text:
film director
screenwriter
Kesällä kello 5
14th Berlin International Film Festival
Night by the Seashore
12th Moscow International Film Festival
Kaasua, komisario Palmu!
EP-X-503
Tori
Kesällä kello 5
Käyntikorttini...
Ovi
Kuuma kissa?
Kesyttömät veljekset
Laukaus tehtaalla
Yö meren rannalla

categories: Finnish film directors,20th-century Finnish people,People from Iisalmi,2005 deaths,1936 births,Finnish screenwriters,Finnish cinematographers

paragraph: Erkko Kivikoski

paragraph: Erkko Kivikoski (2 July 1936 – 11 August 2005) was a Finnish film director and screenwriter. He directed nine films between 1962 and 1981. His 1963 film "Kesällä kello 5" was entered into the 14th Berlin International Film Festival. His 1981 film "Night by the Seashore" was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Diploma.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaasua, komisario Palmu!" (Cinematographer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "EP-X-503" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tori" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kesällä kello 5" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Käyntikorttini..." (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ovi" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kuuma kissa?" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kesyttömät veljekset" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laukaus tehtaalla" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yö meren rannalla" (1981)

description: Film director, Screenwriter

wikidata_label: Erkko Kivikoski

wikipedia_title: Erkko Kivikoski


text:
Portuguese
martyr
Visigoth
Portugal
Tomar
tutor
Mass
Saint Peter
nobleman
nun
mercenary soldier
disabled
sword
River Tagus
uncorrupted
Benedictines
cultus
Scalabis
Santarém
patron saint
Sant' Irene del Portogallo

categories: Christian female saints of the Middle Ages,Women of medieval Portugal,7th-century people of the Visigothic Kingdom,Portuguese Roman Catholic saints,7th-century women,635 births,653 deaths,People from Tomar,7th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Irene of Tomar

paragraph: Saint Irene of Tomar (in Portuguese: Santa Iria) (c.635 – c.653) was a Christian who was martyred for her faith in Visigothic Portugal. The legend of her life is possibly little more than that.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Legend says that Irene was born in Nabância, present-day Tomar, Portugal. She was born into an influential family, and her parents, wishing to protect her, sent her to a convent school and a private tutor. The only times she left her house was to attend Mass or pray at the sanctuary of Saint Peter. A young nobleman named Britald saw her once and fell in love with her. Every time she left to go to church, he would follow her. Eventually he came forward with his proposal to court her; however, Irene made it clear that she would never marry him. When Britald became depressed, Irene hastened to make it clear to him that the reason for her celibacy was that she had given herself to God as a nun.

paragraph: Meanwhile, her tutor, a monk named Remigius (or Remígio) made improper advances to her, and when she declined, quit and spread vicious rumors about her. When asked why he was no longer tutoring the girl, he replied that he had left upon having learned that she was pregnant. In addition, he managed to give her a drink that brought about her belly to inflate. All these news circulated around the town, and eventually Britald learned of her supposed infidelity. Enraged, he hired a mercenary soldier to kill her. So, as Irene was returning home from visiting an elderly disabled man, the assassin approached from behind and killed her with a single stroke of his sword.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Her body was thrown into river Nabão, that flows into River Tagus. Later, it was recovered uncorrupted from this river by Benedictines near the town of Scalabis. Legend says that her uncle abbot Celius had received from Christ a revelation about the true story of her niece and the location of her body. The monks gave her a proper burial, and spread her cultus. Eventually, so great was the reverence paid to the virgin saint, that the name of the town of Scalabis was changed to Santarém ("Saint Irene").

paragraph: Thus, Irene is the patron saint of Tomar and namesake Santarém.

paragraph: Feast Day is October 20th.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliveira, Miguel de, "Santa Iria e Santarém. Lenda e História. Estudos hagiográficos", Lisboa, União Gráfica, 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- Costa, Avelino de Jesus, "Santa Iria e Santarém, revisão de um problema hagiográfico e toponímico", Coimbra, FLUC, 1972

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sant' Irene del Portogallo

description: Portuguese saint

wikidata_label: Irene of Tomar

wikipedia_title: Irene of Tomar


text:
Spanish
Basque
conquistador
Royal Governor of Chile
Durango
Biscay
Levant
Peru
Chile
Arauco War
Rodrigo de Quiroga
Chiloé
Cuncos
Santiago de Castro
Melchor Bravo de Saravia
Arauco
Tucapel
Audiencia
Battle of Catirai
encomienda
Philip II of Spain
Santiago
Viceroy of Peru
Tasa de Santillán
Tasa de Gamboa
diocese
Santiago
La Imperial
Lope de Azócar
Chillán
Mapuche
Huilliche
Pehuenche
Spain
Peru
Alonso de Sotomayor

categories: Captaincy General of Chile,Basque conquistadors,1590 deaths,16th-century Chilean people,1533 births,Royal Governors of Chile,16th-century Spanish people,Spanish generals,Viceroyalty of Peru people,People from Durango, Biscay,16th-century Peruvian people,16th-century explorers

paragraph: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa

paragraph: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa de Berriz (; 1533 – 1590) was a Spanish Basque conquistador who served as a Royal Governor of Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: He was born in Durango, Biscay, the son of Andrés Ruiz de Gamboa and Nafarra de Berriz, and served as a youth in the royal navy in the Levant. Before the age of 18, he traveled to Peru, eventually arriving in Chile in 1552.

paragraph: Remaining in the area, he would participate in the Arauco War, being named in 1565 the lieutenant general for the governor at the time Rodrigo de Quiroga, with whom he had familial ties after marrying his daughter Isabel de Quiroga.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Governor of Chiloé.

paragraph: He achieved the conquest of the island of Chiloé by subduing the docile Cuncos Indians. He named the island New Galicia, and on November 12, 1567, founded the city of Santiago de Castro there. He was governor of Chiloé, and in 1568 Melchor Bravo de Saravia named him general and chief justice of Arauco and Tucapel.

paragraph: Given his experience in the Arauco War, the Real Audiencia entrusted him with the direction of the war. However, in 1569 he suffered a complete defeat in the Battle of Catirai, losing his encomienda and suffering a marginalization from public life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Governor of Chile.

paragraph: He returned to prominence when Rodrigo de Quiroga received his second mandate. Because of the sickness of the governor, Gamboa was again entrusted with the leadership of the war effort. In 1577, Quiroga named Gamboa his successor in his will, and just before his death, made him interim governor. All this was allowed because of privileges granted by the king at the time, Philip II of Spain.

paragraph: As soon as Quiroga died, on February 25, 1580, the "cabildo" of Santiago sent messengers to Gamboa to ask him to return to the capital to receive the mandate. He was sworn in on March 8, 1580. He then pursued the ratification of his mandate by the Viceroy of Peru and the king.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tasa de Gamboa.

paragraph: The Viceroy delayed nearly a year in his confirmation, and the king took an even more ambivalent view towards him. In order to fully secure the trust of the king, Gamboa thought that the achievement of the king's wishes that the Indians be protected would increase his standing. For this he replaced the Tasa de Santillán, which itself had never really been enforced, with another which is known today as the Tasa de Gamboa. This replaced the tribute of labor required of the Indians with a simple monetary tax. The Indians of the "repartamientos" were required to pay nine pesos annually in the diocese of Santiago, and seven in La Imperial. The post of "corregidor" was created to oversee the tax system and the protection of the Indians. These functionaries were to be supported by a portion of the tax, but a majority of it went to the encomenderos.

paragraph: This new system provoked increasing confrontations with the encomenderos, as they were sure (and later proved correct) that the Indians wouldn't pay the new tribute and would instead dedicate themselves to leisure. The new enemies that Gamboa thus created for himself began to pass rumors to the Viceroy, who each day had a more negative image of Gamboa.

paragraph: Amidst all this, Gamboa had to respond to a rebellion by his lieutenant governor Lope de Azócar, who opposed his administration. However, the governor was able to gain control of the situation, pressuring Azocar, and finally chasing him from Chile.

paragraph: Gamboa spent the final years of his mandate (1581-1583) in the south of the country, engaged in permanent conflict with the natives. On June 25, 1580 he had founded a city named San Bartolomé Chillán y Gamboa, which became known as Chillán. The situation of the war during his tenure only worsened, since the rebellion of the Mapuches was joined by the Huilliches, who previously had not been aggressive, and by the Pehuenche nearby Chillán.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Final years.

