text: color scientist

text: technologist

text: quality control

text: colorimetry

text: color perception

text: Boston

text: Boston University

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Harvard University

text: George Washington University

text: U.S. Department of Agriculture

text: Munsell Color Company

text: New York City

text: Baltimore

text: cotton

text: CIE colorimetric system of 1931

text: light source

text: Optical Society of America

text: Munsell color system

text: chromaticity

text: color difference

text: hue

text: chroma

text: lightness

text: color solid

text: soil

text: color chart

text: OSA Uniform Color Scales

text: Rochester Institute of Technology

text: Inter-Society Color Council records

text: Hagley Museum and Library

categories: Boston University alumni,20th-century American scientists,20th-century women scientists,1900 births,Johns Hopkins University alumni,Color scientists

paragraph: Dorothy Nickerson

paragraph: Dorothy Nickerson (August 5, 1900 – April 25, 1985) was an American color scientist and technologist who made important contributions in the fields of color quality control, technical use of colorimetry, the relationship between color stimuli and color perceptions, standardization of light sources, color tolerance specification, and others.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Nickerson was born and raised in Boston, attended Boston University in 1919 and Johns Hopkins University in 1923. Later, she continued her education at summer courses and university extensions at Harvard University, George Washington University, and the Graduate School of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Her special interest was the science of color, then in significant development.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1921 Nickerson joined the Munsell Color Company as a laboratory assistant and secretary to A.E.O. Munsell who had taken over the firm from his father in 1918. In 1922 the firm moved to New York City and in 1923 to Baltimore. In 1927 she was offered a position at the U.S. Department of Agriculture where she remained until her retirement in 1964. When she joined, color science and technology were without international standards and at the beginning of industrial use. Nickerson was instrumental in developing the technology and use in agricultural and industrial settings.

paragraph: "Color quality control of agricultural products"

paragraph: In the late 1920s Nickerson worked on usage of disk color mixture to define the color quality of cotton and other agricultural products and the conversion of disk mixture data into the CIE colorimetric system of 1931.

paragraph: "Standardization of light sources for color assessment and color rendering"

paragraph: In the later 1930s, a major occupation was the development of defined light sources for visual assessment of color quality. Later, she was also active in the development and promotion of standard methods for the definition of color rendering of lights.

paragraph: "Munsell color system and its colorimetric definition"

paragraph: In 1940 a technical committee of the Optical Society of America began a study of the Munsell color system and its definition in the CIE colorimetric system. Nickerson was an important participant in this effort. The final report of the committee was authored by S.M. Newhall, D. Nickerson, and D.B. Judd and its result is known as the Munsell Renotations, the specification of the aim colors of the current system. Nickerson prepared plots of the Munsell colors in the CIE chromaticity diagram that remain in publication today.

paragraph: "Color tolerance specification"

paragraph: In 1936 Nickerson published the first color difference formula for industrial use, based on the addition of increments of Munsell hue, chroma, and lightness scale values. In 1943, together with Newhall, she published realistic representations of a three-dimensional perceptually approximately uniform optimal object color solid. In 1944, together with her assistant K. F. Stultz, she published a colorimetric color difference formula, known as the Adams–Nickerson–Stultz formula, that in modified form eventually became the CIE L*a*b* color space and difference formula.

paragraph: "Color charts"

paragraph: In the mid-1940s Nickerson was active in methods for assessing the color of soils, an effort that found its expression in the Munsell Soil Color Chart, still in use today. In 1957 Munsell issued the Nickerson Color Fan, a color chart for horticultural purposes.

paragraph: Working with D.B. Judd, the chair of the OSA committee that developed the OSA Uniform Color Scales, Nickerson as a member of the committee was also a contributor to that effort for over 25 years and wrote a detailed history of the development of the system.

paragraph: Section::::Other activities and honors.

paragraph: Nickerson became the first individual member of the Inter-Society Color Council, founded in 1931, where she was a lifelong member, received the Godlove Award, and had an award named after herself. In 1970 she received the Gold Medal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. She was a member of the US National Committee to the CIE and the International Association on Color where she received the first D.B. Judd Award in 1975. Nickerson was a trustee of the Munsell Color Foundation since 1942, was its president from 1973 to 1975, and assisted in the transfer of the foundation to the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1983 where it helped fund the then new Munsell Color Science Laboratory.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Nickerson was the author and co-author of some 150 papers and publications, including Color measurement and its application to the grading of agricultural products, US Dept. of Agriculture Miscell.Publications 580, 1946, 62 p.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Inter-Society Color Council records at Hagley Museum and Library contain the Dorothy Nickerson papers including correspondence; publications and reports; and records from the Munsell Color Foundation, Illuminating Engineering Society, and Optical Society of America.

description: American color scientist

wikidata_label: Dorothy Nickerson

wikipedia_title: Dorothy Nickerson


text: American football

text: quarterback

text: college football

text: Texas Christian University

text: National Football League

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: Heisman Trophy

text: Maxwell Award

text: 1939 NFL draft

text: College Football Hall of Fame

text: Davey O'Brien Award

text: Dallas

text: Texas

text: high school football

text: Woodrow Wilson High School

text: Fort Worth

text: Sammy Baugh

text: Southwest Conference

text: NCAA

text: Horned Frogs

text: Carnegie Tech

text: Sugar Bowl

text: national championship

text: All-America

text: Sigma Phi Epsilon

text: geology

text: 1939 NFL draft

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: Bert Bell

text: appendectomy

text: defensive back

text: punter

text: intercepted

text: Federal Bureau of Investigation

text: Springfield, Missouri

text: Quantico, Virginia

text: H. L. Hunt

text: Dresser Atlas Industries

text: Lamar Hunt

text: American Football League

text: YMCA

text: Tarrant County

text: Democratic Party

text: Golden Gloves

text: College Football Hall of Fame

text: Texas Sports Hall of Fame

text: color commentator

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: cancer

text: kidney

text: lung

text: Tim Brown

text: Davey O'Brien Foundation

categories: Dallas Cowboys broadcasters,Philadelphia Eagles players,Sportspeople from Dallas,American football quarterbacks,TCU Horned Frogs football players,1917 births,College Football Hall of Fame inductees,Heisman Trophy winners,FBI agents,Maxwell Award winners,1977 deaths,All-American college football players

paragraph: Davey O'Brien

paragraph: Robert David O'Brien (June 22, 1917 – November 18, 1977) was an American football quarterback. He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU) and professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the Philadelphia Eagles for two seasons.

paragraph: In 1938, O'Brien won the Heisman Trophy and the Maxwell Award, and was the fourth overall pick of the 1939 NFL draft. O'Brien was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955. Since 1981, the Davey O'Brien Award is given annually to the best quarterback in college football.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Dallas, Texas, O'Brien played high school football at its Woodrow Wilson High School. He was an All-State selection and led the high school to the Texas state playoffs in 1932.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: O'Brien played college football at nearby TCU in Fort Worth in 1935 as a backup for Sammy Baugh. He became the starter in 1937, and was named to the first-team All-Southwest Conference.

paragraph: In 1938, O'Brien threw for 1,457 yards — a Southwest Conference passing record that stood for ten years. He had only four interceptions in 194 attempts, and his NCAA record for most rushing and passing plays in a single season still stands today. That season, he led the Horned Frogs to an undefeated season, as they outscored their opponents by a 269–60 margin and held nine of their ten regular-season opponents to seven points or less, including three shutouts. TCU finished the season with a 15–7 victory over Carnegie Tech in the Sugar Bowl and a national championship. O’Brien was named to 13 All-America teams and became the first player to win the Heisman and Maxwell awards in the same year. He was the first Heisman winner from TCU and the Southwest Conference. Off the field, he was also an honorary member Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity, Texas Gamma chapter. He majored in geology and expressed little interest in pro football in January 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: O'Brien was the fourth overall pick of the 1939 NFL draft, held in December 1938. He was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles, and owner Bert Bell gave him a $12,000 bonus and a two-year contract, and he signed with the team in March.

paragraph: In his rookie season in the NFL in 1939, O'Brien led the league in passing with 1,324 yards in 11 games, breaking his old TCU teammate Sammy Baugh's single season passing yardage record, but the Eagles finished at 1–9–1. After an appendectomy in late June, he again led the league in several passing categories In 1940, including attempts and completions. Philadelphia lost their first nine games and finished at 1–10, last in the ten-team league. The Eagles gave him a $2,000 raise, but he retired after the 1940 season.

paragraph: In his professional career, O'Brien completed 223 of 478 passes for 2,614 yards and 11 touchdowns. He was also a defensive back and punter, intercepted four passes for 92 yards and punted nine times for an average of 40.7 yards per kick.

paragraph: Section::::Life after football.

paragraph: After two seasons with the Eagles, O'Brien retired from football to become an agent in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), where he worked for ten years. After completing his training, he was assigned to the bureau’s field office in Springfield, Missouri. He was a firearms instructor at Quantico, Virginia, and spent the last five years of his FBI career in Dallas. He resigned from the bureau in 1950 and went to work for H. L. Hunt in land development. O'Brien later entered the oil business, working for Dresser Atlas Industries of Dallas. and was an adviser to Lamar Hunt during the founding of the American Football League.

paragraph: O'Brien was also president of the TCU Alumni Association, a YMCA board member, a chair of the Tarrant County Democratic Party, a supporter of Golden Gloves youth boxing programs, and a deacon of University Christian Church. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955 and the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1956. From 1960 to 1964, he was the color commentator on Dallas Cowboys telecasts.

paragraph: In 1971, O'Brien was diagnosed with cancer and underwent surgery to remove a kidney and part of his right lung, but eventually died from the disease on November 18, 1977.

paragraph: O'Brien's 1938, and Tim Brown's 1987, Heisman Trophy awards gave Woodrow Wilson High School in Dallas the distinction of being the first to produce two Heisman winners.

paragraph: In 1989, O'Brien (posthumously) and Brown were inducted together into Woodrow Wilson High School's newly created Hall of Fame in celebration of the school's 60th anniversary.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davey O'Brien Foundation

