text: Brigadier

text: Irish

text: officer

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Second World War

text: Irish Republican Army

text: interwar period

text: Heinz Guderian

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: J. F. C. Fuller

text: Archibald Wavell

text: B. H. Liddell Hart

text: British Empire

text: campaigns in the Western Desert

text: Cootehill

text: County Cavan

text: Protestant

text: John Charles McQuaid

text: Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin

text: stutter

text: Maidenhead

text: Berkshire

text: Lambrook

text: Uppingham School

text: Rutland

text: Brian Horrocks

text: anti-semitism

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: commissioned

text: second lieutenant

text: Royal Northumberland Fusiliers

text: First World War

text: subaltern

text: Chinkara

text: India

text: 9th Brigade

text: 3rd Division

text: British Expeditionary Force

text: Battle of Mons

text: retreat

text: Messines

text: Armentières

text: Ypres

text: temporary rank

text: lieutenant

text: Second Battle of Ypres

text: Military Cross

text: captain

text: mentioned in dispatches

text: trench warfare

text: major

text: second-in-command

text: Kitchener's Army

text: Western Front

text: 68th Brigade

text: 23rd Division

text: adjutant

text: Durham Light Infantry

text: bar

text: Ernest Hemingway

text: Italian front

text: Italian Silver Medal of Bravery

text: Taranto

text: 5th Division

text: Carlow

text: Kilkenny

text: Black and Tans

text: British Army of the Rhine

text: Richard O'Connor

text: Staff College, Camberley

text: J. F. C. Fuller

text: general officer

text: Second World War

text: Philip Christison

text: Evelyn Barker

text: Oliver Leese

text: Eric Hayes

text: John Hawkesworth

text: Ronald Penney

text: John Whiteley

text: Eric Nares

text: Charles Norman

text: Stanley Kirby

text: Wilfrid Lloyd

text: Reginald Savory

text: Clement West

text: Bernard Montgomery

text: Royal Engineers

text: brevet rank

text: brigade major

text: Blackdown

text: Archibald Wavell

text: Claude Auchinleck

text: War Office

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Alan Brooke

text: Royal Horse Artillery

text: Major-General

text: Lord Gort

text: Commanding Officer

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Abyssinian campaign

text: Italian Army

text: Mersa Matruh

text: Neil Ritchie

text: Erwin Rommel

text: El Alamein

text: brigadier

text: Commander-in-Chief

text: Indian Army

text: IV Corps

text: Haifa

text: Palestine

text: Alexander Galloway

text: Middle East Command

text: Western Desert Force

text: historian

text: Correlli Barnett

text: Operation Compass

text: Sidi Barrani

text: Italian 10th Army

text: Benghazi

text: Tripoli

text: Winston Churchill

text: British Prime Minister

text: Allied forces

text: Balkans

text: Greece

text: Bernard Freyberg

text: defence of Crete

text: Eighth Army

text: Neil Ritchie

text: Field Marshal

text: Jan Smuts

text: Ultra

text: Chief of the General Staff

text: 160th Infantry Brigade

text: 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division

text: Territorial Army

text: Robert Ross

text: Kent

text: invasion of Normandy

text: XII Corps

text: James Gammell

text: Montagu Stopford

text: 3rd Infantry Brigade

text: 1st Infantry Division

text: Ronald Penney

text: Italian Front

text: Anzio beachhead

text: General

text: Sir Harold Alexander

text: Allied Armies in Italy

text: John Harding

text: Major General

text: Lucian Truscott

text: Lieutenant General

text: Mark W. Clark

text: American Fifth Army

text: Gustav Line

text: River Tiber

text: 46th Division

text: Charles Loewen

text: Commander, Royal Artillery

text: X Corps

text: Gothic Line

text: Ulster

text: Wirral, Cheshire

text: Liberal Party

text: Selwyn Lloyd

text: Dublin

text: Éamon de Valera

text: Fort Leavenworth

text: Bernard Montgomery

text: Clann na Poblachta

text: Seán MacBride

text: Carlow

text: Dáil

text: Cavan

text: IRA

text: Border Campaign

text: Gough Barracks

text: Armagh

text: Tony Magan

text: Charlie Murphy

text: Daphne du Maurier

text: Frederick "Boy" Browning

text: Operation Harvest

text: Special Powers Act

text: Charlie Murphy

text: Seán Cronin

text: B. H. Liddell Hart

text: Michael Carver

text: Alanbrooke

text: Battle of Alam el Halfa

text: Sir Harold Alexander

text: Montreux

text: John Dos Passos

text: Gertrude Stein

text: James Joyce

text: Ford Madox Ford

text: Ezra Pound

text: godfather

text: Ernest Hemingway

text: John

text: Donald Ogden Stewart

text: Hemingway

text: Haifa

text: Reginald

text: Burma

text: Royal Navy

text: Captain

text: Dorman-Smith, Eric "Chink" (1895–1969)

text: Profile

text: British Army Officers 1939−1945

text: Generals of World War II

categories: People from County Cavan,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,Deaths from cancer in the Republic of Ireland,Recipients of the Military Cross,1895 births,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers,Deaths from stomach cancer,British Army personnel of World War I,People educated at Uppingham School,1969 deaths,Anglo-Irish people,Irish_generals,British military personnel of the Irish War of Independence,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Eric Dorman-Smith

paragraph: Brigadier Eric Edward ("Chink") Dorman-Smith (24 July 1895 – 11 May 1969), who later changed his name to Eric Edward Dorman O'Gowan, was an Irish officer whose career in the British Army began in the First World War and closed at the end of the Second World War. In the 1950s, Dorman-Smith became an officer in the Irish Republican Army (IRA). In the 1920s, during the interwar period, he was one of the military thinkers in various countries, like Heinz Guderian in Germany and Charles de Gaulle in France, who realised that technology and motorisation were changing the way that wars and battles were fought. Influenced by J. F. C. Fuller, Archibald Wavell, B. H. Liddell Hart, and many others, Dorman-Smith tried to change the culture of the British Army and held a number of teaching and training roles in various parts of the British Empire. Although he made several contributions in advisory roles during the campaigns in the Western Desert from 1940 to 1941, it was not until May 1942 that he went on active service again. His service in the Second World War is shrouded in controversy and ended when he was fired from his command in August 1944.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dorman-Smith was born to a mixed-religion couple in Bellamont Forest, Cootehill, County Cavan, Ireland. He was received into the Catholic Church four days after his birth as a result of his Catholic mother's pleading. His younger brothers, Victor and Reggie, were baptised Protestant (though all three boys are listed as Catholic in the 1901 Census). His best friend as a child in Cootehill was John Charles McQuaid, the local doctor's son, who was later appointed Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin.

paragraph: At the age of 12, he was sent to St Anthony's, a Catholic school in Eastbourne, Sussex. His Cavan accent and buck teeth made him stand out and, in the effort to modify his accent, he developed a stutter. While there, his parents moved to Maidenhead, Berkshire in England and, after a year, he was moved to Lambrook, which was a school attended by his younger brothers, whereupon his stutter vanished. In 1910, he went to Uppingham School, Rutland, where he befriended Brian Horrocks, a future general. During his school days he showed that he had strong principles, in particular there were episodes of casual anti-semitism towards friends of his which he reportedly took steps to address.

paragraph: Dorman-Smith's father insisted he take the entrance exam for the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in December 1912 and he scored 6969/12600, being placed 69th in the order of merit, thus obtaining one of the 172 available places. Horrocks also succeeded, ranked 171. After two terms, he passed out in exemplary fashion, leaving Horrocks to complete a third term, achieving 515/600 in military history and 2031/2800 in general military subjects. His overall score was 7976/10,500, placing him 10th. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 1st Battalion of the Northumberland Fusiliers (later the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers) on 25 February 1914, just six months before the outbreak of the First World War. Dorman-Smith gained his nickname "Chink" on his first night in the officers' mess when his fellow subaltern, Richard Vachell, noted his resemblance to the Chinkara antelope mascot that the regiment had had to leave behind when they moved back to England from India.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.

paragraph: "Chink", along with the rest of his battalion, then serving as part of the 9th Brigade of the 3rd Division, were sent to France on 13 August 1914, nine days after Britain entered the First World War, and were some of the first troops of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to arrive. The battalion, and Dorman-Smith himself, were involved in the Battle of Mons, where he was wounded in the retreat. Later that year he was involved in the battles of Messines, Armentières and Ypres and, after being promoted on 15 November to the temporary rank of lieutenant, received another wound on 9 December. He was promoted to substantive lieutenant on 2 January 1915.

paragraph: In May 1915 the battalion was involved in fighting at Railway Wood, near Ypres, during the Second Battle of Ypres. Although he had received a shrapnel wound and four lesser injuries from rifle bullets, he organised, under heavy fire, a withdrawal of the survivors of his battalion, for which he was awarded one of the first batch of the Military Cross (MC). Promoted to temporary captain on 26 June 1915, he was mentioned in dispatches on 1 January 1916 and his rank of captain was made permanent on 26 August 1916. After a difficult period of convalescence, he was sent to teach trench warfare to new recruits and in January 1917 he was posted to the Northern School of Instruction. He returned to active service in July 1917 and he was temporarily promoted to the acting rank of major on 16 October and was made second-in-command (2IC) of the 10th (Service) Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers, a Kitchener's Army battalion, then serving on the Western Front as part of the 68th Brigade of the 23rd Division.

paragraph: In November 1917, Dorman-Smith was posted as a captain to the Italian Piave Front on attachment to the 68th Brigade School, and from 4 April until 6 July 1918 he served as adjutant to the 12th (Service) Battalion, Durham Light Infantry, another Kitchener's Army unit, serving in the same 68th Brigade of the 23rd Division. He was mentioned in dispatches a second time on 30 May 1918 and was again promoted to the temporary rank of major on 7 July 1918. He served as 2IC to the battalion and finished the war in Genoa, recovering from an attack of gastroenteritis, with a bar added to his MC. Upon his discharge from hospital he was appointed Commandant of the British Troops and sent to Milan. In Milan on 3 November 1918, he met Ernest Hemingway, who had been wounded at the Italian front and decorated with the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery while serving with the Red Cross. He was posted to the Military Landing Staff at Taranto before returning to England as adjutant to the Northumberland Fusiliers. He was mentioned in dispatches a third time on 9 January 1919.

paragraph: In June 1921, the regiment was posted to his native Ireland as part of the effort to repress the rebellion. His battalion was part of the Curragh 5th Division and from its headquarters in Carlow, its role was to patrol the county of Kilkenny. He discovered that his childhood nurse had married the local IRA brigadier and on one occasion, helped her bury a cache of hand grenades on the grounds of Bellamont Forest prior to a raid by the Black and Tans but otherwise remained politically neutral.

paragraph: Section::::Between the wars.

paragraph: His period of duty in Ireland ended in February 1922 and he moved to the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), still as adjutant of his regiment. He witnessed the breakdown of transport and communications after the French sent troops into the Ruhr basin in January 1923 to enforce war reparations.

paragraph: In 1924, he left his regiment to become an instructor at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where he became acquainted with Richard O'Connor; the duo went on a walking tour of the Austro-Italian Alps at the end of 1924. In 1927, Dorman-Smith sat the entrance examination for the Staff College, Camberley. In the Strategy paper the examiner, J. F. C. Fuller, awarded him 1,000 marks out of a possible 1,000. The advantage of gaining the p.s.c. (passed Staff College) was that the two-year course provided a network of 180 highly trained officers for help afterwards. By arriving with such a splash, it is probable that Dorman-Smith became regarded with suspicion by people who would one day be his peers and superior officers. Many of Dorman-Smith's fellow students there included the future general officers of the Second World War, including Philip Christison, Evelyn Barker, Oliver Leese, Eric Hayes, John Hawkesworth, Ronald Penney, John Whiteley, Robert Bridgeman, 2nd Viscount Bridgeman, Eric Nares, Charles Norman, Stanley Kirby, Wilfrid Lloyd, Reginald Savory and Clement West.

paragraph: On 28 December 1928 he passed out Grade A in the top four and publicly burned his lecture notes, including those from Bernard Montgomery, one of the instructors. They had already clashed on numerous occasions and "Chink" had also failed to attend his class on "The Registering of Personality", which he regarded as unnecessary for the formulation of successful tactics. He then became the first infantryman to hold the post of instructor of tactics at Chatham, the Royal Engineers' equivalent of the Staff College. In 1929 he was commissioned to write a textbook on military tactics, which became an official army handbook, "Infantry Section Leaders' Training", within two years.

paragraph: Promoted to the brevet rank of major on 1 January 1931, in July he was appointed brigade major to the 6th Experimental Brigade at Blackdown, under Archibald Wavell, who, along with Richard O'Connor and Claude Auchinleck, were the most significant influences on his career and his most prominent supporters. Wavell aimed to increase the mobility of the army and led exercises to this aim, in which Dorman-Smith assisted. He encouraged Dorman-Smith to ignore the standard manuals and devise new tactical approaches. Promoted to substantive major on 23 November 1933, in 1934, on the recommendation of O'Connor, he was appointed to the War Office at the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel, which he was promoted to on 1 July 1934. He allied himself with Liddell Hart in a crusade against the use of horses in the army. He devised an estimate of British casualties over the first year of a big war into three categories; 25 percent caused by enemy action, 25 percent by indifferent generalship and accidents of war, 50 percent by the Treasury.

paragraph: It was at that time Dorman-Smith began to clash with Alan Brooke, whom he viewed as the epitome of a traditional Royal Horse Artillery officer, with little interest in the requirements of modern mechanised warfare. On a return to the Staff College, Camberley in 1936, he had to deliver lectures on tactics which he considered already outdated. He spent his leisure time devising with Philip Christison, one of his fellow students at the Staff College almost a decade before and then a fellow instructor, more up-to-date theories of supply, staff duties and tactical handling, only to be reprimanded by Major-General Lord Gort, the Commandant of the Staff College.

paragraph: After sixteen months, rather than the customary three years, Dorman-Smith was promoted to substantive lieutenant colonel on 26 April 1937 and was appointed Commanding Officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion of his regiment, now retitled the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, then serving in Egypt. His farewell speech to the Staff College on the success of Benito Mussolini's Abyssinian campaign was not well received, probably because of its emphasis on the more mechanised approach of the Italian Army compared with the British Army. In Egypt, Dorman-Smith clashed with his new command about his disregard for polo training and he was far from impressed by their military ability. He tried, without success, to break down barriers between British and Egyptian companies, probably another campaign that would be held against this unconventional officer.

paragraph: Late in 1937, he went to Mersa Matruh to re-design the fortifications. His assessment of the terrain was to colour his estimate of Neil Ritchie's generalship when facing Erwin Rommel's assault in mid-1942, and he seems to have realised that El Alamein was going to be the decisive battleground in Egypt. In March 1938, he was offered the post of Director of Military Training for India, a major-general's appointment, and he left Egypt in May. He was promoted to brevet colonel and to the temporary rank of brigadier on 10 May and his permanent rank was advanced to colonel on 1 July (with seniority backdated to 10 May 1937). The later Regimental History thanks Dorman-Smith for his modernising efforts in helping the battalion to survive the desert campaign, although it appears that they were glad to see the back of him.

paragraph: In India, he soon got to know the Commander-in-Chief's loyal aide, "Bunny" Careless, who developed an antipathy that might have re-surfaced when Dorman-Smith was his brigade commander in Italy in 1944. The occupant of the office next door to Dorman-Smith was the Deputy Chief, General Staff, Claude Auchinleck. They became close companions and went on hill-walks before breakfast each day. They developed a plan to transform the Indian Army but the outbreak of the Second World War put paid to them. In January 1940, Auchinleck was appointed to command IV Corps in England. In August of that year, Wavell asked Dorman-Smith to take over command of the Staff College, Haifa in Palestine, taking over the position from Brigadier Alexander Galloway.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:The Middle East and North Africa.

paragraph: In October 1940, over a year after the outbreak of the Second World War, Wavell, the C-in-C of Middle East Command, asked Dorman-Smith to look into the feasibility of taking the offensive against the Italian forces who had invaded Egypt from Libya. On delivery of his report, he was sent as an adviser to Major-General Richard O'Connor and the Western Desert Force (WDF).

paragraph: Dorman-Smith is credited by historian Correlli Barnett with planning Operation Compass and with the discovery of a gap in the Italian lines south of Sidi Barrani. He was then sent back to Haifa while the WDF carried out his daring plan with great success. In January 1941, Wavell again asked him to report to O'Connor and assess the progress of the campaign in order to distil what could be learned from its success. He stayed with the army until, in early February, the Italian 10th Army surrendered near Benghazi. O'Connor sent him back to Cairo to ask Wavell's permission to advance on Tripoli but in the meantime Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, had instructed Wavell to send troops to the aid of Greece, ending Operation Compass. "Chink" returned to Haifa on 13 February 1941.

paragraph: In April 1941, he was temporarily appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) and watched from a distance while Erwin Rommel won back all the territory that O'Connor had gained and the Allied forces were pushed out of the Balkans and Greece. He conveyed several messages to Major-General Bernard Freyberg who was preparing the defence of Crete. His temporary appointment ended at the end of May and he again returned to the Staff College, Haifa. When the news arrived that Wavell was going to be replaced by Auchinleck as C-in-C in the Middle East in July, Dorman-Smith probably thought that he stood a chance of getting a permanent role closer to the action but no job offer was made. By December, he had decided to resign from the army. Despite this, Dorman-Smith accepted an offer from Auckinleck, to be appointed British Army liaison officer for Persia and Iraq – even though he realised it was a largely meaningless sinecure. In February 1942, Auchinleck sent him to assess the condition of the Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie. Dorman-Smith's conclusion, following wide consultations, was that Ritchie was an excellent staff officer, but unsuited to his post and should be replaced. Auchinleck took no action upon this. After a few more unproductive months – during which Dorman-Smith offered his resignation, which was rejected by Auchinleck – he worked on a proposal for a Higher Command School with Field Marshal Jan Smuts. He was offered on 8 May a choice of major-general positions, an unspecified role under Wavell in India or Deputy Chief of the General Staff in Cairo. "Chink" accepted the latter and was promoted to acting major-general on 16 June.

paragraph: Until 6 August 1942, when he was sacked, Dorman-Smith, a full colonel but holding the acting rank of major-general, served as chief of staff to Auchinleck, the C-in-C Middle East. Auchinleck took over command of the Eighth Army on 25 June after the failure of Ritchie to provide effective resistance to the Axis forces and took Dorman-Smith along to act as his staff officer. Dorman-Smith's novel use of intelligence derived from Ultra decrypts, led them to formulate tactics based on systematic attacks on the weak points of the German forces, notably the Italian formations, which proved successful in slowing down and finally disrupting the German advance. The stream of bad news from this war zone in the weeks prior to Auchinleck's assumption of personal command, had led to a crisis of confidence in Whitehall. Churchill and Alan Brooke, now the Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, visited Cairo in August 1942 to take stock of the situation. They were not impressed by Auchinleck's poor grasp of public relations work and decided that a change of command was required.

paragraph: The key moment of the entire desert war saw Dorman-Smith and Auchinleck finally stop Rommel in a few days of desperate fighting in the First_Battle_of_El_Alamein in and around Ruweisat Ridge in early July, where their direct and centralized control of the ragged 8th Army defeated the panzers. General Montgomery used the Auchinleck and Dorman-Smiths concepts to conduct and win the defensive battle at the Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa a few weeks later.

paragraph: Brooke had spoken to his former protégé Ritchie and various other senior officers whom he knew from his days with the horse artillery and came to the conclusion that Dorman-Smith was a poor advisor to Auchinleck,

paragraph: Major St J. Oswald, a G2 Staff Officer at Eighth Army HQ who eventually rose to the rank of major-general, said of Dorman-Smith, "He really was as near being a lunatic as you can get". For his services in the Middle East Dorman-Smith was twice mentioned in dispatches, on 30 December 1941, and on 24 June 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Service in Britain and Italy.

paragraph: Dorman-Smith never held any important military positions after this date. He reverted to the rank of brigadier on 11 September 1942 and was soon appointed to command the 160th Infantry Brigade. part of the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, a first line Territorial Army (TA) formation, commanded by Major-General Robert Ross. The 53rd Division was serving in Kent, preparing and training for the invasion of Normandy, as part of XII Corps, then commanded by Lieutenant-General James Gammell, who was replaced in mid-November by Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford. Another unfortunate meeting took place on 20 November, when Churchill paid a visit to the 53rd Division and invited "Chink" to the official lunch party. The latter found himself in an argument with the Prime Minister and gave him a patronising lecture on military tactics. Six months later, in May 1943, Exercise Spartan took place and although his brigade performed well, however, there was no official recognition. To compound his misfortune, on 11 November 1943, Dorman-Smith learned that the new XII Corps commander, in succession to Stopford who was being posted to India, was going to be Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie, who he had been so critical of in North Africa. Believing that it would be too embarrassing to serve directly under Ritchie, Dorman-Smith wrote to Major-General Ross, with the request that he be moved to a new post. As a result, on 21 November he was ordered to vacate his command and stay on leave of absence until further notice, although Ross made it clear to Dorman-Smith that this was in no way a reflection on his efficiency.

paragraph: Remaining virtually unemployed for the next few months, in late April 1944 Dorman-Smith learned that he was to be given command of the 3rd Infantry Brigade, part of the 1st Infantry Division, commanded by Major-General Ronald Penney, then fighting on the Italian Front in the Anzio beachhead. By now, however, his reputation was such that all the senior British commanders in Italy, from General Sir Harold Alexander, C-in-C of the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI), who had succeeded General Auchinleck as C-in-C Middle East in August 1942, along with his Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General John Harding, and Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese, the Eighth Army commander, all wished to turn him down, but were overruled by Brooke, who made it clear to Dorman-Smith that this was his "sink or swim" moment. Alexander, Harding and Leese had all been fellow students at Camberley in the late 1920s, Alexander in the year senior, Harding − "independent of mind and short of stature" − and one who Dorman-Smith greatly respected, in the year below, whereas Leese had been in Dorman-Smith's year.

paragraph: However, Penney, his new divisional commander, who had been a fellow student at the Staff College, Camberley in the late 1920s, was not at all happy with his new brigade commander, greeting him with the words "I didn't want you before and I don't want you now". There was some history behind this. At the Staff College the two men had clashed, Dorman-Smith frequently deriding him while Penney then believed that "Chink" would be a staff officer and one who should not command troops in battle, and refused to change his opinion. Furthermore, Dorman-Smith's predecessor, Brigadier J. G. James, had been hugely popular in his brigade, causing some resentment among the battalion commanders.

paragraph: When Dorman-Smith arrived in the Anzio beachhead, the fighting was reminiscent of the fighting on the Western Front almost 30 years before, with static warfare replacing the mobility that had existed in the Western Desert. Soon after his arrival, Major General Lucian Truscott, commanding the U.S. VI Corps (under which the 1st Division had been serving since January), received orders from his superior, Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, commanding the American Fifth Army, to break out of the Anzio beachhead. This was to coincide with the Allied forces further south in their successful attempt in breaching the Gustav Line. Dorman-Smith's brigade spearheaded the 1st Division's advance up the western flank of Italy, along the way becoming engaged in numerous small-scale fights while trying to reach the River Tiber. During most of this period Penney was away, having been badly injured in February by a shell in some of the fiercest fighting at Anzio. He was replaced on a temporary basis by Major-General John Hawkesworth, yet another of Dorman-Smith's fellow students at Camberley, and a close friend, but he returned to his 46th Division in Palestine in late May, and was replaced by Brigadier Charles Loewen, the Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA) of X Corps who, unlike Hawkesworth, was a total stranger to "Chink", but one who he respected. Penney returned to the division, now advancing forwards to the Gothic Line defences, in mid-June, but his injuries rendered him unfit to continue in command and relinquished control of the division to Loewen, now a major general, in late July. Soon afterwards, however, Dorman-Smith himself was relieved of command of the 3rd Brigade.

paragraph: Despite his brigade having performed well thus far, he was sacked again after it was alleged that his battalion commanders had complained about his leadership. Penney, reporting to Leese, the Eighth Army commander, declared him "unfit for brigade command". The circumstances behind his demotion are controversial. He was in command of three battalions. James Hackett wrote in 1984 that Dorman-Smith was summoned by the divisional commander to give his opinion of his superior officer, a procedure that annoyed and offended him. Neither of the other two officers left accounts of the episode, however. The only evidence rests on the report of the divisional commander, which is tainted by inaccuracies in that at least one of the three officers did not lay a complaint. Greacen's biography includes a summary of the differences between the three accounts of this episode made by Penney on various occasions. Nevertheless, he was relieved on 13 August and returned to the United Kingdom, retiring from the army, after almost 30 years' service, on 14 December, and was granted the honorary rank of brigadier.

paragraph: Richard Mead states that "Even for a British Army which had advanced beyond recognition between 1939 and 1944, Dorman-Smith was too clever and he compounded this sin by being intolerant of those with lesser intellects and, moreover, of letting it show. It was his misfortune to be associated with failure in the Western Desert, but his antagonism of the military establishment meant that he would probably never have advanced to the heights to which his intellectual gifts would otherwise have qualified him."

paragraph: Section::::Life in Ireland.

paragraph: Four years after he was forcibly retired from the British Army, he changed his name from Dorman-Smith to O'Gowan, having long been aware that his father was descended from the O'Gowans, who had once been a ruling family in Ulster. In 1945 he had contested the safe Tory seat of Wirral, Cheshire for the Liberal Party. He won 14,302 votes and retained his deposit, coming third, with Selwyn Lloyd easily retaining the seat for the Conservatives with 51% of the votes of those who cast ballots. "Chink" retired to Dublin. Eve joined him in November 1945, gave birth to Christopher on 10 May 1946 and to Rionagh in December 1947. He began to study in the library at University College, Dublin, after his application to read for a degree was rejected.

paragraph: Throughout his military career, Dorman-Smith had retained contacts with Ireland. He did not inherit Bellamont Forest until his father died in March 1948 and his parents had long ceased to reside there, leading to the estate becoming run-down by the time he took it over but he had paid regular visits during the 20s and 30s. The estate was from the Ulster border and at times it became a place of interest to the Republicans. During one of Dorman-Smith's stays, Éamon de Valera who seems to have been interested in learning of "Chink's" views on the state of the Irish army, made an informal and unannounced visit. During his time at the Staff College, Camberley in 1927 to 1928, two Irish Army officers paid an official visit - after rebukes from the United Kingdom for visiting Fort Leavenworth in the United States and Bernard Montgomery, the senior lecturer, ordered a boycott so the welcoming party consisted only of the Commandant and Dorman-Smith.

paragraph: In 1950, he joined Clann na Poblachta, a new party led by Seán MacBride, who had been an Irish Republican Army officer in Carlow during Dorman-O'Gowan's posting there. His ties and allegiance to the UK were fading fast. In May 1951 he stood for election to the Dáil as an independent candidate in Cavan, since Clann were already supporting another candidate. He polled just 495 votes - the lowest of the eight candidates. He later became an IRA advisor to the IRA Executive during the 1950s Border Campaign.

paragraph: His first contact with the IRA seems to have been in the aftermath of their raid on the Gough Barracks in Armagh on 12 June 1954. Chief of Staff Tony Magan and the Adjutant-General Charlie Murphy visited him for discussions at Bellamont Forest. In July 1954, he spoke at a reunification rally in Manchester, making it clear that he was distancing himself from the policies of the UK. He grew frustrated at not being made part of the decision-making process of the IRA and when a raid on Omagh went wrong, he began to realise that the IRA did not meet his ideals of efficiency.

paragraph: During 1955–56, his estate was used as a training-ground by the IRA two weekends a year but he was excluded from playing a role despite his eagerness to assist. He does not appear to have kept these contacts secret. Dame Daphne du Maurier, wife of his former Sandhurst adjutant Frederick "Boy" Browning, wrote a story about this side of his life, "A Border-Line Case".

paragraph: The British establishment appears to have dismissed him as a harmless crank. On 15 December 1956, after the failure of Operation Harvest and the introduction of the Special Powers Act, Charlie Murphy and Seán Cronin visited to convey the message that his usefulness to the IRA was over.

paragraph: Section::::Characteristics and reputation.

paragraph: Dorman-Smith was an unorthodox commander and has attracted contrasting opinions. To some, such as B. H. Liddell Hart, he was "the outstanding soldier of his generation". To others, such as Field Marshals Michael Carver and Alanbrooke, he was a "sinister influence" and the major cause of Auchinleck's dismissal. Montgomery called him "a menace" but despite his antipathy, the Battle of Alam el Halfa was fought on a plan very close to that conceived by Dorman-Smith for Auchinleck. Montgomery made skilful use of the defensive system which he had been instrumental in planning and laying out. Carver, however, points out that Montgomery did make a decisive alteration to this plan by bringing up troops that were to have been held in reserve in the Nile Delta to form a continuous line of defence. The effect of this was to reduce the need for mobility for which the British Army in terms of organisation, training and communications was not highly skilled − despite the efforts of people such as Dorman-Smith to reform it.

paragraph: The key characteristic of Dorman-Smith's career is that he was not politically astute and made a number of enemies in the 1920s and 1930s who worked against him, including Penney, Montgomery and most significantly in view of his fall from grace, Brooke, "I had been worried for some time by Auchinleck's handling of armoured formations, mainly due to his listening to the advice of "Chink" Dorman-Smith." Montgomery finally initiated battle at El Alamein at a date one month later than had previously been envisaged in the Auchinleck-Dorman-Smith plan, which was mainly responsible for their dismissals (The Second World War, Gordon Corrigan, Atlantic Books, 2010, p288)

paragraph: He sued Churchill, forcing him to amend "The Hinge of Fate", part of his history of the Second World War, so that an implied slur on the fighting mettle of Auchinleck was removed. Less acrimoniously, Montgomery was forced to tone down his criticisms of his predecessors in the Eighth Army, when he published his memoirs in August 1958. When Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander brought out his memoirs in 1961, "Chink" was preparing his case but his legal team advised him to withdraw.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural contacts.

paragraph: His next meeting with Hemingway after the latter's departure from Genoa in 1919, was in Paris in 1922, where "Chink" was spending his vacation with his parents. Hemingway was living there with his wife Hadley and working as a freelance journalist. He invited Dorman-Smith to accompany them to Montreux. They spent their days fishing and climbing mountains and Hemingway alluded to this holiday in "Green Hills of Africa". They decided to show Hadley around Milan and crossed the St Bernard Pass on foot - an adventure commemorated by Hemingway in "A Moveable Feast".

paragraph: They met up over Christmas 1922, again in Montreux and spent the visit luging and skiing. In early 1923, Hemingway visited Dorman-Smith in Cologne on behalf of the Toronto Star newspaper. During the following summer, he visited them in Paris where Hemingway introduced him to the intelligentsia, including John Dos Passos, Gertrude Stein, James Joyce, Ford Madox Ford and Ezra Pound. Hemingway's first book, "In Our Time", was dedicated to Dorman-Smith and includes some anecdotes from "Chink's" memories of the Mons campaign. In March 1924, he paid another visit to Paris and became godfather to Ernest Hemingway's eldest son John.

paragraph: That summer, in company with Dos Passos, Donald Ogden Stewart and Robert McAlmon, they visited the San Fermin festival in Pamplona in July and participated in the bull-running. Proof of the high esteem in which Hemingway held Dorman-Smith is contained in his 1924 poem, "To Chink Whose Trade is Soldiering". However, after their next meeting in April 1926, when Dorman-Smith was accompanying an army rugby team to Paris, they gradually drifted apart because of the stresses of Dorman-Smith's military career and the changes in Hemingway's life. They did not meet again until Dorman-Smith was touring the USA in April 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He did not marry young and conducted a series of affairs until on 29 December 1927, he married Estelle, Lady Berney; their union was childless. During his period in Haifa in 1940, he met Eve Nott, with whom he began an affair. They wed on 17 May 1949 at Westminster Registry Office. He had a son and a daughter, Christopher and Rionagh and seven grandchildren and five great grandchildren. Dorman-Smith's youngest brother, Reginald, was Governor of Burma at the time of the Japanese invasion during the Second World War. His other brother Victor, was a Royal Navy Captain.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Dorman-Smith died from stomach cancer on 11 May 1969 at Lisdarne hospital, Cavan, at the age of 73.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorman-Smith, Eric "Chink" (1895–1969) History and the Headlines. Abc-clio.com. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. King's College London. University of London. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Army Officers 1939−1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- Generals of World War II

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Eric Dorman-Smith

wikipedia_title: Eric Dorman-Smith


text: Toledo, Ohio

text: Oak Harbor, Ohio

text: Pope Francis

text: Atlanta

text: Wilton Daniel Gregory

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: People from Oak Harbor, Ohio,American Roman Catholic bishops,1950 births,People from Toledo, Ohio,Living people

paragraph: Joel Matthias Konzen

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bishop Konzen was born November 6, 1950 in Toledo, Ohio and grew up in Oak Harbor, Ohio. He took his first vows as a Marist in 1975. He took perpetual vows in the Society of Mary, and was ordained a deacon in 1978 and priest in 1979.

paragraph: Bishop Konzen has a bachelor of arts in English from St. Meinrad Seminary in St. Meinrad, Ind., a master of divinity from Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans, a master of arts in systematic theology from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and a master of arts in educational administration from The Catholic University of America. On May 19, 1979, Konzen was ordained to the priesthood.

paragraph: Bishop Joel M. Konzen took his first position at Marist School in Atlanta in 1980, where he remained for nine years in roles as teacher, admissions director, principal and president. While a graduate student at The Catholic University of America, he served as vicar provincial of the former Washington Province of the Society of Mary. From 1992 to 1997, Bishop Konzen was principal and president at St. Michael’s Catholic Academy in Austin, Texas. In 1997, he returned to Washington, D.C., where he was vicar provincial again for two years.

paragraph: Bishop Konzen returned to Marist School in Atlanta in 1999, where he has since served as principal and had recently been named President. He assisted in the founding of two new Catholic schools in Atlanta, Notre Dame Academy and Cristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School. He currently serves on the boards of Notre Dame Preparatory School and Marist Academy in Pontiac, Michigan; Notre Dame Academy, Duluth; Cristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School, Atlanta; and the Georgia Independent School Association. In 2015, he received the Educational Excellence Award of the National Catholic Educational Association (NCEA) in honor of his long service to Catholic schools.

paragraph: In addition to his time at Marist School in Atlanta, Bishop Konzen taught at St. Peter Chanel High School in Bedford, Ohio (1976-1977), served as a deacon at St. Andrew the Apostle Parish in New Orleans (1978-1979) and as a priest at St. Edmond Parish in Lafayette, La. (1979-1980). He was principal/president at St. Michael’s Academy in Austin, Tex., from 1992-1997.

paragraph: Section::::Auxiliary Bishop of Atlanta.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed Konzen auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Atlanta on February 5, 2018. On April 3, 2018, Konzen was consecrated as a bishop at the Cathedral of Christ the King.

paragraph: On May 24, 2019, after the installation of Archbishop Wilton Daniel Gregory as the Archbishop of Washington, the college of consultors elected Bishop Konzen as the diocesan administrator of the Archdiocese of Atlanta.

paragraph: Section::::Coat of Arms.

paragraph: For Bishop Konzen the shield is silver (white) with a blue pile (an "A" shaped device) upon which is displayed the conjoined "A" and "M," known an "the monogram of Mary," in silver (white) that is the emblem of the Society of Mary, known as the Marists, that is the Bishop’s religious community. The pile resembles an inlet of water, such as a bay or harbor, and this pile is charged with a gold (yellow) oak leaf to signify Oak Harbor, Ohio, where Bishop Konzen was born and raised. Above the pile are an open book (gold [yellow] with red edges) and a red cross of The Faith to signify that Bishop Konzen has spent most of his life in education, in a Catholic environment, including his last position, before coming to the fullness of Christ’s Most Holy Priesthood, as a bishop, as president of the Marist School in Atlanta.

paragraph: For his motto, His Excellency, Bishop Konzen has adopted the Latin phrase "MISERERE GAUDENS," that is taken from the 8th verse of the 12th chapter of Saint Paul’s Letter to the Romans. This passage can be paraphrased as "Be merciful, and with a cheerful heart."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta Official Site

description: roman-catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Joel Konzen

wikipedia_title: Joel Matthias Konzen


text:
chess
grandmaster
international master
grandmaster
norms
Chess Bundesliga

categories: 1987 births,Chess grandmasters,Sportspeople from Erfurt,Living people,German chess players

paragraph: Martin Krämer

paragraph: Martin Krämer (born 23 December 1987) is a German chess grandmaster.

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.

paragraph: Born in 1987, Krämer earned his international master title in 2006 and his grandmaster title in 2012. He achieved his three grandmaster norms in the 2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12 Chess Bundesliga seasons. He won the German Rapid Chess Championship in 2013. He is the No. 17 ranked German player as of February 2018.

description: German chess player

wikidata_label: Martin Krämer

wikipedia_title: Martin Krämer


text:
Le Courrier français
Joseph-Félix Bouchor
marionette
Théâtre des Marionnettes
Théâtre Français
Julien Tiersot
folk song

categories: 19th-century French poets,Artists from Paris,French male poets,19th-century French sculptors,French male sculptors,1855 births,20th-century French sculptors,1929 deaths

paragraph: Maurice Bouchor

paragraph: Maurice Bouchor (18 November 1855 – 18 January 1929) was a French poet.

paragraph: He was born in Paris. He published in succession "Chansons joyeuses" (1874), "Poèmes de l'amour et de la mer" (1875), "Le Faust moderne" (1878) in prose and verse, and "Les Contes parisiens" (1880) in verse. His "Aurore" (1883) showed a tendency to religious mysticism, which reached its fullest expression in "Les Symboles" (1888; new series, 1895), the most interesting of his works. He contributed to the satirical weekly "Le Courrier français".

paragraph: Bouchor (whose brother, Joseph-Félix Bouchor, b. 1853, became well known as an artist) was a sculptor as well as a poet, and he designed and worked the figures used in his charming pieces as marionettes, the words being recited or chanted by himself or his friends behind the scenes. These miniature dramas on religious subjects, "Tobie" (1889), "Noel" (1890) and "Sainte Cécile" (1892), were produced in Paris at the Théâtre des Marionnettes. A one-act verse drama by Bouchor, "Conte de Noël", was played at the Théâtre Français in 1895, but "Dieu le veut" (1888) was not produced. In conjunction with the musician Julien Tiersot (b. 1857), he made efforts for the preservation of the French folk songs, and published "Chants populaires pour les écoles" (1897).

description: French poet and sculptor

wikidata_label: Maurice Bouchor

wikipedia_title: Maurice Bouchor


text:
French
Tofana
Exili
Bastille
Liège
water cure
Affair of the Poisons
witchcraft
Arthur Conan Doyle
Alexandre Dumas, père
William Fifield
Émile Gaboriau
Robert Browning's
Judith Merkle Riley
The Burning Court
John Dickson Carr
La marquise de Brinvilliers
Daniel Auber
Henri Montan Berton
François-Adrien Boieldieu
Michele Carafa
Luigi Cherubini
Ferdinand Hérold
Ferdinando Paer
Opéra-Comique
Sailor Moon musical
Vocaloid
Hatsune Miku
Anne Parillaud

categories: Executed French women,17th-century executions by France,French female murderers,1666 crimes,People executed by France by decapitation,French female serial killers,French people convicted of murder,People convicted of murder by France,Executed serial killers,Poisoners,1676 deaths,Executed French people,1630 births,French torture victims

paragraph: Madame de Brinvilliers

paragraph: Marie-Madeleine-Marguerite d'Aubray, Marquise de Brinvilliers (22 July 1630 – 17 July 1676) was a French aristocrat accused of three murders. She was convicted on the strength of letters written by her dead lover and a confession obtained by torture, so her guilt remains uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::Crimes.

paragraph: According to the charges laid against her in 1675, in 1666 Marie-Madeleine-Marguerite de Brinvilliers had conspired with her lover, Captain Godin de Sainte-Croix, also called the Chevalier de Sainte Croix, to poison her father Antoine Dreux d'Aubray, and in 1670 she had likewise killed two of her brothers, Antoine and François d'Aubray, in order to inherit their estates. Her alleged accomplice Sainte-Croix had died of natural causes in 1672, so could not be charged. There were also rumors that Brinvilliers had poisoned poor people during her visits to hospitals, but she was not charged with any such killings.

paragraph: The charges against Brinvilliers originated from diaries and letters found in the possession of Sainte Croix after his death, contained in a red leather box which he had marked as not to be opened until after the death of Brinvilliers. She was accused of using Tofana poison and was reported to have learned how to make it from Sainte Croix, who had himself learned the method from Exili, an Italian prisoner who had been his cellmate in the Bastille.

paragraph: In 1675, on being accused, Brinvilliers fled to England, the Netherlands, and finally, a convent near Liège, where she was arrested by a policeman pretending to be a priest. On 17 July 1676, she was tortured with the water cure, that is, made to drink sixteen pints of water (more than 9 liters) and forced to confess. On the strength of the documents left behind by Sainte Croix and her own confession she was sentenced to death, despite the objections of her defense counsel that there was no good evidence for her guilt. She was then beheaded, and her body was burned.

paragraph: Her trial and the scandal which followed it launched the Affair of the Poisons, which saw several French aristocrats charged with witchcraft and poisoning.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: Fictional accounts of her life include "The Leather Funnel" by Arthur Conan Doyle, "The Marquise de Brinvilliers" by Alexandre Dumas, père, "The Devil's Marchioness" by William Fifield, and "Intrigues of a Poisoner" by Émile Gaboriau. Robert Browning's 1846 poem "The Laboratory" imagines an incident in her life. Her capture and burning is mentioned in "The Oracle Glass" by Judith Merkle Riley, also the poisoning of the poor is echoed by the main character, Genevieve's, mother. The plot of the novel "The Burning Court" by John Dickson Carr concerns a murder that appears to be the work of the ghost of Marie d'Aubray Brinvilliers.

paragraph: There have been two musical treatments of her life. An opera titled "La marquise de Brinvilliers" with music by nine composers—Daniel Auber, Désiré-Alexandre Batton, Henri Montan Berton, Giuseppe Marco Maria Felice Blangini, François-Adrien Boieldieu, Michele Carafa, Luigi Cherubini, Ferdinand Hérold, and Ferdinando Paer—premiered at the Paris Opéra-Comique in 1831. A musical comedy called "Mimi - A Poisoner's Comedy" written by Allen Cole, Melody A. Johnson, and Rick Roberts premiered in Toronto, Canada in September 2009.

paragraph: The Sailor Moon musical "Kessen / Transylvania no Mori (Kaiteiban)", included a character known as De Brinvilliers-sensei. She was a vampire who posed as a chemistry teacher who tested her students about various poisons.

paragraph: Margarita Blankenheim, a character in the Evillious Chronicles based on the Vocaloid Hatsune Miku, was based after the woman. A song by mothy sung by Hatsune Miku known as "Gift from the Princess who Brought Sleep" describes Margarita's actions.

paragraph: The 2009 French television film The Marquise of Darkness (La Marquise Des Ombres) starred Anne Parillaud as de Brinvilliers.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Somerset - "The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV" (St. Martin's Press (October 12, 2003) )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holly Tucker - "City of Light, City of Poison: Murder, Magic, and the First Police Chief of Paris" (W.W Norton & Company (2017) )

description: French murderer

wikidata_label: Madame de Brinvilliers

wikipedia_title: Madame de Brinvilliers


text:
Danish
trombonist
bandleader
Dixieland jazz
Copenhagen
Denmark
Harry James
Artie Shaw
Tommy Dorsey
Glenn Miller
Bert Ambrose
Bunk Johnson
George Lewis
World War II
slide trombone
Royal Danish Orchestra
sideman
Chris Barber
Nyhavn
Shel Silverstein
gold disc
Bebop
Dixieland
swing music
George Lewis
Champion Jack Dupree
Art Hodes
Wild Bill Davison
Wingy Manone
Edmond Hall
Albert Nicholas
Earl Hines
Stuff Smith
Ben Webster
Bent Fabricius-Bjerre
theme music
Olsen Gang series
Storyville Records
Timeless Records
New Orleans Jazz Festival
Ben Webster's Prize of Honour
Storyville

categories: Danish jazz trombonists,Timeless Records artists,1930 births,Danish jazz musicians,Jazz bandleaders,2011 deaths

paragraph: Papa Bue

paragraph: Arne "Papa" Bue Jensen (8 May 1930 – 2 November 2011), known as Papa Bue, was a Danish trombonist and bandleader, chiefly associated with the Dixieland jazz revival style of which he was considered an important proponent. He founded and led the Viking Jazz Band, which was active from 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and career.

paragraph: Arne Bue Jensen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. At an early age, he became fascinated with jazz, prompted by a pile of records from his brother that included Harry James, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller and Bert Ambrose. Bunk Johnson and George Lewis made a strong impression.

paragraph: After World War II, Jensen became a sailor, visiting ports around the world. It was around this time that he started to play jazz. He bought a slide trombone with money he borrowed, which would take him years to repay. A musician from the Royal Danish Orchestra taught him some basics, but otherwise he was self-taught. He played in Copenhagen clubs with other young musicians and bands, including the Royal Jazzman (later the Bohana Jazz Band), Henrik Johansen's Jazz Band, and the Saint Peter Street Stompers, participating as a sideman in several recordings. In the 1950s, Papa Bue worked with the Bonanza Jazz Band, Chris Barber, Adrian Bentzon, and Henrik Johansen.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Viking Jazz Band.

paragraph: In the mid 1950s, he was part of the entertainment district in Nyhavn. He performed with other young jazz musicians in various informal arrangements. With six musicians he founded the New Orleans Jazz Band in 1956, after a jam session at Cap Horn. Since Jensen was the eldest, he became the bandleader. Given that he was the only band member who was a father, he was given the nickname "Papa Bue".

paragraph: In late 1957, Jensen renamed the ensemble the Viking Jazz Band. The name came from American journalist and vocalist Shel Silverstein who attended one of their concerts at Cap Horn during a stay in Copenhagen. He subsequently wrote an article about them, calling them the Danish Vikings, explaining that they played original New Orleans and Chicago jazz better than any American band at the time. The band adopted the new name and released their first album as the Viking Jazz Band in 1958. In 1960 their "Schlafe Mein Prinzchen" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.

paragraph: At a time when many jazz musicians worked in the Bebop idiom, Bue's style remained based on the Dixieland tradition but also with influences from early swing music. He is considered one of the most significant proponents of his genre.

paragraph: The group remained active into the 1990s, and recorded with musicians such as George Lewis (1959), Champion Jack Dupree (1962), Art Hodes (1970), Wild Bill Davison (1970, 1974), Wingy Manone, Edmond Hall and Albert Nicholas. They also played with George Lewis, Earl Hines, Stuff Smith, Ben Webster. Wild Bill Davison was a permanent band member. It was Papa Bue's Viking Jazz Band which recorded Bent Fabricius-Bjerre's theme music for the Olsen Gang series, now a legendary sequence for the Danes. Jensen released a large number of albums, many of them issued or reissued on Storyville Records, Timeless Records, and Music Mecca.

paragraph: Papa Bue died on 2 November 2011, at the age of 81.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Awards and honors.

paragraph: In 1969, Papa Bue's Viking Jazz Band was the only non-American band to participate in the New Orleans Jazz Festival and Jensen was honored with the "Golden Keys to the City".

paragraph: In 1989 he received the Ben Webster's Prize of Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Tribute to Wingy Manone" (Rec. 7 December 1967, Storyville)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All That Meat and No Potatoes" (With Wild Bill Davison & Gustav Winkler, Rec. Nov 1977, Storyville)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 25th Anniversary Session" (Rec. 1981, V-KING)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everybody Loves Saturday Night, Vol. 1" (compilation, released 5 December 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song Was Born" (released 20 September 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "40 Years Jubilee Concert" (released 20 September 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canal Street Blues" (released 20 September 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Church Concert" (live recording, released 1 January 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Mosebacke Stockholm" (live recordings from 1970, released 14 November 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1958–1969: Hit Singles" (compilation, released 1 May 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1971: Live in Dresden" (live recordings from 1971, released 10 July 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rags & Marches" (compilation, released 5 March 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hamburg 1970–1971: A Tribute to Finn Otto Hansen" (compilation, released 6 July)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Papa Bue Discography" by Gerard Bielderman a.o. [Eurojazz Discos No.19 - 2013]

alias:
Arne Bue Jensen
Arne "Papa" Bue Jensen

description: Danish trombonist and bandleader

wikidata_label: Papa Bue

wikipedia_title: Papa Bue


href: Regalianus Roman%20usurper Gallienus Augusta%20%28honorific%29 Caracalla Rhoxolani

text:
Regalianus
Roman usurper
Gallienus
Augusta
Caracalla
Rhoxolani

categories: 3rd-century Romans,Augustae,3rd-century Roman women,3rd-century births,260 deaths,Crisis of the Third Century

paragraph: Sulpicia Dryantilla

paragraph: Sulpicia Dryantilla (died 260) was the wife of Regalianus, Roman usurper against Gallienus. Regalianus gave her the title of Augusta to legitimize his claim. Virtually nothing is known of her except that she was the daughter of Claudia Ammiana Dryantilla and Sulpicius Pollio, an accomplished senator and officer under Caracalla. She most likely died in 260 along with her husband, when he was killed by a coalition of his own people and the Rhoxolani.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris, John, Arnold Hugh Martin Jones and John Robert Martindale, "The prosopography of the later Roman Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1992, , p. 273.

description: 3rd-century Roman woman

wikidata_label: Sulpicia Dryantilla

wikipedia_title: Sulpicia Dryantilla


text: fox hunting

text: horse racing

text: equestrianism

text: Royal Army Service Corps

text: Stainton

text: Cleveland

text: Aysgarth

text: Uppingham School

text: Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland

text: John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Lady Elizabeth Percy

text: Sir Harry Hotspur

text: Mary of Lancaster

text: King Henry III

text: Second Lieutenant

text: Green Howards

text: Newcastle Chronicle

text: The Field

text: International Horse Show

text: Henry Alken

text: Royal Artillery

text: Ipswich

text: The Times

text: United Services Association

text: Hunts Association

text: hunters

text: steeplechase

text: Croft Spa

text: Greyhound racing

text: greyhound

text: BBC Radio

text: Second World War

text: Royal Army Service Corps

text: Who's Who

text: Hendon

text: Devon and Somerset Staghounds

text: Lionel Edwards

text: William Beach Thomas

categories: People educated at Uppingham School,1902 births,Fox hunting writers,Fox hunters,English male journalists,English writers,1941 deaths

paragraph: William Fawcett (author)

paragraph: William Claude Fawcett (1902 – 18 May 1941) was an English journalist, editor, broadcaster, and prolific author on fox hunting, horse racing, and equestrianism.

paragraph: He died in 1941 while serving in the Royal Army Service Corps.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fawcett was only son of Sir William Claude Fawcett (1868–1935), a solicitor, of the Grange, Stainton, Cleveland, by his marriage in 1901 to Adeline, the daughter of Frederick Henry Brentnall, the village schoolmaster at Stainton. He began his hunting career at the age of two-and-a-half with the Cleveland Hunt. He had two younger sisters, Rosalie Molyneux Fawcett, born in 1907 and Elizabeth Joyce Fawcett born 1913 He was educated at Aysgarth and at Uppingham School.

paragraph: Through his grandfather, William Rhodes Fawcett, the young Fawcett was a descendant of Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland KG (1493–1542), of John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford, a Lancastrian leader of the Wars of the Roses, and through Lady Elizabeth Percy of Sir Harry Hotspur, Mary of Lancaster, and King Henry III.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After service as a Second Lieutenant in the 4th Battalion the Green Howards, into which he was commissioned in 1921, Fawcett wrote a series of articles on racing for the "Newcastle Chronicle" and thus became a journalist. His first book, "Hunting in Northumbria", appeared in 1927. In 1928 he succeeded Charles Richardson as hunting and racing editor of "The Field", becoming the youngest holder of that position since the magazine was founded in 1853.

paragraph: For the evening of the International Horse Show of 1934, Fawcett produced an equestrian event with special lighting effects called "The Moonlight Steeplechase", based on the engravings of Henry Alken. The first scene depicted was at the Royal Artillery officers' mess at Ipswich in 1831, and after a challenge to a steeplechase had been accepted nightshirts and nightcaps were decided upon as the correct wear. "The Times" noted that this part of the show was "rollicking fun, as well as good horsemanship".

paragraph: Fawcett left "The Field" in 1936 to concentrate on writing books on fox hunting, racing and horses. In 1938–1939 he was Editor and Secretary of the United Services Association, then became Editor of the Hunts Association, which published many of his books.

paragraph: Fawcett hunted with the Zetland, the Hurworth, and the Cleveland, and claimed to have ridden to hounds at least once with nearly every pack of foxhounds in England, Scotland and Ireland. He bred hunters, and owned and trained steeplechasers at Croft Spa, North Yorkshire, as well as being a pioneer of Greyhound racing in England. He broadcast a series of talks on the greyhound on BBC Radio.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Fawcett rejoined the British Army and with effect from 19 August 1940 was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant into the Royal Army Service Corps. He died on 18 May 1941. At the time of his death his address was given in "Who's Who" as 20 Brampton Grove, Hendon, NW4. Probate was granted to his brother-in-law, Stanley Vernon Dickins, as executor of the Will.

paragraph: Fawcett's father had died in 1935, but he was survived by his mother, Lady Fawcett, who was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1941 and was still living in 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hunting in Northumbria: the history of the Haydon Hunt and many other packs" (Witherby, 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saddle Room Sayings" (Constable, 1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elements of Horsemanship" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turf, Chase and Paddock" (Hutchinson, 1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cattistock Hunt" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Holderness Hunt" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tynedale and Haydon Hunts" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Devon and Somerset Staghounds" (Hunts Association, 1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cambridgeshire Hunt" (Hunts Association, 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thoroughbred and Hunter: Their Breeding, Training & Management from Foalhood to Maturity", illus. Lionel Edwards (Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The East Sussex Hunt and the Romney Marsh and Rother Valley Harriers" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monmouthshire Hunt" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pytchley Hounds"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old Berkeley Hunt"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Duke of Beaufort's Hunt" (Hunts Association, 1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fox Hunting" (1936; new ed. by Kessinger Publishing, 2010, , )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hunting England: a survey of the sport, and of its chief grounds", with Sir William Beach Thomas (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Albrighton and Albrighton Woodland Hunts" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Newmarket & Thurlow and Suffolk Hunts" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wye Valley Otterhounds and the North Herefordshire and South Herefordshire Hunts" (Hunts Association, 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punter's Pie" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riding and Horsemanship" (The Sportsman's Library)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horses and Ponies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Horseman" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riding Schools"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sporting Spectacle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Racing in the Olden Days"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sporting Days in Tynedaleland"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In St Wilfrid's City"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Romance of Transport"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Star: the Story of a Foal

description: British writer

wikidata_label: William Fawcett

wikipedia_title: William Fawcett (author)


text:
angler
fly fishing
dry fly
chalk stream
A History of Fly Fishing for Trout
Jewish
Birmingham
University College School
Serpentine
Hyde Park
Thames
sea trout
bream
pike
Brown trout
River Wandle
dry fly
River Test
Winchester
George Selwyn Marryat
Floating Flies and How to Dress Them
Dry Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice
Kennet
Itchen
G. E. M. Skues
Flyfishers' Club
G. E. M. Skues
The Way of a Trout with the Fly
Flyfishers' Club
Floating Flies and How to Dress Them
Theodore Gordon
Favorite Flies and Their Histories
Pontresina
Egypt
Biskra
Tunis
P&O
River Thames
The Field
New York Times
Bibliography of fly fishing
Pseudonyms of notable angling authors

wikipedia_title:
Angling
Fly fishing
Dry fly fishing
Chalk stream
A History of Fly Fishing for Trout
Jews
Birmingham
University College School
The Serpentine
Hyde Park, London
River Thames
Sea trout
Bream
Northern pike
Brown trout
River Wandle
Dry fly fishing
River Test
Winchester
George Selwyn Marryat
Floating Flies and How to Dress Them
Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice
River Kennet
River Itchen, Hampshire
G. E. M. Skues
Flyfishers' Club
G. E. M. Skues
The Way of a Trout with the Fly
Flyfishers' Club
Floating Flies and How to Dress Them
Theodore Gordon
Favorite Flies and Their Histories
Pontresina
Egypt
Biskra
Tunis
P&O (company)
River Thames
The Field (magazine)
The New York Times
Bibliography of fly fishing
List of pseudonyms of angling authors

categories: British fishers,1844 births,Angling writers,1914 deaths

paragraph: Frederic M. Halford

paragraph: Frederic Michael Halford (13 April 1844 – 5 March 1914), pseudonym Detached Badger, was a wealthy and influential British angler and fly fishing author. Halford is most noted for his development and promotion of the dry fly technique on English chalk streams. He is generally accepted as "The Father of Modern Dry Fly Fishing". John Waller Hills, "A History of Fly Fishing for Trout" (1921) called Halford "The Historian of the Dry Fly".

paragraph: In "Royal Coachman – The Lore and Legends of Fly Fishing" (1999), Paul Schullery describes Halford:

paragraph: Section::::Early life to 1877.

paragraph: Frederic Halford was born Frederic Michael Hyam into a wealthy Jewish family of German ancestry in 1844 in Birmingham, England. His parents, Samuel and Phoebe Hyam, moved to London when Frederic was 7. Samuel Hyam, and his brothers Lawrence and Benjamin, were very prosperous manufacturers of textiles and clothing in Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester. In 1875, all the Hyams changed their name to Halford.

paragraph: At the age of 7, Halford began attending University College School (UCS) in London. When he left UCS in 1860 he went to work in one of the family businesses. Very little is known of his business career except that he retired from business at the age of 45 in 1889 to become a full-time angler. In February 1866, he became an officer in the 36th Middlesex Volunteers for a short period of time, during which he learned how to shoot.

paragraph: His first experience of fishing was in a small London pond at the age of 6 and as a boy he fished the Serpentine and the Long Pool in Hyde Park. As a teenager, he regularly fished the Thames with conventional tackle for sea trout, bream, and pike. His largest fish was a Brown trout from the Thames that weighed in 1870.

paragraph: Halford's first experiences in fly fishing were at the age of 24 in 1868 when, through the generosity of a family friend, he was given a free beat on the River Wandle, a pristine trout stream to the southwest of London.

paragraph: In the late 1860s, the dry fly was in use to some extent on the Wandle, but as a fly-fishing technique it was in its infancy. Halford learned the basics of fly fishing on the Wandle, a river he fished regularly every summer until 1881.

paragraph: Section::::Chalk stream fly fishing.

paragraph: In 1877 Halford became a member of the Houghton Fly Fishers on the River Test. In 1879, in John Hammond's tackle shop in Winchester, Halford met angler George Selwyn Marryat, a meeting that was to change the course of fly-fishing history. They were to be friends for the remainder of Marryat's life. In 1880, Halford found accommodation at Houghton Mill, on the banks of the Test and, with Marryat, began his research for his first book, "Floating Flies and How to Dress Them", published in 1886. Halford wanted Marryat to be joint author of the book, but Marryat declined, wishing to remain anonymous. The book was a huge success, and laid the foundations for Halford's legacy as the "High Priest of the Dry Fly".

paragraph: In 1889, when he was 45, Halford retired from the family business to pursue fly fishing and writing. In that year he published his second book, "Dry Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice". Before he died, he fished a variety of beats on the Kennet, the Test and the Itchen but he rarely fished outside the country or away from the chalk streams of the south of England. It was on the Itchen where he met and fished with G. E. M. Skues in 1891. Halford published four other books on dry-fly fishing before his death: "Making a Fishery" (1895), "Dry Fly Entomology" (1897), "Modern Development of the Dry Fly" (1910) and "The Dry Fly Man's Handbook" (1913), as well as his autobiography "An Angler's Autobiography" (1903).

paragraph: Halford was among the founding members of the British Flyfishers' Club, a prestigious gentlemen's' club in London devoted to the sport of fly fishing.

paragraph: Section::::Chalk stream fly fishing.:Halford vs Skues, dry fly vs nymph.

paragraph: Halford, along with Marryatt, perfected upstream dry-fly fishing in late 19th-century England and treated other forms of fly presentation, such as wet flies and nymphs on English chalk streams, with disdain. By the early 20th century, the Halford dry-fly doctrine had become cultish and to some extent dogmatic. The following passage by Halford epitomises his dogmatic views:

paragraph: When G. E. M. Skues began promoting upstream nymphing techniques on English chalk streams at the turn of the 20th century, there was immediate tension between those who favoured and followed the Halford school of dry-fly fishing and those who chose to use other techniques. There is no evidence that there was ever any personal animosity between the two anglers, only verbal wrangling in the sporting press about the pros and cons of the two techniques. Indeed, Skues's second work "The Way of a Trout with the Fly", which codified the upstream nymphing technique, was not published until 1921, well after Halford's death.

paragraph: The debates continued into the 1930s. The Halfordian school claimed that upstream nymphing, although effective, was unethical and bad for the chalk streams, even to the point of banning the use of nymph on some fisheries, while Skues's proponents claimed that the dogmatic dry-fly approach limited opportunities when nymphing was a more appropriate technique. A culmination of sorts took place in February 1938 at the Flyfishers' Club when the so-called "Nymph Debate" took place. Skues was present to defend nymphing techniques, while many others, chiefly Sir Joseph Ball, defended the Halfordian doctrine. The result was decidedly in favour of Halford's dry-fly techniques to the exclusion of all others, but no one denied the effectiveness of Skues's nymphing methodology. The debate helped cement both Halford's and Skues's seminal roles in the development of modern-day fly fishing.

paragraph: Section::::Chalk stream fly fishing.:Influences on American angling.

paragraph: Charles Goodspeed, in "Angling in America" (1939), his history of American angling, credits Halford's "Floating Flies and How to Dress Them" as having a significant influence on the introduction of the dry-fly method into America. In 1890 Halford exchanged a series of letters on the subject of dry-fly fishing with American angler, Theodore Gordon, to include a complete set of Halford's favourite dry flies. In 1892, "Favorite Flies and Their Histories", by Mary Orvis Mabury devoted a coloured plate to a selection of Halford's dry flies, along with their method of use.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Frederic Halford was wealthy enough to take winter vacations in Europe and the Mediterranean to escape the English winter weather. He was also an amateur photographer and liked to capture the people and places he visited during his winter trips abroad. Much of his work still survives today and shows that he visited Spain in 1908, Pontresina in 1909, Egypt in 1910 and Biskra in 1911. In February 1914 he was in Tunis. During the return voyage he fell ill with pneumonia on the P&O liner "Morea". He died aboard on 5 March 1914 as the ship was arriving in London on the River Thames. He was 69 years old. After his funeral, praise for Halford in the mainstream British press as well as the sporting press was overwhelming. William Senior, editor of "The Field", and a close personal friend of Halford wrote:

paragraph: In the Journal of the Fly Fisher's Club, published shortly after Halford's death, Dr A. C. Kent wrote:

paragraph: Section::::Books by Frederic M. Halford.

paragraph: In 1894, the New York Times wrote of Halford:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography of fly fishing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pseudonyms of notable angling authors

description: British fisherman

wikidata_label: Frederic M. Halford

wikipedia_title: Frederic M. Halford


text: slave name

text: enslaved African

text: Spanish Puerto Rico

text: sugarcane plantation

text: Spanish Colonial

text: Puerto Rican folklore

text: Africa

text: Bozal

text: colony

text: Puerto Rico

text: Bayamón

text: Ramón Power y Giralt

text: Puerto Rican

text: Spanish Courts

text: St. James

text: Fernando Fernández

text: cutlass

text: Río Piedras

text: Guaynabo

text: critical mass

text: San Juan

text: whistleblower

text: San Juan

text: Jean-Pierre Boyer

text: Haiti

text: El Cimarrón

text: Pedro Telemaco

text: List of Puerto Ricans

text: List of slaves

text: Ducoudray Holstein Expedition

wikipedia_title: Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies

categories: House slaves,Puerto Rican activists,People from Bayamón, Puerto Rico

paragraph: Marcos Xiorro

paragraph: Marcos Xiorro was the slave name of an enslaved African in Spanish Puerto Rico who, in 1821, planned and conspired to lead a slave revolt against the sugarcane plantation owners and the Spanish Colonial government. Although his rebellion was unsuccessful, he achieved legendary status among the island's slave population and has become part of Puerto Rican folklore.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: It is not known when Xiorro was born or from what people and region in Africa he came from. What is known about him is that he was a "Bozal" slave, who had been recently brought to the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico directly from Africa. Xiorro was owned by Vicente Andino, a Militia Captain who owned a sugar plantation in the municipality of Bayamón.

paragraph: Section::::False rumors of freedom.

paragraph: In 1812, Salvador Meléndez Bruna, the governor of Puerto Rico, ordered that any slave who disrespected his master would be punished with fifty lashes by the civil authorities — and then returned to his master for additional punishment. A 100-lashes punishment was given to those who committed a violent act or incited a rebellion.

paragraph: Ramón Power y Giralt was a Puerto Rican naval hero, a captain in the Spanish navy who had risen to become president of the Spanish Courts. Power Y Giralt was among the delegates who proposed that slavery be abolished in Puerto Rico. He sent a letter to his mother, Josefa Giralt, suggesting that if the proposals were approved, she should be the first one to grant her slaves their freedom.

paragraph: Although these proposals were never discussed in sessions of the Spanish Courts, Josefa Giralt's slaves learned about the letter and, believing that slavery had been abolished, they spread the "news" that they were free. A slave named Benito contributed to the rumor by circulating the mistaken news that the "Cortes Generales y Extraordinarias de la Nacion" (General and Extraordinary Courts of the Nation) had granted slaves their freedom. These false rumors led to various confrontations between the slaves, the military and the slave masters.

paragraph: Section::::Xiorro's conspiracy.

paragraph: In July 1821, Xiorro planned and organized a conspiracy against the slave masters and the colonial government. This was to be carried out on July 27, during the religious festival celebrations dedicated to Santiago (St. James).

paragraph: According to his plan, several slaves were to escape from various plantations in Bayamón, which included the haciendas of Angus McBean, Cornelius Kortright, Miguel Andino and Fernando Fernández. They were to proceed to the sugarcane fields of Miguel Figueres, and retrieve cutlasses and swords which had been hidden in those fields. Xiorro, together with Mario, a slave from the McBean plantation, and another slave named Narciso, would lead the slaves of Bayamón and Toa Baja and capture the City of Bayamón. They would burn the city and kill all the those who were Caucasians. After this, they planned to unite with slaves from the adjoining towns of Río Piedras, Guaynabo, and Palo Seco. With this critical mass of slaves, all armed and emboldened from a series of quick victories, they would invade the capital city of San Juan, where they would declare Xiorro their king.

paragraph: Section::::Xiorro's conspiracy.:Failure of the conspiracy.

paragraph: Miguel Figueres had a loyal slave named Ambrosio who told him about the plans for the rebellion. The whistleblower also had both personal and financial interests, as the colony rewarded slaves who reported any kind of slave conspiracy by granting them freedom and paying 500 pesos. Figueres then informed the mayor of Bayamón of the planned rebellion. The mayor proceeded to mobilize 500 soldiers for the defense of the city. They pursued the slaves, quickly capturing the ringleaders and followers of the conspiracy. A total of 61 slaves were imprisoned in Bayamón and San Juan.

paragraph: Section::::Xiorro's conspiracy.:Aftermath.

paragraph: On August 15, 1821, the court trials against the conspirators were completed. A total of 17 slaves were punished, and Mario and Narciso, considered to be ringleaders, were both executed. Xiorro was captured on August 14 in the city of Mayagüez. He was tried separately and his fate is unknown, but he was most likely executed.

paragraph: The Spanish authorities believed that Jean-Pierre Boyer, the president of Haiti, which had gained independence in 1804, following a slave rebellion, contributed to Xiorro's conspiracy. In the years that followed, many of the slaves who had been imprisoned and returned to their masters later escaped from their plantations.

paragraph: During the years of slavery there were other minor revolts. Some slaves participated in El Grito de Lares, Puerto Rico's independence revolt against Spanish rule on September 23, 1868.

paragraph: On March 22, 1873, slavery was finally "abolished" in Puerto Rico but with one significant caveat: the slaves were not fully emancipated — they had to "buy" their own freedom at whatever price was set by their current owners. In order to accomplish this, the majority of the freed slaves continued to work for their former masters for some time under a kind of indentured servitude. They received a salary for their labor and slowly purchased their freedom. The government placed a limit on this "buy-back" period and created an insular "Protector's Office" to oversee the transition. Under the new law, former slaves were to remain indentured for a maximum period of three years. After that they would go free. During that three year period, they could work for their former masters, for other people, or for the state. Once the three year period expired, if a slave had any remaining debt, the Protector's Office would pay it with an "indemnity bond" at the discounted value of 23% of the claimed debt.

paragraph: The former slaves earned money by working as shoemakers, by cleaning clothes, or by selling the produce they were allowed to grow in the small patches of land allotted to them by their former masters.

paragraph: Section::::In the movies.

paragraph: In 2007, Cine del Caribe, S.A. released a film about the slave conspiracy titled "El Cimarrón," starring Pedro Telemaco as Marcos Xiorro.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slave Revolts in Puerto Rico: Conspiracies and Uprisings, 1795-1873;" by Guillermo A. Baralt; Publisher Markus Wiener Publishers; ,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans of African descent

paragraph: BULLET::::- African immigration to Puerto Rico

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of slaves

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ducoudray Holstein Expedition

description: 19th-century Puerto Rican slave leader

wikidata_label: Marcos Xiorro

wikipedia_title: Marcos Xiorro


text:
Zen
Buddhist
Song Dynasty
Caodong
Sōtō
Transmission of the Lamp
Jinling
Liangshan Yuanguan
Caodong
Sōtō
Caodong
Sōtō
Touzi Yiqing
dharma transmission
Transmission of the Lamp

wikipedia_title: The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp

paragraph: Dayang Jingxuan

paragraph: Dayang Jingxuan (; ) was a Zen Buddhist monk during the early Song Dynasty. During his life, he was apparently the only living teacher representing Caodong/Sōtō school, and he was the last monk of that tradition to be mentioned in the influential "Transmission of the Lamp", compiled in 1004. However, as that work was compiled during his lifetime, it lacked biographical information. A biography did not appear until the "Xudeng lu" of 1101. He left his birth city to become a monk at Chongxiao Temple in Jinling. His teacher there was named Zhitong, but Dayang soon left when he was 19. He studied with Yuanjiao Liaoyi for a time, but eventually moved on, finally settling on Liangshan Yuanguan as his teacher.

paragraph: Dayang Jingxuan is an important figure in the Caodong/Sōtō Zen lineage because he was apparently the only remaining representative of the Caodong/Sōtō tradition during his lifetime. Furthermore, he is significant because the lineage effectively died out with him, but through highly unusual means, the lineage was passed on to someone he had never met. Juefan Huihong's biographical compilation of 1119, the "Chanlin sengbao zhuan" (Chronicle of the Sangha Treasure in the Groves of Chan), suggests that Touzi Yiqing was the "true son", or student, of Dayang. The "Xudeng lu" of 1101 lists Touzi and nine others as disciples of Dayang. However, it explains that Touzi did not actually receive dharma transmission from Dayang, but from Fushan Fayuan. Fushan had been a student of Dayang, but he himself had not received dharma transmission from Dayang either. The scholar Morten Schlütter notes that this form of lineage transfer "has no real parallel in early Chan literature". This refers to the fact that Touzi was able to be considered the immediate heir to Dayang's lineage without having met him, and that Fayuan was able to hold Dayang's lineage "in trust" without actually being a bona fide heir. Schlütter further interprets Huihong's likely embellished account as an attempt to strengthen the rather weak link between Touzi and the last Caodong monk recorded in the "Transmission of the Lamp" in order to solidify the legitimacy of the lineage.

description: Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Dayang Jingxuan

wikipedia_title: Dayang Jingxuan


text:
Korean
Joseon Dynasty
Neo-Confucian
faction of the Joseon Dynasty
King Hyojong
Queen Inseon
King Sukjong
Song Siyeol
List of Korean philosophers
Korean philosophy
Heo Mok
Song Si-yeol
Yun Seon-do
List of Korean language poets
Korean literature
List of Korea-related topics

wikipedia_title:
Koreans
Joseon
Neo-Confucianism
Political factions in Joseon dynasty
Hyojong of Joseon
Queen Inseon
Sukjong of Joseon
Song Si-yeol
List of Korean philosophers
Korean philosophy
Heo Mok
Song Si-yeol
Yun Seondo
List of Korean-language poets
Korean literature
Index of Korea-related articles

categories: Korean politicians,17th-century Korean people,Neo-Confucianism,Korean philosophers,Korean scholars,Joseon Dynasty politicians,Korean Confucianists,1617 births,1680 deaths,Joseon Dynasty writers

paragraph: Yun Hyu

paragraph: Yun Hyu (윤휴; 尹鑴, 1617 – 1680) was a Korean Joseon Dynasty politician and Neo-Confucian scholar, poet. Yun was the political leader of the Southern ("Nam-in") faction of the Joseon Dynasty. His courtesy name was Baegho and Haheon, Yahbo.

paragraph: He was nominated to be a Jipyeong (持平, 지평) as a Yebinshijeong (禮賓寺正, 예빈시정) and had served in various other posts, before he left politics to absorb himself in scholarly pursuits.

paragraph: In 1660 he became a leading figure in the controversy regarding the mourning rituals over King Hyojong. In 1674 he became involved again in a second round of the controversy, this time over the death of Queen Inseon. In 1680 he was ordered to commit suicide by King Sukjong after a long public debate with Song Siyeol. In 1680 Yun Hyu was expelled and exiled to Gapsan (甲山, 갑산) and that year sentenced to death and executed.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baekhojeonseo (백호전서, 白湖全書)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baekhodokseogi (백호독서기, 白湖讀書記)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juryeseol (주례설, 周禮說)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hongbeomseol (홍범설, 洪範說)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jungyongdaehakhuseol (중용대학후설, 中庸大學後說)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jungyongseol (중용설, 中庸說)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baekhojip (백호집, 白湖集)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean philosophers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heo Mok

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Si-yeol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Seon-do

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean language poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korea-related topics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Hyu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Hyu

description: Joseon scholar

wikidata_label: Yun Hyu

wikipedia_title: Yun Hyu


text:
Joseon Dynasty
Neo-Confucian
Yeonguijeong
courtesy name
Yi Hwang
Yun Geun-su
Goryeo
Gojong of Goryeo
Neo-Confucian
Seong Hon
Yi I
Yi Hwang
Jung Dong-hwan
KBS1
Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin

wikipedia_title:
Joseon
Neo-Confucianism
Yeonguijeong
Courtesy name
Yi Hwang
Yun Geun-su
Goryeo
Gojong of Goryeo
Neo-Confucianism
Seong Hon
Yi I
Yi Hwang
Jung Dong-hwan
KBS1
Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin

categories: Korean politicians,Neo-Confucianism,Korean philosophers,Korean scholars,16th-century Korean people,Korean Confucianists,1601 deaths,1533 births,Joseon Dynasty writers

paragraph: Yun Doo-su

paragraph: Yun Doo-su(윤두수, 尹斗壽, 1533–1601) was Joseon Dynasty Politician, Poet, Writer, and Neo-Confucian philosophic scholar. He served as the Yeonguijeong (Chief State Councillor) during the reign of King Seonjo. His pen name was Oheum(오음, 梧陰), courtesy name was Jaang (자앙, 子仰). He was follower of Yi Hwang school among Westerners (Hangul: 서인, Korean: Seoin).

paragraph: Section::::Birth.

paragraph: Yun Doo-su was born in 1533 at Hansung (Seoul). His father was Yun Byeon(윤변, 尹忭, 1493–1549), who was government official. His younger brother Yun Geun-su was also major politician during reign of King Seonjo and Gwanghae. His family origin is Haepyeong and his family progenitor was Yun Gun-jeong (윤군정, 尹君正) who served as Pan-gongbusa (Chairman of supreme government office) of Goryeo dynasty during era of Gojong of Goryeo and Wonjong (원종, 元宗, 1219–1274).

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oheum-yugo"《오음유고》(梧陰遺稿)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gizaji"《기자지》(箕子誌)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seong-in Rok"《성인록 成仁錄》

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pyeong-yang ji"《평양지 平壤志》

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yeon-an ji"《연안지 延安志》

paragraph: Section::::As a scholar.

paragraph: As most intelligent mind of Neo-Confucian philosophy, he interacted with masters of Neo-Confucianism school, such as Seong Hon, Song Ik-pil, Yi I, and Yi Hwang.

paragraph: Most of his writings are written during the Japanese invasions of Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Jung Dong-hwan in the 2004-2005 KBS1 TV series "Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin".

description: Joseon Dynasty politician and writer

wikidata_label: Yun Doo-su

wikipedia_title: Yun Doo-su


text:
stock car racing
Manhattan
Upper East Side
investment banker
Applebee's
JPMorgan Chase
Goldman Sachs
Lime Rock Park
Connecticut
Skip Barber Racing School
Grand-Am
Rolex Sports Car Series
TRG Motorsports
New Jersey Motorsports Park
ARCA Racing Series
TRG Motorsports
Richard Childress Racing
Pocono Raceway
NASCAR
Nationwide Series
Road America
Applebee's

wikipedia_title:
Stock car racing
Manhattan
Upper East Side
Investment banking
Applebee's
JPMorgan Chase
Goldman Sachs
Lime Rock Park
Connecticut
Skip Barber Racing School
Grand-Am Road Racing
Rolex Sports Car Series
The Racer's Group
New Jersey Motorsports Park
ARCA Menards Series
The Racer's Group
Richard Childress Racing
Pocono Raceway
NASCAR
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Road America
Applebee's

categories: 24 Hours of Daytona drivers,1980 births,Sportspeople from Manhattan,NASCAR drivers,ARCA Menards Series drivers,Racing drivers from New York (state),Living people

paragraph: Tim George Jr.

paragraph: Tim George Jr. (born December 21, 1980) is an American professional stock car racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and early career.

paragraph: George Jr. was born on Manhattan's Upper East Side in 1980 as the son of investment banker Timothy M. George. George Sr. is the treasurer of the Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc. (aka the New York Philharmonic) and founded the Potomac Family Dining Group, which owns several Applebee's franchises. He also served as an executive for JPMorgan Chase and Goldman Sachs.

paragraph: George began his racing career in 2005. Employed at the time as a chef in a New York–based Italian restaurant, he was catering at a sports-car racing event at the road course at Lime Rock Park in Connecticut, and when he was criticized by the head chef for having modified a recipe, he took a break to watch the cars race. He soon enrolled in racing school, and first competed in the 2005 Skip Barber Racing School Southern Series. He raced in the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for TRG Motorsports in 2007 and 2008, winning the 2008 Rookie of the Year award and one race, at New Jersey Motorsports Park, before moving to full-time stock-car racing. He is single.

paragraph: Section::::Stock car career.

paragraph: George competed in the ARCA Racing Series starting in 2008, driving at first for TRG Motorsports, then for Eddie Sharp Racing before joining Richard Childress Racing at the start of the 2010 season. He scored his first win in the series at Pocono Raceway in a rain-shortened event in the summer of 2011, leading only the last two laps before the race was called due to rain, darkness, and fog. He finished seventh in season points in 2011, his best career points finish in the ARCA Racing Series.

paragraph: George made occasional starts in the NASCAR-sanctioned Nationwide Series and Camping World Truck Series during the 2009, 2010 and 2011 seasons. His first start in the Truck Series was at Phoenix International Raceway in 2009, and his first Nationwide Series start was at Road America in 2010. He attempted to qualify for the 2011 season-ending Ford 200 in the Camping World Truck Series, driving for RCR in conjunction with Eddie Sharp Racing, but failed to qualify when time trials were rained out.

paragraph: George competed part-time in the Camping World Truck Series for Richard Childress Racing in 2012, driving for the team's with Applebee's sponsorship in twelve races over the course of the season. After finishing 22nd in points, he returned to the series in 2013, driving for Wauters Motorsports.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:Camping World Truck Series.

paragraph: Season still in progressbr

description: American race car driver

wikidata_label: Tim George, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Tim George Jr.


text:
Don
Spanish
Reconquista
Seventh Siege of Gibraltar
Juan Alonso de Guzmán
Beatriz de Castilla y Ponce de León
Niebla
Henry II of Castile
Military Order of Santiago
Violante Martinez de Aragón
Martin I of Sicily
Gibraltar
Seventh Siege of Gibraltar

categories: House of Medina Sidonia,1436 deaths,14th-century Castilians,Counts of Spain,Deaths by drowning,1376 births,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Niebla

paragraph: Don Enrique Pérez de Guzmán y de Castilla, 2nd Count of Niebla (in full, ) (20 February 1371 – 31 October 1436) was a Spanish nobleman and military figure of the Reconquista. He drowned whilst attempting the Seventh Siege of Gibraltar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Juan Alonso de Guzmán and of Beatriz de Castilla y Ponce de León, Lady of Niebla (died 1409), an illegitimate daughter of Henry II of Castile and of Beatriz Ponce de León.

paragraph: On 24 November 1391 he married Teresa Suárez de Figueroa y Orozco, Lady of Escamilla and Santa Olalla, daughter of Lorenzo Suarez de Figueroa, Master of the Military Order of Santiago, and of Maria de Orozco. He was married again on 5 March 1405, to Violante Martinez de Aragón, the illegitimate daughter of King Martin I of Sicily (1374–1409), and his mistress Agathe de Pesce. However this marriage was annulled, and in 1428 he married Isabel de Mosquera.

paragraph: The Count drowned while besieging Gibraltar in October 1436. This was the Seventh Siege of Gibraltar then the isthmus was under the control of the Spanish Moors.

description: Count of Niebla and Lord of Sanlúcar de Barrameda

wikidata_label: Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla


text:
rower
men's eight
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: Suicides in Germany,1946 deaths,German male rowers,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,People from Speyer,Olympic rowers of Germany,1888 births

paragraph: Ludwig Weinacht

paragraph: Ludwig Weinacht (17 February 1888 – 18 November 1946) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He committed suicide on 18 November 1946.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Ludwig Weinacht

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Weinacht


text:
rower
men's eight
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: German male rowers,1886 births,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic rowers of Germany,Year of death missing

paragraph: Carl Eichhorn

paragraph: Carl Eichhorn (born 16 June 1886, date of death unknown) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Carl Eichhorn

wikipedia_title: Carl Eichhorn


text:
rower
men's eight
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: German male rowers,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Rowers from Berlin,Olympic rowers of Germany,1892 births,Year of death missing

paragraph: Richard Friesicke

paragraph: Richard Friesicke (born 10 April 1892, date of death unknown) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Richard Friesicke

wikipedia_title: Richard Friesicke


text:
rower
men's eight
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: German male rowers,1878 births,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Bremen,Olympic rowers of Germany,Year of death missing

paragraph: Andreas Wegener

paragraph: Andreas Friedrich Carl Wegener (born 25 August 1878, date of death unknown) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Andreas Wegener

wikipedia_title: Andreas Wegener


text:
rower
men's eight
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: German male rowers,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,1883 births,Rowers from Berlin,Olympic rowers of Germany,Year of death missing

paragraph: Fritz Eggebrecht

paragraph: Fritz Eggebrecht (born 15 January 1883, date of death unknown) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Fritz Eggebrecht

wikipedia_title: Fritz Eggebrecht


text:
rower
men's eight
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: German male rowers,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Rowers from Berlin,Olympic rowers of Germany,Year of death missing,1890 births

paragraph: Heinrich Landrock

paragraph: Heinrich Landrock (born 26 December 1890, date of death unknown) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Heinrich Landrock

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Landrock


text:
rower
men's eight
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: German male rowers,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,1952 deaths,Rowers from Berlin,Olympic rowers of Germany,1890 births

paragraph: Egbert Reimsfeld

paragraph: Egbert Maximilian Johannes Karl Reimsfeld (2 March 1890 – 15 May 1952) was a German rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Egbert Reimsfeld

wikipedia_title: Egbert Reimsfeld