text:
Cape Colony
Street, Somerset
Nathaniel James Merriman
Bishop of Grahamstown
John Gerald Potter
Cape Colony
Diocesan College
Rondebosch
Cape Town
Radley College
Stellenbosch
Cape Parliament
Namaqualand
Wodehouse
Victoria West
Responsible Government
John Molteno
railway and telegraph systems
Lord Carnarvon
confederation
southern Africa
Fengu-Gcaleka
Anglo-Zulu
First Boer War
John Gordon Sprigg
Basotho Gun War
Sir Bartle Frere
Thomas Charles Scanlen
Scanlen
Henry Latham Currey
Afrikaner Bond
Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr
JW Sauer
James Molteno
Cecil Rhodes
Rhodes
Jameson Raid
imperialism
Afrikaner Bond
Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr
W.P. Schreiner
Second Boer War
jingoist
South African Party
James Molteno
Leander Starr Jameson
South African Party
Prime Minister
Cape Colony
Union of South Africa
National Convention
Cape Qualified Franchise
qualified franchise
Cape Province
Lord Gladstone
Governor-General
Louis Botha
Parliament of South Africa
Victoria West
Stellenbosch
Jan Christiaan Smuts
Afrikaner
German South-West Africa
Namibia
Native Land Act
Saul Solomon
Progressives
Afrikaner Bond
South African Party
multi-racial franchise
Antonie Viljoen
JW Sauer
James Molteno
Union of South Africa
Olive Schreiner
Joseph Vintcent
Stellenbosch
bordeaux blend
Merriman

categories: 19th-century South African people,Alumni of Diocesan College, Cape Town,1841 births,Members of the House of Assembly of the Cape Colony,Prime Ministers of the Cape Colony,People educated at Radley College,South African Party (Cape Colony) politicians,English emigrants to South Africa,1926 deaths,Members of the House of Assembly of South Africa,People from Street, Somerset,Cape Colony politicians

paragraph: John X. Merriman

paragraph: John Xavier Merriman (15 March 1841 – 1 August 1926) was the last prime minister of the Cape Colony before the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Street, Somerset, England. His parents were Nathaniel James Merriman, curate of the parish of Street and later third Bishop of Grahamstown, and his wife Julia Potter, aunt of John Gerald Potter. He emigrated to the Cape Colony with his parents in 1849, aged 8. He was educated at the Diocesan College in Rondebosch, Cape Town, and then at Radley College in England.

paragraph: He returned to South Africa in 1861 and entered politics in 1869.

paragraph: At the time politicians normally needed to rely on a supplementary career for income, and Merriman found a secure secondary occupation as a wine farmer at Schoongezicht, Stellenbosch, after having unsuccessfully tried a range of different professions, from surveyor to prospector to factory manager to merchant.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: The "great object" of Merriman's life was parliament, and his parliamentary career (over 50 years) was one of the longest in Cape history. During this time he gained a reputation for great eloquence, elegant epithet and a brilliant wit, but also for erratic volatility with dramatic changes in his views.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Responsible Government (1869-1878).

paragraph: At the time that he entered parliament, the Cape Colony was in the transition stage of representative government. In the Cape Parliament, he represented, firstly the district of Namaqualand, then Wodehouse and finally Victoria West.

paragraph: He began his career as a conservative and an opponent of "Responsible Government" (government by an elected or "responsible" executive, rather than an appointed one), until it was successfully attained for the Cape Colony in 1872.

paragraph: He then became a leader of the opposition to the Cape's first elected government.

paragraph: By 1875 however, he had converted completely, and the leader of the responsible government movement, now the Cape's first Prime Minister, John Molteno, recognised the young Merriman's competency and invited him to serve in his cabinet. He thus served in the Molteno government from 1875 to 1878, where he oversaw the biggest expansion of infrastructure that the Cape had ever undergone. Merriman's extraordinary gift for administration later led Molteno to trust him with pushing ahead the Cape's new railway and telegraph systems, in piloting the first South African Irrigation Act (1877) through parliament, and in protecting the Cape's internal affairs from any British interference.

paragraph: Merriman vigorously supported Molteno in rejecting Lord Carnarvon's ill-considered attempt to enforce a system of British confederation on southern Africa. The British Colonial Office eventually overthrew the elected Cape Government in 1878, and forced the Fengu-Gcaleka, Anglo-Zulu and First Boer War, before the Confederation scheme finally failed as predicted. Merriman's shock at the actions of the British Colonial Office developed into a lasting distaste for British imperialism.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Opposition and isolation (1879-1890).

paragraph: Merriman swiftly became the leading opponent of John Gordon Sprigg, the new pro-imperialist Prime Minister appointed by the British Colonial Office. Now a leader of the liberals, Merriman led the attacks on Sprigg's harsh "Bantu policy" and the discriminatory Disarmament Act, which were igniting rebellions across the country. The Sprigg government also provoked the Basotho Gun War, which it was unable to conclude. As the Governor's appointee, Sprigg had little local support, and when British Governor Sir Bartle Frere was recalled to London for misconduct, his government fell.

paragraph: After the fall of the Sprigg government, the volatile Merriman was not backed as the new Prime Minister, even though he had led the opposition, and the "safe" Thomas Charles Scanlen was elevated to the position instead.

paragraph: Merriman later served in the Scanlen ministry from 1881 to 1884, his private secretary in this time being Henry Latham Currey, the son of an old friend.

paragraph: It was during his time in the Scanlen Ministry that Merriman rashly criticised the leader of the powerful Afrikaner Bond party, Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr, accusing him of accentuating racial divisions and famously dubbing him "the mole" for his work behind the scenes of parliament. While Merriman bore no personal animosity against him, Hofmeyr went on to topple the Scanlen government (reportedly because it opposed the Boers seizing Bechuanaland), and took decades to fully forgive Merriman.

paragraph: This grievance cost Merriman's career dearly, and blocked him from becoming Prime Minister on several occasions in the coming years.

paragraph: From 1884 until 1890 he operated as a renegade liberal critic of the Upington and the second Sprigg ministry, politically isolated except for his friends JW Sauer and James Molteno.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Cecil Rhodes (1890-1898).

paragraph: He was appointed Treasurer-General in Cecil Rhodes's government from 1890 to 1893, but he resigned when the 1893 "Logan Scandal" revealed the degree of corruption in Rhodes's business dealings, and then ended his relationship with Rhodes entirely after the Jameson Raid in December 1895. Merriman chaired the Cape Commission which looked into the raid, and in its report he accused Rhodes of covert imperialist aims and requested that parliament abolish the privileges of Rhodes's Chartered Company. He also stated that the Transvaal should be reformed politically, rather than annexed by the British. In a letter to President Steyn (March 11, 1898) he explained: "“The greatest danger to the future lies in the attitude of President Kruger, and his vain hope of building up a State on a narrow, unenlightened minority.”"

paragraph: Thereafter he became an ever-greater opponent of the mining interests and British imperialism in Southern Africa. This gradually regained him the sympathy and cooperation of the Afrikaner Bond led by Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Boer War and aftermath (1899-1908).

paragraph: He again served as Treasurer General of the Cape in the ministry of W.P. Schreiner from 1898 to 1900.

paragraph: He tried but failed to prevent the Second Boer War, travelling to London with JW Sauer in attempt to dissuade the British Government from war. However they were publicly accused of being "Pro-Boer", the House of Commons refused them a hearing, and the public meetings that they held were disrupted by increasingly large numbers of violent pro-war demonstrators.

paragraph: Schreiner's liberal but indecisive government fell in 1900, due to its opposition to disfranchising the "Cape rebels". With jingoist feeling running high from the Boer War, anti-war politicians suffered electoral losses across the Cape in the following years, and Merriman even lost his seat in parliament for a brief period.

paragraph: In 1904 he returned however, took over leadership of the new "South African Party" from his friend and ally James Molteno, and with Molteno and Sauer, led the opposition to the ensuing exclusively-British government of Leander Starr Jameson in the lead up to the crucial national elections of January 1908.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Prime Minister (1908-1910).

paragraph: In 1908 his South African Party together with the Afrikaner Bond won control of the Assembly and he served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony for two years, from 1908 until the formation of the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910.

paragraph: He was a leading figure in the National Convention which brought about this Union. During the union negotiations, he fought to extend the multi-racial "Cape Qualified Franchise" system (whereby suffrage qualification applied equally to all male citizens, regardless of race) to the rest of South Africa. This failed, as it was strongly opposed by the other constituent states which were determined to enforce white rule. He succeeded however, in preserving a remnant of the multi-racial qualified franchise within the Cape Province. This result greatly disappointed Merriman and his allies, for whom the only possible justification of the Boer war had been to serve to eradicate the Transvaal's colour bar.

paragraph: Merriman had originally been proposed as the first Prime Minister of the new union, and several of the constituent states, such as the Orange Free State, supported him for this position. However Lord Gladstone, the first Governor-General, asked the Afrikaner statesman, Louis Botha to form a government. This decision, inspired partly by British liberal guilt over the Boer War and a desire to make reparations to the Afrikaner people, ended up empowering reactionary political elements of the Transvaal and cementing the franchise distinctions across the new country.

paragraph: Merriman declined to accept a post in the first Union Cabinet.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Career in the Union parliament.

paragraph: After union, he continued to serve in the Parliament of South Africa, representing first the constituency of Victoria West, and then Stellenbosch. He carried on a lively correspondence with Jan Christiaan Smuts, constantly warning him about possibilities of rebellion and civil war with Afrikaner sections of the white population who objected to South African cooperation with Great Britain against Germany in World War I, especially the South African invasion of German South-West Africa, now Namibia.

paragraph: He was one of only a few members of Parliament who opposed the Native Land Act in 1913, which was legislation that drastically limited African ownership of land.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Political legacy.

paragraph: Merriman has subsequently been hailed as a brilliant but paradoxical statesman. An outspoken individualist, his career was marked by dramatic changes in his political position, but also by growing liberal convictions. Significantly, this painful evolution in his views early on saw him entirely change his attitude towards the Cape's Black citizens, from a deep prejudice when he first arrived in the Cape, to an attitude of enlightened respect. John Molteno noted this change with great approval in 1874 before appointing Merriman to his first cabinet position, and credited the persuasive arguments of liberal parliamentarians such as Saul Solomon as the transforming influence (Cape Argus, 1874).

paragraph: For much of his career, in spite of his obvious ability, Merriman found himself in a liberal minority - fighting on two fronts against both the pro-imperialist "Progressives" of Rhodes and Milner, and the reactionary nationalism of the Afrikaner Bond. His South African Party was, in effect, practically defined by its opposition to imperialism and its support for the multi-racial franchise.

paragraph: Merriman's inclusive and open attitude to race relations did not, initially, extend to gender. In July 1907 some of his closest allies Antonie Viljoen, JW Sauer and James Molteno were supporting an extension of the right to vote to women, however Merriman vigorously (and successfully) opposed them in a long, and very bitter, debate.

paragraph: Nonetheless, by the time of the Union of South Africa he was widely considered to be the most prominent and influential liberal in South Africa, though he was criticised by allies and friends, such as Olive Schreiner, for not abiding by the principles of the Cape Liberal Tradition with consistency.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In person, Merriman was a distinctive and very memorable character. Strikingly tall and thin, with a dramatic and quickfire manner of speaking, he made a strong impression on those who met him.

paragraph: In 1874 he married Agnes Vintcent daughter of Mr. Joseph Vintcent, a member of the Cape Legislative Council. Though they had no children, the marriage was exceptionally happy. In 1892 he purchased a farm in Stellenbosch which later became Rustenberg Wines. The company has honoured him by naming their flagship red bordeaux blend after him.

paragraph: He died, aged 85, in Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1926. A prominent street in the town is called Merriman Avenue and a railway siding near Victoria West is named Merriman.

description: South African politician

wikidata_label: John X. Merriman

wikipedia_title: John X. Merriman


text: Nahuatl language

text: tlatoani

text: Tenochtitlan

text: Acamapichtli

text: Mexica

text: Tezcatlan Miyahuatzin

text: Itzcoatl

text: Acacitli

text: Tepanec

text: Azcapotzalco

text: Ayauhcihuatl

text: Tezozómoc

text: Chimalpopoca

text: Miahuaxihuitl

text: Moctezuma I

text: Cuauhnāhuac

text: ayate

text: maguey

text: Techotlala

text: Ixtlilxóchitl I

text: Matlalchihuatzin

text: Tultitlan

text: Cuauhtitlan

text: Chalco

text: Tollantzingo

text: Xaltocan

text: Otompa

text: Acolman

text: Ayauhcihuatl

text: Cacamacihuatl

text: Miahuaxihuitl

text: Miyahuaxochtzin

text: List of Tenochtitlan rulers

categories: 1410s deaths,Tenochca tlatoque,14th century in the Aztec civilization,14th-century monarchs in North America,14th-century rulers,Year of birth missing,14th-century indigenous people of the Americas,15th-century indigenous people of the Americas,15th-century monarchs in North America,15th-century rulers

paragraph: Huitzilihuitl

paragraph: Huitzilihuitl or Huitzilihuitzin (Nahuatl language; English: "Hummingbird Feather") (1370s — "ca." 1417) was the second "tlatoani" of Tenochtitlan, governing from 1396 to 1417, (or 1390 to 1410 according to other sources).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family and childhood.

paragraph: Huitzilíhuitl was born in Tenochtitlan, and was the son of Acamapichtli, first "tlatoani" of the Mexica, and Queen Tezcatlan Miyahuatzin, and had a half-brother Itzcoatl. His maternal grandfather was Acacitli. Only 16 years old when his father died, Huitzilihuitl was elected by the principal chiefs, warriors and priests of the city to replace him. At that time, the Mexica were tributaries of the Tepanec city-state of Azcapotzalco.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Huitzilíhuitl, a good politician, continued the policies of his father, seeking alliances with his neighbors. He founded the Royal Council or "Tlatocan" and established four permanent electors to advise the new king, in his inexperience, at the beginning of each reign.

paragraph: He married Ayauhcihuatl, daughter of Tezozómoc, the powerful "tlatoani" of Azcapotzalco, and obtained a reduction of tribute payments to the symbolic level. Their son Chimalpopoca would succeed his father as "tlatoani". After the death of Ayaucíhuatl, Huitzilíhuitl married a second time, to Miahuaxihuitl. She bore him Moctezuma I, who also succeeded to the throne as the fifth "tlatoani" of Aztecs.

paragraph: During his reign, the weaving industry grew. It provided cotton cloth not only for Tenochtitlan, but also for Azcapotzalco and Cuauhnāhuac. The Mexicas no longer had to dress in coarse "ayates" of maguey fibers, but were able to change to soft, dyed cotton.

paragraph: Huitzilíhuitl also wanted to introduce potable water into the city, bringing it to the island from the mainland over the brackish water of the lake. But the nobles not approving the cost, he was unable to put his plan into operation. He constructed a fort on a rock on the island.

paragraph: In 1409, the ruler of Texcoco, Techotlala, died and the throne passed to Ixtlilxóchitl I. In the following years, relations between Ixtlilxóchitl and Tezozómoc of Azcapotzalco deteriorated, breaking into open hostilities c. 1416.

paragraph: In spite of having given his daughter Matlalchihuatzin in marriage to Ixtlilxóchitl, Huitzilíhuitl joined his father-in-law in making war on Texcoco. He assisted in the conquest and sacking of the cities of Tultitlan, Cuauhtitlan, Chalco, Tollantzingo, Xaltocan, Otompa and Acolman. Huitzilíhuitl profited from the booty of these conquests and also from the traffic of the canoes on the lakes surrounding Tenochtitlan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Huitzilíhuitl died, probably in 1417, before the end of the war between Azcapotzalco and Texcoco. His successor, his son Chimalpopoca, continued to support Tezozómoc and Azcapotzalco.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Among his wives were Queen Ayauhcihuatl, Queen Cacamacihuatl, Queen Miahuaxihuitl, and Queen Miyahuaxochtzin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Tenochtitlan rulers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huitzilihuitl entry on The Visual History Project

description: Aztec emperor

wikidata_label: Huitzilihuitl

wikipedia_title: Huitzilihuitl


text: Emperor

text: Tenochtitlan

text: Huitzilihuitl

text: Ayauhcihuatl

text: Tlacaelel I

text: Tepanec

text: Azcapotzalco

text: Tezozomoc

text: Ixtlilxochitl I

text: Texcoco

text: Nezahualcoyotl

text: Chapultepec

text: Tlacopan

text: Tequizquiac

text: Huitzilihuitl

text: Acamapichtli

text: Gerónimo de Mendieta

text: Historia eclesiástica indiana

text: Itzcoatl

text: succession

text: Matlalatzin

text: Tezozomoc

text: Ecatepec

text: Tezozomoc

text: Moctezuma I

text: Tayatzin

text: Maxtla

text: Coyoacan

text: Itzcoatl

text: List of Tenochtitlan rulers

categories: Tenochca tlatoque,1397 births,15th-century indigenous people of the Americas,15th-century monarchs in North America,Royalty who committed suicide,15th-century murdered monarchs,1427 deaths,15th-century rulers

paragraph: Chimalpopoca

paragraph: Chimalpopoca ( for "smoking shield," ) or Chīmalpopōcatzin (1397–1427) was the third Emperor of Tenochtitlan (1417–1427).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Chimalpopoca was born to the Emperor Huitzilihuitl and Queen Ayauhcihuatl.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rule.

paragraph: On the day of Chimalpopoca's coronation in 1417 (some sources say 1416 or 1418), his brother Tlacaelel I was named high priest. From this point on the ecclesiastical and governmental offices among the Aztecs were separate.

paragraph: When he assumed the throne at age 20, Tenochtitlan was a tributary of the Tepanec city of Azcapotzalco, which was ruled by his grandfather Tezozomoc. This alliance, and the Mexicas' position within it, was strengthened by Tenochtitlan's loyalty during Tezozomoc's 1418 war with Ixtlilxochitl I of Texcoco. The conquered city was granted to Tenochtitlan as a tributary.

paragraph: Nezahualcoyotl, displaced prince of Texcoco, was living in the mountains. Chimalpopoca interceded with Tezozomoc on his behalf, and Tezozomoc agreed to allow Netzahualcoyotl to live in Tenochtitlan under his protection.

paragraph: In 1426 Tezozómoc assisted Chimalpopoca in the construction of a new aqueduct. This aqueduct was of wood, and ran from the elevated place of Chapultepec to Tenochtitlan.

paragraph: Chimalpopoca also had a causeway constructed to Tlacopan. The causeway contained openings spanned by wooden bridges, which were removed at night. Also during his reign he dedicated a stone for sacrifices in the Tlacocomoco section of Tenochtitlan. To him is attributed the conquest of Tequizquiac.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Chimalpopoca was the son of Huitzilihuitl, the previous ruler, but there are some sources that say he was a son of Acamapichtli, the first ruler of Tenochtitlan, making him Huitzilihuitl's brother. Gerónimo de Mendieta, in his "Historia eclesiástica indiana", notes the discrepancy and concludes that Huitzilihuitl, Chimalpopoca and Itzcoatl (Chimalpopoca's successor) must have been brothers, based on his understanding on the Aztec system of succession.

paragraph: He had many wives and children. One of the wives was his cousin Matlalatzin. His son was Tezozomoc, king of Ecatepec.

paragraph: Three versions of the family tree of the first Aztec rulers:

paragraph: Chimalpopoca was a grandson of Acamapichtli and Tezozomoc and half-brother of Moctezuma I.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: When Tezozomoc died in 1427 after a long reign, he was succeeded by his son Tayatzin. However Maxtla, ruler of Coyoacan and older half-brother of Tayatzin, soon incited a rebellion among the nobles of Azcapotzalco and usurped the throne. Chimalpopoca allied with Tayatzin, and the two conspired to retake the throne and kill Maxtla. Friendly relations between Tenochtitlan and Azcapotzalco were thus replaced by insults and violent intrigue, apparently involving tit-for-tat assassination attempts. Maxtla sent Chimalpopoca a present of women's clothing.

paragraph: Teyatzin was killed, and Chimalpopoca decided to offer himself as a sacrifice at the altar of his father Huitzilíhuitl. Some of his nobles joined him. In the middle of the ceremony, before the "tlatoani"'s turn, an expeditionary force from Azcapotzalco invaded Tenochtitlan, took Chimalpopoca prisoner and carried him to Azcapotzalco. There he was exhibited in a cage and kept on starvation rations. He committed suicide, hanging himself from a beam with his belt. (Another account says he was strangled by his captors.)

paragraph: He was succeeded as "tlatoani" by his uncle Itzcoatl.