paragraph: As a result of the setbacks, Gamboa had to send for reinforcements from Spain and Peru. These arrived well enough (although there were many desertions during the journey), but under the command of Alonso de Sotomayor, Gamboa's successor designated by the king. Gamboa was in Chillán when he heard the news, and handed over his command and treated his successor with courtesy. However, Sotomayor had also come to hear the innumerable complaints against Gamboa and judge his guilt. As a result, he had to detain Gamboa in the government house in Santiago, letting him out only on bail. Eventually, he was absolved and given his freedom.

paragraph: Gamboa had long waited for the permission of the Audiencia of Lima to travel to Spain to justify his conduct to the king. However, he never realized this trip, living his last days in Santiago away from the interference of the government. He died at Santiago in 1590.

paragraph: br

description: Spanish general

wikidata_label: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa

wikipedia_title: Martín Ruiz de Gamboa


text: West Nottingham

text: Cecil County, Maryland

text: Baltimore City College

text: Maryland

text: Edgar Allan Poe

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: Cecil County, Maryland

text: St. John's College

text: Annapolis, Maryland

text: Master of Arts

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Franklin Academy

text: Reisterstown, Maryland

text: Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Baltimore City College

text: LL.D.

text: Oxford, Georgia

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: Edgar Allan Poe

text: Ligeia

text: A Predicament

text: The Haunted Palace

text: Burton's Gentleman's Magazine

text: Graham's Magazine

text: New York Mirror

text: Southern Literary Messenger

text: Ovid

text: Caesar

text: Virgil

text: Works by Nathan C. Brooks

text: Internet Archive

text: Brooks' Poetry

categories: American schoolteachers,1809 births,Baltimore City College faculty,1898 deaths

paragraph: Nathan C. Brooks

paragraph: Nathan Covington Brooks (August 12, 1809 – October 6, 1898) was an American educator, historian, and poet. Born in West Nottingham, Cecil County, Maryland, Brooks grew up to become the first principal of Baltimore City College, the third oldest public high school in the United States, and the only president of the Baltimore Female College, the first institution of higher education for women in Maryland. He also was the owner of "The American Museum", a literary magazine, in which he published several works of the famed poet Edgar Allan Poe, and the author of several textbooks on classical literature. Brooks died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nathan Covington Brooks, the youngest son of John and Mary Brooks, was born in West Nottingham, Cecil County, Maryland on August 12, 1809. He began his education at the West Nottingham Academy, and upon graduating enrolled at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland. There he received a Master of Arts with his thesis consisting of a poem. After receiving his degree, Brooks began his teaching career at the age of 16 in Charlestown, Cecil County. He held this position for two years before opening a private school in Baltimore, Maryland in 1826, where he remained for five years. In 1831, he was elected principal of the Franklin Academy, located in Reisterstown, Maryland. After three years, Brooks resigned to become principal of the Brookeville Academy in Montgomery County, Maryland. However, in 1836, he resigned from the academy because the school was unable to pay his salary.

paragraph: In 1839, Brooks was unanimously selected out of a pool of 45 candidates to be the first principal of the new male high school in Baltimore—later renamed the Baltimore City College. He served in this capacity until 1849, when he resigned to serve as the only president of the Baltimore Female College, the first institution of higher learning for women in Maryland. While at the Baltimore Female College, Brooks was granted an LL.D. from Emory College in Oxford, Georgia in 1859. He served as president of the Baltimore Female College until it was closed in 1890.

paragraph: Brooks was married twice and fathered 11 children. He was wed to Mary Elizabeth Gobright on May 8, 1826, and later married Christiana Octavia Crump on June 26, 1867. Brooks died on October 6, 1898 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::"The American Museum".

paragraph: In 1838, Brooks purchased Summer Lincoln Fairfield's "The North American Quarterly" and moved the publication from Philadelphia to Baltimore. Brooks partnered with Dr. Joseph E. Snodgrass, a Baltimore physician, to transform the publication into "The American Museum of Science, Literature and the Arts". The magazine mainly functioned as a literary publication, featuring literary criticism as well as poetry and short stories.

paragraph: Brooks, who was a friend of the famed poet Edgar Allan Poe, published several of Poe's works in "The American Museum". Poe's "Ligeia", "A Predicament" (published as "The Scythe of Time"), and "The Haunted Palace" were all originally published in Brooks' magazine. Nevertheless, the magazine was short lived. Only two volumes of the magazine were published and it ceased to exist after 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: Throughout his career as an educator, Brooks contributed poetry and prose writings to various literary magazines. Among the literary magazines that Brooks submitted works to, were "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine", "Graham's Magazine", the "New York Mirror", and the "Southern Literary Messenger". Brooks also wrote several anthologies of poetry, including "Scriptural Anthology", which was published in 1837 and "The Literary Amaranth", which was published in 1840. Poe wrote an ambivalent review of Brooks' "Scriptural Anthology", which appeared in "Graham's Magazine" in December 1841. In his review, Poe wrote, "among many inferior compositions of length, there were several shorter pieces of great merit;—for example 'Shelley's Obsequies' and 'The Nicthanthes'." Poe was also critical of Brooks' comic works, while praising his more serious prose.

paragraph: In addition to his poetry and prose, Brooks authored several textbooks, which focused mainly on classical literature, and a few popular history texts. These included "First Lessons in Latin", published in 1845, "First Lessons in Greek", published in 1846, "A Complete History Of The Mexican War", published in 1849, and "The History of the Church". Brooks also translated and published several editions of the works of Ovid, Caesar, and Virgil.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Nathan C. Brooks on the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks' Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso, translated by Nathan Covington Brooks

alias:
Peter Prospero
Nathan Covington Brooks

description: American academic

wikidata_label: Nathan C. Brooks

wikipedia_title: Nathan C. Brooks


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis

text: Bishop of New Ulm

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: Sacred Heart Major Seminary

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome

text: Bachelor's degree in Sacred Theology

text: ordained

text: deacon

text: Pontifical North American College

text: licentiate

text: Pontifical Institute of St. Alphonsus

text: ordained

text: priest

text: associate pastor

text: Clawson

text: secretary

text: John Francis Dearden

text: professor

text: moral theology

text: Plymouth

text: Farmington Hills

text: Farmington

text: vicar general

text: Archdiocese of Detroit

text: August 1978 papal conclave

text: Pope John Paul II

text: English

text: Vatican Secretariat of State

text: chaplain

text: Brothers of Holy Cross

text: Doctorate in Sacred Theology

text: In Vitro Fertilization

text: Embryo transfer

text: Birmingham

text: adjunct professor

text: SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary

text: Orchard Lake

text: pastor

text: Union Lake

text: alma mater

text: Rector

text: Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

text: National Shrine of the Little Flower

text: Royal Oak

text: auxiliary bishop

text: titular bishop

text: Alton

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Adam Maida

text: James Aloysius Hickey

text: Edmund Szoka

text: co-consecrators

text: motto

text: Episcopal Vicar

text: Dearborn

text: Downriver

text: Monroe

text: Wayne

text: vicar

text: Bishop of New Ulm

text: Minnesota

text: installed

text: Raymond Lucker

text: Terri Schiavo case

text: Brokeback Mountain

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: coadjutor archbishop

text: St. Paul and Minneapolis

text: Archbishop Harry Flynn

text: Archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis

text: pallium

text: metropolitan bishop

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: gay pride

text: Minneapolis

text: homosexuality

text: psychological trauma

text: 2008 Republican National Convention

text: St. Paul

text: 2008 presidential election

text: House Speaker

text: Nancy Pelosi

text: Freedom of Choice Act

text: pro-abortion

text: US$

text: Minnesota Amendment 1

text: same-sex marriage in the state

text: Sacrament

text: Holy Matrimony

text: embryonic stem cell research

text: bar

text: papal nuncio

text: under oath

text: deposition

text: sexual assault

text: Minnesota Public Radio

text: Lee A. Piché

text: Pope Francis

text: Bernard Hebda

text: Newark

text: Apostolic Administrator

text: Lake Huron

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo

text: Battle Creek

text: Napa Valley, California

text: Napa Institute

text: Theodore McCarrick

text: Article from the Pioneer Press

text: Article from MPR

categories: Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in the United States,American Roman Catholic archbishops,21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1947 births,Roman Catholic bishops of New Ulm,Archbishops of Saint Paul and Minneapolis,Pontifical North American College alumni,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,Sacred Heart Major Seminary faculty,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit,Living people,Clergy from Detroit

paragraph: John Clayton Nienstedt

paragraph: John Clayton Nienstedt (born March 18, 1947) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the eighth Archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis from 2008 to 2015. He previously served as Bishop of New Ulm from 2001 to 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: John Nienstedt was born in Detroit, Michigan, to John C. and Elizabeth S. (née Kennedy) Nienstedt. The second oldest of six children, he has two brothers, Richard and Michael, and three sisters, Barbara, Mary, and Corinne.

paragraph: He graduated in 1969 from Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit with Bachelor of Arts degree, before studying at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Sacred Theology in 1972. On April 29, 1972, he was ordained a deacon at the Pontifical North American College. He also received a licentiate from the Pontifical Institute of St. Alphonsus in 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Priest.

paragraph: Nienstedt was ordained a priest on July 27, 1974, in the United States. He then served as an associate pastor at Guardian Angels Parish in Clawson until 1976. He became secretary to Cardinal John Francis Dearden and a part-time professor of moral theology at St. John Provincial Seminary in Plymouth in 1977. He was also a weekend associate pastor at St. Fabian's Parish in Farmington Hills and at Our Lady of Sorrows Parish in Farmington. He became vicar general for the Archdiocese of Detroit in 1979. He accompanied Cardinal Dearden to the August 1978 papal conclave, where he met the future Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: In 1980, Nienstedt was assigned to the English desk of the Vatican Secretariat of State. While in Rome, he also served as a chaplain at Baby Jesus Hospital (1980–83) and to the Brothers of Holy Cross (1981–84). He earned a Doctorate in Sacred Theology from the Pontifical Institute of St. Alphonsus in 1985; his doctoral thesis was entitled, "Human Life in a Test-tube; the Moral Dimension of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo transfer."

paragraph: In early 1986, he was named temporary assistant pastor at St. Regis Church in Birmingham and adjunct professor of moral theology at SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary in Orchard Lake. He was made pastor of St. Patrick's Parish in Union Lake in July that year. In 1987, Nienstedt was appointed to reorganize his "alma mater" Sacred Heart Seminary. He became its Rector in 1988. He became a Honorary Prelate of His Holiness in 1990 and pastor of the National Shrine of the Little Flower in Royal Oak in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.

paragraph: On June 12, 1996, Nienstedt was appointed auxiliary bishop of Detroit and titular bishop of Alton by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 9 from Cardinal Adam Maida, with Cardinals James Aloysius Hickey and Edmund Szoka serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: , 'That All May Be One' ().

paragraph: As an auxiliary of Detroit, Nienstedt served as Episcopal Vicar for the Dearborn, Downriver, Monroe, Northwest Wayne, Southland, and Western Wayne vicariates.

paragraph: Nienstedt was named the third Bishop of New Ulm, Minnesota, on June 12, 2001, and was installed on August 6. He denounced the more progressive views of his predecessor, Raymond Lucker, told Catholics not to read Lucker's book as representing Catholic doctrine, and asked the US Conference of Catholic Bishops to assess the validity of his views. Discussing the Terri Schiavo case, he stated, "Her case demonstrates the disparity that exists in this country between laws and basic moral principles. While we cannot legislate morality, we ought not to be legislating immorality." He warned that the film "Brokeback Mountain" was part of the agenda that "severs the connection between marriage and gender". He summarized the plot–"one man makes a pass at the other and within seconds the latter mounts the former in an act of wanton anal sex"–and called it "a story of lust gone bad".

paragraph: During his tenure, he chaired the Committee on Priestly Formation and was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Care Issues and the Church in the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.

paragraph: On April 24, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Nienstedt coadjutor archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis, the designated successor to Archbishop Harry Flynn, who was approaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Both Nienstedt's parents died in the course of six weeks in the winter of 2007.

paragraph: When Flynn's retirement was accepted on May 2, 2008, Nienstedt succeeded him as the eighth Archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis. He received the pallium, a vestment worn by metropolitan bishops, from Pope Benedict in St. Peter's Basilica on June 29, 2008. Shortly after becoming archbishop, he discontinued the gay pride prayer service that was held at St. Joan of Arc Church in Minneapolis; he had previously described homosexuality as a "result of psychological trauma" that "must be understood in the context of other human disorders: envy, malice, greed, etc." He declined numerous invitations to attend the 2008 Republican National Convention, which was held in St. Paul. During the 2008 presidential election, Nienstedt criticized House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. He said she had a "misinterpretation on the question of when life begins" and that her "remarks underscore once again the need for Catholics, and especially Catholic politicians, to form their consciences according to the moral truths taught by the Catholic Church." He also criticized the Freedom of Choice Act, saying, "It is hard to imagine a more radical piece of pro-abortion legislation."

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.:Strategic planning.

paragraph: In October 2010, Nienstedt announced a strategic plan that called for 21 parishes to be merged into 14 neighboring parishes. An appeal process was put in place which included information about the right to appeal announced parish mergers to the Holy See. All appeals had run their course by early 2012. Decisions regarding buildings and other property of the merged parishes were made by local leaders in consultation with the archbishop and a representative body of priests. These and two layer mergers reduced the number of parishes from 213 in October 2010 to 188 in July 2013. The mergers involve parishes across the Archdiocese.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.:Positions on public issues.

paragraph: In October 2012 Nienstedt used more than US$600,000 in Archdiocesan funds to promote the approval of Minnesota Amendment 1 to ban same-sex marriage in the state. Minnesotans rejected the amendment at the polls on November 6, 2012, by five percentage points. Over Nienstedt's continued opposition the next session of the state legislature approved legislation legalizing same-sex marriage, which the governor signed into law on May 14, 2013.

paragraph: Nienstedt upholds the Catholic teaching of the Sacrament of Holy Matrimony. He stated that Satan is behind sodomy, abortion, contraception, pornography and the redefinition of marriage. He opposes embryonic stem cell research involving discarded human embryo stem cell lines, and later bar-closing times.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.:Investigations of alleged personal misconduct.

paragraph: The Archdiocese announced on December 17, 2013, that Nienstedt had voluntarily "stepped aside from all public ministry" after learning that on December 16 local police launched an investigation into an allegation that he had touched a boy on the buttocks during a post-confirmation photo session in 2009. The Archdiocese had encouraged the person who reported the incident to them to contact the police. Nienstedt maintained that this allegation against him was "absolutely and entirely false." On March 11, 2014, county officials announced they had concluded an "intensive investigation" and would not file charges against Nienstedt, who announced his return to public ministry the same day.

paragraph: In July 2014, it was announced that Nienstedt was under a non-criminal investigation by his diocese for "sexual misconduct with men." He commented saying "I have never engaged in sexual misconduct and certainly have not made any sexual advances toward anyone. ... The allegations do not involve minors or lay members of the faithful, and they do not implicate any kind of illegal or criminal behavior."

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.:Handling of accusations of priestly sexual abuse.

paragraph: The archbishop was criticized in 2014 for the way "his diocese has dealt with sexually abusive priests". Nienstedt responded, writing in a diocesan publication that although "it is very clear that we did not handle all complaints the way we should have in the past ... I have never knowingly covered up clergy sexual abuse [and] I promise to make changes".

paragraph: Six priests publicly criticized Nienstedt's handling of the allegations, with some calling for his resignation. Nienstedt said that he would only resign if the papal nuncio took action.

paragraph: Nienstedt testified under oath in a civil court in 2014 about his knowledge of priests accused of child sexual abuse. He said in an April 2, 2014 deposition that he had not known until March 2014 that a Rev. Kenneth LaVan, a priest accused in the 1980s of sexual assault of at least one teenage girl and "sexually exploiting" several women, was still in ministry in violation of church policy. Documents released in August 2014 as part of a lawsuit against the Archdiocese showed that the archbishop received several updates on LaVan and approved his continuing work at Twin Cities parishes, as recently as August 15, 2013. The documents also indicate that Nienstedt had spent time socially with LaVan, as recently as June 2013.

paragraph: Nienstedt also testified under oath that he had first learned of the criminal conviction of the Rev. Gilbert Gustafson, an archdiocesan priest, "during the last six months", and claimed little knowledge of Gustafson. Documents subsequently released by Minnesota Public Radio in October 2014 showed that Nienstedt had been informed by letter by a parish director of music in 2008 of Gustafson's prior criminal convictions for sexual assault of boys, and that Nienstedt had replied to the letters.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.:Resignation.

