text: magnate

text: Norman

text: companions of William the Conqueror

text: Battle of Hastings

text: House of Grey

text: Baron Grey de Wilton

text: Baron Ferrers of Groby

text: Baron Grey of Codnor

text: Baron Grey de Ruthyn

text: Earl of Tankerville

text: Earl of Huntingdon

text: Marquess of Dorset

text: Baron Grey of Powis

text: Duke of Suffolk

text: Baronet Grey of Chillingham

text: Baron Grey of Werke

text: Earl of Stamford

text: Viscount Glendale

text: Baronet Grey of Howick

text: Baron Walsingham

text: Baron Grey of Howick

text: Viscount Howick

text: Earl Grey

text: Baronet Grey of Fallodon

text: Lady Jane Grey

text: Latinised

text: Domesday Book

text: lord

text: manor

text: held

text: lord

text: Breteuil

text: Normandy

text: William the Conqueror

text: Carisbrooke Castle

text: Isle of Wight

text: Radford

text: England

text: Rotherfield Greys

text: manor house

text: Greys Court

text: South Oxfordshire

text: Standlake

text: Normandy

text: Graye-sur-Mer

text: Norsemen

text: denehole

text: Hangman's Wood

text: Creully

text: flint

text: Normandy

text: John de Grey

text: Bishop of Norwich

text: Henry de Grey

text: Walter de Grey

text: Archbishop of York

text: Lord Chancellor

text: England

text: Baron Grey de Wilton

text: Baron Grey of Codnor

text: Baron Grey de Ruthyn

text: Gray's Inn

text: Grays Thurrock

text: Greys Court in Oxfordshire

text: Origin of the Name Anchetil

categories: Anglo-Normans,11th-century births,Norman warriors,Year of death unknown,People from Rotherfield Greys

paragraph: Anchetil de Greye

paragraph: Anchetil de Greye (c.1052 - post-1086) was a Norman follower of William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford one of the great magnates of early Norman England and one of the very few proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

paragraph: He is regarded as the ancestor of the noble House of Grey, branches of which held many peerage and other titles in England, including Baron Grey de Wilton (1295), Baron Ferrers of Groby (1299), Baron Grey of Codnor (1299,1397), Baron Grey de Ruthyn (1324), Earl of Tankerville (1419, 1695), Earl of Huntingdon (1471), Marquess of Dorset (1475), Baron Grey of Powis (1482), Duke of Suffolk (1551), Baronet Grey of Chillingham (1619); Baron Grey of Werke (1623/4), Earl of Stamford (1628), Viscount Glendale (1695), Baronet Grey of Howick (1746), Baron Walsingham (1780), Baron Grey of Howick (1801); Viscount Howick (1806), Earl Grey (1806), Baronet Grey of Fallodon (1814), etc., which married into the royal family and which continues to this day. Lady Jane Grey (c. 1537-1554) "the Nine Days' Queen", was a member of this family.

paragraph: Section::::Landholdings.

paragraph: In his Latinised name of "Anschtallus de Grai" he is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as the lord of six Oxfordshire manors, all held from William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford (c.1020-1071), lord of the manor of Breteuil, in Normandy, a relative and close counsellor of William the Conqueror, whose chief residence was Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, one of many English castles he built.

paragraph: The manors held by Anchetil de Greye were as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Bourton, Bampton hundred, Oxfordshire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brighthampton, Bampton hundred, Oxfordshire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotherfield Greys, Binfield hundred, Oxfordshire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornwell, Shipton hundred, Oxfordshire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radford, Shipton hundred, Oxfordshire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodleys, Wootton hundred, Oxfordshire;

paragraph: The principal estate granted to Anchetil de Greye in England was "Redrefield" (subsequently Rotherfield Greys), the manor house of which is today represented by Greys Court, now in South Oxfordshire. Anchetil was also the tenant of Standlake, seemingly a part of Brighthampton.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Greye's origins in Normandy are unclear, although it is believed he came from the vicinity of today's Graye-sur-Mer (Calvados, "Graieum" 1086, "Graia" 1172, "Gray" 1183) which would have been within the domain of William I.

paragraph: It is likely that Anchetil de Greye was of Norsemen ancestry in whole or in part since the given name "Anchetil" (from "Ásketíll" "God-Cauldron") was a fairly common Norse-origin name in Normandy. The "Greye" in his name then was either simply a reference to his estate, or to his mixed Scandinavian-Frankish ancestry which was also common in Normandy by the time of the invasion of England. His immediate ancestry is uncertain, but some researchers believe he was the son of a certain Hugh Fitz Turgis, that means "Turgis'son" (from "Thorgisl" "hostage of Thor"), another clue he was from Normandy.

paragraph: More than 20 superficially distinct instances of "Anschitil", "Anschil", "Anschetil", etc. in early Norman documents must refer to a far smaller number of distinct individuals. Particularly interesting is "Anschitil de Ros". According to "Domesday Monachorum" he was the feudal landlord, under the Bishop of Bayeux, of "Craie", another "Craie", and "Croctune" (or Crawton). These three places are in the Cray valley of Kent, which was in Norman times the foremost site of chalk mining from deneholes, on a scale rivalled only by the Hangman's Wood cluster of deneholes on the other side of the Thames in Grays.

paragraph: Cray and Grey seem to be almost interchangeable in Kent place names. Cray passed from Anglo-Norman French into English as a word for "chalk", while "greye" is one of the wide range of French regional dialect words for "chalk". In Normandy, "Grai" is modern Graye-sur-Mer, and "Ros" is modern Rots, on the outskirts of Caen about away. Between them, on the river Seulles, at Orival near Creully, lies an ancient quarry where building stone is said to have been dug and lime burned since Gallo-Roman times. One of the key resources found in chalk mines is flint, which was used for tools, construction and making fire.

paragraph: Whether "Anschetil de Grai" and "Anschitil de Ros" were two persons or one, they/he must have known about and profited from the digging and shipping of limestone in Normandy, so it is at least curious that they/he picked chalk-digging areas for their new feudal domains in England.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: He was the great-grandfather of John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, and probably also of Henry de Grey, and the great-great-grandfather of Walter de Grey, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Grey de Wilton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Grey of Codnor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Grey de Ruthyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gray's Inn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grays Thurrock

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greys Court in Oxfordshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Origin of the Name Anchetil

description: vassal of William the Conqueror

wikidata_label: Anchetil de Greye

wikipedia_title: Anchetil de Greye


text:
American football
safety
National Football League
Buffalo Bills
2007 NFL Draft
college football
Wyoming
gunner
special teams
Buffalo Bills
2007 NFL Draft
Detroit Lions
special teams
Pro Bowl
mullet
2001 comedy film by the same name
Detroit Lions bio
Wyoming Cowboys football bio

categories: Living people,Players of American football from Wyoming,Wyoming Cowboys football players,People from Cody, Wyoming,American football safeties,1983 births,Buffalo Bills players

paragraph: John Wendling

paragraph: John Wendling (born June 4, 1983) is a former American football safety who played in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the sixth round (184th overall) of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Wyoming.

paragraph: During the 2009 and 2010 seasons, Wendling saw most of his playing time as a gunner on special teams. He led the Bills in special teams tackles in 2009, and also led the Lions in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Wendling redshirted as a freshman in 2002. In his redshirt freshman season, he played on special teams, ending up with two blocked kicks. During his sophomore redshirt season 2004, Wendling led the Cowboys in tackles with 89, and garnered Honorable Mention All-Conference honors. He also had a huge game against Air Force, making 11 tackles and breaking up two passes in a 43-26 victory over Air Force, eventually to be named MWC Defensive Player of the Week. Wendling also succeeded in his junior season, and once again earned Honorable Mention All-Conference honors.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Wendling was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the sixth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He signed a contract with the team on July 24, 2007. He was waived on February 16, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: Wendling signed with the Detroit Lions on August 27, 2010.

paragraph: Wendling was named a special teams Pro Bowl alternate for the NFC during the 2010 NFL season.

paragraph: Wendling's contract ran out following the 2013 season and he was not re-signed by the Lions. He is still a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wendling's wife suggested that he grow out a mullet while watching a Colorado Rockies baseball game in which one of the players donned the prolific hairstyle. Wendling's teammate Reggie Bush referred to him as "Joe Dirt" due to Wendling's resemblance to David Spade's character in the 2001 comedy film by the same name.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Lions bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyoming Cowboys football bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: John Wendling

wikipedia_title: John Wendling


text:
La Rochelle
France
Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes
Honoré de Balzac

paragraph: Alexandre Auffredi

paragraph: Alexandre Auffredi was a wealthy bourgeois of the city of La Rochelle in France, who in 1196 sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa to tap the riches of the continent. He went bankrupt and went into poverty as he waited for the return of his ships, but they finally returned seven years later filled with riches.

paragraph: As a result of the adventure, Auffredi became extremely rich. He devoted the rest of his life to help the poor, and founded the Saint barthelemy Hospital. A central area of La Rochelle was named after him.

paragraph: Alexandre Auffredi is mentioned in "Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes" by Honoré de Balzac as an example of French entrepreneurship:

description: French shipowner

wikidata_label: Alexandre Auffredi

wikipedia_title: Alexandre Auffredi


text:
Santa Monica
September 11 attacks
Dwight Yoakam
MTV Video Music award
Van Halen
music video
Right Now
Walt Disney Records
Tudor-style
Santa Monica High School
Latter-day Saint
American Airlines Flight 11
September 11, 2001 attacks
Noah's Ark
Lindsey Mayer-Beug
Rhode Island School of Design
National 9/11 Memorial
Van Halen News Desk article

categories: Victims of the September 11 attacks,Filmed deaths of entertainers,Latter Day Saints from California,20th-century women singers,American terrorism victims,People from Santa Monica, California,1952 births,Murdered entertainers,Terrorism deaths in New York (state)

paragraph: Carolyn Beug

paragraph: Carolyn Ann Mayer-Beug (December 11, 1952 – September 11, 2001) was a filmmaker and video producer from Santa Monica, California. She died in the September 11 attacks.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In addition to her work as video producer, Beug also directed three music videos for country singer Dwight Yoakam: "Ain't That Lonely Yet", "A Thousand Miles from Nowhere" and "Fast as You." Beug co-directed the former two videos with Yoakam and was the sole director of the latter video. She won an MTV Video Music award for the Van Halen music video of the song "Right Now", which she produced. She also served as senior vice president of Walt Disney Records.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Beug lived in a Tudor-style home in the North 25th Street neighborhood. She hosted an annual backyard barbecue for the Santa Monica High School cross country and track team, which her daughters captained. Beug was a Latter-day Saint.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Beug was killed at the age of 48 in the crash of American Airlines Flight 11 in the September 11, 2001 attacks. At the time of her death, Carolyn Beug was working on a children's book about Noah's Ark which was to be told from Noah's wife's point of view. On the plane with her was her mother, Mary Alice Wahlstrom. Beug was survived by her twin eighteen-year-old daughters Lauren and Lindsey Mayer-Beug, her 13-year-old son, Nick, and her husband, John Beug, a senior vice president in charge of filmed production for Warner Brothers' record division. She was returning home from taking her daughters to college at the Rhode Island School of Design.

