text: Académie française

text: The Italian Straw Hat

text: Under the Roofs of Paris

text: Le Million

text: À nous la liberté

text: I Married a Witch

text: And Then There Were None

text: Philippe Hériat

text: L'Intransigeant

text: Damia

text: Parisette

text: Louis Feuillade

text: Jacques de Baroncelli

text: Henri Diamant-Berger

text: Paris qui dort

text: Francis Picabia

text: Erik Satie

text: Relâche

text: Entr'acte

text: Films Albatros

text: La Proie du vent

text: Un chapeau de paille d'Italie

text: Les Deux Timides

text: Labiche

text: Lazare Meerson

text: Georges Périnal

text: Griffith

text: Chaplin

text: Pabst

text: Eisenstein

text: auteur

text: Sous les toits de Paris

text: Le Million

text: À nous la liberté

text: Quatorze juillet

text: Epinay Studios

text: Tobis

text: Modern Times

text: United Artists

text: Le Dernier Milliardaire

text: Alexander Korda

text: London Films

text: Robert E. Sherwood

text: The Ghost Goes West

text: Break the News

text: Jack Buchanan

text: Maurice Chevalier

text: Jean Giraudoux

text: Julien Duvivier

text: The Flame of New Orleans

text: I Married a Witch

text: It Happened Tomorrow

text: And Then There Were None

text: Le silence est d'or

text: L'École des femmes

text: Faust

text: La Beauté du diable

text: Don Juan

text: Les Grandes Manœuvres

text: Les Belles de nuit

text: Gérard Philipe

text: Porte des Lilas

text: Georges Brassens

text: Académie française

text: Tout l'or du monde

text: Les Fêtes galantes

text: Musset

text: Gérard Philipe

text: Orphée

text: Le Voyage imaginaire

text: Studio des Ursulines

text: Renoir

text: Carné

text: Entr'acte

text: French New Wave

text: Cahiers du Cinéma

text: François Truffaut

text: André Bazin

text: Le Fantôme du Moulin-Rouge

text: Le Voyage imaginaire

text: La Proie du vent

text: Un chapeau de paille d'Italie

text: Les Deux Timides

text: Sous les toits de Paris

text: Le Million

text: À nous la liberté

text: Quatorze Juillet

text: Le Dernier Milliardaire

text: The Ghost Goes West

text: Break the News

text: The Flame of New Orleans

text: I Married a Witch

text: Forever and a Day

text: It Happened Tomorrow

text: And Then There Were None

text: Le silence est d'or

text: La Beauté du diable

text: Les Belles de nuit

text: Les Grandes Manœuvres

text: Porte des Lilas

text: Tout l'or du monde

text: Les Fêtes galantes

text: Entr'acte

text: Paris qui dort

text: La Tour

text: Forever and a Day

text: La Française et l'Amour

text: Les Quatre Vérités

text: Les Fables de La Fontaine

text: Légion d'honneur

text: Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres

text: University of Cambridge

text: Académie française

text: Marcel Pagnol

text: Jean Cocteau

text: Marcel Achard

text: Prix René-Clair

text: Royal College of Art

text: 11th Moscow International Film Festival

text: Cinema pur

categories: Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni,Dada,1898 births,French male screenwriters,French screenwriters,French film producers,French male silent film actors,French male film actors,20th-century French male actors,French experimental filmmakers,Lycée Montaigne alumni,French surrealist artists,1981 deaths,French journalists,Surrealist filmmakers,Male actors from Paris,Members of the Académie française,French film directors

paragraph: René Clair

paragraph: René Clair (11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981) born René-Lucien Chomette, was a French filmmaker and writer. He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy. He went on to make some of the most innovative early sound films in France, before going abroad to work in the UK and USA for more than a decade. Returning to France after World War II, he continued to make films that were characterised by their elegance and wit, often presenting a nostalgic view of French life in earlier years. He was elected to the Académie française in 1960. Clair's best known films include "The Italian Straw Hat" (1928), "Under the Roofs of Paris" (1930), "Le Million" (1931), "À nous la liberté" (1931), "I Married a Witch" (1942), and "And Then There Were None" (1945).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: René Clair was born and grew up in Paris in the district of Les Halles, whose lively and picturesque character made a lasting impression on him. His father was a soap merchant; he had an elder brother, Henri Chomette (born 1896). He attended the Lycée Montaigne and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. In 1914 he was studying philosophy; his friends at that time included Raymond Payelle who became the actor and writer Philippe Hériat.

paragraph: In 1917, at the age of 18, he served as an ambulance driver in World War I, before being invalided out with a spinal injury. He was deeply affected by the horrors of war that he witnessed and gave expression to this in writing a volume of poetry called "La Tête de l'homme" (which remained unpublished). Back in Paris after the war, he started a career as a journalist at the left-wing newspaper "L'Intransigeant".

paragraph: Section::::Film career.

paragraph: Having met the music-hall singer Damia and written some songs for her, Clair was persuaded by her to visit Gaumont studios in 1920 where a film was being cast and he then agreed to take on a leading role in "Le Lys de la vie". He adopted the stage-name of René Clair, and several other acting jobs followed, including "Parisette" for Louis Feuillade. In 1922 he extended his career as a journalist, becoming the editor of a new film supplement to a monthly magazine, "Théâtre et Comœdia illustrés". He also visited Belgium and after an introduction from his brother Henri, he became an assistant to the director Jacques de Baroncelli on several films.

paragraph: Section::::Film career.:1924–1934.

paragraph: In 1924, with the support of the producer Henri Diamant-Berger, Clair got the opportunity to direct his own first film, "Paris qui dort" ("The Crazy Ray"), a short comic fantasy. Before it had been shown however, Clair was asked by Francis Picabia and Erik Satie to make a short film to be shown as part of their Dadaist ballet "Relâche"; he made "Entr'acte" (1924), and it established Clair as a leading member of the Parisian avant-garde.

paragraph: Fantasy and dreams were also components of his next two films, but in 1926 Clair took a new direction when he joined Alexandre Kamenka's Films Albatros company to film a dramatic story, "La Proie du vent" ("The Prey of the Wind"), which met with commercial success. He remained at Albatros for his last two silent films, "Un chapeau de paille d'Italie" ("An Italian Straw Hat") and "Les Deux Timides" ("Two Timid Souls") (both 1928), in which he sought to translate the essentially verbal comedy of two plays by Labiche into works of silent cinema. While at Albatros, Clair met the designer Lazare Meerson and the cameraman Georges Périnal who were to remain important collaborators with him for the next decade. By the end of the silent era, Clair was celebrated as one of the great names in cinema, alongside Griffith, Chaplin, Pabst and Eisenstein. As the author of all of his own scripts, who also paid close attention to every aspect of the making of a film, including the editing, Clair was one of the first French film-makers to establish for himself the full role of an "auteur".

paragraph: Clair was initially sceptical about the introduction of sound to films, and called it "an unnatural creation". He then realised the creative possibilities that it offered, particularly, in his view, if the soundtrack was not used realistically; words and pictures need not, and indeed should not, be tied together in a clumsy duplication of information; dialogue did not always need to be heard. Between 1930 and 1933, Clair explored these ideas in his first four sound films, starting with "Sous les toits de Paris" ("Under the Roofs of Paris"); this was followed by "Le Million" (1931), "À nous la liberté" (1931), and "Quatorze juillet" ("Bastille Day") (1933). All of these films portrayed an affectionate and idealized view of working class life, and they did much to create a popular romantic image of Paris which was seen around the world. These films were made at the Epinay Studios for Films Sonores Tobis, a French subsidiary of the German-owned Tobis company.

paragraph: When Chaplin made "Modern Times" in 1936, it was noted that some parts of it bore a marked similarity to scenes in "À nous la liberté", and the production company Tobis launched a lawsuit for plagiarism against United Artists, the producers of Chaplin's film. Clair was embarrassed by this since he acknowledged his own debt to the spirit of Chaplin, and he refused to be associated with the action.

paragraph: After the immense success of these early sound films, Clair met with a major setback when his next film, "Le Dernier Milliardaire" ("The Last Billionaire"/"The Last Millionaire") (1934), was a critical and commercial flop. While he was visiting London for the film's British première, he met Alexander Korda who offered him a contract to work in England. He accepted, and began a lengthy period of exile from film-making in France.

paragraph: Section::::Film career.:1935–1946.

paragraph: Clair's contract with Korda's London Films was for two years and it envisaged three films. Because of his limited English, he collaborated with the American dramatist Robert E. Sherwood as script-writer for his first film, "The Ghost Goes West" (1935), a comic fantasy about transatlantic culture clash. Clair and Sherwood became close friends. In January 1936, Clair visited America for two weeks, checking out for future employment possibilities but still planning to remain with Korda. Korda however rejected Clair's next script and they parted company. Clair's remaining time in England led to only one more completed film, "Break the News" (1938), a musical comedy with Jack Buchanan and Maurice Chevalier.

paragraph: Returning to France, Clair attempted to make another film there in 1939, "Air pur", which was to be a celebration of youth and childhood, but the outbreak of war interrupted filming and it was abandoned. In May 1940, Jean Giraudoux, then Minister of Information, suggested to Clair that the film profession should concentrate its resources in the south of country in Nice and Marseille - and if necessary establish a French production centre in the United States. It was with this last plan in mind that Clair and his family, along with Julien Duvivier, departed for America, but by the time he reached New York the project had already fallen through and he went straight on to Hollywood where several studios were interested in employing him. He made his first American film for Universal Studios, "The Flame of New Orleans" (1941), but it was such a commercial failure that for a time Clair's career as a director was in the balance. After more than a year's delay, his next film was "I Married a Witch" (1942), followed by "It Happened Tomorrow" (1944), both of which did respectably well, and then "And Then There Were None" (1945), which turned out to be an exceptional commercial success despite being perhaps the least personal of his Hollywood ventures. Each of Clair's American films was made for a different studio.

paragraph: In 1941 Clair was stripped of his French citizenship by the Vichy government, though this was later reversed. It was also in 1941 that he learned of the death of his brother Henri Chomette in France from polio. In 1943, he was planning to go to Algeria to organise the Service Cinématographique de l'Armée, but funding for the project was withdrawn just as he was on the point of departure. In July 1945 he went back to France for a short visit, and then returned finally in July 1946, having signed a contract with RKO for his next film to be made in France.