paragraph: On June 5, 2015 it was announced that a Minnesota prosecutor was bringing criminal charges and initiating a civil suit against the archdiocese for failing to protect children from sexual abuse. Ramsey County prosecutor John J. Choi alleged "a disturbing institutional and systemic pattern of behavior committed by the highest levels of leadership of the Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis over the course of decades".

paragraph: Nienstedt (aged 68) and Auxiliary Bishop Lee A. Piché (57) submitted their resignations to their posts, citing the provision of canon law that allows a bishop to resign when some "grave reason" makes it impossible to continue to fulfill his duties. Pope Francis accepted the resignations on June 15, 2015.

paragraph: Nienstedt issued a statement that said he resigned "with a clear conscience knowing that my team and I have put in place solid protocols to ensure the protection of minors and vulnerable adults." Pope Francis named Bernard Hebda, Coadjutor Archbishop of Newark, to serve as the Archdiocese's Apostolic Administrator; he was appointed Archbishop on March 24, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::After resignation.

paragraph: After he resigned his position in Minnesota, Nienstedt returned to Michigan, where he has a home on Lake Huron. In 2016, he served briefly as substitute priest in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo, but quit after only a week due to objections from local parishioners in Battle Creek. He moved again in 2016 to Napa Valley, California, where he worked as an independent contractor for the Napa Institute, editing conference proceedings for publication. He also participated in their annual conference and said Mass. On 15 August 2018, after being criticized for its relationship with Nienstedt while condemning the Church's failure to hold prelates like Cardinal Theodore McCarrick accountable, the Institute announced that Nienstedt had "stepped aside" from his responsibilities, and that it was understood that the Institute had been advised that "there are no restrictions on Archbishop Nienstedt’s ministry".

paragraph: In July 2016, documents related to the investigation by the diocese into Nienstedt were released. He retains his status as an archbishop.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article from the Pioneer Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article from MPR

description: Roman Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: John Clayton Nienstedt

wikipedia_title: John Clayton Nienstedt


text:
Ernst Johann von Biron
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
Berlin
Princess Herzeleide of Prussia
Prince Oskar of Prussia
William II
"Johanniterorden" ("Johannine Order")
Prince Oskar of Prussia
line to the British throne
Victoria, Princess Royal
Ysenburg-Büdingen in Philippseich
Munich
Online Gotha
Chivalric Orders

categories: Pretenders,People from Berlin,Living people,1940 births

paragraph: Ernst-Johann Biron, Prince of Courland

paragraph: Ernst-Johann Karl Oskar Eitel-Friedrich Peter Burchard, Prince Biron von Courland (born 6 August 1940) is the senior male-line descendant of Ernst Johann von Biron, and as such heir to the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia.

paragraph: He was born in Berlin the eldest son of Karl, Prince Biron von Courland (1907-1982) and Princess Herzeleide of Prussia (1918-1989), the daughter of Prince Oskar of Prussia, a son of Emperor William II.

paragraph: Prince Ernst-Johann succeeded his father as head of the Biron family following his death on 28 February 1982. He is also a Knight of Justice (and, since 2008, an honorary commander in the Commandery of Silesia) of the "Johanniterorden" ("Johannine Order"), to which he was admitted in 1940 and whose grand master was his cousin Prince Oskar of Prussia (Prince Ernst-Johann's uncles and grandfather had headed the Order throughout most of the twentieth century). He is in line to the British throne through his descent from Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: Prince Ernst-Johann was married to Countess Elisabeth zu Ysenburg-Büdingen in Philippseich (born 1941) in Munich in a civil ceremony on 14 August 1967, and in a religious one the next day.

paragraph: The couple have two adopted daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anja Prinzessin Biron von Curland (born 25 January 1975).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiana Prinzessin Biron von Curland (born 23 May 1977).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Gotha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chivalric Orders

description: German noble

wikidata_label: Ernst-Johann Biron, Prince of Courland

wikipedia_title: Ernst-Johann Biron, Prince of Courland


text: Buddhist

text: Gautama Siddhārtha

text: Yashodhara

text: koliya

text: sakya

text: Latin

text: Lithuanian

text: past participle

text: tatpurusa

text: Bhagavad Gītā

text: Arjuna

text: Kurukshetra

text: Mahāsāṃghika

text: Reginald Ray

text: Sthaviravāda

text: Faxian

text: Xuanzang

text: Yijing

text: Niraya

text: Pāli Canon

text: tapas

text: dhutanga

text: bhikkhu

text: bhikkhuni

text: Vajjī

text: Stephen F. Teiser

text: Lotus Sūtra

text: Mahāyāna

text: Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra

text: Ajātasattu

text: Bimbisāra

text: anantarika-kamma

text: stream-entry

text: Maharaja Ajasath

text: Palitha Silva

text: List of Sri Lankan monarchs

text: History of Sri Lanka

categories: Family of Gautama Buddha,Disciples of Gautama Buddha,Buddhist mythology

paragraph: Devadatta

paragraph: Devadatta was by tradition a Buddhist monk, cousin and brother-in-law of Gautama Siddhārtha, the Sākyamuni Buddha, and brother of Yashodhara, wife of Prince Siddhartha. Devadatta was a koliyan and sakyan and is said to have parted from the Buddha's following with 500 other monks to form their own Sangha, most of whom are said to have been Shakya clan relatives of both Devadatta and Siddhartha.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: The name "Devadatta" has the meaning "god-given" in Palī (cf. Latin "Deodatus", "Deusdedit"; Lithuanian "Dievoduotas"; all also meaning "god-given"). It is composed from the stem form of "deva" and the past participle "datta" of the verb "da", "give", composed as a tatpurusa compound. In the "Bhagavad Gītā", the conch shell used by Arjuna on the battle-field of Kurukshetra was named "Devadatta". The name Devadatta is still used today.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.:Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya research.

paragraph: According to Andrew Skilton, modern scholarship generally agrees that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya is the oldest extant Buddhist Vinaya. According to Reginald Ray, the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya mentions the figure of Devadatta, but in a way that is different from the vinayas of the Sthaviravāda branch. According to this study, the earliest vinaya material common to all sects simply depicts Devadatta as a Buddhist saint who wishes for the monks to live a rigorous lifestyle. This has led Ray to regard the story of Devadatta as a legend produced by the Sthavira group.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.:Records from Chinese pilgrims to India.

paragraph: Faxian and other Chinese pilgrims who travelled to India in the early centuries of the current era recorded the continued existence of "Gotamaka" buddhists, followers of Devadatta. Gotamaka are also referred to in Pali texts of the second and fifth centuries of the current era. The followers of Devadatta are recorded to have honored all the Buddhas previous to Śākyamuni (Gautama Buddha), but not Śākyamuni himself. According to Faxian, Xuanzang and Yijing's writings, some people practised in a similar way and with the same books as common Buddhists, but followed the similar tapas and performed rituals to the past three buddhas and not Śākyamuni.

paragraph: Section::::Theravāda portrayals of Devadatta.:Devadatta in the Theravāda Vinaya.

paragraph: In Cullavagga section VII of the Vinayapiṭaka of the Theravādins which deals with schisms, it is told how Devadatta went forth along with a number of the Buddha’s other relatives and clansmen. In the first year he attained psychic power, but made no supermundane achievement.

paragraph: Looking round to see whom he could convince to honour him he decided to approach Prince Ajātasattu, the heir to the Magadhan throne. Having psychic power he assumed the form of a young boy clad in snakes and sat in the Prince’s lap, which very much impressed the prince, who became his disciple.

paragraph: Ajātasattu began to send great offerings to Devadatta, and the latter became obsessed with his own worth, and began to have thoughts that it was he who should lead the Sangha, not the Buddha, and he didn’t desist even though this thought brought down his psychic powers.

paragraph: When told about the offerings that Devadatta was receiving, the Buddha remarked that all these gains were only going towards his destruction, just as a plantain or a bamboo is destroyed by its fruit.

paragraph: Shortly thereafter, Devadatta asked the Buddha to retire and let him take over the running of the Sangha. The Buddha retorted that he did not even let his trusted disciples Sāriputta or Moggallāna run the Sangha, much less one like him, who should be vomited like spittle, and he gave a special act of publicity about him, warning the monks that he had changed for the worse.

