text: civil rights

text: social justice

text: Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: Rankin Chapel

text: Howard University

text: Marsh Chapel

text: Boston University

text: Alfred Fisk

text: Florida

text: Daytona Beach

text: Daytona, Florida

text: Florida Baptist Academy

text: Morehouse College

text: valedictorian

text: ordained

text: Baptist

text: minister

text: First Baptist Church of Roanoke, Virginia

text: Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School

text: Mount Zion

text: Oberlin, Ohio

text: Spelman College

text: Haverford College

text: Rufus Jones

text: Quaker

text: mystic

text: Rankin Chapel

text: Howard University

text: District of Columbia

text: Mahatma Gandhi

text: nonviolence

text: Fellowship of Reconciliation

text: Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples

text: Oklahoma

text: Texas

text: Arkansas

text: Boston University

text: Marsh Chapel

text: Boston University School of Theology

text: Jesus and the Disinherited

text: Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: Civil Rights Movement

text: Sherwood Eddy

text: James Farmer

text: A. J. Muste

text: Pauli Murray

text: Zalman Schachter-Shalomi

text: Judaism

text: Sue Bailey Thurman's

text: Cathedral of Saint John the Divine

text: Ebony Magazine

text: Life

text: Boston University

text: Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center

text: I Will Light Candles This Christmas

text: Jesus and the Disinherited

text: The Howard Thurman Papers Project

text: "Howard Thurman"

text: "Howard Thurman"

text: "Howard Thurman", "This Far by Faith", PBS

text: Description

text: link

categories: Morehouse College alumni,People from Daytona Beach, Florida,1899 births,Social critics,American writers,African-American writers,Christian theologians,Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni,American activists,1981 deaths,African-American history in San Francisco,Baptist theologians,Baptists from the United States

paragraph: Howard Thurman

paragraph: Howard Washington Thurman (November 18, 1899 – April 10, 1981) was an African-American author, philosopher, theologian, educator, and civil rights leader. As a prominent religious figure, he played a leading role in many social justice movements and organizations of the twentieth century. Thurman's theology of radical nonviolence influenced and shaped a generation of civil rights activists, and he was a key mentor to leaders within the movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr.

paragraph: Thurman served as dean of Rankin Chapel at Howard University from 1932 to 1944 and as dean of Marsh Chapel at Boston University from 1953 to 1965. In 1944, he co-founded, along with Alfred Fisk, the first major interracial, interdenominational church in the United States.

paragraph: Howard Thurman died on April 10, 1981 in San Francisco, California.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Howard Thurman was born in 1899 in Florida in Daytona Beach. He spent most of his childhood in Daytona, Florida, where his family lived in Waycross, one of Daytona's three all-black communities. He was profoundly influenced by his maternal grandmother, Nancy Ambrose, who had been enslaved on a plantation in Madison County, Florida. Nancy Ambrose and Thurman's mother, Alice, were members of Mount Bethel Baptist Church in Waycross and were women of deep Christian faith. Thurman's father, Saul Thurman, died of pneumonia when Howard Thurman was seven years old. After completing eighth grade, Thurman attended the Florida Baptist Academy in Jacksonville, Florida. One hundred miles from Daytona, it was one of only three high schools for African Americans in Florida at the time.

paragraph: In 1923, Thurman graduated from Morehouse College as valedictorian. In 1925, he was ordained as a Baptist minister at First Baptist Church of Roanoke, Virginia, while still a student at Rochester Theological Seminary (now Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School). He graduated from Rochester Theological Seminary in May 1926 as valedictorian in a class of twenty-nine students. From June 1926 until the fall of 1928, Thurman served as pastor of Mount Zion Baptist Church in Oberlin, Ohio. In the fall of 1928, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he had a joint appointment to Morehouse College and Spelman College in philosophy and religion. During the spring semester of 1929, Thurman pursued further study as a special student at Haverford College with Rufus Jones, a noted Quaker philosopher and mystic.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Thurman was selected as the first dean of Rankin Chapel at Howard University in the District of Columbia in 1932. He served there from 1932 to 1944. He also served on the faculty of the Howard University School of Divinity.

paragraph: Thurman traveled broadly, heading Christian missions and meeting with world figures such as Mahatma Gandhi. When Thurman asked Gandhi what message he should take back to the United States, Gandhi said he regretted not having made nonviolence more visible as a practice worldwide and famously remarked "It may be through the Negroes that the unadulterated message of nonviolence will be delivered to the world.".

paragraph: In 1944, Thurman left his tenured position at Howard to help the Fellowship of Reconciliation establish the Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples in San Francisco. He served as co-pastor with a white minister, Dr. Alfred Fisk. Many of their congregation were African Americans who had migrated to San Francisco from Oklahoma, Texas and Arkansas for jobs in the defense industry. The church helped create a new community for many in San Francisco.

paragraph: Thurman was invited to Boston University in 1953, where he became the dean of Marsh Chapel (1953–1965). He was the first black Dean of Chapel at a majority-white university or college in the United States. In addition, he served on the faculty of Boston University School of Theology. Thurman was also active and well known in the Boston community, where he influenced many leaders.

paragraph: After leaving Boston University in 1965, Thurman continued his ministry as chairman of the board and director of the Howard Thurman Educational Trust in San Francisco until his death in 1981.

paragraph: Thurman was a prolific author, writing twenty books on theology, religion, and philosophy. The most famous of his works, "Jesus and the Disinherited" (1949), deeply influenced Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders, both black and white, of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Thurman had been a classmate and friend of King's father at Morehouse College. Martin Luther King, Jr. visited Thurman while he attended Boston University, and Thurman in turn mentored his former classmate's son and his friends. He served as spiritual advisor to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Sherwood Eddy, James Farmer, A. J. Muste, and Pauli Murray. At Boston University, Thurman also taught Reb Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, who cited Thurman as among the teachers who first compelled him to explore mystical trends beyond Judaism.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Thurman married Katie Kelley on June 11, 1926, less than a month after graduating from seminary. Katie was a 1918 graduate of the Teacher's Course at Spelman Seminary (renamed Spelman College in 1924). Their daughter Olive was born in October 1927. Katie died in December 1930 of tuberculosis, which she had probably contracted during her anti-tuberculosis work. On June 12, 1932, Thurman married Sue Bailey, whom he had met while at Morehouse, when Sue was a student at Spelman. Howard and Sue Bailey Thurman's daughter Anne was born in October 1933. Sue Bailey Thurman was an author, lecturer, historian, civil rights activist, and founder of the "Aframerican Women's Journal". She died in 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and legacy.

paragraph: Thurman was named honorary Canon of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York City, in 1974.

paragraph: The "Ebony Magazine" called Thurman one of the 50 most important figures in African-American history. In 1953 "Life" rated Thurman among the twelve most important religious leaders in the United States.

paragraph: In 1986, Dean Emeritus George K. Makechnie founded the Howard Thurman Center at Boston University to preserve and share the legacy of Howard Thurman. The Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University holds the Howard Thurman Papers and the Sue Bailey Thurman Papers, where they are catalogued and available to researchers.

paragraph: The Howard Thurman Papers Project was founded in 1992. The Project's mission is to preserve and promote Thurman's vast documentary record, which spans 63 years and consists of approximately 58,000 items of correspondence, sermons, unpublished writings, and speeches. The Howard Thurman Papers Project is located at Boston University School of Theology.

paragraph: Howard University School of Divinity named their chapel the Thurman Chapel in memory of Howard Thurman.

paragraph: Howard Thurman's poem 'I Will Light Candles This Christmas' has been set to music by British composer and songwriter Adrian Payne, both as a song and as a choral (SATB) piece. The choral version was first performed by Epsom Choral Society in December 2007. An arrangement for school choirs, which can be performed in one or two parts with piano accompaniment, was first performed in December 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Works by Howard Thurman.

paragraph: Section::::Works by Howard Thurman.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greatest of These" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep River: Reflections on the Religious Insight of Certain of the Negro Spirituals" (1945) [also published as "The Negro Spiritual Speaks of Life and Death" (same year)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meditation for Apostles of Sensitiveness" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jesus and the Disinherited" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep is the Hunger: Meditations for Apostles of Sensitiveness" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christmas Is the Season of Affirmation" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meditations of the Heart" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Creative Encounter: An Interpretation of Religion and the Social Witness" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Growing Edge" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Footprints of a Dream: The Story of the Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mysticism and the Experience of Love" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Inward Journey: Meditations on the Spiritual Quest" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Temptations of Jesus: Five Sermons Given By Dean Howard Thurman in Marsh Chapel, Boston University, 1962" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disciplines of the Spirit" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Luminous Darkness: A Personal Interpretation of the Anatomy of Segregation and the Ground of Hope" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Centering Moment" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Search for Common Ground" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mood of Christmas" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Track to the Water's Edge: The Olive Schreiner Reader" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The First Footprints" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With Head and Heart: The Autobiography of Howard Thurman" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For the Inward Journey: The Writings of Howard Thurman" (1984) (selected by Anne Spencer Thurman)

