text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Alexandria

text: Louisiana

text: Akron

text: Ohio

text: marriage of mixed faiths

text: Lutheran

text: Catholic

text: St. Joseph Seminary

text: Covington

text: Louisiana

text: Pontifical College Josephinum

text: Worthington

text: Ohio

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: pastoral

text: Diocese of Natchez-Jackson

text: Mississippi

text: Diocese of Biloxi

text: Lumberton, Mississippi

text: Poplarville

text: Mississippi

text: monsignor

text: pastor

text: Laurel

text: Bishop of Alexandria

text: Louisiana

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Archbishop Alfred Hughes

text: Bishops Thomas Rodi

text: Robert Muench

text: co-consecrators

text: motto

text: Pope Francis

text: David Talley

text: Chairman

text: Committee on Divine Worship

text: Committee on National Collections

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: Pontifical College Josephinum alumni,1942 births,Catholics from Ohio,American Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic bishops in Louisiana,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic Diocese of Alexandria in Louisiana,2019 deaths,Religious leaders from Ohio,People from Akron, Ohio

paragraph: Ronald Paul Herzog

paragraph: Ronald Paul Herzog (April 22, 1942 – April 12, 2019) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, who served as Bishop of Alexandria in central Louisiana from 2005 to 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Akron, Ohio. A child of a marriage of mixed faiths, his parents were a Lutheran and a Catholic. He studied at St. Joseph Seminary in Covington, Louisiana, and at the Pontifical College Josephinum in Worthington, Ohio. He was ordained to the priesthood on June 1, 1968.

paragraph: He did pastoral work in the Diocese of Natchez-Jackson, Mississippi, but was later incardinated into the Diocese of Biloxi on March 1, 1977 and served as pastor of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Lumberton, Mississippi, and the Saint Joseph Church and Mission in Poplarville, Mississippi. Herzog was director of the diocesan Office of Liturgy from 1980 to 1985. He was later raised to the rank of monsignor, and became pastor of Immaculate Conception Church in Laurel in 1988. He also served as chaplain of the National Guard, holding the rank of brigadier general.

paragraph: On November 4, 2004, Herzog was appointed Bishop of Alexandria, Louisiana, by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on January 5, 2005, from Archbishop Alfred Hughes, with Bishops Thomas Rodi and Robert Muench serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto, ""One In The Lord.""

paragraph: On September 21, 2016, Pope Francis named David Talley, auxiliary bishop of Atlanta, as Bishop Coadjutor of Alexandria. Herzog retired and Talley succeeded him as Bishop of Alexandria on February 2, 2017.

paragraph: He was the Catholic Chairman of the Anglican-Roman Catholic Consultation. Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, he was a member of the Committee on Divine Worship, Committee on National Collections, and the Subcommittee on Native American Catholics.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Alexandria Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Conference of Catholic Bishops

wikidata_label: Ronald Paul Herzog

wikipedia_title: Ronald Paul Herzog


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: bishop

text: Diocese of Ogdensberg

text: New York

text: Archbishop

text: Archdiocese of Atlanta

text: Georgia

text: Bronx, New York

text: St. Joseph's Seminary

text: Francis Spellman

text: Canon Law

text: The Catholic University of America

text: Washington, D.C.

text: St. Patrick's Cathedral

text: New York

text: Cardinal Spellman's

text: Yonkers, New York

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Papal Chamberlain

text: Monsignor

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Prothonotary Apostolic

text: Cardinal Spellman

text: Ogdensburg

text: New York

text: Paul Hallinan

text: Pope Paul VI

text: assassination

text: Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: civil rights movement

text: National Conference of Catholic Bishops

text: Cathedral of Christ the King

text: Pio Laghi

text: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

text: Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Ogdensburg

categories: American Roman Catholic archbishops,Roman Catholic bishops of Ogdensburg,American Roman Catholic bishops,Catholic University of America alumni,1987 deaths,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta,Saint Joseph's Seminary (Dunwoodie) alumni,Roman Catholic archbishops by diocese in the United States,Roman Catholic bishops of Atlanta,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,1914 births

paragraph: Thomas Andrew Donnellan

paragraph: Thomas Andrew Donnellan (January 24, 1914 – October 15, 1987) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the ninth bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensberg, New York from 1964 to 1968, and as the second Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta, Georgia from 1968 until his death in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and ministry.

paragraph: The eldest of two children, Thomas Donnellan was born in 1914 in the Bronx, New York, to Andrew and Margaret (née Egan) Donnellan. After graduating from Regis High School in the Bronx in 1931, Donnellan entered St. Joseph's Seminary in 1933, and was ordained to the priesthood by then-Archbishop of New York Francis Spellman on June 3, 1939. In 1942, Donnellan received a doctorate in Canon Law from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Upon graduation, Donnellan was appointed as assistant pastor of St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, eventually becoming Cardinal Spellman's secretary in 1954. In 1962, Donnellan became the rector of St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, New York.

paragraph: In June 1954, Pope Pius XII honored Fr. Donnellan by raising him the rank of Papal Chamberlain, with the title of Very Reverend Monsignor, and again in March 1958, when he named him a Domestic Prelate, with the title of Right Reverend Monsignor. In December 1962, Pope John XXIII elevated him to the rank of Prothonotary Apostolic.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Ogdensburg.

paragraph: On April 9, 1964, Donnellan was consecrated as bishop by Cardinal Spellman in St. Patrick's Cathedral, and subsequently installed as the ninth Bishop of Ogdensburg in upstate New York four days later on April 13.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archbishop of Atlanta.

paragraph: On May 29, 1968, following the death of Archbishop Paul Hallinan, Bishop Donnellan was appointed by Pope Paul VI as the second Archbishop of Atlanta, and was installed on July 16. During his 19-year tenure, Donnellan guided the archdiocese through extensive growth, with the number of Catholics in North Georgia nearly tripling from 50,000 in 1968 to over 133,000.

paragraph: With his tenure as head of a Southern archdiocese beginning in the wake of the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., Donnellan dealt with many issues regarding the civil rights movement, most notably in January 1970, when he barred new enrollments in the archdiocese's Catholic schools as a gesture of support to the integration of local public school systems.

paragraph: In 1984, Archbishop Donnellan was one of the co-authors of "Economic Justice For All: Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy", which was unveiled at a meeting of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, and which urged a moral perspective in viewing the economy from the vantage point of the nation's poor.

paragraph: By 1987, Archbishop Donnellan suffered from ill health due to a stroke which occurred that May, resulting in him convalescing until his death on October 15. His funeral was held at the archdiocese's mother church, Cathedral of Christ the King, and was attended by over 1,000 mourners, with then-Apostolic Pro-Nuncio in the U.S. Archbishop Pio Laghi as principal celebrant.

paragraph: Archbishop Donnellan is buried at Arlington Cemetery in Sandy Springs, Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Archbishop Donnellan from the Archdiocese of Atlanta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Ogdensburg

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Thomas Andrew Donnellan

wikipedia_title: Thomas Andrew Donnellan


text:
Budapest
Hungarian
composer
Berlin
USSR
Erwin Piscator
Lúdas Matyi
opera
Joseph Stalin
Great Purge
New Grove Dictionary of Opera

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Hungarian communists,1969 deaths,1902 births,Hungarian opera composers,Musicians from Budapest,Hungarian classical composers,Male opera composers,Hungarian male classical composers

paragraph: Ferenc Szabó (composer)

paragraph: Ferenc Szabó (27 December 1902 Budapest4 November 1969 Budapest) was a Hungarian composer. As a communist, Szabó was obliged to emigrate through Berlin (1931) to the USSR (1932). He became a respected figure in Soviet musical life, and found the opportunities to explore common ground between the concert hall and mass music-making on a far higher level. Besides composing a number of mass songs and film scores (notably for Erwin Piscator's "Revolt of the Fishermen" (1934), and "Lúdas Matyi" (1949)), he transcribed the "Sinfonietta," originally for chamber orchestra, for an orchestra of "domrï" (plucked folk instruments). He wrote numerous orchestral works as well and one opera, "Légy jó mindhalálig" (1969).

paragraph: He was and remained a committed and staunch Stalinist till the end of his life, and composed many works lauding Soviet premier Joseph Stalin and his accomplishments. Eventually he fell out of favor with the Hungarian Communist Party after his accusations as an informer during the show trials in Moscow in the 1930s became better known. As a result of his accusations a number of fellow Communist Party members had been executed by Stalin's secret police. He was stripped unceremoniously of all his public posts and died in obscurity; no doubt a better fate than befell the earlier victims of the "Great Purge".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- János Maróthy. "The New Grove Dictionary of Opera", edited by Stanley Sadie (1992), and

description: Hungarian composer

wikidata_label: Ferenc Szabó

wikipedia_title: Ferenc Szabó (composer)


text:
posthumous name
courtesy name
emperor
Chen China
Sui China
Jiankang
Emperor Hui of Jin
Chang'an
Emperor Wen of Sui
Emperor Yang
Chen Xu
Emperor Yuan of Liang
Jiangling
Liu Jingyan
Western Wei
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang
Chen Chang
Chang'an
Nanyang
Henan
Emperor Wu of Chen
Jiankang
Northern Zhou
Emperor Wen of Chen
Wuhan
Hubei
heir apparent
Crown Prince
Emperor Fei
Zhang Yao'er
Emperor Xuan
Shen Wuhua
concubine
Zhang Lihua
lady-in-waiting
empress dowager
Chen Yin
regent
Emperor Wen of Sui
Yang Su
Yangtze
Jiujiang
Jiangxi
Fuzhou
Fujian
Emperor Jing of Western Liang
Western Liang
Chen Yuan
Emperor Yang of Sui
Yang Jun
Gao Jiong
Changsha
Hunan
Yangzhou
Jiangsu
Ma'anshan
Anhui
Xiao Mohe
Northern Qi
Northern Qi
posthumous name
Tang dynasty
Chen Xu
Empress
Empress
"Guifei"
Chen Yuan
Yang Guang
Yang Jun
Chen Yin
Yang Guang
Book of Chen
History of the Southern Dynasties
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Monarchs imprisoned and detained during war,Poets from Hubei,Northern Zhou people,Sui dynasty politicians,Chen dynasty poets,553 births,6th-century Chinese monarchs,Sui dynasty poets,604 deaths,Politicians from Jingzhou,6th-century Chinese poets,Chen dynasty emperors

paragraph: Chen Shubao

paragraph: Chen Shubao (, 553–604), also known as the Final Lord of Chen (), posthumous name Duke Yáng of Chángchéng (), courtesy name ), nickname , was the last emperor of Chen China, which was conquered by Sui China.

paragraph: At the time of his ascension, Chen was already facing military pressure by the Sui on multiple fronts, and, according to traditional historians, Chen Shubao was an incompetent ruler who was more interested in literature and women than in the affairs of the state.

paragraph: In 589, Sui forces captured his capital, Jiankang, and captured him, ending Chen rule and unifying China after nearly three centuries of division that had started with the conquests of Emperor Hui of Jin. He was taken to the Sui capital Chang'an, where he was treated kindly by Emperor Wen of Sui until his death in 604, during the reign of Emperor Wen's son, Emperor Yang.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Chen Shubao was born in 553, when his father Chen Xu was serving as a mid-level official under Emperor Yuan of Liang at the capital of Jiangling. His mother was Chen Xu's second wife, Liu Jingyan, and he was Chen Xu's oldest son.

paragraph: In 554, the Western Wei attacked Jiangling and captured it, executing Emperor Yuan. Emperor Yuan's nephew Xiao Cha was made Emperor Xuan of Western Liang and given Jiangling as his capital, but a large segment of Jiangling's population and Emperor Yuan's officials, including Chen Xu and Chen Xu's cousin Chen Chang, were taken to the Western Wei capital of Chang'an. For reasons lost to history, Lady Liu and Chen Shubao were not taken to Chang'an, but left at Rang City (, now in Nanyang, Henan).

paragraph: In 557, Chen Xu's uncle and Chen Chang's father Chen Baxian founded a new dynasty as Emperor Wu of Chen with his capital at Jiankang. He requested that Western Wei's successor state, Northern Zhou, return Chen Chang and Chen Xu to him, but Northern Zhou, while initially agreeing, did not do so during Emperor Wu's lifetime. In 559, Emperor Wu died, and Chen Xu's older brother Chen Qian, Prince of Linchuan, as Emperor Wu's only close male relative in the realm, took the throne as Emperor Wen of Chen. In 560, Northern Zhou began making overtures to return Chen Xu to Chen. In 562, Emperor Wen, who had remotely created Chen Xu the Prince of Ancheng, traded the city of Lushan (魯山, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) to Northern Zhou in exchange for Chen Xu's return. Initially, Chen Shubao and his mother Princess Liu were not returned, but after further negotiations by Emperor Wen, were returned. Chen Shubao was designated as Chen Xu's heir apparent. He held minor offices during Emperor Wen's reign.

paragraph: In 566, Emperor Wen died and was succeeded by his son, Crown Prince Chen Bozong, as Emperor Fei. The high-level officials that Emperor Wen left in charge, including Chen Xu, eventually became locked in a power struggle, and in 567, Chen Xu killed Liu Shizhi (劉師之) and Dao Zhongju (到仲舉) and seized control. In winter 568, he had an edict issued in the name of Emperor Wu's wife Grand Empress Dowager Zhang Yao'er that deposed Emperor Fei and he took the throne as Emperor Xuan in spring 569. Chen Shubao was made crown prince, and his mother, Princess Liu, was made empress.

paragraph: Section::::As crown prince.

paragraph: In fall 569, Chen Shubao married Shen Wuhua, the daughter of the official Shen Junli (沈君理), as his wife and crown princess. However, eventually he came to favor his concubine, Zhang Lihua.

paragraph: As crown prince, Chen Shubao was known for his love of literature and feasting. He therefore wanted to have the official Jiang Zong (江總), who was talented in literature, serve as his chief of staff, and he requested that Kong Huan (孔奐), the minister of civil service, to make it so. Kong declined, citing that Jiang, while talented, lacked steadiness and would not be able to correct Chen Shubao. Chen Shubao then personally made the request to his father Emperor Xuan, and Emperor Xuan, while he hesitated due to Kong's opposition, eventually agreed. Eventually, however, because Jiang and Chen Shubao overly feasted, including instances where Chen Shubao wore civilian clothing to sneak out of the palace to visit Jiang's mansion, Emperor Xuan removed Jiang from his post.

paragraph: In spring 582, Emperor Xuan grew ill, and Chen Shubao, along with his brothers Chen Shuling (陳叔陵) the Prince of Shixing, and Chen Shujian (陳叔堅) the Prince of Changsha, attended Emperor Xuan at the palace. The ambitious Chen Shuling had design on the throne, and when Emperor Xuan died, while Chen Shubao was mourning over Emperor Xuan's casket, Chen Shuling pulled out a sharpened knife and stabbed Chen Shubao in the neck, who then collapsed.

paragraph: Empress Liu tried to stop Chen Shuling, but was also stabbed several times. However, the lady-in-waiting Lady Wu grabbed Chen Shuling, allowing Chen Shubao to get up and escape. Meanwhile, Chen Shujian grabbed Chen Shuling and tied him to a pillar, but as Chen Shujian then sought Chen Shubao's permission to kill Chen Shuling, Chen Shuling slipped away and mobilized his personal troops to start a coup along with his cousin, Chen Bogu (陳伯固) the Prince of Xin'an (Emperor Wen's son). They were soon defeated, however, and both were killed in battle. Chen Shuling's sons were forced to commit suicide, and Chen Bogu's sons were reduced to commoner rank.

paragraph: Three days after the coup attempt, Chen Shubao, still severely wounded, took the throne. He honored his mother Empress Liu as empress dowager. He made his wife Lady Shen empress and his oldest son Chen Yin (who, while not born of Empress Shen, was raised by her) crown prince.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Initially, Chen Shubao was still recovering from his injuries, and Empress Dowager Liu governed as regent, assisted by Chen Shujian. (As Chen Shubao did not favor Empress Shen, she was not allowed to attend to him during his recovery period; rather, Consort Zhang did.) After Chen Shubao recovered—and while it is not clear how long it took him to recover, it seemed to be a period of months—Empress Dowager Liu returned imperial authorities to him and did not again govern.

paragraph: When Emperor Xuan died, Northern Zhou's successor state, Sui China, had been attacking Chen, but upon hearing about Emperor Xuan's death, Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) decided that it was improper to attack a state that had just lost its emperor and withdrew his forces. He also sent ambassadors to mourn Emperor Xuan's death, and his letter to Chen Shubao referred to himself by his personal name—a sign of humility. However, Chen Shubao's return letter included the sentence, "May it be that when you govern your state, all things can be well, and that between heaven and earth, there will be peace and quiet." The sentence was viewed as arrogant and condescending by Emperor Wen and his key official Yang Su and made them displeased. Despite this, however, for the next few years, the states exchanged ambassadors often and generally had peaceful relations, although Sui's Emperor Wen was gradually building up military power on the Yangtze and planning for eventual attack against Chen.

paragraph: In spring 583, displeased that Chen Shujian was, in his view, becoming overly powerful, Chen Shubao, encouraged by his associates Kong Fan (孔範) and Shi Wenqing (施文慶), made Chen Shujian the governor of Jiang Province (江州, roughly modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to remove him from power. (He subsequently kept Chen Shujian at the capital by promoting him to the honorary post of "Sikong" (司空), but did not restore Chen Shujian to power.) Meanwhile, despite the fact that Chen Shubao was still supposed to be in mourning period for Emperor Xuan, he was spending much time in feasting. When the official Mao Xi (毛喜) tried to persuade him to change his ways, Chen Shubao demoted Mao and sent him out of the capital.

paragraph: Around the new year 584, Chen Shujian, in fear, prayed to the spirits, hoping that he would be restored to grace. When this was discovered, Chen Shubao considered executing Chen Shujian, but after Chen Shujian reminded him how Chen Shujian was responsible for saving him from Chen Shuling, Chen Shubao spared him but removed him from his posts.

paragraph: In 584, Chen Shubao built three particularly luxurious pavilions within his palace—Linchun Pavilion (臨春閣), Jieqi Pavilion (結綺閣), and Wangxian Pavilion (望仙閣), residing himself at Linchun Pavilion, while having Consort Zhang reside at Jieqi Pavilion and Consorts Gong and Kong share Wangxian Pavilion. He often spent his days feasting with his concubines, headed by Consort Zhang, as well as those ladies in waiting and officials who had literary talent (including Jiang Zong, whom he made prime minister, Kong Fan, and Wang Cuo (王瑳)), having those officials and ladies in waiting sing or write poetry to praise his concubines' beauty. Two of the particularly known songs, "Yushu Houting Hua" (玉樹後庭花) and "Linchun Yue" (臨春樂), were written to praise the beauties of Consorts Zhang and Kong.

paragraph: It was said that Chen Shubao lacked interest and understanding in important governmental matters, and that because he could not comprehend matters well, he would often hold Consort Zhang on his lap and have Consort Zhang, who was considered intelligent, read and rule on the petitions submitted to him. Meanwhile, Consort Kong and Kong Fan, who were not related, began to refer to each other as sister and brother, and used their relationship to further their power as well, so Consorts Zhang and Kong became exceedingly powerful. To finance Chen Shubao's construction projects, taxes were raised, and soldiers and the officials, who were previously immune to taxes, were also required to pay them, causing general discontent from those classes. Further, at Kong Fan's urging, Chen Shubao transferred much of the military command to civilian officials, further causing the generals to be disgruntled.

paragraph: In spring 585, Zhang Dabao (章大寶) the governor of Feng Province (豐州, roughly modern Fuzhou, Fujian), accused of corruption and on the verge of being replaced by Li Yun (李暈), instead ambushed Li and killed him, starting a rebellion. Zhang was however soon defeated and killed.

paragraph: In fall 587, while Emperor Jing of Western Liang (Xiao Cong, Xiao Cha's grandson) was at the Sui capital to meet with Sui's Emperor Wen, the Western Liang officials Xiao Yan (蕭巖, Emperor Jing's uncle) and Xiao Huan (蕭瓛, Emperor Jing's brother), in fear that the Sui general Cui Hongdu (崔弘度) was actually intending to attack the Western Liang capital Jiangling, surrendered to Chen Shubao's cousin Chen Huiji (陳慧紀) the Marquess of Yihuang with the people of Jiangling. Chen Shubao accepted the surrender and made Xiao Yan and Xiao Huan provincial governors—acts that Emperor Wen (who, in response, abolished Western Liang and seized its remaining territory) considered provocation, making him continuing his preparation to attack Chen in earnest.

paragraph: In spring 588, Chen Shubao, believing Consorts Zhang's and Kong's accusations that Chen Yin resented him for not favoring Empress Shen, deposed Chen Yin and created him the Prince of Wuxing, instead creating Consort Zhang's son Chen Yuan crown prince. He also considered deposing Empress Shen and replacing her with Consort Zhang, but did not get a chance to do so before Sui launched a major attack in spring 588 as well. By winter 588, the Sui attack was in full operation, with three major prongs commanded by Emperor Wen's sons, Yang Guang (later Emperor Yang of Sui) and Yang Jun, and Yang Su, and with Yang Guang in overall command of the operation, assisted by Gao Jiong. Reports from the upper Yangtze, however, were being suppressed by Shi Wenqing and Shen Keqing (沈客卿) and never reached Chen Shubao, as Shi, not realizing the seriousness of the Sui threat, did not want anything to interfere with his own plans to become the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, roughly modern Changsha, Hunan). Yang Su, who attacked from the upper Yangtze, therefore faced no serious opposition and soon controlled the upper Yangtze, not allowing any Chen forces which might have wanted to head downstream to aid the capital to be able to get through.

paragraph: In spring 589, the Sui general Heruo Bi (賀若弼) crossed the Yangtze from Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and the Sui general Han Qinhu (韓擒虎) crossed the Yangtze at Caishi (采石, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui), without opposition from Chen forces and sandwiching the Chen capital Jiankang. Only then did Chen Shubao realize the seriousness of the situation, but instead of resisting in earnest, he panicked, leaving Shi in effective control of the situation. Eventually, the general Xiao Mohe convinced Chen Shubao that he should be allowed to engage Heruo, despite opposition from the general Ren Zhong (任忠). Heruo defeated Xiao Mohe and captured him, and the rest of Chen troops collapsed, allowing the Sui forces to enter the capital. In panic and abandoned by his officials, Chen Shubao hid in a well with Consorts Zhang and Kong, but was discovered and captured. When he was brought before Heruo, he was so fearful that he prostrated himself before Heruo—an act that brought words of contempt from Heruo. However, he and his household were generally treated well by the Sui generals, although Gao, blaming Consort Zhang for Chen's collapse, executed her. Some of the Chen generals continued to resist, but were quickly defeated, particularly because at the Sui forces' request, Chen Shubao wrote letters to the Chen generals ordering them to surrender. Chen was at its end. Soon, the Sui army escorted Chen Shubao and his household to the Sui capital Daxing (大興, near Chang'an).

paragraph: Section::::During Sui Dynasty.

paragraph: Emperor Wen treated Chen Shubao with kindness, and, not willing to subjugate Chen Shubao as an official under him, initially did not give him any official titles—but was dismayed when Chen Shubao, not understanding the rationale, "requested" a title. Chen Shubao also engaged in heavy drinking, which Emperor Wen initially tried to curb, but later stopped doing so, reasoning that Chen Shubao must have something to do with his time. Emperor Wen sent members of the imperial Chen household out to the provinces, dividing them so that they could not coalesce.

paragraph: In 594, Emperor Wen, citing the fact that the emperors of Northern Qi, Liang, and Chen were not being sacrificed to, ordered that the former Northern Qi prince Gao Renying (高仁英), Chen Shubao, and Xiao Cong be given regular supplies so that they could make periodic sacrifices to their ancestors.

paragraph: In 604, a few months after Emperor Wen's death and succession by Yang Guang (as Emperor Yang), Chen Shubao died. Emperor Yang posthumously created him the Duke of Changcheng (a title that his granduncle, Chen's Emperor Wu, carried at one point) and gave him the posthumous name of Yang 煬. (This would also be the posthumous name that Emperor Yang would eventually receive from the succeeding Tang dynasty.)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Xu, Emperor Xuan (; 530–582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress, of the Liu clan of Hedong (; 533–615)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress, of the Shen clan of Wuxing (; d. 628), second cousin, personal name Wuhua ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guifei", of the Zhang clan (; 559–589), personal name Lihua ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Yuan, Crown Prince (; b. 575), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Zhuang, Prince Kuaiji (), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Gong clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Qian, Prince Nanhai (), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Tian, Prince Qiantang (; d. 589), 11th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Kong clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Fan, Prince Wu (), tenth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Lü clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Yan, Prince Yongjia (), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Jing, Prince Shaoling (), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Zhang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Zhi, Prince Xinyi (), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Xu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Quan, Prince Dongyang (), ninth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Gao clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Yi, Prince Nanping (; d. 589), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Guangde (), fourth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Guang (569–618) in 589

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Xie clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Lincheng (), fifth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Jun (571–600) in 589

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Sun clan (; d. 573)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Yin, Prince Wuxing (; 573–589), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Zong (), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Guan (), 13th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Ming (), 14th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Gang (), 15th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Tong (), 16th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Chong (), 17th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Qia (), 18th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Tao (), 19th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Chuo (), 20th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Wei (), 21st son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Bian (), 22nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixth daughter, personal name Chou ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Guang (569–618) in 606

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Chen", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Southern Dynasties", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , .

alias:
Chen Shubao
Hou Zhu
Yuanxiu

description: Chinese emperor

wikidata_label: Chen Shubao

wikipedia_title: Chen Shubao


text: New York State Senate

text: Julia Gardiner Tyler

text: U.S. President

text: John Tyler

text: USS "Princeton"

text: Lion Gardiner

text: English

text: New York

text: Gardiners Island

text: Yale University

text: John Calhoun

text: Manhattan

text: New York State Senate

text: John Quincy Adams

text: Democratic Party

text: Andrew Jackson

text: Julia

text: USS "Princeton"

text: Potomac River

text: Mount Vernon

text: East Room

text: White House

text: Washington, D.C.

text: East Hampton

text: David Gardiner Tyler

text: Jamaica, West Indies

text: Battle of Culloden

text: Jacobites

text: King of England

text: Gardiners Island

text: East Hampton, New York

text: Princeton College

text: Sagtikos Manor

text: Julia Gardiner

text: John Tyler

text: David Gardiner Tyler

text: John Alexander Tyler

text: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

categories: 1844 deaths,1784 births,Burials at the Congressional Cemetery,Deaths by explosive device,Yale University alumni,Gardiner family,Accidental deaths in Virginia,People from East Hampton (town), New York,New York state senators

paragraph: David Gardiner (politician)

paragraph: David Gardiner (May 29, 1784 – February 28, 1844) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of New York State Senate from 1824 to 1828. He was the father of Julia Gardiner Tyler, second wife of U.S. President John Tyler. He died in an explosion aboard the USS "Princeton".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gardiner was born on May 29, 1784, the son of Abraham Gardiner (1763–1796) and Phebe Dayton (1757–1810). He was a descendant of Lion Gardiner (1599–1663) who was an early English settler and soldier that founded the first English settlement in what became the state of New York on Long Island, including Gardiners Island. He graduated from Yale University in 1804 along with future U.S. Senator from South Carolina, John Calhoun.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He practiced law for several years, but beginning in 1815 when he married Juliana McLachlan, one of the wealthiest women in New York, he managed her extensive real estate holdings in Manhattan. He was elected to one four-year term as a member of the New York State Senate representing the 1st District of Suffolk County from 1824 to 1828. Gardiner was a supporter of John Quincy Adams, member of the People's Party, which was opposed to the emerging Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson.

paragraph: He later lived at 430 Lafayette Street in Manhanttan, "when that sections was one of the social centres of the city".

paragraph: In the 1840s, he took his family to Washington, D.C., for several months of the year, in part to find an appropriate husband for his daughter Julia. His family became part of the social circle of President John Tyler and his family.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Death aboard the "Princeton".

paragraph: Gardiner died in an explosion aboard the USS "Princeton" on February 28, 1844. President Tyler had proposed to his daughter Julia in February 1843. She had refused him at first but sometime in 1843 they agreed to marry at some future time out of respect for the fact that the President had only been a widow since September 1842. David Gardiner and his daughters Julia and Margaret were aboard a pleasure cruise on the Potomac River. As the neared Mount Vernon, the world's biggest naval gun, The Peacemaker that was being demonstrated exploded, killing Gardiner and six others. Funeral services for the five white victims were held in the East Room of the White House. Gardiner was interred in the Public Vault at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. His remains were later moved to the Gardiner family plot at the South End Cemetery in East Hampton, New York.

paragraph: President Tyler proposed marriage several more times before being accepted. He and Julia Gardiner wed on June 26, 1844. They named their first child David Gardiner Tyler in honor of his maternal grandfather.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1815, he married Juliana McLachlan (1799–1864), the daughter of Michael McLachlan, who was born and raised in Jamaica, West Indies. His father had been a Scottish warrior in the Battle of Culloden in 1746, between the Jacobites and the military forces in the service of King of England, who was beheaded. They family moved from Jamaica to New York and established a successful brewery in lower Manhattan that led to their purchase of some thirteen pieces of commercial and residential Manhattan real estate, which Juliana inherited, making her one of the wealthiest women in New York. They lived for several years on Gardiners Island in East Hampton, New York, though he did not belong to the branch of the Gardiner family that owned that eponymous island. Together, they were the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Lion Gardiner (1816–1892), Princeton College graduate and lawyer and Gold Rush investor who owned Sagtikos Manor, and who married a distant cousin, Sarah Gardiner Thompson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Gardiner (1818–1851), who was the Clerk of the U.S. Circuit Court and an unofficial aid to President Tyler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia Gardiner (1820–1889), who married the 10th U.S. President John Tyler (1790–1862), shortly after Gardiner's death aboard the "USS Princeton"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Gardiner (1822–1857), who married John H. Beeckman (d. 1850) on January 8, 1848. He was a New York merchant and the cousin of Henry Beeckman Livingston who both set up a mercantile operating during the Gold Rush.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Descendants.

paragraph: His grandchildren include: David Gardiner Tyler (1846–1927), a lawyer and public official, John Alexander Tyler (1848–1883), an engineer who was appointed U.S. surveyor of the Interior Department in 1879, and Dr. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (1853–1935), an author and legislator.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardiner, Curtiss C. "Lion Gardiner, and his descendants with Illustrations 1599-1890". St. Louis, Missouri : A.Whipple, Publisher

description: American politician

wikidata_label: David Gardiner

wikipedia_title: David Gardiner (politician)


text: French poet

text: Merlin

text: Arthurian legend

text: Holy Grail

text: Montbéliard

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Holy Land

text: Glastonbury

text: King Arthur

text: Guinevere

text: Prose "Tristan"

text: Holy Grail

text: Chrétien de Troyes

text: Perceval

text: Matter of Britain

text: the Grail story

text: Merlin

text: tetralogy

text: Percival

text: Joseph of Arimathea

text: Last Supper

text: Christ

text: Avalon

text: Glastonbury

text: Antichrist

text: Vulgate Cycle

text: Post-Vulgate Cycle

text: Umberto Eco

text: Baudolino

text: A Reading of Robert de Boron

text: What did Robert de Boron Really Write?

text: Robert de Boron: Enquiry and Summary

categories: Writers of Arthurian literature,French fantasy writers,French poets,13th-century French poets,12th-century French poets,Holy Grail,People from the Territoire de Belfort,Merlin

paragraph: Robert de Boron

paragraph: Robert de Boron (also spelled in the manuscripts "Roberz", "Borron", "Bouron", "Beron") was a French poet of the late 12th and early 13th centuries who is most notable as the author of the poems "Joseph d'Arimathe" and "Merlin". Though little is known about him outside of the poems he allegedly wrote, his works and their subsequent prose redactions impacted later incarnations of the Arthurian legend and its prose cycles, particularly due to his Christian backstory for the Holy Grail.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Robert de Boron wrote his first poem for a lord named Gautier de Montbéliard and he took on the name Boron from a village near Montbéliard. What is known of his life comes from brief mentions in his poems. At one point in "Joseph d'Arimathe", he applies to himself the title of "meisters" (medieval French for "clerk"); later he uses the title "messires" (medieval French for "knight"). At the end of the same poem, he mentions being in the service of Gautier of "Mont Belyal", whom Pierre Le Gentil identifies with one Gautier de Montbéliard (the Lord of Montfaucon), who in 1202 left for the Fourth Crusade, and died in the Holy Land in 1212.

paragraph: Le Gentil argues that the mention of Avalon shows that he wrote "Joseph d'Arimathe" after 1191, when the monks at Glastonbury claimed to have discovered the coffins of King Arthur and Guinevere. His family is unknown, though the second author of the Prose "Tristan" claimed to be Robert's nephew, calling himself "Helie de Boron" (this is taken more as an attempt to drop a famous name than a genuine accreditation, however). Although Le Gentil describes him as a "poet endowed with boldness and piety but with mediocre talent", his work was immensely successful and influential. In particular, his version of the myth of the Holy Grail, originally an element of Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished "Perceval", was adopted by almost all of the later writers of the Matter of Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Robert de Boron was the author of two surviving poems in octosyllabic verse, the Grail story "Joseph d'Arimathe" (also known as the Metrical "Joseph "and the "Estoire dou Graal") and "Merlin"; the latter work survives only in fragments and in later versions rendered in prose since, which originally happened around 1210 and possibly was done by Robert himself. The two poems are thought to have formed either a trilogy - with a verse "Perceval" forming the third part - or a tetralogy - with "Perceval" and the short "Mort Artu" ("Death of Arthur"). Collectively, it is known as the "Grant Estoire dou Graal", the "Roman du Graal", the "Livre du Graal", and the Little Grail Cycle, or just simply as Robert de Boron's cycle (the Robert Cycle). The Didot "Perceval", also known as the "Romance of Perceval in Prose", a retelling of Percival's story similar in style and content to Robert's other works and attached to them, may or may be not be a prosification of the lost sections.

paragraph: Robert de Boron merged the Grail myth with a Christian dimension to produce a history of the Grail. According to him, Joseph of Arimathea used the Grail (the Last Supper vessel) to catch the last drops of blood from the Christ's body as he hung on the cross. Joseph's family brought the Grail to the "vaus d'Avaron", the valleys of Avaron in the west, which later writers changed to Avalon, identified with Glastonbury, where they guarded it until the rise of Arthur and the coming of Percival. Robert also introduced a "Rich Fisher" variation on the Fisher King and is also credited with introducing Merlin as born of a devil and a virgin and destined to be a redeemed Antichrist. In particular, his works have laid a foundation for, and were eventually included in a reworked form into, the Vulgate Cycle and then the subsequent Post-Vulgate Cycle, the latter of which was formerly known as the "pseudo-Robert de Boron cycle" due to the Huth "Merlin" manuscript's author's attribution of the entire work to Robert.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: Robert de Boron appears as the fictional character Boron in Umberto Eco's novel "Baudolino".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary E. Giffin, ‘A Reading of Robert de Boron’, PMLA, 80 (1965), 499-507.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linda Gowans, ‘What did Robert de Boron Really Write?’, in "Arthurian Studies in Honour of P.J.C. Field", ed. by Bonnie Wheeler. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2004, pp. 15-28.9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William A. Nitze, ‘Robert de Boron: Enquiry and Summary’, Speculum, 28 (1953), 279-296.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Grial, including poetry by Robert de Boron set to music by Capella de Ministrers & Carlos Magraner

description: French poet

wikidata_label: Robert de Boron

wikipedia_title: Robert de Boron


text: Palmyrene

text: "Mlk"

text: Palmyra

text: east

text: Roman citizenship

text: Severan dynasty

text: consularis

text: Roman Empire

text: Valerian

text: Sassanian

text: Shapur I

text: Persia

text: Palmyrene army

text: Euphrates

text: Gallienus

text: Fulvius Macrianus

text: Syria

text: Carrhae

text: Nisibis

text: Ctesiphon

text: invasions in 252

text: king of kings

text: Herodianus

text: Levant

text: Roman Mesopotamia

text: Anatolia

text: Bithynia

text: Heraclea Pontica

text: Vaballathus

text: Zenobia

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Greek

text: Palmyrene

text: "gentilicium"

text: Severan dynasty

text: Septimius Severus

text: Roman citizenship

text: Arabic

text: Aramaic

text: sepulchral

text: Arab

text: Aramean

text: Arabic

text: Frank Edward Brown

text: Byzantine

text: Procopius

text: Saracens

text: Zosimus

text: Franz Altheim

text: Bedouin

text: Euphrates

text: Sassanian

text: Dura-Europos

text: SE (Seleucid year)

text: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek

text: Archaeological Museum in Istanbul

text: tiara

text: diadem

text: Michael Gawlikowski

text: Hairan I

text: Syria Phoenice

text: Palmyrene army

text: Gordian III

text: Udo Hartmann

text: Exarch

text: throne

text: Roman Empire

text: clibanarii

text: Shapur I

text: full-scale invasion

text: Antioch on the Orontes

text: Emesa

text: Uranius Antoninus

text: John Malalas

text: Anah

text: Dura-Europos in 256

text: Peter the Patrician

text: John F. Drinkwater

text: Alaric Watson

text: clarissimus consularis

text: Roman senator

text: consulship

text: Jean Starcky

text: Philip the Arab

text: legatus

text: William Waddington

text: Tyre

text: Battle of Edessa

text: Valerian

text: Cappadocia

text: Cilicia

text: Fulvius Macrianus

text: Quietus

text: Macrianus Minor

text: Gallienus

text: Balista

text: Anatolia

text: Sebaste

text: Pompeiopolis

text: Augustan History

text: Samosata

text: Zeugma

text: Balkans

text: Dux

text: Vaballathus

text: Corrector

text: Imperator

text: Augustus

text: Pontic coast

text: Palestine

text: Palaestina

text: Arabia

text: Osroene

text: Mesopotamia

text: Edessa

text: Carrhae

text: Nisibis

text: Jewish

text: Nehardea

text: Ctesiphon

text: Jews of Mesopotamia

text: Julian

text: Khabur River

text: Asōristān

text: Naarmalcha

text: Tigris

text: a siege

text: Circesium

text: triumph

text: king of kings

text: Septimius Worod

text: duumviri

text: "procurator"

text: Camp of Diocletian

text: Assyria

text: Achaemenid

text: Parthian

text: Ardashir I

text: Seleucid

text: Augustus

text: Zenobia

text: Eustathius of Epiphania

text: Kyrinus

text: Zabdas

text: Zabbai

text: Palmyrene constitutional institutions

text: magistrates

text: viceroy

text: Cassius Longinus

text: Thirteenth "Sibylline Oracle"

text: Nicostratus of Trebizond

text: Hubertus Goltzius

text: Joseph Hilarius Eckhel

text: radiate

text: Germanic riders

text: Scythian

text: Goths

text: Heruli

text: Black Sea

text: Bithynia and Pontus

text: Heraclea Pontica

text: Syncellus

text: Zonaras

text: Maeonius

text: John of Antioch

text: Cocceius Rufinus

text: Arabia

text: Hairan II

text: Dietmar Kienast

text: San Callisto

text: Trastevere

text: Libanius

text: Julian

text: Athens

text: Plutarch of Athens

text: Mummification

text: inhumation

text: Temple of Bel

text: architrave

text: miasma

text: Great Colonnade at Palmyra

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Hero cult

text: Panthera tigris tigris

text: Hyrcania

text: Claudius II

text: Aurelian

text: Thirty Tyrants

text: Edward Gibbon

text: Jews of Palestine

text: Apocalypse of Elijah

text: Antichrist

text: Monumental Arch of Palmyra

text: Andreas Alföldi

text: Walter Bruno Henning

text: Band-e Kaisar

text: Susiana

text: Gundeshapur

text: Jacob Neusner

text: Louis Feldman

text: Trevor Bryce

text: Odaenathus' passage in Encyclopædia Britannica

categories: Rulers of Palmyra,Thirty Tyrants (Roman),People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars,Arabs in the Roman Empire,Palmyrene Empire,3rd-century monarchs in the Middle East,220s births,Ancient Roman generals,Septimii,267 deaths

paragraph: Odaenathus

paragraph: Septimius Odaenathus, (Palmyrene: (); (); 220 – 267 AD), was the founder king ("Mlk") of the Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria. He lifted the status of his city from that of a regional center subordinate to Rome to the supreme power in the east. Odaenathus was born into an aristocratic Palmyrene family that had received Roman citizenship in the 190s under the Severan dynasty. He was the son of Hairan, the descendant of Nasor. The circumstances surrounding his rise are ambiguous; he became the lord ("ras") of the city, a position created for him, as early as the 240s and by 258, he was styled a "consularis", indicating a high status in the Roman Empire.

paragraph: The defeat and captivity of Emperor Valerian at the hands of the Sassanian emperor Shapur I in 260 left the eastern Roman provinces largely at the mercy of the Persians. Odaenathus remained on the side of Rome; assuming the title of king, he led the Palmyrene army, fell upon the Persians before they could cross the Euphrates to the eastern bank, and inflicted upon them a considerable defeat. He took the side of Emperor Gallienus, the son and successor of Valerian, who was facing the attempted usurpation of Fulvius Macrianus. The rebel declared his sons emperors, leaving one in Syria and taking the other with him to Europe. Odaenathus attacked the remaining usurper and quelled the rebellion. He was rewarded with many exceptional titles by the Emperor, who formalized his self-established position in the East. In reality, the Emperor may have done little but accept the declared nominal loyalty of Odaenathus.

paragraph: In a series of rapid and successful campaigns starting in 262, Odaenathus crossed the Euphrates and recovered Carrhae and Nisibis. He then took the offensive into the heartland of Persia, and arrived at the walls of its capital, Ctesiphon. The city withstood the short siege but Odaenathus reclaimed the entirety of the Roman lands occupied by the Persians since the beginning of their invasions in 252. Odaenathus celebrated his victories and declared himself king of kings, crowning his son Herodianus as co-king. By 263, Odaenathus was in effective control of the Levant, Roman Mesopotamia and Anatolia's eastern region.

paragraph: Odaenathus observed all due formalities towards the Emperor, but in practice ruled as an independent monarch. In 266, he launched a second invasion of Persia but had to abandon the campaign and head north to Bithynia to repel the attacks of Germanic raiders besieging the city of Heraclea Pontica. He was assassinated in 267 during or immediately after the Anatolian campaign, together with Herodianus. The identities of the perpetrator or the instigator are unknown and many stories, accusations and speculations exist in ancient sources. He was succeeded by his son Vaballathus under the regency of his widow Zenobia, who used the power established by Odaenathus to forge the Palmyrene Empire in 270.

paragraph: Section::::Name, family and appearance.

paragraph: "Odaenathus" is the Greek transcription of the king's name; he was born Septimius Odainat in . His name is written in Palmyrene as Sptmyws 'Dynt. "Sptmyws" (Septimius), which means "born in September", was Odaenathus' family "gentilicium" (Roman surname), adopted as an expression of loyalty to the Roman Severan dynasty and the emperor Septimius Severus who had granted the family Roman citizenship in the late second century. 'Dynt (Odainat) is the Palmyrene diminutive for ear, related to Uḏaina in Arabic and 'Ôden in Aramaic.

paragraph: Odaenathus' genealogy is known from a stone block in Palmyra with a sepulchral inscription that mentions the building of a tomb and records the genealogy of the builder: Odaenathus, son of Hairan, son of Wahb Allat, son of Nasor. The king appears to be of mixed Arab and Aramean descent; his name, the name of his father, Hairan, and that of his grandfather, Wahb-Allat, are Arabic, while Nasor, his great-grandfather, has an Aramaic name. Nasor might not have been the great-grandfather of Odaenathus but rather a more distant ancestor; the archaeologist Frank Edward Brown considered Nasor to be Odaenathus' great-great or great-great-great grandfather. This has led some scholars, such as Lisbeth Soss Fried and Javier Teixidor, to consider the origin of the family to be Aramean. Byzantine historians of the sixth century, such as Procopius, referred to him as "king of the Saracens", meaning of the Arabs. The origin of Odaenathus' name does not indicate that he identified as an Arab, or that his rule had an Arab character. In practice, the citizenry of Palmyra were the result of Arab and Aramaean tribes merging into a unity with a corresponding consciousness; they thought and acted as Palmyrenes.

paragraph: The fifth century historian Zosimus asserted that Odaenathus descended from "illustrious forebears", but the position of the family in Palmyra is debated; it was probably part of the wealthy mercantile class. Alternatively, the family may have belonged to the tribal leadership which amassed a fortune as landowners and patrons of the Palmyrene caravans. The historians Franz Altheim and Ruth Stiehl suggested that Odaenathus was part of a new elite of Bedouins driven from their home east of the Euphrates by the aggressive Sassanian dynasty after 220. However, it is certain that Odaenathus came from a family that belonged to the upper class of the city for several generations; in Dura-Europos, a relief dated to 159/158 (470 SE (Seleucid year)) was commissioned by Hairan son of Maliko son of Nasor. This Hairan might have been the head of the Palmyrene trade colony in Dura-Europos and probably belonged to the same family as Odaenathus. According to Brown, it is plausible, based on the occurrence of the name Nasor in Dura-Europos and Palmyra (where it was a rare name), that Odaenathus and Hairan son of Maliko belonged to the same family.

paragraph: No definite images of Odaenathus have been discovered, hence, there is no information about his appearance; all sculptures identified as Odaenathus lack any inscriptions to confirm whom they represent. Two sculpted heads from Palmyra, one preserved in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek museum and the other in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul, were identified by the archaeologist as representing Odaenathus based on their monumentality and regal style. The arguments of Ingholt did not receive the academic consensus, and the heads he ascribed to the king can be dated to the end of the second century. More likely, two marble heads, one depicting a man wearing a royal tiara, the crown of Palmyra, and the other depicting a man in a royal Hellenistic diadem, are depictions of the king. In addition, a Palmyrene clay tessera, depicting a bearded man wearing a tiara, could be a portrait of the king.

paragraph: Section::::Name, family and appearance.:Odaenathus I.

paragraph: Traditional scholarship, based on the sepulchral inscription from Odaenathus' tomb, believed the builder to be an ancestor of the king and he was given the designation "Odaenathus I". The name of King Odaenathus' father is Hairan as attested in many inscriptions. In an inscription dated to 251, the name of the "ras" (lord) of Palmyra, Hairan, son of Odaenathus, is written, and he was thought to be the son of Odaenathus I. Prior to the 1980s, the earliest known inscription attesting King Odaenathus was dated to 257, leading traditional scholarship to believe that Hairan, "ras" of Palmyra, was the father of the king and that Odaenathus I was his grandfather. However, an inscription published in 1985 by the archaeologist Michael Gawlikowski and dated to 252 mentions King Odaenathus as a "ras" and records the same genealogy found in the sepulchral inscription, confirming the name of King Odaenathus' grandfather as Wahb Allat; thus, he cannot be a son of Hairan son of Odaenathus (I). Therefore, it is certain that King Odaenathus was the builder of the tomb, ruling out the existence of "Odaenathus I". The "ras" Hairan mentioned in the 251 inscription is identical with Odaenathus' elder son and co-ruler, Prince Hairan I.

paragraph: Section::::Rise.

paragraph: Palmyra was an autonomous city subordinate to Rome and part of the province of Syria Phoenice. Odaenathus descended from an aristocratic family, albeit not a royal one as the city was ruled by a council and had no tradition of hereditary monarchy. For most of its existence, the Palmyrene army was decentralized under the command of several generals, but the rise of the Sasanian Empire in 224, and its incursions which affected Palmyrene trade, combined with the weakness of the Roman Empire, probably prompted the Palmyrene council to elect a lord for the city in order for him to lead a strengthened army.

paragraph: The Roman emperor Gordian III died in 244 during a campaign against Persia and this might have been the event which led to the election of a lord for Palmyra to defend it, Odaenathus, whose elevation, according to the historian Udo Hartmann, can be explained with Odaenathus probably being a successful military or caravan commander, and his descent from one of the most influential families in the city. Odaenathus' title as lord was "ras" in Palmyrene and Exarchos in Greek as revealed by bilingual inscriptions from Palmyra. The "ras" title enabled the bearer to effectively deal with the Sassanid threat, in that it probably vested in him supreme civil and military authority; an undated inscription refers to Odaenathus as a "ras" and records the gift of a throne to him by a Palmyrene citizen named "Ogeilu son of Maqqai Haddudan Hadda", which confirms the supreme character of Odaenathus' title. The office was created for Odaenathus, and was not a usual title in the Roman Empire, and not a part of Palmyrene government traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Rise.:"Ras" of Palmyra.

paragraph: Hairan I was apparently elevated to co-lordship by his father as an inscription from 251 testifies. As early as the 240s, Odaenathus bolstered the Palmyrene army, recruiting desert nomads and increasing the numbers of the Palmyrene heavy cavalries (clibanarii). In 252, the Persian emperor, Shapur I, started a full-scale invasion of the Roman provinces in the east. During the second campaign of the invasion, Shapur I conquered Antioch on the Orontes, the traditional capital of Syria, and headed south, where his advance was checked in 253 by a noble from Emesa, Uranius Antoninus. The events of 253 were mentioned in the works of the sixth-century historian John Malalas who also mentioned a leader by the name "Enathus" inflicting a defeat upon the retreating Shapur I near the Euphrates. "Enathus" is probably identical with Odaenathus, and while Malalas' account indicates that Odaenathus defeated the Persians in 253, there is no proof that the Palmyrene leader engaged Shapur I before 260 and Malalas' account seems to be confusing Odaenathus' future actions during 260 with the events of 253.

paragraph: Shapur I destroyed the Palmyrene trade colonies all along the Euphrates, including the colonies at Anah in 253 and at Dura-Europos in 256. The sixth century historian Peter the Patrician wrote that Odaenathus approached Shapur I to negotiate Palmyrene interests but was rebuffed and the gifts sent to the Persians were thrown into the river. The date for the attempted negotiations is debated: some scholars, including John F. Drinkwater, set the event in 253; while others such as Alaric Watson set it in 256 following the destruction of Dura-Europos.

paragraph: Section::::Rise.:Governor of Syria Phoenice.

paragraph: Several inscriptions dating to the end of 257 or early 258 show Odaenathus bearing the title ""ὁ λαμπρότατος ὑπατικός"" ("clarissimus consularis"). This title was usually bestowed on Roman senators who held the consulship. The title was also mentioned in Odaenathus' undated tomb inscription and Hairan I was mentioned with the same title in the 251 inscription. Scholarly opinions vary on the exact date of Odaenathus' elevation to the position. Gawlikowski and the linguist Jean Starcky maintained that the senatorial rank predates the "ras" elevation. Hartmann concluded that Odaenathus first became a "ras" in the 240s, then a senator in 250. Another possibility is that the senatorial rank and lordship occurred simultaneously; Odaenathus was chosen as a "ras" following Gordian's death, then, after Emperor Philip the Arab concluded a peace treaty with the Persians, the Emperor ratified Odaenathus' lordship and admitted him to the senate to guarantee Palmyra's continued subordination.

paragraph: The clarissimus consularis title could be a mere honorific or a sign that Odaenathus was appointed as the legatus of Phoenice. However, the title ("ὁ λαμπρότατος ὑπατικός") was sometimes used in Syria to denote the provincial governor and the archaeologist William Waddington proposed that Odaenathus was indeed the governor of Phoenice. Five of the inscriptions mentioning Odaenathus as consul are dated to 569 SE (258 AD) during which no governor for Phoenice is attested, which might indicate that this was Odaenathus' year of governorship. In Phoenice's capital city Tyre, the lines "To Septimius Odaenathus, the most illustrious. The Septimian colony of Tyre" were found inscribed on a marble base; the inscription is not dated and if it was made after 257 then it indicates that Odaenathus was appointed as the governor of the province. These speculations cannot be proven, but as a governor Odaenathus would have been the highest authority in the province and above legionary commanders and provincial officials; this would make him the commander of the Roman forces in the province. Whatever the case may be, starting from 258, Odaenathus strengthened his position and extended his political influence in the region. By 260, Odaenathus held the rank, credibility and power to pacify the Roman East following the Battle of Edessa.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Faced with Shapur I's third campaign, the Roman emperor Valerian marched against the Persian monarch but was defeated near Edessa in late spring 260 and taken prisoner. The Persian emperor then ravaged Cappadocia and Cilicia, and claimed to have captured Antioch on the Orontes. Taking advantage of the situation, Fulvius Macrianus, the commander of the imperial treasury, declared his sons Quietus and Macrianus Minor as joint emperors in August 260, in opposition to Valerian's son Gallienus. Fulvius Macrianus took Antioch on the Orontes as his center and organized the resistance against Shapur I; he dispatched Balista, his praetorian prefect, to Anatolia. Shapur I was defeated in the region of Sebaste at Pompeiopolis, prompting the Persians to evacuate Cilicia while Balista returned to Antioch on the Orontes. Balista's victory was only partial: Shapur I withdrew east of Cilicia, where Persian units continued to occupy the area; a Persian force took advantage of Balista's return to Syria and headed further west into Anatolia. According to the "Augustan History", Odaenathus was declared king of Palmyra as soon as the news of the Roman defeat at Edessa reached the city. It is not known if Odaenathus contacted Fulvius Macrianus and there is no evidence that he took orders from him.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Persian war of 260 and pacifying Syria.

paragraph: Odaenathus assembled the Palmyrene army and Syrian peasants then marched north to meet the Persian emperor, who was returning to Persia. The Palmyrene monarch fell upon the retreating Persian army at a place between Samosata and Zeugma, west of the Euphrates, in late summer 260. Odaenathus defeated the Persians, expelling Shapur I from the province of Syria. In early 261, Fulvius Macrianus headed to Europe accompanied by Macrianus Minor, leaving Quietus and Balista in Emesa. Odaenathus' whereabouts during this episode are not clear; he could have distributed the army in garrisons along the frontier or might have brought it back to his capital. The Palmyrene monarch seems to have waited until the situation clarified, declaring loyalty to neither Fulvius Macrianus nor Gallienus. In the spring of 261, Fulvius Macrianus arrived in the Balkans but was defeated and killed along with Macrianus Minor; Odaenathus, when it became clear that Gallienus would eventually win, sided with the emperor and marched on Emesa, where Quietus and Balista were staying. The Emesans killed Quietus as Odaenathus approached the city, while Balista was captured and executed by the king in autumn 261.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Persian war of 260 and pacifying Syria.:Ruler of the East.

paragraph: The elimination of the usurpers left Odaenathus as the most powerful leader in the Roman East. He was granted many titles by the emperor but those honors are debated among scholars:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dux Romanorum" (commander of the Romans) was probably given to Odaenathus to recognize his position as the commander in chief of the forces in the east against the Persians; it was inherited by Odaenathus' son and successor Vaballathus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Corrector totius orientis" (righter of the entire East): it is generally accepted by modern scholars that he bore this title. A "corrector" had an overall command of Roman armies and authority over provincial governors in his designated region. There are no known attestations of the title during Odaenathus' lifetime. Evidence for the king bearing the title consists of two inscriptions in Palmyrene: one posthumous dedication describing him as "MTQNNʿ" of the East (derived from the Aramaic root "TQN", meaning to set in order); and the other describing his heir Vaballathus with the same title, albeit using the word "PNRTTʿ" instead of "MTQNNʿ".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imperator totius orientis" (commander-in-chief of the entire East): only the "Augustan History" claims that Odaenathus was given this title; the same source also claims that he was made an "Augustus", or co-emperor, following his defeat of the Persians. Both claims are dismissed by scholars. Odaenathus seems to have been acclaimed as "imperator" by his troops, which was a salutation usually reserved for the Roman emperor; this acclamation might explain the erroneous reports of the "Augustan History".

paragraph: Regardless of his titles, Odaenathus controlled the Roman East with the approval of Gallienus, who could do little but formalize Odaenathus' self-achieved status and settle for his formal loyalty. Odaenathus' authority extended from the Pontic coast in the north to Palestine in the south. This area included the Roman provinces of Syria, Phoenice, Palaestina, Arabia, Anatolia's eastern regions and, following the campaign of 262, Osroene and Mesopotamia.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Persian war of 260 and pacifying Syria.:First Persian campaign 262.

paragraph: Perhaps driven by a desire to take revenge for the destruction of Palmyrene trade centers and to discourage Shapur I from initiating future attacks, Odaenathus launched an offensive against the Persians. The suppression of Fulvius Macrianus' rebellion probably prompted Gallienus to entrust the Palmyrene monarch with the war in Persia and Roman soldiers were in the ranks of Odaenathus' army for this campaign. In the spring of 262, the king marched north into the occupied Roman province of Mesopotamia, driving out the Persian garrisons and recapturing Edessa and Carrhae. The first onslaught was aimed at Nisibis, which Odaenathus regained but sacked, since the inhabitants had been sympathetic towards the Persian occupation. A little later he destroyed the Jewish city of Nehardea, west of the Persian capital Ctesiphon, as he considered the Jews of Mesopotamia to be loyal to Shapur I. By late 262 or early 263, Odaenathus stood outside the walls of the Persian capital.

paragraph: The exact route taken by Odaenathus from Palmyra to Ctesiphon remains uncertain; it was probably similar to the route Emperor Julian took in 363 during his campaign against Persia. If he did use this route, Odaenathus would have crossed the Euphrates at Zeugma then moved east to Edessa followed by Carrhae then Nisibis. Here, he would have descended south along the Khabur River to the Euphrates valley and then marched along the river's left bank to Nehardea. He then penetrated the Sassanian province of Asōristān and marched along the royal canal Naarmalcha towards the Tigris, where the Persian capital stood.

paragraph: Once at Ctesiphon, Odaenathus immediately began a siege of the well-fortified winter residence of the Persian kings; severe damage was inflicted upon the surrounding areas during several battles with Persian troops. The city held out and the logistical problems of fighting in enemy territory probably prompted the Palmyrenes to lift the siege. Odaenathus headed north along the Euphrates carrying with him numerous prisoners and much booty. The invasion resulted in the full restoration of the Roman lands which had been occupied by Shapur I since the beginning of his invasions in 252: Osroene and Mesopotamia. However, Dura-Europus and other Palmyrene posts south of Circesium, such as Anah, were not rebuilt. Odaenathus sent the captives to Rome, and by the end of 263 Gallienus added "Persicus Maximus" ("the great victor in Persia") to Odaenathus' titles and held a triumph in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:King of kings.

paragraph: In 263, after his return, Odaenathus assumed the title king of kings of the East ("Mlk Mlk dy Mdnh"), and crowned his son Herodianus (Hairan I) as co-king of kings. A statue was erected and dedicated for Herodianus to celebrate his coronation by Septimius Worod, the "duumviri" (magistrate) of Palmyra, and Julius Aurelius, the Queen's "procurator" (treasurer). The dedeication, in Greek, is undated, but Septimius Worod was a "duumviri" between 263 and 264. Hence, the coronation took place c. 263. Contemporary evidence for Odaenathus bearing the title of king of kings is lacking; all firmly dated inscriptions attesting Odaenathus with the title were commissioned after his death, including one that is dated to 271. However, Herodianus died with his father, and since he is directly attested as "king of kings" during his father's lifetime, it is unimaginable that Odaenathus was simply a king while his son was the king of kings. An undated inscription, written in Greek and difficult to decipher, found on a stone reused in the Palmyrene Camp of Diocletian, addresses Odaenathus as king of kings ("rex regum") and was probably set during his reign.

paragraph: According to the dedication, Herodianus was crowned near the Orontes, which indicates a ceremony taking place in Antioch on the Orontes, the metropolis of Syria. The title was a symbol of legitimacy in the East, dating back to the Assyrians, then the Achaemenids, who used it to symbolize their supremacy over all other rulers; it was later adopted by the Parthian monarchs to legitimize their conquests. The first Sassanian monarch, Ardashir I, adopted the title following his victory over the Parthians. Odaenathus' son was crowned with a diadem and a tiara; the choice of Antioch on the Orontes was probably meant to demonstrate that the Palmyrene monarchs were now the successors of the Seleucid and Iranian rulers who had controlled Syria and Mesopotamia in the past.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:King of kings.:Relation with Rome.

paragraph: In analyzing the rise of Odaenathus and his complicated relationship with Rome, the historian Gary K. Young concluded that "to search for any kind of regularity or normality in such a situation is clearly pointless". In practice, Palmyra became an allied kingdom of Rome, but legally, it remained part of the empire. The king of kings title was probably not aimed at the position of the Roman emperor but at Shapur I; Odaenathus was declaring that he, not the Persian monarch, was the legitimate king of kings in the East. Odaenathus' intentions are questioned by some historians, such as Drinkwater, who attributed the attempted negotiations with Shapur I to Odaenathus' quest for power. However, in contrast to the norm of this period when powerful generals frequently proclaimed themselves emperors, Odaenathus chose not to attempt to usurp Gallienus' throne.

paragraph: The relationship between Odaenathus and the emperor should be understood from two different perspectives: Roman and Syrian. In Rome, broad power delegation by the emperor to an individual from outside the imperial family was not considered a problem; such authority had been granted several times since the days of Augustus in the first century. The Syrian perspective was different: according to Potter, the dedication celebrating Herodianus' coronation on the Orontes should be interpreted to mean a "Palmyrene claim to kingship in Syria" and control over it during the reign of Odaenathus. What the central government thought of such claims is unclear, but it is doubtful that Gallienus recognized the situation as the Palmyrenes understood it. In the Roman Empire's hierarchical system, a vassal king using the title of king of kings did not indicate that he was a peer of the emperor or that the ties of vassalage were cut. Such different understandings eventually led to the conflict between Rome and Palmyra during the reign of Zenobia, who considered her husband's Roman offices hereditary and an expression of independent authority.

paragraph: The king had effective control over the Roman East where his military authority was absolute. Odaenathus respected Gallienus' authority to appoint provincial governors, but dealt swiftly with opposition: the , usually associated with the sixth-century historian Eustathius of Epiphania or Peter the Patrician, mentions the story of Kyrinus, or Quirinus, a Roman official, who showed dissatisfaction with Odaenathus' authority over the Persian frontier, and was immediately executed by the king. In general, Odaenathus' actions were connected to his and Palmyra's interests only. His support of Gallienus and his Roman titles did not hide the Palmyrene base of his power and the local origin of his armies, as with his decision not to wait for the Emperor to help in 260. Odaenathus' status seems to have been, as Watson puts it, "something between powerful subject, independent vassal king and rival emperor".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:King of kings.:Administration and royal image.

paragraph: Odaenathus behaved as a sovereign monarch; outside his kingdom of Palmyra, he had overall administrative and military authority over the provincial governors of the Roman eastern provinces. Inside Palmyra, no Roman provincial official had any authority; the king filled the government with Palmyrenes. In parallel to the Iranian practice of making the government a family enterprise, Odaenathus bestowed his own "gentilicium" (Septimius) upon his leading generals and officials such as Zabdas, Zabbai and Worod. Most Palmyrene constitutional institutions continued to function normally during Odaenathus' reign; he maintained many civic establishments, but the last magistrates where elected in 264, and the Palmyrene council was not attested after that year. After this year, a governor, Septimius Worod, was appointed by the king for the city of Palmyra, who also functioned as a viceroy when Odaenathus was on campaign.

paragraph: A lead token depicting Herodianus shows him wearing a crown shaped like that of the Parthian monarchs, so it must have been Odaenathus' crown; this combination of imagery, together with the king of kings title, indicates that Odaenathus considered himself the rival of the Sassanians and the protector of the region against them. Many intellectuals relocated to Palmyra and enjoyed the king's patronage, most prominantely Cassius Longinus, who probably arrived in the 260s. It is possible that Odaenathus influenced local writers to promote his rule; a prophecy in the Thirteenth "Sibylline Oracle", written after the events it "prophesied", reads: "Then shall come one who was sent by the sun [i.e., Odaenathus], a mighty and fearful lion, breathing much flame. Then he with much shameless daring will destroy ... the greatest beast — venomous, fearful and emitting a great deal of hisses [i.e., Shapur I]". The authority of Odaenathus did not appease all factions in Syria and the glorification of the king in the oracle could be a politically sponsored propaganda aimed at expanding Odaenathus' support. Another writer in the Palmyrene court, Nicostratus of Trebizond, probably accompanied the king on his campaigns and wrote a history of the period, starting with Philip the Arab and ending shortly before Odaenathus' death. According to Potter, Nicostratus' account was meant to glorify Odaenathus and demonstrate his superiority over the Roman Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:King of kings.:Administration and royal image.:Coinage.

paragraph: Odaenathus minted the coinage in the name of Gallienus, and produced no coins bearing his own image. The engraver Hubertus Goltzius forged coins of Odaenathus in the sixteenth century; according to the eighteenth century numismatist Joseph Hilarius Eckhel "The coins of Odenathus are known only to Goltzius; and if anyone will put faith in their existence, let him go to the fountain head (i.e. Goltzius)". According to the "Augustan History", Gallienus minted a coin in honour of Odaenathus where he was depicted taking the Persians captive; a coin of Gallienus minted in Antioch and dated to c. 264-265 depicts two seated captives on its reverse and was associated with the victories of Odaenathus by the historian Michael Geiger. Other coins of Gallienus depict lions on their reverses; the animal was portrayed in several fashions: bare headed with a bull's head between its paws, radiate head, radiate head with a bull's head between its paws, or an eagle standing on its back. The historian Erika Manders considered it possible that those coins were issued for Odaenathus as the depiction of a lion is reminiscent of the Thirteenth "Sibylline Oracle"'s description of Odaenathus as a "mighty and fearful lion, breathing much flame".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:King of kings.:Second Persian campaign 266 and war in Anatolia.

paragraph: The primary sources are silent regarding events following the first Persian campaign, but this is an indication of the peace that prevailed and that the Persians had ceased being a threat to the Roman East. The evidence for the second campaign is meager; Zosimus is the only one to mention it specifically. A passage in the Thirteenth "Sibylline Oracle" is interpreted by Hartmann as an indication of a second offensive. The campaign took place in 266 or 267 and was aimed directly at Ctesiphon. However, after Odaenathus reached the walls of the Persian capital he had to break off the siege and march north to face an influx of Germanic riders attacking Anatolia.

paragraph: The Romans used the designation "Scythian" to denote many tribes, regardless of their ethnic origin, and sometimes the term would be interchangeable with Goths. The tribes attacking Anatolia were probably the Heruli who built ships to cross the Black Sea in 267 and ravaged the coasts of Bithynia and Pontus, besieging Heraclea Pontica. According to the eighth century historian Syncellus, Odaenathus arrived at Anatolia with Herodianus and headed to Heraclea but the riders were already gone, having loaded their ships with booty. Many perished, perhaps in a sea battle with Odaenathus' forces, or possibly they were shipwrecked.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: Odaenathus was assassinated, together with Herodianus, in late 267. The date is debated and some scholars propose 266 or 268, but Vaballathus dated his first year of reign between August 267 and August 268, making late 267 the most probable date. The assassination took place either in Anatolia, or in Syria. There is no consensus on the manner, perpetrator or the motive behind the act.

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to Syncellus, Odaenathus was assassinated near Heraclea Pontica by an assassin also named Odaenathus who was killed by the king's bodyguard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus states that Odaenathus was killed by conspirators near Emesa at a friend's birthday party without naming the killer. The twelfth century historian Zonaras attributed the crime to a nephew of Odaenathus but did not give a name. The Anonymus post Dionem also does not name the assassin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Augustan History" claims that a cousin of the king named Maeonius killed him.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:Instigators and motives theories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman conspiracy: The seventh century historian John of Antioch accused Gallienus of being behind the assassination. A passage in the work of the Anonymus post Dionem speaks of a certain "Rufinus" who orchestrated the assassination on his own initiative, then explained his actions to the Emperor who condoned them. This account has Rufinus ordering the murder of an older Odaenathus out of fear that he would rebel, and has the younger Odaenathus complaining to the emperor. Since the older Odaenathus (Odaenathus I) has proven to be a fictional character, the story is ignored by most scholars. However, the younger Odaenathus could be an oblique reference to Vaballathus and Rufinus could be identified with Cocceius Rufinus, the Roman governor of Arabia in 261–262. The evidence for such a Roman conspiracy is weak.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family feud: According to Zonaras, Odaenathus' nephew misbehaved during a lion hunt. He made the first attack and killed the animal to the dismay of the king. Odaenathus warned his nephew, who ignored the warning and repeated the act twice more, causing the king to deprive him of his horse, a great insult in the East. The nephew threatened Odaenathus and was put in chains as a result. Herodianus asked his father to forgive his cousin and his request was granted. However, as the king was drinking, the nephew approached him with a sword and killed him along with Herodianus. The bodyguard immediately executed the nephew.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zenobia: the wife of Odaenathus was accused by the "Augustan History" of having formerly conspired with Maeonius, as Herodianus was her stepson and she could not accept that he was the heir to her husband instead of her own children. However, there is no suggestion in the "Augustan History" that Zenobia was directly involved in her husband's murder; the act is attributed to Maeonius' degeneracy and jealousy. Those accounts by the "Augustan History" can be dismissed as fiction. The hints in modern scholarship that Zenobia had a hand in the assassination out of her desire to rule the empire and her dismay at her husband's pro-Roman policy can be dismissed as there was no reversal of that policy during the first years following Odaenathus' death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persian agents: the possibility of a Persian involvement exists, but the outcome of the assassination would not have served Shapur I unless a pro-Persian monarch was established on the Palmyrene throne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palmyrene traitors: another possibility would be Palmyrenes dissatisfied with Odaenathus' reign and the changes of their city's governmental system.

paragraph: The historian Nathanael Andrade, noting that since the "Augustan History", Zosimus, Zonaras, and Syncellus all refer to a family feud or a domestic conspiracy in their writings, they must have been recounting an early tradition regarding the assassination. Also, the story of Rufinus is a clue to tensions between Odaenathus and the Roman court. The mint of Antioch on the Orontes ceased the production of Gallienus' coins in early 268, and while this could be related to fiscal troubles, it could also have been ordered by Zenobia in retaliation for the murder of her husband. Andrade proposed that the assassination was the result of a coup conducted by Palmyrene notables in collaboration with the imperial court whose officials were dissatisfied with Odaenathus autonomy. On the other hand, Hartmann concluded that it is more probable that Odaenathus was killed in Pontus.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and descendants.

paragraph: Odaenathus was married twice. Nothing is known about his first wife's name or fate. Zenobia was the king's second wife, whom he married in the late 250s when she was 17 or 18.

paragraph: How many children Odaenathus had with his first wife is unknown and only one is attested:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hairan IHerodianus: the name Hairan appears on a 251 inscription from Palmyra describing him as "ras", implying that he was already an adult by then. In the "Augustan History", Odaenathus' eldest son is named Herod; the dedication at Palmyra from 263 which celebrates Hairan I's coronation mentions him with the name Herodianus. It is possible that the Hairan of the 251 inscription is not the same as the Herodianus of the dedication from 263, but this is contested by Hartmann, who concludes that the reason for the difference in the spelling is the language used in the inscription (Herodianus being the Greek version), meaning that Odaenathus' eldest son and co-king was Hairan Herodianus. The view of Hartmann is in line with the academic consensus.

paragraph: The children of Odaenathus and Zenobia were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaballathus: he is attested on several coins, inscriptions, and in the ancient literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hairan II: his image appears on a seal impression along with his older brother Vaballathus; his identity is much debated. Potter suggested that he is the same as Herodianus, who was crowned in 263, and that the Hairan I mentioned in 251 died before the birth of Hairan II. Andrade suggested the opposite, maintaining that Hairan I, Herodianus and Hairan II are the same.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herennianus and Timolaus: the two were mentioned in the "Augustan History" and are not attested in any other source; Herennianus might be a conflation of Hairan and Herodianus while Timolaus is most probably a fabrication, although the historian Dietmar Kienast suggests that he might be Vaballathus.

paragraph: Possible descendants of Odaenathus living in later centuries are reported: Lucia Septimia Patabiniana Balbilla Tyria Nepotilla Odaenathiana is known through a dedication dating to the late third or early fourth century inscribed on a tombstone erected by a wet nurse to her "sweetest and most loving mistress". The tombstone was found in Rome at the San Callisto in Trastevere. Another possible relative is Eusebius who is mentioned by the fourth century rhetorician Libanius in 391 as a son of one Odaenathus, who was in turn a descendant of the king; the father of Eusebius is mentioned as fighting against the Persians (most probably in the ranks of emperor Julian's army). In 393, Libanius mentioned that Eusebius promised him a speech written by Longinus for the king. In the fifth century, the philosopher "Syrian Odaenathus" lived in Athens and was a student of Plutarch of Athens; he might have been a distant descendant of the king.

paragraph: Section::::Burial and succession.

paragraph: Mummification was practiced in Palmyra alongside inhumation and it is a possibility that Zenobia had her husband mummified. The stone block bearing Odaenathus' sepulchral inscription was in the Temple of Bel in the nineteenth century, and it was originally the architrave of the tomb. It had been moved to the temple at some point and so the location of the tomb to which the block belonged is not known. The tomb was probably built early in Odaenathus' career and before his marriage to Zenobia and it is plausible that another, more elaborate, tomb was built after Odaenathus became king of kings.

paragraph: Roman law forbade the burial of individuals within a city. This rule was strictly observed in the west, but it was applied more leniently in the eastern parts of the empire. A burial within a city was one of the highest honors an individual other that the emperor and his family could receive in the Roman Empire. A notable person may be buried in this manner for different reasons, such as his leadership or monetary donations. It meant that the deceased was not sent beyond the walls for fear of "miasma" (pollution), and that he would be part of the city's future civic life. At the western end of the Great Colonnade at Palmyra, a shrine designated "Funerary Temple no. 86" (also known as the House Tomb) is located. Inside its chamber, steps lead down to a vault crypt which is now lost. This mausoleum might have belonged to the royal family, being the only tomb inside the city's walls. Odaenathus' royal power in itself was sufficient to earn him a burial within the city walls.

paragraph: The "Augustan History" claims that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a brief period before being killed by soldiers. However, no inscriptions or other evidence exist for Maeonius' reign, whose very existence is doubtful. The disappearance of Septimius Worod in 267 could be related to the internal coup; he could have been executed by Zenobia if he was involved, or killed by the conspirators if he was loyal to the king. Odaenathus was succeeded by his son, the ten-year-old Vaballathus, under the regency of Zenobia; Hairan II probably died soon after his father, as only Vaballathus succeeded to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and reception.

paragraph: Odaenathus was the founder of the Palmyrene royal dynasty. He left Palmyra the premier power in the East, and his actions laid the foundation of Palmyrene strength which culminated in the establishment of the Palmyrene Empire in 270. Hero cults were not common in Palmyra, but the unprecedented position and achievements of Odaenathus might have given rise to such a practice: a mosaic panel excavated in Palmyra depicts a man in Palmyrene military outfit riding a horse and shooting at two tigers, with an eagle flying above. According to Gianluca Serra, the conservation zoologist based in Palmyra at the time of the panel's discovery, the tigers are "Panthera tigris tigris", once common in the region of Hyrcania in Iran. Gawlikowski proposed that it is Odaenathus depicted as the archer and the Persians as the tigers in the mosaic; the title of "mrn" (lord) appears on the panel, an honor carried only by Odaenathus and Hairan I. The panel indicates that Odaenathus was probably treated as a divine figure, and may have been worshipped in Palmyra.

paragraph: Odaenathus' memory as an able king, and loyal Roman, was used by the emperors Claudius II and Aurelian to tarnish Zenobia's reputation by portraying themselves as Odaenathus' avengers against his wife, the usurper who gained the throne through plotting. The king was praised by Libanius, and the fourth century writer of the "Augustan History", while placing Odaenathus among the Thirty Tyrants (probably because he assumed the title of king in the view of the eighteenth century historian Edward Gibbon), speaks highly of his role in the Persian War and credits him with saving the empire: "Had not Odaenathus, prince of the Palmyrenes, seized the imperial power after the capture of Valerian when the strength of the Roman state was exhausted, all would have been lost in the East". On the other hand, Odaenathus is viewed negatively in Rabbinic sources. His sack of Nehardea mortified the Jews, and he was cursed by both the Babylonian Jews and the Jews of Palestine. In the Christian version of the Apocalypse of Elijah, probably written in Egypt following the capture of Valerian, Odaenathus is called the king who will rise from the "city of the sun" and will be eventually killed by the Persians; this prophecy is a response to Odaenathus' persecution of the Jews and his destruction of Nahardea. The Jewish Apocalypse of Elijah identifies Odaenathus as the Antichrist.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and reception.:Modern scepticism.

paragraph: The successes of Odaenathus are treated sceptically by a number of modern scholars. According to the "Augustan History", Odaenathus "captured the king's treasures and he captured, too, what the Parthian monarchs hold dearer than treasures, namely his concubines. For this reason Shapur [I] was now in greater dread of the Roman generals, and out of fear of Ballista and Odaenathus he withdrew more speedily to his kingdom." Sceptical scholars, such as Martin Sprengling, considered such accounts of ancient Roman historians "poor, scanty and confused". However, the coronation dedication of Herodianus' statue, which stood on the Monumental Arch of Palmyra, records his defeat of the Persians, for which he was crowned, thus providing Palmyrene evidence that explicitly mentions the war against Persia; the victory attested is probably related to the first Persian campaign and not the battle of 260.

paragraph: The historian Andreas Alföldi concluded that Odaenathus started his wars with Persia by attacking the retreating Persian army at Edessa in 260. Such an attack is rejected by sceptical scholars; Sprengling noted that no evidence exist for such an engagement. The Iranologist Walter Bruno Henning considered the accounts of Odaenathus' attack in 260 greatly exaggerated. Shapur I mentions that he made the Roman prisoners build him the Band-e Kaisar near Susiana, and built a city for those prisoners, which evolved into the current Gundeshapur; Henning cited those arguments as an evidence for Shapur I's success in bringing his army and prisoners back home and Roman exaggeration regarding Odaenathus' successes. Sprengling suggested that Shapur I did not have enough troops to garrison the Roman cities he occupied, and he was old and focused on religion and building; hence, Odaenathus merely retook abandoned cities and marched on Ctesiphon to heal Rome's pride, while being careful not to disturb the Persians and their emperor. Other scholars, such as Jacob Neusner, noted that while the accounts of the 260 engagement might be an exaggeration, Odaenathus did become a real threat to Persia when he regained the cities formerly taken by Shapur I and besieged Ctesiphon. The historian Louis Feldman rejected Henning's proposals, and the historian Trevor Bryce concluded that whatever the nature of Odaenathus' campaigns, they led to the restoration of all Roman territories occupied by Shapur I; Rome was free of Persian threats for several years after Odaenathus' wars.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panoramic pictures of Odaenathus' possible mausoleum (The Funerary Temple nr. 86)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odaenathus' passage in Encyclopædia Britannica

description: Exarch of Palmyra

wikidata_label: Odaenathus

wikipedia_title: Odaenathus


text:
German
Volkspolizei
Mecklenburg
Berlin
Charlottenburg
Lichterfelde
World War I
France
London School of Economics
German Communist Party
Switzerland
France
Paris
International Brigades in Spain
Spain
Spanish Civil War
XI International Brigade
Thälmann
Hemingway’s
For Whom the Bell Tolls
17th Division
Battle of the Ebro
45th Division
Spanish Republican Army
enemy alien
UK
Canada
Free Germany Movement
UK
Communist
Germany
Mecklenburg
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Mecklenburg
Ludwigslust

categories: 1947 deaths,People from Charlottenburg,1899 births,Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians,German people of the Spanish Civil War,International Brigades personnel,German police chiefs,Prussian Army personnel,German male writers,People from the Province of Brandenburg,World War I prisoners of war held by France,German prisoners of war in World War I,German male journalists,German journalists

paragraph: Hans Kahle

paragraph: Hans Kahle (22 April 1899 – 1 September 1947) was a German journalist, anti-fascist, and head of the Volkspolizei in Mecklenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Kahle was born in Berlin-Charlottenburg, the son of a senior official. He attended high school and then at the imperial military academy in Lichterfelde. He fought as a cadet, later as a lieutenant in World War I and became a prisoner of war in 1918 in France, from which he was discharged in 1920.

paragraph: After the war he began a commercial apprenticeship and attended the London School of Economics. From 1921 to 1926 he was a clerk in Mexico, in 1927, he returned to Germany.

paragraph: Since 1928 he was a member of the German Communist Party (KPD). 1930–1933 editor, publishing director and later chairman of the independent radio-federal employees and the military apparatus of the Communist Party. In 1933, he was forced to emigrate to Switzerland, and later he was sent to France. There he worked as a journalist, as an editor of " tribunal ", and organized for the International Red Aid in Spain relief efforts for the Victims of the Asturian miners' uprising. In 1936 he worked in Paris in the organizing committee of the International Brigades in Spain, until he went to Spain in October itself. He fought until 1938 in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Republicans in the International Brigades. Initially, he was commander of the battalion "Edgar André", from November 1936 Commander of the XI International Brigade (Thälmann) (He was the model for Hemingway’s General Hans in For Whom the Bell Tolls). In 1937, he became commander of the 17th Division, and in the Battle of the Ebro in 1938 he commanded the 45th Division of the Spanish Republican Army.

paragraph: 1938/1939 he was interned as an enemy alien in France, 1940/1941 in the UK and Canada. After his release in 1941, he worked as a military correspondent for various newspapers. He was a founding member of the Free Germany Movement in the UK and a member of the Communist Party line in the UK.

paragraph: In February 1946 he returned to Germany and became head of the newly established People's Police in Mecklenburg and state chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in Mecklenburg. He died at age 48 in 1947 in Ludwigslust.

description: German journalist and head of police (1899-1947)

wikidata_label: Hans Kahle

wikipedia_title: Hans Kahle


text:
Castilian
Iberian
Cantabria
Portuguese
Sé Cathedral
Vila do Conde
Manueline
World Heritage Sites
Convent of Christ (Tomar)
Jerónimos Monastery
El Jadida
Batalha Monastery
Alcobaça Monastery
Juan de Castillo at Hermitage

categories: Cantabrian architects,Portuguese architects,1470 births,Renaissance architects,Manueline architects,1552 deaths

paragraph: João de Castilho

paragraph: João de Castilho (1470–1552), also known as "Juan de Castillo", was a Castilian and a notable Iberian architect born in Castillo Siete Villas, actually Arnuero (Cantabria). He is recognizably one of the premier architects in Portuguese history (where he developed most of his work), responsible for several buildings classified as world heritage by UNESCO.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He began working on the Cathedral in Bruges, before advancing to the Cathedral of Seville in his early career. From Seville he was summoned by the Archbishop of Braga, D. Diego de Sousa, in 1509, to work on the chapel of the Sé Cathedral

paragraph: Following this period, he worked on the parochial Church of São João Baptista in Vila do Conde, where he lived for a while (a city was thriving at the time economically due to imports-exports from its port.

paragraph: From Vila do Conde, João de Castilho began on working in the Convent of Christ in Tomar. There he executed the celebrated gate and portico to the Church, responding to the beautiful Manueline window produced by Diogo de Arruda. His efforts were rewarded, when he was given the task of managing the public works at the Convent, which he maintained until his death.

paragraph: In 1517, he succeeded Diogo Boitaca as director of the public works at the Monastery of the Jeronimos, where he designed the extraordinary southern portico (along with Gil Vicente, author of the "Custódia of Belém").

paragraph: He worked in five World Heritage Sites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Convent of Christ (Tomar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerónimos Monastery

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Jadida

paragraph: BULLET::::- Batalha Monastery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alcobaça Monastery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan de Castillo at Hermitage

description: Portuguese architect

wikidata_label: João de Castilho

wikipedia_title: João de Castilho