text:
Jeddah
Saudi Arabia
House of Saud
Al Bahah Province
House of Saud
King Saud
Saudi Arabia
Saud bin Abdul Aziz
University of London
Riyadh

categories: 1960 births,Saudi Arabian businesspeople,Living people

paragraph: Hussam bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Hussam bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (born 25 May 1960, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) () is a member of House of Saud and Chairman of Zain Telecommunication company, based in Saudi Arabia. He is the governor of Al Bahah Province and a member of House of Saud. He is the son of King Saud, who was King of Saudi Arabia from 1953 till 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: He is the son of the late king Saud bin Abdul Aziz. His mother is Nora bint Abdullah Al Damer. Prince Hussam has a Diploma in Economics from King Saud University Riyadh and MSc in Economics, London School of Economics; PhD in Economic Theories of Unemployment and Impact of Government Policies, University of London.

paragraph: Section::::Business.

paragraph: Prince Hussam is the only son (that is known there maybe be others) of Saud to be a successful business man, he has many business activities like Arabian Plastic Compound; NAHL Water Factory in Egypt and Lebanon. He is also a Chairman of Saudi-Kuwait Holding, set up to provide investment in both countries; Zain, MTC, Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Hussam is married to Princess Sarah Bint Musa'ad bin Abdulaziz, they have 5 children. In 2010, one of his Sons is Prince Saud Bin Hussam Bin Saud, married a daughter of Prince Khalid bin Musa'id bin AbdulRahman in Riyadh.

wikidata_label: Hussam bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Hussam bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
cantor
Neustädter Kirche, Hannover
Johann Sebastian Bach
Ernst Pepping
Rheinsberg
Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule
Gottfried Grote
Ernst Pepping
St. Lamberti, Hildesheim
Trinity Sunday
Willy Burkhard
Johann Nepomuk David
Gospel of John
Neustädter Kirche, Hannover
Missa in A
Goldberg Variations
clavichord
Friedrich Wilhelm Rust
Clavierübung III
a cappella
Marktkirche in Wiesbaden
Leonhard Lechner
motet
Straßburg
Vaduz
Musikhochschule Hannover
Messiah
Lutz-Michael Harder
St Matthew Passion
Evangelist
Gerhard Faulstich
vox Christi
Mass in B minor
Dona nobis pacem
Peace movement
Stravinsky
Cantata
Great Mass in C minor
Johann Anton Coberg
Loccum
Heinrich von Voß
Ernst August
hymn
cantata
Dantes Diwiak
Monika Frimmer
Ralf Popken
Carus-Verlag

categories: German choral conductors,20th-century conductors (music),2014 deaths,1929 births,Male organists,20th-century German musicians,German male conductors (music),German composers,German classical organists,German harpsichordists

paragraph: Erhard Egidi

paragraph: Erhard Egidi (23 April 1929 – 8 September 2014) was a German cantor, organist and composer of sacred music. He was "Kantor" at the Neustädter Kirche, Hannover, from 1972 to 1991, where he concentrated on music in church services, but also conducted concerts, with a preference for works of Johann Sebastian Bach and his own teacher Ernst Pepping. He was appointed "Kirchenmusikdirektor" (church music director), responsible for the church music of Hanover.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Rheinsberg, he studied in Berlin at the Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule (Spandau academy of church music) with Gottfried Grote, Ernst Pepping and Herbert Schulze. He was cantor at St. Lamberti, Hildesheim from 1954. He included contemporary music, for example in 1957 a concert for Trinity Sunday with works by Willy Burkhard, Johann Nepomuk David and Pepping's setting of the Gospel for the Sunday, from the Gospel of John, and a setting of the Epistle, "O welch eine Tiefe des Reichtums".

paragraph: From 1972 Egidi was cantor at the Neustädter Kirche, Hannover, later appointed "Kirchenmusikdirektor" (church music director), responsible for the church music of Hanover. His first concert with the chorale "Kantorei St. Johannis" presented Bach's Missa in A and Mozart's . As a keyboard player, he performed works for harpsichord, such as Bach's Goldberg Variations, and for clavichord, for example a sonata by Friedrich Wilhelm Rust. He performed Bach's "Clavierübung III" with his wife Maria on two organs in 1986. Each autumn, the choir toured with an a cappella program. In 1980 it included a concert at the Marktkirche in Wiesbaden, with Leonhard Lechner's motet , Bach's motet and Pepping's . Destinations have included Copenhagen (1972), Paris (1973), Straßburg (1979) and Vaduz (1987), and small towns that do not support choirs.

paragraph: Egidi founded a chamber orchestra "Kammerorchester St. Johannis", mostly of teachers and students of the Musikhochschule Hannover, to play with the choir and perform instrumental concerts. He performed in 1979 Handel's Messiah, with soloists Ute Frühhaber, Renate Naber, Lutz-Michael Harder and Heiner Eckels. In 1982 he conducted Bach's "St Matthew Passion" with Harder as the Evangelist, and Gerhard Faulstich as vox Christi. On 11 June 1983 Egidi conducted Bach's Mass in B minor for the "". The last movement, "Dona nobis pacem" (Give us peace), matched a visible participation of members of the Peace movement in the audience. In 1986 he combined Stravinsky's and by Brahms, in 1988 he conducted Stravinsky's "Cantata" and Mozart's "Great Mass in C minor", in 1990 Bach's Mass in B minor.

paragraph: In November 1990 he performed a (Funeral music) by Johann Anton Coberg that had been lost for 300 years. The owner had found the print of 1683, a score of 40 pages, on a farm close to Loccum. Coberg had been the first organist at the Neustädter Kirche, who composed the work likely for the memory of Heinrich von Voß, who had served at the court of Ernst August and died on 23 September 1682. The first performance on 24 October 1682 was conducted by cantor Arnold Meyer. The work is set for up to eight voices and continuo and contains the ten stanzas of the hymn "" (1608), interspersed with concertos on Bible passages and a concluding motet for double choir. Egidi prepared the parts from the score and combined the work in concert on 25 November 1990 with Bach's motet and cantata , and Stavinsky's .

paragraph: In his last concert before his retirement in 1991, Egidi performed once more in 1991 Bach's "St Matthew Passion", with Dantes Diwiak as the Evangelist, Anselm Richter as vox Christi, Monika Frimmer, Ralf Popken and Joachim Gebhardt. The review by Hugo Thielen on 12 March 1991 in the HAZ stressed the dramatic drive and the concentrated performance.

paragraph: He kept playing concerts for historic keyboard instruments, such as a program for clavichord on 13 October 2001. Several of his private organ students became cantors, such as Axel Fischer and Alexander Kuhlo. Egidi composed works for use in the church, some were published by Carus-Verlag.

paragraph: Egidi died on 8 September 2014 at the age of 85.

description: German church musician

wikidata_label: Erhard Egidi

wikipedia_title: Erhard Egidi


text:
Greek
general
statesman
Hellenistic period
Greek
Molossians
king
Epirus
r.
Rome
Pyrrhic victory
Plutarch
Parallel Lives
Aeacides
Phthia
Alexander the Great
Olympias
Deidamia
Glaukias
Taulantians
Illyrian
Beroea
Molossian
Aeacidae
Cassander
wars of the Diadochi
Demetrius Poliorcetes
Ptolemy I Soter
Antigone
Berenice I of Egypt
Philip
Neoptolemus II of Epirus
Arta
Thessaly
besieging Thebes
Lysimachus
Tarentum
southern Italy
Rome
Tarentine Gulf
Thurii
Locri
Rhegium
Lucania
Magna Graecia
Oracle of Delphi
Italy
Ptolemy Keraunos
Macedon
infantry
cavalry
archers
slingers
war elephant
Ptolemy II
phalanx infantry
Consul
Publius Valerius Laevinus
Battle of Heraclea
Lucania
Hieronymus of Cardia
Lucanians
Bruttii
Messapians
Croton
Locri
Campania
Apulia
Battle of Asculum
Publius Decius Mus
Pyrrhic victory
Sicily
Carthage
Mediterranean
Macedonians
Ptolemy Keraunos
Gauls
siege of Syracuse
Eryx
Lilybaeum
besieging Lilybaeum
Punic Wars
Battle of the Strait of Messina
recruits
Manius Curius Dentatus
Battle of Beneventum
Antigonus II Gonatas
Battle of the Aous
Cleonymus
Sparta
Peloponnese
assault on Sparta
Ptolemy
Argos
Plutarch
Hannibal
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
Alexander the Great
Appian
Pyrrhic victory
Seleucid Empire
Asia Minor
Pergamon
destruction of Corinth
Byzantine
Cicero
Olympias
Ptolemy
stepfather
Lanassa
Agathocles of Syracuse
Alexander
Audoleon
Paeonia
Bircenna
Bardylis II
Ptolemy Keraunos
Livius.org - Pyrrhus of Epirus

categories: Pyrrhus of Epirus,Ancient Macedonian monarchs,Ancient Epirotes in Macedon,272 BC deaths,Non-dynastic kings of Macedonia (ancient kingdom),4th-century BC rulers,Hellenistic Macedonia,310s BC births,3rd-century BC Greek people,3rd-century BC rulers,Ancient Greek generals,Ancient Greek military writers,Ancient child rulers,Ancient Epirotes,4th-century BC Greek people,3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs

paragraph: Pyrrhus of Epirus

paragraph: Pyrrhus Ι (; , "Pyrrhos"; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek general and statesman of the Hellenistic period. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from c. 297 BC), and later he became king of Epirus (r. 306–302, 297–272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Several of his victorious battles caused him unacceptably heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's "Parallel Lives".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pyrrhus was the son of Aeacides and Phthia, a Thessalian woman, and a second cousin of Alexander the Great (via Alexander's mother, Olympias). He had two sisters: Deidamia and Troias. In 317 BC, when Pyrrhus was only two, his father was dethroned (for supporting Olympias against Cassander). Pyrrhus' family took refuge with Glaukias of the Taulantians, one of the largest Illyrian tribes. Pyrrhus was raised by Beroea, Glaukias's wife and a Molossian of the Aeacidae dynasty.

paragraph: Glaukias restored Pyrrhus to the throne in 306 BC until the latter was banished again, four years later, by his enemy, Cassander. Thus, he went on to serve as an officer, in the wars of the Diadochi, under his brother-in-law Demetrius Poliorcetes who had married Deidamia. In 298 BC, Pyrrhus was taken hostage to Alexandria, under the terms of a peace treaty made between Demetrius and Ptolemy I Soter. There, he married Ptolemy I's stepdaughter Antigone (a daughter of Berenice I of Egypt from her first husband Philip—respectively, Ptolemy I's wife and a Macedonian noble) and restored his kingdom in Epirus in 297 BC with financial and military aid from Ptolemy I. Pyrrhus had his co-ruler Neoptolemus II of Epirus murdered. In 295 BC, Pyrrhus transferred the capital of his kingdom to Ambrakia (modern Arta). Next, he went to war against his former ally and brother-in-law Demetrius and in 292 BC he invaded Thessaly while Demetrius was besieging Thebes but was repulsed. In 288 BC, Pyrrhus and Lysimachus shared rulership over the kingdom of Macedon until 284 BC when Lysimachus drove Pyrrhus out of the region back into Epirus.

paragraph: Section::::Struggle with Rome.

paragraph: The Greek city of Tarentum, in southern Italy, fell out with Rome due to a violation of an old treaty that specified Rome was not to send warships into the Tarentine Gulf. In 282 BC, the Romans installed garrisons in the Greek cities of Thurii (on the western end of the Tarentine Gulf), Locri, and Rhegium, and sent warships to Thurii. Although this was designed as a measure against the Italian peoples of Lucania, the Tarentines grew nervous and attacked the Romans in Thurii, driving the Roman garrison from the city and sinking several Roman warships. Tarentum was now faced with a Roman attack and certain defeat, unless they could enlist the aid of greater powers. Rome had already made itself into a major power, and was poised to subdue all the Greek cities in Magna Graecia. The Tarentines asked Pyrrhus to lead their war against the Romans. Pyrrhus was encouraged to aid the Tarentines by the Oracle of Delphi. He recognized the possibility of carving out an empire for himself in Italy. He made an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, King of Macedon and his most powerful neighbor, and arrived in Italy in 280 BCE.

paragraph: Pyrrhus entered Italy with an army consisting of 20,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, 2,000 archers, 500 slingers, and 20 war elephants in a bid to subdue the Romans. The elephants had been loaned to him by Ptolemy II, who had also promised 9,000 soldiers and a further 50 elephants to defend Epirus while Pyrrhus and his army were away.

paragraph: Due to his superior cavalry, his elephants and his deadly phalanx infantry, he defeated the Romans, led by Consul Publius Valerius Laevinus, in the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC, in the Roman province of Lucania. There are conflicting sources about casualties. Hieronymus of Cardia reports the Romans lost about 7,000 while Pyrrhus lost 3,000 soldiers, including many of his best; Dionysius gives a bloodier view of 15,000 Roman dead and 13,000 Epirot. Several tribes, including the Lucanians, Bruttii, Messapians, and the Greek cities of Croton and Locri, joined Pyrrhus. He then offered the Romans a peace treaty which was eventually rejected. Pyrrhus spent the winter in Campania.

paragraph: When Pyrrhus invaded Apulia (279 BC), the two armies met in the Battle of Asculum, where Pyrrhus won a costly victory. The consul Publius Decius Mus was the Roman commander, and while his able force was ultimately defeated, they managed to almost break the back of Pyrrhus' Epirot army, which guaranteed the security of the city itself. In the end, the Romans had lost 6,000 men and Pyrrhus 3,500 including many officers. Pyrrhus later famously commented on his victory at Asculum, stating, "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined". It is from reports of this semi-legendary event that the term Pyrrhic victory originates.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Sicily.

paragraph: In 278 BC, Pyrrhus received two offers simultaneously. The Greek cities in Sicily asked him to come and drive out Carthage, which along with Rome was one of the two great powers of the Western Mediterranean. At the same time, the Macedonians, whose King Ptolemy Keraunos had been killed by invading Gauls, asked Pyrrhus to ascend the throne of Macedon. Pyrrhus decided that Sicily offered him a greater opportunity, and transferred his army there.

paragraph: Soon after landing in Sicily, he lifted the Carthaginian siege of Syracuse in the same year. Pyrrhus was proclaimed king of Sicily. He was already making plans for his son Helenus to inherit the kingdom of Sicily and his other son Alexander to be given Italy. In 277 BC, Pyrrhus captured Eryx, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompted the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities to defect to Pyrrhus.

paragraph: In 276 BC, Pyrrhus negotiated with the Carthaginians. Although they were inclined to come to terms with Pyrrhus, supply him money and send him ships once friendly relations were established, he demanded that Carthage abandon all of Sicily and make the Libyan Sea a boundary between themselves and the Greeks. The Greek cities of Sicily opposed making peace with Carthage because the Carthaginians still controlled the powerful fortress of Lilybaeum, on the western end of the island. Pyrrhus eventually gave in to their proposals and broke off the peace negotiations. Pyrrhus' army then began besieging Lilybaeum. For two months he launched unsuccessful assaults on the city, until finally he realized he could not mount an effective siege without blockading it from the sea as well. Pyrrhus then requested manpower and money from the Sicilians in order to construct a powerful fleet. When the Sicilians became unhappy about these contributions he had to resort to compulsory contributions and force to keep them in line. These measures culminated in him proclaiming a military dictatorship of Sicily and installing military garrisons in Sicilian cities.

paragraph: These actions were deeply unpopular and soon Sicilian opinion became inflamed against him. Pyrrhus had so alienated the Sicilian Greeks that they were willing to make common cause with the Carthaginians. The Carthaginians took heart from this and sent another army against him. This army was promptly defeated. In spite of this victory, Sicily continued to grow increasingly hostile to Pyrrhus, who began to consider abandoning Sicily. At this point, Samnite and Tarentine envoys reached Pyrrhus and informed him that of all the Greek cities in Italy, only Tarentum had not been conquered by Rome. Pyrrhus made his decision and departed from Sicily. As his ship left the island, he turned and, foreshadowing the Punic Wars, said to his companions: "What a wrestling ground we are leaving, my friends, for the Carthaginians and the Romans." While his army was being transported by ship to mainland Italy, Pyrrhus' navy was destroyed by the Carthaginians at the Battle of the Strait of Messina, with 98 warships sunk or disabled out of 110.

paragraph: Section::::Retreat from Italy.

paragraph: While Pyrrhus had been campaigning against the Carthaginians, the Romans had rebuilt their army by calling up thousands of fresh recruits. When Pyrrhus returned from Sicily, he found himself vastly outnumbered against a superior Roman army under Manius Curius Dentatus. After the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum in 275 BC, Pyrrhus decided to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus which resulted in the loss of essentially all the gains he had made in Italy. The city of Tarentum remained under the dominion of the Epirotes.

paragraph: Section::::Last wars and death.

paragraph: Though his western campaign had taken a heavy toll on his army as well as his treasury, Pyrrhus went to war yet again. Attacking King Antigonus II Gonatas (r. 277–239 BC), he won an easy victory at the Battle of the Aous and seized the Macedonian throne.

paragraph: In 272 BC, Cleonymus, a Spartan of royal blood who was hated among fellow Spartans, asked Pyrrhus to attack Sparta and place him in power. Pyrrhus agreed to the plan, intending to win control of the Peloponnese for himself, but unexpectedly strong resistance thwarted his assault on Sparta. On the retreat he lost his firstborn son Ptolemy, who had been in command of the rearguard.

paragraph: Pyrrhus had little time to mourn, as he was immediately offered an opportunity to intervene in a civic dispute in Argos. Since Antigonus Gonatas was approaching too, he hastened to enter the city with his army by stealth, only to find the place crowded with hostile troops. During the confused battle in the narrow city streets, Pyrrhus was trapped. While he was fighting an Argive soldier, the soldier's old mother, who was watching from a rooftop, threw a tile which knocked him from his horse and broke part of his spine, paralyzing him. Whether he was alive or not after the blow is unknown, but his death was assured when a Macedonian soldier named Zopyrus, though frightened by the look on the face of the unconscious king, hesitantly and ineptly beheaded his motionless body.

paragraph: Antigonus had him cremated with all honours and sent his surviving son Helenus back to Epirus. That same year, upon hearing the news of Pyrrhus's death, the Tarentinians surrendered to Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: While he was a mercurial and often restless leader, and not always a wise king, he was considered one of the greatest military commanders of his time. In his "Life of Pyrrhus", Plutarch records that Hannibal ranked him as the greatest commander the world had ever seen, though in the life of Titus Quinctius Flamininus, Plutarch writes that Hannibal placed him second after Alexander the Great. This latter account is also given by Appian.

paragraph: Pyrrhus was known for his benevolence. As a general, Pyrrhus's greatest political weaknesses were his failures to maintain focus and to maintain a strong treasury at home (many of his soldiers were costly mercenaries). His name is famous for the term "Pyrrhic victory" which refers to an exchange at the Battle of Asculum. In response to congratulations for winning a costly victory over the Romans, he is reported to have said: "If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined".

paragraph: Pyrrhus and his campaign in Italy was effectively the only chance for Greece to check the advance of Rome towards domination of the Mediterranean world. Rather than banding together, the various Hellenistic powers continued to quarrel among themselves, sapping the financial and military strength of Greece and to a lesser extent, Macedon and the greater Hellenistic world. By 197 BC, Macedonia and many southern Greek city-states became Roman client states; in 188 BC, the Seleucid Empire was forced to cede most of Asia Minor to Rome's ally Pergamon (Pergamum). Rome inherited that state, and most of Asia Minor in 133 BC. Total Roman domination over Greece proper was marked by the destruction of Corinth in 146 BC; Greece then formed an integral part of the Roman world leading into the Byzantine period.

paragraph: Pyrrhus wrote memoirs and several books on the art of war. These have since been lost, although, according to Plutarch, Hannibal was influenced by them, and they received praise from Cicero.

paragraph: Pyrrhus was married five times: his first wife Antigone bore him a daughter called Olympias and a son named Ptolemy in honour of her stepfather. She died in 295 BC, possibly in childbirth, since that was the same year her son was born. His second wife was Lanassa, daughter of King Agathocles of Syracuse (r. 317–289 BC), whom he married in about 295 BC; the couple had two sons, Alexander and Helenus; Lanassa left Pyrrhus. His third wife was the daughter of Audoleon, King of Paeonia; his fourth wife was the Illyrian princess Bircenna, who was the daughter of King Bardylis II (r. c. 295–290 BC); and his fifth wife was the daughter of Ptolemy Keraunos, whom he married in 281/280 BC. Portraits of Pyrrhus as have come down to us do not necessarily reflect his likeness.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org - Pyrrhus of Epirus

alias:
Pyrrhus of Epirus
King of Epirus Pyrros
re di Epiro, Pyrrhus
King of Epirus Pirro
Πύρρος
King of Epirus Pyrrhus
roi d'Épire Pyrrhus

description: Epirot Illyrian military leader

wikidata_label: Pyrrhus

wikipedia_title: Pyrrhus of Epirus


text: Greatest Bengali of all time

text: Vikramshila

text: Nalanda

text: Bikrampur

text: Pala Empire

text: Munshiganj District

text: Gautama Buddha

text: Guge

text: Mahāsāṃghika

text: Vaishnavism

text: Shaivism

text: Asaṅga

text: Vasubandhu

text: Nagarjuna

text: Candrakīrti

text: Tilopa

text: Naropa

text: Dharmakīrtiśrī

text: Sumatra

text: Srivijaya

text: Rajendra Chola I

text: Chola dynasty

text: Vikramashila

text: Emperor Dharmapala

text: Suvarnabhumi

text: Langdarma

text: Blue Annals

text: Guge

text: Yeshe-Ö

text: Vikramashila

text: Bodhipathapradīpa

text: Dromtön

text: Jamgon Kongtrul

text: Samye

text: Nyethang Drolma Temple

text: Bikrampur Vihara

text: Advice from Atiśa's Heart

text: Atiśa Dipamkara

categories: 1054 deaths,Kadampa Lamas,Buddhist philosophers,Bengali people,Buddhism in Bangladesh,982 births,Tibetan Buddhist teachers

paragraph: Atiśa

paragraph: In 2004, Atiśa was ranked number 18 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time. He was highly interested and respectful of ancient India's legendary educational feats, including the establishment of Vikramshila and Nalanda, two of the nation's most glorious centres of learning.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Palace life.

paragraph: Bikrampur, the most probable place for Atiśa's birthplace, was the capital of the Pala Empire as it had been of the ancient kingdoms of southeast Bengal. Though the city's exact location is not certain, it presently lies in the Munshiganj District of Bangladesh, and continues to be celebrated as an early center of Buddhist cultural, academic, and political life. Similar to Gautama Buddha, Atiśa was born into royalty. His father was a king known as Kalyana Shri and his mother was Shri Prabhavati. One of three royal brothers, Atiśa went by the name of Candragarbha during the first part of his life. In fact, it was not until he traveled to Guge and encountered King Jangchup Ö (, 984–1078) that he was given the name Atiśa.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.

paragraph: According to Tibetan sources, Atiśa was ordained into the Mahāsāṃghika lineage at the age of twenty-eight by the Abbot Śīlarakṣita and studied almost all Buddhist and non-Buddhist schools of his time, including teachings from Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Tantric Hinduism and other practices. He also studied the sixty-four kinds of art, the art of music and the art of logic and accomplished these studies until the age of twenty-two. Among the many Buddhist lineages he studied, practiced and transmitted the three main lineages were the "Lineage of the Profound Action" transmitted by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu, the "Lineage of Profound View" transmitted by Nagarjuna and Candrakīrti, and the "Lineage of Profound Experience" transmitted by Tilopa and Naropa. It is said that Atiśa had more than 150 teachers, but one key one was Dharmakīrtiśrī.

paragraph: Section::::Preaching in Sumatra and Tibet.

paragraph: Tibetan sources assert that Atisa spent 12 years in Sumatra of the Srivijaya empire and he returned to India in 1025 CE which was also the same year when Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty invaded Sumatra.

paragraph: Atiśa returned to India. Once back, the increasingly knowledgeable monk received much attention for his teachings and skills in debate and philosophy. On three separate occasions, the monk Atiśa was acclaimed for defeating non-Buddhist extremists in debate. When he came into contact with what he perceived to be a misled or deteriorating form of Buddhism he would quickly and effectively implement reforms. Soon enough he was appointed to the position of steward, or abbot, at Vikramashila established by Emperor Dharmapala.

paragraph: Atiśa's return from Suvarnabhumi, where he had been studying with Dharmakīrtiśrī, and his rise to prominence in India coincided with a flourishing of Buddhist culture and the practice of Buddhism in the region, and in many ways Atiśa's influence contributed to these developments. According to traditional narratives, King Langdarma had suppressed Buddhism's teachings and persecuted its followers for over seventy years. According to the "Blue Annals", a new king of Guge by the name of Yeshe-Ö sent his academic followers to learn and translate some of the Sanskrit Buddhist texts. Among these academics was Naktso, who was eventually sent to Vikramashila to study Sanskrit and plead with Atiśa to come teach the Dharma in his homeland.

paragraph: Travelling with Naktso and Gya Lōtsawa, Atiśa journeyed through Nepal on his way to Tolung, the capital of the Purang Kingdom. (Gya Lōtsawa died before reaching Tolung.) On his way, he is said to have met Marpa Lōtsawa. He spent three years in Tolung and compiled his teachings into his most influential scholarly work, "Bodhipathapradīpa", or "Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment". The short text, in sixty-seven verses, lays out the entire Buddhist path in terms of the three vehicles: Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna, and became the model for subsequent texts in the genre of "Lamrim (lam rim)", or the "Stages of the Path." Here Atiśa met Dromtön, who would become his primary disciple, regarded as both an enforcer of later propagation ethical standards and a holder of Atiśa's tantric lineage.

paragraph: According to Jamgon Kongtrul, when Atiśa discovered the store of Sanskrit texts at Pekar Kordzoling, the library of Samye, "he said that the degree to which the Vajrayana had spread in Tibet was unparalleled, even in India. After saying this, he reverently folded his hands and praised the great dharma kings, translators, and panditas of the previous centuries."

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Following are his most notable books:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nyethang Drolma Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bikrampur Vihara

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen, "Great Kagyu Masters: The Golden Lineage Treasury", Snow Lion Publications

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geshe Sonam Rinchen, "Atiśa's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment", Snow Lion Publications

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography of Atisha's works, Item 596, Karl Potter, University of Washington

paragraph: BULLET::::- Advice from Atiśa's Heart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atiśa Dipamkara on Banglapedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- English Translation of Lamp to the Path of Enlightenment (by Dr. Alexander Berzin)

description: Indian Buddhist scholar

wikidata_label: Atiśh Dipankar

wikipedia_title: Atiśa


text:
Spanish
footballer
defender
La Liga
Real Oviedo
Segunda División
Valencia
Copa del Rey
1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final
Arsenal
Spain national football team

categories: Spanish footballers,Association football defenders,1951 births,La Liga players,Real Oviedo players,People from Mieres, Asturias,Living people

paragraph: José Carrete

paragraph: José Carrete de Julián (born 5 April 1951) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a defender in La Liga in the 1970s and 1980s.

paragraph: He started with Real Oviedo and gained promotion from the Segunda División with them in 1974–75, although following their subsequent relegation he was transferred to Valencia in 1976.

paragraph: Valencia won the 1979 Copa del Rey, and Carrete was then a member of the successful Valencia side that won the 1980 European Cup Winners' Cup Final against Arsenal. His last games for Valencia were in the 1982–83 season.

paragraph: Carrete made two appearances for the Spain national football team.

description: Spanish footballer

wikidata_label: José Carrette de Julián

wikipedia_title: José Carrete


text:
Doctors' Commons
Falkland Islands
President of the Virgin Islands
Governor of Dominica
Governor of British Honduras
Governor of Trinidad
Governor of British Guiana
Governor of Ceylon
CMG
1883 Birthday Honours
Watford, Hertfordshire
Longhope
Brookwood Cemetery
Saint Kitts
James Samuel Berridge
Cyril Chapman Longden
Soerabaia
Longden biography
Description and image

categories: People from London,1891 deaths,19th-century English people,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George,1827 births,Governors of British Guiana,Governors of Dominica,Governors of British Honduras,Governors of British Trinidad,Presidents of the British Virgin Islands

paragraph: James Robert Longden

paragraph: Sir James Robert Longden (1827 – 4 October 1891) was an English colonial administrator.

paragraph: Longden was born as the youngest son of John R. Longden, proctor, of Doctors' Commons, London. In 1844, two years after the establishment of a civil government, he was appointed government clerk in the Falkland Islands, and became acting colonial secretary the year after. In 1861 he was appointed President of the Virgin Islands, in 1865 Governor of Dominica, in 1867 Governor of British Honduras, in 1870 Governor of Trinidad, Governor of British Guiana in 1874, and in December 1876 Governor of Ceylon, which post he held until his retirement in 1883. He was made CMG in 1871, in 1876, in the 1883 Birthday Honours.

paragraph: After his retirement he resided at Longhope, near Watford, Hertfordshire, and took a very active part in county affairs. He was a J.P. and alderman for the county under the Local Government Act. He died at Longhope on 4 October 1891. His funeral took place at Brookwood Cemetery on 9 October 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 22 September 1864 on the island of Saint Kitts, he married Alice Emily Berridge (1846–1910), younger daughter of James Samuel Berridge (1806–1885), a local landowner and businessman, and his wife Jane Chapman (1803–1888). They had six children, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonel Arthur Berridge Longden DSO (1868–1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyril Chapman Longden KPM (1873–1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vice-Admiral Horace Walker Longden CMG (1877–1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Emily Longden, who married in 1900 W. Engelenburg of Soerabaia, Java.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longden biography, specific for Trinidad and Tobago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Description and image in "Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon" (Google books)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dod's Knightage, 1891

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonial Office List, 1891

paragraph: BULLET::::- Times, 5 and 10 October 1891

description: English colonial administrator

wikidata_label: James Robert Longden

wikipedia_title: James Robert Longden


text:
Bari
Bari
classical piano
jazz
Michel Petrucciani
Paolo Fresu
Room of Mirrors
Official website
Profile on Musicbrainz
Profile on BBC Music
Soundcloud
Facebook page
Reverbnation

categories: Italian jazz musicians,1978 births,Living people,Italian jazz pianists,Italian male pianists,21st-century pianists,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Kekko Fornarelli

paragraph: Kekko Fornarelli (born 10 January 1978 in Bari, Italy) is an Italian jazz pianist and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kekko Fornarelli is a pianist and a composer. He was born in Bari, Italy in 1978. He began learning classical piano at the age of three, first through private tuition and later at the Conservatorio Piccinni in Bari.

paragraph: Fornarelli's interest in jazz music began at the age of 18. From there on, he has immersed himself in jazz, which has led him to travel worldwide.

paragraph: He has recorded four albums, "Circular Thought" in 2005, "A French Man in New York" (2008), inspired by French pianist Michel Petrucciani in the three years he spent in France.

paragraph: "Room of mirrors" was released in 2011 by Auand sound. Alison Bentley writes "I can't stop listening to the CD: a fusion of Romantic classical music, modern jazz and 21st century dance rhythms, played with Italian brio from the heart."

paragraph: His last work, "Outrush" was released in 2014.

paragraph: Eric Vloeimans, Flavio Boltro, Rosario Giuliani, Francesco Bearzatti, Benjamin Henocq, Jerome Regard, Manhu Roche, Luca Bulgarelli are only some of the artists he has shared ideas, sounds, life experiences and stages with.

paragraph: The tour that has brought his music to more than 25 countries over the world in the last two years – Russia and all Europe, Asia, Australia – is a huge success everywhere.

paragraph: "Fornarelli is a skilful instrumentalist with classical roots and a subtle improviser's mind". Alison Gunn of the Financial Times writes "A near-perfect balance of tension and freedom. Fornarelli's music has a pared-down yet catchy style that draws on his classical roots, with influences from pop to trip-hop to gospel"

paragraph: Paolo Fresu writes: "As long as there are musicians as open minded as Kekko Fornarelli, jazz will carry on being the World's music. Kekko’s intimacy is made of rich melodies and chord progressions which evoke some delicate forms of modern jazz, but are translated by that particular touch which makes him one of the most interesting young pianist of the moment."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circular Thought", 2005 (Wide)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A French Man in New York", 2008 (Wide Sound)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Room of Mirrors", 2011 (Auand Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outrush", 2014 (Abeat)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Musicbrainz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on BBC Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soundcloud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facebook page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reverbnation

description: Jazz pianist and composer

wikidata_label: Kekko Fornarelli

wikipedia_title: Kekko Fornarelli


text:
Democratic
Ohio
United States
Ohio Supreme Court
United States House of Representatives
Urbana
Champaign County
Ohio
Moses B.
Thomas Corwin
Governor
Senator
Secretary of the Treasury
Whig
Democratic Party
Ohio House of Representatives
Ohio's 4th congressional district
Benjamin Stanton
Ohio Supreme Court
George E. Pugh
United States Senate
Cincinnati, Ohio
Robert B. Warden
John C. Breckinridge
13th Ohio Infantry

categories: People from Urbana, Ohio,Ohio Supreme Court justices,Ohio Democrats,19th-century deaths from tuberculosis,19th-century American politicians,1818 births,1863 deaths,Ohio Whigs

paragraph: John A. Corwin

paragraph: John A. Corwin was a Democratic politician and jurist from Ohio, United States. He was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court and ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Corwin was born in Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio on October 26, 1818. His parents were Moses B. and Margaret Corwin. Moses Corwin was the first lawyer in Champaign County, and was the cousin of Thomas Corwin, Governor, Senator and Secretary of the Treasury.

paragraph: After he finished school, Corwin ran a newspaper called the "Rattler" in about 1837, and studied law under his father. He was admitted to the bar at age 21, and established a law practice with his father in Urbana. They had clients throughout central Ohio, and John A. became a highly regarded criminal defense attorney. He started out like his famous relatives as a Whig, but switched to the Democratic Party in about 1840.

paragraph: Moses Corwin had been in the Ohio House of Representatives, and ran for Ohio's 4th congressional district as the Whig nominee in 1848. John A. decided to run as a Democrat against his father, and they had debates before immense crowds throughout the district. Moses won in the solidly Whig district. In 1850, John A. challenged Whig Benjamin Stanton in the same district, and again lost convincingly.

paragraph: In 1851, Ohio adopted a new constitution which made seats on the Ohio Supreme Court elective. The first election was in October, 1851. Corwin was nominated by the Democrats, and the Democrats won all five seats. The new court was seated February 9, 1852, and the judges drew lots for length of their first term, so re-elections would be staggered. Corwin drew a four-year term. In 1854, he challenged George E. Pugh for the Democratic nomination for United States Senate, but lost. He did not serve his whole term, but resigned October 28, 1854.

paragraph: After he resigned, Corwin returned to Urbana to practice law, spent 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, in practice with another former justice, Robert B. Warden, and returned to Urbana in 1858. In 1860, he supported the southern faction of the Democratic Party that nominated John C. Breckinridge, but joined the 13th Ohio Infantry for three months service as a Captain on April 20, 1861, resigning before his three months were up.

paragraph: Corwin suffered from tuberculosis for six months before he died at his Urbana home on August 11, 1863. He was buried at the cemetery in Urbana.

paragraph: Corwin married Mary Vance, and they had one son.

description: lawyer, jurist

wikidata_label: John A. Corwin

wikipedia_title: John A. Corwin


text: Paris

text: ambassador

text: Louis XIV

text: Siam

text: Abbé de Choisy

text: Guy Tachard

text: Bénigne Vachet

text: King Narai the Great

text: Catholicism

text: memoir

text: Siam

text: Jesuit Relations

text: France–Thailand relations

text: Chevalier de Chaumont (French)

categories: 17th-century French diplomats,1710 deaths,Knights of Chaumont,French memoirists,French male non-fiction writers,1640 births

paragraph: Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont

paragraph: Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont (1640 – 28 January 1710 in Paris) was the first French ambassador for King Louis XIV in Siam in 1685. He was accompanied on his mission by Abbé de Choisy, the Jesuit Guy Tachard, and Father Bénigne Vachet of the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris. He was also bringing back to Siam the two ambassadors of the 1684 First Siamese Embassy to France.

paragraph: He tried without success to convert King Narai the Great to Catholicism and to conclude significant commercial treaties.

paragraph: He is best remembered for his memoirs describing life in 17th century Siam.

paragraph: A "Chevalier de Chaumont" is also mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France–Thailand relations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chevalier de Chaumont (French)

wikidata_label: Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont

wikipedia_title: Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont


text:
Avanzada Regia
Zurdok
Vaquero
Beatles
Beach Boys
drums
MTV
distortion
Zurdok
Fletch Sáenz
David Izquierdo
Antena
Hombre Sintetizador
Maquillaje
Maurizio Terracina
Rodrigo Guardiola
Vaquero
eponymous album
Ken Coomer
Wilco
Uncle Tupelo
Nashville
Charlie Brocco
The Beatles
The Beach Boys
Blanco Fácil
Latin Grammy
iTunes Latino
Amaral
Miguel Bosé
Efectos secundarios
Emmanuel del Real
Efecto Dominó
Antena
Hombre Sintetizador
Maquillaje
lo mejor de Zurdok
Vaquero EP
Vaquero
Blanco Fácil
Blanco Fácil (US Edit)
Blanco Fácil Special Edit
Efecto Dominó
Hipnosis
Publimetro
Coca-Cola
Official Page

categories: Latin music songwriters,Mexican rock musicians,1979 births,Rock en Español musicians,Living people

paragraph: Chetes

paragraph: Luis Gerardo Garza Cisneros (; born September 19, 1979 in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México), better known as his stage name Chetes (), is a Mexican rock musician, well known for being the leader of the influential Avanzada Regia rock bands Zurdok, Vaquero and eventually, his own solo career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Chetes was born and raised in Monterrey, Mexico. His father was a founding member of the rock band "Los Rockets", which led to Chetes' interest in music. At age 7, he learned classic guitar, and started to like artists such as the Beatles and the Beach Boys. At the age of 12, he attempted to learn how to play drums, but this project was quickly abandoned when neighbors complained about the noise. When MTV arrived in the city, Chetes got even more excited about rock music so he learned about guitar distortion. This is a method of playing guitar where the sound is distorted, but the actual guitar remains intact.

paragraph: Chetes then joined the band Zurdok in 1993, which was formed by Fletch Sáenz and David Izquierdo. The band received a recording contract to Discos Manicomio when he was only 16. With Zurdok, Garza recorded 3 albums: "Antena", "Hombre Sintetizador" and "Maquillaje". In 2002, Zurdok disbanded due to artistic differences and Chetes took a break. In 2005, Zurdok bandmate Maurizio Terracina and Garza created a new project band together with Rodrigo Guardiola called Vaquero, where their songs are completely in English. Chetes picked up a considerable amount of new fans, due to the predominance of English as a world language.

paragraph: Vaquero is currently in hiatus and it remains unknown if they will record a sequel to their debut eponymous album.

paragraph: Chetes already had enough material of his own to cut a record. "Una Pieza" (One More Time or Figure Out) and "Poco a Poco" were written during the Vaquero era, but they did not fit into the band concept. So, by sending demos, Ken Coomer, ex-drummer of Wilco and Uncle Tupelo got hooked on Chetes's sound and decided to be the producer of his first solo album. Garza flew to Nashville on October 2005, recording and writing songs with Coomer and his engineer, Charlie Brocco. These songs were recorded in track and had no electronic instrumentation, being heavily influenced by The Beatles and The Beach Boys.

paragraph: In May 2006, "Blanco Fácil", the title of the album, was released. So far, it has sold nearly 50,000 copies, the benchmark for being certified gold in Mexico. The first single on "Blanco Fácil", "Completamente", led to a 2006 Latin Grammy nomination for best rock song, some heavy iTunes Latino promotion, and a much-played video that features a bundled-up Garza singing his way down the streets of Beijing. The second single is "Poco a poco" and there is a scheduled third single "Que me maten".

paragraph: Chetes also collaborated with Amaral in the cover of Miguel Bosé's song "Si tu No Vuelves" for the soundtrack of the movie "Efectos secundarios" and with Emmanuel del Real with the song "16 de Febrero" for the movie "Fuera del Cielo".

paragraph: In April 2008, Chetes released his second album Efecto Dominó.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Zurdok.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antena - 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hombre Sintetizador - August 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maquillaje - June 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- lo mejor de Zurdok (Compilation album) - 2007

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Vaquero.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaquero EP - 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaquero - 2005

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanco Fácil - May 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanco Fácil (US Edit) - January 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanco Fácil Special Edit - February 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Efecto Dominó - March 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hipnosis- May 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardio Sapien EP - Aug 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stereotipos - Feb 2016

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.:General references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publimetro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coca-Cola

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Page

description: Mexican rock musician

wikidata_label: Chetes

wikipedia_title: Chetes


text: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Greta Garbo

text: Anel Sudakevich

text: Stanislavsky System

text: Proletcult

text: Konstantin Stanislavsky

text: Boris Barnet

text: The Girl with a Hatbox

text: Fedor Ozep

text: The Yellow Ticket

text: Salto Mortale

text: The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov

text: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Greta Garbo

text: Vilma Bánky

text: Nana

text: Émile Zola

text: We Live Again

text: The Wedding Night

text: Gary Cooper

text: Cole Porter

text: Anything Goes

text: the musical of the same name

text: So Ends Our Night

text: Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas

text: They Came to Blow Up America

text: Three Russian Girls

text: Let's Live a Little

text: The Actors Studio

text: The Red Skelton Show

text: The Walter Winchell File

text: Adventures in Paradise

text: Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison

text: The Nun and the Sergeant

text: Eugene Frenke

text: Alla Nazimova

text: Käthe von Nagy

text: Igor Ilyinsky

text: Ivan Mozzhukhin

text: Ossip Runitsch

text: Vera Kholodnaya

text: Photographs and literature

text: Anna Sten Biography (in Russian)

categories: Russian silent film actresses,People from Kiev,People from Kiev Governorate,Ukrainian silent film actresses,1908 births,1993 deaths,Russian Christians,20th-century Russian actresses,Soviet emigrants to the United States,American people of Swedish descent,Imperial Russian actresses,American people of Russian descent,20th-century Ukrainian actresses

paragraph: Anna Sten

paragraph: Anna Sten (; ; born Anna Petrovna Fesak, December 3, 1908November 12, 1993) was a Ukrainian-born American actress. She began her career in stage plays and films in Soviet Union before travelling to Germany, where she starred in several films. Her performances were noticed by film producer Samuel Goldwyn, who brought her to the United States with the aim of creating a new screen personality to rival Greta Garbo. After a few unsuccessful films, Goldwyn released her from her contract. She continued to act occasionally until her final film appearance in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Sten was born December 3, 1908 in Kiev. There are other conflicting dates of birth: 1910 and 1906 from self-written dates in application forms from college. Her mother, Alexandra, listed Anna's birthdate as October 29, 1906 upon her arrival in the United States, although some of the discrepancies may be owing from the switch from the Old Julian style to the Gregorian calendar. According to the official biography, her father was born into a Cossack family, worked as a theater artist and producer. Her mother was a Swede by birth and was a ballerina. In Kiev in the middle of the 1920s she married entertainer and variety actor Boris Sten (né Bernstein), and took his stage name as her own.

paragraph: In most foreign sources her maiden names are Stenska and Sudakevich, or a combination thereof (such as a common variant Anel (Anyushka) Stenska-Sudakevich or Annel (Anjuschka) Stenskaja Sudakewitsch), which is why Sten has been mistakenly identified with the Russian actress Anel Sudakevich, who starred in Soviet cinema at the same time and with some of the same directors as Anna Sten. The actresses have often been confused for one another.

paragraph: Sten received her education at Kiev State Theatre College, worked as a reporter and simultaneously played in Kiev Maly Theater, attended classes at the studio theater where she worked within the Stanislavsky System. In 1926, she successfully passed her exams in the first working Proletcult theater in Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1926, after completing her studies at Kiev theater school, Sten was invited by Ukrainian film director Viktor Turin to appear in his film "Provokator", based on the book by Ukrainian writer Oles Dosvitnyi. Sten was discovered by the Russian stage director and instructor Konstantin Stanislavsky, who arranged an audition for her at the Moscow Film Academy. Sten went on to act in other plays and films in Ukraine and Russia, including Boris Barnet's comedy "The Girl with a Hatbox" (1927). She and her husband, Russian film director Fedor Ozep, traveled to Germany to appear in a film co-produced by German and Soviet studios, "The Yellow Ticket" (1928). After the film was completed, Anna Sten and her husband decided not to return to the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Making a smooth transition to talking pictures, Sten appeared in such German films as "Salto Mortale" (1931) and "The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov" (1931) until she came to the attention of American movie mogul Samuel Goldwyn. Goldwyn was looking for a foreign-born actress that he could build up as a rival to Greta Garbo, and possible successor to Vilma Bánky, with whom Goldwyn had great success in the silent era. For two years after bringing Sten to America, Goldwyn had his new star tutored in English and taught Hollywood screen acting methods. He poured a great deal of time and money into Sten's first American film, "Nana" (1934), a somewhat homogenized version of Émile Zola's scandalous 19th century novel. But the film was not successful at the box office, nor were her two subsequent Goldwyn films, "We Live Again" (1934) and "The Wedding Night" (1935), playing opposite Gary Cooper. Reluctantly, Goldwyn dissolved his contract with his "new Garbo." Goldwyn's tutoring of Sten is mentioned in Cole Porter's 1934 song "Anything Goes" from the musical of the same name: "When Sam Goldwyn can with great conviction / Instruct Anna Sten in diction / Then Anna shows / Anything goes."

paragraph: In the 1940s, Sten appeared in several films, including "The Man I Love" (1940), "So Ends Our Night" (1941), "Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas" (1943), "They Came to Blow Up America" (1943), "Three Russian Girls" (1943), and "Let's Live a Little" (1948). Sten continued making films in the United States and England, but none of them were successful. Attempting to rectify this situation by studying at The Actors Studio, Sten appeared in several television series during the 1950s, including "The Red Skelton Show" (1956), "The Walter Winchell File" (1957), and "Adventures in Paradise" (1959).

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Most of Sten's later film appearances were favors to her husband. She had an uncredited bit in the Frenke-produced "Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison" (1957), and a full lead in her final film (also produced by Frenke), "The Nun and the Sergeant" (1962).

paragraph: Sten died on November 12, 1993 in New York City at the age of 84.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sten was married to film producer Eugene Frenke, who flourished in Hollywood after following his wife there in 1932.

paragraph: Anna Sten had a daughter Anya Sten who was a student at the Monticello School in Los Angeles in the early 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alla Nazimova

paragraph: BULLET::::- Käthe von Nagy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Igor Ilyinsky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivan Mozzhukhin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ossip Runitsch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vera Kholodnaya

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs and literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Sten Biography (in Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anna Sten is not Russian", Ukrainian Weekly 1934/ No.17, p.3

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Is Anna Sten a Ukrainian?", Ukrainian Weekly 1937/ No.52, p.4

description: Russian-born American actor

wikidata_label: Anna Sten

wikipedia_title: Anna Sten


text:
jazz
Paducah, Kentucky
steam boat
Mississippi River
calliope
Streckfus Line
New Orleans, Louisiana
St. Paul, Minnesota
Zutty Singleton
Cab Calloway
Count Basie
Duke Ellington
Jimmie Lunceford
Mills Blue Rhythm Band
Fats Waller
Chick Webb
sheet music
Louis Armstrong
Red Allen
Baby Dodds
Johnny Dodds
Pops Foster
Narvin Kimball
Al Morgan
Jimmy Blanton
Elbert Pee Wee Claybrook
Zutty Singleton
George Russell
St. Louis, Missouri
Fate Marable - Pittsburgh Music History

categories: American jazz bandleaders,1890 births,African-American musicians,1947 deaths,American jazz organists,American jazz pianists,Jazz musicians from Kentucky,20th-century organists,Male organists,American male pianists,20th-century American pianists,20th-century American conductors (music),20th-century male musicians,Musicians from Paducah, Kentucky

paragraph: Fate Marable

paragraph: Fate Marable (December 2, 1890 – January 16, 1947) was an American jazz pianist and bandleader.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Marable was born in Paducah, Kentucky to Elizabeth Lillian (Wharton) Marable, a piano teacher. Fate had five siblings, including two brothers, Harold and James, and three sisters, Mabel, Juanita, and Neona. Elizabeth Marable, known as "Lizzie," gave her son music lessons, both in reading music and playing piano.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: At the age of 17, Marable began playing on the steam boats plying the Mississippi River. John and Joseph Streckfus hired him to replace their piano player, Charles Mills, who had accepted an engagement in New York City. There was a catch: Marable's responsibilities would include playing a large steam calliope. Steam streamed through the brass pipes and whistles at 80 pounds of pressure, the keys were hot and they were hard to hold down. Pitch varied with steam pressure, so there was a challenge of playing in tune. The calliope was designed to be clearly heard on shore, so the volume was overwhelming to the musician who was manipulating it. To prepare himself for playing the loud machine that spewed steam and water, Marable wore gloves, stuffed his ears with cotton, and donned raingear.

paragraph: Later in 1907, he became bandleader for a paddlewheeler on the Streckfus Line running between New Orleans, Louisiana and St. Paul, Minnesota, a position he retained for 33 years. Later, he spent late nights in New Orleans' clubs scouting for talent and playing at jam sessions. There he discovered Louis Armstrong blowing cornet, and recruited him to play for band on evening riverboat excursions cruising around the Crescent City.

paragraph: As a bandleader, Marable shared the lessons from his mother with his musicians. Many of the musicians he hired played by ear, and he augmented their skills by teaching them to read music, and expected them all to learn how to play from sheet music on sight. As his one-time drummer, Zutty Singleton put it, "There was a saying in New Orleans. When some musician would get a job on the riverboats with Fate Marable, they'd say, 'Well, you're going to the conservatory.'" While he was training these musicians to better perform the dance arrangements for the steamboat passengers, he also boosted many of their careers when they were ready to move on. Streckfus Steamers' alumni went on to play with notable bands and bandleaders such as Cab Calloway, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Jimmie Lunceford, Mills Blue Rhythm Band, Fats Waller, and Chick Webb.

paragraph: Members of Marable's bands were expected to be able to play a wide variety of music, from hot numbers to light classics, both play by memory or ear and from sheet music, and above all to keep the dancers happy. Marable was a strict bandleader, demanding musical proficiency and rigid discipline from all his bandmembers, yet allowing them to develop their individual strong points. For instance, Louis Armstrong's gift for improvisation was recognised as such by Marable, and he allowed him to improvise his breaks rather than play them note for note. Marable's band served as an early musical education for many other players who would later become prominent in jazz, including Red Allen, Baby Dodds, Johnny Dodds, Pops Foster, Narvin Kimball, Al Morgan, Jimmy Blanton, Elbert Pee Wee Claybrook, , and Zutty Singleton.

paragraph: In 1916, Marable published the only original composition of his career, "Barrell House Rag", co-written with Clarence Williams.

paragraph: A young George Russell, later notable for formulating the "Lydian Concept", grew up listening to Marable's music.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Fate Marable died of pneumonia in St. Louis, Missouri. He was 56 years old. He is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery in Paducah, Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fate Marable - Pittsburgh Music History

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Fate Marable

wikipedia_title: Fate Marable


text:
al-Hakam
Caliphate of Córdoba
Al-Andalus
Hisham II al-Hakam
Navarra
concubine
Basque
Gascony
al-Hakam
Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
Hisham II al-Hakam
Ghalib al-Nasiri
Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
hajib
Nesreen Tafesh
Walid Saif
Moors

categories: 10th-century Al-Andalus people,Female regents,Spanish slaves,Women of al-Andalus,Arabian slaves and freedmen,Basque women,10th-century women rulers

paragraph: Subh of Cordoba

paragraph: Subh (circa 940 – circa 999), also known as "Sobeya", "Sobha", and "Sabiha Malika Qurtuba" ('Queen of Cordoba'), was the spouse of Caliph al-Hakam of Cordoba (r. 961-976), and the regent of the Caliphate of Córdoba in Spanish Al-Andalus during the minority of her son, Caliph Hisham II al-Hakam.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Subh was originally a Christian from Navarra by the name "Aurora",

paragraph: who was brought as a slave - a "Jāriya" - to be a concubine in the harem of the Caliph in Cordoba. Her origin has alternatively been identified as Basque from the Gascony region.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Concubine.

paragraph: In the Caliph's harem of Cordoba, Subh became the favorite concubine and wife of the Caliph al-Hakam. She was described as not only beautiful, but also as intelligent and analytical.

paragraph: In the later years of his reign, the Caliph lost interest of the routine management of political affairs, and reportedly left it to his favorite wife. To fill this task, she expressed the need for a secretary, and in 966, Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir (also known as Almanzor) was appointed to this post. There were rumors that Almanzor became her lover and that this was the reason why she was to give him such influence in the affairs of state, and their alleged relationship became the subject of satirical poems and libelous rhymes. The Caliph reportedly alluded to the matter once when he remarked that Almanzor apparently was remarkable influence in the minds of the harem, but apparently the Caliph never saw a reason to take any action. Whether they actually were lovers or not have never been confirmed, but it is a fact that Almazor became a trusted collaborator to whom she trusted completely in her political work.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Mother of the Caliph.

paragraph: In 976, Caliph al-Hakam died and was succeeded by Subh's minor son, the eleven-year old Caliph Hisham II al-Hakam, under the regency of General Ghalib al-Nasiri, al-Mushafi (the chief administrator of the late caliph), and Subh as well as Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, who became the administrator of the properties left to Subh by al-Hakam. Reportedly, Subh provided Almanzor with the necessary funds to give him control of the army, by which he could secure the stability necessary for her son, a child, to be secured as Caliph with her as regent, after which she gave him much power in her government. Subh also named Almanzor "hajib" [chief of viziers]. Almanzor had become the de facto ruler of Córdoba by 978, pushing both Subh and Hisham to the sidelines.

paragraph: The 13th-century historian Al-Murakushi describe the situation: "The stature of Ibn 'Amir continued to grow until he made the acquaintance of Sayyida Subh, the mother of Hisham, the son of alHakam. He took charge of her business affairs and managed her lands. In this way he earned her appreciation. Things continued like this until the death of al-Hakam. Hisham was still young, and there was fear of trouble. Ibn 'Amir provided Subh with the security and

paragraph: calm necessary for her son to be able to reign. Ibn 'Amir was very competent and circumstances worked in his favour. Subh made available the necessary funds, and he was able to win over the army. There then followed a train of circumstances that allowed him to rise even higher, until he became practically the sole manager of the affairs of state."

paragraph: The collaboration between Subh and Almanzor reportedly worked well until 986, when a conflict arouse between them, causing Subh to an unsuccessful attempt to depose Almanzor from his position by introducing other male favorites as his rivals. Her second and last attempt to depose him in 997 resulted in his complete accession of all power.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Subh appeared as a character in the 2003 Syrian television series "Cordoba's Spring", played by Nesreen Tafesh. The series was written by Walid Saif.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moors

wikidata_label: Subh

wikipedia_title: Subh of Cordoba


text:
Toulouse
France
Paris
France
International Mathematical Union
Poncelet Prize
Koenigs function
Schröder's equation

categories: French mathematicians,1858 births,Members of the French Academy of Sciences

paragraph: Gabriel Xavier Paul Koenigs

paragraph: Gabriel Xavier Paul Koenigs (17 January 1858 in Toulouse, France – 29 October 1931 in Paris, France) was a French mathematician who worked on analysis and geometry. He was elected as Secretary General of the Executive Committee of the International Mathematical Union after the first world war, and used his position to exclude countries with whom France had been at war from the mathematical congresses.

paragraph: He was awarded the Poncelet Prize for 1893.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koenigs G. Recherches sur les intégrals de certaines équations fontionnelles. Ann. École Normale, Suppl., 1884, (3)1.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koenigs function

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schröder's equation

description: mathematician

wikidata_label: Gabriel Xavier Paul Koenigs

wikipedia_title: Gabriel Xavier Paul Koenigs


text: Canadian

text: American

text: ice hockey

text: defenceman

text: Eisbären Berlin

text: Deutsche Eishockey Liga

text: Calgary Flames

text: 2010 NHL Entry Draft

text: University of Wisconsin Badgers

text: American junior national team

text: captain

text: American junior national team

text: Toronto

text: Mississauga, Ontario

text: National Hockey League

text: Rob Ramage

text: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: St. Louis

text: Chesterfield, Missouri

text: minor ice hockey

text: St. Louis Bandits

text: North American Hockey League

text: 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships

text: Soo Greyhounds

text: Ontario Hockey League

text: University of Wisconsin

text: Wisconsin Badgers

text: United States junior national team

text: Canadians

text: team captain

text: 2011 NHL Entry Draft

text: Calgary Flames

text: 2013–14 season

text: American Hockey League

text: Abbotsford Heat

text: ECHL

text: Alaska Aces

text: Kelly Cup

text: 2014–15 season

text: Adirondack Flames

text: Winnipeg Jets

text: free agent

text: two-way contract

text: Columbus Blue Jackets

text: Lake Erie Monsters

text: Arizona Coyotes

text: Tyler Gaudet

text: Nashville Predators

text: Pierre-Cédric Labrie

text: Trevor Murphy

text: Milwaukee Admirals

text: New Jersey Devils

text: Binghamton Devils

text: Libertyville, Illinois

text: List of family relations in the NHL

text: Mississauga, Ontario

text: Winnipeg Free Press

text: Canadian Press

text: Toronto Maple Leafs

categories: Cleveland Monsters players,Adirondack Flames players,Canadian ice hockey players,1991 births,Calgary Flames draft picks,Lake Erie Monsters players,Calgary Flames players,Abbotsford Heat players,Sportspeople from Mississauga,Sportspeople from St. Louis,Tucson Roadrunners players,Binghamton Devils players,Milwaukee Admirals players,American men's ice hockey players,Living people,Alaska Aces (ECHL) players,Ice hockey people from Ontario,Columbus Blue Jackets players,Ice hockey people from Missouri

paragraph: John Ramage (ice hockey)

paragraph: John Ramage (born February 7, 1991) is a Canadian-American professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Ramage was a fourth-round selection of the Calgary Flames (103rd overall) at the 2010 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraph: Ramage played four seasons of college hockey with the University of Wisconsin Badgers and has twice won a medal as a member of the American junior national team: Gold at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, and bronze as captain of the American junior national team that won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He turned professional in 2013 and made his NHL debut in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ramage was born in the Toronto suburb of Mississauga, Ontario, when his father, former National Hockey League (NHL) player Rob Ramage, was a member of the Toronto Maple Leafs, but was raised in the St. Louis area suburb of Chesterfield, Missouri. He is the son of Rob and his wife Dawn, and has two elder sisters, Tamara and Jacklyn.

paragraph: As a youth, Ramage played in the 2004 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the St. Louis Blues minor ice hockey team. Ramage followed his father into hockey and played for his hometown St. Louis Bandits in the North American Hockey League (NAHL) in 2007–08 before joining the USA Hockey National Team Development Program (USNTDP) for a year. While a member of the program, Ramage represented Team USA at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and recorded one assist in seven games for the gold medal-winning squad.

paragraph: At least four National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools attempted to recruit Ramage, as did the Soo Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Ramage accepted a scholarship offer to attend the University of Wisconsin and play with the Wisconsin Badgers hockey team beginning in the 2009–10 season. At Wisconsin, Ramage majored in life sciences communication and completed his four-year degree.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:College.

paragraph: Ramage played four seasons with the Badgers between 2009 and 2013. As a freshman in 2009–10, he scored 2 goals and added 10 assists in 41 games. He also joined the United States junior national team for the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Ramage recorded three assists in seven games and the Americans defeated the host Canadians in the final to win the gold medal. Ramage played in his second World Junior Championship in 2011; he served as team captain for the bronze medal-winning Americans.

paragraph: At the 2011 NHL Entry Draft, Ramage was selected in the fourth round, 103rd overall, by the Calgary Flames – one of his father's former teams. He remained at Wisconsin, and in his sophomore season of 2010–11, scored 1 goal and added 10 assists. Named the Badger's captain in his junior season of 2011–12, Ramage initially struggled and finished with only 10 points in 37 games. Wanting to complete his degree and to continue to develop as a player, Ramage declined an opportunity to turn professional with the Flames and instead returned to Wisconsin for his senior season. Ramage enjoyed his best collegiate season in 2012–13 as he tallied 8 goals and 12 assists for 20 points in 42 games. In 157 games over four years, he scored 14 goals and 53 points.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional.

paragraph: Upon completing his college career, Ramage signed a two-year contract with the Calgary Flames. He began the 2013–14 season with Calgary's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Abbotsford Heat, where he recorded only 1 assist in 50 games. The Flames demoted him to the ECHL's Alaska Aces, a development that Ramage later said benefited him as he received increased responsibilities with Alaska. He appeared in the team's final six regular season games, during which he recorded one goal. He then added 4 more goals and 13 assists in 20 playoff games as the Aces won the Kelly Cup championship.

paragraph: Returning to the AHL for the 2014–15 season, Ramage was assigned to Calgary's relocated affiliate, the Adirondack Flames. He recorded 14 points with the team in 53 games before earning his first NHL recall on April 10, 2015. He made his NHL debut the following day in a 5–1 loss to the Winnipeg Jets. Following the season, the Flames chose not to extend a qualifying offer to Ramage on a new contract, thus making him an unrestricted free agent. On July 3, 2015, Ramage signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets. He contributed to the Lake Erie Monsters Calder Cup championship for the 2015–16 season.

paragraph: During his third season within the Blue Jackets organization in the 2017–18 campaign, Ramage was traded to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for future considerations on January 22, 2018. On February 26, 2018, the Coyotes traded Ramage along with Tyler Gaudet to the Nashville Predators in exchange for Pierre-Cédric Labrie and Trevor Murphy. He was immediately assigned to the Predators AHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals, adding 3 assists in 21 games.

paragraph: On July 1, 2018, Ramage continued his journeyman career, agreeing to a one-year, two-way contract with the New Jersey Devils. Rampage was assigned to AHL affiliate, the Binghamton Devils for the duration of the 2018–19 season. In his sixth season in the AHL, Ramage established new career best markers with 12 goals and 31 points in 74 games, however was unable to earn a recall to New Jersey.

paragraph: As an impending free agent, Rampage opted to pursue a European career, signing his first contract abroad on a two-year agreement with German club, Eisbären Berlin of the DEL, on May 10, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married Emily Ramage (née Butrym) on July 11, 2015 in Libertyville, Illinois.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of family relations in the NHL

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Sources disagree on where Ramage was born. The National Hockey League's website says Mississauga, Ontario, however the Calgary Flames Media Guide, the IIHF Guide and Record Book, "Winnipeg Free Press", and Canadian Press all give St. Louis. John's father Rob was playing with the Toronto Maple Leafs at the time of his birth, but had previously spent six seasons in St. Louis.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Career statistics":

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: John Ramage

wikipedia_title: John Ramage (ice hockey)


text: Union Square, New York

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: John Wicker Art School

text: New York School of Applied Design for Women

text: Art Students League

text: Guy Pène du Bois

text: Kenneth Hayes Miller

text: baroque

text: Flemish painting

text: Max Weber

text: Robert Henri

text: Woodstock, New York

text: Yale University School of Fine Arts

text: James Bishop Ford

text: Peter Paul Rubens

text: Midtown Galleries

text: Riverdale

text: Fourteenth St

text: aquatint

text: Whitney Biennial

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Art Students League

text: Section of Painting and Sculpture

text: Fourteenth St. School

text: Reginald Marsh

text: Raphael Soyer

text: Moses Soyer

text: Pride and Prejudice

text: Pierpont Morgan Library

text: Young Woman

text: Isabel Bishop Papers, 1914-1983

text: Unrest

text: EP

text: Pride and Prejudice

text: Elizabeth Bennet

text: Jane

text: Jane Austen

text: "Isabel Bishop 1902"

text: "Isabel Bishop"

categories: 20th-century American painters,American women painters,Artists from Cincinnati,American muralists,American tempera painters,Painters from Ohio,National Academy of Design members,New York School of Applied Design for Women alumni,Painters from Michigan,1902 births,1988 deaths,Social realist artists,Artists from New York City,Women muralists,20th-century American women artists,Artists from Detroit,American women printmakers,20th-century American printmakers,Painters from New York (state),Section of Painting and Sculpture artists

paragraph: Isabel Bishop

paragraph: Isabel Bishop (March 3, 1902 – February 19, 1988) was an American painter and graphic artist who depicted urban scenes of Union Square, New York, from the 1930s to the 1970s. She is best known for her depiction of American women and as a leading member of the Fourteenth Street School of artists.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Bishop was born the youngest of five siblings in Cincinnati, Ohio. Founders of a prep school in Princeton, New Jersey, her parents were highly educated individuals and descendants from East coast mercantile families. Though the family descended from old wealth, their immediate status was of the middle class, and financial insecurity forced the family to move often.

paragraph: Her father was a scholar of Greek and Latin. Her mother was emotionally indifferent and distant from Bishop; she was a suffragist, feminist and aspiring writer who urged her daughters to become independent, strong women. After the family relocated to Detroit, Bishop began her art education at the age of 12 in a Saturday morning life drawing class at the John Wicker Art School in Detroit.

paragraph: In 1918, at the age of 16 she moved to New York City to study illustration at the New York School of Applied Design for Women. After two years there she shifted from illustration to painting, and attended the Art Students League for four years until 1924. It was there that she studied with Guy Pène du Bois and with Kenneth Hayes Miller, from whom she adapted a technique which owed much to baroque Flemish painting. In addition, she learned from other early modernists including Max Weber and Robert Henri. During the early 1920s she also studied and painted in Woodstock, New York. In 1963, she went to Yale University School of Fine Arts, New Heaven.

paragraph: Bishop was described as an eager intellectual who was naturally inquisitive and independent in her ways. In this period, women were becoming very active in the arts community, yet were still taken for granted. Bishop pushed against this attitude toward women artists with her insistence on applying herself both academically and politically in the art realm. Throughout her educational ventures, she was fully funded by her father's cousin, James Bishop Ford, who aided her family in their time of need. Writing on this financial sponsorship, Isabel Bishop states that she viewed her gender as an advantage: "I was lucky. I think if I had been a man the relative who sponsored my whole studenthood might not have done so. Men are supposed to make their own way. Young women were supposed to marry. But a young woman putting so much time and effort—being so serious—that was different—that interested him. I don't think he would have subsidized me if I had been a boy."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Throughout the 1920s and 1930s she developed a realist style of painting, primarily depicting women in their daily routine on the streets of Manhattan. Her work was greatly influenced by Peter Paul Rubens and other Dutch and Flemish painters that she had discovered during trips to Europe. In 1932, Bishop began showing her work frequently at the newly opened Midtown Galleries, where her work would be represented throughout her career.

paragraph: In 1934, Bishop married Dr. Harold G. Wolff, a neurologist, and moved to Riverdale New York. However, she continued to work in a loft studio near Union Square at 9 West Fourteenth St, which she continued to use until 1984. She became interested in the interaction of form and ground and the mobility of everyday life, what she called "unfixity", life and movement captured on canvas. Her style is noted for its sensitive modeling of form and "a submarine pearliness and density of atmosphere". During this time, Bishop began working in various printing techniques, most notably aquatint.

paragraph: Her work was included in the first three iterations of the Whitney Biennial in 1932, 1934, and 1936, as well as ten subsequent annual exhibitions at the Whitney Museum of American Art. She returned to the Art Students League as an instructor from 1936 to 1937. In 1940, Bishop was elected into the National Academy of Design as an associate member, and became a full member in 1941.

paragraph: In 1938, she painted a post office mural, "Great Men Came from the Hills", in New Lexington, Ohio, through the Section of Painting and Sculpture. According to the Ohio Historical Society, “In Isabel Bishop’s mural for New Lexington, historic personages from the town admire their achievements across the valley, where we see the forms and silhouettes of distant buildings. The artist, from New York City, discovered that the townspeople were proud of the distinguished people who came from Perry County. She included a Revolutionary soldier, a governor of Wisconsin, a founder of New Lexington and his grandson, an author of reference books on Ohio, the developer of the coal industry, a senator, a newspaperman, a naturalist, the county’s first historian, and General Sheridan.”

paragraph: Bishop's mature works mainly depict the inhabitants of New York's Union Square area. Her portraits are often studies of individual heads (see "Laughing Head", 1938, Butler Institute of American Art); the emphasis securely on the subject's expression – or of solitary nudes. Bishop also painted multiple-figure compositions, often containing two females engaged in various workday interactions. In the post-war years, Bishop's interest turned to more abstracted scenes of New Yorkers walking and traveling, in the streets or on the subways. Her signature changed many times over her career, ranging from the use of various pseudonyms to initials; some early pieces are signed I.B, or I. Bishop in both block and script. Her work remains significant as an example of the thematic concerns of the Fourteenth St. School, as well as her contribution to feminism and the "new woman" emerging in urban landscapes. The "Fourteenth Street School," was a loosely affiliated group named for the area around Union Square, where Bishop, Reginald Marsh, and the brothers Raphael Soyer and Moses Soyer worked.

paragraph: In the mid-1940s, E. P. Dutton commissioned Bishop to illustrate a new edition of Jane Austen's novel "Pride and Prejudice". Bishop produced 31 pen-and-ink drawings (the originals are now at the Pierpont Morgan Library).

paragraph: The first retrospective exhibition of Bishop's work was held during her lifetime at the University of Arizona Museum of Art in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1943, Bishop was awarded the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award.

paragraph: In 1979, President Jimmy Carter presented her with the Outstanding Achievement in the Arts Award.

paragraph: In 1987, she received a Gold Medal for Painting by the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

paragraph: Section::::Notable works.

paragraph: "Virgil and Dante in Union Square," 1932, Oil on canvas, Delaware Art Museum

paragraph: This piece hung in Bishop's Riverdale home for more than seven years, and set the leitmotif of her career. As a child, Bishop became familiar with the story of Virgil and Dante through her mother, who was translating the text from Italian. Dante's journey through heaven and hell represented the extraordinary depth to life and its many experiences. The two figures standing in front of Union Square adds a narrative element to the bustling scene of life in a city of millions, and sets the scene for her various paintings and prints of urban life.

paragraph: "Two Girls," 1935, Oil and tempera on Masonite, Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: One of Bishop's most well-known works, the painting took more than a year to complete and was shown at the Midtown Galleries. For the piece, Bishop had two acquaintances from the Union Square area pose, wanting to capture the interaction of the two figures. The piece was painted with oil and tempera.

paragraph: "Encounter," 1940, Oil and tempera on Masonite, St Louis Art Museum

paragraph: In "Encounter", Bishop continues with her multiple-figure compositions capturing a scene of interaction between a man and a woman on a city street. Her depiction of the woman as forthright and confident, approaching the man and backing him against a wall, exemplifies Bishop's understanding of shifting gender roles at the time.

paragraph: "Tidying Up," 1941, Oil on Masonite, Indianapolis Museum of Art

paragraph: "Tidying Up" depicts a young female office worker in the midst of checking her teeth in a compact mirror. The ungainly image of self-inspection accords with Bishop's realism and her interest in the daily lives of working women. The rough brushstrokes and surface texture exhibit an interest in old master paintings.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: exhibition of paintings and drawings, Jan. 17-Feb. 4. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: February 11th-February 29th. New York: Midtown Galleries, [1940?]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop. May 3–May 21, 1949. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1949.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop, Paintings and Drawings, Oct. 25-Nov. 19, 1955. New York: Midtown Galleries, [1955]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop. March 7th-March 30th, 1960. New York City: Midtown Galleries, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop. May 3–May 28, 1960. Midtown Galleries, 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop. April 4–29, 1967. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paintings by Isabel Bishop. Sculpture by Dorothea Greenbaum. [Exhibition] May 2–July 5, 1970. Trenton: New Jersey State Museum, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: A Selection of Drawings and Prints. January 8–February 2, 1974. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop. Tucson: University of Arizona Museum of Art, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lydia and Warren Chappell Collection of Drawings and Prints by Isabel Bishop. April 12–May 18, 1975. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Art Museum, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop, Drawings and Etchings. December 5–30, 1978. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop Exhibition--A Fifty Year Drawing Retrospective and Recent Paintings. October 6–31, 1981. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop, An Intimate Exhibition: Work of the Past Five Years. February 1–26, 1983. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: Drawings - Paintings. January 8–February 2, 1985. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: Etchings and Aquatints, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: A Retrospective of Prints and Drawings. November 5–26, 1985. Associated American Artists, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: Early Drawings. December 9, 1986–January 17, 1987. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop. May 16–30, 1991. Beverly Hills: Louis Newman Galleries, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: Walking Pictures. October 13–November 14, 1992. New York: Midtown Payson Galleries, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: Drawings. April 7–May 2, 1998. New York: DC Moore Gallery, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop: "Interlude". New York: Caldwell Gallery, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Bishop, 1902–1988: A Selection of Paintings, Drawings, and Prints. September 5–October 5, 2013. New York: DC Moore Gallery, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women's Work: Selections fro the Sordoni Art Gallery Permanent Collection. June 5–July 27, 2014. Wilkes-Barre: Sordoni Art Gallery, Wilkes University, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn Museum. "Isabel Bishop--Prints and Drawings, 1925–1964". Brooklyn: The Museum, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellett, Mary Sweeney. “Isabel Bishop—The Endless Search.” Ph.D diss. University of Virginia, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lunde, Karl. "Isabel Bishop". New York: Abrams, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nemser, Cindy. "Art Talk: Conversations with 15 Women Artists". New York: IconEditions, 1995. Pages 303–320.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teller, Susan. "Isabel Bishop—Etchings and Aquatints: a catalogue raisonné". 2nd ed. New York: Associated American Artists, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todd, Ellen Wiley. "The "New Woman" Revised: Painting and Gender Politics on Fourteenth Street". Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Chapter 7, pages 55-62.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yglesias, Helen. "Isabel Bishop". New York: Rizzoli, 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellett, Mary S. “Isabel Bishop: The Endless Search.” "Southeastern College Art Conference Review" 11,no. 2 (Spring 1987): 165–166.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todd, Ellen Wiley. “Isabel Bishop—Our Modern Master?” "Woman's Art Journal" 13 (Spring/Summer 1992): 45–47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wooden, Howard. "Art Feature: Isabel Bishop's "Self-Portrait". "Wichita Art Museum News" (April 1988).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yglesias, Helen. “Isabel Bishop: Paintings, Drawings, Prints.” "Massachusetts Review" 24 (Summer 1983): 289–304.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Woman"

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Isabel Bishop Papers, 1914-1983 have been digitized and posted online by the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. These primary source historical documents include biographical documents, correspondence, writings and notes, exhibition catalogs, photographs of Bishop with her husband and in her studio, original artwork including 8 sketchbooks, loose sketches, prints, and watercolor figure studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The American indie rock band Unrest released an EP named the "Isabel Bishop E.P." in 1993, with Bishop's picture on the cover.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of Bishop's illustrations for "Pride and Prejudice"—of Elizabeth Bennet reading a letter from Jane—will be prominently featured on the £10 note honoring Jane Austen. The note will be in circulation in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Yglesias, Isabel Bishop, New York, Rizzoli, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, James. "Isabel Bishop 1902". Retrieved Aug. 19, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isabel Bishop". Retrieved Aug. 19, 2005.

alias:
Isabel Wolff
Isabel Bishop Wolff
Mrs. Isabel B. Wolff
Mrs. Harold G. Wolff
Harold G. Wolff
Isabel Bishop (1902-1988)

description: American painter

enwikiquote_title: Isabel Bishop

wikidata_label: Isabel Bishop

wikipedia_title: Isabel Bishop


text: quartermaster

text: ship's wheel

text: Margaret Brown

text: Lifeboat No. 6

text: oar

text: rudder

text: US Inquiry

text: Charles Lightoller

text: Edward Smith

text: Arthur Godfrey Peuchen

text: Mrs Lucian Philip Smith

text: Denver

text: Margaret "Molly" Brown

text: musical

text: The Unsinkable Molly Brown

text: Army Service Corps

text: English Trader

text: Aberdeen

text: Titanic

text: Paul Brightwell

text: cockney

text: Titanic

text: Martin Evans

text: A Night to Remember

text: Louise Patten

text: Charles Lightoller

text: tiller order

text: James Moody

text: William Murdoch

text: Upstairs at the Gatehouse

text: Bio at Encyclopedia Titanica

categories: People from Newlyn,1882 births,1940 deaths,British Merchant Service personnel of World War I,People who died at sea

paragraph: Robert Hichens (sailor)

paragraph: Robert Hichens (16 September 1882 – 23 September 1940) was a British sailor who was part of the deck crew on board the when she sank on her maiden voyage on 15 April 1912. He was one of six quartermasters on board the vessel and was at the ship's wheel when the "Titanic" struck the iceberg. He was in charge of Lifeboat #6, where he refused to return to rescue people from the water according to several accounts of those on the boat, including Margaret Brown, who argued with him throughout the early morning. In 1906, he married Florence Mortimore in Devon, England; when he registered for duty aboard the "Titanic", his listed address was in Southampton, where he lived with his wife and two children.

paragraph: Section::::Titanic.

paragraph: Hichens gained notoriety after the disaster because of his conduct in Lifeboat No. 6, of which he was in command. Passengers accused him of refusing to go back to rescue people from the water after the ship sank, that he called the people in the water "stiffs," and that he constantly criticised those at the oars while he was manning the rudder. Hichens was later to testify at the US Inquiry that he had never used the words "stiffs" and that he had other words to describe bodies. He would also testify to have been given direct orders by second mate Charles Lightoller and Captain Edward Smith to row to where a light could be seen (a steamer they thought) on the port bow, drop off the passengers and return. Later it was alleged that he complained that the lifeboat was going to drift for days before any rescue came. At least two boat 6 passengers publicly accused Hichens of being drunk: Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen and Mrs Lucian Philip Smith.

paragraph: When the came to rescue "Titanic"s survivors he said that the ship was not there to rescue them, but to pick up the bodies of the dead. By this time the other people in the lifeboat had lost patience with Hichens. Although Hichens protested, Denver millionaire Margaret "Molly" Brown told the others to start rowing to keep warm. After a last attempt by Hichens to keep control of the lifeboat, Brown threatened to throw him overboard. These events would later end up being depicted in the Broadway musical and film, "The Unsinkable Molly Brown". During the US inquiry into the disaster, Hichens denied the accounts by the passengers and crew in lifeboat 6. He had been initially concerned about the suction from the "Titanic" and later by the fact that being a mile away from the wreck, with no compass and in complete darkness, they had no way of returning to the stricken vessel.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Hichens served with the Army Service Corps during World War One; by 1919 he was third officer on a small ship named "Magpie". The Hichens moved to Devon sometime in the 1920s where Robert purchased a motor boat from a man named Harry Henley and operated a boat charter. In 1931, his wife and children left him and moved to Southampton. In 1933, Hichens was jailed for attempting to murder Henley and was released in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 23 September 1940, at age 58, Hichens died of heart failure aboard the ship "English Trader", while it was moored off the coast of Aberdeen, Scotland. His body was buried in Section 10, Lair 244 of Trinity Cemetery, in Aberdeen.

paragraph: Section::::Depicted in fiction.

paragraph: Hichens' conduct was featured in the 1997 blockbuster, "Titanic", in which he was played by Paul Brightwell. He was depicted as a tall thin man with a cockney accent, when in fact he was 5' 6", had a stocky build and spoke with a pronounced Cornish accent. He was also depicted saying "shut that hole in your face" to Molly Brown, but in fact those words were spoken by a steward in lifeboat 8.

paragraph: Hichens' conduct was also depicted in the 1996 miniseries "Titanic", in which he was played by Martin Evans. Hichens is shown telling the survivors in his lifeboat to "pipe down" when they get excited about spotting a flare from a ship on the horizon. He strongly protests when Molly Brown starts encouraging the other women to row towards the light, and she threatens to throw Hichens overboard. This depiction is more accurate than in the 1997 blockbuster.

paragraph: Hichens was portrayed by an uncredited actor in the 1958 film "A Night to Remember", which also portrays his conflict with Molly Brown in a more accurate manner.

paragraph: Hichens' negative attitude was further depicted in Diane Hoh's 1998 romance novel "", which recounts his conduct as well as that of Molly Brown, from the viewpoint of Elizabeth Farr, a fictional lifeboat passenger. Molly Brown urged lifeboat passengers to start rowing to keep warm, and Hichens protested, declaring that he was commanding the lifeboat, and he made a move to stop her. "I will throw you overboard if you interfere," she told him in this account.

paragraph: In September 2010, Hichens' name was brought back into the limelight by Louise Patten, granddaughter of the most senior officer to have survived the "Titanic" disaster, second officer Charles Lightoller. In press interviews leading up to the publication of her latest novel, "Good as Gold" (into which she has worked the story of the catastrophe), Patten reports that a "straightforward" steering error by Hichens, brought about by his misunderstanding of a tiller order, caused the "Titanic" to hit an iceberg in 1912. Patten's allegation that Hichens caused the disaster by turning the ship's wheel the wrong way is not supported by testimony at both the British and US enquiries, which established that the second watch officer, Sixth Officer James Moody, was stationed behind Hichens, supervising his actions, and he had confirmed to First Officer William Murdoch that the order had been carried out correctly.

paragraph: The claim was also disputed by Hichens' great-granddaughter on Channel 4 News. Sally Nilsson explained that Hichens was a well-trained Quartermaster with years of experience steering large vessels. He had been responsible on his watch for steering the "Titanic" for four days before the collision and would not have made such a glaring error. As to the steering orders, in 1912 they were as follows: There was only one way of giving steering orders. The order was always given with reference to the tiller. To go to port the Officer ordered starboard. The Quartermaster turned the wheel to port, tiller went to starboard and the ship turned to port. This was a hangover from the old days when ships were steered with tillers, steering oars etc. The change in steering orders did not occur until the 1930s. Sally Nilsson's biography on the life of Robert Hichens was published in 2011.

paragraph: Hichens also appears in the play "Iceberg – Right Ahead!" by Chris Burgess which debuted on 22 March 2012 at Upstairs at the Gatehouse. In this production, he was played by Liam Mulvey.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio at Encyclopedia Titanica/a

description: British sailor

wikidata_label: Robert Hichens

wikipedia_title: Robert Hichens (sailor)