranks and Yi routed his fleet. Yi's expertise on naval strategy is apparent in the fact that his successor, Won Gyun, even with all of Yi's ships and trained crew, could not defeat an enemy fleet of similar might. One of the greatest legacies of the admiral was the disruption of the Japanese supply line. Through his calculated attacks, he successfully burdened the Japanese navy and the supplies trying to reach their lines near the Chinese border.

paragraph: Yi's naval reforms did not persist and disappeared soon after his death. The turtle ships faded into the annals of Korean history, reaching iconic legendary status today. The Joseon royal court decided on a reduced military, especially after the Manchu invasions in the 1630s.

paragraph: Yi kept a careful record of daily events in his diary, and it is from these entries, along with the reports he sent to the throne during the war, that much about him has been learned. Also, much information about the turtle ships are written in his diaries. These works have been published in English as "Nanjung Ilgi: War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin", and "Imjin Jangcho: Admiral Yi Sun-sin's Memorials to Court".

paragraph: Among his direct male descendants, more than two hundred passed the military examination and pursued military careers, hence constituting a prominent family or military yangban of late Joseon. Although many of his male descendants did not play the kind of a vital role in the politics of late Joseon, the court seems to have treated them with respect. Many attained important high-level posts in the administration. Moreover, at the end of the Joseon Dynasty, at least several descendants are known to have become anti-Japanese independence activists. Today, most of Yi's descendants live in or near Seoul and Asan.

paragraph: In Korea, Admiral Yi is not only famous for the turtle ship, but also for his last words before his death. He told his nephew to wear his armor and to hide his death until the battle is over to avoid demoralizing his men in the middle of battle. His last words were, "Do not let my death be known" (나의 죽음을 알리지 마라).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Reactions by Joseon government.

paragraph: Admiral Yi repeatedly defeated the Japanese invasion force in battle, while preserving the lives of his soldiers and respecting their families. Yi was supported by the people of Joseon not only for his victories, but his kindness and gratitude towards those affected by the hardships of war. They had great faith in Admiral Yi and he was regarded as more than just an admiral.

paragraph: By contrast, King Seonjo accomplished nothing. The Joseon Dynasty's king had failed to defend the kingdom and his cowardly flight to Uiju left his reputation in ruins. The Joseon government was plagued by factionalism driven by jealousy; the ministers despised the successful and virtuous admiral, and manipulated King Seonjo to view Admiral Yi as a potential traitor. It is plausible to believe that King Seonjo and his court truly feared Admiral Yi's victories and reputation amongst the people as the foundations for a revolt leading King Seonjo to have him arrested and tortured. Defended by his loyal friend, Prime Minister Yu Seong-ryong, Admiral Yi was spared execution twice. The conspiracies worked against Admiral Yi from gaining the men, materiel, and operational freedom to decisively destroy the Japanese invasion force.

paragraph: It should also be noted that according to a recent "Choson Ilbo" article, historians have discovered written government records of the Joseon government's reaction to Admiral Yi's death. The records show that King Seonjo expressed a "blank expression", offering no signs of sadness or shock. Nearly all awards to Admiral Yi and his deeds were awarded posthumously.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Cultural depictions.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Film and television.

paragraph: Yi's life has been depicted in two motion pictures, both entitled "Seong-ung Yi Sun-sin" ("The Saintly Hero Yi Sun-sin"). The first is a 1962 black-and-white movie, and the second, based upon his war diaries, was made in color in 1971.

paragraph: A 2005 Korean film, "Heaven's Soldiers" () directed by Min Joon-ki, portrayed a young Yi Sun-sin is fighting the Jurchen tribes, along with local villagers and North and South Korean soldiers who traveled in time, from 2005 to 1572, with Halley's Comet. Unusually, the film presented Yi as a cunning, slightly eccentric young man, rather than a distinguished austere hero, a couple of decades before Imjin war. Some historical events were also distorted: most notably Yi's campaign against the Jurchens, which did not happen in 1572 but a few years later, after his 1576 military examination. The film, financed with a comfortable budget by Korean standards ($7–8 million), was a relative commercial success in 2005. The film's theme clearly uses the figure of Yi, venerated as a hero in both parts of contemporary Korea, to plead for Korean reunification.

