text:
Bishop of Pécs
Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia
John Ernuszt
Matthias Corvinus
King of Hungary
ordained
Archduchy of Austria
John Corvinus
Vladislaus II Jagiellon
royal treasurer
embezzlement
Diet of Hungary
Pécs
retainer
John Ernuszt
Jew from Vienna
Buda
Roman Catholicism
Matthias Corvinus
King of Hungary
University of Vienna
provost
Budafelhévíz Chapter
University of Ferrara
Renaissance humanist
bishop of Pécs
ordained
priest
Pécs
apostolic administrator
Đurđevac
Székesfehérvár Chapter
canonical visitation
Bishopric of Pécs
coadjutor bishop
diocese
Zebegény Abbey
Archduchy of Austria
Beatrice of Naples
Pécsvárad Abbey
Ascanio Sforza
John Corvinus
Vladislaus Jagiellon
King of Bohemia
Lawrence Újlaki
Holy Crown of Hungary
Đorđe Branković
Stephen Báthory
Paul Kinizsi
Gyönk
Futog
Čerević
Maximilian of Habsburg
Archbishopric of Salzburg
Ladislaus Egervári
Peace of Pressburg
Bans of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia
John Ernuszt
Banská Bystrica
John
Sklabiná
Thurzós
Jakob Fugger
Antonio Bonfini
embezzled
Siklós
Ludovicus Tubero
barbican
missal
Pauline monk
George Szatmári
Transylvania
counties
Temes County
History of the Jews in Hungary
Urban Nagylucsei

categories: Hungarian people of Jewish descent,Murdered Roman Catholic bishops,Hungarian murder victims,Bishops of Pécs,Bans of Slavonia,Ernuszt family,1505 deaths,Bans of Croatia,1440s births

paragraph: Sigismund Ernuszt

paragraph: Sigismund Ernuszt (; 1445;– summer 1505) was Bishop of Pécs in the Kingdom of Hungary from 1473 to 1505. Ernuszt was also Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia from 1494 to 1498. He was the son of John Ernuszt, a converted Jew, who started his career as a custom's duty collector during the reign of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary. Sigismund studied at the universities of Vienna and Ferrara in the early 1470s. When the king made him bishop of Pécs, the Holy See confirmed him as the administrator of the diocese, but he was most probably never ordained bishop. Matthias Corvinus also tasked him with the administration of the newly conquered Archduchy of Austria in 1486.

paragraph: After Matthias's death, he was the only bishop to support the bid of Matthias's illegitimate son, John Corvinus, for the throne. After the united armies of Corvinus's supporters were defeated, he swore fealty to Vladislaus II Jagiellon. The new king made him royal treasurer in 1494, but he was dismissed after being accused of embezzlement at the Diet of Hungary in 1496. Pécs Cathedral and the castle at Pécs were renovated during his tenure. His three retainers strangled him to seize his wealth.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sigismund was the elder son of John Ernuszt (also known as John Hampó) and his wife, Catherine. He was born around 1445. His father was a Jew from Vienna who moved to Buda. He converted to Roman Catholicism by 1457. Ten years later, Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, made him royal treasurer.

paragraph: Sigismund began his studies at the University of Vienna in or shortly before 1470. He was made provost of the Budafelhévíz Chapter around the same time. He studied at the University of Ferrara between 1471 and 1473. One of his professors, Ludovico Carbone, published their conversations about Matthias Corvinus as a literary dialogue. Ernuszt was famed for his erudition among the Renaissance humanist scholars who visited Hungary in the late 15th century.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.:Matthias Corvinus' advisor.

paragraph: Matthias Corvinus appointed Ernuszt bishop of Pécs in September 1473, although he had not been ordained priest. The king also granted the royal castle in Pécs to him. Three months later, the Holy See made Ernuszt apostolic administrator of the diocese. His father, who died in 1476, urged him in his last will to achieve his ordination, but no documents evidence that he actually received the sacrament. Ernuszt began the renovation of Pécs Cathedral at the request of his dying father. He also fortified his castle at Đurđevac.

paragraph: The Székesfehérvár Chapter obstructed Ernuszt's canonical visitations to its estates in the Bishopric of Pécs and forbade the local priests from attending the episcopal synods. The chapter emphasized that its estates were exempt from the jurisdiction of all bishops in Hungary, but Ernuszt persuaded the Holy See to strengthen his authority over the parishes in question in 1478. He made one Anton (who was the titular Bishop of Megara) his coadjutor bishop in 1480 to secure the spiritual administration of the Pécs diocese.

paragraph: Ernuszt was one of Matthias Corvinus' closest advisors. He urged the Holy See to grant the Zebegény Abbey in Baranya County to him in 1483. The king gave him a precious bowl in 1486. In the same year, Ernuszt (who spoke German) was made the captain-general or the deputy of the captain-general of Archduchy of Austria, which had recently been occupied by the king. Ernuszt loaned 1000 gold florins to Matthias's queen, Beatrice of Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.:Vladislaus Jagiellon's opponent.

paragraph: Matthias Corvinus died on 6 April 1490. Ernuszt seized Pécsvárad Abbey, which had been held by the absent Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, but soon hurried to Buda to attend the Diet which assembled in late May to elect Matthias's successor. He was the only bishop to be willing to support Matthias's illegitimate son, John Corvinus, in his bid for the throne.

paragraph: Ernuszt soon realized that most barons and prelates preferred Vladislaus Jagiellon, King of Bohemia. To prevent the coronation of Vladislaus, he and Lawrence Újlaki left Buda taking the Holy Crown of Hungary and the royal treasury with them. Đorđe Branković, Nicholas Hédervári, and other barons (mainly those who held estates along the southern borders) joined them. However, Vladislaus's supporters, Stephen Báthory and Paul Kinizsi, assembled their troops and defeated the united armies of Ernuszt and his allies at Gyönk on 4 July.

paragraph: Ernuszt was forced to return the Holy Crown to the Estates of the realm. He also attended Vladislaus's coronation in Székesfehérvár in September. The new king granted him John Corvinus's two former estates, Futak and Cserög (now Futog and Čerević in Serbia).

paragraph: Maximilian of Habsburg, who had also laid claim to Hungary after Matthias Corvinus's death, invaded Hungary in November. He borrowed 30,000 gold florins from the wealthy Ernuszt and offered the Archbishopric of Salzburg to him. Ernuszt entered into negotiations with Reinprecht von Reichenburg, the commanders of Maximilian's army in Hungary, but refrained from providing military assistance to him against Vladislaus' troops. Instead, he stayed at Pécs and Đurđevac and came to an agreement with Ladislaus Egervári, Ban of Croatia, over the mutual defense of their estates.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.:In Vladislaus' service.

paragraph: Maximilian of Habsburg renounced his claim to Hungary in the Peace of Pressburg on 7 November 1491. Ernuszt was one of the bishops who ratified the peace treaty at the Diet on 7 March 1492. Vladislaus made him royal treasurer in 1494. In the same year, Ernuszt and Ladislaus Kanizsai were jointly appointed Bans of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia.

paragraph: Ernuszt and his younger brother, John Ernuszt, made several attempts to regain the estates that Matthias Corvinus had confiscated from their father in the early 1470s. They persuaded him to give them their father's former copper mines at Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica in Slovakia) in 1494. Soon after, they leased the mines to John and George Thurzó for 10 years. They also regained Szklabonya (Sklabiná in Slovakia) from Anton Poki, a retainer of John Corvinus. The Ernuszt brothers, who held more than 3,500 peasant households, were among the wealthiest landowners in Hungary in 1494.

paragraph: Ernuszt also rented out the royal copper mines at Besztercebánya to the Thurzós for 12 years on 26 December 1494. The Thurzós and the banker Jakob Fugger established a joint venture, named "Ungarischer Handel" ("Hungarian Trade"), to exploit the mines. According to Antonio Bonfini, Ernuszt persuaded the king to launch a campaign against Lawrence Újlaki who had captured Futak and Cserög. Újlaki was forced to pay homage to the king at Pécs on 27 March 1495, and to return the two estates to Ernuszt.

paragraph: At the Diet in 1496, Ernuszt was accused of having embezzled royal tax revenues. The king dismissed him and his deputy, Emeric Dombai, at the demand of the Estates. They were imprisoned at Siklós. He was released only after he paid a large ransom, amounting to 400,000 or 320,000 gold florins, according to Bonfini and Ludovicus Tubero, respectively. Ernuszt remained Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia until 1498 and continued to preserve his seat at the Royal Council. He ordered the renovation and modernization of the castle in Pécs in late 1490. The barbican was built in this period. He sponsored the publication of missals for his priests in 1487 and 1499. He also employed a Pauline monk to copy old codices in his palace.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.

paragraph: Ernuszt was strangled in the summer of 1505 by his three retainers (including Albert Cupi, Dean of Baranya) who wanted to seize his wealth. His brother, John Ernuszt, brought charges against the assassins, but they were never sentenced. Cupi was even employed by Ernuszt's successor, George Szatmári. During the investigation which followed his murder, 300,000 gold florins were found and confiscated for the royal treasury.

paragraph: Section::::Ernuszt's accounts.

paragraph: Ernuszt's accounts of his activity as royal treasurer have been preserved. The accounts cover the period between 1 February 1494 and 31 December 1495. The document is an important source of demographic, economic, and cultural research of late medieval Hungary. The accounts contain a detailed record of the one-florin tax assessed in Hungary proper, Transylvania and Slavonia in 1494 and 1495 which was to be paid by each peasant household. They do not contain data for the fourteen southern counties in Hungary proper, because the "ispán" (or head) of Temes County, who was responsible for the defence of the southern border, was entitled to spend the royal income from the one-florin tax assessed in this region. The peasants in southern Slavonia were also exempt from the one-florin tax because of the frequent Ottoman raids in this region.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Jews in Hungary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urban Nagylucsei

wikidata_label: Sigismund Ernuszt

wikipedia_title: Sigismund Ernuszt


text: abbot

text: Luxeuil

text: Saint Columbanus

text: monk

text: Thierry II

text: Clothaire II

text: Amatus

text: Romaric

text: prayer

text: fasting

text: Saint Waldebert

text: Sadalberga

text: blindness

text: Bavaria

text: Burgundofara

text: feast day

categories: Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,French abbots,Year of death uncertain,7th-century Frankish saints,620s deaths,7th-century Frankish people,560s births,Bavarii

paragraph: Eustace of Luxeuil

paragraph: Saint Eustace of Luxeuil (c. 560 – c. 629), also known as Eustasius, was the second abbot of Luxeuil from 611. He succeeded his teacher Saint Columbanus, to whom he had been a favourite disciple and monk. He had been the head of the monastic school.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Eustace was born in Burgundy and became a monk at Luxeuil.

paragraph: When Columbanus, the founder of Luxeuil, was banished from the Kingdom of Burgundy, on account of his reproving the morals of King Thierry II, the exiled abbot recommended his community to choose Eustace as his successor. Subsequently Columbanus settled at Bobbio in Italy. After the death of Thierry, Clothaire II sent Eustace to Bobbio to ask Columbanus to return, but he declined.

paragraph: Under the administration of the abbot Eustace, the monastery acquired renown as a seat of learning and sanctity. Through the royal patronage, its benefices and lands were increased, King Clothaire II devoting a yearly sum, from his own revenues, towards its support. Eustace and his monks devoted themselves to preaching in remote districts, not yet evangelized, chiefly in the north-eastern extremities of Gaul. Their missionary work extended even to Bavaria. Between the monasteries of Luxeuil in France and that of Bobbio in Italy (both founded by St. Columbanus) connection and intercourse seem to have long been kept up.

paragraph: During his abbacy, the monastery contained about 600 monks and produced both bishops and saints, including Amatus and Romaric. Eustace was noted for his humility, continual prayer, and fasting. He was succeeded as abbott by Saint Waldebert.

paragraph: A tradition states that he cured Sadalberga of blindness; he had been visiting Bavaria and cured this future saint of her ailment after stopping by at her house. He is said to have also procured a cure for St. Burgundofara.

paragraph: His feast day is March 29.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint of the Day, March 29: "Eustace of Luxeuil" at "SaintPatrickDC.org"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biografie der Diözesanbibliothek Münster

description: Abbot of Luxeuil

wikidata_label: Eustace of Luxeuil

wikipedia_title: Eustace of Luxeuil


href: France Equestrianism 1924%20Summer%20Olympics 1932%20Summer%20Olympics Moret-sur-Loing Gisors dressage

text:
French
horse rider
1924 Summer Olympics
1932 Summer Olympics
Moret-sur-Loing
Gisors
dressage

categories: 1885 births,Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for France,French male equestrians,Equestrians at the 1932 Summer Olympics,Equestrians at the 1924 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in equestrian,Olympic equestrians of France,French dressage riders,1968 deaths,Olympic bronze medalists for France,Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Xavier Lesage

paragraph: François Xavier Edmond Marie Lesage (25 October 1885 – 3 August 1968) was a French horse rider who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1932 Summer Olympics. He was born in Moret-sur-Loing and died in Gisors.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1924 he and his horse "Plumard" won the bronze medal in the individual dressage competition. Eight years later he and his horse "Taine" won the gold medal in the individual dressage as well as in the team dressage.

description: equestrian

wikidata_label: Xavier Lesage

wikipedia_title: Xavier Lesage


text: French

text: horse rider

text: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: Toulouse

text: Marseille

text: team jumping competition

categories: 1946 deaths,French male equestrians,Olympic silver medalists for France,French show jumping riders,Olympic medalists in equestrian,Equestrians at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Olympic equestrians of France,1887 births

paragraph: Pierre Bertran de Balanda

paragraph: Pierre Louis Marie Bertran de Balanda (28 September 1887 – 28 March 1946) was a French horse rider who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: He was born in Toulouse and died in Marseille.

paragraph: In 1928, he and his horse "Papillon" won the silver medal in the individual jumping competition. They also finished fourth as part of the French jumping team in the team jumping competition.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Bertran de Balanda's profile at databaseOlympics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Bertran de Balanda's profile at Sports Reference.com

description: equestrian

wikidata_label: Pierre Bertran de Balanda

wikipedia_title: Pierre Bertran de Balanda


text: Darfield

text: Wellington

text: Olive Jones

text: Barry Brickell

text: Len Castle

text: Doreen Blumhardt

text: Colin McCahon

text: New Zealand Potter

text: Waitakere Ranges

text: Otane

text: Hawke's Bay

text: Tokomaru Bay

text: Ngoi Pēwhairangi

text: Coromandel

text: 2005 New Year Honours

categories: 1915 births,People from Darfield, New Zealand,2014 deaths,Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit,New Zealand potters,Women potters

paragraph: Helen Mason (potter)

paragraph: Helen Wilmot Mason (née Valentine, 30 April 1915 – 22 August 2014) was a New Zealand potter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Darfield in 1915, Mason grew up in Wellington. In 1938 her engagement to Malcolm John Mason was announced, and the couple married the following year.

paragraph: Mason took up pottery in 1953, attending classes and buying a diesel kiln from her husband's aunt, Elizabeth Matheson. Over the next few years she met and worked with other New Zealand artists including potters Olive Jones, Barry Brickell, Len Castle and Doreen Blumhardt, and painter Colin McCahon, and by 1957 had exhibited and sold her first pot. In 1958, she and Blumhardt co-founded "New Zealand Potter" magazine, which Mason edited for nine years. The same year she was commissioned to produce the crockery for Wellington's first cafe, the Monde Marie. A stoneware experimentalist, she had by 1964 exhibited in Australia, Japan and Washington.

paragraph: The early 1960s saw Mason become a full-time potter, and she abandoned her home and marriage, moving to the Waitakere Ranges, then Otane in Hawke's Bay and, in 1974, Tokomaru Bay. It was there that she was involved with establishing the Tauira Craft Centre with Ngoi Pēwhairangi.

paragraph: In the 1990s she lived in a house truck, purchased with the proceeds from the sale of a McCahon painting, near Brickell's home in Coromandel. She later returned to Hawke's Bay where, from 2006 to 2011, she resided in the eponymous Helen Mason House at the Waiohiki Creative Arts Village.

paragraph: In the 2005 New Year Honours she was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to pottery.

paragraph: Described as an influential figure in New Zealand crafts and ceramics at the forefront of the emerging New Zealand pottery movement in the 1950s, Mason exhibited widely in New Zealand and internationally. As well as editing "The New Zealand Potter", Mason contributed to the "New Zealand Listener" and wrote a number of books on pottery and crafts, including "Ten years of pottery in New Zealand" (1967), "Waima of Tokomaru Bay" (1984) and "Commitment to clay" (2008). She featured in an episode of the television arts show "The Big Art Trip" in 2002. In 2005, she published her memoir, entitled "Helen Mason's scrapbook: 50 years as a backyard potter".

alias:
Helen Wilmot Mason
Helen Wilmot Valentine

description: New Zealand potter

wikidata_label: Helen Mason

wikipedia_title: Helen Mason (potter)


text:
Vinnytsia
Ukrainian
sprinting
2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Nanjing
100 metres
200 metres
400 metres
400 metres

categories: Ukrainian people of African descent,1998 births,Ukrainian female sprinters,Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics,People from Vinnytsia,Living people

paragraph: Dzhois Koba

paragraph: Dzhois Habrielivna Koba (; born February 26, 1998 in Vinnytsia) is a Ukrainian athlete competing in sprinting events. She won a silver medal in the 200m at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China.

paragraph: Section::::Personal bests.

paragraph: Outdoor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 100 metres – 11.97 (+1.2 m/s, Kirovohrad 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 200 metres – 23.81 (-1.0 m/s, Baku 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 400 metres – 52.79 (Bydgoszcz 2016)

paragraph: Indoor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 400 metres – 55.01 (Sumy 2016)

description: Ukrainian sprinter

wikidata_label: Dzhois Koba

wikipedia_title: Dzhois Koba


text:
Grand Master
Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
Ottoman Empire
Rhodes
Le Monteil-au-Vicomte
Creuse
Charles VII
Louis XI
Dominique Bouhours
Langue
Raymond Zacosta
fortifications of the city of Rhodes
Dodecanese
Bodrum
Mehmed II
Mesih Pasha
Palaiologos
conquest of Constantinople
Bayezid
Cem
Guy de Blanchefort
Bayezid II
Cem
Cardinal
Order of the Holy Sepulchre
commandries
Knights of St. Lazarus
crusade
Renaissance
Rodrigo Borgia
St. Peter
Mytilene
Judaism
Dominique Bouhours
Mabre-Cramoisy
Paris
The Hague
Bruges
Guillaume Caoursin
Ehrard Ratdolt
Venice
G. E. Streck
Chemnitz
J. B. Bury
Cambridge Modern History
Gilles Rossignol
La Manufacture
Besançon
Erik Svane
Dan Greenberg
Geneva

categories: People from Creuse,1503 deaths,Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller,French cardinals,Rhodes under the Knights Hospitaller,1423 births

paragraph: Pierre d'Aubusson

paragraph: Pierre d'Aubusson (1423 – 3 July 1503) was a Grand Master of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, and a zealous opponent of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Pierre probably joined the Knights of Saint John in 1444 or 1445, and then left for Rhodes.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Pierre d'Aubusson was born in the castle of Le Monteil (today: Le Monteil-au-Vicomte, in the French department of Creuse), the fifth son of Jean d'Aubusson. His older brother Antoine had a brilliant career serving Charles VII and Louis XI, and the other three brothers became bishops.

paragraph: The alleged story of his youth to 1444, which has appeared in print since the 17th century, is unreliable. It derives from the fertile imagination of R.P. Dominique Bouhours, a Jesuit who published a biography of Pierre d'Aubusson (Paris, Mabre-Cramoisy, 1677) at the behest of Marshall d'Aubusson-La Feuillade.

paragraph: Section::::Grand Prior.

paragraph: Pierre d'Aubusson was elected "Grand Prior" of the "Langue d'Auvergne" in early 1476. In June 1476, he was elected Grand Master of the Order, having been a very close associate of a previous Grand Master, Raymond Zacosta, and responsible for the repair and modernization of the fortifications of the city of Rhodes, the other castles of the Order on the islands of the Dodecanese, and the Château Saint Pierre (formerly Halicarnasse, today Bodrum, Turkey).

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Rhodes.

paragraph: Sultan Mehmed II began to threaten Europe. In May 1480 a large Ottoman fleet appeared before Rhodes, carrying an invading army of some 100,000 men under the command of Mesih Pasha (originally a Greek by the name of Michael Palaiologos who had converted to Islam after the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks).

paragraph: The Knights were reinforced from France by 500 knights and 2000 soldiers under d'Aubusson's brother Antoine. The siege lasted until August. After three unsuccessful attempts against the city, the Turkish force was compelled to withdraw, leaving behind them 9000 dead. The siege, in which d'Aubusson was wounded three times, enhanced his renown throughout Europe.

paragraph: Sultan Mehmed was furious and would have attacked the island again but for his death in 1481. His succession was disputed between his sons Bayezid and Cem. The latter, after his defeat by Bayezid, sought refuge at Rhodes under a safe-conduct from the Grand Master and the General Convent of the Order.

paragraph: Rhodes not being considered secure, Cem with his own consent was sent to Bourganeuf in France where he was kept under the guard of Guy de Blanchefort, Pierre d'Aubusson's nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Guarding Cem.

paragraph: D'Aubusson accepted an annuity of 45,000 ducats from Bayezid II, in return for which he undertook to guard Cem in such a way as to prevent him from appealing to the Christian powers to aid him against his brother.

paragraph: D'Aubusson's reward was a Cardinal's hat (1489) and the power to confer all benefices connected with the order without the sanction of the papacy. In addition, the Order of St. John received the assets of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, which was merged into the Order of St. John, and a number of Italian commandries of the Knights of St. Lazarus.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: The remaining years of his life d'Aubusson spent attempting to restore discipline and zeal in his Order and to organize a grand crusade against the Turks. The age of the Renaissance, with Rodrigo Borgia on the throne of St. Peter, was, however, not favourable to such an enterprise.

paragraph: The death of Cem in 1495 had removed the most formidable weapon available against the Sultan. And when in 1501 d'Aubusson led an expedition against Mytilene, dissension among his motley host rendered this enterprise wholly abortive. His last years were embittered by chagrin at his failure, which was hardly compensated by his success in extirpating Judaism in Rhodes, by expelling all adult Jews and forcibly baptizing their children.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dominique Bouhours, "Histoire de Pierre d'Aubusson" (Mabre-Cramoisy, Paris, 1677; The Hague, 1793; Bruges, 1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillaume Caoursin, "Obsidionis Rhodiae urbis descriptio", slnd (Ehrard Ratdolt, Venice, c. 1481)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. E. Streck, "Pierre d'Aubusson, Grossmeister, &c." (Chemnitz, 1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. B. Bury in the "Cambridge Modern History" vol. i. p. 85, &c. (for relations with Jem). Available online at: http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh103.html#085

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilles Rossignol, "Pierre d'Aubusson, "Le bouclier de la chrétienté". Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes" (La Manufacture, Besançon, 1991, bibliogr.) (This biography demonstrates the fertile imagination of R.P. Bouhours concerning the youth of Pierre d'Aubusson. See the French version .)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erik Svane and Dan Greenberg, "Croisade vers la Terre Sainte" (Éditions Paquet, Geneva, 2007 )

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Pierre d'Aubusson

wikipedia_title: Pierre d'Aubusson


text:
Hornsby
Australian
rugby union
fly-half
Pro12
Glasgow Warriors
Cardiff Blues
Connacht Rugby
Leeds Tykes
Sydney
Eastern Suburbs RUFC
England
Leeds Tykes
Scotland
Glasgow Warriors
Celtic League
fly-half
Scotland
Six Nations
2007 World Cup
Scotland
Glasgow Warriors
Glasgow Warriors
Alastair Kellock
John Barclay
Tim Visser
Glasgow Warriors
Sean Lineen
Glasgow Warriors
Cardiff Blues
Edinburgh
2010–11 Heineken Cup
2011–12 Pro12
2011–12 Heineken Cup
pool stages
Leinster
Ulster
Galway
Pro12
Connacht
2012–13 Pro12
Leinster
Zebre
2012–13 Heineken Cup
Biarritz
2013–14 Pro12
Ulster
2013–14 Heineken Cup
Toulouse
Scotland
Kilbirnie
Ayrshire
Wales
Frank Hadden
Matt Williams
Frank Hadden
2008 Six Nations
Six Nations
2007 World Cup
Glasgow Warriors
2010 Six Nations Championship
Argentina
2011 World Cup
Rugby World Cup 2011
Georgia
2012 Six Nations
Glasgow Warriors
Glasgow Warriors
Glasgow Warriors
Pro12
2009–10 Celtic League
fly-half
Scotland
Glasgow profile
Profile at scottishrugby.org
Pro12 Player archive profile

categories: Glasgow Warriors players,1978 births,People from New South Wales,Cardiff Blues players,Scottish rugby union players,Scotland international rugby union players,Connacht Rugby players,Living people

paragraph: Dan Parks

paragraph: Daniel Arthur Parks (born 26 May 1978 in Hornsby) is an Australian-born former international rugby union player and now coach. His primary playing position was at fly-half.

paragraph: Parks played professionally for Pro12 sides Glasgow Warriors, Cardiff Blues and Connacht Rugby as well as English side Leeds Tykes. He secured international caps for from 2004 to 2012. Parks is also the record holder for points scored in the Pro12 with a combined total of 1,582 points. Parks announced his retirement from playing rugby on 25 June 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and amateur career.

paragraph: Parks was brought up in Sydney, and early on he played rugby for West Harbour RUFC, Southern Districts RUFC and Eastern Suburbs RUFC which brought about the nickname 'Compass'. Parks also represented New South Wales at Under-21 level. During his playing days in the Sydney rugby union competition, Parks broke a long-standing point scoring record for the third fifteen's highest scoring replacement in a friendly game.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and amateur career.:Professional career.:Leeds Tykes.

paragraph: After moving to England in September 2001 to pursue his professional rugby career, Parks spent some time at Leeds Tykes. Parks scored 51 points for the Tykes in his six games for the side before leaving for Eastern Suburbs.

paragraph: In 2003 Parks moved to Scotland. He joined Glasgow Warriors, a professional team in the recently established Celtic League. After making his debut as a replacement in the Celtic Cup victory over Celtic Warriors at Bridgend in September 2003, Parks was quick to establish himself as the club's first choice fly-half, a position he held in all seven seasons that he played for the side and testament to his game-winning prowess. Parks was top points scorer for his club in every season he played for Glasgow from the 2003–04 to the 2009–10 season, scoring tries, conversions, penalties and drop goals.

paragraph: This accumulation of points made Parks the highest all-time points scorer for the club. In what would be Glasgow's final match of the 2008–09 season, Parks attained the distinction of being the first ever player to reach 1,000 points in the Celtic League.

paragraph: Parks was named Player of the Season in 2006–07 and in 2009–10. He was also named in the Pro12 Dream team at the end of 2009/10. Over his Glasgow career, he made regular appearances for the Scotland national side, including in the Six Nations and the 2007 World Cup. For his World Cup performance, Parks was voted Scotland player of the tournament

paragraph: Parks' form for Glasgow Warriors was recognised by the Magners League with his inclusion as fly-half in the league's "Dream Team" for the 2009–10 season. His Glasgow Warriors teammates Alastair Kellock and John Barclay also featured, in addition to Edinburgh's Dutch winger Tim Visser.

paragraph: Parks left Glasgow Warriors at the end of the 2009–10 season, leaving the team as record points scorer having amassed 1,531 points having scored 20 tries, 322 penalties, 188 conversions and 26 drop goals in 146 games. He also holds the distinction as being the League's all-time record points holder.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and amateur career.:Professional career.:Glasgow Warriors.:Personal controversy.

paragraph: On 19 April 2009, Parks was pulled over by police while driving on the M8 motorway between Glasgow and Edinburgh at 3:45 am. His blood alcohol levels were found to be over three times the legal limit. Parks was subsequently banned from driving for 18 months. His drunk driving coincided with poor form for Glasgow and omission from the Scottish team. Glasgow Warriors ordered Parks to train alone while his future was considered. After deliberation Parks was allowed to remain a Warrior, with Sean Lineen opting to give him a second chance.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and amateur career.:Professional career.:Cardiff Blues.

paragraph: Having left Glasgow Warriors, Parks signed a two-year deal with Welsh side Cardiff Blues becoming the first Scotsman to play for them. Parks made his League debut for the Blues on 4 September 2010 in the 34–23 win against Edinburgh, Parks kicked 14 points and was awarded man of the match. In his first season with the Blues, Parks played in 13 league matches, making 11 starts, as well as playing five games in the 2010–11 Heineken Cup, all of them starts. He scored 18 conversions, 10 drop goals and 48 penalties in the two competitions for a total of 210 points.

paragraph: In his second season with the club, Parks started less frequently in the league, which had been renamed as the Pro12. In the 2011–12 Pro12 he played 13 times, but only eight of these appearances came as starts. In the 2011–12 Heineken Cup however, Parks started all seven of Cardiff's matches as they qualified for the quarter-finals as best runners-up in the pool stages before being knocked out by the defending champions Leinster. In his 20 matches Parks scored 137 points, including scoring his first try for the side in a league game against Ulster. Parks left Cardiff at the end of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and amateur career.:Professional career.:Connacht.

paragraph: In February 2012 Parks signed for Galway based Pro12 team Connacht, joining the club for the start of the 2012–13 season on a two-year contract. Parks made his debut for Connacht in a 2012–13 Pro12 game against Irish rivals and Heineken Cup champions Leinster. Parks scored two conversions and a penalty all in the game as Connacht came out comfortable winners by a score of 34–6. He made his Heineken Cup debut against Italian side Zebre. Parks played in 17 games for Connacht in the Pro12 that season, starting on each occasion and also started five of the team's games in the 2012–13 Heineken Cup, including a win over French giants Biarritz by a final score of 22–14, in which Parks kicked three penalties, two drop goals and a conversion. Over the course of his first season he scored a total of

paragraph: In the following season, Parks continued to be a regular player for Connacht. He featured in all of the team's 22 games in the 2013–14 Pro12, with 14 of these appearances coming as starts, and scored his only Connacht try in a match against Ulster. In the 2013–14 Heineken Cup Parks featured in all six of Connacht's matches, with all but one of these appearances coming as starts. This included an historic victory over the four time European champions Toulouse. Parks scored 157 points in the two competitions over the course of the season. In April 2014, it was announced that Parks would not have his contract renewed and would leave the province at the end of the season. Following his release from Connacht, Parks announced his retirement from all professional rugby.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and amateur career.:2004–2008.

paragraph: Parks qualified to play for Scotland via his maternal grandfather who was born in Kilbirnie, Ayrshire. He made his Scotland debut in February 2004 against Wales. He also played in all three 2005 Autumn tests, his positive attitude and commitment won praise from coach Frank Hadden. Parks' fortunes improved along with those of the Scotland team who enjoyed more success in the 2005–2006 season.

paragraph: Despite being the choice No.10 for Scottish national coach Matt Williams and his successor Frank Hadden, Parks appeared to have had a difficult time fitting into this role on occasion, such as in the 2008 Six Nations games against and . However, in the Scottish tour of Argentina in 2008 he scored a break away try to secure the second test victory, levelling the series 1–1.

paragraph: Parks played for in Six Nations, the 2007 World Cup, Scotland's tours to Australia in 2004, South Africa in 2006 and Argentina in 2008, but his poor form for Glasgow Warriors and off field issues lead to him being axed from the Scotland set up throughout 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and amateur career.:2010–2012.

paragraph: After enduring an 18-month international exile he was recalled to the Scotland squad for the match 2010 Six Nations Championship tie against .

paragraph: Parks made his return against the Welsh and went on to win an unprecedented three man-of-the-match awards in four games, being chosen against Wales, Italy and . Parks regained much of the self-belief and confidence that he had previously played with for his club but which often eluded him while playing for Scotland. Parks praised Scottish coach Andy Robinson, saying "he has been a big contributor to the improvement in the Scotland team." His strong performances helped him win over a number of fans and members of the media who had previously been critical of his performances for the national team. Even one of the most hardened critics of Parks, Scottish journalist Alan Massie, gave recognition to the outstanding performances by Parks in the championship. As testament to his first-class performances throughout the 2010 Six Nations he featured in many writers' team of the tournament.

paragraph: Parks continued his fine form for Scotland playing an integral role in securing a 2–0 series victory in the 2010 tour of Argentina. This was Scotland's first ever capped series victory in 50 years of touring. In addition, it was the first time in 26 years that Scotland have won three away internationals in a row. Parks then went on to score all 21 points in Scotland's 21–17 upset win over South Africa with six penalties and a drop-goal.

paragraph: Parks outlined his desire to add to his 53 caps in the November internationals against New Zealand, South Africa and Samoa and in the 2011 RWC. "I've got 53 caps now and I want to build on that. My goal is to get to the World Cup to represent Scotland there." (Interview with BBC Scotland 28 August 2010)

paragraph: On 10 May 2011, Parks was named in Scotland's provisional 40-man squad for the 2011 World Cup.

paragraph: Parks made his first Rugby World Cup 2011 appearance in the 15–6 victory over Georgia where he scored all of the points, with four penalties and a drop goal. In landing his drop goal in the 37th minute Parks furthered his Scottish drop goal record to 15.

paragraph: In the last minute of the game against , which "Los Pumas" won 13–12, Parks missed an attempted drop goal which would have won the match for his team. Following this match there was also criticism of his tactical sense, given he had earlier attempted and scored a drop goal, despite Scotland having advantage close to the try line.

paragraph: Following wide criticism of his performance in the first match of the 2012 Six Nations against England, Parks announced his immediate retirement from international rugby on 7 February 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland Player's Player of the World Cup 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glasgow Warriors Player of the season 2006–07 and 2009–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glasgow Warriors record point scorer (1531 points)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glasgow Warriors record appearance holder (143 games)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro12 record point scorer (1,582 points)(As of 10 May 2014))

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009–10 Celtic League Dream Team fly-half

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most drop goals for Scotland (15)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glasgow profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at scottishrugby.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro12 Player archive profile

description: Scottish rugby union player

wikidata_label: Dan Parks

wikipedia_title: Dan Parks


text:
Greek
epithet
Indo-Greek
Gandhara
Punjab
Demetrius I
Alexander the Great
Bopearachchi
Demetrius II
Heliokles II
Kharoshti
Eucratides
Bopearachchi
Demetrius II
Demetrius II
Heliokles II
Lysias
Antimachus I
Demetrius I
Agathocles
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians

categories: Indo-Greek kings,1st-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Demetrius III Aniketos

paragraph: Demetrius III Aniketos (Greek: ; epithet means "the Invincible") is an Indo-Greek king who reigned in the area of Gandhara and Punjab.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy about time of reign.

paragraph: The coins of Demetrius III are few and rather crude. He copies some of his imagery from the renowned Bactrian king Demetrius I (c. 200–180 BCE). The two namesakes share the war-like epithet ""The Invincible"" and wear elephant-crowns, the symbol that Alexander the Great used to celebrate his conquest of the Indus Valley.

paragraph: The historical sources of the Indo-Greek kingdom are very few, and the separation of kings with the same name is not an easy process. Numismatician Osmund Bopearachchi identifies three kings named Demetrius, placing the third around 100 BCE due to mintmarks and style of the coins (see discussion under Demetrius II). R C Senior agrees with this reconstruction, even though their dates are somewhat different: according to Bopearachchi he ruled around 100 BCE, whereas R. C. Senior places him circa 70 BCE, in both cases as successor of Heliokles II.

paragraph: However, Demetrius III is the only Demetrius to strike bilingual Greek/Indian (Kharoshti) coins, and is therefore a likely candidate to be identified with the ""Demetrius, king of the Indians"" mentioned by Roman historian Justin. This Demetrius is said to have fought with the Bactrian king Eucratides (c. 170–145 BCE) during the latter part of Eucratides' rule. Bopearachchi nevertheless identifies Justin's Demetrius with the king Demetrius II even though he only struck Greek coins and reigned c. 175–170 BCE, even before Eucratides. In addition, Bopearachchi's early dating of Demetrius II has been challenged (see discussion under Demetrius II).

paragraph: Yet other authors have identified Justin's Demetrius with Demetrius I of Bactria, ignoring both Bopearachchi's chronology as well as modifying Justin's text.

paragraph: Earlier authors such as Tarn and Narain thought that the Demetrius who struck the coins now identified with Demetrius III was the king who fought Eucratides, and saw him as a son of Demetrius I.

paragraph: The absence of absolute proofs of dating Demetrius III (such as counter-marked coins), and the remaining problems of all current reconstructions, means the problem is not definitely solved, and the alternative chronology would be to place Demetrius III around 150 BCE in compliance with Tarn's and Narain's ideas about his identity as a Euthydemid prince who fought against Eucratides.

paragraph: Section::::Possible dynastic context.

paragraph: If Demetrius III ruled around 100 or 70 BCE, he seems to have been a relative of Heliokles II, though his title and use of the elephant-crown of Demetrius I also associates him with the king Lysias.

paragraph: If he ruled around 150 BCE, he was very likely a surviving Euthydemid prince like Tarn and Narain assumed. The symbols of his coin connect him with several Euthydemid kings: the kausia hat on one of his portrait with Antimachus I, the elephant-crown and the title Aniketos as mentioned with Demetrius I, and the standing Zeus on his silver reverses with Agathocles.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Demetrius III.

paragraph: The actual coins of Demetrius III are very few and struck with a single, unique monogram. This suggests a short and insignificant reign. On his silver, Demetrius III appears in the kausia hat (on the unique known tetradrachm) or diademed, with a reverse of Zeus holding thunderbolt. His bronzes feature a king in elephant's crown, either Demetrius III or Demetrius I, with thunderbolt on the reverse.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Greek Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

wikidata_label: Demetrios III

wikipedia_title: Demetrius III Aniketos


text: Portuguese

text: King

text: Manuel I of Portugal

text: Zaragoza

text: Spain

text: Portugal

text: Castile

text: León

text: Aragon

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Isabella I of Castile

text: Prince of Portugal

text: Prince of Asturias

text: Prince of Girona

text: Granada

text: Capilla Real

text: Maria of Aragon

text: John III

text: several other children

text: Iberian

text: Joanna

text: Habsburgs

text: Charles V

text: Iberian Union

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Philippine Dynasty

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese people of Spanish descent,Burials at the Royal Chapel of Granada,Spanish people of German descent,Spanish people of Portuguese descent,Heirs apparent who never acceded,Portuguese people of German descent,Princes of Asturias,House of Aviz,People from Zaragoza,1498 births,Portuguese people of French descent,Princes of Portugal,Spanish people of French descent,Portuguese infantes,Spanish people of English descent,Portuguese people of British descent,1500 deaths

paragraph: Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal

paragraph: Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Prince of Asturias (, ; , "Michael of Peace") (23 August 1498 – 19 July 1500) was a Portuguese royal prince, son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his first wife, Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias (1470-1498).

paragraph: Section::::Life and Death.

paragraph: Miguel da Paz was born in Zaragoza, Spain on 23 August 1498. His mother, Isabella of Aragon, died within an hour of his birth. He was shortly sworn heir to the various Iberian crowns by the courts of Portugal, Castile and Aragon. For the next two years, he was the recognized heir of his father's kingdom of Portugal and of the kingdoms of Castile, León and Aragon, which he would inherit from his grandparents, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. As such, he was styled Prince of Portugal, Prince of Asturias and Prince of Girona.

paragraph: Miguel died in Granada on 19 July 1500, in his grandmother's arms. He was buried in the Capilla Real, in Granada.

paragraph: In October 1500, Miguel's father married Maria of Aragon, who was also the younger sister of Miguel's mother. Maria gave birth to Manuel's eventual successor, John III and to several other children.

paragraph: The hopes of Isabella I and Ferdinand II to unite all of the Iberian kingdoms vanished with Miguel's death. After he died, another of Miguel's maternal aunts, Joanna became the heiress of Castile, León and Aragon, eventually bringing those kingdoms to the Habsburgs, under Joanna's son, Charles V. However, the Iberian Union, although short-lived, took place eighty years later, from 1580 to 1640, under the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain, Miguel's half-great-nephew and the grandson of Joanna of Castile, Manuel of Portugal and Maria of Aragon, acquired Portugal and its dominions (see the Philippine Dynasty).

description: Portuguese prince

wikidata_label: Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal

wikipedia_title: Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal


text:
American
American Revolutionary War
Congressman
Massachusetts
District of Maine
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Duxbury, Massachusetts
Harvard College
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Alexander Scammel
Kingston, Massachusetts
minutemen
captain
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Plymouth County
Theophilus Cotton
Marshfield, Massachusetts
Artemas Ward
John Thomas
Roxbury, Massachusetts
Battle of Long Island
militia
Solomon Lovell
combined arms
Fort George
Castine
Penobscot Expedition
Dudley Saltonstall
Paul Revere
Royal Navy
New York City
attack on Pearl Harbor
court-martial
Province of Maine
Loyalists
Thomaston
court-martial
Portland
Wadsworth-Longfellow House
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Hiram, Maine
Wadsworth Hall
National Historic Landmark
National Register of Historic Places
"The Wadsworths: Peleg and Elizabeth."

categories: People from Thomaston, Maine,People from Duxbury, Massachusetts,1829 deaths,People from Hiram, Maine,Militia generals in the American Revolution,Continental Army officers from Massachusetts,Massachusetts Federalists,1748 births,Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives,People from Kingston, Massachusetts,Adjutants General of Massachusetts,Politicians from Portland, Maine,Members of the United States House of Representatives from the District of Maine,Massachusetts state senators,Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution,Harvard College alumni,American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain

paragraph: Peleg Wadsworth

paragraph: Peleg Wadsworth (May 6, 1748 – November 12, 1829) was an American officer during the American Revolutionary War and a Congressman from Massachusetts representing the District of Maine. He was also grandfather of noted American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

paragraph: Wadsworth was born in Duxbury, Massachusetts, to Peleg and Susanna (Sampson) Wadsworth. He graduated from Harvard College with an A.B. (1769) and an A.M. (1772), and taught school for several years in Plymouth, Massachusetts, with his former classmate Alexander Scammel. There he met Elizabeth Bartlett (1753 to 1825), whom he married in 1772.

paragraph: Section::::American Revolutionary War.

paragraph: The Wadsworths lived in Kingston, Massachusetts, until 1775, when Wadsworth recruited a company of minutemen, of which he was chosen captain. His company mustered in response to the alarms generated by the Battle of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The Plymouth County battalion, commanded by Col. Theophilus Cotton marched to Marshfield, Massachusetts to attack a garrison of British troops there. The attack was delayed for two days, allowing the British time to escape Marshfield by sea. During that time, Capt. Wadsworth, frustrated with the delay, advanced his company to within firing range of the British encampment, nearly instigating combat.

paragraph: Wadsworth served as aide to Gen. Artemas Ward in March 1776, and as an engineer under Gen. John Thomas in 1776, assisting in laying out the defenses of Roxbury, Massachusetts. He was present at the Battle of Long Island on August 1, 1776. He was made brigadier general of militia in 1777 and Adjutant General of Massachusetts in 1778.

paragraph: Wadsworth's finest military engagement was in one of the worst American military defeats of the war. In the summer of 1779 he served as second in command to General Solomon Lovell over the land forces sent to make a combined arms attack on Fort George at Castine, in the so-called Penobscot Expedition. Commodore Dudley Saltonstall was in command of the naval forces. Lt. Colonel Paul Revere also served in this expedition as commander of artillery. While General Lovell remained aboard the Commodore's vessel, Wadsworth and Revere landed with the infantry and artillery and laid siege to the fort for about two weeks. Due to the reluctance of the Commodore to launch a naval attack in support of the ground forces, the British garrison held out until ships of the Royal Navy arrived from New York City and drove the American Navy up the Penobscot River where all 43 American warships were sunk or were scuttled and burned, comprising most of the American fleet, making it the worst American naval disaster prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Wadsworth, still with the forces on shore, organized and led a successful overland retreat through the Maine frontier. Colonel Revere and Commodore Saltonstall were court-martialed for their roles in the debacle (Revere was acquitted, Saltonstall was "dismissed the service").

paragraph: In March 1780, Wadsworth was given command of all the troops raised for the defense of the Province of Maine. On February 17, 1781, a party of 25 Loyalists overran his headquarters in Thomaston; this was in revenge for Wadsworth ordering the court-martial and execution of a guide who had assisted Loyalists traveling from Falmouth (now Portland) to Fort George. Wadsworth was captured and imprisoned in Fort George at Bagaduce (Castine) (the same fort he had led the attack against in the summer of 1779), but he and fellow prisoner Maj. Benjamin Burton eventually escaped on June 15, 1781 by cutting a hole in the ceiling of their jail and crawling out along the joists. Wadsworth then returned to his family in Plymouth, where he remained until the war's end.

paragraph: Section::::After war years.

paragraph: In April 1784 Wadsworth returned to Maine, purchased 1.5 acres (6,000 m) of land on Back Street (now Congress Street in Portland), engaged in surveying, and opened a store in early 1785. There he also built a house, now the historic Wadsworth-Longfellow House. He headed the committee that organized the first convention to discuss independence for Maine from Massachusetts, held in January 1786. He and his wife had eleven children: Alexander Scammell (9 May 1774–28 August 1775); Charles Lee (26 January 1776–29 September 1848); Zilpah (6 January 1778–12 March 1851); Elizabeth (21 September 1779–1 August 1802); John (1 September 1781–22 January 1860); Lucia (12 June 1783–17 October 1864); Henry (21 June 1785–4 September 1804); George (6 January 1788–8 April 1816); Alexander Scammell (7 May 1790–5 April 1851); Samuel Bartlett (1 September 1791–2 October 1874); and Peleg (10 October 1793–17 January 1875). Zilpah, became the mother of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Although Wadsworth continued to live in Portland, in 1790 he purchased 7,800 acres (30 km) from the Commonwealth in what became the town of Hiram, Maine, settled his son Charles there in 1795, and also in 1795 began building Wadsworth Hall for his retirement.

paragraph: In 1792 Wadsworth was chosen a presidential elector and a member of the Massachusetts Senate, and from 1793-1807 was the first representative in Congress from the region of Massachusetts that later became Maine. In January 1807 he moved to Hiram where he incorporated the township (February 27, 1807) and served as selectman, treasurer and magistrate. For the remainder of his life he devoted himself to farming and local concerns. He died in Hiram on November 12, 1829, and is buried in the family cemetery at Wadsworth Hall.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Wadsworth's Portland house was declared a National Historic Landmark for its association with him and with his grandson. Wadsworth Hall, his home in Hiram, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Owing to his aptitude and enthusiasm for almost any conceivable topic, those who display similar bouts of enthusiasm are said to be "peleging". This has given rise to the phrase, "Peleg Wadsworth likes this."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A historical novel depicting the Penobscot Expedition, with a non-fiction "Historical Note" (pp. 451–468) on sources and key details.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maine Historical Society. "The Wadsworths: Peleg and Elizabeth." Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [online resource], Maine Historical Society, Accessed June 6, 2019.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massachusetts Soldiers & Sailors in the War of the Revolution

description: Continental Army officer; Congressman from Massachusetts

wikidata_label: Peleg Wadsworth

wikipedia_title: Peleg Wadsworth


text: Alt TV

text: New Zealand Listener

text: Alan Hubbard

text: Mana party

text: Internet Party

text: GCSB

text: Craccum

text: Rip It Up

text: Channel Z

text: Radio New Zealand

text: John Key

text: Triangle TV

text: TVNZ

text: Colin Craig

text: Conservative Party

text: New Zealand Taxpayers' Union

text: Cameron Slater

text: Tumeke! blog

text: The Daily Blog

categories: New Zealand bloggers,Living people,1974 births

paragraph: Martyn "Bomber" Bradbury

paragraph: Martyn 'Bomber' Bradbury (born 1974) is a New Zealand media commentator, radio and TV host, and was executive producer of Alt TV – an alternative music and culture channel. He is a blogger that writes at the blogs "Tumeke! "and "The Daily Blog". He is often described as "left-wing".

paragraph: Bradbury was given the nickname 'Bomber' by a former "Craccum" editor, reputedly to describe his bombastic personality. He has been described by the "New Zealand Listener" as the "most opinionated man in New Zealand". He has defended his decision to block a number of women on social media and referred to reasons for disputes with five women who previously contributed to "The Daily Blog".

paragraph: Bradbury was highly critical of the late finance company owner Alan Hubbard, whose company was placed under statutory management by Minister Simon Power.

paragraph: Bradbury was a consultant to the Mana party until 2013, and provided a draft strategy document for the Kim Dotcom Internet Party in 2014. He was influential in promoting public opposition to expansion of GCSB spying powers.

paragraph: Section::::Print media.

paragraph: Bradbury was the elected editor of the Auckland University Students' Association's (AUSA) "Craccum" magazine for the 1997 year, and elected co-editor with Stuart Gardiner for the 1995 year. Before that he was the poetry editor. According to Bradbury, he picked up the nickname "Bomber" from one of the editors of "Craccum".

paragraph: Bradbury is a former editor (2004–05) of New Zealand music magazine "Rip It Up".

paragraph: Section::::Radio.

paragraph: Prior to his television work Bradbury was the host of the 'Late night talk lounge' on defunct alternative music station Channel Z, as well as a regular DJ during various time slots. Until late 2011, he was a guest on various panel discussions on "Afternoons with Jim Mora' on Radio New Zealand (RNZ).

paragraph: Section::::Radio.:Radio New Zealand saga.

paragraph: After a regular guest spot on RNZ's show "The Panel", the network withdrew an invitation for Bradbury to return as a panellist. While Bradbury claimed he had been "banned" for criticising the New Zealand Prime Minister, John Key, RNZ said he had not been banned, and that he had been removed as a panellist after breaching their editorial policy. According to Radio NZ “Mr Bradbury’s comments were inconsistent with information that he had provided to programme producers before going on air. Mr Bradbury later apologised to the programme’s executive producer. It was made clear to him that while his invitation to appear as an occasional guest on The Panel was being withdrawn, it was not a ‘lifelong ban’ and it did not apply to other Radio New Zealand programmes".

paragraph: Section::::Television.

paragraph: Bradbury hosted "Bomber's Blog – the war on news", on Triangle TV – now renamed Face TV. He hosted an investigative television series called "Stake-Out" which used hidden cameras to catch people in the act of committing criminal or immoral acts on film. He hosts "Citizen A" on Face TV.

paragraph: More recently he has appeared on Eye to Eye with Willie Jackson on TVNZ.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.:Colin Craig defamation trial.

paragraph: On 23 September 2016, Martyn Bradbury testified as a defence witness in Jordan Williams' defamation trial against Colin Craig, the former leader of the Conservative Party. Williams, the co-founder of the New Zealand Taxpayers' Union had filed a defamation suit against Craig after the latter had produced a pamphlet entitled "Dirty Politics and Hidden Agenda" attacking Williams, the right-wing blogger Cameron Slater, and a dissident Party member John Stringer. In his testimony, Bradbury alleged that Williams had embarked on a political hit job against Craig and defended Craig's pamphlet. Bradbury described the trial as "an angry fight between two people who don't like each other much." Bradbury was also questioned by Williams' lawyer Peter McKnight for making alleged defamatory comments against Williams in "The Daily Blog". Some in the media credited Bradbury for the extent of damages awarded to Williams.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tumeke! blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Daily Blog

description: New Zealand writer

wikidata_label: Martyn "Bomber" Bradbury

wikipedia_title: Martyn "Bomber" Bradbury


text: North Dakota

text: Republican Party

text: U.S. Senator

text: Cass County, North Dakota

text: United States Military Academy

text: North Dakota State University

text: Fargo, North Dakota

text: Sigma Chi

text: Governor of North Dakota

text: William L. Guy

text: United States House of Representatives

text: Hjalmar Nygaard

text: United States Senate

text: Milton Young

text: Democratic-NPL

text: Kent Conrad

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Mapleton, North Dakota

text: Grand Forks International Airport

text: Grand Forks, North Dakota

text: Rick Berg

text: John Hoeven

text: Richard F. Fenno, Jr.

categories: People from Cass County, North Dakota,North Dakota Republicans,United States Military Academy alumni,Republican Party United States Senators,Farmers from North Dakota,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,University of North Dakota alumni,Members of the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota,North Dakota State University alumni,Living people,1926 births,United States Senators from North Dakota

paragraph: Mark Andrews (politician)

paragraph: Mark Andrews (born May 19, 1926) is an American politician from the state of North Dakota. He is a member of the Republican Party who served as a U.S. Senator.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Andrews was born in Cass County, North Dakota, where he attended public school. In 1944 at the age of 18, Andrews was admitted to the United States Military Academy. He quit in 1946 after receiving a disability discharge. He then attended North Dakota State University at Fargo, North Dakota, where he became a member of the Gamma Tau Chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and graduated in 1949.

paragraph: Andrews then became a farmer. During the 1950s he began to enter politics, serving on farmers' organizations and Republican committees. In 1962, Andrews ran for Governor of North Dakota, losing to incumbent William L. Guy by just 2,000 votes out of over 228,500 cast. The next year, he became the Republican candidate for a seat in the United States House of Representatives from North Dakota when a special election was required after the death of congressman Hjalmar Nygaard. Andrews won the election. He was reelected to a full term in 1964 and served in the House until 1981, being re-elected every two years.

paragraph: In 1980 Andrews decided not to run for re-election to the House. Instead, he ran for one of North Dakota's seats in the United States Senate which was being vacated by the long-serving Republican Milton Young who announced that he would not run for reelection and retire after the election. Andrews won the election with 70% of the vote and served in the Senate for one term, from 1981 to 1987. He was chairman of the select committee on Indian affairs from 1983 to 1987. He had a moderate-to-liberal voting record for most of his Congressional career.

paragraph: Andrews was defeated for re-election in 1986 by Democratic-NPL Tax Commissioner Kent Conrad by a mere 2,120 votes in what is still considered an upset. Andrews retired from elective politics. He started a consultancy firm in Washington, D.C. but currently lives in Mapleton, North Dakota. Grand Forks International Airport in Grand Forks, North Dakota has sometimes been called Mark Andrews International Airport after him, but usage of the name has dropped out of popularity.

paragraph: He was the last Republican to serve in Congress from North Dakota from the end of his term in 1987 until the election of Rick Berg to the House and John Hoeven to the Senate in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 United States Senate election in North Dakota

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 United States Senate election in North Dakota

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard F. Fenno, Jr.: "When Incumbency fails : the Senate Career of Mark Andrews", Congressional Quarterly Press, 1992.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Mark Andrews

wikipedia_title: Mark Andrews (politician)


text: lawyer

text: Histoire de la Nouvelle-France

text: Acadia

text: Théâtre de Neptune

text: Port Royal

text: Bernardino de Sahagún

text: Vervins

text: Guise

text: Picardy

text: Saint-Pol-de-Léon

text: Brittany

text: Vervins

text: Laon

text: Reims

text: Valentine Duglas

text: bishop of Laon

text: Laon

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: Hebrew

text: canonical

text: civil law

text: Bachelor of Laws

text: Treaty of Vervins

text: Poèmes de la Paix

text: Parlement of Paris

text: Cardinal Baronius

text: St. Charles Borromeo

text: Godefroy de Billy

text: Frederic

text: Claude Morel

text: Guillaume Colletet

text: biography

text: medicine

text: Dr. Citois

text: Laroque brothers

text: Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt

text: Sieur Du Gua de Monts

text: Acadia

text: New France

text: La Rochelle

text: Port-Royal

text: Saint John River

text: Île Sainte-Croix

text: Algonquian

text: Mi'kmaq

text: Malécite

text: Champlain Society's

text: René Goulaine de Laudonnière

text: Jean Ribault

text: Dominique de Gourgues

text: Florida

text: Durand de Villegaignon

text: Jean de Léry

text: Verrazzano

text: Jacques Cartier

text: Jean-François Roberval

text: François Gravé Du Pont

text: Samuel de Champlain

text: Newfoundland

text: Samuel Argall

text: First Nations

text: Micmaq

text: Mi'kmaq

text: caribou

text: François de Malherbe

text: Neptune

text: bark

text: Triton

text: Gascon

text: Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois

text: La Rochelle

text: Richelieu

text: La Hève

text: annalist

text: Champlain

text: missionaries

text: Ronsard

text: Montaigne

text: Renaissance

text: Champlain Society

text: Order of Good Cheer

text: "History of New France" by Lescarbot

text: "Sinking Neptune"

categories: French historians,1600s in Canada,17th century in Quebec,Year of birth uncertain,Writers from Paris,People of New France,1641 deaths,1570s births,Acadian history

paragraph: Marc Lescarbot

paragraph: Marc Lescarbot (c. 1570–1641) was a French author, poet and lawyer. He is best known for his "Histoire de la Nouvelle-France" (1609), based on his expedition to Acadia (1606–1607) and research into French exploration in North America. Considered one of the first great books in the history of Canada, it was printed in three editions, and was translated into German.

paragraph: Lescarbot also wrote numerous poems. His dramatic poem "Théâtre de Neptune" was performed at Port Royal as what the French claim was the first European theatrical production in North America outside of New Spain. Bernardino de Sahagún, and other 16th-century Spanish friars in Mexico, created several theatrical productions, such as "Autos Sacramentales."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Lescarbot was born in Vervins, and his family was said to be from nearby Guise in Picardy. He wrote that his ancestors originated in Saint-Pol-de-Léon, Brittany. He first studied at the Collège in Vervins, then at Laon, now part of Reims. Thanks to the protection of Msgr. Valentine Duglas, the bishop of Laon, he was supported by the Collège of Laon to complete his studies in Paris. He had a classical education, learning Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and acquiring a wide knowledge of ancient and modern literatures. He also studied canonical and civil law.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: After graduating as a Bachelor of Laws in 1598, Lescarbot took a minor part in the negotiations for the Treaty of Vervins between Spain and France. At a moment when the discussions seemed doomed to failure, Lescarbot delivered a Latin "discours" in defence of peace. When the treaty was concluded, he composed a poem "Harangue d’action de grâces", wrote a commemorative inscription, and published "Poèmes de la Paix".

paragraph: In 1599 he was called to the Parlement of Paris as a lawyer. At this time he translated into French three Latin works: "le Discours de l’origine des Russiens" and the "Discours véritable de la réunion des églises" by Cardinal Baronius, and the "Guide des curés" by St. Charles Borromeo, which he dedicated to the new bishop of Laon, Godefroy de Billy. It was published in 1613, after that dignitary's death.

paragraph: Lescarbot lived in Paris, where he associated with men of letters, such as the scholars Frederic and Claude Morel, his first printers, and the poet Guillaume Colletet, who wrote a biography of him, since lost. Interested in medicine, Lescarbot translated into French a pamphlet by Dr. Citois, "Histoire merveilleuse de l’abstinence triennale d’une fille de Confolens" (1602). But he also travelled and maintained contact with his native Picardy, where he had relatives and friends, such as the poets the Laroque brothers, and where he attracted law clients.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition to Acadia.

paragraph: One of his clients, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt, who was associated with the Canadian enterprises of the Sieur Du Gua de Monts, invited Lescarbot to accompany them on an expedition to Acadia in New France, and he quickly accepted. He wrote ""Adieu à la France"" in verse, and embarked at La Rochelle on 13 May 1606.

paragraph: The party reached Port-Royal in July and spent the remainder of the year there. The following spring they made a trip to the Saint John River and Île Sainte-Croix, where they encountered the Algonquian-speaking indigenous peoples called the Mi'kmaq and the Malécite. Lescarbot recorded the numbers from one to ten in the Maliseet language, together with making notes on the native songs and languages. When de Monts's licence was revoked in the summer of 1607, the whole colony had to return to France.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition to Acadia.:Life in France.

paragraph: On his return, Lescarbot published a poem on "La défaite des sauvages armouchiquois" (1607). Inspired by seeing parts of the New World, he wrote an extensive history of the French settlements in the Americas, the "Histoire de la Nouvelle-France." The first edition was published in Paris in 1609, by the bookseller Jean Millot. An English translation of the "Histoire" was made by W. L. Grant in 1907 as part of the Champlain Society's General Series. The author recounted the early voyages of René Goulaine de Laudonnière, Jean Ribault, and Dominique de Gourgues to present-day Florida; those of Durand de Villegaignon and Jean de Léry to Brazil; and those of Verrazzano, Jacques Cartier, and Jean-François Roberval to Canada. The last section was the least original part of his work, and relied on published sources.

paragraph: Lescarbot's history of de Monts' ventures in Acadia was original work. During his year at Port-Royal, he met the survivors of the short-lived settlement at Sainte-Croix; talked with François Gravé Du Pont, de Monts, and Samuel de Champlain, the promoters and members of the earlier expeditions; and visited old fishing captains, who knew Newfoundland and the Acadian coasts. His account was firsthand from what he had seen, or learned from those who had taken part in the events or witnessed them at first hand.

paragraph: In the successive editions of his "Histoire", in 1611–12 and 1617–18, and in his complementary pamphlets, "La conversion des sauvages" (1610) and the "Relation derrière" (1612), Lescarbot reshaped and completed his account. ("The Catholic Encyclopedia" says it was published in six editions from 1609-1618.) He added material on Poutrincourt's resettlement of the colony, as well as his and his son Charles de Biencourt's disputes with their competitors, and the ruin of Acadia by Jesuits Biard, Massé and Du Thet, and Samuel Argall. Lescarbot relied on the accounts of Poutrincourt, Biencourt, Imbert, or other witnesses. His work expresses their point of view, but it is valuable for recounting incidents and texts that would otherwise have been lost.

paragraph: He devoted the last section of his "Histoire" to describing the aboriginal natives. Keenly interested in the First Nations peoples, he frequently visited the "Souriquois" (Micmaq) chiefs and warriors while in La Nouvelle France. He observed their customs, collected their remarks, and recorded their chants. In many respects he found them more civilized and virtuous than Europeans but, in his book, he expressed pity for their ignorance of the pleasures of wine and love. Lescarbot introduced the Mi'kmaq word "caribou" into the French language in his publication in 1610.

paragraph: Lescarbot had strong opinions about the colonies, which he saw as a field of action for men of courage, an outlet for trade, a social benefit, and a means for the mother country to extend her influence. He favoured a commercial monopoly to meet the expenses of colonization; for him, freedom of trade led only to anarchy, and produced nothing stable. Lescarbot sided with his patron Poutrincourt in his dispute with the Jesuits. Historians do not believe that he wrote the satire the "Factum" of 1614 [see General Bibliography], which some authors attribute to him; he was working in Switzerland when it was published.

paragraph: All the editions of the Histoire include, as an appendix, a short collection of poems called "Les muses de la Nouvelle-France," which were also published separately. Lescarbot dedicated the book to Brulart de Sillery. Like his contemporary François de Malherbe, Lescarbot tended to write poetry as an occasional diversion and a means of pleasing the elite to acquire patronage. He had a feeling for nature and a keen sensibility, and sometimes found agreeable rhythms and images; but his verse is considered clumsy and hastily wrought.

paragraph: His "Théâtre de Neptune", which is part of the "Muses", was performed as a theatrical presentation at Port-Royal to celebrate Poutrincourt's return. In a nautical work, the god Neptune arrives by bark to welcome the traveller. He is surrounded by a court of Tritons and Indians, who recite in turn, in French, Gascon, and Souriquois verse, praises of colonial leaders, followed by singing the glory of the French king, to the sound of trumpets and firing cannons. This performance in the Port-Royal harbour, with its mixture of paganism and mythology, was the first theatrical presentation in North America outside of New Spain.

paragraph: Lescarbot dedicated the second edition of his "Histoire" to President Jeannin. His son-in-law, Pierre de Castille, hired Lescarbot as his secretary to accompany him to Switzerland, where Castille had been appointed ambassador to the Thirteen Cantons. The post allowed Lescarbot to travel, visit part of Germany, and frequent the popular social watering-places. He wrote a "Tableau de la Suisse", in poetry and prose, a half-descriptive, half-historical production. He was appointed to the office of naval commissary. When the "Tableau" was published (1618), the king sent him a gratuity of 300 livres.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Although appreciative of female society, Lescarbot did not marry until he was nearly 50. On 3 September 1619, at Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, he married Françoise de Valpergue, a young widow of noble birth who had been ruined by swindlers. Her dowry was said to be a lawsuit to defend. Her family's house and estates, burdened with debt, had been seized by creditors who had occupied them for 30 years. Lescarbot, a brilliant lawyer, worked to restore his wife's inheritance. He gained her re-possession of the Valpergues’ house in the village of Presles and of an agricultural estate, the farm of Saint-Audebert. An endless series of court actions required his continuing defense and took what little revenues the unprofitable lands yielded. He had three children with Françoise, all of whom he named Samuel. He decided that this would be an interesting choice to make historians think that he was more interesting.

paragraph: In 1629, Lescarbot published two poems about the siege of La Rochelle: "La chasse aux Anglais" (Hunting the English) and "La victoire du roi" (The King's Victory), possibly seeking favor with Richelieu. With continuing interest in New France, Lescarbot stayed in touch with Charles de Biencourt and Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour. He also corresponded with Isaac de Razilly, governor of Acadia. Razilly recounted details about the founding of La Hève, and invited Lescarbot to settle in Acadia with his wife. He chose to stay in Presles, where he died in 1641. He left all of his worldly belongings to Samuel Lescarbot II, including his collection of accessories made from gopher materials, including a famous pen (since lost) made from a femur.

paragraph: Lescarbot is considered a picturesque figure among the annalists of New France. Between Champlain, the man of action, and the missionaries concerned with evangelization, the lawyer-poet is a scholar and a humanist, a disciple of Ronsard and Montaigne. He had intellectual curiosity and embraced the Graeco-Latin culture of the Renaissance. Although a Roman Catholic, Lescarbot was friends with Protestants; his attitude of independent judgment and free inquiry contributed to a reputation for unorthodoxy. He was a faithful reflection of his period.

paragraph: He was a prolific writer in a variety of genres - evidence of his intelligence and the range of his talents. He wrote some manuscript notes and miscellaneous poems. He is believed to have written several pamphlets, published anonymously or left in manuscript, including a "Traité de la polygamie", which he had talked about. He was also a musician, a calligrapher, and a draughtsman. Canadian folklorists can claim him, since he was the first to record the notation of Indian songs.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: Lescarbot's best known work is "Histoire de la Nouvelle-France", published in 1609. The work was translated into German and English shortly after its publication, and was released in six editions between 1609 and 1618, with a seventh released in 1866. "Histoire de la Nouvelle-France" was translated again into English in 1907 by L. W. Grant, as part of the General Series of the Champlain Society.

paragraph: In 2006, on the 400th anniversary of the first performance of Theatre de Neptune, a revival was planned by the Atlantic Fringe, but the performance was cancelled due to lack of CAC funding, as well as controversy over the perceived imperialist messages of the play. A "radical deconstruction" entitled "Sinking Neptune" was performed as part of the 2006 Montreal Infringement Festival, despite the cancellation of the event it protested.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Order of Good Cheer

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conversion of the Savages (1610)" by Lescarbot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of New France" by Lescarbot

paragraph: BULLET::::- A text of "The Theatre of Neptune" (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theatre 400, planners of "Neptune" revival, Atlantic Fringe

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinking Neptune"

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. W. Grant's English Translation of A History of New France (Volume 1)

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Marc Lescarbot

wikipedia_title: Marc Lescarbot


text: historian

text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Honfleur

text: Normandy

text: Paris

text: Germany

text: poetry

text: novel

text: Georges Sorel

text: Tours

text: Emile Boutmy

text: Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris

text: guerre franco-allemande

text: Theodore Funck-Brentano

text: sénat

text: Audiffret-Pasquier

text: Heinrich von Sybel

text: Revue historique

text: psychologist

text: Conventionals

text: ancien régime

text: Louis XIV

text: French Revolution

text: Napoleon I

text: triple alliance

text: partition of Poland

text: eastern Europe

text: republic

text: Mme de Staël

text: Montesquieu

text: Persian Letters

text: The Spirit of the Laws

text: Hoche

text: Austria

text: Normandy

text: Fustel de Coulanges

text: Académie française

text: Hippolyte Taine

text: revisionist

text: Institut de France

categories: People from Honfleur,Writers from Normandy,Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques,1842 births,19th-century French historians,Members of the Ligue de la patrie française,Members of the Académie française,Founders of Sciences Po,Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,1906 deaths,Historians of the French Revolution

paragraph: Albert Sorel

paragraph: Albert Sorel (13 August 184229 June 1906) was a French historian.

paragraph: He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature nine times.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Honfleur and remained throughout his life a lover of his native Normandy. His father, a rich manufacturer, wanted him to take over the business but his literary vocation prevailed. He went to live in Paris, where he studied law and, after a prolonged stay in Germany, entered the Foreign Office (1866). He had strongly developed literary and artistic tastes, was an enthusiastic musician (even composing a little), and wrote both poetry and novels ("La Grande Falaise", 1785–1793, "Le Docteur Egra" in 1873); but he was not a socialite. He was the first cousin to the philosopher Georges Sorel.

paragraph: Section::::Academic life.

paragraph: Anxious to understand present as well as past events, he was above all a student. In 1870 he was chosen as secretary by M. de Chaudordy, who had been sent to Tours as a delegate in charge of the diplomatic side of the problem of national defence. He proved a most valuable collaborator, full of finesse, good temper, and excellent judgment, and at the same time hard-working and discreet. After the war, when Emile Boutmy founded the "Ecole libre des sciences politiques" (which later became the "Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris" or, as it is more widely known, "Sciences Po"). Sorel was appointed to teach diplomatic history (1872), a duty which he performed with striking success. Some of his courses were converted into books: "Le traité de Paris du 20 novembre 1815" (1873); "Histoire diplomatique de la guerre franco-allemande" (1875); and the "Précis du droit des gens" which he published (1877) in collaboration with his colleague Theodore Funck-Brentano.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: In 1875 Sorel left the Foreign Office and became general secretary to the newly created office of the "Présidence du sénat". Here again, in a position where he could observe and review affairs, he performed valuable service, especially under the presidency of Audiffret-Pasquier, who was glad to have Sorel's advice in the most serious crises of internal politics. His duties left him, however, sufficient leisure to enable him to accomplish the great work of his life, "L'Europe et la révolution française". His object was to repeat the work already done by Heinrich von Sybel but from a less restricted point of view and with a clearer and calmer understanding of the chessboard of Europe. He spent almost thirty years in the preparation and composition of the eight volumes of this diplomatic history; volume 1 appeared in 1885; volume 8 in 1904. Francis Herrick says, "it is still the best analysis of the European state system in the eighteenth century and the classic introduction to the study of revolutionary and Napoleonic diplomacy."

paragraph: He was not merely a conscientious scholar; the analysis of the documents, mostly unpublished, on French diplomacy during the first years of the Revolution, which he published in the "Revue historique" (vol. v.-vii., x.-xiii.), shows with what scrupulous care he read the innumerable despatches which passed under his notice. He was also, and above all things, an artist. He drew men from the point of view of a psychologist as much as of a historian, observing them in their surroundings and being interested in showing how greatly they are slaves to the fatality of history. It was this fatality which led the rashest of the Conventionals to resume the tradition of the "ancien régime", and caused the revolutionary propaganda to end in a system of alliances and annexations which carried on the work of Louis XIV. This view is certainly suggestive, but incomplete; it is largely true when applied to the men of the French Revolution, inexperienced or mediocre as they were, and incompetent to develop the enormous enterprises of Napoleon I.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: In the earlier volumes the reader is struck by the grandeur and relentless logic of the drama which the author unfolds. In the later volumes the reader may begin to have reservations, but the work is so complete and so powerfully constructed that it commands its audiences admiration. Side by side with this great general work, Sorel undertook various detailed studies more or less directly bearing on his subject. In "La Question d'Orient au XVIII siècle, les origines de la triple alliance" (1878), he shows how the partition of Poland on the one hand reversed the traditional policy of France in eastern Europe, and on the other hand contributed towards the salvation of republican France in 1793. In the "Grands écrivains" series he was responsible for "Montesquieu" (1887) and "Mme de Staël" (1891). The portrait which he draws of Montesquieu is all the more vivid for the intellectual affinities which existed between him and the author of the "Lettres persanes" ("Persian Letters") and the "Esprit des lois" ("The Spirit of the Laws").

paragraph: Later, in "Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797", he produced a critical comparison which is one of his most finished works (1896). In the "Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs" he prepared vol. i. dealing with Austria (1884). Most of the articles which he contributed to various reviews and to the "Temps" newspaper have been collected into volumes: "Essais d'histoire et de critique" (1883), "Lectures historiques" (1894), "Nouveaux essais d'histoire et de critique" (1898), "Etudes de littérature et d'histoire" (1901). These writings contain a great deal of information and ideas not only about political men of the last two centuries but also about certain literary men and artists of Normandy. Honours came to him in abundance as an eminent writer and not as a public official. He was elected a member of the "Académie des sciences morales et politiques" (December 18, 1889) on the death of Fustel de Coulanges, and of the "Académie française" (1894) on the death of Hippolyte Taine.

paragraph: Section::::Criticisms.

paragraph: Sorel's work, especially on the downfall of Napoleon, has come under much criticism recently by revisionist historians. His view was that Napoleon was legitimately fighting for the long-established French aim of 'natural frontiers' and that Napoleon merely inherited a foreign 'situation' and therefore did not create his own foreign policy, which has been contended by recent historians, such as Matthew MacLachlan and Michael Broers. They stressed that Napoleon was a nonconformist general and that his actions abroad did not conform with any traditional French foreign policy.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: His speeches on his two illustrious predecessors show how keenly sensible he was of beauty and how unbiased was his judgment, even in the case of those whom he most esteemed and loved. He had just obtained the great Prix Osiris of 100,000 francs, conferred for the first time by the "Institut de France", when he was stricken with his last illness and died at Paris. He was associated with Turkish poets like Yahya Kemal Beyatlı and the historian Yusuf Akçura.

description: French historian

wikidata_label: Albert Sorel

wikipedia_title: Albert Sorel


text: Privy Councillor

text: Treasurer of England

text: Chamberlain of the Household

text: Henry VI

text: Tattershall Castle

text: Thomas, Duke of Clarence

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: Caen

text: Treaty of Troyes

text: John, Duke of Bedford

text: Chamberlain of the Household

text: Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

text: Cardinal Beaufort

text: Treasurer of England

text: William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk

text: Chamberlain of the Exchequer

text: William Tailboys

text: Tower of London

text: Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter

text: South Wingfield

text: Tattershall

text: Collyweston

text: Lambley

text: Tattershall Castle

text: college

text: almshouse

text: National Trust

text: Thomas Grey

text: Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury

text: Sir Gervase Clifton

text: Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Ralph Cromwell, Lord Treasurer…Mr Moneybags

categories: Members of the Privy Council of England,Barons in the Peerage of England,Medieval English diplomats,English politicians,1456 deaths,15th-century English people,15th-century diplomats,Lord High Treasurers of England,1393 births

paragraph: Ralph Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell

paragraph: Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell ( – 4 January 1456) was an English politician and diplomat. A Privy Councillor from 1422, he served as Treasurer of England (1433–1443) and twice as Chamberlain of the Household (1425–1432 and 1450–1455) during the reign of Henry VI.

paragraph: He also owned and developed a number of properties, including Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: In his youth he served in the household of Thomas, Duke of Clarence and joined him when his army crossed into Normandy in August 1412.

paragraph: Cromwell served Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, and throughout the reign he continued fighting in France. In 1417 he was present when Henry took Caen by assault, and subsequently acted as Clarence's lieutenant and constable of the army. He was present at the capture of Courtonne on 6 March 1418, of Chambrays on the 9th, and of Rivière-Thibonville on the 11th. In May 1420 he was one of the commissioners who assisted Henry in negotiating the Treaty of Troyes.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Cromwell gained the confidence of Henry V and of his brother John, Duke of Bedford, and during the minority of Henry VI he gained an important position among the lords of the council. He was first summoned to parliament on 29 September 1422, and in November he was one of the lords appointed in parliament to form the council of regency. Soon afterwards he was appointed Chamberlain of the Household, and on 29 January 1426 he was one of those sent to mediate with Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and reconcile him with Cardinal Beaufort. He seems to have generally sided with Beaufort against Gloucester, and on 1 March 1432, during Beaufort's absence in France, Gloucester seized the opportunity to remove the cardinal's friends from office and Cromwell lost the Chamberlainship. In the following May he was warned not to bring more than his usual retinue to parliament, but on 16 June, following Beaufort's example, he laid his case before the House of Lords. He complained that he had been dismissed without cause shown and contrary to the ordinances of 1429, by which the council's proceedings were regulated. He appealed to testimonials from Bedford as to the value of his services in France, but an assurance that he left office without a stain on his character was all the satisfaction he could get.

paragraph: In the summer of 1433 Bedford returned to England, and during his visit the disgraced ministers were restored to power, with Cromwell made Treasurer of England. During his tenure, the French war was the single biggest drain on resources, and the crown debt significantly increased despite his attempts to reign in spending and introduce reforms. In July 1443 Cromwell resigned his post as Treasurer, possibly due to the rising influence of William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, who now succeeded Beaufort as the most influential adviser of the king. Instead he took the position of Chamberlain of the Exchequer, a post he held until 1455.

paragraph: Cromwell does not again come prominently forward until 1449. One of Suffolk's partisans was William Tailboys, a Lincolnshire squire, with whom Cromwell had had some local disputes; and on 28 November 1449 Cromwell was attacked by Tailboys. Cromwell began legal proceedings against Tailboys, but was blocked by Suffolk, against whom Cromwell seemingly began impeachment proceedings. Tailboys was sent to the Tower of London and later convicted in February 1450.

paragraph: Suffolk was impeached by the Commons in January 1450 and later murdered on crossing to France. Cromwell was reappointed Chamberlain of the Household in the same year.

paragraph: The fall of Suffolk let loose a flood of personal jealousies, and among Cromwell's enemies were Yorkists as well as Lancastrians, though he seems to have belonged to the former party. This included a bitter disagreement over lands with Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter.

paragraph: Cromwell died on 4 January 1456 at South Wingfield in Derbyshire and was buried at the church at Tattershall in Lincolnshire.

paragraph: Section::::Property.

paragraph: Cromwell financed a number of projects in his lifetime. These included properties at Collyweston in Northamptonshire and at South Wingfield in Derbyshire. He instructed in his will that the church at Lambley in Nottinghamshire be rebuilt, where his parents and grandparents were buried.

paragraph: He inherited Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, which became his primary residence. Here, he funded the construction of several buildings, including the Grand Tower at the castle, the college, the Holy Trinity church and two almshouses. The Grand Tower is described by the National Trust, to whom it was given in 1925, as "a masterpiece of early English brickwork" and as "one of the three most important surviving mid 15th-century brick castles in England".

paragraph: Cromwell acquired a manor in Wymondham in Norfolk which still bears his name today.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Cromwell was the son of Ralph de Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell and his wife Joan, daughter of the chronicler Thomas Grey.

paragraph: He married, before 1433, Margaret, daughter and co-heir of John Deincourt, 12th Baron Deincourt. She died in 1454 and they were childless. The barony on Cromwell's death fell into abeyance between his two nieces, daughters of his only sister Maud, who was second wife of Sir Richard Stanhope. The elder was Maud, who married firstly Robert Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby de Eresby; secondly Sir Thomas Neville, son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury; and thirdly Sir Gervase Clifton. The younger sister was Joan, who married firstly Sir Humphrey Bourchier, son of Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex, who was summoned to parliament from 1461 to 1471 as Lord Cromwell or Lord Bourchier de Cromwell; and secondly Sir Robert Radcliffe of Hunstanton. Following Joan's death in 1490, Maud became the sole heir and succeeded to the barony. Tattershall Castle was inherited by Joan, but was confiscated by the crown following the death of her husband.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

alias:
Ralph de Cromwell
Lord Cromwell
Ralph Cromwell

description: English politician and diplomat

wikidata_label: Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell

wikipedia_title: Ralph Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell


text:
Old Norse
Norwegian
Danish
Norway
Fairhair dynasty
Eirik Bloodaxe
Harald Fairhair
Gunnhild Gormsdatter
Harald Bluetooth
Haakon I of Norway
Battle of Rastarkalv
Frei
Battle of Fitjar
Fitjar
Harald Bluetooth
Sigurd Haakonsson
Tryggve Olafsson
Gudrød Bjørnsson
Hålogaland
Bjarmaland
Arkhangelsk
Russia
Denmark
Hals
Limfjord
Sigurd Haakonsson's
Haakon Sigurdsson
Jarl of Lade
Krag, Claus
Norsk biografisk leksikon
Koht, Halvdan
Norsk biografisk leksikon

categories: 10th-century murdered monarchs,Norwegian monarchs,970 deaths,10th-century monarchs in Europe,Year of birth unknown,Fairhair dynasty,Viking Age monarchs

paragraph: Harald Greycloak

paragraph: Harald II Greycloak or Grey-hide literally translated (Old Norse: "Haraldr gráfeldr", Norwegian: , Danish: ; died 970) was a king of Norway from the Fairhair dynasty..

paragraph: Harald acquired his nickname 'Gray-hide' after an encounter with the crew of an Icelandic merchant ship which carried a large load of 'vararfeldir', a type of faux fur made from sheep's wool. The Icelanders were having trouble selling their faux furs so when the king asked them if they would make a present to him of one of the furs, which happened to be grey, the sailors did not hesitate and the king immediately used it as a cloak. This set an instant fashion trend and before long the Icelanders had sold their entire load of previously unsalable furs to the kings men and the locals. Harald was ever after known as Harald 'Gray-hide'.

paragraph: Harald was the son of Eirik Bloodaxe and a grandson of Harald Fairhair. His mother was Gunnhild Gormsdatter, the sister of King Harald Bluetooth.

paragraph: After his father's death in 954, Harald and his brothers allied with their uncle, King Harald Bluetooth, against King Haakon I of Norway. They fought several battles against King Haakon including the Battle of Rastarkalv near the island of Frei in 955 and the Battle of Fitjar in 961.

paragraph: After King Haakon's death at Fitjar, Harald and his brothers became kings of Norway, but they had little authority outside Western Norway. Harald, by being the oldest, was the most powerful of the brothers. In 961, their uncle King Harald Bluetooth of Denmark traveled to Norway and declared Harald Greycloak to be his vassal king in Norway.

paragraph: Harald moved to strengthen his rule by killing the local rulers including Sigurd Haakonsson, Tryggve Olafsson and Gudrød Bjørnsson. Harald Greycloak thus took power over the country up to and including Hålogaland. Harald established control over the trade route along the Norwegian coast. He also undertook a Viking expedition to Bjarmaland, today the area of Arkhangelsk in northern Russia. Harald soon became less dependent on support from Harald Bluetooth.

paragraph: In 970, he was tricked into coming to Denmark and killed in Hals in the Limfjord in a plot planned by Sigurd Haakonsson's son Haakon Sigurdsson, who had become an ally of Harald Bluetooth. Haakon Sigurdsson had become the Jarl of Lade after his own father was killed by Harald Greycloak's men in 961. The surviving brothers of Harald Greyhide fled the country after his death. With the death of Harald Greycloak, King Harald Bluetooth won back power over Norway and he supported Haakon Sigurdsson as his vassal king.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krag, Claus "Harald Gråfell" in Norsk biografisk leksikon 2. utg. Bd 4, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koht, Halvdan "Harald Graafeld" in Norsk biografisk leksikon, 1. utg. Bd 5, 1931.

description: King of Norway

wikidata_label: Harald Greycloak

wikipedia_title: Harald Greycloak