text:
Duke of Bohemia
Vladislaus II
Frederick Barbarossa
Holy Roman Emperor
Diet at Hermsdorf
Oldřich
Prague
Henry II, Duke of Austria
Danube
Pope Alexander III
Elisabeth

wikipedia_title: Elisabeth of Greater Poland, Duchess of Bohemia

categories: People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,Roman Catholic monarchs,Year of birth unknown,Dukes of Bohemia,1180 deaths

paragraph: Soběslav II, Duke of Bohemia

paragraph: Soběslav II (also Sobeslaus II), called "Prince of the Peasants" or "King of the Peasants" (c.1128 – 29 January 1180), was the Duke of Bohemia from 1173 to 1178. He was the second son of Soběslav I. Supported by neither nobles nor emperor, he was backed solely by the lowest classes.

paragraph: In 1172, Frederick, son of Vladislaus II, succeeded his abdicating father. Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Emperor, held a Diet at Hermsdorf in September 1173 and deposed Frederick, nominating Oldřich, son of Soběslav I. Oldřich immediately abdicated in favour of his elder brother Soběslav II, who had been imprisoned since 1161.

paragraph: Soběslav granted a charter to the town of Prague, but he entered into a fight with Henry II, Duke of Austria, in 1175. In summer 1176, an army led by Duke Conrad Otto of Znojmo devastated the country to the north of the Danube. Churches and monasteries were attacked and Pope Alexander III excommunicated the duke. Barbarossa intervened in 1177 and recognised Frederick as duke. By 1179, Soběslav was removed and he died in "some part of a foreign land" on 29 January 1180 without heirs from his union with Elisabeth (d.1209), daughter of Mieszko III of Poland.

description: Duke of Bohemia

wikidata_label: Soběslav II, Duke of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Soběslav II, Duke of Bohemia


text:
King of Bohemia
Duke of Bohemia
Richeza of Berg
Judith of Thuringia
Bavaria
Conrad III
Bamberg
Sadská
Conrad II of Znojmo
Jindřich Zdík
Olomouc
Conrad III of Germany
Second Crusade
Constantinople
Kiev
Kraków
Milan
Frederick Barbarossa
Vratislaus II
Upper Lusatia
Regensburg
Milan
Děpold I of Jamnitz
Moravia
Brno
Znojmo
Manuel I Comnenus
Byzantium
Pope Alexander III
Soběslav II
Thuringia
Meissen
Premonstratensian
Cistercian
Vltava
Prague
Charles Bridge
Yaroslav II of Kiev
Géza II of Hungary
Archbishop of Salzburg
Adalbert III of Bohemia
Judith of Thuringia
Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia
Ottokar
Henry I, Duke of Mödling
Henry II, Duke of Austria

wikipedia_title:
List of Bohemian monarchs
List of Bohemian monarchs
Richeza of Berg
Judith of Thuringia
Bavaria
Conrad III of Germany
Bamberg
Sadská
Conrad II of Znojmo
Jindřich Zdík
Olomouc
Conrad III of Germany
Second Crusade
Constantinople
Kiev
Kraków
Milan
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Vratislaus II of Bohemia
Upper Lusatia
Regensburg
Milan
Děpold I of Jamnitz
Moravia
Brno
Znojmo
Manuel I Komnenos
Byzantium
Pope Alexander III
Soběslav II, Duke of Bohemia
Thuringia
Meissen
Premonstratensians
Cistercians
Vltava
Prague
Charles Bridge
Yaroslav II of Kiev
Géza II of Hungary
Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
Adalbert III of Bohemia
Judith of Thuringia
Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia
Ottokar I of Bohemia
Henry I, Duke of Mödling
Henry II, Duke of Austria

categories: Year of birth unknown,Roman Catholic monarchs,Dukes of Bohemia,1174 deaths

paragraph: Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia

paragraph: Vladislaus II or Vladislaus I (king) (, c.1110 – 18 January 1174) was the second King of Bohemia from 1158. Before that, he had been Duke of Bohemia from 1140. When he abdicated in 1172, the royal title was not yet hereditary.

paragraph: Vladislav was the son of Vladislav I and Richeza of Berg. He was married twice, first to Gertrude of Babenberg and then to Judith of Thuringia.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: He was an adventurous youth. Having no expectation of reaching the throne during the reign of his uncle Soběslav I, he moved to Bavaria. He returned at the death of Soběslav in 1140 and, with the help of his brother-in-law, the king of Germany, Conrad III, he was elected Duke of Bohemia by the Bohemian nobility.

paragraph: At first, Vladislav had to contend with the claims of his cousin, the son of Soběslav who was also named Vladislav. At Soběslav's request, Emperor Lothair II recognised the rights of his son at the Diet of Bamberg in May 1138. Then, in June, the nobility affirmed them at Sadská. Another diet at Bamberg confirmed the succession of the son of Vladislav, however, in April 1140. The local dukes Conrad II of Znojmo, Vratislaus II of Brno, and Otto III of Olomouc, gave him trouble. They were excommunicated by Jindřich Zdík, bishop of Olomouc, who was then driven out of his diocese. The territorial dukes then defeated Vladislav through treason at Vysoká on 22 April 1142, but their siege of Prague failed. Vladislav kept his throne with the assistance of Conrad III of Germany, whose half-sister Gertrude of Babenberg he married.

paragraph: Section::::The second king of Bohemia.

paragraph: In 1147, Vladislav accompanied Conrad on the Second Crusade, but halted his march at Constantinople and subsequently returned. On his way back to Bohemia, he passed through Kiev and Kraków. In return for military support against free northern Italian cities (especially Milan) for the emperor Frederick Barbarossa (Conrad's successor), Vladislav was elected king of Bohemia on 11 January 1158. He thus became the second Bohemian king to boast the royal dignity after Vratislaus II.

paragraph: He was also invested with Upper Lusatia at Regensburg and his coronation was celebrated in a second ceremony at Milan on 8 September. Vladislav was a firm ally of the emperor Frederick. He duly accompanied him to Milan in 1158. During the Italian expeditions of 1161, 1162, and 1167, Vladislav entrusted the command of the Czech contingent to his brother Duke Děpold I of Jamnitz and his son Frederick.

paragraph: After the revolt of the Moravian dukes, Vladislav gradually took control of the strongholds of Moravia: Brno with the death of Vratislaus II in 1156, Olomouc with the death of Otto III (in spite of the claims of Soběslav, the son of Duke Soběslav, who was imprisoned), and finally Znojmo with the death of Conrad II. Vladislav also intervened in Hungary in 1163 on behalf of the emperor. He married his second son, Sviatopluk, to a Hungarian princess and had diplomatic contact with Emperor Manuel I Comnenus of Byzantium.

paragraph: In 1167, Daniel I, bishop of Prague since 1148 and Vladislav's greatest advisor, died. As a result, relations between the kings of Bohemia and Germany were strained. When his son Adalbert (Vojtěch) III became archbishop of Salzburg in 1169, the emperor suspected him of supporting Pope Alexander III.

paragraph: Section::::Abdication.

paragraph: Eager to impose his son Frederick on the throne of the still-elective duchy of Bohemia, he abdicated without either the consensus of the Bohemian noblemen or the emperor's permission. Frederick kept the throne for less than one year before yielding his place to Soběslav II, the elder son of Soběslav I.

paragraph: Vladislav lived in Thuringia in the lands of his second wife, where he died in January 1174. He was buried in the Cathedral of Meissen. His reign was marked by the founding of numerous Premonstratensian and Cistercian abbeys in Bohemia, as well as the construction of a stone bridge across the Vltava River in Prague: the construct was named the Judith Bridge in honour of Vladislav's second wife. The bridge was destroyed in a flood in 1342 and the Charles Bridge was built in its place.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: By his first wife, Gertrude of Babenberg (died 4 August 1150), he had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter (Richeza?), married Yaroslav II of Kiev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick, successor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sviatopluk, married a daughter of Géza II of Hungary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vojtěch, Archbishop of Salzburg as Adalbert III of Bohemia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes (died 7 June 1228), abbess of St George of Prague

paragraph: By his second wife, Judith of Thuringia (married 1155), daughter of Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia, he had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottokar, later king of Bohemia, the first of a hereditary line

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladislaus, later duke of Bohemia as Vladislaus III

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richeza (died 19 April 1182), married Henry I, Duke of Mödling, son of Henry II, Duke of Austria and had one son, Henry the Younger

description: King of Bohemia

wikidata_label: Vladislaus II of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia


text:
Přemyslid dynasty
Duke of Bohemia
Vladislav II of Bohemia
Gertrude of Babenberg
Leopold III of Austria
Bohemian duke
Hohenstaufen
Frederick Barbarossa
Vratislav II
Moravia
Olomouc
agnatic seniority
Prague
Soběslav I
diet
Imperial Diet
Hermsdorf
Oldřich
Soběslav II
Thuringian
Judith
Italian
Lombard League
Battle of Legnano
Babenberg
Austria
Henry Jasomirgott
Conrad III Otto of Znojmo
Leopold V of Austria
Loděnice
Nové Město
Imperial prince
Polish
Meissen
Hungarian
Mainz
accolade
Henry VI
Frederick of Swabia
Ottokar
margraviate
Prague bishop
Henry Bretislaus
princely
Loděnice
Knín
Third Crusade
Elizabeth
Árpád
Géza II of Hungary
Euphrosyne of Kiev
Manuel I Komnenos
Albert, Margrave of Meissen
Ludmilla
Bogen
Louis I, Duke of Bavaria

wikipedia_title: Gertrude of Babenberg, Duchess of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth of Hungary, Duchess of Bohemia

categories: Roman Catholic monarchs,1189 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Dukes of Bohemia,Přemyslid dynasty

paragraph: Frederick, Duke of Bohemia

paragraph: Frederick () ( – 25 March 1189), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 1172 to 1173 and again from 1178 to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Frederick was the eldest son of King Vladislav II of Bohemia (d. 1174) from his first marriage with Gertrude of Babenberg, a daughter of Margrave Leopold III of Austria. His father had ruled as a Bohemian duke since 1140; in 1158 he obtained the royal title by the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa, godfather and namesake of Frederick. His elevation expressed the emperor's gratitude for Vladislav's loyalty and faithful service; he thereby became the second Přemyslid king after his grandfather Vratislav II (d. 1092). His son Frederick ruled as a Moravian prince of Olomouc from 1164 onwards.

paragraph: King Vladislav's relations with the emperor deteriorated when in 1172 he abdicated in favour of Frederick, trying to implement a line of succession in accordance to the principle of agnatic seniority, but without consulting Barbarossa. While the Prague throne was claimed by Vladislav's cousins, sons of the late Duke Soběslav I, Frederick was unable to hold on to his duchy, as his tenancy was approved by neither the Bohemian diet nor the emperor. Father and son were eventually declared deposed in September 1173 by the emperor at an Imperial Diet in Hermsdorf (Erbendorf). In agreement with the Bohemian nobility, Barbarossa offered the throne to Vladislav's cousin Oldřich. However, Oldřich declined the honour and renounced the rule over Bohemia in favour to his elder brother Soběslav II, who was sympathetic to the peasantry.

paragraph: While aged Vladislav II left Bohemia and retired to the Thuringian estates of his second wife Judith, Frederick had to serve at the Imperial court. Nevertheless, Soběslav II turned out antagonistic to both the Bohemian nobles and the emperor. He was reluctant to support Barbarossa on his Italian campaign against the Lombard League, where the Imperial forces suffered a major defeat in the 1176 Battle of Legnano. Moreover, Duke Soběslav campaigned the Babenberg lands of Austria in the south, whereby Duke Henry Jasomirgott, Barbarossa's uncle, was killed in an accident. While Soběslav ignored a summons to appear at the Imperial court, Frederick was able to forge an alliance with the Moravian prince Conrad III Otto of Znojmo and the Babenberg duke Leopold V of Austria. Backed by Emperor Barbarossa, they marched against Prague where Frederick was elected duke in 1178. First attacked and defeated by Soběslav's forces at the Battle of Loděnice, he finally prevailed in a decisive victory outside the Prague city walls, in the area of present-day Nové Město, on 27 January 1179. Soběslav was removed and died in exile the following year.

paragraph: The emperor now recognised Frederick as an Imperial prince. The duke confirmed the drawing of the Bohemian-Austrian border and also maintained peace with his Polish, Meissen and Hungarian neighbours. In 1184 he came to Mainz with a huge retinue to attend the knightly accolade of the emperor's sons Henry VI and Frederick of Swabia. However, his reign remained overshadowed by the internal struggles of the Přemyslid dynasty: when he tried to assert the rule of his younger half-brother Ottokar over Moravia, his former ally Prince Conrad of Znojmo turned against him and temporarily drove him out of Prague. Though re-instated by Barbarossa in 1182, Frederick had to face the elevation of Moravia to an Imperial margraviate under Conrad's rule. The emperor also raised the Prague bishop, Frederick's Přemyslid cousin Henry Bretislaus, to princely status, and thus divided the Bohemian lands into three parts all dependent on him.

paragraph: After years of wrangling, Duke Frederick, weakened by the internal struggles, was practically a puppet of the emperor. When Margrave Conrad was defeated by the forces of Frederick's half brother Ottokar in a bloody battle at Loděnice, the Bohemian and Moravian Přemyslids finally met at Knín in 1186. To settle the dispute, Conrad acknowledged Frederick's overlordship, while the duke confirmed Conrad's rights and his succession to the Bohemian throne. Frederick died in 1189, while he prepared to follow the emperor on the Third Crusade. According to the Knín agreement, he was succeeded by Conrad (as Duke Conrad II) who once again united Bohemia and Moravia under his rule.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: By his marriage to Elizabeth, a daughter of the Árpád king Géza II of Hungary and his consort Euphrosyne of Kiev, he had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helena (born 1158), affianced to Peter, son of Manuel I Komnenos, in 1164

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophia (died 25 May 1185), married Albert, Margrave of Meissen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludmilla (died 14 August 1240), married Count Albert III of Bogen in 1184, and then Louis I, Duke of Bavaria, in 1204

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vratislaus (died 1180)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olga (fl. c.1163)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (died 28 August 1167)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project on Duke Friedrich of Bohemia

description: Duke of Bohemia, 1172-1173 and 1178-1189

wikidata_label: Frederick, Duke of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Frederick, Duke of Bohemia


text:
Brazilian
writer
Prêmio Machado de Assis
Brazilian Academy of Letters
poems
English
French
Spanish
Latin
German

wikipedia_title:
Brazil
Writer
Prêmio Machado de Assis
Academia Brasileira de Letras
Poetry
English language
French language
Spanish language
Latin
German language

categories: Brazilian women writers,1901 births,20th-century poets,Brazilian poets,1985 deaths,20th-century women writers,Brazilian writers

paragraph: Henriqueta Lisboa

paragraph: Henriqueta Lisboa (1901–1985) was a Brazilian writer. She was awarded the Prêmio Machado de Assis for her lifetime achievement by the Brazilian Academy of Letters. She is famous for her well-chosen words to create powerful poems. Her early lyrics deal with traditional poetic themes, while her later poems like Echo, she mysteriously magnifies the effect of a single image.

paragraph: Several of her poems were translated into other languages: English, French, Spanish, Latin and German. Some of them below:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The echo"– translated by Blanca Lobo Filho

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ein Dichter war im Krieg"– translated by Blanca Lobo Filho

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palmier des plages"– translated by Véra Conradt

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fogo fátuo, poetry, 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enternecimento, poetry, 1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velório, poetry, 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prisioneira da noite, poetry, 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- O menino poeta, poetry, 1943 (first edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- O menino poeta, poetry, 1975 (special edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- O menino poeta, poetry, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- A face lívida, poetry, 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flor da morte, poetry, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Almas femininas da América do Sul, essay, 1928

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alphonsus de Guimaraens, essay, 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- A poesia de Ungaretti, essay, 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- A poesia de "Grande sertão: veredas", essay, 1958

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reflexões sobre a história: discurso, essay, 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antologia poética para a infância e a juventude, compilation, 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antologia poética para a infância e a juventude, compilation, 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literatura oral para a infância e a juventude. Lendas, contos e fábulas populares no Brasil, compilation, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contos de Dante, translation, 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poemas escolhidos de Gabriela Mistral, translation, 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henriqueta Lisboa: poesia traduzida, translation, 2001

description: Brazilian writer, poet

wikidata_label: Henriqueta Lisboa

wikipedia_title: Henriqueta Lisboa


text: American

text: stockbroker

text: Smith Barney

text: Sandusky, Ohio

text: University of Michigan

text: Ann Arbor, Michigan

text: American Civil War

text: Philadelphia

text: Jay Cooke

text: Jay Cooke & Company

text: Smith Barney & Co.

text: Elkins Park, Pennsylvania

text: American Civil War

text: Union League of Philadelphia

categories: American centenarians,1844 births,American bankers,1945 deaths,American stockbrokers

paragraph: Charles D. Barney

paragraph: Charles Dennis Barney (July 9, 1844 – October 24, 1945) was an American stockbroker and founder of Charles D. Barney & Co., one of the predecessors of the brokerage and securities firm Smith Barney.

paragraph: Barney was born in Sandusky, Ohio, the son of a grain merchant. Barney attended the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan when the American Civil War broke out. Barney's older brother was killed and at the end of 1862, Barney was permitted by his family to enlist in the U.S. Army. After the war, Barney worked briefly as a clerk at a bank in Sandusky.

paragraph: After two years, Barney moved to Philadelphia, where he married Laura E. Cooke, the daughter of prominent Philadelphia financier Jay Cooke, joining the firm of Jay Cooke & Company Following the collapse of his father-in-law's Philadelphia banking house, in 1873, Barney reorganized the firm as Chas. D. Barney & Co. Barney's brother-in-law, Jay Cooke, Jr., joined the new firm as a minority partner.

paragraph: Barney retired from day-to-day control of the firm in 1906 but remained involved through the 1930s. In 1938, Charles D. Barney & Co. and Edward B. Smith & Co. merged to form Smith Barney & Co.

paragraph: Barney died in 1945 at the age of 101 at Elkins Park, Pennsylvania near Philadelphia. At the time of his death, Barney was among the oldest living veterans of the American Civil War.

paragraph: Barney was a director of the Union League of Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, banks and banking interests. Cornelius Baker, 1911

description: American stockbroker

wikidata_label: Charles D. Barney

wikipedia_title: Charles D. Barney


text:
Manuel da Câmara II
São Miguel
Count of Vila Franca
Ceuta
Count of Vimioso
Philip II of Spain
Count of Vidigueira
Vasco da Gama
Manuel Luís
Ponta Delgada
Plinian eruption
Corvo
Portuguese Restoration War
John IV of Portugal
Francisco de Ornelas
hemiplegia
Portuguese Inquisition
Count of Cantanhede

categories: Counts of Vila Franca,1594 births,17th-century Portuguese people,Donatary-Captains of the Azores,1662 deaths

paragraph: Rodrigo da Câmara

paragraph: Rodrigo da Câmara (c.1594 – c.1662), member of the Gonçalves da Câmara, was son of Manuel da Câmara II, and succeeded him as the 7th Donatary Captain of the island of São Miguel, and 3rd Count of Vila Franca.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Destined for a military career by his father, the young Rodrigo was sent in 1612 to Ceuta, where he remained in military service for two years. He returned to Portugal and married D. Maria de Faro, daughter of the Count of Vimioso and niece of D. Francisco de Faro, the niece of Philip II of Spain (Philip I of Portugal). He was 25 years old when his father died, the point at which he succeeded the man as the Captain-Donatário of the island of São Miguel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Donatário.

paragraph: He frequented the Spanish Corte in Madrid, accompanied the royal family in diverse trips throughout Spain, and lived a comfortable life. Among other servants he had a personal secretary, valets, butlers, pages, squires and footmen, all working for him in his duties.

paragraph: By royal decree, in 1624, he was obliged to take his retinue to Ponta Delgada and carry out his role as dontary captain, but following the death of this wife returned to Corte in 1626. He remarried on 1 June 1628, to D. Maria Coutinho, daughter of the Count of Vidigueira, the Queen's handmaiden and descendent of Vasco da Gama: at the wedding the couple were assisted by the Kings of Spain and the entire court. The King, therefore, continued to bestow on him and his descendents the title of Count of Vila Franca, an act that formalized these privileges in perpetuity, once the original titles to his father and grandfather were only until the end of their lives.

paragraph: Remaining in Lisbon in the ancestral home in the estate of São Francisco, in 1629 he and his wife had a daughter, followed in 1630 by a son, which they named Manuel Luís. Following his birth, Rodrigo moved once again to Ponta Delgada, leaving behind his family while he settled into the new accommodations. He coordinated the assistance and reconstruction following the great volcanic eruption in Furnas in September 1630, which caused the death of 195 people. A Plinian eruption, the explosion caused the liberation of gas, pumice and ash that reached as far as Corvo.

paragraph: At that time rumours began to appear that the Count was bisexual, this after being caught "in flagranti delicto" with a nun in the cell of the local convent. Yet, the rumours persisted and stories spread of his homosexual dalliances with his pages and footmen. Denounced by the Cortes in Madrid, he departed for this city, where at great cost he was exonerated. Still, owing to the scandal he remained there for some time, until he was ordered to return to São Miguel in 1639, by regal authority. Yet, on his arrival the scandalous commentaries continued, with rumours of sodomy and dalliances with nuns.

paragraph: The Count was in São Miguel at the time of the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War, receiving the notice of the acclamation of John IV of Portugal in the middle of January 1641 from Francisco de Ornelas. In a dubious position, he only accepted the new King when John was secure in his position, and even so, only after the Fortress of São João Baptista had fallen. Then, following a royal letter on 6 April 1641, that was personally written to him, he accepted and ordered the acclamation of the new King. Assured that he would be received at Corte, he parted for Lisbon in August 1642. On his arrival he lived at Corte, and was given the task of provisioner for the Santa Casa da Misericórdia of Lisbon in 1644.

paragraph: In 1646 he commanded a company of men in the Alentejo, during the Restoration War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: During this time rumours of his homosexuality continued, creating scandals that only his privileges allowed him to negate. In 1648 he returned to Ponta Delgada where he established his home in a privileged place. In his entourage were various pages, between 13 and 24, who slept in an adjacent bedroom, allegedly monitoring his sleep. Following illness from a hemiplegia, he returned to Lisbon in 1650. In the next year, on 4 May 1651, the inevitable occurred: Lucas Leite Pereira, a former page, presented a new complaint to the Inquisition, that due to the public scandal, they were obliged to initiate a judicial process against the Count.

paragraph: Receiving a complaint of sodomy on 5 May 1651, two days later the General-Council of the Holy Office of the Portuguese Inquisition deliberated on the material, owing to the Counts position of power. Owing to the grave accusations, the Council ordered that arrest of the accused, not without informing the King. The King, informed of this material by the General Inquisition, and knowing of the rumours, charged the Count of Cantanhede, cousin of the accused, to advise him and counselled him to abandon the kingdom.

paragraph: The Count ordered the preparation of a ship, but, unafraid of the gravity of the situation did not embark, owing to his illness, but sent a petition to the Holy Office and revealing his location. This would not have been an issue, if it were the first accusation made against the Count, but a record of scandal had followed the nobleman since 1620, and his petition of dismissal was rejected. Since his petition was refused, the Count's departure was rushed for the evening of the 26 May, to France. Yet, owing to tardiness in his preparation, he was arrested at his home on 25 May and sent the Holy Office. The King tried to intervene, requesting his transfer to the royal towers, but the Inquisition refused, citing that he had violated his pages and laws.

paragraph: The accusation on 5 May included five other complaints, that remained secret in the archives of the Holy Office. A trial was meticulously organized, and the testimonies of the complainants confirmed the Count's homosexual practices. Among those debriefed were several pages, that admitted to a sexual relationship with the Count, describing in detail their practices, and his own son, who admitted an incestuous relationship. The count confessed, confirming all the cases, adding several other new cases; the records, a copy of which was saved in the Azorean Regional Archive, noted that the count had maintained sexual relationships with nuns in various convents of Ponta Delgada, Vila Franca do Campo and Ribeira Grande, in addition to a number of youths, including his son and daughter. The process was explicit for the epoch, and included excerpts of the practices of homosexuals and bisexuals in the 17th century.

paragraph: Owing to the proof and his own confession, the count was condemned for sodomy on 20 December 1652, and sentenced to life, resulting in the forfeiture of his possessions, including the Captaincy of the island of São Miguel. His wife and his influential family attempted to commute the sentence to life in a convent, rather than the dungeons of the inquisition. In the end Rodrigo was sent to the Convent of Cabo de São Vicente in 1658, where he remained until, in bad health he died on 30 April 1662.

description: Portuguese noble

wikidata_label: Rodrigo da Câmara

wikipedia_title: Rodrigo da Câmara


text:
racing cyclist
Asnières-sur-Seine
Levallois-Perret
Bol d'Or
1897 Paris–Roubaix

categories: Sportspeople from Hauts-de-Seine,1942 deaths,1862 births,French male cyclists,People from Asnières-sur-Seine

paragraph: Gaston Rivierre

paragraph: Gaston Rivierre (3 June 1862 – 1 December 1942) was a French racing cyclist. He was born in Asnières-sur-Seine and died in Levallois-Perret. A member of the first generation of professional cyclists, he won the 1894 Paris–Lyon–Paris, the 1896 24-hour race of Bol d'Or, the 1896, '97 and '98 Bordeaux–Paris, and finished fourth in the 1897 Paris–Roubaix.

description: cyclist

wikidata_label: Gaston Rivierre

wikipedia_title: Gaston Rivierre


text: racing driver

text: Alain Prost

text: 1985 Formula One World Championship

text: 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: 2001 12 Hours of Sebring

text: Formula One

text: Ferrari

text: Formula Three

text: Italian Formula Three championship

text: European Formula Three

text: Tyrrell

text: 1982 season

text: Las Vegas

text: Detroit

text: 1988 campaign

text: Larrousse

text: Footwork

text: Scuderia Italia

text: Minardi

text: IndyCar

text: German

text: Porsche

text: Audi

text: Audi R8

text: Lausitzring

text: March

text: Formula Three

text: European

text: Italian

text: British Championship

text: Formula Two

text: Formula One

text: Minardi

text: Misano

text: 1981 season

text: open wheel

text: Lancia

text: World Championship for Makes

text: Group 5

text: Lancia Beta Montecarlo

text: Walter Röhrl

text: Eddie Cheever

text: 1980 season

text: 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Six Hours of Watkins Glen

text: Riccardo Patrese

text: Lancia LC1

text: endurance races

text: Teo Fabi

text: 1000 km of the Nürburgring

text: Piercarlo Ghinzani

text: Mugello

text: Lancia LC2

text: 1000 km of Monza

text: Formula One

text: 1981 San Marino Grand Prix

text: Cosworth

text: Ricardo Zunino

text: Argentine

text: Ken Tyrrell

text: Beppe Gabbiani

text: Dutch Grand Prix

text: 1982 campaign

text: Imola

text: Las Vegas

text: Detroit

text: Nelson Piquet

text: Brabham

text: Zandvoort

text: René Arnoux

text: Ferrari

text: Patrick Tambay

text: first Italian driver

text: Zolder

text: Ludovico Scarfiotti

text: 1966 Italian Grand Prix

text: Österreichring

text: Monza

text: Nürburgring

text: Brabham

text: BMW

text: Nelson Piquet

text: Monaco Grand Prix

text: 1985 European Grand Prix

text: Brands Hatch

text: Harvey Postlethwaite

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text: Williams

text: Nigel Mansell

text: Nelson Piquet

text: Stefan Johansson

text: Austria

text: Gerhard Berger

text: Japan

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text: Imola

text: Monaco

text: 1988 season

text: McLaren

text: Ayrton Senna

text: Italian Grand Prix

text: French Grand Prix

text: Frank Williams

text: Williams

text: Renault

text: Monza

text: Brit

text: Belgian

text: Thierry Boutsen

text: Riccardo Patrese

text: 1995 Argentine Grand Prix

text: Ken Tyrrell

text: Monaco Grand Prix

text: Tyrrell 017

text: Jonathan Palmer

text: monoshock

text: French Grand Prix

text: Camel cigarettes

text: Marlboro

text: Jean Alesi

text: Larrousse

text: German Grand Prix

text: Philippe Alliot

text: Lola LC89

text: Lamborghini V12 engine

text: Pirelli

text: Goodyear

text: Hungarian Grand Prix

text: chicane

text: rib

text: Arrows

text: Footwork

text: Porsche

text: Japan

text: Hart

text: Mugen

text: Honda

text: V10 engine

text: Andrea de Cesaris

text: JJ Lehto

text: 1989 Canadian Grand Prix

text: 1991 San Marino Grand Prix

text: Dallara

text: Lola

text: Monaco

text: 1994 San Marino Grand Prix

text: Ayrton Senna

text: Roland Ratzenberger

text: German

text: Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft

text: Alfa Romeo

text: Alfa Corse

text: International Touring Car Championship

text: World Sportscar Championship

text: Ferrari

text: open-wheel

text: Indy Racing League

text: Scandia/Simon Racing

text: Walt Disney World Speedway

text: Phoenix International Raceway

text: 1996 Indianapolis 500

text: sports prototype

text: IMSA World Sports Car Championship

text: Ferrari 333 SP

text: Le Mans 24 Hours

text: Joest Racing

text: Porsche

text: Pierluigi Martini

text: Belgian

text: Didier Theys

text: New Hampshire

text: Las Vegas

text: Le Mans 24 Hours

text: Swede

text: Stefan Johansson

text: Dane

text: Tom Kristensen

text: Jacky Ickx

text: BMW

text: McLaren F1 GTR

text: Audi

text: 2000 Le Mans 24 Hours

text: 2001 Sebring 12 Hours

text: Audi R8

text: Lausitzring

text: Dresden

text: Germany

text: ANSA

text: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: 2005 Italian Grand Prix

text: Ronnie Peterson

text: Michele Alboreto in focus

categories: Scuderia Italia Formula One drivers,Racing drivers killed while racing,Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers,Sport deaths in Germany,Minardi Formula One drivers,Italian racing drivers,Sportspeople from Milan,Italian Formula One drivers,Ferrari Formula One drivers,IndyCar Series drivers,1956 births,Indianapolis 500 drivers,Larrousse Formula One drivers,Italian Formula Three Championship drivers,American Le Mans Series drivers,Italian expatriate sportspeople in Germany,Arrows Formula One drivers,European Formula Two Championship drivers,FIA European Formula 3 Championship drivers,2001 deaths,Tyrrell Formula One drivers

paragraph: Michele Alboreto

paragraph: Michele Alboreto (23 December 1956 – 25 April 2001) was an Italian racing driver. He was runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship, as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races. Alboreto competed in Formula One from until , racing for a number of teams, including five seasons (1984–88) for Ferrari.

paragraph: The Italian's career in motorsport began in 1976, racing a car he and a number of his friends had built in the Formula Monza series. The car, however, achieved very little success and two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three. Wins in the Italian Formula Three championship and a European Formula Three Championship crown in 1980 paved the way for the Italian's entrance into Formula One with the Tyrrell team.

paragraph: Two wins, the first in the final round of the 1982 season in Las Vegas, and the second a year later in Detroit, earned him a place with the Ferrari team. Alboreto took three wins for the Italian team and challenged Alain Prost for the 1985 Championship, eventually losing out by 20 points. The following three seasons were less successful, however, and at the end of the 1988 campaign, the Italian left Ferrari and re-signed with his former employers Tyrrell, where he stayed until joining Larrousse midway through .

paragraph: Further seasons with Footwork, Scuderia Italia and Minardi followed during the tail end of his F1 career. In 1995, Alboreto moved on to sportscars and a year later the American IndyCar series. He took his final major victories, the 1997 Le Mans 24 Hours and 2001 Sebring 12 Hours, with German manufacturers Porsche and Audi respectively. In 2001, a month after his Sebring victory, he was killed testing an Audi R8 at the Lausitzring in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1976–1981: Junior formulae.

paragraph: Michele Alboreto started his career in 1976 racing in Formula Monza with a car he and his friends built, known as the "CMR". The car itself proved to be uncompetitive and in 1978 Alboreto, now in a more competitive March, moved over to Formula Italia where he began to take race wins. Two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three, racing in a "Euroracing"-entered March-Toyota in both the European and Italian series. In his début Formula Three season, Alboreto finished 6th and 2nd respectively in the two championships, scoring three wins in the Italian series.

paragraph: 1980 would prove to be the Italian's final, and most successful, year in Formula Three where he took the European crown and finished third in the Italian championship, taking five wins between the two series. An appearance in the British Championship was also made that year.

paragraph: Alboreto's European title earned him a move into Formula Two, a feeder series for Formula One, with the Minardi team. He scored Minardi's only F2 victory, at Misano, during the 1981 season where he finished eighth in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1980–1983: Sportscars.

paragraph: Despite his career in open wheel racing, Alboreto was chosen by Lancia to be part of their official squad in the World Championship for Makes, running in rounds which did not conflict with his other races. He shared the Group 5 category Lancia Beta Montecarlo with Walter Röhrl or Eddie Cheever on four occasions during the 1980 season, scoring three second-place finishes and a fourth.

paragraph: Alboreto again ran a partial schedule in 1981 even though he was also running Formula Two and Formula One. This season included his first participation in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. He earned an eighth-place finish overall, second in class, and was the highest finishing Lancia. He followed this with his first win in the championship, at the Six Hours of Watkins Glen with co-driver Riccardo Patrese. Alboreto finished the year 52nd in the Drivers' Championship, the highest ranked Lancia driver.

paragraph: When Lancia chose to move to a new class of competition with the Lancia LC1 as the championship concentrated solely on endurance races in 1982, further success came for Alboreto. A small schedule for the championship, as well as an emphasis on European circuits allowed him to compete in every race that year. Although the LC1 suffered from mechanical problems on its debut, Alboreto and teammate Patrese were able to rebound to earn a victory at the 1000 km of Silverstone. Teo Fabi joined the duo for the 1000 km of the Nürburgring, where they once again earned a victory. He was not able to repeat his previous success at Le Mans when the LC1's engine failed, and was unable to complete an event at Spa when the car broke in the closing laps. A third victory was earned by Alboreto and new teammate Piercarlo Ghinzani at their home circuit, Mugello. The final two races of the World Championship season had Alboreto's car eliminated from contention due to accidents. At the end of the season, he had secured fifth in the Drivers' Championship.

paragraph: Lancia changed classes and cars once again in 1983 World Sportscar Championship season, but Alboreto remained as one of the team's primary drivers. He brought the new Lancia LC2 to a ninth-place finish in its debut at the 1000 km of Monza, but the new car struggled to finish the next few races of the season. His entries would not finish another race until round five, where he earned eleventh. While Lancia chose to skip later rounds of the championship, he would not return to the team in order to concentrate fully on his commitments to Formula One. His troubles with the LC2 and early departure from the team earned him only two points in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1981–1983: Tyrrell.

paragraph: At the age of 24, Alboreto made his Formula One debut at the 1981 San Marino Grand Prix for the Cosworth-powered Tyrrell Racing team, replacing Ricardo Zunino after the Argentine failed to impress team boss Ken Tyrrell. Unfortunately for the Italian, a collision with fellow countryman Beppe Gabbiani put him out of the race after completing 31 of the 60 laps. Alboreto failed to score a single point during his debut year, his highest position being ninth at the Dutch Grand Prix.

paragraph: In comparison to the previous season, Alboreto had a more successful 1982 campaign. The Italian took the first podium of his Grand Prix career at Imola and, at the final round in Las Vegas, Alboreto took his first Grand Prix win. He is the last winner of the Caesars Palace Grand Prix as the following year, the track was axed from the calendar. Alboreto scored a total of 25 points during his second season of F1, finishing as the top Italian in eighth place overall.

paragraph: Despite a win in Detroit, registered as the last victory for a naturally aspirated car until the end of the turbo-era in 1989, after Nelson Piquet's leading Brabham suffered a rear tyre deflation in the closing stages, Alboreto failed to finish in the points consistently and, with only one further points finish at Zandvoort, the Italian finished the season with ten points and down in twelfth position. However, it was announced that the Italian would partner René Arnoux at Ferrari. Replacing Patrick Tambay, he became the first Italian driver to race for the marque in over a decade.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1984–1988: Ferrari.

paragraph: In his debut season for Ferrari, Alboreto took victory in the third round at Zolder becoming the first Italian driver to win an F1 Grand Prix for Ferrari since Ludovico Scarfiotti won the 1966 Italian Grand Prix. He would finish on the podium a further three times: at the Österreichring where he finished third; Ferrari's home circuit of Monza where he finished second; and at the Nürburgring, where he also finished in second place despite running out of fuel going into the final turn (the close following Brabham-BMW of reigning World Champion Nelson Piquet also ran out of fuel at the final turn allowing Alboreto to keep his 2nd place). Alboreto finished the 1984 season in fourth with 30.5 points, the half point coming from his sixth place at the Monaco Grand Prix which was cut to under half its original race distance due to heavy rain, resulting in half points being awarded.

paragraph: Michele Alboreto saw his World Championship dream go up in flames on lap 13 of the 1985 European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch. After stopping to replace a flat-spotted tyre on lap 11, his Ferrari blew its turbo halfway through lap 13. Alboreto, frustrated that Ferrari's late season reliability had cost him the World Championship (he led the points table until Round 11 at Zandvoort) drove the car back to the pits with the rear of the car on fire. He (dangerously) drove the on-fire car into the pits and straight to his Ferrari pit. Many observers saw this as Alboreto's way of showing that the Ferrari's unreliability had cost him the World Championship, which Prost won by finishing 4th in the race.

paragraph: In Ferrari's new car, the F1/86 designed by Harvey Postlethwaite, proved to be slower and less reliable than its predecessor as Alboreto retired from a total of nine races: only two of those retirements are counted as driver error while the remaining seven were mechanical failures. Alboreto only scored one podium, at the Austrian Grand Prix – even then both Williams cars of Nigel Mansell and Nelson Piquet had retired and Alboreto finished a full lap behind race winner Alain Prost. The Italian finished the season ninth in the Drivers' Championship with fourteen points. While the Ferrari V6 turbo was rated as one of the more powerful engines on the grid, both Alboreto and teammate Stefan Johansson were hampered by the F1/86 which refused to handle on tracks which had a bumpy surface. Johansson finished 5th in the championship with 23 points despite being the #2 driver in the team, causing many to question why the team chose to re-sign Alboreto and let Johansson go.

paragraph: Austrian Gerhard Berger joined Ferrari in which signalled the end of Alboreto's time as leader of the Ferrari team. Berger soon established himself as the team's number one driver thanks to his wins in Japan and Australia at the end of the season, while Alboreto could only manage a handful of podiums at Imola, Monaco and a second place at the final round in Australia to make it a Ferrari one-two. The Italian finished the year in seventh overall with 17 points, 13 points behind his teammate.

paragraph: The 1988 season would be Alboreto's final year with Ferrari. With the McLarens of Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost dominating the season, the Ferrari team only managed a single win during the year at the Italian Grand Prix which Berger won from Alboreto in second place. After a disappointing '88 season with Ferrari, the team refused to offer the Italian a new contract and so Alboreto looked elsewhere for a drive. This announcement came at the French Grand Prix in July and pit lane rumours had Michele re-joining Tyrrell for 1989 (in France, where Alboreto finished 3rd and Berger a distant 4th, was the only time in 1988 the Italian would finish in front of the Austrian in a race where both finished). After France he received an offer from Frank Williams, head of the Williams team who would have exclusive use of the new V10 Renault engine in 1989. Later that year before the Italian GP at Monza, Alboreto had not received any word from Williams and requested confirmation of his seat at the team. Williams replied by saying that "he wanted him" and "not to move". The Brit, however, went back on his word and at Monza announced he had signed Belgian Thierry Boutsen instead while also confirming that the teams number 2 driver, Alboreto's former Lancia sportscar teammate Riccardo Patrese, would be staying with the team. As it was late in the season, Alboreto was left with very little options for the coming season.

paragraph: Alboreto competed in eighty Grands Prix for Ferrari, which established a new record. It stood until the 1995 Argentine Grand Prix, when it was surpassed by Berger.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1989: Tyrrell and Larrousse.

paragraph: A lack of a drive had left Alboreto in a difficult situation and he later admitted he contemplated retirement – an option of which his family were very much in favour. Soon enough, however, he was offered a drive at his former employer Tyrrell, which he accepted. The relationship between Alboreto and team boss, Ken Tyrrell, soon turned sour. At the Monaco Grand Prix, Alboreto was told to drive the 1988 model Tyrrell 017, due to the newer 018 model not being completed. Teammate Jonathan Palmer was chosen to drive the new monoshock 018. Meanwhile, the Italian would have to wait until the following day for the 018 and so he decided not to accept this. The result was Alboreto boycotting the Thursday practice session. This lack of professional behaviour did not impress the team. Alboreto finished the race in fifth position during while Palmer finished ninth. This was followed by a strong performance at the next race in Mexico, where Alboreto finished 3rd – the only podium the team would achieved during the season.

paragraph: By the French Grand Prix, Ken Tyrrell had found a new sponsor in Camel cigarettes for the race and told Alboreto to end his personal sponsorship deal with Marlboro, a rival brand to Camel. Alboreto was disappointed, as thanks to his Marlboro backing, the team had managed to fund his wages. Following Alboreto's refusal to cut his ties with his sponsor, Tyrrell replaced him with the up-and-coming Jean Alesi. Alesi enjoyed a successful first Grand Prix in which he finished fourth.

paragraph: Alboreto soon lost his Marlboro sponsorship as well after they refused to find him another drive for the rest of the 1989 season. He was, however, soon hired by the French Larrousse team, incidentally co-sponsored by Camel, for the German Grand Prix and the rest of the season. Despite his new teammate Philippe Alliot showing that the Lola LC89 with its Lamborghini V12 engine could be a competitive car with high grid positions and challenging for points in various races, Alboreto couldn't come to grips with the LC89 and failed to score a single point for the rest of the season, and twice he actually failed to pre-qualify (though it must be said that pre-qualifying in was generally dominated by those using Pirelli's superior qualifying tyres, whereas Larrousse used Goodyear rubber). During qualifying for the Hungarian Grand Prix the Italian cut one of the chicanes and broke two of his ribs in the process. After competing the year for two teams, Alboreto finished the year eleventh in the Drivers' Championship with six points.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1990–1992: Footwork.

paragraph: saw Alboreto move to the Arrows team, which was in the process of being sold to sponsor Footwork. It was seen mainly as a "transition year" for him, as the chassis was in its second year and severe uncompetitiveness would be expected. Despite this, the 33-year-old finished in the top ten a number of times and only retired three times. Alboreto finished the season, however, as one of 21 drivers who failed to score a point.

paragraph: Footwork secured Porsche works engines for and sponsorship from Japan, as the Footwork company completed its takeover of the team. The package did not, however, live up to its expectations as it failed to qualify a number of times. Soon the overweight and unreliable Porsche engines were replaced by Hart-supplied Cosworth engines for the rest of the season, the short-term fix not improving the team's competitiveness. This would be Alboreto's second season in succession that he failed to score a point.

paragraph: Thanks to Footwork's Japanese connections the team received a supply of Mugen Honda V10 engines for . The FA13 was reliable in comparison to its predecessor and Alboreto scored points four times, in addition to finishing in seventh place six times. With a season total of six points, the 35-year-old finished the year tenth overall.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1993–1994: Scuderia Italia and Minardi.

paragraph: Alboreto joined Italian team Scuderia Italia, which had enjoyed a number of successes in its short history, most notably when Andrea de Cesaris and JJ Lehto had scored podium positions at the 1989 Canadian Grand Prix and 1991 San Marino Grand Prix respectively. At the start of 1993, however, the team moved away from its Dallara-built chassis and onto Lolas, a move considered "disastrous" by many Grand Prix journalists. The Italian failed to score any points over the year, and failed to qualify several times as the slowest runner in the 26-car field. Scuderia Italia withdrew before the end of the season, and merged with fellow Italian team Minardi for .

paragraph: The Minardi cars proved to be mostly uncompetitive and unreliable, with a total of nine retirements from sixteen rounds. Only a sixth position in Monaco was any consolation for Alboreto. At the end of the season, he decided to retire from Grand Prix racing, with a record of 194 starts and five Grand Prix wins to his name.

paragraph: At the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix (which itself was overshadowed by the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger), whilst leaving the pitlane after a scheduled stop, Alboreto's car lost his loose right rear wheel which bounced through the Benetton, Ferrari, and Lotus pit areas and crews, injuring several mechanics.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1994–2001: Post-Formula One career.

paragraph: Following his departure from Formula One in 1995, Alboreto embarked on a career in the German Touring Car Championship, known as the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft. Racing for Alfa Romeo's factory team, Alfa Corse, the Italian finished 22nd in the championship, scoring four points. Further entries in the International Touring Car Championship and World Sportscar Championship, the latter being with Ferrari, also proved to be fruitless ventures.

paragraph: Alboreto returned to open-wheel racing in 1996, entering the newly formed Indy Racing League (IRL) with Scandia/Simon Racing. The then 39-year-old competed in all three rounds where he finished fourth on his debut at Walt Disney World Speedway; eighth at the Phoenix International Raceway; and retired, due to gearbox problems, at the 1996 Indianapolis 500, his sole entry into the famous oval race. Alboreto also ran sports prototypes for Scandia/Simon while in the United States, entering the IMSA World Sports Car Championship with a Ferrari 333 SP. He also entered the Le Mans 24 Hours in a Joest Racing-entered Porsche WSC-95 alongside fellow Italian and former F1 teammate Pierluigi Martini and Belgian Didier Theys, but retired due to an engine failure after completing 300 laps.

paragraph: The following year, Alboreto earned his first, and only, podium in the IRL at the "True Value 200" held in New Hampshire, where he finished third. A further fifth place at Las Vegas earned Alboreto 62 points during his 1997 campaign which resulted in a 32nd place overall in the drivers' championship. 1997 for the Italian, however, would be remembered for winning the Le Mans 24 Hours with the same car as the previous year, but this time alongside Swede Stefan Johansson, another former F1 teammate, and Dane Tom Kristensen, who would later go onto beat Jacky Ickx's record for winning the most Le Mans 24 Hour races. The trio completed 361 laps, one more than second placed Gulf Team Davidoff's BMW-powered McLaren F1 GTR.

paragraph: This would prove to be the peak of Alboreto's sportscar success as he failed to finish at Le Mans in 1999 with newcomer Audi. However, a third at the 2000 Le Mans 24 Hours, victory at the 2000 Petit Le Mans and a win at the 2001 Sebring 12 Hours gave the Italian some final success prior to his death a month after his win at Sebring.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In April 2001, Alboreto was performing straight-line speed tests in an Audi R8 at the Lausitzring, near Dresden, Germany. A tyre blow-out caused his car to veer off track and crash into a wall, killing him. At the time, Audi gave no reason for his death, citing that the R8 had "already completed thousands of test kilometres on numerous circuits without any problems". Alboreto's death brought much anguish among his family and friends. Michele's cousin Marisa told Italian news agency ANSA "You can't imagine what we're going through as a family. We're really distraught."

paragraph: Fellow Italian Giancarlo Fisichella dedicated his podium finish at the 2005 Italian Grand Prix to Alboreto, "I know Alboreto was the last Italian on the podium at Monza before me. I was lucky enough to race together with him in touring cars, and he was a great person, really special. I want to dedicate the result to his memory."

paragraph: Section::::Helmet.

paragraph: Alboreto's helmet was blue with a yellow stripe with white edges covering the centre of the helmet. The colours were a tribute to Ronnie Peterson, whose helmet design also used them.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career results.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career results.:Complete World Sportscar Championship results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes:

paragraph: Section::::Racing career results.:Complete Formula One World Championship results.

paragraph: Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.br

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Websites.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Race results taken from:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Formula One –

paragraph: BULLET::::- Formula Two –

paragraph: BULLET::::- IndyCar –

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sportscars –

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michele Alboreto in focus

description: Italian racecar driver

wikidata_label: Michele Alboreto

wikipedia_title: Michele Alboreto


text: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Russia

text: Court of St. James's

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: Teutonic Order

text: Neerwinden

text: War of the Second Coalition

text: Swabia

text: northern Italy and Switzerland

text: Battle of Leipzig

text: Westphalia

text: comital

text: lieutenant

text: first lieutenant

text: Austria and the Ottoman Empire

text: Rittmeister

text: Franz Moritz, Count von Lacy

text: major

text: Ernst Gideon, Baron von Laudon

text: Moravia

text: Austrian Netherlands

text: Teutonic Order

text: Bonn

text: War of the First Coalition

text: Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

text: Neerwinden

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Military Order of Maria Theresa

text: Frederick, Duke of York

text: Battle of Famars

text: Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies

text: Landrecies

text: Battle of Tournai

text: Oberst

text: Chevau-légers

text: Battle of Kircheib

text: Westerwald

text: major general

text: proprietor

text: Franz von Werneck

text: Leoben

text: Peace of Campo Formio

text: Rastatt Peace Congress

text: ambassador

text: War of the Second Coalition

text: Lech

text: Iller

text: Swabia

text: Eckartsweiler

text: Battle of Alt-Breisach

text: Offenburg

text: field marshal

text: Battle of Hohenlinden

text: Jean Victor Moreau

text: Danube

text: Ulm

text: Mikhail Kutuzov

text: Grenz infantry

text: Styria

text: Louis Davout

text: Gross-Ramig

text: Mariazell

text: Steiermark

text: Etienne Heudelet de Bierre

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text: War of the Third Coalition

text: St. Petersburg

text: Dietrichstein

text: Lemberg

text: Archduke Ferdinand

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text: Count Heinrich von Bellegarde

text: Bukowina

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text: Battle of Kulm

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text: Johann von Klenau

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text: Moravia

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text: Court of St. James's

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text: Battle of Leipzig

text: East Germany

text: "Mervelt, Maximilan".

text: „Merveldt, Maximilian Graf von"

text: Map, Leipzig

text: Napoleon, His Army and Enemies.

text: Petre, F. Loraine

text: Rothenberg, Gunther E.

text: Smith, Digby

text: "Mervelt."

text: "Napoleon Series"

categories: Austrian generals,Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,Field marshals of Austria,Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,1764 births,1815 deaths

paragraph: Maximilian, Count of Merveldt

paragraph: Maximilian, Count von Merveldt (29 June 1764 – 5 July 1815), among the most famous of an illustrious old Westphalian family, entered Austrian military service, rose to the rank of General of Cavalry, served as Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to Russia, and became special envoy "extraordinaire" to the Court of St. James's (Great Britain). He fought with distinction in the wars between the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: Maximilian entered the military as a young man, and acquired his first combat experiences the Habsburg wars with the Ottoman Empire. Following his experience in the Balkans, he retreated to the cloister at Bonn, where he spent a year as a novice in the Teutonic Order. At the outbreak of war between Austria and France in 1792, he returned to military service, and proved an intrepid and enterprising cavalry field officer. His role in the Austrian victory at Neerwinden in 1793 earned him the honor of conveying the news to the Emperor in Vienna.

paragraph: In the War of the Second Coalition, Maximilian served in Swabia and northern Italy and Switzerland. In subsequent wars between France and Austria, his role on the battlefield often meant the difference between defeat and victory. He was wounded and captured at the Battle of Leipzig and, as a condition of release, he agreed not to bear arms against France again. He was subsequently appointed as an envoy to Britain, where he died in 1815.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early career.

paragraph: Maximilian was born on 29 June 1764 in the ecclesiastical territory of Münster, in Westphalia. His was an old Westphalian family, raised to comital status in 1726. He joined the military service in 1782, in a dragoon regiment, and was promoted to lieutenant and first lieutenant by 1787. In the wars between Austria and the Ottoman Empire, (1787–1791), he was a "Rittmeister", or captain of cavalry and wing adjutant to Field Marshal Franz Moritz, Count von Lacy. In 1790, Merveldt commanded the Volunteers "Grün-Loudon" and later that year, after his promotion to major, he served on the staff of Field Marshal Ernst Gideon, Baron von Laudon in Moravia.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:War of the First Coalition.

paragraph: Following the defeat of the insurrection in the Austrian Netherlands, he received permission from Field Marshal Laudon, shortly before the latter's death, to take a one year novitiate in the Teutonic Order, at Bonn where he remained until April 1792. The outbreak of the War of the First Coalition against France required his military talents and Mervelt rejoined the Habsburg army at as adjutant to Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. He led two infantry battalions in the Austrian victory at Neerwinden (18 March 1793), during which his battalions repulsed a strong French column. For his role at the head of his battalions of grenadiers, which his commander considered greater than duty required, in this victory, Merveldt received the honor of carrying the message to the Emperor Francis in Vienna. There, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa on 7 July 1794. Subsequently, he was appointed as an attaché to the staff of Frederick, Duke of York.

paragraph: In the 1794 campaign, Merveldt fought at the Battle of Famars and again at the Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies, south of Landrecies on 22 April, during which he commanded the right wing. After the Battle of Tournai (22 May 1794), he was promoted on the field to Oberst (colonel). His failing health prevented him from continued field service and he took sick leave until early 1796. In 1796 he transferred to the 18th Chevau-légers Regiment "Karaczay" and fought at the Battle of Kircheib, in the Westerwald, where, despite the French superiority of numbers, the Austrians eked out a victory. At Kircheib, with two squadrons of Chevaux-legers, Merveldt saved the Austrian artillery from French capture, thus contributing to the Austrian victory. The "Tagebericht" (daily dispatch) of the Army of the Rhine referred to his keen sense of duty, and his ability to seize the moment, which, in this case, proved a vital element in the extraordinary success of the small Austrian force against the considerably larger French one. Afterward he was promoted to major general. He was assigned as proprietor of the First Lancer's Regiment, and given command of a cavalry brigade in Franz von Werneck's Reserve of the Army of the Lower Rhine.

paragraph: Merveldt was known to his contemporaries for his strength of will, presence of mind, and his self-control. Those same qualities made him attractive to his military superiors as part of the negotiation party in the cease-fire preliminaries at Leoben in 1797. He opposed Napoleon's desire to move a general peace congress closer to Vienna, and later was a co-signator of the Peace of Campo Formio on 17 November 1797. He brought the document to Rastatt, where the Rastatt Peace Congress convened. He stayed in Rastatt in the capacity of ambassador.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:War of the Second Coalition.

paragraph: At the outbreak of the War of the Second Coalition in March 1799, and the dissolution of Congress on 7 April 1799, Merveldt returned to his regiment, which by this time had crossed the Lech and Iller rivers, and was advancing into Swabia. During the campaigns of 1800, he commanded the left wing by Eckartsweiler at the Battle of Alt-Breisach on 25 April, and on 10 May conducted a rear-guard action to protect the Imperial army's withdrawal. He remained with his brigade on the right bank of the Danube, where he directed a series of bold actions against the French, and then along the Iller and Lech rivers, he organized a series of well-timed thrusts designed to keep the French from pushing the retreating army. After the battle at Offenburg, he was promoted to lieutenant field marshal on 4 September 1800. At the Austrian defeat in the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December, Merveldt commanded a division in the left wing. He signed the 24-hour cease-fire at Kremsmünster with Jean Victor Moreau on 22 December. During the cease-fire, he retreated to Pressburg.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic and military career during the Napoleonic Wars.:Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: In 1805 he was in Berlin when the hostilities between France and Austria resumed, and he returned to the Danube valley, where he fought a series of rearguard actions. He avoided being caught in the capitulation of Ulm and fell back toward Mikhail Kutuzov's Russian army. With 6,000 soldiers in six line and ten Grenz infantry battalions plus 14 squadrons of cavalry, Merveldt made for Styria, hoping to join the army of Archduke Charles. Napoleon detached Louis Davout's III Corps in pursuit. Slowed by heavy snow in the mountains, his "poorly-handled corps" was overtaken by the French at Gross-Ramig, also called Mariazell, in the Austrian Steiermark, on 8 November. His exhausted troops were routed by General of Brigade Etienne Heudelet de Bierre's advanced guard of Davout's III Corps; half, about 2,000, were taken prisoner, and they lost four colors and 16 guns.

paragraph: After the War of the Third Coalition, he acted as ambassador to St. Petersburg for over two years, with the assignment of improving military relations between the armies of the respective countries. He attempted to do this, including trying an offer to mediate between Britain and France, and was appointed Privy Councilor. During this time, he married Maria Theresia Gräfin von Dietrichstein.

paragraph: In 1808 he was given command of a cavalry division in Lemberg. In early 1809, Merveldt became a prominent member of the group pushing for war against France, together with such notables as Archduke Ferdinand, Archduke John, Empress Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, and Count Heinrich von Bellegarde. In the 1809 campaign, Merveldt's force was stationed in the Bukowina and part of Galicia, and from 1809 to mid-1813, he spent three years in Moravia.

paragraph: On 22 July 1813 he was appointed governor of the fortress of Theresienstadt and shortly after that Commanding General in Moravia and Silesia. He then became commander of II Corps; the First Division held the village of Nollendorf, in the French defeat at the Battle of Kulm (now Chlumec) on 29–30 August 1813.

paragraph: On 16 October, during the Battle of Leipzig, Merveldt's forces were arrayed on the right flank of the French center, commanded by Napoleon. On his own right stood Wittgenstein's Corps, and beyond that, Johann von Klenau's. His troops were interspersed among several wooded sections and surrounding several small villages: Dölitz, Mark-Kleeburg and Gautsch. Opposite him were the forces of Józef Antoni Poniatowski and Pierre Augereau. He rode out to view the battlefield and to direct the disposition of his force. Near Dölitz, which lay close to the French line, he wandered into a troop of Hungarians, or so he thought, but they were actually a mixed group of Saxons and Poles, whom he mistook for Hungarians, and was captured. Most of the action, on the first day, occurred to the north, where Blücher's Prussians repelled Michel Ney's cavalry, but when Napoleon heard that Ney and Marmont had been forced back, he sought a cease-fire from the Allied monarchs. He called for Merveldt, and, after a meeting, Merveldt carried Napoleon's proposal to the allied monarchs, which they refused.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic and military career during the Napoleonic Wars.:Final diplomatic missions.

paragraph: As a condition of his release at Leipzig, he agreed not to participate in combat against France. Subsequent to his release, Merveldt was appointed commanding general of Moravia, and lived in Brno, where he received in January 1814 the instructions to proceed to London as an "envoy extraordinaire" to the Court of St. James's, replacing Baron Wessembourg. He arrived in London in early March, and met the Prince Regent at Carlton House on 7 March 1814, where he ceremoniously presented his ambassadorial credentials. He was well-received in Britain, and became a notable personage, invited to many social events; he told good stories about the wars and the various people he had encountered, which made him popular in social circles. His comings and goings were widely reported in the society columns: For example, on 4 July 1814, he attended a lecture by the Abbé Secard, and was listed among the distinguished persons present. When he died in 1815, the British government proposed to bury him at Westminster Abbey. However, his widow took into account his last wishes and had the remains sent to Germany. He was buried in the crypt of the Michaelis chappel in Lembeck Castle where his grave still exists.

paragraph: In 1903, in the Lößnig neighborhood of the city of Leipzig a square and a street were named after Maximilian von Merveldt, in honor of his contribution to the Battle of Leipzig. In 1950, the communist authorities of East Germany renamed Merveldt square to Rembrandt square and Merveldt street to Rembrand street.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebert, Jens Florian. "Mervelt, Maximilan". In "Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792-1815".. October 2003. Accessed 26 December 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- „Merveldt, Maximilian Graf von" in: "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie", herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 21 (1885), ab Seite 476, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, (Version vom 27. Dezember 2009, 03:58 Uhr UTC).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle of Leipzig." Map, Leipzig. At Napoleon, His Army and Enemies. Accessed 27 December 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nedopil, Leopold. "Wilhelm, Erzherzog von Österreich." "Deutsche Adelsproben aus dem Deutschen Ordens Central-Archiv." II. Band. Wien: 1868.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petre, F. Loraine. "Napoleons̓ last campaign in Germany, 1813". London: John Lane Co., 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rothenberg, Gunther E. "Napoleon's Great Adversaries, The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792-1814". Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Digby & Leopold Kudra. "Mervelt." "A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815". "Napoleon Series". Robert Burnham, editor in chief. April 2008 version. Accessed 15 December 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Digby. "Gross-Ramig." "The Napoleonic Wars Data Book". London: Greenhill, 1998. .

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.:Newspaper sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "State Paper. Answer To The Note Of Count Merveld [sic] (The Austrian Ambassador)". "The Times" (London), Friday, 31 Jul 1807; p. 3; Issue 7113; col D.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prince Regent's Court", "The Morning Chronicle", (London, England), Tuesday, 8 March 1814; Issue 13990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Morning Chronicle". (London, England). Wednesday, 5 July 1815; Issue 14405.

description: austrian diplomat and general

wikidata_label: Maximilian, Count of Merveldt

wikipedia_title: Maximilian, Count of Merveldt


text:
emperor
Gaul
Roman usurper
Gallic Empire
Haute-Goulaine
Loire
France
Chalgrove
Oxfordshire
England
Ashmolean Museum
radiate
radiate crown
Sol Invictus
Gallic Emperor
Victorinus
Tetricus I
nomen
praenomen
Concordia
Trier
Gallia Belgica
Cologne
Germania Inferior
Aurelian
Zosimus
Aurelian
Septiminus
Dalmatia
Zenobia
Palmyrene Empire
Lake Geneva
Historia Augusta
12.14
Macrianus Major
cliens
Aureolus
patron
Postumus
Victorinus
Tetricus I
Victorinus
Tetricus I
Roman Emperor
Aurelian
cognomen
Placidianus
Aurelian
Rhône
Autun
Gaul
Coin unearths new Roman emperor

categories: Gallic emperors,3rd-century monarchs in Europe,Romans from unknown gentes

paragraph: Domitianus II

paragraph: Domitianus was probably a Roman soldier of the mid 3rd century who was acclaimed emperor, probably in northern Gaul in late 270 or early 271, and struck coins to advertise his elevation. It is now generally assumed that this man is to be equated with the Domitianus who is twice mentioned in the literary sources as a significant figure in the politics of the age, but on neither occasion as an outright contender for the Imperial throne.

paragraph: Given that his reign lasted for, at best, only a few weeks after his acclamation and he does not seem to have secured significant military or political support, Domitianus is more properly categorized as a Roman usurper rather than an emperor. His attempted coup should also be understood in the context of the troubled later history of the Gallic Empire rather than that of the Empire as a whole.

paragraph: Section::::Numismatic evidence.

paragraph: The only evidence for the existence and rule of an Imperial claimant named Domitianus derives from two coins. The first was part of a hoard discovered at Les Cléons, in the commune of Haute-Goulaine in the Loire area of France in 1900. The authenticity/significance of this particular item was much debated and as late as 1992 Domitianus was widely considered "at best a conjectural figure". The other coin was found fused in a pot with some 5,000 other coins of the period 250–275 — thus providing incontrovertible provenance — in the village of Chalgrove in Oxfordshire, England, in 2003. The hoard was acquired by the Ashmolean Museum in 2004.

paragraph: The design of both coins is typical of those associated with the Gallic Empire. They are of the radiate type and depict Domitianus as a bearded figure wearing a spiky or radiate crown representing the rays of the sun, in reference to Sol Invictus (i.e. the sun perceived as a deity ). The representation is not realistic, but standardized and stereotypical and is very similar to that of the later coins of the Gallic Emperor Victorinus (269–271) and the earliest of Tetricus I, the last Gallic Emperor (271–274).

paragraph: Both coins bear the same legend, , an abbreviation for "Imperator Caesar Domitianus Pius Felix Augustus". An unusual feature here is the absence of any reference to Domitianus's nomen or praenomen. Gallic Empire coins usually bear the full "tria nomina" of the prince celebrated the better to carry out their propagandist function. On the reverse, the coins show Concordia, and have the legend , a propagandistic claim that the army was united behind Domitianus. Again this is a standard slogan for the Gallic Emperors.

paragraph: The design of the Chalgrove coin and its Les Cléons counterpart is typical of others struck under the Gallic Empire. This suggests that it was struck by the mint (or mints) which serviced that regime – at Trier in the province of Gallia Belgica or Cologne in Germania Inferior – or, at least, from a die produced by artisans who were strongly influenced the design-ethos of those mints. It also suggests that the date of the coin was prior to 274 when the Emperor Aurelian suppressed the Gallic regime.

paragraph: Section::::Literary sources.

paragraph: There are only two literary references for Domitianus's existence, neither of which names him as an emperor:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 6th-century Byzantine historian Zosimus (1.49) records that a certain Domitianus was punished for a revolt during the reign of Aurelian (270–275). The text is vague as to the nature of his disloyalty and against whom it was directed. Because Zosimus places his coup in the reign of Aurelian and because he equates Domitianus with Septiminus (or Septimius) who was acclaimed Emperor by the Dalmatian garrison at about the same time it has usually been assumed that Domitianus was directly challenging Aurelian and that his revolt took place within the territory of the central Empire – those provinces not controlled by either the Gallic Emperors in the west or Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire in the east. (Watson suggests that his command lay somewhere southwest of Lake Geneva, in the frontier region between the Gallic Empire and the central Empire);

paragraph: BULLET::::- The notoriously unreliable "Historia Augusta" (12.14) mentions a Domitianus as a general involved in the suppression of the revolt of Macrianus Major in 261. This text asserts that in this operation Domitianus was an associate (possibly, a "cliens", client or protégé) of Gallienus’s "hipparchos" (cavalrymaster general) Aureolus who is normally credited with the victory over Macrianus. However, the reference is made in terms that suggest that Domitianus was already a distinguished commander in his own right. There is nowhere in the text any suggestion that this Domitianus or any other man of that name was involved in any anti-regime activities during Aurelian's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Suggested interpretation.

paragraph: The evidence is not sufficient to confirm that the associate or protégé of Aureolus mentioned in the HA, the obscure rebel of Aurelian’s reign mentioned by Zosimus and the Imperial claimant celebrated in the coins were one and the same man. However, academic opinion is inclined to the view that, more likely than not, they were one and the same.

paragraph: It is quite possible that, as a client of Aureolus, Domitianus would later have become associated with the Gallic regime given what is suspected and known about his patron's relations with Postumus. If "Historia Augusta"’s assertions as to his military reputation are correct it is not unlikely that he would have been welcomed into the entourage of the Gallic Emperor and his successors. However, the evidence is too vague and circumstantial.

paragraph: The evidence of his coins suggests that the Domitianus was almost certainly a military figure associated with the rebel Gallic Empire who commanded troops close enough to one of the mint cities of Trier or Cologne to ensure that his Imperial pretensions were proclaimed in the traditional manner. It was very difficult for would-be Emperors in regions where there was no established mint to issue coins.

paragraph: Given what is known of the chronology of the Gallic Empire his bid for Empire is most probably associated with the period of confusion following the officers’ coup against the Gallic Emperor Victorinus early in 271. The men who murdered Victorinus seem to have had no political agenda and it is not surprising that there should have been period of confusion after his death. In this circumstance it would not have been surprising that a faction may have been tempted to put forward a figure such as Domitianus who had an established military reputation – particularly if he was, indeed, the same man as the conqueror of the Macriani mentioned in "Historia Augusta". On the other hand, the literary evidence does suggest that the forces favouring Tetricus I as the new Emperor were able to assert themselves so swiftly and decisively that Domitianus’s elevation was hardly remarked outside the provinces controlled by the Gallic Empire.

paragraph: The most likely interpretation of the evidence of the coins is that Domitianus was involved in the officers' coup that overthrew Victorinus and managed to secure temporary control of one of the Gallic mints. It is thus more likely that he was suppressed by Tetricus I than by the central Roman Emperor Aurelian as the Zosimus reference would appear to suggest.

paragraph: The use of the cognomen alone in the Imperial title is sufficiently unusual to raise questions about the circumstances in which the coins were produced. The circumstances in which the Chalgrove specimen was discovered leaves no doubt that it was, indeed, struck by somebody in the early 270s, but we have to consider that it might have been produced by a faction of the Rhine army officer cadre which hoped to use Domitianus as a figurehead, possibly without his knowledge or approval.

paragraph: Domitianus's fate is unknown. One possibility is that he was either executed by Tetricus or, more likely, that he was murdered by his own troops when the main Rhine army garrisons declared for Tetricus. A second possibility is that he was defeated by Placidianus, a general loyal to Aurelian who had been stationed to guard the lower Rhône valley during Victorinus' assault on Autun in 270. This would suggest that his rebellion took place in southern Gaul, near enough to the central empire's provinces to be of concern to Aurelian.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coin unearths new Roman emperor, BBC News, February 25, 2004

description: soldier (0300-0271)

wikidata_label: Domitianus II

wikipedia_title: Domitian II

wikipedia_title: Domitianus II


text: Hudson River

text: Portland

text: Hudson River School

text: Asher Durand

text: National Academy of Design

text: Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center

text: Vassar College

text: Civil War

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Thomas Moran

text: watercolor

text: American Watercolor Society

text: etching

text: New York Etching Club

text: Louis Comfort Tiffany

text: Samuel Clemens

text: Fifth Avenue

text: Henry

text: Louisine Havemeyer

text: List of Hudson River School artists

text: Thomas Cole

text: Frederik Macody Lund

text: On the Divine Proportion

text: American Watercolor Society's history

text: Nature's Harmonic Unity at Archive.org

text: Proportional Form at Archive.org

text: Samuel Colman Art

categories: 1920 deaths,Artists from Portland, Maine,20th-century American painters,American landscape painters,American male painters,Hudson River School painters,1832 births,Artists from New York City,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Samuel Colman

paragraph: Samuel Colman (March 4, 1832 – March 26, 1920) was an American painter, interior designer, and writer, probably best remembered for his paintings of the Hudson River.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Portland, Maine, Colman moved to New York City with his family as a child. His father opened a bookstore, attracting a literate clientele that may have influenced Colman's artistic development. He is believed to have studied briefly under the Hudson River School painter Asher Durand, and he exhibited his first work at the National Academy of Design in 1850. By 1854 he had opened his own New York City studio. The following year he was elected an associate member of the National Academy, with full membership bestowed in 1862.

paragraph: His landscape paintings in the 1850s and 1860s were influenced by the Hudson River School, an example being "Meadows and Wildflowers at Conway" (1856) now in the collection of the Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center at Vassar College. He was also able to paint in a romantic style, which had become more fashionable after the Civil War. One of his best-known works, and one of the iconic images of Hudson River School art, is his "Storm King on the Hudson" (1866), now in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, DC.

paragraph: Colman was an inveterate traveler, and many of his works depict scenes from foreign cities and ports. He made his first trip abroad to France and Spain in 1860–1861, and returned for a more extensive four-year European tour in the early 1870s in which he spent much time in Mediterranean locales. Colman often depicted the architectural features he encountered on his travels: cityscapes, castles, bridges, arches, and aqueducts feature prominently in his paintings of foreign scenes. In 1870 and again in the 1880s he journeyed to the western United States, painting western landscapes comparable in scope and style to those of Thomas Moran.

paragraph: In the aftermath of the Civil War, watercolor painting became more popular. In 1866, Colman was one of the founders of the American Watercolor Society, and he became its first president from 1867 to 1871. Colman also became skilled at the medium of etching. He was an early member of the New York Etching Club, and published popular etchings depicting European scenes.

paragraph: Colman's artistic activities became even more diverse late in life. By the 1880s he worked extensively as an interior designer, collaborating with his friend Louis Comfort Tiffany on the design of Samuel Clemens' Hartford home, and later on the Fifth Avenue home of Henry and Louisine Havemeyer. He also became a major collector of Asian decorative objects, and wrote two books on geometry and art, one of which was entitled "Nature's Harmonic Unity", the other which was entitled "Proportional Form".

paragraph: Colman died in New York City in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Hudson River School artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Cole

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederik Macody Lund

paragraph: BULLET::::- On the Divine Proportion

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Watercolor Society's history. Retrieved June 1, 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School", an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Colman (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hudson River school visions: the landscapes of Sanford R. Gifford", an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Colman (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nature's Harmonic Unity at Archive.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proportional Form at Archive.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Colman Art

alias:
Samuel Coleman, Jr.
Samuel Coleman
Samuel I Colman
Samuel, Jr. Coleman
Samuel ii Colman
s. coleman
jr., samuel colman
samwell colman
Sam. Colman
s. colman

description: American artist and writer

wikidata_label: Samuel Colman

wikipedia_title: Samuel Colman


text: Carcassonne

text: France

text: Toulouse

text: Académie royale de Toulouse

text: Jacques-Louis David

text: Joseph-Marie Vien

text: Pope Clement XIV

text: Resurrection

text: Crucifixion

text: Lavalée

categories: People from Carcassonne,Court painters,1738 births,1803 deaths,18th-century French painters

paragraph: Jacques Gamelin

paragraph: Jacques Gamelin (October 3, 1738 – October 12, 1803) was an artist born in Carcassonne, France, the son of a successful merchant. After receiving an education from the Jesuits, he went into the service of Nicolas Joseph de Marcassus, baron de Puymaurin (1718–1791), a wealthy industrialist of Toulouse, in order to learn the ways of business. Puymaurin quickly saw that his young assistant had little talent or interest in business but showed great promise as an artist. Gamelin's father rejected Puymaurin's suggestion that Jacques be sent to an art academy, so the baron paid his way at the Académie royale de Toulouse himself. After five years study, Jacques Gamelin won the Académie's first prize and he went to Paris to continue his studies. Gamelin later went to Rome with Puymaurin's financial assistance to study under Jacques-Louis David and Joseph-Marie Vien and eventually became a painter to Pope Clement XIV. On the death of his father, which left Jacques a wealthy man, he returned to Toulouse where he taught at the Académie. He is most known today for his paintings and engravings of battle scenes, which can be found in art museums throughout France. Jacques Gamelin died in Carcassonne on October 12, 1803.

paragraph: When Jacques Gamelin returned to France after his father's death, he undertook his great work, "Nouveau recueil d'ostéologie et de myologie", most likely funding its publication using some of his great inheritance. The work is known for its display of both talent and imagination, with striking scenes of the Resurrection, the Crucifixion, and skeletons at play. Aside from the full-page copperplate illustrations by Gamelin and the engraver Lavalée, the work contains a number of intriguing vignettes on the title pages and elsewhere, which show battle scenes, visitations by death on unsuspecting revelers, and the anatomical artist's studio.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire de biographie française." (Paris: Librairie Letouzey et ané, 1933-). Vol. XV, col. 309-310.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morton's Medical Bibliography (Garrison and Morton)." Ed. by Jeremy Norman. 5th ed. (Aldershot, Hants.: Scolar Press ; Brookfield, Vt., USA : Gower Pub. Co., 1991). No. 401.1.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques Gamelin: "Nouveau receuil d'ostéologie et de myologie dessiné après nature … pour l'utilité des sciences et des arts." (Toulouse, 1779). Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.

alias: Gamelin Gamalin

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Jacques Gamelin

wikipedia_title: Jacques Gamelin


text: Crete

text: Philip VII

text: Waldeck

text: Major General

text: Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Christian Louis

text: Wildungen

text: Frederick William

text: Warsaw

text: Turkish War

text: Pécs

text: Principality of Lüneburg

text: Republic of Venice

text: Siege of Candia

text: Candia

text: Wildungen

text: William of Nassau-Siegen in Hilchenbach

text: Charlotte Johanna

categories: German generals,17th-century German military personnel,People from Bad Wildungen,1636 births,1669 deaths,Counts of Waldeck

paragraph: Josias II, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen

paragraph: Josias II, Count of Waldeck (31 July 1636 – 29 July 1669 on Crete) was the second son of the Count Philip VII of Waldeck-Wildungen and his wife Anna Catherine of Sayn-Wittgenstein. He was a Major General in the army of Brunswick-Lüneburg. His elder brother Christian Louis (1635–1706) was the ruling Count of Waldeck-Wildungen; Josias II was from 1660 co-ruler in the district of Wildungen, later in the district of Wetterburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Josias II of Waldeck served in the army of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg, where he was Colonel of the Infantry. In 1655 and 1656, he fought in Warsaw as a major general. After that he served in the Swedish army in 1663 and participated in the Turkish War as a major in the imperial army. He was wounded by an arrow before Pécs.

paragraph: When Duke George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg inherited the Principality of Lüneburg, he appointed Josias as major general and put him in command of the much enlarged army of the principality. In late autumn 1668, Josias marched against the Turks with 3300 men, to defend possessions of the Republic of Venice. During the Siege of Candia, he was injured by shrapnel on 6 July 1669. On 29 July, he died of his injuries. He was initially buried in the St. Catherine's Church in Candia. His body was later transferred to Wildungen.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 26 January 1660, Josias married Countess Wilhelmine Christine (bap. 10 June 1629 – 22 January 1707), a daughter of Count William of Nassau-Siegen in Hilchenbach. They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleonore Louise (9 July 1661 – 25 August 1661).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Philipp (27 September 1662 – 29 December 1662).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Dorothea (9 October 1663 – 10 December 1664).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Johanna (13 December 1664 – 1 February 1699), married on 2 December 1690 to John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie Wilhelmine (24 September 1666 – 13 February 1668).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maximilian Frederick (25 April 1668 – September 1668).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Gustav (25 April 1668 – 21 May 1669), twin with Maximilian.

description: Major general in Brunswick and co-ruler of Waldeck-Wildungen

wikidata_label: Josias II, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen

wikipedia_title: Josias II, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen


text:
Catholic
boarding school
sexual abuse
Harreveld
monks
criminal complaint
psychiatric hospital
Huize Padua
Boekel
castrated
Veghel
sailor
consulate
Kobe
IJsbrand Rogge
crime

categories: 1935 births,Dutch victims of crime,1958 deaths

paragraph: Henk Heithuis

paragraph: Henk Heithuis (1935-1958) was a Dutch student of a Catholic boarding school and a victim of sexual abuse.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henk Heithuis was born a child of divorce and was from the first year of his life educated at orphanages and boarding schools in the southern Netherlands. The boarding school "Saint Vincent" in Harreveld was run by monks. There, he learned handycrafts in the years 1950-1953.

paragraph: Section::::Sexual abuse.

paragraph: On 30 January 1956, Henk filed a criminal complaint against the friars of the boarding school at Harreveld. He accused them of having abused him sexually in the years 1951-1953, when he was a student. Also, in 1955 after he had already finished his school days he went back to the boarding school during the weekends because his family didn't want to take care of him. Also during these weekends sexual acts between the monks and Henk took place.

paragraph: Section::::Castration.

paragraph: The criminal complaint resulted in Henk being accused of having seduced the monks. Thereupon he was committed to a Roman Catholic psychiatric hospital, Huize Padua in Boekel.

paragraph: As part of his treatment he was castrated. The surgery took place at St. Joseph Hospital in Veghel. Heithuis was 20 years and then a minor under applicable Dutch law.

paragraph: Section::::Life after castration and death.

paragraph: Henk worked as a sailor. He suffered severely from the psychological and hormonal effects of castration. In 1957 he reported to the Dutch consulate in Kobe, Japan, where he had left the vessel. With the help of IJsbrand Rogge, who was then working at a Dutch bank branch in Japan, Henk returned to the Netherlands. He planned a legal campaign against the people who were responsible for the crime committed against him.

paragraph: Henk told IJsbrand Rogge and his brother Cornelius, then 24 and 27 years old, about his life as a foster child in Catholic orphanages, boarding schools and mental health institutions. The Rogge brothers saw his genital mutilation; according to them "all was gone". In 1957 Heithuis charged the friars again, this time because of the castration.

paragraph: Heithuis died 28 October 1958 in a car accident. The police confiscated and destroyed all his personal possessions and his court documents on the day of his death. Heithuis often expressed his fear that "they will get hold of me again."

description: Victim of sexual abuse

wikidata_label: Henk Heithuis

wikipedia_title: Henk Heithuis


text:
Uruguay
beat
jazz
bossa nova
candombe
Tropicalismo
Academy Award
Jorge Drexler
Pedro Aznar
Hugo Fattoruso
Leon Gieco
Sandra Mihanovich
Milton Nascimento
Jaime Roos

categories: 1940 births,1990 deaths,Uruguayan percussionists,Uruguayan songwriters,20th-century singers

paragraph: Eduardo Mateo

paragraph: Eduardo Mateo (1940–1990) was a Uruguayan singer, songwriter, guitarist, and arranger. He played an important role in the development of modern Uruguayan music that combines beat, jazz, bossa nova and local rhythms like candombe in a way similar to Brazilian Tropicalismo. Academy Award-winner Jorge Drexler cited Mateo as a big influence.

paragraph: His songs have been performed by Pedro Aznar, Martin Buscaglia, Hugo Fattoruso, , Leon Gieco, Mio Matsuda, Sandra Mihanovich, Milton Nascimento, Jaime Roos, and Tomohiro Yahiro.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mateo solo bien se lame" (De la planta Argentina, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mateo solo bien se lame" (De la planta, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuerpo y alma" (Sondor, cassette and vinyl, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Maquina del Tiempo presenta a: Mateo / Mal tiempo sobre Alchemia (1er. viaje)" (Ayui/Tacuabe a/e69k. 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Maquina del Tiempo / La mosca" (Orfeo, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Máquina del Tiempo / 3er. viaje, 1ª parte: Ida (1971 – 1984) " (Ayuí/Tacuabé ae133cd, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Máquina del Tiempo / 3er. viaje, 2ª parte: Vuelta (1983 – 1988)" (Ayuí/Tacuabé ae134cd, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Tartamudo" (2000)

description: Uruguayan musician

wikidata_label: Eduardo Mateo

wikipedia_title: Eduardo Mateo