text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: non-fiction

text: short stories

text: Tortilla Flat

text: Cannery Row

text: East of Eden

text: Of Mice and Men

text: The Red Pony

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: The Grapes of Wrath

text: American literary canon

text: central California

text: Salinas Valley

text: California Coast Ranges

text: everyman

text: protagonists

text: Salinas, California

text: German

text: English

text: Irish

text: Heiligenhaus

text: Mettmann

text: North Rhine-Westphalia

text: Monterey County

text: Episcopal Church

text: agnostic

text: Pacific Coast

text: Spreckels

text: Of Mice and Men

text: Stanford University

text: Palo Alto

text: Lake Tahoe

text: mannequins

text: Pacific Grove, California

text: Monterey Peninsula

text: Monterey

text: Great Depression

text: "Cannery Row"

text: Ed Ricketts

text: Warder Clyde Allee

text: ecology

text: privateer

text: Henry Morgan

text: Panama

text: The Pastures of Heaven

text: corporal

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text: The Red Pony

text: To a God Unknown

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text: King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table

text: 1942 film of the same name

text: Spencer Tracy

text: Hedy Lamarr

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text: In Dubious Battle

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text: The Grapes of Wrath

text: The Harvest Gypsies

text: drama

text: Wallace Ford

text: Broderick Crawford

text: George S. Kaufman

text: The Moon Is Down

text: Burning Bright

text: 1939 Hollywood film

text: Lon Chaney, Jr.

text: Burgess Meredith

text: The Grapes of Wrath

text: National Book Award

text: American Booksellers Association

text: Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

text: John Ford

text: Henry Fonda

text: New Deal

text: Kern County

text: Board of Supervisors

text: banned the book

text: Okie

text: Ed Ricketts

text: Gulf of California

text: The Log from the Sea of Cortez

text: Thomas ("Thom") Myles Steinbeck

text: John Steinbeck IV

text: Cannery Row

text: Sweet Thursday

text: Burning Bright

text: In Dubious Battle

text: East of Eden

text: The Moon Is Down

text: Socrates

text: Northern Europe

text: the occupiers

text: King Haakon VII Freedom Cross

text: Norwegian resistance movement

text: war correspondent

text: New York Herald Tribune

text: Office of Strategic Services

text: Will Lang, Jr.

text: Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.

text: Beach Jumpers

text: Mediterranean

text: Once There Was a War

text: shrapnel

text: Alfred Hitchcock

text: Lifeboat

text: A Medal for Benny

text: Jack Wagner

text: paisanos

text: Tortilla Flat

text: Cannery Row

text: Monterey

text: The Pearl

text: Woman's Home Companion

text: John Alan Maxwell

text: Cuernavaca

text: Emiliano Zapata

text: Viva Zapata!

text: Elia Kazan

text: Marlon Brando

text: Anthony Quinn

text: Soviet Union

text: Robert Capa

text: Moscow

text: Kiev

text: Tbilisi

text: Batumi

text: Stalingrad

text: communist revolution

text: A Russian Journal

text: American Academy of Arts and Letters

text: East of Eden

text: 20th Century Fox

text: O. Henry's Full House

text: O. Henry

text: Columbia Records

text: East of Eden

text: James Dean

text: road trip

text: poodle

text: The Winter of Our Discontent

text: moral decline

text: Robert Graves

text: Lawrence Durrell

text: Jean Anouilh

text: Karen Blixen

text: Henry Olsson

text: Anders Österling

text: The Winter of Our Discontent

text: Al Capp

text: Li'l Abner

text: Hemingway

text: Faulkner

text: Lyndon B. Johnson

text: Presidential Medal of Freedom

text: Newsday

text: Vietnam

text: Vietnam War

text: hawk

text: firebase

text: Elaine Scott

text: Carmel, California

text: Zachary Scott

text: Jack Rudloe

text: Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory

text: Tel Aviv

text: Mount Hope

text: Israel

text: Outrages at Jaffa

text: heart disease

text: congestive heart failure

text: occlusion

text: main coronary arteries

text: The New York Times

text: Mark Twain

text: Cotton Mather

text: King Arthur

text: The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights

text: AQA

text: English Literature

text: GCSE

text: banned

text: Kern County

text: Board of Supervisors

text: Mississippi

text: American Library Association

text: Nobel Prize for Literature

text: The New York Times

text: Arthur Mizener

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text: sense of place

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: Henry Morgan

text: Max Wagner

text: migrant worker

text: Dust Bowl

text: Great Depression

text: marine biology

text: mythology

text: Travels with Charley

text: travelogue

text: road trip

text: boyhood home

text: Victorian

text: tours

text: National Steinbeck Center

text: Main Street

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: Ed Ricketts' laboratory

text: Cannery Row

text: Sardine

text: Monterey Bay Aquarium

text: Cannery Row

text: United States Postal Service

text: DeMolay International

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger

text: Maria Shriver

text: California Hall of Fame

text: the California Museum for History, Women and the Arts

text: Thomas Steinbeck

text: Episcopalianism

text: Bible

text: Anglicanism

text: Roman Catholicism

text: Protestantism

text: leftist

text: labor union

text: League of American Writers

text: Lincoln Steffens

text: Ella Winter

text: Francis Whitaker

text: Communist Party USA

text: John Reed Club

text: Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union

text: Soviet invasion of Finland

text: puppet government

text: Central Intelligence Agency

text: Walter Bedell Smith

text: playwright

text: Arthur Miller

text: House Un-American Activities Committee

text: war

text: United States Army

text: New York Post

text: Jay Parini

text: President Lyndon B. Johnson

text: J. Edgar Hoover

text: FBI

text: U.S. Internal Revenue Service

text: Francis Biddle

text: Communist Party

text: in 1939

text: Burgess Meredith

text: Lon Chaney Jr.

text: Betty Field

text: Randy Quaid

text: Robert Blake

text: Ted Neeley

text: in 1992

text: Gary Sinise

text: John Malkovich

text: Great Depression

text: sharecropper

text: Dust Bowl

text: Battle Hymn of the Republic

text: film

text: Henry Fonda

text: Jane Darwell

text: John Ford

text: Elia Kazan

text: James Dean

text: camper top

text: standard poodle

text: Rocinante

text: Don Quixote

text: Maine

text: Montana

text: Texas

text: Louisiana

text: Long Island

text: National Steinbeck Center

text: Of Mice and Men

text: Burgess Meredith

text: Lon Chaney, Jr.

text: Betty Field

text: The Grapes of Wrath

text: John Ford

text: Henry Fonda

text: Jane Darwell

text: John Carradine

text: The Forgotten Village

text: Alexander Hammid

text: Hanns Eisler

text: Tortilla Flat

text: Victor Fleming

text: Spencer Tracy

text: Hedy Lamarr

text: John Garfield

text: The Moon is Down

text: Irving Pichel

text: Lee J. Cobb

text: Cedric Hardwicke

text: Lifeboat

text: Alfred Hitchcock

text: Tallulah Bankhead

text: Hume Cronyn

text: John Hodiak

text: A Medal for Benny

text: Dorothy Lamour

text: La Perla

text: Emilio Fernández

text: Pedro Armendáriz

text: María Elena Marqués

text: The Red Pony

text: Myrna Loy

text: Robert Mitchum

text: Louis Calhern

text: Viva Zapata!

text: Elia Kazan

text: Marlon Brando

text: Anthony Quinn

text: Jean Peters

text: East of Eden

text: Elia Kazan

text: James Dean

text: Julie Harris

text: Jo Van Fleet

text: Raymond Massey

text: The Wayward Bus

text: Rick Jason

text: Jayne Mansfield

text: Joan Collins

text: Cannery Row

text: Nick Nolte

text: Debra Winger

text: Of Mice and Men

text: Gary Sinise

text: John Malkovich

text: In Dubious Battle

text: James Franco

text: Nat Wolff

text: Selena Gomez

text: Pigasus

text: Library of America

text: Library of America

text: Library of America

text: Library of America

text: "The Short Novels Of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism"

text: "Looking for Steinbeck's Ghost"

text: "John Steinbeck and the Critics"

text: "Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell"

text: National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, California

text: FBI file on John Steinbeck

text: The "Steinbeck Quarterly" journal

text: John Steinbeck Biography Early Years: Salinas to Stanford: 1902–1925

text: National Steinbeck Center

text: "Western American Literature Journal": John Steinbeck

text: Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 - Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John Steinbeck

text: John Steinbeck Collection, 1902–1979

text: Wells Fargo John Steinbeck Collection, 1870–1981

text: Stanford University

text: Nobel Laureate page

text: "Writings of John Steinbeck"

text: C-SPAN

categories: American male non-fiction writers,Nobel laureates in Literature,American male short story writers,American Episcopalians,DeMolay International Hall of Fame members,Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winners,American people of German descent,American socialists,1902 births,American male novelists,American Nobel laureates,Stanford University alumni,American people of Irish descent,American agnostics,People of the New Deal arts projects,Anti-capitalists,20th-century American novelists,John Steinbeck,1968 deaths,American travel writers,People from Salinas, California,Recipients of the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross,American people of English descent,National Book Award winners,Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

paragraph: John Steinbeck

paragraph: John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. (; February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American author. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception." He has been called "a giant of American letters," and many of his works are considered classics of Western literature.

paragraph: During his writing career, he authored 27 books, including 16 novels, six non-fiction books, and two collections of short stories. He is widely known for the comic novels "Tortilla Flat" (1935) and "Cannery Row" (1945), the multi-generation epic "East of Eden" (1952), and the novellas "Of Mice and Men" (1937) and "The Red Pony" (1937). The Pulitzer Prize-winning "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939) is considered Steinbeck's masterpiece and part of the American literary canon. In the first 75 years after it was published, it sold 14 million copies.

paragraph: Most of Steinbeck's work is set in central California, particularly in the Salinas Valley and the California Coast Ranges region. His works frequently explored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as applied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. He was of German, English, and Irish descent. Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck (1828–1913), Steinbeck's paternal grandfather, shortened the family name to Steinbeck when he immigrated to the United States. The family farm in Heiligenhaus, Mettmann, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, is still named "Großsteinbeck."

paragraph: His father, John Ernst Steinbeck (1862–1935), served as Monterey County treasurer. John's mother, Olive Hamilton (1867–1934), a former school teacher, shared Steinbeck's passion for reading and writing. The Steinbecks were members of the Episcopal Church, although Steinbeck later became agnostic. Steinbeck lived in a small rural valley (no more than a frontier settlement) set in some of the world's most fertile soil, about twenty-five miles from the Pacific Coast. Both valley and coast would serve as settings for some of his best fiction. He spent his summers working on nearby ranches and later with migrant workers on Spreckels sugar beet farms. There he learned of the harsher aspects of the migrant life and the darker side of human nature, which supplied him with material expressed in "Of Mice and Men". He explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms. While working at Spreckels Sugar Company, he sometimes worked in their laboratory, which gave him time to write. He had considerable mechanical aptitude and fondness for repairing things he owned.

paragraph: Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went on to study English Literature at Stanford University near Palo Alto, leaving without a degree in 1925. He traveled to New York City where he took odd jobs while trying to write. When he failed to publish his work, he returned to California and worked in 1928 as a tour guide and caretaker at Lake Tahoe, where he met Carol Henning, his first wife. They married in January 1930 in Los Angeles, where, with friends, he attempted to make money by manufacturing plaster mannequins.

paragraph: When their money ran out six months later due to a slow market, Steinbeck and Carol moved back to Pacific Grove, California, to a cottage owned by his father, on the Monterey Peninsula a few blocks outside the Monterey city limits. The elder Steinbecks gave John free housing, paper for his manuscripts, and from 1928, loans that allowed him to write without looking for work. During the Great Depression, Steinbeck bought a small boat, and later claimed that he was able to live on the fish and crab that he gathered from the sea, and fresh vegetables from his garden and local farms. When those sources failed, Steinbeck and his wife accepted welfare, and on rare occasions, stole bacon from the local produce market. Whatever food they had, they shared with their friends. Carol became the model for Mary Talbot in Steinbeck's novel "Cannery Row".

paragraph: In 1930, Steinbeck met the marine biologist Ed Ricketts, who became a close friend and mentor to Steinbeck during the following decade, teaching him a great deal about philosophy and biology. Ricketts, usually very quiet, yet likable, with an inner self-sufficiency and an encyclopedic knowledge of diverse subjects, became a focus of Steinbeck's attention. Ricketts had taken a college class from Warder Clyde Allee, a biologist and ecological theorist, who would go on to write a classic early textbook on ecology. Ricketts became a proponent of ecological thinking, in which man was only one part of a great chain of being, caught in a web of life too large for him to control or understand. Meanwhile, Ricketts operated a biological lab on the coast of Monterey, selling biological samples of small animals, fish, rays, starfish, turtles, and other marine forms to schools and colleges.

paragraph: Between 1930 and 1936, Steinbeck and Ricketts became close friends. Steinbeck's wife began working at the lab as secretary-bookkeeper. Steinbeck helped on an informal basis. They formed a common bond based on their love of music and art, and John learned biology and Ricketts' ecological philosophy. When Steinbeck became emotionally upset, Ricketts sometimes played music for him.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Writing.

paragraph: Steinbeck's first novel, "", published in 1929, is loosely based on the life and death of privateer Henry Morgan. It centers on Morgan's assault and sacking of the city of Panama, sometimes referred to as the 'Cup of Gold', and on the women, fairer than the sun, who were said to be found there.

paragraph: Between 1930 and 1933, Steinbeck produced three shorter works. "The Pastures of Heaven", published in 1932, consists of twelve interconnected stories about a valley near Monterey, which was discovered by a Spanish corporal while chasing runaway Indian slaves. In 1933 Steinbeck published "The Red Pony", a 100-page, four-chapter story weaving in memories of Steinbeck's childhood. "To a God Unknown", named after a Vedic hymn, follows the life of a homesteader and his family in California, depicting a character with a primal and pagan worship of the land he works. Although he had not achieved the status of a well-known writer, he never doubted that he would achieve greatness.

paragraph: Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with "Tortilla Flat" (1935), a novel set in post-war Monterey, California, that won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold Medal. It portrays the adventures of a group of classless and usually homeless young men in Monterey after World War I, just before U.S. prohibition. They are portrayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest and reject nearly all the standard mores of American society in enjoyment of a dissolute life devoted to wine, lust, camaraderie and petty theft. In presenting the 1962 Nobel Prize to Steinbeck, the Swedish Academy cited "spicy and comic tales about a gang of "paisanos", asocial individuals who, in their wild revels, are almost caricatures of King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table. It has been said that in the United States this book came as a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression."

paragraph: "Tortilla Flat" was adapted as a 1942 film of the same name, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield, a friend of Steinbeck. With some of the proceeds, he built a summer ranch-home in Los Gatos.

paragraph: Steinbeck began to write a series of "California novels" and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common people during the Great Depression. These included "In Dubious Battle", "Of Mice and Men" and "The Grapes of Wrath". He also wrote an article series called "The Harvest Gypsies" for the "San Francisco News" about the plight of the migrant worker.

paragraph: "Of Mice and Men" was a drama about the dreams of two migrant agricultural laborers in California. It was critically acclaimed and Steinbeck's 1962 Nobel Prize citation called it a "little masterpiece".

paragraph: Its stage production was a hit, starring Wallace Ford as George and Broderick Crawford as George's companion, the mentally childlike, but physically powerful itinerant farmhand Lennie. Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play during its New York run, telling director George S. Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was "perfect" and that anything presented on stage would only be a disappointment. Steinbeck wrote two more stage plays ("The Moon Is Down" and "Burning Bright").

paragraph: "Of Mice and Men" was also adapted as a 1939 Hollywood film, with Lon Chaney, Jr. as Lennie (he had filled the role in the Los Angeles stage production) and Burgess Meredith as George. Meredith and Steinbeck became close friends for the next two decades. Another film based on the novella was made in 1992 starring Gary Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie.

paragraph: Steinbeck followed this wave of success with "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939), based on newspaper articles about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco. It is commonly considered his greatest work. According to "The New York Times", it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that month, it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Later that year, it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and was adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best actor Academy Award.

paragraph: "Grapes" was controversial. Steinbeck's New Deal political views, negative portrayal of aspects of capitalism, and sympathy for the plight of workers, led to a backlash against the author, especially close to home. Claiming the book was both obscene and misrepresented conditions in the county, the Kern County Board of Supervisors banned the book from the county's publicly funded schools and libraries in August 1939. This ban lasted until January 1941.

paragraph: Of the controversy, Steinbeck wrote, "The vilification of me out here from the large landowners and bankers is pretty bad. The latest is a rumor started by them that the Okies hate me and have threatened to kill me for lying about them. I'm frightened at the rolling might of this damned thing. It is completely out of hand; I mean a kind of hysteria about the book is growing that is not healthy."

paragraph: The film versions of "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Of Mice and Men" (by two different movie studios) were in production simultaneously, allowing Steinbeck to spend a full day on the set of "The Grapes of Wrath" and the next day on the set of "Of Mice and Men."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Ed Ricketts.

paragraph: In the 1930s and 1940s, Ed Ricketts strongly influenced Steinbeck's writing. Steinbeck frequently took small trips with Ricketts along the California coast to give himself time off from his writing and to collect biological specimens, which Ricketts sold for a living. Their joint book about a collecting expedition to the Gulf of California in 1940, which was part travelogue and part natural history, published just as the U.S. entered World War II, never found an audience and did not sell well. However, in 1951, Steinbeck republished the narrative portion of the book as "The Log from the Sea of Cortez", under his name only (though Ricketts had written some of it). This work remains in print today.

paragraph: Although Carol accompanied Steinbeck on the trip, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and ended a year later, in 1941, even as Steinbeck worked on the manuscript for the book. In 1942, after his divorce from Carol he married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger. With his second wife Steinbeck had two sons, Thomas ("Thom") Myles Steinbeck (1944–2016) and John Steinbeck IV (1946–1991).

paragraph: Ricketts was Steinbeck's model for the character of "Doc" in "Cannery Row" (1945) and "Sweet Thursday" (1954), "Friend Ed" in "Burning Bright", and characters in "In Dubious Battle" (1936) and "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939). Ecological themes recur in Steinbeck's novels of the period.

paragraph: Steinbeck's close relations with Ricketts ended in 1941 when Steinbeck moved away from Pacific Grove and divorced his wife Carol. Ricketts' biographer Eric Enno Tamm notes that, except for "East of Eden" (1952), Steinbeck's writing declined after Ricketts' untimely death in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1940s–1960s work.

paragraph: Steinbeck's novel "The Moon Is Down" (1942), about the Socrates-inspired spirit of resistance in an occupied village in Northern Europe, was made into a film almost immediately. It was presumed that the unnamed country of the novel was Norway and the occupiers the Nazis. In 1945, Steinbeck received the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross for his literary contributions to the Norwegian resistance movement.

paragraph: In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II war correspondent for the "New York Herald Tribune" and worked with the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the CIA). It was at that time he became friends with Will Lang, Jr. of "Time"/"Life" magazine. During the war, Steinbeck accompanied the commando raids of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.'s Beach Jumpers program, which launched small-unit diversion operations against German-held islands in the Mediterranean. At one point, he accompanied Fairbanks on an invasion of an island off the coast of Italy and helped capture Italian and German prisoners, using a Tommy Gun. Some of his writings from this period were incorporated in the documentary "Once There Was a War" (1958).

paragraph: Steinbeck returned from the war with a number of wounds from shrapnel and some psychological trauma. He treated himself, as ever, by writing. He wrote Alfred Hitchcock's movie, "Lifeboat" (1944), and the film, "A Medal for Benny" (1945), with screenwriter Jack Wagner about paisanos from "Tortilla Flat" going to war. He later requested that his name be removed from the credits of "Lifeboat," because he believed the final version of the film had racist undertones. In 1944, suffering from homesickness for his Pacific Grove/Monterey life of the 1930s, he wrote "Cannery Row" (1945), which became so famous that in 1958 Ocean View Avenue in Monterey, the setting of the book, was renamed Cannery Row.

paragraph: After the war, he wrote "The Pearl" (1947), knowing it would be filmed eventually. The story first appeared in the December 1945 issue of Woman's Home Companion magazine as "The Pearl of the World." It was illustrated by John Alan Maxwell. The novel is an imaginative telling of a story which Steinbeck had heard in La Paz in 1940, as related in "The Log From the Sea of Cortez", which he described in Chapter 11 as being "so much like a parable that it almost can't be". Steinbeck traveled to Cuernavaca, Mexico for the filming with Wagner who helped with the script; on this trip he would be inspired by the story of Emiliano Zapata, and subsequently wrote a film script ("Viva Zapata!") directed by Elia Kazan and starring Marlon Brando and Anthony Quinn.

paragraph: In 1947, Steinbeck made the first of many trips to the Soviet Union, this one with photographer Robert Capa. They visited Moscow, Kiev, Tbilisi, Batumi and Stalingrad, some of the first Americans to visit many parts of the USSR since the communist revolution. Steinbeck's 1948 book about their experiences, "A Russian Journal", was illustrated with Capa's photos. In 1948, the year the book was published, Steinbeck was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

paragraph: In 1952 Steinbeck's longest novel, "East of Eden", was published. According to his third wife, Elaine, he considered it his "magnum opus", his greatest novel.

paragraph: In 1952, John Steinbeck appeared as the on-screen narrator of 20th Century Fox's film, "O. Henry's Full House". Although Steinbeck later admitted he was uncomfortable before the camera, he provided interesting introductions to several filmed adaptations of short stories by the legendary writer O. Henry. About the same time, Steinbeck recorded readings of several of his short stories for Columbia Records; the recordings provide a record of Steinbeck's deep, resonant voice.

paragraph: Following the success of "Viva Zapata!", Steinbeck collaborated with Kazan on "East of Eden", James Dean's film debut.

paragraph: "" is a travelogue of his 1960 road trip with his poodle Charley. Steinbeck bemoans his lost youth and roots, while dispensing both criticism and praise for America. According to Steinbeck's son Thom, Steinbeck made the journey because he knew he was dying and wanted to see the country one last time.

paragraph: Steinbeck's last novel, "The Winter of Our Discontent" (1961), examines moral decline in America. The protagonist Ethan grows discontented with his own moral decline and that of those around him. The book has a very different tone from Steinbeck's amoral and ecological stance in earlier works like "Tortilla Flat" and "Cannery Row". It was not a critical success. Many reviewers recognized the importance of the novel, but were disappointed that it was not another "Grapes of Wrath".

paragraph: In the Nobel Prize presentation speech next year, however, the Swedish Academy cited it most favorably: "Here he attained the same standard which he set in The Grapes of Wrath. Again he holds his position as an independent expounder of the truth with an unbiased instinct for what is genuinely American, be it good or bad."

paragraph: Apparently taken aback by the critical reception of this novel, and the critical outcry when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962, Steinbeck published no more fiction in the remaining six years before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Nobel Prize.

paragraph: In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature for his "realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception." The selection was heavily criticized, and described as "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" in one Swedish newspaper. The reaction of American literary critics was also harsh. The "New York Times" asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose "limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising", noting that "[T]he international character of the award and the weight attached to it raise questions about the mechanics of selection and how close the Nobel committee is to the main currents of American writing. ... [W]e think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age". Steinbeck, when asked on the day of the announcement if he deserved the Nobel, replied: "Frankly, no." Biographer Jackson Benson notes, "[T]his honor was one of the few in the world that one could not buy nor gain by political maneuver. It was precisely because the committee made its judgment ... on its own criteria, rather than plugging into 'the main currents of American writing' as defined by the critical establishment, that the award had value." In his acceptance speech later in the year in Stockholm, he said:

paragraph: Fifty years later, in 2012, the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a "compromise choice" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen. The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot. "There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation," wrote committee member Henry Olsson. Although the committee believed Steinbeck's best work was behind him by 1962, committee member Anders Österling believed the release of his novel "The Winter of Our Discontent" showed that "after some signs of slowing down in recent years, [Steinbeck has] regained his position as a social truth-teller [and is an] authentic realist fully equal to his predecessors Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway."

paragraph: Although modest about his own talent as a writer, Steinbeck talked openly of his own admiration of certain writers. In 1953, he wrote that he considered cartoonist Al Capp, creator of the satirical "Li'l Abner", "possibly the best writer in the world today." At his own first Nobel Prize press conference he was asked his favorite authors and works and replied: "Hemingway's short stories and nearly everything Faulkner wrote."

paragraph: In September 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Steinbeck the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

paragraph: In 1967, at the behest of "Newsday" magazine, Steinbeck went to Vietnam to report on the war. He thought of the Vietnam War as a heroic venture and was considered a hawk for his position on the war. His sons served in Vietnam before his death, and Steinbeck visited one son in the battlefield. At one point he was allowed to man a machine-gun watch position at night at a firebase while his son and other members of his platoon slept.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In May 1948, Steinbeck returned to California on an emergency trip to be with his friend Ed Ricketts, who had been seriously injured when a train struck his car. Ricketts died hours before Steinbeck arrived. Upon returning home, Steinbeck was confronted by Gwyn, who asked for a divorce, which became final in August. Steinbeck spent the year after Ricketts' death in deep depression.

paragraph: In June 1949, Steinbeck met stage-manager Elaine Scott at a restaurant in Carmel, California. Steinbeck and Scott eventually began a relationship and in December 1950 Steinbeck and Scott married, within a week of the finalizing of Scott's own divorce from actor Zachary Scott. This third marriage for Steinbeck lasted until his death in 1968.

paragraph: In 1962, Steinbeck began acting as friend and mentor to the young writer and naturalist Jack Rudloe, who was trying to establish his own biological supply company, now Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Florida. Their correspondence continued until Steinbeck's death.

paragraph: In 1966, Steinbeck traveled to Tel Aviv to visit the site of Mount Hope, a farm community established in Israel by his grandfather, whose brother, Friedrich Großsteinbeck, was murdered by Arab marauders in 1858 in what became known as the Outrages at Jaffa.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: John Steinbeck died in New York City on December 20, 1968, of heart disease and congestive heart failure. He was 66, and had been a lifelong smoker. An autopsy showed nearly complete occlusion of the main coronary arteries.

paragraph: In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and interred on March 4, 1969 at the Hamilton family gravesite in Salinas, with those of his parents and maternal grandparents. His third wife, Elaine, was buried in the plot in 2004. He had written to his doctor that he felt deeply "in his flesh" that he would not survive his physical death, and that the biological end of his life was the final end to it.

paragraph: The day after Steinbeck's death in New York City, reviewer Charles Poore wrote in "The New York Times": "John Steinbeck's first great book was his last great book. But Good Lord, what a book that was and is: "The Grapes of Wrath"." Poore noted a "preachiness" in Steinbeck's work, "as if half his literary inheritance came from the best of Mark Twain—and the other half from the worst of Cotton Mather." But he asserted that "Steinbeck didn't need the Nobel Prize—the Nobel judges needed him."

paragraph: Steinbeck's incomplete novel based on the King Arthur legends of Malory and others, "The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights", was published in 1976.

paragraph: Many of Steinbeck's works are required reading in American high schools. In the United Kingdom, "Of Mice and Men" is one of the key texts used by the examining body AQA for its English Literature GCSE. A study by the Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature in the United States found that "Of Mice and Men" was one of the ten most frequently read books in public high schools. Contrariwise, Steinbeck's works have been frequently banned in the United States. "The Grapes of Wrath" was banned by school boards: in August 1939, Kern County Board of Supervisors banned the book from the county's publicly funded schools and libraries. It was burned in Salinas on two different occasions. In 2003, a school board in Mississippi banned it on the grounds of profanity. According to the American Library Association Steinbeck was one of the ten most frequently banned authors from 1990 to 2004, with "Of Mice and Men" ranking sixth out of 100 such books in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.:Opinions on Nobel Prize.

paragraph: The award of the 1962 Nobel Prize for Literature to Steinbeck was controversial in the United States. The award citation lauded Steinbeck "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception". Many critics complained that the author's best works were behind him. "The New York Times" ran an article by Arthur Mizener titled "Does a Writer with a Moral Vision of the 1930s Deserve the Nobel Prize?" that claimed Steinbeck was undeserving of the prestigious prize as he was a "limited talent" whose works were "watered down by tenth-rate philosophizing". Many American critics now consider these attacks to be politically motivated.

paragraph: The British newspaper "The Guardian", in a 2013 article that revealed that Steinbeck had been a compromise choice for the Nobel Prize, called him a "Giant of American letters". Despite ongoing attacks on his literary reputation, Steinbeck's works continue to sell well and he is widely taught in American and British schools as a bridge to more complex literature. Works such as "Of Mice and Men" are short and easy to read, and compassionately illustrate universal themes that are still relevant in the 21st century.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.:Literary influences.

paragraph: Steinbeck grew up in California's Salinas Valley, a culturally diverse place with a rich migratory and immigrant history. This upbringing imparted a regionalistic flavor to his writing, giving many of his works a distinct sense of place.

paragraph: Salinas, Monterey and parts of the San Joaquin Valley were the setting for many of his stories. The area is now sometimes referred to as "Steinbeck Country". Most of his early work dealt with subjects familiar to him from his formative years. An exception was his first novel, "", which concerns the pirate Henry Morgan, whose adventures had captured Steinbeck's imagination as a child.

paragraph: In his subsequent novels, Steinbeck found a more authentic voice by drawing upon direct memories of his life in California. His childhood friend, Max Wagner, a brother of Jack Wagner and who later became a film actor, served as inspiration for "The Red Pony". Later he used actual American conditions and events in the first half of the 20th century, which he had experienced first-hand as a reporter. Steinbeck often populated his stories with struggling characters; his works examined the lives of the working class and migrant workers during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression.

paragraph: His later work reflected his wide range of interests, including marine biology, politics, religion, history and mythology. One of his last published works was "Travels with Charley", a travelogue of a road trip he took in 1960 to rediscover America.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.:Commemoration.

paragraph: Steinbeck's boyhood home, a turreted Victorian building in downtown Salinas, has been preserved and restored by the Valley Guild, a nonprofit organization. Fixed menu lunches are served Monday through Saturday, and the house is open for tours on Sunday afternoons during the summer.

paragraph: The National Steinbeck Center, two blocks away at 1 Main Street is the only museum in the U.S. dedicated to a single author. Dana Gioia (chair of the National Endowment for the Arts) told an audience at the center, "This is really the best modern literary shrine in the country, and I've seen them all." Its "Steinbeckiana" includes "Rocinante", the camper-truck in which Steinbeck made the cross-country trip described in "Travels with Charley".

paragraph: His father's cottage on Eleventh Street in Pacific Grove, where Steinbeck wrote some of his earliest books, also survives.

paragraph: In Monterey, Ed Ricketts' laboratory survives (though it is not yet open to the public) and at the corner which Steinbeck describes in "Cannery Row", also the store which once belonged to Lee Chong, and the adjacent vacant lot frequented by the hobos of Cannery Row. The site of the "Hovden Sardine Cannery" next to Doc's laboratory is now occupied by the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In 1958 the street that Steinbeck described as "Cannery Row" in the novel, once named "Ocean View Avenue", was renamed "Cannery Row" in honor of the novel. The town of Monterey has commemorated Steinbeck's work with an avenue of flags depicting characters from "Cannery Row", historical plaques, and sculptured busts depicting Steinbeck and Ricketts.

paragraph: On February 27, 1979 (the 77th anniversary of the writer's birth), the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring Steinbeck, starting the Postal Service's Literary Arts series honoring American writers.

paragraph: Steinbeck was inducted in to the DeMolay International Hall of Fame in 1995.

paragraph: On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Steinbeck into the California Hall of Fame, located at the California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. His son, author Thomas Steinbeck, accepted the award on his behalf.

paragraph: To commemorate the 112th anniversary of Mr. Steinbeck's birthday on February 27, 2014, Google displayed an interactive doodle utilizing animation which included illustrations portraying scenes and quotes from several novels by the author.

paragraph: Steinbeck and his friend Ed Ricketts appear as a fictionalized characters in the 2016 novel, "Monterey Bay" about the founding of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, by Lindsay Hatton (Penguin Press).

paragraph: Section::::Religious views.

paragraph: Steinbeck was affiliated to the St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he stayed attached throughout his life to Episcopalianism. Especially in his works of fiction, Steinbeck was highly conscious of religion and incorporated it into his style and themes. The shaping of his characters often drew on the Bible and the theology of Anglicanism, combining elements of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.

paragraph: Steinbeck distanced himself from religious views when he left Salinas for Stanford. However, the work he produced still reflected the language of his childhood at Salinas, and his beliefs remained a powerful influence within his fiction and non-fiction work. William Ray considered his Episcopal views are prominently displayed in "The Grapes of Wrath", in which themes of conversion and self-sacrifice play a major part in the characters Casy and Tom who achieve spiritual transcendence through conversion.

paragraph: Section::::Political views.

paragraph: Steinbeck's contacts with leftist authors, journalists, and labor union figures may have influenced his writing. He joined the League of American Writers, a Communist organization, in 1935. Steinbeck was mentored by radical writers Lincoln Steffens and his wife Ella Winter. Through Francis Whitaker, a member of the Communist Party USA's John Reed Club for writers, Steinbeck met with strike organizers from the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union. In 1939, he signed a letter with some other writers in support of the Soviet invasion of Finland and the Soviet-established puppet government.

paragraph: Documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2012 indicate that Steinbeck offered his services to the Agency in 1952, while planning a European tour, and the Director of Central Intelligence, Walter Bedell Smith, was eager to take him up on the offer. What work, if any, Steinbeck may have performed for the CIA during the Cold War is unknown.

paragraph: Steinbeck was a close associate of playwright Arthur Miller. In June 1957, Steinbeck took a personal and professional risk by supporting him when Miller refused to name names in the House Un-American Activities Committee trials. Steinbeck called the period one of the "strangest and most frightening times a government and people have ever faced."

paragraph: In 1967, when he was sent to Vietnam to report on the war, his sympathetic portrayal of the United States Army led the "New York Post" to denounce him for betraying his liberal past. Steinbeck's biographer, Jay Parini, says Steinbeck's friendship with President Lyndon B. Johnson influenced his views on Vietnam. Steinbeck may also have been concerned about the safety of his son serving in Vietnam.

paragraph: Section::::Political views.:Government harassment.

paragraph: Steinbeck complained publicly about government harassment. Thomas Steinbeck, the author's eldest son, said that J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI at the time, could find no basis for prosecuting Steinbeck and therefore used his power to encourage the U.S. Internal Revenue Service to audit Steinbeck's taxes every single year of his life, just to annoy him. According to Thomas, a true artist is one who "without a thought for self, stands up against the stones of condemnation, and speaks for those who are given no real voice in the halls of justice, or the halls of government. By doing so, these people will naturally become the enemies of the political status quo."

paragraph: In a 1942 letter to United States Attorney General Francis Biddle, John Steinbeck wrote: "Do you suppose you could ask Edgar's boys to stop stepping on my heels? They think I am an enemy alien. It is getting tiresome." The FBI denied that Steinbeck was under investigation.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:"In Dubious Battle".

paragraph: In 1936, Steinbeck published the first of what came to be known as his Dustbowl trilogy, which included "Of Mice and Men" and "The Grapes of Wrath". This first novel tells the story of a fruit pickers' strike in California which is both aided and damaged by the help of "the Party," generally taken to be the Communist Party, although this is never spelled out in the book.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:"Of Mice and Men".

paragraph: "Of Mice and Men" is a tragedy that was written as a play in 1937. The story is about two traveling ranch workers, George and Lennie, trying to earn enough money to buy their own farm/ranch. As it is set in 1930s America, it provides an insight into The Great Depression, encompassing themes of racism, loneliness, prejudice against the mentally ill, and the struggle for personal independence. Along with "The Grapes of Wrath", "East of Eden", and "The Pearl", "Of Mice and Men" is one of Steinbeck's best known works. It was made into a movie three times, in 1939 starring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney Jr., and Betty Field, in 1982 starring Randy Quaid, Robert Blake and Ted Neeley, and in 1992 starring Gary Sinise and John Malkovich.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:"The Grapes of Wrath".

paragraph: The "Grapes of Wrath" is set in the Great Depression and describes a family of sharecroppers, the Joads, who were driven from their land due to the dust storms of the Dust Bowl. The title is a reference to the Battle Hymn of the Republic. Some critics found it too sympathetic to the workers' plight and too critical of capitalism, but it found a large audience of its own. It won both the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction (novels) and was adapted as a film starring Henry Fonda and Jane Darwell and directed by John Ford.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:"East of Eden".

paragraph: Steinbeck deals with the nature of good and evil in this Salinas Valley saga. The story follows two families: the Hamiltons – based on Steinbeck's own maternal ancestry – and the Trasks, reprising stories about the Biblical Adam and his progeny. The book was published in 1952. It was made into a 1955 movie directed by Elia Kazan and starring James Dean.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:"Travels with Charley".

paragraph: In 1960, Steinbeck bought a pickup truck and had it modified with a custom-built camper top – which was rare at the time – and drove across the United States with his faithful 'blue' standard poodle, Charley. Steinbeck nicknamed his truck "Rocinante" after Don Quixote's "noble steed". In this sometimes comical, sometimes melancholic book, Steinbeck describes what he sees from Maine to Montana to California, and from there to Texas and Louisiana and back to his home on Long Island. The restored camper truck is on exhibit in the National Steinbeck Center in Salinas.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939—"Of Mice and Men"—directed by Lewis Milestone, featuring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney, Jr., and Betty Field

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940—"The Grapes of Wrath"—directed by John Ford, featuring Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell and John Carradine

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941—"The Forgotten Village"—directed by Alexander Hammid and Herbert Kline, narrated by Burgess Meredith, music by Hanns Eisler

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942—"Tortilla Flat"—directed by Victor Fleming, featuring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943—"The Moon is Down"—directed by Irving Pichel, featuring Lee J. Cobb and Sir Cedric Hardwicke

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944—"Lifeboat"—directed by Alfred Hitchcock, featuring Tallulah Bankhead, Hume Cronyn, and John Hodiak

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944—"A Medal for Benny"—directed by Irving Pichel, featuring Dorothy Lamour and Arturo de Cordova

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947—"La Perla" ("The Pearl", Mexico)—directed by Emilio Fernández, featuring Pedro Armendáriz and María Elena Marqués

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949—"The Red Pony"—directed by Lewis Milestone, featuring Myrna Loy, Robert Mitchum, and Louis Calhern

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952—"Viva Zapata!"—directed by Elia Kazan, featuring Marlon Brando, Anthony Quinn and Jean Peters

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955—"East of Eden"—directed by Elia Kazan, featuring James Dean, Julie Harris, Jo Van Fleet, and Raymond Massey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957—"The Wayward Bus"—directed by Victor Vicas, featuring Rick Jason, Jayne Mansfield, and Joan Collins

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961—"Flight"—featuring Efrain Ramírez and Arnelia Cortez

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962—"Ikimize bir dünya" ("Of Mice and Men", Turkey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972—"Topoli" ("Of Mice and Men", Iran)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982—"Cannery Row"—directed by David S. Ward, featuring Nick Nolte and Debra Winger

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992—"Of Mice and Men"—directed by Gary Sinise and starring John Malkovich and Gary Sinise

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016—"In Dubious Battle"—directed by James Franco and featuring Franco, Nat Wolff and Selena Gomez

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pigasus – A personal stamp used by Steinbeck.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. "John Steinbeck, Novels and Stories 1932–1937" (Library of America, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. "John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath and Other Writings 1936–1941" (Library of America, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeMott, Robert, ed. "John Steinbeck, Novels 1942–1952" (Library of America, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeMott, Robert and Railsback, Brian, eds. "John Steinbeck, Travels With Charley and Later Novels, 1947–1962" (Library of America, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benson, Jackson J. (ed.) "The Short Novels Of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism". Durham: Duke UP, 1990 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis, Robert C. "The Grapes of Wrath: A Collection of Critical Essays." Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. PS3537 .T3234 G734

paragraph: BULLET::::- French, Warren. "John Steinbeck's Fiction Revisited". NY: Twayne, 1994 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hughes, R. S. "John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction". R.S. Hughes. Boston : Twayne, 1989. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyer, Michael J. "The Hayashi Steinbeck Bibliography", 1982–1996. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benson, Jackson J. "Looking for Steinbeck's Ghost". Reno: U of Nevada P, 2002 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ditsky, John. "John Steinbeck and the Critics". Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heavilin, Barbara A. "John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath: A Reference Guide". Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li, Luchen. ed. "John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume". Detroit: Gale, 2005 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steinbeck, John Steinbeck IV and Nancy (2001). "The Other Side of Eden: Life with John Steinbeck". Prometheus Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tamm, Eric Enno (2005). "Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell". Thunder's Mouth Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bensen, Jackson J. "John Steinbeck, Writer" Penguin Putnam Inc., second edition, New York, 1990, 0-14-01.4417X,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- FBI file on John Steinbeck

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Steinbeck Quarterly" journal, a full-text searchable journal published from 1968–1993 by the John Steinbeck Society of America that focuses on Steinbeck criticism and scholarship

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Steinbeck Biography Early Years: Salinas to Stanford: 1902–1925 from National Steinbeck Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Western American Literature Journal": John Steinbeck

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 - Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John Steinbeck

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Libraries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Steinbeck Collection, 1902–1979 (call number M0263; 8.50 linear ft.) and Wells Fargo John Steinbeck Collection, 1870–1981 (call number M1063; 5 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobel Laureate page

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Writings of John Steinbeck" from C-SPAN's ""

alias:
John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr.
G'on Sṭenbeḳ
John Ernst Steinbeck
Con Steynbek
Tzōn Stainmpek
Ssu-tʻan-pei-kʻo
Ishtāynʹbik
G'. Sṭainbeḳ
John Ernest Steinbeck
John Ernst Steinbeck Jr
Steinbeck

description: American writer

enwikiquote_title: John Steinbeck

wikidata_label: John Steinbeck

wikipedia_title: John Steinbeck


text: Northern Irish

text: racing cyclist

text: Upperlands

text: County Londonderry

text: Northern Ireland

text: track

text: World Cycling Championships

text: team pursuit

text: England

text: 2006 Commonwealth Games

text: Northern Ireland

text: 2010 Commonwealth Games

text: Cornwall

text: Maghera

text: Ampertaine County Primary School

text: Rainey Endowed Grammar School

text: Magherafelt

text: dentistry

text: University of Dundee

text: Royal Air Force

text: Flight Lieutenant

text: time trial

text: Camel Valley

text: Commonwealth Games

text: British Cycling Federation

text: 2007 World Championships

text: 2008 Olympic Games

text: Manchester

text: Beijing Olympics

text: 2009 Track World Championships

text: 2014 Commonwealth Games

text: British Cycling

text: Team Halfords Bikehut

categories: Olympic medalists in cycling,People educated at Rainey Endowed School,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,British dentists,Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling,People from County Londonderry,Alumni of the University of Dundee,Women in the Royal Air Force,UCI Track Cycling World Champions (women),Olympic cyclists of Great Britain,Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Living people,Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain,Cyclists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Northern Ireland,British female cyclists,Commonwealth Games competitors for England,Cyclists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games,Royal Air Force officers,1974 births

paragraph: Wendy Houvenaghel

paragraph: Wendy Louise Houvenaghel (née McLean; born 27 November 1974) is a Northern Irish former racing cyclist from Upperlands, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, riding on both the road and track, but specialising in the latter. She has represented Great Britain in various World Cycling Championships and in the 2008 Olympic Games, most notably winning the silver medal at the Beijing Olympic Games, and gold in the team pursuit at the 2008, 2009 and 2011 Track World Championships. She has also won many British national titles and represented England at the 2006 Commonwealth Games and Northern Ireland at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Houvenaghel is based in Cornwall, England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Houvenaghel grew up in Upperlands near Maghera. She went to Ampertaine County Primary School in Upperlands and Rainey Endowed Grammar School in Magherafelt. She studied dentistry at the University of Dundee, where she met her husband. After qualifying, she became a dentist in the Royal Air Force, commissioned as a Flight Lieutenant on a Short Service Commission on 6 August 1998, and promoted to Squadron Leader on 6 August 2003. Completing her commission in August 2004, Houvenaghel took up a part-time post at a local dental surgery to help fund her ambitions as a cyclist. She was fast-tracked onto the Olympic Podium Plan by the British Cycling Federation in June 2006, with the aim of winning a medal at the Beijing Olympic Games in August 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Houvenaghel took part in a cycling time trial in September 2002, with no cycling experience and became the National Circuit Time Trial Champion the following year. She was selected for the GB National squad in 2003 to compete at the World Time Trial Championships in Canada. Prior to this, she had competed in time trials within the UK for the amateur club Camel Valley. She continued her collection of National time trial titles in 2004, going on to win all British time-trials that she competed in during 2005, and continued in her success throughout 2006. In October 2005, Houvenaghel won her first 3 km Individual Pursuit National Track title which was soon followed up by two World Cup wins, aged 31. Houvenaghel was talent spotted by British Cycling and after physiological testing was fast tracked onto the Olympic Podium Programme tasked with winning a medal at the Beijing Olympic Games within a 2-year time frame.

paragraph: Focusing on the track, she became the overall World Cup Champion in 2005/6 and made her GB World Track Championships debut in Bordeaux, ranking 5th. She competed for England on both the track and the road at the Commonwealth Games after being turned down for the Northern Ireland team by the British Cycling Federation. She retained her 3 km Individual Pursuit National title in 2006, and World Cup Champions title in 2006/7. She went one better to finish fourth in the 2007 World Championships, the following year in Majorca.

paragraph: Just prior to 2008 season, Houvenaghel declared that her focus would be on the 3 km Pursuit Track World Championships and 2008 Olympic Games. During the Track World Championships in Manchester, after inconsistent winter training, she was a part of the gold medal winning women's Team Pursuit. Having also set a personal best, ranking 4th in the Individual Pursuit, her potential to participate successfully at the Olympic Games was evident.

paragraph: On 15 August 2008 Houvenaghel qualified fastest in the qualification round of the Women's 3000m pursuit at the Beijing Olympics and went on to win the silver medal in the final, losing out on the gold to her team mate by 2 seconds. She won silver again in the same event at the 2009 Track World Championships in Poland, losing the final by 2 seconds after beating her opponent in the qualifying heats. She retained her World Championship title in the Women's Team Pursuit by qualifying fastest during the qualification ride and winning the final. The Individual Pursuit was not included in the Olympic Games in London in 2012, a decision which was ratified by the IOC and UCI mid December 2009.

paragraph: Having become the World Championship and Commonwealth Games Silver Medallist in 2010, the Individual Pursuit National Champion turned her focus and attention to the Team Pursuit Olympic event for the 2010/11 and 2011/12 track seasons. Houvenaghel was a member of the British Team Pursuit team that won the European and World Championship Titles in the 2010/11 track season, finishing the season ranked as World Number One in the UCI World rankings in Dec 2011. Houvenaghel's 2011 World Championship title took her total to three in the discipline of Team Pursuiting.

paragraph: Despite being a pivotal member of the Team Pursuit Olympic Qualification campaign, Houvenaghel was omitted from selection for racing this event at both the 2012 World Championships in Melbourne and Olympic Games in London. She was however, permitted to race the Individual Pursuit in Melbourne, earning a silver medal.

paragraph: Houvenaghel had her most successful road campaign in 2012 winning her 4th British National Time Trial title as well as winning the Celtic Chrono and Chrono Champenois International Time Trials. Her performances on the road warranted her selection to compete at the Road World Championships in the Netherlands.

paragraph: Houvenaghel announced her retirement from the sport on the eve of the 2014 Commonwealth Games after sustaining a back injury in training, forcing her to withdraw from the competition.

paragraph: Houvenaghel won three World Championships competing for Great Britain in the Team Pursuit event and an Olympic silver medal in 2008 in Beijing in the Individual Pursuit. She was also a multiple European and National Champion.

paragraph: In 2017 Houvenaghel had accused British Cycling of ageism and 'win-at-all-cost' culture.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Palmarès.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 (Team Halfords Bikehut)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012

description: British racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Wendy Houvenaghel

wikipedia_title: Wendy Houvenaghel


text:
Armenian
historian
Artsruni
Lake Van
Arab
Caliphates
Turkic
Bugha al-Kabir
Bagratid state
Vaspurakan
Gagik I
Akhtamar
colophon
Constantinople
French
Marie-Félicité Brosset

categories: 9th-century historians,Artsruni dynasty,10th-century Armenian people,Medieval Armenian historians,9th-century Armenian people,9th-century Armenian writers,10th-century Armenian writers,Historians of the Caucasus

paragraph: Tovma Artsruni

paragraph: Tovma Artsruni (; also known in English-language historiography as Thomas Artsruni; precise birth date and date of death unknown) was a ninth-century to tenth-century Armenian historian and author of the "History of the House of Artsrunik" (). Contrary to the given title, the four-volume work not only relates the history of Artsruni royal family, of which he was a member of, and its origins near Lake Van but also comprehensively covers the history of Armenia.

paragraph: Section::::"History of the House of Artsrunik".

paragraph: Tovma began writing "History" sometime in the 870s. Much like other histories composed by Armenian historians, the first volume starts at the beginning of the Armenian nation and ends in the middle of the fifth century. However, Tovma's most valuable contributions are found in the second and third volumes which accurately detail Armenian life under the rule of the Arab Caliphates and in particular the 851 Arab military expedition led by the Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, its subsequent consequences, and the establishment of the independent Bagratid state north of Lake Van. Tovma was a relative of the king of Vaspurakan Gagik I, and wrote a detailed account in "History" about the famous palace and church Gagik constructed on Akhtamar Island.

paragraph: The precise date that Tovma completed his work is unknown although some historians have determined that it was composed sometime after 905. Tovma's work ends with an incomplete 29th chapter yet several unknown authors (referred to as "Anonymous"; ) took it upon themselves to continue "History" down to the 1370s and added an appendix and colophon. Tovma's "History" was first published in 1852 in Constantinople in Armenian and was subsequently translated into French by Marie-Félicité Brosset in 1862.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Artsruni. "History of the House of Artsrunik". Trans. and edited by Robert W. Thomson. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1985.

description: Ninth-century to tenth-century Armenian historian/author of the History of the House of Artsrunik

wikidata_label: Tovma Artsruni

wikipedia_title: Tovma Artsruni


text: U.S. Army

text: Indian Wars

text: American Civil War

text: George Crook

text: Apache

text: Arizona Territory

text: Medal of Honor

text: Battle of Turret Peak

text: Yavapai Apaches

text: Brightstown, New York

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text: private

text: Sherman

text: March to the Sea

text: Regular Army

text: Lansingburgh, New York

text: 23rd U.S. Infantry

text: first sergeant

text: George Crook

text: Yavapai Apaches

text: Turret Peak, Arizona

text: Camp Verde

text: George M. Randall

text: Second Lieutenant

text: 12th U. S. Infantry

text: First Lieutenant

text: inflammation of the bowel

text: Arizona

text: San Francisco National Cemetery

categories: 1845 births,1882 deaths,United States Army officers,Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor,American people of the Indian Wars

paragraph: William Allen (soldier)

paragraph: William Allen (1845 – January 8, 1882) was a U.S. Army soldier who fought during the Indian Wars in the post-American Civil War period. Serving under Lieutenant Colonel George Crook, he participated in expeditions against the Apache in the Arizona Territory throughout the 1870s. He was one of four men who received the Medal of Honor for the Battle of Turret Peak against the Yavapai Apaches in 1873.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born either in Brightstown, New York or Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Allen enlisted as a private into the 29th Pennsylvania Volunteers on August 15, 1864, and served through Sherman's March to the Sea, until June 7, 1865. In August 1865, he enlisted in the Regular Army at Lansingburgh, New York and was assigned to the 23rd U.S. Infantry. Eventually reaching the rank of first sergeant, he was part of the Lieutenant Colonel George Crook's campaign against the Apache during the early 1870s. On March 27, 1873, he took part in a major engagement against the Yavapai Apaches at Turret Peak, Arizona, only 20 miles south of Camp Verde. He, along with Captain George M. Randall, led a successful surprise attack and was awarded the Medal of Honor for ""gallantry in action"". He officially received the medal on April 12, 1875, two years after the battle.

paragraph: In October 1873, Allen was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the 12th U. S. Infantry, and was promoted to First Lieutenant in December 1880. He died of "inflammation of the bowel" at Fort Mojave, Arizona on January 8, 1882, although his tombstone places the date exactly ten years later in 1892. His remains were eventually buried in the San Francisco National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

description: U.S. Army soldier, born 1845

wikidata_label: William Allen

wikipedia_title: William Allen (soldier)


text: Cardinal

text: Catholic Church

text: cardinalate

text: Bardi

text: Parma

text: seminary

text: Piacenza

text: Pontifical Lateran University

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: pastoral

text: attaché

text: secretary

text: Lithuania

text: nunciature

text: Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness

text: Domestic Prelate of His Holiness

text: Roman Curia

text: Secretariat of State

text: counselor

text: Apostolic Nuncio to Colombia

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Pope Pius XII

text: episcopal consecration

text: Clemente Micara

text: Filippo Bernardini

text: co-consecrators

text: church

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: dicastery

text: Second Vatican Council

text: President

text: Pontifical Commission for Latin America

text: Pope Paul VI

text: liberation theology

text: ecclesial base communities

text: Latin American Episcopal Conference

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: consistory

text: protégé

text: Alfredo Ottaviani

text: conservative

text: artificial birth control

text: Prefect

text: Giovanni Urbani

text: Patriarch of Venice

text: Bishop Albino Luciani

text: Archivist

text: Librarian

text: Pope John Paul II

text: nickname

text: Chile

text: Argentina

text: Picton, Lennox and Nueva

text: Beagle conflict

text: Puyehue

text: Osorno

text: Bariloche

text: Cardenal Antonio Samorè Pass

text: heart attack

text: Carmelite

text: monastery

text: Vetralla

text: SAMORÈ, Antonio

categories: Diplomats of the Holy See,Apostolic Nuncios to Colombia,Beagle conflict,Italian cardinals,1905 births,Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments,Cardinal-bishops of Sabina,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,People from the Province of Parma,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,1983 deaths,Pontifical Commission for Latin America,Members of the Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments

paragraph: Antonio Samorè

paragraph: Antonio Samorè (4 December 1905 – 3 February 1983) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Samorè was born in Bardi, near Parma. After studying at the seminary in Piacenza and the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Ersilio Menzani on 10 June 1928. Samorè then did pastoral work in Piacenza until 1932, when he became attaché and secretary of the Lithuanian nunciature. He was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on 28 February 1935, and later a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 27 February 1947. In 1938, Samorè was named secretary of the nunciature to Switzerland and also entered the Roman Curia as an official of the Secretariat of State. He was then counselor of the apostolic delegation to the United States from 1947 to 1950.

paragraph: On 30 January 1950, Samorè was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Colombia and Titular Archbishop of Ternobus by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 16 April from Clemente Micara, with Archbishop Filippo Bernardini and Bishop Alberto Carinci serving as co-consecrators, in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Samorè later returned to Rome upon his naming as Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs on 7 February 1953. As Secretary, he was the second-highest official of that dicastery. Before and after the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), later as President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, he was charged by Pope Paul VI to stem support of liberation theology and "ecclesial base communities" by the Latin American Episcopal Conference (CELAM).

paragraph: He was created Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva by Paul VI in the consistory of 26 June 1967. A protégé of Alfredo Ottaviani, the heavily conservative Samorè advised Pope Paul against granting his approval to artificial birth control. The next year, on 1 November 1968, Paul appointed him Prefect of the Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments. Following the death of Giovanni Urbani in 1969, Cardinal Samorè was one of the leading contenders to succeed him as Patriarch of Venice; the position went to Bishop Albino Luciani. Samorè, upon resigning as Prefect on 25 January 1974, was named Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church. On 12 December of that same year, he became Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto.

paragraph: From 1978 to 1983, he acted as a special representative of Pope John Paul II, earning Samorè the nickname "the Vatican Kissinger", for mediating the dispute between Chile and Argentina, which were on the brink of war because of a disagreement concerning the ownership of the strategic Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands during the Beagle conflict. The international pass of Puyehue that links Osorno in Chile with Bariloche (Argentina) was later renamed Cardenal Antonio Samorè Pass.

paragraph: Samorè died of a heart attack in Rome, at age 77. He is buried in the church of the Carmelite monastery of Vetralla.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Additional sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SAMORÈ, Antonio

alias:
Antonio Samore
Antonio Cardinal Samorè

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Antonio Samorè

wikipedia_title: Antonio Samorè


text:
Soviet
Russia
Encyclopædia Britannica
puppetry
Russia
Moscow
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
Moscow Art Theatre
vaudeville
puppet show
Moscow
United States
Britain
An Unusual Concert
finger puppet
Russian Academy of Theatre Arts
USSR State Prize
People's Artist of the USSR
Hero of Socialist Labour
Novodevichy Cemetery
Moscow
Russian
sepia
puppet
Obraztsov's site
Article about Obraztsov
Biography of Sergey Obraztsov

categories: 1901 births,Russian and Soviet theatre directors,1992 deaths,Soviet male actors,Heroes of Socialist Labour,Russian male actors,UNIMA presidents,People's Artists of the USSR,Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

paragraph: Sergey Obraztsov

paragraph: Sergey Vladimirovich Obraztsov (, 5 July , 1901 – 8 May 1992) was a Soviet and Russian puppeteer who is credited by the Encyclopædia Britannica with "establishing puppetry as an art form in the Soviet Union." Puppet theaters in many countries owe their establishment to Obraztsov's influence. His collection of exotic puppets was the largest in Russia and one of the largest in the world.

paragraph: Obraztsov was born on 22 June 1901 in Moscow into the family of a schoolteacher and a railroad engineer. Between 1922 and 1931, he worked as an actor with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko in one of the studios of the Moscow Art Theatre. During this period, he staged several vaudeville-style puppet shows before going on to set up the State Central Puppet Theatre in Moscow in 1931.

paragraph: His theatre toured more than 350 cities in the USSR and 90 cities in foreign countries. During his numerous tours abroad, Obraztsov helped to popularize artistic puppetry in the United States, Britain, and other countries. One of his best known shows, "An Unusual Concert" (1946), satirized bad performers. Besides more than 70 plays for children and grown-ups that he staged in his theatre, Obraztsov also directed the first short-length puppet film under the title "Looking at a Polar Sunset Ray" in 1938, and also a number of documentaries. In his later years, Obraztsov became enthusiastic about finger puppets. He was also skilled in puppeteering with his bare hands.

paragraph: Sergey Obraztsov was the President of the International Union of Puppeteers (1976–1984, and from 1984 the President Emeritus), a teaching professor of the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts (from 1973), and a member of the Writers’ Union of the USSR. Obraztsov authored an autobiography and a monograph on Chinese puppet theatre. He was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1946, named People's Artist of the USSR in 1952, and a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1971. Obraztsov died on 8 May 1992 and was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.

paragraph: The Obraztsov Foundation, established in 1998 by his family members and the Obraztsov Puppet Theatre, was aimed at preserving his rich creative legacy.

paragraph: In September 2001, the Sergey Obraztsov Theatre (Moscow State Puppet Theatre named after Obraztsov) hosted a week-long centennial celebration which included an international array of performers.

paragraph: Section::::Books by Obraztsov.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Profession" (1950) Foreign Languages, Moscow. Translated from the Russian by Ralph Parker and Valentina Scott. Contains many sepia plates of puppets plus a biography of Sergei Obraztsov.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "IMPRESSIONS OF LONDON: On What I Saw, Learned and Understood During Two Visits to London" (1957) Sidgwick & Jackson, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chinese Puppet Theatre" (1961) Faber & Faber Limited, UK.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obraztsov's site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article about Obraztsov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Sergey Obraztsov

description: Soviet and Russian puppeteer

wikidata_label: Sergey Obraztsov

wikipedia_title: Sergey Obraztsov


text:
Italian painter
Macchiaioli
Naples
Garibaldi
1860 campaign
Capua
Florence
Caffè Michelangiolo
Giovanni Fattori
Silvestro Lega
landscapes
plein air
Third Independence War
Austria
Croatia
rabies
Castiglioncello

categories: 1836 births,Italian male painters,1868 deaths,Infectious disease deaths in Italy,People from Naples,Neapolitan painters,Italian soldiers,19th-century Italian painters,Deaths from rabies

paragraph: Giuseppe Abbati

paragraph: Giuseppe Abbati (January 13, 1836February 21, 1868) was an Italian painter who belonged to the group known as the Macchiaioli.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abbati was born in Naples. He received early training in painting from his father Vincenzo, who specialized in paintings of architectural interiors, and Abbati's own early paintings were interiors. He participated in Garibaldi's 1860 campaign, suffering the loss of his right eye at the Battle of Capua. Afterwards he moved to Florence where, at the Caffè Michelangiolo, he met Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, and the rest of the artists who would soon be dubbed the Macchiaioli.

paragraph: At the National Exposition in Florence in 1861, Abbati was awarded a medal for his interior views—but refused to accept it, as a gesture of protest against the composition of the jury. Subsequently, he became attracted to the practice of painting landscapes "en plein air". His activity as a painter was interrupted during 1866 when he enlisted again in the army for the Third Independence War, during which he was captured by the Austrians and held in Croatia.

paragraph: Returning to civilian life at the end of the year, he moved to Castelnuovo della Misericordia and spent the final year of his life painting in the countryside. Abbati died at the age of thirty-two in Florence after his dog bit him, infecting him with rabies.

paragraph: His paintings are characterized by a bold treatment of light effects. He often painted a luminous landscape scene as seen through the doorway of a darkened interior, as in the "View from the Wine Cellar of Diego Martelli" (1866). Some of his late landscapes, such as the "View of Castiglioncello" (1867), are in the greatly elongated horizontal format often favored by the Macchiaioli.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broude, Norma (1987). "The Macchiaioli: Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century". New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steingräber, E., & Matteucci, G. (1984). "The Macchiaioli: Tuscan Painters of the Sunlight : March 14-April 20, 1984". New York: Stair Sainty Matthiesen in association with Matthiesen, London.

alias:
Giuseppe Abatti
giuseppe abbati

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Abbati

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Abbati


text:
American
music
Boston, Massachusetts
Court Street
Old Dan Tucker
Ole Bull and Old Dan Tucker
Keith, Charles H.
Keith's Music Publishing House

categories: 19th century in Boston,Businesspeople from Boston,Government Center, Boston,19th-century American people,Year of death missing,Cultural history of Boston,American music publishers (people)

paragraph: Charles H. Keith

paragraph: Charles H. Keith was an American music publisher in Boston, Massachusetts in the 19th century. His business was located on Court Street from the 1840s to the 1850s. Among the songs published by his firm were "Old Dan Tucker" (1843), "Ole Bull and Old Dan Tucker" (1844), and "Dandy Jim ob Caroline" (1844).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worldcat. Keith, Charles H.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worldcat. Keith's Music Publishing House

description: American music publisher

wikidata_label: Charles H. Keith

wikipedia_title: Charles H. Keith


text: cubist

text: painter

text: illustrator

text: Macapuk, Pampanga

text: U.P.

text: Fine Arts

text: UNESCO

text: Banff

text: Montreal, Quebec

text: Jeepney

text: National Artist of the Philippines

text: Manuel Baldemor

text: Honolulu Museum of Art

text: Lopez Memorial Museum

text: Philippine Center

text: Singapore Art Museum

text: Holy Angel University

text: Holy Angel University

text: Parish of the Holy Sacrifice

categories: National Artists of the Philippines,Artists from Pampanga,20th-century Filipino painters,Kapampangan people,1910 births,1981 deaths

paragraph: Vicente Manansala

paragraph: Vicente Silva Manansala (January 22, 1910 – August 22, 1981) was a Filipino cubist painter and illustrator.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Manansala was born in Macapuk, Pampanga. From 1926 to 1930, he studied at the U.P. School of Fine Arts. In 1949, Manansala received a six-month grant by UNESCO to study at the École des Beaux-Arts in Banff and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 1950, he received a nine-month scholarship to study at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris by the French government.

paragraph: Section::::Later Painting Career.

paragraph: Manansala's canvases were described as masterpieces that brought the cultures of the barrio and the city together. His "Madonna of the Slums" is a portrayal of a mother and child from the countryside who became urban shanty residents once in the city. In his "Jeepneys", Manansala combined the elements of provincial folk culture with the congestion issues of the city.

paragraph: Manansala developed "transparent cubism", wherein the "delicate tones, shapes, and patterns of figure and environment are masterfully superimposed". A fine example of Manansala using this "transparent and translucent" technique is his composition, "Kalabaw" (Carabao).

paragraph: Vicente Manansala, a National Artist of the Philippines in Visual Arts, was a direct influence to his fellow Filipino neo-realists: Malang, Angelito Antonio, Norma Belleza and Manuel Baldemor. The Honolulu Museum of Art, the Lopez Memorial Museum (Manila), the Philippine Center (New York City), the Singapore Art Museum and Holy Angel University (Angeles City, Philippines) are among the public collections holding work by Vicente Manansala. Holy Angel University recently opened a section of its museum called The Vicente Manansala Collection, holding most of the estate left by the artist.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on August 22, 1981 in Manila, Philippines due to lung cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna of the Slums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeepneys"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kalabaw" (Carabao), oil on canvas, 28.5 inches x 38 inches, 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murals "Stations of the cross " in the Church of the Parish of the Holy Sacrifice

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bangkusay Seascape. 1940. Oil on canvas. 14 x 18 inches.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pila Pila sa Bigas (Left and Right), 1980. Oil on canvas. 51 x 84 inches.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Planting the First Cross

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seal of Arellano University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slum Dwellers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bayanihan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balut Vendors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jansen Rodriguez

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamilya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reclining Mother and Child

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dambana

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding Manansala: Tracing the works of a National Artist for Visual Arts

description: Filipino artist

wikidata_label: Vicente Manansala

wikipedia_title: Vicente Manansala


text:
Stockholm
His Lordship's Last Will
Victor Sjostrom
The Marriage Game

categories: Swedish silent film actresses,20th-century opera singers,Swedish film actresses,20th-century Swedish actresses,20th-century women singers,Swedish female singers,1881 births,1948 deaths,Singers from Stockholm,Swedish opera singers

paragraph: Ingeborg Strandin

paragraph: Ingeborg Strandin (18 November 1881 - 8 March 1948) was a Swedish opera singer and actress.

paragraph: Born in Stockholm as Ingeborg Lublin, Strandin made her film debut in the 1919 film "His Lordship's Last Will" directed by Victor Sjostrom, and went on to participate in over 15 films.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Marriage Game" (1935)

description: Swedish opera singer

wikidata_label: Ingeborg Strandin

wikipedia_title: Ingeborg Strandin


text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: general officer

text: War of the Fifth Coalition

text: Aspern-Essling

text: Wagram

text: chief of staff

text: Marshal

text: André Masséna

text: Meurthe

text: French Royal Army

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: chef de bataillon

text: major

text: adjutant general

text: chef de brigade

text: colonel

text: Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer

text: chief of staff

text: Jacques Maurice Hatry

text: Battle of Verona

text: Battle of Magnano

text: Rhine

text: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

text: general of brigade

text: Battle of Hohenlinden

text: Bas-Rhin

text: Marshal

text: André Masséna

text: Siege of Stralsund

text: Dänholm

text: Stralsund

text: Rügen

text: Sailors of the Imperial Guard

text: Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte

text: evacuation of the La Romana Division

text: Jean Boudet

text: IV Corps

text: Battle of Aspern-Essling

text: Essling

text: Jean Lannes

text: Battle of Wagram

text: Jean Reynier

text: Battle of Znaim

text: general of division

text: Nicolas Léonard Beker

text: Napoleon

text: Baron of the Empire

text: Siege of Almeida

text: Battle of Bussaco

text: Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Wellington

text: Lines of Torres Vedras

text: VIII Corps

text: Sobral

text: Battle of Fuentes de Onoro

text: Charles Oman

text: aide de camp

text: Jean-Jacques Germain Pelet-Clozeau

text: Bourbon Restoration

text: Napoleon

text: Arc de Triomphe

categories: French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,1766 births,People from Meurthe-et-Moselle,French generals,French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,1840 deaths

paragraph: François Nicolas Fririon

paragraph: François Nicolas Mathus Fririon (7 February 1766 – 25 September 1840) joined the French army and rose through the ranks during the French Revolutionary Wars to become a general officer by 1800. After commanding a brigade with distinction during the War of the Fifth Coalition at Aspern-Essling and Wagram he was promoted and made chief of staff to Marshal André Masséna. He served in this role during Masséna's 1810–1811 invasion of Portugal. His history of that campaign was published posthumously by his son. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 16.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Friron was born on 7 February 1766 in Vandieres in what later became Meurthe department in eastern France. He joined the French Royal Army in 1782 as a volunteer. After the start of the French Revolutionary Wars he was promoted to chef de bataillon (major) in 1794. He became an adjutant general chef de brigade (colonel) on 9 March 1797. He fought in Switzerland and later in Italy under Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer. He served as chief of staff to Jacques Maurice Hatry at the Battle of Verona on 26 March 1799 and the Battle of Magnano on 5 April. After fighting on the Rhine in 1799, Jean Victor Marie Moreau nominated him for promotion. His appointment as general of brigade came through on 17 July 1800. Subsequently he fought at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December 1800.

paragraph: Section::::General of Brigade.

paragraph: During the peace, Fririon commanded the troops in the Bas-Rhin department. He later fought under Marshal André Masséna in Italy. He served at the Siege of Stralsund which lasted from 15 January to 20 August 1807, when the Swedish garrison abandoned the city. On 25 August he and French naval Captain Montcabrié attacked the fortified island of Dänholm between Stralsund and Rügen. The 1,200-man French force included one battalion of the 30th Light Infantry Regiment, two artillery pieces and crews, and detachments of sappers, miners, and Sailors of the Imperial Guard. The operation was a success, costing the French only 15 dead and 26 wounded. The 900-man Swedish garrison lost 50 killed, 75 wounded, and 517 captured. Six field pieces and eight heavy cannons also fell into French hands. The following year found him serving under Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte in Denmark. He was present during the mutiny of two Spanish regiments on 31 July 1808, during which his aide was killed. The mutiny was suppressed the next day by a superior force of Danish troops. However, most of the other units of the Spanish Northern Division escaped in British vessels during the evacuation of the La Romana Division.

paragraph: In the 1809 war, Fririon led a brigade in Jean Boudet's 4th Division of Masséna's IV Corps. The brigade consisted only of two battalions of the 3rd Light Infantry Regiment and began the campaign with 1,545 men. At the Battle of Aspern-Essling, Boudet's division heroically defended Essling for the better part of two days against repeated Austrian attacks. Finally, at 3:00 pm on 22 May the troops were chased out of the village except for the granary where Boudet and some grenadiers held out. During the struggle, Marshal Jean Lannes wrote out a special commendation for Fririon's valiant fighting, "General, you have covered yourself with glory, you and your brigade; I will report your conduct to the Emperor". Essling was later retaken by the Imperial Guard, but Lannes was mortally wounded in the fighting.

paragraph: Fririon led his brigade at the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July 1809. The two battalions of the 3rd Light numbered 1,270 men. On the second day, the VI Austrian Corps fell on Boudet's isolated division, overwhelming it and capturing its artillery. However, the Austrians immediately came under an intense bombardment from Jean Reynier's massed artillery on Lobau Island. The VI Corps recoiled, allowing Boudet's troops to avoid total destruction. The French victory was decided on another part of the battlefield. Fririon also fought in the Battle of Znaim on 10-11 July.

paragraph: Section::::General of Division.

paragraph: Fririon was promoted to general of division on 21 July 1809. He soon became chief of staff to Marshal Masséna, replacing Nicolas Léonard Beker who had angered Emperor Napoleon. He was named Baron of the Empire on 31 January 1810. He continued in his role as Masséna's chief of staff during the 1810–1811 invasion of Portugal. At the Siege of Almeida, Fririon carried an ultimatum to William Cox, the fortress commanding officer, after the fort's main magazine exploded, killing 600 defenders. Cox surrendered the next day, on 27 August.

paragraph: The Battle of Bussaco was fought on 27 September 1810. The night before, Fririon recommended that the Anglo-Portuguese army of Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Wellington be flanked out of position instead of assaulted directly. Masséna dismissed this idea, saying, "You are of the Army of the Rhine, you like to maneuver; this is the first time that Wellington appears disposed to offer battle. I will profit by the occasion". The attack was a failure with the French suffering 4,479 killed, wounded or captured against only 1,252 Allied casualties. While the French army was before the Lines of Torres Vedras, Fririon urged that the VIII Corps be withdrawn from its exposed position at the village of Sobral. During Masséna's tenure in command the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro would be fought on 3-5 May 1811.

paragraph: The historian Charles Oman wrote that Fririon was "scientific" and got along well with his fellow soldiers. However, Masséna appeared to rely too much on his senior "aide de camp", Jean-Jacques Germain Pelet-Clozeau and sometimes changed his instructions without consulting with Fririon. Certainly, there was friction among Massena's staff during the campaign. After the Portugal campaign, Fririon became commander of the 1st Military Division. Under the Bourbon Restoration he served as an inspector general of infantry.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Fririon died on 25 September 1840. His son published his papers in 1841 as, "Journal historique de la campagne de Portugal". The work was disapproving of Masséna's aide Pelet. But unlike others who wrote that Pelet had undue influence over the marshal, Fririon minimized the aide's role. Stung by the criticism, Pelet later wrote his own history of the campaign.

paragraph: In his history of the Portugal campaign, Fririon wrote perceptively about Napoleon's many exaggerated bulletins, "This is how history was written at the time; it was by reports of this lying description than an attempt was made to calm anxious families. Did no one reflect that, by deceiving them in this way, the government made enemies of all those who trusted for a time in the exactitude of the Bulletins, and lost their illusion soon after, when they learnt the melancholy ends of their sons and brothers?" FRIRION is engraved on the east side of the Arc de Triomphe.

description: French general of the French Revolutionary Wars

wikidata_label: François Nicolas Fririon

wikipedia_title: François Nicolas Fririon


text:
video game industry
publisher
journalist
editor
game designer
London, England
Alameda, California
San Francisco
UBM Tech
Game Developers Conference
Gamasutra
Independent Games Festival
Game Developers Conference
Slashdot
Kuju Entertainment
Eidos Interactive
Atari
O'Reilly Media
demoscene
modules
netlabel
Simon Carless's blog

categories: O'Reilly writers,British video game designers,English magazine editors,Tracker musicians,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Simon Carless

paragraph: Simon Carless is an English video game industry publisher, journalist, editor and game designer. He was born in London, England, and presently resides in Alameda, California. Simon works in San Francisco for UBM Tech as head of its Game Network, including overseeing the worldwide Game Developers Conference shows, and as publisher of the Webby Award-winning Gamasutra.

paragraph: Carless is Chairman Emeritus of the Independent Games Festival, and he co-founded and led the Independent Games Summit since 2007 as part of the yearly San Francisco-based Game Developers Conference.

paragraph: Carless edited the games page on Slashdot, and he worked as a lead game designer at Kuju Entertainment, Eidos Interactive and Atari. He wrote Gaming Hacks, a book published by O'Reilly Media.

paragraph: Carless was also active in the demoscene of the early 1990s, releasing modules under the moniker "Hollywood". He operated the netlabel Monotonik from 1996 to 2009.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Carless's blog

description: British video game designer

wikidata_label: Simon Carless

wikipedia_title: Simon Carless