paragraph: Section::::Works by Howard Thurman.:Edited Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fluker, Walter Earl; et al., eds. "The Papers of Howard Washington Thurman, Vol. 1: My People Need Me, June 1918-March 1936." Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fluker, Walter Earl; et al., eds. "The Papers of Howard Washington Thurman, Vol. 2: Christian, Who Calls Me Christian? April 1936-August 1943." Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fluker, Walter Earl; Eisenstadt, Peter; and Glick, Silvia P., eds. "The Papers of Howard Washington Thurman, Vol. 3: The Bold Adventure, September 1943-May 1949." Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fluker, Walter Earl and Tumber, Catherine, eds. "A Strange Freedom: The Best of Howard Thurman on Religious Experience and Public Life." Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Jr., Luther E. "Howard Thurman: Essential Writings." Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apel, William, "Mystic as Prophet: The Deep Freedom of Thomas Merton and Howard Thurman," in "Merton Annual: Studies in Culture, Spirituality and Social Concerns", Vol. 16 (2003), 172–187.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dixie, Quinton and Eisenstadt, Peter. "Visions of A Better World: Howard Thurman's Pilgrimage to India and the Origins of African American Nonviolence." Boston: Beacon Press, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fluker, Walter Earl. "Dangerous Memories and Redemptive Possibilities: Reflections on the Life and Work of Howard Thurman," in Preston King and Walter Earl Fluker, eds., "Black Leaders and Ideologies in the South: Resistance and Nonviolence." New York: Routledge, 2005, 147–176.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fluker, Walter Earl. "Leaders Who Have Shaped Religious Dialogue—Howard Thurman: Intercultural and Interreligious Leader," in Sharon Henderson Callahan, ed., "Religious Leadership: A Reference Handbook" (Vol. 2). Los Angeles: Sage, 2013, 571–578.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Mark S. "Howard Thurman: The Making of a Morehouse Man, 1919–1923," "The Journal of Educational Foundations" 20:1–2 (2006), 105–122.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Mark S. "Howard Thurman, Black Spirituality, and Critical Race Theory in Higher Education," "Journal of Negro Education" 79:3 (2010), 354–365.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haldeman, W. Scott. "Building a Reconciling Community: The Legacy of Howard Thurman," "Liturgy" 29:3 (2014), 31–36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hardy III, Clarence E. "Imagine a World: Howard Thurman, Spiritual Perception, and American Calvinism," "Journal of Religion" 81:1 (2001), 78–97.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaplan, Edward K. "A Jewish Dialogue with Howard Thurman: Mysticism, Compassion, and Community," "CrossCurrents" 60(4) (2010), 515–525.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neal, Anthony. "Common Ground: A Comparison of the Ideas of Consciousness in the Writings of Howard Thurman and Huey Newton". Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neal, Anthony Sean. Howard Thurman’s Philosophical Mysticism: Love Against Fragmentation. New York: Lexington Press, 2019.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Jr., Luther E. "Howard Thurman: The Mystic as Prophet." Richmond, Ind.: Friends United Press, 1991 (first published in 1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walker, Corey D.B. "Love, Blackness, Imagination: Howard Thurman's Vision of "Communitas"," "South Atlantic Quarterly" 112:4 (2013), 641–655.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Zachery. "Prophets of Black Progress: Benjamin E. Mays and Howard W. Thurman, Pioneering Black Religious Intellectuals," "Journal of African American Men" 5:4 (2001), 23–38.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Howard Thurman and Sue Bailey Thurman Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Howard Thurman Papers Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Howard Thurman", "Chicken Bones: A Journal", a 1953 essay by Jean Burden reprinted from "The Atlantic Monthly"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Howard Thurman", the first feature-length film about Howard Thurman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Howard Thurman", "This Far by Faith", PBS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Backs Against the Wall: The Howard Thurman Story". Description and link. A documentary film by Martin Doblmeier. Broadcast on PBS 2/18/2019.

alias:
Howard Washington Thurman
Howard W. Thurman

description: American theologian, educator, and civil rights mentor

enwikiquote_title: Howard Thurman

wikidata_label: Howard Thurman

wikipedia_title: Howard Thurman


text:
Czech
science fiction
songwriter
Prague
Czechoslovakia
folk
Ertar
lung cancer
Ústí nad Labem
Kkkk.cz

categories: 1932 births,Writers from Prague,2012 deaths,Czech male writers,Czech science fiction writers,20th-century writers,20th-century Czech people

paragraph: Jaroslav Velinský

paragraph: Jaroslav Velinský (December 18, 1932 – February 19, 2012) was a Czech science fiction and detective writer, publisher, songwriter and musician. In the folk arena and among sci-fi friends and fans he was known as Kapitán Kid (other pseudonyms included: Václav Rabský, C.P. Stonebridge and Agáta Bílá).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Velinský was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1932. A player of both banjo and swing guitar, he wrote more than 50 country and folk songs, including "Jenofefa", "Krinolina" and "Mary Celeste", and was one of the founders of the Czech folk festival, Porta.

paragraph: His science-fiction books included "Engerlings", "Notes from Garth", "Dzwille", and "Continent of Unlimited Possibilities". He was an honorary member of the Ertar-Czech Relations Society, a science-fiction club. He wrote eight staged theater plays and more than 30 detective novels based around a detective named Ota Fink, including "Dark Well", "Man-eater", "Death of a Midget", "Lady with a Green Elephant", "Very Long Stairs", "Murderer's Road", "Estimated Solution" and others.

paragraph: Velinský founded a one-man publishing house, the Club of Friends of Captain Kid, the club referring to readers of his books and fans of his music. He used the club's data and close contact with his audience to better plan his production. This concerned not just published books and CDs, but deciding between writing music or literature and also selecting themes. The result was a publishing house producing new original books and songs "on demand".

paragraph: He was also a miner, metalsmith, and graphic artist.

paragraph: Velinský died of lung cancer in Ústí nad Labem in February 2012, aged 79.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kkkk.cz

description: Czech banjoist, composer, guitarist and singer

wikidata_label: Jaroslav Velinský

wikipedia_title: Jaroslav Velinský


text:
Bordeaux
Le Voltaire
L'Écho de Paris
Music in the Tuileries
Manet
flâneur
Léon Treich

categories: 19th-century French dramatists and playwrights,French male novelists,People from Bordeaux,19th-century French novelists,French male non-fiction writers,French journalists,1833 births,1902 deaths,Date of death unknown,19th-century French male writers

paragraph: Aurélien Scholl

paragraph: Aurélien Scholl (July 13, 1833 in Bordeaux1902), was a French author and journalist.

paragraph: He was successively editor of "Le Voltaire" and of "L'Écho de Paris". He wrote largely for the theatre, as well as a number of novels dealing with Parisian life. He was included in the painting "Music in the Tuileries", by Manet, as one of the "flâneurs" of the day.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettres à Mon Domestique" (1854)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Outrage" (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fleurs d'Adultère" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Orgie Parisienne" (1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Farce Politique" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Ingénues de Paris" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Denise" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tableaux Vivants" (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les petits papiers. Comédie en un acte" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'esprit d'Aurelien Scholl" (1925) edited by Léon Treich

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Aurélien Scholl

wikipedia_title: Aurélien Scholl


text:
gynecologist
Auschwitz concentration camp
Horst Schumann
X-ray
sterilization
Leichlingen
Rhine Province
First World War
University
Nazi party
gynaecology
University of Königsberg
progesterone
Habilitation
SS-Gruppenführer
Heinrich Himmler
sterilizations
Block 10
formaldehyde
uterus
anesthetics
Jew
Romani
Red Army
Ravensbrück concentration camp
Romani
Soviet Union
bioassay
progestational
endometrium
rabbits
Block 10
Carl Clauberg
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Carl Clauberg
Jewish Virtual Library

categories: German Nazi politicians,Auschwitz concentration camp personnel,1898 births,1957 deaths,SS-Gruppenführer,Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel,Nazis who served in World War I,Nazi war criminals released early from prison,Nazi human subject research,Nazi physicians,People from the Rhine Province,German military personnel of World War I,People from Solingen,Nazis who died in prison custody

paragraph: Carl Clauberg

paragraph: Carl Clauberg (28 September 1898 – 9 August 1957) was a German gynecologist who conducted medical experiments on human subjects (mainly Jewish) at Auschwitz concentration camp. He worked with Horst Schumann in X-ray sterilization experiments at Auschwitz concentration camp.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Carl Clauberg was born in 1898 in Wupperhof (now part of Leichlingen), Rhine Province, into a family of craftsmen.

paragraph: Section::::Medical Career.

paragraph: During the First World War he served as an infantryman. After the war he studied medicine and eventually reached the rank of chief doctor in the University gynaecological clinic. He joined the Nazi party in 1933 and later was appointed professor of gynaecology at the University of Königsberg. He carried out research on female fertility hormones (particularly progesterone) and their application as infertility treatments, obtaining a Habilitation for this work in 1937. He received the rank of SS-Gruppenführer of the Reserve.

paragraph: Section::::Human experiments at Auschwitz.

paragraph: In 1942 he approached Heinrich Himmler, who knew of him through treatment of a senior SS officer's wife and asked him for

paragraph: an opportunity to perform mass sterilizations on women for his experiments. Himmler agreed and in December 1942 Clauberg moved to Auschwitz concentration camp. His laboratory was in a part of the Block 10 in the main camp. Clauberg's goal was to find an easy and cheap method to sterilize women. He injected formaldehyde preparations into their uteruses—without anesthetics. His test subjects were Jewish and Romani women who suffered permanent damage and serious infections. Some of the subjects died because of the tests. Estimates of those who survived the sterilizations are around 700.

paragraph: Section::::POW, 1945–1955.

paragraph: When the Red Army approached the camp, Clauberg moved to Ravensbrück concentration camp to continue his experiments on Romani women. Soviet troops captured him there in 1945.

paragraph: After the war in 1948, Clauberg was put on trial in the Soviet Union and was sentenced to 25 years in prison. In 1955, he was released (but not pardoned) by the Soviet Union, with the final group of about 10,000 POWs and civilian internees.

paragraph: Section::::Medical career, arrest and death, 1955–1957.

paragraph: He returned to West Germany, where he was reinstated at his former clinic based on his prewar scientific output. Bizarre behavior, including openly boasting of his "achievements" in "developing a new sterilization technique at the Auschwitz concentration camp", destroyed any chance he might have had of staying unnoticed. In 1955, after public outcry from groups of survivors, Clauberg was arrested and put on trial. He died before trial on August 9, 1957 in Kiel Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Clauberg test.

