text: German Jewish

text: Cubism

text: African art

text: European

text: avant-garde

text: George Grosz

text: Georges Braque

text: Pablo Picasso

text: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

text: communist

text: anarchist

text: right wing

text: Weimar

text: Adolf Hitler

text: National Socialist German Workers Party

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Loyalist forces

text: Third Reich

text: defeat

text: French Third Republic

text: German Jewish

text: Rhineland

text: Neuwied

text: Jewish

text: Hedwig

text: concert pianist

text: Benno Elkan

text: Karlsruhe

text: Berlin

text: philosophy

text: art history

text: first name

text: Latinized

text: Georg Simmel

text: Heinrich Wölfflin

text: Paris

text: Pablo Picasso

text: Georges Braque

text: Juan Gris

text: Franz Pfemfert

text: Die Aktion

text: Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert

text: Imperial German Army

text: Imperial Germany

text: World War I

text: Congolese

text: African art

text: Hohenzollern monarchy

text: Brussels Soldiers' Council

text: Spartacist Uprising

text: Durruti Column

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Albert Einstein

text: Leiden University

text: Hendrik Lorentz

text: First World War

text: Minister of Education

text: Johannes Theodoor de Visser

text: German Revolution

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Paul Weyland

text: Hannah Höch

text: African mythology

text: George Grosz

text: Georges Bataille

text: leftist

text: right-wing

text: Weimar Republic

text: passion play

text: blasphemous

text: Jesus Christ

text: mark

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Fall of France

text: Francoist Spain

text: suicide

text: Pyrenees

text: Lestelle-Betharram

text: Die Aktion

text: Internet Archive

categories: 1885 births,Jewish anarchists,Activists who committed suicide,Historians who committed suicide,German art historians,20th-century German dramatists and playwrights,Writers who committed suicide,German autobiographers,People convicted of blasphemy,German activists,German expatriates in France,People from the Rhine Province,German male dramatists and playwrights,German anarchists,Expressionism,Male suicides,German people of the Spanish Civil War,1940 deaths,German Jews,People from Neuwied,20th-century German novelists,Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate,German male novelists,German military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Carl Einstein

paragraph: Carl Einstein (26 April 1885 – 5 July 1940), born Karl Einstein, was an influential German Jewish writer, art historian, anarchist and critic.

paragraph: Regarded as one of the first critics to appreciate the development of Cubism, as well as for his work on African art and influence on the European "avant-garde", Einstein was a friend and colleague of such figures as George Grosz, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler. His work combined many strands of both political and aesthetic discourse into his writings, addressing both the developing aesthetic of modern art and the political situation in Europe.

paragraph: Einstein's involvement in social and political life was characterized by communist sympathies and anarchist views. A target of the German right wing during the interwar Weimar period, Einstein left Germany for France in 1928, a half-decade ahead of the rise of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party, later taking part in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Loyalist forces during the 1930s.

paragraph: Trapped in southern France following the Third Reich's defeat of the French Third Republic, Einstein took his own life by jumping from a bridge on 5 July 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Carl Einstein who was born to a German Jewish family on 26 April 1885, in the Rhineland town of Neuwied. The second child born to Daniel Einstein, an active member of the local Jewish community, and Sophie Einstein, Carl was a year younger than his sister Hedwig, who would become known as a concert pianist and the wife of sculptor Benno Elkan. A third child born to Daniel and Sophie died in 1889. The young Carl Einstein spent much of his youth in Karlsruhe before moving to Berlin to study philosophy and art history in 1903. Originally given the standard German spelling of his first name as "Karl" at birth, he adopted the Latinized spelling "Carl" in the 1900s. In Berlin he attended the lectures of Georg Simmel and Heinrich Wölfflin but lacking a high school diploma (Abitur) he could not gain a doctorate. In 1907 he visited Paris and learnt of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and Juan Gris, as well as other artists. Upon his return he started writing prose and joined the radical circle around Franz Pfemfert and his magazine "Die Aktion". This led to the publication of "Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders" in serialised form in "Die Aktion" in 1912, with an subsequent volume collecting the episodes in a single book. In 1913 he married Maria Ramm, sister of Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert and so becoming Franz's brother in law.

paragraph: Section::::Wartime experience.

paragraph: Einstein welcomed the outbreak of war and volunteered for the Imperial German Army. served as a soldier of Imperial Germany in World War I. The majority of his wartime service was spent in German-occupied Belgium. The work carried out by German scholars on Congolese art during the occupation would prove to be considerably helpful in Einstein's later efforts to encourage the beginning of a serious appreciation of African art by Europeans.

paragraph: Einstein’s life after the First World War was marked by the violent political and social implications of the war and revolutionary sentiment following the Hohenzollern monarchy's collapse. He was actively involved in the short-lived Revolutionary Brussels Soldiers' Council and to a lesser extent in the failed Spartacist Uprising in Berlin and later in the defeated anarchist Durruti Column during the Spanish Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Confusion with Albert Einstein.

paragraph: Albert Einstein was offered a part-time professorship at Leiden University in 1920. Hendrik Lorentz, one of the people who organised the offer saw it as way of promoting international reconciliation following the First World War. However, when the proposed appointment was passed to the government bureaucracy for approval as University professors were regarded as senior civil servants who required royal approval. However, a Dutch military intelligence report was submitted to the Minister of Education Johannes Theodoor de Visser, which gave an account of Carl Einstein's activities in the 1918 Soldiers' Council in Belgium. This caused delays in governmental approval for the appointment. This was accompanied by a number of accounts of Carl's agitational activity during the German Revolution, including Carl's graveside oration after the murder of Rosa Luxemburg, which frequently omitted his first name. It is possible that this confusion led Paul Weyland to coin the phrase "scientific Dadaism". Indeed, Hannah Höch featured the inclusion of the image of Albert Einstein in her collage "Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser. Dada durch die letzte weimarer Bierbauchkulturepoche Deutschlands", which was exhibited in the first International Dada Fair, held in Berlin in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war career.

paragraph: Einstein established a reputation as a well-known author and art critic on the basis of work ranging from his debut novel "Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders", to his widely read work on African sculpture "Negerplastik" ("Negro Sculpture"), credited as being one of the first important books acknowledging African art in Europe (and especially its relationship to Cubism), the final volume of the prestigious Propyläen Verlag history of art series "Die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts" ("Art of the 20th Century"), which may have gained him an invitation to teach at the Bauhaus (he declined), to the notorious play "Die Schlimme Botschaft". Another Africa-related book is "Afrikanische Märchen und Legenden", a compilation of African mythology in very expressive language. Einstein also worked on numerous journals and collective projects, among some of the more important: "Die Aktion" edited by Franz Pfemfert, "Die Pleite" and "Der Blutige Ernst" with George Grosz, and the legendary journal "Documents: Doctrines, Archéologie, Beaux-arts, Ethnographie" edited with Georges Bataille.

paragraph: Einstein's avant-garde orientation and leftist political sympathies made him a marked man for right-wing attacks during the Weimar Republic. His passion play "Die Schlimme Botschaft" ("The Sad Tidings", or "The Bad News") was met with attacks as blasphemous; its 1921 publication resulted in a legal process and a conviction for blasphemy in 1922, and Einstein was forced to atone for the revolutionary ideas placed into the mouth of his Jesus Christ with a 15,000-mark fine.

paragraph: Better received in France, Einstein left Germany for permanent residence in France in 1928; with Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the exile became permanent and officially mandated. Having met Lyda Guévrékian in 1928, Einstein married her in 1932. The French Cubist painter and sculptor, Georges Braque, served as a witness.

paragraph: Einstein spent 1936-1938 fighting in the Spanish Civil War; returning to France where in 1940, he was arrested and interned along with the other German émigrés until his liberation later in the spring of 1940 as a result of chaotic circumstances in the face of the rapidly progressing German invasion. Although able to escape the German occupation of Paris during the Fall of France and flee to the south, he was left trapped on the French border with Francoist Spain.

paragraph: Bereft of alternatives, Einstein committed suicide in the Pyrenees town of Lestelle-Betharram on 5 July 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In 1919 he worked with George Grosz on "Die blutige Ernst" (The Bloody Ernst) published by Trianon Verlag, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders. Ein Roman". Berlin: Verlag der Wochenschrift "Die Aktion", 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neue Blätter". Berlin: Baron, 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wilhelm Lehmbrucks graphisches Werk". Berlin: Cassirer, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Negerplastik". Leipzig: Verlag der weißen Bücher, 1915. Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Unentwegte Platoniker". Leipzig: Wolff, 1918.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afrikanische Plastik". Berlin: Wasmuth 1921 (Orbis pictus, Weltkunst-Bücherei; 7).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die schlimme Botschaft". Berlin: Rowohlt, 1921.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der frühere japanische Holzschnitt". Berlin: Wasmuth 1922 (Orbis pictus, Weltkunst-Bücherei; 16).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afrikanische Märchen und Legenden; herausgegeben von Carl Einstaein, Rowohlt, 1925. Neuausgabe (1980) MEDUSA Verlag Wölk + Schmid, Berlin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts". Berlin: Propyläen, 1926. (Propyläen-Kunstgeschichte; 16).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entwurf einer Landschaft". Paris: Kahnweiler, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giorgio de Chirico". Berlin: Galerie Flechtheim, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Kunst des XX. Jahrhunderts". Berlin: Propyläen, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Georges Braque". Paris: Editions des chroniques du jour. London: Zwemmer. New York: E. Weyhe, 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Collected editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gesammelte Werke". Herausgegeben von Ernst Nef. Wiesbaden: Limes, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carl Einstein. Die Fabrikation der Fiktionen, Gesammelte Werke in Einzelausgaben", Sibylle Penkert (ed.), Reinbek b. Hamburg, Rowohlt, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Werke". 3 Bände, Berlin: Medusa, 1980-1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bebuquin oder Die Dilettanten des Wunders. Prosa und Schriften 1906-1929". Herausgegeben von Hermann Haarmann und Klaus Siebenhaar. Leipzig, Weimar: Kiepenheuer, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Werke. Berliner Ausgabe". Herausgegeben von Hermann Haarmann und Klaus Siebenhaar. 6 Bände, Berlin: Fannei & Walz, 1992-1996.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Siemon: "Einstein und Benn — Geschichte einer Entfernung?" In: Kiefer, Klaus H. (Hg.): "Carl-Einstein-Kolloquium 1994". Frankfurt/M., Berlin, New York, Paris, Wien 1996. S. 89-104.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reto Sorg: "Aus den "Gärten der Zeichen". Zu Carl Einstein "Bebuquin"". München: Fink 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Emanuely: ""La paz que mata - Carl Einstein aus der Asche"", in ContextXXI 3-4/2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Quigley: "Carl Einstein - A Defense of the Real", Wien: Walther Konig. 2007

