text:
Sultan
Kingdom of Mysore
southern India
Sayyid
Sharif
Khan
Dalavayi
commander-in-chief
Krishnaraja Wodeyar II
Sarvadhikari
British
East India Company
First
Second
Anglo–Mysore Wars
Mysorean rockets
Mysore's economy
Indian subcontinent
Tipu Sultan
Krishna River
Eastern Ghats
Arabian Sea
Baghdad
Afghanistan
Arabs
Bani Hashim
Quraysh
Muhammad
Fath Muhammad
Kolar
bamboo
rocket artillery
Nawab of Carnatic
Wodeyar
Raja
Kingdom of Mysore
Budikote
jagir
Naik
Fath Muhammad
Arcot
Seringapatam
Krishnaraja Wodeyar II
Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I
Nizam of Hyderabad
Second Carnatic War
Nasir Jung
Muzaffar Jung
Devanhalli
Marquis de Bussy
Sepoy
Faujdar
Dindigul
Muzaffar Jung
Chanda Shahib
Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah
Nawab of the Carnatic
Carnatic Wars
Joseph Francois Dupleix
Count de Lally
Chanda Sahib
Muzaffar Jung
Salabat Jung
Brahmin
Marathas
Mysorean campaigns against the Nairs
Malabar
west coast
jaghir
Bangalore
Tipu Sultan
Third Battle of Panipat
Bangalore
Bangalore
Shah Alam II
East India Company
Sultan
Shah Alam II
Anglo-Mysore War
Nizam of Hyderabad
firman
Maratha Confederacy
Nabob
Sira
Bednore
casus belli
Ikkeri
Salabat Jung
resident
Mangalore
Roman Catholic
Goan Catholic
Third Battle of Panipat
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Great Mogul
Peshwa
Nawab of Savanur
Dharwad
Tungabhadra River
Peshwa
Rattihalli
returned to the Malabar
Cannanore
Zamorin
Calicut
earlier campaigns
Eradi
forcibly relocated
Nanjaraja Wodeyar
Battle of Buxar
Hector Monro
Shah Alam II
Nawab
Peshwa
British East India Company
Northern Circars
Carnatic
Madras Presidency
First Anglo-Mysore War
Kaveripattinam
Tiruvannamalai
decisively repulsed
besieged Ambur
Asaf Jah II
Bombay Presidency
Bombay
Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II
Onore
Dindigul
Ooscota
Battle of Ooscota
Gurramkonda
British East India Company
Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah
Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah
Battle of Mulwagal
Hosur
a battle
Bagalur
Venkatagiri
Erode
status quo ante bellum
Karur
Abu Hilal Ahmad bin Said
Muscat
Karim Khan
Shiraz
Persia
Karim Khan
Persian Gulf
Bandar Abbas
Ottoman
Mustafa III
Istanbul
Madhavrao I
Coorg
Merkara
Brahmin
Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII
Chamaraja Wodeyar IX
Poona
Krishna River
Dharwad
Madakari Nayaka
Chitradurga
Islam
were at war
Nizam of Hyderabad
Asaf Jah II
Guntur
Mahé
American Revolutionary War
ketch
cannons
dhow
Brahman
Bhatkal
Warren Hastings
Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II
Arakkal Kingdom
Mappila
Malays
Malacca
Dutch
Eastern Ghats
Porto Novo
Sir Hector Munro
Kanchipuram
Battle of Pollilur
Sir Eyre Coote
Cuddalore
Chidambram
Tanjore
Thuljaji
Kallars
Battle of Porto Novo
met again at Pollilur
Vellore
met in battle
Sholinghur
Lord Macartney
Britain was at war with the Dutch
Negapatam
three weeks of siege
Tripassore
Tellicherry
Suffren
Arni
skirmished there
Chittoor
lunar calendar
James Stuart
Gumbaz in Seringapatam
Tipu Sultan
Malabar Coast
Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II
dhow
ketch
Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb
Lakshadweep
Cannanore
sepoy
Maldives
Sultan of the Maldives
Hasan 'Izz ud-din
Tipu Sultan
Chinese
grabs
gavilats
British East India Company
Edward Hughes
Mangalore
Suffren
rocket
Anglo-Mysore Wars
cannon
high-quality iron casing
William Congreve
Congreve rocket
Battle of Pollilur
Tipu Sultan
Mughal
Bengal Subah
India's dominant economic power
agriculture
textile manufacturing
real wages
living standards
per-capita income
subsistence
international dollars
Nawab of Savanur
Husain Ali Khan Bahadur
Mughal weapons
Nawab of Savanur
Arakkal Kingdom

categories: 1721 births,People of the Kingdom of Mysore,People from Kolar,Seringapatam,18th-century Indian monarchs,Year of birth unknown,Military personnel from Karnataka,18th-century Indian Muslims,1782 deaths

paragraph: Hyder Ali

paragraph: Hyder Ali , "Haidarālī" (c. 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the Sultan and "de facto" ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born as Sayyid wal Sharif Hyder Ali Khan, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's rulers. Rising to the post of Dalavayi (commander-in-chief) to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government. He became the de facto ruler of Mysore as Sarvadhikari (Chief Minister) by 1761. He offered strong resistance against the military advances of the British East India Company during the First and Second Anglo–Mysore Wars, and he was the innovator of military use of the iron-cased Mysorean rockets. He also significantly developed Mysore's economy.

paragraph: Though illiterate, Hyder Ali earned an important place in the history of southern India for his administrative acumen and military skills. He concluded an alliance with the French against the British and used the services of French workmen in raising his artillery and arsenal. His rule of Mysore was characterised by frequent warfare with his neighbours and rebellion within his territories. This was not unusual for the time as much of the Indian subcontinent was then in turmoil. He left his eldest son, Tipu Sultan, an extensive kingdom bordered by the Krishna River in the north, the Eastern Ghats in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west.

paragraph: Section::::Dab Hiyote.

paragraph: The exact date of Hyder Ali's birth is not known with certainty. Various historical sources provide dates ranging between 1717 and 1722 for his birth. There are also some variations in reports of his ancestry. According to some accounts, his grandfather was descended from a line tracing their lineage back to Baghdad, while another traces his lineage instead to the area of present-day Afghanistan. In a third account, written by one of his French military officers, Hyder himself claimed descent from the Arabs Bani Hashim clan of the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad. His father, Fath Muhammad, was born in Kolar, and served as a commander of 50 men in the bamboo rocket artillery (mainly used for signalling) in the army of the Nawab of Carnatic. Fath Muhammad eventually entered the service of the Wodeyar Rajas of the Kingdom of Mysore, where he rose to become a powerful military commander. The Wodeyars awarded him Budikote as a jagir (land grant), where he then served as Naik (Lord).

paragraph: Hyder Ali was born in Budikote; he was Fath Muhammad's fifth child, and the second by his third wife. His early years are not well documented; he entered military service along with his brother Shahbaz after their father died in combat. After serving for a number of years under the rulers of Arcot, they came to Seringapatam, where Hyder's uncle served. He introduced them to Devaraja, the "dalwai" (chief minister, military leader, and virtual ruler) of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, and his brother Nanjaraja, who also held important ministerial posts. Hyder and his brother were both given commands in the Mysorean army; Hyder served under Shahbaz, commanding 100 cavalry and 2,000 infantry.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Carnatic Wars.

paragraph: In 1748, Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I, the longtime Nizam of Hyderabad, died. The struggle to succeed him is known as the Second Carnatic War, and pitted Asaf Jah's son Nasir Jung against a nephew, Muzaffar Jung.

paragraph: Both sides were supported by other local leaders, and French and British forces were also involved.

paragraph: Devaraja had started vesting more military authority in his brother, and in 1749 Nanjaraja marched the Mysorean army in support of Nasir Jung. The army went to Devanhalli, where the Mysoreans participated in the Siege of Devanahalli Fort.

paragraph: The fort was held by Muzaffar Jung's forces and the siege was conducted by the Marquis de Bussy. During the successful eight-month siege, the Hyder Ali and his brother distinguished themselves, and were rewarded by the dalwai with enlarged commands.

paragraph: Although Hyder Ali was from Mysore his early loyalties were to the "Nizam of Hyderabad", though whom Hyder Ali and his companions became Sepoy's in the Deccan with partial investiture from the "Great Moghul" of that period.

paragraph: By 1755 Hyder Ali commanded 3,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, and was reported to be enriching himself on campaigns by plunder. In that year he was also appointed Faujdar (military commander) of Dindigul. In this position he first retained French advisers to organise and train his artillery companies. He is also known to have personally served alongside de Bussy, and is believed to have met both Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Shahib.

paragraph: In these early wars he also came to dislike and mistrust Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, the Nawab of the Carnatic. In fact Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah and the Mysorean leaders were long at odds with each other, seeking territorial gains at the other's expense. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah had by then formed an alliance with the British, and he was accused by Hyder Ali in later years of effectively preventing him from making any sort of long-lasting alliances or agreements with the British.

paragraph: Throughout the Carnatic Wars, Hyder Ali and his Mysore battalions served alongside French commanders such as Joseph Francois Dupleix, Count de Lally and de Bussy, he also assisted Chanda Sahib on various occasions. Hyder Ali supported the claims of Muzaffar Jung and later sided with Salabat Jung.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Skills.

paragraph: Early in his career, Hyder Ali retained as one of his chief financial assistants a Brahmin named Khande Rao. Hyder Ali, who was illiterate, was reported to be blessed with a prodigious memory and numerical acumen.

paragraph: Hyder Ali could rival or outperform expert accountants with his great arithmetic skills and worked to develop a system, with Rao, that included checks and balances so sophisticated that all manner of income, including plunder of physical goods of all types, could be accounted for with little possibility for fraud or embezzlement.

paragraph: This financial management may have played a role in Hyder Ali's rise in power.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Control of Seringapatam.

paragraph: In 1757 Hyder Ali was called to Seringapatam to support Devaraja against threats from Hyderabad and the Marathas. Upon his arrival he found the Mysorean army in disarray and near mutiny over pay. While Devaraja bought his way out of the threats to Seringapatam, Hyder Ali arranged for the army to be paid and arrested the ringleaders of the mutiny.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Campaigns against Calicut.

paragraph: Hyder Ali then led the Mysorean campaigns against the Nairs of Malabar (the west coast of India). For his role in these activities Hyder Ali was rewarded by Devaraja with the jaghir (regional governorship) of Bangalore.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Hyder Ali captures Bangalore (1758).

paragraph: In 1758 Hyder Ali successfully forced the Marathas to lift a siege of Bangalore. Hyder Ali's forces entered the city, thus capturing it.

paragraph: By 1759 Hyder Ali was in command of the entire Mysorean army.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Nawab of Mysore (1759).

paragraph: The young raja Krishnaraja rewarded Hyder Ali's performance by granting him the title "Fath Hyder Bahadur" or "Nawab Hyder Ali Khan". Hyder Ali is also known to be the first ruler of Mysore to be granted the title of Nawab, thus it can be said that he was briefly the "Nawab of Mysore" by 1759.

paragraph: Because of the ongoing conflicts with the Marathas the Mysorean treasury was virtually bankrupted, prompting the queen mother to force into exile Nanjaraj, who had assumed the position of dalwai upon his brother's death in 1758. Hyder Ali was a beneficiary of this action, rising in influence in the court.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.:Deposition of Khande Rao.

paragraph: In 1760 the queen mother conspired with Khande Rao, who had gone into the raja's service, to oust Hyder Ali. He was precipitously forced out of Seringapatam, leaving his family, including his son Tipu Sultan, under house arrest.

paragraph: The sudden departure left Hyder Ali with few resources. He may have been fortuitously aided at this time by the faraway Third Battle of Panipat, in which the Marathas suffered a major defeat, Jan 1761. Because of this loss, the Marathas withdrew forces from Mysore and Hyder Ali's brother-in-law Makdum Ali chased them into Bidnur and Sunda.

paragraph: Hyder Ali soon consolidated his strength by placing Mirza Sahib as the commander of Sira, Ibrahim Ali Khan in Bangalore and Amin Sahib his cousin in Basnagar. Soon afterward Hyder Ali marched alongside Makdum Ali's forces, which numbered about 6,000, along with the 3,000 men from his garrison at Bangalore, toward Seringapatam.

paragraph: They clashed with Khande Rao's forces before reaching the capital. Khande Rao, with 11,000 men, won the battle, and Hyder Ali was forced to apply to the exiled Nanjaraj for support. Nanjaraj gave him command of his army, and the title of Dalwai.

paragraph: With this force Hyder Ali again moved out against Khande Rao. The two armies faced each other again, but a deception by Hyder Ali convinced Khande Rao to flee instead of engaging in battle. Hyder Ali sent letters appearing to be from Nanjaraj to some of Khande Rao's commanders, confirming their agreement to hand Khande Rao over to Hyder Ali. Fearing a conspiracy, Khande Rao fled into Seringapatam.

paragraph: After a minor battle against the now-leaderless army, Hyder Ali took over most of its remnants and surrounded Seringapatam. The ensuing negotiations left Hyder Ali in nearly complete military control of Mysore. Concessions that he extracted included the surrender of Khande Rao, who Hyder Ali imprisoned in Bangalore.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Gujarat.

paragraph: Hyder Ali assumed control of Mysore after overthrowing Khande Rao.

paragraph: As Hyder Ali's control progressed, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II became the pensioner of the East India Company by the year 1765.

paragraph: Causing Hyder Ali to formally styled himself "Sultan Hyder Ali Khan" in his correspondence with the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Hyder Ali retained his title during the first Anglo-Mysore War that raged in 1766, and onwards.

paragraph: He was very cautious in his diplomacy with the Nizam of Hyderabad, who was, according to an official Mughal "firman", the sovereign of all Muslim-ruled territories in southern India.

paragraph: The English and the Maratha Confederacy continued to refer to Hyder Ali and later his son Tipu Sultan as "Nabobs".

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Gujarat.:Expansion and alliances.

paragraph: Over the next few years Hyder expanded his territories to the north. Two key acquisitions were Sira, taken from the Marathas, and the kingdom of Bednore, where as a "casus belli" he agreed to support a claimant to its throne against usurpers. In 1763 he took its capital, Ikkeri, which included a large treasury. He renamed the capital Haidernagar, and began styling himself "Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur", a title that had been bestowed on him by Salabat Jung as reward for his taking of Sira. He moved most of his family to Ikkeri, a natural fortress, in the hopes that it would "serve him for a safe refuge". He assumed the trappings of the ruler of Bednore, began issuing coins, and established a system of weights and measures. He made sure his son Tipu received a quality education, "employing learned tutors" and "appointing a suitable hand of attendants" to see to his upbringing. He cultivated a suspicion of foreigners, specifically refusing to allow the British to have a resident at his court. His security, however, was not assured in Bednore: a bout of illness and a widespread conspiracy against him convinced him that it would not make an ideal capital for his domain, and he returned to Mysore.

paragraph: The taking of Bednore included several ports on the Malabar coast, including Mangalore. Hyder used these ports to establish a small navy. The documentary record on the navy is fragmentary; Portuguese records indicate that the fleet was launched sometime between 1763 and 1765. It was apparently officered by Europeans, and its first admiral was an Englishman; by 1768 its admiral was a Mysorean cavalry officer named Ali Bey (or Lutf Ali Beg), apparently chosen by Hyder because he did not trust the European captains.

paragraph: Hyder had amicable relations with the Christian population in Mangalore, which had long been under Portuguese influence and had a sizeable Roman Catholic population, and with Christians in general. He had a very close friendship with two Goan Catholic clergymen, Bishop Noronha and Fr. Joachim Miranda, and allowed a Protestant missionary to live at his court. Hyder's army also included Catholic soldiers, and he allowed Christians to build a church at Seringapatam, where French generals used to offer prayers and priests used to visit. Mangalorean historian A. L. P. D'Souza mentions that Hyder also had Christians in his administration. Pursuant to treaties concluded with the Portuguese, he also allowed Portuguese priests to settle disputes among Christians. However, many Mangaloreans (not just Christians) disliked him for the heavy tax burden he imposed on them.

paragraph: Section::::Hyder Ali attacks the Maratha Confederacy.

paragraph: The Maratha Confederacy had just been routed at the Third Battle of Panipat by Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Great Mogul had been restored in the year 1761.

paragraph: The Maratha Empire was most vulnerable and feeble to any attack and the Peshwa's power had been almost eliminated in all of India.

paragraph: At this point in his life Hyder Ali decided to go to war with the Marathas and put an end to the threat they posed to his country.

paragraph: He therefore attacked the Maratha aligned Rani of Bednore. She had appealed to the Nawab of Savanur for assistance when Hyder invaded. Hyder consequently threatened the Nawab, attempting to extort tribute from him. Failing in this, he overran that territory, reaching as far as Dharwad, north of the Tungabhadra River.

paragraph: Since Savanur was a tributary of the Marathas, the Peshwa countered with a strong force, and defeated Hyder near Rattihalli. The Maratha victory forced Hyder to retreat; he had to abandon Bednore, although he was able to remove its treasures to Seringapatam. Hyder paid 35 lakhs rupees in tribute to end the war, and returned most of his gains, although he did retain Sira.

paragraph: In 1766 Hyder Ali returned to the Malabar, this time at the invitation of the raja of Cannanore, who sought independence from the Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut who held sway over Cannanore. Hyder also claimed a debt of tribute from the Zamorin, who had supported Hyder's opponents in earlier campaigns. After a difficult campaign, Hyder reached Calicut, where the Zamorin, after promising to make payment, failed to deliver. Hyder placed the Zamorin under house arrest and had his finance minister tortured. Fearing similar treatment, the Zamorin set fire to his palace and perished in the flames, ending Eradi dynastic rule of Calicut. After establishing control of Calicut, Hyder departed, but was forced to return several months later when the Nairs rebelled against the rule of his lieutenant, Reza Sahib. Hyder's response was harsh: after putting down the rebellion, many rebels were executed, and thousands of others were forcibly relocated to the Mysorean highlands.

paragraph: Mysore's titular ruler Krishnaraja died in April 1766, while Hyder was in Malabar. Hyder had left orders that Krishnaraja's son Nanjaraja Wodeyar be invested should that happen, and he only later came to formally pay his respects to the new rajah. He took advantage of this opportunity to engage in a sort of house cleaning: the raja's palace was plundered, and its staff reduced to the point where virtually everyone employed there was also a spy for Hyder Ali.

paragraph: Section::::First Anglo-Mysore War.

paragraph: After the Battle of Buxar the British led by Hector Monro decided to support the Maratha Confederacy against the Shah Alam II, the Nawabs and Mysore.

paragraph: As the power struggle between Mysore and the Peshwa continued it soon began to involve the British and other European mercantile companies.

paragraph: being himself a former ally of the French, Hyder Ali expected the support of the British against the Marathas, but to no avail.

paragraph: In 1766 Mysore began to become drawn into territorial and diplomatic disputes between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the British East India Company, which had by then become the dominant European colonial power on the Indian east coast. The Nizam, seeking to deflect the British from their attempts to gain control of the Northern Circars, made overtures to Hyder Ali to launch an invasion of the Carnatic. Company representatives also appealed to Hyder Ali, but he rebuffed to them. The Nizam then ostensibly struck a deal with the British Madras Presidency for their support, but apparently did so with the expectation that when Hyder Ali was prepared for war, the deal with the British would be broken. This diplomatic maneouvring resulted in the start of the First Anglo-Mysore War in August 1767 when a company outpost at Changama was attacked by a combined Mysore-Hyderabad army under Hyder Ali's command. Despite significantly outnumbering the British force (British estimates place the allied army size at 70,000 to the British 7,000), the allies were repulsed with heavy losses. Hyder Ali moved on to capture Kaveripattinam after two days of siege, while the British commander at Changama, Colonel Joseph Smith, eventually retreated to Tiruvannamalai for supplies and reinforcements. There Hyder Ali was decisively repulsed on 26 September 1767. With the onset of the monsoon season, Hyder Ali opted to continue campaigning rather than adopting the usual practice of suspending operations because of the difficult conditions the weather created for armies. After over-running a few lesser outposts, he besieged Ambur in November 1767, forcing the British to resume campaigning. The British garrison commander refused large bribes offered by Hyder Ali in exchange for surrender, and the arrival of a relief column in early December forced Hyder Ali to lift the siege. He retreated northward, covering the movements of the Nizam's forces, but was disheartened when an entire corps of European cavalry deserted to the British. The failures of this campaign, combined with successful British advances in the Northern Circars and secret negotiations between the British and the Nizam Asaf Jah II, led to a split between Hyder Ali and the Nizam. The latter withdrew back to Hyderabad and eventually negotiated a new treaty with the British company in 1768. Hyder Ali, apparently seeking an end to the conflict, made peace overtures to the British, but was rebuffed.

paragraph: In early 1768, the British Bombay Presidency in Bombay organised an expedition to Mysore's Malabar coast territories. Hyder Ali's fleet, which the British reported as numbering about ten ships, deserted en masse, apparently because the captains were unhappy with the ouster of their British admirals and some even demanded the return of Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II, but Hyder Ali chose a cavalry commander Lutf Ali Beg as fleet commander. Owing to a British deception, Lutf Ali Beg also withdrew much of the Mangalore garrison to move on what he perceived to be the British target, Onore. The British consequently occupied Mangalore with minimal opposition in February. This activity, combined with the loss of the Nizam as an ally, prompted Hyder Ali to withdraw from the Carnatic, and move with speed to Malabar. Dispatching his son Tipu with an advance force, Hyder Ali followed, and eventually re-took Mangalore and the other ports held by the over-extended British forces. He also levied additional taxes as punishment against rebellious Nair districts that had supported the British.

paragraph: After his reconquest, Hyder Ali learned that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of Mangalore, behaviour he considered treasonous. He summoned a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore to suggest an appropriate punishment to impose on the Mangalorean Catholics for their treachery. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who helped the British as a typical punishment for the betrayal of one's sovereign. But Hyder Ali exhibited a diplomatic stance and instead imprisoned those Christians who were condemned for treachery. He afterwards opened negotiations with the Portuguese, and reached an agreement with them that removed suspicion from the clergy and other Christians. The Mangalorean Catholic community flourished during the rest of Hyder Ali's reign.

paragraph: During Hyder Ali's absence from the Carnatic, the British recovered many places that Hyder Ali had taken and only weakly garrisoned, and advanced as far south as Dindigul. They also convinced the Marathas to enter the conflict, and a large force of theirs, under the command of Morari Rao, joined with Colonel Smith at Ooscota in early August 1768. This army then began preparations to besiege Bangalore, but Hyder Ali returned to Bangalore from Malabar on 9 August, in time to harass the allies before the siege could begin. On 22 August, Hyder Ali and his Mysore forces attacked the Maratha camp during the Battle of Ooscota, but was repulsed when faced with the large Maratha reinforcements. Hyder Ali was then foiled in an attempt to prevent the arrival of a second British column at the allied camp; the strength of these combined forces convinced him to retreat from Bangalore toward Gurramkonda, where he was reinforced by his brother in law. He also attempted diplomatic measures to prevent a siege of Bangalore, offering to pay ten lakhs rupees and grant other land concessions in exchange for peace. The British countered with an aggressive list of demands that included payments of tribute to the Nizam and larger land concessions to the British East India Company. Hyder Ali specifically refused to deal with Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, his nemesis in the Carnatic. The negotiations failed to reach common ground.

paragraph: On 3 October, Hyder Ali, while moving his army from Guuramkonda back toward Bangalore, surprised a small garrison of Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah's men at a rock fort call Mulwagal, near Ooscota. British reinforcements were sent, and Colonel Wood was able to recover the lower fort but not the upper. The next day he went out with a few companies of men to investigate movements that might have been cover for enemy reinforcements. This small force, numbering four companies, was surrounded by Hyder Ali's entire army in the Battle of Mulwagal. A strategem by another officer, Colonel Brooks, prevented the loss of this detachment; Colonel Brooks and another two companies dragged two cannons to the top of a nearby rise, and Brooks called out "Smith! Smith!" while firing the cannons. Both sides interpreted this to mean that Colonel Smith was arriving in force, and Hyder's troops began to retreat. This enabled Colonel Wood to join with Brooks and other reinforcements from Mulwagal before Hyder Ali realised his tactical error. Hyder Ali renewed his attack, but was eventually repulsed with heavy losses: he was estimated to lose 1,000 men while the British lost about 200. The severity of the conflict convinced Colonel Smith that he would be unable to effectively besiege Bangalore without first inflicting a major defeat on Hyder Ali in open battle. Company officials blamed Smith for the failure to decisively defeat Hyder Ali, and recalled him to Madras. Hyder Ali took the opportunity to besiege Hosur, and Colonel Wood marched in relief of the town. As Wood approached, Hyder Ali raised the siege, sneaked around Wood's column, and attacked his baggage train in a battle near Bagalur. Hyder Ali successfully captured supplies and arms, and drove Wood in disgrace toward Venkatagiri. Wood was consequently recalled and replaced by Colonel Lang.

paragraph: Hyder Ali then raised additional forces in Mysore and went on the offensive. In November 1768 he split his army into two, and crossed the ghats into the Carnatic, regaining control of many minor posts held by the British. En route to Erode Hyder Ali overwhelmed one contingent of British, who were sent as prisoners to Seringapatam when it was established that one of its officers was fighting in violation of a parole agreement. After rapidly establishing control over much of the southern Carnatic, his march approached Madras. This prompted the British to send an envoy to discuss peace; because of Hyder Ali's insistence that the Nawab of the Carnatic be excluded from the negotiations, they went nowhere. Hyder Ali then surprised Company authorities by taking a picked force of 6,000 cavalry and a small number of infantry, and made in three days a forced march of to the gates of Madras.

paragraph: This show of force compelled the Company to negotiate further. Hyder Ali, who was seeking diplomatic leverage against the Marathas, wanted an alliance of mutual defence and offence. The Company refused to accede to an offensive military treaty; the treaty signed at Madras on 29 March 1769, restored the "status quo ante bellum", except for Mysore's acquisition of Karur, and also included language that each side would help the other defend its territory. In summarising Hyder Ali's conduct of the war, biographer Lewin Bowring notes that he "evinced high qualities as a tactician and the sagacity of a born diplomatist."

paragraph: Section::::Arab, Persian and Turkish relations.

paragraph: When Hyder took over the Malabar territories, he took advantage of the coastal access to develop relations with trading partners overseas. To this end he established port tariffs that were biased against European traders and preferential for Mysorean and Arab traders. Beginning in 1770 he sent ambassadors to Abu Hilal Ahmad bin Said in Muscat and Karim Khan in Shiraz, then the capital of Persia, seeking military and economic alliances.

paragraph: In a 1774 embassy to Karim Khan, the ruler of Persia, he sought to establish a trading post on the Persian Gulf. Karim responded by offering Bandar Abbas, but nothing further seems to have passed between them on the subject. Karim Khan later did send 1,000 troops to Mysore in 1776 in response to another embassy in 1775.

paragraph: Nursullah Khan, Hyder's ambassador, had more success in Muscat, where a trading house was established in 1776.

paragraph: During the final years of his reign Hyder Ali also planned to send an embassy to the Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III, but it was his son Tipu Sultan who succeeded in making direct contact with Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Second war with the Maratha Confederacy.

paragraph: Hyder, believing he would be supported by the British in conflict with the Marathas, began demanding tribute payments from smaller states on the frontiers between Maratha and Mysore territories, and refused to pay tributes demanded by the Marathas. The Marathas responded in November 1770 with an invasion by an army of 35,000 men. Pursuant to their treaty, Hyder requested British assistance. The Company refused, and Hyder retreated, slashing and burning as he went to deny the bounty of the land to the Marathas. The Marathas captured much of north-eastern Mysore, and consolidated their gains during the monsoon season. Hyder offered to pay some of the tribute demanded, but his offer was rejected as insufficient, and the Marathas renewed the offensive after the monsoons. They advanced to the vicinity of Seringapatam, and then feinted a withdrawal to the north. When Hyder followed, they turned in force, and claimed to inflict serious casualties on Hyder's army, and captured most of its baggage. They then fruitlessly besieged Seringapatam for five weeks, before abandoning the effort and instead took Bangalore. Hyder again appealed to the British for help, but their pre-conditions and proposed terms were unacceptable to him, and an attempt by Hyder to get them to go on the offensive scuttled the negotiations. In 1772 Hyder finally sued for peace. He agreed to pay 3.6 million rupees in tribute arrears, and 1.4 million rupees in annual tribute, and ceded territory all the way to Bangalore. Upon his return to Seringapatam after the peace was concluded, Hyder learned that Nanjaraja, the titular ruler of Mysore, had been engaged in secret communications with the Marathas. Hyder ordered Nanjaraja strangled, and placed his brother Chamaraja on the throne.

paragraph: The peace with the Marathas was short-lived. The Peshwa Madhavrao I died late in 1772, beginning a struggle for his succession. In 1773, Hyder used this opportunity to send Tipu with an army to recover territories lost to the Marathas to the north, while he descended into Coorg, which provided a more secure route to the Malabar territories he wanted to recover from the Marathas. A claimant to the Coorg throne had asked for Hyder's assistance in 1770 when he was pre-occupied with the Marathas. He quickly captured Coorg's capital, Merkara, imprisoning Raja Vira Rajendra. He installed a Brahmin as Governor to collect revenues before continuing to Malabar, where by the end of 1774 he had recovered all his lost territory. The Coorgs rose in rebellion against his Governor, upon which Hyder returned to Coorg, crushed the rebellion, and hanged most of the ring-leaders. This did not stop the restive Coorgs from becoming a continuing problem for Hyder, and for, Tipu after his death.

paragraph: In 1776 the young Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII died. To choose a successor, Hyder had all of the children of the royal family brought together, and watched them play. A child, also named Chamaraja Wodeyar IX, chose to play with a jewelled dagger, and was supposedly selected on that basis as the new Raja of Mysore.,

paragraph: By March 1775, the leadership situation at Poona, the Maratha capital, had stabilised, and the Marathas joined an alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Hyder. The Maratha army was routed by one of Hyder's Generals in 1776, and Hyder either bribed or sufficiently threatened the Nizam's military leaders so that they withdrew from the campaign. This only temporarily halted the conflict, which was fought with renewed vigor until 1779. Hyder successfully extended his domain to the Krishna River after a lengthy siege of Dharwad. In a controversial action, Hyder in 1779, dealt harshly with Madakari Nayaka, the ruler of Chitradurga. Madakari had supported Hyder in earlier conflicts, but in 1777 had changed allegiance to the Marathas. After seizing Chitradurga, Hyder sent Madakari Nayaka to Seringapatam as a prisoner, where he died. Hyder further sent 20,000 of Madakari's followers to Seringapatam, where the boys among them were allegedly forcibly converted to Islam and formed into so-called "chela" battalions in the Mysorean army.

paragraph: Section::::Second Anglo-Mysore War.

paragraph: During the lengthy conflict with the Marathas, Hyder had several times requested the assistance of the British East India Company, and it had each time been refused, in part due to the influence at Madras, of Hyder's enemy, the Nawab of Arcot. The British had also angered the Marathas by repudiating treaties, with whom they were at war for much of the 1770s, and they had also upset the Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah II over their occupation of Guntur.

paragraph: In 1771, Maratha envoys had approached Hyder with a proposal to unite against the British, with the goal of wresting control of eastern India from their influence. Since Hyder was at the time still attempting alliance with the British, he informed them of this offer, noting that he thought the Marathas would gain too much power and even threaten his own position under those circumstances. The Marathas, still at war with the British, renewed an offer of alliance in 1779. In this case, the alliance was to include the Nizam. His decision to join this alliance was prompted by two British actions. The first was the British capture by capitulation of the west-coast port of Mahé, part of a concerted effort by the British to take all French out-posts following the 1778 French entry into the American Revolutionary War. Hyder received much of his French-supplied equipment through this French-controlled port, and had provided troops for its defence. Furthermore, the British action had provoked the Nairs on the Malabar coast to rise in rebellion again, although Hyder had quickly put this down. The second offence was the movement of British troops through territory under his control (and also other territory controlled by the Nizam) from Madras to Guntur. There was a skirmish in the hills, and the British detachment ended up retreating to Madras.

paragraph: Hyder Ali began rebuilding his navy in 1778. Employing Joze Azelars, a Dutchman, he had built eight ketches with masts and 40 cannons and eight smaller dhows. When the war broke out in 1779, Azelars noted that the Brahmans and their allies made every possible effort to halt progress of the newly rebuilt navy based at Bhatkal.

paragraph: The allies planned to make virtually simultaneous attacks on British holdings all throughout India, while the Marathas agreed to honour Hyder's claims to territories he currently held north of the Tungabhadra River and reduced the amount of tribute he was required to pay under earlier agreements. Hyder expected to receive assistance from the French, especially in the Carnatic, the territory he sought to conquer. However, diplomatic actions by Governor Warren Hastings and the Company successfully convinced both the Nizam and the Marathas not to take up arms, and Hyder ended up fighting the war on his own.

paragraph: He successfully gained alliances with Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II of Cannanore Arakkal Kingdom and the Muslim Mappila community and later even met with Muslim Malays from Malacca, who were in Dutch service.

paragraph: Section::::Second Anglo-Mysore War.:Descent upon the Carnatic.

paragraph: The army Hyder assembled was one of the largest seen in southern India, estimated to number 83,000. Carefully co-ordinating the actions of his subordinate commanders, he swept down the Eastern Ghats onto the coastal plain in July 1780, laying waste the countryside. Due to Hyder's secrecy and poor British intelligence, officials in Madras were unaware of his movements until the fires of burning villages just away were seen in Madras. Hyder himself organised the Siege of Arcot, while detaching his son "Karim Khan Sahib" to take Porto Novo. The movement in August of Sir Hector Munro with a force of over 5,000 from Madras to Kanchipuram (Conjeevaram) prompted Hyder to lift the siege of Arcot and move to confront him. Word then arrived that Munro was awaiting the arrival of reinforcements from Guntur under Colonel William Baillie, so he sent a detachment under Tipu to intercept them, and eventually followed in strength himself, when Munro sent a force from his army to meet Baillie. Tipu and Hyder surrounded Baillie's force, and compelled the surrender of about 3,000 men in the Battle of Pollilur on 10 September; it was the worst defeat of British troops in India to date. Hyder then renewed the siege of Arcot, which fell in November.

paragraph: Shortly after the outbreak of hostilities, Governor Hastings had sent General Sir Eyre Coote south from Bengal to take charge of British forces opposing Hyder. He arrived at Madras in November to take command from Munro. Coote marched into the Carnatic, and eventually occupied Cuddalore. After being re-supplied there, he besieged Chidambram, where an assault on the fort was repulsed.

paragraph: Hyder had in the mean-time descended into Tanjore, with severe consequences. After extracting the allegiance of the Maratha king Thuljaji, Hyder plundered the country, destroying cattle and crops. The economic output of Tanjore is estimated to have fallen by 90% between 1780 and 1782. Hyder's ravages were followed by alleged expeditions of plunder launched by the Kallars. The economic devastation wrought by these attacks was so severe that Tanjore's economy did not recover until the start of the 19th century; the era is referred to in local folklore as the "Hyderakalam".

paragraph: With General Coote at Cuddalore, Hyder then made a forced march to interpose his army between Chidambram and Cuddalore, cutting Coote's supply line. Coote marched to face him, and won a decisive victory in the Battle of Porto Novo on 1 July 1781; Coote estimated that Hyder lost 10,000 men in the battle. Hyder then dispatched Tipu in an attempt to prevent the junction of Coote's army with reinforcements from Bengal. This failed, and in late August the two armies met again at Pollilur, chosen by Hyder as a place to make a stand, because it was the site of his victory over Baillie the previous year. Hyder was defeated this time, although the battle was not decisive. While Coote re-grouped and searched for provisions, Hyder took the opportunity to besiege Vellore. Madras authorities convinced the ageing Coote to put off his retirement and relieve the fortress there. Hyder and Coote met in battle at Sholinghur, near Vellore. Hyder's artillery was ineffective, and the re-provisioned Vellore, which had been on the brink of surrender.

paragraph: Lord Macartney, who had recently arrived to take the Governorship of Madras, also brought news that Britain was at war with the Dutch. Consequent to this, the Company was instructed to seize Dutch holdings in India, and Macartney had ordered a detachment from Tanjore, under Colonel Braithwaite, to capture the main Dutch post at Negapatam. Hyder made an agreement with the Dutch to provide troops for its defence, but was himself forced away from Negapatam by Braithwaite. The British took Negapatam after three weeks of siege in October and November 1781. This setback forced Hyder to withdraw from most of Tanjore.

paragraph: In January 1782, General Coote, his health failing, again set out to re-provision Vellore. Hyder did not prevent the re-supply, but shadowed the British back toward Tripassore, offering battle near Sholinghur. Coote successfully manoeuvred away from Hyder without battle. In February, Hyder detached Tipu with a sizeable force to recover Tanjore. Intelligence failures led the main British garrison to become surrounded by this superior force; Colonel Brathwaite and 2,000 men surrendered. Hyder was also pre-occupied by bad news from the west. A Mysorean force that had been besieging Tellicherry was broken, with its commander and his siege guns captured, and Coorg and Malabar were also descending into open rebellion. Hyder consequently sent forces west to deal with these matters, and was preparing to follow himself when word arrived on 10 March that a French force had landed at Porto Novo. Hyder immediately sent Tipu from Tanjore to meet with them, and followed himself from Arcot. At this time he had a celebrated meeting with the French Admiral Suffren, and the allies agreed on a plan to establish Cuddalore as a French base. Cuddalore was occupied without resistance on 8 April, and Hyder's army, joined by the French, marched toward Permacoil, which fell in May. Coote responded by marching toward Arni, where Hyder had a major supply depot. Hyder and the French had been considering an assault on Wandiwash, but abandoned that idea and marched to face Coote. They skirmished there on 2 June. In August the British landed a force on the Malabar coast, to which Hyder responded by sending additional troops under Tipu to the west. The onset of the monsoon season then suspended most military activity on the eastern plain, and Hyder established his camp near Chittoor.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hyder, who had suffered from a cancerous growth on his back, died in his camp on 6 December 1782. Some other accounts record it as 7 December 1782 and some historical accounts in the Persian language record the death in dates ranging from Hijri 1 Moharram 1197 to Hijri 4 Moharram 1197 in the Islamic calendar. The differences in recorded dates may be due to the lunar calendar and the differences in moon sightings in the surrounding kingdoms.

paragraph: Hyder's advisers tried to keep his death a secret until Tipu could be recalled from the Malabar coast. Upon learning of his father's death Tipu immediately returned to Chittoor to assume the reins of power. His accession was not without problems: he had to put down an attempt by an uncle to place Tipu's brother Abdul Karim on the throne. The British learned of his death within 48 hours of its occurrence, but the dilatory attitude of Coote's replacement, James Stuart, meant that they were unable to capitalise on it militarily.

paragraph: Hyder Ali was buried at the Gumbaz in Seringapatam, the mausoleum raised by his son Tipu Sultan in 1782–84.

paragraph: Section::::Mysore Navy.

paragraph: In 1763, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan established their first naval fleet on the Malabar Coast, under the command of Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II a large and well armed fleet consisting of 10 dhows and 30 larger ketches in the Indian Ocean, in his attempts to conquer islands that had withstood the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. In 1763 his fleet sailed from Lakshadweep and Cannanore carrying on board sepoys and on its pennons the colours and emblems of Hyder Ali, and captured the Maldives.

paragraph: Ali Raja returned to Mysore to pay homage to Hyder Ali, presenting him the captured and blinded Sultan of the Maldives Hasan 'Izz ud-din. Outraged at this excess, Hyder Ali stripped Ali Raja of the command of his fleet.

paragraph: Hyder Ali, like his son Tipu Sultan protected foreign merchant ships, and the Mysore navy is even known to have protected and convoyed Chinese merchant ships in the region.

paragraph: In 1768, Hyder Ali lost two grabs and 10 gavilats to the British East India Company's naval attack. He was left with eight garbs and ten galivats, most of them damaged beyond repair.

paragraph: On 19 February 1775, two of Hyder Ali's ketches attacked , which drove them off after a brief exchange of fire.

paragraph: On 8 December 1780 Edward Hughes attacked Hyder Ali's fleet causing considerable damage once again. Mysore is known to have lost some of the best ships it ever constructed in that naval-battle at Mangalore. But the British were unable to stop Suffren's fleet in 1781.

paragraph: Section::::Military rocket innovations.

paragraph: Hyder Ali was an innovator in the military use of rockets, which were used against positions and territories held by the British East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. Although rocket technology originated in China and had made its way to India and Europe by the 13th century, development of accurate cannons had sidelined rockets as a military technology in Europe. Rocket technology was already in use when Hyder's father served (he commanded a company of 50 rocketmen), but it was Hyder who improved them and significantly expanded their use in the military. Technological innovations included the use of high-quality iron casing (better than was then available in Europe) for the combustion chamber, enabling the use of higher-powered explosive charges. He also organised companies of rocketmen who were experienced in aiming rockets based on the size of the rocket and the distance to the target. Rockets could also be mounted on carts that improved their mobility and made possible the firing of large numbers of them all at once. Rockets developed by Hyder and Tipu led to a renaissance of interest in the technology in Britain, where William Congreve, supplied with rocket cases from Mysore, developed what became known as Congreve rockets in the early 19th century.

paragraph: In Hyder's time the Mysorean army had a rocket corps of as many as 1,200 men, which Tipu increased to 5,000. At the 1780 Battle of Pollilur, during the second war, Colonel William Baillie's ammunition stores are thought to have been detonated by a hit from one of Hyder's rockets, contributing to the British defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Economic policy.

paragraph: The peak of Mysore's economic power was under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the post-Mughal era of the mid-late 18th century. They embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore. Under their reigns, Mysore overtook Bengal Subah as India's dominant economic power, with highly productive agriculture and textile manufacturing.

paragraph: By the time of his son Tipu Sultan's reign, Mysore had some of the world's highest real wages and living standards in the late 18th century, higher than Britain, which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe. Mysore's average per-capita income was five times higher than subsistence level, i.e. five times higher than $400 (1990 international dollars), or $2,000 per capita. In comparison, the highest national per-capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Details are sketchy on Hyder's personal life. He had at least two wives. His second wife was Fakhr-un-nissa, the mother of Tipu, his brother Karim, and a daughter. He may have also married the sister of Abdul Hakim Khan, the Nawab of Savanur; Bowring describes it as a marriage, but Punganuri Rao's translator, citing Wilks, claims this was a "concubine marriage". Karim and the daughter were both married to Abdul Hakim's children to cement an alliance in 1779.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husain Ali Khan Bahadur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mughal weapons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nawab of Savanur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arakkal Kingdom

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rao Punganuri was, according to Brown, in the employ of both Hyder and Tipu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Hyder and memoir by one of his French officers; coauthor Gholam Mohammed was Tipu Sultan's son.

description: Military commander, de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore

enwikiquote_title: Hyder Ali

wikidata_label: Hyder Ali

wikipedia_title: Hyder Ali


text:
Italian
Rococo
Rome
Pescia
Scala Regia
Vatican Palace
Bernini
Orvieto Cathedral
Basilica of Superga
St Peter's Basilica statue

categories: Italian male painters,1686 births,17th-century Italian painters,Italian male sculptors,People from Pescia,18th-century Italian sculptors,18th-century Italian painters,1754 deaths,Baroque sculptors

paragraph: Agostino Cornacchini

paragraph: Agostino Cornacchini (August 27, 1686 – 1754) was an Italian sculptor and painter of the Rococo period, active mainly in Rome.

paragraph: He was born in Pescia and died in Rome. In 1712, Cornacchini established himself in the household of his uncle, Cardinal Carlo Agostino Fabbroni, who until 1720 provided Cornacchini with a studio, lodgings and an income. His masterpiece is the equestrian statue of Charlemagne at the base of the Scala Regia on the entrance to the Vatican Palace, which sits opposite Bernini's equestrian Constantine. His works can also be found in Orvieto Cathedral and in the Basilica of Superga in Turin.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Peter's Basilica statue

alias:
Augustinus Cornacchini
Cornacchini

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Agostino Cornacchini

wikipedia_title: Agostino Cornacchini


text:
Italian
Rococo
Rome
Florence
Giovanni Battista Maini
St Peter's Basilica
Leopold II
Santa Croce
Giovanni Lami
Angelo Tavanti
Niccolò Machiavelli
Andrea Sansovino
Vincenzo Danti
Baptistery of Florence
Antonio Corradini
Academy of Fine Arts
Francesco Carradori
Grove art encyclopedia entry on Artnet
WGA biography

categories: Artists from Rome,1798 deaths,1726 births,18th-century Italian sculptors,Baroque sculptors

paragraph: Innocenzo Spinazzi

paragraph: Innocenzo Spinazzi (1726–1798) was an Italian sculptor of the Rococo period active in Rome and Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Rome the son of a silversmith, he became the leading sculptor in Florence, where he died. He was trained by Giovanni Battista Maini. In Rome, he completed the statue of "St Joseph Calasanctius" (1755) for the nave of St Peter's Basilica.

paragraph: He arrived in Florence in 1769, and the next year was named official court sculptor in 1770. Grand Duke Leopold (later Emperor Leopold II) first employed him to restore antique sculpture. He completed a portrait bust of Grand Duke Leopoldo (1771–74; Pitti). Spinazzi contributed monuments to three celebrated Florentines for the church of Santa Croce: jurist Giovanni Lami (died 1770); Angelo Tavanti (died 1782); and author Niccolò Machiavelli (1787). In 1792 he added an angel to the Baptism by Andrea Sansovino and Vincenzo Danti above the Porta del Paradiso of the Baptistery of Florence. His virtuoso marble figures of heavily veiled women, for example "Faith" (1781; Santa Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi) and "Religion" (from the tomb of Varvara Jakovlevna, Princess Beloselskij, 1794; Turin, Museo Civico), follow precedents set by Antonio Corradini in Naples. Spinazzi was professor of sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts, Florence, from 1784. One of pupils was Francesco Carradori. He died at Florence in 1798.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grove art encyclopedia entry on Artnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- WGA biography

alias:
Innocenzio Spinazzi
Innocento Spinazzi

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Innocenzo Spinazzi

wikipedia_title: Innocenzo Spinazzi


text:
marathon race
Marathon
Athens
Battle of Marathon
Lucian
herald
Sparta
Marathon, Greece
Athens
Persia
Battle of Marathon
Herodotus
Persian Wars
Robert Browning
Pierre de Coubertin
Olympic Games
Pan
panic
Herodotus
Plutarch
Thersippus
Lucian
Spartathlon
Yiannis Kouros
Patrycja Bereznowska
Spartathlon website
1896 - Pheidippides... run again!
Luca Belcastro
"The Story of the Marathon"

categories: Battle of Marathon,Marathon running,Ancient Greek heroes,5th-century BC Athenians,Athenians of the Greco-Persian Wars

paragraph: Pheidippides

paragraph: Pheidippides (, , "Son of Pheídippos") or Philippides (Φιλιππίδης) is the central figure in the story that inspired a modern sporting event, the marathon race. Pheidippides is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of a military victory against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.

paragraph: Section::::Story.

paragraph: The first recorded account showing a courier running from Marathon to Athens to announce victory is from within Lucian's prose on the first use of the word "joy" as a greeting in "A Slip of the Tongue in Greeting" (2nd century AD).

paragraph: The traditional story relates that Pheidippides (530–490 BC), an Athenian herald or "hemerodrome" (translated as "day-runner" (Kyle 2007), "courier" (Larcher 1806), "professional-running courier" (Sears 2003) or "day-long runner" (Miller 2006)), was sent to Sparta to request help when the Persians landed at Marathon, Greece. He ran about in two days and back. He then ran the to the battlefield near Marathon and back to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) with the word ("nikomen" "We win!"), as stated by Lucian "chairete, nikomen" ("hail, we are the winners") and then collapsed and died.

paragraph: Most accounts incorrectly attribute this story to the historian Herodotus, who wrote the history of the Persian Wars in his "Histories" (composed about 440 BC). However, Magill and Moose (2003) suggest that the story is likely a "romantic invention." They point out that Lucian is the only classical source with all the elements of the story known in modern culture as the "Marathon story of Pheidippides": a messenger running from the fields of Marathon to announce victory, then dying on completion of his mission.

paragraph: Robert Browning gave a version of the traditional story in his 1879 poem "Pheidippides".

paragraph: This poem inspired Baron Pierre de Coubertin and other founders of the modern Olympic Games to invent a running race of 42 km called the marathon.

paragraph: In any case, no such story appears in Herodotus. The relevant passage of Herodotus ("Histories", Book VI, 105...106 →) is:

paragraph: The significance of this story is to be understood in the light of the legend that the god Pan returned the favor by fighting with the Athenian troops and against the Persians at Marathon. This was important because Pan, in addition to his other powers, had the capacity to instill an irrational, blind fear that paralyzed the mind and suspended all sense of judgment—"panic".

paragraph: Herodotus, writing about 30 to 40 years after the events he describes, did, according to Miller (2006) in fact base his version of the battle on eyewitness accounts, so it seems altogether likely that Pheidippides was an actual historical figure, although the same source claims the classical author did not ever, in fact, mention a Marathon-Athens runner in any of his writings. Whether the story is true or not, it has no connection with the Battle of Marathon itself, and Herodotus's silence on the subject of a herald running from Marathon to Athens suggests strongly that no such event occurred.

paragraph: The first known written account of a run from Marathon to Athens occurs in the works of the Greek writer Plutarch (46–120), in his essay "On the Glory of Athens". Plutarch attributes the run to a herald called either Thersippus or Eukles. Lucian, a century later, credits one "Philippides." It seems likely that in the 500 years between Herodotus's time and Plutarch's, the story of Pheidippides had become muddled with that of the Battle of Marathon (particularly the story of the Athenian forces making the march from Marathon to Athens in order to intercept the Persian ships headed there), and some fanciful writer had invented the story of the run from Marathon to Athens.

paragraph: Section::::Modern times.

paragraph: Section::::Modern times.:Spartathlon.

paragraph: Based on this account, British RAF Wing Commander John Foden and four other RAF officers travelled to Greece in 1982 on an official expedition to test whether it was possible to cover the nearly 250 kilometres in a day and a half (36 hours). Three runners were successful in completing the distance: John Foden (37:37), John Scholtens (34:30) and John McCarthy (39:00).

paragraph: Since 1983, it has been an annual footrace from Athens to Sparta, known as the Spartathlon, celebrating Pheidippides's at least semi-historical run across 246 km of Greek countryside.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Course records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Male: 20:25:00, Yiannis Kouros (Greece), 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Female: 24:48:18, Patrycja Bereznowska (Poland), 2017

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey de Sélincourt and A. R. Burn. "Herodotus - The Histories". Penguin Classics, 1954, 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans W. Giessen, "Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart". Landau: Verlag Empirische Pädagogik (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft. Band 17) (2010). .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spartathlon website

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1896 - Pheidippides... run again! Olympic Opera by the composer Luca Belcastro

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of the Marathon"

description: ancient Greek runner

wikidata_label: Pheidippides

wikipedia_title: Pheidippides


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text: The Killing of Bruiser Brody

text: Mid-South Wrestling profile

categories: American male professional wrestlers,Sportspeople from Albuquerque, New Mexico,Professional wrestlers from Michigan,Deaths by stabbing in Puerto Rico,Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum,1946 births,20th-century American male actors,Sportspeople from Warren, Michigan,1988 deaths,WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees,Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame

paragraph: Bruiser Brody

paragraph: Frank Donald Goodish (June 18, 1946 – July 17, 1988) was an American professional wrestler who earned his greatest fame under the ring name Bruiser Brody, he also worked as King Kong Brody, The Masked Marauder, and Red River Jack. Over the years Brody became synonymous with the hardcore wrestling brawling style that often saw one or more of the participants bleeding by the time the match was over. In his prime he worked as a "special attraction" wrestler in North America, making select appearances for various promotions such as World Class Championship Wrestling, World Wrestling Federation, Central States Wrestling, Championship Wrestling from Florida, and the American Wrestling Association among others. As well as getting regular work in Japan for All Japan Pro Wrestling.

paragraph: Behind the scenes Goodish was very protective of his "in-ring" image, hardly ever agreeing to lose matches and building a reputation of a being volatile; he would on occasion actually intentionally hit or hurt opponents during a match contrary to the pre-determined nature of professional wrestling. His in-ring work and wrestling persona earned him an induction in the professional wrestling hall of fame, St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame, Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame, Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame and the WWE Hall of Fame

paragraph: While his wrestling persona had a reputation for brutality and being uncontrollable, his personal life was described as the complete opposite by his second wife Barbara, especially when it came to their son.

paragraph: Goodish died in 1988, from stab wounds suffered backstage in a shower during a wrestling event in Puerto Rico. The killer was Jose Huertas Gonzalez, the wrestler known as Invader I. A jury acquitted Gonzalez of murder, ruling that Gonzalez killed in self-defence. Key witnesses to the killing did not give testimony at Gonzalez's trial due to their summons only being received after the trial had concluded.

paragraph: This situation that led to many US wrestlers not working in Puerto Rico for a long time afterward. The Brody murder remains one of the most controversial incidents in the history of professional wrestling.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Goodish was an All-State football and basketball player at Warren High School, Michigan, and played football at West Texas A&M University (then known as West Texas State) and with the Washington Redskins in the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: After attending West Texas A&M and working as a sportswriter Goodish was trained to wrestle by Fritz Von Erich. He first wrestled in Dallas - Fort Worth and later Louisiana. As Bruiser Brody and King Kong Brody, Goodish competed as a freelancer in several companies including the Central States Wrestling (CSW), World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), Southwest Championship Wrestling (SCW), Windy City Wrestling, World Wrestling Council (WWC), Deep South Wrestling (DSW), Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF), American Wrestling Association (AWA), and World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). In the States, he had numerous feuds with the likes of Kamala the Ugandan Giant, Abdullah the Butcher, and "Crusher" Jerry Blackwell. In Japan, he was in a tag team with Stan Hansen. Brody had a reputation for refusing to job to other wrestlers. He also competed under the moniker of Red River Jack in Texas, during an angle against Gary Hart's men and Skandor Akbar's Army in World Class Championship Wrestling. Brody also competed as the Masked Marauder at one time in the AWA. In 1976, he went to Vince J. McMahon's WWWF where he challenged WWWF Champion Bruno Sammartino but was unsuccessful in winning the championship. Brody also teamed with Big John Studd. It was also in the WWWF where he wrestled Invader 1 (José González), for whom he refused to sell.

paragraph: In 1985, he had a very short stint with New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) in a feud with Antonio Inoki and many of their matches ended in no contests or disqualifications. In 1987, Brody began working primarily for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico after getting fired from New Japan. Brody continued his feud with Abdullah the Butcher, as well as engaging in a feud with Carlos Colon. He briefly returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling to win his last NWA International Heavyweight Championship. On April 15, 1988, the first attempt to form what became the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship was done when Brody faced off against NWA United National and PWF champion Genichiro Tenryu; the result was a double countout. Brody lost the title to Jumbo Tsuruta four days later. In WCCW in Texas he was actually a babyface, most often against Abdullah The Butcher. However against Abdullah in Montreal he was a heel managed by Floyd Creatchman. While there Tim "Killer" Brooks acted as his brother Buster Brody. Brody was in an ongoing feud with The Russian Brute who later went on to AWA fame with Manager Ox Baker. Due to his huge reputation in Japan promoter Shohei Baba had the match taped and later aired on Japanese TV.

paragraph: In Florida he beat B. Brian Blair for the Florida State championship. Brody had an infamous cage match with Lex Luger in Florida on January 21, 1987. In the middle of the match, Brody stopped "working" and stood around. Luger and Bill Alfonso, the referee of the match, were puzzled and attempted to speak to Brody who did not respond. Luger and Alfonso decided to forgo the planned finish of the match and Alfonso disqualified Luger in a spot where Luger continually punched Brody in a corner and did not back off. After the match, Luger recalls asking Brody if he did anything wrong to upset him, to which Brody responded "no", and Brody's reasons for not working were not very clear, stating that "the match just wasn't working". In Larry Matysik's book, "Wrestling at the Chase", Matysik states that before the match Brody told him "I'm not putting up with any of his bullshit" and that Brody was upset that Luger would not sell for him. However, when watching the match, it is clear that Luger did sell for Brody. In a later shoot interview, Bill Alfonso said that there was a miscommunication issue on who would lead the match and there was no ill will ever between the two. Another scenario was that Brody was upset with the promoters over his paychecks (Brody had a contentious history with wrestling promoters for much of his career) and decided to embarrass the promotion by being uncooperative in the match. In 1987 he returned to the AWA where he fought Greg Gagne and Jerry Blackwell. Despite his reputation as being disagreeable with promoters he would aid any who needed a boost in ticket sales as he was guaranteed to bring in crowds. While working for WCCW in Texas he was the booker and produced their TV program.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prior to his wrestling career, Goodish worked as a sportswriter in San Antonio, Texas. Goodish was married on June 4, 1968, to Nola Marie Neece; the marriage ended in divorce on October 12, 1970. Goodish's second wife, New Zealand born Barbara Smith remained with him until his death in 1988. They lived in Texas. Together they had a son named Geoffrey Dean, born November 7, 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On July 16, 1988, Brody was in the locker room before his scheduled match with Dan Spivey in Bayamón (a city near San Juan, Puerto Rico), when José Huertas González, a fellow wrestler and booker, allegedly asked him to step into the shower area to discuss business. There was an argument between the two wrestlers and a scuffle ensued. Due to the design of the dressing room there were no witnesses to the altercation. However, two screams were heard, loud enough for the entire locker room to hear. Tony Atlas ran to the shower and saw Brody bent over and holding his stomach. Atlas then looked up at González and saw him holding a knife.

paragraph: Due to the heavy traffic outdoors and large crowd in the stadium it took paramedics close to an hour to reach Brody. When the paramedics arrived, Atlas helped carry Brody downstairs to the waiting ambulance as, due to Brody's size, paramedics were unable to lift him. He later died from his stab wounds. González claimed self-defense and testified in his own defense. He was acquitted of murder in 1989. The prosecution witnesses living outside of Puerto Rico did not show up, claiming that they did not receive their summons until after the trial had ended.

paragraph: Dutch Mantel and Tony Atlas, fellow wrestlers who were witnesses to the killing, have said that in the 1970s, when Brody and Gonzalez had wrestled each other, Brody had wrestled very roughly with the result of beating up Gonzalez. Atlas quoted that Gonzalez, while on the way to hospital, vowed to fellow wrestler SD Jones that he would kill Brody one day.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Japan Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA International Heavyweight Championship (3 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Stan Hansen

paragraph: BULLET::::- World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1981) – with Jimmy Snuka

paragraph: BULLET::::- World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1983) – with Stan Hansen

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 3 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champion Carnival Fighting Spirit Award (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World's Strongest Tag Determined League Exciting Award (1982) – with Stan Hansen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Central States Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Central States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ernie Ladd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Championship Wrestling from Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Gotch Award (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Wrestling Federation

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWF International Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Big Time Wrestling/World Class Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA American Heavyweight Championship (4 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA American Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Kerry Von Erich

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Brass Knuckles Championship "(Texas version)" (8 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mike York (1), Gino Hernandez (1), and Kerry Von Erich (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WCWA Television Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Tri-State

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA United States Tag Team Championship "(Tri-State version)" (2 time) – with Stan Hansen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Editor's Award (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked No. 14 of the 500 top wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southwest Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- SCW Southwest Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dick Slater

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokyo Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lifetime Achievement Award (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Western States Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Championship Wrestling (Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Brawler (1980–1984, 1987, 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of premature professional wrestling deaths

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Killing of Bruiser Brody"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mid-South Wrestling profile

alias:
Frank Donald Goodish
Frank Goodish
King Kong Brody
The Masked Marauder
Red River Jack

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Bruiser Brody

wikipedia_title: Bruiser Brody


text:
Confucian
Yeongju
South Korea
Clan Ahn of Sunheung
Neo-Confucianism
Goryeo
China
Chu Tzu Shu
Confucius
Zhu Xi
Buddhism
Sosu Seowon
Nonsan

categories: People from Yeongju,Neo-Confucianism,Korean philosophers,1306 deaths,Goryeo people,1243 births

paragraph: An Hyang

paragraph: An Hyang (1243–1306) also known as An Yu was a leading Confucian scholar born in Yeongju in present-day South Korea. He was from the Clan Ahn of Sunheung. He is considered the founder of Neo-Confucianism in Korea, introducing Song Confucianism to the Goryeo kingdom. An Hyang visited China, transcribing the "Chu Tzu Shu" and bringing his copy and portraits of Confucius and Zhu Xi to Korea to use in his revitalization of Confucianism. He strove to replace Buddhism with Confucianism.

paragraph: There is a portrait of him at the Sosu Seowon, which was built as a memorial to the scholar. There is also a statue of him on Banya-san in Nonsan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- tourinfo.khu.ac.kr/iboard/bbsUpFiles/제%205호.hwp

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grayson, James H. 2002 "Korea - A Religious History". RoutledgeCurzon. .

description: Korean philosopher of the Goryeo period

wikidata_label: An Hyang

wikipedia_title: An Hyang


text:
British
trade unionist
Labour Party
politician
London
Coopers' Company and Coborn School
Stepney
Upminster
Warehousemen, Clerks and Drapers School
Purley
draper
Shop Assistants Union
Labour Party
South East Essex
1922
1923 general election
1924
1929
Sheffield Central
1931
1935
Shop Assistants Union

categories: Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1878 births,1959 deaths,UK MPs 1929–1931,British trade unionists,UK MPs 1923–1924,National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks-sponsored MPs,Politics of Sheffield

paragraph: Philip Hoffman (British politician)

paragraph: Philip Christopher Hoffman (26 June 1878 – 20 April 1959) was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician.

paragraph: Born in London, Hoffman studied at the Coopers' Company and Coborn School in Stepney (now in Upminster), then the Warehousemen, Clerks and Drapers School at Purley. He became a draper and an active trade unionist, and was soon working for the Shop Assistants Union. In 1908, he was the union's South Wales Organiser.

paragraph: Hoffman stood as the Labour Party candidate for South East Essex in 1922, and was elected at the 1923 general election. He lost the seat in 1924, and in 1929 was instead elected for Sheffield Central. He lost this seat in 1931 and narrowly failed to regain it in 1935.

paragraph: After the second world war he authored 'They Also Serve' a history of the Shop Assistants Union.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees, "Who's Who of British MPs: Volume III, 1919-1945"

wikidata_label: Philip Hoffman

wikipedia_title: Philip Hoffman (British politician)


text:
German
architect
Danzig
Gdańsk
Bonn
Berlin
Bauakademie
Rotes Rathaus
Berlin
Berlin
Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin

categories: 1813 births,University of Bonn alumni,1879 deaths,German architects

paragraph: Hermann Friedrich Waesemann

paragraph: Hermann Friedrich Waesemann (6 June 1813 – 28 January 1879) was a German architect.

paragraph: He was born in Danzig (Gdańsk), the son of an architect. He studied mathematics and science in Bonn from 1830 to 1832, before going to Berlin to study architecture at the Bauakademie. His main work is the Rotes Rathaus in Berlin.

paragraph: Waesemann died in Berlin and is buried at the Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin.

description: German architect

wikidata_label: Hermann Friedrich Waesemann

wikipedia_title: Hermann Friedrich Waesemann


text: Olympia, Washington

text: The Need

text: Rachel Carns

text: Ce Be Barns Band

text: The Circuit Side

text: Courtney Love

text: Lisa Leveridge

text: Emilie Autumn

text: Samantha Maloney

text: Los Angeles

text: Scarling.

text: Electroclash

text: punk

text: Peaches'

text: The Herms

text: JD Samson

text: Kathleen Hanna

text: Le Tigre

text: This Island

text: She's Real, Worse Than Queer

text: Lucy Thane

text: Queercore

text: Miranda July

text: Kill Rock Stars

text: Outpunk

text: Chainsaw Records

text: Joe Preston

text: DJ Zeena

text: Up Records

text: Slim Moon

text: Nomy Lamm

text: Audrey Marrs

text: Heavens to Betsy

text: Longstocking

text: Yoyo Records

text: Mr. Lady

text: Ross Records

text: Toyo Records

text: Mr. Lady Records

text: Lefty Records

text: Itty Bitty Titty Committee

text: Radio Sloan.com

text: The Need

categories: Feminist musicians,Guitarists from Oregon,American feminists,American rock guitarists,Third-wave feminism,Queercore musicians,American female guitarists,Guitarists from Washington (state),Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Musicians from Olympia, Washington

paragraph: Radio Sloan

paragraph: Radio Sloan is a musician from Olympia, Washington.

paragraph: She is best known as a guitarist for The Need, the band she formed with Rachel Carns; her other bands include Ce Be Barns Band, The Circuit Side, Fact or Fiction, Grandpa's Ghost Stories; and Courtney Love's short-lived all-female backing band The Chelsea along with Lisa Leveridge, Emilie Autumn, Dvin Kirakosian, and Samantha Maloney.

paragraph: She appeared as a guest with Los Angeles band Scarling., with whom she played bass guitar. She is also a member of Electroclash punk artist Peaches' live band, The Herms with JD Samson and Samantha Maloney.

paragraph: She and singer Kathleen Hanna lived in a women's house at one time called "the Curse".

paragraph: Later, she played guitar on Le Tigre's 2005 album "This Island".

paragraph: Radio Sloan is interviewed and appears with The Cebe Barns Band in the 1997 movie "She's Real, Worse Than Queer", a documentary by Lucy Thane about women involved in the Queercore scene.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Margie Ruskin Stops Time" Miranda July with music by The Need on Kill Rock Stars (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jacky O' Lantern" 7" single on Outpunk (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Need" CD on Chainsaw Records (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Need" 10" EP with Joe Preston and DJ Zeena on Up Records (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "KaraNEEDoke" double 7" collaborations with Slim Moon, Nomy Lamm, Audrey Marrs, Tracy Sawyer (formerly of Heavens to Betsy) and Tamala Poljak (formerly of Longstocking) on Kill Rock Stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Transfused" by Nomy Lamm with The Need CD on Yoyo Records (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Need Is Dead" CD on Chainsaw Records (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Island" CD on Mr. Lady Records (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sam" on "Destination" 7" Ross Records (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crown" on "Yo Yo A Go Go - Another Live Record" CD/LP Yoyo Records (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talk Potty" on "La Foresta Della Morte" Soundtrack CD Toyo Records (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girl Flavour Gum" on "The New Women's Music Sampler" CD Mr. Lady Records (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vaselina", "Crown", "Majesty" on "Homocore Minneapolis: Live & Loud" CD Lefty Records (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Woman" on "Projector" LP Yoyo Records (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resurrection", "The Green Manalishi (With the Two Pronged Crown)" on "The Structure of Scientific Misconceptions/The System of Scientific Misconstructions" compilation CD Toyo Records (2001)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Filmography.

paragraph: Jump to filmography as: Soundtrack, Composer

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Soundtrack.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Itty Bitty Titty Committee" (2007) (writer: "2 Story Girl")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Need You" (2005) (V) ("Love Thing")

paragraph: ... aka Don't Need You: The Herstory of Riot Grrrl (USA: DVD box title)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Composer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Starcrossed" (2005)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radio Sloan.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radio Sloan factsheet @ killrockstars.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Need

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Radio Sloan

wikipedia_title: Radio Sloan


text:
Cotton mill
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet
Oswaldtwistle
William Peele
yeoman farmer
Blackburn Grammar School
woodblocks
calico-printer
Haworth, Peel and Yates
carding
pewter
finished
calendered
acetate of lead
dye
mordant
James Hargreaves
carding machine
spinning jenny
Burton-upon-Trent
Altham
Richard Arkwright
Peel & Co.
Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Ardwick
Douglas Hurd
John Wesley
coat of arms
shuttle
Ardwick Green
St John's Church, Manchester

categories: British textile industry businesspeople,1723 births,1795 deaths,People of the Industrial Revolution,English businesspeople

paragraph: Parsley Peel

paragraph: Robert Peel (1723 – 12 September 1795), commonly known as Parsley Peel, was an influential Cotton mill owner and grandfather to Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, future prime minister of Great Britain. Peel started life as a yeoman farmer but experimented with calico printing, eventually creating a parsley leaf pattern which would become his trademark. Despite losing a number of machines during riots, Peel's company became the largest in the textile sector by the time of his death, with 23 factories.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Robert Peele was born in 1723 at Peele Fold in Oswaldtwistle to William Peele and Jane Anne Walmsley. His family were traditionally yeoman farmers, until his grandfather Robert Peele abandoned the trade in favour of making woollen cloth. Parsley's father, William, attempted to return the family to farming and after his education at Blackburn Grammar School, he initially joined his father in this pursuit. He inherited the woodblocks his grandfather used for printing on wool and started experimenting with them. When his wife's brother, William Haworth, returned from an apprenticeship to a calico-printer in London, the pair attempted to set up a business in calico printing. They received financial backing from William Yates, the landlord of the local public house and formed Haworth, Peel and Yates in 1750, consisting of a factory in Blackburn and a warehouse in Manchester. By this point, Peel had dropped the final 'e' from his surname, his reason being that "it was of no use, as it did not add to the sound".

paragraph: Section::::Calico printing.

paragraph: Peel had gained a reputation for trying new methods within the industry, being one of the first textile manufacturers to use carding cylinders. He began experimenting at his home with different forms of printing until, according to family tradition, his young daughter Anne brought him a sprig of parsley and begged him to use it as a pattern. He etched this design onto a pewter plate to allow the printing, which was then finished with an iron by one of the women of the household. There are other versions of the tale, which dispute whether the experiments happened at the farm at Peel Fold or his house in Fish Lane and suggest a poor neighbour, Mrs. Milton, calendered the cloth to finish it.

paragraph: The exact nature of the discovery made by Peel is unclear. It is likely that it was a new method for using the acetate of lead as a dye-fixer (mordant). Another possibility is the use of metal engraving rather than wooden blocks to create the pattern. However it came to be, the pattern was named "Nancy's pattern" after Peel's daughter and was very popular – leading to Robert Peel's nickname of "Parsley Peel". The company went on to be one of the first calico printers in Lancashire.

paragraph: Section::::Cotton manufacture.

paragraph: Peel worked with one of his weavers, James Hargreaves, to investigate new technologies. In 1762, Peel and Hargreaves set up a carding machine, but decided against using it. When Hargreaves went on to invent the spinning jenny in 1764, Peel was keen to use the technology. He set them up in his factory at Stanhill where Hargreaves worked. In the spring of 1768, the spinning jennies at Peel's factory were blamed for job losses. The factories and Hargreaves' nearby house were the targets of a riot, destroying the spinning jennies within – along with some of Peel's own inventions. In reaction, Peel moved his manufacturing away from Lancashire. He decided on Burton-upon-Trent where he built three mills, including cutting a canal for one.

paragraph: In 1779, Peel's mill in Altham was caught in series of riots against machinery, specifically the carding machines and spinning jenny. Peel came to see the destruction as fortuitous, as he then turned to Richard Arkwright's carding "engine". By 1795, Peel's family run company, Peel & Co., was the largest in the cotton industry with twenty-three mills around the north west of England, fourteen more than their closest competitor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Peel was described as "a tall robust man" with reddish hair, cautious but shrewd, who led the family to fortune through perseverance and resolve. He married Elizabeth Haworth on 28 August 1744 and they had eight children, including Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet. Sir Robert Peel went on to father Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, the future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who helped to create the modern concept of a police force. Young Robert would visit Parsley Peel and his wife at their home in Ardwick. Douglas Hurd noted that Parsley Peel was satisfied with his lot and did not expect to rise up the social ladder personally, though he hoped his children would.

paragraph: John Wesley said of him, "I was invited to breakfast at Bury by Mr Peel, a calico printer who a few years ago began with £500 and is now supposed to have gained £20,000. Oh, what a miracle if he lose not his own soul." In 1794, Parsley Peel obtained the grant of a coat of arms, including a shuttle held by a lion, a bee signifying business and a new family motto "Industria".

paragraph: Towards the end of his life, Peel started to lean heavily on a cane with a golden head. He lived out his final days in Ardwick Green, near his daughter. Peel died on 12 September 1795, and was buried in St John's Church, Manchester. His wife survived him by six months; one of her final wishes was to outlive her husband. He left his estate split equally between his eight children, valued at £13,000 each (worth about £1.1 million in 2013).

description: British businessman

wikidata_label: Parsley Peel

wikipedia_title: Parsley Peel


text:
1912
1924 Summer Olympics
Gunnar Setterwall
Hakon Leffler
Carl-Olof Nylén
national singles champion
Harry Kitson
Charles Winslow
Count Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten
World Covered Court Championships
Stockholm
Anthony Wilding
John Söderström
Agnete Goldschmidt
Henning Müller
Jean Borotra
René Lacoste
Lily Strömberg-von Essen
French team
Jacques Brugnon
Jean Richard le Besnerais
Sigrid Fick
Davis Cup
Sune Malmström
Czechoslovakia
länsassessor
Länsstyrelse
Parliamentary Ombudsman
Swedish Supreme Administrative Court

categories: Tennis players at the 1912 Summer Olympics,1889 births,Swedish male tennis players,Tennis players at the 1924 Summer Olympics,Olympic tennis players of Sweden,1978 deaths

paragraph: Charles Wennergren

paragraph: Sven Charles Otto Wennergren (7 February 1889 – 3 January 1978) was a Swedish tennis player who competed at the 1912 and 1924 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Tennis career.

paragraph: Wennergren made an impact in 1911 when he won the Swedish International Championships at the age of 22. He marched through names such as Gunnar Setterwall, Hakon Leffler and Carl-Olof Nylén to clinch the title. The same year he was crowned the national singles champion as well, which he later repeated five more times.

paragraph: He represented his country in the 1912 Summer Olympics, competing in men's singles and doubles. He and Carl-Olof Nylén reached the quarter-finals in men's doubles, losing to Harry Kitson and Charles Winslow of South Africa, who went on to win the gold medal. In singles competition, he won his first three matches and lost in the fourth round to Count Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten, who was representing Austria.

paragraph: He entered the 1913 World Covered Court Championships when it was held in Stockholm, Sweden. He subsequently lost in the early rounds to eventual champion Anthony Wilding. In 1915 he won the National Indoors Doubles Championships with Nylén and the outdoors in 1916 partnering John Söderström. He was a one-time Danish covered courts champion by winning the 1921 mixed doubles alongside home favorite Agnete Goldschmidt. In 1924 he was a runner-up for the Swedish National Championships both in singles and in doubles lost both times to Henning Müller.

paragraph: Also in 1924, he participated in his second Olympic Games, competing in men's singles, men's doubles, and mixed doubles. He won his first singles match but lost his second-round match. His partner in men's doubles was Henning Müller; the pair reached the quarter-finals, where they lost to the eventual winners of the bronze medal, Jean Borotra and René Lacoste of France. In mixed doubles, he was partnered with Lily Strömberg-von Essen; they lost their first-round match.

paragraph: In 1926 he was selected into the team, which faced the touring Davis Cup champion French team. He was sent to action in singles against Jacques Brugnon and in doubles against Brugnon and Jean Richard le Besnerais, but lost in both matches. There was also a mixed double contest, that he was a part of, where he was also defeated by the duo of Mrs. le Besnerais and Brugnon. Wennergren was also a national mixed doubles champion, which he claimed in 1927 alongside Sigrid Fick. In Davis Cup he was drafted once in 1928 playing doubles with Sune Malmström against Czechoslovakia, a tie they lost.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wennergren was born on 7 February 1889 to Carl Otto Wennergren, a wholesaler, and Maria Lind. He was a tax affairs chairman, and länsassessor at the Länsstyrelse from 1916. He primarily supervised the management of bank savings. He married Sigrid Ingeborg Axner and they had two children, Bertil and Margareta. His son later became a Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman and Justice of the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court and published several books related to legal issues.

description: Swedish tennis player

wikidata_label: Charles Wennergren

wikipedia_title: Charles Wennergren