text: OIS

text: South Africa

text: poet

text: Afrikaans

text: icon

text: Sylvia Plath

text: Marilyn Monroe

text: Douglas, Northern Cape

text: Abraham Jonker

text: Cape Town

text: suburb

text: Vredehoek

text: Louise Viljoen

text: Dutch Reformed Church

text: coloured people

text: Apostolic Church

text: Durbanville

text: Gordon's Bay

text: veld

text: tadpole

text: Afrikaner

text: mental illness

text: mental breakdown

text: Valkenberg Hospital

text: Cape Town

text: cancer

text: ladybird

text: Plumstead

text: waltz

text: Jack Cope

text: Laurens van der Post

text: André Brink

text: Calvinist

text: Afrikaner

text: middle class

text: Wynberg Girls’ High School

text: D.J. Opperman

text: Johannesburg

text: National Party

text: Jack Cope

text: André Brink

text: Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital

text: Die Sestigers

text: Breyten Breytenbach

text: André Brink

text: Adam Small

text: Bartho Smit

text: Afrikaner nationalism

text: Anglo American Corporation

text: Europe

text: Dylan Thomas

text: Three Anchor Bay

text: Cape Town

text: suicide

text: drowning

text: literary estate

text: Grahamstown

text: German

text: French

text: Dutch

text: Polish

text: Hindi

text: Zulu

text: Ingrid Jonker Prize

text: Nelson Mandela

text: Ryk Hattingh

text: Grahamstown National Arts Festival

text: Jana Cilliers

text: Order of Ikhamanga

text: Stefans Grové

text: Laurika Rauch

text: Anneli van Rooyen

text: Chris Chameleon

text: Chris Chameleon

text: Boo!

text: Ingrid Jonker, her Lives and Time

text: Mozambique

text: Helena Nogueira

text: documentary

text: All that Breaks

text: Johannesburg

text: Sestigers

text: Uys Krige

text: Cape Town

text: David Parfitt

text: Shakespeare in Love

text: Charles Moore

text: Schindler's List

text: Carice van Houten

text: biopic

text: Black Butterflies

text: Paula van der Oest

text: Liam Cunningham

text: Jack Cope

text: Rutger Hauer

text: Afrikaans

text: Chris Chameleon

text: University of Pretoria

text: Website Ingrid Jonker

text: English translation of "Die Kind"

text: Afrikaans original text for "Die Kind"

text: Article with photos

categories: Anti-apartheid activists,Suicides by drowning,Afrikaner people,Poets who committed suicide,Writers who committed suicide,Afrikaans literature,1933 births,Sestigers,South African women poets,Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga,People from Siyancuma Local Municipality,Female suicides,1965 deaths,20th-century women writers,Afrikaans-language writers,Suicides in South Africa

paragraph: Ingrid Jonker

paragraph: Ingrid Jonker (19 September 1933 – 19 July 1965) (OIS), was a South African poet. While she wrote in Afrikaans, her poems have been widely translated into other languages. Jonker has reached iconic status in South Africa and is often compared with Sylvia Plath and Marilyn Monroe, owing to the tragic course of her turbulent life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ingrid Jonker was born on a farm near Douglas, Northern Cape. She was the daughter of Dr. Abraham Jonker (1905–1966) and Beatrice Catharina (née Cilliers) (1905–1944). Neighbors in the Cape Town suburb of Vredehoek told of frequent arguments after which Beatrice Jonker temporarily fled the house with her first born, Anna. Before Ingrid was born, Beatrice fled to the farm of her parents, Fanie and Anna Cilliers, after Abraham accused her of carrying a child who was not his. A letter survives in which Beatrice firmly rejects Abraham's plea that she return to him.

paragraph: Ingrid and Anna's childhood was spent on a succession of small farms owned by their grandparents. According to South African historian Louise Viljoen, "Their grandparent's attitude towards the Church was unconventual for the time and community of which they were a part. Grandfather Fanie was not a churchgoer and could even be suspected of religious indifference, his son conceded in his memoir, sometimes treating the dignified ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church with witty insouciance. Grandmother Annie was a devout woman who later in life preferred to preach to coloured people or to attend the Apostolic Church, because they were so 'lively and jolly', Ingrid later wrote."

paragraph: Jonker’s grandparents moved to a farm near Durbanville. In 1938, her grandfather Fanie Cilliers died, leaving the four women destitute. In the aftermath, the family moved to the Strand and later to Gordon's Bay. In 1940, Ingrid began attending kindergarten.

paragraph: According to Viljoen, "Their mother and grandmother allowed them greater freedom and mobility than was usual for the time. During their stay in Gordon's Bay, they often wandered off into a pine Forest on their way to school, to sit and read their books. Once they stayed away from school for so long that that their teacher thought that the family had moved again. Here, they were also allowed to keep small animals and continued exploring the veld and beach. They picked fruit from plants in the veld, gathered shellfish from the rock pools, played with tadpoles in the stream behind their house and buried small objects called 'secrets' in the ground. It is not surprising that Gordon's Bay is one of the spaces that would later gain symbolic importance in Ingrid's poetry."

paragraph: According to Louise Viljoen, "Ingrid's early years, spent in the company of her mother and grandmother, had a profound influence on the rest of their lives. Theirs was a home that gave the two girls tender and loving care but also exposed them to the suffering brought about by nervous disorder, illness and death. It was also an unconventional upbringing that allowed them to some degree to move outside the constraints of Afrikaner society of the day. Although their grandmother upheld strict religious values, their mother did not keep them on a tight rein. They could read what they liked, they were not as housebound as most children then and they treated other races with less of the prejudice and condescension usual at the time. They had little contact with their well off relations, who seemed to lead more regulated and ordered lives."

paragraph: A shadow was cast over this idyllic time by the increasing mental illness of Ingrid's mother. During their first year in the Strand, Beatrice Jonker suffered a mental breakdown and was committed to Valkenberg Hospital in Cape Town. The trauma of this experience affected Ingrid deeply and strengthened her bond with her grandmother, who was the only person she could talk to about it. Annie Cilliers also encouraged Ingrid's talents as a writer by reading her granddaughter's first poems to the Coloured congregations she preached to on Sundays.

paragraph: Soon after her mental breakdown, Beatrice Jonker was also diagnosed with cancer. As she lay dying, Ingrid and Anna visited their mother as often as possible. They often shared news with her about boys that they felt unable to discuss with their devout grandmother. After two years in hospital, Beatrice Jonker died of cancer on 6 August 1944.

paragraph: Ingrid later wrote, ""My moeder, sterwend, was so sonnig soos 'n liewenheersbesie, so geheime, so verassend, so teer."" ("My mother, dying, was as sunny as a ladybird, so full of secrets, so surprising, so tender.")

paragraph: Also according to Viljoen, "Beatrice's death brought an end to Ingrid's life within the intimacy of the maternal family. After the death of their mother in August, the two girls stayed on with their grandmother until their father Abraham came to fetch them in December 1944 and took them to live with him in Cape Town. The loss of two mothers within such a short space of time must have had an incalculable effect on Ingrid... Surreptitiously, Anna wrote their father a letter to say that they would prefer to stay with their grandmother and go to one of the local schools because they did not have clothes that were grand enough for Cape Town. But the letter had no effect and they had to leave their grandmother behind when Abraham fetched them. Although Ouma Annie died only in 1956 or 1957, the children rarely saw her after that painful farewell during which Ingrid tried to hold on to her grandmother's hand as long as possible."

paragraph: Section::::Cape Town.

paragraph: Until the death of their mother, Anna and Ingrid's contact with their father had been minimal. According to Anna's memoirs, Abraham had once visited them in Durbanville, brought a red top for Ingrid, but otherwise refused to acknowledge her presence. In the years since his divorce from Beatrice, Abraham Jonker had briefly remarried one Barbara Gill before his third marriage to Lulu Brewis, an author of children's books, in 1941.

paragraph: At the time Abraham fetched Anna and Ingrid, his own house was not large enough to accommodate them. For this reason, both girls were put into lodgings in Central Cape Town. Both girls were brought to his Plumstead home on Sundays to spend time with their father, stepmother, half-brother Koos, and half-sister Suzanne.

paragraph: According to Louise Viljoen, "Anna and Ingrid each gave different accounts of their time in this house. According to Anna's, they were given a nice room with a balcony. She also remembered that though her father worked hard he made time for them when he could, reading them poetry and teaching Ingrid to waltz around the dining room table. Ingrid, on the other hand, later told Jack Cope and Laurens van der Post that they had to sit apart from the rest of the family at the dinner table and eat the food given to the servants. Although it is difficult to gauge where the line between truth and fiction lies in these accounts, life with their stepmother Lulu was not easy for the two young girls. Although Lulu was kind to the girls when they were still boarding in Cape Town, things changed once they went to live with the family in Plumstead. In an interview, Anna once painted a dark picture of emotional deprivation and misunderstanding. The two young girls' self confidence was constantly undermined by snide remarks and there was little understanding for their physical needs as young girls entering puberty. André Brink remembered that Ingrid recounted tales - with some exaggeration, he felt - in which Lulu lived up to the harsh stereotype of the fairytale stepmother. Other friends also spoke of Ingrid's hostility to her stepmother. Although there was no love lost between the two girls and their stepmother, they had a good relationship with their much younger step- siblings, Koos and Suzanne."

paragraph: Both Anna and Ingrid were used to wandering around on their own and always speaking their minds. Lulu Jonker, on the other hand expected them to conform to the strict Calvinist values of the Afrikaner middle class. Abraham Jonker seems to have been either powerless to intervene or too focused on his political career to take notice.

paragraph: While living with their father and step mother, Ingrid and Anna began attending Wynberg Girls’ High School, where teaching was in English rather than Afrikaans. School records reveal Ingrid to have been a well behaved but average student, who preferred to devote herself only to those subjects she liked. Her writing was praised by her teachers and she began writing poetry for the school magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Poet.

paragraph: Ingrid Jonker started writing poems when she was six years old and, by the age of sixteen, she had started a correspondence with D.J. Opperman, South African writer and poet, whose views influenced her work greatly.

paragraph: Her first collection of Afrikaans poems, "Na die somer" (“After the summer”) was produced before she was thirteen. Although several publishers were interested in her work, she was advised to wait before going into print. Her first published book of poems, "Ontvlugting" (“Escape”), was eventually published in 1956.

paragraph: Ingrid Jonker married Pieter Venter in 1956, and their daughter Simone was born in 1957. The couple moved to Johannesburg, but three years later they separated. Jonker and her daughter then moved back to Cape Town.

paragraph: Her father, already a writer, editor and National Party Member of Parliament, was appointed chairman of the parliamentary select committee responsible for censorship laws on art, publications and entertainment. To Abraham Jonker's embarrassment, his daughter was vehemently opposed to the censorship laws he was charged with enforcing and their political differences became public. In a speech in parliament Jonker's father denied her as his daughter.

paragraph: During the same time period she had relationships with two writers, Jack Cope and André Brink. She became pregnant and had an abortion, even though abortion was illegal in South Africa at the time. The depression caused by her father's rejection of her and by her abortion forced Ingrid to enter the Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital in 1961.

paragraph: Jonker's next collection of poems "Rook en oker" ("Smoke and Ochre") was published in 1963 after delays caused by her publishers. While the anthology was praised by most South African writers, poets and critics, it was given a cool reception by supporters of the ruling Party.

paragraph: Thereafter, Ingrid Jonker became known as one of the "Die Sestigers", a group that also included Breyten Breytenbach, André Brink, Adam Small and Bartho Smit, who were challenging the extreme Afrikaner nationalism of the ruling National Party.

paragraph: "Rook en oker" won Jonker the £1000 "Afrikaanse Pers-Boekhandel" (Afrikaans Press-Booksellers) Literary Award, as well as a scholarship from the Anglo American Corporation. The money helped her to realize her dream of travelling to Europe, where she went to England, the Netherlands, France, Spain and Portugal. She asked Jack Cope to accompany her, but he refused. Jonker then asked André Brink to join her. He accepted and they went to Paris and Barcelona together. During the trip Brink decided against leaving his wife for Jonker and went back to South Africa. Jonker then cut her tour short and returned to Cape Town.

paragraph: Jonker had started writing a new collection of poems just before her death. A selection of these poems was published posthumously in the collection "Kantelson" ("Toppling Sun"). She then witnessed a shattering event; a black baby was shot and died in his mother’s arms. She underlined from Dylan Thomas; "after the first death, there is no other". She wrote "Die kind (wat doodgeskiet is deur soldate by Nyanga)" ("The child (who was shot dead by soldiers at Nyanga)").

