text: alternative rock

text: Weezer

text: Rentals

text: Bangkok

text: 45 rpm single

text: Le Freak

text: Chic

text: San Diego

text: goth

text: Weezer

text: Patrick Wilson

text: Jason Cropper

text: Rivers Cuomo

text: telemarketer

text: Berkeley

text: self-titled debut album

text: certified

text: Rentals

text: Return of the Rentals

text: Friends of P

text: Pinkerton

text: Seven More Minutes

text: Damon Albarn

text: Blur

text: Gorillaz

text: Donna Matthews

text: Elastica

text: Miki Berenyi

text: Lush

text: Tim Wheeler

text: Ash

text: Maya Rudolph

text: Saturday Night Live

text: Rivers Cuomo

text: Leiper's Fork

text: Nashville

text: MTV News

text: Puckett's Versus the Country Boy

text: Cake

text: Greg Brown

text: Undone – The Sweater Song

text: Island in the Sun

text: self-titled solo album

text: Goldenboy

text: Rivers Cuomo

text: Cal State Fullerton

text: Say It Ain't So

text: So Jealous

text: Tegan and Sara

text: Weezer

text: Sara Radle

text: Rachel Haden

text: Nerf Herder

text: The Last Little Life EP

text: The Con

text: eBay

text: Orange

text: San Sebastian

text: Spin

text: Weezer (The Blue Album)

text: Pinkerton

text: Return of the Rentals

text: Seven More Minutes

text: The Last Little Life EP

text: Songs About Time

text: Lost in Alphaville

text: Puckett's Versus the Country Boy

text: Matt Sharp

text: Meet the Deedles

text: So Jealous

text: The Con

text: Official web site

text: In-depth interview with Glorious Noise

categories: American male singer-songwriters,American rock singers,1969 births,American male bass guitarists,Weezer members,American singer-songwriters,Musicians from Virginia,The Rentals members,People from Bangkok,American rock songwriters,People from Arlington County, Virginia,Power pop musicians,Living people,American rock bass guitarists

paragraph: Matt Sharp

paragraph: Matthew Kelly Sharp (born September 22, 1969) is an American songwriter. Until 1998, he was the bassist for the alternative rock band Weezer, which he cofounded in 1992. In 1994, Sharp founded the Rentals, who have released three albums. Sharp has also released an EP and an album as a solo artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Matt Sharp was born in Bangkok, Thailand, to American parents on September 22, 1969, and moved to Arlington, Virginia, when he was one year old. At the age of nine, he made his first musical purchase, a 45 rpm single of the song "Le Freak" by Chic.

paragraph: At sixteen, he moved to San Diego.

paragraph: In 1989, Sharp started fronting a goth band named the Clique. The band lasted less than one year. A few months after its demise, he befriended future Weezer drummer Patrick Wilson, and they created the band 60 Wrong Sausages. Future Weezer guitarist Jason Cropper soon joined. At this time, Wilson was also in a band with future Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo named Fuzz. In need of an 8-track player, Wilson convinced Cuomo to move into the same apartment he and Wilson were sharing. During this time, Sharp worked as a telemarketer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In mid-1991, Sharp moved north to Berkeley to pursue what Weezer collaborator Karl Koch called "some sorta symphonic keyboard sequencing music". Other members of the band moved to separate apartments. In January 1992, Wilson showed him material he and Cuomo had been working on. Impressed, Sharp returned to Los Angeles to join the band, now under the name Weezer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1994–1999: Weezer and the Rentals.

paragraph: Weezer released their self-titled debut album in May 1994. It was certified platinum in January 1995 for sales of over one million. In the spring of 1994, Sharp founded the Rentals. They released their debut album "Return of the Rentals" the following year, which featured the radio hit "Friends of P".

paragraph: Weezer's second album, "Pinkerton", was released in September 1996. With a darker, more abrasive sound, "Pinkerton" was a commercial and critical failure, but attained critical acclaim later. Following the mixed response to "Pinkerton", Weezer went on a five-year hiatus. Sharp left Weezer in February 1998. He said of his departure: "I don't really know how to speak on this because I don't know what should be kept private and what should be shared. I certainly have my view of it, as I'm sure everybody else has their sort of foggy things. When you have a group that doesn't communicate, you're going to have a whole lot of different stories."

paragraph: In 1999, the Rentals released their second album, "Seven More Minutes". Among its contributors were Damon Albarn (of Blur and Gorillaz), Donna Matthews (of Elastica), Miki Berenyi (of Lush), and Tim Wheeler (of Ash). Maya Rudolph (later of "Saturday Night Live") was a member of the touring band during this time. The track "My Head is in the Sun" was co-written with Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo. The album sold considerably less than "Return of the Rentals", and the Rentals went on hiatus in late 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2000–2003: Solo records and Weezer lawsuit.

paragraph: Sharp moved to the small town of Leiper's Fork, Tennessee, about an hour outside of Nashville, Tennessee, and began recording. In an interview with MTV News, Sharp said he was trying to cut ties to the music world. After a four-year hiatus from the public eye, Sharp returned in late 2003 to the music scene with an EP, "Puckett's Versus the Country Boy". Sharp went on an acoustic tour in 2002 with former Cake guitarist Greg Brown.

paragraph: On April 19, 2002, Sharp filed a five-count federal lawsuit against Weezer. He alleged he was owed royalties for co-writing Weezer's first hit, "Undone – The Sweater Song", and that he owned a 25% interest in the first nine tracks of "Pinkerton", which had been credited solely to Cuomo. Sharp also claimed he had handled most of Weezer's business affairs during their early success, including the hiring of accountants and attorneys, as well as helping the band secure their record deal. The lawsuit also stated that Cuomo was going to ask him to appear in the music video for their 2001 song "Island in the Sun". Finally, Sharp charged his former bandmates with breach of fiduciary duty, legal malpractice, dissolution of partnership, and declaratory relief. The lawsuit was settled out of court.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2003–present: Reunion with Cuomo, re-formation of the Rentals.

paragraph: In 2003, Sharp released a solo EP, followed by a self-titled solo album in 2004. He continued to tour in 2004–2005 with the band Goldenboy.

paragraph: On February 12, 2004, Rivers Cuomo and Matt Sharp ended their public separation when they reunited onstage when Rivers sat in during a solo performance by Matt at Cal State Fullerton. Sharp and Cuomo played four songs together: the Sharp/Cuomo collaborations "Mrs. Young" and "Time Song," as well as Weezer songs "Say It Ain't So" and "Undone". Sharp announced at the show that he and Cuomo would be working on a collaborative record together. Later in 2004, Sharp announced on his website that although he and Cuomo had come up with "15 or 16 new song ideas", their "special brand of dysfunctionality" might keep them from finishing the project.

paragraph: In March 2004, Sharp recorded synthesizer on "So Jealous" by Canadian indie pop band Tegan and Sara. After a slow period in 2005, Sharp contemplated what to do next, considering either a new solo album or starting a new collaborative partnership. The possibility of him rejoining Weezer was also an option; although this did not happen, in a 2006 interview, Sharp credited these conversations with Cuomo as giving him the idea to return to writing pop music, which eventually led him to re-form the Rentals. These ideas particularly strengthened after meeting Sara Radle. In 2005, six years after 1999's "Seven More Minutes", the Rentals re-formed; the new lineup included original backup vocalist Rachel Haden, Sara Radle, Ben Pringle of Nerf Herder, Lauren Chipman, and Dan Joeright. Sharp and the Rentals toured North America in the summers of 2006 and 2007.

paragraph: The Rentals released "The Last Little Life EP" on August 14, 2007. Between Rentals tours, Sharp returned to work in early 2007 with Tegan and Sara on their next album, "The Con", later appearing at their concerts in 2008 to play bass in a cover of Weezer's "Tired of Sex".

paragraph: After the three releases in the "Songs About Time" series in April, July, and October 2009, Sharp and the Rentals went on hiatus. In October 2010, Sharp sold most of his equipment from his Weezer and Rentals days on eBay. His Orange Matamp Lead 200 was purchased by Greg Veerman, bassist of Canadian rock band San Sebastian. In November 2010, Cuomo mentioned in an interview with "Spin" that "the idea came up" of having Sharp rejoin the band for their "Memories Tour", in which they play "The Blue Album" and "Pinkerton". Cuomo said: "I think we left that idea behind pretty early on. I don't remember. I wasn't involved in the discussion so I don't know what the issues were."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Weezer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 – "Weezer (The Blue Album)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 – "Pinkerton"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Rentals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 – "Return of the Rentals"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – "Seven More Minutes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "The Last Little Life EP"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "Songs About Time"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – "Resilience: A Benefit Album for the Relief Effort in Japan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – "Lost in Alphaville"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Puckett's Versus the Country Boy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Matt Sharp"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Homie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – "American Girls" from the "Meet the Deedles" Soundtrack

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Tegan and Sara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "So Jealous"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "The Con"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- In-depth interview with Glorious Noise

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Matt Sharp

wikipedia_title: Matt Sharp


text:
English
British Empire
First World War
Finchley
London Borough of Barnet
Middlesex
North Finchley
caddie
North Middlesex Golf Club
British Army
Middlesex Regiment
Old Tom Parr
infantry
First World War
British Expeditionary Force
English Channel
Imperial German Army
Belgium
Bettignies
Mons
Obourg
Belgium
Uhlan
German First Army
Battle of Mons
Imperial War Graves Commission
St Symphorien Military Cemetery
Mons
George Edwin Ellison
Royal Navy
Henry Hadley
Albert Mayer
Imperial German Army
Jules Andre Peugeot
French Army
James Bethel Gresham
Thomas Enright
Merle Hay
US Army
George Edwin Ellison
British Army
Augustin Trébuchon
George Lawrence Price
Henry Gunther
Firsts and lasts

categories: 1897 births,Middlesex Regiment soldiers,British Army personnel of World War I,People from Finchley,1914 deaths

paragraph: John Parr (British Army soldier)

paragraph: John Henry Parr (19 July 1897 – 21 August 1914) was an English soldier. He is believed to be the first soldier of the British Empire to fall in action during the First World War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Parr was born in Lichfield Grove, Finchley, now in the London Borough of Barnet but still in the historic County of Middlesex. His father was a milkman. He lived most of his life at 52 Lodge Lane, North Finchley, the youngest of eleven children of Edward and Alice Parr. Many of his siblings died before their fourth birthday.

paragraph: Upon leaving school he took a job working as a butcher's boy, and then as a caddie at North Middlesex Golf Club. Then, like many other young men at the time, he was attracted to the British Army as a potentially better way of life, and one where he would at least get two meals a day and a chance to see the world. At 5'3" in height, Parr joined the 4th Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment as a professional soldier in 1912, aged fourteen, but claimed to be eighteen years and one month old to meet the minimum age requirement. He was nicknamed "Ole Parr", possibly after Old Tom Parr.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Parr became an infantry scout with the 4th Middlesex, whose role was to ride ahead of the battalion on the march with a detachment mounted upon bicycles to detect the enemy, or points of military note, and then return with all possible speed to notify the Battalion's Commanding Officer as to what lay ahead.

paragraph: On the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914 the 4th Middlesex was mobilized, and was among the first British Army units of the British Expeditionary Force to cross the English Channel to France. With the Imperial German Army invading Belgium and France at that moment, Parr's unit took up positions near the village of Bettignies, beside the canal running through the town of Mons approximately away.

paragraph: On 21 August 1914, Parr and another cyclist were sent to the village of Obourg, just northeast of Mons, and slightly over the border in Belgium, with orders to locate the where the Germans were. It is believed that whilst doing this they encountered an Uhlan patrol from the German First Army engaged in the same work, and that Parr remained to hold off the enemy whilst his companion returned to report. He was killed in an exchange of rifle fire.

paragraph: The exact circumstances of his death remain unclear, and historical research in 2014 has posited the theory that he may have been killed by friendly fire rather than that from a German patrol as previously thought, or during the Battle of Mons on 23 August 1914.

paragraph: As the British Army retreated from the area shortly afterwards, Parr's body was left behind, and with the absence of confirmation of his fate Parr's death was not officially recognised until much later in the conflict. His mother wrote to his Regiment's Head Quarters asking about her son, but it was unable to state with certainty what had happened to him.

paragraph: Section::::Grave.

paragraph: Parr's body was later found to have been buried, probably by the Germans, in a battlefield grave, which was subsequently located by the Imperial War Graves Commission. Today his grave lies in St Symphorien Military Cemetery, just southeast of Mons. The age given on the gravestone is 20, the British Government at the time of its manufacture not knowing that his true age was 17 due to his under-aged enlistment. His grave faces that of George Edwin Ellison, the last British soldier thought to have been killed during World War 1.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: On the 100th anniversary of Parr's death a memorial paving stone was laid in the pavement outside his home at 52 Lodge Lane. The unveiling ceremony being attended by about 300 people, including local dignitaries and Parr family members, one of whom read a letter from his mother to the War Office written in October 1914 enquiring about his fate. A memorial "standing stone" nearby, to bear a plaque with further details of Parr's life and death, is planned. A plaque has also been placed in the golf club where he worked as a caddie.

paragraph: Section::::Earlier British First World War casualties.

paragraph: While Parr is believed to be the first British Army soldier to have been killed in action, he was not the first such British Armed Forces casualty during the war, as on 6 August 1914 the British cruiser hit a German mine and sank, killing about 150 sailors of the Royal Navy. Nor was he the first British soldier to lose his life in the conflict, as several had been killed by friendly fire and accidental shootings after the declaration of war but before troops were sent overseas, beginning with Cpl. Arthur Rawson on 9 August 1914.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Hadley, a British civilian, sometimes said to be the "first British casualty" of the war, died on 5 August 1914 after being shot by a German soldier two days earlier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Mayer, the first Imperial German Army soldier killed, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jules Andre Peugeot, the first French Army soldier killed, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Bethel Gresham, Thomas Enright, and Merle Hay, the first three US Army soldiers killed, 1917

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Edwin Ellison, the last British Army soldier killed in World War I, at 9:30 a.m. 11 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustin Trébuchon, last French soldier killed, at 10:45 a.m. 11 November

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Lawrence Price, last British Empire soldier killed in World War I, 10:58 a.m. 11 November.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Gunther, last soldier killed in World War I, at 10:59 a.m. 11 November.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Chris. "Firsts and lasts"

description: British soldier of World War I

wikidata_label: John Parr

wikipedia_title: John Parr (British Army soldier)


text:
agronomist
plant breeder
Second World War
Nazi government
Müncheberg
East Germany
Gatersleben
Trofim Lysenko
Soviet Union
University of Göttingen
Agricultural University of Berlin
Erwin Baur
Fritz von Wettstein
Elisabeth Schiemann
germplasm
Lysenkoism
Günther Niethammer

categories: Members of the Provisional Volkskammer,Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Members of the 7th Volkskammer,Members of the 4th Volkskammer,Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany,Members of the 6th Volkskammer,1989 deaths,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold,1902 births,Cultural Association of the GDR members,German agronomists,Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin,Members of the 8th Volkskammer,People from Berlin,Members of the 5th Volkskammer,Members of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

paragraph: Hans Stubbe

paragraph: Hans Karl Oskar Stubbe (7 March 1902 - 14 May 1989) was a German agronomist and plant breeder. During the Second World War he was dismissed by the Nazi government from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Breeding Research in Müncheberg in 1936. After the war he went to work in East Germany where he was the founding director of the Institute for Cultivated Plant Research (which started as the Institut für Kulturpflanzenforschung in Vienna) in Gatersleben. He stood up against the ideas of Trofim Lysenko and prevented East German genetics from being influenced by politics that had caused damage in the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Stubbe was born in 1902 at Berlin where his father was a school inspector. He studied agriculture and biology at the University of Göttingen and the Agricultural University of Berlin. He became a student of Erwin Baur at the Institute for Inheritance Research in Berlin where he worked on a doctoral thesis on mutagenesis in 1929. He then joined the newly established Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Breeding Research in Müncheberg but after about nine years he was dismissed when the Nazi party came into power. For a while he worked with Fritz von Wettstein at the Institut für Kulturpflanzenforschung in Vienna. Wettstein wished to recruit Elisabeth Schiemann to head the institute but Stubbe objected to the idea of men working under her. He made major expeditions to collect germplasm of wild and cultivated plants from around Europe both with civilian and military objectives. Stubbe worked on using X-rays to produce useful mutations in barley. Along with Gustav Becker and Kurt Mothes, Stubbe ensured that Lysenkoism did not take root in East Germany.

paragraph: Despite his anti-fascist views, Stubbe defended his friend Günther Niethammer and wrote a letter in 1947 exonerating the latter of any wilful participation with the Nazis at Auschwitz. After the Second World War Stubbe became director of the Institute for Cultivated Plant Research in Gatersleben. Stubbe died in 1989 in Zingst. He was succeeded at Gatersleben by his student Helmut Böhme.

description: German geneticist and agronomist

wikidata_label: Hans Karl Oskar Stubbe

wikipedia_title: Hans Stubbe


text:
critic
Rennes
Collège Louis le Grand
Paris
rhetoric
Collège des Quatre-Nations
tragedy
Théâtre Français
Élie Fréron
Voltaire
Thomas Royou
Reign of Terror
Journal des Débats
Jean Racine

categories: Voltaire,1743 births,French literary critics,University of Paris faculty,1814 deaths

paragraph: Julien Louis Geoffroy

paragraph: Julien Louis Geoffroy (17 August 1743 – 27 February 1814) was a French literary critic.

paragraph: He was born at Rennes, and educated there and at the Collège Louis le Grand in Paris. He took orders and for some time was a mere usher, eventually becoming professor of rhetoric at the Collège des Quatre-Nations. His tragedy, "Caton", was accepted at the Théâtre Français, but was never performed. On the death of Élie Fréron in 1776 the other collaborators in the "Année littéraire" asked Geoffroy to succeed him, and he conducted the journal until its closure in 1792.

paragraph: Geoffroy was a bitter critic of Voltaire and his followers, and made for himself many enemies. An enthusiastic royalist, he published, with Fréron's brother-in-law, the abbé Thomas Royou (1741–1792), a journal, "L'Ami du roi" (1790–1792), which possibly did more harm than good to the king's cause by its ill-advised partisanship. During the Reign of Terror, Geoffroy hid in the neighbourhood of Paris, only returning in 1799.

paragraph: An attempt to revive the "Année littéraire" failed, and Geoffroy undertook the position of theatre critic of the "Journal des Débats". His scathing criticisms had a success of notoriety, but their popularity was ephemeral, and the publication of them (5 vols., 1819–1820) as "Cours de littérature dramatique" proved a failure. He was also the author of a perfunctory "Commentaire" on the works of Jean Racine prefixed to Lenormant's edition (1808).

description: French journalist and literary critic

wikidata_label: Julien Louis Geoffroy

wikipedia_title: Julien Louis Geoffroy


text: linguist

text: Brignoles

text: Draguignan

text: department

text: Var

text: Legislative Assembly

text: Girondist

text: Institut de France

text: Comédie-Française

text: Geoffroy

text: Académie française

text: Académie française

text: department

text: Var

text: Corps législatif

text: Napoleon

text: Romanticism

text: Provençal

text: Romance linguistics

text: Latin

text: Passy

text: Legion of Honour

text: 16th arrondissement of Paris

text: Brignoles

text: secondary school ("lycée")

text: Read online

text: read online

text: Tome 1

text: Tome 2, A-C

text: Tome 3, D-K

text: Tome 4, L-P

text: Tome 5, Q-Z

text: Tome 6, Appendice, vocabulaire

categories: 19th-century French dramatists and playwrights,Burials at Passy Cemetery,Occitan linguists,Romance philologists,18th-century French dramatists and playwrights,1836 deaths,People from Var (department),Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Members of the Académie française,1761 births,French philologists

paragraph: François Just Marie Raynouard

paragraph: François Just Marie Raynouard (18 September 1761 – 27 October 1836) was a French dramatist and linguist.

paragraph: Raynouard was born at Brignoles in Provence, trained for the bar, and practiced at Draguignan. In 1791 he represented the department of Var in the Legislative Assembly, but after the fall of his party, the Girondists, he went into hiding. Discovered and imprisoned in Paris, he wrote his play "Caton d'Utique" (1794) during his imprisonment.

paragraph: In 1803 he won the Institut de France's poetry prize. "Éléonore de Bavière" and "Les Templiers" were accepted by the Comédie-Française. "Les Templiers" was produced in 1805, and, over the opposition of Geoffroy, was a great success. Elected to the Académie française in 1807, elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1816, Raynouard was admitted "secrétaire perpétuel" of the Académie française in 1817. From 1806 to 1814 he represented the department of Var in the Corps législatif.

paragraph: Raynouard wrote other plays, one of which, "Les États de Blois" (acted 1810), offended Napoleon by its freedom of speech. Realizing that the public taste had changed and that Romanticism would triumph, Raynouard abandoned the stage and devoted himself to linguistic studies. His researches into Provençal were to an extent inaccurate, but his enthusiasm and perseverance opened the way for the study of the subject.

paragraph: Raynouard is sometimes called the founder of Romance linguistics, although his contribution was marked by a fundamental misconception: he believed that the Romance languages were derived from a common post-Latin language, which he called "le roman", and not directly from Latin, as is in fact the case. Raynouard's chief works are "Choix de poésies originales des troubadours" (6 vols., 1816–1821), of which the sixth volume, "Grammaire comparée des langues de l'Europe latine, dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours" (1821), was separately published; "Lexique roman ou dictionnaire de la langue des troubadours comparée avec les autres langues de l'Europe latine" (6 vols., 1838–1844). He spent the last years of his life at Passy.

paragraph: Raynouard was Officer of the Legion of Honour. In the 16th arrondissement of Paris, a street and a square have been named after him. In Brignoles, a monument pays tribute to him near the house he was born in, and the secondary school ("lycée") and a boulevard have been named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Theatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caton d’Utique", tragedy, 1794

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Templiers", tragedy, premiered at the Comédie-Française le 24 floréal an XIII (14 May 1805). Read online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Éléonore de Bavière", tragedy, 1805

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les États de Blois ou la mort du duc de Guise", tragedy, 1809

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Carlos", tragedy, non-presented

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Débora", tragedy, non-presented

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles Ier", tragey, non-presented

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeanne d’Arc à Orléans", tragedy, non-presented

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Socrate dans le temple d’Aglaure", 1803 read online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'immolation des templiers"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:History.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recherches sur l’antiquité de la langue romane", 1816

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Éléments de la grammaire de la langue romane", 1816

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Grammaire des troubadours", 1816

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Des troubadours et les cours d’amour", 1817

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grammaire comparée des langues de l’Europe latine dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours", 1821

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Choix des poésies originales des troubadours", 6 vol., 1816–1821

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lexique de la langue des troubadours", 1824

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire du droit municipal en France, sous la domination romaine et sous les trois dynasties", 1829

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouveau choix des poésies originales des troubadours", 1836–1844

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lexique roman", 6 vol., 1838–1844

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tome 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tome 2, A-C

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tome 3, D-K

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tome 4, L-P

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tome 5, Q-Z

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tome 6, Appendice, vocabulaire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Sourcesbr

description: French writer

wikidata_label: François Just Marie Raynouard

wikipedia_title: François Just Marie Raynouard


text:
American football
linebacker
National Football League
Green Bay Packers
2003 NFL Draft
Chicago Bears
Montgomery Bell Academy
college football
Vanderbilt University
TheStreet.com
Montgomery Bell Academy
linebacker
defensive end
tight end
punter
Brian Urlacher
Lance Briggs
Brian Urlacher
injured reserve list
Detroit Lions
Kellogg School of Management
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois
Monday Night Football
St. Louis Rams
Alex Brown
Triple H
Fox News Chicago
Tim Floyd
Iowa State
Chicago Bulls
Southern California
chef
Tennessee

categories: 1980 births,Vanderbilt Commodores football players,Chicago Bears players,Players of American football from Tennessee,American football linebackers,Sportspeople from Nashville, Tennessee,Living people

paragraph: Hunter Hillenmeyer

paragraph: Hunter Taverner Hillenmeyer (born October 28, 1980) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft and played for the Chicago Bears from 2003 to 2010. Hillenmeyer attended high school at Montgomery Bell Academy and played college football at Vanderbilt University.

paragraph: He is also a columnist for TheStreet.com.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Growing up in Nashville, Hillenmeyer attended Harding Academy before moving onto Montgomery Bell Academy (MBA). Hillenmeyer was a two-time All-state, All-region and All-district selection at Montgomery Bell Academy playing linebacker, defensive end, tight end and punter for the Big Red, including the school's 1998 state championship team. He lettered 3 years in football, 3 years in track and 2 years in tennis.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Hillenmeyer was a four-year letterwinner at Vanderbilt (1999–2002) where he saw action in 45 games, starting the final 23 (every contest from 2000–02) and tallying 249 tackles (165 solos) and 6.5 sacks. As a senior, Hillenmeyer was 1 of 6 Division I-A football National Scholar-Athletes earned First-team All-SEC and First-team Academic All-America honors while leading nation in tackles per game (14.0).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Hillenmeyer signed with the Bears after being cut by the Packers at the end of the 2003 preseason. Hillenmeyer spent most of 2003 playing special teams for the Bears, he tied for 5th on Chicago with 12 special teams tackles as a rookie, playing 13 games on special teams. He became the starter at strong side linebacker in 2004 starting 11 games while appearing in all 16 and making 90 tackles and 2.5 sacks. In 2005, he had 71 tackles including 5 TFLs, 1 sack, 1 INT and 2 PBUs while starting 12 of the first 13 games at SLB before a thumb injury sidelined him for the final 3 regular season games. On June 30, 2006, the Bears signed Hillenmeyer to a five-year, $13 million contract extension through 2010 that included a $5 million signing bonus. That season, he started 13 games at strongside linebacker, finishing with 68 tackles, 2 TFLs, 1 fumble recovery and a career-high 3 PBUs. In 2007, he played in all 16 games for the second time in his career, starting a career-high 14 contests and had a career-high 101 tackles, and registered 5 QB Hits, 3 TFLs, 2 PBUs, 1 forced fumble and 1 fumble recovery. In 2008 Hillenmeyer played 13 games, starting six. Along with All-Pro linebackers Brian Urlacher and Lance Briggs, the Bears were thought to have one of the best linebacking corps in the league. The Chicago Sun-Times has called Hillenmeyer "underrated". Hillenmeyer replaced Brian Urlacher at middle linebacker for the Bears after Urlacher's season-ending wrist injury in Week 1 of the 2009 season, making 90 tackles, 2.5 sacks, 1 interception and forcing four fumbles. On September 14, 2010, Hillenmeyer was placed on the Bears injured reserve list after sustaining a severe concussion in the team's season opener against the Detroit Lions. He was released by the Bears on February 28, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hillenmeyer is currently pursuing a Part-Time MBA program at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. In announcing the defensive starters for a 2006 Monday Night Football game against the St. Louis Rams, Bears teammate Alex Brown nicknamed the linebacker "Triple H" Hunter Hillenmeyer. An interview with Fox News Chicago revealed that Hillenmeyer is married to the daughter of Tim Floyd, former coach of the Iowa State, Chicago Bulls, and Southern California men's basketball teams. Hillenmeyer's father is a chef and restaurant owner in Tennessee. Hillenmeyer currently owns a company called OverDog, which allows fans to compete against pro athletes in video games over a mobile app.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Hunter Hillenmeyer

wikipedia_title: Hunter Hillenmeyer


text: Moscow

text: bass

text: Honored Artist of the Republic

text: Honored Artist of the RSFSR

text: Rostov-on-Don

text: Kharkov

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Russian Empire

text: Vladivostok

text: cabaret

text: His Excellency

text: Lieutenant Kijé

text: Late for a Date

text: Belgoskino

text: In the Name of Life

text: Cinderella

text: World War Two

text: Filmhub Biography

categories: Russian opera singers,Soviet male film actors,20th-century opera singers,1872 births,Operatic basses,Soviet opera singers,Russian Jews,Soviet male stage actors,Russian male stage actors,Russian male film actors,1948 deaths,Belarusfilm films,20th-century Russian male actors,Russian basses

paragraph: Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor)

paragraph: Mikhail Antonovich Rostovtsev (22 October 1872 – 19 April 1948, Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet bass, opera and operetta singer, stage actor and film actor. He was made an Honored Artist of the Republic (1927) and an Honored Artist of the RSFSR ( 1936 ).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the eighteenth child of a Jewish watchmaker and from 1881 onwards lived and went to school in Rostov-on-Don. He sang in the Lyubetskii (Rostov-on-Don) synagogue choir for nine years and from 1884 onwards was an opera dancer.

paragraph: He joined various popular music ensembles from 1888 onwards before taking the stage name Protsenko. From 1890 to 1894 he performed in the Ukrainian troupes led by Derkach and Kropyvnytskyi. He later appeared in Kharkov, from 1897 in Moscow and from 1900 in Saint Petersburg. He also set up his own troupe, which toured the Russian Empire. He made his operetta debut in 1901 with the stage name Rostovtsev. Up until 1919 he appeared in major operetta ensembles in Vladivostok, Moscow and Saint Petersburg as well as singing in cabarets

paragraph: From 1923 onwards he performed at the Maly Petrograd State Academic Theatre ( MALEGOT ) and GATOB, where he was a master in musical comedy and improvisation. He also appeared in several films such as "His Excellency" (1928), "Lieutenant Kijé" (1934), "Late for a Date" (1936) (all produced by Belgoskino), "In the Name of Life" (1947) and "Cinderella" (1947) and served with hospital and fighting units during World War Two.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akademic (Russian language site) biography of Rostovtsev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Filmhub Biography

description: Soviet actor and opera singer (1872-1948)

wikidata_label: Mikhail Rostovtsev

wikipedia_title: Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor)


text: German

text: race driver

text: VLN

text: Porsche 911

text: Nürburgring

text: Aston Martin V8 Vantage

text: smoke inhalation

text: seventh person

text: Großheubach

text: Queen Victoria

text: German Empress Friedrich

text: Princely House of Lowenstein

text: Act of Settlement

text: Oslo

text: Laudenbach am Main

text: Bavaria

text: List of Nürburgring fatal accidents

categories: Sportspeople from Frankfurt,German racing drivers,2010 deaths,Racing drivers killed while racing,1966 births,Heirs apparent who never acceded,German Roman Catholics,Sport deaths in Germany,House of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg,Princes of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg

paragraph: Leo Löwenstein

paragraph: Carl Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (30 September 1966 – 24 April 2010), better known by his racing alias Leonhard "Leo" Löwenstein, was a German prince and endurance race driver participating in the VLN.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Löwenstein drove his first race 2006 in the ADAC "Chevy" Egons 500 in the Nordschleife GP in a Porsche 911 at the Nürburgring.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: During the third round of the VLN-long-distance championship of 2010, his Aston Martin V8 Vantage overturned and hit a guardrail and the rear of his car went up in flames. Efforts to extricate him from the wreck were futile, and despite instant rescue efforts, he died at the accident scene of smoke inhalation.

paragraph: He is the seventh person to have died during the German Endurance Championship since 1977.

paragraph: His funeral took place on 30 April 2010 at the family tomb at the Engelberg Monastery in Großheubach. The burial was preceded by a funeral service at the Church of the Holy Trinity in Kleinheubach.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Löwenstein was the eldest son and heir to Alois-Konstantin, 9th Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, who became Hereditary Prince in 1990 upon the death of his grandfather. He was a great-great-great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria through descent from her eldest daughter, the German Empress Friedrich (although as heir to the Roman Catholic branch of the Princely House of Lowenstein he may have been barred by the Act of Settlement from eligibility for succession to the British throne).

paragraph: He married "Stephanie" Sophie Marie Coletta von Brenken (born 1970) in a civil ceremony on 16 May 1998 at Kleinheubach Castle, and in a religious ceremony on 8 August 1998 at Erpernburg Castle. The couple had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HSH" Princess "Augustina" Sophia Carolina Dominique Anastasia Rosa Kiliana Margarethe Maria, born 8 July 1999 in Oslo,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HSH" Hereditary Prince "Nicodemus" Hieronymus Alois Georg Hubertus Mario Hugo Eusebius Maria, born 2 August 2001 in Oslo,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HSH" Prince "Laurentius" Christophorus Alois Georg Andreas Benedictus Carl Hubertus Fatima Maria, born 13 February 2006 in Frankfurt,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HSH" Princess "Kiliane" Olympia Anastasia Rosa Pilar Philippa Josefine Magdalena Maria, born 23 May 2008 in Frankfurt.

paragraph: Löwenstein and his family lived in the village of Laudenbach am Main in Bavaria, where they ran a vineyard.

paragraph: His aunt, Princess Marie Christine of Prussia, was killed in an auto accident in 1966, four months before his birth.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Nürburgring fatal accidents

description: German racing driver

wikidata_label: Leo Löwenstein

wikipedia_title: Leo Löwenstein


text:
smallholder
Fåberg
Ludvig Vibe
Amalie Skram
Kongsberg
Kristiania
Sigurd Høst
Bergen
Gunnar Høst
Else Høst
Oxford University
Canada
Jacob Gløersen
Ole Kristian Gløersen
Borre
decare
Åsgårdstrand
Nikolai Astrup
Edvard Munch
Ludvig Ravensberg
Amalie Skram
Urd
Frisprog

categories: People from Horten,People from Bergen,1982 deaths,Norwegian writers,1892 births,Norwegian expatriates in Canada,Norwegian farmers

paragraph: Inger Alver Gløersen

paragraph: Inger Wenche Alver Gløersen (15 May 1892 – 2 March 1982) was a Norwegian smallholder and writer.

paragraph: She was born in Fåberg to teacher Johan Ludvig Alver (1848–1897) and Isabella Vibe (1870–1937). She was a great-granddaughter of Ludvig Vibe and a niece of Amalie Skram, née Amalie Alver. Her family lived in Kongsberg and Kristiania during her youth. After the death of her father, her mother married Sigurd Høst (1866–1939). In 1900 the family moved to Bergen. In the same year she became a half-sister of the newly born Gunnar Høst, who later married Else Høst.

paragraph: Inger Alver finished middle school in Bergen before studying briefly at Oxford University. In 1919 in Canada she married forester Toralf Gløersen (1884–1959), who was a nephew of painter Jacob Gløersen and first cousin once removed of writer Ole Kristian Gløersen. In the 1920s she returned to Norway and settled at the farm Glenne in Borre, with only 42 decares of crop. The marriage was dissolved, but she lived together with her son, who worked at the farm and as manager of the museum in Åsgårdstrand.

paragraph: After turning sixty years old Inger Alver Gløersen started writing books. Her literary début was "Nikolai Astrup" (1954, about Nikolai Astrup), and her best-known book is "Den Munch jeg møtte" (1956, about Edvard Munch). She later released "Mefisto i Djævelklubben, Boken om maleren Ravensberg" (1958, about Ludvig Ravensberg) and "Min faster Amalie Skram" (1965, about Amalie Skram). All books were based on personal experiences. She also wrote in magazines like "Urd" and "Frisprog". She died in March 1982 in Borre.

description: Norwegian writer

wikidata_label: Inger Alver Gløersen

wikipedia_title: Inger Alver Gløersen


text:
pharmacologist
Meyer-Overton hypothesis
general anaesthetic
glucuronic acid
tetanus
Insterburg
East Prussia
Chernyakhovsk
Königsberg
Leipzig
Berlin
Doctor of medicine
Oswald Schmiedeberg
pharmacology
Strasbourg
Tartu
Estonia
Marburg
Emil Adolf von Behring
Otto Loewi
Nobel prize in physiology or medicine
Graz
George Hoyt Whipple
Corneille Heymans
Carl Ferdinand Cori
National Socialism
embolectomy
pulmonary embolism
suicide
Jewish
German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Aryan
Kurt Heinrich Meyer
BASF
University of Geneva
Edmond Henri Fischer
Edwin Gerhard Krebs
Horst Meyer (physicist)
Duke University
glucuronic acid
camphor
lipophilicity
Charles Ernest Overton
tetanus toxin
motor neuron
incubation time
antibodies
drug regulation
Bernhard Naunyn

categories: People from the Province of Prussia,Leipzig University alumni,1853 births,People from Insterburg,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,German pharmacologists,1939 deaths

paragraph: Hans Horst Meyer

paragraph: Hans Horst Meyer (March 17, 1853 – October 6, 1939) was a German pharmacologist. He studied medicine and did research in pharmacology. The Meyer-Overton hypothesis on the mode of action on general anaesthetics is partially named after him. He also discovered the importance of glucuronic acid as a reaction partner for drugs, and the mode of action of tetanus toxin on the body.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Meyer was born in Insterburg, East Prussia (now Chernyakhovsk, Russia). He studied medicine in Königsberg, Leipzig, Berlin and again in Königsberg. After his promotion to Doctor of medicine in Königsberg he worked with Oswald Schmiedeberg, one of the founders of pharmacology as an independent scientific discipline, in Strasbourg. In 1881 he was appointed to the Chair of Pharmacology in Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia). Also in 1881, he married Doris née Boehm. Together they had three sons, Kurt Heinrich (1883–1952), Arthur Woldemar (1885–1933) and Friedrich Horst (1889–1894).

paragraph: Between 1884 and 1904 Meyer occupied the Chair of Pharmacology in Marburg where he worked with Emil Adolf von Behring and Otto Loewi, winner of the 1936 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine. In 1904, Meyer moved to Vienna, and Loewi joined him until he was appointed to the Chair of Pharmacology in Graz. Ernst Peter Pick joined the department in 1911. Pick would later succeed Meyer as Chair. During Meyer's time in Vienna, he worked with three scientists who would eventually win the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. George Hoyt Whipple won the award in 1934, Corneille Heymans won in 1938 and Carl Ferdinand Cori captured the Nobel prize in 1947. Meyer retired in 1924 and remained in Vienna.

paragraph: Meyer's later life was impacted by National Socialism. His second son, Arthur was a well-known surgeon in Berlin who was one of the first to successfully carry out surgical embolectomy in massive pulmonary embolism. On November 14, 1933, Arthur shot his wife and then committed suicide. Arthur's wife was Jewish, and allegations were made that he was also Jewish. In 1938, Meyer and Pick were expelled from the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina as "non-Aryan". After this, Pick emigrated to the United States. Meyer died the same year in Vienna.

paragraph: Meyer’s eldest son, Kurt Heinrich Meyer, was research director of BASF from 1920 to 1929 later served as a professor of chemistry of the University of Geneva. He supervised the doctoral thesis of Edmond Henri Fischer, who with Edwin Gerhard Krebs won the Nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 1992. Horst Meyer (physicist), the son of Meyer's second son Arthur, was adopted by Kurt after Arthur's death. He grew up in Geneva, where he studied Physics at the University and in 1959 joined the Physics faculty of Duke University, in Durham, NC, where he became Emeritus professor in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific achievements.

paragraph: Meyer is best remembered for three discoveries. With Schmiedeberg, he discovered glucuronic acid as the most important reaction partner of drugs (in his case, a metabolite of camphor). He also discovered a relationship between the lipophilicity of general anaesthetics and their potency. Meyer concluded that lipophilicity was the essential factor in the effectiveness of an anaesthetic. These findings were summarized in three papers in "Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie" by Meyer and his coworker Fritz Baum, published in 1899. A year later, Charles Ernest Overton (1865–1933) independently came to the same conclusion. This correlation became known as the "Meyer-Overton hypothesis". It has been called the most influential correlation in anaesthesia Meyer also discovered that tetanus toxin acts on the central nervous system and is transported there from the periphery via the motor neurons. This explains why the incubation time always takes several hours, and why therapy with antibodies is of limited value.

paragraph: Meyer and Rudolf Gottlieb wrote a major German pharmacology textbook that was published in nine editions between 1910 and 1936. he also played an important role in the development and implementation of drug regulation in Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Meyer received many awards and honors over the course of his career, at many different levels. One of the highest honors he received was the founding of the 'Hans Meyer Medal' on his 70th birthday by the Vienna Academy of Sciences. This medal was to be awarded every fifth year for the most important pharmacological contribution published in German. A volume of the "Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie", edited by Bernhard Naunyn, was also dedicated to Meyer on his 70th birthday. These items, personal papers, and other memorabilia relating to Meyer's career are in the possession of the Collections at Duke University's Rubenstein Library.

description: German pharmacologist

wikidata_label: Hans Horst Meyer

wikipedia_title: Hans Horst Meyer


text:
Fifth dynasty of Egypt
Djedkare Isesi
Senedjemib Mehi
Unas
Khufu
Maat
Djedkare Isesi
Senedjemib Mehi

paragraph: Senedjemib Inti

paragraph: Senedjemib Inti was a vizier from the Fifth dynasty of Egypt during the reign of king Djedkare Isesi.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Senedjemib Inti was married to a lady named Tjefi. Senedjemib Inti and Tjefi had several children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senedjemib Mehi was the eldest son of Inti and Tjefi. Mehi served as vizier, likely under Unas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fetekti (?) - The middle of three sons depicted with their parents in a marsh scene was likely called Fetekti. This person may be identical to Kakherptah Feteki (G 5560) who was a judge and administrator, overseer of the Memphite and Letopolite nomes, inspector of wab-priests of the pyramid of Khufu, overseer of new settlements of the pyramid of Isesi, overseer of scribes, great one of the tens of Upper Egypt, pre-eminent of place, director of scribes connected with the moon, and priest of Maat.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khnumenti, likely second son of Inti and Tjefi. Served under Unas and later in his career Khnumenti served as vizier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niankhmin is depicted in Inti's tomb and served as a lector priest in his father's funerary establishment.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Senedjemib Inti was buried in mastaba G 2370 in Giza.

paragraph: Decrees from Djedkare Isesi to Senedjemib Inti were found inscribed on the walls of his tomb. In the decrees, Isesi praises the actions of his official, which was a source of pride for Senedjemib Inti's family. Unsurprisingly thus, Senedjemib Inti or his son Senedjemib Mehi commissioned their inscriptions on the walls of the tomb.

paragraph: One royal decree is addressed to the chief justice overseer of all works of the king and overseer of scribes of royal documents, Senedjemib. This decree mentions the planning of a court or a pool within the precincts of the jubilee palace built for Isesi's "sed" festival. The palace may have bore the name ""Lotus-of-Isesi"". although this is debated. This decree is likely dated to the year of the 16th cattle count, 4th month of the 3rd season, day 28. A second letter to Senedjemib Inti concerns a draft of the inscriptions of a structure called the ""Sacred Marriage Chapel of Isesi"" which could be a chapel to Hathor.

paragraph: Senedjemib Inti died during the reign of Djedkare Isesi. Inscriptions in the tomb of Inti describe how his son, Senedjemib Mehi, asks and receives permission to bring a sarcophagus from Tura. Senedjemib Mehi would later follow in his father's footsteps and become vizier.

description: Ancient Egyptian vizier

wikidata_label: Senedjemib Inti

wikipedia_title: Senedjemib Inti


text:
loyalist
Belfast
Northern Ireland
Ulster Defence Association
Ulster Volunteer Force
feud within loyalism
Protestant
Shankill Road
West Belfast Brigade
Johnny Adair
Crumlin Road
Stephen McKeag
domestic violence
Loyalist Volunteer Force
Billy Wright
Progressive Unionist Party
Gusty Spence
Maze prison
Land Rover Discovery
Jackie Mahood
Progressive Unionist Party
John White
Frank McCoubrey
Roselawn Cemetery
republican
Ardoyne
Tommy English
Police Service of Northern Ireland
List of unsolved deaths

categories: People from Belfast,Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland,Ulster Defence Association members,1954 births,2000 deaths

paragraph: Jackie Coulter (loyalist)

paragraph: Jackie Coulter (22 May 1954 – 21 August 2000) was a loyalist from Belfast, Northern Ireland who held the rank of lieutenant in the loyalist paramilitary group the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). He was killed by the rival loyalist paramilitary organisation the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), as the result of a feud within loyalism.

paragraph: Section::::Paramilitary activity.

paragraph: Coulter, brought up as a Protestant, and a native of the loyalist Shankill Road area of Belfast joined the UDA at an unknown date as a member of his local West Belfast Brigade. He acquired the rank of Lieutenant and was described as being a close ally of UDA brigadier and leading loyalist Johnny Adair. He resided in St Mary's Court, a side street between the Shankill Road and the Crumlin Road and was married to wife Agnes having four children.

paragraph: Coulter was recognised as the commander of "C3A Commandos", a unit of C Company, the lower Shankill section of the West Belfast Brigade. He was also known to act as a driver for Johnny Adair. One of Coulter's children, his daughter Tracey, lived with Stephen McKeag for a time although the relationship soured amid allegations of domestic violence. Coulter had complained to Adair about his daughter's treatment shortly before his death and in response Adair sent a punishment squad to his former friend's home with McKeag beaten severely and expelled from C Company.

paragraph: Section::::Loyalist feud.

paragraph: Before Coulter's death, tension between the two main loyalist paramilitary had been building. The cause of the feud was attributed to the actions of Johnny Adair and his alliance with the dissident loyalist faction the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF).The UVF had a tense relationship with the LVF since its formation as a breakaway group from the UVF led by Billy Wright.

paragraph: Amidst an atmosphere of increasing tension in the area, Adair decided to host a "Loyalist Day of Culture" on the Shankill on Saturday, 19 August 2000, which saw around a dozen new murals officially unveiled in his lower Shankill powerbase. The UVF leadership, who had been given assurances that no LVF regalia would be displayed on the Shankill on the day of the parade, as well as the rest of the UDA outside of Adair's "C Company", Adair obtained a LVF flag which he planned to have unfurled as the parade passed the Rex Bar, a bar located in the middle of the Shankill Road and which is associated with the UVF, with the obvious intent of antagonising the UVF. Adair waited until the majority of the parade had made its way up the Shankill Road before initiating the provocative gesture of having the LVF flag unfurled outside the Rex. When this happened skirmishes broke out between UVF members who had been standing outside the premises watching the parade and those who had unfurled the contentious flag. Prior to this the atmosphere at the Rex had been relaxed, with the UVF spectators even joining in to sing UDA songs along to the tunes of the UDA-aligned flute bands that accompanied the approximately 10,000 UDA marchers on their parade up the Shankill. But bitter fighting ensued, with around 300 C Company (the name given to the lower Shankill unit of the UDA's West Belfast Brigade) members attacking the patrons of the Rex, initially with hand weapons such as bats and iron bars, before they shot up the bar as its patrons barricaded themselves inside. Also targeted with gunfire was the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) headquarters that faced the pub. C Company then went on the rampage in the lower Shankill, attacking the houses of known UVF members and their families, including the home of veteran UVF leader Gusty Spence, and evicting the inhabitants at gunpoint as they wrecked, stole property and set fire to homes. Coulter had played no part in any of the violence as by that point his only real involvement in loyalism was working on behalf of the welfare of UDA prisoners. He regularly drove a bus carrying prisoners' families to the Maze prison on visiting days.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Two days later, on 21 August, the UVF initiated retaliation for the UDA's action. Parked in a Land Rover Discovery outside a bookmakers on the Crumlin Road with former UVF member Bobby Mahood, Coulter was spotted by a young, inexperienced UVF gunman. Ironically, the two men were believed to have been discussing a solution for easing the recent tension between the two groups. Coulter was killed instantly in the attack and Mahood died a few hours later. The target of the attack had actually been Jackie Mahood, a leading figure in the Belfast LVF, with the inexperienced gunman mistaking Bobby Mahood for his brother. Although the killing was not directly claimed by the UVF the Progressive Unionist Party, the UVF's political wing, admitted that the UVF had been behind the killings. Both Adair and John White arrived on the scene in the immediate aftermath of the shooting and held an impromptu press conference in which they blamed the killings on the UVF.

paragraph: Coulter's funeral was held four days later on 25 August. Notable figures from within loyalism attended the funeral, including John White and Frank McCoubrey. All six brigades of the UDA were represented and the LVF was represented by one of its senior members Gary Fulton, who laid a wreath. In all, around 1000 people attended the funeral.

paragraph: The funeral left Coulter's home on St Mary's Court on the Shankill. The cortege briefly stopped at the spot where Coulter was killed outside a betting shop on the Crumlin Road. A flatbed lorry containing floral tributes with blacked out number plates led the cortege. Businesses along the route were closed and there was a heavy police and army presence in the back streets around the Shankill in case of trouble. Coulter was buried in Roselawn Cemetery where a UDA statement expressing "disgust at the cowardly and brutal murder" was read out.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: The UDA avenged Coulter's death by killing 22-year-old UVF member Sam Rocket at his girlfriend's home at Summer Street in the Oldpark Road area of Belfast. The Lower Oldpark, a small loyalist enclave close to the republican Cliftonville and Ardoyne areas, was known as a stronghold of Adair's C Company. Rocket like Coulter was also buried at Roselawn Cemetery. The feud continued on as more killings were carried on until its end in November 2000 including that of UDA member Tommy English. Coulter is commemorated on a wall mural in Boundary Way on the Lower Shankill.

paragraph: One of Coulter's daughters, Tracey, in 2009, had her home attacked on two occasions and received death threats from the UVF. She believed the attacks were linked to an investigation into the circumstances surrounding her father's death.

paragraph: In May 2012,Tracey Coulter gave an interview stating that although her family had given permission at the time for the police to retain part of her father's skull for investigative purposes, they received a letter from the Police Service of Northern Ireland telling her that more body parts of her deceased father may have been retained.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of unsolved deaths

description: UDA member

wikidata_label: Jackie Coulter

wikipedia_title: Jackie Coulter (loyalist)


text: Irish

text: botanist

text: algologist

text: botanical illustrator

text: Cobh

text: Robert Ball

text: Mary Ball

text: natural history

text: Cobh

text: Youghal

text: Dublin

text: algologist

text: William Henry Harvey

text: James Mackay

text: William Harvey

text: Clontarf

text: hydroids

text: William Thompson

text: The Natural History of Ireland

text: University College Cork

text: Ulster Museum

text: Kew Gardens

text: Natural History Museum

categories: People from Cobh,19th-century Irish painters,Phycologists,19th-century women scientists,19th-century Irish people,1872 deaths,Women in technology,1808 births,Botanical illustrators,Irish botanists,Women phycologists

paragraph: Anne Elizabeth Ball

paragraph: Anne Elizabeth Ball (1808–1872) was an Irish botanist, amateur algologist, and botanical illustrator. Born in Cobh 1808, Ball was a sister of naturalist Robert Ball (1802–1857) and zoologist Mary Ball (1812–1898). The siblings became interested in natural history through the passion of their father, Bob Stawell Ball.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: In 1818, Anne Ball moved from her birthplace of Cobh to Youghal, another seaport town in County Cork, with her family and it was here that Ball, in her early twenties, began to collect and study marine algae. In 1837, her sister and father moved away from Cork to Dublin, where she resided until her death. Anne continued her algae collecting in Dublin and, although not a member of the Dublin scientific societies, Anne established herself as a successful algologist. However, as was then the custom, her work was published by male naturalists such as William Henry Harvey (a friend of her brother's), James Mackay, and others. However these relationships were not entirely one-sided. William Harvey supported and encouraged her work, naming the genus "Ballia" and the species "Cladophora balliana" for her. Ball collected the original specimen of "Cladophora balliana" on 16 May 1843 at Clontarf. They also collaborated on Harvey's "Phycologia Britannica" (1846–1851). Ball also contributed illustrated records of hydroids to William Thompson and these were published in volume four of "The Natural History of Ireland" in 1856.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ball died at home in Belmont Avenue, Dublin, in 1872. She did not marry and her extant collections were later housed in the herbaria at University College Cork; at the Royal (later Irish National) Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, which acquired her drawings of seaweeds and fungi; at the Ulster Museum; and her letters and plants at Kew Gardens The specimens deposited at Kew Gardens were, most likely, transferred to the Natural History Museum, London around 1961 under the terms of the Morton Agreement.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botanical specimens collected by Anne Elizabeth Ball, Botanical Society of the British Isles

alias:
A. E. B.
Miss Ball

description: Irish botanist, algologist, and botanical illustrator

wikidata_label: Anne Elizabeth Ball

wikipedia_title: Anne Elizabeth Ball


text:
motorsport
mechanic
John Cooper
Cooper Car Company
Jack Brabham
World Drivers' Championship
1960 Formula One season
World Constructors' Championships
Malden
Acton
Selwyn Edge
World War I
Royal Army Service Corps
Valenciennes
Armistice with Germany
Surbiton
John Cooper
Kaye Don
MGs
Bugatti
Brooklands
Sunbeam
Silver Bullet
land speed record
Flying Flea
Practical Mechanics
Austin 7
Alfa Romeo
Vauxhall Motors
Eric Brandon
JAP
Stirling Moss
Formula One
V-twin
Formula Three
Harry Schell
1950 Monaco Grand Prix
Owen Maddock
Formula Two
Mike Hawthorn
Jack Brabham

wikipedia_title: List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

wikipedia_title: List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions

categories: British automobile designers,Formula One people,People from Paris,1964 deaths,British Army personnel of World War I,People from New Malden,English motorsport people,1893 births

paragraph: Charles Cooper (motor manufacturer)

paragraph: Charles Newton "Charlie" Cooper (14 October 1893 – 2 October 1964) was a British motorsport mechanic, designer and entrepreneur.

paragraph: With his son John Cooper he founded the Cooper Car Company, which produced a string of successful racing cars through the 1950s and '60s. While John provided the enthusiasm and vigour that drove the Cooper company forward, it was Charles' shrewd business brain that provided the stability – and profitability – that laid the foundation for their sporting success. Regular works driver Jack Brabham won the World Drivers' Championship in both the and 1960 Formula One seasons driving the Coopers' revolutionary mid-engined cars, and the Cooper team itself took the World Constructors' Championships. Although they never again achieved the heights of a World Championship, the Coopers' innovative vehicles left a lasting influence on racing car design. Before 1959 all Formula One World Champions had driven front-engined cars; since 1959 no front-engined car has won the World Championship again.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charles Cooper was born in Paris, France, in 1893 and spent his early years in France and Spain. He was the son of Charles Renard Cooper, a British travelling actor and theatrical manager. His mother was Franco-Spanish, and died when Cooper was very young. Following his mother's death Cooper's father moved Charles, his twin sister Judy and elder sister Lettie back to his native country, and set up a family home in Malden.

paragraph: On leaving school, Charles Cooper was taken on as an apprentice at Napier & Son's engineering works in Acton. It was while working at the Napier plant that Cooper got his first taste of motor sport, working on the racing and record-breaking cars of company director and pioneering driver Selwyn Edge. Soon after completing his apprenticeship World War I broke out. Britain declared war on 3 August 1914, and only three weeks later Cooper enlisted in the Royal Army Service Corps. He saw active service throughout the war, invalided home after being gassed during the capture of Valenciennes in late 1918, only weeks before the signing of the Armistice with Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Inter-war years.

paragraph: During the course of the war Cooper had built a considerable body of experience of practical mechanics on top of his engineering training. Following a short period spent turning a profit by reconditioning war-surplus motorcycles, in 1919 he decided to set up his own garage. He bought a plot of land on Ewell Road in Surbiton, near his family home, and built the business that would form the foundation for his future success. He married Elsie ("née" Paul) in 1922 and the following year their son, John Cooper, was born.

paragraph: During the early years after the Great War Cooper's interest in motorcycles and motor sport brought him into contact with another record-breaking pioneer driver, Kaye Don. Cooper gradually became a key part of Don's racing team. In addition to tending to Don's varied stable of MGs and Bugattis, that were regularly raced at Brooklands, Cooper was also involved in the preparation and running of the Sunbeam "Silver Bullet", Don's 1930 land speed record challenger. In his spare time, Cooper constructed a midget car for his nine-year-old son, with a custom-made chassis and bodywork, powered by a motorcycle engine. He built himself a "Flying Flea" light aircraft from plans published in Practical Mechanics, and in 1936 he constructed a second special for John, now in his early teenage years, this time based on an Austin 7.

paragraph: Cooper's Brooklands connections later blossomed into a partnership with Alfa Romeo racer Ginger Hamilton. With Hamilton's assistance, in 1934 Cooper moved his business to new premises about a mile down the road. The new garage and Vauxhall Motors dealership that Cooper built on wasteland behind 243 Ewell Road, which opened onto Hollyfield Road, was to become the heart of the Cooper operation right through its glory years.

paragraph: Section::::Post World War II.

paragraph: During the war years Cooper kept his business afloat by servicing fire engines. However, when John and his friend Eric Brandon returned from their wartime service in 1946 they decided to use the Coopers' garage facilities to build themselves a racing special to the newly issued National regulations. This project grew into the mainstay of Charles Cooper's business for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: Together, the Coopers concocted a simple but effective design, combining all-independent suspension, a lightweight ladder chassis, and a powerful JAP single cylinder motorcycle engine (secured through Cooper's contacts from his motorcycle repair days). John's 500 cc racer, swiftly followed by a second example built for Brandon, proved to be highly competitive and spawned a rush of interested parties keen to purchase a replica for their own use. In 1948 the Coopers and Brandon manufactured 12 of their first production Cooper 500 cars (the Mark II, or T5) for sale to the public, priced at slightly over £500. Among early purchasers was a young Stirling Moss, who later went on to a successful international Formula One career. Prompted by Spike Rhiando the Coopers also produced a slightly lengthened version that would accept the larger, , V-twin version of the JAP engine.

paragraph: Throughout 1948 Cooper drivers took numerous class wins, race victories and fastest times, and demand grew. Occasionally, in these early years, Cooper himself sometimes drove one of his cars at a race meeting. Although he usually finished well down the order, the blow was softened by the fact that commonly most of the cars finishing ahead of him carried the Cooper badge. The Coopers continued to refine and improve their 500 and 1000 cars for the next decade, with demand boosted still further by the 500's eligibility for the international Formula Three rules introduced in 1950. American driver Harry Schell even entered a Cooper 1000 – fitted with an expanded, engine – for the Formula One-level 1950 Monaco Grand Prix. In 1951 the Cooper Car Company, as it had by then become, manufactured 60 of the Mark V version of the racing cars, and had begun to dabble in larger vehicles.

paragraph: Over the next few years the Coopers, and their new chief designer Owen Maddock, produced cars for many other series. The Cooper Bristol Formula Two cars had some successes, particularly with Mike Hawthorn at the wheel, and the Cooper Bob-tail sports car was frequently unbeatable. Australian racing driver and some-time mechanic Jack Brabham joined the Cooper works team in the mid-1950s, and through his drive and ambition Cooper rapidly began to produce cars that could compete at the highest level. This culminated in Brabham winning the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in and , with the Cooper marque taking the World Constructors' Championship titles.

paragraph: Throughout this time, although son John was the Cooper figurehead and works team manager, Charles as managing director provided a steady hand and sound business acumen that kept the Cooper company financially stable. Following a number of years' declining health Charles Cooper died in late 1964, just under two weeks short of his 71st birthday. John found that he was unable to keep the team going by himself and he sold it less than a year later.

description: British motorsport mechanic (1893-1964)

wikidata_label: Charles Cooper

wikipedia_title: Charles Cooper (motor manufacturer)


text:
St. Joseph's College
Far Eastern University (FEU)
Jean Paul Sartre
Simone de Beauvoir
Han Suyin
Bertrand Russell
Claro M. Recto
Lorenzo Tanada
Renato Constantino
Teodoro Agoncillo
Karl Marx
Mao Zedong
University of the Philippines
First Quarter Storm
Phi Beta Kappa
Kabataang Makabayan
structural inequality
imperialism
feudalism
Binibining Pilipinas
Arellano High School
Isabela
Martial Law
Bicol
Sorsogon
Quezon
Lualhati Bautista
Bienvenido Lumbera's
Inang Laya
Gabriela Silang
Teresa Magbanua
Liliosa Hilao
Vinzons’ Hall
Bantayog ng mga Bayani
GABRIELA
Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr.
Judy Taguiwalo

wikipedia_title:
Saint Joseph's College of Quezon City
Far Eastern University
Jean-Paul Sartre
Simone de Beauvoir
Han Suyin
Bertrand Russell
Claro M. Recto
Lorenzo Tañada
Renato Constantino
Teodoro Agoncillo
Karl Marx
Mao Zedong
University of the Philippines
First Quarter Storm
Phi Beta Kappa
Kabataang Makabayan
Structural inequality
Imperialism
Feudalism
Binibining Pilipinas
Arellano University High School
Isabela (province)
Martial law
Bicol Region
Sorsogon
Quezon
Lualhati Bautista
Bienvenido Lumbera
Protest song
Gabriela Silang
Teresa Magbanua
Liliosa Hilao
Wenceslao Vinzons
Bantayog ng mga Bayani
Gabriela Women's Party
Benigno Aquino Jr.
Judy Taguiwalo

categories: People from Quezon,1974 deaths,Burials at La Loma Cemetery,1948 births,Filipino women's rights activists,Marcos martial law victims

paragraph: Maria Lorena Barros

paragraph: Maria Lorena Barros (March 18, 1948 - March 24, 1976) founded the Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan (Free Movement of New Women) or MAKIBAKA, a militant women's organization shortly before the Martial Law. When Martial Law was declared, she went underground, was later captured and was a top political prisoner. She escaped to the countryside as a guerrilla fighter and was killed during a military ambush at 28 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Birth, Childhood and Education.

paragraph: Maria Lorena Morelos Barros was born on March 18, 1948. Her father was Romeo Barros. Her mother Alicia Morelos was secretary of the family corporation and an assistant to the owner of a movie house. Lorena grew up with her mother, maternal grandfather and aunts in a modest home. Her family valued education and proper manners.

paragraph: Lorena Barros studied until Grade II at the Instituto de Mujeres (Academy for Women) and finished grade school at St. Joseph's College. She was described as an inquisitive, conscientious and affectionate child. She was among the top students in her school. At a young age, Laurie, as she was affectionately called, was an early reader. The love for literature and learning was cultivated by her mother early on. Since Lorena was an only child, her mother would buy her books so that she would not be lonely.

paragraph: Lorena enrolled in the Far Eastern University (FEU) Girls High School, this time as a scholar. She was active in many extra-curricular activities: director of the school play, member of the Gymnastics Team, President of the Junior Red Cross and the Student Catholic Action-FEU Chapter. She was managing editor of the school newspaper, the Advocate and had her column “Margin Notes”. Among her pseudonyms were Malo, Lio Marea and Malachi. She was awarded the Gold Medal for Creative Writing and graduated from high school as Honorable Mention.

paragraph: Section::::College.

paragraph: On July 21, 1965, Lorena enrolled at the University of the Philippines (UP) Diliman, initially taking Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry. Her mother insisted in that Lorena take up this course since she felt that taking a degree in the arts would be too easy for her, so she had to “conquer her waterloo”, which was Math. Alicia wanted to have a doctor or a chemist in the family. However, Lorena wanted to become a writer.

paragraph: Bored, Lorena rebutted her mother by telling her that she has become insomniac because she had slept through all of her Math and Science subjects. Lorena wanted to take up Anthropology since she believed that “You can’t really take up the present without going to the past.” Furthermore, in an interview with Lorna Kalaw-Tirol, she said, “My concept of commitment then was in terms of research. I wanted to use my training in Anthropology to do some real research on Philippine society”. Lorena had serious disagreements with her mother and would rebel by running away from home. Eventually, her mother relented and Lorena shifted to BA Anthropology after three semesters during the Academic Year 1967-1968. She got high grades and made it to the honor roll, became a College Scholar during that semester and a University Scholar after one year.

paragraph: In addition, Lorena would join different organizations, such as the UP Anthropology Society and the UP Writer's Club, becoming its secretary in November 1969. Very sociable in nature, her mother used to call her a “social butterfly”. She would go out with friends to watch movies and listen to music, sometimes staying outside concerts because they could not afford to buy tickets. Lorena would have disagreements with her mother because she imposed a curfew, and thus Lorena called herself Cinderella, always home by midnight.

paragraph: Lorena's mother was also overprotective and even inspected the Basement, a canteen located at the basement of the Arts and Science building in the University of the Philippines, where Lorena and the other students would hang out.

paragraph: In spite of these disagreements, Lorena helped her family who was in “genteel poverty” by working for Diliman Review, the academic journal of the University of the Philippines Diliman. Even if she received a salary of 200 pesos a month, Lorena would save her money by spending only 25 cents a day—5 cents by eating banana-q (with 3 pieces of bananas on a stick) for lunch, walking part-way from home to school, and catching a bus that would take her to UP for 10 cents. However, she retained her poise and gracefulness of manner, and thus, Lorena had many suitors.

paragraph: As a member—and later officer—of the UP Writers’ Club, Lorena was then writing “exquisite poetry” in English. Her works were published in magazines and in the Philippine Collegian, the official student publication of the University of the Philippines. Among her poems were “Documentary of a War”, “Poem to Han-shan”, “A Park is Born”, “There is a new scavenger”, “The Swingles Came to Town”, “You are Lord” and “Strike”.

paragraph: During this time, Lorena was reading the works of French existentialists like Jean Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, the Eurasian Han Suyin, the anti-imperialist Bertrand Russell; Philippine nationalists such as Claro M. Recto, Lorenzo Tanada, Renato Constantino and Teodoro Agoncillo; and the revolutionary Karl Marx and Mao Zedong. This, and the political events of the time, would lead to her political awakening.

paragraph: Section::::Growing Political Involvement and the Founding of MAKIBAKA.

paragraph: At around this time, the tense political events in the Philippines would eventually lead to Martial Law, which also saw the rise of the student movement and the national democratic movement. Alicia Morelos was afraid that her daughter's growing politicization and involvement in the student movement in the University of the Philippines (which was a hotbed for activism) would turn her into a communist. True enough, Lorena joined the SDK or the Samahan ng Demokratikong Kabataan (Association of Democratic Youth), an activist, anti-imperialist and national democratic youth organization.

paragraph: During the First Quarter Storm in 1970, which was characterized by anti-Marcos protests led by student demonstrations that were violently dispersed by the police, Lorena would be in the forefront of the struggle. At this time, she wrote mostly in Filipino, in order to be understood by the masses.

paragraph: When she graduated from the University of the Philippines with cum laude honors on April 11, 1970, she joined the protest action held by the graduating students—who were dressed in togas but carrying placards and wearing red armbands—against the colonial and bourgeois character of Philippine education. As an honor student, she protested against the exorbitant fees charged by the international honor society of Phi Beta Kappa and wrote that “True honor comes from the people”. When the police attempted to seize the University of the Philippines campus during the Diliman Commune, Lorena was among the students who barricaded the campus and threw stones at the gun-toting policemen.

paragraph: In April 1970, MAKIBAKA or the Malayang Samahan ng Bagong Kababaihan (Free Movement of New Women) was established, with Lorena as the founding chair. Prior to MAKIBAKA, both the Kabataang Makabayan or KM (Nationalist Youth—another anti-imperialist and national democratic youth organization) and the SDK had a women's bureau, namely the SDK-WOC (Women's Organization Committee) and the KM Women's desk. Initially, the need for establishing a women's organization separate from the SDK and the KM was questioned, saying that such an organization would divide the ranks. However, Lorena clarified the ideological line, saying that a woman's organization would specifically address the women's issues in a semi-feudal, semi-colonial and patriarchal Philippine society. Through MAKIBAKA, the women's struggle had become more ideological than their precursors, in that they fought not only Marcos, but sought to redress the structural inequality in Philippine society—that of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism. The foundation of MAKIBAKA was important because it articulated the women's question within the broader framework of national and class oppression. In addition, it helped organize women within the ranks of the revolutionary forces.

paragraph: Their first major activity was the protest of the Binibining Pilipinas or the Miss Philippines Beauty Pageant held at the Araneta Coliseum on April 18, 1970. Among their other activities were the picket of the UP Corps of Sponsor to protest the militarization of the campus, the establishment of the National Democratic Nursery and the Mothers’ Corps and the support for the worker's strike at the US Tobacco Corporation. They also held teach-ins and discussion groups wherein they discussed national and women's issues, visited political prisoners, paid homage to revolutionary martyrs, and rallied against the high prices. During this time, Lorena was writing essays and short articles on the women's situation and the emancipation of women.

paragraph: Section::::Incarceration during Martial Law and Escape.

paragraph: In an underground ceremony in 1970, Lorena married Felix Rivera, a member of the KM and a top graduate of the Arellano High School, where he was editor-in-chief of the school paper. He was also a former Political Science Student at the University of the Philippines. However, Felix was killed in 1971 in San Agustin, Isabela as a guerrilla fighter of the New People's Army (NPA), the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines. Even if saddened by the death of her husband, she tried to control her feelings and channeled it towards her poetry, particularly in the poem “Sampaguita”.

paragraph: Later that year, she joined the NPA immersion program in Isabela, and there she met Ramon Sanchez, her former professor who then became the NPA commander in that area. The two were married.

paragraph: Lorena returned to the city and went underground because the activists foresaw that the tense political developments would lead to Martial Law. The Writ of Habeas Corpus was suspended in August 1971, which meant that arrest without a warrant was legal, and Lorena's name was among those included in the list of activists to be detained.

paragraph: On September 21, 1972, Martial Law was declared, which curtailed freedom of speech, banned group discussions, public assemblies and cultural activities, sequestered the businesses of Marcos’ rivals, raided the homes, and illegally detained people. During this time, Lorena was seven months pregnant and was underground, meaning that she has to hide in the city and secretly move from one house to another. On November 24, 1972, her son Ramon Emiliano Sanchez was born. Because she was constantly fleeing the police, it was difficult to move around with the baby: one rainy night, when her safe house was raided, Lorena was running with her baby in her arms and jumped from a seven-foot-fence. Fortunately, the neighbor took pity on them and hid them in their homes. She left her son with her aunt Lilian Morelos and in August 1973, she joined her husband when she was sent to Bicol as a political instructor.

paragraph: In October 1973, Lorena, then pregnant, was captured by the military in Sorsogon, was interrogated and tortured. Because of this, she suffered a miscarriage. A top political prisoner, Lorena was detained in Canlubang and later in Ipil Rehabilitation Center in Fort Bonifacio. During this time, Lorena also learned that Ramon surrendered and led the military to the guerrilla zone. Although saddened by Ramon's betrayal, Lorena was determined and declared, “I will pick up the gun you have put down”.

paragraph: Compared to the other prisons, the Ipil Rehabilitation Center was relatively comfortable and her family was able to visit her often. Nonetheless, the prisoners planned to escape by digging their way out of the building. On November 1, 1975, Lorena was able to escape.

paragraph: Lorena then resumed her revolutionary activities in the mountains of Quezon province. There, she met Eliseo Miranda and they were supposed to be married; however, he was killed en route to meet Lorena's family.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: At dawn on March 24, 1976, the military tracked down the hut where Lorena was staying. On guard, Lorena fired before her gun jammed. Wounded in the head and the body, Lorena ran away but the military was able to follow her. Some accounts say that she died in a military stretcher on the way to the camp, while other accounts said that a soldier fired her on the nape. Her corpse was subject to much indignity, with the soldiers insensitively commenting on her beautiful legs and a movie crew taking pictures beside her corpse. A huge sum was needed for her family to claim her body; friends from MAKIBAKA helped in raising funds. Her wake was in a funeral in Sta. Cruz, and a memorial was done in the University of the Philippines Chapel. She was buried in La Loma Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lorena is seen as a symbol of the women's movement—with her strength and courage inspiring women. Countless poems, songs and plays are written in her honor. Lilia Quindoza Santiago in her book "In the Name of the Mother" writes, “Barros is now a symbol of poet, warrior, lover, woman. Many young women writers derive inspiration from her writings, principles and struggle; her name is often mentioned in meetings of women members of the movement.”

paragraph: Two of the plays that was staged in her honor is the monologue “Lorena” written by Lualhati Bautista and performed by Dessa Quesada in the 1980s; and the musical "Lorena" by Joi Barrios, both of which were based on Lorena's life and the letters written to her mother and fellow activists. Another was the play “Ang mga Lorena”, which was staged by the youth cultural group Sinagbayan at the University of the Philippines Diliman in December 2008. In this play, her story is intertwined to that of UP student activists Karen Empeno and Sherlyn Cadapan, who were abducted in June 2006 and still remain missing until today.

paragraph: Among the poems dedicated to her are E. San Juan's “Ang Tagumpay Ni Maria Lorena Barros” (“The Victory of Lorena Barros”) (1983) and “Maria Lorena Barros, Pumuputol Sa Alambre’t Rehas” (“Maria Lorena Barros, who cuts the wires and the prison bars”) ( written in 2009) and Bienvenido Lumbera's "Ang mga Lorena"(“The Lorenas”).

paragraph: The song composed by the activist singers Inang Laya mentions her name as one of the women heroes (along with Gabriela Silang, Teresa Magbanua, Tandang Sora, Liza Ballando and Liliosa Hilao) who have fought in the revolution.

paragraph: In the University of the Philippines, the Lorena Barros Hall in Vinzons’ Hall—the student activity center in the university—was named in her honor. She is also among the 298 revolutionary heroes and martyrs honored on the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Wall of Remembrance, which lists the names of the activists who were killed, disappeared or who fought during the Marcos dictatorship.

paragraph: Because of MAKIBAKA, of which Lorena Barros was the founding chair, several women's groups were formed that would protest against the Martial Law and would seek to address the structural inequalities of the Philippines and mobilize women, particularly from the grassroots. MAKIBAKA eventually evolved into GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action), a broad alliance of women's organizations, which was founded on April 1984 a year after the assassination of Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. GABRIELA is an anti-imperialist grassroots-based women's organization that aims to liberate women through fighting for national sovereignty, democratic governance, land reform and basic services for the people; end militarization and discrimination among men and women; and build solidarity among international women's groups to fight “sexism, imperialism and militarism”.

paragraph: Section::::Poems of Lorena Barros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Documentary of a War” "Philippine Collegian". 3 Apr. 1968. Rpt. In "Sarilaya: Women in Arts and Media". Eds. Sr. Mary John Mananzan, Ma. Asuncion Azcuna and Fe Mangahas. Manila: Institute of Women's Studies, 1989. 107-110.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “There is a new scavenger.” "Philippine Collegian". 29 Aug. 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Swingles Came to Town.” "Philippine Collegian". 16 Jan. 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Awit Panalubong sa Turista ng mga Taga-Tanauan.” "Philippine Collegian". 27 Feb. 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Dalwampu’t Isa.” "Philippine Collegian". 3 Sept. 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “A Park is Born.” "Collegian Folio". 1st Semester 1968-1969. Rpt. in "In the Name of the Mother". Ed. Lilia Quindoza Santiago. Quezon City: UP Press, 2002. 149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Sampaguita.” "Ulos". 1973. Rpt. in "Kamao: Tula ng Protesta 1970-1986". Eds. Alfrredo Salanga, et al. Manila: CCP, 1987. 94-95.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Ipil is harder to bear.” "Kamao: Tula ng Protesta 1970-1986". Eds. Alfrredo Salanga, et al. Manila: CCP: 1987. 94-95. Rpt. in "In the Name of the Mother". Ed. Lilia Quindoza Santiago. Quezon City: UP Press, 2002. 335.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Yesterday I had a talk.” "Kamao: Tula ng Protesta 1970-1986". Eds. Alfrredo Salanga, et al. Manila: CCP 1987. 96. Rpt. in "In the Name of the Mother". Ed. Lilia Quindoza Santiago. Quezon City: UP Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Ina” From a letter dated to Alicia Morelos 23 July 1973. "Six Young Filipino Martyrs". Ed. Asuncion David Maramba. Pasig: Anvil, 1997.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aquino, Belinda. “Filipino Women and Political Engagement.” In "More Pinay Than We Admit: The social construction of the Filipina." Ed. Luisa Camagay. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernardo, Ramon M. “Lorena Barros: Walang Kamatayang Alamat ng Isang Makasaysayang Dekada.” "Diliman Review" 34.1 (1986): 16-24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gomez, Maita. “Ma. Lorena Barros: Gentle Warrior.” "Six Young Filipino Martyrs". Ed. Asuncion David Maramba. Pasig: Anvil, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lacaba, Jose F. "Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage". Pasig: Anvil, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lanot, Marra PL. “The Filipinas Have Come and They’re Still Coming.” "Essays on Women". Ed. Sr. Mary John Mananzan. Manila: St. Scholastica's College, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Lorena Barros: Women Warrior.” "Philippine Collegian". 20 Nov. 1997: 6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roa, Marcelle. “’Lorena’ and the Women of FQS.” "Sarilaya: Women in Arts and Media". Eds. Mary John Mananzan, Ma. Asuncion Azcuna, Fe Mangahas. Manila : Institute of Women's Studies, St. Scholastica's College, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santiago, Lilia Quindoza. "In the Name of the Mother: 100 Years of Philippine Feminist Poetry". Quezon City: UP Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taguiwalo, Judy. “Marching Under the Red and Purple Banner: Notes on the Contemporary Women’s Movement in the Philippines.” "Laya" 2.4 (1993): 34-43.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zapanta-Manlapaz, Edna, ed. "Songs of Ourselves: Writings by Filipino Women in English". Pasig: Anvil, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://remembering-lorenabarros.blogspot.sg/2011_01_30_archive.html Blog entry that contains her mother's testimonial of Lorena Barros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://remembering-lorenabarros.blogspot.sg/search?updated-min=2012-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=11 Blog entry of the essays, poems and eulogy of/for Lorena Barros.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://redbrandog.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/the-formation-of-makibaka/ An article regarding the formation of MAKIBAKA written by Dr. Judy Taguiwalo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.bantayog.org/node/54 http://www.bantayog.org/node/231 Website of the "Bantayog ng mga Bayani".

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.tagalogshortstories.net/sa-alaala-ni-maria-lorena-barros.html Webpage containing some poems of Lorena Barros and poems written in her honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://bulatlat.com/main/2008/12/13/three-lorenas/ A review of the play loosely based on the life of Lorena Barros and the two UP students who were "desaparecidos".

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://gabriela_p.tripod.com/1-orgprofile/principles.html The webpage of GABRIELA.

description: Filipino activist

wikidata_label: Maria Lorena Barros

wikipedia_title: Maria Lorena Barros


text:
Trento
Milan
Austria
Lombardy
Leopold Maximilian von Firmian
Abbey School
Ettal
Leiden
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Naples
Lombardy
Johann Joachim Winckelmann
Angelica Kauffman
Andrea Salvatore Aglio
Rubens
San Bartolomeo

wikipedia_title:
Trento
Milan
Austria
Lombardy
Leopold Maximilian von Firmian
Ettal Abbey
Ettal
Leiden
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Naples
Lombardy
Johann Joachim Winckelmann
Angelica Kauffman
Andrea-Salvatore Aglio
Peter Paul Rubens
San Bartolomeo, Milan

categories: Austrian untitled nobility,1716 births,People from Trento,1782 deaths,Austrian Empire politicians

paragraph: Karl Joseph von Firmian

paragraph: Karl Joseph von Firmian (15 August 1716, in Trento – 20 July 1782, in Milan) was an Austrian noble, who served as Plenipotentiary of Lombardy to the Austrio-Hungarian Empire. His proper name was Karl Gotthard von Firmian, and in Italy known as "Carlo Giuseppe di Firmian". He was the nephew of Leopold Anton von Firmian.

paragraph: He was also related to Leopold Maximilian von Firmian (1760-1831), Archbishop of Vienna. He was raised and educated in the Abbey School of Ettal in Bavaria, then in Innsbruck and Salzburg. He attended university in Leiden and well traveled through France and Italy. The aristocrat was recruited in 1753 by Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor as ambassador to Naples. Three years later, he was named plenipotentiary minister to Lombardy, and served for many years. He is remembered as an avid promoter of the arts and sciences, patronizing both the artists Johann Joachim Winckelmann and Angelica Kauffman. From the painter Andrea Salvatore Aglio, he commissioned a "Virgin of Bovilli" and a "Birth of Maria de Medici, Queen of France", copy of the large canvas by Rubens.

paragraph: His tomb was placed in the church of San Bartolomeo in Milan. During the Napoleonic occupation of Lombardy, his monument was removed as part of an effort to expunge any signs of prior Austrian governance. After 1815, it was returned to its place. At his death, he had accumulated a large collection of paintings and a substantial library.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adriano Caprioli, Antonio Rimoldi, Luciano Vaccaro (a cura di), "Diocesi di Como", Editrice La Scuola, Brescia 1986, 192, 195, 214.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mauro Nequirito (a cura di), Trentini nell'Europa dei lumi: Firmian, Martini, Pilati, Barbacovi, Comune di Trento, Trento, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dizionario biografico Treccani

alias:
Karl Gotthard von Firmian
Carlo Giuseppe di Firmian
Carlo Gottardo, conte di Firmian

description: Austrian noble

wikidata_label: Karl Joseph von Firmian

wikipedia_title: Karl Joseph von Firmian