text:
athlete
football
referee
Denmark national football team
1908
1912
1920 Summer Olympics
silver medals
English
Chelsea
amateur
Chelsea
Cemetery of Holmen
Brunnby
Kjøbenhavns Boldklub
Einar Middelboe
Kristian Middelboe
KBU
athletics
triple jump
4 x 100 metres relay
800 metres
half-back
1908
1912 Olympic Games
captain
France
Sweden
British
Newcastle United
Derby County
Stamford Bridge
Corinthian F.C.
Casuals F.C.
Edward Magner
WM formation
Danish football champions
friendly
Danish championship
Danish championship
Politiken
Danish national team profile

categories: Olympic footballers of Denmark,Danish male middle-distance runners,Danish expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom,Footballers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,1976 deaths,1887 births,Casuals F.C. players,Olympic medalists in football,Expatriate footballers in England,Footballers at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Corinthian F.C. players,Danish male triple jumpers,Olympic silver medalists for Denmark,Danish footballers,Association football midfielders,Kjøbenhavns Boldklub players,Chelsea F.C. players,Danish football referees,Naturalised citizens of Denmark,Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics,Danish male sprinters,Denmark international footballers

paragraph: Nils Middelboe

paragraph: Nils Middelboe (5 October 1887 – 21 September 1976) was a Danish amateur athlete and football player as well as a football referee and leader. He represented the Denmark national football team at the 1908, 1912 and 1920 Summer Olympics, winning silver medals in 1908 and 1912. He was the first ever goalscorer for the Danish national football team, when he scored in Denmark's debut game at the 1908 Summer Olympics. In 1913, he moved abroad to play for English club Chelsea, and became the first foreign player to ever represent the club.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Middelboe was an amateur footballer throughout his career. He was a qualified lawyer and during his time at Chelsea he was employed at a bank in London. He would have gained thrice the salary as solely a professional footballer than he did as a banker-cum-amateur footballer, but he was (in his own words) "by no means mad about football". So as not to interfere with his career, Middelboe played in all home games, but was not required to travel to away games while at Chelsea. Middelboe was a man of great height for his time (standing at 6 foot 2 inches), which led to the media naming him "The Great Dane". He was also well respected as a gentleman of the game. He is buried in the Cemetery of Holmen in Copenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Middelboe was born in Brunnby, Sweden. He made his senior debut for Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (KB) in 1903, at the age of 16. At KB, he played alongside his older brothers Einar Middelboe and Kristian Middelboe, of whom Kristian also played for the Danish national team. From 1904 to 1913 Nils won five KBU football championships with KB, while he also excelled in athletics competitions. He was a Danish triple jump and 4 x 100 metres relay champion, and he set Danish records in the 800 metres (with a time of 2:05.2) and triple jump (13.29 m).

paragraph: Occupying the half-back role, he won silver medals with Denmark in both the 1908 and 1912 Olympic Games, the latter as captain of the side. His goal against France in 1908 was the first ever goal scored by an official national team in Olympic football. Middelboe won his 11th cap for Denmark in a friendly against Sweden, at the time this made him Denmark's all-time leading appearance maker. In all, he played 15 games and scored 7 goals for the Danish national team from 1908 to 1920. The three times Middelboe played for his country while at Chelsea, he always represented KB, as opposed to Chelsea.

paragraph: Nils Middelboe is renowned as the first non-British international to play for Chelsea, during his stint at the club between 1913 and 1923. Originally he had signed for Newcastle United; however, with the permission of the Newcastle Director, he switched to Chelsea. He made his debut on 15 November 1913 against Derby County at Stamford Bridge - a 2-1 win for Chelsea. As a show of faith from the players, he was appointed captain, despite never having previously played for the Chelsea first team. In all, he played 46 matches for Chelsea until 1922.

paragraph: After his days at Chelsea, he played for the amateur sides of Corinthian F.C. and Casuals F.C. until 1926. In 1929 he was appointed a Director of the English League Division Three south East London based side Clapton Orient. He returned to Denmark in 1936. It was through Middelboe's contacts in English football, that English coach Edward Magner was hired to coach the Danish national team in 1939. As an interpreter, Middelboe mediated Magner's tactical instructions on the modern WM formation to the team, a formation Middelboe himself was a known critic of.

paragraph: As a coach for KB, he led the team to the Danish football championship in 1940. In April 1946, Chelsea played KB in a friendly, arranged to celebrate that club's 70th anniversary. The chairman of KB announced that, owing to Middelboe's "long and happy association" with Chelsea, there was no other club they would rather be facing.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a player.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danish championship: 1913

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a manager.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danish championship: 1940

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glanvill, Rick (2005). Chelsea FC: The Official Biography - The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years. Headline Book Publishing Ltd. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allan Nielsen, ""Den Første ..."", "Politiken" article, 6 January 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neilson N. Kaufman, honorary historian, Leyton Orient Football Club -

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danish national team profile

description: Danish footballer

wikidata_label: Nils Middelboe

wikipedia_title: Nils Middelboe


text:
Georgian
Corsica
Europe 1
Claude François
Philippe Clair
slapstick comedy
"Carry On"
Jerry Lewis
Dean Martin
Drôles de Zèbres
Guy Lux
alimony

categories: French male stage actors,2010 deaths,21st-century French male actors,French male comedians,Burials at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery,French male film actors,French prisoners and detainees,French memoirists,1944 births,French people of Georgian descent,20th-century French singers,French male non-fiction writers,French male singers,Prisoners and detainees of France,Male actors of Italian descent,French people of Corsican descent,French people of Russian descent

paragraph: Patrick Topaloff

paragraph: Patrick Topaloff (30 December 1944 – 7 March 2010) was a French comedian, singer, and actor.

paragraph: The son of a Georgian father and a Corsican mother which, according to him, made him "a delicate Franco-Russian dessert", Topaloff began his career on Europe 1, where his comic antics drew a wide audience, especially among children who delighted in his many silly catch phrases. Popular singer Claude François encouraged him to try his hand at singing, and his recording of "Il Vaut Bien Mieux Etre Jeune, Riche et Beau" ("It's Much Better to Be Young, Rich, and Beautiful") became a major hit and the first of several gold records.

paragraph: In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, writer/director Philippe Clair cast Topaloff in a number of slapstick comedy films similar to the "Carry On" series in the UK or those made by Jerry Lewis in the US after splitting with Dean Martin. His last feature film was "Drôles de Zèbres" for writer/director Guy Lux in 1977.

paragraph: In his later years, problems in Topaloff's private life overshadowed his professional successes. Deeply in debt, he frequently worked without billing in an effort to avoid liens being placed on his salary. In 1995, he was sentenced to a year in prison for non-payment of alimony and taxes. Paroled after four months, he undertook a new and successful stage career.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died, aged 65, from a heart attack. His autobiography, "Les Pleurs du Rire" ("Tears of Laughter"), was a major bestseller.

description: French entertainer

wikidata_label: Patrick Topaloff

wikipedia_title: Patrick Topaloff


text:
Lord of Zeta
Balšić noble family
Stracimir Balšić
Balša II
Serbian Empire
Ottoman vassal
Balša III
Strahinja Banović
Milica Mrnjavčević
Vukašin Mrnjavčević
Balša II
Battle of Savra
Scutari
Drivast
Lezhë
seniority
Ulcinj
Mrkša Žarković
Žarko
Emperor Dušan
protovestijar
Philip Bareli
Mavro Orbini
Pal Dukagjini
Drin
Jonima family
Durrës
Karlo Thopia
George
Budva
Vuk Branković
Peć
Prizren
Lovćen
Radič Crnojević
Onogošt (Nikšić)
Venetians
Lake Skadar
Adriatic Sea
Symeon, the Nemanya
Sava the Saint
Emperor Dušan
divine right
Ottoman Empire
Jelena
Serbian Moravian
Lazar Hrebeljanović
Serbian Empire
Vuk Branković
Kosovo
Republic of Ragusa
Triarchy
Diarchy
Bosnia
Serbian King
Tvrtko I
Kotromanić
Bosnia
Beylerbey
Rumelia
Lala Şâhin Paşa
Battle of Bileća
Vlatko Vuković
Kosača
Ragusan Republic
Battle of Kosovo
Kosovo Field
Vukan Branković
Emperor Lazar
Olivera Despina
Banović Strahinja
silver
modus vivendi
Kotor
Konstantin
Bojana
Bayezid I
Catholicism
Pope Boniface IX
Papal States
Avignon
Antipope Clement VII
Louis II of Anjou
Ladislaus of Naples
crusade
Radič Crnojević
Dubrovnik
Pasha Yiğit Bey
sanjakbey
Sanjak of Skopje
bey
Jelena
Venetian Republic
Durrës
John Thopia
Stjepan Dabiša
Sandalj Hranić
Hum
Drivast
Sveti Srđ
Hungarians
Wallachia
Danj
ducat
Bar
Koja Zakarija
Danj
Grbalj
Kotor
Orthodox
Paštrović
Crnojević
Sandalj Hranić Kosača
Spič
Bay of Kotor
Serbian Orthodox
Hungarian King
Sigismund
Battle of Nicopolis
Dalmatia
Hvar
Korčula
Most Serene Republic of Venice
Drivast
salt
Asia Minor
Dyrrhachium
Battle of Angora
Despot
Stefan Lazarević
Đurađ Branković
Battle of Tripolje
Gračanica
Balša
Herzegovina
Serbian Despotate
Dinar
Saint Lawrence
Đurađ_I_Balšić
Serbian Orthodox Church
Saint George
Beška Monastery
Beška
Lake Skadar
Starčevo
Jelena
Nemanjić
Serb-Slavic language

categories: Serbian Roman Catholics,Montenegrin Roman Catholics,14th-century rulers in Europe,Lords of Zeta,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy,Balšić noble family,Former Serbian Orthodox Christians,14th-century Serbian nobility,1403 deaths

paragraph: Đurađ II Balšić

paragraph: Đurađ Stracimirović (; 1385 – April 1403), or Đurađ II was the Lord of Zeta from 1385 to 1403, as a member of the Balšić noble family. He was the son of Stracimir Balšić, and succeeded his paternal uncle Balša II in ruling Zeta. He reigned from 1386 up to 1389 in the still officially undissolved Serbian Empire in the form of a family alliance, then up to 1395 as an Ottoman vassal. He ruled until his death in 1403, when he was succeeded by his only son, Balša III. He is known in Serbian epic poetry as Strahinja Banović.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: His father was Stracimir, one of the three Balšić brothers who came to rule Zeta in the 1360s. His mother was Milica Mrnjavčević ("Jerina"), the daughter of Serbian King Vukašin Mrnjavčević.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.:Accession.

paragraph: On 18 September 1385, Đurađ's uncle Balša II was killed at the Battle of Savra, while fighting the Ottomans. Following the temporary rule under Balša II's widow Komnena and daughter Ruđina, Đurađ II inherited parts of Zeta and northern Albania, including the cities of Scutari, Drivast and Lezhë, as per the Balšićs' traditional rule of seniority, as "self-holder to the Zeta and Coast land". Đurađ II had his seat at Ulcinj, which also became the family seat. The remainder of the Balšić possessions, in southern Albania, passed in 1391 from Ruđina to her spouse Mrkša Žarković, the son of Žarko, Emperor Dušan's nobleman. The "protovestijar" Philip Bareli, the Venetian trader that handled Balša's financing, who was succeeded by Đurađ, is also mentioned as holding estates.

paragraph: According to Mavro Orbini, when Đurađ II started his rule, "the tribes of Upper Zeta and the Crnojević did not want to recognize him, answering that they were under the Bosnian King Tvrtko".

paragraph: Đurađ had succeeded leadership in the heats of disarray. Pal Dukagjini broke off allegiance to Đurađ, taking Lezhë and the Drin area. Finally the Jonima family seceded with their own lands between Durrës and the Drin, causing Đurađ to lose his very last possessions in Albania. Before even consolidating rule, Karlo Thopia conquered Durrës and assigned it to his son George, Nikola Sakat, the castellan of Budva, and his brother Andrija seceded the city after 1386 and Vuk Branković took Peć and Prizren. Đurađ asked Dukagjini for an advice, and according to it, he had the Sakat brothers imprisoned and blinded. In the Zeta plains themselves under Lovćen, Đurađ had constant conflicts with the opposing ruler of Upper Zeta, Radič Crnojević, whose family had just come to prominence. The area of Onogošt (Nikšić) seceded to the Venetians. In a short time, Đurađ's demesne had diminished into a small strip of land between Lake Skadar and the Adriatic Sea. Upon proclaiming himself the sole head of the Balšić family, he issued an official edict on 28 January 1386 in Scutari, calling his reign's strength upon ""..the prayers and martyrs of my holy forefathers Symeon, the Nemanya, the first Serbian Myhrr-flowing, and Sava the Saint"" of his kin. In it he also stated that the laws of the Serbian lords, his predecessors Stracimir, Đurađ and Balša, and in specific of Emperor Dušan, shall remain and be valid for his reign. It was a standard remark of the ruler's calling upon divine right and inspired by the heritage of the Serbian Medieval state, now in feudal disarray. Mladen Ilić, "logotet" Butko and "vojvoda" Nikola were witnesses in the edict.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.:Serbian alliance.

paragraph: From the start of his reign, Đurađ faced the potential threat from the powerful expansionist Ottoman Empire. To strengthen political links, he married Jelena (b. 1368), daughter of the Serbian Moravian lord Lazar Hrebeljanović, after recognizing Lazar as his sovereign in 1386. The folklore has recorded that Đurađ was at war with Prince Lazar for three times before a peaceful union was achieved, although there is no historical confirmation. Prince Lazar aimed at maintaining the heritage of the dispersing Serbian Empire. Đurađ, Lazar, and Lord Vuk Branković of Kosovo formed a family alliance to govern the renewed Serbian realm, presided over by Lazar. The three also shared the annual tax paid to Serbian lords by the Republic of Ragusa. Each member retained some autonomy, however, as can be seen through Đurađ's styling of himself as ""I, Balšić in Christ the Lord, Đurađ, pious and autocratic lord of the lands of Zeta and the coast."" Edicts for the realm were issued commonly by all three lords, extending Serbia to some form of a level of a Triarchy, or even Diarchy, considering Vuk's considerably subordinate status to Lazar.

paragraph: Đurađ also maintained diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire. Đurađ owes his position and everlasting presence on the scene to his political cunningness. He succeeded the traditional rivalry between his family and Bosnian-Serbian King Tvrtko I Kotromanić, whose Serbian crown the Balšićs did not recognize, most probably because of their own claims to the Serbian throne. On his diplomatic initiative, the Ottomans invaded Bosnia in 1386. During a second attack, Đurađ even sent his own troops to support the Ottoman Beylerbey of Rumelia Lala Şâhin Paşa at the Battle of Bileća on 27 August 1388, where he suffered a defeat to the hands of Bosnian Duke Vlatko Vuković Kosača. This led to the suspicion that Đurađ was an Ottoman vassal. The Ragusan Republic was weary of this Ottoman expansion, so they wanted to negotiate with Đurađ some military protection. On 23 August 1388 Đurađ sent his envoy Žanin Bareli, Filip's son.

paragraph: Legends record Đurađ running with his forces to join the Serbian allied forces at the 1389 Battle of Kosovo and returning after he heard the news about the fall; however this is very improbable if his links to the Ottomans in that period are accounted for. The Epic telling records "Baoš" coming late on the 3rd day to the Kosovo Field after the battle and how he was furious at the alleged traitor "Duke Vukan Branković". Also the wrong daughter of "Emperor Lazar", Olivera Despina, was remembered as married to Đurađ. Most historians and scholars identify him as the Serbian Epic hero Banović Strahinja, due to the close similarities in name and characteristics. In any case, after the Battle of Kosovo, the Serbian Alliance crumbled and the last remains of the Serbian Empire dispersed, leaving Đurađ completely on his own.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.:Zeta on its own.

paragraph: In 1390 Vuk Branković sent envoys to Zeta and offered 500 liters of silver to Philip Bareli to hand over last Đurađ's bastion, the City of Ulcinj. Fearing the occasion, Đurađ had him immediately imprisoned together with his children.

paragraph: During his rule, Đurađ, like his predecessors, tried to find an effective modus vivendi for extending his rule over the City of Kotor. As the richest and most economically developed city on the southern Adriatic coast close to Zeta, it fueled the rivalry between King Tvrtko and Đurađ. For these reasons no friendship between the two was created, even after peaceful relations were concluded in early 1389 on mediation of the Republic of Ragusa. When Tvrtko died in the beginning of March 1391, the opportunity arose for Đurađ and he subsequently seized Kotor.

paragraph: From the start of Đurađ's reign he had to face with the outlaw of his cousin Konstantin, administrator of the lands in the rivers of Bojana and Drin, who didn't accept his supremacy in the Balšićs' lands. It is believed that Filip Bareli had connections with Konstantin, so he was convicted for committing the highest felony, a "crime against Đurađ's authority" and all of his plentiful property was confiscated by Đurađ. Konstantin went into Ottoman service and since 1390 under protection of Sultan Bayezid I actively worked to seize power as the Head Balšić. As a result, Đurađ came into fierce opposition to the Ottomans in 1391, converted to Catholicism from Serbian Orthodoxy, and promised his lands in heritage to Pope Boniface IX in the case of no heir apparent. Clearly siding with the Christian coalition under the legal Papal States in conflict with the Avignonese Antipope Clement VII, Đurađ took the side of Louis II of Anjou in his war against Ladislaus of Naples. But the broader plans for organizing a crusade against Turks have remained but a dream.

paragraph: Đurađ received a border with the Ottoman Empire as they took the lands of Vuk Branković in 1392. For opposition to Turkish influence in the region, the Sultan sent an army to invade his lands in May 1392. At the same time in the heat of fighting his competitors Radič Crnojević and Konstantin Balšić, Đurađ was forced to negotiate with the Ottomans for peace terms. In order to protect his wife Jelena from the Ottoman danger Đurađ decided to send her to Dubrovnik in June 1392. He negotiated with Pasha Yiğit Bey, sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Skopje, but the talks were fruitless as the Ottoman demanded half of all his territories around Zeta, including his seat of Ulcinj. In addition to that, in late 1392 the bey managed to capture Đurađ in a battle and released him only after the ransom was paid. When Đurađ was in captivity Radič Crnojević captured his lands around Kotor and proclaimed himself Lord of Zeta and Budva. His wife Jelena was making moves to free him, with the help of the Venetian Republic, but they all reached a moot end. One of the main reasons for that was that his opponent Radič Crnojević expanded his reign vastly and became a Venetian vassal in November 1392. The possibility of this was Đurađ's reluctance to release Philip Bareli, a Venetian citizen, despite many pleas from the Republic. In the heat of struggle amongst feudal lords in Zeta, Philip managed in 1392 to flee from his prison to Durrës, coming into John Thopia's service. On the other side King Stjepan Dabiša dispatched Bosnian Duke Sandalj Hranić from the Hum to take over Đurađ's lands and further agitate Radič Crnojević.

paragraph: Having no other choice, Đurađ handed over to bey Şâhin the cities of Scutari and Drivast and the Forum of Sveti Srđ on the Bojana River to the Turks, as well as agreed to pay annual taxes in exchange for his release. Ottoman squadrons occupied the locations in early 1393. The same year he tried to claim his old Lezhë which was just handed over by the Dukagjinis to the Venetians, but Radič's support of Venetian control proved crucial. Seeing the necessity of Venetian support, he managed to get accepted into its citizenry in May 1395. Đurađ did not rest for long, and already in October 1395 he broke the deal while the Ottomans were at war against the Hungarians and Wallachians, restored Scutari and Sveti Srđ and even defeated his rival Konstantin by seizing his stronghold of Danj, with Venetian assistance. To keep his cities safe, Đurađ relied upon the rivalry between Turkey and Venice. He handed over the cities into Venetian administration. When Ottoman advances obviously came to a halt, the Venetians decided to negotiate the deal. In April 1396 a contract was signed. Đurađ handed over Scutari, the Skadar Lake with all its islands and Sveti Srđ to Venetian administration, as well as agreed to channel the income from tolls in Danj, in exchange for 1,000 ducats every year. He also promised to give the cities support in case of a Turkish attack and was accepted into Venetian nobility. The whole act was typical for weak lords facing the mighty Ottoman Empire in the coastline of the western Balkans. Đurađ remained to rule directly just a small territory west of the Bojana river with Bar and Ulcinj as the only cities.

paragraph: In 1396 Koja Zakarija from the Sakat family came to power in northern Albania centered in Danj, independently from Đurađ.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.:Zeta's rebirth.

paragraph: At the end of April 1396, Radič and his brother Dobrivoje Crnojević had made a significant move against Đurađ. They took Grbalj and laid siege to Kotor. Đurađ became disliked by the Orthodox Serb commonfolk, so the excessively Orthodox religious Crnojevićs' takeover was looked upon nicely by the people, resulting in Paštrovićs' cross to Radič's side. In May 1396 they moved to battle Đurađ himself, however Đurađ completely defeated the Crnojevićs and killed Radič, managing to get a hold over a part of the Crnojević domain. Soon a new enemy arose at the west; Bosnian nobleman Sandalj Hranić Kosača seized large parts of land quickly and conquered Budva and Kotor, made a deal with the Paštrovićs, also managing to win Venetian protection, who proclaimed him the legitimate ruler of Budva and Zeta itself. In Upper Zeta the Đurašević subgroup of the Crnojevićs came to prominence, though they made an agreement and joined Đurađ, seeing a common enemy in Duke Sandalj. They aided him in the wars against Sandalj, taking the first fronts by retaking all the lands from Budva to Spič as well as the Churchland of Saint Miholj in the Bay of Kotor, the Serbian Orthodox religious center in Zeta. In December 1396, the Hungarian King Sigismund lost the Battle of Nicopolis. During his return across the sea, he stayed in Đurađ's lands. To honor Đurađ for his fights against the Ottomans, Sigismund made him Prince of his Dalmatian islands of Hvar and Korčula.

paragraph: The Most Serene Republic of Venice led an economic policy that soon introduced Venetian monetary domination in the region, fully replacing that of the Balšićs', and ever since Spring 1396 clearly showed pretensions to take the remaining lands of Đurađ. The Venetian monopoly introduced by lowering customs and other taxes in Scutari and Drivast greatly diminished the Balšićs' income so the relations between the two deteriorated. It is so that in 1399 when in the Venetian-administered Balšić lands the oppressed peasants raised a rebellion, all the guilt was attributed to Đurađ. As a result, in early 1401 Venice ceased paying the annual thousand ducat tribute for the lands. Another reason claimed were the frequent robberies by suspects from Đurađ's domain of Venetian storehouses of salt in the region, a crucial resource in that time. This caused Đurađ to renew links with the Ottoman Turks again, but wars in Asia Minor have made them impossible to intervene, which finally forced Đurađ to succumb to Venetian demands. As per the new deal, he paid for all the damage done by the robbers and agreed to give free passage and special privileges to Venetian traders, while Venice continued to pay the tribute for the cities. These acts introduced Venetian presence in the region, which would henceforth remain as an important local political factor. In 1402 his long-term Balšić rival Konstantin was killed by Venetian agents in Dyrrhachium under unknown circumstances.

paragraph: Returning from the Battle of Angora, Đurađ's brother-in-law, the newly crowned Despot Stefan Lazarević, stayed at his court in the late Summer of 1402. Đurađ prepared him and organized an army to battle his rival Đurađ Branković in Ottoman service at the Battle of Tripolje near Gračanica in November 1402, to help his cousin with all means possible, ending in full victory. In April 1403, Đurađ II Stracimirović died of the injuries suffered in the battle. He was buried in the Church of Saint Catherine in his hometown of Ulcinj, where he still remains. Seventeen-year-old Balša, Đurađ II's only child, inherited his lands. He ruled with his mother as Chief adviser until she remarried in 1411, to Bosnian Duke Sandalj Hranić from Herzegovina. She gave a significant impact to Zetan foreign policy, tying it strongly with the newly created Serbian Despotate as a former important part of the Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Miscellaneous.

paragraph: Đurađ continued using the currency of his predecessors, coins forged with the wolf, chest, and shield symbols of the Balšićs, Dinars, used in the lands of the Serbian Empire, though he didn't mint many new coins, similar to his predecessor, due to continuous weakening of the Balšićs' economic power. One of the two versions featured heads of wolves and the Balšićs' coat of arms, each with a surrounding inscription: "M.D. GORGI STRACIMIR" on one side, and "S.STEFAN SCUTARI" on the other. The other version had the character "M" next to the coat of arms and the presentations of Balšićs' patron Saint Lawrence along with an inscription below him "S LAVRENCIUS M". According to some sources, he also issued several coins inscribed in Cyrillic ; however, later sources attribute these to Đurađ_I_Balšić.

paragraph: Đurađ founded for the Serbian Orthodox Church a Church of Saint George and the Beška Monastery on the island of Beška in Lake Skadar, near Starčevo. After his death, his wife Jelena expanded it in 1438/1439 with another church, the St Mary's Church, where she was buried in 1443. The monastery became a significant cultural and spiritual center of the Serbian Church, actively working in scribing and nourishing the Nemanjić heritage. Đurađ's wife Jelena became a deeply religious and talented poet, writing the opus of then's Old Serb-Slavic language.

paragraph: Section::::Title.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lord of All Zetan and Maritime Lands", 1386

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lord of Zeta" ("signor de Zenta"), charter dated 28 February 1388.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jovović, Vasilj. "Odnosi Đurađa II Stracimirovića Balšića sa osmanskim Turcima 80-ih godina XIV vijeka." Prilozi 44 (2015): 9-20.

description: Nobleman, Lord of Zeta

wikidata_label: Đurađ II Balšić

wikipedia_title: Đurađ II Balšić


text:
Argentine
gaucho
Juan Moreira
Argentine theatre

categories: Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery,1889 deaths,Argentine male writers,1851 births,Place of birth missing

paragraph: Eduardo Gutiérrez

paragraph: Eduardo Gutiérrez (July 15, 1851 – August 2, 1889) was an Argentine writer. His works of gauchoesque nature acquired great popularity, specially "Juan Moreira", a novel successfully adapted to the stage in 1884 that popularized the gaucho as a protagonist in Argentine theatre.

description: Argentine writer

wikidata_label: Eduardo Gutiérrez

wikipedia_title: Eduardo Gutiérrez


text: motocross

text: Czechoslovakia

text: CZ

text: F.I.M.

text: Motocross World Championship

text: Guennady Moisseev

text: KTM

text: Harry Everts

text: Håkan Andersson

text: Gaston Rahier

text: Roger De Coster

text: Los Angeles Coliseum

text: Harry Everts

text: Joel Robert

text: Hakan Andersson

text: Gaston Rahier

text: Jaroslav Falta photographs

categories: 1951 births,Czechoslovak motorcycle racers,Motocross riders

paragraph: Jaroslav Falta

paragraph: Jaroslav Falta (born 22 March 1951) is a former professional motocross racer from the former Czechoslovakia. As a member of the CZ factory racing team, Falta was one of the top motocross racers of the early 1970s in the F.I.M. 250cc Motocross World Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Falta very nearly claimed the 1974 250cc world championship, however it was Soviet rider, Guennady Moisseev, who would ultimately secure the crown in a controversy-filled final race of the season. The 1974 250cc world championship was a season-long battle between KTM's Moisseev and CZ's Falta. Moisseev won the first race of the season and took the overall victory at the season opening Spanish Grand Prix. Falta won both races at the Italian Grand Prix followed with a win in the first moto of his home Grand Prix in Czechoslovakia but, then suffered two breakdowns in Poland while Moisseev won both races. Falta won a moto in Yugoslavia and at the halfway point of the season, he trailed the Russian rider by 20 points. Each rider took a second place at the West German Grand Prix but, Falta won a moto at the Dutch Grand Prix to close the points gap to 5 points going into the final race of the season in Switzerland.

paragraph: At the final event of the 1974 season, Falta took the lead in the first moto and appeared to be heading for victory while Moisseev was struggling with rear suspension failure. When Falta came upon the slowing Russian rider and tried to pass him, the KTM rider made an attempt to obstruct him allowing second and third place riders, Harry Everts and Håkan Andersson to catch up. At one point Falta attempted to pass Moisseev, but the Russian rider collided with him causing him to fall off his bike. Falta was quickly able to remount but, finished the race in third place, losing some more points to Moisseev. Falta now had to win the final moto to have any chance to claim the world championship. As the race began, Falta once again jumped into the lead. Moisseev was forced to retire on the seventh lap with mechanical problems. A win looked certain, but Falta came upon two Russian riders, Victor Popenko and Eugeny Rybaltchenko, and both appeared to attempt to block Falta's passing attempts. Falta continued to pressure the two riders, and during another passing attempt, Rybaltchenko rode into him, knocking the Czech rider down. Falta remounted in third place, and race officials waved the black flag at the two Russian riders, disqualifying them from the race. Falta was able to catch up and pass Everts and Gaston Rahier to recapture the lead and win the race. This apparently clinched the world championship for Falta. However, two hours after the conclusion of the race, the FIM received a protest from the Russian team, alleging Falta had jumped the start. FIM jury officials ultimately sided with the Russian team and instituted a one-minute penalty on Falta. The penalty dropped him to eighth place, handing the world championship to Moisseev and relegating Fanta to second place in the final standings.

paragraph: Although Falta failed to win the world championship, he showed impressive ability when he defeated three-time 500cc world champion Roger De Coster to win the 1974 Super Bowl of Motocross at the Los Angeles Coliseum.

paragraph: Falta is noted for is loyalty to the Czech bikes he raced, and helped illustrate to the world that the CZ marquee were winning machines by scoring four Grand Prix victories against the world's best riders, such as Harry Everts, Joel Robert, Guennady Moiseev, Hakan Andersson and Gaston Rahier. Additionally, in 1974, Falta traveled to the United States, and raced selected Inter-AMA events with his teammate Zdenek Velky, and their trainer Hrebecek. To the surprise of many in attendance, Falta would clinch a victory in Los Angeles Coliseum in front of approximately 65,000 motocross fans.

paragraph: Jaroslav Falta is somewhat of a motocross hero, and proved inspirational to many riders and a model to follow for many of fans. Michel Turk, President of Motor-Union Luxembourg, admitted: “With his win in Los Angeles, Jaroslav Falta gave me the "last kick" to decide that I wanted to be an motocross racer in 1975. I want to thank Jaroslav for the wonderful time he has given me. I admire him very much and I want to thank Jaroslav for being my hero for many years as a young boy, and I hope to meet him somewhere in a near future.”

paragraph: Falta is from a tiny village in the Czech Republic, but he represents a big name for its country due to his accomplishments on his Czech machine. On some occasions, Falta has admitted that his worldwide tour was also seen as a great advertisement campaign for the CZ brand and his country itself. In fact, he has even mentioned that sometimes he feels that foreign fans know him better than the Czech’s.

paragraph: Several publications in Czech Republic narrate Falta’s career, including the book “Ukradený titul” written by Ivo Helikar, sport editor of CMN and the son of one of Falta’s trainers, Frantisek Helikar. There are also English versions, thanks to the translation of Martina Faltova, Jaroslav’s daughter. Currently, Falta lives in a small village outside Prague. He continues to be in touch with motocross, restoring old bikes and occasionally visiting motocross races. He has been a visitor at past Grand Prixs held in Loket in the Czech Republic.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaroslav Falta photographs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czech Television documentary "Motokrosař století" (Motocross racer of the century) about Jaroslav Falta - in Czech

description: Czechoslovak motocross racer

wikidata_label: Jaroslav Falta

wikipedia_title: Jaroslav Falta


text: AFC

text: AFRAeS

text: Scottish peer

text: air pioneer

text: Imperial Japanese military

text: Second World War

text: Eton

text: Royal Flying Corps

text: Royal Naval Air Service

text: Royal Air Force

text: First World War

text: official military mission to Japan

text: Imperial Japanese Navy

text: Navy Air Service

text: British Intelligence

text: spy

text: Royal Navy

text: declared war

text: his father

text: Lord Sempill

text: Baronet of Craigevar

text: Craigievar Castle

text: Aberdeenshire

text: Eton

text: Rolls-Royce

text: World War I

text: Royal Flying Corps

text: second lieutenant

text: Central Flying School

text: lieutenant

text: captain

text: Royal Naval Air Service

text: Royal Air Force

text: colonel

text: Air Force Cross

text: 1918 Birthday Honours

text: Air Ministry

text: Ministry of Munitions

text: test pilot

text: de Havilland DH.60 Moth

text: Brent Reservoir

text: Stockholm

text: BAC Drone

text: Croydon Airport

text: Berlin Tempelhof Airport

text: Canterbury

text: Kent

text: British deputation

text: Japan

text: Air Ministry

text: Foreign Office

text: aircraft carriers

text: Supermarine Channel

text: Tomosaburo Kato

text: Imperial Japanese Navy

text: Anglo-Japanese Alliance

text: United Kingdom

text: Japanese Foreign Ministry

text: Japanese Embassy

text: Blackburn Aircraft

text: Brough, East Yorkshire

text: Blackburn Iris

text: Directorate of Military Intelligence

text: Teijirō Toyoda

text: tapped

text: Greece

text: Foreign Office

text: British Embassy

text: Athens

text: Official Secrets Act

text: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

text: Austen Chamberlain

text: King George V

text: the Crown

text: British establishment

text: cypher codes

text: Official Secrets Act

text: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: Royal Aeronautical Society

text: Australia

text: air service

text: Dymaxion three-wheel car

text: United States

text: Chicago World's Fair

text: Akron, Ohio

text: Graf Zeppelin

text: New York

text: John Forbes-Sempill, 18th Lord Sempill

text: Lord Sempill

text: Baronet of Craigevar

text: House of Lords

text: Conservative

text: anti-Semitic

text: Anglo-German Fellowship

text: Nazi

text: Link organisation

text: The Right Club

text: Archibald Ramsay

text: Admiralty

text: Field Marshal

text: Yamagata's

text: Fleet Air Arm

text: Attorney General

text: Director of Public Prosecutions

text: Fifth Sea Lord

text: Special Branch

text: Paddington

text: police station

text: Winston Churchill

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: meeting

text: Newfoundland

text: HMS "Prince of Wales"

text: Bletchley Park

text: Anthony Eden

text: Desmond Morton

text: attack on Pearl Harbor

text: treason in wartime

text: Treachery Act 1940

text: John Lavery

text: Blitz

text: WVS

text: Alexander Stirling MacMillan

text: Halifax

text: Swedish

text: Order of the Polar Star

text: British Gliding Association

text: Institute of Advanced Motorists

text: National Trust for Scotland

text: Ewan Forbes

text: Public Record Office

text: The National Archives

text: Air Force Cross

text: Order of the Rising Sun

text: Order of the Polar Star

text: Frederick Rutland

text: Takeo Yoshikawa

text: Kuehn Family

text: National Portrait Gallery website

categories: Scottish representative peers,1893 births,People from Aberdeenshire,Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom),People educated at Eton College,Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun,Scottish spies,Royal Navy officers of World War II,Antisemitism in the United Kingdom,Fleet Air Arm aviators,Lords of Parliament,Scottish fascists,Scottish test pilots,1965 deaths,Order of the Polar Star,World War II spies for Japan,Royal Navy officers of World War I,Royal Flying Corps officers,Royal Air Force officers,Scottish aerospace engineers

paragraph: William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill

paragraph: William Francis Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill AFC, AFRAeS, (24 September 1893 – 30 December 1965) was a Scottish peer and record-breaking air pioneer who was later shown to have passed secret information to the Imperial Japanese military before the Second World War. Educated at Eton, he began his career as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps and then served in the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1921, Sempill led an official military mission to Japan that showcased the latest British aircraft. In subsequent years he continued to aid the Imperial Japanese Navy in developing its Navy Air Service.

paragraph: In the 1920s, Sempill began giving military secrets to the Japanese. Although his activities were uncovered by British Intelligence, Sempill was not prosecuted for spying and allowed to continue in public life. He was eventually forced to retire from the Royal Navy in 1941 after being discovered passing on secret material to Tokyo shortly before Japan declared war in the Pacific.

paragraph: Sempill was known as "Master of Sempill" before succeeding his father to the titles of Lord Sempill and Baronet of Craigevar in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born at the family seat of Craigievar Castle in Aberdeenshire, Sempill was educated at Eton, and then apprenticed to Rolls-Royce in 1910.

paragraph: Section::::Military and civil aviation.

paragraph: At the outbreak of World War I, Sempill joined Royal Flying Corps, being granted a probationary commission as a second lieutenant on 15 August 1914, which was confirmed less than four months later. In the meantime Sempill was appointed to flying duties. The following year, in February, Sempill took up a position as an "experimental officer" at the Central Flying School and he received a promotion to lieutenant in April. Less than four months later he was appointed a flight commander with the temporary rank of captain. In August 1915, he was appointed to instructional duties. Sempill's time at the Central Flying School was not to last as he relinquished his Army commission at the end of the year on being accepted for temporary service in the Royal Naval Air Service. Sempill's rapid rise through the ranks continued in the Navy and at the close of 1916 he was promoted to squadron commander. On 1 April 1918, with the amalgamation of both flying services into the Royal Air Force, Sempill was transferred and appointed one of several deputy directors in the RAF's personnel department with the temporary rank of colonel. He was awarded the Air Force Cross in the 1918 Birthday Honours. Sempill stayed at the Air Ministry until 8 October 1918 when he was seconded to the Ministry of Munitions. On the cessation of hostilities, he became a test pilot and he retired from military service in 1919.

paragraph: On 4 September 1930, he set a new record by flying a de Havilland DH.60 Moth seaplane (G-AAVB) 1,040 miles non-stop from Brent Reservoir in London to Stockholm, Sweden in 12 hours. On 26 March 1936 he made a record-breaking flight in a BAC Drone ultra-light aircraft (G-ADPJ) 570 miles from Croydon Airport direct to Berlin Tempelhof Airport in 11 hours. He flew back a day or so later in 9 hours though he interrupted the flight with a stop at Canterbury, Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Japanese spy.

paragraph: Section::::Japanese spy.:Beginnings.

paragraph: In 1920 he led a civilian British deputation of former naval airmen to Japan – the Air Ministry and the Foreign Office saw the prospect for lucrative arms contracts with Japan – to help develop aircraft carriers, and to assist the Japanese navy in setting up its new air base, after the Japanese had bought three Supermarine Channel flying boats. Sempill was well respected within Japanese circles, and received a personal letter from Prime Minister Tomosaburo Kato (1922–1923), thanking him for his work with the Imperial Japanese Navy, which he described as "almost epoch-making."

paragraph: With the termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1921, Sempill should have ended close military contact and discussions regarding naval aviation technology and tactics. But on his return to the United Kingdom in 1923, Sempill kept in contact with the Japanese Foreign Ministry through the Japanese Embassy in London.

paragraph: Section::::Japanese spy.:Suspicion and questioning.

paragraph: In 1925 Sempill accompanied a mission of foreign air officials to the Blackburn Aircraft factory at Brough, East Yorkshire. The Japanese had previously asked questions about aircraft being developed. Sempill later asked the same questions, in his official position, about the then secret Blackburn Iris.

paragraph: The Directorate of Military Intelligence had kept Sempill's communications with the Japanese intelligence officer/Naval attaché in London, Captain Teijirō Toyoda, under surveillance from 1922. This led to the knowledge that Sempill was passing classified information to the Japanese, which Toyoda's communications indicated had been paid for. MI5 tapped Sempill's phone, and noted that his servant was a Japanese naval rating.

paragraph: In March 1926, Sempill was proposed by the Aviation Ministry for an appointment as Greece's aeronautical adviser. At this point the Directorate of Military Intelligence advised the Foreign Office and the British Embassy in Athens that Britain could not be seen to endorse Sempill's appointment because of his past activities.

paragraph: Sempill was called into the Foreign Office for an interview. The questions directed to him were intended to assess his loyalty to the British Government, his attachments to the Japanese, and the amount of information that he had passed to the Japanese.

paragraph: During the meeting, the investigating officer could not reveal that the British had broken Japanese codes and were monitoring the Japanese communications systems.

paragraph: On a trip to Brough, Sempill had openly talked about the Iris with the foreign air officials on the train trip from London. This was witnessed by a British Air Ministry civil servant, who reported the incident. Confronted with this information, Sempill admitted that he had broken the Official Secrets Act.

paragraph: A subsequent meeting, chaired by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Austen Chamberlain, decided it was not in the interests of the British government to prosecute Sempill. Firstly Sempill's father was then "aide-de-camp" to King George V; any public trial would be a grave embarrassment to both the Crown and the British establishment. Secondly a prosecution would have revealed to the Japanese that British Intelligence had cracked the cypher codes of its diplomatic service.

paragraph: Section::::Japanese spy.:Reprieve and inter-war activities.

paragraph: Six years after admitting he had breached the UK's Official Secrets Act, Sempill became a technical and business consultant to the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; from 1932 to 1936 he represented the Japanese company in Europe. He also became chairman and then president of the Royal Aeronautical Society. In this capacity he advised overseas governments, such as Australia, on the creation of their naval air services.

paragraph: In October 1933 Sempill was seriously injured in an accident while riding as a passenger in the Dymaxion three-wheel car in the United States. Sempill had been invited, in his capacity as an aviation expert, to review the aerodynamic experimental vehicle at Chicago World's Fair. But when he was being rushed to an airport to catch a plane to Akron, Ohio to meet the "Graf Zeppelin" for its return trip from New York to Europe, the Dymaxion was struck by another vehicle and overturned, killing the driver.

paragraph: In 1934 he succeeded his father, John Forbes-Sempill, 18th Lord Sempill to the titles of Lord Sempill and Baronet of Craigevar, taking his seat in the House of Lords as a Conservative peer. His wife, who had accompanied him on many of his air tours, died in July 1935.

paragraph: Sempill had "an affinity with militarist right-wing regimes". During the 1930s he developed extreme right-wing political opinions and was active in several anti-Semitic organizations such as the Anglo-German Fellowship, the pro-Nazi Link organisation and The Right Club led by Archibald Ramsay.

paragraph: Section::::Japanese spy.:Espionage 1939-41.

paragraph: On the outbreak of war in 1939, Sempill was given a position in the Department of Air Materiel at the Admiralty. This gave him access to both sensitive and secret information about the latest British aircraft.

paragraph: By June 1941, MI5 had intercepted messages between London and Mitsubishi and Field Marshal Yamagata's Tokyo headquarters indicating payments were being made to Sempill: "In light of the use made of Lord Sempill by our military and naval attaches in London, these payments should continue". On further investigation, MI5 suspected that Sempill was passing on top secret information about Fleet Air Arm aircraft. The matter was passed to the Attorney General and Director of Public Prosecutions. But again the Attorney General advised against prosecution. On 5 September 1941, Sempill attended a meeting with the Fifth Sea Lord and given "a strict private warning".

paragraph: In 1941, Special Branch arrested a Japanese businessman called Makahara on suspicion of espionage. On discovering that this representative of a large Japanese firm was in custody, Sempill telephoned and then called at Paddington police station to assure the police of Makahara's innocence and character. The Japanese man was released after two days.

paragraph: Sempill was also probably passing on detailed information about the British government. In August 1941, Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt held a meeting in Newfoundland aboard HMS "Prince of Wales" to discuss the military threat posed by the Japanese. Soon after, communications between the Japanese embassy in London and Tokyo were deciphered by the Bletchley Park code breakers. The decrypted messages were transcripts of the conference notes. When passed to an alarmed Churchill, he called them "pretty accurate stuff". Three months later, more notes from Churchill's personal agenda and inner circle were intercepted as they were being sent by the Japanese Embassy in London to the Foreign Ministry in Tokyo. Privately Churchill concluded with Anthony Eden that only two men could be the source of such leaks: Commander McGrath or Lord Sempill.

paragraph: On 9 October 1941, a signed note from Churchill read: "Clear him out while time remains." The following week the Admiralty told Sempill he must either resign or be sacked.

paragraph: After Sempill made an official protest, Churchill backtracked. The Prime Minister told the Admiralty: "I had not contemplated Lord Sempill being required to resign his commission, but only to be employed elsewhere in the Admiralty." A subsequent note from Churchill's aide Desmond Morton, dated 17 October 1941, outlined the new position: "The First Sea Lord ... proposes to offer him a post in the North of Scotland. I have suggested to Lord Swinton that MI5 should be informed in due course so they may take any precautions necessary."

paragraph: On 13 December 1941, six days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Sempill's office was raided. A search revealed various secret documents that he should have handed back to the Admiralty over three weeks earlier. Two days later Sempill was discovered making phone calls to the Japanese Embassy. Despite the evidence of treason in wartime (see Treachery Act 1940), no arrest or prosecution was ordered; Sempill agreed to retire from public office.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1919 Sempill married Eileen Marion Lavery, daughter of the Irish painter Sir John Lavery. Their first daughter, Ann Moira, was born in 1920. Their second daughter, June Mary, was born in c.1923, and was killed aged 18 as a result of enemy action on 11 May 1941 – the last day of the Blitz – at 15 Basil Street, London. She had been serving with the WVS Mobile Canteen Service.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: In 1944, Sempill called on the Premier of Nova Scotia, Alexander Stirling MacMillan, in Halifax and offered to buy a part of the province.

paragraph: In 1956 the Swedish government awarded him the Order of the Polar Star. At various times he was president of the British Gliding Association and of the Institute of Advanced Motorists.

paragraph: In 1963 he gave Craigievar Castle to the National Trust for Scotland. He died in Edinburgh on 30 December 1965. His daughter, Ann, inherited the Sempill peerage, as it was one that could go to a female heir. However, the baronetcy, which could only be inherited in the male line, controversially passed to his younger sibling, Ewan Forbes, who had been brought up as a woman but was found by the courts to be "of indeterminate sex".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: It was not until the release of intelligence records by the Public Record Office in 1998 and 2002 that Sempill's activities as a spy during the war and in the 1920s respectively became common knowledge.

paragraph: Sempill's motives remain unclear. The National Archives states that "on the evidence of these [1920s] files", Sempill's activities on behalf of the militaristic Japanese and Fascist contacts were less from any desire to help the enemy but more motivated by his own impetuous character, obstinacy, and flawed judgement.

paragraph: In various correspondence of the early 1940s, between Churchill's office, the Attorney General and the Director of Public Prosecutions, it is noted that Sempill had debts and an overdraft in excess of £13,000 (equivalent to £750,000 in 2012).

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Air Force Cross (AFC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd Class of Commander in the Order of the Rising Sun, Japan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Polar Star, Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British naval aviator and Japanese spy, Frederick Rutland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese spy in Hawaii, Takeo Yoshikawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- German spy in Hawaii, Kuehn Family

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Portrait Gallery website

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 account of passage over India as part of his world flight

paragraph: BULLET::::- Report of auto crash at 1933 Chicago World's Fair

description: British spy for Japan


text: Hebridean

text: viking

text: soldier of fortune

text: Njál's Saga

text: Althing

text: hird

text: Sigurd the Stout

text: jarl of Orkney

text: Helgi Njálsson

text: Grim Njálsson

text: Njáll Þorgeirsson

text: Bergthorshvoll

text: Iceland

text: British Isles

text: Snaekolf

text: Grjotgard Mordansson

text: Scotland

text: Hakon Jarl

text: Thrain Sigfusson

text: Dyrholmar

text: Helga

text: Skarphéðinn

text: Christian

text: Althing

text: blood feud

text: Flosi Þórðarson

text: burned it with its inhabitants inside

text: Thord

text: Snorri Goði

text: Orkney

text: Wales

text: Gunnar Lambason

text: slander

text: composed the verse

text: Caithness

text: Battle of Clontarf

text: Brian Boru

text: High King of Ireland

text: Rome

text: Hoskuld Thrainsson

text: Njál's Saga

categories: Scandinavian Scotland,11th-century deaths,Viking warriors,10th-century Icelandic people,People from Orkney,11th-century Icelandic people

paragraph: Kári Sölmundarson

paragraph: Kári Sölmundarson was a Hebridean viking and soldier of fortune who lived in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. He is a major character in "Njál's Saga". Kári was the son of Solmund, who was the son of Thorbjorn "Jarl's Champion," an Icelander exiled before the establishment of the Althing for murder.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: It is unknown where Kári was born (though possibly Iceland). He was, however, a hirdman of Sigurd the Stout, jarl of Orkney. He came to the rescue of Helgi Njálsson and Grim Njálsson, the sons of Njáll Þorgeirsson of Bergthorshvoll, Iceland in the 990's. The brothers, who were on a trading expedition to the British Isles, had come under attack by the vikings Snaekolf and Grjotgard Mordansson. After killing the raiders, Kári brought the Njálssons to Orkney, where they stayed for a time at Jarl Sigurd's court and fought in his campaigns in northern and central Scotland.

paragraph: Kári came to the aid of Helgi and Grim again when the brothers were arrested by Hakon Jarl of Norway for indirectly aiding in the escape of their fellow Icelander, Thrain Sigfusson.

paragraph: Section::::In Iceland.

paragraph: When Helgi and Grim returned to Iceland, Kári accompanied them. He bought a landholding at Dyrholmar, but settled at Bergthorshvoll, where he married Njál's daughter Helga and became close friends with Njál's son Skarphéðinn. He likely became at least nominally a Christian when Iceland converted during the Althing of 1000.

paragraph: Kári became entangled in the Njálssons' blood feud with the clan of Thrain Sigfusson, and participated in Skarphéðinn's ambush and murder of Thrain. In around 1010, Thrain's allies and kinsmen, led by Flosi Þórðarson, attacked Bergthorshvoll and burned it with its inhabitants inside. Kári managed to escape under cover of smoke, but his friends Helgi and Skarphéðinn were both killed. Njál, his wife Bergthora, and Kári's son Thord all refused Flosi's offer of reprieve and died in the flames.

paragraph: Kári´s sword was Fjörsváfnir.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of the Burning.

paragraph: Kári gathered supporters and prompted the prosecution of the Burners, and there is a legal joust between the parties. Fighting broke out and almost escalated into a full-scale civil war until Snorri Goði and his followers separated the belligerents. As part of an imposed settlement, the Burners were exiled for three years, but Kári attacked them on their way home, and pursued those who escaped abroad. Kári and a small group of followers spent the next several years taking vengeance on the Burners, following them to Orkney and Wales. In a particularly brazen display, Kári entered the hall of Jarl Sigurd of Orkney as Gunnar Lambason was telling a slanderous version of the story of the burning of Bergthorshvoll. Kári killed Gunnar and composed the verse:

paragraph: Kári stayed in Caithness during the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, when Jarl Sigurd and his allies fought against Brian Boru, High King of Ireland. During his stay in Scotland his wife Helga died. Flosi returned to Iceland after a pilgrimage to Rome. Kári followed, but was shipwrecked near Flosi’s home. Testing Flosi’s nobility he went to him for help, and they arranged a final peace. Kári married Flosi's niece Hildigunn, who was the widow of Hoskuld Thrainsson, the son of Thrain Sigfusson and foster-son of Njál.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Kári had four children with Helga, his first wife: his son Thord, who died during the Burning of Bergthorshvoll, and the daughters Thorgerd, Ragnheid, and Valgerd.

paragraph: By his second wife Hildigunn, Kári had three sons: Starkadr, Thord and Flosi.

paragraph: Section::::Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cook, Robert, "trans." "Njál's Saga". Penguin Classics, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durrenberger, E. Paul. "Icelandic Saga Heroes: The Anthropology of Natural Existentialists." "Anthropology & Humanism Quarterly", February 1984, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3–8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hudson, Benjamin. "Brjan's Saga." "Medium Aevum", 22 September 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, William Ian. "Bloodtaking and Peacemaking: Feud, Law, and Society in Saga Iceland". Univ. of Chicago Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thorsson, Ornulfur, and Bernard Scudder, transl. "The Saga of Grettir the Strong". Penguin Classics, 2005.

description: Hebridean viking

wikidata_label: Kári Sölmundarson

wikipedia_title: Kári Sölmundarson


text:
Russia
Chelyabinsk
Ukraine
R.M. Glier Kiev Institute of Music
symphonic
jazz-rock
concertmaster
Alla Pugacheva
Moral Codex
F.R.U.I.T.S.
Alexei Borisov
Piezo
Radiolarias
Vodoley Publishers
IN4
Pushkin Fund
contemporary poetry
Poetronica
Scarlet Letter of Speed
Pushkin Fund
Andrei Bely Prize
Kaliostro's Dust
Argo-Risk
Knizhnoe Obozrenie
Carte Blanche
Argo-Risk
Knizhnoe Obozrenie
Elektrostatic
Exotica Records
F.R.U.I.T.S.
Sa-Zna
Amber Rooms
Exotica Records
GMB R&I
Grief recordings
N&B research digest
Exotica Records
Xerxes rec
Laton
Austria
Official site
MySpace profile

categories: Russian male poets,21st-century Russian poets,21st-century male writers,Russian jazz musicians,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Pavel Zhagun

paragraph: Pavel Nikolayevich Zhagun (Russian: Павел Николаевич Жагун; born May 22, 1954 in Chelyabinsk, Russia) is a Russian poet, musician, record producer, artist, and curator. Zhagun was raised in Ukraine and graduated from R.M. Glier Kiev Institute of Music as a trumpet player.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Between 1970 and 1980 he worked in various symphonic and jazz bands: from 1971 to 1975 in the progressive jazz-rock band Bells, from 1974 to 1976 in the Ukrainian Radio & Television Symphony Orchestra, the bands Charivny Gitary and Krasnye Maki and was concertmaster of Georgian State Jazz Orchestra. In the 1980s Pavel played in the band (Alla Pugacheva).

paragraph: Since the late 1980s he worked on solo industrial-noise projects and produced several indie-bands.

paragraph: During 1988–1989 Zhagun founded and produced the bands Scandal and Moral Codex. He continues to work with Moral Codex.

paragraph: During 1991–92 Pavel participated in a number of Russian post-industrial electronic projects, Atomic Biscuit Orchestra, Joint Committee and F.R.U.I.T.S. (with Alexei Borisov). Since 2000 he wrote music for films, such as "24 Часа" by Alexander Atanesyan) and art performances, working as a curator of Khankhalaev Gallery and began painting and creating graphic works. Zhagun is currently living in Moscow and owns the 0˚ internet record label. His current solo electronic music project is called Piezo.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – Zhagun published avant-gard poems and prose, which he had written since the middle of the 1970s and released a book of poems "Radiolarias" – Vodoley Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – book of poems "IN4" – Pushkin Fund publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – Pavel became organizer and a participant of an annual festival of sound-art and contemporary poetry "Poetronica".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – book of poems "Scarlet Letter of Speed" – Pushkin Fund publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – Pavel was short-listed for Andrei Bely Prize.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 — novel-transformer "Kaliostro's Dust" – published by Argo-Risk and Knizhnoe Obozrenie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – book of poems "Carte Blanche" – published by Argo-Risk and Knizhnoe Obozrenie.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – "SILF" – Nostress Netlabel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 — "ARTIFICATION" — Rhizomatique

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 — "4444" – 0˙Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 — "Xaioiax" — Koyuki Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 — "BRUT" — 0˙Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 — "Music for Machines" — Exotica Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 — "Lighting Ice Generator" — V/A "Tell Tchaikovsky The News Vol. 3" Exotica Lights

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 — "Stepindustria" — V/A "Tell Tchaikovsky The News Vol. 2" Exotica Lights

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 — "Blue Fluff On The Black Hat" — V/A "Tell Tchaikovsky The News" Exotica Lights

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 — "Aquasonic" Live CD-R Noart Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 — "Magnetto" — Noart Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 — "Celluloid Solution" — V/A "Transsiberian Express" Purple Legion

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 — "Xenomania" — CD-R Noart Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 — "Toxic Tranzistor" — CD-R Noart Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 — "Dead Fish And Luminous Air" — CD-R Noart Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 — "Toyz Of The Noize" — CD-R Noart Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 — "Noisereconstruction" — CD-R Noart Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 — "Moto 2000" — 0˙Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 — "Rubber Japan" — 0˙Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 — "Honey Phosphorus" — 0˙Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 — "Clorox of molecule" — 0˙Record

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 — "Glass Idol" — 0˙Records

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography of F.R.U.I.T.S..

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 — "Elektrostatic" (Exotica Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – F.R.U.I.T.S. & Sa-Zna "Amber Rooms" (CD) (Exotica Records / GMB R&I, Russia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 – Acid report 1996 (CD-R, Grief recordings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 – Studio recordings 1992–1993 vol.1 (CD-R, N&B research digest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – Jakuzi (CD, Exotica Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – "Lakmus" (CD-R, Xerxes rec., Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Forbidden Beat" (CD, Laton, Austria)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- MySpace profile

description: Russian poet-musician

wikidata_label: Pavel Zhagun

wikipedia_title: Pavel Zhagun


text:
Servite Order
Volterra
Pius II
University of Rome
Paul II
Sixtus IV
George of Trebizond
Cardinal Louis of Aragon
Matthias Corvinus.
Gaspare da Firenze
Minor Observant
Clarisse
odor of sanctity
San Lino
Silvio Cosini
Stagio Stagi
Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli
encyclopedia
Sixtus IV
Innocent VIII
Alexander VI
Pius III
Biblioteca Barberiniana
Aquino
Cavaillon

categories: 1451 births,Italian male writers,Italian Renaissance humanists,Italian Roman Catholic theologians,1522 deaths,People from the Province of Pisa

paragraph: Raffaello Maffei

paragraph: Raffaello Maffei, OSM (17 February 1451 – 25 January 1522) was an Italian humanist, historian and theologian; and member of the Servite Order. He was a native of Volterra, Italy, and therefore is called Raphael Volaterranus or Raphael of Volterra; also Maffeus Volaterranus, or Raffaello Volterrano.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: From earliest youth he devoted himself to the study of letters, and in 1466 was called to Rome, with his brothers, by their father Gherardo Maffei, whom Pius II had appointed professor of law at the University of Rome, and had taken later for his secretary, a position he held also under Paul II and Sixtus IV. At Rome Raffaelo held himself aloof from the court, devoting his time to the practice of piety and to the study of philosophy of theology and of the Greek language, the latter under George of Trebizond.

paragraph: In 1477, he went to Hungary with Cardinal Louis of Aragon, on the latter's mission to Matthias Corvinus. Upon his return, Raffaelo was persuaded by Gaspare da Firenze not to become a Minor Observant, as Raffaelo intended to do; whereupon he married, and established his residence at Volterra.

paragraph: The remainder of his life was spent in study, in the practice of piety and of penance, and in the exercise of works of charity; in his own house, he established an "accademia", in which he gave lectures on philosophy and on theology, while he founded the Clarisse monastery of Volterra. He died in the odor of sanctity; and, contrary to his desire, his brother erected to his memory a splendid monument in the church of San Lino, which Raffaello had endowed; the monument was the work of Silvio Cosini, Stagio Stagi, and Fra Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli, OSM.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Among the works of Maffei are "Commentariorum rerum urbanarum libri XXXVIII" (Rome, 1506; Paris, 1516), an encyclopedia of all subjects known at that time, prepared with great care, but not always with the best judgment. It consists of three parts; in the first, "Geography", he writes a history of the whole known world arranged by location; the second part, "Anthropology", is devoted, more especially, to the contemporaneous history of that time; the third part is devoted to "Philology" which encapsulates all of science and natural history as it was known.

paragraph: This encyclopaedia was printed eight times up to 1603. The 1603 edition contains 814 folio pages. The first book consists of the table of contents and a classed index; books 2-12, geography; 13-23, lives of illustrious men, the popes occupying book 22, and the emperors book 23; 24-27, animals and plants; 28, metals, gems, stones, houses and other inanimate things; 34, de scientiis cyclicis (grammar and rhetoric); 35, de scientiis mathematicis, arithmetic, geometry, optica, catoptrica, astronomy and astrology; 36-38, Aristotelica (on the works of Aristotle).

paragraph: Maffei's lives of Sixtus IV, Innocent VIII, Alexander VI, and Pius III, which appear as an appendix to Platina's Vitae Pontificum, and which were also published separately (Venice, 1518), are taken from the "Commentarii"; in them Maffei blames unsparingly the disordered life of the Roman court.

paragraph: At Volterra, he wrote a compendium of philosophy and of theology, "De institutione christiana" and "De prima philosophia" (Rome, 1518) in which he rather follows Scotus. He translated, from the Greek into Latin, the "Odyssey" of Homer, the "Oeconomics" of Xenophon, the "Gothic War" of Procopius, "Sermones et tractatus S. Basilii", some sermons of St. John of Damascus and of St. Andrew of Crete; he also wrote the "Vita B. Jacobi de Certaldo".

paragraph: On the other hand, he was in epistolary communication with popes, cardinals, and other learned men. The manuscript of the work which he called "Peristromata" remained incomplete; it went to the Biblioteca Barberiniana.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The elder brother of Maffei, Antonio, was involved in the conspiracy of the Pazzi. Another brother, Mario, was a man of great culture. He was nuncio to France and, later, prefect of the building of St. Peter's (1507), regent of the penitentiaries, and Bishop, first, of Aquino (1516) and then of Cavaillon, he died on 23 June 1537.

alias:
il Volaterrano Maffei
Raffaele Maffei

description: Italian theologian

wikidata_label: Raffaello Maffei

wikipedia_title: Raffaello Maffei


text:
Western Chalukya
Someshvara II
Saka era
Shilahara
Karad
Siruguppa
Agrahara
Naregal
Kannada
Sanskrit
Bilhana
pundit
Kashmir
panegyric
Rama
Vijnaneshwara
Mitakshara
Shaiva
Mallikarjuna temple
Mahadeva temple
Kaitabheshvara temple
Kalleshvara temple
Tumkur district
Cuddapah
Narmada river
Khammam district
Bihar
Bengal
Gutti
Kampili
Seuna
Kadambas
Kulothunga Chola I
Athirajendra Chola
Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Ceylon
Malnad
buffer
Vinayaditya
Ereyanga
Veera Ballala I
Vishnuvardhana
Nolambavadi
Tungabhadra river
Ballary
Kummata
Yelburga
Vikrama Chola
Someshvara III
Shilahara
Bhoja I
Lata
Gurjara Chalukya
Kalachuri
Vikrama Chola
Vishnuvardhana
Vikramaditya

categories: 11th-century births,1126 deaths,Western Chalukya Empire,11th-century Indian monarchs

paragraph: Vikramaditya VI

paragraph: Vikramaditya VI (r. 1076 – 1126 CE) became the Western Chalukya King after deposing his elder brother Someshvara II, a political move he made by gaining the support of Chalukya vassals during the Chola invasion of Chalukya territory. Vikramaditya's reign is marked with the abolishment of the "Saka era" and the start of the "Chalukya-Vikrama era". He was the greatest of the Western Chalukya kings and had the longest reign in the dynasty. He earned the title "Permadideva" and "Tribhuvanamalla" ("lit" "lord of three worlds"). He had several queens who ably assisted him in administration. One of his queens, Chandala Devi, a princess from the Shilahara ruling family of Karad was called "Abhinava Saraswati" for her skills as an artist. Queen Kethala Devi administered the Siruguppa region and Savala Devi was in charge of an Agrahara in Naregal. According to the historian Kamath, Vikramaditya VI was a "great king who ruled over South India" and he finds a "pride of place in Karnataka history". More inscriptions in Kannada are attributed to Vikramaditya VI than any other king prior to the Vijayanagara era.

paragraph: Vikramaditya VI is noted for his patronage of art and letters. His court was adorned with famous Kannada and Sanskrit poets. In Kannada, his brother prince Kirtivarma wrote "Govaidya" on veterinary science and the poet Brahmashiva wrote "Samayaparikshe" ("Analysis of the doctrine", c. 1125) and received the title "Kavi Chakravarti" ("lit", "Emperor among poets") Noted Sanskrit scholars such as Bilhana who earned the title "Vidyapati" ("pundit") came to his court from faraway Kashmir and wrote a panegyric on the life of his patron king in "Vikramankadevacharita". The poet compared his rule to "Ramarajya" ("Rama's Kingdom"). Vijnaneshwara the noted jurist in his court wrote "Mitakshara", a commentary on "Yagnavalkya Smriti" (on Hindu family law). Of the king he wrote "A King like Vikramarka is neither to be seen nor heard of". Vikramaditya VI is known to be a Shaiva by faith. His rule saw prolific temple building activity. Notable constructions include the Mallikarjuna temple, the Mahadeva temple the Kaitabheshvara temple and the Kalleshvara temple. According to historian Sen, the 50-year reign of Vikramaditya VI was overall a peaceful and prosperous one. Sen estimates at his peak Vikramaditya VI controlled a vast empire stretching from the Tumkur district and Cuddapah in the south to the Narmada river in the north, and up to the Khammam district and the Godavari district in the east and south-east.

paragraph: Section::::Vikramaditya's rebellion, rise to power and Chola relations.

paragraph: Vikramaditya displayed his military ambitions even as a prince, prior to 1068, during the rule of his father Someshvara I when he led successful military campaigns as far east as modern Bihar and Bengal. After his father's death, as soon as his elder brother prince Someshvara II who administered the Belavola-300 and Puligere-300 provinces came to the throne, Vikramaditya VI started to plan to overthrow him and contend with the growing Chola power. He achieved his ends with skillful opportunism and diplomacy: by making use of the Chola invasion of Gutti and Kampili and striking diplomatic relations with Virarajendra Chola, gaining the support his younger brother Jayasimha and of the Chalukya feudatories, the Pandyas of Ucchangi, the Seuna, the Hoysalas of Malnad, the Kadambas of Konkan and Hangal. Someshvara II had the support of the Kulothunga Chola I (also called Rajendra II of the Eastern Chalukya-Chola royal family of Vengi) and the Kadambas of Goa. This sudden change in diplomatic relations practically bifurcated the Chalukya kingdom into two halves, giving Vikramaditya VI independent rule over the southern half (Gangavadi). Vikramaditya married one of Virarajendra Chola's daughters bringing an age-old feud between the two kingdoms to a temporary end.

paragraph: The balance of power changed again in 1069 with the death of Virarajendra Chola. Vikramaditya VI proceeded via Kanchi where he quelled a rebellion and installed his younger brother-in-law Athirajendra Chola on the throne at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. But this went against the designs of Kulottunga Chola I who had plans of his own. Kulothunga expelled the Vengi ruler Vijayaditya. In a civil uprising in the Chola capital, Athirajendra was killed making way for Kulothunga Chola I to crown himself the monarch of the Chola empire. In 1070-72, when Vijayabahu revolted to rid Ceylon of the Chola rule and succeeded, Vikramaditya VI wasted no time in declaring the new king of Ceylon his "natural ally". By 1076, despite being surrounded by enemies at home (Someshvara II) and in Vengi and Chola country (Kulothunga Chola I), Vikramaditya VI successfully defeated his elder brother and took him captive. He then crowned himself the Chalukya monarch and began a new era, the "Vikrama Varsha".

paragraph: Section::::Hoysala threat.

paragraph: There was a rebellion by the emperor's younger brother Jayasimha, the viceroy of Banavasi, around c.1080-1082 which was quelled and the rebel pardoned. The real threat, however, was from the Hoysala dynasty who rose to prominence from the Malnad region in modern Karnataka. Their territory effectively acted as a buffer between the Chalukya and Chola kingdoms. For several decades, the Hoysalas had been faithful vassals of the Chalukyas. King Someshvara I (Vikramaditya's father) had taken a Hoysala princess as his queen. The Hoysala kings Vinayaditya, Ereyanga and Veera Ballala I had maintained cordial relations with Vikramaditya VI. But Ballala I's younger brother Vishnuvardhana, who according to historians Sastri and Kamath was a "great warrior" and an ambitious ruler had expansionist plans. He had the support of the Pandya ruler of Ucchangi and Kadamba king Jayakesi II of Goa. The Hoysalas under Vishnuvardhana began to expand their territory initially by defeating the Cholas in the famous battle of Talakad in 1116 resulting in the Hoysala annexation of Gangavadi (part of modern Southern Karnataka). It was only when Vishnuvardhana turned his attention to the north, conquered Nolambavadi, marched beyond the Tungabhadra river and reached Ballary and Kummata that Vikramaditya VI saw an imminent threat to his power. The Chalukya emperor dispatched his trusted generals Achugi II and Permadi of the Sinda family of Yerambarge (or Yelburga) to deal with the situation. After several pitched battles in Goa, Kannegala, Halasur and Hosavidu between c.1117-1122, Vishnuvardhana and his supporters had to accept Chalukya suzerainty.

paragraph: Section::::Success in Chola and Gurjara country.

paragraph: From the beginning of his rule, Vikramaditya VI maintained the policy of interference in the affairs of Vengi and Kanchi. He invaded and captured Kanchi in 1085 and held it for a few years. He managed to conquer parts of Vengi in 1088. He held the Kollipakei-7000 province of Vengi for many years. Vengi came under his rule again from 1093 to 1099. The Cholas re-captured it in 1099. In 1115 Kulothunga Chola I recalled his son Vikrama Chola who was the viceroy of Vengi to focus on affairs in Kanchi. Encouraged by the Hoysala success against the Cholas at Talakad and utilising the vacuum in the leadership in Vengi, Vikramaditya VI sent his famous general Anantapala to invade Vengi which was duly conquered and came under his rule from 1118 to 1124. Western Chalukyan commanders are seen controlling some other parts of Telugu country also and the Chola influence over Vengi disappeared for many years. After Vikramaditya's death in 1126, the Cholas began a slow process of encroachment over Vengi. By 1133 Vikrama Chola was able to re-capture Vengi from Vikramaditya VI's mild son Someshvara III. Before 1088, Vikramaditya VI subdued the recalcitrant Shilahara King Bhoja I and the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri. He invaded Lata (modern Gujarat), plundered and burnt the royal capital of the Gurjara Chalukya King Karna, and stopped the advances of Kalachuri king Jajjaladeva of Ratnapur. He dealt firmly with the revolting Kadamba feudatory of Goa but gave his daughter Maila Devi in marriage to King Jayakeshi II.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vikrama Chola

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishnuvardhana Hoysala

paragraph: BULLET::::- The title Vikramaditya

description: Western Chalukya King

wikidata_label: Vikramaditya VI

wikipedia_title: Vikramaditya VI


href: Kassogians Circassians North%20Caucasus Laurentian%20Codex Mstislav%20of%20Chernigov Tmutarakan Alans Circassians Caucasus

text:
Kassogians
Circassian
North Caucasus
Laurentian Codex
Mstislav the Brave
Tmutarakan
Alans
Circassians
Caucasus

categories: Circassian nobility,1022 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Rededya

paragraph: Rededi, Rededia, Rededya or Ridada (died 1022) was a legendary leader of the Kassogians, a Circassian tribe from the North Caucasus.

paragraph: The Laurentian Codex provides the following information. In 1022, Prince Mstislav the Brave, who at the time was the prince of Tmutarakan, started a military operation against the Alans. During the operation, he encountered the Kassogian army commanded by Rededya. To avoid unnecessary bloodshed, Mstislav and Rededya, who possessed an extraordinary physical force, decided to have a personal fight, with the condition that the winner would be considered the winner of the battle. The fight lasted some hours and, eventually, Rededya was knocked to the ground and stubbed with a knife. The subjects of Rededya were forced to admit the defeat. Mstislav ascribed his win to the Virgin, whom he prayed to before the battle.

paragraph: Subsequently, Mstitlav has taken the wife and the two sons of Rededya and had them baptized. The sons got the names of Yury and Roman. Roman later got married to Tatyana, the daughter of Mstislav.

paragraph: Traditionally, Kassogians are considered as direct ancestors of the Circassians. Some modern Russian scientists suggested they may have come to the Caucasus from the Middle East and subsequently assimilated.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: he’s ADIGA heart

description: Kassogian leader

wikidata_label: Rededya

wikipedia_title: Rededya


text: KG

text: PC

text: chivalric

text: Francis II, Duke of Brittany

text: Mount's Bay

text: Cornwall

text: Marazion

text: England

text: John of Gaunt

text: Edward III of England

text: Henry IV of England

text: John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter

text: Epiphany Rising

text: Siege of Meaux

text: gun-stone

text: John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel

text: St Mary's Church, Burford

text: Shropshire

text: tournament

text: knight

text: mêlée

text: Middle Ages

text: Richard II

text: Scotland

text: Brittany

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Henry V

text: Henry VI

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Agincourt

text: Harfleur

text: Armagnac

text: Guillebert de Lannoy

text: Louis, Count of Vendôme

text: Charles, Duke of Orléans

text: Ampthill

text: Mayor of London

text: William Walworth

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Privy Council

text: Ampthill

text: Ludgate

text: Middlesex

text: Catherine of Aragon

text: Henry VIII

text: Protestant Reformation

text: Exchequer

text: Bernard Cornwell

text: Azincourt

categories: People from Marazion,1443 deaths,Barons in the Peerage of England,Knights of the Garter

paragraph: John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope

paragraph: John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke, KG, PC, also known as Sir John Cornwall and Sir John Cornouayl, (c. 1364 — 11 December 1443), was an English nobleman, soldier and one of the most respected chivalric figures of his era.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sir John was the son of Sir John Cornewaille, who had been in service to Francis II, Duke of Brittany, and his wife, a niece of the Duke of Brittany. He was born aboard a ship which was docked in Mount's Bay, in Cornwall, and baptized at Marazion, in England.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1400, Sir John married the widowed Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter. Elizabeth was the daughter of John of Gaunt, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England, and the sister of Henry IV of England. She had previously been married to John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, with whom she had six children. John Holland was executed for conspiring to assassinate Henry IV during the Epiphany Rising. Sir John's marriage to Elizabeth caused some scandal as he failed to ask the king for permission to marry his sister, which resulted in Sir John's arrest. Their marriage was a happy and loving one.

paragraph: Sir John and Elizabeth had two children together, John Cornewaille, who was born in 1403 and died in December 1421. Young John Cornwall was only seventeen when he was killed at the Siege of Meaux. He died next to his father, who witnessed his son's head being blown off by a gun-stone. Sir John was deeply affected by witnessing the death of his son and heir, and vowed never to wage war on Christian princes. Sir John and Elizabeth's daughter was Constance Cornwall who married John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, and died in 1427. Neither of Sir John's children had any children of their own. Sir John was a father of two illegitimate sons by a "Mistress Ewen", John and Thomas, whom he recognised in his will. Elizabeth died on November 24th, 1425 and was buried at St Mary's Church, Burford, Shropshire, England.

paragraph: Section::::Peerage and military career.

paragraph: Sir John excelled in combat and was victorious in numerous tournaments, defeating many other knights in mêlée combat. During the Middle Ages, tournaments were regarded as the greatest test of a warrior's skill and valour; an idea reinforced by the prominent place that it occupied in popular Arthurian lore of the era.

paragraph: As a soldier, Sir John had a long and distinguished career, serving in many campaigns. Early in his career, he served for King Richard II in Scotland, fought for the Duke of Lancaster in Brittany, and fought for King Henry IV against Owain Glyndŵr during the Welsh Uprising. Sir John continued his military service for King Henry V and King Henry VI during the Hundred Years' War, most notably during in the battle of Agincourt, where he led the English vanguard on the march from Harfleur. He also served as a diplomat to the Armagnacs in France for his brother-in-law, Henry IV. Sir John held great favor through his relation and service to Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI.

paragraph: Sir John amassed a considerable fortune and a great deal of land during his lifetime. He accomplished this through his marriage with Elizabeth, victories in tournaments, and the spoils of war. At the battle of Agincourt, Sir John captured Guillebert de Lannoy, and Louis, Count of Vendôme, whom he ransomed for large sums for money; and from 1429–1432, Henry VI granted custody of Charles, Duke of Orléans to Sir John. He profited greatly from the ransoms of prisoners, and used the spoils to build Ampthill Castle, Bedfordshire, and to buy Oyster Hill Manor from the Mayor of London, William Walworth. Sir John also became heavily involved in the mercantile community in London.

paragraph: King Henry IV made Sir John Cornwall a Knight of the Garter in 1409. He was created Baron Fanhope and a member of the King's Privy Council on 17 July 1433, and Baron Milbroke on 30 January 1442, by King Henry VI. Sir John's titles became extinct on his death, as he left no legitimate issue.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sir John died on 11 December 1443 at Ampthill Castle, in Bedfordshire, England. He was buried at Blackfriars Preachers, Ludgate, in Middlesex, England.

paragraph: After his death, Ampthill Castle became royal property. Eventually, it was where Catherine of Aragon lived from 1531–1533, while Henry VIII was attempting to divorce her. Ampthill Castle is ruined now, and the friary, along with Sir John's tomb, was destroyed during the Protestant Reformation. Upon his death, it was discovered that Sir John was owed £2,989 in Exchequer tallies by the crown (roughly £1.48 or $2.39 million in today's money).

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Sir John features as a loquacious and plain-talking leadership character in Bernard Cornwell's novel Azincourt (U.S. title, Agincourt).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stow, John (2001). "The Survey of London: Reprinted from the text of 1603". London: Adamant Media Corporation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reeves, A.C. (1981). "Lancastrian Englishmen". Washington: University Press of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arn, Mary-Jo (2000). "Charles d'Orléans in England, 1415-1440". Cambridge: D.S. Brewster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke, Bernard (1866). "A genealogical history of the dormant, abeyant, forfeited, and extinct Peerages of the British Empire". London: Apple Manor Press (Reprinted 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barker, Juliet (2005). "Agincourt: The King, the Campaign, the Battle". London: Little, Brown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornwell, Bernard (2008). "Azincourt". London: Harper Collins

description: English Baron

wikidata_label: John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope

wikipedia_title: John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope


text:
Bivouac
Julian Cope
Black Sheep
White Hills
Nirvana's 1992 Reading Festival show

categories: English rock drummers,English male dancers,People from Nottingham,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Antony Hodgkinson

paragraph: Antony Hodgkinson (or Antronhy) is the drummer for the indie rock band Bivouac. He has also played drums in several bands such as Punish the Atom, Julian Cope & also his Black Sheep and White Hills. Hodgkinson is best known for dancing on stage for Nirvana's 1992 Reading Festival show.

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Antony Hodgkinson

wikipedia_title: Antony Hodgkinson


text:
painter
Hamburg
New York City
Los Angeles
Seattle
Chicago
Paris
Saint Petersburg
Tartu
Hamburg University of Applied Sciences
icon
Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting
folk art
comics
digital art
lowbrow
Bosch
Bruegel
oil painting
Till Gerhard
Femke Hiemstra
Lodown
Juxtapoz
Heiko Müller's website
Heiko Müller at Feinkunst Krüger

categories: German male painters,German draughtsmen,21st-century German painters,20th-century German painters,1968 births,Living people

paragraph: Heiko Müller

paragraph: Heiko Müller (born January 13, 1968) is a German painter.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.

paragraph: Heiko Müller works as an independent artist. His works have been exhibited in his hometown of Hamburg as well as in New York City, Los Angeles, Seattle, Chicago, Paris, Saint Petersburg and Tartu. He also curated several exhibitions in Hamburg. He has a design diploma from the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and is also working as a professional media designer and illustrator. He is living with his wife and his two sons near Hamburg.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Heiko Müller's paintings take their inspiration from such diverse sources as medieval icons, Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, folk art and contemporary comics. He gained first attention by combining medieval Christian icons with modern digital art. His latest work is close to the American lowbrow and pop surrealism movement. Characteristics of his paintings are animal illustrations with a very dark and apocalyptic mood, often appearing like modern takes on Bosch or Bruegel motifs. In his own words, he's "particularly thrilled by the kind of spiritual terror you find expressed in the paintings of the old Flemish masters, [...] trying to find out what happens when you apply that mood to the serene and harmless world of rural folk art."

paragraph: Müller's most recent work marks a return to painting after a long period of drawing with coloured pencils, during which he developed special techniques to make the drawings appear like oil paintings. His preferred media are acrylic and oil on paper and oil on canvas, complemented by pencil drawings.

paragraph: Müller's art is exhibited and bought almost as often in the USA as in his native Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Solo shows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 “PXP-Guy presents: Black Lines”, Galerie Hinterconti, Hamburg, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 "Legendae Aureae", Deutsches Kulturinstitut, Tartu, Estonia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Stay Awake", Jack Fischer Gallery, San Francisco, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Hunting Night and Day", Jack Fischer Gallery, San Francisco, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Furtivos", etHALL, Barcelona, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "The Daily Mood of Heiko Müller", Alexandra Grass Gallery, Bielefeld, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "The Watching Hour", Antonio Colombo Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 "Glades", Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg, Germany

paragraph: Group shows (selection):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 "Junge Hamburger", with Henning Kles and Till Gerhard, Studio Galerie, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 "Experiment Bilderbuch", Stadtmuseum Oldenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 various exhibitions at the Büchergilde Gutenberg in Hamburg, Frankfurt and Berlin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "S.K.A.M.finale", S.K.A.M. Studio, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 “Kopfankopf in AUGENHÖHE”, Kunststück, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 “Tag der Toten”, with Henning Kles and Till Gerhard, Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Territory #4" Exhibition & Release Party, OFR Publications, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "14 Illustratoren", Galeria Pequeña, Frankfurt am Main

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Spezialitäten", Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Visual Residue", CB's 313 Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Winged Doom vs. Reeperbahn Rumble", with Marcus Schäfer, Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Haare", Galeria Pequeña, Frankfurt am Main

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "That New Dork Smell ", Toyroom, Sacramento

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Beasts", Belle & Wissell, Seattle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Don't Wake Daddy", Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "NeighborWOOD", Compound Gallery, Portland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "The Wurstminster Dog Show", Portland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Charity by Numbers", Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Happily Ever After?", Seattle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Art Dorks Collective", Thinkspace Art Gallery, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Art Dorks Squared", The McCaig-Welles Gallery, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Rome is Burning/The New School", The Foster Gallery - Haas Fine Arts Center, Eau Claire (Wisconsin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Don't Wake Daddy II", Feinkunst Krüger & RAUM 21, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 December Charity Show, The Project Gallery, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Deep Pop", Kenneth Chapman Gallery, New Rochelle (New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Pop Subversion at Ad Hoc Art", New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "A Cabinet Of Natural Curiosities", Roq La Rue Gallery, Seattle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "The World of Urban Contemporary Art", Intoxicated Demons, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Art Dorks Collective", DVA Gallery, Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "4 Faces of Foofaraw" with Femke Hiemstra, Fred Stonehouse and Anthony Pontius, Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "10 Jahre Feinkunst Krüger", Westwerk, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "The Inaugural Show", T & P Fine Art, Philadelphia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Don't Wake Daddy III", Feinkunst Krüger, Hamburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 X-MAS 08, Galleri Christoffer Egelund, Copenhagen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Mixed Palette" at the Recoat Gallery, Glasgow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Superschool" (curated by Lola) at Copro Nason Gallery, Santa Monica, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "OCHO número atómico" at ROJO Artspace Barcelona

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Boarding Gat"e (curated by Alexandra Kollaros) at K-art, Athens

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Kunst im Tresor", Munich

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Urban Art" at Galleri Jan|Zen, Aalborg, Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Shades of Ray" Color Ink Book's 3rd Anniversary show at WWA gallery Culver City, CA

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Lodown #34 (Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Elegy #12/03 (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 1x1 Pixel-Based Illustration & Design (Barcelona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Freewave (Booth Clibborn Editions, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Freistil 2 - Best of European Commercial Illustration

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Defrag #7 (Italy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Territory #4 - The Mood of Gothic (BigBrosWorkshop, Malaysia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 The Darkening Garden (Payseur & Schmidt, Seattle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Beasts! (Fantagraphics, Seattle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 dpi Magazine (Taiwan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 LOW Magazine (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 a5 Magazine (Israel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 LetGo Magazine (Los Angeles)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Paper Tiger Comix #4 (Paper Tiger, UK)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Empty Magazine (Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Castle Magazine #11 (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 ISM Autumn Issue v. 04 i. 03 (Los Angeles)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 ARGH! (Valencia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Jitter Magazin (Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Cimaise - Ceci est un magazine d'ars (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Belio Magazine (Madrid)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 D/Zines (LANDA Designer, Münster)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Stirato (Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Underground Culture from all Parts of the World (Shoeisha, Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 NOVUM (Munich)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Heiko Müller - Stay Awake (ROJO, Barcelona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Pep! (Hungary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Good vs Evil #1 (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 AURORA Artzine (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Color-Ink-Book San Diego 2008 Comic-Con Edition, The Brothers Washburn (Oceanside, CA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Proteus Mag #5 (PDF Magazine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Spooky Calendar 2009 by Die Gestalten Verlag (Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Pocketful (Istanbul)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 The Upset: Young Contemporary Art, Die Gestalten Verlag (Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Color-Ink-Book #1 APE Edition, The Brothers Washburn (Oceanside, CA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Good vs. Evil #2 (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 VIZIOmag #3 (E-Zine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 a5 Magazine - Childhood Ausgabe (Israel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 La Cruda #2 (Barcelona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Juxtapoz #98 (San Francisco)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 6M1P #11 (Toulouse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 BG Magazine #41 Animal Edition (Ecuador)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 ROJO, Project OCHO, Número Atómico (Barcelona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Boarding Gate Catalogue, (Athens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Jitter Magazin (Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Semi Permanent 2009 (Sydney)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 DODOS (Seoul)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 La Cruda #3 (Barcelona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 W Korea - Green Edition (Korea)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 100% O2 Magazine #1 (Beijing)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Good vs. Evil #3 (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 a5 Magazine - Hero Edition (Israel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 The Upbeats - Ghost Radio/1968 12" Covergestaltung (New Zealand)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 The Ark (Argentina)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 EPOS VISA Card (Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 A (dos puntos) (Santiago)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heiko Müller's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heiko Müller at Feinkunst Krüger

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Heiko Müller

wikipedia_title: Heiko Müller


text:
Catholic
Archbishop of Hobart
Tasmania
Auxiliary Bishop
Sydney
Australia
Episcopal Vicar
Titular Bishop
Urusi
Tasmania

categories: Roman Catholic bishops in Australia,Roman Catholic Archbishops of Hobart,1949 births,Living people

paragraph: Julian Porteous

paragraph: Julian Charles Porteous (born 5 June 1949) is the Catholic Archbishop of Hobart, Tasmania. He was previously Auxiliary Bishop of Sydney, Australia, Episcopal Vicar for Renewal and Evangelisation, and Titular Bishop of Urusi (2003–2013).

paragraph: Porteous was installed as Archbishop of Hobart on 17 September 2013.

paragraph: In 2015 Porteous distributed a booklet to 12,000 families with children in Catholic schools across Tasmania entitled “Don’t Mess With Marriage”. The booklet argued of gay men and women that "pretending that their relationships

paragraph: are ‘marriages’ is not fair or just to them." Porteous was subsequently referred to the Australian Anti-Discrimination Commissioner; however the complaint was withdrawn without a finding.

description: Australian bishop

wikidata_label: Julian Porteous

wikipedia_title: Julian Porteous