paragraph: From September 4, 2004 to August 28, 2005, a 104-episode drama series was aired on KBS. The show, titled "Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin" (), dealt mostly with the events related to the Japanese invasions of Korea, as well as the life of the admiral. It became a popular drama in China and was re-aired in certain ethnic channels in the United States as well. The drama was criticized for the many artistic licenses taken, such as depicting Yi as weak and lonely in his early life and taking liberties with the events surrounding his death. On the other hand, many people complimented the way the drama portrayed the whole drama with a more human touch. It described the admiral as a true man who had to overcome many dangers and difficulties quite frequently alone, not just a hero among the clouds. This drama was a heated topic at the time since it overlapped with rising tensions in the ongoing Liancourt Rocks dispute; the series further strained relations between South Korea and Japan in the issue's most recent outbreak.

paragraph: The 2014 film "" revolves around the events of the Battle of Myeongnyang.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Film and television.:Actors who have played Yi Sun-sin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Park Joong-hoon in the 2005 film "Heaven's Soldiers".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim Myung-min in the 2004-2005 KBS1 TV series "Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoo Dong-geun in the 2013 MBC TV series "Gu Family Book".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choi Min-sik in the 2014 film "".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi also inspired literary works. In 2001, Kim Hoon's first novel, "Song of the Sword", was a commercial and critical success in South Korea. In his book, the journalist-turned-novelist describes that Yi deliberately stood at the front of his ship in his final battle making himself a target for Japanese gunmen, thinking that ending his life in this honorable fashion could be better than facing another political ploys which was likely to wait him in the Joseon royal court after the war. For this poetic first-person narrative written from Yi's perspective, he received the "Dongin Literature Award", the most prestigious literary prize in the nation.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Comics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi appears as the titular protagonist of a history fiction graphic novel series, produced by Onrie Kompan Productions since 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Cultural depictions.:Video games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Sun-Shin is a playable character in the video game "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- A game scenario in which the player can assume Yi's role is featured in the "Age of Empires II" extension pack "".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Awards, decorations, and honors.

paragraph: Admiral Yi's posthumous title, "Chungmugong", is used as South Korea's third highest military honor, known as "The Cordon of Chungmu of the Order of Military Merit and Valor". He was posthumously granted the title of "Prince of Deokpung" "Chungmuro" (; 忠武路). In North Korea, the military awards the Order of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin (이순신장군훈장) to flag officers and naval commanders for outstanding leadership.

paragraph: Prominent statues of Admiral Yi have been erected in the middle of Sejongno in central Seoul (the Statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin) and at Busan Tower in Busan.

paragraph: The city of Chungmu on the southern coast of Korea, now renamed Tongyeong, is named in honor of his posthumous title and the site of his headquarters. Additionally, a street in downtown Seoul is named after him, and the Yi Sun-sin Bridge was built near Yeosu and opened to traffic on May 10, 2012, becoming the longest suspension bridge in Korea.

paragraph: South Korea's KDX-II naval destroyer class, and the first commissioned ship of the class, are named "Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin".

paragraph: An ITF-style Taekwondo pattern is named after Yi's posthumous name of Chungmu.

paragraph: A depiction of Admiral Yi is featured on the front of the 100 South Korean won coin.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.:Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For the lineage from Yi Jeong upwards, refer to the ancestry chart above"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Yi Jeong (이정, July 1511-November 1583)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Lady Byeon from the Chogye Byeon clan (초계 변씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Hui-sin (이희신), 1st son

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Yo-sin (이요신), 2nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Yi u-sin (이우신), 4th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and their Respective Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Lady Bang from the Sangju Bang clan (상주 방씨) - legal wife

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Hoe (이회), 1st son

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Ye (이예), 2nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Yi Myeon (이면), 4th son

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Lady Yi (이씨), Only daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Lady O from the Haeju O clan (해주 오씨) - concubine

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Hun (이훈), 1st son

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Sin (이신), 2nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lady Yi (이씨), 1st daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Lady Yi (이씨), 2nd daughter

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naval history of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turtle ship

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nanjung Ilgi, War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseon dynasty

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Influence of the Sea on The Political History of Japan" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- War Diary (Nan Jung Il Gi), the autobiographical diary of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choson Joong-Gi, Noon-Eu-Ro Bo-Nen Han-Gook-Yuk-Sa #7. Joong-Ang-Gyo-Yook-Yun-Goo-Won, Ltd. Copyright 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katano, Tsugio "yi Sun-Sin and Hideyoshi" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawley, Samuel 2005 The Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. Republic of Korea and U.S.A.: Co-Published by The Royal Asiatic Society and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen. "Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592-1598" (2002) Cassell & Co., London.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Research Institute of Yi Sun-sin - Institute of Soon Chun Hyang University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chungmugong Yi Sun-Sin - Gyeongsangnam-do Tourism Office's official Yi Sun-sin site

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Great Admiral Yi Sun-Sin - Asan city's official Yi Sun-sin site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hyeonchungsa Shrine Management Office

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Sun-sin: the man who transforms Korea - VANK's Yi Sun-sin project site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Admiral Yi Sun-sin - A Korean Hero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Sun-sin

paragraph: BULLET::::- YiSunsin.com - Yi Sunsin information portal

description: Korean naval commander

wikidata_label: Yi Sun-sin

wikipedia_title: Yi Sun-sin


text:
Iraq
prime minister
Mosul
Ottoman
World War I
nationalist
Arab Revolt
Faisal
Syria
Jordan
British
Bakr Sidqi
Transjordan
Axis
Iraqi Intifada

wikipedia_title:
Iraq
List of Prime Ministers of Iraq
Mosul
Ottoman Empire
World War I
Nationalism
Arab Revolt
Faisal I of Iraq
Syria
Emirate of Transjordan
United Kingdom
Bakr Sidqi
Emirate of Transjordan
Axis powers
Iraqi Intifada

categories: Ottoman Military Academy alumni,Arabs of the Ottoman Empire,Ottoman military personnel of World War I,People from Mosul,Ottoman Army officers,1958 deaths,1890 births

paragraph: Jamil al-Midfai

paragraph: Jamil al-Midfai (جميل المدفعي)

paragraph: (1958–1890) was an Iraqi politician. He served as that country's prime minister on five separate occasions:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. November 9, 1933 – August 25, 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::2. March 1, 1935 – March 16, 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::3. August 17, 1937 – December 26, 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::4. June 2, 1941 – October 10, 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::5. January 29, 1953 – September 1, 1953

paragraph: Born in the town of Mosul, Midfai served in the Ottoman army during World War I, but deserted in 1916 to take part in the nationalist Arab Revolt. After the war, he was an aide to the Emir Faisal during his brief reign in Syria. He returned to Iraq in 1920, but was soon forced into exile in Jordan because of his anti-British nationalist activities. Upon his return in 1923, he served in various senior provincial capacities and finally joined the cabinet in 1930.

paragraph: As a seasoned politician and two-time prime minister, he was asked to form a new government in August 1937, following the assassination of General Bakr Sidqi, who had ruled the country as military dictator for almost a year. A staunch monarchist, Midfai was again forced into exile in Transjordan following the short-lived pro-Axis coup by Rashid Ali al-Kaylani in 1941. Upon his return, he served in various senior capacities including President of the Senate and briefly as prime minister after the suspension of political activities during the Iraqi Intifada. He died on 26 October 1958 suffering from lung cancer.

description: Prime Minister of Iraq

wikidata_label: Jamil al-Midfai

wikipedia_title: Jamil al-Midfai


text:
Aedui
druid
antiquity
Julius Caesar
The Gallic War
Battle of Magetobriga
Sequani
Arverni
Suebi
Ariovistus
Roman Senate
Cicero
divination
astronomy
natural philosophy
Helvetii
Conquest of Gaul
Dumnorix
Uergobretos
Gaul
Pontifex Maximus
magistrate
Convictolitavis
Cotos
Praetorians
Eluveitie
Dumnorix
Cicero
De Divinatione
Julius Caesar
Commentarii de Bello Gallico
1.3
1.16-20
1.31-32
2.5
2.14-15
6.12
7.39

categories: Aedui,Gaulish rulers,Druids,1st-century BC rulers in Europe,Ambassadors to ancient Rome

paragraph: Diviciacus (Aedui)

paragraph: Diviciacus or Divitiacus of the Aedui is the only druid from antiquity whose existence is attested by name. The name may mean "avenger."

