text: English

text: geologist

text: South West England

text: fossil

text: geology

text: Gideon Mantell

text: Iguanadon

text: Cretaceous

text: ammonite

text: Hoplites bennettiana

text: Wiltshire

text: member of Parliament for Wiltshire

text: South Wiltshire

text: Norton Bavant

text: Warminster

text: fossils

text: county

text: Aylmer Bourke Lambert

text: Sowerby’s Mineral Conchronoly

text: Linnean Society

text: Royal Society

text: Geological Society

text: Gideon Mantell

text: Sowerby

text: palaeontology

text: Middle Cretaceous

text: Vale of Wardour

text: Sowerbys

text: Academy of Natural Sciences

text: Thomas Bellerby Wilson

text: Leeds City Museum

text: St. Petersburg

text: type specimens

text: George Bellas Greenough

text: Gideon Mantell

text: William Buckland

text: Samuel Woodward

text: St. Petersburg

text: Mantell

text: Gideon Mantell

text: Upper Chicksgrove quarry

text: Tisbury

text: mollusca

text: sponges

text: Alcyonia

text: Warminster Common

text: Mary Anning

text: Academy of Natural Sciences

text: William Wake

text: Timeline of women in science

categories: 1845 deaths,Women paleontologists,People from Tisbury, Wiltshire,English women geologists,English palaeontologists,People from Warminster,19th-century British scientists,English geologists,1776 births,19th-century geologists

paragraph: Etheldred Benett

paragraph: Etheldred Benett (July 22, 1776 – January 11, 1845) was an early English geologist often credited with being the "First Female Geologist". Benett devoted much of her life collecting and studying fossils that she discovered in South West England. Etheldred Benett’s fossil collection was considered one of the largest at the time. She worked closely with many principal geologists of the time and her fossil collection played a part in the development of geology as a field of science. Gideon Mantell, discoverer of the Iguanadon, was so inspired by Benett's work he named a Cretaceous ammonite after her called "Hoplites bennettiana".[1]

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Etheldred Benett was born into a wealthy family as the eldest daughter of Thomas Benett (1729–1797) of Wiltshire and Catherine née Darell (d. 1790); her brother, John (1773–1852), was a member of Parliament for Wiltshire and later South Wiltshire from 1819 to 1852. From 1802 she resided at Norton House in Norton Bavant, near Warminster, in Wiltshire. Very little is known about Benett’s private home life, mostly what is known about her is just in her studying and contributions to geology. Also, there is no known portrait of Etheldred. From at least 1809 until her death devoted herself to collecting and studying the fossils of her native county. Benett had mostly stayed within Warminister where she began her collection. Furthermore, Benett was familiar with where the fossils she was finding where located and she was knowledgeable in stratigraphy, and she thought she was able to know where else the fossils that she found could be located elsewhere. Etheldred's interest in geology was encouraged by her sister in-law's half brother, the botanist Aylmer Bourke Lambert.

paragraph: Lambert was an avid fossil collector who contributed to Sowerby’s Mineral Conchronoly. He was also a founding member of the Linnean Society, a member of the Royal Society, and an earlier member of the Geological Society. It was through Lambert that Benett developed her love of fossils and relationships with many leading geologists of the time and it is only through works by these men, that most reference to her work was made. For example, Benett contributed to Gideon Mantell with his work on stratigraphy. Also, Benett worked with Sowerby and contributed his work also. Thus, Bennett was acknowledged by famous geologist of the time. Benett was unmarried and financially independent, and so was able to dedicate much of her life to the developing field of science and geology through the collection and study of fossils. Occasionally, Benett was an electioneer for her brother John. Yet, Benett was mainly focusing on discovering and investigating for palaeontology, and geology. As a women of the time Benett did not receive a higher education and was not accepted to scholarly societies. Her wealth at the time assisted Benett’s collection of specimens through the hiring of collectors and the purchase of prepared specimens.

paragraph: Section::::Fossil collection.

paragraph: Benett's speciality was in the Middle Cretaceous Upper Greensand in the Vale of Wardour. Her collection was one of the largest and most diverse of its time resulting in many visitors to her home. Some fossils within her collection were the first to be illustrated and described whilst some were extremely rare or incredibly well preserved. Benett had contact with many authors of fossil works including the Sowerbys. Forty-one of her specimens were included in Sowerby's "Mineral Conchology", a major fossil reference work, which contained the second highest number of contributed fossils in which many were the best quality available at the time. After viewing part of her collection, and assuming she was male, Tsar Nicholas I granted her a Doctorate of Civil Law from the University of St. Petersberg at a time when women were not admitted into higher education institutions. As an early female geologist and as a response to her honorary doctorate, Benett noted that "scientific people in general have a very low opinion of the abilities of my sex."

paragraph: Most of her fossil collection is currently housed at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia after purchase by Thomas Bellerby Wilson. Although, small parts are in many British museums, in particular Leeds City Museum and possibly even in St. Petersburg. These collections contain many type specimens and some of the first fossils found (and recognized though shortly after her death) with the soft tissues preserved.

paragraph: Benett's entire collection was assumed lost in the early 20th century due to specific specimens that were unable to be located. However, the ANSP’s revived interest in the early English fossil collections, and furthermore Benetts collection, led to formal recognition again. This ultimately led to the discussion of her previous two publications, the elaboration of her taxonomic names, and the photographic illustration of many vital pieces of her collection.

paragraph: Benett also had an interest in conchology and as well as her fossil collection, spent time collecting and detailing shells, many of which were new records. In a letter to Mantell in 1817, she claimed her shell collecting had left her with no time to look at his fossils.

paragraph: Section::::Accomplishments.

paragraph: Her unusual first name caused many to suppose that she was a man. This mistake was detected when the Natural History Society of Moscow awarded membership to her under the name of Master Etheldredus Benett in 1836.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to geology and palaeontology.

paragraph: Benett’s contribution to the early history of Wiltshire geology is significant as she felt at ease and corresponded extensively with fellow geologists such as George Bellas Greenough, first president of the Geological Society, Gideon Mantell, William Buckland, and Samuel Woodward. Perhaps her unique position allowed her to take ideas of “laymen” like William Smith. She freely gave her ideas and items from her fossil collection to worthy causes such as museums, later including sending one to St. Petersburg. On exchanging numerous fossils with Mantell, a thorough understanding of the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Southern England was reached.

paragraph: Her work was recognised and appreciated by notable individuals of the time. Gideon Mantell described her as 'A lady of great talent and indefatigable research,' whilst the Sowerbys note her 'labours in the pursuit of geological information have been as useful as they have been incessant.'

paragraph: Benett produced the first measured sections of the Upper Chicksgrove quarry near Tisbury in 1819, which is drawn to scale, but unfortunately there is no scale indicated on the section. She calls it, “the measure of different beds of stone in Chicksgrove Quarry in the Parish of Tisbury.” However, the stratigraphic section was published by naturalist James Sowerby without her knowledge. In result, she contradicted some of the Sowerby’s conclusion based on her own research. In 1825, her painting of the meteorite which fell from the County Limerick in September 1813 was deposited in Geological Society of London archives which was presented in the University of Oxford by Reverend John Griffiths of Bishopstrow. The meteorite is 19 pounds in weight, and the streaked and dotted part represents the fracture. Because of her extensive collection, she wrote and privately published a monograph in 1831, which contains many of her drawings and sketches of mollusca and sponges such as her sketches of fossil Alcyonia (1816) from the Green Sand Formation at Warminster Common and the immediate vicinity of Warminster in Wiltshire. The Society holds two copies, one was given to George Bellas Greenough, and another copy was given to her friend Gideon Mantell. This work established her as a true, pioneering biostratigrapher following but not always agreeing with the work of William Smith.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Illness during the last twenty years of Benett's life meant she spent less time collecting specimens and instead commissioned local collectors. After spending 34 years gathering what was the most extensive collection of Wiltshire fossils, Benett died at her home Norton House at the age of 69, two years before fellow fossil collector Mary Anning. Her fossil collection was later sold to physician Thomas Wilson of Newark, Delaware, who donated the collection to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia .

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A catalogue of the organic remains of the county of Wiltshire, 1831.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A brief enquiry into the antiquity, honour and estate of the name and family of Wake, 1833 (written by her great grandfather William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury, but prepared for publication and footnoted by Etheldred Benett)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of women in science

description: British geologist & paleontologist

wikidata_label: Etheldred Benett

wikipedia_title: Etheldred Benett


text:
music producer
DJ
Kraftwerk
Tangerine Dream
The Prodigy
Photek
Skrillex
Deadmaus
Ableton Live
Fabric

categories: Musicians from Hamburg,German record producers,German DJs,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Phace

paragraph: Phace (real name Florian Harres, born March 7) is a German music producer, DJ and label owner living in Hamburg, Germany. Influenced by bands and artists such as Kraftwerk, Tangerine Dream, The Prodigy, Photek, Thomas Bangalter, Miles Davis, Optical and Konflict, he is known for his state of the art, futuristic, and distinct sound-design and songwriting. He records music both with analog and digital equipment in his studio in Hamburg Altona.

paragraph: He produces a wide variety of music, mainly drum and bass, but also electro, halftempo, bass, beats and techno and scores music for film and videogames. He co-owns two record labels: "Neosignal" and "NËU", and has released on several other labels including Skrillex's "OWSLA", Deadmaus's "Mau5trap", "Kitsuné", Noisia's 'Vision' and "Division" and has performed at international music festivals such as "EDC, Beyond Wonderland, Let it Roll, UAF, Outlook, Dour, Fusion, Boomtown" etc.

paragraph: He is also one half of the German electronic band project Neosignal (together with Michael Bräuninger/Misanthrop). They debuted their electro audio-visual live show (based on Ableton Live) at London's legendary Fabric Night Club in 2013.

