text:
printer
Nuremberg
Berg & Neuber
Johann vom Berg
Ulrich Neuber
music prints
copyright
Orlando di Lasso

categories: 16th-century printers,People from Nuremberg,16th-century German businesspeople,German printers,1592 deaths,Women printers

paragraph: Katharina Gerlachin

paragraph: Katharina Gerlachin (also "Gerlach", b. c. 1520, d. 1592) was a German printer in Nuremberg. She acted as director of the Berg & Neuber printing house, founded c. 1542 by her husband Johann vom Berg and Ulrich Neuber, from 1564 until her death.

paragraph: Born Katharina Bischoff, she married one Nicolas Schmid in 1536. She had a daughter named Katharina in 1539, and after her first husband's death in 1540, as "Catherina Schmidin", she married Johann vom Berg in 1541. The birth of a daughter, Veronica, is recorded for 1545.

paragraph: After vom Berg's death in 1563 she married his junior partner Dietrich Gerlach (d. 1575).

paragraph: From 1564 until 1568, the company's prints appeared under the name of Gerlach & Neuber. In 1568, Neuber dissolved the partnership and opened his own shop. After her third husband's death in 1575, she continued to sign as printer until her death in 1592. Ownership of the printing workshop passed to her grandson Paul Kauffmann in 1601.

paragraph: Her printing house is notable for producing numerous early music prints.

paragraph: In 1582, she was sued by the Berg printers of Munich over copyright (in the terminology of the time, "privilege") of a work by Orlando di Lasso.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Jackson, "Berg and Neuber: Music Printers in Sixteenth Century Nuremberg", 2 vols, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Jackson, 'Who is Katherine? The Women of the Berg & Neuber - Gerlach - Kaufmann Printing Dynasty', "Yearbook of the Alamire Foundation" 2 (1995), 451-463.

description: German typographer

wikidata_label: Katharina Gerlach

wikipedia_title: Katharina Gerlachin


text: South Australian House of Assembly

text: Northern Territory

text: Supreme Court of the Northern Territory

text: Mount Barker

text: South Australia

text: Adelaide

text: Mount Gambier

text: Melrose

text: Port Augusta

text: auctioneer

text: Corporate Town of Port Augusta

text: draper

text: Henry Edward Downer

text: University of Adelaide

text: Mayor

text: Port Augusta

text: Northern Territory

text: Attorney-General

text: Stipendiary Magistrate

text: Renmark

text: Millencourt Cemetery

text: France

text: Roma Mitchell

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Governor of South Australia

text: women's rights

categories: Australian auctioneers,People from the Northern Territory,Government Resident of the Northern Territory,People from Mount Barker, South Australia,Members of the South Australian House of Assembly,1926 deaths,1852 births,Judges of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory

paragraph: Samuel James Mitchell

paragraph: Samuel James Mitchell (11 May 1852 – 3 October 1926) was an Australian politician and judge. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1910, representing the Northern Territory. He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory and the inaugural judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory from 1910 to 1912. He returned to South Australia after 1912, serving as a judge in various capacities until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mitchell was born near Mount Barker in South Australia. He was educated at RC Mittons Grammar school in Adelaide.

paragraph: He worked at Mount Gambier and Melrose before moving to Port Augusta in 1871 and working as an auctioneer.

paragraph: He was a Corporate Town of Port Augusta councillor and served as its mayor for two years before returning to Adelaide and working as a draper. He married Eliza Ann Gardner on 15 September 1875.

paragraph: Section::::Legal life.

paragraph: He became an article clerk for Henry Edward Downer in 1885. Samuel Mitchell graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1890 and was admitted to the Bar and practised with Paris Nesbit QC and later Robert Ingleby QC.

paragraph: Section::::Political life.

paragraph: He was Mayor of Port Augusta for 2 years.

paragraph: He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1900, but in 1901 won the House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory. He was re-elected in 1902 and 1906 and was Attorney-General for 6 months from June 1909.

paragraph: Section::::As Northern Territory Judge.

paragraph: In 1910 with the transfer of the Northern Territory to Commonwealth control, he resigned to become the Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge. In 1911 he helped to effect the transfer of control to the Commonwealth.

paragraph: He remained Acting Administrator and Judge but resigned in 1912 after the Federal authorities would not make his appointment for life.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He returned to South Australia and became a Stipendiary Magistrate and in 1916 transferred to the Adelaide Police Court. He was the first South Australian Judge of Insolvency from 1918 to 1926 and a Stipendiary Magistrate of the Adelaide Local Court and Taxation Appeal Court.

paragraph: Section::::Children and grandchildren with legal careers.

paragraph: His son Harold, born 11 August 1885, practised law for a short time in Renmark before joining the AIF. Lieutenant Mitchell died on 5 April 1918 and was buried at Millencourt Cemetery in France.

paragraph: Dame Roma Mitchell, his grand daughter, born 2 October 1913 was Australia's first female Queen's Counsel in 1962 and first female Judge in 1965. She later became Governor of South Australia in 1990, and is regarded as a pioneer of women's rights.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northern Territory Supreme Court profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Dame Roma Mitchell (his grand daughter), with references to him

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Patron Dame Roma Mitchell (his grand daughter), with references to him

description: Australian judge and politician

wikidata_label: Samuel Mitchell

wikipedia_title: Samuel James Mitchell


text:
fl.
1124
1172
Kingdom of Bréifne
Uí Briúin
Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair
Connacht
High King of Ireland
Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair
Diarmait Mac Murchada
Leinster
Marcher Lords
Norman invasion of Ireland
Bréifne
Mac Carthaigh's Book
Annals of the Four Masters
Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair
Annals of Ulster
Annals of Tigernach
Archbishop of Armagh
Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair
Ruaidhri
Meath
Diarmait Mac Murchada
Derbforgaill
Mac Murchada
Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair
Annals of the Four Masters
Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair
Diarmait Ua Mealseachlainn
Meath
Henry II of England
Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
Robert Fitz Stephen
Hervey de Montmorency
Raymond le Gros
Strongbow
Annals of Tigernach
Miles De Cogan
Henry II
Giraldus Cambrensis
Cambro-Norman
Hugh de Lacy
Maurice FitzGerald
Henry II
Annals of Tigernach
Strongbow
Annals of the Four Masters
Lord of Ireland
Lordship of Meath
Donnchad Ua Cerbaill
Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair
Irish nobility
Irish Royal Families
Kingdom of Breifne
Kingdom of Mide

categories: People from County Cavan,1172 deaths,People from County Leitrim,Assassinated Irish politicians,Ancient Irish dynasties,12th-century Irish people,Year of birth unknown,Murdered royalty,12th-century Irish monarchs

paragraph: Tigernán Ua Ruairc

paragraph: Tighearnán Mór Ua Ruairc (older spelling: Tigernán Mór Ua Ruairc), anglicised as Tiernan O'Rourke (fl. 1124–1172) ruled the Kingdom of Bréifne as the 19th king in its Ua Ruairc (later O'Rourke) dynasty (964–1605 CE), a branch of the Uí Briúin. He was a descendant of Ui Riagain, and one of the provincial kings in Ireland in the twelfth century, constantly expanding his kingdom through shifting alliances, of which the most long-standing was with Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair King of Connacht and High King of Ireland, and subsequently his son and successor Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair. He is known for his role in the expulsion of Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster, from Ireland in 1166. Mac Murchada's subsequent recruitment of Marcher Lords to assist him in the recovery of his Kingdom of Leinster ultimately led to the Norman invasion of Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Ua Ruairc may have ruled Bréifne as early as 1124, as indicated in Mac Carthaigh's Book and the Annals of the Four Masters, the former indicating he allied at the time with the kings of Meath and Leinster against Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair. However the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach do not mention him until 1128, where they record his robbing and killing of some of the Archbishop of Armagh's company, the former calling it 'A detestable and unprecedented deed of evil consequence'.

paragraph: He appears to have carried out a number of raids into other territories in 1130s and in 1143 assisted Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair in the capture of his son Ruaidhri. In 1144 he was given half of East Meath, with the other half going to Diarmait Mac Murchada, king of Leinster, by Ua Choncobair. Both Ua Ruairc and Mac Murchadh joined the High King in a raid into Munster in 1151.

paragraph: Section::::Abduction of Derbforgaill and Norman Invasion of Ireland.

paragraph: In 1152, Ua Ruairc's wife, Derbforgaill, was abducted along with her cattle and material wealth by Mac Murchada, who made a hosting into Ua Ruairc's territory aided by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair. Although the Annals of the Four Masters state that Derbforgaill returned to Ua Ruairc the following year, the matter may not have ended there. In 1166, Mac Murchada was driven from Leinster by Ua Ruairc, Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair, who had succeeded his father as king of Connacht and High King of Ireland, and Diarmait Ua Mealseachlainn, King of Meath. Despite the fourteen-year gap between Derbforgaill's abduction and Mac Murchada's expulsion from Leinster, several sources attribute Ua Ruairc's role in Mac Murchada's expulsion to a desire for revenge for the kidknapping of Derbforgaill.

paragraph: Mac Murchadh fled to the court of Henry II of England in Aquitaine, where he asked Henry for help in regaining his territory in Leinster. Henry agreed to allow Mac Murchada to recruit mercenary soldiers from amongst his subjects. He ultimately persuaded Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as Strongbow, to assist him, promising the inheritance of Leinster in return. He initially returned to Leinster in 1167 with a small band of Norman knights and was defeated by Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair, Ua Ruairc and Ua Maelseachlainn. On this occasion he was allowed to remain in Ireland, but was forced to pay one hundred ounces of gold to Ua Ruairc for the kidnapping of Derbforgaill and submit and give hostages to Ruaidhri.Thus proving under Brehon law that the abduction of his wife was unlawful. It wasn't until the arrival of Robert Fitz Stephen, Hervey de Montmorency, Raymond le Gros and eventually Strongbow himself that Mac Murchada met with success.

paragraph: Ua Ruairc had his territories in Meath plundered by Mac Murchada and Strongbow in 1170. In response, the Annals of Tigernach state that he persuaded Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair to execute hostages he had taken from Mac Murchada the previous year. In 1171 he joined Ruaidhri in an unsuccessful siege of Dublin, which had by then been captured by Mac Murchada and Strongbow. He raided the territory around Dublin later in the year, unsuccessfully engaging the Normans stationed there under Miles De Cogan. In this engagement, his son, Aodh, was killed.

paragraph: According to Giraldus Cambrensis, Ua Ruairc was one of the Kings of Ireland who submitted allegiance to Henry II after his arrival to assert control over Strongbow in 1171.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: According to Giraldus Cambrensis, Ua Ruairc was killed by a Cambro-Norman knight named Griffin FitzWilliam, acting in defence of Hugh de Lacy and Maurice FitzGerald, whom Giraldus claims Ua Ruairc attempted to kill after failed negotiations. This occurred shortly after the departure of Henry II from Ireland. However, the Annals of Tigernach indicate that he was betrayed and killed by Eoan Mer, Richard de Clare the Younger, a son of Strongbow, and Domhnall, a son of Annach Ua Ruairc in 1172. The Annals of the Four Masters, which claims that his death was at the hands of de Lacy and Domhnall states that he was 'a man of great power for a long time'. Prior to his departure, Henry, in his capacity as Lord of Ireland, granted the Lordship of Meath to de Lacy in 1172.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Via his mother, Ua Ruairc was a half-brother of Donnchad Ua Cerbaill (d. 1168).

paragraph: Ua Ruairc had at least three children, a son Maelseachlainn Ua Ruairc, who was killed in 1162, a son Aodh Ua Ruairc, who was killed attacking Dublin, and a daughter Dubhchoblaigh, who was married to Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish nobility

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish Royal Families

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Breifne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Mide

description: Irish chieftain

wikidata_label: Tigernán Ua Ruairc

wikipedia_title: Tigernán Ua Ruairc


text: South African

text: Mahikeng

text: North West

text: Family Tree Records

text: Tsholofelo

text: Gusheshe

text: Doc Shebeleza

text: Ticketpro Dome

text: Johannesburg

text: Orlando Stadium

text: FNB Stadium

text: Moses Mabhida Stadium

text: Durban

text: eponymous

text: Refiloe

text: The Game

text: DJ Drama

text: Stonebwoy

text: Casey Veggies

text: Thuto

text: kwaito

text: Mafikeng

text: North West

text: Potchefstroom

text: hip-hop

text: motswako

text: Tuks Senganga

text: Hip Hop Pantsula

text: Gusheshe

text: Okmalumkoolkat

text: Family Tree Records

text: Doc Shebeleza

text: kwaito

text: Yvonne Chaka Chaka

text: Tsholofelo

text: iTunes

text: MTV Base

text: Casey Veggies

text: DJ Drama

text: Wizkid

text: Anatii

text: Ticketpro Dome

text: Johannesburg

text: Refiloe

text: Twitter

text: gold

text: Orlando Stadium

text: Soweto

text: Thuto

text: Minister of Finance

text: SARB

text: Tito Mboweni

text: onomatopoeia

text: RiSA

text: FNB Stadium

text: Cîroc

text: SABC 1

text: Budweiser

text: Moses Mabhida Stadium

text: Durban

text: Motsepe Foundation

text: Global Citizen Festival: Mandela 100

text: Beyoncé

text: Jay-Z

text: Ciroc

text: MTN

text: smartphone

text: Shoprite

text: Samsung

text: Coca-Cola

text: KFC

text: Castle Lite

text: Nike

text: Family Tree Records

text: Boitumelo Thulo

text: DRUM

text: AKA

text: Doc Shebeleza

text: Congratulate

text: SABC 1

text: Live Amp

text: Xitsonga

text: cease and desist

text: Tsholofelo

text: Refiloe

text: Thuto

text: Sweet and Short

categories: People from Mahikeng,South African record producers,1990 births,South African rappers,Living people

paragraph: Cassper Nyovest

paragraph: Refiloe Maele Phoolo (born 16 December 1990), commonly known as Cassper Nyovest, is a South African rapper, songwriter, entrepreneur and record producer.Born and raised in Mahikeng, North West, he is regarded as one of the most successful artists in South Africa. In 2014, he established his own record label, Family Tree Records. Nyovest rose to fame with the release of his debut studio album, Tsholofelo (2014) which produced the successful singles "Gusheshe" and "Doc Shebeleza".

paragraph: With his success of selling out tickets for his concert, "Fill Up The Dome" (2015) which was held at Ticketpro Dome in Johannesburg. The success of the event pursued Nyovest with the affix "Fill Up" to instigate more concerts in different stadiums annually, including Orlando Stadium (2016) and FNB Stadium (2017), also both in Johannesburg, and Moses Mabhida Stadium (2018) in Durban.

paragraph: Nyovest released his eponymous studio album, Refiloe, released in October 31, 2015, at his "Fill Up The Dome" concert. The album collaborates with several international artists including The Game, DJ Drama, Stonebwoy and Casey Veggies. He followed his success with his critically acclaimed third album "Thuto" (2017) and his kwaito-focused fourth studio album, "Sweet and Short" (2018).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Refiloe Maele Phoolo was born on December 16, 1991 in Mafikeng, a borough of North West, to Muzuki and Letsebela Phoolo. Nyovest has a sister Tsholofelo Phoolo, and his late brother, Khotso Phoolo who passed on in 2003. He attended the Sol Plaatjie Secondary School where he was an athlete and partook in various sports. Nyovest started rapping at the age of 12. In 2006, he failed his Grade 10 exams which led him moving to his grandmother's house in Potchefstroom. Therefore, in 2007, he decided to drop out of high school at the age of 16.

paragraph: In 2008, Nyovest relocated to Johannesburg to pursue a career in music as a rapper and producer, after telling his parents he would rather chase his dream, which he believed would work out, rather than playing it safe and regretting it his whole life.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:2004–2014: Beginnings and "Tsholofelo".

paragraph: In 2004, Nyovest formed a hip-hop group "Childhood Gangsta" with his friends while he was 13. He then left to join his following group, "Slow Motion" which had eight members including record producer, Aashish Gangaram of Ganja Beatz. After dropping out of school, Nyovest signed with motswako record label Impact Sounds, which also signed artists including Tuks Senganga and Morafe in 2006, but the relationship between Nyovest and Impact Sounds soured because of creative differences. In 2008, both parties separated making Nyovest an independent artist that time.

paragraph: Nyovest moved back home, and created his own record label. Before establishing his label, Nyovest was discovered by late rapper Hip Hop Pantsula while performing, and he featured Nyovest on his song "Wamo Tseba Mtho".

paragraph: Nyovest released his debut single, "Gusheshe", featuring Okmalumkoolkat, in 2013, and in 2014 then established his record label, Family Tree Records. His second single, "Doc Shebeleza", was released that year, named for kwaito artist Doc Shebeleza. The song received positive reviews from the public and was praised by notable acts including singer Yvonne Chaka Chaka.

paragraph: On July 18, 2014, Nyovest released his debut album "Tsholofelo" named after his sister. The album was an outstanding success, peaking number 1 on the iTunes "SA" album chart for 2 consecutive months (July and August). In October 2014, Nyovest was ranked no. 1 on the MTV Base show, The Hottest MC in Africa, and was ranked no. 2 on that same year.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:2015–2016: "Refiloe".

paragraph: With the success of "Tsholofelo", Nyovest released the platinum edition of the album with new songs added and collaborations with Casey Veggies, DJ Drama, Wizkid and Anatii. The platinum edition was released on April 17, 2015 with a limit of 10,000 copies printed.

paragraph: On the third quarter of 2015, Nyovest announced that he was planning to headline a concert at "Ticketpro Dome", Johannesburg on October 31, 2015 called "Fill Up The Dome". He quoted, "I want to fill the dome, which currently accommodates up to 20,000 people ... to its full capacity". He also mentioned that his second album "Refiloe" will be released on the day of the event.

paragraph: On August 14, 2015, Nyovest released Mama I Made It "(#MIMI)", which is the lead single from his second album and one of the promoting songs for "Fill Up The Dome". Nyovest managed to sell out tickets for his event as he announced in October 25, 2015, on his Twitter account. On the day of the event, ticket buyers received a complimentary copy of the "Refiloe" album. The action resulted the album being certified gold on that day. The album was then certified platinum for shipments in excess of 40,000 copies domestically.

paragraph: Nyovest also announced his second same affix event "Fill Up Orlando Stadium" at Orlando Stadium, Soweto in Johannesburg on October 29, 2016. The event was a success as there was a total of 40,000 (stadium's capacity) attendance. For both 2015 and 2016, Nyovest was ranked no. 1 on list. He was also ranked no. 1 on the 2016 Hottest Rapper in Africa since 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:2017–present: "Thuto" and "Sweet and Short".

paragraph: On March 4, 2017, Nyovest released the lead single "Tito Mboweni" from his third album Thuto. Named after the South Africa's Minister of Finance and former SARB governer Tito Mboweni, the song commercially trended for its lyric quote, "Shaa Shaa" which is an onomatopoeia for a money note sound.

paragraph: "Thuto" was released in May 5, 2017. It was certified gold by RiSA on the day of its release and was then certified platinum within the following weeks. Nyovest announced his third "Fill Up" event, which was held on November 17, 2017, at the 94,736 capacity stadium, FNB Stadium, Johannesburg. The event was planned to fill only 75,000 of its capacity which was his biggest challenge. Nyovest had some struggles in funding the show, but finally got 3 major sponsors in assisting him: Cîroc SA, SABC 1 and Budweiser. The event didn't sell all it's tickets but was an outstanding success.

paragraph: In 2018, Nyovest released his fourth album "Sweet and Short". The album was certified platinum in it's day of release. Nyovest's following "Fill Up" event venue was at Moses Mabhida Stadium, Durban which was scheduled on 1 December 2018. He managed to sell 68,000 tickets which was a favourable outcome. The following day, Nyovest performed at the Motsepe Foundation presented event, Global Citizen Festival: Mandela 100 headlined by Beyoncé and Jay-Z.

paragraph: Section::::Business ventures.

paragraph: Section::::Business ventures.:Endorsements.

paragraph: Prior to venturing into business, Nyovest garnered several endorsement deals with various companies, notably with vodka brand, "Ciroc" which is one of his biggest endorsement deal in his career so far. Their endorsement began in 2017, when Nyovest displayed in his music video, "Tito Mboweni" several Cîroc bottles. Ciroc then unveiled their deal with Nyovest. In 2015, Nyovest endorsed with MTN and "AG Mobile" in launching a smartphone named, "AG Hashtag" which was inspired and partly designed by him. He also endorsed with other brands including, Shoprite, Samsung "South Africa", Coca-Cola, KFC "SA", Castle Lite and Nike "SA".

paragraph: Section::::Business ventures.:Family Tree Records.

paragraph: As an entrepreneur, Nyovest has founded the Family Tree Records. The record label was established in 2014 after his departure of label, "Impact Soundz".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In July 2015, after months of denying any romantic involvement with each other, Nyovest and actress Boitumelo Thulo finally confirmed in a July issue of "DRUM" that they were dating. The headline on the cover of the magazine implied that the couple was engaged but Nyovest and Thulo later denied this claiming that the magazine used the headline as a ploy to increase sales. The couple broke up in December 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Controversies.:Feuds.