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl-Einstein-Gesellschaft (Carl Einstein-Society)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Einstein - Prosa und Poetik als Welterfassung

description: German art historian

wikidata_label: Carl Einstein

wikipedia_title: Carl Einstein


text:
Italian
architect
sculptor
Baroque
Naples
Italy
Clusone
Province of Bergamo
Chieti
Angelo Landi
Carafa
the Viceroy Duke of Medina
Caracciolo
Masaniello
Santa Maria Egiziaca a Pizzofalcone
Bernini
Sant'Andrea al Quirinale
Borromini
Sant'Agnese
Santa Teresa a Chiaia
Santa Maria Maggiore
Lorenzo Vaccaro
San Gennaro
two other prominent spires
Gesù Nuovo
San Domenico Maggiore
Certosa di San Martino
Santa Maria degli Angeli
Cathedral of Naples
Santa Maria della Sapienza
San Ferdinando
Cacace Chapel
San Lorenzo Maggiore
Santa Maria la Nova
Santi Severino e Sossio
Santa Maria di Costantinopoli
San Pietro a Maiella
Fontana del Gigante
Sebeto Fountain
Mergellina
Villa Donn'Anna
Posillipo
Abbey of Montecassino
Web Gallery of Art
Jusepe de Ribera, 1591-1652

categories: 1591 births,People from Clusone,1678 deaths,17th-century Italian architects,17th-century Italian sculptors,Architects from Naples

paragraph: Cosimo Fanzago

paragraph: Cosimo Fanzago (Clusone, 12 October 1591 – Napoli, 13 February 1678) was an Italian architect and sculptor, generally considered the greatest such artist of the Baroque period in Naples, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fanzago was born in Clusone (current Province of Bergamo) in a family of bronze-casters and architects. In 1608, after a short stay in Chieti, he moved to Naples. Here (according to what he wrote in 1612) he trained as a marble sculptor ("maestro di scultura di marmo") and mason under the Tuscan sculptor Angelo Landi. His first important work was the sepulchre monument of Mario Carafa, a relative of Cardinal Carafa. His architectural debut was the design of San Giuseppe dei Vecchi a San Potito (completed 1669).

paragraph: According to an essay about Fanzago's life by count Fogaccia, in Naples he obtained the support of the Benedictines, the Viceroy Duke of Medina, Prince Caracciolo and the Carthusians, and soon opened a workshop of his own.

paragraph: Apparently he sympathised with Masaniello's revolt, and after the return of Royal authority, Fanzago was sentenced to death and had to flee to Rome, where he worked for a decade. He returned to Naples and designed the initial layout church of Santa Maria Egiziaca a Pizzofalcone (built 1651–1717). This church displays a Greek cross plan, and resembles a hybrid of contemporary Baroque masterpieces by Bernini (dome resembles Sant'Andrea al Quirinale) and Borromini (the plan resembles Sant'Agnese).

paragraph: He also designed the church of Santa Teresa a Chiaia. His last great church was Santa Maria Maggiore, built between 1653 and 1675. Fanzago died at an age of 87 years. One of his pupils was Lorenzo Vaccaro.

paragraph: Section::::Main works in Naples.

paragraph: His works in Naples include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guglia di San Gennaro": a votive spire in honor of the patron saint of Naples. It imitates the large portable ephemeral decorations common in religious processions

paragraph: BULLET::::- model for two other prominent spires, which he helped plan (at the Piazza del Gesù Nuovo and the Piazza San Domenico Maggiore). It was a so-called "plague column"; that is, a spire built in thanks for having been spared from the recent epidemic.

paragraph: /div

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive work on the Certosa di San Martino, including the spectacular central courtyard with its large portals and busts of Carthusian saints. The church and cloisters are considered to be his masterpiece. The Carthusians paid Fanzago 57,000 ducats over 33 years of work. Between 1660 and 1700, a lawsuit alleging underpayment by the monks wound its way through the Neapolitan courts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The facades or facade details of numerous churches, chapels, and civic buildings, including "Santa Maria degli Angeli" (near the Botanical Gardens), anonymous works within the Cathedral of Naples, the "Chiesa dell'Ascensione a Chiaia" (1622); the facade of "Santa Maria della Sapienza" (1638–41); the bronze gate of the chapel of the royal treasury; and the original design for church of "San Francesco Saverio" (now San Ferdinando, across the square from the Royal Palace);

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cacace Chapel and Chapel of Saint Anthony in San Lorenzo Maggiore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Altars within churches, such as in Santa Maria la Nova, Santi Severino e Sossio, Santa Maria di Costantinopoli, and the church of San Pietro a Maiella (the site now of the music conservatory).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public fountains, including the Fontana del Gigante near Santa Lucia and the Sebeto Fountain at Mergellina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa Donn'Anna at Posillipo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A number of works outside of Naples, including within the Benedictine Abbey of Montecassino and San Nicola in Venice.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jusepe de Ribera, 1591-1652", a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes material on Cosimo Fanzago (see index)

description: Italian architect and sculptor

wikidata_label: Cosimo Fanzago

wikipedia_title: Cosimo Fanzago


text:
Peru–Bolivian Confederation
San Miguel de Tucumán
Juan Bautista Paz
Marcos Paz
Battle of Sipe-Sipe
Republic of Tucumán
Javier López
Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid
Battle of El Tala
War with Brazil
Battle of Rincon de Valladares
Javier López
Battle of La Tablada
Facundo Quiroga
Catamarca Province
La Rioja Province
Alejandro Heredia
Juan Bautista Paz
Felipe Figueroa
Battle of Chiflón
Ángela de Iramain
Santiago del Estero
Domingo Iramain
Salta Province
Felipe Heredia
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Peru-Bolivian Confederacy
Humahuaca
Battle of Santa Bárbara
Orán
Tarija
Ildefonso Cuellar
Andrés de Santa Cruz
Virto Manuel
Manuel de la Barcena
Battle of Coyambuyo
Barnabas Piedrabuena
Buenos Aires
Juan Lavalle
Battle of Caseros
Hilario Lagos
Valentín Alsina
Pedro Rosas y Belgrano
río Salado
Battle of San Gregorio
siege of Buenos Aires
Rosario
Justo José de Urquiza
Battle of Pavón

paragraph: Gregorio Paz

paragraph: File:General Gregorio Paz.jpg

paragraph: Gregorio Paz (1797 - 7 September 1869) was an Argentine soldier who fought in the war of Independence, the war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation and in the Argentine civil wars.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Gregorio Paz was born in San Miguel de Tucumán in 1797. He was the son of Juan Bautista Paz, who served several times as minister of the province, and his brother was the vice president Marcos Paz. Gregorio Paz joined the Northern Army in 1814, where he participated in the Battle of Sipe-Sipe.

paragraph: After this, he joined the army of the Republic of Tucumán and participated in the civil wars of the early 1820s.

paragraph: In 1823 he was appointed commander of Amaichá Valley and Colalao Valley, on the western edge of the province.

paragraph: He served under the leaders Javier López and Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid

paragraph: He participated in the Battle of El Tala at the front of the reserve, and was appointed to the rank of colonel in November 1826.

paragraph: He organized a squadron to fight in the War with Brazil (1825-1828), but it was used in the Argentine civil war, early on participating in the Battle of Rincon de Valladares. He fought in the army of the governor of Tucumán, Javier López, in the Battle of La Tablada against Facundo Quiroga, and in the subsequent campaign in Catamarca Province. There he organized the provincial army and commanded it in a campaign against La Rioja Province, which failed due to poor organization of his forces. He returned to take part in actions in La Rioja, and was taken prisoner in 1831.

paragraph: Section::::Civil war.

paragraph: The federal governor Alejandro Heredia took his father, Juan Bautista Paz, as its general minister, and he obtained a pardon for his son.

paragraph: By 1835, after outstanding performance in the combat of Famaillá in January 1836, when former Governor Javier Lopez was finally defeated, he earned the post of commander of the forces of Tucumán.

paragraph: A few days later he occupied the north of the province of Catamarca in support of the ambitions of Heredia, who defeated the governor of that province, Felipe Figueroa, in the Battle of Chiflón.

paragraph: Due to that campaign, the province of Tucumán ceded more than half its area to the province of Catamarca.

paragraph: In October of that year he married Ángela de Iramain, originally from Santiago del Estero and daughter of the late lieutenant governor of the province of the Republic of Tucumán, Domingo Iramain.

paragraph: Shortly after the campaign he led the invasion of Salta Province, in which Colonel Felipe Heredia held the government.

paragraph: He was appointed commander of arms of the province of Salta.

paragraph: Section::::War against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.

paragraph: In April 1837 he was sent to the governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, by the governments of Tucumán, Catamarca, Salta and Jujuy, to arrange support for the External Relations Minister of the Argentina Confederation for the war against the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy.

paragraph: While in Buenos Aires talking to Rosas, the legislature promoted him to colonel major, equivalent to general.

paragraph: During the war he was the commander of a division of the Argentine army, of which the nominal commander was Alejandro Heredia, and occupied the town of Humahuaca.

paragraph: Argentine troops commanded in the indecisive Battle of Santa Bárbara on September 13, 1837.

paragraph: Moving to Orán, he led a campaign from there to Tarija, where he obtained from the military commander of that place, Ildefonso Cuellar, a ruling against General Andrés de Santa Cruz. He was supported in this campaign by commanders Virto Manuel and Manuel de la Barcena.

paragraph: In their victorious advance toward Tarija, he sent Virto to recover Iruya, but he was repulsed.

paragraph: On 18 June 1838 they encountered hit enemy outposts, but on the 21st began to withdraw, due to the failure in Iruya.

paragraph: His army was overtaken and defeated by General Braun in the Battle of Coyambuyo, or Battle of Montenegro, lost largely due to the defection of the infantry Puno.

paragraph: He had to give up all the territory he had won and return to Oran.

paragraph: On August 22, Heredia ordered the withdrawal of his army, leaving continuation of the war to the forces of Chile, which eventually defeated Santa Cruz.

paragraph: On 12 November of that year, Governor Heredia, "Protector of the North", was killed by an officer of his army.

paragraph: Section::::In Buenos Aires.

paragraph: Heredia's death caused a stir in all the provinces of northern Argentina, and supporters of the deceased were removed from their governorships.

paragraph: The new governor of Tucuman, Barnabas Piedrabuena, expelled Paz from his province, and he settled in Buenos Aires in December of that year.

paragraph: He dedicated himself to denouncing the progressives of the Unity Party in the province, but for the moment Rosas took no action and joined his army.

paragraph: In 1840 he was appointed commander of the southern section of the city of Buenos Aires, to deal with the invasion of Juan Lavalle.

paragraph: He spent the following years in the obscurity of diverse administrative positions in the Buenos Aires army.

paragraph: Section::::San Gregorio.

paragraph: In late 1852, after the Battle of Caseros and the revolution of September 11, he joined the revolution led by Hilario Lagos, which confronted the separatist government of Buenos Aires led by Valentín Alsina.

paragraph: He was the chief of staff of the army, and directed operations against the reactionary forces led by Colonel Pedro Rosas y Belgrano.

paragraph: He was trapped at the mouth of the río Salado, where Paz was defeated in the Battle of San Gregorio on 22 January 1853.

paragraph: This led to the start of the siege of Buenos Aires, which after several months was about to fall into federal hands.

paragraph: But the betrayal of the federal fleet commander forced to siege to be raised.

paragraph: Paz became commander of Rosario, a key post.

paragraph: The city government demanded - in exchange for not attacking the province of Santa Fe - the removal of Paz, which occurred on the last day of 1854.

paragraph: During the two years following, he inspected the military forces of the southern Confederacy and submitted an extensive report to President Justo José de Urquiza.

paragraph: On 27 December 1856 he retired with pay.

paragraph: He lost his pension after the Battle of Pavón, but regained it in 1868, when he was incorporated into the "List of Warriors of Independence".

paragraph: He died in Buenos Aires on 7 September 1869.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Páez de la Torre, Carlos (h), History of Tucumán, Ed Plus Ultra, BA, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cutolo, Vincent, New Argentine biographical dictionary, Ed Elche, BA, 1968-1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lahourcade, Alicia, San Gregorio, a forgotten battle, Everything's History Magazine, no. 126.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vergara, Michelangelo, Jujuy under federal sign, Jujuy, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yaben, Jacinto R., Argentine and South American Biographies, Buenos Aires, 1939.

description: Argentine general

wikidata_label: Gregorio Paz

wikipedia_title: Gregorio Paz


text:
Ouanaminthe
Saint-Domingue
Vincent-Marie Viénot de Vaublanc
Saint-Domingue
military campaign
American War of Independence
Savannah
health
Bodyguard
Division
suspicion
terrorism
Besançon
rank
Duke
Revenue
Portuguese Council
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Russia
Moscow
Prussia
Vilnius
Lithuania

categories: French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War,1812 deaths,People of Saint-Domingue,1761 births

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Bernard Viénot de Vaublanc

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Bernard Viénot, chevalier de Vaublanc, Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur, was born on 17 September 1761 in Ouanaminthe, Saint-Domingue, and died in Lithuania on 19 December 1812. He was also the second younger brother of Vincent-Marie Viénot de Vaublanc.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste was raised in the Paris Military School.

paragraph: BULLET::::- At 16 he returned to Saint-Domingue to take part in his first military campaign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He took part in the American War of Independence as a Lieutenant in the Saint-Domingue Volunteer Light-Infantry, a corps of French colonials from the Antilles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 12 March 1779, he took part in the siege of Savannah (Georgia) and in the engagements instigated by La Motte Picquet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste was, among other French officers, thanked by the new American government with territorial concessions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discharged on 6 March 1780 on grounds of ill health.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodyguard in the Villeroy district from 28 September 1783, 2nd Lieutenant in the Alps Light Infantry, 23 September 1784.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant, 10th Light Infantry Regiment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain of the National Gendarmerie, 15 June 1791.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominated Adjutant General, Chef de Bataillon, 18 May 1792.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Promoted to Adjutant General, Brigadier General by Pichegru, making him a part of the Army of the Rhine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transferred to the 6th Division, under General Reed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In October, 1793, he is derobed by Jean-Nicolas Pache and then by Jean-Baptiste Bouchotte for being to lenient and of noble birth. He is still kept in his position by the representatives of the people.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7 June 1794, he marries Marie-Charlotte Sophie Pion de Mieslot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 9 October 1794 he is again suspended from duty, this time under suspicion of terrorism.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 15 January 1795 he is reinstated by the Sevestre representative.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 3 April 1795 he resigns his commission and settles in Besançon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In May 1795 he and his godfather, Antoine Pion are arrested for their political activities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In March 1796 he is nominated the Administrator of the Central School of Doubs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Due to his lack of an identifiable rank he is commissioned as Revenue Inspector on 7 February 1800 by the Duke of Feltre for his "sincere integrity" and "remarkable activity". He is sent to the Calvados department.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The position of Revenue Inspector, a new position, was also known as "Guardian of the Treasure of the Grande Armée" and involved fiscal administration of the workforce, of sales and the administration of the soldiers of each army. The Revenue Inspector was under the responsibility of each Quarter Master General of each army.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1803 he was transferred to Montpellier, where his son, Vincet-Victor Henri Viénot de Vaublanc is born.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1807 he participates in the Spain and Portugal campaigns, whereupon he is promoted, by Napoleon himself, to Revenue Inspector in Chief of the 1st Obesevation Corps of the Gironde, commanded by General Junot of the Army of Spain. The Army of Spain, reduced from 25,000 men to 1,500 since its departure from Bayonne, finally makes it to Lisbon on 30 November 1807.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste is nominated a member of the Portuguese Council, presided over by General Junot, the Duc of Abrantès, where he performs secretarial duties.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Council of Portugal sets itself up at first in the Palace of Queluz, during the French occupation of Lisbon and then in the centre of the country during 1807-8, adhering to the Franco-Spanish Treaty of Fontainebleau.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1812 he is named Revenue Inspector in Chief of the Grande Armée and begins preparations for the invasion of Russia. Compelled to be a part of the Russian invasion, despite protestations form Marshall Berthier and his family, Jean-Baptiste followed the Grand Armée into Russia, despite his failing health.

paragraph: BULLET::::- As the retreat from Russia began, Jean-Baptiste saved a painting from the Moscow fires and keeps it with his belongings. However, he was soon forced to proceed, on foot, sword in hand, despite fever and bloodsoaked feet. Nevertheless, Jean-Baptiste makes it to Gambinen in Prussia, near Vilnius, Lithuania, before finally succumbing to the ravages of war. In a letter intended for France he wrote: "What folly should be mine to have come this far, were it not the most valid reasons that drove me!"

paragraph: With him, a work on military administration, due to be published, also vanished. Although he held the keys to the Empire's coffers, he died penniless and left no inheritance.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brevet d'inspecteur", Revue of 7 February 1800, a summary of his military campaigns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cahiers Charles Fourier", numéro hors-série, 1995, pp. 68–69.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas and Alexis Chassang. "Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie contenant l'histoire proprement dite, la biographie universelle, la mythologie, la géographie ancienne et moderne." Paris, Hachette 1878.

description: French military officer

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Bernard de Vaublanc


text:
King Zhou of Shang
Shang dynasty
ancient China
fox spirit
Tang dynasty
Wu Wang Fa Zhou Pinghua
Fengshen Yanyi
Lieguo Zhi
Chinese culture
Song dynasty
fox spirit
Yousu
King Zhou of Shang
Feng Shen Yan Yi
Su Hu
vixen spirit
possessed
concubine
Xanadu
"pond of alcohol" and "forest of meat"
cat and mouse
Bi Gan
"Paolao" (炮烙)
King Wu of Zhou
Jiang Ziya
Fengshen Yanyi
Shang dynasty
Su Hu
King Zhou of Shang
Zhaoge
nine-tailed fox spirit
Yunzhongzi
King Wu of Zhou
Jiang Ziya
Bo Yikao
Jade Pipa
Jiutou Zhiji Jing
Nüwa
Femme fatale
Xu, Zhonglin
Fengshen Yanyi

categories: Taoism,Ancient Chinese women,Shang dynasty people,Investiture of the Gods characters,11th-century BC women,Chinese mythology,Chinese imperial consorts

paragraph: Daji

paragraph: Daji (), was the favorite consort of King Zhou of Shang, the last king of the Shang dynasty in ancient China. She is portrayed as a malevolent fox spirit in legends as well as novels. Her identification as a fox spirit seems to have originated from at least the Tang dynasty. These accounts have been popularized in works such as the "Wu Wang Fa Zhou Pinghua" (武王伐紂平話), the "Fengshen Yanyi", and the "Lieguo Zhi". She is considered a classic example of how a beauty causes the downfall of a dynasty in Chinese culture.

paragraph: In the Song dynasty, fox spirit cults, including those dedicated to Daji, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful. For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within Kaifeng, including those of Daji.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Daji was from a noble family called Su (蘇) from the state of Yousu (有蘇). Hence, she is also known as Su Daji. At some time during his early reign, King Zhou of Shang invaded Yousu and took Daji as his prize. In "Feng Shen Yan Yi", she was a daughter of Su Hu (蘇護); in the early chapters, she was killed by a thousand-year-old vixen spirit who possessed her body before becoming a concubine of King Zhou.

paragraph: King Zhou became extremely infatuated with Daji and started to neglect state affairs in order to keep her company. He used any means necessary to ingratiate himself with her and to please her. Daji liked animals so he built her a zoological Xanadu with several rare species of birds and animals. He also ordered artists to compose lewd music and choreograph bawdy dances to satisfy her musical taste. He gathered 3000 guests at one party to indulge in his "pond of alcohol" and "forest of meat". He allowed the guests to play a cat and mouse game nude in the forest to amuse Daji. When one of King Zhou's concubines, the daughter of Lord Jiu, protested, King Zhou had her executed. Her father was ground in pieces and his flesh fed to King Zhou's vassals.

paragraph: Daji's greatest joy was to hear people cry in physical torment. Once, she saw a farmer walking barefoot on ice and ordered his feet cut off so she could study them and figure out why they were so resistant to low temperatures. On another occasion, she had a pregnant woman's belly cut open so it satisfied her curiosity to find out what happened inside. To verify an ancient saying that "a good man's heart has seven apertures", she even had the heart of the minister Bi Gan (King Zhou's uncle) dug out and subjected to her scrutiny.

paragraph: Daji was best known for her invention of a method of torture known as "Paolao" (炮烙). A bronze cylinder covered with oil was heated like a furnace with charcoal beneath until its sides became extremely hot. The victim was made to walk on top of the slowly heating cylinder and he was forced to shift his feet to avoid the burning. The oily surface made it difficult for the victim to maintain his position and balance. If the victim fell into the charcoal below, he would be burnt to death. The victim was forced to dance and scream in agony before dying while the observing King Zhou and Daji would laugh in delight.

paragraph: Daji was executed on the orders of King Wu of Zhou after the fall of the Shang dynasty on the advice of Jiang Ziya.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: Daji is featured in the Chinese novel "Fengshen Yanyi" as a major antagonist. She was the first featured corrupter of the declining Shang dynasty in the novel. Her father Su Hu gave her to King Zhou of Shang as an appeasement offer after armed conflict broke out between Su's and Shang military forces.

paragraph: One night before Daji was sent to the capital city of Zhaoge, she was possessed by an evil nine-tailed fox spirit (aka Thousand-Year-Old Vixen). When Daji arrived in Zhaoge, she became the center of attention of King Zhou and caused the king to be extremely obsessed with her. King Zhou neglected state affairs to keep her company and ignored the advice of his subjects. Yunzhongzi was the first man to act against Daji by giving the king a magical peach-wood sword which would make Daji ill and kill her eventually. She rose above the ranks from a minor concubine to become the queen based on the king's favoritism towards her.

paragraph: Daji was blamed for the fall of the Shang dynasty by corrupting King Zhou and causing him to neglect state affairs and rule with tyranny and despotism. This ultimately led to the dynasty's decline and widespread chaos. King Zhou's tyranny incurred the anger and resentment of the common people, who eventually rose up in revolt against him under King Wu of Zhou's leadership. After the fall of the Shang dynasty, Daji was exorcised by Jiang Ziya (aka Jiang Taigong) and died eventually.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bo Yikao

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jade Pipa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jiutou Zhiji Jing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nüwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Femme fatale

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Ya-chen - "Women in Chinese martial arts films of the new millennium narrative analyses and gender politics" (2012) -

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epstein, Maram - "Competing discourses: Orthodoxy, authenticity, and endangered meanings in late Imperial Chinese fiction" (2001) -

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huntington, Rania - "Alien kind : foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative" (2003) -

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kang, Xiaofei - "The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China" (2006) - .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lin, Fu-shih - "Modern Chinese Religion I" - .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xu, Zhonglin - "Fengshen Yanyi" (16th century)

wikidata_label: Daji

wikipedia_title: Daji


text:
Grand Master
Order of Saint John
Asti
Italy
Casal-Gros
Lombriax
Knights Hospitaller
Lango
Rhodes
Ottomans
Grand Master
Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam
Malta
Calabria
conquest of Tunis
Fort St. Angelo
Birgu
St. John's Co-Cathedral
Valletta
Coins of Grandmaster Piero de Ponte

categories: People from Asti,1462 births,1535 deaths,Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller,16th-century Maltese people

paragraph: Piero de Ponte

paragraph: Fra' Piero del Ponte (26 August 1462 – 17 November 1535) was the 45th Grand Master of the Order of Saint John between 1534 and 1535.

paragraph: He hailed from Asti, in northern Italy and was a descendant of the ancient family of Casal-Gros and Lombriax. He became a Knights Hospitaller and was the Order's governor of the island of Lango when Rhodes fell to the Ottomans on New Year's Day 1523, and was still there in 1534 when he received the news of his election to the office of Grand Master of the Order, to succeed Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam at Malta. After he was elected he spent two months in Calabria, and arrived in Malta on 10 November 1534.

paragraph: The first coins of the Order to be minted in Malta were stuck during del Ponte's reign. In June 1535 the Grandmaster sent the Order's navy to fight in the victorious conquest of Tunis.

paragraph: Del Ponte died on 18 November 1535, 15 months after his election. He was buried in the chapel of Our Lady of Victories, in Fort St. Angelo, Birgu, Malta. Eventually his remains were interred in the crypt of St. John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BR

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Grandmaster Piero de Ponte

description: Grand MAster of the Knights Hospitaller

wikidata_label: Piero de Ponte

wikipedia_title: Piero de Ponte


text:
Antwerp
Belgium
Ghent
Belgian
furniture designer
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent)
aluminum
Ghent
aiki
Rem Koolhaas
Vitra
The Maarten Van Severen Foundation
Maarten Van Severen at Vitra.com
Maarten van Severen Furniture Designs
Article on the chair .03 exposition

categories: 2005 deaths,1956 births,Belgian interior designers,Belgian furniture designers

paragraph: Maarten van Severen

paragraph: Maarten Van Severen (5 June 1956, Antwerp, Belgium – 21 February 2005, Ghent, Belgium) was a Belgian furniture designer and interior architect. He came from an artistic family: his father was the abstract painter Dan Van Severen while his brother, Fabian Van Severen, is also a designer. Maarten Van Severen started out studying architecture in Ghent, designing furniture from 1986 onward. He is considered one of the few Belgian designers who have achieved international success.

paragraph: Section::::Summary.

paragraph: The son of an abstract painter, Maarten Van Severen chose to study architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent). He completed three years before going to work in various agencies for interior design and furniture until 1986, when he began to design furniture. Van Severen's first piece, a long and slender steel table, has since been recreated as an aluminum model, which has been further refined over the years. In 1989 Van Severen produced his first wooden table. In 1990 he turned his attention to chairs. His work, hand-produced in his workshop in Ghent, reflects his quest for perfection in form, detail and fabrication. Van Severen subsequently worked in a variety of different materials, from aluminium and plywood to bakelite and polyester. His initial work is still manufactured by Vitra and aiki (formerly tm/top mouton) today.

paragraph: Van Severen was also frequently commissioned as a decorator and furniture designer for private residence projects, teamed with Rem Koolhaas. They worked together on the Villa dall'Ava in 1990, then again in Bordeaux in 1996 (Maison ‡ Floirac, OMA). He has also created exhibition stands of steel shelving for use at shows and trade fairs.

paragraph: From 1997 onward, he had been involved in industrial production for Target Lighting (U-Line lamp), Obumex (kitchen), Vitra (chair .03), Edra (Blue Bench), BULO (Schraag), among others.

paragraph: Van Severen died of cancer at the age of 48. In accordance with his wish that his artistic legacy be unlocked and made accessible for research, Van Severen's family and friends created the Maarten Van Severen Foundation, which has since been working on the inventory of the Maarten Van Severen archive. The archive is kept in De Zwarte Doos - City Archives Ghent. Also partnered in the project are the Center for Flemish Architecture Archives, the Design Museum Ghent and the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning at Ghent University.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Maarten Van Severen Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maarten Van Severen at Vitra.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maarten van Severen Furniture Designs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on the chair .03 exposition

description: Belgian furniture designer

wikidata_label: Maarten van Severen

wikipedia_title: Maarten van Severen


text:
Italian
dancer
choreographer
composer
Florence
Milan
Jean-Georges Noverre
Christoph Willibald von Gluck
Don Juan ou le Festin de Pierre
Orfeo ed Euridice
"primacy of drama".
Franz Hilverding
St. Petersburg, Russia
Teatro San Benedetto
La Scala
Italian nationalism
Giacomo Casanova
Armand Vestris
Vincenzo Galeotti
"Angiolini, Gasparo."
Christopher Duggan
Au, Susan.

categories: Italian expatriates in Russia,18th-century Italian ballet dancers,Italian choreographers,Italian male ballet dancers,People from Florence,1731 births,1803 deaths

paragraph: Gasparo Angiolini

paragraph: Gasparo Angiolini (7 February 1731 – 6 February 1803), real name Domenico Maria Gasparo, son of Francesco Angiolini and Maria Maddalena Torzi, was an Italian dancer and choreographer, and composer. He was born in Florence and died in Milan.

paragraph: He is known thanks to the polemics with the French ballet master Jean-Georges Noverre.

paragraph: Gasparo Angiolini directed the ballet at the Imperial Theatre in Vienna, taking over the post in 1758, working closely with Christoph Willibald von Gluck on such works as "Don Juan ou le Festin de Pierre" (1761), and the opera "Orfeo ed Euridice" (1762). The dancing in both Don Juan and Orpheus were said to have insisted on the "primacy of drama". In addition to collaborating with Gluck, he also composed music for many of his ballets.

paragraph: He later succeeded Franz Hilverding as director of the Imperial Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1766. Both Hilverding and Angiolini are credited with bringing the pantomime ballet to Russia. Likewise, Angiolini also attempted to introduce elements of Russian culture into his own work through use of songs, folk dances, and Russian themes.

paragraph: In 1772–1773 Angiolini worked in Teatro San Benedetto in Venice. In 1778 he came to Milan to direct the theatre of La Scala.

paragraph: Angiolini was a choreographer interested in the dramatic possibilities of dance. He was also an early spokesman for a sense of Italian nationalism and spoke of the sad state where Germany and Russia were supporting better cultural institutions than was Italy.

paragraph: His wife was a ballerina (1733–1792). Giacomo Casanova was in love with her and admits in his memoirs that he stole her portrait.

paragraph: His son (or nephew) Pietro Angiolini was also a dancer and choreographer, his daughter (1776–1817) and her partner Armand Vestris have danced in Lisbon and London with great success.

paragraph: And Gasparo Angiolini was a ballet teacher of Vincenzo Galeotti.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angiolini, Gasparo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 23 Jan. 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Duggan. "The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796". (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008) p. 4–5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Au, Susan. Ballet and Modern Dance, Second Edition. 2002. London: Thames and Hudson. Pages 34,36,38,61.

description: ballet dancer, composer, choreographer

wikidata_label: Gasparo Angiolini

wikipedia_title: Gasparo Angiolini


text:
Maltese
Rabat
Gozo
Tunis
Dun Karm
University of Liverpool
Royal University of Malta
sonnet
Nicol Biancardi
Akkademja tal-Malti
Maltese language
orthography
Mikiel Anton Vassalli u Żminijietu
May Butcher
Rużar Briffa
Ġużè Muscat Azzopardi
Royal University of Malta
Banca Giuratale

categories: 1880 births,People from Victoria, Gozo,1972 deaths

paragraph: Ninu Cremona

paragraph: Ninu "Anthony" Cremona (May 27, 1880 - January 4, 1972), colloquially known as "Is-Sur Nin", was a Maltese writer and health inspector.

paragraph: He was the son of Feliċ and Margaret née Pace. He was born in Victoria (Rabat) Gozo. Orphaned at a very young age when his father died in 1885, he was sent to live with his uncle in Tunis where he attended the school of the Christian Brothers and later on at St Charles College.

paragraph: In 1868 he returned to Malta where he continued his studies at the Seminary in Gozo. There he met with Dun Karm (Monsignor Carmelo Psaila, the Maltese national poet). In 1900 he was employed as a clerk with the government and four years later was appointed as Sanitary Inspector after having attended for a course in the Ashton School of Hygiene at the University of Liverpool. In 1928 he became the editor responsible for all the government translations and publications.

paragraph: Section::::Academic achievements.

paragraph: He used also to teach Maltese in evening classes while in 1936 he became a Master teaching Maltese at the Lyceum. During the years he was also an examiner of the Maltese Language at the Royal University of Malta. Regarding his character it is best if one reads the sonnet about him written by one of the poets of his time, namely Nicol Biancardi.

paragraph: Ninu Cremona was one of the founders of the Għaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti (the Maltese Writers Society) now known as the Akkademja tal-Malti (the Maltese Academy). Throughout his life he kept the position of Vice President and was also the editor of "Il-Malti", the Writers Society magazine. His biggest contribution to the Maltese language was the formulation of the Maltese orthography, a very important task, in which he had the help of Ġanni Vassallo. His study is still valid in modern times and could be found in the booklet Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija (Information about the Maltese Grammar), which was published for the first time in 1924.

paragraph: He was a prolific writer. He was very fond of drama, and his best work is without any doubt Il-Fidwa tal-Bdiewa (The Farmers’ Liberation) a play based on the classical Greek structure. He published many books (see bibliography below).

paragraph: Section::::Research work.

paragraph: He wrote a number of biographies, but the principal one used by other researchers to expand upon is Mikiel Anton Vassalli u Żminijietu (1937), which was translated by May Butcher, Vassalli and his times in 1940. Among other biographies, Rużar Briffa published in Il-Malti of June 1963, the year in which the poet died gives an interesting insight into the establishment of L-Għaqda tal-Malti (Università) which had been established by Rużar Briffa and Ġużè Bonnici in 1931.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In 1964 he received the gold medal Ġużè Muscat Azzopardi and on the June 4, 1960 was honoured by the Royal University of Malta with the degree D.Litt. Honoris Causa in Literature for his great contribution in the sphere of literature, grammar and science of the Maltese language. On September 21, 1969 he was awarded the Silver Medal of Merit by the Confederation of Civic Councils. On the 40th anniversary of his death, an exhibition of his life and work was organised in the Banca Giuratale.

paragraph: Section::::Last days.

paragraph: He spent his last few months in the small island of Gozo where he had been born. He died on Tuesday January 4, 1972 at the venerable age of 91 years. All the Maltese newspapers and many magazines honoured him by detailed appreciations of his works, amongst which was the specialised Leħen il-Malti issue number 18 in 1973.

description: Maltese writer

wikidata_label: Ninu Cremona

wikipedia_title: Ninu Cremona


text:
French
priest
poet
encyclopedic
Jacobus de Vitriaco
Honorius Augustodunensis
Alexander Neckam
Augustine of Hippo
liberal art
cosmology
astrology
physics
Ptolemy
Almagest
Aristotle
holy trinity
Virgil
William Caxton
Westminster
illustration
encyclopedia
Lawrence Andrewe

categories: French poets,French male poets,Year of birth unknown,French Roman Catholic priests,13th-century French people,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Gautier de Metz

paragraph: Gautier de Metz (also "Gauthier", "Gossuin," or "Gossouin") was a French priest and poet. He is primarily known for writing the encyclopedic poem "L'Image du Monde". Evidence from the earliest editions of this work suggests his actual name was Gossouin rather than Gautier.

paragraph: Section::::"Image du Monde".

paragraph: In January 1245, Gautier wrote "L'Image du monde" (French, "the image of the world") or "Imago Mundi", an encyclopedic work about creation, the Earth and the universe, wherein facts are mixed with fantasy. It was originally written in Latin in the form of 6594 rhymed octosyllabic verses divided into three parts. Some parts of the "Image du Monde" were compiled from various Latin sources, especially Jacobus de Vitriaco, Honorius Augustodunensis, and Alexander Neckam; indeed, the author himself did not introduce the fantastic elements of the work, which rather originated in his sources. The work was partly illustrated.

paragraph: The first part of the work begins with a discussion of theological matters, with much of it parallelling the work of Augustine of Hippo. It then goes on to describe the seven liberal arts before turning to cosmology, astrology, and physics: "The world is in the shape of a ball. The heaven surrounds both the world and ether, a pure air from which the angels assume their shape. The ether is of such startling brilliance that no sinner can gaze at it with impunity: this is why men fall down in a faint when angels appear before them. Ether surrounds the four elements placed in the following order: earth, water, air, fire." The physics in the work is inaccurate, stating that when stones are dropped, "if these stones were of different weights, the heaviest would reach the centre [of the Earth] first." The sky is presented as a concrete object: "The sky is so far away from us that a stone would fall for 100 years before reaching us. Seen from the sky, the Earth would be in size like the smallest of the stars."

paragraph: The second part of the "Image du Monde" is mostly geographical in nature, repeating many errors from older sources but questioning some of them. It describes the fauna in some of the regions it discusses. It then attempts to explain atmospheric phenomena, describing meteors, which many at the time perceived as dragons, as a dry vapor that catches fire, falls, and then disappears, and also discussing clouds, lightning, wind, etc.

paragraph: The third part consists largely of astronomical considerations, borrowing heavily from Ptolemy's Almagest, and also describes some classical philosophers and their ideas, often inaccurately, claiming, for instance, that Aristotle believed in the holy trinity and that Virgil was a prophet and magician. It contains attempts to calculate the diameter of the Earth and the distance between the Earth and Moon.

paragraph: A prose edition was published shortly after the original poetic work, probably by the original author. A second verse edition was later published in 1247, adding 4000 verses to the poem, dividing it into only two parts rather than three, and changing the order of the contents.

paragraph: The "Image du Monde" was translated from Latin into French in 1245. It was also translated into Hebrew twice and into many other languages in the Middle Ages.

paragraph: In 1480 William Caxton published an English translation from the French translation of the "Image du Monde" as "The Myrrour of the World" at Westminster; this was the first English book to be printed with illustrations and was one of the earliest English-language encyclopedias. A second edition was printed around 1490, and a third was printed in 1527 by Lawrence Andrewe, though the first edition was seemingly the most carefully prepared. The translation was largely faithful to the original but introduced more references to English places and people.

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Gautier de Metz

wikipedia_title: Gautier de Metz


text: Juan II de Castilla

text: Renaissance humanism

text: Middle Ages

text: Renaissance

text: Córdoba, Spain

text: valley of Mena

text: La Montaña

text: Cantabria

text: Fernando III de Castilla

text: Reconquista

text: Salamanca

text: converso

text: Enrique IV de Castilla

text: Torrelaguna

text: Latin

text: Classics

text: Íñigo López de Mendoza

text: Garcilaso de la Vega

text: Fernando de Herrera

text: Luis de Góngora

text: Latinism

text: hyperbaton

text: Greco-Roman mythology

text: Dante

text: lexicon

text: Jorge Manrique

text: Mount Parnassus

text: cardinal virtues

text: allegorical

text: Laberinto de Fortuna

text: lyric poetry

text: occasional verse

text: Ilias latina

text: Iliad

categories: Spanish poets,1411 births,Conversos,Spanish male poets,1456 deaths

paragraph: Juan de Mena

paragraph: Juan de Mena (1411–1456) was one of the most significant Spanish poets of the fifteenth century. He was highly regarded at the court of Juan II de Castilla, who appointed him "veinticuatro" (one of twenty-four aldermen) of Córdoba, "secretario de cartas latinas" (secretary of Latin letters) and "cronista real" (royal chronicler). His works show the influence of Renaissance humanism and place him in the period of transition in Spain from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical Information.

paragraph: There is scant evidence about the early part of Mena’s life, but most modern scholars agree that he was born at Córdoba, Spain, his father died shortly after his birth, and his mother a few years later. He was likely the second of two sons and was related to a former "veinticuatro" of Córdoba, although it is unclear how. "Memorias de algunos linages" (An Account of Some Lineages), attributed to Mena, claims that his family came from the valley of Mena in La Montaña, a region of the northern Spanish province of Cantabria, and served under Fernando III de Castilla and his successors in the "Reconquista". His formal education probably began in Córdoba and later continued in Salamanca, where he appears to have fulfilled the requirements for the Master of Arts degree. He then traveled to Rome, perhaps as a continued part of his education, although there is no evidence that he participated in formal study there. During this trip and a later one to Florence, Mena appears to have been seeking ecclesiastical benefices; however, both attempts were fruitless and each was followed by a marriage, first to a supposed sister of García y Lope de Vaca and, secondly, to Marina Méndez, more than 20 years his minor. Neither marriage resulted in descendants for the poet. Some scholars have pointed to a possible "converso" origin for Mena’s family, but others have found these claims to be highly speculative. Mena continued in the role of "cronista real" under Enrique IV de Castilla until his death at Torrelaguna in 1456, although he apparently did not produce any chronicle.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Mena was considered by his contemporaries to be the outstanding poet of his time, and his knowledge of Latin and the Classics was greatly admired. His activities at the court of Juan II brought him into contact with many important figures; the most significant friendship that resulted was with Íñigo López de Mendoza. It persisted until the end of Mena’s life despite important political differences.

paragraph: His poetry frequently appeared in "cancioneros" (collections of verse), such as the "Cancionero general" of Hernando del Castillo, and his works were well known throughout the sixteenth century, influencing later Spanish poets, such as Garcilaso de la Vega, Fernando de Herrera and Luis de Góngora. The extensive commentary that accompanied later editions of Mena’s "Laberinto de Fortuna", such as those of Hernán Núñez (1499) and Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas (1582), provide further evidence of the extent of his literary influence in Spain. His style is marked by its frequent use of Latinisms and hyperbaton, as well as by mentions of a wide array of figures from Greco-Roman mythology. In his imitation of classical and medieval sources, such as Dante, Mena helped stretch the capabilities of a fledgling Castilian literary tradition, paving the way for later poets. It is largely due to the awkwardness and weight of his style and lexicon that his influence began to wane in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and fell out of favor with nineteenth-century critics. Modern critics have reinstated Mena’s importance to Spain’s literary history and consider him to be one of the three major poets of the fifteenth century, along with Íñigo López de Mendoza and Jorge Manrique.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"La Coronaçión".

paragraph: Mena wrote "La Coronaçión" (or "Calamicleos", The Coronation, 1438) and dedicated it to Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana (marquis of Santillana), in response to the latter’s 1438 victory on the frontier between Muslim and Christian Spain, which resulted in the taking of Huelma. Although a relatively minor victory, it was the first successful campaign of the "Reconquista" since 1431. The poem consists of 51 stanzas recounting a dream sequence in which the poet first sees historical and mythological figures being punished for their vices or their failure to act, and later sees those figures who have earned a place on Mount Parnassus for their virtues; principal among those praised is the marqués de Santillana.

paragraph: Although Santillana was also well known as a poet, he is praised in the poem as an exemplar of the four cardinal virtues. The poem is allegorical in nature and corresponds to Mena’s idea of satire in that it condemns vice and praises virtue. It is possible to interpret the "Reconquista" and national unity as the principal themes of the poem; one of Mena’s lesson seems to be that internal strife is a vice that hinders the Christian reconquest of Spain.

paragraph: In the original version of "La Coronaçión" Juan de Mena included extensive commentary, in highly ornamental and Latinate prose. The commentary addresses each stanza and explains mythological references, as well as the poem’s moral-allegorical function. Such commentary was ordinarily reserved for the Classics.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Laberinto de Fortuna".

paragraph: "Laberinto de Fortuna" (Labyrinth of Fortune, 1444) is Mena’s masterpiece. The 297 stanza poem (also known as "Las Trecientas" (The Three Hundred), as there are versions with three additional stanzas) reintroduces the themes of national unity and the "Reconquista" but is dedicated to Juan II.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Lyric Poetry.

paragraph: In addition to his moral-political works, Mena also produced more traditional courtly poetry. There are fifty or so surviving examples of Mena’s lyric poetry, including love lyrics, occasional verses, satirical pieces, and exchanges with other poets. The minor lyrics are far less complex than his major works in both style and content. His love poetry was well respected for its originality and treatment of the nature of love’s passion as an abstract, intellectual experience.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: Other works include a translation of the "Ilias latina", the Latin version of Homer’s "Iliad", into Spanish (ca. 1442), "Tratado sobre el título de duque" (Treatise on the Title of Duke, 1445), a prologue to Álvaro de Luna’s "Libro de las virtuosas e claras mugeres" (Book of Virtuous and Illustrious Women), and "Coplas de los pecados mortales" (Stanzas on the Deadly Sins, unfinished, 1456). "Tratado de amor" (Treatise on Love, ca. 1444) and "Memorias de algunos linages" or "Memorias genealógicas" (An Account of Some Lineages, 1448) are also attributed to de Mena.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gericke, Philip O.: "Juan de Mena (1411–1456)." "Castilian Writers", 1400-1500. Edited by Frank A. Domínguez and George D. Greenia. Vol. 286. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2004. 109-126.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Street, Florence: “La vida de Juan de Mena.” "Bulletin hispanique" 55 (1953): 149-173.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mena, Juan de: "Obras completas". [Ed. y prólogo de Ángel Gómez Moreno]. Barcelona: Turner, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crosas López, Francisco: La materia clásica en la poesía de cancionero. Kassel: Ed. Reichenberger, 1995. . (Teatro del Siglo de Oro: Estudios de literatura; 30).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Link to full text of "Laberinto de Fortuna" in Spanish at Cervantes Virtual

description: Spanish poet

wikidata_label: Juan de Mena

wikipedia_title: Juan de Mena


text: Portuguese

text: Montemor-o-Velho

text: Portugal

text: Portuguese Malacca

text: Francisco Garcia de Vargas

text: Jewish

text: Marranos

text: Gracia Mendes Nasi

text: black pepper

text: Antwerp

text: Belgium

text: Lisbon

text: ship's boy

text: Setúbal

text: Alentejo

text: Francisco de Faria

text: Jorge de Lencastre

text: Order of Santiago

text: King

text: John II of Portugal

text: Portuguese India Armadas

text: Red Sea

text: Persian Gulf

text: Sumatra

text: Siam

text: Portuguese Mozambique

text: Diu

text: Bombay

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Eleni of Ethiopia

text: Prester John

text: Dawit II of Ethiopia

text: Massawa

text: Turkish

text: galleys

text: Mocha

text: Greek

text: Jewish

text: ducat

text: dates

text: caravan

text: Hormuz

text: Persian Gulf

text: Fortress of Hormuz

text: Goa

text: Mughal

text: Debal

text: Karachi

text: Thatta

text: Ottoman ships

text: Malacca

text: Pedro de Faria

text: Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis

text: Aceh

text: Patani

text: Malay peninsula

text: Siam

text: António de Faria

text: South China Sea

text: Gulf of Tonkin

text: Yellow Sea

text: Emperor of China

text: Great Wall of China

text: Tatar

text: Cochinchina

text: Cambodia

text: Vietnam

text: Dalai Lama

text: junk

text: Tanegashima

text: Kyūshū

text: arquebus

text: António Mota

text: Japanese civil wars

text: tanegashima

text: Ryukyu Islands

text: Kagoshima

text: Anjirō

text: Francis Xavier

text: Society of Jesus

text: Ōtomo Yoshishige

text: daimyō

text: Bungo

text: Martaban

text: Burmese

text: Calaminham

text: Bantam

text: pepper

text: cannibalism

text: Celebes

text: Kalapa

text: Sunda

text: Siam

text: King of Siam

text: war

text: Society of Jesus

text: Pragal

text: Belchior Faria

text: classical culture

text: Renaissance

text: colonialism

text: pun

text: religious order

text: civilization

text: Luís de Camões

text: Os Lusíadas

text: P. A. Tiele

text: Maurice Collis

text: netsuke

text: Mercury

text: "Mendes Pinto"

text: Almada, Portugal

text: 2 euro coin

text: Exploration of Asia

text: "Hispania"

text: from the Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Nichibunken database

categories: 1509 births,People from Montemor-o-Velho,Explorers of Asia,Portuguese explorers of the Pacific,Portuguese travel writers,Portuguese Renaissance writers,Portuguese Jesuits,Former Jesuits,1583 deaths,Roman Catholic writers,16th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese expatriates in Japan,16th-century explorers,Maritime history of Portugal,Portuguese explorers

paragraph: Fernão Mendes Pinto

paragraph: Fernão Mendes Pinto (; c.1509 – 8 July 1583) was a Portuguese explorer and writer. His voyages are recorded in "Pilgrimage" () (1614), his autobiographical memoir. The historical accuracy of the work is debatable due to the many events which seem far fetched or at least exaggerated, earning him the nickname "Fernão Mentes Minto" (wordplay with the Portuguese verb "mentir" 'lie', meaning "Fernão, are you lying? I am lying."). Some aspects of the work can be verified, particularly through Pinto's service to the Portuguese Crown and by his association with Jesuit missionaries.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fernão Mendes Pinto was born in about 1509, in Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal to a poor rural family (or perhaps to a family of minor nobility who had fallen on hard times). Pinto had two brothers and two sisters (and possibly other siblings). In 1551, a brother, Álvaro, was recorded in Portuguese Malacca. Letters also record the martyr's death of a brother in Malacca. In 1557, Francisco Garcia de Vargas, Pinto's wealthy cousin is recorded at Cochin.

paragraph: He was related to the wealthy Mendes family who were descendants of Jewish Marranos who lived in Portugal (which makes him a relative of Gracia Mendes Nasi). They had a monopoly of the black pepper commerce in Portugal and some of them later moved to Antwerp in Belgium

paragraph: Pinto described his childhood as spartan. In 1521, hoping to improve the boy's prospects, an uncle took him to Lisbon. There, Pinto was employed in the household service of a noblewoman. After eighteen months or so, Pinto fled. At the docks, he was hired as a ship's boy on a cargo vessel bound for Setúbal. On the way, French pirates captured the ship and the passengers were set upon the shore at Alentejo.

paragraph: Pinto made his way to Setúbal, where he entered the service of Francisco de Faria, a knight of Santiago. He remained there for four years and then joined the service of Jorge de Lencastre, a master of the Order of Santiago (also an illegitimate son of King John II of Portugal). Pinto held that position for a number of years. Although comfortable, it held no promise of advancement. Therefore, at twenty-eight, Pinto left to join the Portuguese India Armadas.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.

paragraph: Pinto's travels can be divided into three phases: firstly, from Portugal to India; secondly, through the region of the Red Sea, from the coast of Africa to the Persian Gulf; and thirdly, from east India to Sumatra, Siam, China, and Japan. Finally, Pinto returned to Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:First voyage to India.

paragraph: On 11 March 1537, Pinto left Lisbon for India via Portuguese Mozambique. On 5 September that year, he arrived in Diu, a fortified island and town northwest of Bombay (Portuguese since 1535 but under siege by Suleiman the Magnificent).

paragraph: Pinto joined a Portuguese reconnaissance mission to the Red Sea via Ethiopia. The mission was to deliver a message to Portuguese soldiers guarding Eleni of Ethiopia, the mother of "Prester John" (Emperor Dawit II of Ethiopia) in a mountain fortress. After leaving Massawa, the mission engaged three Turkish galleys in battle. The Portuguese ships were defeated and their crews taken to Mocha to be sold as slaves.

paragraph: Pinto was sold to a Greek Muslim who was a cruel master. Pinto threatened suicide and was sold to a Jewish merchant for about thirty ducats' worth of dates. With the Jewish merchant, Pinto travelled the caravan route to Hormuz, a leading market town in the Persian Gulf. There, Pinto was freed by way of payment of three hundred ducats from the Portuguese crown. He was made captain of the Fortress of Hormuz and the Portuguese king's special magistrate for Indian affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Second voyage to India.

paragraph: Soon after being freed, Pinto sailed on a Portuguese cargo ship to Goa. Against his will, Pinto was transferred en route to a naval fleet bound for the Mughal port city of Debal ( modern Karachi) near Thatta. After enduring battles with Ottoman ships, Pinto reached Goa.

paragraph: From 1539, Pinto remained in Malacca under Pedro de Faria, the newly appointed captain of Malacca. Pinto was sent to establish diplomatic contacts, particularly with small kingdoms allied with the Portuguese against the Muslims of northern Sumatra. In 1569, he discovered an Ottoman fleet led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis in Aceh.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Malacca and the Far East.:Patani.

paragraph: Following Pinto's mission to Sumatra, he was sent to Patani, on the eastern shore of the Malay peninsula. From there, Pinto made an unsuccessful delivery of merchandise to Siam. The goods were stolen by pirates who were then chased by Pinto and António de Faria. Pinto continued trading operations in the South China Sea, especially in the Gulf of Tonkin.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Malacca and the Far East.:China.

paragraph: Pinto entered China from the Yellow Sea and raided a tomb of the Emperor of China. Pinto was shipwrecked, apprehended by the Chinese and sentenced to one year hard labour on the Great Wall of China. Before completing his sentence, Pinto was taken prisoner by invading Tatars. He became an agent of the Tartars and travelled with them to Cochinchina, the southernmost part of modern-day Cambodia and Vietnam. Pinto describes his encounter with a "pope-like" man, possibly the Dalai Lama, who had never heard of Europe. Pinto and two companions jumped ship to a Chinese pirate junk and were shipwrecked onto the Japanese island of Tanegashima, south of Kyūshū. Pinto later claimed to be the first westerner to enter Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Malacca and the Far East.:Japan.

paragraph: In 1543, Pinto landed in Japan. He claimed that he introduced the arquebus to Japan, and is the first European to set foot on japanese soil. However it is widely accepted now that several Portuguese traders such as António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto made it to Japan a year before Pinto. The firearm was reproduced and used in the Japanese civil wars. It was known as the tanegashima.

paragraph: Pinto facilitated trade between the Portuguese and Japan. At one point, he was shipwrecked on the Ryukyu Islands. In 1549, Pinto left Kagoshima accompanied by a Japanese fugitive, Anjirō. He returned to Japan with Saint Francis Xavier, a Catholic missionary. In 1554, Pinto joined the Society of Jesus and donated a large sum of his trading wealth to the mission. In a letter, Ōtomo Yoshishige, "daimyō" of Bungo, offered his conversion and requested Pinto return to Japan. The letter arrived at the same time that Xavier's body was being displayed in Goa. Ōtomo did not convert at that time due to internal difficulties but did so later at the time Pinto was completing his autobiography. Between 1554 and 1556, Pinto returned to Japan with Xavier's successor. He became the Viceroy of Portuguese India's ambassador to the daimyo of Bungo on the island of Kyūshū. Despite Pinto's support of the Church in Japan, he left the Jesuits in 1557.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Malacca and the Far East.:Martaban.

paragraph: Pinto returned to Malacca and was then sent to Martaban. He arrived in the midst of a siege and took refuge in a Portuguese camp of mercenaries who had betrayed the Viceroy. Pinto similarly was betrayed by a mercenary, captured by the Burmese and placed under the charge of the king's treasurer who took him to the kingdom of Calaminham. Pinto fled to Goa.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Malacca and the Far East.:Java.

paragraph: On Pinto's return to Goa, Faria sent him to Bantam, Java, to buy pepper for sale to China. Once again, Pinto was shipwrecked. He may have resorted to cannibalism before submitting to slavery in order to secure passage out of the swampy Java shore. Pinto was bought by a Celebes merchant and resold to the King of Kalapa who returned him to Sunda.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Malacca and the Far East.:Siam.

paragraph: Using borrowed money, Pinto bought passage to Siam where he encountered the King of Siam at war. Pinto's writings contribute to the historical record of the war.

paragraph: Section::::Voyages.:Return to Portugal.

paragraph: On 22 September 1558, Pinto returned to Portugal. Fame preceded him in Western Europe due to one of his letters being published by the Society of Jesus in 1555. Pinto spent the years 1562 - 1566 in court looking for reward or compensation for his years of service to the Crown. He married Maria Correia Barreto with whom he had at least two daughters. In 1562, he purchased a farm in Pragal. Pinto died on 8 July 1583 at his farm.

paragraph: Section::::"Peregrinação".

paragraph: Pinto began his memoirs in 1569. The book was published posthumously by friar Belchior Faria in 1614. The full title of the book was,

paragraph: In Old Portuguese,

paragraph: Although Pinto did not have the education of contemporary authors and did not reveal a knowledge of either classical culture nor aesthetics of the Renaissance, his experiential knowledge and intelligence enabled him to create a meaningful work. Pinto was critical of Portuguese colonialism in the Far East.

paragraph: The vivid tales of his wanderings were so incredible and far-fetched as to not be believed. They gave rise to the saying "Fernão, Mentes? Minto!", a Portuguese pun on his name meaning "Fernão, do you lie? I do!".

paragraph: The publication may vary from Pinto's manuscript (some sentences are erased and others are edited). The disappearance of references to the Society of Jesus, one of the most active religious orders in the Orient, is notable, as there are clear indications of Pinto's relationship with the society. Pinto's memoirs are just that, his memories of events, giving rise to doubts regarding historical accuracy. However, it documents the impact of the Asian civilizations on the Europeans and is a reasonable analysis of Portuguese action in the Orient (in comparison to Luís de Camões' "Os Lusíadas)."

paragraph: The most controversial of Pinto's claims is his being the first European to visit Japan and his introduction of the arquebus to Japan, Pinto may well have been among the first Europeans in Japan. Another controversial claim, that he fought in Java against the Muslims, has been analyzed by historians. The Dutch historian, P. A. Tiele, who wrote in 1880, did not believe Pinto was present during the campaign, but rather that he wrote his information from secondhand sources. Even so, Tiele admits Pinto's account cannot be disregarded because of the lack of alternative information about Javanese history during the time. Maurice Collis holds the opinion that Pinto's accounts, while not entirely true, remain compatible with historical events. Collis considers Pinto's work the most complete European account of 16th century Asian history.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In the 1800s, the carver, Yomeisay, created a netsuke (miniature) of Pinto. He is accompanied by a mythological beast that can only be tamed by magic. Fernão Mendes is shown with unusual fluffy whiskers and beard like the wings spread on his chest. European facial features include a long nose, round eyes, textured cheekbones, high forehead and pear-shaped skull. He is depicted as tall, round-shouldered and thin in a naturalistic way. His long frock shows European buttons.

paragraph: In 1978, a crater on Mercury was named "Mendes Pinto" after Pinto.

paragraph: A high school in Almada, Portugal, built in 1965, was named in his honour and in 2011, a 2 euro coin was issued to mark the 500th birthday of Fernão Mendes Pinto.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exploration of Asia

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breve História da Literatura Portuguesa", Texto Editora, Lisboa, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. J. Barreiros, "História da Literatura Portuguesa", Editora Pax, eleventh edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. J. Saraiva, O. Lopes, "História da Literatura Portuguesa", Porto Editora, twelfth edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira de Cultura", Editorial Verbo, Lisboa, Fifteenth edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lexicoteca – Moderna Enciclopédia Universal" volume 15 Círculo de Leitores, 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Travels of Mendes Pinto", Edited and translated by Rebecca D. Catz, The University of Chicago Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collis, M. "The Grand Peregrination" Faber and Faber 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fernão Mendes Pinto and the Peregrinação" – studies, restored Portuguese text, notes and indexes, directed by Jorge Santos Alves, Fundação Oriente, Lisbon, 2010,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catz R. "Hispania" Virtual Cervantes website. Accessed 30 August 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- from the Catholic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hispania – American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The voyages and adventures of Ferdinand Mendez Pinto.1692." English Translation by Henry Cogan, of Nichibunken database

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boris Filatov's Private Collection of Netsuke

description: Portuguese explorer and writer

wikidata_label: Fernão Mendes Pinto

wikipedia_title: Fernão Mendes Pinto


text:
courtesy name
Eastern Han dynasty
Cai Yong
Jin dynasty
naming taboo
Sima Zhao
Sima Yan
Xiongnu
Cao Cao
final years of the Eastern Han dynasty
Cai Yong
Eastern Han dynasty
Commandery
Qi County
Kaifeng
Henan
Xiongnu
Liu Bao
Wise Prince of the Left
Chancellor
Cao Cao
guqin
Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Beijing opera
Guo Moruo
crater on Mercury
Ts'ai Wen-chi
crater on Venus
Caiwenji
Koei
Dynasty Warriors 7
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Warriors Orochi 3
Jian'an poetry
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

categories: Cao Wei musicians,3rd-century deaths,Dong Zhuo and associates,2nd-century Chinese poets,3rd-century Chinese poets,Chinese female composers,Cao Cao and associates,Chinese composers,2nd-century women writers,Chinese women poets,2nd-century Chinese writers,Han dynasty musicians,Cao Wei poets,Han dynasty poets,Writers from Kaifeng,Guqin players,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century Chinese writers,Year of death unknown,Poets from Henan,3rd-century women writers,Musicians from Henan,Ancient music composers,170s births

paragraph: Cai Yan

paragraph: Cai Yan ( 178 – post 206; or 170–215; or died 249), courtesy name Wenji, was a poet and musician who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. She was the daughter of Cai Yong. Her courtesy name was originally Zhaoji, but was changed to Wenji during the Jin dynasty to avoid naming taboo because the Chinese character for "zhao" in her courtesy name is the same as that in the name of Sima Zhao, the father of the Jin dynasty's founding emperor, Sima Yan. She spent part of her life as a captive of the Xiongnu until 207, when the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government in the final years of the Eastern Han dynasty, paid a heavy ransom to bring her back to Han territory.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cai Yan was the daughter of Cai Yong, a famous Eastern Han dynasty scholar from Yu County (圉縣), Chenliu Commandery (陳留郡), which is around present-day Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan. She was married to Wei Zhongdao (衛仲道) in 192 but her husband died shortly after their marriage and they did not have any children. Between 194 and 195, when China entered a period of chaos, the Xiongnu nomads intruded into Han territory, captured Cai, and took her back as a prisoner to the northern lands. During her captivity, she married the Xiongnu chieftain Liu Bao (the "Wise Prince of the Left") and bore him two sons. 12 years later, the Han Chancellor, Cao Cao, paid a heavy ransom in the name of Cai's father for her release. After Cai was freed, she returned to her homeland but left her children behind in Xiongnu territory. The reason Cao Cao wanted her back was that she was the sole surviving member of her clan and he needed her to placate the spirits of her ancestors.

paragraph: After that, Cai married again, this time to Dong Si (董祀), a local government official from her hometown. However, when Dong Si committed a capital crime later, Cai pleaded with Cao Cao for her husband's acquittal. At the time, Cao Cao was hosting a banquet to entertain guests, who were stirred by Cai's distressed appearance and behaviour. She asked him if he could provide her with yet another husband. He pardoned Dong Si.

paragraph: Later in her life, she wrote two poems describing her turbulent years.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Like her father, Cai Wenji was an established calligrapher of her time, and her works were often praised along with her father's. Her poems were noted for their sorrowful tone, which paralleled her hard life. The famous guqin piece "Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute" is traditionally attributed to her, although the authorship is a perennial issue for scholarly debate. The other two poems, both named "Poem of Sorrow and Anger" (悲憤詩), were known to be written by her.

paragraph: The following is an excerpt from the "Poem of Sorrow and Anger" in five-character form (五言):

paragraph: In addition to her surviving poems, a volume of "Collective Works of Cai Wenji" was known to have survived until as late as the Sui dynasty but had been lost by the Tang dynasty.

paragraph: Cai Wenji inherited some 4,000 volumes of ancient books from her father's vast collection. However, they were destroyed in the ravages of war. At Cao Cao's request, Cai recited 400 of them from memory and wrote them on paper.

paragraph: Section::::Literary and artistic tributes.

paragraph: The stories of Cai reverberate primarily with feelings of sorrow, and inspired later artists to keep portraying her past. Her return to Han territory has been the subject of numerous paintings titled "Cai Wenji Returns to Her Homeland" (文姬歸漢圖) by various painters since the Tang dynasty, as well as renderings in traditional Beijing opera.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Guo Moruo wrote a play on her life in 1959. In 1976, a crater on Mercury was named Ts'ai Wen-chi after Cai Wenji, citing her as "Chinese poet and composer". In 1994, a crater on Venus was named Caiwenji after Cai Wenji, citing her as "Chinese poet".

paragraph: Cai Wenji appears as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce 2" and "Dynasty Warriors 7" (her debut as a playable character in North American and European ports). She also appears in Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" video game series and in "" as a non-playable character. She is also a playable character in "Warriors Orochi 3".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jian'an poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (范晔《后汉书》卷八十四, 列女传第七十四)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (《郭沫若全集》文学编 卷八)

description: Chinese musician

wikidata_label: Cai Wenji

wikipedia_title: Cai Yan


text:
Danish
folk
alternative country
pedal steel guitar
Denmark
Copenhagen
Hollywood
Musicians Institute
country music
Sony Records
pedal steel guitar
Jeff Newman
Nashville, Tennessee
The Tripwires
Calexico
Mark Lanegan
Screaming Trees
Jon Auer
The Posies
Visqueen
Jack White
South by Southwest
Austin, Texas
John Doe
Exene Cervenka
X
John Convertino
Calexico
Afghan Whigs
Portishead
John Parish
Sparklehorse
Kurt Wagner
Lambchop
Bloodshot Records
Mark Pickerel
Bloodshot Records
Rusty Willoughby
Exene Cervenka
Giant Sand
Fire Records
Gruff Rhys
Jack White
Lazaretto
Third Man Records
New West Records
Acoustic Recordings 1998-2016
Maggie Björklund
Bloodshot Records

categories: Danish female composers,Steel guitarists,Danish guitarists,21st-century women musicians,21st-century Danish singers,20th-century Danish composers,20th-century women musicians,20th-century Danish singers,Danish singer-songwriters,Musicians from Copenhagen,21st-century Danish composers,Living people,Bloodshot Records artists

paragraph: Maggie Björklund

paragraph: Margrethe "Maggie" Björklund is a Danish guitarist and singer-songwriter who composes, plays, and sings music in the folk and alternative country genres. She began her career playing electric guitar in the female band The Darleens and briefly for the experimental pop band Miss B Haven. Björklund then started playing pedal steel guitar as a studio musician and has released two solo recordings.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Maggie Björklund was born in Denmark and grew up near Copenhagen. She took piano lessons, but switched to guitar as soon as she could. She moved to Hollywood and attended the Musicians Institute, where she was introduced to country music. She returned to Denmark after a year.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Back in Denmark, she formed the all-female country band Darleens, and they recorded three albums for Sony Records. After Darleens split up, she took pedal steel guitar lessons from Jeff Newman in Nashville, Tennessee.

paragraph: Her 2011 debut "Coming Home" was produced by Johnny Sangster (The Tripwires). The record featured members of Calexico, and guest vocalists Mark Lanegan (Screaming Trees), Jon Auer (The Posies), and Rachel Flotard (Visqueen).

paragraph: After the album's release, she played pedal steel with Jack White's all-female backing band, the Peacocks. In 2011 and 2012 she performed at South by Southwest in Austin, Texas. She also toured with John Doe and with Exene Cervenka from the band X.

paragraph: For her sophomore album "Shaken", released in 2014, she enlisted John Convertino (Calexico), Barb Hunter (Afghan Whigs), and Jim Barr (Portishead). John Parish (producer for Sparklehorse) was producer, and Kurt Wagner (Lambchop) provided a guest vocal. The songs reflected the impact of the death of her mother.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Maggie Björklund.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LPs:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Coming Home" (Bloodshot Records BS 174)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Shaken" (Bloodshot Records BS 221)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singles:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Margrethe Björklund" CD Single (self-released MB 9601)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appears on:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Kirsten Siggaard - "Sirenernes Favn" (Scandinavian Records 966 031-2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Superheroes - "Superheroes" (Crunchy Frog FROG 027-2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Sara Indrio - "Dark Clouds, Silver Linings" (Playground Music Scandinavia - TPCD-401)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Jens K - "Luksus Og Laser" (Playground Music PGMJKCD 1001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Mark Pickerel & His Praying Hands - "Snake In The Radio" (Bloodshot Records BS 129)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Ginman / Jimmy Jørgensen - "Deep" (Universal Denmark 174 800-5)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Rusty Willoughby - "Cobirds Unite" (self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Exene Cervenka - "The Excitement of Maybe" (Bloodshot Records BS 177)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Giant Sand - "Tucson" (Fire Records FIRECD262)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Mark Pickerel & His Praying Hands - "Tess" (Candy Cross PWCCR 1301)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Gruff Rhys - "American Interior" (Turnstile TS008LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Jack White - "Lazaretto" (Third Man Records – TMR-271)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: Giant Sand - "Heartbreak Pass" (New West Records NW5105)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: Jack White - "Acoustic Recordings 1998-2016" (Third Man Records TMR-387)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Darleens.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LPs:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Darleens" (Columbia 469259 1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Twisted" (Columbia 473751 2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "This Is Darleens" (Rocky Love Records, Music NetWork Records SMEK 03)

paragraph: BULLET::::- EPs:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Cold Cold Christmas (Columbia 658808)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Soft and Sweet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singles:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "I Cry Over You" (Columbia 657583 7)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "All Is Right" (Columbia 659604 1)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maggie Björklund at Bloodshot Records

description: Danish singer-songwriter and composer

wikidata_label: Maggie Björklund

wikipedia_title: Maggie Björklund