text: AH

text: Islam

text: Naqshbandi Golden Chain

text: Sufi

text: Ja'far al-Sadiq

text: Muhammad

text: Qasim ibn Muhammad

text: Ramadan

text: Muhammad

text: Rashidun Caliph

text: Abu Bakr

text: Aisha

text: Muhammad

text: Yazdegerd III

text: Shahrbanu

text: Ali ibn Husayn

text: Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr

text: Umm Farwah

text: Muhammad al-Baqir

text: Ja'far as-Sadiq

text: Medina

text: hadith

text: fiqh

text: tafsir

text: Qur'an

text: hadith

text: fiqh

text: Ibn Abbas

text: Quran

text: The Seven Fuqaha of Medina

text: Medina

text: Islam

text: Sunnah

text: Hilyat al-Awliya

text: Imam Malik

text: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

text: Abu'z-Zinad 'Abdullah ibn Dhakwan

text: Sunni

text: Imam Malik

text: Umar Ibn Abdul-Aziz

text: Salaf

text: The Seven Fuqaha of Medina

text: Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order

text: Naqshbandia Riyaziya

text: Hisham Kabbani

text: Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

categories: 8th-century deaths,Sunni fiqh scholars,660s births,Tabi‘un

paragraph: Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr

paragraph: Al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr () (born 36 or 38 AH; died 106 AH Biography of Imam Al Qasim Ibn Muhammad by www.at-tawhid.net or 108 AH (corresponding to 660/662 and 728/730)) was an important jurist in early Islam. He is considered the fourth in the Naqshbandi Golden Chain of Sufi masters. Naqshbandis also consider him to have passed the chain to his grandson Ja'far al-Sadiq. Al-Qāsim shouldn't be confused with Muhammad's son Qasim ibn Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was born on a Thursday, in the month of Ramadan, on 36 / 38 AH (approximately).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Al-Qāsim's father was Muhammad, son of the first Rashidun Caliph, Abu Bakr. His paternal aunt was Aisha, one of the wives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Some traditions state that Al-Qāsim's mother was a daughter of Yazdegerd III and a sister of Shahrbanu, the mother of fourth Shi'a Imam, Ali ibn Husayn.

paragraph: Al-Qāsim married Asma, a daughter of his paternal uncle Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr. They were the parents of a daughter, Umm Farwah. The latter later married Ali's son Muhammad al-Baqir and became the mother of the sixth Shi'a Imam, Ja'far as-Sadiq. Al-Qāsim also had a son named Abdu r-Rahman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life.

paragraph: Aisha lived a very long time and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Many Hadith are quoted through Qasim.

paragraph: Al-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was one of the seven most famous jurists in Medina, and was considered as the most knowledgeable among them. He was highly influential in disseminating early traditions of hadith, fiqh (jurisprudence) and tafsir (exegesis) of the Qur'an.

paragraph: He was a pious imam and was very knowledgeable in the narration of the Traditions. Abu Zannad said, "I never saw anyone better than him in following the Sunnah of the Prophet (s). In our time no one is considered perfect until he is perfect in following the Sunnah of the Prophet and Qasim is one of the perfected men."

paragraph: He learned hadith and fiqh from his aunt and from Ibn Abbas. He was a transmitter of hadith and criticised the use of a hadith if its text was put before the Quran and established Sunnah.

paragraph: He was among The Seven Fuqaha of Medina who were largely responsible for the transmission of knowledge from Medina and were the source of much of the information of Islam and the Sunnah available today.

paragraph: He left and went to al-Qudayd, a place between Makkah and Madinah on the 9th of Muharram, where he died. The year was 108 (or 109) AH/730 or 731 CE, and he was seventy years old.

paragraph: Abdu r-Rahman ibn Abi Zannad said that his father mentioned, "I did not see anyone who knew the Sunnah better than al-Qasim."

paragraph: According to the 11th-century Hilyat al-Awliya: "He was able to extract the deepest juristic rulings and he was supreme in manners and ethics."

paragraph: Imam Malik narrated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, considered the sixth rightly-guided caliph (after Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali and Hasan) said, "If it were in my hands, I would have made al-Qasim the caliph in my time."

paragraph: Sufyan said, "Some people came to al-Qasim with charity which he distributed. After he distributed it, he went to pray. While he was praying, the people began to speak negatively about him. His son said to them, "You are speaking behind the back of a man who distributed your charity and did not take one dirham from it for himself." Quickly his father scolded him saying, Do not speak, but keep quiet." He wanted to teach his son not to defend him, as his only desire was to please God. He had no concern for the opinion of people.

paragraph: Yahya ibn Sayyid said, "We never found, in our time in Madinah, anyone better than al-Qasim." Ayyub as-Saqityani said, "I have not seen anyone better than Imam Qasim. He left 100,000 dinars behind for the poor when he passed away, and it was all from his lawful earnings."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Legacy.

paragraph: His student, Abu'z-Zinad 'Abdullah ibn Dhakwan said about him:

paragraph: The Sunni Imam Malik related that Umar Ibn Abdul-Aziz said:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salaf

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Seven Fuqaha of Medina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naqshbandia Riyaziya

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition", Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 2004), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Approach of Armageddon: An Islamic Perspective", Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani , (June 2003), .

paragraph: Section::::External Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

description: Muslim jurist

wikidata_label: Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr

wikipedia_title: Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr


text:
Milan
Italian
mathematician
Barnabite priest
hydraulic engineering
mathematics
Francesco Maria De Regi

categories: 18th-century Italian mathematicians,Barnabites,1794 deaths,Hydraulic engineers

paragraph: Francesco Maria De Regi

paragraph: Francesco Maria De Regi (Milan, 1720 – 1794) was an Italian mathematician.

paragraph: He was a Barnabite priest. He worked particularly on hydraulic engineering. At twenty-four he took the chair of mathematics, specially created for him, in the school of the Collegio of Sant'Alessandro in Milan.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Maria De Regi - Consorzio Irrigazioni Cremonesi

wikidata_label: Francesco Maria De Regi

wikipedia_title: Francesco Maria De Regi


text:
producer
ambient
Ghostly International
Merck Records
Epoch
2017 Grammy Awards
Ghostly International
DJ Shadow
Ulrich Schnauss
Boards of Canada
Cakewalk Sonar
VSTI
REAPER
Past Is Prologue
Dive
Awake
Epoch
Weather
Official website
Tycho at Ghostly International
Wired Tours Tycho Studio

categories: Musicians from Sacramento, California,American male composers,Ambient musicians,21st-century American composers,1977 births,Chillwave musicians,Record producers from California,Living people

paragraph: Tycho (musician)

paragraph: Scott Hansen (born February 7, 1977), known professionally as Tycho ( ), is an American musician, composer, songwriter and producer. He is also known as ISO50 for his photographic and design work. His music is a combination of downtempo vintage-style synthesizers and ambient melodies. His sound is very organic, often incorporating clips of human elements into his songs (e.g. weather broadcasts, simple talking, or breathing).

paragraph: Tycho signed to Ghostly International in 2006, but has also released music on Merck Records and Gammaphone Records. His fourth studio album, "Epoch", received a nomination for Best Dance/Electronic Album in the 2017 Grammy Awards. Tycho departed Ghostly International in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Sound.

paragraph: Hansen's music project Tycho is influenced by and has been compared to artists such as DJ Shadow, Ulrich Schnauss and Boards of Canada. His music captures the sound of lo-fi analog media while remaining both progressive and futuristic in composition and style. Themes of nostalgia, longing, childhood and the natural world are interspersed throughout Tycho's work. Brief interludes or vignettes also feature in his earlier work. In "Past Is Prologue", Hansen includes excerpts from broadcasts accompanied by atmospherics to capture a specific moment or mood. His music is characterized by a mixture of electronic synths, live instrumentation, and vintage sound clips.

paragraph: Until the release of the album "Dive", Hansen worked as a solo artist and used the digital audio workstation, Cakewalk Sonar, to work with analog, virtual analog hardware, digital hardware and VSTI synthesizers as well as samples derived from live instrumentation, played by Hansen himself. While creating the album, he switched over to REAPER, a more dynamic program which he credits with allowing him to finish "Dive". The album tour had a live band for the first time, hybridizing the electronic music experience with the dynamic energy of a performance featuring live instrumentation. After touring, Hansen decided to permanently open up the solo project, and work both on tour and in the studio alongside two other band members, Zac Brown on bass guitar and guitar and Rory O'Connor on drums. When performing, all the guitars are live, played either by Hansen or Brown. Bass guitar is also always live, with the exception of the song "Hours". Drums are played live by O'Connor, and lead synthesizers are also live. Hansen often plays guitar while triggering samples with his foot. His goal is to find the balance between the fluid nature of a live show with artists playing physical instruments and the precision and ability to stay true to the album of electronic music.

paragraph: Section::::Touring members.

paragraph: Since July 9, 2010 in San Francisco, California, Tycho performances have included a live backing band.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott Hansen – synthesizers, guitar, bass guitar, visuals, programming

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zac Brown – bass guitar, guitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rory O'Connor – drums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Billy Kim – bass guitar, keyboards, synthesizers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hannah Cottrell – vocals

paragraph: Past members

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe Davancens – bass guitar, keyboards, synthesizers

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Past Is Prologue" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dive" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Awake" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epoch" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weather" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tycho at Ghostly International

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wired Tours Tycho Studio

description: American ambient music project

wikidata_label: Tycho

wikipedia_title: Tycho (musician)


text:
politician
naturalist
Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo
Alvito
Lazio
southern Italy
Terra di Lavoro
Abruzzo
Apulia
Benedetto Croce
University of Turin
electrical engineering
Liège
Pescasseroli
Italian Parliament
Abruzzo chamois
Marsican brown bear
national park
Marsica
Undersecretary
of State
Italian Navy
Opi
Abruzzo National Park
fauna
flora
tourism
sustainable development
Lorenzo Arnone Sipari
Trento
University of Camerino
Peter Lang

categories: Italian naturalists,Italian male non-fiction writers,Nature writers,Abruzzo,Italian engineers,Italian Radicals politicians,1968 deaths,Italian conservationists,Italian essayists,1879 births,People from the Province of Frosinone

paragraph: Erminio Sipari

paragraph: Erminio Sipari (1 December 1879 – 28 January 1968) was an Italian politician and naturalist, author of studies on the preservation of nature and founder of Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, which he chaired from 1922 to 1933.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sipari was born in Alvito, Lazio. His family, well known in southern Italy, had many properties in Terra di Lavoro, Abruzzo and Apulia. His father was the brother of Luisa Sipari, the mother of Benedetto Croce, and his mother, Cristina Cappelli, came from a noble family. Erminio studied in Rome and graduated in civil engineering at the University of Turin, after which he specialized in electrical engineering in Liège. Back in Italy in 1905, he established his own engineering firm, based in Rome and Pescasseroli.

paragraph: In 1913, when Sipari was first elected in the Italian Parliament, he took the opportunity to draw attention to the real threat of extinction of important species, such as the Abruzzo chamois and the Marsican brown bear, and proposed the creation of a national park in the area of Marsica. In 1921 he was appointed as Undersecretary of State to the Italian Navy. In the same year, he founded the "Ente Autonomo of the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo", who leased 5 square kilometres of land to be protected in the district of Opi. In September 1922 Sipari opened the Park in Pescasseroli. After, the park was recognized by Italian law (January 1923).

paragraph: As its president, Sipari argued that the Abruzzo National Park must protect fauna and flora, but also allow the birth of tourism. He was able to create and manage a park based on sustainable development. He wrote numerous articles on the birth of the National Park and also a comprehensive report, called "Relazione Sipari" (1926), which at the time was considered the main promoter of nature conservation in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzo Arnone Sipari (ed.), "Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922-1933)", Temi, Trento 2011;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luigi Piccioni, "Erminio Sipari. Origini sociali e opere dell'artefice del Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo", University of Camerino 1997;

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Sievert, "The Origins of Nature Conservation in Italy", Peter Lang, Bern 2000, pp. 165–181.

description: Italian politician

wikidata_label: Erminio Sipari

wikipedia_title: Erminio Sipari


text:
American football
cornerback
National Football League
Washington Redskins
undrafted free agent
college football
University of Virginia
Henry Clay High School
Lexington, Kentucky
defensive back
wide receiver
running back
quarterback
interceptions
sacks
2012 NFL Draft
NFL
Washington Redskins
undrafted free agent
physically unable to perform
anterior cruciate ligament
injured reserve
2013 season
2014 season
DeAngelo Hall
Leonard Hankerson
Tracy Porter
Indianapolis Colts
Frank Minnifield
defensive back
Cleveland Browns

wikipedia_title:
American football
Cornerback
National Football League
Washington Redskins
Free agent
College football
University of Virginia
Henry Clay High School
Lexington, Kentucky
Defensive back
Wide receiver
Running back
Quarterback
Interception
Quarterback sack
2012 NFL Draft
National Football League
Washington Redskins
Free agent
Physically unable to perform
Anterior cruciate ligament
Injured reserve list
2013 NFL season
2014 NFL season
DeAngelo Hall
Leonard Hankerson
Tracy Porter
Indianapolis Colts
Frank Minnifield
Defensive back
Cleveland Browns

categories: 1989 births,Sportspeople from Lexington, Kentucky,Virginia Cavaliers football players,American football cornerbacks,Living people,Players of American football from Kentucky

paragraph: Chase Minnifield

paragraph: Chase Onassis Minnifield (born March 31, 1989) is a former American football cornerback who played in the National Football League (NFL). Despite being projected as a third or fourth round pick, he was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He played college football for the University of Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Minnifield attended Henry Clay High School in Lexington, Kentucky. He played defensive back, wide receiver, running back and quarterback. He also played on his high school basketball and baseball team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Minnifield was redshirted in 2007. As a backup in 2008 and 2009, he had 53 tackles and four interceptions. During his first year as a starter in 2010, he had 48 tackles, six interceptions, and 0.5 sacks. Chase was ranked No. 2 in the ACC and No. 7 in the nation with six interceptions in the 2010 season and was selected as the "Jim Thorpe Defensive Back of the Week" Honor on two separate occasions his junior year. Chase acted as Virginia's main kick/punt return specialist from 2008 to 2010. In 2011, he was used less-frequently as a more "sure-handed" punt returner and was not used more often because of the risk of injury that comes from returning punts and Chase's value to the team.

paragraph: In twelve games of the 2011 season, Minnifield had 50 tackles, three interceptions (one returned for a touchdown), and 1.5 sacks. Chase's outstanding defense and senior leadership helped lead the Cavaliers to an 8-5 season and Virginia's first bowl game since 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Prior to the 2012 NFL Draft, Minnifield was projected as third or fourth round pick. Although unselected, he was still viewed as one of the best undrafted rookies and received offers from five different NFL teams after the draft. Minnifield, with encouragement from his father, signed with the Washington Redskins on April 29, 2012 as an undrafted free agent. Still recovering from microfracture surgery, it was reported that he was placed on the physically unable to perform list before the start of training camp on July 18, 2012. On July 24, 2012, Minnifield was waived-injured by the team after tearing his anterior cruciate ligament. Due to not being claimed off waivers, he officially went to the team's injured reserve list.

paragraph: The Redskins waived Minnifield on August 31, 2013 for final roster cuts before the start of 2013 season, but expressed interest in bringing back on their practice squad. The next day he was signed to the team's practice squad. On November 29, he was signed to the team's active roster.

paragraph: The Redskins waived him on August 30, 2014 for final roster cuts before the start of the 2014 season. After clearing waivers, he was signed to the team's practice squad for the second time the following day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 22 after the Redskins placed DeAngelo Hall on injured reserve. After playing six games, the Redskins waived him on November 4 to make room for Leonard Hankerson on the active roster. The Redskins re-signed him to their practice squad two days later. He was promoted again to the active roster on November 26 after cornerback Tracy Porter was placed on injured reserve. On December 6, the Redskins placed him on injured reserve due to lingering symptoms from the concussion he suffered in Week 13 loss against the Indianapolis Colts. On December 16, the Redskins released Minnifield with an injury settlement.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Minnifield is the son of Frank Minnifield, a former defensive back for the Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 NFL Draft bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Cavaliers bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Chase Minnifield

wikipedia_title: Chase Minnifield


text: American country

text: gospel

text: songwriter

text: Faith

text: pneumonia

text: whooping cough

text: education

text: St. Louis

text: Union Train Station

text: Nashville, Tennessee

text: Music Row

text: artist development deal

text: Loretta Lynn

text: Norma Jean

text: Mel Tillis

text: Kapp Records

text: country music

text: Porter Wagoner

text: bluegrass

text: Bill Monroe

text: Dolly Parton

text: Wynonna Judd

text: The Judds

text: The Oak Ridge Boys

text: The Grascals

text: heart

text: White House, Tennessee

categories: 1941 births,People from Bonne Terre, Missouri,People from White House, Tennessee,Songwriters from Tennessee,2003 deaths,American female songwriters,20th-century American musicians

paragraph: Sharon Higgins

paragraph: Sharon Higgins (Sharon Rose, born Sharon Rose Black, July 6, 1941 – January 3, 2003) was an American country and gospel songwriter.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Higgins was born in Bonne, Missouri, United States, Higgins was one of nine, her father was killed in a car accident The loss impacted her and her family greatly and music became an outle for her and she pored herself into her craft Faith was an important theme throughout Higgins' life. A love of God and family was instilled in her at an early age and she credited the Lord with saving her life at the age of five when she was stricken with pneumonia and whooping cough. After the death of her father August "Gus" Black in 1950, Higgins found it difficult to "fit in" in the large family, but felt it was her duty to take care of the little ones left behind. Her mother, Mildred (Blanton), was forced to work several jobs to support the family. Higgins' education was ultimately put on hold so she could do her part. At the age of 17, Higgins married and left home. By the age of 21, she had her first child. The marriage was tumultuous and ended not long after the birth of their daughter. In an effort to support herself, Higgins went to work and started writing.

paragraph: Section::::Music Row success.

paragraph: In 1968, Higgins took a job at a factory in St. Louis. While working the assembly line and dealing with revelations in her own marriage, Higgins penned the words to "Woman of the World (Leave My World Alone)". Not long after, she took the very last train from St. Louis to the Union Train Station in Nashville, Tennessee.

paragraph: The next day, Higgins got up, packed her guitar, and headed to Music Row. She stumbled into the Surefire Music offices of the Wilburn Brothers. The receptionist told her Teddy Wilburn had no openings that day, but Higgins was determined to wait. That evening as Teddy Wilburn started to leave for the day, he saw the 27-year-old woman on the couch. He felt sorry for her and agreed to hear her songs. That meeting changed her life. Wilburn signed her to an artist development deal that very day. She was just the second woman to sign such a deal with the company; the first was Loretta Lynn.

paragraph: Section::::Early music.

paragraph: In 1969, the song "Woman of the World (Leave My World Alone)" was recorded by Loretta Lynn and climbed to #1 on the Billboard Country Music Chart. The song earned Higgins the BMI Citation of Achievement. Higgins found other success with songs like "When You Leave My World" Loretta Lynn, "All I Got Left" Norma Jean, "Love Ain't Gonna Die" Mel Tillis, "The Only Way to Hold Your Man" (title cut) Norma Jean, and "Hold on Woman" Jeannie Pruett.

paragraph: Higgins also recorded her own music as a recording artist signed to Kapp Records. She released several singles including, "It's a Long Way from Heaven," "Woman Let Go of My Man," and "She Loved All the Love Out of You."

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Higgins was married at the age of 17. The marriage resulted in one child, Sherry Anne, and ended when Higgins was in her early twenties. She met and married Jerry Higgins in 1965, the marriage lasted ten years. The couple had no children. In 1976, Higgins met and married Ray Loafman. In 1980, the couple had a daughter, Bethany Davis (Loafman). The marriage lasted until her death in 2003.

paragraph: Higgins also helped her siblings find success in country music. Her brother Damon Black was a close friend to Porter Wagoner and the father of bluegrass, Bill Monroe. Both men recorded several of his songs. In addition, Higgins sister Joyce McCord had a hit with "Always Always", a duet by Dolly Parton and Porter Wagoner.

paragraph: Section::::Music of the 1990s and 2000s.

paragraph: In 1992, Higgins' career shot back with the recording of "All of that Love from Here" by Wynonna Judd. The song was a co-write with Kris Bergsnes and Lynn Langham. The album was Wynonna's first solo project after leaving The Judds and it reached triple platinum status. Higgins' faith was the foundation of her life and she loved to write gospel music. "I Saw the Master This Morning", a co-write with Dave Gillon, was recorded by Margie Cumbie and later Bill Harrell and the Virginians. In 2002, The Oak Ridge Boys recorded "Beneath the Christmas Tree" a co-write with Jeff Pearson for their "An Inconvenient Christmas" album. The bluegrass hit "Crazy Heart" was recorded by Lonesome River Band in 2006. Twelve years after her death, her song "Silver Strands," a co-write with Billy and Terry Smith, was recorded by the bluegrass band The Grascals.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Higgins had battled heart problems most of her adult life. On January 2, 2003 she grew ill. She died on January 3, 2003 at her home in White House, Tennessee. She was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in White House, where her family still resides. She is survived by her husband and both daughters.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Sharon Higgins

wikipedia_title: Sharon Higgins


text:
Archbishop of Milan
saint
Catholic Church
bishop
Milan
Athanasius of Alexandria
Roman Emperor
Constantius II
Council of Sardica
Arian
Council of Nicaea
Victor Maurus

wikipedia_title:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan
Saint
Catholic Church
Bishop
Milan
Athanasius of Alexandria
Roman emperor
Constantius II
Council of Serdica
Arianism
First Council of Nicaea
Victor Maurus

categories: Year of birth unknown,Archbishops of Milan,4th-century bishops,4th-century Christian saints,Italian saints,340s deaths

paragraph: Protasius (bishop of Milan)

paragraph: Protasius () was Archbishop of Milan. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church, with his feast day celebrated on 24 November, the day of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Almost nothing is known about the life of Protasius. He was elected bishop of Milan in 328, and served until his death, about 343.

paragraph: Athanasius of Alexandria, in his "Apologia ad Constantium", mentioned that Protasius was with him when he spoke to the Roman Emperor Constantius II; this episode can be dated about 342 or 343. In 343, Protasius attended the Council of Sardica and signed its decrees, standing up against the Arians and supporting the faith of the Council of Nicaea.

paragraph: Protasius died about 343 on 24 November. His body was buried in Milan in the Church of "San Vittore al Corpo" (Saint Victor Maurus), where it is venerated still. A late tradition, with no historical basis, associates Protasius with a Milanese family, the "Algisi".

description: Archbishop of Milan

wikidata_label: Protasius

wikipedia_title: Protasius (bishop of Milan)


text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: San Diego Padres

text: ALCS

text: World Series

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: immaculate inning

text: Terry Pendleton

text: Tom Nieto

text: Brian Harper

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: World Series

text: NL All-Star

text: Tom Browning

text: Orel Hershiser

categories: Louisville Redbirds players,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Philadelphia Phillies players,1962 births,Cincinnati Reds players,National League All-Stars,Omaha Royals players,Baseball players from Texas,Northern League (baseball, 1993–2010) managers,St. Louis Cardinals players,Charleston Wheelers players,Kansas City Royals players,Chicago Cubs players,National League wins champions,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,Nashville Sounds players,Jacksonville Suns players,San Diego Padres players,Sportspeople from San Antonio

paragraph: Danny Jackson

paragraph: Danny Lynn Jackson (born January 5, 1962) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played fifteen seasons in Major League Baseball from 1983 to 1997. He played for the Kansas City Royals, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, and San Diego Padres.

paragraph: A key member of the World Series winning Royals in 1985, Jackson made one of the most important starts in Royals history in the ALCS. Trailing the Blue Jays three games to one and facing elimination, Jackson tossed a complete game shutout and kept the Royals alive. Two weeks later, in the World Series, Jackson again took the ball with the Royals trailing three games to one in a Game Five, and again Jackson led the Royals to a crucial victory over the St. Louis Cardinals. In the seventh inning of that game, he pitched, as of 2018, the only immaculate inning in World Series play; his victims were Terry Pendleton, Tom Nieto and Brian Harper. Jackson's 1.04 post-season ERA with the Royals is the lowest in team history (min 10 IP). After disappointing seasons in 1986 and 1987, Jackson was traded to the Cincinnati Reds where he would become an important part of their World Series winning team.

paragraph: He was selected to the National League NL All-Star team in 1988 and 1994. He tied for the National League lead in wins in 1988 with 23 and, with 18-game winner Tom Browning, combined for the best pitching tandem in baseball that season. Jackson's great 1988 season went largely unnoticed because of the outstanding season turned in by the Dodgers Orel Hershiser.

paragraph: In total, Jackson played in three World Series for three different franchises: the 1985 Kansas City Royals, the 1990 Cincinnati Reds, and the 1993 Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Danny Jackson

wikipedia_title: Danny Jackson


text:
hip hop producer
DJ
underground hip hop
Jedi Mind Tricks
7L & Esoteric
Canibus
Guru
Gang Starr
About.com
Jedi Mind Tricks
Violence Begets Violence
Vinnie Paz
Jus Allah
The Thief and the Fallen
Decalogue
Babygrande Records
M.O.P.
A Bright Cold Day
Jedi Mind Tricks
Lorrie Doriza
Decalogue
The Waiting Wolf
Dusty Pockets
Red Martina
Intransit
Philadelphia Slick
Ish Quintero
Hayley Cass
Come On Home
Stoupe
Eamon
Golden Rail Motel
Stoupe
Golden Rail Motel
Ocean's 8
Black-ish
Netflix
On My Block
"they."
C-Lance
Recognize Ali
Lorrie Doriza

categories: Army of the Pharaohs members,Living people,Hip hop record producers,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind

paragraph: Kevin Baldwin, better known by his stage name as Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind, is an American hip hop producer, DJ, and member of the underground hip hop group Jedi Mind Tricks. Stoupe has worked with only a limited number of artists outside of Jedi Mind Tricks, including 7L & Esoteric, Canibus, Virtuoso and Guru of Gang Starr.

paragraph: About.com placed him on its list of the "Top 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Producers".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After years as a duo and then a trio, Baldwin left Jedi Mind Tricks in 2011 and "Violence Begets Violence" would be their only album to not feature Stoupe production. Vinnie Paz stated in a blog on the JMT website that Stoupe had lacked interest in the group and decided to focus on other things in his career, such as his side groups, and that Stoupe would not be producing any of the tracks on the new JMT album. However, Stoupe returned to Jedi Mind Tricks in 2014 and Jus Allah left the group for the second time. Stoupe and Paz worked on a new album called The Thief and the Fallen, which was released on June 2, 2015.

paragraph: Stoupe's only full-length solo album Decalogue was released on March 31, 2009 under Babygrande Records. It featured a mixture of underground and popular rappers (for instance M.O.P.) performing over Stoupe's productions.

paragraph: In 2010, Baldwin and long-time associate Liz Fullerton formed a duo together called Dutch and they released their first album "A Bright Cold Day" on June 8 under Enemy Soil. Fullerton had previously contributed vocals to Jedi Mind Tricks' song Death Messiah.

paragraph: In 2011, Stoupe released his follow-up album, this time with side project Vespertina, featuring songwriter Lorrie Doriza, who was previously featured in Decalogue, entitled "The Waiting Wolf" on May 10 under his label Dusty Pockets.

paragraph: In November 2013, as one of the first acts on Stoupe's new production company, Bad Tape Music, Red Martina released their debut "Intransit" with Stoupe as the producer on all thirteen tracks.

paragraph: Other band members are rapper Noesis (from Philadelphia Slick), multi-instrumentalist Ish Quintero, and vocalist Hayley Cass.

paragraph: In November 2017, Red Martina released their second album, "Come On Home".

paragraph: In 2017, Stoupe teamed up with singer Eamon to co-produce a record called the Golden Rail Motel.

paragraph: Stoupe was not only responsible for the production on this record, but also holds writing credits on some of the songs. The album was well received with critics and songs from the Golden Rail Motel were featured in films and television. The song "You And Only You" was included on the original soundtrack of Ocean's 8, other songs were featured in TV series like Black-ish and Netflix's On My Block.

paragraph: On July 1, 2019, Stoupe released a cryptic concept album called "they." available only on a limited vinyl run. The project's focus is quoted as "[a]n instrumental exploration into markov's[sic] dynamics and the human condition." This mostly instrumental album featured co-production by C-Lance and performances by Recognize Ali and Lorrie Doriza.

description: American record producer

wikidata_label: Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind

wikipedia_title: Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind


href: Christianity Gallaecia

text: Christian Galician

categories: 5th-century Latin writers,Roman Catholic monks

paragraph: Bachiarius

paragraph: Bachiarius was an early fifth-century Christian writer, known only through his two writings which suggest he was a Galician monk.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber de Fide" - an apologetic letter to the Pope.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ad Januariam liber de reparatione lapsi" - an appeal to an abbott on behalf of an incontinent monk.

description: Galician monk and writer

wikidata_label: Bachiarius

wikipedia_title: Bachiarius


text: jazz

text: Beardstown, Illinois

text: marimba

text: vaudeville

text: Paul Whiteman

text: Benny Goodman

text: Charlie Barnet

text: Woody Herman

text: Mildred Bailey

text: Billie Holiday

text: Dinah Shore

text: Frank Sinatra

text: Screaming Mimi

text: Ocean's 11

text: Dean Martin

text: Ain't That a Kick in the Head?

text: Brunswick

text: Jack Kapp

text: chamber jazz

text: Bix Beiderbecke

text: marimba

text: Benny Goodman

text: Dick McDonough

text: Artie Bernstein

text: Columbia

text: Decca

text: Champion

text: ARC

text: Brunswick

text: Vocalion

text: Columbia

text: Eddie Sauter

text: Mildred Bailey

text: Comet Records

text: Charlie Parker

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Mundell Lowe

text: Red Kelly

text: Tal Farlow

text: Jimmy Raney

text: Charles Mingus

text: Red Mitchell

text: Savoy Records

text: Blue Note Records

text: The Dinah Shore Chevy Show

text: Santa Monica, California

text: The New York Times Magazine

text: 2008 Universal fire

text: Liberty

text: Contemporary

text: Dot

text: Flying Fish

text: Concord Jazz

text: Stash

text: Red Norvo Interview

categories: People from Beardstown, Illinois,American jazz vibraphonists,Big band bandleaders,1999 deaths,1908 births,Vaudeville performers,Savoy Records artists,Bebop vibraphonists,20th-century American musicians,Cool jazz vibraphonists,Swing vibraphonists

paragraph: Red Norvo

paragraph: Red Norvo (born Kenneth Norville, March 31, 1908 – April 6, 1999) was one of jazz's early vibraphonists, known as "Mr. Swing". He helped establish the xylophone, marimba, and vibraphone as jazz instruments. His recordings included "Dance of the Octopus", "Bughouse", "Knockin' on Wood", "Congo Blues", and "Hole in the Wall".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Red Norvo was born in Beardstown, Illinois. His career began in Chicago with a band called "The Collegians" in 1925. He played with many other bands, including an all-marimba band on the vaudeville circuit, and the bands of Paul Whiteman, Benny Goodman, Charlie Barnet, and Woody Herman. He recorded with Mildred Bailey (his wife), Billie Holiday, Dinah Shore and Frank Sinatra. Norvo and his wife were known as "Mr. and Mrs. Swing." He appeared as himself in the film "Screaming Mimi" (1958) and in "Ocean's 11", accompanying Dean Martin while he sang "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?".

paragraph: In 1933 he recorded two sessions for Brunswick under his own name. The first, "Knockin' on Wood" and "Hole in the Wall", pleased Brunswick's recording director Jack Kapp, and Norvo was booked for another session. This time, Kapp was out of town and Norvo went ahead and recorded two early pieces of chamber jazz: "In a Mist" by Bix Beiderbecke and Norvo's own "Dance of the Octopus". He played marimba instead of xylophone in the second session, accompanied by Benny Goodman in a rare performance on bass clarinet, Dick McDonough on guitar, and Artie Bernstein on double bass. Kapp was outraged when he heard the recordings and tore up Norvo's contract. Nevertheless, this modern record remained in print through the 1930s.

paragraph: Norvo recorded eight modern swing sides for Columbia in 1934–1935, and fifteen sides for Decca and their short-lived Champion label series in 1936. Starting in 1936 through 1942, Norvo formed a swing orchestra and recorded for ARC, first on their Brunswick label, then Vocalion and Columbia after CBS bought ARC. The recordings featured arrangements by Eddie Sauter, often with Mildred Bailey as vocalist. In 1938, Red Norvo and His Orchestra reached number one with their recordings of "Please Be Kind", which was number one for two weeks, and "Says My Heart", with lead vocals by Bailey, which was number one for four weeks on the pop charts, reaching number one during the week of June 18, 1938.

paragraph: In June 1945, while a member of the Benny Goodman Sextet, he recorded a session for Comet Records that employed members of Goodman's group, Charlie Parker, and Dizzy Gillespie. About the session Norvo said, "Bird and Diz were dirty words for musicians of my generation. But jazz had always gone through changes and in 1945 we were in the middle of another one. Bird and Diz were saying new things in an exciting way. I had a free hand, so I gambled".

paragraph: In 1949, while trying to find work near home on the West Coast and running into difficulties with large groups, Norvo formed a trio with the novel combination of vibes, guitar, and bass. When the original guitarist and bassist quit (Mundell Lowe and Red Kelly), he brought in two previously little-known players. Tal Farlow became one of the most important of the postwar generation of guitarists, in part because the demands of the trio led him to explore changes in tempo and harmony. Farlow left the group in 1953 and guitarist Jimmy Raney took his place. Charles Mingus's prominence as a bass player increased through this group, though its repertoire did not reflect the career he would develop as a composer. Mingus left in 1951 and Red Mitchell replaced him. The Norvo, Farlow, and Mingus trio recorded two albums for Savoy Records.

paragraph: In 1959, Norvo's group played concerts in Australia with Frank Sinatra; Blue Note Records released in 1997. Norvo and his group also made several appearances on "The Dinah Shore Chevy Show" in the late 1950s and early '60s.

paragraph: Norvo recorded and toured throughout his career until a stroke in the mid-1980s forced him into retirement (although he developed hearing problems long before his stroke). He died at a convalescent home in Santa Monica, California at the age of 91.

paragraph: On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed the Red Norvo Sextet among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions by Red Norvo.

paragraph: Red Norvo composed the following instrumentals during his career: "Dance of the Octopus", "Bughouse" with Irving Mills and Teddy Wilson, "The Night is Blue", "A Cigarette and a Silhouette", "Congo Blues", "Seein' Red", "Blues in E Flat", "Hole in the Wall", "Knockin' on Wood", "Decca Stomp", "Tomboy", and "1-2-3-4 Jump".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Norvo's Fabulous Jazz Session" (Dial, 1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Norvo with Strings" (Fantasy, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibe-Rations in Hi-Fi" (Liberty, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midnight on Cloud 69" (Savoy, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Move!" with Tal Farlow, Charles Mingus (Savoy, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Red Norvo Trios" (Fantasy, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music to Listen to Red Norvo By" (Contemporary, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ad Lib" with Buddy Collette (Liberty, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some of My Favorites" (RCA, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Plays the Blues" (RCA Victor, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Windjammer City Style" (Dot, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Norvo in Hi-Fi" (RCA Victor, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pretty Is the Only Way to Fly" (Charlie Parker, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Second Time Around" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Rick's Cafe" (Flying Fish, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red and Ross" (Concord Jazz, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Friends" (Stash, 1983)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Norvo: 'Mr. Swing' at NPR Jazz Profiles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Norvo Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1994)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Red Norvo

wikipedia_title: Red Norvo


text: American modernist painter

text: pop art

text: Ashcan School

text: modernist

text: Great Depression

text: Federal Art Project

text: Philadelphia

text: The Philadelphia Press

text: sculptor

text: Robert Henri

text: Ashcan School

text: John Sloan

text: Glenn Coleman

text: Henry Glintenkamp

text: Armory Show

text: watercolor

text: Vincent van Gogh

text: Henri Matisse

text: Pablo Picasso

text: cubism

text: modernism

text: Gloucester, Massachusetts

text: Havana

text: New Mexico

text: Amon Carter Museum of American Art

text: still life

text: landscapes

text: proto-pop art

text: Paris

text: France

text: Marxism

text: Artists' Union

text: American Artists' Congress

text: Federal Art Project

text: Works Progress Administration

text: jazz

text: Yale University

text: Edith Gregor Halpert

text: Amon Carter Museum of American Art

text: stroke

text: Progressive Era

text: Armory Show

text: Société Anonyme

text: Fernand Léger

text: Addison Gallery of American Art

text: Andover, Massachusetts

text: Amon Carter Museum of American Art

text: Texas

text: University of Rochester

text: New York

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Block Museum of Art

text: Northwestern University

text: Illinois

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: New York City

text: Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

text: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

text: Cleveland Museum of Art

text: Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art

text: Arkansas

text: Currier Museum of Art

text: New Hampshire

text: Dallas Museum of Art

text: Texas

text: Dayton Art Institute

text: Ohio

text: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

text: Robert Hull Fleming Museum

text: University of Vermont

text: University of Oklahoma

text: Harvard University Art Museums

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Honolulu Museum of Art

text: the Hyde Collection

text: Glens Falls, New York

text: Indiana University Art Museum

text: Bloomington, Indiana

text: Johnson Museum of Art

text: Cornell University

text: Ithaca, New York

text: Krannert Art Museum

text: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

text: Champaign, Illinois

text: Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Montclair Art Museum

text: New Jersey

text: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

text: Texas

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: New York City

text: National Gallery of Australia

text: Canberra

text: National Portrait Gallery

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: Nevada Museum of Art

text: Norton Museum of Art

text: West Palm Beach, Florida

text: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma

text: Orange County Museum of Art

text: Newport Beach, California

text: Rome

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: Philadelphia

text: The Phillips Collection

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Pierpont Morgan Library

text: New York City

text: Pomona College

text: California

text: Portland Museum of Art

text: Maine

text: San Diego Museum of Art

text: California

text: Sheldon Art Gallery

text: Lincoln, Nebraska

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Ohio

text: Tacoma Art Museum

text: Washington

text: Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum

text: Madrid

text: U.S. Library of Congress

text: Washington, D.C.

text: University of Kentucky

text: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

text: Richmond

text: Wadsworth Atheneum

text: Hartford

text: Walker Art Center

text: Minnesota

text: Westmoreland Museum of American Art

text: Greensburg, Pennsylvania

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: New York City

text: Yale University Art Gallery

text: Connecticut

text: Precisionism

text: The Masses

text: Liberator (magazine)

text: New Masses

text: Karen Wilkin

text: Lowery Stokes Sims

text: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

text: Karen Wilkin

text: Stuart Davis Artwork Examples on AskART.

text: Comrades in Art

text: Stuart Davis' Swing Landscape

categories: Federal Art Project artists,20th-century American painters,Students of Robert Henri,Art Students League of New York faculty,1964 deaths,American male painters,Guggenheim Fellows,Modern painters,20th-century American printmakers,1892 births,Precisionism,Painters from Pennsylvania

paragraph: Stuart Davis (painter)

paragraph: Stuart Davis (December 7, 1892 – June 24, 1964), was an early American modernist painter. He was well known for his jazz-influenced, proto-pop art paintings of the 1940s and 1950s, bold, brash, and colorful, as well as his Ashcan School pictures in the early years of the 20th century. With the belief that his work could influence the sociopolitical environment of America, Davis' political message was apparent in all of his pieces from the most abstract to the clearest. Contrary to most modernist artists, Davis was aware of his political objectives and allegiances and did not waver in loyalty via artwork during the course of his career. By the 1930s, Davis was already a famous American painter, but that did not save him from feeling the negative effects of the Great Depression, which led to his being one of the first artists to apply for the Federal Art Project. Under the project, Davis created some seemingly Marxist works; however, he was too independent to fully support Marxist ideals and philosophies. Despite several works that appear to reflect the class struggle, Davis' roots in American optimism is apparent throughout his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Stuart Davis was born on December 7, 1892, in Philadelphia to Edward Wyatt Davis, art editor of "The Philadelphia Press", and Helen Stuart Davis, sculptor. Starting in 1909, Davis began his formal art training under Robert Henri, the leader of the Ashcan School, at the Robert Henri School of Art in New York under 1912. During this time, Davis befriended painters John Sloan, Glenn Coleman and Henry Glintenkamp.

paragraph: In 1913, Davis was one of the youngest painters to exhibit in the Armory Show, where he displayed five watercolor paintings in the Ashcan school style.

paragraph: In the show, Davis was exposed to the works of a number of artists including Vincent van Gogh, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso. Davis became a committed "modern" artist and a major exponent of cubism and modernism in America. He spent summers painting in Gloucester, Massachusetts, and made painting trips to Havana in 1918 and New Mexico in 1923.

paragraph: After spending several years emulating artists in the Armory Show, Davis started moving toward a signature style with his 1919 "Self-Portrait", in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art. In the 1920s he began his development into his mature style; painting abstract still lifes and landscapes. His use of contemporary subject matter such as cigarette packages and spark plug advertisements suggests a proto-pop art element to his work. Among Davis' practices was his use of previous paintings.

paragraph: Elements of harbor scenes he painted in Gloucester, Massachusetts can be found in a number of subsequent works. Another practice was painting series, works with similar structures, but with altered colors or added geometric embellishments, essentially creating variations on a theme. Some commentators suggest that this aspect of his work parallels his love of jazz in which a basic chord structure is improvised upon by the musicians.

paragraph: In 1928, he visited Paris, France for a year, where he painted street scenes. In 1929, while in Paris, he married his American girlfriend, Bessie Chosak. In the 1930s, he became increasingly politically engaged; according to Cécile Whiting, Davis' goal was to "reconcile abstract art with Marxism and modern industrial society". In 1934 he joined the Artists' Union; he was later elected its President. In 1936 the American Artists' Congress elected him National Secretary. He painted murals for Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration that are influenced by his love of jazz.

paragraph: In 1932 Davis was devastated by the loss of his wife, Bessie Chosak Davis who died after complications from a botched abortion.

paragraph: In 1938 Davis married Roselle Springer and spent his late life teaching at the New York School for Social Research and at Yale University.

paragraph: He was represented by Edith Gregor Halpert at the Downtown Gallery in New York City.

paragraph: One of his last paintings, "Blips and Ifs", created between 1963 and 1964, is in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art.

paragraph: Davis died of a stroke in New York on June 24, 1964, aged 71.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Davis' interactions with European modernist works in 1913 had a significant impact on his growth as an artist. The realist Robert Henri had trained Davis to paint in a realist fashion since Davis' youth, however Davis' excursion with European modernists caused him to raise the modernist flag instead. Stuart Davis did not switch to modernism out of spite for Henri, but rather out of appreciation for the many forms of art that exist. The love and adoption of European modernism morphed into political and social isolationism that was a staple of American in the 1920s and 1930s. Davis never joined an art group during the 1920s and became the sole author of Cubism which used abstract colors and shapes to show various dynamics of the American cultural and political environment. From 1915 to 1919, Davis spent summers in Massachusetts where his art work had intense color pallets paired with simple designs, trademarks of several artists that Davis admired at the Armory Show. The early 1920s saw many American artists abandon modern art, but Davis continued to try to discover ways to implement his knowledge of shapes and colors into his art work. By the end of the 1920s, Davis had done more work and research into Cubism and its various levels of sophistication than any other American artist at the time. During the 1930s and 1940s, Davis attempted to make is work with Cubism altered and more original. While working on several murals for the Federal Art Project, Davis tried to find alternatives to traditional Cubist structure. The emergence of Abstract Expressionism in the 1940s made some question whether Davis was still the greatest modernist in the country; however, this test did not shake his resolve as he continued to develop his own painting style.

paragraph: Section::::Mentors.

paragraph: Davis was first professionally trained by Robert Henri, an American realist. Henri began teaching Davis in 1909. Henri did not look highly upon American art institutions at the time, which led to him joining John Sloan and six other anti-institutional artists (known as "the Eight") to put on an exhibit at the Macbeth Gallery in 1908. Through his vocal rejection of academic norms in painting, Henri encouraged Davis and his other students to find new forms and ways to express their art and to draw on their daily lives for inspiration.

paragraph: Section::::Inspirations.

paragraph: Davis was born during the Progressive Era, a time when America had a growing sense of optimism about itself as a nation through its technologies and management in the material and social realm. Through this, Davis had a great sense of pride in being American and led to him creating several works centered on a "Great America". After his training from Henri, Davis would walk around the streets of New York City for inspiration for his works. His time amongst the public caused him to develop a strong social conscience which was strengthened through his friendship with John Sloan, another anti-institutional artist. Additionally, Davis frequented the 1913 Armory Show (in which he exhibited his work), to further educate himself on modernism and its evolving trends. Davis acquired an appreciation and knowledge on how to implement the formal and color advancements of European modernism, something Henri did not focus on, to his art. In 1925, the Société Anonyme put on an exhibit in New York with several pieces by the French artist Fernand Léger. Davis had a large amount of respect for Léger because like Davis, Léger sought the utmost formal clarity in his work. Davis also appreciated Léger's work for the subject matter: storefronts, billboard and other man-made objects. In the early 1930s after returning from a trip to Europe to visit several art studios, Davis was re-energized in his identity in his specific work. Previously, he saw Europe as a place bursting at the seams with talented artists, but now he felt as if he was of the same caliber if not greater than his European counterparts. According to Davis, his trip "allowed me to observe the enormous vitality of the American atmosphere as compared to Europe and made me regard the necessity of working in New York as a positive advantage."

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: "The act of painting is not a duplication of experience, but the extension experience on the plane of formal invention."

paragraph: "[Modern art] is a reflection of the positive progressive fact of modern industrial technology."

paragraph: "I don't want people to copy Matisse or Picasso, although it is entirely proper to admit their influence. I don't make paintings like theirs. I make paintings like mine."

paragraph: "It was amber."

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: Among the public collections holding work by Stuart Davis are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Massachusetts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amon Carter Museum of American Art (Texas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Gallery of the University of Rochester (New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Block Museum of Art (Northwestern University, Illinois)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn Museum (New York City)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art (Arkansas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Currier Museum of Art (New Hampshire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Museum of Art (Texas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dayton Art Institute (Ohio)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Hull Fleming Museum (University of Vermont)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art (University of Oklahoma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvard University Art Museums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington, D.C.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honolulu Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Hyde Collection (Glens Falls, New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indiana University Art Museum (Bloomington, Indiana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson Museum of Art (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krannert Art Museum (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art (Kansas City, Missouri)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maier Museum of Art (Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Virginia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montclair Art Museum (New Jersey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (Texas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art (New York City)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Gallery of Australia (Canberra)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Portrait Gallery (Washington, D.C.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art (Kansas City, Missouri)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nevada Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton Museum of Art (West Palm Beach, Florida)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oklahoma City Museum of Art (Oklahoma)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orange County Museum of Art (Newport Beach, California)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Ruspoli (Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (Philadelphia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Phillips Collection (Washington, D.C.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierpont Morgan Library (New York City)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pomona College Museum of Art (California)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portland Museum of Art (Maine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego Museum of Art (California)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheldon Art Gallery (Lincoln, Nebraska)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D.C.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Springfield Museum of Art (Ohio)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacoma Art Museum (Washington)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (Madrid)

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Kentucky Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (Richmond)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wadsworth Atheneum (Hartford)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walker Art Center (Minnesota)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Westmoreland Museum of American Art (Greensburg, Pennsylvania)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yale University Art Gallery (Connecticut)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Precisionism

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Masses

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liberator (magazine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Masses

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- References

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - "Stuart Davis: A Catalogue Raisonné" (3 volumes) by William Agee (Editor), Karen Wilkin, (Editor), Ani Boyajian, Mark Rutkoski ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowery Stokes Sims et al., "Stuart Davis: American Painter," 333 pages, 129 color illus., The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karen Wilkin 1999 - "Stuart Davis in Gloucester" ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuart Davis Artwork Examples on AskART.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuart Davis Artwork Examples on ibiblio's WebMuseum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comrades in Art: Stuart Davis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuart Davis' Swing Landscape

paragraph: BULLET::::- "STUART DAVIS: IN FULL SWING" retrospective at the Whitney Museum June 10 - Sept 25 2016,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blips and Ifs" (1963-1964), a painting in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Self-Portrait" (1919), a painting in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art

description: American painter

enwikiquote_title: Stuart Davis

wikidata_label: Stuart Davis

wikipedia_title: Stuart Davis (painter)


text: Austrasia

text: king of all the Franks

text: Neustria

text: Burgundy

text: Merovingian

text: Frankish king

text: Saint Denis Basilica

text: Chlothar II

text: Fredegund

text: Austrasia

text: Arnulf of Metz

text: Pepin of Landen

text: Alsace

text: Vosges

text: Ardennes

text: Duchy of Alsace

text: Burgundian Gate

text: Transjura

text: Gundoin

text: Charibert

text: Sichilde

text: Heraclius

text: Sisenand

text: Chilperic

text: Samo

text: Slavic

text: Wogastisburg

text: mayor of the palace

text: Pepin of Landen

text: Sigebert III

text: Paris

text: Altes Schloss

text: Meersburg

text: Germany

text: Saint Denis Basilica

text: Benedictine

text: Strasbourg

text: Bavaria

text: Charlemagne

text: Saint Denis Basilica

text: Paris

text: Chronicle of Fredegar

text: St. Audoen

text: Nanthild

text: Sichilde

text: Nanthild

text: Clovis II

text: Sigebert III

categories: Burials at the Basilica of St Denis,Merovingian kings,605 births,639 deaths,Frankish kings of Burgundy

paragraph: Dagobert I

paragraph: Dagobert I (; 603 – 19 January 639 AD) was the king of Austrasia (623–634), king of all the Franks (629–634), and king of Neustria and Burgundy (629–639). He was the last king of the Merovingian dynasty to wield any real royal power. Dagobert was the first of the Frankish kings to be buried in the royal tombs at Saint Denis Basilica.

paragraph: Section::::Rule in Austrasia.

paragraph: Dagobert was the eldest son of Chlothar II and Haldetrude (575–604) and the grandson of Fredegund. Chlothar had reigned alone over all the Franks since 613. In 622, Chlothar made Dagobert king of Austrasia, almost certainly to bind the Austrasian nobility to the ruling Franks. As a child, Dagobert lived under the care of the Carolingian dynasty forebears and Austrasian magnates, Arnulf of Metz and Pepin of Landen.

paragraph: Chlothar attempted to manage the unstable alliances he had with other noble families throughout much of Dagobert's reign. When Chlothar granted Austrasia to Dagobert, he initially excluded Alsace, the Vosges, and the Ardennes, but shortly thereafter the Austrasian nobility forced him to concede these regions to Dagobert. The rule of a Frank from the Austrasian heartland tied Alsace more closely to the Austrasian court. Dagobert created a new duchy (the later Duchy of Alsace) in southwest Austrasia to guard the region from Burgundian or Alemannic encroachments and ambitions. The duchy comprised the Vosges, the Burgundian Gate, and the Transjura. Dagobert made his courtier Gundoin—who incidentally established monasteries in Alsace and Burgundy—the first duke of this new polity that was to last until the end of the Merovingian dynasty. While Austrasian rulers such as Chlothar and Dagobert controlled these regions through part of the seventh-century, they eventually became autonomous kingdoms as powerful aristocratic families sought separate paths across their respective realms.

paragraph: Section::::United rule.

paragraph: Upon the death of his father in 629, Dagobert inherited the Neustrian and Burgundian kingdoms. His half-brother Charibert, son of Sichilde, claimed Neustria but Dagobert opposed him. Brodulf, brother of Sichilde, petitioned Dagobert on behalf of his young nephew, but Dagobert assassinated him and became sole king of the Franks. He later gave the Aquitaine to Charibert as a "consolation prize." In 629, Dagobert concluded a treaty with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, which entailed enforcing the compulsory baptism of Jews throughout his kingdom. Besides signing this treaty, Dagobert also took steps to secure trade across his empire by protecting important markets along the mouth of the Rhine at Duurstede and Utrecht, which in part explains his later determination to defend the Austrasian Franks from the Avar menace.

paragraph: Under the rule of Dagobert's father and like-minded Merovingians, Frankish society during the seventh-century experienced greater integration—the Catholic faith became predominant for instance—and a generally improved economic situation, but there was no initial impetus for the political unification of Gaul. Clothar II did not seek to force his Neustrian neighbors into submission, choosing instead a policy of cooperation. This did not prohibit plunder-raids to replenish the dynastic coffers, which Dagobert undertook in Spain for example—one raid there earned him 200,000 gold "solidi". Historian Ian Wood claims that Dagobert "was probably richer than most Merovingian monarchs" and cites for example his assistance to the Visigoth Sisenand—whom he aided in his rise to the Visigothic throne in Spain—and for which, Sisenand awarded Dagobert a golden dish weighing some five-hundred pounds.

paragraph: When Charibert and his son Chilperic were assassinated in 632, Dagobert had Burgundy and Aquitaine firmly under his rule, becoming the most powerful Merovingian king in many years and the most respected ruler in the West. In 631, Dagobert led a large army against Samo, the ruler of the Slavic Wends, partly at the request of the Germanic peoples living in the eastern territories and also due to Dagobert's quarrel with him about the Wends having robbed and killed a number of Frankish merchants. While Dagobert's Austrasian forces were defeated at the Wogastisburg, his Alemmanic and Lombard allies were successful in repelling the Wends. Taking advantage of the situation at the time, the Saxons offered to help Dagobert if he agreed to rescind the 500 cow yearly tribute to the Austrasians. Despite accepting this agreement, Fredegar reports that it was to little avail since the Wends attacked again the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Rule in Neustria, from Paris.

paragraph: Also in 632, the nobles of Austrasia revolted under the mayor of the palace, Pepin of Landen. In 634, Dagobert appeased the rebellious nobles by putting his three-year-old son, Sigebert III, on the throne, thereby ceding royal power in the easternmost of his realms, just as his father had done for him eleven years earlier. In historian Ian Wood's view, Dagobert's creation of a sub-kingdom for his son Sigibert had "important long-term implications for the general structure of Merovingian Francia."

paragraph: As king, Dagobert made Paris his capital. During his reign, he built the Altes Schloss in Meersburg (in modern Germany), which today is the oldest inhabited castle in that country. Devoutly religious, Dagobert was also responsible for the construction of the Saint Denis Basilica at the site of a Benedictine monastery in Paris. He also appointed St. Arbogast bishop of Strasbourg. Dagobert was beloved in many ways according to Fredegar, who wrote that "He rendered justice to rich and poor alike," adding that, "he took little sleep or food, and cared only so to act that all men should leave his presence full of joy and admiration." Such images do not fully convey the power and domination wielded by Frankish kings like Dagobert, who along with his father Chlothar, reigned to such a degree that historian Patrick Geary described the period of their combined rule as the "apogee of Merovingian royal power."

paragraph: Dagobert went down in history as one of the greatest Frankish kings, having held his lands against the eastern hordes and with noblemen as far away as Bavaria, who sought his overlordship. Only thirty-six when he died, Dagobert constituted the last of the great Merovingian kings, who, according to J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, "had the ruthless energy of a Clovis and the cunning of a Charlemagne." Despite having more or less united the Frankish realms, he likely was not expecting unitary rule to continue given the diverging interests of the Austrasian and Neustrian Franks, atop those of the Aquitanians and Burgundians. Upon his death, he was buried in the abbey of Saint-Denis and was the first Frankish king to be buried in the Saint Denis Basilica, Paris. The internment of Dagobert at Saint-Denis established a precedent for the future burial of French rulers there.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: The author of the "Chronicle of Fredegar" criticises the king for his loose morals in having "three queens almost simultaneously, as well as several concubines". When "rex Brittanorum" Judicael came to Clichy to visit with Dagobert, he opted not to dine with him due to his misgivings with Dagobert's moral choices, instead dining with the king's referendary, St. Audoen. Fredegar's chronicle names the three queens, Nanthild and the otherwise obscure Wulfegundis and Berchildis, but none of the concubines, stating that a full list of concubines would be too long. In 625/6 Dagobert married Gormatrude, a sister of his father's wife Sichilde; but the marriage was childless. After divorcing Gormatrude in 629/30 he made Nanthild, a Saxon servant ("puella") from his personal entourage, his new queen. She gave birth to Clovis II (b. 634/5) later king of Neustria and Burgundy. Shortly after his marriage to Nanthild, he took a girl called Ragnetrude to his bed, who gave birth to his youngest son, Sigebert III (b. 630/1) later king of Austrasia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A translation of Brother's Grimm Saga, King Dagobert's Soul in the Ship

description: Frankish king

wikidata_label: Dagobert I

wikipedia_title: Dagobert I


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text: James C. McReynolds.

categories: Tennessee lawyers,People from Elkton, Kentucky,United States federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson,United States Assistant Attorneys General,Kentucky Democrats,1946 deaths,Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members,20th-century American judges,Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States,20th-century American politicians,Cravath, Swaine & Moore people,University of Virginia School of Law alumni,United States Attorneys General,Antisemitism in the United States,Vanderbilt University alumni,1862 births,American people of Scotch-Irish descent,American members of the Churches of Christ,Racism in the United States,American Disciples of Christ,American legal scholars,Tennessee Democrats

paragraph: James Clark McReynolds

paragraph: James Clark McReynolds (February 3, 1862 – August 24, 1946) was an American lawyer and judge from Tennessee who served as United States Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson and as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He served on the Court from October 1914 to his retirement in January 1941. He was best known for his sustained opposition to the domestic programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his overt anti-semitism.

paragraph: Born in Elkton, Kentucky, McReynolds practiced law in Tennessee after graduating from the University of Virginia School of Law. He served as the Assistant Attorney General during the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt and became well known for his skill in antitrust cases. After President Wilson took office in 1913, he appointed McReynolds as his administration's first Attorney General. Wilson successfully nominated McReynolds to the Supreme Court in 1914 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Associate Justice Horace Harmon Lurton.

paragraph: In his twenty-six years on the bench, McReynolds wrote more than 506 majority opinions for the court and 157 dissents, 93 of which were against the New Deal. McReynolds was part of the "Four Horsemen" bloc of conservative justices who frequently voted to strike down New Deal programs. He assumed senior status in 1941 and was succeeded by James F. Byrnes. During his Supreme Court tenure, McReynolds wrote the majority opinion in cases such as "Meyer v. Nebraska", "United States v. Miller", and "Pierce v. Society of Sisters".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Elkton, Kentucky, the county seat of Todd County, he was the son of John Oliver and Ellen (née Reeves) McReynolds, both members of the Disciples of Christ church. John Oliver McReynolds was active in business ventures and served as a surgeon in the Confederate army during the Civil War. The house in which James Clark McReynolds was born still stands; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. He graduated from the prestigious Green River Academy and later matriculated at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, graduating with status one year later as a valedictorian in 1882. At the University of Virginia School of Law, where he studied under John B. Minor, "a man of stern morality and firm conservative convictions," McReynolds completed his studies in fourteen months. He again graduated at the head of his class. McReynolds received his law degree in 1884.

paragraph: He was secretary to Senator Howell Edmunds Jackson, who later became an associate justice in 1893. McReynolds practiced law in Nashville and served for three years as an Adjunct professor of Commercial Law, Insurance, and Corporations at Vanderbilt University Law School.

paragraph: He became active in politics, running unsuccessfully for Congress in 1896 as a "Goldbug" Democrat. As head of the Tennessee delegation to the 1896 Democratic Convention, he wrote the party's "sound money" plank. Under Theodore Roosevelt, McReynolds served as Assistant Attorney General from 1903 to 1907, when he resigned to take up private practice with the noted law firm of Guthrie, Cravath, and Henderson (later renamed Cravath, Swaine & Moore) in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Attorney General.

paragraph: While in private practice, McReynolds was retained by the government in matters relating to enforcement of antitrust laws, particularly in proceedings against the "Tobacco trust" (see "United States v. American Tobacco Co.", 221 U.S. 106 (1911)) and the combination of the anthracite coal railroads. The case which brought him to the attention of President Wilson was the government's case against the American Tobacco Company, in which McReynolds presented the government's case, while the company was represented by Clarence Darrow and 17 other attorneys.

paragraph: On March 15, 1913, following the successful conclusion of this case, with Attorney General Wickersham's recommendation, Wilson appointed McReynolds as the 48th United States Attorney General; he served until August 29, 1914. During his time in private practice, McReynolds earned a reputation as an ardent 'trust buster', and he continued working against trusts during his time as the US Attorney General. In spite of his negative views of corporate monopolies, McReynolds was very supportive of laissez-faire economic policies. Wilson found him difficult to work with.

paragraph: Section::::Supreme Court.

paragraph: On August 19, 1914, Wilson appointed McReynolds to the Supreme Court, to a seat vacated by the sudden death of Horace H. Lurton. McReynolds was confirmed by the United States Senate and received his commission the same day, starting with the new term on October 12, 1914.

paragraph: When the Supreme Court Building opened in 1935 during the Great Depression, McReynolds, like most of the other justices, refused to move his office into the new building. He continued to work out of the office he maintained in his apartment. He said that, with the country in economic turmoil, the government should not have spent so much money on a single building. He ignored the fact that many people had been put to work because of the project.

paragraph: Section::::Supreme Court.:Important opinions.

paragraph: In his 27 years on the bench, McReynolds wrote 506 decisions, an average of just under 19 opinions for each term of the Court during his tenure. In addition, he authored 157 dissents, 93 of which were against the New Deal.

paragraph: His fierce opposition to Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal legislation designed to provide relief to citizens and put people to work during the Great Depression resulted in McReynolds being classified as one of the "Four Horsemen", along with George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter and Pierce Butler. McReynolds voted to strike down the Tennessee Valley Authority in "Ashwander v. TVA", the National Industrial Recovery Act in "Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States", the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 in "United States v. Butler", the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 in "Carter v. Carter Coal Co.", and the Social Security Act 42 U.S.C.A. § 301 et seq. in "Steward Machine Co. v. Davis", 301 U.S. 548, 57 S. Ct. 883, 81 L. Ed. 1279 (1937). He continued to vote against New Deal measures after most of the Court shifted in 1937 to upholding New Deal legislation. Howard Ball called McReynolds "the most strident Court critic of Roosevelt's New Deal programs".

paragraph: As a confirmed opponent of federal authority aimed toward social ends or economic regulation, he had the "single-minded passion of a zealot". McReynolds was a "firm believer in laissez-faire economic theory", which he said was constitutionally enshrined. After the "Lochner era" ended in 1937the Court's "switch in time that saved nine"McReynolds became a dissenter. Unchanging through his 1941 retirement, his dissents continued to decry the federal government's exercises of power. In "Steward Machine Co. v. Davis" 301 U.S. 548 (1937), he dissented from a decision of the Court upholding the Social Security Act. He wrote: "I can not find any authority in the Constitution for making the Federal Government the great almoner of public charity throughout the United States" (p. 603).

paragraph: Justice McReynolds wrote two early decisions using the Fourteenth Amendment to protect civil liberties: "Meyer v. Nebraska" , and "Pierce v. Society of Sisters" . "Meyer" involved a state law that prohibited the teaching of modern foreign languages in public schools. Meyer, who taught German in a Lutheran school, was convicted under this law. McReynolds, in overturning the conviction on substantive due process grounds, wrote that the liberty guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment included an individual's right "to contract, to engage in any of the common occupations of life, to acquire useful knowledge, to marry, to establish a home and bring up children, to worship God according to the dictates of his conscience, and generally to enjoy privileges, essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men". These two decisions survived the post-Lochner era.

paragraph: "Pierce" involved a challenge to a law forbidding parents to send their children to any but public schools. Justice McReynolds wrote the opinion for a unanimous Court, holding that the Act violated the liberty of parents to direct the education of their children. McReynolds wrote that "the fundamental liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only". These decisions were revived long after McReynolds departed from the bench, to buttress the Court's announcement of a constitutional right to privacy in "Griswold v. Connecticut" , and later the constitutional right to abortion in "Roe v. Wade" .

paragraph: McReynolds wrote the decision in "United States v. Miller" , which was the only Supreme Court case that directly involved the Second Amendment until "District of Columbia v. Heller" in 2008. In the field of tax law, McReynolds wrote for the Court in "Burnet v. Logan", 283 U.S. 404 (1931), a significant decision setting out the Court's doctrine regarding "open transactions."

paragraph: McReynolds also wrote the dissent in the "Gold Clause Cases", which required the surrender of all gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates to the government by May 1, 1933 under Executive Order 6102, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt.

paragraph: Section::::Personality and conflicts.

paragraph: McReynolds was labeled "Scrooge" by journalist Drew Pearson. Chief Justice William Howard Taft thought him selfish, prejudiced, "and someone who seems to delight in making others uncomfortable ... [H]e has a continual grouch, and is always offended because the court is doing something that he regards as undignified." Taft also wrote that McReynolds was the most irresponsible member of the Court, and that "[i]n the absence of McReynolds everything went smoothly."

paragraph: Early on, his temperament affected his performance in the court. For example, he determined that John Clarke, another Wilson appointee to the court, was "too liberal" and refused to speak with him. Clarke decided to resign early from the court, and said that McReynolds's open antipathy was one factor. McReynolds refused to sign the customary joint memorial letter for Clarke, which was always given to departing members. In a letter, Taft commented that "[t]his is a fair sample of McReynolds's personal character and the difficulty of getting along with him."

paragraph: Taft wrote that although he considered McReynolds an "able man", he found him to be "selfish to the last degree ... fuller of prejudice than any man I have ever known ... one who delights in making others uncomfortable. He has no sense of duty ... really seems to have less of a loyal spirit to the Court than anybody." In 1929 McReynolds asked Taft to announce opinions assigned to him (McReynolds), explaining that "an imperious voice has called me out of town. I don't think my sudden illness will prove fatal, but strange things some time [sic] happen around Thanksgiving." Duck hunting season had opened and McReynolds was off to Maryland for some shooting. In 1925, he left so suddenly on a similar errand that he had no opportunity to notify the Chief Justice of his departure. Taft was infuriated as two important decisions he wanted to deliver were delayed because McReynolds had not handed in a dissent before leaving.

paragraph: McReynolds would go on tirades about "un-Americans" and "political subversives." Known as a blatant bigot, McReynolds would not accept "Jews, drinkers, blacks, women, smokers, married or engaged individuals" as law clerks. "Time" "called him 'Puritanical', 'intolerably rude', 'savagely sarcastic', 'incredibly reactionary', and 'anti-Semitic'". McReynolds refused to speak to Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish member of the Court, for three years following Brandeis's appointment. When Brandeis retired in 1939, McReynolds did not sign the customary dedicatory letter sent to justices on their retirement. He habitually left the conference room whenever Brandeis spoke.

paragraph: When Benjamin Cardozo's appointment was being pressed on President Herbert C. Hoover, McReynolds joined with fellow justices Pierce Butler and Willis Van Devanter in urging the White House not to "afflict the Court with another Jew". When news of Cardozo's appointment was announced, McReynolds is claimed to have said "Huh, it seems that the only way you can get on the Supreme Court these days is to be either the son of a criminal or a Jew, or both." During Cardozo's swearing-in ceremony, McReynolds pointedly read a newspaper. He often would hold a brief or record in front of his face when Cardozo delivered an opinion from the bench. Likewise, he refused to sign opinions authored by Brandeis.

paragraph: According to John Frush Knox (1907–1997), McReynolds's law clerk for one term (1936–1937, following the seven-year clerkship of Maurice Mahoney), and one author of a memoir of his service, McReynolds never spoke to Cardozo at all. McReynolds did not attend the memorial ceremonies held at the Supreme Court in honor of Cardozo. He did not attend Felix Frankfurter's swearing-in, exclaiming "My God, another Jew on the Court!"

paragraph: In 1922, Taft proposed that members of the Court accompany him to Philadelphia on a ceremonial occasion, but McReynolds refused to go, writing: "As you know, I am not always to be found when there is a Hebrew abroad. Therefore, my 'inability' to attend must not surprise you." However, the oft-repeated story that McReynolds refused to sit for the 1924 Court photograph because of his hostility to Brandeis is untrue. McReynolds objected to taking a new photograph when there had been no change in the membership of the court since the 1923 photograph. Alpheus T. Mason misinterpreted this as hostility to Brandeis, but McReynolds sat for numerous photographs for which Brandeis (and later Felix Frankfurter) were present.

paragraph: Once, when colleague Harlan Fiske Stone remarked to him about an attorney's brief: "That was the dullest argument I ever heard in my life," McReynolds replied: "The only duller thing I can think of is to hear you read one of your opinions."

paragraph: McReynolds's rudeness was not confined to colleagues on the Court. Once, when called before the chairman of the Golf Committee at the Chevy Chase club to answer complaints filed against him, McReynolds said:

paragraph: "I've been a member of this club a good many years, and no one around here has ever shown me any courtesy, so I don't intend to show any to anyone else." The indignant chairman replied: "Mr Justice, you wouldn't be a member of this club if it wasn't for your official position. The members of this club have put up with your discourtesy for years, merely because you are a member of the Supreme Court. But I'm telling you now that the next time there is a complaint against you, you'll be suspended from the privileges of the golf course."

paragraph: Justices Pierce Butler and Willis Van Devanter transferred from the Chevy Chase club to Burning Tree because McReynolds "got disagreeable even beyond their endurance".

paragraph: When a female lawyer appeared in the courtroom, McReynolds would reportedly mutter: "I see the female is here again." He would often leave the bench when a woman lawyer rose to present a case. He thought the wearing of wrist watches by men to be effeminate, and the use of red fingernail polish by women to be vulgar.

paragraph: He forbade smoking in his presence. He is said to have been responsible for the "No Smoking" signs in the Supreme Court building, inaugurated during his tenure. He would announce to any Justice who attempted to smoke in conference that "tobacco smoke is personally objectionable to me". Any who tried "were stopped at the threshold".

paragraph: McReynolds's long-suffering African-American domestic servants – subject to the Justice's racism – gave him the nickname "Pussywillow."

paragraph: But McReynolds was reportedly "extremely charitable" to the pages who worked at the Court, and had a great love of children. For example, he gave very generous assistance and adopted thirty-three children who were victims of the German bombing of London in 1940, and left a sizable fortune to charity. After Oliver Wendell Holmes's wife died, McReynolds broke down and wept at her funeral. Holmes wrote in 1926: "Poor McReynolds is, I think, a man of feeling and of more secret kindliness than he would get credit for."

paragraph: He would often entertain at his apartment, and passed cigarettes to his guests on occasion. He often invited people for brunch on Sunday mornings. According to William O. Douglas, "On these informal occasions in his own home he was the essence of hospitality and a very delightful companion." Once, when riding to his office on a street car, a drunk got on board and fell out in the aisle. McReynolds picked him up, helped him back to his seat, and sat beside him until they reached the top of Capitol Hill, leaving him only after giving explicit instructions to the conductor. When he was required to preside in court, due to absence of more senior justices, "he was the soul of courtesy, graciously greeting and raptly listening to the arguments by lawyers of both sexes." The public Justice McReynolds was noted for his hospitality. He entertained frequently at the Willard Hotel with guest lists of 150 people, including his fellow justices, and at an annual eggnog party that was one of the social highlights of the Christmas season. Alice Roosevelt, one of many friends, requested the services of his cook, Mrs. Parker, for her wedding breakfast to Nicholas Longworth.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: After a substantial hearing loss in 1925, McReynolds strongly intended to resign from the Court, and was only dissuaded by requests from many friends to continue, pronouncing him "one of the few who have courageously stood for the rights of property and of the citizen." He assumed senior status on January 31, 1941, effectively resigning from the court. He lived at the Rochambeau apartment complex in Washington, D.C. from 1915 until Roosevelt requisitioned the Beaux Arts building in 1935 for his New Deal requirements. McReynolds found a new apartment at 2400 Sixteenth Street, where he lived until his death on August 24, 1946. McReynolds never married. The five other Supreme Court justices who never married are, in order of service, William Henry Moody, Benjamin Cardozo, Frank Murphy, David Souter, and Elena Kagan.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: McReynolds was buried in the Elkton Cemetery in Elkton, Kentucky. Elkton residents fondly remembered him, pointing out both his home and office "with great pride and respect".

paragraph: Knox wrote "in 1946 he [McReynolds] died a very lonely death in a hospital – without a single friend or relative at his bedside. He was buried in Kentucky, but no member of the Court attended his funeral though one employee of the Court traveled to Kentucky for the services." In contrast, as the clerk noted, when McReynolds's aged African-American messenger, Harry Parker, died in 1953, his funeral was attended by five or six Justices, including the Chief Justice. McReynolds's brother, Robert, had visited him in the hospital shortly before his death.

paragraph: In his will, McReynolds requested "let there be no service in Washington". The U.S. Marshal for the Supreme Court traveled to Elkton for the funeral. The "Christian Science Monitor" hailed McReynolds in tribute as: '"the last and lone champion on the Supreme Bench battling the steady encroachment of Federal powers on State and individual rights ... standing these later years at the Pass of Thermopylae."

paragraph: McReynolds bequeathed his entire estate to charity. Among these bequests were additional funds to Children's Hospital in Washington, which he had supported for years, adding a new elevator, $10,000 and the residue of his estate. His books and opinions were left to the Library of Congress, and $10,000 and his judicial robe to Vanderbilt University, where he had served for 30 years on the Board of Trust.

paragraph: Section::::Papers.

paragraph: McReynolds's papers are held at many libraries around the country, namely: mainly at the University of Virginia Law School in Charlottesville, Virginia; Harvard University Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Felix Frankfurter papers; John Knox papers (1920–80), available at the University of Virginia and Northwestern University; University of Kentucky at Lexington, Kentucky, William Jennings Price (1851–1952) papers; University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library at Ann Arbor, Michigan, Frank Murphy papers; Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota Pierce Butler papers; Tennessee State Library and Archives in Nashville, Tennessee, Robert Boyte Crawford Howell papers; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Homer Stille Cummings papers.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Supreme Court cases during the Taft Court

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Supreme Court cases during the White Court

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McReynolds, James Clark," Dictionary of American Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McReynolds, James Clark," American National Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary." Detroit: Gale Research, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography on James Clark McReynolds at 6th Circuit United States Court of Appeals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bond, James Edward, 1992. "I dissent: the legacy of Chief "[sic]" Justice James Clark McReynolds". Lanham, MD: George Mason University Press. Distributed by arrangement with University Pub. Associates (The designation "Chief Justice" in the title is an error.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knox, John, 1984, "A Personal Recollection of Justice Cardozo", "Supreme Court Historical Society Quarterly 6"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, James Clark McReynolds at Federal Judicial Center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Supreme Court Historical Society, James C. McReynolds.

description: United States federal judge and Supreme Court Justice

wikidata_label: James Clark McReynolds

wikipedia_title: James Clark McReynolds