text:
Congo DR
Union SG
Belgian First Division B
R.S.C. Anderlecht
R. Union Saint-Gilloise
R.S.C. Anderlecht
Cercle Brugge
Belgian Second Division
Oostende
Anderlecht
Oostende
Congo DR national football team
Algeria
Belgium U-21
Belgian Super Cup
2014

categories: Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players,2015 Africa Cup of Nations players,Royale Union Saint-Gilloise players,Belgium under-21 international footballers,1987 births,Royal Antwerp F.C. players,2017 Africa Cup of Nations players,K.V. Oostende players,Belgian footballers,Sportspeople from Brussels,R.S.C. Anderlecht players,Belgian Second Division/Belgian First Division B players,Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers,Democratic Republic of the Congo international footballers,Belgian First Division A players,Living people,Association football goalkeepers,Belgian people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent

paragraph: Mulopo Kudimbana

paragraph: Nicaise Mulopo Kudimbana (born 21 January 1987) is a football goalkeeper from Congo DR who is currently unemployed after last playing for Union SG in the Belgian First Division B.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On 21 December 2007 R.S.C. Anderlecht saved the rights on him he played one season on loan at R. Union Saint-Gilloise, after the season turned in July 2009 back to R.S.C. Anderlecht. On 31 August 2011, his contract with RSC Anderlecht was terminated by mutual agreement. On 2 September 2011, it was announced that Kudimbana had signed a 1-year contract with his former club Cercle Brugge. Following the 2011-12 season, Kudimbana moved to Belgian Second Division team Oostende.

paragraph: In January 2014, Kudimbana joined former club Anderlecht on loan from Oostende for the rest of the season. Despite not playing a match in that time Anderlecht signed him up permanently in June 2014.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: He made his first cap for Congo DR national football team against Algeria on 26 March 2008 and is former member of the Belgium U-21.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderlecht:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belgian Super Cup (1): 2014

description: Congolese footballer

wikidata_label: Mulopo Kudimbana

wikipedia_title: Mulopo Kudimbana


text:
Wehrmacht
Nazi Germany
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Oberst
Reserves

categories: Below family,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union,Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht),People from Strasburg, Germany,1953 deaths,People from the Province of Brandenburg,1892 births,Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class,German military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Gerd-Paul von Below

paragraph: Gerd-Paul Valerian Georg Heinrich von Below (30 November 1892 – 8 December 1953) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Below surrendered to the Soviet troops in May 1945 and died in captivity in 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 28 February 1943 as "Oberst" of the Reserves and commander of the augmented Grenadier-Regiment 374

description: German general and Knight's Cross recipients

wikidata_label: Gerd-Paul von Below

wikipedia_title: Gerd-Paul von Below


text: St. Cloud, Minnesota

text: United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth

text: Las Cruces, New Mexico Territory

text: Texas

text: Oklahoma

text: Arizona

text: New Mexico

text: St. Cloud, Minnesota

text: Duluth

text: Better Business Bureau

text: Fergus Falls, Minnesota

text: Kenesaw Mountain Landis

text: commissioner of baseball

text: Black Sox Scandal

text: House Judiciary Committee

text: Andrew Volstead

text: Volstead Act

text: Prohibition

text: Fairbanks, Alaska

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Website of Pancar enthusiasts

text: St. Cloud City website

text: Stearns County Museum

text: Minnesota Historical Society

text: St Cloud Times newspaper

categories: American people convicted of fraud,Businesspeople from New Mexico,People from Macon, Mississippi,1874 births,People from Las Cruces, New Mexico,20th-century American businesspeople,People from St. Cloud, Minnesota,Businesspeople from Minnesota,Educators from New Mexico,1960 deaths,Deaths from cerebrovascular disease

paragraph: Samuel Pandolfo

paragraph: Samuel Conner Pandolfo (November 22, 1874 – January 27, 1960) was an American businessman most noted for founding the Pan Motor Car Company (1917–1919), and being convicted of fraud in its promotion. Pandolfo raised $9.5 million through stock sales and built an automobile plant in St. Cloud, Minnesota. During the next two years, the plant turned out 737 automobiles and fulfilled numerous U.S. government war contracts. However, he was found guilty of mail fraud and received a three-year prison sentence in the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth.

paragraph: The government claimed that Pandolfo defrauded the 70,000 stockholders in his company by sending them misleading information. Others have countered that Pandolfo was done-in not because of his business practices, but because of his beliefs. Pandolfo had the vision to believe that the average person could own shares of stock, and he eagerly sold it to them.

paragraph: Section::::Early business career.

paragraph: In 1899, Pandolfo became the superintendent of schools in Las Cruces, New Mexico Territory. He began selling insurance on the side in 1901, and soon discovered that he "made more money in three months selling insurance than I had made in three years teaching school."

paragraph: Pandolfo eventually quit his job as superintendent to form the Pandolfo Insurance Company which covered all of Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico. Pandolfo claimed that he placed nearly $100 million on the books of the companies he represented. He disbanded his company after a crop failure in 1916, and turned his sights to the motorcar business.

paragraph: Section::::Auto magnate.

paragraph: Pandolfo was no stranger to the automobile, having owned 37 of them in his 15 years in the insurance business. He had developed very particular opinions of what constituted a good car: it needed high clearance for the back roads of the day, should have provisions for accommodating the driver overnight if required, and should have the ability to carry extra supplies that might be needed in sparsely populated areas.

paragraph: Pandolfo incorporated his company in Delaware, and began selling shares of stock for $10. Half of this money went into what Pandolfo called a "surplus fund" and was used to pay stock sales commissions and company expenses. The other half went into the company's capital fund. The stock's par value of $5.00 was clearly printed on each of the stock certificates.

paragraph: Pandolfo selected St. Cloud, Minnesota, as the site for his plant because of its proximity to iron-ore mines, access to two major transcontinental railroads, access to a deep-water port in Duluth, a well-trained work force that was free of labor union issues, and a ready supply of electrical power.

paragraph: The Pan Motor Company's infusion of capital and industry was well-remembered by residents of the time. Pandolfo threw a Fourth of July picnic in 1917 where 15,434 pounds of beef were barbecued for the crowd. Part of the city was dubbed "Pantown" where 58 first-class homes were erected for the company's growing labor force. The company began production of his Pan-Model 250, the first model produced by his new factory that covered of land, and included the biggest drop-forge plant in the U.S. west of Chicago.

paragraph: Pandolfo's troubles began when the Associated Advertising Clubs of Minneapolis, a forerunner of the Better Business Bureau, lodged a complaint with the State of Minnesota that Pandolfo was spending more on promotion than its Minnesota Charter permitted. The complaint was dismissed, but on November 16, 1918, a federal grand jury in Fergus Falls, Minnesota indicted Pandolfo on four counts of "using the mails in furtherance of a scheme to defraud". Pandolfo demanded an immediate trial on the charges, and when the government asked for more time to prepare its case, U.S. Judge Page Morris dismissed the charges.

paragraph: Despite the dismissal of the case, the matter had slowed the sale of stock, and the Pan Motor Car Company was in need funds to put its premier Pan Model A into full-scale production. Pandolfo went on a whirlwind tour to promote this vehicle, which was his dream car. It had high clearance to negotiate just about any roadway, fold-down seats that transformed into a bed, and contained an ice chest to carry food and other refreshments. A flood of pamphlets and mailings were produced and sent out to promote the vehicle, and it was these promotional materials that ultimately ruined Pandolfo.

paragraph: Section::::Indictment and conviction.

paragraph: On February 1, 1919, a federal grand jury in Chicago indicted Pandolfo, and all officers of the company, with seven counts of mail fraud for sending misleading materials through the federal mails. (Among the charges was that a company flier included a "plane's eye view" of the Pan Motor Car Company that wasn't actually drawn from an airplane.) The case was heard by cantankerous Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis who made several rulings hostile to Pandolfo. The week the trial took place, the Pan Motor Car Company went into full production of the Pan Model A, and by the end of that month 70 cars had been produced. Nevertheless, the jury was made to believe that the company was a sham, a shell company organized for no other purpose than to sell stock.

paragraph: Requests by Pandolfo's defense team to show the jury motion pictures of the plant in operation were denied by Judge Landis, who declared, "I have had as much experience with moving pictures as anyone in the past fifteen years, and I am not to be denuded of the opinion I have formed regarding them." The case went to the jury with the jury unaware that the plant was in full-scale production of its "second" model motorcar, or that the plant had fulfilled numerous U.S. government war contracts, including production of a tank-tread tractor (dubbed "the tractor that will win the war").

paragraph: Pandolfo was convicted, and mounted an aggressive appeal of his case. The company continued to produce Pan Model A cars in his absence, but publicity of the trial affected public sentiment so greatly that it was impossible to sell additional stock to raise much-needed capital. The Pan Motor Company eventually closed for lack of funds. On April 5, 1923, Samuel Pandolfo surrendered to Chicago authorities, and was taken to Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, where he served two-and-a-half years of a three-year term.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Upon his return to St. Cloud, Minnesota, in October 1926, Pandolfo was greeted by some 600 well-wishers and a band. He summed up the affair with his comment, "You don't meet a crook with a brass band."

paragraph: Of the 737 Pan cars produced, only 5 are known to exist: three by private owners (two in Minnesota, including one displayed in the Stearns County Museum, and one in New York); one by the Pantowners Car Club in St. Cloud, MN; and one in the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) Museum in Hershey, PA.

paragraph: Judge Landis was appointed the first commissioner of baseball in November, 1920, following the "Black Sox Scandal". A commission of several members had originally been proposed, but Landis demanded that he be the sole representative, and that he be given lifetime tenure. He refused to relinquish his federal judgeship even after being censured and threatened with impeachment by the House Judiciary Committee, where the lone dissenting vote against censure was cast by Minnesota Representative Andrew Volstead, who was known for authoring the Volstead Act to enforce Prohibition. Landis resigned from the federal bench in 1922.

paragraph: Pandolfo suffered a stroke in December 1959 and died January 27, 1960 in Fairbanks, Alaska.

paragraph: The Pan Motor Company Office and Sheet Metal Works building on 33rd Avenue North, St. Cloud, Minnesota, still stands, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website of Pancar enthusiasts

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Cloud City website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stearns County Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minnesota Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Cloud Times newspaper

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antique Automobile Club of America Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pan Motor Company in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Samuel Pandolfo

wikipedia_title: Samuel Pandolfo


text: Irish Sea

text: Dublin

text: Isles

text: Rhinns of Galloway

text: Waterford

text: ruler of the Isles

text: Uí Ímair

text: Knútr Sveinnsson

text: Anglo-Scandinavian Empire

text: Mann

text: Uí Briain

text: Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster

text: Cacht ingen Ragnaill

text: Uí Cheinnselaig

text: Rome

text: Gaelic

text: Old Norse

text: Irish Sea

text: Waterford

text: Ragnall ua Ímair, King of Waterford

text: Isles

text: Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles

text: Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles

text: Uí Ímair

text: Ímar

text: c.

text: Knútr Sveinnsson

text: Anglo-Scandinavian Empire

text: Denmark

text: England

text: Norway

text: Knútsdrápa

text: drápa

text: Sigvatr Þórðarson

text: skald

text: Fife

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Rome

text: "E" version

text: Echmarcach

text: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích

text: Mormaer of Moray

text: styled

text: Historiarum libri quinque

text: Rodulfus Glaber

text: Emma

text: Richard II, Duke of Normandy

text: Lothian

text: Prophecy of Berchán

text: Inner Hebridean

text: Arran

text: Islay

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Suibne mac Cináeda

text: Kintyre

text: Clyde

text: Berwickshire

text: East Lothian

text: Mid Lothian

text: Firth of Forth

text: King of Strathclyde

text: Lagmann mac Gofraid

text: Óláfr Haraldsson

text: Hákon Eiríksson

text: regent

text: Tryggvi Óláfsson

text: Orkney

text: Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: Brúsi

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Heimskringla

text: Shetland

text: Arnórr Þórðarson

text: Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum

text: Earldom of Worcester

text: Uí Briain

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster

text: Cacht ingen Ragnaill

text: High King of Ireland

text: Banshenchas

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain

text: Domnall mac Taidc

text: Uí Cheinnselaig

text: Sitriuc mac Amlaíb

text: Gormlaith ingen Murchada

text: numismatic

text: Óttarr svarti

text: Danes

text: Englishmen

text: Irishmen

text: vengeance

text: Skryne

text: Duleek

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Brega

text: Mann

text: Ímar mac Arailt

text: Haraldr Knútsson, King of England

text: North Channel

text: hoard

text: mint

text: Gruffudd ap Rhydderch

text: Brut y Tywysogyon

text: Chronicon ex chronicis

text: River Usk

text: Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester

text: imperium

text: Siward, Earl of Northumbria

text: Kingdom of Strathclyde

text: Solway region

text: Fine Gall

text: Murchad

text: Irish rule

text: Ælfgar Leofricson

text: Herefordshire

text: Earl of Mercia

text: Magnús

text: Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway

text: the Godwinsons

text: Cynan ab Iago

text: Limerick

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Gofraid Crobán

text: pilgrimage

text: Marianus Scotus

text: Santo Stefano Rotondo

text: basilica

text: Caelian Hill

text: King of the Rhinns

text: Rhinns of Galloway

text: floruit

text: the Machars

text: Wigtown Bay

text: Wigtownshire

text: Amlaíb

text: Guthormr Gunnhildarson

text: Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar

text: God

text: Old Norse

text: Murchad

text: shrine of his saintly uncle

text: Niðaróss

text: Iehmarc 1 (Male)

text: Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England

categories: 11th-century Irish monarchs,11th-century monarchs in Europe,11th-century Scottish people,Monarchs of Dublin,Monarchs of the Isle of Man,11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles

paragraph: Echmarcach mac Ragnaill

paragraph: Echmarcach mac Ragnaill (died 1064/1065) was a dominant figure in the eleventh-century Irish Sea region. At his height, he reigned as king over Dublin, the Isles, and perhaps the Rhinns of Galloway. The precise identity of Echmarcach's father, Ragnall, is uncertain. One possibility is that this man was one of two eleventh-century rulers of Waterford. Another possibility is that Echmarcach's father was an early eleventh-century ruler of the Isles. If any of these identifications are correct, Echmarcach may have been a member of the Uí Ímair kindred.

paragraph: Echmarcach first appears on record in about 1031, when he was one of three kings in northern Britain who submitted to Knútr Sveinnsson, ruler of the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire. Echmarcach is recorded to have ruled over Dublin in 1036–1038 and 1046–1052. After losing Dublin for the final time, he appears to have been seated in the Isles on Mann. In 1061, about a decade after his final defeat in Dublin, Echmarcach appears to have been expelled from the Isles, and may have then fallen back into Galloway.

paragraph: Echmarcach appears to have forged an alliance with the powerful Uí Briain. A leading member of this kindred, Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster, was married to Cacht ingen Ragnaill, a woman who could have been closely related to Echmarcach. Certainly, Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, married one of Donnchad's Uí Briain close kinsmen. Echmarcach's violent career brought him into bitter conflict with a particular branch of the Uí Ímair who had held Dublin periodically from the early eleventh century. This branch was supported by the rising Uí Cheinnselaig, an Irish kindred responsible for Echmarcach's final expulsion from Dublin and apparently Mann as well.

paragraph: In about 1064, having witnessed much of his formerly expansive sea-kingdom fall into the hands of the Uí Cheinnselaig, Echmarcach accompanied Donnchad—a man who was himself deposed—upon a pilgrimage to Rome. Possibly aged about sixty-five at this point in his life, it was here that Echmarcach died, in either 1064 or 1065. In the decades following his demise, the Uí Briain used Echmarcach's descendants as a means to dominate and control Dublin and the Isles. One of his grandsons eventually ruled as king.

paragraph: Section::::Uncertain parentage.

paragraph: Echmarcach was the son of a man named Ragnall. Whilst Echmarcach bore a Gaelic name, the name of his father is ultimately derived from Old Norse, a fact that serves to exemplify the hybrid nature of the eleventh-century Irish Sea region, The identity of Echmarcach's father is uncertain. One possibility is that Ragnall was a member of the dynasty that ruled the Norse-Gaelic enclave of Waterford in tenth- and eleventh centuries. If so, Echmarcach may have been the son of one of two Waterfordian rulers: Ragnall mac Ímair, King of Waterford (died 1018), or this man's apparent son, Ragnall ua Ímair, King of Waterford (died 1035). Another possibility is that Echmarcach belonged to a family from the Isles, and that his father was Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles (died 1004/1005), son and possible successor of Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles (died 989). As a descendant of either of the aforesaid families, Echmarcach would appear to have been a member of the Uí Ímair, a royal dynasty descended from the Scandinavian sea-king Ímar (died c.873).

paragraph: Section::::Echmarcach and the imperium of Knútr Sveinnsson.:Knútr and the three kings.

paragraph: Echmarcach appears to first emerge in the historical record in the first half of the eleventh century, when he was one of the three kings who met with Knútr Sveinnsson (died 1035), ruler of the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire comprising the kingdoms of Denmark, England, and Norway. The event itself is noted by "Knútsdrápa", a contemporary "drápa" composed by Sigvatr Þórðarson, an eleventh-century Icelandic skald. Although Sigvatr's composition fails to identify the three kings by name, it does reveal that Knútr met them in Fife. The ninth- to twelfth-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" also notes the meeting. The "D" version of the chronicle records that Knútr went to Rome in 1031, and soon after travelled to Scotland where he received the submission of an unnamed Scottish king. The later "E" version provides more information, stating that, after his return from Rome in 1031, Knútr went to Scotland and received the submission of three kings named: ""Mælcolm"", ""Mælbæþe"", and ""Iehmarc"". The latter name appears to be a phonetic form of the Gaelic "Echmarcach", a relatively uncommon name. The three men almost certainly refer to: Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scotland (died 1034), Mac Bethad mac Findlaích (died 1057), and Echmarcach himself.

paragraph: Of the three kings, Máel Coluim appears to have been the most powerful, and it is possible that Mac Bethad and Echmarcach were underkings or clientkings of his. Mac Bethad appears to have become Mormaer of Moray in 1032 after the slaying of his kinsman, Gilla Comgáin mac Máel Brigti, Mormaer of Moray (died 1032). Previous rulers of Moray are sometimes styled as kings by various Irish annals, a fact which may explain why Mac Bethad was called a king when he met Knútr. Although the apparent date of Mac Bethad's accession to the mormaership (1032) appears to contradict the date of the kings' meeting (1031), this discrepancy can be accounted for in two ways. One possibility is that Gilla Comgáin was actually slain in 1031 but only recorded in 1032. Another possibility is that Knútr merely returned from Rome in 1031, but actually met with the kings in 1032, after Gilla Comgáin's demise and Mac Bethad's accession. There is further evidence that could cast doubt on the date of the meeting. Although the aforesaid versions of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" date Knútr's pilgrimage to 1031, he is otherwise known to have visited Rome in 1027. Whilst it is possible he undertook two pilgrimages during his career, it is more likely that the chronicle has misdated his journey. In fact, it possible that the chronicle failed to account for the time in which Knútr spent on the continent and Scandinavia after having visited Rome.

paragraph: Further confusion about Knútr in Scottish affairs comes from a continental source. At some point before about 1030, the eleventh-century "Historiarum libri quinque", by Rodulfus Glaber (died c.1047), records that Knútr fought a long campaign against Máel Coluim, and that hostilities were finally brought to a close by the intervention of Knútr's wife, Emma (died 1052), and her brother, Richard II, Duke of Normandy (died 1026). If Rodulfus' account is to be believed, this conflict must have taken place before Richard's death in 1026, and could refer to events surrounding Máel Coluim's violent annexation of Lothian early in Knútr's reign. Despite uncertainties surrounding the reliability of Rodulfus' version of events, unless the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" has misdated Knútr's meeting in Scotland, Rodulfus' account could be evidence that Knútr involved himself with Scottish affairs before and after 1026.

paragraph: The record of Echmarcach in company with Máel Coluim and Mac Bethad could indicate that he was in some sense a 'Scottish' ruler, and that his powerbase was located in the Isles. Such an orientation could add weight to the possibility that Echmarcach was descended from Ragnall mac Gofraid. As for Máel Coluim, his influence in the Isles may be evidenced by the twelfth-century "Prophecy of Berchán", which could indicate that he resided or exerted power in the Hebrides, specifically on the Inner Hebridean islands of Arran and Islay. Further evidence of Máel Coluim's influence in the Isles may be preserved by the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster" and the fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach" which record the death of a certain Suibne mac Cináeda in 1034. These particular sources style Suibne ""ri Gall-Gaidhel"" and ""rí Gall-Gáedel"". The Gaelic "Gaidheal" (plural "Gaidheil") is primarily a linguistic term referring to speakers of Gaelic. The Gaelic term "Gall Gaidheil", literally meaning "Stranger-"Gaidheil"", was attributed to the population of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity in the Hebrides. The fact that Máel Coluim and Suibne died the same year and share patronyms could be evidence that they were brothers. If the two were indeed closely related, Suibne may have been set up by Máel Coluim as a subordinate in an area of Scandinavian settlement. One possibility is that the account of Máel Coluim preserved by the "Prophecy of Berchán" could be evidence that this region encompassed the lands surrounding Kintyre and the Outer Clyde. This source, combined with the other accounts of Knútr's meeting, could indicate that Máel Coluim was then overlord of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Echmarcach and the imperium of Knútr Sveinnsson.:Context of the concordat with Knútr.

paragraph: The rationale behind the meeting of the four kings is uncertain. One possibility is that it was related to Máel Coluim's annexation of Lothian, a region that likely encompassed an area roughly similar to the modern boundaries of Berwickshire, East Lothian, and possibly parts of Mid Lothian. The considerable span of years between this conquest and Knútr's meeting, however, could suggest that there were other factors. There appears to be evidence that the violent regime change in Moray (which enabled Mac Bethad to assume the mormaership) prompted Knútr to meet with the kings. Echmarcach and Máel Coluim may thus have been bound to keep the peace with Mac Bethad's troubled lordship. Certainly, the accounts of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" record that Knútr met the kings in "Scotland", a region that likely refers to land north of Firth of Forth. Another possibility is that Máel Coluim aimed to gain Knútr's neutrality in a Scottish campaign against Mac Bethad, and sought naval support from Echmarcach himself. The absence of the King of Strathclyde from the assembled kings, and the possibility that Echmarcach's powerbase was situated somewhere in the Isles beyond Kintyre, could indicate that Knútr's main focus was on the troubled region of Moray, and the rulers whose lands it bordered. Another possibility is that the nonappearance of a Strathclyde representative is evidence that this Cumbrian realm had been recently annexed by the Scots which in turn drew a response from Knútr.

paragraph: Knútr may have sought the submission of the assembled kings in an attempt to protect his northern borders. Additionally, he may have sought to prevent these kings from allowing military aid to reach potential challengers to his authority. If Echmarcach's father was indeed a son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, it would have meant that he was a nephew of Lagmann mac Gofraid. The latter was closely associated with Óláfr Haraldsson (died 1030), and together both lent military assistance to Richard II in the early eleventh century. There is also evidence to suggest that the predecessors of Ragnall mac Gofraid and Lagmann possessed connections with the Normans. In consequence, there is reason to suspect that Knútr sought to counter a potential association between Echmarcach and Richard II. Knútr and Óláfr were certainly at odds. In 1028, only a few years before the meeting of kings, Knútr seized control of Norway after defeating Óláfr. Knútr proceeded to appoint his own nephew, Hákon Eiríksson (died 1029/1030), as regent in Norway. Unfortunately for Knútr, Hákon perished at sea in late 1029 or early 1030. About three years later, Knútr's overlordship in Norway was challenged by a certain Tryggvi Óláfsson (died c.1033). This man seemingly possessed connections with Dublin and the Isles, as saga-tradition appears to reveal that his mother, Gyða, was a daughter of Amlaíb Cuarán. Although Tryggvi apparently enjoyed considerable local support when he landed in Norway in about 1033, he was nonetheless overwhelmed by forces loyal to Knútr and killed. Tryggvi is unlikely to have been Knútr's only challenger, and the episode itself evinces the way in which potential threats to Knútr could emerge from the Scandinavian settlements in Britain and Ireland.

paragraph: Close connections between the rulers of Orkney and the family of Óláfr may well have posed a potential threat to Knútr. The concordat between Knútr and the three kings could, therefore, have been a calculated attempt to disrupt the spread of Orcadian power, and an attempt to block possible Orcadian intervention into Norway. Specifically, Knútr may have wished to curb the principal Orcadian, Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney (died c.1065). In fact, Þórfinnr appears to have been in open conflict with Mac Bethad. This violence may be evidenced by (chronologically-suspect) saga-tradition, which appears to indicate that Mac Bethad and his father warred with Orcadian earls. Saga-tradition may also reveal that Echmarcach suffered from Þórfinnr's military advances. For example, the thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga" states that, after Þórfinnr's consolidation of Orkney and Caithness—an action that likely took place after the death of his brother Brúsi (died 1030×1035)—Þórfinnr was active in the Isles, parts of Galloway and Scotland, and even Dublin. The saga also reveals that Brúsi's son, Rǫgnvaldr (died 1046), arrived in Orkney at a time when Þórfinnr was preoccupied with the after-effects of such campaigns, as it states that he was "much occupied" with men from the Isles and Ireland. Another source, "Óláfs saga helga", preserved within the thirteenth-century saga-compilation "Heimskringla", claims that Þórfinnr exerted power in Scotland and Ireland, and that he controlled a far-flung lordship which encompassed Orkney, Shetland, and the Hebrides. Further evidence of Þórfinnr's activities in the region may be preserved by "Þórfinnsdrápa", composed by the contemporary Icelandic skald Arnórr Þórðarson (died 1073×), which declares that Þórfinnr raided throughout the Irish Sea region as far south as Dublin.

paragraph: It is possible that Knútr took other actions to contain Orkney. Evidence that Knútr installed Hákon as overlord of the Isles may be preserved by the twelfth-century "Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum". The historicity of this event is uncertain, however, and Hákon's authority in the Isles is not attested by any other source. Be that as it may, this twelfth-century text states that Hákon had been sent into the Isles by Óláfr, and that Hákon ruled the region for the rest of his life. The chronology outlined by this source suggests that Hákon left Norway at about the time Óláfr assumed the kingship in 1016. The former is certainly known to have been in Knútr's service soon afterwards in England. One possibility is that Knútr installed Hákon as overlord of Orkney and the Isles in about 1016/1017, before handing him possession of the Earldom of Worcester in about 1017. If this was the case, Hákon would have been responsible for not only a strategic part of the Anglo-Welsh frontier, but also accountable for the far-reaching sea-lanes that stretched from the Irish Sea region to Norway. It seems likely that Knútr was more concerned about Orkney and the Isles, and the security of the sea-lanes around Scotland, than surviving sources let on. Hákon's death at sea would have certainly been a cause of concern for Knútr's regime, and could have been directly responsible to the meeting between him and the three kings. If Hákon had indeed possessed overlordship of the Isles, his demise could well have paved the way for Echmarcach's own rise to power. Having come to terms with the three kings, it is possible that Knútr relied upon Echmarcach to counter the ambitions of the Orcadians, who could have attempted to seize upon Hákon's fall and renew their influence in the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Uí Briain alliance and the conquest of Dublin.

paragraph: Following his meeting with Knútr, Echmarcach appears to have allied himself with the Uí Briain, the descendants of Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, High King of Ireland (died 1014). In 1032, the eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen" states that Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster (died 1064) married the daughter of a certain Ragnall, adding: "hence the saying: 'the spring of Ragnall's daughter'". This woman is elsewhere identified as Cacht ingen Ragnaill (died 1054). Like Echmarcach himself, Cacht's patronym could be evidence that she was a near relation of the Ragnalls who ruled Waterford, or else a descendant of Ragnall mac Gofraid. She could have therefore been a sister or niece of Echmarcach himself.

paragraph: At about the time of his union with Cacht, Donnchad aspired to become High King of Ireland. With powerful maritime forces at his command, Echmarcach would have certainly been regarded as an important potential ally. Clear evidence of an alliance between Echmarcach and the Uí Briain is preserved by the twelfth-century "Banshenchas", a text which records the marriage of Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, to Tadc (died 1086), son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain (died 1086). Annalistic evidence of such an alliance is found well into the late eleventh century. In fact, kinship between Echmarcach's descendants and the Uí Briain even led to the accession of one of Echmarcach's maternal grandsons, Domnall mac Taidc (died 1115), to the kingship of the Isles at about the turn of the twelfth century.

paragraph: If Echmarcach was a son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, this alliance with the Uí Briain would have been a continuation of amiable relations between the two families. For example, the father of Ragnall mac Gofraid appears to have combined forces with Brian Bóruma in 984, and Ragnall mac Gofraid himself is recorded to have died in Munster, the heartland of the Uí Briain. If, on the other hand, Echmarcach and Cacht were descended from the Waterford dynasty, an alliance between the Uí Briain and this family may have been undertaken in the context of a struggle between the Uí Briain and the Uí Cheinnselaig. The contemporary leader of the latter kindred was Donnchad's principal opponent, Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster (died 1072). Whilst the Uí Briain certainly allied themselves to Cacht and Echmarcach, Diarmait appears to have backed the descendants of Amlaíb Cuarán, a man whose family appear to have opposed Echmarcach at a latter date.

paragraph: In 1036, Echmarcach replaced Amlaíb Cuarán's son, Sitriuc mac Amlaíb (died 1042), as King of Dublin. The "Annals of Tigernach" specifies that Sitriuc fled overseas as Echmarcach took control. An alliance with Donnchad could explain Echmarcach's success in seizing the kingship from Sitriuc. Although Donnchad and Sitriuc were maternal half-brothers—as both descended from Gormlaith ingen Murchada (died 1030)—Donnchad's hostility towards Sitriuc is demonstrated by the record of a successful attack he led upon the Dubliners in 1026.

paragraph: Another factor behind Echmarcach's actions against Sitriuc could concern Knútr. Echmarcach's seizure of Dublin occurred only a year after the latter's death in 1035. There appears to be numismatic evidence, annalistic evidence, and charter evidence indicating that Knútr and Sitriuc had cooperated together in terms of trade and military operations in Wales. In contrast to this apparent congeniality, the relationship between Knútr and Echmarcach appears to have been less amiable. In fact, it is possible that Echmarcach's meeting with Knútr may have bound him from taking action against Sitriuc, and that the confusion caused by Knútr's demise may have enabled Echmarcach to exploit the situation by seizing control of the Irish Sea region.

paragraph: According to a poetic verse composed by the contemporary Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti, Knútr's subjects included Danes, Englishmen, Irishmen, and Islesmen. These Islanders could refer to either the folk of the Isles or Orkney, whilst the Irish seems to refer to the Dubliners. The fact that Sitriuc had been able to undertake a pilgrimage and return home to an intact kingdom in 1028 may demonstrate the extent of influence that Knútr held over the Irish Sea region. This authority, and Sitriuc's apparent close connections with Knútr, could account for the security Sitriuc enjoyed during Knútr's reign.

paragraph: If Echmarcach was a member of the Waterford dynasty, his action against Sitriuc may have been undertaken in the context of continuous dynastic strife between Dublin and Waterford in the tenth- and eleventh centuries. This could mean that Echmarcach's expulsion of Sitriuc was a direct act of vengeance for the latter's slaying of Ragnall ua Ímair (then King of Waterford) the year before.

paragraph: Little is known of Echmarcach's short reign in Dublin other than an attack on Skryne and Duleek, recorded by the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters" in 1037. This strike could have been undertaken in the context of the Dubliner's gradual loss of power in Brega, and an attempt to regain authority of Skryne. Although there is no direct evidence that Echmarcach controlled Mann at this point in his career, Sitriuc does not appear to have taken refuge on the island after his expulsion from Dublin. This seems to suggest that the island was outwith Sitriuc's possession, and may indicate that Mann had fallen into the hands of Echmarcach sometime before. In fact, it is possible that Echmarcach may have used the island to launch his takeover of Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::Strife in the Isles, Ireland, and Wales.

paragraph: The evidence of Þórfinnr's power in the Isles could suggest that he possessed an active interest in the ongoing struggle over the Dublin kingship. Þórfinnr's predatory operations in the Irish Sea region may have contributed to Echmarcach's loss of Dublin in 1038. Just as Echmarcach may have seized upon Knútr's demise to expand, it is possible that the vacuum caused by Knútr's death allowed Þórfinnr to prey upon the Irish Sea region. Certainly, the corresponding annal-entry of the "Annals of Tigernach"—stating that Ímar mac Arailt (died 1054) succeeded Echmarcach as King of Dublin that year—appears to indicate that Echmarcach had been forced from the kingship. Ímar appears have been a descendant (possibly a grandson) of Amlaíb Cuarán, and thus a close relative of the latter's son, Sitriuc, whom Echmarcach drove from the kingship only two years before. It is possible that Ímar received some form of support from Knútr's son and successor in England, Haraldr Knútsson, King of England (died 1040). The latter was certainly in power when Ímar replaced Echmarcach, and an association between Ímar and Haraldr Knútsson could explain why the "Annals of Ulster" reports the latter's death two years later. The fact that Ímar proceeded to campaign in the North Channel could indicate that Echmarcach had held power in this region before his acquisition of Mann and Dublin. Whatever the case, Ímar's reign lasted only eight years. In 1046, the "Annals of the Four Masters" records that he was expelled by Echmarcach, who was then elected king by the Dubliners. The "Annals of Tigernach", on the other-hand, simply state that Echmarcach succeeded Ímar.

paragraph: Echmarcach may well have controlled Mann throughout his second reign in Dublin. Silver hoards uncovered on Mann, dated by their coins to the years 1030s–1050s, may well be the by-product of the intense conflict over control of the island. There is evidence indicating that, at some point in the early eleventh century—perhaps in the 1020s–1030s—a mint may have developed and functioned on Mann. Coins that appear to have been minted on the island roughly coincide with Echmarcach's rule. These coins are very similar to those produced in Dublin, and may be evidence that Echmarcach attempted to harmonise the coinage utilised within his realm. The production of coins on Mann appears to be evidence of a sophisticated economy in the Isles. In fact, the wealth and sophistication of commerce in Echmarcach's realm could in part explain why the constant struggle for control of Dublin and the Isles was so bitter, and could account for Þórfinnr's apparent presence in the region.

paragraph: During his second reign, Echmarcach may have been involved in military activities in Wales with Gruffudd ap Rhydderch (died 1055). For instance in the year 1049, English and Welsh sources record that Norse-Gaelic forces were utilised by Gruffudd ap Rhydderch against his Welsh rivals and English neighbours. Specifically, the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century "Brut y Tywysogyon", and the twelfth-century "Chronicon ex chronicis" record that a Norse-Gaelic fleet sailed up the River Usk, and ravaged the surrounding region. These sources further reveal that Gruffudd ap Rhydderch and his Norse-Gaelic allies later surprised and routed the English forces of Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester (died 1069).

paragraph: Since Echmarcach's extensive "imperium" appears to have spanned the Irish Sea region, it is possible that he was regarded as a threat by Siward, Earl of Northumbria (died 1055). There is reason to suspect that, by the mid eleventh century, this Anglo-Danish magnate extended his authority into what had previously been the Kingdom of Strathclyde. Echmarcach's apparent descent from the Uí Ímair—a dynasty that once reigned over York as kings—combined with Echmarcach's accumulation of power after Knútr's demise, could well have been a cause of concern to the York-based earl. Such unease could partly account for Siward's extension of power into the Solway region, a sphere of insecure territory which may have been regarded as vulnerable by Echmarcach.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall in Dublin and Mann.

paragraph: In 1052, Diarmait drove Echmarcach from Dublin. The event is documented by the "Annals of the Four Masters", the "Annals of Tigernach", the "Annals of Ulster", and "Chronicon Scotorum". These annalistic accounts indicate that, although Diarmait's conquest evidently began with a mere raid upon Fine Gall, this action further escalated into the seizure of Dublin itself. Following several skirmishes fought around the town's central fortress, the aforesaid accounts report that Echmarcach fled overseas, whereupon Diarmait assumed the kingship. With Diarmait's conquest, Norse-Gaelic Dublin ceased to be an independent power in Ireland; and when Diarmait and his son, Murchad, died about twenty years later, Irish rule had been exercised over Fine Gall and Dublin in a degree unheard of before. In consequence of Echmarcach's expulsion, Dublin effectively became the provincial capital of Leinster, with the town's remarkable wealth and military power at Diarmait's disposal.

paragraph: The fact that in 1054, Ímar mac Arailt is styled on his death ""rí Gall"", a title meaning "king of the foreigners", could indicate that Diarmait reinserted him as King of Dublin after Echmarcach's expulsion. Murchad appears to have been granted the kingship by 1059, as evidenced by the title "tigherna Gall", meaning "lord of the foreigners", accorded to him that year. Murchad was evidently an energetic figure, and in 1061 he launched a successful seaborne invasion of Mann. The "Annals of the Four Masters", and the "Annals of Tigernach" further reveal that Murchad extracted a tax from Mann, and that the son of a certain Ragnall (literally ""mac Raghnaill"" and ""mac Ragnaill"") was driven from the island. The gathering of "cáin" or tribute was a mediaeval right of kingship in Ireland. In fact, Murchad's collection of such tribute from the Manx could be evidence that, as the King of Dublin, Murchad regarded himself as the rightful overlord of Mann. If the vanquished son of Ragnall was Echmarcach himself, as seems most likely, the record of Murchad's actions against him would appear to indicate that Echmarcach had seated himself on the island after his expulsion from Dublin. Another possibility is that Echmarcach had only been reestablished himself as king in the Isles after Ímar mac Arailt's death in 1054.

paragraph: Section::::Magnús Haraldsson and Ælfgar Leofricson.

paragraph: In 1055, after being outlawed for treason in the course of a comital power-struggle, English nobleman Ælfgar Leofricson (died 1062?) fled from England to Ireland. Ælfgar evidently received considerable military aid from the Irish to form a fleet of eighteen ships, and together with Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd and Deheubarth (died 1063) invaded Herefordshire.

paragraph: Although this campaign ultimately secured Ælfgar's reinstatement, Ælfgar (then Earl of Mercia) was again exiled from England in 1058, and proceeded to ally himself with Gruffudd ap Llywelyn and a Norse fleet. Notwithstanding the fact that Scandinavian sources fail to report this operation, the "Annals of Tigernach" reveals that the leader of the fleet was Magnús (died 1069), son of Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway (died 1066), and further reports that Magnús' forces were composed of Orcadians, Islesmen, and Dubliners.

paragraph: Exactly who Ælfgar received aid from in the Irish Sea region is uncertain. It is conceivable that, after his flight from England in 1055, Ælfgar was outfitted in Dublin, then ruled by Murchad (with Diarmait as overlord). Likewise, since Diarmait's forces had previously driven Echmarcach from Dublin in 1052, and apparently from Mann in 1061, the joint campaign of Ælfgar and Magnús in 1058—which utilised Islesmen and Dubliners—could well have involved Diarmait's cooperation as well. That being said, there are several reasons to doubt a part played by Diarmait in Ælfgar's military undertakings. For instance, Diarmait seems to have lent assistance to Ælfgar's enemies—the Godwinsons—in the 1050s and 1060s. Diarmait also appears to have previously backed Cynan ab Iago (fl. 1064), a man who was a bitter rival and seemingly the eventual slayer of Ælfgar's ally and son-in-law, Gruffudd ap Llywelyn.

paragraph: Ælfgar's Irish confederate of 1055 is not identified in any source, and it is not clear that Diarmait had a part to play in the aforesaid events of that year. In fact, it is possible that Ælfgar received aid not from Diarmait, but from Donnchad—Diarmait's enemy and Echmarcach's associate—a man who then controlled the Norse-Gaelic enclaves of Limerick and possibly Waterford. Furthermore, although Diarmait appears to have gained overlordship of Mann by 1061, Echmarcach presumably enjoyed overlordship of at least part of the Hebrides in 1058. Since Magnús utilised Islesmen during his English campaign of that year, it is conceivable that Echmarcach may have played a prominent part in these operations. If Echmarcach was indeed involved in the campaign, the enmity between him and Diarmait could indicate that these two were unlikely to have cooperated as allies.

paragraph: The prime motivation behind Magnús' cooperation with Ælfgar is uncertain. One possibility is that he was attempting to establish Norwegian authority in the west as a means to prepare an invasion of England. In so doing, Magnús may have backed the cause of a local faction that opposed Echmarcach. Certainly, the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann" records that Ímar's apparent son, Gofraid Crobán (died 1095)—a future ruler of Dublin and the Isles—backed the Norwegian invasion of England led by Magnús' father in 1066.

paragraph: Section::::Pilgrimage and death in Rome.

paragraph: In 1064, Echmarcach seems to have accompanied by Donnchad upon a pilgrimage to Rome. By this time the two may well have been of an advanced age, and both appear to have died in the city soon afterwards. Surviving sources give conflicting dates for Echmarcach's passing, and it is uncertain whether he died in 1064 or 1065. The "Annals of Inisfallen", the "Annals of Loch Cé", and the "Annals of Ulster" indicate that he died in 1064. The eleventh-century "Chronicon" of Marianus Scotus (died 1082) records that Echmarcach died in 1065, in a statement which implies that Echmarcach and Donnchad travelled to Rome together. Donnchad himself seems to have died in 1064, as a multitude of sources report his pilgrimage to Rome and demise that year. Several of these sources appear to indicate that Donnchad died at Santo Stefano Rotondo, an ancient basilica on the Caelian Hill. This building was an important place of pilgrimage to contemporaries, and apparently housed both Echmarcach and Donnchad before they died. Pilgrimages such as those of Echmarcach and Donnchad were not unheard of amongst high-ranking Gaelic and Norse-Gaelic contemporaries, and several such high-status figures are known to have perished undertaking pilgrimages of their own to Rome. If Echmarcach's father was indeed Ragnall mac Gofraid, and if Echmarcach had been born only a few years before his father's death, Echmarcach would have thus been about sixty-five when he himself was laid to rest.

paragraph: Marianus Scotus' account of Echmarcach accords him the Latin title ""rex Innarenn"". On one hand, this may be a garbled form of the Latin ""rex insularum"", meaning "King of the Isles". If so, the titles ""ri Gall"" and ""rí Gall"" accorded to him by the "Annals of Ulster" and the "Annals of Inisfallen" in 1064 could indicate that he was still regarded as ruler of Mann. On the other hand, ""rex Innarenn"" could instead mean "King of the Rhinns", in reference to the Rhinns of Galloway. During Echmarcach's "floruit", the Rhinns appears have also included what is today known as the Machars. The entire region would have thus stretched from the North Channel to Wigtown Bay, and would have likely encompassed an area similar to the modern boundaries of Wigtownshire. Earlier in the century, the entire region may have formed part of Sitriuc's realm, and various Irish and Welsh sources indicate that it may have been held by one of the latter's two sons named Amlaíb.

paragraph: If Echmarcach was indeed the son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, and succeeded his father sometime in the 1030s, Echmarcach may well have first gained control of the Rhinns when he apparently began his domination of the Irish Sea region in 1036 (the year he first seized Dublin). Even if such a chronology is correct it does not necessarily mean that Echmarcach owed his rule in the Rhinns to ancestral connections in the Isles—it could have instead derived from his new-found position in Dublin. Although in practice, the collection of "cáin" could be undertaken without the displacement of an underking, if ""rex Innarenn"" indeed refers to the Rhinns it could reveal that, after having been defeated by Murchad on Mann, the defeated Echmarcach fled to this mainland region. Furthermore, if Echmarcach was a native of what is today the south-west of Scotland, the title could be evidence that, on the collapse of Echmarcach's once expansive kingdom, Echmarcach proceeded to entrench himself in the protection of his native home.

paragraph: Section::::Margaðr and Guthormr Gunnhildarson.

paragraph: Echmarcach has sometimes been identified as a certain Margaðr who appears in various mediaeval sources documenting the contemporary Irish Sea adventures of Margaðr and Guthormr Gunnhildarson. One such source is "Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar", within "Heimskringla". According to this source, Margaðr was King of Dublin, and a close friend of Guthormr, an accomplished man who was a nephew of the Norwegian kings Óláfr and Haraldr Sigurðarson. Late one summer, the saga relates that Margaðr and Guthormr took part in particularly successful raid in Wales. As their loot of silver was being assessed, Margaðr demanded Guthormr's share, forcing the latter to fight for his portion of the plunder. Although outnumbered sixteen ships to five, the saga relates that, through the miraculous intervention of God and Guthormr's saintly uncle (Óláfr), Guthormr was able to defeat and slay Margaðr and all his followers in the ensuing battle.

paragraph: The fateful encounter between Margaðr and Guthormr is sometimes dated to 1052 on the presumption that Margaðr is identical to Echmarcach, and that the event must have taken place at the conclusion of Echmarcach's second reign in Dublin. In fact, the Old Norse personal name "Margaðr" is a form of the Gaelic personal name "Murchad", and the aforesaid accounts of Margaðr likely refer to Echmarcach's nemesis Murchad, rather than Echmarcach himself. Although the saga claims that a thankful Guthormr donated a portion of his looted silver to the shrine of his saintly uncle at Niðaróss, it is unlikely that any church would have accepted property known to have been looted from Christians. Instead, it is possible that Guthormr's hoard of silver was actually the tax that Murchad which had collected from Mann in 1061 during the expulsion of Echmarcach. Such a date corresponds to the implied date of about 1061 given by "Heimskringla".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iehmarc 1 (Male) at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England

alias:
Echmarcach Mac Ragnaill
Echmarcach mac Ragnaill mic Gofraid
Echmarcach Ragnallson
Echmarcach Ragnallsson
Echmarcach Rǫgnvaldsson
Echmarcach Rögnvaldsson
Echmarcach Røgnvaldsson

description: King of Dublin and the Isles

wikidata_label: Echmarcach mac Ragnaill

wikipedia_title: Echmarcach mac Ragnaill


text:
Portuguese
chronicler
Guarda
John II of Portugal
Castile
Fernando II
Duke of Braganza
Évora
Pope Innocent VIII
Christopher Columbus
Catholic sovereigns
Treaty of Tordesillas
Alvor
Manuel I
archives of Torre do Tombo
Afonso V
John II
King John III
Manuel
capture of Azamor
Damião de Góis
Sancho I
Afonso IV
Fernão Lopes
Duarte
Gomes Eanes de Zurara
Afonso de Albuquerque
Portuguese India
Afonso I
Duarte Galvão
Sancho I
online
Afonso II
online
Sancho II
online
Afonso III
online
Denis
online
Afonso IV
online
Peter I
Fernão Lopes
Ferdinand I
Fernão Lopes
John I
Fernão Lopes
Gomes Eanes de Zurara
Edward
online
Afonso V
online
John II
Manuel I
Damião de Góis

categories: Portuguese historians,15th-century Portuguese people,1440 births,People from Guarda, Portugal,Portuguese chroniclers,Portuguese Renaissance writers,16th-century historians,1522 deaths,Portuguese diplomats

paragraph: Rui de Pina

paragraph: Rui (or Ruy) de Pina (1440–1522) was a Portuguese chronicler.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rui (or Ruy) de Pina was a native of Guarda. He acted as secretary of the embassy sent by King John II of Portugal to Castile in the spring of 1482, and in the following September returned there as sole envoy. He was present at the execution of Fernando II, Duke of Braganza at Évora in 1483, and in 1484 went to Rome as secretary of an embassy to Pope Innocent VIII. Upon his return, the king charged him to write a history of his reign and gave him a pension for his support.

paragraph: Following the return of Christopher Columbus from his first voyage in 1493, Pina was one of the commissaries dispatched to Barcelona by John II to negotiate with the Catholic sovereigns respecting the limits of their respective jurisdictions, that would culminate in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. In September 1495 he attested the will of John II in his capacity as a notary public, and on 25 October of the same year he was present at his master's death at Alvor and opened and read his testament.

paragraph: The new king, Manuel I, confirmed his pension and in 1497 appointed him high chronicler ("cronista-mor") of the kingdom, keeper of the archives of Torre do Tombo and royal librarian, with a suitable salary. By 1504 Rui de Pina had completed his chronicles of Afonso V and John II. In 1521, King John III charged him with a history of his father, Manuel, and at his death Pina had carried it down to the capture of Azamor, as we know from Damião de Góis, who used it in preparing his own chronicle of that monarch.

paragraph: Section::::Chronicles.

paragraph: It is probable that the chronicles of the early kings of Portugal from Sancho I to Afonso IV which were published under Pina's name in the 18th century were written by Fernão Lopes and edited by Pina, while that of King Duarte seems to have been the joint production of Lopes and Gomes Eanes de Zurara, with Pina again as the editor only.

paragraph: Pina was a favorite of fortune during his life, for, apart from royal benefactions, he received presents from public men who wished to figure well in his books, and after his death he obtained the credit for work that was not his. His authority as an historian is considerable, and his frankness is said to have provoked remark from contemporaries.

paragraph: Pinas' chronicle of King AFonso IV was first published in Lisbon in 1853; those of King Duarte and King Afonso V in vol. i of the Colecção de livros inéditos da historia portugueza (Lisbon, 1790), and his chronicle of John II in vol. ii of the same collection (Lisbon, 1792).

paragraph: Ruy de Pina was immensely influential in his day. Afonso de Albuquerque, governor of Portuguese India, is said to have sent a set of jewels to Ruy de Pina, in an effort to ensure that he would not be overlooked in his chronicles. The introduction to the chronicle of King Duarte contains the fullest account of Pinas' life.

paragraph: Section::::List of Works.

paragraph: Royal Chronicles:

paragraph: (by chronological order of reigns):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso I (1139–1185) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Duarte Galvão.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho I (1185–1211) - "Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Sancho I, Segundo Rey de Portugal", first published 1727, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso II (1211–1223) - "Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Afonso II, Terceiro Rey de Portugal", first published 1727, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho II (1223–1248) - "Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Sancho II, Quarto Rey de Portugal", first published 1728, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso III (1248–1279) - "Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Afonso III, Quinto Rey de Portugal", first published 1728, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online*

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denis (1279–1325) - " Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Diniz, Sexto Rey de Portugal", first published 1729, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso IV (1325–1357) - "Chronica de el rey Dom Afonso o Quarto do nome: e Setimo dos Reys de Portugal, assi como a deixou escrita Ruy de Pina, Guardador da Torre do Tombo & Chronista mór do mesmo Reyno", first published 1653, Pedro de Maris, editor, Lisbon: Paulo Craesbeek. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter I (1357–1367) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Fernão Lopes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand I (1357–1367) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Fernão Lopes

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I (1385–1433) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Fernão Lopes up to 1411, by Gomes Eanes de Zurara from 1412.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward (1433–1438) - "Chronica d'el Rey D. Duarte", first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, "Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza". Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 1. (Repr. in 1901 edition, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso V (1438-14781) - "Chronica d'el Rey D. Affonso V", first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, "Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza". Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 1. (Repr. in 1901 edition, 3 vols, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John II (1481–1495) - "Chronica d'el Rey D. João II", first published 1792 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, "Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza". Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel I (1495–1521) - begun by Ruy de Pina, left incomplete, done by Damião de Góis

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Portuguese chronicler

wikidata_label: Rui de Pina

wikipedia_title: Rui de Pina


text:
Imperial Russian Army
Smolensk Governorate
Kiev Military District
First World War
intelligence
Third Army
Dubno
Ruzsky
Southwestern Front
Kerensky
Alexeyev
Stavka
Bolsheviks
October Revolution
Bolshevik seizure of power
Council of People's Commissars
Lenin
Krylenko
Petrograd
Entente
Britain
France
Italy
Japan
Romania
General Headquarters
Mogilev
Kaledin
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch-Bruyevich
Diterikhs
Denikin
Mogilev
Pavel Dybenko
emigrated
Yugoslavia
Short biography

categories: Russian murder victims,Executed people from Smolensk Oblast,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian),Imperial Russian Army generals,1917 deaths,Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree,Commanders-in-chief of the Russian Army,Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia,1876 births,Russian military leaders,People murdered in Belarus,Russian Provisional Government generals

paragraph: Nikolay Dukhonin

paragraph: Nikolay Nikolayevich Dukhonin (; 13 December 1876 – 3 December 1917) was a Russian general, the last commander-in-chief of the Imperial Russian Army.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dukhonin was born in the Smolensk Governorate. He served in the Kiev Military District before the start of the First World War. There he gained some experience in intelligence work.

paragraph: At the outset of the War, Dukhonin was given command of a Russian regiment. He was then assigned to the Third Army in Dubno under General Ruzsky as senior adjutant of the intelligence department. In August 1917, Dukhonin was Quartermaster General of the Southwestern Front, and was plucked from this relative obscurity by Kerensky to replace Alexeyev as Chief of Staff at GHQ in Mogilev, as Alexeyev had resigned as a result of Kornilov's failed coup. It was Alexeyev who had suggested Dukhonin as his successor so that he could continue to influence affairs at Stavka in Mogilev.

paragraph: When Kerensky fled Petrograd and then Russia following the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution, Dukhonin became de facto Supreme Commander, albeit of an army that was rapidly disintegrating, and over which he exercised very little control. During the initial stages of the Bolshevik seizure of power the Council of People's Commissars instructed Dukhonin to cease wartime hostilities and open negotiations with the Central Powers. Lenin and Krylenko visited Dukhonin in Petrograd to discuss an armistice proposal. Dukhonin's response was adamant: on 22 November he categorically declined the directive of the Council of People's Commissars. He had discussed such a development with diplomats from the Entente governments. Dukhonin told Lenin that such an order could only be issued by "a government sustained by the army and the country".

paragraph: Lenin immediately proceeded to a wireless station and broadcast news of Dukhonin's dismissal as Commander-in-Chief and Krylenko's replacement in his stead. The following day a joint note was issued by the military missions of Britain, France, Italy, Japan and Romania, citing the Treaty of 23 August 1914 by which the allies agreed not to conclude an armistice except by common consent. These missions were based at the General Headquarters in Mogilev.

paragraph: However, Dukhonin opened negotiations with General Kaledin, and asked for units from Kornilovs 'shock battalions' to be rushed to defend Mogilev against the units of the Red Army that were due to arrive by rail with Krylenko. Thanks to the efforts of the local Mogilev soviet and the garrison commander Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch-Bruyevich, these troops were sent south to the Don or west against the Poles at Zhlobin, and conflict was avoided. Dukhonin then decided to escape with Kerensky's commissar Stankovich, but was persuaded to stay by General Diterikhs. His last action was to order the release of the officers being held prisoner at Bikhov, most notably Kornilov and Denikin.

paragraph: Dukhonin subsequently surrendered to Krylenko in Mogilev, but was murdered by Krylenko's Bolshevik military escort near the railway station on 3 December 1917. A mob of soldiers and sailors bayoneted him to death on the spot on order of Red Army officer Pavel Dybenko. The next morning the Bolshevik soldiers and sailors amused themselves by using his (now stripped naked) corpse for target practice, which they had placed on the platform with a cigarette in its mouth.

paragraph: His family emigrated to Yugoslavia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography

description: Russian general

wikidata_label: Nikolay Dukhonin

wikipedia_title: Nikolay Dukhonin


text: Duke of Aosta

text: first cousin, once removed

text: King of Italy

text: Victor Emmanuel III

text: World War II

text: Viceroy

text: Italian East Africa

text: Turin

text: Piedmont

text: Amadeo I of Spain

text: Princess Maria Vittoria

text: Princess Hélène

text: Prince Philippe of Orléans

text: Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans

text: King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

text: House of Savoy

text: Amedeo Guillet

text: fox hunting

text: polo

text: Nunziatella

text: Regio Esercito

text: artillery

text: World War I

text: Africa

text: Regia Aeronautica

text: Rodolfo Graziani

text: Pietro Badoglio

text: Libya

text: Senussi

text: Omar Mukhtar

text: Libya

text: Egypt

text: Duke of Aosta

text: Ethiopia

text: Second Italo-Abyssinian War

text: Viceroy

text: Governor-General

text: Italian East Africa

text: Commander-in-Chief

text: Eritrea

text: Ethiopia

text: Italian Somaliland

text: United Kingdom

text: France

text: East African Campaign

text: World War II

text: Sudan

text: Kenya

text: British Somaliland

text: British

text: East Africa

text: Battle of Keren

text: Eritrea

text: Massawa

text: East Africa

text: Gondar

text: Amba Alagi

text: Dessie

text: Gimma

text: Amba Alagi

text: honours of war

text: Nairobi

text: Kenya

text: World War II

text: tuberculosis

text: malaria

text: Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta

text: Amba Alagi

text: King of Croatia

text: Addis Ababa

text: Galeazzo Ciano

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Haile Selassie

text: Addis Ababa

text: Duchess of Aosta

text: Italian Republic

text: 5th Duke of Aosta

text: Naples

text: HRH

text: Anne of Orléans

text: Jean of Orléans

text: Duc de Guise

text: Isabelle of Orléans

text: Prince Philippe of Orléans

text: Infanta Maria Isabel of Spain

text: Spanish Throne

text: Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este

text: Capodimonte Palace

text: Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este

text: Karl I

text: Princess Maria Cristina of Savoy-Aosta

text: Miramare Castle

text: Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

text: History of Libya as Italian Colony

text: Colonial heads of Italian East Africa

text: East African Campaign (World War II)

categories: Dukes of Aosta,1898 births,Italian people who died in prison custody,Infectious disease deaths in Kenya,Italian East Africa,1942 deaths,People from Turin,Italian princes,World War II prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom,Prisoners who died in British military detention,20th-century deaths from tuberculosis,People of former Italian colonies,East African Campaign (World War II),Deaths from malaria,House of Savoy,Italian military personnel of World War II,Italian prisoners of war

paragraph: Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta

paragraph: Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (Amedeo Umberto Isabella Luigi Filippo Maria Giuseppe Giovanni di Savoia-Aosta; 21 October 1898 – 3 March 1942) was the third Duke of Aosta and a first cousin, once removed of the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III. During World War II, he was the Italian Viceroy of Italian East Africa ("Africa Orientale Italiana", or AOI).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Amedeo was born in Turin, Piedmont, to Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta (son of Amadeo I of Spain and Princess Maria Vittoria) and Princess Hélène (daughter of Prince Philippe of Orléans and the Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans). His great-grandfather was King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, making him a member of the House of Savoy. He was known from birth by the courtesy title of "Duke of Apulia".

paragraph: Amedeo was a very tall man. According to Amedeo Guillet, he was once referred to by a journalist as "your highness" (which in Italian could also be interpreted to mean "your height"). The Duke replied in jest: "198 centimetres" (6 feet, 6 inches).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education and early military career.

paragraph: Amedeo was educated at St David's College, Reigate, Surrey, in England. He cultivated British mannerisms, spoke Oxford English, and even enjoyed the pastimes of fox hunting and polo. Amedeo entered the Nunziatella, the military academy in Naples, joined the Italian Royal Army ("Regio Esercito") and fought with distinction in the artillery during World War I. He left the army in 1921 and traveled widely in Africa.

paragraph: Amedeo subsequently rejoined the Italian armed forces and became a pilot. In 1932, he joined the Italian Royal Air Force ("Regia Aeronautica"). Amedeo served under Marshall Rodolfo Graziani and Libyan Governor Pietro Badoglio during later stages of the pacification of Libya (1911 to 1932). Amedeo and his fellow airmen harried the Senussi forces of Omar Mukhtar from the sky. When hostilities in Libya came to an end in early 1932, much was made of the participation of the "Duke of Apulia" as the commander of the airmen who forced the Senussi to flee Libya and seek relief in Egypt.

paragraph: On 4 July 1931, upon the death of his father, Amedeo became the Duke of Aosta.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Viceroy and governor-general.

paragraph: In 1937, after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Duke of Aosta replaced Marshal Graziani as Viceroy and as Governor-General of Italian East Africa. It was generally conceded that he was a vast improvement over Graziani. As Viceroy and Governor-General, the Duke of Aosta was also the Commander-in-Chief of all Italian military forces in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:World War II.

paragraph: When Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France on 10 June 1940, the Duke of Aosta became the commander of the Italian forces in what is known as the East African Campaign of World War II. He oversaw the initial Italian advances into the Sudan and Kenya and, in August, he oversaw the Italian invasion of British Somaliland.

paragraph: In January 1941, the British launched a counter-invasion and the Italians went on the defensive in East Africa. The Italians fought throughout February. But, after fierce resistance, the Battle of Keren ended in Italian defeat, after which the rest of Eritrea, including the port of Massawa, fell quickly. On 31 January, the Duke of Aosta reported that the Italian military forces in East Africa were down to 67 operational aircraft with limited fuel stocks. With supplies running low and with no chance of re-supply, the Duke of Aosta opted to concentrate the remaining Italian forces into several strongholds: Gondar, Amba Alagi, Dessie, and Gimma. He himself commanded the 7,000 Italians at the mountain fortress of Amba Alagi. With his water supply compromised, surrounded, and besieged by 9,000 British and Commonwealth troops and more than 20,000 Ethiopian irregulars, the Duke of Aosta surrendered Amba Alagi on 18 May 1941. Due to the gallant resistance of the Italian garrison, the British allowed them to surrender with honours of war.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Shortly after his surrender, the Duke of Aosta was interned in a prisoner-of-war camp in Nairobi, Kenya. He was placed in command of his fellow prisoners, but never saw the end of World War II. On 3 March 1942, shortly after his internment, he died at the prison camp, reportedly as a result of complications from both tuberculosis and malaria. Amedeo was succeeded by his brother, Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta. From 18 May 1941, the same day Amedeo surrendered Amba Alagi, Aimone was proclaimed King of Croatia under the regal name Tomislav II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Aftermath.

paragraph: Amedeo was well known and highly regarded for being a gentleman. In one instance, before he fled his headquarters at Addis Ababa, he wrote a note to the British to thank them in advance for protecting the women and children in the cities.

paragraph: Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Foreign Minister under his father-in-law Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, paid Amedeo a high compliment in his famous diaries. Upon being given the news of the Duke's death Ciano wrote, "So dies the image of a Prince and an Italian. Simple in his ways, broad in outlook, and humane in spirit."

paragraph: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was also impressed by the respect and care that the Duke of Aosta showed to the exiled Emperor's personal property left behind in Addis Ababa. In a gesture of thanks, the Emperor during his state visit to Italy in 1953 invited the widowed Duchess of Aosta to tea during his stay in Milan, but was then informed by the Italian government that receiving the Duchess would cause offense to the Italian Republic, and so the Emperor sadly canceled the visit. Instead he invited the 5th Duke of Aosta to Ethiopia in the mid-60s, and accorded him all the protocol due to visiting royalty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Amedeo was married 5 November 1927, in Naples, to his first cousin HRH Princess Anne of Orléans (1906–1986), daughter of Prince Jean of Orléans, styled Duc de Guise, and his wife Princess Isabelle of Orléans (herself daughter of Prince Philippe of Orléans and the Infanta Maria Isabel of Spain). By birth, the Duke and Duchess of Aosta were thus in distant remainder to the Spanish Throne.

paragraph: They had two daughters, both marrying royal princes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este (7 April 1930 Capodimonte Palace) she married Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (son of Karl I) on 28 December 1953. They have five children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Maria Cristina of Savoy-Aosta (12 September 1933 at Miramare Castle) she married Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies on 29 January 1967. They have four children.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Libya as Italian Colony

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonial heads of Italian East Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- East African Campaign (World War II)

description: Duke of Aosta

wikidata_label: Prince Amedeo

wikipedia_title: Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta


text: Greasley

text: Nottinghamshire

text: England

text: Nottingham

text: footballer

text: cricket

text: Notts County

text: wicket-keeper

text: Nottinghamshire

text: Athletic News

text: League

text: Trent Bridge

text: Accrington

text: Billy Barbour

text: Harry Daft

text: Charles Shelton

text: F.A. Cup

text: Staveley

text: Staveley

text: Test match

text: England

text: Australia

text: Wisden Cricketers of the Year

text: publican

text: Arthur Conan Doyle's

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: Frank Shacklock

text: CricketArchive page on Mordecai Sherwin

text: Cricinfo page on Mordecai Sherwin

text: Memories of Nottinghamshire cricketers

categories: Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,Players cricketers,English Test cricket umpires,Nottinghamshire cricketers,English cricketers,Nottinghamshire cricket captains,England Test cricketers,North v South cricketers,1851 births,Notts County F.C. players,People from Kimberley, Nottinghamshire,1910 deaths,Wisden Cricketers of the Year,Association football goalkeepers

paragraph: Mordecai Sherwin

paragraph: Mordecai Sherwin (26 February 1851 in Greasley, Nottinghamshire, England – 3 July 1910 in Nottingham, England) was a professional footballer and cricketer who played in goal for Notts County and as a wicket-keeper for Nottinghamshire between 1878 and 1896.

paragraph: As a footballer, Sherwin played in goal for County from 10 November 1883 until 10 November 1888 and was, according to the sportswriter "Tityrus" (the pseudonym of J.A.H. Catton, editor of the "Athletic News"), the idol of the crowd despite his unpromising physique:

paragraph: Another source states that ‘Mordy Sherwin’ was an agile and reliable goalkeeper, if somewhat eccentric. Proving that today’s over-exuberant celebrations on scoring are nothing new, ‘Mordy’ was given to treating the spectators behind his goal to a cartwheeling performance when the Magpies scored!

paragraph: Mordecai Sherwin played just the one League match. The venue was Trent Bridge, Nottingham. The date was 10 November 1888 and the opposition was Accrington. For a November’s day the weather was pleasant and the 8,000 crowd saw some fine attacking football. Accrington forward Billy Barbour put his side ahead but not long after Harry Daft leveled the scores and Sherwin entertained the crowd with one of his cartwheels.

paragraph: The match renewed the rivalry between Accrington forward Joe Lofthouse (see above for details) but Lofthouse got the better in this match by restoring Accrington’ lead. 2-1 to Accrington at half-time.

paragraph: The second-half saw Notts County get the better of the play, Charles Shelton equalizing for County and then Bob Jardine putting County ahead for the first time in the match. As the match wore on County had two defenders injured so it was no surprise when Billy Barbour got his brace and the match finished a draw, 3-3, a point each.

paragraph: In 1888-1889 season Sherwin also played in three F.A. Cup ties with Notts County winning all three. The victory at Recreation Ground, Staveley, against Staveley on 8 December 1888 was Sherwin’ last game for Notts County. County won 3-1.

paragraph: As a cricketer, Sherwin captained Nottinghamshire in 1887 and 1888. He also played three Test matches for England on the tour to Australia in 1886/7. He was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1891.

paragraph: After he retired as a cricketer, he umpired until 1901, and even stood in one Test in 1899. By trade, Sherwin was a publican. Sherwin had a wife, Emma, and at least six children, Mary, William, Emma, Ellen, Mordecai and Frederick.

paragraph: The name of Arthur Conan Doyle's most famous character, Sherlock Holmes, is said to have been inspired partially by Sherwin, and partially by Frank Shacklock.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catton, J.A.H. ("Tityrus") (2006 reprint of 1926 original). "The Story of Association Football". Cleethorpes: Soccer Books. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief profile of Mordecai Sherwin by Don Ambrose

paragraph: BULLET::::- CricketArchive page on Mordecai Sherwin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cricinfo page on Mordecai Sherwin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citation as Wisden Wicket-keeper of the Year in 1891

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memories of Nottinghamshire cricketers

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Mordecai Sherwin

wikipedia_title: Mordecai Sherwin


text: American football

text: quarterback

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: UCLA Bruins

text: All-American

text: Chicago Bears

text: 1999 NFL Draft

text: Miami Dolphins

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: Portland, Oregon

text: San Benito High School

text: Hollister, California

text: West Linn High School

text: West Linn, Oregon

text: pole vault

text: Brock Huard

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: Bruins

text: Aloha Bowl

text: Kansas

text: pass efficiency

text: Cotton Bowl Classic

text: Texas A&M

text: Davey O'Brien Award

text: All-American

text: Associated Press

text: The Sporting News

text: Ryan Leaf

text: Heisman

text: Tom Ramsey

text: Rose Bowl

text: Miami Hurricanes

text: Wisconsin

text: Rose Bowl

text: Pac-10 co-Offensive Player of the Year

text: Johnny Unitas Award

text: Heisman Trophy

text: Senior Bowl

text: USC

text: UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame

text: Rose Bowl Hall of Fame

text: scouting combine

text: Akili Smith

text: Daunte Culpepper

text: Donovan McNabb

text: ESPN The Magazine

text: 1999 NFL Draft

text: draft pick trade

text: Washington Redskins

text: Jim McMahon

text: Erik Kramer

text: Head coach

text: Dick Jauron

text: Shane Matthews

text: Rams

text: Jim Miller

text: Philadelphia

text: Detroit Lions

text: Miami Dolphins

text: Danny Wuerffel

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: Terry Donahue

text: west coast offense

text: Tim Rattay

text: Giovanni Carmazzi

text: Jeff Garcia

text: injured reserve

text: Calgary Stampeders

text: handicapped

text: Skip Hicks

text: Larry Atkins

text: Marques Anderson

text: Brendon Ayanbadejo

text: Playboy

text: Playmate of the Year

text: Heather Kozar

text: Brande Roderick

text: John Brascia

text: UBS

text: JPMorgan Chase

text: UCLA profile (archived from 1999)

categories: Players of American football from Oregon,Players of American football from California,Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon,People from West Linn, Oregon,Living people,Chicago Bears players,American football quarterbacks,1977 births,UCLA Bruins football players,All-American college football players

paragraph: Cade McNown

paragraph: Cade Brem McNown (born January 12, 1977) is a former American football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, earning consensus All-American honors as a senior in 1998. The Chicago Bears selected him in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft, and he played professionally for the Bears, Miami Dolphins, and San Francisco 49ers of the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: McNown was born in Portland, Oregon. He went to high school at San Benito High School in Hollister, California, before transferring as a senior to West Linn High School in West Linn, Oregon, where he played quarterback and free safety.

paragraph: He led his high school to the 1994 Oregon Class 4A semifinals, becoming wildly touted by newspapers as a college prospect. He also was active on the school track team, where he set a school pole vault record. McNown signed with UCLA after high school. His selection of UCLA was influenced by future NFL quarterback Brock Huard signing with Washington. Huard, along with McNown, were the top high school quarterback prospects in the western United States in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: McNown attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and played for the Bruins from 1995 to 1998. He became the starting quarterback as a true freshman, four games into the season, ranking first among all freshmen quarterbacks in many statistics. In 1995, UCLA finished 7–5 and played in the Aloha Bowl (losing to Kansas).

paragraph: McNown was less successful as a sophomore in 1996, when UCLA would go 5–6 and he would be ranked 9th in the Pac-10 in pass efficiency. But the season ended on a high note as UCLA overcame a 17-point fourth quarter deficit to beat rival USC in overtime, 48–41.

paragraph: As a junior in 1997, McNown announced the team's goal to score an average of 30 points per game. They ended up averaging 39.75 points per game. After an 0–2 start, UCLA would win its remaining 10 games, including the 1998 Cotton Bowl Classic over Texas A&M, to finish Pac-10 co-champion and ranked No. 5 in the nation. McNown was named Most Outstanding Offensive Player for that year's Cotton Bowl Classic. He also was a finalist for the Davey O'Brien Award, was named an All-American by the "Associated Press" (third team), "The Sporting News" (third team), made the All-Pac-10 team (second team) behind Washington State's Ryan Leaf, and finished eighth in the Heisman balloting. He led the nation in passing efficiency with a 168.6 rating. His play broke many UCLA records, most of which had been previously set by Tom Ramsey.

paragraph: In his senior season in 1998, McNown led UCLA to a 10–2 record, including a Rose Bowl appearance as the sole Pac-10 champion. With McNown at the helm, the Bruins' explosive offense carried them on a school-record 20-game winning streak from the previous year, as they won their first 10 games in 1998, before losing to Miami Hurricanes in their regular season finale in a loss that broke the 20-game winning streak and knocked UCLA out of the BCS Championship Game vs. Tennessee. The disappointed Bruins then lost to Ron Dayne-led Wisconsin in the 1999 Rose Bowl, 38–31. McNown set numerous school records in passing and offense, became the Pac-10's all-time career leader in total offense, and won a collection of post-season honors, including Pac-10 co-Offensive Player of the Year, the Pop Warner Memorial Trophy for best senior player on the West Coast, consensus first-team All-American honors, and the Johnny Unitas Award as the top senior quarterback in college football. McNown also finished third in balloting for the Heisman Trophy. In the 1999 Senior Bowl, McNown earned MVP honors as he threw two touchdowns in helping to lead the South team to victory.

paragraph: For his career, McNown still holds many of the passing and total-offense records. McNown also holds the distinction of being the only UCLA quarterback to go 4-0 against cross-town rival USC. On October 9, 2009, McNown was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame. McNown was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame on December 30, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Statistics.

paragraph: "Source":

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Following the scouting combine, some scouts questioned the strength of his throwing arm. McNown, along with Akili Smith, Daunte Culpepper, and Donovan McNabb, appeared on the cover of "ESPN The Magazine" in the issue highlighting the draft. He was selected by the Chicago Bears with the twelfth overall pick in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft, following a draft pick trade with the Washington Redskins. He was the highest-drafted Bears quarterback since Jim McMahon.

paragraph: In the months preceding draft day, the Bears had declared that Erik Kramer would be the starting quarterback, but would waive him prior to signing McNown, who they named as the upcoming season's starter. He was a contract holdout most of training camp, eventually agreeing to a $22 million contract. Head coach Dick Jauron announced that Shane Matthews would be the starter, but that McNown would play at least one series every game to gain experience.

paragraph: McNown would start his first game for the Bears on October 10 following a hamstring injury to Matthews the previous week. During the game on December 26, following a poor performance against the Rams, McNown chose to sit out the second half of the game. He would be replaced as starter by Jim Miller, but would again be named the starter following Miller's suspension. McNown had a spectacular game against Detroit on Dec 19, setting franchise rookie records with 27 completions, 301 yards, and 4 touchdowns; he also holds the rookie record for pass attempts, with 42 in the season finale loss to Tampa Bay.

paragraph: He was named the Bears' 2000 starter over Matthews (Miller was injured during the pre-season), but his performance grew noticeably worse through the season; the Bears under McNown would fall to 1–6, leading the home crowd to regularly chant for Miller's return. He suffered a shoulder injury during the seventh game of the season (against Philadelphia), was briefly replaced by Miller, who would himself suffer an injury and be replaced by Matthews. McNown would start (and lose) one more game that season, against San Francisco. Although he was benched for the final game of the season at the Detroit Lions, he came in after Matthews was injured again and even helped lead the Bears to an upset win that eliminated the Lions from what appeared to be a sure playoff berth. However, the Bears had seen enough by this point.

paragraph: McNown was traded during the 2001 preseason to the Miami Dolphins, along with a seventh-round pick, for a sixth-round pick, and a conditional 2003 seventh-round pick. In Chicago, he had fallen down the depth chart, below Miller and Matthews, competing against Danny Wuerffel for the third-string position. He would be named the third-string quarterback for the Dolphins, and saw no action during the season.

paragraph: The Dolphins traded McNown to the San Francisco 49ers for a conditional seventh-round draft pick during the 2002 offseason. By then, Terry Donahue, former head coach at UCLA, was the general manager. Interest was briefly raised in McNown, as the 49ers were then searching for a quarterback for the west coast offense. Although he was initially competing against Tim Rattay, Giovanni Carmazzi, and Brandon Doman for the backup spot behind starter Jeff Garcia, McNown reinjured his shoulder during the preseason. When it was revealed he would require season-ending surgery, he was placed on injured reserve. McNown was released by the 49ers during the 2003 offseason. His rights were shortly thereafter acquired by the Calgary Stampeders, although he was never signed.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Statistics.

paragraph: "Source":

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: McNown was charged in September 1999 with the illegal possession of a handicapped parking pass while playing football at UCLA in 1996, to which he pleaded no contest. Other players charged included Skip Hicks, Larry Atkins, Marques Anderson, and Brendon Ayanbadejo.

paragraph: In 2000, it was reported that McNown had been dating 1999 "Playboy" Playmate of the Year Heather Kozar, and future (2001) Playmate of the Year Brande Roderick.

paragraph: McNown is married to Christina, daughter of actor and dancer John Brascia and actress and model Sondra Scott. As of June 2016, he and Christina have four children.

paragraph: McNown later worked for UBS in the private wealth group before joining JPMorgan Chase Private Bank. In 2013, McNown joined capital management firm Lourd Murray as a vice president. In 2016, McNown joined Kayne Anderson as a senior managing director.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA Division I FBS quarterbacks with at least 10,000 career passing yards

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers profile (archived from 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UCLA profile (archived from 1999)

description: All-American college football player, professional football player, quarterback

wikidata_label: Cade McNown

wikipedia_title: Cade McNown


text:
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Germany
1987
French Grand Prix
Anton Mang
1989
Dutch
Czechoslovakian
Sito Pons
hemiplegic

categories: German motorcycle racers,350cc World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,1953 births,Living people

paragraph: Reinhold Roth

paragraph: Reinhold Roth (born March 4, 1953) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Germany. His most successful years were in 1987 when he won the French Grand Prix, and finished the season in second place behind Anton Mang, and in 1989 when he won the Dutch and Czechoslovakian Grand Prix and finished second to Sito Pons for the 250 world championship. Roth suffered severe injuries in a June 1990 racing accident and retired from competition.

paragraph: Section::::The accident.

paragraph: Rijeka (Yugoslavia) 1990 in the 250cc GP a series of events that started with Wilco Zeelenberg falling on Saturday, so he did not race on Sunday, hence there was a free space for the race, and Australian Darren Milner, whose time was out of classification, got a chance to race. Rain started and the race was stopped the completed lap before the accident, but the flags did not show up on time to stop the leading group. On a left hand curve, all the front pilots were at full speed despite rain, including Roth, who collided with Milner who was riding very slow. In fact Reinhold Roth got the 6th place for the race, in the last season he was intended to participate. 2 months after the accident he woke up from the coma.

paragraph: 20 years after, he is still hemiplegic.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle Grand Prix Results.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

description: German motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Reinhold Roth

wikipedia_title: Reinhold Roth


text:
Munich
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Germany
1985
German Grand Prix
Freddie Spencer
Anton Mang
Carlos Lavado
Yamaha
Kevin Magee
Suzuka 8 Hours
endurance
Ralf Waldmann
MZ
Hong Leong Group
Merkur Bank

categories: Sportspeople from Munich,German motorcycle racers,1957 births,250cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Martin Wimmer

paragraph: Martin Wimmer (born October 11, 1957 in Munich) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Germany. He had his best year in 1985 when he won the German Grand Prix, and had two second places, finishing the 250cc season in fourth place behind Freddie Spencer, Anton Mang and Carlos Lavado.

paragraph: In 1987, Yamaha teamed him with Kevin Magee to win the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race. In 2009, he joined Ralf Waldmann in buying out the motorbike manufacturing company MZ, from the Hong Leong Group.

paragraph: He formed Motorenwerke Zschopau GmbH and ran it with the Investor Peter Ertel until September 2012, when he had to file for insolvency proceedings. His bank, Merkur Bank KGaA, had withdrawn a loan offer short term despite the company having a fixed term account. Currently there are several legal court proceedings. Wimmer published a book about the case in November 2014. The name of the book is: Der Fall MZ ... durch die Bank weg ...

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

description: German motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Martin Wimmer

wikipedia_title: Martin Wimmer


text:
Marie Braun
1932 Summer Olympics
1934 European Aquatics Championships
Rotterdam

categories: Olympic silver medalists in swimming,Sportspeople from Rotterdam,Female backstroke swimmers,Olympic swimmers of the Netherlands,1914 births,Dutch female swimmers,Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics,Female freestyle swimmers,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,2009 deaths,Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands,Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Puck Oversloot

paragraph: Maria Petronella "Puck" Oversloot (May 22, 1914 – January 7, 2009) was a Dutch swimmer. Together with Marie Braun, she was the top national backstroke and freestyle competitor. At the 1932 Summer Olympics, Braun was listed for the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay, but fell ill and was replaced by Oversloot. The team won a silver medal, setting a new European record. Both Braun and Oversloot qualified for 400 m freestyle semifinals, but because Braun could not participate, Oversloot withdrew from the event, in solidarity.

paragraph: In 1933, Oversloot broke the national record in 100 m backstroke set by Braun and became the national champion. She won a bronze medal in the same event at the 1934 European Aquatics Championships.

paragraph: She was born and died in Rotterdam.

description: swimmer

wikidata_label: Puck Oversloot

wikipedia_title: Puck Oversloot


text:
Naaldwijk
Groningen
Dutch
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Wil Hartog
Boet van Dulmen
Dutch TT
1980
1981
Kenny Roberts
British Grand Prix
Silverstone
1979
privateer
street circuit

wikipedia_title: 1980 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1981 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

categories: 1984 deaths,350cc World Championship riders,1952 births,500cc World Championship riders,Dutch motorcycle racers,Motorcycle racers killed while racing,People from Naaldwijk

paragraph: Jack Middelburg

paragraph: Jack Middelburg (30 April 1952, in Naaldwijk – 3 April 1984, in Groningen) was a Dutch professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. Together with Wil Hartog and Boet van Dulmen, he was part of a contingent of Dutch riders who competed at the highest levels of Grand Prix racing in the late 1970s. Middelburg never earned a factory-sponsored race bike, yet managed to post some impressive results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycling career.

paragraph: Middelburg became the second Dutchman to win the Dutch TT in 1980, and in 1981 he pulled off an unexpected upset when he defeated the defending world champion, Kenny Roberts at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. His best years were in 1979 and 1981, when he finished in seventh place in the 500cc world championships. Middelburg was the last privateer to win a motorcycle Grand Prix in the 500cc class.

paragraph: Middelburg was killed while competing in a street circuit race in Tolbert, the Netherlands in 1984.

description: Dutch motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Jack Middelburg

wikipedia_title: Jack Middelburg


text:
Castricum
Dutch
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Netherlands
1989
Àlex Crivillé
1990
Loris Capirossi

wikipedia_title: 1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

categories: People from Assen,50cc World Championship riders,1958 births,Dutch motorcycle racers,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Hans Spaan

paragraph: Hans Spaan (born 24 December 1958 in Castricum) is a Dutch former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from the Netherlands. He had his best year in 1989 when he won four races and finished the season in second place behind Àlex Crivillé in the 125cc world championship, and in 1990 when he won five races and finished again in second place in the 125 class, this time to Loris Capirossi.

description: Dutch motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Hans Spaan

wikipedia_title: Hans Spaan