text:
Dara Shukoh
Gwalior Fort
Aurangzeb
Dara Shukoh
Nadira Banu Begum
Mughal
Muhammad Parviz
Shah Jahan
Jahanara Begum
Roshanara Begum
Gauharara Begum
Shah Shuja
Aurangzeb
battle of Samugarh
Garhwal
Travernier
Tuzuk-i- Jahangiri
Niccolao Manucci
Garhwal
François Bernier
Raja Jai Singh
Ram Singh
Tibet
Kumaon
Kumaonis
Garhwal
Delhi
farman'
U.P.
Lucknow
Gwalior Fort
Murad
Amar Singh
Nagaur
Muhammad Akbar
Mughal emperor
Neku Siyar
Thatta
Awadh

categories: 1635 births,1662 deaths,Mughal princes,Timurid dynasty

paragraph: Sulaiman Shikoh

paragraph: Sulaiman Shikoh () was a Mughal prince and the eldest son of Crown prince Dara Shukoh. He was executed in May 1662 at Gwalior Fort on the orders of paternal uncle, Emperor Aurangzeb.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shazada Muhammad Sulaiman Shikoh Bahadur was born on 15 March 1635 to Prince Dara Shukoh and his first wife Shazadi Nadira Banu Begum. His mother was a Mughal princess and daughter of Shazada Muhammad Parviz (son of Jahangir) and Shazadi Iffat Jahan Begum. He was also the first grandchild of the then 43 year-old emperor, Shah Jahan. His paternal aunts included Jahanara Begum, Roshanara Begum and Gauharara Begum. His paternal uncles were Shah Shuja, Murad Bakhsh and Aurangzeb.

paragraph: He was called "Potay Miya" by his grandfather Shah Jahan. Sulaiman Shikoh had was siblings was Two Brothers and Four Sisters among his closed was Only Javeda un nissa.

paragraph: In 1642, his father Dara Shukoh became the heir apparent to the Mughal Throne.

paragraph: Section::::Refuge in Srinagar, Kingdom of Garhwal.

paragraph: After the defeat of Dara Shikoh at the battle of Samugarh on 29 May 1658, his son Suleiman Shikoh took refuge in Garhwal in 1659 A.D. Aurangzeb had spared the daughters and minor sons of his brothers, but as Dara Shikoh's heir, Sulaiman Shikoh was a threat.

paragraph: According to Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, "Suleiman Shikoh had sought refuge with the zamindar of Srinagar". Travernier has also referred to Suleiman Shikoh's escape to Garhwal, but he has mixed the two incidents in one, i.e. of 'Nak-kati-Rani' and of Suleiman Shikoh's taking refuge in Garhwal. He has stated:

paragraph: In the footnote, the translator V. Ball has mentioned that, "Sreenagar is the original Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir, and that the account is based upon hearsay". However, it is well known that Srinagar was the capital of the kingdom of Garhwal and it was founded by Raja Ajay Pal in 1358 A.D. In Tuzuk-i- Jahangiri, Srinagar has been referred to for the kingdom of Garhwal. Niccolao Manucci has also mentioned the name of Srinagar the capital, and the country of Srinagar, for the Garhwal kingdom. The translator's footnote that the incident is hearsay therefore cannot be accepted. According to Muntakhab- ul-Lubab, it is vividly evidenced that Suleiman Shikoh took refuge in Garhwal. The view is further supported by François Bernier, Manucci and Qanungo.

paragraph: Section::::Aurangzeb's attempts to extricate Sulaiman from Garhwal.

paragraph: Aurangzeb tasked Sulaiman Shikoh's former ally Raja Jai Singh to capture the prince. Aurangzeb sent repeated messages through Raja Jai Singh to Prithvi Pat Shah, Raja of Garhwal, to surrender the prince but his persuasion and threats were met with contempt. In the book 'Bernier's Voyage to the East Indies’ it is mentioned that:

paragraph: Manucci has also mentioned the defiant attitude of the Raja of Garhwal. The Raja wrote back to Raja Jai Singh that on no account he could harm his reputation by making over to Aurangzeb anyone who had sought his protection. He was however thankful for Raja Jai Singh's friendship, as for Aurangzeb he needed neither his promises nor his menaces. He further wrote that he might inform the Mughal that he had no respect for either his power or his victories and let him recall to mind the occasion when his father Shah Jahan sent an army to Garhwal and the survivors of that army had their noses chopped off. In the end he has commented, ""let him know that he who could cut off noses could equally cut off heads.""

paragraph: Aurangzeb then took recourse to ruse. Dr. Qanungo is of the view that when Jai Singh could not convince the king of Garhwal to surrender Suleiman Shikoh, he instigated a powerful Brahmin minister against him who tried to give him poison in the form of medicine. But the vigilant prince tested the adulterated medicine on a cat and was saved. When the king came to know about his minister's treachery he got him beheaded.

paragraph: Later Jai Singh inspired the Garhwali prince Medni Shah to emulate Aurangzeb and revolt against his father.

paragraph: Section::::Capture and aftermath.

paragraph: According to the sources of local history, the tradition goes that when Prithvi Pat Shah sentenced his minister to death, the other ministers, officials and all the members of the family became hostile to him. Thereafter, his son Medni Shah, on the advice of his ministers, revolted against his father and tried to seize power. Concomitantly, on Aurangzeb's orders, in late 1660 Jai Singh sent his son Ram Singh to Srinagar, Garhwal, to persuade the authorities to hand over Suleiman Shikoh to him, bearing the Emperor's dire threats. However, when Ram Singh met Prithvi Pat Shah, he refused to comply and told him that he will protect the Mughal prince as long as he lived.

paragraph: Then Ram Singh and Medni Shah, who were friends, tried to hatch a conspiracy against Shikoh. But before they could take any action against him he came to know about their motive and slipped away in the night with the intention of escaping to Tibet. Unfortunately he lost his way in the hills and was betrayed by the villagers. They informed Medni Shah about his whereabouts who got him arrested and handed him over to Ram Singh.

paragraph: Shikoh was surrendered to Aurangzeb somewhere around December 1660 A.D. because according to Dr. Qanungo he was brought before Aurangzeb on 5 January 1661. Bernier has mentioned that,

paragraph: Bernier has not detailed the circumstances in which Shikoh was surrendered and from his account it appears that Prithvi Pat Shah had to surrender to circumstances. But during the surrender it seems he was away from Srinagar, the capital of Garhwal. Bernier in his description has referred to the "hostile preparations of the neighbouring Rajahs," and Walton has mentioned that "during the reign of Pirthvi Shah the aggressions of the Kumaonis continued under the leadership of the then Raja Baz Bahadur who had already fought on the side of Khalel Ullah against the Garhwalis". It is possible that the neighbouring Raja of Kumaon must have launched an attack on the borders of Garhwal and during that period Prithvi Pat Shah had to move from Srinagar the capital to thwart the invasions of the Kumaonis.

paragraph: The penitence of Raja Prithvi Pat Shah about his son's treachery indicates his innocence as regards the surrender of Shikoh. Manucci has stated:

paragraph: Moreover, it seems that Medni Shah was banished from Garhwal owing to his misdeed of surrendering Shikoh. He had to leave Srinagar for Delhi on this issue where he died in 1662 A.D. His death in Delhi is corroborated by the ‘farman' which Aurangzeb sent to Prithvi Pat Shah in 1662 A.D. In the ‘farman' it is stated,

paragraph: This farman is preserved in the U.P. State Archives in Lucknow.

paragraph: On 5 January 1661, Shikoh was brought before Aurangzeb. Accounts say that Shikoh's entry into the court, in chains, made quite an impression. Many were moved to tears at the sight of the fallen prince. Apparently, even Aurangzeb softened and offered to spare Sulaiman. The prince stoically replied that if he was a lingering threat, he should be killed immediately; he also requested that he would not be left to rot in some prison. Perhaps miffed by the rebuff, Aurangzeb did not grant his wish.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On Aurangzeb's orders, Shikoh was imprisoned into a dungeon in Gwalior Fort. An opium-based poison was administered everyday so that the prince would descend into madness and infirmity. Many months passed, but Shikoh somehow did not deteriorate. In May 1662, after nearly eighteen months of imprisonment, Aurangzeb resolved to end the threat forever and ordered his men to strangle the prince. Suleiman Shikoh was thus executed. He was buried in the Traitor's Cemetery in Gwalior, where his uncle Murad was also buried.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sulaiman Shikoh was married several times. Among these was a marriage with Anup Kanwar, daughter of Amar Singh of Nagaur.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salima Banu Begum- married to Prince Muhammad Akbar. They were parents to the Mughal emperor Neku Siyar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter- married to Khwaja Bahauddin, son of Khwaja Parsa

paragraph: Section::::Positions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Governor of Thatta 1649-1651

paragraph: BULLET::::- Governor of Awadh 1655-1657

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander-in-Chief of Dara Shikoh's army 1641-1650

description: Mughal prince

wikidata_label: Sulaiman Shikoh

wikipedia_title: Sulaiman Shikoh


text: Paris

text: Gières

text: Isère

text: French

text: mountaineer

text: author

text: skiing

text: Grenoble

text: France

text: Grenoble

text: mountain

text: combined driving

text: Club alpin français

text: Dauphiné

text: Emmanuel Boileau de Castelnau

text: Meije

text: Pierre Gaspard

text: Kabylie

text: first ascent

text: Pic Gaspard

text: Barre des Écrins

text: arête

text: Pic Lory

text: Henri Cordier

text: Le Plaret

text: La Bérarde

text: snowshoe

text: Exposition Universelle

text: Norway

text: Sweden

text: Chamrousse

text: Finland

text: Sami people

text: Lans-en-Vercors

text: Autrans

text: Croix-Perrin

text: Croix de Belledonne

text: CAF

text: W. A. B. Coolidge

text: topography

text: Mont Pelvoux

text: Alpine troops

text: Bataillon Alpin de Chasseurs à Pieds

text: Vosges

text: Bonne, Haute-Savoie

text: Belledonne

text: Massif des Écrins

text: Pyramide Duhamel

text: Paris

text: Guide du Haut-Dauphiné

text: W. A. B. Coolidge

text: Grenoble

text: Supplément au Guide du Haut-Dauphiné

text: Hachette

text: London

text: Fisher Unwin

text: Winterthur

text: Au Pays des Alpins

categories: French non-fiction writers,French military personnel of World War I,People from Paris,French mountain climbers,1853 births,1917 deaths,French male skiers,Sportspeople from Isère

paragraph: Henry Duhamel

paragraph: Henry or Henri Duhamel (born 9 December 1853 in Paris, died 7 February 1917 in Gières (Isère)) was a French mountaineer, author and skiing pioneer. He introduced the practice of skiing to his circle of friends at Grenoble, leading to the creation of the first ski club in France.

paragraph: Section::::Bourgeois athlete.

paragraph: Henry Duhamel was born in Paris in 1853 and moved in 1873 to Gières, near Grenoble, due to health problems. There, the young Parisian bourgeois developed a taste for the mountains, the practice of hiking, climbing, running and combined driving and strove to become an accomplished athlete.

paragraph: In 1874, Duhamel founded the Isère or Grenoble section of the Club alpin français (French Alpine Club) and began to explore the peaks of Dauphiné. In 1875, in the company of Baron Emmanuel Boileau de Castelnau and the guide Alexandre Tournier, Duhamel tried to climb the western peak of the Meije without reaching the summit. A second attempt the following year by the south side led to the foot of a wall deemed impassable. Finally in 1877 Boileau de Castelnau and his guide Pierre Gaspard reached the top, taking the first path traced by Henry Duhamel. Henry Duhamel turned to other peaks, both in France and Kabylie, and established twenty-three new routes, including first ascents of eight virgin peaks. He climbed the Pic Gaspard (3883 m) in 1878 and the south face of the Barre des Écrins (the south arête of the Pic Lory, 4088 m) in 1880 with Pierre Gaspard and his son.

paragraph: When French mountain climber Henri Cordier was killed in an accident on the slopes of Le Plaret in June 1877, Duhamel took charge of returning Cordier's body to La Bérarde, where he photographed it.

paragraph: Section::::Ski pioneer.

paragraph: Henry Duhamel moved in all seasons in the mountains of Dauphiné, but the winter remained a problematic season. Horses and sleighs pulled by use of a coupling were limited when the snow reached dizzying heights. The athlete could not find a way to stay in shape with outdoor exercises. He considered snowshoes, but they were not suitable for hiking and he failed to find shoes manufactured with satisfactorily wide flanges.

paragraph: In 1878, looking for Canadian snowshoes, he visited the Exposition Universelle in Paris, where a Swedish representative showed him the long, narrow boards that his fellow Scandinavians used in winter. He bought the stand display of the unified kingdom of Norway and Sweden. They were snow skis, traditional wooden planks for sliding on snow. Duhamel purchased the skis without instructions on how to use them. Back in Gières, he researched skis in his extensive library, finding a reference to their use by Arctic explorers in a 1539 Swedish encyclopedia. Duhamel realized that the simple lace binding was complex. Due to his lack of mastery of the link with an adapted shoe, he was awkward and took several years to master skiing technique. In 1889, with the best bindings cobbled together by a craftsman, he managed one successful trial to Chamrousse, which ended with a final somersault. He then undertook a trip to Finland in 1890 and met members of the Sami people (or "Lapps") already familiar with the terrain and the use of skis. The tests were successful; skiing became an enjoyable exercise and a tourist pleasure in the fresh air. Duhamel imported fourteen pairs of skis, equipped with good bindings produced in Norway, and proceeded to distribute them to his friends over the years. In November 1895, some of his athlete friends, skiers sufficiently distinguished, decided to gather in a ski club in imitation of the British. The association saw its constitution officially recognized on 1 February 1896. Recreational skiing for the urban bourgeois was born in France.

paragraph: The first president of the Alpine Ski Club was the founder of the Rock Club, Ernest Thorant. Henry Duhamel declined the presidency because he did not reside in Grenoble. On 1 March 1896 the first joint meeting and celebration under the eye of Alpine journalists was held in the presence of a monitor officer of the Swedish army from Lans-en-Vercors to Autrans, with return by Croix-Perrin. The "Moniteur Dauphinois" published an extensive account on 7 March 1896. The Alpine press described the technique and the equipment at length.

paragraph: Historians have questioned Duhamel's remarks about his ski trials in 1878 because he only claimed to have conducted them in late 1908, when skiing reached its first peak of popularity. The first winter ascent of the Croix de Belledonne in snowshoes cannot be attributed to Henry Duhamel. Photographic evidence exists that the first such ascent was conducted by Maurice Allotte of la Fuye on 23 February 1890.

paragraph: As a supporter of the mountain sports world, Duhamel sought to share his passion with others by publishing numerous articles for the CAF, a "Guide du Haut-Dauphiné" in 1887 (in collaboration with W. A. B. Coolidge and Félix Perrin) which included a topography in color of the Mont Pelvoux massif, and a tribute to the Alpine troops, "Au Pays des Alpins", in 1899.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1914, Henry Duhamel was assigned to the 28th Bataillon Alpin de Chasseurs à Pieds as a territorial captain. He was responsible for organizing the training of ski companies going to the Vosges front. As a volunteer instructor officer, he performed his last military mission at the age of sixty-three. Duhamel died on 7 February 1917 as the result of a fall on a patch of ice two months earlier in the courtyard of the barracks of Bonne, Haute-Savoie.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Duhamel's library was dispersed at two sales in Lyon in 1921 and 1922. In honor of Duhamel, a street in Grenoble bears his name, as does the gap separating the Croix de Belledonne from the central peak of the Belledonne range, and one of the side peaks in the Massif des Écrins (the Pyramide Duhamel). Duhamel appears as a character in the novel "Le roman de Gaspard de la Meije" by Isabelle Scheibli.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tentatives d'Ascension au Pic Occidental de la Meije ou Aiguille du Midi de la Grave (Hautes-Alps)" (1876). Extract from the "Annuaire du Club Alpin Français" (1875). Paris: Typographie Georges Chamerot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guide du Haut-Dauphiné" (1887). With W. A. B. Coolidge and Félix Perrin. Grenoble: Alexandre Gratier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Supplément au Guide du Haut-Dauphiné" (1890). With W. A. B. Coolidge and Félix Perrin. Grenoble: Imprimerie Breynat et Cie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alpes Dauphinoises" (1890). Guides-Joanne. Paris: Hachette.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Central Alps of the Dauphiny" (1892). With W. A. B. Coolidge and Félix Perrin. London: Fisher Unwin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carte du Haut-Dauphiné" (1892). Winterthur: Würster et Randegger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire de la Blottière" (1892). Grenoble: Librairie X. Drevet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grenoble considéré comme centre d'excursions alpestres" (1893). Grenoble: F. Allier père et fils.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Description des vallées des grandes Alpes" (1894). Grenoble: X. Drevet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La topographie du Haut-Dauphiné" (1896). Grenoble: X. Drevet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Au Pays des Alpins" (1899). Grenoble: Falque et Perrin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voyage d'inspection de la frontière des Alpes en 1752 par le Marquis de Paulmy" (1902). Grenoble: Falque et Perrin.

description: French mountaineer and skier

wikidata_label: Henry Duhamel

wikipedia_title: Henry Duhamel


text: Master of the Ceremonies

text: James I of England

text: Midhurst

text: Bridgnorth

text: Gasparo Contarini

text: Shakespeare

text: Thomas Lewknor

text: John Gerard

text: Duke of Parma

text: Lord Burghley

text: Midhurst

text: Gentleman Pensioner

text: Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud

text: Othello

text: Master of the Ceremonies

text: Anne of Denmark

text: John Finet

text: Lord Chamberlain

text: William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke

text: Chester

text: Bridgnorth

text: Union with Scotland

text: Cashiering

text: Flemish

text: Sinon

text: Hernando de Acuña

text: Olivier de la Marche

text: Maurice Kyffin

text: John Harington (writer)

text: Edmund Spenser

text: Samuel Lewkenor

text: Gasparo Contarini

text: Edmund Spenser

text: Maurice Kyffin

text: John Astley (Master of the Revels)

text: Othello

text: Ben Jonson

text: Volpone

text: Antonio de Torquemada

text: Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset

text: Lord High Treasurer

text: William Cecil, Lord Burghley

text: Prince Henry

text: Thomas Coryat

text: Tower of London

text: Charles I

text: François de Bassompierre

text: John Finet

categories: People from Sussex,English MPs 1597–1598,English translators,Court of James VI and I,1627 deaths,Year of birth unknown,English MPs 1604–1611,English knights,People of the Stuart period,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Lewes Lewknor

paragraph: Sir Lewes Lewknor (c.1560–1627) was an English courtier, M.P., writer, soldier, and Judge who served as Master of the Ceremonies to King James I of England. M.P. for Midhurst in 1597 and for Bridgnorth 1604–10. His career has been described as a "tortuous trajectory rich in false starts, byways and rather nebulous interludes...[with] slippery religious and political allegiances".

paragraph: He was noted for his translations of courtly European literature. Particularly important was the translation of Gasparo Contarini's account of the Venetian republic, "The Commonwealth and Government of Venice", which influenced contemporary writers including Shakespeare.

paragraph: He was also the author of an original work, "The Estate of English Fugitives", a polemic attacking the Spanish and the machinations of Catholic clergy, while also defending the rights of English Catholics.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: He was the son of Thomas Lewknor of Tangmere and Selsey and his wife Bridget Lewes. He studied at Cambridge and the Middle Temple, working for a short time as a lawyer with his uncle, Richard. His uncle Edmund Lewknor was tutor to the Jesuit priest John Gerard.

paragraph: In the 1580s he was in the Low Countries, as an exile due to his Catholic sympathies. He attempted a career as a soldier, serving as a captain in the Duke of Parma's army, but suffered a disabling injury to his right arm. Lewkenor would later acknowledge the debt he owed to the General under whom he served, Jan Baptista del Monte, and his brother Camillo del Monte. In 1587 he was living in Antwerp with his wife, but returned to England after experiencing financial problems. He reported to Lord Burghley about the activities of English Catholics working for the Spanish. He became a member of parliament for Midhurst in 1597. Lewknor served as a Gentleman Pensioner in Ordinary from 1599 to 1603.

paragraph: He appears to have accepted the Church of England after his return from the continent, but he returned to Catholicism after the death of Queen Elizabeth.

paragraph: Section::::Master of the Ceremonies.

paragraph: Lewknor became an expert on ceremonial court protocol and as a Gentleman Pensioner, was required to host foreign ambassadors. In 1600 he looked after the French ambassador, travelling with him from Dover to London. In the same year he escorted the Moroccan ambassador Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud, suggested to be the inspiration for Shakespeare's Othello.

paragraph: After James I came to the throne in 1603, Lewknor's position was regularised. He was knighted in the same year and he was given the newly created post of Master of the Ceremonies, for which he received an annual salary of £200. The post was confirmed for his lifetime in 1605. From this point on Lewknor's life was taken up with his duties to attend foreign dignitaries. An account of his expenses in September 1615 records his reception of French, Polish, and Venetian ambassadors who Lewkenor brought to James, Anne of Denmark, and Prince Charles, and he took the French and Venetian ambassadors hunting. He was assisted by John Finet, who eventually succeeded him in the post. The Venetian ambassador Zuane Pesaro described the Lord Chamberlain, William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke as ‘a man of good intention,’ but one who was ‘influenced by being related to the Master of the Ceremonies.’

paragraph: At the summoning of James I's first Parliament Lewknor’s uncle, Richard (chief justice of Chester and a prominent member of the Council in the Marches) secured his return for Bridgnorth. In the first session of the Parliament Lewes made five speeches and Between 1604 and 1610 he sat on 37 committees. The King also selected him to be among those ordered to manage the ‘matter of estate foreign or matter of intercourse’ at the conference with the Lords of 28 April 1604 on the Union with Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Lewknor's publications were mostly translations of courtly and political works by continental European writers. He translated from French, Spanish and Italian and is credited with coining 'Cashiering' from the Flemish 'Kasserren'; ‘unnobly’; ‘well-expressed’; ‘unrefusable’ and ‘Sinonical‘. In 1594 Lewknor translated "The Resolved Gentleman", Hernando de Acuña's version of Olivier de la Marche's "le Chevalier délibéré". Lewknor's version of this chivalric allegory has recently been interpreted as "a subtle, perceptive but scathing criticism of the Elizabethan court in the 1590's". The work was prefaced with dedicatory poems by Maurice Kyffin, and Sir John Harington (writer). Lewkenor praised his university friend, Edmund Spenser, in his introduction, "the following ages among millions of other noble works penned in her praise, shall as much admire the writer, but far more the subject of The Faerie Queen, as ever former ages did Homer and his Achilles, or Virgil, and his Aeneas,"

paragraph: In 1595 "A Discourse of the Usage of the English Fugitives, by the Spaniard", was published, which became very popular having four reprintings in two years, expanded with the title "The Estate of English Fugitives under the king of Spaine and his ministers". The book gave a colourful account of the author's adventures as a soldier of fortune in the Netherlands; it attacked the Spanish and the Catholic clergy, addressing English Catholics with the assertion that "They make you and other Catholics believe that what practices and drifts so ever they take in hand, are all for the zeale of religion...and you silly foules think all they saie to bee Gospell, whereas – God Wot – religion is the least matter of a thousand they think upon." Published under the initials "L.L.", the work has been attributed to Lewknor. Despite the initials, it has also been sometimes incorrectly attributed to Lewes' brother Samuel Lewkenor, who had returned from Europe in 1594 and published an account of his travels. Historian Marco Nievergelt, however, says that Lewes is "generally accepted" as its author. In one paragraph Lewkenor expresses thanks to the general he served under in the Low Countries, Jan Baptista del Monte and his brother Camillo del Monte, and he repeats his gratitude in a similar paragraph in his next work "The Commonwealth and Government of Venice".

paragraph: His 1599 translation of Gasparo Contarini's "De Magistratibus et Republica Venetorum" (as "The Commonwealth and Government of Venice") demonstrates "the admiration Englishmen could express towards aristocratic republics". Lewknor described the republic as a combination of genius and divine favour: "as it were entertaining a league of intelligence with heavenly powers". Among the dedications are poems by Edmund Spenser, Maurice Kyffin, Sir John Astley (Master of the Revels) .The book influenced the portrayal of Venice in literature, notably in Shakespeare's plays, "Othello" especially, and Ben Jonson's "Volpone". The book also included material adapted from other sources, including passages from Donato Gianotti's "Libro de la Republica di Venetiana", providing additional historical information, and content from books giving details of local geography and customs.

paragraph: "The Spanish Mandevile of Miracles, or, The Garden of Curious Flowers", apparently a work written in his youth, was published in 1600. It is a translation of Antonio de Torquemada's, "Le Jardin Flores Curiosas". The book was published by Ferdinando Walker in 1600 and dedicated to Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset who had been made Lord High Treasurer after the death of William Cecil, Lord Burghley in 1598. Walker states in his introduction "and keeping it by him many years, as judging it utterly unworthy of his own name, did lately bestow the same upon me, with express charge howsoever I should dispose thereof, to conceal all mention of him: wherein I should have done both him and my self too much wrong in obeying him."

paragraph: Lewknor was one of Prince Henry's circle and contributed "", a humorous panegyric verse, to the preface of Thomas Coryat's "Coryat's Crudities: Hastily gobled up in Five Moneth’s Travels" published in 1611.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sometime before 1588, while in the Spanish Netherlands, Lewknor married Beatrice de Rota. The couple had two sons, William, and Thomas (1587–1645) as well as a daughter, Beatrice. William was named in the Selsey lease of 1597 and in 1606 he was in Angers consorting with the Jesuits. His wife, Beatrice de Rota, died from smallpox in March 1605 and Lewes quickly married Katherine Argall (née Bocking), the widow of his cousin Sir Thomas Argall, but Katherine also died from the smallpox within six months of the marriage. He finally married Mary Blount, daughter of Sir Richard Blount of Dedisham and in 1624 the couple were 'justly suspected to be popish recusants'.

paragraph: In May 1624 Lewknor spent sometime incarcerated in the Tower of London for ordering a ship for the Spanish ambassador without authorisation.

paragraph: Following the funeral of James I, Lewknor was accused by the Venetian ambassador, Zuane Pesaro of deliberately excluding him from the funeral. Lewkenor pleaded ill health but he still spent some time in the Marshalsea and was suspended from his office. He suffered seven months of house arrest until the Venetian relented and he was restored to his post. Lewknor and his wife were twice more accused of being recusants at the Middlesex sessions.

paragraph: Lewknor's last official engagement was on Sunday 29 November 1626, when Charles I dispatched him to attend François de Bassompierre: "Lucnar came to bring me a very rich present from the king, of four diamonds set in a lozenge, and a great stone at the end; and the same evening sent again to fetch me to hear an excellent English play".

paragraph: Lewes Lewknor died on 11 March 1627 and his post of Master of the Ceremonies reverted to his assistant John Finet.

paragraph: Lewknor's son Thomas survived him, but having become a Jesuit priest he died childless in 1645.

alias:
Sir Lewes Lewknor
Lewis Lewknor

description: English courtier, writer and soldier

wikidata_label: Lewes Lewknor

wikipedia_title: Lewes Lewknor


text:
Ghent
Veurne
Atheneum
Gentse Rijksuniversiteit
Karel Miry
Ghent Conservatory
Antwerp
Mons
Ghent
Biography in Dutch
Free scores
Mutopia Project
Free scores
Werner Icking Music Archive

categories: Belgian classical composers,Belgian opera composers,Belgian lawyers,Belgian male classical composers,1843 births,1910 deaths,Male opera composers

paragraph: Florimond Van Duyse

paragraph: Florimond Van Duyse (4 August 1843 – 18 May 1910) was a Belgian lawyer, composer and musicologist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Ghent and went to school at Veurne, and to high school at the Atheneum in Ghent. Then he studied Law at the Gentse Rijksuniversiteit, graduating as Doctor of Law in 1867. At the same time he studied Music, with Karel Miry at the Ghent Conservatory, winning First Prize in Harmony (1859) and Counterpoint (1862).

paragraph: In 1869 he became a counsel at the Court of Appeals in Ghent, and from 1876 on he was a Prosecutor at the Military Court for Antwerp, Mons and Ghent. Here he fought for the use of the Dutch language in court proceedings, and finally made the first plea in Dutch at the Military Court in 1888.

paragraph: He collected Dutch, Flemish and Walloon folk songs and published several volumes of them:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het eenstemmig Fransch en Nederlandsch wereldlijk lied in de Belgische gewesten" (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De melodie van het Nederlandsche lied en hare rytmische vormen" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het oude Nederlandsche lied" (1903–1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het Nederlandsch liederboek" (for the Willemsfonds)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dit is een suverlick boecksken" (for the Davidsfonds)

paragraph: Van Duyse died at Ghent in 1910.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teniers te Grimbergen" (opera, libretto by Prudens van Duyse, his father, premiered at Ghent in 1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rosalinde" (opera, libretto by Karel Versnaeyen, premiered at Antwerp in 1864)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography in Dutch at www.vi-host.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Free scores at the Mutopia Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Free scores at the Werner Icking Music Archive

description: composer, musicologist

wikidata_label: Florimond Van Duyse

wikipedia_title: Florimond Van Duyse


text:
Griviţa
commune
Tutova County
Galați County
Moldavia
Romania
Bucharest
primary school
Iaşi
Take, Ianke şi Cadîr
Bârlad
Ciuta
Muşcata din fereastră
Take, Ianke şi Cadîr
Răzbunarea sufleurului

categories: 1946 deaths,Romanian dramatists and playwrights,1895 births

paragraph: Victor Ion Popa

paragraph: Victor Ion Popa (; July 29, 1895 in Călmăţui, a village in the Griviţa commune, in the former Tutova County (Griviţa is now in Galați County), in Moldavia, Romania – March 30, 1946 in Bucharest) was a Romanian dramatist.

paragraph: He went to primary school in the village of Călmăţui where his father was a teacher. At Iaşi he finished his first five years of junior high/high school (Costache Negruzzi) and his last two years of high school at the National high school of Iaşi, graduating in 1914. He enrolled in the Iaşi Conservatory and for a time in the Law faculty.

paragraph: One of his most famous plays is "Take, Ianke şi Cadîr" (1933), about a Romanian, a Romanian Jew, and a Turk, respectively. The play was set in Podeni, one of the neighborhoods of Bârlad.

paragraph: Plays:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ciuta", 1922

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muşcata din fereastră", 1928

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Take, Ianke şi Cadîr", 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acord familiar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuiul lui Pepelea"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Răzbunarea sufleurului"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Răspântia cea mare"

paragraph: Teatrul Victor Ion Popa (the Victor Ion Popa Theatre) in Bârlad was dedicated in his honor.

description: Romanian dramatist

wikidata_label: Victor Ion Popa

wikipedia_title: Victor Ion Popa


text:
Italian
Saint Paul de Vence
Lugano
Helvetic Institute
Consulate General of Italy

categories: Italian painters,Italian sculptors,1979 births

paragraph: Cesare Catania

paragraph: Cesare Catania is an Italian artist, painter and sculptor. He is sometimes known as the "Modern Leonardo Da Vinci". He is mostly known for his work ""The Heart of the Earth - B Version"" shown during the Biennal art of Saint Paul de Vence 2018 period and ""The Heart of the Earth - A Version"" created in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Catania presented one of his sculptures created with silicone and acrylic at the Radisson Hotel's rooftop gala dinner and in Grimaldi Forum in Montecarlo during the Rolex Master Cup 2018.

paragraph: In the 2017 his artworks made with waste and scrap were exhibited in the “La Fabbrica del Vapore” Contemporary Art Museum of Milan.

paragraph: In the 2016 art exhibitions were held in Louvre (Paris), Vatican and in Lugano (CH) during an international event supported by the President of the Italian Republic , by the Foreign Ministry and by Italian Embassy.

paragraph: His artwork "The Embrace – B Version", a tapestry, oil on canvas, was entirely done with a spatula. The embrace is understood by the author in the strict sense between a man and a woman, in an enlarged sense between people of two different colors. The themes of anti-Semitism and racism are reconciled for Cesare Catania in a hug.

paragraph: He also participated in 7th Biennale of International Art in Montecarlo in 2016. His work ""L'abbraccio"", a tapestry, oil on canvas, entirely made with a spatula was presented at the occasion of the "Italian Language Week in the world" held in Lugano, at the Helvetic Institute. The event was sponsored by the Consulate General of Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: In 2017, Catania published his first art book called "Genesis: the Idea of Contemporary Art for Cesare Catania" ()

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Other notable works of art includes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Metaphysical Composition" (2016),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artistic Composition" (2016),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dynamics of the Movement" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vanity" (2014),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flamingos in the Mirror" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "144 : Jazz Trio" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nice (tribute to Matisse and Chagall)" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summer Readings (tribute to Pierluigi Nervi)" (2016).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tear" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Embrace – B Version” (2016) -

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Mouth of Etna – E Version” (2018) – the first artwork studied for colourblind people -

paragraph: BULLET::::- “ReArt” ( 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Gospel” (2016) – biennal art exposition of Monaco Montecarlo -

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Man who does not see” (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Aleftina and her dolls” (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Woman on the Sofa” (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Selfportrait” (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Trois Hommes” (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Harlequin in the Land of Giants” (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Summer Readings” (2016)

description: Italian artist, painter and sculptor.

wikidata_label: Cesare Catania

wikipedia_title: Cesare Catania


text:
Urdu
Strings
Coke Studio - Pakistan
season 7
season 10
Karachi
Pakistan
hobbyist
ACCA
Ayesha Omer
Bilal Maqsood
Berklee College of Music
Mike Portnoy
Dream Theater
Dennis Chambers
Steve Smith
Journey
Vater Percussion
Mapex Drums
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9
Season 10

wikipedia_title: Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

categories: Musicians from Karachi,Strings (band) members,People from Karachi,Pakistani drummers,Artists from Karachi,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Aahad Nayani

paragraph: Aahad Nayani (Urdu: احد نایانی) is a Pakistani musician. He is known as one of the best drummers for the Pakistani pop rock band Strings and also appearing in Coke Studio - Pakistan from season 7 to season 10.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nayani was born in Karachi, Pakistan. His father Wahid Ali Nayani, a hobbyist use to play drums at his house which ignited a passion in his son to be a drummer. Nayani learned drumming from his father. Nayani’s first drum kit was a second-hand Yamaha 1974 series, which he got at the age of 15.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Nayani played many underground gigs pre-2010, it was when situation in country got worst due to increasing terrorism and music scene went into decline with many other band members from different bands moving out to foreign countries. With decline in music scene in the country, Nayani opted for ACCA, it was when Nayani was invited to studio for recording drums for an album for Ayesha Omer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Strings.

paragraph: Nayani took part in a show "Azm-i-Alishan", judged by Strings, on the fifth day of the show, Bilal Maqsood, lead-guitarist and vocalist of Strings asked Nayani to play with them on a session.

paragraph: Since joining Strings in 2010, Nayani has been extensively touring with them, and fulfilling his dream of playing at Berklee College of Music.

paragraph: Strings upcoming album "30" will be Nayani’s first studio album.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Nayani had a passion for drums since a very young age, as he was inspired by Mike Portnoy of Dream Theater, Dennis Chambers and Steve Smith of Journey. Nayani is the first Pakistani drummer to become brand ambassador for Vater Percussion and Mapex Drums.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Coke Studio - Pakistan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Season 7" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Season 8" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Season 9" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Season 10" (2017)

wikidata_label: Aahad Nayani

wikipedia_title: Aahad Nayani


text:
Old Norse
Varangian
Kievan Rus'
Primary Chronicle
Rurik
Kievan Rus'
Chuds
Merians
Krivichians
Smolensk
Constantinople
Greek fire
Constantine VII
Rus'
Caspian Sea
Caspian expeditions of the Rus'
Drevlians
Leo the Deacon
Olga of Kiev
poliudie
Constantin Zuckerman
List of Ukrainian rulers
List of Russian rulers

wikipedia_title:
Old Norse
Varangians
Kievan Rus'
Primary Chronicle
Rurik
Kievan Rus'
Chud
Volga Finns
Krivichs
Smolensk
Constantinople
Greek fire
Constantine VII
Rus' people
Caspian Sea
Caspian expeditions of the Rus'
Drevlians
Leo the Deacon
Olga of Kiev
Poliudie
Constantin Zuckerman
List of Ukrainian rulers
List of Russian monarchs

categories: Varangians,9th-century births,Rulers of Kievan Rus',Rurik dynasty,945 deaths,Germanic pagans,Rurikids,10th-century princes in Kievan Rus'

paragraph: Igor of Kiev

paragraph: Igor I (Old East Slavic: , "Igor"; Old Norse: "") was a Varangian ruler of Kievan Rus' from 912 to 945.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Information about Igor comes mostly from the "Primary Chronicle". This document has Igor as the son of Rurik, the first ruler of Kievan Rus':

paragraph: 6378–6387 (870–879). On his deathbed, Rurik bequeathed his realm to Oleg, who belonged to his kin, and entrusted to Oleg's hands his son Igor', for he was very young.br

paragraph: 6388–6390 (880–882). Oleg set forth, taking with him many warriors from among the Varangians, the Chuds, the Slavs, the Merians and all the Krivichians. He thus arrived with his Krivichians before Smolensk, captured the city, and set up a garrison there. Thence he went on and captured Lyubech, where he also set up a garrison. He then came to the hills of Kiev, and saw how Askold and Dir reigned there. He hid his warriors in the boats, left some others behind, and went forward himself bearing the child Igor'. He thus came to the foot of the Hungarian hill, and after concealing his troops, he sent messengers to Askold and Dir, representing himself as a stranger on his way to Greece on an errand for Oleg and for Igor', the prince's son, and requesting that they should come forth to greet them as members of their race. Askold and Dir straightway came forth. Then all the soldiery jumped out of the boats, and Oleg said to Askold and Dir, "You are not princes nor even of princely stock, but I am of princely birth." Igor' was then brought forward, and Oleg announced that he was the son of Rurik. They killed Askold and Dir, and after carrying them to the hill, they buried them there, on the hill now known as Hungarian, where the castle of Ol'ma now stands.

paragraph: Igor' twice besieged Constantinople, in 941 and 944, and although Greek fire destroyed part of his fleet, he concluded with the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII a favourable treaty (945), the text of which the chronicle has preserved. In 913 and 944 the Rus' plundered the Arabs in the Caspian Sea during the Caspian expeditions of the Rus', but it remains unclear whether Igor had anything to do with these campaigns.

paragraph: Igor was killed while collecting tribute from the Drevlians in 945. The Byzantine historian and chronicler, Leo the Deacon (born ca 950), describes how Igor met his death: "They had bent down two birch trees to the prince's feet and tied them to his legs; then they let the trees straighten again, thus tearing the prince's body apart." Igor's wife, Olga of Kiev, avenged his death by punishing the Drevlians. The "Primary Chronicle" blames his death on his own excessive greed, indicating that he tried to collect tribute for a second time in a month. As a result, Olga changed the system of tribute gathering ("poliudie") in what may be regarded as the first legal reform recorded in Eastern Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Drastically revising the chronology of the "Primary Chronicle", Constantin Zuckerman argues that Igor actually reigned for three years, between summer 941 and his death in early 945. He explains the epic 33-year span of his reign in the chronicle to be the result of its author's faulty interpretation of Byzantine sources. Indeed, none of Igor's activities are recorded in the chronicle before 941.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ukrainian rulers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Russian rulers

description: Russian prince

wikidata_label: Igor of Kiev

wikipedia_title: Igor of Kiev


text:
Kniaz'
Turov
Turov
Velykyi Kniaz
Grand Prince of Kiev
Sviatoslav I
Bulgaria
Yaropolk I
Rus
Vladimir
his parentage has been questioned
Polish
Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland
Reinbern
Bishop
Kołobrzeg
Vyshgorod
Kiev
Boris, Gleb
druzhina
boyar
Varangians
Yaroslav
Novgorod
Varangian
Lubech
Dnieper river
Poland
Rus'
with the help from his father-in-law
Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland
remained in Rus' for several months
Cherven towns
posadnik
Konstantin Dobrynich
steppe
Pecheneg
Alta River
Valuk Conqueror
Norse saga
Eymund's saga
Yngvars saga víðförla
Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland
Thietmar of Merseburg
Henry II
List of Russian rulers
List of Ukrainian rulers

categories: Grand Princes of Kiev,980s births,1019 deaths,Rurik dynasty,Princes of Turov,Rurikids

paragraph: Sviatopolk I of Kiev

paragraph: Sviatopolk I Vladimirovich ("Sviatopolk the Accursed", the "Accursed Prince", ; c. 980 – 1019) was the Kniaz' (Turov) of Turov (988–1015) and Velykyi Kniaz or Grand Prince of Kiev (1015–1019) whose paternity and guilt in the murder of brothers are disputed.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sviatopolk's mother was a Greek nun captured by Sviatoslav I in Bulgaria and married to his lawful heir Yaropolk I, who became Prince of Rus in 972. In 980, Yaropolk's brother Vladimir had him murdered, and the new sovereign married his predecessor's wife, who gave birth to a child. Thus, Sviatopolk may have been the eldest of Vladimir's sons, although his parentage has been questioned.

paragraph: When Sviatopolk was eight years old, Vladimir put him in charge of Turov and later arranged his marriage with the daughter of the Polish duke Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland. The young princess came to Turov together with Reinbern, the Bishop of Kolberg (now Kołobrzeg). Dissatisfied with Vladimir and encouraged by his own wife and Reinbern, Sviatopolk began preparations for war against Vladimir, probably counting on support from his father-in-law. Vladimir soon discovered Sviatopolk's intentions, however, and threw him, his wife and Reinbern in prison. Reinbern died in prison.

paragraph: Section::::Biography according to domestic sources.

paragraph: Not long before Vladimir's death, Sviatopolk was freed from prison and sent to govern the town of Vyshgorod several miles from Kiev. In 1015, Sviatopolk's retinue concealed Vladimir's death from him to prevent him from claiming the Kievan throne. When Sviatopolk learned of Vladimir's demise, he seized power in Kiev almost immediately.

paragraph: The citizens of Kiev did not show much sympathy for Sviatopolk and, therefore, he decided to distribute presents in order to win them over. Then, he decided to rid himself of three of Vladimir's sons, Boris, Gleb, and Sviatoslav, whose claims for the Kievan throne threatened his power. Boris presented most danger to him because he had been in charge of Vladimir's druzhina (personal guards) and army, and enjoyed the support of the citizens. He sent the boyars of Vyshgorod to execute Boris. Boris and his manservant were stabbed to death when sleeping in a tent. The prince was discovered still breathing when his body was being transported in a bag to Kiev, but the Varangians put him out of his misery with the thrust of a lance.

paragraph: Sviatopolk's cold-blooded reprisal earned him the nickname of the Accursed. The news of this triple murder reached another son of Vladimir, Yaroslav, Prince of Novgorod, who decided to go to war against Sviatopolk with the support from the citizens of Novgorod and the Varangians. The battle took place in 1016 not far from Lubech, near Dnieper river. Sviatopolk was defeated and fled to Poland.

paragraph: In 1018, he returned to Rus', defeated Yaroslav with the help from his father-in-law and seized Kiev. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland and his army remained in Rus' for several months, but later left for Poland. On his way to Poland, Bolesław seized some of the Cherven towns.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the posadnik Konstantin Dobrynich and other citizens of Novgorod persuaded Yaroslav to go to war against Kiev once again. Sviatopolk was defeated and fled to the steppes. Soon he returned with the Pecheneg army and attacked Yaroslav on the Alta River, but was once again defeated and fled to Poland, eventually dying on his way there. Sviatopolk's death could have been procured by a descendant of Valuk Conqueror (Wallux dux Winedorum) who in 1018 helped him and his father-in-law Bolesław I in expedition against Yaroslav.

paragraph: Section::::Biography according to foreign sources.

paragraph: During the last century, the traditional account of Svyatopolk's career has been somewhat modified. It has been argued that it was Boris who succeeded Vladimir in Kiev, while Svyatopolk was still in prison. One Norse saga called "Eymund's saga" (a part of "Yngvars saga víðförla"), with remarkable details, puts on Yaroslav the blame of his brother Burizlaf's murder. This Burizlaf, however, may be Svyatopolk (whose troops were commanded by the Polish king Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland; the latter name is also rendered as Burizlaf in some sagas) as well as Boris. Therefore, it has been suggested that Svyatopolk ascended the throne after Boris's assassination and tried to fend off Yaroslav's attacks as well as to punish his agents guilty of Boris's murder.

paragraph: The chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, who died in 1018, could have been regarded as the only contemporary and unbiased account of events, if it were not for the fact that Thietmar's data could have been supplied by Svyatopolk himself during his brief exile at the Polish court. Unfortunately it can be interpreted ambiguously as far as the question of Svyatopolk's guilt is concerned. One place in his chronicle can be understood (although this is not necessary) as telling that Svyatopolk escaped from Kiev to Poland "immediately" after his father's death. But Thietmar states that Boleslaus I of Poland firstly supported his son-in-law against Yaroslav in 1017, which is the date, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle, of Svyatopolk's first defeat by Yaroslav. Preparing a campaign against Kiev, Boleslaus abruptly stopped a successful war against the German Emperor Henry II. So, it is unlikely that Svyatopolk had been present at his court since 1015, which is often supposed by the historians that consider Yaroslav guilty of Boris and Gleb's murders.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Russian rulers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ukrainian rulers

description: Grand Prince of Rus'

wikidata_label: Sviatopolk I of Kiev

wikipedia_title: Sviatopolk I of Kiev


text:
Puerto Rican
studio albums
live albums
Ponce, Puerto Rico
Alfred D. Herger
salsa
Frankie Sabath
Telemundo
Puerto Rico
Paquito Cordero
Miss
Puerto Rico
Teenage
pageant
Al Fin...Ednita
Liza Minnelli
Tommy Dorsey
Charles Aznavour
Morey Amsterdam
Oscar-winning
José Ferrer
Caribbean
Lake Tahoe
Las Vegas
Hyatt Hotel
Monaco
Monte Carlo
eight edition
OTI Festival
1980
Laureano Brizuela
Argentine
Rafael José
duet
telenovela
Coralito:Mi Pequeño Amor
record deal
Latin-America
Fuerza De Gravedad
Air Supply
Russell Hitchcock
Lo Que Son Las Cosas
Eros Ramazzotti
Metamorfosis
Roberto Clemente Coliseum
album
Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center
Yolandita Monge
Pasiones
Espíritu Libre
Hiram Bithorn Stadium
Paul Simon
Broadway
Rubén Blades
Marc Anthony
Corazón
Dräco Rosa
Billboard
record deal
Sony Music
Sin Límite
Tommy Torres
Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center
acoustic
Acústico I
II
Beto Cuevas
La Ley
Tommy Torres
Por Tí
Ricky Martin
Luis Fonsi
Apasionada
Sin Bandera
Luis Fonsi
Real
La 5ª Estación
Sonique
La 5ª Estación
Soy
Tommy Torres
Claudia Brant
Sin Querer
Sin Querer
ASCAP
NARAS
Al Fin...Ednita
Me Está Gustando
Nueva Navidad
Vete Vete...
Mujer Sola
Retrato De Mujer
Ednita
Al Rojo Vivo
Tú Sin Mí
Fuerza De Gravedad
Lo Que Son Las Cosas
Metamorfosis
Live
Pasiones
Espíritu Libre
Corazón
Sin Límite
Acústico
Acústico Vol. II
Por Tí
Apasionada
Real
Real... En Vivo
Soy
Desnuda
El Corazón Decide
Una Vida
Compilations
Tour
Real... En Vivo
Soy... El Concierto
Desnuda El Concierto
Ednita Nazario... Live
Acústico
Apasionada Live
Real... En Vivo
List of Puerto Rican songwriters
List of Puerto Ricans

categories: Puerto Rican pop singers,1955 births,Latin music songwriters,Living people,Sony Music Latin artists,Latin pop singers,20th-century Puerto Rican musicians,20th-century women musicians,Singers from Ponce,Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners,Puerto Rican female musicians,Puerto Rican female singers,21st-century Puerto Rican musicians

paragraph: Ednita Nazario

paragraph: Edna María Nazario Figueroa (born April 11, 1955) is a Puerto Rican musician, singer, songwriter and actress who has achieved stardom both at home and abroad. She has been in the music business from a young age, and has released twenty-three (23) studio albums and five (5) live albums throughout her career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood sensation.

paragraph: Nazario was born on April 11, 1955 in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to Domingo Nazario and Gudelia Figueroa. She has two older brothers (Tito and Alberto) and a younger brother (Frank, a.k.a. Pancho). Ednita showed inclinations to music even when small. A family anecdote tells that when she was 2 and shopping with her mother, she wandered away, and her mother found her singing on top of boxes to an enthusiastic crowd of laughing, clapping shoppers.

paragraph: When she was six, she attended a baseball game in Ponce with her brothers. While she was playing with her brother's glove, the batter hit the ball toward her. She held the glove up for protection, and the ball landed squarely in it. The crowd went wild, including Alfred D. Herger, one of Puerto Rico's top record producers, who was seated near the family. When he asked her if she wanted to be a baseball player, she replied ""No, I'm going to be a singer."" He asked her to sing something for him, and she responded with an impressive rendition of a local salsa hit that left both the producer and the applauding crowd astonished. Two months later, Herger visited the Nazario household with a recording contract. After initial reluctance, the family signed the contract.

paragraph: At 6, Ednita recorded her first song: "Mi Amor Lolipop," a Spanish version of ""My Boy Lollipop"". In 1966, at age 11, Nazario made her radio debut.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Teen success.

paragraph: After some presentations, Nazario started alongside singer and photographer "José Manuel", and Frankie Sabath, in a band which Tony Morales created, called "The Kids From Ponce". The group played at several hotels and television networks, and achieved local success, appearing on various TV shows. However, the group disbanded and they became soloists. Nazario, then 17, was offered her own prime-time TV variety show: "El Show de Ednita", broadcast by Telemundo Puerto Rico, and produced by Paquito Cordero. During this time she also won the "Miss Puerto Rico Teenage pageant".

paragraph: At age 18 in 1973, Nazario released her first album called "Al Fin...Ednita". The album spawned a number 1 Hit: "Te Quiero y No Me Importa" (I Love You And I Don't Care), and also brought her award as "New Artist of the Year". With her TV show, Nazario became Puerto Rico's hottest idol. The show was also syndicated to other Latin-American countries. Among the international stars that she hosted were: Liza Minnelli, Tommy Dorsey, Charles Aznavour, Morey Amsterdam and Oscar-winning Puerto Rican actor José Ferrer. Ferrer was so charmed by Nazario's presence that he designed a nightclub act for both of them.

paragraph: Ferrer was surprised at the reception of Nazario's show. They were booked at several hotels in the Caribbean, Lake Tahoe, Las Vegas and New York. They appeared at the Hyatt Hotel in Canada, and she was invited by Monaco's Royal Family to perform at the famous casino of Monte Carlo three times.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rising star.

paragraph: In the late 1970s Nazario participated in the eight edition of the "OTI Festival" as a singer with the song "Cadenas de Fuego" (Fire chains) getting a more than respectable fifth place with 21 points, and in 1980 as a songwriter with the song: "Contigo, Mujer" (With you, Woman), co-written by her husband at the time, Laureano Brizuela, an Argentine singer and songwriter. The latter song, performed by Rafael José, won top prize of the festival scoring 36 points. She also gained notoriety for her performance in a duet with Brizuela, of the theme song of the successful Puerto Rican telenovela, "Coralito:Mi Pequeño Amor" (Coralito:My Little Love), which Brizuela had written.

paragraph: During this time Nazario signed subsequent record deals, first with local label "Borinquen", then "Ariola", and finally "Padosa". During this time, she matured her style to one that was more pop/rock oriented. She also cemented her place as a touring force in Latin-America.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In the 1990s.

paragraph: In 1989 Nazario released "Fuerza De Gravedad" (Force of Gravity). Perhaps helped by her recent marriage and motherhood, the album showed more focused lyrics and a more mature singer. The album included a duet with Air Supply singer Russell Hitchcock. Her following album "Lo Que Son Las Cosas" (What A Way For Things To Be) in 1991 included a Spanish version of a song made famous by Italian singer Eros Ramazzotti. The album also contained other compositions from her Argentinian ex-husband Luis Angel.

paragraph: After her breakup from her husband, Nazario refocused her career and released "Metamorfosis" in 1992, following it with presentations in some of the most prestigious halls of the island. In 1993 she sold out a concert at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum which was released as an album the following year. After another album, she starred an impressive run of 13 shows at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center of San Juan, following Yolandita Monge's record of 12 consecutive shows.

paragraph: In 1994 she released one of her most acclaimed albums to date: "Pasiones" (Passions).

paragraph: In 1996 she released "Espíritu Libre" (Free Spirit), which went triple platinum soon after being released. On the heels of it, she sold out the Hiram Bithorn Stadium on a show that was broadcast via Internet.

paragraph: In 1998 she was cast for the lead role in Paul Simon's Broadway musical, "The Capeman", sharing the stage with Rubén Blades and Marc Anthony. She won the Theatre World Award for her performance as "Esmeralda Agrón". She was nominated for a 1998 Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical.

paragraph: In 1999 Nazario resurged in music, with "Corazón" (Sweetheart). The album, produced and directed by Dräco Rosa, went platinum in just a week. The album also got her several awards and two Billboard nominations. In 2001, after signing a new record deal with Sony Music, she released "Sin Límite" (Limitless), which featured fellow singer and songwriter Tommy Torres as producer.

paragraph: In 2002 she fulfilled one of her dreams by transforming the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center into a recording studio and inviting 300 friends to share with her two nights of an acoustic concert. The concert was released in two separate albums: "Acústico I & II" (Unplugged Vol 1 & 2). The presentation included a duo with Beto Cuevas, lead singer of the Latin-American band La Ley.

paragraph: Next year, with Tommy Torres again producing, Nazario released "Por Tí" (Because of You). The album featured collaborations with Ricky Martin and Luis Fonsi. The supporting concert broke all attendance records in Puerto Rico. She followed with "Apasionada" (Passionate), also produced by Torres. This included collaborations with composer Claudia Brandt, Sin Bandera's "Noel Schajris", and Luis Fonsi.

paragraph: In December 2007 Nazario released her album "Real" produced by renowned producer Armando Avila (La 5ª Estación) and Graeme Pleeth (Sonique). The album was recorded in London, Nashville, Mexico City and Miami, and debuted at number 1 in Billboard's Top Latin Albums and Top Latin Pop Albums, selling over 18,000 copies the first week. On July 2, 2008, Nazario filmed a music video for "No" along Natalia Jiménez of "La 5ª Estación". Nazario was one of several artists selected to perform in "KQ Live Concert" on September 27, 2008. Organized by KQ 105 FM, the event included several renowned artists from Puerto Rico and other Latin American countries.

paragraph: Nazario's new album "Soy" (I Am) was released on October 27, 2009. Nazario has worked with Tommy Torres, Sebastian Krys and Claudia Brant. On September 2 Nazario posted a 30-second clip of the first single titled "Sin Querer" (Without wanting to), which received positive reviews.

paragraph: "Sin Querer" (Without wanting to) was released on radio stations and via Nazario's MySpace page on September 24, 2009. It was released on October 6 on iTunes. Three more singles were released from this album. "Confesados" (Confessed) was the second single and was released January 11, 2010. "La Fuerza De Un Te Quiero" (The Strength of an I Love You), the third single, was released April 5, 2010. The last single of the album, "Se Que Voy A Reir" (I Know I Will Laugh) was released July 19, of that same year.

paragraph: On January 16, 2012, Ednita released her lead single "Para El Peor Amante" (For The Worst Lover), for her 22nd album was released. Her 22nd album, titled Desnuda (Naked) was released March 27 of that year. From this album, the songs "Voy" (Going), La Pasion Tiene Memoria" (The Passion Has A Memory), and "Alergica Al Amor" (Alergic To Love) were released as singles following the album's released. Ednita did a set of concerts in Coliseo Jose Miguel Agrelot where her daughter, Caro Lina, made her first musical appearance. Caro Lina debuted her single "Dangerous" through online digital market months later.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:2013-2017: El Corazón Decide, Una Vida and Book Deal.

paragraph: On October 22 of 2013, Ednita released her 23rd album, titled "El Corazón Decide" (The Heart Decides). The album was recorded in Miami and London; and contains songs from international artists like Pedro Capó, Leonel García and Kany Garcia, who composed the first single from the album "La Más Fuerte" (The Stronger One). The album follows the same musical and lyrical formula of her last previous recordings. Nazario released 4 more singles from El Corazon Decide. "A Mi No" (Not Me) was released January 10 of 2014. That same year she released the third and fourth single of the album. She released "Llorar Por Ti" (Cry For You) and "Asi Es La Vida Sin Ti" (That's Life Without You) on April 24 and September 24 respectably. "Empezar a Vivir" (Starting to Live) was the fifth and last single of the album and was released on January 14, 2015.

paragraph: In October 2015, Ednita released her new single "Eras Uno Mas" ([You] Were Just One More) became the lead single for her 24th studio album, titled "Una Vida" (One Life). Later, on January 22, 2016, Nazario released the song "Ya no me duele tanto" (It Doesn't Hurt Me That Much Now) as the second single. The third single of the album titled "Ni una lágrima(Bandolero)" was released on April 7, 2017. The album "Una Vida" was released on April 28, 2017.

paragraph: That year (2017), Ednita released her first autobiography, also titled Una Vida. The autobiographical book was released on the 25 of April.

paragraph: On July 21, 2017, "Adiós" was released as the fourth single of the album "Una Vida".

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Her album "Por Ti" was nominated for "Latin Grammy" award in the category "Best Album – Female Pop Vocal"; it was also nominated for "Tu Música" award in the category Best Album – Pop/Ballad

paragraph: BULLET::::- ASCAP gives Nazario the "Latin Heritage Award" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NARAS Recording Academy Honors (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated in the 2008 "Billboard Latin Music Awards" in the category "Album of the Year -Female Latin Pop"; also nominated (2008) for "Latin Grammy" award in the category "Best Album – Female Latin Pop"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated in a new category, "Top Album of the Year – Latin Female" in the "Billboard Latin Music Awards" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Accolades.

paragraph: On October 2, 2008, a road in Ponce was renamed in her honor. Avenida La Ceiba, a state road, was renamed Avenida Ednita Nazario.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: Al Fin...Ednita

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: Me Está Gustando

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: Nueva Navidad

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Vete Vete...

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Mujer Sola

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: Retrato De Mujer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Ednita

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: Al Rojo Vivo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Tú Sin Mí

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Fuerza De Gravedad

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: Lo Que Son Las Cosas

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Metamorfosis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Live

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Pasiones

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Espíritu Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: Corazón

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Sin Límite

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Acústico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Acústico Vol. II

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Por Tí

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Apasionada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Apasionada Live

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Real

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Real... En Vivo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Soy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Desnuda

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: El Corazón Decide

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Una Vida

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilations

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Súper éxitos originales

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: Súper éxitos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: Dos reinas del Caribe: Ángela Carrasco y Ednita Nazario

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: Éxitos del recuerdo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: Éxitos y recuerdos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: Por siempre Ednita

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: Ednita Nazario

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: Mis mejores momentos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: Mas Grande Que Grande: 16 Exitos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Sólo Lo Mejor: 20 Exitos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Perfiles

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Edicion Limitada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: 30 Exitos Insuperables

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Ednita y Sus Exitos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: 30 Del Recuerdo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Serie 3x4

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Coleccion Suprema

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Los Romanticos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Celebridades (CD + DVD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: 12 Boleros Coleccion de Oro

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Navidad, Lo Mejor de Ednita Nazario

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Tradiciones Navideñas

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: La Diva

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Encuentro de Divas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tour

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Acustico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Apasionada Live

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Real... En Vivo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010-2012: Soy... El Concierto

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012-2013: Desnuda El Concierto

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: La Más Fuerte Tour

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017-2018: Una Vida Tour

paragraph: BULLET::::- DVDs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Ednita Nazario... Live"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Viva La Diva"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Acústico"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Apasionada Live"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Real... En Vivo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Historia de Ednita Nazario: La Diva"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican songwriters

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

description: Puerto Rican singer and songwriter

wikidata_label: Ednita Nazario

wikipedia_title: Ednita Nazario


text: professional boxer

text: Puerto Rican

text: super welterweight

text: lb

text: Michel Trabant

text: Luis Collazo

text: Alejandro Garcia

text: Travis Simms

text: Daniel Santos

text: List of WBA world champions

categories: World light-middleweight boxing champions,Boxers from Pennsylvania,Welterweight boxers,Sportspeople from Worcester, Massachusetts,Light-middleweight boxers,World Boxing Association champions,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,Puerto Rican male boxers,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: José Antonio Rivera

paragraph: José Antonio Rivera (born April 7, 1973) is an American professional boxer of Puerto Rican descent in the super welterweight (154 lb) division.

paragraph: He is a former WBA welterweight and super welterweight champion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: October 1992 marked the date Jose became a professional boxer. From here he fought his way to becoming Massachusetts State Champion twice, the USBA Regional Champion, the IBO World Champion, and the NABA Champion.

paragraph: On September 13, 2003, in Germany, Jose fought unbeaten European Champion Michel Trabant and walked away with the WBA Welterweight Championship of the World.

paragraph: On April 2, 2005, in his defense of the WBA title, Jose lost a very close split decision to his challenger Luis Collazo.

paragraph: On May 6, 2006, Jose would move up a weight class to Junior Middleweight and fight Champion Alejandro Garcia. He managed to knock him down five times and won to become the new WBA Champion.

paragraph: On January 6, 2007, Jose defended his new WBA title against Travis Simms but lost in a ninth round TKO (Technical Knock Out).

paragraph: In October he was KOd by Daniel Santos. He had announced his intention to retire before that fight, and did so.

paragraph: Jose made a brief one-fight comeback in August 2008, beating Clarence Taylor in an 8-round decision, then retired again after suffering a hand injury. He plans to make a second comeback in his hometown of Worcester, Mass., on May 20, 2011, against Luis Maysonet.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of WBA world champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions

description: Puerto Rican boxer

wikidata_label: José Antonio Rivera

wikipedia_title: José Antonio Rivera


text: Grande Semaine d'Aviation

text: Reims

text: Wright Flyer

text: Louis Blériot

text: Hubert Latham

text: Gordon Bennett Trophy

text: stunt flying

text: Glenn Curtiss

text: Juvisy

text: Capucine

categories: 1909 deaths,1878 births,Transport disasters in 1909,French aviators,École Centrale de Lille alumni,Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in France

paragraph: Eugène Lefebvre

paragraph: Eugène Lefebvre (4 October 1878 – 7 September 1909) was a French aviation pioneer. He was reportedly the first "stunt pilot", the first person to die while piloting a powered airplane, and the second person to be killed in a powered airplane crash.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The chief pilot for the French Wright Company, Lefebvre was a participant in the first international air race, the Grande Semaine d'Aviation at Reims in 1909, piloting a Wright Flyer. He, Louis Blériot and Hubert Latham were selected as France's representatives during the contest for the Gordon Bennett Trophy on 22 August, after poor weather made the morning's planned qualifying run impossible. When the weather lifted around 6 o'clock that evening, Lefebvre was one of the pilots who took to the sky in an exhibition, giving one of the earliest displays of stunt flying. The New York Times described his maneuvers thus: "Lefebvre...came driving at the crowded tribunes, turned in the nick of time, went sailing off, swooped down again till he made the flags on the pillars and the plumes on the ladies' hats flutter, and so played about at will for our applause." He was subsequently fined $4 by the judges for displaying excessive "recklessness and daring." During the running of the race, he placed fourth, behind Glenn Curtiss, Blériot and Latham.

paragraph: Only nine days after the end of the Reims event, Lefebvre was killed in a crash at Juvisy, when the plane he was testing dropped to the ground from a height of twenty feet. In doing so, he became the first person to die while piloting a powered airplane, and the second person to be killed in an airplane crash.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lefebvre is a distant relative of the later film actress Capucine (1928-1990).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fatalities from aviation accidents

description: French aviation pioneer

wikidata_label: Eugène Lefebvre

wikipedia_title: Eugène Lefebvre


text:
Romania
UNESCO
Bucharest
N. D. Cocea
socialist
Constantin Mille
Alice Cocéa
Melchior Lengyel
An Unforgettable Night
nationalized
Bucharest National Theater
University of Bucharest
Attack in the Library
UNESCO
UN
honorary doctorate
Order of the Star of Romania
heart attack
Ion Iliescu
laid in repose
Gheorghe Dinică
Marin Moraru
Ion Caramitru
Bellu
military honors
Night in May

categories: 1912 births,2008 deaths,Burials at Bellu,Romanian film actresses,Romanian women writers,University of Bucharest faculty,Knights of the Order of the Star of Romania,Romanian stage actresses

paragraph: Dina Cocea

paragraph: Dina Cocea (; 27 November 1912 – 28 October 2008) was a Romanian stage actress and occasional movie star with a career that spanned 50 years. Among other activities, Cocea was an actor in residence at Bucharest's National Theatre for 17 years, a university professor, writer and columnist, playwright, political activist and representative to UNESCO.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cocea was born on 27 November 1912 in Bucharest to father N. D. Cocea, a well-known writer and journalist, and mother Florica Mille, who was the daughter of another prominent journalist and writer, the socialist politico Constantin Mille, in whose house Cocea resided as a child. At 14 years of age, Cocea went to Paris, where she attended a Roman Catholic boarding school for a time. She later moved in with her aunt, Alice Cocéa, a film actress and star of the Parisian theatre, who introduced and encouraged Cocea to take up the acting profession.

paragraph: After completing an education in the dramatic arts in Paris, Cocea returned to Romania where she debuted as an actress in 1934. In 1935, Cocea landed a role at Bucharest's Comedia ("Comedy"), a basement theater, (today the site of the Odeon) alongside actor G. Timică in the play "Adevăratul Iacob" ("The Real Jacob"). She initially appeared using the stage name, "Dina Cerna" but she quickly dropped the pseudonym.

paragraph: Cocea's first big success came when she played in Melchior Lengyel's 1909 play "Taifunul" ("Typhoon"). Cocea first screen appearance was in 1939's "O noapte de pomină" ("An Unforgettable Night"). In 1941 Cocea founded an acting troupe, "Teatrul Nostru" ("Our Theater") and took as partners, Fory Etterle, Eugenia Zaharia and Peter Niro. The partnership lasted for 8 years but was dissolved by circumstance when the Comedia theater was nationalized in 1948–1949. Cocea quickly became an actress in residence at the Bucharest National Theater where she remained for 17 years until retiring in 1966. Spanning part of this period, from 1952 to 1962 Cocea was dean of the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Theater.

paragraph: Following her retirement from the National Theater, Cocea appeared in many roles in other Bucharest theaters, from 1979 to 1989 acted as president of "Asociaţia oamenilor din instituţiile teatrale şi muzicale" (ATM) (Association of Theatre Artists and Musicians), taught acting at university, and was a sometime political activist. She also appeared in a dozen films, up through the 1992 detective film "Atac în bibliotecă" ("Attack in the Library"), and represented Romania for UNESCO and at international congresses organized by the UN.

paragraph: Despite acting in over 100 stage productions, a dozen films, being a regular television and radio guest, and being well known as a writer in Romania with a career spanning more than 50 years, Cocea was little known outside of Romania. However, in her home country she was a household name, having been dubbed "Mare Doamnă a Teatrului" ("Queen of the Theater"). In 2001, Cocea was presented with an honorary doctorate from the Universitatea de Artă Teatrală şi Cinematografică (University of Theater and Cinematography), In 2002, she was awarded the Ordinul Naţional (Romanian National Order) or "Steaua României" (Order of the Star of Romania), Romania's highest civil order awarded only by Romania's President, and granted thereby the rank of knight.

paragraph: Cocea died on 28 October 2008 of a heart attack about a month shy of her 96th birthday, having entered Floreasca hospital just days before suffering from a pulmonary infection. Following her death, former Romanian President, Ion Iliescu and Culture Minister Adrian Iorgulescu, among other dignitaries, expressed sorrow. On 30 October 2008, Cocea's body was laid in repose in the foyer of Bucharest's National Theatre where last respects were paid by dignitaries, actors such as Gheorghe Dinică, Marin Moraru and Ion Caramitru, many of her former students, friends, and relatives, as well as students of the National University of Theater and Cinematography known as "IL Caragiale." On 31 October 2008 Cocea was interred at Bellu cemetery where she was given military honors at the funeral. She was survived by her husband, Ion Toboşaru.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night in May" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O noapte de pomină" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cartierul Veseliei" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neamul Şoimăreştilor" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ciprian Porumbescu" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ştefan cel Mare – Vaslui 1475" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muşchetarul român" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aurel Vlaicu" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iancu Jianu haiducul" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cântec pentru fiul meu" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atac în bibliotecă" (1992)

description: Romanian actress

wikidata_label: Dina Cocea

wikipedia_title: Dina Cocea


text:
country house
garden designer
Country Life
Ville-d'Avray
Versailles
Brasted Place
Quaker
Liverpool
William Tipping
railway company
archaeologist
Conservative
Stockport
flax mill
Leeds
Middlesex
Christ Church, Oxford
Oxford University Dramatic Society
Dictionary of National Biography
genealogical
musical comedies
wood carving
Grinling Gibbons
garden design
ragstone
Ramsbury
William Robinson
Sir Lawrence Weaver
Arts and Crafts
Gertrude Jekyll
Harold Peto
Edwin Lutyens
Arthur Lee
Chequers
Monmouthshire
Mathern Palace
bishops
Chepstow
Ecclesiastical Commissioners
Mounton
Eric Francis
Mounton House
limestone
gorge
Wyndcliffe Court
St Arvans
Piercefield
Duke of Beaufort
Trellech
High Glanau Manor
godson
Harefield
Middlesex
National Gardens Scheme
Royal Horticultural Society
Morning Post
Royal Welch Fusiliers

categories: People from Monmouthshire,British architecture writers,People from Versailles,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1855 births,Country Life people,British landscape and garden designers,People from Middlesex,People from Kent

paragraph: Henry Avray Tipping

paragraph: Henry Avray Tipping (22 August 1855 – 16 November 1933) was a French-born British writer on country houses and gardens, a garden designer, and Architectural Editor of "Country Life" magazine for 17 years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tipping was born in the Château de Ville-d'Avray near Versailles, while his parents were living in France before moving into Brasted Place in Kent, where he grew up. He belonged to a Quaker Christian family of businessmen, who had prospered in the corn trade in Liverpool. His father, William Tipping (1816–1897), was a railway company owner and amateur archaeologist and artist, who served as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Stockport between 1868–74 and 1885–86. His mother Maria ("née" Walker, 1822–1911) was the daughter of a flax mill owner from Leeds.

paragraph: Henry Avray Tipping was educated in France and Middlesex before reading modern history at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society. He worked briefly as a university lecturer before joining the staff of the Dictionary of National Biography, where he concentrated on genealogical research. He also wrote musical comedies, performed locally in Kent, and became an expert on wood carving, particularly the work of Grinling Gibbons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: However, his main interest was gardening and garden design. In the 1880s, he lived at The Quarry, a house at Brasted (built on the Brasted Place estate for him as a bachelor house in 1874) where he designed his first garden. The house is built of ragstone from the former quarry in the grounds. The deep and rather damp quarry provided scope for creation of a fashionable fern garden with a series of ponds (fed by water from a rainwater cistern under the house), paths and bridges. Around the house extensive gardens were created including rose gardens, lawns and some specimen trees. 'Quarry', renamed 'Badgers' in 1971 and since extended, is built with an upstairs studio overlooking the grounds, to serve his needs as study for writing. Brasted Place survives and was eventually converted to apartments in the 1990s.

paragraph: Tipping later moved to a cottage at Ramsbury in Wiltshire in 1890. He also began writing articles for "The Garden", a magazine which had been founded by William Robinson in 1871; and between 1904 and 1909 he also edited the three-volume work "In English Homes", a largely photographic survey of English domestic architecture. After "The Garden" became absorbed by "Country Life" in 1905, Tipping became one of "Country Life"'s principal contributors.

paragraph: In 1907 he was appointed as the magazine's Architectural Editor, and became recognised as one of the leading authorities on the history, architecture, furnishings and gardens of country houses in Britain. In 1910 Sir Lawrence Weaver became Architectural Editor, allowing Tipping time to write his books. However, in 1916 during the First World War, Weaver was appointed as a civil servant, with Tipping taking back the role of Architectural Editor, which he held until his retirement in 1930. Thereafter he continued as an architectural writer for the magazine until his death.

paragraph: He also worked as a garden designer in the Arts and Crafts style; he was a friend of Gertrude Jekyll, Harold Peto and Edwin Lutyens. His gardens were characterised by divided compartments with sculpted yew hedging, topiary birds and animals, long grass bowling greens, lush planting and wild areas. His garden design works include the walled garden designed for Arthur Lee, its then owner, at Chequers, and several in his adopted county of Monmouthshire.

paragraph: In 1894 he bought Mathern Palace, a ruined former bishops' palace near Chepstow, from George Carwardine Francis, a local solicitor who had purchased it from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners five years earlier. Tipping rebuilt the property; moved to live there with his mother; designed and, then laid out its surrounding gardens.

paragraph: After inheriting a large fortune upon the deaths of both his brother and mother in 1911, he let (and later sold) Mathern Palace, and bought land at Mounton, again near Chepstow. The following year he commissioned from local architect Eric Francis – the son of George Carwardine Francis – an ambitious new house, Mounton House, above a small limestone gorge where Tipping designed his own formal gardens. He also planned the gardens at Wyndcliffe Court, St Arvans, near Chepstow, a new house designed by Francis for the Clay family who owned the Piercefield estate.

paragraph: In 1922 Tipping bought land from the Duke of Beaufort near Trellech in Monmouthshire, and commissioned another new house, High Glanau Manor, also designed by Eric Francis. Again he took responsibility for its overall stylistic creation and that of its garden. Tipping gave away Mounton House to his brother's godson. In later life High Glanau became his country residence. Nevertheless, he still owned a smaller property, Harefield House at Harefield in Middlesex, which became his main residence in the final years before his death.

paragraph: In 1927, he became a member of the first committee of the Gardens of England and Wales Scheme, later known as the National Gardens Scheme, and the following year helped organise an international exhibition of garden design for the Royal Horticultural Society. He also continued to write, both for "Country Life" and the "Morning Post".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Before his death, Tipping instructed his friend and head gardener, Walter Wood, to whom he left most of his fortune, to destroy all his papers. Only a single year's diary survived. He died of cancer on 16 November 1933, at Harefield House, at the age of 78.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: His books included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grinling Gibbons and the Woodwork of his Age" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of the Royal Welch Fusiliers" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "English Homes: architecture from Medieval times to the early part of the nineteenth century" (1920–28)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "English Gardens" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old English Furniture" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Garden of Today" (1933)

description: French-born British writer and editor on country houses and gardens, and a garden designer

wikidata_label: Henry Avray Tipping

wikipedia_title: Henry Avray Tipping


text:
Mixed team
polo
1900 Summer Olympics
Meudon
Paris
BLO Polo Club Rugby
Roehampton Trophy
bays
greys
chestnuts
10 goalers
Polo tournament 1900

categories: French polo players,Olympic polo players of France,Polo players at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for France,Roehampton Trophy,1862 births,1934 deaths

paragraph: Jean de Madre

paragraph: Mixed team

paragraph: Jean Pierre M. J. de Madre, Comte de Loos (17 September 1862 – 2 January 1934) was a French polo player who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Meudon and died in Paris.

paragraph: In 1900 he was part of the BLO Polo Club Rugby polo team which won the silver medal.

paragraph: Section::::Tigers Polo Team.

paragraph: Johnny was the patron of the Tigers Polo Team; the team traveled between America, England, India and continental Europe playing tournaments. Some of their most important wins being the 1912 Paris Open and the 1923 Coronation Cup in England, they were also winners of the Roehampton Trophy in 1911. The team were well known for their immaculate turn out and attention to detail, the team shirts were pure silk hand embroidered with Gold thread. As well as this Johnny insisted that all four players would ride horses of matching colours e.g. bays in the first chukka, greys in the second, chestnuts in the third etc.

paragraph: Some of the most notable players to be enlisted to play for Tigers included Indian 10 goalers Jaswant Singh and Jagindar Singh.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polo tournament 1900

description: polo player

wikidata_label: Jean de Madre

wikipedia_title: Jean de Madre


text: German

text: music

text: theatre

text: Frankfurt

text: Frankfurt University

text: Oper Frankfurt

text: Biography, under Mohr Albert

categories: 1992 deaths,20th-century musicologists,1911 births,German musicologists

paragraph: Albert Richard Mohr

paragraph: Albert Richard Mohr (1911–1992) was a German music and theatre expert.

paragraph: He was born in Frankfurt. He studied there at the Frankfurt University.

paragraph: From 1937 to 1943 he was lecturer on Music and Theatre History at the Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Frankfurt am Main.

paragraph: From 1938, he was actively engaged in the Oper Frankfurt.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Richard Mohr: Das Frankfurter Opernhaus 1880–1980. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1980,

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, under Mohr Albert

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Richard Mohr collection at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

paragraph: BULLET::::- Listing in the University of Frankfurt Collections

description: German musicologist

wikidata_label: Albert Richard Mohr

wikipedia_title: Albert Richard Mohr


text:
Sikkimese
Wylie
Sikkim
Tsugphud Namgyal
Thutob Namgyal
Tashi Lama
History of the Namgyal Dynasty

categories: 1819 births,1874 deaths,Monarchs of Sikkim

paragraph: Sidkeong Namgyal

paragraph: Sidkeong Namgyal (Sikkimese: ; Wylie: "srid skyong rnam rgyal") (1819–1874) was king of Sikkim from 1863 to 1874. He was son of Tsugphud Namgyal and was succeeded by his half-brother Thutob Namgyal.

paragraph: Her mother was the second wife of his father, a Tibetan lady, sister of the Tashi Lama.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Namgyal Dynasty

description: King of Sikkim

wikidata_label: Sidkeong Namgyal

wikipedia_title: Sidkeong Namgyal