text: founding fathers of the United States

text: An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States

text: Mary Beard

text: Richard Hofstadter

text: Sir Denis W. Brogan

text: Indiana

text: Corn Belt

text: Spiceland

text: Republican Party

text: prohibition

text: DePauw University

text: Mary Ritter

text: feminism

text: Oxford University

text: Frederick York Powell

text: Walter Vrooman

text: Ruskin Hall

text: Columbia University

text: Barnard College

text: Constitutional Convention

text: World War

text: just war

text: James Harvey Robinson

text: New School for Social Research

text: royalties

text: Connecticut

text: New School for Social Research

text: Greenwich Village

text: earthquake of 1923

text: American Political Science Association

text: American Historical Association

text: Brookwood Labor College

text: New Deal

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

text: American non-interventionism

text: isolationist

text: Wisconsin school

text: New Left

text: William Appleman Williams

text: Gabriel Kolko

text: James Weinstein

text: paleoconservatives

text: Pat Buchanan

text: Andrew Bacevich

text: Boston University

text: New Haven

text: Ferncliff Cemetery

text: Hartsdale

text: Westchester County

text: class conflict

text: Howard K. Beale

text: C. Vann Woodward

text: progressive historians

text: progressive historiography

text: Civil War

text: United States Constitution

text: An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution

text: Carl Becker

text: Jeffersonian democracy

text: William Howard Taft

text: Richard P. McCormick

text: Forrest McDonald

text: Forrest McDonald

text: Peter Novick

text: economic determinism

text: republicanism

text: civil rights era

text: states rights

text: second American Revolution

text: Reconstruction era

text: Gilded Age

text: C. Vann Woodward

text: in JSTOR

text: online edition

text: online edition

text: vol 1. online ed. June 13, 2007

text: online edition

text: online edition

text: online edition

text: John Day

text: online

text: online

text: in JSTOR

text: AHA Bibliography

text: in JSTOR

text: in JSTOR

text: online edition

text: online

text: in JSTOR

text: "American National Biography Online"

text: in JSTOR

text: online edition

text: online edition

text: online

text: online

text: online edition

text: in JSTOR

text: Class and Pluralism in America: The Constitution Reconsidered

text: Article by

text: Charles A. Beard, The Online Books Page, University of Pennsylvania

categories: Writers from New Haven, Connecticut,DePauw University alumni,American male non-fiction writers,Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery,20th-century American non-fiction writers,Presidents of the American Historical Association,1874 births,20th-century American historians,20th-century American male writers,Historians of the American Revolution,History of the United States (1789–1849),Historians from New York (state),Historians of the United States,People from Knightstown, Indiana,Columbia University faculty,The New School faculty,American anti-war activists,1948 deaths,Non-interventionism

paragraph: Charles A. Beard

paragraph: Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874 – September 1, 1948) was an American historian, writing primarily during the first half of the 20th century. For a while he was a history professor at Columbia University but his influence came from hundreds of monographs, textbooks and interpretive studies in both history and political science. His works included a radical re-evaluation of the founding fathers of the United States, who he believed were motivated more by economics than by philosophical principles. Beard's most influential book, "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States "(1913), has been the subject of great controversy ever since its publication. While frequently criticized for its methodology and conclusions, it was responsible for a wide-ranging reinterpretation of American history of the founding era. He was also the co-author with his wife Mary Beard of "The Rise of American Civilization" (1927), which had a major influence on American historians.

paragraph: An icon of the progressive school of historical interpretation, his reputation suffered during the Cold War era when the assumption of economic class conflict was dropped by most historians. The consensus historian Richard Hofstadter concluded in 1968: "Today Beard's reputation stands like an imposing ruin in the landscape of American historiography. What was once the grandest house in the province is now a ravaged survival".

paragraph: Conversely, Sir Denis W. Brogan believed that Beard lost favour in the Cold War not because his views had been proven to be wrong, but because Americans were less willing to hear them. In 1965 he wrote; "The suggestion that the Constitution had been a successful attempt to restrain excessive democracy, that it had been a triumph for property (and) big business seemed blasphemy to many and an act of near treason in the dangerous crisis through which American political faith and practice were passing".

paragraph: Hofstadter nevertheless praised Beard, saying he was "foremost among the American historians of his or any generation in the search for a usable past".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.

paragraph: Charles Beard was born in the Indiana Corn Belt in 1874. His father was a farmer, contractor, part-time banker and real-estate speculator. In his youth Charles worked on the family farm and attended a local Quaker school, Spiceland Academy. He was expelled from the school for unclear reasons, but graduated from the public Knightstown High School in 1891. For the next few years the brothers managed a local newspaper. Their editorial position, like their father's, was conservative. They supported the Republican Party and favored prohibition, a cause for which Charles lectured in later years. Beard attended DePauw University, a nearby Methodist college, graduating in 1898. He edited the college newspaper and was active in debate.

paragraph: Beard married his classmate Mary Ritter in 1900. As an historian, Mary Beard's research interests lay in feminism and the labor union movement ("Woman as a Force in History," 1946). They collaborated on many textbooks.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Oxford.

paragraph: Beard went to England in 1899 for graduate studies at Oxford University under Frederick York Powell. He collaborated with Walter Vrooman in founding Ruskin Hall, a school meant to be accessible to the working man. In exchange for reduced tuition, students worked in the school's various businesses. Beard taught for the first time at Ruskin Hall and he lectured to workers in industrial towns to promote Ruskin Hall and to encourage enrollment in correspondence courses.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Columbia.

paragraph: The Beards returned to the United States in 1902, where Charles pursued graduate work in history at Columbia University. He received his doctorate in 1904 and immediately joined the faculty as a lecturer. In order to provide his students with reading materials that were hard to acquire, he compiled a large collection of essays and excerpts in a single volume: "An Introduction to the English Historians" (1906). That sort of compendium, so commonplace in later decades, was an innovation at the time.

paragraph: An extraordinarily active author of scholarly books, textbooks, and articles for the political magazines, Beard saw his career flourish. Beard moved from the history department to the department of public law and then to a new chair in politics and government. He also regularly taught a course in American history at Barnard College. In addition to teaching, he coached the debate team and wrote about public affairs, especially municipal reform.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Economic Interpretation".

paragraph: Among many works he published during these years at Columbia, the most controversial was "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States" (1913), an interpretation of how the economic interests of the members of the Constitutional Convention affected their votes. He emphasized the polarity between agrarians and business interests. Academics and politicians denounced the book, but it was well respected by scholars until challenged and discredited in the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Resigns in First World War.

paragraph: Though he completely supported American participation in the First World War, he resigned from Columbia University on October 8, 1917, charging that "the University is really under the control of a small and active group of trustees who have no standing in the world of education, who are reactionary and visionless in politics, narrow and medieval in religion. I am convinced that while I remain in the pay of the Trustees of Columbia University I cannot do effectively my part in sustaining public opinion in support of the just war on the German Empire." Following a series of faculty departures from Columbia in disputes about academic freedom, his friend James Harvey Robinson also resigned from Columbia in May 1919 to become one of the founders of the New School for Social Research and serve as its first director.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Independent scholar.

paragraph: Following his departure from Columbia, Beard never again sought a permanent academic appointment. Living on lucrative royalties from textbooks and other bestsellers, the couple operated a dairy farm in rural Connecticut that attracted many academic visitors.

paragraph: The Beards were active in helping to found the New School for Social Research (a.k.a. The New School) in Greenwich Village, New York City, where the faculty would control its own membership. Enlarging upon his interest in urban affairs, he toured Japan and produced a volume of recommendations for the reconstructing of Tokyo after the earthquake of 1923. His financial independence was secured by "The Rise of American Civilization" (1927), and its two sequels, "America in Midpassage" (1939), and "The American Spirit" (1943), all written with his wife, Mary.

paragraph: Beard had parallel careers as an historian and political scientist. He was active in the American Political Science Association and was elected its President in 1926. He was also a member of the American Historical Association and served as its president in 1933. In political science he was best known for his textbooks, his studies of the Constitution, and for his creation of bureaus of municipal research and his studies of public administration in cities.

paragraph: Beard also taught history at the Brookwood Labor College.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Non-interventionism.

paragraph: Though he had been a leading liberal supporter of the New Deal, Beard turned against Franklin Delano Roosevelt's foreign policy, consistent with his Quaker roots. He became one of the leading proponents of American non-interventionism seeking to avoid American involvement in Europe's wars. He promoted "American Continentalism" as an alternative, arguing that the United States had no vital interests at stake in Europe and that a foreign war could lead to domestic dictatorship. He continued to press this position after the war. Beard's last two books were "American Foreign Policy in the Making: 1932–1940" (1946) and "President Roosevelt and the Coming of War" (1948). Beard blamed FDR for lying to the American people and tricking them into war, which some historians and political scientists have disputed.

paragraph: Beard had been criticized as an isolationist because of his views, though Beard in his writings referred to interventionists as isolationist. The views he espoused in the final decade of his life was disputed by many contemporary historians and political scientists. However, some of the arguments in his "President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War" influenced "Wisconsin school" and New Left historians in the 1960s, among them William Appleman Williams, Gabriel Kolko, and James Weinstein. On the right, Beard's foreign policy views have become popular with "paleoconservatives" like Pat Buchanan. Certain elements of his views, especially his advocacy of a non-interventionist foreign policy, have enjoyed a minor comeback among a few scholars of liberty since 2001. For example, Andrew Bacevich, a diplomatic historian at Boston University, has cited Beardian skepticism towards armed overseas intervention as a starting point for a critique of post–Cold War American foreign policy in his "American Empire" (2004).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life and death.

paragraph: Beard died in New Haven, Connecticut, on September 1, 1948. He was interred in Ferncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, Westchester County, New York, joined by his wife Mary a decade later.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Progressive historiography.

paragraph: By the 1950s, Beard's economic interpretation of history had fallen out of favor; only a few prominent historians held to his view of class conflict as a primary driver in American history, among them Howard K. Beale and C. Vann Woodward. Still, as a leader of the "progressive historians", or "progressive historiography", Beard introduced themes of economic self-interest and economic conflict regarding the adoption of the Constitution and the transformations caused by the Civil War. Thus he emphasized the long-term conflict among industrialists in the Northeast, farmers in the Midwest, and planters in the South that he saw as the cause of the Civil War. His study of the financial interests of the drafters of the United States Constitution ("An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution") seemed radical in 1913, since he proposed that the U.S. Constitution was a product of economically determinist, land-holding founding fathers. He saw ideology as a product of economic interests.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Constitution.

paragraph: Historian Carl Becker in "History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1760–1776" (1909) formulated the Progressive interpretation of the American Revolution. He said there were two revolutions: one against Britain to obtain home rule, and the other to determine who should rule at home. Beard expanded upon Becker's thesis, in terms of class conflict, in "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States" (1913) and "An Economic Interpretation of Jeffersonian Democracy" (1915). To Beard, the Constitution was a counter-revolution, set up by rich bondholders ("personalty" since bonds were "personal property"), in opposition to the farmers and planters ("realty" since land was "real property"). Beard argued the Constitution was designed to reverse the radical democratic tendencies unleashed by the Revolution among the common people, especially farmers and debtors. In 1800, said Beard, the farmers and debtors, led by plantation slave owners, overthrew the capitalists and established Jeffersonian democracy. Other historians supported the class-conflict interpretation, noting the states confiscated great semi-feudal landholdings of loyalists and gave them out in small parcels to ordinary farmers. Conservatives, such as William Howard Taft, were shocked at the Progressive interpretation because it seemed to belittle the Constitution. Many scholars, however, eventually adopted Beard's thesis and by 1950 it had become the standard interpretation of the era.

paragraph: Beginning about 1950, however, historians started to argue that the progressive interpretation was factually incorrect because it was not true that the voters were polarized along two economic lines. These historians were led by Charles A. Barker, Philip Crowl, Richard P. McCormick, William Pool, Robert Thomas, John Munroe, Robert E. Brown and B. Kathryn Brown, and above all Forrest McDonald.

paragraph: Forrest McDonald in "We The People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution" (1958) argued that Charles Beard had misinterpreted the economic interests involved in writing the Constitution. Instead of two interests, landed and mercantile, which conflicted, McDonald identified some three dozen identifiable economic interests operating at cross-purposes that forced the delegates to bargain.

paragraph: Evaluating the historiographical debate, Peter Novick concluded: By the early 1960s it was generally accepted within the historical profession that ... Beard's Progressive version of the ... framing of the Constitution had been decisively refuted. American historians came to see ... the framers of the Constitution, rather than having self-interested motives, were led by concern for political unity, national economic development, and diplomatic security. Ellen Nore, Beard's biographer, concludes his interpretation of the Constitution collapsed due to more recent and sophisticated analysis.

paragraph: In a strong sense, this view simply involved a reaffirmation of the position Beard had always criticized by saying that parties were prone to switch rhetorical ideals when interest dictated.

paragraph: Beard's economic determinism was largely replaced by the intellectual history approach, which stressed the power of ideas, especially republicanism, in stimulating the Revolution. However, the legacy of examining the economic interests of American historical actors can still be found in the 21st century. Recently, in "To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution" (2003), Robert A. McGuire, relying on a sophisticated statistical analysis, argues that Beard's basic thesis regarding the impact of economic interests in the making of the Constitution is not off the mark.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Civil War and Reconstruction.

paragraph: Beard's interpretation of the Civil War was highly influential among historians and the general public from its publication in 1927 until well into the civil rights era of the late 1950s. The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. They ignored constitutional issues of states rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war. Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event. Charles Ramsdell says the Beards emphasized that the Civil War was caused by economic issues, and was not basically about the right or wrong of slavery. Thomas J. Pressly says that the Beards fought against the prevailing nationalist interpretation that depicted, "a conflict between rival section-nations rooted in social, economic, cultural, and ideological differences." Pressly said the Beards instead portrayed a, "struggle between two economic economies having its origins in divergent material interests." Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. The Beards announced that the Civil War was really a "social cataclysm in which the capitalists, laborers, and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South". They argued that the events were a second American Revolution.

paragraph: The Beards were especially interested in the postwar era, as the industrialists of the Northeast and the farmers of the West cashed in on their great victory over the southern aristocracy. Hofstadter paraphrases the Beards as arguing that in victory:

paragraph: the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program, quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs, banking, homesteads, and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development. Solicitude for the Freedman had little to do with northern policies. The Fourteenth Amendment, which gave the Negro his citizenship, Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsman friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong protection to business corporations against regulation by state government.

paragraph: Dealing with the Reconstruction era and the Gilded Age, disciples of Beard such as Howard Beale and C. Vann Woodward focused on greed and economic causation and emphasized the centrality of corruption. They argued that the rhetoric of equal rights was a smokescreen hiding their true motivation, which was promoting the interests of industrialists in the Northeast. The basic flaw was the assumption that there was a unified business policy. Beard's economic approach was rejected after the 1950s as conservative scholars doing research on specific subgroups discovered deep flaws in Beard's assumption that business men were united on policy. In fact businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy. While Pennsylvania businessmen wanted high tariffs, those in other states did not; the railroads were hurt by the tariffs on steel, which they purchased in large quantity.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works by Charles A. (and Mary Ritter) Beard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles A. "Some Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy," "American Historical Review" (1914) 19#2 pp 282–298. in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles, "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States" (1913) online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles, "Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy", (1915) online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles A. and Beard, Mary Ritter. "History of the United States" (2 vols.) (1921) vol 1. online ed. June 13, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles, "The Administration and Politics of Tokyo", (1923) online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles A. and Beard, Mary Ritter, "The Rise of American Civilization" (1927) online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles, "A Century of Progress" (1932) excerpts re Government and Law and The Idea of Progress online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles, "The Myth of Rugged American Individualism", John Day (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles, APSA Presidential Address online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles A. "Written history as an act of faith." "American Historical Review" (1934) 39#2 pp 219–231.AHA Presidential Address online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles A. "That noble dream," "American Historical Review" (1935) 41#1 pp 74–87. in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beard, Charles A. "President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War 1941" (Transaction Publishers, 1948).

paragraph: BULLET::::- AHA Bibliography of the writings of Charles Beard

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrow, Clyde W., "More Than a Historian: The Political and Economic Thought of Charles A. Beard" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blaser, Kent. "The rise of American civilization and the contemporary crisis in American historiography." "History Teacher" (1992) 26#1 pp 71–90. in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borning, Bernard C. "The Political Philosophy of Young Charles A. Beard," "American Political Science Review" (1949) 43#6 pp 1165–1178. in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borning, Bernard C., "The Political and Social Thought of Charles A. Beard" (University of Washington Press, 1962) online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braeman, John. "Charles A. Beard: The Formative Years in Indiana." "Indiana Magazine of History" 55#1 (1982): 93–127. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braeman, John. "Charles A. Beard: The English Experience." "Journal of American Studies" 15#2 (1981): 165–189.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, David S., "Beyond the Frontier: Midwestern Historians in the American Century" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Robert Eldon, "Charles Beard and the Constitution: A critical analysis of "An economic interpretation of the Constitution"" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coleman, Peter J. "Beard, McDonald, and Economic Determinism in American Historiography," "Business History Review" (1960) 34#1 pp. 113–121 in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cott, Nancy F., "A Woman Making History: Mary Ritter Beard through Her Letters" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cott, Nancy F. "Beard, Mary Ritter" "American National Biography Online" (2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Craig, Campbell. "The not-so-strange career of Charles Beard." "Diplomatic History" 25#2 (2001): 251–274.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dennis, L. "George S. Counts and Charles A. Beard: Collaborators for Change. (SUNY Series in the Philosophy of Education)." (State Univ of New York Press, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drake, Richard. "Charles Austin Beard: The Return of the Master Historian of American Imperialism." (Cornell University Press, 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egnal, Marc, "The Beards Were Right: Parties in the North, 1840–1860," "Civil War History", Vol. 47, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hofstadter, Richard. "Beard and the Constitution: The History of an Idea," "American Quarterly" (1950) 2#3 pp 195–213. in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hofstadter, Richard. "The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington" (1968), pp 167–346. Detailed analysis of Beard's historiography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennedy, Thomas C., "Charles A. Beard and American Foreign Policy" (1975) online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lann, Ann J. "Mary Ritter Beard: A Sourcebook" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- McDonald, Forrest, "We The People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nore, Ellen, "Charles A. Beard: An Intellectual Biography" (1983). online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, Clifton J. "The Indiana Education of Charles A. Beard," "Indiana Magazine of History" (1959) 55#1 pp 1–15. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, Clifton J., ed. "Charles A. Beard's Recollections of Henry County, Indiana." "Indiana Magazine of History" 55#1 (1959): 17–23. online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radosh, Ronald, "Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strout, Cushing. "The Pragmatic Revolt in American History: Carl Becker and Charles Beard" (1958) online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, William Appleman. "A Note on Charles Austin Beard's Search for a General Theory of Causation," "American Historical Review" (1956) 62#1 pp 59–80. in JSTOR

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recent empirical research on Beard's thesis and economic factors behind the American Constitution from EH.NET's Encyclopedia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class and Pluralism in America: The Constitution Reconsidered

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article by Nancy Cott from "The Reader's Companion to American History" (registration required)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles A. Beard, The Online Books Page, University of Pennsylvania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson, Alan: "What Ever Happened to the Economic Interpretation: Beard's Thesis and the Legacy of Empirical Analysis", Paper presented at the annual meeting of The Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois, Apr 15, 2004.

description: American historian

enwikiquote_title: Charles A. Beard

wikidata_label: Charles A. Beard

wikipedia_title: Charles A. Beard


text:
jazz
Louis Armstrong
big band
Holdenville, Oklahoma
St. Louis, Missouri
chorus girl
South America
soundies
That's My Desire
Baby, It's Cold Outside
Dootone Records
Scott Yanow
Louis Armstrong
Cavalcade of Jazz
Wrigley Field
Leon Hefflin, Sr.
Don Tosti
Roy Brown
Shorty Rogers
Earl Bostic
Nat "King" Cole
Sierra Leone
Freetown
Barney Bigard
Joe Glaser
Forbes, Mike
Velma Middleton at JazzLives

categories: People from Holdenville, Oklahoma,American jazz singers,Jazz musicians from Missouri,Deaths in Sierra Leone,1917 births,Musicians from St. Louis,20th-century American singers,Dixieland singers,1961 deaths

paragraph: Velma Middleton

paragraph: Velma Middleton (September 1, 1917 – February 10, 1961) was an American jazz vocalist and entertainer who sang with Louis Armstrong's big bands and small groups from 1942 until her death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Middleton was born in Holdenville, Oklahoma, and later moved with her parents to St. Louis, Missouri. She started her career as a chorus girl and dancer and throughout her career performed acrobatic splits on stage. After working as a solo performer, and singing with Connie McLean and his Rhythm Orchestra on a tour of South America, she joined Armstrong's big band in 1942, and appeared with him in soundies.

paragraph: When Armstrong's orchestra disbanded in 1947, Middleton joined his All-Stars, a smaller group. She was often used for comic relief, such as for duets with Armstrong on "That's My Desire" and "Baby, It's Cold Outside", and she did occasional features. She also recorded eight tracks as a solo singer for Dootone Records in 1948 and 1951. Although she was not widely praised for her voice, described by critic Scott Yanow as "average but reasonably pleasing and good-humored", Armstrong regarded her as an important and integral part of his show.

paragraph: Middleton performed on June 7, 1953 with Louis Armstrong and his All Stars for the famed ninth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. Also featured that day were Don Tosti and His Mexican Jazzmen, Roy Brown and his Orchestra, Shorty Rogers, Earl Bostic, and Nat "King" Cole.

paragraph: While touring with Armstrong in Sierra Leone, she had a stroke in January 1961, and died the following month in hospital in Freetown. Musician Barney Bigard was critical of Armstrong and his manager Joe Glaser for refusing, after Middleton was taken ill, to arrange her transfer to a country with better health facilities.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forbes, Mike "Louis Armstrong's All Stars". Surrey: J Michael Forbes, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velma Middleton at JazzLives

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Velma Middleton

wikipedia_title: Velma Middleton


text: French

text: Châtillon-sur-Sèvre

text: Poitou

text: Jouy

text: Auneau

text: Mondoubleau

text: Chartres

text: siege of Chartres

text: Philippe Hurault

text: Federico Borromeo

text: Filippo Neri

text: commendatory abbot

text: Preuilly

text: Montréal

text: Aubrac

text: cardinal priest

text: Pope Clement VIII

text: Bordeaux

text: Aquitaine

text: St. Germain des Près

text: François de Joyeuse

text: archbishop of Toulouse

text: cardinal's hat

text: Saint Michael's Basilica

text: Saint-André-de-Cubzac

text: Diocese of Cork

text: University of Bordeaux

text: Henry IV of France

text: Philip IV of Spain

text: Henri de Sourdis

categories: University of Paris alumni,1574 births,French untitled nobility,1628 deaths,Archbishops of Bordeaux,People from Deux-Sèvres,French cardinals

paragraph: François d'Escoubleau de Sourdis

paragraph: François d'Escoubleau de Sourdis (25 October 1574 – 1628) was a French Catholic prelate, the Archbishop of Bordeaux and founder of the Irish College there in 1603.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Châtillon-sur-Sèvre in Poitou, the eldest son of François d'Escoubleau and Isabeau Babou de la Bourdasière. His father was seigneur of Jouy, Auneau and Mondoubleau, marquis d'Alluye, and governor of Chartres, and François himself held the title of Count of La Chapelle.

paragraph: As the eldest son, he was not initially destined for a career in the church. He studied humanities at the Collège de Navarre in Paris, fought in the siege of Chartres (1591) and was engaged to marry Catherine Hurault de Cheverny, daughter of the royal chancellor Philippe Hurault. During a visit to Rome, he met Federico Borromeo and Filippo Neri and decided to enter the church. He was named commendatory abbot of Preuilly, of Montréal, and of Aubrac (1597-1600) and created cardinal priest in the consistory of 3 March 1599 by Pope Clement VIII.

paragraph: With the aid of a dispensation for being under the required age, he was elected archbishop of Bordeaux and primate of Aquitaineon 5 July 1599. He was consecrated on 21 December 1599 at St. Germain des Près, Paris, by Cardinal François de Joyeuse, archbishop of Toulouse, and received the cardinal's hat almost exactly one year later (20 December 1600).

paragraph: In Bordeaux, de Sourdis embarked on a number of urban improvements such as draining swampy areas of the city, renovating the medieval Archbishop's Palace, ordering enhancements to the chapel of Saint Michael's Basilica, and building the Cloister of the Cordeliers in the town of Saint-André-de-Cubzac (which today houses the local public library) and the church of Saint-Bruno of Bordeaux (1611-1620). In 1603 de Sourdis welcomed Reverend Dermit MacCarthy, a priest of the Diocese of Cork, and forty companions, who formed the core of the new Irish College at the University of Bordeaux.

paragraph: In 1605 he became coadjutor, with right of succession, of his uncle Henri d'Escoubleau de Sourdis, bishop of Mallezais, and in 1607 he had the honor of baptizing the duke of Orléans, second son of King Henry IV of France. In 1615, he officiated at the wedding of Elisabeth of France with Infant Felipe (future Philip IV of Spain), and of Louis XIII, king of France, with Infanta Anne of Austria, Felipe's sister, in St. Andrew's Cathedral.

paragraph: He was succeeded as Archbishop at his death by his brother, Henri de Sourdis.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy: François d'Escoubleau de Sourdis

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Biographical Dictionary

alias: François Cardinal d’Escoubleau de Sourdis

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: François de Sourdis

wikipedia_title: François d'Escoubleau de Sourdis


text:
Greek
Greek
businessman
Babis Vovos Constructions
rally driver
Maroussi Basketball Club
Acropolis Rally
1994 World Rally Championship season
2004 World Rally Championship season
Acropolis Rally
Babis Vovos
Babis Vovos Constructions
BVIC Official Company Site
Acropolis Rally
Profile of Aris Vovos@www.rally.gr
Maroussi BC Home Page
Rally.gr

categories: 1964 births,Living people,Greek businesspeople,Greek rally drivers

paragraph: Armodios Vovos

paragraph: Armodios "Aris" C. Vovos (Greek: Αρμόδιος "Άρης" Βωβός; born October 21, 1964) is a Greek businessman. The family business Babis Vovos Constructions filed for bankruptcy protection in 2015. Vovos is a rally driver and was president of Maroussi Basketball Club.

paragraph: Section::::Rally driver.

paragraph: Vovos was the first Greek finisher in the Acropolis Rally in 1994. In 1995 he won the rally with Kostas Stefanis as his co-driver; the race was not a World Championship event that year. He scored three points in the 1994 World Rally Championship season and 1 point in the 2004 World Rally Championship season. He also competed in 2005, 2006, and 2007. He also won the Greek Rally Championship in 1995 driving a Lancia Delta, in 1997 with a Subaru Impreza WRC, in 2000 with Toyota Corolla WRC in 2001 with a Subaru Impreza WRC, and in 2009 and 2010 with Mitsubishi Lancer EVO IX (in group N).

paragraph: From 2002 to 2008, he participated in events in Greece and abroad, along with "EL-EM" (Loris Meletopoulos) as his co-driver.

paragraph: Section::::Rally driver.:Racing awards.

paragraph: Greek Rally Championship:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 (1st)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 (1st)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 (1st)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 (1st)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 (1st)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 (1st)

paragraph: Greek Gravel Cup:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 (Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 (Winner)

paragraph: Acropolis Rally:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 (Best Greek Driver) 8 Overall

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 (1st place in General)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 (Best Greek Driver) 9 Overall

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 (Best Greek Driver) 8 Overall

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 (Best Greek Driver) 12 Overall

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 (Best Greek Driver) 15 Overall

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 (Best Greek Driver) 13 Overall

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Vovos is married to Vicky Lagopoulou and they have one daughter. He is the son of Greek businessman Babis Vovos.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babis Vovos Constructions

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BVIC Official Company Site /

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Site] /

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acropolis Rally

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Aris Vovos@www.rally.gr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maroussi BC Home Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rally.gr

description: Greek businessman and rally driver

wikidata_label: Armodios Vovos

wikipedia_title: Armodios Vovos


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: World War II

text: Battle of Luzon

text: Campobello, South Carolina

text: congestive heart failure

categories: American army personnel of World War II,1999 deaths,World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1921 births,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Thomas E. Atkins

paragraph: Thomas E. Atkins (February 5, 1921 – September 15, 1999) was a Private in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II during a skirmish on 10 March 1945 in the Battle of Luzon.

paragraph: He joined the Army from his birth town in December 1942.

paragraph: Section::::After the war.

paragraph: Atkins retired from the army and settled in his home town of Campobello, South Carolina where he eventually became a farmer. He died on 15 September 1999, from congestive heart failure.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

wikidata_label: Thomas E. Atkins

wikipedia_title: Thomas E. Atkins


text: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

text: King Edward III

text: Cecily Neville

text: Edward IV

text: Richard III

text: John de la Pole

text: William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Alice Chaucer

text: Thomas Chaucer

text: Maud Burghersh

text: power behind the throne

text: Henry VI of England

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Tower of London

text: Duke of Suffolk

text: John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln

text: Battle of Stoke Field

text: Archdeacon

text: Richmond

text: Henry Lovel, 8th Baron Morley

text: Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk

text: Henry VIII

text: Holy Orders

text: Nun

text: William Stourton, 5th Baron Stourton

text: William de la Pole

text: Wingfield Castle

text: Tower of London

text: Katherine Stourton

text: Richard de la Pole

text: Battle of Pavia

categories: English duchesses by marriage,House of York,Daughters of English dukes,People from Rouen,Women of the Tudor period,16th-century English nobility,15th-century English women,1500s deaths,15th-century English people,1444 births,16th-century English women

paragraph: Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk

paragraph: Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk also known as Elizabeth Plantagenet (22 April 1444 – c. 1503) was the sixth child and third daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (a great-grandson of King Edward III) and Cecily Neville. She was thus a sister of King Edward IV and of King Richard III.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Sometime before February 1458, Elizabeth was married to John de la Pole. John was the eldest son of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Alice Chaucer. His maternal grandparents were Thomas Chaucer and Maud Burghersh.

paragraph: Her father-in-law had served as the principal power behind the throne for Henry VI of England from 1447 to 1450. His three years in this position saw the near-complete loss of the English possessions in northern France, towards the end of Hundred Years' War. Suffolk could not avoid taking the fall for the failure. He had been imprisoned in the Tower of London and had been attainted. Consequently, John had not succeeded to his titles when his father was executed on 2 May 1450.

paragraph: Her older brother Edward IV of England restored his brother-in-law to the title of Duke of Suffolk in 1463. She remained the Duchess of Suffolk until his death in 1491/1492. They were settled in Wingfield Suffolk.

paragraph: She survived her husband by almost a decade. She is last mentioned alive in January 1503. She was mentioned being deceased by May 1504. Her death is placed in the sixteen months in between the two reports. She is buried in the church in Wingfield, Suffolk.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: With Suffolk, she had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (c. 1462 – 16 June 1487). He was designated heir to his maternal uncle Richard III. Married to Lady Margaret FitzAlan and had a son, Edward de la Pole, who died young. Rebelled against Henry VII and was killed at the Battle of Stoke Field.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey de la Pole (b. 1464). Died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward de la Pole (1466–1485). Archdeacon of Richmond.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth de la Pole (c. 1468–1489). Married to Henry Lovel, 8th Baron Morley (1466–1489), without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1471 – 30 April 1513). Yorkist pretender in succession to his brother John. Beheaded by order of Henry VIII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy de la Pole (b. 1472). Died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humphrey de la Pole (1474–1513). In Holy Orders.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne de la Pole (1476–1495). Nun.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine de la Pole (c. 1477–1513). Married to William Stourton, 5th Baron Stourton, without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir William de la Pole, Knight, of Wingfield Castle (1478–1539). William was kept in the Tower of London, his date of death is generally regarded as being during late 1539, either October or November. Married Katherine Stourton, no issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard de la Pole (1480 – 24 February 1525). Yorkist pretender in succession to Edmund. Killed at the Battle of Pavia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A listing of the children of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

description: English noblewoman

wikidata_label: Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk


text: cartoonist

text: Basel, Switzerland

text: Alsace

text: Joseph Keppler

text: Puck Magazine

text: Judge

text: Horseheads, New York

text: William Merritt Chase

text: Edwin Austin Abbey

text: Teal Park

text: Zim House

categories: Swiss cartoonists,1935 deaths,American cartoonists,1862 births,American caricaturists,People from Basel-Stadt

paragraph: Eugene Zimmerman

paragraph: Eugene "Zim" Zimmerman (May 26, 1862 – March 26, 1935) was a Swiss-American cartoonist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Basel, Switzerland. His mother died and he was sent to live with relatives in Alsace. In 1867 his father, who was a baker, and an older brother emigrated to the United States. In 1868 Zimmerman was placed on a ship and followed them.

paragraph: Poverty and restricted circumstances characterized his early years as he moved from relatives to working in different jobs. In 1877 he became an apprentice sign painter and continued in this line of work for several years, nurturing a desire to become a professional cartoonist. By copying the work of cartoonists, he acquired the skills necessary to gather a portfolio, which gained him an interview in May 1883 with Joseph Keppler, the director of "Puck Magazine". He was hired and began work at one of the most remarkable satirical magazines of the late 19th century. While he worked at "Puck", he supplemented his income with lucrative freelance work. In 1885 he dropped the last portion of his signature and became known as Zim.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After two and a half years at "Puck" (from May 1883 to December 1885), Zim moved to "Judge" magazine, directed by Bernhard Gillam. Here he was better paid and enjoyed greater freedom in his selection of subjects. The following year he married Mabel Alice Beard of Horseheads, New York. In 1888, in search of a more gentle pace of life, he and Mabel moved to Horseheads. Zim then traveled to New York on alternate weeks to fulfill his commitments at the magazine. Like many contemporary cartoonists, Zim generated cartoons of all varieties, including some which could be considered offensive for their ethnic stereotypes. He remained at "Judge" until his retirement in 1912.

paragraph: Becoming one of America's best-known cartoonists, he published more than 40,000 sketches in his lifetime. The illustrious painter William Merritt Chase, on a visit to the offices of "Judge" in 1897, voiced his praise for Zim's artistry and related that the artist Edwin Austin Abbey pasted his work in a book.

paragraph: After his retirement from "Judge", Zim was founder and first president of the American Association of Cartoonists and Caricaturists.

paragraph: In Horseheads, Zim participated actively in the life of the community. He eventually designed the small town's Teal Park Bandstand, which happened to be located next to his house.

paragraph: He died on March 26, 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Horseheads preserves the artist's residence, known as Zim House, that possesses papers, sketches, and correspondence.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This and That About Caricature". New York: Syndicate Press, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cartoons and Caricatures". Scranton, PA: Correspondence Institute of America, 1910.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ZIM's Foolish History of Elmira and its Tributaries". Horseheads, NY: Chemung Valley Reporter, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ZIM's Foolish History of Horseheads". Horseheads, NY: Eugene Zimmerman, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Dairyland". Horseheads, NY: Eugene Zimmerman, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Language and Etticket of Poker". Horseheads, NY: Eugene Zimmerman, 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Jug Full of Wisdom; Homespun Phoolosophy". Horseheads, NY: Eugene Zimmerman, 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fire; Heroic Deeds for the Dingville Fire Department". Buffalo, NY: Holling Press, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foolish History of Horseheads". Horseheads, NY: Chemung Valley Reporter, 1927.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foolish History of Horseheads". Horseheads, NY: Eugene Zimmerman, 1929.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ZIM: The Autobiography of Eugene Zimmerman edited by Walter M. Brasch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puck Magazine Online Exhibition at the United States Senate Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zim Online Exhibit at ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lost Art of Zim -- Cartoons and Caricatures edited by Joseph V. Procopio

alias:
Zim
Eugen Zimmermann
Eugene Zimmermann

description: American cartoonist

wikidata_label: Eugene Zimmerman

wikipedia_title: Eugene Zimmerman


text:
Bulgarian Cyrillic
Bulgaria
footballer
defender
Tsarsko Selo Sofia
Pazardzhik
Hebar
PFC Belasitsa
Petrich
Rodopa
Smolyan
Botev Plovdiv
CSKA Sofia
right back
Luboslav Penev
second yellow card
Lokomotiv Sofia
Milen Radukanov
Ludogorets Razgrad
Lokomotiv Plovdiv
last-minute winning goal
Basel
group stage
Champions League
Botev Plovdiv
Partizani Tirana
CSKA Sofia
CSKA Sofia
Ludogorets Razgrad
Botev Plovdiv
Serbia
friendly match
Savo Milošević
Euro 2012
Wales
Veselin Minev
Netherlands
exhibition game
2014 World Cup qualifiers
Veselin
A Group
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
Bulgarian Cup
2011–12
2013–14
Bulgarian Supercup
2012
2014

categories: FC Hebar Pazardzhik players,1980 births,PFC Belasitsa Petrich players,PFC CSKA Sofia players,PFC Rodopa Smolyan players,People from Pazardzhik,Association football defenders,Bulgarian footballers,FC Tsarsko Selo players,PFC Ludogorets Razgrad players,Bulgaria international footballers,Bulgarian First League players,Twin people from Bulgaria,PFC Botev Plovdiv players,Living people

paragraph: Yordan Minev

paragraph: Yordan Minev (Bulgarian Cyrillic:Йордан Минев; born 14 October 1980) is a Bulgarian footballer who currently plays as a defender for Tsarsko Selo Sofia.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Yordan Minev started his career in home town Pazardzhik for local team Hebar. Between 2001 and 2003, Minev played in PFC Belasitsa from Petrich. Then, from January 2004 until June 2004 he played in Rodopa from Smolyan. In 2005, he joined Botev Plovdiv.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:CSKA Sofia.

paragraph: In January 2009, Minev signed with CSKA Sofia. He gradually established himself as the first choice right back in the team after Luboslav Penev's appointment as manager. On 23 May 2009, Minev received a second yellow card in the redmen's match against Lokomotiv Sofia.

paragraph: Minev was released from CSKA in March 2011, as he was unable to stake a claim to first choice defender status under head coach Milen Radukanov.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Ludogorets Razgrad.

paragraph: On 30 May 2011, Minev signed a contract with newly promoted Ludogorets Razgrad. He made his competitive debut for Ludogorets on 6 August, in a 0–0 home league draw against Lokomotiv Plovdiv. In his first season playing for Ludogorets, Minev made 28 appearances in the A group and ended the season winning his first league golden medal.

paragraph: On 26 September 2013, he was alleged to have failed a doping test by FIFA (in reality the medical substances had been legally administered by a doctor due to a shoulder injury of the player and there had been a misunderstanding with regard to the terminology used), but was almost immediately cleared of any wrongdoing.

paragraph: On 22 October 2014, Minev scored his first goal for Ludogorets, scoring a crucial last-minute winning goal in a 1–0 home win over Basel in the group stage of the Champions League.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Botev Plovdiv.

paragraph: On 29 June 2017 Yordan Minev made a debut after his return to Botev Plovdiv during the 3-1 away win over Partizani Tirana in the 1st qualifying round of UEFA Europa League.

paragraph: On 29 April 2018 Minev provided an assist and was sent off in the last minute of the dramatic 2-1 home win over CSKA Sofia.

paragraph: Section::::Notable accomplishments.

paragraph: Minev is currently in the "top 20 footballer" club when it comes to the number of matches played for Bulgarian clubs in European competitions. As of 3 August 2017, he has appeared in 56 games in total – 13 for CSKA Sofia, 37 for Ludogorets Razgrad, and 6 for Botev Plovdiv.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Yordan Minev made his debut for the national side on 19 November 2008 in the 1–6 loss against Serbia in a friendly match, which was also Savo Milošević's farewell appearance. He played over the course of the last 20 minutes of the game, during which Bulgaria did not concede.

paragraph: In October 2011, Minev was recalled to the national team by caretaker manager Mihail Madanski for the Euro 2012 qualifier against Wales, but remained an unused substitute for the match. He played as a starter for the first time on 26 May 2012 (alongside his twin brother Veselin Minev), in the 2–1 away win over the Netherlands in an exhibition game. He was an everpresent part of the Bulgarian defense during the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, appearing in 8 of the 10 matches.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He has a twin brother, Veselin, who is also a footballer.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludogorets

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Group (6): 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulgarian Cup (2): 2011–12, 2013–14

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulgarian Supercup (2): 2012, 2014

description: Bulgarian footballer

wikidata_label: Yordan Minev

wikipedia_title: Yordan Minev


text: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

text: Cecily Neville

text: Edward IV

text: Richard III

text: Edmund, Earl of Rutland

text: Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk

text: Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy

text: Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter

text: Wars of the Roses

text: House of Lancaster

text: House of York

text: Battle of Wakefield

text: Second Battle of St Albans

text: Battle of Towton

text: Kingdom of Scotland

text: Margaret of Anjou

text: Henry VI

text: attainted

text: remainder

text: Readeption of Henry VI

text: George, Duke of Clarence

text: Greenwich Palace

text: Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset

text: Elizabeth Woodville

text: Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington

text: Thomas St. Leger

text: attempted rebellion

text: remainder

text: Anne St. Leger

text: George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros

text: Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland

text: Chantry

text: St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

text: George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros

text: Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland

text: Monumental brass

text: dexter

text: royal arms of England

text: Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence

text: Edward III

text: Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March

text: Roger de Mortimer, 4th Earl of March

text: sinister

text: cross

text: de Burgh

text: Mortimer

categories: English duchesses by marriage,House of York,Daughters of English dukes,Women of the Tudor period,1476 deaths,People from Fotheringhay,15th-century Roman Catholics,15th-century English people,1439 births,Deaths in childbirth

paragraph: Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter

paragraph: Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, aka Anne Plantagenet (10 August 1439 – 14 January 1476), was the first child of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. She was thus the eldest sister of kings Edward IV (1461–1483) and Richard III (1483–1485); and of Edmund, Earl of Rutland, Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk, Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy and of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: Anne married twice and divorced her first husband:

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.:First marriage.

paragraph: In 1447 aged eight years old, Anne was married to Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter (1430–1475). During the Wars of the Roses Exeter sided with the House of Lancaster against his wife's family the House of York. Exeter was a commander at the great Lancastrian victories at the Battle of Wakefield and Second Battle of St Albans. He was also a commander at the Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Towton. He fled to the Kingdom of Scotland after the battle, and then joined Margaret of Anjou in her exile in France, queen consort of the Lancastrian King Henry VI. On 4 March 1461 Anne's younger brother Edward, Duke of York, was declared in London as King Edward IV. Exeter was attainted but the new king gave his estates to Anne, with remainder to their daughter Anne Holland. Anne and Exeter separated in 1464 and divorced in 1472. During the Readeption of Henry VI, Anne remained loyal to her brother Edward, and, in what seems to have been her only intervention in politics, worked hard to persuade her brother George, Duke of Clarence, to abandon the Lancastrian cause. If not decisive, her arguments certainly had some effect and thus she played some part in Edward's restoration.

paragraph: By the Duke of Exeter Anne had one daughter, Anne Holland (1461 – between 26 August 1467 and 6 June 1474), who was married in October 1466 at Greenwich Palace to Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, son of Edward IV's queen Elizabeth Woodville by her first husband. Lady Dorset died sometime between 26 August 1467 and 6 June 1474 without children. Grey subsequently married Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington, another rich young heiress, by whom he had issue.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.:Second marriage.

paragraph: Anne married secondly in about 1474 to Thomas St. Leger (c. 1440 – 1483), a loyal follower of his brother-in-law King Edward IV (1461–1483). He took part in the Duke of Buckingham's attempted rebellion against King Edward's younger brother and eventual successor King Richard III (1483–1485), on the failure of which he was executed in 1483. King Edward IV had however in 1467 extended the remainder of most of the former Duke of Exeter's lands to his sister Anne and to any heirs of her body. Thus, if she remarried any future children could inherit them.

paragraph: Anne died giving birth to her only daughter by Thomas, Anne St. Leger (14 January 1476 – 21 April 1526), who due to the special remainder was heiress to the estates of her mother's first husband Henry Holland. She married George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, and was mother of the royal favourite Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Anne died and was buried on 1 February 1476 in the St Leger Chantry, forming the northern transept of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, founded in 1481 by her husband, "with two priests singing forevermore". It was later named the Rutland Chantry in honour of her son-in-law George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros (whose effigy, with that of his wife Anne St Leger, is situated in the chantry), father of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. A Monumental brass in memory of Anne of York and her husband Sir Thomas St Leger survives on the east wall of the St Leger Chantry inscribed as follows:

paragraph: "Wythin thys Chappell lyethe beryed Anne Duchess of Exetur suster unto the noble kyng Edward the forte. And also the body of syr Thomas Sellynger knyght her husband which hathe funde within thys College a Chauntre with too prestys sy’gyng for ev’more. On whose soule god have mercy. The wych Anne duchess dyed in the yere of oure lorde M Thowsande CCCCl xxv"

paragraph: The arms above Anne show her paternal arms of the Dukes of York: in the dexter half the royal arms of England, emphasising their descent from Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (1338–1368), third son of King Edward III (on which basis the House of York claimed the throne), who married Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (1332–1363). Their daughter Philippa de Burgh married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, whose son Roger de Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, was the great-grandfather of Anne, her brother King Edward IV, and their siblings; In the sinister half are shown in chief: "Or a cross gules" (de Burgh) and in base: "Barry or and azure, on a chief of the first two pallets between two base esquires of the second over all an inescutcheon argent" (Mortimer).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ladies of the Bower & Lords of the Tower A Medieval Re-enactment Society based in London, featuring members of the Neville/Plantagenet family.

description: Elder sister of King Edward IV of England

wikidata_label: Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter

wikipedia_title: Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter


text:
dressage
2014 World Equestrian Games
Normandy

categories: Swedish dressage riders,Swedish female equestrians,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Jeanna Högberg

paragraph: Jeanna Högberg (born 16 June 1982) is a Swedish dressage rider. She represented Sweden at the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy where she finished 6th with Swedish team in the team competition and 39th in the individual dressage competition.

description: Swedish dressage rider

wikidata_label: Jeanna Högberg

wikipedia_title: Jeanna Högberg


text:
Sephardi
Hakham
Tripoli
posek
rosh yeshiva
sefarim
Mas'ud Hai Rakkah
shadar
Tripoli
halakhic
poskim
Siddur
nusach
seforim
weekly Torah portion
Shabbat
Abraham Hayyim Adadi
Chaim Palagi
Hilula
Adar
moshav
nusach
minhag
Nisan
Passover
Haggadah
Counting of the Omer
Birkat Hachama
Pirsumei Nisa
Nisan
Passover
Haggadah
Shulchan Aruch
Maateh Tehilla
Psalms
Kol Yaakov
Tu BiShvat
Kolo Shel Yaakov

categories: Libyan rabbis,1800 births,19th-century Sephardi Jews,People from Tripoli

image: 512px-ספר_שערי_תפילה.jpg

paragraph: Jacob Rakkah

paragraph: Jacob Rakkaḥ (, "Yaakov Rakkaḥ") (1800 – 3 March 1891), also spelled Raccah, was a Sephardi Hakham in the 19th-century Jewish community of Tripoli, Libya. He was a well-known "posek" (arbiter of Jewish law) for Sephardi Jews, a rosh yeshiva, and author of approximately 40 "sefarim", some of which were published during his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jacob Rakkaḥ was the son of Rabbi Solomon (Shlomo) Rakkaḥ and the great-great-grandson of Rabbi Mas'ud Hai Rakkah, author of "Ma'aseh Rokeaḥ", who had come to Libya as a "shadar" (rabbinical emissary) from Palestine and stayed to lead the Jewish community in Tripoli for 20 years. Jacob's brother, Zion, was also a Torah scholar.

paragraph: Like other Tripoli rabbis, Rakkaḥ did not wish to be supported by the community, and lived a life of poverty. He worked as an accountant for a large firm.

paragraph: He was known as a great Torah scholar and "posek" (arbiter of Jewish law). His depth of knowledge was exemplary; his halakhic opinions usually relied on tens of, and occasionally over 100, "poskim" who preceded him. His halakhic opinions are still cited today; the Siddur Od Avinu Hai (), published by Machon Hai Hai, is based on his emendations to the "nusach" and laws of prayer for Sephardi Jews.

paragraph: Rakkaḥ founded at his own expense Yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov Tripoli, which housed an estimated 1,000 "seforim" and valuable manuscripts. The yeshiva convened nightly and craftsmen gathered to learn the weekly Torah portion on Shabbat. The yeshiva was destroyed by a bomber during World War II.

paragraph: In 1863 Rakkaḥ published the third volume of his great-great-grandfather's halakhic work, "Ma'aseh Rokeaḥ". His cousin and contemporary, Hakham Abraham Hayyim Adadi, who was a great-grandson of Mas'ud Hai Rakkaḥ, published the second volume of "Ma'aseh Rokeaḥ" in 1862.

paragraph: Rakkaḥ was a contemporary of many great rabbis in Tripoli and other countries. From his writings, it is evident that he had a close correspondence with Rabbi Chaim Palagi and Rabbi Benjamin Pontremoli, author of "Petach HaDvir". In Tripoli, his contemporaries were Rabbi Frajallah Dabush, Shalom Agib, Joseph Rubin, and others.

paragraph: Jacob Rakkah had 2 sons: Rabbi Abraham Rakkah and Rabbi Kamus Rakkah.

paragraph: His Hilula (commemoration of the day of death) on 23 Adar is celebrated each year in one of the Israeli moshavs populated by Libyan Jewish emigres.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1870), concerning laws of prayer, "nusach", and "minhagim"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vayaged Yaakov" (1869), on the Hebrew month of Nisan, the Passover Haggadah, the Counting of the Omer, Birkat HaIlanot, and Birkat Hachama

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derech Chaim" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pirsumei Nisa" (1860), on the Hebrew month of Nisan and the Passover Haggadah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shulchan Lechem HaPanim" (7 volumes), notes and original insights on the Shulchan Aruch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maateh Tehilla" (1858), commentary on the Book of Psalms

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kishurim LeYaakov" (1858), collection of prayers, elegies, and ethical discussions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kol Yaakov" (1852), commentary on the Torah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pri Etz Hadar", on the laws of Tu BiShvat

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tov Lehodot", commentary on the Book of Psalms

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kolo Shel Yaakov", commentary on the Torah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bikkurim LaShem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michtav LeYaakov"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minei Merkachat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HaOrach Mishor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yeshuot Yaakov"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derech Yashar"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vayaged Yaakov", pp. 358 – 391

description: Libyan Hakham

wikidata_label: Yaakov Rokach

wikipedia_title: Jacob Rakkah


text: civil engineer

text: Prospect Park

text: University of the city of New York

text: Frederick Law Olmsted

text: Central Park

text: U.S. Sanitary Commission

text: George Dashiell Bayard

text: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

text: Stranahan

text: Prospect Park

text: Frederick Law Olmsted

text: U.S. Sanitary Commission

text: organizational chart

text: organizational chart

text: Daniel McCallum

text: George Holt Henshaw

text: Flatbush Town Hall

text: High Victorian Gothic style

text: Ruskinian mode

text: New York City Police Department

text: Eastside Park

text: Paterson

text: Fred Wesley Wentworth

text: Eastside Park Historic District

text: Eastside

text: Paterson, New Jersey

text: downtown

text: political leader

text: Prospect Park

text: Frederick Law Olmsted

text: Calvert Vaux

text: Central Park

text: Litchfield Villa

text: Prospect Park Zoo

text: Boathouse

text: Audubon Center

text: landscape architect

text: public domain material

categories: 19th-century American engineers,American people of English descent,American landscape architects,19th-century American architects,1839 births,American civil engineers,New York University alumni,Architects from New York City,1924 deaths

paragraph: John Y. Culyer

paragraph: John Yapp Culyer (May 18, 1839 - 1924) was an American civil engineer, landscape architect, and architect, who worked on parks in Chicago, Pittsburgh and other cities. He is known as the Chief Landscape Engineer of Prospect Park opened in 1867.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in New York city, May 18, 1839 ; son of John and Sarah (Norton) Culyer; grandson of John Culyer of Norfolk ; and a descendant of Nelson of Norfolk, England. He was educated in private schools and studied surveying and engineering under Professor Richard H. Bull of the University of the city of New York.

paragraph: He then spent one year in an architect's office in New York city. He was a member of the engineer corps under Frederick Law Olmsted, superintendent of Central Park, New York city, where he developed a talent for landscape architecture, especially in road construction, surface treatment and planting. In 1861 he accompanied Mr. Olmsted to Washington, D.C., where he assisted in organizing the U.S. Sanitary Commission. He then entered the engineer corps, U.S. army, under General George Dashiell Bayard, and was engaged on fortification and defence works in Virginia south of the Potomac river. On April 14, 1865 Culyer witnessed the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.

paragraph: At the close of the war he was made engineer on Central Park by Comptroller A. H. Green, and in 1866 he assisted Mr. Stranahan in organizing and Mr. Olmsted in laying out Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y., where he was employed for twenty years on the public parks, boulevards and parkways. He resigned in 1886 and engaged as an expert landscape architect and was employed on parks in Chicago, New Orleans, Nashville, New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Pittsburg and Paterson. He attained the rank of lieutenant -colonel and engineer in the N.Y. state national guard; was active in developing rapid transit in Brooklyn ; and was a member of the board of education for twenty-five years.

paragraph: He was elected secretary and advisory landscape architect of the Tree Planting association of New York city and contributed articles on landscape gardening, sanitary reforms and educational advancement to the leading journals of America.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Early organizational chart, 1864.

paragraph: In 1861 Culyer accompanied Frederick Law Olmsted to Washington, D.C., where he assisted in organizing the U.S. Sanitary Commission. One of the things they accomplished was the design of a modern organizational chart of the U.S. Sanitary Commission in 1864, entitled "Diagram illustrating the working organization of the United States Sanitary Commission." In the upper right corner they described, how to read the chart and which colour coding was used. It reads:

paragraph: This chart is one of the first modern organizational charts, but it was not the first in its kind. Two years earlier in 1862 the Attorney and Counselor N. Medal Shafer had drawn a Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union. And ten years before in 1854 the Scottish-American engineer Daniel McCallum (1815–1878) created the first organizational chart of American business around 1854. This chart was drawn by George Holt Henshaw.

paragraph: The Sanitary Commission Bulletin of Feb. 1, 1864 reported, that this chart was used in an early 1864 meeting to explain the work of commission to its participants. In the same year the foreign agent of the United States sanitary commission Charles SP. Bowles reported, that initially multiple large engraved diagrams, showing its working organization, existed.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Flatbush Town Hall, 1874-75.

paragraph: Flatbush Town Hall at 35 Snyder Avenue between Flatbush and Bedford Avenues in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, was built in 1874-75 and was designed by Culyer in the High Victorian Gothic style in the Ruskinian mode.

paragraph: It dates from the time before the Town of Flatbush was integrated into the City of Brooklyn, in 1894. Afterwards the building served as a magistrate's court and the New York City Police Department's 67th Police Precinct station.

paragraph: In the late 1980s the building underwent a renovation and refurbishment, and it is now used as a community center.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Eastside Park, Paterson, 1888.

paragraph: Eastside Park, Paterson was designed by Cuyler in cooperation with Fred Wesley Wentworth, and Welch, Smith & Provot, build in 1888. The Eastside Park Historic District is a residential neighborhood in the Eastside of Paterson, New Jersey east of downtown. Once the home of the city's industrial and political leaders, the neighborhood experienced a significant downturn as industry fled Paterson, but has since seen a revival in interest in the mansions and large homes in the area.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Flatbush District No. 1 School, 1894.

paragraph: The Flatbush District No. 1 School at 2274 Church Avenue on the corner of Bedford Avenue in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, was built in 1878 and was designed by Culyer in the "Rundbogenstil" style, with a southern addition which dates from 1890-94.

paragraph: The school, which dates from the period before the Town of Flatbush was integrated into the City of Brooklyn in 1894, was later designated Public School 90, but the building was closed in 1951. Since then, it has been used as Yeshiva University's Boy's High School and the Beth Rivkah Institute, but is currently vacant.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Prospect Park and other works.

paragraph: Culyer assisted in laying out Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y., where he was employed for twenty years on the public parks, boulevards and parkways. The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux after they completed Manhattan's Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, The Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center; Brooklyn's only lake, covering ; the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime.

paragraph: The Brooklyn Historical Society summarized, that "during the park's construction, Culyer was charged by the park's commission to oversee the development of the park's public uses. He also oversaw the construction of Ocean Parkway, the Concourse at Coney Island, and was involved in the construction of several railroads in Brooklyn."

paragraph: After his resignation in Brooklyn in 1886, Culyer was engaged as an expert landscape architect and was employed on parks in Chicago, New Orleans, Nashville, New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Pittsburg and Paterson.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Yapp Culyer. "An Address on Industrial and Inventive Drawing in Public Schools, Delivered Before the New York State Association of County Commissioners and City Superintendents of Common Schools, at the Albany High School, Thursday Evening, March 29, 1877, by Jno. Y. Culyer, of Brooklyn, N.Y." 1877.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Yapp Culyer. "Engineering: Applicable to the National Guard," 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Yapp Culyer, Edward Payson North, A. F. Noyes. "Report of Examination and Tests of the Aveling & Porter and Harrisburg Steam Road-rollers: By a Commission of Civil Engineers, Consisting of J.Y. Culyer, E.P. North, A.F. Noyes," 1890.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: This article incorporates public domain material from Brown, John Howard. "Culyer, John Yapp" in: "Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States." Vol 2. 1900. p. 295-6.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Yapp Culyer collection, 1921 – 1955

description: American civil engineer, landscape architect and architect (1839-1924)

wikidata_label: John Y. Culyer

wikipedia_title: John Y. Culyer


text:
House of Piast
Masovian branch
Czersk
Liw
Warsaw
Nur
Łomża
Ciechanów
Różan
Zakroczym
Wyszogród
Płock
Wizna
Płońsk
Zawkrze
Błonie
Tarczyn
Kamieniec
Bolesław IV of Warsaw
Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy
Vladimir Olgerdovich
Konrad III
Sochaczew
Nicolaus von Tüngen
Bishopric of Warmia
Anna
Chorąży
morganatic
Janusz II
Polish Biographical Dictionary
Polish Academy of Learning
National Ossoliński Institute

categories: Polish nobility,1488 deaths,1453 births,Polish Roman Catholics

paragraph: Bolesław V of Warsaw

paragraph: Bolesław V of Warsaw (pl: "Bolesław V warszawski"; ca. 1453 - 27 April 1488), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch. He was a Duke of Czersk, Liw, Warsaw, Nur, Łomża, Ciechanów, Różan, Zakroczym and Wyszogród during 1454-1471 jointly with his brothers (under regency until 1462), Duke of Płock, Wizna, Płońsk and Zawkrze during 1462-1471, and after the division of the paternal domains in 1471, sole ruler over Warsaw, Nur and Liw. In 1484 he abdicated his rule over Błonie, Tarczyn, Kamieniec and Zakroczym.

paragraph: He was the seventh son of Bolesław IV of Warsaw and Barbara Olelkovna of Slutsk-Kapy, a Lithuanian princess, (granddaughter of Vladimir Olgerdovich). The premature death from four of his older brothers during 1452-1454 left him as the third surviving son of his family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After the death of his father on 10 September 1454, Bolesław V and his siblings where place under the guardianship of their mother Barbara and Paweł Giżycki, Bishop of Płock. The regency ended in 1462, when their older brother Konrad III attained his majority and became in the legal guardian of his younger brothers.

paragraph: Bolesław V and his brothers formally attained their majority on 3 April 1471. In the division of the paternal domains, he received Warsaw, Nur and Liw.

paragraph: In 1476 Bolesław V together with his brother Janusz II protested against the incorporation of Sochaczew (who was held by Anna of Oleśnica, widow of Władysław I, as a part of her "Qprawa wdowia") to the Polish Kingdom by sending his troops to the disputed city. The King, however, had other plans, and finally Masovian Piasts had to abandon their ambitious plans.

paragraph: The conflict for Sochaczew caused a temporary coolness in the relations between Bolesław V and the Polish Kingdom, which was expressed in his neutrality during the dispute between Nicolaus von Tüngen and King Casimir IV for the Bishopric of Warmia.

paragraph: On 20 July 1477 Bolesław V married with Anna, a daughter of Zygmunt of Radzanów, "Chorąży" of Płock and Voivode of Belz. The union, however, due to the low origins of the bride, was morganatic, thus any children from the marriage had rights of inheritance. Around 1480, Bolesław V, under the pressure of his brothers, divorce her. They had no children.

paragraph: For unknown reasons, in 1484 Bolesław V resigned to the brothers parts of his domains: Konrad III received Zakroczym and Janusz II obtain Kamieniec, Błonie and Tarczyn.

paragraph: Bolesław V died on 27 April 1488 and was buried in Warsaw.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karol Maleczyński: "Bolesław V" in: "Polish Biographical Dictionary". vol. 2: Jan Beyzym, Marja Brownsford. Kraków: Polish Academy of Learning – Gebethner and Wolff Editorial, 1936, p. 283. Reprint: National Ossoliński Institute, Kraków 1989.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Bolesław V of Warsaw

wikipedia_title: Bolesław V of Warsaw


text: Muslim

text: Multan

text: Sultan Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri

text: Turkic slaves

text: Khuṭbah

text: Qutb-ud-din Aibak

text: Delhi

text: Sultanate of Delhi

text: Slave dynasty

text: Multan

text: Taj-ud-Din Yildoz

text: Ghazni

text: Bengal

text: Tajuddin Elduz

text: Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish

text: Indus River

text: Muhammad II of Khwarezm

text: Tajuddin Elduz

text: Ghazni

text: Lahore

text: Lahore

text: Tajuddin Elduz

text: Taraori

text: Tajuddin Elduz

text: Budaun

text: Tajuddin Elduz

text: Lahore

text: Ghurids

text: India

text: Delhi

text: Uch

text: Multan

text: Ali Mardan

text: Khalji

text: Lakhnauti

text: Delhi

text: Sultan

text: Ala-ud-din

text: Ghiyas ud din Balban

text: Bihar

text: Lahore

text: Tajuddin Elduz

text: Muhammad of Ghor

text: Ghazni

text: Kannauj

text: Benaras

text: Gwalior

text: Kalinjar

text: Ranthambore

text: Chauhan

text: Aram Shah

text: Lahore

text: Multan

text: Sindh

text: Mongols

text: Mongol

text: Kipchak

text: Turkic people

text: Kazakh people

text: Islamic Golden Age

text: Muslims

text: Asia

text: Khwarezmid Empire

text: Turkmen

text: Kipchaks

text: Islam

text: Persia

text: Arab

text: Iltutmish

text: lieutenant

text: Nasiruddin Aiyitim

text: Lahore

text: Multan

text: Bhakkar

text: Indus River

text: Uch

text: Uch

text: Kamaluddin Muhammad Junaidi

text: Nizam al-Mulk

text: Bhakkar

text: Indus River

text: Iltutmish

text: Delhi

text: Junaidi

text: Sindh

text: Mohammad of Ghor

text: Slave Dynasty

text: Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish

text: History of Multan

text: Asiatic Society of Bengal

text: Multan History

categories: 13th-century deaths,Turkic rulers,History of Sindh,Year of birth unknown,Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

paragraph: Nasir ad-Din Qabacha

paragraph: Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha or Kaba-cha () was the Muslim of Multan, appointed by Sultan Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri in 1203.

paragraph: Section::::Successors of Ghauri.

paragraph: Ghauri had no offspring, but he treated thousands of his Turkic slaves as his sons, who were trained both as soldiers and administrators and provided with the best possible education. Many of his hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of importance in Ghauri's army and government.

paragraph: When a courtier lamented that the Sultan had no male heirs, Ghauri retorted:

paragraph: "Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khuṭbah (Friday sermon) throughout these territories."

paragraph: Ghauri's prediction proved true. After his assassination, his Empire was divided amongst his slaves. Most notably:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qutb-ud-din Aibak became ruler of Delhi in 1206, establishing the Sultanate of Delhi, which marked the start of the Slave dynasty of India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha became ruler of Multan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taj-ud-Din Yildoz became ruler of Ghazni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji became ruler of Bengal

paragraph: Section::::Slave Dynasty.

paragraph: In 1210 Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha declared himself independent. He twice repulsed the attacks of Tajuddin Elduz of Ghazni, but could not defeat Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish and drowned in the Indus River while trying to escape.

paragraph: In 1214 Muhammad II of Khwarezm drove Tajuddin Elduz from Ghazni, and took him to Lahore, and gave the authority to Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha. Iltutmish protested against this act of aggression, and when the protest was disregarded marched towards Lahore. Tajuddin Elduz accepted the challenge and on 25 January 1216, the armies met on the already famous field of Taraori. Tajuddin Elduz was defeated and taken, and after being led through the streets of Delhi was sent to Budaun, where he was put to death in the same year. After the overthrow of Tajuddin Elduz, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha again occupied Lahore.

paragraph: Iltutmish faced a number of challenges to his rule. In the aftermath of Aibak's death, the Ghurids dominions in India had divided into four. Iltutmish controlled Delhi. At that time Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha was the Governor of Uch and Multan asserted his independence. Ali Mardan, a Khalji noble, who had been appointed Governor of Lakhnauti by Aibak in 1206, had thrown off his allegiance to Delhi after his death and styled himself Sultan Ala-ud-din. His successor, Ghiyas ud din Balban, conquered Bihar. Lahore was contested by Iltutmish, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha and Tajuddin Elduz, Muhammad of Ghor adopted son and successor in Ghazni. Elduz attempted to bring Delhi under his control. Initially, Iltutmish acknowledged Elduz's suzerainty by accepting the symbolic presents of the chatr and durbash. The Hindu princes and chiefs were discontented at their loss of independence and had recovered Kannauj, Benaras, Gwalior, and Kalinjar had been lost during Aibak's reign while Ranthambore had been reconquered by the Chauhans during Aram Shah's rule.

paragraph: In 1217, Iltutmish moved towards Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha at the head of a large army. Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha attempted to retreat from Lahore towards Multan but was defeated at Mansura. Iltutmish refrained from attacking Sindh due to the presence of Mongols on his north-west frontier. Iltutmish was preoccupied with the Mongol threat and did not threaten Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha until 1227.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was married to one of the daughters of Aibak in 1205.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Origin.

paragraph: He was originally a Kipchak, an ancient Turkic people that have since been absorbed into modern Kazakh people, moved during the Islamic Golden Age were Muslims were moving towards the East to expand in Asia. The Khwarezmid Empire was established by Turkmen and Kipchaks Turks who had converted to Islam due to Persian and Arab missionary missions from the 7th century onwards.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Death.

paragraph: As Iltutmish approached Uch his lieutenant, Nasiruddin Aiyitim, advanced from Lahore and besieged Multan, Qabacha took to his boats and fled to the island-fortress of Bhakkar, in the Indus River, leaving his minister to follow him with the treasure stored at Uch.

paragraph: On 9 February 1228, Iltutmish arrived at Uch and opened the siege, at the same time dispatching a force under his minister, Kamaluddin Muhammad Junaidi, entitled Nizam al-Mulk, in pursuit of Qabacha, who in his despair sent Alauddin Bahram Shah, his son by Aibak's daughter, to make terms. Bahram was successful, and in accordance with the treaty Uch was surrendered in 4 May, but Junaidi was either not informed of the treaty or wilfully disregarded it, for he continued to besiege Bhakkar, and Qabacha drowned in the Indus River. The circumstances of his death are variously related; some writers say that he was accidentally drowned in attempting to escape, and others that he committed suicide by throwing himself into the river. His death ended the campaign, and his troops transferred their services to Iltutmish, who returned to Delhi in August, leaving Junaidi to complete the conquest of lower Sindh.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mohammad of Ghor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slave Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Multan

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asiatic Society of Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multan History

description: Mamluk Sultan general

wikidata_label: Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha

wikipedia_title: Nasir ad-Din Qabacha


text:
underground rapper
martial arts
chess
Gang Starr
Big Shug
Group Home
Jeru the Damaja
Life Force Radio
Easy Mo Bee
Ayatollah
Guru
Big Daddy Kane
RZA
Teena Marie
State of the Arts
Royce da 5'9"
Official Site
Official Site
Site

categories: Underground rappers,20th-century male musicians,East Coast hip hop musicians,21st-century American rappers,American male rappers,African-American male rappers,Five percenters,21st-century male musicians,20th-century American rappers,Gee Street Records artists,Rappers from New York City,Living people,1974 births

paragraph: Afu-Ra

paragraph: Aaron Phillip (born January 31, 1974), better known by his stage name Afu-Ra, is a New York-based American underground rapper. Afu, born Aaron Phillip, is a devout student of the martial arts, as well as chess. Afu is a member of the Gang Starr Foundation, alongside, among others, Jeru the Damaja, Big Shug and Group Home, and is most well known through his affiliation with the foundation and Jeru the Damaja.

paragraph: Afu released his second effort "Life Force Radio" in May 2002, featuring production from DJ Premier, Curt Cazal, True Master, Easy Mo Bee, Needlez, Domingo and Ayatollah. Guests included Hip Hop legends Guru, Big Daddy Kane, RZA as well as R&B star Teena Marie. In 2004, he released a compilation album titled "Afu-Ra presents Perverted Monks". He returned with another album in 2005, "State of the Arts". DJ Premier returned once again to produce the single "Sucka Free". Wu-Tang's Masta Killa appeared on the song "Livin' Like Dat", and underground favorite Royce da 5'9" appeared on "Pusha".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Site

description: rapper

wikidata_label: Afu-Ra

wikipedia_title: Afu-Ra


text: Angela James Bowl

text: Wayne Gretzky

text: Mario Lemieux

text: Clarkson Cup

text: Angela James Bowl

text: 2011 Clarkson Cup

text: Syracuse Orange women's ice hockey

text: Angela James Bowl

wikipedia_title: 2010–11 Syracuse Orange women's ice hockey season

categories: Sportspeople from Longueuil,Les Canadiennes de Montreal players,Angela James Bowl winners,Clarkson Cup champions,Anglophone Quebec people,1985 births,Ice hockey people from Quebec,Canadian women's ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Sabrina Harbec

paragraph: Sabrina Harbec (born March 20, 1985) is a hockey player for the Montreal Stars and is the third winner of the Angela James Bowl after leading the CWHL with 15 goals and 39 assists in 29 games. Her performance helped the Stars finish first overall in league standings for the third straight season (2009–2010) and she became the fifth CWHL player to break the career 100-point barrier, in 2010, when she was selected as the league's Most Valuable Player (as voted by captains), the CWHL Top Forward (by captains and coaches), and a CWHL First Team All-Star (unanimous selection). Prior to playing for the Montreal Stars, Harbec competed in NCAA hockey for the St. Lawrence Skating Saints women's ice hockey program. She is currently in the Top 10 in all-time NCAA scoring with 219 career points. She was the 2006 ECAC player of the year. Known by many as one of the few female player-contestants on La série Montréal-Québec 2010 of French-Canadian Television, Harbec wears the number 96 with the Montreal Stars as a tribute to Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux.

paragraph: Nicknamed Sab by her teammates, she started playing at the age of 5, accompanied on the ice by her father and two brothers. She worked in 2010 and 2011 as an assistant with the Syracuse University Division 1 women's hockey team and is currently pursuing a career in the mining industry thanks to a master's degree in math and education.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:St. Lawrence.

paragraph: In 2006, Harbec was a top three finalist for the Patty Kazmaier Memorial Award. She was the first St. Lawrence player to be a finalist for the award. She is the Saints all-time leading scorer with 217 career points.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Hockey Canada.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harbec tried out for the 2008 Canadian National team and was part of the Hockey Canada Fall Festival in Autumn 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Montreal Stars.

paragraph: At the 2009 Clarkson Cup, Harbec scored the game-winning goal in the second game of the two game series against the Minnesota Whitecaps. In 2009-10, Harbec won the Angela James Bowl after leading the CWHL in scoring with 55 points. She won the league scoring race by 11 points, finishing ahead of runner-up Lindsay Vine. She helped the Stars finish first overall in league standings for the third-straight season. Before season's end, she became the fifth CWHL player to break the career 100-point barrier. At year's end, she was selected the league's Most Valuable Player (as voted by captains), the CWHL Top Forward (by captains and coaches), and a CWHL First Team All-Star (unanimous selection). In the championship game of the 2011 Clarkson Cup, Harbec scored a goal.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Harbec was hired as an assistant coach for the Syracuse Orange women's ice hockey program. She was an assistant for the 2010-11 season.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela James Bowl winner, 2009–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- CWHL Most Valuable Player, 2009–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- CWHL Top Forward, 2009–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- Top three finalist for the 2006 Patty Kazmaier Memorial Award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabrina Harbec, First Team All-America selection (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabrina Harbec, All-America honors (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabrina Harbec, All-America honors (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabrina Harbec, 2007 ECAC All-Tournament team

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Sabrina Harbec

wikipedia_title: Sabrina Harbec


text:
racing
24 Hours of Le Mans
Porsche 934
Alfa Romeo
Allard
Aston Martin
DB4
Octane

wikipedia_title:
Auto racing
24 Hours of Le Mans
Porsche 934
Alfa Romeo
Allard
Aston Martin
Aston Martin DB4
Octane (magazine)

categories: British Touring Car Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,1946 births,FIA GT Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Tony Dron

paragraph: Tony Dron (born 1946) is a British racing driver as well as being a motoring author and journalist.

paragraph: Section::::Racing history.

paragraph: Dron is best known for racing Touring Cars in the 1970s (Triumph Dolomites for the works BL/Broadspeed team) and for competing in Porsches at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the early 1980s, including a class win at Le Mans in 1982 in a Porsche 934, and driving a Group C (Kremer CK-5) in 1983. He was a full-time professional race driver from 1974–79, for teams that included British Leyland, Unipart and Alfa UK, but his career as a racer first began in May 1968 and continued for a full 43 years.

paragraph: Dron has achieved a remarkable range of victories, "winning" events in 24 makes and 41 models of car. (These are actual wins, not all the makes and models in which he has competed.) The total number of wins is not known but is well into the hundreds.

paragraph: Race "wins" have been recorded in:

paragraph: Alfa Romeo: 1600GT Junior, TZ1

paragraph: Allard: JR

paragraph: Aston Martin: DB4

paragraph: Austin: Metro

paragraph: Austin-Healey: 3000, 100/4

paragraph: Bentley: 3-litre

paragraph: BMW: Counties 3 Series, M3

paragraph: Caterham: Seven (two types)

paragraph: Chevrolet: Camaro

paragraph: Datsun: 240Z

paragraph: Ferrari: 330LMB, 246S

paragraph: Fiat: 128 1300GT Coupé

paragraph: Ford: Escort Mexico, Falcon, Zephyr Mk II, fwd RS2000

paragraph: Jaguar: Mk 1, Mk 2, D-type

paragraph: Lister: Jaguar 'Knobbly'

paragraph: Lotus: Mk 9

paragraph: Lola: Mk6GT

paragraph: Mazda: 323

paragraph: MG: Maestro, MGB

paragraph: Morgan: Plus 8

paragraph: Porsche: 924, 924GTR, 911RSL, 928S2, 928S4, 930, 934, '935', 911 Carrera 2

paragraph: Renault: 5

paragraph: Triumph: TR4, Dolomite Sprint

paragraph: TVR: Tuscan

paragraph: In recent years, he has also been seen racing (and winning in) an enormous variety of historic cars, including the Le Mans-winning 1959 Aston Martin DBR1 and the 1960 Ferrari 246S Dino. In the Ferrari, Dron won the Sussex Trophy at the Goodwood Revival for three consecutive years. Having competed numerous times in the modern Nürburgring 24 Hours, he is known to be a highly experienced competitor on the old Nordschleife, where historic racing victories include an outright win in the 1996 Eifel Klassik in a 1963 Ferrari 330LMB, from pole position in a field of 180 cars.

paragraph: Dron retired from race driving in 2011, although he still works as a motoring journalist and test driver for Octane magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Dron writes a regular column in Octane. He is the author of several books including "Porsche: Engineering for Excellence" (2008) and "Alan Mann – A Life of Chance" (2012, with Alan Mann).

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Tony Dron

wikipedia_title: Tony Dron