paragraph: The Clauberg test is an obsolete bioassay to assess progestational activity based on the conversion of proliferative endometrium to secretory endometrium in immature rabbits.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Block 10

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst Klee: "Auschwitz, die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer". 3. Auflage. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1997, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Mitscherlich, "Fred Mielke: Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit: Dokumente des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses", 1. Aufl., Heidelberg: Fischer 1960. , Taschenbuch wird 2008 in der 16. Auflage vertrieben.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen Peter: "Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozeß im Spiegel seiner Aufarbeitung anhand der drei Dokumentensammlungen von Alexander Mitscherlich und Fred Mielke". Münster 1994. 2. Auflage 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Till Bastian: "Furchtbare Ärzte. Medizinische Verbrechen im Dritten Reich". Originalausgabe, 3. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, München 2001, Becksche Reihe; Band 1113, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. J. Lifton, "The Nazi Doctors. Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide". New York 1986), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann Langbein: "Menschen in Auschwitz". Frankfurt am Main, Berlin Wien, Ullstein-Verlag, 1980, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans-Joachim Lang: "Die Frauen von Block 10. Medizinische Experimente in Auschwitz." Hamburg 2011. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Clauberg at United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Clauberg at Jewish Virtual Library

description: German general

enwikiquote_title: Carl Clauberg

wikidata_label: Carl Clauberg

wikipedia_title: Carl Clauberg


text: India

text: Jawaharlal Nehru

text: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

text: Nehru-Gandhi family

text: Allahabad

text: Motilal Nehru

text: Indian National Congress

text: Swarup Rani

text: Gunottam

text: Hutheesing

text: Ahmedabad

text: Hutheesing Jain Temple

text: C. Rajagopalachari

text: Swatantra Party

text: Harsha Hutheesing

text: Ajit Hutheesing

text: Wall Street

text: Helen Armstrong

text: Indira

text: Rajiv Gandhi

text: Bombay

text: Israel

text: Yigal Alon

text: Indira Gandhi

text: Nehru's letters to his sister

text: Voice of America

text: Washington D.C.

text: Alden Hatch

text: Online text, 1945 edition

text: Time

text: Time

categories: Politicians from Allahabad,20th-century Indian women writers,Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh,Indian women biographers,Writers from Allahabad,Indian women autobiographers,Siblings of Prime Ministers of India,20th-century Indian biographers,20th-century Indian politicians,Women Indian independence activists,Women writers from Uttar Pradesh,Prisoners and detainees of British India,Swatantra Party politicians,Indian autobiographers,1907 births,Kashmiri people,Nehru–Gandhi family,1967 deaths

paragraph: Krishna Hutheesing

paragraph: Krishna Nehru Hutheesing (1907–1967) was an Indian writer, the youngest sister of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and part of the Nehru-Gandhi family.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born Krishna Nehru, in Mirganj, Allahabad to Motilal Nehru, an Indian independence activist and leader of the Indian National Congress, and Swarup Rani, she was married to Gunottam (Raja) Hutheesing, who belonged to a prominent Ahmedabad jain family that built the Hutheesing Jain Temple. Gunottam Hutheesing was well known in India's elite social circles during the 20th century.

paragraph: During the later 1950s, he became critic of Nehru and in 1959, supported former Governor General C. Rajagopalachari, to form a conservative market liberal political party known as the Swatantra Party.

paragraph: She and her husband fought for India's independence and spent a great deal of time in jail while raising their two young sons, Harsha Hutheesing and Ajit Hutheesing.

paragraph: Ajit, a leading Wall Street venture capitalist, was married to the American violinist Helen Armstrong from 1996 till her demise in 2006.

paragraph: Indira's older son, Rajiv Gandhi, was born in Bombay in the household of the Hutheesings at 20 Carmichael Road.

paragraph: In late May 1958 she spent three days in Israel. Her host was Yigal Alon, who a year earlier founded 'The Israel-India Friendship League' as a tool to circumvent the then Indian government policy to avoid direct diplomatic relations between the two states.

paragraph: Mrs. Hutheesing documented her life as well as the lives of her brother, Jawaharlal and her niece, Indira Gandhi, in a series of books that intertwine history with personal anecdotes including "We Nehrus," "With No Regrets," "Nehru's letters to his sister" and "Dear to Behold."

paragraph: Her husband, Raja Hutheesing, also wrote books: "The Great Peace: An Asian's Candid Report on Red China" (1953), "Window on China" (1953), and "Tibet fights for freedom : the story of the March 1959 uprising" (1960).

paragraph: She was associated with the 'Voice of America' and gave several talks. She died in Washington D.C. in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadows on the wall", J. Day Co., 1948.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of Gandhiji", Kutub Pub., 1949.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Nehrus", by Krishna (Nehru) Hutheesing with Alden Hatch. Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dear to Behold: An Intimate Portrait of Indira Gandhi", Published by Macmillan, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With No Regrets - An Autobiography", by Krishna Nehru Hutheesing, Published by READ BOOKS, 2007. . (Online text, 1945 edition)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clear-Eyed Sister - Monday, 3 January 1955 at "Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Laurels"- Time Monday, 10 April 1950 "Time".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krishna Nehru Hutheesing materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

description: Indian writer

wikidata_label: Krishna Hutheesing

wikipedia_title: Krishna Hutheesing


text:
Vilijampolė
Kaunas
Königsberg
Lithuanian
Hebrew
Haskalah
Zionist
Jewish
cheder
Jew
Haskalah
Latin
rabbi
Kaunas
Hebrew
Königsberg
Mentor
Hebrew
Romanticism
ancient Israel
Biblical
David Ben-Gurion
Zionist movement
Israel
Gabriel Preil
Ahavat Zion
Ayit Tzavua
Ashmat Shomron
Kaunas Old Town
Israel
Tel-Aviv
Jerusalem
Mapu's works
Abraham Mapu

categories: 1867 deaths,Lithuanian male writers,Lithuanian Jews,Jewish novelists,Modern Hebrew writers,19th-century novelists,Lithuanian novelists,Male novelists,1808 births,19th-century Lithuanian people,19th-century male writers

paragraph: Abraham Mapu

paragraph: Abraham Mapu (1808 in Vilijampolė, Kaunas1867 in Königsberg, Prussia) was a Lithuanian novelist. He wrote in Hebrew as part of the Haskalah (enlightenment) movement. His novels, with their lively plots encompassing heroism, adventure and romantic love in Biblical settings, contributed to the rise of the Zionist movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born into a Jewish family, as a child Mapu studied in a cheder where his father served as a teacher. He married in 1825.

paragraph: For many years he was an impoverished, itinerant schoolmaster. Mapu gained financial security when he was appointed teacher in a government school for Jewish children. He worked as a teacher in various towns and cities, joined the Haskalah movement, and studied German, French and Russian. He also studied Latin from a translation of the Bible to that language, given him by his local rabbi.

paragraph: He returned in 1848 to Kaunas and self-published his first historical novel, "Ahavat Zion." This is considered one of the first Hebrew novels. He began work on it in 1830 but completed it only in 1853. Unable to fully subsist on his book sales, he relied on the support of his brother, Matisyahu. In 1867 he moved to Königsberg due to illness, published his last book, "Amon Pedagogue" ("Amon" means something like Mentor), and died there.

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation.

paragraph: Mapu is considered the first Hebrew novelist. Influenced by French Romanticism, he wrote intricately plotted stories about life in ancient Israel, which he contrasted favorably with 19th-century Jewish life. His style is fresh and poetic, almost Biblical in its simple grandeur.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The romantic-nationalistic ideas in his novels later inspired David Ben-Gurion and others active in the leadership of the modern Zionist movement that led to the establishment of the state of Israel. The American Hebrew poet, Gabriel Preil, references Mapu in one of his works, and focuses on the two writers' native Lithuania.

paragraph: Section::::Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ahavat Zion" (1853) ("Amnon, Prince and Peasant" as translated by F. Jaffe in 1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ayit Tzavua" (1858) ("Hypocrite Eagle")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ashmat Shomron" (1865) ("Guilt of Samaria")

paragraph: Section::::Commemorations.

paragraph: Streets bearing his name are found in the Kaunas Old Town and in the Israeli cities of Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem. A well-known Israeli novel called "The Children from Mapu Street" ("הילדים מרחוב מאפו") also celebrates his name.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mapu's works (Hebrew) at Project Ben-Yehuda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abraham Mapu (English) at the Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature

description: Hebrew novelist

wikidata_label: Abraham Mapu

wikipedia_title: Abraham Mapu


text: baseball

text: pitcher

text: York Revolution

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Major League Baseball

text: Newton High School

text: Newton, Kansas

text: Cowley County Community College

text: Texas Tech University

text: 2006 Major League Baseball draft

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Lowell Spinners

text: Portland Sea Dogs

text: Eastern League

text: Major League

text: spring training

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Florida Marlins

text: Andrew Miller

text: New Orleans Zephyrs

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Gwinnett Braves

text: Letrozole

text: Methandienone

text: Methenelone

text: Trenbolone

text: Sugar Land Skeeters

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

text: Salt Lake

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Tulsa Drillers

text: Oklahoma City Dodgers

text: Long Island Ducks

text: York Revolution

text: Knight School

text: Texas Tech Red Raiders men's basketball

categories: Greenville Drive players,Oklahoma City Dodgers players,Long Island Ducks players,Tulsa Drillers players,Gwinnett Braves players,Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players,New Orleans Zephyrs players,Lowell Spinners players,Sugar Land Skeeters players,Pawtucket Red Sox players,Cowley Tigers baseball players,People from Newton, Kansas,Boston Red Sox players,Navegantes del Magallanes players,Águilas Cibaeñas players,1984 births,Lancaster JetHawks players,Mesa Solar Sox players,Portland Sea Dogs players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Baseball players from Kansas,Salt Lake Bees players,North Shore Honu players

paragraph: Dustin Richardson

paragraph: Dustin A. Richardson (born January 9, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He has previously played for the Boston Red Sox in Major League Baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Amateur career.

paragraph: Richardson attended Newton High School in Newton, Kansas and then went to Cowley County Community College and Texas Tech University.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: Richardson was drafted in the fifth round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft by the Boston Red Sox, and made his professional debut for the Lowell Spinners that year. He spent the majority of the 2008 season on the roster of the Portland Sea Dogs of the Eastern League and was invited to his first Major League spring training in 2009.

paragraph: Richardson made his MLB debut with 1.1 innings of scoreless relief against the Toronto Blue Jays on September 28, 2009. He pitched in three games in 2009 and 26 in 2010 for the Red Sox, with a 4.15 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: On November 12, 2010, Richardson was traded to the Florida Marlins in exchange for Andrew Miller. He appeared in 23 games for the AAA New Orleans Zephyrs with a 3.66 ERA. He was designated for assignment on June 17, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: Richardson was claimed off waivers by the Atlanta Braves on June 22 and was assigned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves, where he had a 6.00 ERA in 23 games. He was released on January 6, 2012.

paragraph: On January 25, 2012, Major League Baseball announced that, effective upon his signing by a major league team, Richardson would be suspended for 50 games for violating MLB's drug policy, having tested positive for amphetamine, Letrozole, Methandienone, Methenelone, and Trenbolone.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

paragraph: After beginning the 2013 season with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, Richardson signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on June 15, 2013. He was assigned to Triple-A Salt Lake. In 20 games in 2013 he had a 6.47 ERA and he returned in 2014 to Salt Lake and was 3-3 with a 7.69 ERA in 36 games.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: In February 2015, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched in 14 games in 2015 (with four starts) combined for the AA Tulsa Drillers and AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers and was 2–0 with a 2.08 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Long Island Ducks.

paragraph: On June 15, 2016, Richardson signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He re-signed on September 8, 2017. He became a free agent after the 2017 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:York Revolution.

paragraph: On August 20, 2018, Richardson signed with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He re-signed with the team for the 2019 season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: As part of the television show "Knight School", Richardson tried out for the Texas Tech Red Raiders men's basketball team.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dustin Richardson

wikipedia_title: Dustin Richardson


text: Senegal

text: international draughts

text: Dakar

text: Châtellerault

text: The Chess Drum

categories: International draughts players,1935 births,1978 road incidents,Senegalese draughts players,Road incident deaths in Senegal,1978 deaths

paragraph: Baba Sy

paragraph: Baba Sy (1935 in Donaye, Senegal – August 20 1978) was a Senegalese international draughts player and the first world champion from Africa.

paragraph: He is said to have been "discovered" by a French player visiting Dakar. In 1959. Baba Sy won the French championship in Châtellerault. A dispute in 1963–64 World Championship was undecided by his death in a car accident in 1978, but he was posthumously declared victor in 1986. The matter caused some debate over the years.

paragraph: He is sometimes seen as a pioneer who paved the way for other African players.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ton Sijbrands: "Le grand livre de Baba Sy = Het groot Baba Sy boek." Voorst, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Govert Westerveld: "Baba Sy, the World Champion of 1963-1964 of 10×10 Draughts" - Volume I. Blanca, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Govert Westerveld: "Baba Sy, the World Champion of 1963-1964 of 10×10 Draughts"- Volume II. Blanca, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site for Baba Sy on a French language checkers site

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Chess Drum

description: Senegalese draughts player

wikidata_label: Baba Sy

wikipedia_title: Baba Sy


text:
professional skateboarder
stance
Rockland, Massachusetts
Boston
Flip Skateboards
Element Skateboards
Paul Rodriguez
Ryan Gallant
Pat Duffy
Plan B Skateboards
Arto Saari
NB#
New Balance
Boston
Massachusetts
Munich
Plan B Skateboards
Bones Bearings
Electronic Arts
Skate
Skate 2
Skate 3
Battle at the Berrics V
Mike Mo Capaldi
sixth
Los Angeles
California
Plan B profile

categories: 1983 births,American skateboarders,Living people

paragraph: PJ Ladd

paragraph: Patrick John Ladd (born January 11, 1983), professionally referred to as PJ Ladd, is an American professional skateboarder whose stance is "regular". Ladd was labelled an "east coast legend" by fellow professional skateboarder and team manager John Rattray in May 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ladd was born in Rockland, Massachusetts, United States (U.S.) and grew up in the capital city of Boston. Ladd revealed in a 2013 interview that skateboarding was a prominent aspect of his childhood in Boston: "I would skate my box and flatbar in the warehouse next to my father's auto parts store and then take the train into downtown to skate. Before that I skated this concrete stage in the high school parking lot. And before that, just in front of my house. It was good." Also in the 2013 interview, Ladd explained that his upbringing strengthened his character and stated that he is "grateful" for his upbringing, even though it was difficult, "because it made me [Ladd] who I am."

paragraph: Although Ladd was well known in the local Boston skateboarding scene before he headlined the Coliseum Skateshop's video "PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life", it was his part in the 2002 shop video that catapulted him to the attention of the skateboard industry.

paragraph: Section::::Professional skateboarding.

paragraph: Before he joined the Flip Skateboards brand, where he became a professional rider, Ladd was an amateur for Element Skateboards through the assistance of professional skateboarder Donny Barley. In Flip's second film of the Sorry trilogy "Really Sorry", Ladd's video part does not feature an accompanying soundtrack and a title card that reads "Silence is Golden" prefaces the part.

paragraph: Alongside professional skateboarders such as Paul Rodriguez, Ryan Gallant, and Pat Duffy, Ladd joined the reformed Plan B Skateboards company. Ladd can be seen in the Plan B promotional video "Superfuture".

paragraph: In addition to professional skateboarders Arto Saari, Levi Brown, and Tom Karangelov, Ladd is a team member of the inaugural "NB#" ("New Balance Numeric") skateboard team that is owned by the New Balance shoe company. With American origins in the capital city of Boston, Massachusetts, New Balance was considered an appropriate fit for Ladd, as he is a native of the state. Ladd stated following the announcement of the brand's team: "I believe in New Balance being a no bullshit shoe brand from Boston that successful and makes great shoes. I think it has a lot to add."

paragraph: Ladd was a competitor in the 2013 Munich, Germany X Games "Real Street" event, in which the competitors' tailored video parts are voted on by the public. Ladd's opponent in the opening round was Austyn Gillette and his video part consists of tricks performed on benches, ledges, and picnic tables.

paragraph: Section::::Professional skateboarding.:Sponsors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan B Skateboards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bones Wheels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diamond Supply Co.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jessup Griptape

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bones Bearings

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Balance Numeric (NB#)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brick Harbor

paragraph: Section::::Video game appearances.

paragraph: Ladd appears in the Electronic Arts video games "Skate", Skate 2, and Skate 3.

paragraph: Section::::Contest history.

paragraph: Ladd won the Battle at the Berrics V competition after defeating Mike Mo Capaldi in the championship round. For the sixth BATB contest, Ladd qualified for the championship battle against Paul Rodriguez and won the competition for a second successive year.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: As of May 2013, Ladd divides his time between his home state of Massachusetts and Los Angeles, California, U.S. During his time away from skateboarding, Ladd reads and engages in "recharge time."

paragraph: Section::::Videography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Coliseum Video" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "411VM Issue #37" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Digital Skateboarding #2" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zoo York: "E.S.T." (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Logic #4" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "411VM Issue #40 (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "411VM Issue #44 (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "411VM Issue #45 (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "411VM Best of #8 (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big Brother: "Crap" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ON Video Magazine": Spring (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monkey Business: "Project of a Lifetime" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coliseum: "PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- éS: "Germany Tour" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thrasher": "King Of The Road 2003" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flip: "Really Sorry" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- éS: "Europe Tour" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thrasher": "King of the Road 2003" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coliseum: "Boston Massacre" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Bull: "Seek & Destroy I" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Digital Skateboarding #12 Divercity" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourstar: "Super Champion Funzone" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourstar: "Catalog Shoot" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elwood: "First & Hope" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan B: "Live After Death" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex, Hood, Skate, and Videotape" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- éS: "eSpecial" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DC: "Live From Europe" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan B: "Superfuture" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Berrics: "Battle Commander" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan B: "Plan B In Moscow, Russia" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan B: "Plan B In Arizona" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan B profile

description: American skateboarder

wikidata_label: PJ Ladd

wikipedia_title: PJ Ladd


text:
Berlin
freestyle
swimmer
East Germany
1988 Summer Olympics
Seoul, South Korea
4×100 m medley
4×100 m freestyle
50 m freestyle
List of German records in swimming
Katrin Meissner at databaseOlympics

categories: World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,1973 births,Olympic gold medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists in swimming,Female freestyle swimmers,People from East Berlin,Olympic swimmers of Germany,Living people,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,Sportspeople from Berlin,Former world record holders in swimming

paragraph: Katrin Meissner

paragraph: Katrin Meissner (, born 17 January 1973 in Berlin) is a former freestyle swimmer from East Germany, who won three medals at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The fifteen-year-old triumphed with the GDR women's relay team in the 4×100 m medley and in the 4×100 m freestyle, and finished third in the 50 m freestyle.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German records in swimming

