text: Tiber River

text: Rome

text: Aurelian

text: Saint Sabbas the Goth

text: Gothic tribe

text: stratelates

text: Catholic saints: St. Sabas

text: Martyr Sabbas Stratelates

categories: 3rd-century Romans,3rd-century Christian martyrs,2nd-century births,Ancient Roman generals,Italian saints,272 deaths

paragraph: Sabbas Stratelates

paragraph: Saint Sabbas Stratelates (Sava Stratelat, Sabas Stratilat, Savva Stratilatus), Sabbas the General of Rome (died 272, Tiber River, Rome) — early Christian warrior saint and martyr, was Roman military general under emperor Aurelian. He is the 'twin' of Saint Sabbas the Goth. His martyrdom was followed by 70 Roman soldiers.

paragraph: Saint Sabbas Stratelates came from a Gothic tribe. For his bravery he attained the high rank of military commander or "stratelates", and he served under the Roman emperor Aurelian (270-275). From his youth, Sabbas was a Christian and he fervently followed the commands of Christ. He helped the needy, and visited Christians in prison. Saint Sabbas had the gift of wonderworking, healing the sick and casting out demons in the name of Christ.

paragraph: Section::::Martyrdom.

paragraph: When the emperor learned that Saint Sabbas was a Christian, he demanded that he apostatize. The martyr threw down his military belt and declared that he would not forsake his faith. They beat him, burned him with torches, and threw him into a cauldron with tar, but the martyr remained unharmed.

paragraph: Looking on at his torments, seventy soldiers came to believe in Christ. They were beheaded by the sword. St Sabbas was thrown in prison. At midnight, while he was praying, Christ appeared to the martyr and shone on him the light of His Glory. The Savior bade him not to fear, but to stand firm. Encouraged, the Martyr Sabbas underwent new torture in the morning, and was drowned in a river in 272.

paragraph: Section::::Memory.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 7 - in Russian, Ukrainian and Serbian Orthodox Churches that use old calendar

paragraph: BULLET::::- April 24 - in new calendar churches

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serbian Orthodox Church: The Holy Martyr Sabbas Stratelates (April 24)

paragraph: BULLET::::- OCA: Lives of all saints commemorated on April 24: Martyr Sava Stratelates "the General" of Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- Protection of the Mother of God Church in Rochester: The Holy Martyr Sabbas Stratelates

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic saints: St. Sabas

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Russian) Martyr Sabbas Stratelates

description: Roman general, Christian warrior saint and martyr

wikidata_label: Sabbas Stratelates

wikipedia_title: Sabbas Stratelates


text:
horse riding
ankylosing spondylitis
Hartford, Maine
spine
collar bone
coach

categories: People from Hartford, Maine,American people with disabilities,1805 births

paragraph: Leonard Trask

paragraph: Leonard Trask (June 30, 1805 – April 13, 1861) was an American who suffered from a "contortion of neck and spine" during his late 20s after an accident while horse riding, which led to Trask becoming a medical curiosity. After numerous attempts at a cure, several further accidents resulting from his condition, and a loss of employment and mobility, Trask (by then earning small amounts of money as a curiosity) published an account of his condition which further increased his renown. His condition remained unsolved upon his death, but he was subsequently diagnosed "post mortem" with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and injuries.

paragraph: Trask was born in June 1805 in Hartford, Maine. In 1833, while in his late 20s—having spent his life thus far as a farm hand—he was involved in an accident in which a pig ran under the hooves of his horse, causing it to buck and throw Trask to the ground. Landing on his neck, Trask was severely injured, and spent "several days" crawling back to his home. Over subsequent years, despite great pain and spending months confined to his bed, Trask continued to work. During this time, his spine "began to curve, and he began to bow forward." By 1858, Trask had seen up to 22 doctors regarding a cure, with various attempts all ending in failure. David Tucker published that year a small booklet which described Trask as suffering from severe spinal deformity. The 1833 fall from a horse exacerbated the condition and resulted in severe deformity. Tucker reported:

paragraph: Trask's injury had further been exacerbated in 1840 when he fell into a load of hay, and in 1853 when he was thrown from his wagon, breaking his collar bone and four of his ribs. On May 24, 1858, he was involved in a third incident, where, while traveling in a coach which took a corner too sharply, he and a number of other passengers were thrown to the ground. Trask's head impacted with an iron projection on the coach door, opening a wound "which parted the scalp, opening a gash in his head five inches long, and penetrating to the skull bone." Despite the severity of the injury, which further deformed his spine, pushing his chin into his chest to the extent that it hampered breathing, and despite being told he would be dead by morning, Trask recovered and was able to walk again.

paragraph: Section::::Career as the Invalid.

paragraph: Trask was now severely disabled. His wife nursed him, as he was unable to navigate—not being able to see more than a short distance in front of him without leaning backwards. Trask thus sought to earn a living from his disability in order to sustain his wife and seven children. This included the production and sale of numerous documents and items which survive for historical analysis, including the self-published "A Brief Historical Sketch of the Life and Sufferings of Leonard Trask, the Wonderful Invalid" in 1860, for which Trask had traveled to Maine's District Court to produce. It contains numerous accounts of Trask's activities, such as "Mr. Trask in Pursuit of Fuel" and "Mr Trask at the Circus". During all Trask is referred to as 'Mr. T.' His account became the first documented case of AS in the United States.

description: American medical curiosity

wikidata_label: Leonard Trask

wikipedia_title: Leonard Trask


text:
Beaufays
Université libre de Bruxelles
University of Louvain
Saint-Louis University, Brussels
Belgium
Vatican II
Walloon
University of Louvain
Louvain-la-Neuve
La Revue Nouvelle

categories: Belgian Roman Catholic theologians,1891 births,Walloon people,1971 deaths,Belgian Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Jacques Leclercq

paragraph: Jacques Leclercq (1891 in Brussels – 1971 in Beaufays) was a Belgian Roman Catholic theologian and priest.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He received a degree in law from the Université libre de Bruxelles and one in philosophy from the University of Louvain (UCLouvain), and was ordained a priest in 1917. He was a theologian and a professor at Saint-Louis University, Brussels, Belgium and the UCLouvain. In 1926 he founded the revue "La Cité chrétienne".

paragraph: In addition to many publications, Jacques Leclercq helped to found the School of Political and Social Sciences at the Université catholique de Louvain and the Society for Political and Social Studies. In 1955, he founded "Centre de Recherches sociologiques". He was a supporter of Vatican II at its inception but we have evidence from his writing that his values disagreed with the change.

paragraph: From 1945 on he was in favor of the creation of a regional Walloon Christian-inspired movement, "Rénovation wallonne", and wrote in 1963 an appeal to Catholics to rally to the movement, titled "Les catholiques et la question wallonne" ("Catholics and the Walloon question").

paragraph: The building that houses the School of Political and Social Sciences (PSAD) at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) in Louvain-la-Neuve is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La conscience chrétienne devant l'impôt", in "La Revue Nouvelle",15 February 1954, Casterman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christianity and money", New York : Hawthorn Books, ©1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The nuclear age", [Paris?] : Published by Le Chêne and distributed by Hachette, ©1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Approaches to the cross", New York : Macmillan, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marriage and the family, a study in social philosophy", New York and Cincinnati, Frederick Pustet Co. 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This day is ours ", Maryknoll, N.Y. : Orbis Books, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Christian and world integration. ", New York, Hawthorn Books [1963].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A shrinking world?", London : Burns & Oates, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ and the modern conscience.", New York, Sheed & Ward, [1962].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christians in the world. ", New York, Sheed & Ward, [1961].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back to Christ, from Essays in Catholic morals.", New York, P.J. Kenedy & Sons [1932].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faith and intelligence.", Dublin : Clonmore and Reynolds, 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thunder in the distance; the life of Père Lebbe...", New York, Sheed & Ward [1958].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The interior life.", New York, P.J. Kenedy & Sons [©1961].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man of God for others.", Westminster, Md., Newman Press [1967, ©1968].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back to Jesus.", New York, P.J. Kenedy [1959].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les grandes lignes de la philosophie morale", Louvain : Publications universitaires de Louvain, 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Year with the liturgy : meditations and prayers.", Chicago ; Dublin ; London : Scepter, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marriage, a great sacrament. ", Dublin, Clonmore and Reynolds, 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The religious vocation.", New York, Kenedy [1955].

description: theologian, priest

wikidata_label: Jacques Leclercq

wikipedia_title: Jacques Leclercq


text:
Arras
Paris
psychology
philosophy
Louvre
Collège de France
Académie française
François-Bernard Huyghe
Sorbonne
école du Louvre
Rubens
Venice Biennale
Second World War
unoccupied zone
Liberation of France
Collège de France
plastic arts
Erasmus Prize
The Hague
Musée Jacquemart-André
Daisaku Ikeda
I.B. Tauris
UNESCO
Venice
Légion d'honneur
ordre national du Mérite
Order of Leopold
Plon
Flammarion
Larousse
Daisaku Ikeda
Marcel Brion

categories: University of Paris alumni,French academics,People associated with the Louvre,20th-century French historians,École du Louvre alumni,Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France),French curators,French art historians,1997 deaths,People from Arras,Collège de France faculty,Members of the Académie française,1906 births,Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,Philosophers of art

paragraph: René Huyghe

paragraph: René Huyghe (3 May 1906, Arras – 5 February 1997, Paris) was a French writer on the history, psychology and philosophy of art. He was also a curator at the Louvre's department of paintings (from 1930), a professor at the Collège de France and from 1960 a member of the Académie française. He was the father of the writer François-Bernard Huyghe.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: René Huyghe studied philosophy and aesthetics at the Sorbonne and the école du Louvre. Made a curator of the Louvre's department of paintings in 1930, he rose to chief curator and professor of the école du Louvre in 1936, aged only 30. He founded and edited the reviews "L’Amour de l’Art" and "Quadrige". He was one of the first figures in France to make films on art, such as his "Rubens" (winner of a prize at the Venice Biennale), and founded the International Federation of Films on Art.

paragraph: During the Second World War Huyghe organised the evacuation of the Louvre's paintings into the unoccupied zone and took charge of their protection until the Liberation of France. In 1950, he was elected to the Collège de France, occupying the chair of psychology of the plastic arts. In 1966, he won the Erasmus Prize at The Hague.

paragraph: In 1974, Huyghe was made director of the Musée Jacquemart-André. It was at this time that he first met the Japanese philosopher Daisaku Ikeda with whom he published a dialogue titled "Dawn After Dark". The book was re-released in 2007 by the London-based publishing house I.B. Tauris.

paragraph: As he was the creator of many TV shows about art abroad, he failed to realize his TV projects, always refused by French TV officials. With the victory of the socialist candidate at the Presidential election in May 1981, he was « persona non grata » on French TV.

paragraph: Huyghe was president of UNESCO's international committee of experts for saving Venice and served on the Conseil artistique des Musées de France.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand officer of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the ordre national du Mérite

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Order of Leopold

paragraph: Section::::Main works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de l’art contemporain" (Alcan, 1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cézanne" (Plon, 1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'univers de Watteau", dans Hélène Adhémar, "Watteau : sa vie, son œuvre. Catalogue des peintures et illustration" (P. Tisné, 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Peinture d’Occident Cent chefs-d’œuvre du musée du Louvre" (Nouvelles éditions françaises, 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogue avec le visible" (Flammarion, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Art et l’Homme", Vol I (editor) (Larousse, 1957) Vol II (1958) Vol III (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Van Gogh" (Flammarion, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Art et l’Homme" (Flammarion, 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delacroix ou le Combat solitaire" (Hachette, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Puissances de l’image" (Flammarion, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sens et destin de l’art" (Flammarion, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Art et le Monde moderne" (ed. with Jean Rudel) 2 volumes (Larousse, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Formes et Forces" (Flammarion, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Relève du Réel, la peinture française au XIXe siècle, impressionnisme, symbolisme" (Flammarion, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ce que je crois" (Grasset, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La nuit appelle l'aurore, dialogue orient-occident sur la crise contemporaine" (with Daisaku Ikeda) (Flammarion, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Relève de l’Imaginaire, la peinture française au XIXe siècle, réalisme et romantisme" (Flammarion, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Signes du temps et l’Art moderne" (Flammarion, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Se perdre dans Venise" (with Marcel Brion) (Arthaud, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psychologie de l’art, résumé des cours du Collège de France" (Le Rocher, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dawn After Dark: A Dialogue with Daisaku Ikeda" (I.B. Tauris, 2007)

description: French art historian

wikidata_label: René Huyghe

wikipedia_title: René Huyghe


text:
Milan
Pavia
Giovan Battista Vico
Biblioteca Italiana
Sorbonne
Rochefort
Strasbourg
Bourges
Cavour
Turin
Gavirate
superpower

categories: University of Paris alumni,People from Milan,1812 births,19th-century historians,Italian philosophers,1876 deaths,University of Pavia alumni

paragraph: Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)

paragraph: Giuseppe Ferrari (7 March 1812 – 2 July 1876) was an Italian philosopher, historian and politician.

paragraph: He was born at Milan, studied Law at Pavia and graduated in 1831. A follower of Romagnosi and Giovan Battista Vico, his first works were an article in the "Biblioteca Italiana" ("Italian Library") entitled "Mente di Gian Domenico Romagnosi" (1835), and a complete edition of the works of Vico, prefaced by an appreciation (1865).

paragraph: Finding Italy uncongenial to his ideas, he went to France and, in 1839, produced in Paris his "Vico ci l'Italie", followed by "La Nouvelle Religion de Campanella" and "La Théorie de l'erreur". On account of these works he was made Docteur-ès‑lettres of the Sorbonne and professor of philosophy at Rochefort (1840). His views, however, provoked antagonism, and in 1842 he was appointed to the chair of philosophy at Strasbourg. After fresh trouble with the clergy, he returned to Paris and published a defence of his theories in a work entitled "Idées sur la politique de Platon et d'Aristote". After a short connection with the college at Bourges, he devoted himself from 1849 to 1858 exclusively to writing. The works of this period are "Les Philosophes Salariés, Machiavel juge des revolutions de notre temps" (1849), "La Federazione repubblicana" (1851), "La Filosofia della rivoluzione" (1851), "L' Italia dopo il colpo di Stato" (1852), "Histoire des révolutions, ou Guelfes et Gibelins" (1858).

paragraph: In 1859 he returned to Italy, where he opposed Cavour, and upheld federalism against the policy of a single Italian monarchy. In spite of this opposition, he held chairs of philosophy at Turin, Milan and Rome in succession, and during several administrations represented the college of Gavirate in the chamber. He was a member of the council of education and was made senator on 15 May 1876; but he died just six weeks later.

paragraph: Amongst other works may be mentioned "Histoire de la Raison d'État", "Corso di storia degli scrittori politici italiani", and "La China e l'Europa". In the last mentioned work, Ferrari anticipated the emergence of superpowers, arguing that their emergence would destroy European dominance in favor of Russia, America, and, eventually, China. A skeptic in philosophy and a revolutionist in politics, rejoicing in controversy of all kinds, he was admired as a man, as an orator, and as a writer.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1835: "La mente di G. D. Romagnosi",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1837: "La mente di Vico",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1839: "Vico et l'Italie",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1843: "Essai sur le principe et les limites de la philosophie de l'histoire",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1844: "La philosophie catholique en Italie",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1844–1845: "La révolution et les révolutionnaires en Italie",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1845: "Des idées et de l'école de Fourier depuis 1830",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1845: "La révolution et les réformes en Italie",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Machiavel juge des révolutions de notre temps",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1849: "Les philosophes salariés",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1851: "La Federazione repubblicana",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1851: "Filosofia della rivoluzione",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1852: "L'Italia dopo il colpo di Stato del 2 dicembre 1851",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1854: "La mente di Giambattista Vico",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1856–1858: "Histoire des révolutions d'Italie",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1860: "Histoire de la raison d'État",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1860: "L'annessione delle Due Sicilie",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1862: "Corso sugli scrittori politici italiani",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "Il governo a Firenze",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1867: "La Chine et l'Europe",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868: "La mente di Pietro Giannone",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1872: "Storia delle Rivoluzioni d’Italia",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1874: "Teoria dei periodi politici",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875: "Proudhon",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929: "Corso sugli scrittori politici italiani", prefazione di A. O. Olivetti,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "Opere di Giandomenico Romagnosi, Carlo Cattaneo e Giuseppe Ferrari", a cura di E. Sestan,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Lettere di Ferrari a Proudhon (1854–1861)" a cura di F. Della Peruta,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: "Scritti politici", a cura di S. Rota Ghibaudi,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "I filosofi salariati", a cura di L. La Puma,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Scritti di filosofia politica", a cura di M. Martirano,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Il genio di Vico",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Sulle opinioni religiose di Campanella",

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Agnelli, A., "Giuseppe Ferrari e la filosofia della rivoluzione", in: "Per conoscere Romagnosi", a cura di R. Ghiringhelli e F. Invernici,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914: Ferrari, A., "Giuseppe Ferrari, Saggio critico",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Frigerio, F., "Giuseppe Ferrari", in: "Dictionnaire international du Fédéralisme", Brussels,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: Ghiringhelli, R., "Giuseppe Ferrari et le fédéralisme",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Martirano, M., "Giuseppe Ferrari editore e interprete di Vico",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925: Monti, A. "Giuseppe Ferrari e la politica interna della Destra",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: Panizza, G. "L'illuminismo critico di Giuseppe Ferrari",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: Rota Ghibaudi, S., "Giuseppe Ferrari, l'evoluzione del suo pensiero (1838–1860)",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Rota Ghibaudi, S. e Ghiringhelli, T. [a cura di], "Giuseppe Ferrari e il nuovo stato italiano",

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Schiattone, M., "Alle origini del federalismo italiano, Giuseppe Ferrari",

description: Italian historian, philosopher and politician

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Ferrari

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)


text: Russian

text: Ukrainian

text: Old Norse

text: Grand Prince

text: Kiev

text: Yaroslav I the Wise

text: Ingigerd Olafsdottir

text: baptismal name

text: an armistice

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Constantine IX Monomachos

text: Vladimir Monomakh

text: Pereyaslav

text: Rostov

text: Suzdal

text: Beloozero

text: Middle Age

text: Iziaslav

text: Sviatoslav

text: triumvirate

text: steppe

text: polovtsy

text: first East Slavic law code

text: Cumans

text: Kypchak

text: Anna Polovetskaya

text: Battle of the Stugna River

text: Eupraxia of Kiev

text: Emperor Henry IV

text: Alta River

text: Feodosy

text: hegumen

text: Monastery of the Caves

text: Principality of Chernigov

text: otchina

text: Kievan Rus'

text: Vladimir Monomakh

text: Constantine IX Monomachos

text: Vladimir II Monomakh

text: Anna Vsevolodovna

text: Anna Polovetskaya

text: Rostislav Vsevolodovich

text: Battle of the Stugna River

text: Eupraxia of Kiev

text: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Primary Chronicle

text: List of Ukrainian rulers

text: List of Russian rulers

categories: Grand Princes of Kiev,11th-century princes in Kievan Rus',1093 deaths,1030 births,Rurik dynasty,Burials at Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev

paragraph: Vsevolod I of Kiev

paragraph: Vsevolod I Yaroslavich (Russian: Всеволод I Ярославович, Ukrainian: Всеволод I Ярославич, Old Norse: Vissivald), (1030 – 13 April 1093) ruled as Grand Prince of Kiev from 1078 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the fifth and favourite son of Yaroslav I the Wise by Ingigerd Olafsdottir. He was born around 1030. On his seal from his last years, he was named "Andrei Vsevolodu" in Greek, implying that his baptismal name was Andrew.

paragraph: To back up an armistice signed with the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos in 1046, his father married Vsevolod to a Byzantine princess, who according to tradition was named Anastasia or Maria. That the couple's son Vladimir Monomakh bore the family name of the Byzantine emperor, suggests she was a member of his close family, but no contemporary evidence attests to a specific relationship and accounts of the Emperor give him no such daughter.

paragraph: Upon his father's death in 1054, he received in appanage the towns of Pereyaslav, Rostov, Suzdal, and the township of Beloozero which would remain in possession of his descendants until the end of Middle Ages. Together with his elder brothers Iziaslav and Sviatoslav he formed a sort of princely triumvirate which jointly waged war on the steppe nomads, polovtsy, and compiled the first East Slavic law code. In 1055 Vsevolod launched an expedition against the Torks who had in the previous years expelled the Pechenegs from the Pontic steppes. He also made peace with the Cumans who appeared for the first time in Europe in the same year. The Cumans invaded his principality in 1061 and routed Vsevolod in a battle. Vsevolod persuaded his brother, Iziaslav, and their distant cousin, Vseslav to join him and they together attacked the Torks in 1060.

paragraph: In 1067, Vsevolod's Greek wife died and he soon married a Kypchak princess, Anna Polovetskaya. She bore him another son, who drowned after the Battle of the Stugna River, and daughters, one becoming a nun and another, Eupraxia of Kiev, marrying Emperor Henry IV.

paragraph: The Cumans again invaded Kievan Rus' in 1068. The three brothers united their forces against them, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River. After their defeat, Vsevolod withdrew to Pereyaslav. However, its citizens rose up in open rebellion, dethroned Iziaslav, and liberated and proclaimed Vseslav their grand prince. Vsevolod and Sviatoslav made no attempt to expel the usurper from Kiev.

paragraph: Vsevolod supported Sviatoslav against Iziaslav. They forced their brother to flee from Kiev in 1073. Feodosy, the saintly "hegumen" or head of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev remained loyal to Iziaslav, and refused lunch with Sviatoslav and Vsevolod.

paragraph: Iziaslav granted Sviatoslav's former principality to Vsevolod, but Sviatoslav's sons considered the Principality of Chernigov as their own patrimony or "otchina". Oleg Sviatoslavich made an alliance with the Cumans and invaded Chernigov. Iziaslav came to Vsevolod's rescue and they forced Oleg to retreat, but Iziaslav was murdered in the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: After Iziaslav's death, Vsevolod, as their father's only surviving son, took the Kievan throne, thus uniting the three core principalitiesKiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavlin Kievan Rus'. He appointed his eldest son, Vladimir Monomach to administer Chernigov.

paragraph: The Russian Primary Chronicle writes that the "people no longer had access to the Prince's justice, judges became corrupt and venal", Vsevolod followed his young councilors' advice instead of that of his old retainers in his last years.

paragraph: Vsevolod spoke five foreign languages, according to Vladimir Monomach's "Autobiography". Historian George Vernadsky believes that these probably included Greek and Cuman, because of the nationality of his two wives, and that he likely spoke Latin, Norse, and Ossetian. He lost most of his battles; his eldest son, Vladimir Monomakh, a grand and famous warrior, did most of the fighting for his father. The last years of his reign were clouded by grave illness, and Vladimir Monomakh presided over the government.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Vsevolod and his first wife Anastasia, a relative of Constantine IX Monomachos, had children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir II Monomakh (1053 – 19 May 1125).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ianka or Anna Vsevolodovna (d. 3 November 1112) who was engaged to Constantine Dukas in 1074, but she never married She became a nun and started a school for girls.

paragraph: Vsevolod and his second wife Anna Polovetskaya had children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rostislav Vsevolodovich (1070 – 26 May 1093). Drowned while retreating from the Battle of the Stugna River.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eupraxia of Kiev (1071 – 20 July 1109). Married first Henry the Long, Margrave of Nordarm, next Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Vsevolovna (d. 11 August 1108). A nun. Her date of death is recorded in the Primary Chronicle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Vsevolodovna (d. 1089).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ukrainian rulers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Russian rulers

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text" (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His listing in "Medieval lands" by Charles Cawley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vsevolod Yaroslavych in the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993)

description: Ruler of Kievan Rus'

wikidata_label: Vsevolod I of Kiev

wikipedia_title: Vsevolod I of Kiev


text: Sweyn Forkbeard

text: patronym

text: Denmark

text: England

text: Norway

text: North Sea Empire

text: Norman conquest of England

text: King Canute and the tide

text: centuries of Viking activity in northwestern Europe

text: Scandinavia

text: Trondheim

text: Sigtuna

text: Danes

text: Great Britain

text: Ireland

text: Norse–Gaels

text: diocese

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen

text: Catholic Church

text: Christendom

text: pallium

text: Rome

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Norman Cantor

text: Sweyn Forkbeard

text: Harthacnut I of Denmark

text: Gorm the Old

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Christianization of Denmark

text: Chronicon

text: Thietmar of Merseburg

text: Encomium Emmae

text: Mieszko I of Poland

text: Norse

text: High Middle Ages

text: Heimskringla

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: Gunhild

text: Burislav

text: Vindland

text: saga

text: Bolesław

text: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum

text: Sweden

text: Eric the Victorious

text: Olof Skötkonung

text: Sigrid the Haughty

text: Sigrid the Haughty

text: Gunhild

text: Harald

text: Flateyjarbók

text: Thorkell the Tall

text: Sigurd

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text: Chronicon

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text: Humber

text: Æthelred

text: Normandy

text: Gainsborough

text: Candlemas

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text: Witenagemot

text: Sandwich

text: Bolesław I the Brave

text: Duke of Poland

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text: Wends

text: Eric the Victorious

text: Sigrid the Haughty

text: queen mother

text: Olof Skötkonung

text: Eiríkr Hákonarson

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text: Sweyn Haakonsson

text: Battle of Svolder

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text: Edmund Ironside

text: Peterborough Chronicle

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text: Emma of Normandy

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text: Richard I, Duke of Normandy

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text: Earl of Orkney

text: Albanaich

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text: Mormaer of Ce (Marr & Buchan)

text: Uí Néill

text: Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill

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text: Old Minster, Winchester

text: cathedral

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text: High Middle Ages

text: Winchester Cathedral

text: Anglo-Saxon

text: English Civil War

text: Roundhead

text: William Rufus

text: restoration of the monarchy

text: Ælfgifu of Northampton

text: Sweyn Knutsson

text: Harold Harefoot

text: Emma of Normandy

text: Harthacnut

text: Gunhilda of Denmark

text: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

text: skald

text: Skáldatal

text: Sigvatr Þórðarson

text: Óttarr svarti

text: Þórarinn loftunga

text: Hallvarðr háreksblesi

text: Bersi Torfuson

text: Arnórr Þórðarson jarlaskáld

text: Knútsdrápur

text: Sigvatr Þórðarson

text: Óttarr svarti

text: Hallvarðr háreksblesi

text: Tøgdrápa

text: Þórarinn loftunga

text: Þórðr Kolbeinsson

text: Liðsmannaflokkr

text: valcyrie

text: kenning

text: Freyr

text: North Sea Empire

text: Viking Age

text: Raven banner

text: Canute (Knud) The Great – From Viking warrior to English king

text: Vikingworld (Danish) – Canute the Great (Knud den Store)

text: Time Team – Who was King Cnut?

text: Northvegr (Scandinavian) – A History of the Vikings (Search)

text: Images from the British Library's collections

categories: 1035 deaths,11th-century Danish people,10th-century Danish people,House of Knýtlinga,Norwegian monarchs,Burials at Winchester Cathedral,11th-century English monarchs,Anglo-Norse monarchs,Cnut the Great,990s births,House of Wessex,Danish people of Polish descent,Christian monarchs,Monarchs of England before 1066,Viking Age monarchs,English people of Polish descent,Danish monarchs

paragraph: Cnut the Great

paragraph: Cnut the Great (; ; ;  – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute, whose father was Sweyn Forkbeard (which gave him the patronym , ), was King of Denmark, England and Norway; together often referred to as the North Sea Empire.

paragraph: Yet after the deaths of his heirs within a decade of his own, and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, this legacy was lost. He is popularly invoked in the context of the legend of King Canute and the tide, which usually misrepresents him as a deluded monarch believing he has supernatural powers, contrary to the original legend which portrays a wise king who rebuked his courtiers for their fawning behaviour.

paragraph: As a Danish prince, Cnut won the throne of England in 1016 in the wake of centuries of Viking activity in northwestern Europe. His later accession to the Danish throne in 1018 brought the crowns of England and Denmark together. Cnut sought to keep this power-base by uniting Danes and English under cultural bonds of wealth and custom, as well as through sheer brutality. After a decade of conflict with opponents in Scandinavia, Cnut claimed the crown of Norway in Trondheim in 1028. The Swedish city Sigtuna was held by Cnut (he had coins struck there that called him king, but there is no narrative record of his occupation).

paragraph: Dominion of England lent the Danes an important link to the maritime zone between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, where Cnut, like his father before him, had a strong interest and wielded much influence among the Norse–Gaels. Cnut's possession of England's dioceses and the continental Diocese of Denmark—with a claim laid upon it by the Holy Roman Empire's Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen—was a source of great prestige and leverage within the Catholic Church and among the magnates of Christendom (gaining notable concessions such as one on the price of the pallium of his bishops, though they still had to travel to obtain the pallium, as well as on the tolls his people had to pay on the way to Rome). After his 1026 victory against Norway and Sweden, and on his way back from Rome where he attended the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor, Cnut, in a letter written for the benefit of his subjects, deemed himself "King of all England and Denmark and the Norwegians and of some of the Swedes". The Anglo-Saxon kings used the title "king of the English". Cnut was —"king of all England". Medieval historian Norman Cantor called him "the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history".

paragraph: Section::::Birth and kingship.

paragraph: Cnut was a son of the Danish prince Sweyn Forkbeard, who was the son and heir to King Harald Bluetooth and thus came from a line of Scandinavian rulers central to the unification of Denmark. Neither the place nor the date of his birth are known. Harthacnut I of Denmark was the semi-legendary founder of the Danish royal house at the beginning of the 10th century, and his son, Gorm the Old, became the first in the official line (the 'Old' in his name indicates this). Harald Bluetooth, Gorm's son and Cnut's grandfather, was the Danish king at the time of the Christianization of Denmark; he became the first Scandinavian king to accept Christianity.

paragraph: The "Chronicon" of Thietmar of Merseburg and the "Encomium Emmae" report Cnut's mother as having been a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland.

paragraph: Norse sources of the High Middle Ages, most prominently "Heimskringla" by Snorri Sturluson, also give a Polish princess as Cnut's mother, whom they call Gunhild and a daughter of "Burislav", the king of "Vindland".

paragraph: Since in the Norse sagas the "king of Vindland" is always "Burislav", this is reconcilable with the assumption that her father was Mieszko (not his son Bolesław). Adam of Bremen in "Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum" is unique in equating Cnut's mother (for whom he also produces no name) with the former queen of Sweden, wife of Eric the Victorious and by this marriage mother of Olof Skötkonung.

paragraph: To complicate the matter, "Heimskringla" and other sagas also have Sweyn marrying Eric's widow, but she is distinctly another person in these texts, named "Sigrid the Haughty", whom Sweyn only marries after "Gunhild", the Slavic princess who bore Cnut, has died.

paragraph: Different theories regarding the number and ancestry of Sweyn's wives (or wife) have been advanced (see Sigrid the Haughty and Gunhild). But since Adam is the only source to equate the identity of Cnut's and Olof Skötkonung's mother, this is often seen as an error on Adam's part, and it is often assumed that Sweyn had two wives, the first being Cnut's mother, and the second being the former Queen of Sweden. Cnut's brother Harald was the youngest of the two brothers according to "Encomium Emmae".

paragraph: Some hint of Cnut's childhood can be found in the "Flateyjarbók", a 13th-century source that says he was taught his soldiery by the chieftain Thorkell the Tall, brother to Sigurd, Jarl of mythical Jomsborg, and the legendary Joms, at their Viking stronghold on the island of Wollin, off the coast of Pomerania. His date of birth, like his mother's name, is unknown. Contemporary works such as the "Chronicon" and the "Encomium Emmae", do not mention this. Even so, in a "Knútsdrápa" by the skald Óttarr svarti, there is a statement that Cnut was "of no great age" when he first went to war. It also mentions a battle identifiable with Sweyn Forkbeard's invasion of England and attack on the city of Norwich, in 1003/04, after the St. Brice's Day massacre of Danes by the English, in 1002. If Cnut indeed accompanied this expedition, his birthdate may be near 990, or even 980. If not, and if the skald's poetic verse references another assault, such as Forkbeard's conquest of England in 1013/14, it may even suggest a birth date nearer 1000. There is a passage of the Encomiast (as the author of the "Encomium Emmae" is known) with a reference to the force Cnut led in his English conquest of 1015/16. Here (see below) it says all the Vikings were of "mature age" under Cnut "the king".

paragraph: A description of Cnut appears in the 13th-century "Knýtlinga saga":

paragraph: Hardly anything is known for sure of Cnut's life until the year he was part of a Scandinavian force under his father, King Sweyn, in his invasion of England in summer 1013. It was the climax to a succession of Viking raids spread over a number of decades. Following their landing in the Humber the kingdom fell to the Vikings quickly, and near the end of the year King Æthelred fled to Normandy, leaving Sweyn Forkbeard in possession of England. In the winter, Forkbeard was in the process of consolidating his kingship, with Cnut left in charge of the fleet and the base of the army at Gainsborough.

paragraph: On the death of Sweyn Forkbeard after a few months as king, on Candlemas (Sunday 3 February 1014),

paragraph: Harald succeeded him as King of Denmark, while the Vikings and the people of the Danelaw immediately elected Cnut as king in England. However, the English nobility took a different view, and the Witenagemot recalled Æthelred from Normandy. The restored king swiftly led an army against Cnut, who fled with his army to Denmark, along the way mutilating the hostages they had taken and abandoning them on the beach at Sandwich. Cnut went to Harald and supposedly made the suggestion they might have a joint kingship, although this found no favour with his brother. Harald is thought to have offered Cnut command of his forces for another invasion of England, on the condition he did not continue to press his claim. In any case, Cnut succeeded in assembling a large fleet with which to launch another invasion.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of England.

paragraph: Among the allies of Denmark was Bolesław I the Brave, the Duke of Poland (later crowned king) and a relative to the Danish royal house. He lent some Polish troops, likely to have been a pledge made to Cnut and Harald when, in the winter, they "went amongst the Wends" to fetch their mother back to the Danish court. She had been sent away by their father after the death of the Swedish king Eric the Victorious in 995, and his marriage to Sigrid the Haughty, the Swedish queen mother. This wedlock formed a strong alliance between the successor to the throne of Sweden, Olof Skötkonung, and the rulers of Denmark, his in-laws. Swedes were certainly among the allies in the English conquest. Another in-law to the Danish royal house, Eiríkr Hákonarson, was Trondejarl (Earl of Lade) and the co-ruler of Norway, with his brother Sweyn Haakonsson—Norway having been under Danish sovereignty since the Battle of Svolder, in 999. Eiríkr's participation in the invasion left his son Hakon to rule Norway, with Sweyn.

paragraph: In the summer of 1015, Cnut's fleet set sail for England with a Danish army of perhaps 10,000 in 200 longships. Cnut was at the head of an array of Vikings from all over Scandinavia. The invasion force was to engage in often close and grisly warfare with the English for the next fourteen months. Practically all of the battles were fought against the eldest son of Æthelred, Edmund Ironside.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of England.:Landing in Wessex.

paragraph: According to the Peterborough Chronicle manuscript, one of the major witnesses of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", early in September 1015 "[Cnut] came into Sandwich, and straightway sailed around Kent to Wessex, until he came to the mouth of the Frome, and harried in Dorset and Wiltshire and Somerset", beginning a campaign of an intensity not seen since the days of Alfred the Great. A passage from Emma's Encomium provides a picture of Cnut's fleet:

paragraph: Wessex, long ruled by the dynasty of Alfred and Æthelred, submitted to Cnut late in 1015, as it had to his father two years earlier. At this point Eadric Streona, the Ealdorman of Mercia, deserted Æthelred together with 40 ships and their crews and joined forces with Cnut. Another defector was Thorkell the Tall, a Jomsviking chief who had fought against the Viking invasion of Sweyn Forkbeard, with a pledge of allegiance to the English in 1012—some explanation for this shift of allegiance may be found in a stanza of the "Jómsvíkinga saga" that mentions two attacks against Jomsborg's mercenaries while they were in England, with a man known as Henninge, a brother of Thorkell, among their casualties. If the "Flateyjarbók" is correct that this man was Cnut's childhood mentor, it explains his acceptance of his allegiance—with Jomvikings ultimately in the service of Jomsborg. The 40 ships Eadric came with, often thought to be of the Danelaw were probably Thorkell's.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of England.:Advance into the North.

paragraph: Early in 1016, the Vikings crossed the Thames and harried Warwickshire, while Edmund Ironside's attempts at opposition seem to have come to nothing—the chronicler says the English army disbanded because the king and the citizenry of London were not present. The mid-winter assault by Cnut devastated its way northwards across eastern Mercia. Another summons of the army brought the Englishmen together, and they were met this time by the king, although "it came to nothing as so often before", and Æthelred returned to London with fears of betrayal. Edmund then went north to join Uhtred the Earl of Northumbria and together they harried Staffordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire in western Mercia, possibly targeting the estates of Eadric Streona. Cnut's occupation of Northumbria meant Uhtred returned home to submit himself to Cnut, who seems to have sent a Northumbrian rival, Thurbrand the Hold, to massacre Uhtred and his retinue. Eiríkr Hákonarson, most likely with another force of Scandinavians, came to support Cnut at this point, and the veteran Norwegian jarl was put in charge of Northumbria.

paragraph: Prince Edmund remained in London, still unsubdued behind its walls, and was elected king after the death of Æthelred on 23 April 1016.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of England.:Siege of London.

paragraph: Cnut returned southward and the Danish army evidently divided, some dealing with Edmund, who had broken out of London before Cnut's encirclement of the city was complete and gone to gather an army in Wessex, the traditional heartland of the English monarchy—some besieging London—with the construction of dikes on the northern and southern flanks and a channel dug across the banks of the Thames to the south of the city for the longships to cut off communications up-river.

paragraph: There was a battle fought at Penselwood in Somerset—with a hill in Selwood Forest as the likely location—and a subsequent battle at Sherston, in Wiltshire, which was fought over two days but left neither side victorious.

paragraph: Edmund was able to temporarily relieve London, driving the enemy away and defeating them after crossing the Thames at Brentford. Suffering heavy losses, he withdrew to Wessex to gather fresh troops, and the Danes again brought London under siege, but after another unsuccessful assault they withdrew into Kent under attack by the English, with a battle fought at Otford. At this point Eadric Streona went over to King Edmund, and Cnut set sail northwards across the Thames estuary to Essex, and went from the landing of the ships up the River Orwell to ravage Mercia.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of England.:London captured by treaty.

paragraph: On 18 October 1016, the Danes were engaged by Edmund's army as they retired towards their ships, leading to the Battle of Assandun, fought at either Ashingdon, in south-east, or Ashdon, in north-west Essex. In the ensuing struggle, Eadric Streona, whose return to the English side had perhaps only been a ruse, withdrew his forces from the fray, bringing about a decisive English defeat. Edmund fled westwards, and Cnut pursued him into Gloucestershire, with another battle probably fought near the Forest of Dean, for Edmund had an alliance with some of the Welsh.

paragraph: On an island near Deerhurst, Cnut and Edmund, who had been wounded, met to negotiate terms of peace. It was agreed that all of England north of the Thames was to be the domain of the Danish prince, while all to the south was kept by the English king, along with London. Accession to the reign of the entire realm was set to pass to Cnut upon Edmund's death. Edmund died on 30 November, within weeks of the arrangement. Some sources claim Edmund was murdered, although the circumstances of his death are unknown. The West Saxons now accepted Cnut as king of all of England, and he was crowned by Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury, in London in 1017.

paragraph: Section::::King of England.

paragraph: Cnut ruled England for nearly two decades. The protection he lent against Viking raiders—many of them under his command—restored the prosperity that had been increasingly impaired since the resumption of Viking attacks in the 980s. In turn the English helped him to establish control over the majority of Scandinavia, too.

paragraph: Section::::King of England.:Consolidation and Danegeld.

paragraph: As Danish King of England, Cnut was quick to eliminate any prospective challenge from the survivors of the mighty Wessex dynasty. The first year of his reign was marked by the executions of a number of English noblemen whom he considered suspect. Æthelred's son Eadwig Ætheling fled from England but was killed on Cnut's orders. Edmund Ironside's sons likewise fled abroad. Æthelred's sons by Emma of Normandy went under the protection of their relatives in the Duchy of Normandy.

paragraph: In July 1017, Cnut wed queen Emma, the widow of Æthelred and daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy. Later he was to proclaim Harthacnut, his son by Emma, to be his heir; while Svein Knutsson and Harold Harefoot, his two sons from his marriage to Ælfgifu of Northampton, his handfast wife, were kept on the sidelines in the running to the throne.

paragraph: In 1018, having collected a Danegeld amounting to the colossal sum of £72,000 levied nationwide, with an additional £10,500 extracted from London, Cnut paid off his army and sent most of them home. He retained 40 ships and their crews as a standing force in England. An annual tax called heregeld (army payment) was collected through the same system Æthelred had instituted in 1012 to reward Scandinavians in his service.

paragraph: Cnut built on the existing English trend for multiple shires to be grouped together under a single ealdorman, thusly dividing the country into four large administrative units whose geographical extent was based on the largest and most durable of the separate kingdoms that had preceded the unification of England. The officials responsible for these provinces were designated earls, a title of Scandinavian origin already in localised use in England, which now everywhere replaced that of ealdorman. Wessex was initially kept under Cnut's personal control, while Northumbria went to Erik of Hlathir, East Anglia to Thorkell the Tall, and Mercia remained in the hands of Eadric Streona.

paragraph: This initial distribution of power was short-lived. The chronically treacherous Eadric was executed within a year of Cnut's accession. Mercia passed to one of the leading families of the region, probably first to Leofwine, ealdorman of the Hwicce under Æthelred, but certainly soon to his son Leofric. In 1021 Thorkel also fell from favour and was outlawed. Following the death of Erik in the 1020s, he was succeeded as Earl of Northumbria by Siward, whose grandmother, Estrid (married to Úlfr Thorgilsson), was Cnut's sister. Bernicia, the northern part of Northumbria, was theoretically part of Erik and Siward's earldom, but throughout Cnut's reign it effectively remained under the control of the English dynasty based at Bamburgh, which had dominated the area at least since the early 10th century. They served as junior Earls of Bernicia under the titular authority of the Earl of Northumbria. By the 1030s Cnut's direct administration of Wessex had come to an end, with the establishment of an earldom under Godwin, an Englishman from a powerful Sussex family. In general, after initial reliance on his Scandinavian followers in the first years of his reign, Cnut allowed those Anglo-Saxon families of the existing English nobility who had earned his trust to assume rulership of his Earldoms.

paragraph: Section::::King of England.:Affairs to the East.

paragraph: At the Battle of Nesjar, in 1016, Olaf Haraldsson won the kingdom of Norway from the Danes. It was at some time after Eirkr left for England, and on the death of Svein while retreating to Sweden, maybe intent on returning to Norway with reinforcements, that Erikr's son Hakon went to join his father and support Cnut in England, too.

paragraph: Cnut's brother Harald may have been at Cnut's coronation, in 1016, returning to Denmark as its king, with part of the fleet, at some point thereafter. It is only certain, though, that there was an entry of his name, alongside Cnut's, in confraternity with Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1018. This is not conclusive, though, for the entry may have been made in Harald's absence, perhaps by the hand of Cnut himself, which means that, while it is usually thought that Harald died in 1018, it is unsure whether he was still alive at this point. Entry of his brother's name in the Canterbury codex may have been Cnut's attempt to make his vengeance for Harald's murder good with the Church. This may have been just a gesture for a soul to be under the protection of God. There is evidence Cnut was in battle with "pirates" in 1018, with his destruction of the crews of thirty ships, although it is unknown if this was off the English or Danish shores. He himself mentions troubles in his 1019 letter (to England, from Denmark), written as the King of England and Denmark. These events can be seen, with plausibility, to be in connection with the death of Harald. Cnut says he dealt with dissenters to ensure Denmark was free to assist England:

paragraph: Section::::King of England.:Statesmanship.

paragraph: Cnut was generally remembered as a wise and successful king of England, although this view may in part be attributable to his good treatment of the Church, keeper of the historic record. Accordingly, we hear of him, even today, as a religious man (see below), despite the fact that he was in an arguably sinful relationship, with two wives, and the harsh treatment he dealt his fellow Christian opponents.

paragraph: Under his reign, Cnut brought together the English and Danish kingdoms, and the Scandinavic and Saxon peoples saw a period of dominance across Scandinavia, as well as within the British Isles. His campaigns abroad meant the tables of Viking supremacy were stacked in favour of the English, turning the prows of the longships towards Scandinavia. He reinstated the Laws of King Edgar to allow for the constitution of a Danelaw, and for the activity of Scandinavians at large. He also reinstituted the extant laws with a series of proclamations to assuage common grievances brought to his attention, including: "On Inheritance in case of Intestacy", and "On Heriots and Reliefs". He also strengthened the currency, initiating a series of coins of equal weight to those being used in Denmark and other parts of Scandinavia.

paragraph: Section::::King of Denmark.

paragraph: Harald II died in 1018, and Cnut went to Denmark to affirm his succession to the Danish crown as Cnut II, stating his intention to avert attacks against England in a letter in 1019 (see above). It seems there were Danes in opposition to him, and an attack he carried out on the Wends of Pomerania may have had something to do with this. In this expedition, at least one of Cnut's Englishmen, Godwin, apparently won the king's trust after a night-time raid he personally led against a Wendish encampment.

paragraph: His hold on the Danish throne presumably stable, Cnut was back in England in 1020. He appointed Ulf Jarl, the husband of his sister Estrid Svendsdatter, as regent of Denmark, further entrusting him with his young son by Queen Emma, Harthacnut, whom he had made the crown prince of his kingdom. The banishment of Thorkell the Tall in 1021 may be seen in relation to the attack on the Wends. With the death of Olof Skötkonung in 1022, and the succession to the Swedish throne of his son Anund Jacob bringing Sweden into alliance with Norway, there was cause for a demonstration of Danish strength in the Baltic. Jomsborg, the legendary stronghold of the Jomsvikings (thought to be on an island off the coast of Pomerania), was probably the target of Cnut's expedition. Successful, after this clear display of Cnut's intentions to dominate Scandinavian affairs, it seems that Thorkell reconciled with Cnut in 1023.

paragraph: When, in spite of this, the Norwegian king Olaf Haraldsson and Anund Jakob took advantage of Cnut's commitment to England and began to launch attacks against Denmark, Ulf gave the Danish freemen cause to accept Harthacnut, still a child, as king. This was a ruse on Ulf's part since his role as caretaker of Harthacnut gave him the reign of the kingdom. Upon news of these events, Cnut set sail for Denmark to restore himself and to deal with Ulf, who then got back in line. In a battle known as the Battle of the Helgeå, Cnut and his men fought the Norwegians and Swedes at the mouth of the river Helgea, probably in 1026, and the apparent victory left Cnut as the dominant leader in Scandinavia. Ulf the usurper's realignment and participation in the battle did not, in the end, earn him Cnut's forgiveness. Some sources state that the brothers-in-law were playing chess at a banquet in Roskilde when an argument arose between them, and the next day, Christmas 1026, one of Cnut's housecarls killed the jarl with his blessing, in Trinity Church, the predecessor to Roskilde Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::King of Denmark.:Journey to Rome.

paragraph: His enemies in Scandinavia subdued, and apparently at his leisure, Cnut was able to accept an invitation to witness the accession of the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II. He left his affairs in the north and went from Denmark to the coronation at Easter 1027 in Rome—a pilgrimage to the heart of Christendom being of considerable prestige for rulers of Europe in the Middle Ages. On the return journey he wrote his letter of 1027, like his letter of 1019, informing his subjects in England of his intentions from abroad and proclaiming himself "king of all England and Denmark and the Norwegians and of some of the Swedes".

paragraph: Consistent with his role as a Christian king, Cnut says he went to Rome to repent for his sins, to pray for redemption and the security of his subjects, and to negotiate with the Pope for a reduction in the costs of the pallium for English archbishops, and for a resolution to the competition between the archdioceses of Canterbury and Hamburg-Bremen for superiority over the Danish dioceses. He also sought to improve the conditions for pilgrims, as well as merchants, on the road to Rome. In his own words:

paragraph: "Robert" in Cnut's text is probably a clerical error for Rudolph, the last ruler of an independent Kingdom of Burgundy. Hence, the solemn word of the Pope, the Emperor and Rudolph was given with the witness of four archbishops, twenty bishops, and "innumerable multitudes of dukes and nobles", suggesting it was before the ceremonies were completed. Cnut without doubt threw himself into his role with zest. His image as a just Christian king, statesman and diplomat and crusader against unjustness, seems rooted in reality, as well as one he sought to project.

paragraph: A good illustration of his status within Europe is the fact that Cnut and the King of Burgundy went alongside the emperor in the imperial procession and stood shoulder-to-shoulder with him on the same pedestal. Cnut and the emperor, in accord with various sources, took to one another's company like brothers, for they were of a similar age. Conrad gave Cnut lands in the Mark of Schleswig—the land-bridge between the Scandinavian kingdoms and the continent—as a token of their treaty of friendship. Centuries of conflict in this area between the Danes and the Germans led to construction of the Danevirke, from Schleswig, on the Schlei, an inlet of the Baltic Sea, to the North Sea.

paragraph: Cnut's visit to Rome was a triumph. In the verse of "Knútsdrápa", Sigvatr Þórðarson praises Cnut, his king, as being "dear to the Emperor, close to Peter". In the days of Christendom, a king seen to be in favour with God could expect to be ruler over a happy kingdom. He was surely in a stronger position, not only with the Church and the people, but also in the alliance with his southern rivals he was able to conclude his conflicts with his rivals in the north. His letter not only tells his countrymen of his achievements in Rome, but also of his ambitions within the Scandinavian world at his arrival home:

paragraph: Cnut was to return to Denmark from Rome, arrange for its security, and afterwards sail to England.

paragraph: Section::::King of Norway and Sweden.

paragraph: In his 1027 letter, Cnut refers to himself as king of "the Norwegians, and of some of the Swedes" — his victory over Swedes suggests Helgea to be the river in Uppland and not the one in eastern Scania — while the king of Sweden appears to have been made a renegade. Cnut also stated his intention of proceeding to Denmark to secure peace between the kingdoms of Scandinavia, which fits the account of John of Worcester that in 1027 Cnut heard some Norwegians were discontented and sent them sums of gold and silver to gain their support in his claim on the throne.

paragraph: In 1028, after his return from Rome through Denmark, Cnut set off from England to Norway, and the city of Trondheim, with a fleet of fifty ships. Olaf Haraldsson stood down, unable to put up any fight, as his nobles were against him for his tendency to flay their wives for sorcery. Cnut was crowned king, now of England, Denmark and Norway as well as part of Sweden. He entrusted the Earldom of Lade to the former line of earls, in Håkon Eiriksson, with Eiríkr Hákonarson probably dead by this time. Hakon was possibly the Earl of Northumbria after Erik as well.

paragraph: Hakon, a member of a family with a long tradition of hostility towards the independent Norwegian kings, and a relative of Cnut's, was already in lordship over the Isles with the earldom of Worcester, possibly from 1016 to 1017. The sea-lanes through the Irish Sea and the Hebrides led to Orkney and Norway, and were central to Cnut's ambitions for dominance of Scandinavia and the British Isles. Hakon was meant to be Cnut's lieutenant in this strategic chain, and the final component was his installation as the king's deputy in Norway, after the expulsion of Olaf Haraldsson in 1028. Unfortunately, he was drowned in a shipwreck in the Pentland Firth (between the Orkneys and the mainland coast) either late 1029 or early 1030.

paragraph: Upon the death of Hakon, Olaf Haraldsson returned to Norway, with Swedes in his army. He died at the hands of his own people, at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. Cnut's subsequent attempt to rule Norway without the key support of the Trondejarls, through Ælfgifu of Northampton, and his eldest son by her, Sweyn Knutsson, was not a success. The period is known as "Aelfgifu's Time" in Norway, with heavy taxation, a rebellion, and the restoration of the former Norwegian dynasty under Saint Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus the Good.

paragraph: Section::::Influence in the western sea-ways.

paragraph: In 1014, while Cnut was preparing his re-invasion of England, the Battle of Clontarf pitted an array of armies laid out on the fields before the walls of Dublin. Máel Mórda, king of Leinster, and Sigtrygg Silkbeard, ruler of the Norse-Gaelic kingdom of Dublin, had sent out emissaries to all the Viking kingdoms to request assistance in their rebellion against Brian Bóruma, the High King of Ireland. Sigurd the Stout, the Earl of Orkney, was offered command of all the Norse forces, while the High King had sought assistance from the Albanaich, who were led by Domhnall Mac Eiminn Mac Cainnich, Mormaer of Ce (Marr & Buchan). The Leinster-Norse alliance was defeated, and both commanders, Sigurd and Máel Mórda, were killed. Brian, his son, his grandson, and the Mormaer Domhnall were slain as well. Sigtrygg's alliance was broken, although he was left alive, and the high-kingship of Ireland went back to the Uí Néill, again under Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill.

paragraph: There was a brief period of freedom in the Irish Sea zone for the Vikings of Dublin, with a political vacuum felt throughout the entire Western Maritime Zone of the North Atlantic Archipelago. Prominent among those who stood to fill the void was Cnut, "whose leadership of the Scandinavian world gave him a unique influence over the western colonies and whose control of their commercial arteries gave an economic edge to political domination". Coinage struck by the king in Dublin, Silkbeard, bearing Cnut's quatrefoil type—in issue c. 1017–25—sporadically replacing the legend with one bearing his own name and styling him as ruler either 'of Dublin' or 'among the Irish' provides evidence of Cnut's influence. Further evidence is the entry of one "Sihtric dux" in three of Cnut's charters.

paragraph: In one of his verses, Cnut's court poet Sigvatr Þórðarson recounts that famous princes brought their heads to Cnut and bought peace. This verse mentions Olaf Haraldsson in the past tense, his death at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. It was therefore at some point after this and the consolidation of Norway that Cnut went to Scotland with an army, and the navy in the Irish Sea, in 1031, to receive, without bloodshed, the submission of three Scottish kings: Maelcolm, Maelbeth and Iehmarc. One of these kings, Iehmarc, may be one Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, an Uí Ímair chieftain and the ruler of a sea-kingdom of the Irish Sea, with Galloway among his domains.

paragraph: Furtherly, a "Lausavísa" attributable to the skald Óttarr svarti greets the ruler of the Danes, Irish, English and Island-dwellers—use of "Irish" here being likely to mean the Gall Ghaedil kingdoms rather than the Gaelic kingdoms. It "brings to mind Sweyn Forkbeard's putative activities in the Irish Sea and Adam of Bremen's story of his stay with a "rex Scothorum" (? king of the Irish) [&] can also be linked to... Iehmarc, who submitted in 1031 [&] could be relevant to Cnut's relations with the Irish".

paragraph: Section::::Relations with the Church.

paragraph: Cnut's actions as a conqueror and his ruthless treatment of the overthrown dynasty had made him uneasy with the Church. He was already a Christian before he was king—being named "Lambert" at his baptism—although the Christianization of Scandinavia was not at all complete. His open relationship with a concubine, Ælfgifu of Northampton, his handfast wife, whom he kept as his northern queen when he wed Emma of Normandy (confusingly also Ælfgifu in Old English), who was kept in the south with an estate in Exeter, was another conflict with Church teaching. In an effort to reconcile himself with his churchmen, Cnut repaired all the English churches and monasteries that were victims of Viking plunder and refilled their coffers. He also built new churches and was an earnest patron of monastic communities. His homeland of Denmark was a Christian nation on the rise, and the desire to enhance the religion was still fresh. As an example, the first stone church recorded to have been built in Scandinavia was in Roskilde, c. 1027, and its patron was Cnut's sister Estrid.

paragraph: It is difficult to ascertain whether Cnut's attitude towards the Church derived from deep religious devotion or was merely a means to reinforce his regime's hold on the people. There is evidence of respect for the pagan religion in his praise poetry, which he was happy enough for his "skalds" to embellish in Norse mythology, while other Viking leaders were insistent on the rigid observation of the Christian line, like St Olaf. Yet he also displays the desire for a respectable Christian nationhood within Europe. In 1018, some sources suggest he was at Canterbury on the return of its Archbishop Lyfing from Rome, to receive letters of exhortation from the Pope. If this chronology is correct, he probably went from Canterbury to the Witan at Oxford, with Archbishop Wulfstan of York in attendance, to record the event.

paragraph: His ecumenical gifts were widespread and often exuberant. Commonly held land was given, along with exemption from taxes as well as relics. Christ Church was probably given rights at the important port of Sandwich as well as tax exemption, with confirmation in the placement of their charters on the altar, while it got the relics of St Ælfheah, at the displeasure of the people of London. Another see in the king's favour was Winchester, second only to the Canterbury see in terms of wealth. New Minster's "Liber Vitae" records Cnut as a benefactor of the monastery, and the Winchester Cross, with 500 marks of silver and 30 marks of gold, as well as relics of various saints was given to it. Old Minster was the recipient of a shrine for the relics of St Birinus and the probable confirmation of its privileges. The monastery at Evesham, with its Abbot Ælfweard purportedly a relative of the king through Ælfgifu the Lady (probably Ælfgifu of Northampton, rather than Queen Emma, also known as Ælfgifu), got the relics of St Wigstan. Such generosity towards his subjects, which his skalds called "destroying treasure", was popular with the English. Yet it is important to remember that not all Englishmen were in his favour, and the burden of taxation was widely felt. His attitude towards London's see was clearly not benign. The monasteries at Ely and Glastonbury were apparently not on good terms either.

paragraph: Other gifts were also given to his neighbours. Among these was one to Chartres, of which its bishop wrote: "When we saw the gift that you sent us, we were amazed at your knowledge as well as your faith ... since you, whom we had heard to be a pagan prince, we now know to be not only a Christian, but also a most generous donor to God's churches and servants". He is known to have sent a psalter and sacramentary made in Peterborough (famous for its illustrations) to Cologne, and a book written in gold, among other gifts, to William the Great of Aquitaine. This golden book was apparently to support Aquitanian claims of St Martial, patron saint of Aquitaine, as an apostle. Of some consequence, its recipient was an avid artisan, scholar and devout Christian, and the Abbey of Saint-Martial was a great library and scriptorium, second only to the one at Cluny. It is likely that Cnut's gifts were well beyond anything we can now know.

paragraph: Cnut's journey to Rome in 1027 is another sign of his dedication to the Christian religion. It may be that he went to attend the coronation of Conrad II in order to improve relations between the two powers, yet he had previously made a vow to seek the favour of St Peter, the keeper of the keys to the heavenly kingdom. While in Rome, Cnut made an agreement with the Pope to reduce the fees paid by the English archbishops to receive their pallium. He also arranged that travellers from his realm not be straightened by unjust tolls and that they should be safeguarded on their way to and from Rome. Some evidence exists for a second journey in 1030.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Cnut died on 12 November 1035. In Denmark he was succeeded by Harthacnut, reigning as Cnut III, although with a war in Scandinavia against Magnus I of Norway, Harthacnut was "forsaken [by the English] because he was too long in Denmark", and his mother Queen Emma, previously resident at Winchester with some of her son's housecarls, was made to flee to Bruges in Flanders, under pressure from supporters of Cnut's other son, after Svein, by Ælfgifu of Northampton: Harold Harefoot — regent in England 1035–37 — who went on to claim the English throne in 1037, reigning until his death in 1040. Eventual peace in Scandinavia left Harthacnut free to claim the throne himself in 1040 and to regain for his mother her place. He brought the crowns of Denmark and England together again until his death in 1042. Denmark fell into a period of disorder with a power struggle between the pretender to the throne Sweyn Estridsson, son of Ulf, and the Norwegian king, until the death of Magnus in 1047. The inheritance of England was briefly to return to its Anglo-Saxon lineage.

paragraph: The house of Wessex reigned again as Edward the Confessor was brought out of exile in Normandy and made a treaty with Harthacnut, his half-brother. As in his treaty with Magnus, it was decreed that the throne would go to Edward if Harthacnut died with no legitimate male heir. In 1042, Harthacnut died, and Edward was king. His reign secured Norman influence at Court thereafter, and the ambitions of its dukes finally found fruition in 1066 with William the Conqueror's invasion of England and crowning, fifty years after Cnut was crowned in 1017.

paragraph: If the sons of Cnut had not died within a decade of his death, and if his only known daughter Cunigund, who was to marry Conrad II's son Henry III eight months after his death, had not died in Italy before she became empress consort, Cnut's reign might well have been the foundation for a complete political union between England and Scandinavia, a North Sea Empire with blood ties to the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.:Bones at Winchester.

paragraph: Cnut died at Shaftesbury in Dorset and was buried in the Old Minster, Winchester. With the events of 1066 the new regime of Normandy was keen to signal its arrival with an ambitious programme of grandiose cathedrals and castles throughout the High Middle Ages. Winchester Cathedral was built on the old Anglo-Saxon site and the previous burials, including Cnut's, were set in mortuary chests there. During the English Civil War in the 17th century, plundering Roundhead soldiers scattered the bones of Cnut on the floor and they were spread amongst the various other chests, notably those of William Rufus. After the restoration of the monarchy, the bones were collected and replaced in their chests, although somewhat out of order.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 – Ælfgifu of Northampton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sweyn Knutsson, King of Norway

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold Harefoot, King of England

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 – Emma of Normandy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harthacnut, King of Denmark and England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gunhilda of Denmark, wed Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Cnut's "skalds".

paragraph: The Old Norse catalogue of skalds known as "Skáldatal" lists eight skalds who were active at Cnut's court. Four of them, namely Sigvatr Þórðarson, Óttarr svarti, Þórarinn loftunga and Hallvarðr háreksblesi, composed verses in honour of Cnut which have survived in some form, while no such thing is apparent from the four other skalds Bersi Torfuson, Arnórr Þórðarson jarlaskáld (known from other works), Steinn Skaptason and Óðarkeptr (unknown). The principal works for Cnut are the three "Knútsdrápur" by Sigvatr Þórðarson, Óttarr svarti and Hallvarðr háreksblesi, and the "Höfuðlausn" and "Tøgdrápa" by Þórarinn loftunga. Cnut also features in two other contemporary skaldic poems, namely Þórðr Kolbeinsson's "Eiríksdrápa" and the anonymous "Liðsmannaflokkr".

paragraph: Cnut's skalds emphasise the parallelism between Cnut's rule of his earthly kingdom and God's rule of Heaven. This is particularly apparent in their refrains. Thus the refrain of Þórarinn's "Höfuðlausn" translates to "Cnut protects the land as the guardian of Byzantium [God] [does] Heaven" and the refrain of Hallvarðr's "Knútsdrápa" translates to "Cnut protects the land as the Lord of all [does] the splendid hall of the mountains [Heaven]". Despite the Christian message, the poets also make use of traditional pagan references and this is particularly true of Hallvarðr. As an example, one of his half-stanzas translates to "The Freyr of the noise of weapons [warrior] has also cast under him Norway; the battle-server [warrior] diminishes the hunger of the valcyrie's hawks [ravens]." The skald here refers to Cnut as "Freyr of battle", a kenning using the name of the pagan god Freyr. References of this sort were avoided by poets composing for the contemporary kings of Norway but Cnut seems to have had a more relaxed attitude towards pagan literary allusions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- North Sea Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viking Age

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raven banner

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thietmar (1962) "Chronik: Chronicon"; Neu übertragen und erläutert von Werner Trillmich. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scandinavica, An International Journal of Scandinavian Studies", (2018) Vol. 57, No 1, issue on 'Remembering Cnut the Great',

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canute (Knud) The Great – From Viking warrior to English king

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vikingworld (Danish) – Canute the Great (Knud den Store)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Time Team – Who was King Cnut?

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northvegr (Scandinavian) – A History of the Vikings (Search)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images from the British Library's collections

description: king of Denmark, Norway and England

wikidata_label: Cnut the Great

wikipedia_title: Cnut the Great


text:
Nordre Land
1928 Winter Olympics
St. Moritz
Nordic combined
Sverre Kolterud
Nordre Land IL

categories: 1974 deaths,1903 births,Nordic combined skiers at the 1928 Winter Olympics,Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Norway,Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers,People from Nordre Land

paragraph: Ole Kolterud

paragraph: Ole Kolterud (1 May 1903, Nordre Land – 6 December 1974) was a Norwegian skier.

paragraph: He competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, where he placed 8th in the Nordic combined.

paragraph: He was a brother of Sverre Kolterud. He represented the club Nordre Land IL.

description: Norwegian Nordic combined skier

wikidata_label: Ole Kolterud

wikipedia_title: Ole Kolterud


text:
A$AP Mob
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Atlanta
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New York Times
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Los Angeles International Airport
Twitter
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inhaler
Playboi Carti
SoundCloud

categories: People from Fairburn, Georgia,Rappers from Atlanta,Living people,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,African-American songwriters,People from Riverdale, Georgia,21st-century male musicians,People from Sandy Springs, Georgia,1996 births,Interscope Records artists,Rappers from Georgia (U.S. state),People from Atlanta,Southern hip hop musicians,Mumble rappers

paragraph: Playboi Carti

paragraph: Jordan Terrell Carter (born September 13, 1996), known professionally as Playboi Carti, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. Formerly signed to Atlanta-based underground label Awful Records, he is currently signed to A$AP Mob's AWGE Label and Interscope Records. His eponymous debut mixtape was released on April 14, 2017, and his debut studio album, "Die Lit", was released on May 11, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jordan Terrell Carter was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and grew up in Riverdale, Georgia. He attended North Springs Charter High School in Sandy Springs. Carter skipped high school classes regularly to work on his music or go to his job at H&M.

paragraph: Carti shopped in thrift stores in his youth, something that has had an effect on his fashion and music style.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Carti began rapping at an early age under the name Sir Cartier. Much of his early work has been deleted from the Internet. He adopted the name Playboi Carti in 2012 and signed to rapper Father's underground label Awful Records. He began to attract attention in 2015 with his singles "Broke Boi" and "Fetti" featuring Da$h and Maxo Kream, both of which were published to SoundCloud. Around this time, Carti frequently collaborated with artists in Atlanta's underground rap scene, including his cousin UnoTheActivist, ThouxanbanFauni, Yung Bans, Lil Yachty, Ethereal, and producers Mexikodro, and ICYTWAT.

paragraph: In 2016, he was featured on the A$AP Mob's single "Telephone Calls" from their album "". The same year, Carti signed to the A$AP Mob's AWGE imprint and Interscope Records.

paragraph: Carti released his eponymous debut mixtape in April 2017. The release gained attention from various music publications, including "XXL", Pitchfork, "Spin", HotNewHipHop, and PopMatters, and reached No. 12 on the Billboard 200. The mixtape spawned two successful singles, "Magnolia," which reached No. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, and "Woke Up Like This" featuring Lil Uzi Vert, which reached No. 76. Accompanying the mixtape's release, Carti embarked on a tour with Gucci Mane and Dreezy.

paragraph: On June 13, 2017, Playboi Carti was named as one of the ten of "XXL"'s "2017 Freshman Class." Around this time, he was featured on A$AP Mob's single "Raf" from their album "" and Lana del Rey's single "Summer Bummer" from her album "Lust For Life".

paragraph: Most recently, Carti and Lil Uzi Vert have teased a collaborative mixtape.

paragraph: On May 11, 2018, Carti released his debut full-length album "Die Lit".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Modeling.

paragraph: Carter's fashion style is one of the main features of his public image. "GQ" has defined Carter as the "leader of a youth style," and said that he represents a stylistic midpoint between the "fashion gloss of A$AP Mob, the punk-rock attitude of Uzi Vert, and the playful camp of Yachty."

paragraph: Carter's favorite brands include Raf Simons and Balmain. Carter met Simons at a fashion show in New York. Carter is featured on the song "RAF" by A$AP Mob, which was dedicated to the Raf Simons brand. The music video for the song included Carter, A$AP Rocky, and Quavo wearing rare Raf Simons clothing. Carter considers Kanye West and A$AP Rocky inspirations for his fashion style.

paragraph: Carter has modeled numerous times, including for Louis Vuitton, Kanye West's Yeezy Season 5, VFiles, and Drake's OVO Lookbook, alongside Ian Connor and John Ross.

paragraph: Section::::Musical style.

paragraph: Carter has been described as a "mumble rapper," and his music as "playful, hard-hitting, and very melodic." "Complex" called his style of rapping "spare and repetitive, more concerned with flow and catchy phrases." Briana Younger at Pitchfork said that "Carti’s music is less about lyricism and more about atmosphere," going on to say that "whatever Carti lacks in substance he makes up in sheer audacity." Carter's music is influenced by rappers such as Gucci Mane, Young Thug, A$AP Rocky, Lil Uzi Vert, Chief Keef, Yung Lean, and Lil Wayne.

paragraph: Carter is known for his "Baby Voice Carti" technique, characterized by his voice hitting high pitches with unclear pronunciations and frantic cadences. He has used this technique on popular songs such as "Almeda" with Solange, "Earfquake" with Tyler, the Creator, and "Pissy Pamper" with Young Nudy.

paragraph: The "New York Times" said Carti's rapping made it appear as if he was "more at ease with the performance of the role than with the actual act of rapping."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: As of April 2017, Carter was currently living and working in and around the Los Angeles area.

paragraph: In 2018, Carter began dating rapper Iggy Azalea.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Legal issues.

paragraph: In July 2017, Carter was arrested for domestic abuse charges after arguing with his girlfriend outside of the Los Angeles International Airport and then grabbing her by her backpack and pulling her out of the terminal. In August, it was announced that Carter would not face domestic abuse charges.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Health issues.

paragraph: In August 2018, Carter revealed via Twitter that he had been diagnosed with Asthma. He was later seen with an inhaler.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Playboi Carti on SoundCloud

alias:
Jordan Terrell Carter
Jordan Carter
Sir Cartier
Cash Carti
Young Carti
00822699313 IPI

description: American rapper, songwriter

wikidata_label: Playboi Carti

wikipedia_title: Playboi Carti


text: Niagara Falls

text: James Earle Fraser

text: Albright–Knox Art Gallery

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text: Rembrandt Bugatti

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text: Armory Show

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text: National Academy

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: "Les Mamelles de Tirésias"

text: Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney

text: Henry Luce

text: Charles Despiau

text: Antoine Bourdelle

text: Aristide Maillol

text: Century of Progress

text: World War II

text: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts

text: George D. Widemer

text: Memorial Gold Medal

text: National Sculpture Society

text: Office of Strategic Services

text: United States Office of War Information

text: D-Day

text: Utah Beach

text: National Institute of Arts and Letters

text: Whitney Museum

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Legion of Honour

text: Herbert Adams

text: Architectural League of New York

text: Andreas Feininger

text: Life

text: cubism

text: African art

text: art deco

text: National Academy Museum and School

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Spencer Museum of Art

text: Albright–Knox Art Gallery

text: Brookgreen Gardens

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Musée d'Orsay

text: Cecil Howard on Artnet

text: Cecil Howard as a medallist

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,1956 deaths,1888 births,Alumni of the Académie Julian,Art Students' League of Buffalo alumni

paragraph: Cecil de Blaquiere Howard

paragraph: Cecil de Blaquiere Howard, sometimes Cecil Howard, (April 2, 1888 - September 5, 1956), born in Clifton, Welland County, Ontario, Canada (today Niagara Falls) was an American painter and sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Howard was the fourth child of British businessman George Henry Howard (1840-1896) and his wife Alice Augusta (née Farmer, 1850-1932). As the youngest son, Cecil was given his maternal grandmother's name "de Blaquiere" as his middle name. The family moved to Buffalo (New York) in 1890, and took American citizenship in 1896.

paragraph: Howard left school early to study with James Earle Fraser at the Art Students' League of Buffalo, which had recently relocated into the basement of the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, still under construction.

paragraph: At the early age of sixteen, he traveled to Paris to study at the Académie Julian with Raoul Verlet. Soon he befriended Rembrandt Bugatti, whom he accompanied in 1909 on a journey to Antwerp, where together they made drawings and sculptures of animals in the Zoological Garden. Howard presented these early pieces at the Salon d'Automne in 1910, but later destroyed many of these plasters, as he regarded them as inferior in comparison to Bugatti's works. After his return from Holland, the sculptor moved to a studio on the Avenue du Maine, in Montparnasse, and regularly presented his works in Parisian salons and galleries. In 1913, Howard presented one of his earlier female nudes, simply entitled "Woman", at the Armory Show in New York and Boston. This was his first exhibition in the United States.

paragraph: In the early days of World War I, Howard served in an Anglo-French hospital as a stretcher-bearer, and in 1915 he joined an English Red Cross unit heading for Serbia, ravaged by war and typhus. At the end of his six months engagement, he was back in Paris, and went on to produce a series of polychrome cubist sculptures, mainly inspired by scenes in Parisian dance-halls. By October 1915, after ten years in France, Howard returned to the United States for the annual exhibition of American sculpture at the Gorham Galleries in New York. Four months later, after a few sales, he was back in Paris. In November 1916 he featured again in the annual exhibition at the Gorham Galleries, where he presented "Decorative Figure", a sculpture of a tall African woman bearing a vase on her shoulder, and "L'Après-midi d'un faune" ("Afternoon of a Faun"), representing two dancers, inspired by Nijinsky's innovative ballet. Both pieces were exhibited the following months at the National Academy in Manhattan and at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts of Philadelphia. In 1917, Howard befriended the poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire and in June of that year he played the role of the "People of Zanzibar", providing on-stage accordion music and sound-effects, in the première of Apollinaire's «surrealist drama» "Les Mamelles de Tirésias".

paragraph: During the inter-war period, Cecil Howard shared his time between France, England and the United States, producing some of his most important and creative works. After World War I, he received a commission to create two war memorials in Normandy. Several of his pieces were acquired by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, while Henry Luce also commissioned works from him. Very well acquainted with most of the Parisian art world, Howard occasionally socialised with his French fellow sculptors Charles Despiau, Antoine Bourdelle, and particularly Aristide Maillol. In 1925 the Whitney Studio Galleries of New York presented the first American exhibition dedicated exclusively to Cecil Howard's works. Taking part in several international traveling art shows, like the Tri-National Art Exhibit, he also participated in the Century of Progress fair in Chicago in 1933, and was awarded two Grand Prix in the Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in 1937.

paragraph: After the declaration of World War II, when German troops invaded France, Howard drove an American Red Cross truck carrying food and medicine to the hastily erected prison camps around Paris. Five months later, his situation as an American became increasingly strained with the occupying authorities and he decided to head back to the United States with his family. In late 1943, Cecil Howard exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, a male nude entitled "American Youth" or "The Sacrifice", rewarded in 1944 by the George D. Widemer Memorial Gold Medal from the Academy. The same year he became the sixteenth president of the National Sculpture Society, and was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services. From 1945 onward he worked for the United States Office of War Information, and three weeks after D-Day, he came ashore at Utah Beach, in Normandy.

paragraph: In 1947 Howard became Vice President of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and participated in an exhibition co-organised by the Whitney Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The same year, the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris bought a large sculpture of a reclining nude entitled "Sun Bath", and in 1948 the French government awarded him the Legion of Honour. In 1953, for the 20th annual exhibition of the National Sculpture Society, he received the Herbert Adams Memorial Award Medal, and in 1954 the Architectural League of New York unanimously awarded him the highly coveted Golden Medal of sculpture. That same year, Cecil Howard featured in a long photo shoot by Andreas Feininger for Life magazine, and he also appeared in "Uncommon Clay", Thomas Craven's documentary about six of America's leading sculptors at work in their studios.

paragraph: The sculptor devoted his work to the presentation of the human body in various circumstances and styles, in sports or at rest, experimenting with figurative, polychrome sculptures, cubism, traditional African art, art deco, classicism or neoclassicism. Using different techniques, including modeling and direct carving, he worked with a range of materials, including clay, stone, marble, wood, plasticine, terracotta, plaster, wax, bronze and silver.

paragraph: Cecil Howard died in New York in 1956 and was posthumously awarded the E. N. Watrous Gold Medal from the National Academy Museum and School in 1957.

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitney Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spencer Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albright–Knox Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brookgreen Gardens

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Orsay

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography and filmography.:Books in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Biography based on interviews with the sculptor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Craven, film, "Uncommon Clay".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecil Howard on Artnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of Cecil Howard by Andreas Feininger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecil Howard as a medallist

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times article: Ken Johnson Nov.3, 2011; "An Era That Offered Much More Than Modernists"

alias:
Cecil de B. Howard
Cecil Howard
Cecil Howard de Blaquiere

description: American sculptor

wikidata_label: Cecil de Blaquiere Howard

wikipedia_title: Cecil de Blaquiere Howard