text: Italian

text: musicologist

text: tone poem

text: Fountains of Rome

text: Pines of Rome

text: Roman Festivals

text: La fiamma

text: Palazzo Fantuzzi

text: Bologna

text: Symphonic Studies

text: Robert Schumann

text: Liceo Musicale

text: viola

text: Giuseppe Martucci

text: Russian Imperial Theatre

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Russia

text: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

text: Semirâma

text: narcolepsy

text: Rome

text: Max Bruch

text: Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia

text: Elsa Olivieri Sangiacomo

text: Fountains of Rome

text: tone poem

text: Arturo Toscanini

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Toscanini

text: Royal Academy of Italy

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Brazil

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Enrico Fermi

text: Roman Festivals

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Arturo Toscanini

text: New York Philharmonic Orchestra

text: RCA Victor

text: Philadelphia Orchestra

text: NBC Symphony Orchestra

text: Willem Mengelberg

text: Boston Symphony Orchestra

text: Reale Accademia d'Italia

text: Claudio Monteverdi

text: Antonio Vivaldi

text: Benedetto Marcello

text: Ancient Airs and Dances

text: "Gli uccelli" (The Birds)

text: Neoclassical

text: idiom

text: classical period

text: melodic

text: musical form

text: dance suite

text: romantic

text: harmonies

text: textures

text: endocarditis

text: Certosa di Bologna

text: Re Enzo

text: Semirâma

text: Marie Victoire

text: La bella dormente nel bosco

text: Belfagor

text: La campana sommersa

text: Maria egiziaca

text: La fiamma

text: Lucrezia

text: Elsa

text: Ennio Porrino

text: La Boutique fantasque

text: Rossini

text: Piano Concerto in A minor

text: Violin Concerto in A major

text: Salvatore Di Vittorio

text: Fountains of Rome

text: Ancient Airs and Dances

text: Renaissance

text: lute

text: Simone Molinaro

text: Vincenzo Galilei

text: Galileo Galilei

text: Concerto Gregoriano

text: Ancient Airs and Dances

text: archlute

text: viol

text: Fabritio Caroso

text: Jean-Baptiste Besard

text: Marin Mersenne

text: Pines of Rome

text: Mixolydian mode

text: Rossiniana

text: Rossini

text: Péchés de vieillesse

text: Botticelli

text: Uffizi Gallery

text: Florence

text: La Primavera

text: L'Adorazione dei Magi

text: La nascita di Venere

text: O Come, O Come, Emmanuel

text: The Birds

text: Bernardo Pasquini

text: Jean-Philippe Rameau

text: Roman Festivals

text: Ancient Airs and Dances

text: strings

text: lute song

text: baroque guitar

text: Ludovico Roncalli

text: Santino Garsi da Parma

text: Shelley

text: Shelley

text: Shelley

text: Gabriele D'Annunzio

text: Constant Zarian

text: Jacopone da Todi

text: cantata

text: soprano

text: mezzo-soprano

text: tenor

text: OttorinoRespighi.it

text: Amici di Respighi

text: Fondo Ottorino Respighi

text: Chamber Orchestra of New York "Ottorino Respighi"

categories: 20th-century classical composers,20th-century Italian composers,Italian opera composers,Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia faculty,Male opera composers,20th-century male musicians,People from Bologna,Italian ballet composers,Neoclassical composers,Italian classical composers,Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini alumni,Impressionist composers,1879 births,1936 deaths,Italian Romantic composers,Members of the Royal Academy of Italy,Deaths from endocarditis,Italian male classical composers,Pupils of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

paragraph: Ottorino Respighi

paragraph: Ottorino Respighi ( , , ; 9 July 187918 April 1936) was an Italian violinist, composer and musicologist, best known for his trilogy of orchestral tone poems: "Fountains of Rome" (1916), "Pines of Rome" (1924), and "Roman Festivals" (1928). His musicological interest in 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century music led him to compose pieces based on the music of these periods. He also wrote several operas, the most famous being "La fiamma".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Ottorino Respighi was born on 9 July 1879 at 8 Via Guido Reni, an apartment building to the side of Palazzo Fantuzzi in Bologna, Italy. He was the youngest child of Giuseppe and Ersilia ("née" Putti) Respighi. His brother Alberto died at age nine, and he had a sister, Amelia.

paragraph: The Respighis were a musical family. Giuseppe was a piano teacher who encouraged his son's musical inclinations and taught him basic piano and violin at an early age. Not long into his violin lessons, however, Respighi suddenly quit after his teacher whacked him on the hand with a ruler when he had played a passage incorrectly. He resumed lessons several weeks later with a more patient teacher. His piano skills, too, were a hit-and-miss affair initially, but his father arrived home one day surprised to find his son performing the "Symphonic Studies" by Robert Schumann. Respighi had learned to play the piece in secret.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bologna and St. Petersburg, 1890–1913.

paragraph: Respighi was schooled at Ginnasio Guinizelli for two years. In 1892, he enrolled at Liceo Musicale where he studied the violin and viola with Federico Sarti for seven years. Among his earliest completed and dated compositions were "Piccola Ouverture" and "Preludio" for orchestra. Four years into his course, Respighi also took composition with Giuseppe Martucci and music history with Luigi Torchi. He received a diploma for the violin in 1899, and finished his studies in 1901 with a course in advanced composition. By this time, he had developed an interest in languages as demonstrated by his large book collection that contained atlases and dictionaries.

paragraph: In 1900, Respighi accepted the role of principal violist in the orchestra of the Russian Imperial Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia during its season of Italian opera. During his visit he met with Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, whose orchestrations he greatly admired, and studied orchestration and composition with him. Respighi studied orchestration with the composer for five months.

paragraph: After a period in Germany in 1902, Respighi returned to Bologna to continue his studies in composition, which earned him a second diploma. From 1903 to 1908, his principal activity was first violinist in the Mugellini Quintet, a touring five-piece founded by composer Bruno Mugellini.

paragraph: In 1909, Respighi's second opera "Semirâma" premiered, and was a considerable success. However, he fell asleep during the post-performance banquet from exhaustion of writing out the orchestral parts; his inconsistent sleeping patterns may have been caused by narcolepsy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rome, 1913–1936.

paragraph: In 1913, Respighi left the Mugellini Quintet and settled in Rome. He then spent some time performing in Germany before returning to Italy and turning his attention primarily to composition. Although many sources indicate he studied briefly with Max Bruch during his time in Germany, his wife later asserted that this was not the case. In 1913, he was appointed professor of composition at the Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia, a position he held for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Following Italy's entry into World War I in 1915, Respighi's position as Professor of the Liceo Musicale allowed him to avoid military service. After travelling to more peaceful surroundings for the summer, Respighi returned to Rome to continue teaching. One of his new students in his fugue and composition classes was Elsa Olivieri Sangiacomo; the two started a relationship and Elsa, at fourteen years his junior, married the composer in 1919. In 1921, the couple relocated to a flat in Rome.

paragraph: A turning point in Respighi's career arrived in March 1917 with the premiere of "Fountains of Rome", his first of three orchestral tone poems inspired by Rome. The piece depicts four of the city's fountains at different times of the day. Respighi was disappointed with the reception it gained at the premiere and deemed the work failure, which fuelled his effort to start on a follow-up. Nevertheless, "Fountains of Rome" earned Respighi greater recognition after he allowed Arturo Toscanini to conduct the piece for a series of concerts in Milan in February 1918. Its success led Respighi to have it published soon after.

paragraph: Apolitical in nature, Respighi attempted to steer a neutral course once Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922. His established international fame allowed him some level of freedom, but at the same time encouraged the regime to exploit his music for political purposes. Respighi vouched for more outspoken critics such as Toscanini, allowing them to continue to work under the regime.

paragraph: In 1923, Respighi became the first director of the Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia. He resigned from the position in 1925 to focus on composition. In 1925, he collaborated with Sebastiano Arturo Luciani on an elementary textbook entitled "Orpheus". He was elected to the Royal Academy of Italy in 1932.

paragraph: In December 1925, Respighi arrived in New York City for his first performances in the United States. His first public performance was the solo part for the premiere of his piano concerto, "Concerto in the Mixolydian Mode" (1925), at Carnegie Hall on 31 December. The concert was a success.

paragraph: In May 1927, Respighi and his wife travelled to Brazil to engage in a concert series of his own music in Rio de Janeiro. The musical style and local custom inspired Respighi, who told the press of his intention to return in the following year with a five-part orchestral suite based on his visit. Respighi did return to Rio, in June 1928, but the composition was finalised in the form of an orchestral work in three movements entitled "Impressioni Brasiliane" ("Brazilian Impressions"). On the ship back home from Brazil, Respighi met by chance with Italian physicist Enrico Fermi who tried to get Respighi to explain music in terms of physics, which Respighi was unable to do. They remained close friends.

paragraph: In 1928, Respighi completed his third Roman tone poem, "Roman Festivals", in nine days. The piece premiered in 1929 at Carnegie Hall in New York City with Arturo Toscanini conducting the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in 1929. Toscanini recorded it twice for RCA Victor, first with the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1942 and then with the NBC Symphony Orchestra in 1949. Respighi's music had considerable success in the US; his "Toccata for piano and orchestra" was premiered, with Respighi as soloist, under Willem Mengelberg with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra at Carnegie Hall in November 1928, and his "Metamorphoseon" was a commission for the fiftieth anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

paragraph: In 1932, the Fascist government honoured Respighi with a membership to the Reale Accademia d'Italia, one of the highest honours awarded to the best of Italian science and culture.

paragraph: Respighi was an enthusiastic scholar of Italian music of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. He published editions of the music of Claudio Monteverdi and Antonio Vivaldi, and of Benedetto Marcello's "Didone". His work in this area influenced his later compositions and led to a number of works based on early music, notably his three suites of "Ancient Airs and Dances" and the Suite "Gli uccelli" (The Birds). In his Neoclassical works, Respighi generally kept clear of the musical idiom of the classical period, preferring to combine pre-classical melodic styles and musical forms (like dance suites) with typical late-19th-century romantic harmonies and textures.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Respighi continued to compose and tour until January 1936, when his health deteriorated. On 18 April in Rome, at age 56, he died of blood poisoning complicated by weakness of the heart from endocarditis and had received three blood transfusions. He died with his wife Elsa and friends around him. A year after his burial, his remains were moved to Bologna and reinterred at the Certosa di Bologna. Inscribed on his tomb are his name and crosses; dates of birth and death are missing.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Opera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Re Enzo" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Semirâma" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marie Victoire" (completed in 1913, but not produced until 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La bella dormente nel bosco" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belfagor" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La campana sommersa" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maria egiziaca" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fiamma" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucrezia" (1937) opera in 1 act (completed posthumously by his wife, Elsa, and his pupil Ennio Porrino)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Ballet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Boutique fantasque" (1918), borrows tunes from the 19th-century Italian composer Rossini. Premiered in London on 5 June 1919.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sèvres de la vieille France" (1920), transcription of 17th- to 18th-century French music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Pentola magica" (1920), based on popular Russian themes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scherzo Veneziano (Le astuzie di Columbina)" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belkis, Regina di Saba" (1932)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Orchestral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preludio, corale e fuga" (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aria per archi" (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leggenda" for Violin and Orchestra P 36 (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Concerto in A minor (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite per archi" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Humoreske" for Violin and Orchestra P 45 (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Concerto in A major (1903), completed by Salvatore Di Vittorio (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fantasia Slava" (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite in E major" ("Sinfonia") (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serenata per piccola orchestra" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite in Sol Maggiore" (1905), for organ and strings

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ouverture Burlesca" (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concerto all'antica" for Violin and Orchestra (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ouverture Carnevalesca" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tre Liriche" (1913), for mezzo-soprano and orchestra (Notte, Nebbie, Pioggia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinfonia Drammatica" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fountains of Rome" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Airs and Dances Suite No. 1" (1917), based on Renaissance lute pieces by Simone Molinaro, Vincenzo Galilei (father of Galileo Galilei), and additional anonymous composers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ballata delle Gnomidi (Dance of the Gnomes)" (1920), based on a poem by Claudio Clausetti

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adagio con variazioni" (1921), for Cello and Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concerto Gregoriano" for Violin and Orchestra (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Airs and Dances Suite No. 2" (1923), based on pieces for lute, archlute, and viol by Fabritio Caroso, Jean-Baptiste Besard, Bernardo Gianoncelli, and an anonymous composer. It also interpolates an aria attributed to Marin Mersenne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pines of Rome" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concerto in modo misolidio" ("Concerto in the Mixolydian mode") (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poema autunnale" ("Autumn Poem"), for Violin and Orchestra (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rossiniana" (1925), free transcriptions from Rossini's "Quelques riens" (from "Péchés de vieillesse")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vetrate di chiesa" ("Church Windows") (1926), four movements of which three are based on "Tre Preludi sopra melodie gregoriane" for piano (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trittico Botticelliano" (1927), three movements inspired by Botticelli paintings in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence: La Primavera, L'Adorazione dei Magi, and La nascita di Venere. The middle movement uses the well-known tune Veni Emmanuel (O Come, O Come, Emmanuel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impressioni brasiliane" ("Brazilian Impressions") (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birds" (1928), based on Baroque pieces imitating birds. It comprises Introduzione (Bernardo Pasquini), La Colomba (Jacques de Callot), La Gallina (Jean-Philippe Rameau), L'Usignolo (anonymous English composer of the seventeenth century) and Il Cucu (Pasquini)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toccata" for Piano and Orchestra (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roman Festivals" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Metamorphoseon" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Airs and Dances Suite No. 3" (1932), arranged for strings only and somewhat melancholy in overall mood. It is based on lute songs by Besard, a piece for baroque guitar by Ludovico Roncalli, lute pieces by Santino Garsi da Parma and additional anonymous composers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concerto a cinque" ("Concerto for Five") (1933), for oboe, trumpet, violin, double bass, piano and strings

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Vocal/choral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nebbie" (1906), voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stornellatrice" (1906), voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinque canti all'antica" (1906), voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Lamento di Arianna" (1908), for mezzo-soprano and orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aretusa" (text by Shelley) (1911), cantata for mezzo-soprano and orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Sensitiva" ("The Sensitive Plant", text by Shelley) (1914), for mezzo-soprano and orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Tramonto" ("The sunset", text by Shelley) (1914), for mezzo-soprano and string quartet (or string orchestra)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cinque liriche" (1917), voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quattro liriche" (Gabriele D'Annunzio) (1920), voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Primavera" ("The Spring", texts by Constant Zarian) (1922) lyric poem for soli, chorus and orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deità silvane" ("Woodland Deities", texts by Antonio Rubino) (1925), song-cycle for soprano and small orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lauda per la Natività del Signore" ("Laud to the Nativity", text attributed to Jacopone da Todi) (1930), a cantata for three soloists (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor), mixed chorus (including substantial sections for 8-part mixed and TTBB male chorus), and chamber ensemble (woodwinds and piano 4-hands)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Chamber.

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet in D major in one movement (undated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 1 in D major (1892–98)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 2 in B-flat major (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet in D major (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet in D minor (1909) subtitled by composer "Ernst ist das Leben, heiter ist die Kunst"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quartetto Dorico" or Doric String Quartet (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tre Preludi sopra melodie gregoriane", for piano (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Sonata in D minor (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Sonata in B minor (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Sonata in F minor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variazioni", for guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Double Quartet in D minor (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Quintet in F minor (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six Pieces for Violin and Piano (1901–06)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quartet in D major for 4 Viols (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huntingtower: Ballad for Band (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quintet for 2 Violins, 1 Viola & 2 Violoncellos in G minor (1901, incomplete)

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Respighi, Elsa (1955) "Fifty Years of a Life in Music"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Respighi, Elsa (1962) "Ottorino Respighi", London: Ricordi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nupen, Christopher (director) (1983) "Ottorino Respighi: A Dream of Italy", Allegro Films

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantù, Alberto (1985) "Respighi Compositore", Edizioni EDA, Torino

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrow, Lee G (2004) "Ottorino Respighi (1879–1936): An Annotated Bibliography", Scarecrow Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viagrande, Riccardo, "La generazione dell'Ottanta", Casa Musicale Eco, Monza, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniele Gambaro, "Ottorino Respighi. Un'idea di modernità nel Novecento", pp. XII+246, illustrato con esempi musicali, novembre 2011, Zecchini Editore,

