text:
North Africa
Timbuktu
Westerner
The Narrative of Robert Adams
white slavery
Robinson Crusoe
Mulatto
Joseph Dupuis
merchant
New York City
Isle of May
Cape Blanco
camel urine
Portuguese
Mogador
Cadiz
Gibraltar
Holyhead
Isle of Anglesey
Wales
Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
The Narrative of Robert Adams
The Narrative of Robert Adams
Timbuktu
North American Review
Mansa Musa
John Ledyard
Simon Lucas
Major Daniel Houghton
Mungo Park
Frederick Hornemann
Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
white slavery
Michel de Certeau
James Riley (captain)
The Narrative of Robert Adams
"Timbuctoo"

categories: American male non-fiction writers,American sailors,Travel books,Travel autobiographies,Shipwreck survivors,American travel writers,People from Hudson, New York,American autobiographies,Timbuktu

paragraph: Robert Adams (sailor)

paragraph: Robert Adams (born c. 1790) was a twenty-five-old American sailor who claimed to be enslaved in North Africa for three years, from 1810 to 1814. During this time he claimed to have visited Timbuktu, which would have made him the first Westerner to reach the city, though his narrative is dubious. Upon his stated liberation, and return to Europe, Adams' story was published in two heavily edited and divergent accounts, most notably "The Narrative of Robert Adams" in 1816.

paragraph: Because his story was sanctioned by some of the most distinguished men in England, including members of government, who had a noted financial interest in Africa, his narrative(s) gained credibility despite "its most

paragraph: glaring absurdities."

paragraph: Widely cited as an example of white slavery, and having inspired Robinson Crusoe today both accounts are widely known to have been fabrications, lending to the dismissal of Adam's story within general history discussions and recordings.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Robert Adams was an American of mixed black and white ancestry. It was written that he was "born up the river of New York, where his father lived when he quitted America;" and that his mother was a Mulatto. However, there is no record of a man under either of his known aliases, or fitting his general description, in Hudson during this period. Joseph Dupuis, the British Consul in Mogador who eventually ransomed Adams, wrote of Adams' appearance:

paragraph: Dupuis wrote that Adams left America to avoid being prosecuted for refusing to legitimize his relationship with a young woman. However, nothing else is known of his early life until 1810 when, under the name "Benjamin Rose," he signed onto the ship "Charles" as a merchant seaman. While he used the name "Benjamin Rose" leading up to his time on the "Charles," he exclusively went by name, "Robert Adams," after his release from slavery. It is not known which, if either of these names was his real one, though at the time it was not uncommon for sailors, especially "distressed seamen", to change their names.

paragraph: Section::::Adventure.

paragraph: Section::::Adventure.:Shipwreck.

paragraph: As Adams recounts in his "Narrative", the ship sailed from New York City on June 17, 1810 (or May 7, 1810, as he recounted in Cadiz) led by captain, John Horton. The ship, carrying flour, rice, and salted provisions, was bound to Gibraltar.

paragraph: Along with Adams, the crew included Stephen Dolbie (mate), Thomas Williams, Martin Clarke, Unis Newsham, Nichofas (a Swede), John Stephens, John Matthews, and James Davison.

paragraph: Adams stated that, after 26 days, the ship arrived at Gibraltar, where the cargo was discharged. There, the crew added another crewman, Unis Nelson. According to Adams, the ship sat in Gibraltar for about a month, and proceeded after Captain Horton decided to go to the Isle of May for salt. However, it soon became clear that the captain was, rather, going on a trading voyage down the coast.

paragraph: After three weeks at sea, Adam said he overheard two of the older crew members – Newsham and Matthews – who were old and had been on the coast before, state that the Captain was lost. For eight or nine days, after that, the ships fought heavy winds until, on October 11, around 3:00am, the ship struck some reef in Cape Blanco...about four hundred miles north of Senegal. Despite two members of the crew being unable to swim, no lives were lost.

paragraph: Section::::Adventure.:Life as a Slave.

paragraph: As day broke, Adams claims the entire crew was surrounded by a group of about 35 Moors, who imprisoned them. Luckily, the Moors also had an imprisoned Frenchmen who was able to communicate with Captain Horton, who also spoke French. The crew, according to Adams, was stripped naked and forced to dig holes in the sand in order to sleep, so they could keep cool.

paragraph: Adams claimed that Captain Horton fell ill, and was killed with a sword by the Moors, who were frustrated that they could not communicate with him, despite having the Frenchman as a translator.

paragraph: Robert Adams said that, across three years of being enslaved in northern Africa, he passed through the hands of at least five different owners.

paragraph: His first owners were the Moors, who captured the shipwrecked sailors of the "Charles." After about 12 days, after the shipwreck, Adams said that the Moors divided the prisoners among themselves, with Adams and Newsham being assigned to about twenty Moors who traveled on foot, with four camels. He said they traveled southwest, crossing the desert at an estimated rate of 15–20 miles a day, under great hardship, with scarcity of both food and water. He claimed they were often forced to drink a mix of water and camel urine just to stay alive in the parched conditions.

paragraph: At one point in the journey, Stevens says that his group of Moors was overtaken by a larger group of black Africans, who took the Moors and the slaves as prisoners, including Adams. They again traveled great distances, first to the Africans' village. According to Adams' account, he and a Portuguese slave, 18-year-old John Stevens, were taken to Timbuktu in around July 1812. Adams never provides any parameters for Steven's captivity, but expresses that they were treated as honored guests of the king rather than as slaves, and were free to move about as they pleased within the city. They were considered an exotic oddity by the locals, and Adams later recounts that people used to come from far off lands to stare at them.

paragraph: Eventually, Adams' stay as a guest came to a close, and he was traded to a group of Moors who sold tobacco. Several days after making their trade, Adams set off farther east, and eventually north, with his third group of captors. Adams suffered his second great desert crossing, once again drinking camel urine to survive and avoid dehydration. Eventually the Moors reached a village of tents, where Adams was put to work for several months tending goats and sheep. At some point during this phase of his enslavement, Adams' master had promised to take him all the way to Mogador and trade him to the British consul, thus helping him attain freedom. However, his master later went back on his word and Adams rebelled as a result, refusing to care for the animals. This angered his master, who later sold him to someone else.

paragraph: Adams' stated that his fourth master was a man with two wives. Adams was given to one of the wives as her personal slave. Some time later, the second wife enlisted the assistance of Adams to care for her goats. In payment, she allowed Adams to “rest” in her tent. This relationship continued for months and, upon his master's knowledge of the affair, Adams was traded for blankets and dates.

paragraph: His fifth master took him farther north to a village settlement where he met other Westerners, including some of his former companions from the "Charles." One of the white men had already renounced his Christian faith to attain freedom and, shortly after, two of his sailing companions from the "Charles" also renounced their faith. Not long after, the British consul, Joseph Dupuis, ransomed Adams, thus securing his freedom.

paragraph: Section::::Adventure.:Freedom.

paragraph: After trading for Adams, the British consul Dupuis took him first to Agadir, then to Mogador, where Adams stayed for nearly seven months. It was here that he first appeared in the historical record, with the date October 6, 1813. From here, he was sent north to Tangier, to the American Consul-General, James Simpson.

paragraph: After this, Adams sailed to Cadiz, Spain, where he hoped to connect with a ship headed for the United States. Unfortunately, he arrived two days late. There he recounted his story to the American Samuel A. Storrow, who eventually published this "Cadiz Narrative" in 1817.

paragraph: Subsequently, Adams went to Gibraltar, where he was able to travel by ship to Holyhead on the Isle of Anglesey, Wales. Adams later ended up in London, where he survived as a beggar.

paragraph: In November 1815, Adams was sought out by Simon Cock of the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa, who had been led to him by a traveler who recognized Adams from Cadiz. Intrigued by the prospect of speaking to someone who had been to Timbuktu, Cock brought Adams to the Company's office. There, Adams agreed to recount his story in exchange for finances and security to travel home to New York. Cock and company questioned Adams and assembled a narrative of this account; it was published as "The Narrative of Robert Adams" in 1816.

paragraph: Section::::Narratives.

paragraph: Two versions of Adams' story were published. The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa (aka the African Company) published the first version based on interviews held with Adams at their London offices. This version was titled "The Narrative of Robert Adams" and included an introduction, notes, and other supporting material. Simon Cock was its primary editor and Joseph Dupuis added notes based on his encounter with Adams. The book was published by John Murray in 1816. The "Narrative" is reminiscent of Barbary slave narratives, which were written by other shipwrecked sailors who had been taken captive and enslaved in Northern Africa (he was not captured by Barbary corsairs, and he spent his captivity in the Sub-Saharan region south of the Barbary coast). The one notable difference in the "Narrative of Robert Adams" is that Adams describes his visit to the legendary city of Timbuktu, much coveted by Europeans in that time. Adams was the first Westerner to ever give a full account of the city of Timbuktu. As Frank T. Kryza writes, "No European explorer had been there and returned since the Middle Ages."

paragraph: According to Cock's introduction to the "Narrative," Adams sailed home in December 1815, omitting much of his payment as well as his royalties from the book, but promising to return in the spring. Due to the dangerous nature of trans-Atlantic crossings in the winter, he gave Cock the "particulars of his family" to verify claims on his earnings. However, the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa's records do not show any money was ever paid to, or held for, Adams or his family. From this point, Adams vanishes from the historical record.

paragraph: The second version, known as the "Cadiz Narrative", was written up by Samuel A. Storrow, a "gentleman of Boston" who Adams met in Cadiz. This version was published as "Interiour of Africa" in the "North American Review" in May 1817, with an introductory note from editor Jared Sparks. In July 1817 Sparks wrote a review of the African Company's version, noting the discrepancies between the Cadiz account and the London version and calling Adams' tale a "fiction."

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: The legends of the gold of Timbuktu spread after Mansa Musa, King of the Empire of Mali, set out in the year 1324 on a hajj, or journey to Mecca, showering gold on everyone he met. Ibn Battuta, famed Moroccan traveler, visited Mali for several months from 1352-1353 and confirmed an abundant supply of gold in the kingdom. These accounts spread throughout Africa and Europe, with many European countries coveting gold from the Malian city. The only people not looking for Timbuctoo were the Americans, because the United States was such a young country at that time.

paragraph: Timbuktu was at the time a major center of trading, with a focus on salt, books, and gold, which were all very in-demand at the time. Goods coming the Mediterranean shores and salt Tegaza in the north were traded in Timbuktu for gold, which came from the immense gold mines of the Boure and Banbuk. The prosperity of the city attracted both black African and Arab scholars, merchants and traders from all over North Africa. The fact that the city was a major center for trading goods for gold only increased its fame, and it was this very trade that made the city enormously wealthy.

paragraph: Many failed expeditions to the remote city of Timbuktu were attempted by the following explorers: the American John Ledyard, the Englishman Simon Lucas, the Irishman Major Daniel Houghton, the Scotsman Mungo Park, the German Frederick Hornemann, an Englishman named Nicholls, and the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. They all failed in one way or another, mostly by either disappearing in the middle of the expedition or by dying before reaching the city. Most did not return home.

paragraph: Robert Adams' tale of his visit to Timbuktu was highly significant for two reasons: (1) being a tale of a westerner finally managing to arrive at the famed city, long coveted for its supposed wealth and extensive reserves of gold, and (2) because he was said to have arrived there by accident, and not through an organized exploration.

paragraph: Despite the controversy regarding the veracity of Adams' story, the publication of his "Narrative" was deemed a triumph for British science and exploration. Though, Adams was said to have been an American, his tale was told in England, and it was there that the "Narrative" was published, granting an international victory to England.

paragraph: In contemporary times, Adams' tales is often cited as an example as white slavery; however given he was stated as being mulatto in his tale, due there is no record accounting for him or his family on either side of the Atlantic, and due to numerous other discrepancies in his tale, his story is accepted as having been fabricated.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Adams' account does not match what is now known of Timbuktu, and is regarded as a probable fabrication.

paragraph: No trace has ever been found of either Adams or his family. In fact, no family, of his name, was known in the Hudson, nor had Adams ever been heard of in the area. In addition, the collector of New York, which certified ship, verified that no vessel resembling Adams' description of the "Charles" had ever left his stated port.

paragraph: Lending to doubts in Adams' story was also the fact that he had no firm national, racial, personal, language, or name identity, allowing him to pass through his own story, unnoticed e.g. he is both "Robert Adams" and "Benjamin Rose," he speaks English, Arabic and "Negro." There are also various noted holes in Adams' story. For example, there is no reason given for why he was allowed to roam Timbuktu freely for six months. It is also noted that Adams was induced, by Simon Cock, to answer questions about the region that had stumped Europeans for generations. He had an answer to every question he was asked by the Europeans.

paragraph: Raising more doubt is the manner in which Cock "found" Adams, a then destitute beggar, wandering the streets of London in 1815, and how an illiterate person, who learned nothing from books, knew the exact number of days of his journeys, the precise number of miles he traveled each day, and the precise directions of all his travels on foot. It is notable that it was a well-established fact that no wrecks occurred south of Cape Bajado at that time. In addition, Adams' illiteracy is at odds with the fact that sailors were substantially literate during this period.

paragraph: Also, lending to doubt of Adams' story, is the "artlessness," considered necessary for poor storytellers, which often give them the feel of truth. Michel de Certeau wrote of such narratives when he linked the history of writing history to the legitimization of political power, a practice found in "Western" cultures which used the act of writing as a tool of colonialism; writing their own histories while minimizing or eradicating the traditions of native peoples. For example, Dick said of Adams:

paragraph: Adams, is painted by critics as a "found narrator," who is not only unable to narrate a “continuous and straight-forward story,” but who also could only answer questions put to him, first by Dupuis in 1810 in Africa, and then in 1815-16 in London, meaning the editors constructed his “story” from fragments. This, argues critics, was done to the point in which Cock brought in a group of “scientific and respectable gentleman” to interview Adams, in order to verify details and geographical descriptions of Africa.

paragraph: Adams' story was deemed to be obviously fabricated, to the point in which it was denounced in the North American Review, in 1817, which delivered its critique only after assessing both narratives. The critique stated:

paragraph: Despite its discrepancies, it is surmised that Adam's story found an audience due to "sympathy and curiosity of Africa" at the time."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Riley (captain)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Narrative of Robert Adams, a sailor, who was wrecked on the western coast of Africa, in the year 1810, was detained three years in slavery by the Arabs of the Great Desert, and resided several months in the city of Tombuctoo. With a map, notes, and an appendix." London: John Murray, 1816

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Narrative of Robert Adams, An American Sailor, who was wrecked on the western coast of Africa, in the year 1810, and was detained three years in slavery by the Arabs of the Great Desert. He was the first White Man who ever visited the great city of Tombuctoo, where he resided several months." In "Robinson Crusoe's Own Book; or, the voice of adventure, from the civilized man cut off from his fellows, by force, accident, or inclination, and from the wanderer in strange seas and lands", by Charles Ellms. Boston: Joshua V. Pierce, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shah, Tahir. "Timbuctoo": "Being a singular and most animated account of an illiterate American sailor, taken as a slave in the great Zahara and, after trials and tribulations aplenty, reaching London where he narrated his tale" London: Secretum Mundi, 2012

description: American travel writer

wikidata_label: Robert Adams

wikipedia_title: Robert Adams (sailor)


text: Church

text: deal with the Devil

text: ecclesiastical

text: Faust

text: Eutychianus of Adana

text: apocrypha

text: archdeacon

text: Adana

text: Cilicia

text: Turkey

text: bishop

text: humility

text: necromancer

text: Satan

text: Christ

text: Virgin Mary

text: blood

text: soul

text: prayed

text: fasting

text: God

text: absolution

text: damning

text: jealousy

text: Jew

text: church

text: conjuration

text: her theological importance

text: Peter Damian

text: Bernard of Clairvaux

text: Anthony of Padua

text: Bonaventure

text: Alphonsus Liguori

text: miracle play

text: trouvère

text: Rutebeuf

text: Le Miracle de Théophile

text: French theatre

text: witchcraft

text: sin

text: Inquisitors

text: Bernard Gui

text: Nicolau Aymerich

text: heresy

text: Virgin

text: Sainte-Marie at Souillac

text: illuminated manuscripts

text: stained glass

text: The History of the Devil

text: St. Theophilus the Penitent

text: Catholic Online

text: National Library of the Netherlands

text: images pertaining to Saint Theophilus

categories: Saints from Anatolia,Marian visionaries,People from Adana,Byzantine saints,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,6th-century Christian clergy,Witchcraft,6th-century Byzantine people,538 deaths

paragraph: Theophilus of Adana

paragraph: Saint Theophilus the Penitent or Theophilus of Adana (died 538 AD) was a cleric in the sixth century Church who is said to have made a deal with the Devil to gain an ecclesiastical position. His story is significant as it is the oldest story of a pact with the devil and was an inspiration for the Faust legend. His feast day is February 4.

paragraph: Eutychianus of Adana, who claimed to be an eyewitness of the events, is the first to record Theophilus's story. Although Theophilus is considered to be an historical personage, the tale associated with him is of an apocryphal nature.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Theophilus was the archdeacon of Adana, Cilicia, which is part of modern Turkey. He was unanimously elected to be a bishop, and when out of humility he turned the position down, another man was elected in his stead. When the new bishop unjustly deprived Theophilus of his position as archdeacon, Theophilus regretted his previous stance and sought out a necromancer to help him contact Satan. In exchange for his aid, Satan demanded that Theophilus renounce Christ and the Virgin Mary in a contract signed with his own blood. Theophilus complied, and the devil gave him the position as bishop.

paragraph: Later, fearful for his soul, Theophilus repented and prayed to the Virgin for forgiveness. After forty days of fasting, the Virgin appeared to him and verbally chastised him. Theophilus begged forgiveness and Mary promised to intercede with God. He then fasted a further thirty days, after which Mary appeared to him again, granted him absolution. However, Satan was unwilling to relinquish his hold over Theophilus, and three days later, Theophilus awoke to find the damning contract on his chest. He then took the contract to the legitimate bishop and confessed all that he had done. The bishop burned the document, and Theophilus died out of sheer joy to be free from the burden of his contract.

paragraph: Section::::Variations.

paragraph: Different versions of Theophilus's tale introduce various details, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophilus's motivation for pursuing a deal with the devil is simple jealousy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The magician is specifically referred to as a Jew.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The magician is omitted completely; Theophilus deals with the devil alone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophilus repents the day after he makes his deal, as the bishop apologizes to him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary appears immediately after Theophilus begins to pray.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary does not appear at all, but Theophilus's contract appears on his chest the morning after he first prays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The devil provided Theophilus with great wealth in addition to his position in the church. This wealth is then distributed to the poor before Theophilus's ecstatic death.

paragraph: Section::::Importance.

paragraph: Theophilus's story played a role in establishing the importance of the intercession of the Virgin Mary, in addition to providing a basis for later tales involving the conjuration of devils.

paragraph: The Virgin Mary increased in her theological importance throughout the 11th century. The story was used to illustrate the power and necessity of her intercession by Peter Damian, Bernard of Clairvaux, Anthony of Padua, Bonaventure and much later on by Alphonsus Liguori. The story of Theophilus formed the basis of a thirteenth-century miracle play by the trouvère Rutebeuf, "Le Miracle de Théophile", one of the earliest pieces of French theatre extant.

paragraph: The story of Saint Theophilus is an important example in the development of the theology of witchcraft. As seen in the tale, the summoning of devils was not originally considered to be a damning sin, Theophilus's troubles come from the fact that he has sold his soul, not that he treated with the devil. This changed during the late 13th century and into the 14th century as Inquisitors such as Bernard Gui and Nicolau Aymerich sought to expand the power of the Inquisition, whose mandate was the suppression of heresy, by defining sorcery as a form of heresy. Accordingly, Theophilus would have been branded a heretic for his association with the devil.

paragraph: Section::::The Legend in Art.

paragraph: The legend of Theophilus first appears in art in the 11th century in an historiated initial, which depicts the Virgin (who is seated between two angels) with Theophilus at her feet. The earliest intact narrative cycle is at the abbey church of Sainte-Marie at Souillac, France. This sculpture depicts four scenes of the legend: the signing of the bond, the oath of loyalty to the devil, Theophilus's repentance, and the return of the bond by the Virgin.

paragraph: The legend was the most popular in art in the 13th century; it occurred most frequently in illuminated manuscripts and stained glass. In both illuminated manuscripts and stained glass that depict this legend there are usually four scenes that are shown: the sealing of the bond between Theophilus and the devil, Theophilus repenting, the Virgin recovering the bond, and the Virgin returning the bond to Theophilus. This legend is the only non-biblical Marian story consistently depicted in sculpture and glass in French cathedrals during this time.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Yohalem (March, 2005), "Crossing the Line of Forbidden Knowledge" Retrieved 11 April 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Carus (1900) "The History of the Devil" pp. 415–417 Retrieved 11 April 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Theophilus the Penitent at Catholic Online Retrieved 11 April 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alphonsus Liguori, (1750)"Mary's Intercession Is Necessary for our Salvation" Retrieved 11 April 2005

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: The National Library of the Netherlands has a collection of images pertaining to Saint Theophilus.

description: Byzantine saint

wikidata_label: Theophilus of Adana

wikipedia_title: Theophilus of Adana


text: Beaudesert Castle

text: Parliament

text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: Henry III

text: Battle of Evesham

text: William I de Cantilupe

text: Aston Cantilupe

text: Warwickshire

text: Steward of the Household

text: King John

text: Beaudesert Castle

text: Henley-in-Arden

text: Warwickshire

text: Henry de Newburgh, Earl of Warwick

text: Empress Maud

text: bailey

text: King John

text: William I de Cantilupe

text: Walter de Cantilupe

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: Santiago de Compostella

text: William II de Cantilupe

text: Henry III

text: Poitou

text: tournament

text: Cambridge

text: Beaudesert

text: Kenilworth

text: Seneschal

text: Gascony

text: Horston Castle

text: Derbyshire

text: Edward I

text: Eleanor of Castile

text: Bordeaux

text: Henry III

text: Welsh Marches

text: High Sheriff of Staffordshire

text: Shropshire

text: Second Barons' War

text: Provisions of Oxford

text: Oxford

text: Mad Parliament

text: Speaker

text: Queen

text: Louis IX

text: Pope Alexander IV

text: papal bull

text: Provisions of Oxford

text: Sheriff of Warwickshire

text: Worcester

text: Corfe Castle

text: Shirburn Castle

text: Simon de Montfort

text: Brackley

text: Northampton Castle

text: Simon de Montfort the Younger

text: Windsor

text: Battle of Lewes

text: Papal Legate

text: Garthorpe, Leicestershire

text: Whittington Castle

text: Hereford Castle

text: Battle of Evesham

text: Bendy

text: Or

text: azure

text: Ashtead

text: Surrey

text: Elizabeth

text: John de Montfort, Baron Montfort

text: Edward I's

text: Eleanor of Castile

text: 2nd Baron Montfort

text: King Edward II's

text: Piers Gaveston

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: 3rd Baron Montfort

text: Elizabeth de Montfort

text: William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu

text: William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: Simon Montagu

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: Bishop of Ely

text: Holywell Priory

text: Barking Abbey

text: Robert de Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle

text: Robert FitzWalter, 1st Baron FitzWalter

categories: High Sheriffs of Shropshire,Speakers of the House of Commons of England,13th-century English MPs,1200s births,1265 deaths,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,Place of birth missing

paragraph: Peter de Montfort

paragraph: Peter de Montfort (or Piers de Montfort) (c. 1205 – 4 August 1265) of Beaudesert Castle was an English magnate, soldier and diplomat. He is the first person recorded as having presided over Parliament as a "parlour" or "prolocutor", an office now known as Speaker of the House of Commons. He was one of those elected by the barons to represent them during the constitutional crisis with Henry III in 1258. He was later a leading supporter of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, against the King. Both he and Simon de Montfort were slain at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Peter de Montfort was the son of Thurstan de Montfort (d.1216) by a daughter of William I de Cantilupe (d.1239) of Aston Cantilupe, Warwickshire, Steward of the Household to King John.

paragraph: Montfort's principal estate was at Beaudesert Castle near Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire, said to have been built by an earlier Thurstan de Montfort (died c.1170) on land granted by his great-uncle, Henry de Newburgh, Earl of Warwick; in 1141 Thurstan de Montfort had from the Empress Maud a charter for a market to be held at the castle every Sunday. It is thought to have been Peter de Montfort who walled the inner bailey in stone, work said to have been completed in January 1216.

paragraph: After his father's death, Peter de Montfort's wardship was granted by King John to his grandfather, William I de Cantilupe (d.1239), and during that time Montfort developed a lasting friendship with his uncle, Walter de Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester from 1238 to 1266. In 1236 he made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostella in the company of another of his uncles, William II de Cantilupe (d.1251). In 1242 he attended Henry III on an expedition to Poitou. At some earlier date, he took part in a prohibited tournament at Cambridge, as a result of which the King took his lands from him; they were restored in 1245.

paragraph: Beaudesert was only nine miles from Kenilworth, which from 1244 on was the base of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. According to Carpenter, it was likely this proximity which drew Montfort into the Earl's circle. He attested a number of the Earl's charters, and in the early autumn of 1248 was in his retinue while the Earl was Seneschal in Gascony. He had returned to England by 1251, when he was given custody of Horston Castle in Derbyshire, but by 1253 was back in Gascony.

paragraph: Montfort accompanied the King's son, the future Edward I, to Spain when he married Eleanor of Castile in the summer of 1254, and on 19 September of that year acted as surety at Bordeaux for the King's debts. For the next two years he was sent on diplomatic missions by Henry III; however his foreign service appears to have ended in 1257, by which time he was a member of the royal council, had received an appointment in the Welsh Marches, and was serving as High Sheriff of Staffordshire and Shropshire.

paragraph: In April 1258 he and Simon de Montfort were among the seven magnates who revolted against Henry III (the Second Barons' War). He and the Earl were also among the twelve magnates who drew up plans for reform (the Provisions of Oxford), and were on the council of fifteen members set up to govern England in the King's name. He presided over a Parliament at Oxford in 1258, dubbed the "Mad Parliament" by the King's supporters, and was thus the earliest recorded presiding officer of the Commons, an office later known as Speaker, but then referred to as 'parlour' or 'prolocutor'. In the autumn of 1259 he was with the King and Queen when they travelled to France to arrange a peace with Louis IX. In the same year he was named an executor of Simon de Montfort's will.

paragraph: On 12 April 1261, shortly before his death, Pope Alexander IV issued a papal bull which absolved Henry III of the oath he had taken to keep the Provisions of Oxford; when the King made this known in June of that year, Peter de Montfort was one of three arbitrators elected by the barons to negotiate with the King on their behalf. According to Cokayne, Montfort 'was now beginning to associate himself definitely with the baronial party', and as a result, the Sheriff of Warwickshire was ordered to prevent him from fortifying Beaudesert Castle. He took part with other barons in attacking Worcester, which fell on 28 February 1263 after several assaults. A temporary peace between the King and the barons was arranged in July of that year, and Montfort was given charge of Corfe Castle and Shirburn Castle.

paragraph: Simon de Montfort had left England after Henry III's return to power, but was back in the country in April 1263. In March 1264 civil war again broke out, and Peter de Montfort sided with Simon de Montfort against the King. On 2 April 1264 he had a safe conduct to Brackley to meet with Henry III's envoys; however on the following day he and his two sons, Peter and Robert, were at Northampton Castle when the Keeper surrendered it to Simon de Montfort the Younger. On 5 April the castle was retaken by the King, and Peter de Montfort and his sons were taken prisoner and transported to Windsor. They were released after Simon de Montfort's victory at the Battle of Lewes.

paragraph: During the subsequent dominance of Simon de Montfort, Peter de Montfort became one of a nine-member council forced upon the King in June 1264. Thereafter he played a principal role in the government of the county. On 11 September he was appointed one of the envoys who negotiated the reformation of the English government in the presence of Louis IX of France and the Papal Legate. On 16 November he and his heirs were granted the manor of Garthorpe, Leicestershire. On 20 December he was granted custody of Whittington Castle and Hereford Castle. He accompanied Simon de Montfort when the latter journeyed into Wales, and was joint keeper of the royal seal during that time.

paragraph: He was with Simon de Montfort in his final campaign, and was slain with him at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265. His two sons, Peter and Robert, who also took part in the battle, were both wounded and taken prisoner.

paragraph: His place of burial is unknown. He was survived by his wife, Alice. His heirs in the male line died out in 1367.

paragraph: Peter de Montfort's arms were Bendy of eight, Or and azure, although a seal of Peter de Montfort shows only bendy of six.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Montfort married Alice Audley, daughter of Henry Audley, by whom he had two sons, Peter and Robert.

paragraph: His eldest son, Peter de Montfort (d. before 4 March 1287), succeeded him. On 28 June 1267 he was pardoned by Henry III for 'all trespasses at the time of the disturbance in the kingdom', and eventually recovered part of his father's lands. He married Maud de la Mare, daughter of Sir Henry de la Mare (d.1257), of Ashtead, Surrey, by whom he had a son, John, and two daughters, Elizabeth and Alice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John de Montfort, Baron Montfort (d. before 11 May 1296). In 1280 his father granted his marriage to Edward I's wife, Eleanor of Castile. John de Montfort was summoned to Parliament on 24 June 1296 by writ directed "Iohanni de Monte Forti", 'whereby he is held to have become Lord Montfort'. Before 28 March 1287 he married Alice de la Plaunche, the daughter of William de la Plaunche, by whom he had a son and heir, John de Montfort, 2nd Baron Montfort (1291 – 24 June 1314), who took part in the death of King Edward II's favourite, Piers Gaveston, for which he was eventually pardoned. He was slain at the Battle of Bannockburn, dying unmarried and without issue, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Peter de Montfort, 3rd Baron Montfort (d. before 24 January 1370), who also died without legitimate male issue, at which time any barony created by writ fell into abeyance among his two sisters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth de Montfort, who married William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, by whom she was the mother of four sons and seven daughters, including William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury; Simon Montagu, successively Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Ely; Elizabeth Montagu, Prioress of Holywell Priory; and Maud and Isabel Montagu, successively Abbesses of Barking Abbey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice de Montfort, who married firstly Warin de Lisle (d. before 7 December 1296), by whom she was the mother of Robert de Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle (d. 4 January 1343), and secondly Robert FitzWalter, 1st Baron FitzWalter.

description: English magnate

wikidata_label: Peter de Montfort

wikipedia_title: Peter de Montfort


text:
German
neo-Kantian
philosopher
Munich
mathematics
physics
chemistry
Ph.D.
habilitated
University of Munich
Privatdozent
University of Frankfurt
Max Horkheimer
Theodor Adorno
Gräfelfing
Hans Cornelius

categories: Philosophy teachers,1947 deaths,Goethe University Frankfurt faculty,German philosophers,German male writers,1863 births,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty,Philosophy academics,People from Munich,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Hans Cornelius

paragraph: Johannes Wilhelm Cornelius (September 27, 1863 – August 23, 1947) was a German neo-Kantian philosopher.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Munich, he originally studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, graduating with a Ph.D. in 1886, before turning to philosophy. In 1894, he habilitated in philosophy and subsequently held a post in philosophy at the University of Munich (until 1903 as a "Privatdozent"). In 1910, Cornelius moved as a full professor to the Akademie für Sozialwissenschaften, which four years later would become a department of the newly founded University of Frankfurt. Among his students in Frankfurt were Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno. He retired in 1928.

paragraph: Cornelius died in 1947 in Gräfelfing.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Cornelius from "philolex"

description: German philosopher

wikidata_label: Hans Cornelius

wikipedia_title: Hans Cornelius


text:
British
magician
Walter Irving Scott
Wallingford
The Phantom of the Card Table
Walter Irving Scott
London
Covent Garden
Magic Circle
New York City
Harry Lorayne
Key West
Boston
cups and balls
Watertown, Massachusetts
Max Holden
stroke
depression
Bath
England
Penn & Teller
Las Vegas
cups and balls

paragraph: Gazzo (magician)

paragraph: Gary 'Gazzo' Osbourne (born 1960) is a British street magician. An expert in cons and scams, he moved in the 1980s to the US, where he befriended Walter Irving Scott (The Phantom). He is Scott's only pupil and the only person with whom Scott entrusted his biography and life's work at card cheating and sleights.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in 1960 in Wallingford, his interest in magic was sparked by a Christmas gift from his aunt. At age 10 he also received a copy of 'The Phantom of the Card Table' manuscript by Walter Irving Scott and Eddie McGuire, from his grandfather. The almost impossibly skilled protagonist talked about, The Phantom, intrigued the young magician and influenced his own development. He focused on scams and swindles, associating with a team of monte men until, in the late 1970s, he moved to London.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Street magic.

paragraph: In London Osborne took to street performance on the weekends at Covent Garden. His show was a mixture of magic and comedy. At the Magic Circle headquarters in London he practiced his sleight of hand card work, among some of the top performers in the country, from what he could now gather from Scott's manuscript. While he obsessed with false dealing, and Scott's work, Osbourne began to notice that no one else appreciated Scott's stature, or even knew he, or his work, even existed. The few that did believe the wild stories of 'The Phantom's' skills also believed he was still alive, fifty years after his famous demonstration in New York City in 1930, and this was the incentive Osborne needed to search out this mysterious figure of magic folklore.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:America.

paragraph: In 1983 Osborne arrived in New York City. Short of money he relied on the kindness of other street performers, or their friends, to have a place to stay. He also had to tailor his style of comedy to the American audiences in order to start making money from his street magic shows again.

paragraph: He continued to practice his card work and demonstrated his skills to local New York magicians. After years of dedicated work his skills were without doubt. His reputation as a first class card dealer spread quickly and he soon found himself, much like his manuscript mentor, performing for the elite of New York's Inner Circle.

paragraph: He was praised by the likes of Harry Lorayne and gambling expert Tony Giorgio.

paragraph: Eventually Osborne began touring the states, and moved to Key West where he continued performing his street magic to greater success. He continued his traveling and in Boston acquired the new name 'Gazzo Macée'. This is where he met his first wife, Linda Ochwat. They were married and shared a brief time together. Gazzo's idea of marriage was not what he expected. He abruptly dropped Linda off at her relatives, said he would be off for a quick show, but never returned. Without any warning to her and no explanation afterwards, he began his new life.

paragraph: His version of the classic cups and balls routine, in which he produced a full melon, got him an invitation by the American Association of Magicians to perform at one of their conferences. It was there he met Ray Goulet, a man who had seen 'The Phantom' decades earlier.

paragraph: After finding no luck in obtaining information about Scott his original quest to America had virtually been forgotten. When Gazzo visited Goulet at his Museum of Magic in Watertown, Massachusetts, he was shocked to discover that Goulet knew that Scott was still alive. He also knew where he lived. Goulet gave Gazzo a business card for 'Walter Scott and his magic' bearing an address in Massachusetts and a phone number.

paragraph: Section::::Chance meeting.

paragraph: The day after receiving the card Gazzo called the number and nervously arranged a meeting with Walter Scott for the next day. It was sharp and to the point and Gazzo didn't have the courage to ask any questions about cardsharps, cheating or Scott's 'work'. However he was nonetheless thrilled to be so close to his goal.

paragraph: Scott greeted him warmly, making tea and talking about Gazzo's trip from England. He then produced a musical instrument and ask Gazzo to play so he could see how good he was. Gazzo sat dumbfounded. Apparently there had been a misunderstanding. Scott had expected a student of music looking for lessons. Looking at his business card again Gazzo realised it said 'Music' and not "magic". There was no hint of magic, cards or old evidence to suggest Scott was ever a cardman. He was at least 80 years old and wore glasses.

paragraph: Devastated Gazzo admitted his mistake at asking for 'lessons', and in an attempt to explain he removed his 1976 edition of "The Phantom at the Card Table" from his bag. As he left the room to get some more tea Gazzo heard "That book should never have been written".

paragraph: With that, the truth was clear and the conversation continued. Scott resented McGuire writing that book and spent the next few hours opening up to Gazzo. They talked about his time in New York and about Cardini, McGuire, Max Holden and Dai Vernon. As Gazzo prepared to leave he asked to have his manuscript signed. Scott said he had a ruby that Gazzo could have. Gazzo just wanted the signature. "You're learning fast kid" was Scott's reply.

paragraph: Section::::Chance meeting.:New generation.

paragraph: Many more meetings followed and Scott gave his side of the story. He talked about cheating, scams, that night in New York, Vernon and McGuire. He revealed his life story and how he eventually had to give up his young hedonistic lifestyle. He also began teaching Gazzo all the 'work' he had used all those years before. Gazzo became known as Scott's pupil and was his emissary in the magic community, relating the stories of New York and the perfect deals.

paragraph: He was baffling magicians everywhere he went with his refined, Scott-approved dealing skills. Gazzo now intended to write a book and share Scott's story, skills and advice.

paragraph: Progress was slow however. Gazzo had gotten married to Kristin, and had a child named Chaney. Added to this was Scott's age, his memory fading as the years passed more and more.

paragraph: Section::::Chance meeting.:Legacy.

paragraph: In summer 1994 Gazzo suffered a mild stroke in the middle of a street show. He was taken to a hospital and diagnosed. He was without medical insurance, and was discharged with a bill of $30,000.

paragraph: Unable to work due to his illness, he was buoyed by his street performer friends who raised almost $20,000 to help him out. Although he began to physically recover he was starting to suffer from depression. This was a combination of not being able to work and that the stroke had affected his motor skills to the point he could no longer do Scott's 'work'.

paragraph: His recovery was the result of Kristin's support and his own strength and sense of humour. It took almost two years and was not helped when Gazzo heard the news that Walter Scott had died, 12 May 1995.

paragraph: Despite never recovering full use of his left hand he returned to magic, and worked on making people laugh at the show.

paragraph: In 2001, aware that he was still the torchbearer for the Phantom legend, he resumed work on his book. He contacted David Britland and in 2002 they published "Phantoms of the Card Table; Confessions of a Card Sharp". This book told Scott's entire story, and detailed his eventful demonstration in 1930. It detailed the special card work that Scott had perfected decades earlier and introduced the level of skill and practice necessary to survive as a cardsharp to an entire new generation.

paragraph: Gazzo is now living in Bath, England, and continues to give lectures and performances around the world and perform street magic. He has published several magic related book, manuscripts and DVDs.

paragraph: He also produces custom made magic items.

paragraph: Section::::Appearances.

paragraph: Gazzo appeared on the seventh episode of "", where he attempted to outfox Penn & Teller to win an opportunity to open their show in Las Vegas by doing his rendition of the cups and balls. Though the duo knew how the trick was done, they praised Gazzo for his rendition of the trick, stating that he did it "perfectly" and "better than us".

description: English Magician

wikidata_label: Gazzo

wikipedia_title: Gazzo (magician)


text:
Alchon Huns
Talagan copper scroll
stupa
Taxila
Kidarites

paragraph: Mehama

paragraph: Mehama, ruled c.461-493, was a king of Alchon Huns dynasty (Chinese: 嚈噠). He is little known, but the Talagan copper scroll mentions him as an active ruler making a donation to a Buddhist stupa in 492/93. At that time, it is considered that the Alchon Huns were firmly in charge of the Buddhist region around Taxila, but had not yet started to conquer the Indian mainland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidarites

wikidata_label: Mehama

wikipedia_title: Mehama


text:
German
physician
Königsberg
local university
University of Leipzig
University of Leiden
Herman Boerhaave
Albrecht von Haller
Amsterdam
Frederik Ruysch
Melchior Philipp Hartmann
rector
Immanuel Kant

categories: 18th-century German physicians,1785 deaths,1703 births,Leiden University alumni

paragraph: Johann Christoph Bohl

paragraph: Johann Christoph Bohl or Bohlius or Bohle (1703–1785) was a German physician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Königsberg in 1703, Bohl enrolled at the local university on September 25, 1719 in order to study medicine, and continued his studies at the University of Leipzig. On September 20, 1725, he enrolled at the University of Leiden where he became a student of Herman Boerhaave, and a classmate of Albrecht von Haller. He graduated on 26 July 1726 presenting his dissertation titled "De morsu". He spent four years in Amsterdam working with the Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch. He returned to Königsberg on August 15, 1730.

paragraph: On September 23, 1741 he became professor of medecine at the Medical Faculty of the Königsberg College and a royal Prussian physician.

paragraph: Following the death of Melchior Philipp Hartmann, he took over his position and then became rector.

paragraph: Bohl is known as the sponsor Immanuel Kant, whom he also financially supported during his time at the Collegium Fridericianum .

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Ruyschii observat. anat. de musculo in fundo uteri detecto; latinitate donata. Amsterdam 1726

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medicamenta lithontriptica anglicana revisa.Königsberg 1741

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diss. exhibens medicamenta lithotriptica Anglicana revisa. Königsberg 1741

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diss. sistens historiam naturalem viae lacteae corporis humani, per extispicia animalium olim detectae, nunc insolito ductu chylifero genuino auctae, cum notis criticis necessariisque commentariis ad placita Ruyschiana et Boerhaviana. Königsberg 1741

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diss. super nervorum actione ex collisione. Königsberg 1762

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progr. de insensibilitate tendinum. Königsberg 1764

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progr. de virium corporis humani scrutinio medico. Königsberg 1766

paragraph: BULLET::::- Von der nöthigen Vorsichtigkeit bey denen in lebendigen Geschöpfen anzustellenden Erfahrungen von der Unempfindlickkeit der Sehnen. Königsberg 1767

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progr. de lacte aberrante. Königsberg 1772

alias:
Johann Christoph Bohle
Johann Christoph Bohlius

description: German physician and author

wikidata_label: Johann Christoph Bohl

wikipedia_title: Johann Christoph Bohl


text:
jazz singer
Waco, Texas
St. Louis, Missouri
Scott Air Force Base
Tommy Wolf
Fran Landesman
Spring Can Really Hang You Up the Most
standard
Tony Bennett
Ralph Sharon
The Black Orchid
Chicago Tribune
Julie London
Mode Records
Radio Recorders
Bones Howe
Marty Paich
Al Viola
Red Mitchell
Mel Lewis
Don Fagerquist
Hollywood String Quartet
The Steve Allen Show
NBC
Bones Howe
Allmusic
Scott Yanow
Robert Farnon Society's
Grammy Award
high fidelity

categories: American jazz singers,Singers from Chicago,Musicians from Chicago,Torch singers,American female jazz singers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Laurie Allyn

paragraph: Laurie Allyn is an American jazz singer and former model. She is best known for her sole album "Paradise", which was recorded in 1957 and amassed critical acclaim after a belated release in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Allyn was born into a musical family and raised in Waco, Texas. Upon coming of age in the mid-1950s, Allyn began to pursue a career as a singer, initially performing with local groups in the Waco area.

paragraph: She soon relocated to the St. Louis, Missouri area. While performing at events near Scott Air Force Base, Allyn auditioned for songwriter Tommy Wolf and began performing as house singer at the nightclub The Crystal Palace, owned by Fran Landesman, with Wolf accompanying Allyn on piano. Allyn was the first singer to perform Landesman and Wolf's song "Spring Can Really Hang You Up the Most" in public; the song would later become a standard recorded by many artists.

paragraph: In 1954, Allyn was hired and brought to Chicago to work as house singer at the nightclub The Cloister Inn. While working at the Cloister Inn, she met singer Tony Bennett for a breakfast date, and discussed her then-piano player, Ralph Sharon, with him. The conversation led Bennett to hire the pianist away from her. Ralph Sharon would go on to perform with Bennett for over forty years.

paragraph: By 1956, Allyn had retired from performing, and had married Bill Doherty, part owner of the nightclub The Black Orchid. In 1957, Allyn was performing again at the nightclub The Nocturne, where the "Chicago Tribune" reported on the popularity of her "throaty, seated-on-a-piano, moody Julie London-ish" live performances.

paragraph: Section::::Mode Records album.

paragraph: Section::::Mode Records album.:Recording.

paragraph: Mode Records founder Red Clyde heard Allyn perform at The Nocturne in 1957 and invited her to Los Angeles to record an album with the label. Allyn visited Los Angeles to record the album sessions at Radio Recorders in early October 1957. The recording engineer was Bones Howe, and the players included conductor Marty Paich, guitarist Al Viola, bassist Red Mitchell, drummer Mel Lewis, trumpeter Don Fagerquist, and the members of the Hollywood String Quartet, amongst others. Mode planned to bring Allyn back to Los Angeles after the album's release, where she was slated to perform on "The Steve Allen Show" and read for a television show at NBC.

paragraph: However, a short time after the recording of the album, Mode Records went into receivership because the company had overextended themselves financially and were not able to meet their financial obligations to the recording studio and musicians. The album was not released.

paragraph: After the recording of the Mode Records album, Allyn returned to Texas to care for her ailing mother, and then went back to Chicago for a time to work as a model, but did not pursue singing further.

paragraph: Section::::Mode Records album.:Release on VSOP Records.

paragraph: In 2004, Allyn began researching the whereabouts of the masters of her album, which by then were owned by the archive label VSOP Records and were being considered for release. Only one half of the original masters survived, but the remaining tracks were salvaged from a dub of the masters. Bones Howe, the original engineer of Allyn's Mode Records session, mastered the album for release. The album was released as "Paradise" by VSOP Records that year.

paragraph: Upon the album's release, Allmusic rated "Paradise" with 4 ½ stars (out of 5), and jazz historian and author Scott Yanow praised the album, stating, "her choice of notes is excellent and she draws listeners into the music." Paul Clatworthy described the album as "captivating" in the Robert Farnon Society's "Journal Into Melody", adding that "Laurie's bell-like diction fits the songs so well they could have all been written just for her." The album was submitted for consideration for a Grammy Award.

paragraph: "Paradise" was reissued in 2007 for Japan by the record label Muzak, and received favorable reviews in the magazines "Swing Journal" and "Jazz Life". The Muzak edition of the album was utilized by author Wojciech Pacuła to test high fidelity equipment in the Polish magazine "High Fidelity" and in the hi-fi website 6moons.com.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradise" (VSOP Records, 2004; originally recorded 1957)

wikidata_label: Laurie Allyn

wikipedia_title: Laurie Allyn


text: Russia

text: football

text: Russian Professional Football League

text: FC Khimik Novomoskovsk

text: FC Strogino Moscow

categories: FC Arsenal Tula players,Association football defenders,FC Khimik Novomoskovsk players,Russian footballers,1990 births,People from Novomoskovsky District,Living people

paragraph: Ilya Manokhin

paragraph: Ilya Andreyevich Manokhin (; born 11 March 1990) is a Russian football player.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Khimik Novomoskovsk on 19 July 2017 in a game against FC Strogino Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile by Russian Professional Football League

description: association football player

wikidata_label: Ilya Manokhin

wikipedia_title: Ilya Manokhin


text:
barrister
Liberal
Montgomeryshire
Harrow School
Trinity College, Cambridge
Queen's Counsel
called to the bar
Lincoln's Inn
Justice of the Peace
Cambrian Railways Company
Deputy Lieutenant
Member of Parliament
Montgomeryshire
by-election
K O Morgan
The Welsh History Review
K O Morgan

wikipedia_title: Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)

categories: 1836 births,People educated at Harrow School,Directors of the Cambrian Railways,Welsh barristers,1905 deaths,Members of Lincoln's Inn,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies

paragraph: Arthur Humphreys-Owen

paragraph: Arthur Charles Humphreys-Owen (9 November 1836 – 9 December 1905) was a Welsh barrister, landowner and Liberal politician.

paragraph: Humphreys-Owen was born at Garthmyl, Montgomeryshire, the son of Erskine Humphreys, a barrister. He was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1874 he married Maria Russell, the daughter of a Queen's Counsel.

paragraph: Humphreys-Owen was himself called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1863. He later became a Justice of the Peace. He was chairman of the Cambrian Railways Company from 1900. In 1876 he had inherited the estates of the Owens of Glansevern and added the name Owen to his surname. As a landowner he had nearly to his name.

paragraph: He was sometime Deputy Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire and was chairman of Montgomeryshire County Council. He was a strong supporter of education and chaired the Central Welsh Board for Intermediate Education from 1896-1905. From 1894 he was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Montgomeryshire in a by-election to succeed Stuart Rendel on his elevation to the peerage. He scraped home in the election by only 225 votes, a drop from Rendel's majority of 600 but he held the seat until his death, aged 69, in 1905.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who was Who", OUP 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- K O Morgan, "Montgomeryshire’s Liberal Century: Rendel to Hooson, 1880-1979"; "The Welsh History Review", 16:1, June 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Welsh Political Archive at the National Library of Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- K O Morgan, "Wales in British Politics 1868-1922"; University of Wales Press, 1963

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Arthur Humphreys-Owen

wikipedia_title: Arthur Humphreys-Owen


text:
Finnish
his native country
Summer Olympics
London 1948
Helsinki 1952
Uusikirkko
Karelia
Laukaa
Central Finland
1946 European Championships
Oslo, Norway
Oslo 1946
10000 meter race
Viljo Heino
Finland
Bislett Stadium
Heino
Olympic Games
London 1948
Achilles tendon
Helsinki
Kokkola
Jyväskylä
Jyväskylä
Kokkola
Jyväskylä

wikipedia_title: 1946 European Athletics Championships – Men's marathon

wikipedia_title: 1946 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres

wikipedia_title: Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon

wikipedia_title: Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics,1999 deaths,Finnish male long-distance runners,People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland),1911 births,Finnish male marathon runners,Olympic athletes of Finland,People from Vyborg District

paragraph: Mikko Hietanen

paragraph: Mikko Hietanen (1911–1999) was a Finnish long-distance runner, European Champion and world record holder, who competed for his native country at the Summer Olympics in London 1948 and in Helsinki 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mikko Hietanen was born in Uusikirkko, Karelia, 22 September 1911. He died in Laukaa, Central Finland, 3 February 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Hietanen is best known for winning the gold medal in the men's marathon at the 1946 European Championships in Oslo, Norway.

paragraph: In Oslo 1946, the marathon race took place on 22 August, which was the first day of the championships. At the same time, the final of the 10000 meter race was being held. As Viljo Heino of Finland was running towards victory in the 10000 meters, his fellow countryman Mikko Hietanen entered Bislett Stadium as leader of the marathon. Inside the stadium, the marathon runners were running clockwise to the finish line using the outside lane. It so happened, that Heino and Hietanen met each other on the track as they were both running towards victory.

paragraph: In the marathon, Mikko Hietanen had the fastest time in the world in 1946, 1947 and 1948. During his career, he set six new world records at distances between 15 miles and 30000 meters.

paragraph: Mikko Hietanen was not very successful in the Olympic Games. He took part in the marathon in London 1948, but did not finish the race due to promblems with his Achilles tendon. Four years later, on home soil in Helsinki, he finished in 17th place.

paragraph: Hietanen became Finnish champion in marathon four years in a row between 1945 and 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.:World records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25,000 m world record with 1:20.58,8 in Vuoksenniska, 17 June 1946

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25,000 m world record with 1:20.14,0 in Kokkola, 23 May 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30,000 m world record with 1:40.49,8 in Jyväskylä, 28 September 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30,000 m world record with 1:40.46,4 in Jyväskylä, 20 June 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15 miles world record with 1:17.28,6 in Kokkola, 23 May 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20 miles world record with 1:49.20,8 in Jyväskylä, 20 June 1948

description: Finnish long distance runner

wikidata_label: Mikko Hietanen

wikipedia_title: Mikko Hietanen


href: Urdu Delhi Ghazal Qasida Old%20Delhi Farrukhabad Nawab%20of%20Awadh Faizabad Lucknow Ustad Kulliyat

text:
Urdu
Delhi
Ghazal
Qasida
Old Delhi
Farrukhabad
Nawab of Awadh
Faizabad
Lucknow
Ustad
Kulliyat

categories: 1781 deaths,Poets from Delhi,Indian male poets,18th-century Indian poets,Urdu poets from India,Indian Shia Muslims,1713 births

paragraph: Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda

paragraph: Mirza Mohammad rafi 'Sauda' (),

paragraph: (1713–1781) was an Urdu poet in Delhi, India. He is known for his "Ghazals" and Urdu "Qasidas".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in 1713 in Shahjahanabad (i.e. Old Delhi), where he was also brought up. At the age of 60 or 66, he moved to Farrukhabad (with Nawab Bangash), and lived there from 1757 to about 1770. In A.H. 1185 (1771–72) he moved to the court of Nawab of Awadh (then in Faizabad) and remained there until his death. When Lucknow became the state capital, he came there with Nawab Shujauddaula".

paragraph: He died in A.H. 1195 (1780–81) in Lucknow.

paragraph: Section::::Ustads and shagirds.

paragraph: Sulaimān Qulī Ḳhān 'Vidād' and Shāh Ḥātim were his "Ustads" (teachers of Urdu poetry). King Shah Alam was "Shagird" (student of Urdu poetry) of Sauda. He was also Ustad of Shujauddaulla. Nawab Āṣif ud-Daulah gave him title of "Malkushshu'ara" and annual pension of Rs 6,000.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Initially he composed in Persian, but switched to Urdu on the advice of his ustad, Ḳhān-e Ārzū. His work was translated in 1872 by Major Henry Court, Captain, Bengal Cavalry. Kulliyat of Sauda was compiled by Ḥakīm Sayyid Aṣlaḥ. ud-Dīn Ḳhān wrote the introduction. Sauda's works from his Kulliyat are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masnavi dar hajv-e hakim ghaus مثنوی در ھجوِ حکیم غوث

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masnavi dar hajv-e amir-a daulatmand bakhil مثنوی در ھجوِ امیرِ دولت مند بخیل

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masnavi dar ta'rif-e shikar مثنوی در تعریفِ شکار

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masnavi dar hajv-e pil rajah nripat singh مثنوی در ھجو پِل راجن نری پت سنگھ

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masnavi dar hajv-e sidi faulad khan kotval-e shahjahanabad مثنوی در ھجو سیدّی فولاد خان کوتوالِ شاجہان آباد

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masnavi dar hajv-e fidvi mutavatan-e panjab kih darasal baqal bachchah bud مثنوی در ھجو فدوی مُطاوِتانِ پنجاب کی دراصل بیقل بچاہ بد

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masnavi dar hajv-e chipak mirza faizu مثنوی در ھجو چپک مرزا فیضو

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qissah-e darvesh kih iradah-e ziyarat-e ka'bah kardah bud قصّہِ درویش کہ ارادہِ زیارتِ کعبہ کرد بد

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mukhammas-e shahr ashob مخاماصِ شہر آشوب

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qasidah dar madh-e navab vazir imad ul-mulk قصیدہ درمدہِ نواب وزیر عماد الملک

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professor Nasim Ahmad's Books (a). Diwane-e-Ghazaliyat-e-Sauda and (b). Mutallaqate Sauda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vinay Prajapati 'Nazar' Wordpress blog "तख़लीक़-ए-नज़र"  – Expanding day by day

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Rafi Urdu Poetry

description: Urdu poet

wikidata_label: Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda

wikipedia_title: Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda


text:
basketball
National Basketball Association
Indiana Pacers
New Mexico
All-Star
Most Improved Player
Philadelphia 76ers
Los Angeles Clippers
Miami Heat
Phoenix Suns
Detroit Pistons
Grace King High School
Metairie, Louisiana
McDonald's All-American
ACT
Yale University
Missouri Valley Conference
Bradley
New Mexico
Jim Les
Luc Longley
Willie Long
Mel Daniels
Ira Harge
Mountain West Conference
MWC Tournament
Utah
Andrew Bogut
2005 NBA draft
Indiana Pacers
NBA All-Rookie Second Team
Reggie Miller
Most Improved Player
Billy Knight
NBA All-Star Game
Utah Jazz
US national team
2010 FIBA World Championship
New York Knicks
Houston Rockets
Philadelphia 76ers
Evan Turner
Lavoy Allen
Los Angeles Clippers
Miami Heat
Phoenix Suns
New Orleans Pelicans
Detroit Pistons
Reggie Bullock
Marcus Morris
Jehovah's Witnesses
Scotty
Mahalia Jackson
real estate
CBS Sports Network
Danny Granger

categories: American men's basketball players,United States men's national basketball team players,People from Metairie, Louisiana,Bradley Braves men's basketball players,Grace King High School alumni,Indiana Pacers players,Small forwards,National Basketball Association All-Stars,2010 FIBA World Championship players,African-American basketball players,Basketball players from Louisiana,Miami Heat players,1983 births,Sportspeople from New Orleans,Los Angeles Clippers players,New Mexico Lobos men's basketball players,Living people,Indiana Pacers draft picks

paragraph: Danny Granger

paragraph: Danny Granger Jr. (born April 20, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player who played 10 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was drafted by the Indiana Pacers in 2005 after a two-year college stint at New Mexico. In 2009, Granger averaged 26 points per game on 45 percent shooting and was named an All-Star and the league's Most Improved Player. An injury to his left knee limited Granger to just five games during the 2012–13 season, and in February 2014, he was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers. He went on to play for the Los Angeles Clippers and Miami Heat before having short stints with the Phoenix Suns and Detroit Pistons in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Granger attended Grace King High School in Metairie, Louisiana. A four-year letterman at Grace King, he averaged 24.3 points, 12 rebounds and 5.5 blocks per game as a senior. He was a McDonald's All-American nominee before his senior year. He scored a 30 on his ACT and was accepted to Yale University.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Granger made the Missouri Valley Conference All-Freshman team for Bradley in 2001–02, averaging 11.1 points and 7.1 rebounds a game. He was a highly publicized transfer to New Mexico after the first semester of his sophomore season, having averaged 19.2 points and 7.9 rebounds for the Braves. He wasn't eligible to start playing for the Lobos until January 2004. He said the reason for the transfer was because of Braves head coach Jim Les's intimidating tactics, including being 'verbally abusive'.

paragraph: Granger averaged a career-best 19.5 points per game and also led the Lobos in rebounding (9.0 rpg), steals (1.32 spg) and blocks (1.41 bpg) as a junior in 2003–04. He became the first Lobos player to lead the team in all those categories in the same season and was awarded the Bob King Team MVP Award. He also became just the second Lobo in 33 years, and the fifth all-time, to average more than 19 points and nine rebounds for an entire season, joining Luc Longley, Willie Long, Mel Daniels and Ira Harge. A First Team All-Mountain West Conference selection, Granger was twice named the league's Player of the Week for the weeks ending December 22 and January 25.

paragraph: As a senior in 2004–05, Granger was the only player in the NCAA to average at least 18.8 points and 8.9 rebounds per game, while also averaging at least 2.0 blocks (2.1), 2.0 steals (2.0) and 2.0 assists (2.0). He led the team in scoring, rebounding, steals and blocked shots for the second year in a row. He became the first player in school history to record 60+ assists, blocks and steals in a season. In 52 games, he registered 91 career blocked shots, ranking sixth all-time in New Mexico history. He fell just six points short of 1,000 in his New Mexico career, and for the second year in a row, he was given the Bob King Team MVP Award. He was named the MWC Tournament MVP and earned First Team All-Mountain West honors for the second straight year. He was also runner-up to Utah's Andrew Bogut as MWC Player of the Year.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Indiana Pacers (2005–2014).:Early years (2005–07).

paragraph: Granger was selected 17th overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team after averaging 7.5 points and 4.9 rebounds in 78 games. He was a starter in the T-Mobile Rookie Challenge during All-Star Weekend in Houston on February 17, 2006, where he had nine points, three rebounds, two assists and a blocked shot in six minutes, and shot 2-of-4 from 3-point range.

paragraph: In 2006–07, Granger became one of only four Pacers players to hit 100+ 3-point field goals in a season in the previous 15 years. He led Indiana with 110, after making just 30 3-pointers in his rookie season. He was the only Pacers player to see action in all 82 games; he started 57 games, including the first 14 and 42 of the last 44 games.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Indiana Pacers (2005–2014).:Perennial team scoring leader (2007–12).

paragraph: In 2007–08, Granger was the team's leading scorer with an average of 19.6 points per game. On November 5, 2007, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Tuesday, October 30 through Sunday, November 4. It was his first and only NBA Player of the Week honor. He set a franchise record by making 65 straight free throws (January 21 to February 22), breaking the record set by Reggie Miller in 2005.

paragraph: On October 31, 2008, Granger signed a five-year contract extension with the Pacers believed to be worth a guaranteed $60 million. The new contract began in 2009–10, with incentives that could have pushed the total closer to $65 million.

paragraph: In 2008–09, Granger became the first player in NBA history to lift his scoring average at least five points per game in three consecutive seasons, and the first Indiana player to average more than 25 points per game in more than 30 years. He ranked fifth in the NBA with 25.8 points and was named the NBA's Most Improved Player. His average was the highest by an Indiana player since Billy Knight's single-season team record of 26.6 points per game in 1976–77. Granger scored 20 or more points in a career-high 16 straight games from December 15 to January 19, tying the longest streak in the Pacers' NBA history. In a three-game span from January 3 to 7, he scored 35 or more points in each game and is the only Pacers player to ever do so. In February 2009, he played in his first and only NBA All-Star Game. He missed a total of 15 games due to injury or illness, including 11 in February and March with a torn tendon in his right foot.

paragraph: In 2009–10, Granger led the Pacers with 24.1 points per game, eighth best in the NBA and third best in the Eastern Conference. He scored 20 or more points in 45 of 62 appearances and scored 30+ points 16 times. He tallied a career-high 44 points against the Utah Jazz on March 26, 2010. He missed a total of 18 games due to injury or illness, including 16 straight in December and January with a torn plantar fascia in his right foot.

paragraph: In the summer of 2010, Granger won gold as a member of the US national team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship.

paragraph: In 2010–11, Granger was the Pacers' leading scorer for the fourth season in a row, with 20.5 points per game, which was 16th best in the NBA and his third consecutive season of 20+ points per game. He scored in double figures in all but four games and tallied 20 or more points 39 times with 30+ points nine times. On January 2, 2011, he grabbed a career-high 17 rebounds in a 98–92 loss to the New York Knicks.

paragraph: In the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, Granger was the Pacers' leading scorer for the fifth consecutive season—his 18.7 points per game ranked 22nd best in the NBA.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Indiana Pacers (2005–2014).:Injury-riddled end to Pacers tenure (2012–14).

paragraph: Granger missed the first 55 games of the 2012–13 season with tendinosis of the left knee. He played five games between February 23 and March 3 before being placed back on the inactive list and eventually having surgery on the knee on April 4.

paragraph: Granger missed the first 25 games of the 2013–14 season with a strained left calf. Indiana fans gave Granger a standing ovation on December 20 when he made his season debut in the first quarter of the Pacers' 114–81 win over the Houston Rockets, and chanted his name when he finally made his first basket, a 3-pointer, early in the fourth. He appeared in 29 games (2 starts) for the Pacers in 2013–14, averaging 8.3 points, 3.6 rebounds and 1.1 assists in 22.5 minutes per game.

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.:Post-Pacers tenure (2014–2015).

paragraph: On February 20, 2014, Granger was traded, along with a 2015 second-round pick, to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for Evan Turner and Lavoy Allen. He was bought out by the 76ers on February 26, and two days later, he signed with the Los Angeles Clippers for the rest of the season. On July 14, 2014, Granger signed with the Miami Heat. On February 19, 2015, he was traded to the Phoenix Suns in a three-team trade involving the New Orleans Pelicans. However, due to knee problems, he did not play for the Suns in 2014–15. On July 9, 2015, he was traded to the Detroit Pistons, along with Reggie Bullock and Marcus Morris, in exchange for a 2020 second-round draft pick. He spent the preseason in Arizona rehabbing from knee and foot injuries, and on October 26, 2015, he was waived by the Pistons.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Granger was raised in a religious household by Jehovah's Witnesses. Granger's younger brother, Scotty, is a musical artist and songwriter. Granger is the great-nephew of the "Queen of Gospel", Mahalia Jackson.

paragraph: Granger has a wife and three children.

paragraph: Granger is actively involved in the "Dribble to Stop Diabetes" campaign due to his family's history with diabetes.

paragraph: On the side, toward the end of his playing career, Granger built up a real estate investment company.

paragraph: In January 2017, Granger began working as a studio and game analyst for the CBS Sports Network.

paragraph: In April 2017, Granger was inducted into New Mexico Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danny Granger at nba.com

alias:
Danny Granger,Jr.
Danny Granger Jr.

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Danny Granger

wikipedia_title: Danny Granger


text: Ancient Egypt

text: Great Royal Wife

text: Ramesses II

text: Hittite

text: Hattusili III

text: Puduhepa

text: Tudhaliya IV

text: Egyptian

text: Pharaoh

text: Ramesses II

text: Hittite empire

text: Mitanni

text: peace treaty

text: Hattusa

text: Tanis

text: Bentresh stela

text: Marriage Stela

text: Trevor R. Bryce

text: The Marriage Stela of Ramses II

categories: Ramesses II,Queens consort of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt,13th-century BC women,Hittite women

paragraph: Maathorneferure

paragraph: Maathorneferure was an Ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Ramesses II.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Maathorneferure was a daughter of the Hittite king Hattusili III and his wife, Queen Puduhepa. She was the sister of the crown prince Nerikkaili of Hatti and the sister of the later Hittite king Tudhaliya IV.

paragraph: Maathorneferure was married to the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 34th year of his reign, becoming the King's Great Wife. Her original name is unknown, but her Egyptian name translates as "One who sees Horus, the invisible splendor of Ra".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Egypt and the Hittite empire had been increasingly at odds since the demise of the kingdom of the Mitanni, and Maathorneferure's marriage to the Egyptian king was the conclusion of the peace process which had begun with the signing of a peace treaty thirteen years earlier.

paragraph: On the Marriage Stela it is claimed that "The daughter of the great chief of Kheta marched in [front] of the army [...]"

paragraph: The Hittite princess left Hattusa, the Hittite capital, in late 1246 BCE, accompanied by her mother and a huge contingent laden with gold, silver, bronze, cattle and sheep, and slaves. At the Egyptian frontier, a message was despatched to the Pharaoh: 'They have traversed sheer mountains and treacherous passes to reach Your Majesty's border.' Ramesses sent a welcoming party to escort the princess through Canaan and into Egypt. She arrived in February 1245 BCE at Pi-Ramesse.

paragraph: For Ramesses, the marriage was valuable more for the large dowry he acquired rather than his new bride, who was despatched to his harem palace at Mer-wer (today's Gurob). According to another account, however, Maathorneferure is said to have given Ramesses a baby and died shortly thereafter.

paragraph: Maathorneferure is mentioned on a papyrus found at Gurob. The partial text on the papyrus states: "[...] small bag, the king's wife Maathorneferure (may she live) (the daughter of) the great ruler of Khatti, [...] Dayt garment of 28 cubits, 4 palms, breadth 4 cubits, [bag?] of 14 cubits, 2 palms, breath 4 cubits - 2 items [...] palms, breath 4 cubits".

paragraph: At Tanis, there is a broken statue of Ramesses that shows her (mostly destroyed) figure touching his leg, together with her cartouche.

paragraph: During the latter half of the first millennium BCE Maathorneferure's marriage to the pharaoh gave rise to the tale inscribed on the Bentresh stela in which the sister of a foreign queen is healed by a divine statue sent from Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Alternative Spellings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maat-hor-neferure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maatnefrure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maat-hor-nefrure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naptera

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marriage Stela" in "Ancient Records of Egypt" by J. H. Breasted, Part Three, §415ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bentresh Stela" in "Ancient Egyptian Literature" by M. Lichtheim, Vol.3, pp. 90ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ramesside Inscriptions" by Kenneth Anderson Kitchen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age" by Trevor R. Bryce, p. 117ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kingdom Of The Hittites" by Trevor Robert Bryce, p. 283

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faience plaque bearing the name of Queen Maathorneferure

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Marriage Stela of Ramses II

description: Hittite princess, Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Maathorneferure

wikipedia_title: Maathorneferure


text: English

text: chess

text: endgame study

text: EG

text: Harold van der Heijden

text: British Chess Magazine

text: Guy

text: Blandford

text: Guy–Blandford–Roycroft code

text: Ken Thompson

text: tablebase

text: IBM

text: Donald Michie

text: The Turing Institute

categories: International Judges of Chess Compositions,1929 births,British chess writers,English non-fiction writers,IBM employees,Chess composers,Living people,English chess players

paragraph: John Roycroft

paragraph: Arthur John Roycroft (born 25 July 1929, London) is an English chess endgame study composer and author.

paragraph: Section::::Chess career.

paragraph: In 1959 he was awarded the title International Judge of Chess Compositions. In 1965 he founded "EG", the first long-running journal exclusively for endgame studies. Roycroft served as editor and publisher through 1991. The journal continues to be published, but under Dutch ownership ("ARVES"). Roycroft remained its chief editor until 2007 when Harold van der Heijden took over. His 1972 book "Test Tube Chess" (revised as "The Chess Endgame Study", 1981) is considered one of the best English-language examinations of endgame studies. He also served as the endgame study editor for the "British Chess Magazine" from 1973 to 1974.

paragraph: Roycroft's adaptation of the Guy–Blandford code in the 1970s resulted in the Guy–Blandford–Roycroft code, an efficient way to index endgame studies – or any chess position. He also advised Ken Thompson in writing programs for endgame data bases with four and five pieces. For queen and pawn against queen some results were published by Roycroft in three booklets in 1986, years ahead of full tablebase output on CD.

paragraph: Section::::Other.

paragraph: Roycroft worked for IBM UK from 1961 until early retirement in 1987. From April 1984 to October 1985 he was seconded to Donald Michie (Machine Intelligence Research Unit, Edinburgh, followed by The Turing Institute, Glasgow). The outcome was the paper "Expert Against Oracle" in "Machine Intelligence" 11, Clarendon Press 1988.

paragraph: John Roycroft was President of Hendon Chess Club until he moved to Oxfordshire in 2018, where he attends Cumnor Chess Club meetings. He is married to Betty Roycroft, with two grown up children, Jon Roycroft- who is Director of Sport at Oxford University and Katherine Roycroft who lives in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Test Tube Chess", Faber and Faber Limited, 1972, . Revision: The Chess Endgame Study, 1981, Dover.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen and Pawn on a2 against Queen", Chess Endgame Consultants and Publishers, April 1986,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen and Pawn on a6 against Queen", Chess Endgame Consultants and Publishers, May 1986,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen and Pawn on b7 against Queen", Chess Endgame Consultants and Publishers, June 1986,

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Bibliography

description: British chess composer

wikidata_label: John Roycroft

wikipedia_title: John Roycroft


text:
Columbia Music Entertainment
Cyber Nation Network
Project.R
Super Sentai
Haré+Guu
Mahou Sentai Magiranger
heavy metal
Taiji
herniated disc,
Taiji Sawada
X Japan
Masayo Sawada
Sister Mayo with Karate Bravo
Sister MAYO @ Anison Generation

categories: Japanese female pop singers,21st-century women singers,People from Ichikawa, Chiba,21st-century Japanese singers,Musicians from Chiba Prefecture,Anime musicians,Living people,1974 births

paragraph: Sister Mayo

paragraph: , (born July 26, 1974) better known by her stagename Sister MAYO, is a Japanese singer. She is a member of the Columbia Music Entertainment duo Cyber Nation Network, and a vocalist in Project.R which performs many theme songs for the "Super Sentai" series, some have reached the top ten in Oricon's charts. Her best-known songs as a soloist have been the opening theme of "Haré+Guu" and the ending theme of "Mahou Sentai Magiranger". She is the younger sister of heavy metal musician Taiji, with whom she was in the rock band Otokaze.

paragraph: After attending vocational school, she got a job at a travel agency. After suffering from a herniated disc, she decided to pursue her dream of being a musician. She released her first single in 1997 under her own name. A producer gave her her stage name when she joined Cyber Nation Network.

paragraph: In appearances, she generally wears a baseball cap. Prior to the release of , she also wore glasses, out of shyness. Nippon Columbia asked her to take off one or the other, and she decided to keep the cap.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sister MAYO is the younger sister of Taiji Sawada, who was a bassist for X Japan and various other groups. Taiji died on July 17, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masayo Sawada at Oricon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sister Mayo with Karate Bravo at Oricon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sister MAYO @ Anison Generation

description: Japanese singer

wikidata_label: Sister MAYO

wikipedia_title: Sister Mayo


text:
Duke of Guelders
Count of Zutphen
Reginald II of Guelders
Eleanor of Woodstock
Edward II
England
Edward
Tiel
Battle of Baesweiler
Graefenthal Abbey
John II, Count of Blois
William II of Jülich
William I of Guelders and Jülich
Van Heeckeren
Van Rechteren
Guelders
War of the Succession of Guelders
Tervuren
Turnhout
John III, Duke of Brabant
Marie d'Evreux
Heumen
Malden

categories: 1333 births,Dukes of Guelders,1371 deaths,House of Wassenberg

paragraph: Reginald III, Duke of Guelders

paragraph: Reginald III of Guelders ( or "Renaud", known as "The Fat") (13 May 1333 – 4 December 1371) was Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen from 1343 to 1361, and again in 1371. He was the son of Reginald II of Guelders and of Eleanor of Woodstock, daughter of Edward II of England.

paragraph: With the death of his father in 1343, his mother held the regency until 1344. From 1350, his brother Edward asserted his rights and a quarrel of succession broke out between the two brothers until 1361. Reginald was overcome in Tiel and was imprisoned in the castle of Nijenbeek. There he became so large that he could not have left, even if the door had remained open—hence his appellation "The Fat". Edward died on 24 August 1371, having been mortally wounded in the Battle of Baesweiler, and Reginald was released (according to the legend, the walls had to be cut away so he could leave); he held the ducal throne for only a short period, dying a few months later. He was buried at Graefenthal Abbey.

paragraph: As he did not have a legitimate child, the succession passed to his sisters: Mathilde (also, Machteld), who was married to John II, Count of Blois, and Maria, wife of William II of Jülich and mother to William I of Guelders and Jülich, on whose behalf she claimed the throne of Guelders. The sisters and their respective followers (the "Heeckerens", from the party led by families of Van Heeckeren and their relatives, the Van Rechterens, supported Mathilde, while the faction known as the "Bronkhorsters" followed Maria) fought for the duchy of Guelders in the War of the Succession of Guelders.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: He married, in Tervuren on 1 July 1347, Marie of Brabant (1325–1399), lady of Turnhout, daughter of John III, Duke of Brabant and Marie d'Evreux.

paragraph: They did not have children, but Reginald had an illegitimate son, Johan (Jan) of Hattem, and an illegitimate daughter, Ponte of Guelders, who married Johan van Groesbeek (d. 1428), lord of Heumen and Malden.

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Reginald III, Duke of Guelders

wikipedia_title: Reginald III, Duke of Guelders


text:
Ming Dynasty
Jiaxing
Zhejiang Province
courtesy name
art name
Wen Zhengming

categories: Ming dynasty landscape painters,Artists from Jiaxing,1597 births,Painters from Zhejiang,1658 deaths

paragraph: Xiang Shengmo

paragraph: Xiang Shengmo (); (1597–1658) was a noted Chinese painter in the Ming Dynasty. He was a native of Xiushui (now Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province).

paragraph: His courtesy name was Kongzhang (孔彰) and his art names were Yi'an (易庵), and Xushan Qiao (胥山樵). He was the grandson of the great painting-collector Xiang Yuanbian (項元汴). Xiang's painting followed the style of Wen Zhengming. Xiang specialized in landscapes and flowers with an elegant taste.

alias:
Kongzhang
Yian
Xiang Shengmo
Shengmo Xiang

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Xiang Shengmo

wikipedia_title: Xiang Shengmo


text:
Chinese
Ming Dynasty
Suzhou
Jiangsu
sobriquet
Tang Yin
Qiu Ying
Jiajing

categories: 1535 deaths,Ming dynasty landscape painters,1460 births,Painters from Suzhou

paragraph: Zhou Chen

paragraph: Zhou Chen (; 1460–1535), also known as Chou Ch'en, was a Chinese painter active during the middle of the Ming Dynasty. He was born in 1460 in Suzhou in the Jiangsu province.

paragraph: Zhou's style name was 'Shunqing' and his sobriquet was 'Dongchun'. He specialized in painting landscapes and human figures. He had two very famed students, Tang Yin and Qiu Ying. He died in the Zhizong Jiajing 14th year (1535).

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Zhou Chen

wikipedia_title: Zhou Chen


text:
styled
Chinese
Ming Dynasty
Longxi
Gansu Province

categories: Painters from Gansu,Year of birth unknown,People from Dingxi,Ming dynasty painters,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Bian Jingzhao

paragraph: Bian Jingzhao (), styled Wenjin (文进）, was a famed Chinese painter in the early Ming Dynasty. His birth and death years are unknown. He was a native of Longxi in Gansu Province and was active 1426-1435.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhongguo gu dai shu hua jian ding zu (中国古代书画鑑定组). 2000. Zhongguo hui hua quan ji (中国绘画全集). Zhongguo mei shu fen lei quan ji. Beijing: Wen wu chu ban she. Volume 10.

alias:
Pien Wen-chin
Jingzhao Bian
Pien Ching-Chao
Ching-chao Pien
Wenjin Bian
Jingzhao
Bian Wenjin
Wên-chin
邊文進
边文进
Wen-tsin Pien
Wen-chin

description: Chinese artist

wikidata_label: Bian Jingzhao

wikipedia_title: Bian Jingzhao


text:
style name
Chinese
calligrapher
Yuan Dynasty
Zhejiang Province
Zhao Mengfu
House of Zhao
Dong Yuan
Li Cheng
Zhao Kuangyin
Zhao Defang
Zhao Mengfu

categories: Politicians from Huzhou,1360 deaths,Yuan dynasty landscape painters,Place of death missing,Poets from Zhejiang,Yuan dynasty poets,Place of birth missing,Yuan dynasty calligraphers,Painters from Zhejiang,1289 births,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown,Yuan dynasty politicians

paragraph: Zhao Yong (painter)

paragraph: Zhao Yong (; style name "Zhongmu" (仲穆); 1289 – c. 1360), was a noted Chinese painter, calligrapher, and poet in the Yuan Dynasty. A native of Wuxing (吳興， now Huzhou (湖州) in Zhejiang Province), he was the second son of Zhao Mengfu. Zhao was a descendant of the Song Imperial family, the House of Zhao.

paragraph: Zhao became a high official with his father's assistance. Following the style of Dong Yuan and Li Cheng, he had a talent for painting human figures, landscapes, and horses with saddle.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Kuangyin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Defang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Weixian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Congyu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Shijiang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Linghua

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Zicheng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Bogui

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Shichui

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Xiyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Yuyin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Mengfu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Yong

alias:
Yong Zhao
Zhao Yong(2)
Zhongmu

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Zhao Yong

wikipedia_title: Zhao Yong (painter)


text: French Salon Chambéry Clermont-Ferrand Hébé Maubeuge Troyes

categories: 19th-century French sculptors,20th-century French sculptors,1833 births,1915 deaths

paragraph: Émile Louis Picault

paragraph: Émile Louis Picault (24 August 1833 – 1915) was a French sculptor, best known for works depicting allegorical and patriotic subjects, and mythological heroes. Picault was a very prolific artist, producing sculptures in abundance—over 500 models in total—during his long sculpting career. He began to show his artwork at the Salon beginning in 1863. He signed the majority of his work as "E. Picault".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Bronzes (Salon displayed).

paragraph: (Source):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Supplice de Tantale" (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Persée délivrant Andromède" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Génie du progrès et Nicolas Flamel" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Cid" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Naissance de Pégase" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Force Domtée"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Génie des sciences" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Génie des arts" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Livre" (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Drapeau "ad unum"" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vox progressi" (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belléphoron" (1906)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Medallions.

paragraph: (Source):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joseph expliquant les songes du Pharaon" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Agriculture" (1888)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Plasters.

paragraph: (Source):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jason" (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Andromède" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prométhée dérobant le feu du ciel" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Vaillance" (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vertus civiques" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Minerai" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Forge" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Science et Industrie" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Propter gloriam" (1914)

paragraph: Section::::Museum exhibitions.

paragraph: (Source):

paragraph: Picault's work can be seen in museums in the following cities:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambéry ("Le Semeur d'idées", 45 cm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clermont-Ferrand ("Hébé", 93 cm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maubeuge ("Le devoir, Honor patria", 45 cm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Troyes ("La famille, joies et peines")

alias:
Émile Picault
Emile Louis Picault
Emile Picault

description: French sculptor

wikidata_label: Émile Louis Picault

wikipedia_title: Émile Louis Picault