paragraph: In 2014, Nyovest was embroiled in a feud with long-time rival, AKA. As Nyovest claimed his song "Doc Shebeleza" was the biggest song in South African Hip-Hop, AKA who was promoting his new single "Congratulate", showed contradiction when he tweeted, “There's a rapper running around saying he got the biggest song in the country ... I challenge you to find his song in the iTunes Top 100". Thereafter, Nyovest responded with a tweet stating reasons why his song was bigger than AKA's. The argument escalated as both rappers were responding to each other multiple times. In August 2014, the pair were scheduled to both perform on SABC 1 music show, "Live Amp" when a member of AKA's entourage allegedly pulled a gun on Cassper and his team. Further controversy arose in 2015, when Cassper accused AKA of slapping him which led both rappers to release diss tracks. In 2018 when Nyovest was asked about the status of his feud with AKA, he stated the two would never reconcile, which has so far proven true.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Lawsuits and civil disputes.:"Fill Up" trademark.

paragraph: In 2018, Xitsonga musician, Benny Mayengani was to do his concert named, "#FillUpGiyaniStadium". As Mayengeni used a similar affix ("Fill Up"/"#FillUp") as Nyovest, Nyovest then accused Mayengani for using his trademark in a form of sending him a cease and desist letter. Investigation revealed that Nyovest does not yet own the #FillUp trademark and can't take any action.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: Nyovest has been awarded and nominated for various music awards both locally and internationally. His first set of awards were in 2013 when he won four awards at the second edition of the "South Africa Hip Hop Awards" .On the 13th of April, he received a nomination at the 12th Headies Award in Nigeria in the category of Best African Artiste alongside Nasty C, Sarkodie from Ghana, Kenyan group Sauti Sol, and Tanzanian singer Vanessa Mdee.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tsholofelo" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Refiloe" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thuto" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet and Short" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AUDIO: Cassper Nyovest Ft Shwi Nomtekhala – Sponono Sam

paragraph: BULLET::::- VIDEO: Cassper Nyovest – Push Through The Pain

paragraph: BULLET::::- EVENT: Cassper Nyovest speaks on selling out of 68,000 tickets

description: South African rapper

wikidata_label: Cassper Nyovest

wikipedia_title: Cassper Nyovest


text:
President
Upper Volta
Burkina Faso
Upper Voltan Army
Ouagadougou
November 1982 coup d'état
Thomas Sankara
Kaya
French West Africa
Mossi
minor seminary
Pabré
Ouagadougou
University of Abidjan
School of Naval Medicine
Bordeaux
University of Strasbourg
doctor of medicine
sports medicine
Mulhouse
second lieutenant
Upper Voltan Army
major
a military coup
President
Upper Volta
Saye Zerbo
Maurice Yaméogo
Thomas Sankara
Marxists
Siamese twins
non-aligned foreign policy
Mogho Naba
Kougri
was foiled
Ouagadougou Airport
Jamahiriya
Lomé
Accra
Niamey
Bobo-Dioulasso
Ramadan
Guy Penne
President of France
François Mitterrand
Ligue patriotique pour le développement
Blaise Compaoré
Pô
political rehabilitation
Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani
Burkina Faso
West African CFA franc
Geneva
Centre Region
a coup
Gilbert Diendéré

categories: Leaders ousted by a coup,Burkinabé pediatricians,Mossi people,1942 births,Burkinabé revolutionaries,Leaders who took power by coup,Burkinabé politicians,Government ministers of Burkina Faso,University of Strasbourg alumni,Heads of state of Burkina Faso,Burkinabé military personnel,Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny alumni,Living people

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Philippe Ouédraogo (born 30 June 1942), also referred to by his initials JBO, is a Burkinabé physician and retired military officer who served as President of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 8 November 1982 to 4 August 1983. He has since mediated a few national political disputes and operates a clinic in Somgandé.

paragraph: Ouédraogo received his early education in Upper Volta before joining the Upper Voltan Army and studying medicine abroad. After working in healthcare he was appointed chief medical officer of the Ouagadougou military camp. He participated in the November 1982 coup d'état in Upper Volta and shortly thereafter assumed the presidency. More ideologically moderate than most of his comrades, Ouédraogo did not command much popular support and governed the country amid an unstable political climate. A protracted dispute with Prime Minister Thomas Sankara resulted in his removal from power in a coup in August 1983 and imprisonment. He was released in 1985 and resumed medical work. He opened a clinic in Somgandé in 1992, which he still operates. In the 2010s he acted as a mediator between opposing political factions.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo was born on 30 June 1942 in Kaya, French West Africa, to a Mossi family. He started his education at the École Primaire Catholique de Bam, later attending the minor seminary of Pabré before completing his secondary education at the Lycée de Philippe-Zinda-Kaboré de Ouagadougou. He studied medicine at the University of Abidjan and the School of Naval Medicine in Bordeaux, graduating from the latter in 1974. He then took courses at the University of Strasbourg, with a focus in paediatrics. Ouédraogo finished his studies with a doctor of medicine, and degrees in sports medicine and in paediatrics and child welfare.

paragraph: Ouédraogo became the first head of the paediatrics department at the Centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado-Ouédraogo in Ouagadougou, serving there from 1976 until 1977. Afterwards he interned at a hospital in Mulhouse until 1981. He married a school teacher, Bernadette, and had three children with her, all of whom became physicians.

paragraph: Ouédraogo was commissioned as a second lieutenant and medic into the Upper Voltan Army in October 1972. In October 1979 he was promoted to "médicin-commandant" (equivalent to major). Three years later he was appointed chief medical officer of the new Ouagadougou military base, Camp Militaire de Gounghin. On 7 November 1982 Ouédraogo participated in a military coup which ousted President of Upper Volta Saye Zerbo. He and his fellow military officers then formed the Conseil de Salut du Peuple (CSP). Two days later the council elected him President as a compromise choice between the leftist radicals and conservatives. He was the first Mossi head of state since Maurice Yaméogo. According to Ouédraogo, Captain Thomas Sankara was supposed to take power but withdrew at the last minute, leading other officers to choose him to assume the presidency due to his senior rank though, in his words, "against my will". Unlike Sankara, he lacked political experience and popular support, and was quickly regarded by the leftist members of the CSP as conservative and sympathetic to policies of France. Ouédraogo thought of his opponents as "hard-core Marxists" and maintained that he was a "liberal and sincere democrat". Nevertheless, the media viewed Ouédraogo and Sankara as united in goals and dubbed them "Siamese twins". Shortly after taking power, Ouédraogo told the foreign diplomatic corps in Upper Volta that the new government would uphold a non-aligned foreign policy, respect its international agreements, and defend its territory with "intransigence".

paragraph: On 21 November Ouédraogo declared that the CSP would restore a constitutional, civilian regime in two years time. Five days later the CSP installed a formal government. Ouédraogo was the only soldier in the cabinet and, in addition to his role as President, was made Minister of National Defence and Veterans Affairs. On the whole the CSP exercised true control of the government while Ouédraogo served as little more than a figurehead. The freedoms of labour unions and the press, having been restricted under Zerbo's reign, were restored by the new administration. Ouédraogo attended Mogho Naba Kougri's funeral in December and placed a wreath at the Mossi leader's coffin. The CSP elected Sankara as Prime Minister in January 1983, in effect instituting a power counterbalance to Ouédraogo.

paragraph: On 28 February a plot by several army officers to massacre the CSP in assembly and restore Zerbo's regime was foiled when they delayed and were arrested by other officials. One of the leading putschists was a commandant who had been considered for the presidency following the 1982 coup. When questioned about the incident, Ouédraogo told the press, "Since our regime makes many people uneasy, it is quite normal that people should plan this sort of reaction." He publicly declared his determination to "guarantee order and security" and asserted that "the army will not allow itself to be dissuaded by tribal fights and ideologies". He also stated that corruption and fraud in the business community had, in part, facilitated the state of "total anarchy" over which the government presided, and announced that the national administration would be restructured to mitigate the disorder.

paragraph: Meanwhile, as Sankara toured various communist and socialist countries, rumors circulated among the Voltaic population that the CSP would assume a radical leftist approach to governing and expropriate small businesses. In an attempt to alleviate concerns, Ouédraogo told members of the National Council of Voltaic Employers that "private initiative will be maintained...you are the primary motor of the country's economic activity". Sankara concluded his tour with a visit to Libya. A Libyan transport aircraft landed at Ouagadougou Airport shortly after his return, generating rumours of a plot to install a pro-Libya regime in Upper Volta. Ouédraogo assured the populace that it was "a routine visit, a kind of courtesy call and I think that we must not try to see anything beyond that," and stated that "there should be no talk of setting up a Voltaic Jamahiriya". On 26 March Ouédraogo and Sankara held a meeting in the capital, where differences in their beliefs began to emerge. That day the CSP organised a large rally in the city where a moderate speech by Ouédraogo was much less enthusiastically received than Sankara's radical remarks. From 20 to 26 April Ouédraogo and several of his ministers visited Lomé, Togo; Accra, Ghana; and Niamey, Niger.

paragraph: Section::::Military career and presidency.:Dispute with Sankara and overthrow.

paragraph: As his tenure progressed, Ouédraogo found himself unable to reconcile the conservative and radical factions of the CSP, whose disagreements were leading to a political stalemate. On 14 May 1983 the CSP convened in the town of Bobo-Dioulasso. A crowd gathered to hear a message from the council. Sankara spoke until dusk, and the crowd mostly dispersed, its members eager to break their Ramadan fasts. Ouédraogo was in turn left without an audience for his speech, as Sankara seemingly intended in an effort to humiliate him. The following day he met with Guy Penne, a top African affairs adviser of President of France François Mitterrand. On 16 May he purged his government of pro-Libyan and anti-French elements, disbanded the CSP, and had Sankara and several other important officials arrested. Explaining the reasons for the radicals' removal, he said, "It is a problem of ideology...We were following step by step the program of the [Ligue patriotique pour le développement], and that program was to lead us to a communist society." He met again with Penne, who promised his government significant financial aid from France. One officer, Blaise Compaoré, evaded capture and escaped to Sankara's former garrison at Pô where he began to organise resistance. In the following days large demonstrations occurred in Ouagadougou in support of Sankara. Ouédraogo's political position was weak; his left-wing opponents were well organised while he did not have reliable connections with the conservative factions he supposedly represented and could only really count on the support of a handful of his former classmates from the Pabré minor seminary. Realising that the use of force was of little recourse, he sought to resolve the situation by appeasing his adversaries.

paragraph: On 27 May Ouédraogo delivered a speech, promising a quick return to civilian rule and the liberation of political prisoners. He also announced the drafting of a new constitution within six months, to be followed by an election in which he would not participate. He also felt that the increased politicisation of the army was dangerous and compounded the threat of a civil war, so he warned that any soldiers found to be involving themselves in politics would be reprimanded. Stating that the older generation of politicians had been discredited and should retire, he announced that "patriots" and "new men with a sense of responsibility and national realities" should assume leadership of the country. Ouédraogo finished by expressing his hope that the Upper Voltan youth could avoid the trappings of partisan politics. Several days later he released Sankara, who was confined under guard to house arrest. While the situation deteriorated, Ouédraogo accelerated the execution of his goals, liberating many political prisoners held under Zerbo's regime. However, his extension of political rehabilitation to Yaméogo antagonised many politicians whom Yaméogo had repressed. Sankara was soon rearrested but then released following mounting pressure from Compaoré's troops. On 4 June Ouédraogo removed a number of pro-Sankara ministers from his government.

paragraph: Tensions continued to increase until 4 August when Compaoré launched a coup. Paratroopers mobilised in Pô to march on Ouagadougou. Meanwhile, Ouédraogo consulted his chief of staff, who advised him to negotiate an end to his political conflict with Sankara. Ouédraogo received Sankara at 19:00 at his residence and offered to resign "to facilitate the establishment of a transitional government that would be unanimous". Sankara agreed to the proposal but asked for a few hours' delay so he could discuss it with Compaoré. He departed at 20:30 but was unable to inform Compaoré or the other putschists of the truce. At around the same time the paratroopers infiltrated the capital and began to seize strategic locations throughout. At Ouédraogo's residence, men of the Presidential Guard exchanged heavy fire with the putschists before surrendering. Compaoré arrived on the scene at around 22:00, followed by Sankara an hour later. The latter informed Ouédraogo of the "revolution" and offered to exile him and his family. Ouédraogo replied that he would rather remain in the country under the new regime. He was then taken to the Presidential Palace to spend the night. The following evening he was imprisoned at the military camp in Pô. Sankara became the new President of Upper Volta. Ouédraogo was officially removed from his post as Minister of National Defence on 23 August and succeeded by Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani. He was discharged from the army two days later. Sankara changed the name of Upper Volta to Burkina Faso in 1984, and three years later he was killed in a coup and replaced by Compaoré.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Ouédraogo was granted clemency on 4 August 1985 and returned to medical work, taking a job at the Hôpital Yalgado-Ouédraogo. Nevertheless, the Sankara regime monitored his activities and restricted him from reentry into the army. In 1992 he successfully secured a loan of 250 million West African CFA francs from a French bank and founded a clinic, the Notre-Dame de la Paix, in the Somgandé district, south of Ouagadougou. As of 2007 he lived next to the clinic and served between 400 and 500 patients a month. In 2005 Ouédraogo was awarded a gold medal by the Geneva-based Foundation for Excellence in Business Practice. He also won the first prize in the Ministry of the Environment's competition for the best living environment health facilities in the Centre Region. That December a street in the Nongr-Massom district of Ouagadougou was named after him. In 2016 he was the president of the Fédération des Associations Professionnelles de la Santé Privée.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.:Involvement in politics.

paragraph: Upon his return to medical work in 1985 Ouédraogo declared that he would not take an active role in politics and from then on he generally showed little interest in involving himself in public affairs. In 1999 he was made a member of the Conseil du Sages, though by 2014 he had left the consultative body. In November 2012 he delivered a speech on behalf of himself and Saye Zerbo, expressing concern about how corrupt Burkina Faso's administration had become over the preceding years and accusing the country's leaders of inaction on the matter.

paragraph: In early 2014 Ouédraogo acted as a mediator between President Compaoré and opposition groups as tensions between the two dramatically rose. However, the arbitration failed in April, and Compaoré later resigned and fled the country. In September 2015 members of the military launched a coup. Ouédraogo was asked to mediate, and he attempted to delay the putschists and secure the release of hostages. As the army turned against the coup he made multiple appeals to the plot's leader, Gilbert Diendéré, to surrender. After seeking refuge in the Vatican embassy, Diendéré was handed over to Burkinabé transitional government authorities and Ouédraogo escorted him into custody at the gendarmerie base in the capital. In April 2017 Ouédraogo and several other national figures met with leaders of the Coalition for Democracy and National Reconciliation, an opposition coalition formed out of Compaoré's supporters, to discuss political reconciliation.

description: Burkinabé politician

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo


text:
jazz
Art Blakey
Miles Davis
Second Great Quintet
Weather Report
Grammy Awards
soprano saxophone
tenor
Down Beat
The New York Times
Polar Music Prize
Newark
Newark Arts High School
Alan
alto saxophone
trumpet
New York University
music education
U.S. Army
Horace Silver
Maynard Ferguson
Sonny Rollins
John Coltrane
Coleman Hawkins
Art Blakey
musical director
Herbie Hancock
Second Great Quintet
Ian Carr
Rough Guide
jazz fusion
In a Silent Way
Bitches Brew
tenor saxophone
Filles de Kilimanjaro
soprano saxophone
In a Silent Way
Chick Corea
John McLaughlin
Blue Note Records
Freddie Hubbard
Night Dreamer
Rudy Van Gelder
Lee Morgan
McCoy Tyner
Reggie Workman
Elvin Jones
The All Seeing Eye
Adam's Apple
Schizophrenia
Curtis Fuller
James Spaulding
Joe Chambers
sideman
Donald Byrd
Grachan Moncur III
Odyssey of Iska
Weather Report
Joe Zawinul
Miroslav Vitous
Airto Moreira
Alphonse Mouzon
Jaco Pastorius
bebop
Latin jazz
futurism
Native Dancer
Milton Nascimento
V.S.O.P. quintet
The Swing of Delight
Joni Mitchell
the title track
Steely Dan
Aja
jazz fusion
Carlos Santana
This is This!
Lugano
Jim Beard
Terri Lyne Carrington
Marilyn Mazur
Don Henley
The End of the Innocence
Pilar Homem de Melo
a tribute album
Wallace Roney
The Fugitive
High Life
Verve Records
Marcus Miller
Grammy Award
1+1
Burmese
activist
Gnaoua World Music Festival
Danilo Perez
John Patitucci
Brian Blade
Footprints Live!
Beyond the Sound Barrier
Without A Net
Emanon
Orpheus Chamber Orchestra
Michelle Mercer
Grammy Award
Alegría
Brad Mehldau
Alex Acuña
Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
Guggenheim Fellowship
Polar Music Prize
Mega Nova
supergroup
Marcus Miller
Cindy Blackman Santana
Hollywood Bowl

categories: Musicians from Newark, New Jersey,American jazz composers,Blue Note Records artists,Post-bop saxophonists,American male saxophonists,Jazz fusion saxophonists,Hard bop saxophonists,Crossover jazz saxophonists,Miles Davis Quintet members,African-American Buddhists,Newark Arts High School alumni,Converts to Buddhism,The Jazz Messengers members,Steely Dan members,Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners,American jazz tenor saxophonists,Male jazz composers,Living people,Modal jazz saxophonists,1933 births,American male composers,Vee-Jay Records artists,Members of Sōka Gakkai,Converts to Sōka Gakkai,21st-century saxophonists,Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni,Kennedy Center honorees,Weather Report members,American jazz soprano saxophonists,African-American musicians

paragraph: Wayne Shorter

paragraph: Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz saxophonist and composer.

paragraph: Shorter came to wide prominence in the late 1950s as a member of, and eventually primary composer for Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers. In the 1960s, he went on to join Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet, and from there he co-founded the jazz fusion band Weather Report. He has recorded over 20 albums as a bandleader.

paragraph: Many of Shorter's compositions have become jazz standards, and his output has earned worldwide recognition, critical praise and various commendations. Shorter has won 11 Grammy Awards. He has also received acclaim for his mastery of the soprano saxophone (after switching his focus from the tenor in the late 1960s), beginning an extended reign in 1970 as "Down Beat"s annual poll-winner on that instrument, winning the critics' poll for 10 consecutive years and the readers' for 18. "The New York Times" described Shorter in 2008 as "probably jazz's greatest living small-group composer and a contender for greatest living improviser." In 2017, he was awarded the Polar Music Prize.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and career.

paragraph: Wayne Shorter was born in Newark, New Jersey, and attended Newark Arts High School, from which he graduated in 1952. He loved music, being encouraged by his father to take up the clarinet as a teenager; his older brother Alan played alto saxophone before switching to the trumpet in college. While in high school Wayne also performed with the Nat Phipps Band in Newark, NJ. After graduating from New York University with a degree in music education in 1956, Shorter spent two years in the U.S. Army, during which time he played briefly with Horace Silver. After his discharge, he played with Maynard Ferguson. In his youth Shorter had acquired the nickname "Mr. Gone", which later became an album title for Weather Report.

paragraph: His early influences include Sonny Rollins, John Coltrane and Coleman Hawkins. In 1959, Shorter joined Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers where he stayed for four years, and eventually became the band's musical director. Together they toured the US, Japan and Europe, recorded several recognized albums and he also composed pieces for the band. During this time Shorter "established himself as one of the most gifted of the young saxophonists" and received international acknowledgment.

paragraph: Herbie Hancock said of Shorter's tenure in Davis's Second Great Quintet: "The master writer to me, in that group, was Wayne Shorter. He still is a master. Wayne was one of the few people who brought music to Miles that didn't get changed." Davis said, "Wayne is a real composer. He writes scores, write the parts for everybody just as he wants them to sound. ... Wayne also brought in a kind of curiosity about working with musical rules. If they didn't work, then he broke them, but with musical sense; he understood that freedom in music was the ability to know the rules in order to bend them to your own satisfaction and taste."

paragraph: Ian Carr, musician and Rough Guide author, states that with Davis, Shorter found his own voice as a player and composer. "Blakey's hard-driving, straight-ahead rhythms had brought out the muscularity in Shorter's tenor playing, but the greater freedom of the Davis rhythm-section allowed him to explore new emotional and technical dimensions."

paragraph: Shorter remained in Davis's band after the breakup of the quintet in 1968, playing on early jazz fusion recordings including "In a Silent Way" and "Bitches Brew" (both 1969). His last live dates and studio recordings with Davis were in 1970.

paragraph: Until 1968, he played tenor saxophone exclusively. The final album on which he played tenor in the regular sequence of Davis albums was "Filles de Kilimanjaro". In 1969, he played the soprano saxophone on the Davis album "In a Silent Way" and on his own "Super Nova" (recorded with then-current Davis sidemen Chick Corea and John McLaughlin). When performing live with Davis, and on recordings from summer 1969 to early spring 1970, he played both soprano and tenor saxophones; by the early 1970s, however, he chiefly played soprano.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:With Miles Davis (1964–70).:Solo Blue Note recordings.

paragraph: Simultaneous with his time in the Davis quintet, Shorter recorded several albums for Blue Note Records, featuring almost exclusively his own compositions, with a variety of line-ups, quartets and larger groups, including Blue Note favourites such as Freddie Hubbard. His first Blue Note album (of 11 in total recorded from 1964 to 1970) was "Night Dreamer", recorded at Rudy Van Gelder's studio in 1964 with Lee Morgan, McCoy Tyner, Reggie Workman and Elvin Jones.

paragraph: The later album "The All Seeing Eye" was a workout with a larger group, while "Adam's Apple" of 1966 was back to carefully constructed melodies by Shorter leading a quartet. Then a sextet again in the following year for "Schizophrenia" with Hancock and Ron Carter plus trombonist Curtis Fuller, alto saxophonist/flautist James Spaulding and strong rhythms by drummer Joe Chambers.

paragraph: Shorter also recorded occasionally as a sideman (again, mainly for Blue Note) with Donald Byrd, Tyner, Grachan Moncur III, Hubbard, Morgan, and bandmates Hancock and Williams.

paragraph: Following the release of "Odyssey of Iska" in 1970, Shorter formed the fusion group Weather Report with Davis veteran keyboardist Joe Zawinul and bassist Miroslav Vitous. The other original members were percussionist Airto Moreira, and drummer Alphonse Mouzon. After Vitous' departure in 1973, Shorter and Zawinul co-led the group until the band's break-up in late 1985. A variety of musicians would make up Weather Report over the years (most notably the revolutionary bassist Jaco Pastorius) helping the band produce many high quality recordings in diverse styles, with funk, bebop, Latin jazz, ethnic music, and futurism being the most prevalent denominators.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Weather Report (1971–1986).:Solo and side projects.

paragraph: Shorter also recorded critically acclaimed albums as a bandleader, notably 1974's "Native Dancer", which featured Hancock and Brazilian composer and vocalist Milton Nascimento.

paragraph: In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, he toured in the V.S.O.P. quintet. This group was a revival of the 1960s Davis quintet, except that Hubbard filled the trumpet chair. Shorter appeared with the same former Davis bandmates on the Carlos Santana double LP "The Swing of Delight", for which he also composed a number of pieces.

paragraph: From 1977 through 2002, he appeared on 10 Joni Mitchell studio albums, gaining him a wider audience. He played an extended solo on the title track of Steely Dan's 1977 album "Aja".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career.

paragraph: After leaving Weather Report, Shorter continued to record and lead groups in jazz fusion styles, including touring in 1988 with guitarist Carlos Santana, who appeared on "This is This!", the last Weather Report disc. There is a concert video recorded at the Lugano Jazz Festival in 1987, with Jim Beard, keyboards, Carl James, bass, Terri Lyne Carrington, drums, and Marilyn Mazur, percussion. In 1989, he contributed to a hit on the rock charts, playing the sax solo on Don Henley's song "The End of the Innocence" and also produced the album "Pilar" by the Portuguese singer-songwriter Pilar Homem de Melo. He has also maintained an occasional working relationship with Herbie Hancock, including a tribute album recorded shortly after Miles Davis's death with Hancock, Carter, Williams and Wallace Roney. He continued to appear on Mitchell's records in the 1990s and can be heard on the soundtrack of the Harrison Ford film "The Fugitive" (1993).

paragraph: In 1995, Shorter released the album "High Life", his first solo recording for seven years. It was also his debut as a leader for Verve Records. Shorter composed all the compositions on the album and co-produced it with the bassist Marcus Miller. "High Life" received the Grammy Award for best Contemporary Jazz Album in 1997.

paragraph: Shorter worked with Hancock once again in 1997, on the much acclaimed and heralded album "1+1". The song "Aung San Suu Kyi" (named for the Burmese pro-democracy activist) won both Hancock and Shorter a Grammy Award.

paragraph: In 2009, he was announced as one of the headline acts at the Gnaoua World Music Festival in Essaouira, Morocco. His 2013 album "Without a Net" is his first with Blue Note Records since "Odyssey of Iska".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career.:Quartet.

paragraph: In 2000, Shorter formed the first permanent acoustic group under his name, a quartet with pianist Danilo Perez, bassist John Patitucci, and drummer Brian Blade, playing his own compositions, many of them reworkings of tunes going back to the 1960s. Four albums of live recordings have been released: "Footprints Live!" (2002); "Beyond the Sound Barrier" (2005); "Without A Net" (2013); and "Emanon" (2018), with the latter, in addition to live material, including Shorter’s quartet in a studio session with the 34-piece Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. The quartet has received great acclaim from fans and critics, especially for the strength of Shorter's tenor saxophone playing. The biography "Footprints: The Life and Work of Wayne Shorter" by journalist Michelle Mercer examines the working life of the musicians as well as Shorter's thoughts and Buddhist beliefs. "Beyond the Sound Barrier" received the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Album.

paragraph: Shorter's 2003 album "Alegría" (his first studio album for 10 years, since "High Life") received the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Album; it features the quartet with a host of other musicians, including pianist Brad Mehldau, drummer Carrington and former Weather Report percussionist Alex Acuña. Shorter's compositions, some new, some reworked from his Davis period, feature the complex Latin rhythms that he specialised in during his Weather Report days.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Lifetime achievement recognition.

paragraph: On September 17, 2013, Shorter received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz.

paragraph: On December 18, 2014, the Recording Academy announced that Shorter was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in honor of his "prolific contributions to our culture and history".

paragraph: In 2016, Shorter was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of music composition, the only jazz artist to receive the honor that year.

paragraph: In 2017, Shorter was announced as the joint winner of the Polar Music Prize. The award committee stated: "Without the musical explorations of Wayne Shorter, modern music would not have drilled so deep."

paragraph: In 2018, Shorter was a recipient of a Kennedy Center Honor Award.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Wayne Shorter: Zero Gravity".

paragraph: In 2015, producer/director Dorsay Alavi began filming a documentary about the life of Wayne Shorter called "Wayne Shorter: Zero Gravity". The film is set to be released in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Mega Nova.

paragraph: In 2016, it was announced that Shorter, Carlos Santana, and Herbie Hancock would begin touring under the name Mega Nova. Also included within the supergroup was bassist Marcus Miller and drummer Cindy Blackman Santana. Their first show together was on August 24, 2016 at the Hollywood Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Mega Nova.:Health.

paragraph: Mr Shorter’s health challenges over the past few years have finally forced him to retire from his nearly 70 year performing career. As his health permits, he continues to compose with a particular focus on completing a new operatic work.ref

description: American jazz saxophonist and composer

wikidata_label: Wayne Shorter

wikipedia_title: Wayne Shorter


text: Taiwan

text: Japan

text: China

text: modernist

text: Tamsui

text: Japanese territory

text: Yongding

text: Ueda

text: Nagano

text: Musashi Institute of Technology

text: Columbia Record Company

text: Yoshie Fujiwara

text: Kosaku Yamada

text: Kunihiko Hashimoto

text: art competition

text: Berlin Summer Olympics

text: Alexander Tcherepnin

text: Second Sino-Japanese War

text: Teacher's College

text: Beijing

text: Japanese surrender

text: People's Republic of China

text: Anti-Rightist Movement

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Café Lumière

text: Hou Hsiao-hsien

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Hakka people,Musicians from New Taipei,1910 births,Hakka musicians,20th-century Taiwanese musicians,Taiwanese classical composers,1983 deaths

paragraph: Chiang Wen-yeh

paragraph: Chiang Wen-yeh or Jiang Wenye (, June 11, 1910 – October 24, 1983) was a Taiwanese composer, active mainly in Japan and later in China. While often known in the West by renditions of his Chinese name, the three Chinese characters that form his name are pronounced "Kō Bunya" () in Japanese, and thus he is also known as Koh Bunya in the West. In his compositions, which range from for piano to choral and orchestral works, he merged elements of traditional Chinese, Taiwanese, and Japanese music with modernist influences. Due to the political turmoil surrounding his life, he came to be largely forgotten during the latter part of his life. After his death, however, his work has started to gain new recognition in East Asia as well as in the West.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Chiang was born in 1910 to Chinese parents in Tamsui, Taiwan – a Japanese territory at the time, and so his nationality was Japanese from birth. He is of Yongding, Fujian Hakka ancestry. In 1923, he went to Ueda, a small town in the prefecture of Nagano, Japan, to attend secondary school. He later proceeded to the Tokyo Engineering and Commerce Advanced School (presently Musashi Institute of Technology) where his major was electrical engineering. At the same time he also started to attend evening classes at the Tokyo Music School (today part of the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music).

paragraph: Initially, he was active as a singer, and in 1932, discovered by his choir leader, he became a baritone singer for the Columbia Record Company. A few years later he would become a member of the Opera Company led by one of Japan's foremost opera singers, Yoshie Fujiwara. In 1933 he married his first wife, a Japanese woman. Around this time, he also started studying composition under prominent composers Kosaku Yamada and Kunihiko Hashimoto. Soon he started to earn laurels as a composer himself, and a breakthrough came in 1936 when he submitted the orchestral work "Formosan Dance" to the art competition of the Berlin Summer Olympics, which was honourably mentioned. Alexander Tcherepnin who was visiting China and Japan at the time recognized Chiang's talent and published his works in Europe, the United States, and China.

paragraph: In 1938, in the midst of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chiang was appointed professor of musical arts at the Teacher's College in Beijing, which was then under Japanese control. The Japanese government considered him a valuable tool to gain the appeal of the general public of both nations. In the ensuing years, he commuted between Beijing and Tokyo, where his family still resided. During this time, he was one of the most frequently played composers in Japan. However, that was to change as the Japanese surrender in 1945 deprived him of his Japanese nationality; he became a composer of the People's Republic of China, and his name soon vanished from the Japanese music scene.

paragraph: In Communist China, Chiang's cultural and political bonds to Japan and his aesthetic affinity with European modernism led him to be regarded as a traitor and a bourgeois. In order not to be expunged he was forced to recast his style of composition to comply with the more moderate taste of the government party. Events such as the Anti-Rightist Movement in the 1950s and early 1960s, and the Cultural Revolution in 1966 made him a political target. Some of his compositions, including three symphonies with opus numbers, seem to have disappeared in the midst of these charges.

paragraph: In 1978 his honor was finally restored. By that time, however, he was afflicted with disease, and he died in Beijing in 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Renewed interest.

paragraph: Following his exoneration, Chiang is today gradually being rediscovered by a new generation of East Asians including audiences in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, and Japan.

paragraph: Chiang Wen-yeh was a theme of the 2003 Japanese film Café Lumière directed by Taiwanese director Hou Hsiao-hsien, which tells the story of a young Japanese woman doing research on the composer. His work is featured on the soundtrack, and his Japanese wife and daughter make appearances as themselves.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katayama, Motohide (2001). Biography in the booklet of audio CD "Jiang Wen-Ye (1910–1983) Piano Works in Japan", J.Y. Song (performer), New York, NY: Pro Piano Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yu, Yuzhi (1994). "Composer Jiang Wenye" in "Modern and Contemporary Chinese Musicians' Biographies", Wei Tingge (ed.) Volume 2, pp. 98–110, Shenyang, China: Spring Wind Cultural Press. Translation by Elaine Chew, retrieved from http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~echew/projects/ChineseMusic/composers/jiang_wenye.html, on February 27, 2008.

description: Taiwanese composer

wikidata_label: Jiang Wen-Ye

wikipedia_title: Chiang Wen-yeh


text:
Amsterdam
chess
Paul Saladin Leonhardt
Adolf Olland
Dutch Chess Championship
Edward Guthlac Sergeant
Samuel Factor
Lasker
Akiba Rubinstein
DSB Congress
Carl Schlechter
Alexander Alekhine
Emanuel Lasker
Max Euwe
Abraham Speijer at 365Chess.com

categories: Jewish Dutch sportspeople,1956 deaths,Dutch Jews,People from Amsterdam,1873 births,Dutch chess players

paragraph: Abraham Speijer

paragraph: Abraham Speijer (Speyer) (19 November 1873, Amsterdam – 5 September 1956, Amsterdam) was a Dutch chess master.

paragraph: In smaller tournaments, Speijer had great success, sharing 1st at Munich 1900 ("Quadrangular"), taking 4th at Hilversum 1903 with 9.5/15 (Paul Saladin Leonhardt won), and tying for 1st with Adolf Olland in the 1st Dutch Chess Championship at Leiden 1909, although Olland was recognized as the Champion. He also shared 1st at Richmond 1912, took 2nd behind Edward Guthlac Sergeant at Hastings Minor 1919 (B tournament), won at Edinburgh 1920, and tied for 2nd-3rd with Samuel Factor, behind Rubinstein, at Rotterdam 1920,

paragraph: In major international tournaments, Speijer was less successful, usually finishing close to last place. Speijer was 17th out of 19 players at Saint Petersburg 1909 with 6/20, which (Lasker and Akiba Rubinstein won. Speijer also took 15th out of 17 players at Hamburg 1910 with 5.5/16, (DSB Congress, Carl Schlechter won), finished 12th at Cheltenham 1913, and took 12th out of 14 players at Scheveningen 1913 with 4/13. (Alexander Alekhine won), Lastly, Speijer had his best showing at Scheveningen 1923, played in the traditional Scheveningen format, scoring 4.5/10, good for a tie for 10th and 11th place among 20 entrants.

paragraph: In match play, Speijer lost to world champion Emanuel Lasker in 1908 (+0 -2 =1). Later in his career, Speijer played two matches against a very young Max Euwe. In 1921, Speijer lost by a score of (+1 -4 =0), and in 1923, by a score of (+0 -3 =1), both held in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abraham Speijer at 365Chess.com

description: Dutch chess master

wikidata_label: Abraham Speijer

wikipedia_title: Abraham Speijer


text:
Pope Innocent VI
Bishop of Agde
Bishop of Carcassonne
Archbishop of Auch
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
sede vacante
see of Avignon
Avignon
Gallica
Biography about Arnaud Aubert

categories: 14th-century French people,Apostolic Camera,14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Year of birth unknown,Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church,Bishops of Agde,Archbishops of Auch,Bishops of Carcassonne,1371 deaths

paragraph: Arnaud Aubert

paragraph: Arnaud Aubert (died 11 June 1371) was nephew of Pope Innocent VI, who appointed him Bishop of Agde (1354), then Bishop of Carcassonne (1354–57) and finally Archbishop of Auch (from January 1357 until his death). He was Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church from March 1361 and exercised that post during sede vacante in 1362 and 1370. Vicar and administrator of the see of Avignon 1366–1367. He died at Avignon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography about Arnaud Aubert : Obediences.net, Lieux, Acteurs et Polémiques du Grand Schisme d'Occident (1378-1430)

description: French archbishop

wikidata_label: Arnaud Aubert

wikipedia_title: Arnaud Aubert


text:
Nasswald
Cranbrook, British Columbia
mountain guide
Purcell Mountains
Mount Robson
Mount Louis
Bugaboo Spire
Lower Austria
Rax Alps
Veitsch
Hirschwang
Dolomites
Matterhorn
La Meije
Canada
Alpine Club of Canada
Purcell Mountains
Banff
Siberia
Altai mountains
New Zealand
Lake O'Hara
first ascent
Resplendent Mountain
Whitehorn Mountain
Nasswald Peak
Mount Robson
Mount Farnham
Mount Louis
Howser Spire
Bugaboo Spire
North Twin Peak
Mount Saskatchewan
Mount Hooker
Mount Fraser
Peyto Peak
Trapper Peak
Mount Robson
William Wasbrough Foster
George Kinney
Curly Phillips
Mount Louis
Wilmer, British Columbia
encephalitis
Cranbrook
autobiography
Arthur O. Wheeler
Mount Kain
Lynx Mountain
the Bugaboos
Conrad Icefield
Mount Conrad
Alpine Club of Canada
alpine hut
Conrad Kain hut
Murchison Glacier
Southern Alps
Conrad Kain Centennial Society

categories: Canadian mountain climbers,Austrian mountain climbers,1934 deaths,Alpine guides,1883 births

paragraph: Conrad Kain

paragraph: Conrad Kain (10 August 1883, Nasswald – 2 February 1934, Cranbrook, British Columbia) was an Austrian mountain guide who guided extensively in Europe, Canada, and New Zealand, and was responsible for the first ascents of more than 60 routes in British Columbia. He is particularly known for pioneering climbs in the Purcell Mountains and the first ascents of Mount Robson (1913), Mount Louis (1916) and Bugaboo Spire (1916).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kain was born in poverty in a small village in Lower Austria. His father was a miner who died when Kain was 8. In his youth he worked as a goatherd in the Rax Alps and from 1898 to 1904 he worked at stone quarries in Veitsch and Hirschwang. His free time he spent climbing, and by 1904 he guided his first clients, becoming an officially recognized professional guide in 1906. He guided his clients not only in Austria (including the Dolomites), but also in Switzerland and France, including the Matterhorn, La Meije and several first ascents.

paragraph: Dissatisfied with his life in Austria, he planned to emigrate and in 1908 he took lessons in English in Vienna for that purpose. In June 1909 he moved to Canada with the promise of employment as the Alpine Club of Canada's first professional guide, changing his name from Konrad to Conrad. In the summer of 1910 he surveyed the Purcell Mountains and in 1911 he explored the Banff area, making a number of first ascents already. In 1912 he joined an exploration in Siberia's Altai mountains, after which he returned to Austria where he spent several months with his mother. He then traveled to New Zealand where he was a guide in the winter of 1913. He was encouraged to return to Canada again to be a guide for two mountaineering camps, one based at Lake O'Hara camp and another at Robson Pass. The next three years he would guide respective summers in both Canada and New Zealand, completing many first ascents in both countries.

paragraph: Conrad Kain is credited with 69 first ascents in Canada alone, including Resplendent Mountain and Whitehorn Mountain (1911), Nasswald Peak (named after his hometown) and Mount Robson (1913), Mount Farnham (1915), Mount Louis, Howser Spire and Bugaboo Spire (1916), North Twin Peak and Mount Saskatchewan (1923), Mount Hooker and Mount Fraser (1924) and Peyto Peak and Trapper Peak (1933). Between 1914 and 1916 he made about 30 first ascents in New Zealand as well.

paragraph: While he considered his climb of Bugaboo Spire the most challenging, and it was considered the most difficult alpine climb in Canada until the 1940s, his most notable first ascent was that of Mount Robson in July 1913. He guided and William Wasbrough Foster over the northeast face by hacking hundreds of steps and famously told his clients at the top "Gentlemen, that's so far as I can take you." During the ascent, Kain was under the assumption that Mount Robson had been climbed in 1909 by George Kinney and Curly Phillips, but on their return to the campsite at Robson Pass, Phillips, who was outfitter of the expedition, revealed that he and Kinney had actually fallen short of reaching the summit in their heroic effort over the west face four years before.

paragraph: Conrad Kain climbed Mount Louis for the last time on his 50th birthday. He fell ill in October of that year in Wilmer, British Columbia, and died six months later of encephalitis in a hospital in Cranbrook. The marker on his grave in Cranbrook reads "A guide of great spirit".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Kain wrote an autobiography titled "Where the Clouds Can Go" where he describes his tough years while growing up in Austria as well as his 25 years working variously as a guide for The Alpine Club of Canada, a hunter outfitter, and an assistant to Arthur O. Wheeler for the Geographic Survey of Canada.

paragraph: In 1911, A. O. Wheeler named Mount Kain after him, when Kain had pointed at the mountain and exclaimed "Ach, that is my peak!" a few days after he had come to Wheeler's rescue after slipping on a descent from Lynx Mountain. Near the Bugaboos there is the Conrad Group, with the Conrad Icefield, Conrad Glacier and with Mount Conrad (3271 m)  as highest point. The latter previously unclimbed peak was the last mountain Kain climbed (in September 1933). Since 1970, the Alpine Club of Canada maintains an alpine hut named Conrad Kain hut centrally located in the Bugaboos, where Kain made many first ascents. In New Zealand there is also a Mount Conrad (2,598 m) named after him, lying in the Liebig Range above the Murchison Glacier in the Southern Alps.

paragraph: To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Kain's arrival in Canada, the Conrad Kain Centennial Society was formed in the upper Columbia Valley in 2007 to celebrate his achievements and to develop legacy projects in his memory.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad Kain Centennial Society

description: Austrian mountain guide

wikidata_label: Conrad Kain

wikipedia_title: Conrad Kain


text: University of Washington

text: Venetian

text: San Jose, California

text: Dalmatia

text: Austrian Empire

text: State Normal School

text: San Jose State University

text: Stanford University

text: Columbia University Teachers College

text: master's degree

text: Ph.D.

text: San Francisco

text: sociology

text: University of Washington

text: Carnegie Foundation

text: National Research Council

text: Scouts

text: University of Heidelberg

text: Time

text: Zeta Psi

text: World War I

text: War Labor Board

text: Seattle, Washington

text: Suzzallo Library

text: library

text: Henry Suzzallo

text: Henry Suzzallo, 1915-26

categories: Teachers College, Columbia University alumni,Presidents of the University of Washington,1875 births,American people of Croatian descent,1933 deaths,Educators from Seattle,San Jose State University alumni,People from San Jose, California

paragraph: Henry Suzzallo

paragraph: Henry Suzzallo (August 22, 1875 – September 25, 1933) was president of the University of Washington from 1915 to 1926. He later served as director of the National Advisory Committee on Education and president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Of Venetian descent, Suzzallo was born in San Jose, California, just after his parents' emigration from the Dalmatia region of the Austrian Empire. The surname Suzzallo, whose name in the old country had been Zucalo, is also common in Herzegovina and Montenegro. Poor health in his youth resulted in mediocre grades during his primary and secondary education. He graduated from the State Normal School in San Jose (now San Jose State University), and later Stanford University in 1899. He eventually attended Columbia University Teachers College for graduate school, where he got his master's degree in 1902 and his Ph.D. in 1905. His focus was educational sociology. He was deputy superintendent of city schools in San Francisco, professor of education at Stanford, and professor of educational sociology at Columbia, before becoming president of the University of Washington in 1915.

paragraph: "It was there (Columbia) that the Washington regents found him (Suzzallo) in 1915, and he returned to the coast of his birth gladly. The University of Pittsburgh tried to lure him east again in 1919, offering to double his salary. He refused. The Carnegie Foundation, the National Research Council, the English Speaking Union, the Hall of Fame, the Scouts, the International Institute of the University of Heidelberg, and a dozen or so literary, sociological, and scientific societies soon made inroads on his time, recognizing him for a man of creditable character and intelligence; hearing of him from his many friends as one in whom force combined with charm, integrity with flexibility of manner. His prime attention, however, he devoted to the institution that was now in his charge" ("Time" magazine, October 18, 1926).

paragraph: Suzzallo, along with two other University of Washington faculty members, Richard Frederick Scholz (History Professor - predicted the rise of fascism in Europe) and Dr. Robert Max Garrett (English Professor - humanitarian), became an honorary member and advisor of the Phi Lambda chapter of the Zeta Psi fraternity of North America upon its charter in December 1920. Suzzallo's involvement with the Phi Lambda chapter of Zeta Psi is unusual because he did not become a member until after he was President of the University of Washington.

paragraph: During World War I, Suzzallo served as a chairman of the State Board of Defense, an advisor to the War Labor Board, and as a member of the Labor Industries Board. A labor dispute at the time concerned the eight hour workday in the logging and lumber industry, which Suzzallo favored and helped enact. Suzzallo's actions enraged lumberman Ronald H. Hartley, who was elected governor in 1924. In 1926, Hartley removed five of the seven members of the University of Washington's Board of Regents and replaced them with his own appointees. The new board shortly thereafter announced Suzzallo's "leave of absence" for no apparent reason. Enraged students threatened to strike, but were compelled not to upon Suzzallo's request.

paragraph: After his dismissal from the University of Washington, Suzzallo became associated with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, which he became president of in 1930. Suzzallo died in Seattle, Washington in 1933. Suzzallo Library, the University of Washington's central library, is named in honor of him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Suzzallo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Suzzallo, 1915-26

wikidata_label: Henry Suzzallo

wikipedia_title: Henry Suzzallo


text: Norse

text: Viking

text: Denmark

text: Sweden

text: Viking Age

text: Old Norse poetry

text: sagas

text: Francia

text: Anglo-Saxon England

text: Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok

text: Sigurd Ring

text: Hervarar saga

text: Valdar

text: Randver

text: Harald Wartooth

text: Ivar Vidfamne

text: Bråvalla

text: Eysteinn Beli

text: Tale of Ragnar's Sons

text: Great Heathen Army

text: Ælla of Northumbria

text: Siege of Paris

text: Turholt

text: Abbey of Saint-Denis

text: Norse god

text: Odin

text: Great Heathen Army

text: Ælla of Northumbria

text: Ivar the Boneless

text: Ubba

text: Halfdan

text: Björn Ironside

text: Hvitserk

text: Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye

text: Æthelweard

text: Halfdan Ragnarsson

text: Bagsecg

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Battle of Ashdown

text: Alfred the Great

text: Jutland

text: Wendland

text: Erik Björnsson

text: Erik

text: Zealand

text: Hilda Ellis Davidson

text: shieldmaiden

text: Lagertha

text: Thóra Borgarhjǫrtr

text: Aslaug

text: Ivar the Boneless

text: Björn Ironside

text: Halfdan Ragnarsson

text: Hvitserk

text: Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye

text: Ubba

text: Ælla of Northumbria

text: pit of snakes

text: Great Heathen Army

text: Northumbria

text: Gesta Danorum

text: Saxo Grammaticus

text: Tale of Ragnar's sons

text: legendary saga

text: Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok

text: Völsunga saga

text: Ragnarsdrápa

text: skaldic poem

text: Bragi Boddason

text: Krákumál

text: Gesta Danorum

text: besieged Paris

text: Horik I

text: Reginfrid

text: Harald Klak

text: Ragnall

text: Irish Annals

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: History

text: Vikings

text: Travis Fimmel

text: Edwin Atherstone

text: Edison Marshall

text: Vaillant

text: Ganelon

text: The Vikings

text: Ernest Borgnine

text: Kirk Douglas

text: Northumbria

text: Tony Curtis

text: Harry Harrison

text: The Hammer and the Cross

text: strategy video game

text: Crusader Kings II

text: Bernard Cornwell

text: The Last Kingdom

text: series of the same name

text: List of legendary kings of Denmark

text: List of legendary kings of Sweden

text: Viking Empires

text: Schlauch, Margaret

categories: Semi-legendary kings of Sweden,People whose existence is disputed,Danish legendary figures,Ragnar Lodbrok,Mythological kings of Denmark,Viking Age monarchs,Heroes in Norse myths and legends,English heroic legends

paragraph: Ragnar Lodbrok

paragraph: Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok (, "Ragnar shaggy breeches", contemporary Norse: "Ragnar Loðbrók") was a historically dubious Norse Viking hero and legendary king of Denmark and Sweden, known from Viking Age Old Norse poetry and sagas. According to that traditional literature, Ragnar distinguished himself by many raids against Francia and Anglo-Saxon England during the 9th century. There is no evidence that he existed under this name and outside of the mythology associated with him.

paragraph: Section::::The Viking Sagas.

paragraph: According to the Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok, Ragnar was the son of the king Sigurd Ring. The Hervarar saga tells that when Valdar died, his son Randver became the king of Sweden, while Harald Wartooth became the king of Denmark. Then Harald conquered all of his grandfather Ivar Vidfamne's territory. After Randver's death, his son Sigurd Hring became the king of Sweden, presumably as the subking of Harald. Sigurd Hring and Harald fought the Battle of the Brávellir (Bråvalla) on the plains of Östergötland, where Harald and many of his men died. Sigurd ruled Sweden and Denmark from about 770 until his death in about 804. He was succeeded by his son Ragnar Lodbrok. Harald Wartooth's son Eysteinn Beli ruled Sweden as Ragnar's viceroy until he was killed by the sons of Ragnar. The Tale of Ragnar's Sons tells that the Great Heathen Army that invaded England in 865 was led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, to wreak revenge against King Ælla of Northumbria who had supposedly captured and executed Ragnar.

paragraph: Section::::Frankish accounts of a 9th-century Viking leader named Ragnar.

paragraph: The Siege of Paris and the Sack of Paris of 845 was the culmination of a Viking invasion of the kingdom of the West Franks. The Viking forces were led by a Norse chieftain named "Reginherus", or Ragnar. This Ragnar has often been tentatively identified with the legendary saga figure Ragnar Lodbrok but the accuracy of this is disputed by historians. Around 841, Ragnar had been awarded land in Turholt, Frisia, by Charles the Bald but he eventually lost the land as well as the favour of the King. Ragnar's Vikings raided Rouen on their way up the Seine in 845 and in response to the invasion, determined not to let the royal Abbey of Saint-Denis (near Paris) be destroyed, Charles assembled an army which he divided into two parts, one for each side of the river. Ragnar attacked and defeated one of the divisions of the smaller Frankish army, took 111 of their men as prisoners and hanged them on an island on the Seine to honour the Norse god Odin, as well as to incite terror in the remaining Frankish forces.

paragraph: Section::::Ragnar's sons.

paragraph: The Great Heathen Army is said to have been led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, to wreak revenge against King Ælla of Northumbria who had supposedly executed Ragnar in 865 by casting him into a pit full of snakes. The Great Heathen Army was organized and led by the brothers Ivar the Boneless, Ubba, Halfdan, Björn Ironside, Hvitserk, and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye. The first four are known historical figures. Ivar the Boneless was the leader of the Great Heathen Army from 865 to 870, but he disappears from English historical accounts after 870. The Anglo-Saxon chronicler Æthelweard records Ivar's death as 870. Halfdan Ragnarsson became the leader of the Great Heathen Army in about 870 and he led it in an invasion of Wessex. A great number of Viking warriors arrived from Scandinavia, as part of the Great Summer Army, led by King Bagsecg of Denmark, bolstering the ranks of Halfdan's army.

paragraph: According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Danes battled the West Saxons nine times, including the Battle of Ashdown on 8 January 871, where Bagsecg was killed. Halfdan accepted a truce from the future Alfred the Great, newly crowned king of Wessex. Halfdan succeeded Bagsecg as King of most of Denmark (Jutland and Wendland) in about 871. Bjorn Ironside became King of Sweden and Uppsala in about 865, (the same year his father Ragnar is said to have died). Bjorn had two sons, Refil and Erik Björnsson. His son Erik became the next king of Sweden, and was succeeded in turn by Erik the son of Refil. Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye became King of Zealand and the Danish Isles in about 871, and also succeeded his brother Halfdan as King of Denmark in about 877.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and historicity.

paragraph: Whereas Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Ragnarsson are widely considered to have been historical figures, opinion regarding their supposed father is divided; stories about him are mostly believed to be fiction. According to Hilda Ellis Davidson, writing in 1979,

paragraph: Certain scholars in recent years have come to accept at least part of Ragnar's story as based on historical fact. A generation later, however, Katherine Holman, writing in 2003, expressed the more nuanced contemporary opinion: Although his sons are historical figures, there is no evidence that Ragnar himself ever lived and he seems to be an amalgam of historical figures and literary invention.

paragraph: According to traditional sources, Ragnar (possibly as a literary composite) was:

paragraph: BULLET::::- married three times, to the shieldmaiden Lagertha, the noblewoman Thóra Borgarhjǫrtr and Aslaug (also known as Kráka, Kraba), a Norse queen

paragraph: BULLET::::- the father of historical Viking figures including Ivar the Boneless, Björn Ironside, Halfdan Ragnarsson, Hvitserk, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye and Ubba

paragraph: BULLET::::- captured by King Ælla of Northumbria and died after Ælla had him thrown into a pit of snakes

paragraph: BULLET::::- avenged by the Great Heathen Army that invaded and occupied Northumbria and adjoining Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

paragraph: The most significant medieval sources that mention Ragnar include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book IX of the "Gesta Danorum", a 12th-century work by the Christian Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Tale of Ragnar's sons" ("Ragnarssona þáttr"), a legendary saga

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok", another saga, a sequel to the "Völsunga saga"

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Ragnarsdrápa", a skaldic poem of which only fragments remain, attributed to the 9th-century poet Bragi Boddason

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Krákumál", Ragnar's death-song, a 12th-century Scottish skaldic poem

paragraph: In her commentary on Saxo's "Gesta Danorum", Davidson notes that Saxo's coverage of Ragnar's legend in book IX of the "Gesta" appears to be an attempt to consolidate many of the confusing and contradictory events and stories known to the chronicler into the reign of one king, Ragnar. That is why many acts ascribed to Ragnar in the "Gesta" can be associated, through other sources, with various figures, some of whom are more historically tenable. These candidates for the "historical Ragnar" include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Reginherus" or "Ragnar" who besieged Paris in the mid-9th century

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Horik I (d. 854)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Reginfrid (d. 814), a king who ruled part of Denmark and came into conflict with Harald Klak

paragraph: BULLET::::- possibly the Ragnall (Rognvald) of the Irish Annals

paragraph: Attempts to link the legendary Ragnar with one or several of those men have failed because of the difficulty in reconciling the various accounts and their chronology. The tradition of a Viking hero named Ragnar (or similar) who wreaked havoc in mid-9th-century Europe and who fathered many famous sons is remarkably persistent and some aspects of it are covered by relatively reliable sources, such as the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Ragnar Lodbrok features prominently in:

paragraph: BULLET::::- History's popular 2013 TV series "Vikings", Australian actor Travis Fimmel played the lead character of Ragnar Lothbrok for the first four seasons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwin Atherstone's novel "Sea-Kings in England"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edison Marshall's 1951 novel "The Viking"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", a 1955 comic book feature written by Jean Ollivier with art by Eduardo Teixeira Coelho, that ran in the French "Vaillant" magazine up to 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Parker's 1957 historical novel "The Sword of Ganelon" explores the character of Ragnar, his sons, and Viking raiding culture

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1958 film "The Vikings" based on Marshall's novel, in which Ragnar, played by Ernest Borgnine, is captured by King Ælla and cast into a pit of wolves; a son named Einar , played by Kirk Douglas, vows revenge and conquers Northumbria with help from half-brother (and sworn enemy) Eric (played by Tony Curtis), who also had much to avenge upon King Aella

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Harrison's 1993 alternative history novel "The Hammer and the Cross" depict Ragnar being shipwrecked, captured and executed, as well as his sons' revenge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various strategy video games with a historical setting, including "", "", "","" and "Crusader Kings II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard Cornwell's novel "The Last Kingdom" and the BBC America's series of the same name opens with the invasion of the Great Heathen Army to avenge Ragnar's death. Though he does not appear in the books or show, Ragnar Lothbrok is referenced by many characters in the first novel, and his alleged sons Ivar, Halfdan and Ubbe are primary antagonists.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Printed as a card in the 1994 expansion set for .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of legendary kings of Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of legendary kings of Sweden

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strerath-Bolz, Ulrike (1993). Review of Rory McTurk, "Studies in "Ragnars saga loðbrókar" and Its Major Scandinavian Analogues", "Alvíssmál" 2: 118–19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram, and Frederik Pedersen (2005). "Viking Empires". Cambridge University Press, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schlauch, Margaret (transl.) (1964). "The Saga of the Volsungs: the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok Together with the Lay of Kraka." New York: American Scandinavian Foundation.

alias:
Ragnar Lothbrok
Ragnarr Loðbrók

description: legendary Norse ruler and hero from the Viking Age

wikidata_label: Ragnar Lodbrok

wikipedia_title: Ragnar Lodbrok


text: Chiswick

text: Malcolm Osborne

text: Battersea Polytechnic

text: World War I

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Albert Francis Fleury

text: Roger Hebbelinck

text: Belgium

text: England

text: Royal College of Engraving

text: Malcolm Osborn

text: Robert Austin

text: Whitewater, Wisconsin

text: Alfred Hoyt Granger

text: Arizona Highways

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: The New York Public Library

text: Library of Congress

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: British Museum

text: Drake Hotel

text: Chicago

text: Wisconsin Memorial Union

text: University of Wisconsin

text: Madison

text: Tucson

text: Arizona

text: Mexico

text: Mexico City

text: Taxco

text: Xochimilco

text: Toluca

text: etching

text: University of Arizona

text: Advertisers National Federation

text: Phoenix

text: Arizona State Museum

text: Tucson, Arizona

categories: American illustrators,American printmakers,American interior designers,British emigrants to the United States,American etchers,1892 births,Artists from Tucson, Arizona,1971 deaths,People from Whitewater, Wisconsin

paragraph: Leon Pescheret

paragraph: Leon Rene Pescheret also known as Léon-René Pescheret (March 15, 1892 – February 23, 1971) was a British-American designer, watercolorist, etcher, and illustrator.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pescheret was born in the London suburb of Chiswick, England to French parents. His father was a chef for Queen Victoria until she died. Pescheret began his studies at the Royal College of Engraving in Kensington under Malcolm Osborne, and the Battersea Polytechnic (now called the University of Surrey) in London. In 1910, his father moved the family to Washington D.C. and became chef for the British Ambassador to the United States.

paragraph: Pescheret served in the American Army during World War I. After returning from World War I Pescheret began experimenting with etching striking his first pate in 1926. He was admitted to the Chicago Society of Etchers in 1928. By the 1920s he was attending the Art Institute of Chicago studying interior design under French artist/muralist Albert Francis Fleury. In 1934 Pescheret traveled back to Europe to study with Roger Hebbelinck who was the color etcher to the court of Belgium. He studied in England at the Royal College of Engraving under Malcolm Osborn and Robert Austin.

paragraph: He was previously married to Grace Wallar Pescheret (1884-1950) and in 1951, he married Katherine Louis Pescheret née Firebaugh (1898-1985).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Pescheret devoted his business to etching full-time by 1930. While exhibiting in 1933 at the Century of Progress, he became interested in color etchings. To study this craft, he returned to Europe and became the private pupil of Roger Hebbelinck, a famous color etcher, and gained practical knowledge in doing one and multiple plate work.

paragraph: In 1936, he purchased the "Halverson Home" located on 519 West Main St., Whitewater, Wisconsin and opened his art studio and gallery there. For the next 31 years he produced both color and monochrome etchings from this studio.

paragraph: Pescheret authored several books including "An Introduction to Color Etching" (1952) and "Principle and Practice of Interior Decorating" (1925). He also illustrated two books written by Alfred Hoyt Granger, "The Spirit of Vienna" (1935) and "Chicago Welcomes You," (1933) as well as contributing works to "American Artist" and "Arizona Highways" magazines.

paragraph: Pescheret did various architectural, interior designs and decorative art projects in his career including for Drake Hotel in Chicago, the Memorial Union Building at the University of Wisconsin; the Peoria, Illinois Country Club; and the British Museum.

paragraph: His work was show at galleries and museums throughout the United States including a one-man show at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. His work is held in the collections of The New York Public Library, the Library of Congress, Art Institute of Chicago, the King of Belgium's private collection in Brussels, the British Museum, and private collections throughout the United States and Europe.

paragraph: Pescheret was a member of the Society of American Engravers.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural design.

paragraph: Pescheret practiced architectural design creating the interiors of the Drake Hotel in Chicago, the Wisconsin Memorial Union at the University of Wisconsin in Madison as well and numerous institutional and private interiors. He developed the interior design of the Peoria Country Club, Pierce Hall at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Tucson and the Southwest.

paragraph: Pescheret began visiting Tucson and Arizona in winter of the late 1930s. The annual winter visits expanded is visual understanding of the American Southwest. Pescheret speaking at the Sheboygan Women's Club in October 1938 recognized Arizona as one of the states "which offer the widest range of scenery." The Sheboygan Press reported that "From Arizona scenes he received inspiration for two unusual sketches, Spanish Yuca and the Coachwhip. The first shows the desert plant which grows to a height of 18 feet in full bloom against an azure sky, The Coachwhip or Devil's Walking Stick, is another form of giant cacti rarely seen anywhere else but in Arizona."

paragraph: In April 1940 Pescheret visited Mexico, he would later speak publicly about the country as a "land of great contrasts, great wealth and extreme poverty, beautiful churches and the meanest hovels, marvelous climate and barren country." He visited Mexico City, Taxco, the floating island gardens of Xochimilco and Toluca documenting life and iconic details of places that could become that basis for etching. These photographic images were noted by the Freeport Journal Standard as "emphasizing detail rather than general effect. He presented the point of view of the artist, rather than the historian or anthropologist and this variation proved of special interest."

paragraph: This period resulted in important work that emphasized shadows and architectural texture. Significant works inspired by this trip included: "Doña Berta's, Taxco," "Market Place, Taxco Mexico," (1940) and a color images of the street and bell towers of the Taxco cathedral titled "Taxco Mexico." (1940) and "Taxco Cathedral, Mexico."

paragraph: His national reputation for one plate color etching made him an instantaneously recognized figure in Tucson's emerging artist community. He was regularly invited to speak to art classes and groups, his "desert work" for this period was included regularly in exhibits and shown through private residential receptions.

paragraph: In March 1942, on a visit to Tucson, Pescheret spoke to the combined art classes at the University of Arizona and the Advertisers National Federation in Phoenix on the topic of one plate color etching and this phase of his work. During these lectures Pescheret articulated his philosophy that artist should produce quantities of prints to drive down the price so that they can be acquired by the general public and avoid limiting production to elevate scarcity so only collectors and museums can buy them. In discussing the single plate color etching process with the Arizona Daily Star in 1942, Pescheret explained that he only produced six plates a year each an open edition of 200 prints. These prints are produced on large copper plates, the smallest 10 by 12 inches the largest 13 by 18 inches.

paragraph: Through the 1940s Pescheret became a fixture in the Arizona art scene. In 1944 the Phoenix Writers Club published a volume of poetry titled "Random Arrows," Pescheret contributed a desert etching that was reproduced as the frontispiece of the book.

paragraph: In 1946 Pescheret exhibited 24 color etching at an exhibit at the Arizona State Museum as part of an one-man show in Tucson, Arizona. The etching showed the southwestern desert and images of Wisconsin, Tennessee and New England.

paragraph: While Pescheret's work mastered monochromatic images, he established a national reputation as a color etcher. Most of his work was produced using a single plate, all the color necessary to the development of the image rubbed into the copper plate then printed by passing the plate and through the press. Only one print is obtained from one coloring, and it must be a perfect print, as no additions or subtractions can me made after the print is struck.

paragraph: In 1954 Pescheret's color etching were shown at the O'Brian Galleries in Phoenix and in 1955 the Arizona State Museum exhibited thirty of his color etching. During the exhibit Pescheret gave a gallery talk. In 1957 his black and white and color prints were shown at the Tucson Art and Craft Market Gallery in Tucson.

paragraph: Leon Pescheret closed the Whitewater studio in 1967, relocating to Tucson, Arizona, where he died on February 23, 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Tucson and the Southwest.:Desert etchings.

paragraph: Pescheret's desert etchings from Arizona, New Mexico and California blended his distinctive style with the stark landscapes, big skies, romantic architecture and magnificent coloring to produce some of his most indelible work. Many of his color images of Arizona were featured and distributed nationally in Arizona Highways Magazine.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Many of Pescheret's works are listed online by the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater's Harold G. Andersen Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online version of the book with illustrations by Pescheret

alias:
Leon Rene Pescheret
Léon-René Pescheret
Leon-Rene Pescheret

wikidata_label: Leon Pescheret

wikipedia_title: Leon Pescheret