paragraph: At the start of his international career he was voted Germany's "Best Drum and Bass DJ & Producer" at the "Future Music Awards" in 2006. His debut album "PSYCHO", released in 2007 on "Subtitles Music" imprint, was voted Album of the Month in the British "Mixmag Magazine". To the present he released 5 full-length studio albums and is regarded as a ground breaking figure of bass-focused electronic music. His 2018 album "BETWEEN", released on his own label "Neosignal Recordings", was again listed Album of the Month in "Mixmag Magazine" August 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.:As Phace.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psycho (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- From Deep Space (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shape The Random (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Between (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.:As Neosignal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raum und Zeit (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles & EP's.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles & EP's.:As Phace.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraxion (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hot Rock / Moore's Law (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dead Air (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brainwave / Polymers (2005)*

paragraph: BULLET::::- Now & Tomorrow (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cavity (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Confront (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homeworld / Outsource (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psycho (Album Sampler) (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deep Throat (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Off Center (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crocker (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love Sex Pain (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hot Rock (VIP) / Brainwave (VIP) (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strech Pack / Life Goes (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Animal / Zeitgeist (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculptured / Frozen (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cold Champagne / Astral Projection (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mammoth / Sore Point (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alive (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fortune / Hyzer (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- CCTV (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desert Orgy / Stagger (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Absurd (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Energie EP Part I + II + III (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lightyears Apart (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Program (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basic Memory (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stresstest (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progression / Système Mécanique (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Motor EP Part I + II (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vitreous EP (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sex Sells (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impuls(2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phace And Friends EP (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shape The Random / Album Sampler Part I+ II (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- So Excited / Lit Up (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plastic Acid (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wastemen (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consonance / Locust (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- FMS (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Das Techno (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Downgrade (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isolated (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deep Down (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruhstoerung / Nervenkitzel (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles & EP's.:As Neosignal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Planet Online (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sequenz (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1000 Volt (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Space Gsus (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Miscellaneous.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blacksmoker (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teufelswerk (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.:As Phace.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyb Org - Final Transmission (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cern - Satellites (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proktah - Labyrinth (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cause 4 Concern - Phatcap (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Green Man - Berlin (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadouken! - M.A.D. (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jade - Cryptic (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panic Girl - Burn And Rise (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pilotpriest - Bodydouble (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Sun Empire - B'Negative (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rawtekk - Photone Recruits (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Am Legion - Warp Speed Thuggin' (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Icicle - Dreadnaught (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Program VIP (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noisia - Miniatures (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Remixes.:As Neosignal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rockwell - Childhood Memories (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noisia - Stigma (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koan Sound - Eastern Thug (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beataucue - Aeropolis (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Castle Vania - Prophication Remixes (2014)

description: German disc jockey and record producer

wikidata_label: Phace

wikipedia_title: Phace


text: Dalmatia

text: map

text: Trogir

text: Petar Zrinski

text: Atlas Maior

text: Trogir

text: Venetian Dalmatia

text: Croatia

text: Rome

text: University of Padua

text: Fraternity of Saint Jerome

text: Italy

text: Europe

text: war of Candia

text: Romance

text: Slavic

text: Amsterdam

text: history of Dalmatia

text: history of Croatia

text: prehistory

text: map

text: Illyricum hodiernum

text: Illyria

text: Joan Blaeu

text: ban

text: Petar Zrinski

text: Šubićs

text: Bribir

text: Trimalchio

text: satirist

text: Petronius

text: Marko Marulić

text: Statute

text: Church of St. Jerome

text: methodology

text: Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik)

text: Stefano Gradi

text: Vatican Library

text: lapidary

text: historiography

categories: 1604 births,Croatian historians,Historians from the Republic of Venice,17th-century historians,Venetian period in the history of Croatia,Italian-language writers,University of Padua alumni,1679 deaths,People from Trogir,History of Dalmatia

paragraph: Johannes Lucius

paragraph: Johannes Lucius (; ; September 1604 – 11 January 1679) was a Dalmatian historian, whose greatest work is "De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae" ("On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia"), which includes valuable historical sources, a bibliography and six historical maps.

paragraph: Born in September 1640 in Trogir in a noble family, Lucius studied in Trogir and Rome, graduating philosophy, mathematics, political sciences and literature in 1628, and receiving Ph.D. in civil and canonical law in 1630. Following graduation, he worked as councilmen and judge in his hometown and developed intensive scientific-research work. His first book "Vita B. Ioannis confessoris episcopi Traguriensis et eius miracula" [Life of St. John the Confessor, Bishop of Trogir] (1657) is an important source of Croatian, and especially Dalmatian, history between 11th and 13th centuries. His capital work is "De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae" [On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia] (1662) in which he described the history of Dalmatia between the Roman times and 1480. The book contains the genealogy of Croatian dukes and kings and six historical Illyrian maps, regarded in Croatia as "the first Croatian atlas". The best known is map no. 6, "Illyricum hodiernum" [Present-day Illyricum], which Lucius dedicated to the Croatian ban Petar Zrinski, later included in Blaeu's Atlas Maior. In the book "Memorie istoriche di Tragurio ora detto Traù" [Historical testimonies about Trogir, now called Traù], he described the history of Trogir and Dalmatia to the mid 15th century. His book "Inscriptiones Dalmaticae" [Dalmatian Inscriptions] (1673) contains inscriptions and epigraphic monuments from Dalmatian heritage. In addition to his many other historical works, Lucius also engaged in archeology, geography, mathematics, physics, astronomy, construction and studying of ancient Christian monuments, Roman mosaics and inscriptions.

paragraph: He was a member of the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome in whose catacombs he was buried after his death in January 1679. Today, Lucius is widely regarded in Croatia as "the father of modern Croatian historiography".

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: Johannes was the son of Peter Lucius and Clara Difnico (Klara Divnić), born in Trogir, Venetian Dalmatia (now Croatia). After some schooling in his hometown, he went to Rome, where he spent two years, and then obtained his Ph.D. in ecclesiastical and civil law in the University of Padua. He returned to Trogir, and held various offices, but he returned to Rome in 1654. There he became a member of the Fraternity of Saint Jerome, and then its president. He participated in the work of many scientific academies of his age and wrote to scientists from Dalmatia, Italy and Europe.

paragraph: He wrote a number of historical works in Italian and Latin. His greatest and most famous work is "De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae" ("The Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia"). The book was published after the war of Candia, a critical moment for the Republic of Venice. In his book Lucius pointed out the difference between the Romance and Slavic Dalmatia, the habits of the people and the cultural borderlines.

paragraph: It was first printed in Amsterdam in 1666. This book provides an overview of both, the history of Dalmatia and history of Croatia, from the prehistory to the 15th century. While his predecessors and contemporaries used suppositions as much as facts, Lucius founded his estimates on genuine sources. At the end of the book, he included certain valuable historical sources and a bibliography with his comments. The book had six historical maps. One of maps, the historical map "Illyricum hodiernum" (today's "Illyria") was dedicated by Joan Blaeu, Lucius' publisher to the Croatian ban Petar Zrinski. Since everyone was looking up to antiquity, the Zrinski believed their ancestors were Roman aristocrats. Lucius showed them that their roots reached back to the famous medieval dukes of Šubićs noble family from Bribir.

paragraph: Lucius participated in the dispute about the authenticity of the text of "Trimalchio's Banquet" by the Roman satirist Petronius, which had been found in Trogir.

paragraph: He also published the history of his home town in "Memoriae istoriche di Tragurio, ora detto Trau" ("Trogir in Historical Literature"; 1673). He also published a book of Roman inscriptions from Dalmatia, including the inscriptions collected by the famous Croatian poet and writer Marko Marulić. Shortly before his death, Lucius prepared the Statute of Trogir for printing.

paragraph: Lucius was never married. He resided in Rome until his death, and was buried there, in the Church of St. Jerome. A monument was erected to his memory in 1740.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Johannes Lucius was the first Dalmatian historian who critically examined and used historical sources: documents and chronicles, inscriptions and last wills. His historical methodology was far ahead of his time.

paragraph: He corresponded with many famous people from Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), especially Stefano Gradi, the head of the Vatican Library. His numerous letters, revealing him as a man of integrity and a skillful writer are a valuable fresco of the conditions of his time.

paragraph: Lucius' work, written in a lapidary and clear style, based on critical considerations, is the cornerstone of the modern historiography about Dalmatia. Today in Croatia, Lucius is considered the father of modern contemporary Croatian historiography.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The following are his principal published works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae libri sex" (6 vols., Venice, 1673);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inscriptiones Dalmaticae, notae ad memoriale Pauli de Paulo, notae ad Palladium Fuscum, addenda vel corrigenda in opere de regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, variae lectiones Chronici Ungarici manuscripti cum editis" (Venice, 1673).

alias:
Ioannes Lucius
Ivan Lučić

description: Venetian Dalmatian historian

wikidata_label: Giovanni Lucio

wikipedia_title: Johannes Lucius


text:
vizier
Fatimid Caliphate
al-Mustansir
Armenian
Armenian
mamlūk
Tripoli
nisbah
Abu'l-Najm Badr
ghulām
Aleppo
wālī
Damascus
its province
honorific titles
aḥdāth
Alid
Acre
al-Mustansir
Cairo
Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
Lower Egypt
Friday prayer
Abbasid Caliph
Lawata
Upper Egypt
Seljuk Turks
Mahmud ibn Mirdas
Aleppo
Alp Arslan
Euphrates
Byzantines
Manzikert
Tyre
Tripoli
Acre
Bedouin
Banu Kalb
Banu Tayy
Mu'alla ibn Haydar
Oghuz
Atsiz ibn Uvaq
Palestine
Sultan
Jerusalem
Ramlah
Damietta
daʿwa
Nile Delta
pagarch
Greco-Roman Egypt
Armenian Church
Coptic Church
Mecca
Medina
jihād
Tutush
Kutayfat
Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
mud brick
Bab al-Futuh
Bab al-Nasr
Bab Zuweila
Juyushi Mosque
minbar
Husayn ibn Ali
Ascalon
Ibrahimi Mosque
Hebron

categories: 1094 deaths,11th-century people of the Fatimid Caliphate,Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate,1000s births,Fatimid governors of Damascus,Ethnic Armenian Shia Muslims,Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate,11th-century Armenian people

paragraph: Badr al-Jamali

paragraph: Abū'l-Najm Badr ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Jamālī al-Mustanṣirī, better known as Badr al-Jamali () was a vizier and prominent statesman for the Fatimid Caliphate under Caliph al-Mustansir. His appointment to the vizierate in 1073 restored the fortunes of the Fatimid state, which had faced collapse in the previous decades, but also began a period where the vizierate was dominated by military strongmen who held power through their military strength, rather than through the Caliph's appointment. An Armenian, Badr al-Jamali initiated a wave of Armenian migration into Egypt, and was the first of a series of viziers of Armenian origin, who played a major role in the fortunes of the Fatimid Caliphate over the subsequent century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career in Syria.

paragraph: Of Armenian ethnic origin, Badr was born sometime in 1005–1008; he is recorded as being over 80 years of age at the time of his death. Badr was purchased as a slave ("mamlūk") by Jamal al-Dawla ibn Ammar, ruler of Tripoli, whence he acquired his epithet ("nisbah") of "al-Jamālī". Otherwise his early life and career until are obscure. However, the historian Seta Dadoyan suggests that he may be identifiable with a namesake Abu'l-Najm Badr, an Armenian "ghulām" who briefly ruled over Aleppo in 1022.

paragraph: Badr's career begins to be documented in April 1063, when he was appointed military governor ("wālī") of Damascus and its province, bearing the honorific titles of Crown of Commanders ("Tāj al-Umarāʾ"), Commander of the Armies ("Muqaddam al-Juyūsh"), and Honour of the Realm ("Sharaf al-Mulk"). He made Mizza near Damascus his residence. His tenure was cut short little more than a year later after clashes between his troops and the local militia ("aḥdāth"), under the local Alid notable Abu Tahir Haydara i Abu al-Husayn. In July 1066, he was re-appointed to the post. Hi seat was at the Qasr al-Saltanah in the Bab al-Hadid plain. His sons also served as officers in the Fatimid army under his command. One of them, Sha'ban, died at Acre at this time. His tenure in Damascus was again troubled. In 1068, Abu Tahir launched another rebellion in 1068, which saw his palace burned to the ground, before the uprising was defeated.