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Davey O'Brien

wikipedia_title: Davey O'Brien


text: AC

text: artist

text: Wynne Prize

text: Sofala

text: Venice Biennale

text: Tom Roberts

text: Bognor Regis

text: Sussex

text: Melbourne

text: Geelong Grammar School

text: detached retina

text: Queensland

text: jackaroo

text: Daryl Lindsay

text: George Bell

text: Grosvenor School

text: Grande Chaumière

text: Peter Purves Smith

text: William Dobell

text: Elaine Haxton

text: Donald Friend

text: The Sydney Morning Herald

text: Hill End

text: Sofala

text: Sofala

text: The cricketers

text: National Gallery of Australia

text: Leicester Galleries

text: Kenneth Clark

text: Sidney Nolan

text: Arthur Boyd

text: Clifton Pugh

text: Art Gallery of New South Wales

text: Reserve Bank of Australia

text: H. C. Coombs

text: knight

text: Companion of the Order of Australia

text: Peter Sculthorpe

text: Robertson Davies

text: Gustavus Vaughan Brooke

text: Ron Radford

text: Sidney Nolan

text: NGV

text: Christine Wallace

text: Australian art

text: Russell Drysdale

text: Art Gallery of New South Wales

text: NGV/ABC Drysdale exhibition

text: ngv.vic.gov.au

categories: 1912 births,People from Bognor Regis,English emigrants to Australia,People educated at Geelong Grammar School,Australian Knights Bachelor,Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière,Paintings by Russell Drysdale,Companions of the Order of Australia,1981 deaths,Wynne Prize winners,20th-century Australian painters

paragraph: Russell Drysdale

paragraph: Sir George Russell Drysdale, AC (7 February 1912 – 29 June 1981), also known as "Tass Drysdale", was an Australian artist. He won the prestigious Wynne Prize for "Sofala" in 1947, and represented Australia at the Venice Biennale in 1954. He was influenced by abstract and surrealist art, and "created a new vision of the Australian scene as revolutionary and influential as that of Tom Roberts".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: George Russell Drysdale was born in Bognor Regis, Sussex, England, to an Anglo-Australian pastoralist family, which settled in Melbourne, Australia in 1923. Drysdale was educated at Geelong Grammar School. He had poor eyesight all his life, and was virtually blind in his left eye from age 17 due to a detached retina (which later caused his application for military service to be rejected).

paragraph: Drysdale worked on his uncle's estate in Queensland, and as a jackaroo in Victoria. A chance encounter in 1932 with artist and critic Daryl Lindsay awakened him to the possibility of a career as an artist. Supported by a fellow artist, Drysdale studied with the modernist artist and teacher George Bell in Melbourne from 1935 to 1938. He also made several trips to Europe; during 1938–39, he attended the Grosvenor School in London and the Grande Chaumière in Paris. By the time of his return from the third of these trips in June 1939 Drysdale was recognised within Australia as an important emerging talent, but had yet to find a personal vision. His decision to leave Melbourne for Albury and then Sydney in 1940 was instrumental in his discovery of his lifelong subject matter, the Australian outback and its inhabitants. Equally important was the influence of fellow artist Peter Purves Smith in guiding him towards his characteristic mature style with its use of desolate landscapes inhabited by sparse figures under ominous skies.

paragraph: Section::::Sydney.

paragraph: Drysdale's 1942 solo exhibition in Sydney (his second in point of time; his first had been in Melbourne in 1938) was a critical success, and established him as one of the leading Sydney modernists of the time, together with William Dobell, Elaine Haxton, and Donald Friend. In 1944, "The Sydney Morning Herald" sent him into far western New South Wales "to illustrate the effects of the then-devastating drought". With his series of paintings of drought-ravaged western New South Wales and, later, a series based on the derelict gold-mining town of Hill End, his reputation continued to grow during the 1940s. "Sofala", a painting of the nearby town of Sofala, won the Wynne Prize for landscape in 1947. His 1948 work, "The cricketers" has been described by the National Gallery of Australia as "one of the most original and haunting images in all Australian art."

paragraph: Section::::London 1950.

paragraph: His 1950 exhibition at London's Leicester Galleries, at the invitation of Sir Kenneth Clark, was a significant milestone in the history of Australian art. Until this time, Australian art had been regarded as a provincial sub-species of British art; Drysdale's works convinced British critics that Australian artists had a distinctive vision of their own, exploring a physical and psychological landscape at once mysterious, poetic, and starkly beautiful. The exhibition initiated the international recognition of Australian art that quickly came to include Dobell, Sidney Nolan, Arthur Boyd, Clifton Pugh, and others who came to national and international prominence in the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: Drysdale's reputation continued to grow throughout the 1950s and 1960s as he explored remote Australia and its inhabitants. In 1954, together with Nolan and Dobell, he was chosen to represent Australia at the Venice Biennale, and in 1960, at Bouddi near Gosford, New South Wales. Also in 1960, he was the first Australian artist to be given a retrospective by the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

paragraph: In 1962 he co-wrote a travel book, "Journey Among Men", with Jock Marshall. They dedicated it to their wives, "who were good enough to stay at home".

paragraph: In 1963 the Reserve Bank of Australia, then led by H. C. Coombs, appointed him to a small committee supervising the note designs for the new Australian decimal currency (which finally came into fruition in 1966).

paragraph: In 1969, Drysdale was knighted for his services to art, and in 1980, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia. His later years saw a marked falling off in the quantity of his output, which had never been large.

paragraph: Drysdale died in Sydney on 29 June 1981. At his request, Sir Russell's cremated remains were placed in the shade of a tree by the church in the burial ground beside historic St Paul's Anglican Church, Kincumber.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was married twice, and had a son, Tim, and a daughter, Lynne. Tim took his own life in 1962, aged twenty one, and the following year, Drysdale's wife Bon also committed suicide. In 1964 Drysdale married Maisie Purves Smith, an old friend.

paragraph: Soon after Tim's suicide, Drysdale made the acquaintance of the composer Peter Sculthorpe, who had recently lost his father. The two spent a working holiday together in a house on the Tamar River in Tasmania, and became lifelong friends. Sculthorpe came to regard Drysdale as a role model, admiring the way he reworked familiar material in new ways. He said: "In later years he was often accused of painting the same picture over and over again. But his answer was that he was no different to a Renaissance artist, striving again and again to paint the perfect Madonna-and-Child. Since then, I've never had a problem about the idea of reusing and reworking my material. Like Tass, I've come to look on my whole output as one slowly emerging work". He dedicated works to Russell Drysdale and to the memory of Bonnie Drysdale.

paragraph: Drysdale's second wife Maisie was the sister-in-law of the Canadian novelist Robertson Davies, with whom Peter Sculthorpe discussed collaborating on an opera based on the Australian adventures of the Irish actor Gustavus Vaughan Brooke.

paragraph: Section::::Style and themes.

paragraph: Australian art scholar and gallery director Ron Radford argues that, towards the end of World War II, Drysdale triggered "'a general reddening' of Australian landscape art". Radford describes Drysdale's work as follows: "His dried up earth suggested that man had lost control of the land - nature had fought back and taken back". Drysdale's Australia was "hot, red, isolated, desolate and subtly threatening". His "The Drover's Wife" "cohabits in Australians' minds with Sidney Nolan's "Carcass" paintings" as conveying a sense of desolation. Drysdale's red presents "a landscape deeply, intrinsically inhospitable" and conveys the "utter alienation" of the figures he paints in the landscape.

paragraph: Drysdale's use of colour photography as an aide-mémoire was the subject of an exhibition in 1987 at the NGV and publication which reveals in previously unknown photographic imagery this method of working and his stylisation in interpretation of subject matter and specific locations.

paragraph: Christine Wallace suggests that Drysdale "was the visual poet of that passive, all-encompassing despair that endless heat and drought induces", but that it was Sidney Nolan who, with a similar view, "most powerfully projected this take on Australia to the outside world".

paragraph: Lou Klepac, summing up in his 1983 work on Drysdale, says: "He found in the common elements of the landscape permanent and moving images which have become part of the visual lingua franca of modern Australia...Those who see in Drysdale's paintings a world remote from the comforts and pleasures they depend on, feel that he depicts loneliness and isolation. To him it was the opposite, a liberation from the anguish of the civilised world."

paragraph: In June 2017 one of Drysdale's last works, "Grandma's Sunday Walk" (1972), sold for $2.97 million, "the fifth-highest price for any Australian artwork at auction".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian art

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Republished as "Russell Drysdale" in 1996 by Murdoch Books ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell Drysdale at the Art Gallery of New South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- NGV/ABC Drysdale exhibition (also available at ngv.vic.gov.au). Contains biography and images of many of Drysdale's works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A football game" 1943 - Ballarat Fine Art Gallery/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell Drysdale on Artabase. "The Bath" 1941

alias:
George Russell Drysdale
Sir Russell Drysdale
Russell, Sir Drysdale

description: Australian artist

wikidata_label: Russell Drysdale

wikipedia_title: Russell Drysdale


text: Victorian

text: Lord Dunsany

text: Manchester

text: Liverpool School of Art

text: The Idler

text: Pall Mall Gazette

text: Lord Dunsany

text: The Gods of Pegana

text: William Hope Hodgson

text: Worplesdon

text: Roger Dean

text: H. P. Lovecraft

text: Pickman's Model

text: The Call of Cthulhu

text: Howard de Walden

text: Worplesdon

text: Guildford

text: Dunsany Castle

text: County Meath

text: Sime, S H

text: The Encyclopedia of Fantasy

categories: 1941 deaths,Fantasy artists,People from Manchester,English illustrators,1867 births,Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany

paragraph: Sidney Sime

paragraph: Sidney Herbert Sime (1865 – 22 May 1941, often S. H. Sime) was an English artist in the late Victorian and succeeding periods, mostly remembered for his fantastic and satirical artwork, especially his story illustrations for Irish author Lord Dunsany.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Sime was born in Manchester in poverty. After a five-year career in the mines, including as a "scoop pusher," work at a linen shop, a barbers, and as a signwriter (setting up in his own right), he studied at the Liverpool School of Art. During his time there, he won several awards.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Publishing.

paragraph: Sime quickly became famous for drawings and illustrations with fantastic themes, with a presence in "Pick-Me-Up", "The Idler" and the "Pall Mall Gazette". The fantastic treatment often masked biting satire, especially aimed at the rich and at politicians.

paragraph: He received an inheritance from an uncle and bought "The Idler", but sold out within two years.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Dunsany.

paragraph: In 1904, Sime was approached by the author for whom he is most often remembered, the Irish Lord Dunsany, to illustrate his first book, "The Gods of Pegana", finally published in 1905. This began an association which lasted for the rest of his life, with his illustrations especially prominent in Dunsany's earlier work (until c. 1922). For one volume, at least some of the stories were inspired by Sime works ("The Book of Wonder"), and for three, in special limited editions, each plate of illustration was signed by the artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Drama and exhibitions.

paragraph: Sime, who had produced a play with limited success in 1905, did both scenery and costume work for a number of productions, and had exhibitions in 1923 and 1927. In his later years, he produced less work but more in colour, his earlier work having been almost exclusively monochrome.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: Sime also contributed frontispieces to "The Ghost Pirates" by William Hope Hodgson

paragraph: Sime died in 1941, and his widow Mary preserved many of his remaining works, which on her death were willed to form the Sime Memorial Gallery, then and still in Worplesdon near Guildford.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Today, Sime is best remembered for his work with Lord Dunsany.

paragraph: At least four collections of Sime's work have been published, though none are in print today.

paragraph: Illustrator Roger Dean is among many who cite him as an influence. Writer H. P. Lovecraft was also a fan of his (mentioning the artist in the stories "Pickman's Model" and "The Call of Cthulhu") as was Howard de Walden.

paragraph: The Sime Gallery is still extant in the village of Worplesdon near Guildford but the most famous collections of Sime work belonged to Lord Dunsany and Howard de Walden. The latter is unavailable, and it is believed many were lost in a fire. However, the Dunsany collection, including all the originals of Sime's work for Dunsany, plus a few other pieces, and notably with several in colour, can be viewed by arrangement at Dunsany Castle in County Meath, Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sime, S H" in "The Encyclopedia of Fantasy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A short biographical sketch, with some illustrations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information about the Sime Gallery at Worplesdon, Surrey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pigg Posters: Rare Poster Reproduction Site With Several Sidney Sime Prints Available

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography in Studies in Illustration no.10 Winter 1998.

alias:
S. H. Sime
Sidney Herbert Sime
Sidney H. Sime

description: English artist

wikidata_label: Sidney Sime

wikipedia_title: Sidney Sime


text:
Imagawa Yoshimoto
Lady Tsukiyama
Imagawa
Sunpu
Suruga
Shizuoka Prefecture
Okazaki Castle
Mikawa Province
Aichi Prefecture
Battle of Nagashino
Tokuhime
Oda Nobunaga
Oda Nobunaga
Takeda clan
seppuku
Tenshō-9
Sakai Tadatsugu
Matsumoto domain
Honda Tadamasa

categories: 1579 deaths,Seppuku,Tokugawa clan,Deified Japanese people,1559 births,Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan

paragraph: Matsudaira Nobuyasu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nobuyasu was Ieyasu's first son. His mother was Imagawa Yoshimoto's niece, Lady Tsukiyama. His childhood name was Takechiyo (竹千代).

paragraph: As a child Nobuyasu was sent to the Imagawa capital of Sunpu, located in Suruga Province (modern-day Shizuoka Prefecture) as a hostage. Later he was named keeper of Okazaki Castle in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture), the birthplace of his father, and took part in the Battle of Nagashino in 1575.

paragraph: It is generally believed that Nobuyasu's mother and his wife, the Lady Tokuhime, daughter of Oda Nobunaga, did not get along. It's possible that Lady Tsukiyama was jealous of the attention her son paid to his young wife. In 1579, whether out of a desire for revenge or to remove her mother-in-law's meddling in their marriage, Tokuhime wrote a letter to her father Oda Nobunaga, accusing her mother-in-law of a treasonous plot with the Takeda clan. When Nobunaga brought the allegations to the attention of Ieyasu, he had his wife confined and then executed, to allay any suspicions of his ally. Nobuyasu was confined to Ohama and then Futamata Castle, where he received his father's order to commit suicide ("seppuku"), in a letter which stated that Ieyasu understood that Nobuyasu may not have been guilty of any treasonous act, or even knew anything about it, but he understood that Nobuyasu would feel obligated to avenge his mother. The possibility of revenge was an unacceptable risk to Ieyasu, and the only solution was that Nobuyasu should kill himself for the integrity and security of the clan. Nobuyasu committed seppuku and killed himself on 5 October 1579, or the 15th day of the 9th month, of the year Tenshō-9, by the traditional Japanese calendar.

paragraph: Nobuyasu is not believed to have been a popular figure in his time, as his demise might attest. In particular, supposedly Sakai Tadatsugu declined to refute any suspicions of treason, due to his personal disregard for Nobuyasu.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toku-hime married Ogasawara Hidemasa of Matsumoto domain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kumahime, who married Honda Tadamasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banchiyo, son of concubine

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffis, William (1883). "The Mikado's Empire," Book I. New York: Harper & Brothers, p. 272

alias:
Okazaki Saburō
Tokugawa Nobuyasu

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Matsudaira Nobuyasu

wikipedia_title: Matsudaira Nobuyasu


text: watercolourist

text: Nicholas Pocock

text: Alfred Downing Fripp

text: Henry Charles Innes Fripp

text: Bristol

text: Birmingham

text: Leamington

text: oil painting

text: James Baker Pyne

text: Bristol Society of Artists

text: William James Müller

text: Royal Academy

text: Old Watercolour Society

text: Charles Edwin Fripp

text: The Graphic

text: Thomas W. Fripp

text: Hampstead

text: Highgate Cemetery

text: London

text: George Eliot

text: George Holyoake

text: Fripp, George Arthur (1813–1896)

text: George A. Fripp and Alfred D. Fripp

text: G A Fripp online

text: G A Fripp biography and paintings

text: George Arthur Fripp

text: Government Art Collection

text: George Arthur Fripp

text: Royal Collection

text: G A Fripp photographs

text: National Portrait Gallery

categories: English watercolourists,English male painters,19th-century English painters,1813 births,1896 deaths

paragraph: George Arthur Fripp

paragraph: George Arthur Fripp (13 June 1813 – 17 October 1896) was a British watercolourist. He was a grandson of the artist Nicholas Pocock and brother of the painter Alfred Downing Fripp. His nephew was the artist Henry Charles Innes Fripp.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fripp was born in Bristol, and educated in Bristol, Birmingham and Leamington. He had lessons in oil painting from James Baker Pyne and first exhibited at the Bristol Society of Artists in 1832. In 1834 he accompanied the Bristol artist William James Müller on a sketching tour of Europe, which produced works he later exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1838.

paragraph: In 1841, he exhibited at the Old Watercolour Society, becoming an associate that year, a full member in 1845, and secretary from 1848–1854. He became well known for his watercolours, mostly scenic British views.

paragraph: He married Mary Percival in 1846. Two of their twelve children also became artists: Charles Edwin Fripp an artist-reporter for "The Graphic", and Thomas W. Fripp, a watercolourist in Canada.

paragraph: Fripp died in Hampstead, London, in October 1896.

paragraph: He is buried in the eastern section of Highgate Cemetery in north London. The grave lies in the north-east section close to George Eliot and just south of George Holyoake but is a flat stone at ground level and very hard to locate in the highly overgrown areas off the main paths.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Greenacre. "Fripp, George Arthur (1813–1896)", (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 – accessed 13 June 2007)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, H. Stuart. "George A. Fripp and Alfred D. Fripp" (London, Walker's Galleries, 1900). Illustrated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilcox, Scott, Newall Christopher. "Victorian landscape watercolors" (Hudson Hills Pr., 1992) p. 77.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hargraves, Matthew. "Great British watercolors: from the Paul Mellon collection at the Yale" (Yale University Press, 2007) p. 85 ff.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G A Fripp online (ArtCyclopedia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G A Fripp biography and paintings (The Fripp & Pocock families of Bristol, England)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Arthur Fripp (Government Art Collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Arthur Fripp (Tate Collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penrhyn Castle, view from the Queen's window (1860 watercolour – Royal Collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G A Fripp photographs (National Portrait Gallery, London)

description: British artist

wikidata_label: George Arthur Fripp

wikipedia_title: George Arthur Fripp


text: mountaineer

text: Mount Everest

text: Barry Bishop

text: Jim Whittaker

text: Indian

text: Nawang Gombu

text: Tom Hornbein

text: Willi Unsoeld

text: first ascent

text: bivouac

text: Pacific Lutheran University

text: Washington State University

text: University of Oregon

text: Kala Patthar

text: Kathmandu

text: Tengboche

categories: 1936 births,American mountain climbers,1998 deaths

paragraph: Lute Jerstad

paragraph: Luther G. (Lute) Jerstad (1936 – 31 October 1998) was an American mountaineer and mountain guide who was a member of the 1963 American Mount Everest Expedition. He reached the summit of Mount Everest by the South Col route on May 22, 1963 with Barry Bishop. Three weeks earlier, on May 1, Jim Whittaker and Indian mountaineer Nawang Gombu, who was of Sherpa origin, had reached the summit, placing an American flag there. Jerstad described seeing the flag as he and Bishop approached the summit, "Just then we came over the last rise and there was that American flag -- and what a fantastic sight! That great big flag whipping in the breeze, and the ends were tattered."

paragraph: Later that day, they met up with fellow expedition members Tom Hornbein and Willi Unsoeld, who had just completed the first ascent of Everest by the West Ridge route, and the first traverse of the mountain. The four climbers made a frigid high-altitude bivouac at 28,000 feet without tents, sleeping bags or supplemental oxygen, and survived only because it was not a windy night.

paragraph: He was raised in Minnesota, and his family moved to the Pacific Northwest when he was 13 years old. He was a graduate of Pacific Lutheran University, where he was a varsity basketball player. He earned a master's degree at Washington State University and a doctorate at the University of Oregon. After a short career as a college professor, he started Lute Jerstad Adventures, a trekking, river rafting and mountaineering service.

paragraph: Jerstad died of a heart attack on October 31, 1998, in Nepal on Kala Patthar, a peak that offers excellent views of Mount Everest. He was on a hike with his 12-year-old grandson to introduce the boy to Himalayan travel. He was cremated in Kathmandu and his ashes were buried at the Tengboche monastery.

paragraph: In April 1976, Jerstad did a radio interview with famous San Francisco radio DJ Dr. Don Rose of 610 KFRC. The interview can be heard here.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest

description: American mountaineer and guide

wikidata_label: Lute Jerstad

wikipedia_title: Lute Jerstad


text: Finno-Russian

text: Imperial Household Minister

text: Nicholas II

text: Finnish

text: Baron

text: Baltic German

text: Lutheran

text: Arkhangelsk

text: Dutch

text: Catherine the Great

text: Swedish

text: The Great Northern War

text: fief

text: Old Finland

text: Finnish House of Nobility

text: comital

text: Count Vorontsov-Daskov

text: Tsar

text: Tsaritsa

text: Maurice Paléologue

text: First Duma

text: February Revolution

text: Revolution

text: Petrograd

text: Order of St. Stanislaus

text: Order of St. Vladimir

text: Order of St. Anna

text: Order of the White Eagle

text: Order of St. Alexander Nevsky

text: Order of St. Andrew

text: Nicholas and Alexandra

text: Jack Hawkins

text: Vsevolod Safonov

text: Anna Pavlova

text: Emil Loteanu

text: Anastasia

text: Freedericksz

categories: Imperial Russian emigrants to Finland,1837 births,Imperial Russian politicians,Government ministers of Russia,Members of the State Council of the Russian Empire,1927 deaths,Counts of Russia

paragraph: Woldemar Freedericksz

paragraph: Baron (From , Count) Adolf Andreas Woldemar Freedericksz (, Vladimir Borisovich Frederiks; 1 July 1927) was a Finno-Russian statesman who served as Imperial Household Minister between 1897 and 1917 under Nicholas II. He was responsible for the administration of the Imperial family's personal affairs and living arrangements, as well as the awarding of Imperial honors and medals.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Adolf Andreas Woldemar Freedericksz was born on to Finnish Baron Bernhard (Boris Andreyevich) Freedericksz and Baltic German noblewoman Emma Matilda Helene (Emma Adolfovna) von Wulff and the family traditionally believed in Lutheran faith. There had been several stories dedicated to the family's origin. The first was that the family probably originated from Arkhangelsk. Jürgen Freedericksz, who was a Dutch merchant, was the first ever recorded ancestor of the family, and the family was recordedly formed by his son, Johan (Ivan Yuryevich) Freedericksz. The baronial title of the family was granted by Catherine the Great in 1773. The second version was that the family was formed by the son of Jöran Fredriksson, a Swedish soldier captured during The Great Northern War. In the late 18th century, the Freedericksz family dominated in the fiefs given to them in what was later to be known as Old Finland. In 1853, Woldemar's father Bernhard was naturalized into the Finnish House of Nobility as the baronial family number 36 under the name "Freedricksz". Upon Woldemar Freedericksz's death in 1927 the Finnish baronial family was extinct in the male line, and was completely extinct by the time of the deaths of Woldemar's daughters Eugenie and Emma. His Russian comital title was never accepted into the Finnish nobility. Woldemar himself married to Hedwig Johanna Alexandrina (Jadwiga Aloizievna) Boguszewska and had two daughters, Baronesses Eugenie Valeria Josefina (Evgenia-Valentina-Zhozefina Vladimirovna) and Emma Helena Sofia (Emma-Elena-Sofia Vladimirovna) Freedericksz.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: As the part of a wealthy family, Freedericksz received home education at an early age. Succeeding Count Vorontsov-Daskov at the Ministry at the age of 60, Freedericksz established a close relationship with the Tsar and the Tsaritsa, calling them 'mes enfants' in private. He was praised in this role by the French ambassador, Maurice Paléologue, who called him 'the very personification of court life'. However, in later life, he became forgetful and ill and often fell asleep during conferences. Freedericksz was a strong conservative who described the deputies of the First Duma as: "The Deputies, they give one the impression of a gang of criminals who are only waiting for the signal to throw themselves upon the ministers and cut their throats. I will never again set foot among those people."

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: His private mansion in St. Petersburg was pillaged and set on fire on the first day of February Revolution. After the Revolution, Freedericksz lived in Petrograd before being allowed in 1925 to leave for Finland where he spent the last years of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class (30.8.1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class (30.8.1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Anna, 2nd class (26.8.1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class (19.2.1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class (15.5.1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Anna, 1st class (30.8.1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (30.8.1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the White Eagle (2.4.1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1.1.1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class (6.12.1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Andrew (25.3.1908)

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.:Russian orders.:Russian medals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1906)

paragraph: Section::::Cultural depictions.

paragraph: He was portrayed in the 1971 film "Nicholas and Alexandra" by Jack Hawkins. In 1983, he was portrayed by Vsevolod Safonov in the 1983 film "Anna Pavlova" directed by Emil Loteanu.

paragraph: He was also portrayed in 1997's Anastasia as Woldemar.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov" Edited by H.H. Fisher and translated by Laura Matveev; Stanford University Press, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margarita Nelipa (2015) "Servant to Three Emperors: Count Vladimir Frederiks". In: Royal Russia Annual No. 7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedericksz (Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Born a statesman, Minister of the Imperial Count Vladimir Borisovich Frederiks (Russian)

description: Russian politician

wikidata_label: Vladimir Frederiks

wikipedia_title: Woldemar Freedericksz


text:
Laoshang Chanyu
chanyu
Xiongnu Empire
Wen
Jing
Emperor Wu of Han
heqin
Laoshang Chanyu
Han dynasty
Shuofang
Dai Commandery
Wang Hui
Mayi
Loufan
Bayan
Ordos
Wei Qing
Gongsun Ao
Li Guang
Gongsun He
Yuyang
You Province
Wei Qing
Yanmen Commandery
Dai Commandery
Dingxiang
Shang
Yizhixie Chanyu

paragraph: Junchen

paragraph: Junchen (; r. 161–126 BCE) was the son and successor to Laoshang Chanyu. As chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, Junchen outlived the Han emperors Wen (r. 180–157 BC), Jing (r. 157–141 BC). He died during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC). All three Han emperors confirmed the "heqin" peace and kinship treaty with the Xiongnu.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Junchen succeeded his father, Laoshang Chanyu, in 161 BCE.

paragraph: Although peace with the Han dynasty generally persisted under his reign, Xiongnu raids still occurred in the years 158, 148, 144, and 142. The Chinese annals note that mutual relations were imperiled on a number of occasions, which included appeals of the Chinese contenders for the Xiongnu's assistance and protection, the Xiongnu's retaliatory raids as punishments for violation of the treaty terms, and one direct Chinese assault against the chanyu. The Xiongnu were especially sensitive about unimperiled trade relations, which were one of the terms of the "heqin" treaty, and the Chinese annals specifically note a number of instances of the border trade opening, implying that the border trade was at times banned.

paragraph: In the summer of 133 BCE, Junchen led a force of 100,000 to attack Mayi in Shuofang, Dai Commandery. Wang Hui and two other generals attempted to ambush the XIongnu at Mayi with a large force of 300,000, but Junchen retreated after learning about the ambush from a captured local warden. Wang Hui decided not to give chase and was sentenced to death. He committed suicide. The Han army abandoned chariots after this point.

paragraph: The ambush happened in the 133 BCE, when Junchen Chanyu was lured inside the border, and he almost run into an ambush of a 300,000 strong Chinese army. Only a disclosure by a Chinese officer about the planned ambush saved the Chanyu. After the failed ambush, the treaty was practically abrogated, the relations soured, the border traders were assaulted, in 127 BC the Chinese army attacked and expelled the Xiongnu tribes Loufan and "Bayan" (白羊王) from the Ordos, and then built fortifications and forts to retain the captured territory.

paragraph: In the spring of 129 BC, Wei Qing and three other generals led a cavalry force of 40,000 in an attack on the Xiongnu at the frontier markets of Shanggu. Wei Qing successfully killed several thousand Xiongnu and took 700 prisoners. General Gongsun Ao was defeated and lost 7,000 men. He was reduced to commoner status. Li Guang was defeated and captured but managed to escape by feigning death and returned to base. He was reduced to commoner status. Gongsun He failed to find the Xiongnu. That winter the Xiongnu attacked Yuyang in You Province in retaliation.

paragraph: In the autumn of 128 BC, Wei Qing and Li Xi led a force of 40,000 and defeated the Xiongnu north of Yanmen Commandery.

paragraph: In 126 BC, the Xiongnu led a force of 90,000 under the Wise King (Tuqi) of the Right to attack Dai Commandery, killing its grand administrator Gong You. They also raided Dingxiang and Shang, taking several thousand captives. Junchen died in the same year and his younger brother, a "Eastern Luli-Prince" Yizhixie Chanyu (or "Ichisye") ascended the throne (r. 126-114 BCE). In Old Chinese his name might be pronounced, "Kundrun".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950

description: Chanyu of the Xiongnu

wikidata_label: Junchen

wikipedia_title: Junchen


text:
Armenian
Seleucid
Sophene
Commagene
Arsames I
Sophene
Commagene
Orontes IV
Armenia
Antiochus III
Artabazanes
Upper Media
Molon
Lower Media
Alexander
Persis
Achaeus
Asia Minor
Arsamosata
Antiochis
Antiochus III the Great
Commagene
List of rulers of Commagene
Polybius
Johann Gustav Droysen
Joseph Hilarius Eckhel
Richard G. Hovannisian

categories: Kings of Commagene,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century BC rulers,212 BC deaths,Kings of Sophene

paragraph: Xerxes of Armenia

paragraph: Xerxes (Armenian: Շավարշ – Šavarš, Ancient Greek: Ξέρξης - Xerxes, Old Persian: Ḫšayāršā) was satrap of the Seleucid territories of Sophene and Commagene from 228 BC to 212 BC, the year of his death.

paragraph: He succeeded his father Arsames I to rule both Sophene and Commagene in 228 BC, while his brother Orontes IV ruled Armenia. In 223 BC, several Seleucid satraps rebelled against King Antiochus III, including Artabazanes (Upper Media), Molon (Lower Media), Alexander (Persis), and Achaeus (Asia Minor). By 220 BC Antiochus had put down most of the rebellions; however, Achaeus was not defeated until 213 BC.

paragraph: These rebellions help explain Antiochus' subsequent aggressive policy toward his satrap Xerxes. By 212 BC, Antiochus III had invaded the domain of Xerxes and defeated him after laying siege to the city of Arsamosata. Shortly afterwards Antiochus III arranged for Xerxes to marry his sister, Antiochis. However, within the same year she arranged to have her new husband assassinated, thinking that her brother would then be able to take control of Sophene. Whether Xerxes still ruled Commagene by the time of his assassination is not known.

paragraph: Antiochus III, however, distracted by his many military campaigns, preferred to place Sophene under the rule of Xerxes' son, Abdissares.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antiochus III the Great

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commagene

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Commagene

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius, VIII.25

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Gustav Droysen, "Geschichte des Hellenismus", vol. ii. p. 73

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 204.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 2 vols. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997

description: Ruler of Commagne and Sophene

wikidata_label: Xerxes of Armenia

wikipedia_title: Xerxes of Armenia


text:
Sophene
Xerxes
Aramaic
Armenian
Zariadres
Antiochus III
Artaxias
Orontes IV
Armenia
Richard G. Hovannisian

categories: Kings of Sophene,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century BC rulers,200 BC deaths

paragraph: Abdissares

paragraph: Abdissares ruled the kingdom of Sophene after the assassination of his father, Xerxes in 212 BC.

paragraph: There are no known western sources for this king, only numismatic. His coins are almost similar to those of his father.

paragraph: His name seems to include the Aramaic prefix "Abd" which means slave. Aramaic was widely used in that region, and yet why he would have such a name, compared to his Armenian father Xerxes or brother Orontes IV, is uncertain.

paragraph: This may have been intended as a slur by the local Aramaic people, yet it is borne on his coins.

paragraph: "Ssares" sounds like Zareh (known in Greek sources as Zariadres), and it was Zareh who overthrew Abdissares in 200 BC.

paragraph: These coups were the work of king Antiochus III, which also resulted in Zareh's son Artaxias (Artaxerxes) overthrowing Orontes IV to become King of Armenia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Richard G. Hovannisian

description: Ruler of Sophene

wikidata_label: Abdissares

wikipedia_title: Abdissares


text:
Santa Maria Novella
Council of Pisa
Council of Constance
Dominican Order
Pisa
Constance
Aristotle
Gregorio
poemetto in ottave
St. Francis
Circumcision of Jesus
papal power
conciliar supremacy
circumcision
Jewish rite
baptism
Lorenzo Ghiberti

wikipedia_title:
Santa Maria Novella
Council of Pisa
Council of Constance
Dominican Order
Pisa
Konstanz
Aristotle
Gregorio Dati
Ottava rima
Francis of Assisi
Circumcision of Jesus
Papal supremacy
Conciliarism
Circumcision
Brit milah
Baptism
Lorenzo Ghiberti

categories: 1360 births,Italian Renaissance humanists,Italian Dominicans,1425 deaths,Masters of the Order of Preachers

paragraph: Leonardo Dati

paragraph: Leonardo di Piero Dati (1360 – 16 March 1425) was an Italian friar and humanist. He was Master General of the Dominican Order from 1414 to his death.

paragraph: He was a Prior of Santa Maria Novella from 1401, and took part in the Council of Pisa of 1409. Dati was the head of the Dominicans belonging to the Roman obedience during the Great Schism. At the time of the Council of Constance, Dati became Master General of a reunited Dominican Order. Dati then focused on the internal reform of the order, authoring the tract "Lamentationes de regularibus observantiis lapsis", in which he expressed strong dissatisfaction with the laxity and confusion of the order. His sermons at Pisa and Constance include references to literary texts, and he was well known as an author of commentaries on Aristotle. Leonardo also gave financial aid to his brother Gregorio, a Florentine merchant and diarist.

paragraph: Both Leonardo and Gregorio Dati are attributed authorship of "La Sfera" ("The Sphere"), an astronomical-geographic "poemetto in ottave", written in the second half of the 14th century, and a work much popular in its time. This work in verse gives information about the world, the marinaresche compass and other things, adding observations, notes about travel and designs. In some manuscripts of "La Sfera" there are designs representing ports, headlands, islands, linked by many lines.

paragraph: Dati's sermons on the feast of St. Francis (October 1416) and the feast of the Circumcision of Jesus (January 1417) advocated respect for papal power and reform within the context of the established order. The earlier sermon touched off an exchange of polemical memoranda between Dati and supporters of conciliar supremacy. Dati then addressed issues raised in this exchange in the later sermon. Dati's discussion of circumcision was traditional for his time, describing the Jewish rite as superseded by baptism.

paragraph: He is buried in the Cappella Rucellai at Santa Maria Novella. His tombstone is attributed to Lorenzo Ghiberti.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Sfera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trophaeum Anglaricum"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hillenbrand, Eugen. "Die Observantenbewegung in der deutschen Ordensprovinz der Dominikaner," in Elm, Kaspar, ed. Reformbemühungen und Observanzbestrebungen im spätmittelalterlichen Ordenswesen. Berliner Historische Studien, 14, Ordensstudien 6. Berlin, Duncker and Humblot, 1989: 232–233.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The manuscript of "La Sphera", digital copy of the manuscript in the collections of The National Library of Finland

paragraph: BULLET::::- The text and commentary of "Trophaeum Anglaricum" (in German)

description: Italian ffriar and humanist

wikidata_label: Leonardo Dati

wikipedia_title: Leonardo Dati


text:
American
baseball
Major League Baseball
Detroit Tigers
Boston Red Sox
designated hitter
first baseman
third baseman
pinch runner
game played
Mendocino College
Ukiah, California
minor league baseball
pitcher
Cloverdale, California
minor league baseball
Major Leagues
Bristol Pirates
Appalachian League
Detroit Tigers
Fayetteville Generals
South Atlantic League
games pitched
London Tigers
Eastern League
Toledo Mud Hens
International League
home run ratio
slugging percentage
Detroit Tigers
Boston Red Sox
John Flaherty
Pawtucket Red Sox
Toronto Blue Jays
Syracuse Chiefs
San Francisco Giants
Phoenix Firebirds
Pacific Coast League
1990 Detroit Tigers season
expanded roster
Toledo Mud Hens
hits
at bat
batting average
Mickey Tettleton
Andy Allanson
Mark Salas
run batted in
first baseman
outfielder
Chad Kreuter
Boston Red Sox
John Flaherty
home run
slugging percentage
American League East
Pawtucket Red Sox
free agency
Toronto Blue Jays
San Francisco Giants

wikipedia_title:
Americans
Baseball
Major League Baseball
Detroit Tigers
Boston Red Sox
Designated hitter
First baseman
Third baseman
Pinch runner
Games played
Mendocino College
Ukiah, California
Minor League Baseball
Pitcher
Cloverdale, California
Minor League Baseball
Major League Baseball
Bristol Pirates
Appalachian League
Detroit Tigers
Fayetteville Generals
South Atlantic League
Games pitched
London Tigers
Eastern League (baseball)
Toledo Mud Hens
International League
At bats per home run
Slugging percentage
Detroit Tigers
Boston Red Sox
John Flaherty
Pawtucket Red Sox
Toronto Blue Jays
Syracuse Mets
San Francisco Giants
Phoenix Firebirds
Pacific Coast League
1990 Detroit Tigers season
Major League Baseball rosters
Toledo Mud Hens
Hit (baseball)
At bat
Batting average (baseball)
Mickey Tettleton
Andy Allanson
Mark Salas
Run batted in
First baseman
Outfielder
Chad Kreuter
Boston Red Sox
John Flaherty
Home run
Slugging percentage
American League East
Pawtucket Red Sox
Free agent
Toronto Blue Jays
San Francisco Giants

categories: Bristol Tigers players,Boston Red Sox players,1964 births,Mendocino Eagles baseball players,Major League Baseball catchers,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,Detroit Tigers players,Fayetteville Generals players,People from Cloverdale, California,Baseball players from California,London Tigers players,Syracuse Chiefs players,Phoenix Firebirds players,Living people,Pawtucket Red Sox players

paragraph: Rich Rowland

paragraph: Richard Garnet Rowland (born February 25, 1964) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a as a backup catcher for the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox from 1990 to 1995. In addition to catching, he also played sparsely as a designated hitter, first baseman, third baseman, and pinch runner (although appearing only as a pinch runner in a game does not count as a game played). Prior to playing professional baseball, Rowland attended Mendocino College in nearby Ukiah, California. He also had a longer career in minor league baseball on and off from 1988–1997, where he even served as a pitcher in three games.

paragraph: Section::::Minor leagues.

paragraph: Born in Cloverdale, California, Rowland played for minor league baseball for a total of nine seasons from 1988–1997; he did not play in the minor leagues in 1994. He played for the minor leagues during the same seasons that he also played in the Major Leagues. He debuted in the minor leagues on the Bristol Tigers (now the Bristol Pirates) in 1988— a rookie-class Appalachian League team formerly owned by the Detroit Tigers. That season, he played 56 games for a .274 batting average in 186 at-bats as catcher. In 1989, he advanced to the Tigers' A-class Fayetteville Generals of the South Atlantic League, where he had a .272 batting average, 102 hits, and nine home runs. He also recorded two games pitched, pitching a total of two innings and allowing one run. Continuing through the Tigers' farm system, he advanced to the AA-class London Tigers of the Eastern League in 1990. He played for London for the first half of the season, where he statistics were impressive enough for a mid-season promotion to the AAA-class Toledo Mud Hens of the International League. For London, he batted .286 with 46 hits in 47 games with 161 at-bats. For Toledo, he batted .260 with 50 hits and 192 at-bats.

paragraph: For his efforts, he was called up to the Detroit Tigers on September 7, 1990 and played seven games with them during the 1990 season. From 1991–1993, he played the majority of time with Toledo, while being called up on occasion to play for the Tigers as catcher. His statistic in the Major Leagues were unimpressive due to his limited time on the Tigers' roster, but his statistics with Toledo were far more impressive. When he was not called up to play for the Tigers, he was a consistently solid hitting full-time catcher with Toledo reaching 136 games in 1992. His minor league playing time in 1993 was shorter, as he played more time on the Tigers. That season with Toledo, he batted .268 but hit 21 home runs in 325 at-bats— a relatively high home run ratio of 15.48. His slugging percentage of .548 ranked fourth in the International League in 1993.

paragraph: At the start of the 1994 season, Rowland was traded from the Detroit Tigers to the Boston Red Sox for John Flaherty and did not play in the minor leagues for Boston that year. In 1995, he played for Boston's AAA affiliate Pawtucket Red Sox, but he played little time for Pawtucket since he played more for Boston. With Pawtucket, he batted .258 in 34 games and 124 at-bats. At the end of the 1995 season, Rowland was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays, where he played on their AAA affiliate Syracuse Chiefs of the International League in 1996. He played 96 games with 288 at-bats but only had a .226 batting average (his lowest minor league batting average). While on the Chiefs, he was never called up to play for the Blue Jays and was traded to the San Francisco Giants for the start of 1997. He never played for the Giants but instead played on their AAA affiliate Phoenix Firebirds of the Pacific Coast League during the 1997 season. His time on the Chiefs was short, and he only played in 19 games before retiring.

paragraph: Section::::Major leagues.

paragraph: Section::::Major leagues.:Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: He was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in round 17 of the June 1988 draft. He played on various minor league teams before he made his professional debut late into the 1990 Detroit Tigers season on September 7, 1990 at the age of 26 as part of the team's late season expanded roster. While playing in the Major Leagues for the Detroit Tigers, Rowland also played intermittently on their Toledo Mud Hens minor league team and was occasionally called up to the Tigers when needed . In 1990, he played in only seven games, accumulating only three hits in 19 at bats for a .158 batting average. He returned for the Tigers in 1991 as a backup catcher to Mickey Tettleton, who rarely missed a game. Because of that, Rowland saw very little playing time with two other backup catchers— Andy Allanson and Mark Salas— on the roster as well. That season, he played in only four games, accumulating only four at-bats, one hit, one run batted in, and a .250 batting average. Rowland saw similar playing time in 1992; he only played in six games, batting 14 times with three hits for a .214 batting average. Despite very little playing time, he was contracted for the league-minimum $120,000 that season but spent most of his time on assignment with minor league Toledo. In 1993, Rowland saw his most playing time on the Detroit Tigers. That year, primary catcher Mickey Tettleton played more time as a first baseman and outfielder, giving Rowland and fellow backup catcher Chad Kreuter more playing time. That year, Rowland played 21 games, accumulating 10 hits in 46 at-bats for a .217 batting average.

paragraph: Section::::Major leagues.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: On April 1, just prior to the start of the 1994 season, Rich Rowland was traded to the Boston Red Sox for catcher John Flaherty. The strike-shortened 1994 season would prove to be by far Rowland's best season. He played in 46 games, accumulating 118 at-bats, 27 hits, nine home runs (hitting his first Major League home run this year), 20 runs batted in, and a .229 batting average. He also posted a career high .483 slugging percentage, among other career highs this season. In 1995, Rowland played again on the Red Sox, who won American League East division that year. He played in only 14 games, accumulating 29 at-bats with five hits and a low .172 batting average. He played his final Major League game on June 15, 1995. He was sent back full-time to the Pawtucket Red Sox minor league team for the duration of the season. During the off-season, Rowland was granted free agency from the Red Sox and was acquired by the Toronto Blue Jays and later the San Francisco Giants— though he never played in the Major Leagues again.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rowland's sons, Robbie and Richie, are both professional baseball players.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Almanac statistics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rich Rowland at Fanbase

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Rich Rowland

wikipedia_title: Rich Rowland


text: Constructivist

text: Enrique Tábara

text: Aníbal Villacís

text: Luis Molinari

text: Hugo Cifuentes

text: Gilberto Almeida

text: Quito

text: Guayaquil

text: pre-Columbian

text: Andean

text: Vladimir Tatlin

text: Cubism

text: Uruguay

text: Premio Eugenio Espejo

text: Guayaquil

text: Venice

text: Bonn

text: Gilbert

text: Rendon

text: Tábara

text: Villacís

text: Molinari

text: New York, New York

text: Santo Domingo

text: Organization of American States

text: Port-au-Prince

text: São Paulo

text: Nagoya

text: Dominican Republic

text: Lima

text: Santiago, Chile

text: Perth, Western Australia

text: Chicago

text: Quito

categories: Ecuadorian painters,1930 births,Ecuadorian sculptors,Modern painters,Modern artists,Living people

paragraph: Estuardo Maldonado

paragraph: Estuardo Maldonado (born 1930) is a Latin American sculptor and painter inspired by the Constructivist movement. Maldonado is a member of VAN (), the group of Informalist painters founded by Enrique Tábara. Other members of VAN included, Aníbal Villacís, Luis Molinari, Hugo Cifuentes, León Ricaurte and Gilberto Almeida. Maldonado's international presence is largely due to his participation in over a hundred exhibits outside of Ecuador.

paragraph: Born in Píntag, in the Quito district of Ecuador, Maldonado left home at a young age in order to observe and learn from nature. Both nature and the indigenous themes have been a fundamental inspiration for much of his work. Maldonado studied art at the School of Fine Arts in Guayaquil. By 1953, Maldonado was teaching drawing and art history at the American School of Guayaquil. In 1955, Maldonado traveled the Ecuadorian coast painting the people of the coast and landscapes.

paragraph: In 1955, Maldonado held his first exhibitions in Guayaquil, Portoviejo, and Esmeraldas. In 1956, Benjamin Carrion invited Maldonado to exhibit at the House of Ecuadorian Culture making him the first Ecuadorian artist to exhibit sculpture in Quito and Guayaquil. In 1957, Maldonado set out for Europe on a scholarship and traveled to France, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands and settled in Rome, Italy. Maldonado attended the Academy of Fine Arts of Rome and the Academy of San Giacomo.

paragraph: Maldonado's work depicts abstractions of nature. His ancestral roots are also evident in some of his works based on pre-Columbian imagery from his native Andean zone. At the same time, he is interested in the palpitation of the evolving Universe. It is because of this inherent curiosity with advancement and history that he has a place within the Latin American Constructivist art movement.

paragraph: Vladimir Tatlin founded Constructivism in Russia in 1913. Influenced by Futurism and Cubism, this movement is based on abstract, geometric forms and is related to architectural ideas. The Constructivist movement made its way into Latin America by way of Joaquín Torres García and Manuel Rendón. Constructive Universalism is an innovative style created by Joaquín Torres García who after living in Europe for over forty years, returned to his native land, Uruguay and brought with him new artistic concepts. Constructive Universalism combines references to the Pre-Columbian world with the geometric forms of European Constructivism.

paragraph: Maldonado's work has been celebrated throughout the world for successfully combining nature with innovation while addressing the relationship to his Andean roots.

paragraph: In 2009, Maldonado was awarded the Premio Eugenio Espejo, his country's most prestigious National Award for Art, Literature and Culture presented by the President of Ecuador.

paragraph: Section::::Museums and exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 - House of Ecuadorian Culture, Guayaquil, Ecuador

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 - Biennial of Venice, Venice, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 - Center for the International Studies of Constructivist Art, Bonn, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 - Marcon IV Gallery, Rome, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 - "Abstract Currents in Ecuadorian Art": Paintings by: Gilbert, Rendon, Tábara, Villacís, Molinari and Maldonado. Center for Inter-American Relations, New York, New York, U.S.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - First Latin American Symposium of Sculpture of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - Art Museum of the Americas, Organization of American States (OAS), Washington, D.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 - Ecuadorian Embassy, Port-au-Prince, Haiti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 - I Biennial International Painting of River Basin, River Basin, Ecuador

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 - Museum of Contemporary Hispanic Art (MoCHA), New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 - XX Biennial of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - "Masters of Latin America", Nagoya, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 - Gallery of Nadar Art, Dominican Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - Museum of Italian Art, Lima, Peru

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 - Pontifica Catholic University of Ecuador

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 - Museum of Modern Art, Santiago, Chile

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 - Exhibition, Perth, Western Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 - Exposición Centro Cultural Metropolitano de Quito, Ecuador.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 - Antología"1945-2002", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 - Sala Municipal de Exposiciones de Valencia. L’Almudí.Valencia, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - Museo Luis Gonzalez Robles Alcalá de Henares. Madrid, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 - Banco Central del Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 - Galería Arte Jorge Ontiveros. Madrid, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 - Sala Ayuntamiento L’Olleria. ValenciaSpain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - Exposición en Chicago. Galería Aldo Castillo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - Fundación Jaume II el Just. Real Monasterio Santa Maria Valldigna. Generalitat Valenciana (Simat de Valldigna).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - Sala Exposiciones Ayuntamiento de Elche. Alicante. España

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - Aldo Castillo Gallery, Chicago USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 - The Katzen Art Center at American University, Washington, D.C., USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 - Sala Autoral, Estuardo Maldonado, Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo (MAAC), Guayaquil, Ecuador.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - Galeria de Arte "CosmoArte Siglo XXV". Alicante, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - Ministry of Foreign Trade and Integration - Ecuadorian Embassy in Germany, Berlin, Germany.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - ArtMadrid. Madrid. España

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - Sala de Exposiciones Parque de atracciones "Terra Mitica" . Benidorm. Alicante, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - Expo Zaragoza 2008. Pabellón de las Artes de Telefónica. Zaragoza, Spain

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sullivan, Edward J., Latin American Art in the Twentieth Century. Phaidon Press Limited; London, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnitz, Jacqueline, Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. University of Texas Press; Austin, Texas, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salvat, Arte Contemporáneo de Ecuador. Salvat Editores Ecuatoriana, S.A., Quito, Ecuador, 1977.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo - https://web.archive.org/web/20050306200121/http://www.maac.org.ec/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20060225143626/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aldo Castillo Gallery, Chicago, Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- CosmoArte Siglo XXV, Alicante, Spain/a

description: Ecuadorian artist

wikidata_label: Estuardo Maldonado

wikipedia_title: Estuardo Maldonado


text: British

text: drummer

text: post-punk

text: The Pop Group

text: The Slits

text: New Age Steppers

text: Public Image Ltd

text: Neneh Cherry

text: The Pop Group

text: The Slits

text: Adrian Sherwood

text: New Age Steppers

text: On-U Sound Records

text: Neneh Cherry

text: Rip Rig + Panic

text: Gareth Sager

text: PiL

text: Album

text: John Lydon

text: The The

text: Björk

text: Y

text: The Pop Group

text: We Are Time

text: We Are All Prostitutes

text: Idealists in Distress From Bristol

text: Citizen Zombie

text: God

text: Rip Rig + Panic

text: I Am Cold

text: Attitude

text: Knee Deep in Hits

text: Public Image Ltd

text: What the World Needs Now...

