text: General

text: British Army

text: Crimean War

text: New Zealand Wars

text: governor

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: 42nd Regiment of Foot

text: Battle of Alma

text: Highland Brigade

text: Battle of Balaclava

text: Siege of Sevastopol

text: major-general

text: Commander-in-Chief, Scotland

text: Colonial Government

text: conflict

text: Māori

text: Taranaki region

text: invasion of the Waikato

text: King Movement

text: Waikato

text: King Country

text: Gate Pā

text: Sir John Cameron

text: Guernsey

text: James Saumarez

text: lieutenant-general

text: British Army

text: Peninsular War

text: John Cameron

text: Royal Engineers

text: Eton College

text: 42nd Regiment of Foot

text: lieutenant

text: captain

text: major

text: lieutenant-colonel

text: Malta

text: Crimean War

text: Highland Brigade

text: 1st Division

text: colonel

text: Battle of Alma

text: Battle of Balaclava

text: Siege of Sevastopol

text: major-general

text: Companion of the Order of the Bath

text: Officer of the Legion of Honour

text: Order of the Medjidie, Third Class

text: Royal Military College

text: Staff College

text: Sandhurst

text: Commander-in-Chief, Scotland

text: First Taranaki War

text: Māori

text: Taranaki region

text: War Office

text: Thomas Pratt

text: New Plymouth

text: Governor of New Zealand

text: Thomas Gore Browne

text: North Island

text: King Movement

text: Waikato

text: Colonial Government

text: Colonial Office

text: George Grey

text: Great South Road

text: Drury

text: Auckland

text: Waikato River

text: Waitara

text: Oakura

text: Tataraimaka block

text: Second Taranaki War

text: invasion

text: Pokeno

text: Victoria Cross

text: Meremere

text: HMS "Avon"

text: "Pioneer"

text: pā

text: Rangiriri

text: Lake Waikare

text: Battle of Rangiriri

text: 40th Regiment of Foot

text: 6-pound Armstrong guns

text: King Tāwhiao

text: Wiremu Tamihana

text: Knight of the Order of the Bath

text: Ngaruawahia

text: Waipa River

text: Te Awamutu

text: Marmaduke Nixon

text: whare

text: Kihikihi

text: Rewi Maniapoto

text: Robert Carey

text: initial assaults

text: Puniu River

text: King Country

text: Gate Pā

text: Tauranga

text: 68th Regiment of Foot

text: 43rd Regiment of Foot

text: marines

text: 42nd Regiment of Foot

text: 73rd Regiment of Foot

text: Black Watch

text: Governor

text: Royal Military College at Sandhurst

text: full general

text: Brompton Cemetery

categories: British military personnel of the New Zealand Wars,Military leaders of the New Zealand Wars,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,40th Regiment of Foot officers,Burials at Brompton Cemetery,British Army generals,Governors of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,42nd Regiment of Foot officers,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,1808 births,19th-century British Army personnel,1888 deaths

paragraph: Duncan Cameron (British Army officer)

paragraph: General Sir Duncan Alexander Cameron, (20 May 1808 – 8 June 1888) was a British Army officer who fought in the Crimean War and during part of the New Zealand Wars. He was later a governor of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

paragraph: Born into a family with a military tradition, he joined the British Army in 1825. Commissioned into the 42nd Regiment of Foot, he had risen to the rank of lieutenant-colonel by 1854 and was a battalion commander. He served in the Crimean War and fought in the Battle of Alma. Afterwards, he assumed command of the Highland Brigade and led it through the Battle of Balaclava and the Siege of Sevastopol. He finished the war as a temporary major-general and received several honours for his service. He then held a series of educational and advisory posts with the British Army before becoming Commander-in-Chief, Scotland in 1860.

paragraph: The following year, Cameron was appointed commander of British forces in New Zealand, which was dealing with the ongoing New Zealand Wars. At the time, the Colonial Government was engaged in a conflict with the Māori in the Taranaki region. However, by the time Cameron arrived in the Taranaki, a truce had been arranged. Two years later, he suppressed a further outbreak of fighting in the area and then led the invasion of the Waikato to deal with the King Movement, a Māori resistance that threatened British sovereignty in the country. He commanded a series of mostly successful engagements with the Kingites, followers of the King Movement, but none were decisive. By March 1864, he had advanced in the Waikato heartland and had pushed the Kingites into the King Country. At Gate Pā in April 1864, his forces suffered a major defeat. By this stage, Cameron was becoming disillusioned with the conduct of the war. Against his wishes, in early 1865 he commanded a campaign against Māori in the southern Taranaki. Coming under political pressure to wage a war he felt was inappropriate, he tendered his resignation and left New Zealand in August 1865.

paragraph: In 1868, Cameron was made a lieutenant-general and was appointed as governor of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He remained in this post until 1875, at which time he retired from military service with the rank of general and as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. He died in 1888 at the age of 80.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born on 20 May 1808, Duncan Cameron was a son of Sir John Cameron and Lady Cameron. His mother was from Guernsey and was the niece of Admiral James Saumarez. His father, who retired with the rank of lieutenant-general, was an officer in the British Army who was serving in the Peninsular War and was of Scottish descent. A younger brother, John Cameron, went on to become a lieutenant-general in the British Army, serving in the Royal Engineers. Duncan Cameron most likely was educated at Eton College, as was his father before him.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Cameron followed his father into the British Army, joining the 42nd Regiment of Foot in April 1825. He was promoted lieutenant the following year, to captain in 1833, to major in 1839, and lieutenant-colonel in 1843, at which time he was commanding a battalion of the regiment on Malta.

paragraph: On the entry of the United Kingdom into the Crimean War in 1854, the 42nd Regiment was transferred to Turkey as part of the Highland Brigade, 1st Division, with Cameron still a battalion commander. He was soon promoted to colonel and commanded his battalion during the Battle of Alma in September 1854. Shortly afterwards he was appointed commander of the Highland Brigade, and led it through the subsequent Battle of Balaclava and the Siege of Sevastopol. Receiving a promotion to temporary major-general in November 1855, he was the recipient of several awards as a result of his service in the Crimea; appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, he was also made an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and received the Order of the Medjidie, Third Class, in 1858.

paragraph: After the war in Crimea, Cameron became involved in education of British Army personnel. He was appointed to the Council for Army Education in 1857 as its vice president and carried out reforms of both the Royal Military College and the Staff College at Sandhurst. In 1859, he served on the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, whose recommendations prompted a huge programme of fortification for British naval dockyards. The same year his rank of major-general was made substantive. In 1860, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Scotland, a position which saw him in command of all British forces in Scotland. By this stage of his career, Cameron was well regarded by his contemporaries.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.

paragraph: In January 1861, Cameron was appointed commander of British forces in New Zealand, which at the time was engaged in the First Taranaki War. The war had broken out the previous year over disputed land sales between local Māori and settlers in the Taranaki region. Cameron's appointment was at the behest of the War Office which was dissatisfied with the performance of the incumbent, Major-General Thomas Pratt, whose conduct of the fighting in the Taranaki had been the subject of much criticism. Receiving a temporary promotion to lieutenant-general, Cameron arrived in New Zealand in March 1861 and proceeded to the town of New Plymouth where he informed Pratt that he was being replaced. However, although Cameron was keen to deal with the Māori threat in the Taranaki, the Governor of New Zealand, Sir Thomas Gore Browne, had negotiated a truce to end the war.

paragraph: North Island Māori were now becoming increasingly reluctant to sell land and the rise of the King Movement in the Waikato was considered to be a challenge to British sovereignty and the Colonial Government. Kingites, followers of the King Movement, had even supported the Taranaki Māori during the war. Browne, supported by Cameron, began preparing for an invasion of the Waikato. Cameron believed that 2,500 infantry would be sufficient, with a further 1,000 men to secure lines of communication. However, in May 1861, Browne's current term as governor ended and rather than extending it, the Colonial Office in London replaced him with Sir George Grey.

paragraph: Grey put an immediate halt to the planned invasion, considering the existing resources inadequate. This was a major disappointment to Cameron who was eager to exercise his command and he soon submitted his resignation. It was declined and Grey encouraged Cameron to stay in his post with the prospect of leading an invasion at a later date. In the meantime, Cameron directed the main efforts of British forces in the continued construction of what is now known as the Great South Road from Drury, south of Auckland, to the Mangatawhiri Stream, a tributary of the Waikato River that defined the northern Kingite border. This work had commenced during the early stages of preparing for the proposed invasion of Waikato.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.:War in Taranaki.

paragraph: After the cessation of hostilities in Taranaki, there was ongoing dispute over a block of land at Waitara but by April 1863, Grey was preparing to return it to Taranaki Māori. Not knowing of Grey's plans, the following month local Māori ambushed British troops at nearby Oakura, killing nine soldiers. In retaliation, on 4 June 1863, Cameron led a force of 870 troops on a successful assault on a party of about 50 Māori still occupying the contested Tataraimaka block beside the Katikara River, killing 24.

paragraph: This fresh outbreak of fighting in Taranaki, known as the Second Taranaki War, gave Grey leverage with the Colonial Office as he used it as justification for a request for an increase in the number of British soldiers in the country. In the meantime, he proceeded with the return of Waitara to the Māori, calming tensions in the Taranaki. Cameron and his forces quickly returned to Auckland where, despite his attack on the Tataraimaka block being a minor action, it was portrayed as a major success. Grey now decided to proceed with an invasion of the Waikato to eliminate the Kingite threat.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.:Invasion of the Waikato.

paragraph: Cameron, as a result of his experience in the Crimea, was conscious of the importance of sound logistics to support a military campaign. His preparations for the invasion included the organisation of a transport corps and a telegraph line. Steamers were purchased to form a flotilla that would allow Cameron's forces to be supplied via the Waikato River. On 10 July 1863, he established his headquarters at Queen's Redoubt, near what is now Pokeno. The invasion began on 12 July 1863 when the British forces, numbering 380 men, crossed the Mangatawhiri Stream and established a redoubt on the opposite bank. Five days later, Cameron, leading a party of 550 men, attacked Māori warriors entrenching at Koheroa, further south of the Mangatawhiri Stream. The advancing British soldiers faltered in the face of gunfire from the Māori and Cameron had to personally rally and urge his men forward. The Māori, which the British claimed numbered about 300 but in actual fact were around 150 men, retreated and escaped, leaving 15 dead. Hailed as a great victory, the British falsely claimed 150 Māori had been killed in the attack for the loss of 12 British soldiers killed or wounded. Cameron was recommended for the Victoria Cross for his role in the attack although it was declined.

paragraph: However, on the same day as the assault carried out at Koheroa, a Māori party attacked a British convoy moving along the Great South Road, killing several men and capturing a number of carts carrying supplies. Further raids and ambushes were carried out by Kingites behind the British lines for the next several weeks and Cameron, concerned about the threat posed to his supply lines, decided it was not possible to continue his advance into the Waikato. Instead he had to divert much of his forces into the establishment of a series of outposts along his lines of communication. He did attempt an attack on a camp used by the raiding parties but his approach was detected and he and his men had to withdraw. It was not until late October that Cameron could resume his advance. His initial invasion army of around 4,000 men, had more than doubled with reinforcements from overseas. Even though nearly 6,000 men were still occupied in defending his lines of communication, Cameron was able to mobilise an attack force of nearly 2,000 against his next objective, Meremere. He had also received barges, and the armoured gunboats HMS "Avon" and "Pioneer", and this facilitated movement of his force along the Waikato River.

paragraph: At Meremere, the Kingites occupied a "pā" surrounded on three sides by swamp, while the fourth side overlooked the Waikato River and thus it was a barricade to further advance south. Using his river flotilla, on 31 October 1863, Cameron landed 600 troops to the rear of Meremere, with orders to entrench themselves. The flotilla returned to Cameron's advanced base camp for a further 600 men to reinforce those already entrenching. He intended to land to the front of Meremere with the remainder of his force. However, the Kingites, numbering between 1,100 to 1,500 Māori, detected the arrival of the British and simply abandoned the "pā" at Meremere the next day and slipped away through the swamp. The British were able to simply walk in and seize the "pā". Officially, the capture of Meremere was a success but in actual fact, Cameron saw it as poor reward for the enforced delay it had caused his advance into the Waikato.

paragraph: The Kingites had established a "pā" at Rangiriri, overlooking the Waikato River and upstream from Meremere. The defensive position included not only the "pā" forming the central redoubt, but also trenches and ramparts extending to the river and to nearby Lake Waikare. About 500 Māori were present at Rangiriri although this was insufficient for a proper defence. However, the "pā" was well engineered, a fact conceded by Cameron after the resulting Battle of Rangiriri. On the afternoon of 20 November, Cameron attacked the front of the Māori position with a force of 900 men on 20 November while 320 men of the 40th Regiment of Foot, supplemented by 200 British Navy personnel, landed to the rear to prevent any retreat. The attack was preceded with an artillery bombardment from the cannon of the gunboats and three 6-pound Armstrong guns and while the defences on the river side of the central "pā" was captured, the central redoubt and ramparts to the east, extending to Lake Waikare, were still held by the Māori. Cameron ordered further assaults later in the day but these were all beaten off and the British had to dig in for the evening. During the night, King Tāwhiao, the leader of the King Movement, Wiremu Tamihana and the mortally wounded chief Pene Te Wharepu, along with 200 warriors, were able to escape to the east. At dawn the next day, the remainder of the garrison surrendered to become prisoners. It was later claimed that the white flag hoisted to mark the surrender of the garrison was in fact intended to simply open negotiations but the British soldiers moved into the "pā" and demanded the weapons of the Māori. Although a victory for Cameron, who was later made a Knight of the Order of the Bath for his success, his forces had incurred losses of 130 men killed or wounded while the Māori suffered around 35 killed with 180 others made prisoner. Some colonists saw this as a poor reward for Rangiriri.

paragraph: Cameron now led his force further into the Waikato heartland, seizing Ngaruawahia, the small town at the confluence of the Waikato and Waipa Rivers that was the capital of King Tawhaio, on 8 December and raising the British flag there. The taking of the town was unchallenged; it had been abandoned while tentative terms for an end to the war were offered to, and subsequently rejected by, Grey. Cameron proceeded down the Waipa River, aiming for the valuable farming land around Te Awamutu. By late January 1864, he sighted Māori fortifications at Paterangi; these included four "pā". Realising that these would be difficult to seize without significant risk to his force, he decided to bypass the fortifications and draw out its garrison into more favourable terrain for the British. He mounted a nighttime march with 1,200 soldiers on 20 February, getting past the Paterangi defences undetected and moving into a largely unoccupied Te Awamutu at 7:00am the next day.

paragraph: Beyond the town, away, was the settlement of Rangiaowhia. Cameron opted to advance against this settlement as well. It was lightly defended, with many women and children present, and 24 Māori were killed or wounded and another 33 taken prisoner. However, the commander of the Colonial Defence Forces, Colonel Marmaduke Nixon, was shot and later died of his wounds. The British then withdrew to Te Awamutu. On 22 February, the Māori garrison at Paterangi moved out with at least 700 heading for Rangiaowhia. Reaching an old "pā" site at Hairini, on the road to Rangiaowhia, the Māori began entrenching themselves here. Supported with two 6-pound Armstrong guns, Cameron decided to attack before they could complete their defences. His attack was a success, with at least 30, possibly even up to 70 or 80, killed out of around 400, for the loss of just two British soldiers. Paterangi was occupied by the British to deny it to the Māori. Cameron was later criticised for the Rangiaowhia attack; it was not a fighting "pā" and the Kingites considered the action contrary to established conduct of warfare. There were also accusations that one or more "whare" to which some had fled during the Rangiaowhia attack had been set on fire with them inside and that one man attempting to surrender was shot. The following day, Cameron led his troops in the sacking of the nearby village of Kihikihi, the home of Rewi Maniapoto, a prominent Māori chief in the King Movement. Like Rangiaowhia, Kihikihi was productive farmland for the Kingites and its loss to the Māori was significant.

paragraph: In early March, Cameron went to Auckland to consult with Grey and the government for the next steps in the campaign and it was decided to continue with the strategy of depriving the Kingites of supplies. To this end, Cameron, moved most of his army towards Maungatautari leaving a garrison for redoubts being built at Kihikihi, Rangiaowhia, and Te Awamutu, where a strike force of 900 men under Colonel Robert Carey was also based. In the meantime, Maniapoto started construction of a "pā" at Ōrākau, which was from Kihikihi.

paragraph: The "pā", with its garrison of around 300 Māori, including around 250 warriors, had yet to be completed when British forces attacked on 31 March, having detected its presence the previous day. The initial assaults mounted by Carey's strike force were repelled but were able to surround the "pā". This prevented Māori reinforcements, newly arrived from Maungatautari, from entering the "pā". Carey, realising an opportunity to inflict a serious blow to the Kingites was possible, requested reinforcements from Cameron, who dispatched 370 soldiers to Ōrākau, now under bombardment while a sap was dug by engineers in order to breach the "pā" defences. Cameron arrived at the battle site in the morning of 2 April with more reinforcements. Carey was preparing for a further frontal assault but Cameron put a halt to this and issued terms to the defenders of the "pā". This was declined despite an invitation from Cameron, impressed with the resiliency of the defenders, to send out the 50-odd women and children present. By now the defenders lacked food, water and ammunition and that afternoon proceeded with a breakout from the southeast corner of the "pā". The British lines at this point were thinly held by the 40th Regiment, and the majority of the Māori were able to escape into the surrounding swamp. They were hotly pursued by the British soldiers as well as local militia and numerous Māori were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. In total, around 80 to 150 Māori were killed at Ōrākau for the loss of only 16 British soldiers with a further 53 wounded. However, while most media of the time reported the Battle of Ōrākau as a victory for the British, as did the Kingites, Cameron saw it as a missed opportunity to inflict a decisive victory in the Waikato.

paragraph: Cameron now returned to Maungatautari, where the Māori had established a defence line of several "pā". He moved his forces up to face the Te Tiki o te Ihingarangi "pā". It was strongly built and defended; Cameron understood this and chose to simply wait out the defenders rather than engage in a frontal attack. Having exhausted their supplies, it was abandoned by the Māori within a few days, on 5 April. Cameron had intended to move to winter quarters following his move against Maungatautari due to the expected difficulty in maintaining supply lines over the winter months. Accordingly, he withdrew his main force back to Auckland, leaving garrisons in place to secure the key gains of the campaign. The Kingites were now south of the Puniu River, which became a boundary between what became known as the King Country and the territory captured by the British. It would transpire that there would be no further fighting in the Waikato.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.:Tauranga Campaign.

paragraph: A local tribe, Ngai-te-Rangi, had begun construction of Gate Pā, close to Camp Te Papa, set up by the British at Tauranga. The camp was established earlier in the year as a means of preventing reinforcements travelling from the East Cape to join up with Waikato Māori and had already been subject to raids by the tribe. The camp commandant requested reinforcements so that an attack could be mounted. Cameron, now back in Auckland with the bulk of his army, realised that with Te Papa being close to a harbour, he was readily able to transport enough manpower and artillery to allow a sufficient concentration for a decisive battle. Seizing his opportunity, he arrived at Te Papa on 21 April 1864 and his attack force followed a few days later.

paragraph: On 27 April, Cameron mounted a reconnaissance of Gate Pā and determined that it was formed of two redoubts, garrisoned by about 235 warriors. He moved up his attacking force of about 1,700 men, plus a large artillery train which started bombarding the walls of the Māori position, and the "pā" was surrounded by the afternoon of 29 April, with a major breach in the walls. He had already sent 730 men of the 68th Regiment of Foot behind the "pā" to cut off any retreat. He then ordered 300 men of the 43rd Regiment of Foot and marines of the Royal Navy to exploit the breach but the attempt to do so was beaten back with the attacking soldiers engaged in a full scale retreat. On seeing the attacking force fleeing the battle, Cameron attempted to rally them but was unable to do so and retreated to his tent to brood.

paragraph: Although the "pā" was abandoned overnight, the garrison was able to slip away practically unmolested. With losses of over 100 killed and wounded, the Battle of Gate Pā was a major defeat for Cameron. Already criticised for his overly cautious approach to the campaign in the Waikato, Cameron's conduct of the battle came under question. He struggled to explain the poor performance of the troops making the attack, but noted the losses among the officers may have affected the rank and file. In actual fact, the attackers had been deceived by a lack of defensive fire from the "pā" and drawn in, were set upon by well concealed warriors.

paragraph: Cameron met with Grey on 12 May and shortly afterwards decided to cease offensive engagements in Tauranga. He returned to Auckland with the bulk of his forces, citing unfavourable weather as an excuse. He left the local commander, Lieutenant-Colonel H. Greer, with instructions to maintain a defensive posture while Grey, stunned at the outcome of the battle, negotiated terms with Ngai-te-Rangi for an end to hostilities in the area. Within a few weeks, Greer, while conducting defensive patrols in accordance with Cameron's directives, inflicted a defeat on a large force of Māori attempting to establish defensive positions at Te Ranga, from Te Papa. The majority of the Ngai-te-Rangi tribe surrendered shortly afterwards on relatively favourable terms, thus ending the fighting in Tauranga. This prompted the Colonial Government to urge Cameron to resume his offensive operations but he declined to do so, disillusioned about the prospects of a successful outcome to a military campaign. Although the British did not destroy the King Movement, the defeats at Te Ranga and Orakau effectively ended the fighting in the Waikato and the tribes there would eventually cede their land to the Colonial Government.

paragraph: Section::::New Zealand.:Return to Taranaki.

paragraph: As the Tauranga Campaign wound down, fighting flared up again in the Taranaki and in the Wanganui. Both Grey and the Colonial Government, considering this a further attempt at Māori independence, wanted to suppress this latest outbreak. At this time, the British were beginning the process of withdrawing from New Zealand, transferring responsibility for the country's internal security to its own military. This added impetus to the Colonial Government's need to take action in the Taranaki while British soldiers were still available.

paragraph: With reservations, Cameron agreed to mount a campaign in the Wanganui. However, he saw this conflict as unnecessary, and nothing more than a desire by the Colonial Government for more Māori land and believed that British soldiers should not be used to achieve this. Furthermore, he considered that he would need at least two years to achieve success and reinforcements for his existing army would be required. He commenced the campaign on 24 January 1865, moving with 1,200 soldiers from Wanganui northward across southern Taranaki to Nukumaru. Here, his force resisted attacks from a large force of over 400 Māori warriors. After two days, having killed 14 soldiers for the loss of 23 warriors, the Māori withdrew. They moved to a robust "pā" at Weraroa, expecting Cameron to come after them. Despite urging from Grey to do so, he refused, fully aware of the futility of frontal attacks on "pā". Instead, he moved further north leaving a garrison and a series of redoubts facing the Weraroa "pā". On 13 March, he encountered a force of 200 warriors from the Ngati Ruanui tribe and soundly beat them on open ground at Te Ngaio. At the end of March, he reached the Waingongoro River and halted his advance there, from Wanganui.

paragraph: By now relations between Cameron and Grey had broken down over the former's refusal to attack the Weraroa "pā". There were already tensions between the two as a result of Cameron's reports to the War Office often being at odds with Grey's own sometimes deliberately misleading communications to London. Cameron's campaign was heavily criticised by colonists as being slow, but this opinion lacked awareness of the need to ensure security of his lines of communication along his advance. Even the Māori were contemptuous, apparently giving him the nickname "The Lame Seagull" for the pace of his advance. Cameron, having already resigned his command on 7 February 1865, left for Auckland in April and departed the country on 1 August 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After his return to England, Cameron continued to hold his honorary position as regimental colonel of his old unit, the 42nd Regiment of Foot, to which he had been appointed in 1863, only relinquishing it in 1881 when the regiment merged with the 73rd Regiment of Foot to form the Black Watch. He then became regimental colonel of the 1st Battalion of the Black Watch up until his death. In 1868, his temporary rank of lieutenant-general was made substantive, and he was appointed Commissioner "to enquire into the present state of Military Education in this country". The same year, he was appointed as Governor of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. On 10 September 1873, he married Louisa Flora, the fourth daughter of Andrew Maclean, the deputy inspector-general of the Royal Military College.

paragraph: As governor at Sandhurst, Cameron attempted various reforms until 1875, at which time he retired from the British Army. Two years previously, he had been promoted to full general and was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. In his later years, he had to deal with published criticism of his conduct of the campaigns in New Zealand. However, these would typically downplay the fighting qualities and tactics of the Kingites. He was also involved in defending himself from a particularly aggrieved dispute with a relative of an officer killed at the Battle of Rangiriri. In his final years, his health deteriorated and he died at Kidbrook, in Kent, on 7 June 1888. Survived only by his wife as the couple had no children, he was buried at Brompton Cemetery in London. The Chapel of the Royal Military Academy includes a memorial to Cameron, which reads:

paragraph: In Memory of General Sir Duncan Cameron, G.C.B., Colonel of the Black Watch. Died 8 June 1888, aged 80. He served through the Eastern Campaign, 1854–55 ; commanded the 42nd Regiment at the Alma, and the Highland Brigade at Balaclava. Commanded the Forces in New Zealand during the War of 1863–65. Was Governor of this College, 1868–75.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Duncan Alexander Cameron

wikipedia_title: Duncan Cameron (British Army officer)


text: MP

text: Lyttelton family

text: Sir John Lyttelton (died 1590)

text: Worcestershire

text: Frankley

text: Halesowen

text: Hagley

text: Upper Arley

text: High Sheriff of Worcestershire

text: manor

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: Sir John Lyttelton

text: Humphrey

text: Gunpowder Plot

categories: High Sheriffs of Worcestershire,1540s births,People of the Tudor period,Year of birth uncertain,English MPs 1572–1583,People from Worcestershire,Lyttelton family,Worcestershire politicians,1599 deaths,English MPs 1571

paragraph: Gilbert Lyttelton

paragraph: Sir Gilbert Lyttelton MP (c. 1540 – 1 June 1599) was an English landowner, politician, and knight from the Lyttelton family.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Sir John Lyttelton (died 1590). He was Member of Parliament for Worcestershire in 1570 and in 1571. He inherited the family estates in Frankley, Halesowen, Hagley, and Upper Arley on his father's death. He was appointed High Sheriff of Worcestershire for 1584.

paragraph: He served as Chief Steward of the manors of the Bishop of Worcester from about 1579 to about 1588.

paragraph: He died on 1 June 1599. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Humphrey Coningsby of Hampton Court, Herefordshire; they had 3 sons and a daughter. He was succeeded by his eldest son Sir John Lyttelton. His younger son Humphrey was executed for his part in the Gunpowder Plot.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Parliament LYTTELTON,Gilbert (c.1540-99) of Frankley, Worcs

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Gilbert Lyttelton

wikipedia_title: Gilbert Lyttelton


text: MP

text: JP

text: Lyttelton family

text: Worcestershire

text: Queen Elizabeth I

text: Sir Gilbert Lyttelton

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: Inner Temple

text: Thomas Bromley

text: knight of the shire

text: Worcestershire

text: JP

text: custos rotulorum

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: high treason

text: Queen's Bench prison

text: Frankley

text: Halesowen

text: Hagley

text: Upper Arley

text: James I

text: Anglican

text: Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 1st Baronet

text: Humphrey

text: Gunpowder Plot

text: St. George the Martyr, Southwark

categories: English MPs 1584–1585,English MPs 1586–1587,English MPs 1597–1598,English people who died in prison custody,16th-century births,1601 deaths,1561 births,English knights,Prisoners who died in England and Wales detention,People convicted of treason against England,Worcestershire politicians,Lyttelton family,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: John Lyttelton (MP)

paragraph: Sir John Lyttelton MP JP (1561–1601) was an English politician, knight, and member of the Lyttelton family who served as Member of Parliament for Worcestershire during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Sir Gilbert Lyttelton. He entered Magdalen College, Oxford in 1576 and studied law at the Inner Temple. He married Meriel, daughter of Sir Thomas Bromley, Lord Chancellor of England. They had three sons and eight daughters.

paragraph: He was elected a knight of the shire for Worcestershire in 1584, 1586 and 1597. He was also JP for the country from about 1583 and was its custos rotulorum by 1601.

paragraph: He was concerned in the rebellion of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex in 1601 and was in consequence tried for high treason, but died in the Queen's Bench prison in July 1601, having been reprieved from execution. In consequence, his estates (in Frankley, Halesowen, Hagley and Upper Arley) were forfeited to the Crown, but were restored to his widow Merriel on the accession of James I. She survived him 28 years and cleared the estates of debt, bringing up her children as Anglicans. The eldest became Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 1st Baronet.

paragraph: His brother Humphrey was executed for his part in the Gunpowder Plot.

paragraph: Sir John was buried at St. George the Martyr, Southwark.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Parliament LYTTELTON, John (1561-1601) of Frankley, Worcs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burkes Peerage" (1939 edition), s.v. Cobham, Viscount

description: English politician

wikidata_label: John Lyttelton

wikipedia_title: John Lyttelton (MP)


text: Benedictine

text: Rictrude

text: Adalbard

text: Douai

text: France

text: Clotsinda

text: Adalsinda

text: Eusebia

categories: Frankish Benedictines,7th-century Christian clergy,French abbots,Benedictine abbots

paragraph: Maurontius of Douai

paragraph: Maurontius of Douai (634 – May 5, 701) was a nobleman and Benedictine abbot. His parents were Rictrude and Adalbard. He is a Catholic saint, with a feast day on May 5, especially venerated in Douai, France. His sisters Clotsinda, Adalsinda and Eusebia are also saints.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronological list of saints in the 8th century

wikidata_label: Maurontius of Douai

wikipedia_title: Maurontius of Douai


text:
American
engineer
Alaska Territory
Alaska Railroad
Governor
Alaska Territory
International Boundary Commission
Ilchester, Maryland
Emerson Institute
Germany
civil engineering
Princeton University
Washington state
newspaper
Tacoma
lumber
Bucoda
Klondike Gold Rush
Dawson City
Nome, Alaska
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Pacific
Arctic Ocean
New York City
Woodrow Wilson
Alaska Railroad
Fairbanks
United States Secretary of the Interior
Franklin Knight Lane
Woodrow Wilson
First World War
war savings stamp
Liberty Bond
Land Office
shipping
U.S. Congress
Spanish flu
cordon sanitaire
native
U.S. Senate
U.S. House of Representatives
Warren Harding
President of the United States
Scott Cordelle Bone
New York State
Millbrook
New York City
International Boundary Commission
Washington D.C.
Baltimore, Maryland

categories: 1945 deaths,Princeton University alumni,American expatriates in Germany,20th-century American politicians,Alaska Democrats,1873 births,Governors of Alaska Territory,People from Ilchester, Maryland,American Episcopalians

paragraph: Thomas Riggs Jr.

paragraph: Thomas W. Riggs Jr. (October 17, 1873 – January 16, 1945) was an American engineer who worked extensively in Alaska Territory, first as a leader of the team which surveyed the Alaska-Canada border and later as a Commissioner oversee construction of the Alaska Railroad. He was appointed Governor of Alaska Territory and served from 1918 till 1921. During his later life, Riggs served as United States Commissioner to the International Boundary Commission.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Riggs was born to Thomas and Catherine Winter (Gilbert) Riggs on October 17, 1873 in Ilchester, Maryland. He was educated at the Emerson Institute and a variety of other private schools located in both the United States and Germany. He studied civil engineering at Princeton University, graduating in 1894.

paragraph: Following graduation he moved with his family to Washington state and took a job as a newspaper reporter in Tacoma. In 1896 he joined his family's lumber business in Bucoda before joining the Klondike Gold Rush the next year. From 1897 to 1901, Riggs prospected for gold near both Dawson City and Nome, Alaska with little success. From 1901 to 1903 he worked as a mining engineer in Idaho, Montana, and Utah.

paragraph: In 1903, Riggs joined the United States and Canada Boundary Survey. From 1906 to 1913 he worked on the team assigned to survey the Alaska-Canada border and advanced from the position of surveyor to become the United States Engineer-in-Charge. During this effort, the team surveyed the boundary from the Pacific to Arctic Oceans, placed boundary markers, and cleared wooded areas to provide a clear line of sight between markers.

paragraph: Riggs married Renée Marie Coudert on April 30, 1913 in New York City. The marriage produced two children: Elizabeth C. and Thomas III.

paragraph: Following his work surveying the Alaska-Canada border, on May 4, 1914, Riggs was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson to the Alaskan Railroad Commission.

paragraph: Along with the other two commissioners he oversaw the construction of the Alaska Railroad, Riggs being responsible for the Fairbanks division.

paragraph: Section::::Governorship.

paragraph: United States Secretary of the Interior Franklin Knight Lane was impressed by Riggs' experience and recommended his appointment as Governor of Alaska Territory to President Woodrow Wilson. Following his confirmation, the new governor was sworn into office on April 12, 1918.

paragraph: The United States had already entered the First World War by the time he entered office and the new governor encouraged Alaska to support the war effort. Under Riggs, the territory was a leader in the sale of both war savings stamps and Liberty Bonds. The new governor also worked to decrease overlaps between the territorial and federal governmental functions. He was successful in the areas of education, mine inspections, and road building but met strong resistance in his efforts to consolidate efforts within Alaska's Land Office.

paragraph: Transportation was a major problem within the territory, with Riggs believing private shipping firms were providing unfair and inadequate service to Alaska. To rectify this problem, he proposed Alaska establish a fleet of transport ships and begin a territorial shipping service. The territorial legislature approved the plan but the U.S. Congress blocked it before the fleet could be established.

paragraph: To deal with the Spanish flu, In October 1918 Riggs ordered doctors to meet arriving steamships upon arrival to inspect for signs of the virus and that transport firms refuse passage to the territory by anyone who was ill. The precautions were unsuccessful with the first case reaching Juneau on October 14 and widespread outbreaks being present a month later. In response to the flu's arrival, Riggs established a "cordon sanitaire" on all trails to the interior, but unfortunately the couriers carrying announcements of the quarantine may have also spread the disease. The native population proved especially vulnerable, with up to an eight percent mortality rate during the pandemic. This left hundreds of orphans and entire villages who's populations were unable to perform basic activities such as prepare meals or chop firewood. In response, Riggs exceeded authorized funding levels in his spending on medical supplies, maintaining the quarantine, and providing relief efforts. The territory's financial situation was further complicated when a request for a US$200,000 special allocation was cut in half by the U.S. Senate and rejected completely by the U.S. House of Representatives.

paragraph: The end of his term of office came after the election of Warren Harding as President of the United States. Riggs left office on June 15, 1921, making way for Republican appointee Scott Cordelle Bone.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Following his time in office, Riggs moved to New York State, establishing his residence in Millbrook and an office in New York City. There he worked in the mining, oil, and construction industries and was named Vice-President of Macassa Mines, Ltd. of Canada. On August 2, 1935, Riggs was named the United States Commissioner to the International Boundary Commission.

paragraph: Riggs died on January 16, 1945 in Washington D.C.. He was buried in Baltimore, Maryland.

description: American engineer and 3rd Governor of Alaska Territory

wikidata_label: Thomas Riggs

wikipedia_title: Thomas Riggs Jr.


text:
Los Angeles, California
Capital Cities
In a Tidal Wave of Mystery
Foster the People
Portugal. The Man
Fitz and the Tantrums
RAC
St. Lucia
Cherub
HOLYCHILD
The Wailers
Filipino
Russian-Jewish
Oakwood School
saxophone
french horn
California Institute of the Arts
In a Tidal Wave of Mystery
Warner Bros. Records
Just Dance 2018
Fonseca
TV Spot, "Vibes, Target Style"
Official website of Spencer Ludwig

categories: 21st-century trumpeters,Warner Bros. Records artists,American trumpeters,California Institute of the Arts alumni,Musicians from Los Angeles,1990 births,American male trumpeters,Living people

paragraph: Spencer Ludwig

paragraph: Spencer Ludwig (born 24 June 1990) is a trumpeter, singer, songwriter and producer from Los Angeles, California. He is an independent solo artist distributed by Kobalt/ AWAL, Ludwig is a former member of the band Capital Cities. He recorded on their platinum debut album "In a Tidal Wave of Mystery" and toured with them from 2012 to 2015. He has also performed with, Foster the People, Portugal. The Man, Fitz and the Tantrums, RAC, St. Lucia, Cherub, HOLYCHILD and The Wailers. In 2018 he formed his own record label called Trumpet Records.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ludwig is the son of a Filipino mother and a Russian-Jewish father. He grew up in Los Angeles, California. He attended Oakwood School and began playing saxophone in the fourth grade due to his school's support for performing arts. Ludwig grew fond of jazz music and performed in the school's jazz band during his middle school years.

paragraph: Ludwig learned to play the french horn in high school but decided to apply to college as a trumpet player. He started off by teaching himself how to play the trumpet going into his senior year of high school. He recorded and sent audition CDs to various schools. He was accepted to California Institute of the Arts where he studied jazz. He supported his way through school by playing with local bands from Los Angeles and teaching trumpet part-time at his former high school.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ludwig was part of the local Los Angeles music scene, performing with numerous bands. He began performing while in college, forming a cover band with friends that graduated from Oakwood School a few years before him. It was in 2012 that Ludwig got his break with a major band.

paragraph: While playing a local music festival with a band called Sister Rogers in 2012, Capital Cities band members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian watched him perform, later asking him to join the group as its trumpet player. Ludwig shifted his focus to solely playing trumpet and recorded and toured with the group for the next three years. He recorded trumpet on the group's platinum debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery.

paragraph: In 2015 Ludwig signed a deal with Warner Bros. Records as a solo artist. In July 2016 he released his first two singles"Diggy" and "Right Into U". The song "Diggy" was featured in Target's fall style TV spot, which premiered on September 14, 2016. "Diggy" also appeared in the video game "Just Dance 2018". In 2018 Ludwig left Warner Bros. Records to pursue a career as an independent artist. In March 2018 he released his first single as an independent artist "Just Wanna Dance" and recently he collaborated with five-time Latin Grammy winner Fonseca on a new single called "Por Pura Curiosidad".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: TV Spot, "Vibes, Target Style"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Spencer Ludwig

wikidata_label: Spencer Ludwig

wikipedia_title: Spencer Ludwig


text:
Battle of Crecy
Capture of Calais
Battle of Poitiers
treaty of Bretigny
seneschal of Aquitaine
Edward III
battle of Crécy
Black Prince
battle of Poitiers
treaty of Bretigny
Aquitaine
Don Pedro
John Chandos
Bayonne
seneschal
Charles II of Navarre
Navarrete
Battle of Aríñez
battle of Navarrete
Poitou
John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke
La Linde
Dordogne
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
Mont-Paon
Thouars
Robert Wykford
Guillaume de Pommiers
Comte de Foix
knight of the Garter
Stirling
Norfolk
Henry

categories: 14th-century English people,1381 deaths,Medieval English knights,Knights of the Garter

paragraph: Thomas Felton (died 1381)

paragraph: Sir Thomas Felton (died 2 April 1381) was an English knight. He fought at the Battle of Crecy in 1346, and the Capture of Calais in 1347. He was also at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He was a signatory to treaty of Bretigny in 1360. In 1362 he was appointed seneschal of Aquitaine. He accompanied the Black Prince on his Spanish campaign. He was taken prisoner by Henry of Trastamare's forces in 1367. In 1372 he was appointed joint-governor of Aquitaine and seneschal of Bordeaux. He caused Guillaume de Pommiers and his secretary to be beheaded for treason in 1377 and was made a Knight of the Garter in 1381 (the year he died).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Felton was second son of Sir John Felton, governor of Alnwick in 1314, who was summoned to parliament in 1342, and was lord of the manor of Litcham, Norfolk.

paragraph: Sir Thomas was with the expedition, commanded by Edward III, that invaded France in 1346, and took part in the battle of Crécy, the capture of Calais, and the other important events of that campaign.

paragraph: When the Black Prince went to take possession of Gascony in 1355, Felton went with him, and followed him to the battle of Poitiers. He was one of the commissioners who signed the important treaty of Bretigny (1360) and took oath to see it executed.

paragraph: He was deputed to receive the king of Cyprus, who came to Aquitaine on a visit to the prince in 1364. The prince when requested by Don Pedro to reinstate him on the throne of Castille, referred the matter to Sir John Chandos and Felton. Chandos was unfavourable. Felton recommended that the barons and knights of Aquitaine should be consulted in the matter. The prince replied, "It shall be done". The larger council being held it was decided that Felton be sent to Spain with a fleet of twelve ships to bring Don Pedro. Having set out he landed at Bayonne, where Don Pedro had already arrived, and returned with him and his suite to Bordeaux. Power to treat with Pedro, king of Castile, was given to him as seneschal of Aquitaine representing Edward, prince of Wales, in letters dated 8 February 1362.

paragraph: The invasion of Spain having been agreed upon, Felton and Chandos obtained leave from the King Charles II of Navarre to cross the mountain passes into Spain. Felton preceded the prince with a small force, and found the enemy encamped near Navarrete, 1367. They were attacked by a large body of Spaniards, and all either killed or taken prisoners (see Battle of Aríñez). Felton was exchanged for the French Marshal d'Audreham, who was afterwards taken prisoner by the English at the battle of Navarrete. He subsequently took part in combats and sieges at Monsac, at Duravel, and at Domme.

paragraph: Felton was then recalled to Angoulême by the prince, and sent into Poitou with the John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke. He secured La Linde on the Dordogne when about to be betrayed to the French. He joined John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster in an attack on the town of Mont-Paon, and made an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the garrison of Thouars. In spite of his efforts Monsac was lost to the English. In 1372, when the Black Prince had surrendered the principality of Aquitaine into the king's hands, it was granted by royal commission to Felton and Sir Robert Wykford; and on the final withdrawal of the Duke of Lancaster, Felton was appointed seneschal of Bordeaux.

paragraph: In February 1375 he returned to England; in 1376 he was charged with the execution of the truce, and in December of the same year he was charged to negotiate with the king of Navarre. He caused Guillaume de Pommiers and his secretary to be beheaded at Bordeaux for treason. He was at length again taken prisoner by the French near Bordeaux, 1 November 1377. In 1380 Joan or Johanna, his wife, petitioned the king that a French prisoner in England should not be ransomed until her husband had been set at liberty. In August of the same year the king granted to Felton for the payment of his ransom thirty thousand francs from the ransom of two French prisoners. In April 1380 a procuration had been signed by the Comte de Foix to set him at liberty. During the same year he received letters of protection in England to enable him to return to France for matters connected with the payment of his ransom. The lands and barony of Chaumont in Gascony were given by Edward III to Sir John Chandos, with a reversion at his death to Felton.

paragraph: Felton was made a knight of the Garter in January 1381, and his plate is still to be seen in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, in the tenth stall, on the sovereign's side. He died 2 April 1381. Besides the manor of Litcham, Norfolk, Felton owned the manor called Felton's at Barrow, Suffolk, and other property in the neighbourhood.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Felton's paternal grandfather was Sir Robert Felton, governor of Scarborough Castle in 1311, who was slain at Stirling in 1314. William Felton, Sir Robert's father, governor of Bambrough in 1315, was originally known as William Fitz-Pagan, being son of Pagan of Upper Felton, Northumberland, and was the first to bring the family into notice

paragraph: Felton had an elder brother, Hamond Felton (died 1379), who was M.P. for Norfolk in 1377. A younger brother, Sir Edmund Felton, who was living in 1364, was ancestor of Robert Felton of Shotley (died 1506), who by his marriage with Margaret Sampson of Playford, Suffolk, acquired the Playford property, and was grandfather of Sir Anthony Felton, K.B. (died 1613). Sir Anthony's son, Henry (died 1659), was created a baronet 20 July 1620.

paragraph: Felton married Joan de Walkfare, and left three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary, wife of Sir John Curson of Beke or Beek, Norfolk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sibyll, wife of Sir Thomas de Morley

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor, wife of Sir Thomas de Ufford.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suffolk Institute of Archæology, iv. 27 et seq. ("Playford and the Feltons");

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beltz's "Order of the Garter";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gage's "Thingoe", p. 11;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rymer's "Fœdera; Froissart's Chroniques", ed. Luce;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archives de la Gironde";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Book, ed. "Anstis" (Rolls Series).

description: English soldier and administrator

wikidata_label: Thomas Felton

wikipedia_title: Thomas Felton (died 1381)


text: Vienna State Opera

text: Ochs auf Lerchenau

text: Vöcklabruck

text: Graz Opera

text: Vienna State Opera

text: Volksoper Wien

text: Salzburg Festival

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Die Entführung aus dem Serail

text: Die verkaufte Braut

text: Arabella

text: Capriccio

text: Barber

text: Mozart's

text: Der Prozeß

text: Irische Legende

text: Jacobowsky und der Oberst

text: Iván Erőd

text: Wiener Festwochen

text: Theater an der Wien

text: Fiddler on the Roof

text: Lied

text: oratorio

text: Munich

text: Salzburg

text: Kammersänger

text: Graz

text: Vienna State Opera

text: Vöcklabruck

text: Upper Austria

text: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon

text: Austrian Academy of Sciences

text: Czerwenka, Oskar

text: Oskar Czerwenka

categories: Austrian academics,20th-century opera singers,Austrian people of Polish descent,People from Vöcklabruck,Austrian basses,20th-century Austrian singers,1924 births,2000 deaths

paragraph: Oskar Czerwenka

paragraph: Oskar Czerwenka (5 July 1924 – 1 June 2000) was an Austrian operatic bass and academic teacher. He was a member of the Vienna State Opera from 1951 to 1986, performing 75 roles, including his signature role Ochs auf Lerchenau and premieres of new operas. He was also an author, visual artist and illustrator, and performed in concert. He received several awards, and the state music school in his home town was named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Vöcklabruck, Czerwenka grew up there. He studied international commerce and then began private opera studies in Vienna with Otto Iro. He made his debut on stage at the Graz Opera in 1947. He became a member of the Vienna State Opera in 1951, where he stayed to 1986, appearing in 1084 performances at the house. He also appeared at the Volksoper Wien and at major opera houses worldwide. He performed at the Salzburg Festival from 1953 and made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 1959.

paragraph: Czerwenka sang 75 operatic parts, including his signature role Ochs auf Lerchenau in "Der Rosenkavalier" by Richard Strauss. Other notable roles were Osmin in Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail", Kezal in Smetana's "Die verkaufte Braut", Graf Waldner in "Arabella", and La Roche in "Capriccio". He was Bartolo both in Rossini's "Barber" as in Mozart's. Czerwenka took part in opera premiere performances, such as Gottfried von Einem's "Der Prozeß" at the 1953 Salzburg Festival, Werner Egk's "Irische Legende" in 1955, and a title role in Giselher Klebe's "Jacobowsky und der Oberst" which premiered in Hamburg in 1965 and was also shown at the Metropolitan Opera. He took part in the premiere of Iván Erőd's opera "Die Seidenraupen" (The Silkworms) in 1968 during the Wiener Festwochen at the Theater an der Wien. He became known in the 1970s singing the part of Tevje in "Anatevka" ("Fiddler on the Roof").

paragraph: Czerwenka sang Lieder and oratorio in concert and for recordings. He died in his hometown.

paragraph: Section::::Artist, illustrator, writer.

paragraph: As a visual artist, Czerwenka had exhibitions in Graz, Munich, Salzburg and Vienna. In 1963, he illustrated the book "Kon-Figurationen" with texts by Ernst Pichler. He published several books that he authored, including his autobiography "Jenseits vom Prater" in 1998:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wo's mir schmeckt. Eine kulinarische Reise durch Oberösterreich und Salzburg". Stieglitz, Mühlacker 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lebenszeiten. Ungebetene Briefe". Neff, Wien 1988, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jenseits vom Prater. Erlebtes – Erlittenes – Empfundenes". Ueberreuter, Vienna 1998, .

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Czerwenka received several honours and awards, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Title Kammersänger (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Title Professor (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ehrenring and Girardi-Medal of Graz (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ehrenring and Honarary membership of the Vienna State Opera (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary citizen of Vöcklabruck (1999)

paragraph: In 2008, the "Landesmusikschule Vöcklabruck" (state music school) of Upper Austria moved to the former residence of the singer and an additional new building, and was named after him: Oskar Czerwenka Landesmusikschule.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David M. Cummings (ed.): "International Who’s Who in Music and Musicians Directory". 14. Auflage. Melrose Press Ltd., Cambridge, UK, , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Dusek, Volkmar Parschalk: "Nicht nur Tenöre. Das Beste aus der Opernwerkstatt". Herausgegeben von den Freunden der Wiener Staatsoper. Jugend und Volk, Wien 1988, (Vol. 3).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon". Éditions of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2002, (volume 1) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians". Macmillan, London 1980.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czerwenka, Oskar in Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oskar Czerwenka in Austria-Forum

description: Austrian singer and opera singer

wikidata_label: Oskar Czerwenka

wikipedia_title: Oskar Czerwenka


text: Worcester

text: Massachusetts

text: I'm Not Racist

text: YouTube

text: viral

text: Grammy Award for Best Music Video

text: 61st Grammy Awards

text: Childish Gambino

text: This Is America

text: Atlantic Records

text: ISIS

text: South High Community School

text: Future

text: 2015 BET Hip-Hop Awards

text: 21 Savage

text: Bank Account

text: Kendrick Lamar

text: DNA

text: Lil Pump

text: Gucci Gang

text: Desiigner

text: Panda

text: Mask Off

text: BlocBoy JB

text: Look Alive

text: Heatseekers Albums

text: Billboard

text: I'm Not Racist

text: YouTube

text: viral

text: race and society

text: Chris Brown

text: Australia

text: Europe

text: laryngitis

text: Lucky You

text: Kamikaze

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Logic

text: ISIS

text: ADHD

text: Tech N9ne

text: The Storm

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: Bobby Tarantino II

text: Twitter

text: 44 More

text: Everybody

categories: East Coast hip hop musicians,1988 births,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,Rappers from Massachusetts,21st-century American singers,Musicians from Worcester, Massachusetts,Living people

paragraph: Joyner Lucas

paragraph: Gary Maurice "Joyner" Lucas, Jr. (born August 17, 1988) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, poet, and actor from Worcester, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Lucas gained widespread exposure and critical acclaim after the release of his single "Ross Capicchioni" in 2015. In June 2017, he released his fourth mixtape, "508-507-2209", which was his first on a major label. On November 28, 2017, Lucas released his single "I'm Not Racist", onto his YouTube account which very quickly went viral and gained critical acclaim. The video was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 61st Grammy Awards, but lost to Childish Gambino's "This Is America". Lucas was formerly signed to Atlantic Records, until he announced his departure from the label in December 2018. Joyner Lucas' debut studio album, "ADHD", is set to be released in 2019. He has already released five singles from the album: "I Love", "Devil's Work", "ISIS", "Broke and Stupid" and "10 Bands".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gary Maurice Lucas, Jr. was born on August 17, 1988, in Worcester, Massachusetts. Lucas began rapping at the age of 10.

paragraph: He attended South High Community School in Worcester.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Joyner Lucas first started recording under the name G-Storm. In 2007, he changed his stage name to "Future Joyner" and started working with his uncle, Cyrus tha Great, and formed a group called "Film Skool Rejekts". They released their mixtape, "Workprint: The Greatest Mixtape of All Time" in the same year. Lucas went on to release his first mixtape under the name "Future Joyner" titled "Listen 2 Me" in 2011. After rapper Future came to prominence, Lucas dropped the "Future" from his name and continued as Joyner Lucas. He then released another album titled "LFO's (Low Frequency Oscillators)" in October of 2013.

paragraph: Lucas went on to release his next mixtape "Along Came Joyner" on April 5, 2015. This mixtape contained his critically acclaimed "Ross Capicchioni". Following the success of the song, Lucas was featured in the 2015 BET Hip-Hop Awards Cypher, he was originally included in the Internet Only cypher, until the producers heard him rap and included him in the live cyphers.

paragraph: Ever since 2017, Lucas has made his own freestyle remixes of several well-known hip hop songs. He has remixed 21 Savage's "Bank Account", Kendrick Lamar's "DNA", Lil Pump's "Gucci Gang", Desiigner's "Panda", Future's "Mask Off", and BlocBoy JB's "Look Alive".

paragraph: Lucas signed to Atlantic Records on September 21, 2016. Lucas went on to release a project titled "508-507-2209" on June 16, 2017, with Atlantic Records. The mixtape charted at #7 on the Heatseekers Albums chart on "Billboard" and contained the singles "I'm Sorry", "Ultrasound", "Just Like You" and "Winter Blues".

paragraph: On November 28, 2017, Lucas released his single "I'm Not Racist", onto his YouTube account which quickly went viral. The controversial song raps about race and society, and race relations from the perspective of a white man, and a black man. Lucas and singer Chris Brown announced their collaboration project, titled "Angels & Demons" on February 25, 2018 with the single "Stranger Things" releasing the following day. On April 1, 2018, Lucas released his single entitled "Frozen", a song focused on different forms of reckless driving. The next single from the "Angels and Demons" collaborative mixtape "I Don't Die" was released on May 2.

paragraph: On July 31, 2018, Lucas announced he was forced to cancel shows of his "I'm kinda a Big Deal" tour in Australia and Europe due to hoarseness and laryngitis.

paragraph: Lucas was featured on "Lucky You" from Eminem's latest album, "Kamikaze". The song debuted at number 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, marking Lucas' first top 10 entry on the chart.

paragraph: On October 12, 2018, Lucas announced that he would be releasing a new song on October 17, 2018, with a new project coming soon. The song, entitled "I Love", was released as the lead single from his upcoming debut studio album "ADHD".

paragraph: Also on May 23, 2019, he and fellow rapper Logic released a song called "ISIS". One month later, on June 27, 2019, he released another single from the "ADHD" album, called "Broke and Stupid".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lucas has a son whom he references frequently in his music. Lucas is very private with his personal life. Lucas has spoken openly about having ADHD.

paragraph: Section::::Feuds.

paragraph: Section::::Feuds.:Logic.

paragraph: Logic and Joyner Lucas were both featured artists on Tech N9ne's song "Sriracha" from the album "The Storm" (2016). Logic was originally slated to be the only feature on "Sriracha", but when he spent over six months to deliver his verse, Lucas hopped on the track to offer his own track. On his freestyle remix of Future's "Mask Off" (titled "Mask On"), Joyner, upset by the work Logic turned in after taking nearly half a year to edit his verse, directly addressed the disappointing display. According to Lucas, both he and Tech N9ne were upset with Logic for not emulating the same fast flow and serving up tired, lazy bars.

paragraph: After Logic's hit song "1-800-273-8255" peaked at number three on the "Billboard Hot 100", Joyner Lucas immediately took offense and argued that the track was named in order to bring direct competition to his project, "508-507-2209". With both Logic's single and Lucas' mixtape dealing with the issue of mental health representation and resource allocation, the Lucas was careful to not slam the track too hard.

paragraph: When Logic dropped his song "Yuck" from his mixtape "Bobby Tarantino II" in March 2018, the veiled diss inside the song was quickly spotted by Lucas and his fans. Seemingly nonplussed by the lyrical assault, Lucas dared Logic to call him out directly on Twitter. That same month, Joyner took aim at Logic's song "44 More" and his album "Everybody" on his freestyle remix of BlocBoy JB's "Look Alive".

paragraph: In 2019, the two rappers ended their feud, and Logic made a guest appearance on Joyner Lucas' song "ISIS". Lucas kept the name of the collaborator a secret until he released the song.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.:Grammy Awards.

paragraph: The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Joyner has two Grammy nominations all together.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.:As lead artist.

paragraph: Notes

alias:
Gary Lucas
Gary Maurice Lucas, Jr.

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Joyner Lucas

wikipedia_title: Joyner Lucas


text:
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Asahi no kata
Junior First Rank
Midaidokoro

categories: People of Sengoku-period Japan,Feudal Japan,Japanese words and phrases,1516 births,1592 deaths,16th-century Japanese women,Toyotomi clan

paragraph: Ōmandokoro

paragraph: Ōmandokoro (大政所, 1516 – 29 August 1592) was the mother of the Japanese ruler Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

paragraph: Her daughter was Asahi no kata.

paragraph: After her death, she received the Buddhist name Tenzui'in (天瑞院).

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junior First Rank (11 July 1585)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midaidokoro"

description: Mother of Toyotomi Hideyoshi

wikidata_label: Ōmandokoro

wikipedia_title: Ōmandokoro


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Jin dynasty

text: Southern and Northern Dynasties

text: "Jian'an"

text: Cao Cao

text: end of the Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Cao

text: Lady Bian

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Shi Jing

text: Analects

text: Cao Pi

text: Yang Xiu

text: Cao Ren

text: Fancheng District

text: Hubei

text: Guan Yu

text: Ding Yi

text: Cao Rui

text: Cao Cao

text: Cao Pi

text: Jian'an poetry

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Chinese literature

text: era name

text: Chen Si Wang Ji

text: Ming dynasty

text: Seven Steps Verse

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Cao Pi

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Hua Xin

text: Hong Kong

text: TVB

text: Where the Legend Begins

text: Steven Ma

text: Yang Yang

text: Ezra Pound

text: Des Imagistes

text: Han poetry

text: Jian'an poetry

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: List of Chinese language poets

text: The Quatrain of Seven Steps

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 232 deaths,192 births,Cao Wei imperial princes,3rd-century Chinese poets,Cao Cao and immediate family,Cao Wei poets,Han dynasty poets

paragraph: Cao Zhi

paragraph: Cao Zhi () (192 – 27 December 232), courtesy name Zijian, was a prince of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China, and an accomplished poet in his time. His style of poetry, greatly revered during the Jin dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties, came to be known as the "Jian'an" style.

paragraph: Cao Zhi was a son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and laid the foundation for the state of Cao Wei. As Cao Zhi once engaged his elder brother Cao Pi in a power struggle to succeed their father, he was ostracised by his victorious brother after the latter became the emperor and established the Cao Wei state. In his later life, Cao Zhi was not allowed to meddle in politics, despite his many petitions to seek office.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in 192, Cao Zhi was the third son of the warlord Cao Cao and Lady Bian. According to the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi"), Cao Zhi could recite the "Shi Jing", "Analects" and more than ten thousand verses worth of poems before he even turned 20. His literary talent made him a favorite son of Cao Cao in the early stage of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Character and failure.

paragraph: However, Cao Zhi was an impetuous man with little self-discipline. He was also a heavy drinker. On the other hand, his elder brother Cao Pi was a shrewd man who knew how to feign emotions at the right times. Cao Pi also enjoyed a much closer relationship to the servants and subjects around Cao Cao, and they spoke well of him. In 217, Cao Cao eventually picked Cao Pi to succeed himself. This further aggravated Cao Zhi's already eccentric behaviour. He once rode his chariot along the road reserved for the emperor and through the front gate of the palace. This infuriated his father, who had the chariot driver executed.

paragraph: Having chosen a successor, Cao Cao took measures to undermine other contestants. He did this by executing Yang Xiu, a chief adviser to Cao Zhi. This greatly unsettled Cao Zhi, but failed to jolt him back to his senses. On the contrary, he sank further into his drunken habits. In 219, Cao Cao's cousin and leading general Cao Ren was besieged at the fortress at Fancheng (樊城; present-day Fancheng District, Hubei) by Guan Yu. Cao Cao named Cao Zhi to lead a relief force to the rescue, in the hope that the task would instil into the latter a sense of responsibility. However, Cao Zhi was so drunk that he could not come forth to take the order. Cao Cao then gave up on this son.

paragraph: Within months, Cao Cao died. One of the first things Cao Pi did was to do away with Ding Yi (丁儀) and Ding Yì (丁廙), two firm supporters of Cao Zhi. He also sent Cao Zhi, along with the other brothers, away from the capital to a country estate exiling them into the countryside, and prohibited them from taking part in central political issues.

paragraph: Section::::Continued rejection.

paragraph: Prospects for Cao Zhi did not improve after Cao Pi died in 226. He wrote to the second Wei emperor Cao Rui many times, seeking a position to apply his talents. In 232, he even sought a private meeting with Cao Rui to discuss politics. However, Cao Rui probably still considered him a threat to the throne and declined all the offers.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Severely depressed by the setbacks, Cao Zhi soon developed a fatal illness. Aged 41, he quickly died leaving behind instructions for a simple burial.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Despite his failure in politics, Cao Zhi was hailed as one of the representatives of the poetic style of his time, together with his father Cao Cao, his elder brother Cao Pi and several other poets. Their poems formed the backbone of what was to be known as the "Jian'an poetry" style (建安風骨). The civil strife towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty gave the "Jian'an" poems their characteristic solemn yet heart-stirring tone, while lament over the ephemerality of life was also a central theme of works from this period. In terms of the history of Chinese literature, the "Jian'an" poems were a transition from the early folk songs into scholarly poetry.

paragraph: Although "Jian'an" refers to the era name between 196 and 220, Cao Zhi's poems could in fact be categorised into two periods, with the year 220 as the watershed. The earlier period consisted of poems that expressed his ambitions. These poems were optimistic and romantic in nature. On the other hand, his setbacks in political pursuits after the death of his father in 220 gave rise to the grievous tone of his later works.

paragraph: More than 90 poems by Cao Zhi remain today, more than 60 of which are five-character poems (五言詩). These are held in high esteem for their significant influence over the development of five-character poetry in later ages. The most complete collection of Cao Zhi's poems and other literary works is "Chen Si Wang Ji" (陳思王集, "Collection of Works by King Si of Chen"), compiled during the Ming dynasty. One of Cao Zhi's most celebrated poems is "On the White Horse". Written in the early years of his life, the poem portrayed a young warrior who answered fearlessly to the need of his country and reflected Cao Zhi's own aspiration to contribute to his times.

paragraph: br

paragraph: Cao Zhi's most famous poem was the "Seven Steps Verse", often translated as "The Quatrain of Seven Steps".

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", a 14th-century historical novel, was a romanticisation of the events that occurred during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period. Exploiting the complicated relationship among the Cao Cao's sons, especially Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, Luo Guanzhong was able to create a scenario where the elder brother, having succeeded his father, tried to do away with his younger brother.

paragraph: After the death of Cao Cao, Cao Zhi failed to turn up for the funeral. Men sent by Cao Pi found Cao Zhi drunk in his own house. Cao Zhi was then bound and brought to Cao Pi. When Empress Bian, their common birth mother, heard of this, she went to Cao Pi and pleaded for the life of her younger son. Cao Pi agreed. However, Hua Xin then convinced Cao Pi to put Cao Zhi's literary talent to a test. If Cao Zhi failed the test, it would be excuse enough to put him to death, Hua Xin suggested.

paragraph: Cao Pi agreed and held audience with Cao Zhi, who in great trepidation bowed low and confessed his faults. On the wall there was a painting of two oxen fighting, one of which was falling into a well. Cao Pi told his brother to make a poem based on the painting after walking seven paces. However, the poem was not to contain explicit reference to the subjects of the drawing.

paragraph: Cao Zhi took seven paces as instructed, and the poem was already formulated in his heart. He then recited:

paragraph: However, Cao Pi was not satisfied. He then bade Cao Zhi make another poem on the spot based on their fraternal relationship, without using the word "brother". Not taking a second to think, Cao Zhi recited:

paragraph: Having heard this, Cao Pi was moved to tears. He then let his brother go after merely degrading the peerage of the latter as a punishment.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: In 2002, Hong Kong's TVB produced the television drama, "Where the Legend Begins", featuring Cao Zhi as the intelligent and compassionate protagonist. Steven Ma played the role of Cao Zhi in the series. There is also a 2013 Chinese television series produced by Huace Film and TV, starring Yang Yang as Chao Zhi.

paragraph: Cao Zhi (Ts'ao Chih) may be the titular figure of Ezra Pound's poem 'Ts'ai Chi'h', included in "Des Imagistes" (1914).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Han poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jian'an poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese language poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Quatrain of Seven Steps"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Cao Wei prince and poet

wikidata_label: Cao Zhi

wikipedia_title: Cao Zhi


text: Czech

text: Jan Hus

text: Hussite

text: Radical Hussite

text: Taborites

text: national hero

text: Borovany

text: Kingdom of Bohemia

text: Chamberlain

text: Sofia of Bavaria

text: Battle of Grunwald

text: Radzyń

text: Teutonic Order

text: civil wars

text: Wenceslas IV

text: Battle of Kutná Hora

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Hungary

text: A monument

text: Prague

text: victory on this hill in 1420

text: equestrian statue

text: Battle of Grunwald

text: Medieval Europe

text: Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War

text: Kingdom of Poland

text: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

text: Władysław Jagiełło

text: Vytautas

text: Teutonic Knights

text: Ulrich von Jungingen

text: war reparations

text: Hussite Wars

text: Hussites

text: proto-Protestant

text: Charles University

text: Prague

text: Jan Hus

text: armistice

text: Sigismund

text: House of Luxemburg

text: Plzeň

text: Sudoměř

text: Tábor

text: hejtman

text: fortification

text: ditch

text: soldiers

text: crossbow

text: handgun

text: pikes

text: flails

text: pistol

text: gunpowder

text: wagenburg

text: Battle of Grunwald

text: Hussite Wars

text: Hussites

text: Catholic Church

text: excommunicated

text: Council of Constance

text: burned at the stake

text: First Defenestration of Prague

text: King Wenceslaus IV

text: Sigismund

text: Hungary

text: Bohemia

text: Pope Martin V

text: crusade

text: John Wycliffe

text: heretic

text: Prague

text: Europe

text: agricultural flail

text: flail

text: Taborites

text: Vítkov

text: Žižkov

text: Tábor

text: Vyšehrad

text: Hradčany

text: Battle of Vyšehrad

text: famine

text: Pankrác

text: Oldřich II of Rožmberk

text: Grand Duke of Lithuania

text: Vytautas

text: estates

text: Moravia

text: Čáslav

text: Adamites

text: Litoměřice

text: Rábí

text: Kutná Hora

text: Kolín

text: Německý Brod

text: Utraquist

text: Hořice

text: Konopiště

text: Sigismund Korybut

text: Hradec Králové

text: Strachov

text: Hungary

text: Skalice

text: Malešov

text: John of Rokycany

text: Moravia

text: Přibyslav

text: Piccolomini

text: Prokop the Great

text: George Sand

text: Alois Jirásek

text: Otakar Vávra

text: Zdenek Stepánek

text: Jan Hus

text: Jan Žižka

text: Against All

text: Knights of the Teutonic Order

text: Tadeusz Schmidt

text: Na Žižkově válečném voze

text: Ilja Prachař

text: Jan Žižka

text: Petr Jákl

text: WWII

text: Yugoslav partisan

text: Slavonia

text: Höfler

text: Šmahel

categories: 1424 deaths,Czech revolutionaries,1360 births,15th-century deaths from plague (disease),People from the Kingdom of Bohemia,People in the Battle of Grunwald,People of the Hussite Wars,Czech generals,Hussite people,People from Borovany,Jan Žižka,Blind people from the Czech Republic,15th-century soldiers,Czech military leaders

paragraph: Jan Žižka

paragraph: Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha (; ; ) ( 1360 – 11 October 1424) was a Czech general, a contemporary and follower of Jan Hus, Hussite military leader, and later also a Radical Hussite who led the Taborites. Žižka is held to be one of the most renowned military leaders by many historians and today he is widely considered a Czech national hero.

paragraph: He was born in the small village of Trocnov (now part of Borovany) in the Kingdom of Bohemia into an aristocratic family. He was nicknamed "One-eyed Žižka". From his youth, he was attached to the royal court and held the office of Chamberlain to Queen Sofia of Bavaria.

paragraph: He fought in the Battle of Grunwald (July 15, 1410), where he defended Radzyń against the Teutonic Order. Later he played a prominent role in the civil wars in Bohemia during the reign of Wenceslas IV. Žižka's tactics were unorthodox and innovative. In addition to training and equipping his army according to their abilities, he used armored wagons armed with small cannons and muskets, presaging the tank of five hundred years later. He was also a master at using geography to its full advantage as well as managing the discipline of his troops.

paragraph: In the Battle of Kutná Hora (1421) he defeated the army of the Holy Roman Empire and Hungary. The effectiveness of field artillery against the royal cavalry in the battle turned field artillery into a firm part of Hussite armies.

paragraph: Žižka is considered to be among the greatest military leaders and innovators of all time. His accomplishments in this regard are especially unique and noteworthy as he had to quickly train peasants to repeatedly face highly trained and armored opponents who usually severely outnumbered his own troops, and for this, some have considered him to be the greatest general in history.

paragraph: A monument was erected on the Vítkov Hill in Prague to honor Jan Žižka and his victory on this hill in 1420. It is the third largest bronze equestrian statue in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Grunwald.

paragraph: Žižka was on the winning side of the Battle of Grunwald, also called the 1st Battle of Tannenberg, one of the largest battles in Medieval Europe. It was fought on July 15, 1410, during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King of Poland Władysław Jagiełło and Grand Duke Vytautas (Witold), decisively defeated the Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership were killed or taken prisoner. The Knights never recovered their former power and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in their lands. The battle shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to prominence.

paragraph: Žižka was the military leader of the Hussites in the Hussite Wars. The Hussites were a proto-Protestant, Christian movement following the teachings of Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague, Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415). On November 13, 1419 a temporary armistice was concluded between the partisans of King Sigismund, the last Emperor of the House of Luxemburg and the citizens of Prague. Žižka disapproved of this compromise and left Prague for Plzeň, one of the richest cities of the kingdom with his followers, but soon left that city. On March 25, 1420 he defeated the partisans of Sigismund at Sudoměř, the first pitched battle of the Hussite wars. He later arrived at Tábor, the then-recently established stronghold of the Hussite movement. The ecclesiastical organization of Tabor had a somewhat puritanical character with a very strict military discipline being instituted though the government was established on a thoroughly democratic basis. Žižka took a large part in the organization of the new military community and became one of the four captains of the people ("hejtman") who were at its head.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to prominence.:Wagenburg tactics.

paragraph: Žižka helped develop tactics of using wagon forts, called "vozová hradba" in Czech or "Wagenburg" by the Germans, as mobile fortifications. When the Hussite army faced a numerically superior opponent they prepared carts for the battle by forming them into squares or circles. The carts were joined wheel to wheel by chains and positioned aslant, with their corners attached to each other, so that horses could be harnessed to them quickly, if necessary. In front of this wall of carts a ditch was dug by camp followers. The crew of each cart consisted of 16–22 soldiers: 4–8 crossbowmen, 2 handgunners, 6–8 soldiers equipped with pikes or flails (the flail was the Hussite "national weapon"), 2 shield carriers and 2 drivers.

paragraph: The Hussites' battle consisted of two stages, the first defensive, the second an offensive counterattack. In the first stage the army placed the carts near the enemy army and by means of artillery fire provoked the enemy into battle. The artillery would usually inflict heavy casualties at close range.

paragraph: In order to avoid more losses, the enemy knights finally attacked. Then the infantry hidden behind the carts used firearms and crossbows to ward off the attack, weakening the enemy. The shooters aimed first at the horses, depriving the cavalry of its main advantage. Many of the knights died as their horses were shot and they fell.

paragraph: As soon as the enemy's morale was lowered, the second stage, an offensive counterattack, began. The infantry and the cavalry burst out from behind the carts striking violently at the enemy, mostly from the flanks. While fighting on the flanks and being shelled from the carts the enemy was not able to put up much resistance. They were forced to withdraw, leaving behind dismounted knights in heavy armor who were unable to escape the battlefield. The enemy armies suffered heavy losses and the Hussites soon had the reputation of not taking captives.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to prominence.:Gunpowder weapons.

paragraph: The Hussite wars also marked the earliest successful use of pistols on the battlefield and Žižka was an innovator in the use of gunpowder. He was the first European commander to maneuver on the field with cannon of medium caliber mounted on carts in between the wagons. The Czechs called the handgun a "píšťala", and anti-infantry field guns "houfnice", from which the English words "pistol" and "howitzer" have been derived. The Germans had just started corning gunpowder, making it suitable for use in smaller, tactical weapons. A musketeer on an open field armed with only a single-shot weapon was no match for a charging knight on a horse; however, from behind a castle wall, or from within the enclosure of the wagenburg, massed and disciplined gunmen could use the handgun to its greatest potential. From his experiences at the Battle of Grunwald, Žižka knew exactly how his enemies would attack, and he found new ways to defeat forces numerically superior to his own.

paragraph: Section::::Hussite Crusades.

paragraph: The Hussite Wars were fought to win recognition of faith of the Hussites, the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation, and though predominantly a religious movement, it was also propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. The Catholic Church deemed Hus's teachings heretical. He was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake in 1415. The wars proper began in July 1419, with the First Defenestration of Prague, when protesting Hussites threw the town councillors and the judge out the windows of the New Town Hall. It has been reputed that King Wenceslaus IV was so stunned by the defenestration that he died from the shock shortly afterward on 16 August 1419. This led to the armed conflict in which Žižka would earn his fame.

paragraph: Section::::Hussite Crusades.:The first anti-Hussite crusade.

paragraph: King Sigismund was king of Hungary but only the titular king of Bohemia. Sigismund had acquired a claim on the Bohemian crown, though it was then in question (and remained so till much later) whether Bohemia was a hereditary or an elective monarchy, especially as the line through which Sigismund claimed the throne had accepted that the Kingdom of Bohemia was an elective monarchy elected by the nobles, and thus the regent of the kingdom (Čeněk of Wartenberg) also explicitly stated that Sigismund had not been elected as reason for Sigismund's claim to not be accepted. A firm adherent of the Church of Rome, Sigismund was successful in obtaining aid from Pope Martin V, who issued a bull on 17 March 1420 which proclaimed a crusade “for the destruction of the John Wycliffe, Hussites and all other heretics in Bohemia". Sigismund and many German princes arrived before the walls of Prague on June 30 at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the possibility of pillage. They immediately began a siege of the city and Žižka was compelled to defend the Kingdom. He was a pragmatist in developing his military strategy. His army consisted of farmers and peasants, lacking both the funds and equipment to be classic soldiers with sword, horse and armor, so Žižka used their farmers' skills to boost their military efficiency. He adapted the tools of agriculture into the tools of war. The agricultural flail was transformed into the flail.

paragraph: Menaced by Sigismund, the citizens of Prague entreated the Taborites for assistance. Led by Žižka and their other captains, the Taborites set out to take part in the defence of the capital. At Prague, Žižka and his men took up a strong position on the hill just outside the city known as the Vítkov, now in Žižkov, a district of Prague named after the battle in his honour. On July 14 the armies of Sigismund made a general attack. A strong German Crusader-led force assaulted the position on the Vítkov, the stronghold that secured the Hussite communications with the open country. Thanks to Žižka's personal leadership, the attack was thrown back and the forces of Sigismund abandoned the siege. On August 22 the Taborites left Prague and returned to Tábor. Though Sigismund had retired from Prague, the castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany remained in possession of his troops. The citizens of Prague laid siege to the Vyšehrad (see Battle of Vyšehrad), and towards the end of October the garrison was on the point of capitulating through famine. Sigismund attempted to relieve the fortress, but was decisively defeated by the Hussites on November 1 near the village of Pankrác. The castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany now capitulated, and shortly afterwards almost all Bohemia fell into the hands of the Hussites.

paragraph: Žižka now engaged in constant warfare with the partisans of Sigismund, particularly with the powerful Romanist, Oldřich II of Rožmberk. Through this struggle, the Hussites obtained possession of the greater part of Bohemia from Sigismund. It was proposed to elect the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas to the throne. However, the estates of Bohemia and Moravia met at Čáslav on June 1, 1421 and decided to appoint a provisional government, consisting of twenty members chosen from all the political and religious parties of the country. Žižka, who took part in the deliberations at Čáslav, was elected as one of the two representatives of Tábor.

paragraph: Žižka summarily suppressed some disturbances on the part of a fanatical sect called the Adamites. He then continued his campaigns against the Romanists and the adherents of Sigismund, and having captured and rebuilt a small castle near Litoměřice (Leitmeritz) he retained possession of it, the only reward for his great services that he ever received or claimed. According to the Hussite custom he gave the Biblical name of "Chalice" (Kalich in Czech) to this new possession, and henceforth adopted the signature of "Žižka of the Chalice". Jan Žižka did not capture any more properties for himself during the Hussite Wars. This fact was unusual for the time and distinguished Žižka from his contemporaries.

paragraph: Later that year he was severely wounded while besieging the castle of Rábí, and lost the use of his remaining eye. Though now totally blind, he continued to command the armies of Tábor.

paragraph: Section::::Hussite Crusades.:The second anti-Hussite crusade.

paragraph: At the end of 1421, Sigismund, again attempted to subdue Bohemia and gained possession of the important town of Kutná Hora. The mainly German citizens of the city killed a few of the Hussites in the town and closed the city to Žižka, whose armies were camped outside the city walls. Sigismund's armies arrived and surrounded the Hussites. Žižka was at the head of the united armies of Tábor and Prague and though trapped managed to execute what some historians call the first mobile artillery manoeuver in history. Žižka broke through the enemy lines and retreated to Kolín, but having received reinforcements he attacked and defeated Sigismund's unsuspecting army at the village of Nebovidy between Kolín and Kutná Hora on January 6, 1422. Sigismund lost 12,000 men and only escaped himself by rapid flight. Sigismund's forces made a last stand at Německý Brod (Deutschbrod) on 10 January, but the city was stormed by the Czechs, and contrary to Žižka's orders, its defenders were put to the sword.

paragraph: Section::::Civil war.

paragraph: Early in 1423, internal dissent among the Hussites led to civil war. Žižka, as leader of the Taborites, defeated the men of Prague and the Utraquist nobles at Hořice on April 20. Shortly afterwards came news that a new crusade against Bohemia was being prepared. This induced the Hussites to conclude an armistice at Konopiště on June 24. As soon as the crusaders had dispersed, internal dissent broke out anew. During his temporary rule over Bohemia, Prince Sigismund Korybut of Lithuania had appointed Bořek, the lord of Miletínek, governor of the city of Hradec Králové. Bořek belonged to a moderate Hussite faction, the Utraquist party. After the departure of Sigismund Korybut, the city of Hradec Králové refused to recognize Bořek as its ruler, due to the democratic party gaining the upper hand. They called Žižka to its aid. He acceded to the demand and defeated the Utraquists under Bořek at the farm of Strachov, near the city of Hradec Králové on August 4, 1423.

paragraph: Žižka now attempted to invade Hungary, which was under the rule of his old enemy King Sigismund. Though this Hungarian campaign was unsuccessful owing to the great superiority of the Hungarians, it ranks among the greatest military exploits of Žižka, on account of the skill he displayed in retreat. In 1424, civil war having again broken out in Bohemia, Žižka decisively defeated the "Praguers" and Utraquist nobles at Skalice on January 6, and at Malešov on June 7. In September, he marched on Prague. On the 14th of that month, peace was concluded between the Hussite parties through the influence of John of Rokycany, afterwards Utraquist archbishop of Prague. It was agreed that the now reunited Hussites should attack Moravia, part of which was still held by Sigismund's partisans, and that Žižka should be the leader in this campaign. However, he died of the plague at Přibyslav on October 11, 1424 on the Moravian frontier. According to chronicler Piccolomini, Žižka's dying wish was to have his skin used to make drums so that he might continue to lead his troops even after death. Žižka was so well regarded that when he died, his soldiers called themselves the Orphans ("sirotci") because they felt like they had lost their father. His enemies said that "The one whom no mortal hand could destroy was extinguished by the finger of God."

paragraph: He was succeeded by Prokop the Great.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Žižka appears as one of the main characters in the "Armed Garden" graphic novella ("The Armed Garden and Other Stories") by David B. He is the hero of a novel by George Sand, of a German epic by

paragraph: Meissner, and of a Bohemian tragedy by Alois Jirásek.

paragraph: Jan Žižka is a central figure of the "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by Otakar Vávra. The films starred Zdenek Stepánek as Žižka. It consists of "Jan Hus", "Jan Žižka" and "Against All". Jan Žižka appeared in a 1960 Polish film "Knights of the Teutonic Order". He is played by Tadeusz Schmidt. In 1968 Czechoslovak film "Na Žižkově válečném voze", Žižka was played by Ilja Prachař.

paragraph: A film "Jan Žižka" is currently in works by director Petr Jákl. It will follow Jan Žižka during his youth. It is expected to be released in 2018 and will be the most expensive Czech film.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:World War I.

paragraph: Early in 1917 was created 3rd Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment of the Czechoslovak legions in Russia and named after "Jan Žižka z Trocnova".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:World War II.

paragraph: During WWII a number of military units were named after Jan Žižka. One of them, the 1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka was among the first anti-Nazi guerrilla units in occupied Czechoslovakia. A Yugoslav partisan brigade of the same name was formed in western Slavonia on 26 October 1943 and operated in areas inhabited by a large Czech and Slovak minority.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count Lützow, "The Hussite Wars", J. M. Dent & Sons London, E. P. Dutton & Co. New York (1909).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Höfler, Konstantin, "Geschichtsquellen Böhmens".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heymann, Frederick G. (1969), "John Zizka & the Hussite Revolution", Russell & Russell New York (1955).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen, "The Hussite Wars (1419–36)", Osprey Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Fudge, "The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437: Sources and Documents for the Hussite Crusades" (Crusade Texts in Translation S.).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Šmahel, František, "Die Hussitische Revolution I-III", MGH-Schriften. 43/I-III, Hannover (2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verney, Victor (2009), "Warrior of God: Jan Žižka and the Hussite Revolution", Frontline Books London. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bílek, Jiří (2007), "Hádanky naší minulosti 7. Čtyři Janové a bratr Prokop", Euromedia Group Praha. p. 172–173. .

description: Czech general

wikidata_label: Jan Žižka

wikipedia_title: Jan Žižka


text:
Bamberg
Bamberg State Library
Works by him
Berlin State Library

categories: 1903 deaths,German numismatists,German historians,1841 births,German collectors

paragraph: Emil Marschalk von Ostheim

paragraph: Emil Freiherr Marschalk von Ostheim (16 April 1841, Bamberg - 7 July 1903, Bamberg) was a German historian, numismatist and collector. His book collection can be found at Bamberg State Library.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Bamberger Hofmusik unter den drei letzten Fürstbischöfen". Festschrift zum 50jährigen Jubiläum des Liederkranzes Bamberg, Hübscher Verlag, Bamberg 1885

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Schleicher: "Die Sammlung Marschalk von Ostheim in der Staatsbibliothek Bamberg". In: "Frankenland“, Vol 20, Pages 115-118, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf M. Kloos: "Nachlaß Marschalk von Ostheim Urkunden", in: "Bayerische Archivinventare“, Vol 38, Munich 1974

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by him in the Berlin State Library

description: German historian

wikidata_label: Emil Marschalk von Ostheim

wikipedia_title: Emil Marschalk von Ostheim