paragraph: Clair's American exile had allowed him to develop his characteristic vein of ironical fantasy with several commercially successful films, but there was some feeling that it had been at the expense of personal control and that his output there had not matched the quality of his earlier work in France. Clair himself recognised that being employed by the highly organized American studios had allowed him to work in ideal circumstances: "In spite of the restrictions of the American system, it is possible, if one wishes, to take responsibility. In my four Hollywood films I managed to do what I wanted."

paragraph: Section::::Film career.:1947–1965.

paragraph: Clair's first film on his return to France was the romantic comedy "Le silence est d'or" ("Silence is Golden") (1947), which was set in 1906 and nostalgically evoked the world of early French film-making; its plot also created variations on Molière's "L'École des femmes". Clair considered it one of his best post-war films. Literary inspirations also underpinned other films: Faust for "La Beauté du diable" ("Beauty and the Devil") (1950); and Don Juan for "Les Grandes Manœuvres" (1955). In these two films and the intervening "Les Belles de nuit" ("Beauties of the Night") (1952), the leading actor was Gérard Philipe who became a friend and a favourite performer for Clair. "Porte des Lilas" (1957) was a sombre film, set once again in a popular district of Paris with its picturesque inhabitants, for which the singer Georges Brassens was persuaded to give his first and only film performance.

paragraph: During the 1950s, as a new generation of French critics and film-makers emerged who were impatient of the prevailing modes of film production, Clair found himself increasingly criticised as a representative of the "cinéma de qualité", a "cinema of old men" dominated by nostalgia for their younger days. His status as a figure of the 'establishment' was further confirmed by his election to the Académie française in 1960. Although he continued to make a few more films in comic vein such as "Tout l'or du monde" ("All the Gold in the World") (1961), they were not well received and he made his last film, "Les Fêtes galantes" ("The Lace Wars"), in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Writing and later work.

paragraph: Clair began his career as a journalist, and writing remained an important interest for him to which he increasingly turned in his later years. In 1926 he published a novel, "Adams" (translated into English as "Star Turn"), about a Hollywood star for whom the distinction between the real and unreal becomes blurred. He occasionally returned to writing fiction ("La Princesse de Chine" and "Jeux du hasard"), but many of his publications dealt with the cinema, including reflections on his own films. Apart from many journal articles, his main publications were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adams". (Paris: Grasset, 1926). English translation, "Star Turn", (London: Chatto & Windus, 1936).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Réflexion faite". (Paris: Gallimard, 1951). English translation, "Reflections on the Cinema". (London: William Kimber, 1953).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Princesse de Chine, suivi de De fil en aiguille". (Paris: Grasset, 1951).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comédies et commentaires". (Paris: Gallimard, 1959) [includes 5 of Clair's screenplays]. English translation, in part, "Four Screenplays". (New York: Orion Press, 1970).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discours de réception à l'Académie française". (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tout l'or du monde". (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinéma d'hier, cinéma d'aujourd'hui". (Paris: Gallimard, 1970). English translation, "Cinema Yesterday and Today". (New York: Dover, 1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Étrange Ouvrage des cieux, d'après The Dutch Courtezan de Jon Marston". (Paris: Gallimard, 1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeux du hasard: récits et nouvelles". (Paris: Gallimard, 1976).

paragraph: Clair also ventured into other media. In 1951 he directed his first radio production, "Une larme du diable". In 1959 he directed a stage production of Musset's "On ne badine pas avec l'amour", in which Gérard Philipe gave one of his last performances before his death. In 1972 he staged Gluck's "Orphée" for the Paris Opéra.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: At the end of 1924, while Clair was working on "Ciné-sketch" for the theatre with France Picabia, he first met a young actress, Bronja Perlmutter, who subsequently appeared in his film "Le Voyage imaginaire" (1926) premiered at the newly opened Studio des Ursulines. They married in 1926, and their son, Jean-François, was born in 1927.

paragraph: René Clair died at home on 15 March 1981, and he was buried privately at Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Clair's reputation as a film-maker underwent a considerable reevaluation during the course of his own lifetime: in the 1930s he was widely seen as one of France's greatest directors, alongside Renoir and Carné, but thereafter his work's artifice and detachment from the realities of life fell increasingly from favour. The avant-gardism of his first films, and especially "Entr'acte", had given him a temporary notoriety, and a grounding in surrealism continued to underlie much of his comedy work. It was however the imaginative manner in which he overcame his initial scepticism about the arrival of sound which established his originality, and his first four sound films brought him international fame.

paragraph: Clair's years of working in the UK and USA made him still more widely known but did not show any marked development in his style or thematic concerns. It was in the post-war films that he made on his return to France that some critics have observed a new maturity and emotional depth, accompanied by a prevailing sense of melancholy but still framed by the elegance and wit that characterised his earlier work.

paragraph: However, in the 1950s the critics who heralded the arrival of the French New Wave, especially those associated with "Cahiers du Cinéma", found Clair's work old-fashioned and academic. François Truffaut wrote harshly of him after seeing "The Flame of New Orleans": "We don't follow our elders in paying the same tribute to Renoir and Clair. There is no film by Clair which matches the invention and wit of Renoir's "Tire au flanc"... Clair makes films for old ladies who go to the cinema twice a year."

paragraph: André Bazin, the founding editor of "Cahiers", made a more measured assessment: "René Clair has remained in a way a film-maker of the silent cinema. Whatever the quality and importance of his recent films, expression through the image always predominates over that of the word and one almost never misses the essence if one can only vaguely hear the dialogue." It was also in a special number of "Cahiers du Cinéma" reviewing the current state of the French cinema in 1957 that Clair received one of his most positive appreciations: "A complete film author who, since the silent era, has brought to the French cinema intelligence, refinement, humour, an intellectual quality that is slightly dry but smiling and in good taste... Whatever may follow in his rich career, he has created a cinematic world that is his own, full of rigour and not lacking in imagination, thanks to which he remains one of our greatest film-makers."

paragraph: Such appreciations have subsequently been rare, and the self-contained artificiality of Clair's films, his insistence on the meticulous preparation of an often literary script, and his preference for filming in studio sets rather than on location increasingly set him apart from modern trends in film-making. The paradox of Clair's reputation has been further heightened by those commentators who have seen François Truffaut as the French cinema's true successor to Clair, notwithstanding the occasions of their mutual disdain.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Feature films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Fantôme du Moulin-Rouge" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Phantom of the Moulin Rouge"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Voyage imaginaire" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Imaginary Voyage"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Proie du vent" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prey of the Wind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un chapeau de paille d'Italie" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Italian Straw Hat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Deux Timides" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Timid Souls"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sous les toits de Paris" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Roofs of Paris"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Million" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Million"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "À nous la liberté" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freedom for Us"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quatorze Juillet" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bastille Day"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Dernier Milliardaire" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Billionaire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ghost Goes West" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Break the News" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flame of New Orleans" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Married a Witch" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forever and a Day" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Happened Tomorrow" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "And Then There Were None" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le silence est d'or" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silence Is Golden"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man About Town"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Beauté du diable" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beauty of the Devil"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Belles de nuit" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beauties of the Night"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Grandes Manœuvres" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Grand Maneuver"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summer Manoeuvres"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Porte des Lilas" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gate of Lilacs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gates of Paris"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tout l'or du monde" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All the Gold in the World"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Fêtes galantes" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lace Wars"

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Short films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entr'acte" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paris qui dort" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paris Asleep"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crazy Ray"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Tour" (1928) (documentary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forever and a Day" (1943) "(segment "1897")"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Française et l'Amour" (1960) "(segment "Mariage, Le")"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love and the Frenchwoman"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Quatre Vérités" (1962) "(segment "Les Deux Pigeons")"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Fables of Love"

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Fables de La Fontaine" (1964) "(episodes "?")"

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: René Clair held the national honours of Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur, Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, and Grand-croix de l'ordre national du Mérite. He received the Grand Prix du cinéma français in 1953.

paragraph: In 1956 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Cambridge.

paragraph: In 1960 he was elected to the Académie française; he was not the first film-maker so honoured (he was preceded by Marcel Pagnol (1946), Jean Cocteau (1955), and Marcel Achard (1959)) but he was the first to be elected primarily as a film-maker. In 1994 the Académie established the Prix René-Clair as an annual prize awarded to a distinguished film-maker.

paragraph: In 1967 he received an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London.

paragraph: As well as many awards made for individual films, Clair received an honorary prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival in 1979 for his contribution to cinema.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of ambulance drivers during World War I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cinema pur

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography of books and articles about Rene Clair via UC Berkeley Media Resources center

alias:
René-Lucien Chomette
Rene Kler
Ren Lucien Chomette
René Chomette
Ren Clair
Rene Clair
Rene-Lucien Chomette
Rene Chomette

description: French filmmaker and writer

wikidata_label: René Clair

wikipedia_title: René Clair


text: Thabo Mbeki

text: Kgalema Motlanthe

text: AIDS epidemic

text: beetroot

text: antiretroviral medicines

text: Durban

text: Fort Hare University

text: African National Congress

text: First Leningrad Medical Institute

text: obstetrics

text: gynaecology

text: public health

text: University of Antwerp

text: Zambia

text: apartheid

text: anti-retroviral

text: beet

text: lemons

text: doubts about whether HIV caused AIDS

text: Treatment Action Campaign

text: Zackie Achmat

text: Matthias Rath

text: ARV

text: Nozipho Bhengu

text: African National Congress

text: Congress of South African Trade Unions

text: International AIDS Conference

text: Stephen Lewis

text: Thabo Mbeki

text: Radio 702

text: John Robbie

text: Traditional Medicine

text: Cameroon

text: Yaoundé

text: Mendi Msimang

text: anaemia

text: pleural effusion

text: Jeff Radebe

text: liver transplant

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: portal hypertension

text: Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge

text: Sunday Times

text: whisky

text: alcohol-induced

text: cirrhosis

text: Sunday Times

text: Jacob Zuma

text: National Executive Committee

text: Barbara Hogan

text: Jacob Zuma

text: Helen Zille

text: Democratic Alliance

text: ANC

text: HIV/AIDS in Africa

text: Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge

text: South African Department of Health

text: Manto replaced by Barbara Hogan

text: Tshabalala-Msimang's CV

text: Sack Manto

text: Parliamentary Media Briefing, Feb 2005

categories: 20th-century women politicians,University of Antwerp alumni,Women government ministers of South Africa,1940 births,Members of the National Assembly of South Africa,People from Durban,HIV/AIDS denialists,Liver transplant recipients,African National Congress politicians,South African politicians convicted of crimes,2009 deaths,Health ministers of South Africa

paragraph: Manto Tshabalala-Msimang

paragraph: Mantombazana 'Manto' Edmie Tshabalala-Msimang (née Mali) (9 October 1940 – 16 December 2009) was a South African politician. She was Deputy Minister of Justice from 1996 to 1999 and served as Minister of Health from 1999 to 2008 under President Thabo Mbeki. She also served as Minister in the Presidency under President Kgalema Motlanthe from September 2008 to May 2009.