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- OttorinoRespighi.it

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amici di Respighi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fondo Ottorino Respighi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chamber Orchestra of New York "Ottorino Respighi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottorino Respighi String Quartet in D Major (1907) Sound-bites and discussion

description: Italian composer, musicologist and conductor

wikidata_label: Ottorino Respighi

wikipedia_title: Ottorino Respighi


categories: Male actors from Belgrade,20th-century Serbian male actors,Serbian male film actors,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Ratko Tankosić

paragraph: Ratko Tankosić (born 5 June 1954) is a Serbian actor. He appeared in more than one hundred films since 1972.

description: Serbian actor

wikidata_label: Ratko Tankosić

wikipedia_title: Ratko Tankosić


text: Maj. Gen.

text: British Army

text: Lieutenant-Governor

text: Royal Chelsea Hospital

text: MP

text: Eton

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: Adjutant

text: Coldstream Guards

text: Second Boer War

text: Deputy Assistant Adjutant General

text: Cape Colony

text: Coldstream Guards

text: First World War

text: British Expeditionary Force

text: Order of the Bath

text: Order of St Michael and St George

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

text: The Hon

categories: People educated at Eton College,Companions of the Order of the Bath,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,Wood family,British Army generals,British Army,Coldstream Guards officers,1928 deaths,1867 births

paragraph: Hugh Sutton

paragraph: Maj. Gen. Hugh Clement Sutton (20 January 1867 – 15 April 1928) was a General in the British Army, Deputy Assistant Director of Railways in South Africa between 1900 and 1902 and Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary of Royal Chelsea Hospital between 1923 and 1928.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sutton was the son of Henry George Sutton, sixth son of Sir Richard Sutton, 2nd Baronet, by his marriage to Matilda Harriet Heneage, a daughter of George Heneage Walker-Heneage MP and Henrietta Vivian. He was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was Adjutant Coldstream Guards in the Second Boer War between 1899 and 1902 (despatches, brevet, two medals, seven clasps). Hugh was appointed as Deputy Assistant Director of Railways in South Africa between 1900 and 1902 As a Deputy Assistant Adjutant General in Cape Colony between 1903 and 1906 and Cmdg 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards between 1910 and 1913. During the First World War: Hugh was serving as Assistant Adjutant-General in War Office between 1913 and 1916 and as a Deputy Adjutant & Quartermaster-General (DA and QMG) in British Expeditionary Force (BEF) between 1916 and 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognitions.

paragraph: He was invested as a Companion, Order of the Bath (C.B.) in 1916 and as a Companion, Order of St Michael and St George (C.M.G.) in 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Mabel Ida Munro, daughter of Sir Campbell Munro of Lindertis, 3rd Baronet, and Lady Henrietta Maria Munro ("née" Drummond), on 25 July 1891.

paragraph: Hugh and Mabel had one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigel Eustace Philip Sutton (29 March 1896 – 18 March 1956)

paragraph: He married The Hon Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood, daughter of The Rt Hon Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton (son of The Rt Hon Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton and Lady Mary Wood née Grey, Viscountess Halifax) and Lady Agnes Elizabeth Wood née Courtenay (daughter of The Rt Hon William Reginald Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon and Lady Elizabeth Courtenay née Fortescue, Countess of Devon), on 15 September 1898, they had three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Margaret Agnes Sutton (born 26 September 1899, d. 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Richard Walter Chetwynd (b. 23 February 1938, d. 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Katharine Margaret Chetwynd (b. 24 June 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emma Toogood

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandra Toogood

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Richard Stanley Toogood (b. 1 June 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Sarah Alexandra Chetwynd (b. 6 October 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Mark Richard Chetwynd (b. 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon John Hugh Chetwynd (b. 29 May 1942, d. 20 August 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Nigel Chetwynd (b. 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Mark Chetwynd (b. 27 March 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Mary Frances Sutton (12 June 1904 – 2 April 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Eleanor Elizabeth Ann Wood (née Sutton) (b. 1 April 1940, d. 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Susan Jane Wood (b. 24 March 1966, d. 30 January 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Joshua Dylan Wood (b 5 April 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Jared Hugh Francis Wood (b. 5 April 1987, d. 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon Elizabeth Mary Sutton (born 17 April 1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Hugh William Bernard Tindall-Lister (b. 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Nerissa Anna Tindall-Lister (b. 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles John Alexander Tindall-Lister (b. 1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Janet Consuelo Tindall-Lister (b. 1947)

wikidata_label: Hugh Sutton

wikipedia_title: Hugh Sutton


text:
Philip IV of France
Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle
Enguerrand de Marigny
Grand Chamberlain
Naples
Clementia of Hungary
Louis, King of Navarre
John I of France
Charles V of France
Dauphiné
La Côte-Saint-André
Grenoble
Charles VI of France
Les Rois maudits
historical novel
Maurice Druon
André Luguet
miniseries
Jean-Claude Brialy
Hélène Duc

categories: 13th-century French people,14th-century French people,1275 births,1331 deaths

paragraph: Hugues de Bouville

paragraph: Hugues III de Bouville (1275–1331) was the chamberlain of Philip IV of France.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of Hugues II de Bouville (d. 1304) and Marie de Chambly, he is the brother of John IV de Bouville. His father Hugues II was also chamberlain and secretary to Philip IV until Bouville's death at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle in 1304, at which point he was replaced by his protégé Enguerrand de Marigny (1260–1315), who became Philip's Grand Chamberlain and chief minister.

paragraph: Later, as Philip IV's chamberlain, the younger Bouville was sent as ambassador to Naples in 1314 to fetch Clementia of Hungary to marry Philip's son, Louis, King of Navarre. Bouville also became the protector of Louis' child, John I of France, in 1316.

paragraph: Bouville married Marguerite des Barres (b. 1291), later the mother of his son Charles de Bouville, who was chamberlain of Charles V of France and governor of Dauphiné (1370).

paragraph: Charles married Isabeau de Metz and died childless on 8 August 1385 at La Côte-Saint-André; he was buried in the church Saint-André in Grenoble. Charles VI of France temporarily granted the Council delphinal the government of Dauphiné before appointing Enguerrand d'Eudin as governor.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Bouville is a character in "Les Rois maudits" ("The Accursed Kings"), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was played by André Luguet in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Jean-Claude Brialy in the 2005 adaptation. His wife Marguerite was portrayed by in 1972 and by Hélène Duc in 2005.

description: chamberlain of Philip IV of France

wikidata_label: Hugues de Bouville

wikipedia_title: Hugues de Bouville


text: I.P.C.B.

text: Aleppo

text: Syria

text: Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia

text: Armenian Catholic Church

text: ecclesiastical full communion

text: Pope Francis

text: priesthood

text: Rome

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Lebanon

text: Bourj Hammoud

text: Armenian Catholic

text: Hemaiag Bedros XVII Ghedighian

text: Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni

text: Catholicos-Patriarch

text: Bzommar

text: Lebanon

categories: Syrian Armenians,20th-century Eastern Catholic bishops,21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops,People from Aleppo,1934 births,Syrian Eastern Catholics,Armenian Catholic Patriarchs of Cilicia,Member of Patriarchal Congregation of Bzommar,Armenian Eastern Catholics,French Armenians

paragraph: Gregory Peter XX Ghabroyan

paragraph: Krikor Bedros XX Gabroyan, I.P.C.B. ( also known in English as Gregory Peter XX Gabroyan and in French as Grégoire Pierre XX Ghabroyan born in Aleppo, Syria on 14 November 1934) is the Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenian Catholic Church after his election on 24 July 2015 and the necessary concession of the ecclesiastical full communion by Pope Francis one day later. He was officially enthroned on 9 August 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gabroyan felt a vocation for the priesthood and studied at Bzommar Patriarchal Monastery continuing at the Collège des frères maristes de Jounieh (Lebanon). He was sent to Italy to continue his higher studies at the Armenian Leonine Pontifical College in Rome and graduate studies in Philosophy and Theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University. Upon successful graduation, he returned to Lebanon and was ordained priest on 28 March 1959.

paragraph: Gabroyan became an instructor in Bzommar Monastery School in 1960 and from 1962 to 1996 served as principal of the Armenian Catholic Mesrobian Secondary School in Bourj Hammoud and from 1969 to 1975 as head of the Bzommar Convent School and secretary to the Convent's executive council.

paragraph: In 1976, he was appointed for serving the Armenian Catholics in France and was ordained as bishop on 13 February 1977 on the hand of Armenian Catholic Catholicos-Patriarch Hemaiag Bedros XVII Ghedighian serving as Apostolic Exarch in France from 1977 to 1986 and as Primate and Armenian Catholic Eparch and Bishop of France at the Éparchie Sainte-Croix-de-Paris des Arméniens, from 1986 to April 2013 date of his retirement from his duties.

