text: Israel

text: Irgun

text: Mandate era

text: Jewish insurgency in Palestine

text: Jaffa

text: Israeli War of Independence

text: Menachem Begin

text: counter-terrorism

text: Tel Aviv

text: Lithuania

text: Lehi

text: Eliyahu Bet-Zuri

text: Tzvi Tzur

text: Haganah

text: Shai

text: Labor Movement

text: Palyam

text: Palmach

text: Yisrael Galili

text: Lebanon

text: Operation Boatswain

text: Allies

text: Haifa

text: CID

text: Eitan Livni

text: King David Hotel bombing

text: British Air Force base at Qastina

text: Acre Prison break

text: hanged two British sergeants

text: Netanya

text: Ramle

text: Israel Defense Forces

text: Jerusalem

text: Old City

text: Altalena

text: Ramat Gan

text: David Ben-Gurion

text: Petah Tikva

text: Adolf Eichmann

text: Shmuel Tamir

text: Herut

text: Six-Day War

text: Mossad

text: mortar

text: Suez Canal

text: Meir Kahane

text: Jewish Defense League

text: Beba Idelson

text: Golda Meir

text: Benjamin Halevy

categories: Irgun members,1922 births,Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent,1978 deaths

paragraph: Amichai Paglin

paragraph: Amichai Paglin, code name "Gidi" (;1922–1978) was an Israeli businessman who served as Chief Operations Officer of the Irgun during the Mandate era. He planned and personally led numerous attacks against the British during the Jewish insurgency in Palestine, commanded the battle to conquer Jaffa in the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, and participated in the Israeli War of Independence. Following independence, he ran an industrial oven factory together with his father, and was later appointed Prime Minister Menachem Begin's counter-terrorism adviser.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Amichai Paglin was born in Tel Aviv, the son of Gershon and Sima Paglin. His family had immigrated from Lithuania in 1920. Paglin attended Tel Nordau elementary school and Balfour high school. He was in the same class as Lehi fighter Eliyahu Bet-Zuri and future IDF Chief of Staff Tzvi Tzur.

paragraph: At a young age he joined the Haganah, and was appointed the signaller of Efraim Dekel, the commander of Shai (the Haganah intelligence unit). He participated in a squad commander course, and expected to participate in significant operations against the British. However, to his disappointment, he was commanded to scrape posters off walls and to do other simple activities.

paragraph: Section::::Activity in the Irgun.

paragraph: Paglin's family was associated with the Labor Movement. His older brother, Neriel, was a member of the Palyam, the naval commando unit of the Haganah's strike force, the Palmach, and was an assistant to Haganah commander Yisrael Galili. Neriel was one of the 23 Palyam soldiers who died on the ship "Ari HaYam" when it sank off of Vichy-controlled Lebanon in May 1941, during Operation Boatswain, a mission for the Allies. This frustrated Amichai greatly, who felt that his brother had given his life for the British, and yet the British did not open Palestine to Jewish immigration. This encouraged him to join the more anti-British Irgun.

paragraph: He joined the "Hayil Kravi" (Combat Corps) of the Irgun and immediately began acting as a simple soldier. He participated in one of their first operations, the Irgun's bombing of the Immigration Department in Haifa, carried out as a protest against the British refusal to allow large numbers of Jewish refugees into Palestine. Afterwards, he participated in attacks against the Income Tax offices and the CID building in Tel Aviv.

paragraph: Paglin stood out for his courage, his technical knowledge, his fertile imagination, and his daring and original plans to strike the enemy. Menachem Begin (the leader of the Irgun), would later write about him, "this amazing young man, his military ability borders, without doubt, on the genius..."

paragraph: In 1946, after the arrest of Eitan Livni, the Chief Operations Officer of the Irgun, "Gidi" was appointed to the position in his place. In this position he planned over 200 terror operations: both against the British, and in the War of Independence, against the Arabs. In many of these attacks, he personally participated.

paragraph: Paglin planned the King David Hotel bombing, the attack on the British Air Force base at Qastina, the Goldschmidt House officers club bombing, the Acre Prison break, and led the Irgun squad that hanged two British sergeants from trees near Netanya, as a response to the hanging of convicted Irgun members by the British. He also led the battle for the liberation of Jaffa in the War of Independence, and an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Ramle.

paragraph: After the Irgun merged with the Israel Defense Forces in the coastal area, he transferred to Jerusalem, where the Irgun continued as an independent entity. He participated in the joint attempt to break the siege on Jerusalem's Old City (together with the Haganah and the Lechi).

paragraph: When the Irgun tried bringing the Altalena arms ship, Begin did not believe that the IDF would shoot at the Jews of the Irgun. Paglin warned him that they would likely attack, and therefore should direct the ship elsewhere. In the end, Paglin was correct, and fighting broke out. As the ship was being shelled, Paglin headed towards Ramat Gan in an attempt to capture the seat of government. However, he was detained by IDF soldiers. He eventually managed to escape, but it was too late to help the Altalena or threaten the government. In the end, the Irgun was disbanded and integrated into the IDF.

paragraph: When the Irgun disbanded, there was an agreement that three commanders from the Irgun would be appointed as generals in the new army. Paglin attempted to be drafted twice, but was rejected due to "health reasons" (apparently by direct order of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion.)

paragraph: Section::::After 1948.

paragraph: He married Tzipora Perl, who served with him in the underground. They had two children, a son named Neriel and a daughter named Galia. Together with his father Gershon, he built a factory in Petah Tikva for industrial ovens, which became famous for building the oven in which the body of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was cremated after his execution in Israel.

paragraph: Paglin was not active in political life, but continued to deal with military and security matters. However, in 1966, Shmuel Tamir challenged Begin for the leadership of the Herut Party. Tamir invited Paglin to speak, where he attacked the management of the party as well. But when the party recovered from its divisions, Paglin became close with Begin again.

paragraph: In the period leading up to the Six-Day War in 1967, the Mossad considered a plan to sink a large boat full of mortar in the Suez Canal to prevent all passage. The difficulty was finding a way to sink the boat fast enough before the Egyptians would have a chance to move it. Due to his creativity and experience, Paglin was approached. He quickly came up with plans, but due to the sudden breakout of war, the operation never occurred.

paragraph: In September 1972, Paglin conspired with Rabbi Meir Kahane, Avraham Hershkowitz, and Yosef Schneider, then members of the Jewish Defense League, to smuggle weapons to Rome and take over the Libyan embassy, kill half of those present, and then escape, as revenge for the murder of the eleven Israeli athletes in Munich. Paglin had a number of weapon stores, which he had gathered from the Sinai Campaign and the Six-Day War. He delivered to Hershkowitz two Carl Gustav submachine guns, two 9mm Beretta pistols, three hand grenades and ammunition for rifles and pistols. The crate, which arrived at the El-Al luggage department disguised as biscuit baking equipment on September 13, aroused suspicion and the contents were discovered. Hershkowitz was arrested on September 15 (and claimed that Kahane had handed them over to the authorities). Paglin was arrested on September 19 and the attorney Shmuel Tamir was hired to represent him. Paglin admitted to Tamir that he gave into temptation and fell victim to one time weakness. Through his aunt, former Knesset Member Beba Idelson, he sent a message to Prime Minister Golda Meir saying that he was willing to meet with her and explain that there was no underground movement against the State. During the trial, Tamir hinted that Rabbi Kahane (who was not arrested) had collaborated with the authorities, and questioned why Kahane's passport wasn't confiscated. During the trial, Paglin received favorable treatment, and stayed at the police station in Nes Tziona and at the Basel Hotel in Tel Aviv. At the end of the trial those involved received light sentences, and Paglin received a one-year suspended sentence. MK Benjamin Halevy, a former Supreme Court judge, summarized the affair in this way: "As a former Irgun member, with serious experience in the underground, Paglin was caught in a trap by people far less serious."

paragraph: When the Likud took power in 1977, Prime Minister Begin appointed Paglin as his counter-terrorism adviser. He invested in this position his characteristic enthusiasm and diligence. However, a few months after his appointment, he was killed in a traffic accident with his wife Tziporah, when an elderly driver suffered a heart attack, lost control of the wheel, and collided into his car.

paragraph: The Irgun Museum on the Jaffa coast, Beit Gidi, is named after him.

description: Head of an Israeli paramilitary group

wikidata_label: Amichai Paglin

wikipedia_title: Amichai Paglin


text:
Aquila of Sinope
Roman national
Judaism
Tannaic
Targum Onkelos
Talmud
Roman
Titus
Tanhuma
Hadrian
story
Israel
next world
Titus
Second Temple
Balaam
Balak
Yeshu
Joshua ben Perachiah
Hasmonean period
Manasseh of Judah
Yeshu
Talmud
Eliezer ben Hurcanus
Joshua ben Hananiah
Epiphanius of Salamis
Roman emperor
Tanakh
Roman legion
Book of Numbers
Roman
mezuzah
Targum Onkelos
Eliezer ben Hurcanus
Joshua ben Hananiah
Targum
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
Biography of Onkelos
Onkelos by Nissan Mindel

categories: 2nd-century deaths,Roman-era Jews,Mishnah rabbis,2nd-century Romans,Ancient Pontic Greeks,Translators of the Bible into Aramaic,1st-century births,Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire,Converts to Judaism from paganism,1st-century rabbis,Bible translators,2nd-century rabbis

paragraph: Onkelos

paragraph: Onkelos ( "’unqəlōs"), possibly identical to Aquila of Sinope, was a Roman national who converted to Judaism in Tannaic times (c. 35–120 CE). He is considered to be the author of the famous Targum Onkelos (c. 110 CE).

paragraph: Section::::Onkelos in the Talmud.

paragraph: Onkelos is mentioned several times in the Talmud. According to the traditional Jewish sources, he was a prominent Roman nobleman, a nephew of the Roman emperor Titus. According to the midrash Tanhuma he was a nephew of Hadrian, and not Titus. The story goes that his uncle, the Roman Emperor, advised Onkelos to go out and find something that wasn't worth much today but would be invaluable in the future. Onkelos found Judaism.

paragraph: Onkelus' conversion is the subject of a story wherein he first consulted with the spirits of three deceased enemies of Israel to see how Israel fared in the next world. The first was his uncle Titus, who was blamed for the destruction of the Second Temple; the second was the seer Balaam, hired by Balak king of Moab to curse Israel; and the last was Yeshu, a name used for those who sought to lead Jews astray to idolatry, in particular an idolatrous former student of Joshua ben Perachiah in the Hasmonean period as well as Manasseh of Judah. (In later writings Yeshu is used for Jesus, but opinions differ over whether it can be understood this way in the Talmud.) Onkelos is said to have seen all of them subjected to humiliating punishments for harming Israel. The earlier Jerusalem Talmud gives the subject of these stories as Aquilas the proselyte, often understood as being a person other than Onkelos. The difficulty with this theory, however, is that the Jerusalem Talmud says explicitly that he (Aquilas the proselyte) translated the Torah under Eliezer ben Hurcanus and Joshua ben Hananiah. The Babylonian Talmud repeats the same oral tradition, but this time calls him by the name Onkelos the proselyte, which leads one to conclude that the name is a mere variant of "Aquila", applied in error to the Aramaic instead of the Greek translation. This view is supported by Epiphanius of Salamis (4th century).

paragraph: After his conversion, the Talmud records a story of how the Roman emperor tried to have Onkelos arrested. Onkelos cited verses from the Tanakh to the first Roman legion, who then converted. The second legion was also converted, after he juxtaposed God's personal guidance of Israel in the Book of Numbers to the Roman social hierarchy. A similar tactic was used for the third legion, where Onkelos compared his mezuzah to a symbol of God guarding the home of every Jew, in contrast to a Roman king who has his servants guard him. The third legion also converted and no more were sent.

paragraph: Section::::The Targum of Onkelos.

paragraph: According to tradition, Onkelos authored the Targum Onkelos as an exposition of the "official" interpretation of the "peshat" (or basic meaning) of the Torah as received by rabbis Eliezer ben Hurcanus and Joshua ben Hananiah. This helped canonise the status of both Onkelos and his Targum in the Jewish tradition.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Targum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Targum Pseudo-Jonathan

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Onkelos from the Orthodox Union

paragraph: BULLET::::- Onkelos by Nissan Mindel from Chabad.org

description: author of an edition of the Targum

wikidata_label: Onkelos

wikipedia_title: Onkelos


text:
Golden Gate Park
San Francisco
CA
Bannockburn
Stirling
Scotland
Edinburgh Royal Botanical Gardens
United States
Leland Stanford
Palo Alto
Coyote Point
John Muir
Golden Gate Park
Great Highway
honorary doctorate
University of California at Berkeley
McLaren Park
McLaren Lodge
San Francisco City Hall
Ashland, Oregon
Lithia Park
Mount Ashland
Lithia water
Oregon Shakespeare Festival
Hanchett Residence Park
Residence park
Pugsley Silver Medal Biography

categories: People from Stirling (council area),People from San Francisco,Scottish horticulturists,1943 deaths,1846 births,Golden Gate Park,American horticulturists

paragraph: John McLaren (horticulturist)

paragraph: Dr John Hays McLaren (1846–1943) served as superintendent of the Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, CA for 53 years.

paragraph: Born at Bannockburn, near Stirling in Scotland, and worked as a dairyman before studying horticulture at the Edinburgh Royal Botanical Gardens where he worked as an apprentice gardener's helper. He planted grasses anchoring the beach dunes along the Firth of Forth then emigrated to the United States in 1870 and worked on the George Howard estate in the San Mateo foothills, then on the Leland Stanford estate in Palo Alto and planted trees on the Coyote Point on the shore of the Bay.

paragraph: He was friends with John Muir, and dedicated his life to vigorous advocacy and development of the Golden Gate Park, one of the largest public parks in the world, using considerable political skill in addition to his remarkable gardening skill. Appointed Park Superintendent in 1887, he requested thirty thousand dollars a year for park building. One of John McLaren's stipulations before taking the superintendent job was, "There will be no 'Keep off the Grass' signs." His horticultural philosophy was to achieve a natural look, typified in his dislike for statuary, calling them "stookies" and planting trees and shrubs to hide them. He built two windmills to pump water to his park and had the sweepings from San Francisco streets delivered as fertilizer. When ocean waves and wind piled sand on the west end of the park, he began a forty-year effort to pile branches, clippings and laths on the shore to capture sand and build the great berm that now holds the Great Highway.

paragraph: He had a shrewd and aggressive style of management but was so highly respected that, at the age of 70, he was given lifetime tenure over the park and his salary doubled. An avenue in the Seacliff District of San Francisco was named after him during his lifetime, and he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of California at Berkeley. He is credited with planting two million trees during his lifetime. The McLaren Park in the southern part of San Francisco is named after John McLaren, as is McLaren Lodge in Golden Gate Park, where he lived until his death. East Bay's Tilden Park also has a meadow named after him. A small statue of McLaren was erected in the park which he had hidden away only to be discovered after his death.

paragraph: After his death at the age of 96, McLaren's body lay in state in the San Francisco City Hall Rotunda. Afterwards, the funeral cortege drove his casket through Golden Gate Park as a special honor.

paragraph: Section::::Lithia Park, Ashland, Oregon.

paragraph: The small town of Ashland, Oregon commissioned McLaren to design Lithia Park in 1914, just a few years after the park was initially established in 1908. Still considered the "crown jewel" of Ashland, the park covers 100 acres (0.4 km²), extending from the center of town ("The Plaza") up Ashland Creek to the foothills of Mount Ashland. It includes two ponds, a Japanese garden, tennis courts, two public greens, a bandshell (outdoor stage) and miles of hiking trails. The name Lithia comes from the natural mineral water in Ashland, Lithia water. The world-famous Oregon Shakespeare Festival now borders the lower portion of the park. The surrounding watershed, which supplies drinking water and hydroelectricity to the city, also includes miles of mountain biking trails. The park is the start and finish for the annual Spring Thaw mountain biking race for pros and amateurs.

paragraph: Section::::Hanchett Residence Park and Hester Park, San Jose, California.

paragraph: In 1907 land developer Lewis Hanchett hired John McLaren to design Hanchett Residence Park on the former 76 acre Agricultural Park bounded by Race Street, Park Avenue, the Alameda and Hester Avenue. John McLaren is credited with creating San Jose's first Residence park that reflected certain architecture standards, sidewalks, street lamps, wide curved streets and gateway landmarks.

paragraph: Section::::San Jose Municipal Rose Garden.

paragraph: In 1931 John McLaren, designer of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park along with Dr J. Horace McFarland, president of the American Rose Society, and City of San Jose's Planning Director Michael H. Antonacci drew up the original plans for San Jose's Municipal Rose Garden.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Dickson, Samuel "Tales of San Francisco" Stanford University Press 1947 LC # 57-9306

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pugsley Silver Medal Biography

description: Golden Gate Park, San Francisco superintendent

wikidata_label: John McLaren

wikipedia_title: John McLaren (horticulturist)


text: king of Ceredigion

text: Brython

text: Manaw Gododdin

text: Lothian

text: Scotland

text: Firth of Forth

text: Yr Hen Ogledd

text: Cunedda

text: Saint David

text: Wales

text: Irish

text: Saint Ina

text: Llanina

text: New Quay

text: Lives of the Cambro British saints

text: William Jenkins Rees

categories: 420s births,People from Clackmannanshire,British traditional history,Britons of the North,5th-century monarchs in Europe,Monarchs of Ceredigion

paragraph: Ceredig

paragraph: Ceredig ap Cunedda (died 453), king of Ceredigion, may have been born c. 420 in the Brythonic kingdom of Manaw Gododdin (modern Lothian in Scotland), centred on the Firth of Forth in the area known as Yr Hen Ogledd.

paragraph: Little is known of him. One of the sons of Cunedda, grandfather of Saint David, according to tradition, he arrived in what is now modern Wales from Gododdin with his father's family when they were invited to help ward off Irish invaders. As a reward for his bravery, his father gave him the southernmost part of the territories in north-west Wales reconquered from the Irish. The realm is traditionally supposed to have been called "Ceredigion" after him.

paragraph: Ceredig had a daughter named Ina who is thought to be the Saint Ina to whom St Ina's Church in Llanina near New Quay, Ceredigion is dedicated.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lives of the Cambro British saints, William Jenkins Rees, Thomas Wakeman, 1835

paragraph: BULLET::::- A history of Wales from the earliest times, John Edward Lloyd, 1911/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cambrian, A Bi-Monthly Published in the interest of the Welsh people and their descendants in the United States, 1881, Vol. 1, 1881

description: Welsh king

wikidata_label: Ceredig

wikipedia_title: Ceredig


text:
Clovis I
King of the Franks
Franks
Theuderic I
Childebert I
Clotaire I
Orléans
Syagrius
bishoprics
Tours
Poitiers
Orléans
Guntheuc
Clodoald
Clotilde
Sigismund of Burgundy
Burgundians
Gondomar
Ostrogoth
Theodoric the Great
Gisald
Gondebaud
Battle of Vézeronce
Clotaire I
Nogent
Bachrach, Bernard S.
James, Edward
Oman, Charles
Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.

categories: Merovingian kings,Frankish warriors,524 deaths,495 births,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Chlodomer

paragraph: Chlodomer, also spelled Clodomir or Clodomer (c. 495 - 524) was the second of the four sons of Clovis I, King of the Franks. On the death of his father, in 511, he divided the kingdom of the Franks with his three brothers: Theuderic I, Childebert I, and Clotaire I. Although Theuderic, the eldest, had a better claim, Chlodomer divided half of the kingdom with his two other brothers. This was the kingdom of Orléans, taken from the former kingdom of Syagrius. This kingdom included, most notably, the bishoprics of Tours, Poitiers and Orléans. Chlodomer married Guntheuc, with whom he had three sons: Theodebald, Gunthar, and Clodoald.

paragraph: In 523–24, possibly at the instigation of his mother Clotilde, who was eager to avenge her nephew who had been assassinated by Sigismund of Burgundy, Chlodomer joined with his brothers in an expedition against the Burgundians. After capturing Sigismund, Chlodomer returned to Orléans. However, Sigismund's brother Gondomar returned triumphantly to Burgundy at the head of the troops sent by his ally, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. There, he massacred the garrison the Franks had left behind.

paragraph: Although victorious, Chlodomer had Sigismund and his sons Gisald and Gondebaud assassinated on 1 May 524. He then led a second expedition against the Burgundians. He was killed on this expedition, in the spring or summer of the same year, at the Battle of Vézeronce. His three sons were entrusted to his mother until his widow married Clotaire I. Clotaire, however, had Chlodomer's children killed, although Clodoald managed to escape. Better known as Saint Cloud, he later became abbot of Nogent, having given up his hair, the symbol of the Frankish royalty, rather than giving up his life.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). "Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geary, Patrick J. (1988). "Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World". Oxford: Oxford University Press, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- James, Edward (1991). "The Franks". London: Blackwell, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oman, Charles (1914). "The Dark Ages, 476–918". London: Rivingtons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (1962). "The Long-Haired Kings, and Other Studies in Frankish History". London: Methuen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, Ian N. (1994). "The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751". London: Longman, .

description: King of the Franks

wikidata_label: Chlodomer

wikipedia_title: Chlodomer


text: Cîteaux

text: Bishop of Schleswig

text: Steward

text: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Prince-Archbishop of Bremen

text: Canute V of Denmark

text: Sweyn III

text: Niels of Århus

text: Valdemar I of Denmark, "the Great"

text: Paris

text: Abbot Stephanus

text: Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève

text: Sleswick

text: consecrated bishop

text: Frederick I

text: Abbeys of Ås

text: Vä

text: steward

text: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Valdemar II of Denmark

text: Cathedral of St. Peter's

text: tithe

text: metropolitan

text: Absalon

text: Hartwig of Uthlede

text: Elbian

text: Ditmarsh

text: Archdiocese of Bremen

text: Güldenholm Abbey

text: Cistercian

text: Løgum Abbey

text: tithe

text: Bjolderup

text: Tinglev

text: Emperor Henry VI

text: Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen

text: House of Welf

text: Lüneburg

text: Ditmarsh

text: Adolphus III of Holstein

text: Jaromar I of Rugia

text: Casimir II of Pomerania

text: Canute I of Sweden

text: Sverre of Norway

text: city of Bremen

text: Åbenrå

text: Swedish Norway

text: Canute VI

text: Eider

text: Pope Celestine III

text: Nordborg

text: Søborg Castle

text: Zealand

text: Queen Dagmar

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Rome

text: Nicholas

text: canon law

text: Hamburg Concathedral

text: Burchard of Stumpenhusen

text: Hamburg

text: Iso of Wölpe

text: Prince-Bishop of Verden

text: Ottersberg

text: County of Holstein

text: prince-archiepiscopal territory

text: Otto IV

text: King Philip

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Bremen

text: anathema

text: regalia

text: Stedingen

text: serf

text: socage

text: Maurice I

text: Oldenburg

text: Stade

text: Harburg upon Elbe

text: burgher

text: Frederick Roger

text: Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

text: dean

text: Albert of Bexhövede

text: Bishop of Livonia

text: Dietrich I

text: Lübeck

text: Gerhard I of Oldenburg-Wildeshausen

text: Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück

text: Bernard III

text: younger Duchy of Saxony

text: Henry V

text: Beverstedt

text: Loxstedt

text: Oldenburgers

text: Hagen im Bremischen

text: Henry I

text: Hoya

text: John Lackland

text: Battle of Bouvines

text: Frederick II (Roger)

text: Albert II

text: Brandenburg

text: Stedingen

text: Hamburg

text: County of Stade

text: Stedingen

text: fortress of Vörde

text: Gerhard II

text: Albert I, Duke of Saxony

text: Loccum Abbey

text: Pope Honorius III

text: Cîteaux Abbey

text: Cîteaux

text: Morimond Abbey

text: Loccum

text: Henry I, Count of Schwerin

text: Valdemar the Young

text: Albert II, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde

text: Battle of Bornhöved (1227)

text: Dansk biografisk leksikon

text: Genealogie Mittelalter

categories: 1158 births,12th-century Danish people,Danish Roman Catholic bishops,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1236 deaths,Illegitimate children of Danish monarchs,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Danish royalty,Danish Cistercians,Roman Catholic Prince-Archbishops of Bremen,House of Estridsen,Danish princes,Bishops of Schleswig

paragraph: Valdemar of Denmark (bishop)

paragraph: Valdemar Knudsen (also "Waldemar", born in 1158; died 18 July 1236 in Cîteaux) was a Danish clergyman and statesman. Valdemar was Bishop of Schleswig from 1188 to 1208, officiated as Steward of the Duchy of Schleswig between 1184 and 1187, and served as Prince-Archbishop of Bremen from 1192 to 1194 and again between 1206 and 1217. He held the latter office on the grounds of the archdiocesan capitular election as archbishop elect and of the royal investiture with the princely regalia, but lacked the papal confirmation.

paragraph: His mother, likely the wife of another man, gave birth to him as the posthumous illegitimate son of King Canute V of Denmark in early 1158. His father Canute V had been slain on 9 August 1157 by the co-regent Sweyn III. So Valdemar, like his half-brother, Saint Niels of Århus, claimed succession to the Danish throne.

paragraph: Valdemar grew up at the court of his cousin, King Valdemar I of Denmark, "the Great". Still in his youth his great ambitions and abilities crystallised, so that he was determined for the holy orders. Valdemar studied in Paris and Abbot Stephanus of the Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève noted that the Danish prince was mature and dignified like a bishop despite his youth, humble despite his noble descent, and spoke like a Frenchman despite his Danish tongue. After his studies his cousin promoted Valdemar's provision for the See in Sleswick (, ) in 1179, although still too young to be consecrated bishop as successor of the late Frederick I.

paragraph: Section::::As bishop of Schleswig and steward of the Duchy of Schleswig.

paragraph: In memory of his late brother Niels he founded memorial endowments at the Abbeys of Ås (by 1192) and Vä (1182). From 1184 on Valdemar officiated as steward of the Duchy of Schleswig for Valdemar "the Great's" minor son Duke Valdemar (later King Valdemar II of Denmark). In 1187 King Canute VI Valdemarsen endowed the diocese of Schleswig with far reaching privileges. At Christmas 1187 Duke Valdemar took over the Duchy of Schleswig and soon later Valdemar Knudsen was consecrated bishop probably in the Cathedral of St. Peter's. After consecration in 1188 Bishop Valdemar levied the tithe, supported by his metropolitan Absalon, since before the tithes had hardly ever been levied in Danish dioceses.

paragraph: In 1187 and 1188 Hartwig of Uthlede, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, and his troops invaded the trans-Elbian free peasants republic of Ditmarsh, ecclesiastically belonging to the Archdiocese of Bremen, in order to subject Ditmarsh also to his secular princely overlordship. The free peasants promised to pay him dues, only to mock about him, once he and his soldiers had left. The Ditmarsians gained support by steward Valdemar, so that Hartwig could not dare another costly invasion. Bishop Valdemar and Duke Valdemar came into conflict with each other on Ditmarsh. Duke Valdemar curtailed diocesan estates of Schleswig and personal possessions of Bishop Valdemar. Cardinal legate Cinthius of San Lorenzo in Luscina failed to mediate in this dispute.

paragraph: Bishop Valdemar learned about the abbot, monks, and nuns at the Benedictine Abbey of St. Michael's in the town of Schleswig, who had fallen into immoral behavior and had earned a reputation for drunkenness. Valdemar decided that the best way to reform the monks was to move them from the temptations in town, and establish a new convent, built in 1191, far enough away that the monks wouldn't cause more trouble. In 1192 the monks apparently were moved unwillingly to Güldenholm to begin the work on a new monastery. At some point, Güldenholm Abbey became Cistercian, with the monks working in the fields to earn their daily bread and meat. By 1193 Valdemar endowed Løgum Abbey with the tithe of Bjolderup (near Tinglev).

paragraph: In 1190 Emperor Henry VI revoked Hartwig's princely regalia empowering his rule in the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, for his partisanship with the House of Welf. The Pope, however, did not depose Hartwig as archbishop, who fled first with the Guelphs to England and then to Lüneburg. In 1192 Duke Valdemar, then 22 years old, seriously disagreed about Bishop Valdemar's way of leading the diocese. In the same year the Bremian Chapter didn't wait any longer for a papal dismissal of Hartwig and unauthorisedly elected Valdemar as its new Prince-Archbishop, encouraged by Henry VI. Valdemar welcomed his election, hoping his new position could be helpful in his dispute with Duke Valdemar and his elder brother Canute VI. Before entering the Prince-Archbishopric he won the support of Ditmarsh. Moreover, the bishop conspired with Adolphus III of Holstein, perhaps also with his brothers-in-law Jaromar I of Rugia and Casimir II of Pomerania, and with Canute I of Sweden and Sverre of Norway. The Bremian mint in the city of Bremen issued coins showing Valdemar's portrait.

paragraph: Section::::Valdemar as Bremen's archbishop elect in Danish captivity (1193–1206).

paragraph: Duke Valdemar realised the threat Prince-Archbishop Valdemar presented. In 1192 he invited the Prince-Archbishop to meet him in Åbenrå. Then the bishop fled to Swedish Norway to avoid an arrest. The following year he organised – supported by the Hohenstaufens – a fleet of 35 ships manned with Norwegian or Swedish mercenaries and harried the coasts of Denmark with an eye to overthrowing King Canute VI, claiming the Danish throne for himself, while Adolphus III crossed the Eider invading the duchy of Schleswig. On 8 July 1192 Canute VI captured Bishop Valdemar, before he could ever enter the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen.

paragraph: Despite the interventions by Pope Celestine III Bishop Valdemar stayed in captivity in Nordborg (1193–1198) and then in the tower at Søborg Castle on Zealand until 1206. So he in effect couldn't take the Bremian See. After pope (1198) and king (1202) had been replaced by their successors, Bishop Valdemar was released upon the initiative, launched in 1203, of the Danish Queen Dagmar and Pope Innocent III, after swearing never to interfere again in Danish affairs. Bishop Valdemar left Søborg for Rome. Duke Valdemar, meanwhile King Valdemar II, in return asked the pope the favour to confirm Nicholas as new bishop of Schleswig. Innocent III, however, refused, referencing to canon law precepts. King Valdemar II inflicted a series of lawsuits at the papal court against Bishop Valdemar, blaming him for apostasy, alienation of church estates, immorality, perjury and high treason against Denmark. But the bishop knew to successfully defend himself.

paragraph: Section::::Papally deposed as archbishop, but royally invested with princely regalia.

paragraph: When in 1207 Hartwig of Uthlede died, a majority of Bremian Capitulars – overlooking the votes of the absent constitutionally provided three representatives of the Hamburg Concathedral chapter – again elected Valdemar. A minority, led by Bremen's cathedral capitular provost Burchard of Stumpenhusen, who had opposed this election, fled to Hamburg, then under Danish occupation.

paragraph: Valdemar, still asserting himself as Prince-Archbishop, could not hinder Iso of Wölpe, Prince-Bishop of Verden, to capture the Bremian castle in Ottersberg. Hamburg and the neighbouring County of Holstein, both part of the archdiocesan but not of the prince-archiepiscopal territory, were subject to Danish occupation under Valdemar II, since in 1202 he had confederated himself with Otto IV, rival king against the German King Philip. Philip recognised bishop Valdemar as the legitimate Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, investing him with the princely regalia, thus making the Prince-Archbishopric his ally against Valdemar II.

paragraph: Valdemar II and the fled capitulars protested to Pope Innocent III, who first wanted to research the case. When bishop Valdemar left Rome for Bremen against Innocent's order to wait his decision, he banned Valdemar by an anathema and in 1208 finally dismissed him too as bishop of Schleswig. The fled capitulars and King Valdemar II of Denmark then gained the Hamburg chapter to elect Burchard as anti-archbishop in early 1208. Lacking papal and imperial support King Valdemar II himself, usurping imperial power, invested him as Prince-Archbishop Burchard I with the regalia, however, only accepted in the North Elbian archdiocesan territory.

paragraph: Prince-Archbishop Valdemar confederated with the free peasants of Stedingen, a region within the Prince-Archbishopric whose inhabitants rejected to be subjected as serfs, sparing them from socage. Earlier Burchard, then still provost of the Bremian Chapter, had failed to subject the free peasants by military means. This weakness provoked his mother's cousin Count Maurice I of the neighbouring Oldenburg to subject them and annex Stedingen – also in vain. The free peasants of Stedingen agreed to provide Prince-Archbishop Valdemar with mercenaries, who in return retained any further attack on their freedom.

paragraph: In 1208 Burchard invaded with Danish troops the prince-archiepiscopal territory south of the Elbe and conquered Stade. In August Prince-Archbishop Valdemar reconquered the city only to lose it soon after again to Valdemar II, who now built a bridge over the Elbe and fortified a forward post in Harburg upon Elbe.

paragraph: In Bremen Prince-Archbishop Valdemar had been warmly welcomed and nobody cared about the anathema. After Philip's assassination in June 1208, Prince-Archbishop Valdemar as well as the burghers and the city of Bremen joined the party of the former rival king Otto IV, whom Innocent III crowned Emperor in 1209. Otto IV persuaded Valdemar II to withdraw into the north of the Elbe and urged anti-archbishop Burchard to resign. Bremen's cathedral chapter had fallen out with Valdemar and reconciled with Hamburg's concathedral chapter to elect a new archbishop, this time searching the papal consent. This made Valdemar search for the papal recognition as archbishop, in 1210 he pilgrimaged to Rome and craved Innocent's forgiving, and he pardoned him and lifted his ban against Valdemar. Innocent entitled Valdemar to serve as metropolitan of Bremen ecclesiastical province and archbishop and to ordain priests. Thus recognised by pope and emperor Valdemar departed for Bremen.

paragraph: In November 1210 Innocent III fell out with Otto IV, since the emperor claimed papal territory as imperial fiefs and demanded King Frederick Roger of Sicily to render the newly crowned Otto IV homage as vassal for the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria, two imperial fiefs Fredrick Roger held in personal union. Bremen's capitular dean as well as its suffragans Albert of Bexhövede, Bishop of Livonia, and Prince-Bishop Dietrich I of Lübeck, then proposed Burchard's uncle Count Gerhard I of Oldenburg-Wildeshausen, already Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, for Bremen. In late 1210 Innocent III approved their proposal and replaced Valdemar, being a Guelphic partisan, as archbishop by Gerhard I, before Valdemar had returned to Bremen.

paragraph: However, in 1211 Duke Bernard III of the younger Duchy of Saxony escorted his brother-in-law Valdemar, the recently papally recognised, but newly papally deposed archbishop, into the city of Bremen, de facto regaining the See and enjoying the support of Otto IV. The Bremians rejected Gerhard's claim and favoured Valdemar. Innocent inflicted several bans on Valdemar for his inobedience. Bernard fought the forces of Prince-Bishop Gerhard I, aiming at taking over the Bremian see, while Valdemar alienated Bremian ecclesiastical estates to finance Bernard's warfare. As a reaction Valdemar II, now allied with Innocent against Otto IV, recaptured Stade, while in 1213 Otto's elder brother Henry V, conquered it for Prince-Archbishop Valdemar. In 1215 Henry repelled another Danish attack on Stade.

paragraph: From 1212 to 1214 the mercenaries from Stedingen destroyed the castles at Beverstedt, Stotel (a part of today's Loxstedt), Riensberg and Seehausen (both a part of today's city of Bremen), all held by partisans of Valdemar's rival archbishop Gerhard I, whom the Stedingers clearly identified as a proponent of their subjection to serfdom. The Oldenburgers successfully defended the Burghagen Castle in Hagen im Bremischen against the Stedingers and Gerhard I mobilised the Count Henry I of Hoya to help, who inflicted the first defeat on the Stedingers in 1213.

paragraph: But soon Otto IV's position was challenged, losing his uncle's, John Lackland, financial support after the English defeat in the Battle of Bouvines (1214), by Frederick II (Roger), in 1215 replacing Otto as accepted Emperor. Nevertheless, in the same year Henry V, his younger brother Otto IV, Margrave Albert II of Brandenburg, and Prince-Archbishop Valdemar and their troops, among them mercenaries from Stedingen, conquered Hamburg. In the winter of 1216 Valdemar II and his Danish troops, unable to take the city of Stade, ravaged the County of Stade and reconquered Hamburg.

paragraph: In 1216 the mercenaries of Stedingen swung over to the party of Gerhard I, who promised to respect their freedom, and attacked the city of Bremen, loyal to Valdemar. Henry V rescued the city with his troops. In 1217 the city of Bremen deserted Valdemar's party. Now Henry V, Otto IV and their troops ravaged the Prince-Archbishopric (so-called "Valdemarian Turmoils", 1217–1218). In 1218 Gerhard I and Valdemar II allied to expel Henry and Otto from the Prince-Archbishopric. Gerhard's troops approached the fortress of Vörde disguised as sick, lining up for a treatment by the faith healer and farmer Otbert. Once arrived they overthrew Henry's soldiers in the fortress. After the deaths of Otto in 1218 and Gerhard I in 1219, Henry V reached an agreement with the new Prince-Archbishop Gerhard II, to maintain the "County of Stade" as prince-archiepiscopal vassal.

paragraph: Section::::Valdemar as a monk.

paragraph: In 1217 Valdemar fled the Prince-Archbishopric towards his nephew Albert I, Duke of Saxony. Later Valdemar entered the Saxon Cistercian Loccum Abbey. The abbot thought he was sick unto death, dispended him for the time being from the bans and received him as a monk by 1219. After Valdemar had recovered, however, he had to do penance and went to Rome in 1220, where Pope Honorius III forgave him, lifted the anathema again, and reaccepted him in the Church's bosom, but forbade him to officiate as priest and sent him to the Cîteaux Abbey. The pope left it up to the abbots of the Cîteaux and Morimond Abbeys to determine Valdemar's future residence. Valdemar was sent to Loccum, as he wished for, living a decent monastic life.

paragraph: After in the night between May 6 and 7 1223 Henry I, Count of Schwerin had kidnapped King Valdemar II and his son Valdemar the Young, in order to blackmail the Danish withdrawal from Holstein, Valdemar Knudsen saw again his chance to gain the Danish throne. Valdemar escaped the Loccum Abbey and gathered a crowd of supporters and invaded Danish-occupied Holstein in 1224, but was repelled by the Danish military commander Albert II, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde. Valdemar Knudsen did not recover, he was overlooked as participant in the Battle of Bornhöved (1227), where the victorious Low Saxon alliance of princes stopped the then Danish expansionism. In 1232 Valdemar moved into Cîteaux Abbey again, where he died on 18 July 1236. He was buried at the Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolf Hofmeister, „Der Kampf um das Erbe der Stader Grafen zwischen den Welfen und der Bremer Kirche (1144–1236)“, in: "Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser": 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 105–157.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Olrik, "Valdemar (Knudsen), 1158-1236, Biskop af Slesvig", in: "Dansk biografisk leksikon": 19 vols., Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1887–1905, vol. XVIII: Ubbe - Wimpffen (1904), pp. 193–197.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie Mittelalter

description: Danish prince-Bishop

wikidata_label: Valdemar of Denmark

wikipedia_title: Valdemar of Denmark (bishop)


text:
footballer
SF Troisdorf
Bundesliga
Bayer 04 Leverkusen

categories: German footballers,1980 births,SC Paderborn 07 players,Rot Weiss Ahlen players,Sportfreunde Siegen players,Bundesliga players,Bayer 04 Leverkusen II players,Bayer 04 Leverkusen players,Rot-Weiss Essen players,Association football forwards,Kickers Emden players,FC Viktoria Köln players,Living people

paragraph: Sebastian Schoof

paragraph: Sebastian Schoof (born March 22, 1980) is a German former footballer. As of January 2011, he plays for SF Troisdorf. He spent two seasons in the Bundesliga with Bayer 04 Leverkusen.

description: German footballer

wikidata_label: Sebastian Schoof

wikipedia_title: Sebastian Schoof


text:
Swedish
Nils Blake
magnate
Kristina Nilsdotter
Norwegian
Earl
Eskil Magnusson
lawspeaker
Västergötland

wikipedia_title:
Sweden
Nils Blake
Magnate
Kristina Nilsdotter
Norway
Earl
Eskil Magnusson
Lawspeaker
Västergötland

categories: 12th-century births,Swedish princesses,Medieval Swedish nobility,12th-century Swedish people,Year of death unknown,House of Eric,12th-century Swedish women

paragraph: Katarina Eriksdotter

paragraph: Catherine (; 12th-century) was a Swedish princess, daughter of King Eric the Saint and his queen, Christina of Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She married Nils Blake, who probably was a Swedish magnate. They had a daughter, Kristina Nilsdotter, who married the Norwegian Earl Hakon the Mad, and later Eskil Magnusson, the lawspeaker of Västergötland.

description: Swedish princess

wikidata_label: Catherine, Lady Blake

wikipedia_title: Katarina Eriksdotter


text: footballer

text: Conference Premier

text: Tamworth

text: midfielder

text: Derby

text: Derby County

text: Notts County

text: Hereford United

text: Notts County

text: Wycombe Wanderers

text: Darlington

text: Walsall

text: Football League One

text: Gillingham

text: Football League Two

text: Burton Albion

text: Burton Albion

text: Waitakere United

text: 2012–13 OFC Champions League

text: Ilkeston

text: Burton Albion

text: Aaron Webster

text: Ilkeston

text: Conference North

text: Oxford City

text: Conference Premier

text: Tamworth

text: Tony Capaldi

text: Wayne Thomas

wikipedia_title:
Association football
National League (division)
Tamworth F.C.
Midfielder
Derby
Derby County F.C.
Notts County F.C.
Hereford United F.C.
Notts County F.C.
Wycombe Wanderers F.C.
Darlington F.C.
Walsall F.C.
EFL League One
Gillingham F.C.
EFL League Two
Burton Albion F.C.
Burton Albion F.C.
Waitakere United
2012–13 OFC Champions League
Northern Premier League
Ilkeston F.C.
Burton Albion F.C.
Aaron Webster (footballer)
Ilkeston F.C.
National League North
Oxford City F.C.
National League (division)
Tamworth F.C.
Tony Capaldi
Wayne Thomas (footballer)

categories: Tamworth F.C. players,Burton Albion F.C. players,Ilkeston F.C. players,Derby County F.C. players,English Football League players,Walsall F.C. players,Rainworth Miners Welfare F.C. players,Darlington F.C. players,Sportspeople from Derby,Mickleover Sports F.C. players,Gillingham F.C. players,Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players,Waitakere United players,Association football midfielders,Living people,Hereford United F.C. players,Oxford City F.C. players,English footballers,Notts County F.C. players,1983 births

paragraph: Chris Palmer (footballer)

paragraph: Christopher Palmer (born 16 October 1983) is an English professional footballer who most recently played for Conference Premier side Tamworth, where he played as a midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Palmer was born in Derby and attended Derby Moor Community School. He began his professional career with Derby County, but did not establish himself as a first-team member. He then joined Notts County in 2004, from where he went out to Hereford United on loan for a month, making three appearances. He was given a first team place on his return, making 24 appearances, and scoring four goals, for Notts County.

paragraph: Palmer signed for Wycombe Wanderers in the summer of 2006. He initially held down a place in the first team, but struggled to win back his place after a shoulder injury. He went on loan to Darlington in August 2007. After being released by Wycombe he signed for Walsall on 1 August 2008, after a successful trial period with the club.

paragraph: On 6 July 2009, Palmer joined Football League One side Gillingham. On 17 June 2011, Palmer moved to Football League Two side Burton Albion.

paragraph: Following his release from Burton Albion, Palmer joined Waitakere United in New Zealand on a short-term contract, where he played in the final stages of the 2012–13 OFC Champions League. He later returned to England to play for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston on non-contract terms on 16 August 2013, he was joined by his former Burton Albion colleague Aaron Webster.

paragraph: On 3 October 2013, Palmer left Ilkeston and signed for Conference North side Oxford City. On 29 January 2014, Palmer signed for Conference Premier side Tamworth, but after five appearances Palmer was released by the club on 27 February 2014. He was also joined in leaving the club on the same day by Tony Capaldi and Wayne Thomas.

description: English footballer

wikidata_label: Chris Palmer

wikipedia_title: Chris Palmer (footballer)


text:
English
geologist
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Acacia
Pseudomyrmex
natural history
Australia
gold
ore
Nova Scotia
rocks
fossil
Nicaragua
glacier
Pseudomyrmex spinicola
myrmecophyte
neotropical
ant
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
lipid
Belsian bodies
Britain
Russia
Siberia
Colorado
Denver
Riverside Cemetery

wikipedia_title:
England
Geologist
Newcastle upon Tyne
Acacia
Pseudomyrmex
Natural history
Australia
Gold
Ore
Nova Scotia
Rock (geology)
Fossil
Nicaragua
Glacier
Pseudomyrmex spinicola
Myrmecophyte
Neotropical realm
Ant
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Lipid
Beltian body
Great Britain
Russia
Siberia
Colorado
Denver
Riverside Cemetery (Denver, Colorado)

categories: English naturalists,1832 births,English geologists,English nature writers,People from Newcastle upon Tyne

paragraph: Thomas Belt

paragraph: Thomas Belt (1832 – 21 September 1878), an English geologist and naturalist, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1832, and educated in that city. He is remembered for his work on the geology of gold bearing minerals, glacial geology, and for his description of the mutualistic relationship between certain bullthorn "Acacia" species and their "Pseudomyrmex" ants.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: As a youth Belt became actively interested in natural history through the Tyneside Naturalists Field Club. In 1852 he went to Australia and for about eight years worked at the gold-diggings, where he acquired a practical knowledge of ore deposits. In 1860 he proceeded to Nova Scotia to take charge of some gold-mines, and there met with a serious injury, which led to his return to England.

paragraph: In 1861 Belt issued a separate work entitled "Mineral Veins: an Enquiry into their Origin, founded on a Study of the Auriferous Quartz Veins of Australia". Later on he was engaged for about three years at Dolgelly, another though small gold-mining region, and here he carefully investigated the rocks and fossils of the Lingula Flags, his observations being published in an important and now classic memoir in the "Geological Magazine" for 1867.

paragraph: Section::::Nicaragua.

paragraph: In the following year he was appointed to take charge of some mines in Nicaragua, where he passed four active and adventurous years the results being given in his "The Naturalist in Nicaragua"] (1874), a widely regarded work. In this volume the author expressed his views on the former presence of glaciers in that country.

paragraph: In this book, he also first described the mutualistic relationship of certain Acacias and the ant we now know as "Pseudomyrmex spinicola". These are a species of red myrmecophyte-inhabiting neotropical ants which are found only in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. They live in the thorns of a tropical tree, "Acacia collinsii", feeding on nectaries along with the protein and lipid-rich pods produced by the plant for the ants and now known as Belsian bodies (or Beltian bodies) in honor of Belt.

paragraph: In subsequent papers Belt dealt boldly with the phenomena of the glacial period in Britain and in various parts of the world.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: After many further expeditions to Russia, Siberia and Colorado, he was traveling to Colorado for a professional engagement when he fell suddenly ill and died in Denver, on 21 September 1878, at the age of 45. He was buried there in the Riverside Cemetery in Denver.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The naturalist in Nicaragua (London, J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd, 1911)

description: English geologist and naturalist

wikidata_label: Thomas Belt

wikipedia_title: Thomas Belt


text: Clinton, South Carolina

text: editorial cartoon

text: liberal

text: Chattanooga Times Free Press

text: Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

text: University of North Alabama

text: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

text: St. Petersburg Times

text: The Christian Science Monitor

text: Chattanooga Times Free Press

text: Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

text: Sigma Delta Chi Award

text: National Journalism Award

text: National Cartoonist Society

text: Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award

text: John Fischetti Award

text: Overseas Press Club

text: Berryman Award

text: National Press Foundation

text: The Washington Post Writers Group

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: National Cartoonists Society

text: Sigma Delta Chi Award

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Overseas Press Club

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Clifford K. and James T. Berryman Award

text: National Press Foundation

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Overseas Press Club

text: Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award

text: Overseas Press Club

text: John Fischetti Award

text: University of North Alabama

text: Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

text: National Cartoonists Society

text: National Journalism Award

text: Scripps Howard Foundation

text: Sigma Delta Chi Award

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Editor & Publisher

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Society of Professional Journalists

text: Society for Collegiate Journalists

text: National Cartoonists Society

text: National Cartoonists Society

text: Herblock Prize

text: National Cartoonists Society

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: National Cartoonists Society

text: Overseas Press Club

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Facebook page

text: Cartoon gallery

categories: Christian Science Monitor people,Tampa Bay Times,Living people,University of North Alabama alumni,1958 births,Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning winners,American editorial cartoonists

paragraph: Clay Bennett (cartoonist)

paragraph: Clay Bennett (born January 20, 1958 in Clinton, South Carolina) is an American editorial cartoonist. His cartoons typically present liberal viewpoints. Currently drawing for the "Chattanooga Times Free Press", Bennett is the recipient of the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning.

paragraph: Graduating from the University of North Alabama in 1980, Bennett briefly served as a staff artist at the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" and the "Fayetteville Times" (NC). He worked as editorial cartoonist at the "St. Petersburg Times" for 13 years (1981–1994) but was fired in 1994. While Bennett's editor Phil Gailey denied the firing was politically motivated, many observers saw it as part of the traditionally liberal newspaper's trend towards becoming more conservative. Bennett said "Many saw the termination as political because I was out there on the far left. Obviously expressing your point of view can cost you your job." He later worked for "The Christian Science Monitor" (1997–2007) and now draws five cartoons a week for the "Chattanooga Times Free Press", having joined its staff in 2007.

paragraph: A nominated finalist for The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning seven times, Bennett won the Prize in 2002. He's also the recipient of the Sigma Delta Chi Award, the National Journalism Award, the National Cartoonist Society Award for Editorial Cartoons, the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award, the John Fischetti Award, the National Headliner Award, the Thomas Nast Award from the Overseas Press Club, the Berryman Award from the National Press Foundation, and the Ranan Lurie/United Nations Political Cartoon Award. On May 26, 2018, he was awarded the 2017 Divisional Award for Editorial Cartoons by the National Cartoonists Society.

paragraph: A past president of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists, Bennett lives in Chattanooga with his wife, artist Cindy Procious. His work is syndicated internationally by The Washington Post Writers Group.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Divisional Award for Editorial Cartoons, National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Sigma Delta Chi Award, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Thomas Nast Award, Overseas Press Club of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 National Headliner Award for Editorial Cartoons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Clifford K. and James T. Berryman Award for Editorial Cartooning, National Press Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Grambs Aronson Award for Cartooning with a Conscience, Hunter College

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Champion of Equality, Tennessee Equality Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 United Nations/Ranan Lurie Political Cartoon Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Ink Bottle Award, Association of American Editorial Cartoonists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Thomas Nast Award, Overseas Press Club of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for Cartoons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Thomas Nast Award, Overseas Press Club of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 John Fischetti Award for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Alumni of the Year, University of North Alabama

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Grand Prize, National Population Cartoon Contest

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 National Headliner Award for Editorial Cartoons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 NCS Award for Editorial Cartoons, National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 National Journalism Award, Scripps Howard Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Sigma Delta Chi Award, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 John Fischetti Award for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Editorial Cartoonist of the Year, "Editor & Publisher" magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 National Headliner Award for Editorial Cartoons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 National Headliner Award for Editorial Cartoons

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 Jane Roe Media Award, Florida Abortion Rights Action League

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 H. L. Mencken Award for Best Cartoon, Free Press Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 Green Eyeshade Award for Editorial Cartoons, Society of Professional Journalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Society for Collegiate Journalists Award for Editorial Cartoons

paragraph: Section::::Nominations and Citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Finalist, NCS Award for Editorial Cartoons, National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Citation for Excellence, United Nations/Ranan Lurie Political Cartoon Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Finalist, NCS Award for Editorial Cartoons, National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Finalist, Herblock Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Finalist, NCS Award for Editorial Cartoons, National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Finalist, NCS Award for Editorial Cartoons, National Cartoonists Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Citation for Excellence, United Nations/Ranan Lurie Political Cartoon Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Finalist, Thomas Nast Award, Overseas Press Club of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Finalist, International Editorial Cartoon Competition, Canadian Committee for World Press Freedom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Citation for Excellence, United Nations/Ranan Lurie Political Cartoon Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Citation for Excellence, United Nations/Ranan Lurie Political Cartoon Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facebook page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cartoon gallery

description: American cartoonist

wikidata_label: Clay Bennett

wikipedia_title: Clay Bennett (cartoonist)


text:
resistance fighter
Nazi
White Rose
guillotine
Chur
Switzerland
German
Stuttgart
Munich
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
National Socialist German Workers Party
Hitler
government
Hans Scholl
Alexander Schmorell
Gestapo
Carl Orff
Agnes Bernauer
People's Court
show trial
Roland Freisler
Josef Wirmer
insurrection
Stadelheim Prison
Alexander Schmorell
Hans Leipelt
Gottfried Leibniz

categories: People executed by guillotine by Nazi Germany,1943 deaths,Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany,People from Chur,German academics,Executed German people,Swiss people executed by Nazi Germany,Executed German Resistance members,People condemned by Nazi courts,Executed Swiss people,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty,German civilians killed in World War II,German monarchists in the German Resistance,1893 births,White Rose members,German people executed by Nazi Germany

paragraph: Kurt Huber

paragraph: Kurt Huber (24 October 1893 – 13 July 1943) was a university professor and resistance fighter with the anti-Nazi group White Rose. For his involvement he was imprisoned and guillotined.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Huber was born in Chur, Switzerland, to German parents. He grew up in Stuttgart and later, after his father's death, in Munich. He showed an aptitude for such subjects as music, philosophy and psychology. Huber became a professor of Psychology and Music in 1926 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

paragraph: Section::::Resistance.

paragraph: Huber was appalled by the rise of the National Socialist German Workers Party and decided that Hitler and his government had to be removed from power. He came into contact with the White Rose movement through some students who attended his lectures, Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell.

paragraph: Huber wrote the White Rose's sixth and final leaflet calling for an end to National Socialism.

paragraph: Section::::Resistance.:Trial and execution.

paragraph: Huber's political activities came to the attention of the Gestapo and he was arrested on 27 February 1943. By coincidence, composer Carl Orff called at Huber’s house the day after he was taken. Huber’s wife begged him to use his influence to help her husband. But Orff told her that if his friendship with Huber was ever discovered he would be “ruined.” Orff left; Huber’s wife never saw him again. Later, wracked by guilt, Orff would write a letter to his late friend Huber imploring him for forgiveness. Orff's "Die Bernauerin", a project which he completed in 1946 and which he had discussed with Huber before the latter's execution, is dedicated to Huber's memory. The final scene of this work, which is about the wrongful execution of Agnes Bernauer, depicts a guilt-ridden chorus begging not to be implicated in the title character's death.

paragraph: Huber was brought before the People's Court on 19 April. In a brief show trial, Chief Justice Roland Freisler subjected Huber to a humiliating verbal attack (see the exchange quoted in the Josef Wirmer article). He was sentenced to death for insurrection.

paragraph: On 13 July Huber was executed by guillotine at Munich's Stadelheim Prison, along with Alexander Schmorell. The university had stripped Huber of his position and his doctorate at the time of his arrest.

paragraph: Attempts to take up a collection for Huber's widow Clara only brought about more trouble and eventually led to Hans Leipelt's arrest and execution.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The square opposite from the main building of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich was named "Professor Huber Platz" in his remembrance.

paragraph: Huber is also known for a biography of Gottfried Leibniz which he completed while in prison and which was published in 1951 edited by his wife and pupil.

paragraph: After the war, a memorial volume with contributions from his friends and colleagues, including the 1946 letter from Carl Orff, was published by his widow.

description: university professor and member of the White Rose group

wikidata_label: Kurt Huber

wikipedia_title: Kurt Huber


text:
archbishop of Mainz
prince-bishop of Liège
Conrad I of Zähringen
Arnold of Selenhofen
Mainz
Frankfurt am Main
Christian of Buch
Frederick Barbarossa
Synod of Lodi
Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen
Siege of Acre
Herdern

categories: People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,House of Zähringen,Prince-Bishops of Liège,Archbishops of Mainz,1135 births,Armed priests,1191 deaths,12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Christians of the Third Crusade

paragraph: Rudolf of Zähringen

paragraph: Rudolf of Zähringen (also "Rudolph", "Ralph" or "Raoul") (c. 1135 – 5 August 1191) was the archbishop of Mainz from 1160 to 1161 and prince-bishop of Liège. He was the son of Conrad I of Zähringen and Clemence of Luxembourg-Namur.

paragraph: After the death of Arnold of Selenhofen, the citizens of Mainz elected him archbishop, but the city had been placed under the interdict and the aristocracy and clergy had fled to Frankfurt am Main, where they elected Christian of Buch instead. Neither election was recognised by the emperor, Frederick Barbarossa. At the Synod of Lodi, both archbishops-elect were deposed and Rudolf was excommunicated.

paragraph: In 1167, already released from his excommunication, he became bishop of Liège, a position almost as secularly important as that of Mainz. As bishop, he supported his brother, Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen. On 11 May 1188, he arrived at the Siege of Acre with an army. He died on the way back from the Crusade, at Herdern. He was buried in the monastery of Saint Peter's there.

alias:
Rudolf von Zähringen
Raoul of Zähringen
Rudolph of Zähringen
Ralph of Zähringen

description: German archbishop (12th century)

wikidata_label: Rudolf of Zähringen

wikipedia_title: Rudolf of Zähringen


text: engineer

text: Tlatelolco massacre

text: Mexico city

text: civil engineering

text: UNAM

text: Escuela Nacional Preparatoria

text: Ciudad Universitaria

text: Tlatelolco

categories: 1971 deaths,1915 births,People from Mexico City,Mexican civil engineers

paragraph: Javier Barros Sierra

paragraph: Javier Barros Sierra (1915-1971) was a Mexican engineer and Rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre.

paragraph: Born in Mexico city, he studied civil engineering at UNAM. He became president of the student society of the Faculty of Sciences in 1936 and University Counsellor in 1938. He taught for more than 20 years in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (a high school of UNAM) and the National School of Engineering (later Faculty of Engineering), of whom he was director from 1955 to 1958. He became Rector on May 5, 1966. During his rectorship, the government and the army entered Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM's main campus. In protest of these actions and the indiscriminate beating of UNAM's students, he resigned his post on September 23, 9 days before the massacre in Tlatelolco. He was reinstated as Rector after the liberation of CU, a post he held until May 5, 1970.

description: Mexican engineer

wikidata_label: Javier Barros Sierra

wikipedia_title: Javier Barros Sierra


text: Denton

text: Texas

text: Major League Baseball

text: shortstop

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: University of Kansas

text: outfielder

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: shortstop

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Greg Aquino

text: Lancaster Barnstormers

categories: Kansas Jayhawks baseball players,Major League Baseball shortstops,Tennessee Smokies players,New Jersey Cardinals players,Living people,Peoria Chiefs players,1979 births,Baseball players from Texas,Lancaster Barnstormers players,St. Louis Cardinals players,Memphis Redbirds players,Iowa Cubs players

paragraph: John Nelson (baseball)

paragraph: John Clark Nelson (born March 3, 1979 in Denton, Texas) is a former Major League Baseball shortstop with the St. Louis Cardinals. Drafted out of the University of Kansas, Nelson was originally an outfielder, but the St. Louis Cardinals converted him to a shortstop.

paragraph: Nelson was promoted to the Cardinals on September 5, 2006, wearing the number 62, and made his major league debut on September 7, striking out against the Arizona Diamondbacks' Greg Aquino. In his first big-league action he went 0-5 with 4 strikeouts. He also pinch-ran 3 times and scored 2 runs, playing one game at shortstop and one game at first base.

paragraph: In 2008, he signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

description: American baseball player, born 1979

wikidata_label: John Nelson

wikipedia_title: John Nelson (baseball)


text:
fl.
ajaw
Maya
Tikal
Dark Sun

categories: 9th-century monarchs in North America,8th century in Guatemala,9th century in the Maya civilization,Rulers of Tikal,8th-century monarchs in North America,8th century in the Maya civilization

paragraph: Nuun Ujol Kʼinich

paragraph: Nuun Ujol Kʼinich (fl. 800?), was an "ajaw" of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled sometime between 794 and 810 and he was probably father of Dark Sun.

wikidata_label: Nuun Ujol K'inich

wikipedia_title: Nuun Ujol Kʼinich


href: floruit ajaw Maya%20civilization Tikal

text: fl. ajaw Maya Tikal

categories: 9th century in the Maya civilization,Rulers of Tikal,9th-century monarchs in North America

paragraph: Jewel Kʼawiil

paragraph: Jewel Kʼawiil (fl. 849), was an "ajaw" of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled c.849.

wikidata_label: Jewel K'awiil

wikipedia_title: Jewel Kʼawiil


text:
ajaw
Maya
Tikal
Nuun Ujol K'inich

paragraph: Dark Sun (Maya ruler)

paragraph: Dark Sun (fl.810), was an "ajaw" of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled c.810 and was probably the son of Nuun Ujol K'inich. The monuments associated with Dark Sun are: Stela 24; Altar 7; Temple 3 Lintel 2?.

description: Rulers of Tikal

wikidata_label: Dark Sun (Maya ruler)

wikipedia_title: Dark Sun (Maya ruler)


text: Galician

text: genre

text: Vigo

text: Antonio María Esquivel

text: Jenaro Pérez Villaamil

text: Carlos de Haes

text: Niagara Falls

text: National Exhibition of Fine Arts

text: Genoa

text: Valladolid

text: atherosclerosis

text: ArtNet: More works by Avendaño.

categories: 19th-century Spanish painters,1916 deaths,Spanish genre painters,Galician painters,Spanish landscape painters,1838 births,Spanish male painters

paragraph: Serafín Avendaño

paragraph: Serafín Xoaquín Avendaño Martínez (12 October 1838 – 23 August 1916) was a Galician landscape and genre painter who spent many years living in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Serafín Avendaño was born in Vigo. His father was a professor. When he was still very young, the family moved to Madrid, where he received his first art lessons at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando from Antonio María Esquivel and Jenaro Pérez Villaamil. In 1858, he won a silver medal at the Exposición de Galiza for his watercolor "A miña tristura" (My Sadness). Although initially influenced by the landscape style of the Belgian-born painter Carlos de Haes, he eventually acquired a brighter palette.

paragraph: Thanks to his family's relative wealth, he was able to travel extensively during the 1860s; visiting the United States (where he painted Niagara Falls), England, France and Switzerland. In 1864, he won a medal at the prestigious National Exhibition of Fine Arts. In 1866, after receiving a grant, he went to Italy for further studies and remained there until 1891. Most of his time in Italy was spent in and around Genoa, where he became associated with the "", a local group of landscape painters. Periodically, he travelled to Spain to participate in various expositions and work on the family estate near Vigo.

paragraph: After his return, he sat as a judge on several art juries and provided illustrations for the magazine "Blanco y Negro" from 1893 to 1911. He won two more medals at the National Exhibition, in 1892 and 1899. Eventually, he retired to Valladolid, where he died of atherosclerosis in 1916. Numerous exhibitions of his works were held in Italy up through the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serafín Avendaño: inventario y valoración de su actividad pictórica en Liguria", Departamento de Historia del Arte, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosa Elvira Caamaño Fernandez, "Serafín Avendaño. 1837-1916" (exhibition catalog), Centro Cultural Caixavigo, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "El pintor Avendaño", in "Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos", vol. XVIII, #54, 1963

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtNet: More works by Avendaño.

alias:
Serafín de Avendano
Serafin De Avendano
Serafino Avendaño
Serafín Avendaño Martínez

description: spanish painter

wikidata_label: Serafín Avendaño

wikipedia_title: Serafín Avendaño


text:
Buenos Aires
Argentina
argentinian rock
Sumo
Luca Prodan
Divididos
Voodoo Child
Jimi Hendrix
carrots
slipper
sandals
tennis balls
canes
blind
Cuca
León Gieco
Charly García
Gustavo Cerati
Los Piojos
Las Pelotas
La Renga
Luis Alberto Spinetta
Érica García
Natalia Oreiro
Divididos por la Felicidad
Llegando los Monos
After Chabón
La era de la boludez
Interview with Ricardo Mollo

categories: Musicians from Buenos Aires,1957 births,Singers from Buenos Aires,Argentine singers,Argentine singer-songwriters,Rock en Español musicians,Argentine guitarists,Living people,Argentine rock singers

paragraph: Ricardo Mollo

paragraph: Ricardo Mollo (born August 17, 1957 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a musician, producer, singer and composer of argentinian rock.

paragraph: He became known in the 1980s as the guitarist of Sumo, with whom he released four studio albums until 1987, when vocalist of the group, Luca Prodan, died of liver cirrhosis. After Sumo, with the bassist Diego Arnedo, he formed the band Divididos, and currently remains its bandleader.

paragraph: He is considered as one of the best musicians and guitarists of Argentine rock. He is also known for his virtuosity on the guitar, and particularly known for his version of "Voodoo Child" by Jimi Hendrix, which he has played with his guitar using his teeth or objects thrown by the public such as: carrots, slippers, sandals, tennis balls, or canes for the blind.

paragraph: Besides his work as a bandleader, he is a producer and has produced for Lation American artists such as: Cuca, León Gieco, Charly García, Gustavo Cerati, Los Piojos, Las Pelotas, La Renga, Luis Alberto Spinetta, among others.

paragraph: He was in a relationship with the singer Érica García between 1989 and 1999 and dated professional big wave surfer, Mercedes Maidana from 2000 to 2001.

paragraph: In 2002, he married Uruguayan actress, Natalia Oreiro, with whom he had a son in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Sumo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divididos por la Felicidad" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Llegando los Monos" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "After Chabón" (1987)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Divididos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "40 dibujos ahí en el piso" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acariciando lo áspero" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La era de la boludez" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Otro le travaladna" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divididos" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gol de mujer" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "10" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narigón del siglo" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viveza criolla" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vengo del placard de otro" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vivo Acá" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amapola del 66" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Audio y agua" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Ricardo Mollo (in Spanish)

description: Argentinian guitarist

wikidata_label: Ricardo Mollo

wikipedia_title: Ricardo Mollo


text:
Rutgers University
New Brunswick Theological Seminary
Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen
Holland
Frederick Frelinghuysen
American Revolution
First Great Awakening
New Jersey
Raritan
North Branch
Old Dutch Parsonage
Somerville
Dutch Reformed
New Brunswick Theological Seminary
Rutgers University
Somerville Cemetery, Somerville
Casparus Van Nostrand
Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804)
Weston, New Jersey
Findagrave: John Frelinghuysen

categories: People of colonial New Jersey,American people of Dutch descent,People from Somerville, New Jersey,Reformed Church in America ministers,Frelinghuysen family,18th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers,1727 births,1754 deaths

paragraph: John Frelinghuysen (minister)

paragraph: John Frelinghuysen (1727 – September 5, 1754) also known as Johannes Frelinghuysen was a minister in colonial New Jersey whose work in education laid the groundwork for the establishment Rutgers University (as "Queen's College" in 1766) and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary (in 1784).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: John Frelinghuysen was the second son of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen (1691–1749), a German who had lived for a short time in Holland before emigrating in 1720. John married Dinah Van Bergh (1725–1807), and they had two children: Eva Frelinghuysen (1751 – c. 1826), Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804), who became a major general in the American Revolution.

paragraph: John preached in the revivalistic style of Calvinism that his father was known for as part of the First Great Awakening. He continued to serve the parishes in New Jersey that his father had served at Raritan, Millstone, and North Branch. John lived in the Old Dutch Parsonage in Somerville where he served the three local congregations until his death. He took in students and a room in the house served as a Dutch Reformed religious seminary. This center of education was a forerunner of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary and Queen's College, which later developed into Rutgers University. John died on September 5, 1754 and was buried at the Somerville Cemetery, Somerville.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: John married Dinah VanBerg and had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva Frelinghuysen (1751 – c. 1826), who married Casparus Van Nostrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804), major general who was buried in Weston, New Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Findagrave: John Frelinghuysen

description: Colonial New Jersey minister

wikidata_label: John Frelinghuysen

wikipedia_title: John Frelinghuysen (minister)


text:
Anishinaabe
c.
Algonquin
Kitchesipirini
Ottawa River
Lake of Two Mountains
Pembroke, Ontario
L'Isle-aux-Allumettes
St. Lawrence River
Hudson Bay
Georgian Bay
Wendat
Odawa
Wendats
Iroquois Confederacy
Mohawk nation
Montreal island
Iroquois
Trois-Rivières

categories: Indigenous leaders in Ontario,Indigenous leaders in Quebec,Algonquin people,Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)

paragraph: Tessouat

paragraph: Tessouat ("Anishinaabe": Tesswehas) (c. ??? – 1636/1654) was an Algonquin chief from the Kitchesipirini nation ("Kitche"=Great, "sipi"=river, "rini"=people: the people from the great river, the Ottawa River). His nation lived in an area extending from Lake of Two Mountains to modern-day Pembroke, Ontario.

paragraph: Tessouat lived in L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, in a neck of the Ottawa River. He was described by the French settlers as having a strong character. He was also blind in one eye (in French, borgne) and was dubbed "le Borgne de l'isle". His position was highly strategic, as the Ottawa River was the safest way to go from the St. Lawrence River to Hudson Bay and to Huronia, near Georgian Bay. Tessouat took advantage of his position to impose some sort of customs duties on the French fur traders navigating on the Ottawa River, as well as to impose some of his authority. For example, in 1633, he refused to let the Jesuits go to Huronia, fearing he would lose authority in the region. To maintain the economic supremacy of the Kitchisipirini, he made great efforts to keep his French, Wendat (Huron), and Odawa allies from trading with each other directly, preferring that they trade through Algonquin middlemen.

paragraph: At that time, the Algonquins, Wendats, and several other Great Lakes First Nations were at war with the Iroquois Confederacy. Yet, Tessouat initiated peace talks with the Mohawk nation and, in 1634, they agreed to a peace treaty. The alleged motive behind this political move was to gain access to the Dutch settlers in what is now known the New York State, perhaps in order to be in a better negotiating position with the French traders. Peace with the Mohawks only lasted two years and Tessouat died a few months after bloody fights against the Mohawks.

paragraph: In 1641, after Tessouat's death, in the fashion of an Algonquian custom, a new Tessouat was reborn. The custom consisted of bringing back to life an important dead chief in a highly spectacular ritual. The new Tessouat was brought to life to save the Kitchesipirini nation, which was by then afflicted by death, caused by the European diseases, and isolated after several losses to the Iroquian confederation. Strangely enough, the new Tessouat was also blind in one eye. This fact probably contributed to muddle the French, who sometimes did not distinguish the new Tessouat from the old one. To save his nation, the new Tessouat decided to move from the Ottawa River area to a place nearby the French. After going to Sillery (nearby Quebec), where the Wendats refused their hospitality, Tessouat decides to bring his nation to Montreal island, where he agrees to receive the Christian baptism. In 1647, fearing an attack from the Iroquois and suspecting that the French would not defend them, Tessouat and his nation moved again. The new Tessouat finally died at Trois-Rivières, in 1654.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remi Savard, "L'Algonquin Tessouat et la fondation de Montréal" (Gallimard, 1996), .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20050909032232/http://www.wilkesweb.us/algonquin/cac-nations.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://radio-canada.ca/radio/profondeur/RemarquablesOublies/Tessouat.htm

wikidata_label: Tessouat

wikipedia_title: Tessouat


text:
Castelli, Abruzzo
maiolica
Francesco Antonio Xaverio Grue

categories: Italian male painters,Italian potters,17th-century Italian painters,People from the Province of Teramo,1618 births,1673 deaths

paragraph: Francesco Grue

paragraph: Francesco Angelo Grue (Castelli, Abruzzo September 11, 1618 – October 5, 1673), was an Italian potter and painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francesco was from a family of maiolica potters and painters. His son Carlo Antonio and grandson Francesco Antonio Xaverio Grue also followed in the family business.

alias:
Francesco Antonio Grue
Francesco di Marco Grue

description: artist

wikidata_label: Francesco Grue

wikipedia_title: Francesco Grue


text: Prehistoric geometry

text: East Sheen Grammar School

text: Devon

text: Colyton Grammar School

text: Royal British Navy

text: draftsman

text: prehistoric

text: isosceles triangle

text: Silbury Hill

text: hillforts

text: standing stones

text: stone circle

text: Stonehenge

text: Daily Telegraph

text: Alexander Thom

text: Anne Macaulay

categories: British writers,Living people,British historians

paragraph: Tom Brooks (writer)

paragraph: Tom Brooks (writer and theorist), born in London, England, is British author, draftsman and a proponent of Prehistoric geometry theories.

paragraph: Brooks was born in London and attended East Sheen Grammar School before returning to his family home in Devon where he attended Colyton Grammar School. His career included time spent in the Royal British Navy along with being a Marketing director and a draftsman.

paragraph: Brooks has concentrated on theorizing upon the layout and geometry of ancient sites in Britain and has published three books on the subject; The Hand of Man, Prehistoric Geometry in Britain and 'Seeing Around Corners' – Geometry in Stone Age Britain – The Proof. In a survey of over 1500 ancient sites in Britain, Brooks claims that many were constructed by prehistoric man on a connecting grid of isosceles triangles spiraling outwards from Silbury Hill (pictured) with each triangle pointing to the next site. Monuments that comprised the grid included hillforts, standing stones, churches and stone circles such as Stonehenge. Interviewed in the Daily Telegraph, Brooks said that his proposed " "...triangle navigation system may have been used for trading routes among the expanding population and also been used by workers to create social paths back to their families while they were working on these new sites."" Brooks added ""Created more than 2,000 years before the Greeks were supposed to have discovered such geometry, it remains one of the world's biggest civil engineering projects."" Archaeologists have made the criticism that many such patterns can be easily found as Britain is so rich in ancient sites of different types from different periods.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hand of Man. Now out of print, published Edward Gaskell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prehistoric Geometry in Britain. Self-published. Out of print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seeing Around Corners. Geometry in Stone Age Britain- the Proof. Currently available from http://www.prehistoric-geometry.co.uk/.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Thom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Macaulay

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Did aliens help to line up Woolworths stores?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.prehistoric-geometry.co.uk Prehistoric Geometry – The discoveries of Tom Brooks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prehistoric Geometry in Britain part 1 on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prehistoric Geometry in Britain part 2 on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prehistoric Geometry in Britain part 3 on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prehistoric Geometry in Britain part 4 on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prehistoric Geometry in Britain part 5 on YouTube

description: British writer and theorist

wikidata_label: Tom Brooks

wikipedia_title: Tom Brooks (writer)


text:
tennis
Vienna
Hietzing
Stainach
Schondorf am Ammersee
Henner Henkel
Abitur
Roderich Menzel
Davis Cup
annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany
World War II
Wimbledon
Henner Henkel
Don Budge
Gene Mako
Wehrmacht
Hans Nüsslein
Obergefreiter
Arnoldsweiler
Düren

categories: Austrian male tennis players,Metaxas family,1944 deaths,1914 births,Austrian military personnel killed in World War II,Sportspeople from Vienna

paragraph: Georg von Metaxa

paragraph: Georg Felix Ritter von Metaxa (; 7 October 1914 – 12 December 1944) was an Austrian tennis player active in the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Von Metaxa was born in Vienna to a Greek father and Austrian mother. His father Stefan, a lawyer, was head of the Vienna district of Hietzing, his mother Marianne was born countess of Stainach. In his youth, he was expelled from several schools until he came to the "Süddeutsche Landeserziehungsheim", a college at Schondorf am Ammersee. A talented tennis player, he lost the final of the 1932 German boys championships to Henner Henkel. After graduating from school with the Abitur, he began to study law at Vienna but broke off soon in order to focus on his tennis career.

paragraph: In 1937 Metaxa won the Austrian national championships, defeating Roderich Menzel in the final. He played 16 matches for the Austrian Davis Cup team between 1933 and 1937, reaching the semifinal of the European zone in 1936. After the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938, Metaxa decided to join the German Davis Cup team for which he played 19 matches until the beginning of World War II. He was ranked the second best German player in 1938. In July 1938 he reached the final of the Wimbledon doubles competition with his partner Henner Henkel which they lost in four sets to the American duo Don Budge and Gene Mako.

paragraph: After the beginning of World World II, he was drafted into the German Wehrmacht. He played an exhibition match against Hans Nüsslein in December 1941. An Obergefreiter (PFC), Metaxa was killed in action by American artillery fire at the town of Arnoldsweiler near Düren on 12 December 1944.

description: Austrian tennis player

wikidata_label: Georg von Metaxa

wikipedia_title: Georg von Metaxa


text: Italian

text: Roman Catholic

text: bishop

text: cardinal

text: House of Carafa

text: Naples

text: Torre del Greco

text: Oliviero Carafa

text: canon

text: deacon

text: cathedral chapter

text: Naples Cathedral

text: Bishop of Rimini

text: canonical age

text: dispensation

text: Francesco Carafa

text: Fifth Council of the Lateran

text: Pope Julius II

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Pope Leo X

text: Assistant at the Pontifical Throne

text: sede vacante

text: College of Cardinals

text: Rome

text: Pope Adrian VI

text: Pope Clement VII

text: cardinal priest

text: consistory

text: red hat

text: titular church

text: Santa Pudenziana

text: see of Anglona

text: Oliverio Carafa

text: papal conclave of 1534

text: Pope Paul III

text: see of Acerra

text: Santa Prisca

text: Santa Maria in Trastevere

text: cardinal bishop

text: suburbicarian see of Palestrina

text: Vicenza

text: legate "a latere"

text: Catholic Church in Italy

categories: House of Carafa,1477 births,1541 deaths,Italian cardinals

paragraph: Gianvincenzo Carafa

paragraph: Gianvincenzo Carafa (1477–1541) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A member of the "della Stadera" branch of the House of Carafa, Gianvincenzo Carafa was born in Naples in 1477, the son of Fabrizio Carafa, "signore" of Torre del Greco, and Aurelia Tolomei.

paragraph: He was the half-nephew of Cardinal Oliviero Carafa.

paragraph: Early in his career, he became a canon deacon of the cathedral chapter of Naples Cathedral.

paragraph: On 13 September 1497 he was elected Bishop of Rimini. He was the administrator of the diocese until he reached the canonical age of 27; he was elevated to bishop on 1 April 1504, with dispensation for not yet reaching the canonical age. He occupied the see until 24 June 1530, when he resigned in favor of his nephew Francesco Carafa.

paragraph: He participated in the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–17). Pope Julius II wanted to make him a cardinal but Ferdinand II of Aragon, who was then occupying the Kingdom of Naples, objected to the promotion of Neapolitans. Pope Leo X made him an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne. On 2 December 1521, during the "sede vacante" following the death of Pope Leo X, the College of Cardinals elected him governor of Rome; he occupied this post until 1522, when Pope Adrian VI was elected.

paragraph: Pope Clement VII made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 21 November 1527. He received the red hat and the titular church of Santa Pudenziana on 27 April 1528.

paragraph: He was the administrator of the see of Anglona from 31 August 1528 to 6 September 1536, when he resigned in favor of his nephew Oliverio Carafa. He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 8 January 1533 to 9 January 1534.

paragraph: He participated in the papal conclave of 1534 that elected Pope Paul III.

paragraph: From 26 July 1535 until 21 April 1539 he was the administrator of the see of Acerra. He opted for the titular church of Santa Prisca on 23 July 1537, and for Santa Maria in Trastevere on 28 November 1537. On 4 August 1539 he opted for the order of cardinal bishops and received the suburbicarian see of Palestrina. When Pope Paul III went to Vicenza, Cardinal Carafa was legate "a latere" in Rome.

paragraph: He died in Naples on 28 August 1541 and is buried in Naples Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Italy

description: Italian cardinal

wikidata_label: Gianvincenzo Carafa

wikipedia_title: Gianvincenzo Carafa


text:
Italian
Roman Catholic
cardinal
Doria
Genoa
Andrea Doria
Spinola
Pope Clement VII
cardinal deacon
consistory
red hat
deaconry
San Tommaso in Parione
coronation
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Bologna
see of Elne
see of Huesca y Jaca
see of Tarragona
see of Noli
papal conclave of 1534
Pope Paul III
see of Nebbio
papal conclave of 1549-50
Pope Julius III
papal conclave of April 1555
Pope Marcellus II
papal conclave of May 1555
Pope Paul IV
Santa Maria in Campitelli
Augustinian
Catholic Church in Italy

paragraph: Girolamo Doria

paragraph: Girolamo Doria (1495 – 25 March 1558) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Girolamo Doria was born in Genoa in 1495, the son of Andrea Doria. Early in his life, he married Luisa Spinola and had several children. He entered the ecclesiastical state after his wife died, becoming a cleric in Genoa.

paragraph: Pope Clement VII made him a cardinal deacon in the consistory of January 1529. He received the red hat and the deaconry of San Tommaso in Parione on 15 November 1529.

paragraph: In 1530, he attended the coronation of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor by the pope in Bologna.

paragraph: He was the administrator of the see of Elne from 12 January 1530 until 2 October 1532; administrator of the see of Huesca y Jaca from 2 October 1532 until 8 May 1533; administrator of the see of Tarragona from 8 May 1533; and administrator of the see of Noli from 13 April 1534 until 25 February 1549.

paragraph: From 15 November 1536 until 28 June 1538 he was administrator of the see of Nebbio.

paragraph: He participated in the papal conclave of 1549-50 that elected Pope Julius III; the papal conclave of April 1555 that elected Pope Marcellus II; and the papal conclave of May 1555 that elected Pope Paul IV.

paragraph: On 29 May 1555 he opted for the title of Santa Maria in Campitelli.

paragraph: He died in Genoa on 25 March 1558. He is buried in the Augustinian church of Santa Maria della Cella.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Italy

description: Italian cardinal

wikidata_label: Girolamo Doria

wikipedia_title: Girolamo Doria


text:
Banyeres del Penedès
auto racing
SEAT León Eurocup
World Touring Car Championship
European Touring Car Cup
Michel Nykjaer

categories: 1978 births,TCR International Series drivers,European Touring Car Cup drivers,Eurocup Mégane Trophy drivers,Spanish racing drivers,SEAT León Eurocup drivers,World Touring Car Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Oscar Nogués

paragraph: Oscar Nogués Farré (born 21 May 1978 in Banyeres del Penedès) is a Spanish auto racing driver. He won the Spanish SEAT León Supercopa in 2005 and 2006, and won the inaugural SEAT León Eurocup in 2008. He made one-off appearances in the World Touring Car Championship in 2006, 2007 and 2008 as rewards for his efforts in SEAT one-make series. He came second in the European Touring Car Cup to Michel Nykjaer in 2008.

paragraph: He also won at 2009 Les 24 hores de Barcelona with team Sunred Seven.

description: Spanish racing driver

wikidata_label: Oscar Nogués

wikipedia_title: Oscar Nogués