text: New Age Steppers

text: New Age Steppers

text: Return of the Giant Slits

text: The Slits

text: African Head Charge

text: Sir Henry at N'didi’s Kraal

text: Vivian Stanshall

text: Terence Trent D'Arby

text: Dusk

text: The The

text: Debut

text: Björk

text: Sweetback

categories: Public Image Ltd members,Living people,Musicians from Bristol,English rock drummers,Rip Rig + Panic members,The Pop Group members,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Bruce Smith (musician)

paragraph: Bruce Neal Smith is a British musician best known as the drummer for post-punk band The Pop Group. He has also been a member of The Slits and the New Age Steppers and is currently performing with Public Image Ltd. He was once married to Neneh Cherry.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Smith helped co-found The Pop Group in 1977 and would play with them until they disbanded in 1981. Smith was also part of the line-up when the band re-formed in 2010.

paragraph: While the Pop Group was still active, Smith also joined The Slits in 1979 and would play with them until they disbanded in 1981.

paragraph: After the Pop Group and the Slits, Smith teamed up with Adrian Sherwood and performed with the New Age Steppers and various other acts on Sherwood's On-U Sound Records label. He married Neneh Cherry, who was also involved with the New Age Steppers, during this period. Smith and Cherry then went on to form Rip Rig + Panic with former Pop Group guitarist Gareth Sager. This band performed from 1981-1983.

paragraph: In 1986 Smith joined PiL for the tour to support their "Album" release and became a permanent member of the band, playing on their next two studio albums "Happy?" and "9". Smith left PiL in 1990 a few years before the band broke up. However, Smith re-joined the band when John Lydon reformed it in 2009.

paragraph: In addition to working with his regular bands, Smith has also done a lot of session work, recording with artists such as Terrence Trent D'Arby, The The and Björk.

paragraph: Section::::Partial discography.

paragraph: Section::::Partial discography.:The Pop Group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Y" - The Pop Group (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For How Much Longer Do We Tolerate Mass Murder?" - The Pop Group (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Are Time" - The Pop Group (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Are All Prostitutes" (comp) - The Pop Group (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Idealists in Distress From Bristol" (comp) - The Pop Group (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Citizen Zombie" - The Pop Group (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Partial discography.:Rip Rig + Panic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "God" - Rip Rig + Panic (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Am Cold" - Rip Rig + Panic (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attitude" - Rip Rig + Panic (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Knee Deep in Hits" (comp) - Rip Rig + Panic (1990)

paragraph: Section::::Partial discography.:Public Image Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy?" - Public Image Ltd (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "9" - Public Image Ltd (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ALiFE 2009" (live) - Public Image Ltd (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Isle of Wight Festival 2011" (live) - Public Image Ltd (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This is PiL" - Public Image Ltd (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What the World Needs Now... " - Public Image Ltd (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Partial discography.:Others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Age Steppers" - New Age Steppers (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Threat To Creation " - Creation Rebel / New Age Steppers (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Return of the Giant Slits" - The Slits (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Environmental Studies " - African Head Charge (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Henry at N'didi’s Kraal" - Vivian Stanshall (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introducing the Hardline According to Terence Trent D'Arby" - Terence Trent D'Arby (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dusk" - The The (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Debut" - Björk (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweetback" - Sweetback (1996)

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Bruce Smith

wikipedia_title: Bruce Smith (musician)


text:
settler
Massachusetts Bay colony
gentlemen
Freeman
Watertown, Massachusetts
Lexington
13 Colonies
Richard Saltonstall
New England Confederation
New World

categories: 1610 births,People from Watertown, Massachusetts,1682 deaths,People of colonial Massachusetts

paragraph: Nathaniel Bowman

paragraph: Nathaniel Bowman (1608–1682) was the first Bowman immigrant to be among the earliest settlers of the Massachusetts Bay colony. He had the rank of gentlemen in the public records, indicating that he came from some distinguished English stock. On October 19, 1630, he applied to the general court, but his name doesn’t appear on the list of applicants granted the oath of Freeman. He was one of the original proprietors of Watertown, Massachusetts. Around 1650, he removed to the Parish of Cambridge Farms (Lexington) where many of his descendants have lived.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13 Colonies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Saltonstall (1586–1661), led the settlement of Watertown in 1630

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Confederation (1643–1684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New World

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crane, E (1907). "Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Worcester County, Massachusetts, with a History of Worcester Society of Antiquity", The Lewis Publishing Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris, T (1894). "Ephraim and Pamela (Converse) Morris Their Ancestors and Descendants", S.N.

description: American settler

wikidata_label: Nathaniel Bowman

wikipedia_title: Nathaniel Bowman


text:
San Francisco, California
American
Chilean
singer
San Francisco, California
Santiago, Chile
Muérdete La Lengua
Buen Soldado
Chilean
Pablo Valenzuela Valdés
Oakland
California
acoustic guitar
Santiago
Saint George's College
Vitacura
Stanford University
Isabel Allende
Spain
Latin America
Santiago
Chile
Chile
Rolling Stone
Los Bunkers
Dulce
Julieta Venegas
Muérdete La Lengua
Gold
Berlin
Violeta Parra
Inti-Illimani
Latin Bitman
United States
Chile
Los Angeles
Buen Soldado
Buen Soldado
South by Southwest
Midem
Cannes
France
Tajo Abierto
Prenderemos fuego al cielo
Tajo Abierto
Lollapalooza
Tajo Abierto
Alejandro Sanz
Thalía
Ana Torroja
Manaus
HBO Latin America
World Men's Handball Championship
Doha
Qatar
University of California, Berkeley
Universidad Católica
Santiago
Chile
Muérdete La Lengua
Afortunada
Muleta
Quiero Verte Más
Prenderemos fuego al cielo
Official music website
Official MySpace
Official Blog

categories: Feminist musicians,1987 births,American female guitarists,21st-century American pianists,Chilean pop singers,Chilean women poets,21st-century American singers,21st-century American women singers,Chilean guitarists,Guitarists from San Francisco,Chilean pianists,Living people,21st-century Chilean poets,Chilean female singers,Chilean singer-songwriters,American women pianists,Rock en Español musicians,American female singers,20th-century women writers,20th-century Chilean poets,21st-century women writers

paragraph: Francisca Valenzuela

paragraph: Francisca Valenzuela (; born March 17, 1987 in San Francisco, California) is an American-born Chilean singer, poet, and multi-instrumentalist. Valenzuela was born and raised in San Francisco, California, where she resided until the age of 12, before moving to Santiago, Chile. She gained to popularity in Chile and Latin America, following the release of her debut album, "Muérdete La Lengua" in June 2007. Her second album, "Buen Soldado" followed in March 2011. Valenzuela has earned both gold and platinum album certification in Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Francisca Valenzuela was born in San Francisco, California to Chilean-born scientists, Pablo Valenzuela Valdés and Bernardita Méndez Velasco. She is the fourth oldest and only daughter of five children. Valenzuela attended Park Day School in nearby Oakland, California. At a very early age, Valenzuela demonstrated an interest in music and began taking music lessons at the age of 7. By age ten, she was playing acoustic guitar and continued studying classical piano. During summer vacations and Christmases, she and her brothers would travel to Santiago, where they would visit relatives. Eventually, the family would make the permanent move to Santiago, when she was 12. Valenzuela attended Saint George's College, an elite private school in the Vitacura neighborhood of Santiago.

paragraph: After submitting poetry of her own composition to various literary magazines and taking summer poetry courses, Valenzuela's parents helped her submit more material to a friend, who was also a literary critic at Stanford University. Many of her poems were published in the Latin American literary magazine, "El Andar". In 2000, she published her first book,""Defenseless Waters"", featuring a collection of her poems and illustrations. The book featured a foreword by famed Chilean author, Isabel Allende. She released her second book,""Abejorros/Madurar"", which was distributed in Spain and Latin America in 2001. As part a promotional tour for ""Defenseless Waters"", she brought her guitar and keyboard to venues in northern California, where she gave poetry readings and performed songs of her own composition. Valenzuela is fluent in English and Spanish, and often composes songs in both languages.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:2004-2007: debut album: "Muérdete la Lengua".

paragraph: Shortly after the release of her first book, Francisca and her family moved to Santiago, Chile when she was 13. While residing in Chile, Francisca took part as singer in school festivals, where she performed her original songs. In 2004, she attended an intensive jazz program at the Berklee College School of Music in Boston. She first began looking for a record deal by sending her demos to major record label offices throughout Chile with no success. She performed English-language songs at bars and clubs in Santiago, but eventually began writing and performing in Spanish. After many unsuccessful attempts at signing with a major label, Valenzuela decided to release her music independently in Chile.

paragraph: In 2006, Valenzuela unofficially released her first solo single, "Peces", which she wrote at age 13 about a boy she liked who did not reciprocate her feelings. Within a few months after its release, "Peces" gained popularity on Chilean radio. "Peces" was recognized by Rolling Stone magazine in Chile, as one of the best 100 songs of the year 2006. Due to the success of her first unofficial single, Valenzuela began recording her debut album in Santiago. Brothers Mauricio and Francisco Durán of Los Bunkers produced the album. In December 2006, she released her second single, "Dulce", which reached number two on Chile's national charts.

paragraph: To add more achievements to her short musical career, on May 19, 2007, she was invited by Julieta Venegas to open her concert at Teatro Caupolicán. On June 30, 2007, her debut album, "Muérdete La Lengua" was released in Chile. The Chilean press quickly dubbed her as "The Princess of Rock", calling her,"[a] new musical revelation". Soon after its release, the album was certified as Gold in Chile. Valenzuela performed in New York City at the annual LAMC conference in July 2008. This was Valenzuela's first musical exposure in the US and gave her an opportunity to showcase her music outside of Latin America. To promote her debut album, Valenzuela performed at various venues across Chile, as well as Mexico, Argentina, and other countries throughout Latin America.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:2009–2012: second studio album: "Buen Soldado".

paragraph: In early 2009, Valenzuela began the pre-production stages for her second album in Santiago and Berlin. She contributed to the Chilean water conservation documentary "H2O:Cero", by composing a new song called "En Blanco" for the film. She has also participated in the album tribute for Violeta Parra, recording a new version of "Run Run Se Fue Pa'l Norte" as well as recording a version of Inti-Illimani's song "Vuelvo".

paragraph: In 2009, she collaborated with Chilean rapper, Latin Bitman for his album "Colour"; Valenzuela co-wrote and sang two songs, "Help Me" and "Someday". "Help Me" was later released as a single in the United States and Chile and a music video was also filmed in Los Angeles in November 2009. In August 2010, Valenzuela began recording for her second studio album in Santiago. Production on the album was completed in late 2010. On January 1, 2011, Valenzuela released in digital formats her first single "Quiero Verte Más" from her second studio album called "Buen Soldado"; the album was released on March 3, 2011 in Chile as a physical and digital release. In addition to embarking on a national tour in Chile, Valenzuela also promoted Buen Soldado internationally at the South by Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas in March 2012. She also performed at Midem in Cannes, France, representing Chile. Valenzuela had previously performed at the festival in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Third studio album: Tajo Abierto (2014 to present).

paragraph: In May 2014, Valenzuela confirmed that her third studio album, "Tajo Abierto", would be released in September 2014. The album's first official single, "Prenderemos fuego al cielo", was available for digital download on iTunes on July 15, 2014. Valenzuela wrote most of the album on the piano before learning how to use special computer software to create the final studio version. She began recording her third studio album began recording the album in November 2013 and completed production in May 2014. The majority of the album was recorded in Los Angeles, California, with the exception of one song, "Cuequita del corazón", which Valenzuela recorded in Santiago, Chile at Estudios del Sur. Valenzuela worked on the album with four producers: Jesse Rogg, Vicente Sanfuentes (who co-produced her second album), Dave Sitek, and Áureo Baqueiro. Valenzuela wrote 25 songs for the album and chose 11 for the final track listing.

paragraph: In 2014, Valenzuela formed her own independent record label, Frantastic Records, with the help of her mother, Vicente Sanfuentes, and a small team in Chile. Tajo Abierto was released worldwide on iTunes on September 9, 2014. To promote the album, she performed in Spain, Mexico, and Chile in September and November 2014. She returned to the US, where she debuted at Lollapalooza in Chicago on August 1, 2014. While in the US, she performed in Los Angeles and Oakland, California. "Armadura" was announced as the album's second single and was released for digital download on December 11, 2014. Tajo Abierto was named one of the best albums of 2014 by iTunes Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Other music ventures: 2013 to present.

paragraph: Valenzuela is a featured artist on Spanish singer-songwriter, Alejandro Sanz's tribute album, "Y Si Fueran Ellas". She recorded a cover of Sanz's "Lola Soledad" for the album. The album features contributions from thirteen female vocalists, including Thalía and Ana Torroja. The album was released worldwide on iTunes on November 19, 2013.

paragraph: In 2014, Valenzuela traveled to the Brazilian cities of Manaus and Rio de Janeiro, as well as the Amazonian Jungle, to write and record a music video for the HBO Latin America tourism documentary, "Encuentros en Brasil". She wrote the song, "Reina tropical de Brasil" ("Tropical Queen of Brazil" in English). The documentary series aired in Latin America and the Caribbean in September 2014. An EP of songs from the documentary was later released on iTunes on July 14, 2014.

paragraph: In late December 2014, Valenzuela was selected along with 23 other well-known international artists to record the official theme song, "Live It", for at the 24th annual World Men's Handball Championship. A music video for the song was filmed and later premiered on YouTube on December 18, 2014. Valenzuela represents Chile. She and the other artists performed at the opening ceremony in Doha, Qatar on January 15, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Fashion career.

paragraph: Valenzuela began modeling for the popular Chilean clothing brand, "Foster" in 2012. In May 2013, she partnered with the company to design a collection. Her collection features black and white pieces inspired by 60s mod and SKA. The collection is available exclusively in Foster stores throughout Chile. On November 6, 2013, Valenzuela revealed that she had designed a second collection for Foster. The Summer 2014 collection features 21 pieces, including accessories like handbags and wallets, designed by Valenzuela.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Valenzuela took a summer course in International Relations at University of California, Berkeley. Later, she studied journalism at Universidad Católica in Santiago, Chile. In 2010, due to a busy touring and pre-production schedule for her second album, she put her studies on hold and later dropped out in order to pursue music full-time. As of January 2016, she is in a relationship with Chilean producer, Vicente Sanfuentes. She resides in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: Section::::Music videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dulce" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muérdete La Lengua"(2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afortunada"(2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muleta"(2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peces"(2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""El Tiempo en Las Bastillas"(2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Help Me (Latin Bitman feat. Francisca Valenzuela) (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Estrechez de Corazón (as a featured artist) (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quiero Verte Más" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Que Sería" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En Mi Memoria" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Esta Soy Yo" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mucho Corazón" (Sussie 4 feat. Francisca Valenzuela) (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buen Soldado (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reina tropical de Brasil" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Prenderemos fuego al cielo" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live It" (as a featured artist) (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Armadura" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Insulto" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Almost Superstars" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catedral" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Estremecer" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official music website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Blog

description: American-born Chilean singer

wikidata_label: Francisca Valenzuela

wikipedia_title: Francisca Valenzuela


text: Pless

text: House of Ascania

text: Anhalt-Pless

text: Frederick Ferdinand

text: Henry

text: heir presumptive

categories: People from Pszczyna,1841 deaths,1783 births

paragraph: Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Pless

paragraph: Louis of Anhalt-Pless (16 July 1783 in Pless – 5 November 1841 in Pless) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Pless.

paragraph: He was the sixth (but fifth surviving) son of Frederick Erdmann, Prince of Anhalt-Pless, by his wife Louise Ferdinande, daughter of Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: As the youngest child in his family, Louis had little prospect of ever taking part the government of Pless; but when the main line of the Anhalt-Köthen branch of the House of Ascania became extinct in 1818, his older brother Frederick Ferdinand assumed the title duke of Anhalt-Köthen and left the government of Pless in the hands of the next oldest brother Henry.

paragraph: In 1830, Frederick Ferdinand died childless and Henry succeeded him as duke. Shortly after, he left the government of Pless in the hands of Louis. Because Henry was also childless, Louis became heir presumptive to the duchy of Anhalt-Köthen until his death, unmarried and also childless. After Louis's death, Henry reassumed his government over Pless until his own death.

description: German prince

wikidata_label: Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Pless

wikipedia_title: Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Pless


text:
Iranian
House of Suren
wuzurg framadār
Sasanian Empire
Yazdegerd I
Bahram V
Yazdegerd II
Peroz I
Middle Iranian
theophoric name
Mithra
Ardashir-Khwarrah
Pars
Seven Great Houses of Iran
Parthia
Arsacid Empire
Sakastan
fief
Persian
Sasanian
al-Tabari
Kayanian
Vishtaspa
Arsaces I
Yazdegerd II
Nishapur
Khorasan
Hephthalites
Suren Pahlav
Zurvandad
Gor
Persian
Istakhri
dirham

categories: Viziers of the Sasanian Empire,Generals of Yazdegerd II,4th-century births,House of Suren,5th-century Iranian people,5th-century deaths

paragraph: Mihr Narseh

paragraph: Mihr Narseh ( mtrnrshy), was a powerful Iranian nobleman from the House of Suren, who served as minister ("wuzurg framadār") of the Sasanian Empire during the reigns of the Sasanian kings Yazdegerd I (r. 399-420), Bahram V (420–438), Yazdegerd II (r. 438–457) and Peroz I (r. 457–484).

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: The name of Mihr Narseh is a combination of the Middle Iranian theophoric names of "Mihr" (Mithra) and "Narse(h)".

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Mihr-Narseh was born in the 4th-century in the village of Abruwan in the rural district of Dasht-e Barin in the administrative division of Ardashir-Khwarrah, in southwestern Pars. He belonged to the House of Suren, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran. The family, of Parthian origin, had been active in Iranian politics since the Arsacid Empire, and held parts of Sakastan as their personal fiefdom. It was thus unusual for a Surenid to be a native of Pars, which illustrates their extensive authority and influence during this period, which made them able to spread their influence to Pars, the homeland of the ruling Persian Sasanian family. It is unknown if the Suren branch of Pars adopted the title of "Parsig" (Persian). Mihr Narseh was the son of a certain Boraza, who may have owned the land Mihr Narseh was born in. According to the medieval historian al-Tabari, Mihr Narseh traced his descent back to the legendary Kayanian king Vishtaspa and the first Arsacid king, Arsaces I ().

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 453, Yazdegerd II moved his court to Nishapur in Khorasan to face the threat from the Hephthalites and left Mihr Narseh in charge of the Sasanian Empire. Mihr Narseh later retired in Pars. He may have been succeeded by Suren Pahlav, another member of the Suren clan. He had three sons named Zurvandad, Kardar, and Mahgushnasp.

paragraph: Section::::Constructions.

paragraph: In the early 5th-century, Mihr Narseh had a bridge built in Gor. A inscription was also written on the bridge, which says; "This bridge was built by order of Mihr-Narseh, wuzurg framadār, for his soul's sake and at his own expense... Whoever has come on this road let him give a blessing to Mihr-Narseh and his sons for that he thus bridged this crossing." Furthermore, he also founded four villages with a fire-temple in each of them. The name of the fire-temples were; Faraz-mara-awar-khwadaya, Zurvandadan, Kardadan, and Mahgushnaspan. He had a fifth fire-temple constructed in Abruwan, which may have been the Barin fire-temple that the 10th-century Persian geographer Istakhri visited, who stated that the fire-temple had an inscription that stated 30,000 dirhams was spent for its construction.

description: Sasanian nobleman and grand vizier

wikidata_label: Mehr Narseh

wikipedia_title: Mihr Narseh