text: astrophysicist

text: democracy

text: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

text: Communist Party of China

text: Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award

text: Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: Beijing

text: PLA

text: Beijing No.4 High School

text: CCP

text: Peking University

text: atomic bomb

text: Hundred Flowers Campaign

text: Anti-Rightist Campaign

text: Zanhuang

text: Hebei province

text: Guangming Daily

text: Qian Linzhao

text: Li Yinyuan

text: Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: particle physics

text: solid state physics

text: laser physics

text: Liaoning

text: Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

text: Soviet Union

text: Hefei

text: Anhui

text: Lev Landau

text: general relativity

text: dialectical materialism

text: Big Bang

text: Einstein

text: Nanjing University

text: Marxism

text: quasars

text: Hubble diagram

text: Nature

text: neutron stars

text: black holes

text: inflation

text: quantum cosmology

text: Gravity Research Foundation

text: topology

text: Chinese Academy of Science

text: Tiananmen Square protest of 1989

text: Remo Ruffini

text: Marcel Grossmann

text: Tsvi Piran

text: T.G. Horowitz

text: Israel

text: People's Republic of China

text: Stephen Hawking

text: International Astronomical Union

text: Anti-Rightist Campaign

text: Communist Party of China

text: rehabilitated

text: USTC

text: CCP

text: Xu Liangying

text: Liu Binyan

text: USTC

text: Deng Xiaoping

text: Liu Binyan

text: Wang Ruowang

text: CCP General Secretary

text: Hu Yaobang

text: Peking University

text: Deng Xiaoping

text: Wei Jingsheng

text: Haidian District

text: Wang Dan

text: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

text: embassy

text: asylum

text: Chinese Communist Party

text: Henry Kissinger

text: George H.W. Bush

text: paramount leader

text: Deng Xiaoping

text: false confession

text: Brent Scowcroft

text: Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award

text: International Campaign for Tibet

text: Cambridge University

text: Princeton

text: Tucson, Arizona

text: University of Arizona

text: human rights

text: democracy

text: social responsibility

text: Human Rights in China

text: cosmic microwave background

text: Lyman alpha forest

text: wavelet

text: turbulence

text: 21cm radiation

text: Reionization

text: Perry Link

text: List of Chinese dissidents

text: Richard Baum

text: Personal Homepage

categories: Chinese emigrants to the United States,Disease-related deaths in Arizona,Educators from Beijing,Chinese dissidents,2012 deaths,People's Republic of China science writers,Chinese human rights activists,University of Arizona faculty,Relativity theorists,Writers from Beijing,University of Science and Technology of China alumni,Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party,Chinese astrophysicists,1936 births,Chinese democracy activists,University of Science and Technology of China faculty,Physicists from Beijing

paragraph: Fang Lizhi

paragraph: Fang Lizhi (February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese astrophysicist, vice-president of the University of Science and Technology of China, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-democracy student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of his activism, he was expelled from the Communist Party of China in January 1987. For his work, Fang was a recipient of the Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award in 1989, given each year to an individual whose courageous activism is at the heart of the human rights movement and in the spirit of Robert F. Kennedy's vision and legacy. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980, but it was revoked after 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career in China.

paragraph: Fang was born on 12 February 1936 in Beijing. His father worked on the railway. In 1948, one year before the PLA took over the city, as a student of the Beijing No.4 High School, he joined an underground youth organization that was associated to CCP. One of his extracurricular activities was assembling radio receivers from used parts.

paragraph: In 1952, he enrolled in the Physics Department at Peking University. There he met and fell in love with his future wife, Li Shuxian (李淑娴). Both Fang and Li were among the top students in their class. He joined CCP upon graduation, worked the Institute of Modern Physics and became involved in the secret atomic bomb program of China, while Li stayed at Peking University as a junior faculty.

paragraph: In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, people were strongly encouraged by the CCP to openly express their opinions and criticisms. As party members, Li, Fang and another person in the physics department planned to write a letter to the party to offer their suggestions on education. This letter was still unfinished by the time the Hundred Flowers Campaign abruptly came to an end and the Anti-Rightist Campaign started. The opinions and criticisms solicited during the earlier campaign were then interpreted as "attacks on the party", and those who expressed such opinions were labelled "rightist" and persecuted. Although no one knew about the unfinished letter, out of loyalty to the party, the three naive young people confessed about it, and Li also confessed to the party her doubts on the party. Li was expelled from the party, and was sentenced to hard labour at Zhaitang near Beijing. Fang was not immediately expelled from the party, because he played a lesser role in writing the letter, and also because he had left Peking University, where the punishment was particularly severe. Still, he was removed from the nuclear program, and sent to do hard labour in Zanhuang, Hebei province from December 1957 to August 1958. Out of political pressure, Li and Fang put their relationship on hold until early 1959, when Fang was also expelled from the party. Fang was reassigned to the faculty of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in August 1958, and in 1961 married Li, who remained a faculty of Peking University. In spite of his experience in the anti-Rightist campaign, he published an article in the "Guangming Daily", encouraging the independent thinking of students.

paragraph: Fang published his first research paper on nuclear physics in "Acta Physica Sinica 17", p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym Wang Yunran, since as a rightist he was not entitled to publish research papers. Later, with the recommendation of Qian Linzhao, he became an associated member of a research group led by Professor Li Yinyuan at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since Professor Li Yinyuan's group was located at a different institute, this arrangement took advantage of a loophole in management rules, allowing him to publish papers under his own name. In the late 1950s/early 1960s, Fang conducted research in particle physics, solid state physics and laser physics. By 1965, he had published 13 research papers and was considered one of the most productive physics researchers in China. That year, as part of the effort of cleansing Peking of "undesirable elements", Fang was to be removed from the faculty of USTC and sent to work in an electronics factory in Liaoning province. Learning about this, vice president Prof. Yan Jici intervened on Fang's behalf; he pleaded the case to the party secretary of USTC at the time, Liu Da, who cancelled the cleansing order for Fang and other faculty members of USTC.

paragraph: Academic activities were interrupted when the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution broke out in 1966. In 1969, along with other universities and research institutes, the USTC was ordered to be evacuated out of Beijing, ostensibly in anticipation of an impending Soviet Union invasion. USTC was moved to Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, where it remains to this day. Upon arriving in Hefei in 1969, Fang, along with other "problematic members" of the faculty, were sent to do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" in a coal mine. Fang secretly brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory of Fields" by Lev Landau and learned the theory of general relativity by reading this book in the evening. Later, in 1971, along with a number of other faculty members, he was assigned to do labour work in a brick factory, which produced the bricks for constructing the USTC university buildings.

paragraph: Section::::Research in astrophysics and cosmology.

paragraph: In 1972, the Cultural Revolution calmed down a bit, and scientific research resumed. Fang found an opportunity to read some recent astrophysics papers in western journals, and soon wrote his first paper on cosmology, "A Cosmological Solution in Scalar-tensor Theory with Mass and Blackbody Radiation", which was published on the journal "Wu Li" (Physics), Vol. 1, 163 (1972). This was the first modern cosmological research paper in mainland China. Fang assembled a group of young faculty members of USTC around him to conduct astrophysics research.

paragraph: At the time, conducting research on relativity theory and cosmology in China was very risky politically, because these theories were considered to be "idealistic" theories in contradiction with the dialectical materialism theory, which is the official philosophy of the Communist Party. According to the dialectical materialism philosophy, both time and space must be infinite, while the Big Bang theory allows the possibility of the finiteness of space and time. During the Cultural Revolution, campaigns were waged against Einstein and the Theory of Relativity in Beijing and Shanghai. Once Fang published his theory, some of the critics of the Theory of Relativity, especially a group based in Shanghai, prepared to attack Fang politically. However, by this time the "leftist" line was declining in the Chinese academia. Professor Dai Wensai, the most well-known Chinese astronomer at the time and chair of the Astronomy Department of Nanjing University, also supported Fang. Many of the members of the "Theory of Relativity Criticism Group" changed to study the theory and conduct research in it. Subsequently, Fang was regarded as the father of cosmological research in China. Nevertheless, in the 1980s and even as late as the 1990s, articles criticizing the Big Bang theory as "pseudo-science from the west ... in violation of the principles of Marxism philosophy", and "politically incorrect" still appeared frequently in newspapers and magazines in paper.

paragraph: Fang published a large number of papers on astrophysics and cosmology. In the late 1970s, he and his group used the luminosity of selected radio quasars to measure the Hubble diagram, and with data available at the time, suggested that the universe may be closed (Fang "et al.", "Acta Astronomica Sinica" 17, 134 (1977)). This work was noticed by researchers outside China; a "Nature" article noted that it obtained similar results to, but appeared earlier than, the paper by Davidsen "et al.", "Nature" 269, 203 (1977). Fang also carried out research on topics including neutron stars, black holes, inflation and quantum cosmology. He soon gained international recognition, and as China began to open up in the late 1970s, he was invited to international conferences outside the country. In 1985, together with H. Sato of Kyoto University, Japan, Fang won the first prize of the Gravity Research Foundation essay competition by proposing that the periodic distribution of quasars observed can be explained if the Universe is multiply-connected, i.e. has a non-trivial topology.

paragraph: He was elected as the youngest member of the Chinese Academy of Science in 1980. His membership was, however, revoked after the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989. He helped promote international academic exchange in China. Together with Remo Ruffini, he organized the first major international scientific conference in China: the 3rd Marcel Grossmann meeting in 1982. During this meeting, Tsvi Piran and T.G. Horowitz became the first two Israeli scientists to enter the People's Republic of China; at the time, there were no diplomatic relations between China and Israel. He invited Stephen Hawking to visit China in 1985, and organized the International Astronomical Union conference IAU-124 on "Observational Cosmology" in Beijing in 1986.

paragraph: Fang also trained many younger colleagues and students in the field of astrophysics and cosmology; he was considered an excellent teacher. Fang and Li coauthored "Introduction to Mechanics", an introductory book on Newtonian mechanics and special theory of relativity. This book has been considered a classic by many teachers and students, although few students are aware of it in recent years. Fang was also the first scientist in China to write popular accounts of contemporary astrophysical developments, such as cosmology and black holes. Fang's book, "Creation of the Universe" (Yuzhou de chuangsheng in Chinese) which was published in 1987, introduced basic cosmological ideas, and influenced a large number of physics and astronomy students growing up in the 1980s in China.

paragraph: Section::::Political activism.

paragraph: During the Anti-Rightist Campaign, Fang was expelled from the Communist Party of China for his "reactionary activities", viz. publishing an article critical of the government's policies on science education.

paragraph: He was rehabilitated after the reform of China in late 1970s, and resumed his party membership. During this time, he held many academic positions, including the director of the astrophysics research group of USTC, and director of the science history research group, chief editor of the USTC academic journal, chair of the Chinese society of gravity and relativistic astrophysics. In 1984, Fang was appointed as the vice president of the USTC under president Guan Weiyan. Fang was very active in this role; for example he helped to set up the telex service for USTC. He was very popular among the students. Fang also begin to write essays for publication in popular magazines, and give lectures on a variety of topics in universities, though usually not in USTC. Many such essays and lectures expressed his liberal view on politics, reflections on history, and criticisms on CCP dogma. He also emphasized social responsibility of intellectuals. In late 1986, Fang, together with Xu Liangying and Liu Binyan, wrote letters to a number of well-known "Rightists" from the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, suggesting a meeting in memory of that event.

paragraph: In December 1986, college students demonstrated in over a dozen Chinese cities in demanding greater economic and political freedoms. Fang was against the student demonstration, believing it would be suppressed by the CCP; he tried to persuade the USTC students not to go off-campus. After two straight weeks of student demonstrations, believing that the student movement was a result of "bourgeois liberalization", Deng Xiaoping named three Communist Party members to be expelled: Fang, Liu Binyan and Wang Ruowang. Deng directed then-CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang to expel them from the Party, but Hu refused. Because of his refusal, Hu was dismissed from his position as General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period of influence within the Chinese government.

paragraph: Fang was again expelled from Communist Party of China in January 1987, and removed from his position as the vice president of the university. He was moved to Beijing as a research scientist at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, now a part of the National Astronomical Observatory of China, and reunited with his wife, Li Shuxian, a professor at Peking University. He gained fame and notoriety after his essays were collected by the Communist Party of China and distributed to many of its regional offices, with the directive to its members to criticize the essays.

paragraph: Section::::1989 democracy movement and exile.

paragraph: In February 1989, Fang mobilized a number of well known intellectuals to write an open letter to Deng Xiaoping, requesting amnesty for the human right activist Wei Jingsheng who was then in prison. His wife, Li, was elected to become the people's representative of the Haidian District where Peking University is located. Fang and his wife had exchanged ideas about Chinese politics with some students of Peking University, including Wang Dan and Liu Gang. Some of those students became student leaders during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, though Fang and Li did not actively participate in the protest itself. On 5 June 1989, the day after the government began its repression of protesters, Fang and Li, feeling unsafe, entered the U.S. embassy in Beijing, and were granted asylum. The Chinese government put Fang and Li at the top of the "wanted" list of the people involved in the protest. During his time in the U.S. embassy, Fang wrote an essay titled "The Chinese Amnesia", criticizing the Chinese Communist Party's repression of human rights and the outside world's turning a blind eye to it. Fang's continued presence in the US Embassy following the protests became, according to Ambassador James Lilley, "a living symbol of our [US] conflict with China over human rights."

paragraph: Fang and his wife remained in the US Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed by Chinese authorities to leave the embassy and board a U.S. Air Force C-135 transport plane to Britain. This resolution partly came about after confidential negotiations between Henry Kissinger, acting on behalf of US President George H.W. Bush, and China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Other factors were a false confession by Fang, an attempted intervention by US National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, and an offer from the Japanese government to resume loans to the PRC in return for the resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem."

paragraph: In 1989, he was a recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award. In 1991, he gave a conference on the issue of Tibet in New York, one of the first open dialogues between Chinese and Tibetans. He also was an advisor for the International Campaign for Tibet.

paragraph: Section::::Later life in the US.

paragraph: After some time at Cambridge University and Princeton, Fang later moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he worked as Professor of Physics at the University of Arizona. In campus speeches Fang spoke on topics such as human rights and democracy as matters of social responsibility. He also served as a board member and co-chair of the New York-based organization Human Rights in China.

paragraph: Fang continued to do research in astrophysics and cosmology. He published research papers even during his stay in the US Embassy in Beijing. His later research includes the study of non-Gaussianity in the cosmic microwave background anisotropy, Lyman alpha forest, application of wavelet in cosmology, turbulence in intergalactic medium, and the 21cm radiation during the Reionization. He continued to train students and younger scientists who visited him from China and was very active in research to the end of his life, publishing multiple research papers each year.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died in his home in Tucson on April 6, 2012, aged 76, from undisclosed causes. He was buried at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery on April 14.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essays:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoir: , translated by Perry Link.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese dissidents

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Baum

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal Homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scientific Articles of Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi) Since 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of Articles by Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi), maintained by his former students

description: Professor of astrophysics; civil rights activist and dissident

enwikiquote_title: Fang Lizhi

wikidata_label: Fang Lizhi

wikipedia_title: Fang Lizhi


text:
Matsudaira Nobuakira
daimyō
Yoshida Domain
Mikawa Province
Tsugaru Chikatari
Kuroishi Domain
Tenpō
Tokugawa shogunate
Tsugaru Nobuyuki
Hirosaki Domain
Tsugaru Tsuguyasu
Confucian
Satō Issai
Tsugaru Nobuakira
paddy field
rangaku
Ezo
Wakkanai
Tsugaru Tsuguakira
"waka" poetry
Edo
Kan'ei-ji
Taitō-ku
Tokyo
Tsugaru clan
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"
National Diet Library

categories: 1800 births,Tsugaru clan,1865 deaths,Ōkōchi-Matsudaira clan,Tozama daimyo

paragraph: Tsugaru Yukitsugu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Yukitsugu was born as Matsudaira Yukinori, the 5th son of Matsudaira Nobuakira, the "daimyō" of Yoshida Domain in Mikawa Province. He was adopted on June 5, 1821, as the heir to Tsugaru Chikatari, the "daimyō" of Kuroishi Domain. On his adoptive father’s retirement, as Tsugaru Yukinori, he became the 2nd "daimyō" of Kuroishi Domain from 1825 to 1839. He was known as an intelligent ruler, and worked for the restoration of the domain's finances during the political and agricultural crisis of the Tenpō era. After the Tokugawa shogunate forced Tsugaru Nobuyuki of Hirosaki Domain into retirement over allegations of gross misrule, Yukinori was ordered to change his name to Tsugaru Yukitsugu and to take his place as the 11th "daimyō" of Hirosaki. He turned the rule of Kuroishi Domain over to his brother, Tsugaru Tsuguyasu.

paragraph: Yukitsugu brought in the noted Confucian scholar Satō Issai as an advisor and attempted to continue implementation many of the reforms initiated by Tsugaru Nobuakira to restore prosperity to the disaster-prone domain, expanding on Nobuakira’s code of ethics from five articles to thirty in an attempt to rein in his unruly retainers. In addition to expanding the domain's agricultural land through opening of new paddy fields, Yukitsugu also established a foundry for the casting of cannons, and attempted to modernize the domain's military and medical levels through the introduction of "rangaku" studies. In 1855, the domain was ordered to assist in the defences of Ezo, and established a military outpost of what the now the city of Wakkanai.

paragraph: In 1859 Yukitsugu turned the reign over to his adopted son, Tsugaru Tsuguakira, and retired to pursue studies in literature and "waka" poetry. He died at the clan's Edo residence in 1865. His grave is at the clan temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurotaki, Jūjirō (1984). "Tsugaru-han no hanzai to keibatsu" 津軽藩の犯罪と刑罰. Hirosaki: Hoppō shinsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narita, Suegorō (1975). "Tsugaru Tamenobu: shidan" 津軽為信: 史談. Aomori: Tōō Nippōsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru Tsuguakira Kō Den kankōkai (1976). "Tsugaru Tsuguakira kō-den" 津輕承昭公傳. Tokyo: Rekishi Toshosha

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirosaki-jō" (17 February 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML" (17 February 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koyasu Nobushige (1880). "Buke kazoku meiyoden" 武家家族名誉伝 Volume 1. Tokyo: Koyasu Nobushige. (Accessed from National Diet Library, 17 July 2008)

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Yukitsugu

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Yukitsugu


text:
Tsugaru Nobumasa
daimyō
Hirosaki Domain
Edo
Shinto shrine
Ono-ha Ittō-ryu
Japanese calligraphy
Japanese painting
Kanō school
lacquer artist
paddy field
Nanbu clan
Morioka Domain
Tokugawa shogunate
samurai
eruptions
Mount Iwaki
shōgun
Tokugawa Yoshimune
Kyōhō Reforms
Kan'ei-ji
Taitō-ku
Tokyo
Tsugaru clan
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: Tozama daimyo,Tsugaru clan,1669 births,1746 deaths

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuhisa

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuhisa was the second son of Tsugaru Nobumasa, 4th "daimyō" of Hirosaki Domain. His childhood name was Takechiyo, and his original adult name was Tsugaru Nobushige. He resided in Edo during the first half of his life, and visited Hirosaki the first time only on his father's death. On his accession to the lordship at the age of 43, he proclaimed seven days of mourning, followed by elaborate ceremonies enshrining his father at the Shinto shrine of Takateru Jinja in Hirosaki. Nobuhisa was a noted swordsman, having studied under the "Ono-ha Ittō-ryu" school while residing in Edo. He also studied Japanese calligraphy and Japanese painting under masters of the Kanō school, and sponsored the lacquer artist Ogawa Haritsu to develop the craft as an industry for Tsugaru Domain. After becoming "daimyō" of Hirosaki, in addition to continuing development of new paddy fields and irrigation works as started by his father and grandfather, he also commissioned art works and a history of the Tsugaru clan. He also successfully prosecuted a boundary dispute with the Tsugaru clan’s arch-rivals, the Nanbu clan of Morioka Domain, with the Tokugawa shogunate ruling completely in the Tsugaru clan's favor. This issue would resurface again in 107 years with the attempt in 1821 by Nanbu samurai to assassinate the Tsugaru "daimyō" in the "Sōma Daisaku Incident.

paragraph: Against this background, Hirosaki Domain had serious financial issues. Inclement weather and repeated eruptions of Mount Iwaki resulted in repeated crop failures. The Domain cut the stipends for its retainers and raised taxes repeatedly to unsustainable levels, imposed stringent sumptuary laws, and finally was forced to send many of its lower level retainers away. On the other hand, Nobuhisa surrounded himself with sycophants at his Edo residence and continued to live a life of profligate luxury. Word of this reached the ears of "shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshimune, and influenced the sections of the Kyōhō Reforms emphasizing the need for frugality.

paragraph: On May 16, 1731, Nobuhisa retired in favor of his grandson Nobuaki, then aged 13, and continued to rule behind-the-scenes. However, Nobuaki died in 1744, and Nobuhisa arranged to have his great-grandson Nobuyasu (age 6) appointed "daimyō". Nobuhisa continued to rule behind-the-scenes until his death on March 10, 1746. Nobuhisa had 5 sons and 6 daughters. His grave is at the clan temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirosaki-jō" (17 Feb. 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML" (17 Feb. 2008)

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Nobuhisa

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Nobuhisa


text:
Tsugaru Nobuaki
daimyō
Hirosaki Domain
Tsugaru Nobuhisa
shōgun
Tokugawa Ieshige
volcanic eruption
Mount Iwaki
ryō
Edo
Great Tenmei Famine
Kan'ei-ji
Taitō-ku
Tokyo
Hirosaki
Tsugaru clan
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1739 births,Tozama daimyo,Tsugaru clan,1784 deaths

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuyasu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuyasu was the eldest son of Tsugaru Nobuaki, the 6th "daimyō" of Hirosaki Domain. His father died when he was four years old, and all power remained in the hands his great-grandfather, Tsugaru Nobuhisa until 1746, and in the hands of the senior clan retainers until he came of age. He was received in formal audience by "shōgun" Tokugawa Ieshige in 1753.

paragraph: Nobuyasu inherited a domain stricken by extensive famine caused by repeated natural disasters, with earthquakes and volcanic eruptions by Mount Iwaki, inclement weather, and repeated crop failures. The domain was 350,000 gold "ryō" in debt, and many of Nobuyasu’s senior retainers were corrupt and contributed to the domain’s problems. It was discovered that three senior retainers had conspired with merchants in Edo to sell of all of the domain’s rice reserves for their personal profit, leaving the domain helpless in face of the Great Tenmei Famine of 1781, during which time thousands of people within the domain starved to death. Beset by problems on all sides, Nobuyasu died suddenly in 1784, leaving the domain and its problems to his only son, Nobuakira.

paragraph: Nobuyasu had one son and three daughters. His grave is at the clan temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo, as well as the Tsugaru clan temple of Chōshō-ji in Hirosaki.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirosaki-jō" (February 17, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML" (February 17, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia".

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Nobuyasu

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Nobuyasu


text:
Tsugaru Nobuhisa
daimyō
Hirosaki Domain
shōgun
Tokugawa Yoshimune
volcanic eruption
Mount Iwaki
Hokkaidō
tsunami
Tokugawa shogunate
Kyōhō Reforms
shōgun
paddy field
rangaku
castle town
Edo
Kan'ei-ji
Taitō-ku
Tokyo
Tsugaru clan
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1719 births,1744 deaths,Tozama daimyo,Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuaki

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuaki was born as the eldest son of Tsugaru Nobuoki, the eldest son and heir of Tsugaru Nobuhisa, 5th "daimyō" of Hirosaki Domain. His father died in 1730, and when Nobuhisa retired in 1731, he appointed his grandson Nobuaki as his successor. He was presented in formal audience to "shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshimune the same year. Nobuaki was still in his minority, so all power remained in the hands of Nobuhisa.

paragraph: During the early part of his tenure, Tsugaru Domain was initially prosperous; however, the profligate spending of Nobuhisa combined with one natural disaster after another soon brought the domain into financial crisis. The domain suffered from flooding followed by drought, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions (by Mount Iwaki and other volcanoes in Hokkaidō), tsunami, inclement weather, and repeated crop failures, which led to widespread famine and disease. The Tokugawa shogunate itself was in financial crisis, resulting in the implementation of the Kyōhō Reforms by "shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshimune, and not in a position to extend aid. Nobuaki continuing developing new paddy fields and irrigation works, and encouraged research of "rangaku" to help resolve the domain's problems and ever-increasing debt. However, almost as a final straw, the castle town of Hirosaki burned down in a great fire on May 11, 1746, and Nobuaki died two weeks later of sickness, at age 26.

paragraph: Nobuhisa continued to exert influence behind-the-scenes all through Nobuaki's tenure from the clan's residence in Edo, and when Nobuaki died in 1744, Nobuhisa arranged to have Nobuaki's elder son, Nobuyasu (age 6), appointed "daimyō". Nobuhisa continued as regent over Nabuyasu until his death on March 10, 1746.

paragraph: Nobuaki's grave is at the temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo, as well as the Tsugaru clan temple of Chōshō-ji in Hirosaki.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Nobuaki

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Nobuaki


text:
Tsugaru Nobuyasu
daimyō
Hirosaki Domain
shōgun
Tokugawa Ieharu
Hosokawa Shigekata
Kumamoto Domain
Uesugi Harunori
Yonezawa Domain
Matsudaira Sadanobu
Shirakawa Domain
Great Tenmei Famine
Edo
land survey
Tsugaru Yasuchika
Kuroishi
Kan'ei-ji
Taitō-ku
Tokyo
Tsugaru clan
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"
National Diet Library

categories: Tozama daimyo,Tsugaru clan,1791 deaths,1762 births

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuakira

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuyasu was the eldest son of Tsugaru Nobuyasu, 7th "daimyō" of Hirosaki Domain. In 1776, he was received in formal audience by "shōgun" Tokugawa Ieharu and succeeded his father in 1784. Noted for his intelligence and learning at an early age, he corresponded with a number of other "daimyō" noted for their good government, including Hosokawa Shigekata of Kumamoto Domain, Uesugi Harunori of Yonezawa Domain and Matsudaira Sadanobu of Shirakawa Domain. Nobuakira inherited a domain stricken by extensive famine caused by repeated natural disasters and mismanagement. Domain records indicate that 130,000 peasants perished during the Great Tenmei Famine alone, while corrupt senior officials during his father's reign had been selling of all of the domain's rice reserves for their personal profit to merchants in Edo. Nobuyasu soon took steps to restore the domain's finances, promote new industries and the development of new crops, and to reign in the worst excesses of his senior retainers. One of his reforms was to implement a new land survey, the first in over 200 years in the domain, to reassess taxable income and to permit farmers to exchange exhausted lands for new farmland. However, these reforms sparked considerable opposition within the domain's vested interests, and Nobuakira’s sudden and unexpected death at the age of 28 may have been by poisoning. As Nobuakira died without an heir, the next "daimyō" of Hirosaki Domain, Tsugaru Yasuchika was the son of Tsugaru Akitaka, from the clan's subsidiary holding in Kuroishi.

paragraph: His grave is at the clan temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koyasu Nobushige (1880). "Buke kazoku meiyoden" 武家家族名誉伝 Volume 1. Tokyo: Koyasu Nobushige. (Accessed from National Diet Library, July 17, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurotaki, Jūjirō (1984). "Tsugaru-han no hanzai to keibatsu" 津軽藩の犯罪と刑罰. Hirosaki: Hoppō shinsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narita, Suegorō (1975). "Tsugaru Tamenobu: shidan" 津軽為信: 史談. Aomori: Tōō Nippōsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru Tsuguakira Kō Den kankōkai (1976). "Tsugaru Tsuguakira kō-den" 津輕承昭公傳. Tokyo: Rekishi Toshosha

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Nobuakira

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Nobuakira


text:
koku
hatamoto
Tsugaru Nobuhira
Ishida Mitsunari
Tokugawa shogunate
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tsugaru Nobuyoshi
O-Ie Sōdō
Tsugaru Nobuakira
shōgun
Tokugawa Ienari
samurai
Domain academy
tsunami
Ezo
Hokkaidō
Karafuto
Kurile Islands
kokudaka
han
chamberlain
Nanbu clan
Morioka Domain
haiku
Kan'ei-ji
Taitō-ku
Tokyo
Tsugaru clan
National Diet Library
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1833 deaths,1765 births,Tsugaru clan,Tozama daimyo,Hatamoto

paragraph: Tsugaru Yasuchika

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Yasuchika was the eldest son of Tsugaru Akitaka, the 5th lord of Kuroishi, a 4000-"koku" "hatamoto" holding created for the second son of Tsugaru Nobuhira, the 2nd "daimyō" of Hirosaki. Nobuhira was married to a daughter of Ishida Mitsunari; however, for political reasons after the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, he found it expedient to reduce her to concubine status and to marry an adopted daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu instead. Nevertheless, the son of his first wife, Tsugaru Nobuyoshi remained his heir, which resulted in an "O-Ie Sōdō" by supporters of the son by his second wife, Tsugaru Nobufusa. The shogunate ruled in favour of Nobuyoshi, and the Kuroishi holding was created for Nobufusa and his descendants.

paragraph: When Tsugaru Nobuakira, the 8th "daimyō" of Tsugaru Domain died without heir in 1791, Yasuchika was posthumously adopted into the main Tsugaru house as his successor, and the Kuroishi holding was turned over to his Yasuchika's eldest son. He was received in formal audience by "shōgun" Tokugawa Ienari the same year.

paragraph: Yasuchika implemented many of the reforms initiated by Nobuakira to restore prosperity to the disaster-prone domain, including having many of his "samurai" turn to part-time farming to maintain their revenues. In 1796, he established a Domain academy called the "Keikokan". The domain was struck by a large earthquake and tsunami in 1793.

paragraph: In 1805, the Shogunate charged Tsugaru Domain with the responsibility of maintaining the security of a portion of Ezo, an area considered loosely at the time to encompass present-day Hokkaidō, Karafuto and the southern Kurile Islands. In return, the "kokudaka" of the domain were increased to 70,000 "koku". The "kokudaka" of the domain was further increased to 100,000 "koku" in 1808, and in 1809 Kuroishi was raised to a full "han" status. Yasuchika also received a promotion in court rank from Junior Fifth to Junior Fourth rank.

paragraph: However, the increase in revenue was far less than the expense of dispatching troops and maintaining garrisons in the wide expanses of the northern islands, and increases in local taxation led to widespread peasant revolts by 1813. Yasuchika received a promotion in his courtesy title in 1820 to honorary chamberlain ("Jujū"). The promotion incensed the samurai of Tsugaru's rivals, the Nanbu clan of Morioka Domain, which cumulated in the Sōma Daisaku Incident of 1821, in which a Nanbu samurai attempted to assassinate Yasuchika.

paragraph: In 1825, Yasuchika turned rule of the domain over to his second son and went into retirement, spending his time writing haiku poetry. He died at the domain's Edo residence in 1833. His grave is at the clan temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Yasuchika

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Yasuchika


text:
Italian
opera
Brescia
Venice
oratorio
aria
French opera
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Antonio Sartorio
Pierre Corneille
Pierre Corneille
Giulio Cesare Corradi
Adriano Morselli
Jean Racine
Giulio Cesare Corradi
Gerusalemme liberata
Torquato Tasso
Giulio Cesare Corradi
Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti
Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti
Pietro Ottoboni
Giovanni Lorenzo Lulier
Alessandro Scarlatti
Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti
Georgiche
Virgilio
Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti
Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti
Apostolo Zeno
Erodoto
Matteo Noris
Matteo Noris
Aurelio Aureli
Severo De Luca
Giovanni Bononcini
Matteo Noris
Matteo Noris
Apostolo Zeno
Matteo Noris
Francesco Silvani
Antonio Caldara
Antonio Quintavalle
Apostolo Zeno
Matteo Noris
Matteo Noris
Matteo Noris
Matteo Noris
Apostolo Zeno
Corneille
Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti
Matteo Noris
Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti
Livio
Aurelio Aureli
Pietro Pariati
Apostolo Zeno
Francesco Silvani
Pietro Ottoboni
Plutarco
Francesco Silvani
Antonio Lotti
Francesco Gasparini
Francesco Silvani
Antonio Salvi
Domenico Lalli
Francesco Silvani
Francesco Salvi
Magazine de l'opéra baroque (in French)

categories: Italian male classical composers,People from Brescia,Italian Baroque,Male organists,1650s births,Italian Baroque composers,Italian opera composers,Italian classical composers,18th-century classical composers,17th-century classical composers,Italian organists,Male opera composers,1723 deaths

paragraph: Carlo Francesco Pollarolo

paragraph: Carlo Francesco Pollarolo (ca. 1653 – 7 February 1723) was an Italian composer, chiefly of operas. Born into a musical family, he became the cathedral organist of his home town of Brescia. In the 1680s he began composing operas for performance in nearby Venice. He wrote a total of 85 of them as well as 13 oratorios. His operatic style is noted for its development of arias accompanied by the orchestra and it shows some influence from the contemporary French opera of Jean-Baptiste Lully.

paragraph: Section::::List of operas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venere travestita" (dramma per musica, libretto by Giovanni Battista Bottalino, 1678, Brescia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Roderico" (dramma per musica, libretto by Giovanni Battista Bottalino, 1684, Brescia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I delirii per amore" (dramma per musica, libretto by Francesco Miliati, 1685, Brescia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il demone amante, overo Giugurta" (dramma per musica, libretto by Matteo Noris, 1685, Venice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Licurgo, overo Il cieco d'acuta vista" (dramma per musica, libretto by Matteo Noris, 1686, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La costanza gelosa negl'amori di Cefalo e Procri" (dramma per musica, 1688, Verona)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antonino e Pompeiano" (dramma per musica, libretto by Giacomo Francesco Bussani, 1689, Brescia; a reworking of the piece of the same name by Antonio Sartorio)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alboino in Italia" (dramma per musica, libretto by Giulio Cesare Corradi, 1691, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il moto delle stelle osservato da Cupido" (serenata, 1691, Padua)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La pace fra Tolomeo e Seleuco" (dramma per musica, libretto by Adriano Morselli, based on "Rodogune" by Pierre Corneille, 1691, Venice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Onorio in Roma" (dramma per musica, libretto by Giovanni Matteo Giannini, based on "Stilichon" by Pierre Corneille, 1692, Venice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marc'Antonio" (dramma per musica, libretto by Matteo Noris, 1692, Genoa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iole, regina di Napoli" (dramma per musica, libretto di Giulio Cesare Corradi, 1692, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Ibraim sultano" (dramma per musica, libretto di Adriano Morselli, basato su "Bajazet" di Jean Racine, 1692, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La forza della virtù" (dramma per musica, libretto di Domenico David, basato su "Storia di Spagna" di Rogatis, 1693, Venezia; ripreso anche come "Creonte tiranno di Tebe", 1699, Napoli)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gl'avvenimenti d'Erminia e di Clorinda" (dramma per musica, libretto di Giulio Cesare Corradi, basato su "Gerusalemme liberata" di Torquato Tasso, 1693, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amage, regina de' Sarmati" (dramma per musica, libretto di Giulio Cesare Corradi, 1693, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ottone" (tragedia per musica, libretto di Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti, 1694, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La schiavitù fortunata" (dramma per musica, libretto di Fulgenzio Maria Gualazzi, 1694, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irene" (tragedia per musica, libretto di Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti, 1694, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alfonso primo" (dramma per musica, dopo Rogatis, 1694, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Santa Genuinda, overo L'innocenza difesa dall'inganno" (3° atto) (dramma sacro per musica, libretto di Pietro Ottoboni, basato su "Santi di Fiandra" di Molano, 1694, Roma; in collaborazione con Giovanni Lorenzo Lulier (1° atto) e Alessandro Scarlatti (2° atto))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il pastore d'Anfriso" (tragedia pastorale, libretto di Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti, basato su le "Georgiche" di Virgilio, 1695, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Falsirena" (dramma per musica, libretto di Rinaldo Calli, 1695, Ferrara)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Rosimonda" (tragedia per musica, libretto di Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti, 1695, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ercole in cielo" (tragedia per musica, libretto di Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti, 1696, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Almansore in Alimena" (dramma per musica, libretto di Giovanni Matteo Giannini, 1696, Reggio Emilia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gli inganni felici" (dramma per musica, libretto di Apostolo Zeno, after Erodoto, 1696, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amor e dovere" (dramma per musica, libretto di Domenico David, 1696, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tito Manlio" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1696, Firenze)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I reggi equivoci" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1697, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La forza d'amore" (dramma per musica, libretto di Lorenzo Burlini, 1697, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Oreste in Sparta" (dramma per musica, libretto di Pompeo Luchesi, 1697, Reggio Emilia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circe abbandonata da Ulisse" (dramma per musica, libretto di Aurelio Aureli, 1697, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La clemenza d'Augusto" (2° atto) (dramma per musica, libretto di Carlo Sigismondo Caprese, 1697, Roma; in collaborazione con Severo De Luca (1° atto) e Giovanni Bononcini (3° atto))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marzio Coriolano" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1698, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'enigma disciolto" (favola pastorale, libretto di Giovanni Battista Neri, 1698, Reggio Emilia; ripresa come "Gli amici rivali", 1705, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Ulisse sconosciuto in Itaca" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1698, Reggio Emilia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Faramondo" (dramma per musica, libretto di Apostolo Zeno, dopo Calprende. 1698, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il ripudio d'Ottavia" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1699, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'oracolo in sogno" (3° atto) (dramma per musica, libretto di Francesco Silvani, 1699, Mantova; in collaborazione con Antonio Caldara (1° atto) e Antonio Quintavalle (2° atto))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucio Vero" (dramma per musica, libretto di Apostolo Zeno, 1699, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il giudizio di Paride" (intermezzo, 1699, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il colore fa' la regina" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1700, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il delirio comune per l'incostanza dei genii" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1700, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'inganno di Chirone" (melodramma, libretto di Pietro D'Averara, 1700, Milano)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le pazzie degli amanti" (dramma per musica, libretto di Francesco Passarini, 1701, Vienna)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catone Uticenze" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1701, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'odio e l'amore" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1702, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ascanio" (dramma per musica, libretto di Pietro D'Averara, 1702, Milano)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venceslao" (dramma per musica, libretto di Apostolo Zeno, dopo Corneille, 1703, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fortuna per dote" (tragicommedia, libretto di Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti, 1704, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'eroico amore" (tragicommedia, libretto di M. A. Gasparini, 1704, Bergamo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il giorno di notte" (dramma per musica, libretto di Matteo Noris, 1704, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Dafni" (tragedia satirica in musica, libretto di Girolamo Frigimelica Roberti, 1705, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fede ne' tradimenti" (dramma per musica, libretto di Girolamo Gigli, 1705, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Filippo, re della Grecia" (dramma per musica, libretto di Pietro Giorgio Barziza, dopo Livio, 1706, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flavio Bertarido, re dei Langobardi" (dramma per musica, libretto di Stefano Ghisi, 1706, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fede riconosciuta" (drama pastorale per musica, libretto di Pasquaglio, 1707, Vicenza)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La vendetta d'amore" (pastorale per musica, 1707, Rovigo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Ergisto" (dramma pastorale, libretto Francesco Passarini, 1708, Rovigo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Igene, regina di Sparta" (dramma per musica, libretto di Aurelio Aureli, 1708, Vicenza)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il falso Tiberino" (dramma per musica, libretto di Pietro Pariati e Apostolo Zeno, 1709, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La ninfa riconosciuta" (melodramma pastorale, libretto di Francesco Silvani, 1709, Vicenza)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Costantino pio" (dramma posto in musica, libretto di Pietro Ottoboni, 1710, Roma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amor per gelosia" (favola pastorale, 1710, Roma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Engelberta, o La forza dell'innocenza" (dramma per musica, 1711, Brescia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Costanza in trionfo" (dramma per musica, 1711, Brescia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Publio Cornelio Scipione" (dramma per musica, libretto di Agostino Piovene, dopo Plutarco, 1712, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peribea in Salamina" (dramma per musica, 1712, Vicenza)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'infedeltà punita" (dramma per musica, libretto di Francesco Silvani, 1712, Venezia; in collaborazione con Antonio Lotti)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spurio postumio" (dramma per musica, libretto di Agostino Piovene, 1712, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eraclio" (3° atto) (dramma per musica, libretto di Pietro Antonio Bernardoni, 1712, Roma; in collaborazione con Francesco Gasparini (2° atto))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giulio Cesare nell'Egitto" (dramma per musica, libretto di Antonio Ottoboni, 1713, Roma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Semiramide" (dramma per musica, libretto di Francesco Silvani, 1714, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marsia deluso" (favola pastorale, libretto di Agostino Piovene, 1714, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il trionfo della costanza" (dramma per musica, 1714, Vicenza)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tetide in Sciro" (dramma per musica, libretto di Carlo Sigismondo Capece, 1715, Vicenza)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il germanico" (dramma per musica, libretto di Pietro Giorgio Barziza, 1716, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ariodante" (dramma per musica, libretto di Antonio Salvi, 1716, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'innocenza riconosciuta" (dramma per musica, libretto di Tommaso Malipiero, 1717, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Farnace" (dramma per musica, libretto di Domenico Lalli, 1718, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amore in gara col fasto" (dramma per musica, libretto di Francesco Silvani, 1718, Rovigo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astinome" (dramma per musica, libretto di o di Domenico Ottavio Petrosellini, 1719, Roma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il pescatore disingannato" (epitalamio musicale, 1721, Venezia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Arminio" (dramma per musica, libretto di Francesco Salvi, 1722, Venezia)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Viking Opera Guide" ed. Holden (Viking, 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magazine de l'opéra baroque (in French)

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Carlo Francesco Pollarolo

wikipedia_title: Carlo Francesco Pollarolo


text:
Tsugaru Yasuchika
hatamoto
koku
Kuroishi
Kuroishi Domain
Tsugaru Nobuakira
shōgun
Tokugawa Ienari
Tokugawa shogunate
Konoe Motosaki
court nobility
Tokugawa Narimasa
Tayasu-branch
Tokugawa clan
ryō
Nanbu clan
Morioka Domain
Edo
sankin-kōtai
Edo
concubine
Matsudaira Nobuakira
Yoshida Domain
Mikawa Province
rōjū
Tsugaru Yukitsugu
Kan'ei-ji
Taitō-ku
Tokyo
Tsugaru clan
National Diet Library
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: Tozama daimyo,Tsugaru clan,1800 births,1862 deaths

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuyuki

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobuyuki was the younger son of Tsugaru Yasuchika, the 9th "daimyō" of Hirosaki Domain. Yasuchika was originally a "hatamoto" ruling a 4000 "koku" fief at Kuroishi before he was adopted into the main Tsugaru clan line to become "daimyō" of Hirosaki. At that time, he turned Kuroishi over to his eldest son, and later elevated the holding to Kuroishi Domain. Yasuchika initially attempted to continue implementation many of the reforms initiated from the time of Tsugaru Nobuakira to restore prosperity to the disaster-prone domain, but faced stubborn opposition due to vested interests and extensive corruption issues with his retainers. Nobuyuki was appointed heir to Hirosaki, and was received by "shōgun" Tokugawa Ienari in formal audience in 1811. He made his first visit to Hirosaki in 1812.

paragraph: Yasuchika enjoyed good relations with the Tokugawa shogunate and in 1811 was successful in arranging an extremely favorable marriage for Nobuyuki to the daughter of Konoe Motosaki, of the Kyoto court nobility. However, the bride died two years later, and Yasuchika then arranged a new marriage for Nobuyuki with the sixth daughter of Tokugawa Narimasa, head of the Tayasu-branch of the Tokugawa clan and sister of the Shogun. She also died in 1820, and a third marriage was then arranged between Nobuyuki and the ninth daughter of Tokugawa Narimasa in 1822. The financial outlay to the Court and to the Shogunate in exchange for these marriages was tremendous, amounting to many hundreds of thousands of "ryō". Increased taxation led to peasant uprisings. In 1821 samurai of the Tsugaru clan's arch-rivals, the Nanbu clan of Morioka Domain attempted to assassinate Yasuchika during the Sōma Daisaku Incident, and in 1825 Yasuchika retired, and turned the domain over to Nobuyuki.

paragraph: However, Yasuchika continued to rule behind-the-scenes from the clan's Edo residence, and lacking a personal power base or the respect of his senior retainers, Nobuyuki was reduced to an ineffectual figurehead, and was derided as the of Tsugaru. Rumors were spread of his laziness, lack of mental acuity, drunkenness, inappropriate behavior and lasciviousness during "sankin-kōtai" journeys to Edo. The shogunate was also outraged by reports that, despite the domain's desperate financial situation, Nobuyuki was spending profligately on entertainments such as parades, firework displays, festivals and moon-viewing parties, and that he had taken a commoner (the daughter of an Edo oil merchant) as his concubine.

paragraph: Nobuyuki was forced into retirement in 1839, and the domain was turned over to an outsider, the 7th son of Matsudaira Nobuakira, lord of Yoshida Domain in Mikawa Province and a "rōjū", who was adopted into the Tsugaru clan as Tsugaru Yukitsugu. Nobuyuki lived on to 1862, and died at the age of 63. His grave is at the clan temple of Shinryō-in (a subsidiary of Kan'ei-ji) in Taitō-ku, Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koyasu Nobushige (1880). "Buke kazoku meiyoden" 武家家族名誉伝 Volume 1. Tokyo: Koyasu Nobushige. (Accessed from National Diet Library, 17 July 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurotaki, Jūjirō (1984). "Tsugaru-han no hanzai to keibatsu" 津軽藩の犯罪と刑罰. Hirosaki: Hoppō shinsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narita, Suegorō (1975). "Tsugaru Tamenobu: shidan" 津軽為信: 史談. Aomori: Tōō Nippōsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru Tsuguakira Kō Den kankōkai (1976). "Tsugaru Tsuguakira kō-den" 津輕承昭公傳. Tokyo: Rekishi Toshosha

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirosaki-jō" (17 February 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML" (17 February 2008)

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Nobuyuki

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Nobuyuki


text: archbishop

text: deacon

text: priest

text: Associate Professor

text: Moscow Theological Academy

text: Archimandrite

text: Patriarch Tikhon

text: Sergius of Radonezh

text: Habakkuk

text: liturgy

text: Old Church Slavonic

text: Sergius Stragorodsky

text: Moscow Patriarchate

text: Sergiev Posad

text: Trinity Sergius Lavra

text: Vysokopetrovsky Monastery

text: Moscow

text: Church of the Nativity of the Virgin

text: Joint State Political Directorate

text: Moscow

text: Moscow

text: Russian Church

text: Russia

text: Catholicism

text: Catholicism

text: Michel d'Herbigny

text: Pope

text: Pope

text: NKVD

text: NKVD

text: Vatican

text: Russia

text: NKVD

text: Butyrka Prison

text: NKVD

text: Fargo, North Dakota

text: Crypto-Papism

text: The Catholic Revival

categories: Catholic people executed by the Soviet Union,1935 deaths,Former Russian Orthodox Christians,Executed people from Moscow,Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy,Executed Russian people,Russian Eastern Catholics,1888 births

paragraph: Bartholomew Remov

paragraph: Bartholomew Remov (3 October 1888 – 26 June 1935) was a Russian archbishop who was sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of USSR.

paragraph: Section::::Monastic life.

paragraph: On 10 June 1911, he worked as a deacon and as a priest from 18 February 1912. He later became the Associate Professor of Old Testament Scriptures at the Moscow Theological Academy.

paragraph: In 1913, Remov was appointed as the Dean of the Academic Intercession Church, where in 1914, he became an Associate Professor. In 1919, he became the head of the Academic Protection Church and Archimandrite. In 1920, the Patriarch Tikhon appointed him the director of the Higher Institute of Theology. The same year on September 6th, he was arrested for preaching against the opening of the relics of Sergius of Radonezh.

paragraph: However, he was released on 28 February 1921 due to health complications and was carried away from the prison on a stretcher.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarly work.

paragraph: His Master's thesis 'Bishop Bartholomew' is based on a detailed analysis of the Greek and Hebrew texts of Habakkuk, complimented with the Slavic manuscripts. The work shows the deep erudition and a multifaceted approach to the subject. The author focused on textual criticism and the historical interpretation of the book of Habakkuk.

paragraph: Beyond his work as a historian and biblical scholar, Remov was known as an expert on liturgy and the Old Church Slavonic language. The knowledge of the Slavonic language was requested by Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky from Remov for auditing the proceedings of all church services, in particular, the choir and hymns with a focus on the Moscow Patriarchate.

paragraph: Section::::Orthodox Bishop.

paragraph: On 28 July 1921, the Bishop of Sergiev Posad vicariate, a vicariate of the Moscow diocese, appointed Remov to a position at the Trinity Sergius Lavra. He served in this position from 1921 to 1923 and became the head of the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery in Moscow until 1929. From 1925 to 1935, he was also the head of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin at Putinki.

paragraph: After the closure of the aforementioned monastery, clergy, who served with Bishop Bartholomew, moved to this church. Here, Remov was respected by his faithfulness as an ascetic, a confessor, and a laborer. Despite wider clerical dismissal, Remov organized secret monastic communities, under the "de jure" jurisdiction of Deputy Patriarch Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky. It was here that Remov began to voice the criticism of the church and its political course.

paragraph: In 1928, he was arrested and charged with "harboring a spy." While in detention, Remov officially agreed to cooperate with the Joint State Political Directorate, under what are presumed to be threats of torture and extortion. He was later released after failing to reveal any significant information during his detention by the security agency. His "cooperation" with the JSPD agent acted as a formal order to preserve the secret monasticism in Moscow, thereby "covering" him from reprisals from authorities.

paragraph: On 9 June 1934, Remov was elevated to the rank of archbishop.

paragraph: Section::::Secret Catholic.

paragraph: In 1928, Remov met with the apostolic administrator in Moscow, Bishop Pius Eugene Neveu, with whom he had stayed in contact. The JSPD believed that Bishop Bartholomew would inform the security officers about the moods and activities of Bishop Neveu. In fact, he considered a rapprochement with Catholics for an opportunity to ease the fate of the Russian Church. He conveyed information about the persecution of the church to the Vatican representative in Russia in order to bring it to the attention of an international community.

paragraph: Gradually, Remov began to show sympathy for Catholicism. Even in a letter dating from 1931, Bishop Neveu doubted whether Bishop Bartholomew was a Catholic since he "limited himself to vague words about his sympathies and was too afraid of compromising himself." However, in November 1932, unknown to the security officers, he secretly got converted to Catholicism and created a small secret Catholic community of members of his church.

paragraph: In 1933, he received the official documents on its powers of papal commission Pro Russia signed by the head of the commission of Bishop Michel d'Herbigny. The document tells about the establishment of the department of titular Sergiev Posad vicariate in the jurisdiction of the Pope and putting Bishop Bartholomew as a vicar bishop of Bishop Neveu. In its own words, it "is vested with the episcopal dignity in the Eastern rite". D'Herbigny' gave his support to Bishop Bartholomew (the first such example in Russia in the 20th century), considering the secret Catholic bishop as the future Patriarch of the Eastern Rite in the jurisdiction of the Pope.

paragraph: Some believed Bishop Bartholomew's information about his transition to Catholicism to be false. They seriously considered the possibility of his identity as a saint of the Orthodox saints in the first half of the 1900s. They believed that his identity as an Orthodox bishop with the Catholics did not go beyond consultation and transfer of information. In their view, the recognition of the interrogations was "knocked out" by the employees of the NKVD, and the documents that came from d'Herbigny dubious. However, their argument is rejected by both the Orthodox and the Catholic scholars. The General Archive of the Augustinian monks in Rome kept correspondence between Bishop Bartholomew and Bishop Neveu, proving his Catholicism.

paragraph: Section::::The Last Arrest and Death.

paragraph: Remov was arrested in early 1928 but then released under the condition of becoming a secret informant for the JSPD and having the agreement sealed in writing. Remov was arrested again on 21 February 1935, and was prosecuted for his involvement in NKVD from the posting of a shot under the charges of "Dereliction of Duty". He was accused of passing on the Vatican representative in Russia regarding the persecution of the Church instead of relating the faith of NKVD to fellow believers. After a brief detention period in the Butyrka Prison where he was sent shortly after his arrest, Remov was charged for committing treason and dereliction of duty for inability to practice the best interests of NKVD.

paragraph: The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of USSR, sentenced him to death on 17 June 1935 and he was shot soon after.

paragraph: There were others arrested with him; however, he was the only one sentenced to execution. The sentence was incredibly severe for 1935 and was later attributed to the fact of his stubborn unwillingness to cooperate during interrogations. When the interrogator questioned his silence, he replied: "I tried to find a suitable material, but it is not found.".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irina I. Osipova, "Hide Me Within Thy Wounds: The Persecution of the Catholic Church in the USSR", Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, Fargo, North Dakota, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father Arseny, "A cloud of witnesses". Translated from the Russian by Vera Bouteneff. Copywright 2001 Vera Boutenoff

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crypto-Papism

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Catholic Revival

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://vselenskiy.narod.ru/remow.htm

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://periodical.pstgu.ru/en/series/issue/2/79/article/6193

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://biographies.library.nd.edu/catalog/biography-0572

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://elib.sfu-kras.ru/bitstream/handle/2311/31520/06_Soloviev.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

description: Russian bishop

wikidata_label: Bartholomew Remov

wikipedia_title: Bartholomew Remov


text: British royal family

text: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent

text: Katharine, Duchess of Kent

text: King George V

text: Coppins

text: Iver

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Duke

text: Duchess of Kent

text: Datchet

text: St Mary's School, Wantage

text: Gordonstoun

text: sixth form

text: Tennents

text: Karsten Schubert

text: Rachel Whiteread

text: Gary Hume

text: Damien Hirst

text: Giorgio Armani

text: RN

text: St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

text: Giorgio Armani

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: line of succession

text: CLIC Sargent

text: The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity

text: Glyndebourne Festival Opera

text: The Peerage

categories: 1964 births,Daughters of British dukes,British people of German descent,British people of Greek descent,People educated at Gordonstoun,House of Windsor,British people of Austrian descent,People educated at Heathfield School, Ascot,Living people,British people of Danish descent

paragraph: Lady Helen Taylor

paragraph: Lady Helen Marina Lucy Taylor ("née" Windsor; born 28 April 1964) is a relative of the British royal family. She is the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Katharine, Duchess of Kent, and a great-granddaughter of King George V. She is currently 43rd in line of succession to the British throne.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and youth.

paragraph: Born at Coppins, a country house in Iver, Buckinghamshire, Lady Helen is the only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Kent. She was educated at Eton End School in Datchet then at St Mary's School, Wantage, and Gordonstoun. At Gordonstoun, she was one of 20 sixth form girls "in the robustly masculine environment of Gordonstoun," wrote Alan Hamilton.

paragraph: She was called "Melons" in the popular press.

paragraph: "I was slightly chubby, it was the boys at Gordonstoun who called me that. I think there are only about two people who call me that now. The original context has long gone" ..."If having a pint of Tennents in the woods at Gordonstoun could be considered wild, then I was. The trouble with me and parties is I like to be in bed at 10.30. I did used to smoke but I was always terrified of drugs."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After she left Gordonstoun (where she had art class), she was desperate to come to London and earn money, starting in 1984 at Christie’s auction house in their Contemporary Department.

paragraph: Lady Helen worked with the art dealer Karsten Schubert between 1987 and 1991, behind the front desk, and was later credited with discovering Rachel Whiteread and Gary Hume, but confessed in a television interview that she had turned down representing artist Damien Hirst.

paragraph: For 17 years, Lady Helen was a fashion ambassador and muse to Giorgio Armani.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: At 19, Lady Helen met Timothy Verner Taylor (b. 8 August 1963), an art dealer and the eldest son of Commander Michael Verner Taylor, RN and Susan Geraldine Percy. They married at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on 18 July 1992. The bride wore a Catherine Walker design inspired by the architecture of the wedding venue. Giorgio Armani provided an outfit for her wedding.

paragraph: In 1998, her husband contracted Hodgkin's disease.

paragraph: Lady Helen and her husband have four children, who immediately follow her in the line of succession:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Columbus George Donald Taylor (born 6 August 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Edward Taylor (born 26 December 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eloise Olivia Katherine Taylor (born 2 March 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estella Olga Elizabeth Taylor (born 21 December 2004)

paragraph: Section::::Charity work.

paragraph: She is a patron of the CLIC Sargent children's cancer charity.

paragraph: She is a trustee of The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity.

paragraph: She is on the Advisory Board of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera after being a trustee.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Peerage

description: British noble

wikidata_label: Lady Helen Taylor

wikipedia_title: Lady Helen Taylor


text: physician

text: bacteriologist

text: The Atlantic Monthly

text: early National Book Awards

text: Rats, Lice and History

text: Timothy Dwight School

text: Columbia University

text: George Frederick Kunz

text: Stanford University

text: Rebecca Lancefield

text: Harvard Medical School

text: US Army Medical Corps

text: World War I

text: American Red Cross

text: typhus

text: immunology

text: lieutenant colonel

text: US Army

text: Distinguished Service Medal

text: Order of St. Sava

text: Legion of Honour

text: typhus

text: Brill–Zinsser disease

text: vaccine

text: biology

text: bacteria

text: biography

text: Albert Coons

text: immunohistochemistry

text: Sleepy Hollow Cemetery

text: Sleepy Hollow, New York

text: Hans Zinsser Papers

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,Deaths from leukemia,Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery,Harvard Medical School faculty,American agnostics,1878 births,United States Army Medical Corps officers,American military personnel of World War I,American people of German descent,Deaths from cancer in New York (state),National Book Award winners,Recipients of the Order of St. Sava,1940 deaths,Stanford University faculty,Vaccinologists

paragraph: Hans Zinsser

paragraph: Hans Zinsser (November 17, 1878 – September 4, 1940) was an American physician, bacteriologist, and prolific author.

paragraph: The author of over 200 books and medical articles, he was also a published poet. Some of his verses were published in "The Atlantic Monthly".

paragraph: His 1940 publication, "", won one of the early National Book Awards, the sixth and last annual award for Nonfiction voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.

paragraph: He is remembered especially for his 1935 book, "Rats, Lice and History".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: The son of German immigrants, Zinsser was born in New York City in 1878. He attended Timothy Dwight School on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He received his undergraduate degree from Columbia University in 1899 and completed both a master's degree and a doctorate in medicine there in 1903.

paragraph: In 1905, he married Ruby Handforth Kunz, eldest daughter of the mineralogist, George Frederick Kunz, and they had two children, Hans Handforth and Gretel Zinsser, and they all lived in Boston.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: After holding a series of academic medicine positions, Zinsser became an associate professor at Stanford University in 1910. In 1913, he moved to a position at his "alma mater". At Columbia, he was the doctoral advisor of Rebecca Lancefield, although he did not permit her to physically work in his laboratory due to her gender. Ten years later, Zinsser was hired by Harvard Medical School, where he stayed — except for service in the US Army Medical Corps in World War I — until his death.

paragraph: Zinsser taught as an exchange professor and worked with the American Red Cross in France, Russia, Serbia and China, and was noted for his work in typhus and immunology. He became a lieutenant colonel in the US Army and served overseas during World War I. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which read as follows "For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services-- while acting as Sanitation Inspector of the Second Army he organized, perfected and administered with extraordinary and exceptional success a plan of military sanitation and epidemic-disease control." Zinsser also received another military citation for taking exceptional risks to minister to wounded soldiers while under direct enemy fire. He was also awarded the Order of St. Sava of Serbia and the Legion of Honour in France.

paragraph: Zinsser's scientific work focused on bacteriology and immunology and he is most associated with typhus, especially the form called Brill–Zinsser disease, his namesake. He isolated the typhus bacterium and developed a protective vaccine. He wrote several books about biology and bacteria, notably "Rats, Lice and History" (1935), a "biography" of typhus fever. Zinsser had a strong influence on the work of Albert Coons (1912–1978), who developed the technique of immunohistochemistry.

paragraph: Zinsser succumbed to acute leukemia in 1940. He is interred in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zinsser, Hans. "As I Remember Him: The Biography of R.S." Gloucester, Mass: Peter Smith. 1970.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs for Hans Zinsser

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Zinsser Papers at The Center for the History of Medicine at the Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.

description: American physician, bacteriologist, and author

wikidata_label: Hans Zinsser

wikipedia_title: Hans Zinsser


text:
Russian Empire
Shervashidze
Abkhazia
Sefer Ali-Bey
1832 conspiracy
Giorgi Shervashidze
locum tenens
Saint Petersburg
Mariinsky
Alexandrinsky
Alexandre Benois
Aleksandr Golovin
Valentin Serov
Pablo Picasso
Russian Revolution
France
Monaco
Nice
Sukhumi
List of Princes of Abkhazia

categories: Nobility of Georgia (country),House of Shervashidze,20th-century artists from Georgia (country),Russian scenic designers,Abkhazian scenic designers,1968 deaths,1867 births

paragraph: Aleksandr Shervashidze

paragraph: Aleksandr Konstantinovich Shervashidze (Chachba) (, , 1867–1968) was a painter from the Russian Empire and member of the Shervashidze princely dynasty of Abkhazia. He was the grandson of the Abkhazian ruler Sefer Ali-Bey. His father Constantine was part of the 1832 conspiracy of Georgian nobility against Russian rule. Following the death of his cousin,

paragraph: Giorgi Shervashidze in 1918, Alexander was the locum tenens of the Abkhazian throne.

paragraph: From 1907 until 1918 Shervashidze worked a scenographer at the Saint Petersburg Mariinsky and Alexandrinsky theatres. He co-operated with Alexandre Benois, Aleksandr Golovin, Valentin Serov and Pablo Picasso. He requested for all his work to be left to Georgia after his death.

paragraph: After the Russian Revolution, Chachba went into exile in France. He died on 17 August 1968 at the age of 101 in the hostel for the elderly in Monaco, and was buried at the Russian cemetery in Nice. On 12 May 1985, Shervashidze was ceremonially reburied in the centre of the Abkhazian capital Sukhumi. On 24 December 2013, a monument was unveiled on his grave.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Princes of Abkhazia

alias: Aleksandr Konstantinovich, Prince Chachba Shervashidze

description: Russian scenic designer

wikidata_label: Alexander Shervashidze

wikipedia_title: Aleksandr Shervashidze


text:
Colonel
U.S. Army
War of 1812
Yale University
inventor
1st Chief of Ordnance
U.S. Army Ordnance Department
Farmington, Connecticut
Wadsworth
William Wadsworth
founder of Hartford, Connecticut
Jeremiah Wadsworth
James Wadsworth
William Wadsworth
James Wadsworth
George Washington
Artillerist and Engineer Corps
Fort Nelson
U.S. Army Ordnance Department
Commissary General of Ordnance
Springfield
Harpers Ferry
Watervliet Arsenal
Allegheny Arsenal
New Haven, Connecticut
cipher
Thomas Jefferson
World War II
Wadsworth's cipher
posthumously

categories: 1821 deaths,People from Farmington, Connecticut,Yale University alumni,United States Army officers,American people of the War of 1812,Superintendents of the United States Military Academy,1768 births

paragraph: Decius Wadsworth

paragraph: Decius Wadsworth (January 2, 1768 – November 8, 1821) was a Colonel in the U.S. Army before and during the War of 1812. He graduated from Yale University in 1785 with Honors. He was a renowned military organizer, engineer and inventor. In 1812, he was selected to be the 1st Chief of Ordnance for the new U.S. Army Ordnance Department.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Decius Wadsworth was born in 1768 in Farmington, Connecticut, the eldest son of William Wadsworth, III and Mercy Clarke. He was a scion of the prominent Wadsworth family of Connecticut. He was a sixth generation descendant of William Wadsworth, an original founder of Hartford, Connecticut. He was a contemporary and relative of Jeremiah Wadsworth, James Wadsworth, William Wadsworth, and James Wadsworth. Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth, his second cousin, left Decius a handsome sum in his will in 1804. Decius never married.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: In 1794, Decius Wadsworth was appointed by President George Washington as a captain in the Artillerist and Engineer Corps. He served was promoted to major in January 1800, supervised the rebuilding of Fort Nelson in Portsmouth, Virginia in 1802, and served as acting Superintendent of the Military Academy from 1803 until 1805, when he resigned.

paragraph: Just prior to the War of 1812, Wadsworth was invited to lead the newly established U.S. Army Ordnance Department and he was appointed as the first Commissary General of Ordnance (later renamed to Chief of Ordnance). His department was charged with the procurement, supply, and maintenance of all cannon, small arms, powder, ball, shot, and other related items for the army. He drew up a set of regulations to ensure a system of uniformity in the armories and in the manufacture of ordnance material. He standardized small arms in the service and accomplished inventories of materiel at posts and forts around the country.

paragraph: Wadsworth supervised the ordnance establishment across the country (including Springfield and Harpers Ferry Armory), established arsenals on the Hudson River (Watervliet Arsenal) and Pittsburgh (Allegheny Arsenal) in support of the war, made efforts to standardize weapons, particularly artillery, and in 1813, undertook efforts to improve the coastal defenses of the Chesapeake Bay. Wadsworth stressed the importance of uniformity and simplicity. Despite bureaucratic obstacles, he and his staff managed to streamline the number and variety of small arms and heavy ordnance. He led a failed campaign to adopt an artillery carriage based on a British design.

paragraph: Colonel Wadsworth served as the Chief of Ordnance until June 1, 1821, at which time he left the service due to illness. He died in New Haven, Connecticut.

paragraph: Section::::Wadsworth's cipher.

paragraph: In 1817, he developed a cipher system based on a design by Thomas Jefferson, establishing a method that was continuously improved upon and used until the end of World War II.

paragraph: Wadsworth's cipher system involved a set of two disks, one inside the other, where the outer disk had the 26 letters of the alphabet and the numbers 2–8, and the inner disk had only the 26 letters. The disks were geared at a ratio of 26:33. To encipher a message, the inner disk was turned until the desired letter was at the top position, with the number of turns required for the result transmitted as ciphertext. Due to the gearing, a ciphertext substitution for a character did not repeat until all 33 characters for the plaintext letter had been used. He received recognition for this method only posthumously.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Hundred and Fifty Years of the Wadsworth Family in America" by Horace Andrew Wadsworth, Eagle Steam Joe Printing, Boston, 1883

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historical Sketch of the Organization, Administration, Material and Tactics of the Artillery, United States Army", by William E. Birkheimer, Washington, D.C., 1884

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.usaocaweb.org/awards.htm

description: United States Army officer

wikidata_label: Decius Wadsworth

wikipedia_title: Decius Wadsworth


text: National Liberal Party

text: the fall of communism

text: Senator

text: Ion Iliescu

text: 1990 Romanian presidential election

text: Central Political Bureau

text: Radu Anton Campeanu

categories: Chairpersons of the National Liberal Party (Romania),Romanian anti-communists,1922 births,2016 deaths,Members of the Senate of Romania,Romanian dissidents,Burials at Bellu

paragraph: Radu Câmpeanu

paragraph: Radu-Anton Câmpeanu (; 28 February 1922 – 19 October 2016) was a Romanian politician. He was president of the National Liberal Party between 1990 and 1993, a party he helped re-found after the fall of communism, and a Senator between 1990 and 1992 and also between 2004 and 2008. He ran against Ion Iliescu in the 1990 Romanian presidential elections, in which he came second with 10.64% of the vote. He retained the honorific title of "1990 Founding President" of the party, and was a member in the Central Political Bureau of the party.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radu Anton CÂMPEANU Sinteza activitatii parlamentare în legislatura 2004-2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radu Anton Campeanu

description: Romanian politician

wikidata_label: Radu Câmpeanu

wikipedia_title: Radu Câmpeanu


text:
Grand Prix
road racer
Leon Haslam
Donington
Leicestershire
Langley Mill
Norton
Cadwell Park
Oliver's Mount
Scarborough
Assen
Netherlands
Mallory Park
Oulton Park
Suzuka 8 Hours
TT Formula One
Grand Prix
1977
500cc British Grand Prix
Silverstone
Suzuki
1982
four-stroke
Honda
NR500
Dutch TT
Assen
Spa-Francorchamps
two-stroke
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
1983
Freddie Spencer
1990 season
1985
Assen
Randy Mamola
Wayne Gardner
1984
Eddie Lawson
Cagiva
Alex Barros
1987
Eddie Lawson
Anderstorp
1984
Barry Sheene
Macau Grand Prix
Michael Rutter
TT races
Graeme Crosby
Kenny Roberts
Barry Sheene
Donington Park
Cagiva
Norton
British Superbike Championship
British Grand Prix
James Haydon
Donington Park
Triumph Speed Triple
Oulton Park
Leon Haslam
motocross
Donington Park
Honda Fireblade
James Haydon
Karl Harris

wikipedia_title: 1977 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1982 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1984 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1987 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

categories: British motorcycle racers,1956 births,500cc World Championship riders,English motorcycle racers,People from Heanor,Living people

paragraph: Ron Haslam

paragraph: Ron Haslam (Ronald Haslam, born 22 June 1954) is an English former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer who has been racing for over thirty years, winning three World titles, four British championships and having ridden in almost 110 GPs. Haslam spends much of his time helping his son, Leon Haslam, in his racing career and training riders and racers alike at his Race School based at Donington racetrack, Leicestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Starting out.

paragraph: One of ten siblings from Langley Mill, near the Nottinghamshire/Derbyshire boundary, Haslam started racing in 1972 at the age of 15 ,(if he was born in 1954, then this would make him 18,).on a 750cc Norton Commando. At Cadwell Park he finished seventh and eighth in wet and slippery conditions. He raced at handful of meetings in 1972 and 1973. Following the death of his elder brother Phil in a racing accident at Oliver's Mount, Scarborough, in July 1974, he pulled out of the sport for the rest of that season. In 1984 another brother, Terry, was killed racing a sidecar outfit at Assen, the Netherlands. Despite those misfortunes, Haslam kept on racing, with his final competitive outing on a Ducati 998 at the Race of the Year at Mallory Park in October 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Initially, Haslam raced on the British short circuits, at first under the sponsorship of Halifax car dealer Mal Carter and then with Honda Britain. In the 1976 season he had 16 wins. In 1978 he rode 125, 250, 500, 1000cc, Superbike and F1 machinery and after adding a 350 to his stable the following year he became the first rider to win five different races in a day at Oulton Park and repeated the feat at Carnaby later the same season. Haslam has raced in many Endurance events, with his best result being a second in the 1979 Suzuka 8 Hours race in Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Career record.

paragraph: Haslam was runner-up in the 750 British championship in 1975, '76 and '77 and second in the British Formula One series in 1978. Between 1979 and '84 he won four British titles, the 1979 British TT Formula One, the 1981 MCN British Streetbike – when he won seven out of eight rounds – the 1982 British TT Formula One and the 1984 ITV World of Sport Superbike series. He has also won two World titles – the TT Formula One crown in 1979 and the TT Formula Three championship in 1980. Haslam won the gruelling Macau GP six times – a record. He was also runner-up in the 1982 TT Formula One World series. He is a world speed record holder, after his efforts on the 500 Elf on a private, banked circuit in France in 1986, when he claimed the Flying Kilometre, the Standing Start Mile and Standing Start 10 Kilometre records

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle Grands Prix.

paragraph: Haslam made his Grand Prix debut at the 1977 500cc British Grand Prix at Silverstone on a 500 Suzuki, crashing out of the race. In 1982 Haslam raced in three more GPs on the experimental four-stroke Honda NR500. He finished in 12th at the Dutch TT at Assen in June, 11th the following weekend at the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps and then 15th at Silverstone in August. At the end of the season Haslam took the new two-stroke Honda NS500 to Malaysia and won the non-world championship Kuala Lumpur Grand Prix.

paragraph: In 1983 he was back for a full season on a factory Honda as teammate with American Freddie Spencer. He raced in the 500 class from then until the end of the 1990 season, spending three years developing the experimental Elf Honda race bike with its single-sided swinging arm front and rear suspension.

paragraph: In eight years in the premier class, Haslam had 61 top ten finishes, including nine on the podium. His best result in 1985, his third and final year with Honda, was when he was second in the Dutch TT at Assen. Haslam was beaten to the line by Randy Mamola, but was nearly 23 seconds in front of third-placed finisher Wayne Gardner, who set the fastest lap of the race. He was third in eight other races, including the British Grand Prix at Silverstone in 1984 to Randy Mamola and Eddie Lawson. In his final season on the Italian Cagiva alongside Randy Mamola and Alex Barros. In 1987 when he ended the season fourth behind champion Wayne Gardner, runner-up Randy Mamola and third placed Eddie Lawson. Haslam was fastest in practice just once, at the Swedish Grand Prix at Anderstorp in 1984. These results put Haslam as Britain's second best Grand Prix competitor behind Barry Sheene.

paragraph: Section::::Macau.

paragraph: Haslam raced in the Macau Grand Prix six times at the Guia circuit and won a record-breaking six times. His first victory at the race in 1981 marked the first time a four-stroke had ever won there. His record of 6 wins was equalled by Michael Rutter at the 2005 meeting, and it's just broken at the 2011 one.

paragraph: Section::::Isle of Man TT Races.

paragraph: Haslam debuted at the 1978 TT races with a best place of fourth in the Formula Two race, later making his mark in 1981, when he was named winner of the Formula 1 race, only for the organisers to give the win the following day to Graeme Crosby. Haslam was back the following year to claim an undisputed victory.

paragraph: Section::::Transatlantic match Motorcycle Races.

paragraph: Haslam was a member of the British team in the then-annual Transatlantic Match Races between Britain and the USA. Haslam was at his best in the 1983, ending the three-day meeting as overall top points-scorer. In the opening round at Oulton Park on the Good Friday, Haslam was beaten to the finish line by Randy Mamola in the first of two, 11 lap races. Haslam, on the Honda NS500, equalled the lap record as he strove to beat the American. In race two Mamola again came out on top, with both riders this time sharing the fastest lap, which was one tenth of a second off the record. At that point, Britain led 79 points to 69. At Snetterton two days later Haslam notched-up victories in the rain, chased home each time by Kenny Roberts. Britain's lead had grown to 28 points, 161 to 133. In the dry at Brands Hatch the following day Haslam again won both team races to lead Britain to a 245 to 198 victory. Haslam had scored 70 points of his team's total, 15 more than Roger Marshall and 30 better than the next best, Barry Sheene. The Langley Mill racer was the highest British points-scorer again in 1984, on a standard road-going Honda VFR750 in the series in 1986, on which he took two-thirds at Donington Park.

paragraph: Section::::Later racing career.

paragraph: After racing during 1990 in motorcycle Grands Prix with Cagiva, Haslam was back full-time in the UK in 1991 with Norton. He finished second in the British Superbike Championship, and stayed with Norton the following season. In 1993 he managed to score two points in the 500cc British Grand Prix in which took part as a wild card, with a 14th-place finish, surviving an incident-packed race. In the same race, Haslam's pupil, James Haydon, made his debut on the international scene by finishing in the points at 11th place. British Grand Prix fans witnessed an impressive performance when he took a self-tuned production Yamaha into 12th place in the 250 support race at the British Grand Prix at Donington Park in 1994. In 1995 Haslam contested the first Triumph Speed Triple series, winning the Oulton Park round of the championship. When Haslam's son Leon Haslam switched from motocross to road racing in 1997, the elder Haslam concentrated his efforts on helping the youngster's career. He competed in the British 125 championship to give real practical assistance to Leon out on the track, and also took fifth place at Donington Park in 1998. Haslam rode the 125 again the following year, but pressure from the organisers made him stop after just a couple of rounds and restrict his coaching to the pits. In 2000, Haslam raced a Honda Fireblade in the British Superstock series, marking his 28th year of competitive racing, with a best result of 6th at Donington Park. The same year he and Leon made history by becoming the first British father and son, as well as the oldest and youngest riders, to race in the same Grand Prix when he competed on the Sabre Racing bike in the 500 class and Leon raced the factory Italjet in the 125 event at Le Mans, France.

paragraph: Section::::Present.

paragraph: Haslam was voted MCN Man of the Year in 1981. After retiring from competition, Haslam turned to running a racing school at Donington Park where he helped launch the careers of two top British riders, James Haydon and the late Karl Harris. Haslam is a qualified private pilot, and he flies a Renegade Spirit biplane (with flat-twin BMW engine).

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle Grand Prix results.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

paragraph: Points system from 1993 onwards:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ron Haslam career statistics at MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- BikeSports News Article on Ron Haslam (by Chris Carter, first published in BikeSportNews Issue 107)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ron Haslam Race School

description: British motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Ron Haslam

wikipedia_title: Ron Haslam


text:
graphic designer
video art
New York City
Saks Fifth Avenue
Sony
BMG
PolyGram
Esquire
Vanity Fair
downtown music scene
Elliott Sharp
Ikue Mori
Mari Kimura
Alan Licht
Okkyung Lee
Zeena Parkins
Christian Marclay
John Duncan
documenta
The Kitchen
Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon
Chelsea Art Museum
Art Institute of Chicago
Konzerthaus Berlin
Impakt Festival
Zeena Parkins
Roulette Intermedium Inc
Jennifer Reeves

wikipedia_title:
Graphic designer
Video art
New York City
Saks Fifth Avenue
Sony
Sony BMG
PolyGram
Esquire (magazine)
Vanity Fair (magazine)
Downtown music
Elliott Sharp
Ikue Mori
Mari Kimura
Alan Licht
Okkyung Lee
Zeena Parkins
Christian Marclay
John Duncan (artist)
Documenta
The Kitchen
Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon
Chelsea Art Museum
Art Institute of Chicago
Konzerthaus Berlin
Impakt Festival
Zeena Parkins
Roulette Intermedium
Jennifer Reeves

categories: Women graphic designers,University at Albany, SUNY alumni,American graphic designers,Artists from New York City,American video artists,Living people

paragraph: Janene Higgins

paragraph: Janene Higgins is a graphic designer and video artist based in New York City. Her work spans several genres, from video performance in the experimental music scene to videos for Saks Fifth Avenue, and the design of several hundred CD packages for such record labels as Sony, BMG, PolyGram, and a wide variety of independents.

paragraph: Higgins moved to New York City to design magazines, working for such publications as "Esquire", "Working Woman", and "Fame", culminating in three years as a designer for "Vanity Fair" magazine. While at VF, she began designing CD covers and videos for friends in the downtown music scene, which led to an ongoing series of music/video performance collaborations with some of New York's preeminent composers and improvisors of new music. These include duos with Elliott Sharp, Ikue Mori, Mari Kimura, Alan Licht, Nurit Tilles, Okkyung Lee, Aki Onda, and Zeena Parkins. In addition to video performance, she has directed several short experimental works, often with sound design by notable avant-garde artists including Sharp, Parkins, Christian Marclay and John Duncan. Her work has been performed and exhibited at The New York Video Festival at Lincoln Center; documenta in Kassel, Germany; The Kitchen, NYC; Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon; City of Women festival, Slovenia; The Chelsea Art Museum, NYC; HiTeca Festival in Porto, Portugal; Art Institute of Chicago; Konzerthaus Berlin; The Hamburg Short Film Festival; and at The Impakt Festival in The Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Appearances on Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roulette TV: "Janene Higgins & Zeena Parkins". Roulette Intermedium Inc. (2001 DVD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadows Choose Their Horrors" (2005) dir. Jennifer Reeves

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elliott Sharp: Doing the Don't" (2008 DVD documentary)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Experimental Television Center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site: video art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site: graphic design.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times Review: Port Bou.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Press: "Suspension".

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Janene Higgins

wikipedia_title: Janene Higgins