paragraph: His date of birth is not known, but he was an adult during the late 60s BC, at which time he was described by Julius Caesar as a "senator" of the Aedui. In Caesar's "The Gallic War" the word "senator" is used to refer to Gallic aristocrats who took part in their clans' decision-making. He supported the Aedui's preexisting alliance with Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Visit to Rome.

paragraph: In 63 BC, at the age of 32, he survived the Battle of Magetobriga, where forces of the Sequani and Arverni, together with Germanic troops under the Suebi King Ariovistus, massacred the Aedui. Thereafter, the Aedui became tributary to the Sequani. Following the Aedui's defeat at Magetobriga, Diviciacus traveled to Rome and spoke before the Roman Senate to ask for military aid. While in Rome, he was a guest of Cicero, who spoke of his knowledge of divination, astronomy and natural philosophy, and names him as a druid. Julius Caesar, who knew him well, noted his particular skills as a diplomat without calling him a druid.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with Caesar.

paragraph: Following Caesar's victory over the Helvetii, Diviciacus went as a prominent member of the Gallic delegation to Caesar, and was appointed as their chief spokesman. He brought the Gallic people's concerns to Caesar over Ariovistus, who had taken much of the Sequani lands and taken hostages. The Gaul's request provided the catalyst for the next phase of Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, when Caesar went on to confront and defeat Ariovistus.

paragraph: Diviciacus had a brother, Dumnorix, who was aggressively anti-Roman. After defeating him in battle, Caesar spared his life so as to avoid antagonizing Diviciacus. Later, however, Dumnorix attempted to escape from Caesar's control and was killed in the attempt.

paragraph: Section::::Social positions.

paragraph: Delamarre contends that, in addition to holding the religious office of druid, Diviciacus may have been the "Uergobretos", the annually elected political leader or chief magistrate of the Aedui, one of the most powerful nations in Gaul. If true, his combination of military and religious office responsibilities in Aedua paralleled Caesar's duties among the Romans. For in Rome, Caesar was "Pontifex Maximus" in addition to being a magistrate and general. Diviciacus would have been "Uergobretos" sometime before 52 BC, when the election was contested between Convictolitavis and Cotos. The date of Diviciacus's death is not known; Cicero speaks of him in the past tense in 44 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Diviciacus appears as a special Druid unit in the video game "Praetorians", part of which is set during the Gallic Wars. In the game, Diviciacus serves as a healer frequently appearing on the side of Rome during the campaign. His name is spelled 'Divitiacus'.

paragraph: The lyrics to the Eluveitie song "(Do)minion" are written from the point of view of Diviciacus, addressed to his brother Dumnorix.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicero, "De Divinatione"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius Caesar, "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" 1.3, 1.16-20, 1.31-32, 2.5, 2.14-15, 6.12, 7.39

wikidata_label: Diviciacus

wikipedia_title: Diviciacus (Aedui)


text: Haarlem

text: Dutch Golden Age

text: Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom

text: Haarlem Guild of St. Luke

text: Arnold Houbraken

text: Theodorus Schrevelius

text: Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom

text: Gerrit Claesz Bleker

text: Salomon van Ruysdael

text: Reyer van Blommendael

text: Jacob van Ruisdael

text: Cornelis Hendriksz. Vroom

text: Artnet

categories: 1591 births,Members of the Haarlem Guild of Saint Luke,Artists from Haarlem,Dutch male painters,Dutch marine artists,1661 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters,Dutch landscape painters

paragraph: Cornelis Vroom

paragraph: Cornelis Hendriksz Vroom (1591, Haarlem - buried September 16, 1661, Haarlem) was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to the RKD he was the son of the painter Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, the older brother of Frederick and Jacob, and the father of the painter Jacob Cornelisz Vroom. He became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1634.

paragraph: According to Arnold Houbraken in 1718, who repeated a list of names from Theodorus Schrevelius's 1648 book on Haarlem called "Harlemias", he was the "son of Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom" and a good landscape painter of Haarlem along with "Joh. Jakobsz.", "who was in Italy for many years", "Nicol. Zuyker", Gerrit Claesz Bleker, Salomon van Ruysdael, and Reyer van Blommendael.

paragraph: Like his father, Vroom is best known for his landscapes and seascapes.

paragraph: He was a strong influence on fellow local Haarlem landscapist Jacob van Ruisdael.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelis Hendriksz. Vroom on Artnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelis Hendrikszoon Vroom or looking at ultimate space

alias:
Cornelis Hendriksz. Vroom
Cornelis Hendricksz Vroom
Cornelis Hendricksz. Vroom
Cornelis Vroom the Younger
Cornelis Vrooms
Cornelis Hendricksz., the younger Vroom
Cornelis, the younger Vroom
de Jonge Vroom
Cornelius Vroom
Vrooms
De Vroom
Corn. Vroom
Cr. Vroom
Cornelis Vroom van Haerlem
Vroom

description: Dutch Golden Age painter

wikidata_label: Cornelis Vroom

wikipedia_title: Cornelis Vroom


text:
Turkey
Olympic Games
Stockholm
shot put
discus throw
two handed shot put
pentathlon
decathlon
Armenian
Vahram Papazyan
first official participation
Olympics
Robert College
Constantinople
Vahram Papazyan
Armenian
1912 Olympics
Turkey
International Olympic Committee
Selim Sırrı Tarcan
Stockholm
Vahram Papazyan
Jim Thorpe
Decathlon
Turkey at the Olympics
National Olympic Committee of Turkey

categories: Turkish male shot putters,Turkish decathletes,Athletes of the Ottoman Empire,Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics,People from Üsküdar,Place of death unknown,Turkish male discus throwers,Olympic athletes of Turkey,Armenians of the Ottoman Empire,Year of death unknown,Robert College alumni,1882 births,Date of death unknown

paragraph: Mıgırdiç Mıgıryan

paragraph: Migir Migiryan or Mıgır Mıgıryan or Mığır Mığıryan ( "Mkrtich Mkryan", ) was one of two athletes who represented Turkey's first official appearance in the Olympic Games which was held in Stockholm in 1912.

paragraph: Migiryan participated in shot put, discus throw, two handed shot put, pentathlon, and decathlon competitions. Migir Migiryan along with ethnic Armenian Vahram Papazyan were the only two athletes representing Turkey in the country's first official participation of the Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Migir Migiryan attended the prestigious Robert College in Constantinople. One of his classmates was Vahram Papazyan, another ethnic Armenian Olympian who would participate with him at the 1912 Olympics.

paragraph: When Turkey was admitted to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1911, president of Turkey's Olympic committee Selim Sırrı Tarcan placed advertisements in the local "Ikdam" and "Sabah" newspapers in order to recruit athletes for the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Migiryan responded to the advertisement and expressed his desires to participate in the games.

paragraph: Unlike his counterpart Vahram Papazyan, who did not have the required finances to pay for the trip, Migir Migiryan came from a wealthy family who managed to cover all the necessary expenses needed for the trip to the Stockholm Olympics.

paragraph: Having participated in five different sporting events, Migir Migiryan holds the record of most sporting events participated by a Turkish athlete in Olympic history.

paragraph: Section::::Olympics.

paragraph: During the Olympics, Migiryan managed to play all five sports. However, while competing against famed athlete Jim Thorpe during the Decathlon, Migiryan suffered a wrist injury and was forced to discontinue.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turkey at the Olympics

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Olympic Committee of Turkey

description: Turkish Olympic athlete

wikidata_label: Mıgırdiç Mıgıryan

wikipedia_title: Mıgırdiç Mıgıryan


text:
Ukare Gitsune Senbon Zakura
A Fugitive from the Past
Dodes'ka-den
Proof of the Man

categories: People from Yamagata Prefecture,1908 births,Japanese comedians,20th-century comedians,1981 deaths,Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon,20th-century Japanese male actors,Japanese male actors

paragraph: Junzaburō Ban

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ukare Gitsune Senbon Zakura" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Fugitive from the Past" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dodes'ka-den" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proof of the Man" (1977)

alias:
Ban Junzaburo
Junzaburo Ban
Junzaburou Ban

description: Japanese actor

wikidata_label: Junzaburō Ban

wikipedia_title: Junzaburō Ban


text: Union Navy

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Whitefield, Maine

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: boatswain's mate

text: Stono River

text: Confederate

text: Battle of Legareville

text: Johns Island

text: caisson

text: USS Marblehead (I)

categories: United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients,1835 births,People from Lincoln County, Maine,People of Maine in the American Civil War,Year of death unknown,Union Navy sailors

paragraph: William Farley (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: William Farley (born 1835, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during an 1863 engagement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in 1835 in Whitefield, Maine, Farley joined the Navy from Boston, Massachusetts in December 1860. He served during the Civil War as a boatswain's mate on the . While on the Stono River on December 25, 1863, "Marblehead" came under fire from Confederate forces at the Battle of Legareville on Johns Island. Farley "animated his men and kept up a rapid and effective fire on the enemy throughout the engagement". The Confederates eventually abandoned their position, leaving a caisson and gun behind. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later on April 16, 1864.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Farley's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: Served on board the U.S.S. "Marblehead" off Legareville, Stono River, 25 December 1863, during an engagement with the enemy on John's Island. Behaving in a gallant manner, Farley animated his men and kept up a rapid and effective fire on the enemy throughout the engagement which resulted in the enemy's abandonment of his positions, leaving a caisson and 1 gun behind.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boatswain's Mate William Farley, USN, (Born in 1835)

paragraph: BULLET::::- USS Marblehead (I)

paragraph: BULLET::::- America's Heroes: Medal of Honor recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan

description: Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: William Farley

wikipedia_title: William Farley (Medal of Honor)


text: Harlem, New York

text: National Public Radio

text: All Things Considered

text: Alex Webb (musician)

text: 59E59 Theaters

text: Cyrille Aimée

text: Mimi Jones

text: the New York Times

text: Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians

paragraph: Allan Harris (musician)

paragraph: Allan Harris (born 4 April 1956 in Brooklyn, New York) is an award-winning Jazz vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter from Harlem, New York. Described as having a “formidable baritone with… husky edges and deep resonant low notes”, and Harris has been called a protean talent.

paragraph: Harris is known for both his albums and his live performances. His album “Convergence”, a collaboration with pianist Takana Miryamoto was critically praised, and his album “Cross That River” (2006) was widely covered for its perspective on issues of ethnicity in the American western expansion.

paragraph: He released an album in 2016 entitled "Nobody's Gonna Love You Better".WBGO Jazz 88.3FM: https://wbgo.org/radar/allan-harris-nobodys-gonna-love-you-better , accessdate: September 30, 2016/ref

paragraph: Section::::Cross That River.

paragraph: Harris’ 2006 Album “Cross That River” was the subject of a 2006 story on the National Public Radio program All Things Considered, which explored Harris’ journey into the roles of African-Americans in the western expansion of the United States in the 19th century. Harris also has used “Cross That River” as a teaching tool in schools in New York, North Carolina and elsewhere.

paragraph: Cross That River is also a musical which had its debut at the New York Musical Theatre Festival in 2009. It received a residency grant from Chamber Music America and has been included in the Kennedy Center's Performing Arts Series (2008).

paragraph: In 2014 Allan Harris also appeared in the music theatre show 'Cafe Society Swing' by Alex Webb (musician) in a three-week run at New York's 59E59 Theaters with a cast including vocalists Charenee Wade and Cyrille Aimée and an eight-piece band including bassist Mimi Jones, with Webb MD-ing from the piano chair. It attracted positive reviews including a 'Critic's Pick' from the New York Times.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Genius of Eddie Jefferson (Resilience Music Alliance, 2018)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://vimeo.com/m/49970485

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://archive.is/20130411043251/http://www.jazziz.com/reviews/2012/11/30/allan-harris/

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Allan Harris

wikipedia_title: Allan Harris (musician)


text:
Amora
Land of Israel
Jose ben Abin
Iqrit
Hebrew
Talmud
fig
Rav Ashi
jennet

paragraph: Jose of Yokereth

paragraph: R. Jose of Yokereth (, read as "Yossi deman Yoqart") was a Jewish Amora sage of the Land of Israel, of the third generation of the Amora era. He was the Rabbi of R. Jose ben Abin. His surname יוקרת ("Yoqart" or "Yokereth") is of an unknown source, and most likely has been bastardized over the years, although many attribute it to the now and then Iqrit village, known in Hebrew as יוקרת ("Yokereth" or "Yoqart").

paragraph: In the Talmud there are two stories concerning his piousness that reached to such an extent that he was cruel to his own children over it. One story concerns his son, where it is said that once when his son was reciting, he instantaneously took out some figs from the nearby tree, for his laborers. When his father learned of it, he was furious, and said to him: "My son, you have troubled your Creator to cause the fig tree to bring forth its fruits before its time, may you too be taken hence before your time!". An additional story concerns R. Yokereth's beautiful daughter, where it is said that once R. Yokereth caught a man trying to glance at his daughter from a hiding place. Replying to the questioning of Yokereth, he said: "Master, if I am not worthy enough to marry her, may I not at least be

paragraph: worthy to catch a glimpse of her?"; then R. Yokereth exclaimed: "My daughter, you are a source of trouble to mankind; return to the dust so that men may not sin because of you". This zealotry led his own disciple R. Jose ben Abin to abandon his mentor, and go acquire education from Rav Ashi.

paragraph: An additional miraculous story concerning R. Yokereth was recorded on the Talmud: About how he used to rent his jennet to people, and how at the end of each working day she would return by herself along with her salary laid on her back. One day, two sandals that did not belong to R. Yokereth were forgotten on her back, by people who rented her, and the jennet didn't move, since she was not able to steal the sandals.

wikidata_label: Jose of Yokereth

wikipedia_title: Jose of Yokereth


text:
Bishop of Rome
John VI
Byzantine Papacy
Rossano
Calabria
Palatine Hill
Senator
Lombards
Justinian II
Quinisext
Liber Pontificalis
Rome
Church of St. Maria Antiqua
Palatine Hill
Episcopium
Theotokos
basilica of St. Peter
Madonna della Clemenza
Santa Maria in Trastevere
Subiaco
Sisinnius

categories: Greek popes,Popes,7th-century births,Popes of the Byzantine Papacy,8th-century archbishops,People from the Province of Cosenza,707 deaths

paragraph: Pope John VII

paragraph: Pope John VII (; c. 650 – 18 October 707) was Bishop of Rome from 1 March 705 to his death in 707. Like his predecessor, John VI, John VII was an ethnic Greek. He is one of the popes of the Byzantine Papacy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John was a native of Rossano in Calabria. His father, Plato (c. 620 – 686), was imperial "cura palatii urbis Romae", or curator of the Palatine Hill. This makes John the first pope to be the son of a Byzantine official. His mother was called Blatta (c. 627 – 687). His paternal grandfather was Theodorus Chilas (c. 600 – aft. 655), a Senator in 655.

paragraph: John VII had good relations with the Lombards, who then ruled much of Italy. However, his relations with Justinian II, the Byzantine Emperor, were far from smooth. Papal relations with Byzantium had soured over the Quinisext (or Trullan) council of 692. Scholarly debate contests John VII's stance on the Canons. He did not ratify the Canons, which were deeply unpopular in Italy. Nonetheless, he was criticized, most unusually, by the Liber Pontificalis for not signing them:

paragraph: He [Emperor Justinian II] despatched two metropolitan bishops, also sending with them a mandate in which he requested and urged the pontiff [John VII] to gather a council of the apostolic church, and to confirm such of them as he approved, and quash and reject those which were adverse. But he, terrified in his human weakness, sent them back to the prince by the same metropolitans without any emendations at all.

paragraph: Several monuments in Rome are connected with John. The most notable is the Church of St. Maria Antiqua at the foot of the Palatine Hill. Traces of an episcopal palace Episcopium associated with John have been discovered upon the Palatine. John VII also constructed an Oratory dedicated to the Theotokos, located within the old basilica of St. Peter. Fragments of the mosaic decoration can be found in the Vatican grottoes. Furthermore, a sizeable icon, known as the "Madonna della Clemenza" and housed in Santa Maria in Trastevere, is believed to have been commissioned under the patronage of John. He also restored the monastery of Subiaco, destroyed by the Lombards in 601.

paragraph: John VII died 18 October, 707 and was buried in the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary which had been added on to St. Peter's. He was succeeded by Sisinnius.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claudio Rendina, "I Papi. Storia e segreti", Newton Compton, Rome, 1984.

paragraph: BR

paragraph: BR

alias:
Pope John VII
Ioannes VII

description: pope

wikidata_label: John VII

wikipedia_title: Pope John VII