paragraph: At the National 9/11 Memorial, Beug is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-1.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Halen News Desk article

description: American filmmaker

wikidata_label: Carolyn Beug

wikipedia_title: Carolyn Beug


text:
computer programmer
Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program
Clinton
Indiana
Wichita East High School
Bachelor of Science
Astronautical Engineering
United States Air Force Academy
Master of Science
Astronautics
MIT
Manned Spaceflight Engineer
STS-71-B
"Challenger" Disaster
Defense Intelligence Agency
Bolling AFB
Washington D.C.
Hanscom AFB
Massachusetts
attacks of September 11, 2001
American Airlines Flight 11
U.S. Air Force
Bedford
Massachusetts
National 9/11 Memorial
Casualties of the September 11 attacks
"Astronaut Biography: Charles Jones"

categories: Victims of the September 11 attacks,United States Air Force Academy alumni,American astronauts,20th-century American engineers,American aerospace engineers,American terrorism victims,1952 births,People from Bedford, Massachusetts,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,2001 deaths,People murdered in New York (state),People from Clinton, Indiana,United States Air Force officers,Terrorism deaths in New York (state)

paragraph: Charles Edward Jones

paragraph: Colonel Charles Edward ("Chuck") Jones (November 8, 1952 – September 11, 2001) was a United States Air Force officer, a computer programmer, and an astronaut in the USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jones was born November 8, 1952, in Clinton, Indiana. He graduated from Wichita East High School in 1970, earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Astronautical Engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1974, and received a Master of Science degree in Astronautics from MIT in 1980. He entered the USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer program in 1982, and was scheduled to fly on mission STS-71-B in December 1986, but the mission was cancelled after the "Challenger" Disaster in January 1986. He left the Manned Spaceflight Engineer program in 1987.

paragraph: He later worked for Defense Intelligence Agency, Bolling AFB in Washington D.C., and was Systems Program Director for Intelligence and Information Systems, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts.

paragraph: He was killed at the age of 48 in the attacks of September 11, 2001, aboard American Airlines Flight 11. He had been living as a retired U.S. Air Force Colonel in Bedford, Massachusetts, at the time of his death. He was survived by his wife Jeanette.

paragraph: At the National 9/11 Memorial, Jones is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-74.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casualties of the September 11 attacks

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astronaut Biography: Charles Jones". Space Facts. Retrieved June 24, 2013.

description: American astronaut

wikidata_label: Charles Edward Jones

wikipedia_title: Charles Edward Jones


text: Frankish

text: Duke and Prince of the Franks

text: Mayor of the Palace

text: Francia

text: Pepin of Herstal

text: Alpaida

text: power behind the throne

text: Gaul

text: Liber Historiae Francorum

text: Battle of Tours

text: feudalism

text: Carloman

text: Pepin

text: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charlemagne

text: Rome

text: Pepin of Herstal

text: Alpaida

text: Childebrand

text: Burgundy

text: Plectrude

text: Dagobert I

text: Merovingian

text: Austrasia

text: Neustria

text: Burgundy

text: Pepin of Herstal

text: Plectrude

text: Theudoald

text: Grimoald

text: Cologne

text: Austrasia

text: Neustria

text: Dagobert III

text: Ragenfrid

text: mayor of their palace

text: Battle of Compiegne

text: Chilperic II

text: Childeric II

text: Radbod, King of the Frisians

text: Cologne

text: Eifel

text: Malmedy

text: Battle of Amblève

text: Richard Gerberding

text: Willibrord

text: Abbey of Echternach

text: Irmina of Oeren

text: Pepin

text: Battle of Vincy

text: times

text: Chlothar IV

text: Austrasia

text: Rigobert

text: archbishop of Reims

text: Milo

text: Odo the Great

text: duke of Aquitaine

text: Battle of Soissons

text: Loire

text: Angers

text: Weser

text: Lippe

text: Ruhr

text: Teutoburg Forest

text: Radbod

text: Frisians

text: Theuderic IV

text: rois fainéants

text: Agilolfing

text: Liutprand the Lombard

text: Alemanni

text: Hugbert

text: Lantfrid

text: Bourges

text: Chronicle of 754

text: Battle of Toulouse

text: Liber Pontificalis

text: Munnuza

text: Abd al-Rahman

text: Paul Fouracre

text: Bede's "Ecclesiastical History"

text: Burgundy

text: Bubo, Duke of the Frisians

text: Battle of the Boarn

text: Hunald I of Aquitaine

text: Septimania

text: Westphalia

text: Salzburg

text: Regensburg

text: Freising

text: Passau

text: Boniface

text: archbishop

text: metropolitan

text: Mainz

text: Pope Gregory III

text: Quierzy-sur-Oise

text: Aisne

text: département

text: Picardy

text: Saint Denis Basilica

text: Paris

text: Carloman

text: Pippin the Younger

text: Grifo

text: Chlotar IV

text: Bernard

text: Rotrude of Treves

text: Lambert II, Count of Hesbaye

text: Leudwinus

text: Hiltrud

text: Carloman

text: Auda

text: Pepin the Short

text: Hiltrud

text: Odilo I

text: Duke of Bavaria

text: Sigrand

text: Auda

text: Thierry IV

text: Autun

text: Toulouse

text: Swanhild

text: Grifo

text: Ruodhaid

text: Bernard

text: Hieronymus

text: Remigius

text: archbishop of Rouen

text: Paul the Deacon

text: Saracens

text: Hincmar of Reims

text: hell

text: Paul Fouracre

text: Edward Gibbon

text: The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire

text: Heinrich Brunner

text: Christian Pfister

text: William E. Watson

text: Alessandro Barbero

text: far right

text: white nationalist

text: Charles Martel Group

text: Australia

text: Brenton Harrison Tarrant

text: Christchurch mosque shootings

text: Al Noor Mosque

text: Linwood Islamic Centre

text: Christchurch

text: New Zealand

text: Ian Meadows, "The Arabs in Occitania"

text: "Civil War and the Umayyads"

text: "Leaders and Battles Database"

text: BBC Radio 4 In Our Time

text: About.com

text: Internet Medieval Sourcebook

text: Medieval Lands Project

categories: Mayors of the Palace,Carolingian dynasty,741 deaths,Burials at the Basilica of St Denis,8th-century Frankish nobility,Frankish warriors,688 births,Christian monarchs,7th-century Frankish nobility,People from Herstal

paragraph: Charles Martel

paragraph: Charles Martel ( 688 – 22 October 741) was a Frankish statesman and military leader who as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the "de facto" ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. He was a son of the Frankish statesman Pepin of Herstal and Pepin's mistress, a noblewoman named Alpaida. Charles successfully asserted his claims to power as successor to his father as the power behind the throne in Frankish politics. Continuing and building on his father's work, he restored centralized government in Francia and began the series of military campaigns that re-established the Franks as the undisputed masters of all Gaul. According to a near-contemporary source, the "Liber Historiae Francorum", Charles was "a warrior who was uncommonly [...] effective in battle". Much attention has been paid to his success in defeating an Arab raid in Aquitaine at the Battle of Tours. Alongside his military endeavours, Charles has been traditionally credited with a seminal role in the development of the Frankish system of feudalism.

paragraph: At the end of his reign, Charles divided Francia between his sons, Carloman and Pepin. The latter became the first king of the Carolingian dynasty. Charles' grandson, Charlemagne, extended the Frankish realms, and became the first Emperor in the West since the fall of Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Charles, nicknamed "Martel", or "the Hammer", in later chronicles, was the son of Pepin of Herstal and his second wife Alpaida. He had a brother named Childebrand, who later became the Frankish "dux" (that is, "duke") of Burgundy.

paragraph: In older historiography, it was common to describe Charles as "illegitimate". But the dividing line between wives and concubines was not clear-cut in eighth-century Francia, and it is likely that the accusation of "illegitimacy" derives from the desire of Pepin's first wife Plectrude to see her progeny as heirs to Pepin's power.

paragraph: After the reign of Dagobert I (629–639) the Merovingians effectively ceded power to the Pippinid Mayors of the Palace, who ruled the Frankish realm of Austrasia in all but name. They controlled the royal treasury, dispensed patronage, and granted land and privileges in the name of the figurehead king. Charles' father, Pepin of Herstal, was able to unite the Frankish realm by conquering Neustria and Burgundy. He was the first to call himself Duke and Prince of the Franks, a title later taken up by Charles.

paragraph: Section::::Contesting for power.

paragraph: In December 714, Pepin of Herstal died. Prior to his death, he had, at his wife Plectrude's urging, designated Theudoald, his grandson by their late son Grimoald, his heir in the entire realm. This was immediately opposed by the nobles because Theudoald was a child of only eight years of age. To prevent Charles using this unrest to his own advantage, Plectrude had him imprisoned in Cologne, the city which was intended to be her capital. This prevented an uprising on his behalf in Austrasia, but not in Neustria.

paragraph: Pepin's death occasioned open conflict between his heirs and the Neustrian nobles who sought political independence from Austrasian control. In 715, Dagobert III named Ragenfrid mayor of their palace, effectively declaring political independence. On 26 September 715, Ragenfrid's Neustrians met the young Theudoald's forces at the Battle of Compiegne. Theudoald was defeated and fled back to Cologne.

paragraph: Before the end of the year, Charles Martel had escaped from prison and been acclaimed mayor by the nobles of Austrasia. That same year, Dagobert III died and the Neustrians proclaimed Chilperic II, the cloistered son of Childeric II, as king.

paragraph: Section::::Contesting for power.:Civil war of 715–718.:Battle of Cologne.

paragraph: In 716, Chilperic and Ragenfrid together led an army into Austrasia intent on seizing the Pippinid wealth at Cologne. The Neustrians allied with another invading force under Radbod, King of the Frisians and met Charles in battle near Cologne, which was still held by Plectrude. Charles had little time to gather men, or prepare, and the result was the only defeat of his career. The Frisians held off Charles, while the king and his mayor besieged Plectrude at Cologne, where she bought them off with a substantial portion of Pepin's treasure. Then they withdrew.

paragraph: Section::::Contesting for power.:Civil war of 715–718.:Battle of Amblève.

paragraph: Charles retreated to the hills of the Eifel to gather men, and train them. Having made the proper preparations, in April 716, he fell upon the triumphant army near Malmedy as it was returning to its own province. In the ensuing Battle of Amblève, Martel attacked as the enemy rested at midday. According to one source, he split his forces into several groups which fell at them from many sides. Another suggests that while this was his intention, he then decided, given the enemy's unpreparedness, this was not necessary. In any event, the suddenness of the assault lead them to believe they were facing a much larger host. Many of the enemy fled and Martel's troops gathered the spoils of the camp. Martel's reputation increased considerably as a result, and he attracted more followers. This battle is often considered by historians as the turning point in Charles's struggle.

paragraph: Section::::Contesting for power.:Civil war of 715–718.:Battle of Vinchy.

paragraph: Richard Gerberding points out that up to this time, much of Martel's support was probably from his mother's kindred in the lands around Liege. After Amblève, he seems to have won the backing of the influential Willibrord, founder of the Abbey of Echternach. The abbey had been built on land donated by Plectrude's mother, Irmina of Oeren, but most of Willibrord's missionary work had been carried out in Frisia. In joining Chilperic and Ragenfrid, Radbod of Frisia sacked Utrecht, burning churches and killing many missionaries. Willibrord and his monks were forced to flee to Echternach. Gerberding suggests that Willibrord had decided that the chances of preserving his life's work were better with a successful field commander like Martel than with Plectrude in Cologne. Willibrord subsequently baptized Martel's son Pepin. Gerberding suggests a likely date of Easter 716. Martel also received support from Bishop Pepo of Verdun.

paragraph: Charles took time to rally more men and prepare. By the following spring, Charles had attracted enough support to invade Neustria. Charles sent an envoy who proposed a cessation of hostilities if Chilperic would recognize his rights as mayor of the palace in Austrasia. The refusal was not unexpected but served to impress upon Martel's forces the unreasonableness of the Neustrians. They met near Cambrai at the Battle of Vincy on 21 March 717. The victorious Martel pursued the fleeing king and mayor to Paris, but as he was not yet prepared to hold the city, he turned back to deal with Plectrude and Cologne. He took the city and dispersed her adherents. Plectrude was allowed to retire to a convent; Theudoald lived to 741 under his uncle's protection, a kindness unusual for those times, when mercy to a former gaoler, or a potential rival, was rare.

paragraph: Section::::Consolidation of power.

paragraph: Upon this success, Charles proclaimed Chlothar IV king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic and deposed Rigobert, archbishop of Reims, replacing him with Milo, a lifelong supporter.

paragraph: In 718, Chilperic responded to Charles' new ascendancy by making an alliance with Odo the Great (or Eudes, as he is sometimes known), the duke of Aquitaine, who had become independent during the civil war in 715, but was again defeated, at the Battle of Soissons, by Charles. Chilperic fled with his ducal ally to the land south of the Loire and Ragenfrid fled to Angers. Soon Chlotar IV died and Odo surrendered King Chilperic in exchange for Charles recognizing his dukedom. Charles recognized Chilperic as king of the Franks in return for legitimate royal affirmation of his own mayoralty over all the kingdoms.

paragraph: Section::::Consolidation of power.:Wars of 718–732.

paragraph: Between 718 and 723, Charles secured his power through a series of victories. Having unified the Franks under his banner, Charles was determined to punish the Saxons who had invaded Austrasia. Therefore, late in 718, he laid waste their country to the banks of the Weser, the Lippe, and the Ruhr. He defeated them in the Teutoburg Forest and thus secured the Frankish border in the name of King Chlotaire.

paragraph: When the Frisian leader Radbod died in 719, Charles seized West Frisia without any great resistance on the part of the Frisians, who had been subjected to the Franks but had rebelled upon the death of Pippin. When Chilperic II died the following year (720), Charles appointed as his successor the son of Dagobert III, Theuderic IV, who was still a minor, and who occupied the throne from 720 to 737 Charles was now appointing the kings whom he supposedly served, "rois fainéants" who were mere figureheads; by the end of his reign he didn't appoint one at all. At this time, Charles again marched against the Saxons. Then the Neustrians rebelled under Ragenfrid, who had left the county of Anjou. They were easily defeated (724), but Ragenfrid gave up his sons as hostages in turn for keeping his county. This ended the civil wars of Charles' reign.

paragraph: The next six years were devoted in their entirety to assuring Frankish authority over the neighbouring political groups. Between 720 and 723, Charles was fighting in Bavaria, where the Agilolfing dukes had gradually evolved into independent rulers, recently in alliance with Liutprand the Lombard. He forced the Alemanni to accompany him, and Duke Hugbert submitted to Frankish suzerainty. In 725 he brought back the Agilolfing Princess Swanachild as a second wife.

paragraph: In 725 and 728, he again entered Bavaria, but in 730, he marched against Lantfrid, Duke of Alemannia, who had also become independent, and killed him in battle. He forced the Alemanni to capitulate to Frankish suzerainty and did not appoint a successor to Lantfrid. Thus, southern Germany once more became part of the Frankish kingdom, as had northern Germany during the first years of the reign.

paragraph: Section::::Aquitaine and the Battle of Tours in 732.

paragraph: In 731, after defeating the Saxons, Charles turned his attention to the rival southern realm of Aquitaine, and crossed the Loire, breaking the treaty with Duke Odo. The Franks ransacked Aquitaine twice, and captured Bourges, although Odo retook it. The "Continuations of Fredegar" allege that Odo called on assistance from the recently established emirate of al-Andalus, but there had been Arab raids into Aquitaine from the 720s onwards: indeed, in 721 the Chronicle of 754 records a victory of Odo at the Battle of Toulouse, while the "Liber Pontificalis" records that Odo had killed 375,000 Saracens. It is more likely that this invasion or raid took place in revenge for Odo's support for a rebel Berber leader named Munnuza.

paragraph: Whatever the precise circumstances, it is clear that an army under the leadership of Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi headed north, and after some minor engagements marched on the wealthy city of Tours. According to British medieval historian Paul Fouracre, "Their campaign should perhaps be interpreted as a long-distance raid rather than the beginning of a war". They were however defeated by the army of Charles at a location between Tours and Poitiers, in a victory described by the "Continuations of Fredegar". News of this battle spread, and may be recorded in Bede's "Ecclesiastical History" (Book V, ch. 23). However, it is not given prominence in Arabic sources from the period.

paragraph: Despite his victory, Charles did not gain full control of Aquitaine, and Odo remained duke until his death in 735.

paragraph: Section::::Wars of 732–737.

paragraph: Between his victory of 732 and 735, Charles reorganized the kingdom of Burgundy, replacing the counts and dukes with his loyal supporters, thus strengthening his hold on power. He was forced, by the ventures of Bubo, Duke of the Frisians, to invade independent-minded Frisia again in 734. In that year, he slew the duke at the Battle of the Boarn. Charles ordered the Frisian pagan shrines destroyed, and so wholly subjugated the populace that the region was peaceful for twenty years after.

paragraph: In 735, Duke Odo of Aquitaine died. Though Charles wished to rule the duchy directly and went there to elicit the submission of the Aquitainians, the aristocracy proclaimed Odo's son, Hunald I of Aquitaine, as duke, and Charles and Hunald eventually recognised each other's position.

paragraph: Section::::Interregnum.

paragraph: In 737, at the tail end of his campaigning in Provence and Septimania, the Merovingian king, Theuderic IV, died. Charles, titling himself "maior domus" and "princeps et dux Francorum", did not appoint a new king and nobody acclaimed one. The throne lay vacant until Charles' death. The interregnum, the final four years of Charles' life, was more peaceful than most of it had been but in 738, he compelled the Saxons of Westphalia to submit and pay tribute, and in 739 he checked an uprising in Provence, the rebels being under the leadership of Maurontus.

paragraph: Charles used the relative peace to set about integrating the outlying realms of his empire into the Frankish church. He erected four dioceses in Bavaria (Salzburg, Regensburg, Freising, and Passau) and gave them Boniface as archbishop and metropolitan over all Germany east of the Rhine, with his seat at Mainz. Boniface had been under his protection from 723 on; indeed the saint himself explained to his old friend, Daniel of Winchester, that without it he could neither administer his church, defend his clergy, nor prevent idolatry.

paragraph: In 739, Pope Gregory III begged Charles for his aid against Liutprand, but Charles was loath to fight his onetime ally and ignored the plea. Nonetheless, the pope's request for Frankish protection showed how far Charles had come from the days he was tottering on excommunication, and set the stage for his son and grandson to assert themselves in the peninsula.

paragraph: Section::::Death and transition in rule.

paragraph: Charles Martel died on 22 October 741, at Quierzy-sur-Oise in what is today the Aisne "département" in the Picardy region of France. He was buried at Saint Denis Basilica in Paris.

paragraph: His territories had been divided among his adult sons a year earlier: to Carloman he gave Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia, and to Pippin the Younger Neustria, Burgundy, Provence, and Metz and Trier in the "Mosel duchy"; Grifo was given several lands throughout the kingdom, but at a later date, just before Charles died.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: At the beginning of Charles Martel's career, he had many internal opponents and felt the need to appoint his own kingly claimant, Chlotar IV. By his end, however, the dynamics of rulership in Francia had changed, and no hallowed Merovingian ruler was required. Charles divided his realm between his sons without opposition (though he ignored his young son Bernard). For many historians, Charles Martel laid the foundations for his son Pepin's rise to the Frankish throne in 751, and his grandson Charlemagne's imperial acclamation in 800. However, for Paul Fouracre, while Charles was "the most effective military leader in Francia", his career "finished on a note of unfinished business".

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Charles Martel married twice, his first wife being Rotrude of Treves, daughter either of Lambert II, Count of Hesbaye, or of Leudwinus, Count of Treves. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiltrud,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carloman,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landrade, also rendered Landres,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auda, also called Aldana or Alane, and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pepin the Short, also called Pippin,

paragraph: Most of the children married and had issue. Hiltrud married Odilo I (a Duke of Bavaria). Landrade was once believed to have married a Sigrand (Count of Hesbania) but Sigrand's wife was more likely the sister of Rotrude. Auda married Thierry IV (a Count of Autun and Toulouse). Charles also married a second time, to Swanhild, and they had a child, Grifo.

paragraph: Finally, Charles Martel also had a known mistress, Ruodhaid, with whom he had children Bernard, Hieronymus, and Remigius. Remigius became an archbishop of Rouen.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation and historiography.

paragraph: For early medieval authors, Charles Martel was famous for his military victories. Paul the Deacon for instance attributed a victory against the Saracens actually won by Odo of Aquitaine to Charles. However, alongside this there soon developed a darker reputation, for his alleged abuse of church property. A ninth-century text, the "Visio Eucherii", possibly written by Hincmar of Reims, portrayed Martel as suffering in hell for this reason. According to British medieval historian Paul Fouracre, this was "the single most important text in the construction of Charles Martel's reputation as a seculariser or despoiler of church lands".

paragraph: By the eighteenth century, historians such as Edward Gibbon had begun to portray the Frankish leader as the saviour of Christian Europe from a full-scale Islamic invasion. In Gibbon's "The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire" he wonders whether without Charles' victory, "Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the schools of Oxford".

paragraph: In the nineteenth century, the German historian Heinrich Brunner argued that Charles had confiscated church lands in order to fund military reforms that allowed him to defeat the Arab conquests, in this way brilliantly combining two traditions about the ruler. But Fouracre has argued that "...there is not enough evidence to show that there was a decisive change either in the way in which the Franks fought, or in the way in which they organised the resources needed to support their warriors."

paragraph: Many twentieth-century European historians continued to develop Gibbon's perspectives, such as French medievalist Christian Pfister, who wrote in 1911 that

paragraph: Similarly, William E. Watson who wrote of the battle's importance in Frankish and world history in 1993, suggested that

paragraph: Other recent historians however argue that the importance of the battle is dramatically overstated, both for European history in general and for Charles Martel's reign in particular. This view is typified by Alessandro Barbero, who in 2004 wrote,

paragraph: Similarly, in 2002 Tomaž Mastnak wrote:

paragraph: More recently, the memory of Charles Martel has been appropriated by far right and white nationalist groups, such as the 'Charles Martel Group' in France, and by Australia-born Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the alleged perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ian Meadows, "The Arabs in Occitania": A sketch giving the context of the conflict from the Arab point of view.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.standin.se/fifteen07a.htm "Poke's edition of Creasy's "15 Most Important Battles Ever Fought According to Edward Shepherd Creasy" Chapter VII. The Battle of Tours, A.D. 732."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Hooker, "Civil War and the Umayyads"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leaders and Battles Database"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The Battle of Tours', BBC Radio 4 In Our Time (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert W. Martin, "The Battle of Tours is still felt today", from About.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Sourcebook: Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory II to Charles Martel, 739

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project

alias:
Charles the Hammer
Duke of Austrasia Karl Martell
Karl Martell
Carolus Martellus
Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel

description: Frankish military and political leader

wikidata_label: Charles Martel

wikipedia_title: Charles Martel


text:
mycologist
Linnaeus
mushroom
taxonomy
South Africa
Cape of Good Hope
Pomerania
Dutch
theology
Halle
medicine
Leiden
Göttingen
doctorate
Paris
House of Orange
"Synopsis plantarum"
"Synopsis methodica fungorum"
Uredinales
Ustilaginales
Gasteromycetes
polypore
Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Persoonia
biannual
National Herbarium of the Netherlands
CBS
Christian Hendrik Persoon
Persoonia
Hunt Institute-botanical archives

categories: German taxonomists,19th-century German botanists,18th-century German botanists,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,South African scientists,Mycologists,1836 deaths,German botanists,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,1761 births,Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon,18th-century German writers

paragraph: Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

paragraph: Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope, the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Initially studying theology at Halle, at age 22 (in 1784) Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: He moved to Paris in 1802, where he spent the rest of his life, renting an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. He was apparently unemployed, unmarried, poverty-stricken and a recluse, although he corresponded with botanists throughout Europe. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life.

paragraph: Section::::Academic career.

paragraph: The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his works was "Abbildungen der Schwämme" (Illustrations of the fungi), published in three parts, in 1790, 1791, and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his "Synopsis plantarum", a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in the fungi, for which he published several works, beginning with the "Synopsis methodica fungorum" (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. Persoon described many polypore species; most were from his own collections in central Europe, while several other tropical species were sent to him from collections made by French botanist Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré during his circumglobal expedition. These latter fungi are among the first tropical polypores ever described. In 1815, Persoon was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: The genus "Persoonia", a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs, was named after him. The title "Persoonia" is also given to a biannual scientific journal of molecular phylogeny and evolution of fungi, published jointly by the National Herbarium of the Netherlands and the CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duane Isely, "One hundred and one botanists" (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 124–126.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Hendrik Persoon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persoonia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt Institute-botanical archives

wikidata_label: Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

wikipedia_title: Christiaan Hendrik Persoon


text:
Vizier
Ancient Egypt
18th Dynasty
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten
Nefertem
Bubasteion
Bastet
New Kingdom

categories: Viziers of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Aperel

paragraph: Aperel (sometimes written as Aperia) was a Vizier of Ancient Egypt. He served as vizier during the reigns of the 18th Dynasty kings Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. Besides being Vizier, Aperel was also a commander of chariots and had the title "God's Father".

paragraph: Section::::Pronunciation and etymology.

paragraph: Aperel was pronounced "something like 'Abdiel ('Abdi-El) meaning "the servant of the god El" according to Alain Zivie.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Aperel's wife was named Taweret. Aperel and Tawosret had at least three sons: Seny, Hatiay and Huy. Seny was a steward and Hatiay was a priest of Nefertem. Huy, who was a commander of horse, commander of chariots and scribe of recruits of the Lord of the Two Lands, was also buried in the tomb of his parents.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb and burial.

paragraph: Aperel's tomb was discovered in 1987 by the French under supervision of Alain Zivie. The tomb is designated as I.1 and is located in the cliffs of the Bubasteion (a sanctuary dedicated to Bastet). Taweret, Aperia's wife, may have been an important lady in her own right as she is the only New Kingdom woman identified to date to have been buried in a set of three coffins. Their son Huy was buried in year 10 of Akhenaten or even later. Also mentioned in the tomb are Aperel’s sons Seny, an official, and Hatiay, a priest.

paragraph: According to Strouhal, Aperel was 50–60 years old at the time of his death, his wife Taweret was 40–50 years old at the time of her death, and their son Huy was 25–35 years old at the time of his death.

description: Vizier of Ancient Egypt

wikidata_label: Aperel

wikipedia_title: Aperel


text: London

text: Bexhill

text: British

text: Bishop of Ely

text: St Andrew by the Wardrobe

text: St Anne Blackfriars

text: King's College School

text: Christ's College, Cambridge

text: classics

text: ordain

text: deacon

text: priest

text: curate

text: Sherborne

text: Pembroke College, Cambridge

text: Westcott House

text: Hulsean Lectures

text: Queens' College, Cambridge

text: Norris Professor of Divinity

text: Bishop of Ely

text: Brookwood Cemetery

text: Codex Bezae

categories: 20th-century Anglican bishops,Presidents of Queens' College, Cambridge,English Anglican theologians,Burials at Brookwood Cemetery,1853 births,Norrisian Professors of Divinity,People educated at King's College School, London,Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge,Staff of Westcott House, Cambridge,Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge,Bishops of Ely,1925 deaths

paragraph: Frederic Chase

paragraph: Frederic Henry Chase (21 February 1853, London23 September 1925, Bexhill) was a British academic and Bishop of Ely.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The only son of Charles Frederic Chase, rector of St Andrew by the Wardrobe and St Anne Blackfriars, and Susan Mary Alliston. Chase was educated at King's College School, London and Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating in classics in 1876 after receiving the Powys Medal the previous year.

paragraph: He was ordained deacon in 1876 and priest in 1877, and briefly worked as curate of Sherborne before returning to Cambridge in 1879 He was a lecturer in divinity at Pembroke College, Cambridge from 1881 to 1890, and at Christ's College from 1893. In 1884 he became tutor of the Clergy Training School, Cambridge (now Westcott House), and in 1887 became principal of that college. He was elected to give the Hulsean Lectures for 1900. In late 1901 Chase was elected President of Queens' College, Cambridge and the following November he was also elected Norris Professor of Divinity.

paragraph: Three years later, in 1905, he was consecrated as Bishop of Ely. He resigned as bishop in 1924 and died in 1925. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Chase was known for research into the Bezan and Syro-Latin texts, including the Codex Bezae.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chrysostom" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lord´s Prayer in the Early Church" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. H. Chase, "The Old Syriac Element in the Text of Codex Bezae", MacMillan, 1893.

description: British academic and Bishop of Ely

wikidata_label: Frederic Chase

wikipedia_title: Frederic Chase


text:
hydrologist
Russian State Hydrological Institute
research vessel

paragraph: Valeryan Uryvaev

paragraph: Valeryan Andreyevich Uryvaev was an eminent Soviet hydrologist and the head of Russian State Hydrological Institute in 1942-1968. A research vessel was named after him.

description: Soviet hydrologist

wikidata_label: Valeryan Uryvaev

wikipedia_title: Valeryan Uryvaev


text:
Manacor
Mallorca
Spanish
tennis
Rafael Nadal
Miguel Ángel Nadal
Grand Slam
Miguel Angel
FC Barcelona
table tennis
swimming
Balearic Islands
tennis
Ilie Năstase
Barcelona
David Ferrer
Roland Garros
Lennart Bergelin
Björn Borg
Wimbledon
Dustin Brown
John McEnroe
BBC Radio 5 Live
Buenos Aires Open
Carlos Moyá
Toni Nadal
Association of Tennis Professionals

categories: Spanish tennis coaches,1961 births,Sportspeople from Manacor,Living people

paragraph: Toni Nadal

paragraph: Antonio "Toni" Nadal Homar (; born 27 February 1961 in Manacor, Mallorca) is a Spanish tennis coach. Toni Nadal is the uncle and ex-coach of tennis player Rafael Nadal and the elder brother of Spanish footballer Miguel Ángel Nadal.

paragraph: He is the most successful coach in the history of tennis in terms of Grand Slam titles, winning 16 Grand Slam trophies with Rafael Nadal.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Toni Nadal, who was born into a Spanish family, was the third child, having two other brothers. His younger brother Miguel Angel became a professional football player for FC Barcelona. Toni Nadal tried participating in several sports including football, table tennis, and swimming. He achieved the title of junior champion of Balearic Islands in his table tennis career. He was the first of his siblings to play tennis when he started doing so at fourteen years old. Nadal was inspired to join the sport when he saw Ilie Năstase win the Barcelona Masters in 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Nadal worked as a tennis coach and as a manager for a tennis club. He obtained a trainer’s degree and taught at the tennis club his brother Miguel was a member of in Manacor. Nadal also became a manager of the Manacor tennis club while teaching younger students. At this time, Nadal began coaching his nephew, Rafael Nadal. The majority of Toni Nadal’s coaching career has been spent with Rafael.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching style.

paragraph: Nadal has described his coaching style as 'hard', saying that he occasionally puts too much pressure on Rafael, but that he does so because he wants him to succeed. When Rafael was younger, he would be nervous of having lessons by himself with Nadal. Rafael stated that as a child he would sometimes return home from tennis lessons crying. Nadal believed that being such a hard coach would make his pupils better tennis players.

paragraph: Nadal required that his pupils show respect for their equipment, and stated that he would immediately stop coaching Rafael if he ever threw his racket out of frustration. Nadal believed that throwing a tennis racket showed a lack of respect towards people who could not afford the same equipment and the sport itself.

paragraph: Nadal strives to teach players to be responsible for themselves. He trained Rafael on poor tennis courts with old tennis balls to show that it was not the equipment that would decide if he won or lost. He believed that losing was a fact of competing in sports and that the only one responsible for winning or losing was the player.

paragraph: Nadal had an authoritarian attitude with the players that he coached. He wanted his opinions to be important to players he was coaching rather than it just being advice. He did not want to be paid by Rafael Nadal because he believed that it would make him less of an important figure. Without being paid, he could say whatever he felt without a chance of Rafael being able to fire him like a regular coach.

paragraph: Section::::Success.

paragraph: Since June 9, 2013, when Rafael Nadal won his 12th Grand Slam title defeating David Ferrer in the Roland Garros final in Paris, Toni Nadal assumed sole possession of the top position on the history of tennis with 12 Grand Slam title as a coach. He broke a tie with Lennart Bergelin who coached Björn Borg reaching 11 Grand Slam titles between 1974–1981.

paragraph: Solidifying his lead on the coaches' rank list, Toni Nadal has currently 16 Grand Slam titles with his nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Calls for replacement.

paragraph: In 2015, after Rafael Nadal lost in the second round at Wimbledon to Dustin Brown, who was ranked No. 102 at the time, former world No. 1 John McEnroe said on BBC Radio 5 Live that the Spanish tennis star should "get a new damn coach". Rafael had failed to reach the semifinals at all four Grand Slam events that year. In February 2016, at the Buenos Aires Open, Toni Nadal admitted that Rafael would have probably already replaced him had he not been his uncle.

paragraph: In December 2016, Rafael Nadal added countryman Carlos Moyá, a former number one tennis player in the world, to work alongside Toni Nadal as his coach. Toni Nadal was the first one to contact Moyá to see if he would be willing to join Rafael coaching team, believing it would be the perfect time to include him. Carlos is also expected to be working with Toni with projects for the Rafa Nadal Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Leaving Rafael Nadal's coaching team.

paragraph: In Late February 2017 Toni Nadal announced that he decided to retire from his nephew’s coaching staff. Toni had informed Carlos Moya and his brother (and Rafael’s father) Sebastián, of his intentions. Toni originally withheld the knowledge of his plans to separate from Rafael, who found out when it was released in the news. Toni did not inform Rafael of this decision because he did not want to distract Rafael from his tennis. Toni stated that he came to regret keeping this information from his nephew.

paragraph: Currently, Toni plans on working at the Rafa Nadal Academy. He stated that he wants to work with younger players and develop their talent.

paragraph: Rafael stated that he is happy to know that Toni is doing what he wants and does not hold any resentment towards his departure. Rafael also stated that he believed it was a good time for Toni to focus on projects like the Academy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toni Nadal at the Association of Tennis Professionals Coach profile

description: Spanish tennis coach

wikidata_label: Toni Nadal

wikipedia_title: Toni Nadal


text:
Righteous Among the Nations
Paraná
São Paulo
Hamburg
Kristallnacht
visa
Jew
Getúlio Vargas
underground
activist
João Guimarães Rosa
Grande Sertão Veredas
Allied Forces
Yad Vashem
Ambassador
Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas
Alzheimer's disease
Aracy de Carvalho Guimarães Rosa
Holocaust
Yad Vashem

categories: 1908 births,Brazilian diplomats,Brazilian centenarians,Brazilian Righteous Among the Nations,2011 deaths,People from Paraná (state)

paragraph: Aracy de Carvalho Guimarães Rosa

paragraph: Aracy de Carvalho Guimarães Rosa (née Aracy Moebius de Carvalho) (December 5, 1908 – February 28, 2011) was a Brazilian diplomatic clerk who has been recognized with the title of Righteous Among the Nations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born to a German mother in Rio Negro, Paraná, Aracy de Carvalho was able to speak German, English, French and her native Portuguese. She moved to São Paulo. She lived there with her German first husband Johannes Edward Ludwig Tess and their child until 1935, when they separated.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.

paragraph: In 1936, she was appointed to the Brazilian Consulate in Hamburg, Germany, where she was made the Chief of the Passport Section. She started to help Jewish people during Kristallnacht, on November 9, 1938. She handed out visas to Jews without the red "J" that identified them as such, since Brazilian Dictator Getúlio Vargas non-officially denied visas to Jews. She was in very close relations with underground activists in Germany and would even grant visas to Jews she knew that had forged passports.

paragraph: In 1938 she met fellow diplomat and assistant-Consul João Guimarães Rosa, who would later become her second husband, and one of the most important Brazilian writers. His magnum opus, Grande Sertão Veredas, was dedicated to her. With his help, she intensified her humanitarian activity, saving a great number of Jews from imprisonment and death. She remained in Germany until 1942, when Brazil broke relations with Germany and joined the Allied Forces.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: On July 8, 1982, Aracy de Carvalho became one of the two Brazilians honoured by the Yad Vashem with the Righteous Among the Nations award, together with Ambassador Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In her late days Aracy de Carvalho suffered from Alzheimer's disease. She died peacefully at the age 102, in her home in São Paulo, on February 28, 2011, due to natural causes.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schpun, Mônica Raïsa. "Justa. Aracy de Carvalho e o resgate de judeus: trocando a Alemanha nazista pelo Brasil." Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Civilização Brasileira, 2011, 526 p. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aracy de Carvalho Guimarães Rosa – his activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website

description: Brazilian diplomat

wikidata_label: Aracy de Carvalho Guimarães Rosa

wikipedia_title: Aracy de Carvalho Guimarães Rosa


text:
Salentine
Otranto
Islam
Ottoman
Gedik Ahmed Pasha
Risorgimento
Ibn Kemal
beatified
canonised
Pope Benedict XVI
patron saint
Archdiocese of Otranto
galleys
galiot
King Ferdinand of Naples
Stefano Pendinelli
Salentine
Alfonso of Aragon
Matthias Corvinus
Naples
Our Lady of the Rosary
Santa Caterina a Formiello
Lepanto
Benedict XIII
Santa Maria di Valleverde
Bovino
Apulia
Salento
Pope Clement XIV
beatified
Pope Benedict XVI
Angelo Amato
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Pope Francis
Pope Benedict XVI
resign the papacy
Christian world

categories: Italian Roman Catholic saints,15th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,Groups of Christian martyrs of the Middle Ages,Martyred groups,Canonizations by Pope Francis,Christian saints killed by Muslims,1480 deaths,People from the Province of Lecce

paragraph: Martyrs of Otranto

paragraph: St. Antonio Primaldo and his companion martyrs (), also known as the Martyrs of Otranto, were 813 inhabitants of the Salentine city of Otranto in southern Italy who were killed on 14 August 1480. The mass execution is often explained as taking place after the Otrantins refused to convert to Islam when the city fell to an Ottoman force under Gedik Ahmed Pasha.

paragraph: Section::::Characteristics.

paragraph: The siege of Otranto – with the martyrdom of the inhabitants – was the last significant military attempt by a Muslim force to conquer southern Italy. The slaughter was remembered by Risorgimento historians (like Arnaldi and Scirocco) as a milestone in European history, because as a consequence of this sacrifice the Italian peninsula was never conquered by Muslim troops.

paragraph: The contemporary Turkish historian Ibn Kemal indeed justified the slaughter on religious grounds. One modern study suggests it may have been a punitive measure, devoid of religious motivations, exacted to punish the local population for the stiff resistance they put up, which delayed the Turkish advance and enabled the King of Naples to strengthen local fortifications. Intimidation, a warning to other populations not to resist, may also have entered the invaders' calculations. They were beatified in 1771 and were canonised by Pope Benedict XVI on 14 May 2012. They are the patron saints of the city of Otranto and the Archdiocese of Otranto.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: On 28 July 1480 an Ottoman force commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha, consisting of 90 galleys, 40 galiots and other ships carrying a total of around 150 crew and 18,000 troops, landed beneath the walls of Otranto. The city strongly resisted the Ottoman assaults, but the garrison was unable to resist the bombardment for long. The garrison and all the townsfolk thus abandoned the main part of the city on 29 July, retreating into the citadel whilst the Ottomans began bombarding the neighboring houses.

paragraph: According to accounts of the story chronicled by Giovanni Laggetto and Saverio de Marco (and presented by author Ted Byfield) the Turks promised clemency if the city capitulated but were informed that Otranto would never surrender. A second Turkish messenger sent to repeat the offer "was slain with arrows and an Otranto guardsman flung the keys of the city into the sea". At this the Ottoman artillery resumed the bombardment.

paragraph: A messenger was dispatched to see if King Ferdinand of Naples could send assistance. As time went on "Nearly seven-eights of Otranto's militia slipped over the city walls and fled." The remaining fifty soldiers fought alongside the citizenry dumping boiling oil and water on Turks trying to scale the ramparts between the cannonades.

paragraph: On 11 August, after a 15-day siege, Gedik Ahmed ordered the final assault, which broke through the defenses and captured the citadel. When the walls were breached the Turks began fighting their way through the town. Upon reaching the cathedral "they found Archbishop Stefano Agricolo Stefano Pendinelli, fully vested and crucifix in hand" awaiting them with Count Francesco Largo. "The archbishop was beheaded before the altar, his companions were sawn in half, and their accompanying priests were all murdered." After desecrating the Cathedral, they gathered the women and older children to be sold into Albanian slavery. Men over fifteen years old, small children, and infants, were slain.

paragraph: According to some historical accounts, a total of 12,000 were killed and 5,000 enslaved, including victims from the territories of the Salentine peninsula around the city.

paragraph: Eight hundred able-bodied men were told to convert to Islam or be slain. A tailor named Antonio Primaldi is said to have proclaimed "Now it is time for us to fight to save our souls for the Lord. And since he died on the cross for us, it is fitting that we should die for him." To which those captives with him gave a loud cheer.

paragraph: On 14 August they were led to the Hill of Minerva (later renamed the Hill of Martyrs). There they were to be executed with Primaldi to be beheaded first. After the blade decapitated him "his body allegedly remaining stubbornly and astonishing upright on its feet. Not until all had been decapitated could the aghast executioners force Primaldi's corpse to lie prone." Witnessing this, one Muslim executioner (whom the chroniclers say was an Ottoman officer called Bersabei) is said to have converted on the spot and been impaled immediately by his fellows for doing so.

paragraph: Between August and September 1480, King Ferdinand of Naples, with the help of his cousin Ferdinand the Catholic and the Kingdom of Sicily, tried unsuccessfully to recapture Otranto.

paragraph: Seeing the Turks as a threat to his home Alfonso of Aragon left his battles with the Florentines to lead a campaign to liberate Otranto from the Ottoman invaders beginning in August 1480. The city was finally retaken in the spring of 1481 by Alfonso's troops supported by King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary's forces. The skulls of the martyrs were placed in a reliquary in the city's cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Relics.

paragraph: On 13 October 1481 the bodies of the Otrantines were found to be uncorrupted and were transferred to the city's cathedral. From 1485, some of the martyrs' remains were transferred to Naples and placed under the altar of Our Lady of the Rosary in the church of Santa Caterina a Formiello - that altar commemorated the final Christian victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571. They were later moved to the reliquary chapel, consecrated by Benedict XIII, then to a site under the altar where they are now sited. A between 2002 and 2003 confirmed their authenticity.

paragraph: In 1930 Monsignor Cornelio Sebastiano Cuccarollo O.F.M. was made archbishop of Otranto, and as a sign of affection and recognition to his old diocese he gave some of the relics to the Sanctuary of Santa Maria di Valleverde in Bovino, where he had been bishop from 1923 to 1930, where they are now in the crypt of the new basilica. Other relics of the martyrs are venerated in several locations in Apulia, particularly in Salento, and also in Naples, Venice and Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Canonization.

paragraph: A canonical process began in 1539. On 14 December 1771 Pope Clement XIV beatified the 800 killed on the Colle della Minerva and authorised their cult.

paragraph: In view of their possible canonization, at the request of the archdiocese of Otranto, the process was recently resumed and confirmed in full the previous process. On 6 July 2007, Pope Benedict XVI issued a decree recognising that Primaldo and his fellow townsfolk were killed "out of hatred for their faith". On 20 December 2012 Benedict gave a private audience to cardinal Angelo Amato, S.D.B., prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in which he authorized the Congregation to promulgate a decree regarding the miracle of the healing of sister Francesca Levote, attributed to the intercession of the Blessed Antonio Primaldo and his Companions.

paragraph: The martyrs were canonized on 12 May 2013 by Pope Francis. The announcement of the canonisation was made on 11 February 2013 by Pope Benedict XVI in the consistory in which Benedict also announced in Latin his intention to resign the papacy.

paragraph: Section::::Questions about historicity.

paragraph: Some modern historians, such as Nancy Bisaha and Francesco Tateo have questioned details of the traditional account. Tateo notes that the earliest contemporary sources describe execution of up to one thousand soldiers or citizens, as well as the local bishop, but they do not mention conversion as a condition for clemency, nor is martyrdom mentioned in contemporary Italian diplomatic dispatches or Turkish chronicle. Bisaha argues that more of Otranto's inhabitants were likely to have been sold into slavery than slaughtered.

paragraph: However, other historians, such as Paolo Ricciardi and Salvatore Panareo, have argued that in the first year after the martyrdom there were no information about the massacres in the contemporaneous Christian world and only later – when Otranto was reconquered by the Neapolitans – it was possible to get details of the massacre from the local survivors who saw it.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Ricciardi, "Gli Eroi della Patria e i Martiri della Fede: Otranto 1480–1481", Vol. 1, Editrice Salentina, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grazio Gianfreda, "I beati 800 martiri di Otranto", Edizioni del Grifo, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hervé Roullet, "Les martyrs d'Otrante. Entre histoire et prophétie", Hervé Roullet, AVM Diffusion, Paray-le-Monial, France, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90300

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://saints.sqpn.com/blessed-antony-primaldo/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.catholic.com/magazine/articles/how-the-800-martyrs-of-otranto-saved-rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20130212070047/http://www.romereports.com/palio/pope-will-announce-on-monday-date-for-canonization-for-over-800-saints-english-8965.html

description: Italian saint

wikidata_label: Martyrs of Otranto

wikipedia_title: Martyrs of Otranto


text:
Montreal
Toronto Royal Conservatory

categories: Canadian hip hop singers,Canadian hip hop record producers,1988 births,Canadian songwriters,Canadian male singers,21st-century Canadian pianists,Canadian people of Ethiopian descent,Ambient musicians,Canadian male pianists,Canadian alternative rock musicians,Canadian industrial musicians,Canadian pianists,Musicians from Montreal,Writers from Montreal,21st-century Canadian singers,Living people,Black Canadian singers

paragraph: XSDTRK

paragraph: Yonatan "xSDTRK" Ayal (born September 27, in Montreal) is a Canadian writer, producer and artist. Starting with the piano at the age of three, xSDTRK studied at the Toronto Royal Conservatory, and has since moved on to become a multi-instrumentalist working in various musical genres.

alias:
Yonatan "xSDTRK" Ayal
Yonatan Ayal

description: Canadian musician

wikidata_label: XSDTRK

wikipedia_title: XSDTRK


text:
Crown Field Hetman
Voivode of Łęczyca
Voivode of Bełz
Oświęcim
Wieluń
Rozprza
Nowy Sącz
Jan Olbracht
Obrona Potoczna
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Tatar

categories: Voievodes of Belz,1510 births,1591 deaths,Field Crown Hetmans,Medieval Polish nobility,16th-century Polish people

paragraph: Piotr Myszkowski (hetman)

paragraph: Piotr Myszkowski (c. 1450-1505) was a Polish magnate and military commander. He was the Crown Field Hetman (1499-1501), Voivode of Łęczyca (from 1501), Voivode of Bełz (from 1499), castellan of Oświęcim (1484-1489), Wieluń (1489-1494), Rozprza (1494-1497) and Nowy Sącz (from 1498).

paragraph: In 1499, the king of Poland, Jan Olbracht, made him the commander of "Obrona Potoczna" ("General Defense"), a semi-regular force charged with protecting the southern border of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar raids.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Piotr Myszkowski

wikipedia_title: Piotr Myszkowski (hetman)


text:
Catholic Church
Apostolic Nuncio to Australia
Naga City
Philippines
Holy Rosary Seminary
Archdiocese of Caceres
Doctor of Both Laws
Lateran University
Ghana
Sri Lanka
Turkey
Lebanon
Hungary
Taiwan
Papua New Guinea
Pope John Paul II
St Peter's Basilica
Andrea de Montezemolo
Bicol Region
apostolic nuncio to Pakistan
Pope Benedict XVI
Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore
St. Joseph's Cathedral
Rufin Anthony
Joseph Coutts
Lawrence Saldanha
Andrew Francis
Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul
Pope Benedict XVI
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Pope Francis

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to the Solomon Islands,Diplomats of the Holy See,Apostolic Nuncios to Pakistan,1948 births,Apostolic Nuncios to the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Apostolic Nuncios to Papua New Guinea,Apostolic Nuncios to Australia,Roman Catholic titular archbishops,Catholic Church in the Philippines,People from Naga, Camarines Sur,Catholic Church in Pakistan,Filipino archbishops,Living people,Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni

paragraph: Adolfo Tito Yllana

paragraph: Adolfo Tito Yllana (born 6 February 1948) is a prelate of the Catholic Church who works in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He has been an archbishop and apostolic nuncio since 2001, the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia since 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Adolfo Tito Yllana was born on 6 February 1948 in Naga City, Philippines. He undertook religious studies from the Holy Rosary Seminary also in the same city. On 19 March 1972 he was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Caceres. He went on to obtain a Doctor of Both Laws from the Lateran University in Rome and began his diplomatic career after finishing his studies at the Academia Ecclesiastica, the premier academy for the diplomatic corps in the Vatican. His first diplomatic posts were in Ghana, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Lebanon, Hungary and Taiwan.

paragraph: On 13 December 2001 he was appointed titular archbishop of Montecorvino and Apostolic Nuncio to Papua New Guinea. He was consecrated by Pope John Paul II on 6 January 2002 in St Peter's Basilica.

paragraph: His coat of arms was designed by Cardinal Andrea de Montezemolo. The colors in the four parts indicate the faith (blue) as the beginning of grace coming from God and pervades everything, to which the human will responds to (silver) in the practice of the virtues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The star indicates the light of sanctifying grace;

paragraph: BULLET::::- The rose represents the Virgin Mary, mother and help of all Christians (here the rose represents Our Lady of Peñafrancia, the patroness of the Bicol Region, to whom the archbishop-elect, just like every Bicolano, has a special devotion and attachment);

paragraph: BULLET::::- The undulating waves indicate water, which penetrates everywhere it passes making life flourish, as the pastoral work of the archbishop-elect is indicated in the motto "to Preach (proclaim the Gospel, announce the Good News or evangelize) and to Serve".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The book indicates the Gospel, as the word of God, which inspires, teaches and guides every action of life, be it in evangelizing as in serving.

paragraph: He was appointed apostolic nuncio to Pakistan on 31 March 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI.

paragraph: In November 2007, Archbishop Yllana joined in the celebrations to mark the 100th anniversary of the Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore, with a special message from Pope Benedict XVI to the local congregation.

paragraph: On 21 September 2009, he presided at the consecration in St. Joseph's Cathedral of the new coadjutor bishop of Islamabad-Rawalpindi, Bishop Rufin Anthony. More than 1,500 people attended the event.

paragraph: On 17 April 2010 the diocese of Faisalabad organized a special ceremony to celebrate its golden jubilee. Archbishop Yllana, Bishop Joseph Coutts (Faisalabad), Archbishop Lawrence Saldanha (Lahore), and Bishop Andrew Francis (Multan) spoke on the occasion. At the jubilee mass at the Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul, attended by about 5,000 Catholics from 21 parishes, Archbishop Yllana said that the Vatican was happy to see the number of priestly and religious vocations in the diocese.

paragraph: On 20 November 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Yllana as the Apostolic Nuncio to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa. On 17 February 2015, Pope Francis appointed Yllana as the Apostolic Nuncio to Australia.

description: Filipino Roman Catholic archbishop

wikidata_label: Adolfo Tito Yllana

wikipedia_title: Adolfo Tito Yllana


text: 1968 Summer Olympics

categories: East German female swimmers,Female freestyle swimmers,1952 births,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Sigrid Goral

paragraph: Sigrid Goral (born 15 January 1952) is a retired East German swimmer. In 1968 she won the national championships in the 800 m freestyle and set a European record at 9'43.5. However, later at the 1968 Summer Olympics she swam a mere 10'09.3 and failed to reach the final.

description: German swimmer

wikidata_label: Sigrid Goral

wikipedia_title: Sigrid Goral


text: 1968 Summer Olympics

categories: People from Leipzig,German female swimmers,Female freestyle swimmers,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics,1953 births,Living people

paragraph: Sabine Rantzsch

paragraph: Sabine Rantzsch (born 8 May 1953) is a retired East German swimmer. She competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the 800 m freestyle event, but failed to reach the final.

description: German swimmer

wikidata_label: Sabine Rantzsch

wikipedia_title: Sabine Rantzsch


text: 1968 Summer Olympics

categories: East German female swimmers,Female backstroke swimmers,1950 births,People from Rostock,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Doris Kohardt

paragraph: Doris Kohardt (born 12 November 1950) is a retired East German swimmer. She competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the 200 m backstroke event, but failed to reach the final. Between 1967 and 1969 she won three national titles in the 100 m and 200 m backstroke.

description: German swimmer

wikidata_label: Doris Kohardt

wikipedia_title: Doris Kohardt


text:
St Mawgan
Mawgan-in-Meneage
St Machan
West Lothian
Ecclesmachan
Cadog
David
Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd
Mostyn Manuscript No. 88
National Library of Wales
Manchan of Mohill
Bonedd y Saint
St Mawgan
Mannacus
Meneage

categories: Medieval Cornish saints,Medieval Welsh saints,Medieval Breton saints,Welsh Christian monks

paragraph: Mawgan

paragraph: Mawgan and Meugan (also Meigant) (Latin: Mauganus) are names referring to either one or two Brythonic saints who flourished in the 5th or 6th century.

paragraph: Both names are widely attested in place-names and church dedications, "Mawgan" in Cornwall and Brittany and "Meugan" in Wales, but it is uncertain whether the names refer to one and the same person. The parishes of St Mawgan and Mawgan-in-Meneage in Cornwall derive their names from St Mauganus. There is also a St Machan in West Lothian (Scotland), as shown by the place-name Ecclesmachan, but again this may be a distinct figure.

paragraph: No hagiographical "Life" survives for Mawgan or Meugan, but figures bearing Latinised versions of either of these names appear in the "Lives" of St Cadog and St David. A saint called "Maucan" or "Moucan" features in an episode of the late 11th-century "Life" of Cadog, in which he arbitrates a quarrel between Cadog and Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd. A "Life" of St David, also of the late 11th century, refers to a monastery of Mawgan ("Maucannus"). The "Mostyn Manuscript No. 88", in the National Library of Wales, records several "Meugan" festivals, including Manchan of Mohill.

paragraph: Later still, Meugan is mentioned in the Welsh genealogical collection known as "Bonedd y Saint", which detail the lineages of Welsh saints. The relevant section has been dated to "c". 1510.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mawgan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mannacus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meneage

alias:
Meugan
Saint Meugan

description: 6-7c Brythonic (Welsh) saint

wikidata_label: Mawgan

wikipedia_title: Mawgan


text:
Dutch Golden Age
Pieter van Bronckhorst
Haarlem
Hendrik Graauw
Herman Henstenburgh
Agnes Block

categories: Dutch Golden Age painters,1727 deaths,1648 births,Dutch male painters

paragraph: Johannes van Bronckhorst

paragraph: Johannes van Bronckhorst (1648–1727) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to Houbraken, he learned to paint from his father Pieter van Bronckhorst, who died when he was thirteen. The young Bronckhorst was sent to work as a pastry baker for a cousin in Haarlem. He drew as a hobby, and it remained a hobby until he moved back to Hoorn to get married.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: He specialized in painting plants, birds, and insects. Although he remained a pastry baker, he did very well with his watercolours, which were published in engravings and commemorated with a poem by Johannes Vollenhove.

paragraph: His pupils were Hendrik Graauw and Herman Henstenburgh. Both Bronckhorst and Herman Henstenburgh worked for the Mennonite art collector and horticulturalist Agnes Block for whom they painted animals, insects and plants from her garden.

alias:
Johannes Bronckhorst
Johannes Bronkhorst
Johannes van Bronkhorst
Jan Bronkhorst

description: Dutch painter and engraver

wikidata_label: Johannes van Bronckhorst

wikipedia_title: Johannes van Bronckhorst


text: Mondsee

text: Neuburg an der Donau

text: Landshut

text: Castello del Buonconsiglio

text: Trento

text: Goldegg

text: Hradčany

text: St. Vitus Cathedral

text: Freisaal

text: Hohensalzburg Castle

text: short representation

categories: People from Salzburg,16th-century Austrian painters,Austrian male painters,1510 births

paragraph: Hans Bocksberger der Ältere

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hans Bocksberger was born in Mondsee, the son of Ulrich and Anna Bocksberger. The work of his father Ulrich Bocksberger is largely unknown. Hans may have initially studied with his father, then later traveled to Italy where he picked up styles he would later incorporate into his own work. Hans married his wife Margaret in 1542. They had nine children together: sons Hans Bocksberger the Younger and D. J. Heinrich were both painters, in addition to Anna, George, Sabine, Catharina, Elisabeth, Margarethe, Lucia. Hans died in Salzburg in 1561. His wife Margaret died in 1579.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- frescoes in the Protestant Ducal Palace in Neuburg an der Donau

paragraph: BULLET::::- frescoes in the Church of St. Jodok, Landshut

paragraph: Works attributed to Hans Bocksberger, but where there are some questions to authorship:

paragraph: BULLET::::- frescoes in the Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento

paragraph: BULLET::::- paintings in the Knight's Hall in the castle in Goldegg

paragraph: BULLET::::- works in the Hradčany castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- altarpieces in the St. Vitus Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- frescoes in the castle Freisaal

paragraph: BULLET::::- grotesques in Hohensalzburg Castle

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Bocksberger in the Karlsruhe virtual library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaeppele, Susanne: " The Painter Family Bocksberger from Salzburg - Painting Between Reformation and the Italian Renaissance ". Salzburg 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goering, Max: " The Younger Members of the Painter Family Bocksberger: A Contribution for the History of Mannersism Painting in South Germany ". Knorr & Hirth, Munich 1930.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- short representation

paragraph: Digitized:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neuwe liuische figures, inside gantze Roman histories artificially understood and indicated. Franckfurt at the Mayn 1573, online edition of the Saxonian federal state library - state and university library Dresden

alias:
Hans Bocksberger the Elder
Hans, I Bocksberger
Hans I Bocksberger
Johann Bocksberger
Hans Bocksberger I
Hans, the elder Bocksberger
Hans, the Elder Bocksberger
Hans  Bocksberger (I)
Hanns Bocksberger
Hans Pocksberger

description: Austrian painter and woodcutter of the high Renaissance

wikidata_label: Hans Bocksberger der Ältere

wikipedia_title: Hans Bocksberger der Ältere


text: Vienna

text: Pickering

text: revolutionary

text: Karl Polanyi

text: Kari Polanyi Levitt

text: anarcho-syndicalist

text: Ervin Szabó

text: Galileo Circle

text: Technical University of Zurich

text: Lenin

text: Angelica Balabanoff

text: Zimmerwald Conference

text: Aster Revolution

text: Hungarian Communist Party

text: Hungarian Soviet Republic

text: Karl Radek

text: Paul Levi

text: 1934 workers' uprising in Vienna

text: Schutzbund

text: London

text: László Rajk

text: Miklós Haraszti

text: József Lengyel

text: Karl Polanyi

categories: 20th-century translators,Hungarian translators,1897 births,Hungarian people of Polish descent,Hungarian revolutionaries,Canadian people of Polish descent,Hungarian historians,Hungarian emigrants to Canada,Polányi family,1978 deaths

paragraph: Ilona Duczyńska

paragraph: Ilona Duczynska (; )(11 March 1897, Vienna – 24 April 1978, Pickering), was a Polish-Hungarian-Canadian revolutionary, journalist, translator, engineer, and historian. Her husband was Karl Polanyi and her daughter is Kari Polanyi Levitt.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1897, Ilona Duczynska was born near Vienna to a Hungarian mother and a Polish-Austrian father. In 1915, during the First World War, she became acquainted with anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary Ervin Szabó, who connected her with the work of the Galileo Circle. She became a revolutionary socialist. For her anti-war activities, she was expelled from school in 1915. She studied engineering at the Technical University of Zurich. There she was befriended by a community of representatives of the Russian Social Democratic Party opposed to the war, including Lenin, his wife Krupskaya, and Angelica Balabanoff. Together with delegations from Germany, France, and Britain, as well as other European Labour and Socialist parties, they met to draft a program of action against the war, known as the Zimmerwald Declaration (see Zimmerwald Conference). The 18-year-old Duczynska was entrusted to smuggle this call to action into Hungary.

paragraph: In Hungary, she took part in the early 1918 strikes that called successfully for workers' councils. During the Galilei trial, she was imprisoned. In the Aster Revolution, she and other revolutionaries were freed. On November 17, 1918, she married Tivadar Sugar and soon after joined the Hungarian Communist Party. During the Hungarian Soviet Republic, she worked in the propaganda department of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and she was a member of the Budapest Central Revolutionary Worker and Soldier Council.

paragraph: She fled to Vienna to escape the counter-revolution in Hungary. With an excellent education and knowledge of several languages, she was called to Moscow to serve as translator to Karl Radek in the preparations for the historic Second International Congress of Communist Parties. Ilona returned to Vienna in 1920, and subsequently was expelled from the party for "Luxembourgist deviations" and a publication in a journal edited by Paul Levi, who also fell into disfavor with the party. In 1922, she divorced Tivadar Sugar. The next year she married Karl Polanyi and their only child Kari was born. From 1927, she edited the "Der linke Sozialdemokrat" and organized the left opposition in the Vienna branch of the Austrian Socialist Party. Her underground name in Vienna was "Anna Novotny." In 1929, she returned to university, the Technical University of Vienna, studying technology, mechanics, mechanical drawing, electronics, and electric number theory.

paragraph: In 1933 Karl emigrated to England followed by Kari in 1934 and Ilona in 1936. Duczynska participated in the 1934 workers' uprising in Vienna. Following the destruction of the Austrian working class movement in February 1934, Duczynska rejoined the Communist Party in order to continue the struggle of the now-illegal Schutzbund, the military arm of the Austrian Social Democratic Party, until 1936 when she joined her family in London. Subsequently, she was expelled from the Austrian Communist Party in London on orders from Moscow.

paragraph: When she returned to England from Bennington, Vermont in 1942/3, she worked in the Political Intelligence department of Foreign Affairs. During World War II she also worked for the Royal Aircraft Establishment testing model aircraft in wind tunnels for a year or perhaps two.

paragraph: After World War II, the family moved to Canada. Due to her background as a former communist, Duczynska could not gain an entrance visa to the United States. Karl Polanyi began his teaching position at Columbia University. He commuted to New York City from Canada. In 1964, Karl Polanyi died.

paragraph: In the 1970s, Duczynska joined the widowed Countess Katalin ("Katus") Károlyi and Júlia Rajk, the widow of László Rajk, in the front row of the trial of the dissident poet and philosopher Miklós Haraszti. Their presence was probably responsible for his receiving a suspended sentence. By this time Duczynska was associated with many leading Hungarian writers and poets. She translated most of the novels and short stories of József Lengyel whom English critics named "the Hungarian Solzhenitsyn."

paragraph: After Polanyi's death, she supervised the editing and publication of his posthumous works, and the translation of much of his oeuvre into Hungarian and several other languages.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zum Zerfall der K.P.U." (Notes on the Disintegration of the Communist Party of Hungary), "Unser Weg" ["Our Way"], edited by Paul Levi, 4, 1, Heft 5. March 1922. Berlin;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duczynska Ilona feljegyzései az 1918-as januári sztrájk elözményeiröl," (with Márta Tömöry) "Történelmi szemle", no. 1-2, 1958, pp. 154–173;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The plough and the pen : writings from Hungary 1830-1956" (with Karl Polanyi, London: Owen, 1963);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mesterünk Szabó Ervin (Kortárs, 1968);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polányi Károly, 1886-1964 (Budapest: Akad. Ny., 1971);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polányi Károly és a Galilei Kör (Horváth Zoltánnal, Bp., 1971);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der demokratische Bolschewik: zur Theorie und Praxis der Gewalt" (Munnich: List, 1975);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bécs, 1934, Schutzbund" (Budapest: Magvető, 1976);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theodor Körner: auf Vorposten: ausgewählte Schriften 1928-1938" (Vienna: Europaverlag, 1977);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Workers in arms: the Austrian Schutzbund and the Civil War of 1934" (New York; London: Monthly Review Press, 1978);

paragraph: BULLET::::- A cselekvés boldogtalan szerelmese (Néhány adalékom Szabó Ervin emlékéhez);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Széljegyzetek a K. M. P. bomlásához;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I first met Karl Polanyi in 1920...".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Déry, Tibor: "The giant". (Óriás, London, Calder, 1964.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juhász, Ferenc: "The boy changed into a stag: selected poems 1949-1967" (with Kenneth McRobbie, Toronto; New York; London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lengyel, József: "Confrontation" (London, Owen, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lengyel, József: "Acta sanctorum and other tales" (London, Owen, 1970.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lengyel, József: "The judge's chair" (London, Owen, 1968.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lengyel, József: "Prenn drifting" (London, Owen, 1966.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lengyel, József: "From beginning to end: the spell" (London, Owen, 1966.)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalos, György: "A cselekvés szerelmese : Duczynska Ilona élete" (Bp. : Kossuth, 1984 Bp. : Zrínyi);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalos, György: "The fidelity of equals: Ilona Duczynska and Karl Polanyi," pp. 38–42 in Polanyi-Levitt, Kari (ed.), "The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi" (Montreal, Black Rose Books, 1990);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gábor, Éva: "Epizódok Duczynska Ilona életéből";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelen, Jolán: "Galilei-per a XX. században" (Budapest, Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1957);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lengyel, József: "Az őszinteség lépcsőin" (Bp., 1974);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Litván, György: "Emlékezés D. I.-ra" (Világosság, 1978. 6. sz.);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major, Ottó: "Duczynska" (Arcok és maszkok, Bp., 1975);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major, Ottó: "Egy magyar világforradalmár. Jegyzetek D. I.-ról" (Kritika, 1978. 8. sz.).

paragraph: BULLET::::- McRobbie, Kenneth: "Education and the Revolutionary Personality: The Case of Ilona Duczynska," "Canadian Slavonic Papers" 51(4)(2009).

paragraph: BULLET::::- McRobbie, Kenneth: "Ilona Duczynska (1897-1978), From "Early Morning": Memories of a Hungarian Childhood."

paragraph: BULLET::::- McRobbie, Kenneth: "Under the Sign of the pendulum: Childhood Experience as Determining Revolutionary Consciousness. Ilona Duczynska Polanyi", "Canadian Journal of History", Autumn 2006;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vezér, Erzsébet: "Duczynska Ilona" (Élet és Irod., 1978. máj. 6.);

paragraph: BULLET::::- TV interview (Valóság, 1975. 8. sz.);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A század nagy tanúi" (szerk. Borus Rózsa, Bp., 1978).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Polanyi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Polanyi Institute and Digital Archive

description: Hungarian revolutionary historian

wikidata_label: Ilona Duczyńska

wikipedia_title: Ilona Duczyńska


text:
Piero de' Medici
Lucrezia Tornabuoni
Florence
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Pazzi Conspiracy
assassinated
Duomo of Florence
Santa Maria del Fiore
Francesco de' Pazzi
Bernardo Baroncelli
Church of San Lorenzo
Medici Chapel
Michelangelo
Iacopo IV Appiani, the Lord of Piombino
Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici
illegitimate
Fioretta Gorini
Pope Clement VII
Tom Bateman
Starz
Da Vinci's Demons
Bradley James
Assassin's Creed II
Francesco de' Pazzi
Pazzi conspiracy
Rodrigo Borgia
Pope Alexander VI
Angelo Poliziano
Simonetta Vespucci

categories: Italian murder victims,1478 deaths,15th-century Italian people,People from Florence,1453 births,House of Medici

paragraph: Giuliano de' Medici

paragraph: Giuliano de' Medici (25 March 1453 – 26 April 1478) was the second son of Piero de' Medici (the Gouty) and Lucrezia Tornabuoni. As co-ruler of Florence, with his brother Lorenzo the Magnificent, he complemented his brother's image as the "patron of the arts" with his own image as the handsome, sporting, "golden boy."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: As the opening stroke of the Pazzi Conspiracy, he was assassinated on Sunday, 26 April 1478 in the Duomo of Florence, Santa Maria del Fiore, by Francesco de' Pazzi and Bernardo Baroncelli. He was killed by a sword wound to the head and was stabbed 19 times.

paragraph: After a modest funeral on 30 April 1478, Giuliano was buried in his father's tomb in the Church of San Lorenzo, but later, with his brother Lorenzo, was reinterred in the Medici Chapel of the same church, in a tomb surmounted by a statue of the "Madonna and Child" of Michelangelo.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Giuliano had been promised in marriage to Semiramade Appiani Aragona, daughter of Iacopo IV Appiani, the Lord of Piombino.

paragraph: Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, Giuliano's illegitimate son by his mistress Fioretta Gorini, went on to become Pope Clement VII.

paragraph: Section::::In other media.

paragraph: Giuliano de' Medici is portrayed by Tom Bateman in Starz's original series "Da Vinci's Demons". He has an affair with Vanessa, who becomes pregnant with his child. He is murdered in the season 1 finale. Giuliano de' Medici was portrayed by Bradley James in the second season of the TV series "".

paragraph: Giuliano makes a brief appearance in the video game Assassin's Creed II where he is murdered by Francesco de' Pazzi and other conspirators of the Pazzi conspiracy who were seeking to take over Florence under the command of Rodrigo Borgia, the future Pope Alexander VI.

paragraph: Angelo Poliziano wrote two works which include Giuliano de' Medici as a major character. "Stanze cominciate per la giostra del Magnifico Giuliano de’ Medici" was written to commemorate a joust that Giuliano won in 1475. It is mostly fictionalized and involves Giuliano's love for Simonetta Vespucci. It was left unfinished, for both of his protagonists (Giuliano and Simonetta) died. The other work is "Coniurationis Commentarium", which was written in 1478 to commemorate Giuliano's murder. It explains the people involved in the plot and the events of the day of his assassination.

description: Italian nobleman, brother of Lorenzo the Magnificent

wikidata_label: Giuliano de' Medici

wikipedia_title: Giuliano de' Medici