text: New York City

text: Sweden

text: Stockholm

text: University of Stockholm

text: Mittag-Leffler

text: Harvard University

text: Princeton University

text: Stanford University

text: University of Chicago

text: Yale University

text: integral equation

text: differential equation

text: special function

text: Dirichlet series

text: Fourier series

text: functional analysis

text: Hille–Yosida theorem

text: London Mathematical Society

text: Circolo Matematico di Palermo

text: American Mathematical Society

text: Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences

text: Order of the Polar Star

text: Norwegian

text: Øystein Ore

text: Bertil Hille

text: Ralph Phillips

text: "Functional Analysis and Semi-Groups."

categories: 20th-century American mathematicians,Mathematical analysts,1980 deaths,Stockholm University alumni,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,American people of Swedish descent,Presidents of the American Mathematical Society,Order of the Polar Star,1894 births

paragraph: Einar Hille

paragraph: Carl Einar Hille (28 June 1894 – 12 February 1980) was an American mathematics professor and scholar. Hille authored or coauthored twelve mathematical books and a number of mathematical papers

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Hille was born in New York City. His parents were both immigrants from Sweden who separated before his birth. His father, Carl August Heuman, was a civil engineer. He was brought up by his mother, Edla Eckman, who took the surname Hille. When Einar was two years old, he and his mother returned to Stockholm. Hille spent the next 24 years of his life in Sweden, returning to the United States when he was 26 years old. Hille entered the University of Stockholm in 1911. Hille was awarded his first degree in mathematics in 1913 and the equivalent of a master's degree in the following year. He received a Ph.D. from Stockholm in 1918 for a doctoral dissertation entitled "Some Problems Concerning Spherical Harmonics".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1919 Hille was awarded the Mittag-Leffler Prize and was given the right to teach at the University of Stockholm. He subsequently taught at Harvard University, Princeton University, Stanford University and the University of Chicago. In 1933, he became an endowed professor on mathematics in the Graduate School of Yale University.

paragraph: Hille's main work was on integral equations, differential equations, special functions, Dirichlet series and Fourier series. Later in his career his interests turned more towards functional analysis. His name persists among others in the Hille–Yosida theorem. Hille was a member of the London Mathematical Society and the Circolo Matematico di Palermo. Hille served as president of the American Mathematical Society (1937–38) and was the Society's Colloquium lecturer in 1944. He received many honours including election to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1953) and the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. He was awarded by Sweden with the Order of the Polar Star.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hille was married to Kirsti Ore Hille (1906–2001), sister of Norwegian mathematician Øystein Ore. They had two sons, Harald and Bertil Hille.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Ralph Phillips: "Functional Analysis and Semi-Groups." 1948, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Analytic Function Theory." 2 vols., 1959, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Analysis." 2 vols., 1964, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lectures on Ordinary Differential Equations." 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Methods in Classical and Functional Analysis." 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ordinary Differential Equations in the Complex Domain." 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Retrospect." Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol.3, 1980/81, No.1, pp. 3–13.

description: American mathematician

wikidata_label: Einar Hille

wikipedia_title: Einar Hille


text: physicist

text: electrical engineer

text: AC power

text: induction motor

text: power engineers

text: Lucien Gaulard

text: John Dixon Gibbs

text: Livorno Vercellese

text: Kingdom of Sardinia

text: rotary magnetic field

text: alternator

text: Turin

text: Nikola Tesla

text: transformer

text: electric motor

text: Politecnico di Torino

text: Italian Electrotechnical Association

text: dioptric

text: Turin

text: vol. 1

text: vol. 2

text: vol. 3

text: Galileo Ferraris

categories: 1847 births,1897 deaths,Italian engineers,Italian physicists,Italian inventors

paragraph: Galileo Ferraris

paragraph: Galileo Ferraris (31 October 1847 – 7 February 1897) was an Italian physicist and electrical engineer, one of the pioneers of AC power system and an inventor of the three-phase induction motor. Many newspapers touted that his work on the induction motor and power transmission systems were some of the greatest inventions of all ages. He published an extensive and complete monograph on the experimental results obtained with open-circuit transformers of the type designed by the power engineers Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at Livorno Vercellese (Kingdom of Sardinia), Ferraris gained a master's degree in engineering and became an assistant of technical physics near the Regal Italian Industrial Museum. Ferraris independently researched the rotary magnetic field in 1885. Ferraris experimented with different types of asynchronous electric motors. The research and his studies resulted in the development of an alternator, which may be thought of as an alternating-current motor operating in reverse, so as to convert mechanical (rotating) power into electric power (as alternating current).

paragraph: On 11 March 1888, Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin (two months later Nikola Tesla gained , application filed October 12, 1887. Serial Number 252,132). These alternators operated by creating systems of alternating currents displaced from one another in phase by definite amounts, and depended on rotating magnetic field for their operation. The resulting source of polyphase power soon found widespread acceptance. The invention of the polyphase alternator is key in the history of electrification, as is the power transformer. These inventions enabled power to be transmitted by wires economically over considerable distances. Polyphase power enabled the use of water-power (via hydroelectric generating plants in large dams) in remote places, thereby allowing the mechanical energy of the falling water to be converted to electricity, which then could be fed to an electric motor at any location where mechanical work needed to be done. This versatility sparked the growth of power-transmission network grids on continents around the globe.

paragraph: In 1889, Ferraris worked at the Italian Industrial Institution, a school of electrical engineering (the first school of this kind in Italy, subsequently incorporated in the Politecnico di Torino). In 1896, Ferraris joined the Italian Electrotechnical Association and became the first national president of the organization.

paragraph: Galileo Ferraris did not confine his research interests to electricity. He also researched the fundamental properties of dioptric instruments and made elementary representation of the theory and its applications. His work contains a detailed description of the geometric dioptrics for uncentered systems. He provided a greater generality as previously found in the telescopic system treatments, with less emphasis on applications.

paragraph: In the second main sections, the results obtained are applied to optical instruments. The magnification, field of view, and the brightness of the instrument were dealt with in great detail. The field denned as the author of the cone opening angle, the tip of the first main points of the lens, and its base formed by the parts of the object in view, will possess the same brightness. The eye is not treated.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: The city of Turin honored the contributions that Ferraris made to science. A general committee proposed an addition to the Royal Industrial Museum of Turin with a permanent monument commemorating his scientific and industrial achievements. Additionally, an avenue was named in honor of Ferraris.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sulle differenze di fase delle correnti e sulla dissipazione di energia nei trasformatori, by Prof. Galileo Ferraris (Turin, 1887).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online texts : vol. 1 vol. 2 vol. 3

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katz, Eugenii, ""Galileo Ferraris"". Biosensors & Bioelectronics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris" (IEN) – Official web site (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Physicist, Pioneer of Alternating Current Systems"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Invented the Polyphase Electric Motor?"

description: Italian physicist

wikidata_label: Galileo Ferraris

wikipedia_title: Galileo Ferraris


text:
Greek
Greek
Pylaia
Thessaloniki
Athens
back-up vocalist
Tzeni Vanou
talk show
Phoebus
Elena Paparizou
Nino Ksipolitas
Iera Odos
Yianna Terzi

categories: 1949 births,Greek people of French descent,People from Thessaloniki,Greek laïko singers,Minos EMI artists,Greek male singers,Singers from Thessaloniki,Modern Greek-language singers,Living people

paragraph: Paschalis Terzis

paragraph: Pashalis Terzis (Greek: Πασχάλης Τερζής) (born 24 February 1949) is a popular Greek singer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Terzis was born in Pylaia, a suburb of Thessaloniki. In his early teens, he began to sing with friends, some of whom helped him in his career. After moving to Athens, he began performing as a back-up vocalist in popular music centres, with famous Greek singers of the 1960s, including Tzeni Vanou.

paragraph: Since the 1980s, Terzis has recorded several albums, several of which remain popular to the present day. Even now, he is a very popular singer, making new albums, performing on famous music scenes of Athens and Thessaloniki, and appearing on talk shows.

paragraph: In 1994, 1995, and 1996 he collaborated with famous songwriter Phoebus.

paragraph: In the winter period 2006–2007, Paschalis Terzis had a music program with Elena Paparizou and Nino Ksipolitas at Iera Odos. His daughter Yianna Terzi is also a singer.

alias:
Paschalis Terzi
Pashalis Terzis

description: Greek singer

wikidata_label: Paschalis Terzis

wikipedia_title: Paschalis Terzis


text:
Italian
philosopher
Treviso
University of Padua
literature
philosophy
Francesco Algarotti
Galilei
Newton
scholastic

categories: University of Padua alumni,Italian philosophers,18th-century philosophers

paragraph: Gregorio Bressani

paragraph: Gregorio Bressani (3 February 1703 – 12 January 1771) was an Italian philosopher.

paragraph: Bressani was born in Treviso. He graduated from the University of Padua studying literature and philosophy. He was a dear friend of Francesco Algarotti although they had very different opinions.

paragraph: Bressani opposed Galilei and Newton theories in favor of a more scholastic approach.

wikidata_label: Gregorio Bressani

wikipedia_title: Gregorio Bressani


text:
Mielec
Warsaw
Professor
University of Warsaw
Polish Academy of Sciences
International Geographical Union
learned societies
scientific publication
Encyklopedia PWN

categories: Presidents of the International Geographical Union,Polish Socialist Party politicians,Polish Academy of Sciences,Members of the Polish Sejm 1947–1952,Jagiellonian University faculty,Recipients of the Order of the White Lion,Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors,People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,1996 deaths,Polish United Workers' Party members,People from Mielec,University of Warsaw faculty,Jagiellonian University alumni,Members of the State National Council,Polish geographers,1907 births,Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta

paragraph: Stanisław Leszczycki

paragraph: Stanisław Leszczycki (8 May 1907, Mielec - 17 June 1996, Warsaw) was a geographer.

paragraph: Professor at the University of Warsaw since 1948 and the Polish Academy of Sciences since 1952 (in each of them he created an Institute of Geography). President of the International Geographical Union in 1968-1972. Member of many learned societies. Author of 200 scientific publications on various subdisciplines.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyklopedia PWN

wikidata_label: Stanisław Leszczycki

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Leszczycki


text:
Confucian
scholar-bureaucrat
Ming Dynasty
Zhu Xi
Jianwen Emperor
rebellion of the Prince of Yan
Yongle Emperor
Song Lian
inaugural address
Duke of Zhou
King Cheng of Zhou
execution of nine kinship
agnates
waist severing

categories: Politicians from Ningbo,Victims of familial execution,1402 deaths,Ming dynasty scholars,15th-century executions,People executed by the Ming dynasty,People executed by cutting in half,1357 births,Executed Ming dynasty people

paragraph: Fang Xiaoru

paragraph: Fang Xiaoru () was an orthodox Confucian scholar-bureaucrat of the Ming Dynasty, famous for his continuation of the Jinhua school of Zhu Xi and later for his loyalty to his former pupil, the Jianwen Emperor, who died in the rebellion of the Prince of Yan.

paragraph: After the Prince of Yan usurped the throne to become the Yongle Emperor in 1402, he summoned Fang Xiaoru, who was famed for his connection to Song Lian and the scholars of the Jinhua school as well as for his own talent and lucid composition. He demanded Fang write an inaugural address that would compare his usurpation of the throne with the regency of the Duke of Zhou during the reign of his nephew King Cheng of Zhou in ancient China. Fang refused, retorting "Then where is King Cheng?" Threatened with the execution of nine kinship, Fang Xiaoru is reported saying: ("Never mind nine agnates; I am fine with ten!"). He was granted his wish with perhaps the only officially designated case of an "extermination of ten degrees of kinship" in the history of China. In addition to his own execution, his blood relations and their spouses were killed along with all of his students and peers as the 10th group. Altogether, 873 people are said to have been executed.

paragraph: Before death, Fang Xiaoru was forced to watch his brother's execution. Fang Xiaoru himself was executed by "waist severing" (). The legend goes that prior to his death, he dipped his finger in his own blood and wrote on the ground the Chinese character "篡" ("cuàn"), meaning "usurper".

alias:
Houchengxiansheng
Xiaohanzi
Xizhi
Xigu
Zhengxuexiansheng
Zhengxue Xiansheng
Wenzheng
Zhengxue
Xunzhi

description: Chinese scholar

wikidata_label: Fang Xiaoru

wikipedia_title: Fang Xiaoru


text:
Welsh
Anglican
Oxford University
Jesus College, Oxford
matriculating
B.A.
M.A.
Fellow
benefice
Holywell
Flintshire
rector
Llanrwst
prebendary
St Asaph's Cathedral
residentiary canon
Archdeacon of St Asaph
The Times

categories: 19th-century Welsh Anglican priests,1810s births,1897 deaths,Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford,Archdeacons of St Asaph,Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford

paragraph: Hugh Jones (priest)

paragraph: Hugh Jones (c. 1816–1897) was a Welsh Anglican clergyman, who had previously been an academic at Oxford University.

paragraph: Jones was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating on 25 October 1832 at the age of 17. He was a scholar from 1834 to 1839, obtaining his B.A. degree in 1836 and his M.A. degree in 1839. He then became a Fellow of Jesus College, holding his fellowship form from 1839 to 1844, before being appointed by the college to the benefice of Holywell, Flintshire. He was rector of the parish for 24 years. He was later the rector of Llanrwst. He was appointed as a prebendary of St Asaph's Cathedral in 1850 and became a residentiary canon in 1860. He was appointed Archdeacon of St Asaph in 1892. His death at the age of 81 was announced in The Times on 19 June 1897.

description: British priest

wikidata_label: Hugh Jones

wikipedia_title: Hugh Jones (priest)


text:
Traenheim
Paris
Great Rabbi
France
World War II

categories: Chief rabbis of France,Alsatian Jews,People from Bas-Rhin,1952 deaths,1876 births

paragraph: Isaïe Schwartz

paragraph: Isaïe Schwartz (15 January 1876, in Traenheim – 1952, in Paris) was the Great Rabbi of France at the beginning of World War II.

description: Great Rabbi of France

wikidata_label: Isaïe Schwartz

wikipedia_title: Isaïe Schwartz


text:
Hindu
Bengal
Ilyas Shahi dynasty
Ganesha dynasty
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
Pandua
Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah
Firishta
Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad
Saifuddin Hamza Shah
Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah
Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah
Shihabuddin
Shihabuddin
Shihabuddin
Firishta
Chishti
Jaunpur Sultan
Ibrahim Shah Sharqi
Jaunpur
Akbar
Jahangir
Oiniwar Dynasty
Mithila
Islam
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
Ibrahim Shah Sharqi
Abd-ur Razzaq Samarqandi
Shah Rukh
Herat
Bengal
Jaunpur
Pandua
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
Nalini Kanta Bhattasali
Saka era
Sanskrit
Chandi
Hinduism
Jadunath Sarkar
Ahmad Hasan Dani
Deva dynasty
Chandradvipa
Barisal district
Chhota Pandua
Hooghly district
Vaishnava
Dinajpur
Srimanta Dutta Chaudhury
Andul Dutta Chaudhury Family
zamindar
Nava-Ratna
Kantajew Temple
List of rulers of Bengal
History of Bengal
History of West Bengal
History of India

categories: Rulers of Bengal,15th-century Indian monarchs,Bengali people,History of West Bengal,Hindu monarchs,15th-century rulers,Bengali Hindus

paragraph: Raja Ganesha

paragraph: Raja Ganesha (;reigned 1415) was a Hindu ruler of Bengal, who took advantage of the weakness of the first Ilyas Shahi dynasty and seized power in Bengal. Contemporary historians of the medieval period considered him as an usurper. The Ganesha dynasty founded by him ruled over Bengal from 1415−1435. His name mentioned in the coins of his son, sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah as "Kans Jha" or "Kans Shah". The Indo-Persian historians mentioned his name as "Raja Kans" or "Kansi". A number of modern scholars identified him with Danujamardanadeva, but this identification is not universally accepted.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: According to the "Riaz-us-Salatin" (a chronicle written in 1788), Raja Ganesha was a landlord of Bhaturia and according to Francis Buchanan Hamilton he was the "Hakim" (Governor) of Dinajpur in the northern Bengal. In a contemporary letter, he was described as a member of a landholder family of 400 years' standing. Later, he became an officer of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty rulers in Pandua. According to a very late authority, the "Riaz-us-Salatin", he killed Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (reigned 1390–1410), but the earlier authorities like Firishta and Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad do not refer to any such event and probably he died a natural death. Ghiyas-ud-Din Azam Shah was succeeded by his son Saifuddin Hamza Shah (reigned 1410–12) and the latter by Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah (reigned 1413–14). Firishta says that he became very powerful during the rule of Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah. While the earlier authorities like Firishta and Nizam-ud-Din say that Ganesha ascended to the throne after the death of Shihabuddin but again the "Riaz-us-Salatin" says that he killed Shihabuddin and seized the throne. Shihabuddin was succeeded by his son Ala-ud-din Firuz Shah (reigned 1414–15) but he was soon deposed by Raja Ganesha.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: According to Firishta, the reign of Raja Ganesha was marked by his conciliatory policies toward the Muslims in Pandua. He mentioned that, "although Raja Ganesha was not a Muslim, he mixed freely with them and had so much love for them that some Muslims, witnessing to his faith in Islam, wanted to bury him in the Islamic manner." But according to the "Riaz", soon after he took over the power in Pandua, he oppressed the Muslims of Bengal and slew a number of them. Thereupon, a Muslim Chishti Shaikh Nur Qutb-ul-Alam wrote a letter to the Jaunpur Sultan, Ibrahim Shah Sharqi, with an appeal to invade Bengal and overthrow Raja Ganesha. Purport of this letter is found in a letter written by Hazrat Ashraf Jahangir Simnani, a Sufi shaikh of Jaunpur. According to a tradition, recorded by Mulla Taqyya, a courtier of Akbar and Jahangir, Ibrahim Shah, while proceeding to overthrow Raja Ganesha, was opposed by Sivasimha, the ruler of Oiniwar Dynasty Mithila. Mulla Taqyya gives the date of this event as 805 AH (1402-3), which is obviously wrong but there may be some truth in his statement about the alliance of Sivasimha with Raja Ganesha.

paragraph: According to the narrative given in the "Riaz", when Ibrahim Shah reached Bengal with his army, Ganesha asked Shaikh Nur Qutb-ul-Alam for his pardon and protection. The shaikh agreed and Jadu, the twelve-year-old son of Ganesha, converted to Islam at his hands and was renamed "Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah". He acceded the throne under the title Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. As soon as Sultan Ibrahim Shah returned to Jaunpur, Ganesha retook the throne. But on this occasion, Ganesha was killed by some servants of his son, Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah, who was then restored to the throne.

paragraph: The earlier accounts of the invasion of Ibrahim Shah Sharqi are different from the account given in the "Riaz". A Chinese source mentioned that a kingdom to the west of Bengal had indeed invaded, but desisted when placated with gold and money. Abd-ur Razzaq Samarqandi, in his "Maṭla'-us-Sadain wa Majma'-ul-Bahrain" mentioned that in 1442, a diplomat in the service of Shah Rukh, the Timurid ruler of Herat (reigned 1405–47), wrote that his master had intervened in the Bengal-Jaunpur crisis at the request of the sultan of Bengal, "directing the ruler of Jaunpur to abstain from attacking the King of Bengal, or to take the consequences upon himself. To which intimidation the ruler of Jaunpur was obedient, and resisted from his attacks upon Bengal". A contemporary Arakanese tradition recorded that the army of Raja Ganesha, then firmly in control of Pandua, had defeated Ibrahim in battle. According to this tradition, one of the rulers of Arakan, who had been given refuge in Pandua after having been defeated by a Burman monarch in 1406, gave Raja Ganesha the military advice that enabled his army to defeat Ibrahim .

paragraph: Section::::Identification with Danujamardanadeva.

paragraph: In 1922, a modern scholar, Nalini Kanta Bhattasali assumed in his "Coins and Chronology of the Early Independent Sultans of Bengal", that, Danujamardanadeva, who issued silver coins in Saka era 1339-40 (1416–18) from Suvarnagrama, Pandunagara and Chatigrama with the Sanskrit legend, "Shri Chandi Charana Parayana" (devoted to the feet of Goddess Chandi) in Bengali script on the reverse, is actually a title of Raja Ganesha. He also assumed that Mahendradeva was the title assumed by the son of Raja Ganesha after his reconversion to Hinduism and before his second conversion to Islam. Historian Jadunath Sarkar dismisses this view, saying the Muslim accounts were biased; he favours the identification of Raja Ganesha with Danujamardanadeva believe that after the death of Raja Ganesha, the Hindu party in the court raised his second son to the throne under the title Mahendradeva, who was soon ousted by his elder brother Jalal-ud-Din. But Ahmad Hasan Dani regarded Danujamardanadeva and Mahendradeva as the local chiefs in East and South Bengal who asserted independence during troubles caused by the capture of power by Raja Ganesha and the invasions of Ibrahim Shah Sharqi. He, on the basis of the testimony of later oral and literary sources, identified Danujamardanadeva and Mahendradeva as the descendants of the Deva dynasty kings of Chandradvipa (the present-day Barisal district). Another modern scholar, Richard Eaton supported his view and identified the mint town Pandunagara with Chhota Pandua in the present-day Hooghly district. However, Vaishnava tradition of Bengal too hold Raja Ganesh as taking the title upon accession to throne.

paragraph: Section::::Dinajpur Raj.

paragraph: According to a tradition, Dinajpur derived its name from Raja Dinaj or Dinaraj who founded the "Dinajpur Raj" (the estate of Dinajpur). But according to another tradition, Raja Ganesha was the real founder of this estate. In the late 17th century Srimanta Dutta Chaudhury (s/o Harish Chandra) from Andul Dutta Chaudhury Family became the zamindar of Dinajpur. After him, his sister's son Sukhdev Ghosh inherited his property as Srimanta's son had a premature death. Sukhdev's son Prannath Ray began construction of the Kantanagar Nava-Ratna Temple, presently known as the Kantajew Temple. The main blocks and the enclosing moats of the "Rajbari" (palace) were most probably constructed by Prannath and his adopted son Ramnath in the 18th century. The two-storied main palace was seriously damaged by an earthquake in 1897 and rebuilt later by Girijanath Ray.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of West Bengal

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of India

wikidata_label: Raja Ganesha

wikipedia_title: Raja Ganesha


text: Kt

text: Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

text: Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel

text: Spanish Armada

text: Brampton, Norfolk

text: Sir Humphrey Browne

text: Terling

text: Essex

text: Justice of the Common Pleas

text: Baconsthorpe Castle

text: Norfolk

text: Sir Roger Townshend (died 1551)

text: Buckenham Ferry

text: Norfolk

text: Sir Roger Townshend (died 1551)

text: Raynham

text: East Anglia

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

text: Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

text: Knight of the Shire

text: Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel

text: Arundel House

text: Earl of Oxford

text: Thomas Knyvet

text: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: Lord Henry Howard

text: Queen

text: Spanish Armada

text: Lord Admiral

text: Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham

text: House of Lords

text: Stoke Newington

text: Thomas Sutton

text: Stoke Newington

text: St Giles Cripplegate

text: Sir John Townshend

text: Sir William Drury

text: Hawstead

text: Suffolk

text: Sir Michael Stanhope

text: Shelford, Nottinghamshire

text: Aveley

text: Essex

text: Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley

text: Barbican

text: Sir Roger Townshend, 1st Baronet

text: Sir John Townshend (died 1603)

text: Sir Nathaniel Bacon

text: Stiffkey

text: Norfolk

text: Sir Matthew Browne

text: West Betchworth

text: Dorking

text: Surrey

text: John Manningham

text: Ben Johnson

text: John Fletcher

categories: 1540s births,1590 deaths,16th-century English people,Burials at St Giles-without-Cripplegate,People from Broadland (district),English knights,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Roger Townshend (died 1590)

paragraph: Sir Roger Townshend Kt (c. 1544 – 30 June 1590) was an English nobleman, politician, soldier, and knight. He was the son of Sir Richard Townshend (died 1551) and Katherine Browne. He spent much of his career in the service of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, and Norfolk's son and heir, Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel. He was knighted at sea on 26 July 1588 during the battle against the Spanish Armada.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Roger Townshend was the eldest son of Sir Richard Townshend (died 1551), esquire, of Brampton, Norfolk, and Katherine Browne, the daughter and coheir of Sir Humphrey Browne of Ridley Hall in Terling, Essex, Justice of the Common Pleas. He was the grandson of Sir John Townshend (d. 1543/4) by his wife, Eleanor Heydon, daughter of the courtier Sir John Heydon of Baconsthorpe Castle, Norfolk. He was the great-grandson and heir of Sir Roger Townshend (died 1551) and his wife, Amy Brewse (d. 1553).

paragraph: Townshend is said to have had two sisters, Alice Townshend (living 31 July 1551), and Elizabeth Townshend, who married Thomas Godsalve (d. 2 August 1588) of Buckenham Ferry, Norfolk.

paragraph: After Richard Townshend's death in 1551, his widow, Katherine, married Peter Sainthill (d. 19 November 1571), whom she predeceased.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1551, when only six or seven years of age, Townshend was heir to his great-grandfather, Sir Roger Townshend (died 1551). His inheritance comprised more than twenty manors near Raynham, Norfolk, and other property, 'making him one of the wealthiest gentlemen in East Anglia'.

paragraph: In 1553 Townshend entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but did not take a degree. In May 1565 he was granted livery of his lands, although still underage.

paragraph: Townshend's grandfather had been in the service of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and early in his career Townshend entered the service of the current head of the family, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. His service as the Duke's "man of business" kept him occupied in London, and as a result he took little part in local administration in Norfolk, although he was elected to Parliament in 1566 as Knight of the Shire, allegedly after the Duke had put pressure on the sheriff, William Paston.

paragraph: After the 4th Duke's execution in 1572, Townshend continued to serve his son and heir, Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel, who was still a minor at the time of his father's death. In 1583 Arundel made a deed of gift to Townshend and William Dix of all his movable goods to assist with the payment of Arundel's debts. Townshend's conduct sometimes displeased Arundel. In 1582 Arundel was affronted when Townshend "hurried him off by boat to Arundel House, to avoid his becoming embroiled in the affray between the Earl of Oxford, and Thomas Knyvet". On another occasion, in June 1589, Arundel complained to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, that his uncle, Lord Henry Howard, and some of Arundel's tenants were suffering from Townshend's zealousness and rigidity: "Sir Roger Townshend is so resolute to part with nothing more than he shall be by law enforced". Years later, however, Arundel was more appreciative of Townshend's service, in his last will terming him "my loving friend", and bequeathing him a "fair bowl with a cover of 30 ounces double gilt".

paragraph: Townshend and his second wife, Jane, held offices at court, and in the years between 1576 and 1584 exchanged New Year's gifts with the Queen. In 1585 Arundel was imprisoned, and little is known of Townshend's career after that time. He drew up his will in December 1587. In 1588 he served with the fleet against the Spanish Armada, and was knighted at sea on 26 July by the Lord Admiral, Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham. Townshend's portrait was among those on the margin of a tapestry commemorating the defeat of the Spanish Armada which hung in the House of Lords until the tapestry's destruction by fire in 1834.

paragraph: Townshend added to his landed inheritance in Norfolk by purchasing other properties, including lands in Essex and an estate at Stoke Newington which he bought from Thomas Sutton (1532–1611). He died at Stoke Newington on 30 June 1590, and was buried at St Giles Cripplegate. He was succeeded by his elder son, Sir John Townshend.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: Townshend married firstly Ursula Heydon (d. before 1564), the daughter of Sir Christopher Heydon by Anne Drury, the daughter of Sir William Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk, by whom he had no issue.

paragraph: Townshend married secondly, Jane Stanhope (c. 1547–1618), the daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope (died 1552) of Shelford, Nottinghamshire, by his wife, Anne Rawson (c. 1515 – 20 February 1588), the daughter of Nicholas Rawson, of Aveley, Essex, and Beatrix Cooke (d. 14 January 1554), daughter of Sir Philip Cooke (d. 7 December 1503) by Elizabeth Belknap (died c. 6 March 1504).

paragraph: After Townshend's death, his widow, Jane, married, as his second wife, Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley. She died at her house in the Barbican on 3 January 1618, leaving a will dated 20 July 1617 which was proved by her grandson, Sir Roger Townshend, 1st Baronet, on 10 March 1618.

paragraph: By his second wife Townshend had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Townshend (died 1603), who married Anne Bacon, the daughter of Sir Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey, Norfolk, and died 2 August 1603, the day after being mortally wounded in a duel with Sir Matthew Browne of West Betchworth in Dorking, Surrey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Robert Townshend. In February 1603 John Manningham noted in his diary that "Ben Johnson the poet nowe lives upon one Townesend and scornes the world". Donaldson has identified Jonson’s patron as "Sir Robert Townshend, youngest son of the naval commander Sir Roger Townshend of Raynham (died 1590)", noting that he was a "generous patron to a number of writers at this time, including John Fletcher".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Richard Townshend of Brampton, Norfolk, National Archives Retrieved 21 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Sir Humphrey Browne, National Archives Retrieved 22 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Sir Roger Townshend of East Raynham, Norfolk, National Archives Retrieved 21 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Lady Jane Berkeley, National Archives Retrieved 19 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Townshend, Roger (c.1544–1590), History of Parliament Retrieved 22 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sainthill, Peter (1524-1571), History of Parliament Retrieved 22 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanhope, Michael (c.1508-1552), History of Parliament Retrieved 19 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Townshend, Sir John (1568-1603), History of Parliament Retrieved 20 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Townshend, Robert (born by 1580), History of Parliament Retrieved 20 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Browne, Sir Matthew (1563-1603), History of Parliament Retrieved 20 March 2013

description: English knight

wikidata_label: Roger Townshend

wikipedia_title: Roger Townshend (died 1590)


text:
French
Roman Catholic
priest
Order of Friars Minor
Saint Jeanne de Valois
Annunciades
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Leo X
France
Servant of God
Kingdom of France
Franciscan
Immaculate Conception
priest
Order of Friars Minor
ordained
Saint Jeanne de Valois
spiritual director
Queen consort
King Louis XII
Bourges
Rome
Pope Alexander VI
College of Cardinals
Bishop of Modena
God
Saint Lawrence the Deacon
Saint Francis of Assisi
papal brief
Pope Leo X
Aquitaine
Albi
Bethune
Bruges
Bordeaux
Poor Clares
Ireland
Scotland
Anglican
England
Ottoman Empire
Lutheranism
Créteil
Agen
Servant of God
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
nihil obstat
postulator
Hagiography Circle
Annunciades

categories: French Servants of God,Franciscans,French Roman Catholics,16th-century French people,15th-century Roman Catholic priests,1462 births,16th-century venerated Christians,15th-century Roman Catholics,French Roman Catholic priests,1532 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholics,15th-century French people,16th-century Roman Catholic priests,15th-century venerated Christians,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Gilbert Nicolas

paragraph: Gilbert Nicolas (c. 1462 – 27 August 1532) – in religious "Gabriel-Maria" – was a French Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor. He co-founded – alongside Saint Jeanne de Valois – the Annunciades in 1501. Nicolas met with both Pope Alexander VI and Pope Leo X in relation to the congregation's foundation and rule and was noted for his humble and meek outlook amongst his peers while also being known for his intelligence and diligence in the affairs of the congregation he helped establish.

paragraph: The sainthood process commenced in France and he is titled as a Servant of God.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gilbert Nicolas was born in 1462 in the Kingdom of France. In 1478 a sermon that a Franciscan preacher gave on the topic of the Immaculate Conception moved him to consider the prospects of becoming a priest. He joined the Order of Friars Minor in 1475 and entered the convent of Notre-Dame de Lafond to join.

paragraph: Nicolas studied at the convent of Amboise where he was ordained a priest. From 1498 until 1502 he served as the gatekeeper of his convent where he later met Saint Jeanne de Valois and he became her confessor and spiritual director. The former Queen consort was annulled from King Louis XII and went with Nicolas to Bourges to found a religious order.

paragraph: He travelled to Rome where he met with Pope Alexander VI to receive papal approval for the new congregation – though the College of Cardinals voiced their disapproval. But the Cardinal Bishop of Modena Giovanni Battista Ferrari had a dream of God who rebuked the College for their refusal of the order and saw Saint Lawrence the Deacon and Saint Francis of Assisi extend their arms over Nicolas in blessing. The cardinal summoned Nicolas to tell him of this and Alexander VI later ratified the rule and establishment of the new order on 12 February 1502. At the same time the pope issued a papal brief that allowed for Nicolas to assume the religious name of "Gabriel-Maria". He composed the rule of the order and travelled to Rome and presented it to Pope Leo X on 11 June 1517; the pontiff also aggregated the order to the Order of Friars Minor. He never wanted to accept a doctoral degree – though the path remained opened to him – and he kept on rejecting episcopal appointments.

paragraph: He served as the vicar of the order's Aquitaine branch from 1503 until 1508 when the foundress appointed him as the superior of the convent. Under his guidance new convents were founded in Albi (1507) and Bethune (1516) while other convents were founded across the nation in places such as Bruges (1517) and Bordeaux (1520). Nicolas also provided advice and support for the reform of the Poor Clares and around 1520 visited the congregation's provinces in Ireland and Scotland in addition to the new Anglican England. He also preached for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire and amongst his fellow Franciscans initiated research on the influence and reach of Lutheranism.

paragraph: Nicolas died on 27 August 1532 and was buried in Rodez.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification cause.

paragraph: The beatification process opened in an informative process that required joint collaboration between the forums of Créteil and Agen in a move that accorded Nicolas the posthumous title of Servant of God. All his spiritual writings were collected and approved in December 1916. An apostolic process later opened a decade later on 20 May 1927 as a means of continuing the work of the informative process.

paragraph: The cause then halted for several decades until 2003 when a decree was issued to resume the process; the transfer of the competent forum from Rodez was issued on 21 July 2009 and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 2010 granted the official "nihil obstat" ('nothing against') to the continuation of the cause. A diocesan process opened on 28 February 2013 and concluded its work on 2 June 2015.

paragraph: The current postulator assigned to this cause is Giovangiuseppe Califano.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annunciades

description: French priest (c. 1462-1532)

wikidata_label: Gabriel-Marie Nicolas

wikipedia_title: Gilbert Nicolas


text:
Roman Catholic Church
Diocese of Prince George
London, Ontario
Catholic Church in Canada

categories: People from North Vancouver,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Stephen Jensen

paragraph: Stephen Arthur Jensen (born May 30, 1954) is a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was ordained a priest on May 24, 1980 by then-Archbishop James Francis Carney. On April 2, 2013, he was ordained Bishop of the Diocese of Prince George.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Jensen was born on May 30, 1954 in North Vancouver. He studied at St. Peter's Seminary in London, Ontario, receiving a BA in Philosophy and a Master of Divinity in 1976 and 1979 respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination.

paragraph: Jensen was ordained as a priest on May 24, 1980, by the then-Archbishop of Vancouver James Carney. He then served as pastor for Immaculate Conception in Vancouver, St. Ann's in Abbotsford, and Corpus Christi, also in Vancouver.

paragraph: Section::::Diocese of Prince George.

paragraph: On April 2, 2013, Jensen was ordained the Bishop of the Diocese of Prince George by Archbishop J. Michael Miller. Jensen has served in his post since that date, and remains a member of the board for St. Mark's College and Corpus Christi College.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Canada

description: Canadian Roman Catholic Bishop of Prince George .

wikidata_label: Stephen Arthur Jensen

wikipedia_title: Stephen Jensen


text:
Sekigahara Campaign
Kobayakawa Hideaki
Tachibana Muneshige
Toyotomi
Siege of Ōtsu

categories: Japanese Roman Catholics,Samurai,1567 births,Deified Japanese people,Kobayakawa clan,1601 deaths,Converts to Christianity

paragraph: Kobayakawa Hidekane

paragraph: After the Sekigahara Campaign, Hidekane changed his family name back to Mōri, to avoid shame caused by his stepbrother Kobayakawa Hideaki. He died young at 35 years old.

paragraph: Hidekane was known of his gunnery skill, and Tachibana Muneshige's sworn brother. Together with him and other Toyotomi loyalists, Hidekane participated in Siege of Ōtsu Castle.

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Kobayakawa Hidekane

wikipedia_title: Kobayakawa Hidekane


text:
Vilnius
Lithuania
short track speed skater
2014 Winter Olympics
sportresult.com profile

categories: Universiade medalists in short track speed skating,Olympic short track speed skaters of Lithuania,Female short track speed skaters,Sportspeople from Vilnius,Competitors at the 2013 Winter Universiade,Lithuanian short track speed skaters,1994 births,Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Universiade bronze medalists for Lithuania,Competitors at the 2015 Winter Universiade,Living people

paragraph: Agnė Sereikaitė

paragraph: Agnė Sereikaitė (born 19 October 1994 in Vilnius, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian short track speed skater.

paragraph: In 2014 Winter Olympics Sereikaitė participated in all three individual events and become first ever Lithuanian short track skater to qualify for the Olympics. She finished 24th at 500 metre distance, got penalized at 1000 metre distance and reached semifinals of 1500 metre event, where she end up breaking her personal record by almost 5 seconds and finishing 16th overall. She was selected to be Lithuanian flag bearer at Olympic closing ceremony.

paragraph: In October 2018 Sreikaitė announced about her retirement from competetive sport.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- sportresult.com profile

description: Lithuanian speed skater

wikidata_label: Agnė Sereikaitė

wikipedia_title: Agnė Sereikaitė


text:
American football
defensive lineman
Detroit Lions

categories: 1960 births,American football defensive linemen,Detroit Lions players,Oregon Ducks football players,Sportspeople from Ames, Iowa,Living people

paragraph: Steve Baack

paragraph: Steven William Baack (born November 16, 1960) is a former professional American football player who played defensive lineman for five seasons for the Detroit Lions. He was the 75th pick of the third round in the 1984 draft and one of several NFL players who were able to play multiple positions as roster athletes in the NFL in those years.[

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Steve Baack

wikipedia_title: Steve Baack


text:
Wakayama, Wakayama
baseball
pitcher
Hanshin Tigers
Nippon Professional Baseball
Yokohama BayStars
Team Japan
2000 Olympics
Sports-Reference.com/Olympics
NBP

categories: 1978 births,Chiba Lotte Marines players,Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Japanese baseball players,Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers,Hanshin Tigers players,Yokohama BayStars players,Olympic baseball players of Japan,Living people,People from Wakayama Prefecture

paragraph: Yuji Yoshimi

paragraph: Yuji Yoshimi (吉見 祐治, born May 21, 1978 in Wakayama, Wakayama) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Hanshin Tigers in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He played with the Yokohama BayStars from 2001 to 2010. He also played for Team Japan at the 2000 Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports-Reference.com/Olympics

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBP

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Yuji Yoshimi

wikipedia_title: Yuji Yoshimi


text:
Isesaki, Gunma
Japanese
baseball
infielder
Chiba Lotte Marines
Japan
Nippon Professional Baseball
Kei Hosoya statistics on NPB.jp

categories: Nippon Professional Baseball first basemen,Chiba Lotte Marines players,1988 births,Japanese baseball players,Living people,People from Gunma Prefecture,Nippon Professional Baseball shortstops,Nippon Professional Baseball third basemen

paragraph: Kei Hosoya

paragraph: Kei Hosoya (細谷 圭, born January 17, 1988 in Isesaki, Gunma) is a Japanese professional baseball infielder for the Chiba Lotte Marines in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kei Hosoya statistics on NPB.jp

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Kei Hosoya

wikipedia_title: Kei Hosoya


text:
Tonnerre
Neuilly-sur-Seine
École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
sous-lieutenant
Crimean War
French conquest of Algeria
Franco-Prussian War
Gambetta
sénateur inamovible
The Perfumed Garden

categories: People from Tonnerre, Yonne,French Life Senators,1891 deaths,Politicians of the French Third Republic,French generals,1819 births,French Ministers of War

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Campenon

paragraph: General Jean Baptiste Marie Edouard Campenon (5 May 1819 in Tonnerre – 16 March 1891 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French general and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He studied at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, graduating on 1 October 1840 as a sous-lieutenant. He took part in the Crimean War, the French conquest of Algeria, campaigns in China and the Franco-Prussian War. A friend of Gambetta, he was minister for war several times in 1881, then in 1883 and 1885. He then became a sénateur inamovible. He also secretly translated "The Perfumed Garden".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Vapereau, «Campenon, Jean Baptiste Marie Edouard » in "Dictionnaire Universel Des Contemporains", Paris : Hachette, 1880. (p. 10)

description: French Army general and politician

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Campenon

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Campenon


text:
Jacob Frants von der Osten
Pomerania
Christian VI of Denmark
Carl Adolph von Plessen
Order of the Elephant

categories: 1726 births,1797 deaths,18th-century Danish diplomats,Danish nationalists

paragraph: Adolph Sigfried von der Osten

paragraph: Count Adolph Sigfried von der Osten (21 October 1726, Denmark - 2 January 1797) was a Danish diplomat of German descent. His father was Jacob Frants von der Osten (died 1739), whose family was Pomeranian. Adolph was born in Denmark and backed Danish nationalism. Christian VI of Denmark paid for him to travel abroad and he was cared for by Carl Adolph von Plessen when young. In 1783 he was made a knight of the Order of the Elephant.

description: Danish diplomat

wikidata_label: Adolph Sigfried von der Osten

wikipedia_title: Adolph Sigfried von der Osten


text:
Philip de Valognes
Panmure
William the Lion
Alexander II
Melrose Abbey
Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester
Christina
Peter Maule of Fowlis
Henry de Balliol
Chamberlain of Scotland
David Comyn

categories: De Valognes family,1219 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Scoto-Normans,Burials at Melrose Abbey,Lord Chamberlains of Scotland

paragraph: William de Valognes

paragraph: William de Valognes also known as William de Valoynes, was the only son of Philip de Valognes and was granted a charter of the baronies of Panmure and Benvie by King William the Lion, previously granted to his father. On his father's death in 1215, William de Valongnes was made High Chamberlain to Alexander II. He died in 1219 and was interred at Melrose Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: William married Lora de Quincy, daughter of Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester and Margaret de Beaumont. They had three daughters;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christina, married Peter Maule of Fowlis, passing the Baronies of Panmure and Benvie into the Maule family; had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lora, married Henry de Balliol, passing the position of Lord Chamberlain of Scotland into the Balliol family; had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel, married David Comyn, passing the Barony of Kilbride into the Comyn family; had issue.

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: William de Valognes

wikipedia_title: William de Valognes


text:
Tosa han
Bakumatsu period
Perry Expedition
Sonnō Jōi
Hitokiri
Yoshida Tōyō
Yamauchi Toyoshige
seppuku
Takechi Tomiko

categories: 1829 births,1865 deaths,People from Tosa Domain,Deified Japanese people

paragraph: Takechi Hanpeita

paragraph: , also known as , was a samurai of the Tosa han during the Bakumatsu period in Japan. Influenced by the effects of the Perry Expedition, Takechi formed the Tosa Kinnō-tō (土佐勤王党, Tosa Imperialism party) which was loyal to the Sonnō Jōi (尊皇攘夷, "revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians") movement. The infamous Hitokiri operated under the auspices of this party, and Hanpeita used the phrase "Heaven's punishment" (天誅, Tenchū) to refer to their killings. The Kinnō-tō killing of Yoshida Tōyō on 6, May, 1862, led to Sonnō Jōi becoming the prevalent philosophy of The Tosa Han. Takechi became a central figure of the Sonnō Jōi movement in Kyoto and Edo but following the Coup of August 18 1863, he was imprisoned by the order of the former head of the Tosa Domain Yamauchi Toyoshige. Following an imprisonment of 1 year 8 months and 20 days, he was ordered to commit seppuku which marked the end of the Tosa Kinnō-tō. He was survived by his wife, Takechi Tomiko.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Jansen, Marius B. Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1961. Print.

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Takechi Hanpeita

wikipedia_title: Takechi Hanpeita


text:
ragtime
Centerville, Indiana
Indianapolis
May Aufderheide
Will B. Morrison
Wisconsin
Crown Hill Cemetery
Will B. Morrison
Biography at ragpiano.com

categories: 20th-century American composers,American male composers,People from Centerville, Indiana,Ragtime composers,1953 deaths,Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery,1890 births,American music publishers (people)

paragraph: Cecil Duane Crabb

paragraph: Cecil Duane Crabb (May 23, 1890 – April 27, 1953) was an American composer of ragtime music and a member of Indianapolis group of ragtime composers.

paragraph: He was born in Centerville, Indiana to James and Sarah E. Crabb. He moved to Indianapolis in 1908. Crabb composed only four albeit significant ragtime pieces including his best known "Fluffly Ruffles" from 1907. He had a job at a small publishing firm J.H. Aufderheide & Company that published ragtime by Indianapolis composers. Originally a sign painter, he had also designed cover art for ragtimes of Aufderheide composers, such as May Aufderheide ("Dusty Rag") and Will B. Morrison. His primary career was in the sign business as co-owner for many years of the Indianapolis firm Staley and Crabb, now known as Staley Signs. He died in Wisconsin at the age of 62 and was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis. He had three children, one of whom became Brig. General Cecil D. Crabb.

paragraph: Section::::List of compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fluffly Ruffles - Two Step" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orinoco" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trouble" (1909, with Will B. Morrison)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Klassicle Rag" (1911)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at ragpiano.com

description: American composer of ragtime music

wikidata_label: Cecil Duane Crabb

wikipedia_title: Cecil Duane Crabb


text: Duke of Uceda

text: Madrid

text: Spain

text: Vienna

text: Austria

text: viceroy of Sicily

text: Rome

text: La Puebla de Montalban

text: Galicia

text: Viceroy of Sicily

text: Charles II of Spain

text: Rome

text: Italy

text: Charles II of Spain

text: Philip V of Spain

text: Philip V of Spain

text: Belmonte

text: Order of the Holy Spirit

text: Grandee of Spain

text: Viceroy of Sicily

text: 1693 Sicily earthquake

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Grandee of Spain

text: Uceda

text: Madrid

text: Spain

text: Genoa

text: Italy

text: jure uxoris

text: Duke of Uceda

text: Duchess of Uceda

text: Grandee of Spain

text: Spain

text: Milan

text: Italy

text: jure uxoris

text: Count of Oropesa

text: La Puebla de Montalban

text: Osuna

text: Philip III of Spain

text: Madrid

text: Spain

text: Madrid

text: Spain

text: Academia Española de la Historia

categories: Dukes of Uceda,1653 births,War of the Spanish Succession,1711 deaths,Captain Generals of Galicia,Viceroys of Sicily

paragraph: Juan Francisco Pacheco y Téllez-Girón, 4th Consort Duke of Uceda, (Madrid, Spain, 8 June 1649 – Vienna, Austria, 25 August 1718), was a Spanish noble, viceroy of Sicily and Spanish Ambassador in Rome.

paragraph: He was the son of Alonso Melchor Téllez-Girón, from whom he inherited the title of 3rd Count of La Puebla de Montalban, and Juana de Velasco, daughter of Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 6th Duke of Frías.

paragraph: He was Captain General of Galicia (1682–1686), Spanish Viceroy of Sicily (1689–1696) under king Charles II of Spain, Ambassador at Rome, Italy, under kings Charles II of Spain and Philip V of Spain, member of the Spanish State Council under king Philip V of Spain. He was also 1st Marquis of Menas Albas, Marquis of Belmonte, Chevalier of the French Order of the Holy Spirit and Grandee of Spain.

paragraph: During his time as the Spanish Viceroy of Sicily he experienced the 1693 Sicily earthquake.

paragraph: During the War of the Spanish Succession he first supported Philip V of Spain, but went over to the Austrians in 1710, and lived the last years of his life in Vienna.

paragraph: He became there Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Austrian Branch, and member of the Austrian Empire State Council of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraph: He married on 16 July 1677 with Isabel María de Sandoval y Girón, a Grandee of Spain, 4th proprietary Duchess of Uceda, (born Madrid, Spain, 15 August 1653 – married 16 July 1677 - +Genoa, Italy, 23 July 1711).

paragraph: Through this marriage Juan became jure uxoris, 4th Consort Duke of Uceda.

paragraph: Section::::On the title Duke of Uceda.

paragraph: Duchess Isabel María de Sandoval y Girón used for this name a practice used by women of the High Spanish Nobility and the ecclesiastic officers from such families since the middle of the 14th century, namely, that her mother was the 3rd proprietary Duchess of Uceda, a Grandee of Spain and describing herself as Feliche de Sandoval Ursino, or Feliche de Sandoval Orsini, (Madrid, Spain, 3 June 1625 - married 1645 - Milan, Italy, 7 October 1671) while her father was, jure uxoris, and since marrying her in 1645 3rd Duke Consort of Uceda, albeit being known also as Gaspar Téllez-Girón y Sandoval, 5th Duke of Osuna, (Madrid, 25 May 1625 - married 1645 - 2 June 1694).

paragraph: In other words, the 3rd and the 4th Ducal titles associated to the Dukedom of Uceda were held in property by two women, Feliche de Sandoval and Isabel Maria de Sandoval, while their fathers/husbands however, were respectively named "Alvarez de Toledo", (8th Count of Oropesa), "Pacheco Téllez-Girón", (3rd Count of La Puebla de Montalban) and "Tellez-Giron y Sandoval", (5th Duke of Osuna).

paragraph: It is through this elaborate but by no means at the time uncommon, "family names engineering" that it was possible to pass on the family name "Sandoval" from Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma, (PM of Spain under earlier king Philip III of Spain to their son:

paragraph: Manuel de Sandoval Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke of Uceda, (Madrid, Spain 11 April 1676 – Madrid, Spain, 12 November 1732).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margarita MARTIN VELASCO . "La documentación histórica y la publicística del siglo XVIII. El IV Duque de Uceda y sy correspondencia con Félix de la Cruz Aedo". (2005). Rev. "Documentación de las Ciencias de la Información", (2006), vol 29, Pages 141-164.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miguel Angel OCHOA BRUN . "Embajadas reales: La presencia diplomática española en Italia durante la Guerra de Sucesión", 15 Diciembre 2002, discurso leido en su recepcion como miembro de la Academia Española de la Historia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregorio DE ANDRES . "Catalogo de los manuscritos de la Biblioteca del Duque de Uceda", Rev. Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, (1975), vol 78, pages 5–40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. KAMEN. "La Guerra de Sucesion en España, 1700 - 1715". Barcelona, Ed. Grijalbo, (1974).

description: Spanish diplomat (1649-1718)


text:
portraits
National Academy of Design
Buffalo, New York
Flushing, Queens, New York
Scottish
Ohio
watercolor
acrylic
pastel
Painesville, Ohio
Henry Clay
John Quincy Adams
Don Quixote
U.S. Senator
Henry Clay
Kentucky
James K. Polk
Tennessee
PBS
Antiques Roadshow
Amon Carter Museum
Fort Worth, Texas
Artwork by James Henry Beard

categories: 1893 deaths,National Academy of Design members,American male painters,1814 births,19th-century American painters

paragraph: James Henry Beard

paragraph: James Henry Beard (April 22, 1812 – October 20, 1893) was an American painter who specialized in the genre of portraits. He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Design in 1872.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Beard was born in Buffalo, New York on April 22, 1812 and later died in Flushing, Queens, New York in 1893. The son of English and Scottish immigrants, Beard's artistic interest and recognition of his capability took no time to blossom. It was after the Beard family's relocation to Ohio that he began the serious pursuit of honing his artistic capabilities.

paragraph: Section::::Ohio.

paragraph: Beard began with a wide variety of painting techniques such as watercolor, acrylic, and pastel. It was in Painesville, Ohio that Beard studied under Jarvis Frary Hanks. His preferred genre of art was portrait painting; Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Don Quixote are just a few of the figures he chose to depict.

paragraph: Section::::New York.

paragraph: In 1846, at the age of 32, Beard returned to New York in order to get his work noticed. Two years later, his work paid off, as he was inducted into the National Academy of Design.

paragraph: In 1870 he decided to make New York his permanent home. It was in New York City that he began his series of representations of dogs and cats that he is known for.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Westward Ho" (1850)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peep at growing danger" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Widow" (1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mutual Friend" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parson's Pets" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attorney and Clients" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out All Night (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There's Many a Slip" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Consultation" (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Quixote" (1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sancho Panza" (1878).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It is very Queer, isn't it." (1885)

paragraph: Section::::"The Illustrious Guest".

paragraph: The "Illustrious Guest" (1847) is a depiction of U.S. Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, the presidential candidate whom Beard supported in 1844, who lost to James K. Polk of Tennessee. The painting shows Clay relaxing in a chair in a country tavern as others watch his every move, he being nonchalant about the presence of the other guests. Beard later complained that Clay may have lost to Polk because Clay spent too much of his time campaigning in taverns. In early 2009, The Illustrious Guest was featured on the PBS television program, "Antiques Roadshow". After viewing the program, art appraiser Alan Fausel was quoted as saying that the picture "could hang in an art museum". Rebecca Lawton, the curator of paintings and sculptures at the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, said that she was intrigued by the painting when she saw it on PBS. Upon viewing the art piece in person, Lawton was able to place the painting in the museum.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , his brother

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artwork by James Henry Beard

alias:
James Beard
h.w. beard
j.h. beard
w.h. beard
Beard

description: American painter

wikidata_label: James Henry Beard

wikipedia_title: James Henry Beard


text:
Canadian
pair skater
fours discipline
Sean Rice
Canadian pairs bronze medalist
Canadian fours champion
Nebelhorn Trophy
1993 World Championships
Worlds
1995 Skate Canada International
Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines
Battle of the Blades
Ken Daneyko
series 6
ITV
Dancing on Ice
Chico Slimani
series 7
Jodeyne Higgins
Battle of the Blades

categories: Canadian female pair skaters,Battle of the Blades participants,Sportspeople from Stratford, Ontario,Sportspeople from Ontario,Living people

paragraph: Jodeyne Higgins

paragraph: Jodeyne Higgins (born September 26, 1974) is a Canadian pair skater who also competed in the fours discipline. With Sean Rice, she is a two-time (1993, 1995) Canadian pairs bronze medalist and four-time (1993–1996) Canadian fours champion.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Competing in pairs, Higgins and Rice won bronze at the 1992 Nebelhorn Trophy and at the 1993 Canadian Nationals. They were assigned to the 1993 World Championships where they placed 10th. The following season was less successful for the pair. They finished 6th at Nationals and were not sent to Worlds. After winning bronze at the 1995 Canadian Championships, they obtained a second trip to Worlds and finished 14th. The pair never reached the podium again at Nationals but they won bronze at the 1995 Skate Canada International.

paragraph: Competing in fours at the Canadian Championships, Higgins and Rice won gold medals with Scott MacDonald and Alison Purkiss (1994–1996), and Jodi Barnes and Rob Williams (1993). They also won the 1992 bronze medal with Janice Yeck and Scott MacDonald and the 1997 silver medal with Melissa Shields and Trevor Buttenham.

paragraph: Higgins and Rice retired from competitive skating and toured professionally on Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, for whom Higgins works as the ice show director. In 2009, Higgins was a contestant on "Battle of the Blades". She was paired with hockey player Ken Daneyko and was eliminated in week four. In 2011, Higgins appeared in series 6 of ITV's "Dancing on Ice", with whom she reached the semi finals. She also performed with Dr. Johnson Beharry VC and husband Sean Rice on the 2011 Dancing On Ice Tour. In 2012, Higgins was partnered with Chico Slimani for series 7 after Chesney Hawkes injured himself in training before the start of the new series. Chico and Jodeyne finished 3rd in the Final of Dancing on Ice Series 7.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Higgins and Rice are married and have a daughter, Signey, born in October 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jodeyne Higgins at "Battle of the Blades"

description: figure skater

wikidata_label: Jodeyne Higgins

wikipedia_title: Jodeyne Higgins


text:
Alice Hoschedé
Ernest Hoschedé
French
impressionist
Claude Monet
American impressionist
Theodore Earl Butler
Ernest Hoschedé
Vétheuil
Camille
Alice
Jean
Blanche Hoschedé Monet
Jean Monet
Poissy
Vernon
Giverny
Eure
Upper Normandy
Gustave Caillebotte
Paul César Helleu
American
Theodore Earl Butler

categories: People from Normandy,People from Paris,1860s births,Claude Monet,1899 deaths

paragraph: Suzanne Hoschedé

paragraph: Suzanne Hoschedé (c. 1864–February 6, 1899) was the eldest daughter of Alice Hoschedé and Ernest Hoschedé, the stepdaughter and favorite model of French impressionist painter Claude Monet, and wife of American impressionist painter Theodore Earl Butler. Suzanne is known as "The Woman with a Parasol" in Monet's painting of 1886.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: In 1878 Monet and his family temporarily moved into the home of Ernest Hoschedé (1837–1891), a wealthy department store owner and patron of the arts. Both families then shared a house in Vétheuil during the summer. Hoschedé became bankrupt, and left in 1878 for Belgium. After the death of Monet's wife Camille in September 1879, and while Monet continued to live in the house in Vétheuil, Hoschedé's wife Alice (1844–1911) helped Monet to raise his two sons, Jean and Michel, by taking them to Paris to live alongside her own six children. They were Blanche Hoschedé Monet (who eventually married Jean Monet); Germaine; Suzanne Hoschedé; Marthe; Jean-Pierre; and Jacques. In the spring of 1880, Alice Hoschedé and all the children left Paris and rejoined Monet, still living in the house in Vétheuil. In 1881, all of them moved to Poissy, which Monet hated. In April 1883, looking out the window of the little train between Vernon and Gasny, he discovered Giverny. They next moved to Vernon, then to a house in Giverny, Eure, in Upper Normandy, where he planted a large garden and where he painted for much of the rest of his life. Following the death of her estranged husband in 1891, Alice Hoschedé married Claude Monet in 1892 on July 16. The witnesses were the painters Gustave Caillebotte and Paul César Helleu.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Marriage.

paragraph: Despite Claude Monet’s initial objections to his stepdaughter Suzanne Hoschedé's marriage to American painter Theodore Earl Butler (1861–1936), he relented after discovering the wealth of Butler’s family. The marriage occurred a few days after Monet’s wedding. Theodore Earl Butler married Suzanne Hoschedé on 20 July 1892.

paragraph: The event was immortalized in a painting by Theodore Robinson titled "The Wedding March". They had a son Jimmy Butler, born in 1893, and daughter Lilly Butler, who was born the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After a lingering illness, Suzanne Hoschedé died on September 6, 1899. Marthe Hoschedé, Suzanne’s youngest sister, helped Butler raise Jimmy and Lilly.

description: French artists' model

wikidata_label: Suzanne Hoschedé

wikipedia_title: Suzanne Hoschedé


text:
Hradištko pod Medníkem
Czech
football
TJ Štěchovice
Slavia Prague
SK Dynamo České Budějovice
1. FC Slovácko
Ladislav Volešák

categories: SK Dynamo České Budějovice players,Czech footballers,1984 births,SK Slavia Prague players,Czech Republic youth international footballers,1. FC Slovácko players,FK Mladá Boleslav players,Czech Republic under-21 international footballers,Association football midfielders,Living people

paragraph: Ladislav Volešák

paragraph: Ladislav Volešák (born 7 April 1984, in Hradištko pod Medníkem) is a Czech football player who currently plays for TJ Štěchovice. He is an attacking midfielder and was a regular for Slavia Prague.

paragraph: In January 2010 he joined SK Dynamo České Budějovice. Half year later he moved to 1. FC Slovácko. Volešák also played for youth national teams since the under-15 level.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ladislav Volešák at TJ Štěchovice

description: Czech soccer player

wikidata_label: Ladislav Volešák

wikipedia_title: Ladislav Volešák


text: ascetic

text: Philokalia

text: Maximos the Confessor

text: John Climacus

text: Symeon the New Theologian

text: Hesychast

text: Julian Pomerius

text: feast day

text: bishop

text: Photiki

text: Old Epira

text: Council of Chalcedon

text: Vandal

text: North Africa

text: Carthage

text: Evagrius the Solitary

text: Macarius of Egypt

text: demon

text: monk

text: Messalian

text: Mesopotamia

text: prayer

text: theoria

text: Gnosticism

text: heretical

text: Love of God

text: untroubled silence

text: Love of God

text: Jacques Paul Migne

text: Patrologia Graecae

text: Sources Chrétiennes

text: Quote : On silence

text: Orthodox America

text: Some quotes

text: Quote : On the perception of God's Love

categories: Saints of Roman Epirus,Saints of medieval Greece,5th-century Byzantine people,Hesychasm,Year of birth unknown,Christian anti-Gnosticism,5th-century Christian saints,5th-century Christian theologians,5th-century deaths

paragraph: Diadochos of Photiki

paragraph: Saint Diadochos of Photiki was a fifth-century ascetic whose works are included in the Philokalia.

paragraph: Scholars have acknowledged his great influence on later Byzantine saints such as Maximos the Confessor, John Climacus, Symeon the New Theologian, and in general the Hesychast movement of the 14th century. He has also had great influence in the West via the work, "On the Contemplative Life" ("De vita contemplativa") of Julian Pomerius (†498).

paragraph: His feast day is commemorated on March 29.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Diadochos was born c. 400 and died sometime before 486. He became bishop of Photiki, a small town in the province of Old Epira, in the northwestern part of present-day Greece. In 451, he took part in the Council of Chalcedon as Bishop of Photiki.

paragraph: He was most likely part of a group of Epiran notables who were captured during a Vandal raid between 467 and 474. The group was later released in North Africa, somewhere around Carthage, from whence all vanished. His exact date and place of death are thus unknown, although it is assumed he died before 486.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Diadochos' writing and ascetic practice were greatly influenced by Evagrius the Solitary (also known as Evagrius Ponticus) and Saint Macarius of Egypt (the Great), incorporating their ideas of "hesychia" (Greek ἡσυχία, "stillness, rest, quiet"), sensible spiritual experience, and the fierceness of the fight against the demons.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:The Hundred Chapters.

paragraph: In all his work, Diadochos appears as a true champion of the doctrine of Chalcedon. In fact, his best-known work, "On Spiritual Knowledge and Discrimination" (known as the "Hundred Chapters" or "Hundred Texts"), was written for his monks in reaction to strange doctrines coming from the heretical Messalian sect in Mesopotamia (also known as Euchites). Some authors have misunderstood the role of Saint Macarius in Mesopotamia and concluded that Diadochos wrote this main work against him. This, however, is not the case, as Macarius' role was merely to salvage from within the Messalian heresy those who were there by chance or just misled by the ambiguous discourses of the unorthodox doctrine.

paragraph: In the "100 Chapters", Diadochos shows himself as a bishop worried about the orthodoxy of his flock and as a clear actor in the spiritual fights of his time. Also, Chapters 13 and 91 of his work show readers a real Christian man of prayer, united to God, discovering the "life in Christ" and wanting to share its goodness with his readers.

paragraph: Sometimes, this work has been referred to as the "Gnostic Chapters"; however, this can be misleading, as "Gnostic" in this case refers to theoria (the knowledge of God), relating to its Biblical usage, and not to the early Christian sects of Gnosticism, which are considered heretical by Orthodox Christians.

paragraph: Quote from Chapters 11 & 12:

paragraph: Spiritual discourse always keeps the soul free from self-esteem, for it gives every part of the soul a sense of light, so that it no longer needs the praise of men. In the same way, such discourse keeps the mind free from fantasy, infusing it completely with the Love of God. Discourse deriving from the wisdom of this world, on the other hand, always provokes self-esteem; because it is incapable of granting us the experience of spiritual perception, it inspires its practitioners with a longing for praise, it being nothing but the fabrication of conceited men. It follows, therefore, that we can know with certainty when we are in the proper state to speak about God if during the hours when we do not speak we maintain a fervent remembrance of God in untroubled silence.

paragraph: Whoever loves himself cannot love God; but if, because of 'the overflowing richness' of God's love, a man does not love himself, then he truly loves God (Ephes. 2,7). Such a man never seeks his own glory, but seeks the glory of God. The man who loves himself seeks his own glory, whereas he who loves God loves the glory of his Creator. It is characteristic of the soul which consciously senses the Love of God always to seek God's glory in every Commandment it performs and to be happy in its low estate. For glory befits God because of His majesty, while lowliness befits man because it unites us with God. If we realize this, rejoicing in the glory of the Lord, we too, like Saint John the Baptist, will begin to say unceasingly, 'He must increase, but we must decrease.'

paragraph: An English translation of this work can be found in Vol. I of "The Philokalia: The Complete Text".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques Paul Migne, "Patrologia Graecae"

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. des Places, "Diadoque de Photicé" ("Sources Chrétiennes" 5: 2nd edition, reprinted with additions, Paris, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Following the Footsteps of the Invisible: The Complete Works of Diadochus of Photike". Tr. by Cliff Ermatinger. Collegeville (MN), 2010 (Cistercian Studies - Cistercian Publications).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quote : On silence (Orthodox America)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some quotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quote : On the perception of God's Love (Greek Orthodox Metropolis of San Francisco)

description: Byzantine saint

wikidata_label: Diadochos of Photiki

wikipedia_title: Diadochos of Photiki


text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Rui

text: Commandery

text: Wuji County

text: Hebei

text: Western Han dynasty

text: Xin dynasty

text: Shangcai County

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Zhang

text: Zhengding County

text: xiaolian

text: Quliang County

text: end of the Eastern Han dynasty

text: Emperor Ling

text: Emperor Xian

text: Yuan Xi

text: Yuan Shao

text: You Province

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Yuan Tan

text: Yuan Shang

text: Battle of Ye

text: Cao Pi

text: Wuhuan

text: Battle of White Wolf Mountain

text: Liaodong

text: Gongsun Kang

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Yellow Emperor

text: Cao Cao

text: Ma Chao

text: Han Sui

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Lady Bian

text: Mengjin County

text: Henan

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: filial piety

text: Sun Quan

text: Battle of Ruxu

text: Cao Cao

text: vassal

text: Cao Pi

text: Emperor Xian

text: Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Guo Nüwang

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: forcing her to take her own life

text: Han Jin Chunqiu

text: rice husk

text: Luoyang

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Zhi

text: A New Account of the Tales of the World

text: Battle of Ye

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: Cao Wei

text: posthumous title

text: Guo Nüwang

text: Weilüe

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen Shou

text: Pei Songzhi

text: annotated

text: Wang Chen

text: Xun Yi

text: Ruan Ji

text: Weilüe

text: Yu Huan

text: filial piety

text: Lady Bian

text: Xi Zuochi

text: Cao Zhi

text: Tang dynasty

text: Wen Xuan

text: The poem

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: God of River Lok

text: TVB

text: Cao Zhi

text: Where the Legend Begins

text: Ada Choi

text: Legend of Goddess Luo

text: Li Yixiao

text: Cao Wei family trees#Lady Zhen

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Yuan Shao and associates,People from Shijiazhuang,183 births,2nd-century women,Cao Cao and associates,Forced suicides of Chinese people,3rd-century women,People executed by Cao Wei,Executed Cao Wei people,Chinese royalty who committed suicide,221 deaths

paragraph: Lady Zhen

paragraph: Lady Zhen (26 January 183 – 4 August 221), personal name unknown, was the first wife of Cao Pi, the first ruler of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. In 226, she was posthumously honoured as Empress Wenzhao when her son, Cao Rui, succeeded Cao Pi as the emperor of Wei.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lady Zhen was from Wuji County (無極縣), Zhongshan Commandery (中山郡), which is in present-day Wuji County, Hebei. She was a descendant of Zhen Han (甄邯), who served as a Grand Protector (太保) in the late Western Han dynasty and later the General-in-Chief (大將軍) during the short-lived Xin dynasty. Her father, Zhen Yi (甄逸), served as the Prefect of Shangcai County in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He died when Lady Zhen was about three years old. Lady Zhen's mother, whose maiden family name was Zhang (張), was from Changshan Commandery (常山郡; around present-day Zhengding County, Hebei). Lady Zhen's parents had three sons and five daughters: eldest son Zhen Yu (甄豫), who died early; second son Zhen Yan (甄儼), who became a "xiaolian" and later served as an assistant to the General-in-Chief and as the Chief of Quliang County; third son Zhen Yao (甄堯), who was also a "xiaolian"; eldest daughter Zhen Jiang (甄姜); second daughter Zhen Tuo (甄脫); third daughter Zhen Dao (甄道); fourth daughter Zhen Rong (甄榮). Lady Zhen was the youngest of the five daughters.

paragraph: Zhen Yi once brought his children to meet Liu Liang (劉良), a fortune teller, who commented on Lady Zhen, "This girl will become very noble in the future." Unlike many children of her age, the young Lady Zhen did not enjoy playing. Once, when she was eight years old, her sisters went to the balcony to watch a group of horse-riding performers outside their house but Lady Zhen did not join in. Her sisters were puzzled so they asked her, and she responded, "Is this something a girl should watch?" When she was nine years old, she became interested in scholarly arts and started reading books and using her brothers' writing materials. Her brothers told her, "You should be learning what women traditionally do (such as weaving). When you picked up reading, were you thinking of becoming a female academician?" Lady Zhen replied, "I heard that virtuous women in history learnt from the successes and failures of those who lived before them. If they didn't read, how did they learn all that?"

paragraph: Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, after the death of Emperor Ling, China entered a chaotic period because the central government's authority weakened, and regional officials and warlords started fighting each other in a bid to gain supremacy. The common people suffered from poverty and hunger, and many wealthy households who owned expensive items such as jewellery offered to sell these valuables in return for food. Lady Zhen's family had large stockpiles of grain, and they planned to take advantage of the situation to sell their grain in exchange for valuable items. Lady Zhen, who about 10 years old at the time, said to her mother, "It's not wrong to own expensive items, but in this chaotic era, owning such items has become a wrongdoing. Our neighbours are suffering from hunger, so why don't we distribute our surplus grain to our fellow townsfolk? This is an act of graciousness and kindness." Her family praised her for her suggestion and heeded her advice.

paragraph: When Lady Zhen was 14, her second brother Zhen Yan (甄儼) died, and she was deeply grieved. She continued to show respect towards Zhen Yan's widow, and even helped to raise Zhen Yan's son. Lady Zhen's mother was particularly strict towards her daughters-in-law and treated them harshly. Lady Zhen told her mother, "It's unfortunate that Second Brother died early. Second Sister-in-Law became widowed at such a young age and she's now left with only her son. You should treat your daughters-in-law better and love them as you would love your own daughters." Lady Zhen's mother was so deeply touched that she cried, and she started treating her daughters-in-law better and allowed them to accompany and wait on her.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages to Yuan Xi and Cao Pi.

paragraph: Sometime in the middle of the Jian'an era (196–220) of the reign of Emperor Xian, Lady Zhen married Yuan Xi, the second son of Yuan Shao, a warlord who controlled much of northern China. Yuan Shao later put Yuan Xi in charge of You Province, so Yuan Xi left to assume his appointment. Lady Zhen did not follow her husband and remained in Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei), the administrative centre of Yuan Shao's domain, to take care of her mother-in-law.

paragraph: Yuan Shao lost to his rival, Cao Cao, at the Battle of Guandu in 200 CE and died two years later. After his death, his sons Yuan Tan and Yuan Shang became embroiled in internecine struggles over their father's vast domain. When the Yuan brothers were exhausted from their wars against each other, Cao Cao attacked and defeated them, swiftly conquering the territories that used to be controlled by the Yuans. In 204, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shang at the Battle of Ye and his forces occupied the city. Cao Cao's son, Cao Pi, entered Yuan Shao's residence and met Lady Liu (Yuan Shao's widow) and Lady Zhen. Lady Zhen was so terrified that she buried her face in her mother-in-law's lap. Cao Pi said, "What's going on, Madam Liu? Ask that lady to lift up her head!" Cao Pi was very impressed and entranced by Lady Zhen's beauty when he saw her. His father allowed him to marry her later. Another account of this incident stated that Lady Liu and Lady Zhen were in Yuan Shang's residence when Cao Pi entered. Lady Zhen's hair was dishevelled and she was crying behind her mother-in-law. When Cao Pi asked, Lady Liu told him the woman behind her was Yuan Xi's wife. Cao Pi was so entranced by Lady Zhen's beauty that he married her and treated her well. Yuan Xi was still alive at the time. Yuan Shang came to join him after his defeat by Cao Cao. In 207, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Xi, Yuan Shang and their Wuhuan allies at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain, after which they fled to Liaodong to join the warlord Gongsun Kang. Gongsun Kang feared that they would become a threat to him, so he lured them into a trap, executed them, and sent their heads to Cao Cao.

paragraph: Section::::As Cao Pi's wife.

paragraph: Lady Zhen bore Cao Pi a son and a daughter. Their son, Cao Rui, later became the second emperor of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Their daughter, whose personal name was not recorded in history, was referred to as "Princess Dongxiang" (東鄉公主; literally "Princess of the East District") in historical records. Lady Zhen remained humble even though Cao Pi deeply fancied her. She provided encouragement to Cao Pi's other wives who were also adored by him, and comforted those whom he less favoured. She also often urged Cao Pi to take more concubines so that he would have more descendants, citing the example of the mythical Yellow Emperor. Cao Pi was very pleased. Once, Cao Pi wanted to send Lady Ren (任氏), one of his concubines who fell out favour with him, back to her family – which meant that he was divorcing her. When Lady Zhen heard about it, she told her husband, "Lady Ren comes from a reputable clan. I can't match her in terms of moral character and looks. Why do you want to send her away?" Cao Pi replied, "She is unruly, impulsive and disobedient. She has made me angry many times before. I'm sending her away." Lady Zhen wept and pleaded with her husband, "Everyone knows that you love and adore me, and they'll think that you're sending Lady Ren away because of me. I fear that I'll be ridiculed and accused of abusing your favour towards me. Please consider your decision again carefully." Cao Pi ignored her and sent Lady Ren away.

paragraph: In 211, Cao Cao embarked on a campaign to attack a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui, leading to the Battle of Tong Pass and the subsequent battles. Cao Cao's wife Lady Bian followed her husband and stayed at Meng Ford (孟津; present-day Mengjin County, Henan), while Cao Pi remained in Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei). Lady Bian fell ill during that time. Lady Zhen became worried when she heard about it and she cried day and night. She constantly sent messengers to inquire her mother-in-law's condition, but refused to believe them when they reported that Lady Bian was getting better, and she became filled with greater anxiety. Lady Bian later wrote a letter to her, telling her that she had fully recovered, and only then did Lady Zhen's worries disappear. About a year later, when Lady Bian returned to Ye, Lady Zhen rushed to see her mother-in-law and displayed mixed expressions of sadness and joy. Those who were present were all deeply moved by the scene before them. Lady Bian assured Lady Zhen that her illness was not serious and praised her for her filial piety.

paragraph: In 216, Cao Cao launched another campaign to attack the southeastern warlord Sun Quan, leading to the Battle of Ruxu in 217. Lady Bian, Cao Pi, Cao Rui and Princess Dongxiang all followed Cao Cao on the campaign, but Lady Zhen remained in Ye because she was sick. When Cao Pi and Lady Zhen's children returned to Ye in late 217 after the campaign, Lady Bian's attendants were surprised to see that Lady Zhen was very cheerful. They asked, "Lady, you've not seen your children for about a year. We thought you would miss them and be worried about them, but yet you're so optimistic. Why is that so?" Lady Zhen laughed and replied, "Why should I be worried when (Cao) Rui and the others are with Madam (Lady Bian)?"

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After Cao Cao died in early 220, his vassal king title – "King of Wei" (魏王) – was inherited by Cao Pi. Later that year, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian, whom he paid nominal allegiance to, to abdicate in his favour, effectively ending the Han dynasty. Cao Pi became the emperor and established the state of Cao Wei, which marked the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period. The dethroned Emperor Xian was reduced to the status of a duke – the Duke of Shanyang (山陽公). The former emperor presented his two daughters to Cao Pi to be his concubines. Cao Pi began to favour his other concubines, especially Guo Nüwang. When Lady Zhen realised that Cao Pi favoured her less, she started complaining. Cao Pi was furious when he heard about it. On 4 August 221, he sent an emissary to Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei) to execute Lady Zhen by forcing her to take her own life. Lady Zhen was buried in Ye on 20 March 227.

paragraph: Lady Zhen's downfall was due to Guo Nüwang, whom Cao Pi fancied. One year after Lady Zhen's death, Cao Pi instated Guo as the empress despite opposition from an official, Zhan Qian (棧潛). The historical text "Han Jin Chunqiu" (漢晉春秋) mentioned that Lady Zhen's body was desecrated after her death – her face was covered by her hair and rice husks were stuffed into her mouth. Cao Rui was raised by Guo Nüwang after Lady Zhen's death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Alternative account of Lady Zhen's death.

paragraph: The "Wei Shu" (魏書) mentioned that Cao Pi issued an edict to Lady Zhen, asking her to move to the newly constructed Changqiu Palace (長秋宮) in Luoyang. Lady Zhen declined humbly, stating that she felt that she was not capable enough to manage the imperial harem, and also because she was ill. Cao Pi then consecutively sent another two edicts but Lady Zhen rejected both. It was around summer at the time. Cao Pi intended to fetch Lady Zhen from Ye to Luoyang in autumn, when the weather was cooler. However, Lady Zhen died of illness in Ye a few months later. Cao Pi mourned her death and posthumously elevated her to the status of an empress.

paragraph: Pei Songzhi, who added the "Wei Shu" account to Lady Zhen's biography in the "Sanguozhi", found the account dubious. He believed that there were specific reasons as to why Cao Pi did not instate Lady Zhen as the empress after he became the emperor, and why he forced her to commit suicide. He suspected that Lady Zhen had probably committed an offence, which was not recorded in the official histories of the Cao Wei state.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Alternative theories on Lady Zhen's death.

paragraph: Many popular stories speculated that the reason for Lady Zhen's death was that she had a secret affair with Cao Pi's younger brother, Cao Zhi, even though this speculation is not supported by evidence and is improbable. Some more fantastical accounts alleged that she had an affair with Cao Cao as well; one example of this can be found in the "A New Account of the Tales of the World", in which Cao Cao started the Battle of Ye in 204 to obtain Lady Zhen.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous honours.

paragraph: Cao Pi died on 29 June 226 and was succeeded by Cao Rui, who became the second ruler of Cao Wei. On 25 July 226, Cao Rui granted his mother the posthumous title "Empress Wenzhao", which literally means "cultured and diligent empress". Lady Zhen's family and relatives also received noble titles.

paragraph: The historical text "Han Jin Chunqiu" mentioned that Cao Rui had all along been aware of his mother's fate, and he was angry and sad about it. After he became emperor, his stepmother Guo Nüwang became the empress dowager. When he asked her about how his mother died, Guo replied, "The Late Emperor was the one who ordered her death, so why are you asking me? You're your father's son so you can blame your dead father. Are you going to kill your stepmother for your real mother?" Cao Rui turned furious and forced Empress Dowager Guo to commit suicide. He had her buried with the funeral rites befitting that of an empress, but also ordered her dead body to be treated in the same manner as she did to his mother – hair covering face, mouth stuffed with rice husks. However, the historical text "Weilüe" stated that after Empress Dowager Guo died of illness in 235, Cao Pi's concubine Lady Li (李夫人) told Cao Rui about the fate of his mother. Cao Rui was deeply grieved and he ordered Guo's dead body to be treated in the same manner as she did to his mother.

paragraph: Section::::Reliability of alternative historical sources on Lady Zhen's life.

paragraph: The authoritative historical source on Lady Zhen's life is the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi"), which was written by Chen Shou in the third century. In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the "Sanguozhi" by incorporating information from other texts and adding his personal commentary. Some sources used in the annotations include: "Wei Shu" ("Book of Wei"), by Wang Chen, Xun Yi and Ruan Ji; "Weilüe" ("Brief History of Wei"), by Yu Huan. The original version of Lady Zhen's biography in the "Sanguozhi" did not contain the anecdotes about Zhen's excellent moral conduct, such as her care for her family members, her filial piety towards her mother-in-law Lady Bian, her tolerance of Cao Pi's other wives, etc. These accounts, which were mostly documented in the "Wei Shu" and the "Weilüe", were later added to the "Sanguozhi" by Pei Songzhi. In his commentary, Pei cast doubts on the anecdotes relating to the "virtuous deeds" of Lady Zhen and other noble ladies of Wei, because it was difficult to verify whether they were true or not due to a dearth of alternative sources. The "Wei Shu" and the "Weilüe" were among the official histories of Wei, so they were likely to be biased towards Lady Zhen, hence some of those anecdotes might have been fabricated by Wei historians to promote a positive image of Lady Zhen. Pei remarked that Chen Shou had done well in omitting the questionable information when he first compiled the "Sanguozhi".

paragraph: Section::::Personal name.

paragraph: Lady Zhen's personal name was not recorded in any surviving historical text. All near-contemporary sources, such as Chen Shou's "Sanguozhi" and Xi Zuochi's "Han Jin Chunqiu", refer to her as "Lady Zhen" (甄氏), "Madam Zhen" (甄夫人), "Empress Zhen" (甄后), or simply "(the) Empress" (后).

paragraph: The attachment of the names "Fu" () and "Luo" () to Lady Zhen came about due to the legend of a romance between her and Cao Zhi, which Robert Joe Cutter, a specialist in research on Cao Zhi, concludes to be "a piece of anecdotal fiction inspired by the ["Luo Shen Fu" (洛神賦; "Rhapsody on the Goddess of the Luo")] and taking advantage of the possibilities inherent in a triangle involving a beautiful lady, an emperor, and his romanticised brother."

paragraph: A tradition dating back to at least as far as an undated, anonymous note edited into the Tang dynasty writer Li Shan's annotated "Wen Xuan" had Cao Zhi meeting the ghost of the recently deceased Empress Zhen, and writing a poem originally titled "Gan Zhen Fu" (感甄賦; "Rhapsody on Being Moved by Lady Zhen"). Afterwards, Cao Rui found this poem about his uncle's love for his mother, and changed the title to "Luo Shen Fu" (洛神賦), which could be translated as "Rhapsody on the Goddess of the Luo" or "Rhapsody on the Divine Luo", this second interpretation presumably referencing Lady Zhen's personal name, Luo. If true, this would be a forename unique to early China, as the Chinese character '洛' has been a toponym since it entered the language.

paragraph: The poem contains references to the spirit of the Luo River, named Consort Fu (宓妃), interpreted as a proxy for Empress Zhen by those who believed in Cao Zhi's infatuation with her. This interpretation becomes less allusive if Empress Zhen's personal name was actually "Fu".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Lady Zhen is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. She is referred to as "Zhen Ji" (literally means "Consort Zhen" or "Lady Zhen" in Chinese) in the games. Though like every female character in the franchise, her name will be written Zhenji from "Dynasty Warriors Next" and "Warriors Orochi 3" onward.

paragraph: Miu Kam-fung portrayed Zhen Fu (Lady Zhen) in the 1975 Hong Kong television series "God of River Lok" produced by TVB, which features the romance between Lady Zhen and Cao Zhi. In 2002, TVB produced a similar television series titled "Where the Legend Begins", starring Ada Choi as Lady Zhen. There is also a 2013 Chinese television series "Legend of Goddess Luo" (新洛神) produced by Huace Film and TV, starring Li Yixiao as Lady Zhen.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cao Wei family trees#Lady Zhen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Cao Wei noble lady

wikidata_label: Lady Zhen

wikipedia_title: Lady Zhen


text: Bishop of Salisbury

text: archdeacon of Berkshire

text: diocese of Salisbury

text: Dean of Wells

text: bishop

text: De Vaux College

text: niche 169

text: Salisbury Cathedral

categories: 13th-century English people,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Year of birth unknown,Bishops of Salisbury,Deans of Wells,1262 deaths,Archdeacons of Berkshire

paragraph: Giles of Bridport

paragraph: Giles of Bridport was a medieval Bishop of Salisbury.

paragraph: Giles was archdeacon of Berkshire in the diocese of Salisbury as well as Dean of Wells before he was elected bishop between 13 February and 15 April 1256 and consecrated on 11 March 1257. He died in December 1262, probably on the 13th. He founded De Vaux College in 1262 and he may have been the brother of Simon de Bridport, who was treasurer of the diocese of Salisbury. He is commemorated by a statue in niche 169 on the west front of Salisbury Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007

description: Bishop of Salisbury

wikidata_label: Giles of Bridport

wikipedia_title: Giles of Bridport


text:
Billboard
Billboard Dance Club Songs
Robert Eibach
David Longoria
Billboard Dance Club Songs

categories: American dance musicians,1999 births,21st-century American musicians,American female songwriters,American songwriters,21st-century women musicians,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Ani (recording artist)

paragraph: Ani is an American Billboard top 40 recording artist and songwriter. Her first single, "Dance The Night Away", debuted on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart at #50 on July 7, 2018, and reached its peak at #33 on July 28, 2018. It spent a total of seven weeks on the chart. "Dance The Night Away," written by Ani, Robert Eibach and David Longoria featured remixes by producer Robert Eibach, ChudaBeats, HuDanz, DJ Chris Z and hi5. She is currently working on her debut album in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ani was born on June 8, 1999, in Guatemala and raised in Maui, Hawaii before moving to Los Angeles to pursue music.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dance The Night Away" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Chart Success.

paragraph: "Dance The Night Away" debuted on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart at #50 on July 7, 2018 and reached its peak #33 on July 28, 2018. As of September 1, 2018, it was #28 on the Starfleet Music Dance Songs chart.

description: singer songwriter

wikidata_label: Ani

wikipedia_title: Ani (recording artist)