paragraph: A rigorous and critical study based in the sources state, however, that the Chimalpopoca's death must be interpreted as a coup d'etat. Itzcoatl was the leader of a rebel faction against the Tepanec Empire. Chimalpopoca, as Tezozomoc's grandson, was the main collaborator of this Empire in Tenochtitlan, and consequently was the first victim of Itzcoatl. After the victory of the rebel coalition, the history was rewritten and the defeated Tepanecs was blamed for Chimalpopoca's death. This can be considered the official Mexica history (see Santamarina 2006: cap. XIII).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Tenochtitlan rulers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Azcapotzalco", "Enciclopedia de México", vol. 2. Mexico City: 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chimalpopoca", "Enciclopedia de México", vol. 4. Mexico City: 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- García Puron, Manuel, "México y sus gobernantes", vol. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orozco Linares, Fernando, "Gobernantes de México". Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- See cap. XIII: 373-402.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chimalpopoca entry on The Visual History Project

description: King of Tenochtitlan

wikidata_label: Chimalpopoca

wikipedia_title: Chimalpopoca


text: Transylvanian Saxon

text: military engineer

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Transilvania

text: rocket propulsion

text: three-stage rocket

text: Hernals

text: Vienna

text: Ferdinand I

text: Stephen Báthory

text: Transylvania

text: Hermannstadt

text: Siebenbürgen

text: Sibiu

text: Transylvania

text: Romania

text: Klausenburg

text: Cluj-Napoca

text: fireworks

text: liquid fuel

text: delta

text: fin

text: nozzle

text: Johann Schmidlap

text: Polish

text: Kazimierz Siemienowicz

categories: 1509 births,16th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire,Rocket scientists,Early rocketry,Austrian military engineers,Austrian scientists,16th-century Austrian people,People from Hernals,Transylvanian-Saxon people,People from Sibiu,Austrian soldiers

paragraph: Conrad Haas

paragraph: Conrad Haas (1509–1576) was an Austrian or Transylvanian Saxon military engineer for the Kingdom of Hungary and Principality of Transilvania.

paragraph: He is a pioneer of rocket propulsion. His designs include a three-stage rocket and a manned rocket.

paragraph: Haas was perhaps born in Dornbach (now part of Hernals, Vienna).

paragraph: He held the post of the "Zeugwart" (arsenal master) of the Imperial Austrian army under Ferdinand I.

paragraph: In 1551, Stephen Báthory, the grand prince of Transylvania invited Haas to Hermannstadt, Siebenbürgen (now Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania), where he acted as weapons engineer and also he started to teach at Klausenburg (now Cluj-Napoca).

paragraph: He wrote a German-language treatise on rocket technology, involving the combination of fireworks and weapons technologies. This manuscript was discovered in 1961, in the Sibiu public records (Sibiu public records "Varia II 374").

paragraph: His work also dealt with the theory of motion of multi-stage rockets, different fuel mixtures using liquid fuel, and introduced delta-shape fins and bell-shaped nozzles.

paragraph: In the last paragraph of his chapter on the military use of rockets, he wrote (translated):

paragraph: "But my advice is for more peace and no war, leaving the rifles calmly in storage, so the bullet is not fired, the gunpowder is not burned or wet, so the prince keeps his money, the arsenal master his life; that is the advice Conrad Haas gives."

paragraph: Johann Schmidlap, a German fireworks maker, is believed to have experimented with staging in 1590, using a design he called "step rockets."

paragraph: Before discovery of Haas' manuscript, the first description of the three-stage rocket was in Poland credited to the Polish artillery specialist Kazimierz Siemienowicz in his 1650 work, "Artis Magnae Artilleriae Pars Prima" ("Great Art of Artillery, Part One").

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erstlich schöne Racketten mancherley Art" (article by Richard Friebe)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conrad Haas: Raketenpionier in Siebenbürgen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conrad Haas in: Austrian Space and Rocket Pioneers" Text by B. Besser and painting by G.Deutsch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Manned Space Flight" - David Baker, Ph.D. - Crown Publishers, Inc, 1982 pgs. 8 - 13

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conrad Haas oder Das Spiel mit dem Feuer" a film by Frieder Schuller 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doru Todericiu: Preistoria Rachetei Moderne. Manuscrisul de la Sibiu 1529 - 1569, Editura Academiei RSR, Bucuresti, 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doru Todericiu: Preistoria Rachetei Moderne. Manuscrisul de la Sibiu 1529 - 1569, Editura Academiei, Bucuresti, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doru Todericiu, 'Raketentechnik im 16. Jahrhundert', "Technikgeschichte" 34.2 (1967), 97–114

description: Austrian military engineer

wikidata_label: Conrad Haas

wikipedia_title: Conrad Haas


text:
Florence
Benghazi
Florence
Antonio Bueno
Massimo Podestà

categories: 1936 births,Italian artists,Living people

paragraph: Roberto Greco

paragraph: Roberto Greco is an Italian artist, living and working in Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Greco was born in Benghazi to Italian parents. In the mid-1960s he began to study painting by attending the classes of well-known masters of the Art School and the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence, including Antonio Bueno and Siro Salimbeni and the School of Nude. He was a student of Osman Lorenzo De Scolari.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1984, he made a mural at the Stadio Artemio Franchi of Firenze and won the first price at the Biennale di San Giovanni Battista in Florence.

paragraph: In 1986 he started to exhibit in Italy and Europe and in the contemporary art fairs at Bologna, Padova, Florence and other countries.

paragraph: In 2018 La Pergola Arte Awarded him with the painter of the year 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Introart. Raffaello Gori, Roberto Greco, Massimo Podestà Editore: Prato, Lions Club Prato Datini

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 “Sipario su l’Essenziale” edited by Franco Manescalchi

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 Roberto Greco "Artista del suo tempo" curated by Peter Michael Musone.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: first prize at the National Contest “Maestri Fiorentini”

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: first prize at the Biennale di San Giovanni Battista di Firenze

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://archivio.gonews.it/articolo_40187_mostra-Prato-Sinfonie-dipinte-Roberto-Greco.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.artingout.com/artisti/greco-roberto/rga01a001/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.studiolongobellesi.it/studio_associato_di_odontoiatria/Blog/Voci/2010/3/25_mostra_di_pittura_di_Roberto_Greco.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.arcadja.com/auctions/it/greco_roberto/prezzi-opere/217288/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://ricerca.gelocal.it/iltirreno/archivio/iltirreno/2007/11/24/ZP2PO_ZP205.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://corrierefiorentino.corriere.it/firenze/eventi/232458_scheda.shtml?ageId=12665394&refresh_ce-cp

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.okmugello.it/mugello/arte-sport-a-firenze-info

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.iedm.it/2004/01/15/826/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://press.comune.fi.it/hcm/hcm5353-10_5_1-Firenze+Capitale,++a+Villa+Arrivabene+la+mostra+di.html?cm_id_details=71203&id_padre=4473

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.giovannichilleri.com/wp/index.php/biografia/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.artexpo22.com/portfolio_page/collezionista-privato-a-a/

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25_mostra_di_pittura_di_Roberto_Greco.html

wikidata_label: Roberto Greco

wikipedia_title: Roberto Greco


text:
German
painter
still life
landscapes
portrait
Bremen
Karlsruhe
Ludwig Schmid-Reutte
Bremen
Fritz Overbeck
Heinrich Vogeler
Worpswede
After the war
hyper-inflation
Toni Elster
Bremen Kunsthalle art museum
Agnes Sander-Plump
Brazil
Rio
São Paulo
Bremen Kunsthalle art museum

categories: German women painters,20th-century German women artists,People from Bremen,1962 deaths,1877 births,20th-century German painters,19th-century German painters

paragraph: Margarethe von Reinken

paragraph: Margarethe von Reinken (27 March 1877 - 20 January 1962) was a German painter. She was known chiefly for still lifes, landscapes and portraiture.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Margarethe Diederike von Reinken was born in Bremen, the youngest of her parents' eight children. Her father, Daniel von Reinken (1831–1894), came from a leading family of Bremen merchants.

paragraph: While her father's business was still flourishing she was enrolled at the newly established so-called in Karlsruhe, where she was taught by and Ludwig Schmid-Reutte. She returned home to Bremen to launch herself as a freelance artist, setting up a studio at her widowed mother's house in the . She hoped to establish herself through contract work, focusing on portraits. Despite the acknowledged excellence of her draftsmanship and her good social contacts, she struggled financially at a time when the economy was undergoing a lengthy period of major structural dislocation. Around 1900 she also came into contact with the nearby . Her work was influenced members of it including Fritz Overbeck and Heinrich Vogeler. Several of her oil painted landscapes of nature and the countryside round Worpswede date from these early years of the twentieth century.

paragraph: After the war her economic situation became more dire and she was no longer able to fall back on the family wealth, which was largely destroyed by the hyper-inflation of the period. With her elder sisters having married and set up their own homes, she was also, as the spinster daughter, expected to take care of her mother. Meanwhile, she remained in close contact with other local artists such as August Tolkien and Toni Elster with whom, in 1924, she staged a "collective" exhibition at the Bremen Kunsthalle art museum. Von Reinken was now also supplementing her income by teaching. Two of her pupils who later established significant artistic careers of their own were Agnes Sander-Plump and Gustava Thölken.

paragraph: During the later 1920s she visited her elder sister Daniele, who had emigrated from Bremen to Brazil. In 1926 she painted several views of Rio and various mountain landscape sketches which are now in the possession of the family in São Paulo. Back in Bremen, in 1930 she was one of the very few women whose works were included at that year's exhibition. Meanwhile she accepted the offer of friend to work for their family as a housekeeper. She kept the job for 17 years. She was able to use a room in the family home which she could use as a studio, but time available for painting was limited. She was nevertheless able to create a significant number of paintings for sale and exhibitions, her work included in a number of subsequent exhibitions in Bremen, as a result of which her work remains represented in collections and galleries in and around Bremen.

paragraph: In 1947 moved to a house owned by the Meta von Post Foundation in Bremen-Horn where she lived out her final fifteen years. A substantial retrospective exhibition of her work took place at the Bremen Kunsthalle art museum during the second quarter of 1994, featuring her paintings, water-colours and drawings. , director of the museum, paid tribute to her "perfect pitch" (""absolutes Gehör"") in terms of colour and commended her "artistic sense of responsibility ... in respect of her critical self-appraisal". He added, "she did not allow her paintings to become superficial or frivolous. She tried to exclude from her art anything approximate or imprecise".

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Margarethe Von Reinken

wikipedia_title: Margarethe von Reinken


text:
Vienna
Roman Catholic
Prince-Bishop of Vienna
Upper Austria
Tyrol
Order of the Golden Fleece
St. Pölten
Dürnkrut
Mistelbach
Johann Georg zu Hohenzollern-Hechingen
Philosophy
Theology
Pontifical Gregorian University
deacon
Salzburg
canon
Strasbourg
Emperor Leopold I
apostolic nuncio
Prince Eugene of Savoy
Turks
Turkish siege in 1683
St. Stephen's Cathedral
Franz Anton von Harrach
coadjutor

paragraph: Ernst von Trautson

paragraph: Ernst Graf von Trautson (26 December 1633 – 7 January 1702, Vienna), actually Ernst Trautson von Falkenstein zu Sprechenstein und Schroffenstein, was an Austrian Roman Catholic clergyman who was Prince-Bishop of Vienna from 1685 to 1702.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ernst was born the third son of Johann Franz Trautson von Falkenstein (d. 1663), Court Master in Upper Austria, Colonel-Marshal of Tyrol, commander of the Regiment of Lower Austria, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Lord of St. Pölten, Laa, Dürnkrut, Mistelbach, Raspenbühel and Kaya, and of Maximiliana Walburga (d. 1639), daughter of Johann Georg zu Hohenzollern-Hechingen.

paragraph: Trautson studied Philosophy and Theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. On 12 March 1661 he was ordained a deacon in Salzburg, and on 11 June 1661 was elevated to canon of Salzburg and Strasbourg.

paragraph: Emperor Leopold I appointed him Prince-Bishop of Vienna on 23 March 1685, Papal confirmation taking place on 10 September. He received the episcopal ordination on 28 October 1685 by the apostolic nuncio in Austria, Francesco Buonvisi.

paragraph: The victories of Prince Eugene of Savoy against the Turks gave Trautson a peaceful term. He continued the reconstruction of churches which had been destroyed in the Turkish siege in 1683, and remodeled St. Stephen's Cathedral by commissioning new altars. He was interested in history and heraldry and had the Trautson manuscript made, in which engraved inscriptions and armorials of the Viennese churches are featured.

paragraph: In July 1701, Franz Anton von Harrach became coadjutor.

paragraph: He was buried in the episcopal tomb of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Hadriga: "Die Trautson. Paladine Habsburgs". Styria, Graz u. a. 1996, , S. 96–108

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf Leeb u. a.: "Geschichte des Christentums in Österreich. Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart". Uebereuter, Wien 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Loidl: "Geschichte des Erzbistums Wien". Herold, Wien 1983,

description: Austrian Prince-Bishop (1633-1702)

wikidata_label: Ernst von Trautson

wikipedia_title: Ernst von Trautson


text: Arequipa, Peru

text: Lima, Peru

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: military

text: junta

text: Cardinal

text: Pope John XXIII

text: conclave

text: Arequipa

text: Peru

text: Order of Friars Minor

text: Puerto Ocopa

text: titular bishop

text: Juan Gualberto Guevara

text: Manuel Odria

text: Santa Maria in Aracoeli

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Jesuit

text: archive

text: liberation theology

text: Ricardo Perez Godoy

text: Medellin Conference

text: Franciscan

text: John Paul II

text: liberation theology

text: Opus Dei

text: Augusto Vargas Alzamora

text: The Church and the Military

categories: Archbishops of Lima,Peruvian people of British descent,Peruvian people of Basque descent,Burials at the Cathedral of Lima,1997 deaths,Peruvian Friars Minor,1913 births,Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Peruvian cardinals,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,People from Arequipa

paragraph: Juan Landázuri Ricketts

paragraph: Juan Landázuri Ricketts (December 19, 1913, Arequipa, Peru – January 16, 1997, Lima, Peru) was one of the most prominent Roman Catholic Churchmen during the 1960s and 1970s in Latin America. This was a period in which the Church took a strong stance against human rights abuses by numerous military juntas; it also expressed a preference for the poor and concerns about extreme poverty and wealth inequality. Before he turned 80 on December 19, 1993, Juan Landázuri Ricketts was the last Cardinal elevated by Pope John XXIII to retain voting rights in a papal conclave.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born as Guillermo Eduardo Landázuri Ricketts in 1913 in Arequipa, Peru, he was educated in Catholic schools. He joined the Order of Friars Minor in 1937 (taking the name Juan) and became a priest two years later. His ability as a priest was immediately noticed, and he was appointed as secretary to the general delegation of his order as early as 1943. After finishing his theological studies in 1949, Landázuri Ricketts served briefly a faculty member of the Franciscan Theological Seminary in Puerto Ocopa. His status within the wider Church was rising rapidly, and he was selected as the general definitor of the Order of Friars Minor by 1951.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Lima.

paragraph: The following year, Landázuri Ricketts was appointed titular bishop of Roina and was chosen in 1955 to replace the deceased Juan Gualberto Guevara as Archbishop of Lima. His appointment coincided with a radically modernising military dictatorship under Manuel Odria. Efforts at such reform were repeated until 1980. As Archbishop, he collaborated with these efforts for sweeping agricultural and institutional reforms to take Peru into the modern world and develop its great economic potential. He believed that these would improve social conditions in the country. By 1962 he had been selected as Primate of Peru and was made a Cardinal-Priest of "Santa Maria in Aracoeli" by Pope John XXIII in June 1962.

paragraph: He made great efforts, aided by the Jesuits in Peru, to consolidate the vast archives of the Lima Archdiocese. These had accumulated since Spanish colonisation of Latin America and were invaluable sources of the history of the region.

paragraph: Section::::Liberation theology.

paragraph: In the following period Landázuri Ricketts led during a period when priests rapidly developed liberation theology and a theory of resistance to the military dictatorship under Ricardo Perez Godoy who ruled Peru. Landázuri Ricketts responded to this with considerable support, also trying to ensure that the laity and nuns had considerable say in local decision-making. He became a major participant as Acting President in the 1968 Medellin Conference. He was regularly elected as the leader of local episcopal conference almost without opposition until he reached the age of 75 in 1988.

paragraph: During this period, in accordance with his Franciscan ideals, Landázuri Ricketts left the Archbishop's palace and moved into a small house in a working-class area of Lima. Although he served on the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue during the 1970s, his relationship with the Vatican soured after the ascension of John Paul II. That pope believed that liberation theology posed problems for Catholicism and was too involved in opposition to temporal political systems. Despite being an extremely respected prelate, Landázuri Ricketts had to accept more conservative Opus Dei bishops and sympathisers being appointed in Peru during the 1980s and 1990s.

paragraph: Due to his advancing age, he resigned his role as head of the South American Bishops' conference in 1989. He retired from the see in 1990 and was succeeded by Augusto Vargas Alzamora.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Church and the Military

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Picture of Cardinal Landázuri Ricketts in Franciscan cappa magna

alias:
Juan Landazuri Ricketts
Juan Cardinal Landázuri Ricketts

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Juan Landázuri Ricketts

wikipedia_title: Juan Landázuri Ricketts


text:
Layer Marney
Tudor period
England
Henry VIII
Bosworth
Stoke
Perkin Warbeck
Knight of the Garter
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Lord Privy Seal
Vice-Chamberlain of the Household
Warden of the Stannaries
Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard
Keeper of the Privy Seal
Tudor
Layer Marney Tower
Layer Marney
John
Rochester Castle
Sir John Arundell
Sir Robert de Marny
Henry V
France
Baugé
Henry VIII
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

categories: Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster,Barons in the Peerage of England,16th-century English nobility,Knights of the Garter,1523 deaths,15th-century English people,1440s births,Lords Privy Seal

paragraph: Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney

paragraph: Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney (c. 1447 – 24 May 1523) of Layer Marney, Essex was a politician of the Tudor period in England. He was a favourite of Henry VIII and captain of his guard.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of John Marney and his wife Joan Throgmorton.

paragraph: He rose to favour in the Royal household of King Henry VII during the battles of Bosworth and Stoke and following the rout of Perkin Warbeck in 1497. He was appointed to the Privy Council.

paragraph: When King Henry VIII acceded to the Throne in 1509 Marney was made a Knight of the Garter and honoured with a tranche of public offices, including Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lord Privy Seal, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, Warden of the Stannaries and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard.

paragraph: He was made Keeper of the Privy Seal and ennobled in the last year of his life as the first Baron Marney.

paragraph: In 1515 he had began building the Tudor-style Layer Marney Tower in Layer Marney which is now visited by thousands of people annually. The uncompleted house was inherited by his son, John, Governor of Rochester Castle. John continued the building work but died himself just two years later, leaving no male heirs to continue the family line or to complete the construction of Layer Marney.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He died in 1523, having married twice, firstly Thomasine, the daughter of Sir Sir John Arundell and secondly Elizabeth (Isobel), the daughter of Sir Nicholas Wyfold, Lord Mayor of London.

paragraph: With Thomasine he had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, 2nd Baron Marney (who first married Christian Newburgh (b. 1466 – d. 6 August 1517), daughter of Roger Newburgh, then second married c. 1518 Bridget Waldegrave (d. September 1549); his daughters Catherine and Elizabeth survived him),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (who first married Edward Knyvet of Stanway then upon his death married Thomas Bonham, MP (d. 1532), and had issue), and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas (who died young).

paragraph: Section::::Heraldry.

paragraph: In his garter stall, Henry Marney quarters the Marney arms (at 1 and 4) with Sergeaux (at 3) and the senior branch of Venables (at 4) because of his ancestry:

paragraph: Sir Robert de Marny quartered the arms of his parents, Sir William de Marny and Catherine Venables. He married Alice le Lacer in 1345. Their son was Sir William (c.1370-1414), of Layer Marney, Essex and Kingsey, Buckinghamshire, a Sheriff of Cornwall, then of Essex and Hertfordshire. He married Elizabeth Sergeaux, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Richard Sergeaux of Colquite, Cornwall (d. 30 Sep 1393). Sir William Marney's heir, Thomas, served under Clarence when Henry V first invaded France and was knighted, but he died in 1421, perhaps at Baugé, leaving the family estates to his younger brother John. The latter's son, Sir Henry Marney KG, was created Lord Marney by Henry VIII.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney

wikipedia_title: Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney


text: Cappadocia

text: Ariarathes V of Cappadocia

text: Nysa of Cappadocia

text: Mithridates V Euergetes

text: Pontus

text: Laodice of Cappadocia

text: Nysa

text: Nicomedes III Euergetes

text: Bithynia

text: Ariarathes VII Philometor

text: Ariarathes VIII Epiphanes

text: Mithridates VI

text: Gordius

text: "Cappadocia"

text: Justin

text: Epitome of Pompeius Trogus

text: London

text: Smith, William

text: "Ariarathes VI"

text: Boston

categories: Kings of Cappadocia,110s BC deaths,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia

paragraph: Ariarathes VI Epiphanes Philopator (, Ariaráthēs Epiphanḗs Philopátōr; reigned 130–116 or 126–111 BC), King of Cappadocia, was the youngest son of Ariarathes V of Cappadocia and Nysa of Cappadocia.

paragraph: Ariarathes reigned about 14 years. He was a child at his succession, and for this reason the power was kept by his mother, who acted as his regent. At some point his mother seems to have poisoned all of Ariarathes’ five brothers; but the infant king was saved by people loyal to the dynasty and had Nysa killed. Using this as a pretext, his maternal uncle, King Mithridates V Euergetes of Pontus (150 BC–120 BC), tried to assert control over the country by marrying Ariarathes to Mithridates' first daughter, Laodice of Cappadocia, who was also Ariarathes' maternal cousin. Laodice bore Ariarathes one daughter and two sons: Nysa who married King Nicomedes III Euergetes of Bithynia; Ariarathes VII Philometor and Ariarathes VIII Epiphanes.

paragraph: Since this wasn't deemed enough to transform Cappadocia in a satellite of Pontus, Mithridates V Euergetes' son, Mithridates VI, murdered Ariarathes using Gordius, a Cappadocian nobleman. On his death the kingdom was briefly ruled by Ariarathes' widow and then seized by King Nicomedes III of Bithynia, who married Laodice, the king's widow. Nicomedes III was soon expelled by Mithridates VI, who placed upon the throne Ariarathes VII.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hazel, John; "Who's Who in the Greek World", "Ariarathes VI", (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Head, Barclay; "Historia Numorum", "Cappadocia", (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin; "Epitome of Pompeius Trogus", John Selby Watson (translator); London, (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William (editor); "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", "Ariarathes VI", Boston, (1867)

description: King of Cappadocia

wikidata_label: Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia

wikipedia_title: Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia


text:
Finnart House
Loch Long
Oban
Glasgow Boys
Glasgow
John Macgregor
Robert Greenlees
James Docharty
Slade School
Alphonse Legros
James Paterson
Glasgow School
Royal Scottish Academy
Royal Academy
R.S.W.S.
New English Art Club
Glasgow Art Club
First World War
Bridge of Allan
Oban
Bridge of Allan
W Y MacGrogor
W Y MacGregor
W Y Macgregor

categories: 19th-century Scottish painters,20th-century Scottish painters,Scottish male painters,1855 births,1923 deaths

paragraph: William York Macgregor

paragraph: William York Macgregor (14 October 1855 Finnart House, Loch Long, Dunbartonshire – 28 September 1923 Oban) was a Scottish landscape painter, and leading figure of the Glasgow Boys.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of the very wealthy Glasgow shipbuilder John Macgregor by his second wife, Margaret York.

paragraph: Macgregor studied in Glasgow under Robert Greenlees and James Docharty and at the Slade School under Alphonse Legros.

paragraph: He joined former schoolfriend James Paterson (1854–1932) in 1878 and they co-founded the "Glasgow School" meeting at his studio 134 Bath Street in central Glasgow.

paragraph: He exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy from 1875 (Associate R.S.A. 1898; R.S.A. 1921) and twice at the Royal Academy, was a member of the R.S.W.S. 1885–1906 and the New English Art Club in 1892. Macgregor travelled widely on the Continent 1886–90. A member of Glasgow Art Club, work by Macgregor was included in the club's Memorial Exhibition in April 1935, in memory of those of its members who had died since the First World War.

paragraph: He lived his final years at Albyn Lodge in Bridge of Allan.

paragraph: He died in Oban on 28 September 1923. He is buried in Old Logie Kirkyard east of Bridge of Allan. The graveyard lies a few hundred metres north of the modern Logie Cemetery. The grave is against the north wall.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Jessie Watson (died 1941).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W Y MacGrogor

paragraph: BULLET::::- W Y MacGregor (Gazetteer for Scotland).

paragraph: BULLET::::- W Y Macgregor (Tate Gallery)

alias:
William York McGregor
W. Y. Macgregor
William York Mcgregor
William York MacGregor
william york mac gregor

description: British artist

wikidata_label: William York Macgregor

wikipedia_title: William York Macgregor


text:
Hangul
South Korea
skeleton racer
FIBT World Championships 2008
Altenberg, Germany
2010 Winter Olympics
Park City, Utah

categories: 1978 births,Skeleton racers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Olympic skeleton racers of South Korea,South Korean male skeleton racers,Living people

paragraph: Cho In-ho

paragraph: Cho In-Ho (Hangul: 조인호; born June 24, 1978) is a South Korean skeleton racer who has competed from 2006 to 2010. He finished 26th in the men's event at the FIBT World Championships 2008 in Altenberg, Germany. He qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics, finishing 22nd.

paragraph: Cho's best career finish was third in an America's Cup competition, a lesser event of the Skeleton World Cup, in Park City, Utah in 2008.

description: South Korean skeleton racer

wikidata_label: Cho In-ho

wikipedia_title: Cho In-ho


text: Barcelona

text: Catalonia

text: basketball

text: point guard

text: top-tier

text: ACB League

text: FIBA European Selection

text: Spanish national basketball team

text: appearances

text: 1991 EuroBasket

text: Tomás

text: Liga ACB

text: Copa Príncipe de Asturias

text: FIBA Korać Cup

text: EuroLeague

text: FIBA Profile

text: FIBA Europe Profile

text: Spanish League Profile

categories: FC Barcelona Bàsquet players,Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Spanish men's basketball players,Catalan basketball players,Living people,1966 births,Liga ACB players,Olympic basketball players of Spain,Sportspeople from Barcelona,CB Girona players,Joventut Badalona players,Point guards

paragraph: Rafael Jofresa

paragraph: Rafael "Rafa" Jofresa Prats (born September 2, 1966 in Barcelona, Catalonia) is a Spanish retired professional basketball player. At a height of 1.83 m (6'0") tall, he played at the point guard position.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Jofresa played in 756 games (the 2nd-most all-time) in the top-tier level Spanish ACB League. He was a member of the FIBA European Selection team, in 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Spanish national team.

paragraph: Jofresa was a member of the senior Spanish national basketball team. He had 75 appearances with Spain's senior national team. He won a silver medal at the 1991 EuroBasket.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Jofresa's brother, Tomás, was also a professional basketball player.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and titles won.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and titles won.:Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liga ACB (Spanish League) (3): 1990–91, 1991–92, 1996–97

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa Príncipe de Asturias (Spanish Prince's Cup) (2): 1986–87, 1988–89, 1990–91

paragraph: Section::::Awards and titles won.:Europe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIBA Korać Cup (1): 1989–90

paragraph: BULLET::::- EuroLeague (1): 1993–94

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIBA Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIBA Europe Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish League Profile

description: Spanish basketball player

wikidata_label: Rafael Jofresa

wikipedia_title: Rafael Jofresa


text: Brașov

text: Romania

text: suicide

text: self-immolation

text: political protest

text: Poiana Brașov

text: Brașov

text: Auschwitz

text: Romania

text: Brașov

text: Brașov Rebellion

text: Jan Palach

text: Jan Zajíc

text: Ryszard Siwiec

text: Romas Kalanta

text: Oleksa Hirnyk

text: Alain Escoffier

text: Călin Alexandru Nemeş

text: Kostas Georgakis

text: List of political self-immolations

text: Liviu Babeş, comemorat la Poiana Braşov

categories: Self-immolations in protest of the Eastern Bloc,Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church,Romanian human rights activists,1942 births,Activists who committed suicide,Revolutionaries who committed suicide,People from Brașov,Romanian activists,Painters who committed suicide,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania,Suicides in Romania,Romanian revolutionaries,1989 deaths

paragraph: Liviu Cornel Babeș

paragraph: Liviu Cornel Babeș (September 10, 1942 Brașov – March 2, 1989 Braşov) was a Romanian electrician and painter who committed suicide by self-immolation as a political protest.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On March 2, 1989, Babeș set himself on fire on the Bradu ski slope at Poiana Brașov as a sign of protest against the communist regime. He left the message: "„Stop Mörder! Brașov = Auschwitz"". He was taken to the Brașov county hospital, where he died two hours later.

paragraph: In Romania, according to Law no. 93, on June 3, 2007 Liviu Cornel Babeş was declared a hero.

paragraph: Section::::Place names.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A street in Brașov has been named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brașov Rebellion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Palach

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Zajíc

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryszard Siwiec

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romas Kalanta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oleksa Hirnyk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alain Escoffier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Călin Alexandru Nemeş

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kostas Georgakis

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of political self-immolations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.liviubabes.ro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braşoveanul care şi-a dat foc în ’89 rămîne în anonimat -- "Cotidianul", 2 martie 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liviu Babeş, comemorat la Poiana Braşov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Două decenii de uitare - Eroul de la Braşov

description: Romanian artist

wikidata_label: Liviu Cornel Babeș

wikipedia_title: Liviu Cornel Babeș


text: House of Hanover

text: Kingdom of Hanover

text: Duchy of Brunswick

text: Princess Caroline of Monaco

text: Albert II, Prince of Monaco

text: Hanover

text: Ernst August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick

text: George III of the United Kingdom

text: House of Hanover

text: House of Welf

text: House of Este

text: Lombardy

text: Ferrara

text: Duchy of Modena

text: Reggio

text: Prince of Great Britain and Ireland

text: George V of the United Kingdom

text: Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale

text: Earldom of Armagh

text: Titles Deprivation Act 1917

text: German Revolution of 1918–19

text: Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

text: title of pretense

text: Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale

text: Titles Deprivation Act 1917

text: Ernst August

text: Sophia Naturalization Act 1705

text: Wilhelm II

text: Frederica of Hanover

text: queen consort

text: of the Hellenes

text: King Constantine II

text: Queen Sophia

text: Juan Carlos I

text: Felipe VI of Spain

text: Prince George William of Hanover

text: Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark

text: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

text: George VI

text: Royal Marriages Act 1772

text: House law

text: dynastically

text: Chantal Hochuli

text: Zurich

text: Princess Caroline of Monaco

text: male line

text: George II of Great Britain

text: Royal Marriages Act 1772

text: Succession to the Crown Act 2013

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Declaration in Council

text: Monégasque

text: Franco-Monegasque Treaty

text: Prince Rainier III

text: Act of Settlement 1701

text: Papist

text: order of succession

text: Succession to the Crown Act 2013

text: Bill of Rights 1689

text: Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover

text: Princess Isabella of Hanover

text: The Queen's

text: Gmunden

text: Lake Traun

text: von Thurn

text: family seat

text: Bleiburg

text: Le Mée-sur-Seine

text: Karl Lagerfeld

text: Expo 2000

text: Turkish

text: Bild-Zeitung

text: euro

text: knuckleduster

text: Lamu

text: Marienburg Castle

text: Calenberg Castle

text: Herrenhausen Gardens

text: Blankenburg Castle (Harz)

text: Liechtenstein

text: Gmunden

text: Kingdom of Hanover

text: Prussia

text: Ekaterina Malysheva

text: acute pancreatitis

text: coma

text: Rainier III, Prince of Monaco

text: intensive care

text: BBC World

text: pancreatitis

text: throat cancer

text: His Royal Highness

text: House of Hanover

text: Royal Order of St. George

text: Royal Order of Henry the Lion

text: Royal Guelphic Order

text: Royal Order of Ernst August

text: Order of the Elephant

text: Patrilineal descent

text: dynasties

text: Welf

text: House of Este

text: agnatic

text: primogeniture

text: List of members of the House of Hanover

text: Oberto I

text: Otbert II, Margrave of Milan

text: Albert Azzo I, Margrave of Milan

text: Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan

text: Welf I, Duke of Bavaria

text: Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria

text: Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

text: Henry the Lion

text: William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg

text: Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Magnus the Pious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Frederick II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Otto V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Henry the Middle, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover

text: George I of Great Britain

text: George II of Great Britain

text: Frederick, Prince of Wales

text: George III of the United Kingdom

text: Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover

text: George V of Hanover

text: Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover

text: Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

text: Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover

text: Princely House of Monaco

text: Official site of the House of Welf (in German)

categories: House of Hanover,People from Hanover,House of Grimaldi,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1954)

paragraph: Ernst August, Prince of Hanover (; born 26 February 1954), is head of the royal House of Hanover which held the thrones of the United Kingdom until 1901, of the former Kingdom of Hanover until 1866, and of the sovereign Duchy of Brunswick from 1913 to 1918. As the husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco, he is the brother-in-law of Albert II, Prince of Monaco.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry and name.

paragraph: Ernst August was born in Hanover, the eldest son of Ernst August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick (1914–1987) and his first wife, Princess Ortrud of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1925–1980). He was christened, "Ernst August Albert Paul Otto Rupprecht Oskar Berthold Friedrich-Ferdinand Christian-Ludwig".

paragraph: As the senior male-line descendant of George III of the United Kingdom, Ernst August is head of the House of Hanover, the surviving junior branch of the medieval House of Welf, which itself is the older branch of the House of Este, a dynasty whose earliest known members lived in Lombardy in the late 9th/early 10th century and which, in its younger branch, ruled Ferrara (1240–1597) and the Duchy of Modena-Reggio (1288–1796) in Italy.

paragraph: The title of Prince of Great Britain and Ireland was recognised "ad personam" for Ernst August's father and his father's siblings by King George V of the United Kingdom on 17 June 1914. The hereditary Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale and the Earldom of Armagh, borne in 1917 by his paternal great-grandfather, were suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. However, the title "Royal Prince of Great Britain and Ireland" had been entered into the family's German passports, together with the German titles, in 1914. After the German Revolution of 1918–19, with the abolition of the privileges of nobility, titles officially became parts of the last name. So, curiously, the British prince's title is still part of the family's last name in their German passports, while it is no longer mentioned in their British documents. On 29 August 1931, Ernst August's grandfather Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, as head of the House of Hanover, declared the formal resumption, for himself and his dynastic descendants, of use of his former British princely title as a secondary title of pretense, which style, "Royal Prince of Great Britain and Ireland", his grandson Ernst August continues to claim.

paragraph: As heir of the last Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and Earl of Armagh, Ernst August has the right to petition under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 for the restoration of his ancestors' suspended British peerages, but he has not done so. His father, also called Ernst August, did, however, successfully claim British nationality after World War II by virtue of a hitherto overlooked (and since repealed) provision of the Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 ("Attorney-General v HRH Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover" [1957] 1 All ER 49).

paragraph: Ernst August is also a great-grandson of the last German emperor, Wilhelm II. His father's sister was Frederica of Hanover (1917–1981), sometime queen consort of the Hellenes, and he is thus a first cousin of both ex-King Constantine II and his sister, Queen Sophia, whose husband Juan Carlos I abdicated his throne in favour of their son, Felipe VI of Spain in 2014. Ernst August's uncle, Prince George William of Hanover (1915–2006), married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (1914–2001), a sister of the future royal consort Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, evoking in 1946 the only known case of a British monarch, George VI, withholding requested permission for a kinsman's marriage under the Royal Marriages Act 1772 (on the advice of his Government as a result of World War II's hostilities). It was held by British officials at the time that the marriage and its issue would not be legitimate in the United Kingdom despite being legal in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By a 24 August 1981 declaration issued by his father as the Head of House, pursuant to Chapter 3, §§ 3 and 5 of the House laws of 1836, Ernst August was authorised to marry dynastically, and did firstly marry, civilly on 28 August 1981 and religiously on 30 August 1981, Chantal Hochuli (b. 2 June 1955 in Zurich), the daughter and heiress of a Swiss real estate developer. They had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Ernst August Andreas Philipp Constantin Maximilian Rolf Stephan Ludwig Rudolph (born 19 July 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Christian Heinrich Clemens Paul Frank Peter Welf Wilhelm-Ernst Friedrich Franz (born 1 June 1985)

paragraph: Ernst August and Chantal Hochuli divorced on 23 October 1997.

paragraph: He married secondly, civilly in Monaco on 23 January 1999, Princess Caroline of Monaco, who was at the time expecting the birth of their child:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Alexandra Charlotte Ulrike Maryam Virginia (born 20 July 1999)

paragraph: As he was born in the male line of George II of Great Britain, he sought permission to marry pursuant to the British Royal Marriages Act 1772, which would not be repealed until the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015. On 11 January 1999, Queen Elizabeth II issued a Declaration in Council, "My Lords, I do hereby declare My Consent to a Contract of Matrimony between His Royal Highness Prince Ernst August Albert of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and Her Serene Highness Princess Caroline Louise Marguerite of Monaco..." Without the Queen's consent, the marriage would have been void in Britain where Ernst August's family owns property and his lawful descendants remain in succession to both the British crown and the two suspended peerages. Similarly the Monégasque court officially notified the government of France of Caroline's marriage to Ernst August, receiving assurance that there was no objection in compliance with the (since defunct) Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1918. Moreover, in order for Caroline to retain her claim to the throne of Monaco and to transmit succession rights to future offspring, the couple were also obliged to obtain the approval of yet a third nation, in the form of official consent to the marriage of Caroline's father, Prince Rainier III as the sovereign of Monaco.

paragraph: Nonetheless, Caroline was a Roman Catholic and Ernst August the heir male of George III when the couple wed, at which time a provision of the Act of Settlement 1701 stipulated that in the event the British crown is to devolve upon an heir married to "a Papist", that heir is permanently disabled from succeeding to the throne, which would pass instead to the next Protestant in the order of succession who had not been married to a Roman Catholic. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 repealed that marital restriction (also embodied in the Bill of Rights 1689), with retroactive effect, as of 26 March 2015.

paragraph: Ernst August's younger brother Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover and his wife, Princess Isabella of Hanover (1962–1988), died tragically. On 28 November 1988, while authorities removed Princess Isabella's body from "The Queen's Villa" in Gmunden, Austria, a house owned by Ernst August which he had left to his brother and sister-in-law, and investigated the drug strewn scene, Ludwig Rudolph, distraught over his wife's apparently accidental cocaine overdose, placed a call to his brother in London, imploring him to take care of the couple's 10-month-old son. Then he fled. Hours later Ludwig Rudolph was found dead, apparently a victim of suicide, near his family's hunting lodge several miles away, on Lake Traun. Custody of their infant son Otto Heinrich was eventually awarded, contrary to the expressed wishes of Ludwig Rudolph as the surviving parent and Ernst August's legal efforts, to the child's maternal grandparents, Count Ariprand (1925–1996) and Countess Maria von Thurn und Valsassina-Como-Vercelli (born 1929), to be raised at their family seat, Bleiburg Castle in southern Austria.

paragraph: After their marriage, Ernst August and Caroline moved to Le Mée-sur-Seine, France, where they had purchased an 18th-century manor house from their friend Karl Lagerfeld. Their daughter went to kindergarten and prep-school there, while the family used Caroline's house in Monte Carlo and Ernst August's hunting lodge near Gmunden, Austria, as secondary homes. In September 2009 it was reported in the French and English press that Ernst August has been living separately from his wife Caroline, who had returned to Monaco while he moved to Austria. The manor house in France was subsequently sold, just as had been Hurlingham Lodge in London, after the divorce from his first wife.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: He was photographed urinating on the Turkish Pavilion at the Expo 2000 event in Hanover, causing a diplomatic incident and a complaint from the Turkish embassy accusing him of insulting the Turkish people. He successfully sued those who published ("Bild-Zeitung") the photograph for invasion of privacy, obtaining an award of 9,900 euros, although the paper had previously published a photo of Ernst August urinating outside a hospital in Austria.

paragraph: In 2004, he was convicted of aggravated assault and causing grievous bodily harm after supposedly beating a German man, Joe Brunnlehner, with a knuckleduster on the Kenyan island of Lamu. He has demanded a retrial for the case on the basis of false evidence. His lawyers have publicly stated that he has never owned a knuckleduster in his life nor held one in his hand.

paragraph: In 2004, Ernst August had signed over his German property to his elder son, including Marienburg Castle, the agricultural estate of Calenberg Castle, the "Princely House" at Herrenhausen Gardens in Hanover and some forests near Blankenburg Castle (Harz) which he had re-purchased in former East Germany after the German reunification of 1990. At the time, Ernst-August’s wealth was estimated as high as $250 million. Since then, the younger Ernst August has taken over many representative tasks on behalf of his father. The latter remained in charge of the Austrian family assets. In 2013 however, Ernst August was removed from the chairmanship of a family foundation based in Liechtenstein which holds the properties near Gmunden in Austria, the Hanovers' main residence in exile after 1866 when their Kingdom of Hanover was annexed by Prussia. Instead, the younger Ernst August was put in charge, reportedly for negligence on part of his father, at the initiative of the foundation's trustee Prince Michael of Liechtenstein. The foundation manages vast forests, a game park, a hunting lodge, the "Queen's Villa" and other property. In 2017 Ernst August filed legal action to recover his chairmanship, and he intends to revoke the bestowal of his German property. Due to this dispute over family assets, he also declared his intention to withhold consent for his son's marriage to Ekaterina Malysheva which he did not attend.

paragraph: Section::::Health.

paragraph: On Monday, 3 April 2005, Ernst August was admitted to hospital with acute pancreatitis. The next day, he fell into a deep coma, two days before the death of his father-in-law, Rainier III, Prince of Monaco. On Friday, 8 April 2005, hospital officials reported that he was no longer in a coma but remained in intensive care. A report the same day on BBC World described his condition as "serious but not irreversible." After his release he was subsequently seen in public with his wife. In an interview he admitted at the time that his health crisis was caused by his hyperactive lifestyle and problems with alcohol.

paragraph: His health deteriorated in subsequent years. He was hospitalized again in 2011, 2017 and 2018 for problems related to alcohol. In February 2019 he had another emergency surgery for pancreatitis. One week later, it was reported that he is suffering of throat cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 February 1954 – 9 December 1987: His Royal Highness The Hereditary Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9 December 1987 – present: His Royal Highness The Prince of Hanover

paragraph: In Germany, the legal privileges of royalty and nobility were abolished in 1919; thereafter for legal purposes, hereditary titles form part of the name only. In his British passport however, the prince is styled "His Royal Highness".

paragraph: While descendants of non-dynastic marriages may bear "Prinz/Prinzessin von Hannover Herzog/Herzogin zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg Königlicher Prinz/Prinzessin von Großbritannien und Irland" as surnames, they are not recognised as bearing titles or membership in the House of Hanover according to its house rules.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Hanover:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign of the Royal Order of St. George

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign of the Royal Order of Henry the Lion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Ernst August

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of the Elephant

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Patrilineal descent, reckoned from father to son, was the principle of membership in Europe's dynasties, including that of Hanover. Monarchs of the House of Hanover belong patrilineally to the Welf, a branch of the House of Este.

paragraph: Below is the descent of the heirs male of the House of Hanover concluding with Ernst August, Prince of Hanover according to agnatic primogeniture. For the complete expanded family tree, see List of members of the House of Hanover.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Oberto I, 912–975

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Otbert II, Margrave of Milan, 940–1017

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Albert Azzo I, Margrave of Milan, 970–1029

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, d. 1097

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, 1037–1101

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, 1074–1126

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, 1108–1139

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Henry the Lion, 1129–1195

paragraph: BULLET::::9. William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg, 1184–1213

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1204–1252

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1236–1279

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1268–1318

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Magnus the Pious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1304–1369

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1328–1373

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1362–1434

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Frederick II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1408–1478

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Otto V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1439–1471

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Henry the Middle, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1468–1532

paragraph: BULLET::::19. Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1497–1546

paragraph: BULLET::::20. William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1535–1592

paragraph: BULLET::::21. George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1582–1641

paragraph: BULLET::::22. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, 1629–1698

paragraph: BULLET::::23. George I of Great Britain, 1660–1727

paragraph: BULLET::::24. George II of Great Britain, 1683–1760

paragraph: BULLET::::25. Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707–1751

paragraph: BULLET::::26. George III of the United Kingdom, 1738–1820

paragraph: BULLET::::27. Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, 1771–1851

paragraph: BULLET::::28. George V of Hanover, 1819–1878

paragraph: BULLET::::29. Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 1845–1923

paragraph: BULLET::::30. Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, 1887–1953

paragraph: BULLET::::31. Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover, 1914–1987

paragraph: BULLET::::32. Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover, b. 1954

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princely House of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site of the House of Welf (in German)

description: Hanovarian prince

wikidata_label: Prince Ernst August of Hanover

wikipedia_title: Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1954)


text:
Diocese of Providence Rhode Island
Fall River Massachusetts
Worcester, Massachusetts
James Murphy
Providence, Rhode Island
Martin & Hall
Charles Maginnis
Boston, Massachusetts
Holy Name of Jesus Church
Providence, Rhode Island
St. Anthony Church
Providence, Rhode Island
St. Andrew Summer Church
Block Island, Rhode Island
St. Agnes Church
Providence, Rhode Island
Our Lady of Lourdes Church
Providence, Rhode Island
Immaculate Conception Church
North Easton, Massachusetts
St. Thomas Moore Church
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Our Lady of the Rosary Church
Providence, Rhode Island
St. Ann Church
Cranston, Rhode Island
Immaculate Conception Church
Providence, Rhode Island
Providence Rhode Island
Holy Ghost Church
Providence, Rhode Island
St. Ann Church
Providence, Rhode Island
Assumption Church
Providence, Rhode Island
St. Rita Church
Warwick, Rhode Island
St. Michael Church
James Murphy
St. Sebastian Church
Providence, Rhode Island
Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church
Bristol, Rhode Island
Our Lady of Consolation Church
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Santo Christo Church
Fall River, Massachusetts
St. Anthony Church
Woonsocket, Rhode Island
Jesus Savior Church
Newport, Rhode Island
St. Paul Church
Cranston, Rhode Island
St. Matthew Church
Cranston, Rhode Island
St. Alexander Church
Warren, Rhode Island
Joseph M. Mosher
St. Mary Church
Cranston, Rhode Island
St. Patrick Church
Burrillville, Rhode Island
Our Lady of Grace Church
Johnston, Rhode Island
St. Mary Star of the Sea Church
Narragansett, Rhode Island

categories: Artists from Worcester, Massachusetts,American people of Irish descent,Architects of Roman Catholic churches,1949 deaths,1869 births,Architects from Massachusetts,American ecclesiastical architects

paragraph: Ambrose J. Murphy

paragraph: Ambrose J. Murphy (1869–1949) was an American architect whose practice was based in Providence Rhode Island. He was a specialist in ecclesiastical work and, in a career that spanned over 40 years, designed many buildings for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence Rhode Island and Fall River Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Murphy was born July 12, 1869 in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he likely was educated. He began his architectural career with his uncle James Murphy (1834–1907), an ecclesiastical architect in Providence, Rhode Island. After this he worked briefly as a draughtsman for Martin & Hall.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural practice.

paragraph: In 1900 he entered into a partnership with Franklin R. Hindle to form the firm Murphy & Hindle. Benjamin W. Wright joined the firm, now known as Murphy, Hindle & Wright, in 1907. The firm was dissolved in 1917 after which Murphy continued to work under his own name.

paragraph: In 1918 Murphy began working with Samuel M. Morino, who continued with him and eventually inherited the office after Murphy retired in 1942. Murphy died on May 27, 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ambrose Murphy began his long and distinguished career at roughly the same time that Charles Maginnis of Boston, Massachusetts was beginning his. The younger Murphy was probably be greatly influenced by Maginnis's beliefs. His unique ecclesiastical buildings are said to be much admired locally and have found their way to some of the National Registers.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:with James Murphy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1896 - 1900 Holy Name of Jesus Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Murphy and Hindle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900 St. Anthony Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900 St. Andrew Summer Church, Block Island, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903 St. Agnes Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905 Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905 Immaculate Conception Church, North Easton, Massachusetts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905 St. Thomas Moore Church, Narragansett, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906 Our Lady of the Rosary Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907 St. Ann Church, Cranston, Rhode Island (St Ann's Parish closed in 2013; church is now St George Maronite Catholic Church. http://www.stgeorgemaronitecatholicchurch.com/ )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908 Immaculate Conception Church, Providence, Rhode Island (The church and the entire surrounding neighborhood were demolished for "Urban Renewal" circa late 1950s.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Patrick Church, Providence Rhode Island (demolished, 1980, due to structural problems)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Murphy, Hindle and Wright.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908 Holy Ghost Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909 St. Ann Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912 Assumption Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914 St. Rita Church, Warwick, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1901-1915 St. Michael Church (The current building replaced the second church built in 1868, and designed by his uncle James Murphy. In 1906, services were moved from the old church into the much larger basement chapel of the new church while the Upper Church was being completed. The Upper Church was dedicated on October 3, 1915. )| The parish complex is on the National Register of Historic Places https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Michael%27s_Church_(Providence,_Rhode_Island)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Ambrose J. Murphy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916 St. Sebastian Church, Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1919 Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church, Bristol, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 Our Lady of Consolation Church, Pawtucket, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 Santo Christo Church, Fall River, Massachusetts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 St. Anthony Church, Woonsocket, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 Jesus Savior Church, Newport, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 St. Paul Church, Edgewood, Cranston, Rhode Island (with Samuel Morino, supervising architect)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 St. Matthew Church, Cranston, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 St. Alexander Church, Warren, Rhode Island (basement only, superstructure built by Joseph M. Mosher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 St. Mary Church, Cranston, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 St. Patrick Church, Harrisville, Burrillville, Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 Our Lady of Grace Church, Johnston, Rhode Island (Basement church, new upper church built late 1960s)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942 St. Mary Star of the Sea Church, Narragansett, Rhode Island

description: American architect

wikidata_label: Ambrose J. Murphy

wikipedia_title: Ambrose J. Murphy


text:
American football
offensive tackle
Buffalo Bills
2014 NFL Draft
college football
Alabama
High Point High School
Beltsville, Maryland
football
DeMatha Catholic High School
Hyattsville, Maryland
Arie
Under Armour All-America Game
offensive line
Rivals.com
ESPN
Scout.com
Alabama
Auburn
New Mexico
USC
Iowa
National Signing Day
ESPNU
Auburn University
Twitter
true freshman
Tennessee
Notre Dame
Sheldon Day
Southeastern Conference
2014 NFL Draft
2014 NFL Draft
Buffalo Bills
2014 NFL Draft
Andre Smith
James Carpenter
Chance Warmack
D. J. Fluker
2016 season
Detroit Lions
Denver Broncos
Arie
Washington Redskins
Elma, New York
Alabama Crimson Tide bio
Rivals.com Recruiting Profile
Buffalo Bills bio

categories: Detroit Lions players,Sportspeople from the Washington metropolitan area,American people of Cameroonian descent,Living people,Alabama Crimson Tide football players,Denver Broncos players,American football offensive tackles,Players of American football from Maryland,1993 births,Cameroonian players of American football,Buffalo Bills players,All-American college football players

paragraph: Cyrus Kouandjio

paragraph: Cyrus Berenice Kouandjio ( ) (born July 21, 1993) is an American football offensive tackle who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Kouandjio initially attended High Point High School in Beltsville, Maryland, where he played football for the Eagles program. After his freshman year he was recruited and transferred to DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland with his older brother Arie, where he played football for the Stags program. He competed in the 2011 Under Armour All-America Game. Kouandjio, a five-star and consensus top offensive line prospect in the nation by Rivals.com, ESPN, Scout.com, and SuperPrep, received offers from over sixty schools, including: Alabama, Auburn, New Mexico, USC, and Iowa. He was the fourth-ranked prospect in the recruiting class of 2011.

paragraph: On National Signing Day, Kouandjio announced on ESPNU that he would attend Auburn University. Later that day, it was reported that he had second thoughts about his choice and was still undecided. Three days later, on February 5, 2011, Kouandjio's brother Arie announced on his Twitter account that Cyrus would attend the University of Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 2011, Kouandjio contributed as a true freshman, playing in eight games until a knee injury in the second half against Tennessee ended his season.

paragraph: As a sophomore in 2012, Kouandjio started all 14 games at the left tackle position. He had the least number of career starts on the Alabama offensive line in the 2012 season. In the 2013 BCS National Championship Game against Notre Dame, Alabama repeatedly ran to the left behind Kouandjio, contributing to 265 net yards rushing and 5.9 yards per rush. On Alabama's third drive, Kouandjio pancake blocked Notre Dame defensive end Sheldon Day. Kouandjio ended the 2012 season ranked as the top offensive tackle from the 2011 recruiting class.

paragraph: As a junior in 2013, Kouandjio was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection. After the season, he decided to forego his senior season and entered the 2014 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: As early as April 2013, Kouandjio was projected as one of the top selections in the 2014 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Kouanjio was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He became the fifth Alabama offensive lineman selected in the first two rounds in six years, after Andre Smith, James Carpenter, Chance Warmack, and D. J. Fluker.

paragraph: Kouandjio suffered an ankle injury near the start of the 2016 season, causing him to miss multiple weeks. He went on to play 12 games with five starts in 2016.

paragraph: On January 26, 2017, Kouandijo suffered a hip injury after falling in his home and underwent surgery. He was expected to recover in time for training camp. On May 24, 2017, Kouandijo was released by the Bills.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On June 15, 2017, Kouandijo signed with the Detroit Lions. He was released on August 29, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.

paragraph: On November 8, 2017 Kouandjio was signed by the Denver Broncos. He played in three games, starting one at right tackle in 2017.

paragraph: On September 1, 2018, Kouandjio was released by the Broncos. He was re-signed on November 20, 2018. He was released again on December 4, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kouandjio's older brother, Arie, played at Alabama and plays offensive guard for the Washington Redskins. Cyrus is married to his college girlfriend, Elizabeth Van Zandt who was also an athlete at the University of Alabama. On April 20, 2017, Kouandjio was found undressed by deputies and firefighters in Elma, New York. Kouandjio required medical attention in an undisclosed condition, and was granted first-aid. Kouandjio formally turned himself in, avoiding his arrest.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alabama Crimson Tide bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivals.com Recruiting Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bills bio

description: American football offensive lineman

wikidata_label: Cyrus Kouandjio

wikipedia_title: Cyrus Kouandjio


text:
1984 Summer Olympics
Friendship Games

categories: Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,German female artistic gymnasts,Living people

paragraph: Birgit Senff

paragraph: Birgit Senff is a retired German artistic gymnast. In 1981 she won a silver medal in the vault at the European Championships and a team bronze at the world championships. She missed the 1984 Summer Olympics due to their boycott by the Soviet block and competed at the Friendship Games instead, winning a silver medal with the East German team.

paragraph: Nationally, she won the vault in 1981, 1983 and 1984 and the uneven bars in 1984.

description: artistic gymnast

wikidata_label: Birgit Senff

wikipedia_title: Birgit Senff


text:
speed skater
1960 Winter Olympics
Manfred Schüler

categories: 1935 births,Olympic speed skaters of the United Team of Germany,German male speed skaters,2001 deaths

paragraph: Manfred Schüler (speed skater)

paragraph: Manfred Schüler (30 March 1935 – 2001) was a German speed skater. He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics in the 500 m and 1500 m events and finished in 24th and 18th place, respectively.

paragraph: Personal bests:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 500 m – 41.6 (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1500 m – 2:16.1 (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5000 m – 8:37.5 (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10000 m – 18:32.3 (1962)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manfred Schüler. speedskatingstats.com

description: German speed skater

wikidata_label: Manfred Schüler

wikipedia_title: Manfred Schüler (speed skater)


text:
‘Alī Zayn al-‘Ābidīn
Medina
Amul
Alid
Shia
Zaydi
Zaydid
Tabaristan
Samanid
regnal name
Imam
Yemen
Medina
Husayn ibn Ali
Muhammad
Shi'a
Imam
Zayn al-Abidin
Khurasani
Hasan ibn Zayd
Hasan
Tabaristan
Muhammad ibn Zayd
Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani
scourge
Gurgan
Samanid
Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi
Rayy
Justanid
Daylam
Zaydid
Gilites
Alburz
Safid Rud
Zaydi
Justan ibn Vahsudan
Ahmad ibn Isma'il
Chalus
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim
Amul
Nasr II
Bavandid
Sharwin II
Sunni
al-Tabari
Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad
Abu'l-Qaim Ja'far

categories: Alavid dynasty,840s births,10th-century rulers in Asia,Zaidi imams,917 deaths

image: 512px-آرامگاه_اطروش.jpg

paragraph: Hasan al-Utrush

paragraph: Abu Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Alī ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ‘Alī ibn ‘Umar al-Ashraf ibn ‘Alī Zayn al-‘Ābidīn (Medina, ca. 844 – Amul, January/February 917), better known as al-Ḥasan al-Uṭrūsh ("the Deaf"), was an Alid Shia missionary of the Zaydi sect who re-established Zaydid rule over the province Tabaristan in northern Iran in 914, after fourteen years of Samanid rule. He ruled Tabaristan until his death under the regnal name of al-Nāṣir li'l-Ḥaqq ("Defender of the True Faith"), and became known as al-Nāṣir al-Kabīr ("al-Nasir the Elder") to distinguish him from his descendants who bore the same surname. He is still known and recognized as Imam among the Zaydis of Yemen.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hasan was born in Medina around 844. Hasan's father was a descendant of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad and third Shi'a Imam, via his eldest son Zayn al-Abidin, while his mother was an unnamed Khurasani slave. When Hasan ibn Zayd, a descendant of Husayn's brother Hasan, established his rule over Tabaristan in the 860s, Hasan joined him there. However, he eventually fell out with Hasan ibn Zayd's brother and successor, Muhammad ibn Zayd, who distrusted him. Hasan left Tabaristan and tried to set up a realm of his own in the provinces further east. To this end, he allied himself with the ruler of Khurasan, Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani, who was an enemy of Muhammad ibn Zayd. Soon, however, al-Khujistani too came to distrust him and had him imprisoned and scourged, as a result of which he lost his hearing and received the sobriquet "al-Utrush" ("the Deaf"), by which he is known.

paragraph: When he was released from imprisonment, Hasan returned to Tabaristan and the service of Muhammad ibn Zayd. Hasan was present and fought alongside the latter in the disastrous battle in 900 at Gurgan against the Samanid army of Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi. Muhammad ibn Zayd was defeated and died of his wounds, leaving Tabaristan open to Samanid occupation. Hasan managed to escape the defeat and at first sought refuge in Rayy. There he received the invitation of the Justanid king of Daylam, who had also supported and served the Zaydid brothers. Together, Hasan and the Justanids tried in 902 and 903 to recover control of Tabaristan, but without success. Worried by the fickleness of the Justanids, Hasan resolved to build a power base of his own. He therefore engaged in a mission to the as yet unconverted Gilites and the Daylamites to the north of the Alburz mountains, where he preached in person and founded mosques. His efforts were swiftly crowned by success: the mountain Daylamites and the Gilites east of the Safid Rud river recognized him as their imam with the name of al-Nāṣir li'l-Ḥaqq ("Defender of the True Faith") and were converted to his own branch of Zaydi Islam, which was named after him as the "Nasiriyya" and differed in some practices from the "mainstream" "Qasimiyya" branch adopted in Tabaristan following the teachings of Qasim ibn Ibrahim. This development threatened the position of the Justanid king, Justan ibn Vahsudan, but in the ensuing showdown between the two Hasan was able to affirm his position and compel the Justanid to swear allegiance to himself.

paragraph: Section::::Recovery of Tabaristan and aftermath.

paragraph: Seeing Hasan's rise to power, the Samanid ruler Ahmad ibn Isma'il sent an army under Muhammad ibn Sa'luk to Tabaristan to oppose a new Zaydid takeover of the province. Although the Samanid force was far superior in numbers and equipment, Hasan managed to inflict a crushing defeat upon it in December 913 at Burdidah on the river Burrud west of Chalus. A detachment that managed to find refuge in the fortress of Chalus was induced to surrender and then massacred by his son-in-law, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim. After this success, the provincial capital Amul opened its gates to the Zaydid forces, and Hasan took up residence in the palace. Taking advantage of the murder of Ahmad ibn Ismai'il soon after, and the preoccupation of his successor Nasr II with cementing his own authority, Hasan was soon able to extend his control over all the old Zaydid domains, including both Tabaristan and Gurgan. A Samanid counter-attack temporarily forced him to abandon Amul and withdraw to Chalus, but after 40 days he beat the invasion back and re-established his position. Even old opponents of the first Zaydid emirs, like the Bavandid Sharwin II, made peace with him and accepted his authority.

paragraph: His achievement was undermined, however, by tensions among his supporters over the issue of his succession, given his advanced age. Hasan's own sons were regarded as dissolute and incapable for leadership, while Hasan fell out with his son-in-law and chief general, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim. On one occasion the latter even took the elderly imam captive, but this produced such an outcry that he was forced to flee to Daylam. In the end, the notables of Tabaristan prevailed upon both to mend their differences, and Abu Muhammad was named as successor over Hasan's own sons. Hasan ruled over Tabaristan until his death in January/February 917, and even a Sunni historian like al-Tabari comments that "the people had not seen anything like the justice of al-Utrush, his good conduct, and his fulfilment of the right". His tomb in Amul became a major site of pilgrimage for the Daylamite and Gilite Shi'ites, and his descendants, who kept the honorific surname "al-Nasir", were held in high esteem.

paragraph: Upon his death, Abu Muhammad returned from Gilan and succeeded him as ruler until his death in 928. Although a popular ruler, his reign was constantly threatened by Hasan's sons Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad and Abu'l-Qaim Ja'far and their supporters, who deposed and forced him to exile briefly in 919 and again in 923–926.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://en.wikishia.net/view/Al-Hasan_al-Utrush

wikidata_label: Hasan al-Utrush

wikipedia_title: Hasan al-Utrush