text: Renaissance humanist

text: priest

text: linguist

text: cryptographer

text: Renaissance Man

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

text: Genoa

text: Bologna

text: Florence

text: holy orders

text: ancient ruins

text: Della pittura

text: Leonello d'Este

text: triumphal arch

text: Pope Nicholas V

text: Vatican

text: Rucellai Palace

text: Sigismondo Malatesta

text: Rimini

text: Tempio Malatestiano

text: Santa Maria Novella

text: De re aedificatoria

text: Vitruvius

text: Pisanello

text: Mantua

text: San Sebastiano

text: Basilica of Sant'Andrea

text: humanist

text: curia

text: Este

text: Ferrara

text: Urbino

text: soldier-prince

text: Federico III da Montefeltro

text: Duke of Urbino

text: patronage

text: treatise

text: cryptography

text: De componendis cifris

text: grammar

text: Paolo Toscanelli

text: Medici

text: panegyric

text: De Pictura

text: optics

text: perspective

text: optics

text: Alhazen

text: Ibn al-Haytham

text: Roger Bacon

text: John Peckham

text: Witelo

text: Lorenzo Ghiberti

text: De Re Aedificatoria

text: Vitruvius

text: fl.

text: Cosimo Bartoli

text: Nicholas V

text: Erasmus

text: roman à clef

text: Jupiter

text: Lucian

text: Momus

text: Classical orders

text: Brunelleschi

text: Pope Nicholas V

text: Roman aqueduct

text: Acqua Vergine

text: debouched

text: Trevi Fountain

text: Villa Medici in Fiesole

text: Renaissance

text: villa

text: Giovanni de' Medici

text: Cosimo il Vecchio

text: Tempio Malatestiano

text: Rimini

text: Palazzo Rucellai

text: Corinthian

text: Bernardo Rosselino

text: Santa Maria Novella

text: Gothic

text: San Miniato al Monte

text: Baptistery of Florence

text: ocular window

text: Pienza

text: Pope Pius II

text: trapezoid

text: cross window

text: Palazzo Rucellai

text: loggia

text: Italian Renaissance garden

text: Giardino all'italiana

text: Val d'Orcia

text: Basilica of Sant'Andrea

text: Mantua

text: triumphal arch

text: Brunelleschi

text: San Sebastiano

text: San Pancrazio

text: Santissima Annunziata

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: Michelangelo

text: Leonardo

text: Vitruvian man

text: Jacob Burckhardt

text: Camera degli Sposi

text: Ludovico Gonzaga

text: plaquette

text: Virgil

text: De pictura

text: De pictura

text: perspective

text: Filippo Brunelleschi

text: De Re Aedificatoria

text: Giacomo Leoni

text: Mantegna

text: Piero della Francesca

text: Fra Angelico

text: Latin

text: Aldus Manutius

text: woodcut

text: Hypnerotomachia Poliphili

text: fantasy

text: Cosimo Bartoli

text: cryptographer

text: polyalphabetic cipher

text: Alberti cipher

text: Cipher Disk

text: David Kahn

text: Antonio Muratori

text: church

text: Florence

text: map

text: astronomer

text: cartographer

text: Paolo Toscanelli

text: De Pictura

text: Latin, French and Italian editions

text: De Cifris

text: Rocco Sinisgalli

text: Renaissance Man

text: Danny DeVito

text: The Rule of Four

text: Ian Caldwell

text: Dustin Thomason

text: Mark Jarzombek

text: “The Structural Problematic of Leon Battista Alberti's De pictura”

text: Robert Tavernor

text: "Alberti's De Pictura: Its Literary Structure and Purpose"

text: Albertian Bibliography on line

text: Palladio's Literary Predecessors

text: "Learning from the City-States? Leon Battista Alberti and the London Riots"

text: Berfrois

text: S. Andrea, Mantua, Italy

text: Sta. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

text: "De pictura"/"Della pittura"

text: English translation

text: "Libri della famiglia – Libro 3 – Dignità del volgare"

text: "Momus"

text: "The Architecture of Leon Battista Alberti in Ten Books"

text: "Ten Books on Architecture by Leone Battista Alberti"

text: Works of Alberti

categories: 1404 births,15th century in the Republic of Genoa,Italian Renaissance writers,Italian Renaissance architects,15th-century Italian painters,Italian medallists,15th-century Italian architects,Linguists from Italy,Italian priests,15th-century Latin writers,Italian Renaissance humanists,People of the Republic of Genoa,Architectural theoreticians,15th-century philosophers,Italian male painters,Catholic philosophers,Italian Renaissance painters,Pre-19th-century cryptographers,15th-century Italian poets,Italian philosophers,1472 deaths,Italian male sculptors,Artist authors,Italian architecture writers,Italian music theorists,Italian male poets

paragraph: Leon Battista Alberti

paragraph: Leon Battista Alberti (; February 14, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomised the Renaissance Man. Although he is often characterized exclusively as an architect, as James Beck has observed, "to single out one of Leon Battista's 'fields' over others as somehow functionally independent and self-sufficient is of no help at all to any effort to characterize Alberti's extensive explorations in the fine arts." Although Alberti is known mostly for being an artist, he was also a mathematician of many sorts and made great advances to this field during the 15th century. Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Leon Battista Alberti was born in 1404 in Genoa. His mother is not known, and his father was a wealthy Florentine who had been exiled from his own city, allowed to return in 1428. Alberti was sent to boarding school in Padua, then studied Law at Bologna. He lived for a time in Florence, then travelled to Rome in 1431 where he took holy orders and entered the service of the papal court. During this time he studied the ancient ruins, which excited his interest in architecture and strongly influenced the form of the buildings that he designed.

paragraph: Alberti was gifted in many ways. He was tall, strong and a fine athlete who could ride the wildest horse and jump over a man's head. He distinguished himself as a writer while he was still a child at school, and by the age of twenty had written a play which was successfully passed off as a genuine piece of Classical literature. In 1435, he began his first major written work, "Della pittura," which was inspired by the burgeoning pictorial art in Florence in the early 15th century. In this work he analyses the nature of painting and explores the elements of perspective, composition and colour.

paragraph: In 1438 he began to focus more on architecture and was encouraged by the Marchese Leonello d'Este of Ferrara, for whom he built a small triumphal arch to support an equestrian statue of Leonello's father. In 1447 he became the architectural advisor to Pope Nicholas V and was involved with several projects at the Vatican.

paragraph: His first major architectural commission was in 1446 for the facade of the Rucellai Palace in Florence. This was followed in 1450 by a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic church of San Francesco in Rimini into a memorial chapel, the Tempio Malatestiano. In Florence, he designed the upper parts of the facade for the Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella, famously bridging the nave and lower aisles with two ornately inlaid scrolls, solving a visual problem and setting a precedent to be followed by architects of churches for four hundred years. In 1452, he completed "De re aedificatoria", a treatise on architecture, using as its basis the work of Vitruvius and influenced by the archaeological remains of Rome. The work was not published until 1485. It was followed in 1464 by his less influential work, "De statua", in which he examines sculpture. Alberti's only known sculpture is a self-portrait medallion, sometimes attributed to Pisanello.

paragraph: Alberti was employed to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed, and for which Alberti's intention can only be speculated upon, and the Basilica of Sant'Andrea. The design for the latter church was completed in 1471, a year before Alberti's death, but was brought to completion and is his most significant work.

paragraph: As an artist, Alberti distinguished himself from the ordinary craftsman, educated in workshops. He was a humanist, and part of the rapidly expanding entourage of intellectuals and artisans supported by the courts of the princes and lords of the time. Alberti, as a member of noble family and as part of the Roman curia, had special status. He was a welcomed guest at the Este court in Ferrara, and in Urbino he spent part of the hot-weather season with the soldier-prince Federico III da Montefeltro. The Duke of Urbino was a shrewd military commander, who generously spent money on the patronage of art. Alberti planned to dedicate his treatise on architecture to his friend.

paragraph: Among Alberti's smaller studies, pioneering in their field, were a treatise in cryptography, "De componendis cifris", and the first Italian grammar. With the Florentine cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli he collaborated in astronomy, a close science to geography at that time, and produced a small Latin work on geography, "Descriptio urbis Romae" ("The Panorama of the City of Rome"). Just a few years before his death, Alberti completed "De iciarchia" ("On Ruling the Household"), a dialogue about Florence during the Medici rule.

paragraph: Alberti, having taken holy orders, remained unmarried all his life. He loved animals and had a pet dog, a mongrel, for whom he wrote a panegyric, ("Canis"). Vasari describes him as "an admirable citizen, a man of culture... a friend of talented men, open and courteous with everyone. He always lived honourably and like the gentleman he was." Alberti died in Rome on April 25, 1472 at the age of 68.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Alberti regarded mathematics as the common ground of art and the sciences. "To make clear my exposition in writing this brief commentary on painting," Alberti began his treatise, "Della Pittura" (On Painting), "I will take first from the mathematicians those things with which my subject is concerned."

paragraph: "Della pittura" (also known in Latin as "De Pictura") relied in its scientific content on classical optics in determining perspective as a geometric instrument of artistic and architectural representation. Alberti was well-versed in the sciences of his age. His knowledge of optics was connected to the handed-down long-standing tradition of the "Kitab al-manazir" ("The Optics"; "De aspectibus") of the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was mediated by Franciscan optical workshops of the 13th-century "Perspectivae" traditions of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham and Witelo (similar influences are also traceable in the third commentary of Lorenzo Ghiberti, "Commentario terzo").

paragraph: In both "Della pittura" and "De statua", Alberti stressed that "all steps of learning should be sought from nature." The ultimate aim of an artist is to imitate nature. Painters and sculptors strive "through by different skills, at the same goal, namely that as nearly as possible the work they have undertaken shall appear to the observer to be similar to the real objects of nature." However, Alberti did not mean that artists should imitate nature objectively, as it is, but the artist should be especially attentive to beauty, "for in painting beauty is as pleasing as it is necessary." The work of art is, according to Alberti, so constructed that it is impossible to take anything away from it or add anything to it, without impairing the beauty of the whole. Beauty was for Alberti "the harmony of all parts in relation to one another," and subsequently "this concord is realized in a particular number, proportion, and arrangement demanded by harmony." Alberti's thoughts on harmony were not new—they could be traced back to Pythagoras—but he set them in a fresh context, which fit in well with the contemporary aesthetic discourse.

paragraph: In Rome, Alberti had plenty of time to study its ancient sites, ruins, and objects. His detailed observations, included in his "De Re Aedificatoria" (1452, "On the Art of Building"), were patterned after the "De architectura" by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius (fl. 46–30 BC). The work was the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance. It covered a wide range of subjects, from history to town planning, and engineering to the philosophy of beauty. "De re aedificatoria," a large and expensive book, was not fully published until 1485, after which it became a major reference for architects. However, the book was written "not only for craftsmen but also for anyone interested in the noble arts," as Alberti put it. Originally published in Latin, the first Italian edition came out in 1546. and the standard Italian edition by Cosimo Bartoli was published in 1550. Pope Nicholas V, to whom Alberti dedicated the whole work, dreamed of rebuilding the city of Rome, but he managed to realize only a fragment of his visionary plans. Through his book, Alberti opened up his theories and ideals of the Florentine Renaissance to architects, scholars and others.

paragraph: Alberti wrote "I Libri della famiglia"—which discussed education, marriage, household management, and money—in the Tuscan dialect. The work was not printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the need for a reform in education. He noted that "the care of very young children is women's work, for nurses or the mother," and that at the earliest possible age children should be taught the alphabet. With great hopes, he gave the work to his family to read, but in his autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling rage, moreover, when he saw some of his relatives openly ridiculing both the whole work and the author's futile enterprise along it." "Momus", written between 1443 and 1450, was a misogynist comedy about the Olympian gods. It has been considered as a roman à clef—Jupiter has been identified in some sources as Pope Eugenius IV and Pope Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed many of its characters from Lucian, one of his favorite Greek writers. The name of its hero, Momus, refers to the Greek word for blame or criticism. After being expelled from heaven, Momus, the god of mockery, is eventually castrated. Jupiter and the other gods come down to earth also, but they return to heaven after Jupiter breaks his nose in a great storm.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural works.

paragraph: Alberti did not concern himself with the practicalities of building, and very few of his major works were brought to completion. As a designer and a student of Vitruvius and of ancient Roman remains, he grasped the nature of column and lintel architecture, from the visual rather than structural viewpoint, and correctly employed the Classical orders, unlike his contemporary, Brunelleschi, who utilised the Classical column and pilaster in a free interpretation. Among Alberti's concerns was the social effect of architecture, and to this end he was very well aware of the cityscape. This is demonstrated by his inclusion, at the Rucellai Palace, of a continuous bench for seating at the level of the basement.

paragraph: In Rome he was employed by Pope Nicholas V for the restoration of the Roman aqueduct of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin designed by Alberti, which was swept away later by the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

paragraph: Some studies propose that the Villa Medici in Fiesole might owe its design to Alberti, not to Michelozzo, and that it then became the prototype of the Renaissance villa. This hilltop dwelling, commissioned by Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio's second son, with its view over the city, may be the very first example of a Renaissance villa: that is to say it follows the Albertian criteria for rendering a country dwelling a "villa suburbana". Under this perspective the Villa Medici in Fiesole could therefore be considered the "muse" for numerous other buildings, not only in the Florence area, which from the end of the 15th century onwards find inspiration and creative innovation here.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural works.:Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini.

paragraph: The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (1447, 1453–60) is the rebuilding of a Gothic church. The facade, with its dynamic play of forms, was left incomplete.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural works.:Façade of Palazzo Rucellai.

paragraph: The design of the façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was one of several commissions for the Rucellai family. The design overlays a grid of shallow pilasters and cornices in the Classical manner onto rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by a heavy cornice. The inner courtyard has Corinthian columns. The palace set a standard in the use of Classical elements that is original in civic buildings in Florence, and greatly influenced later palazzi. The work was executed by Bernardo Rosselino.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural works.:Santa Maria Novella.

paragraph: At Santa Maria Novella, Florence, between (1448–70) the upper facade was constructed to the design of Alberti. It was a challenging task, as the lower level already had three doorways and six Gothic niches containing tombs and employing the polychrome marble typical of Florentine churches such as San Miniato al Monte and the Baptistery of Florence. The design also incorporates an ocular window which was already in place. Alberti introduced Classical features around the portico and spread the polychromy over the entire facade in a manner which includes Classical proportions and elements such as pilasters, cornices and a pediment in the Classical style, ornamented with a sunburst in tesserae, rather than sculpture. The best known feature of this typically aisled church is the manner in which Alberti has solved the problem of visually bridging the different levels of the central nave and much lower side aisles. He employed two large scrolls, which were to become a standard feature of Church facades in the later Renaissance, Baroque and Classical Revival buildings.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural works.:Pienza.

paragraph: Alberti is considered to have been the consultant for the design of the Piazza Pio II, Pienza. The village, previously called Corsignano, was redesigned beginning around 1459. It was the birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, in whose employ Alberti served. Pius II wanted to use the village as a retreat but needed for it to reflect the dignity of his position.

paragraph: The piazza is a trapezoid shape defined by four buildings, with a focus on Pienza Cathedral and passages on either side opening onto a landscape view. The principal residence, "Palazzo Piccolomini", is on the west side. It has three stories, articulated by pilasters and entablature courses, with a twin-lighted cross window set within each bay. This structure is similar to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Florence and other later palaces. Noteworthy is the internal court of the palazzo. The back of the palace, to the south, is defined by loggia on all three floors that overlook an enclosed Italian Renaissance garden with "Giardino all'italiana" era modifications, and spectacular views into the distant landscape of the Val d'Orcia and Pope Pius's beloved Mount Amiata beyond. Below this garden is a vaulted stable that had stalls for 100 horses. The design, which radically transformed the center of the town, included a palace for the pope, a church, a town hall and a building for the bishops who would accompany the Pope on his trips. Pienza is considered an early example of Renaissance urban planning.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural works.:Sant' Andrea, Mantua.

paragraph: The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471, the year before Alberti's death. It was brought to completion and is his most significant work employing the triumphal arch motif, both for its facade and interior, and influencing many works that were to follow. Alberti perceived the role of architect as designer. Unlike Brunelleschi, he had no interest in the construction, leaving the practicalities to builders and the oversight to others.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural works.:Other buildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Sebastiano, Mantua, (begun 1458) the unfinished facade of which has promoted much speculation as to Alberti's intention

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sepolcro Rucellai in San Pancrazio, 1467)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tribune for Santissima Annunziata, Florence (1470, completed with alterations, 1477)

paragraph: Section::::Painting.

paragraph: Giorgio Vasari, who argued that historical progress in art reached its peak in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti's scholarly achievements, not his artistic talents: "He spent his time finding out about the world and studying the proportions of antiquities; but above all, following his natural genius, he concentrated on writing rather than on applied work." Leonardo, who ironically called himself "an uneducated person" ("omo senza lettere"), followed Alberti in the view that painting is science. However, as a scientist Leonardo was more empirical than Alberti, who was a theorist and did not have similar interest in practice. Alberti believed in ideal beauty, but Leonardo filled his notebooks with observations on human proportions, page after page, ending with his famous drawing of the Vitruvian man, a human figure related to a square and a circle.

paragraph: In "On Painting", Alberti uses the expression "We Painters", but as a painter, or sculptor, he was a dilettante. "In painting Alberti achieved nothing of any great importance or beauty," wrote Vasari. "The very few paintings of his that are extant are far from perfect, but this is not surprising since he devoted himself more to his studies than to draughtsmanship." Jacob Burckhardt portrayed Alberti in "The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" as a truly universal genius. "And Leonardo Da Vinci was to Alberti as the finisher to the beginner, as the master to the dilettante. Would only that Vasari's work were here supplemented by a description like that of Alberti! The colossal outlines of Leonardo's nature can never be more than dimly and distantly conceived."

paragraph: Alberti is said to be in Mantegna's great frescoes in the Camera degli Sposi, the older man dressed in dark red clothes, who whispers in the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua. In Alberti's self-portrait, a large plaquette, he is clothed as a Roman. To the left of his profile is a winged eye. On the reverse side is the question, "Quid tum?" (what then), taken from Virgil's "Eclogues": "So what, if Amyntas is dark? ("quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?") Violets are black, and hyacinths are black."

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.

paragraph: Alberti made a variety of contributions to several fields:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti was the creator of a theory called "historia". In his treatise "De pictura" (1435) he explains the theory of the accumulation of people, animals, and buildings, which create harmony amongst each other, and "hold the eye of the learned and unlearned spectator for a long while with a certain sense of pleasure and emotion". "De pictura" ("On Painting") contained the first scientific study of perspective. An Italian translation of "De pictura" ("Della pittura") was published in 1436, one year after the original Latin version and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi in the preface. The Latin version had been dedicated to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga of Mantua. He also wrote works on [sculpture], "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti used his artistic treatises to propound a new humanistic theory of art. He drew on his contacts with early Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Donatello and Ghiberti to provide a practical handbook for the renaissance artist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti wrote an influential work on architecture, "De Re Aedificatoria", which by the 16th century had been translated into Italian (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish and English. An English translation was by Giacomo Leoni in the early 18th century. Newer translations are now available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and architecture have been hailed as the founding texts of a new form of art, breaking from the Gothic past, it is impossible to know the extent of their practical impact within his lifetime. His praise of the "Calumny of Apelles" led to several attempts to emulate it, including paintings by Botticelli and Signorelli. His stylistic ideals have been put into practice in the works of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca and Fra Angelico. But how far Alberti was responsible for these innovations and how far he was simply articulating the trends of the artistic movement, with which his practical experience had made him familiar, is impossible to ascertain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was so skilled in Latin verse that a comedy he wrote in his twentieth year, entitled "Philodoxius", would later deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and published it as the genuine work of 'Lepidus Comicus'.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He has been credited with being the author, or alternatively the designer of the woodcut illustrations, of the "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili", a strange fantasy novel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apart from his treatises on the arts, Alberti also wrote: "Philodoxus" ("Lover of Glory", 1424), "De commodis litterarum atque incommodis" ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Literary Studies", 1429), "Intercoenales" ("Table Talk", c. 1429), "Della famiglia" ("On the Family", begun 1432) "Vita S. Potiti" ("Life of St. Potitus", 1433), "De iure" (On Law, 1437), "Theogenius" ("The Origin of the Gods", c. 1440), "Profugorium ab aerumna" ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), "Momus" (1450) and "De Iciarchia" ("On the Prince", 1468). These and other works were translated and printed in Venice by the humanist Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by the standard of his day, and invented the first polyalphabetic cipher, which is now known as the Alberti cipher, and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Disk. The polyalphabetic cipher was, at least in principle, for it was not properly used for several hundred years, the most significant advance in cryptography since before Julius Caesar's time. Cryptography historian David Kahn titles him the "Father of Western Cryptography", pointing to three significant advances in the field which can be attributed to Alberti: "the earliest Western exposition of cryptanalysis, the invention of polyalphabetic substitution, and the invention of enciphered code."

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to Alberti himself, in a short autobiography written c. 1438 in Latin and in the third person, (many but not all scholars consider this work to be an autobiography) he was capable of "standing with his feet together, and springing over a man's head." The autobiography survives thanks to an 18th-century transcription by Antonio Muratori. Alberti also claimed that he "excelled in all bodily exercises; could, with feet tied, leap over a standing man; could in the great cathedral, throw a coin far up to ring against the vault; amused himself by taming wild horses and climbing mountains." Needless to say, many in the Renaissance promoted themselves in various ways and Alberti's eagerness to promote his skills should be understood, to some extent, within that framework. (This advice should be followed in reading the above information, some of which originates in this so-called autobiography.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti claimed in his "autobiography" to be an accomplished musician and organist, but there is no hard evidence to support this claim. In fact, musical posers were not uncommon in his day (see the lyrics to the song "Musica Son", by Francesco Landini, for complaints to this effect.) He held the appointment of canon in the metropolitan church of Florence, and thus – perhaps – had the leisure to devote himself to this art, but this is only speculation. Vasari also agreed with this.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was also interested in the drawing of maps and worked with the astronomer, astrologer, and cartographer Paolo Toscanelli.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In terms of Aesthetics Alberti is one of the first defining the work of art as imitation of nature, exactly as a selection of its most beautiful parts: "So let's take from nature what we are going to paint, and from nature we choose the most beautiful and worthy things"

paragraph: Section::::Works in print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Pictura", 1435. "On Painting", in English, "De Pictura", in Latin, ; "Della Pittura", in Italian (1804 [1434]).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Momus," Latin text and English translation, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De re aedificatoria" (1452, Ten Books on Architecture). Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria. On the art of building in ten books. (translated by Joseph Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. . . Latin, French and Italian editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Cifris" A Treatise on Ciphers (1467), trans. A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by David Kahn, Galimberti, Torino 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leon Battista Alberti. On Painting. A New Translation an Critical Edition", Edited and Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge University Press, New York, May 2011,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I libri della famiglia", Italian edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dinner pieces". A Translation of the "Intercenales" by David Marsh. Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York, Binghampton 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Descriptio urbis Romae. Leon Battista Alberti's Delineation of the city of Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Board of Regents for Arizona State university 2007.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mentioned in the 1994 film "Renaissance Man" or Army Intelligence starring Danny DeVito.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mentioned in the 2004 book "The Rule of Four" by Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomason

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magda Saura, "Building codes in the architectural treatise De re aedificatoria,"

paragraph: "Third International Congress on Construction History", Cottbus, May 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Borsi, "Leon Battista Alberti. Das Gesamtwerk". Stuttgart 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Günther Fischer, "Leon Battista Alberti. Sein Leben und seine Architekturtheorie". Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fontana-Giusti, Korolija Gordana, "The Cutting Surface: On Perspective as a Section, Its Relationship to Writing, and Its Role in Understanding Space" "AA Files" No. 40 (Winter 1999), pp. 56–64 London: Architectural Association School of Architecture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fontana-Giusti, Gordana. "Walling and the city: the effects of walls and walling within the city space", "The Journal of Architecture" pp 309–45 Volume 16, Issue 3, London & New York: Routledge, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Grafton, "Leon Battista Alberti. Master Builder of the Italian Renaissance". New York 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Jarzombek, “The Structural Problematic of Leon Battista Alberti's De pictura”, Renaissance Studies 4/3 (September 1990): 273–285.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Paoli, Leon Battista Alberti, Torino 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les" Livres de la famille" d'Alberti, Sources, sens et influence", sous la direction de Michel Paoli, avec la collaboration d'Elise Leclerc et Sophie Dutheillet de Lamothe, préface de Françoise Choay, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manfredo Tafuri, "Interpreting the Renaissance: Princes, Cities, Architects", trans. Daniel Sherer. New Haven 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Tavernor, On Alberti and the Art of Building. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasari, "The Lives of the Artists" Oxford University Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, D.R. Edward, "Alberti's De Pictura: Its Literary Structure and Purpose", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 47, 1984 (1984), pp. 52–71.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albertian Bibliography on line

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.HOUGH:1267672 MS Typ 422.2. Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum : manuscript, [14--].] Houghton Library, Harvard University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palladio's Literary Predecessors

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Learning from the City-States? Leon Battista Alberti and the London Riots", Caspar Pearson, "Berfrois", September 26, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online resources for Alberti's buildings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti Photogrammetric Drawings

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Andrea, Mantua, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sta. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti's works online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De pictura"/"Della pittura", original Latin and Italian texts (English translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libri della famiglia – Libro 3 – Dignità del volgare" on audio MP3

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Momus", (printed in Rome in 1520), full digital facsimile, CAMENA Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Architecture of Leon Battista Alberti in Ten Books", (printed in London in 1755), full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Read online "Ten Books on Architecture by Leone Battista Alberti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Alberti, book facsimiles via archive.org

alias:
Leon Battista Alberti
Battista Alberti
Leon Batista Alberti
Léo-Battista degli Alberti
L. B. Alberti
Leo Baptista Alberti
ליאון באטיסטה אלברטי
Leon Battista degli Alberti
Lepidus
Leonis Baptiste Alberti
Leo-Battista degli Alberti

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Leone Battista Alberti

wikipedia_title: Leon Battista Alberti


text:
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
House of Refuge
Eastern State Penitentiary
Rogues Gallery
Boston
Maine
Corn Exchange National Bank
Rogues Gallery
Moyamensing Prison
West
bigamy
Eastern State Penitentiary
Governor John K. Tener
George S. Graham
oedema of the lungs
Philadelphia County
almshouse
Church of St. James the Less

categories: American people convicted of burglary,1837 births,American robbers,American people convicted of theft,1899 deaths,19th-century American criminals

paragraph: Jimmy Logue

paragraph: James E. Logue (1837 – October 4, 1899) was a Philadelphia based burglar who is thought to have stolen an accumulative of more than $300,000 over the course of his criminal career. He mostly targeted homes and shops but also occasionally banks and spent time in and out of jail. In brief announcements of his death in 1899, he was referred to as "the notorious bank robber". He is perhaps better known for the disappearance of his third wife, Joanna, who was later discovered to have been murdered by her nephew, Alphonso Cutaiar.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: "Jimmy" Logue was born in Philadelphia around 1837 to an Episcopal family and began stealing when he was a teenager. According to him, it came naturally to him and he told his physician on his death bed that "It was born in me. I couldn't help it." Logue was first sent to the House of Refuge when he was 10 years old in 1847 for larceny, and again in 1852.

paragraph: His real name was alternately claimed to be William Casey, and Henry Greyson, the latter of which he can be found recorded as on the 1880 census in the Eastern State Penitentiary, however, these are believed to be aliases.

paragraph: Logue's father, Charles Logue, was a tavern keeper. It was said that Logue's mother, Mary Logue, owned a large piece of property later in life but she claimed that while pregnant with Jimmy, his father was spending all their money on alcohol and not providing for their family and so she had to steal money from his pocket while he slept. She believed this was the reason thievery seemed inherent in Jimmy. Logue later attempted to use this as a defense in court.

paragraph: Section::::Criminal Life.

paragraph: Logue was arrested and convicted several times throughout his life. As an adult, his first conviction was in 1855, followed swiftly in 1857, both for larceny. Although he was arrested several times in between 1862 and 1871, mostly for larceny, sometimes assault, he was often never charged, or his case never went to trial, and he was released. He evaded capture many times because he was allegedly in league with certain detectives, though the man who claimed this to be true, Detective Taggerty, died in an insane asylum.

paragraph: Not until May 1871 was he finally convicted again, and sentenced to 7 years in Eastern State Penitentiary for larceny, burglary, conspiracy to commit a felony, and robbery. While serving his time, his friends petitioned for his pardon, which of course failed. Logue was not released until 1877. During his arrest, the police attempted to have his photograph taken for the Rogues Gallery but Logue refused and made it so difficult for them that they eventually gave up. When asked why they didn't force Logue to sit still by holding him by the ears, an officer responded, "It's as much as a man's life is worth to meddle with Logue. He may be out in a month, and I didn't want a bullet in my back."

paragraph: After his release in 1877, Logue quickly resumed his criminal career, partaking in several high-profile thefts, but he wasn't convicted again until 1879 for a burglary of a safe in a "segar" (cigar) store. It was believed that Logue was also responsible for a number of other robberies which had taken place recently in Philadelphia, including that of a pawn shop two weeks prior. During the bail hearing, Logue was named as Henry Greyson, it being believed that Jimmy Logue was an alias. His bail was set at $3,000. At the same hearing, an attempt was made by unknown persons to free Logue from the court house but their effort was thwarted by an officer. On November 10, Logue was sentenced to 3 years and 9 months after pleading guilty.

paragraph: Prior to his recapture in November, Logue had committed a robbery in February in Boston, during the time his third wife disappeared. He was also involved in the Dexter Bank robbery in Maine during February 1878 and was connected to robberies of the Corn Exchange National Bank, the Norristown Bank, the Catholic Beneficial Savings fund in which $3,000 was stolen, and of many other crimes New York and Massachusetts, in addition to Pennsylvania. He was also thought to have been involved in the attempted robbery of the United States sub-treasury in Philadelphia.

paragraph: In 1883, Logue was again captured during a robbery of a jewelry store of 3rd and Arch streets in Philadelphia in which $1,500 worth of jewelry was stolen. Several accomplices were apprehended as well. The group were later released due to lack of evidence against them, however, Logue was convicted later that year for a robbery in Reading, PA and served three years in Berks County.

paragraph: In 1886, Logue was once again arrested, this time for the robbery a grocery store on N. 13th St. and bail was set at $2,000. After a long struggle, Logue was subdued enough to finally have his photograph taken for the Rogues Gallery, though his features were distorted presumably by motion blur. He served another six years in the Penitentiary.

paragraph: Not long out of jail, Logue was arrested again in 1892 when he was charged with the burglary of several residences and held in bail for $1,000. After being acquitted of at least one of the crimes he was charged with, he was sentenced to only ten months in Moyamensing Prison.

paragraph: In 1896, Logue was accused of assault and battery by his daughter-in-law Matilda Logue. Though acquitted, the judge warned him to stay away from Matilda and Logue agreed by saying, "A burnt child never plays with the fire."

paragraph: It was believed that at some point before he was 40 years old, Logue had spent some time in the West where he racked up a sizable sum and invested it in a relative.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: On January 20, 1861, Jimmy married Mary Jane Andrews and lived with her for two years before they separated but never officially divorced. In an act of bigamy, he then married again, to another Mary (whose maiden name was Gahan). Mary had an illegitimate son named Alphonso Cutaiar Jr., who eventually became a barber. Jimmy set his stepson up with a barber shop and used it as a cover for his own source of criminal income.

paragraph: On February 15, 1870, Jimmy's second wife Mary died. Just before the start of one of his trials in 1871, Jimmy was married to Mary's sister, Joanna, before being sentenced to seven years in prison. He was released early 1877, at which point he bought a house at 1250 North 11th Street in Philadelphia where his wife and stepson Alphonso resided with him.

paragraph: An article from 1881 claimed that Logue had children who were cared for by a lawyer while Logue was in jail for three years from 1879 cigar shop burglary. One of these children was a son named Percy.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance and Discovery of Third Wife.

paragraph: In February 1879, Jimmy traveled to Boston to complete a job with fellow thief George Mason but when he returned to his home in Philadelphia, he found Joanna was gone. Cutaiar claimed that Joanna had declared she was leaving permanently and then rushed to the railroad station before he could escort her there. Jimmy searched across the country for her but eventually gave up and left their home in the hands of Cutaiar, who later sold it.

paragraph: Fourteen years after Joanna's disappearance, the owners of 1250 North 11th Street were having the floorboards fixed when a skeleton was discovered beneath them. Personal artifacts, including an inscribed ring, found with the skeleton confirmed it to be Joanna's. Though Logue was initially suspected, proof that he had been in Boston during the time of Joanna's disappearance exonerated him. When faced with the knowledge that he was the only other person with access to the house during the time of her disappearance, Cutaiar confessed. He tried to claim her death was an accident and his improper disposal of her body done out of fear but the court did not believe him, mostly due to Joanna's missing jewelry and bonds, which Cutaiar stole.

paragraph: Cutaiar was initially sentenced to death but it was later commuted and served his time in the Eastern State Penitentiary. In 1904, a pardon was attempted but a judge denied it, saying that Cutaiar was lucky to not receive the death penalty. On September 23, 1912, Governor John K. Tener granted Cutaiar a pardon after District Attorney George S. Graham, who prosecuted Cutaiar, wrote the pardons board a letter in his favor. It read in part, "When reviewing all the facts and evidence in the case it was impossible for me to exclude the thought that I had not proved first degree murder beyond a doubt." A 1920 United States Census showed Cutaiar living with his family and two boarders in Philadelphia's thirty-forth ward. His occupation was listed as sexton for a local church.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Jimmy died penniless of oedema of the lungs on October 4, 1899 in the Philadelphia County almshouse, and was buried in the cemetery of Church of St. James the Less along with his beloved wife Joanna. He'd given up robbery and repented his sins, though he never forgave his stepson and nephew for Joanna's murder.

description: Burglar

wikidata_label: Jimmy Logue

wikipedia_title: Jimmy Logue


text:
London, England
Los Angeles, USA
Hollywood
Kemble family
Violet Kemble-Cooper
Broadway
Hitchy-Koo
Gone with the Wind
Guy Bates Post
Hollywood Forever Cemetery
I Like Your Nerve
Personal Maid's Secret
Three Live Ghosts
The White Angel
A Woman Rebels
Ready, Willing, and Able
We Are Not Alone
Gone with the Wind
Lady with Red Hair
Rage in Heaven
A Woman's Face
So Big
Moonfleet
The King's Thief
Gaby
D-Day the Sixth of June
My Fair Lady

categories: English stage actresses,British emigrants to the United States,English film actresses,1892 births,Actresses from London,1977 deaths,20th-century English actresses

paragraph: Lillian Kemble-Cooper

paragraph: Lillian Kemble-Cooper (March 21, 1892 in London, England – May 4, 1977 in Los Angeles, USA) was an English-born actress, who after emigrating to the US had a successful career on Broadway and in Hollywood film.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Lillian Kemble-Cooper was a member of the Kemble family, a family of English actors, who reigned over the British stage for decades. She was born as a daughter of stage actor Frank Kemble-Cooper. Her younger brother Anthony Kemble-Cooper (1904-2000) and her elder sister Violet Kemble-Cooper (1886-1961) also worked as actors.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Between 1906 and 1950 she had 17 Broadway appearances, in 1919 she appeared in the original "Hitchy-Koo". Later in her career she became a film actress and appeared in about 20 films, mostly in minor supporting roles. In Hollywood, Kemble-Cooper portrayed mostly aristocrats, spinsters and servants. She is perhaps best-remembered for her short appearance as Bonnie Blue Butler's nurse in London in "Gone with the Wind", the only non-American character in the film.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life and death.

paragraph: Lillian Kemble-Cooper was married three times. Her first husband was actor and writer Charles Mackay. Her second was former World War I Pilot and writer, Louis Bernheimer. Her last husband was actor Guy Bates Post, the marriage lasted for over thirty years until his death in 1968.

paragraph: She died on May 4, 1977 in Los Angeles. She is buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House of Mirrors" (1916) - Blanche Probert

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Nights in a Bar Room" (1921) - Mehitabel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shattered Faith" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Like Your Nerve" (1931) - Condesa Vecchio (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Personal Maid's Secret" (1935) - Mrs. Palmer (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Live Ghosts" (1936) - Lady Brockton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Angel" (1936) - Parthenope 'Parthe' Nightingale

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Woman Rebels" (1936) - Lady Rinlake (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ready, Willing, and Able" (1937) - Mrs. Buffington (Credits) / Bloomington (in Film)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Are Not Alone" (1939) - Mrs. Stacey (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gone with the Wind" (1939) - Bonnie's Nurse in London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady with Red Hair" (1940) - London Party Guest (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rage in Heaven" (1941) - Nurse (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Woman's Face" (1941) - Nurse (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Big" (1953) - Miss Fister

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moonfleet" (1955) - Mary Hicks (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The King's Thief" (1955) - Mrs. Fell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gaby" (1956) - Mrs. Edward (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D-Day the Sixth of June" (1956) - British Nurse (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Fair Lady" (1964) - Lady Ambassador (uncredited) (final film role)

description: British actor

wikidata_label: Lillian Kemble-Cooper

wikipedia_title: Lillian Kemble-Cooper


text: 1956 Summer Olympics

categories: 1932 births,Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Austrian male cyclists,Cyclists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Olympic cyclists of Austria,Living people,Sportspeople from Vienna

paragraph: Franz Wimmer

paragraph: Franz Wimmer (born 25 August 1932) is a former Austrian cyclist. He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics.

description: cyclist

wikidata_label: Franz Wimmer

wikipedia_title: Franz Wimmer


text:
grand vizier
Ottoman Empire
Safranbolu
Karabük Province
Turkey
Kapudan Pasha
Istanbul
Halil Hamid Pasha
Jeddah
Morea
Egypt
grand vizier
sultan
Selim III
Chios
Greek
Manisa
Safranbolu
İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
List of Ottoman governors of Egypt

categories: People from Safranbolu,1743 births,Pashas,Turks of the Ottoman Empire,1812 deaths,18th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha

paragraph: Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1743 – 18 September 1812) was a grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire and served from 1794 to 1798.

paragraph: Izzet Mehmet Pasha was born in Safranbolu (today in Karabük Province, Turkey). His uncle was Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral) . Izzet Mehmed Pasha came to Istanbul in 1759/60 to work with him. In 1778, he married Halil Hamid Pasha's daughter, becoming his son-in-law.

paragraph: He then served as the Ottoman governor of Jeddah (1787–1790), Morea (1790–1791), and Egypt (May 1791 – September 1794).

paragraph: On 19 October 1794, he was appointed grand vizier by sultan Selim III. He was dismissed on 30 August 1798 and exiled to Chios (now a Greek island), and then to Manisa. He died in Manisa on 19 September 1812.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Izzet Mehmet commissioned a watchtower in 1797 and a mosque in 1798 in his hometown of Safranbolu (see İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ottoman Grand Viziers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ottoman governors of Egypt

description: Ottoman Grand Vizier

wikidata_label: Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha

wikipedia_title: Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha


text:
rock climber
BASE jumper
wingsuit flyer
soloed
5.11
free climb
El Capitan
Salathė Wall
The Diamond
Longs Peak
Torre Egger
Dean Potter
Mario Richard
Illinois
New Jersey
Columbia, Maryland
Suzuki method
Outside
University of Maryland
Longs Peak
bouldered
Hueco Tanks
Colorado
Colorado State University
University of Colorado
Long's Peak
Colorado
Dean Potter
University of New Hampshire
Volkswagen
Moab, Utah
Yosemite
doublewide trailer
Patagonia
Fitz Roy
La Sals
Delicate Arch
Mario Richard
Parriott Mesa
Oldsmobile
Gabriel García Márquez
Kirstie Alley
T.C. Boyle
Victor Villasenor
Rumi
Layton Kor
Patagonia
Five Ten
Clif Bar
Black Diamond
5.12d
El Capitan
rope solo
Lynn Hill
free climb
El Capitan
Salathé Wall
pitches
belayer
Torre Egger
Cerro Stanhardt
Delicate Arch
The Diamond
Longs Peak
Colorado
granite
5.3
5.10
5.11a
Rocky Mountain National Park
Colorado
Peter Mortimer
Derek Hersey
5.11b
Castleton Tower
free-soloed
5.11+ grade
Castle Valley, Utah
5.13
alpine
solo
Pakistan
Kyrgyzstan
Baffin Island
Argentina
Italy
Patagonia
Fitzroy
Karakorum
Fanny Bullock Workman
Mario Richard
Moab Base Adventures
yoga
vegan
The Diamond
Long's Peak
Colorado
Indian Creek
Moab, Utah
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan
Baffin Island
Pakistan
Jimmy Chin
El Capitan
Yosemite
Patagonia
Fitz Roy
Tombstone, Utah
Dean Potter
El Capitan
Yosemite
Moab, Utah
Moab, Utah
Salathé Wall
El Capitan
Yosemite
Torre Egger
Patagonia
Moab, Utah
redpoint
Moab, Utah
Moab, Utah
The Diamond
Long's Peak
Colorado
The Diamond
Long's Peak
Colorado
Castleton Tower
Moab, Utah
Glossary of climbing terms
List of climbers and mountaineers
Moab B.A.S.E. Adventures
A Perfect Circle

categories: University of Maryland, College Park alumni,Living people,American sportswomen,Free soloists,Colorado State University alumni,People from Illinois,Veganism activists,Female climbers,1973 births,American rock climbers

paragraph: Steph Davis

paragraph: Stephanie "Steph" Davis (born 1973) is an American rock climber, BASE jumper, and wingsuit flyer. She is one of the world's leading climbers, having completed some of the hardest routes in the world. She is the first woman to have soloed a 5.11 grade climb, the first woman to summit all the peaks of the Fitzroy Range in Patagonia, the second woman to free climb El Capitan in a day, the first woman to free climb the "Salathė Wall" on El Capitan, the first woman to free solo The Diamond on Longs Peak in Colorado, and the first woman to summit Torre Egger. A vegan advocate, Davis has been married three times, first to Dean Potter, ending in divorce; then to Mario Richard. Both Potter and Richard died in wingsuit accidents. In 2018 she married Ian Mitchard.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Davis was born in Illinois and grew up in New Jersey and Columbia, Maryland. Her father, Virgil, was an aeronautical engineer and her mother, Connie, a school teacher. Davis describes herself as an unathletic child; she was a straight-A student and very musical. She grew up playing the piano from the age of three using the Suzuki method. By the time she was 18, she practiced six hours a day; she also played the flute and sang. In the documentary "A Perfect Circle", Davis says that she learned "discipline" and "how to project things" from her 15 years of playing the piano. Her own self-description has been mirrored by others. In one "Outside" profile, for example, her "greatest assets" are described as "sheer will and a brainy, methodical work ethic" rather than "natural athletic talent and flawless technique".

paragraph: In 1990, she attended the University of Maryland, becoming an English major. In the spring of 1991, a fellow student offered to take her climbing and she fell in love with it. She describes herself as "lit up" after climbing for the first time; she did not have this same love for piano, so she quit. Ever since then she has "had a hard time wanting to do anything else". She says that "climbing was challenging for me from day one, and I think that's why I got so sucked in." In her breaks from school, Davis climbed on Longs Peak and bouldered in Hueco Tanks.

paragraph: She enjoyed climbing so much that she moved to Colorado where she was an exchange student at Colorado State University (CSU) for a year. She graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of Maryland and then moved to Colorado and attended CSU to get a master's degree in English. Her thesis focused on the canon of mountaineering literature and "the ways in which reality can be so disparate and shifting for each individual who is living through extreme circumstances", as Davis describes it. She considered attending PhD programs in English but decided against it. She attended University of Colorado's law school, but after five days in September 1995 she quit, knowing it was not the life for her. Against the will of her parents, she decided to pursue her passion for climbing. Davis' mother, Connie, said "It was a big shock. We were just a regular family - climbing wasn't something we could relate to. She did it by herself, with no help from us."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In the fall of 1994, Davis was climbing Long's Peak in Colorado and noticed Dean Potter climbing. He had dropped out of the University of New Hampshire in 1992 and been living out of his Volkswagen Jetta so that he could pursue climbing. When they met, Davis was not interested in a boyfriend, but Potter persisted and finally the two became involved. As Davis describes it, "It was fireworks and drama from then on." The two began a tumultuous on-again/off-again relationship that involved living in each other's vehicles and trying to secure sponsorships.

paragraph: In 1995, Davis and Potter made Moab, Utah their home by "acquiring a storage unit and a library card." However, Davis never lived there full-time, often traveling to Yosemite, where she planned to build a house, or to other climbing destinations. In Moab, Davis turned a doublewide trailer into a small cottage, complete with a piano.

paragraph: Davis and Potter split up in 2001, just before a trip to Patagonia. Davis had been hoping to summit Fitz Roy and ended up finding a partner after she flew down alone and summitted. However, a month later in Moab, Potter proposed and in June 2002 the two were married in a meadow in La Sals. Despite being married, the couple did not have a traditional relationship. They were rarely in the same place at the same time due to their climbing projects. They also fought over whose projects had priority.

paragraph: In 2006, Davis' marriage to Potter ended after he controversially climbed Delicate Arch. The couple lost sponsorships over the climb and thus their financial stability. This added to their already tense relationship and led to their divorce. Potter died in a BASE jump/wingsuit accident on 16 May 2015.

paragraph: In 2011 Davis married BASE jumper Mario Richard on the Parriott Mesa near Moab. After the ceremony, they leaped off the mesa and parachuted back to the ground. Mario Richard died while wingsuiting on 18 August 2013.

paragraph: In 2018, Davis married Ian Mitchard.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing.

paragraph: For the seven years after she graduated from college, Davis lived out of her car, which at first was her grandmother's Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera; she even built a bed in the backseat. She drove around to climbing areas, guiding and waiting tables to make ends meet, earning only about US$6,000 a year. She read throughout her journeys, from novels by Gabriel García Márquez to an autobiography by Kirstie Alley, to French short stories in the original language. Some of her favorite authors are T.C. Boyle, Victor Villasenor, and Rumi. Among her climbing heroes is Layton Kor. Her parents continued to disapprove of her lifestyle, however, and she felt very alone: "My parents did not like my choices and thought I was doing stupid things with my life, and they told me so. I didn't feel like anyone cared if I did a climb I was proud of. They were just like, 'Great. What about your future schooling?'" As Davis became more well-known and successful at climbing, however, she was able to make a better living, particularly from sponsorships from major companies such as Patagonia, Five Ten, Clif Bar, and Black Diamond.

paragraph: In 1998, Patagonia hired Davis as its first female "climbing ambassador". In exchange for money and free gear, she promoted their products. For Davis, it was the "validation she craved"; "it was like they were playing the role my parents never did. Their support of my passion even more than the financial support means everything to me." However, being a paid promoter meant that Davis had to adjust her ideas of climbing. "To be a professional climber, you have to sell yourself and convince everybody you're the best. But I don't think there is a 'best'".

paragraph: Section::::Climbing.:"Freerider".

paragraph: In 2004, Davis started working on "Freerider" (5.12d), a 38-pitch climb on El Capitan. Her aim was to free climb the route. In order to be able to achieve this in one climb, she had to know the route through and through, so she practiced it extensively. Two to three times a week, she would hike 10 miles to the summit, rope solo to the lower parts of the route and climb up alone. Potter belayed her, during her actual attempt in April 2004. After a grueling four-day climb, she became the first woman to free climb the route. In May, with Heinz Zak belaying her, she became the second woman, after Lynn Hill, to free climb El Capitan in a day.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing.:"Salathé Wall".

paragraph: In 2004, Davis became the second woman to free climb El Capitan in one day. One year later, in October 2005, she became the first woman to free climb the Salathé Wall, on El Capitan, The route is rated 5.13b/c, is 35 pitches, and approximately long. The difficulty of the climb can be described as "spidering up the side of a skyscraper, climbing to [handholds] no bigger than lentils". What makes Davis' achievement even more impressive is that she free climbed the route, meaning that she used only her hands and feet to climb the rock; she did not hang off the rope or any other mechanical aids. Davis worked on the route throughout September, learning every inch of the climb and meeting Cybele Blood, who became her belayer. Davis had initially planned for the climb to take five days and had cached water and food along the route for that length of the time, but poor weather, high numbers of climbers on the route and difficult climbing made the climb take eleven days. In fact, Davis wore only light climbing shoes, climbing tights, long underwear, and a light wind jacket. The only other gear she had was climbing gear, a lightweight sleeping bag, a portable espresso maker, water and food. When the two ran low on food and water, Blood went looking for the cached supplies but couldn't find them, so Davis "jugged" to the top to get some water and then returned to the route to continue the free climb. This climb was Davis' "dream come true" and afterwards she said "I don't have to prove anything to myself anymore, or to anyone else."

paragraph: She is also the first woman to climb Torre Egger, a difficult summit in Patagonia, of which she made the first one-day ascent, with her then partner Dean Potter. When Davis arrived in Patagonia, Potter was already established and they both climbed Cerro Stanhardt via what might have been a new route on the east face. They next attempted Torre Egger but half-a-rope-length from the top had to turn back because of a melting ice mushroom that would have made it dangerous to continue. Once colder weather returned, the couple climbed "Titanic" on the east side of Torre Egger, a feat that took them 23 hours. It may be the peak's first one-day ascent and is the first female ascent.

paragraph: 2006 and 2007 were pivotal years for Davis in terms of her relationships and her climbing. In 2006, Davis' marriage to Potter ended after he climbed Delicate Arch that year. The controversial climb resulted in a public outcry and there was a lot of criticism directed at him for climbing "such a revered landmark". The couple lost much of their financial stability because they lost a lot of sponsorships. This financial stress added to their already tension-filled relationships and led to their divorce. As a result, Davis drove from Yosemite to Colorado; she could not face going home to Moab.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing.:Free soloing.

paragraph: Davis has made free solo climbing a specialty and is "one of the world's most experienced" free solo climbers. In free solo climbing, climbers rely only on themselves to ascend the rock and use no protective gear; they use no ropes, harnesses or anything else. Davis has said that she is not into free soloing for the "death-defying buzz" but rather for the sense of "control".

paragraph: The Diamond on Longs Peak in Colorado is the first place Davis went alpine-climbing. It is "the most famous alpine rock climbing destination in Colorado". It is vertical to overhung granite full of cracks and at the top is . After her first experience there at the age of 24, she returned frequently in the summers. She began her free solo experience of the area by soloing "Kiener's Route" (5.3) on 7 July 2007, working up to harder routes. Next, on 14 July, she free soloed "Casual Route" (5.10) and returned again on 27 August, after soloing a route on another mountain, to see if she would feel more at ease.

paragraph: In September 2007, Davis free-soloed "Pervertical Sanctuary" (5.11a), which was her goal, a difficult route at the east face of Longs Peak (), a thousand-foot granite wall known as "The Diamond" in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado. She repeated the feat on 13 September with Peter Mortimer filming. Famous among climbers, Ryan Minton explains in his article about Davis' achievement that "The Diamond is one of the most revered alpine walls in North America" and all of the climbing routes on it are extremely difficult. To be fully prepared and be sure she was not bothered by other climbers, Davis slept close to the peak itself on 3 September and began climbing at 4:15am. Interviewed after the climb, Davis said that positive thinking was central to her success as well as knowing that she was carrying very little gear and the conception of herself as a crack climber. Davis is the first woman to free solo the Diamond and the second person to free solo the "Pervertical Sanctuary" route (the other is Derek Hersey).

paragraph: In May 2008, Davis free soloed the "North Face" (5.11b) of the Castleton Tower, making her perhaps the first woman to have free-soloed at the 5.11+ grade. The route is rated 5.11a and is of climbing. It is a famous formation in Castle Valley, Utah. After Davis climbed it, she BASE jumped from the top. In describing this climb, she referred to her climb and jump as "the cleanest possible style". Davis prepared by climbing the route multiple times in April and waiting for the perfect weather conditions. BASE jumping requires specific conditions, especially around Moab, where the cliffs are so short. On 4 May, the weather and Davis' mental state coincided and she was ready to free solo the route. Although she woke up with a cold, for her the mental state was more important than the physical. However, while climbing she accidentally stepped on the cuff of her pants, which she unusually had unrolled due to cool temperatures and slipped; because she had such good hand and arm placement, however, she did not fall. The climb was filmed by a close friend, Jim Hurst. Davis has said in an interview that while she had always refused to have her free solos filmed in the past because she has known him so long and because he knows how she climbs, having him film was not an imposition. There was no communication between them during the filming.

paragraph: Davis has made first ascents around Moab including the Tombstone. In 2008, she climbed "Concepcion" (5.13), one of the hardest pure crack climbs in the world, making the third overall ascent and first female ascent of the route. She described it as her most technically demanding climb ever.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing.:Expedition climbing.

paragraph: Davis has been on successful international expeditions to climb new routes in alpine, big wall, and solo styles, including in Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Baffin Island, Argentina, Italy, and Patagonia. Davis was the first American woman to summit Fitzroy in Patagonia and to summit all seven major peaks of the Fitzroy Range.

paragraph: Davis was inspired to go to the Karakorum by photographs she saw of the Trango Towers and Shipton Spire. Davis began her mountain climbing career in 1998 by climbing "Inshallah" (VI 5.12 A1) with Kennan Harvey and Seth Shaw, which is on the southeast face of Shipton Spire in the Karakorum. As one article describes it, "the ascent is one of the few big-wall expeditions to have pushed the limits of free climbing in a hostile, high-altitude environment". Davis returned to the Karakorum in 2000, this time to the Kondus Valley, making a first ascent of Tahir Tower via "All Quiet on the Eastern Front" (VI 5.11 A3) with Jimmy Chin, Brady Robinson, and Dave Anderson. The tower was previously unknown. In her article about women in the Karakorum, climber Lizzy Scully points out that the 1990s saw an increase in the number of women not only climbing in the Karakorum but also writing about it, including Davis, putting her in the tradition of the first professional female mountaineer, Fanny Bullock Workman.

paragraph: Davis has written in the past about the hurdles she faced being a woman in a male-dominated sport, but in 2009 she commented to an interviewer that she felt much of that discrimination had disappeared.

paragraph: Section::::Skydiving and base jumping.

paragraph: Davis started skydiving in 2007. As she explains in "A Perfect Circle", because there are not official dropzones in Moab and she became enamored of skydiving, she needed to learn to BASE jump, so she quickly became a BASE jumper so she could jump in the area around where she lived. In the winter of 2007, she sprained and crushed an ankle, sprained a knee, and required seven stitches in her thigh due to BASE jumping and other sporting activities. Ultimately it was BASE jumping that made her "comfortable with falling, feeling afraid and responding to fear with deliberate action instead of hesitation." As of January 2014, Davis reported trying to BASE jump every day or every other day, estimating that she jumps 300 times a year.

paragraph: Section::::Skydiving and base jumping.:Moab BASE Adventures.

paragraph: In 2011, she married BASE jumper Mario Richard on the Parriott Mesa near Moab. After the ceremony, they leapt off the mesa and parachuted back to the ground. Together the couple made a living through their sponsorships and started Moab Base Adventures, which was the first company to offer tandem BASE jumps from cliffs. The company offers guided hikes and climbs as well as jumps with Richard. The company also offers classes and training specifically for women. As Davis put it, "I just wanted to create an opportunity for women to take control of their own BASE career" and not be dependent on anyone.

paragraph: Richard died wingsuiting 18 August 2013; Davis had jumped successfully right before him but Richard hit the wall of a cliff and died.

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: Davis's book "High Infatuation: A Climber's Guide to Love and Gravity" (), has been translated into multiple languages. In it, according to Michael Robinson, professor of history who specializes in exploration and adventure, she "asks difficult questions about high-risk climbing, examining her own motives, personal relationships, and the broader meanings of her life's work". Davis, who loves reading and writing, has said about this book that "I've just always really loved writing and I do it all the time," describing the book as "a kind of ongoing conglomeration of what it is like to live this lifestyle".

paragraph: After four years of working on the project, Davis published "Learning to Fly: An Uncommon Memoir of Human Flight, Unexpected Love, and One Amazing Dog" in March 2013. Written after her difficult break up with Potter, it is about how she recovered from the loss of her partner and financial stability and used her developing love of skydiving to overcome her fear of falling. Described as "gripping", it is a "story of personal growth". She had faced a lot of fear free soloing, BASE jumping and sky diving and felt that she could offer people advice about facing fear in general. As she said in an interview, "A big part of the reason I wanted to write the book is that most people have had experiences like this [fear in climbing], or will, whether it's a relationship or a career or whatever. … Life's about change. Don't be afraid."

paragraph: Davis also practices yoga and is a vocal vegan activist. She believes that "factory farming is abhorrent and no one should add one more penny of their money into sustaining it". She blogs about her climbing, BASE jumping, yoga, and veganism.

paragraph: Section::::Notable climbs.

paragraph: Section::::Notable climbs.:Ascents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996, "Obelisk" IV 5.11, The Diamond, Long's Peak, Colorado — First all-female ascent with Elaine Lee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996, "Tricks are for Kids" 5.13a/b, Indian Creek, Moab, Utah — First female ascent

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997, "French Route" 5.12a, Peak 3850, Ak-Su Valley, Kyrgyzstan — First free ascent with Kennan Harvey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997, "Big Yellow Moon" V 5.12, Peak 3850, Kyrgyzstan — First free ascent with Kennan Harvey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998, "Inshallah" VI 5.12 A1, Shipton Spire, Pakistan — Third ascent of Shipton Spire, new route climbed all free except for a blank 10-foot section. With Kennan Harvey and Seth Shaw.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999, "Zen and the Art of Leadership" VI 5.11 A4, Jushua Tower, Gibbs Fjord, Baffin Island — New route with Russ Mitrovich and Brandon Kannier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000, "All Quiet on the Eastern Front" VI 5.11 A3, Tahir Tower, Kondus Valley, Pakistan — New route and first ascent of the mountain with Jimmy Chin, Brady Robinson and Dave Anderson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000, "Chouinard-Herbert" V 5.11+, Sentinel, Yosemite — First free ascent with Kenny Yaeger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000, "Zodiac", El Capitan, Yosemite - With Beth Cost, a paraplegic who made the first female paraplegic ascent of the wall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001, "The Potter-Davis Route" V 5.11 C1 WI4, north face of Poincenot, Patagonia — New route.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002, "Red Pillar" 5.10 A1, Aguja Mermoz - Ascent with Isaac Cortez. Became the first woman to ascend all seven major ridgeline summits of the Fitz Roy massif.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002, "The Epitaph" 5.13b, Tombstone, Utah — First free ascent with Dean Potter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004, "Freerider" VI 5.12.d/13a, El Capitan, Yosemite — First female ascent. Third woman to free climb El Capitan. Free climbed it in April and returned in May to free climb it in a day.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004, "The Crackhouse", Moab, Utah — First female ascent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005, "The Tombstone" 5.13, Moab, Utah — First free ascent, team style with Dean Potter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005, "Salathé Wall" VI 5.13 b/c, El Capitan, Yosemite — First woman to free climb the Salathe Wall. 10th person overall to free climb this route.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005, "Titanic" ED 6+/A2, 1000m, Torre Egger, Patagonia — First one-day ascent of the mountain with Dean Potter. First woman to summit mountain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008, "Concepcion" 5.13b/c, Moab, Utah — Third ascent of the route, first woman to redpoint it.

paragraph: Section::::Notable climbs.:Solo Climbs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997, "A Thousand Years of Russian Christianity" V 5.12, Peak 4520, Kyrgyzstan — Rope solo ascent

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999, "Coyne Crack" 5.11+, Indian Creek, Moab, Utah

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999, "Scarface" 5.11, Indian Creek, Moab, Utah

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007, "Casual Route" 5.10 The Diamond, Long's Peak, Colorado — Free solo ascent

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007, "Pervertical Sanctuary" 5.10+/5.11a The Diamond, Long's Peak, Colorado — Free solo ascent

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008, North Face, Castleton Tower 5.11, Moab, Utah — Free soloed the route and descended by base jumping.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossary of climbing terms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of climbers and mountaineers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moab B.A.S.E. Adventures, Davis' company

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Perfect Circle, a 25-minute documentary about Steph Davis

description: American rock climber

enwikiquote_title: Steph Davis

wikidata_label: Steph Davis

wikipedia_title: Steph Davis


text:
Danish
German
painter
Neoclassicism
fresco
Sanct Jürgen
Schleswig
Copenhagen
Italy
Giulio Romano
Milan
Mantua
Lübeck
Overbeck
Berlin
Rome
Michelangelo
Raphael
Prussia
Berlin
Pompeo Batoni
watercolour
fresco
Karl Ludwig Fernow
Weimar
Bertel Thorvaldsen
Joseph Anton Koch
etching
Thorvaldsens Museum
Fritz Novotny

categories: German male painters,Danish male painters,18th-century German painters,1754 births,1798 deaths,Danish people of German descent,18th-century Danish painters,People from the Duchy of Schleswig,People from Schleswig

paragraph: Asmus Jacob Carstens

paragraph: Asmus Jacob Carstens (or "Jakob", May 10, 1754May 25, 1798) was a Danish-German painter, one of the most committed artists of German Neoclassicism. His career was erratic, partly because of his difficult personality, and the majority of his large projects were left incomplete, or subsequently destroyed. Much of what survives is in the form of drawings, many using "a schematic, pale colouring as a timid and humble accessory to the dominating figure-drawing", that were planned for large fresco commissions that never materialized.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Sanct Jürgen near Schleswig to a miller. He had a youthful passion for painting, but was apprenticed to a cooper (barrel-maker) for five years. After quitting his master in 1776, he went to Copenhagen, where he studied at the academy and supported himself for seven years by drawing portraits in red chalk, producing during the time a large historical picture, the "Death of Æschylus", and another painting, "Æolus and Ulysses". In 1783 he went to Italy where he was much impressed by the work of Giulio Romano. His means did not permit him to go beyond Milan and Mantua, where he remained a month and then went to Lübeck, where he lived five years painting portraits.

paragraph: He was then introduced by the poet Overbeck to a wealthy patron, by whose aid he went to Berlin, where his "Fall of the Angels", a colossal picture containing over 200 figures, gained him a professorship in the academy of fine arts. Two years' labour in Berlin and a travelling pension enabled him in 1792 to go to Rome, and study the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. At the end of this time he made a strongly worded attack on the Prussian academy and was dismissed; he was based in Rome for the brief remainder of his life, where he developed his final style.

paragraph: He gradually produced some fine subject and historical paintings, e.g. "Plato's Symposium" and the "Battle of Rossbach" which made him famous. He was appointed professor at Berlin, and in 1795 a great exhibition of his works was held in Rome in the studio of Pompeo Batoni; he died in Rome in 1798. He mostly designed in pencil or chalk and watercolour and painted paintings in fresco; he rarely painted in oil.

paragraph: A biography was published in 1806 by his friend, the critic and archaeologist Karl Ludwig Fernow, who was later the royal librarian at Weimar, which has the best collection of his graphic work. Bertel Thorvaldsen and Joseph Anton Koch both studied and worked with him in Rome, and copied many of his works; Koch made etchings of several, which were published in Rome in 1799. The Thorvaldsens Museum has several works by all three artists based on Carstens' designs.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fritz Novotny, "Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1780-1880", 2nd edition. (reprinted 1980)

alias:
Asmus Carstens
A. J. Carstens
Asmus Jakob Carstens
Jacob Asmus Carstens
jakob asmus carstens
A. J. Garstens
a. j. carstens
asmus jakob carstens

description: German history painter

wikidata_label: Asmus Jacob Carstens

wikipedia_title: Asmus Jacob Carstens


href: Bergneustadt Germany physicist polarization%20of%20light mathematics physics Darmstadt astronomy University%20of%20T%C3%BCbingen surveying optical%20instrument polariscope Annalen%20der%20Physik

text:
Pustenbach
German
physicist
polarization of light
mathematics
physics
Darmstadt
astronomy
University of Tübingen
surveying
optical instrument
polariscope
Poggendorfs Annalen

categories: 1787 births,People from Bergneustadt,University of Tübingen faculty,1862 deaths,German physicists

paragraph: Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg

paragraph: Johann Gottlieb Christian Nörremberg (11 August 1787, in Pustenbach – 20 July 1862) was a German physicist who worked on the polarization of light.

paragraph: From 1823 he taught classes in mathematics and physics at the military school in Darmstadt. In 1833 he became a professor of mathematics, physics and astronomy at the University of Tübingen, where he worked on surveying and the development of optical instruments. Among his better known creations was a polarization apparatus, a device used in the making of a "Nörremberg polariscope". Most of his scientific articles were published in "Poggendorfs Annalen".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: br

description: German physicist

wikidata_label: Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg

wikipedia_title: Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg