text: Dutch

text: espionage agent

text: Germany

text: United Kingdom

text: Second World War

text: suicide

text: Abwehr

text: Nikolaus Ritter

text: parachute

text: Haversham

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Cambridge

text: Dunkirk evacuation

text: London

text: United States Dollar

text: Abwehr

text: SNOW (Arthur Owens)

text: Arthur Owens

text: inquest

text: in camera

text: Nikolaus Ritter

text: Great Shelford Online website

categories: Spies who committed suicide,Suicides by firearm in England,Dutch people of World War II,World War II spies for Germany,1914 births,1941 deaths

paragraph: Jan Willem Ter Braak

paragraph: Jan Willem Ter Braak (originally Engelbertus Fukken; 28 August 1914 – 30/31 March 1941) was a Dutch espionage agent working for Germany who operated for five months in the United Kingdom. Ter Braak is believed to have been the German agent who was at large for the longest time in Britain during the Second World War despite his short period of activity. When he ran out of money, Ter Braak committed suicide in a public air raid shelter.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: Engelbertus Fukken was born on August 28, 1914 in The Hague (Van Boetzelaerlaan 140). His parents were Willem Briedé (1865 Amsterdam) and Elizabeth Johanna Fukken (1886 Rotterdam), who were not married because Willem's first wife refused to divorce from him. In the end he had three brothers and three sisters. His father was a trader in cereals and later became an accountant. The family moved in 1917 to Noordwijk aan Zee, where they rented a villa at Duinweg 7. His mother died in 1920 of her eighth pregnancy.

paragraph: Engelbertus Fukken went to the Zeevaartschool in The Hague in 1930. He was interested in politics and became a supporter of the movement of Adolf Hitler (NSDAP), which came to power in 1933. In 1934 he became member of the National Socialist Movement (NSB).

paragraph: His father died in December 1934 and he had to start working for his money. He got a job as an insurance agent in The Hague but already after half a year he

paragraph: did not give the received premiums to his employer and was arrested for fraud. He got a sentence of three months. After that he became journalist of the weekly Noordwijker paper and probably also the 'Leidsch Dagblad' (paper from the city of Leiden) but in 1937 he had to go back to jail for six months because he had not fulfilled his obligations duties towards the Reclassification authorities. He was thrown out of the NSB and became unemployed. He lived in several rooms in Noordwijk.

paragraph: The only lighting point in his life was that he met a young woman in 1939, who became his fiancée, and was financially supported by her family since then.

paragraph: Section::::Recruitment by the Abwehr.

paragraph: In May/June 1940 Holland, Belgium and France were occupied by the Germans. In July 1940 The Hitler-regime decided to send spies to England to prepare the invasion, which was planned for September. The Abwehr office (Ast) Hamburg (Herbert Wichmann and Nikolaus Ritter) became responsible for this so-called Operation Lena, in cooperation with Ast Brussels, especially for the spies who would land by boat on the shore of England.

paragraph: Rittmeister Kurt Mirow from Ast Brussels went to Holland to recruit spies. After having found three spies in Amsterdam, he traveled to The Hague and Noordwijk aan Zee around 25 July. In Noordwijk he had a good relation: Dieter Tappenbeck (1912), who was a cousin of Rudolf Tappenbeck, the director of the famous Grand Hotel Huis ter Duin. Dieter was a brilliant young man, he had studied geology, had worked for the Dutch Press Office, was a real Nazi and worked at that time for one of the German Ministries in Berlin. But in July/August he was back in The Netherlands for propaganda work in the Reichskommissariat of Seyss Inquart in The Hague.

paragraph: He suggested to Mirow to ask his old friend Engelbertus Fukken (as children they were pupils at the same school in Noordwijk) to become a Lena-spy. Mirow did so, Fukken happily agreed and was turned into Jan Willem ter Braak. He chose this forename because of his admiration for chief editor Jan Willem Henny of the 'Leidsch Dagblad'. The last name he cynically derived from the famous journalist Menno ter Braak, who published many articles against the Nazi policies.

paragraph: Ter Braak left Noordwijk and his fiancée on August 1, came back on August 12 for a few hours to say goodbye and to give a present to his fiancée and disappeared to "go to France for work" as he told her. It is also possible that he first worked for a few months for the Dutch Reichskommissariat and was only turned into a spy in October, when Dieter went back to Berlin.

paragraph: It is not clear where he was trained as a spy. Probably it was Germany (Berlin and Hamburg). In any case he stayed also in Brussels for some time because after his death MI5 found boots and some clothes of his, which were bought in Brussels.

paragraph: Dieter Tappenbeck always wanted to become a war reporter. In June 1941 he became the first foreign SS-war reporter (Kriegsberichter) in Russia but he committed suicide in Westerstede (Germany) in December 1941 because a lost love with a German woman, maybe in combination with disillusionment about the Nazi crimes in Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Arrival.

paragraph: Ter Braak arrived by parachute on a night between 31 October and 2 November 1940, landing near Haversham in Buckinghamshire. His parachute was discovered on 3 November but Ter Braak was not found. He had in fact made his way to Cambridge, where he arrived on 4 November.

paragraph: It is not clear where he stayed in the few days after his arrival in England. In Cambridge he found lodgings with a couple named Sennitt at 58 St. Barnabas Road, who accepted his story of having come from the Netherlands during the Dunkirk evacuation, having lived after that in two other places in South-England. He claimed to be working with Free Dutch forces in London on a Dutch newspaper.

paragraph: Section::::Activities.

paragraph: Despite his false identity papers, Ter Braak was able to rent an office above the renting firm Haslop & Co in Green Street. As an alien from an occupied country, Ter Braak's residence should have been registered with the police, but he did not do so. His landlord did tip the Aliens Officer off that a Dutch national was living with him, but the police did not follow up and speak to him, saying that they were sure he would register before long. He spent most of the day out of the house but never spent a night away, and supported himself from a large amount of cash which he had brought with him and which included United States Dollars.

paragraph: He left his office behind already in December 1940. He had installed his suitcase transmitter in his room in St Barnabas Road but around Christmas the batteries had been running down, so since then he could only communicate with the Abwehr in Hamburg by letters, written with secret ink.

paragraph: Sometimes he made daytrips by bus or train to small cities in the neighbourhood as Bedford and also several times to London, where he probably inspected the effects of the bombardments on buildings and the citizens.

paragraph: Section::::Suspicion.

paragraph: In January 1941, Ter Braak was contacted by the Food Office about his ration card, which its records showed had been issued to a man named Burton living in Homefields, Addlestone, Surrey. This was because the card had been supplied by the Abwehr using numbers given by the double agent SNOW (Arthur Owens). Ter Braak evidently suspected that he would be detected, and told his landlady that he had to leave for London. However, he relocated to Montague Road 11.

paragraph: Section::::Suicide.

paragraph: By March, Ter Braak's money was running out and he had to change the dollar bills through a fellow lodger who worked at a bank. At the end of the month he no longer had the money to pay his landlady.

paragraph: On 29 March he deposited a large case in the left luggage office at the Cambridge railway station and disappeared. Probably he went to a certain place in the surroundings of Cambridge, where he expected an airplane to help him out or provide him with new money, because he wore many clothes over each other to protect him against the cold. The next day he went to one of the public air raid shelters at Christ's Pieces Park, where he committed suicide, using an Abwehr-issue pistol, the same day or next day. His body was not found until 1 April by an electrician; the possessions found on him included a forged identity card also carrying numbers issued by Double Agent SNOW (Arthur Owens) which had obvious errors, a Dutch passport without an immigration stamp, and 1/9d in cash. The case at the station was found to contain a radio transmitter.

paragraph: Ter Braak was buried in an unmarked grave (number 154) in the village cemetery in Great Shelford, four miles south of Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::What happened after the war?

paragraph: Ter Braak's story was suppressed at the time. An inquest was held "in camera"; its findings were released, along with other information about him, on 8 September 1945.

paragraph: MI5 had found a picture of a young woman in his suitcase with the address of the photoshop in Noordwijk aan Zee. So that is how the Dutch police found his fiancée, Miss Neeltje van Roon (born 1922 in Noordwijk aan Zee) in November 1946 and told her about his death. In 1947, the Dutch Government asked MI5 if they could have an official statement on the death on Engelbertus Fukken, as his fiancée wished to make a claim for his life insurance policy, which he had put on her name when he left Noordwijk in August 1940. But probably she would never get the money, because she had stopped paying the premiums in 1944 and because he had committed suicide.

paragraph: In 1956 Neeltje van Roon married with a man from Rijnsburg, a village nearby, never had children and died of a heart attack in 1995. She never talked about the fate of her former fiancé. That is why his story remained completely unknown to his family and all inhabitants of Noordwijk aan Zee.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: MI5-file KV2/114, which became public in 1999 gives a good impression of his life in Cambridge and how MI5 tried to find out more about his spying activities. Winston Ramsey of 'After the Battle' did a lot of successful research in 1976 about the days that Ter Braak was found dead and was buried nameless (1-8 April 1941).

paragraph: Jan Willem van den Braak wrote a biography of Ter Braak in 2017, named " (Spy against Churchill). He found out many things about his youth and recruitment in Noordwijk aan Zee, also with the help of family members of Ter Braak and his fiancée and some Dutch files in the National Archive in The Hague. The only English author who describes Ter Braak's recruitment in Noordwijk and his life in Cambridge in more than one page is Joshua Levine in 'Operation Fortitude' (2011).

paragraph: About Operation Lena in general there are books by Bryden, Peis, Farago, Levine, Hayward, Siedentopf and Verhoeyen, the memoirs of Masterman (MI5), the diaries of Guy Liddell (MI5), the memoirs of Nikolaus Ritter (Abwehr Hamburg) and the website of Giselle Jakobs (a granddaughter of Lena-agent Josef Jakobs).

