text:
Robert Henri
Buffalo, New York
Albright Art School
William Merritt Chase
Georgia O'Keeffe
New York School of Art
Rockwell Kent
Edward Hopper
Guy Pène du Bois
Leon Kroll
Europe
Paris
Netherlands
Spain
Woodstock, New York
portrait
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Philadelphia
Potter Palmer
Art Institute of Chicago
Temple Gold Medal
National Academy of Design
American Academy of Arts and Letters
Metropolitan Museum
Katharine Cornell

categories: 20th-century American painters,Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters,Students of Robert Henri,American male painters,Artists from Buffalo, New York,1962 deaths,National Academy of Design members,Artists from New York City,American portrait painters,Painters from New York (state),People from Woodstock, New York,1883 births

paragraph: Eugene Speicher

paragraph: Eugene (Edward) Speicher NA (April 5, 1883 – May 11, 1962) was an American portrait, landscape, and figurative painter. He was one of the foremost realists of his generation who closely upheld the mantle of his mentor, Robert Henri.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Speicher was born in Buffalo, New York. He began his studies in art at the Albright Art School. He moved to New York in 1907 and began attending the Art Students League where he studied with William Merritt Chase and Frank Vincent Du Mond. In 1908, he won the school's Kelley Prize with a portrait of fellow student Georgia O'Keeffe. In 1909 took life classes with Robert Henri at the New York School of Art, which he found of great importance to his formative style. Through Henri, with whom he became close friends, he also became acquainted with George Bellows, with whom he also became close, and with Rockwell Kent, Edward Hopper, Guy Pène du Bois, Leon Kroll, and a coterie of realist artists with whom he associated. In 1910, he went to Europe, where he remained for two years to study the Old Masters in Paris, the Netherlands, and Spain. Upon his return, he settled in New York, and soon became known as one of the most promising of the younger group of American painters. He discovered Woodstock, New York, soon after and began to split his time between Manhattan and Woodstock, where he became an important and popular figure in the art colony.

paragraph: From the teens, Speicher began to receive a steady stream of awards and honors. By the 1920s Speicher was considered a leading portrait artist in America, practicing a form of realism. Among the awards he received was the Beck Gold medal for portraiture at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia in January 1920, for his painting "Russian Girl". In 1926 he was awarded the Potter Palmer Gold medal at the Art Institute of Chicago for "The Lace Scarf". In 1936 "Esquire" magazine called him America's most important living painter. He was also awarded the Temple Gold Medal at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1938 for "Marianna".

paragraph: Recognized for his work in portraiture, Speicher’s renown allowed him to support himself with commissions, and he also executed many flower still lifes and landscapes. Always favoring female subjects, he was also one of the few moderns to undertake nudes for which he became known. With a strong technique and great capability as a draughtsman, Speicher’s compositions are analytical and methodical in their design and execution.

paragraph: He was nominated an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1912 and a full academician in 1925. Speicher was appointed director of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morning Light" (1912), a charming landscape (Metropolitan Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl in Rose" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Nelson Cole (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miss Helen Appleton (Thomas R. Proctor Prize, National Academy, 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Dana Gibson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miss Mary Stuart Snyder

paragraph: BULLET::::- Actress Katharine Cornell in her role as Candida

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: • Leeds, Valerie Ann, et al., "Along His Own Lines: A Retrospective of New York Realist Eugene Speicher." New Paltz, New York: Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, State University of New York at New Paltz, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

alias:
Eugene E. Speicher
Eugene Edward Speicher
Speicher

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Eugene Speicher

wikipedia_title: Eugene Speicher


text:
KG
Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox
Ben Jonson
2nd Duke of Lennox
Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton
Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel
James, later 4th Duke of Lennox
Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus
Henry, 8th Seigneur d'Aubigny
2nd Earl of Portland
George, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny
Ludovic, 10th Seigneur d'Aubigny
cardinal
Lord John Stewart
Lord Bernard Stewart
Westminster Abbey

categories: Earls of March (1619),Dukes of Lennox,House of Stewart of Darnley,Knights of the Garter,17th-century Scottish peers,1624 deaths,Abbots of Arbroath,Patrons of literature,Lord Chamberlains of Scotland,Peers of England created by James I,1579 births,Lord-Lieutenants of Huntingdonshire

paragraph: Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox

paragraph: Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox KG (157930 July 1624) was the son of Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox and Catherine de Balsac. He was a patron of the playwright Ben Jonson, who lived in his household for five years. At the death of his brother the 2nd Duke of Lennox, he was already Earl of March and Lord Clifton of Leighton Bromswold in the peerage of England (1619) as well as 7th Seigneur d'Aubigny.

paragraph: He married Katherine Clifton, 2nd Baroness Clifton, in 1609. They had eleven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth (1610–1674), married Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel

paragraph: BULLET::::- James, later 4th Duke of Lennox (1612–1655)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne (1614–1646), married Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry, 8th Seigneur d'Aubigny (1616–1632)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis (1616–1617)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances (1617–1694), married the 2nd Earl of Portland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (1618–1618), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- George, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny (1618–1642) Killed in battle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludovic, 10th Seigneur d'Aubigny (1619–1665); became a cardinal shortly before his death

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord John Stewart (1621–1644) Killed in Battle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Bernard Stewart (1623–1645) Killed in Battle

paragraph: He died in 1624 and was interred, on 6 August 1624, in Westminster Abbey.

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox

wikipedia_title: Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox


text: Fredericton, New Brunswick

text: paleontologist

text: naturalist

text: Brazil

text: Acadia College

text: Wolfville, Nova Scotia

text: Nova Scotia

text: St. John, New Brunswick

text: New Brunswick

text: Devonian

text: Louis Agassiz

text: Museum of Comparative Zoology

text: Harvard University

text: Thayer Expedition

text: creationist

text: Charles Darwin

text: Bahia

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Vassar College

text: Cornell University

text: Ithaca

text: Buffalo, New York

text: flora

text: fauna

text: geography

text: linguistics

text: ethnography

text: draftsman

text: specimen

text: National Museum of Rio de Janeiro

text: Dom Pedro II

text: yellow fever

text: Orville Adalbert Derby

text: National Museum

text: Thayer Expedition

text: Amazonian Tortoise Myths

text: The Man Who Abandoned Himself to Nature

categories: Brazilian people of American descent,Harvard University staff,Cornell University faculty,Canadian biologists,Canadian geologists,Infectious disease deaths in Brazil,1840 births,Deaths from yellow fever,Canadian expatriate academics in the United States,1878 deaths,American geologists,Acadia University alumni,People from Fredericton

paragraph: Charles Frederick Hartt

paragraph: Charles Frederick Hartt (23 August 1840 in Fredericton, New Brunswick – 18 March 1878) was a Canadian-American geologist, paleontologist and naturalist who specialized in the geology of Brazil.

paragraph: Section::::Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

paragraph: Hartt graduated from Acadia College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in 1860, and by his graduation he had made extensive geological explorations in Nova Scotia. In 1860, he accompanied his father, Jarvis William Hartt, to St. John, New Brunswick, where they established a high school for young women in which Charles Frederick taught for a year. Hartt also studied the geology of New Brunswick, and devoted special attention to the Devonian shales, in which he discovered an abundance of land plants and insects.

paragraph: Section::::Exploration in Brazil.

paragraph: In 1861, Hartt started to work as a student assistant for Louis Agassiz at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. This work lasted until 1864, when he received an appointment on the geological survey of New Brunswick. In 1865 he accompanied Agassiz to Brazil in the Thayer Expedition. A creationist, Agassiz believed he could find geological proof of his theory concerning glacial action in Brazil that would knock down the evolutionist theory of Charles Darwin.

paragraph: Hartt fell in love with Brazil, and spent 15 months exploring the coastal regions from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. The large zoological collections he made were later used to prepare his "Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil" (Boston, 1870). In 1868 he was elected professor of natural history at Vassar College, but later in the same year he accepted a post at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York, and planned to return to Brazil. Charles married Lucy Cornelia Lynde of Buffalo, New York, in 1869. They had two children, Mary and Rollin. Both children became writers.

paragraph: In all, Hartt participated in four expeditions to Brazil (the Morgan Expeditions) from 1870 to 1878. He collected a great deal of data about the land and the people, contributing to new knowledge about the flora, the fauna, minerals, geography, linguistics and ethnography. He was an accomplished draftsman and illustrator and musician. In his last voyage he collected more than 500,000 specimens, which were donated to the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, where he worked as the founder and director of the section of geology from 1866 to 1867.

paragraph: In 1875, following a suggestion by Hartt, the Emperor Dom Pedro II (1825–1891) established the Imperial Geological Commission. The Commission was closed down after two years of work after losing the Emperor's support. Hartt was joined by his wife and children in Brazil in 1875, but they returned to the United States without him when his wife got pregnant.

paragraph: He died in Rio de Janeiro, after contracting yellow fever, at the age of 38.

paragraph: One of his students, the American geologist Orville Adalbert Derby (1851–1915), succeeded him at the National Museum, after having accompanied him in two of the Morgan Expeditions (1870 and 1871) and having worked with him at the Imperial Commission.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thayer Expedition (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geology and physical geography of Brazil (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amazonian Tortoise Myths (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes on the Manufacture of Pottery Among Savage Races (1873)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanjad, N. Charles Frederick Hartt and the institutionalization of the natural sciences in Brazil. "Hist. cienc. saude-Manguinhos", vol.11 no.2, Rio de Janeiro May/Aug. 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lopes, M. M. C. F. 1994 Hartt's contribution to Brazilian museums of natural history'. "Earth Sciences History", 13(2), pp. 174–9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freitas, M.V. "Hartt: Expedições pelo Brasil Imperial" Metalivros, 2002.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museu Nacional and its European employees. Jens Andermann

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Man Who Abandoned Himself to Nature. Boletim Informativo UFMG (In Portuguese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contributions of Charles Frederick Hartt for Brazilian ethnography (Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju)

wikidata_label: Charles Frederick Hartt

wikipedia_title: Charles Frederick Hartt


text:
Taiwan
Uni-President Lions
Chinese Professional Baseball League
Amis
Taiwanese Aborigines
Amis language

categories: Uni-President Lions players,1981 births,Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions players,People from Taitung County,Taiwanese baseball players,Living people,2006 World Baseball Classic players

paragraph: Yang Sen (baseball)

paragraph: Yang Sen (; born 25 March 1981) is a Taiwanese baseball player who has played for Uni-President Lions of the Chinese Professional Baseball League. He played second baseman for the Lions.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was married to a former member of Taiwan National Women's Football Team, they had a son named Yang Hao. They have since divorced. He is a descendant of the Pacidal clan of Amis tribe, a tribe of the Taiwanese Aborigines. The name Pacidal means the Sun in Amis language, and has the same meaning as Han family name Yang ().

description: Taiwanese baseball player

wikidata_label: Yang Sen

wikipedia_title: Yang Sen (baseball)


text: Venerable

text: Benedictine

text: monk

text: monastery

text: Kingdom of Northumbria

text: Angles

text: Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey

text: Tyne and Wear

text: England

text: Alcuin

text: Ecclesiastical History of the English People

text: English History

text: Anno Domini

text: Early Middle Ages

text: Pope Gregory I

text: Charlemagne

text: Pope Leo XIII

text: Doctor of the Church

text: Great Britain

text: Anselm of Canterbury

text: Italy

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: Church Fathers

text: Anglo-Saxons

text: Christianity

text: Eusebius

text: Orosius

text: Cuthbert

text: Monkwearmouth and Jarrow

text: Wearside

text: Tyneside

text: Monkton

text: Benedict Biscop

text: Lindsey

text: Bede's name

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Portsmouth

text: Durham Cathedral

text: puer oblatus

text: Ceolfrith

text: Adomnán

text: Iona Abbey

text: Easter dating controversy

text: deacon

text: John

text: bishop of Hexham

text: Ecgbert of York

text: Acts of the Apostles

text: Bodleian Library

text: University of Oxford

text: Codex Laudianus

text: Laurentian Library

text: Florence

text: Hexham

text: Six Ages of the World

text: Isidore of Seville

text: Wilfrid

text: Æthelthryth

text: bishop of York

text: Lindisfarne

text: Nothhelm

text: Feast of the Ascension

text: Bede's Death Song

text: Benedicta Ward

text: metrics

text: Scripture

text: patristic

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Virgil

text: Lucretius

text: Ovid

text: Horace

text: classical

text: allegorical

text: Carolingian renaissance

text: penitential

text: Albinus

text: St Augustine's Abbey

text: Canterbury

text: Caesar's

text: St Alban

text: Augustine

text: Gregory the Great

text: Penda

text: Edwin of Northumbria

text: Battle of Hatfield Chase

text: Oswald of Northumbria

text: Oswy

text: Council of Whitby

text: Theodore

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Wilfrid

text: kingdom of Sussex

text: British church

text: Ceolwulf

text: Solinus

text: Eusebius

text: Historia Ecclesiastica

text: Chronicon

text: Orosius

text: Gregory of Tours

text: Eutropius

text: Constantius

text: Germanus

text: Gildas

text: De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae

text: Eddius Stephanus

text: Life of Wilfrid

text: Josephus

text: Cassiodorus

text: Liber Pontificalis

text: Cicero

text: Plautus

text: Terence

text: Virgil

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Natural History

text: Dionysius Exiguus

text: Fursa

text: Æthelburh

text: Paulinus of York

text: Nothhelm

text: Gregory the Great

text: Daniel

text: Lastingham

text: Cedd

text: Chad

text: Cynibert

text: Walter Goffart

text: Gildas

text: Gregorian mission

text: Augustine of Canterbury

text: Stephen of Ripon

text: Historia Ecclesiastica

text: Acts of the Apostles

text: Gregory of Tours

text: hagiographer

text: computus

text: Michael Lapidge

text: Aldhelm

text: Synod of Whitby

text: Wilfrid

text: Procopius

text: Frank Stenton

text: Boniface

text: Aldhelm

text: Ceawlin

text: Robin Fleming

text: Barbara Yorke

text: indiction

text: Anno Domini

text: Dionysius Exiguus

text: Beda Venerabilis' Easter cycle

text: Carolingian

text: Strasbourg, France

text: Patrick Wormald

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: William of Malmesbury

text: Henry of Huntingdon

text: Geoffrey of Monmouth

text: Polydore Vergil

text: Matthew Parker

text: Liber Pontificalis

text: Pope Sergius I

text: Eusebius

text: Anno Mundi

text: Wearmouth and Jarrow

text: Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne

text: Paulinus of Nola

text: St Anastasius

text: Jerome

text: Vulgate

text: Basil

text: Cassian

text: John Chrysostom

text: Isidore of Seville

text: Origen

text: Gregory of Nazianzus

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Jerome

text: Pope Gregory I

text: Ambrose of Milan

text: Cassiodorus

text: Cyprian

text: Evagrius

text: Athanasius

text: Sulpicius Severus

text: Fulgentius

text: Julian of Eclanum

text: Tyconius

text: Prosper of Aquitaine

text: Fathers of the Church

text: Advent

text: Lent

text: Glossa Ordinaria

text: Paul the Deacon

text: Monastic Office

text: Saint Boniface

text: Encyclopedia

text: Catholic Epistles

text: Old English

text: computus

text: Isidore of Seville

text: Etymologies

text: De temporum ratione

text: cosmos

text: spherical earth

text: length of day

text: season

text: New Moon

text: tide

text: computus

text: computing the date of Easter

text: Easter Full Moon

text: zodiac

text: Bede's Easter cycle

text: age of the world

text: creation

text: Wilfrid

text: De natura rerum

text: Isidore of Seville

text: Notker the Stammerer

text: Monastery of St. Gall

text: Servius

text: orthography

text: finite verb

text: Augustine of Canterbury

text: venerated

text: Boniface

text: Alcuin

text: Egbert

text: Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester

text: translated

text: Cuthbert of Lindisfarne

text: Durham Cathedral

text: English Reformation

text: relic

text: York

text: Glastonbury

text: Fulda

text: Doctor of the Church

text: Dante

text: Paradise

text: Paradiso

text: Isidore of Seville

text: Richard of St. Victor

text: General Roman Calendar

text: Pope Gregory VII

text: Venerable

text: sainthood

text: Paul the Deacon

text: Walter Goffart

text: Jarrow Hall – Anglo-Saxon Farm, Village and Bede Museum

text: List of manuscripts of Bede's "Historia Ecclesiastica"

text: List of works by Bede

text: North East England

text: Dickinson College Commentaries: "Historia Ecclēsiastica"

text: Bede's World: the museum of early medieval Northumbria at Jarrow

text: The Venerable Bede

text: In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

text: "Ecclesiastical History of the English People"

text: Internet Medieval Sourcebook

text: Bede's "Ecclesiastical History" and the Continuation of Bede (pdf)

text: CCEL

text: Saint Bede

categories: People from Sunderland, Tyne and Wear,Anglo-Saxon monks,8th-century English people,Christian hagiographers,Burials at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey,Church Fathers,7th-century Christian monks,Chronologists,8th-century historians,Northumbrian saints,Doctors of the Church,Anglo-Saxon poets,7th-century English writers,Bible translators,English Christian theologians,Benedictine writers,Anglo-Saxon saints,People from Jarrow,673 births,English saints,8th-century Christian monks,7th-century Christian theologians,Medieval English theologians,Benedictine theologians,Benedictine Biblical scholars,8th-century Latin writers,Trope theorists,8th-century Christian theologians,Bede,735 deaths,English Benedictines,Hagiographers,Benedictine scholars,7th-century English people,English chroniclers,British biblical scholars

paragraph: Bede

paragraph: Bede ( ; ; 672/3 – 26 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (), was an English Benedictine monk at the monastery of St. Peter and its companion monastery of St. Paul in the Kingdom of Northumbria of the Angles (contemporarily Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey in Tyne and Wear, England). Born on lands likely belonging to the Monkwearmouth monastery in present-day Sunderland, Bede was sent there at the age of seven and later joined Abbot Ceolfrith at the Jarrow monastery, both of whom survived a plague that struck in 686, an outbreak that killed a majority of the population there. While he spent most of his life in the monastery, Bede travelled to several abbeys and monasteries across the British Isles, even visiting the archbishop of York and King Ceolwulf of Northumbria. He is well known as an author, teacher (a student of one of his pupils was Alcuin), and scholar, and his most famous work, "Ecclesiastical History of the English People", gained him the title "The Father of English History". His ecumenical writings were extensive and included a number of Biblical commentaries and other theological works of exegetical erudition. Another important area of study for Bede was the academic discipline of "computus", otherwise known to his contemporaries as the science of calculating calendar dates. One of the more important dates Bede tried to compute was Easter, an effort that was mired with controversy. He also helped establish the practice of dating forward from the birth of Christ ("Anno Domini" – in the year of our Lord), a practice which eventually became commonplace in medieval Europe. Bede was one of the greatest teachers and writers of the Early Middle Ages and is considered by many historians to be the single most important scholar of antiquity for the period between the death of Pope Gregory I in 604 and the coronation of Charlemagne in 800.

paragraph: In 1899, Pope Leo XIII declared him a Doctor of the Church. He is the only native of Great Britain to achieve this designation; Anselm of Canterbury, also a Doctor of the Church, was originally from Italy. Bede was moreover a skilled linguist and translator, and his work made the Latin and Greek writings of the early Church Fathers much more accessible to his fellow Anglo-Saxons, which contributed significantly to English Christianity. Bede's monastery had access to an impressive library which included works by Eusebius, Orosius, and many others.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Almost everything that is known of Bede's life is contained in the last chapter of his "Ecclesiastical History of the English People", a history of the church in England. It was completed in about 731, and Bede implies that he was then in his fifty-ninth year, which would give a birth date in 672 or 673. A minor source of information is the letter by his disciple Cuthbert (not to be confused with the saint, Cuthbert, who is mentioned in Bede's work) which relates Bede's death. Bede, in the "Historia", gives his birthplace as "on the lands of this monastery". He is referring to the twinned monasteries of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow, in modern-day Wearside and Tyneside respectively; there is also a tradition that he was born at Monkton, two miles from the monastery at Jarrow, although at the time of his birth the Jarrow Monastery did not exist. Bede says nothing of his origins, but his connections with men of noble ancestry suggest that his own family was well-to-do. Bede's first abbot was Benedict Biscop, and the names "Biscop" and "Beda" both appear in a king list of the kings of Lindsey from around 800, further suggesting that Bede came from a noble family.

paragraph: Bede's name reflects West Saxon "Bīeda" (Northumbrian "Bǣda", Anglian "Bēda"). It is an Anglo-Saxon short name formed on the root of "bēodan" "to bid, command".

paragraph: The name also occurs in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", s.a. 501, as "Bieda", one of the sons of the Saxon founder of Portsmouth. The "Liber Vitae" of Durham Cathedral names two priests with this name, one of whom is presumably Bede himself. Some manuscripts of the "Life of Cuthbert", one of Bede's works, mention that Cuthbert's own priest was named Bede; it is possible that this priest is the other name listed in the "Liber Vitae".

paragraph: At the age of seven, Bede was sent, as a "puer oblatus", to the monastery of Monkwearmouth by his family to be educated by Benedict Biscop and later by Ceolfrith. Bede does not say whether it was already intended at that point that he would be a monk. It was fairly common in Ireland at this time for young boys, particularly those of noble birth, to be fostered out as an oblate; the practice was also likely to have been common among the Germanic peoples in England. Monkwearmouth's sister monastery at Jarrow was founded by Ceolfrith in 682, and Bede probably transferred to Jarrow with Ceolfrith that year. The dedication stone for the church has survived to the present day; it is dated 23 April 685, and as Bede would have been required to assist with menial tasks in his day-to-day life it is possible that he helped in building the original church. In 686, plague broke out at Jarrow. The "Life of Ceolfrith", written in about 710, records that only two surviving monks were capable of singing the full offices; one was Ceolfrith and the other a young boy, who according to the anonymous writer had been taught by Ceolfrith. The two managed to do the entire service of the liturgy until others could be trained. The young boy was almost certainly Bede, who would have been about 14.

paragraph: When Bede was about 17 years old, Adomnán, the abbot of Iona Abbey, visited Monkwearmouth and Jarrow. Bede would probably have met the abbot during this visit, and it may be that Adomnan sparked Bede's interest in the Easter dating controversy. In about 692, in Bede's nineteenth year, Bede was ordained a deacon by his diocesan bishop, John, who was bishop of Hexham. The canonical age for the ordination of a deacon was 25; Bede's early ordination may mean that his abilities were considered exceptional, but it is also possible that the minimum age requirement was often disregarded. There might have been minor orders ranking below a deacon; but there is no record of whether Bede held any of these offices. In Bede's thirtieth year (about 702), he became a priest, with the ordination again performed by Bishop John.

paragraph: In about 701 Bede wrote his first works, the "De Arte Metrica" and "De Schematibus et Tropis"; both were intended for use in the classroom. He continued to write for the rest of his life, eventually completing over 60 books, most of which have survived. Not all his output can be easily dated, and Bede may have worked on some texts over a period of many years. His last-surviving work is a letter to Ecgbert of York, a former student, written in 734. A 6th-century Greek and Latin manuscript of "Acts of the Apostles" that is believed to have been used by Bede survives and is now in the Bodleian Library at University of Oxford; it is known as the Codex Laudianus. Bede may also have worked on one of the Latin bibles that were copied at Jarrow, one of which is now held by the Laurentian Library in Florence. Bede was a teacher as well as a writer; he enjoyed music, and was said to be accomplished as a singer and as a reciter of poetry in the vernacular. It is possible that he suffered a speech impediment, but this depends on a phrase in the introduction to his verse life of Saint Cuthbert. Translations of this phrase differ, and it is uncertain whether Bede intended to say that he was cured of a speech problem, or merely that he was inspired by the saint's works.

paragraph: In 708, some monks at Hexham accused Bede of having committed heresy in his work "De Temporibus". The standard theological view of world history at the time was known as the Six Ages of the World; in his book, Bede calculated the age of the world for himself, rather than accepting the authority of Isidore of Seville, and came to the conclusion that Christ had been born 3,952 years after the creation of the world, rather than the figure of over 5,000 years that was commonly accepted by theologians. The accusation occurred in front of the bishop of Hexham, Wilfrid, who was present at a feast when some drunken monks made the accusation. Wilfrid did not respond to the accusation, but a monk present relayed the episode to Bede, who replied within a few days to the monk, writing a letter setting forth his defence and asking that the letter also be read to Wilfrid. Bede had another brush with Wilfrid, for the historian himself says that he met Wilfrid, sometime between 706 and 709, and discussed Æthelthryth, the abbess of Ely. Wilfrid had been present at the exhumation of her body in 695, and Bede questioned the bishop about the exact circumstances of the body and asked for more details of her life, as Wilfrid had been her advisor.

paragraph: In 733, Bede travelled to York to visit Ecgbert, who was then bishop of York. The See of York was elevated to an archbishopric in 735, and it is likely that Bede and Ecgbert discussed the proposal for the elevation during his visit. Bede hoped to visit Ecgbert again in 734, but was too ill to make the journey. Bede also travelled to the monastery of Lindisfarne, and at some point visited the otherwise-unknown monastery of a monk named , a visit that is mentioned in a letter to that monk. Because of his widespread correspondence with others throughout the British Isles, and due to the fact that many of the letters imply that Bede had met his correspondents, it is likely that Bede travelled to some other places, although nothing further about timing or locations can be guessed. It seems certain that he did not visit Rome, however, as he would have mentioned it in the autobiographical chapter of his "Historia Ecclesiastica". Nothhelm, a correspondent of Bede's who assisted him by finding documents for him in Rome, is known to have visited Bede, though the date cannot be determined beyond the fact that it was after Nothhelm's visit to Rome.

paragraph: Except for a few visits to other monasteries, his life was spent in a round of prayer, observance of the monastic discipline and study of the Sacred Scriptures. He was considered the most learned man of his time, and wrote excellent biblical and historical books.

paragraph: Bede died on the Feast of the Ascension, Thursday, 26 May 735, on the floor of his cell, singing "Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit" and was buried at Jarrow. Cuthbert, a disciple of Bede's, wrote a letter to a Cuthwin (of whom nothing else is known), describing Bede's last days and his death. According to Cuthbert, Bede fell ill, "with frequent attacks of breathlessness but almost without pain", before Easter. On the Tuesday, two days before Bede died, his breathing became worse and his feet swelled. He continued to dictate to a scribe, however, and despite spending the night awake in prayer he dictated again the following day. At three o'clock, according to Cuthbert, he asked for a box of his to be brought, and distributed among the priests of the monastery "a few treasures" of his: "some pepper, and napkins, and some incense". That night he dictated a final sentence to the scribe, a boy named Wilberht, and died soon afterwards. The account of Cuthbert does not make entirely clear whether Bede died before midnight or after. However, by the reckoning of Bede's time, passage from the old day to the new occurred at sunset, not midnight, and Cuthbert is clear that he died after sunset. Thus, while his box was brought at three o'clock Wednesday afternoon the 25th, by the time of the final dictation it might be considered already Thursday in that ecclesiastical sense, although the 25th in the ordinary sense.

paragraph: Cuthbert's letter also relates a five-line poem in the vernacular that Bede composed on his deathbed, known as "Bede's Death Song". It is the most-widely copied Old English poem, and appears in 45 manuscripts, but its attribution to Bede is not certain—not all manuscripts name Bede as the author, and the ones that do are of later origin than those that do not. Bede's remains may have been transferred to Durham Cathedral in the 11th century; his tomb there was looted in 1541, but the contents were probably re-interred in the Galilee chapel at the cathedral.

paragraph: One further oddity in his writings is that in one of his works, the "Commentary on the Seven Catholic Epistles", he writes in a manner that gives the impression he was married. The section in question is the only one in that work that is written in first-person view. Bede says: "Prayers are hindered by the conjugal duty because as often as I perform what is due to my wife I am not able to pray." Another passage, in the "Commentary on Luke", also mentions a wife in the first person: "Formerly I possessed a wife in the lustful passion of desire and now I possess her in honourable sanctification and true love of Christ." The historian Benedicta Ward argues that these passages are Bede employing a rhetorical device.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Bede wrote scientific, historical and theological works, reflecting the range of his writings from music and metrics to exegetical Scripture commentaries. He knew patristic literature, as well as Pliny the Elder, Virgil, Lucretius, Ovid, Horace and other classical writers. He knew some Greek.

paragraph: Bede's scriptural commentaries employed the allegorical method of interpretation and his history includes accounts of miracles, which to modern historians has seemed at odds with his critical approach to the materials in his history. Modern studies have shown the important role such concepts played in the world-view of Early Medieval scholars.

paragraph: He dedicated his work on the Apocalypse and the "De Temporum Ratione" to the successor of Ceolfrid as abbot, Hwaetbert.

paragraph: Although Bede is mainly studied as an historian now, in his time his works on grammar, chronology, and biblical studies were as important as his historical and hagiographical works. The non-historical works contributed greatly to the Carolingian renaissance. He has been credited with writing a penitential, though his authorship of this work is still very much disputed.

paragraph: Section::::"Ecclesiastical History of the English People".

paragraph: Bede's best-known work is the "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum", or "An Ecclesiastical History of the English People", completed in about 731. Bede was aided in writing this book by Albinus, abbot of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. The first of the five books begins with some geographical background, and then sketches the history of England, beginning with Caesar's invasion in 55 BC. A brief account of Christianity in Roman Britain, including the martyrdom of St Alban, is followed by the story of Augustine's mission to England in 597, which brought Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons. The second book begins with the death of Gregory the Great in 604, and follows the further progress of Christianity in Kent and the first attempts to evangelise Northumbria. These ended in disaster when Penda, the pagan king of Mercia, killed the newly Christian Edwin of Northumbria at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in about 632. The setback was temporary, and the third book recounts the growth of Christianity in Northumbria under kings Oswald of Northumbria and Oswy. The climax of the third book is the account of the Council of Whitby, traditionally seen as a major turning point in English history. The fourth book begins with the consecration of Theodore as Archbishop of Canterbury, and recounts Wilfrid's efforts to bring Christianity to the kingdom of Sussex. The fifth book brings the story up to Bede's day, and includes an account of missionary work in Frisia, and of the conflict with the British church over the correct dating of Easter. Bede wrote a preface for the work, in which he dedicates it to Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria. The preface mentions that Ceolwulf received an earlier draft of the book; presumably Ceolwulf knew enough Latin to understand it, and he may even have been able to read it. The preface makes it clear that Ceolwulf had requested the earlier copy, and Bede had asked for Ceolwulf's approval; this correspondence with the king indicates that Bede's monastery had excellent connections among the Northumbrian nobility.

paragraph: Section::::"Ecclesiastical History of the English People".:Sources.

paragraph: The monastery at Wearmouth-Jarrow had an excellent library. Both Benedict Biscop and Ceolfrith had acquired books from the Continent, and in Bede's day the monastery was a renowned centre of learning. It has been estimated that there were about 200 books in the monastic library.

paragraph: For the period prior to Augustine's arrival in 597, Bede drew on earlier writers, including Solinus. He had access to two works of Eusebius: the "Historia Ecclesiastica", and also the "Chronicon", though he had neither in the original Greek; instead he had a Latin translation of the "Historia", by Rufinus, and Saint Jerome's translation of the "Chronicon". He also knew Orosius's "Adversus Paganus", and Gregory of Tours' "Historia Francorum", both Christian histories, as well as the work of Eutropius, a pagan historian. He used Constantius's "Life of Germanus" as a source for Germanus's visits to Britain. Bede's account of the invasion of the Anglo-Saxons is drawn largely from Gildas's "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae". Bede would also have been familiar with more recent accounts such as Eddius Stephanus's "Life of Wilfrid", and anonymous "Lives" of Gregory the Great and Cuthbert. He also drew on Josephus's "Antiquities", and the works of Cassiodorus, and there was a copy of the "Liber Pontificalis" in Bede's monastery. Bede quotes from several classical authors, including Cicero, Plautus, and Terence, but he may have had access to their work via a Latin grammar rather than directly. However, it is clear he was familiar with the works of Virgil and with Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", and his monastery also owned copies of the works of Dionysius Exiguus. He probably drew his account of St. Alban from a life of that saint which has not survived. He acknowledges two other lives of saints directly; one is a life of Fursa, and the other of St. Æthelburh; the latter no longer survives. He also had access to a life of Ceolfrith. Some of Bede's material came from oral traditions, including a description of the physical appearance of Paulinus of York, who had died nearly 90 years before Bede's "Historia Ecclesiastica" was written.

paragraph: Bede also had correspondents who supplied him with material. Albinus, the abbot of the monastery in Canterbury, provided much information about the church in Kent, and with the assistance of Nothhelm, at that time a priest in London, obtained copies of Gregory the Great's correspondence from Rome relating to Augustine's mission. Almost all of Bede's information regarding Augustine is taken from these letters. Bede acknowledged his correspondents in the preface to the "Historia Ecclesiastica"; he was in contact with Daniel, the Bishop of Winchester, for information about the history of the church in Wessex, and also wrote to the monastery at Lastingham for information about Cedd and Chad. Bede also mentions an Abbot Esi as a source for the affairs of the East Anglian church, and Bishop Cynibert for information about Lindsey.

paragraph: The historian Walter Goffart argues that Bede based the structure of the "Historia" on three works, using them as the framework around which the three main sections of the work were structured. For the early part of the work, up until the Gregorian mission, Goffart feels that Bede used Gildas's "De excidio". The second section, detailing the Gregorian mission of Augustine of Canterbury was framed on the anonymous "Life of Gregory the Great" written at Whitby. The last section, detailing events after the Gregorian mission, Goffart feels were modelled on Stephen of Ripon's "Life of Wilfrid". Most of Bede's informants for information after Augustine's mission came from the eastern part of Britain, leaving significant gaps in the knowledge of the western areas, which were those areas likely to have a native Briton presence.

paragraph: Section::::"Ecclesiastical History of the English People".:Models and style.

paragraph: Bede's stylistic models included some of the same authors from whom he drew the material for the earlier parts of his history. His introduction imitates the work of Orosius, and his title is an echo of Eusebius's "Historia Ecclesiastica". Bede also followed Eusebius in taking the "Acts of the Apostles" as the model for the overall work: where Eusebius used the "Acts" as the theme for his description of the development of the church, Bede made it the model for his history of the Anglo-Saxon church. Bede quoted his sources at length in his narrative, as Eusebius had done. Bede also appears to have taken quotes directly from his correspondents at times. For example, he almost always uses the terms "Australes" and "Occidentales" for the South and West Saxons respectively, but in a passage in the first book he uses "Meridiani" and "Occidui" instead, as perhaps his informant had done. At the end of the work, Bede added a brief autobiographical note; this was an idea taken from Gregory of Tours' earlier "History of the Franks".

paragraph: Bede's work as a hagiographer, and his detailed attention to dating, were both useful preparations for the task of writing the "Historia Ecclesiastica". His interest in computus, the science of calculating the date of Easter, was also useful in the account he gives of the controversy between the British and Anglo-Saxon church over the correct method of obtaining the Easter date.

paragraph: Bede is described by Michael Lapidge as "without question the most accomplished Latinist produced in these islands in the Anglo-Saxon period". His Latin has been praised for its clarity, but his style in the "Historia Ecclesiastica" is not simple. He knew rhetoric, and often used figures of speech and rhetorical forms which cannot easily be reproduced in translation, depending as they often do on the connotations of the Latin words. However, unlike contemporaries such as Aldhelm, whose Latin is full of difficulties, Bede's own text is easy to read. In the words of Charles Plummer, one of the best-known editors of the "Historia Ecclesiastica", Bede's Latin is "clear and limpid ... it is very seldom that we have to pause to think of the meaning of a sentence ... Alcuin rightly praises Bede for his unpretending style."

paragraph: Section::::"Ecclesiastical History of the English People".:Intent.

paragraph: Bede's primary intention in writing the "Historia Ecclesiastica" was to show the growth of the united church throughout England. The native Britons, whose Christian church survived the departure of the Romans, earn Bede's ire for refusing to help convert the Saxons; by the end of the "Historia" the English, and their Church, are dominant over the Britons. This goal, of showing the movement towards unity, explains Bede's animosity towards the British method of calculating Easter: much of the "Historia" is devoted to a history of the dispute, including the final resolution at the Synod of Whitby in 664. Bede is also concerned to show the unity of the English, despite the disparate kingdoms that still existed when he was writing. He also wants to instruct the reader by spiritual example, and to entertain, and to the latter end he adds stories about many of the places and people about which he wrote.

paragraph: N.J. Higham argues that Bede designed his work to promote his reform agenda to Ceolwulf, the Northumbrian king. Bede painted a highly optimistic picture of the current situation in the Church, as opposed to the more pessimistic picture found in his private letters.

paragraph: Bede's extensive use of miracles can prove difficult for readers who consider him a more or less reliable historian, but do not accept the possibility of miracles.

paragraph: Yet both reflect an inseparable integrity and regard for accuracy and truth, expressed in terms both of historical events and of a tradition of Christian faith that continues to the present day. Bede, like Gregory the Great whom Bede quotes on the subject in the "Historia", felt that faith brought about by miracles was a stepping stone to a higher, truer faith, and that as a result miracles had their place in a work designed to instruct.

paragraph: Section::::"Ecclesiastical History of the English People".:Omissions and biases.

paragraph: Bede is somewhat reticent about the career of Wilfrid, a contemporary and one of the most prominent clerics of his day. This may be because Wilfrid's opulent lifestyle was uncongenial to Bede's monastic mind; it may also be that the events of Wilfrid's life, divisive and controversial as they were, simply did not fit with Bede's theme of the progression to a unified and harmonious church.

paragraph: Bede's account of the early migrations of the Angles and Saxons to England omits any mention of a movement of those peoples across the channel from Britain to Brittany described by Procopius, who was writing in the sixth century. Frank Stenton describes this omission as "a scholar's dislike of the indefinite"; traditional material that could not be dated or used for Bede's didactic purposes had no interest for him.

paragraph: Bede was a Northumbrian, and this tinged his work with a local bias. The sources to which he had access gave him less information about the west of England than for other areas. He says relatively little about the achievements of Mercia and Wessex, omitting, for example, any mention of Boniface, a West Saxon missionary to the continent of some renown and of whom Bede had almost certainly heard, though Bede does discuss Northumbrian missionaries to the continent. He also is parsimonious in his praise for Aldhelm, a West Saxon who had done much to convert the native Britons to the Roman form of Christianity. He lists seven kings of the Anglo-Saxons whom he regards as having held "imperium", or overlordship; only one king of Wessex, Ceawlin, is listed, and none from Mercia, though elsewhere he acknowledges the secular power several of the Mercians held. Historian Robin Fleming states that he was so hostile to Mercia because Northumbria had been diminished by Mercian power that he consulted no Mercian informants and included no stories about its saints.

paragraph: Bede relates the story of Augustine's mission from Rome, and tells how the British clergy refused to assist Augustine in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. This, combined with Gildas's negative assessment of the British church at the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasions, led Bede to a very critical view of the native church. However, Bede ignores the fact that at the time of Augustine's mission, the history between the two was one of warfare and conquest, which, in the words of Barbara Yorke, would have naturally "curbed any missionary impulses towards the Anglo-Saxons from the British clergy."

paragraph: Section::::"Ecclesiastical History of the English People".:Use of "Anno Domini".

paragraph: At the time Bede wrote the "Historia Ecclesiastica", there were two common ways of referring to dates. One was to use indictions, which were 15-year cycles, counting from 312 AD. There were three different varieties of indiction, each starting on a different day of the year. The other approach was to use regnal years—the reigning Roman emperor, for example, or the ruler of whichever kingdom was under discussion. This meant that in discussing conflicts between kingdoms, the date would have to be given in the regnal years of all the kings involved. Bede used both these approaches on occasion, but adopted a third method as his main approach to dating: the "Anno Domini" method invented by Dionysius Exiguus. Although Bede did not invent this method, his adoption of it, and his promulgation of it in "De Temporum Ratione", his work on chronology, is the main reason why it is now so widely used. Beda Venerabilis' Easter cycle, contained in "De Temporum Ratione", was developed from Dionysius Exiguus’ famous Easter table.

paragraph: Section::::"Ecclesiastical History of the English People".:Assessment.

paragraph: The "Historia Ecclesiastica" was copied often in the Middle Ages, and about 160 manuscripts containing it survive. About half of those are located on the European continent, rather than in the British Isles. Most of the 8th- and 9th-century texts of Bede's "Historia" come from the northern parts of the Carolingian Empire. This total does not include manuscripts with only a part of the work, of which another 100 or so survive. It was printed for the first time between 1474 and 1482, probably at Strasbourg, France. Modern historians have studied the "Historia" extensively, and a number of editions have been produced. For many years, early Anglo-Saxon history was essentially a retelling of the "Historia", but recent scholarship has focused as much on what Bede did not write as what he did. The belief that the "Historia" was the culmination of Bede's works, the aim of all his scholarship, a belief common among historians in the past, is no longer accepted by most scholars.

paragraph: Modern historians and editors of Bede have been lavish in their praise of his achievement in the "Historia Ecclesiastica". Stenton regarded it as one of the "small class of books which transcend all but the most fundamental conditions of time and place", and regarded its quality as dependent on Bede's "astonishing power of co-ordinating the fragments of information which came to him through tradition, the relation of friends, or documentary evidence ... In an age where little was attempted beyond the registration of fact, he had reached the conception of history." Patrick Wormald described him as "the first and greatest of England's historians".

paragraph: The "Historia Ecclesiastica" has given Bede a high reputation, but his concerns were different from those of a modern writer of history. His focus on the history of the organisation of the English church, and on heresies and the efforts made to root them out, led him to exclude the secular history of kings and kingdoms except where a moral lesson could be drawn or where they illuminated events in the church. Besides the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", the medieval writers William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, and Geoffrey of Monmouth used his works as sources and inspirations. Early modern writers, such as Polydore Vergil and Matthew Parker, the Elizabethan Archbishop of Canterbury, also utilised the "Historia", and his works were used by both Protestant and Catholic sides in the Wars of Religion.

paragraph: Some historians have questioned the reliability of some of Bede's accounts. One historian, Charlotte Behr, thinks that the "Historia's" account of the arrival of the Germanic invaders in Kent should not be considered to relate what actually happened, but rather relates myths that were current in Kent during Bede's time.

paragraph: It is likely that Bede's work, because it was so widely copied, discouraged others from writing histories and may even have led to the disappearance of manuscripts containing older historical works.

paragraph: Section::::Other historical works.

paragraph: Section::::Other historical works.:Chronicles.

paragraph: As Chapter 66 of his "On the Reckoning of Time", in 725 Bede wrote the "Greater Chronicle" ("chronica maiora"), which sometimes circulated as a separate work. For recent events the "Chronicle", like his "Ecclesiastical History", relied upon Gildas, upon a version of the "Liber Pontificalis" current at least to the papacy of Pope Sergius I (687–701), and other sources. For earlier events he drew on Eusebius's "Chronikoi Kanones." The dating of events in the "Chronicle" is inconsistent with his other works, using the era of creation, the "Anno Mundi".

paragraph: Section::::Other historical works.:Lives.

paragraph: His other historical works included lives of the abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow, as well as verse and prose lives of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, an adaptation of Paulinus of Nola's "Life of St Felix", and a translation of the Greek "Passion of St Anastasius". He also created a listing of saints, the "Martyrology".

paragraph: Section::::Theological works.

paragraph: In his own time, Bede was as well known for his biblical commentaries and exegetical, as well as other theological, works. The majority of his writings were of this type, and covered the Old Testament and the New Testament. Most survived the Middle Ages, but a few were lost. It was for his theological writings that he earned the title of "Doctor Anglorum", and why he was declared a saint.

paragraph: Bede synthesised and transmitted the learning from his predecessors, as well as made careful, judicious innovation in knowledge (such as recalculating the age of the earth—for which he was censured before surviving the heresy accusations and eventually having his views championed by Archbishop Ussher in the sixteenth century—see below) that had theological implications. In order to do this, he learned Greek, and attempted to learn Hebrew. He spent time reading and rereading both the Old and the New Testaments. He mentions that he studied from a text of Jerome's Vulgate, which itself was from the Hebrew text. He also studied both the Latin and the Greek Fathers of the Church. In the monastic library at Jarrow were a number of books by theologians, including works by Basil, Cassian, John Chrysostom, Isidore of Seville, Origen, Gregory of Nazianzus, Augustine of Hippo, Jerome, Pope Gregory I, Ambrose of Milan, Cassiodorus, and Cyprian. He used these, in conjunction with the Biblical texts themselves, to write his commentaries and other theological works. He had a Latin translation by Evagrius of Athanasius's "Life of Antony", and a copy of Sulpicius Severus' "Life of St. Martin". He also used lesser known writers, such as Fulgentius, Julian of Eclanum, Tyconius, and Prosper of Aquitaine. Bede was the first to refer to Jerome, Augustine, Pope Gregory and Ambrose as the four Latin Fathers of the Church. It is clear from Bede's own comments that he felt his calling was to explain to his students and readers the theology and thoughts of the Church Fathers.

paragraph: Bede also wrote homilies, works written to explain theology used in worship services. Bede wrote homilies not only on the major Christian seasons such as Advent, Lent, or Easter, but on other subjects such as anniversaries of significant events.

paragraph: Both types of Bede's theological works circulated widely in the Middle Ages. A number of his biblical commentaries were incorporated into the "Glossa Ordinaria", an 11th-century collection of biblical commentaries. Some of Bede's homilies were collected by Paul the Deacon, and they were used in that form in the Monastic Office. Saint Boniface used Bede's homilies in his missionary efforts on the continent.

paragraph: Bede sometimes included in his theological books an acknowledgement of the predecessors on whose works he drew. In two cases he left instructions that his marginal notes, which gave the details of his sources, should be preserved by the copyist, and he may have originally added marginal comments about his sources to others of his works. Where he does not specify, it is still possible to identify books to which he must have had access by quotations that he uses. A full catalogue of the library available to Bede in the monastery cannot be reconstructed, but it is possible to tell, for example, that Bede was very familiar with the works of Virgil. There is little evidence that he had access to any other of the pagan Latin writers—he quotes many of these writers but the quotes are almost all to be found in the Latin grammars that were common in his day, one or more of which would certainly have been at the monastery. Another difficulty is that manuscripts of early writers were often incomplete: it is apparent that Bede had access to Pliny's "Encyclopedia", for example, but it seems that the version he had was missing book xviii, as he would almost certainly have quoted from it in his "De temporum ratione".

paragraph: Section::::Theological works.:Works on the Old Testament.

paragraph: The works dealing with the Old Testament included "Commentary on Samuel", "Commentary on Genesis", "Commentaries on Ezra and Nehemiah", "On the Temple", "On the Tabernacle", "Commentaries on Tobit", "Commentaries on Proverbs", "Commentaries on the Song of Songs", "Commentaries on the Canticle of Habakkuk", The works on Ezra, the Tabernacle and the Temple were especially influenced by Gregory the Great's writings.

paragraph: Section::::Theological works.:Works on the New Testament.

paragraph: Bede's works included "Commentary on Revelation", "Commentary on the Catholic Epistles", "Commentary on Acts", "Reconsideration on the Books of Acts", "On the Gospel of Mark", "On the Gospel of Luke", and "Homilies on the Gospels". At the time of his death he was working on a translation of the Gospel of St. John into English (Early Old English). He did this for the last 40 days of his life. When the last passage had been translated he said: "All is finished."

paragraph: Section::::Works on historical and astronomical chronology.

paragraph: "De temporibus", or "On Time", written in about 703, provides an introduction to the principles of Easter computus. This was based on parts of Isidore of Seville's "Etymologies", and Bede also included a chronology of the world which was derived from Eusebius, with some revisions based on Jerome's translation of the bible. In about 723, Bede wrote a longer work on the same subject, "On the Reckoning of Time", which was influential throughout the Middle Ages. He also wrote several shorter letters and essays discussing specific aspects of computus.

paragraph: "On the Reckoning of Time" ("De temporum ratione") included an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos, including an explanation of how the spherical earth influenced the changing length of daylight, of how the seasonal motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the New Moon at evening twilight. Bede also records the effect of the moon on tides. He shows that the twice-daily timing of tides is related to the Moon, and that the lunar monthly cycle of spring and neap tides is related also related to the Moon's position. He goes on to note that the times of tides vary along the same coast, and that the water movements cause low tide at one place when there is high tide elsewhere. Since the focus of his book was the computus, Bede gave instructions for computing the date of Easter and the related time of the Easter Full Moon, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar. He gives some information about the months of the Anglo-Saxon calendar in chapter XV. Any codex of Bede's Easter cycle is normally found together with a codex of his "De temporum ratione".

paragraph: For calendric purposes, Bede made a new calculation of the age of the world since the creation, which he dated as 3952 BC. Due to his innovations in computing the age of the world, he was accused of heresy at the table of Bishop Wilfrid, his chronology being contrary to accepted calculations. Once informed of the accusations of these "lewd rustics," Bede refuted them in his Letter to Plegwin.

paragraph: In addition to these works on astronomical timekeeping, he also wrote "De natura rerum", or "On the Nature of Things", modelled in part after the work of the same title by Isidore of Seville. His works were so influential that late in the ninth century Notker the Stammerer, a monk of the Monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland, wrote that "God, the orderer of natures, who raised the Sun from the East on the fourth day of Creation, in the sixth day of the world has made Bede rise from the West as a new Sun to illuminate the whole Earth".

paragraph: Section::::Educational works.

paragraph: Bede wrote some works designed to help teach grammar in the abbey school. One of these was his "De arte metrica", a discussion of the composition of Latin verse, drawing on previous grammarians work. It was based on Donatus' "De pedibus" and Servius' "De finalibus", and used examples from Christian poets as well as Virgil. It became a standard text for the teaching of Latin verse during the next few centuries. Bede dedicated this work to Cuthbert, apparently a student, for he is named "beloved son" in the dedication, and Bede says "I have laboured to educate you in divine letters and ecclesiastical statutes" Another textbook of Bede's is the "De orthographia", a work on orthography, designed to help a medieval reader of Latin with unfamiliar abbreviations and words from classical Latin works. Although it could serve as a textbook, it appears to have been mainly intended as a reference work. The exact date of composition for both of these works is unknown.

paragraph: Another educational work is "De schematibus et tropis sacrae scripturae", which discusses the Bible's use of rhetoric. Bede was familiar with pagan authors such as Virgil, but it was not considered appropriate to teach biblical grammar from such texts, and in "De schematibus ..." Bede argues for the superiority of Christian texts in understanding Christian literature. Similarly, his text on poetic metre uses only Christian poetry for examples.

paragraph: Section::::Vernacular poetry.

paragraph: According to his disciple Cuthbert, Bede was also "doctus in nostris carminibus" ("learned in our songs"). Cuthbert's letter on Bede's death, the "Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae", moreover, commonly is understood to indicate that Bede also composed a five line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as "Bede's Death Song"

paragraph: As Opland notes, however, it is not entirely clear that Cuthbert is attributing this text to Bede: most manuscripts of the latter do not use a finite verb to describe Bede's presentation of the song, and the theme was relatively common in Old English and Anglo-Latin literature. The fact that Cuthbert's description places the performance of the Old English poem in the context of a series of quoted passages from Sacred Scripture, indeed, might be taken as evidence simply that Bede also cited analogous vernacular texts. On the other hand, the inclusion of the Old English text of the poem in Cuthbert's Latin letter, the observation that Bede "was learned in our song," and the fact that Bede composed a Latin poem on the same subject all point to the possibility of his having written it. By citing the poem directly, Cuthbert seems to imply that its particular wording was somehow important, either since it was a vernacular poem endorsed by a scholar who evidently frowned upon secular entertainment or because it is a direct quotation of Bede's last original composition.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: There is no evidence for cult being paid to Bede in England in the 8th century. One reason for this may be that he died on the feast day of Augustine of Canterbury. Later, when he was venerated in England, he was either commemorated after Augustine on 26 May, or his feast was moved to 27 May. However, he was venerated outside England, mainly through the efforts of Boniface and Alcuin, both of whom promoted the cult on the Continent. Boniface wrote repeatedly back to England during his missionary efforts, requesting copies of Bede's theological works. Alcuin, who was taught at the school set up in York by Bede's pupil Egbert, praised Bede as an example for monks to follow and was instrumental in disseminating Bede's works to all of Alcuin's friends. Bede's cult became prominent in England during the 10th-century revival of monasticism, and by the 14th century had spread to many of the cathedrals of England. Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (c. 1008–1095) was a particular devotee of Bede's, dedicating a church to him in 1062, which was Wulfstan's first undertaking after his consecration as bishop.

paragraph: His body was 'translated' (the ecclesiastical term for relocation of relics) from Jarrow to Durham Cathedral around 1020, where it was placed in the same tomb with Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. Later Bede's remains were moved to a shrine in the Galilee Chapel at Durham Cathedral in 1370. The shrine was destroyed during the English Reformation, but the bones were reburied in the chapel. In 1831 the bones were dug up and then reburied in a new tomb, which is still there. Other relics were claimed by York, Glastonbury and Fulda.

paragraph: His scholarship and importance to Catholicism were recognised in 1899 when he was declared a Doctor of the Church. He is the only Englishman named a Doctor of the Church. He is also the only Englishman in Dante's "Paradise" ("Paradiso" X.130), mentioned among theologians and doctors of the church in the same canto as Isidore of Seville and the Scot Richard of St. Victor.

paragraph: His feast day was included in the General Roman Calendar in 1899, for celebration on 27 May rather than on his date of death, 26 May, which was then the feast day of Pope Gregory VII. He is venerated in both the Anglican and Catholic Church, with a feast day of 25 May, and in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with a feast day on 27 May (Βεδέα του Ομολογητού).

paragraph: Bede became known as "Venerable Bede" (Lat.: Beda Venerabilis) by the 9th century because of his holiness, but this was not linked to consideration for sainthood by the Catholic Church. According to a legend the epithet was miraculously supplied by angels, thus completing his unfinished epitaph. It is first utilised in connection with Bede in the 9th century, where Bede was grouped with others who were called "venerable" at two ecclesiastical councils held at Aachen in 816 and 836. Paul the Deacon then referred to him as venerable consistently. By the 11th and 12th century, it had become commonplace. However, there are no descriptions of Bede by that term right after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.:Modern legacy.

paragraph: Bede's reputation as a historian, based mostly on the "Historia Ecclesiastica", remains strong; historian Walter Goffart says of Bede that he "holds a privileged and unrivalled place among first historians of Christian Europe". His life and work have been celebrated with the annual Jarrow Lecture, held at St. Paul's Church, Jarrow, since 1958. The English Heritage Organization created Jarrow Hall (previously known as Bede's World), a museum that celebrates the history of Bede and other parts of English heritage.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jarrow Hall – Anglo-Saxon Farm, Village and Bede Museum, formerly 'Bede's World'

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of manuscripts of Bede's "Historia Ecclesiastica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of works by Bede

paragraph: BULLET::::- North East England

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dickinson College Commentaries: "Historia Ecclēsiastica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bede's World: the museum of early medieval Northumbria at Jarrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Venerable Bede from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ecclesiastical History of the English People", Books 1–5, L.C. Jane's 1903 Temple Classics translation. From the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bede's "Ecclesiastical History" and the Continuation of Bede (pdf), at CCEL, edited & translated by A.M. Sellar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Bede, complete works, in Latin, with historical works also in English at "The Online Library of Liberty"

alias:
Saint Bede
Venerable Bede
Beda Wielebny
Beda il Venerabile
Beda Ctihodný
Venerabilis Beda
Baede Venerabilis
Bède
Beda Venerável
the Venerable, Saint Beid
Bède le Veéneérable
Beda Venerabilis
Beda
Beda der Ehrwürdige
Bède le Vénérable
Saint Bede the Venerable
Bede the Venerable
Beda Veneralúlis
Venerabile Beda
Baeda
the Venerable, Saint Bede
Beada
Beda Czcigodny
Bede.
Beda Anglicus
saint Bede the Venerable
Le Venerable Bede
Baeda Venerabilis
Bedanus
Beda Veneravel
Bede le Veeneerable
Bede le Venerable
Beda Veneralulis
Pseudo-Bede
Pseudo-Beda
Doctor of the English
Anglorum doctor

description: English monk and saint

enwikiquote_title: Bede

wikidata_label: Bede

wikipedia_title: Bede


text:
American
Houston
Fourth Ward
James Clay
Arnett Cobb
King Curtis
Booker Ervin
Illinois Jacquet
David "Fathead" Newman
Buddy Tate
Gene Ammons
Willis Jackson
Lester Young
Clarence “Gatemouth” Brown
Goree Carter
Peppermint Harris
Smokey Hogg
King Tut
Piney Brown
Roosevelt Wardell
Charles Fambrough
Bobby Durham
Kool & the Gang
Shirley Scott
Milt Hinton
Mickey Roker
Wycliffe Gordon
Terell Stafford
Kenny Barron
Roland Hanna
John Hicks
Al Grey
Nicholas Payton
John Swana
Joey DeFrancesco
Garner, North Carolina

categories: Accidental deaths from falls,Jazz tenor saxophonists,2010 deaths,1930 births,American funk saxophonists,American rock saxophonists,American jazz saxophonists,American male saxophonists

paragraph: Ed Wiley Jr.

paragraph: Ed Wiley Jr. (March 14, 1930 – September 27, 2010) was an American tenor saxophonist whose big sound and soulful expression helped lay the foundation for early blues, R&B and what would later come to be known as “rock-and-roll” music.

paragraph: During the late 1940s and early 1950s, when brash, honking tenormen were the driving force behind Texas blues and R&B, Wiley's bold, soulful delivery established him as a mainstay of the post-World War II music world. In later years, after more than a decade away from touring and recording, Wiley would re-emerge on the jazz scene, touring and recording with many of the leading musicians of the genre. Although Wiley never abandoned the rich, soulful style he honed during his early years, his later recordings showed a greater appreciation for bebop, and he collaborated with such stalwarts of the bebop era as drummers Mickey Roker, Bobby Durham and Ben Riley; bassists Keter Betts and Charles Fambrough; and pianists John Hicks, Kenny Barron and Sir Roland Hanna.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Wiley was born in Houston's Fourth Ward. His parents divorced when he was very young, and Wiley was raised by his mother, Vanilla Yancy, and two sisters. Wiley attended Booker T. Washington High School, where he played clarinet in the marching band and concert band. In his final year of high school, Wiley, who cites Lester Young, Arnett Cobb and Gene Ammons as his leading influences, began playing saxophone at local dances. By his 18th birthday, he had recorded on several upstart Texas labels and was a regular at such venues as Houston's Eldorado Ballroom and the Bronze Peacock, and Don's Keyhole in San Antonio.

paragraph: Section::::'Texas tenor' legacy.

paragraph: Wiley is among a long lineage of “Texas tenor” reedmen, known for their bold, bluesy, and often boisterous way of blowing. They included such saxophone legends as James Clay, Arnett Cobb, King Curtis, Booker Ervin, Illinois Jacquet, David "Fathead" Newman, Buddy Tate and Donald Wilkerson. There were also several other horn players – such as Chicagoan Gene Ammons, Floridian Willis Jackson and Missourian Lester Young – who share the Texas tenor pedigree because of their sound rather than their hometown.

paragraph: The monthly "Cadence Review of Jazz & Blues: Creative Improvised Music" writes that Wiley has an “appreciation of the classic ‘Texas tenor’ sound of people such as Arnett Cobb and Illinois Jacquet. But his sound is more polished and urbane compared with those past masters; it’ big and soulful, but never overbearing.”

paragraph: "The Texas tenor sound was an aggressive approach to whatever type of tune you were doing," Wiley told American Music Center writer Eugene Holley in a 1995 interview. "It’s a big sound, and soulful as can be. You had tenor players from that area, and you grew up hearing that sound. …I played the carnival circuit. They had what you call tent shows before the main show, and the band would play in what they called the ‘valley,’ to get the people in the crowd interested enough to come into the tent. There were no microphones out there, and you had to really dig down deep in your horn and get some volume. So it strengthened your chops and you were used to that big, full sound. When I was coming up in high school [Booker T. Washington], I played in the marching bands on the football field, and you got strong doing that too."

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: New York record producers Bob and Morty Shad decided that it was Wiley’s robust sound that would be the common denominator on the dozens of blues recordings they would issue on their Sittin’ In With and Mercury labels. Thus, in addition to the numerous releases under his own name, Wiley is perhaps the most ubiquitous band leader backing a copious list of renowned Texas bluesmen, including Clarence “Gatemouth” Brown, James “Widemouth” Brown, Nelson Carson, Goree Carter, Peppermint Harris, Smokey Hogg, Elmore Nixon, Teddy Reynolds and King Tut, among others.

paragraph: Wiley already had gained some local notoriety a year or two prior to meeting the Shads, performing throughout Texas and Louisiana with such notables as Gatemouth, Amos Milburn, Big Mama Thornton, Perry Cain and Henry Hayes. Between 1948 and 1949, Wiley appeared on several sides for Freedom, Gold Star and Jade records.

paragraph: But Wiley got his first taste of national fame when a 78 that he recorded in 1949 for Sittin’ In With climbed the R&B charts in the spring of 1950. "Cry Cry Baby”, which featured fellow Houstonian Teddy Reynolds on piano and vocals, was a Cash Box hit, making it to No. 3 on "The Billboard".

paragraph: As blues historian Brian Baumgartner writes in his biography of blues singer Piney Brown, “Wiley had previously been part of a massive 1950 recording session held in Houston by New York producer Bob Shad for his Sittin’ In With record label. …Ed Wiley must have been a very busy musician that year, as his name also shows up on a number of Houston-based Mercury sessions at various times during 1951.”

paragraph: In late 1950, Wiley would leave Houston for good, heading to Baltimore to live with a relative and further his music education. It was at the Olde Mill in Baltimore that he met Brown. The two teamed up for a series of tours, adding pianist and fellow crooner Roosevelt Wardell. Wardell was just 16 years old at the time he met Wiley, but he had gained some notoriety of his own for the regional hit “Bernice” b/w “She Drinks Too Much Wine,” on the Melford label.

paragraph: It did not take long for the group to land a spot with the Shaw Artists agency, which booked them throughout the South and Midwest. After some months on the road, they again bumped into Shad, this time in Shreveport, La. At a radio station there, they cut four more sides for Sittin’ In With, with Wiley as the leader: “Pack Up, Move Out” and “Molasses, Molasses,” both featuring Brown on vocals; and “West Indies Blues” and “Jumpin’ With the Blues,” instrumentals.

paragraph: The following year, Brown left the group, going on to record for various labels. But Wardell would remain with Wiley, recording together on numerous other occasions, including sessions for Atlantic, Rockin’, DeLuxe and King Records. Wiley and Wardell would remain close friends until Wardell died following a stroke-induced illness. Wardell died in 1999 at the Delaware Hospital for the Chronically Ill in Smyrna, Delaware.

paragraph: Section::::Birth of rock.

paragraph: In 1952, the Continental booking agency paired Wiley with singer Jackie Brenston, who had released the hit "Rocket 88" for Chess one year earlier. Brenston had been one of pianist Ike Turner's Delta Cats, from Clarksdale, Miss. "Rocket 88," widely considered the first “rock-and-roll” record, had sizzled for a spell, but the fervor over the R&B hit soon died, about the same time that Wiley's stock was rising. Continental also suggested that Wiley include two other Clarksdale musicians, blues crooner "Screamin'" Johnny O'Neal and guitarist Earl Hooker, one of the most versatile and gifted guitarists of the early 1950s. In the Encyclopedia of the Blues, Gérard Herzhaft describes Hooker as a guitar “virtuoso.” Scott Stanton, in The Tombstone Tourist, effuses that Hooker had “a fretboard touch so smooth and clean, one would be hard-pressed to find a more brilliant and more underrated slide guitarist residing in Chicago during the ’50s and ’60s… .” And blues master B.B. King said that "to me he is the best of modern guitarists. Period. With the slide he was the best. It was nobody else like him[;] he was just one of a kind".

paragraph: It is important to mention this influential musician, because Hooker’s collaboration with Wiley marked his introduction to the recording world. “The Hooker/O’Neal/Wiley combination was a potentially promising one, and it drew the attention of the talent scout for the Cincinnati-based King Recording Company who attended one of their tear-it-up performances at a Bradenton [FL.] club,” writes French blues historian Sebastian Danchin in his biography Earl Hooker, Blues Master.

paragraph: While the combo, which also included Wardell on piano, recorded several sides for King, only two, "Johnny Sings the Blues” (featuring an “alert bebop tenor sax solo contributed by Ed Wiley”) b/w "I've Seen So Many Hard Times" (a slow, soulful moaning blues showcasing O’Neal’s serious blues chops) were ever released.

paragraph: While performing an extended tour date at the Top Hat in Louisville, Ky., in 1952, Wiley allowed a local singer named Harvey Fuqua to sit in. By the time Wiley’s group departed a few weeks later, Fuqua and his singing partner, Bobby Lester, were members of the band. Fuqua – who went on to form the legendary doo-wop group The Moonglows and to produce numerous hits for Motown records – would always credit Wiley with giving him his first break in music and for teaching him how to sing blues and jump blues, precursors to rock and roll and modern soul music. Prior to joining Wiley, Fuqua and Lester specialized in vocalese, a style of singing where improvised solos are replaced with words. “They joined tenor sax man Ed Wiley's band for a tour of the South,” writes Fuqua biographer Steve Walker. “Wiley featured a variety of jump and blues tunes, and the young singers developed a wider repertoire from this experience.”

paragraph: When popular disc jockey Alan Freed – importantly, the man credited with coining the term “rock and roll” – heard the remodeled songsters, he began managing and promoting the duo, and prompted them to change their name to “The Moonglows.” Writes Washington Post reporter Terence McArdle, “They also performed on Freed's touring rock-and-roll revues and in the movies "Rock, Rock, Rock" (1956) and "Mister Rock and Roll" (1957).”

paragraph: Some blues aficionados contend that Texas blues pioneers can justifiably lay claim to the creation of rock and roll. Thomas Kreason, executive director of the Texas Musicians Museum in Hillsboro, for one, is among those who argue that Wiley studio mate Goree Carter’s seminal “Rock Awhile” was actually the first rock and roll recording. He notes a distinctive guitar rift as the song modulates, a technique later adopted by Chuck Berry and other early rock-and-roll stars, and he reminds that Carter’s 1949 Freedom recording was released a full two years ahead of Brenston’s “Rocket 88.”

paragraph: In fact, southern Black musicians had been playing rock-and-roll-sounding music – albeit under a different moniker – long before either of those recordings. It is doubtful, however, that Ed Wiley, Goree Carter, Jackie Brenston, Ike Turner, Earl Hooker, Harvey Fuqua or any of the 1940s- and 1950s-era architects of rock and roll realized the historic role they would play in the development of that genre or other forms of modern music.

paragraph: After moving from Baltimore to Philadelphia in the early 1950s, Wiley’s bands took on a distinctive new look for the next several years. He would only occasionally revisit the road, joining Big Joe Turner, Al Hibbler and Brook Benton, among others. In 1954, Wiley married singer Maye Robinson, whom he had signed with the band the previous year while touring through Chester, Pa. And, over the next several years, his groups often featured Maye – sometimes leading a Supremes-like trio, called The Inversions.

paragraph: Having worked in Baltimore and New York with organist Fabulous Preston, Wiley discovered that his favorite ensembles were organ trios. He capitalized on the organ craze that had engulfed the City of Brotherly Love during the mid- to late-’50s, and began featuring such organists as Shirley Scott, Bill Hathaway and Bill Miller. “[Scott], was a piano player in Philly, and she had never played Hammond organ before,” Holley quotes Wiley on his liner notes for “In Remembrance,” which features Scott on piano. “I was the first group that she ever played organ with. She’s been a heck of a musician for as long as I’ve ever known her. She’s a heck of an arranger, and she did some of the arrangements on this recording.”

paragraph: Hathaway would appear with Wiley on his 1971 release “Stretchin’ Out,” a funky, driving instrumental with organ, trumpets, bass, drums and percussion. The reverse side, “Young Generation,” a call for youths to guide a war- and race-obsessed nation toward peace, showed for the first time that Wiley could also sing. The 45 was recorded for Na-Cat records, a small Philadelphia imprint owned by Nate and Cathy Strand.

paragraph: By 1960, Wiley had given up the road altogether, becoming a machinist and taking local and regional gigs. But he still appeared with many of Philadelphia’s leading jazz and R&B exponents of the day, including trumpeter Johnny Coles, and singers Harold Melvin, Billy Paul and Teddy Pendergrass. His Na-Cat release would be his last recording for the next nine years. From 1971 to 1984, Wiley – now with seven children to support – played only in church on Sunday mornings.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In 1980, he recorded a gospel LP, "My Tribute". The, album, on the Chattanooga, Tenn.-based Forward in Faith label, featured his wife on a bluesy original vocal, "Isn't It Wonderful"; his oldest son, Ed III, on percussions; and his next-to-oldest son, Duane, on drums. The uneven recording – a mixture of tunes that included everything from a Black gospel choir to a classically trained White singer – got little radio exposure outside of a few Christian-oriented stations.

paragraph: But by the mid-1980s, Wiley, then recently divorced, began touring again. In 1993, he teamed up with former Jazz Messenger bassist Charles Fambrough, who produced Wiley's first recording in more than a dozen years, "Until Sunrise", on Swing Records, a label founded by Ed III. In addition to Fambrough, the date included other noted jazz musicians, such as drummer Bobby Durham and Kool & the Gang trombonist Clifford Adams.

paragraph: But it was 1995's "In Remembrance," also on Swing, that marked Wiley's re-emergence as a force in the music world. The recording brought together a who's who of jazz greats, including his longtime friend Shirley Scott; bass veteran Milt Hinton, Durham and Mickey Roker on drums; Wycliffe Gordon on trombone; and trumpeter Terell Stafford. On this offering, Wiley connects the Black musical experience, from the Negro spiritual to bebop.

paragraph: Following the release, "USA Today" called Wiley "jazz's comeback kid," adding that few match his "guttural sound. …He's honed a rich, gospel-like sax tone that also borrows from R&B and jazz." Two months later, "The Washington Post" noted, "Whether he's playing the blues, counting his blessings or paying homage on 'In Remembrance,' veteran saxophonist Ed Wiley Jr. Projects the resonant sound and soulful assurance so closely associated with the 'Texas Tenor' tradition. No matter that he long ago moved north and settled in Philadelphia. He's still got the touch."

paragraph: Wiley would return to the studio frequently throughout the 2000s, always surrounded by a cross generation of renowned accompanists, including pianists Kenny Barron, Roland Hanna and John Hicks; trombonist Al Grey; trumpeters Nicholas Payton and John Swana; organist Joey DeFrancesco; and guitarists Mark Elf, Kevin McNeal and Jimmy Ponder; and drummer Ben Riley.

paragraph: In 2000, after 48 years, Wiley and blues singer Piney Brown reunited to perform at the Blues Estafette, a revue featuring the greats of blues, in Utrecht, The Netherlands.

paragraph: In February 2010, Wiley moved to Garner, North Carolina, to live with his oldest son.

paragraph: Wiley died on September 27, 2010, in Garner, at the age of 80, after an injury from a fall.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Ed Wiley, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Ed Wiley Jr.


text: ballerina

text: San Francisco Ballet

text: San Francisco, California

text: Willam Christensen

text: San Francisco Ballet

text: Coppélia

text: Swan Lake

text: Lowell High School

text: The Nutcracker

text: George Balanchine

text: New York City Ballet

text: American Ballet Theatre

text: Edouard Borovansky

text: Ballets Russes

text: Australian Ballet

text: Giselle

text: Les Sylphides

text: The Nutcracker

text: Ballets Russes

text: Petrushka

text: San Francisco Ballet School

categories: Prima ballerinas,New York City Ballet principal dancers,San Francisco Ballet principal dancers,1925 births,2018 deaths,American ballerinas

paragraph: Jocelyn Vollmar

paragraph: Jocelyn Vollmar (1925 – July 13, 2018) was an American ballerina, known for her career with the San Francisco Ballet.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Vollmar was born in San Francisco, California where she began dancing with the San Francisco Ballet at age 12. Under the tutelage of Willam Christensen, Vollmar started dancing in small roles with the San Francisco Ballet in productions including the 1939 premiere of Coppélia and the first full-length Swan Lake produced in America, in 1940. Upon her graduation from Lowell High School at age 17, she joined the company. With the San Francisco Ballet, Vollmar went on to dance as the Snow Queen in The Nutcracker in 1944, in its first full American production.

paragraph: In 1948, Vollmar was invited by George Balanchine to dance as a principal with New York City Ballet during its inaugural year. After the New York City Ballet, Vollmar also danced with the American Ballet Theatre and Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas (the precursor of the Grand Ballet de Monte Carlo). Vollmar was invited by Edouard Borovansky, the former Ballets Russes dancer, to dance with the Borovansky Ballet, the precursor of the Australian Ballet, in 1954, where she stayed for two years. While in Australia, Vollmar danced leading roles in "Giselle", "Les Sylphides", "The Nutcracker" and several ballets restaged from the Ballets Russes repertoire, including Petrushka.

paragraph: Vollmar returned to the San Francisco Ballet in 1956, and danced with the company until 1972, retiring after the Nutcracker season in 1972. After retiring as a dancer, Vollmar served as a teacher and choreographer for several ballet companies. She was a teacher at the San Francisco Ballet School from 1985 to 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article from the SF Ballet about the First Production of the Nutcracker

description: American ballet dancer

wikidata_label: Jocelyn Vollmar

wikipedia_title: Jocelyn Vollmar


text: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

text: Iran–Iraq War

text: Isfahan

text: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

text: Iran under-23 team

text: Iranian Islamic Revolution

text: martyr

text: Operation Kheibar

text: Isfahan

categories: People from Isfahan,Iranian Shia Muslims,Iranian footballers,1984 deaths,1959 births,Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps personnel of the Iran–Iraq War,Iranian military personnel killed in the Iran–Iraq War,Sepahan players

paragraph: Hassan Ghazi

paragraph: Major General Hassan Ghazi () (9 July 1959 – 1 March 1984) was an Iranian footballer who was captain of Sepahan and was the main architect of the Iranian missile system in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps during Iran–Iraq War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ghazi was born on 9 July 1959 in Isfahan. After graduating from high school, Ghazi went to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Club career.

paragraph: He was captain of the Sepahan under-23 team. In 1974, he was considered one of the best Iranian players despite his age. Due to his talent, young age, and impressive performances, he was transferred to Iran under-23 team.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:As developer of Iran's missile program.

paragraph: Ghazi took part in the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution. He had important roles in the Iran-Iraq war in th eestablishment of the first artillery and of the missile command center in AGIR.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1 March 1984, Ghazi was martyred during Operation Kheibar at the age of 24.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ghazi Stadium, Ghazi Military base and Ghazi Bridge in Isfahan are named after him.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: "Shaghayeghe Ashegh"(fa: شقایق عاشق) (27 January 2014), ed. Zeynan Ataee, Isfahan: Setaregane Derakhshan; consisted of brief biographies of Hassan Ghazi and a collection of memories of officers and other people about them.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Iranian commanders in the Iran–Iraq War

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- کنگره ملی شهید حسن غازی و یک هزار و 86شهید ورزشکار استان اصفهان برگزار شد

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cultural and artistic institution of Shohadae Ghadir

description: association football player

wikidata_label: Hassan Ghazi

wikipedia_title: Hassan Ghazi


text: Paris

text: Neuilly

text: Honoré de Balzac

text: Victor Hugo

text: Jules François Christophe

categories: French male journalists,French Jews,19th-century French journalists,1835 births,1896 deaths,French male writers

paragraph: Anatole Cerfberr

paragraph: Anatole Cerfberr (1835, Paris—1896, Neuilly) was a French journalist and author. Under various pseudonyms, among which were "Arthur Clary," "Antoine Cerlier," and "Fulgence Ridal," he contributed to numerous papers. He was an admirer of Honoré de Balzac and Victor Hugo, an ardent socialist, and well versed in matters concerning the stage. Cerfberr published many poems, biographies, studies, etc. Together with Jules François Christophe, he also published a work entitled "Répertoire de la Comédie Humaine de H. de Balzac", which was crowned by the Académie française (Paris, 1887). The purpose of the "Répertoire" is to give in alphabetical sequence the names of all the characters of Balzac's "Comédie Humaine", together with the salient points in their lives. Balzac made his characters appear again and again, thus creating out of his distinct novels a miniature world. The work of Cerfberr and Christophe is a guide to that world.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouveau Larousse Illustré"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Grande Encyclopédie

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Répertoire De Le Comedie Humaine, Complétez, UN - Z

description: French journalist and author

wikidata_label: Anatole Cerfberr

wikipedia_title: Anatole Cerfberr


text:
fl.
Roman Empress
Aurelian
Roman Empire
Aurelian
Historia Augusta
Trajan
Good Emperor
Dacia
nomen
Ulpius
Augusta
Marcus Claudius Tacitus
interregnum
Roman Empire

categories: 3rd-century Romans,Augustae,Ulpii,3rd-century Roman women,3rd-century women rulers,Roman empresses,Crisis of the Third Century

paragraph: Ulpia Severina

paragraph: Ulpia Severina, also known as Severina (fl. 3rd century), was a Roman Empress, the wife of the emperor Aurelian. There is evidence that she reigned in her own right for some period after Aurelian's death in 275, which would make her the only woman to have ruled over the entire classical Roman Empire by her own power. Very little is known about her, as there are no literary sources mentioning her existence. Almost everything known about her, including her name, is gathered from coins and inscriptions.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nothing certain is known of Ulpia Severina before her marriage to Aurelian. It has been suggested that she was the daughter of "Ulpius Crinitus", a figure appearing in the "Historia Augusta". This Ulpius is said to have been a descendant of the line of Trajan and to have supported and adopted Aurelian. However, the "Historia Augusta" is notoriously unreliable, and the story, and perhaps Ulpius himself, may have been invented by propagandists trying to connect Aurelian with the "Good Emperor" Trajan. Some scholars believe that Ulpia Severina was from Dacia, where the "nomen Ulpius" was common due to the influence of Trajan ("Marcus Ulpius Traianus").

paragraph: At any rate, Ulpia Severina married Aurelian probably before he became emperor in 270. It is known they had a daughter. According to coinage depicting her, Ulpia gained the title "Augusta" in the autumn of 274, though it is possible she had the title even before that. She also received the titles of "Pia" ("pious") and "mater castrorum et senatus et patriae" ("mother of the barracks (armies), senate, and country").

paragraph: There is considerable numismatic evidence for Ulpia Severina ruling in her own right between the death of Aurelian and the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus. Sources mention an interregnum between Aurelian and Tacitus, and some of Ulpia's coins appear to have been minted after Aurelian's death. As such she may have been the only woman to rule over the whole Roman Empire in her own right.

description: Wife of the emperor Aurelian

wikidata_label: Ulpia Severina

wikipedia_title: Ulpia Severina