text: Amun

text: Ancient Greek

text: transliteration

text: Pharaoh

text: 18th dynasty

text: Egypt

text: generally dated from 1526 to 1506 BC

text: Ahmose I

text: Ahmose-Nefertari

text: Ahmose-ankh

text: Ahmose Sapair

text: inherit the throne

text: regnal year

text: heir apparent

text: crown prince

text: Nubia

text: Nile Delta

text: Levant

text: temples

text: Upper Egypt

text: mortuary temple

text: royal funerary monuments

text: New Kingdom

text: deified

text: Deir el-Medina

text: Ahmose I

text: Ahmose-Nefertari

text: Ahmose Sapair

text: Ahmose-ankh

text: Theban Necropolis

text: Deir el-Medina

text: Ahmose-Meritamon

text: Great Royal Wife

text: stele

text: Ahhotep II

text: Thutmose I

text: Aahmes

text: heliacal rise of Sothis

text: Memphis

text: Heliopolis

text: Thebes

text: Manetho

text: source

text: Horus and Two Ladies names

text: Ahmose, son of Ebana

text: Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet

text: Kush

text: Saï

text: Third Cataract

text: Kehek

text: Libyan

text: Libya

text: Hyksos

text: Kamose

text: Prince-Governor

text: terminus ante quem

text: Tombos Stela

text: Euphrates

text: Canaan

text: Transjordan

text: Mitanni

text: Ramesside period

text: Mentuhotep II

text: Senusret I

text: Egyptologists

text: Deir el-Medina

text: Thutmose I

text: Book of What is in the Underworld

text: Ebers papyrus

text: ancient Egyptian medicine

text: water clock

text: Amenhotep III

text: Ineni

text: Temple of Karnak

text: cubit

text: limestone

text: alabaster

text: White Chapel

text: Senusret III

text: pylon

text: Sed festival

text: Saï

text: Elephantine

text: Kom Ombo

text: Abydos

text: Deir el-Bahri

text: Ahmose-Meritamon

text: Hatshepsut

text: Mentuhotep II

text: Ramesses IX

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Dra' Abu el-Naga'

text: Tomb ANB

text: Deir el-Bahri Cache

text: Deir el-Bahri

text: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

text: Egyptian Museum

text: Cairo

text: cartonnage

text: Ahmose Sipairi

text: coregent

text: Deir el-Medina

text: oracles

text: ostraca

text: Phamenoth

text: papyri

text: Ramesses II

text: libations

text: ḥtp-dỉ-nsw formula

text: Bleiberg, Edward

text: reviewed by A.J.Veldmeijer

text: palarch.nl

text: Amenhotep I - The British Museum

text: Manetho's King List

text: Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh

text: National Education Network

categories: Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,1500s BC deaths,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Amenhotep I,Year of birth unknown,16th-century BC Pharaohs,Ancient child rulers,Egyptian Museum

paragraph: Amenhotep I

paragraph: Amenhotep I () ( /jama:nuḥa:tpaw/ "Amun is satisfied"; Amarna cuneiform a-ma-an-ha-at-pe or -at-pa) or Amenophis I, (,), from Ancient Greek Ἀμένωφις , additionally "King Zeserkere" (transliteration: "Ḏsr-k3-R`"), was the second Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. His reign is generally dated from 1526 to 1506 BC. He was a son of Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari, but had at least two elder brothers, Ahmose-ankh and Ahmose Sapair, and was not expected to inherit the throne. However, sometime in the eight years between Ahmose I's 17th regnal year and his death, his heir apparent died and Amenhotep became crown prince. He then acceded to the throne and ruled for about 21 years.

paragraph: Although his reign is poorly documented, it is possible to piece together a basic history from available evidence. He inherited the kingdom formed by his father's military conquests and maintained dominance over Nubia and the Nile Delta but probably did not attempt to maintain Egyptian power in the Levant. He continued the rebuilding of temples in Upper Egypt and revolutionized mortuary complex design by separating his from his mortuary temple, setting a trend in royal funerary monuments which would persist throughout the New Kingdom. After his death, he was deified as a patron god of Deir el-Medina.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Amenhotep I was the son of Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari. His elder brothers, the crown prince Ahmose Sapair and Ahmose-ankh, died before him, thus clearing the way for his ascension to the throne. Amenhotep probably came to power while he was still young himself, and his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari, appears to have been regent for him for at least a short time. The evidence for this regency is that both he and his mother are credited with founding a settlement for workers in the Theban Necropolis at Deir el-Medina. Amenhotep took his sister Ahmose-Meritamon as his Great Royal Wife. Another wife's name, Sitkamose, is attested on a nineteenth dynasty stele.

paragraph: Beyond this, the relationships between Amenhotep I and other possible family members are unclear. Ahhotep II is usually called his wife and sister, despite an alternate theory that she was his grandmother. He is thought to have had one son by Ahhotep II, Amenemhat, who died while still very young. This remains the consensus, although there are arguments against that relationship as well. With no living heirs, Amenhotep was succeeded by Thutmose I, whom he married to his "sister", Aahmes. Since Aahmes is never given the title "King's Daughter" in any inscription, some scholars doubt whether she was a sibling of Amenhotep I.

paragraph: Section::::Dates and length of reign.

paragraph: In Amenhotep I's ninth regnal year, a heliacal rise of Sothis was observed on the ninth day of the third month of summer. Modern astronomers have calculated that, if the observation was made from Memphis or Heliopolis, such an observation could only have been made on that day in 1537 BC. If the observation was made in Thebes, however, it could only have taken place in 1517 BC. The latter choice is usually accepted as correct since Thebes was the capital during the early 18th dynasty: hence, Amenhotep I is usually given an accession date in 1526 BC, although the possibility of 1546 BC is not entirely dismissed.

paragraph: Manetho's Epitome states that Amenhotep I ruled Egypt for twenty years and seven months or twenty-one years, depending on the source. While Amenhotep I's highest attested regnal year is only his Year 10, Manetho's statement is confirmed by a passage in the tomb autobiography of a magician named Amenemhet. This explicitly states that he served under Amenhotep I for 21 years. Thus, in the high chronology, Amenhotep I is given a reign from around 1546 to 1526 BC and, in the low chronology, from around 1526 to 1506 BC or 1525 to 1504 BC, though individual scholars may ascribe dates to his reign that vary from these by a few years.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy.

paragraph: Amenhotep I's Horus and Two Ladies names, "Bull who conquers the lands" and "He who inspires great terror," are generally interpreted to mean that Amenhotep I intended to dominate the surrounding nations. Two tomb texts indicate that he led campaigns into Nubia. According to the tomb texts of Ahmose, son of Ebana, Amenhotep later sought to expand Egypt's border southward into Nubia and he led an invasion force which defeated the Nubian army. The tomb biography of Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet says he also fought in a campaign in Kush, however it is quite possible that it refers to the same campaign as Ahmose, son of Ebana. Amenhotep built a temple at Saï, showing that he had established Egyptian settlements almost as far as the Third Cataract.

paragraph: A single reference in the tomb of Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet indicates another campaign in Iamu in the land of Kehek. Unfortunately, the location of Kehek is unknown. It was long believed that Kehek was a reference to the Libyan tribe, Qeheq, and thus it was postulated that invaders from Libya took advantage of the death of Ahmose to move into the western Nile Delta. Unfortunately for this theory, the Qeheq people only appeared in later times, and Kehek's identity remains unknown. Nubia is a possibility, since Amenhotep did campaign there, and the western desert and the oases have also been suggested, since these seem to have fallen under Egyptian control once again.

paragraph: Egypt had lost the western desert and the oases during the second intermediate period, and during the revolt against the Hyksos, Kamose thought it necessary to garrison them. It is uncertain when they were fully retaken, but on one stele, the title "Prince-Governor of the oases" was used, which means that Amenhotep's reign forms the "terminus ante quem" for the return of Egyptian rule.

paragraph: There are no recorded campaigns in Syro-Palestine during Amenhotep I's reign. However, according to the Tombos Stela of his successor, Thutmose I, when Thutmose led a campaign into Asia all the way to the Euphrates, he found no one who fought against him. If Thutmose did not lead a campaign which has not been recorded into Asia before this recorded one, it would mean that the preceding pharaoh would have had to pacify Syria instead, which would indicate a possible Asiatic campaign of Amenhotep I. Two references to the Levant potentially written during his reign might be contemporary witnesses to such a campaign. One of the candidates for Amenhotep's tomb contains a reference to Qedmi, which is somewhere in Canaan or the Transjordan, and Amenemhet's tomb contains a hostile reference to Mitanni. However, neither of these references necessarily refer to campaigning, nor do they even necessarily date to Amenhotep's reign. The location of Amenhotep's tomb is not certain, and Amenemhet lived to serve under multiple kings who are known to have attacked Mitanni. Records from Amenhotep's reign are simply altogether too scant and too vague to reach a conclusion about any Syrian campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural and intellectual developments.

paragraph: Large numbers of statues of Amenhotep have been found, but they are mostly from the Ramesside period and relate to his continuing funerary cult, made for his posthumous funerary cult. This makes study of the art of his reign difficult. Based upon his few authentic statues, it appears that Amenhotep continued the practice of copying Middle Kingdom styles. Art in the early 18th dynasty was particularly similar to that of the early Middle Kingdom, and the statues produced by Amenhotep I clearly copied those of Mentuhotep II and Senusret I. The two types are so similar that modern Egyptologists have had trouble telling the two apart.

paragraph: It was probably Amenhotep I who founded the artisans village at Deir el-Medina, whose inhabitants were responsible for much of the art which filled the tombs in the Theban Necropolis for the following generations of New Kingdom rulers and nobles. The earliest name found there is that of Thutmose I, however Amenhotep was clearly an important figure to the city's workmen since he and his mother were both its patron deities.

paragraph: Amenhotep's reign saw literary developments. The Book of What is in the Underworld ('the Egyptian Book of the Dead'), an important funerary text used in the New Kingdom, is believed to have reached its final form during Amenhotep's reign, since it first appears in the decoration of the tomb of his successor Thutmose I. The Ebers papyrus, which is the main source for information on ancient Egyptian medicine, also seems to date to this time (the mention of the Heliacal rise of Sothis by which the early New Kingdom chronology is usually calculated was found on the back of this document).

paragraph: It appears that during Amenhotep I's reign the first water clock was invented. Amenhotep's court astronomer Amenemheb took credit for creating this device in his tomb biography, although the oldest surviving mechanism dates to the reign of Amenhotep III. This invention was of great benefit for timekeeping, because the Egyptian hour was not a fixed amount of time, but was measured as 1/12 of the night. When the nights were shorter in the summer, these waterclocks could be adjusted to measure the shorter hours accurately.

paragraph: Section::::Building projects.

paragraph: Amenhotep began or continued a number of building projects at temple sites in Upper Egypt but most of the structures he built were later dismantled or obliterated by his successors. From written sources it is known that he commissioned the architect Ineni to expand the Temple of Karnak. Ineni's tomb biography indicates that he created a 20-cubit gate of limestone on the south side of Karnak. He constructed a sacred barque chapel of Amun out of alabaster and a copy of the White Chapel of Senusret III. Sculpted material from these structures has been recovered from the fill of Amenhotep III's third pylon allowing some of these structures to be rebuilt at Karnak. Amenhotep also built structures at Karnak for his Sed festival, a festival by which a pharaoh's strength and vigour was renewed after reigning 30 years, but it seems likely that he died before he could use them. A temple was constructed in Nubia at Saï, and he built temple structures in Upper Egypt at Elephantine, Kom Ombo, Abydos, and the Temple of Nekhbet. As far as is known Amenhotep did not build anything of significance in Lower Egypt, like his father.

paragraph: Section::::Building projects.:Mortuary complex.

paragraph: Amenhotep I was the first king of Egypt to separate his mortuary temple from his tomb, probably in an attempt to keep his tomb safe from robbers. This temple was sited at the north end of Deir el-Bahri. Deir el-Bahri appears to have had some sort of funerary significance for Amenhotep, since Theban Tomb 358, the tomb of his queen Ahmose-Meritamon, was also found nearby. Amenhotep's mortuary temple was largely demolished to make way for the lower terrace of the mortuary temple constructed approximately 50 years later by Queen Hatshepsut, and only a few bricks inscribed with Amenhotep's name remain. The royal statues inside of the temple were moved to the nearby funerary temple of Mentuhotep II.

paragraph: The original location of Amenhotep's tomb has not been securely identified. A report on the security of royal tombs in the Theban Necropolis commissioned during the troubled reign of Ramesses IX noted that it was then intact, but its location was not specified. Two sites for Amenhotep I's tomb have been proposed, one high up in the Valley of the Kings, KV39 and the other at Dra' Abu el-Naga', Tomb ANB. Excavations at KV 39 suggest it was used or reused to store the Deir el-Bahri Cache, which included the king's well-preserved mummy, before its final reburial. However, Tomb ANB is considered the more likely possibility, because it contains objects bearing his name and the names of some family members.

paragraph: Section::::Burial, succession, and legacy.:Burial.

paragraph: Sometime during the 20th or 21st Dynasty, Amenhotep's original tomb was either robbed or deemed insecure and emptied and his body was moved for safety, probably more than once. It was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache, hidden with the mummies of numerous New Kingdom kings and nobles in or after the late 22nd dynasty above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut and is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. His mummy had apparently not been looted by the 21st dynasty, and the priests who moved the mummy took care to keep the cartonnage intact. Because of that exquisite face mask, Amenhotep's is the only royal mummy which has not been unwrapped and examined by modern Egyptologists.

paragraph: Section::::Burial, succession, and legacy.:Succession.

paragraph: Amenhotep I is thought to have had only one child, a son who died in infancy, although some sources indicate he had no children.

paragraph: Amenhotep I was succeeded by Thutmose I, apparently a senior military figure. It is unclear if there was any blood relationship between the two, although it has been suggested that Thutmose I was a son of Amenhotep's elder brother Ahmose Sipairi. Amenhotep may have appointed Thutmose I as coregent before his own death as Thutmose I's name appears next to Amenhotep's on a divine barque found by archeologists in the fill of the third pylon at Karnak. However, most scholars consider that this is only evidence of Thutmose associating himself with his royal predecessor. One text has also been interpreted to mean that Amenhotep appointed his infant son as coregent, who then predeceased him. However, the scholarly consensus is that there is too little evidence for either coregency.

paragraph: Section::::Burial, succession, and legacy.:Legacy: Funerary cult.

paragraph: Amenhotep was deified upon his death and made the patron deity of the village which he opened at Deir el-Medina. His mother, who lived at least one year longer than he did, was also deified upon her death and became part of his litany. As previously mentioned, the vast majority of Amenhotep's statuary comes in the form of a funerary idol from this cult during later periods. When being worshiped, he had three deific manifestations: "Amenhotep of the Town," "Amenhotep Beloved of Amun," and "Amenhotep of the Forecourt," and was known as a god who produced oracles. Some of the questions asked of him have been preserved on ostraca from Deir el-Medina, and appear to have been phrased in such a way that the idol of the king could nod (or be caused to nod) the answer. He also had a number of feasts dedicated to him which were held throughout the year. During the first month, a festival was celebrated in honor of the appearance of Amenhotep to the necropolis workmen, which probably means his idol was taken to Deir el-Medina. Another feast was held on the thirtieth of the fourth month, and then two more were held in the seventh month. The first was the "spreading of the funeral couch for king Amenhotep," which probably commemorated the day of his death. The second, celebrated for four days at the very end of the month, was the "great festival of king Amenhotep lord of the town." Later in Egyptian history, the seventh month, "Phamenoth", was named after this festival. Another festival was held on the 27th of the ninth month, and the last known festival was held for several days between at least the eleventh and thirteenth days of the eleventh month, which in all probability commemorated the date of Amenhotep's accession to the throne.

paragraph: Further light is shed upon Amenhotep's funerary cult by multiple documents which appear to detail the rituals dedicated to Amenhotep. Three papyri from the time of Ramesses II record the liturgy used by the priests, and reliefs at Karnak and Medinet Habu illustrate select rites and spells. The bulk of the rituals concern preparing for and conducting the daily offerings of libations for the idol, including a recitation of a ḥtp-dỉ-nsw formula, and purifying and sealing the shrine at the end of the day. The remainder of the rites concern how to conduct various feasts throughout the year. In these cases, Amenhotep's idol or a priest representing him is actually officiating the worship of Amun instead of being worshipped himself, which was not a typical cultic practice in ancient Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Print sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aldred, Cyril. "Egyptian Art." Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashton, Sally; and Spanel, Donald. "Portraiture," "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt." Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 3, pp. 55–59. Oxford University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- v. Beckerath, Jürgen. "Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten." Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bleiberg, Edward. "Amenhotep I," "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt." Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 1, p. 71. Oxford University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borchardt, Ludwig. "Altägyptische Zeitmessung (Die Geschichte der Zeitmessung und der Uhren) I." Berlin and Leipzig, 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breasted, James Henry. "Ancient Records of Egypt," Vol. II University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "University of Illinois Press, 2001 (p.17)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryan, Betsy M. "The 18th Dynasty Before the Amarna Period." "The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt." Ed. Ian Shaw. pp. 218–271. Oxford University Press, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clayton, Peter. "Chronicle of the Pharaohs." Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodson, Aidan. "Amenhotep I and Deir el-Bahri." Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum, vol.3, 1989/90

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. "The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt." Thames & Hudson, London, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "reviewed by A.J.Veldmeijer" - Netherlands Scientific Journals in Palaeontology & Egyptology  palarch.nl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freed, Rita E. "Art," "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt." Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 1, pp. 127–136. Oxford University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimal, Nicolas. "A History of Ancient Egypt." Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helck, Wolfgang. "Historisch-biographische Texte der 2. Zwischenzeit und neue Texte der 18. Dynastie." Wiesbaden, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helck, Wolfgang; Otto, Eberhard; Drenkhahn, Rosmarie. "Lexikon der Ägyptologie I." Wiesbaden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James, T.G.H. "Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I." in "The Cambridge Ancient History," vol. 2, part 1, ed. Edwards, I.E.S, et al. Cambridge University Press, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kruchten, Jean Marie. "Oracles," "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt." Ed. Donald Redford. Vol. 2, pp. 609–612. Oxford University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lilyquist, Christine. "Egyptian Art," Notable Acquisitions, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelson, Harold H. "Certain Reliefs at Karnak and Medinet Habu and the Ritual of Amenophis I." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Jul., 1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelson, Harold H. "Certain Reliefs at Karnak and Medinet Habu and the Ritual of Amenophis I-(Concluded)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Redford, Donald "The Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 25 (1966).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaw, Ian. "Exploring Ancient Egypt." Oxford University Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaw, Ian; and Nicholson, Paul. "The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt." The British Museum Press, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steindorff, George; and Seele, Keith. "When Egypt Ruled the East." University of Chicago, 1942.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wente, Edward F. "Thutmose III's Accession and the Beginning of the New Kingdom." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, University of Chicago Press, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- West, Stephanie. Cultural Interchange over a Water-Clock. "The Classical Quarterly, New Series," Vol. 23, No. 1, May, 1973.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amenhotep I - The British Museum Accessed June 10, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fingerson, R. Manetho's King List

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Amenhotep I (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Routledge, B. (10 September 2007) - "Statue of Amenhotep I circa 1510 BC Thebes", National Education Network, Accessed February 14, 2017

description: Second Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

wikidata_label: Amenhotep I

wikipedia_title: Amenhotep I


text: Amun

text: Pharaoh

text: 18th dynasty

text: Egypt

text: Thutmose III

text: Syria

text: Mitanni

text: usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC

text: Thutmose III

text: Merytre-Hatshepsut

text: Amenemhat

text: Satiah

text: Amenemhat

text: prince Amenemhat

text: Memphis

text: coregent

text: Tiaa

text: Amenhotep III

text: Usersatet

text: Qatna

text: Orontes river

text: Kadesh

text: Thebes

text: Nubia

text: Napata

text: Syria

text: Naharin

text: Mitanni

text: Sea of Galilee

text: Karnak

text: Karnak

text: "Overseer of Works", Minmose

text: Tura

text: Medamud

text: Armant

text: pylon

text: Mitanni

text: mummy

text: Victor Loret

text: Valley of the Kings

text: sarcophagus

text: mortuary temple

text: Theban Necropolis

text: Ramesseum

text: Thutmose IV

text: Seti II

text: Ramesses III

text: Ramesses IV

text: Ramesses VI

text: Pinedjem II

text: Siamun

text: Boston

text: Egyptologists

text: God's Wife of Amun

text: Hatshepsut

text: co-regent of Akhenaten

text: Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree

text: History of Ancient Egypt

text: Amenhotep II - Archaeowiki.org

categories: 15th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,15th-century BC deaths,Ancient Egyptian mummies,15th-century BC births,14th-century BC Pharaohs,Amenhotep II

paragraph: Amenhotep II

paragraph: Amenhotep II (sometimes called "Amenophis II" and meaning "Amun is Satisfied") was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. Amenhotep inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria; however, he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cessation of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Amenhotep II was born to Thutmose III and a minor wife of the king: Merytre-Hatshepsut. He was not, however, the firstborn son of this pharaoh; his elder brother Amenemhat, the son of the great king's chief wife Satiah, was originally the intended heir to the throne since Amenemhat was designated the 'king's eldest son" and overseer of the cattle of Amun in Year 24 of Thutmose's reign. However, between Years 24 and 35 of Thutmose III, both queen Satiah and prince Amenemhat died, which prompted the pharaoh to marry the non-royal Merytre-Hatshepsut. She would bear Thutmose III a number of children including the future Amenhotep II. Amenhotep II was born and raised in Memphis in the north, instead of in Thebes, the traditional capital. While a prince, he oversaw deliveries of wood sent to the dockyard of Peru-nūfe in Memphis, and was made the "Setem," the high priest over Lower Egypt. Amenhotep has left several inscriptions touting his athletic skills while he was a leader of the army before his crowning. Amenhotep was no less athletic than his powerful father. He claims to have been able to shoot an arrow through a copper target one palm thick, and that he was able to row his ship faster and farther than two hundred members of the navy could row theirs. Accordingly, some skepticism concerning the truth of his claims has been expressed among Egyptologists.

paragraph: Amenhotep acceded to the throne on the first day of the fourth month of Akhet, but his father died on the thirtieth day of the third month of Peret. If an Egyptian crown prince was proclaimed king but did not take the throne on the day after his father's death, it meant that he served as the junior coregent during his father's reign. A coregency with Thutmose III and Amenhotep II is believed to have lasted for two years and four months.

paragraph: When he assumed power, Amenhotep II was 18 years old according to an inscription from his great Sphinx stela:

paragraph: After becoming pharaoh, Amenhotep married a woman of uncertain parentage named Tiaa. As many as ten sons and one daughter have been attributed to him. Amenhotep's most important son was Thutmose IV, who succeeded him; however, there is significant evidence for him having many more children. Princes Amenhotep, Webensenu, Amenemopet, and Nedjem are all clearly attested, and Amenemhat, Khaemwaset, and Aakheperure as well as a daughter, Iaret, are also possible children.

paragraph: Papyrus B.M. 10056, which dates to sometime after Amenhotep II's tenth year, refers to a king's son and setem-priest Amenhotep. This Amenhotep might also be attested in a stele from Amenhotep II's temple at Giza, however the stele's name has been defaced so that positive identification is impossible. Stele B may belong to another son, Webensenu. Webensenu's name is otherwise attested on a statue of Amenhotep's chief architect, Minmose, and his canopic jars and a funerary statue have been found in Amenhotep II's tomb. Another Giza stele, stele C, records the name of a Prince Amenemopet, whose name is otherwise unattested. The same statue with the name Webensenu on it is also inscribed with the name of prince Nedjem, who is otherwise unattested.

paragraph: There are other references to king's sons from this period who may or may not be sons of Amenhotep II. Two graffiti from Sahel mention a king's son and stable master named Khaemwaset, but specifically which king is his father is unknown. A figure with the name Amenemhet is recorded behind a prince Amenhotep in Theban tomb 64, and assuming this Amenhotep is indeed the king's son from B.M. 10056, Amenemhat would also be Amenhotep II's son. Additionally, a prince Aakheperure is mentioned in a Konosso graffito alongside a prince Amenhotep, and if one again assumes that this Amenhotep was the same person as the one in B.M. 10056, Aakheperure would also have been Amenhotep II's son. However, in both these cases the figure identified as Amenhotep has been identified by some as possible references to the later King Amenhotep III, which would make these two princes sons Thutmose IV. In addition to sons, Amenhotep II may have had a daughter named Iaret, but she could have also been the daughter of Thutmose IV.

paragraph: Two more sons had been attributed to Amenhotep II in the past; however, they have since been proven to be of other parentage. Gauthier catalogued one Usersatet, the "King's son of Kush," (i.e. Viceroy of Nubia) as a son of Amenhotep II, as well as one Re; however, both are now known to be unrelated to the royal family.

paragraph: Usersatet merely served as Amenhotep's chief official in Nubia and was not a blood relative of the king.

paragraph: Section::::Dates and length of reign.

paragraph: Amenhotep's coronation can be dated without much difficulty because of a number of lunar dates in the reign of his father, Thutmose III. These sightings limit the date of Thutmose's accession to either 1504 or 1479 BC. Thutmose died after 54 years of reign, at which time Amenhotep would have acceded to the throne. Amenhotep's short coregency with his father would then move his accession two years and four months earlier, dating his accession to either 1427 BC in the low chronology, or in 1454 BC in the high chronology. The length of his reign is indicated by a wine jar inscribed with the king's prenomen found in Amenhotep II's funerary temple at Thebes; it is dated to this king's highest known date—his Year 26—and lists the name of the pharaoh's vintner, Panehsy. Mortuary temples were generally not stocked until the king died or was near death; therefore, Amenhotep could not have lived much later beyond his 26th year. There are alternate theories which attempt to assign him a reign of up to 35 years, which is the absolute maximum length he could have reigned. In this chronology, he reigned from 1454 to 1419. However, there are problems facing these theories which cannot be resolved. In particular, this would mean Amenhotep died when he was 52, but an X-ray analysis of his mummy has shown him to have been about 40 when he died. Accordingly, Amenhotep II is usually given a reign of 26 years and said to have reigned from 1427 to 1401 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign affairs.

paragraph: Amenhotep's first campaign took place in his third regnal year. It is known that the pharaoh was attacked by the host of Qatna while crossing the Orontes river, but he emerged victorious and acquired rich booty, among which even the equipment of a Mitanni charioteer is mentioned. The king was well known for his physical prowess and is said to have singlehandedly killed 7 rebel Princes at Kadesh, which successfully terminated his first Syrian campaign on a victorious note. After the campaign, the king ordered the bodies of the seven princes to be hung upside down on the prow of his ship. Upon reaching Thebes all but one of the princes were mounted on the city walls. The other was taken to the often rebellious territory of Nubia and hung on the city wall of Napata, as an example of the consequence of rising against Pharaoh and to demoralise any Nubian opponents of Egyptian authority there. Amenhotep called this campaign his first in a Stele from Amada, however he also called his second campaign his first, causing some confusion. The most common solution for this, although not universally accepted, is that this was the first campaign he fought alone before the death of his father and thus before he was the sole king of Egypt, and he counted his second campaign as his first because it was the first that was his and his alone.

paragraph: In April of his seventh year, Amenhotep was faced with a major rebellion in Syria by the vassal states of Naharin and dispatched his army to the Levant to suppress it. This rebellion was likely instigated by Egypt's chief Near Eastern rival, Mitanni. His stele of victory carved after this campaign records no major battles, which has been read a number of ways. It may be that this campaign was more similar to one of the tours of Syria which his father had fought, and he only engaged minor garrisons in battle and forced cities to swear allegiance to him–oaths immediately broken after his departure. Alternatively, it appears that the two weeks when Amenhotep would have been closest to Mitanni are omitted from the stele, thus it is possible that his army was defeated on this campaign. Amenhotep's last campaign took place in his ninth year, however it apparently did not proceed farther north than the Sea of Galilee. According to the list of plunder from this campaign, Amenhotep took 101,128 slaves, which is an obviously exaggerated figure. Some of these slaves may have been recounted from the year 7 campaign, such as 15,070 citizens of Nukhash, since Amenhotep did not campaign anywhere near Nukhash on his year 9 campaign. However, even accounting for this recounting, the numbers still are too high to be realistic, and are probably just exaggerated.

paragraph: After the campaign in Amenhotep's ninth year, Egyptian and Mitannian armies never fought again, and the two kingdoms seem to have reached some sort of peace. Amenhotep records that the kings of Babylon, the Hittites, and Mitanni came to make peace and pay tribute to him after his ninth year, although this may be outlandish boasting. However, a second passage appears on the walls of Karnak, saying that the princes of Mitanni came to seek peace with Amenhotep, and this cannot be so easily explained away. The rising power of the Hittites eventually persuaded Mitanni to seek an ally, and there was definitely a treaty of some sort between Egypt and Mitanni by the time of Amenhotep's successor, but it may be that it was enacted after Amenhotep's campaigns, to try to prevent any more campaigns of mass deportations. Whenever formal peace was enacted, an informal peace was maintained between Amenhotep and the king of Mitanni. Thereafter, Amenhotep concentrated on domestic matters, with one possible exception. A shrine of Amenhotep's Nubian viceroy shows Amenhotep receiving tribute after a Nubian campaign, but it is not possible to date when this happened.

paragraph: Section::::Construction projects.

paragraph: Since Thutmose III had devoted so much energy to expanding Karnak, Amenhotep's building projects were largely focused on enlarging smaller temples all over Egypt. In the Delta, his father's "Overseer of Works", Minmose, is attested from an inscription at Tura as overseeing construction of more temples. In upper Egypt, small shrines are attested at Medamud, el-Tod, and Armant. Karnak, despite not receiving the attention given it by his father, also was not totally neglected. He commissioned a column to stand in the courtyard between the fourth and fifth pylons commemorating the reception of tribute from Mitanni. In Nubia, Amenhotep built at Qasr Ibrim and Semna, and ordered the decoration of the Temple at Kalabsha. However, his most famous Nubian temple was at Amada. Thutmose III had begun constructing a temple which, technically, was dedicated to Horus there, although the presence of Re-Harakhti and Amun-Re is easily observed. Amenhotep completed it and put in it the record of his year 3 campaign on a stele, which was until 1942 the source of most information about Amenhotep's wars.

paragraph: Section::::Construction projects.:Tomb.

paragraph: Amenhotep's mummy was discovered in March 1898 by Victor Loret in his KV35 tomb in the Valley of the Kings within his original sarcophagus. He had a mortuary temple constructed at the edge of the cultivation in the Theban Necropolis, close to where the Ramesseum was later built, but it was destroyed in ancient times. Amenhotep II's KV35 tomb also proved to contain a mummy cache containing several New Kingdom Pharaohs including Thutmose IV, Seti II, Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, and Ramesses VI. They had been re-buried in Amenhotep II's tomb by the 21st Dynasty High Priest of Amun, Pinedjem II, during Siamun's reign, to protect them from tomb robbers. The most detailed and balanced discussion on the chronology, events, and impact of Amenhotep II's reign was published by Peter Der Manuelian, in a 1987 book on this king.

paragraph: Section::::Personality and later life.

paragraph: A stela from this pharaoh's final years highlights his openly contemptuous attitude towards non-Egyptians. The document, which dates to "Year 23 IV Akhet [day] 1, the day of the festival" of Amenhotep II's accession to power, is a copy of a personal letter which the king composed himself to Usersatet, his viceroy of Kush (Nubia). In it, Amenhotep II reminded Usersatet of their military exploits together in Syria and proceeds to criticise the way this official conducted his office as Viceroy. Amenhotep writes:

paragraph: Usersatet was so impressed (or fearful) of Amenhotep's message that he ordered a copy of it to be engraved on a stela "that was once [located] at the Second Cataract [in Nubia] and is now in Boston."

paragraph: Amenhotep II did not openly record the names of his queens; some Egyptologists theorise that he felt that women had become too powerful under titles such as God's Wife of Amun. They point to the fact that he participated in his father's removal of Hatshepsut's name from her monuments and the destruction of her image.

paragraph: The destruction of Hatshepsut's images began during the co-regency of Amenhotep when his father was very old, but stopped during his reign. However, the king may have harboured his father's concern that another woman would sit on the throne. Despite his efforts however it is possible that a female co-regent of Akhenaten ruled as pharaoh before the end of his own 18th dynasty. His cause of death is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Ancient Egypt

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amenhotep II - Archaeowiki.org (Dead Link)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panorama view of the tomb of Amenhotep II

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Amenhotep II

wikipedia_title: Amenhotep II


text:
herald
Teutonic Knights
Prussia
chronicle
Middle Ages
Nikolaus von Jeroschin
Prussian lands
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Middle High German
rhymed prose
Jan Długosz
Latin

categories: Lithuanian chronicles,People from the State of the Teutonic Order,Teutonic Knights,14th-century German writers,German male non-fiction writers,14th-century historians,People from Marburg,German historians,Year of birth unknown,German chroniclers,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Wigand of Marburg

paragraph: Wigand of Marburg () was a German herald of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia and one of the notable chroniclers of the Middle Ages.

paragraph: Wigand expanded upon the earlier work of Nikolaus von Jeroschin. His "Chronica nova Prutenica" ("New Prussian Chronicle") is one of the principal sources of information used for the history of the Prussian lands and parts of the adjoining Grand Duchy of Lithuania, covering the period between 1293 and 1394. Originally written in Middle High German rhymed prose, the work combined actual accounts with legends, folk tales, and myths. Out of an estimated length of 17,000 lines, only about 500 have survived to the present day. However, in 1464, the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz ordered a translation of his work to Latin, which has survived almost intact.

description: German historian

wikidata_label: Wigand of Marburg

wikipedia_title: Wigand of Marburg


text:
Canadian
pianist
composer
Montreal, Quebec
Rodolphe Mathieu
music lesson
Montreal, Quebec
New York City
Harold Morris
Bach
Beethoven
Chopin
Liszt
Debussy
Ravel
Arthur Honegger
Jules Gentil
alcoholism
1976 Montreal Olympics
Vic Vogel
Trois-Rivières
Anaïs Allard-Rousseau
Jeunesses musicales
Montmorency College
Laval
Quebec
classical music
Alain Lefèvre
Neil Chotem
La Forteresse
CBC Montreal
Analekta
Alain Lefevre
Gilles Bellemare
Carnegie Hall
"L'enfant prodige"

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Canadian classical composers,20th-century classical pianists,1929 births,20th-century Canadian pianists,Canadian male pianists,Canadian classical pianists,Musicians from Montreal,1968 deaths,Canadian male classical composers

paragraph: André Mathieu

paragraph: André Mathieu (18 February 19292 June 1968) was a Canadian pianist and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mathieu was born René André Rodolphe Mathieu on 18 February 1929 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the parish of Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur to father Rodolphe Mathieu and mother Wilhemine Gagnon-Mathieu. His father was a music teacher and composer, and his mother a cellist and teacher. Mathieu was fascinated by the world of music from an early age, and received his first music lessons from his father. Mathieu as a child was unusually precocious. He spoke his first words at the age of 4 months and took his first steps before seven months.

paragraph: Rodolphe Mathieu was at first reluctant to teach his son music, and forbade him to touch the piano. This is because the senior Mathieu regarded music as a pauper's profession. Even so, Rodolphe Mathieu resigned himself to teaching his son music, because he recognized the exceptional talent in Mathieu. Mathieu began composing at the age of 4. At age 6 Mathieu gave his first recital of his own composition at the Ritz Carlton Hotel in Montreal, Quebec, on 25 February 1935. In 1936 Mathieu performed his Concertino No.1 for Piano and Orchestra as a soloist on the CBC network. He was later given a grant by the Quebec government that enabled him to go to Paris and study piano with Yves Nat and Mme. Giraud-Latarse. Mathieu also studied harmony and composition with Jacques de la Presle. In December 1936 Mathieu gave a recital of his works at Salle Chopin-Pleyel, and again at Salle Gaveau on 26 March 1939. His recitals were received very enthusiastically by the Parisian critics. They unanimously agreed that André Mathieu was a "Canadian Mozart".

paragraph: Mathieu returned to Montreal for the holidays, but due to the outbreak of war he could not return to Europe. Instead, Mathieu performed in a series of recitals in Canada and the United States of America, and gave a performance at the New York City Town Hall on 3 February 1940. He remained in New York with his family until 1943, studying composition with Harold Morris and fulfilling concert and radio engagements. In 1941 when he was not yet 12 years old, Mathieu won the first prize at the composition competition to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. He also played his Concertino No. 2 for piano and orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Mathieu also played his compositions at a concert of the League of Composers.

paragraph: In 1943 he returned to Montreal and gave numerous concerts performing Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt, Debussy and Ravel, as well as his own works.

paragraph: In 1946 he left Montreal for Paris to study composition with Arthur Honegger and piano with Jules Gentil. Unfortunately the trip did not go as planned. Mathieu was disappointed by his teachers, bored and short of money. He felt lonely, homesick and vulnerable. In 1947 he returned to Montreal a changed man, tired and exhausted. He took part in Pianothons to break records at events. He also began teaching and continued to compose. During the following years he succumbed to alcoholism. He married Marie-Ange Massicotte in 1960, but their marriage was short-lived due to André's alcoholism and emotional problems. André died suddenly at the age of 39 on 2 June 1968. He was a prolific composer and left behind a wide range of music.

paragraph: The welcoming song and the official theme-music of the 1976 Montreal Olympics was arranged by Vic Vogel from Mathieu's works. The André-Mathieu Club was founded in 1942 at Trois-Rivières by Mme Anaïs Allard-Rousseau to promote an interest in music among youth in the community. The club eventually became part of the Youth and Music Canada (YMC) or Jeunesses musicales du Canada (JMC). In October 1979 the Salle André-Mathieu opened as part of Montmorency College in Laval, Quebec in honour of Mathieu's talent and contribution to music. In 1987 a street was named after Mathieu in the Pointe-aux-Trembles district in Montreal. Another street was also named in memory of his great work, in Mirabel, Quebec, in 2006. The renowned pianist and classical music activist Alain Lefèvre has popularized several of André Mathieu's works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: As a composer Mathieu's style leaned towards the late Romantic school of Rachmaninov, and his music was influenced by Debussy as well. Mathieu wrote many works for piano. Among the compositions of his youth are the "Trois Études" (1933), "Les Gros Chars" (1934), "Procession d'éléphants" (1934), "Trois Pièces pittoresques" (1936), "Hommage à Mozart enfant" (1937), and "Les Mouettes" (1938).

paragraph: In 1939 he wrote two suites for twin pianos: "Les Vagues" and "Saisons canadiennes".

paragraph: In 1943 he wrote a third concerto for piano and orchestra titled "Concerto Romantique" (also known as the "Concerto de Québec"). The piece was performed by Neil Chotem in the Canadian film "La Forteresse". His Concerto No. 3, which he performed in 1948 with CBC Montreal orchestra under Jean-Marie Beaudet, was presented in 1977 in Tunisia by pianist André-Sébastien Savoie and the Tunis Orchestra conducted by Raymond Dessaints.

paragraph: He also composed a fourth concerto around the year 1947, considered by some as a more mature and original work, which is currently being rediscovered and has received its first integral recording in 2008 from the Quebec music company Analekta. The composer seemed quite attached to this piece; for a long time, it was part of the concerts he gave, and one of his last great masterpieces for orchestra, the "Rhapsodie romantique" ("Romantic rhapsody"), is an arrangement of its second movement. This Piano Concerto No.4 appears on several of Mathieu's concert programs between 1948 and 1955, but for many years there was no complete record of its score. However, Mathieu had a performance of this piece recorded on 78 rpm discs at a concert on December 7, 1950 in the Ritz Carlton of Montreal, and gave the recording to a woman friend. In 2005, while Alain Lefevre's work to revive Mathieu's work was underway, the woman met Lefevre backstage after a Concerto de Québec, and delivered to him the recordings. Lefevre worked with conductor and composer Gilles Bellemare to reconstruct and publicize the composition, and on December 10, 2013, 70 years after the last of Mathieu's three appearances on stage at Carnegie Hall in New York City, Lefevre appeared at Carnegie Hall and gave the New York premiere of Mathieu's previously lost Piano Concerto No.4.

paragraph: Among Mathieu's works for piano and violin are "Fantaisie brésilienne", a sonata, a berceuse, and "Complainte". Mathieu's vocal works include "Le ciel est si bleu", "Hymne du Bloc Populaire", "Les Chères Mains" (1946), and "Quatre Mélodies" (1948).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudel-Tessier, J. "André Mathieu, un genie". Montreal, Que.: Éditions Héritage, 1976. Without ISBN.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'enfant prodige", a film based on the life of Mathieu

description: Canadian composer

wikidata_label: André Mathieu

wikipedia_title: André Mathieu


text:
Italian
condottiero
Orsini family
Colonna family
Republic of Siena
Piombino
Isola d'Elba
Caterina Appiani
Alfonso V of Aragon
King of Naples
Republic of Florence
Castiglione della Pescaia
Page at www.condottieridiventura.it

categories: Condottieri,15th-century deaths from plague (disease),15th-century Italian people,Year of birth unknown,Lords of Piombino,1450 deaths,Orsini family

paragraph: Rinaldo Orsini

paragraph: Rinaldo Orsini (died 1450) was an Italian condottiero, a member of the Orsini family.

paragraph: He was the son of Jacopo Orsini. In 1426 he fought for the Pope against the Colonna family. In 1442 he was hired by the Republic of Siena, and in 1445 he became lord of Piombino and Isola d'Elba through his marriage with Caterina Appiani. In 1447, attacked by Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Naples, he defended it with the help of a Florentine army. He was therefore named captain of the Republic of Florence and, in 1450, moved against Alfonso's troops which were besieging Castiglione della Pescaia, but without effect. He died the same year by plague.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page at www.condottieridiventura.it

paragraph: BR

description: mercenary

wikidata_label: Rinaldo Orsini

wikipedia_title: Rinaldo Orsini


text: Maristow

text: Tamerton Foliot

text: Devon

text: British

text: Conservative Party

text: Sir Massey Lopes, 3rd Baronet

text: John Yarde-Buller, 1st Baron Churston

text: House of Commons

text: Grantham

text: High Sheriff of Devon

text: Massey

categories: UK MPs 1892–1895,Lopes family,High Sheriffs of Devon,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,English people of Portuguese-Jewish descent,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1895–1900,People from Devon,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1938 deaths,1859 births

paragraph: Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough

paragraph: Henry Yarde Buller Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough (24 March 1859 – 14 April 1938), known as Sir Henry Lopes, 4th Baronet from 1908 to 1938, of Maristow in the parish of Tamerton Foliot, Devon, was a British Conservative Party politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lopes was the only son of Sir Massey Lopes, 3rd Baronet and Bertha, daughter of John Yarde-Buller, 1st Baron Churston. He was elected to the House of Commons for Grantham in 1892, a seat he held until 1900. He succeeded his father in the baronetcy in 1908 and on 24 January 1938 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Roborough, of Maristow in the County of Devon. He served as High Sheriff of Devon in 1914.

paragraph: Lord Roborough married Lady Alberta Louise Florence, daughter of William Edgcumbe, 4th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, in 1891. He died in April 1938, less than three months after his elevation to the peerage, aged 79, and was succeeded in his titles by his son Massey. Lady Roborough died in 1941.

paragraph: Lopes Hall at the University of Exeter is named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Title and Styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 March 1859 - 20 January 1908 - Henry Yarde Buller Lopes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20 January 1908 - 14 April 1938 - Sir Henry Yarde Lopes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 January 1938 - 14 April 1938 - Right Honourable Lord Roborough

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

alias:
Henry Lopes
Henry Yarde Buller Lopes

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough

wikipedia_title: Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough


text:
Brazil
footballer
attacking midfielder
Botafogo
Nova Iguaçu
Rio de Janeiro State League
Botafogo
Taça Rio
sambafoot.com
canalbotafogo.com
CBF

categories: Brazilian footballers,1988 births,Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players,Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube players,Living people

paragraph: Jougle Manoel Rodrigues

paragraph: Jougle Manoel Rodrigues or simply Jougle (born January 20, 1988) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He made his professional debut with Botafogo in 6-2 away win at Nova Iguaçu on April 8, 2007 in the Rio de Janeiro State League.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botafogo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taça Rio: 2007

paragraph: Section::::Contract.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 January 2007 to 31 December 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- sambafoot.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- canalbotafogo.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBF

description: Brazilian footballer

wikidata_label: Jougle Manoel Rodriguessx

wikipedia_title: Jougle Manoel Rodrigues


text:
professional golfer
Brussels
Belgium
LPGA Tour
Ladies European Tour
McCall's LPGA Classic
Paula Creamer
Evian Masters
1992
Solheim Cup
Valextra Classic
Italian Ladies' Open
Lufthansa Ladies' German Open
1994
OVB Damen Open Austria
Solheim Cup
1992

categories: LPGA Tour golfers,1969 births,Sportspeople from Brussels,Solheim Cup competitors for Europe,Ladies European Tour golfers,Belgian female golfers,Living people

paragraph: Florence Descampe

paragraph: Florence Descampe (born 1 September 1969) is a veteran professional golfer from Brussels, Belgium who played on the United States-based LPGA Tour and the Ladies European Tour.

paragraph: Descampe had seven worldwide victories during her career including a win at the 1992 McCall's LPGA Classic on the LPGA Tour. Until Paula Creamer's win at the 2005 Evian Masters she held the record as the LET's youngest winner after clinching the 1988 Danish Ladies Open.

paragraph: Descampe was a member of the 1992 European Solheim Cup team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (7).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (7).:Ladies European Tour (6).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 (1) Danish Ladies' Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 (3) Valextra Classic, Italian Ladies' Open, Woolmark Ladies' Matchplay

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 (1) Lufthansa Ladies' German Open

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 (1) OVB Damen Open Austria

paragraph: Section::::Team appearances.

paragraph: Professional

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 1992 (winners)

description: golfer

wikidata_label: Florence Descampe

wikipedia_title: Florence Descampe


text: suona

text: Du Yinjiao

text: suona

text: danwei

text: Beijing Song and Dance Troupe

text: Romania

text: Switzerland

text: Hungarian

text: Grover Washington, Jr.

text: ADO

text: Cui Jian

text: Taiwan

text: "Dust of Angels" soundtrack

text: tenor

text: baritone saxophone

text: Nothing to My Name

text: Berklee School of Music

text: Houhai

text: Beijing dialect

categories: 1960 births,Musicians from Beijing,People's Republic of China musicians,Jazz tenor saxophonists,Jazz baritone saxophonists,Chinese jazz saxophonists,Living people

paragraph: Liu Yuan (musician)

paragraph: Liu Yuan (, pronounced ; January 1, 1960 in Beijing, China) is a Chinese musician, who plays tenor and baritone saxophone as well as the Chinese wind instrument called "suona". He is recognized as one of the two most prominent jazz musicians in China, the other being the saxophonist Du Yinjiao.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was a player of the "suona", a traditional Chinese wind instrument, and this was also Liu's first instrument. At about the age of eight, he began his performing career, playing in a government-run children's musical group.

paragraph: He continued his "suona" studies at the Beijing Art School, graduating at age 19, at which time he entered a "danwei" (work unit) called the Beijing Song and Dance Troupe. With this group, Liu had the opportunity to travel, both inside and outside of China.

paragraph: In 1978 and 1980, the troupe toured Europe, performing in Romania, France, Switzerland, and other nations. While in Romania, in a city near the Hungarian border, Liu and some friends went to a cafe where they heard jazz performed live for the first time:

paragraph: Liu became enamored of this form of music, and, in particular, the saxophone. In 1984 he was able to purchase a saxophone and, over time, gradually acquired skill playing jazz. Jazz recordings were scarce, and at first he had only a single tape, by Grover Washington, Jr., to study.

paragraph: Also in the 1980s he was a founding member of ADO, the backing band for China's first rock star, Cui Jian (a fellow performer in the Beijing Song and Dance Troupe), for which he also acquired fame. He also contributed an instrumental piece to the 1992 Taiwanese movie "Dust of Angels" soundtrack.

paragraph: Liu favors the tenor and baritone saxophone as his primary instruments, though he also uses a modernized version of the "suona" for some songs in Cui Jian's band, in which he still performs. He made use of a modernized large-keyed "suona" in the 1985 song "Nothing to My Name" (一无所有; pinyin: Yì Wú Suǒ Yǒu), as well as on Cui's 1994 album "Balls under the Red Flag" (Hongxi xia de Dang).

paragraph: In May 1999 Liu became the manager of a jazz club called CD Cafe (or CD Jazz Cafe) in his home city of Beijing, where he performs regularly with his Liu Yuan Jazz Quartet. He began performing at the Cafe in the mid-1990s, when public performances by Cui Jian's group were effectively banned. Weekend jam sessions by the quartet frequently ran until 3 am or later. His quartet included a talented jazz drummer from Japan, who was an alumnus of the Berklee School of Music.

paragraph: In 2006, Liu partnered with childhood friend Li Yongxian to open the East Shore Jazz Cafe, a jazz bar in Beijing's Houhai district. The venue plays host to jazz artists from around China and abroad, and he still performs there himself on weekend nights.

paragraph: Liu's given name is frequently pronounced "Yuar" (the Beijing dialect pronunciation of "Yuan").

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liu Yuan, the CD Cafe, and Jazz in China" by Tara Shingle Buzash

description: Chinese musician

wikidata_label: Liu Yuan

wikipedia_title: Liu Yuan (musician)


text:
American football
punter
St. Louis Rams
2005 NFL Draft
college football
Ball State
Cleveland Browns
Philadelphia Eagles
Indianapolis Colts
Seattle Seahawks
New England Patriots
New York Jets
Tennessee Titans
St. Louis Rams
2005 NFL Draft
Bryan Barker
Philadelphia Eagles
Andy Reid
Dirk Johnson
Indianapolis Colts
Hunter Smith
Seattle Seahawks
practice squad
New England Patriots
Ben Graham
Eric Wilbur
Tennessee Titans
Craig Hentrich
Cleveland Browns
Dave Zastudil
Monday Night Football
Baltimore Ravens
injured reserve
New Orleans Saints
Cleveland Browns
Berea, Ohio
Richmond McGee
Brad Maynard
African-American
Indianapolis Colts bio
New England Patriots bio
New York Jets bio

categories: Ball State Cardinals football players,American football punters,St. Louis Rams players,African-American players of American football,Philadelphia Eagles players,Seattle Seahawks players,Players of American football from Illinois,Tennessee Titans players,New York Jets players,Indianapolis Colts players,New England Patriots players,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Reggie Hodges

paragraph: Reginald Aaron "Reggie" Hodges (born January 26, 1982) is a former American football punter. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Ball State.

paragraph: Hodges has been a member of the Cleveland Browns, Philadelphia Eagles, Indianapolis Colts, Seattle Seahawks, New England Patriots, New York Jets and Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Hodges earned First-team All-state honors in Illinois as a senior at Centennial High School, averaging 39.4 yards per punt.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Hodges took over punting duties as a freshman at Ball State, going on to set a school-career record with 254 attempts. His 10,210 yards ranked second in school history at the time of his graduation. He was named First-team All-MAC selection as a senior, leading conference with 73 punts (42.6 avg).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: The St. Louis Rams drafted Hodges in the sixth round (210th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. He was signed to a three-year contract on July 27, 2005. Hodges won the Rams' punting job out of training camp, beating out veteran Bryan Barker. Hodges went on to appear in five games for the Rams, averaging 38.0 yards and 31.0 net yards in 22 attempts. Hodges' poor performance caused the team to release him on October 10 and re-sign Barker for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On November 2, 2005, Philadelphia Eagles head coach Andy Reid said the team would sign Hodges to replace Dirk Johnson, who was out with a hernia. Hodges appeared in three games for the Eagles, averaging 36.8 yards in 19 punts with one blocked. He was waived by the team November 22. He spent the rest of the 2005 season out of football.

paragraph: The Eagles re-signed Hodges to a two-year future contract on January 13, 2006. The deal included base salaries of $310,000 (2006) and $385,000 (2007). However, he did not play in the team's first preseason game and was waived on August 8.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: On August 18, 2006, the Indianapolis Colts signed Hodges, however he failed to beat out longtime Colts punter Hunter Smith for the job and was released on September 3. He spent the 2006 season out of football.

paragraph: The Colts re-signed Hodges to a three-year contract on February 23, 2007. He again lost out to Smith for the Colts' punting job, failing to appear in the team's first two preseason games before being released on August 23. He spent the season out of football.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: After failing to make an NFL team for each of the past two seasons, Hodges signed with the Seattle Seahawks on April 11, 2008. He was released by the team on August 30 during final cuts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: On September 4, 2008, Hodges was signed to the practice squad of the New England Patriots. He was waived from it on September 7, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: On September 17, 2008, Hodges was signed by the Jets to replace former punter Ben Graham, who was cut the day before. The Jets waived Hodges on April 27, 2009, and he was replaced by Eric Wilbur. He was re-signed on June 10, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: On September 23, 2009, Hodges was signed by the Tennessee Titans to replace punter Craig Hentrich. He was waived on October 27.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Hodges was signed by the Cleveland Browns on November 15, 2009 after punter Dave Zastudil was listed as inactive for the "Monday Night Football" against the Baltimore Ravens. Zastudil was later placed on injured reserve on November 18, making Hodges the only punter on the roster. Zastudil was again placed on injured reserve on August 17, 2010 after the knee recovered poorly from surgery.

paragraph: During the Browns' October 24, 2010 game against the New Orleans Saints, Hodges took a fake punt and ran it 68 yards to the Saints' 10-yard line. This run is currently the longest run by a punter in NFL history, and it was the longest run by a member of the Cleveland Browns during the 2010 season.

paragraph: On November 27, 2010 Hodges signed a 2-year deal, keeping him with the Browns through 2012.

paragraph: On August 2, 2011 while practicing at the Cleveland Browns Training Facility in Berea, Ohio Hodges suffered a torn left Achilles tendon, falling to the ground as soon as he planted his non-kicking foot in the end zone during a special teams drill. He was immediately called out for the season and placed on injured reserve. Free agent punter Richmond McGee was signed to take over the position but was placed on injured reserve September 13, 2011 following a week 1 injury and the signing of Brad Maynard.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Hodges has the distinction of being one of the few African-American punters in NFL history.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indianapolis Colts bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Patriots bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Jets bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Reggie Hodges

wikipedia_title: Reggie Hodges


text:
Islamic
Muhammad
Umayyad Caliph
Muawiyah I
support
Ali
Rashidun Caliph
Islam
Imam
Shias
Kindah
Kindah
narrations
Adra
Syrian
Damascus
Wahhabi movement
exhume
New York Times
History of Tabari - Hujr ibn Adi
Mausoleum video before being desecrated

categories: Kinda,Male Sahabah,Year of birth unknown,Sahabah favored by Shias,Ziyarat,Shia mosques in Syria,Twelvers,660 deaths

paragraph: Hujr ibn 'Adi

paragraph: Hujr ibn 'Adi al-Kindi (died 660 CE) was a companion to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was sentenced to death by the Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah I for his unwavering support and praise for Ali, the fourth Rashidun Caliph of Islam and the first Imam of the Shias, when he objected to the tradition of publicly cursing Ali and continued to condemn Uthman for his corruption. He belonged to the tribe of Kindah.

paragraph: Section::::Hujr's titles.

paragraph: Hujr was given two titles: "al-Kindi" and "al-Adbar". The first title was "al-Kindi", meaning "The Person From Kindah", an Arabian tribe. The second title given to Hujr was "al-Adbar".

paragraph: Section::::Character and life.

paragraph: According to some narrations, his last wish was that his son should be executed before him lest death terrify him (his son) and therefore accede to the condition of cursing Ali.

paragraph: Section::::Desecration of shrine.

paragraph: Hujr, his son Humaam ibn Hajar, and some other companions are buried in Adra, in the outskirts of the Syrian capital Damascus. A mosque had been built around his grave which became a pilgrimage site for Muslims.

paragraph: According to Iranian reports, on 2 May 2013, extremists (allegedly from the Wahhabi movement) attacked the mausoleum and exhumed his remains. His body was taken to an unknown location by the rebels. According to a report published in the New York Times, a widely distributed Facebook photo of the desecration of the pilgrimage site gives credit for the exhumation to a man named Abu Anas al-Wazir, or Abu al-Baraa, a leader of a military group called the Islam Brigade of the Free Army.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: History of Tabari - Hujr ibn Adi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mausoleum video before being desecrated

description: Islamic figure and companion of Muhammed

wikidata_label: Hujr ibn Adi

wikipedia_title: Hujr ibn 'Adi


text: retainer

text: Sengoku Period

text: daimyō

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Italian

text: Jesuit

text: Alessandro Valignano

text: Indies

text: Honnō-ji Incident

text: Akechi Mitsuhide

text: Nanban trade

text: Society of Jesus

text: Mozambique

text: Fujita Midori

text: Makua

text: Yao people

text: Habshi

text: Ethiopia

text: Isaac

text: Dinka

text: South Sudan

text: Alessandro Valignano

text: Indies

text: South

text: East Asia

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Daimyō

text: ink

text: Luís Fróis

text: Lord Nobunaga Chronicle

text: Echizen Province

text: Shibata Katsutoyo

text: Hashiba Hidekatsu

text: Shibata Katsuie

text: lingua franca

text: Shinchō kōki

text: Maeda clan

text: katana

text: Battle of Tenmokuzan

text: Takeda clan

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Matsudaira Ietada

text: shaku

text: sun

text: attacked

text: seppuku

text: Honnō-ji

text: Kyoto

text: Akechi Mitsuhide

text: Oda Nobutada

text: Nijō Castle

text: "Nanbanji"

text: Kanō Eitoku

text: Kanō school

text: Nanban byōbu

text: An inkstone box

text: Rinpa

text: Museu do Caramulo

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: sumo

text: Sakai City Museum

text: List of foreign-born samurai in Japan

text: "Yasuke: The Real AfroSamurai"

categories: Japanese people of Mozambican descent,Former slaves,Foreign samurai in Japan,Oda retainers,People from Nampula Province

paragraph: Yasuke

paragraph: Yasuke (variously rendered as 弥助 or 弥介, 彌助 or 彌介 in different sources.) was a retainer of African origin who served under the Sengoku Period Japanese daimyō Oda Nobunaga. Yasuke arrived to Japan in 1579 in the service of Italian Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, Visitor of Missions in the Indies, in India. Yasuke was present during the Honnō-ji Incident, the forced suicide on June 21, 1582, of Oda Nobunaga at the hands of his samurai general Akechi Mitsuhide. Yasuke is thought by some to have been the first African that Nobunaga had ever seen, but he was one of the many Africans to have come to Japan during the Nanban trade.

paragraph: Section::::Theories about early life.

paragraph: According to "Histoire Ecclesiastique Des Isles Et Royaumes Du Japon", written by François Solier of the Society of Jesus in 1627, Yasuke was likely from Mozambique. Solier's account may, however, have been an assumption, as it was written so long after the event. There is no surviving contemporary account that corroborates it.

paragraph: This would be consistent with other accounts of Africans from Mozambique in Japan. According to Fujita Midori, the first African people who came to Japan were Mozambican. They reached Japan in 1546 as shipmates or slaves who served Portuguese captain Jorge Alvarez (not to be confused with another explorer of the same name who died in 1521).

paragraph: A 2013 investigation by "Discovery of the World's Mysteries" (), a popular television program, suggested that Yasuke was a Makua named Yasufe. This name seems to be derived from the more popular Mozambican name, Issufo. This investigation did not necessarily meet journalistic standards, and the program provided little evidence for its conclusions. The Makua are not documented as having had any significant contact until 1585 with the Portuguese based in Mozambique.

paragraph: Yasuke may have been a member of the Yao people, or from the more inland area of Mozambique. Yao people were just coming into contact with the Portuguese at the time, which might account for his name: that is, "Yao" added to the common Japanese male name suffix of "suke" (Yao-suke).

paragraph: According to another theory, Yasuke was a Habshi from Ethiopia. Thomas Lockley suggested that this theory is most convincing. Like Yasuke, the Habshi were called "Cafre" by the Portuguese; they were well‐built and skilled soldiers, unlike other east Africans who suffered from famine. According to this theory, his original name might be the Ethiopian Yisake or Portuguese Isaque, derived from Isaac. Yasufe was also used as a surname in Ethiopia.

paragraph: It is also possible that Yasuke was a Dinka from South Sudan. He was famous for his height and extremely dark skin color. The Dinka people are among the tallest in Africa, and have darker skin than the Ethiopians, Eritreans, or Somalis. Adult Dinka men had a ritual custom of drawing decorative patterns on their faces by tattooing, but no account of Yasuke having a face pattern was recorded.

paragraph: Section::::Documented life in Japan.

paragraph: Yasuke arrived in Japan in 1579 in the service of the Italian Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, who had been appointed the Visitor (inspector) of the Jesuit missions in the Indies (East Africa, South and East Asia). He accompanied Valignano when the latter came to the capital area in March 1581 and his appearance caused a lot of interest with the local people.

paragraph: When Yasuke was presented to Oda Nobunaga, the Japanese Daimyō thought that his skin must have been coloured with black ink. Nobunaga had him strip from the waist up and made him scrub his skin. These events are recorded in a 1581 letter of the Jesuit Luís Fróis to Lourenço Mexia, and in the "1582 Annual Report of the Jesuit Mission in Japan," also by Fróis. These were published in "Cartas que os padres e irmãos da Companhia de Jesus escreverão dos reynos de Japão e China II" (1598), normally known simply as "Cartas." When Nobunaga realized that the African's skin was in fact black, he took an interest in him.

paragraph: The "Lord Nobunaga Chronicle" ( ') corroborates Fróis's account. It describes the meeting thus: "On the 23rd of the 2nd month [March 23, 1581], a black page ( ') came from the Christian countries. The man was healthy with a good demeanour and Nobunaga praised Yasuke's strength. Nobunaga's nephew gave him a sum of money at this first meeting.

paragraph: On May 14, Yasuke departed for Echizen Province with Fróis and the other Christians. During this trip, they met local warlords such as Shibata Katsutoyo, Hashiba Hidekatsu, and Shibata Katsuie. They returned to Kyoto on May 30. At some point, although when is not clear, Yasuke entered Nobunaga's service.

paragraph: It is likely that Yasuke could speak or was taught considerable Japanese, perhaps due to Valignano's efforts to ensure his missionaries adapted well to the local culture. Nobunaga enjoyed talking with him (there is no indication that Nobunaga spoke Portuguese, and it is unlikely that Yasuke would have been able to communicate in classical Chinese, the Asian lingua franca of the time). He was perhaps the only non-Japanese retainer that Nobunaga had in his service, which could explain Nobunaga's interest in him. Yasuke was mentioned in the prototype of "Shinchō kōki" owned by Sonkeikaku Bunko (), the archives of the Maeda clan. According to this, the black man named Yasuke (弥助) was given his own residence and a short, ceremonial katana by Nobunaga. Nobunaga also assigned him the duty of weapon bearer.

paragraph: After the Battle of Tenmokuzan, Nobunaga led his force, including Yasuke, and inspected the former territory of the Takeda clan. On his way back, he met Tokugawa Ieyasu. Matsudaira Ietada, the retainer of Ieyasu described Yasuke as "6 "shaku" 2 sun (6 ft. 2 in., or 188 cm.). He was black, and his skin was like charcoal." Matsudaira stated that he was named Yasuke (弥介).

paragraph: In June 1582, Nobunaga was attacked and forced to commit seppuku in Honnō-ji in Kyoto by the army of Akechi Mitsuhide. Yasuke was there at the time and helped fight the Akechi forces. Immediately after Nobunaga's death, Yasuke went to join Nobunaga's heir Oda Nobutada who was trying to rally the Oda forces at Nijō Castle. Yasuke fought alongside the Nobutada forces but was eventually captured. When Yasuke was presented to Akechi, the warlord allegedly said that the black man was an animal as well as not Japanese and should thus not be killed, but taken to the Christian church in Kyoto, the "Nanbanji" (). However, there is some doubt regarding the credibility of this fate, and there is no further written information about him after this.

paragraph: Section::::Possible artworks depicting Yasuke.

paragraph: There is no confirmed portrait of Yasuke drawn by a contemporary.

paragraph: Kanō Eitoku was a distinguished painter patronized by Nobunaga. Eitoku had an audience with Nobunaga when Yasuke served him. The Kanō school was famous for their Nanban byōbu, and there is at least one byōbu depicting a well-dressed black man who could be Yasuke.

paragraph: An inkstone box made by a Rinpa artist in 1590s, owned by Museu do Caramulo, depicts a black man wearing high-class clothing, who does not appear to be subordinate to the Portuguese. It is possible that this man is Yasuke in Portuguese attire.

paragraph: "Sumō yūrakuzu byōbu", drawn in 1605c by an anonymous artist, depicts a black man wrestling with a Japanese man in the presence of noble samurai. This samurai is said to be Oda Nobunaga or Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Nobunaga was famous for his fondness for sumo and held many official matches. This byōbu is owned by Sakai City Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Representation in other media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1968, author Yoshio Kurusu published a children's book, "Kurosuke," about this figure.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Since the late 20th century, Japanese TV "period dramas" (Jidaigeki) and manga have also been produced about Yasuke.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of foreign-born samurai in Japan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Specific.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lockley, T. (2016) "The Story of Yasuke: Nobunaga's Black Retainer", 桜文論叢、91

paragraph: Section::::References.:General.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matsuda, Kiichi, ed., "Jūroku-jūnanaseiki Iezusukai Nihon Hōkokushuu", Hōdōsha, 1987–1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ōta, Gyūichi, "Shinchōkōki", 1622.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yasuke: The Real AfroSamurai" (documentary)

description: African  samurai

wikidata_label: Yasuke

wikipedia_title: Yasuke


text: Viking-Age

text: protagonist

text: Egil's Saga

text: Iceland

text: Skalla-Grímr Kveldúlfsson

text: Kveld-Úlfr

text: Sami

text: Borg

text: Harald Fairhair

text: Norway

text: berserk

text: Paget's disease

text: holmgang

text: Eirik Bloodaxe

text: Eyvind Braggart

text: Eastern route

text: Courland

text: Harald Fairhair

text: Eirik Bloodaxe

text: Nithing pole

text: Kingdom of Northumbria

text: Hákon

text: Saxon England

text: Northumbria

text: Athelstan of England

text: drápa

text: Eirik Bloodaxe

text: Egil's saga

text: kenning

text: Poetic Edda

text: Paget's disease

text: Egil's saga

text: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Iceland

text: Christianisation of Iceland

text: silver

text: Mosfellsbær

text: chapel

text: altar

text: Paget's disease

text: Þorgerðr Egilsdóttir

text: Myrar

text: clan

text: Sonatorrek

text: end rhyme

text: Drápa

text: King Æthelstan

text: Höfuðlausn

text: Eiríkr Bloodaxe

text: England

text: Sonatorrek

text: Arinbjarnarkviða

text: runes

text: Ölgerðin Egill Skallagrímsson

text: Megas

text: his first album

text: SCA

text: Poul Anderson

text: Mother of Kings

text: Gunnhild

text: Eirikr

text: Heimskringla

text: Egils Saga

text: Faun

text: Egils Saga

text: Poems

text: English

text: Egil's saga

text: University of Chicago

text: Egil's Bones

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: Text of the saga

text: Northvegr Foundation

text: Icelandic

text: Egils saga

text: Text of Egill's saga

text: Höfundur Egill Skallagrímsson

categories: Viking Age poets,910 births,Viking warriors,Icelandic poets,990 deaths,10th-century Icelandic people,Skalds

paragraph: Egill Skallagrímsson

paragraph: Egill Skallagrímsson ( ; 904 995) was a Viking-Age poet, warrior and farmer. He is known mainly as the protagonist of "Egil's Saga". "Egil's Saga" historically narrates a period from approximately 850 to 1000 CE and is believed to have been written between 1220 and 1240 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Egill was born in Iceland, and was the son of Skalla-Grímr Kveldúlfsson and Bera Yngvarsdóttir, and the grandson of Kveld-Úlfr ("Night Wolf"). His ancestor, Hallbjorn, was Norwegian-Sami.

paragraph: When Grímr arrived in Iceland, he settled at Borg, the place where his father's coffin landed. Grímr was a respected chieftain and mortal enemy of King Harald Fairhair of Norway.

paragraph: Egill composed his first poem at the age of three years. He exhibited berserk behaviour, and this, together with the description of his large and unattractive head, has led to the theory that he might have suffered from Paget's disease, which causes a thickening of the bones and may lead eventually to blindness.

paragraph: At the age of seven, Egill was cheated in a game with local boys. Enraged, he went home and procured an axe, and returning to the boys, split the skull to the teeth of the boy who cheated him. After Berg-Önundr refused to allow Egill to claim his wife Ásgerðr's share of her father's inheritance, he challenged Önundr to a man-to-man fight on an island or holmgang.

paragraph: Later, after being grievously insulted, Egill killed Bárðr of Atley, a retainer of King Eirik Bloodaxe and kinsman of Queen Gunnhildr, both of whom spent the remainder of their lives trying to take vengeance. Seething with hatred, Gunnhildr ordered her two brothers to assassinate Egill and his brother Þórólfr, who had been on good terms with her previously. However, Egill slew the Queen's brothers when they attempted to confront him. Gunnbildr's brother's names were Eyvind Braggart and Alf Aksmann.

paragraph: In spring Þórólfr and Egill got ready a large warship and went the Eastern route ("Austrvegr"), where they won much wealth and had many battles. In Courland they made a peace for half a month and traded with the men of the land. (ch. 46).

paragraph: That same summer, Harald Fairhair died. In order to secure his place as sole King of Norway, Eirik Bloodaxe murdered his two brothers. He then declared Egill an outlaw in Norway. Berg-Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egill, but was killed in his attempt to do so. Before escaping from Norway, Egill also slew Rögnvaldr, the son of King Eirik and Queen Gunnhildr. He then cursed the King and Queen, setting a horse's head on a "Nithing pole" and saying,

paragraph: Gunnhildr also put a spell on Egill, which made him feel restless and depressed until they met again.

paragraph: Soon afterwards, Eiríkr and Gunnhildr were forced to flee to the Kingdom of Northumbria by Prince Hákon. In Saxon England, they were set up as King and Queen of Northumbria in rivalry with King Athelstan of England. Ultimately, Egill was shipwrecked in Northumbria and came to know who ruled the land. Egill sought out the house of his good friend Arinbjorn where they armed themselves and marched to Eiríkr's court. Arinbjorn told Egill “now you must go and offer the king your head and embrace his foot. I will present your case to him.” Arinbjorn presented Egill’s case and Egill composed a short "drápa", reciting it with Eirikr’s foot in his hand, but Eirikr was not impressed. He explained that Egill’s wrongs to him were far too great to be forgiven so easily. Gunnhild called for the immediate execution of Egill, but Arinbjorn convinced the king not to kill him until the morning.

paragraph: The Vikings deemed it illegal to kill a man during the night time. Arinbjorn told Egill that he should stay up all night and compose a mighty head-ransom poem or "drápa" fit for such a king, a poem in praise of his enemy. In the morning Egill went before king Eirik Bloodaxe and recited the great "drápa". This twenty-stanza long head-ransom poem appears in Chapter 63 of ""Egil's saga"". Eirik was so surprised by the quality of the poem that he generously decided to give Egill his life, even though he had killed his own son. The complex nature of these poems with unique word order determined by sophisticated word choice and metaphor or kenning, as explained in the Poetic Edda, as well as the fact that they were often about Kings and recited first in their royal presence ensures that seeds of history abide in them, and the fact that professor Byock could diagnose Paget's disease from such poetry adds credence to the truthfulness of their content. Such complex poems were remembered entirely, as a whole cloth, or not at all. "Egil's saga" and other Icelandic sagas appear to hang on a skeletal framework of such complex poetry, a spine of historical truth.

paragraph: Egill also fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in the service of King Athelstan, for which he received payment in silver.

paragraph: Ultimately, Egill returned to his family farm in Iceland, where he remained a power to be reckoned with in local politics. He lived into his eighties and died shortly before the Christianisation of Iceland. Before Egill died he buried his silver treasure near Mosfellsbær. In his last act of violence he murdered the servant who helped him bury his treasure.

paragraph: When a Christian chapel was constructed at the family homestead, Egill's body was re-exumed by his son and re-buried near the altar. According to the saga, the exhumed skull bone was hit with an axe, and it only turned white, showing the strength of the warrior, but also suggesting the traits of Paget's disease.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Egill had five children with Ásgerðr Björnsdóttir: Þorgerðr Egilsdóttir, Bera Egilsdóttir, Böðvar Egilsson, Gunnar Egilsson and Þorsteinn Egilsson. In later years, Iceland's Myrar clan claimed descent from him.

paragraph: Section::::Poems.

paragraph: Apart from being a warrior of immense might in literary sources, Egill is also celebrated for his poetry, considered by many historians to be the finest of the ancient Scandinavian poets and "Sonatorrek", the dirge over his own sons, has been called "the birth of Nordic personal lyric poetry". His poems were also the first Old Norse verses to use end rhyme. The following works are attributed to Egill:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Aðalsteinsdrápa". "Drápa" for the Anglo-Saxon King Æthelstan.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Höfuðlausn" ("The Head Ransom", sometimes referred to as "Head-Ransom"), with which Egill bought his life from Eiríkr Bloodaxe, who had sentenced him to death in England.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Sonatorrek" ("The Loss of a Son"). After the death of his son Böðvar who drowned during a storm.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Arinbjarnarkviða". Dedicated to his companion Arinbjörn

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Skjaldardrápa".

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Berudrápa".

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Lausavísur".

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Fragments

paragraph: The following is one of Egill's "Lausavísur" (no. 3), found in chapter 40 of "Egils Saga":

paragraph: Section::::Runes.

paragraph: Egill was also a scholar of runes. His apparent mastery of their magic powers assisted him several times during his journeys. During a feast at Atla-isle, Bard's attempt to poison Egill failed when a rune carved by Egill shattered his poisoned cup.

paragraph: At a companion's request, he examined a sick woman. A local land owner, after being denied her hand in marriage, had attempted to carve love-runes. Instead, he had mistakenly carved runes causing illness. Egill burned the offending runes and carved runes for health, and the woman recovered. He then sang a poem declaring that "Runes none should grave ever/Who knows not to read them."

paragraph: Both these incidents are quite believable. Most poisons of the period were strong alkaloids which would cause cow-horn drinking cups to fray. This was one reason for their use. When Egill carved the rune, in all likelihood he had spotted the fraying (which he would have been looking for) and used it to disguise why he pried at the cup.

paragraph: As for the sick young woman, in addition to burning the runes, Egill ordered her to be lifted out of bed and her old bedding to be thrown away and replaced with new sheets. Recovery was swift.

paragraph: Runes were also employed by Egill during the raising of the Nithing Pole against King Eirik Bloodaxe and Queen Gunnhildr.

paragraph: Section::::Egill in popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Icelandic brewery Ölgerðin Egill Skallagrímsson is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is a talk show on Icelandic television called "Egill's Silver", named after Egill's hidden treasure. This, however, was also a double joke, since the host's first name is Egill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Egill's Silver" is also the name of a song by Megas, from his first album.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the SCA Barony of Adiantum there is an "Egil Skallagrimsson Memorial Tournament" held annually on memorial day weekend.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The novelist Poul Anderson (a member of the SCA) wrote "Mother of Kings", a historical fantasy centered on Gunnhildr and the long feud that she, Eirikr, and their children had with Egill. The novel is based on "Heimskringla" and "Egils Saga".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Egil Saga" is a song on the album "Licht" by the German band, Faun. The lyrics are taken from "Egils Saga" and tell the story of the girl made sick by the runes and how Egil cured her.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jansson, Sven B. (1980). "Runstenar". STF, Stockholm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (Translators), "Egil's Saga" 1976, Penguin Classics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thorsson, Örnólfur, ed. (2000). "The Sagas of the Icelanders": A Selection. New York, New York: Penguin Putnam.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems, Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages.

paragraph: In English:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egil's saga - English translation (W. C. Green) at the Icelandic Saga Database, with original Old Norse and Icelandic text

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egil Skallagrimsson and the Viking Ideal by Christina von Nolcken, from a University of Chicago website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egil's Bones, from a University of California, Los Angeles website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Text of the saga, translated into English by Rev. W. C. Green in 1893, from the Northvegr Foundation

paragraph: In Icelandic:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egils saga—Text of Egils saga at the Icelandic Saga Database, modern spelling and Old Norse version

paragraph: BULLET::::- Text of Egill's saga, with modern spelling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Höfundur Egill Skallagrímsson

paragraph: BULLET::::-

alias:
Egil Skallagrimsson
Egill Skallagrimsson

description: Viking Age poet, warrior and farmer

wikidata_label: Egill Skallagrímsson

wikipedia_title: Egill Skallagrímsson


text:
Pharaoh
Egypt
22nd
23rd Dynasty
Shoshenq V
Aidan Dodson
Dyan Hilton
Osorkon IV
Jürgen von Beckerath
Piye
Iuput II
nomarch
Athribis
prenomen
Tanis
Kenneth Kitchen
Assyria
Ashurbanipal
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Göttinger Miszellen

categories: Pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt,8th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Pedubast II

paragraph: Pedubast II was a Pharaoh of Egypt associated with the 22nd or more likely the 23rd Dynasty. Not mentioned in all King lists, he is mentioned as a possible son and successor to Shoshenq V by Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton in their 2004 book, "The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt." They date his reign at about 743–733 BC, between Shoshenq V and Osorkon IV.

paragraph: Jürgen von Beckerath places Pedubast II within the reign of Piye and in the 23rd Dynasty and proposes a reign of about 736–731 BC for this pharaoh. The exact length of Pedubast's II's reign is uncertain. Pedubast II may have been the son of Iuput II and the then serving nomarch in Athribis because the king list of Piye places next to Osorkon IV a Pedubast who is called a Prince of Athribis.

paragraph: Pedubast's II's royal name or prenomen was "Sehetepibenre" and he is attested as a king at Tanis--or at least a local Delta ruler who controlled this city—by several stone blocks found there bearing his royal titulary. Kenneth Kitchen, however, prefers to date Pedubast II's kingship around the time of the Assyrian invasion under Ashurbanipal in the mid-660s BC. Such is the degree of uncertainty surrounding this king's timeline during the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1069 BC – 664 BC).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- N. Dautzenberg, Bemerkungen zu Schoschenq II., Takeloth II. und Pedubastis II, Göttinger Miszellen 144 (1995), 21–29

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan'el Kahn, A Problem of Pedubasts?, Antigua Oriente 4 (2006), 23–42

description: sovereign

wikidata_label: Sehetepibenre Pedubast

wikipedia_title: Pedubast II


text: jazz

text: Ronnie Scott

text: Cape Town International Jazz Festival

text: spin-off

text: North Sea Jazz Festival

text: University of Cape Town

text: Bachelor of Music

text: Old Mutual

text: Kesivan Naidoo

text: Jason Reolon Website

text: Breakfast Included Website

categories: South African jazz pianists,1976 births,Living people

paragraph: Jason Reolon

paragraph: Jason Reolon is a South African pianist and son of jazz drummer Bobby Gien (who was a drummer in Ronnie Scott's Trio) and jazz singer Josie Gien. Reolon was winner of the Southern African Music Rights Organisation (SAMRO) National Overseas Scholarship for best Jazz Pianist in 2001, the scholarship for which he took up in New York City in 2004. With his jazz band Breakfast Included, he is a 2 times winner of the Old Mutual Jazz Encounters competition.

paragraph: Reolon performed at the Cape Town International Jazz Festival 2004, a spin-off of the North Sea Jazz Festival held in The Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Reolon graduated from the University of Cape Town's College of Music with a Bachelor of Music degree in jazz performance and composition in 2001, where he has worked as a part-time lecturer since.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Breakfast Included.

paragraph: Reolon is one of four founding members of jazz quartet Breakfast Included in 1999, together with drummer Shaun Michau, Dominic Peters on double bass and David Poole on saxophone. In 2001 they released their self-titled first album, which was followed up by "Night Work Ahead" in 2004.

paragraph: Breakfast Included won the "Old Mutual Jazz Encounters" competition in both 2000 and 2001.

paragraph: Peters and Poole have since left the ensemble and the current members of Breakfast Included (now a quintet) are Reolon on Piano, Melanie Schultz on vocals, Buddy Wells on saxophone, and Wesley Rustin on double bass.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:The Restless Natives.

paragraph: The Restless Natives is a contemporary quintet, consisting of Kesivan Naidoo on drums, Jason Reolon on piano, Chris Engel on alto and baritone saxophone, Shane Cooper on double bass and Lee Thomson on trumpet and flugelhorn.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:The Jason Reolon Trio.

paragraph: The Jason Reolon Trio is an ensemble that, besides Reolon, consists of Heinrich Goosen on drums and Wesley Rustin on double bass. The trio have released their first album, called "Off the Record", in 2008, which is a live recording of the ensemble performing at the Nassau Auditorium in Cape Town, on 4 February 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: CD - Breakfast Included - Breakfast Included (2001) (BICD01)

paragraph: Best of Passion Jazz Volume 2 (2002) - Track: I Thought About You

paragraph: Universal Music - The Jazz Lounge (2002) - Track: I Thought About You

paragraph: CD - Breakfast Included - Night Work Ahead (2005) (BICD05)

paragraph: Palace Lounge - Cafe d’Afrique II, Va Va Voom Edition (2005) - Track: Burnt Toast

paragraph: UCT Jazz - Full Spectrum (2006) - Track: Burnt Toast

paragraph: CD - Jason Reolon Trio - Off the Record (2007) (DIR001)

paragraph: Goldfish - Caught in the Loop (2005) - Tracks: The Real Deal, Dream,

paragraph: Times May Change You, Wait a Minute

paragraph: Breathe Sunshine Volume 2 (2005) - Track: Dream

paragraph: Cafe d’Afrique Volume 2 (2006) - Track: Dream

paragraph: Breathe Sunshine Volume 3 (2006) - Track: The Real Deal

paragraph: Best of Cafe d’Afrique (2007) - Track: The Real Deal

paragraph: Cafe d’Afrique Volume 3 (2007) - Track: Times May Change You

paragraph: Pure Pacha (2008) - Track: The Real Deal

paragraph: CD - Restless Natives - Restless Natives (2010)

paragraph: DVD - Jason Reolon Trio - Double Standards (2010)

paragraph: UCT Jazz Compilation (2010) - Track: Fat Alberts

paragraph: Men’s Health Chill Compilation (2010) Track: To Be

paragraph: CD – Jason Reolon Trio - Outline (2011) (JRT02)

paragraph: Feature Film - Restless Natives - Visa Vie (2011) Track: Mirror Mirror + Various

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jason Reolon Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breakfast Included Website

description: South African musician

wikidata_label: Jason Reolon

wikipedia_title: Jason Reolon


text: HMS Pinafore

text: Henry E. Dixey

text: Lydia Thompson

text: Nat C. Goodwin

text: Georgia Cayvan

text: Joseph Jefferson

text: Mrs. Leslie Carter

text: Craig's Wife

text: Chrystal Herne

text: The Kreutzer Sonata

text: A Woman's Resurrection

text: Motherhood

text: The Debt

text: God's Crucible

text: My Sin

text: It Happened in Paris

text: Anne Sutherland at IMDb.com

text: Anne Sutherland at IBDb.com

text: Anne in 1912

text: a scene from "Craig's Wife"

categories: 1942 deaths,Actresses from Washington, D.C.,1867 births

paragraph: Anne Sutherland (actress)

paragraph: Anne Sutherland (March 1, 1867 - June 22, 1942) was an American stage and screen actress who began acting in the 1880s. She began as a juvenile playing in a HMS Pinafore production. She appeared on stage in the 1880s-1890s with many greats of the period such as Henry E. Dixey in "Adonis" (1883), Lydia Thompson in "Oxygen" (1886), Nat C. Goodwin in "The Nominee" (1891), Georgia Cayvan in "The City of Pleasure" (1896), Joseph Jefferson in "Rip Van Winkle" and Mrs. Leslie Carter in "Zaza" (1899). One of her outstanding later plays was "Craig's Wife" (1925) which costarred Chrystal Herne.

paragraph: She was variously known as Annie Sutherland, Ann B. Sutherland and Anne Sutherland at different points in her career.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She was married to actor/singer Richard Field Carroll (1865-1925), aka Richard F. Carroll, and had a daughter Anne Carroll who died in her teens. She was later married to Charles Harding.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kreutzer Sonata" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Woman's Resurrection" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Motherhood" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Debt" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "God's Crucible" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Sin" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Happened in Paris" (1932)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Sutherland at IMDb.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Sutherland at IBDb.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne in 1912(University of Washington, Sayre collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google readout of some Annie Sutherland cigarette cards at wikicommons

paragraph: BULLET::::- a scene from "Craig's Wife"

description: American stage and screen actress

wikidata_label: Anne Sutherland

wikipedia_title: Anne Sutherland (actress)