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katrin Meissner at databaseOlympics

description: East German swimmer

wikidata_label: Katrin Meißner

wikipedia_title: Katrin Meissner


text:
referee
FIFA World Cup
Englishman
Nuneaton
Warwickshire
Ken Aston
First World War
Exeter
Exeter University
amateur
Exeter City
Southern Football League
1919–20
Southampton
FA Cup
centre-forward
Bill Rawlings
Third Division (South)
Harland and Wolff
Isle of Wight
Cowes
Southampton Common
the Football League
1939–40
Second World War
War Cup
British Home Championship
England
Barcelona
Spain
Argentina
Stockholm
Sweden
Hungary
Geneva
Lisbon
Brentford
Chelsea
Griffin Park
Hampden Park
FIFA World Cup
1950 FIFA World Cup
the Football Association
Mervyn (Sandy) Griffiths
George Mitchell
Reg Leafe
Arthur Ellis
Brazil
Mexico
Yorkshire League
Swiss
Ramón Azon Roma
Jacques Fatton
Sao Paulo
Maracanã
Uruguay
Bolivians
Sweden
Spain
FIFA World Cup
Obdulio Varela
Friaça
Jules Rimet
Maracanã
Shirley
Southampton
HM The Queen
Lawrie McMenemy
1976 FA Cup Final
Feature on Southampton FC website

categories: People from Nuneaton,Southampton F.C. directors and chairmen,1896 births,Cowes Sports F.C. players,Southern Football League players,English footballers,Exeter City F.C. players,FIFA World Cup Final match officials,1950 FIFA World Cup referees,Southampton F.C. players,English football referees,English Football League players,1978 deaths

paragraph: George Reader

paragraph: George Reader (22 November 1896 – 13 July 1978) was the fourth man to referee a FIFA World Cup Final, the first Englishman (one of only 10 match officials from the United Kingdom) to do so, and the oldest match official at any World Cup in history. He hailed from Nuneaton, Warwickshire.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: By profession he was a schoolmaster, going to St Luke's teacher training college (the same one that Ken Aston was to attend) just after the First World War in Exeter. St. Luke's is now part of Exeter University.

paragraph: Finding work in Exeter as a young teacher, Reader first played as an amateur for Exeter City in the Southern Football League, in the 1919–20 season. It was with that club that he played in a friendly against Southampton on 3 January 1920, a week before the third round of the FA Cup. Reader scored and impressed the visiting side so much that they signed him for a fee of £50, as a handy replacement centre-forward to Bill Rawlings, who was a mainstay of the Saints side in the 1920s.

paragraph: Unfortunately, given Rawling's abilities (he scored on average a goal every two games), Reader was unable to break into the side and played only three times in the old Third Division (South) before moving to Harland and Wolff for a year, and then playing on the Isle of Wight at Cowes until 1930, commuting on the ferry from his job as an assistant schoolmaster in Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Refereeing.

paragraph: He first took up refereeing in 1930, appearing on Southampton Common, and progressed through the promotional system with an alacrity that underlined his ability and experience. Within six seasons he was running the line in the Football League, and three years later was invited to referee their matches in season 1939–40. Unfortunately, that season was abandoned after three games, due to the start of the Second World War, and therefore Reader officially only refereed three Football League matches in his whole career.

paragraph: However, during hostilities, Reader featured prominently in wartime football, and was appointed as referee in two War Cup finals and the British Home Championship and then, towards the end of hostilities, was appointed to take charge of Victory internationals between England and allied national teams. He retired from the Football League list in November 1944 but was still in such demand amongst foreign Football Associations that he was selected to officiate throughout Europe; in Barcelona for a Spain versus Argentina game in 1947, and also taking charge of matches in 1949 in Stockholm (between Sweden and Hungary), and in Geneva and Lisbon. In 1948 the Football League took the unusual step of recalling Reader from retirement to referee the Brentford versus Chelsea fixture at Griffin Park. His swansong, at the age of 50, appeared to be the Rest of Europe versus Great Britain representative match at Hampden Park, held to celebrate the "blessed Peace", but in 1949 England qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals in Brazil.

paragraph: Section::::1950 FIFA World Cup.

paragraph: As an adjunct to England's participation, FIFA requested that a team of British match officials journey to Brazil for the 1950 FIFA World Cup. Despite reservations about his advanced age, Reader's international experience had placed him amongst those the Football Association could call on, and he was selected alongside Mervyn (Sandy) Griffiths (of Wales), George Mitchell (of Scotland) and the two English referees Reg Leafe and Arthur Ellis.

paragraph: Given charge of the opening match, Reader's powers of control were put to the test just after Brazil scored their first goal against Mexico. As was the custom, the goal heralded a mass invasion by reporters demanding immediate responses from goalscorer and goalkeeper. Ellis, watching on, later wrote, in his book "The Final Whistle": "How could any one man restore law and order? Somehow, George Reader did just that within a few minutes. He cleared the pitch almost single-handed and re-started the World Cup curtain-raiser as if it were an end-of-the-season fixture in the Yorkshire League." In their next match against the Swiss, the Brazilians voiced their criticisms of the Spanish referee, Ramón Azon Roma, stating that he had cost them victory (Jacques Fatton equalising in the 88th minute) and, as a result, the editor of a daily newspaper in Sao Paulo, "Gazeta Esportivo", sang the praises of the British referees, telling his readers that even if they were to face England, Brazil would demand a British referee. "We must strongly demand that Brazil shall not take the field again in this World Championship if a British referee is not in charge. Even should we finally meet the English we shall still demand a British referee and have full confidence in him", he wrote. With England's early exit this unlikely event was averted. However, all four matches that Brazil played thereafter were refereed by one of the British contingent.

paragraph: So, as Brazil won their way through to the final match, and as public expectation grew so much that it threatened to engulf even the massive Maracanã, each Brazilian game came to be refereed by one of the British team, including the decisive match of the final group stage.

paragraph: Section::::1950 FIFA World Cup.:The decisive game (Uruguay vs Brazil).

paragraph: Reader had refereed two matches prior to the final group: the opening game (in which Brazil beat Mexico) and Uruguay's thrashing of the Bolivians in Group 4; but it was to be in his appointment to the final Brazilian game that he would secure his place in history. Although there was no provision for a final deciding match in this tournament, the last game of the tournament (albeit played at the same time as the Sweden v Spain fixture) was the determining fixture. Reader was appointed to referee this match, with Ellis and Mitchell running the lines. On the day of the final, Reader was 53 years and 236 days old, significantly older than any referee who officiated in the FIFA World Cup final at any other tournament.

paragraph: Approximate recordings for the attendance that day differ wildly. FIFA consider that there were 174,000 people there; although other estimates indicate that there may have been between 199,854 and as many as 250,000 (which would have been more people than lived in Reader's Southampton at the time). In any event, it is the highest recorded attendance at a football match in history.

paragraph: His role in the final is famous for the incident in the 47th minute of the game when Obdulio Varela took the ball out of the Uruguayan net after Friaça's goal put Brazil 1–0 up. Varela strode up to Reader and started arguing incomprehensibly in Spanish to the monolingual referee. By the time Reader had waved play to begin again the crowd had settled and Varela had issued the rousing cry: "Now, it's time to win!" It was said that Varela's actions were enough to still the crowd and steal the initiative from the Brazilian team. Brazil lost in such a shocking, emotional manner that suicides were reported at the stadium, and Jules Rimet would comment (about the lack of noise from the massed banks of the Maracanã): "The silence was morbid, sometimes too difficult to bear."

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Uruguay went on to win and Reader returned home to Hanley Road in Southampton and promptly retired from refereeing, stating that he had had everything that football can give him. He ended his teaching career as headmaster of Western School, Shirley, in 1960.

paragraph: George Reader became a Director, and later Chairman, of Southampton in 1963, and sat beside HM The Queen when Lawrie McMenemy's side won the 1976 FA Cup Final, passing away on the anniversary of the very first World Cup matches two years later.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feature on Southampton FC website

description: English footballer

wikidata_label: George Reader

wikipedia_title: George Reader


text:
Güstrow
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
medley
swimmer
East Germany
GDR
1988 Summer Olympics
Seoul, South Korea
List of German records in swimming

categories: German male swimmers,Olympic silver medalists for East Germany,Olympic silver medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Male medley swimmers,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics,1968 births,Olympic swimmers of Germany,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Patrick Kühl

paragraph: Patrick Kühl (born 26 March 1968 in Güstrow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) is a former medley swimmer from East Germany, who won the silver medal in the 200 m individual medley for the GDR at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German records in swimming

description: East German swimmer

wikidata_label: Patrick Kühl

wikipedia_title: Patrick Kühl


text:
Marquess
State of Wei
Warring States period
Wei Huan-Zi
King Weilie of Zhou
Han
Zhao
State of Jin
Partition of Jin
Sima Qian
Confucian
Zixia
Tian Zifang
Duangan Mu
Legalist philosopher
Li Kui
State of Zhongshan
Wu Qi
Xihe Commandery
State of Qin
Yellow River
Luo River
Shaanxi
Shanxi
Ximen Bao
Ye
Hebei Province
Běimén Kě
Suanzao
Zhai Huang
Duke Ai of Jin
Confucian
Zixia
statecraft
Confucian Classics
Confucian arts of rites and music
Yao
Shun
Li Kui
Warring States period
Canon of Laws
Han
Zhao
Song Dynasty
Sima Guang
Wu Qi
Sima Rangju
State of Qin
Luo River
Xihe Commandery
Ximen Bao
Ye
Zhang River
Hebo
State of Zhongshan
State of Zhao
Zhào Xiàn-zǐ
Zhai Huang
Wu Qi
Lingshou County
Hebei Province
Duke You of Jin
Duke Lie of Jin
State of Qi
Juancheng County
Shandong
Duke Kang
Zhou
Nine Tripod Cauldrons
Warring States period
Wu Qi
Ximen Bao
Běimén Kě
Marquess Wu of Wei
Rulers of the warring states

categories: 4th-century BC Chinese monarchs,Zhou dynasty people,5th-century BC Chinese monarchs,396 BC deaths,Wei (state)

paragraph: Marquess Wen of Wei

paragraph: Marquess Wen of Wei (Wèi Wén Hóu; died 396 BCE) was the first Marquess to rule the State of Wei during the Warring States period of Chinese history (475–220 BCE). Born Wei Si (魏斯), he belonged to the House of Wei, one of the noble houses that dominated Jin politics in the 5th and 6th centuries BC.

paragraph: He became ruler of Wei in 445 BCE, succeeding Wei Huan-Zi, and in 424 BCE adopted the title of "Marquess" (). In 403 BCE King Weilie of Zhou acknowledged Wei Si as Marquess of Wei while conferring similar titles on the leaders of the former vassal states of Han and Zhao, thereby effectively splitting the State of Jin into three and confirming the Partition of Jin.

paragraph: Sima Qian praised Marquess Wen of Wei for his eagerness to learn. The Marquess is said to have often consulted the Confucian scholar Zixia as well as Tian Zifang () and Duangan Mu () among others. Marquess Wen of Wei also appointed Legalist philosopher Li Kui, whose principles for the implementation of political reforms were "to eat one must labor, to receive a salary one must provide meritorious service; those who do not will be punished." As the State of Wei underwent these reforms it became rich and powerful.

paragraph: In turn, Marquess Wen defeated the State of Zhongshan while General Wu Qi attacked and took five cities in what would become Xihe Commandery () within the borders of the State of Qin (between the Yellow River and Luo River spanning parts of modern-day Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces). With Ximen Bao installed as magistrate of Ye (in modern-day Hebei Province), Běimén Kě () in control of Suanzao () and Zhai Huang () as Senior Minister, Wei underwent political reforms and constructed irrigation systems. As a result, Wei became a powerful country during the early Warring States Period.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: In 446 BCE, the sixth year of the reign of Duke Ai of Jin, Wèi Huán-zǐ died and was succeeded by his son Wèi Sī who became Marquess Wen of Wei.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Honoring virtue and propriety.

paragraph: Marquess Wen knew full well that to bring peace and stability to the country he needed to appoint worthy and virtuous officials. He had heard that Confucian scholar Zixia enjoyed a wide reputation as a worthy individual and went in person to pay his respects to the master. Moved by Marquess Wen's sincerity, Zixia came to Xīhé in Wei. Thereafter the people of Wei benefited greatly from Zixia's training of students in Confucian statecraft such that people longed to come to Xīhé. One after another, many new students arrived to study under Zixia. As a result, Wei became a concentrated center of academic study possessing a multitude of talented people. There were many times when Marquess Wen respectfully consulted Zixia regarding the Confucian Classics and the Confucian arts of rites and music. The scholar was always patient and passed on to his ruler policies of benevolent government that cherished the people while providing an analysis of the differences between ancient and (at that time) modern music. He also used musical metaphors and advised Marquess Wen to personally follow the principles of the ancient sage emperors Yao and Shun by staying close to his virtuous officials, avoiding flatterers, and being prudent with regard to the requirements of the monarchy over his own self-interest.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Appointment of Li Kui.

paragraph: Marquess Wen appointed Li Kui as his ministerial assistant responsible for political reform. Li Kui advanced policies of "utmost fertility in education", implemented a fair grain buying law and established the tenets of "food requires labor, salary requires meritorious service," "usefulness will be rewarded" and "the monarchy has no patience with rebels." These became standard government methods in the State of Wei and made it a powerful country in the early Warring States period. The State of Wei's laws were later codified into the "Canon of Laws".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Wei becomes a hegemon.

paragraph: When war broke out between the states of Han and Zhao, the Han State sent a special ambassador to Wei to ask for military assistance. The envoy said: "We hope that your noble country can lend us troops to attack Zhao," whereupon Marquess Wen replied "As sovereign I will tell you that the Marquess of Zhao and I are like brothers, therefore I dare not lend you troops to attack his country." Subsequently, the Zhao state sent an envoy with an identical request for an attack against Han. Again Marquess Wen replied "As sovereign I will tell you that the Marquess of Han and I are like brothers, therefore I dare not lend you troops to attack his country." As a result, neither Han not Zhao received military assistance from Wei and both envoys returned angrily to their capitals. Not long afterwards they discovered that Marquess Wen had already mediated in the dispute and thereafter both Zhao and Han were made to pay separate tribute to Wei. Later, during the Song Dynasty, Sima Guang remarked: "As a result, Wei became the strongest of the Jin vassal states with both Han and Zhao unable to match it militarily."

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Seizure of Xihe.

paragraph: The military commander Wu Qi threw his support behind the State of Wei when he heard that Marquess Wen was a wise and able leader. Marquess Wen asked Li Kui for his opinion of Wú Qĭ and was told: "He avidly seeks fame and glory and is a womanizer, having said that, if you put him at the head of an attack force, even Sima Rangju would not be his equal." On hearing this Marquess Wen made Wú Qĭ a general in his army and asked him to lead his troops into the State of Qin and seize five cities.

paragraph: General Wú Qĭ subsequently occupied Qin territory to the east of the Luo River for the four years between 409 and 406 BCE thereby expanding the State of Wei along its western borders. Marquess Wen then established the Xihe Commandery consisting of the five captured cities.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Governing the city of Ye.

paragraph: Marquess Wen appointed Ximen Bao as magistrate of Ye but he did not want the post. The Marquess persuaded him to take the job by saying: "Worthy minister, you should not miss this opportunity; you can definitely achieve great things in politics and become famous throughout China!" Ximen Bao took up his post then immediately summoned a group of local elders to learn about the frequent disasters suffered as a result of the nearby Zhang River flooding. He was told that as a result of collusion between witches and local officials, every year a maiden had to be sacrificed to appease the river god Hebo on the occasion of his taking a wife to obviate floods. Ximen Bao dismissed the story as superstitious nonsense and said it was a ruse to cheat people out of their money and property. After outlawing the sinister practice of sacrifice to the river god, Ximen Bao mobilized manpower to cut twelve drainage canals to channel the waters of the Zhang River. Thereafter there were no more floods and instead of suffering damage from the river, the fields were irrigated by it.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Overthrow of Zhongshan.

paragraph: Marquess Wen wanted to take control of the State of Zhongshan but in order to attack, he needed access through the State of Zhao. The rulers of Zhao at first refused the Marquess’ request but when the Zhao Chancellor heard he said: "If Wei attack Zhongshan and they are defeated, they are bound to have lost a significant portion of their resources and will become a weak country. If on the other hand they annihilate Zhongshan, the new territory will be bisected by our country and it will be difficult for Wei to remain in control of it for any significant period." On hearing this the Zhao ruler Zhào Xiàn-zǐ () agreed to allow the Wei army to pass through the Zhao State.

paragraph: At this time, among Minister of War Zhai Huang's () entourage there was an individual called () who advocated an immediate attack on Zhongshan. Even though his son had been killed in Zhongshan because of Yue Yang's son Yue Shu (), Zhai Huang knew that Yue Yang was a talented field commander and gave the matter considerable thought. He then told Marquess Wen: "If my lord wishes to obtain the territory of Zhongshan then your minister recommends that Yue Yang leads the army." When the other civil and military ministers heard of this proposal they opposed it strongly, believing that Yue Yang would surrender but Zhai Huang guaranteed on his own and his family's lives that Yue Yang would not betray Wei. Marquess Wen visited Yue Yang then the two of them along with Wu Qi led an army to attack Zhongshan.

paragraph: Yue Yang laid siege to the capital of Zhongshan for three years, during which time Duke Wu of Zhongshan captured Yue Yang's son Yue Shu, killed him then cooked the body and sent the minced remains to Yue Yang. Sitting under his tent, the general ate an entire bowl full. On seeing this Marquess Wen said: "Because of me General Yang has had to eat the flesh of his own son. If he can do that, whose body would he not eat?"

paragraph: The state of Zhongshan was eliminated in 406 BCE, the twenty-fifth year of Marquis Wen's reign.

paragraph: When Yue Yang returned to Wei he couldn't help but develop a somewhat arrogant manner due to his achievements. When Marquis Wen found out he summoned the general to his palace and showed him some disparaging letters he had received. A tense Yue Yang kowtowed to his lord and said: "This is not to your minister's credit, it is to your credit". The Marquess rewarded Yue Yang by giving him Lingshou County (in modern-day Hebei Province) but never again used the general in an important position.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Creation of the three states.

paragraph: In 424 BCE, the tenth year of the reign of Duke You of Jin, Marquess Wen adopted his title on his own initiative and declared 424 BCE as the first year of his own reign.

paragraph: Nineteen years later in 405 BCE, during the reign of Duke Lie of Jin, an internal revolt broke out in the State of Qi around the town of Tianhui in Linqiu County (modern-day Juancheng County, Shandong Province). The rebels asked the three Jin vassals Wei, Zhao and Han for assistance so Marquess Wen appointed Zhai Jue to lead an allied army and attack the Great Wall of Qi. After capturing the Qi ruler, Duke Kang, the rulers of the three Jin vassals had an audience with the Zhou King whereupon Duke Kang requested the King to dub the Wei, Han and Zhao leaders Marquesses.

paragraph: In 403 BCE, the thirteenth year of the reign of Duke Lie of Jin, the Nine Tripod Cauldrons were struck in the presence of the Zhou King who then formally acknowledged that the leaders of Han, Zhao and Wei were no longer vassals of Jin but rulers in their own right with the title of "Marquess". The event is often considered the beginning of the Warring States period.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Marquess Wen died in 396 BCE. On his deathbed he summoned Wu Qi, Ximen Bao and Běimén Kě among others and entrusted his son Prince of Wei to their care. After Marquess Wen died, his son Marquess Wu of Wei became ruler of Wei.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulers of the warring states

wikidata_label: Marquess Wen of Wei

wikipedia_title: Marquess Wen of Wei


text:
Swedish
Kalmar Union
Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna
Privy Council of Sweden
Borgholm Castle
Stäket
Nyköping Castle
Christopher of Bavaria
Djursholm
Vasa family
Hjulsta
Halltorps

categories: Oxenstierna family,Regents of Sweden,15th-century Swedish people

paragraph: Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)

paragraph: Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna, (1390s–1450s) was a Swedish statesman and co-regent of Sweden, under the Kalmar Union, from January to June 1448, together with his brother Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna. Member of the Privy Council of Sweden at least 1432. Castellan "(hövitsman)" at Borgholm Castle in 1436, Stäket in 1438, and Nyköping Castle in 1442. Dubbed as knight by King Christopher of Bavaria following his coronation in 1441.

paragraph: Nils Jönsson was son of important nobles and landowners: his mother lady Märta Finvidsdotter was the heiress of the Frössvik high-noble family, and his father Jöns Bengtsson was son and one of the heirs of lady Ingeborg Nilsdotter (from family that is called the earliest Sparre in later historiography and genealogy), heiress of Ängsö and Salsta. Jöns Bengtsson inherited Frössvik (in Uppland) from mother and Ängsö (in Västmanland) from father. Nils is credited for having founded the castle of Djursholm in his lands.

paragraph: From his two earlier marriages, Nils did not succeed to have any surviving heirs. His third wife lady Karin of the gumsehuvud-sture family bore a number of children (of whom, as is usual in Middle Ages, half died sooner or later without marriage and issue). His surviving son Erik did not have children. Three of Nils' daughters married noblemen (two of them sons of the Vasa family, Nils' allies), but only through one of them, Kerstin who married lord Nils of Hjulsta, continues a more permanent issue. Due to such childlessness, a portion of Nils' properties passed ultimately to others than his own descendants, as inheritances through his daughters-in- and sons-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halltorps

description: Regent of Sweden

wikidata_label: Nils Jönsson

wikipedia_title: Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)


text:
Partisan
World War II
People's Hero of Yugoslavia
Edvard Kardelj
Aleksandar Ranković
Slobodan Penezić

categories: 1982 deaths,Yugoslav politicians,Prime Ministers of Serbia,1906 births,Presidents of Serbia,Serbian politicians

paragraph: Jovan Veselinov

paragraph: Jovan Veselinov (20 January 1906 — 8 February 1982) was a Serbian communist politician. He served as President of Serbia, Prime Minister of Serbia and as a Chairman of the League of Communists of Serbia. He was a Partisan fighter in World War II, and was proclaimed People's Hero of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Famed economist and politician Edvard Kardelj was shot and wounded on a hunting trip in 1959 by Veselinov. Although the official police investigation concluded that Veselinov had been shooting at a wild boar and Kardelj was struck by a ricochet from a rock, it was suggested at the time that the assassination attempt was orchestrated by his political rival Aleksandar Ranković or Ranković's, ally Slobodan Penezić.

description: Serbian politician

wikidata_label: Jovan Veselinov

wikipedia_title: Jovan Veselinov


text:
Hastings
Minnesota
Cass County
Progressive Republican
Mapleton, North Dakota

categories: 1864 births,People from Hastings, Minnesota,1937 deaths

paragraph: Treadwell Twichell

paragraph: Treadwell Twichell (November 19, 1864 – December 24, 1937) was an American politician who served in both the North Dakota Senate and the House of Representatives and was also elected as North Dakota Speaker in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Twichell was born on November 19, 1864, in Hastings, Minnesota, United States, the son of Luther L. and Sally Twichell. After his father's death in 1880, Treadwell, then 17, left high school and went to North Dakota to manage his late father's land holdings near Mapleton, North Dakota. Treadwell would remain involved in agriculture for the rest of his life. Treadwell had a sibling, Luther Lathrop, who would also be elected as Speaker in 1921. On November 26, 1890, Treadwell married Grace B. Dill of Prescott, Wisconsin, who he had four children with.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Twichell was elected to two terms in the North Dakota House of Representatives, in 1895 and 1897. In 1899, he was elected to the North Dakota Senate. From 1901 to 1905, Treadwell served as Sheriff of Cass County. In 1907, he was once again elected to the House of Representatives where he became Speaker. In 1908, Twichell was nominated for governor at the Progressive Republican Convention but lost to his opponent in the primary. Mr. Twichell was again elected to the House of Representatives in 1913 and the Senate in 1915. He was known as an advocate of reform legislation and battled aggressively against boss rule in state politics. He was a delegate to the 1912 national Republican convention and a longtime township official. He is credited with building the first gravel highway in North Dakota and organizing the first cooperative grain elevator enterprise in the state.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Twichell died on December 24, 1937, in Mapleton, North Dakota, where he was buried.

wikidata_label: Treadwell Twichell

wikipedia_title: Treadwell Twichell


text: Canadian poet

text: novelist

text: Gnostics

text: Ancient Egypt

text: magic

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: Western Technical-Commercial School

text: Canadian Forum

text: kohl

text: Robert Weaver

text: Northrop Frye

text: James Reaney

text: Margaret Atwood

text: Dennis Lee

text: Milton Acorn

text: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

text: Terry Rusling

text: Yiannis Ritsos

text: Euripides

text: writer in residence

text: University of Western Ontario

text: University of Toronto

text: alcoholism

text: Mount Pleasant Cemetery

text: The Canadian Encyclopedia

text: hermetic

text: Renaissance

text: Christianity

text: Egyptian

text: pharaoh

text: Akhenaton

text: Governor General's Award

text: A.J.M. Smith

text: Chinese

text: Rosemary Sullivan

text: Governor General's Award

text: Margaret Atwood

text: Linda Griffiths

text: Dora Mavor Moore Award

text: Chalmers Award

text: The Annex

text: Claudia Dey

text: The Early Years (Volume One)

text: The Later Years (Volume Two)

text: Canadian Poetry Association

text: Raymond Souster

text: Canadian literature

text: Canadian poetry

text: List of Canadian poets

text: C.G. Jung

text: Marshall, Joyce

text: Dark Pines (TV Movie)

text: Canadian Poetry Online: Gwendolyn MacEwen

categories: 1941 births,20th-century Canadian novelists,Writers from Toronto,Canadian women novelists,Canadian women poets,Governor General's Award-winning poets,1987 deaths,20th-century Canadian poets,Canadian people of Scottish descent,University of Toronto people

paragraph: Gwendolyn MacEwen

paragraph: Gwendolyn Margaret MacEwen (1 September 1941 – 29 November 1987) was a Canadian poet and novelist. A "sophisticated, wide-ranging and thoughtful writer," she published more than 20 books in her life. "A sense of magic and mystery from her own interests in the Gnostics, Ancient Egypt and magic itself, and from her wonderment at life and death, makes her writing unique... She's still regarded by most as one of the best Canadian poets."

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: MacEwen was born in Toronto, Ontario. Her mother, Elsie, spent much of her life as a patient in mental health institutions. Her father, Alick, suffered from alcoholism. Gwendolyn MacEwen grew up in the High Park area of the city, and attended Western Technical-Commercial School.

paragraph: MacEwan's first poem was published in "The Canadian Forum" when she was only 17, and she left school at 18 to pursue a writing career. By 18 she had written her first novel, "Julian the Magician."

paragraph: "She was small (5'4") and slight, with a round pale face, huge blue eyes usually rimmed in kohl (Egyptian eye shadow), and long dark straight hair."

paragraph: Her first book of poetry, "The Drunken Clock", was published in 1961 in Toronto. then the centre of a literary revival in Canada, encouraged by the editor Robert Weaver and influential teacher Northrop Frye. MacEwen was thus in touch with James Reaney, Margaret Atwood, Dennis Lee, etc. She married poet Milton Acorn, 19 years her senior, in 1962, although they divorced two years later.

paragraph: She published over twenty books, in a variety of genres. She also wrote numerous radio docudramas for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), including a "much-admired radio drama", "Terror and Erebus", in 1965 which featured music by Terry Rusling.

paragraph: With her second husband, Greek musician Niko Tsingos, MacEwen opened a Toronto coffeehouse, The Trojan Horse, in 1972. She and Tsingos translated some of the poetry of contemporary Greek writer Yiannis Ritsos (published in her 1981 book "Trojan Women").

paragraph: She taught herself to read Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, and French, and translated writers from each of those languages. In 1978 her translation of Euripides' drama "The Trojan Women" was first performed in Toronto.

paragraph: She served as writer in residence at the University of Western Ontario in 1985, and the University of Toronto in 1986 and 1987.

paragraph: MacEwen died in 1987, at the age of 46, of health problems related to alcoholism. She is buried in Toronto's Mount Pleasant Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: "A sophisticated, wide-ranging and thoughtful writer," says "The Canadian Encyclopedia", MacEwen "displayed a commanding interest in magic and history as well as an elaborate and penetrating dexterity in her versecraft."

paragraph: Her two novels – "Julian the Magician", dealing with the ambiguous relationship between the hermetic philosophies of the early Renaissance and Christianity; and "King of Egypt, King of Dreams," which imaginatively reconstructed the life and religious reformation of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaton – blend fantasy and history.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: MacEwen won the Governor General's Award in 1969 for her poetry collection "The Shadow Maker". She was awarded a second Governor General's Award posthumously in 1987 for "Afterworlds".

paragraph: Other awards and prizes MacEwen won include the CBC New Canadian Writing Contest for poetry in 1965; the A.J.M. Smith Poetry Award in 1973; the Borestone Mountain Poetry Award in 1983; the CBC Literary Competition, for short story in 1983; and the Du Maurier Awards, gold and silver for poetry, in 1983.

paragraph: Her writing has been translated into many languages including Chinese, French, German, and Italian.

paragraph: Rosemary Sullivan published a biography of MacEwen, "Shadow Maker: The Life of Gwendolyn MacEwen", in 1995, which itself won the Governor General's Award, for non-fiction in 1995.

paragraph: Fictional tributes to MacEwen have been published by Margaret Atwood (the short story "Isis in Darkness"), and Lorne S. Jones (the novel "Mighty Oaks").

paragraph: A one-woman play by Linda Griffiths, "Alien Creature: A Visitation from Gwendolyn MacEwen," won the Dora Mavor Moore Award and the Chalmers Award in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.:Gwendolyn MacEwen Park.

paragraph: The former Walmer Road Park, in The Annex neighbourhood of Toronto, was renamed Gwendolyn MacEwen Park in her honor in 1994.

paragraph: On 9 September 2006, a bronze bust of MacEwen by her friend, sculptor John McCombe Reynolds, was unveiled in the park.

paragraph: The park had been a grassy traffic circle in the middle of Walmer Road at Lowther Avenue, but a $300,000 makeover in 2010, expanded the park and narrowed the surrounding roads. The unique redesigned greenspace reopened 21 July 2010, and writer Claudia Dey read one of MacEwen's poems.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selah". Toronto: Aleph Press, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Drunken Clock". Toronto: Aleph Press, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rising Fire". Toronto: Contact Press, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terror and Erebus" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Breakfast for Barbarians". Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shadow-Maker". Toronto: Macmillan, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Armies of the Moon" . Toronto: Macmillan, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magic Animals: Selected Poems Old and New". Toronto: Macmillan, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trojan Women," 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fire-Eaters". Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The T. E. Lawrence Poems". Oakville: Mosaic Press, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earth-Light: Selected Poetry 1963-1982". Toronto: General Publishing, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man with Three Violins" 1986 HMS Press (Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afterworlds". Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atwood, Margaret and Barry Callaghan, eds. "The Poetry of Gwendolyn MacEwen: The Early Years (Volume One)". Toronto: Exile Editions, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atwood, Margaret and Barry Callaghan, eds. "The Poetry of Gwendolyn MacEwen: The Later Years (Volume Two)". Toronto: Exile Editions, 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noman". Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noman's Land: stories" Coach House Press, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mermaids and Ikons: A Greek Summer". Toronto: House of Anansi, 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Children's books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chocolate Moose". Toronto: N/C Press, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Honey Drum". Oakville: Mosaic Press, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dragon Sandwiches" Black Moss Press, 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Drama.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trojan Women" after the play by Euripides (includes poems "Helen" and "Oristos" by Yannis Ritsos, translated by MacEwen and Niko Tsingos)"." Toronto: Exile Editions. 2009 [1994, 1981]. 978-1-55096-123-2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birds" after the play by Aristophanes. Toronto: Exile Editions. 1993 [1983]. 978-1-55096-065-5

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Secret." CBC Learning Systems, 1972. LP T-57191

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celebration: Famous Canadian Poets CD" Canadian Poetry Association — 2001 (CD#3) ( with Raymond Souster )

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Canadian poets

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Bartley. "Invocations: the poetry and prose of Gwendolyn MacEwen." 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosemary Sullivan. "Shadow Maker: The Life of Gwendolyn MacEwen." Toronto: Harper Collins, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linda Weiland: "«Unravelling». C.G. Jungs Individuations- und Archetypenlehre im Werk Gwendolyn MacEwens." Peter Lang, Berne 2013 (In German)

paragraph: Section::::References.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atwood, Margaret. "MacEwen’s Muse." "Canadian Literature" 45 (1970): 24-32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrett, Elizabeth. "A Tour de Force." "Evidence" 8 (1964): 140-143.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davey, Frank. "Gwendolyn MacEwen: The Secret of Alchemy." "Open Letter" (second series) 4 (1973): 5-23.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Di Michele, Mary. "Gwendolyn MacEwen: 1941-1987." "Books in Canada" 17.1 (1988): 6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerry, Thomas M. "Green Yet Free of Seasons: Gwendolyn MacEwen and the Mystical Tradition of Canadian Poetry." "Studies in Canadian Literature" 16.2 (1991/1992): 147-161.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillam, Robyn. "The Gaze of a Stranger: Gwendolyn MacEwen’s Hieratic Eye." "Paragraph" 13.2 (1991): 10-13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Godfrey, Dave. "Figments of a Northern Mind." "Tamarack Review" 31 (1964): 90-91.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gose, E.B. "They Shall Have Arcana." "Canadian Literature" 21 (1964): 36-45.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harding Russell, Gillian. "Gwendolyn MacEwen’s ‘The Nine Arcana of the Kings’ as Creative Myth and Paradigm." "English Studies in Canada" 15.2 (1988): 204-217.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harding Russell, Gillian. "Iconic Mythopoeia in MacEwen’s The T.E. Lawrence Poems." "Studies in Canadian Literature" 9.1 (1984): 95-107.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helwig, Maggie. "The Shadowmaker Confirmed the Poet in Me." "Catholic New Times" 21.19 (1997): 13,14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, D.G. "Language of Our Time." "Canadian Literature" 29 (1966): 67-69.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly, M. T. "Thoughts From a Friend (Profile of Gwendolyn MacEwen)." "Canadian Woman Studies" 9.2 (1988): 89.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kemp, Penn. "A Musing I Would Like to have Shared with Gwendolyn MacEwen."" Tessera" 5 (1988): 49-57.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MacEwen Possessed a Talent that was Fragile, Precocious." "Globe and Mail" (Metro Edition) 2 Dec 1987: A10, C5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshall, Joyce. "Remembering Gwendolyn MacEwen." "Brick" 45 (1993): 61-65.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshall, Tom. "Several Takes on Gwendolyn MacEwen." "Quarry" 38.1 (1989): 76-83.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obituary: Author." Gwendolyn MacEwen. "Quill and Quire" 54.3 (1988): 62.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Potvin, Elisabeth. "Gwendolyn MacEwen and Female Spiritual Desire." "Canadian Poetry" 28 (1991): 18-39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purdy, Al. "Death in the Family." "Saturday Night" 103.5 (1988): 65-66.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ringrose, Christopher. "Vision Enveloped in Night." "Canadian Literature" 53 (1972): 102-104.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sowton, Ian. "To Improvise an Eden." "Edge" 2 (1964): 119-124.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsingos, Nikolas. "Poems for Gwendolyn MacEwen." "Descant" 24.4 (1993/ 1994): 41.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warwick, Ellen D. "To Seek a Single Symmetry." "Canadian Literature" 71 (1976): 21-34.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkinson, Shelagh. "Gwendolyn MacEwen's Trojan Women: Old Myth into New Life." "Canadian Woman Studies" 8.3 (1987): 81-83.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, Brent. "From The Rising Fire to Afterworlds: The Visionary Circle in the Poetry of Gwendolyn MacEwen." "Canadian Poetry" 47 (2000): 40-69.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dark Pines (TV Movie)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Poetry Online: Gwendolyn MacEwen - Biography and 7 poems (Let Me Make This Perfectly Clear, Fragments from A Childhood, Magic Cats, Poems in Braille, Memoirs of a Mad Cook, The Drunken Clock, Dark Pines Under Water)

description: Canadian writer

wikidata_label: Gwendolyn MacEwen

wikipedia_title: Gwendolyn MacEwen


text:
Cuba
track and field
110 metres hurdles
2000 Summer Olympics
Santiago de Cuba
1996 Summer Olympics
60 m hurdles
1997 World Indoor Championships
Paris
World Championships
Athens
Pan-American Games
Colin Jackson
World Championships
2000 Sydney Olympics
gold medal
Terrence Trammell
silver medal
2001 World Championships
2001 World Indoor Championships
2003 World Indoor Championships
2003 World Championships
2004 Summer Olympics
bronze medal

categories: Olympic gold medalists for Cuba,Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games,Cuban male hurdlers,Pan American Games competitors for Cuba,Olympic athletes of Cuba,Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field),Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games,Olympic bronze medalists for Cuba,Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field),World Championships in Athletics medalists,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Santiago de Cuba,1976 births,Goodwill Games medalists in athletics,Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba,Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba,Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Anier García

paragraph: Anier Octavio García Ortiz (born March 9, 1976) is a Cuban track and field athlete, winner of the 110 metres hurdles at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Born in Santiago de Cuba, Anier García established his credentials early, by winning the 1995 Pan American Junior Championships. In the next year, at the 1996 Summer Olympics, García was eliminated in the quarter-finals.

paragraph: In 1997, García broke to the international scene by winning 60 m hurdles at the 1997 World Indoor Championships at Paris. At the World Championships in Athens, he competed with a leg injury, and although he finished second in his quarter-final, he withdrew from the semi-finals. In 1999, García won the Pan-American Games, but was beaten second by Colin Jackson at the World Championships.

paragraph: The high peak of García's career was at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. The Olympic final was expected to be a tight competition amongst the top five hurdlers, but García won the gold medal easily, beating Terrence Trammell by 0.16 seconds. García repeated his silver medal at the 2001 World Championships and also won silver at the 2001 World Indoor Championships and 2003 World Indoor Championships. García did not compete at the 2003 World Championships due to a thigh injury, but at the 2004 Summer Olympics, he won the bronze medal.

description: Cuban hurdler

wikidata_label: Anier García

wikipedia_title: Anier García