paragraph: Her emphasis on treating South Africa's AIDS epidemic with easily accessible vegetables such as garlic and beetroot, rather than with antiretroviral medicines, was the subject of international criticism. These policies led to the deaths of over 300,000 South Africans.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Born in Durban, Tshabalala-Msimang graduated from Fort Hare University in 1961. As one of a number of young African National Congress cadres sent into exile for education, she received medical training at the First Leningrad Medical Institute in the Soviet Union from 1962 to 1969. She then trained as a registrar in obstetrics and gynaecology in Tanzania, finishing there in 1972. In 1980 she received a master's in public health from the University of Antwerp in Belgium.

paragraph: She was an official within the exiled ANC leadership in Tanzania and Zambia during the latter decade of apartheid, with job responsibilities focused on the health and well-being of ANC militants there.

paragraph: Section::::AIDS policies.

paragraph: Tshabalala-Msimang's administration as Minister of Health was controversial, because of her reluctance to adopt a public sector plan for treating AIDS with anti-retroviral medicines (ARVs). She was called "Dr Beetroot" for promoting the benefits of beetroot, garlic, lemons, and African potatoes as well as good general nutrition, while referring to possible toxicities of AIDS medicines. She was widely seen as following an AIDS policy in line with the ideas of South African President Thabo Mbeki, who for a time publicly expressed doubts about whether HIV caused AIDS.

paragraph: In 2002, the South African Cabinet affirmed the policy that "HIV causes AIDS" which as an official statement silenced any further speculation on this topic by Cabinet members, including the President. In August 2003 the cabinet also voted to make anti-retrovirals available in the public sector, and instructed Tshabalala-Msimang to carry out the policy.

paragraph: The Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and its founder Zackie Achmat often targeted the minister for criticism, accusing the government and the Ministry of Health in particular of an inadequate response to the AIDS epidemic. The TAC led a campaign calling for her resignation or dismissal.

paragraph: The TAC accused Tshabalala-Msimang of being aligned with Matthias Rath, a German physician and vitamin entrepreneur, who had charges laid against him for discouraging the use of ARVs.

paragraph: Tshabalala-Msimang placed her emphasis on broad public health goals, seeing AIDS as only one aspect of that effort and one which, because of the incurable nature of HIV and financial costs of HIV treatment, might impede broader efforts to improve public health. A report making the case that AIDS is such a burden on the public health system that treating it would actually free up costs was sent back for clarification and not released in the summer of 2003, until it was obtained and leaked by TAC. After the cabinet vote to accept the findings of this report, Tshabalala-Msimang was in charge of the ARV roll-out, but continued to emphasise the importance of nutrition in AIDS and to urge others to see AIDS as only one problem among many in South African health.

paragraph: A case that attracted much public attention was Nozipho Bhengu, daughter of an African National Congress legislator, who rejected anti-retroviral treatments for AIDS in favour of Tshabalala-Msimang's garlic and lemon diet. The minister declined to attend her funeral, and her stand-in was booed off the podium.

paragraph: In February 2005, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) criticised the health department for their failure to ensure that most of the 30 million rand used to establish the government's AIDS trust in 2002 had been spent. They said only R520,000 of this money was used and of this a large portion had been squandered on unoccupied offices for the SANAC secretariat, something that drew criticism from the auditor-general.

paragraph: In August 2006, at the International AIDS Conference in Toronto, Stephen Lewis, the United Nations special envoy for AIDS in Africa, closed the conference with a sharp critique of South Africa's government. He said South Africa promoted a "lunatic fringe" attitude toward HIV and AIDS, describing the government as "obtuse, dilatory, and negligent about rolling out treatment".

paragraph: After the conference, sixty-five of the world's leading HIV/AIDS scientists (most of them were attending the conference) asked in a letter that Thabo Mbeki dismiss Tshabalala-Msimang.

paragraph: In a controversial 2000 interview by Radio 702 presenter John Robbie, Tshabalala-Msimang refused to say whether she believed HIV caused AIDS.

paragraph: Section::::Traditional medicines.

paragraph: At a meeting with traditional healers to discuss future legislation in February 2008, Tshabalala-Msimang argued that traditional remedies should not become "bogged down" in clinical trials, saying, "We cannot use Western models of protocols for research and development".

paragraph: In September 2008, Tshabalala-Msimang called for greater protection of the intellectual rights of Africa's traditional medicines. Speaking at the 6th commemoration of The African Traditional Medicine Day in Cameroon's capital of Yaoundé, she said that the continent should benefit more from its ancient traditional knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Tshabalala-Msimang married her first husband, Mandla Tshabalala, while both were in exile in the Soviet Union. Later she married Mendi Msimang, the treasurer of the African National Congress.

paragraph: Concern over Tshabalala-Msimang's health came to the fore in late 2006. She was admitted to the Johannesburg Hospital on 20 February 2007, suffering from anaemia and pleural effusion (an abnormal accumulation of fluid around the lungs). The Department of Health approached President Thabo Mbeki, and asked him to appoint an acting minister, and on 26 February Jeff Radebe was appointed acting health minister. On 14 March 2007, Tshabalala-Msimang underwent a liver transplant. The stated cause was autoimmune hepatitis with portal hypertension, but the transplant was surrounded by accusations of heavy drinking.

paragraph: She subsequently recovered her health and returned to her Ministerial duties until her replacement as health minister in 2008.

paragraph: On 16 December 2009, she died due to complications related to her liver transplant.

paragraph: Section::::Scandal.

paragraph: On 12 August 2007, four days after the controversial dismissal of her deputy minister, Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, the "Sunday Times" ran an article titled "Manto's hospital booze binge" about a previous hospital stay in 2005 for a shoulder operation. The article alleged that she sent hospital workers out to fetch wine, whisky and food items, in one case at 1:30 am. Tshabalala-Msimang threatened legal action against the newspaper on the grounds that they were in possession of her medical records. The paper defended its statements, stating that "a retraction was not under consideration". The article also reported speculation among "many top medical experts at state and private institutions, who refused to be named as they feared retribution from the health ministry" that her liver condition was alcohol-induced, cirrhosis.

paragraph: According to a "Sunday Times" article titled "Manto: A Drunk and a Thief" published on 19 August 2007, the minister was a convicted thief who had stolen patient items at a hospital in Botswana, and had been deported from Botswana and declared a prohibited immigrant.

paragraph: Section::::ANC politics and replacement as Health Minister.

paragraph: With the endorsement of Jacob Zuma's supporters, Tshabalala-Msimang was re-elected to the ANC's 80-member National Executive Committee in December 2007 in 55th place, with 1,591 votes.

paragraph: Mbeki was forced to resign by the ANC in September 2008. When his successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, took office on 25 September 2008, he moved Tshabalala-Msimang to the post of Minister in the Presidency, appointing Barbara Hogan to replace her as Minister of Health.

paragraph: Tshabalala-Msimang was not included in the first Cabinet of President Jacob Zuma, announced on 10 May 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Tshabalala-Msimang died on 16 December 2009 at the Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre and Medi-Clinic ICU. Her doctor, Professor Jeff Wing, announced that she died due to complications arising from a liver transplant.

paragraph: Political opponents and friends alike expressed shock at the announcement of her death:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) – "We don't wish ill on any human being even though we had a very difficult time with her as minister of health. We are sending our condolences to her family and children."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Zille, leader of the Democratic Alliance – "We extend our sincere regrets to her family and loved ones. It is sad when anyone dies. Like many politicians she was controversial. However, that doesn't detract from the sadness of her death".

paragraph: BULLET::::- COSATU president Sidumo Dlamini – "This is shocking news. Somebody asked me yesterday what message we were going to send her in hospital and I said we hoped and wished her a speedy recovery. She made some mistakes by driving those policies but she was a human being. Her loss is a great loss. South Africa is losing a great leader of the ANC."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HIV/AIDS in Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Department of Health

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manto replaced by Barbara Hogan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tshabalala-Msimang's CV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Democratic Alliance website detailing Tshabalala-Msimang's failures and gaffes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sack Manto, a South African initiative to oust the incumbent minister

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eighty Scientists Condemn South Africa's AIDS Policies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aids experts condemn South African minister

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transcript of radio interview with Tshabalala-Msimang, asking her whether HIV causes AIDS

paragraph: In her own words:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Minister presenting the health budget priorities for 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parliamentary Media Briefing, Feb 2005

description: South African politician

enwikiquote_title: Manto Tshabalala-Msimang

wikidata_label: Manto Tshabalala-Msimang

wikipedia_title: Manto Tshabalala-Msimang


text:
African-American
sealer
pirate
Recherche Archipelago
Western Australia
King George Sound
Albany
Recherche Archipelago
Middle Island
Western Australia
Australian sea lion
New Zealand fur seal
Kangaroo Island
Althorpe Islands
South Australia
Western Australia
Kaurna
sex slaves
The Inquirer
convicts
The Australian/Vogel Literary Award

paragraph: Black Jack Anderson

paragraph: John 'Black Jack' Anderson was an African-American sealer and pirate active in the Recherche Archipelago off the south coast of Western Australia. He is Australia's only recorded pirate.

paragraph: Section::::Arrival in Australia.

paragraph: Anderson arrived in the fledgling King George Sound colony (modern day Albany) aboard the American whaling vessel "Vigilant" in 1826. While the crew were drinking ashore, a fight broke out and a man was killed. Accused of murder, Anderson and several crewmates fled in a small vessel and hid out in the Recherche Archipelago, approximately 400 kilometres to the east.

paragraph: Section::::Piracy.

paragraph: Anderson and his fellows established an encampment on Middle Island in Western Australia, as it was one of the few islands with a source of fresh water. The archipelago was heavily populated by Australian sea lions and New Zealand fur seals, and Anderson's band soon enriched themselves by trading furs to settlements along the coast; they are noted as visiting Kangaroo Island and the Althorpe Islands in South Australia. They supplemented their sealing income by robbing vessels travelling between Western Australia and the east coast colonies. They are also said to have murdered Indigenous Kaurna men and abducted women to take as sex slaves. The Recherche Archipelago was treacherous and uncharted, making it an ideal hideout for the pirates.

paragraph: Anderson was eventually murdered by his fellow pirates, and is thought to be buried somewhere on Middle Island. The reputation of the island as a lawless place continued for some time; in 1848 "The Inquirer" called it "the resort of a set of lawless desperadoes, composed of runaway convicts, sealers, etc."

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skins", by Sarah Hay - winner of the 2001 The Australian/Vogel Literary Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Jack Anderson: Australia's Most Notorious Pirate," by Elaine Forrestal

description: American pirate

wikidata_label: Black Jack Anderson

wikipedia_title: Black Jack Anderson


text:
valet
Richard Nixon
United States
A Coruña
Cuba
Florida
Bebe Rebozo
New York City
president of the United States
Pat Nixon
Rose Mary Woods
Republican
presidency of Richard Nixon
Executive Residence
Major-General
United States Secret Service
Lincoln Memorial
Vietnam War
Ron Ziegler
United States Capitol
U.S. House of Representatives
White House Chief of Staff
H. R. Haldeman
constructed language
John Ehrlichman
Environmental Protection Agency
Russell E. Train
Key Biscayne, Florida
San Clemente, California
phlebitis
Gerald Ford
Palm Springs
oath of allegiance
Nixon
Tony Plana
John F. Kennedy
Oliver Stone
Robert McNamara
Frost/Nixon
Jack Brennan

categories: Spanish emigrants to Cuba,Servants,People from A Coruña,Spanish emigrants to the United States,1930 births,Richard Nixon,Living people

paragraph: Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)

paragraph: Manuel "Manolo" Sanchez (born 1930) is the former long-time valet to Richard Nixon, known for his unfailing loyalty and fierce devotion to the former United States president. Sanchez was born in Spain and immigrated to Cuba at a young age. There, he worked as a dishwasher and laborer before moving to the United States. He was employed by Richard Nixon from 1962 to about 1980. The famously reserved Nixon developed a close relationship with Sanchez and once described him as a member of his family.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sanchez was born in A Coruña, Spain. In 1946 he immigrated to Cuba where he worked as a dishwasher and laborer. In 1950 he emigrated, again, to Florida in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early years with the Nixons.

paragraph: Sanchez began working for Richard and Pat Nixon in 1962 after being referred to the couple by Nixon family friend Bebe Rebozo. Sanchez and his wife Fina moved into the Nixons' 12-room apartment at 810 Fifth Avenue in New York City. Nixon would later describe the Sanchezes as "members of our family in a very special way". Twelve years later, when asked by a reporter if he would continue working for Nixon after he left office, Sanchez responded "the boss will not need to ask me. Wherever he goes in three years from now, he knows I will go with him".

paragraph: On January 15, 1967, Nixon held a dinner at his home during which he decided to run for president of the United States in 1968. In attendance were Pat Nixon, the Nixon's children, Nixon's longtime secretary Rose Mary Woods, and Manolo and Fina Sanchez. All attendees, except Pat Nixon, encouraged him to seek the Republican nomination.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:White House years.

paragraph: Sanchez moved to Washington with the Nixons during the presidency of Richard Nixon, and lived with Fina in a suite on the third floor of the Executive Residence of the White House.

paragraph: Sanchez, along with the president's physician Major-General Walter Tkach and four United States Secret Service agents, accompanied Nixon during his unannounced 4:40 a.m. visit to the Lincoln Memorial on May 8, 1970, during which he met students protesting the Vietnam War. Nixon reportedly woke Sanchez at 4:22 in the morning and inquired if he'd "ever seen the Lincoln Memorial at night? Get your clothes on, we'll go!" At the memorial, Nixon toured Sanchez inside the sanctum and described the inscriptions; the pair were eventually approached by a group of about 30 protesters and spent the next two hours speaking with them. After White House personnel became aware Nixon had left the building unannounced, Ron Ziegler mounted a mission to retrieve him. After recovering the president, and during the return trip to the White House, Nixon insisted on stopping at the United States Capitol, where he took his former seat in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives and instructed Sanchez to make a speech. White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman would later describe the incident in his diary as "the weirdest day yet".

paragraph: During his last years in the White House, Nixon became increasingly dependent on Sanchez, and the two developed a constructed language "sometimes using words that only the two of them understood". A jury summons Sanchez received in 1972 prompted a personal letter to the jury commissioner from John Ehrlichman for Sanchez to be excused from service "in order that he can be available to the president". Despite his loyalty to Nixon, Sanchez was known to have disagreed with the president on several occasions. During one incident, in 1973, Nixon expressed frustration to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Russell E. Train about overly cumbersome environmental regulations, citing the instance of mangrove trees at his property in Key Biscayne, Florida, which he couldn't cut down, before turning to Sanchez and asking "isn't that right"? Sanchez reportedly replied:

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Post-presidency.

paragraph: He continued working for Richard and Pat Nixon at their post-presidency home in San Clemente, California. Sanchez was alone with Nixon when the latter suffered a near-fatal relapse after emerging from surgery for phlebitis in 1974. Before slipping into unconsciousness, Nixon told Sanchez "Manolo, I don't think I'm going to get out of here alive". After Nixon received a pardon from Gerald Ford, the Associated Press intercepted Sanchez while he was grocery shopping for Nixon in Palm Springs to get Nixon's reaction. Sanchez replied that,

paragraph: By 1980, after nearly two decades serving the Nixons, Manolo Sanchez retired with his wife, Fina, and returned to Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sanchez was naturalized a U.S. citizen in 1968; Nixon sponsored his application, attended the ceremony, and took the oath of allegiance with him. Sanchez married his wife, Fina, in Spain.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In the 1995 film "Nixon", Sanchez is portrayed by Tony Plana. During one scene in the film, Nixon asks Sanchez what he thinks of John F. Kennedy, to which Sanchez replies "he made me see the stars". In a subsequent interview, Oliver Stone explained that the quote was actually attributed to Robert McNamara and that he assigned it to Sanchez in the film as a joke; Sanchez was known to have intensely disliked Kennedy.

paragraph: In the 2008 film "Frost/Nixon", Sanchez was portrayed by Eloy Casados.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonel Jack Brennan

description: former long-time valet to Richard Nixon

wikidata_label: Manolo Sanchez

wikipedia_title: Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)


text:
solicitor
Glasgow
surgical instrument
Hutcheson's Grammar School
University of Glasgow
MA
BL
LLB
Eveline MacLaren
Josephine Gordon Stuart
University of Edinburgh
Maclay Murray & Spens
Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919
law agent
Scottish Law Agents Society
Law Society of Scotland
indenture
Court of Session
Inner House
Lord President
Lord Skerrington
Lord Cullen
Lord Ordinary
Lord Ashmore
Dunkeld
Crieff
Bankfoot
Margaret Kidd
Scottish Bar
Put her on a pedestal
Women in the World's Legal Professions

categories: 1896 births,People from Glasgow,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,1982 deaths,Scottish lawyers,Women lawyers

paragraph: Madge Easton Anderson

paragraph: Madge Easton Anderson (24 April 1896 - 1982) was a Scottish lawyer. She was the first woman admitted to practise as a professional lawyer in the UK when, in 1920, she qualified as a solicitor in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Anderson was born on 24 April 1896 in Glasgow to Anne Catherine Chisholm (1864–1947), daughter of an Inverness bookseller, and Robert Easton Anderson (1865-1932), a surgical instrument maker.

paragraph: From 1904 to 1913 she attended Hutcheson's Grammar School, going on to study at the University of Glasgow. She graduated with an MA in 1916, a BL in 1919 and an LLB in 1920. She was the first woman to graduate from the University with a degree in law. She was not however the first female law graduate in Scotland: Eveline MacLaren and Josephine Gordon Stuart graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Edinburgh some years earlier, but at that time women were prohibited from practising as lawyers.

paragraph: On 12 May 1917 she began working as an apprentice law agent at the practice of Maclay Murray & Spens. In 1920, Anderson was the first woman to be admitted to the legal profession in the United Kingdom following the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, when she was admitted as a law agent in Scotland (the Scottish Law Agents Society was formed in 1884; the Law Society of Scotland was not created until 1949).

paragraph: Her application for admission as a law agent was initially refused, because the necessary three years of training began before the passing of the Act, and her indenture of training was not properly registered — registration was refused in 1917 because she was a woman. She appealed to the Court of Session, and her petition was reported to the Inner House, First Division, and heard in December 1920, by the Lord President, Lord Mackenzie, Lord Skerrington and Lord Cullen. The opinion of the Lord Ordinary Lord Ashmore criticised the English terminology used in the Act, but concluded that she was entitled to have her petition granted, and the court upheld her appeal.

paragraph: In 1922 Anderson was working at the Glasgow law firm John Steuart and Gillies, where she stayed for five years before establishing her own practice in Giffnock in Glasgow. In 1937 she became the first woman qualified to practice as a solicitor in both England and Scotland, after passing the English Law Society final exam. She practiced law in London, with legal partners Edith Annie Berthen and Beatrice Honour Davy until 1951; the first British law firm run exclusively by women.

paragraph: In 1949 she purchased a house near Dunkeld in Perthshire which she ran as a private hotel for some years, before moving first to a cottage near Crieff and then to Bankfoot. However, the details of her later life remain obscure. Anderson died at the Royal Infirmary, Perth, on 9 August 1982.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Kidd DBE, KC, the first woman to be called to the Scottish Bar, in July 1923

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Put her on a pedestal, The Scotsman, 7 March 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in the World's Legal Professions, Ulrike Schultz, Gisela Shaw, p. 141

description: Scottish lawyer

wikidata_label: Madge Easton Anderson

wikipedia_title: Madge Easton Anderson


text:
Grand Master
Teutonic Knights
Mainz
military order
Heinrich VI
Amalric II of Jerusalem
Celestine III
Innocent III
Gilbert Horal
Grand Master of the Knights Templar
Templars
Acre, Israel
Die Grafen von Bassenheim

categories: German untitled nobility,12th-century births,1200 deaths,People from Mainz,Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order

paragraph: Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim

paragraph: Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim (died 1200), also known as Henry Walpot, was the first Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights serving from 1198 to 1200.

paragraph: As little is known about him, information regarding the Grand Master is mostly based on historians' theories. Walpot hailed from a rich family from Mainz. He was in favour of turning the organization into a military order.

paragraph: The death of the Hohenstaufen emperor Heinrich VI in 1197 caused an important change in the Teutonic Order, and together with King Amalric II of Jerusalem decided to militarize the fraternity, so they were incorporated as an independent military order in 1198 under the direction of Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim and received privilages from popes Celestine III and Innocent III. In 1199 he received a copy of monastery rules from Gilbert Horal, the Grand Master of the Knights Templar, and on behalf of Pope Innocent III. It was based on the rules of the Templars.

paragraph: Walpot died and was buried in Acre, Israel.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Grafen von Bassenheim

description: Grands Master of the Teutonic Knights

wikidata_label: Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim


text:
Grand Master
Teutonic Knights
Landgrave
Thuringia
military order
Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia
Sophia
Otto I, Duke of Bavaria
Louis IV of Thuringia
Elisabeth of Hungary
Sixth Crusade
Henry Raspe
Herman II
Hesse
Thuringia
Siegfried III, Archbishop of Mainz
Fritzlar
Marburg
Johanniter Order
Conrad of Marburg
Pope Gregory IX
Rome
Curia
Teutonic Knights
Pentecost
Hermann von Salza
Rome
Elisabeth Church

categories: 1240 deaths,Landgraves of Thuringia,Rulers of Thuringia,Burials at St. Elizabeth's Church, Marburg,1200s births,Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order

paragraph: Konrad von Thüringen

paragraph: Konrad von Thüringen () (ca. 1206 – 24 July 1240) was the fifth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1239 to 1240. A Landgrave of Thuringia from 1231 to 1234, he was the first major noble to join the military order.

paragraph: Conrad was the youngest son of Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia, and Sophia, a daughter of Otto I, Duke of Bavaria. His elder brother Louis IV of Thuringia was married to Saint Elisabeth of Hungary. When Louis died in 1227 during the Sixth Crusade, his brother Henry Raspe became regent for Louis' minor son Herman II, and Conrad took on the title of Count of Gudensberg in Hesse, assisting his brother in ruling the area.

paragraph: On Elisabeth's death in 1231, Henry Raspe took Thuringia for himself, and together with Conrad, worked to consolidate power. Conrad engaged in battle a number of times with Siegfried III, Archbishop of Mainz, at one point personally swinging him around and threatening to cut him in two. In 1232, he besieged the city of Fritzlar, massacring its populace and burning the church.

paragraph: Elisabeth had founded a hospital in Marburg and had intended to bequeath it to the Johanniter Order, but this was rejected by her "defensor", Conrad of Marburg. Pope Gregory IX sent a commission to settle the matter, and it decided in favor of Conrad of Marburg on 2 August 1232. In the summer of 1234, Conrad travelled to Rome and convinced the Curia to turn the hospital and parish church in Marburg over to the Teutonic Knights, which had founded a house in the city the previous year. In November, Conrad set aside his temporal title and entered the Teutonic Order himself. The next year, he joined the commission to Rome that represented his sister-in-law in the canonization process, and he remained in the court of the Pope until Pentecost of 1235 when she was declared a saint.

paragraph: Upon the death of Hermann von Salza, Conrad became the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. While on a trip to Rome in the early summer of 1240, he fell ill and died. He was buried in the Elisabeth Church in Marburg.

description: Langrave of Thuringia and Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

wikidata_label: Konrad von Thüringen

wikipedia_title: Konrad von Thüringen


text: Nagymajor

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Brazil

text: Hungarian

text: aristocrat

text: cavalry

text: officer

text: Northern Transylvania

text: aide-de-camp

text: Tomislav II

text: Croatia

text: anti-Nazi

text: European Jews

text: House of Cseszneky

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Balkans

text: World War I

text: Serbian government

text: Roman Catholic

text: Boncompagni family

text: Italy

text: senator of the Kingdom of Italy

text: Count Enrico San Martino di Valperga

text: cadet

text: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: Regency of Carnaro

text: Fiume

text: Second Vienna Arbitration

text: Northern Transylvania

text: Miklós Horthy

text: Regent

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Vitéz

text: Yugoslavia

text: Independent State of Croatia

text: Victor Emmanuel III

text: Aimone, Duke of Spoleto

text: King of Croatia

text: regnal name

text: Croatian

text: Hungarian

text: aide-de-camp

text: privy counsellor

text: monarch

text: throne

text: Zagreb

text: titles of nobility

text: Ustasha

text: monarchist

text: anti-communist

text: Nazism

text: anti-semitism

text: Hungarian Jew

text: Holocaust

text: Israel

text: Red Army

text: Miklós Kállay

text: Lorković-Vokić coup

text: Budapest

text: Argentina

text: Brazil

text: Official family site

text: Macedonian Monarchist League

categories: 20th-century deaths,The Holocaust in Yugoslavia,Hungarian anti-communists,Cseszneky,Hungarian people of Swiss descent,Hungarian monarchists,Hungarian people of World War II,The Holocaust in Macedonia,Hungarian people of German descent,Year of death missing,People from Stará Ľubovňa District,People of the Independent State of Croatia,Croatian people of Hungarian descent,Hungarian people of Croatian descent,1914 births,Jewish Croatian history,The Holocaust in Hungary,Brazilian people of Hungarian descent

paragraph: Gyula Cseszneky

paragraph: Count Gyula István Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek, (Nagymajor, Austria-Hungary, 28 June 1914 – Brazil, after 1970) was a Hungarian aristocrat, poet, cavalry officer, who took part in the Hungarian reannexation of Northern Transylvania, served as aide-de-camp to King Tomislav II of Croatia. He was also involved in anti-Nazi conspiracies and played an important role in the rescue of the European Jews.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gyula Cseszneky's father was an inventor and impoverished aristocrat, a member of the House of Cseszneky, while his mother was the only daughter and heir of a wealthy grain merchant with extended commercial links throughout Austria-Hungary and the Balkans. After World War I, most of their properties were confiscated by the Serbian government, and then his father's sudden death even worsened their hardships.

paragraph: Their financial difficulties notwithstanding, Gyula excelled at school, and showed a great interest in literature and poetry. His family encouraged him to become a Roman Catholic priest, however, he shortly changed his mind and as a holder of the Boncompagni family's grant he went to Italy to a military school. In Italy he was introduced to the cultural élite and high society by an old family friend and senator of the Kingdom of Italy, Count Enrico San Martino di Valperga. Fascinated by the Italian language and culture, the young Hungarian cadet translated into his native language several poems of Gabriele D'Annunzio. Cseszneky admired the Italian poet, and probably his subsequent adventure in the Balkans was inspired by D'Annunzio's Regency of Carnaro in Fiume.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Reannexation of Northern Transylvania.

paragraph: In 1940 after the Second Vienna Arbitration as a Hungarian reserve officer, he took part in the reannexation of Northern Transylvania. For his braveness showed during the marching, Miklós Horthy, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary bestowed upon him the title Vitéz and awarded him the Commemorative Medal for the Liberation of Transylvania and the Medal For Bravery.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Aide-de-camp to the King of Croatia.

paragraph: In 1941 after the collapse of Yugoslavia, the Independent State of Croatia was established and following negotiations between Italy and the representatives of the new state, Italian King Victor Emmanuel III’s nephew Aimone, Duke of Spoleto was elected King of Croatia under the regnal name Tomislav II. Gyula Cseszneky who spoke fluent Croatian, Italian, German and Hungarian, and had also met Prince Aimone during his years in Rome, was appointed aide-de-camp and privy counsellor to the new monarch. Nevertheless, since the King did not actually occupy his throne in Zagreb, Count Cseszneky, whose titles of nobility had just been confirmed, deeply disappointed by the brutality of the Ustasha régime, left the service.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Against National Socialism.

paragraph: Count Gyula István Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek was a conservative monarchist with strong anti-communist persuasion, however, he always despised Nazism and anti-semitism. One of his sisters was married to a Hungarian Jew who later became a victim of the Holocaust.

paragraph: Cseszneky also reportedly saved the life of several Jews in Croatia and Hungary. After the war his merits were recognized in Israel.

paragraph: Count Cseszneky was aware of King Tomislav’s secret plan to make a separate peace agreement with the Allied Forces, and he hoped that opening a route for an Allied intervention in the Balkans would secure freedom not only for Macedonians, but also for Croatia and Hungary while saving them from the Red Army. Having this in mind, the Count also served as a contact person between Miklós Kállay’s Hungarian government and the participants of the Lorković-Vokić coup in Croatia. After Regent Horthy’s failed attempt to change side in the war he was searched for by the Gestapo.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war life.

paragraph: The end of the war saw him in Budapest. In spite of his anti-Nazi credentials, in Russian-occupied Hungary, Gyula Cseszneky was declared enemy of the working class and was forced into exile. He went with King Tomislav II - then Aimone, Duke of Aosta - to Argentina and later died in Brazil.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official family site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macedonian Monarchist League

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gróf Milványi Cseszneky Gyula és Mihály Emlékbizottság

wikidata_label: Gyula Cseszneky

wikipedia_title: Gyula Cseszneky


text: Canadian

text: Bing Crosby

text: Montreal

text: Macdonald Campus

text: McGill University

text: Larry Clinton's

text: USO

text: Your Hit Parade

text: Lawrence Tibbett

text: Joan Edwards

text: Avalon Time

text: RCA Victor

text: Bluebird Records

text: You're the Only Star in My Blue Heaven

text: Dick Todd on Last.Fm

text: Dick Todd at AOL Music

text: Dick Todd at The Canadian Encyclopedia

text: Find A Grave entry

text: Forgotten Ones: Dick Todd

categories: Bluebird Records artists,1914 births,Canadian male singers,Singers from Montreal,20th-century male singers,1973 deaths,Canadian pop singers,20th-century Canadian singers,Crooners,Anglophone Quebec people

paragraph: Dick Todd (singer)

paragraph: Dick Todd (August 4, 1914 – May 1973) was a Canadian singer, most active from the 1930s to 1950s. He was nicknamed the Canadian Crosby, due to his supposed vocal similarity to Bing Crosby, and was born in Montreal.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Todd sang in school programs as early as age 6. When he was 14, he worked as a log driver in a lumber camp.

paragraph: His public schooling came at Macdonald Campus of McGill University and went on to study engineering at McGill. where he also played football. (Another source says that he was a music major at McGill.)

paragraph: Section::::Radio.

paragraph: Todd sang on a radio program in Canada in 1933.

paragraph: After he came to the United States in 1938 to sing on broadcasts of Larry Clinton's orchestra, Todd became a favorite with radio listeners across the country.

paragraph: During 1944-1945, Todd spent a year on a USO tour, entertaining troops during World War II. He returned to network radio July 28, 1945, on "Your Hit Parade", replacing Lawrence Tibbett as the featured male singer, counterpart to Joan Edwards.

paragraph: He was a soloist on programs such as "Melody and Madness", "Avalon Time", "Rinso-Spry Vaudeville Theatre", "Hometown Incorporated", and "Show Boat".

paragraph: Section::::Recording.

paragraph: In the late 1930s, Todd signed a contract with RCA Victor to record for the company's Bluebird Records label. During his career he recorded such hits as "You're the Only Star in My Blue Heaven", "It's A Hap-Hap-Happy Day" and "Blue Orchids". In a 1940 magazine article, a writer commented, "He has the heaviest record-making schedule of any singer in the country."

paragraph: Section::::Film.

paragraph: Todd "made a couple of short features for Paramount."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick Todd on Last.Fm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick Todd at AOL Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick Todd at The Canadian Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find A Grave entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forgotten Ones: Dick Todd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick Todd featured in Radio and Television Mirror, January 1942

description: Canadian singer

wikidata_label: Dick Todd

wikipedia_title: Dick Todd (singer)


text: professional

text: Ukrainian

text: football

text: Midfielder

text: Metalurh Zaporizhya

text: Ukrainian Premier League

text: Metalurh Zaporizhya

text: Arsenal Kyiv

text: Profile on EUFO

text: Profile on Football Squads

categories: FC Chornomorets Odesa players,1985 births,Ukraine student international footballers,People from Hlukhiv,Ukrainian footballers,FC Metalurh Zaporizhya players,FC Nyva Vinnytsia players,FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players,FC Nyva Bershad players,FC Desna Chernihiv players,FC Moscow players,MFC Mykolaiv players,Association football midfielders,Living people

paragraph: Roman Lutsenko

paragraph: Roman Lutsenko (born 20 January 1985) is a professional Ukrainian football Midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He played for Metalurh Zaporizhya in the Ukrainian Premier League. Lutsenko debuted for the Metalurh Zaporizhya senior team on 26 April 2008 during a home game in the Ukrainian Premier League against rivals Arsenal Kyiv, which the team lost 1:0.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Official Metalurh Zaporizhya Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on EUFO

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Football Squads

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Roman Lutsenko

wikipedia_title: Roman Lutsenko


text:
Joinville-le-Pont
Paris
Comédie-Française
Jacques de Féraudy
Théâtre Français
Isidore Lechat
Business is business
Fascination
Two Timid Souls
René Clair
Lady Harrington
The Secret of Polichinelle
Cousin Pons
Crainquebille
Jacques Feyder
In Old Alsace
The Gaieties of the Squadron
The Last Pardon

categories: 1932 deaths,French male silent film actors,French male stage actors,French songwriters,French male film actors,Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française,French film directors,1859 births

paragraph: Maurice de Féraudy

paragraph: Maurice de Féraudy (born in Joinville-le-Pont on December 3, 1859 - died in Paris May 12, 1932) was a French songwriter and actor at the Comédie-Française. He was the father of actor Jacques de Féraudy.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: He joined the Théâtre Français in 1880, the company in 1887, and became dean in 1929. The role of his life, which he played 1200 times in nearly thirty years and of which he had a monopoly, is that of Isidore Lechat in "Business is business" (French: ), Octave Mirbeau (1903). As part of the Comedy Francaise he toured Quebec, Montreal and New York in 1922, showing two plays by Molière.

paragraph: He has been applauded in the use of comedy, his playing full of cheerfulness.

paragraph: Féraudy also wrote the lyrics of many songs for Paulette Darty, including the famous Fascination, taken up by later by Suzy Delair and Diane Dufresne.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 : "Ça aussi!" ... c'est Paris d'Antoine Mourre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 : "Two Timid Souls" de René Clair : Thibaudier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 : "Fleur d'amour" de Marcel Vandal : Maître Sourgueil

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926 : "Lady Harrington" : Bréhaut

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 : "Le Cœur des gueux" d'Alfred Machin : le Père Larue

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923 : "The Secret of Polichinelle" de René Hervil : Mr. Jouvenel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923 : "Cousin Pons" de Jacques Robert : Pons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 : "Crainquebille" de Jacques Feyder : Crainquebille

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1921 : "Blanchette" de René Hervil : Père Rousset

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 : "In Old Alsace" : de René Hervil

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913 : "The Gaieties of the Squadron"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913 : "The Last Pardon"

description: French actor and songwriter

wikidata_label: Maurice de Féraudy

wikipedia_title: Maurice de Féraudy


text:
Major League Baseball
Washington Senators
Detroit Tigers
catcher
utility player
first baseman
designated hitter
outfielder
third baseman
pinch hitter
Philadelphia Phillies
Detroit Tigers
Pittsburgh Pirates
Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs
Delaware Sports Hall of Fame
Welch, West Virginia
John Dickinson High School
Wilmington, Delaware
drop kick
Washington Senators
Geneva Senators
Burlington Senators
Pittsfield Senators
St. Louis Cardinals
Mike Nagy
Jim Bibby
Tulsa Oilers
Evansville Triplets
Jerry Moses
Christiana, Delaware
Mickey Rivers
[Ralph] Houk
born-again Christian
Milt May
Lance Parrish
Sparky Anderson
Glenn Wilson
Willie Hernández
Dave Bergman
Boston Red Sox
Miami Marlins
Florida State League
Lakeland Tigers
Glen Falls, New York
Toledo Mud Hens
Pittsburgh Pirates
Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs
Northeast Independent League
Delaware Sports Hall of Fame

categories: Minor league baseball managers,Baseball players from West Virginia,Philadelphia Phillies players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Toledo Mud Hens managers,Evansville Triplets players,Pittsfield Senators players,Detroit Tigers players,Major League Baseball first basemen,Burlington Senators players,Miami Marlins (FSL) players,Major League Baseball catchers,Geneva Senators players,Spokane Indians players,People from Welch, West Virginia,1949 births,Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players,Pittsfield Rangers players,Shelby Senators players

paragraph: John Wockenfuss

paragraph: Johnny Bilton Wockenfuss (born February 27, 1949), sometimes known by the nicknames "Fuss" and "Johnny B.", is a former Major League Baseball player and manager, known for his strong throwing arm, unorthodox batting stance, and ability to play at multiple positions.

paragraph: Wockenfuss began his baseball career as a pitcher in high school. He was drafted by the Washington Senators in 42nd round of the 1967 amateur draft and spent five years in the Senators' farm system. He was acquired by the Detroit Tigers in December 1973 and played 10 seasons for the club from 1974 to 1983, first as a backup catcher and then as a utility player whose assignments included first baseman, designated hitter, outfielder, third baseman, and pinch hitter.

paragraph: Wockenfuss was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1984 and played two seasons there, playing principally at first base, catcher, and as a pinch hitter.

paragraph: After his playing career ended, Wockenfuss worked as a minor league manager for several years, including four years in the Detroit Tigers farm system (1986–1990), two years in the Pittsburgh Pirates' farm system (1992–1993), and two years with the Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs (1996–1997). He was inducted into the inducted into the Delaware Sports Hall of Fame in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Wockenfuss was born in 1949 in Welch, West Virginia. He attended John Dickinson High School in Wilmington, Delaware. One of the best all-around athletes Dickinson High ever produced, he lettered in football, basketball, baseball, and track. He played baseball as a pitcher. He played quarterback for the football team and gained note for his use of a drop kick technique to kick extra points after touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: Wockenfuss was drafted by the Washington Senators in the 42nd round of the 1967 Major League Baseball June Amateur Draft. He spent five season in the Senators' farm system, including stints with the Geneva Senators (1967–1968), Burlington Senators (1969), and Pittsfield Senators (1970–1972). During his time in the minors, he converted from a pitcher to an outfielder and then a catcher.

paragraph: In June 1973, Wockenfuss was traded by the Texas Rangers (successor to the Senators) to the St. Louis Cardinals along with Mike Nagy in exchange for Jim Bibby. The Cardinals assigned Wockenfuss to their farm team, the Tulsa Oilers. In 60 games for Tulsa, he compiled a .266 batting average and .357 on-base percentage.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Detroit Tigers.:1973 to 1975 seasons.

paragraph: In December 1973, the Cardinals traded Wockenfuss to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for shortstop Larry Elliott.

paragraph: Wockenfuss began the 1974 season with the Evansville Triplets, appearing in 84 games and hitting 11 home runs. When Detroit catcher Jerry Moses was injured, Wockenfuss was called up by the Tigers in August, appearing in his first major league game on August 11, 1974. He struggled in his first major league season, batting only .138 in 13 games.

paragraph: In 1975, Wockenfuss considered quitting baseball and working full-time at the pizzeria he opened with his brother in Christiana, Delaware. He ended up appearing in 35 games with the Tigers, including 32 games as the team's starting catcher. He hit .229 with four home runs.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Detroit Tigers.:1976 to 1979 seasons.

paragraph: Wockenfuss continued as the Tigers' backup catcher, starting 43 games at the position in 1976 and 33 in 1977. His offensive production improved significantly from .222 and three home runs in 1976 to .274 and nine home runs in 1977. He receive negative press in 1976 when he tagged a runner out at the plate, gently rolled the ball to the mound on the incorrect assumption that it was the third out, allowing Mickey Rivers to score from second base. Wockenfuss later said, "I don't think [Ralph] Houk ever forgave me for that mistake."

paragraph: Wockenfuss underwent another transformation on May 8, 1976. During a locker-room speech by an evangelist, Wockenfuss recalled that he found god and became a born-again Christian. Previously plagued by bitterness and a fierce temper, he later recalled: "I found that it changed my life. I settled down on the field, was able to concentrate, and it made my home life better."

paragraph: Wockenfuss's offensive improvement in 1977 followed the adoption of an unorthodox batting stance: feet close together and touching the back line of the batter's box, much of his back facing the pitcher while looking over his left shoulder at the pitcher, bat held above his head, and the fingers on his right hand waggling before each pitch. He began using the new stance while playing in the Puerto Rican Winter League prior to the 1977 season and batting around .390. Wockenfuss credited his new batting stance for his offensive turnaround.

paragraph: In 1978, with Milt May and Lance Parrish having locked down the catching duties for the Tigers, Wockenfuss moved to the outfield, starting 49 games in right and left field. His offensive production also continued to improve with a .283 batting average and .357 on-base percentage. In 17 at bats as a pinch hitter during the 1978 season, he hit .353.

paragraph: With the arrival of Sparky Anderson as Detroit's manager in 1979, Wockenfuss saw an increase in playing time. He appeared in 87 games, including 35 games at first base, 20 games at catcher, six games in the outfield, and 14 games as the team's designated hitter. He also hit 15 home runs with 46 RBIs. On August 9, 1979, he hit two home runs, including a grand slam, for five RBIs and the best game of his career. In January 1980, Wockenfuss was voted by the Wilmington Sportswriters and Broadcasters Association as the Delaware Athlete of the Year for 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Detroit Tigers.:1980 to 1983 seasons.

paragraph: Wockenfuss' career peaked in 1980 as he appeared in 126 games for the Tigers (52 at first base, 28 as the designated hitter, 25 at catcher, and 23 in the outifeld) and compiled a career-high .390 on-base percentage. He also tallied career highs in home runs (16), runs (56), RBIs (65), and bases on balls (64). One sports writer in July 1980 referred to Wockenfuss, who was also used as a pinch hitter, as "the most versatile player in the majors today."

paragraph: Wockenfuss continued to be valuable role-player for Detroit from 1981 to 1983, appearing in 232 games, including 93 as the designated hitter, 58 at catcher, 55 at first base, 12 in the outfield, and two at third base. In 1982, he compiled a career-high .301 batting average.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:1984 Trade to Philadelphia.

paragraph: In mid-March 1984, Wockenfuss noted that he would be happy to be traded to Philadelphia, a 50-minute drive from his home in Wilmington. He drew criticism with further public complaints about his low pay ($200,000) and limited playing time and the high salaries being paid to unnamed "clowns" among his teammates. Mike Downey wrote at the time: "Wockenfuss is someone the Tigers count on. Nobody in baseball is a better hit-and-run man." Unfortunately, Downey added that Wockenfuss also had a reputation as "the clubhouse carp," and his indirect criticism of the Tigers' owner was a "cardinal sin."

paragraph: On March 24, 1984, the Tigers traded Wockenfuss and Glenn Wilson to the Philadelphia Phillies for Willie Hernández and Dave Bergman.

paragraph: Wockenfuss played two seasons for the Phillies, appearing in 118 games, 46 at first base, 23 at catcher, and two at third base. In 1984, he compiled a .289 batting average and .390 on-base percentage. In 1985, he dropped by more than 100 points to a .162 batting average in 37 at bats, mostly as a pinch hitter. In July 1985, Wockenfuss asked to be traded, preferably to an American League team where he could extend his career as a designated hitter. He later expressed bitterness at how the Phillies treated him in 1985: "They had me there as a bullpen catcher, carrying buckets of balls to the bullpen. They made me feel like a fool. Like a bum."

paragraph: He ultimately gave the Phillies an ultimatum to play him or release him. On August 19, the Phillies granted him an unconditional release. Wockenfuss's salary in his final year with the Phillies was $275,000.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Comeback attempt in 1986.

paragraph: In the spring of 1986, Wockenfuss showed up at the Tigers' training camp, offered to pay his own way, and begged for another chance to play. He also showed up at the Boston Red Sox training camp, but was turned away. Unable to find any other takers, Wockenfuss signed with the independent, Single-A Miami Marlins in the Florida State League. Wockenfuss said at the time that he was still "hungry" and hoped to sign with a major league club before the end of the season. He ended up staying with the Marlins through the 1986 season, and Miami sports writer Tom Archdeacon wrote: "Although his hair is graying, his knees a little banged up from 15 years of catching and his age nearly twice that of most of his teammates, he is still the anchor of the Marlins' team." For the 1986 season, Wockenfuss compiled a .269 batting average and .375 on-base percentage with 10 home runs and 80 RBIs in 136 games.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Career statistics.

paragraph: In 12 major league seasons, Wockenfuss appeared in 795 games, including 266 as a catcher, 184 as a first baseman, 144 as a designated hitter, 110 as an outfielder, and four as a third baseman. He also appeared in 837 minor league games over 10 seasons. He compiled the following career statistics in his 12 major league seasons:

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.

paragraph: In October 1986, the Detroit Tigers hired Wockenfuss to manage their minor league club, the Lakeland Tigers. He took a Lakeland squad that finished 54–79 in 1986 and led them to a 74–61 record in 1987. In 1988, he was promoted to manager of the Tigers' Double-A team in Glen Falls, New York. After leading a turnaround at Glen Falls, Wockenfuss was again promoted, becoming manager of the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens in 1989. He led Toledo to a 69–76 record in 1989. He was fired as Toledo's manager in late April 1990, after the team started with a 10–14 record.

paragraph: In 1992, Wockenfuss returned to minor league coaching as manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates' Class-A Salem club in the Virginia League. He was promoted in 1993 to be manager of the Class-AA Carolina Mudcats in the Southern League. He missed portions of the 1993 season after undergoing two back surgeries in April and August to address severe back problems. In January 1994, he announced: "My baseball career is over."

paragraph: Wockenfuss organized the Tri-State Baseball/Softball Academy in 1994 and worked on that business in 1994 and 1995.

paragraph: In March 1996, returned to organized baseball as manager of the independent Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs. He led the team to the Northeast Independent League title in 1996 and returned as manager in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Family and later years.

paragraph: Wockenfuss married his high school sweetheart, Pamela Lennon. They had three children, including son, John Bradley and Jeremy. He and his wife were divorced in the mid-1980s. He later remarried to a second wife, Fran.

paragraph: In 1993, Wockenfuss was inducted into the Delaware Sports Hall of Fame.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: John Wockenfuss

wikipedia_title: John Wockenfuss


text: Saint-Étienne

text: Loire

text: Noir Désir

text: oud

text: Interzone

text: Gibson Les Paul

text: 666.667 Club

text: Fender Stratocaster

text: Meloduende

text: Lydie Salvayre

text: Lydie Salvayre

text: Krzysztof Styczynski

text: Denis Lavant

text: Michel Bulteau

text: Krzysztof Styczynski

text: Saul Williams

text: Lydie Salvayre

text: La Rumeur

text: Lydie Salvayre

text: La Rumeur

text: La Rumeur

categories: French rock guitarists,1963 births,Living people,People from Saint-Étienne

paragraph: Serge Teyssot-Gay

paragraph: Serge Teyssot-Gay (; born 16 May 1963, in Saint-Étienne, Loire) has been the guitarist of French rock group Noir Désir until 29 November 2010. He met the other members of the band at their school in Bordeaux (Lycée Saint-Genès) during the 1980s. Aside from Noir Désir, his other musical endeavours include :

paragraph: BULLET::::- the trio "Zone Libre", which became a quintet for 6 albums and tours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the guitar-oud duo with Khaled AlJaramani known as Interzone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- works with writers : music and literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- He has also released two solo albums "Silence Radio" (1996) and "On croit qu'on en est sorti" (2000)

paragraph: At the beginning of his music career, Serge favoured the use of the Gibson Les Paul guitar. However, since the release of Noir Désir's 1996 album 666.667 Club, a custom Fender Stratocaster closely resembling the Lite Ash model has become his most frequently used guitar. His brand new one is a Meloduende model "Black Sword".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 : "Silence Radio"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 : "On croit qu'on en est sorti"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Interzone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 : "Interzone"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Deuxième Jour"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 : "Waiting For Spring"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 : "Kan Ya Ma Kan"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Zone Libre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Faites vibrer la chair"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 : "L'Angle Mort" ( with Casey & Hamé )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "Les Contes du Chaos" ( with Casey and B.James)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 : "Zone Libre PolyUrbaine" ( with Mike Ladd and Marc Nammour)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 : "Debout dans les cordages" (with Marc Nammour)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 : " Kit de Survie (en milieu hostile)" (with Akosh.s, Médéric Collignon, Mike Ladd and Marc Nammour)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Joëlle Léandre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 : "TRANS"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 : "TRANS 2"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Kintsugi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 : "Yoshitsune" , with Kakushin Nishihara et Gaspar Claus (Intervalle Triton/Les disques du Festival Permanent/ L’Autre Distribution )

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Xie Yugang 谢玉岗.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 : "A Nano World 一幀世紀"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:CD-Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 : "Contre" with Lydie Salvayre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 : "Dis pas ça" with Lydie Salvayre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Des millions de morts se battent entre eux" with Krzysztof Styczynski

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 : "Attila József, à cœur pur" with Denis Lavant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 : "Ripostes," with Michel Bulteau, Krzysztof Styczynski and Saul Williams

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 : "Hunger of a Thin Man" by Théo Hakola

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 : "Blues Stories" by Little Bob

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 : "1000 Vietnam" by Giorgio Canali

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 : "Faux-ami" by Marc Sens

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 : "Who defecates in your head Bob?" by Quincannon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 : "Paris nous nourrit, Paris nous affame" on the album "Regain de Tension" by the rap group La Rumeur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Je suis une bande ethnique à moi tout seul" on the album "Du Cœur à l'Outrage" also by La Rumeur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Des millions de morts se battent entre eux" by Krzysztof Styczynski

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Je cherche" (recorded in 2004) on the album "1997-2007 Les Inédits" by La Rumeur

description: French musician

wikidata_label: Serge Teyssot-Gay

wikipedia_title: Serge Teyssot-Gay


text:
Yuan dynasty
Chinese medicine
Chinese cuisine
deficiency diseases
Buyantu Khan
vegetable soup
traditional Chinese
simplified Chinese
moderation
food poisoning
Mongolian
Turkic
Persian
Kublai Khan
Eurasia
Turkic languages
Ming Dynasty
Jingtai Emperor
Beijing Duck

categories: Chinese people of Mongolian descent,Yuan dynasty people,Medieval Chinese physicians,Year of death unknown,Dietitians

paragraph: Hu Sihui

paragraph: Hu Sihui (, 和斯輝, 忽斯慧, also Hu Zheng Qi Huei; active nr. 1314–1330) was a Chinese court therapist and dietitian during Yuan dynasty. He is known for his book "Yinshan Zhengyao" ("Dietary Principles"), that became a classic in Chinese medicine and Chinese cuisine. He was the first to empirically discover and clearly describe deficiency diseases.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The career of Hu Sihui, as he states in preface to his book, was in the reign of Buyantu Khan in Yenyu years (1314—1320). Of Mongol descent and an official in Xuanhui Yuan (the Ministry of Court Supplies and Provisions), around 1315 Hu Sihui initially emerged as the therapist of Empress Dowager, soon also became the therapist of the acting Empress, and later received the rank of the chief Imperial therapist and became responsible for dietary planning of the numerous Emperor's family.

paragraph: As tradition has it, Buyantu Khan, after several years of expeditions and irregular life, was overstrained and suffered acute pain in his kidneys. The vegetable soup prescribed by Hu Sihui cured the pains in 3 months, and one of Emperor's spouses became pregnant. The Emperor grandly awarded Hu Sihui as the cause of this "double joy".

paragraph: In 1330, Hu Sihui, no longer busy with the Emperor and his harem, completed and presented to the Court his book "Yinshan Zhengyao", summarising his experiences as court dietitian. The main idea of his work was that people preparing food for the Emperor are directly responsible for efficiency of the State, as a monarch may get sick from improper eating, and lose ability of managing state affairs.

paragraph: Section::::"Yinshan Zhengyao".

paragraph: "Yinshan Zhengyao" (traditional Chinese: 飲膳正要; simplified Chinese: 饮膳正要, literally "Dietary Principles") teaches that a significant number of diseases are caused by improper eating, and that a significant part of them can be cured by proper eating. The book propagated moderation, regularity and variety in food, proper hygiene and food storage, and special diets for pregnant women and for children. This book was the first to describe in detail how diseases are connected to deficiency of certain components in food. It was probably the first book in China to dwell on food poisoning.

paragraph: Recipes presented show strong Han Chinese influence as well as Mongolian, Turkic and Persian influences. As Hu Sihui states, a large variety of foods were known in the court since Kublai Khan and this novelty needed special research as to its influence on health. Taken as a collection of recipes and ingredients alone, his book is a tremendously important description of Medieval food of Eurasia.

paragraph: The section of recipes starts with a variety soups, barley, then noodles and breads. Many recipes represent Central and West Asian cooking traditions, roughly translated into Chinese categories, some even translated from Turkic languages. Two examples of recipes are:

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hu Sihui's book was widely accepted in Later Yuan, but won even wider influence after the fall of Yuan. Ming Dynasty, after occupying Beijing in 1368, started to combine Chinese cuisine from other regions with the cosmopolitan cuisine of Yuan court. Jingtai Emperor of Ming (ruled 1449—1457) personally wrote a preface to an edition of Yinshan Zhengyao.

paragraph: As a culinary encyclopedia, this book made some regional recipes aссepted as part of national cuisine of the whole of China. For example, it is this book that contained a recipe of a roast duck that could be a predecessor of the widely known Beijing Duck.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buell, Paul, Eugene Newton Anderson, Hu-ssu-hui. A soup for the Qan. Chinese Dietary Medicine. Kegan Paul International, 2000. 715 pages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husihui, Paul D. Buell, E. N. Anderson, et al., "A Soup for the Qan Chinese Dietary Medicine of the Mongol Era as Seen in Hu Sihui's Yinshan Zhengyao: Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Chinese Text" (Leiden: Brill, 2nd rev. and expanded, 2010).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Françoise Sabban, "Cuisine À La Cour De L'empereur De Chine: Les Aspects Culinaires Du Yinshan Zhengyao De Hu Sihui," "Médiévales (1983): 32-56.

description: Chinese therapist and dietician

wikidata_label: Hu Sihui

wikipedia_title: Hu Sihui


text: Nathaniel Gordon

text: African slaves

text: privateer

text: Colombia

text: Florida

text: Panda

text: Stuart, Florida

text: Mexican

text: brig

text: Salem

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: forecastle

text: ship's galley

text: West Africa

text: HMS "Curlew"

text: Henry Dundas Trotter

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: Don Pedro Gilbert

text: Age of Pirates.com

categories: 1800 births,1835 deaths,People executed by Massachusetts,19th-century pirates,19th-century executions by the United States,Privateers,Prisoners and detainees of the British military,People extradited from the United Kingdom to the United States,19th-century Spanish people,Spanish pirates,People executed for piracy,People executed by the United States federal government

paragraph: Pedro Gilbert

paragraph: Pedro Gilbert or Don Pedro Gibert (c. 1800 – June 11, 1835) was an early 19th-century pirate, who was one of the few remaining pirates continuing to raid shipping on the Atlantic coast. Gilbert held the distinction of taking part in the last recorded act of piracy in Atlantic waters, although the distinction of "last American pirate" belongs to Nathaniel Gordon who was executed in 1862 for attempting to smuggle African slaves in violation of the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy (1819).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A former privateer in the service of the Colombian government, Gilbert began raiding American merchant vessels off the eastern coast of Florida with his schooner, the "Panda" in early 1832. On September 21, 1832, off the coast of what is now Stuart, Florida, Gilbert chased then boarded the "Mexican", an American brig bound from Salem to Rio de Janeiro carrying $20,000 in silver. Following the crew's surrender, a crew member asked Gilbert what was to be done with their captives, to which the pirate captain reportedly remarked, ""Dead cats don't mew. You know what to do.""

paragraph: Locking the crew inside the forecastle, Gilbert's crew ransacked the ship, looting the "Mexican's" stores. Slashing the rigging and sails, the pirates filled the ship's galley with combustibles and set the ship afire with the crew trapped inside. However, the crew managed to break out after an hour and eventually doused the fire, although they continued to let enough smoke billow until the pirates were out of sight. After six weeks at sea, the crew finally made it back to Salem, where they were able to report the incident. Gilbert was eventually captured in West Africa two years later when his ship was sunk in a naval engagement with the British brig sloop HMS "Curlew", commanded by Henry Dundas Trotter. Extradited to the United States, he was tried with three of his crew members in Boston, Massachusetts and executed on June 11, 1835.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: A sandbar off Stuart which the pirates often used to lure unsuspecting ships is marked on nautical charts as "Gilbert's Bar."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bottling, Douglas. "The Pirates". Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books Inc., 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joaniquet, Angel. "Pirates i corsaris catalans". Editorial Noray, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pickering, David. "Pirates: From Corsairs and Cutlasses to Parrots and Planks". Collins, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert, Pedro. "A Report of the Trial of Pedro Gilbert". Boston: Russell, Oridorne and Metcalf, 1834.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert, Pedro. "Trial of the Twelve Spanish Pirates of the Schooner Panda, A Guinea Slaver... For Robbery and Piracy, Committed on Boards the Brig Mexican, 20 Sept. 1832". Boston: Lemuel Gulliver, 1834.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don Pedro Gilbert at Age of Pirates.com

description: 19th-century pirate

wikidata_label: Pedro Gilbert

wikipedia_title: Pedro Gilbert


text:
French
civil engineer
Paris Métro
Uzel
Brittany
École Polytechnique
Alençon
Mayenne
Paris
Aube
Loire River
cable railway
Place de la République
Buttes-Chaumont
Avenue du Maine station
diaeresis
Montparnasse-Bienvenüe
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Côtes-d'Armor
Brittany
Edmond Huet

categories: French amputees,French civil engineers,1936 deaths,Corps des ponts,People from Brittany,École Polytechnique alumni,Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,1852 births,École des Ponts ParisTech alumni,Paris Métro

paragraph: Fulgence Bienvenüe

paragraph: Fulgence Bienvenüe (; 27 January 1852 – 3 August 1936) was a noted French civil engineer, best known for his role in the construction of the Paris Métro, and has been called "Le Père du Métro" (Father of the Metro).

paragraph: A native of Uzel in Brittany, and the son of a notary, in 1872 Bienvenüe graduated from the École Polytechnique as a civil engineer and the same year he began working for the Department of Bridges and Roads at Alençon. His first assignment was the construction of new railway lines in the Mayenne area, in the course of which his left arm had to be amputated after being crushed in a construction accident.

paragraph: In 1886, Bienvenüe moved on to Paris to design and supervise the construction of aqueducts for the city, drawing water from the Aube and Loire Rivers. Next, he built a cable railway near the Place de la République and created the park of Buttes-Chaumont. In 1891, he was appointed as Engineer-in-Chief for Bridges and Roads, the most prestigious engineering job in France.

paragraph: Paris city officials selected Bienvenüe to become chief engineer for the Paris Métro in 1896. He designed a special way of building new tunnels which allowed the swift repaving of the roads above; this involved (among other things) building the crown of the tunnel first and the floor last, the reverse of the usual method at that time. Bienvenüe has the credit for the mostly swift and relatively uneventful construction of the Métro through the difficult and heterogenous Parisian soils and rocks. He came up with the idea of freezing wet and unstable soil in order to permit the drilling of tunnels. He was to supervise the Paris Metro construction for more than three decades, finally retiring on 6 December 1932.

paragraph: Bienvenüe's construction of the Métro was widely praised and has been described admiringly as a work "worthy of the Romans". He eventually accumulated many honors for his engineering accomplishments, including the "Grand Prix Berger" of the Academy of Arts and Sciences (1909) and the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor (1929).

paragraph: On 30 June 1933, the Avenue du Maine station on the Metro was renamed Bienvenüe in his honor. The naming ceremony took place in his presence; there was a last-minute scramble to repaint the station's new nameboards when it was discovered that the unusual diaeresis in his name had been omitted, making it the French word for "welcome". In 1942 the station was linked to the adjacent Montparnasse station, forming a single station named Montparnasse-Bienvenüe.

paragraph: Bienvenüe was buried in 1936 at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.

paragraph: A high school in Côtes-d'Armor commune in Brittany is named after Bienvenüe, Lycée Fulgence Bienvenüe de Loudeac, part of the Académie de Rennes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond Huet

description: French civil engineer

wikidata_label: Fulgence Bienvenüe

wikipedia_title: Fulgence Bienvenüe