paragraph: Seeing the danger in this, Devadatta approached Prince Ajātasattu and encouraged him to kill his Father, the good King Bimbisāra, and meanwhile he would kill the Buddha. The King found out about his plan and gave over the Kingdom into the Prince’s control.

paragraph: Ajātasattu then gave mercenaries to Devadatta who ordered them to kill the Buddha, and in an elaborate plan to cover his tracks he ordered other men to kill the killers, and more to kill them and so on, but when they approached the Buddha they were unable to carry out their orders, and were converted instead.

paragraph: Devadatta then tried to kill the Buddha himself by throwing a rock at him from on high, while the Buddha was walking on the slopes of a mountain. As this also failed he decided to have the elephant Nāḷāgiri intoxicated and let him loose on the Buddha while he was on almsround. However, the power of the Buddha’s loving-kindness overcame the elephant.

paragraph: Devadatta then decided to create a schism in the order, and collected a few monk friends and demanded that the Buddha accede to the following rules for the monks: they should dwell all their lives in the forest, live entirely on alms obtained by begging, wear only robes made of discarded rags, dwell at the foot of a tree and abstain completely from fish and flesh.

paragraph: The Buddha refused to make any of these compulsory, however, and Devadatta went round blaming him, saying that he was living in abundance and luxury. Devadatta then decided to create a schism and recite the training rules (pātimokkha) apart from the Buddha and his followers, with 500 newly ordained monks.

paragraph: The Buddha sent his two Chief Disciples Sāriputta and Moggallāna to bring back the erring young monks. Devadatta thought they had come to join his Sangha and, asking Sāriputta to give a talk, fell asleep. Then the Chief Disciples persuaded the young monks to return to the Buddha.

paragraph: The Buddha did not show any hatred or deceive, even after what Devadatta had done. Soon after, Devadatta got sick and realized that what he had done was wrong. He tried to go to Buddha's place to apologize for what he did, but it was too late. On the way to the Buddha, the earth sucked him into the Niraya Hell for his deeds.

paragraph: Section::::Theravāda portrayals of Devadatta.:Theravāda account.

paragraph: According to the Pāli Canon, he taught his sangha to adopt five tapas (literally, "austerities") throughout their lives:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. that monks should dwell all their lives in the forest,

paragraph: BULLET::::2. that they should accept no invitations to meals, but live entirely on alms obtained by begging,

paragraph: BULLET::::3. that they should wear only robes made of discarded rags and accept no robes from the laity,

paragraph: BULLET::::4. that they should dwell at the foot of a tree and not under a roof,

paragraph: BULLET::::5. that they should abstain completely from fish and flesh.

paragraph: The Buddha's reply was that those who felt so inclined could follow these rules – except that of sleeping under a tree during the rainy season – but he refused to make the rules obligatory. They are among the 13 ascetic practices (dhutanga).

paragraph: His followers (including bhikkhus and bhikkhunis) were new monks from the Vajjī clan.

paragraph: Section::::Mahāyāna portrayals of Devadatta.:"Lotus Sūtra".

paragraph: According to Jacqueline Stone and Stephen F. Teiser, Devadatta was "well known to the sutra's early devotees as the Buddhist archetype of an evildoer." In the context of the "promise of buddhahood for everyone, this chapter became widely understood as illustrating the potential for enlightenment even in evil persons."

paragraph: In the Lotus Sūtra, chapter 12, found in the Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition, the Buddha teaches that in a past life, Devadatta was his holy teacher who set him on the path, and makes a noteworthy statement about how even Devadatta will in time become a Buddha:

paragraph: In the Mahāmeghasūtra Devadatta is called a mahāpuruṣa (great being).

paragraph: Section::::Mahāyāna portrayals of Devadatta.:"Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra".

paragraph: In the Mahayana Buddhist text, the "Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra", Devadatta is said to have convinced Prince Ajātasattu to murder his father King Bimbisāra and ascend the throne. Ajātasattu follows the advice, and this action (another "anantarika-kamma" for killing one's own father) prevents him from attaining stream-entry at a later time, when listening to some teaching of the Buddha. This is confirmed by the Sāmaññaphalasutta of the Dīgha Nikāya (DN 2).

paragraph: Section::::In media.

paragraph: In the 2015 Sinhalese film Maharaja Ajasath directed by Sanath Abeysekara, Palitha Silva played the role of Devadatta.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Sri Lankan monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sri Lanka

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deeg, Max (1999). The Saṅgha of Devadatta: Fiction and History of a Heresy in the Buddhist Tradition, Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies 2, 195- 230

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jataka i. 142

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahaavastu, iii. 76

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matsunami, Yoshihiro (1979), Conflict within the Development of Buddhism, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 6 (1/2), 329–345

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mukherjee, Biswadeb (1966). Die Überlieferung von Devadatta, dem Widersacher des Buddha, in den kanonischen Schriften, München: Kitzinger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tezuka, Osamu (2006), Devadatta, London: HarperCollins

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry in Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names

wikidata_label: Devadatta

wikipedia_title: Devadatta


text:
Victor Entertainment
EP
benefit concert
Yutaka Ozaki
Quruli
Singer Songer
Quruli
Cornelius
Hirohisa Horie
Quruli's
Mainichi Shimbun
Japanese leg
Live Earth
Makuhari Messe
Chiba
UK
Shinya Tsukamoto
Good Bye
hide
Cocco official site
Discography
Nippop Profile | Cocco
Project J Profile

categories: Musicians from Okinawa Prefecture,People from Naha,Victor Entertainment artists,1977 births,Japanese female singers,Pop-folk singers,21st-century Japanese singers,Living people

paragraph: Cocco

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cocco went to many ballet auditions, hoping to become a professional ballerina. She went to singing auditions to earn the traveling expenses for a ballet audition in Tokyo. She did not pass it, but after impressing the judges, she was later signed by Victor Entertainment.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cocco made her debut on an indie label under the name "Cocko" with a self-titled EP "Cocko" on November 21, 1996. A track from the EP, "Sing a Song ~No Music, No Life~", was used in an advertising campaign for Tower Records Japan.

paragraph: On March 21, 1997, Cocco changed the official spelling of her name to "Cocco" and released her major label debut single "Countdown". A full-length album followed shortly after. It was not until 1998 when she scored a big hit in Japan with "Tsuyoku Hakanaimonotachi", which sold more than 250,000.

paragraph: Cocco went on to record three more albums – "Kumuiuta" in 1998, "Rapunzel" in 2000, and "Sangurōzu" in 2001. Before the release of "Sangurōzu", Cocco announced she was retiring from the music business. Later that year, her label released a career retrospective, "Best + Ura Best + Mihappyōkyokushū", which contained her singles, some b-sides and five unreleased tracks.

paragraph: Her retirement did not last long. In 2002, she published her first art book, "Minami no Shima no Hoshi no Suna". In August 2003, she organized a benefit concert to raise awareness about cleaning up beaches in Okinawa. A DVD documentary entitled "Heaven's Hell" followed in December.

paragraph: 2004 saw her appearance on the Yutaka Ozaki cover album "BLUE" and the publication of her second book, "Minami no Shima no Koi no Uta", which was accompanied by a limited edition single, "Garnet/Celeste Blue". In 2005, Cocco collaborated with photographer/singer Nanaco on a CD/book combination titled "The Bird".

paragraph: In late 2004, Cocco teamed up with Shigeru Kishida of the Japanese rock group Quruli to re-record "Sing a Song" for Tower Records' 25th Anniversary in Japan. The sessions inspired the formation of Singer Songer, a band featuring Cocco, Kishida, Quruli bassist Masashi Sato, Cornelius support keyboardist Hirohisa Horie and former FEED drummer Dai Taro.

paragraph: Singer Songer made its live debut as special guests at Quruli's year-end concert in December 2004, and in May 2005, the band released a single, "Shoka Rinrin". An album, "Barairo Pop" was released in June 2005. It contains a selection of country-flavored tracks that are much happier than Cocco's previous works.

paragraph: In April, 2006, she wrote a series of essays for Mainichi Shimbun. Since then, Cocco has continued to write for various newspapers and magazines.

paragraph: On July 7, 2007, Cocco performed at the Japanese leg of Live Earth at the Makuhari Messe, Chiba. After releasing the album "Kira Kira", she started living in the UK and went to college to learn photography.

paragraph: In 2010, Cocco published her first long novel "Polomerria". She appeared at the World Happiness 2010 rock festival in Tokyo on August 8. She released "Emerald", her first self-produced album, on August 11. Cocco provided 14-year-old Director Ryugo Nakamura's first feature film "Yagi no Boken" with the theme song "Yagi no Sanpo". She got a letter from the youngest film director in Japanese film history, and she decided to help the boy.

paragraph: In 2011, the no-budget indie film "Inspired movies" produced by Cocco and her fellow video artists was released.

paragraph: In 2012, Cocco made her acting debut, starring in "KOTOKO", directed by Shinya Tsukamoto. She was also responsible for the art direction and music.

paragraph: She covered "Good Bye" for the June 6, 2018 hide tribute album "Tribute Impulse".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Cocco-chan to Shigeru-kun.

paragraph: is a prototype of Singer Songer, and the member doesn't change.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singer Songer.

paragraph: Singer Songer is a musical group consists of five musicians, featuring Cocco as a lead singer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cocco official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nippop Profile | Cocco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project J Profile

description: Japanese singer

wikidata_label: Cocco

wikipedia_title: Cocco


text: Hungarian

text: Domony

text: Kulak

text: Béla Balázs Studios

text: experimental

text: Amerigo Tot

text: Szindbád

text: Gyula Krúdy

text: Zoltán Latinovits

text: gypsy

text: Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka

text: Ichak Finci

text: István Szabó

text: Budapesti mesék

text: Kata Huszárik

text: Szinbád: Hungary's finest Casanova

categories: 1931 births,1981 deaths,Hungarian film directors,People from Pest County

paragraph: Zoltán Huszárik

paragraph: Zoltán Huszárik (born József Zoltán Huszárik, May 14, 1931 – October 15, 1981) was an influential Hungarian film director, screenwriter, visual artist and occasional actor, an acclaimed auteur of the European modern art film.

paragraph: Huszárik was born in the small village of Domony, Hungary. His father died when he was two years old. Being an only child, Huszárik had an adoring relationship with his widowed mother. His background had a great influence on his work.

paragraph: He was accepted to the Hungarian School of Film- and Theatrical Arts, but was expelled in 1952 because his family was blamed to be Kulaks. He took on different jobs, when—after a seven-year hiatus—he was again accepted to the film school in 1959. In the same year he made his first student film, a short entitled "Játék" ("Game") about two prisoners playing chess with the shadow of their bars when the sun shines unto their cell. Huszárik's graduation film was another short entitled "Groteszk" ("Grotesque") in 1963 about a strange train voyage of an artist carrying his own picture.

paragraph: Huszárik made his first professional short film in 1965 at Béla Balázs Studios entitled "Elégia" ("Elegy"). This 20-minute experimental short film was generally acclaimed as being the starting point of a new visual style in Hungarian filmmaking. Often called a "film poem" or a "film symphonie" Huszárik's masterpiece consists of montages of horses from the dawn of time to the modern times from cave paintings to horse races, mourning the loss of these creatures and their service to mankind, starting as free animals and becoming slaughterhouse victims. The film is generally regarded as an allegory to the human fate.

paragraph: Huszárik made another experimental short film called "Capriccio" (about snowmen melting in the spring as an allegory to man's ultimate fate - death) and a short documentary on Hungarian-born artist "Amerigo Tot", both in 1969. He also directed several state-financed educational short films in this period.

paragraph: In 1971 Huszárik finished his first feature-length work "Szindbád" ("Sinbad"), a highly stylized adaptation of early 20th century author Gyula Krúdy's short stories. The film depicts the life and memories of traveler and womanizer Szindbád (played by Zoltán Latinovits), who tries to recover his lost love before he dies. The film which covers time and memory in an unusual way, was praised by critics and was a commercial success upon its release and is generally regarded now as one of the best works of Hungarian cinema.

paragraph: Huszárik made two experimental shorts in 1971 and 1976, entitled "Tisztelet az öregasszonyoknak" ("Homage to Old Ladies") and "A Piacere" ("As You Like It"), respectively. The first is a homage to the old country widows whose husbands died in World War II and live their lives according to daily tasks and regulations until they die (which is mainly inspired by Huszárik's own mother). The second is a study of death in its various forms, including a gypsy "merry funeral" and stock footage of bombings and concentration camps in WWII.

paragraph: The second (and last) feature-length film of Huszárik was made after a five-year struggle. "Csontváry" depicts the life of Hungarian artist Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka and an actor playing him in a film (both played by Bulgarian actor Ichak Finci), with the two men' lives interacting with each other. After the death of Latinovits, who was the original choice for the dual role, the film went on through several re-writes, re-shoots, casting and budget problems, finally ending up as the most expensive Hungarian production at the time. The film was finally completed and released in 1980. It was a huge failure with the public and critics also bashed it. Huszárik who was greatly exhausted, depressed and an alcoholic at the time committed suicide in 1981 at the age of 50.

paragraph: Huszárik originally wanted to be a visual artist. He made several paintings, drawings and other pieces of art during his lifetime. He also took smaller acting jobs in the films of fellow Hungarian directors, including István Szabó's "Budapesti mesék" ("Budapest Tales"). His daughter, Kata Huszárik is an acclaimed actress.

paragraph: Section::::Source material.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Eastern European Picture-writer ("Egy kelet-európai képíró") Article of Zalán Vince in the Hungarian "Filmvilág" (Filmworld) magazine, January 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commemorative program on the "Magyar Televízió" Hungarian Television on the 75th anniversary of the birth of Huszarik (May 2006)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria Loomes Szinbád: Hungary's finest Casanova Girls Do Film, December 30, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szendi Horváth Éva A new generation in Hungarian cinematography Diplomata (Diplomatic Magazine), 2009. (10. évf.) 3. sz. 40-41. p.

description: Hungarian filmmaker

wikidata_label: Zoltán Huszárik

wikipedia_title: Zoltán Huszárik


text:
Battle of Hetsugigawa
Chōsokabe Kanetsugu
Chōsokabe Kunichika
Chōsokabe Motochika
Chōsokabe Morichika
Chōsokabe Chikatada
Chōsokabe Morichika

categories: 1587 deaths,Samurai,1565 births,Japanese warriors killed in battle,Chōsokabe clan

paragraph: Chōsokabe Nobuchika

paragraph: Nobuchika was caught in an ambush during the campaign against the Shimazu in Battle of Hetsugigawa and died.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great-Grandfather: Chōsokabe Kanetsugu (died 1508)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: Chōsokabe Kunichika (1504–1560)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Chōsokabe Motochika (1539–1599)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Child: daughter married Chōsokabe Morichika

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brothers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chōsokabe Chikatada (1572–1600)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chōsokabe Morichika (1575–1615)

alias:
Chosokabe Nobuchika
Chousokabe Nobuchika

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Chōsokabe Nobuchika

wikipedia_title: Chōsokabe Nobuchika


text:
Italian
antiquarian
numismatics
Savignano
Rimini
Bologna
Rome
epigraphy
Vatican
Pope Pius VII
San Marino
podestà
Roman
Academy of Berlin
Theodor Mommsen
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Napoleon III

categories: 1781 births,Italian antiquarians,Italian numismatists,1860 deaths

paragraph: Bartolomeo Borghesi

paragraph: Bartolomeo (also Bartolommeo) Borghesi (11 July 178116 April 1860) was an Italian antiquarian who was a key figure in establishing the science of numismatics.

paragraph: He was born at Savignano, near Rimini, and studied at Bologna and Rome. Having weakened his eyesight by the study of documents of the Middle Ages, he turned his attention to epigraphy and numismatics. At Rome he arranged and cataloged several collections of coins, amongst them those of the Vatican, a task which he undertook for Pope Pius VII. In consequence of the disturbances of 1821, Borghesi retired to San Marino, where he died in 1860.

paragraph: Although mainly an enthusiastic student, he was for some time "podestà" of the little republic. His monumental work, "Nuovi Frammenti dei Fasti Consolari Capitolini" (1818–1820), attracted the attention of the learned world as furnishing positive bases for the chronology of Roman history, while his contributions to Italian archaeological journals established his reputation as a numismatist and antiquarian.

paragraph: Before his death, Borghesi conceived the design of publishing a collection of all the Latin inscriptions of the Roman world. The work was taken up by the Academy of Berlin under the auspices of Theodor Mommsen, and the result was the "Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum". Napoleon III ordered the publication of a complete edition of the works of Borghesi. This edition, in ten volumes, of which the first appeared in 1862, was not completed until 1897.

