text: Braunschweig

text: Munich

text: German

text: Friedrich Gerstäcker

text: Ricarda Huch

text: Reifeprüfung

text: Dresden

text: Munich

text: Paris

text: Erlangen

text: Hamburg

text: Lubocheń

text: Poland

text: Italy

text: Munich

text: Thomas Mann

categories: University of Paris alumni,20th-century German writers,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni,People from the Duchy of Brunswick,1913 deaths,People from Braunschweig,1873 births,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni

paragraph: Friedrich Huch

paragraph: Friedrich Huch (Braunschweig, 19 June 1873 - Munich, 12 May 1913) was a German writer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: One of his nephews was Friedrich Gerstäcker and one of his cousins was Ricarda Huch on his mother's side. His father killed himself in 1888.

paragraph: After his "Reifeprüfung" in Dresden, he studied philosophy at the universities of Munich, Paris and Erlangen. He worked as a personal tutor in Hamburg and Lubocheń, Poland, and travelled through Italy before moving to Munich to become an independent writer.

paragraph: At the age of 39, he died unexpectedly because of complications after a middle ear surgical procedure. Thomas Mann said his panegyric.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter Michel", Hamburg, Janssen, 1901.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschwister", Berlin, Fischer, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Träume", Berlin, Fischer, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wandlungen", Berlin, Fischer, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mao", Berlin, Fischer, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pitt und Fox. Die Liebeswege der Brüder Sintrup", Ebenhausen bei München, Langewiesche-Brand, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enzio", München, Mörike, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tristan und Isolde. Lohengrin. Der fliegende Holländer. Drei groteske Komödien, Munich, Mörike, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erzählungen", Munich, Georg Müller, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neue Träume", Munich, Georg Müller, 1914. Ausgabe von 1920 mit 20 Illustrationen von Alfred Kubin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romane der Jugend", Berlin, Fischer, 1934.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolf Denecke: "Friedrich Huch und die Problematik der bürgerlichen Welt in der Zeit ihres Verfalls." Braunschweig: Univ. Diss. 1937.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugo Hartung: "Friedrich Huchs epischer Stil." München: Univ. Diss. 1929.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helene Huller: "Der Schriftsteller Friedrich Huch. Studien zu Literatur und Gesellschaft um die Jahrhundertwende." München: Univ. Diss. 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (Hrsg.): "Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon. 19. und 20. Jahrhundert", Hannover 1996, S. 292f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nadia Jollos: "Das Werk Friedrich Huchs." Straßburg 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wenchao Li: "Das Motiv der Kindheit und die Gestalt des Kindes in der deutschen Literatur der Jahrhundertwende. Untersuchungen zu Thomas Manns „Buddenbrooks“, Friedrich Huchs „Mao“ und Emil Strauss' „Freund Hein“." Berlin: Univ. Diss. 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renate Möhrmann: "Der vereinsamte Mensch. Studien zum Wandel des Einsamkeitsmotivs im Roman von Raabe bis Musil." 2. Aufl. Bonn u.a.: Bouvier 1976. (= Abhandlungen zur Kunst-, Musik- und Literaturwissenschaft; 149)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf Wucherpfennig: "Kindheitskult und Irrationalismus in der Literatur um 1900. Friedrich Huch und seine Zeit." München: Fink 1980.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texte von Friedrich Huch (Projekt Gutenberg-DE)

description: German writer

wikidata_label: Friedrich Huch

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Huch


text:
rabbi
talmud
Moqueda
Toledo, Castilian Spain
Isaac Aboab
expulsion of Jews from Spain
Fez
Tlemçen
Barbary states
Abraham Gavison
Algeria
Jerusalem
Egypt
Damascus
Levi ibn Habib
Cairo
Safed
Ottoman Syria
Semichah
Sanhedrin
Synedrium
Tanna
Moses
Semichah
Louis Ginzberg
Jewish Encyclopedia
Palestine
halachic
Marranos
makkot
Responsa
Maimonides
Nahmanides
Talmudic standpoint
Joseph Caro
Moses of Trani
Moshe Alshich
Hayim Vital
Holy City
chief rabbi
Levi ibn Habib
Turkish
Joseph Caro
Moses of Trani
Abraham Shalom
Israel ben Meir di Curiel
Moses Alshich
Hayim Vital
Amsterdam
Tanakh
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Azulai
David Conforte
Fuenn
Heinrich Grätz
Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim
Moritz Steinschneider
Joseph Zedner
Brit. Mus.
Zunz
Levi ben Jacob ibn Ḥabib
S. P. Rabbinowitz
Short biography of Rabbi Jacob Berab

categories: Early Acharonim,Rabbis in Ottoman Syria,Rabbis in Safed,16th-century rabbis,Sephardi rabbis,1474 births,1546 deaths,Medieval Castilian Jews,Jews expelled from Spain in 1492

paragraph: Jacob Berab

paragraph: Jacob Berab (), also spelled Berav or Bei-Rav, (1474 – April 3, 1546), was an influential rabbi and talmudist best known for his attempt to reintroduce rabbinic ordination.

paragraph: Section::::Chosen rabbi at eighteen.

paragraph: Berab was born at Moqueda near Toledo, Castilian Spain in 1474. He later became a pupil of Isaac Aboab. After the expulsion of Jews from Spain, he fled to Fez. The Fez Jewish community, consisting of 5,000 families, chose him for their rabbi, though he was but a youth of eighteen. From there he went to Tlemçen, then the chief town of the Barbary states. There, the Jewish community consisting of 5,000 families, chose him for their rabbi, though he was but a youth of eighteen. Evidence of the great respect there paid him is afforded by the following lines of Abraham Gavison: "Say not that the lamp of the Law no longer in Israel burneth! Jacob Berab hath come back—once more among us he sojourneth!"

paragraph: It is not known how long Berab remained in Algeria; but before 1522 he was in Jerusalem. There, however, the social and economic conditions were so oppressive that he did not stay long, but went with his pupils to Egypt. Several years later (1527) Berab, now fairly well-to-do, resided in Damascus (Levi ibn Habib, "Responsa," p. 117a); in 1533 he became rabbi at Cairo (ib. 33a); and several years after he seems to have finally settled in Safed, which then contained the largest Jewish community in Ottoman Syria. It was there that Berab conceived the bold idea which made him famous, that of establishing a central spiritual Jewish power.

paragraph: Section::::Plan for ordination.

paragraph: Berab had a plan for the reintroduction of the old "Semichah" (rabbinic ordination). It is likely that his further plans included the reestablishment of Sanhedrin, or Synedrium. Berab's model was the Sanhedrin of Tannatic times which consisted of men who could trace their ordination back to Moses; yet for more than a thousand years no such men had existed, and the rabbinic ordination (Semichah) was lost.

paragraph: Berab's undertaking is considered by some (Louis Ginzberg) to be a part of a bigger Messianic vision. As Ginzburg writes in his article in the 1906 "Jewish Encyclopedia", "...the imaginative and sentimental persons thought that the promised Messianic time was approaching..." and calls messianic expectations of the time to be "a delusion". He also writes that "...the hopes of a Messiah, cherished especially in Palestine, were fundamentally wild and extravagant...".

paragraph: According to others, the purpose of Berab's plan was a resolution of certain halachic difficulties. In particular, there was a problem of Marranos returning to the Jewish faith, and in order to free them from divine punishment some Rabbis of the Land of Israel considered applying to them the punishment of "makkot", which can only be assigned by Sanhedrin. Jacob Berab writes about this problem in his Responsa.

paragraph: Maimonides taught that if the sages in Eretz Israel would agree to ordain one of themselves, they could do so, and that the man of their choice could then ordain others. Although Maimonides' opinion had been opposed by Nahmanides and others, the scholars at Safed had confidence in him , and had no doubt that, from a rabbinical standpoint, no objection to his plan could be raised.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination of 1538.

paragraph: In 1538, twenty-five rabbis met in assembly at Safed and ordained Berab, giving him the right to ordain any number of others, who would then form a Sanhedrin. In a discourse in the synagogue at Safed, Berab defended the legality of his ordination from a Talmudic standpoint, and showed the nature of the rights conferred upon him. On hearing of this event most of the other Jewish scholars expressed their agreement, and the few who discountenanced the innovation had not the courage to oppose Berab and his following.

paragraph: Berab then ordained a few other rabbis, including the chief Rabbi of Jerusalem ibn Habib, rabbi Joseph Caro, rabbi Moses of Trani, and rabbi Yosef Sagis. Joseph Caro later ordained rabbi Moshe Alshich, and Alshich ordained rabbi Hayim Vital around 1590.

paragraph: Section::::Dispute with Ibn Habib.

paragraph: To obtain the good-will of the Jews of the Holy City, the first use that Berab made of his new dignity was to ordain the chief rabbi at Jerusalem, Levi ibn Habib. Since the latter had for many years been a personal opponent of Berab, and the two had had many disputes in regard to rabbinical decisions and approbations, Berab's ordination of Ibn Habib shows that he placed general above personal interests. Moreover, the terms in which Berab officially announced Ibn Habib's ordination were kindly ones. Berab, therefore, expected no opposition from that quarter; but he was mistaken. Ibn Habib's personal animus was not appeased, but rather stimulated, by his ordination. He considered it an insult to his dignity and to the dignity of Jerusalem that so important a change should be effected without consultation of the Jerusalem scholars. He did not content himself with an oral protest, but sent a communication to the scholars of Safed, in which he set forth the illegality of their proceeding and declared that the innovation involved a risk to rabbinical Judaism, since the Sanhedrin might use its sovereign authority to tamper with the calendar.

paragraph: Although Levi ibn Habib's tone was moderate, every one could read between the lines that he opposed the man Berab as well as his work. An illustration of this is afforded by the remarks made by Ibn Habib when he maintained at length that the scholars of Safed were not qualified to ordain, since they were not unprejudiced in the matter, and when he hinted that Berab was not worthy to transmit ordination. Berab was surprised by the peril in which his undertaking was now placed; and, embittered by Ibn Habib's personal attacks, he could not adhere to a merely objective refutation, but indulged in personalities. In answer to Ibn Habib's observation, that a sacred ordination must not proceed from learning alone, but from holiness also, Berab replied: "I never changed my name: in the midst of want and despair I went in God's way" (Ibn Habib, "Responsa," p. 298b); thereby alluding to the fact that, when a youth, Ibn Habib had lived for a year in Portugal as a Christian under an assumed name.

paragraph: The strife between Berab and Ibn Habib now became wholly personal, and this had a bad effect on the plan; for Berab had many admirers but few friends. Moreover, Berab's life was endangered. The ordination had been represented to the Turkish authorities as the first step toward the restoration of the Jewish state, and, since Berab was rich, the Turkish officials would have showed him scant mercy in order to lay hands on his wealth. Berab was forced to go to Egypt for a while, but though each moment's delay might have cost him his life, he tarried long enough to ordain four rabbis, so that during his absence they might continue to exercise the function of ordination. In the meantime Ibn Habib's following increased; and when Berab returned, he found his plan to be hopeless. His death some years later put an end to the dispute which had gradually arrayed most of the Jewish scholars in hostile lines on the question of ordination.

paragraph: It is known positively that Joseph Caro and Moses of Trani were two of the four men ordained by Berab. If the other two were Abraham Shalom and Israel ben Meir di Curiel, then Caro was the only one who used his privilege to ordain another, Moses Alshich, who, in turn, ordained Hayim Vital. Thus ordination might be traced for four generations.

paragraph: With the exception of some short contributions to the works of others, the only one of Berab's numerous works ever published was his "Sheëlot u-Teshubot" (Questions and Answers), responsa, Venice, 1663; but the Amsterdam edition of the rabbinical Tanakh (1724–28) contains notes by Berab on Isaiah and Jeremiah.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ed. Wilna, i. 86;

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Conforte, Ḳore ha-Dorot, see Index in ed. Cassel;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frumkin, Eben Yerushalaim, pp. 34–40, Wilna, 1874;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuenn, in Ha-Karmel, ii. 486-494, 576-580;

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem, Keneset Yisrael, pp. 539, 540;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. der Juden, 3d ed., ix. 12, 200-298;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jost, Gesch. des Judenthums und Seiner Sekten, iii. 128, 129;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, p. 1069;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1194;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. p. 307;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zunz, Z. G. pp. 250, 531.

paragraph: The most important source of information for the dispute about ordination is Levi ben Jacob ibn Ḥabib, Responsa, pp. 277a, 328a, Venice, 1565;

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. P. Rabbinowitz, Mozaëi Golah, see Index.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography of Rabbi Jacob Berab

description: Rabbi and kabbalist.

wikidata_label: Jacob Berab

wikipedia_title: Jacob Berab


text: Latin

text: Romanian

text: Hungarian

text: Transylvanian Saxon

text: renaissance humanist

text: Protestant reformer

text: theologian

text: cartographic

text: Lutheran

text: Braşov

text: Transylvania

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Romania

text: University of Vienna

text: magister artium

text: Ottomans

text: Vienna

text: Siege of Vienna

text: Regensburg

text: Kraków

text: Jagiellonian University

text: Poland

text: Latin

text: cosmography

text: Basel

text: wood engraving

text: Hungary

text: Abraham Ortelius

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Protestant

text: paper mill

text: verse

text: Rudimenta Cosmographica

text: Braşov

text: Zürich

text: Antwerp

text: Basel

text: Rostock

text: Prague

text: Cologne

text: Europe

text: In German

text: In German

text: In Hungarian

text: Imagines Constellationum

categories: Hungarian expatriates in Austria,Hungarian Renaissance humanists,University of Vienna alumni,Hungarian expatriates in Germany,Hungarian Protestants,German Lutherans,German cartographers,1498 births,People from Brașov,Transylvanian-Saxon people,Hungarian Lutherans,16th-century German writers,Protestant Reformers,1549 deaths,Jagiellonian University alumni,Hungarian cartographers,16th-century cartographers,16th-century Hungarian people,Hungarian expatriates in Poland

paragraph: Johannes Honter

paragraph: Johannes Honter (also known as Johann Hynter; Latinized as Johann Honterus or Ioannes Honterus; Romanian sources may credit him as Ioan, Hungarian ones as János; 1498 – 23 January 1549) was a Transylvanian Saxon, renaissance humanist, Protestant reformer and theologian. Honter is best known for his geographic and cartographic publishing activity, as well as for implementing the Lutheran reform in Transylvania and founding the Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania.

paragraph: Section::::Education and activity.

paragraph: Section::::Education and activity.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Braşov ("Kronstadt", "Brassó"), Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary, nowadays Romania, he studied at the University of Vienna between 1520 and 1525, graduating with a "magister artium" title. As the Ottomans approached Vienna in 1529 ("see Siege of Vienna"), Honter moved first to Regensburg, and, in 1530, he registered at the Kraków's Jagiellonian University (in Poland) as "Johannes Georgii de Corona, artium magister Viennensis" (Corona is medieval Latin for Braşov). It was in Kraków that he published his first books, a Latin grammar and cosmography manual.

paragraph: Between 1530 and 1532 he lived in Basel and practiced wood engraving, notably designing two star maps that already show his advanced skills in the craft.

paragraph: In the same time period he often traveled to his native Transylvania, gathering information that was to serve in his design of a map of Transylvania, commonly known as Siebenbuergen, one that he engraved and printed in Basel, and the very first one of the region to be printed. The only known copy of the map survives in the National Library of Hungary. It is known that Honter was not pleased with the map – he tried to get back all copies that he had sent to friends and other scientists. His plan was to improve the map before reprint and distribution. Dedicated to the leadership of Braşov, it was the basic design for all later maps of Transylvania, up to the early 18th century. Abraham Ortelius made the map famous by beautifully engraving it in copper.

paragraph: Section::::Education and activity.:In Braşov.

paragraph: He returned to Braşov in 1533 and became involved in local events. During his stay in the Holy Roman Empire, Honter had encountered Protestant ideas, and he worked hard to introduce Lutheranism to Siebenbuergen. He attempted to achieve this by informing as many persons as possible. As such, he founded the humanist gymnasium local school (functioning to this day as the "Johannes Honterus" School), set up a printing press (1539), printed a large number of books (some of which he himself authored), such as the "Reformationsbuechlein", published the "Kirchenordnung aller Deutschen in Siebenbuergen" and assisted in the introduction of a paper mill.

paragraph: In 1542, in Braşov, he printed a new version of his cosmography manual, this time in verse, under the name "Rudimenta Cosmographica". He believed that verse would help students remember information contained in the book. Additionally, the book contains 13 maps, engraved by Honter himself. The maps show all known parts of the world. The "Rudimenta" was so successful that no less than 39 editions of it were printed in Braşov, Zürich, Antwerp, Basel, Rostock, Prague and Cologne. The book was last reprinted in 1602, but sections of it have been included in other books up to 1692. It can be considered the first European-wide manual.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NUSSBÄCHER, Gernot; PHILIPPI, Astrid, eds., 1983. "Odae cum harmoniis 1548". Facsimilia and music transcriptions. Bucureşti: Editura Muzicală

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In German

paragraph: BULLET::::- In German

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Hungarian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imagines Constellationum

description: Transylvanian Saxon renaissance humanist

wikidata_label: Johannes Honter

wikipedia_title: Johannes Honter


text: French Revolutionary

text: Napoleonic

text: War of 1812

text: Sandwich, Kent

text: Sir Thomas Troubridge, Bt.

text: Dr. Charles Burney's

text: Greenwich

text: guard ship

text: George Murray

text: midshipman

text: battle of Copenhagen

text: Ross Donnelly

text: lieutenant

text: East Indies

text: brig-sloop

text: Dutch East India Company

text: Manado

text: Tidore

text: fought a Dutch squadron

text: Sulawesi

text: prize money

text: John Markham

text: "Macassar"

text: commander

text: post-captain

text: Sir Edward Pellew

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: Madras

text: hogged

text: Austin Bissell

text: Rodrigues

text: "Île de France"

text: Île Bourbon

text: Île Sainte-Marie

text: Madagascar

text: War of 1812

text: letter of marque

text: operations against New Orleans

text: Naval Brigade

text: North Berwick

text: Cork

text: general election of 1831

text: Sandwich

text: leave of absence

text: Great Reform Act

text: King William

text: Queen Victoria

text: Madeira

text: Portuguese Civil War

text: 1832 election

text: Board of Admiralty

text: Fourth Naval Lord

text: Third Naval Lord

text: Second Naval Lord

text: Companion of the Order of the Bath

text: rear admiral

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Haddingtonshire

text: Belgravia

text: the Honourable

text: Alexander Cochrane

text: Thomas John Cochrane

text: Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,Companions of the Order of the Bath,UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1831–1832,UK MPs 1835–1837,1852 deaths,Royal Navy personnel of the War of 1812,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Year of birth uncertain,Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,UK MPs 1837–1841,Royal Navy admirals,Deputy Lieutenants of East Lothian,Tory MPs (pre-1834),Lords of the Admiralty,Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

paragraph: Edward Troubridge

paragraph: Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Thomas Troubridge, 2nd Baronet, ( – 7 October 1852) was an officer of the British Royal Navy who served in the French Revolutionary, Napoleonic and War of 1812. He later served for fifteen years as the member of parliament for Sandwich, Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family background and early life.

paragraph: Troubridge was the only son of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge, Bt., and Frances Northall, the daughter of Captain John Northall. He was educated at Dr. Charles Burney's school at Greenwich.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Wartime naval career.

paragraph: Troubridge entered the Navy on 21 January 1797 as a volunteer on board the ship , the guard ship at Plymouth under the command of Captain Richard Boger. He was discharged in April 1799, and in January 1801 joined the ship , Captain George Murray, as a midshipman. He followed Murray into the , seeing action at the battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801, and subsequently into , until transferred in May 1802 to , Captain James Oughton, for a short time. In July 1803, he joined the , flagship of Lord Nelson in the Mediterranean, and in August 1804, moved into the frigate , Captain Ross Donnelly, serving until February 1805.

