text:
Minamoto
Japan
Heian
Kamakura
Genpei War
Taira clan
Yoritomo
samurai
Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Tokiwa Gozen
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Kamakura shogunate
Heiji Rebellion
Izu Province
Kurama Temple
Kyoto
Hiraizumi
Mutsu Province
Fujiwara no Hidehira
Northern Fujiwara
Benkei
Siege of Koromogawa
Prince Mochihito
Taira clan
samurai
Genpei War
Minamoto no Noriyori
Minamoto no Yoshinaka
Battle of Awazu
Ōmi Province
Battle of Ichi-no-Tani
Kobe
Battle of Yashima
Shikoku
Battle of Dan-no-ura
Yamaguchi Prefecture
Iyo
Go-Shirakawa
Minamoto no Yukiie
Shizuka Gozen
Fujiwara no Yasuhira
Benkei
"standing death"
seppuku
Shirahata Jinja
Shinto
Fujisawa
Yoshitsune Shrine
Biratori
Genghis Khan
Koshigoe
Heike Monogatari (Tale of the Heike)
Noh
Ataka
Kabuki
Kanjinchō
Gikeiki
Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Tokiwa Gozen
Ichijo Naganori
Shizuka Gozen
Minamoto no Aritsuna
The Tale of the Heike
sekai
literary cycle
Yoshitsune Shin Takadachi
jōruri
Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura
jōruri
kabuki
Kanjinchō
kabuki
bishōnen
Benkei
Seiwa Genji
Kurozuka (novel)
Mysteries of Yoshitsune I&II
Biographical Summary

categories: Seppuku,People of the Genpei War,Minamoto clan,1159 births,People of Heian-period Japan,People of Kamakura-period Japan,1189 deaths,Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan

paragraph: Minamoto no Yoshitsune

paragraph: military commander of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura periods. During the Genpei War, he led a series of battles which toppled the Ise-Heishi branch of the Taira clan, helping his half-brother Yoritomo consolidate power. He is considered one of the greatest and the most popular warriors of his era, and one of the most famous samurai fighters in the history of Japan. Yoshitsune perished after being betrayed by the son of a trusted ally.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yoshitsune was the ninth son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo, and the third and final son and child that Yoshitomo would father with Tokiwa Gozen. Yoshitsune's older half-brother Minamoto no Yoritomo (the third son of Yoshitomo) would go on to found the Kamakura shogunate. Yoshitsune's name in childhood was Ushiwakamaru (). He was born just before the Heiji Rebellion of early 1160 in which his father and two oldest brothers were killed. He survived this incident by fleeing the capital with his mother, while his half-brother Yoritomo was banished to Izu Province. At approximately age 10, Yoshitsune was placed in the care of the monks of Kurama Temple (), nestled in the Hiei Mountains near the capital of Kyoto. Not wanting to become a monk, Yoshitsune eventually left by way of a gold merchant who knew his father, and in 1174 relocated to Hiraizumi, Mutsu Province, where he was put under the protection of Fujiwara no Hidehira, head of the powerful regional Northern Fujiwara clan.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: A skillful swordsman, Yoshitsune defeated the legendary warrior monk Benkei in a duel. From then on, Benkei became Yoshitsune's retainer, eventually dying with him at the Siege of Koromogawa.

paragraph: In 1180, Yoshitsune heard that Yoritomo, now head of the Minamoto clan, had raised an army at the request of Prince Mochihito to fight against the Taira clan (also known as the Heike) which had usurped the power of the emperor. In the ensuing war between the rival Minamoto and Taira samurai clans, known as the Genpei War, Yoshitsune joined Yoritomo, along with Minamoto no Noriyori, all brothers who had not previously met.

paragraph: Yoshitsune, together with his brother Noriyori, defeated the Taira in several key battles, and then in early 1184, on the orders of Yoritomo, attacked and killed his cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka, a rival for control of the Minamoto clan, at the Battle of Awazu in Ōmi Province.

paragraph: Yoshitsune, who had by then been given the rank of general, went on to defeat the Taira at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani in present-day Kobe in March 1184, and again at the Battle of Yashima in Shikoku in March 1185. He finally destroyed them one month later at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: Following the Genpei War, Yoshitsune was appointed as Governor of Iyo and awarded other titles by cloistered emperor Go-Shirakawa. His suspicious brother Yoritomo, however, opposed the presentation of these titles, and nullified them.

paragraph: Yoshitsune then secured imperial authorization to ally with his uncle Minamoto no Yukiie in opposing Yoritomo. Incurring Yoritomo's wrath, Yoshitsune fled Kyoto in 1185. His faithful mistress, Shizuka Gozen, carrying his unborn child, fled with him at first, but then was left behind, and soon taken into custody by forces loyal to Yoritomo.

paragraph: Yoshitsune eventually made his way to Hiraizumi, Mutsu, once again to the protection of Fujiwara no Hidehira, and lived undisturbed for a time. Hidehira's son Fujiwara no Yasuhira had promised upon Hidehira's death to honor his father's wishes and continue to shelter Yoshitsune, but, giving in to pressure from Yoritomo, betrayed Yoshitsune, surrounding his Koromogawa-no-tachi residence with his troops, defeating Yoshitsune's retainers, including Benkei (in a famous "standing death"), and forcing Yoshitsune to commit seppuku. Yasuhira then had Yoshitsune's head preserved in sake, placed in a black-lacquered chest, and sent to Yoritomo as proof of his death. Historical sources differ as to the fate of Yoshitsune's mistress Shizuka and their son.

paragraph: Yoshitsune is enshrined in the Shirahata Jinja, a Shinto shrine in the city of Fujisawa.

paragraph: Section::::Rumors and legend.

paragraph: The death of Yoshitsune has been very elusive. According to Ainu historical accounts, he did not commit seppuku, but instead escaped the siege at Koromogawa, fleeing to Hokkaido and assuming the name Okikurumi/Oinakamui. In Hokkaido, the Yoshitsune Shrine is erected in his honor in the town of Biratori. An alternate and discredited theory states that after evading death, Yoshitsune made his way past Hokkaido and sailed to the mainland of Asia, re-surfacing as Genghis Khan.

paragraph: Section::::Koshigoe Letter.

paragraph: The "Koshigoe Letter" was written by Yoshitsune on 6 May 1185 as he waited in Koshigoe for approval from Yoritomo to enter Kamakura. This letter was Yoshitsune's "final appeal" to Yoritomo of his loyalty. The letter is a "mixture of bravado and an almost masochistic indulgence in misfortune." An excerpt:

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: Yoshitsune has long been a popular figure in Japanese literature and culture due to his appearance as the main character in the third section of the Japanese literary classic "Heike Monogatari (Tale of the Heike)". The Japanese term for "sympathy for a tragic hero", , comes from Yoshitsune's title "Kurō Hōgan" (), which he received from the Imperial Court.

paragraph: Many of the literary pieces that Yoshitsune appears in are legend rather than historical fact. Legends pertaining to Yoshitsune first began to appear in the fourteenth century. In early works at that time, Yoshitsune was described as a sharp-witted military leader. Then, romantic stories about his early childhood and last years of his life appeared as people began to know more about him.

paragraph: The legends that deal with his public career show Yoshitsune as a great, virtuous warrior. He was often shown as kind to those around him and honorable, but was also shown to be naive.

paragraph: Legends dealing with Yoshitsune’s childhood show young Yoshitsune (or Ushiwakamaru) with heroic qualities. He is portrayed as a brave and skilled swordsman, despite being a young boy. He was also skilled in music and his studies, and was also said to be able to easily sway the hearts of young women. These legends delve into fantasy more so than the legends about his later life.

paragraph: Legends which pertain to the time when his half-brother, Yoritomo, turned against him take away some of Yoshitsune’s heroic qualities. He is no longer portrayed as a great warrior, but he retains his knowledge and skills that are valuable in the emperor’s court.

paragraph: Yoshitsune's escape through the Ataka barrier is the subject of Noh play "Ataka" and the Kabuki play "Kanjinchō".

paragraph: The Gikeiki, or "Chronicle of Yoshitsune" relates events of Yoshitsune's life after the defeat of the Heike.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Minamoto no Yoshitomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Tokiwa Gozen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted Father: Ichijo Naganori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Sato Gozen (1168-1189)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shizuka Gozen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warabihime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a son (1184-1221) by Shizuka

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter married Minamoto no Aritsuna

paragraph: Section::::Traditional arts.

paragraph: In addition to The Tale of the Heike and "Gikeiki", a great many other works of literature and drama feature him, and together form the "sekai" ("world") of Yoshitsune, a concept akin to the notion of the literary cycle.

paragraph: These include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yoshitsune Shin Takadachi" ("jōruri")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura" ("jōruri" and kabuki)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kanjinchō" (kabuki)

paragraph: In the visual arts, Yoshitsune is commonly depicted as a "bishōnen", though this is at odds with contemporary descriptions of his appearance.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benkei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seiwa Genji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurozuka (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mysteries of Yoshitsune I&II

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical Summary

description: samurai of the late Heian and early Kamakura period

wikidata_label: Minamoto no Yoshitsune

wikipedia_title: Minamoto no Yoshitsune


text:
Hōjō Tokimasa
Hōjō clan
Izu
Kyoto
Hōgen Rebellion
Emperor Toba
Emperor Sutoku
Taira
imperial family
Heiji Rebellion
Taira
Taira no Kiyomori
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Minamoto
Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Minamoto no Noriyori
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Hōjō Tokimasa
Munetoki
Hōjō Tokifusa
Ō-Hime
Imperial Prince Mochihito
Emperor Antoku
Kamakura
Sagami Province
Genpei War
Battle of Ishibashiyama
Taira no Munemori
Minamoto no Yoriie
Minamoto no Yoshinaka
Kyoto
Emperor Go-Toba
Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Minamoto no Noriyori
Battle of Dan-no-ura
shugo
jitō
shōgun
Minamoto no Sanetomo
Minamoto no Yoriie
Hōjō Tokimasa
tonsure
Hiki clan
Hiki Yoshikazu
Izu Province
Minamoto no Ichiman
Minamoto no Sanetomo
an adult
Hatekayama Shigetada
Hōjō Yoshitoki
Imperial Prince Nagahito
Kujō Yoritsune
Kujō clan
Fujiwara clan
Hōjō Yasutoki
Jōkyū War
Hōjō Yasutoki
Miura clan
Miura Yoshimura
Hōjō clan
Hōjō Tokimasa
Hōjō Yoshitoki
Hōjō Yasutoki
Minamoto no Yoritomo
Minamoto no Yoriie
Minamoto no Sanetomo
Kujō Yoritsune
Emperor Go-Toba
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Taira no Kiyomori
Kamakura shogunate
Samurai Archives: Hojo Masako

categories: Japanese Buddhist nuns,Minamoto clan,People of Heian-period Japan,13th-century women rulers,1156 births,1225 deaths,Women in 12th-century warfare,12th-century women rulers,12th-century Japanese people,Hōjō clan,Japanese women in warfare,People of Kamakura-period Japan,13th-century Japanese people,Women of medieval Japan,12th-century Japanese women

paragraph: Hōjō Masako

paragraph: Section::::Early life to marriage (1157–1182).

paragraph: Hōjō Masako was born in 1156, daughter of Hōjō Tokimasa, leader of the influential Hōjō clan of Izu province, and his wife, Hōjō no Maki. Masako's parents were still in their teens, and she was raised by many ladies-in-waiting and nannies. Masako was born into a world of war and strife. In Kyoto, the capital of Japan, the Hōgen Rebellion was in full swing, where Cloistered Emperor Toba and Emperor Sutoku warred over who would be the next emperor. The Hōjō family wisely chose to stay out of the rebellion, even though the Hōjō family, Masako's lineage, was descended from the Taira clan and thus was related to the imperial family.

paragraph: During the Heiji Rebellion, fought in 1159, the Taira clan, under Taira no Kiyomori, with the support of Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa defeated the Minamoto clan, under the leadership of Minamoto no Yoshitomo. Yoshitomo was executed, while his sons and daughters were either executed or sent to nunneries. Only three of his sons survived. Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori were forced into priesthood, while Minamoto no Yoritomo, at the age of thirteen, was spared and sent to exile in Izu, the domain of Hōjō Tokimasa. While this was happening, Masako was barely an infant. The Taira under Kiyomori now were in successful control of Japan.

paragraph: Masako had an elder brother Munetoki, and in 1163 a younger brother, Yoshitoki, was born. She later would have yet another brother, Hōjō Tokifusa, and another sister, whose name is lost to history. Masako was instructed in horseback riding, hunting, and fishing and she ate with men rather than with her mother, sister, and other women of the household.

paragraph: Masako married Yoritomo. In 1182, they had their first daughter, Ō-Hime. In the same year, a disillusioned Imperial Prince Mochihito, who was the son of Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa and thought the Taira had denied him the throne to offer the throne to Emperor Antoku, who was half Taira himself, called the Minamoto members remaining in Japan to overthrow the Taira. Yoritomo who considered himself the head of the Minamoto, responded. He had the full support of the Hōjō and Tokimasa, not to mention Masako. The Minamoto center was at the city of Kamakura, to the east of Izu in Sagami Province.

paragraph: Thus, the Genpei War, the final war between Minamoto and Taira had begun. In 1180, Masako's elder brother Munetoki was killed at Battle of Ishibashiyama and Yoshitoki became heir of Hōjō clan. In 1181, Taira no Kiyomori died, leaving the Taira in the hands of Taira no Munemori, his son. In 1182, Masako's brother Yoshitoki married, and that same year, Masako and Yoritomo had their first son, Minamoto no Yoriie, who would be the heir.

paragraph: Section::::The Genpei War and its aftermath (1182–1199).

paragraph: In 1183, Minamoto no Yoshinaka, Yoritomo's rival and cousin, took Kyoto, driving the Taira (and Emperor Antoku) to Shikoku. Quickly, Emperor Go-Toba was installed by the Minamoto. Nonetheless, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori, Yoritomo's half brothers who had joined Yoritomo drove Yoshinaka out and executed him, and took Kyoto in the name of Yoritomo (and the Hōjō.)

paragraph: By 1185, the Taira were completely defeated at the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Munemori was executed, while the remaining Taira either were executed or drowned, including the young Emperor Antoku. Minamoto no Yoritomo was now the undisputed leader of Japan. Hōjō Masako and her family had stood by Yoritomo through it all. She rode with him on his campaigns and was never defeated in battle.

paragraph: His new allegiance to his wife's family and her dislike of her brothers-in-law as well as an internal power struggle brought up by the three brothers eventually resulted in the arrest and execution of Yoshitsune and Noriyori. Yoritomo even created new titles, such as shugo and jitō, which Hōjō Tokimasa received approval from Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa in Kyoto. The capital was not moved to Kyoto, but remained in Kamakura, away from the court.

paragraph: In 1192, Yoritomo was named "shōgun" by Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who died later that year. He was now the most powerful man in Japan, and gave that power over to Masako as well. The Hōjō clan shared in that power. That same year, Masako and Yoritomo had another son, Minamoto no Sanetomo.

paragraph: Section::::Death, corruption, and familial strife (1199–1205).

paragraph: In 1199, Minamoto no Yoritomo died. He was succeeded as "shōgun" by his son, Minamoto no Yoriie. Since he was only eighteen, Hōjō Tokimasa proclaimed himself "shikken" or regent for Yoriie. Masako also had a strong position since her son was "shōgun". Since her husband was dead, she shaved her head and became a Buddhist nun, receiving a tonsure from the priest Gyōyū. However, she did not take up residence in a monastery or a nunnery, and still involved herself in politics. She, her father Tokimasa, and her brother Yoshitoki created a council of regents for the eighteen-year-old Yoriie, but the headstrong "shōgun" hated his mother's family and preferred his wife's family, the Hiki clan, and his father-in-law, Hiki Yoshikazu.

paragraph: Hōjō Masako overheard a plot that Yoshikazu and Yoriie were hatching, and turned in her own son to Tokimasa, who did not hurt Yoriie but had Yoshikazu executed in 1203. Now, "Shōgun" Yoriie was very sick and retired to Izu Province. He was murdered in 1204, no doubt by Tokimasa's orders. Masako had not been aware of this. During the murders and purges of the Hiki clan, Minamoto no Ichiman, Yoriie's eldest son and heir and Masako's grandson, was also executed since he was part Hiki himself.

paragraph: In 1203, Masako's other son by Yoritomo, Minamoto no Sanetomo, became the third "shōgun" with Tokimasa as regent. Sanetomo was closer to his mother than his elder brother was, and still a child when appointed "shōgun", by contrast his brother, who was forced to abdicate as "shōgun" was now an adult. Nonetheless, Masako and Yoshitoki, the heir to the Hōjō, were angry with their father, especially after their mother, Hōjō no Maki, died in 1204. Masako's sister's husband, Hatekayama Shigetada, was wrongfully executed on Tokimasa's orders even after Yoshitoki, Masako, and Tokifusa told Tokimasa he was not guilty of the "treason" charges. Hōjō Tokimasa was by 1205 the most powerful man in Kamakura.

paragraph: Masako heard rumors that Tokimasa was planning to execute Sanetomo and replace him with one of his allies, so Masako and Yoshitoki immediately ordered Tokimasa to step down and go into priesthood or they would rebel. Hōjō Tokimasa abdicated in 1205, and was sent off to a monastery in Kamakura, where he shaved his head and became a monk, dying in 1215.

paragraph: Section::::The later years (1205–1225).

paragraph: In 1205, Minamoto no Sanetomo was "shōgun", and even though Tokimasa had been ousted, the position of the Hōjō was still secure. Masako's brother, Hōjō Yoshitoki, had succeeded as "shikken" for "shōgun" Sanetomo, while Masako was in a powerful position as a negotiator with the court. In 1218, she was sent by Regent Yoshitoki to ask Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba if "shōgun" Sanetomo could adopt one of his sons, such as Imperial Prince Nagahito as an heir. Go-Toba refused.

paragraph: In 1219, tragedy struck. "Shōgun" Sanetomo was executed by his nephew, the younger son of Minamoto no Yoriie, who later was caught by Hōjō troops and himself executed. In 1219, the Minamoto line became extinct. It was being decided who the next "shōgun" would be, and Masako and Regent Yoshitoki finally decided on Kujō Yoritsune, otherwise known as Fujiwara no Yoritsune, who was not an adult, but a baby, and also not a Hōjō nor a male-line Minamoto, but rather, a member of the Kujō clan, which was part of the Fujiwara clan. Yoritsune's grandmother has been a niece of 1st "shōgun" Yoritomo. He was still a figurehead for the Hōjō, also later in his adulthood.

paragraph: In 1221, Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba rebelled against the Hōjō, trying to restore power to the emperor. Regent Yoshitoki and his eldest son and heir, Hōjō Yasutoki, attacked Kyoto, and managed to regain the city and exile Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba. This was known as the abortive Jōkyū War of 1221.

paragraph: In 1224, Hōjō Yoshitoki died of a sudden illness. He was succeeded by his eldest son and heir, Hōjō Yasutoki, Masako's nephew. Of course, the powerful Miura clan, led by Miura Yoshimura, attempted to topple the Hōjō government of Regent Yasutoki, Masako, and "shōgun" Yoritsune, but Masako rushed to negotiate. The Miura were put down, and Regent Yasutoki became Hōjō regent.

paragraph: Finally, in 1225, Hōjō Masako died at the age of 69. Due to her true example of cloistered rule, she was known as the "ama-shōgun", or the "nun-"shōgun"".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hōjō clan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hōjō Tokimasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hōjō Yoshitoki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hōjō Yasutoki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Yoritomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Yoriie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Sanetomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kujō Yoritsune

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Toba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Shirakawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taira no Kiyomori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamakura shogunate

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samurai Archives: Hojo Masako

alias:
Hojo Masako
Houjou Masako

description: Japanese shikeen

wikidata_label: Hōjō Masako

wikipedia_title: Hōjō Masako


text:
American football
outside linebacker
college football
Boise State
Chicago Bears
2012 NFL Draft
Caldwell, Idaho
Marsing
letterman
running back
batting average
Boise State University
sacks
interceptions
touchdowns
concussion
Broncos
NFL Network
Idaho
Hawaii
Oregon
TCU
2008 Poinsettia Bowl
Utah State
2009 Fiesta Bowl
Virginia Tech
Wyoming
the Toledo Rockets
2010 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas
Utah Utes
Colorado State
San Diego State
UNLV
Georgia
Arizona State Sun Devils
2011 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas
2012 Senior Bowl
3-4 defense
Green Bay Packers
New England Patriots
Chicago Bears
Phil Emery
Kansas City Chiefs
Buffalo Bills
Tennessee Titans
Indianapolis Colts
Cleveland Browns
San Diego Chargers
Baltimore Ravens
Houston Texans
Pittsburgh Steelers
New York Jets
Michael Lombardi
Ryan Clady
2008
Denver
Chicago Sun-Times
Brian Urlacher
Denver Broncos
Caleb Hanie
Green Bay Packers
Aaron Rodgers
Houston Texans
Minnesota Vikings
New England Patriots
Monday Night Football
Morgan Cox
Justin Tucker
Miami Dolphins
Super Bowl LI
Atlanta Falcons
Super Bowl LII
Philadelphia Eagles
Yahoo Sports
concussion
Allstate
Save Da Planet
Boise State Broncos bio
Chicago Bears bio
New England Patriots bio

categories: People from Caldwell, Idaho,American football defensive ends,Chicago Bears players,Boise State Broncos football players,Players of American football from Idaho,1989 births,American football linebackers,New England Patriots players,Living people

paragraph: Shea McClellin

paragraph: Shea Keegan McClellin (born August 1, 1989) is a former American football outside linebacker. He played college football at Boise State. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears with the 19th overall pick in the 2012 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: McClellin was born on August 1, 1989, in Caldwell, Idaho, and lived in Marsing. McClellin was adopted by his maternal grandparents, Terry McClellin and Jerry McClellin, when he was 18 months old. He grew up on a farm in Caldwell, where he helped his parents raise various farm animals and animals in distress.

paragraph: McClellin went to Marsing High School, where he was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball. As a linebacker, he finished with 126 tackles, six interceptions and seven defensive touchdowns. McClellin also played running back, running for 1,893 yards and 22 touchdowns. In his junior year, he was named to the second-team all-conference team after rushing for 998 yards and leading his team in touchdowns with 17. In his senior year, he was named Western Idaho Conference Offensive Player of Year and Defensive Player of Year, as well as first-team all-state. In basketball, he averaged 16.7 points and 11.6 rebounds per game, and in baseball he had a .453 batting average, with 21 RBI and 10 stolen bases as a junior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: McClellin attended Boise State University from 2008 to 2011. During his career he had 130 tackles, 20.5 sacks, four interceptions and two touchdowns.

paragraph: After he was drafted, a dispute arose about his concussion history during his time with the Broncos, triggered by an NFL Network report claiming that he had three concussions during his college career and McClellin claiming that he only had one. When asked about this, McClellin stated that he had concussion-like symptoms, rather than a concussion.

paragraph: In his second freshman year, after redshirting his first, McClellin played in 10 games before injuring his leg against Idaho. During his first year, he recorded 14 tackles and 3 forced fumbles. McClellin recorded a sack and forced a fumble against Hawaii, as well as blocking a field goal attempt against Oregon. The Broncos would finish undefeated, but would lose to TCU in the 2008 Poinsettia Bowl.

paragraph: He played in all 13 games for the Broncos, including starts in the final 11 in 2009. McClellin recorded 36 tackles, six tackles-for-loss and three sacks, as well as recording an interception and two pass break-ups. McClellin recorded at least one tackle in 12 games. His lone interception of the season came against Utah State. Like the year before, the Broncos went undefeated, and ultimately avenged their loss to TCU the year before, this time in the 2009 Fiesta Bowl.

paragraph: In McClellin's junior year, he recorded 30 tackles on the season, including 13.5 tackles-for-loss – tied for the most on the team – and a team-high 9.5 sacks. He tied his career high with six tackles against Virginia Tech in the team's 2010 season opener. McClellin also forced one fumble and recovered two, one of which was returned for a touchdown against Wyoming, and returned an interception 36 yards for a touchdown against the Toledo Rockets, becoming the first Bronco defensive player to score on a fumble recovery and an interception in the same season since 1999. Boise State would ultimately go to the 2010 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas, and triumph over the Utah Utes.

paragraph: In his final season, McClellin registered 50 tackles, 7 sacks and 12.5 tackles-for-loss. He intercepted two passes, one each against Colorado State and San Diego State, as well as having blocked a kick against the Rams. He recorded a career-high eight tackles against UNLV, as well as a career-high 2.5 sacks against Georgia in the season-opener. In his final game of his college career, McClellin recorded 3 tackles for losses in the victory against the Arizona State Sun Devils in the 2011 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas. He completed the season tied for 15th among active players in career sacks (20.5). McClellin eventually participated in the 2012 Senior Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2012 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Before the draft, McClellin was projected as a mid-round pick, but after the Combine, McClellin emerged as a first-round draft pick, with mock drafts having him going to a team that runs the 3-4 defense like the Green Bay Packers or the New England Patriots, praising his work ethic and size, but questioned his strength. Chicago Bears general manager Phil Emery stated that he intended on drafting McClellin as an outside linebacker during his time with the Kansas City Chiefs. McClellin later worked out for 11 teams, including the Patriots, Chiefs, Buffalo Bills, Tennessee Titans, Indianapolis Colts and the Cleveland Browns. Analysts believed that he could go to the Bears, Packers, San Diego Chargers, Baltimore Ravens, Houston Texans, Pittsburgh Steelers or the New York Jets.

paragraph: Ultimately, he ended up going to the Bears with the 19th pick in the draft. According to the Bears website, NFL analyst Michael Lombardi was the lone analyst to project McClellin going to the Bears. McClellin is the second highest draft pick in Boise State history, behind only Ryan Clady (No. 12 in 2008 by Denver).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: After getting drafted by Chicago, Emery stated that McClellin would play opposite Julius Peppers at left defensive end, with "Chicago Sun-Times" writer Sean Jensen saying that McClellin could replace middle-linebacker Brian Urlacher in the event that he leaves the team or retires.

paragraph: McClellin was signed to a four-year contract on May 11. McClellin made his NFL debut in week one of the preseason against the Denver Broncos, recording three tackles, one sack (on former Bear Caleb Hanie), one tackle-for-loss, and two quarterback hits. McClellin was penalized for a helmet-to-helmet hit on Hanie, setting up a Broncos field goal; even though the kick missed, the Bears would lose 31-3. McClellin recorded his first official sack on Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers, as McClellin recorded 1.5 sacks and four tackles. In the opening minutes of Week 10 against the Houston Texans, McClellin went out with a concussion. McClellin was later injured again when he sprained his MCL against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 14.

paragraph: In Week 9 of 2013 against the Packers, McClellin recorded three sacks, one of which knocked Rodgers out of the game. McClellin was eventually named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week. However, McClellin suffered a hamstring injury on November 7 during practice, and missed the next two games.

paragraph: After the 2013 season ended, the Bears announced plans to start McClellin at strong-side linebacker. Chicago Bears senior writer Larry Mayer confirmed the switch on March 24, 2014, and stated that McClellin will switch to #50 in conjunction with the position switch.

paragraph: On April 29, 2015, the Bears announced that they would not be picking up the fifth-year option of McClellin's contract. McCellin recorded a career-high in tackles in 2015 with 81, one more than he had recorded in his previous three seasons put together.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots and Possible Retirement.

paragraph: On March 16, 2016, McClellin signed a three-year contract with the New England Patriots. The contract has a total value of approximately $9 million with $3.5 million guaranteed. On December 12, 2016, during Monday Night Football, McClellin leaped over Ravens long snapper Morgan Cox to block a Justin Tucker kick, causing the first and only missed field goal of the season for Tucker. On January 1, 2017, he returned a fumble 69 yards in the Week 17 victory over the Miami Dolphins, the longest return in Patriots franchise history. On February 5, 2017, McClellin started at linebacker in the Patriots' Super Bowl LI 34–28 overtime victory over the Atlanta Falcons. During the game, McClellin jumped over the line during an extra point attempt, as he had against the Baltimore Ravens, blocking the kick, but was called for jumping over the center, which on video review seemed to be incorrect, as he appeared to jump over the guard.

paragraph: On September 4, 2017, McClellin was placed on injured reserve. Without McClellin, the Patriots reached Super Bowl LII, but were defeated by the Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On March 19, 2018, McClellin was released by the Patriots. On May 29, 2018, Yahoo Sports published an article detailing the possible retirement of McClellin. McClellin's career was self-reportedly cut short by concussions.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2012, McClellin became a partner with Allstate and Give Your Sole, and attended the Chicago 13.1 Marathon on June 9 to encourage runners to donate athletic shoes. On June 8, McClellin and the rest of the 2012 Bears draft class planted trees and shrubs at LaFollette Park as part of the team's Save Da Planet program.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boise State Broncos bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Patriots bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Shea McClellin

wikipedia_title: Shea McClellin


text:
Italian
Naples
Renaissance
Novello da San Lucano
Giovanni Francesco Mormando
Santa Maria Egiziaca a Forcella
San Giuseppe
Palazzo Orsini a Gravina

categories: Year of birth unknown,Architects from Naples,1510 deaths,15th-century Italian architects

paragraph: Gabriele Agnolo

paragraph: Gabriele Agnolo, also known as "Gabriele d'Angelo" (died 1510) was an Italian architect active in Naples in the early-Renaissance manner.

paragraph: He was born in Naples, and followed in the style of the contemporaries, Novello da San Lucano and Giovanni Francesco Mormando. He was active in 1480, and participated in work on the church of Santa Maria Egiziaca a Forcella and San Giuseppe. He designed the Palazzo Orsini a Gravina.

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Gabriele Agnolo

wikipedia_title: Gabriele Agnolo


text: modern Greek literature

text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Zorba the Greek

text: Christ Recrucified

text: Captain Michalis

text: The Last Temptation of Christ

text: plays

text: travel books

text: The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises

text: Zorba the Greek

text: "The Last Temptation of Christ"

text: Modern Greek

text: Divine Comedy

text: Thus Spoke Zarathustra

text: Iliad

text: Kandiye

text: the modern Greek state

text: Ottoman Empire

text: University of Athens

text: Juris Doctor

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: Sorbonne

text: Henri Bergson

text: Angelos Sikelianos

text: Berlin

text: Cyprus

text: Aegina

text: Mount Sinai

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Nice

text: Antibes

text: Vladimir Lenin

text: Left Opposition

text: Victor Serge

text: Joseph Stalin

text: Miguel Primo de Rivera

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Nikos Kazantzakis commemorative coin

text: National Emblem of Greece

text: Iliad

text: Ioannis Kakridis

text: Angelos Sikelianos

text: Nobel Prize for Literature

text: Albert Camus

text: Freiburg

text: Heraklion

text: Orthodox Church

text: Henry Bergson

text: existential

text: Jean-Paul Sartre

text: Sigmund Freud

text: Nietzsche

text: Buddhist

text: communist

text: Homer

text: Odyssey

text: Zorba the Greek

text: Christ Recrucified

text: Captain Michalis

text: The Last Temptation of Christ

text: Greek Civil War

text: Zorba the Greek

text: The Last Temptation of Christ

text: Katharevousa

text: Ancient Greek

text: Demotic Greek

text: Mount Athos

text: The Last Temptation of Christ

text: Christ Recrucified

text: Kimon Friar

text: Chicago Review

text: The Atlantic Monthly

text: Secker and Warburg

text: "The Charioteer"

text: Simon & Schuster

text: Bruno Cassirer

text: Bruno Cassirer

text: Creative Arts Books

text: Zorba the Greek

text: Ballantine Books

text: The Greek Passion

text: Jonathan Griffin

text: Faber and Faber

text: Freedom and Death

text: The Last Temptation

text: Ohio University Press

text: Kathimerini Publications

text: University of California Press

text: Allen Press

text: The Literary Review

text: The Literary Review

text: The Literary Review

text: North Central Publishing

text: Avant Books

text: The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises

text: Minerva Press

text: The Charioteer

text: The Charioteer

text: Caratzas Brothers

text: National Bank of Greece

text: Greek Heritage

text: Journal of Hellenic Diaspora

text: The Literary Review

text: Greek Heritage

text: The Shaw Review

text: George Bernard Shaw

text: Nikos Kazantzakis Pages at the Historical Museum of Crete

text: The Literary Review

text: Pandelis Prevelakis

text: Philip Sherrard

text: Columbia University Press

text: Princeton University Press

text: Pendle Hill Publications

text: Mercer University Press

text: Rowman and Littlefield

text: Hakkert

text: University of Alabama Press

text: Ohio State University Press

text: State University of New York Press

text: Paupers

text: Mercer University Press

text: "Nikos Kazantzakis and thought leadership"

text: "GISAP: Educational Sciences", 4, pp. 53-54

text: "Challenge in Writing", 2015

text: The Nikos Kazantzakis Museum, Crete

text: The Nikos Kazantzakis Pages at the Historical Museum of Crete

text: Iran to pay homage to Greek author Kazantzakis – "Tehran Times", 10 April 2008

text: Society of Nikos Kazantzakis friends

text: Kazantzakis Publications (Patroclos Stavrou)

categories: People from Heraklion,Cretan novelists,20th-century dramatists and playwrights,20th-century Greek novelists,Greek male novelists,Nikos Kazantzakis,20th-century Greek philosophers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni,Writers from Crete,Greek journalists,Greeks of the Ottoman Empire,Greek male poets,Theatre in Greece,1883 births,Greek nationalists,People from Ottoman Crete,1957 deaths,20th-century Greek poets,Greek speculative fiction writers,Greek travel writers,Greek socialists,Greek anti-communists,Greek agnostics,20th-century Greek dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Nikos Kazantzakis

paragraph: Nikos Kazantzakis ( ; 18 February 188326 October 1957) was a Greek writer. Widely considered a giant of modern Greek literature, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in nine different years.

paragraph: Kazantzakis' novels included "Zorba the Greek" (published 1946 as "Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas"), "Christ Recrucified" (1948), "Captain Michalis" (1950, translated Freedom and Death), and "The Last Temptation of Christ" (1955). He also wrote plays, travel books, memoirs and philosophical essays such as "The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises". His fame spread in the English-speaking world due to cinematic adaptations of "Zorba the Greek" (1964) and "The Last Temptation of Christ" (1988).

paragraph: He translated also a number of notable works into Modern Greek, such as the "Divine Comedy", "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" and the "Iliad".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: When Kazantzakis was born in 1883 in Kandiye, now Heraklion, Crete had not yet joined the modern Greek state (which had been established in 1832), and was still under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. From 1902 to 1906 Kazantzakis studied law at the University of Athens: his 1906 Juris Doctor thesis title was "Ο Φρειδερίκος Νίτσε εν τη φιλοσοφία του δικαίου και της πολιτείας" ("Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy of Right and the State"). Then he went to the Sorbonne in 1907 to study philosophy. There he fell under the influence of Henri Bergson. His 1909 doctoral dissertation at the Sorbonne was a reworked version of his 1906 dissertation under the title "Friedrich Nietzsche dans la philosophie du droit et de la cité" ("Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy of Right and the State"). Upon his return to Greece, he began translating works of philosophy. In 1914 he met Angelos Sikelianos. Together they travelled for two years in places where Greek Orthodox Christian culture flourished, largely influenced by the enthusiastic nationalism of Sikelianos.

paragraph: Kazantzakis married Galatea Alexiou in 1911; they divorced in 1926. He married Eleni Samiou in 1945. Between 1922 and his death in 1957, he sojourned in Paris and Berlin (from 1922 to 1924), Italy, Russia (in 1925), Spain (in 1932), and then later in Cyprus, Aegina, Egypt, Mount Sinai, Czechoslovakia, Nice (he later bought a villa in nearby Antibes, in the Old Town section near the famed seawall), China, and Japan.

paragraph: While in Berlin, where the political situation was explosive, Kazantzakis discovered communism and became an admirer of Vladimir Lenin. He never became a committed communist, but visited the Soviet Union and stayed with the Left Opposition politician and writer Victor Serge. He witnessed the rise of Joseph Stalin, and became disillusioned with Soviet-style communism. Around this time, his earlier nationalist beliefs were gradually replaced by a more universalist ideology.

paragraph: As a journalist in 1926 he got interviews from Miguel Primo de Rivera and the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

paragraph: The 50th anniversary of the death of Nikos Kazantzakis was selected as main motif for a high-value euro collectors' coin; the €10 Greek Nikos Kazantzakis commemorative coin, minted in 2007. His image is on the obverse of the coin, while the reverse carries the National Emblem of Greece with his signature.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: During WWII he was in Athens and translated the Iliad, together with the philologist Ioannis Kakridis. In 1945, he became the leader of a small party on the non-communist left, and entered the Greek government as Minister without Portfolio. He resigned this post the following year. In 1946, The Society of Greek Writers recommended that Kazantzakis and Angelos Sikelianos be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1957, he lost the Prize to Albert Camus by one vote. Camus later said that Kazantzakis deserved the honour "a hundred times more" than himself. In total Kazantzakis was nominated in nine different years. Late in 1957, even though suffering from leukemia, he set out on one last trip to China and Japan. Falling ill on his return flight, he was transferred to Freiburg, Germany, where he died. He is buried on the wall surrounding the city of Heraklion near the Chania Gate, because the Orthodox Church ruled out his being buried in a cemetery. His epitaph reads "I hope for nothing. I fear nothing. I am free." (Δεν ελπίζω τίποτα. Δε φοβούμαι τίποτα. Είμαι λέφτερος.)

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: Kazantzakis' first published work was the 1906 narrative, "Serpent and Lily" (Όφις και Κρίνο), which he signed with the pen name Karma Nirvami. In 1907 Kazantzakis went to Paris for his graduate studies and was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Henry Bergson, primarily the idea that a true understanding of the world comes from the combination of intuition, personal experience, and rational thought. The theme of rationalism mixed with irrationality later became central to many of Kazantzakis' later stories, characters, and personal philosophies. Later, in 1909, he wrote a one-act play titled "Comedy", which was filled with existential themes, predating the post-World War II existentialist movement in Europe spearheaded by writers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Camus. After completing his studies in Paris, he wrote the tragedy, "The Master Builder" (Ο Πρωτομάστορας), based on a popular Greek folkloric myth.

paragraph: Through the next several decades, from the 1910s through the 1930s, Kazantzakis traveled around Greece, much of Europe, northern Africa, and to several countries in Asia. Countries he visited include: Germany, Italy, France, The Netherlands, Romania, Egypt, Russia, Japan, and China, among others. These journeys put Kazantzakis in contact with different philosophies, ideologies, lifestyles, and people, all of which influenced him and his writings. Kazantzakis would often write about his influences in letters to friends, citing Sigmund Freud, the philosophy of Nietzsche, Buddhist theology, and communist ideology and major influences. While he continued to travel later in life, the bulk of his travel writing came from this time period.

paragraph: Kazantzakis began writing "" in 1924, and completed it in 1938 after fourteen years of writing and revision. The poem follows the hero of Homer's "Odyssey", Odysseus, as he undertakes a final journey after the end of the original poem. Following the structure of Homer's "Odyssey", it is divided into 24 rhapsodies and consists of 33,333 lines. While Kazantzakis felt this poem held his cumulative wisdom and experience, and that it was his greatest literary experience, critics were split, "some praised it as an unprecedented epic, [while] many simply viewed it as a hybristic act," with many scholars still being split to this day. A common criticism of "The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel" was aimed at Kazantzakis' over-reliance on flowery and metaphorical verse, a criticism that is also aimed at his works of fiction.

paragraph: Many of Kazantzakis' most famous novels were published between 1940 and 1961, including "Zorba the Greek" (1946), "Christ Recrucified" (1948), "Captain Michalis" (1950), "The Last Temptation of Christ" (1955), and "Report to Greco" (1961).

paragraph: Scholar Peter Bein argues that each story explores different aspects of post-World War II Greek culture such as religion, nationalism, political beliefs, the Greek Civil War, gender roles, immigration, and general cultural practices and beliefs. These works also explore what Kazantzakis believed to be the unique physical and spiritual location of Greece, a nation that belongs to neither the East nor the West, an idea he put forth in many of his letters to friends. As the scholar Peter Bein argued, "Kazantzakis viewed Greece's special mission as the reconciliation of Eastern instinct with Western reason," echoing the Bergsonian themes that balance logic against emotion found in many of Kazantzakis' novels.

paragraph: Two of these works of fiction, "Zorba the Greek" and "The Last Temptation of Christ" had major motion picture adaptations in 1964 and 1988 respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Language and use of Demotic Greek.

paragraph: During the time when Kazantzakis was writing his novels, poems, and plays, the majority of "serious" Greek artistic work was written in Katharevousa, a "pure" form of the Greek language that was created to bridge Ancient Greek with Modern, Demotic Greek, and to "purify" Demotic Greek. In his letters to friends and correspondents, Kazantzakis wrote that he chose to write in Demotic Greek to capture the spirit of the people, and to make his writing resonate with the common Greek citizen. Moreover, he wanted to prove that the common spoken language of Greek was able to produce artistic, literary works. Or, in his own words, "Why not show off all the possibilities of demotic Greek?" Furthermore, Kazantzakis felt that it was important to record the vernacular of the everyday person, including Greek peasants, and often tried to include expressions, metaphors, and idioms he would hear while traveling throughout Greece, and incorporate them into his writing for posterity. At the time of writing, some scholars and critics panned his work because it was not written in Katharevousa, while others praised it precisely because it was written in Demotic Greek.

paragraph: Several critics have argued that Kazantakis' writing was too flowery, filled with obscure metaphors, and difficult to read, despite the fact that his works were written in Demotic Greek. Kazantzakis scholar Peter Bein argues that the metaphors and language Kazantzakis used were taken directly from the peasants he encountered when traveling Greece. Bein asserts that, since Kazantzakis was trying to preserve the language of the people, he used their local metahpors and phrases to give his narrative an air of authenticity and preserve these phrases so that they were not lost.

paragraph: Section::::Democratic Socialism.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Kazantzakis reiterated his belief that "only socialism as the goal and democracy as the means" could provide an equitable solution to the "frightfully urgent problems of the age in which we are living." He saw the need for socialist parties throughout the world to put aside their bickering and unite so that the program of "socialist democracy" could prevail not just in Greece, but throughout the civilized world. He described socialism as a social system which "does not permit the exploitation of one person by another" and that "must guarantee every freedom."

paragraph: Kazantzakis was anathema to the right-wing in Greece both before and after World War 2. The right waged war against his books and called him "immoral" and a "Bolshevik troublemaker" and accused him of being a Russian agent. He was also distrusted by the Greek and Russian Communist parties as a "bourgeois" thinker. However, upon his death in 1957, he was honored by the Chinese Communist party as a "great writer" and "devotee of peace."

paragraph: Section::::Religious beliefs and relationship with the Greek Orthodox Church.

paragraph: While Kazantzakis was deeply spiritual, he often discussed his struggle with religious faith, specifically his Greek Orthodoxy. Baptized Greek Orthodox as a child, he was fascinated by the lives of saints from a young age. As a young man he took a month long trip to Mount Athos, a major spiritual center for Greek Orthodoxy. Most critics and scholars of Kazantzakis agree that the struggle to find truth in religion and spirituality was central to a great deal of his works, and that some novels, like "The Last Temptation of Christ" and "Christ Recrucified" focus completely on questioning Christian morals and values. As he traveled Europe, he was influenced by various philosophers, cultures, and religions, like Buddhism, causing him to question his Christian beliefs. While never claiming to be an atheist, his public questioning and critique of the most fundamental Christian values put him at odds with the Greek Orthodox church, and many of his critics. Scholars theorize that Kazantzakis' difficult relationship with many members of the clergy, and the more religiously conservative literary critics, came from his questioning and reversal of the classic tenets of Christianity. In his book, "Broken Hallelujah: Nikos Kazantzakis and Christian Theology", author Darren Middleton theorizes that, "Where the majority of Christian writers focus on God's immutability, Jesus' deity, and our salvation through God's grace, Kazantzakis emphasized divine mutability, Jesus' humanity, and God's own redemption through our effort," highlighting Kazantzakis' uncommon interpretation of traditional Orthodox Christian beliefs. Many Orthodox Church clergy condemned Kazantzakis' work and a campaign was started to excommunicate him. His reply was: ""You gave me a curse, Holy fathers, I give you a blessing: may your conscience be as clear as mine and may you be as moral and religious as I"" (Greek: ""Μου δώσατε μια κατάρα, Άγιοι πατέρες, σας δίνω κι εγώ μια ευχή: Σας εύχομαι να ‘ναι η συνείδηση σας τόσο καθαρή, όσο είναι η δική μου και να ‘στε τόσο ηθικοί και θρήσκοι όσο είμαι εγώ""). While the excommunication was rejected by the top leadership of the Orthodox Church, it became emblematic of the persistent disapprobation from many Christian authorities for his political and religious views.

paragraph: Modern scholarship tends to dismiss the idea that Kazantzakis was being sacrilegious or blasphemous with the content of his novels and beliefs. These scholars argue that, if anything, Kazantzakis was acting in accordance to a long tradition of Christians who publicly struggled with their faith, and grew a stronger and more personal connection to God through their doubt. Moreover, scholars like Darren J. N. Middleton argue that Kazantzakis' interpretation of the Christian faith predated the more modern, personalized interpretation of Christianity that has become popular in the years after Kazantzakis' death.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of English translations.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of English translations.:Translations of "The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel", in whole or in part.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Odyssey [Selections from]", partial translation in prose by Kimon Friar, Wake 12 (1953), pp. 58–65.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Odyssey", excerpt translated by Kimon Friar, "Chicago Review" 8, No. 2 (Spring/Summer 1954), pp. 12–18.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Return of Odysseus", partial translation by Kimon Friar, "The Atlantic Monthly" 195, No. 6 (June 1955), pp. 110–112.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", a full verse-translation by Kimon Friar, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1958; London: Secker and Warburg, 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death, the Ant", from "The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel", Book XV, 829–63, translated by Kimon Friar, "The Charioteer", No. 1 (Summer 1960), p. 39.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of English translations.:Travel books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spain", translated by Amy Mims, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Japan, China", translated by George C. Pappageotes, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963; published in the United Kingdom as "Travels in China & Japan", Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1964; London: Faber and Faber, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "England", translated by Amy Mims, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965; Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey to Morea", translated by F. A. Reed, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965; published in the United Kingdom as "Travels in Greece, Journey to Morea", Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journeying: Travels in Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Jerusalem and Cyprus", translated by Themi Vasils and Theodora Vasils, Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1975; San Francisco: Creative Arts Books Co., 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Russia", translated by A. Maskaleris and M. Antonakis, Creative Arts Books Co, 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of English translations.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zorba the Greek", translated by Carl Wildman, London, John Lehmann, 1952; New York, Simon & Schuster, 1953; Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 1959; London & Boston: Faber and Faber, 1961 and New York: Ballantine Books, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greek Passion", translated by Jonathan Griffin, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1954; New York, Ballantine Books, 1965; published in the United Kingdom as "Christ Recrucified", Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1954; London: Faber and Faber, 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freedom and Death", translated by Jonathan Griffin, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954; New York: Ballantine, 1965; published in the United Kingdom as "Freedom and Death", Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1956; London: Faber and Faber, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Temptation", translated by Peter A. Bien, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1960; New York, Bantam Books, 1961; Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1961; London: Faber and Faber, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saint Francis", translated by Peter A. Bien, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1962; published in the United Kingdom as "God's Pauper: Saint Francis of Assisi", Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1962, 1975; London: Faber and Faber, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rock Garden", translated from French (in which it was originally written) by Richard Howard, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fratricides", translated by Athena Gianakas Dallas, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964; Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toda Raba", translated from French (in which it was originally written) by Amy Mims, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Report to Greco" — see under 'Memoirs, essays and letters'

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alexander the Great. A Novel" [for children], translated by Theodora Vasils, Athens (Ohio): Ohio University Press, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At the Palaces of Knossos. A Novel" [for children], translated by Themi and Theodora Vasilis, edited by Theodora Vasilis, London: Owen, 1988. Adapted from the draft typewritten manuscript.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Father Yanaros" [from the novel "The Fratricides"], translated by Theodore Sampson, in "Modern Greek Short Stories", Vol. 1, edited by Kyr. Delopoulos, Athens: Kathimerini Publications, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serpent and Lily", translated by Theodora Vasils, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of English translations.:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Julian the Apostate": First staged in Paris, 1948.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Plays": "Melissa", "Kouros", "Christopher Columbus", translated by Athena Gianakas-Dallas, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christopher Columbus", translated by Athena Gianakas-Dallas, Kentfield (CA): Allen Press, 1972. Edition limited to 140 copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Odysseus, A Drama", partial translation by M. Byron Raizis, "The Literary Review" 16, No. 3 (Spring 1973), p. 352.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedy: A Tragedy in One Act", translated by Kimon Friar, "The Literary Review" 18, No. 4 (Summer 1975), pp. 417–454 {61}.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sodom and Gomorrah, A Play", translated by Kimon Friar, "The Literary Review" 19, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 122–256 (62).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two plays: Sodom and Gomorrah and Comedy: A Tragedy in One Act", translated by Kimon Friar, Minneapolis: North Central Publishing Co., 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buddha", translated by Kimon Friar and Athena Dallas-Damis, San Diego (CA): Avant Books, 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of English translations.:Memoirs, essays and letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises", translated by Kimon Friar, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Report to Greco", translated by Peter A. Bien, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965; Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1965; London: Faber and Faber, 1965; New York: Bantan Books, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symposium", translated by Theodora Vasils e Themi Vasils, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1974; New York: Minerva Press, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy of Right and the State", translated by O. Makridis, New York: State University of NY Press, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises", translated by Kimon Friar, "The Charioteer", No. 1 (Summer 1960), pp. 40–51; reprinted in "The Charioteer" 22 and 23 (1980/1981), pp. 116–129 {57}.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Suffering God: Selected Letters to Galatea and to Papastephanou", translated by Philip Ramp and Katerina Anghelaki Rooke, New Rochelle (NY): Caratzas Brothers, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Angels of Cyprus", translated by Amy Mims, in "Cyprus '74: Aphrodite's Other Face", edited by Emmanuel C. Casdaglis, Athens: National Bank of Greece, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burn Me to Ashes: An Excerpt", translated by Kimon Friar, "Greek Heritage" 1, No. 2 (Spring 1964), pp. 61–64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ" (poetry), translated by Kimon Friar, "Journal of Hellenic Diaspora" (JHD) 10, No. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 47–51 (60).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drama and Contemporary Man, An Essay", translated by Peter Bien, "The Literary Review" 19, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 15–121 {62}.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""He Wants to Be Free – Kill Him!" A Story", translated by Athena G. Dallas, "Greek Heritage" 1, No. 1 (Winter 1963), pp. 78–82.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Homeric G.B.S.", "The Shaw Review" 18, No. 3 (Sept. 1975), pp. 91–92. Greek original written for a 1946 Greek language radio broadcast by BBC Overseas Service, on the occasion of George Bernard Shaw's 90th birthday.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hymn (Allegorical)", translated by M. Byron Raizis, "Spirit" 37, No. 3 (Fall 1970), pp. 16–17.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Dreams", translated by Peter Mackridge, "Omphalos" 1, No. 2 (Summer 1972), p. 3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikos Kazantzakis Pages at the Historical Museum of Crete

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bien (ed. and tr.), "The Selected Letters of Nikos Kazantzakis" (Princeton, PUP, 2011) (Princeton Modern Greek Studies).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of English translations.:Anthologies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Tiny Anthology of Kazantzakis. Remarks on the Drama, 1910–1957", compiled by Peter Bien, "The Literary Review" 18, No. 4 (Summer 1975), pp. 455–459 {61}.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pandelis Prevelakis, "Nikos Kazantzakis and His Odyssey. A Study of the Poet and the Poem", translated from the Greek by Philip Sherrard, with a prefaction by Kimon Friar, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bien, "Nikos Kazantzakis", 1962; New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bien, "Nikos Kazantzakis and the Linguistic Revolution in Greek Literature", Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bien, "Tempted by happiness. Kazantzakis' post-Christian Christ" Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Publications, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bien, "Kazantzakis. Politics of the Spirit", Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darren J. N. Middleton and Peter Bien, ed., "God's struggler. Religion in the Writings of Nikos Kazantzakis", Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darren J. N. Middleton, "Novel Theology: Nikos Kazantzakis' Encounter with Whiteheadian Process Theism", Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darren J. N. Middleton, "Scandalizing Jesus?: Kazantzakis' 'Last Temptation of Christ' Fifty Years On", New York: Continuum, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darren J. N. Middleton, "Broken Hallelujah: Nikos Kazantzakis and Christian Theology", Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Kazantzakis, "Nikos Kazantzakis. A biography based on his letters", translated by Amy Mims, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968; Bruno Cassirer, Oxford, 1968; Berkeley: Creative Arts Book Co. for Donald S. Ellis, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John (Giannes) Anapliotes, "The real Zorbas and Nikos Kazantzakis", translated by Lewis A. Richards, Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James F. Lea, "Kazantzakis: The Politics of Salvation", foreword by Helen Kazantzakis, The University of Alabama Press, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kimon Friar, "The spiritual odyssey of Nikos Kazantzakis. A talk", edited and with an introduction by Theofanis G. Stavrou, St. Paul, Minn.: North Central Pub. Co., 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morton P. Levitt, "The Cretan Glance, The World and Art of Nikos Kazantzakis", Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel A. Dombrowski, "Kazantzakis and God", Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colin Wilson and Howard F. Dossor, "Nikos Kazantzakis", Nottingham: Paupers, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dossor, Howard F The Existential Theology of Nikos Kazantzakis Wallingford Pa (Pendle Hill Pamphlets No 359), 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis Owen, "Creative Destruction: Nikos Kazantzakis and the Literature of Responsibility", Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ioannis G. Zaglaris, "Nikos Kazantzakis and thought leadership", 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ioannis G. Zaglaris, "Nikos Kazantzakis - end of time due to copyright", "GISAP: Educational Sciences", 4, pp. 53-54, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ioannis G. Zaglaris, "Challenge in Writing", 2015

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Nikos Kazantzakis Museum, Crete

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Nikos Kazantzakis Pages at the Historical Museum of Crete

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iran to pay homage to Greek author Kazantzakis – "Tehran Times", 10 April 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Society of Nikos Kazantzakis friends

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazantzakis Publications (Patroclos Stavrou)

alias:
Nicos Kazantzakes
Νίκος Καζαντζάκης

description: Greek writer and philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Nikos Kazantzakis

wikidata_label: Nikos Kazantzakis

wikipedia_title: Nikos Kazantzakis


text: Prime Minister of Afghanistan

text: President of Afghanistan

text: overthrew

text: Musahiban

text: Mohammed Zahir Shah

text: Saur Revolution

text: communist

text: progressive policies

text: women's rights

text: Pashtun nationalism

text: irredentist

text: Pakistan

text: civil war

text: Kabul

text: Mohammed Nadir Shah

text: Begum

text: Berlin

text: France

text: Kandahar Province

text: Defense Minister

text: Interior Minister

text: Central Corps

text: Afghan Armed Forces

text: Prime Minister

text: Soviet Union

text: Helmand Valley

text: Durand Line

text: Pashtun people

text: Pakistan

text: Hazara

text: Tajik

text: Uzbek

text: Border skirmishes

text: Abdul Ghaffar Khan

text: Khudai Khidmatgar

text: Pashtuns

text: Pakistan

text: Bajaur Agency

text: F-86 Sabres

text: Kunar province

text: USSR

text: airplane

text: tank

text: heavy

text: light artillery

text: autocratic rule

text: Zahir Shah

text: Pashtun Nationalism

text: King Zahir

text: bloodless coup

text: Shah

text: republic

text: President

text: North-West Frontier Province

text: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

text: Hayat Sherpao

text: Pakistani Prime Minister

text: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

text: Inter-Services Intelligence

text: proxy war

text: loya jirga

text: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

text: National Assembly

text: presidential

text: Moscow

text: United States

text: Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal

text: Mohammed Asif Safi

text: Egypt

text: India

text: Shah of Iran

text: National Revolutionary Party

text: loya jirga

text: Leonid Brezhnev

text: Parcham

text: Khalq

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Iran

text: Egypt

text: Mir Akbar Khyber

text: Parcham

text: Nur Muhammad Taraki

text: Hafizullah Amin

text: Babrak Karmal

text: coup d'état

text: Kabul International Airport

text: assassinated

text: the Arg

text: District 12

text: king of Saudi Arabia

text: Pashtuns

text: Afghan armed forces

text: Uzbeks

text: Tajiks

text: Zamina Begum

text: Mohammed Zahir Shah

categories: Prime Ministers of Afghanistan,People from Kabul,Assassinated Afghan politicians,Leaders who took power by coup,Democratic Republic of Afghanistan,Assassinated heads of state,Pashtun nationalists,Presidents of Afghanistan,1909 births,Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan,1970s in Afghanistan,People murdered in Afghanistan,1978 deaths,Foreign ministers of Afghanistan

paragraph: Mohammed Daoud Khan

paragraph: Mohammed Daoud Khan or Daud Khan (18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was the 5th Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 and the President of Afghanistan from 1973 to 1978. Born into the royal family, he overthrew the Musahiban monarchy of his first cousin Mohammed Zahir Shah and declared himself as the first President of Afghanistan in 1973 with Soviet backing. He would hold this position until his assassination in 1978 during the Saur Revolution led by the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after he fell out of favor with the USSR. Khan was known for his progressive policies, efforts to improve women's rights, Pashtun nationalism, irredentist claims to land in northwest Pakistan, and for initiating two five-year modernization plans which increased the labor force by about 50 percent. The 1978 coup and assassination plunged Afghanistan into an ongoing civil war.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Khan was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, the eldest son of the diplomat HRH Prince Mohammed Aziz Khan (1877–1933) (an older half-brother of King Mohammed Nadir Shah) and his wife, Khurshid Begum. He lost his father to an assassination in Berlin in 1933, while his father was serving as the Afghan Ambassador to Germany. He and his brother Naim Khan (1911–1978) then came under the tutelage of their uncle HRH Prince Hashim Khan (1884–1953). Daoud proved to be an apt student of politics. Educated in France, he served as Governor of the Eastern Province in 1934-35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province from 1935 to 1938. His father died when Daoud was 24.

paragraph: In 1939, Khan was promoted to Lieutenant-General and commander of the important Kabul Army Corps until 1946. From 1946 to 1948, he served as Defense Minister, then Interior Minister from 1949 to 1951. In 1948, he served as Afghan Ambassador to France. In 1951, he was promoted to General and served in that capacity as Commander of the Central Corps of the Afghan Armed Forces in Kabul from 1951 to 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Royal Prime Minister.

paragraph: Khan was appointed Prime Minister in September 1953 through an intra-family transfer of power that involved no violence. His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign policy turn to the Soviet Union, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which radically improved living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative steps towards the emancipation of women.

paragraph: With the creation of an independent Pakistan in August 1947, the Durand Line conflict with the British colonialists was inherited by that country and Afghanistan. Khan supported a nationalistic reunification of the Pakistani Pashtun people with Afghanistan, but this would have involved taking a considerable amount of territory from the new nation of Pakistan and was in direct opposition to an older plan of the 1950s whereby a confederation between the two countries was proposed. The move further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as the minority Hazara, Tajik, and Uzbek, who suspected his intention was to increase the Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on political power. Border skirmishes with Pakistan began in 1949.

paragraph: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), claimed that Daoud Khan 'only exploited the idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his own political ends'. The idea of 'reunification of Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns' and it only caused trouble for Pakistan. In fact it was "never a reality". Moreover, Daoud Khan policy of reunification of Pashtun people failed to gain any support from Pashtuns in Pakistan. Baloch tribe in Pakistan also wondered why Daoud Khan had included Balochistan as part of his idea without their approval.

paragraph: In 1960, Khan sent troops across the poorly-marked Durand Line into the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan in an attempt to manipulate events in that area and to press the Pashtunistan issue, but the Afghan forces were defeated by the Pakistani Tribals. During this period, the propaganda war from Afghanistan, carried on by radio, was relentless. In 1961, Daoud Khan made another attempt to invade Bajaur with larger Afghan army this time. However, Pakistan employed F-86 Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties against the Afghan army unit and the tribesmen from Kunar province which were supporting the Afghan army. Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and they were paraded in front of international media which in turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.

paragraph: In 1961, as a result of his policies and support to militias in areas along the Durand Line, Pakistan closed its borders with Afghanistan and the latter severed ties, causing an economic crisis and greater dependence on the USSR. The USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within a few months, the USSR sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light artillery, for a heavily discounted price tag of $25 million, to Afghanistan.

paragraph: As a result of continued resentment against Daoud's autocratic rule, close ties with the Soviet union and economic downturn because of blockade imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Khan was asked to resign. Instead of resigning, Daoud Khan requested King Zahir Shah to approve new 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase the Daoud Khan already considerable power. Upon rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned. The crisis was finally resolved with his forced resignation in March 1963 and the re-opening of the border in May. Pakistan continued to remain suspicious of Afghan intentions and Daoud's policy left a negative impression in the eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for the sake of Pashtun Nationalism.

paragraph: In 1964, King Zahir Shah introduced a new constitution, for the first time excluding all members of the Royal Family from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped down. In addition to having been Prime Minister, he had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense and Minister of Planning until 1963.

paragraph: Section::::President of the Republic.

paragraph: On July 17, 1973 Khan seized power from his cousin (and brother-in-law) King Zahir in a bloodless coup. Departing from tradition, and for the first time in Afghan history, he did not proclaim himself "Shah", establishing instead a republic with himself as President.

paragraph: In 1974 he signed one of two economic packages that aimed to greatly increase the capability of the Afghan military. At this time, there were increasing concerns that Afghanistan lacked a modern army comparable to the militaries of Iran and Pakistan. Daoud hosted General Secretary of the National Awami Party Khan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's government and forces also commenced training Pakhtun Zalmay and young Baluchs to conduct militant action and sabotage in Pakistan. The campaign was significant enough that even one of Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister of interior and head of the provincial branch of Bhutto's party of/in the then-North-West Frontier Province (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, ostensibly on the orders of the later-acquitted Awami Party. As a result, Afghanistan's already strained relationship with Pakistan further dipped and Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference.

paragraph: By 1975, Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage in promoting a proxy war in Afghanistan.

paragraph: King Zahir Shah's democratic constitution with elected members and the separation of powers was replaced by a now largely nominated loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly"). A new constitution backed by a loya jirga was promulgated in February 1977, but failed to satisfy all political factions.

paragraph: In 1976, under pressure from the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and to increase domestic Pashtun support, he took a stronger line on the Pashtunistan issue and promoted a proxy war in Pakistan. Trade and transit agreements with Pakistan were subsequently severely affected. Soon after Khan's army and police faced a growing Islamic fundamentalist movement, the Islamic fundamentalist movement's leaders fled to Pakistan. There, they were supported by Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and encouraged to continue the fight against Khan. He was successful in suppressing the movement, however. Later in 1978, while promoting his new foreign policy doctrine, he came to a tentative agreement on a solution to the Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.

paragraph: In 1977 Khan presented a new constitution to the National Assembly, which wrote in several new articles and amended others - one of these was the creation of a presidential government. He also began to moderate his socialist policies. In 1978, there was a rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance himself from the communist elements within the coup. He was concerned about the tenor of many communists in his government and Afghanistan's growing dependency on the Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would soon become closer to the West, especially the United States; the Soviets had always feared that the United States could find a way to influence the government in Kabul.

paragraph: A coup against Khan, which may have been planned before he took power, was repressed shortly after his seizure of power. In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former Prime Minister and a highly respected former diplomat, was arrested in a coup plot and died in prison. This was at a time when Parchamis controlled the Ministry of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that he had been tortured to death. One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of this plot with Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released. Khan personally apologized to him for the arrest.

paragraph: Khan wanted to lessen the country's dependence on the Soviet Union and attempted to promote a new foreign policy. He went to Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, and Iran for aid. Surprisingly, he did not renew the Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and the Shah of Iran. These moves alerted the Soviets.

paragraph: The following year, he established his own political party, the National Revolutionary Party, which became the focus of all political activity. In January 1977, a loya jirga approved the constitution establishing a presidential one-party system of government.

paragraph: During his latter years in charge, his purge of communists in his government strained his relations with them, while his desire for higher authority strained relations with the liberals that were in charge during the monarchy. Also, his persecution of religious conservatives strained relations with those people too.

paragraph: Section::::President of the Republic.:Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Khan met Leonid Brezhnev on a state visit to Moscow from April 12 to 15, 1977. He had asked for a private meeting with the Soviet leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of Soviet actions in Afghanistan. In particular, he discussed the intensified Soviet attempt to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq. Brezhnev described Afghanistan's non-alignment as important to the USSR and essential to the promotion of peace in Asia, but warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed in the northern parts of Afghanistan. Daoud bluntly replied that Afghanistan would remain free, and that the Soviet Union would never be allowed to dictate how the country should be governed.

paragraph: After returning to Afghanistan, he made plans that his government would diminish its relationships with the Soviet Union, and instead forge closer contacts with the West as well as the oil-rich Saudi Arabia and Iran. Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt and by 1977, the Afghan military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Armed forces. This angered the Soviet Union because Egypt took the same route in 1974 and distanced itself from the Soviets.

paragraph: Section::::President of the Republic.:Communist coup and assassination.

paragraph: The April 19, 1978 funeral of Mir Akbar Khyber, the prominent Parchami ideologue who had been murdered, served as a rallying point for the Afghan communists. An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered to hear speeches by PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.

paragraph: Shocked by this demonstration of communist unity, Khan ordered the arrest of the PDPA leaders, but he reacted too slowly. It took him a week to arrest Taraki, Karmal managed to escape to the USSR, and Amin was merely placed under house arrest. According to PDPA documents, Amin sent complete orders for the coup from his home while it was under armed guard using his family as messengers.

paragraph: The army had been put on alert on April 26 because of a presumed coup. On April 27, 1978, a coup d'état beginning with troop movements at the military base at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around the capital.

paragraph: Khan and most of his family were assassinated during a coup by members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup happened in the Arg, the former royal palace, on April 28, 1978. His death was not publicly announced after the coup. Instead, the new government declared that he had "resigned for health reasons."

paragraph: On June 28, 2008, his body and those of his family were found in two separate mass graves in the Pul-e-Charkhi area, District 12 of Kabul city. Initial reports indicate that sixteen corpses were in one grave and twelve others were in the second. On December 4, 2008, the Afghan Health Ministry announced that the body had been identified on the basis of teeth molds and a small golden Quran found near the body. The Quran was a present he had received from the king of Saudi Arabia. On March 17, 2009 Daoud was given a state funeral. Many Afghans fondly consider him to be the best leader their country has had in modern times.

paragraph: Section::::Treatment of Non-Pashtun minority in Afghanistan.

paragraph: Mohammad Daoud Khan was extremely unpopular with the Non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because of his alleged Pashtun favouritism. During his regime, all controlling position in the government, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns. His attempt at Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such a extent that the word 'Afghan' started being referred only to Pashtuns and not to the minority who collectively formed majority in Afghanistan. Afghan armed forces were allied with Daoud Khan and supported his goal of promoting Pashtuns to higher posts in Afghan armed forces. In 1963, Afghan Uzbeks were not allowed to become high ranking officers in Afghan armed forces. Similarly only few Tajiks were allowed to hold the position of officer in Afghan army, while other ethnicities were prohibited to do so. Daoud Khan viewed Afghan armed forces as crucial vector in the Pashtunisation of Afghan state. 1975 Panjshir uprising is also believed to be result of anti Pashtun frustration which have been building in Panjshir valley as result of Daoud Khan's policies.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In September 1934 Khan married HRH Princess Zamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), sister of HM King Mohammed Zahir Shah (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007). The couple had four sons and four daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947–1978). Had a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tariq Daoud Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947–1978). Had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turan Daoud Khan (1972-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – k. 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waygal Daoud Khan (1975 – k. 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zahra Khanum (1970-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (k. 1978). Had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hila Khanum (1961 – k. 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghazala Khanum (1964 – k. 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5. Dorkhanai Begum

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6. Zarlasht Khanum (k. 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7. Shinkay Begum (k. 1978). Had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8. Torpekay Begum. Had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daud Khan Ghazi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zahra Khanum Ghazi

description: politician, first President of Afghanistan (1973-1978)

wikidata_label: Mohammed Daoud Khan

wikipedia_title: Mohammed Daoud Khan


href: Krak%C3%B3w Poland Poland Sweden sculpture Sweden FIDEM

text: Kraków

text: Poland

text: Polish

text: Swedish

text: sculptor

text: Sweden

wikipedia_title: Kraków Poland Poland Sweden Sculpture Sweden FIDEM

categories: 1955 births,Modern sculptors,Swedish women artists,Swedish women sculptors,Polish sculptors,Living people,Polish women artists

paragraph: Joanna Troikowicz

paragraph: Joanna (Balladyna) Troikowicz born 1952 i Kraków, Poland, Polish-Swedish sculptor, designer and painter. Since 1977 she lives and works in Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 - 72 - LSP - College of Fine Arts, B.A, Cracow, -title technician decorator, extra diploma in Sculpture

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 - 77 - Akademia Sztuk Pieknych - Academy of Fine Arts, Cracow, Sculpture, studio prof. M. Konieczny, Diploma- M.A

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 - 77 - Studium pedagog. przy ASP, Teachers Training College for Artists, Cracow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 – 80 - Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm, Sculpture

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winner of the Grand Prix, of the Fédération Internationale de la Médaille d'Art (FIDEM), 1998, Haag, Holand,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Innovation Prize- 1st International Biennale of Contemporary Medal of Seixal, Portugal, 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Selezioni di Merito”- XIV Biennale Internatzionale Dantesca “Dante Europeo”, Ravenna, Italy, 2003,

paragraph: Section::::Teaching.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Academy of Fine Arts, project assistant, research in concrete, manager of a stone cutting project at Broby, Skåne, plaster workshop -supply teacher 1981-83, curses in concrete, Employed at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts 1980 – 85

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art School in Örebro, sculpture, drawing, April, May, 1985, Feb.1998, Sept.1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art College- Konstfackskolan, course in concrete- Nov. 1986 course in patina plaster, and concrete March- Dec.1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art School “Forum”, Malmö, 1987- 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teacher at the International Symposium of Medal Art- Kankaanpää, Finland, May 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teacher at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), architecture, construction- Feb. 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teacher at Art School (Folhögskolan), Åland, 2001, 2002

paragraph: Section::::Public Commissions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculpture in the park, Ostrowiec, Poland 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculpture for Military Hospital, Cracow 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entrance to Spånga Health Centre 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two entrances in buildings, Södermalm, Stockholm 1986, 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yard in Södermalm, Stockholm 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Decoration –wall for the Metro Station “Globen”(competition) 1988, made 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entrance to Solna Health Centre 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Rydaholm’s Ell”, sculpture for Rydaholm, Värnamo Municipality 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five sculptures “Playing Cards” for Älvsjöbadet, Stockholm, 1991, made 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculpture “The Anchor” for Hanninge Hospital 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Realm of the See”, reliefs in marble of nine entrances at Hammarby´s new housing estate, Stockholm, 1994, made 1995

paragraph: Section::::Represented:.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muzeum Sztuki Medalierskiej, The Modern Museum of Medals, Wroclaw, Poland, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stockholm Municipality, Stockholm´s City Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- Örebro City Council, The County Art Council´s

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kungl. Myntkabinettet, (The Royal Coin Cabinet), Stockholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- The British Museum (Department of Coins and Medals), London, Great Britain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Minci a Medali, Kremnica, Slovakia, 2000

paragraph: Section::::Private Collections.

paragraph: Poland, Sweden, Finland, Japan, France, Italy, Slovakia, USA,

description: Polish-Swedish sculptor

wikidata_label: Joanna Troikowicz

wikipedia_title: Joanna Troikowicz


text: Later Roman Empire

text: 4th century

text: De re militari

text: veterinary medicine

text: Gratian

text: Constantinople

text: Western Empire

text: Theodosius the Great

text: Otto Seeck

text: Valentinian III

text: Christian

text: epitome

text: Cato the Elder

text: Cornelius Celsus

text: Frontinus

text: Paternus

text: Augustus

text: Trajan

text: Hadrian

text: William the Silent

text: Frederick the Great

text: siege

text: Medieval

text: onager

text: Roman navy

text: Middle Ages

text: the elder Pliny

text: Natural History

text: Jean de Meun

text: Bono Giamboni

text: Polybius

text: Niccolò Machiavelli

text: L'arte della Guerra

text: Polybius

text: Frontinus

text: Livy

text: Justus Lipsius

text: Renaissance

text: Marshal Puysegur

text: Herculaneum

text: Valentinian

text: The Latin Library

text: IntraText

text: "De re militari"

text: "De re militari"

text: "Military Institutions of Vegetius"

text: De re militari

text: Vier Bücher der Ritterschafft

text: Science History Institute

categories: 4th-century Latin writers,4th-century Christians,Roman military writers,Flavii,5th-century Christians,4th-century Romans,5th-century Latin writers,Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

paragraph: Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus, commonly referred to simply as Vegetius, was a writer of the Later Roman Empire (late 4th century). Nothing is known of his life or station beyond what is contained in his two surviving works: "Epitoma rei militaris" (also referred to as "De re militari"), and the lesser-known "Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae", a guide to veterinary medicine. The long-held conclusion that nothing is known of Vegetius' life has recently been challenged. New research suggests that ample evidence exists to elucidate his background, but it has been simply overlooked.

paragraph: The latest event alluded to in his "Epitoma rei militaris" is the death of the Emperor Gratian (383); the earliest attestation of this work is a "subscriptio" by one Flavius Eutropius, writing in Constantinople in the year 450, which appears in one of two families of manuscripts, suggesting that a division of the manuscript tradition had already occurred. Despite Eutropius' location in Constantinople, the scholarly consensus is that Vegetius wrote in the Western Empire. Vegetius dedicates his work to the reigning emperor, who is identified as Theodosius, "ad Theodosium imperatorem", in the manuscript family that was not edited in 450; the identity is disputed: some scholars identify him with Theodosius the Great, while others follow Otto Seeck and identify him with the later Valentinian III, dating the work to 430-35. Vegetius identifies himself in the opening of his work "Epitoma rei militaris" as a Christian.

paragraph: Section::::"Epitoma rei militaris".

paragraph: Vegetius' epitome mainly focuses on military organization and how to react to certain occasions in war. Vegetius explains how one should fortify and organize a camp, how to train troops, how to handle undisciplined troops, how to handle a battle engagement, how to march, formation gauge and many other useful methods of promoting organization and valour in the legion.

paragraph: As G. R. Watson observes, Vegetius' "Epitoma" "is the only ancient manual of Roman military institutions to have survived intact". Despite this, Watson doubts its value, for Vegetius "was neither a historian nor a soldier: his work is a compilation carelessly constructed from material of all ages, a congeries of inconsistencies". These antiquarian sources, according to his own statement, were Cato the Elder, Cornelius Celsus, Frontinus, Paternus and the imperial constitutions of Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian (1.8).

paragraph: The first book is a plea for army reform; it vividly portrays the military decadence of the Late Roman Empire. Vegetius also describes in detail the organisation, training and equipment of the army of the early Empire. The third book contains a series of military maxims, which were (appropriately enough, considering the similarity in the military conditions of the two ages) the foundation of military learning for every European commander from William the Silent to Frederick the Great.

paragraph: His book on siegecraft contains the best description of Late Empire and Medieval siege machines. Among other things, it shows details of the siege engine called the "onager", which afterwards played a great part in sieges until the development of modern cannonry. The fifth book gives an account of the materiel and personnel of the Roman navy.

paragraph: According to the "Encyclopædia Britannica" Eleventh Edition, "In manuscript, Vegetius' work had a great vogue from its first advent. Its rules of siegecraft were much studied in the Middle Ages." N.P. Milner observes that it was "one of the most popular Latin technical works from Antiquity, rivalling the elder Pliny's "Natural History" in the number of surviving copies dating from before AD 1300." It was translated into English, French (by Jean de Meun and others), Italian (by the Florentine judge Bono Giamboni and others), Catalan, Spanish, Czech, and Yiddish before the invention of printing. The first printed editions are ascribed to Utrecht (1473), Cologne (1476), Paris (1478), Rome (in "Veteres de re mil. scriptores", 1487), and Pisa (1488). A German translation by Ludwig Hohenwang appeared at Ulm in 1475.

paragraph: However, from that point Vegetius' position as the premier military authority began to decline, as ancient historians such as Polybius became available. Niccolò Machiavelli attempted to address Vegetius' defects in his "L'arte della Guerra" (Florence, 1521), with heavy use of Polybius, Frontinus, and Livy, but Justus Lipsius' accusation that he confused the institutions of diverse periods of the Roman Empire and G. Stewechius' opinion that the survival of Vegetius' work led to the loss of his named sources were more typical of the late Renaissance. While as late as the 18th century a soldier such as Marshal Puysegur based his own works on this acknowledged model, in Milner's words, Vegetius' work suffered "a long period of deepening neglect".

paragraph: Vegetius emphasizes the shortcomings of the Roman Army in his lifetime. To do this, he eulogises the army of the early Empire. In particular, he stresses the high standard of the legionaries and the excellence of the training and the officer corps. In reality, Vegetius probably describes an ideal rather than the reality. The army of the early Empire was a formidable fighting force, but it probably was not in its entirety quite as good as Vegetius describes. In particular, the 5-foot-10-inch minimum height identified by Vegetius would have excluded the majority of the men in Roman times (the Roman foot was 29.6 cm and inch was 2.46 cm, hence a 5'10" Roman was 172.6 cm, which is just above average height of Roman (Italian) men of the time from skeletal evidence from Herculaneum in 79 AD). The emperor Valentinian (364–375) lowered the height minimum to 5' 7" Roman which equals 165.2 cm. Despite the romanticism extolling the idealized virtues of the Roman legion of an earlier time, Vegetius' "De Re Militari" remains a reliable and useful insight into the success of the early Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Military Institutions of Vegetius," translated with a preface and notes by Lieutenant John Clarke, London, 1767. Abridged reprint (Books IV and V omitted): "The Military Institutions of the Romans," Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, Pa.. 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science", translated with notes and introduction by N.P. Milner, Translated Texts for Historians, Vol. 16, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993. (Second edition 1996; second revised edition 2011.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het Romeinse leger", Dutch translation by Fik Meijer, Polak/Van gennep Publishers, Amsterdam, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: The complete Latin text of "De Re Militari" is available online:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Latin Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- IntraText

paragraph: From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De re militari" [Cologne] N[icolaus] G[oetz, ca. 1475].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De re militari" [Augsburg, Johann Wiener, ca. 1475].

paragraph: The 1944 abridged edition of Lieutenant John Clarke's 1767 translation (omitting Books IV and V, "of interest only to military antiquarians") is available online:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Military Institutions of the Romans"

paragraph: A complete facsimile of John Clarke's 1767 translation is available at Google Books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Military Institutions of Vegetius"

paragraph: 1529 German-language edition of De re militari published by Heinrich Stayner with woodcuts variously depicting underwater diving suits, siege equipment, cannons, and air mattresses for the comfort of soldiers in the field.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vier Bücher der Ritterschafft (All 121 full-page woodcuts and 2 half-page woodcuts freely available for download in a variety of formats from Science History Institute Digital Collections).

alias:
Flavius Vegetius Renatus
Vegetius Renatus
Vegetius
Flavius Vegetius
Végèce
Vegece

description: writer of the Later Roman Empire

enwikiquote_title: Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

wikidata_label: Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

wikipedia_title: Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus