text:
King of León
Galicia
Toledo
Castile
Alfonso VII of León and Castile
Berenguela
House of Barcelona
León
Galicia
Sancho
Castile
Toledo
knight
Alfonso VIII
Almoravid
Alcántara
Alburquerque
Afonso I of Portugal
Salamanca
Urraca
Ciudad Rodrigo
Tui
Xinzo de Limia
Badajoz
Cáceres
Trujillo
Montánchez
Santarém
Order of Santiago de Compostela
Order of Alcántara
Alexander III
consanguinuity
Teresa Fernández de Traba
Fernando Pérez de Traba
Nuño Pérez de Lara
Castrojeriz
Dueñas
Abu Yaqub Yusuf
archbishop of Santiago de Compostela
Biscay
Nájera
Haro
Alfonso IX
Benavente
Ferdinand III of Castile
Urraca of Portugal
Alfonso IX
Teresa Fernández de Traba
Fernando Pérez de Traba
Urraca López de Haro
Lope Díaz I de Haro
Samuel G. Armistead

categories: Galician monarchs,Leonese infantes,1130s births,Castilian infantes,People from Toledo, Spain,1188 deaths,Leonese monarchs,Castilian House of Ivrea

paragraph: Ferdinand II of León

paragraph: Ferdinand II (c. 1137 – 22 January 1188) was King of León and Galicia from 1157 to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Toledo, Castile, he was the son of King Alfonso VII of León and Castile and of Berenguela, of the House of Barcelona. At his father's death, he received León and Galicia, while his brother Sancho received Castile and Toledo. Ferdinand earned the reputation of a good knight and hard fighter, but did not display political or organising faculty.

paragraph: He spent most of his first year as king in a dispute with his powerful nobles and an invasion by his brother Sancho III. In 1158 the two brothers met at Sahagun, and peacefully solved the heritage matters. However, Sancho died in the same year, being succeeded by his child son Alfonso VIII, while Ferdinand occupied parts of Castile. The boundary troubles with Castile restarted in 1164: he then met at Soria with the Lara family, who represented Alfonso VIII, and a truce was established, allowing him to move against the Muslim Almoravids who still held much of southern Spain, and to capture the cities of Alcántara and Alburquerque. In the same year, Ferdinand defeated King Afonso I of Portugal, who, in 1163, had occupied Salamanca in retaliation for the repopulation of the area ordered by the King of León.

paragraph: In 1165 he married Urraca, daughter of Afonso of Portugal. However, strife with Portugal was not put to an end by this move. In 1168 Afonso again felt menaced by Ferdinand II's repopulation of the area of Ciudad Rodrigo: he then attacked Galicia, occupying Tui and the territory of Xinzo de Limia, former fiefs of his mother. However, as his troops were also besieging the Muslim citadel of Badajoz, Ferdinand II was able to push the Portuguese out of Galicia and to rush to Badajoz. When Afonso saw the Leonese arrive he tried to flee, but he was disabled by a broken leg caused by a fall from his horse, and made prisoner at one the city's gates. Afonso was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous year. In the peace signed at Pontevedra the following year, Ferdinand got back twenty five castles, and the cities of Cáceres, Badajoz, Trujillo, Santa Cruz and Montánchez, previously lost by León. When in the same years the Almoravids laid siege to the Portuguese city of Santarém, Ferdinand II came to help his father-in-law, and helped to free the city from the menace.

paragraph: Also in 1170, Ferdinand created the military-religious Order of Santiago de Compostela, with the task to protect the city of Cáceres. Like the Order of Alcántara, it initially began as a knightly confraternity and took the name "Santiago" (St. James) after St. James the apostle.

paragraph: In 1175 Pope Alexander III annulled Ferdinand II and Urraca of Portugal's marriage due to consanguinuity. The King remarried to Teresa Fernández de Traba, daughter of count Fernando Pérez de Traba, and widow of count Nuño Pérez de Lara. In 1178 war against Castile broke out. Ferdinand surprised his nephew Alfonso VIII, occupied Castrojeriz and Dueñas, both formerly lands of Teresa's first husband. The war was settled in 1180 with the peace of Tordesillas. In the same year his wife Teresa died while bearing their second son.

paragraph: In 1184, after a series of failed attempts, the Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf invaded Portugal with an army recruited in Northern Africa and, in May, besieged Afonso I in Santarém; the Portuguese were helped by the arrival of the armies sent by the archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, in June, and by Ferdinand II in July.

paragraph: In 1185 Ferdinand married for the third time to Urraca López de Haro (daughter of Lope Díaz, lord of Biscay, Nájera and Haro), who was his mistress since 1180. Urraca tried in vain to have Alfonso IX, first son of Ferdinand II, declared illegitimate, to favour her son Sancho.

paragraph: Ferdinand II died in 1188 at Benavente, while returning from a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. He was buried in the cathedral of Compostela.

paragraph: In 1230 Forty two years after Ferdinand II's death his namesake grandson Ferdinand III of Castile united Castile with Leon permanently.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Ferdinand married Urraca of Portugal around 1165, they had one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso IX.

paragraph: Following her repudiation, he formed a relationship with Teresa Fernández de Traba, daughter of count Fernando Pérez de Traba, and in August 1179 he married her, having:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand (1178–1187), legitimized through his parents' subsequent marriage

paragraph: BULLET::::- child, b. and d. 6 February 1180, whose birth led to the death of its mother

paragraph: He then formed a liaison with Urraca López de Haro, daughter of Lope Díaz I de Haro, whom he married in May 1187, having:

paragraph: BULLET::::- García (1182–1184)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso, b.1184, legitimized through the subsequent marriage of his parents, died before his father.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho (1186–1220), lord of Fines

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Busk, M. M., "The history of Spain and Portugal from B.C. 1000 to A.D. 1814", Baldwin and Cradock, 1833.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leese, Thelma Anna, "Blood royal: issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066–1399", Heritage Books, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia", Ed. E. Michael Gerlis and Samuel G. Armistead, Taylor & Francis, 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szabolcs de Vajay, "From Alfonso VIII to Alfonso X" in "Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday", 1989, pp. 366–417.

description: King of Leon and Galicia

wikidata_label: Ferdinand II of León

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand II of León


text:
Naples
Italian
motorcycle
road racer
Supersport World Championship
MV Agusta F3 675
FIM Superstock 1000 Cup
2005
Aprilia RS125
Honda RS125
Aprilia RS125
Aprilia RS125
Aprilia RS125
KTM FRR 125
Honda RS250RW
Mistral 610
Suter
Supersport World Championship
Honda CBR600RR
Supersport World Championship
Honda CBR600RR
Supersport World Championship
Honda CBR600RR
FIM Superstock 1000 Cup
Ducati 1199 Panigale
FIM Superstock 1000 Cup
BMW S1000RR
Superbike World Championship
BMW S1000RR
Supersport World Championship
MV Agusta
Supersport World Championship
MV Agusta
MotoGP.com profile
WorldSBK.com profile

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,1987 births,Italian motorcycle racers,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Raffaele De Rosa

paragraph: Raffaele De Rosa (born 25 March 1987 in Naples) is an Italian motorcycle road racer. He competes in the Supersport World Championship aboard a MV Agusta F3 675, he won the FIM Superstock 1000 Cup in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:125cc, (2005-2008).

paragraph: De Rosa made his World Championship debut in the 125cc class in the 2005 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:250cc/Moto2, (2009-2011).

paragraph: De Rosa was the "Rookie of The Year" in the 250cc Class in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - 29th, Italian 125cc Championship #35 Aprilia RS125

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 - 15th, Italian 125cc Championship #35 Honda RS125

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - 23rd, 125cc World Championship #35 Aprilia RS125

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – 16th, 125cc World Championship #35 Aprilia RS125

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – 16th, 125cc World Championship #35 Aprilia RS125

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – 18th, 125cc World Championship #35 KTM FRR 125

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – 6th, 250cc World Championship #35 Honda RS250RW

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – 27th, Moto2 World Championship #35 Mistral 610

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - 33rd, Moto2 World Championship #35 Suter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - 24th, Supersport World Championship #35 Honda CBR600RR

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - 19th, Supersport World Championship #5 Honda CBR600RR

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - 10th, Supersport World Championship #35 Honda CBR600RR

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - 3rd, FIM Superstock 1000 Cup #35 Ducati 1199 Panigale

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - 1st, FIM Superstock 1000 Cup #35 BMW S1000RR

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - 15th, Superbike World Championship #35 BMW S1000RR

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - 6th, Supersport World Championship #35 MV Agusta

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019 - Supersport World Championship #35 MV Agusta

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MotoGP.com profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- WorldSBK.com profile

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Raffaele De Rosa

wikipedia_title: Raffaele De Rosa


text: playwright

text: The Spanish Tragedy

text: Elizabethan drama

text: Thomas Hawkins

text: Thomas Heywood

text: Ur-Hamlet

text: St Mary Woolnoth

text: scrivener

text: Scriveners' Company

text: Merchant Taylors' School

text: Richard Mulcaster

text: Edmund Spenser

text: Thomas Lodge

text: Francis Meres

text: Ben Jonson

text: Christopher Marlowe

text: John Lyly

text: Shakespeare

text: The Spanish Tragedie

text: protagonist

text: Philip Henslowe

text: Ben Jonson

text: Torquato Tasso

text: Robert Garnier

text: Soliman and Perseda

text: King Leir

text: Arden of Faversham

text: Edward III

text: bad quarto

text: memorial reconstruction

text: Ur-Hamlet

text: Netherlands

text: Earl of Sussex

text: Earl of Pembroke

text: Lord Strange

text: Christopher Marlowe

text: Privy Council

text: Arianist

text: homoousios

text: Deptford

text: Lord Keeper

text: St Mary Colechurch

text: Great Fire of London

text: The Spanish Tragedy

text: Arden of Faversham

text: Robert Garnier

text: King Leir

text: Thomas Kyd

text: The Spanish Tragedie

text: The Spanish Tragedy

categories: 16th-century male writers,1558 births,16th-century English writers,English Renaissance dramatists,English dramatists and playwrights,University Wits,People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood,16th-century dramatists and playwrights,1594 deaths,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Thomas Kyd

paragraph: Thomas Kyd (baptised 6 November 1558; buried 15 August 1594) was an English playwright, the author of "The Spanish Tragedy", and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama.

paragraph: Although well known in his own time, Kyd fell into obscurity until 1773 when Thomas Hawkins, an early editor of "The Spanish Tragedy", discovered that Kyd was named as its author by Thomas Heywood in his "Apologie for Actors" (1612). A hundred years later, scholars in Germany and England began to shed light on his life and work, including the controversial finding that he may have been the author of a "Hamlet" play pre-dating Shakespeare's, which is now known as the "Ur-Hamlet".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Thomas Kyd was the son of Francis and Anna Kyd. There are no records of the day he was born, but he was baptised in the church of St Mary Woolnoth in the Ward of Langborn, Lombard Street, London on 6 November 1558. The baptismal register at St Mary Woolnoth carries this entry: "Thomas, son of Francis Kydd, Citizen and Writer of the Courte Letter of London". Francis Kydd was a scrivener and in 1580 was warden of the Scriveners' Company.

paragraph: In October 1565 the young Kyd was enrolled in the newly founded Merchant Taylors' School, whose headmaster was Richard Mulcaster. Fellow students included Edmund Spenser and Thomas Lodge. Here, Kyd received a well-rounded education, thanks to Mulcaster's progressive ideas. Apart from Latin and Greek, the curriculum included music, drama, physical education, and "good manners". There is no evidence that Kyd went on to university. He may have followed in his father's professional footsteps because there are two letters written by him and his writing style is similar to that of a scrivener.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Evidence suggests that in the 1580s Kyd became an important playwright, but little is known about his activity. Francis Meres placed him among "our best for tragedy" and Heywood elsewhere called him "Famous Kyd". Ben Jonson mentions him in the same breath as Christopher Marlowe (with whom, in London, Kyd at one time shared a room) and John Lyly in the Shakespeare First Folio.

paragraph: "The Spanish Tragedie" was probably written in the mid to late 1580s. The earliest surviving edition was printed in 1592; the full title being, "The Spanish Tragedie, Containing the lamentable end of Don Horatio, and Bel-imperia: with the pittifull death of olde Hieronimo". However, the play was usually known simply as "Hieronimo", after the protagonist. It was arguably the most popular play of the "Age of Shakespeare" and set new standards in effective plot construction and character development. In 1602 a version of the play with "additions" was published. Philip Henslowe's diary records payment to Ben Jonson for additions that year, but it is disputed whether the published additions reflect Jonson's work or if they were actually composed for a 1597 revival of "The Spanish Tragedy" also mentioned by Henslowe.

paragraph: Other works by Kyd are his translations of Torquato Tasso's "Padre di Famiglia", published as "The Householder's Philosophy" (1588); and Robert Garnier's "Cornelia" (1594). Plays attributed in whole or in part to Kyd include "Soliman and Perseda", "King Leir", "Arden of Faversham" and "Edward III". A play related to "The Spanish Tragedy" called "The First Part of Hieronimo" (surviving in a quarto of 1605) may be a bad quarto or memorial reconstruction of a play by Kyd, or it may be an inferior writer's burlesque of "The Spanish Tragedy" inspired by that play's popularity. Kyd is more generally accepted to have been the author of a "Hamlet", the precursor of the Shakespearean play (see: Ur-Hamlet).

paragraph: The success of Kyd's plays extended to Europe. Versions of "The Spanish Tragedy" and his "Hamlet" were popular in Germany and the Netherlands for generations. The influence of these plays on European drama was largely the reason for the interest in Kyd among German scholars in the nineteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: From 1587 to 1593 Kyd was in the service of an unidentified noble, since, after his imprisonment in 1593 (see below), he wrote of having lost "the favours of my Lord, whom I haue servd almost theis vi yeres nowe". Proposed nobles include the Earl of Sussex, the Earl of Pembroke, and Lord Strange. He may have worked as a secretary, if he did not also write plays. Around 1591 Christopher Marlowe also joined this patron's service, and for a while Marlowe and Kyd shared lodgings, and perhaps even ideas.

paragraph: On 11 May 1593 the Privy Council ordered the arrest of the authors of "divers lewd and mutinous libels" which had been posted around London. The next day, Kyd was among those arrested; he would later believe that he had been the victim of an informer. His lodgings were searched and instead of evidence of the "libels" there was found an Arianist tract, described by an investigator as "vile heretical conceits denying the eternal deity of Jesus Christ found amongst the papers of Thos. Kydd "(sic)", prisoner ... which he affirmeth he had from C. Marley "(sic)"". It is believed that Kyd was tortured brutally to obtain this information. Kyd told authorities the writings found in his possession belonged to Christopher Marlowe, a fellow dramatist and former roommate. Kyd “accused his former roommate of being a blasphemous traitor, an atheist who believed that Jesus Christ was a homosexual” an uninformed confusion over the Arian and Early Gnostic concept of homoousios (). Unfortunately, Kyd was with Marlowe at the wrong place at the wrong time. Marlowe was summoned by the Privy Council after these events, and, while waiting for a decision on his case, was killed in an incident in Deptford involving known government agents.

paragraph: Kyd was eventually released but was not accepted back into his lord's service. Believing he was under suspicion of atheism himself, he wrote to the Lord Keeper, Sir John Puckering, protesting his innocence, but his efforts to clear his name were apparently fruitless. The last we hear from the playwright is the publication of "Cornelia" early in 1594. In the dedication to the Countess of Sussex he alludes to the "bitter times and privy broken passions" he had endured. Kyd died later that year at the age of 35, and was buried on 15 August in St Mary Colechurch in London. In December of that same year, Kyd's mother legally renounced the administration of his estate, probably because it was debt-ridden.

paragraph: St Mary Colechurch was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, and not rebuilt. Thus Thomas Kyd's grave was lost to posterity.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The dates of composition are approximate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Horatio" (partially extant in "The First Part of Hieronimo", "c". 1586)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spanish Tragedy" ("c". 1587)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Householder's Philosophy" (translation, 1588)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arden of Faversham" (attributed, 1592)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soliman and Perseda" (attributed, "c". 1593)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cornelia" (translation of Robert Garnier, 1594)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King Leir" (attributed, 1594)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Edwards, "The Spanish Tragedy", Methuen, 1959, reprinted 1974. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Nicholl, "The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe", Vintage, 2002 (revised edition). (especially for the circumstances surrounding Kyd's arrest).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Kyd at the Lumniarum website

paragraph: BULLET::::- *The Spanish Tragedie Full text of the play

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of the play, modern spelling

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Spanish Tragedy Shorter version of the play for a modern audience

paragraph: BULLET::::- (University of West Alabama)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perverse justice in Kyd's Spanish Tragedy, by John Nettles (University of Georgia)

description: English dramatist

enwikiquote_title: Thomas Kyd

wikidata_label: Thomas Kyd

wikipedia_title: Thomas Kyd


text: indigenous Australian

text: Vaughan Springs

text: Northern Territory

text: Mount Doreen Station

text: Haasts Bluff

text: Long Jack Phillipus Tjakammara

text: Yuendumu

text: Papunya

text: Papunya

text: Walpiri

text: National Aboriginal Art Award

text: Sydney Opera House

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: New Parliament House

text: New York City

text: Melbourne

text: Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi

text: Melbourne

text: Utopia Art

text: Sydney

text: Australian National Gallery

text: Canberra

text: Institute of Contemporary Arts

text: London

text: John Webber Gallery

text: New York

text: National Gallery of Australia

text: Australian Museum

text: Queensland Art Gallery

text: Brisbane

text: Art Gallery of Western Australia

text: Perth

text: Darwin

text: Art Gallery of South Australia

text: Adelaide

text: Art Gallery of New South Wales

text: Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection

text: University of Virginia

text: Charlottesville

text: Australian Parliament House

text: Powerhouse Museum

text: Broken Hill Art Gallery

text: The Kelton Foundation

text: Santa Monica

text: Ellsyd Press

text: Thames and Hudson

text: Craftsman House

text: Roseville

text: NSW

text: New South Wales University Press

text: Kensington, New South Wales

text: Craftsman House

text: Oxford University Press

categories: Australian painters,1949 births,Australian Aboriginal art,Living people

paragraph: Michael Nelson Tjakamarra

paragraph: Michael Nelson Tjakamarra (born 1949) is an indigenous Australian painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tjakamarra was born at Vaughan Springs in the Northern Territory in the year 1949. He first saw white men at Mount Doreen Station and remembers hiding in the bush in fear. Michael lived at Haasts Bluff for a time with the same family group as Long Jack Phillipus Tjakammara. Later his parents took him to Yuendumu for European education at the mission school. He left school after initiation and worked pig shooting, driving trucks, droving cattle and was in the Army before coming back to Yuendumu and then to Papunya to settle and marry his current wife. He moved to Papunya in 1976 and worked in the government store and observed the work of many of the older artists for many years before he began to paint regularly in 1983.

paragraph: His parents were both Walpiri and his father was an important "Medicine Man" in the Yuendumu community. After his father's death in 1976, Michael worked under the instruction of his uncle Jack Tjurpurrula. Michael paints Possum, Snake, Two Kangaroos, Flying Ant and Yam Dreamings for the area around Pikilyi. He won the National Aboriginal Art Award in September 1984 In 1987 an 8.2 m (27 ft) long painting by Jagamarra was installed in the foyer of the Sydney Opera House. He was introduced to Queen Elizabeth II in 1988 at the opening of the New Parliament House as the designer of the 196 square metre mosaic in the forecourt of the building. His 1985 painting "Five Stories" was one of the most reproduced works of Australian Art in the 1980s. It appeared on the cover of the catalogue of the Asia Society's "Dreamings" exhibition []which toured the USA in 1988-90. Jagamarra travelled to New York City with Billy Stockman Japaltjarri for the opening of the show. In 1989 he had his first solo exhibition in Melbourne at the Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi and participated in the BMW Art Car Project by hand painting an M3 race car.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Michael Nelson Jakamarra has exhibited his work in many exhibitions (including several solo exhibitions) and these include: Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne; Utopia Art, Sydney; Australian National Gallery, Canberra; Institute of Contemporary Arts, London; John Webber Gallery, New York.

paragraph: After these exhibitions, Jakamarra was tired, so he decided not to 'exhibit' anymore.

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Gallery of Australia, Canberra;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Museum, Sydney;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection, University of Virginia, Charlottesville;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Parliament House, Canberra;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Powerhouse Museum, Sydney;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broken Hill Art Gallery, Broken Hill;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kelton Foundation, Santa Monica USA.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, V., Aboriginal Artists of the Western Desert - A Biographical Dictionary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brody, A., 1985, The face of the centre: Papunya Tula paintings 1971-1984, NGV, Melbourne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caruana, W. (ed.), 1989, Windows on the Dreaming, Ellsyd Press, Sydney.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caruana, W., 1993, Aboriginal Art, Thames and Hudson, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chanin, E., 1990, (ed.), Contemporary Australian Painting, Craftsman House, Roseville, NSW, Australia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cochrane, G., 1992, The Crafts Movement in Australia: a History, New South Wales University Press, Kensington, New South Wales.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crumlin, R., (ed.), 1991, Aboriginal Art and Spirituality, Collins Dove, North Blackburn, Victoria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, V., 1994, Aboriginal Artists of the Western Desert - A biographical dictionary, Craftsman House, East Roseville, New South Wales.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, V. Michael Nelson Tjakamarra - book. 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aratjara, Art of the First Australians: Traditional and Contemporary Works by Aboriginal and *Torres Strait Islander Artists, exhib. cat. (conceived and designed by Bernard Luthi in collaboration with Gary Lee), Dumont, Buchverlag, Koln.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, B. with Smith T., 1991, Australian Painting 1788-1990, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sutton, P. (ed.), 1988, Dreamings: the Art of Aboriginal Australia, Viking, Ringwood, Victoria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990, Papunya Tula, exhib. cat., Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993, Tjukurrpa Desert Dreamings, Aboriginal Art from Central Australia (1971–1993), exhib. cat., Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth.

description: Australian artist

wikidata_label: Michael Nelson Tjakamarra

wikipedia_title: Michael Nelson Tjakamarra


text:
Paros
Andros
Duchy of the Archipelago
Maria Sanudo
Gaspare Sommaripa
Duchess of the Archipelago
Florence Sanudo
Nicholas II Sanudo
Nicholas III dalle Carceri
House of Sanudo
Andros
Francesco I Crispo
Paros
Veronese
one third
Euboea
antiquarian
Cyriacus of Ancona
Antiparos

categories: Lords of Paros,Year of birth unknown,House of Sommaripa,Triarchs of Negroponte,Lords of Andros,1462 deaths

paragraph: Crusino I Sommaripa

paragraph: Crusino I Sommaripa (died 1462) was lord of the islands of Paros and later Andros in the Duchy of the Archipelago.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Crusino was a son of Maria Sanudo and Gaspare Sommaripa. His mother was a daughter of the Duchess of the Archipelago Florence Sanudo and her second husband Nicholas II Sanudo, and half-sister of Nicholas III dalle Carceri, the last Duke of the Archipelago from the House of Sanudo. In December 1371, she received the island of Andros as a fief, but when Nicholas III was murdered in 1383 and Francesco I Crispo became the new duke, Andros was taken from her. Maria was compensated with the island of Paros in 1389, on condition that she marry the Veronese Gaspare Sommaripa, a politically insignificant parvenu. Through the intervention of Venice, Maria also succeeded her half-brother Nicholas III as lady of one third of the island of Euboea.

paragraph: Crusino was a cultured man and an antiquarian; he entertained the fellow antiquarian and scholar Cyriacus of Ancona, who visited Paros often due to its famed marble quarries, with presentations of ancient statues that his men had excavated. On one occasion he even gifted him with the head and leg of an ancient statue, which Cyriacus sent to a friend, Andriolo Giustiniani-Banca of Chios.

paragraph: In 1440, he recovered control of his mother's possession of Andros, following a Venetian court decision. He gave the nearby island of Antiparos to his son-in-law, a Loredano.

description: Lord of Paros

wikidata_label: Crusino I Sommaripa

wikipedia_title: Crusino I Sommaripa


text:
Szczecin
electronic music
Ogród Króla świtu
Wifon
E≠mc²
Polton
Wolne Loty
Ucieczka z Tropiku
Dziecko Słońca
Fire
Mały Książę
Tonpress
Artist's official webpage
Artist's official YouTube channel

paragraph: Marek Biliński

paragraph: Marek Biliński (born 17 May 1953 in Szczecin) is a Polish composer of electronic music.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He is an alumnus of the Academy of Music in Poznan (Music College in Poznan).

paragraph: He owes his popularity in the music market to his bestseller album "The Garden of the King of Dawn" and video "Escape From The Tropics", which was voted by TV audiences as the best clip of 1984. By then he had already been awarded a “Gold Disc" and had given many concerts in Poland and abroad (e.g. in Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen, Prague, Moscow and Kuwait). Moreover, he was awarded the first prize in Poland for the most popular multi-instrumentalist for five consecutive years (1981–1985).

paragraph: For the next 4 years (1986–1990) he was a lecturer in the Academy of Music in Kuwait. At this period of time he created compositions with Arabic influences. The most well known composition in Poland that emerged from this period of time was the symphonic fantasia "Faces of the Desert". This composition was supposed to be used in the celebration of the 30th anniversary of Kuwait’s independence, but the Iraqi invasion precluded realization of the event. After the Persian Gulf War, the "Faces of the Desert" (which was visualized by photos of artist-photographer Jacek Wozniak ) represented Kuwait on the Global Exhibition EXPO’92 in Seville, Spain.

paragraph: After returning to Poland he regained his place in instrumental music. He transferred his earlier albums to compact discs. In 1994 he produced a new CD called "The Child of the Sun". Inspired by his music, choreographer Ewa Wycichowska created the ballet called “The Child of the Sun” which was performed by the Polish Theater of Dance. The premiere of this event took place in The Great Theater in Poznan at the end of November 1995.

paragraph: Among other performances, he presented a recital called "Music Tales" for TVP2 (Polish TV Station 2). As a composer, musician and juror he often takes part in radio and TV programs.

paragraph: His music appeared in cinema and television films (inter alias "Friend of Merry Devil" and "Close encounters with Merry Devil" directed by Jerzy Lukaszewicz.). Likewise his music was used in "The Wheel of Fortune" quiz show, in the Gala of the Polish Phonographic Industry Awards -"Fryderyk’96", "Fryderyk’97" and on CD-ROM discs in Poland and abroad, mainly in "The Minden Pictures Collection" in USA.

paragraph: In collaboration with another composer, Wojciech Trzcinski, Marek Bilinski had written the music for a drama, "Brother of Our God", written by Karol Wojtyla - present Pope John Paul II, and directed by Andrzej Marja Marczewski.

paragraph: Marek Bilinski was awarded as the best composer and virtuoso of synthesizers in 1995 in the Polish professional magazine "Music".

paragraph: In 1998 he was commissioned to write a suite, "Reflection: I - Toscania, II - Loara, III - Bolero, IV - Seville", in celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the artistic work of Agnieszka Duczmal and her Chamber Orchestra "Amadeus". This piece was composed for chamber orchestra and percussion and each movement bears the names of the places where the orchestra performed. The premiere of the suite occurred in November 1998 at the National Philharmonic in Warsaw. "Reflections" were received very enthusiastically by the audience.

paragraph: As the first in Poland and in this part of Europe, following the steps of Jean - Michel Jarre, he performed great outdoor concerts of music and light in Szczecin ('93) and Kraków ('94), which were viewed together by 50,000 spectators.

paragraph: Other Concerts of this type were the following:

paragraph: In July 1996 during the Festival of Euro-Eko Meeting in Zlotów, Marek Bilinski presented a very unusual concert - " The Beginning of the Light", with international musicians: Hannibal Means (tenor)- USA, Sarhan Kubeisi (ethnic percussion instruments) - Syria, Edyta Kulczak (soprano)- Poland, Stanislaw Skoczynski (percussion instruments) - Poland and others. With laser, light and picture most of his important compositions were played at the concert. TVP1 recorded and showed the entire concert on September 1, 1996. It was recognized as one of the most interesting artistic events of the year.

paragraph: On March 12, 2000 in Gniezno he performed a concert, "Gniezno - 2000 - Sound - Fire - Light - Color", in honor of Five European Presidents Summit. Marek Bilinski shared the stage with Michal Grymuza, Wojciech Pilichowski, Michal Dabrówka, Piotr "Jackson" Wolski and others. They used the biggest drums in Europe for this occasion. The show was on live transmission by TVP1.

paragraph: In June 21, 2003 in Old Town of Gdansk on the bank of Motlawa, he gave a multimedia performance, "St. John’s - Night". Marek Bilinski played with Piotr Cugowski, Marek Raduli, Mieczyslaw Jurecki, Mariusz "Fazi" Mielczarek, Tomasz Losowski, Ryszard Bazarnik, Krzysztof Krzyskow. The whole music program was embellished by the dancers on the boats.

paragraph: Marek Bilinski’s compositions deduces from the best standards of classical and romantic music. His talent and knowledge unite tradition with vision of modern world sounds.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ogród Króla świtu" (eng. "The Garden Of The King Of Dawn") - 1983, Wifon LP053

paragraph: BULLET::::- "E≠mc²" - 1984, Polton LPP-010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolne Loty" (eng. "Open Flights") - 1986, Polton LPP-026

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ucieczka z Tropiku" (eng. "Escape From The Tropics") - 1987, Polton PC-029

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dziecko Słońca" ("The Child of the Sun") - 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fire" - 2008, Bi Ma

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mały Książę" (eng. "The Little Prince") - 2010

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles & EP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- „Fontanna radości” (eng. "Fountain of Joy") / „Taniec w zaczarowanym gaju” (eng. "Dancing in a magic grove")- 1982, Tonpress S460

paragraph: BULLET::::- „Dom w Dolinie Mgieł” (eng. "House In The Foggy Valley") / „Ucieczka z tropiku” (eng. "Escape From The Tropics") - 1983, Tonpress S488

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Porachunki z bliźniakami" (eng. "Settle With Twins") - 1984, Polton MSP001

paragraph: BULLET::::- „Kosmiczne opowiadania” (eng. "Cosmic Tales") / „Gorące lato” (eng. "Hot summer") - 1985, Tonpress S584

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Refleksje I-IV" (1998)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marek Biliński The Best of" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Best of the Best" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Split.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mabi Plays World Hits" (1993)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's official webpage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's official YouTube channel

description: Composer and musician

wikidata_label: Marek Biliński

wikipedia_title: Marek Biliński


text:
Heian
waka
Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
Kokin Wakashū
Ki no Tsurayuki

categories: 850 births,Ki clan,Hyakunin Isshu poets,904 deaths,Japanese poets

paragraph: Ki no Tomonori

paragraph: Ki no Tomonori (紀 友則) (c. 850 – c. 904) was an early Heian "waka" poet of the court, a member of the "sanjūrokkasen" or Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. He was a compiler of the "Kokin Wakashū", though he certainly did not see it to completion as the anthology includes a eulogy to him composed by Ki no Tsurayuki, his colleague in the compilation effort. Ki no Tomonori is the author of several poems in the "Kokin Wakashū", and a few of his poems appear in later official collections. A collection of his poems from various sources appeared as the "tomonori shū".

description: poet

wikidata_label: Ki no Tomonori

wikipedia_title: Ki no Tomonori


text:
Heian
waka
Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
Mibu no Tadami
utaawase
Kokin Wakashū

categories: 9th-century births,Hyakunin Isshu poets,10th-century Japanese poets,10th-century deaths

paragraph: Mibu no Tadamine

paragraph: Mibu no Tadamine (壬生忠岑) was an early Heian "waka" poet of the court (active 898–920), and a member of the "sanjūrokkasen" or Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. His son Mibu no Tadami was also a distinguished poet.

paragraph: He emerged as an important poet in an early utaawase or poetry match, "Koresada no miko no ie no uta'awase" (是貞の親王家歌合, "The Poetry Match at Prince Koresada's Residence", c.893), and was involved in many of the poetic activities of the day, including a position as a compiler of the "Kokin Wakashū". A collection of his personal poems appeared as the "tadamine shū", though more than half of it is not certainly canon. He is also famous for the "Tadamine Juttei" (忠岑十体, "Ten Styles of Tadamine", c.945), an influential work of Heian criticism.

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Mibu no Tadamine

wikipedia_title: Mibu no Tadamine


text:
German-American
photographer
cartographer
civil engineer
Abraham Bosse
engraver
topography
August Neidhardt von Gneisenau
Chicago
stationery
Army Corps of Engineers
Rock Island, Illinois
Mississippi River
cyanotype
World Columbian Exposition of 1893
photo-journalist
foto-reportage
Röbling
Brooklyn Bridge
Sotheby's
J. Paul Getty Museum
Los Angeles
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Amon Carter Museum
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
National Museum of American Art
Minneapolis Institute of Arts

categories: 1903 deaths,American civil engineers,19th-century American photographers,1844 births,American cartographers,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Henry Peter Bosse

paragraph: Henry Peter Bosse (1844–1903) German-American photographer, cartographer and civil engineer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1844: Henry Peter Bosse is born November 13 at his father's estate, Sonnedorf in Prussian Saxony, where he spends his childhood. Little is known about Bosse's early life and education in Germany, although his surviving family asserts some connection to Abraham Bosse (1620–1676), the famous French engraver and topography theorist. Henry Peter Bosse claimed to be the grandson of Count August Neidhardt von Gneisenau.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1870: Henry Peter Bosse settles in Chicago upon emigrating to the United States. He finds employment in the stationery business. By the 1880s Bosse is employed as a draughtsman and cartographer with the Army Corps of Engineers at Rock Island, Illinois. Between 1882 and 1892 he photographs the upper Mississippi River with a passion for the land and the place.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1893: Henry Peter Bosse publishes his large format "Views on the Mississippi River between Minneapolis, Minn and St. Louis, Mo. 1883–1891" as bound albums of meticulous, blue cyanotypes. One of these albums came into the possession of Alexander Mackenzie, Army Corps Chief of Engineers. Each of the 169 Mackenzie album cyanotypes is printed using an oval mask, and each is titled by Bosse in hand-written ink.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894-95: Henry Peter Bosse's album "Views on the Mississippi River between Minneapolis, Minn and St. Louis, Mo. 1883–1891" is shown at the World Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, a turning point in photographic history.

paragraph: Section::::An Artist.

paragraph: Henry Peter Bosse was a prescient photographer in that he foresaw and adhered to aesthetic values which have come to define the work of German photo-journalists around the world. Straight forward composition and a concern for the efforts of man characterize Bosse's photographic point of view, as it would come to be the basis of "foto-reportage". Bosse took great care when making his presentation albums. He foresaw the need for color: the intense moody blues of his refined cyanotypes reflect this concern. His cyanotypes were exposed with large glass plates and printed on the finest French cyanotype paper, each sheet off-white measuring 14.5" x 17.2" and bearing the watermark "Johannot et Cie. Annonay, aloe's satin". The albums are leather bound. Beyond technique, in his appreciation for railroad bridges and structural steel, Bosse stood at the forefront of German appreciation for photographic "look books" concerned with the hand of man, modern architecture and urban design.

paragraph: Section::::An Engineer and a Cartographer.

paragraph: Henry Peter Bosse was one of the highest paid technical people of his day in the United States. The 1880s were the beginning of structural steel buildings and cable suspension bridges like Röbling's Brooklyn Bridge (1883); at the time Bosse was a top engineer at the key point where railroads companies wanted to cross the wide Mississippi River. Bosse's photography assisted with his creation of the most accurate map yet made of the upper Mississippi which, in turn, facilitated the engineering of bridges, locks and levees. Several variants of his drawn maps exist, while his album of photographs, per se, may have been the first photographic map of a major river ever created.

paragraph: Section::::Bosse in Public Collections.

paragraph: Since the Alexander Makenzie album of Henry Bosse cyanotypes surfaced at a Sotheby's auction in 1990, Henry Bosse's cyanotype photographs have been included in the permanent collections at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in California, The New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Amon Carter Museum of Art in Texas, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, MO, the National Museum of American Art in Washington DC, and the Minneapolis Institute of Arts in Minnesota. The United States Army Corps of Engineers offices at Rock Island, IL and St. Paul, MN, the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, the National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium in Dubuque, IA and elsewhere also retain Bosse photograph albums. The Corp offices also have various Bosse photographs, charts/maps and ephemera.

paragraph: Section::::An Inventory.

paragraph: A inventory of known Henry Peter Bosse photographic views and print variants was first assembled by Bob Wiederanders of the Fred W. Woodward Riverboat Museum, Dubuque, IA. Kenton Spading, P.E., U.S Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, with the capable assistance of Roberta (Bobbie) Peterson, expanded the inventory.

alias:
Henry P. Bosse
Henry Bosse

description: American photographer, cartographer and engineer

wikidata_label: Henry Peter Bosse

wikipedia_title: Henry Peter Bosse


text: Heian

text: waka

text: Thirty-six Poetry Immortals

text: Kai

text: Izumi

text: Awaji province

text: Kyoto

text: Kokin Wakashū

text: poetic match

text: folding screen

text: Ki no Tsurayuki

text: Hyakunin Isshu

text: E-text of his poems

categories: 10th-century writers,People of Heian-period Japan,Place of birth unknown,Medieval poets,Place of death unknown,Year of birth unknown,Hyakunin Isshu poets,Year of death unknown,Japanese poets

paragraph: Ōshikōchi no Mitsune

paragraph: Ōshikōchi no Mitsune (凡河内 躬恒) was an early Heian administrator and "waka" poet of the Japanese court (859–925), and a member of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. He was sent as the governor of Kai, Izumi and Awaji provinces, and on his return to Kyoto was asked to participate in the compilation of the "Kokin Wakashū". He was a master of poetic matches and his poems to accompany pictures on folding screens were widely admired for their quality. His influence at the time was commensurate with Ki no Tsurayuki, and he has an unusually large number of poems (193) included in the official poetry collections.

paragraph: He is known to many Japanese today as one of his poems was included in the famous anthology Hyakunin Isshu.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl Miner, Hiroko Odagiri, Robert E. Morrell: "The Princeton companion to classical Japanese literature". Princeton University Press, 2. Printing 1988, , p. 215 (restricted online version (Google Books))

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E-text of his poems in Japanese

alias:
Oshikochi no Mitsune
Oushikouchi no Mitsune

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Ōshikōchi no Mitsune

wikipedia_title: Ōshikōchi no Mitsune


text:
Lippe
Bernard IV
Simon I
Münster
Osnabrück
Paderborn
Counts of Ravensberg
Herford
Enger Castle
Louis of Ravensberg
Otto III
Bucksturm
Varenholz Castle
high justice
Adelaide of Waldeck
Henry III
Bernard
Teutonic Order
Otto
Bernard V

categories: 1344 deaths,Lords of Lippe,Lords of Rheda,House of Lippe,13th-century births

paragraph: Simon I, Lord of Lippe

paragraph: Simon I, Lord of Lippe ( – 10 August 1344) ruled Lippe from 1273 until his death in 1344.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a son of Bernard IV and Agnes of Cleves. He was a great-nephew of Simon I, a bishop of Paderborn.

paragraph: In 1302 he was defeated in a territorial dispute against the bishops of Münster, Osnabrück and Paderborn, the Count of Counts of Ravensberg and the City of Herford. He was forced to raze Enger Castle, which he owned. The dispute was triggered by complaints about raids against Osnabrück, allegedly originating from this castle. Louis of Ravensberg, who was the Bishop of Osnabrück, created an alliance with his brother, Count Otto III of Ravensberg, the Bishops of Münster and Paderborn and the City of Herford. Alliance troops laid siege to Simon I's castle in 1302, took the castle, captured Simon I and held him in the Bucksturm tower in Osnabrück. He was released after 18 months in captivity, under the condition that he would raze Enger Castle.

paragraph: In 1323, he expanded his territory by acquiring Varenholz Castle and high justice over Langenholzhausen. During his reign, Lippe reached its largest territorial extent.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He married Adelaide of Waldeck, the daughter of Lord Henry III of Waldeck. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard (1277-1341), Bishop of Paderborn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herman (d. ), a cleric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendrik (d. ), a cleric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diedrich (d. after 8 September 1326), Knight in the Teutonic Order

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon (d. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto († 1360), Lord of Lippe in Lemgo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard V (d. before 1365), Lord of Lippe in Rheda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolph

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda (d. after 9 April 1366), married to John II, Count of Bentheim (d. 1332)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelaide, married Herman II of Everstein-Polle (about September 29, 1324?) (d. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hedwig (d. after March 5, 1369), married Count Adolph VII of Holstein-Pinneburg and Schauenburg (d. 1352)

description: Lord of Lippe and Rheda

wikidata_label: Simon I, Lord of Lippe

wikipedia_title: Simon I, Lord of Lippe


text:
Bengali
Bengali
Baul saint
Indian subcontinent
Bengali culture
Rabindranath Tagore
Kazi Nazrul Islam
Allen Ginsberg
Kushtia
Bangladesh
West Bengal
Greatest Bengali of all time
Hindu
Muslim
Jagannath
smallpox
Kaliganga River
Kangal Harinath
zamindar
Tagores
Kushtia
Jyotirindranath Tagore
river Padma
Gram Barta Prokashika
Indian subcontinent
caste
mystical
bhakti
sufism
Nepal
Gangetic plains
Hindu
Jainist
Buddhist
Islamic
Advaita Acharya
Nityananda
Chaitanya
Rabindranath Tagore
Prabasi
realism
ektara
duggi (drum)
ektara
baya
Farida Parveen
mausoleum
Dol Purnima
Falgun
mela
fakir
Farida Parveen
Anusheh Anadil
Lalon Shah Bridge
Padma River
Allen Ginsberg
Tanvir Mokammel
Lalon
Raisul Islam Asad
Prosenjit
Moner Manush
Sunil Gangopadhyay
biographical novel
Goutam Ghose
Indian National Film Awards
International Film Festival of India
Choudhury, Abul Ahsan
Lalon songs and Lyrics Archive

categories: Bangladeshi culture,Bengali musicians,Bengali philosophers,Bengali male poets,Bhakti movement,1890 deaths

paragraph: Lalon

paragraph: Lalon also known as Fakir Lalon Shah, Lalon Shah, Lalon Fakir or Mahatma Lalon (; c. 1772 – 17 October 1890; Bengali: 1 Kartik 1179) was a prominent Bengali philosopher, Baul saint, mystic, songwriter, social reformer and thinker from the Indian subcontinent. Regarded as an icon of Bengali culture, he inspired and influenced many poets, social and religious thinkers including Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Allen Ginsberg although he "rejected all distinctions of caste and creed". Widely celebrated as an epitome of religious tolerance, he was also accused of heresy during his lifetime and after his death. In his songs, Lalon envisioned a society where all religions and beliefs would stay in harmony. He founded the institute known as Lalon Akhrah in Cheuriya, about from Kushtia railway station. His disciples dwell mostly in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Every year on the occasion of his death anniversary, thousands of his disciples and followers assemble at Lalon Akhrah, and pay homage to him through celebration and discussion of his songs and philosophy for three days.

paragraph: In 2004, Lalon was ranked number 12 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: There are few reliable sources for the details of Lalon's early life as he was reticent in revealing his past. It is not known whether he was born in a Hindu or a Muslim family. Lalon had no formal education.

paragraph: One account relates that Lalon, during a pilgrimage to the temple of Jagannath with others of his native village, he contracted smallpox and was abandoned by his companions on the banks of the Kaliganga River, from where Malam Shah and his wife Matijan, members of the weaver community in a Muslim-populated village, Cheuriya, took him to their home to convalesce. They gave Lalon land to live where he founded a musical group and remained to compose and perform his songs, inspired by Shiraj Sain, a musician of that village. Lalon lost the sight of his one eye in smallpox. Researchers note that Lalon was a close friend of Kangal Harinath, one of the contemporary social reformers and was a disciple of Lalon.

paragraph: Lalon lived within the zamindari of the Tagores in Kushtia and had visited the Tagore family. It is said that zamindar Jyotirindranath Tagore sketched the only portrait of Lalon in 1889 in his houseboat on the river Padma. Lalon died at Chheuriya on 17 October 1890 at the age of 116. The news of his death was first published in the newspaper "Gram Barta Prokashika", run by Kangal Harinath. Lalon was buried at the middle of his dwelling place known as his Akhra.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Lalon was against religious conflict and many of his songs mock identity politics that divide communities and generate violence. He even rejected nationalism at the apex of the anti-colonial nationalist movements in the Indian subcontinent. He did not believe in classes or castes, the fragmented, hierarchical society, and took a stand against racism. Lalon does not fit the "mystical" or "spiritual" type who denies all worldly affairs in search of the soul: he embodies the socially transformative role of sub-continental bhakti and sufism. He believed in the power of music to alter the intellectual and emotional state in order to be able to understand and appreciate life itself.

paragraph: The texts of his songs engage in philosophical discourses of Bengal, continuing Tantric traditions of the Indian subcontinent, particularly Nepal, Bengal and the Gangetic plains. He appropriated various philosophical positions emanating from Hindu, Jainist, Buddhist and Islamic traditions, developing them into a coherent discourse without falling into eclecticism or syncretism. He explicitly identified himself with the Nadiya school, with Advaita Acharya, Nityananda and Chaitanya. He was greatly influenced by the social movement initiated by Chaitanya against differences of caste, creed and religion. His songs reject any absolute standard of right and wrong and show the triviality of any attempt to divide people whether materially or spiritually.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Lalon composed numerous songs and poems, which describe his philosophy. It is estimated that Lalon composed about 2,000 - 10,000 songs, of which only about 800 songs are generally considered authentic. Lalon left no written copies of his songs, which were transmitted orally and only later transcribed by his followers. Also, most of his followers could not read or write either, so few of his songs are found in written form. Rabindranath Tagore published some of the Lalon song in the monthly "Prabasi" magazine of Kolkata.

paragraph: Among his most popular songs are

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shob Loke Koy Lalon Ki Jat Shongshare",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Khachar Bhitor Ochin Pakhi kyamne ashe jaay",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jat Gelo Jat Gelo Bole",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dekhna Mon Jhokmariay Duniyadari",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pare Loye Jao Amai",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milon Hobe Koto Dine",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ar Amare Marishne Ma",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tin Pagoler Holo Mela"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dhonno Dhonno Boli Tare

paragraph: The songs of Lalon aim at an indescribable reality beyond realism. He was observant of social conditions and his songs spoke of day-to-day problems in simple yet moving language. His philosophy was expressed orally, as well as through songs and musical compositions using folk instruments that could be made from materials available at home; the ektara (one-string musical instrument) and the duggi (drum).

paragraph: Songs of Lalon were mainly confined to the baul sects. After the independence of Bangladesh, they reached the urban people through established singers. Many of them started using instruments other than the ektara and baya. Some started using classical bases for a polished presentation to appeal to the senses of the urban masses.

paragraph: According to Farida Parveen, a renowned Lalon singer, the pronunciation of the words were also refined in order to make their meanings clearer, whereas the bauls' pronunciations are likely to have local influence.

paragraph: In 1963, a mausoleum and research centre were built at the site of his shrine in Kushtia, Bangladesh. Thousands of people come to the shrine (known in Bengali as an "Akhra") twice a year, at Dol Purnima in the month of Falgun (February to March) and in October, on the occasion of the anniversary of his death. During these three-day song "melas", people, particularly Muslim fakirs and Bauls pay tribute. Among the modern singers of Baul music Farida Parveen and Anusheh Anadil are internationally known for singing Lalon songs. The Lalon Shah Bridge crossing the Padma River was named after him in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and depictions in popular culture.:Film and literature.

paragraph: Lalon has been portrayed in literature, film, television drama, and in the theatre. The first biopic of Lalon titled "Lalon Fakir" (1973) was directed by Syed Hasan Imam. Allen Ginsberg wrote a poem in 1992 named ""After Lalon"", where he warned people against the dangers of fame and the attachments to the worldly things.

paragraph: In 2004, Tanvir Mokammel directed the film "Lalon" in which Raisul Islam Asad portrayed Lalon.

paragraph: Prosenjit portrayed Lalan in the "Moner Manush", a 2010 Bengali film based on the life and philosophy of Lalon. The film was an adaptation of Sunil Gangopadhyay's biographical novel of the same name. This film directed by Goutam Ghose, won award for the "best feature film on national integration" at the 58th Indian National Film Awards. It also won Best Film prize at the 41st International Film Festival of India held at Goa from 22 Nov to 02 Dec 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salomon, Carol (2017) "City of Mirrors: Songs of Lālan Sā̃i". Edited by Keith Cantú and Saymon Zakaria. Oxford University Press, South Asia Research Series, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Enamul Haq (1975), "A History of Sufism in Bangla", Asiatic Society, Dhaka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qureshi, Mahmud Shah (1977), "Poems Mystiques Bengalis". Chants Bauls Unesco. Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siddiqi, Ashraf (1977), "Our Folklore Our Heritage", Dhaka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karim, Anwarul (1980), "The Bauls of Bangladesh". Lalon Academy, Kushtia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capwell, Charles (1986), "The Music of the Bauls of Bengal". Kent State University Press, USA 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bandyopadhyay, Pranab (1989), "Bauls of Bengal". Firma KLM Pvt, Ltd., calcutta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mcdaniel, June (1989), "The Madness of the Saints". Chicago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarkar, R. M. (1990), "Bauls of Bengal". New Delhi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brahma, Tripti (1990), "Lalon : His Melodies". Calcutta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gupta, Samir Das (2000), "Songs of Lalon". Sahitya Prakash, Dhaka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karim, Anwarul (2001), "Rabindranath O Banglar Baul" (in Bengali), Dhaka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choudhury, Abul Ahsan (editor) (2008), "Lalon Samagra", Pathak Samabesh.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lalon songs and Lyrics Archive

alias:
Lalon Shah
Lalon Fokir
Lalon Saint
Mahatma Lalon
Lalon Shah,

description: Bengali poet, composer and Baul saint

wikidata_label: Lalon

wikipedia_title: Lalon


text: Sergeant

text: American

text: U.S. Army

text: 5th U.S. Cavalry

text: Apache Wars

text: Medal of Honor

text: Western Apache

text: Arizona

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: United States Army

text: Washington, D.C.

text: private

text: 5th Cavalry

text: Arizona Territory

text: Apache Wars

text: sergeant

text: Irish-American

text: Camp Verde

text: war party

text: Little Colorado River

text: Indian scouts

text: vantage point

text: mesa

text: Tonto Apache

text: Medal of Honor

text: Rudolph von Medem

text: lung congestion

text: California

text: San Francisco National Cemetery

text: Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum

categories: American people of Irish descent,American military personnel of the Indian Wars,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor,1844 births,1875 deaths,Military personnel from St. Louis,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Bernard Taylor (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: Sergeant Bernard "Barney" Taylor (1844 – April 14, 1875) was an American soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 5th U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars. He was one of three men received the Medal of Honor for gallantry, Taylor rescuing wounded commander Lieutenant Charles King, while battling the Western Apache near Sunset Pass in Arizona on November 1, 1874. He died two days after receiving the award.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bernard Taylor was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1844. He later enlisted in the United States Army in Washington, D.C. as a private with Company A of the 5th Cavalry. Assigned to frontier duty in the Arizona Territory, Taylor saw action during the Apache Wars and eventually rose the rank of sergeant. He was described as "an admirable specimen of the Irish-American soldier and "hailed as a daring, resolute, intelligent man, and a non-commissioned officer of high merit". On November 1, 1874, Taylor left Camp Verde with a small cavalry patrol headed by First Lieutenant Charles King in pursuit of a hostile Apache war party. After making camp at Sunset Pass, near the Little Colorado River, Taylor and a group of Apache Indian scouts accompanied King to a high vantage point where he could better observe the surrounding area.

paragraph: While climbing to the summit of a steep mesa, between half to three-fourths of a mile from the camp, the party was ambushed by a band of Tonto Apaches. They had been concealed in the rocks waiting for their approach. King was seriously wounded in the first moments of the attack as an arrow struck his head and another cut the muscles at the corner of his eye. He was finally brought down by a rifle shot which hit his right arm near the shoulder blade and collapsed to the ground. Taylor rescued the half conscious officer and, while under heavy fire, carried him half a mile back to their encampment. King was brought back to Camp Verde while Lieutenant George O. Eaton, then commandant of the camp, continued the pursuit. Taylor was recommended for the Medal of Honor for his heroic act and received the award on April 12, 1875. He was one of three regimental members, including fellow Sergeants George Deary and Rudolph von Medem, who received the award. Near the end of the campaign, two days after being issued the MOH, Taylor died of lung congestion at Camp Verde shortly before his regiment began its homeward march. His body was taken to California where it was interred at San Francisco National Cemetery.

paragraph: His rescue of King was later included as a chapter in Theo F. Rodenbough's "Uncle Sam's Medal of Honor" (1886), and was depicted on the cover by then well-known military artist Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company A, 5th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: Near Sunset Pass, Ariz., 1 November 1874. Entered service at: Washington, D.C. Birth: St. Louis, Mo. Date of issue: 12 April 1875.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Bravery in rescuing Lt. King, 5th U.S. Cavalry, from Indians.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson, Harry H., ed. "Indian Campaigns: Sketches of Cavalry Service in Arizona and on the Northern Plains". Collins, Colorado: Old Army Press, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nevin, David, ed. "The Old West: The Soldiers". Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1981.

wikidata_label: Bernard Taylor

wikipedia_title: Bernard Taylor (Medal of Honor)


text:
GCB
Royal Navy
American War of Independence
French Revolutionary
Napoleonic Wars
Admiral William Young
James Young
James Young
siege of Toulon
Corsica
Genoa
Hyères Islands
Board of Admiralty
Spithead and Nore mutinies
Plymouth
Lord Gambier
Battle of the Basque Roads
Admiral of the Red
Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom
James Young
admiral
James
Mark Milbanke
Commodore
Hugh Palliser
Plymouth
flagship
Sir Peter Denis
Leeward Islands
Revolutionary France
Lord Hood
occupation and siege
Toulon
Corsica
Robert Linzee
Major-General
David Dundas
Bastia
Calvi
Battle of Genoa
Battle of Hyères Islands
Sir William Hotham
Board of Admiralty
Lords Commissioners
Spithead
mutiny there
Charles Morice Pole
St Paul's Cathedral
Sir John Jervis's
Battle of St Vincent
Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth
Lord Cochrane
prize money
Sir James Gambier
the court martial held against Gambier
Battle of the Basque Roads
MP
Westminster
Commander-in-Chief, North Sea
the Downs
first lord of the Admiralty
Charles Philip Yorke
Flushing
Channel Fleet
Lord Keith
Knight Companion of the Bath
Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom
Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom
Sir William Cornwallis
Bath
Sir William Hotham
Frederick Marryat
third rate
Samuel Hood
Sir John Moore
Martello tower
Lord Howe's
Glorious First of June
Sir John Jervis's
St Vincent
Adam Duncan's
Camperdown

categories: 1821 deaths,Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War,1751 births,Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,Royal Navy admirals,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

paragraph: William Young (Royal Navy officer, born 1751)

paragraph: Sir William Young GCB (16 August 1751 – 25 October 1821) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American War of Independence, and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He should not be confused with his namesake and near contemporary Admiral William Young.

paragraph: Young was born into a naval family, with his father, James Young, and his half-brother, James Young also serving in the navy and rising to flag rank. William Young served on a variety of ships and rose to his own commands during the American War of Independence. Using his connections to continue in service during the years of peace, he was almost immediately given command of a ship on the outbreak of the wars with the France and served initially in the Mediterranean during the siege of Toulon, at the reduction of Corsica, and at the battles of Genoa and Hyères Islands. Promoted to flag rank soon after these events, he returned to England and joined the Board of Admiralty.

paragraph: He rose through the ranks during his time in office, serving in his official capacity during the Spithead and Nore mutinies, as commander at Plymouth, and as senior officer during the court martial of Lord Gambier after the Battle of the Basque Roads. He returned to an active command at sea in 1811 with responsibility for blockading the Dutch coast until the end of the war. He received further promotions, and reached the rank of Admiral of the Red, with the position of Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom before his death in 1821.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Young was born on 16 August 1751, the eldest of five children of James Young, himself a distinguished naval officer who rose to the rank of admiral, and his wife Elizabeth. Elizabeth died sometime before 1762, and his father married Sophia Vasmer, having at least two children. The eldest son by his second marriage, James, also embarked on a naval career and became a rear-admiral of the blue. William Young entered the navy in April 1761, joining the 50-gun under Captain Mark Milbanke as captain's servant. He joined the 8-gun in December 1762, but rejoined "Guernsey" in October 1764. The "Guernsey" was by now under Commodore Hugh Palliser. Young took and passed his lieutenant's examination on 10 January 1769, and received his promotion on 12 November 1770 with a posting to the 16-gun , which was then at Plymouth.

paragraph: He joined the 64-gun , which was then in the Mediterranean as the flagship of Sir Peter Denis, as her fourth lieutenant. He served aboard her for several years, until becoming third lieutenant of the 50-gun on 23 January 1775. The "Portland" was at the time his father's flagship, at the Leeward Islands. Service in the American War of Independence created opportunities for aspiring young officers, and he received his first command, that of the sloop , on 10 May 1777. The post was confirmed on 23 September 1778, and the same day he was again promoted and made captain of the 24-gun . He moved to take over the 32-gun on 15 April 1782, and remained with her until the end of the war. He remained on active service during the peace, surviving the drawdown of the navy to be given command the 36-gun in October 1787. He then briefly commanded the 36-gun from 10 May until November 1790.

paragraph: Section::::French Revolutionary Wars.

paragraph: As war with Revolutionary France approached, the navy expanded, and on 31 January 1793 Young was given command of the 74-gun . He took "Fortitude" out to the Mediterranean to join the fleet under Lord Hood, where he took part in the occupation and siege of Toulon. With the fall of the city to the republicans, Hood decided to establish a base at Corsica. He sent a squadron under Commodore Robert Linzee, and consisting of three ships of the line and two frigates, with troops under Major-General David Dundas, to Mortella Bay. The troops were landed on 7 February 1794, and on 9 February "Fortitude" and "Juno" were sent to bombard a tower, just south of Pointe de la Mortella. Capturing the tower was necessary to secure the bay, but it proved highly resistant to bombardment, and despite only being armed with one 24-pounder gun, inflicted heavy damage on the British ships. After two hours of bombardment "Fortitude" had been nearly set on fire by hot shot, and was forced to retreat with six men killed and fifty-six wounded.

paragraph: Section::::Flag rank and the Board of Admiralty.

paragraph: Young continued to serve with Hood's forces, and was active in the sieges of Bastia and Calvi, being awarded the honorary rank of colonel of marines on 4 July 1794. He was present with the fleet at the Battle of Genoa on 14 March 1795 and the Battle of Hyères Islands on 13 July 1795 under Vice-Admiral Sir William Hotham. He had been advanced to the rank of rear admiral of the white on 1 June 1795, and returned to England in autumn that year escorting a convoy. He joined the Board of Admiralty on 20 November, serving as one of the Lords Commissioners until 19 February 1801. He visited Spithead in April 1797, during the mutiny there, as part of the committee of conciliation sent by the board. Though professionally Young maintained the official line on the events, privately he appears to have been somewhat sympathetic to the seamen's complaints, and in a letter to Captain Charles Morice Pole remarked that ‘a sad want of energy and of particular attention to duty which the government of large bodies of men requires especially in these times and an absent or indifferent man can produce incalculable mischief’. Consequently, during his tenure at the Admiralty he tried to improve conditions and tighten discipline.

paragraph: Section::::Command at Plymouth.

paragraph: Young attended the thanksgiving service for the recent naval victories at St Paul's Cathedral late in 1797. He was promoted to vice-admiral of the blue on 14 February 1799, the second anniversary of Sir John Jervis's victory at the Battle of St Vincent, and was further advanced to vice-admiral of the white on 1 January 1801. He was promoted to vice-admiral of the red on 23 April 1804, and on 18 May was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. His time at Plymouth was marked with conflict with a junior officer, Lord Cochrane, who accused Young of excessive greed in the matter of prize money, but this was a common dispute between officers, and Young followed common naval practice in his orders. He was advanced to admiral of the blue on 9 November 1805, but had been suffering ill health and fatigue during his posting and stepped down from his post in 1807. He declined the offer to lead the expedition to the Baltic in 1807, and instead the position was given to Sir James Gambier. He continued in his post as Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth for several more years.

paragraph: Section::::Command at Plymouth.:Gambier's court martial.

paragraph: Young was later appointed the senior admiral at the board of the court martial held against Gambier in July 1809, to investigate Gambier's actions at the Battle of the Basque Roads. Gambier's principle critic was Lord Cochrane, who went on to accuse Young of undue bias in Gambier's favour, but Cochrane had already clashed with Young over the matter of prize money, and had accused Young of inefficiency in outfitting ships during his time at Plymouth when Cochrane was MP for Westminster. Young did object to Cochrane's discursive answers during the court martial, but does not seem to have been any more hostile than the other members of the board.

paragraph: Young was advanced to admiral of the white on 31 July 1810 and in spring 1811 he became Commander-in-Chief, North Sea. His task was to blockade the Dutch fleet, and he hoisted his flag aboard the 83-gun on his arrival at the Downs on 26 April. The fleet was in good order to carry out the blockade, though afflicted by shortages of men. Young had the support of the first lord of the Admiralty, Charles Philip Yorke, though the blockade proved an arduous task, consisted of constant cruises, with shortages of ships, men and supplies, and the problems of bad weather. He hoped to lure the French fleet out of Flushing, but the French declined to come out. He hoped to be given command of the Channel Fleet, but when the appointment was given to Lord Keith in February 1812, Young felt he had been undermined, and resigned. Yorke persuaded him to return to his command, which he held until the end of the war. He was invested a Knight Companion of the Bath on 28 July 1814, and with the reconstruction of the order the following year, became a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Young became deputy present of the Naval Charitable Society, and Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom on 14 May 1814. He was made Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom on 18 July 1819 after the death of Sir William Cornwallis, but by now was troubled by his failing health, and spent November 1818 at Bath. He died, aged 71, at his house in Queen Anne Street, North London, on 25 October 1821 after a short illness.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: Admiral Sir William Hotham described Young during his time at the Admiralty as being ‘diligent in application, clear in method and generally informed’. Young's biographer, P. K. Crimmin described his command of the Dutch blockade as being 'well performed and praiseworthy', while describing him as a 'conventional upholder and representative of the existing naval social order, though aware of the need for some reform and having some sympathy with seamen's grievances.' His opposition to Cochrane's radicalism and insubordinate attitude to superior officers led to him being harshly criticised by Cochrane's admirers, such as Captain Frederick Marryat, who included him in his novel "Frank Mildmay" as 'Sir Hurricane Humbug'. Sir William Hotham instead declared that his manners 'tho' rather formal and cold, were those of a perfect gentleman, while he had the most punctilious sense of integrity'.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: a. The ships were three 74-gun third rates; , carrying Linzee's broad pennant and under Captain Woodley, under J. Dickson, and "Fortitude" under Young. Accompanying them were the 32-gun frigates and , under Captains Samuel Hood and William Wolsey respectively.

paragraph: b. The tower eventually fell to land-based forces under Sir John Moore after two days of heavy fighting. The effectiveness of the tower, when properly supplied and defended, impressed the British, who copied the design for what they would call Martello towers.

paragraph: c. The victories commemorated were Lord Howe's at the Glorious First of June, Sir John Jervis's at St Vincent, and Adam Duncan's at Camperdown.

description: officer of the Royal Navy,born 1751

wikidata_label: William Young


text: Sp.

text: Don

text: House of Olivares

text: cadet branch

text: House of Medina Sidonia

text: Olivares

text: Seville

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Italy

text: Germany

text: Tunisia

text: Spanish noble title

text: Palermo

text: papal bulls

text: Pope Clement VII

text: Pope Paul III

text: military orders

text: Castilleja de Guzmán

text: Heliche

text: Huévar del Aljarafe

text: Castilleja de la Cuesta

text: Spanish Wikipedia

paragraph: Pedro Pérez de Guzmán, 1st Count of Olivares

paragraph: Pedro Pérez de Guzmán y Zúñiga (Sp.: "Don Pedro Pérez de Guzmán y Zúñiga, primer Conde de Olivares") was the founder of the House of Olivares, a cadet branch of the House of Medina Sidonia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pedro Pérez de Guzmán was a younger son of Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia. His father acquired Olivares, Seville for him from Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1507. Pedro Pérez de Guzmán entered the service of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and, as a reward for his services in Italy, Germany, and Tunisia, Charles V granted Pedro Pérez de Guzmán the Spanish noble title of Count of Olivares in Palermo on October 12, 1535.

paragraph: Olivares took advantage of papal bulls issued by Pope Clement VII in 1529 and Pope Paul III in 1536 to purchase land formerly held by the military orders. In 1532, he purchased Castilleja de Alcántar (which he renamed Castilleja de Guzmán), Heliche, and Huévar del Aljarafe; the next year, he acquired Castilleja de la Cuesta.

paragraph: He was succeeded as Count of Olivares by his son, Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, the father of Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: This article is based on on Spanish Wikipedia.


text:
Waltham, Massachusetts
William Hayes Ward
Phillips Academy
Amherst College
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward

categories: 1932 deaths,1861 births,Amherst College alumni,20th-century American male writers,19th-century American male writers,20th-century American novelists,People from Waltham, Massachusetts,19th-century American novelists,American male novelists

paragraph: Herbert Dickinson Ward

paragraph: Herbert Dickinson Ward (June 29, 1861 – June 27, 1932) was an American author, born at Waltham, Massachusetts, son of William Hayes Ward. Graduating from Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1880 and Amherst College in 1884, he wrote extensively for newspapers and periodicals. Ward married Elizabeth Stuart Phelps on October 20, 1888.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Senior at Andover" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Republic without a President, and Other Stories" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Captain of the Kittiewink" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dash to the Pole" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Crown, and Other Stories" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Burglar Who Moved Paradise" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Light of the World" (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Co-authored with his wife Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Lost Hero" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Master of the Magicians" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Come Forth" (1891)

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Herbert Dickinson Ward

wikipedia_title: Herbert Dickinson Ward


text:
bass guitar
indie rock
Pacific Northwest
Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks
Quasi
The Minders
The Spinanes
Calamity Jane
Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks
Stephen Malkmus
indie rock
Elliott Smith
Either/Or
From a Basement on the Hill
Gary Jarman
The Cribs
Arches and aisles
the Spinanes
bass
Killer of Friendships
Jr. High
bass
Golden Street
The Minders
bass
Stephen Malkmus
Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks
Pig Lib
Face the Truth
Real Emotional Trash
synthesizer
vocals
American Gong
Mirror Traffic
Wig Out at Jagbags
Sparkle Hard
Either/Or
Elliott Smith
mixing
Featuring "Birds"
Quasi
executive producer
Miss Murgatroid
Petra Haden
engineer
Richmond Fontaine
No Memory
No. 2
What Does Good Luck Bring?
Richmond Fontaine
From a Basement on the Hill
The Minders
To Elliott, From Portland

categories: Guitarists from Oregon,Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks members,American indie rock musicians,Female bass guitarists,American female guitarists,20th-century women musicians,20th-century American bass guitarists,1968 births,Guitarists from Florida,Living people,American rock bass guitarists

paragraph: Joanna Bolme

paragraph: Joanna Bolme (born April 1, 1968) is a multi-instrumentalist (primarily bass guitar) and recording engineer who works with several indie rock bands and artists, mainly in the Pacific Northwest. She has been the bass guitarist for Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks since their formation in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Bolme became interested in playing music after seeing The Pretenders while in high school, and she was a fan of the Portland punk scene in the 80s. She learned to play bass when she "got bored with guitar" while playing with Calamity Jane. Over the years she has played in bands including Quasi, The Minders, The Spinanes, Jr. High, Calamity Jane, Consortium, The Shadow Mortons, and Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks.

paragraph: Bolme became one of the founding members of the Jicks after finding out that Malkmus had been playing music with John Moen during a game of scrabble with Stephen Malkmus. She has been the bass player for the Jicks since it began in 2000. She also began touring with the indie rock band and long time duo Quasi in 2006, and was an official member of the band from 2007 to 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Bolme was born in Florida. She moved to Portland, Oregon early in her life and has lived there since. Bolme was a long-time friend of musician Elliott Smith and worked to mix "Either/Or" and the posthumous album of his work "From a Basement on the Hill "with the help of Rob Schnapf. Bolme is married to Gary Jarman of UK band The Cribs.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As performer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arches and aisles by the Spinanes;- bass (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Killer of Friendships by Jr. High – bass (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Street" by The Minders – bass (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stephen Malkmus" by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks – bass (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Burnt Orange to Midnight Blue" by Sean Croghan – piano (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pig Lib" by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks – bass (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Face the Truth" by Stephen Malkmus – bass (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Real Emotional Trash" by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks – synthesizer, bass, backing vocals (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Gong" by Quasi – bass (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirror Traffic" by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks – bass (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wig Out at Jagbags" by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks – bass (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sparkle Hard" by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks – bass (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As mixer or engineer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Either/Or" by Elliott Smith – mixing (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Featuring "Birds"" by Quasi – executive producer (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bella Neurox" by Miss Murgatroid & Petra Haden – mixing (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Safari Club" by The Chimps – engineer (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lost Son" by Richmond Fontaine – engineer (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Memory" by No. 2 – engineer (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Man Motel" by Fernando – engineer (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Colonel Jeffery Pumpernickel: A Concept Album" by various artists – engineer (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Does Good Luck Bring?" by No. 2 – engineer (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winnemucca" by Richmond Fontaine – engineer (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From a Basement on the Hill" by Elliott Smith – mixing (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's a Bright Guilty World" by The Minders – mixing (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Elliott, From Portland" by various artists – engineer, mixing (2006)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Joanna Bolme

wikipedia_title: Joanna Bolme


text:
Syria
Prime Minister
President
al-Azm
Ottoman
University of Damascus
National Bloc coalition
Hashim al-Atassi
Shukri al-Kuwatli
Taj al-Din al-Hasani
Soviet Union
United Nations
Palestinian problem
Husni al-Za'im
coup d'état
Constituent Assembly
Lebanese
Hashemite
Iraq
Adib al-Shishakli
Sabri al-Assali
Egypt
Gamal Abdel Nasser
United Arab Republic
Nazim al-Kudsi
nationalization
Ba'ath Party
Beirut

categories: Leaders ousted by a coup,Bandung Conference attendees,Ambassadors of Syria to Switzerland,Prime Ministers of Syria,Al-Azm family,Arabs of the Ottoman Empire,Damascus University alumni,Presidents of Syria,1903 births,Syrian ministers of finance,Foreign ministers of Syria,People from Damascus,1965 deaths,Syrian ministers of defense,Members of the People's Council of Syria,Ambassadors of Syria to Belgium,Ambassadors of Syria to France

paragraph: Khalid al-Azm

paragraph: Khalid al-Azm ( ; 11 June 1903 – 18 November 1965) was a Syrian national leader and five-time interim Prime Minister, as well as Acting President from 4 April to 16 September 1941. He was a member of one of the most prominent political families in Syria, al-Azm (also known as Alazem or Al Azem), and the son of an Ottoman minister of religious affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He graduated from the University of Damascus in 1923 with a degree in law, and joined the city government in 1925. At this time he also actively ran his family's estates throughout the country. In the 1930s, he became close associates with leading members of the anti-French National Bloc coalition such as future presidents Hashim al-Atassi and Shukri al-Kuwatli. He remained a longtime supporter of the former, but often quarreled with the latter, whom he accused of being too authoritarian. In 1941 the French appointed him Prime Minister and Acting President, having had no success in finding a viable candidate since the resignation of the nationalist Atassi in 1939. However he was replaced 5 months later with a French loyalist, Taj al-Din al-Hasani. Azm served repeatedly in parliament and in the cabinet from 1943 to 1947. He became a focus of opposition when he resigned from the cabinet in 1945 and lead the forces opposed to Kuwatli's drive to amend the constitution to allow himself a second term in office. Kuwatli prevailed, and Azm ran against him in 1947 and lost. However he accepted the position of envoy to France and served in that capacity for a year. He concluded successful arms purchases from France and later from the Soviet Union. In May 1948, Azm agreed to form a multi-party cabinet under Kuwatli which served until March 1949. He allied himself with France and the United States and attempted to obtain loans from them for domestic development. He traveled frequently to attend United Nations assemblies on the Palestinian problem. Azm clashed with members of the military, especially Chief of Staff Husni al-Za'im. The latter launched a coup d'état on 29 March 1949 and imprisoned both Azm and president Kuwatli. When Za'im was overthrown five months later, Azm returned to parliament as deputy for Damascus and became minister of finance. He was also elected into the Constituent Assembly that drafted a new constitution for Syria. He became Prime Minister again under Hashim al-Atassi's second administration, in June 1950, heading three cabinets between then and 1951. Azm closed the border to Lebanese goods in an attempt to prevent the crash of domestic Syrian industry due to rampant Lebanese imports. He also clashed repeatedly with the military because he refused to appoint officers in any of his cabinets, and always reserved the defense portfolio for himself. He also clashed with pro-Hashemite elements in Syrian politics that advocated union with Iraq. Socialists distrusted him because of his aristocratic and wealthy Ottoman background. Azm left the public arena from 1951 to 1954 in protest over the coup of Adib al-Shishakli which toppled Atassi's democratic administration.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Opposition to Nasser.

paragraph: After the deposition of Shishakli, Azm again lost to Kuwatli in the presidential election of 1955. He retired briefly, then reemerged in November 1956 to enter the cabinet of Prime Minister Sabri al-Assali as minister of defense. Azm played a key role in achieving an alliance with the USSR, and traveled there repeatedly to arrange loans, economic pacts and arm sales, angering the United States, where he was nicknamed the "Red Millionaire". This name was even adopted by the Syria Press in the 1950s, although he was not a socialist, and in fact opposed the pre-eminent advocate of state socialism in the Arab World, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. He opposed in vain the union with Egypt in 1958 which created the United Arab Republic, arguing that Nasser would destroy Syria's democratic system and free market economy. Azm once again deserted political life during the Union years (1958–1961), and moved to Lebanon.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Military instability.

paragraph: When the union was dissolved he returned to Syria, helped draft the secessionist document himself, and tried to run for presidential office but his candidacy was thwarted by the military. Nazim al-Kudsi was elected, and Azm returned to parliament as deputy for Damascus. On 28 March 1962, yet another coup toppled the civilian administration, and Kudsi and Azm were both imprisoned. On 2 April a counter coup released them, and Azm became Prime Minister again under Kudsi. The two men allied with former president Kuwatli to rid the army of pro-Nasserist elements, and reverse the austere program of nationalization instituted by Nasser when he was head of the UAR. Before this could be achieved, the socialist Ba'ath Party came to power in Syria in March 1963 and both Azm and Qudsi fled into exile.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Azm relocated permanently to Beirut, where he lived in difficult financial circumstances, his vast Syrian holdings having been appropriated by the Baathists. There he died and was buried on 18 February 1965. His memoirs were published posthumously in 1973.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sami Moubayed "Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000" (Cune Press, Seattle, 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

description: Syrian politician

wikidata_label: Khalid al-Azm

wikipedia_title: Khalid al-Azm


text:
Punjabi Muslim
Mughal
Akbar
folklore
social bandit
Pindi Bhattian
Punjab
Muslim Rajput
zamindar
Jahangir
realpolitik
dowries
Bari Doab
Sufi
vars
dhadi
Lohri
Takht Lahore
Najam Hussein Syed
Papadu

categories: History of Punjab, Pakistan,Punjabi people,People from Hafizabad District,16th-century executions,People executed by India by hanging,Year of birth unknown,1599 deaths,People executed by the Mughal Empire

paragraph: Dulla Bhatti

paragraph: Dulla Bhatti (popularly referred to as the "Son of Punjab" or "Robin Hood of Punjab", sometimes spelled Dulha Bhatti and also known as Abdullah Bhatti) (died 1599) was a Punjabi Muslim who led a revolt against Mughal rule during the reign of the emperor Akbar.

paragraph: The deeds of Bhatti are recounted in folklore and took the form of social banditry. According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of Punjab's historiography".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dulla Bhatti lived at Pindi Bhattian in Punjab, and came from a Muslim Rajput family of hereditary local rural chiefs of the zamindar class. Both his father, Farid, and his grandfather, variously called Bijli or Sandal, were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by Akbar. Dulla was born to Ladhi four months after the death of his father.

paragraph: Coincidentally, Akbar's son, Shaikhu (later known as Jahangir), was born on the same day. Advised by his courtiers that Shaikhu's future bravery and success would be ensured if the child was fed by a Rajput woman, Akbar gave that responsibility to Ladhi despite her connection to a man who had rebelled against the Mughal throne. This decision appears to have its basis in realpolitik: Akbar perceived that Ladhi was resentful, that Bhatti might become the third generation of rebel and that royal favour might offset this.

paragraph: A part of the royal patronage was that Bhatti attended school. Although at that time unaware of the fate of his ancestors, he refused to accept the strictures that were intended to mould him into a good citizen and objected to being a part of an establishment that was designed to produce elites. He left to engage instead in childish mischief-making.

paragraph: A chance remark led to Ladhi having to explain the fate of Farid and Bijli to her son. Gaur says that this caused his general anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature to "crystallise" with the Akbar regime as its target, although not as a means of revenge specifically for the deaths of his relatives but in the wider sense of the sacrifices made by rural people generally. Bhatti saw this, says Gaur, as a "peasant class war".

paragraph: Section::::Banditry.

paragraph: Bhatti's class war took the form of social banditry, taking from the rich and giving to the poor. Folklore gives him a legendary status for preventing girls from being abducted and sold as slaves; he arranged marriages for them and provided their dowries.

paragraph: His efforts may have influenced Akbar's decision to pacify Guru Arjan Dev, and through Dev's influence the people of Bari Doab, by exempting the area from the requirement to provide land revenues.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The end for Bhatti came in 1599 when he was hanged in Lahore. Akbar had hoped to make an example of him at the public execution, expecting that he would quake with fear, but Bhatti was steadfast in his resistance to the end. Shah Hussain, a contemporary Sufi poet who wrote of him, recorded his last words as being "No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Only fragments of the "vars" (medieval poetry put to music) concerning Dulla Bhatti have survived to the present day and "dhadi" performances recounting his exploits have become less common.

paragraph: The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual Lohri celebrations in the region to this day, although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands. The song "Sundri-Mundri" is sung during the celebrations and is a tribute to him. Among the significant modern literature inspired by the life is "Takht Lahore", a 1973 play written by Najam Hussein Syed. One biographical novel about Dulla Bhatti is written in punjabi by famous punjabi writer Baldev Singh Sadaknama.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papadu

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.unistarbooks.com/fiction/2362-dhaavan-dil-de-kingrey.html

description: Mughal rebel

wikidata_label: Dulla Bhatti

wikipedia_title: Dulla Bhatti


text: bohemian

text: eccentric

text: wit

text: Herbert Beerbohm Tree

text: Helen Maud Tree

text: Felicity

text: Viola Tree

text: Constance Beerbohm

text: Julius Beerbohm

text: caricaturist

text: parodist

text: Max Beerbohm

text: Augustus John

text: Duncan Grant

text: Vanessa Bell

text: Roger Fry

text: Jacob Epstein

text: Tate

text: Man Ray

text: Nancy Cunard

text: Diana Cooper

text: Slade School of Art

text: Sitwell

text: anthology

text: Curtis Moffat

text: Ivan Moffat

text: screenwriter

text: Austria

text: Friedrich von Ledebur

text: Moby Dick

text: Federico Fellini

text: La Dolce Vita

text: Beerbohm family

text: Daphne Fielding

text: University of Bristol

categories: 1897 births,20th-century British women writers,English women poets,English people of German descent,English people of Lithuanian descent,20th-century English poets,1968 deaths,English artists' models,Beerbohm family

paragraph: Iris Tree

paragraph: Iris Tree (27 January 1897 – 13 April 1968) was an English poet, actress and artists' model, described as a bohemian, an eccentric, a wit and an adventurer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tree's parents were actors Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree and Helen Maud Tree, and her sisters were actresses Felicity and Viola Tree. An aunt was author Constance Beerbohm, and her uncles were explorer and author Julius Beerbohm and caricaturist and parodist Max Beerbohm.

paragraph: Iris Tree was sought after, as a young woman, as an artists' model, being painted by Augustus John, simultaneously by Duncan Grant, Vanessa Bell and Roger Fry, and sculpted by Jacob Epstein, showing her bobbed hair (she was said to have cut off the rest and left it on a train) that, along with other behaviour, caused much scandal. The Epstein sculpture is currently displayed at the Tate Britain. She was often photographed by Man Ray, was friends with Nancy Cunard for a time, and acted alongside Diana Cooper in the mid-1920s.

paragraph: She had studied at the Slade School of Art. She contributed verse to the 1917 Sitwell anthology "Wheels"; her published collections were "Poems" (1920) and "The Traveller and other Poems" (1927).

paragraph: She married twice. Her first marriage was to Curtis Moffat, a New York artist; Ivan Moffat, the screenwriter, was their son. Her second marriage was to the actor and ex-officer of the Austrian cavalry, Count Friedrich von Ledebur. They both appeared (after their divorce) in the 1956 film version of "Moby Dick". She also appeared as a poet, essentially as herself, in Federico Fellini's "La Dolce Vita" (1960).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beerbohm family

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rainbow Picnic: a portrait of Iris Tree" (1974) Daphne Fielding. London: Eyre Methuen

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tree archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol

description: Artists' model, poet

wikidata_label: Iris Tree

wikipedia_title: Iris Tree