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text: Holy Spirit

text: ascetic

text: Patrologia Graeca

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text: The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great

text: Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom

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text: Byzantine Catholic

text: feast days

text: Great Lent

text: Eve

text: Nativity

text: Theophany

text: Great and Holy Thursday

text: Holy Saturday

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text: Doctor of the Church

text: Holy Spirit

text: ousia

text: hypostasis

text: Greek

text: brings gifts to children

text: vasilopita

text: New Year's

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text: feast day

text: Feast of the Circumcision

text: General Roman Calendar

text: ordination

text: bishop

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text: Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God

text: Saint Gregory Nazianzen

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text: Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod

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text: Gregory of Nyssa

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text: Byzantine Rite

text: Synaxis

text: Three Holy Hierarchs

text: Saint Gregory the Theologian

text: Saint John Chrysostom

text: Coptic Orthodox Church

text: Alexandria

text: Tobi

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text: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

text: leap year

text: relic

text: Great Lavra

text: Mount Athos

text: Greece

text: Durandal

text: Basilian monk

text: Christian mystics

text: The Ecumenical Legacy of the Cappadocians

text: St. Basil the Great

text: Basil the Great

text: "The Heritage of the Holy Fathers"

text: American Catholic: "St. Basil the Great"

text: icon

text: synaxarion

text: St. Basil's Sermons About Fasting

text: St. Basil

text: Christian Iconography

text: Lewis E 251 Enarratio in prophetam Isaiam at OPenn

categories: Byzantine saints,Church Fathers,Eastern Orthodox saints,379 deaths,Opponents of Arianism,Doctors of the Church,Saints from Roman Egypt,4th-century Christian mystics,4th-century births,Greek folklore,Greek Christian mystics,4th-century Christian theologians,Roman-era students in Athens,4th-century Romans,4th-century bishops,Saints from Roman Anatolia,Cappadocian Greeks,Letter writers,4th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Basil of Caesarea

paragraph: Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (, Á"gios Basíleios o Mégas"; ; 329 or 330 – January 1 or 2, 379), was the bishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia, Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). He was an influential theologian who supported the Nicene Creed and opposed the heresies of the early Christian church, fighting against both Arianism and the followers of Apollinaris of Laodicea. His ability to balance his theological convictions with his political connections made Basil a powerful advocate for the Nicene position.

paragraph: In addition to his work as a theologian, Basil was known for his care of the poor and underprivileged. Basil established guidelines for monastic life which focus on community life, liturgical prayer, and manual labor. Together with Pachomius, he is remembered as a father of communal monasticism in Eastern Christianity. He is considered a saint by the traditions of both Eastern and Western Christianity.

paragraph: Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa are collectively referred to as the Cappadocian Fathers. The Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches have given him, together with Gregory of Nazianzus and John Chrysostom, the title of Great Hierarch. He is recognized as a Doctor of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. He is sometimes referred to by the epithet "Ouranophantor" (Greek: ), "revealer of heavenly mysteries".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Basil was born into the wealthy family of Basil the Elder, and Emmelia of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, around 330. His parents were known for their piety. His maternal grandfather was a Christian martyr, executed in the years prior to Constantine I's conversion. His pious widow, Macrina, herself a follower of Gregory Thaumaturgus (who had founded the nearby church of Neocaesarea), raised Basil and his four siblings (who also can be venerated as saints): Macrina the Younger, Naucratius, Peter of Sebaste and Gregory of Nyssa.

paragraph: Basil received more formal education in Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia (modern-day Kayseri, Turkey) around 350-51. There he met Gregory of Nazianzus, who would become a lifetime friend. Together, Basil and Gregory went to Constantinople for further studies, including the lectures of Libanius. The two also spent almost six years in Athens starting around 349, where they met a fellow student who would become the emperor Julian the Apostate. Basil left Athens in 356, and after travels in Egypt and Syria, he returned to Caesarea, where for around a year he practiced law and taught rhetoric.

paragraph: Basil's life changed radically after he encountered Eustathius of Sebaste, a charismatic bishop and ascetic. Abandoning his legal and teaching career, Basil devoted his life to God. A letter described his spiritual awakening:

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Annesi.

paragraph: After his baptism, Basil traveled in 357 to Palestine, Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia to study ascetics and monasticism. He distributed his fortunes among the poor, then went briefly into solitude near Neocaesarea of Pontus (mod. day Niksar, Turkey) on the Iris. Basil eventually realized that while he respected the ascetics' piety and prayerfulness, the solitary life did not call him. Eustathius of Sebaste, a prominent anchorite near Pontus, had mentored Basil. However, they also eventually differed over dogma.

paragraph: Basil instead felt drawn toward communal religious life, and by 358 he was gathering around him a group of like-minded disciples, including his brother Peter. Together they founded a monastic settlement on his family's estate near Annesi (modern Sonusa or Uluköy, near the confluence of the Iris and Lycos Rivers). His widowed mother Emmelia, sister Macrina and several other women, joined Basil and devoted themselves to pious lives of prayer and charitable works (some claim Macrina founded this community).

paragraph: Here Basil wrote about monastic communal life. His writings became pivotal in developing monastic traditions of the Eastern Church. In 358, Basil invited his friend Gregory of Nazianzus to join him in Annesi. When Gregory eventually arrived, they collaborated on "Origen's Philocalia", a collection of Origen's works . Gregory then decided to return to his family in Nazianzus.

paragraph: Basil attended the Council of Constantinople (360). He at first sided with Eustathius and the Homoiousians, a semi-Arian faction who taught that the Son was of "like" substance with the Father, neither the same ("one" substance) nor different from him. The Homoiousians opposed the Arianism of Eunomius but refused to join with the supporters of the Nicene Creed, who professed that the members of the Trinity were of one substance ("homoousios"). However, Basil's bishop, Dianius of Caesarea, had subscribed only to the earlier Nicene form of agreement. Basil eventually abandoned the Homoiousians, and emerged instead as a strong supporter of the Nicene Creed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Caesarea.

paragraph: In 362, Bishop Meletius of Antioch ordained Basil as a deacon. Eusebius then summoned Basil to Caesarea and ordained him as presbyter of the Church there in 365. Ecclesiastical entreaties rather than Basil's desires thus altered his career path.

paragraph: Basil and Gregory Nazianzus spent the next few years combating the Arian heresy, which threatened to divide Cappadocia's Christians. In close fraternal cooperation, they agreed to a great rhetorical contest with accomplished Arian theologians and rhetors. In the subsequent public debates, presided over by agents of Valens, Gregory and Basil emerged triumphant. This success confirmed for both Gregory and Basil that their futures lay in administration of the Church. Basil next took on functional administration of the city of Caesarea. Eusebius is reported as becoming jealous of the reputation and influence which Basil quickly developed, and allowed Basil to return to his earlier solitude. Later, however, Gregory persuaded Basil to return. Basil did so, and became the effective manager of the city for several years, while giving all the credit to Eusebius.

paragraph: In 370, Eusebius died, and Basil was chosen to succeed him, and was consecrated bishop on June 14, 370. His new post as bishop of Caesarea also gave him the powers of exarch of Pontus and metropolitan of five suffragan bishops, many of whom had opposed him in the election for Eusebius's successor. It was then that his great powers were called into action. Hot-blooded and somewhat imperious, Basil was also generous and sympathetic. He personally organized a soup kitchen and distributed food to the poor during a famine following a drought. He gave away his personal family inheritance to benefit the poor of his diocese.

paragraph: His letters show that he actively worked to reform thieves and prostitutes. They also show him encouraging his clergy not to be tempted by wealth or the comparatively easy life of a priest, and that he personally took care in selecting worthy candidates for holy orders. He also had the courage to criticize public officials who failed in their duty of administering justice. At the same time, he preached every morning and evening in his own church to large congregations. In addition to all the above, he built a large complex just outside Caesarea, called the Basiliad, which included a poorhouse, hospice, and hospital, and was compared by Gregory of Nazianzus to the wonders of the world.

paragraph: His zeal for orthodoxy did not blind him to what was good in an opponent; and for the sake of peace and charity he was content to waive the use of orthodox terminology when it could be surrendered without a sacrifice of truth. The Emperor Valens, who was an adherent of the Arian philosophy, sent his prefect Modestus to at least agree to a compromise with the Arian faction. Basil's adamant negative response prompted Modestus to say that no one had ever spoken to him in that way before. Basil replied, "Perhaps you have never yet had to deal with a bishop." Modestus reported back to Valens that he believed nothing short of violence would avail against Basil. Valens was apparently unwilling to engage in violence. He did however issue orders banishing Basil repeatedly, none of which succeeded. Valens came himself to attend when Basil celebrated the Divine Liturgy on the Feast of the Theophany (Epiphany), and at that time was so impressed by Basil that he donated to him some land for the building of the Basiliad. This interaction helped to define the limits of governmental power over the church.

paragraph: Basil then had to face the growing spread of Arianism. This belief system, which denied that Christ was consubstantial with the Father, was quickly gaining adherents and was seen by many, particularly those in Alexandria most familiar with it, as posing a threat to the unity of the church. Basil entered into connections with the West, and with the help of Athanasius, he tried to overcome its distrustful attitude toward the Homoiousians. The difficulties had been enhanced by bringing in the question as to the essence of the Holy Spirit. Although Basil advocated objectively the consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son, he belonged to those, who, faithful to Eastern tradition, would not allow the predicate "homoousios" to the former; for this he was reproached as early as 371 by the Orthodox zealots among the monks, and Athanasius defended him. He maintained a relationship with Eustathius despite dogmatic differences.

paragraph: Basil corresponded with Pope Damasus in the hope of having the Roman bishop condemn heresy wherever found, both East and West. The pope's apparent indifference upset Basil's zeal and he turned around in distress and sadness.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Basil died before the factional disturbances ended. He suffered from liver disease; excessive ascetic practices also contributed to his early demise. Historians disagree about the exact date Basil died. The great institute before the gates of Caesarea, the Ptochoptopheion, or "Basileiad", which was used as poorhouse, hospital, and hospice became a lasting monument of Basil's episcopal care for the poor. Many of St Basil's writings and sermons, specifically on the topics on money and possessions, continue to challenge Christians today.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: The principal theological writings of Basil are his "On the Holy Spirit", a lucid and edifying appeal to Scripture and early Christian tradition (to prove the divinity of the Holy Spirit), and his "Refutation of the Apology of the Impious Eunomius", written about in 364, three books against Eunomius of Cyzicus, the chief exponent of Anomoian Arianism. The first three books of the "Refutation" are his work; his authorship of the fourth and fifth books is generally considered doubtful.

paragraph: He was a famous preacher, and many of his homilies, including a series of Lenten lectures on the "Hexaëmeron" (also "Hexaëmeros", "Six Days of Creation"; ), and an exposition of the psalter, have been preserved. Some, like that against usury and that on the famine in 368, are valuable for the history of morals; others illustrate the honor paid to martyrs and relics; the address to young men on the study of classical literature shows that Basil was lastingly influenced by his own education, which taught him to appreciate the propaedeutic importance of the classics.

paragraph: In his exegesis Basil was a great admirer of Origen and the need for the spiritual interpretation of Scripture. In his work on the Holy Spirit, he asserts that "to take the literal sense and stop there, is to have the heart covered by the veil of Jewish literalism. Lamps are useless when the sun is shining." He frequently stresses the need for Reserve in doctrinal and sacramental matters. At the same time he was against the wild allegories of some contemporaries. Concerning this, he wrote:

paragraph: "I know the laws of allegory, though less by myself than from the works of others. There are those, truly, who do not admit the common sense of the Scriptures, for whom water is not water, but some other nature, who see in a plant, in a fish, what their fancy wishes, who change the nature of reptiles and of wild beasts to suit their allegories, like the interpreters of dreams who explain visions in sleep to make them serve their own end."

paragraph: His ascetic tendencies are exhibited in the "Moralia" and "Asketika" (sometimes mistranslated as "Rules" of St. Basil), ethical manuals for use in the world and the cloister, respectively. There has been a good deal of discussion concerning the authenticity of the two works known as the "Greater Asketikon" and the "Lesser Asketikon".

paragraph: It is in the ethical manuals and moral sermons that the practical aspects of his theoretical theology are illustrated. So, for example, it is in his "Sermon to the Lazicans" that we find St. Basil explaining how it is our common nature that obliges us to treat our neighbor's natural needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) as our own, even though he is a separate individual.

paragraph: His three hundred letters reveal a rich and observant nature, which, despite the troubles of ill-health and ecclesiastical unrest, remained optimistic, tender and even playful. His principal efforts as a reformer were directed towards the improvement of the liturgy, and the reformation of the monastic institutions of the East.

paragraph: Most of his extant works, and a few spuriously attributed to him, are available in the "Patrologia Graeca", which includes Latin translations of varying quality. Several of St. Basil's works have appeared in the late twentieth century in the "Sources Chrétiennes" collection.

paragraph: Section::::Liturgical contributions.

paragraph: Basil of Caesarea holds a very important place in the history of Christian liturgy, coming as he did at the end of the age of persecution. Basil's liturgical influence is well attested in early sources. Though it is difficult at this time to know exactly which parts of the Divine Liturgies which bear his name are actually his work, a vast corpus of prayers attributed to him has survived in the various Eastern Christian churches.

paragraph: Most of the liturgies bearing the name of Basil are not entirely his work in their present form, but they nevertheless preserve a recollection of Basil's activity in this field in formularizing liturgical prayers and promoting church-song. Patristics scholars conclude that the Liturgy of Saint Basil "bears, unmistakably, the personal hand, pen, mind and heart of St. Basil the Great".

paragraph: One liturgy that can be attributed to him is "The Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great", a liturgy that is somewhat longer than the more commonly used "Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom". The difference between the two is primarily in the silent prayers said by the priest, and in the use of the hymn to the Theotokos, "All of Creation", instead of the "Axion Estin" of John Chrysostom's Liturgy. Chrysostom's Liturgy has come to replace Basil's on most days in the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic liturgical traditions. However, they still use Basil's Liturgy on certain feast days: the first five Sundays of Great Lent, the Eves of Nativity and Theophany, on Great and Holy Thursday and Holy Saturday and on the Feast of Saint Basil, January 1 (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, their January 1 falls on January 14 of the Gregorian Calendar).

paragraph: The Eastern Churches preserve numerous other prayers attributed to Basil, including three prayers of exorcism, several morning and evening prayers, the "Prayer of the Hours" which is read at each service of the Daily Office, and the "Kneeling Prayers" which are recited by the priest at vespers on Pentecost in the Byzantine Rite.

paragraph: Section::::Influence on Monasticism.

paragraph: Through his examples and teachings Basil effected a noteworthy moderation in the austere practices which were previously characteristic of monastic life. He is also credited with coordinating the duties of work and prayer to ensure a proper balance between the two.

paragraph: Basil is remembered as one of the most influential figures in the development of Christian monasticism. Not only is Basil recognized as the father of Eastern monasticism; historians recognize that his legacy extends also to the Western church, largely due to his influence on Benedict. Patristic scholars such as Meredith assert that Benedict himself recognized this when he wrote in the epilogue to his "Rule" that his monks, in addition to the Bible, should read "the confessions of the Fathers and their institutes and their lives and the "Rule of our Holy Father, Basil." Basil's teachings on monasticism, as encoded in works such as his "Small Asketikon", was transmitted to the west via Rufinus during the last 4th century.

paragraph: As a result of Basil's influence, numerous religious orders in Eastern Christianity bear his name. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Basilian Fathers, also known as The Congregation of St. Basil, an international order of priests and students studying for the priesthood, is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Commemorations.

paragraph: Basil was given the title Doctor of the Church in the Western Church for his contributions to the debate initiated by the Arian controversy regarding the nature of the Trinity, and especially the question of the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Basil was responsible for defining the terms ""ousia"" (essence/substance) and ""hypostasis"" (person/reality), and for defining the classic formulation of three Persons in one Nature. His single greatest contribution was his insistence on the divinity and consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son.

paragraph: In Greek tradition, Basil brings gifts to children every January 1 (St Basil's Day). It is traditional on St Basil's Day to serve "vasilopita", a rich bread baked with a coin inside. It is customary on his feast day to visit the homes of friends and relatives, to sing New Year's , and to set an extra place at the table for Saint Basil. Basil, being born into a wealthy family, gave away all his possessions to the poor, the underprivileged, those in need, and children. For Greeks and others in the Orthodox tradition, Basil is the saint associated with Santa Claus as opposed to the western tradition of St Nicholas.

paragraph: According to some sources, Basil died on January 1, and the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast day together with that of the Feast of the Circumcision on that day. This was also the day on which the General Roman Calendar celebrated it at first; but in the 13th-century it was moved to June 14, a date believed to be that of his ordination as bishop, and it remained on that date until the 1969 revision of the calendar, which moved it to January 2, rather than January 1, because the latter date is occupied by the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God. On January 2 Saint Basil is celebrated together with Saint Gregory Nazianzen. Some traditionalist Catholics continue to observe pre-1970 calendars.

paragraph: The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod commemorates Basil, along with Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa on January 10.

paragraph: The Church of England celebrates Saint Basil's feast on January 2, but the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada celebrate it on June 14.

paragraph: In the Byzantine Rite, January 30 is the Synaxis of the Three Holy Hierarchs, in honor of Saint Basil, Saint Gregory the Theologian and Saint John Chrysostom.

paragraph: The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria celebrates the feast day of Saint Basil on the 6th of Tobi (6th of Terr on the Ethiopian calendar of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church). At present, this corresponds to January 14, January 15 during leap year.

paragraph: There are numerous relics of Basil throughout the world. One of the most important is his head, which is preserved to this day at the monastery of the Great Lavra on Mount Athos in Greece. The mythical sword Durandal is said to contain some of Basil's blood.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basilian monk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian mystics

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil of Caesarea, "Hexaemeron", London, 2013. limovia.net (digital version – ebook)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil the Great, "On the Holy Spirit", trans. David Anderson (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil the Great, "On Social Justice", trans. C. Paul Schroeder (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil the Great, "Address to Young Men On Greek Literature", trans. Edward R. Maloney (New York: American Book Company, 1901)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Basil the Great, "On the Holy Spirit", London, 2012. limovia.net .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karahan, Anne. "Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzantine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea", in: Byzantion. Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines 82 (2012): 165–212.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ecumenical Legacy of the Cappadocians on Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Early Church Fathers, Series II, Vol. VIII contains the treatise "On the Holy Spirit", the "Hexaemeron", some of the homilies and the letters

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Basil the Great in English and Greek, Select Resources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basil the Great article from "Orthodox Wikipedia" has a slightly longer article on St. Basil

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heritage of the Holy Fathers" has a more complete collection of his homilies (and some other works, but only a few of his letters)—in Russian

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Catholic: "St. Basil the Great"

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia Orthodox icon and synaxarion

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Basil's Sermons About Fasting, translated by Kent Berghuis

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Basil at the Christian Iconography web site.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis E 25 De forma honestae vitae; De institutione monachorum at OPenn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis E 237 Ad adolescentes de legendis libris gentilium (Address to young men on the right use of greek literature) at OPenn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis E 251 Enarratio in prophetam Isaiam at OPenn

alias:
Basilius
Magnus
Saint Basil the Great

description: Christian Saint

enwikiquote_title: Basil of Caesarea

wikidata_label: Basil of Caesarea

wikipedia_title: Basil of Caesarea


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text: Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

text: Hungary

text: mnemonic

text: James Bond

text: The Man with the Golden Gun

text: Ian Fleming

text: Francisco Scaramanga

text: Rastafari

text: Jamaica

text: Ethiopia

text: Enver Hoxha

text: John Buchan

text: Richard Hannay

text: Bulldog Drummond

text: Dornford Yates

text: House of Zogu

text: Royal Albanian Army

text: Zogist salute

text: Legality Movement

text: History of Albania

text: Self-proclaimed monarchy

text: I.B. Tauris

wikipedia_title: Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)

wikipedia_title: Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939)

wikipedia_title: 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania

wikipedia_title: Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau

wikipedia_title: Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria

categories: Recipients of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus,Field marshals,1895 births,Self-proclaimed monarchy,Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria,Disease-related deaths in France,Recipients of the Order of the White Lion,Prime Ministers of Albania,Knights of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau,Presidents of Albania,1961 deaths,Royal Albanian Army,Governments in exile during World War II,Albanian Sunni Muslims,Pretenders to the Albanian throne,Albanian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I,Albanian expatriates in Egypt,Galatasaray High School alumni,All-Albanian Congress delegates,Albanian emigrants to France,Albanian monarchs,Albanian royalty,Albanian Muslims,Grand Crosses of the Order of Carol I,House of Zogu,People from Mat

paragraph: Zog I of Albania

paragraph: Zog I, King of the Albanians (, ; 8 October 18959 April 1961), born Ahmet Muhtar Zogolli, taking the surname Zogu in 1922, was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939. He first served as Prime Minister of Albania (1922–1924), then as President (1925–1928), and finally as the first and only King (1928–1939).

paragraph: Section::::Background and early political career.

paragraph: Zog was born as Ahmet Muhtar Zogolli in Burgajet Castle, near Burrel in the northern part of the Albanian section of the Ottoman Empire, third son to Xhemal Pasha Zogolli, and first son by his second wife Sadijé Toptani in 1895. His family was a beylik family of landowners, with feudal authority over the region of Mati. His mother's Toptani family claimed to be descended from the sister of Albania's greatest national hero, the 15th-century general Skanderbeg. He was educated at Galatasaray High School (Lycée Impérial de Galatasaray) in Beyoglu, the capital of the decaying Ottoman Empire, which controlled Albania. Upon his father's death in 1911, Zogolli became governor of Mat, being appointed ahead of his elder half-brother, Xhelal Bey Zogolli.

paragraph: In 1912, he participated at the Albanian Declaration of Independence as the representative of the Mat District. As a young man during the First World War, Zogolli volunteered on the side of Austria-Hungary. He was detained at Vienna in 1917 and 1918 and in Rome in 1918 and 1919 before returning to Albania in 1919. During his time in Vienna, he grew to enjoy a Western European lifestyle. Upon his return, Zogolli became involved in the political life of the fledgling Albanian government that had been created in the wake of the First World War. His political supporters included many southern feudal landowners (called beys, Turkish for "province chieftain", the social group to which he belonged) and noble families in the north, along with merchants, industrialists, and intellectuals. During the early 1920s, Zogolli served as Governor of Shkodër (1920–1921), Minister of the Interior (March–November 1920, 1921–1924), and chief of the Albanian military (1921–1922). His primary rivals were Luigj Gurakuqi and Fan S. Noli. In 1922, Zogolli formally changed his surname from Zogolli to Zogu, which sounds more Albanian.

paragraph: In 1923, he was shot and wounded in Parliament. A crisis arose in 1924 after the assassination of one of Zogu's industrialist opponents, Avni Rustemi; in the aftermath, a leftist revolt forced Zogu, along with 600 of his allies, into exile in June 1924. He returned to Albania with the backing of Yugoslav forces and Yugoslavia-based General Pyotr Wrangel′s White Russian troops led by Russian Gen Sergei Ulagay and became Prime Minister.

paragraph: Section::::President of Albania.

paragraph: Zogu was officially elected as the first President of Albania by the Constituent Assembly on 21 January 1925, taking office on 1 February for a seven-year term. Zogu's government followed the European model, though large parts of Albania still maintained a social structure unchanged from the days of Ottoman rule, and most villages were serf plantations run by the Beys. On 28 June 1925, Zogu ceded Sveti Naum to Yugoslavia in exchange for Peshkëpi (Pëshkupat) village and other concessions.

paragraph: Zogu enacted several major reforms. His principal ally during this period was the Kingdom of Italy, which lent his government funds in exchange for a greater role in Albania's fiscal policy. During Zogu's presidency, serfdom was gradually eliminated. For the first time since the death of Skanderbeg, Albania began to emerge as a nation, rather than a feudal patchwork of local Beyliks. His administration was marred by disputes with Kosovar leaders, primarily Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri.

paragraph: Section::::Albanian King.

paragraph: On 1 September 1928, Albania was transformed into a kingdom, and President Zogu became Zog I, "King of the Albanians" ("Mbreti i Shqiptarëve" in Albanian). He took as his regnal name his surname rather than his forename, since the Islamic name "Ahmet" might have had the effect of isolating him on the European stage. He also initially took the parallel name "Skanderbeg III" (Zogu claimed to be a successor of Skanderbeg through descent through Skanderbeg's sister; "Skanderbeg II" was taken to be Gjon Kastrioti II, Skanderbeg's son, exiled to Italy, but this fell out of use.

paragraph: On the same day as he was declared king (he was never technically crowned), he was declared Field Marshal of the Royal Albanian Army. He proclaimed a constitutional monarchy similar to the contemporary regime in Italy, created a strong police force, and instituted the Zogist salute (flat hand over the heart with palm facing downwards). Zog hoarded gold coins and precious stones, which were used to back Albania's first paper currency.

paragraph: Zog's mother, Sadije, was declared Queen Mother of Albania, and Zog also gave his brother and sisters Royal status as Prince and Princesses Zogu. One of his sisters, Senije, Princess Zogu (c. 1897–1969), married Prince Shehzade Mehmed Abid Efendi of Turkey, a son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

paragraph: Zog's constitution forbade any Prince of the Royal House from serving as Prime Minister or a member of the Cabinet, and contained provisions for the potential extinction of the Royal Family. Ironically, in light of later events, the constitution also forbade the union of the Albanian throne with that of any other country. Under the Zogist constitution, the King of the Albanians, like the King of the Belgians, ascended the throne and exercised Royal powers only after taking an oath before Parliament; Zog himself swore an oath on the Bible and the Qur'an (the king being Muslim) in an attempt to unify the country. In 1929, King Zog abolished Islamic law in Albania, adopting in its place a civil code based on the Swiss one, as Ataturk's Turkey had done in the same decade. The price for such modernization was high, though. Although nominally a constitutional monarch, in practice Zog retained the dictatorial powers he had enjoyed as president. Thus, in effect, Albania remained a military dictatorship.

paragraph: In 1938, Zog opened the borders of Albania to Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Albanian King.:Life as King.

paragraph: Although born as an aristocrat and hereditary Bey, King Zog was somewhat ignored by other monarchs in Europe because he was a self-proclaimed monarch who had no links to any other European royal families. Nonetheless, he did have strong connections with Muslim royal families in the Arab World, particularly Egypt, whose ruling dynasty had Albanian origins. As King, he was honoured by the governments of Italy, Luxembourg, Egypt, Yugoslavia, France, Romania, Greece, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria.

paragraph: Zog had been engaged to the daughter of Shefqet Bey Verlaci before he became king. Soon after he became king, however, he broke off the engagement. According to traditional customs of blood vengeance prevalent in Albania at the time, Verlaci had the right to kill Zog. The king frequently surrounded himself with a personal guard and avoided public appearances. He also feared that he might be poisoned, so the Mother of the King assumed supervision of the Royal Kitchen.

paragraph: In April 1938, Zog married Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony, a Roman Catholic aristocrat who was half-Hungarian and half-American. The ceremony was broadcast throughout Tirana via Radio Tirana that was officially launched by the monarch five months later. Their only child, HRH Crown Prince Leka, was born in Albania on 5 April 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination attempts.

paragraph: About 600 blood feuds reportedly existed against Zog, and during his reign he reputedly survived more than 55 assassination attempts.

paragraph: One of these occurred inside the corridors of the Albanian Parliament premises on 23 February 1924. Beqir Valteri, originating from the same area as Zog, was waiting for him and opened fire suddenly. Zog was shot twice. Meanwhile, Valteri fled but, surrounded by the militia, took refuge in one of the bathrooms, refusing to surrender and singing patriotic songs. According to the memoirs of Ekrem Vlora, he surrendered after the intervention of Qazim Koculi and Ali Klissura. Zog stepped down briefly from political activity, but promised to forgive Valteri. Valteri, a member of the revolutionary "Bashkimi" ("The union") committee led by Avni Rustemi, was set free by the Court of Tirana after declaring that it was an individual act. Meanwhile, all rumors pointed to the opposition, specifically to Rustemi. Two weeks later Zog and Valteri would meet in private. Soon after, Rustemi would be shot. It was absolutely clear that Zog was behind the attack.

paragraph: Another attempt occurred on 21 February 1931, while visiting the Vienna State Opera house for a performance of "Pagliacci". The attackers (Aziz Çami and Ndok Gjeloshi) struck whilst Zog was getting into his car. The attempt was organized by "National Union" (), a union of Zog opponents in exile which was formed in Vienna (1925) with the initiative of Ali Këlcyra, Sejfi Vllamasi, Xhemal Bushati etc. Zog was in the company of Minister Eqrem Libohova who was wounded, while Zog's guard Llesh Topallaj was mistaken for Zog by Gjeloshi, who shot him three times in the back of the head. Çami's gun was stuck and did not fire. Zog came out of the event unharmed, thanks also to the prompt intervention of Albanian Consul Zef Serreqi and local police. The Austrian authorities would arrest Çami, Gjeloshi, and later Qazim Mulleti, Rexhep Mitrovica, Menduh Angoni, Angjelin Suma, Luigj Shkurti, Sejfi Vllamasi, etc. All the Albanian political "émigré" in Vienna would be arrested, beside Hasan Prishtina. Most of them would be shortly released and definitely expelled from Austria. Gjeloshi would be sentenced to 3 years and 6 months of jail, while Çami got 2 years and 6 months.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with Italy.

paragraph: The fascist government of Benito Mussolini's Italy had supported Zog since early in his presidency; that support had led to increased Italian influence in Albanian affairs. The Italians compelled Zog to refuse to renew the First Treaty of Tirana (1926), although Zog still retained British officers in the Gendarmerie as a counterbalance against the Italians, who had pressured Zog to remove them.

paragraph: During the worldwide depression of the early 1930s Zog's government became almost completely dependent on Mussolini, to the point that the Albanian national bank had its seat in Rome. Grain had to be imported, many Albanians emigrated, and Italians were allowed to settle in Albania. In 1932 and 1933, Albania was unable to pay the interest on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania, and the Italians used this as a pretext for further dominance. They demanded that Tirana put Italians in charge of the Gendarmerie, join Italy in a customs union, and grant the Italian Kingdom control of Albania's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies. Finally, Italy called for the Albanian government to establish teaching of the Italian language in all Albanian schools, a demand that was swiftly refused by Zog. In defiance of Italian demands, he ordered the national budget to be slashed by 30 percent, dismissed all Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Roman Catholic schools in the north of Albania to decrease Italian influence on the population of Albania. In 1934, he tried without success to build ties with France, Germany, and the Balkan states, and Albania drifted back into the Italian orbit.

paragraph: Two days after the birth of Zog's son and heir apparent, on 7 April 1939 (Good Friday), Mussolini's Italy invaded, facing no significant resistance. The Albanian army was ill-equipped to resist, as it was almost entirely dominated by Italian advisors and officers and was no match for the Italian Army. The Italians were, however, resisted by small elements in the gendarmerie and general population. The Royal Family, realising that their lives were in danger, fled into exile, taking with them a considerable amount of gold from the National Bank of Tirana and Durrës. Since the Royal Family had expected an Italian invasion, the gathering of gold had started in advance. "Oh God, it was so short" were King Zog's last words to Geraldine on Albanian soil. Mussolini declared Albania a protectorate under Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III. While some Albanians continued to resist, "a large part of the population ... welcomed the Italians with cheers", according to one contemporary account.

paragraph: Section::::Former heir presumptive.

paragraph: Prior to the birth of Prince Leka, the position of Heir Presumptive was held by Prince of Kosova (Kosovo) Tati Esad Murad Kryziu, born 24 December 1923 in Tirana, who was the son of the King's sister, Princess Nafije. He became honorary General of the Royal Albanian Army in 1928, at age five. He was made Heir Presumptive with the style of His Highness and title of "Prince of Kosova" ("Princ i Kosovës") in 1931. After the Royal House's exile, he moved to France, where he died in August 1993, aged 69.

paragraph: Section::::Life in exile and death.

paragraph: The royal family fled to Greece, then to Istanbul in Turkey, then fled through Romania, Poland, Latvia, Sweden, Norway, Belgium and Paris in France. They lived a time in France and fled when the Germans invaded. Their escape from France was helped by Ian Fleming.

paragraph: The royal family then settled in England. Their first residence was at The Ritz in London. This was followed in 1941 by a brief stay at Forest Ridge, a house in the South Ascot area of Sunninghill in Berkshire, near where Zog's nieces had been at school in Ascot. In 1941 they moved to Parmoor House, Parmoor, near Frieth in Buckinghamshire, with some staff of the court living in locations around Lane End.

paragraph: In 1946, Zog and most of his family left England and went to live in Egypt at the behest of King Farouk. In 1951, Zog bought the Knollwood estate in Muttontown, New York, USA, but the sixty-room estate was never occupied and Zog sold the estate in 1955. Farouk was overthrown in 1952, and the family left for France in 1955.

paragraph: He made his final home in France, where he died at the Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine on 9 April 1961, aged 65, of an undisclosed condition. Zog was said to have regularly consumed 200 cigarettes a day giving him a possible claim to the dubious title of the world's heaviest smoker in 1929, but had been seriously ill for some time. He was survived by his wife and son, and was initially buried at the cimetière parisien de Thiais, near Paris. On his death, his son Leka was pronounced H.M. King Leka of the Albanians by the exiled Albanian community.

paragraph: His widow, Geraldine, died of natural causes in 2002 at the age of 87 in a military hospital in Tirana, Albania. Albania's Communist government abolished the monarchy in 1946, but, even in exile, the royal family insisted that Leka Zogu was Albania's legitimate ruler until his death on 30 November 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Political legacy.

paragraph: During World War II, three resistance groups were operating in Albania: the nationalists, the royalists and the communists. Some of the Albanian establishment opted for collaboration. The communist partisans refused to co-operate with the other resistance groups and took control of the country. They were able to defeat the Nazi remnants and had full control the country in November 1944.

paragraph: Zog attempted to reclaim his throne after the war, but the new Communist-dominated government barred Zog from returning soon after it took power, and formally deposed him in 1946. Sponsored by the British and Americans, some forces loyal to Zog attempted to mount invasions and incursions, but most were ambushed due to intelligence sent to the Soviet Union by spy Kim Philby. A referendum in 1997—seven years after the end of Communist rule—proposed to restore the monarchy in the person of Zog's son Leka Zogu who, since 1961, had been styled "Leka I, King of the Albanians". The official but disputed results stated that about two-thirds of voters favoured a continued republican government. Leka, believing the result to be fraudulent, attempted an armed uprising: he was unsuccessful and was forced into exile, although he later returned and lived in Tirana until his death on 30 November 2011. A main street in Tirana was later renamed "Boulevard Zog I" by the Albanian government.

paragraph: Section::::Repatriation to Albania.

paragraph: In October 2012, the government of Albania decided to bring back the remains of the former king from France, where he died in 1961. Zog's body was exhumed from the Thiais Cemetery, Paris on 15 November 2012. A guard of honour was provided by the French President, in the form of French Legionnaires in ceremonial dress.

paragraph: Zog's remains were returned in a state ceremony on 17 November 2012, coinciding with celebrations for Albania's independence centennial. The bodies of the king and his family members now lie in the reconstructed royal mausoleum in the capital Tirana. The interment was attended by the government of Albania, including the President and Prime Minister, and senior figures from the Romanian, Montenegrin, Russian and Albanian royal families.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: In Albania:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign Head of the Order of Fidelity

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign Head of the Order of Skanderbeg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign Head of the Order of Bravery & Military Merit: First Class or Hero, breast star

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Flag Order (posthumous)

paragraph: From other countries:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph with Swords (Austrian Empire, January 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928 by Vittorio Emanuele III)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (Kingdom of Italy, 16 December 1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Netherlands)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collar of the Order of Muhammad Ali (Kingdom of Egypt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Collar of the Order of Carol I (Kingdom of Romania, 1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of the Karađorđe's Star (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Kingdom of Greece)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (Belgium, 4 November 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit of Bulgaria (Kingdom of Bulgaria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collar First Class of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Luxembourg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (Hungary, 1938)

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: Zog's name was in use by 1972 in the English language palaeontological mnemonic for the names of zonal index fossils in part of the Lower Carboniferous System of Great Britain (namely Cleistopora, which geologists decided to call 'zone k', Zaphrentis, Caninia, Seminula and Dibanophylum): "King Zog caught syphilis and died".

paragraph: In the James Bond novel "The Man with the Golden Gun", Ian Fleming writes of the villainous Francisco Scaramanga telling his compatriots that the Rastafari of Jamaica "believes it owes allegiance" to the King of Ethiopia, this "King Zog or what-have-you." Fleming had been assigned with the task of escorting Zog when in exile after Albania was annexed by Italy.

paragraph: In 1983, British author Jack Smithers wrote an amusing thriller about a fictional attempt to recover the treasure of King Zog, and use it to finance the overthrow of the Communist Enver Hoxha regime and restore Zog to the throne. It was called "Combined Forces", as Zog was aided by a combination of John Buchan's Richard Hannay, "Sapper"'s (H.C. McNeile) Bulldog Drummond, and Dornford Yates's Jonah Mansell (and the rest of Berry and Co. besides.). Smithers wrote the pastiche as a tribute to the three thriller writers of the interwar period.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Zogu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Albanian Army

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zogist salute

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legality Movement

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Albania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Self-proclaimed monarchy

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Bernd. "King Zog and the Struggle for Stability in Albania", (East European Monographs, Boulder, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearson, O.S. "Albania and King Zog" I.B. Tauris. 2005 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robyns, Gwen. "Geraldine of the Albanians" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomes, Jason. "King Zog, Self-Made Monarch of Albania", 2003 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rees, Neil. "A Royal Exile – King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns", 2010 ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patrice Najbor. "La dynastie des Zogu", 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patrice Najbor. "Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale 1443–2007", 2008 ()

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobev, Bobi. "The Dictatorship of Ahmed Zogou." "Etudes Balkaniques" 29, no. 2 (1993): 16–33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Bernd J. "Albanian Highland Tribal Society and Family Structure in the Process of Twentieth Century Transformation." "East European Quarterly" 33, no. 3 (1999): 281–301.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomes, Jason. "The Throne of Zog." "History Today 51", no. 9 (2001): 45–51.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patrice Najbor. " Les réalisations du roi Zog", "Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939", 2011, ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albanian Royal Court Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maison Royale d'Albanie – Site officiel en français

paragraph: BULLET::::- Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale 1443-2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Albanie et le sauvetage des Juifs

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Zog

alias:
Zog
King Zog
King Zog I
Zog of Albania
King Zog of Albania
Zog of the Albanians
King Zog of the Albanians
Zog I of Albania
King Zog I of Albania
Zog I of the Albanians
King Zog I of the Albanians
Zog, King of Albania
Zog I, King of Albania
Zog, King of the Albanians
Zog I, King of the Albanians
Ahmet Muhtar Bej Zogolli
Zog I, Skanderbeg III of the Albanians
Ahmet Zogu

description: former Albanian president and king

wikidata_label: Zog I

wikipedia_title: Zog I of Albania


text:
Hebron
Tiberias
Ottoman Syria
rabbi
Hayyim ben David Abulafia
Isaac Nissim aben Gamil
Smyrna
Tiberias
Pentateuch
haggadic
Ein Yaakov
Jacob ibn Habib
Steinschneider

categories: Early Acharonim,17th-century rabbis,1744 deaths,Sephardi rabbis,Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Tiberias,18th-century rabbis,Rabbis in Hebron,People from Tiberias,1660 births,Rabbis in Ottoman Galilee,Rabbis in Ottoman Palestine

paragraph: Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia

paragraph: Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia (born 1660 in Hebron, died 1744 in Tiberias, Ottoman Syria) was a rabbinical authority. He was the grandfather of Hayyim ben David Abulafia and grandson of Isaac Nissim aben Gamil. Abulafia was a rabbi in Smyrna, where he instituted many wholesome regulations. In his old age (1740) he restored the Jewish community in Tiberias.

paragraph: He is the author of several works:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Mikrae Kodesh" (Holy Convocations), Smyrna, 1729, containing treatises on Biblical and Talmudical themes;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Yosef Lekach" (Increase of Learning), Smyrna, 1730–32, a work in three volumes on the Pentateuch;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Yashresh Ya'akob" (Jacob Will Take Root), Smyrna, 1729; and

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Shebut Ya'akob" (The Captivity of Jacob), Smyrna, 1733, an elaborate commentary on the haggadic compilation "'Ein Yaakov," by Jacob ibn Habib and others.

paragraph: Section::::Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." col. 820.

description: Sephardi rabbi

wikidata_label: Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia

wikipedia_title: Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia


text: Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Hamburg

text: University of Würzburg

text: London School of Economics

text: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: wealth management

text: investment banker

text: Kelly Jeanne Rondestvedt

text: Pensacola

text: Escambia County

text: Florida

text: Callenberg Castle

text: Coburg

text: Coburg

text: Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden

text: Prince Ernst August of Hanover

text: Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria

text: Konstantin-Assen of Bulgaria

text: Munich

text: King Philippe of Belgium

text: Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Baden

text: Carina Axelsson

text: Munich

text: Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia

text: Princess Anna of Bavaria

text: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

categories: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom),University of Würzburg alumni,Dukes of Saxony,1975 births,People from Hamburg,Alumni of the London School of Economics,Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni,Living people

paragraph: Hubertus, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

paragraph: Hubertus Michael, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony (born 16 September 1975) is the heir-apparent of the head of the family which ruled the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha until 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hubertus was born on 16 September 1975 in Hamburg, the elder son of Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and of his wife, Carin Dabelstein. He studied Law at the University of Würzburg from 1997 to 1999. He attended the London School of Economics from 1999 to 2000 and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 2000 to 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Hubertus worked as a lawyer for a bank in New York specialising in wealth management.

paragraph: At the beginning of 2012 he moved back from New York to Coburg where he is on the board of the family foundation - the "Stiftung der Herzog von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha'schen Familie".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Hubertus married American investment banker Kelly Jeanne Rondestvedt (b. Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida, 10 January 1975) civilly on 21 May 2009 in Coburg and religiously on 23 May 2009 at Callenberg Castle in Coburg.

paragraph: Hubertus and Kelly have three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess "Katharina" Victoria Elizabeth Cheryl of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was born on 30 April 2014 in Coburg and was baptized on 14 September 2014 at Schloss Callenberg. Her godparents are: Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Prince Ernst August of Hanover, Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria, Countess Katharina of Faber-Castell and Prince Konstantin-Assen of Bulgaria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince "Philipp" Hubertus Andreas Christian of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was born on 15 July 2015 in Munich. Prince Philipp was baptized on 14 November 2015 at Schloss Callenberg. His godparents are: King Philippe of Belgium, Countess Alexandra von Schönborn, Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Baden, Prince Carl von Wrede and Carina Axelsson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess "Madeleine" Aurelia Viktoria Carin of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was born on 22 February 2017 in Munich and was baptized on 2 July 2017 at Schloss Callenberg. Her godparents are: Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, Princess Anna of Bavaria, Alexandra-Nadejda Chrobok Raposo de Magalhães, Countess Clémence von der Schulenburg and Count Benedikt von Abensperg und Traun.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Knight Grand Cross of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Ernestine House Order

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: German prince


text:
saint
Saint Adalbert
Bohemians
Břevnov Monastery
Kingdom of Hungary
Magyars
Géza
Pannonhalma Archabbey
Stephen I of Hungary
archbishop
Hungarian
Pope Sylvester II
King of the Hungarians
Emperor Otto III
Assumption Cathedral of Kalocsa
Ernő Foerk
crosier
paten
pallium
Anno II
Archbishop of Cologne
Joseph Braun
Saul Győr
Ugrin Csák
Battle of Mohi
Carbon-14
Saints of November 12: Astrik

categories: 11th-century deaths,Archbishops of Esztergom,11th-century Christian saints,Medieval Hungarian saints,10th-century births,Archbishops of Kalocsa,Hungarian Roman Catholic saints

paragraph: Astrik

paragraph: Saint Astrik of Pannonhalma (also known as Anastasius, Astericus, Ascrick, Astrissicus) (d. ca. 1030/1040) is a saint of the 11th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Radla was a Czech or Croat from Bohemia, who was a monk in Hungary. He probably received the habit at Brevnov, taking the name of Anastasius, of which Astrik is the equivalent. Astrik accompanied Saint Adalbert in the latter's missionary work to the Bohemians and became the first abbot of Břevnov Monastery. When Adalbert failed to consolidate his position in Bohemia, and left Prague, Astrik Radla went to the Kingdom of Hungary to help the missionaries among the Magyars.

paragraph: He first served the wife of Duke Géza. In 997 Astrik became the first abbot of the Benedictine abbey of St. Martin's (Pannonhalma Archabbey), the first ecclesiastical institution in Hungary, founded by Géza. He then served Géza's son, Stephen I of Hungary, and became the first archbishop of the Hungarian Church.

paragraph: Astrik served as Stephen's ambassador to Pope Sylvester II. The pope recognized Stephen as King of the Hungarians. Soon after Astrik's return Stephen was crowned by Astrik, with a royal crown sent by Pope Sylvester, granted no doubt at the instance of the Emperor Otto III, in 1001.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery of remains.

paragraph: The Assumption Cathedral of Kalocsa was extensively restored between 1907 and 1912, under the direction of architect Ernő Foerk. Under the sanctuary, a red marble archiepiscopal tomb was excavated in 1910 in the place of the original 11th-century cathedral. In addition to the intact skeleton, a gilded silver-headed crosier, a silver chalice, paten, golden rings, crosses, "pallium" with three jeweled gold pins, and textile remnants were found. Foerk estimated the age of the grave and thought its 11th-century origin, identified the corpse with Astrik, as the grave laid in the central axis of the first cathedral, a usual resting place for the church founders. Foerk also analogized the crosier with the near-contemporary pastoral staff of Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1075). However Jesuit art historian Joseph Braun analyzed the chalice and the textiles based on the pictures sent, but he did not deal with the other objects. Thereafter he dated the grave to the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. Accordingly, he identified the skeleton as the corpse of 12–13th-century archbishops Saul Győr or Ugrin Csák. The diocese's librarian Pál Winkler emphasized that Ugrin was killed in the Battle of Mohi (1241) and his body was never found. Moritz Dreger considered the textiles of Byzantine origin. In 1912, the tombstone was relocated into the new Archbishop's Crypt with the epitaph "OSSA ANONYMI AEPPI COLOCEN. SAEC. XII. / SAULI DE GYŐR /? / 1192–1202 /".

paragraph: In January–February 2014, the tomb was re-examined during archeological excavations, which aimed to define the exact age of the skeleton. The identification was supported by the AMS radiocarbon examination that was conducted on the two phalanxes acquired from the skeleton. The result of the Carbon-14 (radiocarbon) examination defined the date of death of the archbishop buried in the grave at (cal AD) 1001–1030, which date coincides with the scanty historical data on Astrik. Accordingly, the skeleton was identified with the corpse of Astrik, and not Saul Győr.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints of November 12: Astrik

description: Roman Catholic archbishop and saint

wikidata_label: Astrik

wikipedia_title: Astrik


text:
California
American
motorcycle speedway
Speedway World Champion
California
Cradley Heath Heathens
British League
Greg Hancock
World Final
Ullevi Stadium
Gothenburg
Brandon stadium
averaging
Pocking
Sam Ermolenko
Vojens
Greg Hancock
Grand Prix
Wroclaw
Poland
Wiener Neustadt
Hans Nielsen
average
Vojens
Speedway World Champion
Cradley Heath
Belle Vue Aces
Elite League
Prague
Greg Hancock
Coventry Bees
Grand Prix
Bydgoszcz
Jason Crump
Prague
Bydgoszcz
Mark Loram
Team Roberts
United States national speedway team
2001 Speedway World Cup Final
Olympic Stadium
Race-off
Brent Werner
Billy Janniro
John Cook
Britain
Poland
Coventry Bees
Oxford Cheetahs
Wolverhampton Wolves
Greg Hancock
1991
Gothenburg
Ullevi
1993
Pocking
Rottalstadion
1994
Vojens
Speedway Center
1990
Pardubice
Svítkov Stadion
1991
Vojens
Speedway Center
1992
Kumla
Kumla Speedway
1993
Coventry
Brandon Stadium
1994
Brokstedt
Holsteinring Brokstedt
1995
Bydgoszcz
Polonia Bydgoszcz Stadium
1998
Vojens
Speedway Center
1999
Pardubice
Svítkov Stadion
2000
Coventry
Brandon Stadium
2001
Wrocław
Olympic Stadium

categories: Wolverhampton Wolves riders,Oxford Cheetahs riders,Cradley Heath Heathens riders,Coventry Bees riders,American speedway riders,1970 births,Individual Speedway World Champions,Living people

paragraph: Billy Hamill

paragraph: William Gordon (Billy) Hamill (born 23 May 1970, in California, United States) is an American international motorcycle speedway rider. He is a former Speedway World Champion, winning the title in 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Hamill began junior speedway in California in 1983, eventually turning professional in 1986. In 1990, he left California to race for Cradley Heath Heathens in the British League, joining fellow Californian and friend Greg Hancock. In his debut season of racing in Europe, Hamill won his first FIM Gold Medal as the USA won the World Team Cup.

paragraph: In 1991, Hamill again rode for the Heathens and he also made his World Final debut at the Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg scoring six points. The 1992 World Championship campaign was cut short for Hamill after breaking his wrist at the Overseas final at Coventry's Brandon stadium, however he was still a major part of the Heathens season, again averaging over eight points. He was also part of the USA team which won the world team cup for a second time, in Kumla, Sweden, scoring 10 points. 1993 saw a belated return to Cradley for Hamill who went on to make his second world final appearance in Pocking, Germany which was won by fellow American Sam Ermolenko. He once again won the World team Cup as the USA regained their title in Coventry. In 1994. Hamill missed out on a place in the World Final in Vojens, Denmark, losing out in run off at the semi final stage to Greg Hancock.

paragraph: 1995 saw a change in the Speedway World Championship with a Grand Prix system now in place. As he had only been seeded as first reserve for the series, Hamill only managed two rides in the Opening round in Wroclaw, Poland. However he won the second round in Wiener Neustadt, Austria and eventually finished fifth in the series, won by Denmark's Hans Nielsen. He also finished top of the British League averages in 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:World title (1996).

paragraph: The 1996 season again saw Hamill riding for the Heathens (though now they were riding a Stoke's Loomer Road stadium as they had been evicted from their Dudley Wood home) and again he topped the British league averages. In the Grand Prix, Hamill joined forces with Cradley teammate Hancock to create Team Exide. Hamill had been the main challenger to defending champion Nielsen all season and went into the final round in Vojens needing to beat the Dane by at least ten points. The odds were stacked in Nielsen's favour riding in his home country, but he could only make the B final eventually finishing on fourteen points for the evening. Hamill won the A final collecting twenty-five points and therefore becoming USA's fourth Speedway World Champion.

paragraph: In 1997, Hamill had to leave Cradley Heath as the team folded, and he joined the Belle Vue Aces in Britain's Elite League. The defence of his World title started off promisingly with a second place in the opening round in Prague behind fellow American and Team Exide race partner Greg Hancock. Unfortunately for Hamill this was to be an indication of how the season was to map out as he trailed his countryman all season to finish with the Silver Medal, as Hancock became the third American World Speedway Champion in five years. Although happy with how he had performed in the defence of his title, Hamill was determined to regain his title in 1998.

paragraph: The 1998 season saw another new British Elite League team (the Coventry Bees) and another promising start to his Grand Prix campaign finishing second and then third in the opening two rounds. However the latter part of the season Hamill slipped down the Grand Prix placings going into the last round in Bydgoszcz with no chance of claiming the title. Worse was to follow though as Hamill was injured in a controversial collision with Australia's Jason Crump, leaving Hamill nursing a broken back. Ironically with Hamill unable to take part in the rest of the meeting, Crump and Hamill finished level on sixty-two points and Crump snatched the final seeded place for the 1999 Grand Prix series on a countback. The silver lining to the season was a 4th World Team Cup win with team USA, in Vojens Denmark.

paragraph: Hamill had recovered from his injuries in time for the 1999 campaign although he did not return for Coventry until a month into the season. A change in format for the Grand Prix series from sixteen to twenty-four riders also meant he was granted a seeded place into the series. Hamill struggled after returning injury and found points hard to come by for most of the season. However, in the final round of the Grand Prix, signs of returning to his best were clear as he finished fifth in Vojens and then went on to win the Grand Prix challenge and guaranteeing a place in the 2000 Grand Prix Series.

paragraph: 2000 saw Hamill fully recovered from his back injuries and again challenging the worlds best. He won the opening round of the Grand Prix series in Prague and the final round in Bydgoszcz, the very same place where he had suffered his injuries two years previous. He finished the series in second place on ninety-five points, just seven behind eventual champion Mark Loram.

paragraph: Hamill went into the 2001 season having joined Team Roberts and highly optimistic that he could regain the World Title. But the opening two rounds of the season where both on "temporary" tracks within bigger soccer style stadiums. These man made tracks did not complement Hamill's style and he picked up only eight out of a possible fifty points. He did have a strong finish to the season winning again in Prague and finishing fourth in Bydgoszcz, yet after such a promising 2000 campaign Hamill was disappointed to finish sixth overall in 2001.

paragraph: The United States national speedway team had qualified for the 2001 Speedway World Cup Final at the Olympic Stadium in Wrocław, though Hamill originally wasn't part of the team. This changed two days before the final when Sam Ermolenko fell in his final ride of the Race-off and was injured and unable to take his place in the World Cup Final. Hamill answered the call and joined teammates Greg Hancock, Brent Werner, Billy Janniro and John Cook in Poland. Despite having to ride Ermolenko's bike as his own was unavailable, Hamill led the team with 13 points on the night, the US finished 5th and last in the final.

paragraph: 2002 turned out to be Hamill's swansong in the Grand Prix. Five of the tracks in the now ten round series were temporary tracks and he struggled to really challenge the medal positions. A third place in the penultimate round in Vojens showed he could still mix it with the best. Even though he had qualified by right for the 2003 series he declined the opportunity to take part and the final round in Sydney Australia turned out to be his last ever Grand Prix.

paragraph: After retiring from the Grand Prix series, Hamill concentrated on his league racing in Britain, Sweden and Poland. He rode one more season for the Coventry Bees before moving on to the Oxford Cheetahs and then on to Cradley Heath's bitter rivals the Wolverhampton Wolves in 2006 and 2007.

paragraph: 2007 saw Hamill became USA National Champion for the fifth time, defeating Greg Hancock. Hamill retired from racing in Europe at the end of the 2007 and returned to his home in California. He started racing in the 2008 Californian season but was injured in a race fall and has missed most of the season.

paragraph: He returned to international competition in 2012, scoring ten points in the USA's victory in the first round of the Speedway World Cup. In September 2012 he became the US champion for the sixth time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:USA Team Manager.

paragraph: In 2013 Billy became the Manager of Team USA Speedway and successfully guided the team through to Event 2 of the Monster Energy FIM Speedway World Cup at King’s Lynn after topping the scorecard at the qualifying round in Miskolc, Hungary.

paragraph: Hamill lives with his wife Christina and his children Margi and Kurtis in Southern California since retiring from the European scene. He also organises the Gumball Rally for infant through to teenage riders, as well as running the Billy Hamill Speedway Academy, attempting to make USA a dominant force in World Speedway again in the future.

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.:Individual World Championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - Gothenburg, Ullevi - 12th - 6pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - Pocking, Rottalstadion - 10th - 7pts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 - Vojens, Speedway Center - Reserve - 1pt

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.:World Team Cup.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - Pardubice, Svítkov Stadion - Winner - 37pts (4)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 - Vojens, Speedway Center - 3rd - 28pts (9)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - Kumla, Kumla Speedway - Winner - 39pts (10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - Coventry, Brandon Stadium - Winner - 40pts (10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 - Brokstedt, Holsteinring Brokstedt - 5th - 17+1pts (0)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 - Bydgoszcz, Polonia Bydgoszcz Stadium - 3rd - 19+3pts (2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - Vojens, Speedway Center - Winner - 28pts (16)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 - Pardubice, Svítkov Stadion - 3rd - 29+3pts (6)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 - Coventry, Brandon Stadium - 3rd - 35pts (10)

paragraph: Section::::World final appearances.:World Cup.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 - Wrocław, Olympic Stadium - 5th - 30pts (13)

description: American speedway rider

wikidata_label: Billy Hamill

wikipedia_title: Billy Hamill


text: professional golfer

text: Graham, Texas

text: Abilene, Texas

text: professional golfer

text: University of Texas

text: Haskins Award

text: PGA Tour

text: Official World Golf Ranking

text: Greenbrier Classic

text: Q School

text: PGA Tour Champions

text: Trans-Mississippi Amateur

categories: People from Graham, Texas,American male golfers,1966 births,PGA Tour golfers,Texas Longhorns men's golfers,Sportspeople from Abilene, Texas,Golfers from Texas,Sportspeople from Austin, Texas

paragraph: Bob Estes

paragraph: Bob Alan Estes (born February 2, 1966) is an American professional golfer.

paragraph: Estes was born in Graham, Texas and raised in Abilene, Texas. He first played golf at age 4 and decided to become a professional golfer at age 12. Estes attended the University of Texas from 1984 to 1988 and was a member of the golf team. He won the 1988 Haskins Award for most outstanding collegiate golfer in the nation.

paragraph: Estes had four PGA Tour victories between 1994 and 2002, and he has been in the top 20 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He is particularly well known for his excellent short game. Estes follows a strict physical conditioning routine that includes weightlifting, agility exercises, diet and short-distance wind sprints. In addition, he has experimented with the 10-finger grip, which is rare in the modern game of golf.

paragraph: In 2011, Estes was recovering from a wrist injury, but still managed to make 12 starts on the PGA Tour. Of the five cuts he made, one was a near-win at the Greenbrier Classic, where he lost in a playoff. Estes is 0-4 in PGA Tour playoffs. He still managed to finish 135th on the Tour's money list, but regained his Tour card through Q School and satisfied a medical extension.

paragraph: After making the FedEx Cup in 2012, Estes only made two starts in 2013, missing the cut in Las Vegas and finishing T10 at Mayakoba. Estes had a medical exemption until July 2018. In 2016, he changed his focus to PGA Tour Champions.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur wins (3).

paragraph: "this list may be incomplete"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Trans-Mississippi Amateur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 LaJet Amateur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 Texas State Amateur

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (4).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (4).:PGA Tour wins (4).

paragraph: PGA Tour playoff record (0–4)

paragraph: CUT = missed the half-way cutbr

paragraph: "T" = tied

paragraph: Section::::Results in major championships.:Summary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (1998 Open Championship – 2000 Masters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1995 Open Championship – 1995 PGA)

paragraph: Section::::Results in The Players Championship.

paragraph: CUT = missed the halfway cut

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates

description: professional golfer

wikidata_label: Bob Estes

wikipedia_title: Bob Estes


text:
Awdaniec coat of arms
szlachcic
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
castellan
Nowy Sącz
Great Sejm
Grodno Sejm
collaborators
partitioners of Poland
Andrzej Alojzy Jan Stanisław Ankwicz
Order of Saint Stanislaus
castellan
Nowy Sącz
Sejm
Order of the White Eagle
king of Poland
Stanisław August Poniatowski
count
Maria Theresa
Austria-Hungary
Chamberlain
diplomatic mission
Denmark
Polish–Russian War of 1792
Constitution of 3 May
gambler
Jacob Sievers
Targowica Confederation
Prussia
Russian Empire
Sejm
Grodno Sejm
Russian Empire
Second Partition of Poland
Permanent Council
Kościuszko Uprising
hanging
Józef Kossakowski
hetman
Piotr Ożarowski
Józef Zabiełło
Warsaw
Warsaw Uprising
Kościuszko Uprising
Another genealogical entry

categories: People executed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,18th-century Polish people,Clan Abdank,Targowica confederates,Polish politicians,1794 deaths,Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Executed Polish people,1750 births,People executed for treason against Poland,Ambassadors of Poland to Denmark,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus

paragraph: Józef Ankwicz

paragraph: Józef Ankwicz (; 1750 – 9 May 1794), of Awdaniec coat of arms, also known as "Józef z Posławic" and "Józef Awdaniec", was a politician and noble ("szlachcic") in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He held the office of castellan of Nowy Sącz from 1782. Deputy to the Great Sejm, and most infamously, the Grodno Sejm: for his actions during the latter he is remembered as one of the most prominent collaborators with the foreign partitioners of Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Son of Stanisław Walenty Ankwicz and Salomea Schwarcemberg-Czerny. Married to Anna Biberstein-Starowieyska, father of Andrzej Alojzy Jan Stanisław Ankwicz (archbishop of Lviv) and daughters Kordula and Krystyna.

paragraph: He was also awarded with Order of Saint Stanislaus in 1781. In 1782 he received the office of castellan of Nowy Sącz. Elected deputy to the Sejms in the period 1782 - 1790, he was a member of the royal faction. In 1784 he received the Order of the White Eagle from king of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski, as well as the title of count ("hrabia") from Empress of Maria Theresa of Austria-Hungary; later, he also received the office of Chamberlain at the Austrian court. He was a chief member of the diplomatic mission sent to Denmark in 1791, acting as the Polish ambassador. While in Denmark, he supported the Polish position, and is said to have vocally opposed the Russian diplomats there.

paragraph: In 1792 a number of Polish diplomatic missions were cancelled, and Ankwicz was recalled to Warsaw. This meant that he lost his main source of income. He was able to briefly return to Denmark, but the end of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 (after the passage of the Constitution of 3 May) saw him in Warsaw once again. Known for his lavish lifestyle, poor investments and as a gambler, he quickly fell in debts and was recruited by Russian ambassador and Jacob Sievers. He became associated with the Targowica Confederation. Subsequently, he was known for his support of foreign powers (Austro-Hungary, Prussia, Russian Empire), most infamously during the last Sejm of the Commonwealth - the Grodno Sejm of 1793, he was the leader of the "Russian Party" and the deputy who concluded that the unwillingness of other deputies to speak (threatened by Russian soldiers present in the room) means that they accept the demands of the Prussian and Russian Empires (the Second Partition of Poland). For that he was rewarded by his Russian masters with a pension and a position in the Permanent Council.

paragraph: During the Kościuszko Uprising he was captured by the Polish revolutionaries. On the request of Polish Jacobins, he was sentenced by the summary revolutionary court to hanging, together with some of the leaders of the Targowica Confederation: Józef Kossakowski, hetman Piotr Ożarowski and hetman Józef Zabiełło. He was executed on 9 May 1794 in Warsaw, in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising, a part of the Kościuszko Uprising. His last actions earned him further recognition, as he gave the executioner a golden box, to commemorate the moment of the execution, and put the rope on his neck himself.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another genealogical entry

description: Polish noble and politician

wikidata_label: Józef Ankwicz

wikipedia_title: Józef Ankwicz


text:
footballer
men's tournament
1936 Summer Olympics

categories: Footballers at the 1936 Summer Olympics,Turkey international footballers,Olympic footballers of Turkey,Association footballers not categorized by position,1911 births,Place of birth missing,Turkish footballers,Year of death missing

paragraph: Lütfü Aksoy

paragraph: Lütfü Aksoy (born 17 July 1911, date of death unknown) was a Turkish footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

description: Turkish politician

wikidata_label: Lütfi Aksoy

wikipedia_title: Lütfü Aksoy


text:
Leonardo Da Vinci
Scipione Ammirato
Peretola
Florence
gardener
Illegitimate child
Bernardo Rucellai
Lorenzo il Magnifico
brother-in-law
The Battle of Anghiari
ornithopter
Church of Sant'Agata dei Goti

categories: Deaths in Rome,Deaths from cholera,1462 births,Leonardo da Vinci,1520 deaths

paragraph: Tommaso Masini

paragraph: Tommaso di Giovanni Masini ( – 1520), known as Zoroaster Da Peretola, was a friend and collaborator of Leonardo Da Vinci.

paragraph: According to Scipione Ammirato, he was born in Peretola, near Florence, and he was the child of a gardener, although he said he was the Illegitimate child of Bernardo Rucellai, Lorenzo il Magnifico brother-in-law.

paragraph: In 1505 he returned to Florence and worked with Leonardo in "The Battle of Anghiari". He proved the ornithopter and flew 1.000 meters before landing abruptly.

paragraph: He was buried at the Church of Sant'Agata dei Goti.

description: Italian metallurgist and alchemist

wikidata_label: Tommaso Masini

wikipedia_title: Tommaso Masini


text:
American football
cornerback
New York Giants
National Football League
Notre Dame
Nazareth Academy
La Grange Park, Illinois
Chicago Sun-Times
touchdowns
University of Notre Dame
interception
2019 NFL Draft
New York Giants
2019 NFL Draft
Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

categories: Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois,Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players,People from Westchester, Illinois,Players of American football from Illinois,1998 births,American football cornerbacks,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Julian Love

paragraph: Julian Love (born March 19, 1998) is an American football cornerback for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Love attended Nazareth Academy in La Grange Park, Illinois. As a senior in 2015, he was the "Chicago Sun-Times" Football Player of the Year after recording 92 tackles on defense and 1,067 rushing yards and 18 touchdowns on offense. Love committed to the University of Notre Dame to play college football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a true freshman at Notre Dame in 2016, Love played in 12 games with eight starts and recorded 45 tackles and one interception. As a sophomore in 2017, he started all 13 games, recording 68 tackles and three interceptions. Love returned as a starter his junior year in 2018. On January 4, 2019, Love announced that he would forgo his final year of eligibility and declare for the 2019 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Love was drafted by the New York Giants with the 108th pick in the fourth round of the 2019 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Julian Love

wikipedia_title: Julian Love


text:
freak show
Troyes
London
French pounds
Dinan
Brittany
Francisco Goya
Bordeaux
Gilbert Richard Redgrave
Memoir
Engraving

categories: Date of birth uncertain,People from Troyes,Year of birth uncertain,Place of death unknown,Date of death unknown,Sideshow performers

paragraph: Claude-Ambroise Seurat

paragraph: Claude-Ambroise Seurat (10 April 1797 or 4 April 1798 – after 1833) was a freak show attraction from Troyes, France. He was known as "the anatomical man or the living skeleton" () due to his extraordinarily low body weight.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The date of Seurat's birth is uncertain, being variously reported as either 10 April 1797 or 4 April 1798. Seurat's tours across Europe aroused controversy and because of the publicity, there was extensive interest in his life, particularly from the medical establishment. An account, for instance, cited that Seurat was born healthy and was normal like other children except for his depressed chest. By age 14, his health dwindled so that his frame already became skeletal in form. When he visited London for a tour in 1825, Seurat was described having normal height, being between and , but with an emaciated body; at the time, he weighed . The circumference of his upper arms was , his waist was less than around, while his neck was short, flat, and broad. Later, in 1832, he was stated to have weighed 43 French pounds and was tall. Seurat's last recorded performance was in 1833 at Dinan in Brittany.

paragraph: Seurat was also the subject of an anatomical drawing of Francisco Goya after the Spanish painter met him in 1826 at a circus in Bordeaux.

paragraph: The date of Seurat's death is unknown. In 1868, Gilbert Richard Redgrave commented: "I have not yet been able to ascertain the date of his death. Who knows whether the poor fellow may not still be going the round of the French fairs?"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoir in ebook form

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engraving

alias:
Claude Ambroise Seurat
Anatomical Man
The Living Human Skeleton

description: French sideshow performer known for being extremely thin

wikidata_label: Claude-Ambroise Seurat

wikipedia_title: Claude-Ambroise Seurat


text: Irish

text: Portstewart

text: County Londonderry

text: Lismore, County Waterford

text: Fanny Currey

text: Royal Hibernian Academy

text: Belfast Art Society

text: Society of Women Artists

text: Dudley Gallery

text: Water Colour Society of Ireland

text: Mildred Anne Butler

text: John Lavery

text: Frank Spenlove-Spenlove

text: Ulster Museum

categories: 1920 deaths,19th-century Irish painters,Irish women artists,Irish illustrators,Flower artists,Women illustrators,Botanical illustrators,19th-century women artists,Irish painters,1846 births,20th-century Irish painters

paragraph: Helen Sophia O'Hara

paragraph: Helen Sophia O'Hara (1846 - 1920) was an Irish watercolour artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Helen Sophia O'Hara was born in The Castle Portstewart, County Londonderry, in 1846. She was the daughter of the Reverend James D. O'Hara. Her brother, H.S. O'Hara was the Bishop of Cashel and Emly, and Lismore, County Waterford. She lived with her friend and fellow artist Fanny Currey at the Mall, Lismore, from 1898 until 1919. It is believed that O'Hara received no formal training and was self-taught. She died in Waterford in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic work.

paragraph: O'Hara was a watercolour painter, whose work centred on landscapes and seascapes, as well as flower painting. She exhibited with the Royal Hibernian Academy from 1881 to 1894. She was a member of the Belfast Art Society (BAS), and although she retired in 1895, she was elected vice-president in 1896. Whilst living in Lismore with Currey, O'Hara illustrated a number of Currey's children's books. Her work was exhibited with the Society of Women Artists, the Dudley Gallery, and the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours. She exhibited over 100 artworks, landscapes and seascapes, with the Water Colour Society of Ireland from 1892 to 1913. O'Hara was elected an honorary member of the BAS in 1904 along with Mildred Anne Butler, John Lavery, and Frank Spenlove-Spenlove. The Ulster Museum holds a number of her works.

description: Irish watercolour artist

wikidata_label: Helen Sophia O'Hara

wikipedia_title: Helen Sophia O'Hara


text:
Mapuçá
Goa
Portuguese India
Portuguese Mozambique
Portuguese
merchant
Goan
Manica
Quiteve
Kiteve
Mapuçá
Bardez
Goa
landlord
Rachol Seminary
Salcete
Goa
Zambézia
Sena
ivory trade
Kingdom of Portugal
Gaza
Gorongosa
aringas
Isidoro Correia Pereira
Manica
Kiteve
Sena
Gorongosa
Umzila
Gazaland
Manica
Báruè
king
Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada
Companhia de Moçambique
Mutassa
Cecil Rhodes
British South African Company
British Empire
Portuguese government
Zambesi
Afro-Portuguese
India
Goa
Zambesi
Gazaland
Soshangane
Gorongosa
Goa
Mapuçá
Goa
Indian Union

categories: Colonialism,Portuguese people of Goan descent,History of Mozambique,1835 births,1892 deaths,19th-century Portuguese people,19th-century Portuguese businesspeople

paragraph: Manuel António de Sousa

paragraph: Manuel António de Sousa (10 November 1835 in Mapuçá, Goa, Portuguese India – 20 January 1892 in Portuguese Mozambique), also known as Gouveia, was a Portuguese merchant of Goan origin and military captain of Manica and Quiteve (Kiteve)."'

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Manuel António de Sousa was born in Mapuçá, Bardez municipality (Goa) in 1835. He was the son of Félix de Sousa, landlord and proprietor, and D. Doroteia Tomásia Mascarenhas. He studied at the Rachol Seminary in Salcete, Goa, until he reached the age of 16.

paragraph: Section::::Migration to Africa.

paragraph: In 1853 he emigrated to Zambézia, to assist in the administration of the estate of his uncle Félix Mascarenhas. On his arrival in Portuguese Mozambique, he married his cousin, Maria Anastácia Mascarenhas, the only daughter of his uncle. He became established as a businessman in the Sena region. Speedily, he made a fortune in the ivory trade and gained power in the region. Armed elephant hunters formed the core of his personal militia.

paragraph: He won a reputation for his loyalty both to the governor-general and the Kingdom of Portugal, and relentlessly fought the chiefs and indigenous kings to expand his personal empire. In 1856 he took part in the war of succession of the local kingdom of Gaza and settled in the mountains of Gorongosa, where he established the basis of an aringas system which, together with his private army, was used to defend his interests.

paragraph: Section::::Help in battles.

paragraph: Several times Gouveia's forces helped the Portuguese official forces their battles, particularly in campaigns against the Bonga.

paragraph: In 1863, on account of the services rendered, he succeeded Isidoro Correia Pereira as the chief captain of Manica and Quiteve (Kiteve).

paragraph: During his absence from Sena, to receive the commission, his position in Gorongosa was taken by Umzila, the winner of the Gazaland throne winner, and only at a cost could he recover the territories.

paragraph: Section::::Lord of Manica.

paragraph: Around 1874 he was recognized as the Lord of Manica, and married the daughter of the Báruè king. Their son was later recognized as king of that region.

paragraph: Manuel António de Sousa became a close friend of artillery captain Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada, one of the mentors of the Companhia de Moçambique. A raid in support of the Mutassa chief, on land disputed by Cecil Rhodes's British South African Company, led to them being taken prisoner by the police of that company, which resulted in a diplomatic conflict between the Portuguese and British Empires. They were eventually released following the intervention of the Portuguese government.

paragraph: During his arrest a rumour surfaced that he had been killed, and this led to an agitation among the Báruè population. Gouveia died in combat while trying to regain control of Báruè.

paragraph: Section::::Role in history.

paragraph: Malyn Newitt describes Manuel António de Sousa as "a new name ... beginning to be heard in the 1850s" who was to become "in some ways the greatest of the "muzungo" warlords, but he did not belong to a traditional Zambesian family and cannot strictly be called Afro-Portuguese. In Portuguese parlance he was a "Canarin", an Indian from Goa." (p 288) Newitt writes that Sousa "made a fortune in ivory trading and his armed elephant hunters formed the nucleus of a private army which he repeatedly made available to the Portuguese authorities during the Zambesi wars." (p 288) He is said to have built up the reputation of working with the government and being a loyal subject of Portugal while "ruthlessly building up his own private empire on the fringes of the Portuguese colony." (p 289)

paragraph: Souza took advantage of the death of Gazaland king Soshangane in 1856, and the subsequent succession dispute, to establish himself in the interior in Gorongosa. Around 1875, says Newitt, "Souza (sic) had by that time become as important a figure as the Gaza king in the politics of the area."

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: On 28 November 1960 a statue of Manuel António de Sousa sculpted by was inaugurated in the north Goa town of Mapuçá, in commemoration of the 125th anniversary of his birth. This statue was destroyed on 15 December 1961 by a bombing just prior to the military action that led to the integration of Goa into the Indian Union.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GALVÃO, Henrique. "Ronda de África". Porto: Editorial "Jornal de Notícias", 1950.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ANDRADA, Joaquim Carlos Paiva de. "Relatório de uma viagem à terra dos landins.". Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ANDRADA, Joaquim Carlos Paiva de. "Relatório de uma viagem à terra do changamira.". Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1886.

description: Portuguese merchant and military captain of Manica and Quiteve (Kiteve)

wikidata_label: Manuel António de Sousa

wikipedia_title: Manuel António de Sousa