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: During the night of 19 July 1965, Ingrid Jonker went down to the beach at Three Anchor Bay in Cape Town, walked into the sea, and committed suicide by drowning.

paragraph: Section::::Copyright and papers.

paragraph: After Jonker's death, copyrights and control of her literary estate and papers were awarded to Jack Cope by the Master of the Court. He established the Ingrid Jonker Trust. He remained a trustee of the Trust until his death in 1991. Jonker's daughter Simone Venter is the beneficiary. Copyright is still vested in the Trust.

paragraph: Jonker's literary papers went to the National English Literary Museum (NELM) in Grahamstown. Her sister Anna Jonker borrowed these with the intention of writing a biography on her sister. November 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Jonker's poetry has been translated from Afrikaans into English, German, French, Dutch, Polish, Hindi and Zulu, among others. She wrote a one-act play "n Seun na my Hart" ("A son after my heart") about a mother's illusions about her handicapped son. Jonker also wrote several short stories.

paragraph: The prestigious Ingrid Jonker Prize for the best debut work of Afrikaans or English poetry was instituted by her friends to honour her legacy after her burial in 1965. This yearly prize, consisting of R1000 and a medal, is awarded alternately to an Afrikaans or English poet who has published a first volume in the previous two years.

paragraph: Nelson Mandela read her poem, "Die kind (wat doodgeskiet is deur soldate by Nyanga)" ("The child (who was shot dead by soldiers at Nyanga)"), in English translation, during his address at the opening of the first democratically elected Parliament on 24 May 1994.

paragraph: In 2001 a documentary about Jonker was produced for Dutch television by Saskia van Schaik: "Korreltjie niks is my dood".

paragraph: In 2002 the one-woman, interactive play by Ryk Hattingh, "Opdrag: Ingrid Jonker" ("Assignment: Ingrid Jonker"), was staged at the Grahamstown National Arts Festival starring Jana Cilliers. The play dealt with questions and comments on Jonker’s life, interwoven with her poems and other writing.

paragraph: In April 2004 Jonker was posthumously awarded the Order of Ikhamanga by the South African government for "her excellent contribution to literature and a commitment to the struggle for human rights and democracy in South Africa."

paragraph: A number of her poems have been set to music over the years, beginning with the song cycle "Vyf liedere" for soprano and piano by Stefans Grové (1981), and sung by such artists as Laurika Rauch, Anneli van Rooyen and Chris Chameleon.

paragraph: In 2003 ddisselblom, an Afrikaans pop group, released an eponymously titled CD containing the track Falkenburg, a very well executed adaptation of Jonker's "Ontvlugting".

paragraph: In 2005 Chris Chameleon (known better as the lead singer of the South African band Boo!) released the album "Ek Herhaal Jou" ("I Repeat You"), which consisted of a number of Jonker's poems that he had set to music. The release coincided with the 40th anniversary of Jonker's death. Some of Jonker's poems that inspired Chameleon's songs are "Bitterbessie Dagbreek" ("Bitterberry Daybreak"), "Lied van die gebreekte Riete" ("Song of the Broken Reeds") and "Ontvlugting" ("Escape").

paragraph: In 2007 a documentary "Ingrid Jonker, her Lives and Time" by Mozambique-born South African film and documentary maker Helena Nogueira was released in South Africa. Hailed as the definitive work on Jonker this is the first literary documentary to receive theatrical release in South Africa.

paragraph: Also, in 2007 work was already underway on a feature film about Ingrid Jonker with the working title "All that Breaks". Based on a script by Helena Nogueira workshopped at Johannesburg's Market Theatre, the film focusses on three years in the life of Jonker and the "Sestigers" who gathered around poet Uys Krige at Clifton in Cape Town. The film is produced by David Parfitt ("Shakespeare in Love"), Charles Moore ("Schindler's List") and Shan Moodley and is directed by Nogueira.

paragraph: In 2011, Dutch actress Carice van Houten played Ingrid Jonker in the biopic "Black Butterflies", directed by Paula van der Oest. The film also starred Irish actor Liam Cunningham as Jack Cope and Rutger Hauer as Abraham Jonker. Despite being a fully Dutch production about a poet who spoke and wrote in Afrikaans, "Black Butterflies" was filmed entirely in English.

paragraph: Also in 2011, South African musician Chris Chameleon released an album of Jonker's works, entitled "As Jy Weer Skryf" ("If You Write Again").

paragraph: In 2012, Nicola Haskins choreographed a dance drama which told the life story of Jonker for the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown and then later to be performed at various venues including the University of Pretoria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jonker's biographer is Petrovna Metelerkamp, who published "Ingrid Jonker – Beeld van 'n digterslewe" ("Ingrid Jonker – Image of a Poet's Life") in 2003. This book contains new insights into the poet's life, and includes love letters (some unsent) and an as yet unpublished account of the night of Jonker's death by her friend, Bonnie Davidtsz. The proceeds of the book are said to assist Simone Venter (Jonker's daughter) financially. An English, updated version of this biography appeared in 2012: "Ingrid Jonker - A Poet's Life".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website Ingrid Jonker

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African National order of Merit to Ingrid Jonker 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of "Die Kind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afrikaans original text for "Die Kind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article with photos

paragraph: BULLET::::- About the biography "Ingrid Jonker: beeld van 'n Digterslewe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- About the biography "Ingrid Jonker: A Poet's Life"

description: South African poet

wikidata_label: Ingrid Jonker

wikipedia_title: Ingrid Jonker


text:
courtesy name
Chinese painter
encyclopedia
Gujin Tushu Jicheng
Changshu
Jiangsu
Chen Menglei
Kangxi
Yongzheng
Qing dynasty
calligraphy
Yu Sheng
Yu Zhi
gazetteer
Yinxiang
"Jiang Tingxi"
Encyclopedia of China

categories: Politicians from Suzhou,Qing dynasty politicians from Jiangsu,Qing dynasty painters,1669 births,Qing dynasty calligraphers,Painters from Suzhou,Chinese bird artists,People from Changshu,Chinese encyclopedists,Qing dynasty writers,1732 deaths

paragraph: Jiang Tingxi

paragraph: Jiang Tingxi (, 1669–1732), courtesy name Yangsun (杨孙), was a Chinese painter, and an editor of the encyclopedia "Gujin Tushu Jicheng" ("Complete Collection of Ancient and Modern Writings and Charts").

paragraph: Jiang was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. Besides the name Yangsun, he was also known by his courtesy name Youjun (酉君), as well as the pseudonyms Nansha (南沙), Qingtong Jushi, Qiujun, and XiGu (西谷).

paragraph: The 5020-volume state-sponsored encyclopedia "Gǔjīn Túshū Jíchéng" () was published in 1726 and had been compiled by Chen Menglei and Jiang Tingxi during the reigns of the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors in the Qing dynasty.

paragraph: As an official painter and grand secretary to the imperial court, Jiang used a wide variety of artistic styles, and focused particularly on paintings of birds and flowers. He was also proficient in calligraphy. His works influenced later court painters, including Yu Sheng(余省), Yu Zhi(余稚).

paragraph: Although better known for his "Gujin Tushu Jicheng", Jiang also contributed—along with other scholars—in the compilation of the "Daqing Yitongzhi" ('Gazetteer of the Qing Empire'). This geographical gazetteer was provided with a preface in 1744 (more than a decade after Jiang's death), revised in 1764, and reprinted in 1849.

paragraph: Apart of cultural activity, as a holder of the "jinshi" degree Tinxi performed the important duties in the Qing government's Office of Military Finance, on par with Zhang Tingyu (headed by Yinxiang, the Yongzheng Emperor's brother).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnhart, R. M. et al. Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, Yale University Press. 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fairbank, J.K. and S.Y. Teng. "On the Ch'ing Tributary System," "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies" (Volume 6, Number 2, 1941): 135–246.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nie, Chongzheng, "Jiang Tingxi". "Encyclopedia of China", 1st ed.

alias:
Yangsheng
Qingtong jushi
Qingtongjushi
Xigu
Ts'iang T'ing-si
Hsi-ku Chiang
Nansha
Xijun
Wensu Jiang
Chʻing-tʻung-chü-shih
Nan-sha Chiang
Zuimo
Qingtongxuan
蒋廷錫
Qingtongge
Nansha Jiang
Yu-chün Chiang
Nanhe
Tingxi Jiang
Wensu
Chiang T'ing-hsi
蔣廷鍚
Xigu Jiang
蔣廷錫
Youjun
Youjun Jiang
Yangsun Jiang
Shuyu
蒋廷锡
Yang-sun Chiang
Yangsun

description: Chinese artist

wikidata_label: Jiang Tingxi

wikipedia_title: Jiang Tingxi


text:
Baldassare Galuppi
Perugia
Hasse
Peter Leopold
Habsburg-Lorraine
Grand Duke of Tuscany
Holy Roman Emperor
Infanta
Maria Luisa of Spain
Gaetano Guadagni
Teatro San Benedetto
Ferdinando Bertoni
Caterina Gabrielli
Teatro San Carlo
Anna de Amicis
cavalier servente
Teatro alla Scala
Europa riconosciuta
Antonio Salieri
Lord Mount Edgcumbe
Charles Burney
Madame d'Arblay
Gordon Riots
William Beckford
grand tour
Fonthill Splendens
Ferdinando Tenducci
Gainsborough
Haydn
Teatro la Fenice
Paisiello
Brigida Banti
Giuseppe Giordani
Napoleon
Angelica Catalani
Rossini
Stendhal
Benedetto Marcello
Saint Mark's Basilica
Pietro Bembo
dropsy
Amadeus Almanac, accessed 20 May 2009
Kathleen Kuzmick Hansell
grovemusic.com

categories: 1821 deaths,18th-century Italian opera singers,18th-century Italian male actors,1740 births,Italian opera singers,Italian male stage actors,Castrati

paragraph: Gaspare Pacchierotti

paragraph: Section::::Training and first appearances.

paragraph: Details of his early life are scarce. It is possible that he studied with Mario Bittoni, "maestro di cappella" in the cathedral of his home city. Under the stage name of Porfirio Pacchierotti, he made his début in Baldassare Galuppi's opera "Le nozze di Dorina" at the Teatro dei Nobili in Perugia during the carnival season of 1759, playing, as young castrati often did, a female role: Livietta. He made further appearances under his assumed name in Venice (1764) and Innsbruck (1765). On this latter occasion he sang Acronte in Hasse's "Romolo ed Ersilia" on the occasion of the marriage of Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine, future Grand Duke of Tuscany and Holy Roman Emperor, and the Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. Here, for the first time, he encountered the famous castrato Gaetano Guadagni, then at the height of his career.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: By the late 1760s Pacchierotti was well established in Venice, both as an opera singer and member of the choir of St Mark's, where Galuppi was Director of Music. His first success as "primo uomo" (lead male singer) was in that composer's "Il re pastore", in which he first sang the role of Agenore at the Teatro San Benedetto, Venice, in the summer of 1769. In that city he also received further vocal tuition from Ferdinando Bertoni, the composer and singing-teacher, who became a lifelong friend.

paragraph: In 1770, he was at Palermo, where he sang alongside the famous and notoriously capricious soprano, Caterina Gabrielli, whose every feat of virtuosity he not only equalled but so far surpassed that he earned that redoubtable lady's admiration. The following year saw him performing at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, perhaps the most famous opera house in Italy at this time. Here he remained for some five years, performing in twenty operas. His "prima donna" was often Anna de Amicis, and soon their respective adoring fans caused the sparks to fly. One supporter of the soprano, an officer in the Royal Guard called Francesco Ruffo, saw fit to insult Pacchierotti publicly, and a duel was fought as a result. Because of Ruffo's royal connection (and also because, as a nobleman, he was immune from prosecution), the poor singer spent several days in prison, but apparently the noble youth himself obtained his release. There is another version of this story in which Ruffo was the lover ("cavalier servente") of a certain Marchesa Santa Marca, who had become infatuated with Pacchierotti on hearing him sing in Schuster's "Didone abbandonata". His honour insulted, Ruffo again challenged the singer to a duel, and this time it was none other than the King of Naples who ordered Gaspare to be released from prison.

paragraph: Section::::Career in northern Italy.

paragraph: After such adventures, it is hardly surprising that Pacchierotti left Naples in 1776, never to sing there again. For the next fifteen years he worked in northern Italy, especially Milan, Venice, Genoa, Padua and Turin. In Milan, he famously appeared at the inauguration of the Teatro alla Scala on 3 August 1778, taking the protagonist's role of Asterio in "Europa riconosciuta" by Antonio Salieri. While appearing at Venice in 1785, he sang at the funeral of his old patron Galuppi, remarking that "I sang very devoutly indeed to obtain a quiet for his soul".

paragraph: Section::::Visits to London.

paragraph: Pacchierotti also visited London on several occasions between 1778 and 1791. There he was universally adored, perhaps even more by real opera "cognoscenti" than by the public in general. One of the former, Lord Mount Edgcumbe, left a detailed description of the singer's many merits:

paragraph: Pacchierotti's voice was an extensive soprano, full and sweet in the highest degree: his powers of execution were great, but he had far too good taste and good sense to make a display of them where it would have been misapplied, ... conscious that the chief delight of singing and his own supreme excellence lay in touching expression and exquisite pathos. Yet he was so thorough a musician that nothing came amiss to him; every style was to him equally easy, and he could sing, at first sight, all songs of the most opposite characters, not merely with the facility and correctness which a complete knowledge of music must give, but entering at once into the views of the composer, and giving them all the spirit and expression he had designed. Such was his genius in his embellishments and cadences, that their variety was inexhaustible. ... As an actor, with many disadvantages of person ... he was nevertheless forcible and impressive ... His recitative was inimitably fine, so that even those who did not understand the language could not fail to comprehend, from his countenance, voice and action, every sentiment he expressed. As a concert singer, and particularly in private society, he shone almost more than on the stage ... he was a worthy and good man, modest and diffident to a fault ... He was unpresuming in his manners, grateful and attached to all his numerous friends and patrons.

paragraph: During his visits to London, Pacchierotti mainly performed in operas by his friend Bertoni, now well known as a composer in the genre. In spite of the "many disadvantages of person" remarked on by Mount Edgcumbe, the singer continued to have ladies fall in love with him, notably Susanna Burney, daughter of the famous music historian Charles Burney, who described his singing as "divine". Known as "sweet Pacc" to Susanna and her sister Fanny (herself a well-known author and later Madame d'Arblay), he also earned their respect during the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots of June 1780 by refusing to remove his name from his door and, though an Italian Catholic, insisting on walking the streets openly while the mob yelled "No Popery!" As to further emotional entanglements, the notorious William Beckford wrote of one noblewoman, Lady Mary Duncan, that she was "more preciously fond" of the singer "than a she-bear of its suckling". Pacchierotti had met Beckford in 1780 at Lucca, during the young aristocrat's grand tour, and the following year he became involved in a performance marking that dissolute young nobleman's twenty-first birthday. This was of a cantata entitled "Il tributo", by a fellow castrato, Venanzio Rauzzini, long settled in England, and took place at Beckford's mansion Fonthill Splendens, near Bath. The third soloist was another castrato, Ferdinando Tenducci, a friend of Gainsborough. On 27 May 1784 Pacchierotti sang various arias by Handel at the centenary celebrations of the composer's birth held in the London Pantheon. His last visit to London in 1791 has become famous to posterity for his numerous performances of Haydn's cantata "Arianna a Naxos" to the composer's own piano accompaniment.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Italy.

paragraph: His first appearance on his final return to Italy was for the inauguration of another opera house: the new Teatro la Fenice in Venice, where on 16 May 1792 he sang the leading role of Alceo in "I giuochi d'Agrigento" by Paisiello alongside Brigida Banti. The following season he made his last operatic appearance in the same theatre, in the premiere production of Giuseppe Giordani's "Ines de Castro", which opened on 27 January 1793, during the Carnival season.

paragraph: Pacchierotti retired to Padua, but on 2 May 1797, in the Teatro Nuovo of that city, was obliged to perform again at a concert for the all-conquering Napoleon. Never reconciled to the destruction of his beloved Venetian Republic by the French, Pacchierotti's patriotism got him into trouble. In a letter to his colleague Angelica Catalani he referred to "the splendid miseries of victory." This was unfortunately intercepted by the French police, and the singer was once more imprisoned.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and old age.

paragraph: Famous even in retirement, Pacchierotti was visited by many well-known figures, including Rossini. On the singer's complaining that the latter's music was too noisy, the composer retorted: "Give me another Pacchierotti and I will know how to write for him!" Another visitor was Stendhal, who remarked that: "I learned more about music in six conversations with this great artist, than from any book; it was the soul speaking to the soul." Though now out of the limelight, Pacchierotti continued to practise, being particularly devoted to the Psalm settings of Benedetto Marcello, from which he averred "to have learned the little that he knew". On 28 June 1814, he underwent the emotional experience of singing in Saint Mark's Basilica in Venice at the funeral service held in honour of his old friend and favourite composer, Ferdinando Bertoni. He last sang in public on 19 October 1817, at the age of seventy-seven, performing a motet in the church of Mirano, a few miles west of Venice. Famous for this remark that "he who knows how to breathe, knows how to sing", he also taught singing, and it is likely that a treatise by Antonio Calegari, entitled "Modi generali del canto" and published in Milan in 1836, is at least partly based on Pacchierotti's own methods.

paragraph: In and around Padua, the singer bought several properties, the best known being the Ca' Farsetti, said to have been once owned by Pietro Bembo. He also built an extraordinary neo-Gothic mansion, the Castello Pacchierotti, the ruins of which were much later (1881) described by the English writer Vernon Lee: " ... in this remote corner of Padua we stumbled one day into a beautiful tangle of trees and grass and flowers ... and were informed by a gardener's boy that this garden had once belonged to a famous singer, by name Gasparo Pacchierotti ... The gardener led us into the house, a battered house, covered with creepers and amphorae, and sentimental inscriptions from the works of the poets and philosophers in vogue a hundred years ago ... He showed us into a long narrow room, in which was a large slender harpsichord ... which had belonged to ... the singer. It was open, and looked as if it might just have been touched, but no sound could be drawn from it. The gardener then led us into a darkened lumber-room, where hung the portrait of the singer, thickly covered with dust: a mass of dark blurs, from out of which appeared scarcely more than the pale thin face - a face with deep dreamy eyes and tremulously tender lips, full of a vague, wistful, contemplative poetry..."

paragraph: Stricken by dropsy, Pacchierotti died at the age of eighty-one. His grave was recently discovered in an ancient oratory adjoining Villa Pacchierotti-Zemella in Padua.

paragraph: In his still seminal work, "The Castrati in Opera", Angus Heriot wrote: "Today we can but guess what the great singers of the past can have sounded like; but one might hazard a guess that of all the castrati, could we hear them, Pacchierotti would please us most …"

paragraph: Section::::Roles created.

paragraph: The following list is not absolutely complete (it misses out, for instance, Pacchiarotti's performances in Palermo, the première of Bertoni’s "Artaserse", etc.), but is indicative of the wide extent of the singer's career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amadeus Almanac, accessed 20 May 2009

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toffano, G: "Gaspare Pacchierotti" (Turin, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heriot, A: "The Castrati in Opera" (London, 1956), pp 163–171

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathleen Kuzmick Hansell: "Pacchierotti, Gaspare", "Grove Music Online", ed L. Macy (Accessed 22 February 2007) grovemusic.com, subscription access.

description: Italian opera singer

wikidata_label: Gaspare Pacchierotti

wikipedia_title: Gaspare Pacchierotti


text: pseudonym

text: Crossen

text: apothecary

text: tuberculosis

text: pneumonia

text: Abitur

text: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: chemistry

text: pharmacology

text: Munich

text: philosophy

text: philology

text: theater

text: Berlin

text: Lausanne

text: Bohemianism

text: Artur Kutscher

text: Frank Wedekind

text: hobgoblin

text: Simplicissimus

text: Die Weltbühne

text: World War I

text: drafted

text: sanatoria

text: Kaiser Wilhelm II

text: Neue Zürcher Zeitung

text: treason

text: lèse-majesté

text: muse

text: Carola Neher

text: Der Kreidekreis

text: Meissen

text: Bertolt Brecht

text: The Caucasian Chalk Circle

text: pneumonia

text: Davos

text: Gottfried Benn

text: Walk of Fame of Cabaret

text: Mainz

text: plays

text: novel

text: short stories

text: Wood Love

text: German National Library

text: Works by Klabund

categories: 1890 births,20th-century German novelists,20th-century German dramatists and playwrights,Male poets,German male novelists,People from the Province of Brandenburg,People from Krosno Odrzańskie,German male dramatists and playwrights,1928 deaths,German-language poets

paragraph: Klabund

paragraph: Alfred Henschke (4 November 1890 – 14 August 1928), better known by his pseudonym Klabund, was a German writer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Klabund, born Alfred Henschke in 1890 in Crossen, was the son of an apothecary. At the age of 16 he came down with tuberculosis, which the doctors initially misdiagnosed as pneumonia. The illness stayed with him for the rest of his short life.

paragraph: After completing his "Abitur" (upper secondary school leaving certificate) with the highest marks in 1909 in Frankfurt (Oder), he studied chemistry and pharmacology in Munich. He soon changed his plans, however, and studied philosophy, philology, and theater in Munich, Berlin, and Lausanne. He had already encountered Bohemianism in Munich through the theater scholar Artur Kutscher, and through others he was introduced to Frank Wedekind. In 1912 he quit his studies and took on the pseudonym Klabund, styling himself after Peter Hille as a vagabond poet. A first volume of poetry was published under the title "Morgenrot! Klabund! Die Tage dämmern!" (Dawn! Klabund! The Days Break!) The name "Klabund" goes back to a north and northeast German name and was devised by him and others as a combination of "Klabautermann" (a devious hobgoblin of German folklore) and "Vagabund" (vagabond).

paragraph: In 1913 Klabund came into contact with Alfred Kerr's Magazine "PAN", though he continued to publish in the magazines "Jugend" and "Simplicissimus". Beginning in 1914 he contributed to "Die Schaubühne", which later changed its name to "Die Weltbühne" (The World Stage). When World War I broke out, he greeted it with enthusiasm, like many other writers of the time, wrote various patriotic poems. He was not drafted into the military due to his tuberculosis, and in fact during the war years he often spent time in Swiss sanatoria. During this time he began to develop an interest in far eastern literature, which he began to translate and adapt. Over the course of the war, Klabund's outlook changed and he became an opponent of it. In 1917 he published an open letter to Kaiser Wilhelm II in the newspaper "Neue Zürcher Zeitung" calling for his abdication, and was charged with treason and lèse-majesté as a result.

paragraph: In 1918 he married Brunhilde Herberle, whom he had met in a sanatorium for lung patients. She died later that year after complications from a premature birth. 1918 also saw the publication of Klabund's most popular prose piece, the novel "Bracke".

paragraph: in 1920 Klabund dedicated the short romantic novel "Marietta" to his girlfriend and muse Marietta di Monaco.

paragraph: In 1923 he married the actress Carola Neher. Then in 1925, his play "Der Kreidekreis" (The Chalk Circle), based on a Chinese story, was first produced in Meissen. The Berlin performances of the play later that year achieved great success; (Bertolt Brecht later adapted the play in his "Kaukasischer Kreidekreis" (The Caucasian Chalk Circle)). In the years that followed, Klabund wrote regularly for cabarets, including "Schall und Rauch". His folksy poems and songs achieved great popularity.

paragraph: In May 1928, during a stay in Italy, he fell ill with pneumonia, which, together with his latent tuberculosis, was life-threatening. He was brought to Davos for treatment, but he died shortly thereafter. He was buried in his native Crossen (now Krosno Odrzańskie) and was eulogized by his friend and fellow writer Gottfried Benn. A star on the Walk of Fame of Cabaret in Mainz is dedicated to him.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Klabund completed 25 plays and 14 novels—several of which were published only after his death—numerous short stories, many adaptations, and several works on the history of literature. Between 1998 and 2003, a collection of his works appeared in eight volumes.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wood Love" (1925)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Catalog of the German National Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Klabund at gutenberg.spiegel.de (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Free downloads of 2 audiobooks of Klabund's in German: total 19 minutes, 17.5 MBs

description: German writer

wikidata_label: Klabund

wikipedia_title: Klabund


text: courtesy name

text: chancellor

text: Tang dynasty

text: Empress Zhangsun

text: Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin)

text: Emperor Gaozong (Li Zhi)

text: Emperor Gaozu

text: Li Jiancheng

text: Li Yuanji

text: Xuanwu Gate Incident

text: Empress Wang

text: Empress Wu

text: Xu Jingzong

text: Xianbei

text: Northern Wei

text: Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei

text: Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei

text: Sui Dynasty

text: Emperor Yang of Sui

text: Yang Liang

text: Gao Shilian

text: Li Shimin

text: Li Yuan

text: Emperor Yang of Sui

text: Chang'an

text: Yang You

text: regent

text: Yangzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Yuwen Huaji

text: Tang Dynasty

text: Liu Heita

text: Li Jiancheng

text: Crown Prince

text: Li Yuanji

text: Fang Xuanling

text: Du Ruhui

text: Yuchi Gong

text: Hou Junji

text: Xuanwu Gate

text: Li Yi

text: Xianyang

text: Shaanxi

text: chancellor

text: Jiali Khan

text: Xiao Yu

text: Three Excellencies

text: Shijiazhuang

text: Hebei

text: Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion

text: Li Chengqian

text: Li Tai

text: Li Shiji

text: Cen Wenben

text: Liu Ji

text: Li Zhi

text: Chu Suiliang

text: Li Ke

text: concubine

text: Goguryeo

text: Li Daozong

text: Yang Shidao

text: Pyongyang

text: Anshan

text: Liaoning

text: Yang Manchun

text: Dandong

text: Liaoning

text: Yingkou

text: Liaoning

text: Song Dynasty

text: Hu Sanxing

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Liao River

text: Tufan

text: Songtsän Gampo

text: Son of Heaven

text: Empress Wang

text: Liu Shi

text: Li Zhong

text: Yuwen Jie

text: Liu Xu

text: Old Book of Tang

text: karmic

text: Consort Wu

text: Consort Xiao

text: Xu Jingzong

text: Li Yifu

text: naming taboo

text: Yu Zhining

text: Han Yuan

text: Lai Ji

text: Tan Prefecture

text: Changsha

text: Hunan

text: Chongqing

text: Xin Maojiang

text: Ren Yaxiang

text: Lu Chengqing

text: Old Book of Tang

text: New Book of Tang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Chancellors under Emperor Taizong of Tang,659 deaths,Sui dynasty people,594 births,Chancellors under Emperor Gaozong of Tang,Suicides in China,Tang dynasty generals at war against Goguryeo

paragraph: Zhangsun Wuji

paragraph: Zhangsun Wuji (died 659), courtesy name Fuji, formally the Duke of Zhao, was a Chinese official who served as a chancellor in the early Tang dynasty. He was Empress Zhangsun's brother, which made him a brother-in-law of Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin) and a maternal uncle of Emperor Gaozong (Li Zhi). He was an important advisor to Li Shimin when the latter was still the Prince of Qin during the reign of his father, Emperor Gaozu. He helped Li Shimin overcome his brothers Li Jiancheng (the Crown Prince) and Li Yuanji (the Prince of Qi) in a succession struggle at the Xuanwu Gate Incident, eventually enabling Li Shimin to become the heir apparent and later the emperor. He was also instrumental in Emperor Taizong's selection of Li Zhi as the Crown Prince, and was exceedingly powerful after Li Zhi took the throne as Emperor Gaozong. However, he gradually fell out of his nephew's favour by failing to support Emperor Gaozong's decision to depose his first wife, Empress Wang, and replacing her with Empress Wu. In 659, Zhangsun Wuji was falsely accused of treason by Empress Wu's political ally, Xu Jingzong, and eventually ordered to be sent into exile by Emperor Gaozong. Xu Jingzong subsequently sent the official Yuan Gongyu (袁公瑜) to force Zhangsun Wuji to commit suicide on his way to exile.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: It is not known when Zhangsun Wuji was born, but what is known is that he was older than his sister, the future Empress Zhangsun, who was born in 601. It was written that his ancestors traced their origin to the Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei's founding emperor Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei's 17th generation ancestor Tuoba Kuaili (拓拔儈立) — that their ancestor was Tuoba Kuali's third son, who took the surname Baba (拔拔), eventually changed to Zhangsun when Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei changed Xianbei surnames to Han surnames in 496.

paragraph: His father was the Sui Dynasty general Zhangsun Sheng (), and his mother was Zhangsun Sheng's wife Lady Gao, the daughter of the official Gao Jingde (高敬德). He had at least three older brothers—Zhangsun Sheng's oldest son Zhangsun Xingbu (長孫行布, who was killed in 604 while resisting the rebellion of Emperor Yang of Sui's brother Yang Liang the Prince of Han), Zhangsun Heng'an (長孫恆安), and Zhangsun Anye (長孫安業). (Empress Zhangsun was also born of Lady Gao, while Zhangsun Anye was not; who Zhangsun Xingbu's and Zhangsun Heng'an's mothers were was not recorded in history.) Zhangsun Sheng died in 609, and Zhangsun Anye, instead of raising his younger brother and sister, expelled them, as well as his stepmother Lady Gao, from the Zhangsun household and sent them back to Lady Gao's brother Gao Shilian, and Gao Shilian raised them.

paragraph: It was said that Zhangsun Wuji was studious, and that he was both intelligent and full of strategies. When his sister later married Li Shimin, the second son of the general Li Yuan, he and Li Shimin became great friends. When Li Yuan, at Li Shimin's instigation, rose against the rule of Emperor Yang of Sui in 617 and attacked the capital Chang'an, Zhangsun Wuji went to meet Li Shimin, then serving as a major general of his father's, and he began to serve on Li Shimin's staff, often following Li Shimin on various campaigns.

paragraph: Li Yuan captured Chang'an in winter 617 and declared Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong), taking power himself as regent. After he received news in spring 618 that Emperor Yang had been killed at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) in a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji, he had Yang You yield the throne to him, establishing Tang Dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu. Li Shimin was created the Prince of Qin and thereafter became the main general in charge of his father's campaigns to reunify China under Tang rule, which was largely complete by 623, when the last major rival to Tang, Liu Heita the Prince of Handong, was captured and killed by Li Shimin's older brother, Li Jiancheng the Crown Prince. For Zhangsun Wuji's contributions to Li Shimin's campaigns, he was created the Duke of Shangdang.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Gaozu's reign.:Incident at Xuanwu Gate.

paragraph: By 623, however, Li Shimin was locked into an intense rivalry with Li Jiancheng, who was supported by another brother, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi. For the next several years, the rivalry further intensified. By 626, Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, apprehensive that Li Shimin might act against them, had falsely accused Li Shimin's staff strategists Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui and military officer Yuchi Gong and had them removed from Li Shimin's staff. It was said that by that time, of Li Shimin's closest confidants, only Zhangsun remained, and that Zhangsun, his uncle Gao Shilian, Hou Junji, and Yuchi advocated acting first against Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji. They persuaded Li Shimin to take action. Li Shimin thereafter set up an ambush for Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, killing them at Xuanwu Gate, and then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to create him crown prince. Zhangsun was thereafter made the minister of civil service affairs. Two months later, Emperor Gaozu yielded the throne to Li Shimin, who took the throne as Emperor Taizong.

paragraph: Late in 626, when Emperor Taizong personally ranked the contributions of the generals and officials in order to grant them fiefs, Emperor Taizong ranked five of them—Zhangsun Wuji, Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, Yuchi Gong, and Hou Junji to be contributors of the highest grade, and Zhangsun was created the Duke of Qi. As Zhangsun was both a great contributor to his victory and a close relative, Emperor Taizong was particularly close to him, allowing Zhangsun to enter the palace frequently.

paragraph: In spring 627, when the general Li Yi, an associate of Li Jiancheng's, rebelled at Bin Prefecture (豳州, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), Emperor Taizong sent Zhangsun to engage Li Yi, although before Zhangsun could arrive, Li Yi had been defeated by his own subordinates and killed in flight. In fall 627, Emperor Taizong, despite opposition from Empress Zhangsun (who feared that the Zhangsun clan was becoming overly honored and would become a target of attack), Emperor Taizong made Zhangsun Wuji "Puye" (僕射), one of the heads of the important executive bureau of the government and a post considered one for a chancellor. Later that year, when Emperor Taizong heard that Eastern Tujue's Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, who had made a deep incursion to Chang'an when Emperor Taizong first took the throne in 626, was having internal problems with his subordinates, he consulted Zhangsun and Xiao Yu, asking for their opinions. Xiao advocated an attack on Eastern Tujue, but Zhangsun pointed out that the peace treaty between the two states should not be breached, and Emperor Taizong accepted his suggestion.

paragraph: Many officials were critical of Zhangsun Wuji's ascension to a chancellor post, and there were secret accusations made to Emperor Taizong that Zhangsun was monopolizing power. Emperor Taizong publicly declared confidence in Zhangsun, but he himself feared that he was a target of resentment. He repeatedly offered to resign, both directly and through Empress Zhangsun, and in spring 628, Emperor Taizong accepted the resignation, although he conferred on Zhangsun the honorific position of "Kaifu Yitong Sansi" (開府儀同三司) and continued to consult Zhangsun on many important matters. In 633, Emperor Taizong conferred on Zhangsun the even greater honor of "Sikong" (司空): one of the Three Excellencies.

paragraph: In 637, a major revision of the Sui penal laws, led by Fang but assisted by Zhangsun, was completed, with 500 sections dividing the punishments into 20 grades. About 1,600 sections of regulations to implement the laws were also written.

paragraph: Also in 637, as part of Emperor Taizong's scheme to bestow prefectures on his relatives and great generals and officials as their permanent domains, Zhangsun's title was changed to Duke of Zhao, and he was given the post of prefect of Zhao Prefecture (趙州, roughly modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), to be inherited by his heirs. Many officials opposed the plan, with the strongest opposition coming from Zhangsun, who also had his daughter-in-law, Princess Changle (Emperor Taizong's daughter) submit oppositions on his behalf as well, and Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme, although Zhangsun's title remained Duke of Zhao. In 642, Emperor Taizong changed Zhangsun's honorific from "Sikong" to "Situ" (司徒). In 643, when Emperor Taizong commissioned the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion to commemorate the 24 great contributors to Tang rule, Zhangsun's was one of the portraits commissioned—indeed, Zhangsun's portraits was ranked first.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Taizong's reign.:Succession dispute.

paragraph: Later in 643, Li Chengqian the Crown Prince (the oldest son of Emperor Taizong and Empress Zhangsun, who had died in 636), locked into an intense rivalry with his younger brother Li Tai the Prince of Wei, who was also born of Empress Zhangsun and was Emperor Taizong's favorite son, was discovered to have plotted to overthrow Emperor Taizong, along with Hou Junji and Emperor Taizong's sons-in-law Zhao Jie (趙節) and Du He (杜荷, Du Ruhui's son). Emperor Taizong put the investigation in the hands of Zhangsun, Fang Xuanling, Xiao Yu, Li Shiji, and the officials in charge of the supreme court and the legislative and examination bureaus of government, and they determined that, indeed, Li Chengqian had plotted to overthrow Emperor Taizong. Li Chengqian was deposed, while his coconspirators were executed.

paragraph: A succession question immediately arose. Li Tai was Emperor Taizong's favorite son, and Emperor Taizong almost immediately promised to him that he would be created crown prince, an idea concurred by the chancellors Cen Wenben and Liu Ji. However, Zhangsun did not concur, and instead recommended that Emperor Taizong make his ninth son Li Zhi, also by Empress Zhangsun, crown prince instead; Zhangsun was supported in this suggestion by Chu Suiliang. Further, when Emperor Taizong interrogated Li Chengqian personally, Li Chengqian admitted guilt but blamed Li Tai's machinations for leading him to fear for his own safety and thus plot rebellion. Emperor Taizong thereafter resolved to create Li Zhi crown prince—a decision that he initially secretly informed only Zhangsun, Fang, Li Shiji, and Chu, in addition to Li Zhi himself—and he exiled both Li Chengqian and Li Tai. Subsequently, Zhangsun, along with Fang and Xiao, were made senior advisors to the new crown prince. Thereafter, however, Emperor Taizong began to doubt whether his decision was correct—believing that while Li Zhi was kind, he was also weak in personality, and unsure whether he would be fit to be emperor. He discussed with Zhangsun the possibility of making another son, Li Ke the Prince of Wu (by his concubine Consort Yang, a daughter of Sui's Emperor Yang), who was older than Li Zhi and considered more capable, crown prince instead. Zhangsun strenuously opposed this idea, and Emperor Taizong did not carry it out. Zhangsun further often praised Li Zhi's kindness. Thereafter, a deep enmity developed between Zhangsun and Li Ke.

paragraph: In 644, when Emperor Taizong, at an imperial gathering, stated to his key officials their strengths and weaknesses, he spoke, with regard to Zhangsun:

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Taizong's reign.:Goguryeo–Tang War.

paragraph: Later in 644, when Emperor Taizong launched a major attack against Goguryeo, he had the generals Li Shiji and Li Daozong lead the forward forces, while commanding the main forces himself, assisted by Zhangsun, Cen, and Yang Shidao. In summer 645, at a major battle against the main Goguryeo forces commanded by the generals Go Yeonsu () and Go Hyezin () engaged Tang forces, Emperor Taizong had Li Shiji command 15,000 men to serve as decoy, and when Goguryeo forces attacked Li Shiji, Zhangsun Wuji attacked them from behind with 11,000 men, and Li Shiji and Zhangsun, as well as Emperor Taizong himself, defeated Goguryeo forces, forcing their surrender. He then considered directly attacking Goguryeo's capital Pyongyang itself, but Li Shiji believed that if Ansi (, in modern Anshan, Liaoning) was not captured first, the general in command of Ansi (a capable general known in Korean popular legends as Yang Manchun, although whether that was his real name is unknown), might attack Tang forces from the rear. Emperor Taizong agreed, and therefore put Ansi under siege again. However, the commander at Ansi was a capable defender, and the resolve of the defenders was strengthened when Li Shiji, in anger, declared that after the fall of the city all residents would be slaughtered. With the Tang forces bogged down in sieging Ansi, a number of officials suggested skipping past Ansi and attacking Ogol (, in modern Dandong, Liaoning) and then head toward Pyongyang. Zhangsun opposed, believing the strategy to be too risky without first capturing Ansi and Geonan (, in modern Yingkou, Liaoning) first. Emperor Taizong agreed and continued sieging Ansi, but still could not capture it. In fall 645, with winter approaching, Emperor Taizong was forced to withdraw. (The Song Dynasty historian Hu Sanxing, the commentator to the "Zizhi Tongjian", commented that overcautiousness was what cost Emperor Taizong the victory, indirectly blaming Zhangsun for opposing the strategy to attack Pyongyang directly.) As the army retreated, Zhangsun was responsible for building a temporary bridge over the Liao River to allow the army to cross.

paragraph: In 647, when Zhangsun's uncle Gao Shilian died, Emperor Taizong, who had just recently himself recovered from an illness, wanted to attend Gao's wake, but Zhangsun lay down in the path of his horse, blocking him, reasoning that as someone who had recently recovered, it was inappropriate for Emperor Taizong to attend the wake. Emperor Taizong, due to Zhangsun's opposition, relented. In summer 647, Emperor Taizong made Zhangsun the commandant at Yang Prefecture (i.e., Jiangdu), but did not actually send him to Yang Prefecture. In fall 647, when a commoner named Duan Zhichong () submitted a petition to Emperor Taizong, asking him to yield the throne to Li Zhi, Li Zhi became concerned that Emperor Taizong would suspect that the proposal came from him, and Zhangsun requested that Duan be executed. Emperor Taizong, however, was unfazed, and took no actions against Duan.

paragraph: In spring 648, Emperor Taizong made Zhangsun the acting head of the legislative bureau—also a chancellor post—and further gave instructions that he also be in charge of the other two main bureaus of government, the executive and the examination bureaus, effectively putting Zhangsun in command of all of the government.

paragraph: In summer 649, Emperor Taizong was seriously ill, while at the summer palace Cuiwei Palace (). He summoned Zhangsun and Chu to his bedside and entrusted Li Zhi to them. He soon died, and by Zhangsun's orders, his death was kept a secret until his casket, accompanied by Li Zhi, was returned to Chang'an. Li Zhi then took the throne (as Emperor Gaozong).

paragraph: After Emperor Gaozong took the throne, he changed Zhangsun's honorific title to "Taiwei" (太尉), also one of the Three Excellencies, and ordered that he continued to be in charge of all three bureaus, although Zhangsun declined the responsibility over the executive bureau. Emperor Gaozong also gave him the chancellor "de facto" designation of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin" (同中書門下三品). Early in Emperor Gaozong's reign, it was said that, while there were other men with chancellor designations, Zhangsun Wuji and Chu Suiliang controlled the government, but that they served faithfully and were extending the efficient governance that Emperor Taizong instituted during his "Reign of Zhen'guan." However, perhaps challenging Zhangsun's authority and/or faithfulness, the Tufan king Songtsän Gampo wrote a letter to Zhangsun, stating, "The Son of Heaven has just taken the throne. If there are unfaithful subjects among the officials, I will lead an army to the capital to destroy them." However, Emperor Gaozong trusted both Zhangsun and Chu greatly, and in 650, when a commoner named Li Hongtai (李弘泰) accused Zhangsun of treason, Emperor Gaozong had Li Hongtai immediately beheaded.

paragraph: In 651, another revision of the laws, with Zhangsun in charge, was completed, and was promulgated by Emperor Gaozong.

paragraph: In 652, with Emperor Gaozong's wife Empress Wang being sonless, her uncle Liu Shi, also a chancellor, suggested to her that she propose that Emperor Gaozong's oldest son, Li Zhong, whose mother Consort Liu was of low birth, be made crown prince, believing that Li Zhong would be grateful to her. Liu Shi also lobbied Zhangsun to make the request for her. Emperor Gaozong agreed, and in fall 652 created Li Zhong crown prince.

paragraph: Late in 652, there was a major dispute between Fang Xuanling's oldest son and heir Fang Yizhi (房遺直) and his younger brother Fang Yi'ai (房遺愛), as well as Fang Yi'ai's wife, Emperor Taizong's daughter Princess Gaoyang. Princess Gaoyang accused Fang Yizhi of assaulting her, while Fang Yizhi accused Fang Yi'ai and Princess Gaoyang of treason. Emperor Gaozong ordered Zhangsun to investigate, and Zhangsun discovered that Fang Yi'ai, Princess Gaoyang, the general Xue Wanche (薛萬徹), and another brother-in-law of Emperor Gaozong's, Chai Lingwu (柴令武), had considered to support Emperor Taizong's younger brother Li Yuanjing (李元景) the Prince of Jing as emperor. Fang Yi'ai, knowing that Zhangsun had long wanted to kill Li Ke, whom he viewed as a threat to Emperor Gaozong's throne, falsely implicated Li Ke in the plot as well, hoping that Zhangsun would spare him. Zhangsun, however, used this opportunity to carry out a purge—and in spring 653, Zhangsun persuaded Emperor Gaozong to issue an edict executing Fang Yi'ai, Xue, and Chai, while ordering Li Yuanjing, Li Ke, and Princesses Gaoyang and Baling (Chai's wife) to commit suicide. Further, Zhangsun also had the chancellor Yuwen Jie (a friend of Fang Yi'ai's), Li Daozong (who had long had a rivalry with Zhangsun and Chu), and the general Zhishi Sili (執失思力), Xue's brother Xue Wanbei (薛萬備) as well as Li Ke's mother Consort Yang and Consort Yang's younger son Li Yin, reduced to commoner rank and exiled. (For these actions, he was heavily criticized by Liu Xu, the lead editor of the "Old Book of Tang", who commented that perhaps it was karmic that eventually Zhangsun himself would be falsely accused. Indeed, when Li Ke died, he cursed Zhangsun, stating: "Zhangsun Wuji has stolen imperial power and falsely accused the faithful. The imperial ancestral spirits are watching. Soon your own clan will be slaughtered.")

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Gaozong's reign.:Downfall.

paragraph: By 654, Emperor Gaozong had become enamored with Consort Wu—whom he had, against Confucian definitions of incest, taken as a concubine even though she had been a concubine of Emperor Taizong's. (Empress Wang, who had been jealous of Emperor Gaozong's then-favorite concubine Consort Xiao, had suggested that he take Consort Wu as a concubine, in order to divide Consort Xiao's favors, but as Emperor Gaozong's favors became exclusively concentrated on Consort Wu, she turned to ally with Consort Xiao against Consort Wu, to no avail.) In 654, after Consort Wu's infant daughter died, Emperor Gaozong began considering deposing Empress Wang and replacing her with Consort Wu. (Historians have suggested that Consort Wu murdered her own daughter in order to frame the Empress, however there is no evidence that the infant was actually murdered, and could have died from natural causes). However, Gaozong feared opposition from the high level officials. He visited Zhangsun's mansion along with Consort Wu, bestowing lavish gifts on Zhangsun and making Zhangsun's three sons mid-level officials, and used the opportunity to bring up the topic of replacing Empress Wang with Consort Wu. Zhangsun pretended not to understand and took no actions to endorse Consort Wu, and persisted in this stand despite later lobbying by both Consort Wu's mother Lady Yang and fellow chancellor Xu Jingzong. However, soon, Xu, Li Yifu (who became chancellor over his overt support for Consort Wu), as well as other key officials Cui Yixuan (崔義玄) and Yuan Gongyu, formed an alliance in support of Consort Wu.

paragraph: In fall 655, after an imperial gathering, Emperor Gaozong summoned Zhangsun, Li Ji (i.e., Li Shiji—he had dropped the character "Shi" by this point by Emperor Gaozong's orders that naming taboo was to be observed as to the characters Shi and Min, not just the sequence "Shimin" as Emperor Taizong had ordered), Chu, and Yu Zhining to the palace—an order that Chu correctly guessed that was intended to call them into a meeting in which he would try to persuade them to agree with his desire to replace Empress Wang with Consort Wu. Li Ji declined to enter. When Zhangsun, Chu, and Yu attended the meeting, Emperor Gaozong did indeed propose to replace Empress Wang with Consort Wu. Chu objected strenuously, while Zhangsun and Yu did not speak but showed no approval. Later, fellow chancellors Han Yuan and Lai Ji also showed opposition, but when Emperor Gaozong asked Li Ji, Li Ji responded, "This is your family matter, Your Imperial Majesty. Why ask anyone else?" Emperor Gaozong, after demoting Chu to a commandant post at Tan Prefecture (roughly modern Changsha, Hunan), deposed Empress Wang and Consort Xiao to commoner rank and created Consort Wu as empress to replace Empress Wang. (Soon, by Empress Wu's orders, the former Empress Wang and Consort Xiao were tortured and killed.)

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Gaozong's reign.:Death.

paragraph: By 659, Empress Wu's position was secure, and she resented how Zhangsun and Yu had shown implicit disapproval of her ascension—and Xu, who had been repeatedly rebuked by Zhangsun over this matter, also resented Zhangsun. Xu thereafter, when investigating a report of factionalism by the low level officials Wei Jifang (韋季方) and Li Chao (李巢), manufactured evidence that Zhangsun had plotted treason with them. Emperor Gaozong wanted to interrogate Zhangsun personally, but at Xu's suggestion—pointing out that Zhangsun had been experienced at quick reactions as demonstrated by his achievements—in summer 659, suddenly stripped Zhangsun's posts and fief, and while he officially gave Zhangsun the title of commandant at Yang Prefecture, he instead exiled Zhangsun to Qian Prefecture (黔州, modern southeastern Chongqing) under house arrest. Zhangsun's sons were also exiled. In fall 659, Emperor Gaozong further reopened the investigations, putting Li Ji, Xu, Xin Maojiang, Ren Yaxiang, and Lu Chengqing in charge of investigating the alleged plot. Xu took this opportunity to send Yuan Gongyu to Qian Prefecture, where Yuan forced Zhangsun to commit suicide. His wealth was confiscated. (As part of the same reprisal transactions, Empress Wang's uncle Liu Shi was also executed in exile. Members of the Zhangsun and Liu households, as well as those of Han's, were forced to hard labor, while several relatives of Zhangsun's were also executed.) Later in Emperor Gaozong's reign, in 674, Emperor Gaozong restored Zhangsun's titles posthumously and allowed Zhangsun's great-grandson Zhangsun Yi (長孫翼) to inherit the title of Duke of Zhao. He also had Zhangsun's casket returned to Chang'an, to be buried near Emperor Taizong's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Book of Tang", vol. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Book of Tang", vol. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , , .

alias:
Fuji
Changsun Wuji

description: Chinese politician of the Tang dynasty

wikidata_label: Zhangsun Wuji

wikipedia_title: Zhangsun Wuji


text:
conceptual artist
University of Michigan
Formica
Joseph Kosuth
Robert Barry
Lawrence Weiner
Seth Siegelaub
documentary photography
Picasso
Matisse
Bruegel
Hieronymus Bosch
Monet
Van Gogh
Gauguin
De Chirico
California Institute of Arts
Mike Kelley
Christopher Williams
Cape Cod
Truro, Massachusetts
documenta V
Palais des Beaux-Arts
Camden Arts Centre
MAMCO
Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

categories: Artists from Michigan,Artists from California,1997 deaths,American military personnel of World War II,American conceptual artists,1924 births,University of Michigan alumni,Alumni of the Académie Julian

paragraph: Douglas Huebler

paragraph: Douglas Huebler (October 27, 1924 – July 12, 1997) was an American conceptual artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Douglas Huebler grew up in rural Michigan during the Depression and served in the Marines in World War II. After the war, funded by the GI Bill, Huebler earned his bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Michigan, and later went on to study at the Académie Julian in Paris. He worked for several years as a commercial art illustrator in New York as he established himself as an artist.

paragraph: Initially a painter, Huebler moved on to produce geometric Formica sculptures in the early '60s, which aligned him with the Minimalist movement. In 1969, he participated, with Joseph Kosuth, Robert Barry and Lawrence Weiner, in a landmark exhibition of conceptual art curated by Seth Siegelaub. As part of the show, Huebler issued one of his most famous statements: "The world is full of objects, more or less interesting; I do not wish to add any more." He then started producing works in numerous media often involving documentary photography, maps and text to explore social environments and the effect of passing time on objects. A representative example of Huebler's early work is Duration Piece #5, 1969, a series of ten black & white photographs with accompanying text; to document the piece, Huebler stood in Central Park and, each time he heard a bird call, he pointed his camera in the direction of the call and shot a photograph. In 1971, he began "Variable Piece #70 (In Process) Global," for which he proposed his intention "to photographically document the existence of everyone alive." In the 1980s and '90s, Huebler began incorporating painting into his conceptual art pieces, creating a persona he called "the Great Corrector," who took works by masters like Picasso, Matisse, Bruegel and Hieronymus Bosch and attempted to "make them better." For his "Buried Treasure" series, incorporating text about the unscrupulous dealer, Huebler paints fake Monets, Van Goghs, Gauguins and a De Chirico.

paragraph: Huebler's academic career spanned more than forty years; he taught art at Bradford College in Massachusetts, and at Harvard. Huebler served as dean of the art school at California Institute of Arts from 1976 to 1988 where he influenced a generation of artists including Mike Kelley and Christopher Williams. In 1989, he retired to Cape Cod. He died in Truro, Massachusetts in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Huebler’s first one-person museum exhibition was at the Phillips Gallery, Detroit, in 1953. Thereafter, he exhibited extensively in galleries and museums in the United States and Europe, as well as in international exhibitions such as documenta V (1972), and was included in many surveys of conceptual art. The last retrospective of his work during his lifetime was presented at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels in 1994. There have been several posthumous one-person exhibitions, including at the Camden Arts Centre, London (2002) and the MAMCO, Geneva (2006). In 2004, Huebler’s work was included in the exhibition, A Minimal Future? Art as Object 1958-1968, at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.

alias:
Douglas Heubler
Doug Huebler

description: American conceptual artist

enwikiquote_title: Douglas Huebler

wikidata_label: Douglas Huebler

wikipedia_title: Douglas Huebler


text:
Canary Islands
Gran Canaria
Crown of Castile
Catholic Monarchs
Telde
drago
Gáldar
Gran Canaria
Pedro de Vera
Arucas
Las Palmas
Battle of Arucas

paragraph: Doramas

paragraph: Doramas (also spelled Doramos) was an indigenous warrior of the Canary Islands who was a member of the resistance on the island of Gran Canaria. He fought against an invasion by the Crown of Castile in the late 15th century which was undertaken and financed by the Catholic Monarchs.

paragraph: Section::::Description.

paragraph: Originally from the kingdom of Telde, he belonged to the social class of the ""axicatnas"" (shorn ones). They had to wear their hair short, unlike the nobles who wore their hair long and enjoyed other privileges. The name of Doramas appears to be a nickname, meaning "he of the wide noses."

paragraph: With a wide back, and medium stature, Doramas was known for his dexterity in combat and his capacity for leadership. In battle, he carried a large wooden sword and was described as having a shield made from drago wood, which was black, white, and colored, separated into four sections.

paragraph: Section::::Military Exploits.

paragraph: Doramas participated actively in the defense of the island when Castille began its conquest in 1478. He was named a noble by the Guanarteme (the name for the king) and he moved to the kingdom of Gáldar, on the northern part of the island. At the time, the island of Gran Canaria was divided into two kingdoms, Telde in the south and Gáldar in the north. He led a detachment situated in the northern zone that offered great resistance to the invasion at Mount Doramas, which carries his name in honor to this day. He reaped great success as the head of the Canary army, and it turned him into a charismatic leader in the aborigine resistance.

paragraph: Because of the great fame that Doramas won in the war, the Castilian captain Pedro de Vera began a decisive campaign against him personally, attacking him on his home turf. On August 20, 1481, while engaged in a bruising battle in the region of Arucas, Doramas fell victim to a lance-wound and died. His severed head was exhibited in the city of Las Palmas as a warning to the population. The Battle of Arucas ended on November 30, 1481, between the warriors and the troops of Pedro de Vera. Subsequently, Grand Canary was incorporated into the Crown of Castille on April 29, 1483.

paragraph: Since the war, the baptisms of descendants of certain nobles have included a ceremony in which they are conferred another name in memory of their Canary origin. Doramas's descendants have been given the surname "Oramas," one of the few of true Canary origin that survive into the present day.

description: Warrior of the Canary Islands

wikidata_label: Doramas

wikipedia_title: Doramas


text: Spanish

text: Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell

text: Ramon Sender

text: Obama campaign logo

text: La tesis de Nancy

text: El bandido adolescente

text: Requiem for a Spanish Peasant

text: Profile

text: Biography

categories: Spanish anarchists,Aragonese writers,Guggenheim Fellows,1982 deaths,Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico,People from Bajo Cinca,Spanish male writers,1902 births,Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction),Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France

paragraph: Ramón J. Sender

paragraph: Ramón José Sender Garcés (February 3, 1901 – January 16, 1982) was a Spanish novelist, essayist and journalist. Several of his works were translated into English by the distinguished zoologist, Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell, including "Seven Red Sundays (Siete domingos rojos)", "Mr Witt Among the Rebels (Mr Witt en el cantón)" and "The War in Spain (Contraataque)".

paragraph: Sender's son is the composer and writer Ramon Sender. One of his several grandchildren is Sol Sender, a designer best known for his work on the Obama campaign logo.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:In Spanish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imán" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Siete domingos rojos" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Witt en el cantón" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contraataque" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El lugar de un hombre" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mexicayotl" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crónica del alba" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La esfera" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El rey y la reina" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El verdugo afable" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mosén Millán" (1953) (republished later in 1960 renamed as "Requiem por un campesino español")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bizancio" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La tesis de Nancy" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El bandido adolescente" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La aventura equinoccial de Lope de Aguirre" (1968)

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:In English Translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Witt Among the Rebels" (1937) Original Spanish: "Mr. Witt en el cantón"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Red Sundays" (1938) Original Spanish: "Siete domingos rojos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The War in Spain: A Personal Narrative" (1937) Original Spanish: "Contraataque"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicle of Dawn" (1945) Original Spanish: "Crónica del alba"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Requiem for a Spanish Peasant" (1960) Original Spanish: "Requiem por un campesino español"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Affable Hangman" (1964) Original Spanish: "El verdugo afable"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramón J. Sender: One of the most important Spanish expatriate writers

alias:
Ramón Sender
Ramon J. Sender
Ramon Sender

description: Spanish writer

wikidata_label: Ramón J. Sender

wikipedia_title: Ramón J. Sender


text: House of Hohenzollern

text: Burgrave

text: Nuremberg

text: Frederick III

text: Ascanian

text: Albert I of Saxony

text: burgraviate

text: John I

text: Albert I of Germany

text: Imperial Army

text: Battle of Lucka

text: Wettin

text: Frederick I of Meissen

text: Dietrich IV of Lustia

text: Wittelsbach

text: Louis the Bavarian

text: Battle of Mühldorf

text: Habsburg

text: Frederick the Fair

text: Ansbach

text: Principality of Ansbach

text: John II

text: Görz-Tyrol

text: Meinhard of Carinthia

text: John II, Burgrave of Nuremberg

text: Conrad III of Nuremberg

text: Frederick

text: Bishop of Regensburg

text: Albert "der Schöne"

text: Swantibor III, Duke of Pomerania

text: Willibaldsburg

text: Eichstädt

text: Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Otto V of Orlamünde

text: Ulrich I of Leuchtenberg

text: Berthold V of Neuffen

text: Marstetten

text: Graisbach

text: Werdenberg

text: Heiligenberg

text: Eberhard of Wertheim

categories: 1332 deaths,Burgraves of Nuremberg,1287 births

paragraph: Frederick IV, Burgrave of Nuremberg

paragraph: Frederick IV of Nuremberg (1287–1332) from the House of Hohenzollern was Burgrave of Nuremberg from 1300 to 1332. He was the younger son of Burgrave Frederick III from his second marriage with the Ascanian princess Helene, daughter of Duke Albert I of Saxony.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He succeeded to the burgraviate when his elder brother John I died in 1300. In 1307, he and King Albert I of Germany led an Imperial Army into the Battle of Lucka against the Wettin margraves Frederick I of Meissen and Dietrich IV of Lustia, and were defeated. Frederick IV fought more successfully alongside the Wittelsbach king Louis the Bavarian at the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322, capturing the Habsburg rival Frederick the Fair.

paragraph: In 1331 he purchased the town of Ansbach, nucleus of the later Hohenzollern Principality of Ansbach established in 1398. A year later Frederick died, and was succeeded by his son, John II.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: He married before 2 August 1307 Margaret of Görz-Tyrol, a granddaughter of Duke Meinhard of Carinthia. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. John II, Burgrave of Nuremberg (–1357).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Conrad III of Nuremberg (d. 1334).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Frederick (d. 1365), Bishop of Regensburg in 1340-1365.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Albert "der Schöne" (d. 1361); his daughter Anna of Nuremberg married Swantibor III, Duke of Pomerania.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Berthold (1320–1365, Willibaldsburg), Bishop of Eichstädt in 1354-1365, Chancellor to Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Helene (d. after 1374), married to:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Count Otto V of Orlamünde;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. 1341/46 Count Henry VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Anna (d. after 1340), married Ulrich I of Leuchtenberg.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Margarete (d. after 13 November 1382), married 1332 Adolph I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Agnes (d. after 1363), married to:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. in 1336 Berthold V of Neuffen, Count of Marstetten and Graisbach;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. ca. 1343 Albrecht II of Werdenberg and Heiligenberg.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Katharina (d. after 11 March 1373), married in 1338 to Eberhard of Wertheim.

description: Burgrave of Nuremberg

wikidata_label: Frederick IV

wikipedia_title: Frederick IV, Burgrave of Nuremberg


text:
businessman
stock car racing
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
Toyota Tundra
DGR-Crosley
Crosley Brands
Western Kentucky University
Powel Crosley Jr.
Salem Speedway
Salem Municipal Airport
Will Kimmel
AMA Motocross Championship
Sports Car Club of America
Mark Gibson
Daytona International Speedway
ARCA Racing Series

categories: People from Catawba County, North Carolina,NASCAR drivers,ARCA Menards Series drivers,1963 births,21st-century American racing drivers,Living people

paragraph: Bo LeMastus

paragraph: James "Bo" LeMastus (born January 8, 1963) is an American businessman, and professional stock car racing driver and team owner. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, driving the Nos. 17 and 54 Toyota Tundras for DGR-Crosley. LeMastus is the CEO of Crosley Brands.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: LeMastus began as an intern at Modern Marketing Concepts in 1983, while studying for a business degree at Western Kentucky University. LeMastus later became CEO of the company. In 1994, the company acquired the Crosley name from the former company operated by Powel Crosley Jr..

paragraph: In October 1998, LeMastus and a group of investors purchased the defunct Charlestown Motor Speedway stock car track in Indiana, converting it into the Podium One Motoplex motocross track. In 2018, LeMastus purchased Salem Speedway and the adjacent Salem Municipal Airport in Indiana, partnering with fellow ARCA drivers Bill and Will Kimmel in the venture.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:ARCA Racing Series.

paragraph: LeMastus initially competed in the AMA Motocross Championship from 1987 to 1999. He later competed in Sports Car Club of America-sanctioned road course racing. In 2013, LeMastus purchased the equipment of Mark Gibson Racing and made his stock car debut at Daytona International Speedway in the ARCA Racing Series. He ran his first full season in the series in 2015, finishing sixth in points.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Camping World Truck Series.

paragraph: In 2018, LeMastus made his debut in the season-opener at Daytona. He was involved in a pile-up, and ended up finishing 30th after starting 16th.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:Camping World Truck Series.

paragraph: Season still in progressbr

description: American auto racing driver

wikidata_label: Bo LeMastus

wikipedia_title: Bo LeMastus


text:
prelate
Roman Catholic Church
Bishop of Dunedin
Invercargill
Central Southland College, Winton
fitter and turner
Otago University
St. Mary's Basilica, Invercargill
Gore
Holy Cross Seminary
Green Island
vicar general
Pope Francis
Colin Campbell
Colin Campbell
Apostolic Nuncio

wikipedia_title:
Prelate
Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunedin
Invercargill
Winton, New Zealand
Machinist
University of Otago
St. Mary's Basilica, Invercargill
Gore, New Zealand
Holy Cross College, New Zealand
Green Island, New Zealand
Vicar general
Pope Francis
Colin Campbell (New Zealand bishop)
Colin Campbell (New Zealand bishop)
Nuncio

categories: Roman Catholic bishops of Dunedin,1961 births,New Zealand Roman Catholic bishops,People from Invercargill,Living people

paragraph: Michael Dooley

paragraph: Michael Joseph Dooley (born 13 December 1961) is a New Zealand prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was appointed as the 7th Bishop of Dunedin, New Zealand on 22 February 2017, ordained bishop on 26 April 2018 and installed on 27 April 2018.

paragraph: Dooley was born in Invercargill, the son of Joseph Dooley and Mary Hogan. He was educated at Heddon Bush Primary School and Central Southland College, Winton. He completed an apprenticeship as a fitter and turner before studying for a Bachelor of Theology at Otago University while he was at Holy Cross Seminary, then located at Mosgiel. He then completed a Master of Theology at Melbourne College of Divinity.

paragraph: Dooley was an assistant priest at St. Mary's Basilica, Invercargill and at Gore. After completing his Masters degree in theology in Melbourne, he was parish priest of Mosgiel where he was also Director at the Holy Cross Formation Centre. He then became Formator and Spiritual Director at Holy Cross Seminary in Auckland. On returning to Dunedin, he was again parish priest of Mosgiel and Green Island. He was appointed vicar general of the Dunedin diocese in 2016. On 22 February 2018, Dooley was appointed by Pope Francis to succeed Colin Campbell, on his retirement, as the 7th Bishop of Dunedin.

paragraph: Dooley has said that he follows Pope Francis' views that instead of having a fortress mentality, it was better to engage with the world with a positive message of what the church may offer, like the gospel, to people in their everyday lives and to help the vulnerable in society and the poor which are "definitely what [Pope Francis] would want us to be more concerned about." Dooley has expressed his opposition to euthanasia.

paragraph: Dooley was ordained Bishop at the Dunedin Town Hall on 26 April 2018 and installed the next day. The principal consecrator was his predecessor, Colin Campbell and the principal co-consecrators were Cardinal Dew and Archbishop Martin Krebs, the Apostolic Nuncio.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Diocese of Dunedin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bishop Michael Dooley", "Catholic Hierarchy"

description: 20th and 21st-century Catholic Bishop of Dunedin

wikidata_label: Michael Joseph Dooley

wikipedia_title: Michael Dooley


text:
maharaja
Kingdom of Mysore
Devaraja Wodeyar I
Devaraja Wodeyar I
Venkoji
Raja of Tanjore
Shivaji
ryot
Indra
Shaivite
Nanjanagudu
Venkoji
Bangalore
Trichinopoly
Aurangzeb
firangi
Midagesi
Palni
Anaimalai
Kodagu
Baramahals
Salem
Venkoji
Trichnopoly
History of Mysore and Coorg, 1565–1760

categories: 1704 deaths,Kings of Mysore,1645 births,Wadiyar dynasty

paragraph: Chikka Devaraja

paragraph: Devaraja Wodeyar II (Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar; 22 Sept 1645 – 16 Nov 1704) was the fourteenth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1673 to 1704. During this time, Mysore saw further significant expansion after his predecessors. During his rule, centralised military power increased to an unprecedented degree for the region.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Chikka Devaraja was born on 22 September 1645, the eldest son of Maharani Amrit Ammani and Dodda Deva Raja (Devaraja Wodeyar I's elder brother), who had been the governor of a Mysore Kingdom town. He succeeded his uncle, Devaraja Wodeyar I upon the latter's death on 11 February 1673. He was installed on the Mysore throne on 28 February 1673. He continued his predecessor's expansion by conquering Maddagiri, thereby making Mysore contiguous to the Carnatic-Bijapur-Balaghat province administered by Venkoji, the Raja of Tanjore, and Shivaji's half-brother.

paragraph: Section::::Taxation and the Jangama massacre.

paragraph: In the first decade of his rule, Chikka Devaraja introduced various petty taxes that were mandatory for the peasants, but those from which his soldiers were exempted. The unusually high taxes and the intrusive nature of his regime created wide protests in the ryots which had the support of the Jangama priests in the Virasaiva monasteries. According to , a slogan of the protests was: "Basavanna the Bull tills the forest land; Devendra Indra gives the rains;brWhy should we, the ones who grow crops through hard labour, pay taxes to the king?"

paragraph: According to unverified sources, the king, resolving upon a "treacherous massacre", used the stratagem of inviting over 400 priests to a grand feast at the famous Shaivite centre of "Nanjanagudu", and upon its conclusion having them first receive gifts and then exit one at a time through a narrow lane, whereupon his royal wrestlers strangled each exiting priest. This 'sanguinary measure' had the effect of stopping all protests to the new taxes. Around this time, in 1687, Devaraja Wodeyar II also made an agreement with Venkoji to formally purchase Bangalore town for Rs. 3 lakhs.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with the Mughal empire.

paragraph: The Mughals, under Aurangzeb, invaded Vijayanagara region and, having conquered the Maratha-Bijapur province of Carnatic-Bijapur-Balaghat (of which Bangalore was a part), made it a part of the Mughal province of Sira. The payment for Bangalore was consequently made to Qasim Khan, the Mughal "Faujdar Diwan" of Sira and, through him, Devaraja Wodeyar II "assiduously cultivated an alliance" with Aurangzeb. He also soon turned his attention to the regions to his south which were less the objects of Moghul interest. The regions around Baramahal and Salem below the Eastern Ghats were now annexed by Mysore, and in 1694, were extended by the addition of regions to the west up to the Baba Budan Mountains. Two years later, Devaraja Wodeyar II attacked the lands of the Naiks of Madura and laid a siege of Trichinopoly. Soon, however, Qasim Khan, his Mughal liaison, died. With the intention of either renewing his Mughal connexions or seeking Mughal recognition of his southern conquests, Devaraja Wodeyar II sent an embassy to Aurangzeb, at Ahmadnagar. In response, in 1700, the Mughal emperor sent the Mysore maharaja a signet ring seal bearing the title ""Jug Deo Raj"" (literally, "lord and king of the world"), and permission to sit on an ivory throne, and also a sword from Aurangzeb's personal regalia, a firangi, with gold etching on the hilt, to be used as a sword of the State by the Mysore maharajas, while seated on the ivory throne. Devaraja Wodeyar II, at this time, also reorganised his administration into eighteen departments, which, even today, is famous as the 'athaara kacheri' (eighteen departments), in "imitation of what the envoys had seen at the Mughal court." When the maharaja died on 16 November 1704, his dominions extended from Midagesi in the north to Palni and Anaimalai in the south, and from Kodagu and Balam in the west to Baramahals in the east.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: According to , the state that Devaraja Wodeyar II left for his son was "at one and the same time a strong and a weak state." Although it had uniformly expanded in size from the mid-seventeenth century to the early eighteenth, it had done so as a result of alliances that tended to hinder the very stability of the expansions. Some of the southeastern conquests described above (such as of Salem), although involving regions that were not of direct interest to the Mughals, were nonetheless the result of alliances with Mughal "Faujdar Diwan" of Sira and with Venkoji, the Maratha ruler of Tanjore. For example, the siege of Trichnopoly had to be abandoned because the alliance had begun to rupture. Similarly, in addition to receiving a signet ring and a sword described above, a consequence of the embassy sent to Aurangzeb in the Deccan in 1700 was a formal subordination to Mughal authority and a requirement to pay annual tribute. There is evidence, too, that the administrative reforms mentioned above might have been a direct result of Mughal influence.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Mysore and Coorg, 1565–1760

description: ruler of Mysore

wikidata_label: Chikka Devaraja

wikipedia_title: Chikka Devaraja


text:
Basel
Johann Bernoulli
France
eloquence
the university of his native city
aether
P. L. M. de Maupertuis
Johann
Jakob
Bernoulli family

categories: 1710 births,People from Basel-Stadt,Bernoulli family,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,1790 deaths,Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians,18th-century Swiss mathematicians

paragraph: Johann II Bernoulli

paragraph: Johann II Bernoulli (18 May 1710, Basel – 17 July 1790, Basel; also known as Jean) was the youngest of the three sons of Johann Bernoulli. He studied law and mathematics, and, after travelling in France, was for five years professor of eloquence in the university of his native city. In 1736 he was awarded the prize of the French Academy for his suggestive studies of aether. On the death of his father he succeeded him as professor of mathematics in the University of Basel. He was thrice a successful competitor for the prizes of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. His prize subjects were the capstan, the propagation of light, and the magnet. He enjoyed the friendship of P. L. M. de Maupertuis, who died under his roof while on his way to Berlin. He himself died in 1790. His two sons, Johann and Jakob, are the last noted mathematicians of the Bernoulli family.

alias:
Johann Bernoulli
Jean Bernoulli
Jean Bernouilli

description: Swiss mathematician

wikidata_label: Johann II Bernoulli

wikipedia_title: Johann II Bernoulli


text:
maharaja
Kingdom of Mysore
Raja Wodeyar II
Raja Wodeyar I
Srirangapatna
Adil Shahi
Bijapur
Satyamangalam
Nayaks of Madurai
Piriyapatna
Hosur
Salem
Kempe Gowda
Magadi
Yelahanka
Sriranga III
sati
Catholic
missionaries
southern India
Malabar coast
Kanara coast
Coromandel coast
Srirangapatna
Jesuit
Goa
Christianity
Madras Presidency
British India
Kannada language
Tamil Nadu
History of Mysore and Coorg, 1565–1760

categories: 1610s births,1659 deaths,Wadiyar dynasty

paragraph: Kanthirava Narasaraja I

paragraph: Kanthirava Narasaraja Wodeyar I (Ranadhira Kanteerava Narasa Raja Wodeyar) (1615-31 July 1659) was the twelfth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1638 to 1659.

paragraph: Section::::Accession.

paragraph: The previous ruler, Raja Wodeyar II, Kanthirava Narasaraja Wodeyar's cousin, was poisoned on the orders of his "dalvoy" (commander-in-chief), Vikramaraya, within a year of becoming the maharaja. The 23-year-old Kanthirava Narasaraja I, who had earlier been adopted by the widow of Raja Wodeyar I, became, in 1638, the new "maharaja" of Mysore. Before becoming the king of Mysore, he lived in Terakanambi near Gundalpet, Chamarajanagar District.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: Soon after his accession, he was called on to defend Srirangapatna against the invasions of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur, a defence which he mounted with great loss for the enemy. In the fashion of the two "wodeyars" before him, he continued to expand the Mysore dominions. This included taking Satyamangalam from the Nayaks of Madurai in the south, unseating the Chingalvas from their base in Piriyapatna in the west, gaining possession of Hosur (near Salem) to the north, and delivering a major blow to the remnant rule of Kempe Gowda of Magadi's henchmen at Yelahanka, from whom a large tribute was exacted. Kanthirava Narasaraja I was also the first "wodeyar" of Mysore to create the symbols associated with royalty, such as the royal coats of arms, establishing mints, and issuing coins named Kanthiraya (corrupted to "Canteroy") after him. These were to remain part of Mysore's 'current national money' for well over a century.

paragraph: Section::::Dissolution of the Vijayanagara Empire.

paragraph: Although the Vijayanagara Empire has succumbed to rampages and forages of the Bahamani and Deccan Sultanates, Kanthirava Narasaraja Wodeyar, himself a Hindu king, continued to recognise the Vijayanagara Empire and its namesake emperor Sriranga III. But by then, Sriranga III had completely lost power and control over the empire.

paragraph: Kanthirava Narasaraja I had ten wives. He died on 31 July 1659, at the age of 44. At his funeral, all his surviving wives committed sati.

paragraph: Section::::Early Christianity in Mysore.

paragraph: Catholic missionaries, which had arrived in the coastal areas of southern India—the Malabar coast, the Kanara coast, and the Coromandel coast—starting early in the sixteenth century, did not begin work in land-locked Mysore until halfway through the seventeenth. The Mysore mission was established in Srirangapatna in 1649 by Leonardo Cinnami, an Italian Jesuit from Goa. Although a few years later Cinnami was expelled from Mysore on account of opposition in Kanthirava's court, the ruler himself was not seen by the Jesuits as unsympathetic, and towards the end of Kanthirava's rule, Cinnami returned to establish missions in half a dozen locations. During his second stay, Cinnami obtained permission to convert Kanthirava's subjects to Christianity; however, he was successful mostly in the eastern regions of Kanthirava's dominions, regions that later became part of the Madras Presidency of British India. notes, "...Of a reported 1700 converts in the Mysore mission in the mid-1660s, a mere quarter were "Kannadigas" (Kannada language speakers), the rest being Tamil speakers from the western districts of modern-day Tamil Nadu...".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: Wodeyar ruler of Mysore

wikidata_label: Kanthirava Narasaraja I

wikipedia_title: Kanthirava Narasaraja I