paragraph: On 22 February 1806 he was promoted to lieutenant aboard the , his father's flagship in the East Indies, and in March was appointed acting-commander of the 18-gun brig-sloop . On 4 July 1806 "Harrier" and the frigate , Captain Charles Elphinstone, destroyed the Dutch East India Company brig "Christian Elizabeth" under the fort of Manado. Two days later, off the island of Tidore, the two ships captured the Dutch 12-gun "Belgica". On 26 July they fought a Dutch squadron off Sulawesi, consisting of the 40-gun frigate "Pallas", the 20-gun corvette "William", and the armed Indiamen "Vittoria" and "Batavia", both richly laden. Only the "William" escaped capture. His share of the prize money for the captures was £26,000. In a letter to John Markham at the Admiralty following the action his father commented: ""Elphinstone says Tom in the Harrier behaved like a brave, good fellow; had he done otherwise I would with great composure put a pistol ball through his nob..."" In August 1806 Troubridge was appointed acting-captain of the frigate "Macassar" (formerly the Dutch "Pallas"), moving to the "Greyhound" in October. His promotion to commander was confirmed on 5 September 1806, and to post-captain on 28 November 1807.

paragraph: Sir Thomas Troubridge was superseded as commander-in-chief in the East Indies by Sir Edward Pellew, and appointed commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope. At Madras his flagship "Blenheim" was inspected and found to be unfit for further service, being hogged and taking on water even when at anchor. Despite the protests of her captain, Austin Bissell, Troubridge insisted on taking her to the Cape. "Blenheim" sailed on 12 January 1807, in company with the frigate , Captain George Pigot, and the sloop "Harrier". On 5 February "Harrier" lost contact with the other ships near the island of Rodrigues. They were never seen again. Pellew ordered Troubridge in "Greyhound" to search for the missing ships. Starting at Rodrigues, he retraced their course to the "Île de France", sending an officer ashore under a flag of truce to gain information. The French authorities informed him that the ships had been sighted at some distance off the "Île Bourbon". At "Île Sainte-Marie" off Madagascar they learned that the ships had put into the harbour to take on water and fresh meat, before sailing for the Cape. There being no further sightings it was assumed that the ships had foundered during a storm. On the death of his father, Troubridge succeeded to the baronetcy. He was invalided home in January 1808.

paragraph: On 5 February 1813 Troubridge was appointed to the 38-gun frigate , for service in the War of 1812 against the United States. "Armide", in company with , captured the 17-gun American privateer "Herald" on 15 August 1814, and the next day "Armide" alone captured the French 16-gun letter of marque "Invincible". During the operations against New Orleans in January 1815 Troubridge served as commander of the Naval Brigade, and was highly praised for his efforts. "Armide" was paid off in May 1815.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post-war career.

paragraph: After the war Troubridge bought the estate "Rockville" near North Berwick, but he and his family spent most of the next 15 years living in Italy, France and Belgium. They eventually returned to England in December 1830, and Troubridge applied to the Admiralty for a command. In March 1831 he was appointed commander-in-chief at Cork, flying his flag in the frigate , which he joined on 15 April. However, at the request of the government he stood in the general election of 1831, and was elected second member for the town and port of Sandwich in May. He spent much of the rest of the year on leave of absence from his ship in order to attend Parliament and vote in favour of the Great Reform Act. On 30 June 1831 Troubridge was appointed naval aide-de-camp to King William, and remained in that post for Queen Victoria until 1841.

paragraph: In March 1832 he was ordered to take "Stag" to Madeira to observe developments in the Portuguese Civil War. By July 1832 "Stag" was cruising off the Portuguese coast. When offered command of on foreign service, he turned it down, wishing to remain in "Stag", but in October 1832 he found himself unemployed. Troubridge was re-elected to Parliament in the 1832 election, and again in 1835 and 1841, serving until 1847.

paragraph: Troubridge served on the Board of Admiralty from 22 April 1835 serving as Fourth Naval Lord until 1837, then as Third Naval Lord until June 1841, and then briefly as Second Naval Lord before he resigned from the Admiralty on 23 August 1841 to take command of the 84-gun ship in the Mediterranean. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath by the newly crowned Queen Victoria on 20 July 1838. He was promoted to rear admiral on 23 November 1841, and was also a Deputy Lieutenant for Haddingtonshire.

paragraph: Troubridge died on 7 October 1852, at his house in Eaton Place, Belgravia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 18 October 1810, he married Anna Maria Cochrane, the daughter of Admiral the Honourable Sir Alexander Cochrane, sister of Rear Admiral Sir Thomas John Cochrane, and cousin of Vice-Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald. They had four sons and three daughters, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Sir Thomas St. Vincent Hope Cochrane Troubridge, 3rd baronet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain Edward Norwich Troubridge, RN, who died serving in China in 1850.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: Royal Navy admiral

wikidata_label: Sir Edward Troubridge, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Edward Troubridge


text:
University of Bologna
Aldrovandi
Alessandro Tassoni
graphology
Latin
Demetrius Phalereus

paragraph: Camillo Baldi

paragraph: Camillo Baldi (1550 – 24 March 1637), also known as Camillus Baldus and Camillo Baldo, was an Italian philosopher.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born into a family of minor Bolognese nobility. In 1572 he graduated in Philosophy and Medicine (what we would nowadays call Natural Sciences). His father Pietro Maria Baldi was a lecturer at the University of Bologna and Camillo followed in his footsteps teaching there for sixty years. He started teaching in 1576, teaching Aristotelian logic until 1579 when he was promoted to a junior lectureship in philosophy which he held till 1586. From 1586 to 1590 he held the post of 'Protologicus'. This was a position that seems to have been created specifically for Baldi and little is known about what it involved. He was then made a senior lecturer in Philosophy from 1590 till his death in 1637. In this role he would have lectured on six works of natural philosophy by Aristotle, one per year in a six-year cycle. In his sixty-year career at the University Baldi merited three memorials from his students (two painted on the walls of the lecture hall and one statue in the courtyard). It is almost unheard of for lecturers to get so much praise, so it is clear he was a popular teacher. He also held many roles within the University hierarchy, including that of 'Decano' (Dean) and 'Procancelliere'. He was also curator of the Aldrovandi museum from 1620 till his death in 1637. One of Baldi's students was the poet Alessandro Tassoni. Baldi is mentioned in several of Tassoni's published letters. In Tassoni's famous poem "La Secchia rapita" Baldi is introduced as the ambassador of the Bolognese to Modena, the Modenese having stolen a symbolic bucket from Bologna, Baldi is sent to negotiate for its return.

paragraph: Section::::The earliest work of Graphology.

paragraph: Baldi left behind numerous printed and manuscript works covering a wide range of subjects. The best known is his essay on graphology, "Trattato Come Da Una Lettera Missiva Si Conoscano La Natura E Qualità Dello Scrittore" which represents the first detailed investigation of the subject. It was first published in 1622 when Baldi was over 70 years old, and Italian editions were also published in 1625, 1983 and 1992). There are no published English translations, but it has also appeared in Latin (1664), French (1900 and 1993), and Spanish (2016). It is firmly rooted in the lively tradition of vernacular letter-writing manuals of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in Italy. It is heavily indebted to the classical Greek work "De elocutione" ("On style") attributed to Demetrius Phalereus. Baldi is following Demetrius when he condemns those whose style is too artificial, for, he says such people reveal nothing of themselves, all that one can tell of them is that they are shrewd and artificial. He goes on to say: 'when they are written without artifice or erudition or any consideration at all, but only as his nature dictates to him, then one can probably tell many things about the writer'. Baldi only devotes a few pages (18-21) to considerations of handwriting but it is on this that his fame (such as it is) rests. His interpretations of handwriting are interesting but have little connection to modern theories of graphology. For instance: 'if the writing is both fast, even and well-formed, and appears to have been written with pleasure, it has probably been written by a man who knows nothing and is worthless, because you rarely find intelligent and prudent men who write neatly... these writers are also often cold, avaricious, foolish, intemperate and indiscreet'. On the other hand, he talks of writing that is 'unbecoming, crooked, badly formed and quick, yet legible'. Such writing denotes a mature man who has written a lot. Later he says 'if the handwriting is uneven, with lines that are wavy and generally ascending, such a person is naturally inclined to dominate... with such instability one can also add that he is likely to be choleric and apt to be unrestrained in following his desires'.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In physiognomica Aristotelis commentarii". This is a very long commentary on the very short pseudo-Aristotelian work on physiognomy. It is one of Baldi's most widely circulated books with copies in many European libraries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alcune considerationi sopra una lettera d'Anton Perez scritta al duca di Lerma circa al modo di conservarsi in gratia del suo signore"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trattato del modo di scriver bene una lettera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delle mentite et offese di parole, come possino accomodarsi". This work was published several times and is the most widely available of Baldi's Italian works. It is on the subject of duelling and more specifically on how to avoid becoming involved in a duel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De naturali ex unguium inspectione praesagio commentarius"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De humanarum propensionum ex temperamento praenotionibus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Congressi civili... ne quali, con precetti morali e politici, si mostra il modo facile d'acquistar e conservar gli amici"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alchemia e la sua medicina" - this work was never published but exists in manuscript and was subject of a recent academic article.

description: Italian philosopher

wikidata_label: Camillo Baldi

wikipedia_title: Camillo Baldi


text: American

text: relief pitcher

text: right-handed

text: Major League Baseball

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Mercer Island, Washington

text: University of Washington

text: college baseball

text: Huskies

text: Danville Braves

text: Myrtle Beach Pelicans

text: Mississippi Braves

text: Gulf Coast Braves

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Colorado Springs Sky Sox

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

text: Salt Lake Bees

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Albuquerque Isotopes

text: Retrosheet

categories: Arizona League Mariners players,Albuquerque Isotopes players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,1981 births,Baseball players from Washington (state),Mississippi Braves players,Myrtle Beach Pelicans players,People from Pullman, Washington,Danville Braves players,Seattle Mariners players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Cardenales de Lara players,Peoria Javelinas players,Tacoma Rainiers players,Washington Huskies baseball players,Salt Lake Bees players,Everett AquaSox players,Gulf Coast Braves players,Rome Braves players

paragraph: Sean White (baseball)

paragraph: Sean Thomas White (born April 25, 1981) is a former American professional baseball relief pitcher. A right-handed pitcher, White made his Major League Baseball debut with the Seattle Mariners in 2007. He was selected by the Atlanta Braves in 8th Round (247th overall) of 2003 amateur entry draft.

paragraph: White attended Mercer Island High School in Mercer Island, Washington and later attended the University of Washington, where he played college baseball for the Huskies from 2000–2003 and was an All-Pac-10 honorable mention in and .

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: White was named the Danville Braves Pitcher of the Month for August, going 3–0 with a 0.67 ERA. He Ranked third on the team with 51.1 innings pitched and only allowed one home run in all of .

paragraph: He held opponents to a .164 batting average in April of . On two occasions he threw a season-high 7.0 innings of shutout ball. White finished the season 6–6 with a 3.60 ERA in 16 games.

paragraph: In he spent the season with the Single-A Myrtle Beach Pelicans and the Double-A Mississippi Braves. He finished fourth in the organization with 11 wins, ranked eighth with a 3.85 ERA and 10th with 98 strikeouts. He was 9–3 through 18 appearances with Myrtle Beach, including 4–0 at home until he made his Double-A debut on July 18, throwing 6.0 shutout innings in a 1–0. He was named Myrtle Beach's June Pitcher of the Month by the organization going 3–2 with a 3.63 ERA in 34.2 innings pitched.

paragraph: He split the season with the Double-A Braves and the Gulf Coast Braves. He went a combined 5–6 with a 4.12 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: White made his Major League Debut on April 4, against the Oakland Athletics. He was one of 6 players to make his Major League debut with Seattle in 2007, making 15 appearances, all in relief. He went 1–1 with a 5.60 ERA. White limited opposing batters to a .261 batting average.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: On January 11, 2011, White signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies. He played for the Colorado Springs Sky Sox.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: On February 11, 2012, White signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox but was released at the end of spring training.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

paragraph: On May 7, 2012, White signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and appeared in 29 games with the AAA Salt Lake Bees.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: On February 18, 2013, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers and was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes. He appeared in 34 games (7 starts) and was

paragraph: 6–6 with a 3.51 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Retrosheet, or Baseball Reference (Minor, Fall and Winter Leagues)

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Sean White

wikipedia_title: Sean White (baseball)


text:
Anglo-Norman
Herefordshire
Shropshire
England
Norman Invasion of Ireland
Kingdom of Meath
King Henry II
Lordship of Meath
liberty
Ireland
Gilbert de Lacy
Ewyas Lacy
Weobley
Ludlow
Joscelin de Dinan
Herefordshire
Rory
High King of Ireland
Dublin Castle
de facto
Viceroy of Ireland
Tighearnán Ó Ruairc
Bréifne
Hill of Ward
Annals of the Four Masters
Giraldus Cambrensis
Richard de Clare
Trim Castle
Hugh Tyrrel
The Song of Dermot and the Earl
Skryne
Adam de Feypo
Canterbury
Richard of Dover
Verneuil
Louis VII
Offelana
Offaly
Kildare
Wicklow
Gesta Henrici
1181
High King of Ireland
John
Motte
Durrow
An tSionnach
O'Breen
Durrow Abbey
Cashel
Dublin
Bective Abbey
Meath
St Thomas's Abbey
Llanthony Priory
Rohese of Monmouth
Gilbert Fitz Richard
Strongbow
Walter de Lacy
Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster
William FitzAlan
William FitzAlan
Isabel de Say
Rose Ní Conchobair
King of Ireland
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair
William Gorm de Lacy
Henry II of England
LibraryIreland.com

categories: 12th-century English people,People from County Meath,De Lacy family,12th-century Irish people,Year of birth unknown,Norman participants of the invasion of Ireland,Year of birth uncertain,People from Herefordshire,Norman warriors,1186 deaths

paragraph: Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath

paragraph: Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, 4th Baron Lacy (born before 1135, died 25 July 1186), was an Anglo-Norman landowner and royal office-holder. He had substantial land holdings in Herefordshire and Shropshire, England. Following his participation in the Norman Invasion of Ireland, he was granted, in 1172, the lands of the Kingdom of Meath by the Anglo-Norman King Henry II, but he had to gain control of them. The Lordship of Meath was then the most extensive liberty in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh de Lacy was the son of Gilbert de Lacy (died after 1163) of Ewyas Lacy, Weobley, and Ludlow. He is said to have had a dispute with Joscelin de Dinan as to certain lands in Herefordshire in 1154. He was in possession of his father's lands before 1163, and in 1165–66 held fifty-eight and three-quarters knights' fees, and had nine tenants without knight service.

paragraph: Section::::Career in Ireland.

paragraph: In October 1171 Lacy went over with Henry II as part of an Anglo-Norman force to invade Ireland, and early in 1172 he was sent to receive the submission of Rory, High King of Ireland. Before Henry's return to England about the end of March 1172, Lacy was granted Meath by the service of fifty knights and with almost royal authority; he was also put in charge of Dublin Castle. As such, it is generally accepted that Lacy was de facto the first Viceroy of Ireland, a position he was to hold three times (in 1172, 1179, and ), the third time jointly with the Bishop of Salisbury.

paragraph: King Henry's ostensible grant of Meath to Lacy was not accepted by Tighearnán Ó Ruairc, King of Bréifne, who ruled it at that time. Ó Ruairc refused to concede, but parleyed with Lacy on the Hill of Ward, in Meath. After negotiations stalled, a dispute ensued in which an interpreter was killed by a blow aimed at Lacy, who fled; Ó Ruairc was killed by a spear-thrust as he mounted his horse, and he was decapitated. His head was impaled over the gate of Dublin Castle and was later sent to Henry II. The "Annals of the Four Masters" say that Ó Ruairc was treacherously slain. From the account given by Giraldus Cambrensis, it would appear that there was a plot to destroy Ó Ruairc.

paragraph: Section::::Lordship of Meath.

paragraph: Lacy only escaped from Dublin with difficulty; he seems to have left the city in the charge of Richard de Clare by the king's orders, and to have commenced securing Meath by the erection of castles. Among these was Trim Castle, which was put in charge of Hugh Tyrrel.

paragraph: "The Song of Dermot and the Earl" states, "And Skryne he then gave by charter to Adam de Feypo he gave it", and he built his castle there.

paragraph: After this Lacy went back to England. On 29 December 1172 he was at Canterbury, where, according to a story preserved by Giraldus, he reproved Archbishop Richard of Dover for his boastful language. Next year he was fighting for King Henry in France and held Verneuil against Louis VII for a month; but at the end of that time the town was forced to capitulate.

paragraph: Lacy was sent back to Ireland as procurator-general in 1177, soon after the death of Richard de Clare. The grant of Meath to Lacy was now confirmed, with the addition of Offelana, Offaly, Kildare, and Wicklow. As governor of Ireland Lacy secured Leinster and Meath, building numerous castles, while leaving the Irish in possession of their lands. There were accusations that he intended to seize the sovereignty of the island for himself. The author of the "Gesta Henrici", however, says that Lacy lost his favour with Henry in consequence of complaints of his injustice by the Irish.

paragraph: In 1181, Lacy was recalled from his royal post for having married the daughter of Ruadri O Conchobair, King of Connaught and deposed High King of Ireland, without the permission of Henry. He was sent back the following winter, although with a co-adjutor, Robert of Shrewsbury, one of the royal clerks. Early in 1185 Henry sent his son John over to Ireland, and the young prince complained to his father that Lacy would not permit the Irish to pay tribute. This led to fresh disgrace, but Lacy remained in Ireland and occupied himself as before with castle-building.

paragraph: Section::::Death, aftermath and legacy.

paragraph: In 1186 Hugh de Lacy was killed by Gilla-Gan-Mathiar O'Maidhaigh, while he was supervising the construction of a Motte castle at Durrow at the instigation of An tSionnach and O'Breen. Prince John was promptly sent over to Ireland to take possession of his lands.

paragraph: Lacy's body was initially buried at Durrow Abbey. In 1195, the Archbishops of Cashel and Dublin disinterred his body and reinterred his remains at Bective Abbey in Meath and his head in St Thomas's Abbey, Dublin. A long controversy was then carried on between the two abbeys for his body, settled only in 1205 when it was disinterred again and reburied in St Thomas's Abbey, in the tomb of Lacy's first wife.

paragraph: Lacy was a benefactor of Llanthony Priory and also of many churches in Ireland, including the abbey of Trim.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Issue.

paragraph: Hugh de Lacy was married twice.

paragraph: Before 1155 Hugh married Rohese of Monmouth (also known as Rose of Monmouth or Roysya de Monemue). She was the granddaughter of Gilbert Fitz Richard. Strongbow was the grandson of Fitz Richard. Hugh and Rohese had 8 children, 4 sons and 4 daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter de Lacy (1166–1241)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster (bef.1179–1242)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert de Lacy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert de Lacy (died young)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elayne (Elena) de Lacy, who married Richard de Beaufo (Belfou)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice de Lacy, who married Roger Pipard, then married Geoffrey de Marisco, Justiciar of Ireland, son of Jordan de Marisco, Justiciar of Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter, given name unknown, who married Sir William FitzAlan, son of Sir William FitzAlan, Lord of Oswestry, and Isabel de Say.

paragraph: Rohese died before 1180.

paragraph: Hugh married 2nd Princess Rose Ní Conchobair, daughter of King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair.

paragraph: brThey had 2 children, a son and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Gorm de Lacy (declared illegitimate by Henry II of England)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ysota de Lacy

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ria.ie/RIA/files/1a/1a50fbf3-5fb8-4148-bb8e-3ca6d22a01a9.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- LibraryIreland.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remfry, P.M., "Longtown Castle, 1048 to 1241" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remfry, P.M., "The Castles of Ewias Lacy, 1048 to 1403" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 177A-8, 177B-7

wikidata_label: Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath

wikipedia_title: Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath


text:
Eynsford
Kent
English
motorcycle
road racer
Grands Prix
Charles Mortimer Race School
Brands Hatch
Bultaco
Chas Mortimer
Mallory Park
Greeves
Isle of Man
Manx Grand Prix
Chas Mortimer
Isle of Man TT Races
Paul Dunstall
London
AMC
Triumph Trident
two-stroke triples
Imola 200
Ducati
750 racer
GT750
750SS
900SS
1971
Yamaha
PaulSmart 1000 LE
Barry Sheene
Scott
British Superbike Championship

categories: 1943 births,British motorcycle racers,350cc World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,People from Sevenoaks District,English motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Paul Smart (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Paul Smart (born 23 April 1943 in Eynsford, Kent) is an English successful former short circuit motorcycle road racer who later entered Grands Prix.

paragraph: Smart started racing in the latter half of the 1960s after attending the Charles Mortimer Race School at Brands Hatch race circuit, Kent in 1965, initially buying a Bultaco which proved expensive and unreliable, and later riding a variety of machinery in different classes on UK short-circuits.

paragraph: For 1966 Smart shared a 125 cc Honda with John Button whilst saving money to buy a 250 cc Cotton which he rode successfully at club level, eventually winning the MCN 250 cc Championship. After the Cotton engine failed, he was provided with a Greeves by Chas Mortimer.

paragraph: He won the 250 cc class at the "Stars of Tomorrow" meeting at Mallory Park, England on 3 July 1966 riding a Greeves.

paragraph: He first entered the Isle of Man Manx Grand Prix in September 1966 riding a Greeves Silverstone as used by the race school.

paragraph: During 1967, Smart was sponsored by Charles Mortimer Senior, proprietor of the "Charles Mortimer Race School" based at Brands Hatch race circuit, Kent, riding from a stable consisting of RDS Greeves 250s, a Bultaco 125 and an Aermacchi 350 together with Chas Mortimer, Charles' son. Both were also employed as road race instructors at the race school.

paragraph: At the Isle of Man TT Races on a Norton for Paul Dunstall, Smart scored second place in 1967 and again second on a Norton in 1969, both in the Production 750 cc class.

paragraph: Smart moved on to regular successes during 1969 when he was sponsored by Joe Francis Motors, a London motorcycle dealer selling AMC, which provided a 750 cc Norton, a Seeley, a 250 cc Yamaha, and winning the Hutchinson 100 Production machine event on a Triumph 750 cc. For 1970 there was a works Triumph Trident 750 cc and his own 350 cc Yamaha.

paragraph: In the early 1970s Smart was riding in North America for the Hansen Kawasaki team on air-cooled H2R two-stroke triples.

paragraph: Smart is famous for winning the Imola 200 on 23 April 1972, at age 29, riding Ducati's new 750 racer, based on the GT750 roadster. Ducati paid his airfare and £500 wages. A 750SS road bike and production race version followed, turning into the 1976 900SS which continued until the early 1980s.

paragraph: Smart also raced in Grands Prix in the early 1970s, with second-place results in 1971 in both the 350cc and 250cc categories, riding Yamaha machinery.

paragraph: After making history for Ducati and winning further races, in 1978 Paul finally hung up his leathers and retired from competition to concentrate on his motorcycle business which he expanded into three separate shops at one stage. He sold the shops and the family caravan park business in Kent, later qualifying as an offshore sailing skipper, formalising his long-time hobby.

paragraph: In 2006, Ducati produced a 1000cc limited-edition PaulSmart 1000 LE, in recognition of the 1972 Imola win, designating it Paul Smart 1000LE. It had the advanced-technology of the time, but resembled the 1972 race bike.

paragraph: Paul married Barry Sheene’s sister Maggie in 1971. Son Scott is a former Grand Prix racer who has won races in the British Superbike Championship and then turned to Superstock.

description: British motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Paul Smart

wikipedia_title: Paul Smart (motorcyclist)


text:
Italian
condottiero
papacy
Giovanni I Bentivoglio
Bologna
Antipope John XXIII
Braccio da Montone
Pope Martin V
Castel Bolognese
condottiero
Bentivoglio Chapel
Basilica of San Giacomo Maggiore

categories: 1435 deaths,Condottieri,1385 births,Bentivoglio family,Executed Italian people

paragraph: Antongaleazzo Bentivoglio

paragraph: Antongaleazzo Bentivoglio (c. 1385–1435) was an Italian condottiero who was executed by the papacy for treason.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of Giovanni I Bentivoglio, after the murder of his father, Antongaleazzo studied law and was a leader of the republican opposition in Bologna against the authority of the Antipope John XXIII (1416–1420). He treated with the famous condottiero Braccio da Montone when the latter was sent to occupy the city; in 1420, he seized the effective lordship of Bologna but had soon to cede it to the newly elected Pope Martin V, in exchange for the Castel Bolognese. Antongaleazzo then lived as a condottiero, though without notable deeds.

paragraph: Exiled from his city despite his position as Papal commander, Bentivoglio was finally able to return in Bologna on 4 December 1435 at the head of a large number of exiles. However, his presence raised the suspicions of the papal legate Daniele da Treviso, who had him taken prisoner and beheaded. His remains were interred in the Bentivoglio Chapel of the Basilica of San Giacomo Maggiore.

description: Italian nobleman executed for treason

wikidata_label: Antongaleazzo Bentivoglio

wikipedia_title: Antongaleazzo Bentivoglio


text:
French
Total
Constantine
Algeria
French colony
Protestant
Doubs
metropolitan France
Algeria
French colony
radical
Constantine, Algeria
École Polytechnique
French Navy
Toulon
École Supérieure d’Electricité
Senator
Albert Petsche
First World War
Balkans
Dardanelles
Louis Loucheur
Georges Clemenceau
Ferdinand Foch
Philippe Pétain
Raymond Poincaré
Louis Pineau
Louis Loucheur
Kirkuk
Iraq
Colombia
Venezuela
vertical integration
refiner
Gonfreville
Le Havre
Étang de Berre
Martigues
President
Alsthom
Redressement Français
Ferdinand Foch
Henry Ford
Malthus
events of February 6, 1934
Gaston Doumergue
Louis Marlio
Auguste Detœuf
Nouveaux Cahiers
Louis Loucheur
Ecole Polytechnique
Groupe X-Crise
Colloque Walter Lippmann
American
American Red Cross
Raphaël Alibert
Hubert Lagardelle
Yves Bouthillier
Alfred Dreyfus
Auguste Perret
André Siegfried
Électricité de France
International Chamber of Commerce

categories: French businesspeople,1878 births,1955 deaths,École Polytechnique alumni,Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Ernest Mercier

paragraph: Ernest Mercier (1878 – 1955) was a French industrialist, director of the French Petroleum Company (CFP), the forerunner of the French petroleum conglomerate Total. He was born in 1878 in Constantine, Algeria (then a French colony) and died in 1955.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and the First World War.

paragraph: Mercier's grandfather Stanislas Mercier, a Protestant republican from Doubs, left metropolitan France and established himself in Algeria, then a French colony. His father, Ernest Mercier, Sr. (1840-1907), was a radical mayor of Constantine, Algeria, and had five children, including Ernest Mercier, Jr., his third son. After studying at the École Polytechnique, Ernest Mercier Jr. chose a career in the French Navy. He was posted to the port in Toulon, where he was responsible for modernizing the site, notably the electrical network. He completed his education at the École Supérieure d’Electricité between 1905 and 1908, during which time he married Madeleine Tassin (1881-1924), the daughter of a republican Senator. He was later noticed by Albert Petsche, and left the public sector for private electrical enterprise.

paragraph: During the First World War, conscripted into the navy, he fought in the Balkans and the Dardanelles. According to Kuisel (1967, p. 5), he had a "fighting spirit". Injured while in command of Romanian troops on the Danube, he returned to Paris, where he served as the liaison of Louis Loucheur (Minister of Munitions for Georges Clemenceau) to Generals Ferdinand Foch and Philippe Pétain, as well as to the American troops.

paragraph: After the war, he remained as Colonel Mercier for the Anglo-American forces. When Louis Loucheur was named Minister for the Liberated Zones, Mercier accompanied him and dealt with the German factories that were dependent on the Military Control Board.

paragraph: Section::::Career in the electrical and petroleum industries.

paragraph: Ernest Mercier was most active in two sectors, electricity and petroleum which were at the time among the newest, and would soon boost the French economy of the 1920s. In 1919, he played a key role in founding the Electrical Union which encompassed various small companies around Paris. In the inter-war period, he was an important player in the electrical power industry of France, via the Messine Group, constructing thermal and hydroelectric power plants.

paragraph: In 1923, he was appointed by Raymond Poincaré—on the suggestion of Louis Pineau, his advisor for the petroleum business, and by Louis Loucheur, then Minister for Industrial Reconstruction—to rebuild and restructure the petroleum sector by creating a sufficiently large company to be the premiere supplier for the nation. In effect, war and development of mechanical transport had showed both the strategic importance of this sector and France's weakness in the area. The French Petroleum Company (CFP) was founded in March 1924. A 1931 law gave 35% of its capital to the state (it was until then entirely private), although Mercier successfully averted a total takeover by the government. From its first holding, a 25% stake in the Turkish Petroleum Company, the CFP grew thanks to oil extraction near Kirkuk, Iraq, then in Colombia and in Venezuela. CFP also had interests in Romania ("Steaua Roumania"). Mercier extended the vertical integration of the company by constructing petroleum transport infrastructure and refineries at Gonfreville, near Le Havre and on the Étang de Berre, near Martigues.

paragraph: From 1933 to 1940, he was the President of Alsthom.

paragraph: Section::::Activism and political engagement.

paragraph: Mercier was one of many wealthy industrialists, during the latter part of the French Third Republic (1870-1940), who viewed the parliamentary model of democratic government as a hindrance to the growth of industry, and began to turn his thinking "to the Fascist "experiment" in Italy and to the growing success of the Nazi Party in Germany" (Shirer, William L., The Collapse of the Third Republic, 1969, p. 157). In December 1925, Mercier founded the "Redressement Français" (literally the "French Resurgence"), a movement under the patronage of Marshal Ferdinand Foch with the goal of "gathering the elite and raising up the masses" (Kuisel 1967, p. 49). This movement had two main objectives: the adoption by France of a "Henry Ford" economic model (high productivity, high salaries, and mass consumption) and the modernization of political life and institutions. Despite his ambitious economic and political ideas, he failed to convince other business leaders (too Malthusian) or politicians to join him. His technocratic, elitist vision—a product of his education at the Polytechnique and influenced by Marshal Lyautey—had some aspects that could then and still can elicit hesitation even though it has now become dominant. The lack of success of his business, his involvement in the events of February 6, 1934, which he described as the victory of the "fighting spirit", and the fall of the national union government of Gaston Doumergue (November 1934) all certainly drove Mercier to dissolve the Redressement Français in 1935. He then ceased to be the spokesman of the Polytechnique modernisers, and that role was passed on to Louis Marlio and to Auguste Detœuf, author of the magazine "Nouveaux Cahiers".

paragraph: Mercier continued to be active in the domain of foreign policy. Upon the death of Louis Loucheur, in 1931, he took the reins of the French Pan-European Committee. In 1932, a committee of experts fathered under the auspices of the RF urged an alliance with England to put pressure on Germany. In 1934, he urged closer ties with the USRR in order to isolate Germany. It was through this prism, it seems, that he spoke at a lecture on Russia in 1936 at the Ecole Polytechnique's Center of Economic Studies, in which he pursued the work of the Groupe X-Crise. Although he still participated the 1938 Colloque Walter Lippmann (a gathering of liberal economists), he did not seem to take any active role, and perhaps had been attracted there because the problems of liberal economics were studied from a wider perspective than just that of France.

paragraph: Section::::The Second World War and beyond.

paragraph: In May 1940, the American ambassador to Paris asked Mercier to organise the distribution of aid sent by the American Red Cross. Although the Vichy regime include many former members of the RF, such as Raphaël Alibert (justice minister) or Hubert Lagardelle, Ernest Mercier did not collaborate. He believed that it was partly in revenge for this that Yves Bouthillier (a former RF member who had become the Vichy finance minister) had created legislation limiting the number of administrative posts that one person could occupy (Kuisel, 1967, p. 148), which forced Mercier to leave the CFP. Having remarried in 1927 (to Marguerite Dreyfus, niece of Alfred Dreyfus), Mercier was also the object of anti-Semitic attacks. He escaped deportation only because he was hospitalised for blood poisoning on the day he was to be arrested. He then took part in the same Resistance network as Auguste Perret, the architect, and André Siegfried.

paragraph: In November 1944, he participated in the Rye Conference of international business, which undertook "a preliminary study of the economic bases for peace." In 1946, when the electrical companies that Mercier had directed were nationalised to form Électricité de France, his career as a business leader ended. He continued to preside over the French branch of the International Chamber of Commerce and sat on the boards of several companies, while as an engineer he pursued research on electric turbines.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard F. Kuisel (1967), "Ernest Mercier: French Technocrat", University of California Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Morsel (1997), "Louis Marlio, position idéologique et comportement," in Grinberg, I. et Hachez-Leroy, F., "L’âge de l’aluminium", Paris, Armand Colin, pp. 106–124.

description: French businessman

wikidata_label: Ernest Mercier

wikipedia_title: Ernest Mercier


text:
silent film
Washington, D.C.
Leonard Wood
Chicago Photoplay
wrong number
Charles Ray
MGM
Jack Pickford
Lon Chaney, Sr.
Shadows
Colleen Moore
April Showers
Harry Langdon
The Strong Man
Warner Bros.
John Barrymore
The Sea Beast
Dolores Costello
The Red Kimono
Dorothy Davenport
Wallace Reid
Paramount Pictures
It
Clara Bow
Preston Sturges
Margerie Bonner

categories: 20th-century American actresses,1899 births,Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills),American film actresses,Actresses from Washington, D.C.,1996 deaths,American silent film actresses

paragraph: Priscilla Bonner

paragraph: Priscilla Bonner (February 17, 1899 – February 21, 1996) was an American silent film actress.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Priscilla Bonner was born in Washington, D.C. on February 17, 1899. In 1916 when living in Adrian, Michigan she answered an open call to audition for the movie "The Romance of Miss Adrian". Using her dance skills she won a part in the picture. Her father, John S. Bonner, worked for Page Fence and served as an officer in Company B the local National Guard Unit. At the start of World War I the company was activated for service and her father started his career as a Army officer. The family moved often and she spent much of her life in different places. She often play acted to amuse herself, playing all the parts and shifting the sets. While her father was stationed in Chicago, assigned to the staff of General Leonard Wood, she received a call from someone connected with Chicago Photoplay, insisting she come to their studio for photographs. Although realizing it was likely a wrong number, Priscilla seized the opportunity to have her picture taken there. Intrigued by her bold initiative and photogenic charisma, the studio took portraits of her and sent them to film studios in California. Her parents allowed her the opportunity to travel to Los Angeles. It was here that she met Charles Ray, and made her film debut in the 1920 film "Homer Comes Home", after being signed to MGM that same year. She went on to co-star with Jack Pickford in "The Man Who Had Everything" (1920), Lon Chaney, Sr. in "Shadows" (1922), Colleen Moore in "April Showers", and comedian Harry Langdon in "The Strong Man". In 1925 she successfully sued Warner Bros. and won a substantial cash settlement when she was originally chosen and then dropped as leading lady from John Barrymore's "The Sea Beast" in favor of Barrymore's new real life love interest Dolores Costello.

paragraph: That same year she starred in the controversial independent film "The Red Kimono" produced and directed by Dorothy Davenport, the widow of Wallace Reid. In 1927, Bonner was loaned to Paramount Pictures to co-star in the box office hit "It", starring Clara Bow.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1921, she married writer and author Allen Wynes Alexander. A little over a year later, he left her. She sued for divorce, but later dismissed the case.

paragraph: In 1928, Bonner married Dr. E. Bertrand Woolfan. She retired from films the following year. The couple were popular hosts to the burgeoning Los Angeles literary and film community, and particularly befriended Preston Sturges, the writer and director. On February 21, 1996, Bonner died at the age of 97.

paragraph: Her younger sister was Margerie Bonner, who also became an actress.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: actress

wikidata_label: Priscilla Bonner

wikipedia_title: Priscilla Bonner


text: Nisibis

text: Assyria

text: Diocletian

text: Christianity

text: St. Peter's Square

text: Gregorian Calendar

text: Julian Calendar

text: Ephrem the Syrian

text: San Carlo ai Catinari

text: Trani

text: Hagiography

text: Palagonia

text: Patti

text: Trofimena

text: Special St. Febronia Worldwide

categories: Mesopotamian saints,3rd-century Romans,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,304 deaths,284 births

paragraph: Febronia of Nisibis

paragraph: Febronia of Nisibis, also known as Febronia of Sebapte, was a nun at Nisibis, Assyria. She suffered persecution under Diocletian, who offered her freedom if she renounced her faith and married his nephew, Lysimachus, who had been leaning towards conversion to Christianity. Febronia refused and was tortured, suffered mutilation and death. Lysimachus, witnessing her suffering, converted.

paragraph: Febronia is one of the 140 Colonnade saints whose images adorn St. Peter's Square. She is known as a Holy Virgin Martyr.

paragraph: In the Coptic Orthodox Church, her feast day is 1 Epip which corresponds to 8 July (Gregorian Calendar) or 25 June (Julian Calendar).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ephrem the Syrian

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Carlo ai Catinari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trani

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palagonia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trofimena

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Special St. Febronia Worldwide

paragraph: BULLET::::- French Version of the Greek Original, after 1721, Metz

description: nun and saint

wikidata_label: Febronia of Nisibis

wikipedia_title: Febronia of Nisibis


text:
opera
composer
Cremona
Lombardy
Pasquale Cafaro
Niccolò Jommelli
Italian opera
French opera
drammi per musica
opera seria
Castore e Polluce
Arbace
Zemira
Alonso e Cora
Venice
Calto
La morte di Cesare
Seleuco, re di Siria
La villanella rapita
Süttör
Hammersmith
St Mary Abbots
List of operas by Francesco Bianchi
"Bianchi, Francesco"
Sven Hansell
Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online
Sadie, Stanley
New Grove Dictionary of Opera
Oxford University Press

categories: Italian male classical composers,Male suicides,Suicides in London,Italian opera composers,People from the Province of Cremona,1752 births,Italian classical composers,1810 deaths,Classical-period composers,Composers who committed suicide,Male opera composers

paragraph: Francesco Bianchi (composer)

paragraph: Giuseppe Francesco Bianchi (1752 – 27 November 1810) was an Italian opera composer. Born at Cremona, Lombardy, he studied with Pasquale Cafaro and Niccolò Jommelli, and worked mainly in London, Paris and in all the major Italian operatic centres of Venice, Naples, Rome, Milan, Turin, Florence.

paragraph: He wrote at least 78 operas of all genres, mainly in the field of the Italian opera, but in the French opera too. These included the drammi per musica (opera seria) "Castore e Polluce" (Florence 1779), "Arbace" and "Zemira" (both Naples, 1781), "Alonso e Cora" (Venice, 1786), "Calto" and "La morte di Cesare" (both Venice, 1788), and "Seleuco, re di Siria" (Venice, 1791), and the opera giocosa "La villanella rapita" (Süttör, 1784).

paragraph: Bianchi committed suicide in Hammersmith, London, in 1810, probably out of family troubles. He was buried alongside his daughter in the churchyard of the old Kensington Church, now St Mary Abbots, Kensington.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Operas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See: List of operas by Francesco Bianchi

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Religious compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Domine ad adiuvandum", 2 August 1773, Cremona

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Converte Domine", 10 May 1779, Milan, Metropolitan Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exalta Domine", 10 May 1779, Milan, Metropolitan Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deus noster refugium con Gloria patri", 10 May 1779, Milan, Metropolitan Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abraham et Isaac"; "Tres pueri hebrai"; others

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bianchi, Francesco" by Marita P. McClymonds and Sven Hansell in "Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online", accessed 5 January 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caruselli, Salvatore (ed.), "Grande enciclopedia della musica lirica", Longanesi &C. Periodici S.p.A., Roma, vol. 4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Highfill, Jr., Philip H., Burnim, Kalman A., and Langhans, Edward A., "A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800: v. 2", Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1973,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadie, Stanley (ed), "New Grove Dictionary of Opera", Oxford University Press, 1992, vol. 4

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Francesco Bianchi

wikipedia_title: Francesco Bianchi (composer)


text: Nestorian

text: bishop of Beth Nuhadra

text: archbishop of Nisibis

text: Sassanid Persia

text: Biblical

text: prophet

text: Elijah

text: Jah

text: Syriac

text: Latin translation

text: Shenna

text: Shenna

text: Little Zab

text: Tigris

text: Al-Zab

text: Iraq

text: ordained

text: archbishop of Fars

text: bishop of Shenna

text: Mesopotamia

text: Mosul

text: consecrated

text: bishop of Beth Nuhadra

text: Dohuk

text: Iraq

text: Nestorian patriarch

text: Abbasid

text: Shiraz

text: archbishop of Nisibis

text: Nusaybin

text: Turkey

text: Abbasid

text: vizier

text: Mayyafariqin

text: Sassanid Persia

text: chronicle

text: Eusebius

text: Ecclesiastical History

text: Sassanid dynasty

text: James of Edessa

text: patriarchs of Seleucia

text: Annianus of Alexandria

text: popes

text: other patriarch

text: Roman emperor

text: Tiberius

text: Syriac

text: Persian new year

text: Zoroastrian

text: manuscript

text: omissions

text: Syriac

text: Arabic

text: Abbasid

text: vizier

text: imprimatur

text: God

text: unity

text: trinity

text: Jesus

text: incarnation

text: divine and human nature

text: Quran

text: Logic

text: miraculous

text: Christian doctrine

text: Language

text: theology

text: astrology

text: Islam

text: soul

text: critical edition

text: Nestorianism

text: Islam

text: Christian denominations

text: canon law

text: asceticism

text: ethics

text: trinitarianism

text: Muʿtazilī al-Jāhiz

text: Syriac

text: Arabic script

text: Garshuni

text: Syriac alphabet

text: Latin

text: Thomas Obicini

text: Persian history

text: Christian

text: Islamic theology

text: language and literature

text: philosophy

text: medicine

text: mathematics

text: primary source

text: Mari ibn Sulaiman

text: Amr ibn Matta

text: Saliba ibn Yuhanna

categories: Linguists,11th-century historians,11th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate,1046 deaths,11th-century Christian theologians,Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East,975 births

paragraph: Elijah of Nisibis

paragraph: Elijah, Eliya, or Elias of Nisibis (11February 975– 18July 1046) was a Nestorian cleric who served as bishop of Beth Nuhadra (1002–1008) and archbishop of Nisibis (1008–1046). He has been called the most important Christian writer in Arabic—or even throughout non-Christian Asia—during the 11th century. He is best known for his "Chronography", which is an important source for the history of Sassanid Persia.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: He shares the name of the Biblical prophet Elijah (, "Eliyahu"), whose name meant "My God is Jah". The Syriac form of his name was Elīyā or Elīyāh. In Latin translation, this became Elias.

paragraph: He is usually distinguished as "Elijah of Nisibis" (; ) from the location of his archbishopric. He is also known by the patronymic (; ), meaning "Elijah, son of Shenna", in reference to the place of his birth.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elijah was born in Shenna, just south of the Little Zab's confluence with the Tigris (near present-day Al-Zab, Iraq) on 11 February 975.

paragraph: On Sunday, 15September 994, he was ordained as a priest at the monastery of Mar Shemʿon by Yohannes, archbishop of Fars and bishop of Shenna. He studied throughout northern Mesopotamia, including Mosul.

paragraph: On Sunday, 15February 1002, he was consecrated bishop of Beth Nuhadra (present-day Dohuk, Iraq) by Yohannan, who had become the Nestorian patriarch in 1000 by appealing directly to the Abbasid governor at Shiraz without regard to the usual election procedures.

paragraph: On Sunday, 26December 1008, he succeeded Yahballaha as archbishop of Nisibis (present-day Nusaybin, Turkey).

paragraph: From 15–29 July 1026, he paid a series of visits—the "Seven Sessions"—to the Abbasid vizier Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi to discuss Christian doctrines and other topics. Additional meetings between the two were held in December 1026 and June 1027. Three letters—two by Elijah and one by the vizier—are preserved from their correspondence the following year, showing their continuing good relations.

paragraph: He died on 18 July 1046 at Mayyafariqin.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Chronography".

paragraph: Elijah is best known for his "Chronography" or "Chronology" (; ), which forms an important source concerning the history of Sassanid Persia. It is divided into two sections, a chronicle modeled after Eusebius's "Ecclesiastical History" and a treatment of calendars and calendrical calculations. It is exceptional among Syriac chronicles for the large amount of civil history Elijah included among his ecclesiastical notices. The chronicle includes separate lists of the Sassanid dynasty (after the lost 7th-century work of James of Edessa) and the patriarchs of Seleucia (after the lost 5th-century work of Annianus of Alexandria). The popes and other patriarchs are included in the general annals which begin during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius and end with the year 1018. His treatment of calendrical systems has tables for computation of the Syriac and Persian new years and includes several Zoroastrian calendars, along with their feasts and holidays. As seen, many of Elijah's own sources, which he thoroughly documents, have now been lost and his own work is preserved in only a single manuscript, which fortunately includes few omissions. The manuscript is in Syriac, with most paragraphs in the first section followed by an Arabic translation. The "Chronography" was the last East Syrian text to be written in Syriac.

paragraph: There have been two published editions of the work:

paragraph: BULLET::::- . &

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Book of Sessions".

paragraph: Elijah's "Book of Sessions" or "Dialogues" () claims to relate his conversations during his seven visits to the Abbasid vizier Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi. Dedicated to the "honorable, believing, elder brother" Abu al-ʿAla Saʿid ibn Sahl al-Katib, the work is intended as a literary apologetic as much as record of the events of the seven meetings, with its epilogue including the imprimatur of the patriarchal secretary Abu al-Faraj ʿAbd Allah ibn at-Tayyib. In order, the chapters cover:

paragraph: BULLET::::- God's unity and trinity

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesus's incarnation of divine and human natures

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quranic support for considering some forms of Christianity as a monotheistic religion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Logical and miraculous justifications for various Christian doctrines

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elijah's own profession of monotheism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Language and considerations of its importance in theology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian perspectives on astrology, Islam, and the soul

paragraph: According to Elijah's account, the vizier asking for the meetings after he had experienced a miraculous cure at the hands of a Christian monk, causing him to reconsider his previous understanding of their faith as polytheistic and unfaithful to God. It is particularly remembered for its statement of Christian monotheism in trinity in its 5th dialogue.

paragraph: A full critical edition of the Book of Sessions along with the correspondence between Elijah and Abu'l-Qasim al-Maghribi was published by Nikolai N. Seleznyov.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: Elijah also composed other theological and scholarly works.

paragraph: He wrote defenses of Nestorianism against both Islam and other Christian denominations and treatises on Syrian canon law, asceticism, and ethics. His guide to "rational management" of anxiety () is also dedicated to the Abbasid vizier, whom he claims requested such a book during their sessions together. It advocates cultivating a general thankfulness; treatment of general anxiety through the religious virtues of piety, gratitude, chastity, humility, mercy, and repentance; and treatment of specific anxieties through the philosophical virtues of seeking advice, behaving well, and being generous, just, and forgiving. His "Letter on the Unity of the Creator and Trinity of His Hypotases" () states the arguments for trinitarianism for a curious Islamic judge. His "Letter on the Merit of Chastity" () attempts to refute Muʿtazilī al-Jāhiz's (. 869) arguments in favor of physical pleasure.

paragraph: He also composed a Syriac grammar and a Syriac–Arabic dictionary, "The Book of the Interpreter" (; ). Because a standard Arabic script had not yet developed, the Arabic sections of the book were written using Garshuni, a transliteration of Arabic into the Syriac alphabet. The work was further translated into Latin by Thomas Obicini as his 1636 "".

paragraph: Editions of these works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In addition to Elijah's importance to Persian history and for his preservation of passages of otherwise lost ancient and medieval authors, he became famed throughout the Islamic world for his studious method and wide-ranging expertise in Christian and Islamic theology, language and literature, philosophy, medicine, and mathematics.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: In addition to surviving manuscripts of Elijah's own works, the other primary source for his story is Mari ibn Sulaiman's "Book of the Tower", as expanded and emended by Amr ibn Matta and Saliba ibn Yuhanna.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- . &

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

wikidata_label: Élie de Nisibe

wikipedia_title: Elijah of Nisibis


text:
Bologna
Parma
Guardia Real
Spanish Navy
Spanish Inquisition
Montgolfier
Vincent Lunardi
Cheapside
Waltham Abbey
Honourable Artillery Company
Petworth
Grosvenor Square
Francesco Guardi
Vincent Lunardi
Edward Vernon
Tottenham Court Road
Horsham
Lyceum
St Petersburg
Russian Imperial Navy
hot air balloon
Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
Adriatic Sea
Basilica of San Francesco
Certosa di Bologna

wikipedia_title:
Bologna
Parma
Spanish Royal Guard
Spanish Navy
Spanish Inquisition
Montgolfier brothers
Vincenzo Lunardi
Cheapside
Waltham Abbey
Honourable Artillery Company
Petworth
Grosvenor Square
Francesco Guardi
Vincenzo Lunardi
Edward Vernon
Tottenham Court Road
Horsham
Lyceum Theatre, London
Saint Petersburg
Imperial Russian Navy
Hot air balloon
Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
Adriatic Sea
Basilica of San Francesco, Bologna
Certosa di Bologna

paragraph: Francesco Zambeccari

paragraph: Count Francesco Zambeccari (1756 - 21 September 1812) was an Italian aviation pioneer. He was killed in a ballooning accident.

paragraph: Zambeccari was born in Bologna in 1756, son of Senator Giacomo Zambeccari. He studied at the Collegio dei nobili in Parma and then enlisted in the Guardia Real in Spain and served in the Spanish Navy. He fled from the Spanish Inquisition, and was in Paris in 1783 where he observed the first unmanned balloon flights by the Montgolfier brothers.

paragraph: He then moved to London and launched the first unmanned balloon in Britain on 4 November 1783, a year before the first manned flight in England by Vincent Lunardi, releasing a hydrogen balloon from the house of Michael Biaggini, a maker of artificial flowers made from silk and other fabrics, at 33 Noble Street, on Cheapside. The balloon was later found by a farmer at Waltham Abbey. The experiment was repeated a few weeks later, as a commercial enterprise for which Zambeccari and Biaggini sold tickets, with a release of a balloon from the grounds of the Honourable Artillery Company on 25 November; this balloon was found nearly away at Petworth. Biaggini released an even larger balloon from Grosvenor Square in January 1784. Zambeccari was commissioned to launch a balloon in Venice in April 1784, an occasion that was painted by Francesco Guardi. He also collaborated with Vincent Lunardi before Lunardi's first manned flight in England on 15 September 1784. Zambeccari and Admiral Sir Edward Vernon ascended in a balloon from Tottenham Court Road on 23 March 1785 and landed later the same day near Horsham. The balloon was later displayed at the Lyceum. He also flew from Norwich later that year.

paragraph: Zambeccari moved to St Petersburg in 1787 and served in the Russian Imperial Navy. He was captured by the Turks in 1787 and held prisoner in Constantinople for over two years. His freedom was secured by the Spanish ambassador.

paragraph: He returned to Bologna, and married Diamante Negrini. They had three children, including .

paragraph: He spent the rest of his life experimenting with balloons, generally using a combination of a hot air balloon and hydrogen balloon known as a rozière after Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier. He sought a method of steering using rudders or oars. He published a five-volume work on ballooning in London in 1803.

paragraph: He and his companions were rescued from the Adriatic Sea, twice, in 1803 and 1804. The government of Bologna sponsored a flight in 1803. Bad weather caused the flight to be postponed in September 1803. Wanting to avoid a second postponement, the balloon took off in bad weather on 7 October. Zambeccari was accompanied by and Gaetano Grassetti. In bad visibility, the balloon crashed into the Adriatic Sea early the following morning. Similarly, another flight with Andreoli on 23 August 1804 also crashed into the Adriatic Sea.

paragraph: Zambeccari died in September 1812, when his balloon caught fire after an unsuccessful landing attempt. His companion, Bonaga, survived. He was buried in the family tomb in the Basilica of San Francesco. His remains were moved to the Certosa di Bologna in 1813, but returned to San Francesco in 1926 to be interred with his son Livio in the monument to his relation Alessandro Zambeccari.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zambeccari and his two companions in the Adriatic (1804), early flight collecting card, ca. 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- Von Zeppelin's Forgotten Predecessor. Zambeccari's Wonderful Airship in 1803, from Scientific American (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count Zambeccari's balloon, Smithsonian Learning Lab

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count Francesco Zambeccari, Sir Edward Vernon and Miss Grice in a hot air balloon at Tottenham Court Road, on March 23rd 1785, British Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying's Strangest Moments, John Harding, p. 24-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- London Magazine, December 1783, p. 502

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: Volume 41, p. 229-230

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Zambeccari, Aeronauta (1752-1812) by Timina Guasti Caproni, Claremont

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zambeccari Francesco, Storia e Memoria di Bologna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broadsheet advertising Zambeccari's balloon, 1785, Science Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballooning: A History, 1782-1900, By S.L. Kotar, J.E. Gessler, p. 71

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guardi's Balloon, The Brooklyn Rail, 5 November 2014

description: Italian balloonist

wikidata_label: Francesco Zambeccari

wikipedia_title: Francesco Zambeccari


text:
Moroccan
November 2015 Paris attacks
2016 Brussels bombings
Belgian
Moroccan
Salah Abdeslam
Molenbeek
Syria
Renault Clio
Najim Laachraoui
Anderlecht
Brussels
Brussels ISIL terror cell

wikipedia_title:
Moroccans
November 2015 Paris attacks
2016 Brussels bombings
Belgians
Moroccans
Salah Abdeslam
Molenbeek-Saint-Jean
Syria
Renault Clio
Najim Laachraoui
Anderlecht
Brussels
Brussels ISIL terror cell

categories: Perpetrators of the 2016 Brussels bombings,Belgian Muslims,Belgian people of Moroccan-Berber descent,1984 births,Islamic terrorism in Belgium,Berber Islamists,Living people,Moroccan Islamists,Belgian Islamists

paragraph: Mohamed Abrini

paragraph: Mohamed Abrini (born 27 December 1984) is a Belgian national of Moroccan descent who is alleged to have been involved in the planning and execution of the November 2015 Paris attacks and the 2016 Brussels bombings.

paragraph: Section::::Personal background.

paragraph: Abrini is a Belgian national of Moroccan descent and was a childhood friend of both Salah Abdeslam and his brother Brahim. He was 31 at the time of his arrest. Abrini grew up in Brussels, where he worked in a bakery, earning the nickname "Brioche", before becoming involved in petty crime and then with radical Islamists living in the Brussels district of Molenbeek. His brother was killed in Syria fighting for the Islamic State. Abrini is also believed to have fought in Syria.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged involvement in the November 2015 Paris attacks.

paragraph: During the manhunt for Salah Abdeslam, video footage was recovered, showing Abrini with Abdeslam at a petrol station on 11 November. In the footage, the two had stopped a black Renault Clio at the station. Abrini is believed to have driven Abdeslam to Paris on 11 November.

paragraph: A manhunt for Abrini was launched after his association with Abdeslam was uncovered. Belgian authorities issued a warrant for his arrest, and described him as being dangerous and likely armed.

paragraph: Section::::Brussels bombings and arrest.

paragraph: Abrini is "more than likely" the "man in the hat" filmed at Brussels airport shortly before the explosions on 22 March 2016. He was filmed together with the two suicide bombers Najim Laachraoui and Ibrahim el-Bakraoui. Shortly after the explosions, Abrini was filmed walking away from the airport towards the city center.

paragraph: On 8 April 2016, he was arrested in the Anderlecht municipality of Brussels. After being confronted with photographs he admitted he was the "man in a hat" seen on airport security cameras.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brussels ISIL terror cell

description: Belgian terrorist

wikidata_label: Mohamed Abrini

wikipedia_title: Mohamed Abrini


text:
Edmund Landolt
Julius Hirschberg
Félix de Lapersonne
Spanish Civil War
intracapsular cataract extraction
Gonin Medal
Order of Isabella the Catholic
University of Barcelona
Heidelberg University
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
heart disease

categories: 1886 births,1972 deaths,Spanish ophthalmologists

paragraph: Hermenegildo Arruga

paragraph: Hermenegildo Arruga i Liró (March 15, 1886 - May 17, 1972) was a Spanish ophthalmologist known for refining several eye surgeries.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Barcelona, Arruga was the second of three generations of eye surgeons. He entered medical studies at 16 and graduated in 1908, leaving Spain for a while for further study in France and Germany. His mentors included Edmund Landolt, Julius Hirschberg and Félix de Lapersonne. He returned to Barcelona, spending the rest of his life seeing patients there, with the exception of a move to South America during the Spanish Civil War.

paragraph: Arruga was one of the first surgeons to promote intracapsular cataract extraction and he suggested technical improvements to several other eye surgeries. He won the Gonin Medal in 1950. He was recognized with the Order of Isabella the Catholic in 1956. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Barcelona and Heidelberg University. Arruga was named an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He was also made a count by the Spanish government.

paragraph: Arruga died of heart disease in 1972. He was preceded in death by his wife, Teresa Forgas, the mother of his four children. She died following an automobile accident.

description: Spanish physician (1886-1972)

wikidata_label: Hermenegild Arruga i Liró

wikipedia_title: Hermenegildo Arruga


text: footballer

text: Helsingborgs IF

text: midfielder

text: defender

text: Helsingborgs IF

text: Sven Åke

text: Udinese

text: Willem II

text: 2010–11 Eredivisie

text: Tippeligaen

text: Halmstads BK

text: Helsingborgs IF

text: Allsvenskan

text: Helsingborgs IF

text: Udinese Calcio

text: Helsingborgs IF

text: Willem II

text: Eredivisie

text: Fredrikstad

text: 2011 season

text: Tippeligaen

text: Halmstads BK

text: Swedish under-21 team

text: Swedish national team

text: Mexico

text: Sven-Åke Landgren

categories: Sweden youth international footballers,Sweden under-21 international footballers,Allsvenskan players,Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands,People from Helsingborg,Swedish footballers,Halmstads BK players,Eredivisie players,Swedish expatriate footballers,Sweden international footballers,Willem II Tilburg players,Eliteserien players,Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands,Association football midfielders,Helsingborgs IF players,Living people,Expatriate footballers in Norway,Fredrikstad FK players,Association football defenders,1989 births

paragraph: Andreas Landgren

paragraph: Sven Andreas Landgren (born 17 March 1989) is a Swedish footballer who plays for Helsingborgs IF as a midfielder or defender.

paragraph: He started his professional career in Helsingborgs IF, where his father Sven Åke played almost 350 matches. In 2010, Landgren transferred to Italian side Udinese. He did not play any first-team matches for the club, and was loaned out to Willem II during the 2010–11 Eredivisie season. He joined Norwegian side Fredrikstad on loan in mid-2011, and joined the club permanently ahead of the 2012 season. After Fredrikstad was relegated from Tippeligaen, Landgren moved back to Sweden where he joined Halmstads BK on loan in April 2013. A year later, he transferred back to his home town club Helsingborgs IF. However, an injury kept him out of play for the whole 2014 season.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Landgren made his Allsvenskan debut in 2006. After a string of strong matches during the friendly season, he was promoted to the senior squad of Helsingborgs IF in 2007. He can play either as a midfielder, defensiv midfielder and right back. On 11 January 2010 Udinese Calcio officialized the arrival of the 20-year-old Swedish defensive midfielder from Helsingborgs IF.

paragraph: On 16 January 2010, he played his first match for Udinese's youth team.

paragraph: In the 2010–11 season, Landgren played on loan for the Dutch side Willem II when the team was relegated from the Eredivisie. He joined the Norwegian side Fredrikstad on loan in August 2011. After the 2011 season, Landgren joined Fredrikstad permanently. After Fredrikstad was relegated from the Tippeligaen in 2012, Landgren joined the Allsvenskan side Halmstads BK on loan ahead of the 2013 season.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Landgren represented the Swedish under-21 team, where he played 15 matches. He was also a part of the Swedish squad in the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. He made his debut for the Swedish national team in a friendly match against Mexico in January 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is the son of Sven-Åke Landgren, who played almost 350 first-team matches for Helsingborgs IF, and was named in the "all-time Helsingborgs team" in 2007.

description: Swedish footballer

wikidata_label: Andreas Landgren

wikipedia_title: Andreas Landgren