text:
Palestinian
Jenin
suicide attack
Maxim restaurant
Israel
Haifa
female suicide bomber
Al-Aqsa Intifada
Islamic Jihad
Yarmouk University
Jordan
Israel Defense Forces
Jenin
Islamic Jihad
Al-Quds Brigades
Koran
Al-Ayyam
Jihad
Arab Lawyers Union
Snow White and The Madness of Truth
installation art
Swedish
Israel
Dror Feiler
Gunilla Sköld-Feiler
Snow White
Bach's
Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut
BWV 199
Zvi Mazel

categories: Palestinian militants,Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine members,2003 deaths,Female suicide bombers,People from Jenin,1975 births,Students who committed suicide,Palestinian female murderers,Palestinian mass murderers,Suicide bombing in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

paragraph: Hanadi Jaradat

paragraph: Hanadi Tayseer Abdul Malek Jaradat () (September 22, 1975 – October 4, 2003), a Palestinian woman from Jenin, blew herself up on Saturday, October 4, 2003 in a suicide attack on Maxim restaurant in the northern Israeli city of Haifa. Twenty-one people were killed and 51 injured. Among the dead were four Israeli children, including an infant, and three Arabs. She was the sixth female suicide bomber of the Al-Aqsa Intifada and the second woman recruited by Islamic Jihad.

paragraph: Section::::Bombing.

paragraph: At the time of her suicide, Jaradat was a law student due to qualify as a lawyer in a few weeks. She had studied law at Yarmouk University in Jordan. Jaradat reportedly carried out the bombing in Haifa as an act of revenge after Israel Defense Forces undercover operatives in Jenin killed her cousin (Salah, 34) and her younger brother (Fadi, 25), both of whom were members of Islamic Jihad, with her cousin being considered to be a senior member of the Al-Quds Brigades group. Earlier, when she was 21, her fiancé had been killed by Israeli security forces. Following the killing of her cousin and brother, Jaradat went into mourning and began study of the Koran and fasting two days a week.

paragraph: The bomb included metal fragments packed around the explosive core, that sprayed around the restaurant, maximizing lethal effect. According to Haifa police sources, the aftermath was gruesome, with some of the dead still sitting upright at their tables, while others, including children and babies, were slammed against the walls. Due to the force of the explosion, all that remained of Jaradat was her head.

paragraph: In response to his daughter's actions, her father Taisir said "My daughter's action reflected the anger that every Palestinian feels at the occupation. The occupation did not have mercy on my son Fadi, her brother. They killed him even though he was not a wanted person, they murdered him in cold blood before Hanadi's eyes." He declined all condolences, instead saying that he was proud of what his daughter had done, and that "I will accept only congratulations for what she did. This was a gift she gave me, the homeland and the Palestinian people. Therefore, I am not crying for her. Even though the most precious thing has been taken from me."

paragraph: In reprisal for the suicide bombing, Israeli forces conducted a raid at 3:00 a.m. on October 5, 2003, during the course of which they demolished the family home of Jaradat and the houses of two of her neighbours.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Jaradat was proclaimed by the Islamic Jihad as the "Bride of Haifa" to honor her "marriage to the soil of her homeland", an honor previously reserved only to men. Within several days of the bombing, trophy cards with her picture, labelled "Hanadi the Bride of Haifa", were being handed out in Gaza.

paragraph: In 2005, the Palestinian daily "Al-Ayyam" published a special supplement entitled "What Did Hanadi Say", consisting of poems honoring Jaradat and calling for Jihad.

paragraph: In October 2012, the Arab Lawyers Union presented their top award to Hanadi Jaradat, and sent a delegation to her family to present them with the award. Ayman Abu Eisheh, who is a member of the Palestine Committee at the Arab Lawyers Union, explained that the ALU were proud of Jaradat, and that her suicide bombing was "in defense of Palestine and the Arab nation."

paragraph: Section::::Snow White and The Madness of Truth.

paragraph: Jaradat was the subject of Snow White and The Madness of Truth, a controversial item of installation art by Swedish, Israeli-born composer and musician Dror Feiler, and his Swedish wife, artist Gunilla Sköld-Feiler.

paragraph: The installation consisted of a portrait of Hanadi Jaradat floating on a small white boat named "Snövit" ("Snow White") in a long pool of blood red water. This tableau was accompanied by written text on nearby walls and the sound of Bach's Cantata 199, "Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut", BWV 199 (English: "My heart swims in blood"). Translated into English, Cantata 199 begins, ""My heart swims in blood / because the brood of my sins / in God's holy eyes / makes me into a monster"".

paragraph: The artwork became the centre of controversy when the Israeli ambassador to Sweden, Zvi Mazel, damaged the installation. After pushing some lightstands into the pool, causing a short-circuit and disabling the light, Mazel told Feiler that "This is not a work of art. This is an expression of hatred for the Israeli people. This has glorified suicide bombers". Further he said to the press that the piece constituted a "complete legitimization of genocide, the murder of innocent people, innocent civilians, under the guise of culture". Feiler rejected charges that their intention was to glorify suicide bombers and accused Mazel of "practicing censorship". He said the installation was made to "call attention to how weak people left alone can be capable of horrible things". Following the incident, Mazel was unrepentant, and said: "I was standing before an exhibit calling for genocide, praising the genocide of me, you, my brothers and sisters."

description: Palestinian suicide bomber

wikidata_label: Hanadi Jaradat

wikipedia_title: Hanadi Jaradat


text:
William Shakespeare
Wilmcote
cadet
Arden family
Warwickshire
Norman Conquest
Snitterfield
dowry
Richard Shakespeare
John Shakespeare
William
Gilbert
Joan
Edmund
Simon de Montfort
King Henry VII
Mary Arden's House
Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Tudor period
Shakespeare Birthplace Trust

categories: 1608 deaths,People from Stratford-upon-Avon,17th-century English people,16th-century women,Women of the Tudor period,17th-century women,Women of the Stuart period,1530s births,Shakespeare family,16th-century English people

paragraph: Mary Shakespeare

paragraph: Mary Shakespeare, née Arden, (c. 1537–1608) was the mother of William Shakespeare. She was the daughter of Wilmcote gentleman farmer Robert Arden, a cadet of the Arden family prominent in Warwickshire since before the Norman Conquest. She was the youngest of eight daughters, and when her father died in 1556 she inherited land at Snitterfield and Wilmcote from her father as a dowry. The house was left to her stepmother Agnes Hill.

paragraph: Richard Shakespeare, the father of John Shakespeare, was a tenant farmer on land owned by her father in Snitterfield. As the daughter of Richard's landlord, she may have known John since childhood. Mary married John Shakespeare in 1557, when she was 20 years old. She bore eight children: Joan (1558), Margaret (1562–63), William (1564–1616), Gilbert (1566–1612), Joan (1569–1646), Anne (1571–79), Richard (1574–1613), and Edmund (1580–1607). Though Mary gave birth to many children, several of them died young. Their first daughter, Joan, born 1558 died; the name being used again for their third daughter. Their second daughter, Margaret, also died in infancy. Some members of the wider Arden family were of the Catholic faith.

paragraph: Mary was from a family of status and her ancestors – such as Thomas Arden, who fought in the thirteenth-century civil war for the Barons and Simon de Montfort; Robert Arden who fought in the War of Roses; John Arden who served on the court of King Henry VII – were well-connected in society.

paragraph: Mary Arden's House in Wilmcote has been maintained in good condition because it had been a working farmhouse over the centuries. It was bought by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in 1930 and refurnished in the Tudor period style.

paragraph: In 2000 it was discovered that the building preserved as Mary Arden's house had belonged to a friend and neighbour, Adam Palmer, and the house was accordingly renamed Palmer's Farm. The house that had belonged to the Arden family – which was near to Palmer's Farm – had been acquired by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in 1968 for preservation as part of a farmyard, without knowing its true provenance. The house and farm are open as an historic museum displaying 16th-century life.

description: mother of William Shakespeare

wikidata_label: Mary Shakespeare

wikipedia_title: Mary Shakespeare


text:
bishop of Limoges
Gregory of Tours
Pope Fabian
Rome
Gaul
Gospel
Gatien
Tours
Trophimus
Arles
Paul
Narbonne
Saturnin
Toulouse
Denis
Paris
Austromoine
Clermont
Roman
pilgrimage
Benedictine order
Abbey of Saint-Martial
library
Cluny
scriptorium
chronicle
Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois
manuscript
Louis XV
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
crypt
pilgrim
hagiography
Saint Peter
Aquitaine
miracle
forgeries
Ademar of Chabannes
Bishop Aurelian
seventy-two disciples
the Last Supper
Golden Legend
Pope Pius IX
Catholic
Saint Valerie of Limoges
carried her head
ergot
Italy
Colle di Val d'Elsa Cathedral
The Cloisters

categories: Bishops of Limoges,3rd-century bishops,3rd-century deaths,3rd-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,Bishops in Gaul,Gallo-Roman saints

paragraph: Saint Martial

paragraph: Saint Martial (3rd century), called "the Apostle of the Gauls" or "the Apostle of Aquitaine", was the first bishop of Limoges. His feast day is June 30.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: There is no accurate information as to the origin, dates of birth and death, or the acts of this bishop. According to Gregory of Tours, during the time of the Emperors Decius Pope Fabian sent out seven bishops from Rome to Gaul to preach the Gospel: Gatien to Tours, Trophimus to Arles, Paul to Narbonne, Saturnin to Toulouse, Denis to Paris, Austromoine to Clermont, and Martial to Limoges. He succeeded in converting the inhabitants to Christianity, and his memory has always been venerated there.

paragraph: Section::::Abbey.

paragraph: Martial died in Limoges and was buried outside the Roman town. As his tomb became progressively more important as a pilgrimage site, the monks found patronage in the Benedictine order in the 9th century. The site became the Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Martial, a great library (second only to the library at Cluny) and scriptorium. The 12th-century chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois worked in its library.

paragraph: The abbaye de Saint-Martial, one of the great pilgrimage churches of western Christianity, was so thoroughly razed in the 19th century, that only the scattered manuscripts of its library remain. Some of said manuscripts had been bought for Louis XV and have come to the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. The original crypt was exhumed in 1966–1970. Twelve Romanesque carved capitals were discovered built into the foundations of a barn and purchased in 1994 for the Museum of the Bishopric of Limoges.

paragraph: Section::::Hagiography.

paragraph: The influx of pilgrims to the abbey where the historical Martial lay buried encouraged the creation of an elaborate hagiography during the 10th century. As the hagiography grew, Martial was moved back in time: now, sent into Gaul by Saint Peter himself, he is said to have evangelized not only the Province of Limoges but all of Aquitaine. He performed many miracles, among others the raising of a dead man to life, by touching him with a rod that Saint Peter had given him.

paragraph: The mythology culminated in the 11th century forgeries of Ademar of Chabannes, The "Life of St. Martial", attributed to Bishop Aurelian, his successor, which was designed to 'prove' that Martial had been baptized by Peter, was one of the seventy-two disciples and present at the Last Supper.

paragraph: In the 13th century compendium of lore, the "Golden Legend", the legendary Martial appears with many miracles, casting out fiends and raising the dead and conducting mass baptisms. As late as 1854, Mons. Buissas, Bishop of Limoges, petitioned Pope Pius IX to bestow on Martial the honors of a disciple of Christ, but was turned down. The full discovery of Ademar's tissue of forged documents, including an imaginary church council and a papal letter, was not revealed until the 1920s, and continued for several generations to be resisted in conservative Catholic circles.

paragraph: Saint Martial also became associated with Saint Valerie of Limoges, a legendary martyr of the 3rd or 4th centuries, who is said to have carried her head to him after decapitation.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: His help was invoked during an epidemic of wide-spread ergot poisoning in Limoges in 994.

paragraph: Martial was particularly honored in Bordeaux, where his pastoral staff was kept in the Basilica Saint-Seurin and used in processions to invoke his aid during outbreaks of pestilence.

paragraph: He is also venerated in Italy, where Colle di Val d'Elsa Cathedral is dedicated to him.

paragraph: The Cloisters has a 12th century stained-glass window of "Saint Martial Founding the Cathedral of Saint-Pierre".

paragraph: St. Martial's chapel at the Papal palace in Avignon was used for deliberations during conclaves. Saint-Martial Temple, a gothic church in Avignon was completed in 1402.

description: French bishop and saint

wikidata_label: Saint Martial

wikipedia_title: Saint Martial


text:
monk
composer
literary forger
Chabannes
Haute-Vienne
département
Abbey Saint-Martial de Limoges
Saint-Cybard
Angoulême
Jerusalem
pilgrimage
Saint Martial of Limoges
cantor
Pharamond
Liber Historiae Francorum
Fredegar
Annales regni Francorum
Chronicon Aquitanicum
Saint Martial
bishop
Christianized
Limoges
apostles
Bishop Aurelian
F-Pn
1121
bishop
abbot
mass
liturgy
Benedict of Chiusa
Louis Saltet
local school
St. Martial Abbey
tonaries
F-Pn
1121
909
tropes
Don Wright Faculty of Music
University of Western Ontario
Adémar de Chabannes on Find A Grave

categories: French male composers,11th-century Latin writers,French historians,11th-century historians,1034 deaths,Tonaries,French composers,French Christian monks,11th-century French writers,People from Haute-Vienne,French male non-fiction writers,Forgers,989 births

paragraph: Adémar de Chabannes

paragraph: Adémar de Chabannes (sometimes "Adhémar de Chabannes") (c. 9891034) was an eleventh-century French monk, a historian, a musical composer and a successful literary forger.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Adémar was born at Chabannes, a village in today's Haute-Vienne "département" of France. Educated at the Abbey Saint-Martial de Limoges, he passed his life as a monk, both there and at the monastery of Saint-Cybard at Angoulême. Adémar died around 1034, most probably at Jerusalem, where he had gone on a pilgrimage.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: When Adémar joined the Abbey Saint Martial of Limoges, he was educated by his uncle Roger de Chabannes, cantor of the Abbey between 1010 until his death in 1025. Adémar learned calligraphy, to read, to compose and to notate liturgical chant, to compile and to revise liturgical books, and to compose and to write liturgical poetry, homilies, chronicles and hagiography. His life was mainly spent in writing and transcribing chant books and chronicles, and his principal work is a history entitled "Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum" or "Historia Francorum". This is in three books and deals with Frankish history from the reign of Pharamond, king of the Franks, to 1028. The first two books are scarcely more than a copy of earlier histories of Frankish kings, such as the "Liber Historiae Francorum", the "Continuation" of Fredegar and the "Annales regni Francorum". The third book, which deals with the period from 814 to 1028, is of considerable historical importance. It relies partly on the "Chronicon Aquitanicum", to which Adémar himself added a final notice for the year 1028.

paragraph: Section::::Forgery.

paragraph: He embraced the developing tale that Saint Martial, the third century bishop who Christianized the Limoges district, had actually lived centuries earlier, and was in fact one of the original apostles. And he supplemented the less than scanty documentation for the alleged 'apostolicity' of Martial, first with a forged "Life" of Martial, as if composed by Martial's successor, Bishop Aurelian. To effect this claim, he composed an "Apostolic Mass" that still exists in Adémar's own hand (F-Pn lat. 1121, ff. 28v-32v). The local bishop and abbot seem to have cooperated in the project and the mass was first sung on Sunday, August 3, 1029.

paragraph: Unfortunately for Adémar, the liturgy was disrupted by a travelling monk, Benedict of Chiusa, who denounced the improved "Vita" of Martial as a provincial forgery and the new liturgy as offensive to God. The word spread, and the promising young monk was disgraced. Adémar's reaction was to build forgery upon forgery, inventing a Council of 1031 that confirmed the 'apostolic' status of Martial, even a forged papal letter. The reality of this pathological tissue of forgeries was only unravelled in the 1920s, by a historian, Louis Saltet. Mainstream Catholic historians ignored Saltet's revelations until the 1990s.

paragraph: In the long run, Adémar was successful. By the late 11th century, Martial was indeed venerated in Aquitaine as an apostle, though his legend was doubted elsewhere. In a very direct way, Adémar's Mass shows the power of liturgy to effect worship.

paragraph: Section::::Works and legacy.

paragraph: Adémar composed his musical Mass and office according to the local school of his uncle Roger who worked as a cantor between 1010 until his death in 1025 at St. Martial Abbey using those modal patterns, as they have been documented in the tonaries of the new troper-prosers (F-Pn lat. 1121, 909), chant books to which Adémar had partly contributed as a notator. Concerning the Apostolic feast of the patron he composed as well the hymns as the music which had become the metier of a cantor at Saint Martial. For this liturgical occasion which he had to create, he contributed like other cantors with own compositions, especially in the tropes (extended musical items added to existing liturgical texts).

paragraph: According to James Grier, Professor of Music History in the Don Wright Faculty of Music at the University of Western Ontario, Adémar was the first person to write music using the musical notation still in use today. He placed the musical notes above the text, higher or lower according to the pitch. Professor Grier states that "Placement on the vertical axis remains the standard convention for indicating pitch in notation in Western culture and there is far greater weight on pitch than on many other elements such as dynamics and timbre". Therefore, in discovering this document written around 1000 years in the past, Professor Grier turns Adémar in one of the first—if not the first—to write music using "modern" notation.

paragraph: Section::::Primary sources.

paragraph: Section::::Primary sources.:Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum" or "Historia Francorum", ed. Jules Chavanon. "Chronicon". Collection des textes pour servir à l'étude et à l'enseignement de l'histoire 20. Paris, 1897.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sermons, ed. and tr. Edmond Pognon, "L’an mille. Oeuvres de Liutprand, Raoul Glaber, Adémar de Chabannes, Adalberon [et] Helgaud". Mémoires du passé pour servir au temps présent 6. Paris, 1947.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holland, Tom. "Millennium". London: Abacus, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leyser, Karl. "The Ascent of Latin Europe." In "Communications and Power in Medieval Europe. The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries" London, 1994. Inaugural lecture, first published as Karl Leyser, "The Ascent of Latin Europe". Oxford, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Grier, "Hoax, History, and Hagiography in Adémar de Chabannes's Texts for the Divine Office," in Robert A. Maxwell (ed), "Representing History, 900–1300: Art, Music, History" (University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University press, 2010),

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adémar de Chabannes on Find A Grave

wikidata_label: Adémar de Chabannes

wikipedia_title: Adémar de Chabannes


text:
Svilajnac
Serbia
Bela Crkva, Krupanj
Podrinje
Politika
Slovene
Carniola
Franc Ribnikar
Vladislav Ribnikar
Belgrade
Romania
Peasant revolt of 1907
Friedjung process
Vienna
Balkan Wars

categories: Royal Serbian Army soldiers,Serbian people of Slovenian descent,1878 births,Serbian military personnel killed in World War I,Serbian journalists,Serbian military personnel of World War I,Serbian military personnel of the Balkan Wars,1914 deaths

paragraph: Darko F. Ribnikar

paragraph: Davorin "Darko" F. Ribnikar (May 16. (3.) 1878 in Svilajnac, Serbia — August 31, 1914 in Bela Crkva, Krupanj/Podrinje, Serbia) was the editor in chief of the Serbian newspaper "Politika".

paragraph: Darko was the youngest son of the renowned Slovene physician from Carniola, Franc Ribnikar and brother of Vladislav Ribnikar. He was educated in Svilajnac and Belgrade. He graduated in law in Germany (Berlin and Jena). After the death of his father, in 1905, he returned to Belgrade to assist his brother Vladislav with "Politika". He was editor in chief for the newspaper but also served as special correspondent in Romania during the Peasant revolt of 1907 and during the Friedjung process in Vienna in 1909.

paragraph: As a reserve officer of the Serbian army he participated in both Balkan Wars. He was killed in action by an enemy shell in the beginning of Austro-Hungarian invasion on Serbia in World War I, on August 31, 1914.

description: Serbian journalist

wikidata_label: Darko F. Ribnikar

wikipedia_title: Darko F. Ribnikar


text: Hindi

text: India

text: Meera

text: Chhayavaad

text: Hindi poetry

text: Kavi sammelan

text: Farrukhabad

text: Subhadra Kumari Chauhan

text: Allahabad University

text: Convent

text: Subhadra Kumari Chauhan

text: poetry seminars

text: Sanskrit

text: Hindi

text: Buddhist nun

text: Allahabad

text: Chhayavaad

text: Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'

text: Jaishankar Prasad

text: Sumitranandan Pant

text: Yama

text: Central Board of Secondary Education

text: Padma Bhushan

text: Sahitya Akademi Fellowship

text: Jnanpith Award

text: Padma Vibhushan

text: Mahadevi Verma at Kavita Kosh

text: Mahadevi Verma at Indohistory

text: Mahadevi Verma at Anubhuti

categories: 20th-century Indian educational theorists,Indian women short story writers,20th-century Indian novelists,Novelists from Uttar Pradesh,Poets from Uttar Pradesh,1987 deaths,Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship,1907 births,Hindi-language writers,Indian women novelists,University of Allahabad alumni,Recipients of the Jnanpith Award,Women educators from Uttar Pradesh,20th-century Indian short story writers,Indian women poets,20th-century Indian poets,20th-century Indian women writers,Hindi poets,Writers from Allahabad,Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education,Women writers from Uttar Pradesh,Indian women educational theorists,Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education,People from Farrukhabad

paragraph: Mahadevi Varma

paragraph: Mahadevi Verma (26 March 1907 – 11 September 1987) was a Hindi poet, freedom fighter and educationist from India. She is widely regarded as the "modern Meera". She was a major poet of the "Chhayavaad", a literary movement of romanticism in modern Hindi poetry ranging from 1914–1938 and a prominent poet in Hindi Kavi sammelans (Gatherings of poets).

paragraph: She was the Principal, and then the Vice-Chancellor of Prayag Mahila Vidyapeeth, a woman's residential college in Allahabad.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Mahadevi Verma was born on 26 March 1907 in Farrukhabad.

paragraph: Her marriage was arranged and conducted when she was nine years old, in 1916; however, she remained at her parental home and continued her education at Crossthwaite Girls' School in Allahabad. At this school, she met fellow student Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, who would later go on to become a prominent Hindi writer and poet, like Verma herself. She stayed with her parents while her husband studied in Lucknow to complete his education, during that time, she received her higher education at the Allahabad University and passed her B.A.examination in 1929 and completed her master's degree-M.A. in Sanskrit in 1933.

paragraph: Mahadevi was originally admitted to a Convent school, but upon protests and an unwilling attitude, she took admission in Crosthwaite Girls College in Allahabad. According to Mahadevi, she learned the strength of unity in the hostel at Crosthwaite, where students of different religions lived together and the mess was also according to the religious requirement. Mahadevi started to write poems secretly; but upon discovery of her hidden stash of poems by her roommate and senior Subhadra Kumari Chauhan (known in the school for writing poems), her hidden talent was exposed. Mahadevi and Subhadra now started to write poems together in their free time.

paragraph: She and Subhadra also used to send poems to publications such as weekly magazines and managed to get some of their poems published. Both poets also attended poetry seminars, where they met eminent Hindi poets, and read out their poems to the audience. This partnership continued till Subhrada graduated from Crosthwaite.

paragraph: In her childhood biography Mere Bachpan Ke Din (My Childhood Days), Mahadevi Verma has written that at a time when a girl child was considered a burden upon the family, she was very fortunate to be born into a liberal family. Her grandfather reportedly had the ambition of making her a scholar; although he insisted that she comply with tradition and marry at the age of nine, her mother was fluent in Sanskrit and Hindi, and very religious. Mahadevi credits her mother for inspiring her to write poems, and to take an interest in literature.

paragraph: Following her graduation in 1929, Mahadevi Verma's husband Dr. Swarup Narain Verma refused to live with her as she was not that good looking; she even unsuccessfully tried to convince him to remarry. She is reported to have considered becoming a Buddhist nun but eventually chose not to, although she studied Buddhist Pali and Prakrit texts as part of her master's degree.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Professional life.

paragraph: In 1930 Verma began teaching at village schools around Allahabad. Although she did not actively participate in political activities, particularly in Gandhian civil disobedience campaigns in Allahabad at this time, she adopted Gandhian ideals, including giving up speaking in English, and dressing primarily in khadi. She was appointed as the first headmistress of "Allahabad (Prayag) Mahila Vidyapeeth" in 1933, a private college which was started with a view to imparting cultural and literary education to girls through the Hindi medium. Later, she became the chancellor of this institute. During her time at the Prayag Mahila Vidyapeeth, she organised several conferences of poets, or "Kavi Sammelans", as well as a conference for writers of short stories ("Galpa Sammelan") in 1936, that was presided over by writer Sudakshina Varma.

paragraph: She also continued to write extensively while teaching, including editorials for the Hindi magazine "Chand", which she contributed to, edited, and also illustrated.

paragraph: in the value of their literary contributions. These editorials were later collected and published in a volume titled "Srinkhala ke Kariyan" (The Links of Our Chains) in 1942.

paragraph: After the death of her husband in 1966, she moved permanently to Allahabad and lived there until her death.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Varma is considered to be one of the four major poets of the "Chhayavaadi" school of the Hindi literature, others being Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Jaishankar Prasad and Sumitranandan Pant. She drew a number of illustrations for her poetic works like Yama. One of her other works is "Neelkanth" which talks about her experience with a peacock, which is included as a chapter into the syllabus of Central Board of Secondary Education for 7th graders. She has also written Gaura which is based on her real life, in this story she wrote about a beautiful cow. Mahadevi Verma is also known for her childhood memoir, "Mere Bachpan Ke Din" and "Gillu", which was inducted into the syllabus of India's Central Board of Secondary Education for the 9th grade. In addition, her poem "Madhur Madhur Mere Deepak Jal" is a part of CBSE curriculum (Hindi-B) for 10th grade. From one of her memoir, ‘Smriti ki Rekhayen', an account of her maid-friend,'Bhaktin'is included in Class 12 Hindi Core syllabus of CBSE.

paragraph: Her Daughter-in-law, Abha Pandey, who is a Central Government Officer is carrying the lagacy of Mahadevi Verma forward.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: Padma Bhushan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: Sahitya Akademi Fellowship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Jnanpith Award for her poetry collection Yama.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: Padma Vibhushan

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gupta, Indra "India's 50 Most Illustrious Women"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahadevi Verma at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahadevi Verma at Indohistory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahadevi Verma at Anubhuti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some poems of Mahadevi Verma (in Devanagari script)

paragraph: BULLET::::- अनहद कृति ई-पत्रिका में 'आधुनिक युग की मीरा' महादेवी वर्मा Mahadevi Verma at AnhadKriti

alias:
Mahadevi
Mahadevi Varma

description: Indian writer, Hindi poet

wikidata_label: Mahadevi Varma

wikipedia_title: Mahadevi Varma


text: Midnapore

text: Bengal

text: Unnao

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: Kavi Sammelan

text: Bengali

text: Sanskrit

text: Mahishadal

text: English literature

text: Lucknow

text: Unnao

text: Ramakrishna

text: Vivekananda

text: Rabindranath Tagore

text: Bohemian

text: schizophrenia

text: Central Institute of Psychiatry

text: Kazi Nazrul Islam

text: Allahabad

text: Daraganj

text: David Rubin

text: Doodhnath Singh

text: Anand Math

text: Nirala at Kavita Kosh

categories: 20th-century Indian poets,People from Allahabad,Hindi poets,People from Unnao,1896 births,Writers from Allahabad,Poets from Uttar Pradesh,People from Paschim Medinipur district,Writers from Uttar Pradesh,Writers from West Bengal,1961 deaths,Hindi-language writers,20th-century Indian male writers,Poets from West Bengal

paragraph: Suryakant Tripathi

paragraph: Suryakant Tripathi, known by his pen-name as Nirala (21 February 189615 October 1961) was a poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer. He also drew many sketches.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Tripathi was born on 21 February 1896 in Midnapore in Bengal (originally from Gadhakola, Unnao, Uttar Pradesh). He participated in literary circles such as the Kavi Sammelan. Though a student of Bengali, Nirala took a keen interest in Sanskrit from the very beginning.

paragraph: Nirala's life, barring short periods, was one long sequence of misfortunes and tragedies. His father, Pandit Ramsahaya Tripathi, was a government servant and was a tyrannical person. His mother died when he was very young. Nirala was educated in the Bengali medium at Mahishadal, Purba Medinipur. However, after passing the matriculation exam, he continued his education at home by reading Sanskrit and English literature. Subsequently, he shifted to Lucknow and thence to Village Gadhakola of District Unnao, to which his father originally belonged. Growing up, he gained inspiration from personalities like Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda and Rabindranath Tagore.

paragraph: After his marriage at a young age, Nirala learnt Hindi at the insistence of his wife, Manohara Devi. Soon, he started writing poems in Hindi, instead of Bengali. After a bad childhood, Nirala had a few good years with his wife. But this phase was short-lived as his wife died when he was 20, and later his daughter (who was a widow) also expired. He also went through financial troubles during this time. During that phase, he worked for many publishers, worked as proof-reader and also edited "Samanvaya".

paragraph: Most of his life was somewhat in the Bohemian tradition. He wrote strongly against social injustice and exploitation in society. Since he was more or less a rebel, both in form and content, acceptance did not come easily. What he got in plenty was ridicule and derision. All this may have played a role in making him a victim of schizophrenia in his later life and he was admitted to Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi. (Incidentally Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (who was later declared national poet of Bangladesh) had also been admitted to the same institute for schizophrenia.

paragraph: Nirala died in Allahabad on 15 October 1961. The world of Hindi literature is remarkable for ideological and aesthetic divisions. But today, the same reviled Nirala is one of the very few people in Hindi literature who are admired and respected by almost all, across all divisions.

paragraph: Today, a park, "Nirala Uddyan", an auditorium, "Nirala Prekshagrah", and a degree college, "Mahapran Nirala Degree College", in the Unnao District are named after him. His life-size bust has been installed at the main market square of Daraganj, Allahabad, a place where he lived for most of his life. His family still lives in Daraganj, Allahabad. The road on which his modest house was situated is now named "Nirala Marg".

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Many of Nirala's poems have been translated by the late scholar, David Rubin, which are available in the collections, "A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala" (Columbia University Press, 1977), T"he Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets" (Oxford University Press, 1993), and "Of Love and War: A Chayavad Anthology" (Oxford University Press, 2005). "Nirala : Aatmhanta Astha" was a critical analysis of his works written by Doodhnath Singh.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ram Ki Shakti Puja" ("राम की शक्ति पूजा")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dhwani"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apara" ("अपरा")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saroj Smriti" ("सरोज स्मृति")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parimal" ("परिमल")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Priyatam" ("प्रियतम")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anaamika" ("अनामिका", 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geetika" ("गीतिका")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kukurmutta" ("कुकुरमुत्ता", 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adima" ("अणिमा")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bela" ("बेला")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naye Patte" ("नये पत्ते")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archana" ("अर्चना")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geet Gunj" ("गीतगुंज")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aradhana" ("आराधना")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tulsidas" ("तुलसीदास", 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Janmabhumi" ("जन्मभूमि")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jago Phir Ek Bar" ("जागो फिर एक बार")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhikshuk

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apsara" ("अप्सरा")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alka" ("अलका")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prabhavati" ("प्रभावती")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nirupama" ("निरुपमा")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chameli" ("चमेली")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Choti ki Pakad" ("चोटी की पकड़")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indulekha" ("इन्दुलेखा")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kale Karname" ("काले कारनामे")

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Collections of stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chhaturi Chamar" ("चतुरी चमार")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sukul ki Biwi" ("सुकुल की बीवी", 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sakhi" ("साखी")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lily" ("लिली")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devi" ("देवी")

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Essay-collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prabandha-Parichaya" ("प्रबंध परिचय")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bangbhasha ka Uchcharan" ("बंगभाषा का उच्चारण")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ravindra-Kavita-Kannan" ("रवीन्द्र-कविता-कानन")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prabandh-Padya" ("प्रबंध पद्य")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prabandh-Pratima" ("प्रबंध प्रतिमा")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chabuk" ("चाबुक")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chayan" ("चयन")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sangraha" ("संग्रह")

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kullibhat" ("कुल्लीभाट")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Billesur Bakriha" ("बिल्लेसुर बकरिहा")

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anand Math"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vish-Vriksh" (विष वृक्ष)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Krishnakant ka Vil" ("कृष्णकांत का विल")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kapal Kundala" ("कपाल कुण्डला")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Durgesh Nandini" ("दुर्गेश नन्दिनी")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raj Singh" ("राज सिंह")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raj Rani" ("राज रानी")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devi Chaudharani" ("देवी चौधरानी")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yuglanguliya" ("युगलांगुलीय")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chandrasekhar" ("चन्द्रशेखर")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajni" ("रजनी")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sri Ramkrishna Vachnamrit" ("श्री रामकृष्ण वचनामृत")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bharat mein Vivekanand" ("भारत में विवेकानंद")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajyog" ("राजयोग")

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nirala at Kavita Kosh – A large collection of Hindi Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations of Nirala's poems from Hindi into Norwegian and English languages

paragraph: BULLET::::- See all of his currently available books at Pustak.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- The encounter of Nirala with Pt. Nehru and a short biography

description: Indian Poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer

wikidata_label: Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'

wikipedia_title: Suryakant Tripathi


text:
Tremont House
Chicago, Illinois
Grand Pacific Hotel
John B. Drake
Tracy C. Drake
Blackstone Hotel
Drake Hotel
Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Chicago Landmark
Historic Michigan Boulevard District
Magnificent Mile
Blackstone Theatre
Timothy Blackstone
Lebanon, Ohio
harness
Trenton, New Jersey
Pennsylvania
tavern
Cincinnati, Ohio
Chicago
Great Chicago Fire
Michigan Avenue
Republican Party
Union Stock Yards
Chicago & Alton Railroad
Illinois Trust & Savings Bank
Chicago Telephone
Chicago Edison Electric
Jacob Bunn

paragraph: John Drake (1826–1895)

paragraph: John Burroughs Drake (January 17, 1826 – November 12, 1895) was a hotelier who was part owner of the Tremont House hotel in Chicago, Illinois. He managed the Grand Pacific Hotel from 1874–1895. His sons, John B. Drake and Tracy C. Drake were the developers and proprietors of the Blackstone Hotel and Drake Hotel, which are both located along Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. The former is located in the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District and the latter along the Magnificent Mile. The Blackstone Hotel and Blackstone Theatre were built by his sons on the former site of the mansion of his business partner, Timothy Blackstone.

paragraph: Section::::Family and childhood.

paragraph: Drake was born in Lebanon, Ohio, the son of John Burroughs Drake a harness-maker from Trenton, New Jersey, and Nancy (Harry) Drake from Pennsylvania. His father died when he was 11 causing him to have to work in a store, while obtaining a “Common school” education. At 16 he took a job at a Lebanon tavern. In 1845, he embarked to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he worked as a hotel clerk for a pair of hotels.

paragraph: He married Josephine Corey, daughter of Francis Edward Corey on February 24, 1863. They had three sons and two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: By 1855 Drake had saved enough to purchase a quarter interest in leading Chicago hotel, Tremont House. He was the sole owner within 15 years. However, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 burned down the Tremont. At the height of the fire, he made a payment on the Michigan Avenue Hotel at Michigan Avenue and Congress Street. The fire had been directly across the street from the hotel, but it managed to be the only hotel on the South side to escape the great fire. In 1873, he took over the Grand Pacific Hotel. His hotel became the western headquarters of the Republican Party. He eventually diversified into Union Stock Yards, Chicago & Alton Railroad, Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, Chicago Telephone and Chicago Edison Electric. John B. Drake also was a business partner of Jacob Bunn in the establishment of the Chicago Secure Depository Company.

paragraph: He was known for his annual Thanksgiving Game Dinner, which was a celebrated Chicago tradition. The 30th Anniversary party was held in 1885 at the Grand Pacific Hotel for over 500 guests. These dinners continued for more than 50 years as a Chicago social institution.

description: American hotelier

wikidata_label: John Drake

wikipedia_title: John Drake (1826–1895)


text: American

text: educator

text: naturalist

text: University of Wisconsin

text: Williams College

text: University of Massachusetts

text: North Berwick, Maine

text: Phillips Exeter Academy

text: Kappa Alpha Society

text: valedictorian

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Berkshire Medical College

text: Freehold, New Jersey

text: Bowdoin College

text: Massachusetts Senate

text: Paul A. Chadbourne House

text: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: University of Wisconsin-Madison

text: Lectures on Natural History

text: Lectures on Natural Theology

text: Inaugural Address

text: The Hope of the Righteous

text: Paul A. Chadbourne papers

text: Biographical note

categories: Berkshire Medical College alumni,Presidents of Williams College,Writers from Wisconsin,1883 deaths,Leaders of the University of Wisconsin-Madison,19th-century American politicians,1823 births,Writers from Maine,Massachusetts state senators,Writers from Massachusetts,People from North Berwick, Maine,Leaders of the University of Massachusetts Amherst,American naturalists

paragraph: Paul A. Chadbourne

paragraph: Paul Ansel Chadbourne (October 21, 1823 – February 23, 1883) was an American educator and naturalist who served as President of University of Wisconsin from 1867 to 1870, and President of Williams College from 1872 until his resignation in 1881. He was also the second President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (later University of Massachusetts) in 1867 and again from 1882 until his death in 1883.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Chadbourne was born in North Berwick, Maine and attended school at Phillips Exeter Academy. He graduated from Williams College, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society, and became valedictorian in 1848 with Phi Beta Kappa honors. Chadbourne earned his M.D. degree from Berkshire Medical College but never practiced medicine.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Chadbourne initially taught school in Freehold, New Jersey until taking a position at Williams College, where he taught scientific subjects for fourteen years. At Williams College he was the Professor of Chemistry, Botany, and Natural History. Concurrently, he was professor at Bowdoin College, Maine Medical College and Berkshire Medical School.

paragraph: He was President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College from 1866 to 1867, and from 1882 to 1883. He was the President and Professor of Metaphysics at the University of Wisconsin at Madison from 1867 to 1870.

paragraph: Chadbourne served as a member of the Republican party in the Massachusetts Senate from 1865 to 1866.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Following years of pulmonary problems, Chadbourne died on February 23, 1883 while serving as President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

paragraph: The Paul A. Chadbourne House at the University of Massachusetts Amherst is named after him.

paragraph: Chadbourne Hall at the University of Wisconsin-Madison is named after Chadbourne.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lectures on Natural History (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Influence of History on Individual and National Action; Annual Address before the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (1868)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lectures on Natural Theology (1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inaugural Address (1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strength of Men and Stability of Nations; Baccalaureate Discourses, 1873-1877. (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hope of the Righteous (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Instinct: Its Office in the Animal Kingdom, and Its Relation to the Higher Powers in Man (1883)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul A. Chadbourne papers via Williams College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical note via Williams College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wisconsin Historical Society: Term: Chadbourne, Paul Ansel 1823 - 1883

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Wisconsin Madison: Chancellors and Presidents of the University of Wisconsin-Madison

paragraph: BULLET::::- UMass Amherst Libraries: Chadbourne House

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Paul A. Chadbourne

wikipedia_title: Paul A. Chadbourne


text:
Nykøbing
Falster
University of Oslo
hematology
nutrition
Karl-Alexander Island
Franz Josef Land
Order of St. Olav
Order of Dannebrog

categories: Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog,1861 births,1937 deaths,People from Falster,Danish physiologists,University of Oslo faculty,Danish emigrants to Norway,Norwegian physiologists

paragraph: Sophus Torup

paragraph: Sophus Carl Frederik Torup (15 August 1861 – 30 November 1937) was a Danish physiologist who settled in Norway.

paragraph: He was born in Nykøbing in Falster, Denmark, to Jacob Møller Torup and Gregerssine Juliane Marie Simonsen. He was appointed professor in physiology at the University of Oslo from 1889 to 1931. Among his research interests were hematology and nutrition. He made contributed as advicor to polar expeditions, and the Torupa Island, adjacent to Karl-Alexander Island in Franz Josef Land, is named after Torup. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1900, and was Commander of the Order of Dannebrog.

description: Danish-Norwegian physiologist

wikidata_label: Sophus Torup

wikipedia_title: Sophus Torup


text: Robert Burns

text: Kilmarnock

text: East Ayrshire

text: Robert Burns

text: tuberculosis

text: John Goldie the 'Philosopher'

text: Robert Burns

text: Fenwick

text: East Ayrshire

text: Kilmarnock

text: John Goldie the 'Philosopher'

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: Kilmaurs

text: Nitric Acid

text: Kilmarnock volume

text: Highland Mary

text: Gilbert Burns

text: Sir John Graham

text: Sir William Wallace

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Kelso

text: John Goldie (philosopher)

categories: 1758 births,Robert Burns,18th-century Scottish people

paragraph: Robert Muir of Loanfoot

paragraph: Robert Muir (1758–1788) was an estate owner as well as a very close friend and supporter of the poet Robert Burns and was most probably born on the family estate of Loanfoot (NS 415 380) near Kilmarnock in East Ayrshire, Scotland. He was also a wine and spirit merchant and is remembered in Robert Burns' poem titled ""Epitaph on Robert Muir"".

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.

paragraph: Loanfoot House and its small estate no longer exists with only the name Loanfoot Avenue off Irvine Road next to Annanhill House commemorating its previous existence. When Robert inherited the estate from his father it was greatly in debt, however by the time of his death it was solvent. He worked as a wine and spirit merchant in Kilmarnock. Never of a strong constitution Robert died in 1788 at the age of only 29 from tuberculosis.

paragraph: Section::::The Beanscroft Devil.

paragraph: A most unusual story that has Robert Muir as a central participant with John Goldie the 'Philosopher' at its heart is the tale of the 'Beanscroft Devil' set at the time of the poet Robert Burns.

paragraph: Beanscroft Farm lies on Grassyards Road in the parish of Fenwick in East Ayrshire a few miles to the west of Kilmarnock and the farmer there was known as a good, honest, hard work and God fearing member of the community, however strange happenings at the farmhouse and in the byres slowly convinced him and his family that he was being regularly tormented by none other a personage than the Devil himself. The other worldly disturbances had started in a minor way with sounds and movements that could be ascribed to the wind or the cat, however shifting furniture, strange shrieks and howls, etc. could not be so easily dismissed and the strange appearance of moving lights of different colours and the breaking of the ropes that tethered the cattle without signs of cutting were beyond any straight forward explanation. The farmer's son and heir had apparently done his best without success to solve the riddle, but his parents had always stayed rooted to the spot with fear in the farmhouse whilst the son ventured forth.

paragraph: John Goldie the 'Philosopher' was God fearing, but had no truck with the presence on Earth of the Devil and made it known that he could solve this riddle in a Sherlock Holmes style of logical investigation. Despite his reservations the farmer invited him to the farm, accompanied by his friends, Mr Gillies of Kilmaurs the 'New Licht' minister and Robert Muir a Kilmarnock merchant and Kirk elder. After a number of questions relating to possible enemies and an inspection of the broken ropes he declared that this was the work of man and not the Devil. Swearing the farmer to secrecy he advised him to hide in the byre that night. Once darkness had fallen the farmer, hiding in the byre as instructed, became aware of the usual disturbances and suddenly saw a shadowy figure of a man holding a trumpet-like instrument with which he was making the unnatural sounds that had scared him so, rushing forward he seized the culprit only to find that it was his own son.

paragraph: It transpired that the son had some knowledge of chemistry and had made what we would call coloured fireworks and that the ropes had been severed with Nitric Acid, then known as Aqua Fortis (strong water). John Goudie had logically deducted that the son, hoping to scare his father into retirement so that he could run the farm, was the 'Devil on Earth'. The 'philosophers' reputation was greatly enhanced whilst the son was mortified and humiliated to the extent that he left Ayrshire and was never seen in these parts again.

paragraph: Robert Muir first met the bard in 1786, probably at Kilmarnock's Bowling Green House Inn, and subscribed for no fewer that seventy-two copies of the 1786 Kilmarnock volume or ""Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect"" and forty of the 1787 Edinburgh Edition. He therefore played a central part in ensuring the publication of his friends poems. He had tried to take sixty copies of the Edinburgh Edition but Burns, knowing his straightened circumstances, refused him, writing that ""Your affair of sixty copies is also like you: but it would not be like me to comply.""

paragraph: He was one of the first people that Burns informed of the birth of his first twins carried by Jean Armour. Writing from Mossgiel Farm on the following morning of Friday 8 September 1786, Burns said: ""My Friend My Brother, You will have heard that poor Armour has repaid my amorous mortgages double. A very fine boy and girl have awakened a thousand feelings that thrill, some with tender pleasure, and some with foreboding anguish, thro' my soul.""

paragraph: Burns' ""Epitaph on Robert Muir"" :-

paragraph: /div

paragraph: On 13 December 1789 Burns wrote to Mrs Frances Dunlop in the strange 'conscience' letter about Highland Mary. Gilbert Burns wrote that the death of Robert, his closest Kilmarnock friend, in his thirtieth year deeply affected his brother, writing that ""Mr Robert Muir, merchant in Kilmarnock, was one of those early friends that Robert's poetry procured him, and was dear to his heart."" Burns stated that Robert Muir was one of those he hoped to meet :

paragraph: ""if there is a world to come... There should I meet the friend, the disinterested friend of my early life: the man who rejoiced to see me, because he loved me and could serve me - Muir, thy weaknesses were the aberration of Human-nature, but thy heart glowed with everything generous, manly and noble; and if ever emanation from the All-good Being animated a human form it was thine"".

paragraph: Section::::Association with Robert Burns.:Letters to Robert Muir.

paragraph: This correspondence reveals a great deal about the significance of their relationship and gives deep insights into the personality of the poet:

paragraph: A letter of 20 March 1786 had an enclosed a copy of his poem "Scotch Drink" and promised plans for a convivial meeting:

paragraph: ""I hope, sometimes before we hear the Gowk" (Scots for a cuckoo), "to have the pleasure of seeing you, at Kilmarnock, when, I intend we shall have a gill between us, in a Mutchkin-stoup, which will be a great comfort and consolation.""

paragraph: On 18 November 1786 Burns wrote a short note to Robert Muir and enclosed a copy of "Tam Samson's elegy".

paragraph: On 15 December 1786 Burns wrote from Edinburgh saying:

paragraph: ""I am still undetermined as to the future; and, as usual, never think of it. I have now neither house nor home that I can all my own, and live on the world at large. I am just a poor wayfaring Pilgrom on the road to Parnassus; thoughtless wanderer and sojourner in a strange land.""

paragraph: On 20 December 1786 Burns wrote to Robert who had tried to subscribe to sixty copies of the Edinburgh Edition but Burns, knowing his straightened circumstances, refused him, reducing it to forty, writing that ""Your affair of sixty copies is also like you: but it would not be like me to comply.""

paragraph: In 1787 Burns wrote from Stirling expressing his high emotions at visiting the tomb of Sir John Graham of Sir William Wallace fame at Falkirk as well as the site of the Battle of Bannockburn with its borestone where the Royal Standard was raised by Robert the Bruce.

paragraph: On 7 March 1788 Robert Burns wrote to Robert Muir clearly expressing in detail his religious beliefs, also hoping that: ""the Spring will renew your shattered frame and make your friends happy"".

paragraph: ""If we lie down in the grave, the whole nun a piece of broke machinery, to moulder with the clods of the valley — be it so; at least there is an end of pain, care, woes and wants: if that part of us called Mind, does survive the apparent destruction of the man - away with old-wife prejudices and tales! Every age and every nation has had a different set of stories; and as the many are always weak, of consequence they have often, perhaps always been deceived: a man, conscious of having acted an honest part among his fellow creatures; even granting that he may have been the sport, at times of passions and instincts; he goes to a great unknown Being who could have no other end in giving him existence but to make him happy; who gave him those passions and instincts, and well knows their force.""

paragraph: Section::::Micro-history.

paragraph: Robert was a Kilmarnock kirk elder.

paragraph: Burns wrote that Gilbert kerr of Stodrig Farm near Kelso reminded him of Robert Muir.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Goldie (philosopher)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Sources and bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Blair, Anna (1983). "Tales of Ayrshire". London : Shepeard - Walwyn. .

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Boyle, A. M. (1996). "The Ayrshire Book of Burns-Lore". Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Dougall, Charles S. (1911). "The Burns Country". London: A & C Black.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Mackay, Archibald (1880). "The History of Kilmarnock". Kilmarnock : Archibald Mckay.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Mackay, James (2004). "Burns. A Biography of Robert Burns". Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::6. McIntyre, Ian (2001). "Robert Burns. A Life". New York : Welcome Rain Publishers. .

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Purdie, David; McCue Kirsteen and Carruthers, Gerrard. (2013). "Maurice Lindsay's The Burns Encyclopaedia". London : Robert Hale. .

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Wilson, Professor and Chalmers, Robert (1840). "The Land of Burns". Glasgow : Blackie & Son.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video and narration - John Goudie and the Case of the Beanscroft Devil.

wikidata_label: Robert Muir of Loanfoot

wikipedia_title: Robert Muir of Loanfoot


text: women's rights

text: Seneca Falls, New York

text: Joseph Henry

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: greenhouse effect

text: Goshen, Connecticut

text: Troy, New York

text: Goshen, Connecticut

text: East Bloomfield, New York

text: Troy Female Seminary

text: Emma Willard School

text: Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps

text: Seneca Falls Convention

text: Declaration of Sentiments

text: Elizabeth Cady Stanton

text: sunlight

text: Greenhouse effect

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: John Tyndall

text: John Tyndall

text: Proceedings of the Royal Society

text: AAPG

text: University of California, Santa Barbara

text: Elisha Foote

text: Saratoga, New York

text: Mary Foote

text: U.S. Senator

text: John B. Henderson

text: Augusta Newton Foote

text: Barnard College

text: History of climate change science

text: Women in climate change

categories: 19th-century physicists,People from Seneca Falls, New York,19th-century women scientists,People from Goshen, Connecticut,Activists from New York (state),American women's rights activists,1819 births,1888 deaths,19th-century American inventors,Women inventors

paragraph: Eunice Newton Foote

paragraph: Eunice Newton Foote (July 17, 1819 – September 30, 1888) was an American scientist, inventor, and women's rights campaigner from Seneca Falls, New York. She was the first to suggest that changing the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would change its temperature, in her paper 'Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun's rays' at the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in 1856. Because women were not yet allowed to present papers to the Association at that time, Professor Joseph Henry of the Smithsonian Institution spoke on her behalf. In the process, although her experiments did not clearly differentiate between the effect of incident solar radiation and that of long-wave infrared, she detected the root cause of what we now call the greenhouse effect.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Foote was born in 1819 in Goshen, Connecticut but grew up in Troy, New York. Her father was Isaac Newton Jr., originally of Goshen, Connecticut and later a farmer in East Bloomfield, New York and her mother was Thirza. She had six sisters and five brothers.

paragraph: Eunice attended the Troy Female Seminary, later re-named the Emma Willard School, from 1836-1838. Students at the seminary were permitted to attend a nearby science college, which was where Foote learned foundational chemistry and biology. There she was influenced by the textbooks of Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, Emma Willard's sister, who was a female pioneer of women in science, botany expert and third female member of the AAAS.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As a member of the editorial committee for the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, Foote was one of the signatories of the convention's Declaration of Sentiments. She signed with her husband Elisha and was one of five women who prepared the proceedings for publication. Foote was a neighbor and friend of suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Research.

paragraph: Foote conducted a series of elegant experiments that demonstrated the interactions of the sun's rays on different gases. She used an air pump, four thermometers, and two glass cylinders. First she placed two thermometers in each cylinder, then by using the air pump, she removed the air from one cylinder and condensed it in the other. Allowing both cylinders to reach the same temperature, she placed the cylinders in the sunlight to measure temperature variance once heated and under different moisture conditions. She performed this experiment on CO, common air, and hydrogen. Looking to the history of the Earth, Foote theorized that "an atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature ... at one period of its history the air had mixed with it a larger proportion than at present, an increased temperature from its own action as well as from increased weight must have necessarily resulted". Of the gases she tested, Foote concluded that carbonic acid trapped the most heat, reaching a temperature of 125 F. Foote's work was the first description of what we know today as the Greenhouse effect.

paragraph: Foote illustrated her findings in a paper entitled 'Circumstances affecting the heat of sun's rays', which was accepted at the 8th annual American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting on August 23, 1856. It is not clear why Foote did not present her own work at the conference, as women were in principle allowed to speak, but it was given instead by Prof. John Henry of the Smithsonian Institution. Before reading Foote's work, Henry introduced the findings by stating 'Science was of no country and of no sex. The sphere of woman embraces not only the beautiful and the useful, but the true'. Foote's paper was published later the same year under her own name in the American Journal of Arts and Science. That same edition of the journal held a paper by Irish physicist John Tyndall on color blindness.

paragraph: Three years later, John Tyndall reported his own results investigating how different gases trapped the sun's heat, which was published by the Proceedings of the Royal Society, where he was a fellow. “We know nothing of the effect even of air upon heat radiated from terrestrial sources...With regard to the action of other gases upon heat, we are not, so far as I am aware, possessed of a single experiment," he wrote in his paper, not acknowledging Foote's previous experiments. Tyndall has been largely credited as performing the foundational work on the greenhouse effect and climate change science.

paragraph: Foote also worked on electrical excitation of gases, published in the "Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science" in August 1857, and received a patent in 1860 for "filling for soles of boots and shoes".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Publications.

paragraph: Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays (1856 by Saratoga Springs, New York)

paragraph: A symposium about her work, 'Science Knows No Gender: In Search of Eunice Foote Who 162 Years Ago Discovered the Principal Cause of Global Warming' was held May 2018 at University of California Santa Barbara, USA.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Recognition.

paragraph: In 2010, retired petroleum geologist Ray Sorenson came across Foote's work in a 1857 volume of Annual Scientific Discovery. He quickly realized that Foote was the first to make the connection between carbon dioxide and climate change and that her work had gone unrecognized. In January 2011, Sorenson published his findings on Foote in AAPG Search and Discovery, where it received 'more response than any of his other work'. In 2018, a symposium at University of California, Santa Barbara recognized Foote's contribution to climate science and her erasure from the history of the field.

paragraph: Since Foote's work entered the public sphere, there has been much debate over whether Tyndall deliberately used Foote's work without due credit or whether it was just coincidental timing.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On August 12, 1841, she married Elisha Foote, a judge, statistician and inventor in East Bloomfield. Elisha and Eunice lived in Seneca Falls on North Park Street, and later moved to Saratoga, New York. Eunice was described as "a fine portrait and landscape painter". They were the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Foote (1842–1931), an artist and writer who married U.S. Senator from Missouri John B. Henderson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augusta Newton Foote (1844-1904), a writer who wrote "The Sea at Ebb Tide" and was a trustee of Barnard College. She married Francis B. Arnold on March 6, 1869.

paragraph: Eunice and Elisha had six grandchildren, three by each daughter.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of climate change science

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in climate change

description: American atmospheric scientist and civil rights advocate

wikidata_label: Eunice Newton Foote

wikipedia_title: Eunice Newton Foote


text:
Davor
Croatia
bishop
Roman Catholic Diocese of Požega
Davor
Zagreb
Slavonski Brod
Šalata
Pontifical Gregorian University
Pontifical Institute of Sacred Liturgy
Archdiocese of Zagreb
John Paul II
Diocese of Požega

categories: Croatian theologians,Roman Catholic bishops in Croatia,1947 births

paragraph: Antun Škvorčević

paragraph: Antun Škvorčević (born in Davor, 8 May 1947) is a Croatian bishop, leader of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Požega.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Antun Škvorčević was born in a small village of Davor on 8 May 1947 to Ivan and Ljubičica Škvorčević.

paragraph: He enrolled in primary school in Davor, and Zagreb, eventually graduating in Slavonski Brod, after which he attended high school (Classical catholic gymnasium) for future priests on Šalata in Zagreb. Škvorčević graduated from Zagreb Catholic Theological Faculty, where he also gained his master's degree, after which he went to Rome for additional specialization. In 1981 he gained his doctorate in theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University. In addition, he graduated liturgy from the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Liturgy.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Antun Škvorčević was ordered for a priest of the Archdiocese of Zagreb on June 25, 1972. After ordination, he worked as a chaplain in the parish of St. Joseph in Zagreb (1972-1976), lecturer at the Zagreb Catholic Theological Faculty and its institutes (since 1982), Head of the Catechetical Institute of Catholic Theology of the University of Zagreb (1991-1999), and member of the Quorum prebendarian main church in Zagreb (appointed in 1987).

paragraph: On July 5, 1997, Pope John Paul II appointed him Bishop of, at the time, newly founded Diocese of Požega. He was ordered on September 27, 1997.

description: Croatian theologian and catholic priest

wikidata_label: Antun Škvorčević

wikipedia_title: Antun Škvorčević


text:
OP
Italian
cardinal
Roman Catholic Church
Dominican Order
Archbishop of Florence
Florence
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Paolo Augusto Foscolo
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
Pope Leo XIII
Cardinal-Deacon
Santa Maria in Domnica
basilica
Rome
Master of the Sacred Palace
Cardinal-Priest
Santa Sabina
consecrator
Francesco di Paola Cassetta
Nicomedia
Guglielmo Giosafat Giuseppe Pifferi
OSA
Porphyreon
blasphemy
desecration
Mary
Eucharist
Episcopal lineage
Scipione Rebiba
Giulio Antonio Santorio
Girolamo Bernerio
Galeazzo Sanvitale
Ludovico Ludovisi
Luigi Caetani
Ulderico Carpegna
Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni
Pope Benedict XIII
Pope Benedict XIV
Pope Clement XIII
Marco Antonio Colonna
Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
Giulio Maria della Somaglia
Luigi Lambruschini
Pope Leo XIII

categories: 1821 births,Italian cardinals,Italian Dominicans,1899 deaths,Dominican bishops,Dominican cardinals

paragraph: Agostino Bausa

paragraph: Agostino Bausa, OP, (23 February 1821 – 14 April 1899) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A member of the Dominican Order, he served as Archbishop of Florence from 1889 to 1899.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bausa was born in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany in present Italy, on 23 February 1821. He entered the Order of Preachers, better known as the Dominican Order, and was ordained on 24 March 1845 by Patriarch Paolo Augusto Foscolo, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Bausa was raised to the rank of cardinal by Pope Leo XIII on 23 May 1887, at the age of 66. Three days later, he was appointed Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica, a basilica church in Rome.

paragraph: On 17 January 1882, Bausa was appointed Master of the Sacred Palace of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces. He served in that position until 23 May 1887.

paragraph: Two years later, on 11 February 1889, Bausa was appointed Archbishop of Florence, and three days later, was appointed Cardinal-Priest of Santa Sabina. On 24 March 1889, his consecration as Archbishop of Florence took place, with Pope Leo XIII serving as the principal consecrator. Co-consecrators were Archbishop Francesco di Paola Cassetta, Titular Archbishop of Nicomedia, and Bishop Guglielmo Giosafat Giuseppe Pifferi, OSA, Titular Bishop of Porphyreon.

paragraph: His reign was marked by strong opposition to blasphemy and desecration of religious holidays, and strong loyalty to Mary and the Eucharist. He frequently spoke for these causes when visiting parishes and their pastors, as well as by his preaching and his numerous writings.He died on 15 April 1899 at the age of 78.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal lineage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Scipione Rebiba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Girolamo Bernerio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archbishop Galeazzo Sanvitale

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Luigi Caetani

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Benedict XIII

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Benedict XIV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Clement XIII

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Marco Antonio Colonna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Giulio Maria della Somaglia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Luigi Lambruschini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Leo XIII

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Agostino Bausa

paragraph: Section::::Coat of arms.

paragraph: Bausa's coat of arms adorns a corner of the Archiepiscopal Palace of Florence.

wikidata_label: Agostino Bausa

wikipedia_title: Agostino Bausa


text: artisan

text: blacksmith

text: ironwork

text: horseshoes

text: art form

text: Charleston, South Carolina

text: South Carolina Lowcountry

text: Smithsonian Museum

text: South Carolina State Museum

text: Daniel Island

text: South Carolina

text: apprenticeship

text: slave

text: wrought iron

text: balconies

text: grille

text: forged

text: shutter dog

text: fireplace poker

text: cup holder

text: Volvo

text: coat hanger

text: John Michael Vlach

text: American studies

text: George Washington University

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: National Heritage Fellowship

text: blues

text: anvil

text: Charleston, South Carolina

text: David Flander

text: National Heritage Fellowship

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: South Carolina Hall of Fame

text: South Carolina Governor

text: David Beasley

text: Order of the Palmetto

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: National Heritage Fellowship

text: South Carolina General Assembly

text: South Carolina State Museum

text: Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

text: Order of the Palmetto

text: David Beasley

text: Elizabeth O'Neill Verner

text: David Flander Productions

text: Philip Simmons Collection

categories: National Heritage Fellowship winners,1912 births,2009 deaths,American blacksmiths

paragraph: Philip Simmons

paragraph: Philip Simmons (June 9, 1912 – June 22, 2009) was an American artisan and blacksmith specializing in the craft of ironwork. Simmons spent 78 years as a blacksmith, focusing on decorative iron work. When he began his career, blacksmiths in Charleston made practical, everyday household objects, such as horseshoes. By the time he retired 77 years later, the craft was considered an art form rather than a practical profession.

paragraph: Examples of Simmons' work, including iron gates, can be seen throughout the city of Charleston, South Carolina, as well as the rest of South Carolina Lowcountry. His pieces are displayed at the Smithsonian Museum, South Carolina State Museum, and even Paris, France, and China.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Philip Simmons was born on June 9, 1912, in Daniel Island, South Carolina. He was raised by his grandparents, before being sent to Charleston in 1920 to live with his mother when he was 8 years old.

paragraph: Simmons became interested in the craftspeople who lived in his neighborhood, and soon began visiting various workshops near his home. In particular, Simmons became interested in a smithy on Charlotte Street run by Peter Simmons, who was not related to Philip. Philip Simmons soon quit school and began an apprenticeship with Peter Simmons, a former slave, when he was 13 years old. He became a full blacksmith when he was 18 years old, after a five-year apprenticeship.

paragraph: Simmons began working with ornamental and decorative ironwork in 1938 at his own blacksmith shop.

paragraph: In the early 1940s, Simmons began working with a Charleston businessman named Jack Krawcheck. Krawcheck commissioned a wrought iron gate for the rear of his store, which was located on King Street. However, Simmons had to create the gate out of scrap iron because the demand for iron during World War II made it impossible to acquire new iron. This was the first iron gate that Simmons ever crafted and delivered to a customer. The Krawcheck family would ultimately acquire more than 30 iron pieces from Simmons during his career.

paragraph: Though he had begun working on ornamental ironwork in 1938, the Krawcheck gate marked a turning point in Simmons' career as an iron artisan. Over the course of his seven decades long career, Simmons created over 500 separate pieces, including iron balconies, window grilles, fences and gates. For example, Simmons forged and designed five iron gates along Stolls Alley in Charleston alone.

paragraph: Simmons also created smaller, metal objects to supplement his income, including tools, shutter dog and fireplace pokers. In 1970, Simmons created a rather unusual cup holder for a Volvo, which was crafted from a coat hanger.

paragraph: Most of his work was created at his workshop at his home on Blake Street.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Recognition.

paragraph: John Michael Vlach, an author and professor of American studies at George Washington University, penned a biography of Simmons and his work in a 1981 book entitled, "Charleston Blacksmith, The Work of Philips Simmons." The book was re-released as a second, updated edition eleven years later. In a separate essay called, "The Buildings of Charleston," Vlach later wrote of Simmons' career, "At the outset of his career he took orders; now he gives them...In the midst of his time-bound trade and even while preserving the historic appearance of Charleston, he remains his own man. He has found self-expression in the communal tradition."

paragraph: The National Endowment for the Arts bestowed Simmons with a National Heritage Fellowship in 1982. During his acceptance speech at the ceremony, which Simmons gave following a performance by a blues group, Simmons remarked, "My instrument is an anvil. I guess some of you have heard me play ... a tune on the anvil, the old blacksmith tune. ... I'm proud of that anvil, really proud. ... That anvil fed me when I was hungry and that anvil clothed me when I was naked. That anvil put shoes on my feet."

paragraph: Although he officially retired at age 75, Simmons continued to teach his craft to younger artisans late into his life. In 1991, the Vestry of his church, St. John's Reformed Episcopal Church, formed the Philip Simmons Foundation, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization to develop and maintain a commemorative garden on the grounds of the church as a tribute to the man and his work. The church and garden is located at 91 Anson Street in downtown Charleston, South Carolina.

paragraph: A documentary on Philip's life titled "Keeper of The Gate" won the 1995 Southern Emmy Award in the category of Cultural Documentary. It was written and directed by David Flander. David and Philip struck a friendship during filming and remained friends. They would go to local Charleston sporting events together, where Philip was often recognized in the stands by his many fans.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1982, Simmons received a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), which the highest honor the United States can bestow on a traditional artist. On January 31, 1994, he was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame.

paragraph: South Carolina Governor David Beasley bestowed the Order of the Palmetto, the state's highest honor, on Simmons in 1998. He was later awarded the Elizabeth O'Neill Verner Governor's Award for "Lifetime Achievement in the Arts" in May 2001. He was also honored by the South Carolina Legislature for his work.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.:List of awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982, National Endowment for the Arts, National Heritage Fellowship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982, Lifetime Achievement Award, South Carolina General Assembly for "lifetime achievement" and commissions for public sculptures by the South Carolina State Museum and the city of Charleston

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994, South Carolina Hall of Fame, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998, Order of the Palmetto, the highest civilian award given in South Carolina, by Governor David Beasley

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001, Elizabeth O'Neill Verner Governor's Award for "Lifetime Achievement in the Arts"

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Simmons moved from his home to the Bishop Gadsden Retirement Community in Charleston in the spring of 2008. He died there on June 22, 2009, at 9 P.M. at the age of 97.

paragraph: Simmons was survived by his daughter, Lillian Gilliam; his son, Philip Simmons, Jr.; a sister, Rebecca Comings; 16 grandchildren, and many great and great, great grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Endowment for the Arts – Lifetime Honors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Listing from Charleston Area Convention & Visitor Bureau

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Flander Productions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Simmons Collection at the Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture

description: American blacksmith

wikidata_label: Philip Simmons

wikipedia_title: Philip Simmons


text:
Roubaix
Paris
Academic
École des Beaux-arts
Alexandre Cabanel
Death of Bara
Légion d'honneur
Third Republic
Hôtel de Ville
Sorbonne
Hôtel des Monnaies
Limoges
Lyon
Père-Lachaise
Alexandre Descatoire
ArtNet: More works by Weerts
La Piscine
University of Lyon 2
Musée Lorrain
Nancy

categories: 19th-century French painters,1927 deaths,French male painters,History painters,1846 births,Portrait painters

paragraph: Jean-Joseph Weerts

paragraph: Jean-Joseph Weerts (1 May 1846, Roubaix - 28 Septembre 1927, Paris) was a French painter of Belgian origin who worked in the Academic style.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was a mechanical engineer who gave him his first introduction to drawing. Later, in 1858, he attended the Académie des Beaux-arts de Roubaix. With a pension (stipend) from Roubaix, he enrolled at the École des Beaux-arts in 1867, working in the studios of Alexandre Cabanel.

paragraph: He produced nearly 700 works on historical and religious themes.s, tableaux historiques ou d'inspiration religieuse. The "Death of Bara" earned him the Légion d'honneur in 1884. He also decorated a number of public buildings throughout France and participated in several official projects for the Third Republic, including the Hôtel de Ville, the Sorbonne and the Hôtel des Monnaies. He also worked at the Limoges City Hall and the College of Medicine in Lyon.

paragraph: He was buried at Père-Lachaise, and a street in Roubaix was named after him. A monument in his honor was created by the sculptor Alexandre Descatoire and may be seen in Roubaix's Parc Barbieux.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtNet: More works by Weerts

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Piscine exhibits its Weerts" by Didier Rykner from the "Art Tribune"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fresco in the Grand Amphitheater at the University of Lyon 2, 15 meters long, 7 meters high.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France! or the Despair of Alsace and Lorraine, Musée Lorrain in Nancy

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Jean-Joseph Weerts

wikipedia_title: Jean-Joseph Weerts


text:
Nicolas Mignard
Paul Mignard
Avignon
Académie royale d'architecture
Louis XIV

categories: 17th-century French painters,1725 deaths,18th-century French architects,Members of the Académie royale d'architecture,17th-century French architects,1640 births,18th-century French painters

paragraph: Pierre II Mignard

paragraph: Pierre II Mignard (February 20, 1640 – 1725) was a French architect and painter. He was the son of painter Nicolas Mignard and the younger brother of Paul Mignard, a portrait painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pierre II Mignard was born and died in Avignon.

paragraph: In 1671, he became one of the first eight members of the Académie royale d'architecture created by Louis XIV.

alias:
Pierre, II Mignard
Pierre Mignard
Pierre Mignard II

description: French architect

wikidata_label: Pierre II Mignard

wikipedia_title: Pierre II Mignard


text:
Hugh I of Ponthieu
Gisela
Hugh Capet
Adelaide
Arnulf, Count of Holland
count Hugh II
Guy, Bishop of Amiens
Arnold II of Boulogne
The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
Bishop Guy of Amiens

categories: Counts of Ponthieu,11th-century French people,House of Montdidier

paragraph: Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu

paragraph: Enguerrand I was the son of Hugh I of Ponthieu and probably Gisela, daughter of Hugh Capet.

paragraph: He was apparently married twice. By his first wife Adelaide, daughter of Arnulf, Count of Holland he had his heir, count Hugh II, and possibly a son named Robert (although Robert might have been a younger half-brother of Hugh II's). His other sons, Guy, Bishop of Amiens and Fulk (later abbot of Forest l'Abbaye), were evidently sons by the second wife. She has been identified as the wife of a count Arnold II of Boulogne who died in battle against Enguerrand I. He was in his forties when he took the widow of his erstwhile enemy to wife.

paragraph: Enguerrand died around 1045 "at a great age."

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Bishop Guy of Amiens, edited by Catherine Morton and Hope Muntz, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1972.

wikidata_label: Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu

wikipedia_title: Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu


text:
Hugh Capet
France
Saint-Riquier
Abbeville
Gisela
Ponthieu
Gisèle Capet
Hugh Capet
Adelaide of Aquitaine
Enguerrand I of Ponthieu
Arnold II of Boulogne
Norman
The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
Bishop Guy of Amiens
Stoyan
Comtes de Ponthieu & de Clermont

categories: House of Montdidier,1000s deaths,11th-century French people,Counts of Ponthieu,970s births

paragraph: Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu

paragraph: Hugh I of Ponthieu, died circa 1000. He was also known as Hugo Miles.

paragraph: He was chosen by Hugh Capet, duke of France (not yet king), to be "advocate of the abbey of Saint-Riquier and castellan of Abbeville". He also received Hugh Capet's daughter, Gisela, in marriage.

paragraph: Hugh's origins are unknown, and the date which he received his fief is only "ascertainable within broad limits" as c. 980. He is not known to have ever styled himself "Count of Ponthieu".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married c. 994 Gisèle Capet, daughter of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine. His son Enguerrand I of Ponthieu was first to take the comital title after killing Arnold II of Boulogne in battle, sometime between 1024 and 1027, and marrying his widow. Thus, the counts of Ponthieu, who figure prominently in early Norman history, were even newer to their status as landed lords than the Normans. Guy of Ponthieu was also his son: "Guy de Ponthieu, ascendant de Guyonne d'Abbeville."

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: "The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio" of Bishop Guy of Amiens, edited by Catherine Morton and Hope Muntz, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1972.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stoyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comtes de Ponthieu & de Clermont

wikidata_label: Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu

wikipedia_title: Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu


text: Greek

text: historian

text: tyrant

text: Samos

text: Macedon

text: Agathocles of Syracuse

text: Alcibiades

text: Scaeus

text: Olympian Games

text: Athenian

text: cleruch

text: Lysimachus

text: Lynceus of Samos

text: Theophrastus

text: Adamantios Korais

text: Deipnosophistae

text: Athenaeus

text: Macedon

text: battle of Leuctra

text: Lysimachus

text: Plutarch

text: Phylarchus

text: Agathocles of Syracuse

text: Diodorus Siculus

text: Hera

text: Cicero

text: Plutarch

text: Dionysius of Halicarnassus

text: Photius

text: C. Müller

text: F. Jacoby

text: A. Dalby

text: F. W. Walbank

text: Duris of Samos

text: Duris (2)

text: Duris of Samos

text: Encyclopædia Iranica

categories: Ancient Greek tyrants,Hellenistic-era historians,Classical-era Greek historians,4th-century BC births,3rd-century BC historians,3rd-century BC deaths

paragraph: Duris of Samos

paragraph: Duris of Samos (; BCafter 281BC) was a Greek historian and was at some period tyrant of Samos. Duris was the author of a narrative history of events in Greece and Macedonia from 371BC to 281BC, which has been lost. Other works included a life of Agathocles of Syracuse and a number of treatises on literary and artistic subjects.

paragraph: Section::::Personal and political life.

paragraph: Duris claimed to be a descendant of Alcibiades. He had a son, Scaeus, who won the boys' boxing at the Olympian Games "while the Samians were in exile"; that is, before 324BC. From 352 to 324 Samos was occupied by Athenian cleruchs who had expelled the native Samians. Duris therefore may well have been born at some date close to 350BC, and, since his main historical work ended with the death of Lysimachus in 281 BC, must have died at an unknown date after that. Some modern sources assume that the Olympic victor Scaeus must have been the father, not the son, of the historian Duris; hence he is described in at least two encyclopedias as "son of Scaeus". The ancient sources, admittedly meagre, do not support this. Duris was the brother of Lynceus of Samos, author of comedies, letters and the essay "Shopping for Food".

paragraph: Many 20th century works state that Duris was a pupil of Theophrastus at Athens. There is no evidence for this claim other than a conjectural emendation by Adamantios Korais of the text of the "Deipnosophistae" of Athenaeus. The manuscript text says not that Duris studied under Theophrastus, but that his brother Lynceus and Lynceus's correspondent Hippolochus did so.

paragraph: The only recorded fact about Duris's public life is that he was tyrant, or sole ruler, of Samos. How he attained this position, for how long he held it, and what events took place under his rule, are unknown. "His reign was uneventful", Hazel guesses.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Duris was the author of a narrative history of events in Greece and Macedonia from the battle of Leuctra (371BC) down to the death of Lysimachus (281BC). This work, like all his others, is lost; over thirty fragments are known through quotations by other authors, including Plutarch. It was continued in the "Histories" of Phylarchus. Other works by Duris included a life of Agathocles of Syracuse, which was a source for books 19-21 of the "Historical Library" of Diodorus Siculus. Duris also wrote historical annals of Samos arranged according to the lists of the priests of Hera; and a number of treatises on literary and artistic subjects.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:List of works.

paragraph: Parts of eight of Duris's works survive, ranging from 33 fragments of his "Histories" to a single, small fragment from his "On Sculpture". A full listing is:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histories" (also listed as "Macedonica" and "Hellenica"; 33 fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Agathocles" (also listed as "Libyca"; 13 fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of Samos" (22 fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Laws" (2 fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Games" (4 fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Tragedy" (and perhaps "On Euripides and Sophocles"; 2 fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Painters" (2 fragments)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Sculpture" (1 fragment)

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Later opinions.

paragraph: Of those later authors who knew Duris's work, few praise it. Cicero accords him qualified praise as an industrious writer. Plutarch used his work but repeatedly expresses doubt as to his trustworthiness. Dionysius of Halicarnassus speaks disparagingly of his style. Photius regards the arrangement of his work as altogether faulty. By contrast with recent predecessors such as Ephorus, Duris served as the exemplar of a new fashion for "tragic history" which gave entertainment and excitement greater importance than factual reporting. In Plutarch's "Life of Pericles" a telling example is Duris's elaborate (and, according to Plutarch, exaggerated) description of cruelty and extensive destruction at Samos when Athenian forces, led by Pericles, subdued the island.

paragraph: Recent critics, believing that Duris was a pupil of Theophrastus, have attempted either to demonstrate that "tragic history" agreed with the teachings of the Peripatetic school or to analyse Duris's motives for taking a different line from his supposed teachers. The debate was inevitably inconclusive.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Editions of the fragments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Müller, "Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum" vol. 2 (Paris, 1848) pp. 466–488. [Greek with Latin translation and commentary]

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. Jacoby, "Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker" vol. 2A pp. 1136–1158 [Greek text]; vol. 2C pp. 115–131 [German commentary]

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Modern scholarship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. P. Barron, "The Tyranny of Duris of Samos" in "Classical Review" new series vol. 12 (1962) pp. 189–192.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. O. Brink, "Tragic History and Aristotle's School" in "Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society" vol. 186 (1960) pp. 14–19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Dalby, "The Curriculum Vitae of Duris of Samos" in "Classical quarterly" new series vol. 41 (1991) pp. 539–541.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. B. Kebric, "In the Shadow of Macedon: Duris of Samos". Wiesbaden, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. B. Kebric, "A Note on Duris in Athens" in "Classical Philology" vol. 69 (1974) pp. 286–287.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. Landucci Gattinoni, "Duride di Samo". Roma, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Okin, "Studies on Duris of Samos". University of Michigan dissertation, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Okin, "A Hellenistic Historian Looks at Mythology" in "Panhellenica" (Lawrence, Kansas, 1980).

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Pédech, "Trois historiens méconnus: Théopompe, Duris, Phylarque". Paris, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Schwartz, "Duris (3)" in "Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: neue Bearbeitung" (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1894-1980) vol. 5 pt 2 cols 1853-1856.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. W. Walbank, "History and Tragedy" in "Historia" vol. 9 (1960) pp. 216–234.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Baron, Timaeus of Tauromenium and Hellenistic Historiography (2012) pp. 247–255.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Other encyclopedias.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. von Albrecht, "Duris (1)" in "Der kleine Pauly" ed. Konrat Ziegler, Walther Sontheimer (Munich: Artemis, 1975).

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Bowder, "Duris of Samos" in "Who Was Who in the Greek World" (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1982) pp. 101–102.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duris of Samos" in "The Columbia Encyclopedia", 6th ed. (2008).

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Hazel, "Duris (2)" in J. Hazel, "Who's Who in the Greek World" (London, 1999) p. 89.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Schmitt, "Duris of Samos" in "Encyclopædia Iranica". OCLC 311688910

description: Ancient Greek historian

wikidata_label: Duris of Samos

wikipedia_title: Duris of Samos


text:
Italian-American
conductor
pianist
organist
music director
film director
Enrico Caruso
Rosa Ponselle
Giovanni Martinelli
Giuseppe De Luca
Trieste
Trieste
United States
Metropolitan Opera
Berlin Philharmonic
Beverly Sills
Franco Alfano
Aroldo Lindi
Jeanette MacDonald
Philadelphia Civic Grand Opera Company
Philadelphia La Scala Opera Company
Philadelphia Grand Opera Company
Quaintance Eaton

wikipedia_title:
Italian Americans
Conducting
Pianist
Organist
Music director
Film director
Enrico Caruso
Rosa Ponselle
Giovanni Martinelli
Giuseppe De Luca
Trieste
Trieste
United States
Metropolitan Opera
Berlin Philharmonic
Beverly Sills
Franco Alfano
Aroldo Lindi
Jeanette MacDonald
Philadelphia Civic Grand Opera Company
Philadelphia La Scala Opera Company
Philadelphia Grand Opera Company
Quaintance Eaton

categories: 20th-century conductors (music),People from Trieste,Italian male conductors (music),1969 deaths,Italian film directors,Italian conductors (music),Italian people of Slovene descent,20th-century Italian musicians,Italian pianists,1890 births,20th-century pianists

paragraph: Giuseppe Bamboschek

paragraph: Giuseppe Maria Bamboschek (1890 – 1969) was an Italian-American opera conductor, pianist, organist, music director and film director. During his expansive career, Bamboschek conducted performances including famed singers Enrico Caruso, Rosa Ponselle, Giovanni Martinelli, Giuseppe De Luca, and many more.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Trieste - the main port of the Austrian Empire - in 1890, Bamboschek studied at the Trieste Conservatory. At age 13 he held a position as an organist. When he was 18 years old, he conducted orchestral concerts in Trieste. Later, moving to the United States, he became a conductor for the Metropolitan Opera in New York from 1913 to 1929. He made his conductor/soloist debut with the Berlin Philharmonic on 21 June 1924.

paragraph: Bamboschek also became a mentor and teacher to numerous classical singers of the time, among them included Beverly Sills, Franco Alfano, Aroldo Lindi, and Jeanette MacDonald. He gave the young Beverly Sills her big break in 1947.

paragraph: He then became General Manager of the Philadelphia Civic Grand Opera Company (PCGOC) in 1950. When the PCGOC merged with the Philadelphia La Scala Opera Company to form the Philadelphia Grand Opera Company (PGOC) in 1955, Bamboschek stepped down as director but stayed with the company as their primary conductor. After the PGOC went through two General Directors in two seasons, Bamboschek was appointed General Director of the PGOC in March 1957.

paragraph: He moved into new creative territory around this time, with a directorial credit to 1955's "Opera Cameos", a television series of operatic highlights including Verdi's "La traviata".

paragraph: His grave is located in St. Marys Cemetery, Yonkers, NY, Section N, he is buried with his wife Caroline Ghidoni Bamboschek 1889-1974

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musical Courier, 1962 Lockwood. Published: Blumenberg and Floersheim, 1885-1892; Musical Courier Co., 1892-1962. v.161-162 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera News, By Metropolitan Opera Guild. Published 1936. Original from the University of Michigan; v.25 1960-61 ; v.26 1961-62

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thesaurus of the Arts: Drama, Music, Radio, Painting, Screen..By Albert Ernest Wier, Published 1943, G.P. Putnam's Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Opera Annals: A Chronicle of Artists and Performances, Compiled by William H. Seltsam ; Published 1947 H.W. Wilson Co., in association with the Metropolitan Opera Guild.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Caravan: Adventures of the Metropolitan on Tour, 1883-1956; By Quaintance Eaton, Contributors: Rudolf Bing, Jean Morris. Published 1957 by Farrar, Straus and Cudahy

description: Italian musician and filmmaker

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Bamboschek

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Bamboschek