description: Italian antiquarian

wikidata_label: Bartolomeo Borghesi

wikipedia_title: Bartolomeo Borghesi


text:
professional baseball
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Chicago White Sox
1917 World Series

categories: Chicago White Sox players,Lowell Grays players,1947 deaths,Lowell Tigers players,Sportspeople from Albany, New York,Albany Senators players,Baseball players from New York (state),Denver Bears players,Major League Baseball pitchers,1890 births

paragraph: Mellie Wolfgang

paragraph: Meldon John Wolfgang (March 20, 1890 – June 30, 1947) was a professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of five seasons in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox from 1914 to 1918.

paragraph: Mel Wolfgang's best big-league season was his first. He threw nine complete games, including a pair of shutouts, and finished the season with a record of 9-5. But he won just six more games over the remainder of his Major League career. He did not appear for the White Sox during the 1917 World Series.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Mellie Wolfgang

wikipedia_title: Mellie Wolfgang


text:
Supreme Court of India
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Santhosh Hegde
Rajya Sabha
Supreme Court of India
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Mangalore
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
A. N. Ray
Chief Justice of India
M. M. Ismail
K.S. Hegde Medical Academy
Deralakatte
Mangalore
Justice K.S. Hegde Foundation Award
Manmohan Singh
Former Speaker K. S. Hegde

categories: Politicians from Bangalore,Janata Party politicians,Mangaloreans,Deputy Speakers of the Lok Sabha,1990 deaths,Justices of the Supreme Court of India,20th-century Indian judges,1909 births,Lok Sabha members from Karnataka,6th Lok Sabha members,Speakers of the Lok Sabha,Chief Justices of the Delhi High Court,Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu

paragraph: K. S. Hegde

paragraph: Kawdoor Sadananda Hegde (11 June 1909 – 24 May 1990) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a judge in the Supreme Court of India and later as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

paragraph: Hegde founded the Nitte Education Trust. He is the father of Santhosh Hegde, who also served as a judge in the Supreme Court of India.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Hegde served as a public prosecutor from 1947 to 1951. In 1952, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha, a position which he held until 1957. In 1967, Hegde was appointed a judge in the Supreme Court of India. On 30 April 1973, he tendered his resignation, as a matter of principle, when one of his junior colleagues was appointed as the Chief Justice of India.

paragraph: Thereafter, Hegde once again started taking an active part in socio-political movements. In 1977, he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Bangalore South constituency on a Janata Party ticket. Several months later, he became Speaker after the resignation of his predecessor, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. He held the position from 1977 to 1980. He also established the Nitte Education Trust in 1979 to provide a high school to the village of Nitte. Hegde died on 24 May 1990 at his residence in Mangalore, and left behind his wife Meenakshi and six children, three sons and three daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: As a judge of the Supreme Court of India, his lordship was also a part of the thirteen judge bench which decided the famous Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala. However, he resigned soon after delivering the majority judgment, as Justice A. N. Ray was appointed the Chief Justice of India, although Hegde was senior judge at the time. In an obituary of Hegde, Justice M. M. Ismail wrote, "His tenure as a Judge of the Supreme Court was notable for his learned judgements which were characterised by basic legal principles and practical common-sense.The end of his judicial career was equally notable for his sense of self-respect and dignity which he attached to his office, as he resigned his office without the slightest hesitation the movement [sic] he heard the news over the all India Radio that he and two senior colleagues of his had been superseded in the appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court."

paragraph: The K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, a medical college in Deralakatte and a unit of the Nitte Education Trust, was named after Hegde. The Justice KS Hegde Charitable Foundation, a trust dedicated to the advancement of education and community development in Mangalore, was established in memory of Hegde. Each year, the foundation awards the Justice K.S. Hegde Foundation Awards; previous winners include former Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Former Speaker K. S. Hegde at speakerloksabha.nic.in

description: Indian judge

wikidata_label: K. S. Hegde

wikipedia_title: K. S. Hegde


text: albumen

text: stereographs

text: cartes-de-visite

text: Negretti and Zambra

text: Second Opium War

text: commercial photographs

text: Ueno Hikoma

text: Maeda Genzō

text: Horie Kuwajirō

text: photographic studio

text: Fribourg

text: Einsiedeln

text: Fribourg

text: Canton of Fribourg

text: Negretti and Zambra

text: Guangzhou

text: stereographs

text: Taal Volcano

text: Nagasaki

text: Kanagawa

text: Yokohama

text: Edo

text: Philipp Franz von Siebold

text: Alexander

text: samurai

text: Nabeshima clan

text: Felice Beato

text: John Papillon

text: Antoine Fauchery

text: Louis Legrand

text: George S. Morrison

text: George Smith

text: lithograph

text: Illustrated London News

text: hand-coloured

text: Walter B. Woodbury

text: Jakarta

text: Abel Gower

text: Leiden University

text: Kyūshū

text: rangaku

text: Jan Karel van den Broek

text: J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort

text: chemistry

text: wet-collodion process

text: Maeda Genzō

text: Ueno Hikoma

text: Horie Kuwajirō

text: sumo

text: samurai

text: zoologist

text: Firmin Bocourt

text: ethnographic

text: photographic studio

text: Einsiedeln

text: cartes-de-visite

text: Vevey

categories: Photography in Thailand,Photography in the Philippines,People from Fribourg,19th-century deaths,19th-century photographers,Swiss expatriates in Japan,Pioneers of photography,1829 births,Portrait photographers,Swiss expatriates in China,Swiss photographers,Photography in China,Photography in Japan

paragraph: Pierre Rossier

paragraph: Pierre Joseph Rossier (16 July 1829 – 22 October 1886) was a pioneering Swiss photographer whose albumen photographs, which include stereographs and cartes-de-visite, comprise portraits, cityscapes, and landscapes. He was commissioned by the London firm of "Negretti and Zambra" to travel to Asia and document the progress of the Anglo-French troops in the Second Opium War and, although he failed to join that military expedition, he remained in Asia for several years, producing the first commercial photographs of China, the Philippines, Japan and Siam (now Thailand). He was the first professional photographer in Japan, where he trained Ueno Hikoma, Maeda Genzō, Horie Kuwajirō, as well as lesser known members of the first generation of Japanese photographers. In Switzerland he established photographic studios in Fribourg and Einsiedeln, and he also produced images elsewhere in the country. Rossier is an important figure in the early history of photography not only because of his own images, but also because of the critical impact of his teaching in the early days of Japanese photography.

paragraph: Section::::Identity and origins.

paragraph: Until very recently, little was known about Rossier; even his given name was a mystery. In his own time he was sometimes referred to as "P. Rossier" and at other times as "M. Rossier". Documents discovered in the Fribourg town archives finally proved that his given name was Pierre, and it can be assumed that the "M" in "M. Rossier" stood for "". He was long thought to be from France and while he was in Japan he was even referred to as an "Englishman"; however, recent research has revealed that Rossier was Swiss, born on 16 July 1829 in Grandsivaz, a small village in the Canton of Fribourg. He was the fourth of ten children of a farming family of modest means. At the age of sixteen he became a teacher at a school in a neighbouring village, but by 1855 he was issued a passport to visit France and England to work as a photographer.

paragraph: At some point after leaving Switzerland and arriving in England, Rossier was commissioned by the firm of "Negretti and Zambra" to travel to China to photograph the Second Opium War (1858–1860). It may be that the firm considered Rossier's Swiss citizenship an asset for such a voyage, that his country's neutrality might help him find passage aboard either British or French ships. Taking into account the high costs and uncertainty incurred by the firm and the potential hazards for Rossier himself, this was an important commission.

paragraph: Section::::Photographing in Asia.

paragraph: Rossier was in Hong Kong in 1858, and he soon began taking photographs, mostly in and around Canton (now Guangzhou). In November 1859 "Negretti and Zambra" published a set of fifty of Rossier's views, including stereographs. These received favourable reviews in photographic periodicals of the day. In 1858 or 1859 Rossier travelled to the Philippines where he visited and photographed the Taal Volcano. Rossier was in Japan by 1859, producing photographs first in Nagasaki, then in Kanagawa, Yokohama and Edo (now Tokyo); he was the first professional photographer to arrive in Japan. One of the photographs Rossier took during the summer of 1859, while in Nagasaki, was a portrait of Philipp Franz von Siebold's son Alexander and a group of samurai from the Nabeshima clan.

paragraph: At the end of June 1860, Rossier was in Shanghai, and it is likely that he visited the city in an attempt to gain permission to accompany the Anglo-French military expedition that had already arrived in northern China and thereby fulfill his commission to document the Second Opium War. If so, he was unsuccessful; both forces had already hired photographers to document the mission. The British forces were accompanied by the photographers Felice Beato and John Papillon, and the French by Antoine Fauchery, Lieutenant-Colonel Du Pin, and possibly also by Louis Legrand. Although Rossier failed even to embark on the mission he had been hired to document, he remained in East Asia for some time longer.

paragraph: By October 1860, Rossier had returned to Nagasaki, where he took photographs of the harbour on behalf of the British Consul, George S. Morrison, for which Rossier was paid $70. Although Rossier's photographs of Japan were advertised by "Negretti and Zambra" on at least two occasions in 1860, the firm did not publish them until October or November 1861. Five of Rossier's views of Japan appeared earlier, in George Smith's book, "Ten Weeks in Japan", in April 1861, and that July, eight of Rossier's Japan photographs appeared in the form of lithographs in Henry Arthur Tilley's book, "Japan, the Amoor, and the Pacific". An 1861 edition of the Illustrated London News included several engravings under the collective title "Domestic Life in China", the images having been taken from Rossier's stereographs. One of the photographs "Negretti and Zambra" had advertised in 1860 became the first commercial photograph taken in Japan to be published, and is the earliest known hand-coloured Japanese photograph.

paragraph: Thanks to a number of documents of the time, it is now certain that "Negretti and Zambra"'s photographs of China and Japan were taken by Rossier, but for many years it was thought that they might have been taken by either Walter B. Woodbury, who also had dealings with "Negretti and Zambra" but was based in Batavia (now Jakarta), or Abel Gower, who was an amateur photographer in Japan. The Leiden University photograph collection includes a portrait, allegedly of Gower, signed "P. Rossier", and in 1859 Rossier and Gower shared passage aboard "HMS Sampson" from Nagasaki to Edo.

paragraph: Section::::Teaching photography.

paragraph: Rossier first arrived in Japan in 1859, at a time when early experiments in photography were being conducted in Kyūshū, particularly in Nagasaki. The city was the centre of "rangaku", the study of Western science, and it was here that physicians Jan Karel van den Broek and J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort were instrumental in teaching their Japanese students not only medicine but also chemistry and photography. Neither Van den Broek nor Pompe van Meerdervoort was an experienced photographer, and their attempts to produce photographs were largely failures. Nevertheless, in turn they taught wet-collodion process photography to Keisai Yoshio, Furukawa Shumpei, Kawano Teizō, Maeda Genzō, Ueno Hikoma, and Horie Kuwajirō, among others.

paragraph: On his arrival in Japan, Rossier presumably introduced himself as a photographer despatched to Japan by "Negretti and Zambra", perhaps thereby inspiring a misconception, for while he remained in the country he was often referred to as an "English" photographer. In Nagasaki, Rossier was assisted in his work by Maeda Genzō, who had been instructed to accompany the "Englishman" and to further learn photography. With Maeda and other students escorting him around the city, Rossier took photographs of priests, beggars, the audience of a sumo match, the foreign settlement, and the group portrait of Alexander von Siebold and samurai. Rossier believed that Pompe van Meerdervoort's failures in photography were due to a lack of the necessary chemicals and so he provided Maeda with a letter of recommendation to procure photographic apparatus and chemicals from a source in Shanghai. Both Maeda and Furukawa bought lenses, chemicals and albumen paper through Rossier.

paragraph: At this time, Ueno Hikoma and Horie Kuwajirō also received photographic instruction from Rossier. Apparently Ueno had originally intended to learn not only the practice of photography but also the manufacture of cameras. The encounter with Rossier seems to have convinced Ueno to pursue photography as a career, but he was so overwhelmed by the technology of the camera that he quickly dropped the notion of making one himself. Within a few months, he and Horie had purchased a French camera and chemicals, thereafter launching their independent photographic careers.

paragraph: Although Rossier's time in Japan was brief and the surviving photographic legacy of his sojourn is scant, he nevertheless had a lasting impact on photography in the country.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and legacy.

paragraph: In 1861, Rossier was in Siam, where he assisted the French zoologist Firmin Bocourt by taking ethnographic portraits for the latter's scientific expedition of 1861–1862, and in 1863, "Negretti and Zambra" issued a series of 30 stereographic portraits and landscapes taken in Siam that are almost certainly the work of Rossier. In February 1862, Rossier was again in Shanghai, where he sold his cameras and other photographic equipment before embarking for Europe. During his time in Asia it is possible that Rossier photographed in India; "Negretti and Zambra" issued a series of views of India at about the same time as Rossier's China views.

paragraph: Rossier returned to Switzerland in early 1862 and, in October 1865, married Catharine Barbe Kaelin (1843–1867). The couple had a son, Christophe Marie Pierre Joseph, who was born on 30 July 1866. Catharine died on 4 April 1867.

paragraph: Rossier maintained a photographic studio in Fribourg until at least 1876 and he also had a studio in Einsiedeln. During the 1860s and 1870s, he produced a number of stereographs and cartes-de-visite comprising portraits and views of Fribourg, Einsiedeln and other places in Switzerland. An 1871 advertisement in the French-language Fribourg newspaper offered photographs by Rossier of religious paintings by the artist Melchior Paul von Deschwanden. In 1872, Rossier applied for a passport to travel to France where he may have produced photographs. At some point between 1871 and 1884, he married again. His second wife, Marie Virginie Overney, was employed as a household servant by the landlords of his studio. They had a son, Joseph Louis, who was born in Paris on 16 March 1884, and who went on to own a café in Vevey, Switzerland. He died in 1927.

paragraph: Pierre Rossier died in Paris some time between 1883 and 1898.

paragraph: Examples of Rossier's views of Switzerland are held in several institutions and private collections in that country. Rossier took the first commercial photographs of China and Japan, and they are now quite rare. He complained at times of the adverse effects of the climate on his photographic chemicals and some of his negatives may have been damaged en route to London from Asia. Though his surviving images are scarce, his importance to the early history of photography in Asia is great. Before his arrival in Japan in 1859, Japanese students of photography had struggled to produce satisfactory images, but Rossier's experience, instruction, and contacts with suppliers of photographic materials were extremely helpful in the development of an autonomous photographic tradition in Japan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennett, Terry. "Early Japanese Images." Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1996. (paper), (hard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennett, Terry. "Old Japanese Photographs: Collector's Data Guide" London: Quaritch, 2006. (hard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennett, Terry. "Photography in Japan: 1853–1912" Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 2006. (hard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennett, Terry. "The Search for Rossier: Early Photographer of China and Japan". Accessed 12 September 2006; cited above as "Bennett". Originally appeared in "The PhotoHistorian-Journal of the Historical Group of the Royal Photographic Society", December 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clark, John, John Fraser, and Colin Osman. "A revised chronology of Felice (Felix) Beato (1825/34?–1908?)". In "Japanese Exchanges in Art, 1850s to 1930s with Britain, Continental Europe, and the USA: Papers and Research Materials." Sydney: Power Publications, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dobson, Sebastian. "Yokohama Shashin". In "Art and Artifice: Japanese Photographs of the Meiji Era — Selections from the Jean S. and Frederic A. Sharf Collection at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston." Boston: MFA Publications, 2004. (paper), (hard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harris, David. "Of Battle and Beauty: Felice Beato's Photographs of China." Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1999. (paper), (hard)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Himeno, Junichi. "Encounters With Foreign Photographers: The Introduction and Spread of Photography in Kyushu". In "Reflecting Truth: Japanese Photography in the Nineteenth Century", ed. Nicole Coolidge Rousmaniere, Mikiko Hirayama. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thiriez, Régine. "Barbarian Lens: Western Photographers of the Qianlong Emperor's European Palaces." Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union List of Artist Names, s.v. "Rossier, M.". Accessed 15 September 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worswick, Clark. "Japan: Photographs 1854–1905." New York: Pennwick/Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yokoe Fuminori. "The Arrival of Photography". In "The Advent of Photography in Japan" / . Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography; Hakodate: Hakodate Museum of Art, 1997. Exhibition catalogue with bilingual text.

alias:
Pierre Joseph Rossier
M. Rossier
M. Rosier
P. Rossier

description: Swiss photographer

wikidata_label: Pierre Rossier

wikipedia_title: Pierre Rossier