href: Nayanars Hinduism Shaivism Sundarar Kerala Periya%20Puranam Sekkizhar Chengannur Malai%20Nadu Kerala Chera%20dynasty Sundarar Rajashekhara%20Varman Vellalar caste Shiva Shaivism Thiruvarur Thyagaraja%20Temple%2C%20Tiruvarur mandapa lingam garbhagriha Somaskanda Kailash gana Vandampalai Purnima Tamil%20month Chaitra Anjali%20mudra parashu Nayanars

text:
Nayanar
Hindu
Shaivism
Sundarar
Kerala
Periya Puranam
Sekkizhar
Chengannur
Malai Nadu
Kerala
Chera
Sundarar
Rajashekhara Varman
Vellalar
caste
Shiva
Shaivism
Thiruvarur
Thyagaraja Temple
mandapa
lingam
garbhagriha
Thyagaraja
Kailash
gana
Vandampalai
Purnima
Tamil month
Chithirai
Anjali mudra
parashu
Nayanars

paragraph: Viralminda Nayanar

paragraph: Viralminda Nayanar, also known as Viranmindar (Viranmintar), Viranmintan and Viranminda Nayanar (Viranminta Nayanar), is a Nayanar saint, venerated in the Hindu sect of Shaivism. He is generally counted as the sixth in the list of 63 Nayanars. He was a contemporary of Sundarar (8th-9th century CE). It is sometimes described as the only Nayanar from Kerala. Viralminda Nayanar is described in legends as the reason Sundarar composed to a hymn to the Nayanar saints, which became the first compilation of the list.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The life of Viralminda Nayanar is described in the "Periya Puranam" by Sekkizhar (12th century), which is a hagiography of the 63 Nayanars. Viralminda Nayanar was born Sengunru (Sengkunroor) (generally identified with modern-day Chengannur) in the hilly terrain of Malai Nadu, modern-day Indian state of Kerala. The region was then under the reign of the Chera kings. He is regarded as a historical figure (8th-9th century), contemporary of Sundarar and the Chera king Rajashekhara Varman (Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, reign: 820- 844), both are venerated as Nayanars. He is sometimes regarded as the only Nayanar from Kerala, others consider Viralminda Nayanar and Cheraman Perumal Nayanar are the only two Nayanars from Kerala. The "mintan"/"mintar" is an honorific in his name.

paragraph: Viralminda Nayanar was a Vellalar, a caste of agricultural land owners. He was a great devotee of Shiva, the patron god of Shaivism. He believed that honouring the devotees of Shiva is a greater form of service to Shiva, than worshipping Shiva himself. He travelled to various temples of Shiva and finally reached Thiruvarur, famous for its Thyagaraja Temple dedicated to Shiva. He saw devotees of Shiva called "atiyar" ("servants") seated in the Devasrayam, the thousand-pillared mandapa (hall) in the temple and prostrated to them and stayed in their company. He decreed that others should also pay their respects to the "atiyar", before worshipping the lingam (aniconic symbol of Shiva worshipped in temples) in the "garbhagriha" (sanctum sanatorium). Once, Sundarar, one of the most celebrated Nayanar saints, came to the shrine and went straight to the "garbhagriha", without bowing to the atiyar. This offended Viralminda, who not only excommunicated Sundarar from Shaivism, but also Thyagaraja, the form of Shiva worshipped in the temple who insulted the devotees by accepting Sundarar's worship.

paragraph: To placate Viralminda, Sundarar composed the "Tiruthonda Thogai" ("The List of Holy Devotees"), a hymn to Nayanar saints, which is the first compilation of the list. The list of Nayanars was crystallized in the "Periya Puranam" with addition of Sundarar in the list of the 62 saints of "Tiruthonda Thogai". The "Periya Puranam" continues with praising Viralminda Nayanar as the raison d'etre for the Nayanars' list and states that he received Shiva's grace and reached Kailash, Shiva's abode after his death. He was made the leaders of the ganas, attendants of Shiva at Kailash.

paragraph: A legend says that after Sundarar insulted the devotees, Viralminda Nayanar pursued Sundarar with his axe. When Sundarar was just within the grasp of Viralminda, Thyagaraja rescued Sundarar by hiding him in the temple wall. A shrine marks the event and spot where Viralminda is worshipped in the Thyagaraja_Temple.

paragraph: While some accounts narrate that the composition of "Tiruthonda Thogai" reconciled the differences between Viralminda Nayanar and Sundarar, others say that he never forgave Thyagaraja, Sundarar and the people of Thiruvarur and left Thiruvarur. He vowed never to enter Thiruvarur. Viralminda was angry with Sundarar as he used Thyagaraja to pacify the warth of his wife Paravai. He was upset with Thyagaraja for his partiality with Sundarar, despite all his faults. He was enraged with the god when he heard Thyagaraja gave Sundarar a divine vision.

paragraph: Viralminda settled in the village of Vandampalai, outside Thiruvarur. He used to serve lunch to the devotees every day and would ask for their village before serving them. He would kill any one who came from Thiruvarur with his axe. Once, Thyagaraja, disguised himself as a devotee and came to Viralminda's house. Viralminda's wife welcomed him and asked him his village. He said he belonged to Thiruvarur; she immediately warned him about Viralminda's hatred of Thiruvarur and its people and requested him to lie about his village. The devotee refused to do so, but requested the wife to keep the axe on Viralminda's left hand, instead of the usual right. She complied. When Viralminda heard the devotee belonged to Thiruvarur, he reached for his axe, but did not find it in its usual place. The delay helped the devotee escape, but Viralminda chased him with his axe. The devotee entered the limits of Thiruvarur and Viralminda unconsciously broke his vow, following him. Viralminda chopped off his own legs as penance. Thyagaraja revealed his divine form as Shiva and blessed Viralminda for his devotion. The divine vision also led to a truce between Viralminda, Thyagaraja and Sundarar. The Shiva temple in Vandampalai was built in memory of the event.

paragraph: Section::::Remembrance.

paragraph: Sundarar venerates Viralminda (called Viranmintan of Kunrai) as a Nayanar in the "Tiruthonda Thogai". The "Mucukundasahasranaman", a "liturgy" dedicated to Thyagaraja, which mainly speaks about his love for Sundarar, also recalls the devotion of Viralminda Nayanar. Viralminda Nayanar has shrines in the Thiruvarur and Vandampalai temples.

paragraph: Viralminda Nayanar is worshipped on "Thiruvathira", the Purnima (full moon day) of the Tamil month of Chithirai. He is depicted is depicted wearing a crown, with folded hands (see Anjali mudra) and holding an axe (parashu) in the crook of his arm. He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nayanars

wikidata_label: Viralminda Nayanar

wikipedia_title: Viralminda Nayanar


text:
Lord of Coucy
Enguerrand IV
Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy
John Balliol
Alexander III of Scotland
Edward I of England
Coucy

paragraph: Enguerrand V, Lord of Coucy

paragraph: Enguerrand V, Lord of Coucy (-after 1321) inherited the title of Lord of Coucy and castle from his maternal uncle, Enguerrand IV in 1311. He was also lord of Oisy and Montmirail.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Enguerrand was the second son of Arnould III, Count of Guînes and Alix de Coucy, daughter of Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy. Some time before 1283, he married Christiana Lindsay in Scotland. Christiana was the daughter of William Lindsay and Ada Balliol, sister of John Balliol. Their wedding was blessed by their mutual cousin, King Alexander III of Scotland.

paragraph: On 28 May 1283, Enguerrand pledged his service to King Edward I of England.

paragraph: When Enguerrand's maternal uncles died without leaving any heirs, the titles and lands of Coucy were passed to Enguerrand, as his older brother would inherit his father's county.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Issue.

paragraph: Enguerrand and Christiana had four sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William, who inherited the title.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enguerrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baudouin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Enguerrand V, Lord of Coucy

wikipedia_title: Enguerrand V, Lord of Coucy


text:
Japan
posthumous name
Tendai
Pure Land
Mibu
Tochigi Prefecture
Buddhist
Enryaku-ji
Mt. Hiei
Kyoto
Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu
Tang dynasty
China
Wutaishan
Shanxi
Chang'an
mandala
Grand Canal of China
Emperor Wuzong of Tang
Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
sutra
Ryushakuji
Yamadera
Edwin O. Reischauer
Silla
Korea
Jang Bogo
Retracing the steps of Ennin

categories: 864 deaths,People of Heian-period Japan,Buddhist philosophers,Tendai,Japanese Buddhist monks,790s births,People of Nara-period Japan

paragraph: Ennin

paragraph: , better known in Japan by his posthumous name, Jikaku Daishi (), was a priest of the Tendai school of Buddhism in Japan, and its third . Ennin was instrumental in expanding the Tendai Order's influence, and bringing back crucial training and resources from China particularly esoteric Buddhist training, and Pure Land teachings.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and origin.

paragraph: He was born into the Mibu () family in present-day Tochigi Prefecture, Japan and entered the Buddhist priesthood at Enryaku-ji on Mt. Hiei (Hieizan) near Kyoto at the age of 14.

paragraph: Section::::Trip to China.

paragraph: In 838, Ennin was in the party which accompanied Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu's diplomatic mission to the Tang dynasty Imperial court. The trip to China marked the beginning of a set of tribulations and adventures.

paragraph: Initially, he studied under two masters and then spent some time at Wutaishan (; Japanese: "Godaisan"), a mountain range famous for its numerous Buddhist temples in Shanxi Province in China. Later he went to Chang'an (Japanese: Chōan), then the capital of China, where he was ordained into both mandala rituals. He also wrote of his travels by ship while sailing along the Grand Canal of China.

paragraph: Ennin was in China when the anti-Buddhist Emperor Wuzong of Tang took the throne in 840, and he lived through the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution of 842–846. As a result of the persecution, he was deported from China, returning to Japan in 847.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Japan.

paragraph: In 847 he returned to Japan and in 854, he became the third abbot of the Tendai sect at Enryakuji, where he built buildings to store the sutras and religious instruments he brought back from China. His dedication to expanding the monastic complex and its courses of study assured the Tendai school a unique prominence in Japan. While his chief contribution was to strengthen the Tendai tantric Buddhist tradition, the Pure Land recitation practices ("nenbutsu") that he introduced also helped to lay a foundation for the independent Pure Land movements of the subsequent Kamakura period (1185–1333). Ennin also founded the temple of Ryushakuji at Yamadera.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: He wrote more than one hundred books. His diary of travels in China, , was translated into English by Professor Edwin O. Reischauer under the title "". Sometimes ranked among the best travelogues in world literature, it is a key source of information on life in Tang China and Silla Korea and offers a rare glimpse of the Silla personality Jang Bogo.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwin O. Reischauer, "Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law" (New York: Ronald Press, 1955).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwin O. Reischauer, "Ennin's Travels in T'ang China" (New York: Ronald Press, 1955).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retracing the steps of Ennin, a travelog of a partial retracing of Ennin's journey made in 2006, with photographs.

alias:
Shi  Yuanren
Huafang dashi
Cijiao dashi
Yuanren

description: Japanese Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Ennin

wikipedia_title: Ennin


text:
Sunday Times Rich List 2009
London
Longleat
Elizabethan
Capability Brown
Ludgrove School
Eton College
Life Guards
lieutenant
Christ Church, Oxford
Bullingdon Club
Europe
Wessex
February 1974 General Election
Wessex Regionalist Party
European Parliament
1979
marquessate
House of Lords
Liberal Democrat
Labour
peers
Anna Gyarmathy
Ceawlin Thynn, Viscount Weymouth
Kama Sutra
Emma McQuiston
Time Team
Cheddar Gorge
Animal Park
Heston's Feasts
Nesta Wyn Ellis
Globe Trekker
Grayson Perry
Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath
Pedigree at Genealogics

categories: People educated at Eton College,1932 births,British Life Guards officers,Liberal Democrats (UK) hereditary peers,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,Marquesses of Bath,Living people

paragraph: Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath

paragraph: Alexander George Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath (born 6 May 1932), styled Viscount Weymouth between 1946 and 1992, is an English politician, artist, and author. He was ranked 359th in the "Sunday Times Rich List 2009" with an estimated wealth of £157 million.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Although born in London, he grew up at his family's seat, Longleat, a great Elizabethan house set in Wiltshire parkland landscaped in the 18th century by Capability Brown. After attending Ludgrove School and Eton College, he was commissioned into the Life Guards as a lieutenant in 1951. He was then educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was president of the Bullingdon Club, and travelled across Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Believing that Wessex would be better off as a devolved region within the UK, he stood in the February 1974 General Election as a Wessex Regionalist. Shortly after the election, he was one of the founders of the Wessex Regionalist Party. He stood for the party in the first ever elections to the European Parliament in 1979.

paragraph: After inheriting the marquessate from his father in 1992, he sat in the House of Lords as a Liberal Democrat. Among other things, he spoke on the need for devolution for the regions of England, until he lost his place in the House of Lords after the Labour Government's reforms excluded most of the hereditary peers.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1969, he married Hungarian-born Anna Gyarmathy, also known as Anna Gael, by whom he has two children, Lady Lenka Abigail Thynn and Ceawlin Thynn, Viscount Weymouth, who were sent to the local comprehensive school. After his father's death, he sacked Christopher, his brother, as estate controller and evicted him from his home. Lord Bath has also acknowledged an illegitimate daughter born circa 2000.

paragraph: Born with the family name Thynne, he dropped the "e" in 1976, as he wanted it to be pronounced to rhyme with "pin" and not "pine". He is known for his colourful style of dress, which he acquired as an art student in Paris in the 1950s, and is a prolific amateur painter who has decorated rooms of his home with erotic scenes from the Kama Sutra. He has openly had sexual relations with over seventy women during his marriage, and has installed many of them in estate cottages. He refers to these women as "wifelets".

paragraph: The Marquess passed the management of the business to his son Viscount Weymouth early in 2010. By one account, the Viscount intends to evict the wifelets from their estate cottages, and possibly remove some of his father's murals. Some of the murals were removed, which caused a rift and led to a boycott by the Marquess of his son's marriage to Emma McQuiston.

paragraph: Section::::Appearances and media.

paragraph: In 1999, he appeared in series 6, episode 4 of "Time Team", which dealt with the excavation of a cave in the Cheddar Gorge, an area of land owned by him. From 2000 to 2009 "Animal Park", a television documentary about the life of keepers and animals at Longleat Safari Park, Wiltshire, England, aired over 9 series on the BBC. It also covered the daily life of workers in Longleat House, the estate and the gardens and regularly featured items about Lord Bath himself.

paragraph: In March 2009, he appeared in episode 4 of "Heston's Feasts". "The Marquess of Bath", a book by Nesta Wyn Ellis, initially written with Bath's co-operation, was published in the autumn of 2010. Lord Bath's autobiography, collectively called "Strictly Private to Public Exposure", was first published as a series by Artnik Books, and since 2002 has been republished by Top Spot Publishing. His other screen credits include an episode of "Globe Trekker". He plays an aristocrat in the music video for the Pet Shop Boys song "Rent".

paragraph: Artist and potter Grayson Perry interviewed the Marquess in the third of his three-part 2012 documentary series "All in the Best Possible Taste with Grayson Perry" which focused on Britain's upper class.

paragraph: In 2014 he appeared in "All Change at Longleat", a three-part documentary of some of the issues as he passed the running of the house to his son.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedigree at Genealogics

alias: Alexander George, Marquess of Bath Thynn

alias: Alexander George Thynn, Marquess of Bath

description: English politician, artist and author

wikidata_label: Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath

wikipedia_title: Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath


text: Horus

text: pharaoh

text: 18th Dynasty of Egypt

text: Mutnedjmet

text: Ay

text: Tutankhamun

text: Ay

text: Amarna

text: Akhenaten

text: Ramesses I

text: Herakleopolis Magna

text: Fayum

text: Nicolas Grimal

text: Aten

text: Aniba

text: Tutankhamun

text: iry-pat

text: Alan Gardiner

text: Ay

text: Maya

text: Nakhtmin

text: Ankhesenamun

text: Medinet Habu

text: Akhenaten

text: Upper Egypt

text: Lower Egypt

text: Vizier

text: Thebes

text: Memphis

text: Deir el-Medina

text: Thutmose IV

text: Pylons

text: Great Hypostyle Hall

text: Temple at Karnak

text: talatat

text: Akhenaten

text: first

text: Saqqara

text: Memphis

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Thebes

text: Mutnedjmet

text: Nefertiti

text: Amenia

text: Manetho

text: Sedment

text: hieratic

text: graffito

text: Ramesses II

text: Amarna period

text: Seti I

text: Ramesses II

text: fetus

text: Mutnedjmet

text: Vizier

text: Ramesses I

text: 19th Dynasty

text: Amenhotep II

text: Theodore M. Davis

text: sarcophagus

text: Victor Mature

text: The Egyptian

text: Mika Waltari

text: Nonso Anozie

text: Tut

text: Spike

text: Channel 5

text: Akhnaten

text: Philip Glass

text: P. C. Doherty

text: Pauline Gedge

text: Michelle Moran

text: Lynda Suzanne Robinson

text: Chie Shinohara

text: Red River

text: Sinuhe, The Egyptian

text: Allen Drury

text: A God Against the Gods

text: Return to Thebes

text: Cyril Aldred

text: Jürgen von Beckerath

text: Jürgen von Beckerath

text: Alan Gardiner

text: Horemheb - Archaeowiki.org

categories: Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,13th-century BC Pharaohs,Horemheb,Tutankhamun,Year of birth unknown,1292 BC deaths,14th-century BC births,Ay,14th-century BC Pharaohs,Amarna Period

paragraph: Horemheb

paragraph: Horemheb (sometimes spelled "Horemhab" or "Haremhab" and meaning "Horus is in Jubilation") was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled for 14 years somewhere between 1319 BC and 1292 BC. He had no relation to the preceding royal family other than by marriage to Mutnedjmet, who is disputed to have been the daughter of his predecessor Ay; he is believed to have been of common birth.

paragraph: Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of Tutankhamun and Ay. After his accession to the throne, he reformed the Egyptian state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding Amarna rulers began. Due to this, he is considered the man who restabilized his country after the troublesome and divisive Amarna Period.

paragraph: Horemheb demolished monuments of Akhenaten, reusing their remains in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably remained childless since he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as Ramesses I.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Horemheb is believed to have originated from Herakleopolis Magna or ancient Hnes (modern Ihnasya el-Medina) on the west bank of the Nile near the entrance to the Fayum since his coronation text formally credits the God Horus of Hnes for establishing him on the throne.

paragraph: His parentage is unknown but he is believed to have been a commoner. According to the French (Sorbonne) Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal, Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb ("Aten Is Present In Jubilation") who was the commander-in-chief of Akhenaten's army. Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career first began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis."

paragraph: In the earliest known stage of his life, Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for [Egypt's] foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the Nubian governors. This resulted in a reciprocal visit by "the Prince of Miam (Aniba)" to Tutankhamun's court, "an event [that is] depicted in the tomb of the Viceroy Huy." Horemheb quickly rose to prominence under Tutankhamun, becoming commander-in-chief of the army and advisor to the pharaoh. Horemheb's specific titles are spelled out in his Saqqara tomb, which was built while he was still only an official: "Hereditary Prince, Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King, and Chief Commander of the Army"; the "attendant of the King in his footsteps in the foreign countries of the south and the north"; the "King's Messenger in front of his army to the foreign countries to the south and the north"; and the "Sole Companion, he who is by the feet of his lord on the battlefield on that day of killing Asiatics."

paragraph: When Tutankhamun died while a teenager, Horemheb had already been officially designated as the "rpat" or "iry-pat" (basically the "hereditary or crown prince") and "idnw" ("deputy of the king" in the entire land) by the child pharaoh; these titles are found inscribed in Horemheb's then private Memphite tomb at Saqqara which dates to the reign of Tutankhamun since the child king's

paragraph: The title "iry-pat" (Hereditary Prince) was used very frequently in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb but not combined with any other words. When used alone, the Egyptologist Alan Gardiner has shown that the "iry-pat" title contains features of ancient descent and lawful inheritance which is identical to the designation for a "Crown Prince." This means that Horemheb was the openly recognised heir to Tutankhamun's throne and not Ay, Tutankhamun's ultimate successor. As the Dutch Egyptologist Jacobus Van Dijk observes:

paragraph: The aged Vizier Ay sidelined Horemheb's claim to the throne and instead succeeded Tutankhamun, probably because Horemheb was in Asia with the army at the time of Tutankhamun's death. No objects belonging to Horemheb were found in Tutankhamun's tomb, but items donated by other high-ranking officials such as Maya and Nakhtmin were found in there by Egyptologists. Further, Tutankhamun's queen, Ankhesenamun, refused to marry Horemheb, a commoner, and so make him king of Egypt. Having pushed Horemheb's claims aside, Ay proceeded to nominate the aforementioned Nakhtmin, who was possibly Ay's son or adopted son, to succeed him rather than Horemheb.

paragraph: After Ay's reign, which lasted for a little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as commander of the army, and to assume what he must have perceived to be his just reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's WV23 tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy. However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was Tutankhamun who had promoted his rise to power and chosen him to be his heir. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at Medinet Habu for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17-foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place.

paragraph: Section::::Internal reform.

paragraph: Upon his accession, Horemheb initiated a comprehensive series of internal transformations to the power structures of Akhenaten's reign, due to the preceding transfer of state power from Amun's priests to Akhenaten's government officials. Horemheb "appointed judges and regional tribunes ... reintroduced local religious authorities" and divided legal power "between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt" between "the Viziers of Thebes and Memphis respectively."

paragraph: These deeds are recorded in a stela which the king erected at the foot of his Tenth Pylon at Karnak. Occasionally called The Great Edict of Horemheb, it is a copy of the actual text of the king's decree to re-establish order to the Two Lands and curb abuses of state authority. The stela's creation and prominent location emphasizes the great importance which Horemheb placed upon domestic reform.

paragraph: Horemheb also reformed the Army and reorganized the Deir el-Medina workforce in his 7th Year while Horemheb's official Maya renewed the tomb of Thutmose IV, which had been disturbed by tomb robbers in his 8th Year. While the king restored the priesthood of Amun, he prevented the Amun priests from forming a stranglehold on power, by deliberately reappointing priests who mostly came from the Egyptian army since he could rely on their personal loyalty.

paragraph: Horemheb was a prolific builder who erected numerous temples and buildings throughout Egypt during his reign. He constructed the Second, Ninth and Tenth Pylons of the Great Hypostyle Hall, in the Temple at Karnak, using recycled talatat blocks from Akhenaten's own monuments here, as building material for the first two Pylons.

paragraph: Because of his unexpected rise to the throne, Horemheb had two tombs constructed for himself: the first – when he was a mere nobleman – at Saqqara near Memphis, and the other in the Valley of the Kings, in Thebes, in tomb KV57 as king. His chief wife was Queen Mutnedjmet, who may have been Nefertiti's younger sister. They did not have any children. He is not known to have any children by his first wife, Amenia, who died before Horemheb assumed power.

paragraph: Section::::Disputed reign length.

paragraph: Scholars long disputed whether Horemheb reigned for 14 or 27 years. Manetho's Epitome assigns a reign length of 4 years and 1 month to Horemheb. Scholars previously assigned this reign-length to Ay; however, evidence from excavations in Horemheb's tomb (KV57) indicates that this figure should be raised by a decade to [1]4 years and 1 month and attributed to Horemheb. These excavations, conducted under G.T. Martin in 2006 and 2007, uncovered a large hoard of 168 inscribed wine sherds and dockets below densely compacted debris in a great shaft (called Well Room E) in KV57. Of the 46 wine sherds with year dates, 14 have nothing but the year date formula, 5 dockets have Year 10+X, 3 dockets have Year 11+X, 2 dockets preserve Year 12+X and 1 docket has a Year 13+X inscription. 22 dockets "mention Year 13 and 8 have Year 14 [of Horemheb]" but none mention a higher date for Horemheb.

paragraph: The full texts of the docket readings are identical and read as:

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Year 14 dockets, in contrast, are all individual and mention specific wines such as "very good quality wine" or, in one case "sweet wine" and the location of the vineyard is identified. A general example is this text on a Year 14 wine docket:

paragraph: Other Year 14 dockets mention Memphis (?), the Western River while their vintners are named as Nakhtamun, [Mer-]seger-men, Ramose and others.

paragraph: The "quality and consistency of the KV57 dockets strongly suggest that Horemheb was buried in his Year 14, or at least before the wine harvest of his Year 15 at the very latest." This evidence is consistent "with the Horemheb dockets from Deir el-Medina which mention Years 2, 3, 4, 6, 13 and 14, but again no higher dates"... while a docket ascribed to Horemheb from Sedment has Year 12." The lack of dated inscriptions for Horemheb after his Year 14 also explains the unfinished state of Horemheb's royal KV57 tomb--"a fact not taken into account by any of those [scholars] defending a long reign [of 26 or 27 years]. The tomb is comparable to that of Seti I in size and decoration technique, and Seti I's tomb is far more extensively decorated than that of Horemheb, and yet Seti managed to virtually complete his tomb within a decade, whereas Horemheb did not even succeed in fully decorating the three rooms he planned to have done, leaving even the burial hall unfinished. Even if we assume that Horemheb did not begin the work on his royal tomb until his Year 7 or 8, ... it remains a mystery how the work could not have been completed had he lived on for another 20 or more years." Therefore, most scholars now accept a reign of 14 years and 1 month.

paragraph: The argument for a 27-year reign derived from two texts. The first is an anonymous hieratic graffito written on the shoulder of a now fragmented statue from his mortuary temple in Karnak which mentions the appearance of the king himself, or a royal cult statue representing the king, for a religious feast. The ink graffito reads "Year 27, first Month of Shemu day 9, the day on which Horemheb, who loves Amun and hates his enemies, entered" the temple for this event. It was disputed whether this was a contemporary text or a reference to a festival commemorating Horemheb's accession written in the reign of a later king. The second text is the Inscription of Mes, from the reign of Ramesses II, which records that a court case decision was rendered in favour of a rival branch of Mes' family in Year 59 of Horemheb. It was argued that the Year 59 Horemheb date included the reigns of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb. Subtracting the nearly 17-year reign of Akhenaten, the 2-year reign of Neferneferuaten, the 9-year reign of Tutankhamun and the reign of Ay suggested a reign of 26–27 years for Horemheb. However, the length of Ay's reign is not actually known and Wolfgang Helck argues that there was no standard Egyptian practice of including the years of all the rulers between Amenhotep III and Horemheb.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Under Horemheb, Egypt's power and confidence were once again restored after the internal chaos of the Amarna period; this situation set the stage for the rise of the 19th Dynasty under such ambitious Pharaohs as Seti I and Ramesses II. Horemheb is believed to have unsuccessfully attempted to father an heir to the throne since the mummy of his second wife was found with a fetus in it. Geoffrey Martin in his excavation work at Saqqara states that the burial of Horemheb's second wife Mutnedjmet was located at the bottom of a shaft to the rooms of Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. He notes that "a fragment of an alabaster vase inscribed with a funerary text for the chantress of Amun and King's Wife, Mutnodjmet, as well as pieces of a statuette of her [was found here] ... The funerary vase in particular, since it bears her name and titles would hardly have been used for the burial of some other person."

paragraph: Since Horemheb remained childless, he appointed his Vizier, Paramesse, to succeed him upon his death, both to reward Paramesse's loyalty and because the latter had both a son and grandson to secure Egypt's royal succession. Paramesse employed the name Ramesses I upon assuming power and founded the 19th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. While the decoration of Horemheb's KV57 tomb was still unfinished upon his death, this situation is not unprecedented: Amenhotep II's tomb was also not fully completed when he was buried, even though this ruler enjoyed a reign of 26 years.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb and excavation.

paragraph: Horemheb's tomb was excavated in the early 20th century by Theodore M. Davis. Davis discovered it in a poor state due to robbers and earth movements over the centuries. The lid of the sarcophagus had been taken off and smashed by robbers.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional representations.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional representations.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was portrayed by Victor Mature in "The Egyptian" (1954), the film adaptation of Mika Waltari's bestselling novel.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional representations.:Television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was portrayed by British actor Nonso Anozie in the 2015 mini-TV series "Tut" which aired on Spike in the US, and on Channel 5 in the UK.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional representations.:Music.

paragraph: Horemheb is a character in the opera "Akhnaten" by Philip Glass; he is sung by a baritone.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional representations.:Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a major character in Nick Drake's trilogy of mystery novels, "The Book of the Dead", "Tutankhamun" and "The Book of Chaos".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a major character in P. C. Doherty's trilogy of historical novels, "An Evil Spirit Out of the West", "The Season of the Hyaena" and "The Year of the Cobra".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a major character in Pauline Gedge's historical novel "The Twelfth Transforming".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a major character in Katie Hamstead's trilogy, "Kiya: Hope of the Pharaoh", "Kiya: Mother of the King" and "Kiya: Rise of a New Dynasty".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a minor character in the novels "Nefertiti" and " The Heretic Queen" by Michelle Moran.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb appears as a major character in Lynda Suzanne Robinson's "Lord Meren" series of Egyptian mysteries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a minor character in Chie Shinohara's Japanese graphic novel, "Red River", centered around ancient Anatolia and ancient Egypt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a major character in Mika Waltari's historical fiction international bestseller, "Sinuhe, The Egyptian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb is a major character, originally named Kaires, in Allen Drury's two novels about the Amarna period in Egypt, "A God Against the Gods" (Doubleday, July 1976, ) and "Return to Thebes" (Doubleday, Feb. 1977, ), both reprinted by WordFire Press in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyril Aldred, Two monuments of the reign of Ḥoremḥab, in: JEA 54 (1968), 100-106.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen von Beckerath, Nochmals die Regierungsdauer des Ḥaremḥab, in: SAK 6 (1978), 43-49.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, MÄS 46, Philip Von Zabern, Mainz: 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Gardiner, The Inscription of Mes: A Contribution to Egyptian Juridical Procedure, Untersuchungen IV, Pt. 3 (Leipzig: 1905).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books: 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.A. Kitchen, The Basis of Egyptian Chronology in relation to the Bronze Age," Volume 1: pp. 37-55 in "High, Middle or Low?: Acts of an International Colloquium on absolute chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20–22 August 1987." (ed: Paul Aström).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horemheb - Archaeowiki.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symposium on Horemhab, Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haremhab, Pharaoh and Conqueror: New Investigations in His Royal Tomb in the Valley of the Kings (lecture)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Symposium on Haremhab: General and King of Egypt

alias: Horemhab Haremhab

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Horemheb

wikipedia_title: Horemheb


text: Ashur

text: Neo-Assyrian Empire

text: Esarhaddon

text: cuneiform

text: Nineveh

text: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: British Museum

text: Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal

text: Assyrian palace reliefs

text: Justinus

text: Sardanapalus

text: Sennacherib

text: Ashur-nadin-shumi

text: Babylon

text: Tashmetum-sharrat

text: palace woman

text: zakāt

text: Naqi'a

text: Israelite

text: Aramean

text: Harran

text: Ashur-hamat

text: Bit Reduti

text: Nineveh

text: acropolis

text: Adrammelech

text: Abimlech

text: Sharezer

text: king

text: Bit Masharti

text: arsenal

text: Sin-iddin-apli

text: horsemanship

text: hunting

text: chariot

text: soldiery

text: craftsmanship

text: mathematics

text: Sumerian

text: Akkadian

text: Aramaic

text: Esarhaddon

text: Persian

text: Median

text: Parthia

text: Babylon

text: Shamash-shum-ukin

text: Nineveh

text: genocide

text: massacre

text: ethnic cleansing

text: Egypt

text: Kush

text: Nubia

text: Libya

text: Kushite Empire

text: Harran

text: Nubian

text: Taharqa

text: Memphis

text: Nineveh

text: Necho I

text: Sais

text: Pharaoh

text: Tantamani

text: Thebes

text: plundered Thebes

text: Psammetichus I

text: Lydia

text: Gyges

text: Ashur

text: Cimmerian

text: Cilicia

text: the Caucasus

text: North Africa

text: Arabian peninsula

text: Cyprus

text: Mediterranean

text: Iran

text: Babylon

text: Chaldea

text: Media

text: Persia

text: Egypt

text: Libya

text: Elam

text: Gutium

text: Parthia

text: Cissia

text: Phrygia

text: Mannea

text: Corduene

text: Aramea

text: Urartu

text: Lydia

text: Cilicia

text: Commagene

text: Caria

text: Cappadocia

text: Phoenicia

text: Canaan

text: Suteans

text: Sinai

text: Israel

text: Judah

text: Samarra

text: Moab

text: Edom

text: Ammon

text: Nabatea

text: Arabia

text: Neo-Hittites

text: Dilmun

text: Meluhha

text: Nubia

text: Scythia

text: Cimmeria

text: Armenia

text: Cyprus

text: Mesopotamia

text: Marduk

text: Elam

text: Urtaku

text: Babylonia

text: Teumman

text: Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak

text: Humban-nikash

text: Gambulu

text: Ulaya river

text: Humban-nikash

text: Madaktu

text: Tammaritu

text: Hidalu

text: Aramean

text: Sutean

text: Chaldea

text: Aramean

text: Gutium

text: Amurru

text: Meluhha

text: Persians

text: Arabs

text: Nabateans

text: Arabian Peninsula

text: Elam

text: Shamash-shum-ukin

text: Borsippa

text: Sennacherib

text: Arabia

text: Kandalanu

text: Ashur-etil-ilani

text: cuneiform script

text: Akkadian

text: Sumerian

text: great flood

text: Mesopotamia

text: Babylonia

text: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal

text: Assyrian palace reliefs

text: Mesopotamian lion

text: statue of Ashurbanipal

text: San Francisco City Hall

text: Robert E. Howard

text: Weird Tales

text: Leonora Carrington

text: Israel Museum

text: The Mesopotamians

text: They Might Be Giants

text: Gilgamesh

text: Sargon

text: Hammurabi

text: Civilization V

text: Kings of Assyria

text: Ashurbanipal

text: Assurbanipal Coronation Hymn

categories: 7th-century BC Assyrian kings,Gyges of Lydia,Assyrian kings,687 BC births,7th-century BC rulers in Asia,620s BC deaths

paragraph: Ashurbanipal

paragraph: Ashurbanipal (; 'Ashur is the creator of an heir'), also spelled Assurbanipal or Ashshurbanipal, was King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 668 BC to c. 627 BC, the son of Esarhaddon and the last strong ruler of the empire, which is usually dated between 934 and 609 BC. He is famed for amassing a significant collection of cuneiform documents for his royal palace at Nineveh. This collection, known as the Library of Ashurbanipal, is now in the British Museum, which also holds the famous "Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal" set of Assyrian palace reliefs.

paragraph: In the Hebrew Bible he is called Asenappar ( - ). Roman historian Justinus identified him as Sardanapalus, although the fictional Sardanapalus is depicted as the last king of Assyria and an ineffectual, effete and debauched character, whereas four further kings succeeded Ashurbanipal, who was in fact an educated, efficient, highly capable and ambitious warrior king.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal was born toward the end of a 1,500-year period of Assyrian ascendancy.

paragraph: His father, Esarhaddon, the youngest son of Sennacherib, had become heir when the crown prince, Ashur-nadin-shumi, was deposed by rebels from his position as a vassal for Babylon. Esarhaddon was the son not of Sennacherib's queen, Tashmetum-sharrat, but of the "palace woman" Zakutu, "the pure" ("cf." Modern Standard Arabic زكاة ["zakāt"], "that which purifies"), known by her native name, Naqi'a. There are some suggestions Zakutu may have been an Israelite or Aramean concubine, while others point to her family origins being in the northern Assyrian city of Harran. The only queen known for Esarhaddon was Ashur-hamat, who died in 672 BC.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal grew up in the small palace called Bit Reduti (house of succession), built by his grandfather Sennacherib when he was crown prince in the northern quadrant of Nineveh. In 694 BC, Sennacherib had completed the "Palace Without Rival" at the southwest corner of the acropolis, obliterating most of the older structures. The "House of Succession" had become the palace of Esarhaddon, the crown prince. In this house, Ashurbanipal's grandfather was assassinated by uncles identified only from the biblical account as Adrammelech, Abimlech and Sharezer. From this conspiracy, Esarhaddon emerged as king in 681 BC. He proceeded to rebuild as his residence the Bit Masharti (weapons house, or arsenal). The "House of Succession" was left to his mother and the younger children, including Ashurbanipal.

paragraph: The names of five brothers and one sister are known. Sin-iddin-apli, the intended crown prince, died prior to 672 BC. Not having been expected to become heir to the throne, Ashurbanipal was trained in scholarly pursuits as well as the usual horsemanship, hunting, chariotry, soldiery, craftsmanship, and royal decorum. In a unique autobiographical statement, Ashurbanipal specified his youthful scholarly pursuits as having included oil divination, mathematics, and reading and writing; he was able to read and write in Sumerian, Akkadian and Aramaic.

paragraph: Section::::Royal succession.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal succeeded his father Esarhaddon (reigned 681–669 BC) as king of Assyria and ruler of the Assyrian Empire in 668 BC. Esarhaddon had prepared for the accession of his son by imposing a vassal treaty upon his Persian, Median and Parthian subjects, ensuring that they accepted Ashurbanipal's dominance in advance. He had also rebuilt Babylon and set up another of his sons Shamash-shum-ukin to rule there, subject to his brother Ashurbanipal in Nineveh.

paragraph: Section::::Military accomplishments.

paragraph: Despite being a popular king among his subjects, he was also known for his cruelty to his enemies. Some pictures depict him putting a dog chain through the jaw of a defeated Arab king and then making him live in a dog kennel. Many paintings of the period exhibit his brutality; however, Assyrian harshness was reserved solely for those who took up arms against the Assyrian king, and neither Ashurbanipal nor his predecessors conducted genocides, massacres or ethnic cleansings against civilian populations.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal inherited from Esarhaddon not only the throne of the empire but also the ongoing war in Egypt with Kush/Nubia. Esarhaddon had invaded and conquered Egypt and Libya, deposed and driven out it's Nubian rulers, effectively bringing to an end the Kushite Empire, however the Nubians continued to agitate from the south, and still had ambitions to regain control of Egypt and resurrect their empire. Esarhaddon had been preparing to go to Egypt to restore order in the south when he died suddenly in Harran.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal sent an army against them in 667 BC that defeated the Nubian king Taharqa, near Memphis, while Ashurbanipal stayed at his capital in Nineveh. At the same time, some native Egyptian vassals rebelled and were also defeated. All of the vanquished leaders save one were sent to Nineveh. Only Necho I, the native Egyptian Prince of Sais, convinced the Assyrians of his loyalty and was sent back to become the Assyrian puppet Pharaoh of Egypt. After the death of Taharqa in 664 BC his nephew and successor Tantamani invaded Upper Egypt and took control of Thebes. In Memphis, he defeated the native Egyptian princes and Necho may have died in the battle. Ashurbanipal sent another army south and again it succeeded in defeating the Kushites/Nubians. Tantamani was routed and driven back to his homeland in Nubia and was never again to threaten Assyria or Egypt. The Assyrians plundered Thebes and took much booty home with them. How Assyrian rule in Egypt ended is not certain, but at some point, Necho's son Psammetichus I gained independence while wisely keeping his relations with Assyria friendly.

paragraph: An Assyrian royal inscription tells how the Lydian king Gyges received dreams from the Assyrian god Ashur. The dreams told him that when he submitted to Ashurbanipal, he would conquer his foes. After Gyges sent his ambassadors to accept Assyrian vassalage, he defeated his Cimmerian enemies. But later when he supported the rebellion of the Egyptian rebels his country was overrun by the Cilicians.

paragraph: Assyria was by then master of the largest empire the world had yet seen, stretching from the Caucasus in the north to North Africa and the Arabian peninsula in the south, and from Cyprus and the east Mediterranean in the west, to central Iran in the east. Ashurbanipal enjoyed the subjugation of a myriad of nations and peoples, including Babylon, Chaldea, Media, Persia, Egypt, Libya, Elam, Gutium, Parthia, Cissia, Phrygia, Mannea, Corduene, Aramea, Urartu, Lydia, Cilicia, Commagene, Caria, Cappadocia, Phoenicia, Canaan, the Suteans, Sinai, Israel, Judah, Samarra, Moab, Edom, Ammon, Nabatea, Arabia, the Neo-Hittites, Dilmun, Meluhha, Nubia, Scythia, Cimmeria, Armenia and Cyprus, with few problems during Ashurbanipal's reign. For the time being, the dual monarchy in Mesopotamia went well, with Shamash-shum-ukin accepting his position as the vassal of his brother peaceably.

paragraph: For his assignment of his brother, Ashurbanipal sent a statue of the god Marduk with him as a sign of good will. Shamash-shuma-ukin's power was limited. He performed Babylonian rituals, but the official building projects were still executed by his younger brother. During his first years Elam was still at peace as it was under his father. Ashurbanipal sent food supplies to the Elamites during a famine. Around 664 BC the situation changed and Urtaku, the Elamite king, attacked Assyria's colony of Babylonia by surprise. Assyria delayed in sending aid to Babylon. This could have been caused for two reasons: either the soothing messages of Elamite ambassadors or Ashurbanipal might simply not have been present at that time. However the Assyrians eventually attacked, and the Elamites retreated before the Assyrian troops, and in the same year Urtaku died. He was succeeded by Teumman (Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak), who was not his legitimate heir, so many Elamite princes had to flee to Ashurbanipal's court, including Urtaku's oldest son Humban-nikash. In 658/657 BC the two empires clashed again when the province of Gambulu in 664 rebelled against the Assyrians, and Ashurbanipal decided to punish them. On the other hand, Teumman saw his authority threatened by the Elamite princes at the Assyrian court and demanded their extradition. The Assyrian forces invaded Elam and fought a battle at the Ulaya river.

paragraph: Elam was defeated in the battle in which, according to Assyrian reliefs, Teumman committed suicide. Ashurbanipal installed Humban-nikash as king of Madaktu and another prince, Tammaritu, as king of the city Hidalu, thus dividing Elam. Elam was considered a vassal of Assyria and tribute was imposed on it. With the Elamite problem solved the Assyrians could finally punish Gambulu, (a powerful Aramean confederation based along what is, in modern terms, the southern Iraq-Iran border region) and seized its capital. Then the victorious army marched home taking with them the head of Teumman. In Nineveh, when the Elamite ambassadors saw the head, one tore out his beard and the other committed suicide. As further humiliation, the head of the Elamite king was put on display at the port of Nineveh. The death and head of Teumman was depicted multiple times in the reliefs of Ashurbanipal's palace.

paragraph: Friction grew between the two brother kings, and in 652 BC Babylonia rebelled, Shamash-shum-ukin becoming infused with Babylonian nationalism. This time Babylon was not alone – it had allied itself with a host of other peoples resentful of Assyrian rule, including Sutean, Chaldean and Aramean tribes dwelling in its southern regions, the kings of "Gutium", Amurru, and Meluhha, the Persians, the Arabs and Nabateans dwelling in the Arabian Peninsula, and even Elam. According to a later Aramaic tale on Papyrus 63, Shamash-shum-ukin formally declared war on Ashurbanipal in a letter where he claims that his brother is only the governor of Nineveh, and his subject. Again the Assyrian king delayed an answer, this time due to unfavourable omens. It is not certain how the rebellion affected the Assyrian heartlands, but there was some unrest in the cities. When Babylonia finally was attacked, the Assyrians were victorious. Civil war prevented by further military aid, and in 648 BC Borsippa and Babylon were besieged. Without aid the situation was hopeless. After two years Shamash-shum-ukin met his end in his burning palace just before the city surrendered. This time Babylon was not destroyed, as under Sennacherib, but a massacre of the rebels took place, according to the king's inscriptions, with the Assyrians exacting savage revenge upon the Babylonians, Arameans, Chaldeans and Persians, together with an invasion of Arabia and the brutal subjugation of the Arab tribes to the south of Mesopotamia. Ashurbanipal allowed Babylon to keep its semi-autonomous position, but it became more formalized than before. The next king, Kandalanu, (an Assyrian governor) left no official inscription, probably as his function was only ritual.

paragraph: During the final two decades of Ashurbanipal's rule, Assyria was peaceful, and its dominance went unchallenged, but the country and empire faced an underlying decline due to over-expansion, the lack of funds from its devastated colonies, and insufficient troops to govern its vast empire. Documentation from the last years of Ashurbanipal's reign is scarce. The last attestations of Ashurbanipal's reign are of his year 38 (631 BC), but according to the Greek historian Castor, he reigned for 42 years until 627 BC.

paragraph: After Ashurbanipal's death c. 627 BC he was succeeded by Ashur-etil-ilani (626–623 BC). However, Assyria soon descended into a series of internal civil wars that would ultimately lead to its downfall.

paragraph: Section::::Library of Ashurbanipal.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal was proud of his scribal education. He asserts this in the statement: “I Assurbanipal within [the palace], took care of the wisdom of Nebo, the whole of the inscribed tablets, of all the clay tablets, the whole of their mysteries and difficulties, I solved.” He was one of the few kings who could read the cuneiform script in Akkadian and Sumerian, and claimed that he even read texts from before the great flood. He was also able to solve mathematical problems. During his reign, he collected cuneiform texts from all over Mesopotamia, especially Babylonia, in his royal library at Nineveh, the Assyrian capital. He commissioned copies of literary works from libraries around the kingdom in order to obtain "the hidden treasures of the scribe's knowledge." The results were stored in what became known as the Library of Ashurbanipal. This idea of this knowledge being noted as hidden treasures would persist in coming ages. "...libraries would be increasingly revered as sources of knowledge and wisdom- spiritual, magical, and earthly- and whoever controlled books and libraries possessed a unique power."

paragraph: Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC, but many of the library's clay tablets survived the devastation. Ashurbanipal's palace was excavated in December 1853 and the surviving contents of the library re-discovered. Over 30,000 clay tablets and fragments were uncovered in the library, providing archaeologists with a wealth of Mesopotamian literary, religious and administrative work. The library included hymns and prayers, medical, mathematical, ritual, divinatory and astrological texts, alongside all sorts of administrative documents, letters and contracts. Other genres found during excavations included standard lists used by scribes and scholars, word lists, bilingual vocabularies, lists of signs and synonyms, lists of medical diagnoses, astronomic/astrological texts. The scribal texts proved to be very helpful in deciphering cuneiform.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal is considered by some library scholars as an archetypal academic librarian, in that his library set the course for how the libraries of today operate. While the library at Ninevah was utilized by a select elite and Ashurbanipal himself, the basic purposes of the library and the services provided are similar to those currently seen in modern academic libraries.

paragraph: Section::::Art and culture.

paragraph: The British Museum in London has the "Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal", a set of Assyrian palace reliefs from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, also excavated at Nineveh, depicting the king hunting and killing Mesopotamian lions. In Assyria, the lion hunt was seen as a royal sport; the depictions were seen as a symbol of the king's ability to guard the nation. The “Garden Party” relief shows the king and his queen having a banquet celebrating the Assyrian triumph over Tuemman in the campaign against Elam. The fine carvings serve as testimony to Ashurbanipal's high regard for art, but also communicate an important message meant to be passed down for posterity.

paragraph: The sculptor Fred Parhad (1947–) created a larger-than-life statue of Ashurbanipal, which was placed on a street near the San Francisco City Hall main square in 1988. The sculpture shows Asurbanipal wearing a short tunic and holds a lion cub in his proper right arm. The figure stands on a concrete base, with bronze plaque and rosettes. The statue stands across from City Hall next to the Asian Art Museum and faces the San Francisco Library.

paragraph: Robert E. Howard wrote a short story entitled "The Fire of Asshurbanipal" ("sic"), first published in the December 1936 issue of "Weird Tales" magazine, about an "accursed jewel belonging to a king of long ago, whom the Grecians called Sardanapalus and the Semitic peoples Asshurbanipal".

paragraph: Surrealist painter Leonora Carrington painted "Assurbanipal Abluting Harpies" in 1958 - an oil on canvas at the Israel Museum depicting Assurbanipal pouring a white substance onto the heads of pigeon-like creatures with human faces.

paragraph: "The Mesopotamians", a 2007 song by They Might Be Giants, mentions Ashurbanipal, along with Gilgamesh, Sargon, and Hammurabi.

paragraph: Ashurbanipal was used as the ruler of the Assyrians in the second expansion pack (Brave New World) for the game Civilization V.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Assyria

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashurbanipal

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Library of King Ashurbanipal Web Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assurbanipal Coronation Hymn

paragraph: BULLET::::- History Of Assurbanipal, Translated from the Cuneiform Inscriptions by George Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Prism Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal I: Editions E, B1–5, D, and K – Oriental Institute

description: Assyrian ruler

wikidata_label: Ashurbanipal

wikipedia_title: Ashurbanipal


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Cao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: Battle of Fancheng

text: Guan Yu

text: Chen Shou

text: Sanguozhi

text: Five Elite Generals

text: Yu Jin

text: Zhang He

text: Yue Jin

text: Zhang Liao

text: Hedong Commandery

text: Hongtong County

text: Shanxi

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yang Feng

text: White Wave Bandit

text: Li Jue

text: Guo Si

text: Emperor Xian

text: Chang'an

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text: Xia County

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text: Cao Cao

text: Xuchang

text: Liang State

text: Shangqiu

text: Henan

text: Yuanyang County, Henan

text: Lü Bu

text: Xu Province

text: Shi Huan

text: Henei Commandery

text: Jiaozuo

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text: Battle of Guandu

text: Yuan Shao

text: Boma

text: Hua County, Henan

text: Yan Ford

text: Yanjin County, Henan

text: Liu Bei

text: Xu Province

text: Yan Liang

text: Wen Chou

text: Cao Hong

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text: Battle of Nanpi

text: Dezhou

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text: Battle of White Wolf Mountain

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text: Cao Ren

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text: Liang Province

text: Shaanxi

text: Gansu

text: Wanrong County

text: Hedong Commandery

text: Tong Pass

text: Wei River

text: Yellow River

text: Zhu Ling

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Di

text: Qianyang County

text: Shaanxi

text: Long County, Shaanxi

text: Zhenyuan County, Gansu

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: Huangling County

text: Hancheng

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: Zhang Lu

text: Battle of Yangping

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Liu Bei

text: Chen Shi

text: Battle of Fancheng

text: Xiangyang

text: Hubei

text: Guan Yu

text: Yu Jin

text: Cao Ren

text: "zhang"

text: Han River

text: Sun Wu

text: Rangju

text: jin

text: li

text: Xuchang

text: Zhou Yafu

text: Cao Pi

text: vassal

text: Emperor Xian

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei (or Wei)

text: Xiahou Shang

text: Hubei

text: Shen County

text: Shandong

text: Cao Rui

text: Xiangyang

text: Wu

text: Zhuge Jin

text: posthumous title

text: Cao Rui

text: Sanguozhi

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Yang Feng

text: Emperor Xian

text: Luoyang

text: Li Jue

text: Guo Si

text: Chang'an

text: Cao Cao

text: Xuchang

text: Xu Chu

text: Man Chong

text: Xincheng Rebellion

text: Meng Da

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Five Elite Generals

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: People from Linfen,Dong Zhuo and associates,Year of birth unknown,227 deaths,Cao Wei generals,Generals under Cao Cao

paragraph: Xu Huang

paragraph: Xu Huang () (died 227), courtesy name Gongming, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He later served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period under the first two rulers, Cao Pi and Cao Rui, before his death at the start of Cao Rui's reign. Xu Huang is best noted for breaking the siege at the Battle of Fancheng in 219 by routing the enemy commander Guan Yu on the field.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote the third-century historical text "Sanguozhi", named Xu Huang as one of the Five Elite Generals of his time, alongside Yu Jin, Zhang He, Yue Jin and Zhang Liao.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and service under Yang Feng.

paragraph: Xu Huang was born in Yang County (楊縣), Hedong Commandery, which is located southeast of present-day Hongtong County, Shanxi, in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He served as a minor official in the commandery office in his youth. Later, he became a subordinate of Yang Feng, a former White Wave Bandit who later became a general under the Han central government. Xu Huang later followed Yang Feng to attack rebels and was commissioned as a Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉) as a reward for his efforts.

paragraph: Between 192 and 195, Li Jue and Guo Si controlled the Han central government and held the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage in the imperial capital, Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi). In 195, internal conflict broke out between Li Jue and Guo Si, whose respective factions started warring with each other in the streets of Chang'an. Yang Feng and Xu Huang were Li Jue's subordinates at the time. In the same year, Xu Huang managed to convince Yang Feng to escort Emperor Xian from Chang'an back to the old Han imperial capital, Luoyang. After Emperor Xian made it safely to Anyi County (安邑縣; west of present-day Xia County, Shanxi), he rewarded Xu Huang by granting him the peerage of a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯).

paragraph: After they returned to Luoyang with Emperor Xian, internal conflict broke out between the generals Han Xian and Dong Cheng, who were among those who escorted the emperor back to Luoyang. During this time, Xu Huang persuaded Yang Feng to summon the warlord Cao Cao to Luoyang to help them deal with the crisis and protect the emperor. In early 196, Cao Cao and his troops showed up in Luoyang and fetched Emperor Xian to their base in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), which became the new Han imperial capital. Yang Feng initially wanted to heed Xu Huang's suggestion and join Cao Cao, but ultimately refused and went his own way. Xu Huang followed him.

paragraph: In late 196, after Cao Cao defeated Yang Feng in battle at Liang State (梁國; around present-day Shangqiu, Henan), Xu Huang pledged allegiance to Cao Cao.

paragraph: Section::::Cao Cao's campaigns in central and northern China.

paragraph: Cao Cao sent Xu Huang with an army to attack rebels at Juan County (卷縣; west of present-day Yuanyang County, Henan) and Yuanwu County (原武縣; present-day Yuanyang County, Henan). Xu Huang defeated them and was promoted to Major-General (裨將軍).

paragraph: During the battles between Cao Cao and Lü Bu in Xu Province in 198, Xu Huang attacked and defeated Lü Bu's subordinates Zhao Shu (趙庶) and Li Zou (李鄒). With aid from Shi Huan, he also defeated and killed Sui Gu (眭固) in Henei Commandery (河內郡; around present-day Jiaozuo, Henan).

paragraph: In the year 200, during the Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, Xu Huang participated in the early skirmishes at Boma (白馬; near Hua County, Henan) and Yan Ford (延津; present-day Yanjin County, Henan), where he defeated the warlord Liu Bei – who had joined Yuan Shao after losing Xu Province – and Yuan Shao's generals Yan Liang and Wen Chou. He was promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) for his achievements, and later joined Cao Hong in eliminating rebels led by Zhu Bi (祝臂) at Yinjiang (氵隱 疆; southwest of present-day Xuchang, Henan).

paragraph: Yuan Shao had stored his supplies at a depot in Gushi (故市; southwest of present-day Yanjin County, Henan). Cao Cao sent Xu Huang and Shi Huan to attack this position. They defeated the defenders at Gushi and burnt down Yuan Shao's grain carts, forcing Yuan Shao to call for relief supplies in response to this raid. Xu Huang received the title of a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯) for his contributions.

paragraph: A few years later, Xu Huang joined Cao Cao on a campaign against the heirs of Yuan Shao, who had died in 202. In 203, Han Fan (韓範), the Prefect of Yiyang County (易陽縣; northeast of present-day Handan, Hebei), pretended to surrender to Cao Cao while buying time to strengthen his defences. Xu Huang then wrote a letter to Han Fan, tied it to an arrow and fired it into the county. Han Fan became convinced after reading Xu Huang's letter and decided to surrender Yiyang County without putting up resistance.

paragraph: Before the fall of Yiyang County, Xu Huang went to see Cao Cao and asked him to refrain from massacring the population after Han Fan surrendered. The rationale of their final decision was entirely based on tactical consideration, which was to induce other enemy territories into voluntarily surrendering by setting an example. Cao Cao approved Xu Huang's suggestion.

paragraph: Xu Huang later set up an ambush and routed the Yuans' forces at Maocheng (毛城), defeated Yuan Tan at the Battle of Nanpi, and suppressed a revolt in Pingyuan Commandery (平原郡; around present-day Dezhou, Shandong). He also participated in Cao Cao's campaign against Yuan Shang, Yuan Xi and the Wuhuan tribes which led to the Battle of White Wolf Mountain in 207. Xu Huang was further promoted to General Who Sweeps Across the Wilderness (橫野將軍) for his contributions in battle.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Jiangling.

paragraph: In 208, Xu Huang followed Cao Cao to pacify Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and participated in the Battle of Red Cliffs in the winter of 208–209. When Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat at Red Cliffs, Xu Huang was ordered to stay behind with Cao Ren in Jiangling County to resist attacks by Sun Quan's forces.

paragraph: During this time, Xu Huang was stationed at Fancheng (樊城; present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei) and he defeated opposing forces in Zhonglu (中廬), Linju (臨沮) and Yicheng (宜城) counties. During the Battle of Jiangling, he joined Man Chong in attacking Guan Yu at Han Ford (漢津), and Cao Ren in resisting attacks by Zhou Yu at Jiangling.

paragraph: Section::::Cao Cao's northwestern campaigns.

paragraph: In 210, Xu Huang led his troops to attack rebels in Taiyuan Commandery (太原郡; around present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi), besieged them in Daling County (大陵縣; northeast of present-day Wenshui County, Shanxi), and defeated and killed the rebel leader Shang Yao (商曜).

paragraph: In 211, when Han Sui and Ma Chao led a coalition of northwestern warlords to start an uprising in Liang Province (covering parts of present-day Shaanxi and Gansu), Cao Cao ordered Xu Huang to move to Fenyin County (汾陰縣; southwest of present-day Wanrong County, Shanxi) and pacify the people in Hedong Commandery. He also awarded Xu Huang gifts of cattle and alcohol, and allowed him to repair and clean up his ancestors' tombs.

paragraph: When Cao Cao led his forces to Tong Pass to engage the coalition, he became worried that he could not cross the Wei River to attack the enemy so he consulted Xu Huang for advice. Xu Huang suggested to Cao Cao to send him north and cross the Yellow River via Puban Ford to circumvent Tong Pass from the west of the river.

paragraph: Cao Cao approved Xu Huang's plan and sent him and Zhu Ling to lead 4,000 troops across the river. They crossed Puban and started pitching camps, but before the defence fortification was completed, one of the coalition members, Liang Xing (梁興), discovered their presence and led some 5,000 troops to attack them. Xu Huang and Zhu Ling managed to hold off Liang Xing and allow Cao Cao and his remaining forces to cross the river.

paragraph: After Cao Cao's victory at Tong Pass, he sent Xu Huang and Xiahou Yuan to pacify the various Di tribes in Yumi County (隃麋縣; east of present-day Qianyang County, Shaanxi) and Qian County (汧縣; south of present-day Long County, Shaanxi). Xu Huang and Xiahou Yuan later rendezvoused with Cao Cao's main army at Anding Commandery (安定郡; around present-day Zhenyuan County, Gansu). After Cao Cao had returned to Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei), he sent Xu Huang and Xiahou Yuan again to suppress revolts in Fu County (鄜縣; southwest of present-day Huangling County, Shaanxi) and Xiayang County (夏陽縣; southwest of present-day Hancheng, Shaanxi), where they defeated Liang Xing and forced some 3,000 civilian households into submission.

paragraph: When Cao Cao embarked on another campaign in western China to attack the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, he sent Xu Huang with a separate force to pacify the Di tribes living in Du (櫝) and Chouyi (仇夷) mountains. Xu Huang succeeded and was promoted to General Who Pacifies Bandits (平寇將軍). Later, Xu Huang also lifted rebels' siege on Zhang Shun (張順), one of Cao Cao's officers, and defeated the rebel leader Chen Fu (陳福) and destroyed some 30 rebel camps.

paragraph: Section::::Hanzhong Campaign.

paragraph: Cao Cao returned to Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei) after his victory over Zhang Lu at the Battle of Yangping in 215. He left Xu Huang and Xiahou Yuan behind to defend Hanzhong Commandery against attacks by Liu Bei.

paragraph: During this time, Liu Bei sent Chen Shi to lead troops to cut off Xiahou Yuan's supply routes at Mamingge (馬鳴閣), Hanzhong's main communication line. Xu Huang led a separate detachment to launch a fierce attack on Chen Shi and defeated him. The casualty rate on Chen Shi's side was very high as many of his soldiers were forced to jump off the cliff during the attack.

paragraph: Cao Cao was delighted when he heard of the victory and he gave orders to Xu Huang: "This pass is a crucial gateway into Hanzhong. Liu Bei intends to isolate the pass and then move on to conquer Hanzhong. You have done well in foiling the enemy's attempt." Cao Cao then personally led reinforcements to Hanzhong Commandery to counter Liu Bei's advances.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Fancheng.

paragraph: Xu Huang's most glorious moment in his military career came at the Battle of Fancheng in 219. When Fancheng (樊城; in present-day Xiangyang, Hubei) and Xiangyang were besieged by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao first sent Yu Jin to lead a relief force to lift the siege but Yu Jin's seven armies were destroyed by a flood. Cao Cao then ordered Xu Huang to lead a second relief force to lift the siege. Cao Ren, the general defending Fancheng, and Lü Chang (呂常), who defended Xiangyang, were both under siege for months.

paragraph: Knowing that most of his soldiers were composed of new recruits without training, Xu Huang did not go straight into battle but camped behind the enemy at Yanglingbei (陽陵陂; northwest of present-day Xiangyang, Hubei) to impose a deterrent effect. In the meantime, Cao Cao sent subordinates Xu Shang (徐商) and Lü Jian (呂建) to assist Xu Huang and instructed Xu Huang to advance only when Xu Shang, Lü Jian and all other reinforcements had arrived.

paragraph: At the time, Guan Yu had set up a camp at Yancheng (偃城; north of present-day Xiangyang, Hubei). When Xu Huang showed up, he ordered his troops to pretend to dig trenches around Yancheng to fool the enemy into thinking that they were trying to cut off the supply routes leading to Yancheng. The enemy fell for his ruse, burnt down their camp and abandoned their position, thus allowing Xu Huang to gain a foothold at Yancheng. After capturing Yancheng, Xu Huang pressed on and set up two linked camps about 30 "zhang"s away from Guan Yu's encirclement. Before Xu Huang attacked, Cao Cao sent Yin Shu (殷署), Zhu Gai (朱蓋) and other officers to lead another 12 military units to support him.

paragraph: Guan Yu's encirclement was made up of five camps – one main camp leading the siege and four supporting camps. Xu Huang deliberately spread news that he was going to attack the main camp to trick Guan Yu into strengthening his defences at the main camp. In the meantime, he secretly sent his forces to attack the four supporting camps and succeeded in destroying them. When Guan Yu saw that the four camps were down, he personally led 5,000 troops to engage the enemy. Xu Huang launched a fierce attack on Guan Yu and succeeded in defeating him and lifting the siege on Fancheng. During Xu Huang's attack, many of Guan Yu's soldiers panicked and fled towards the nearby Han River, where they drowned.

paragraph: When Cao Cao heard of the victory, he praised Xu Huang: "The enemy formation was very thick, yet you managed to achieve victory and destroyed their camps and killed so many of their men. I have fought in battles for over 30 years, but I have never heard of any person in history who attempted to break a siege by launching a direct attack on the enemy's encirclement. The situation at Fancheng and Xiangyang was much worse than that at Ju and Jimo. Your achievements are comparable to those of Sun Wu and Rangju."

paragraph: The "Shu Ji" (蜀記) recorded an incident about Xu Huang meeting Guan Yu on the battlefield. Xu Huang had a close personal friendship with Guan Yu. They often chatted about other things apart from military affairs. When they met again at Fancheng, Xu Huang gave an order to his men: "Whoever manages to take Guan Yunchang's head will be rewarded with 1,000 "jin" of gold." Guan Yu was shocked and he asked Xu Huang: "Brother, what are you talking about?" Xu Huang replied: "This is an affair of the State."

paragraph: Upon Xu Huang's return, Cao Cao went seven "li" out of Xuchang to greet him, giving him full credit for securing Fancheng and Xiangyang. Throughout the field reception, the soldiers of other commanders shifted about in order to get a better view of Cao Cao, but Xu Huang's men stood stationary in neat files. Seeing this, Cao Cao remarked: "General Xu has truly inherited the style of Zhou Yafu."

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi and Cao Rui.

paragraph: Following Cao Cao's death in March 220, his son Cao Pi succeeded him and inherited his vassal king title as the King of Wei (魏王). Xu Huang continued to be heavily trusted by Cao Pi, and he was appointed General of the Right (右將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lu District (逯鄉侯).

paragraph: In late 220, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the state of Cao Wei (or Wei) with himself as the new emperor. After his coronation, Cao Pi promoted Xu Huang from a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Yang" (楊侯).

paragraph: Later, Cao Pi ordered Xu Huang and Xiahou Shang to lead an army to attack Shangyong Commandery (上庸郡; in present-day northwestern Hubei). After completing his mission, Xu Huang moved to the garrison at Yangping County (陽平縣; present-day Shen County, Shandong), so his marquis title was changed to "Marquis of Yangping" (陽平侯).

paragraph: Cao Pi died in 226 and was succeeded by his son Cao Rui as the emperor of Wei. During that time, Xu Huang successfully repelled an invasion on Xiangyang by the Wu general Zhuge Jin. For his contributions, he was awarded another 200 taxable households in his marquisate, bringing the total number to 3,100.

paragraph: When Xu Huang became seriously ill later, he gave instructions that he was to be given a simple burial after his death. He died in 227 and was granted the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuang" (壯侯), which literally means "robust marquis".

paragraph: Xu Huang's son, Xu Gai (徐蓋), inherited his father's peerage as the Marquis of Yangping. After Xu Gai died, his son Xu Ba (徐霸) succeeded him as the next Marquis of Yangping. Cao Rui later divided their marquisate and awarded marquis titles to two descendants of Xu Huang.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou concluded Xu Huang's biography in the "Sanguozhi" with a brief appraisal:

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Xu Huang is a character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He makes his first appearance in Chapter 13 as a subordinate of Yang Feng. Xu Huang and Yang Feng escort Emperor Xian back to Luoyang after the emperor escapes from Li Jue and Guo Si's clutches in Chang'an.

paragraph: When Cao Cao comes to Luoyang to fetch the emperor to his base in Xuchang, Yang Feng sends Xu Huang to stop him. Cao Cao knows on first sight that Xu Huang is an extraordinary man so he orders Xu Chu to duel with Xu Huang. Neither side can gain an advantage over each other after 50 bouts, and by then, Cao Cao is very impressed by Xu Huang's skill. Not wanting either of the two men to get hurt, Cao Cao calls for Xu Chu to retreat. Man Chong, one of Cao Cao's subordinates, knows that his lord wants to recruit Xu Huang so he volunteers to persuade Xu Huang to defect to their side. That very night, Man Chong disguises himself as a common soldier, sneaks into Xu Huang's tent and manages to convince him to switch allegiance to Cao Cao. Man Chong then suggests that Xu Huang slays Yang Feng to prove his loyalty to Cao Cao, but Xu Huang refuses to kill his former superior out of respect for him.

paragraph: In the novel, Xu Huang meets his end during the Xincheng Rebellion when he is struck by an arrow in the forehead fired by the rebel leader Meng Da. His men immediately take him back to camp, where the physician removes the arrow and tries to heal him, but Xu Huang eventually dies later that night. The novel states that he is 59 years old at the time of his death. This figure, however, is not supported by any evidence from historical records.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Xu Huang is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" strategy game series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five Elite Generals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Cao Wei general

wikidata_label: Xu Huang

wikipedia_title: Xu Huang


text: African-American

text: slave

text: P.T. Barnum

text: nursing mammy

text: George Washington

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: George Washington

text: P.T. Barnum

text: Niblo's Garden

text: Harriet Washington

text: Bethel, Connecticut

text: New York City

text: autopsy

text: Human zoo

text: Sarah Baartman

text: John Smith (Chippewa Indian)

categories: 1750s births,American people with disabilities,19th-century hoaxes,Place of birth unknown,Hoaxes in the United States,American slaves,Year of birth uncertain,1836 deaths,Longevity myths,Date of birth unknown,Blind people from the United States

paragraph: Joice Heth

paragraph: Joice Heth (c. 1756February 19, 1836) was an African-American slave who was exhibited by P.T. Barnum with the false claim that she was the 161-year-old nursing mammy of George Washington. Her public autopsy was an important event in American medical history.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Little is known of Heth's early years. In 1835, she was held as a slave by John S. Bowling and exhibited in Louisville, Kentucky. In June 1835, she was sold to promoters R.W. Lindsay and Coley Bartram. Lindsay introduced her as having been the childhood nurse of George Washington, but, lacking success, he sold her in her old age to P.T. Barnum. Posters advertising her shows in 1835 included the lines, "Joice Heth is unquestionably the most astonishing and interesting curiosity in the World! She was the slave of Augustine Washington, (the father of Gen. Washington) and was the first person who put clothes on the unconscious infant, who, in after days, led our heroic fathers on to glory, to victory, and freedom. To use her own language when speaking of the illustrious Father of this Country, 'she raised him'. Joice Heth was born in the year 1674, and has, consequently, now arrived at the astonishing age of 161 years".

paragraph: She was, toward the end of her life, blind and almost completely paralyzed (she could talk, and had some ability to move her right arm) when Barnum started to exhibit her on August 10, 1835, at Niblo's Garden in New York City. For skeptics that discounted the legitimacy of Heth's age, her body aided in the belief of her exaggerated age. Harriet Washington states that at the time of her display, Heth had a very small frame, deep wrinkles, was toothless, and had fingernails that resembled talons. Washington explains that Heth's toothless mouth was a result from Barnum forcefully extracting her teeth so that she would look older. As a 7-month traveling exhibit for Barnum, Heth told stories about "little George" and sang a hymn. Eric Lott claims that Heth earned the impresario $1,500 a week, a princely sum in that era. Barnum's career as a showman took off. Her case was discussed extensively in the press. As doubt had been expressed about her age, Barnum announced that upon her death she would be publicly autopsied. She died the next year. Barnum stated that Joice's remains were "buried respectably" in his home town of Bethel, Connecticut.

paragraph: Section::::Public autopsy.

paragraph: Joice Heth died in New York City on February 19, 1836, aged around 79. To gratify public interest, Barnum set up a public autopsy. Barnum engaged the service of a surgeon, Dr. David L. Rogers, who performed the autopsy on February 25, 1836, in front of fifteen hundred spectators in New York's City Saloon, with Barnum charging fifty cents admission. When Rogers declared the age claim a fraud, Barnum insisted that the autopsy victim was another person, and that Heth was alive, on a tour to Europe. Later, Barnum admitted the hoax.

paragraph: Section::::Impact on American medicine.

paragraph: Heth's autopsy is a very important event in American history and medicine, not because of any medical advances, but due to the impact it had on science and its perception of Black Americans. Heth's public autopsy was ordered by the way of Barnum in order to silence and discredit any skeptics and disbelievers. Heth was not the only person to be publicly displayed and exploited. There were many Black Americans that were a part of various circus shows and exhibited as "subhuman" creatures or freaks of nature. Heth's exploitation during her life and after, emphasized the American perception of black bodies being "distinctly alien".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Human zoo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Baartman

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Smith (Chippewa Indian), subject of another longevity hoax

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: , Edgewood Publishing, 1891; accessed December 3, 2007. The most detailed of these accounts, including information about Barnum's purchase of Heth, a detailed description of her appearance, how Barnum exhibited her, etc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of Joice Heth, the Nurse of Gen. George Washington, (the Father of Our Country)" New York: The Author, 1835.

description: African American slave turned sideshow performer

wikidata_label: Joice Heth

wikipedia_title: Joice Heth


text: Windsor, Ontario

text: The Tea Party

text: Sandwich Secondary School

text: Jeff Burrows

text: Stuart Chatwood

text: University of Windsor

text: perfect pitch

text: Daily Planet

text: Discovery Channel Canada

text: synesthesia

text: Cherry Beach Rehearsal Studios

text: debut album

text: EMI

text: Splendor Solis

text: open tunings

text: sitar

text: The Edges of Twilight

text: occult

text: pagan

text: Alhambra

text: Enhanced CD

text: Transmission

text: electronica

text: Triptych

text: Heaven Coming Down

text: Illuminations

text: Surround sound

text: The Interzone Mantras

text: Seven Circles

text: Exile and the Kingdom

text: Michael Lee

text: Scott Stapp

text: Live in Brisbane 2006

text: Live in Dublin

text: Live at the Enmore Theatre

text: Shock DVD

text: The Armada

text: The Sleepy Jackson

text: Jeff Martin 777

text: The Eternal

text: Under A New Sun

text: Roy Harper

text: The Green Man

text: dark rock

text: The Eternal

text: Lepers and Crooks

text: Harp guitar

text: Gibson J-50

text: Les Paul Classic 1960 reissues

text: Gibson EDS-1275

text: Gibson Explorer

text: Fender Stratocaster XII

text: twelve string guitar

text: Rickenbacker

text: Danelectro

text: Ellis Guitars

text: resonator guitar

text: Dunlop Cry Baby

text: analog delay unit

text: Echoplex

text: Matchless

text: DigiTech

text: TC Electronic

text: TC-Helicon

text: Fender

text: Matchless

text: The Tea Party

text: Capitol Records demo

text: Splendor Solis

text: The Edges of Twilight

text: Alhambra

text: Enhanced CD

text: Transmission

text: Triptych

text: Live at the Enmore Theatre

text: The Interzone Mantras

text: Seven Circles

text: The Ocean at the End

text: Soulbreaking

text: "Premonition"

text: Conjure One

text: Exile and the Kingdom

text: Live in Brisbane 2006

text: Live in Dublin

text: Live at the Enmore Theatre

text: Live at the Corner Hotel

text: The Armada

text: The Ground Cries Out

text: The Tea Party

text: Ellis Guitars

categories: Sarod players,Canadian rock guitarists,Canadian rock singers,Canadian male singers,Canadian songwriters,1969 births,Canadian record producers,Musicians from Windsor, Ontario,Canadian expatriates in Australia,Writers from Windsor, Ontario,Canadian male guitarists,Living people

paragraph: Jeff Martin (Canadian musician)

paragraph: Jeffrey Scott Martin (born October 2, 1969 in Windsor, Ontario) is a Canadian guitarist and singer-songwriter best known for fronting the rock band The Tea Party. Martin began his career as a solo artist in October 2005, when The Tea Party went on hiatus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Martin began playing guitar as a child and in his adolescence played in bands The Shadows, Modern Movement and The Stickmen. In 1988, Jeff graduated from Sandwich Secondary School along with future Tea Party bandmates Jeff Burrows and Stuart Chatwood. He went on to study music at the University of Windsor before leaving his studies prematurely due to philosophical differences with his music professor.

paragraph: Martin has perfect pitch, as highlighted on "The Science of a Rock Concert", an episode of "Daily Planet" on Discovery Channel Canada. He also has synesthesia, as heard during an Alternate Tunings Guitar Workshop for Maton Guitars.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional career.:The Tea Party (1990–2005) (2011– Present).

paragraph: Forming The Tea Party in 1990 after a marathon jam session at the Cherry Beach Rehearsal Studios in Toronto, Martin produced all of The Tea Party's albums, including their debut album in 1991, distributing it through the band's own label, Eternal Discs. In 1993 The Tea Party signed to EMI Music Canada and released their first major label recording entitled "Splendor Solis". Martin employed open tunings to imitate Indian instruments such as the sitar, something he has continued to employ throughout his career. Further developing The Tea Party's sound in 1995, "The Edges of Twilight" was recorded with an array of Indian and Middle-eastern instrumentation while Martin drew lyrical inspiration from occult themes and pagan influenced literature.

paragraph: Upon returning from tours in Canada, Europe and Australia in 1996, The Tea Party went on to record "Alhambra", an Enhanced CD which features acoustic re-recordings of songs from "The Edges of Twilight", followed by a brief tour around Canada known as "Alhambra acoustic and eclectic".

paragraph: "Transmission", filled with dark and angry music, was released in 1997; it included Martin's first foray into electronica. "Triptych" followed in 1999; the first single "Heaven Coming Down" rose to #1 on Canadian radio. Lyrically, Martin was less enigmatic than he was on previous albums: on "Triptych" he wrote about the experiences of his years in the band.

paragraph: In 1999 Martin performed as part of The White Ribbon Concert at the Phoenix Concert Theatre in Toronto. After releasing "", a singles compilation, in 2000 and "Illuminations", a DVD compilation of music videos which Martin remixed in Surround sound, The Tea Party released "The Interzone Mantras" in 2001 and "Seven Circles" in 2004. In October 2005, The Tea Party disbanded due to creative differences.

paragraph: The band members regrouped in 2011 for a series of shows in their native Canada. The success of these dates led to The Tea Party reforming.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional career.:Solo career (2005–2008).

paragraph: Martin's debut solo album titled "Exile and the Kingdom" was released in Canada and Australia in 2006. Among those who worked with Martin were Michael Lee and Ritesh Das (Toronto Tabla Ensemble). The first single, titled "The World is Calling", is an open letter to the Bush administration. During this time Martin was supposed to collaborate with Scott Stapp but it did not ensue. In November 2006, Martin released a live album recorded that September, titled "Live in Brisbane 2006". The two-disc album features Ritesh Das and the Toronto Tabla Ensemble, and consists of both solo and Tea Party songs. The album is a complete recording of a live performance full of Jeff's banter with bandmates and the audience, including his thoughts on the disbanding of The Tea Party and where he sees himself in life. In May 2007, Martin released his second live album "Live in Dublin" recorded with drummer Wayne P. Sheehy, while Martin's first solo music DVD Live at the Enmore Theatre was released through Shock DVD in July 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional career.:The Armada (2008–2010).

paragraph: In early 2008 Martin (lead vocals, guitars) and Sheehy (drums) formed The Armada. The band's debut album, which features a similar sound to the Tea Party, was released on November 4, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional career.:Jeff Martin 777 (2010–present).

paragraph: In 2010, Martin began work on new music with Jay Cortez and Malcolm Clark (formerly of The Sleepy Jackson) for a new album to be entitled "The Ground Cries Out" under the new bandname of Jeff Martin 777. On January 10, 2011, the title track from the album was released on Martin's Myspace page. "The Ground Cries Out" was released in Canada on March 1, 2011 and has subsequently been released in Australia. Following a Jeff Martin 777 Canadian tour, the band toured Australia from May 2011. During the tour Martin announced a reunion of The Tea Party for some Canadian shows in July and August. Following the success of those shows, The Tea Party announced the reunion was permanent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional career.:As a record producer.

paragraph: Martin was nominated as producer of the year at the 2000 Juno awards.

paragraph: Martin has produced albums for Hundred Mile House's EP, The Jay Murphy Band's "Propaganda", The Eternal's 'Under A New Sun' and Tenth Planet's "The Prophet Curse EP". He also played upon Roy Harper's "The Green Man". Martin recently produced the new album for Australian dark rock band The Eternal called 'Under A New Sun'. The album features a duet with singer Mark Kelson on the track 'The Sleeper'. Martin worked with emerging Australian band Lepers and Crooks to produce their debut album in 2016.

paragraph: Martin's most recent work as a producer was with Australian indie folk / rock duo Secret Solis. Jeff produced their debut EP, 'Deep Down' at River House Studios lending the band his instrumentation and voice as well. Martin plays all the heavy guitars, Hurdy Gurdy and synths including his Theramin.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Guitars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916 Gibson Harp guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 Gibson J-50 acoustic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson 12-string

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Les Paul Classic 1960 reissues

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson 1971 Les Paul Recording

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson EDS-1275

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson Explorer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Fender Telecaster Parsons White B-Bender

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fender Stratocaster XII twelve string guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rickenbacker 360/12 JetGlo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danelectro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellis Guitars 7 string resonator guitar

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Effects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop Cry Baby

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early 1970s Memory Man analog delay unit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reissue Small Stone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early 1960s Echoplex

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matchless line switcher (with valves)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DigiTech 2112 Effects processor unit

paragraph: BULLET::::- TC Electronic G-Natural

paragraph: BULLET::::- TC-Helicon VoiceWorksPlus

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Amps.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Fender 100 watt combo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Matchless Superchief 120 watt

paragraph: BULLET::::- No Name 1960's Tube 25 watt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chute CC-04

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urei 1176 leveling amp

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teleronix La-2A

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Tea Party.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tea Party" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Capitol Records demo" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Splendor Solis" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Edges of Twilight" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alhambra" (1996) (Enhanced CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transmission" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Triptych" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Enmore Theatre" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2000) (compilation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Interzone Mantras" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Circles" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ocean at the End" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leaning on Love" – B-side of "Soulbreaking" single (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guest vocals on bonus track version of "Premonition" by Conjure One

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exile and the Kingdom" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Brisbane 2006" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Dublin" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Enmore Theatre" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Corner Hotel" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Palace Volume 1: Sub Rosa" 93 Creative (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeff Martin: Live & Acoustic" 93 Creative (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Armada.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Armada" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Jeff Martin 777.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ground Cries Out" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeff martin Official website – www.jeffmartin.studio

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tea Party official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin's Ellis seven-string resonator guitar at the Ellis Guitars website

description: Canadian musician

wikidata_label: Jeff Martin

wikipedia_title: Jeff Martin (Canadian musician)


text:
Wimborne Minster
Ine
Wessex
Northumbria
Aldfrith
Cenred of Wessex
Anglo-Saxon England
Florence of Worcester
Hildelith
Barking Abbey
Aldhelm
Cwenburh
Wessex
Wimborne, Dorset
nunnery
Saint Boniface
Thomas Cromwell
feast day
House of Wessex family tree
Oxford Dictionary of Saints
Clarendon Press
Anglo-Saxon England
archive.org

categories: 8th-century English people,7th-century English women,English princesses,Place of birth unknown,English Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns,Female saints of medieval England,West Saxon saints,7th-century English people,Year of birth unknown,House of Wessex,8th-century English women,710s deaths,Burials at Wimborne Minster (church),7th-century Christian saints,Date of death unknown,8th-century Christian saints,Anglo-Saxon royal consorts

paragraph: Cuthburh

paragraph: Saint Cuthburh or Cuthburg (; died ) was the first Abbess of Wimborne Minster. She was the sister of Ine, King of Wessex and was married to the Northumbrian king Aldfrith.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cuthburh was the daughter of Cenred of Wessex. Her marriage to Aldfrith allied him with Ine, one of the most powerful kings in Anglo-Saxon England. Aldfrith had at least two sons, but whether Cuthburh was their mother is not recorded.

paragraph: According to a report by Florence of Worcester, written long afterwards, at some time before Aldfrith's death in 705 he and Cuthburh "renounced connubial intercourse for the love of God". Following this, Cuthburh entered Abbess Hildelith's nunnery at Barking Abbey. Cuthburh is traditionally associated with the "Cuthburh" mentioned in the dedication of Aldhelm's treatise "De virginitate". It is thought that she was in some way related to Aldhelm. After Aldfrith's death, around 705, Cuthburh and Cwenburh established a double-monastery in her brother's kingdom of Wessex, at Wimborne, Dorset.

paragraph: She is described as austere, and she communicated with prelates through a little hatch in the nunnery at Wimborne. Among Saint Boniface's surviving letters is an anonymous account of a vision of Abbess Cuthburh in Hell.

paragraph: In 1558, Wimborne Minster being in need of repair, the guardians of the church wrote Thomas Cromwell for permission to melt down the silver reliquary containing Cuthburh's head. As a few years later, the tower collapsed, it is surmised that the reliquary was confiscated to the King's use. It is not mentioned what then happened to her head.

paragraph: The feast day associated with her is 31 August.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Wessex family tree

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farmer, D. H. (1987). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, (pp. 96). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lapidge, Michael, "Cuthburg", in M. Lapidge et al., "The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England." (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayo, C.H. (1860). History of Wimborne Minster: The Collegiate Church of Saint Cuthberga and King's Free Chapel at Wimborne, (pp. 4–6). London: Bell and Daldy. archive.org

description: First abbess of Wimborne Minster

wikidata_label: Cuthburh

wikipedia_title: Cuthburh