paragraph: BULLET::::- KV2/114 TNA (MI5 file of Ter Braak)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan-Willem van den Braak, " (WalburgPers 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- jan-Willem van den Braak, " (ASPEKT 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Bryden, 'Fighting to lose' (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ladislas Farago, 'The game of the foxes' (David McKay 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Hayward, 'Double Agent SNOW: The true story of Arthur Owens, Hitler's Chief Spy in England' (Simon and Schuster 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joshua Levine, 'Operation Fortitude: The Story of the Spy Operation that Saved D-Day' (Collins 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ben MacIntyre, 'A friend among spies' (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.G. Masterman, 'The Double-Cross System in the war 1939-1945' (Yale University Press 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Günter Peis, 'They spied on England' (Odham 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winston Ramsey (ed.), 'Jan Willem Ter Braak' (After the Battle Magazine, 11-76: 32-34) (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikolaus Ritter, 'Deckname RANTZAU' (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monika Siedentopf, " (DTV 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etienne Verhoeyen, " (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The Guy Liddell Diaries: Vol. I: 1939-1942', ed. by Nigel West (Routledge 2005)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information about Josef Jakobs, Jan Willem Ter Braak and other Lena agents)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Shelford Online website

alias:
Jan Willem Ter Braak
Willem Ter Braak

description: German spy

wikidata_label: Jan Willem Ter Braak

wikipedia_title: Jan Willem Ter Braak


text: Italian

text: saint

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Western Rite Orthodoxy

text: Calabria

text: monk

text: Amelia

text: martyrologies

text: prologue

text: bishop of Amelia

text: Antonio Maria Graziano

text: Cremona

text: Liutprand

text: bishop of Cremona

text: sepulcher

text: Sicardo

text: Order of the Discalced Carmelites

text: Western Rite Orthodoxy

text: St. Fructus (Frutos)

text: Sant'Imerio di Amelia

categories: Medieval Italian saints,Bishops in Umbria,6th-century bishops,6th-century Christian saints,People from Calabria,560 deaths

paragraph: Himerius of Cremona

paragraph: Himerius (Imier, Imerio) of Cremona (d. June 17, ca. 560), also known as Himerius of Amelia or Irnerius, was an Italian bishop. He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church and Christian communities of Western Rite Orthodoxy.

paragraph: A native of Calabria, Himerius was a monk at Amelia before being appointed bishop there. He is described as having been an extremely austere, ascetic personality, both in regard to himself and others.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Himerius' name does not appear in the ancient martyrologies. However, his name appears in the "Roman Martyrology".

paragraph: An abbot named Ambrose (Ambrogio), who lived around the twelfth century, wrote a "Vita" of Himerius, but only its prologue remains. A later bishop of Amelia, Antonio Maria Graziano (1592–1611), also wrote a biography of the saint.

paragraph: Around 965, Himerius' relics were moved from Amelia to Cremona by Liutprand (Liutprando, Luizo), bishop of Cremona from 962 to 972. They were interred in a church that was later destroyed. Rediscovered in 1129, they were placed in a sepulcher. A monk named John (Giovanni) wrote, in the 12th century, a collection of miracles performed by the saint after this rediscovery of the relics. This was composed during the episcopate of the Cremonese bishop Offredo (1168–1185).

paragraph: In 1196, Sicardo, another bishop of Cremona, placed the relics of Himerius in an archway of stone along with those of a martyr named Archelaus (Archelao) and consecrated an altar in their honor.

paragraph: The monastery of Sant'Imerio was built in Cremona in 1606 to house members of the Order of the Discalced Carmelites.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Western Rite Orthodoxy

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Fructus (Frutos)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint of the Day, June 17: "Himerius (Imier) of Cremona" at "SaintPatrickDC.org"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sant'Imerio di Amelia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome page

description: Italian bishop

wikidata_label: Himerius of Cremona

wikipedia_title: Himerius of Cremona


text:
Sedalia, Missouri
Harvard University
Pensacola
pulp magazine
The Red Right Hand

categories: Harvard University alumni,1984 deaths,1896 births,American science fiction writers,Novelists from Missouri,American male short story writers,20th-century American novelists,American male novelists,American mystery writers,People from Sedalia, Missouri,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Joel Townsley Rogers

paragraph: Joel Townsley Rogers (1896–1984) was an American writer who wrote science fiction, air-adventure, and mystery stories and a handful of mystery novels.

paragraph: Joel Townsley Rogers was born in 1896 in Sedalia, Missouri. He studied at Harvard University. He joined the navy air corps and became one of its first few hundred flyers. He went through training in Hampton Roads, Virginia. The Great War seemed an adventure to the young men of that generation. Rogers was aching to go overseas, and in fact he managed to get himself in a position to do so, had the armistice not intervened. He was sent to Pensacola as a flight instructor instead. According to one of his letters, the planes he flew and taught others to fly were tiny pontooned biplanes made of spruce and linen.

paragraph: After the war he made use of his experiences and vivid imagination to sell short stories to the many pulp magazines that sold in the 1920s and 1930s for fifteen or twenty cents.

paragraph: His most famous novel is "The Red Right Hand" which was first published in 1945. The book sold fairly well and was reissued several times in paperback format. Besides that book, Rogers published hundreds of short stories and three other novels which were not as successful: "Once in a Red Moon" (1923), "Lady With the Dice" (1946), and "The Stopped Clock" (1958, reissued as "Never Leave My Bed" in 1963).

paragraph: Joel Townsley Rogers died in Washington, D.C. in 1984.

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Joel Townsley Rogers

wikipedia_title: Joel Townsley Rogers


text:
Lombards
Romans
Christianity
Cleph
Rule of the Dukes
Provence
kingdom of Burgundy
Merovingian
Guntram
Austrasia
Childebert II
Northern Italy
Adige
Trent
Byzantine emperor
Tiberius II
Franks
Pavia
demesne
Droctulf
Brescello
Po valley
exarch of Ravenna
Smaragdus
Theudebert I
Brunhilda
Mont Cenis
Brenner
Milan
Verona
Comacchio
Padua
Ravenna
duke of Spoleto
Reggio
Calabria
Theodelinda
Bavaria
Garibald I
Catholic
Paul the Deacon
Pavia
poison
Agilulf
Turin

categories: 6th-century Lombard people,Lombard warriors,540 births,Lombard kings,590 deaths,6th-century monarchs in Europe,6th-century kings of Italy,People from Monza

paragraph: Authari

paragraph: Authari (c. 540 – 5 September 590) was king of the Lombards from 584 to his death. He was considered as the first Lombard king to have adopted some level of "Roman-ness" and introduced policies that led to drastic changes particularly in the treatment of the Romans and Christianity.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: Authari was the son of Cleph, King of the Lombards. When the latter died in 574, the Lombard nobility refused to appoint a successor, resulting in a ten-years-long interregnum known as the Rule of the Dukes.

paragraph: In 574 and 575 the Lombards invaded Provence, then part of the kingdom of Burgundy of the Merovingian Guntram. The latter, in alliance with his nephew, the king of Austrasia Childebert II, replied by invading Northern Italy. The Austrasian army descended the valley of the Adige and took Trent. The Byzantine emperor, Tiberius II, began to negotiate an alliance with the Franks, and so the Lombards, fearful of a pincer movement, elected another king.

paragraph: In 584, they elected Duke Authari and ceded him the capital of Pavia as well as half of their ducal domains as a demesne. He spent his entire reign in wars with the Franks, the Byzantines, and Lombard rebels. His first major test was the quashing of the rebel duke Droctulf of Brescello, who had allied with the Romans and was ruling the Po valley. Having expelled him, he spent most of the rest of his six years on the throne fighting the exarch of Ravenna, Smaragdus, or the Merovingian kings.

paragraph: Guntram and Childebert were still not satisfied with their successes in Italy and they many times threatened invasion, following through on their threats twice. The memory of Theudebert I of Austrasia's campaigns in Italy, the urging of Childebert's warlike mother Brunhilda and the Byzantine emperor and exarch, as well as the wrongs done Guntram in the past undoubtedly fueled their quarrelsomeness. In 588, Authari defeated them handily, but in 590, the uncle and nephew led two armies across the Alps, respectively over Mont Cenis and the Brenner to Milan and Verona. Though Authari shut himself up in Pavia, the Franks accomplished little as the exarch's army did not meet them and they could not even join up with each other. Pestilence turned them around and they left the Lombards much chastened, but hardly defeated.

paragraph: Authari, when not controlled by foreign armies, expanded the Lombard dominion at the expense of Byzantium. He took the fortress of Comacchio and cut off communication between Padua and Ravenna. Faroald, duke of Spoleto, captured the Ravennan seaport of Classis and utterly devastated it. Authari swept through the peninsula all the way to Reggio, vowing to take Calabria — a vow never to be kept by any Lombard.

paragraph: Authari married Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I, on 15 May 589 at Verona. A Catholic, she had great influence among the Lombards for her virtue. A detailed account of the courtship by the eighth-century historian Paul the Deacon revealed that the marriage was also a political alliance designed to provide additional sanction to Authari's royal position. In addition, Theodelinda was also chosen due to the long-standing ties between the Lombards and the Bavarians as well as their mutual hostility toward the Franks. She also claimed descent from the ancient Lombard royal line.

paragraph: When Authari died in Pavia in 590, possibly by poison, he was succeeded as king by Agilulf, duke of Turin, on the advice, sought by the dukes, of Theodelinda, who married the new king.

description: 6th-century Lombard king

wikidata_label: Authari

wikipedia_title: Authari


text:
magnum opus
Belarus
Orthodox
rabbi
Haredi Judaism
Israel
Kosava
Grodno Governorate
Russian Empire
Brest Region
Belarus
rabbi
Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky
Chaim Soloveitchik
Brisker method
Beth din
Chaim Ozer Grodzinski
Abraham Isaac Kook
Eretz Israel
British Mandate of Palestine
Bnei Brak
Yaakov Galinsky
Torah
astronomy
anatomy
mathematics
botany
halakha
Haredi
David Ben-Gurion
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
Talmudic
Sanhedrin
Balady citron
etrog
Four species
Sukkot
Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz
Shulchan Aruch
Orach Chayim
Vilna
Shabbat
hydroponics
sabbatical year
Hebrew
achronim
Chaim Soloveitchik
rishonim
Musar
Novardok philosophy
Aharon Leib Steinman
Chaim Grade
The Yeshiva

categories: 1878 births,People from Bnei Brak,Rabbis in Mandatory Palestine,1953 deaths,People from Grodno Governorate,Exponents of Jewish law,People from Kosava, Belarus,Belarusian Orthodox rabbis,20th-century rabbis,Haredi rabbis in Israel

paragraph: Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz

paragraph: Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz (7 November 1878 – 24 October 1953), known by the name of his magnum opus, Chazon Ish, was a Belarusian born Orthodox rabbi who later became one of the leaders of Haredi Judaism in Israel, where he spent his final 20 years, from 1933 to 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Avraham Yeshaya Karlitz was born in Kosava, in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Brest Region, Belarus), the eldest son of Shmaryahu Yosef Karelitz, the rabbi of Kosova; his mother was Rasha, the daughter of Shaul Katzenelbogen. His younger brothers were Meir, Yitzchak, and Moshe. Yitzchak succeeded their father as the rabbi of Kosova; he and his wife and daughter were shot to death in their home by the Germans in mid-1942. A sister, Miriam, married Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky. Kanievsky referred to his brother-in-law Avraham Yeshaya, as his mentor as long as the latter was alive.

paragraph: As a youth, Karelitz was sent to study under Chaim Soloveitchik of Brisk. He did not take to the Brisker method of study, and later it became clear that he actually opposed it. After two years, he returned home and continued to study with his father who was head of the local Beth din. He married Bashe Bei.

paragraph: He moved to Vilna in about 1920, and became close to Chaim Ozer Grodzinski, consulting with him in all religious and communal matters. Encouraged by Grodzinski and with Abraham Isaac Kook’s help, Karelitz settled in Eretz Israel, then the British Mandate of Palestine, in 1933. His house in Bnei Brak became the address for thousands who sought religious guidance.

paragraph: Karelitz, his brother-in-law Kanievsky and Yaakov Galinsky were extremely close.

paragraph: Karelitz devoted his life to the study of Torah while simultaneously gaining knowledge in secular sciences such as astronomy, anatomy, mathematics, and botany. After his marriage, he continued to lead an extremely modest life, his wife providing for their needs while he spent day and night studying Torah in-depth. He did not have any children.

paragraph: Section::::Influence and authority.

paragraph: Karelitz did not publish many "responsa", yet still achieved recognition as a leading authority on "halakha". Like his brother-in-law Kanievsky, Karelitz "held no official position but nevertheless became a recognized worldwide authority on many matters relating to Jewish law and life."

paragraph: He declined to participate in any of the religious-political movements which were very active prior to, and during the formation of the State of Israel in 1948. Yet, he had an immense influence on Haredi Judaism in Israel, whose formative period coincided with his years in Israel. He maintained an anti-Zionist viewpoint and begrudgingly accepted the existence of the Israeli state.

paragraph: In recognition of his deep insight and interest in many fields of study, many sought his guidance on social and political issues. David Ben-Gurion, the prime minister of Israel, and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, who became the second president of Israel, visited him once to discuss political-religious issues. Karelitz cited one of a pair of metaphors from the Talmudic discussion (Sanhedrin 32b): one is about two camels which meet on a narrow mountain pass as a metaphor. A camel without goods was expected to defer to a camel laden with goods; similarly, Karelitz contended secular society should defer to religious society, which bore the "goods" of tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Chazon Ish etrog.

paragraph: There is a variety of Balady citron in his name, which he certified for use as an etrog of the Four species. After one Sukkot, Karelitz handed Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz a packet of seeds taken from the etrog he had used for the festival and instructed him to plant them in his yard. Lefkowitz, who had no agricultural experience, followed his mentor's instructions to plant and water it, and the tree grew and bore fruit. Every year Karelitz came to select his etrog for the holiday from the tree, as did his brother-in-law, Kanievsky, and other senior rabbis. Lefkowitz also allowed etrog growers to take cuttings from the tree to grow entire orchards of etrogim certified as kosher ("mehudar") by Karelitz.

paragraph: Section::::Halachic and philosophical positions.

paragraph: He believed that a halachic position taken by the "Shulchan Aruch" could not be reversed based on the new discovery of manuscripts of which the "Shulchan Aruch"'s author was presumably unaware. This position is sometimes misunderstood to mean that "no" evidence from manuscripts may be used in the halachic process.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: In 1911, he published his first work on "Orach Chayim" and other parts of the "Shulchan Aruch" in Vilna, anonymously under the title "Chazon Ish", meaning "Vision of Man", the word Ish alluding to the first letters of his two names, the title by which he became almost exclusively known.

paragraph: Although essentially an academic scholar, he applied himself to practical problems, devoting much effort to the strengthening of religious life and institutions. His rulings on the use of the milking machine on Shabbat and on cultivation by hydroponics during the sabbatical year are two illustrations of his practical approach. Karelitz wrote over 40 books in Hebrew.

paragraph: In contrast to other great "achronim" such as Chaim Soloveitchik, Karelitz is known for avoiding formulaic or methodical analysis of Talmudic passages, instead preferring a more varied and intuitive approach similar to that of the "rishonim". Karelitz also discounted the need to delve into "Musar" as a formal study, feeling that a life dedicated to traditional Torah study would guide one toward the proper path. He particularly rejected elements of the Novardok philosophy, such as their extreme self-effacement and anti-social behaviors.

paragraph: In one of his regular lectures, Aharon Leib Steinman spoke about studying Kabbalah, and related that Karelitz had vast knowledge in Kabbalah. Karelitz studied with a secret kabbalist known as "The Baker of Kosovo."

paragraph: A fictionalized portrait of Karelitz by his onetime disciple, the Yiddish poet and novelist Chaim Grade, is to be found in Grade's epic novel "Tsemakh Atlas: Di Yeshive', translated into English as "The Yeshiva". Karelitz appears there as "Reb Avraham-Shaye Kosover."

paragraph: A number of multi-volume biographies have been published about Karelitz, including"Pe'er Hador", and the more recent"Maaseh Ish", both in Hebrew.

paragraph: A 1,000-page academic biography of Karelitz by Benny Brown was published by Magnes Press in 2011. The contents of this academic biography were subsequently debated by Brown and Joshua Envel in the journal "Yeshurun", Vol. 30. In the following edition of "Yeshurun", Vol. 31, Envel presented his own hypothesis how to systematically conceptualize the methodology of Karelitz. Envel's approach was then the subject of correspondence with several readers in "Yeshurun", Vol. 32. More recently, a chapter from Brown's book was translated and published in "Ḥakirah", Vol. 24.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chazon Ish. "Faith & Trust". Translated by Y. Goldstein. Am Asefer.2008.

alias:
Abraham Yishayahu Karelitz
Chazon Ish
Avraham Yishayahu Karelitz
Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz
Avraham Yishaya Karelitz
Avraham Yeshayah Karelitz
Hazon ish
Avraham Yeshayeh Karelitz
Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz
Yeshayahu Karelitz

description: Israeli rabbi

wikidata_label: Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz

wikipedia_title: Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz


text: Canadian

text: actress

text: A Woman in Transit

text: Heartbreak

text: Montreal World Film Festival

text: Montreal

text: Stratford Festival

text: Eve Ensler

text: The Vagina Monologues

text: Canadian French

text: In Praise of Older Women

text: Heartbreak

text: Contamination

text: Good Riddance

text: A Woman in Transit

text: Anne Trister

text: Straight for the Heart

text: Cruising Bar

text: Le grand secret

text: An Imaginary Tale

text: The Dance Goes On

text: The Countess of Baton Rouge

text: External Affairs

text: Fortier

text: The Baroness and the Pig

categories: Best Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners,Canadian television actresses,Canadian film actresses,1944 births,Actresses from Montreal,Living people

paragraph: Louise Marleau

paragraph: Louise Marleau (born August 26, 1944) is a Canadian actress. She won the 1985 Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for her role in "A Woman in Transit (La Femme de l'hôtel)" and was nominated in the same category in 1980 for her role in "Heartbreak (L'Arrache-cœur)", a role for which she won the 1979 Montreal World Film Festival.

paragraph: Born in Montreal, she has been acting since she was a child, and she made her professional debut in 1962 at 18. Since that time she has worked with all the major theatrical companies in Canada, including the Stratford Festival, performing in works by Molière, Feydeau, Genet, Cocteau and Shakespeare.

paragraph: Marleau recently translated Eve Ensler's play "The Vagina Monologues" into French (Canadian French).

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beau temps, mauvais temps" - 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fleur de l'âge", ou "Les adolescentes" - 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Au retour des oies blanches" - 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Praise of Older Women" - 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heartbreak (L'Arrache-cœur)" - 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contamination" - 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Riddance (Les Bons débarras)" - 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Woman in Transit (La Femme de l'hôtel)" - 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anne Trister" - 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Straight for the Heart (À corps perdu)" - 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cruising Bar" - 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le grand secret" - 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Imaginary Tale (Une histoire inventée)" - 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mirage" - 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dance Goes On" - 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Countess of Baton Rouge" - 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "External Affairs" - 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Pays dans la gorge" - 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" - 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fortier" - 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Baroness and the Pig" - 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunker, le cirque" - 2002

description: Canadian actress

wikidata_label: Louise Marleau

wikipedia_title: Louise Marleau


text:
botanist
morphology
fungi
cryptogam
Breslau
University of Wroclaw
Heinrich Göppert
Ferdinand Cohn
Munich
Carl Nägeli
Berlin
Alexander Braun
Friedrich Wilhelm University
plant physiology
plant physiologist
Hermann Vöchting
Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Agricultural University of Berlin
Pteridaceae
monocots
dicots
emeritus
Otto Kuntze
Erich Klausener
Düsseldorf
University of Dundee, Museum Services

categories: 1916 deaths,People from Wrocław,German botanists,1841 births,Humboldt University of Berlin faculty

paragraph: Leopold Kny

paragraph: Carl Ignaz Leopold Kny (July 6, 1841 – June 26, 1916) was a German botanist, notable as a specialist in research involving the morphology of fungi and cryptogams. He is well known for his production of the "Botanische Wandtafeln".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kny was born in Breslau on July 6, 1841. At the age of 17, Kny graduated from high school and began to attend the University of Wroclaw. He was inspired by Heinrich Göppert and Ferdinand Cohn, and he decided to devote himself to the study of botany. In 1860, he took up studies in Munich under the direction of Carl Nägeli. He later did academics in Berlin, where he was a pupil of Alexander Braun. He began to collect algae samples from southern Europe for his studies.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kny became an associate professor at the Friedrich Wilhelm University, as well as director of the newly formed department of plant physiology in 1873. Among his students at Berlin was plant physiologist Hermann Vöchting. Also in 1873, Kny became a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 1880, Kny accepted a position as a professor of botany at the Agricultural University of Berlin, as well as head of the botanical department at Friedrich Wilhelm University. His studies were mostly concerned with the morphology of fungi and cryptograms, especially within the Pteridaceae. Kny also was interested in vascular plants, and he investigated the effects of gravity on growth habit, the anatomy of wood, and the differences of the vascular system between monocots and dicots. In 1908 he became a full honorary professor at Friedrich Wilhelm University. He retired in 1911 but remained as an emeritus. Throughout his career, Kny made 104 publications.

paragraph: Between 1874 and 1911, Kny produced his "Botanische Wandtafeln". These were a series of 117 botanical wall charts known for their high level of detail, and were widely used in classrooms long after his death. They were accompanied with a 554-page textbook for explanatory purposes. Kny's wall charts are still revered today, and they are housed in several different museums.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1891, botanist Otto Kuntze named the genus "Knyaria" in his honor.

paragraph: His daughter, Hedwig Kny, married Erich Klausener on August 1, 1914 in Düsseldorf.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Dundee, Museum Services Botanical Wallcharts by Leopold Kny

description: German botanist

wikidata_label: Leopold Kny

wikipedia_title: Leopold Kny


text: Malaspina family

text: troubadour

text: Peire de la Caravana

text: Obizzo I the Great

text: William V of Montferrat

text: Boniface I of Montferrat

text: Conrad

text: tenso

text: Raimbaut de Vaqueiras

text: vida

text: couplet

text: cansos

text: sirventes

text: Genoese

text: trobairitz

text: Ysabella

text: La corte dei marchesi Malaspina

categories: French male poets,1162 births,Italian poets,Male composers,1206 deaths,Italian male poets,Troubadours

paragraph: Albert Malaspina

paragraph: Albert Malaspina (1160/1165–1206/1212), called Alberto Moro ("the Moor") and "lo marches putanier" ("the whoring marquess"), was a member of the illustrious Malaspina family. He was a noted troubadour and patron of troubadours. Albert disputes with Peire de la Caravana the position of earliest native Italian troubadour.

paragraph: He was a son of Obizzo I the Great and husband of a daughter of William V of Montferrat. His brother-in-law Boniface I of Montferrat and his nephews Corrado (Conrad) and Guglielmo (William) were all enthusiastic patrons of troubadours. He was renowned for his bravery, generosity, courtliness, and learning. He composed a "tenso" with Raimbaut de Vaqueiras that begins "Ara'm digatz Raimbaut, si vos agrada". Though this is the only work of his to survive, the author of his "vida" compliments his couplets, "cansos", and "sirventes".

paragraph: According to Raimbaut, in his famous "epic letter" "Valen marques, senher de Monferrat", in the 1170s Albert abducted Saldina de Mar, a daughter of a prominent Genoese family only to have her rescued by Boniface of Montferrat and restored her to her lover, Ponset d'Aguilar.

paragraph: Albert's wife was possibly the trobairitz known only as Ysabella.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ara'm digatz senher Raimbauz, si vos agrada" at Trobar.org (translated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La corte dei marchesi Malaspina

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vidas of the Troubadours". Margarita Egan, trans. New York: Garland, 1984. .

description: Italian poet

wikidata_label: Albert Malaspina

wikipedia_title: Albert Malaspina


text:
Queen consort
Castile
Lady of Biscay
Juan Manuel of Castile
Blanca Núñez de Lara
La Cerda
Fernando de la Cerda
House of Ivrea
Leonor de Guzmán
Alfonso XI of Castile
Henry II of Castile
John I of Castile
Eleanor
Lara

categories: 1339 births,Castilian infantas,Galician queens consort,Leonese queen consorts,14th-century Castilians,Castilian queen consorts,Castilian House of Ivrea,1381 deaths,House of Trastámara

paragraph: Juana Manuel

paragraph: Juana Manuel of Castile (1339 – 27 March 1381) was Queen consort of Castile from 1369 until 1379. She also was the heiress of Escalona, Villena, Peñafiel and Lara, as well as Lady of Biscay.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She was the daughter of the Infante Juan Manuel of Castile (1282–1348) and his second wife Blanca Núñez de Lara de La Cerda. Her mother Blanca (d. 1347) was a descendant of the Lords of Biscay and of Lara and of Alfonso X's eldest son (Fernando de la Cerda). She was the last legitimate member of the House of Ivrea.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Her father had been for five years a serious enemy of King Alfonso XI, his former protégé, and the king wished to neutralize or absorb the might of the Peñafiel family. Although Juana was not the heiress (yet), already in her youth she had to go along with royal wishes. The king's very influential concubine, Leonor de Guzmán, wanted to obtain some high prestige and property to her eldest son and had her eyes on the young Juana. On 27 July 1350 her brother and guardian, Fernando Manuel of Peñafiel, had to marry his young sister to Henry (1333–79), eldest of the illegitimate sons of Alfonso XI of Castile. This brought Henry certain lands.

paragraph: However it was later that Juana's relatives' heirless deaths made Juana the great heiress she turned out to be, while her husband became threat to the royal power. In 1369, he became King Henry II of Castile, after he deposed and murdered his half-brother to take the throne.

paragraph: They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- King John I of Castile (1358–1390)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor (died 1416)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanna

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance.

paragraph: In 1361 (at the death of her teenage niece Blanca, daughter of her brother Fernando Manuel who himself had died in c 1350 without other children) she inherited Villena, Escalona and Peñafiel. Because Juana was a maternal granddaughter of La Palomilla, from her another cousin, Isabel de Lara who was murdered in 1361 and her young daughter Florentina (d after 1365), she also inherited Lara and Biscay. In 1369, she became queen of Castile and León.

paragraph: When in 1381 she died and left her inheritance to her son, Biscay finally was united with Castile, and ultimately Spain. The Basque people remember her for that.

description: Queen of Castile and Leon

wikidata_label: Juana Manuel

wikipedia_title: Juana Manuel


text: French mathematician resistant

categories: French mathematicians,People murdered in France,1943 deaths,École Normale Supérieure alumni,French Section of the Workers' International politicians,French Resistance members,1883 births,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France),People from Hérault

paragraph: René Gosse

paragraph: René Gosse (16 August 1883 – 22 December 1943) was a French mathematician and resistant during the world war 2.

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: René Gosse

wikipedia_title: René Gosse


text:
consul
Roman Republic
dictator
Sulla
Plebeian Tribune
Plebs
Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
Praetor urbanus
consul
First Mithridatic War
Gaius Marius
Publius Sulpicius Rufus
Roman tribe
Justitium
Nola
Centuriate Assembly
Italy
Senate
Social War
Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo
Marsi
Cornelia Sulla
Aulus Pompeius
cognomen
Rufus
Cicero
Decemviri Sacris Faciundis
Colleen McCullough
The Grass Crown
T. Robert S. Broughton

categories: 1st-century BC Romans,Roman Republican consuls

paragraph: Quintus Pompeius Rufus (consul 88 BC)

paragraph: Quintus Pompeius Rufus (died 88 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 88 BC. His colleague in office was the future dictator Sulla.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of the Quintus Pompeius who was Plebeian Tribune in 132 BC, Rufus was elected Tribune of the Plebs in 99 BC. He, alongside Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus, put forward a bill to recall Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus from exile, but it was vetoed by Publius Furius. In 91 BC, Pompeius was elected Praetor urbanus, followed by his election as consul in 88 BC, alongside Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

paragraph: The outbreak of the First Mithridatic War during their consulship saw the command of the war given to Sulla. This was opposed by the former consul and general Gaius Marius, who had a tribune of the Plebs, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, firstly bring forward a law which would enrol the Italian allies who had just received Roman citizenship across all of the Roman tribes, thereby giving Marius a large enough body of voters to pass a law to strip Sulla of his command. This was opposed by Pompeius and Sulla who declared a Justitium, during which no laws could be passed. During the riots which followed, Sulla fled, Pompeius’s son was killed, and the consuls were forced to withdraw the Justitium. The people then passed the law which stripped Sulla of his command. Pompeius continued his attempts to support Sulla in Rome; however, Publius Sulpicius then had Pompeius stripped of his consulship, forcing him to flee to Nola, where Pompeius met up with Sulla and his army.

paragraph: Pompeius accompanied Sulla on his march on Rome, and gave him his complete support in his actions against Sulpicius and the occupation of Rome. Together, the consuls passed a series of laws, including the exile of Marius and his supporters, a limiting of some of the powers of the tribunes, the expansion of the senate by adding some 300 additional senators, and the provision that all laws were to be reviewed by the Senate before being submitted to an assembly of the people. Most important of all was the provision that laws could now only be carried in the Centuriate Assembly. Sulla was soon put back in charge of the war against Mithridates, leaving Pompeius in charge of Italy.

paragraph: The Senate then gave Pompeius the proconsular command of the ongoing Social War, with specific instructions to take over the armies of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, who was still in charge of the theatre of war against the Marsi tribe. Unwilling to give over his command, he incited a mutiny during which Pompeius Rufus was killed.

paragraph: Pompeius had at least one child, his son Quintus Pompeius Rufus, who married Sulla’s first daughter Cornelia Sulla. Pompeius was the brother of the tribune Aulus Pompeius. He appears to be the first in his family to bear the cognomen Rufus. However, the origins of him gaining this cognomen are unknown - although it may simply be that he was red-haired. Cicero states that Pompeius was among the orators he had heard in his youth. Pompeius also possibly held the position of Decemviri Sacris Faciundis until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Fiction.

paragraph: Pompeius is a character in the Colleen McCullough novel The Grass Crown. In it, Pompeius is murdered after Sulla writes to Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, asking Strabo to have Pompeius killed, as Pompeius was unhappy with Sulla's actions in his march on Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Robert S. Broughton, "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol II" (1952).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", Vol II (1867).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", Vol III (1849).

description: consul 88 BC

wikidata_label: Quintus Pompeius Rufus

wikipedia_title: Quintus Pompeius Rufus (consul 88 BC)


text:
Maya
Caracol
Belize
Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II
Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ
Knot Ajaw
Kʼan I
Tikal
Sky Witness
Tajoom Ukʼabʼ Kʼahkʼ
Calakmul
Naranjo
Stairway

categories: 7th century in the Maya civilization,Kings of Caracol

paragraph: Kʼan II

paragraph: Kʼan II (born on April 18, 588, died on July 21, 658; Ruler V, Lord Stormwater Moon and Antenna Top II) was a Maya ruler of Caracol (in present day Belize). He reigned AD 618–658.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Birth and family.

paragraph: Kʼan was a younger son of the king Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II, and his mother was Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ. His half-brother was Knot Ajaw. His paternal grandfather was Kʼan I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: In the view of the substantial expansion from the site core into the surrounding area during his reign, Kʼan II might be considered Caracol's most successful ruler. The wealth underlying this expansion was widespread, as indicated by the quality of grave goods and architecture in the outlying districts; Caracol's system of roadways also expanded to accommodate the growing population.

paragraph: Having taken his grandfather's name upon his accession to rulership, Kʼan often combined it with his childhood name (Sak Bʼaah Witzil [or Sak Witzil Bʼaah]) in order to distinguish his inscriptions from those of his ancestor. He was a successor of his half-brother.

paragraph: The fact that his mother, Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ, was the more junior wife caused Kʼan II to emphasize his royal legitimacy and his mother's importance in the text of Stela 3.

paragraph: It is to Kʼan that we owe Altar 21's account of his father's reign, which saw a shift from the overlordship of Tikal to that of the Kaan ("Snake") kingdom, as well as the great Tikal reversal of AD 562. He records all of his father's major period endings, but he omits that of his half-brother.

paragraph: Mentions of the Snake kingdom in Kʼan II's inscriptions include a reference to Sky Witness (possibly his death) in 572; an event performed under the auspices of Yuknoom Chan in 619; the accession of Tajoom Ukʼabʼ Kʼahkʼ in 622; the receipt of a gift from Tajoom Ukʼabʼ Kʼahkʼ in 627; the latter's death in 630; and two successful war events involving Yuknoom Head in 631 and 636. It was probably toward the end of this timespan that the Snake kingdom became established in Calakmul.

paragraph: One of Kʼan II's most important monuments is the Naranjo Hieroglyphic Stairway.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: He died on July 21, 658.

description: a Maya ruler of Caracol

wikidata_label: K'an II

wikipedia_title: Kʼan II


text: landowner

text: MP

text: Jane Seymour

text: queen consort

text: Henry VIII

text: Edward VI

text: Knight of the Bath

text: coronation

text: Wulfhall

text: Sir John Seymour

text: Margery Wentworth

text: Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset

text: Lord Protector

text: Catherine Parr

text: Elizabeth I

text: Richard Foxe

text: Bishop of Winchester

text: Tudor

text: Taunton Castle

text: Bridgwater Castle

text: Bailiff

text: Romsey

text: Bierton with Broughton

text: Whaddon

text: Wendover

text: Wyrardisbury

text: Kings Langley

text: Swanbourne

text: Berkhampstead

text: Finmere

text: Captain

text: Carver

text: Anne of Cleves

text: Catherine Parr

text: Commissioner

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Sheriff, Hampshire

text: estuary

text: Knight of the Bath

text: Hampshire

text: John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland

text: Will

text: Twyford

text: Christchurch

text: William Capel

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: Stoke Rodney

text: Winchester

text: Sir Henry Seymour, Knight

categories: People from Wiltshire,English MPs 1547–1552,1503 births,1578 deaths,People from Winchester,Knights of the Bath,Seymour family,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Henry Seymour (16th-century MP)

paragraph: Sir Henry Seymour (c. 1503 – 5 April 1578) was an English landowner and MP, the brother of Jane Seymour, queen consort of Henry VIII, and consequently uncle to Edward VI. He was created a Knight of the Bath after his nephew's coronation.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sir Henry Seymour was born around 1503, probably at Wulfhall, Wiltshire. He was the third son of Sir John Seymour (c.1474 – 21 December 1536.) and Margery Wentworth (c. 1478 – 18 October 1550). His family rose to prominence following his sister Jane's marriage to the King in 1536. As well as Queen Jane, Henry Seymour's siblings included Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell, the daughter-in-law of Henry VIII's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell; Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, who was Lord Protector of England during the minority of their nephew; and Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, the fourth husband of Catherine Parr, and stepfather to the future Elizabeth I.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Seymour may have begun his career in the service of Richard Foxe, Bishop of Winchester. By 1526 he had followed his father and siblings into royal service, although he does not seem to have shared the ambitions or abilities of his brothers, Edward and Thomas, and did not progress at court. He served under four Tudor monarchs, although for the most part, he lived in relative obscurity, seldom appearing at court, and did not seek honours and preferments.

paragraph: He held a number of offices, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keeper, Taunton Castle, Somerset by 1526–1578

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keeper, Bridgwater Castle, Somerset 1544

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keeper, Marwell park, Hampshire by 1547–51

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sewer extraordinary, the chamber by 1533

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bailiff, manor of Hampstead Marshall, Berkshire 1536–1578

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bailiff, Romsey, Hampshire by 1546–1578

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steward, manors of Bierton with Broughton, Whaddon and Wendover, Buckinghamshire 1536, Wyrardisbury, Buckinghamshire and Kings Langley, Hertfordshire 1536–39

paragraph: BULLET::::- General–receiver, manors of Bierton with Broughton, Claydon, Swanbourne, Wendover and Whaddon, Buckinghamshire, Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire and Finmere, Oxfordshire 1536-10

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain "Lyon of Hamburgh" 1544

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carver, household of Anne of Cleves 1540

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carver, household of Catherine Parr by 1544

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commissioner, relief, Hampshire 1550

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commissioner, goods of churches and fraternities 1553

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justice of the Peace 1554–1578

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheriff, Hampshire 1568–9

paragraph: Following his sister's marriage, he was appointed to several offices chiefly related to the administration of her estates, some of which he lost at her death. Jane left him "several valuable chains" in her will in 1537. He was carver in the households of Anne of Cleves (1540) and Catherine Parr (1545). In 1544 he was made captain of the ship "Lyon of Hamburgh" under the command of his brother Thomas, Lord High Admiral, but was held to be culpable when it foundered in the Dart estuary during a storm. He was offered no further military or naval command following this incident, and some time in 1545, lost his position in the household of Catherine Parr.

paragraph: He was made a Knight of the Bath in February 1547, soon after his nephew's accession to the throne. In the autumn of 1547, he was elected MP for Hampshire. He is not mentioned in the diaries of Edward VI, although he received a number of royal grants of land during the reign of his nephew. While both his brothers were executed after conspiring against their rivals in their struggles for power, Henry Seymour appears unscathed. In 1549, his brother, Edward, Lord Protector of England, wrote to him and asked him to bring troops to support him. It seems Henry Seymour did not respond, and did well under the administration of his brother's replacement, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland. He was the sole executor of his mother's Will following her death on 18 October 1550, by which she bequeathed "various legacies of plate, jewels etc. to her relations." In 1551, he was granted the manors of Marvell and Twyford, which had constituted a portion of the estates of the bishopric of Winchester, and the following year, grants for life of the manors of Somerford and Hurn, in the parish of Christchurch, with other lands to the value of £202 6s. 9d.

paragraph: During the reign of Elizabeth I, he was High Sheriff of Hampshire for 1568–69.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Henry Seymour married Barbara (born c. 1515), the daughter of Morgan Wolfe, and by her had three sons and seven daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Seymour married Susan, youngest daughter of Lord Chidiock Powlett, third son of William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, by his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Capel, Lord Mayor of London. They had three sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Seymour (died February 1634) married Sir John Rodney (c. 1551–died 6 August 1612) of Stoke Rodney, Somersetshire. They had sixteen children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived:

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Seymour died at home in Winchester 5 April 1578. He had made his will a week earlier. He was succeeded by his son and heir, John.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour, Sir Henry (by 1503–78), of Marwell, Hants. A biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Henry Seymour, Knight Family tree

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Henry Seymour

wikipedia_title: Henry Seymour (16th-century MP)


text:
John Wallop, Viscount Lymington
Andover
Hurstbourne Park
Whitchurch
DCL
Oxford
Coulson Fellowes
John Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth
Newton Fellowes, 4th Earl of Portsmouth
Coulson Wallop
O.S.

categories: 1742 births,1797 deaths,Earls of Portsmouth

paragraph: John Wallop, 2nd Earl of Portsmouth

paragraph: John Wallop, 2nd Earl of Portsmouth (29 June 1742 – 16 May 1797), styled Hon. John Wallop from 1743 to 1749 and Viscount Lymington from 1749 to 1762, was a British nobleman.

paragraph: He was the son of John Wallop, Viscount Lymington and his wife Catherine. Through his father he inherited the Wallop electoral interests at Andover, near the family seat of Hurstbourne Park, and through his mother, those of the Conduitt family at Whitchurch, although his influence there had ceased by 1774. His father died at the age of 31 in 1749; Wallop, now styled "Viscount Lymington," did not inherit the earldom from his grandfather until 1762. On 1 October 1755, he was created a DCL of Oxford.

paragraph: On 27 August 1763, Portsmouth married Urania Fellowes (d. 1812), daughter of Coulson Fellowes. They had four sons and four daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth (1767–1853)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Urania Anabella Wallop (1 June 1769 – 17 December 1844)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Camilla Maria Wallop (8 November 1770 – 10 September 1789)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newton Fellowes, 4th Earl of Portsmouth (1772–1854), who adopted the surname of Fellowes in 1794

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Coulson Wallop (1774–1807)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Henrietta Dorothea Wallop (6 May 1780 – 10 June 1862), married 19 January 1815 (O.S.) Rev. John Comyns Churchill

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Emma Maria Wallop (13 August 1781 – 22 May 1798)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. William Fellowes Wallop (20 May 1784 – 20 November 1790)

description: British noble

wikidata_label: John Wallop, 2nd Earl of Portsmouth

wikipedia_title: John Wallop, 2nd Earl of Portsmouth


text: Occitan language

text: Mouriès

text: Robèrt Lafont

text: París

text: "Lo nòvi parat", Toulouse Library

categories: People from Bouches-du-Rhône,1771 deaths,1711 births

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Coye

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Coye (June 6, 1711 – February 17, 1771) was an Occitan language writer from Mouriès, Provence. His name is written as Joan Baptista Còia in classical occitan.

paragraph: Coye's work is included in Archard's Provençal anthology "Lou Bouquet Provençaou" and is recognised as among the foremost of Provence's 18th century authors.

paragraph: He is the author of a 1743 comedy entitled "Lou Novy para" (written as "Lo Nòvi parat" in classical Occitan) which, according to Occitan critic Robèrt Lafont, obtained a "lasting success". Coye also composed the poem "Lou Délire".

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oeuvres complète de J. B. Coye en vers provençaux". Arles : Mesnier, 1829.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lou Bouquet Prouvençaou". Marselha : Achard, 1823.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatole, Cristian. Lafont, Robèrt. "Nouvelle histoire de la littérature occitane". París : PUF, 1

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lo nòvi parat", Toulouse Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Complete work", published in 1829, Google book

description: French singer

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Coye

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Coye


text:
Gemidziite
assassins in Thessaloniki
Oraovec
Kosovo Vilayet
Ottoman Empire
Republic of Macedonia
"Sts. Cyril and Methodius"
Pavel Shatev
Georgi Bogdanov
Marko Boshnakov
Fezzan
Sahara
Murzuk
Pavel Shatev
Georgi Bogdanov
Marko Boshnakov

wikipedia_title: Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki

categories: Bulgarian revolutionaries,1908 deaths,Bulgarian people who died in prison custody,1884 births,Bulgarian people imprisoned abroad,Prisoners who died in Ottoman detention,People from Veles Municipality,People from Kosovo Vilayet,Bulgarian anarchists,Macedonian Bulgarians

paragraph: Milan Arsov

paragraph: Milan Arsov () was a Bulgarian revolutionary - anarchist, member of Gemidziite and one of the assassins in Thessaloniki. In the Republic of Macedonia he is considered Macedonian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Milan Arsov was born in Oraovec, in the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day Republic of Macedonia). He studied in the Bulgarian gymnasium in Thessaloniki "Sts. Cyril and Methodius" and Bitola Bulgarian Exarchate gymnasium but did not graduate it.

paragraph: In Thessaloniki he joined the anarchist brotherhood, called the Gemidzii and became part of it. As such he participated in assassinations in Salonika in 1903. On April 15, 1903 Dimitar Mechev, Ilija Trachkov and Milan Arsov detonated the railway line Thessaloniki - Istanbul. The blast damaged several cars and the locomotive, but the passengers ware not hurt. The next day Arsov threw a bomb in front of the hotel "Alhambra".

paragraph: Arsov was one of four survivors from the Gemidzhii, who were put on trial from a military court. Along with Pavel Shatev, Georgi Bogdanov and Marko Boshnakov they were sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he along with other assassins had been sent to Fezzan in Sahara.

paragraph: He died of tuberculosis on June 8, 1908 in Murzuk, but his skull was returned to Macedonia by Pavel Shatev and Georgi Bogdanov.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pavel Shatev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgi Bogdanov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marko Boshnakov

description: Bulgarian revolutionary

wikidata_label: Milan Arsov

wikipedia_title: Milan Arsov


text:
Canadian
performance works
handmade
electronics
Western Front
Vancouver
Mattress Factory
Pittsburgh
Exploratorium
San Francisco

wikipedia_title:
Canadians
Performance art
Do it yourself
Electronics
Western Front Society
Vancouver
Mattress Factory
Pittsburgh
Exploratorium
San Francisco

categories: University of Victoria alumni,Canadian performance artists,1957 births,Artists from Vancouver,Canadian women artists,University of California, Los Angeles alumni,Living people,Canadian installation artists,Artists from Ottawa

paragraph: Diana Burgoyne

paragraph: Diana Burgoyne (born 1957) is a Canadian artist known for her installations and performance works using handmade electronics.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Since the mid-1980s, Burgoyne has produced work that combines handmade electronics with aspects of sculpture, installation and live performance. Her work looks at the interaction of society, technology, culture, and environment, and their impact on the human body.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Western Front, Vancouver

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Toronto Art Centre,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exploratorium, San Francisco

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview

wikidata_label: Diana Burgoyne

wikipedia_title: Diana Burgoyne


text:
Spanish
pirate
Igueste de San Andrés
Tenerife, Spain
Caribbean
La Habana
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Amaro Pargo
Amaro Pargo
List of pirates
Piracy

categories: 1800 births,People from Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Proslavery activists,19th-century pirates,People whose existence is disputed,Spanish pirates

paragraph: Cabeza de Perro

paragraph: Ángel García, nicknamed Cabeza de Perro (born 1800) was a Spanish pirate. His nickname, "Cabeza de Perro" translates to English as "Dog Head".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ángel García was born in Igueste de San Andrés, Tenerife, Spain in 1800.

paragraph: As a pirate he conducted his operations in the Caribbean and lived in the district of San Lázaro, in La Habana, Cuba. His vessel was the brig "El Invencible", which he captured after organizing the killing of her crew.

paragraph: He was arrested at "Castillo de Paso Alto" in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where he was executed.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity.

paragraph: Currently it is believed that this pirate is only a character based on Amaro Pargo, since there are no real references either to his activities or to his execution in Tenerife. Yes, there was an offender in the 1920s who took that nickname.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amaro Pargo

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pirates

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piracy

description: Spanish pirate

wikidata_label: Cabeza de Perro

wikipedia_title: Cabeza de Perro


text:
condottiero
Colonna family
Prospero Colonna
Minturno
Fondi
imperial side
Italian Wars
Charles V
Belgioioso
Kingdom of Naples
Pope Clement V
Anagni
Vatican City
Castel Sant'Angelo
excommunicated
Paliano
Appiani
Piombino
Isabella Colonna
Giulia Gonzaga
Ludovico Gonzaga
Sabbioneta
Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
Libro d´oro della nobiltà mediterranea

categories: 1480s births,Condottieri,1528 deaths,Colonna family

image: 512px-Веспазиано_Колонна.png

paragraph: Vespasiano Colonna

paragraph: Vespasiano Colonna (c. 1485 – 13 March 1528) was an Italian nobleman and condottiero, a member of the Colonna family.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Prospero Colonna, duke of Traetto (modern Minturno) and count of Fondi, and Covella di Sanseverino.

paragraph: He fought for the imperial side in the Italian Wars; in 1524, in reward, he obtained by Charles V the county of Belgioioso, confiscated from the Barbiano family. Sent to defend the Spanish-controlled Kingdom of Naples, he however defected to the French in 1525, gaining Pope Clement V's enmity. After the Colonna had occupied Anagni, the Pope proposed to pardon him in exchange of stopping fighting against the papal lands: Colonna replied assaulting the papal palace in the Vatican City, forcing the pope to take shelter in Castel Sant'Angelo. Vespasiano and all his parents were therefore excommunicated.

paragraph: In 1527 he was reconciled with the pope thanks to the intercession of imperial ministers.

paragraph: He died at Paliano in 1528.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Colonna first married Beatrice Appiani of Piombino, with whom he had a daughter, Isabella Colonna. In 1526 he remarried to Giulia Gonzaga, daughter of Ludovico Gonzaga duke of Sabbioneta.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franca Petrucci: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. XXVII (1982).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Società Genealogica Italiana: Libro d´oro della nobiltà mediterranea, (2014).

description: Italian condottiero

wikidata_label: Vespasiano Colonna

wikipedia_title: Vespasiano Colonna


text: Austrian Empire

text: airship

text: Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin

text: Vera Schwarz

text: OCLC

text: Zalaegerszeg

text: Austrian Empire

text: Austro-Hungarian

text: Hungarian

text: Keszthely

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Austrian Empire

text: Jew

text: Županja

text: Agram

text: Austrian Empire

text: Austro-Hungarian Empire

text: Croatia

text: mechanics

text: aluminium

text: military attaché

text: St. Petersburg

text: Carl Berg

text: ballonet

text: Royal Prussian government

text: Zeppelin

text: Tempelhof

text: Daimler

text: Staßfurt

text: hemoptysis

text: hematemesis

text: Zentralfriedhof

text: Ferdinand von Zeppelin

text: Hugo Eckener

text: "Part II: Appendices"

text: WWW-Tipp der Woche 24/2000

text: 1996 Gutenberg version

text: Schwarz's Airship

categories: Jewish inventors,1897 deaths,19th-century German aviation,Hungarian Jews,Aviation history of Germany,Aviation inventors,Croatian Jews,1850 births,Croatian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent,Austro-Hungarian Jews,Hungarian inventors,19th-century aviation,Croatian Austro-Hungarians,Croatian inventors,1890s in Germany,People from Zagreb,Croatian balloonists,Austrian people of Croatian-Jewish descent,Hungarian engineers

paragraph: David Schwarz (aviation inventor)

paragraph: David Schwarz (, ; 20 December 1850 – 13 January 1897) was a Croatian-Hungarian aviation pioneer born in the Austrian Empire. He is known for creating an airship with a rigid envelope made entirely of metal. . Schwarz died only months before the airship was flown. Some sources have claimed that Count Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin purchased Schwarz's airship patent from his widow, a claim which has been disputed. He was the father of the opera and operetta soprano Vera Schwarz (1888–1964).

paragraph: Section::::Birth date and nationality.

paragraph: Sources for his date of birth vary. The OCLC cites Rotem, Ẓ. giving it as 7 December 1850, while Brockhaus gives it as 20 December 1850 The OCLC, as well as Brockhaus, show Schwarz's place of birth as Zalaegerszeg, "" (Hungary).

paragraph: Sources do not agree regarding Schwarz's nationality: while it is not disputed that he was born a subject of the Austrian Empire and later an Austro-Hungarian citizen, there are claims that he was of either Croatian, or Hungarian nationality.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: David Schwarz was born in Keszthely, Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Austrian Empire, the son of Jewish parents. He was a timber merchant raised in Županja, but he spent most of his life in Agram, formerly also part of the Austrian Empire, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and today's Zagreb, capital of Croatia.

paragraph: Although Schwarz had no special technical training, he became interested in technology and developed improvements for woodcutting machinery.

paragraph: Section::::First airship thoughts.

paragraph: Schwarz first became interested in airships during the 1880s. This occurred while working away from home supervising the felling of some forest land. As the work took longer than planned, he had his wife send him books to while away the evenings. These included a mechanics textbook. Although Schwarz became excited, it is not certain that this inspired him to build his own airship. His lumber business suffered due to his obsession and, like other aviation pioneers, his project attracted mockery. Nevertheless, his wife Melanie supported him. Schwarz proposed aluminium, then a very new material, for construction.

paragraph: Section::::First airship in Russia.

paragraph: Having worked out the design of an all-metal airship, Schwarz then offered his ideas to the Austro-Hungarian war minister. Some interest was shown, but the government was not ready to provide financial support.

paragraph: The Russian military attaché, a technically educated man, advised Schwarz to demonstrate his airship in St. Petersburg, where an airship using Schwarz's ideas was built in 1893. Schwarz, and later his widow, assumed that test flights would also be made there, but this did not happen. He began construction in late 1892, with the industrialist Carl Berg supplying the aluminium and necessary funding.

paragraph: Problems arose during gas-filling: on inflation, the framework collapsed. Schwarz apparently intended the metal skin to contain the gas directly without internal gas bags. The Russian engineer Kowanko pointed out that the lack of a ballonet would cause stresses on the skin during ascent and descent. Also, the skin was not airtight,

paragraph: The first airship's specifications were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Power: four cylinder engine weighing producing at 480 rpm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empty weight:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gross lift:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballast and fuel:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Equipment and three people:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Net lift:

paragraph: The circumstances of Schwarz's return are unclear; there were reports of a hasty departure from Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Second airship in Berlin.

paragraph: In 1894, Carl Berg procured a contract to build an airship for the Royal Prussian government, referring to Schwarz as the originator of the idea. Berg already had experience working with the then novel aluminium, and was to later manufacture components for Zeppelin's first airship. With financial and technical help from Berg and his firm, the airship was designed and built.

paragraph: Construction began in 1895 at the Tempelhof field in Berlin. For a time the Prussian Airship Battalion placed its grounds and personnel at Schwarz's disposal. The components were produced in Carl Berg's Eveking Westphalia factory and, under the direction of Schwarz, assembled in Berlin. A gondola, also of aluminium, was fixed to the framework. Attached to the gondola was a Daimler engine that drove aluminium propellers. One of the propellers was used to steer the craft.

paragraph: In June 1896 Carl Berg sent a card to his stepfather from Moscow apparently indicating that he had searched for information on Schwarz and became cynical of delays and was nearly convinced he had been swindled.

paragraph: Due to delays, the airship was first filled with gas and tested on 9 October 1896, but the results were not satisfactory because the hydrogen delivered by the "Vereinigte Chemische Fabriken" from Leopoldshall (part of Staßfurt) was not of the required purity and so did not provide enough lift. However, some sources claim that a test was performed on 8 October 1896. It was determined that gas with a density of 1.15 kg per cubic metre was needed. Gas of that quality could not be obtained for some time, and a test flight could not be made until November 1897, roughly ten months after Schwarz's death.

paragraph: Section::::Death and maiden flight.

paragraph: Schwarz did not live to see his airship fly. Between 1892 and 1896 he traveled frequently, which affected his health. Shortly before his death he received news that his airship was ready to be filled with gas. On 13 January 1897 he collapsed outside the "Zur Linde" restaurant in Vienna, and died minutes later from heart failure, aged 44. Historical sources speak of a "blutsturz" (a term meaning either hemoptysis or hematemesis).

paragraph: David Schwarz was buried in Zentralfriedhof, Vienna.

paragraph: Carl Berg required confirmation of Schwarz's death, suspecting he had fled to sell his secrets. Nevertheless, Berg resumed the work with Melanie, Schwarz's widow, and together with the Airship Battalion they completed the airship with the addition of a gas relief valve.

paragraph: This second airship had these specifications:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Length: 47.55 m (56 ft)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diameter: 13.49  m (44 ft 3 in)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engine: Daimler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four propellers: one of 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) diameter between the gongal and the envelope, two of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) diameter mounted on brackets either side of the envelope, and a fourth of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) diameter revolving in the horizontal plane mounted below the gondola to drive the craft up or down.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Envelope: 0.2 mm aluminium plates riveted to framework.

paragraph: A later structural analysis based on the drawings concluded that it was defective, with the skin taking most of the shear stresses: distortions of the skin can seen in a photo of the craft in flight.

paragraph: The second airship was tested with partial success at Tempelhof near Berlin, Germany, on 3 November 1897. Airship Battalion mechanic Ernst Jägels climbed into the gondola and lifted off at 3 p.m. However, the airship broke free of the ground crew, and because it rose quickly Jägels disengaged the vertical axis 'lift' propeller. At an altitude of about the drive belt slipped off the left propeller, resulting in the ship "...[turning] broadside to the wind, [and with the result that] the forward tether broke free." As the ship rose to the drive belt slipped off the right propeller, the airship thus losing all propulsion. Jägels then opened the newly fitted gas release valve and landed safely, but the ship turned over and collapsed and was damaged beyond repair.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: About the time of the trial flight and for decades after, various accounts, sometimes conflicting or misleading, were written of the events. Later, Berg, as well as his son, would write negatively of his experiences with Schwarz.

paragraph: Some sources state that Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin purchased Schwarz's patent from his widow in 1898, while others claim that the count used the design. However, Hugo Eckener, who worked with Count Zeppelin, dismissed these claims:

paragraph: Cvi Rotem (1903–1980) wrote the only known biography, titled "David Schwarz: Tragödie des Erfinders. Zur Geschichte des Luftschiffes". Rotem wrote that both Berg and Schwarz wished to keep their work secret.

paragraph: From 3 December 2000 to 20 April 2001 the "Museen der Stadt Lüdenscheid" held an exhibition which covered Berg, Schwarz and Zeppelin history from 1892 to 1932, with displays of documents, photographs and airship remnants.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dooley, Sean C., "The Development of Material-Adapted Structural Form" - "Part II: Appendices". THÈSE NO 2986 (2004), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, Douglas H., "Giants in the Sky". Henley-on Thames: Foulis, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schnitzler, Norbert. 2000. WWW-Tipp der Woche 24/2000 (German summary of museum exhibition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whale, George. 1995. "British Airships, Past – Present – Future", , BiblioBazaar (26 October 2007) (also 1996 Gutenberg version)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Congress Linked Authority File for David Schwarz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schwarz's Airship

description: Hungarian-Croatian aviation pioneer

wikidata_label: David Schwarz

wikipedia_title: David Schwarz (aviation inventor)


text: Crimean War

text: Indian Rebellion of 1857

text: paymaster

text: 8th Royal Irish Hussars

text: British

text: light cavalry

text: Charge of the Light Brigade

text: Crimea

text: Wiltshire

text: Ashton Gifford House

text: Lord Lucan

text: Varna

text: Battle of Balaclava

text: front line

text: Battle of Inkerman

text: Queen Victoria

text: Roger Fenton

text: India

text: Sepoy Mutiny

text: Hindoo

text: caftan

text: turban

text: Gwalior

text: cavalry

text: Lord Cardigan

text: Constantinople

text: Cheltenham

text: Jill Bennett

text: The Charge of the Light Brigade

text: Trevor Howard

text: Harry Flashman

text: George MacDonald Fraser

text: Flash for Freedom!

text: Flashman at the Charge

text: tits

text: Queen Victoria's Bomb

text: Ronald W. Clark

text: Farwell, Byron

text: Oxford University Press

text: A Celebration of Women Writers

categories: English memoirists,1903 deaths,1829 births,British people of the Crimean War,Women in 19th-century warfare,Women of the Victorian era

paragraph: Fanny Duberly

paragraph: Frances Isabella ("Fanny") Duberly (27 September 1829 – January 1903) was an English soldier’s wife who wrote a journal of her experiences on campaign in the Crimean War and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which was afterwards published. Her husband, Captain Henry Duberly, was paymaster to the 8th Royal Irish Hussars, part of the British light cavalry that took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade. Duberly's journal of her time in the Crimea was published as "Journal Kept During the Russian War." It not only includes eye-witness accounts, but is also a record of gossip and rumours circulating in the British Army.

paragraph: Section::::Early history.

paragraph: Born Frances Isabella Locke in 1829, the daughter of Wadham Locke, a Wiltshire banker, after the death of her mother in 1838 she moved to live with her eldest brother (also Wadham Locke) at Ashton Gifford House in Wiltshire. She left Ashton Gifford on her marriage in 1845, which took place shortly after her brother had married for a second time.

paragraph: Section::::Crimea.

paragraph: Duberly travelled with her husband to the Crimea in 1854 and stayed with him throughout his time there, despite the protests of commanders such as Lord Lucan. As the only officer's wife at the front, she was a centre of attention. Described as "a splendid rider, witty, ambitious, daring, lively, loquacious and gregarious", she seemed to possess the physical requirements and tough attitude required of her surroundings, writing shortly after her arrival at Varna, in Bulgaria, en route to the Crimea that she "was awoke by the reveillée at half-past two; rose, packed our bedding and tent, got a stale egg and a mouthful of brandy and was in my saddle by half-past five." She was told of planned attacks ahead of time, giving her the opportunity to be in a good position to witness them. Such was the case at the Battle of Balaclava, where her journey from camp to meet up with Henry and watch the battle took her quite close to the enemy. Though her husband survived the day (being away on staff duties), many of her friends did not: "Even my closed eyelids were filled with the ruddy glare of blood." Being so close to the front line in one of the first "modern" wars, Mrs Duberly differed from many of her compatriots back home in comprehending the reality of war. When her husband asked if she wanted to view the aftermath of the Battle of Inkerman, she told him she could not as "the thought of it made me shutter [sic] and turn sick."

paragraph: Duberly’s adventures did not always sit well with society. She was pointedly snubbed at the Royal review of her husband’s regiment after the war. The journal she published after the war had originally been intended to have a dedication to Queen Victoria, but this was refused, much to her dismay. Nonetheless she was popular with the troops (who nicknamed her "Mrs. Jubilee") and many people in England. Her published journal met with some success and prints of a photo of her taken by Roger Fenton sold quite well.

paragraph: Section::::India.

paragraph: Duberly again accompanied her husband when the 8th Hussars were sent to India in 1856. She stayed with him throughout the final months of the Sepoy Mutiny. She was adamant about accompanying the troops on campaign and told her sister that she would "stain my face and hands and adopt the Hindoo caftan and turban," refusing to stay behind. At Gwalior in June 1858, while watching the start of a cavalry charge, her horse ran after the rest and, instead of holding back, she told her husband "I must go!" and galloped away.

paragraph: Section::::Married life.

paragraph: The Duberlys had no children. She was a great friend and supporter of her husband, who never seemed to be jealous of his wife as the centre of attention in the all-male environment of the British Army in the field. She described her husband as "a friend I am obliged to support." He was ill when the time came to go ashore in the Crimea and she told her sister that "Lord Cardigan intends him to land with the troops, but I don’t intend him to do so." The Duberlys had their differences of opinion on the nature of military service. When orders came from Lucan that she must be put ashore at Constantinople, she wrote that "Henry looks upon the order as a soldier; I as a woman, and laugh at it."

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: The Duberlys returned to Britain in 1864. She retained her campaign memories but, when asked to reminisce about what she had witnessed, she replied that "those days are best forgotten." Nevertheless, she retained her adventurous spirit and complained to a nephew in 1896 that "I cannot stand dullness for long, and life gets duller and duller as one gets older." She died at Cheltenham in 1903, aged 73. Her husband, having risen to the rank of major in the Army Pay Department, died in 1890.

paragraph: Section::::Fiction.

paragraph: Fanny Duberly was played by Jill Bennett in the 1968 film "The Charge of the Light Brigade". In this, she was wrongly depicted as having a sexual relationship with Cardigan, played by Trevor Howard.

paragraph: She featured in two books about Harry Flashman by George MacDonald Fraser: "Flash for Freedom!" and "Flashman at the Charge". In both of these, particularly the former, she is a target for Flashman's lust but he fails in his attempted seduction of her. Fraser introduces her, still Fanny Locke, as "a damned handsome eighteen with the shape of a well-developed matron." He remarks on her prettiness, fair hair and blue eyes as well as complimenting her on her riding skills: "she could ride, that girl." Flashman desires to have sex with her, opportunity allowing, and laments not being able to do so or at least to "give her tits a squeeze." Fraser has Flashman jealous of Duberly's husband, describing him in Flashman's words as a "muff" who, when on guard duty, sits outside the room "like a blasted water bailiff."

paragraph: Mrs Duberly is mentioned in "Queen Victoria's Bomb" by Ronald W. Clark (1967). The story consists of the memoirs of Professor Franklin Huxtable whose invention of an ultimate weapon in the 1850s was supposed to make warfare impossible. The bomb is trialled in a remote part of India and resulted in the vaporising of some unfortunate horses whose shadows were left as a permanent record burnt on the landscape.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barham, John. "The Indomitable Duberly", 29 June 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farwell, Byron. "Queen Victoria’s Little Wars". New York: W. W. Norton, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warner, Philip. "The Crimean War, A Reappraisal". New York: Taplinger, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mrs. Duberly's War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea, 1854–1856". Edited by Christine Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duberly, Mrs. Henry. "Journal Kept During The Russian War: From The Departure Of The Army From England In April 1854, To The Fall Of Sebastopol" London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1856, at A Celebration of Women Writers.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rappaport, Helen. "No Place for Ladies: the Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War". Arum, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tisdall, E. E. P. "Mrs. Duberly's Campaigns". New York: Rand McNally, 1963.

alias:
Frances Isabella Duberly
Frances Isabella Locke

description: English soldier’s wife who published a Crimean War journal

wikidata_label: Fanny Duberly

wikipedia_title: Fanny Duberly


text:
Doge of Venice
hypatus
Byzantine emperor
Leo V the Armenian
Constantinople
Doge Agnello
Giovanni
Agnello
Byzantine Emperor
Michael II
Aghlabid
expeditionary force
Sicily
Charlemagne
Lothair I
patriarchs of Grado
Aquileia
Istria
Saint Mark
Alexandria
Egypt
Basilica di San Marco
Norwich, John Julius
Alfred A. Knopf
New York
Constantinople
Serenissima

categories: People of the Arab–Byzantine wars,829 deaths,Year of birth unknown,House of Participazio,9th-century Doges of Venice

paragraph: Giustiniano Participazio

paragraph: Giustiniano Participazio (; died 829) was the eleventh (traditional) or ninth (historical) Doge of Venice from 825 to his death. His four years on the ducal throne were very eventful. He was made hypatus by the Byzantine emperor Leo V the Armenian.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Giustiniano was away in Constantinople when his father, the then-reigning Doge Agnello, appointed his younger brother Giovanni as co-doge. When Giustiniano returned, he flew into a fury. Agnello appointed his third son, also Agnello, co-doge and began to oppose Giustiniano, even besieging him in the church of San Severo. Giustiniano gained the upper hand, however, and exiled his younger brother and succeeded his father as doge in 827. He was married to a woman named Felicita.

paragraph: The Byzantine Emperor, Michael II, offered military support to Venice in return for a contingent of Venetians in his expedition against the Aghlabid expeditionary force at Sicily. The success of the expedition increased the prestige of the city.

paragraph: While the contest (fomented by Charlemagne and by Lothair I) between the patriarchs of Grado and Aquileia over the Istrian bishoprics continued, Giustiniano worked to increase the prestige of the Venetian church itself. Traditionally, Venice was first evangelised by Saint Mark himself and many Venetians made the pilgrimage to Mark's grave in Alexandria, Egypt. According to tradition, Giustiniano ordered merchants, Buono di Malamocco and Rustico di Torcello, to corrupt the Alexandrine monks which guarded the body of the evangelist and steal it away secretly to Venice. Hiding the body amongst some pork, the Venetian ship slipped through customs and sailed into Venice on 31 January 828 with the body of Saint Mark. Giustiniano decided to build a ducal chapel dedicated to Saint Mark to house his remains: the first Basilica di San Marco in Venice.

paragraph: Giustiniano recalled his brother Giovanni from Constantinople, because he had no sons by his wife, and appointed him to continue the construction of the new church for Venice's new patron saint. Giovanni succeeded the aged Giustiniano on the latter's death the next year.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. "A History of Venice". Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şerban Marin. "Giustiniano Partecipazio and the Representation of the First Venetian Embassy to Constantinople in the Chronicles of the Serenissima", "Historical Yearbook", 2 (2005), p. 75-92.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Giustiniano Participazio

wikipedia_title: Giustiniano Participazio


text:
American football
wide receiver
college football
University of Washington
free agent
Columbus Destroyers

categories: African-American players of American football,Seattle Seahawks players,Players of American football from California,Washington Huskies football players,American football wide receivers,Los Angeles Kiss players,Sportspeople from Compton, California,Jacksonville Jaguars players,1991 births,Columbus Destroyers players,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: Kevin Smith (wide receiver)

paragraph: Kevin Smith (born December 21, 1991) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He played college football at the University of Washington.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: On May 12, 2014, Smith signed with the Cardinals as an undrafted free agent. On June 6, 2014, he was waived by the Cardinals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: On June 5, 2014, Smith was claimed off waivers from the Cardinals. On June 19, 2014, he was waived by the Jaguars.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: On June 25, 2015, Smith was signed by the Seahawks. On August 25, 2015, he was waived. On September 2, 2015, he was re-signed. On September 5, 2015, Smith was waived. On September 6, 2015, Smith was re-signed to the practice squad. On November 17, 2015, Smith was elevated to the active roster. On week 11 2015 vs the Steelers Smith recorded his first NFL reception for 21 yards.

paragraph: On August 30, 2016, he was placed on injured reserve. On September 3, 2016, he was released from the Seahawks' injured reserve. He was re-signed to the practice squad on November 29, 2016. He was released on December 6, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Columbus Destroyers.

paragraph: On March 11, 2019, Smith was assigned to the Columbus Destroyers. On April 20, 2019, he was placed on reassignment.

description: American American football player

wikidata_label: Kevin Smith

wikipedia_title: Kevin Smith (wide receiver)


text:
Bayezid II
Ottoman Empire
İçil
Ibrahim II Bey
Karamanids
Karaman
Manisa
Bursa
Selim I
Muradiye Complex
Bursa

categories: 15th-century women of the Ottoman Empire,Wives of Ottoman Sultans,16th-century Ottoman royalty,Year of birth unknown,15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Hüsnüşah Hatun

paragraph: Hüsnüşah Hatun (), was a consort of Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hüsnüşah Hatun's father was Nasuh Bey, who had been once the governor of İçil, and her mother was the daughter of Ibrahim II Bey, ruler of the Karamanids. She had two brothers named Pir Ahmed Bey, and Abdülkerim Bey.

paragraph: Hüsnüşah married Bayezid when he was still a prince, and the governor of Amasya sanjak. She gave birth to two children, a son, Şehzade Şehinşah in 1461, and a daughter, Sultanzade Hatun.

paragraph: According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. In 1481 Şehinşah, was sent to Manisa sanjak, and then in 1485 to Karaman, and Hüsnüşah accompanied him. She built and endowed a mosque at Manisa in 1490.

paragraph: After Şehzade Şehinşah's death in 1511, Hüsnüşah Hatun came to Bursa. Hüsnüşah Hatun also corresponded with Selim I, Şehinşah's victorious brother, on behalf of Mevlana Pir Ahmed Çelebi, a scholar who had been at Şehinşah's court and who was neglected when the members of the prince's household were assigned new posts.

paragraph: She is buried in Muradiye Complex, Bursa.

description: Wife of Ottoman Sultan

wikidata_label: Hüsnüşah Hatun

wikipedia_title: Hüsnüşah Hatun


text: Prague

text: Czech Republic

text: East Grinstead Hockey Club

text: FN Brand

categories: Czech male field hockey players,Sportspeople from Prague,Male field hockey goalkeepers,1981 births,East Grinstead Hockey Club players,Living people

paragraph: Filip Neusser

paragraph: Filip Neusser (born September 16, 1981 in Prague, Czech Republic) is a former Czech professional field hockey goalkeeper.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career, awards and honors.

paragraph: Neusser started playing hockey in Prague at the age of six. At 16 he was named the best goalkeeper during the U21 indoor European Championships in 1998.

paragraph: Neusser, who has more than 150 caps, has represented the Czech Republic since 1997 and started his professional career in 2003 in Germany. Playing for the Czech National team, he was voted the best goalkeeper of the tournament during the World Cup qualification and 3 times during the European championships division B. In 2013 he had the chance to show his skills in Boom (Belgium) during the European Championships where he was also named the best goalkeeper of the tournament.

paragraph: He played for East Grinstead Hockey Club in England. Neusser is a double indoor Champion of England hockey league. He was also voted Man of the Match during the Wembley Final in 2014.

paragraph: Neusser is considered one of the best goalkeepers in the world in general and the best goalkeeper in the world in indoor field hockey.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Neusser lives in Prague and he has two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czech TV - Czech field hockey star prevailed in England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czech TV - Hockey on the ground - Hockey magazine from the Czech Republic and abroad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hockey: Filip Neusser loving life in England

paragraph: BULLET::::- FN Brand

description: Czech field hockey player

wikidata_label: Filip Neusser

wikipedia_title: Filip Neusser