paragraph: Badr's troubles in Syria were symptomatic of the wider malaise afflicting the Fatimid state, which during this period neared complete collapse. The accession of the incapable caliph al-Mustansir () had opened the central government to intrigues and rivalries; the vizierate was held by favourties of the Caliph's mother, and factional infighting between the different ethnic contingents of the Fatimid army broke out, crippling the administration and exhausting the treasury. Open civil war reigned in Cairo between the Turks and the black Nubians ("Sūdān") in 1062–1067, before the Turks, under Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan, seized power in the capital and in Lower Egypt. The situation was made worse by a severe famine from 1065 to 1072, and by Nasir al-Dawla's tyrannical regime: his Turks looted the Fatimid palaces and libraries and destroyed much of the capital, and in 1070, Ibn Hamdan even had the Friday prayer read in the name of the Abbasid Caliph, thereby effectively deposing al-Mustansir. The prevailing anarchy left the Fatimid royal family destitute, the treasury empty, and various parts of the Fatimid empire under military occupation: the Turks in Cairo, the Lawata and other Berbers on the coast, the Nubians in Upper Egypt, and Syria under invasion by the Seljuk Turks.

paragraph: The Fatimids had already lost effective control over northern Syria in the early 1060s. In 1070 Mahmud ibn Mirdas of Aleppo ordered the Friday prayer to be read in the name of the Abbasid Caliph, while on 19 January 1071, the Seljuk ruler Alp Arslan crossed the river Euphrates into Syria, before being hastily diverted north to fight the Byzantines at Manzikert. In addition, the Fatimids began losing control over the coastal cities of the Levant, which were nominally under Fatimid suzerainty: Ibn Abu Aqil of Tyre and Amin al-Dawla Abu Talib al-Hasan ibn Ammar of Tripoli, supported by the cities' merchant aristocracies, ruled as autonomous princes. To counter these threats, in 1069/70 Badr was appointed Commander-in-chief of the Armies ("Amīr al-Juyūsh") and sent to Syria at the head of an army composed of Berbers and Armenians. To keep watch over the coastal cities, and to secure his own communications with Egypt over the sea, he established his residence in the coastal city of Acre.

paragraph: In his absence, Ibn Hamdan, who had temporarily lost power, once again seized control of the capital. To secure his position, Ibn Hamdan tried to ensure that his powerful rival remained occupied in Syria. While Badr was engaged with besieging Tyre, Ibn Hamdan encouraged rebellions among the Bedouin tribes of the Banu Kalb and Banu Tayy, as well as sending encouraging messages to the renegade governor of Damascus, Mu'alla ibn Haydar, and even to Alp Arslan himself, inviting him to invade Syria and conquer it from the Fatimids. Conversely, Badr recruited to his cause the Oghuz clan of the Nawikis, that was fleeing the onslaught of the Seljuks, to combat the Bedouins. The Nawikis soon began quarreling with Badr, demanding greater payments for their service. Some joined the Bedouin, while others, under Atsiz ibn Uvaq, founded an independent principality in Palestine and the interior of southern Syria, which acknowledged the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliph and the Seljuk Sultan in Baghdad. By 1076, Jerusalem, Ramlah, and other cities had fallen to the Nawikis, leaving only the coastlands in Fatimid hands.

paragraph: Section::::Vizierate.

paragraph: Section::::Vizierate.:Rise to power.

paragraph: In 1073, Nasir al-Dawla was murdered by a rival Turkish commander. In the same year, the famine ended following a good harvest. Al-Mustansir seized upon a drastic solution to his problems, and secretly called upon Badr for aid. The latter accepted, provided that he could bring him his Armenian guard with him. At the end of 1073, Badr was in Damietta, and arrived in Cairo in January 1074.

paragraph: Unaware of the reason for his arrival, the Turkish leaders did not suspect him of ill intentions. As a result, Badr was able to achieve the assassination of all Turkish military leaders in the capital within a short time of his arrival. Following this feat, al-Mustansir proclaimed Badr as vizier with a plenitude of powers and titles: as well as remaining "Amīr al-Juyūsh", he was also chief justice as "Protector of the judges of the Muslims" ("Kāfil quḍāt al-Muslimīn"), and head of the Isma'ili "daʿwa" as "Guide of the Missionaries of the Believers" ("Hādī duʿāt al-Muʿminīn"). Although the Fatimid caliph was left in place, Badr established a military-based regime, in which he ruled "as a military yet populist dictator" (Seta B. Dadoyan). Medieval Arabic authors describe his position as a "vizierate with plenary powers" ("wizārat al-tafwīḍ"), which to all intents and purposes was similar to the position of sultan, established by the Seljuk rulers vis-à-vis the Abbasid caliphs. The military character of Badr's office was exemplified by the title of "Amīr al-Juyūsh" (popularly "mirgush"), which not only became the name most commonly associated with him, but was also used by Badr as his proper patronymic. His private army, some 7,000 strong, formed the core of a new force, called the "Juyūshiyya", while his own properties and servants were designated "Juyush-i".

paragraph: Section::::Vizierate.:Domestic governance.

paragraph: Following the establishment of control over Cairo, Badr proceeded to restore central control in the Nile Delta, from east to west, culminating in the storming of Alexandria. The re-establishment of Fatimid control over Upper Egypt proved more difficult, as the local Arab tribes defended the virtual independence they had gained over the previous years. By 1076, Badr had restored the authority of the central government over Egypt, and The Caliph al-Mustansir was reduced to the purely ritual role as head of the Isma'ili community. Although Isma'ilism was restored as the official doctrine, Fatimid ceremonies were reduced, and Sunnis and other Shi'a communities were allowed to practice their faith. Badr retained overall control of religious affairs, and sponsored the building of both mosques and churches.

paragraph: Badr also undertook a major administrative reform of Egypt. Until that time, the country had been divided in a large number (between 60 and 96) of small districts ("kūra"), which in some form or other dated to the "pagarchiae" of Greco-Roman Egypt. Badr abolished and replaced them with 23 provinces (14 in Lower Egypt and 9 in Upper Egypt), which in broad outlines survive to the present day. In addition, Badr encouraged the immigration of Armenians, Muslim and Christian alike, into Egypt. Badr also sponsored the Armenian Church, which became a serious rival to the Coptic Church and established its own, separate hierarchy. By the end of the century, the Armenian community in Egypt numbered almost 100,000 people, and was represented among the highest civil and military offices of Fatimid Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Vizierate.:Military activities.

paragraph: In 1075, the two holy cities, Mecca and Medina, who had for a time recognized the Abbasid caliphs, reverted to Fatimid suzerainty. In the same year, dissensions arose between Atsiz and his brothers. One of them, Mankli, made contact with Badr, and even restored the name of al-Mustansir in the Friday prayer in his territories around Acre. He did not last long against Atsiz, however, and was forced to flee to Rufaynah in the north. In October 1076, Atsiz marched against Egypt but Badr declared "jihād" against him. Defeated, Atsiz withdrew to Syria. In 1079, Badr sent his fellow Armenian, Nasr al-Dawla, against Atsiz in Damascus, while from the north the Seljuks under Tutush approached the city (October 1079). In the event, the Fatimids withdrew, and Damascus, along with most of Syria, fell to the Seljuks.

paragraph: Section::::Vizierate.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: Badr died on 21 June 1094. Al-Mustansir tried to regain the powers he had ceded to him, but the majority of Badr's officers supported the succession of Badr's son al-Afdal as vizier.

paragraph: Badr's position in the history of the Fatimid state is pivotal. While the fusion of administrative and judicial powers in the person of the vizier was the culmination of a process already evident under previous holders, Badr was the first military man to rise to the vizierate ("vizier of the sword") under the Fatimids, and furthermore owed his position not to the Caliph, but to the support of a private military force, personally loyal to him. In this Badr also set the tone for his successors: until the end of the Fatimid regime in 1171, the vizierate was held mostly by military strongmen, who sidelined the caliphs and were the "de facto" rulers of the state. Many of these strongmen were Armenian, like Badr: Badr with his son al-Afdal and grandson Kutayfat provided a "miniature dynasty" of viziers, and three more Muslim Armenian viziers would follow until the assassination of the last of them, Ruzzik ibn Tala'i, in 1163. During this "Armenian period" in the history of Fatimid Egypt, the Armenians provided the mainstay of the Fatimid dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Buildings.

paragraph: In the 1080s, to protect the city from possible Seljuk attack, Badr ordered the refortification of Cairo. The old mud brick walls, built when Cairo had been founded in the 970s, were entirely replaced by a new stone fortification, supervised by builders from northern Syria. Three of the gates of Badr's city wall still stand to this day (Bab al-Futuh, Bab al-Nasr, and Bab Zuweila), as well as a section of the northern city wall. He also built the Juyushi Mosque on the Muqattam Hill, in memory of his son Awhad, who rebelled in Alexandria and was killed in 1085. Among the most notable surviving wood art objects from the Fatimid period is also the "minbar" commissioned by Badr for the shrine of the head of Husayn ibn Ali in Ascalon (now located at the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron).

description: Fatamid statesman

wikidata_label: Badr al-Jamali

wikipedia_title: Badr al-Jamali


text:
Kraków
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Halshany
Jogaila
King of Poland
Supreme Duke of Lithuania
Queen consort of Poland
Władysław III
Hungary
Casimir IV
Jagiellon dynasty
Andrew Olshansky
Vytautas
Ivan Olshansky
Alexandra Drucka
Dmitry I Starshiy
Rurikid
Druck
Eastern Orthodox Christian
Elizabeth Granowska
Hedwig Jagiellon
Vytautas
Polish nobility
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Sophia of Bavaria
Ivan Bielski
Vladimir Olgerdovich
Matthias of Trakai
Bishop of Samogitia
Navahrudak
Wawel Castle
Kraków
Zbigniew Oleśnicki
Tęczyński
Tarnowski families
Gollub War
Archbishop of Gniezno
Wojciech Jastrzębiec
Stara Zagość
Bogucice Pierwsze
grzywnas
Prague groschen
Władysław III of Poland
elected by the nobles
Brest
Łęczyca
Rogów
Szczekociny
Casimir IV Jagiellon
Vytautas
Polish–Lithuanian union
Jedlnia
Lithuanian Civil War (1431–35)
Polish–Teutonic War (1431–35)
Hedwig Jagiellon
Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg
Horodok
Zbigniew Oleśnicki
Władysław III of Poland
Iliaș of Moldavia
Moldavia
Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg
Kingdom of Hungary
Bohemia
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Bohemian nobility
Hussite
Albert of Austria
Casimir IV Jagiellon
Chrudim
Želenice
Piotrków Trybunalski
confederation
Nowy Korczyn
Spytek of Melsztyn
Battle of Grotniki
Hungarian nobles
Czorsztyn
Sigismund Kęstutaitis
Lithuanian nobles
Jonas Goštautas
Vilnius
Sanok Land
Sanok Castle
Battle of Varna
Sieradz
Hrodna
Bolesław IV of Warsaw
Jan Długosz
Nowy Korczyn
Roman II
Alexăndrel of Moldavia
Elisabeth of Habsburg
Pope Pius II
Polish–Teutonic War (1454–66)
Wawel Cathedral
Bible into the Polish language
Bible of Queen Sophia

categories: 15th-century Polish people,15th-century Lithuanian people,Former Polish Orthodox Christians,1461 deaths,Burials at Wawel Cathedral,Medieval Lithuanian nobility,1400s births,Polish queens consort,Polish Roman Catholics,15th-century Lithuanian women,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy,Ruthenian nobility,Jagiellonian dynasty

paragraph: Sophia of Halshany

paragraph: Sophia of Halshany or Sonka Olshanskaya (; ; ; – September 21, 1461 in Kraków) was a Grand Duchy of Lithuania princess of Halshany. As the fourth and last wife of Jogaila, King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania, she was Queen consort of Poland (1422–1434). As the mother of Władysław III, King of Poland and Hungary, and Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, she was the mother of the Jagiellon dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and marriage to Jogaila.

paragraph: Sophia was a middle daughter of Andrew Olshansky, son of Vytautas' right-hand man Ivan Olshansky, and Alexandra Drucka, daughter of Dmitry of Druck. Historians disagree on the identity of Dmitry: Polish historiography usually provides Jogaila's half-brother Dmitry I Starshiy while Russian historians provide Dimitri Semenovich of Rurikid origin. Her father died when she was young and the family moved to Druck to live with Alexandra's brother Siemion Drucki. Sophia grew up in a Ruthenian environment and was an Eastern Orthodox Christian (her Orthodox name is Sonka). It is believed that she was illiterate and largely uneducated.

paragraph: It is unknown when Sophia met Jogaila for the first time. It is known that they met in the winter of 1420–1421 when Jogaila visited Druck. At the time Sophia was still a teenager, while Jogaila was around 60 or 70 and widowed three times (most recently in May 1420 when Elizabeth Granowska died). He had only one surviving daughter, Hedwig Jagiellon, and no male heir. Their marriage was supported by Siemion Drucki, her uncle, and Vytautas, her aunt's husband, but opposed by Polish nobility and Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who proposed marriage to his brother's widow Sophia of Bavaria.

paragraph: According to a custom, it would be a disgrace if a younger sister would marry before the elder sister. Therefore, Sophia's older sister Vasilisa was married off to Ivan Bielski, son of Jogaila's half-brother Vladimir Olgerdovich, in 1421. In February 1422, Sophia was baptized in the Roman Catholic rite (Sophia is her Catholic baptismal name). The wedding ceremony, carried out by Matthias of Trakai, Bishop of Samogitia, took place in Navahrudak on February 7 or 24. However, her coronation as Queen of Poland took place two years later, on March 5, 1424. This delay is explained by resistance from the Polish nobility and rather distant relationship between Sophia and Jogaila.

paragraph: Section::::Wife of Jogaila.

paragraph: In March 1422, Sophia moved to the Wawel Castle in Kraków. There she was met with hostility by supporters of Emperor Sigismund and Princess Hedwig, particularly Zbigniew Oleśnicki, the Tęczyński and Tarnowski families. For a year, the couple spent time mostly apart: Jogaila traveled to Prussia for the Gollub War, to Lithuania to spend the winter, to Hungary for negotiations with Emperor Sigismund while Sophia stayed in Kraków. Alone in a foreign and hostile court, Sophia wrote letters to Jogaila expressing her unhappiness. Only in April 1423, Jogaila took Sophia to a trip to Russia. It is likely that the relationship grew closer during that journey as Jogaila took active steps to have Sophia crowned as the queen by Archbishop of Gniezno Wojciech Jastrzębiec. Coronation festivities in March 1424 lasted five days. Sophia received the villages of Stara Zagość and Bogucice Pierwsze as well as 20,000 grzywnas of Prague groschen.

paragraph: On the night of October 30–31, 1424, she gave birth to Władysław III of Poland, the first male heir born in Poland in 114 years. The son substantially raised Sophia's prestige and political influence in Poland. The parents soon became engulfed in a political power struggle to ensure Władysław's succession. Polish nobility claimed that Jogaila's claim to the throne was not hereditary and that a new king should be elected by the nobles. Congresses in Brest (April 1425) and Łęczyca (May 1426), the nobles declared that Władysław would inherit only if he confirmed certain noble freedoms and refused proposal for Sophia's regency. Jogaila disagreed with such a decision and continued to campaign.

paragraph: On May 16, 1426, in Kraków Sophia gave birth to Casimir, second son of Jogaila. However, the boy died on March 2, 1427. These dates, provided in historical sources, contradict a 1950 study of Casimir's skeleton which found that the bones are of an approximately 18-month-old boy. In spring 1427, while pregnant with the third child, Sophia was accused of marital infidelity, therefore casting a doubt over Władysław's and yet-unborn Casimir's paternity. Two of her servants were arrested and tortured and seven men were named as Sophia's lovers: treasurer Hińcza of Rogów, Piotr Kurowski, Wawrzyniec Zaręba, Jan Kraska, Jan Koniecpolski, brothers Piotr and Dobiesław of Szczekociny. The case went before a court. After the birth of her third son, Sophia took an oath before the court that she was innocent and the case was dismissed. Despite the scandal which dragged on for several months, the paternity of Sophia's children was never questioned again.

paragraph: On November 29 or 30, 1427, Sophia gave birth to Casimir IV Jagiellon. The royal couple continued to work to assure their sons' rights to the Polish throne. In fall 1428, the couple traveled to Lithuania perhaps to support the plan to obtain royal crown of Lithuania to Grand Duke Vytautas. Elderly Vytautas had no heir and his crown would have passed to Jogaila and his sons. If Polish nobility wanted to preserve the Polish–Lithuanian union, they would be forced to elect Jogaila's sons to the Polish throne. Historians summed up this strategy as "through hereditary Lithuania to hereditary Poland." However, the plan was vehemently opposed by Polish nobles while Vytautas insisted on being crowned. In the end, Jogaila caved in. During a congress in Jedlnia in March 1430, he accepted nobility's declaration that Władysław would inherit only if he confirmed certain privileges for the nobility and that Sophia would not be a regent. Vytautas died in October 1430. Succession disputes in Lithuania led to the Lithuanian Civil War (1431–35) and Polish–Teutonic War (1431–35). That collapsed the strategy to secure hereditary rights in Poland through Lithuania and, in January 1433, Jogaila confirmed resolutions of the congress in Jedlnia. The Polish kings, even from the same dynasty, had to be elected by the nobles.

paragraph: In December 1431, Princess Hedwig Jagiellon, betrothed to Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg, died of a year-long illness. Sophia was accused of poisoning her step daughter to remove her from succession disputes. Again, Sophia had to give an oath professing her innocence.

paragraph: Section::::Queen mother.

paragraph: On June 1, 1434, Jogaila died in Horodok. The power was seized by Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki and his supporters. On July 25, 1434, following the decisions of the Jedlnia congress, ten-year-old Władysław III of Poland was crowned as the King of Poland. The regency was entrusted to the royal council, and not directly to either Sophia and Oleśnicki who continued to struggle for the influence in the council.

paragraph: In summer 1435, Sophia helped Iliaș of Moldavia, husband of her youngest sister, escape a Polish prison and regain power in Moldavia. Iliaș swore fealty to Władysław and Moldavia paid a tribute to Poland. She also supported a project to betroth Władysław and Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg, who was at the time heiress to the Kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia. However, the project fell through.

paragraph: After the death of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Bohemian nobility, mainly Hussites opposing Albert of Austria, elected Casimir IV Jagiellon as their king in March 1438 in Chrudim. It is not known whether Sophia took any action to facilitate this election, but she was generally supportive of the Hussites while Oleśnicki strongly opposed them. In fall 1438, Polish army invaded Bohemia. However, the campaign was poorly organized and, after the defeat of Casimir's supporters in Želenice, the army returned to Poland in October 1438. In December 1438, Polish nobles gathered in Piotrków Trybunalski and proclaimed 14-year-old Władysław to have attained the age of majority. That officially dissolved the regency, but did not strengthen Sophia's position against Oleśnicki. She actively took part in organizing a confederation "for protection of the king and order in the kingdom," which opposed Oleśnicki and supported Hussites, in Nowy Korczyn. The confederation, led by Spytek of Melsztyn, was defeated in the Battle of Grotniki.

paragraph: After the death of Albert in October 1439, Hungarian nobles elected Władysław as their king. Sophia escorted Władysław to the Hungarian border. They said goodbye on April 22, 1440 in Czorsztyn. It was the last time Sophia saw her eldest son. In March 1440, Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was murdered. With Władysław in Hungary, Lithuanian nobles, led by Jonas Goštautas, invited Casimir to Vilnius and elected him as the Grand Duke. Sophia remained in Poland and devoted the next four years to the Sanok Land and Sanok Castle. Reportedly, she was a capable administrator and earned respect from local residents. However, income from the land did not support her royal lifestyle and she accumulated some debts.

paragraph: Władysław was killed in the Battle of Varna on November 10, 1444. The news propelled Sophia back into the national politics. In April 1445, she participated in the congress in Sieradz where Polish nobles elected Casimir as their king. However, Casimir was not eager to claim the throne and refused to travel to Poland. Sophia traveled to Lithuania where she met Casimir, after a separation of five years, in Hrodna in October 1445. Casimir refused to come to Poland and for the next two years Sophia acted as an intermediary between Casimir and Polish nobles. In 1466, Polish nobles selected Bolesław IV of Warsaw as their king if Casimir refused. Sophia once again sent envoys to her son who finally agreed to become the king. According to Jan Długosz, Sophia's motherly pleas convinced nobles to confirm Casimir as their king in Nowy Korczyn despite Oleśnicki's support to Bolesław. On June 25, 1447, Casimir was crowned King of Poland.

paragraph: As the new king, Casimir isolated Oleśnicki from power, but allowed Sophia to participate in the royal council. She accompanied Casimir in his travels and continued to influence his decisions. Casimir supported Sophia's nephews, Roman II and Alexăndrel of Moldavia. Her influence decreased significantly after Casimir married Elisabeth of Habsburg in 1454. Her last known political action was sending envoy to newly elected Pope Pius II to find out his opinions on the Polish–Teutonic War (1454–66).

paragraph: According to Długosz, Sophia became ill after eating too many melons and refused treatment. The illness worsened and she was paralyzed. She died on September 21, 1461. She was buried in the Holy Trinity Chapel of the Wawel Cathedral. She had funded construction and decoration of the chapel in 1431–1432. At the time of her death, she had four grandsons and one granddaughter.

paragraph: Sophia sponsored a translation of the Bible into the Polish language (1453–1461). Even though the translation was not completed, the work, known as Bible of Queen Sophia, is an important monument of the Polish language.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

alias:
Zofia Holszańska
Sophie Holszańska
Sophia Holszanski
Sophia Holszanska
Sophia Holszańska
Sofie Litevská
Sonka Holszanska
Zofija Alšėniškė

description: Wife of Jogaila, Queen consort of Poland

wikidata_label: Sophia of Halshany

wikipedia_title: Sophia of Halshany


text: American

text: ice hockey

text: goaltender

text: Tampa Bay Lightning

text: National Hockey League

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Pittsburgh Penguins

text: Ottawa Senators

text: Holliston

text: Massachusetts

text: sergeant

text: Massachusetts State Police

text: real estate broker

text: Boston Marathon bombers

text: Belmont Hill School

text: Princeton University

text: politics

text: Ontario Reign

text: ECHL

text: goals against average

text: Houston Aeros

text: American Hockey League

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Ottawa Senators

text: Jean-Gabriel Pageau

text: Matt O'Connor

text: Carey Price

text: Pittsburgh Penguins

text: Ottawa Senators

text: Craig Anderson

text: Andrew Hammond

text: 2016–17 season

text: Craig Anderson

text: 2017–18 season

text: 2018–19 season

text: Belleville Senators

text: American Hockey League

text: Tampa Bay Lightning

text: Ryan Callahan

text: 2016 IIHF World Championship

text: Belarus

categories: Belleville Senators players,Ontario Reign (ECHL) players,Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players,Pittsburgh Penguins players,Belmont Hill School alumni,Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players,American ice hockey goaltenders,Ice hockey people from Massachusetts,Montreal Canadiens players,1990 births,People from Needham, Massachusetts,Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey players,Undrafted National Hockey League players,Ottawa Senators players,Living people

paragraph: Mike Condon (ice hockey)

paragraph: Michael Johnston Condon (born April 27, 1990) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing under contract to the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has previously played for the Montreal Canadiens, Pittsburgh Penguins and Ottawa Senators.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Condon was born on April 27, 1990 to Mary and Teddy Condon in Holliston, Massachusetts. He has one older brother, Zach. His father is a sergeant for the Massachusetts State Police, and his mother is a real estate broker. His father was involved in the manhunt of the Boston Marathon bombers. Condon attended the Belmont Hill School before attending Princeton University, where he majored in politics.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: As a young boy, Condon played hockey for the Boston Jr. Eagles. As a senior, he was named second-team All-Ivy League while playing for the Tigers.

paragraph: Undrafted at the conclusion of his career with Princeton, Condon signed an amateur tryout agreement with the Ontario Reign of the ECHL On April 7, 2013, after four games with the Reign where he went 3–1–0 with a 1.48 goals against average, Condon signed a professional tryout agreement with the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League (AHL).

paragraph: On May 8, 2013, Condon signed his first professional contract with the Montreal Canadiens.

paragraph: On October 11, 2015, Condon started his first NHL game, leading the Canadiens to a 3–1 win against the Ottawa Senators. He stopped 20 of 21 shots, only allowing one goal against from Senators forward Jean-Gabriel Pageau. Senators goaltender Matt O'Connor made his NHL debut in the same game, making the two the first goaltenders to make their first NHL start on the same night since October 14, 1967. On November 9, Condon was named the NHL third star of the week for his play filling in for the injured Carey Price.

paragraph: On October 11, 2016, Condon was claimed off waivers from the Montreal Canadiens by the Pittsburgh Penguins after being waived the previous day. He would only play one period (20 minutes) in relief for the Penguins before being traded to the Ottawa Senators on November 2 for a fifth-round draft pick in 2017. Condon was acquired due to Senators' starter Craig Anderson facing an uncertain future after his wife was recently diagnosed with cancer, and backup Andrew Hammond being sidelined with an injury.

paragraph: In June 2017, Condon signed a three-year $7.2M contract extension with the Ottawa Senators after being credited with saving the Senators' 2016–17 season by filling in for starter Craig Anderson during which time Condon set team records both for the most consecutive starts by a goalie (27 games) and for the fewest games needed to achieve five shutouts (32 games). In the following 2017–18 season, Condon's play dropped to a save percentage of .902, and he only won five games all season in the backup role to Anderson. However, the abysmal season the Senators had as a whole, in which the team finished second-last in the entire league, heavily contributed to this decline in Condon's performance.

paragraph: On October 31, 2018, after two dreadful starts to begin Condon's 2018–19 season, the Senators decided to waive Condon and send him down to the Belleville Senators of the American Hockey League. Condon was injured with Belleville and spent most of the season on the injured list.

paragraph: On July 30, 2019, Condon was traded from the Senators, along with a 6th-round pick in 2020 to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Ryan Callahan and a 5th-round pick in 2020.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Condon was selected as a member of the United States men's national ice hockey team at the 2016 IIHF World Championship. On May 7, 2016, he started the second game of the tournament leading the United States to a 6–3 win against Belarus.

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Mike Condon

wikipedia_title: Mike Condon (ice hockey)


text: fief

text: Gröditzberg

text: Silesia

text: Frankfurt an der Oder

text: Benjamin Wegner

text: Blaafarveværket

text: Åmot

text: Modum

text: Buskerud

text: cobalt

text: Modum

text: Castle Grodziec website

categories: German bankers,People from Frankfurt (Oder),1779 births,1860 deaths

paragraph: Wilhelm Christian Benecke von Gröditzberg (12 December 1779 - 4 June 1860), né Wilhelm Christian Benecke, was a German banker, merchant, estate owner and art collector. He was ennobled in 1829 as Benecke von Gröditzberg, after he had bought the fief Gröditzberg including a baroque palace and medieval Castle Gröditzberg (now: Grodziec) in Silesia.

paragraph: Wilhelm Christian Benecke was born in Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany. In partnership with Norwegian industrialist, Benjamin Wegner, he bought Blaafarveværket at Åmot in Modum in Buskerud, Norway during 1822. The mining and industrial company Blaafarveværket had been founded in 1773 to extract cobalt from the mines at Modum, Norway .

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wernicke, Ewald (1880) "Groeditzberg: Geschichte und Beschreibung der Burg"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kindingstad, Torbjørn (2002) "Norges oljehistorie" (Stavanger: Wigestrand)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Christian Benecke von Gröditzberg: "Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben, besonders meine merkantilischen Verhältnisse betreffend, für meine Nachkommen und Erben, Gröditzberg, den 11. Februar 1851". Manuskript, Schreibmaschinen-Transkript um 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auktionskatalog Th. Müller, Berlin 1861, Auktionskatalog Rudolf Lepke, Berlin 1876.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Dokumentation der Verluste Bd.II, Berlin 2001, S. 20.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schlesische Kunstsammlungen, Wilhelm Christian Benecke von Gröditzberg (1779–1860).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castle Grodziec website


text: priest

text: mathematician

text: arithmetics

text: faqih

text: Xàtiva

text: Zaragoza

text: Valencia

text: Nules

text: Pego

text: Luca Pacioli

text: algebra

paragraph: Juan Andres (Burrul)

paragraph: Juan Andres (16th century) was a priest and mathematician known by his book on arithmetics.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Juan Andres was also the author of a book against Muslim religion entitled "Confusion de la secta mahomatica y d'l Alcorā" where he states that he was faqih of Xàtiva.

paragraph: Juan Andres is the writer of the book "Sumario breue d'la pratica d'la arithmetica d'todo el curso de larte mercantivol bien declarado". The book, as it is stated in the last page, was written in Zaragoza in 1514 and printed in Valencia in 1515 by the printer Joan Joffre. The book is devoted to D. Serafin, earl of La Oliva and lord of Nules and Pego.

paragraph: Andres states in his book that his principal referent is Luca Pacioli (Lucas de Burgo), however he did not include nothing of algebra. Other characteristic of the book is that, contrary of other Spanish scholastic who considered usury the interest rate, Andres considers that arithmetic and well done accounting is in benefit of trade, providing it with honesty and safety.

wikidata_label: Juan Andres

wikipedia_title: Juan Andres (Burrul)


text:
volleyball
Greece men's national volleyball team
2004 Summer Olympics
Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics
profile

categories: Olympiacos S.C. players,1980 births,E.A. Patras players,Olympic volleyball players of Greece,Volleyball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Greek men's volleyball players,Aris V.C. players,PAOK V.C. players,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Konstantinos Prousalis

paragraph: Konstantinos Prousalis (born ) is a Greek male volleyball player. He was part of the Greece men's national volleyball team. He competed with the national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile at "greekvolley.gr"

description: Greek volleyball player

wikidata_label: Konstantínos Proúsalis

wikipedia_title: Konstantinos Prousalis


text:
Osteno
Porlezza
Renaissance
Porlezza
Guiniforte Solari
Duomo of Milan
Brescia
Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Brescia
Gasparo Cairano
Doctors of the Church
Certosa di Pavia
Antonio Mantegazza
Duchy of Milan
Bode Museum

categories: Italian Roman Catholics,15th-century Italian sculptors,Renaissance sculptors,Italian male sculptors,16th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Tamagnino

paragraph: Antonio della Porta, better known as Tamagnino (Osteno, c. 1471 – Porlezza, c. 1520) was an Italian sculptor of the Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tamagnino, a sculptor and decorative artist, belonging to a known family of artists of Porlezza was the son of Giacomo (1430–1481), also a sculptor, and the brother of Guglielmo and Bartolomeo (1460–1514). His mother was the sister of Maddalena Solari, the daughter of Guiniforte Solari, chief engineer of the Duomo of Milan. His first appearance in the historical record is in Brescia, when he is commissioned for a cycle of twelve "Angels" for the main dome of the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Brescia. He delivered only ten, which were executed approximately at the same time as Gasparo Cairano's cycle of twelve "Apostles", and paid for on 24 December 1489.

paragraph: In general, all the lapidary work during the construction of the Santa Maria dei Miracoli that followed the "Apostle" cycle and in the interior of the building was due to Cairano and his workshop. It is assumed that the early work on the sculptural cycles was a prelude for the right to continue the work in the church, and resulted in a competition between Tamagnino and Cairano. The cycle of the "Angels" by Tamagnino is of higher quality than Cairano's, not only for the relative modernity of the former's style which followed the neo-classicism of the Venetian artist Antonio Rizzo, but also for the superior technical quality demonstrated. It is likely, therefore, that Cairano's capture of all subsequent lapidary work at the Santa Maria dei Miracoli stemmed from some local support, which enabled him to sideline Tamagnino. In addition to the "Angels", Tamagnino also delivered three of four busts for the pendentives of the main dome, and "Doctors of the Church" as well as two smaller roundels for the frieze in the nave: for these five artefacts, three of which were very large, and for the twelve "Angels", Tamagnino was compensated less than Cairano was for his "Apostles".

paragraph: This discrimination serves as a plausible explanation for Tamagnino's departure from Brescia, even while the work on the Santa Maria dei Miracoli continued. Tamagnino found his work undervalued and underpaid in comparison to Cairano, who at the time was less proficient than him. Tamagnino received the prestigious contract for the facade of the Certosa di Pavia, which was to be performed under the direction of Father Amadeo and Antonio Mantegazza. The compact between the artist and the two sculptors was further tightened in May 1492, and created a unique training for Tamagnino as well as a remarkable leap in his career.

paragraph: In 1499, the Duchy of Milan was conquered by the French, causing a diaspora of artists from the city throughout northern Italy and beyond. This possibly explains Tamagnino's return to Brescia, as well as the contract for the decorative stonework for the Loggia palazzo, in which he participated between November 1499 and June 1500. The palazzo which had opened in 1492 following Tamagnino's first departure from Brescia was at the time in the firm control of Gasparo Cairano, who had for some years become the sculptor of choice for the Brescian elite, both public and private.

paragraph: Before Tamagnino's arrival in 1499, Cairano had already delivered at least five different "Caesars" and other stonework, but in that year there is only a record of a payment for a single protome virile, since the Cairano's attention was completely absorbed by the two giant trophies he had recently started work on. In November 1499, Tamagnino was seen to be very active: he delivered four Caesars and three leonine protome, showcasing his skills and his calibre. But in the following seven months, Cairano records successive advances and balances for trophies in full production mode that does not affect his other works, whereas Tamagnino only realises two "Caesars" and seventeen leonine busts. The creation of leonine busts was considered repetitive and could be consigned to low calibre stonecutters, and Tamagnino was paid much less than the average payment received by Cairano for artefacts of the same type.

paragraph: Tamagnino's "Caesars", six in total and of fine workmanship, are virtually relegated to the south and west flanks, and to the back of the building, which was much less frequented. Faced by the depreciation of his work, it is likely that Tamagnino's sixth Caesar, of far poorer quality than the rest of the cycle was meant to taunt Cairano and their clients, who for the second time had sabotaged the success, or at least the proper recognition of Tamagnino's talent. After these events, Tamagnino abandoned Brescia, probably forever, leaving Gasparo Cairano as the chief exponent of the Brescian sculptural scene.

paragraph: Tamagnino's "Bust of Acellino Salvago", his masterpiece, is preserved in the Bode Museum in Berlin.

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Tamagnino

wikipedia_title: Tamagnino


text:
Vizeadmiral
German Imperial Navy
Prussian Navy
North German Confederation
Wolgast
Pomerania
Berlin
Prussian Navy
Second Schleswig War
Kapitänleutnant
naval action off Jasmund
Order of the Red Eagle
Franco-Prussian War
Kiel
North Sea
Wilhelmshaven
Kapitän zur See
German East Asia Squadron
Imperial Shipyard Danzig
Konteradmiral
German Imperial Admiralty
Vice Admiral
Order of the Red Eagle

categories: Prussian naval officers,Vice admirals of the Imperial German Navy,1829 births,German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

paragraph: Otto Livonius

paragraph: Otto Daniel Livonius (1 April 1829 – 9 February 1917) was a Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) of the German Imperial Navy, serving in the predecessor Prussian Navy and the Navy of the North German Confederation.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Livonius was born 1 April 1829 in Wolgast in the Prussian province Pomerania. His father was Daniel Livonius a captain and postmaster in the Kingdom of Prussia. His brother Wilhelm Livonius became a general and was ennobled in 1888.

paragraph: Livonius left school 1848 in Berlin in order to start sea travelling. After six months on the sailing ship "Washington", he became a naval cadet in the Prussian Navy.

paragraph: Livonius was married with Louise Radmann.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Livonius became a naval cadet, on 7 December 1848 in Stettin. He attended Stettin Naval School.

paragraph: During the Second Schleswig War 1864 he was "Kapitänleutnant" and First Officer on the Prussian frigate . At the naval action off Jasmund (Isle of Rügen) on 17 March 1864, he was wounded and conferred with the Order of the Red Eagle.

paragraph: In 1866 Prussia became part of the North German Confederation, the navy officially became that of the confederation and Livonius joined the new institution.

paragraph: In 1869 he was Commander of .

paragraph: During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 he commanded the warship . At the outbreak of the war "Arminius" was stationed in Kiel, but Captain Livonius managed to break through the French blockade by hugging the Swedish coast. The passage through Swedish territorial waters protected the ship from French attack. The Prussian Navy concentrated "Arminius" and the armored frigates , , and in the North Sea naval base Wilhelmshaven. In the course of the war, Livonius sortied from the port over forty times, but failed to result in major combat, though he occasionally traded shots with the blockading French warships.

paragraph: Unification of Germany in 1871 again meant a change of name, to the German Imperial Navy. From 1872 to 1875 he commanded the armored frigate . On 2 May 1874 Livonius was promoted to Captain (Kapitän zur See).

paragraph: In 1875/76 Livonius was commanding officer of the German East Asia Squadron and commanded the warship .

paragraph: From 1877 to 1881 Livonius became director of the Imperial Shipyard Danzig. On 15 February 1881 Livonius was promoted to Rear Admiral (Konteradmiral). As of 13 December 1881 Livonius was a director with the German Imperial Admiralty where he served until 27 December 1883, when he was promoted to Vice Admiral (Vizeadmiral). On 2 February 1884, he was transferred to the retired list.

paragraph: He died on 9 February 1917, aged 87, in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Eagle

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Marine des Norddeutschen Bundes, ihre Bedeutung und ihre bisherige Entwicklung nebst einer erläuternden Angabe aller gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über die Aufnahme in den Dienst der königlichen Marine und der Aussichten der Aufgenommenen." Liebrecht, Berlin 1869.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unsere Flotte im deutsch-französischen Kriege". Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1871.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Colonialfrage." Berlin 1900. 68 S.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über die Vorrichtungen zur Rettung von Menschenleben bei See-Unfällen". Berlin 1900.

description: German admiral

wikidata_label: Otto Livonius

wikipedia_title: Otto Livonius


text:
Ukrainian
biathlete
2013–14 season
Antholz
Italy
meldonium
Profile on biathlon.com.ua

categories: Ukrainian female biathletes,People from Baryshsky District,Russian emigrants to Ukraine,1988 births,Russian female biathletes,Naturalized citizens of Ukraine,Doping cases in biathlon,Ukrainian sportspeople in doping cases,Living people

paragraph: Olga Abramova

paragraph: Olga Abramova (; born 15 September 1988) is a Russian (until 2012) and Ukrainian (since 2012) biathlete. Having little success in the Russian team, she changed her citizenship to Ukrainian in 2012. She made her World Cup debut at the 2013–14 season in Antholz, Italy and went on to become a regular member of the Ukrainian team. On 10 January 2016 she failed a drug test when meldonium was found in her doping test. Meldonium became illegal to use on 1 January 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on biathlon.com.ua

description: Ukrainian biathlete

wikidata_label: Olga Abramova

wikipedia_title: Olga Abramova


text:
Atlanta
Lil Wop
record deal
6ix9ine
Travis Scott
RIAA
Billboard
Hot 100
Life's a Trip
"Billboard" 200
album-equivalent unit
A Love Letter to You 3
Canton, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Ashanti
Beyoncé
Tupac
Nas
T-Pain
KISS
Nirvana
Gucci Mane
Marilyn Manson
Lil Wayne
Atlanta
Los Angeles
mixtape
A Love Letter to You
YouTube
XXXTentacion
17
Billboard Hot 100
A Love Letter to You 2
Travis Scott
Swae Lee
Scott Storch
Baauer
Kris Wu
Joji
Rich Brian
Life's a Trip
6ix9ine
pedophile
Chief Keef
Danielle Bregoli
God's Plan
XXXTentacion
Quavo
Ski Mask the Slump God
Irish
Native American
African American
Cobb County, Georgia
Lil Wop
Georgia
Life's a Trip
!

categories: 1999 births,American people of Irish descent,21st-century American rappers,Pop artists,African-American male rappers,American hip hop singers,Musicians from Canton, Ohio,21st-century male musicians,American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent,Bloods,Living people,Mumble rappers

paragraph: Trippie Redd

paragraph: Michael Lamar White IV (born June 18, 1999), known professionally as Trippie Redd, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter.

paragraph: Following his high school graduation, White moved to Atlanta, where he met rapper Lil Wop and was eventually offered a record deal with a professional recording studio. White is best known for his songs "Love Scars", "Poles1469", featuring 6ix9ine, and "Dark Knight Dummo", featuring Travis Scott, with the former two songs both certified gold by the RIAA, and the latter peaking at number 72 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 as well as receiving platinum certification by the RIAA. In July 2018, White announced his debut album would be titled "Life's a Trip". The album was released August 10, 2018 and debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 Album Chart selling 72,000 album-equivalent units. White earned his highest "Billboard 200" charting in November 2018 with the mixtape, "A Love Letter to You 3", debuting at number three.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Michael White was born on June 18, 1999, in Canton, Ohio. His father, Michael Lamar White III, was in prison at the time of his birth, and his mother, Tonya White, was left to raise him as a single parent. White grew up in Canton, though he moved to Columbus, Ohio, several times. His interest in music began when his mother played Ashanti, Beyoncé, Tupac, and Nas while White was growing up. He later listened to artists such as T-Pain, KISS, Nirvana, Gucci Mane, Marilyn Manson and Lil Wayne. White began rapping after being inspired by Taevion Williams, another rapper who went by the stage name Lil Tae. White began taking his music career seriously and began recording music, releasing "Sub-Zero" and "New Ferrari" in 2014 but soon deleting those songs.

paragraph: Following his high school graduation, White moved to Atlanta, where he met rapper Lil Wop and was eventually offered a deal with a record label.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lil Wop helped White get started with a professional recording studio. They began working with Kodie Shane and recorded three projects, "Awakening My Inner Beast", "Beast Mode" and "Rock the World Trippie". White eventually signed to the label Strainge Entertainment (now known as Elliot Grainge Entertainment) and relocated to Los Angeles.

paragraph: In May 2017, White released his debut mixtape, "A Love Letter to You", with the lead single "Love Scars", which received more than 8 million views on YouTube within several months and more than 13 million on SoundCloud. White was included on XXXTentacion's album "17", on the song "Fuck Love", which peaked at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100.

paragraph: In October 2017, White released his second mixtape, "A Love Letter to You 2". The album debuted at #34 on the "Billboard" 200. Later that month, White released a collaboration EP with Lil Wop, "Angels & Demons".

paragraph: On December 5, 2017, White released the song "Dark Knight Dummo", which features Travis Scott. The song peaked at 72 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it White's first entry on the chart as a lead artist. On December 25, 2017, White released the song "TR666" on his SoundCloud account, which features Swae Lee and was produced by Scott Storch. The track was previewed on November 30. White released "18" alongside Baauer, Kris Wu, Joji and Rich Brian.

paragraph: In an interview with "Billboard" in March 2018, White said his debut studio album would feature collaborations with Lil Wayne and Erykah Badu. In July 2018, White announced his debut album would be titled "Life's a Trip" and be 26 tracks long; he later trimmed it to 16 tracks. White released the singles "Me Likey" and "How You Feel" on June 22, 2018 and "Taking a Walk" on August 7, 2018. "Life's a Trip" was released August 10, 2018 and debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 Album Chart, with the single "Taking a Walk" debuting at number 49 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.

paragraph: Section::::Feuds.

paragraph: In April 2017, 6ix9ine featured on White's song "Poles1469" and in July 2017, he was also featured on White's song "Owee". Following a post from a Twitter account claiming 6ix9ine was a pedophile, White denounced 6ix9ine, saying, "I'm sorry brozay, 1400 don't promote pedophiles... If we give niggas clout, we give niggas clout. It was an accident." On November 11, 2017, White was attacked in a New York hotel and claimed that a member of 6ix9ine's team ambushed him. 6ix9ine later insinuated his involvement, saying "I don't know what's going on, but your chin is bruised up. You can't just be out here calling people gay, bro. Can't be supporting false accusations, you can't be ranting on Live talking about New York. Fuck [what] these niggas talking about, New York this, New York that, like, you just can't do that bro. You should put some ice on that chin, it's bruised up. I feel bad bro... I just want you to be my friend again," before singing a hook from "Poles1469". In February 2018, 6ix9ine was assaulted by several men outside of a Los Angeles airport shortly after arguing with White on Instagram. 6ix9ine and White continued to trade insults over social media in February 2018 and March 2018.

paragraph: In May 2018, 6ix9ine started a feud with rapper Tadoe and Chief Keef over allegations that Tadoe had abused artist Cuban Doll for talking to 6ix9ine. White supported Tadoe in the feud and went on to release a diss track toward 6ix9ine, "I Kill People", featuring Tadoe and Chief Keef.

paragraph: 6ix9ine also accused White of having sexual relations with fellow rapper Danielle Bregoli, also known as Bhad Bhabie, who is a minor. White denied the charge. Bregoli denied it too, but admitted the two had kissed in the past: "We kissed but it wasn't that serious and he was 17 at the time."

paragraph: Section::::Feuds.:XXXTentacion.

paragraph: In October 2017, a preview of Drake's song "God's Plan" was shown on social media. The song originally featured White singing the hook and giving an additional verse. The late Florida rapper Jahseh Onfroy, known by his stage name XXXTentacion, who had prior issues with Drake, began to associate with 6ix9ine, to White's chagrin. In March 2018, Onfroy "banned" White from Florida, promising to assault him if he attempted to enter the state. Onfroy apologized to White during a performance later that month, and the two reconciled after White accepted his apology. White and Onfroy went on to collaborate on multiple occasions.

paragraph: Following XXXTentacion's death on June 18, 2018, White dyed his hair in memory of the artist and released "Ghost Busters", a collaboration with Quavo, XXXTentacion and Ski Mask the Slump God in memoriam.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: White is of partial Irish and Native American descent, but mainly African American.

paragraph: White claimed in March 2017 that he was worth $7 million and purchased his mother a $300,000 home.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Legal issues.

paragraph: White was arrested in Cobb County, Georgia following an assault on rapper FDM Grady in late May 2018. According to Grady, White and fellow rapper Lil Wop insulted Grady's girlfriend, leading Grady to draw a firearm briefly before engaging in a fist fight with White. At that point, Grady was attacked by four men including White and Wop. White was arrested on charges of affray (public fighting), criminal trespass and simple battery. A few weeks later in early June, White was again arrested in Georgia on an assault charge for allegedly pistol-whipping a woman.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life's a Trip" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "!" (2019)

alias:
Michael Lamar White II
Michael Lamar White
Lil 14
Big 14
Slippy Redd
Big Daddy 14
1400
Kaneki Tr666

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Trippie Redd

wikipedia_title: Trippie Redd


text:
Lucca, Italy
medieval music
Wagner
Troubadour
G. Puccini
A. Catalani
Pisa
Florence
California
Ellis Island
SS Rochambeau
San Francisco Public Library
San Francisco News
Nice
Paris
Brussels
London
harp guitar
Victor Emmanuel III
Queen Elena
Pisa
Troubadours
Taormina
Geneva
Gaetano Merola
San Francisco Opera
Alfred Frankenstein
San Francisco Chronicle
Sinbad
Greek orthodox priest
Immigration and Naturalization Service
extradition
libertarianism
fascist
Hallesism
fascist regime
Agostino Trucco
World War II
Apuan mountains
Lucca
Nicodemus
RAI Italian television network
Luigi Mozzani
Benvenuto Terzi
Brunswick Records
Francisco Tarrega
A. Falconieri
C. Monteverdi
Giovanni Pascoli
Toccata and Fugue in D minor BWV 565
vegetarian
La Nazione
Italo Meschi

categories: 1957 deaths,Italian classical guitarists,Male guitarists,20th-century guitarists,20th-century male musicians,1887 births

paragraph: Italo Meschi

paragraph: Italo Meschi (Italian: [Italoʊ Mɛski]) (9 December 1887 – 15 October 1957) was a harp guitarist from Lucca, Italy.

paragraph: Forty years after his death his long-forgotten trove of writings, compositions, and mementos began to resurface thanks to his closest relatives. Their rediscovery and appreciation by experts places Meschi among the great guitarists of the first half of the 20th century. His repertoire ranges from medieval music, such as the 14th-century piece "Laude alla Vergine", to Wagner, but also includes Tuscan and other European folk songs. He transcribed classical music intended for other instruments for the guitar. He also wrote his own compositions.

paragraph: Meschi was a near anarchist, pacifist, and nature lover who dressed in linen both summer and winter. A tireless walker, tall and handsome, he wore a beard with long reddish-blond hair, his bare feet in Franciscan footwear. The British press of the 1920s described him as "The Last Troubadour". Although he often performed for the best social circles and even for royalty, Meschi never commercialized his music. Proud of his ascetic lifestyle, at concerts he settled for a small donation. "Of the unnecessary, I do not care", he said, and "Musicians should create music also for the poor, in fact, mainly for the poor." A noise, a conversation carried on during his performance was sometimes enough for him to refuse to play again.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: His father Innocenzo Meschi was a tailor and his mother Filomena Bianchi a laundry worker. He had four siblings. He was a good student, but abandoned school after the fifth grade. He received his first musical lessons at the age of six, in the famous institute where G. Puccini and A. Catalani studied; but his parents took him out after the first year. Later he fell in love with the guitar, buying his first instrument at age 14. Around 1903, at age 16, his parents sent him to Lucca's Customs House to work as a porter.

paragraph: In 1907, he passed the Italian Railways competitive exam becoming a brakeman on the Pisa-Florence line. In 1913, the Railways fired him for absenteeism. That same year Meschi left Italy for California. Official records show he arrived at Ellis Island on 15 September 1913 aboard the SS Rochambeau. He worked at first as a dishwasher in hotels and as a migrant worker in California.

paragraph: Section::::Later Life and Career.

paragraph: At age 26, "he learned how to read music at the San Francisco Public Library", as stated in an interview with the "San Francisco News". Later he began to give concerts. He made his first debut at the Arillaga Music College of San Francisco on 19 June 1919. His programme covered Italian vocal music from the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.

paragraph: Toward the end of 1919, he returned to Italy, and in the 1920s he began to tour Europe performing in many cities including Nice, Paris, Brussels, and London. He played his harp guitar throughout the Italian peninsula including a performance in front of King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena at their summer home near Pisa.

paragraph: In April 1926, Ernest Collins of Collins & Lewis Productions Ltd. engaged Meschi for one year in London. The BBC also hired him for a radio audition. During this stay, he received wide coverage from British media. An article described him as a "strange and picturesque man believed to be the last of the Troubadours". He left London three months later after running into problems with his agent.

paragraph: Back in Italy, he resumed his concerts in Rome, in Dolomites hotels, on the Italian Riviera, and in Taormina. In his hometown of Lucca, he was at times the guest of Lucca's Mandolin Orchestra. In May 1935, he traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, where he performed for "Radio Genève". In Lucca, he lived in a humble one-room flat on top of the Saint Gervasio tower part of the medieval city gate, his only possessions a small table, a chair, a bed, and his inseparable harp guitar or "wooden wife".

paragraph: On 25 June 1936, Italo Meschi returned to the United States for his third and last time. In 1937, Gaetano Merola, conductor and founder of the San Francisco Opera wrote: "Apparently Mr. Meschi has artistic attributes quite as impressive as his appearance. I enjoyed immensely Mr. Meschi's playing and singing. His interpretation of the Italian classics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a revelation to me."

paragraph: That same year, music critic Alfred Frankenstein wrote on the "San Francisco Chronicle": "Meschi is a picturesque artist. He plays a guitar that looks like a wing of the rock that carried Sinbad on its back. He has the beard and head of a Greek orthodox priest and the simplicity of a child. The first part of the programme was devoted mostly to old Italian songs and arias, hauntingly beautiful things rendered still finer by this troubadour's full, sonorous voice and reverent manner."

paragraph: The Immigration and Naturalization Service did not extend Meschi's visa past 29 May 1937. He always referred to his departure as an "extradition". In retrospect, the visa extension denial may have gone well beyond the anti-immigration laws of that period. His unusual appearance and libertarianism may have led to the decision. His having held "more rallies than concerts" when he received the "extradition order" may have been the root of the problem. According to a written eyewitness account, "the day after his last concert in San Francisco, thugs attacked him tearing to pieces his guitar".

paragraph: Back in Italy, Italo Meschi ran into problems with the fascist authorities, including a documented failure to report at the headquarters of the regional fascist group. For years, he had been a member of a socioeconomic project known as "Hallesism". Based on mathematical postulates, Hallesism favoured a new system for regulating international trade (regulating it equitably and efficiently for the benefit of the entire world community). The fascist regime eventually confined its leader Agostino Trucco to a mental institution where he died in 1940.

paragraph: At the onset of World War II, Meschi withdrew to a humble stone cottage on the foothills of the Apuan mountains north of Lucca. There he worked the land, tended sheep, and wrote poetry. His poems carry a message against war, greed, environmental degradation, moral, and cultural disorientation. Many also deal with an unfulfilled love.

paragraph: In 1948, he played the part of Nicodemus in the Italian religious movie "Il Volto Santo" (The Holy Face). Among his last performances, before his final illness, is the one of 25 October 1954 at the Teatro dell'Arte al Parco in Milan, broadcast by the RAI Italian television network.

paragraph: He died of a lung ailment and in poverty at age 70 in the village of Carignano near Lucca.

paragraph: Section::::Technique.

paragraph: Guitar maker Bruno Mattei built Meschi's first two harp guitars. Years later he performed with a harp guitar named Ala d'Aquila ("Eagle Wing"). As told by Meschi himself, it was built specifically for him by Luigi Mozzani and bought in March 1924 in Cento near Ferrara. His great skill, next to his instrumental skill, was his unique vocal ability, a voice that matched the originality of his repertoire. His baritone voice rose well beyond its natural texture. Meschi had a thin but "penetrating and persuasive" voice, a modular voice considering the rigor of sixteenth century arias, the great verve, and force of the Tuscan stornelli (folk songs) or of the mountain folk songs he picked up during his wandering and so loved to perform.

paragraph: The "Dictionary of Italian Guitarists and Lute-Makers" (1937, Benvenuto Terzi & others) states: "He displays grace, exquisite taste, and perfect technique. His guitar emits unheard harmonious sounds. He is a remarkable artist, one of a kind. In the hands of this unique artist, the guitar unveils unimaginable notes and shades. He impresses the public with his pleasant, warm, and always measured voice. However, what reveals his interpretative, instrumental, and vocal arts are Italian folk songs, where he remains unchallenged."

paragraph: Section::::Repertoire.

paragraph: The American record company Brunswick Records made two recordings of Italo Meschi's New York concert of 6 June 1929. On the first he played "Notturno" (probably by Giovanni Navone) and Francisco Tarrega's "Tango". On the second he sang "Stornellata Romana" and "Questa Mattina (This Morning)". Also in June 1929, Gennett Records of New York recorded another song, "La Indita".

paragraph: At his concerts, Meschi also played a Beethoven aria, a nocturne, a rhapsody ("Souvenir de St. Paul") by Giovanni Domenico Navone, an Andalusian fandango, some Sor studies, Luciano Castagna's "Serenata", etc. He performed pieces from the 16th and 17th centuries by A. Falconieri, C. Monteverdi, and R. Rontani.

paragraph: He also composed his own pieces. His works included two lullabies, "Melanconie" and "Partenza" and three pieces based on poems by Giovanni Pascoli,"La Poesia" , "Il Brivido" , and "La Mia Sera".

paragraph: Meschi loved Bach's polyphony. He spent much of his time transcribing pieces before playing them at concerts with his harp guitar. A dozen of his manuscripts have recently been found including a 1948 transcription of Bach's famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor BWV 565 for organ. It is unclear which Bach music Meschi interpreted in his concerts. However, postwar years' evidence suggests the challenge of mastering such difficult pieces on the harp guitar had become for him almost an obsession.

paragraph: The Italo Meschi archive resides at the Banca del Monte di Lucca.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Italo Meschi never married. "Admired and coveted by many beautiful women, yet always absorbed in his musical environment, he valued them precious little", wrote his brother Mario. During the war years, at age 56, he did fall in love with a younger woman with a long and inconclusive relationship.

paragraph: He was a vegetarian who left behind recipes and recommendations for food deficiencies. As an early environmentalist, he laid out a plan on how to make his town livable.

paragraph: In Lucca, people referred to him as the "Christ" for his long thick beard and Nazarene-style hair. Devout in his own way, he had disagreements with the Church. To honour his art, locals called him "Maestro Italo".

paragraph: In October 1957, a day after his death, the daily "La Nazione" referred to his "sincere and incorruptible spirit which did not allow bending to the demands of our modern consumer society". "Therein lies the commercial handicap", had written,three decades earlier, British author Constance Vaughan in her article "The Last of the Troubadours", after having interviewed Maestro Italo.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constance Vaughan, The Last of the Troubadours, Daily Sketch, London 16 July 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfredo Bonaccorsi, Canti toscani (Tuscan Songs), in Comoedia, year XVI, 15 April-15 May 1929, p. 33-34.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Frankenstein, Pianist Italian Bard Give Initial Sunday Recitals, San Francisco Chronicle, January 4, 1937.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfredo Bonaccorsi, Cinque melodie popolari, in “Musica d’Oggi”, XXII, n. 6, 1940, p. 160-163.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Il Cronista Errante (The Wandering Chronicler) Vite, avventure e confessioni della più ricca barba di Lucchesia, (Life, adventures, and secrets of Lucca’s most beautiful beard), unsigned, in “II Mattino dell'Italia Centrale” (newspaper for central Italy), Friday September 26, 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfredo Bonaccorsi, Il folklore musicale in Toscana, (Tuscany’s Musical Folklore), Florence : L. S. Olschki, 1956, p. 148-49.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlo Carfagna, - Mario Gangi, Dizionario chitarristico italiano, (Italian Guitar Dictionary) Ancona : Berben, 1968, 97 p. (The entry Italo Meschi is at page 45).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guglielmo Lera, Italo Meschi – Lucchese geniale, (Italo Meschi, Lucca’s brilliant artist), p. 15-16, unknown edition, undated (but surely written after 1957).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guglielmo Lera, "Un musicista," (A Musician) in “La Provincia di Lucca”, April–June 1973, XIII, n. 2, p. 100-106.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riccardo Marasco, Chi cerca trova. Vita e canti di Toscana, (Who seeks finds. Lives and songs of Tuscany) Florence: Birba, 1977, 191 p. (The chapter about I. Meschi is at pages 57–71).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Bedini, edited by, “Italo Meschi Cantore della Terra Lucchese – Poesie, riflessioni, testimonianze”, Istituto Storico della Resistenza e dell’Età Contemporanea di Lucca, (Italo Meschi, Lucca’s Singer – Poems, writings, accounts published by Lucca’s Modern History Institute), Nero su bianco : Lucca, 1993, 95 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregg Miner, Riccardo Sarti, Italo Meschi, the Last Italian Troubadour) http://harpguitars.net/players/italo/italo.htm, October 2005 – Updated October, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romolo Ferrari e la chitarra in Italia nella prima metà del Novecento (Romolo Ferrari and Italian guitar in the first half of the 20th century), edited by Simona Boni, Modena: Mucchi, 2009. It contains information about Italo Meschi at pages 19, 109, 232, 306, 308.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marco Bazzotti, Tista Meschi, Italo Meschi chitarrista e cantore. 30 brani per chitarra sola, canto e chitarra, edited by T. Meschi, M. Bazzotti (Lucca’s Academy of Arts and Sciences: Italo Meschi, guitar player and singer. Thirty pieces for solo guitar, song and guitar), 2011 (Maria Pacini Fazzi Editore).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musica.in.cucina / Italo.Meschi (Music in the kitchen), edited by Tista Meschi, Pacini Fazzi : Lucca, 2011, 32 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tista Meschi, Riccardo Sarti, "The Last" Troubadour, "Italo Meschi", 2017 (CreateSpace, an Amazon Company).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italo Meschi at Harpguitars.net

wikidata_label: Italo Meschi

wikipedia_title: Italo Meschi


text:
courtesan
singer
musician
Ming dynasty
The Peach Blossom Fan
courtesy name
Nanjing
surname
pipa
gold taels
Huaiyang County
Qing
Ma Xianglan
Dong Xiaowan
Liu Rushi
Gu Mei
Chen Yuanyuan
Nanjing
Fuzimiao
Qinhuai River

categories: 17th-century Chinese women,Qing dynasty poets,Ming dynasty poets,17th-century Chinese people,Poets from Jiangsu,Chinese women poets,Chinese courtesans,1654 deaths,Writers from Suzhou,1624 births

paragraph: Li Xiangjun

paragraph: Li Xiangjun (; 1624–1654) was a courtesan, singer, and musician during the Ming dynasty. Her life was dramatised in the play "The Peach Blossom Fan".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Li is referred to as Li Ji () or Li Xiang () in contemporary sources. In order to demonstrate respect for her, later scholars appended the character "jun" () to her name. Her courtesy name was Shanzhui ().

paragraph: No written records from the time Li lived record where she was born, but popular modern theories suggest that she was the daughter of an official, who was demoted and his family either killed or sold. Li was adopted by the owner of a brothel in Nanjing called Meixiang House (), whose surname she took. She was taught to dance, sing, paint, play music, and write poetry. Meixiang House was a favoured brothel of the literati and officials, with Li's adopted mother known for her generosity and chivalry. By age 13, Li was renowned for her singing and playing the pipa that her mistress charged 20 gold taels per guest to see her.

paragraph: Li met Hou Fangyu at Meixiang House in 1648. Hou sent her poems and Li performed for him in return. When Hou left to sit the imperial examinations (which he failed), Li waited for him and refused to perform for the inspector general of Huaiyang County. Li's romance with Hou Fangyu has been called one of the greatest romances of Chinese history.

paragraph: She is one of the "Eight Beauties of Qinhuai" () described by late Qing officials. The other famed courtesans of this group are Ma Xianglan, Bian Yujing (卞玉京), Dong Xiaowan, Liu Rushi, Gu Mei, Kou Baimen (寇白門), and Chen Yuanyuan.

paragraph: Section::::Residence.

paragraph: The residence of Li Xiangjun () is open to the public as part of Nanjing's literary cultural heritage. It is located in Nanjing, in the vicinity of Fuzimiao on the Qinhuai River.

wikidata_label: Li Xiangjun

wikipedia_title: Li Xiangjun


text:
Dutch Golden Age
Dordrecht
Willem van Drielenburg
Zwolle
Aleida Greve
Anna Cornelia Holt
Sophia Holt
Cornelia van Marle
Wilhelmus Beurs 1692
Google Books Library Project

categories: 1656 births,Artists from Dordrecht,1700 deaths,Dutch male painters,Dutch Golden Age painters

paragraph: Wilhelmus Beurs

paragraph: Wilhelmus Beurs (1656–1700) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Dordrecht. According to Houbraken, he was the son of a shoemaker and a quick study who was able to produce a good landscape after only a year's instruction, though he later took up flower painting. Houbraken met him as a fellow pupil of Willem van Drielenburg in 1671.

paragraph: Houbraken praised his book and reprinted one page of it as an example.

paragraph: According to the RKD he moved to Amsterdam in 1672 where he later married. In 1687 he moved to Zwolle, where from 1688 he gave painting lessons from his studio and where he wrote a book on the art of painting that was published in 1692. He dedicated his book to his four pupils Aleida Greve, Anna Cornelia Holt, Sophia Holt, and Cornelia van Marle.

paragraph: He is known for Italianate landscapes; still-life paintings are documented in archives but no longer known. He died in Zwolle in 1700.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelmus Beurs 1692 on the Google Books Library Project

description: painter

wikidata_label: Wilhelmus Beurs

wikipedia_title: Wilhelmus Beurs