text: District of Columbia

text: Puerto Rico

text: U.S. state

text: Library of Congress

text: Leaksville, North Carolina

text: Thomas Carter

text: Billy Graham

text: Benny Carter

text: Margaret Mitchell

text: Museum and Archives of Rockingham County (MARC)

text: Wentworth, North Carolina

text: Minnehaha Academy

text: Parsons College

text: Fairfield, Iowa

text: Vietnam

text: Fort Bragg

text: Fayetteville, North Carolina

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts

text: WPHL-TV

text: Bill "Wee Willie" Webber

text: "Philadelphia Inquirer"

text: posttraumatic stress disorder

text: KYW-TV

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: WMAL

text: Greater Washington Board of Trade

text: Oktoberfest

text: Soviet Union

text: Pentax K1000

text: single-lens reflex camera

text: Kiev

text: Siberia

text: American University

text: Corcoran College of Art and Design

text: Willard Hotel

text: Frances Benjamin Johnston

text: Mathew Brady

text: Voice of America

text: cibachrome

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: Annie E. Casey Foundation

text: doo wop

text: Random House

text: National Trust for Historic Preservation

text: September 11 attacks

text: Houston

text: White Mountains

text: National Geographic

text: U.S. Route 66

text: Alabama

text: Frances Benjamin Johnston

text: Dorothea Lange

text: Kern County, California

text: John Steinbeck

text: The Grapes of Wrath

text: American Institute of Architects

text: Mauna Kea Beach Hotel

text: Hawaii Island

text: General Services Administration

text: Great Depression

text: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

text: Farnsworth House

text: Philip Johnson

text: Glass House

text: Drayton Hall

text: Shadows-on-the-Teche

text: Carl Sandburg

text: U.S. Postal Service

text: Jefferson Memorial

text: Getty Images

text: Alamy

text: Creative Commons

text: General Services Administration

text: National Park Service

text: American Institute of Architects

text: America's Favorite Architecture

text: Carol M. Highsmith Collection at the Library of Congress

text: This is America! Foundation Web site featuring Highsmith images of America

categories: Photographers from Minnesota,American people of Irish descent,21st-century American photographers,Photographers from North Carolina,American women photographers,1946 births,Writers from Minnesota,20th-century American photographers,20th-century American women artists,University of Pennsylvania alumni,People from Eden, North Carolina,Architectural photographers,Living people,American University alumni

paragraph: Carol M. Highsmith

paragraph: Carol McKinney Highsmith (born Carol Louise McKinney on May 18, 1946) is an American photographer, author, and publisher who has photographed in all the states of the United States, as well as the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. She photographs the entire American vista (including landscapes, architecture, urban and rural life, and people in their work environments) in all fifty U.S. states as a record of the early 21st century.

paragraph: Highsmith is donating her life's work of more than 100,000 images, royalty-free, to the Library of Congress, which established a rare, one-person archive.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and studies.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and studies.:Childhood.

paragraph: Carol Louise McKinney was born to Luther Carlton McKinney and Ruth Ragsdale Carter in Leaksville, North Carolina near the large tobacco farm owned by her maternal grandparents, Yancey Ligon Carter and Mary Elizabeth Morton. Her mother's family descends from the colonist Thomas Carter. Her father was a manufacturer representative and her mother worked for Billy Graham. She was a first cousin of the visual artist Benny Carter. In an hour-long interview with C-Span founder and host Brian Lamb on July 17, 2011, Highsmith spoke extensively of her childhood in Minneapolis and her summers spent in the South. She and her sister Sara would spend the first half on her maternal grandmother's North Carolina tobacco farm and the second half in a starkly different world of chauffeurs and house servants among the elite of Atlanta, Georgia. Her paternal grandmother, also named Sara McKinney, was a friend of Margaret Mitchell and other society women, she told Lamb. "We'd spend every day at someone's pool or country club," Highsmith said. "Opera played on the radio. Grandmother taught us manners and etiquette—to sit up straight, eat with our mouths closed, hold the soup spoon just so."

paragraph: Actually, Highsmith continued, her rural "granny" in North Carolina was wealthier than her refined grandmother in Atlanta. "Granny and Granddad owned a large and successful tobacco farm," Highsmith said. "Grandmother and grandfather, had lost everything [including his furniture business] in two fires and the Great Depression. But grandmother's friends made like nothing had happened. They'd have her to dinner, play bridge and canasta, even take her on cruises to Europe and have their chauffeurs drive her as if she were still part of the aristocracy."

paragraph: Highsmith told C-Span that the influence of her father, a traveling salesman, and her own annual travels through several states to reach her grandmothers imbued her with a fascination about America, "especially roadside America. The old car in which my mother would drive Sara and me South would break down every year, it seemed, in little towns. We'd have to stay overnight in little motels and above the kinds of old gas stations I love to photograph today."

paragraph: In February 2012, Carol Highsmith returned to her birth city in North Carolina to record a tape about her childhood experiences that would be played four months later at the opening of the Museum and Archives of Rockingham County (MARC) in Wentworth, North Carolina. The museum's newsletter called it "the journey of a hometown girl." Highsmith's summer trips to her granny's farm "left an indelible memory of carefree days, delicious food, and wonderful times with family and friends," it continued. Highsmith's experiences in rural Rockingham County were chronicled in a lengthy feature story about her life and career in the Greensboro, N.C., "News & Record" on August 5, 2017. The article, by Dawn DeCwikiel-Kane, included Highsmith's reflection on the significance of her (then) 25-year donation of more than 42,000 images to the Library of Congress: "'It's my legacy,' she said. "But it's our [nation's] legacy.'" The story, entitled "America's Photographer," won a 2017 first-place award in the Profile Feature category in an annual contest sponsored by the North Carolina Press Association.

paragraph: Carol Highsmith (then McKinney) graduated from Minnehaha Academy in Minneapolis in 1964, then spent a year in college at the now-defunct Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa. In a 2013 profile of Highsmith, the Minnehaha Academy alumni magazine, the "Arrow," quoted Highsmith:

paragraph: At Parsons College, Carol McKinney met Mark Highsmith, an artist from Queens, N.Y., who soon graduated and enlisted in the Army. The couple married in Minneapolis, then moved to Columbus, Georgia, where Mark Highsmith was stationed at Fort Benning. Upon his deployment to Vietnam in 1966, Carol Highsmith moved to Queens after securing a position at Peters Griffin Woodward, a national radio "rep" firm in Manhattan. As an assistant traffic manager at its Park Avenue offices, she logged advertisements for radio stations across the country. It was Highsmith's introduction to her first career in the broadcasting business.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and studies.:Early marriage and career.

paragraph: When Mark Highsmith returned from Vietnam in 1967, he was assigned to Fort Bragg, and the couple briefly moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina. Shortly thereafter, Mark Highsmith was discharged from the Army, and the Highsmiths relocated to Philadelphia, where he enrolled in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Carol Highsmith worked at WPHL-TV, the home of the "Summertime at the Pier," a teenage dance show hosted by Philadelphia disc jockey Ed Hurst on Atlantic City's Steel Pier in nearby New Jersey.

paragraph: Highsmith wrote promotional copy and produced shows. One of her jobs was to assist Bill "Wee Willie" Webber on his children's show, the "Colorful Cartoon Club." Highsmith was pictured in a "Philadelphia Inquirer" advertisement for the station, strumming a guitar. "Take Over a TV Station (for 50 seconds)," the ad copy read. "TV 17 doesn't care who you are. How old you are. Or how you think. As long as you or your group can write and sing music... So if you really care, stop griping. And start writing."

paragraph: In 1969, Highsmith heard on the radio, at a time when stations were reporting such events, that her husband had committed suicide in his art studio. Mark had returned from Vietnam with posttraumatic stress disorder.

paragraph: Determined to get her college degree, she moved to KYW-TV in broadcast sales. KYW paid for more college coursework at the University of Pennsylvania, on nights and weekends.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Broadcasting.

paragraph: In 1976, Highsmith moved to Washington, D.C., and spent six years as a senior account executive for radio station WMAL while taking classes at American University. She served on boards of directors including that of the Greater Washington Board of Trade

paragraph: By 1979, Highsmith won a national contest initiated by the Radio Advertising Bureau in New York for the nation's most unusual sales effort. This stemmed from broadcasts from London and the Oktoberfest in Germany that she had devised and organized. She traveled with the broadcast team on both trips. ABC ran a full-page ad in the "The New York Times" promoting one of the broadcasts from London.

paragraph: One year at Oktoberfest in Munich, she recalled in a portfolio of her life's "experiential learning" that she would submit for college credits at American University, "we broadcast from a different beer tent each night from a table with 6,000 drunk Germans singing around us. Since we had a language barrier, we could not easily interview people as we had [on another trip] in London. However, we did arrange some interesting interviews with Germans who spoke English. We interspersed the live cut-ins with German tunes, and our loyal listeners joined in back home."

paragraph: Soon photography would rise to the forefront of her life. The career change began in 1980, when she was named WMAL's Employee of the Year. Highsmith decided to apply the $1,000 prize award toward a trip to the Soviet Union. A longtime client gave her an inexpensive Pentax K1000, a small, manual-focus single-lens reflex camera that shoots 35-millimeter film. Highsmith snapped photographs from Kiev to eastern Siberia.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Beginning of photography.

paragraph: Back in the States working as a senior account executive in broadcasting, Highsmith was determined to further explore photography while completing an undergraduate degree. She studied photography at American University under Professor Anne Zelle and took night-school photography classes, taught by photographer Frank DiPerna, at the Corcoran College of Art and Design.

paragraph: DiPerna assigned each class member to photograph a model in an unusual location in metropolitan Washington. Highsmith chose the crumbling Willard Hotel, which had been closed since 1968. Her mostly black-and-white photos taken there reaffirmed her eye for detail and solidified her interest in photographic art.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Carol M. Highsmith and Frances Benjamin Johnston.

paragraph: It was at the Willard that Highsmith first learned of Frances Benjamin Johnston, and where she began her photography career. The once-opulent hotel was deserted, stripped of its furnishings and fixtures, and slated for demolition. "[The Willard's] main tenant was a bum who was setting fires on the sixth floor," Highsmith told the "New York Times" when the newspaper recounted the hotel's long history in 2006. "There were rats the sizes of cats. If I didn't take pictures, what would it look like in a few more years?" In its Winter 1995 issue, "Old House Interiors" magazine also quoted her: "I started to think, if this can happen to America's Main Street, what other buildings are decaying that we don't even know about, and who's documenting them?".

paragraph: Frances Benjamin Johnston became Highsmith's professional inspiration. Johnston, too, had done a full study of the Beaux-Arts hotel in 1901, when it expanded from 100 to 389 rooms. When the decrepit Willard was finally saved through the efforts of a spirited "Don't Tear it Down" campaign, and then restored for its reopening in 1986, the only record available to those who re-created many of the hotel's lavish features were Johnston's faded, black-and-white images. Not a single blueprint or artist's drawing had survived the gutting of the historic hotel.

paragraph: "I was sucked into a moment of history," the Washington area's Journal newspapers quoted Highsmith in a 1988 profile. "I didn't care if I got paid. I didn't care if I ate. I had to take those photographs. When the Willard opened, people called me from all over the world. I was the only one who had any images of the famous hotel."

paragraph: For a year after the grand hotel re-opened, it displayed an extensive exhibit of Highsmith and Johnston's work in an alcove off the "Peacock Alley" corridor. That exhibit remains as a permanent collection in smaller form.

paragraph: In 2006, the American Institute of Architects would mount a four-month comparative exhibit of Highsmith and Johnston's work called "Two Windows on the Willard." Like another AIA one-person exhibit of Highsmith's work, titled "Structures of our Times: 31 Buildings That Changed Modern Life" in 2002, the "Two Windows" study traveled to several locations across the country.

paragraph: By that time, Highsmith was well into her photography career, having left radio behind in 1984. She had pieced together a small, primarily architectural, photography practice.

paragraph: In a 1987 "Washington Post" story headlined, "Doing What Comes Naturally," Don Oldenburg wrote of Highsmith's mid-career change:

paragraph: "'You just sit and stare into space and think about what you'd really like to be doing,' the 41-year-old District resident recalls of her final months at WMAL radio five years ago. That was before she quit to make her dream career come true. She wanted to be a photographer...

paragraph: "Ironically, those dreams of the ideal occupation that now and then distract most people from the workday grind, have traditionally been derided as detours from the American Dream. Those few individuals who actually act on their career fantasies have long been considered ne'er-do-wells, malingerers and daydreamers. Until they succeed. . . . 'It carved out a niche for me,' says Highsmith from her studio at 13th and G streets NW, where she employs seven assistants and charges up to $1,500 a day. The Willard photographs already are destined to become part of the photographic archives of architecture at the Library of Congress. Highsmith says she still gets goose bumps to think she's a professional photographer.

paragraph: "Bob Swain believes that people like Highsmith, who make their fantasies their business, are 'the wave of the very near future.' The chairman of Swain & Swain Inc., a New York outplacement firm, bases that prediction partly on a recent survey he conducted of his clients—predominantly midlevel managers and professionals who have been 'displaced' by their corporations and sent to Swain for career counseling.

paragraph: "'Eighty-two percent of them admitted wanting to do something like that ... there is clearly a tendency to fantasize,' says Swain. 'Eighteen percent actually do it.'"

paragraph: Asked her personal motto by the "Washington Times" in 1989 in one of the newspaper's periodic profile of "doers," Highsmith replied, "A little hard work never hurt anyone."

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Various projects.

paragraph: Highsmith landed a contract to photograph another building on Pennsylvania Avenue. It was a turreted building called Sears House, where Mathew Brady had operated the studios in which he and his assistants photographed Washington luminaries during and after the Civil War. Her work at Sears House would lead to Highsmith's first photographic honor, a 1985 Award of Excellence from Communication Arts magazine.

paragraph: In 1987, Highsmith's tie to "The Avenue of Presidents" solidified when she was hired by the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Commission to document its wave of renovations on the avenue.

paragraph: "Pennsylvania Avenue: America's Main Street", published by the American Institute of Architects' AIA Press in 1988, became the first of her dozens of books. Detailing the transition of the avenue's south side into the "Federal Triangle" and the methodical redevelopment of its shoddy north side, the book was augmented by historic photographs and a text by Ted Landphair—who had been WMAL's news director in the 1970s but barely knew Highsmith before leaving the station to work in other markets.

paragraph: When Landphair returned to Washington to join the Voice of America in 1986, he and Highsmith reconnected, and they married two years later as the Pennsylvania Avenue book was going to press. Carol M. Highsmith had added a collaborator husband and four stepchildren to her busy life.

paragraph: "As you both know, it took forty years, eight presidents, and a great succession of Congressional enactments" to "revive the Avenue," U.S. Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who had spearheaded Pennsylvania Avenue's renovation since his days as an aide to President John F. Kennedy in the 1960s, wrote Highsmith and Landphair in 2000. "And you deserve a considerable share of the credit."

paragraph: In 1992, the Library of Congress accepted 500 of Highsmith's photographs as the first installment of her continuing work to document architectural transitions in the nation's capital. The collection would grow and become nationwide as Highsmith began to travel to other states to produce photographs for her books on American cities, states, and regions.

paragraph: That same year, 1992, the D.C. Preservation League exhibited Highsmith's cibachrome photos of Washington historic landmarks. "Her camera peers into dark, shaded porches in a shot of turn-of-the-century houses ... then glances down the clapboards of spare, wooden row houses build a decade before," the "Washington Post" reported. "With the exception of a canal boat gliding along the C&O [Canal], there's nothing touristy here. It's Washington as the locals know it."

paragraph: And in 1992 as well, the National Endowment for the Arts presented Highsmith with its largest individual grant, a $20,000 Design Arts fellowship and individual project award. The award funded her and Landphair's travels to the western United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, to photograph examples of historic restoration for the "America Restored" book.

paragraph: Highsmith deepened her affinity for architecture by documenting various stages of buildings' renewal for contractors, architects, and developers. "Shooting enormous spaces in uncertain lighting conditions, her large format images reveal high quality and fine detail, capturing the splendor of the subject matter, be it a building in the midst of destruction or the elegance of a formal room," "American Photographers" magazine commented in 1989.

paragraph: From 2000 to 2002, a three-year grant from the Annie E. Casey Foundation enabled Highsmith to photograph disadvantaged families in 22 cities where the foundation is active.

paragraph: Later, the library's online Prints & Photographs Catalog description of the growing Carol M. Highsmith Archive noted that, "starting in 2002, Highsmith provided scans or photographs she shot digitally with new donations to allow rapid online access throughout the world. Her generosity in dedicating the rights to the American people for free access also makes this Archive a very special resource".

paragraph: In March 2009, the Library of Congress profiled four women, including Highsmith, during Women's History Month. The others were suffragist leader Susan B. Anthony, early-20th-century magazine illustrator Elizabeth Shippen Green, and retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.

paragraph: Highsmith's travels took her to more remote destinations, capturing covered bridges from Vermont to Indiana, murals and neon figures, classic cars and old motor courts and a giant blue concrete whale along U.S. Route 66, "doo wop" motels on the New Jersey shore, a mining tipple in Wyoming and shuttered gas stations in Southside Virginia, abandoned steel mills and plantation ruins in Alabama, kudzu-covered barns in the Carolinas, roadside curiosities such as a four-story donut and a giant "Aunt Jemima" that is now a gift shop, storefront churches and drive-in theaters and brick sections of the old National Road alongside a modern interstate highway.

paragraph: From this work, she developed a subspecialty that she calls "Disappearing America." "After interviewing Highsmith as she was photographing the Torrey Pines Golf Course in 2013, "San Diego Union-Tribune" reporter John Wilkens wrote: "She ... has a passion for things that are disappearing, which made the tree the golf course is named after an appealing focal point. The Torrey is the rarest pine in the U.S."

paragraph: "I work every day with a heartfelt commitment to document the living history and built environment of our times," Highsmith told officials of the This is America! Foundation, which is raising funds to send her on yet another 50-state photographic exploration. "I consider my work an indestructible record of our vast nation, including sites that are fast fading, even disappearing, in the wake of growth, development, and decay."

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.

paragraph: According to C. Ford Peatross, director of the Center for Architecture at the Library of Congress, "The donation of Carol Highsmith's photography is one of the greatest acts of generosity in the history of the Library of Congress." In 2013, Peatross told the "San Diego Union-Tribune" newspaper, "[She] is not only taking photographs but creating a permanent record of the country and its people for the common good."

paragraph: On April 28, 2013, the CBS television news magazine "CBS This Morning" featured Highsmith's work in a lengthy segment titled, "Saving America for Posterity at the Library of Congress". CBS Correspondent Martha Teichner told in her report: "Highsmith is at work on a decades-long project photographing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Her pictures, thousands of them, are going to the Library of Congress and are being made available free for anyone to use." The CBS Sunday Morning report continued, "Highsmith's images also capture a disappearing America. Two weeks after she photographed Big Tex, the mascot of the Texas State Fair, he burned down. Her photograph of the New York skyline, just before 9/11, is also in the Library of Congress." CBS included more than 30 of Carol's images in the online version of its report.

paragraph: In its December 2007 issue, the Library of Congress's Information Bulletin included a "Conversation with Carol Highsmith." In the article, Jeremy Adamson, the director of Collections and Services at the library, said, "Highsmith's color images are certainly of the highest technical and artistic quality. But more importantly, she has the uncanny ability to identify, focus on and capture for posterity the essential features of our social landscape and physical environment, both natural and man-made. A photograph by Carol Highsmith is a document of rare precision and beauty, revealing with exacting clarity the look and feel of people and places across our great nation."

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.:Professional photography and publishing.

paragraph: Her work has been featured in more than 50 hardback coffee-table books, most published by Crescent Books, an imprint of Random House in New York, and by Preservation Press, the publishing arm of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

paragraph: Highsmith also photographed, and her publishing company, Chelsea Publishing, Inc., published six additional books: "Forgotten No More", about the Korean War Veterans' Memorial; "Union Station: A Decorative History", about Washington's historic train terminal; "Reading Terminal and Market: Philadelphia's Gateway and Grand Convention Center"; "The Mount Washington: A Century of Grandeur"; and "Houston: Deep in the Heart."

paragraph: Early in her career, Highsmith photographed interior and exterior architecture. But as she and her writer-husband, Ted Landphair, traveled the country to every state and major city to work on the Random House "Photographic Tour" and smaller "Pictorial Souvenir" book series, her scope broadened to be a photographic documentarian. She photographed ordinary people and everyday sites as well as soaring architecture, natural landscapes, national parks and monuments, Civil War battlefields, and engineering marvels.

paragraph: Her book subjects included the cities San Francisco, New Orleans, Washington, and Chicago; New York's five boroughs; the states of Florida, Colorado, and Virginia; the Pacific Northwest and New England Coast; as well as lighthouses, barns, Amish culture, and the Appalachian Trail.

paragraph: In 1998, Random House sent Highsmith and Landphair to Ireland, where they photographed every county of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic, for "Ireland: A Photographic Tour", their only book set outside the United States.

paragraph: In early 2002, Crescent Books published "World Trade Center: Tribute and Remembrance", about the 2001 September 11 attacks in New York and exclusively featuring Highsmith's photographs. She had taken aerial photographs of the Twin Towers two months before they fell.

paragraph: That same year, Highsmith and Landphair collaborated on "Deep in the Heart", a book about Houston, Texas, financed by that city's International Protocol Alliance. They also produced "The Mount Washington: A Century of Grandeur", on the White Mountains resort. Highsmith collaborated with architectural writer Dixie Legler on "Historic Bridges of Maryland", published by that state's department of transportation.

paragraph: In 2007, Highsmith photographed, and author Ryan Coonerty described, 52 monuments and other public sites in a National Geographic book "Etched in Stone".

paragraph: Having previously privately produced a 265-page coffee-table book for the funder of her photographic excursion to the state of Alabama in 2010, Highsmith in 2013 produced a similar book, with a foreword by Librarian of Congress James Billington and short text by California historian Kevin Starr, about the Golden State. Entitled "California," it was published by Chelsea Publishing, Inc., and publicly sold.

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.:Library of Congress.

paragraph: In 2009, the Library of Congress acquired Carol Highsmith's 21st Century America "born digital" collection (photographs that originated in the digital format rather than as film transferred to digital) and expect it to grow to the largest photographic born digital collection at the Library of Congress. This archive, "Carol M. Highsmith's America: Documenting the 21st Century", includes 1,000 images taken across the country. The collection emphasizes what Highsmith calls "Disappearing America," including 200 shots taken along U.S. Route 66 in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma.

paragraph: "The more she travels across the country, the more convinced she is about the need to capture in photographs a rapidly changing America," noted a Library of Congress bulletin. The America I knew is disappearing at lightning speed,' [Highsmith] observed."

paragraph: Highsmith also produced a visual study consisting of more than 400 color digital photographs of the Library of Congress's own, iconic Thomas Jefferson Building, which opened in 1897, toward the end of America's "Gilded Age" of ornate architecture.

paragraph: In February 2010 Highsmith began a journey to photograph every state in the United States—state by state in months-long studies, all in her lifetime in a series to be called "This is America,"—also donating these images, free of royalties, to the Library of Congress. "She acknowledges that getting all 50 is going to take a while—15 more years, by her estimate," would write CityLab magazine, the online publication of "The Atlantic" magazine, five years later. "But Highsmith's not deterred, nor will she narrow her scope. 'Everywhere is important,' she says. 'You tell me I don't need to go to Joplin, Missouri? Things happen. Things change. I will work on this until I die.

paragraph: Highsmith is sometimes called "America's Photographer," most recently in a banner headline in an August 15, 2017 story about her career in the print edition of the Greensboro, North Carolina, "News-Record" newspaper. "So far, Highsmith has donated about 42,000 photographs to the Library of Congress," the newspaper reported. "She aims to donate 100,000 images before she's done. 'It's my legacy," she said. "But it's our [nation's] legacy.'"

paragraph: The first state in Highsmith's "This is America" study Alabama became the George F. Landegger Alabama Library of Congress Collection.

paragraph: George F. Landegger also donated funds to the Library of Congress to document Washington, D.C. neighborhoods and the state of Connecticut. The Connecticut study, intermingled with Highsmith's examinations of the two states (California and Texas) that followed Alabama. The Connecticut work, completed in 2015, culminated in both an archive of Highsmith images in the Library of Congress collection and a coffee-table book, simply titled "Connecticut", published by Chelsea Publishing Inc. the same year.

paragraph: On two photographic expeditions over a six-month period, first in late 2012 and then in early 2013, Highsmith worked in California, producing images for her Library of Congress collection. This body of work, titled The Jon B. Lovelace California Library of Congress Collection, was donated in honor of Lovelace, who died in 2011. Lovelace managed the Capital Group and was chairman of the J. Paul Getty Trust.

paragraph: In an April 16, 2013, news release from the California Department of Parks and Recreation, Jenan Saunders, California's deputy state historic officer, wrote of Highsmith's work in the Golden State, "Highsmith's efforts produced glorious views of California's lush valleys and rocky shores, forbidding deserts, remarkable buildings, bountiful fields and stunning state and national parks. Her eye fell often on California's state parks. There are images from more than 35 California State Parks included in the visual compilation, from Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park on the north coast to Salton Sea State Recreation Area in the south."

paragraph: Also in 2013, Artepublishing, a division of the fine-art book publisher Hugh L. Levin LLC, produced an electronic book, "Great Photographs From the Library of Congress," that included more than 700 images from the library's Prints & Photographs Division. Most were black-and-white historical photos, going back to the Civil War work of Mathew Brady, but 22—more than any devoted to any other photographer—were chosen from Carol M. Highsmith's archive of late-20th- and early-21st-century photographs.

paragraph: In June 2015, Highsmith began work in her fifth and sixth states—Colorado and Wyoming—to be visually studied in depth. The plan for this work calls for return working trips to these states in January 2016 and again in June 2016. These photographic explorations are underwritten by the Gates Frontiers Fund, a private, Colorado-based charitable organization.

paragraph: Upon her return to her Washington, D.C.-area home in October 2015, Highsmith was the keynote speaker in the first of several planned online seminars (or "Webinars,") organized by the Library of Congress's Education Division. She described her career and answered online attendees' questions about possible applications of her collection to the classroom.

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.:Inspiration.

paragraph: Carol M. Highsmith was directly influenced by two female photographers: Frances Benjamin Johnston and Dorothea Lange.

paragraph: Johnston produced studies of southern plantations, African-American and American Indian schools, national parks, and studio portraits of prominent Americans from the 1890s to 1950s. Highsmith became aware of Johnston's work in the early 1980s, following her first significant photography commission that took her into Washington's Willard Hotel in the early 1980s. There, she learned not only that Johnston had photographed the Willard at the time of its grand reopening in 1901, but also that her photos were the only available record from which artisans could recreate its early grandeur when the hotel was once again restored after nearly falling to the wrecker's ball during Highsmith's time there nearly a century later. It was during this time that Highsmith was told about Johnston's donation of her lifetime body of photographic work to the Library of Congress; she immediately informed the Library's Prints & Photographs Division's curators that she intended to do likewise.

paragraph: Lange is remembered for her fieldwork for the federal Farm Security Administration among migrant workers and other dispossessed families during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Decades after Lange's work, Highsmith photographed surviving shacks in the Weedpatch "Okie" camp in Kern County, California, that was the setting for much of John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath".

paragraph: "Two hundred years from now, people might want to study what types of screws were sold, and they will be able to study my images and find detail to understand how things have changed," Highsmith said in 2008 "These photos can tell a million and one stories. That's what sets still photography apart. With such tremendous quality, you can sit for hours and study a photo."

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.:Milestones.

paragraph: In 2007, the American Institute of Architects marked its 150th anniversary by inviting the public to vote on the AIA Web site for their favorite 150 U.S. architectural sites. Once the winners were selected—the Empire State Building finished first—the AIA used existing Highsmith photographs for more than 100 of the sites and commissioned her to photograph all but two of the remaining ones. One of the two—New York's Penn Station, no longer stood, and the other, the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel on Hawaii Island, had been badly damaged in an earthquake; historical photographs illustrated those sites. Enlargements of Highsmith's photos for the "AIA 150" appeared in an exhibit at the Institute's headquarters at the Octagon House in Washington, DC, and remain on the AIA 150 Web site.

paragraph: In April 2009, Highsmith was one of four women included in the Library of Congress's Women's History Month Profiles on its web site.

paragraph: Each year since 1999, Highsmith has photographed monumental federal buildings across the nation for a unit of the General Services Administration, and has separately photographed art in federal buildings, including works commissioned by the Treasury Department and Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

paragraph: Highsmith has photographed several National Trust for Historic Preservation properties, including architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House in Illinois, Philip Johnson's Glass House in Connecticut, the Drayton Hall plantation house in South Carolina, and the Shadows-on-the-Teche manor home in Louisiana.

paragraph: For the Trust's Preservation Press in 1994, Highsmith and Landphair produced their first national book, "America Restored", as well as a book on Washington's foreign embassies. "America Restored" detailed two restoration projects in each state, including the extensive renovations of the Fordyce Bathhouse in Hot Springs, Arkansas; the Sheraton Palace Hotel in San Francisco; Rockwood Manor House in Wilmington, Delaware; Georgia's Jekyll Island Historic District; the covered bridges of Rush County, Indiana; Parlange Plantation in Louisiana; Broome County, New York's, carousels; and the Battleship Texas in Houston.

paragraph: On commission from the National Park Service, Highsmith photographed homes, personal belongings, and collections of four presidents (Lincoln, Eisenhower, Truman, and Theodore Roosevelt) as well as poet Carl Sandburg, abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee, African-American businesswoman and teacher Maggie Walker, the pioneer American nurse, Clara Barton, and the Nez Perce American Indian Nation. The Park Service produced a "virtual multi-media exhibit" of Highsmith's presidential collection photographs. In 2016 and 2017, Highsmith was the featured photographer in a Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History exhibit of national park images saluting the National Park Service's 100th anniversary. In a story, "Renowned Photographer Captures America's Natural Treasures," the Voice of America displayed side-by-side photos of Highsmith's inspiration, photographic pioneer Frances Benjamin Johnston and Highsmith perched in the same location beneath a rock formation in Yellowstone National Park, a century apart. "'Do I not get that there are millions and billions of photographs being taken every day?'" Highsmith asked rhetorically," the VOA story quotes the photographer. "'I do. But unfortunately, most of those won't be around over time.'"

paragraph: In 2002 the U.S. Postal Service chose Highsmith's photograph of the Jefferson Memorial as the image for its new Priority Mail stamp.

paragraph: Eleven years later, in 2013, the USPS selected another Highsmith image, a close-up, black-and-white image of Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, for a new issue of its "second ounce," meaning 20-cent denomination, stamp. According to the postal service announcement, "In designing the stamp, art director Derry Noyes chose to work with a photograph of a sculpted portrait of Lincoln rather than a more traditional illustration or painting. Carol M. Highsmith's photograph of this iconic Lincoln statue offered a fresh take. Noyes selected a detail of the image in order to highlight the President's features most effectively."

paragraph: "America is ever changing and the people and places that shape our everyday lives must be captured to tell the important stories of our present and our past to future generations," Richard Moe, the president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, wrote. "I can't think of a better photographer to undertake [the] immensely important task of documenting America than Carol Highsmith."

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.:Getty Images/Alamy lawsuit.

paragraph: In July 2016, Highsmith instituted a $1.35 billion lawsuit against two stock photography organizations, Getty Images and Alamy, and their agents, over their attempts to assert copyright over, and charge fees for the use of, 18,755 of her images, after Getty sent her a bill for one of the images, which she used on her own website. In November 2016, after the judge hearing the case dismissed much of Highsmith's case on grounds that she had relinquished her claim of copyright when she donated much of her work to the Library of Congress (and thus to the public domain), the remainder of the lawsuit was settled by the parties out of court.

paragraph: On August 18, 2016, Creative Commons, a nonprofit American organization that issues "public copyright licenses" enabling the free distribution of otherwise copyrighted work, said of the photographer on its website, "Highsmith's project predates our work as Creative Commons, but her work is very much in the spirit of our community. By removing copyright restrictions from her photographs, Highsmith is engaged in the important work of growing a robust commons built on gratitude and usability; her singular archive at the Library of Congress is a testament to one woman's passion and generosity."

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.:Annenberg Space for Photography Exhibit.

paragraph: In 2018, Carol M. Highsmith's work was featured in a six-month-long exhibition at the Annenberg Space for Photography in Los Angeles, California—assembled by American photography curator Anne Wilkes Tucker—showcasting images selected from more than 14 million visual items permanently housed at the Library of Congress. Of the 440 photographs in what was called "Not an Ostrich: and Other Images from America's Library," 48 were Highsmith's. For a documentary movie that accompanied the exposition, a crew followed Highsmith "on the road" in Clarksdale, Mississippi and elsewhere a year earlier, in 2017.

paragraph: The exhibit's title was borrowed from a 1930 photograph in the national library's collection of a rare, fluffy-feathered goose held by an actress at a Madison Square Garden poultry show, thought to be taken by an unnamed photographer in the employ of the Underwood & Underwood Co. that produced stereograph views.

paragraph: In what the Annenberg museum described as "a captivating conversation," Highsmith was the featured speaker at an "Iris Nights" lecture series presentation, conducted by curator Tucker, of "the beauty, humor, and humanity of America." They discussed Highsmith's "decades-long project to photograph America with images from all 50 states. The conversation also covered her decision to donate all of her images from the project to the Library of Congress, her experiences 'on the road,' [she had just completed a study of Arizona and was headed to the states of Washington, Oregon, New York, and Rhode Island], and the influence of other trailblazing women photographers, such as Dorothea Lange and Frances Benjamin Johnston, both of whom have inspired Highsmith." In a review of the exhibit by the online LensCulture contemporary-photography magazine, Gena Williams wrote, "Juxtapositions are an important part of Not an Ostrich. One wall features Carol Highsmith's gleaming (and often scenic) images of Americana. 'Highsmith's view of America is a positive one. She has an eye for beauty,' [curator] Tucker says, comparing her work to photographers such as Ansel Adams." The Lensculture review also published four of Highsmith's photographs, including one of a giant, lighted "MOM" artistic installation taken at the 2009 Burning Man "community and art" celebration in Black Rock Desert, Nevada.

paragraph: Section::::Commissions and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Award of Excellence, Communications Arts Magazine, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennsylvania Avenue Development Commission, 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crescent Books Imprint, Random House Publishers, 36 books, 1997–2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photography of historic Federal buildings and art, for the General Services Administration, from 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photography of presidential and other notables' belongings for the Museum Management Program of the National Park Service

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jefferson Memorial image chosen for first USPS Priority Mail stamp, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exclusive photographer of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) 150, America's Favorite Architecture, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Congress's Women's History Month Profile, (1 of 4 women profiled) 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Services Administration Design Award, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Library of Congress featured Highsmith's "born-digital" America Collection ("born digital" refers to images originally produced by a digital camera, rather than those digitized from film) and shows her work on the Prints and Photographs website

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2010, Highsmith photographed Alabama as the first state in her "21st Century America" project, funded by businessman George F. Landegger, whose family had operated pulp plants in the state. Landegger then donated funds to the Library of Congress for Highsmith to continue documentation of the American states.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2011, the Library of Congress acquired 6,500 images from Highsmith's film collection of her work in America that dates from 1980 to 2001. Most of the images are on 4" × 5" film. The film has been scanned and converted to high-resolution digital files.

paragraph: BULLET::::- During 2012 and 2013 Highsmith worked throughout California, visually documenting the entire state. The collection, known as the Jon B. Lovelace California Collection at the Library of Congress, was funded by the Capital Group, a California investment firm, in memory of Lovelace, who died in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carol M. Highsmith Collection at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- This is America! Foundation Web site featuring Highsmith images of America

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: Carol M. Highsmith

wikipedia_title: Carol M. Highsmith


text:
Latin
French
L'Île-Bouchard
Loudun
Cardinal Richelieu
Paris
Verrières
Bibliothèque Nationale
L. Delisle
François Duchesne
Montmorency
Satires of Juvenal
Alcuin
Abelard
Alain Chartier
Étienne Pasquier
Vol I
Vol II
Vol IV
Vol V

categories: 17th-century French historians,French historians,1584 births,1640 deaths,French male non-fiction writers

paragraph: André Duchesne

paragraph: André Duchesne (; sometimes spelled "Du Chesne", Latinized "Andreas Chesneus", "Andreas Quercetanus", or "Andreas Querneus"; May 1584May 30, 1640) was a French geographer and historian, generally styled the father of French history.

paragraph: Duchesne was born in L'Île-Bouchard. He was educated at Loudun and afterwards at Paris. From his earliest years he devoted himself to historical and geographical research, and his first work, "Egregiarum seu selectarum lectionum et antiquitatum liber", published in his eighteenth year, displayed great erudition. He enjoyed the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu, a native of the same district with himself, through whose influence he was appointed historiographer and geographer to the king.

paragraph: He died in Paris in 1640, in consequence of having been run over by a carriage when on his way from the city to his country house at Verrières.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Duchesne's works were very numerous and varied, and in addition to what he published, he left behind him more than 100 folio volumes of manuscript extracts now preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale (L. Delisle, "Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque impériale", t. L, 333–334). Several of his larger works were continued by his only son François Duchesne (1616–1693), who succeeded him in the office of historiographer to the king.

paragraph: The principal works of André Duchesne are "Les Antiquités et recherches de la grandeur et majesté des rois de France" (Paris, 1609), "Les Antiquités et recherches des villes, châteaux, &c., de toute la France" (Paris, 1609), "Histoire d'Angleterre, d'Ecosse, et d'Irelande" (Paris, 1614), "Histoire des Papes jusqu'à Paul V" (Paris, 1619), "Histoire des rois, ducs, et comtes de Bourgogne" (1619–1628, 2 vols. fol.), "Historiae Normanorum scriptores antiqui" (1619, fol., now the only source for some of the texts), and his "Historiae Francorum scriptores" (5 vols. fol., 1636–1649).

paragraph: This last was intended to comprise 24 volumes, and to contain the narrative sources for French history in the Middle Ages; only two volumes were published by the author, his son François published three more, and the work remained unfinished. Besides these Duchesne published a great number of genealogical histories of illustrious families, of which the best is that of the house of Montmorency. His "Histoire des cardinaux francais" (2 vols. 101. 1660–1666) and "Histoire des chanceliers et gardes des sceaux de France" (1630) were published by his son François. André also published a translation of the Satires of Juvenal, and editions of the works of Alcuin, Abelard, Alain Chartier and Étienne Pasquier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Antiquités et recherches de la grandeur et majesté des rois de France" (Paris, 1609)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Antiquités et recherches des villes, châteaux, &c., de toute la France" (Paris, 1609)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire d'Angleterre, d'Écosse, et d'Irlande" (Paris, 1614)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliothèque des auteurs qui ont écrit l'histoire et la topographie de la France", 1618

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire des Papes jusqu'à Paul V" (Paris, 1619)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire des rois, ducs, et comtes de Bourgogne" (1619–1628, 2 volumes fol.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grande Histoire de la Maison de Vergy", (Parigs, 1625)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historiae Normanorum scriptores antiqui" (1619)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de la Maison de Chastillon sur Marne", Paris, 1621

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historiae Francorum scriptores" (5 volumes fol., 1636–1649)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historiae Normannorum scriptores antiqui" at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historiae Francorum scriptores..." at Google Books: Vol I, Vol II, Vol IV, Vol V

description: French historian

wikidata_label: André Duchesne

wikipedia_title: André Duchesne


text:
American
aerobatics
US Marine Corps
Scout
Sniper
B.S.
Aeronautical
Aerospace
Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) license
airshow
Masters of Disaster
Jimmy Franklin
Art Scholl
Bill Barber
air show
EST
Vectren
Dayton Air Show
Dayton International Airport
Dayton, Ohio
S2S Bulldog II
1/2 Cuban 8
MEDEVAC
Miami Valley Hospital
Dayton, Ohio
coroner
fracture
Official website
X-team Airshows

categories: Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States,American aviators,1961 births,2007 deaths,Accidental deaths in Ohio,United States Marines,Air shows

paragraph: Jim LeRoy

paragraph: Jim LeRoy (April 5, 1961 – July 28, 2007) was an American aerobatics pilot. He died upon impact in a crash at the Dayton Air Show in Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: A former US Marine Corps Scout/Sniper, Jim LeRoy held a B.S. degree in Aeronautical/Aerospace engineering as well as an Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) license.

paragraph: Section::::Stunt flying.

paragraph: Initially flying solo performances, he gained a reputation with his highly energetic aerobatic displays. In 2003, LeRoy joined a daring and successful airshow troupe, the X-team, who referred to themselves as the Masters of Disaster. Their performance generally consisted of three pilots flying a simultaneous, chaotic, interweaving aerobatic display through clouds of smoke generated by circling jet-powered trucks below. After two seasons of successful airshows, an accident occurred on July 10, 2005 during a routine performance when Jimmy Franklin and Bobby Younkin collided in mid-air. Jim LeRoy was not involved in the collision and landed safely.

paragraph: LeRoy was one of only eleven pilots ever to be awarded both the "Art Scholl Showmanship Award" (2002) and the "Bill Barber Award for Showmanship" (2003). He was also one of only a handful of full-time air show pilots in the world who actually made his living by performing for air show audiences.

paragraph: LeRoy also held the following pilot ratings: single-engine, multi-engine, airplane instructor, helicopter, helicopter instructor, instrument instructor and aerobatic competency evaluator.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Around 2:15PM EST at the Vectren Dayton Air Show at Dayton International Airport outside Dayton, Ohio, LeRoy crashed his S2S Bulldog II, while in performance with the X-Team "Codename: Mary's Lamb" aerobatics team. Initial indications showed that he was performing a 1/2 Cuban 8 and snap rolls on the 45-degree down line, but recovered too low to the ground to pull out. He hit the runway at , although his vertical speed was only around ; the plane slid and burst into flames. LeRoy was pronounced dead in a military MEDEVAC helicopter while in transit to Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton, Ohio. The coroner's report states that LeRoy died on impact due to a fracture of his neck, but that he also was badly burned.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- X-team Airshows

description: United States Marine

wikidata_label: Jim LeRoy

wikipedia_title: Jim LeRoy


text:
Jewish
High Priest
Judea
Hasmonean
Alexander Jannaeus
Alexandra Salome
Judea
Hyrcanus II
Sadducees
Pharisees
Ptolemy Mennaeus
Sadducees
mercenaries
Jericho
Jerusalem
Temple
Antipater the Idumaean
Aretas III
Nabataeans
Pompey
Pontus
Seleucids
Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
Alexander
Antigonus
Alexandrium
besieged and captured
Aulus Gabinius
Machaerus
Marc Antony
Julius Caesar
Alexander
Antigonus
Parthians
Romans
Hasmonean coinage

categories: 1st-century BC monarchs in the Middle East,49 BC deaths,Hasmonean dynasty,Assassinated religious leaders,Deaths by poisoning,1st-century BC High Priests of Israel,1st-century BC clergy,1st-century BC Hasmonean monarchs,1st-century BC murdered monarchs,1st-century BCE Jews

paragraph: Aristobulus II

paragraph: Aristobulus II (, ; "Aristóboulos") was the Jewish High Priest and King of Judea, 66 BC to 63 BC, from the Hasmonean Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Aristobulus was the younger son of Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest, and Alexandra Salome. After the death of Alexander in 76 BC, his widow succeeded to the rule of Judea and installed her elder son Hyrcanus II as High Priest in 73 BC. When Salome died in 67 BC, Hyrcanus succeeded to the kingship as well.

paragraph: Aristobulus shared his late father's views on religion and politics. He entertained designs upon the throne, even during the life of his mother. He courted the nobles and military party by constituting himself the patron of the Sadducees and bringing their cause before the queen. The many fortresses which the queen placed at the disposal of the Sadducees, ostensibly for their defense against the Pharisees, constituted in reality one of the preparatory moves of Aristobulus for the usurpation of the government. The queen sought to direct his military zeal outside Judea, and sent him (70-69) against Ptolemy Mennaeus; but when the undertaking failed, Aristobulus resumed his political intrigues. He left Jerusalem secretly and betook himself to his friends, who controlled the largest number of fortified places, with the intention of making war against his aged mother. But the queen died at the critical moment, and he immediately turned his weapons against his brother Hyrcanus, the legitimate heir to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.

paragraph: Hyrcanus seemed to be sympathetic to the Sadducees just like his father Alexander Jannaeus. Aristobulus rebelled against his elder brother. Because of this conflict, the Pharisees seemed to be in a vulnerable position at this time.

paragraph: Hyrcanus advanced against Aristobulus at the head of his mercenaries and his followers. The brothers met in battle near Jericho and many of Hyrcanus' soldiers went over to Aristobulus, and thereby gave the latter the victory.

paragraph: Hyrcanus took refuge in the citadel of Jerusalem; but the capture of the Temple by Aristobulus compelled Hyrcanus to surrender. A peace was then concluded, according to the terms of which Hyrcanus was to renounce the throne and the office of high priest, but was to enjoy the revenues of the latter office.

paragraph: This agreement however did not last, as Antipater the Idumaean convinced Hyrcanus that Aristobulus was planning his death and to take refuge with Aretas III, King of the Nabataeans. The Nabataeans advanced toward Jerusalem with an army of 50,000 and besieged the city for several months.

paragraph: Section::::Roman intervention.

paragraph: During this civil war, the Roman general Pompey defeated the Kingdoms of Pontus and the Seleucids. He sent his deputy Marcus Aemilius Scaurus to take possession of Seleucid Syria.

paragraph: As the Hasmoneans were allies of the Romans, both brothers appealed to Scaurus, each endeavoring by gifts and promises to win him over to his side. Scaurus, moved by a gift of 400 talents, decided in favor of Aristobulus and ordered Aretas to withdraw his army. During his retreat, the Nabateans suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Aristobulus.

paragraph: When Pompey arrived in Syria in 63 BC, both brothers and a third party that desired the removal of the entire dynasty, sent their delegates to Pompey, who however delayed the decision. He favoured Hyrcanus II over Aristobulus II, deeming the elder, weaker brother a more reliable ally of the Roman Empire.

paragraph: Pompey defeated the Jewish armies in multiple battles, and took the fortresses of Judea. Aristobulus and his sons Alexander and Antigonus were captured in 63 BC. Aristobulos, suspicious of Pompey, entrenched himself in the fortress of Alexandrium, but when the Romans defeated his army again, he surrendered and undertook to deliver Jerusalem over to them. However, since many of his followers were unwilling to open the gates, the Romans besieged and captured the city by force, badly damaging city and temple. Hyrcanus was restored as High Priest, but deprived of political authority.

paragraph: Aristobulus II escaped in 57 BC, instigating rebellion against Rome in Judea, until he was finally holed up by Aulus Gabinius, consul of the Roman province of Syria, in Machaerus. Marc Antony, commander of the cavalry under Gabinius, led several men to scale Aristobulus' fortifications and subdue his forces.

paragraph: Taken prisoner, Aristobulus was released by Julius Caesar in 49 BC in order to turn Judea against Pompey. He was on his way to Judaea with his son Alexander, when "he was taken off by poison given him by those of Pompey's party". His son Alexander was beheaded by the Roman commander Scipio at Antioch.

paragraph: His son Antigonus led a rebellion against Rome, with help from the Parthians, and became king and high priest in 40 BC, but was defeated and killed by the Romans in 37 BC.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasmonean coinage

wikidata_label: Aristobulus II

wikipedia_title: Aristobulus II


text:
Montbéliard
Dordives
public housing
hospital architecture
condominium
École Spéciale d'Architecture
military attaché
Georges Clemenceau
Oujda
art dealer
Paul Guillaume
Public housing in France
Julius Posener
Plon

categories: École Spéciale d'Architecture alumni,1957 deaths,People from Montbéliard,20th-century French architects,1883 births

paragraph: Jean Walter

paragraph: Jean Walter, (Montbéliard, 1883, Dordives – 1957), was a French architect who mainly worked for public housing, hospital architecture, and condominiums .

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After his graduation in 1902 from the École Spéciale d'Architecture, he participated in the First World War, which he ended after an injury as a military attaché for Georges Clemenceau.

paragraph: Having detected in 1925 a rich ore body of lead and zinc close to Oujda in Morocco, he founded in 1935 the "Société des mines de Zellidja", which brings him wealth an notoriety. He married in 1941 Domenica Guillaume, the widow of art dealer Paul Guillaume.

paragraph: He died suspiciously in 1957 after being hit by a car, leading some to speculate that his wife was responsible for his death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public housing in France

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- « La première cité-jardin de France : Cité coopérative de Draveil », "L’Architecture", Paris, 1914, pp. 237–241.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. Honoré, « Un hôpital "en hauteur" à Clichy », "L’illustration, n°4614, 8 août 1931," Paris, 1931, pp. 494–495.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius Posener, « Le nouvel hôpital Beaujon à Clichy », "Architecture d’aujourd’hui, 1934, n°9," Boulogne, 1934, pp. 17–22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Favier, « Le Concours de la Cité Hospitalière de Lille », "La Construction Moderne, 50e année, n° 9," Paris, 2 décembre 1934, pp. 198–215.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notice sur la Cité hospitalière de Lille," Lille, Imprimerie L. Danel, sans date et sans nom d’auteur, ca. 1937, 8 p. :ill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Walter, "Renaissance de l’architecture médicale," Paris, E. Desfossés, 1945, 209 p. :ill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stéphanie Samson, "Le transfert de l’hôpital Beaujon à Clichy," mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Paris I, 1996, 200 p. :ill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florence Trystam, "La Dame au grand chapeau, l’histoire vraie de Domenica Walter Guillaume," Paris, Flammarion, 1996, 252 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merry Bromberger, "Comment ils ont fait fortune", 1954 (Plon)

description: French architect

wikidata_label: Jean Walter

wikipedia_title: Jean Walter


text:
James Stuart, 1st Earl of Bute
Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
James Stuart-Mackenzie
5th Lord Ruthven of Freeland

categories: Parents of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom,Stuart of Bute family,Scottish representative peers,17th-century births,Earls of Bute,1723 deaths

paragraph: James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute

paragraph: James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute (before 1696 – 28 January 1723) was the son of James Stuart, 1st Earl of Bute and Agnes Mackenzie.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In February 1711, he married Lady Anne Campbell (daughter of Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll and Elizabeth Tollemache) and had eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (25 May 1713 – 10 March 1792)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Stuart-Mackenzie (b. before 1723 – c. April 1800)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Archibald Stuart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Stuart (b. c1713, d. 30 December 1773) married 31 October 1729 to Sir Robert Menzies of Weem (b. c1706, d. 1786)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth Stuart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Stuart (b. before 1723 – 28 November 1786), married July 1736 James Johnstone (later Ruthven, 5th Lord Ruthven of Freeland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jean Stuart

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Grace Stuart

description: British politician

wikidata_label: James Stuart

wikipedia_title: James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute


text: Luftwaffe

text: fighter ace

text: World War II

text: general

text: NATO

text: Messerschmitt Me 262

text: Jagdverband 44

text: Adolf Galland

text: Legion of Merit

text: Legion of Honour

text: Fighter Pilots Conspiracy

text: Hermann Göring

text: Rearmament Office

text: German Air Force

text: Cold War

text: NATO Military Committee

text: Inspector of the Air Force

text: Chairman of the NATO Military Committee

text: Michael Bird

text: Bottendorf

text: Thuringia

text: Ludwig Hahn

text: Sicherheitspolizei

text: Sicherheitsdienst

text: Warsaw

text: Warsaw Ghetto

text: philology

text: University of Jena

text: academic fencing

text: Kriegsmarine

text: Dietrich Hrabak

text: Luftwaffe

text: Jagdgeschwader 26

text: Colorado

text: Michael Bird

text: Vickers Wellington

text: Wilhelmshaven

text: JG 52

text: Battle of France

text: Battle of Britain

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: "Jagdgeschwader" 77

text: Geschwaderkommodore

text: Kommando Nowotny

text: Oberst

text: "Jagdgeschwader" 7

text: Me 262

text: Heinz Bär

text: Gerhard Barkhorn

text: Operation Bodenplatte

text: Fighter Pilots Revolt

text: Hermann Göring

text: "Jagdverband" 44

text: Adolf Galland

text: Bad Wiessee

text: München-Riem airfield

text: reconstructive surgery

text: Luftwaffe

text: NATO

text: Allied Air Forces Central Europe

text: Inspector of the Air Force

text: Chairman of the NATO Military Committee

text: Hermann Göring

text: The Order of Merit with Star

text: Legion of Merit

text: Légion d'honneur

text: Ronald Reagan

text: President of the United States

text: Bitburg

text: V-E Day

text: Chancellor

text: Helmut Kohl

text: American Jewish

text: Waffen-SS

text: Bitburg controversy

text: Nuremberg trials

text: Bergen-Belsen

text: concentration camp

text: Matthew Ridgway

text: Bonn

text: heart attack

text: Bad Godesberg

text: German Federal Archives

text: minutes

text: latitude

text: longitude

text: Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe

text: Oberleutnant

text: Staffelkapitän

text: Hauptmann

text: Gruppenkommandeur

text: Oberstleutnant

text: Geschwaderkommodore

text: German Federal Cross of Merit with Star

text: Legion of Merit

text: Légion d'honneur

text: Royal Air Force Gatow

text: Jagdgeschwader 73

text: German Air Force

text: Manfred von Richthofen

text: Max Immelmann

categories: People from Roßleben,Legion of Honour recipients,Luftwaffe pilots,People from the Province of Saxony,Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit,German Air Force pilots,German World War II flying aces,1994 deaths,Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1913 births,Generals of the German Air Force

paragraph: Johannes Steinhoff

paragraph: Johannes "Macky" Steinhoff (15 September 1913 – 21 February 1994) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II, German general, and NATO official. He was one of very few Luftwaffe pilots who survived to fly operationally through the whole of the war period 1939–45. He was also one of the highest-scoring pilots with 176 victories, and one of the first to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in combat as a member of the Jagdverband 44 squadron led by Adolf Galland. Steinhoff was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, and later received the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and several foreign awards including the American Legion of Merit and the French Legion of Honour. He played a role in the so-called Fighter Pilots Conspiracy when several senior air force officers confronted Hermann Göring late in the war.

paragraph: Steinhoff joined the West German government's Rearmament Office as a consultant on military aviation in 1952 and became one of the principal officials tasked with building the German Air Force during the Cold War. He became the German Military Representative to the NATO Military Committee in 1960, served as Acting Commander Allied Air Forces Central Europe in NATO 1965–1966, as Inspector of the Air Force 1966–1970 and as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1971–1974. In retirement, Steinhoff became a widely read author of books on German military aviation during the Second World War and the experiences of the German people at that time.

paragraph: He was the father-in-law of economics professor and former American Republican politician Michael Bird.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Johannes Steinhoff was born on 15 September 1913 in Bottendorf, Thuringia, the son of an agricultural mill-worker and his traditional housewife. He had two brothers, Bernd and Wolf, and two sisters, Greta and Charlotte. His sister Charlotte was married to Ludwig Hahn. Hahn was the chief of the "Sicherheitspolizei" and "Sicherheitsdienst" in occupied Warsaw and participated in the destruction and evacuation of the Warsaw Ghetto.

paragraph: Steinhoff graduated from the convent school after having "studied the classics and languages such as French, English, Latin and Greek," and from 1932–1934 he read philology at the University of Jena, where he was a member of the academic fencing society and male fraternity. Forced to abandon his university studies for lack of funds, Steinhoff enlisted in the Kriegsmarine, where he served for one year alongside his friend Dietrich Hrabak as a naval flying cadet before transferring to the newly reformed Luftwaffe in 1936. There, after completing his training as a fighter pilot, Steinhoff was posted to Jagdgeschwader 26.

paragraph: Steinhoff married his wife Ursula on 29 April 1939. They had a son named Wolf and a daughter named Ursula. Ursula married economics professor and (now-retired) Colorado State Senator Michael Bird.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Steinhoff's first combat experience was in 1939 when he fought RAF Vickers Wellington bombers that were attacking coastal industry in the Wilhelmshaven region. In February 1940, he was transferred to 4./JG 52 where he served during the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain.

paragraph: In June 1941 JG 52 was on the Eastern Front for offensive operations against the Soviet Union, becoming one of the highest scoring units in the Luftwaffe. Steinhoff claimed 28 Soviet aircraft shot down in the first month and by August, Steinhoff had attained 35 victories and been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. In February 1942, as a "Hauptmann", he was appointed to command II./JG 52 and claimed his 100th victory on 31 August. He was the 18th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Steinhoff remained with JG 52 until March 1943, when he took over "Jagdgeschwader" 77 as "Geschwaderkommodore" operating over the Mediterranean.

paragraph: On 28 July 1944, Steinhoff received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (). He ended the war as a jet pilot, first being posted to "Kommando Nowotny" in October 1944 and then, with the rank of Oberst, as "Geschwaderkommodore" of "Jagdgeschwader" 7 in December. JG 7 was equipped with the Me 262 jet fighter and Steinhoff was allowed to hand-pick several "Staffelkapitäne", including Heinz Bär and Gerhard Barkhorn. After the heavy losses suffered during Operation Bodenplatte ("Unternehmen Bodenplatte"), Steinhoff and other fighter leaders fell into disfavour following the so-called 'Fighter Pilots Revolt' against what was perceived as the incompetence of Luftwaffe high command and Hermann Göring in particular. Along with several others, Steinhoff was relieved of his command for challenging Göring's leadership.

paragraph: After a brief period spent in internal exile, Steinhoff transferred to the "Jet Experten" unit "Jagdverband" 44 being formed by his close friend and confidant Adolf Galland in early 1945. Steinhoff initially acted as a de facto recruiting officer, persuading a number of veteran Luftwaffe aces to join the unit, some coming out of the Fighter Pilots' Rest Home at Bad Wiessee to do so. Steinhoff scored six confirmed kills with the unit. Steinhoff survived nearly 1,000 combat missions, only to see his flying career come to an end on the ground. On 18 April 1945, Steinhoff's Me 262 suffered a tyre blow-out and crashed on take-off from München-Riem airfield. Steinhoff suffered severe burns (spending two years in hospital) which left him visibly scarred despite years of reconstructive surgery. His eyelids were rebuilt by a British surgeon after the war.

paragraph: His wartime record was 176 aircraft claimed destroyed, of which 152 were on the Eastern Front, 12 on the Western Front and 12 in the Mediterranean. He also flew 993 operational sorties. Steinhoff was shot down 12 times but had to bail out only once. Explaining his preference to remain with his damaged aircraft, Steinhoff admitted: "I only bailed out once. I never trusted the parachutes. I always landed my damaged planes, hoping not to get bounced on the way down when I lost power."

paragraph: Section::::Cold War.

paragraph: Steinhoff recognised the situation of postwar Germany, and was invited by West Germany's new interim government to rebuild the Luftwaffe within NATO, eventually rising to the rank of full general. Steinhoff served as Chief of Staff and acting Commander Allied Air Forces Central Europe (1965–1966), Inspector of the Air Force (1966–1970) and later as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee (1971–1974).

paragraph: After retiring from his NATO command in 1974, Steinhoff became a widely read author of books on German military aviation during the war and the experiences of the German people at that time. He wrote "The Final Hours," which detailed a late-war plot against Hermann Göring, and also published a vivid account of his time in Italy: "Messerschmitts over Sicily: Diary of a Luftwaffe Fighter Commander." Steinhoff also became a watercolorist, and chairman of Germany's Dornier Aviation.

paragraph: Steinhoff received numerous honours for his work on the structure of the post war German Air Force and the integration of the German Federal Armed Forces into NATO, including: The Order of Merit with Star, the American Legion of Merit and the French Légion d'honneur.

paragraph: One of Steinhoff's contributions was dealing with the high accident rate the air force was having with its F-104 Starfighters. Upon researching the issue, Steinhoff, who had always been a good teacher, deduced that the problem was not the aircraft but poor training for pilots on that particular aircraft. He addressed the problem with an intensive training regime and the accident rate dropped dramatically.

paragraph: Section::::Cold War.:Bitburg cemetery controversy.

paragraph: In May 1985 Steinhoff met Ronald Reagan, the then President of the United States, during a visit to the WWII Kolmeshöhe Military Cemetery near Bitburg. The event was planned to be an act of reconciliation on the 40th anniversary of V-E Day. Reagan and then West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl were to pay their respects at the German military cemetery. However, the US President faced national and political pressure to cancel the visit from American Jewish groups and World War II American veterans after it was discovered that 22 Waffen-SS men were buried among the 2,000 military graves.

paragraph: The presence of Nazi soldiers led to the Bitburg controversy because the entire SS had been adjudged to be a criminal organisation at the Nuremberg trials. Although not originally part of the itinerary, Reagan and Kohl made a visit to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp before visiting Bitburg.

paragraph: Reagan only stayed eight minutes at Kolmeshöhe Military Cemetery. He was joined by Steinhoff, Kohl, and 90-year-old US Army General Matthew Ridgway who had commanded the 82nd Airborne in World War II. After Reagan placed a wreath at the cemetery memorial, they all stood to attention while a short trumpet salute was played. At the end, Steinhoff suddenly turned and in an unscripted act shook hands firmly with a pleased Ridgway in an act of genuine reconciliation. A very surprised Kohl later thanked Steinhoff for his actions who later said that it just seemed to be the right thing to do.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On February 21, 1994, Steinhoff died in a Bonn hospital from complications arising from a heart attack he suffered the previous December. He was 80, and had lived in nearby Bad Godesberg.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Aerial victory claims.

paragraph: Matthews and Foreman, authors of "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 168 aerial victory claims, plus nine further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 149 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 19 on the Western Front, including three four-engined bombers and six victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.

paragraph: Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = "Planquadrat"), for example "PQ 95371". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe ("Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe") (18 August 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 30 August 1941 as "Oberleutnant" and "Staffelkapitän" of the 4./"Jagdgeschwader" 52

paragraph: BULLET::::- 115th Oak Leaves on 2 September 1942 as "Hauptmann" and "Gruppenkommandeur" of the II./"Jagdgeschwader" 52

paragraph: BULLET::::- 82nd Swords on 28 July 1944 as "Oberstleutnant" and "Geschwaderkommodore" of "Jagdgeschwader" 77

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Federal Cross of Merit with Star (4 July 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legion of Merit (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Légion d'honneur (March 1972)

paragraph: In 1990, the former Royal Air Force Gatow in Berlin Gatow, was named General Steinhoff Kaserne on being taken over by the German Federal Armed Forces. And on September 18, 1997, the "Jagdgeschwader 73" (fighter wing 73) of the German Air Force was named "Steinhoff" in honor of the general. Steinhoff is one of only a handful of pilots honored in this way, along with Manfred von Richthofen and Max Immelmann.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steinhoff, Johannes (2005). "In letzter Stunde. Verschwörung der Jagdflieger Vom Widerstand der Jagdflieger gegen Reichsmarschall Göring" (in German). Flechsig. . Originally published in German in 1974, and then in English in 1977 as "The Last Chance - The Pilots' Plot Against Goering". .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steinhoff, Johannes (2005). "Die Straße von Messina. Tagebuch des Kommodore" (in German). Flechsig. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schneekluth Munich(with Peter Pechel, Dennis Showalter, foreword by Helmut Schmidt) (4. Edition 1989). "Deutsche im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Zeitzeugen sprechen". .

description: German World War II fighter pilot and general of the Bundeswehr

wikidata_label: Johannes Steinhoff

wikipedia_title: Johannes Steinhoff


text:
tr.
Baltic German
Eugene Onegin
Baltic German noble
Gregor von Helmersen
Saint Petersburg University
Ministry of the Imperial Court
Court Councilor
Nicholas II
Eugene Onegin
War and Peace
Dead Souls
A Hero of Our Time
The Shot
Imperial Academy of Arts
Revolution
State Russian Museum
Russian Academy of Sciences
Gulag prison camps
victims of the Great Purge
Vengerov's
World War
State Historical Museum
List of Baltic German artists

categories: People from Saint Petersburg,1937 deaths,Russian illustrators,Silhouettists,Baltic-German people,20th-century Russian artists,1873 births

paragraph: Vasily Helmersen

paragraph: Wilhelm Paul Christian Nikolai von Helmersen (, tr. ; August 23, 1873 – December 9, 1937) was a Baltic German artist and book illustrator. He is known mostly for his illustrations to "Eugene Onegin".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Wilhelm von Helmersen was born in 1873 into the Baltic German noble , he was the grandson of the genealogist Gregor von Helmersen.

paragraph: In 1899 he graduated from the Saint Petersburg University and started his career in the Ministry of the Imperial Court. By 1908 he rose to a Court Councilor and received the rank of Chamber Junker. In 1914 he quit the Ministry to work as an assistant director in the Palace Library of Nicholas II.

paragraph: Since 1900, Helmersen was known for his silhouette artworks.

paragraph: He created illustrations to "Eugene Onegin, War and Peace, Dead Souls, A Hero of Our Time, The Shot". His works were included in the exhibitions at the Imperial Academy of Arts.

paragraph: After the Revolution, Helmersen worked in the State Russian Museum and in the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1930, he was arrested as a result of a "purge" in the state institutions and sent to one of the Gulag prison camps. In 1937, he was executed like many other victims of the Great Purge.

paragraph: Section::::"Eugene Onegin".

paragraph: The most famous work of Helmersen was a series of 100 illustrations to "Eugene Onegin". One of them was published in Vengerov's six-volume edition of Pushkin's works.

paragraph: In 1910s Nikolay Lerner intended to publish an edition of "Eugene Onegin" illustrated by Helmersen, but this was not realized (most likely because of the World War and the Revolution).

paragraph: In the Soviet period, another edition of "Onegin" with Helmersen's illustrations was prepared in the State Literary Museum to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Pushkin's death, but it was also canceled. The illustrations, however, were displayed in the State Historical Museum during the Pushkin Anniversary Exhibition in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Baltic German artists

description: Russian artist

wikidata_label: Vasily Helmersen

wikipedia_title: Vasily Helmersen