paragraph: Upon the death of Armenian Catholic Patriarch Catholicos of Cilicia Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni on 25 June 2015, he served as administrator of the Church until election of a new Patriarch. The Armenian Catholic Holy Synod of Bishops convened starting 14 July 2015 and elected Gabroyan as Catholicos-Patriarch on 24 July 2015 under the name of Krikor Bedros XX Gabroyan.

paragraph: He was officially enthroned on 9 August 2015 in Bzommar, Lebanon.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Armenian Catholic Patriarchs of Cilicia

alias:
Grégoire Pierre XX Ghabroyan
Krikor Bedros XX Gabroyan
Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan
Gregoire Ghabroyan
Gregoire Pierre XX Ghabroyan

wikidata_label: Grégoire Ghabroyan

wikipedia_title: Gregory Peter XX Ghabroyan


text:
Château de Marly
Versailles
Académie de peinture et de sculpture
Giambologna
Rape of a Sabine Woman
Notre-Dame
Académie française
Wallace Collection
London
Royal Collection
George IV

categories: 1724 deaths,17th-century French sculptors,1663 births,French male sculptors

paragraph: Philippe Bertrand

paragraph: Philippe Bertrand (1663–1724) was a French sculptor of the late 17th and early 18th century. He received commissions for sculptures for both the Château de Marly and Versailles. In November, 1701, he was made a full member of the Académie de peinture et de sculpture upon the display of a royal commission of 1700, his small bronze of the "Rape of Helen", a svelte composition of three figures with a debt to Giambologna's "Rape of a Sabine Woman". He was known for sculpting flowing, graceful, and even flying figures, particularly in his bronzes.

paragraph: In 1714, when the choir of Notre-Dame was refurbished in academic Baroque manner, in Louis XIV's fulfillment of a vow made by Louis XIII, Bertrand was commissioned to provide a small allegorical bronze as the prize for a poetry competition on the occasion, organised by the Académie française to celebrate the completion of the project; it is conserved in the Wallace Collection, London.

paragraph: Two further small collectors' bronzes by Bertrand are in the Royal Collection, "Psyche and Mercury" and "Prometheus Bound"; they are characteristic purchases of George IV.

alias:
Sculpteur du Roi Bertrand
Philippe Bertrant

description: French artist

wikidata_label: Philippe Bertrand

wikipedia_title: Philippe Bertrand


text: Los Angeles, California

text: Hellman Building

text: Second Church of Christ Scientist

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: Frankfurt am Main

text: Germany

text: Washington University in St. Louis

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: William B. Ittner

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Worcester, Massachusetts

text: Hellman Building

text: Hamburger Department Store

text: downtown May Co. Building

text: Second Church of Christ, Scientist

text: West Adams

text: Edward L. Doheny

text: Eugene W. Britt House

categories: Architects from St. Louis,1943 deaths,1859 births

paragraph: Alfred Rosenheim

paragraph: Alfred Faist Rosenheim, F.A.I.A. (June 10, 1859 – September 9, 1943) was an architect born in St. Louis, Missouri and a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. He was one of the leading architects in Los Angeles, California in the early part of the 20th century. His major works include the Hellman Building, the Hamburger Department Store, Second Church of Christ Scientist and the Eugene W. Britt House.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early career.

paragraph: Rosenheim was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to German parents. After attending public schools in St. Louis, he studied in Frankfurt am Main, Germany from 1872 to 1875. When he returned from Germany, Rosenheim was a student at Washington University in St. Louis from 1876 to 1879. He next attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from 1879 to 1881.

paragraph: Rosenheim began his career as a draftsman working for Charles K. Ramsay of Boston from 1881 to 1883. In early 1884, he joined the practice of Major Francis D. Lee, then the leading architect in St. Louis. When Major Lee died in 1885, Rosenheim took over the practice. In 1894, he formed a partnership with T.C. Link and William B. Ittner that lasted until 1897. From 1897 to 1899, he worked in a partnership with his younger brother, Samuel F. Rosenheim, with Alfred working in Boston and Samuel in St. Louis. During this time, the Rosenheim firm designed Farragut Chambers, a ten-story apartment house in Washington, D.C., and various structures in Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1899, Rosenheim returned to St. Louis, where he remained until 1903.

paragraph: Section::::Hellman Building.

paragraph: In 1902, Rosenheim received a commission from Herman W. Hellman to design the Hellman Building, which was to be the largest steel-frame building in Los Angeles. He moved to Los Angeles in February 1903 to personally oversee its construction, which continued until November 1904. The impressive eight-story structure located in the heart of the city's new financial district established Rosenheim's reputation in the young city. "The Architect and Engineer of California" wrote that the building "universally is considered the finest architectural monument in Los Angeles," built at an unprecedented cost of $1 million. The structure was built with a full steel skeleton frame, concrete floors and metal partitions.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: Following his work on the Hellman Building, Rosenheim was hired by A. Hamburger & Sons Co., to design and oversee the construction of their gigantic Hamburger Department Store, a five-story building at the corner of Broadway and Eighth Street. The Hamburger Department Store later became the downtown May Co. Building. Additional commissions followed in Los Angeles, where Rosenheim built his practice and remained for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Another landmark Los Angeles building designed by Rosenheim is the Second Church of Christ, Scientist, a large domed church built in 1907 in the West Adams district. He also designed Clune's Broadway Theater, the Majestic Theater (on the east side of Broadway between Sixth and Seventh Streets), the Chapman block (at the southeast corner of Fifth and Los Angeles streets), and the buildings occupied by the Farmers & Merchants Bank and the Security-First National Trust and Savings Bank.

paragraph: Rosenheim also designed many palatial homes for the city's wealthy, including a home for Edward L. Doheny in Beverly Hills, the Reeves residence in West Adams, the Eugene W. Britt House in West Adams, and the Judson C. Rives mansion in Westchester Place. The brick mansion he designed as his own residence in 1910, located at 1120 Westchester Place, was considered "one of the finest homes in Los Angeles."

paragraph: Rosenheim's last major commission was the Hollenbeck Junior High School in 1937. The Hollenbeck school was a departure for Rosenheim, considered "modern" by many at the time. Rosenheim was reluctant to acknowledge the school as modern and wrote the following in the April 1939 issue of "The Architect and Engineer":"I do not consider the buildings particularly 'modern' although the administration and assembly hall units may possess something akin to the so-called 'contemporary' style. Personally, I do not hesitate to express the fervent hope that 'modernistic' architecture is not a permanent trend. I have a strong feeling that the bulk of modern work we see the country over has very little claim to architectural beauty. In fact I am inclined to doubt whether it can strictly be regarded as architecture. ... But whatever one chooses to call the style of my Hollenbeck School, it seemed to appeal to the Board of Education and its architect."

paragraph: Section::::Arts Commission scandal and later life.

paragraph: Rosenheim became a Fellow of the A.I.A. in 1889 and served as the President of its Southern California chapter. After several years serving as the Secretary of the Los Angeles Municipal Arts Commission, Rosenheim was removed following a widely publicized scandal in 1921. After the commission rejected a proposal by a jeweler to erect an ornamental clock on the sidewalk, Rosenheim offered, for a fee of $250, to prepare drawings that he could "safely guarantee" would be approved by the commission. The Rosenheim-drafted plans were then approved at a special meeting of the commission held in Rosenheim's office on a Saturday morning. Rosenheim insisted he had done nothing improper, but the City Council unanimously voted to remove him, and the local branch of the American Institute of Architects recommended a term of suspension from its ranks.

paragraph: Rosenheim died of heart disease at California Hospital in 1943 at age 84. He was survived by his wife, Ruth.

alias:
Alfred Faist Rosenheim
Alfred F. Rosenheim

description: American architect

wikidata_label: Alfred Rosenheim

wikipedia_title: Alfred Rosenheim


text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Battle of Gettysburg

text: 1st West Virginia Cavalry

text: Battle of Gettysburg

text: Elon J. Farnsworth

text: Henry Capehart

text: Arlington National Cemetery

categories: United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army officers,1833 births,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,1911 deaths

paragraph: Charles E. Capehart

paragraph: Charles E. Capehart (1833–1911) was an officer in the U.S. Cavalry during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for action following the Battle of Gettysburg on July 4, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Capehart enlisted in the Union Army and was commissioned captain and placed in command of Company A, 1st West Virginia Cavalry. He was promoted to major on June 6, 1863. Major Capehart assumed command of the regiment during the Battle of Gettysburg when Colonel Nathaniel P. Richmond had to assume command of the regiment's brigade after brigade commander Elon J. Farnsworth was killed leading a charge. On July 4, 1863, Capehart's regiment charged down a mountainside at night during a thunderstorm, attacking and capturing a retreating Confederate wagon train. This act would lead to the awarding of the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Capehart was promoted to lieutenant colonel on August 1, 1864. His brother, General Henry Capehart was also awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Civil War. Charles died on July 11, 1911, and was buried in Section 3 of Arlington National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: For The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Major Charles E. Capehart, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 4 July 1863, while serving with 1st West Virginia Cavalry, in action at Monterey Mountain, Pennsylvania. While commanding the regiment, Major Capehart charged down the mountain side at midnight, in a heavy rain, upon the enemy's fleeing wagon train. Many wagons were captured and destroyed and many prisoners taken.

paragraph: Date of Issue: April 7, 1898

paragraph: Action Date: July 4, 1863

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg

wikidata_label: Charles E. Capehart

wikipedia_title: Charles E. Capehart


text: OBE

text: Rheims

text: Larkhill

text: Fleet Air Arm

text: World War I

text: Royal Flying Corps

text: Farnborough

text: Accidents Branch

text: Civil Aviation

text: Air Ministry

text: Liverpool

text: River Mersey

text: Oxton

text: Birkenhead

text: Inveresk

text: Edinburgh

text: Scotland

text: Presbyterian

text: Edinburgh Academy

text: Glasgow University

text: Loretto School

text: Musselburgh

text: New College, Oxford

text: Natural Sciences

text: Chemistry

text: Oxford

text: St George's Hospital

text: Journal of the Chemical Society

text: Gloucestershire

text: Royal Aero Club

text: Henri Farman

text: Châlons-sur-Marne

text: Grande Semaine d'Aviation

text: Gordon Bennett Cup

text: Farman III

text: Royal Aero Club

text: St Mary Bourne

text: Andover, Hampshire

text: Wolverhampton

text: Charles Rolls

text: Bournemouth

text: Salisbury Plain

text: Captain JBD Fulton

text: Cecil Grace

text: Eastchurch

text: Isle of Sheppey

text: Maurice Egerton

text: Chemical Society

text: Royal Flying Corps

text: Farnborough

text: OBE

text: Accidents Branch

text: Whitchurch

text: Hampshire

categories: People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh,1872 births,1931 deaths,English aviators,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Alumni of New College, Oxford

paragraph: George Bertram Cockburn

paragraph: George Bertram Cockburn OBE (8 January 1872 – 25 February 1931) was a research chemist who became an aviation pioneer. He represented Great Britain in the first international air race at Rheims and co-founded the first aerodrome for the army at Larkhill. He also trained the first four pilots of what was to become the Fleet Air Arm. During World War I he worked as a Government Inspector of Aeroplanes for the Royal Flying Corps at Farnborough and subsequently became Head of the Accidents Branch of the Department of the Controller-General of Civil Aviation at the Air Ministry.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bertram Cockburn was the youngest child of George Cockburn, a Liverpool provisions merchant, and his second wife Katherine Jessie Stitt (née Bertram). Both his parents having previously been widowed, he had four older half siblings from his parents' first marriages – John Scott Cockburn, Ada Cockburn, Mary Cockburn and Katie Stitt. The family lived across the River Mersey at Lingdale Lodge, Shrewsbury Road in Oxton, Birkenhead.

paragraph: Several earlier generations of the Cockburn family had lived in Inveresk south east of Edinburgh. However, George Cockburn (Senior), who had travelled south to seek his fortune, had become sufficiently prosperous to be able to send both his sons to be educated at fee paying schools in Scotland. John, who became a Presbyterian minister, attended Edinburgh Academy then Glasgow University and George (Junior) was sent to Loretto School in Musselburgh from 1887 until 1892.

paragraph: In October 1892 Bertram Cockburn entered New College, Oxford to read Natural Sciences specialising in Chemistry. He graduated in 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Research Chemist.

paragraph: On leaving Oxford he went to the Chemistry Laboratory of St George's Hospital in London to work with John Addyman Gardner on the study of fenchones. Between 1897 and 1898 they jointly published four papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society. In 1899 Bertram Cockburn published a fifth paper on fencholenic acids independently of Gardner. By this time, he had received his BSc.

paragraph: His father died in 1893 while he was at Oxford and, by 1901, he had returned to Birkenhead to live with his widowed mother and unmarried sister Mary. Following the death of his mother in 1903, they sold the family home and moved to Taynton in Gloucestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pioneer Aviator.

paragraph: In February 1909 Bertram Cockburn was elected to membership of the Royal Aero Club and, later that year, travelled to France to become the first pupil in Henri Farman's flying school at Châlons-sur-Marne. He made his first flight in June of that year and took part in the Grande Semaine d'Aviation at Rheims in August. He represented Great Britain in the competition for the Gordon Bennett Cup but unfortunately crashed into a haystack and was unable to complete the course.

paragraph: He returned to Britain with a Farman III biplane and, on 26 April the following year, he received Royal Aero Club certificate number 5. By this time he was resident at St Mary Bourne near Andover, Hampshire. In June 1910, he won a prize of £100 in the 'Quick Starting' Competition at the Wolverhampton Air Meet .

paragraph: Although he actively promoted air races as an incentive to develop improvements in aircraft performance, he never flew competitively again following the death of his friend Charles Rolls at Bournemouth. In 1912 he became a founder member of the Royal Aero Club's Public Safety and Accidents Investigation Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Trainer of Pilots.

paragraph: On returning from France, Bertram Cockburn devoted himself to the training of other pilots. He obtained permission from the army to rent a shed at Larkhill adjacent to Salisbury Plain. From here he and other aviators gave private instruction in flying to army officers. By 1910, he and Captain JBD Fulton had founded the first aerodrome for the army. In 1911, following the death of Cecil Grace in a flying accident, he volunteered to train the first four naval pilots at Eastchurch on the Isle of Sheppey. This he did free of charge while lodging with Maurice Egerton after which he returned to Larkhill.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Aircraft Inspector.

paragraph: In 1913, as war approached, Bertram Cockburn resigned his Fellowship of the Chemical Society and in 1914 was appointed to be an Inspector of Aeroplanes for the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate of the Royal Flying Corps at Farnborough. In the New Years Honours of 1918, he was awarded an OBE for his services.

paragraph: Shortly afterwards, he became Head of the newly established Accidents Branch of the Department of the Controller-General of Civil Aviation, Air Ministry.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 12 February 1913 he married Lilian Woodhouse, daughter of a sugar broker. They had one daughter, Joan, who was born in 1914. He died at Larksborough near Whitchurch in Hampshire in 1931, aged of 59.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champagne| Berceau de l'aviation du Monde(French aviation website, George Cockburn article) (*mislabeled as James Cockburn)

description: British scientist

wikidata_label: George Bertram Cockburn

wikipedia_title: George Bertram Cockburn


text:
Roman
populist
tribune
Gaius Servilius Glaucia
Gaius Marius
senatus consultum ultimum
quaestor
Ostia
Roman Senate
Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
Optimates
Populares
tribune
Gaius Marius
iugera
Africa
Nobiles
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Senate
ad misericordiam
law on "majestas"
tribune
treason
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
Gracchi
made himself out to be the son of
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
Cimbri
Gaius Servilius Glaucia
triumvirate
praetor
agrarian law
lex Appuleia agraria
Po
Celt
Sicilia
Achaea
Transalpine Gaul
Macedonia
Gold of Tolosa
Quintus Servilius Caepio
Roman
Caius Gracchus
Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger
veto
thunder
hail
Marcus Antonius Orator
Gaius Memmius
senatus consultum ultimum
Roman Forum
Capitol
Curia Hostilia
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Sextus Appuleius
Sextus Appuleius
Fabia Numantina
Marcus Appuleius
The First Man in Rome
The Grass Crown
Colleen McCullough
Appian
Diod. Sic.
Plutarch
Livy
Velleius Paterculus
Aurelius Victor
Orosius
Cicero
Mommsen
Pauly-Wissowa

categories: Roman quaestors,Appuleii,Senators of the Roman Republic,100 BC deaths,1st-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC births,Deaths by stoning,Roman tribunes of the plebs

paragraph: Lucius Appuleius Saturninus

paragraph: Lucius Appuleius Saturninus (died late 100 BC) was a Roman populist and tribune. He is most notable for introducing a series of legislative reforms, alongside his associate Gaius Servilius Glaucia and with the consent of the famous Gaius Marius, during the last years of the second century BC. Senatorial opposition to these laws eventually led to an internal crisis, the declaration of the "senatus consultum ultimum", and the deaths of Saturninus, Glaucia, and their followers in 100 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Quaestor.

paragraph: As "quaestor" (104 BC) he superintended the imports of grain at Ostia, but was removed by the Roman Senate (an unusual proceeding), and replaced by Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, one of the chief members of the "Optimates". He does not appear to have been charged with incapacity or mismanagement, and the standard view is that the injustice of his dismissal drove him into the arms of the "Populares".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First Tribuneship.

paragraph: In 103 BC he was elected tribune. He entered into an agreement with Gaius Marius, and in order to gain the favour of his soldiers proposed that each of his veterans should receive an allotment of 100 iugera of land in the Roman province of Africa. He was also chiefly instrumental in securing the election of Marius to his fourth consulship (102 BC).

paragraph: An opportunity to retaliate against the "Nobiles" was afforded him by the arrival (101 BC) of ambassadors from Mithridates VI of Pontus, with large sums of money for bribing the Senate; compromising revelations were made by Saturninus, who insulted the ambassadors. He was brought to trial for violating the law of nations, and only escaped conviction by an "ad misericordiam" appeal to the people. To the first tribunate of Saturninus is probably to be assigned his law on "majestas", the exact provisions of which are unknown, but its object was probably to strengthen the power of the tribunes and the "Populares"; it dealt with the "minuta majestas" (diminished authority) of the Roman people, that is, with all acts tending to impair the integrity of the Commonwealth, being thus more comprehensive than the modern word "treason".

paragraph: One of the chief objects of Saturninus's hatred was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, who, when censor, endeavoured to remove Saturninus from the Senate on the ground of immorality, but his colleague refused to assent. In order to ingratiate himself with the people, who still cherished the memory of the Gracchi, Saturninus took about with him Lucius Equitius, a paid freedman, who made himself out to be the son of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. Sempronia, sister of the dead Gracchi, refused to acknowledge her alleged nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second Tribuneship.

paragraph: Marius, on his return to Rome after his victory over the Cimbri, finding himself isolated in the senate, entered into a compact with Saturninus and his ally Gaius Servilius Glaucia, and the three formed a kind of triumvirate, supported by the veterans of Marius and many of the common people. By the aid of bribery and assassination Marius was elected (100 BC) consul for the sixth time, Glaucia "praetor", and Saturninus tribune for the second time. Saturninus now brought forward an agrarian law, the lex Appuleia agraria, an extension of the African law already alluded to. It was proposed that all the land north of the Padus (Po) lately in possession of the Cimbri, including that of the independent Celtic tribes which had been temporarily occupied by them, should be held available for distribution among the veterans of Marius. This was problematic, since the land was already the property of the provincials who had been dispossessed by the Cimbri.

paragraph: Colonies were to be founded in Sicilia, Achaea, Transalpine Gaul, and Macedonia, which were to be purchased with the Gold of Tolosa, the temple treasures embezzled by Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul in 106). Further, though they were classed as Roman, Italians were to be admitted to these colonies, and as they were to be burgess colonies, the right of the Italians to equality with the Romans was thereby partially recognized. The city mob therefore strongly opposed the bill, resenting sharing their citizen rights with the Italian allies, and Saturninus was obliged to call up rural voters from outside the city to pass the bill.

paragraph: A clause provided that, within 5 days after the passing of the law, every senator should take an oath to observe it, under penalty of being expelled from the senate and heavily fined. All the senators subsequently took the oath except Metellus Numidicus, who went into exile. Saturninus also brought in a bill, the object of which was to gain the support of the people by supplying grain at a nominal price. The bill either reduced the already cheap price fixed by the corn-law of Caius Gracchus, or was a repeal of a former Senatorial repeal of Gracchus' law, though the former is more likely. The quaestor Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger declared that the treasury could not stand the strain, and Saturninus' own colleagues interposed their veto. Saturninus ordered the voting to continue, and Caepio dispersed the meeting by violence. The Senate declared the proceedings null and void, because thunder had been heard; Saturninus replied that the Senate had better remain quiet; otherwise the thunder might be followed by hail. The bills ("leges Appuleiae") were finally passed by the aid of the Marian veterans.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Downfall and death.

paragraph: Marius, finding himself overshadowed by his colleagues and compromised by their excesses, thought seriously of breaking with them, and Saturninus and Glaucia saw that their only hope of safety lay in their retention of office. At the elections for 99, held probably in late summer–autumn 100, Saturninus was elected tribune for the third time for the year beginning December 10 100, and Glaucia, although at the time praetor and therefore not eligible until after the lapse of 2 years, was a candidate for the consulship. Marcus Antonius Orator was elected without opposition; the other "Optimate" candidate, Gaius Memmius, who seemed to have the better chance of success, was beaten to death by the hired agents of Saturninus and Glaucia, while the voting was actually going on.

paragraph: This produced a complete revulsion of public feeling. The Senate met on the following day, declared Saturninus and Glaucia public enemies, and issued the so-called 'final decree' ("senatus consultum ultimum") calling upon Marius to defend the State. Marius had no alternative but to obey. Saturninus, defeated in a pitched battle in the Roman Forum, took refuge with his followers in the Capitol, where, the water supply having been cut off, they were forced to capitulate. Marius, having assured them that their lives would be spared, removed them to the Curia Hostilia, intending to proceed against them according to law. But the more impetuous members of the aristocratic party climbed onto the roof, stripped off the tiles, and stoned Saturninus and many others to death. Glaucia, who had escaped into a house, was dragged out and killed.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: His daughter Appuleia married well despite the family disgrace, and was mother of two consuls, including the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Another descendant, Sextus Appuleius, was consul in 29 BC. His son Sextus Appuleius, consul in AD 14, had a son by Fabia Numantina, who died young; Fabia had inscribed on his gravestone that the boy was "the last of his family". A Marcus Appuleius who was consul in 20 BC may have been another descendant.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: The historical novels " The First Man in Rome "and "The Grass Crown", by Colleen McCullough, largely focus on the rise and fall of Gaius Marius and his lengthy career. Lucius Appuleius Saturninus is a secundary character with his own plot line in the novels. Several sections are written from Saturninus’ point of view.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Bell. civ." i. 28-33

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diod. Sic. xxxvi 12

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Marius", 28-30

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy, "Epit." 69

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Florus" iii. 16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velleius Paterculus ii. 12

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auctor ad Herennium" i. 21

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelius Victor, "De viris illustribus", 73

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius v. 17

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicero, "Pro Balbo", 21, 48, "Brutus", 62, "De oratore", ii. 49, "De haruspicum responsis", 19, "Pro Sestio", "Pro Rabirio", passim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mommsen, "Hist. of Rome" (Eng. trans.), bk. iv. ch. 6

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Long, "Decline of the Roman Republic", ii. ch. 10

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Klebs in Pauly-Wissowa's "Realencyclopädie", ii. 1 (1896).

description: Roman Senator

wikidata_label: Lucius Appuleius Saturninus

wikipedia_title: Lucius Appuleius Saturninus


text: Zephyr

text: James Gang

text: Deep Purple

text: Sioux City, Iowa

text: Correctionville, Iowa

text: Boulder, Colorado

text: Zephyr

text: Led Zeppelin

text: Domenic Troiano

text: Joe Walsh

text: James Gang

text: Bang

text: Miami

text: Mahavishnu Orchestra

text: Billy Cobham

text: Spectrum

text: Leland Sklar

text: Jan Hammer

text: Mahavishnu Orchestra

text: Alphonse Mouzon

text: Mind Transplant

text: AllMusic

text: Carmine Appice

text: The Good Rats

text: Moxy

text: debut album

text: Nemperor

text: The Beach Boys

text: David Foster

text: David Sanborn

text: Jan Hammer

text: Stanley Sheldon

text: Phil Collins

text: Glenn Hughes

text: Ritchie Blackmore

text: David Coverdale

text: Munich

text: Germany

text: Come Taste the Band

text: George Gershwin

text: Teaser

text: Tokyo

text: Jon Lord

text: Last Concert in Japan

text: Long Beach, California

text: Narada Michael Walden

text: Mark Stein

text: Norma Jean Bell

text: Reggie McBride

text: Jimmy Haslip

text: Max Carl Gronenthal

text: Johnnie Bolin

text: CBS Records

text: Private Eyes

text: Peter Frampton

text: Jeff Beck

text: cocaine

text: barbiturate

text: Sioux City

text: Glenn Hughes

text: Black Oak Arkansas

text: Cedar Rapids, Iowa

text: Dean Guitars

text: superstrat

text: Teaser

text: HiFi Superstar

text: Doogie White

text: Eric Martin

text: Troy Luccketta

text: Jeff Pilson

text: Randy Jackson

text: Rex Carroll

text: Rachel Barton

text: Derek St. Holmes

text: Kimberley Dahme

text: The 77s

text: Greg Hampton

text: Whips and Roses

text: Gov't Mule

text: Warren Haynes

text: Brad Whitford

text: Nels Cline

text: John Scofield

text: Myles Kennedy

text: Derek Trucks

text: Steve Morse

text: Peter Frampton

text: Glenn Hughes

text: The Official Tommy Bolin Archives

text: Billboard.com article by Greg Prato

text: "Touched by Magic" by Greg Prato

categories: Drug-related deaths in Florida,American rock guitarists,Jazz fusion guitarists,Slide guitarists,Guitarists from Iowa,20th-century American singers,1976 deaths,Cocaine-related deaths in Florida,American people of Swedish descent,People from Sioux City, Iowa,American heavy metal guitarists,Alcohol-related deaths in Florida,American rock singers,1951 births,American people of Syrian descent,Singers from Iowa,American session musicians,Lead guitarists,American jazz guitarists,American male guitarists,20th-century American guitarists,Deep Purple members,American blues guitarists,Blues rock musicians,James Gang members

paragraph: Tommy Bolin

paragraph: Thomas Richard Bolin (August 1, 1951 – December 4, 1976) was an American guitarist and songwriter who played with Zephyr (from 1969 to 1971), James Gang (from 1973 through 1974), and Deep Purple (from 1975 to 1976), in addition to maintaining a notable career as a solo artist and session musician. Much of his discography was either unreleased at the time of recording, or had gone out of print and was not released again until years after his death by drug overdose at age 25.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Early years.

paragraph: Tommy Bolin was born in Sioux City, Iowa and began playing with a band called The Miserlous before he was asked to join another band called Denny and The Triumphs, in 1964 at the young age of thirteen. The band included Dave Stokes on lead vocals, Brad Miller on guitar and vocals, Tommy Bolin on lead guitar, Steve Bridenbaugh on organ and vocals and finally Denny Foote on bass & Brad Larvick on drums. They played a blend of rock and roll, R&B and the pop hits of the moment, and when bassist Denny Foote left the band to be replaced by the drummer's brother George Larvick Jr, they changed their name and became A Patch of Blue. An album was released in 1999, "Patch of Blue Live!" from two 1967 concerts in Correctionville, Iowa and in Sioux City. In 1999, the band was inducted in the Iowa Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Tommy moved to Boulder, Colorado in his late teens and then played in a band called American Standard (with future songwriting collaborator Jeff Cook) before joining Ethereal Zephyr, a band named after a train that ran between Denver and Chicago. When record companies became interested, the name was shortened to Zephyr. This band included Bolin on lead guitar, David Givens on bass, and Givens' wife Candy Givens on vocals. The band had begun to do larger venues, opening for more established acts such as Led Zeppelin. Their second album, entitled "Going Back to Colorado", featured a new drummer, Bobby Berge, who would pop up from time to time in musician credits in album liner notes from Bolin's later projects.

paragraph: In 1972, the 20-year old Bolin formed the fusion jazz-rock-blues band Energy. Unable to secure a record contract, the band never released an album during Bolin's lifetime. However, several recordings have been released posthumously. Bolin briefly reunited with David and Candy Givens in a band called the 4-Nikators, after which he took nearly a year off from music. During this time, he wrote close to a hundred songs.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:James Gang and Billy Cobham.

paragraph: Stuck between the musical direction he wanted to pursue and a nearly-empty bank account, 1973 found Tommy replacing Domenic Troiano, who had replaced Joe Walsh, in the James Gang. He recorded two James Gang records: "Bang" in 1973 and "Miami" in 1974. Bolin wrote or co-wrote all but one song on these two albums.

paragraph: In between the two James Gang albums, Bolin played on Mahavishnu Orchestra member Billy Cobham's solo album "Spectrum", which included Bolin on guitar, Cobham on drums, Leland Sklar on bass and Jan Hammer (also of Mahavishnu Orchestra) on keyboards and synthesizers.

paragraph: After the "Miami" tour, Bolin wanted out of the James Gang. He went on to do session work for numerous rock bands and also with a number of jazz artists including Alphonse Mouzon's album "Mind Transplant", considered "easily one of the best fusion recordings of all time" by AllMusic reviewer Robert Taylor. He also toured with Carmine Appice and The Good Rats. At the start of 1975, Bolin was a guest studio guitarist for Canadian band Moxy during the recording of their debut album, on which Tommy contributed guitar solos for six songs.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:First solo album and Deep Purple.

paragraph: Later in 1975, Bolin signed with Nemperor records to record a solo album. Bolin was encouraged and coached by The Beach Boys to do his own vocals on this album as well. Session players on this record included David Foster, David Sanborn, Jan Hammer, Stanley Sheldon, Phil Collins and Glenn Hughes (uncredited due to contractual reasons). During the recording of this album, he was contacted by Deep Purple.

paragraph: After Ritchie Blackmore left Deep Purple, the band had a meeting and discussed whether to disband or try to find a replacement, and chose the latter option. David Coverdale had been listening to the Billy Cobham LP "Spectrum", on which Tommy was lead guitarist for four songs. He decided he wanted Tommy in Deep Purple, and invited him over for a jam. He jammed with the band for four hours and the job was his. The band then relocated to Munich, Germany to begin work on "Come Taste the Band". Bolin wrote or co-wrote seven of the record's nine tracks, including the instrumental "Owed to G," which was a tribute to George Gershwin. "Come Taste the Band" was released in October 1975, and Australian, Japanese and US tours ensued. Bolin's solo album "Teaser" was released in November, but his obligations to Deep Purple meant he couldn't support his own album with a tour.

paragraph: While the "Come Taste the Band" album sold moderately well and revitalized Deep Purple for a time, the concert tours had many low points. Audiences expected Bolin to play solos that sounded like Blackmore's, but the guitarists' styles were very different. Tommy's issues with hard drugs plus fellow band member Glenn Hughes' cocaine addiction also led to several below-par concert performances. One such concert in Tokyo came after Tommy had passed out and fell asleep on his left arm for eight hours. At showtime, he was only able to play simple chords in a bar fashion, with keyboardist Jon Lord having to play many of the guitar parts on the organ. Unfortunately, this concert was recorded for a live album called "Last Concert in Japan". Despite pleas by band members to not release the album, it came out in Japan and found its way into the UK and the US. A much better concert recording by this Deep Purple lineup was made in Long Beach, California in early 1976, and released in 1995 as "".

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:The Tommy Bolin Band and second solo album.

paragraph: After Deep Purple disbanded in March 1976, Bolin was free to form the Tommy Bolin Band and he hit the road while making plans for a second solo album. The Tommy Bolin Band had a rotating cast of players which included Narada Michael Walden, Mark Stein, Norma Jean Bell, Reggie McBride, Jimmy Haslip, Max Carl Gronenthal and eventually Bolin's younger brother Johnnie Bolin on drums.

paragraph: By mid-1976, CBS Records signed Bolin and he began to record "Private Eyes", his second and last solo record, in June. The album was released in September, and a supporting tour ensued.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bolin's tour for "Private Eyes" would be his final live appearances. He opened for Peter Frampton and Jeff Beck. In his final show, he opened for Beck on December 3, 1976 in Miami, and encored with a rendition of "Post Toastee." He also posed for his last photo, sitting backstage with Jeff Beck after the show, which appeared in "Rolling Stone". The article in "Rolling Stone" stated, "Just before Bolin's final concert, Jon Marlowe of The Miami News, after an interview with the guitarist, told him, 'Take care of yourself,' to which Tommy replied, 'I've been taking care of myself my whole life. Don't worry about me. I'm going to be around for a long time.'" (Issue No. 230; page 14).

paragraph: Hours later, Bolin died from an overdose of heroin and other substances, including alcohol, cocaine and barbiturates. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery, Sioux City, Iowa.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: In 1999, Bolin's former Deep Purple bandmate and good friend Glenn Hughes, embarked on a 4–5 city tribute tour in Texas. Bolin's brother, Johnnie (of Black Oak Arkansas) played drums, and Rocky Athas and Craig Erickson (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) played guitar as they performed a roster of Bolin's songs.

paragraph: Dean Guitars makes a Tommy Bolin tribute guitar, based on one of Tommy's favorites, being modeled as a superstrat, with 3 single coil pickups and a maple neck/fingerboard. It has a special inlay at the 12th fret, as well as a graphic modeled after his album "Teaser" on the body.

paragraph: In 2008, a book titled "Touched By Magic: The Tommy Bolin Story" by author Greg Prato was released, which featured all-new interviews with former band mates, family members, and friends of Bolin's, which recounted his entire life story. The same year, a photo of Bolin was used for the front cover for the book "Gettin' Tighter: Deep Purple '68–'76", by author Martin Popoff.

paragraph: In 2010, several well-known artists gathered to create a tribute album titled "Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival", a compilation of 17 previously unreleased tracks written by the guitar legend. The CD includes works by HiFi Superstar, Doogie White, Eric Martin, Troy Luccketta, Jeff Pilson, Randy Jackson, Rex Carroll, Rachel Barton, Derek St. Holmes, Kimberley Dahme, and The 77s. A percentage of the proceeds from this project will benefit the Jackson Recovery Centers.

paragraph: Producer Greg Hampton (who has previously worked on such archival Bolin releases as "Whips and Roses") co-produced (with Gov't Mule leader Warren Haynes) a star-studded tribute to Bolin, "", which was released in 2012, and featured contributions from Brad Whitford, Nels Cline, John Scofield, Myles Kennedy, Derek Trucks, Steve Morse, and Peter Frampton, among many others.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Tribute albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glenn Hughes, Johnnie Bolin & Friends" - "Tommy Bolin: 1997 Tribute" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denny and The Triumphs : http://www.tbolin.com/history/denny_and_triumphs.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patch of Blue : http://www.tbolin.com/history/patch_of_blue.html

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Popoff, Martin (2008). "Gettin' Tighter: Deep Purple '68–'76". Power Chord Press. ASIN 0-9811057-1-8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prato, Greg (2008). "Touched by Magic: The Tommy Bolin Story". Createspace. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smets, Eric (2012). "Tommy Bolin: Voodoo Child (French Edition)". Camion Blanc. ASIN B-00CW9WP-7-8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, Dave (2004). "Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story". ECW Press. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Official Tommy Bolin Archives – maintained by Bolin's family and a source of references to further sites

paragraph: BULLET::::- Billboard.com article by Greg Prato

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Touched by Magic" by Greg Prato

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of "Teaser" on "Cool Album of the Day"

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Tommy Bolin

wikipedia_title: Tommy Bolin


text: Lieutenant-General

text: pathologist

text: British Army

text: Glasgow

text: Westminster School

text: University of Glasgow

text: Royal Army Medical Corps

text: India

text: enteric fever

text: kala-azar

text: Netley

text: Army Medical School

text: malaria

text: parasite

text: Romanowsky method

text: methylene blue

text: eosin

text: Leishman's stain

text: spleen

text: visceral leishmaniasis

text: Charles Donovan

text: Leishman–Donovan bodies

text: protozoa

text: Ronald Ross

text: Leishmania

text: Peter Borovsky

text: Spirochaeta duttoni

text: African tick fever

text: Almroth Wright

text: typhoid

text: Highgate Cemetery

text: London

text: Leishman stain

text: Leishmaniasis

text: Romanowsky stain

categories: People educated at Westminster School, London,Scottish parasitologists,People from Glasgow,Scottish inventors,Scottish pathologists,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,Royal Army Medical Corps officers,Scottish military medical officers,British Army generals,Fellows of the Royal Society,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,Burials at Highgate Cemetery,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,1926 deaths,1865 births,Scottish scientists

paragraph: William Boog Leishman

paragraph: Lieutenant-General Sir William Boog Leishman, (, 6 November 1865 – 2 June 1926) was a Scottish pathologist and British Army medical officer. He was Director-General of Army Medical Services from 1923 to 1926.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Leishman was born in Glasgow and attended Westminster School and the University of Glasgow and entered the Royal Army Medical Corps. He served in India, where he did research on enteric fever and kala-azar. He returned to the United Kingdom and was stationed at the Victoria Hospital in Netley in 1897. In 1900 he was made Assistant Professor of Pathology in the Army Medical School, and described a method of staining blood for malaria and other parasites—a modification and simplification of the existing Romanowsky method using a compound of methylene blue and eosin, which became known as Leishman's stain.

paragraph: In 1901, while examining pathologic specimens of a spleen from a patient who had died of kala azar (now called "visceral leishmaniasis"), he observed oval bodies and published his account of them in 1903. Charles Donovan of the Indian Medical Service independently found such bodies in other kala azar patients, and they are now known as Leishman–Donovan bodies (not to be confused with Donovan bodies, which are found in Granuloma inguinale, which is caused by "Klebsiella granulomatis") and recognized as the protozoan that causes kala azar, "Leishmania donovani".

paragraph: Leishman's name was engraved into the history of parasitology by Sir Ronald Ross, who was impressed by Leishman's work and classified the etiologic agent of kala azar into the separate genus "Leishmania". The parasitic organisms from this genus were described earlier by Peter Borovsky in 1892.

paragraph: Leishman also helped elucidate the life cycle of "Spirochaeta duttoni", which causes African tick fever, and, with Almroth Wright, helped develop an effective anti-typhoid inoculation.

paragraph: He was president of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 1911–1912.

paragraph: He is buried in Highgate Cemetery in London.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Leishman's name features on the Frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Twenty-three names of public health and tropical medicine pioneers were chosen to feature on the School building in Keppel Street when it was constructed in 1926.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leishman stain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leishmaniasis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romanowsky stain

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: William Boog Leishman

wikipedia_title: William Boog Leishman


text: René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson

text: parlement de Rouen

text: maître des requêtes

text: Venetian Republic

text: Venice

text: Cardinal Mazarin

text: lieutenant général de police

text: Angoulême

text: knight of Malta

text: Jean Louis Guez de Balzac

categories: 17th-century French diplomats,1700 deaths,1623 births,17th-century French politicians

paragraph: Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1623–1700)

paragraph: Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (13 December 1623 – 1 May 1700), seigneur d'Argenson et de Vueil-le-Mesnil, comte de Rouffiac, was a French knight, politician and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A son of René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson and of Hélène de La Font, Marc-René de Voyer was born at Blois on 13 of December 1623.

paragraph: Like his father Marc-René also was a lawyer, being councillor at the parlement de Rouen (1642) and "maître des requêtes". He attended his father in all his duties and succeeded him as the French ambassador to the Venetian Republic. In 1655 he returned from his embassy in Venice, ruined, and lost favour with Cardinal Mazarin, who removed him from his office of councillor of state. He then gave up public affairs and retired to his estates, where he occupied himself with good works. In September 1656 he entered the Company of the Holy Sacrament, a secret society for the diffusion of the Catholic religion. He died in May 1700.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 8 May 1650 he married Marguerite Houlier de La Pouyade. They had 7 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652-1721), became lieutenant général de police;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antoinette-Catherine (born 28 January 1654, Venice), on 17 May 1667 married Louis de Valory, chevalier, seigneur d'Estilly;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Françoise, died childless;

paragraph: BULLET::::- François-Élie (1656–1728), who became archbishop of Bordeaux.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thérèse-Hélène, died childless;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie-Scholastique (born 10 February 1661), Carmelite nun at Angoulême;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph-Ignace (30 December 16621690), made a knight of Malta on 30 March 1666 whilst still a minor.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Besides writing the Annals of the society, he composed many pious works, which were destroyed in the fire at the Louvre in 1871. Some of his correspondence with the once famous letter-writer, Jean Louis Guez de Balzac (1597–1654), has been published.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endnotes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Rabbe (November 1899), "Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement", in the "Revue historique"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beaucher-Filleau (1900), "Les Annales de la compagnie du Saint-Sacrement", Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Allier (1902), "La Cabale des dévots", Paris

description: French politician and diplomat

wikidata_label: Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson