text:
Lutheran
hymn writer
Domnau
Ducal Prussia
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
University of Königsberg
Johann Eccard
Johann Stobäus
Friedland
Altrossgarten Church
Advent
Simon Dach
Heinrich Albert
Opitz
Macht hoch die Tür
Psalm 24
Evangelisches Gesangbuch
Gotteslob
Catherine Winkworth
Advent hymn
Johann Sebastian Bach
Part V of his Christmas Oratorio

categories: German Protestant hymnwriters,People from Königsberg,1590 births,German Lutherans

paragraph: Georg Weissel

paragraph: Georg Weissel (1590 – 1 August 1635) was a German Lutheran minister and hymn writer.

paragraph: Born in Domnau in Ducal Prussia, a vassal of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Weissel studied theology and music at the University of Königsberg, with the musicians Johann Eccard and Johann Stobäus, among others. After working as a rector in Friedland, he was ordained as minister of the Altrossgarten Church in Königsberg on the second Sunday in Advent 1623.

paragraph: Weissel was a member of the group of poets , along with Simon Dach, Heinrich Albert, , and . Weissel died in Königsberg.

paragraph: 23 of his songs, written following the rules of Opitz, are extant. His most popular hymn was written on the occasion of the inauguration of the Altrossgarten Church in 1623. The Advent hymn "Macht hoch die Tür", paraphrasing Psalm 24, begins the current Protestant hymnal "Evangelisches Gesangbuch" (EG). It is now present in most Christian hymnal including the Catholic "Gotteslob" (GL 218). The current Protestant hymnal has two more of his hymns, "" (EG 113) and "" (EG 346), which he wrote on the occasion of his ordination in Königsberg.

paragraph: Catherine Winkworth translated the Advent hymn in 1853 as "Lift up your heads, ye mighty gates". Johann Sebastian Bach used Weissel's hymn "" in Part V of his Christmas Oratorio.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Block: "Georg Weissel." In: Wolfgang Herbst (ed.): " Göttingen 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner Krause: ". Verlag der St. Johannis-Druckerei, Lahr-Dinglingen 1900 (4th edition. 2004). .

description: Lutheran minister and hymn writer

wikidata_label: Georg Weissel

wikipedia_title: Georg Weissel


text: racing driver

text: Brands Hatch Race of Champions

text: Formula One

text: 1975 British Grand Prix

text: Token

text: 1974 Belgian Grand Prix

text: Formula Three

text: 1974 Monaco Grand Prix

text: Shadow

text: Germany in only his fourth race

text: Austria in 1975

text: Brazil a year later

text: 1977 South African Grand Prix

text: Niki Lauda

text: James Hunt

text: Ruthin

text: Ruthin

text: Denbighshire

text: Royal Air Force

text: Lancaster bomber

text: district nurse

text: Denbighshire

text: Towyn

text: Alan Henry

text: pilot

text: Lotus

text: Jim Clark

text: Hockenheimring

text: Jochen Rindt

text: Otford

text: Kent

text: Fulham

text: London

text: Tony Brise

text: Graham Hill

text: Castle Combe

text: Welsh flag

text: Mallory Park

text: Leicestershire

text: Trevor Taylor

text: Formula 5000

text: Daily Express

text: Lotus 51

text: Formula Ford

text: Brands Hatch

text: Silverstone

text: Mini

text: Alan Henry

text: Lola T200

text: Silverstone

text: International Trophy

text: Sir Max Aitken

text: West Kingsdown

text: Formula F100

text: David Tremayne

text: Formula Super Vee

text: Team Rumsey Investments

text: Formula Three

text: Royale RP11

text: Race of Champions

text: Roger Williamson

text: Jochen Mass

text: James Hunt

text: Oulton Park

text: Zandvoort

text: support race

text: 1972 Monaco Grand Prix

text: Peter Lamplough

text: Formula Atlantic

text: pole position

text: Formula Two

text: Liechtenstein

text: Ron Dennis

text: Rondel Racing

text: Norisring

text: Tim Schenken

text: Grovewood Award

text: Token Racing

text: BRDC International Trophy

text: airbox

text: Hesketh

text: 1974 Belgian Grand Prix

text: Clay Regazzoni

text: Jody Scheckter

text: Tyrrell

text: 1974 Monaco Formula One Grand Prix

text: Formula Three

text: March

text: short spell

text: Formula Two

text: Brian Redman

text: Peter Revson

text: 1974 Dutch Grand Prix

text: Jean-Pierre Jarier

text: James Hunt

text: France

text: Niki Lauda

text: Carlos Reutemann

text: champagne

text: British Grand Prix

text: 1974 German Grand Prix

text: Nürburgring

text: Austria

text: Italian Grand Prix

text: Canada

text: Watkins Glen

text: Graham Hill

text: Vittorio Brambilla

text: 1975 season

text: Colin Chapman

text: Ronnie Peterson

text: Alan Rees

text: Jean-Pierre Jarier

text: Shadow DN5

text: South African Grand Prix

text: Race of Champions

text: Jacky Ickx

text: Monaco

text: Silverstone

text: Austrian Grand Prix

text: Germany

text: Carlos Reutemann

text: Nürburgring

text: Jo Siffert

text: Dave Richards

text: Prodrive

text: Lancia

text: Stratos

text: rally

text: Brazil

text: McLaren

text: Kyalami

text: Long Beach

text: Goodyear

text: Shadow DN5B

text: Britain

text: Shadow DN8

text: Zandvoort

text: 1977 Formula One season

text: ATS

text: Renzo Zorzi

text: Jackie Oliver

text: Argentina

text: Brazil

text: 1977 South African Grand Prix

text: Kyalami

text: Niki Lauda

text: Brett Lunger

text: Renzo Zorzi

text: Alex Ribeiro

text: Boy Hayje

text: fuel metering unit

text: panel beater

text: fire extinguisher

text: Hans-Joachim Stuck

text: Jacques Laffite

text: Ligier

text: 1976 German Grand Prix

text: Otford

text: Anglesey Circuit

text: David Richards

text: Tom Pryce memorial commission

categories: Token Formula One drivers,Shadow Formula One drivers,1949 births,Grovewood Award winners,European Formula Two Championship drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,Filmed deaths in sports,People from Ruthin,Racing drivers killed while racing,Sport deaths in South Africa,1977 deaths,Welsh Formula One drivers,Welsh racing drivers

paragraph: Tom Pryce

paragraph: Thomas Maldwyn Pryce (11 June 1949 – 5 March 1977) was a British racing driver from Wales, famous for winning the Brands Hatch Race of Champions, a non-championship Formula One race, in 1975 and for the circumstances surrounding his death. Pryce is the only Welsh driver to have won a Formula One race and is also the only Welshman to lead a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix: two laps of the 1975 British Grand Prix.

paragraph: Pryce started his career in Formula One with the small Token team, making his only start for them at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix. Shortly after winning the Formula Three support race for the 1974 Monaco Grand Prix, Pryce joined the Shadow team and scored his first points in Germany in only his fourth race. Pryce later claimed two podium finishes, his first in Austria in 1975 and the second in Brazil a year later. Pryce was considered by his team as a great wet-weather driver. During the practice session for the 1977 South African Grand Prix, run in wet conditions, Pryce was faster than everyone, including world champion drivers Niki Lauda and James Hunt. During the race, he collided at high speed with a safety marshal, Frederik Jansen van Vuuren, and both men were killed. A memorial to Pryce was unveiled in 2009 in his home town of Ruthin.

paragraph: Section::::Personal and early life.

paragraph: Tom Pryce was born on 11 June 1949 in Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales, to Jack and Gwyneth Pryce. Jack had served in the Royal Air Force as a tail-gunner on a Lancaster bomber before joining the local police force. Gwyneth was a district nurse. Pryce's older brother, David, died at the age of three leaving Tom an only child for much of the time he was growing up, although his parents did foster a young girl called Sandra for a while. Pryce, known to his friends as Mald, attended Nantglyn Primary School, Denbighshire. The family later moved to Towyn, Denbighshire, due to Jack's job.

paragraph: Pryce took an interest in cars while driving a baker's van at the age of 10, before informing his parents that he wanted to be a racing driver. During an interview with Alan Henry in 1975, he stated that he had wanted to become a pilot, but thought he was not intelligent enough. Like many future Formula One drivers, Pryce had a childhood racing hero. In his case it was Lotus's Scottish driver Jim Clark. Pryce's mother recalled that he was very upset when Clark died at the Hockenheimring in April 1968. His father noted that "he was very upset when Jochen Rindt was killed, too". After he left school at 16, Pryce's mother insisted that he take an apprenticeship as a tractor mechanic at Llandrillo Technical College, giving him "something to fall back on", as she put it, if his career as a racing driver was unsuccessful.

paragraph: In 1975 Pryce married Fenella, more commonly known as Nella, whom he met at a disco in Otford, Kent in 1973. Following the death of her husband, Nella went on to run an antiques store in Fulham, London with Janet Brise, the widow of Tony Brise, who died in a plane crash in 1975 with fellow racing driver, Graham Hill and later moved to France.

paragraph: Section::::Helmet design.

paragraph: Tom Pryce's helmet design was, in comparison to later drivers', simple and restrained. His helmet was plain white all over until 1970. At that year's race at Castle Combe, his father asked Pryce to make his helmet stand out more so that he could easily identify him in a pack of cars. Pryce added five black vertical lines to his helmet, placed just above his visor. From that time the only change to this design was the addition of a Welsh flag to the side of his helmet in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pre-Formula One.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pre-Formula One.:1969–1971: Early years.

paragraph: Pryce's first steps into motor racing came at the Mallory Park circuit in Leicestershire when he was 20. Pryce was put through his paces by Trevor Taylor, an ex-Team Lotus driver and old teammate of Pryce's childhood hero Clark. He later became a star in the Formula 5000 series. From there, Pryce went on to compete in the "Daily Express Crusader Championship", a series run by "Motor Racing Stables" for racing school pupils using Lotus 51 Formula Ford cars. Races alternated between the Brands Hatch and Silverstone circuits; Pryce made his début at the former. "The races were £35 a time. But I sold my Mini and my parents offered all the help and encouragement I could wish for" Pryce recalled to Alan Henry.

paragraph: The prize for the overall winner of the series was a Formula Ford Lola T200 worth £1,500. The series was decided at the last round, held at Silverstone, the day before the 1970 Formula One International Trophy. Pryce qualified on the third row for the race, which was held in rain. Jack Pryce remembered that his son was rubbing his hands in delight: "he always loved racing in the rain". The early part of the race was led by a driver called Chris Smith but then heavy rain started and Pryce was able to catch up with Smith and overtake him before winning by a comfortable margin. He was given his Lola by Sir Max Aitken.

paragraph: Pryce took his new car to Brands Hatch, where he was allowed to house it in one of the old stables at the bottom of the paddock. Pryce soon abandoned his farming career and moved to a guest house in West Kingsdown, near the Brands Hatch circuit. Pryce continued to make a name for himself during 1971, entering a new twin-seater Sportscar category called Formula F100, which he won with what was described by motorsports author David Tremayne as "embarrassing ease". He then moved up to Formula Super Vee, driving the then-choice Royale RP9, for Team Rumsey Investments, and soon made his Formula Three début for the same manufacturer at Brands Hatch.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pre-Formula One.:1972–73: Lower formulae.

paragraph: In that race at Brands Hatch, Pryce took an unfancied Royale RP11 to first place in the Formula Three support race for the 1972 Formula One Race of Champions against many established Formula Three drivers such as Roger Williamson, Jochen Mass and James Hunt. So large was Pryce's advantage at the end of the race, many of the other teams voiced an opinion that Pryce's car had run the race underweight; it turned out that the circuit's weighbridge certificate had expired and everyone's cars had been underweight. Pryce retired from the leading group in the following two rounds at Oulton Park and Zandvoort, and then during practice for the support race of the 1972 Monaco Grand Prix his car came to a stop at "Casino Square" after a wire had come loose. He had exited his car to correct the problem when Peter Lamplough lost control of his car and struck the Royale RP11. Pryce was knocked into a shop window and broke a leg.

paragraph: The Welshman was back in action two weeks after his incident in Monaco. Pryce also ran in the Formula SuperVee series, winning the series by a comfortable margin, "I won just about every race I went in for" Pryce recalled. A run with Royale's Formula Atlantic works team was also in store for Pryce during 1972, where he took pole position for the final three rounds of the championship and won the final round at Brands Hatch.

paragraph: He continued racing in Formula Atlantic in 1973, winning three races. Royale soon had plans to enter Formula Two, such was the Welshman's talent. The ambition to run in the Formula Two championship was planned to be financially fuelled by a Liechtenstein driver, Manfred Schurti. These plans only resulted in one of Royale's F2 cars being built before the project was scrapped and Bob King, the head of Royale, left the company.

paragraph: Following an invitation to test one of his cars, Pryce found himself racing in the Formula Two series with Ron Dennis's "Rondel Racing" outfit. His best result for the team came at the Norisring where he was leading the race until a brake failure meant he had to give up first place to teammate Tim Schenken. At the end of 1973, Pryce won the Grovewood Award for his efforts during the year. Jack Pryce recalled that his son did not want to win the award, as he thought it was "a jinx on a driver's career".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1974: Token.

paragraph: At the age of 25, Pryce graduated to Formula One, the highest category of circuit racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body, joining the newly formed Token Racing team. The team was created by Tony Vlassopulos and Ken Grob after the original Token team closed down in 1973 due to a lack of financial backing which had led to the end of the previous "Rondel Racing" outfit. Pryce was given the seat thanks to his backing from Titan Properties, and what David Tremayne described as "evident promise". Pryce made his début for the team at the BRDC International Trophy, a non-championship Formula One event held at Silverstone, but lack of an airbox and an engine cover, along with his shortage of experience in the car, made him the slowest driver of the 16 competitors during qualifying: 26 seconds slower than James Hunt's Hesketh in pole position. The Welshman retired 15 laps into the race with a gear linkage problem. Pryce's World Championship début came at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix, where he qualified in 20th place, 3 seconds slower than the fastest time set by Clay Regazzoni. Once again, he failed to finish, completing 66 laps before retiring after a collision with Jody Scheckter's Tyrrell.

paragraph: Pryce was refused entry to the 1974 Monaco Formula One Grand Prix, as he was deemed "inexperienced". Tony Vlassopulos decided to prove a point and replaced normal Formula 3 driver Buzz Buzaglo, with Pryce for the supporting Formula Three race, driving for "Ippokampos Racing", in a March 743, which he won by 20.8 seconds.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1974–77: Shadow.:1974.

paragraph: Following his drive in Monaco, and a short spell in Formula Two, Pryce was signed by Shadow as replacement for Brian Redman, who had in turn replaced Peter Revson. Pryce made his début for the team in the 1974 Dutch Grand Prix. He qualified in 11th position, less than 0.4 seconds slower than his teammate, Jean-Pierre Jarier, who was in his second full season of Formula One competition. Pryce retired on the first lap of the race after a collision with James Hunt at the first corner broke his Shadow DN3's rear suspension. Pryce qualified third in his second Grand Prix for the team, in France, 0.32 seconds slower than Niki Lauda's pole position time but nearly half a second quicker than Jarier. Once again, Pryce's race ended at the first corner, when minor contact with Carlos Reutemann's Brabham deflected Pryce's Shadow into the path of James Hunt. The second collision between the two British drivers in as many races eliminated them both. Later in the season, Pryce received 100 bottles of champagne for finishing fastest in the practice session for the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch. He went on to qualify on the fourth row of the starting grid.

paragraph: Pryce scored the first point of his career in the 1974 German Grand Prix at the challenging Nürburgring circuit. After finishing 6th from 11th on the grid, he then qualified in 16th for the next Grand Prix in Austria, but spun off on lap 22, ending his race. He qualified in 22nd place for the Italian Grand Prix, and finished 12 places higher. His season ended with an engine failure in Canada, and the Shadow severely off the pace in Watkins Glen. At the end of the season Pryce was equal 18th in the Drivers' Championship with Graham Hill and Vittorio Brambilla.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1974–77: Shadow.:1975.

paragraph: At the start of the 1975 season, Pryce's future was subject to much speculation. Rumour linked him with a drive at Lotus, the team run by Colin Chapman, who had been keeping an eye on Pryce's progress throughout 1973 and 1974. At the time, Lotus was experiencing financial difficulties and reports suggested that Shadow and Lotus would swap Pryce and Swede Ronnie Peterson. The trade was viewed as a good acquisition for both teams, as Pryce was considered a driver of the same ability as Peterson, but would cost Lotus less, while Peterson could attract sponsorship to the relatively new Shadow team. The deal never materialised, although Shadow team manager Alan Rees claims that it came very close to being completed.

paragraph: Pryce's Shadow teammate, Jean-Pierre Jarier, out-qualified him in the early part of the 1975 season, as the French driver had the new Shadow DN5 car, while Pryce was in the older DN3. It was not until the third round, the South African Grand Prix, that Pryce was able to use a DN5. The team's fourth race of the season was the non-championship Race of Champions held at Brands Hatch. Pryce qualified on pole position and, following a poor start, passed Peterson and Jacky Ickx before closing an eight-second gap to race leader Jody Scheckter, whose engine failed while Pryce harried him, letting Pryce through to become the first Welshman to win a Formula One race. Pryce showed other signs of promise during the season, most notably in Monaco and Silverstone where he qualified on the front row of the grid, the latter being in pole position. Pryce also achieved his first World Championship podium finish, in extremely wet conditions at the Austrian Grand Prix and finished in the points four more times. The highest of those came in Germany where he finished fourth, despite the fact that while he was running second behind Carlos Reutemann fuel had been leaking into the cockpit of his DN5 during the final laps around the very long Nürburgring, reportedly "searing his skin and almost blinding him with fumes". The Welshman later received the "Prix Rouge et Blanc Jo Siffert award", named after the Swiss Formula One driver, for this achievement.

paragraph: At the end of December 1975, Pryce and Dave Richards, future head of the Prodrive motorsports engineering company, entered a Lancia Stratos in the Tour of Epynt, a rally event contested by many established rallying names. Pryce needed little persuasion to team up for the one-off event on home soil with Richards, both of whom were from Ruthin. Pryce crashed into a bridge into the first stage, but still competed in the afternoon stages after his car was rebuilt.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1974–77: Shadow.:1976.

paragraph: Once the 1976 Formula One World Championship season got under way Pryce instantly added a second podium finish to his tally, at the first round in Brazil. This came at the expense of continuing teammate Jarier, who was caught out by oil on the track from James Hunt's McLaren. Both Shadows enjoyed reasonable competitiveness during the next two races at Kyalami and Long Beach. Changes in car regulations, meaning that teams had to lower their airboxes and mount the cars' rear wings further forward, along with revised Goodyear tyres, meant the Shadow DN5B lost much of its competitiveness; Pryce still achieved a second points scoring finish of the season in Britain. The new Shadow DN8 was not introduced until the twelfth round at Zandvoort, where Pryce qualified the new car in third, and finished the race only one place lower in fourth: it was the last points scoring finish of his career. The Welshman finished his last full season 12th in the Drivers' Championship with 10 points, 59 points behind World Champion James Hunt.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:1974–77: Shadow.:1977.

paragraph: Jarier left Shadow before the start of the 1977 Formula One season, for ATS, and was replaced by Italian Renzo Zorzi. Zorzi was later rated by Jackie Oliver, part of the managerial team at Shadow, as "the worst driver we [the Shadow team] ever had". The new signing brought in sponsorship from Italy, easing Shadow's financial position. Pryce started the first race of the year in Argentina in ninth place and stayed with the leading group until a gear linkage failure on the 45th lap of the 52 lap race. Following a long pit stop to fix the fault, he was not classified. Pryce qualified 12th for the second round in Brazil, but on lap 34 retired from the race, while running in second place, as the result of an engine failure.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.:Legacy.

paragraph: In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modeling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Pryce was ranked the 28th best Formula One driver of all time.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Tom Pryce began his final race weekend, the 1977 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami, by setting the fastest time in the Wednesday practice session, held in wet weather. Pryce posted a time of 1 minute 31.57 seconds with the next best, the eventual 1977 World Champion Niki Lauda, one second slower. The weather dried up prior to the Thursday session, and he slipped back down the grid to fifteenth place, almost two seconds slower than James Hunt's pole position time.

paragraph: Pryce made a poor start to the Grand Prix in his DN8 and by the end of the first lap was in last place. Pryce started to climb back up the field during the next couple of laps, overtaking Brett Lunger and teammate Renzo Zorzi on lap two, and Alex Ribeiro and Boy Hayje the following lap. By lap 18 Pryce had moved from 22nd to 13th place.

paragraph: On lap 22, Zorzi pulled off to the left side of the main straight, just after the brow of a hill and a bridge over the track. He was having problems with his fuel metering unit, and fuel was pumping directly onto the engine, which then caught fire. Zorzi did not immediately get out of his car as he could not disconnect the oxygen pipe from his helmet.

paragraph: The situation caused two marshals from the pit wall on the opposite side of the track to intervene. The first marshal to cross the track was a 25-year-old panel beater named William (Bill). The second was 19-year-old Frederik "Frikkie" Jansen van Vuuren, who was carrying a fire extinguisher. George Witt, the chief pit marshal for the race, said that the policy of the circuit was that in cases of fire, two marshals must attend and a further two act as back-up in case the first pair's extinguishers were not effective enough. Witt also recalled that both marshals crossed the track without prior permission. The former narrowly made it across the track, but the latter did not. As the two men started to run across the track, the cars driven by Hans-Joachim Stuck and Pryce came over the brow of a rise in the track.

paragraph: Pryce was directly behind Stuck's car along the main straight. Stuck saw Jansen van Vuuren and moved to the right to avoid both marshals, missing Bill by what Tremayne calls "millimetres". From his position Pryce could not see Jansen van Vuuren and was unable to react as quickly as Stuck had done. He struck the teenage marshal at approximately 270 km/h (170 mph). Jansen van Vuuren was thrown into the air and landed in front of Zorzi and Bill. He died on impact, and his body was badly mutilated by Pryce's car. The fire extinguisher he had been carrying smashed into Pryce's head, before striking the Shadow's roll hoop. The force of the impact was such that the extinguisher was thrown up and over the adjacent grandstand. It landed in the car park to the rear of the stand, where it hit a parked car and jammed its door shut.

paragraph: The impact with the fire extinguisher wrenched Pryce's helmet upward sharply. Death was almost certainly instantaneous. Pryce's Shadow DN8, now with its driver dead at the wheel, continued at speed down the main straight towards the first corner, called "Crowthorne". The car left the track to the right, scraping the metal barriers, hitting an entrance for emergency vehicles, and veering back onto the track. It then hit Jacques Laffite's Ligier, sending both Pryce and Laffite head-on into the barriers. Jansen van Vuuren's injuries were so extensive that, initially, his body was identified only after the race director had summoned all of the race marshals and he was not among them.

paragraph: The eventual race winner was Austrian Niki Lauda, his first win since his near fatal accident during the 1976 German Grand Prix. At first he announced it was the greatest victory of his career, but when told on the victory podium of Pryce's death, he said that "there was no joy after that".

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Aftermath.

paragraph: Pryce's death was met with great grief from all those who knew him during his career, especially his wife Nella, his parents Jack and Gwyneth and the Shadow team. His body was buried at St Bartholomew's Church in Otford, near Sevenoaks, Kent, the same church where he and Nella were married two years earlier.

paragraph: Pryce's performances in a Formula One car earned him much respect amongst the F1 paddock. David Tremayne named his son after the Welshman. The Tom Pryce Award, also known as the Tom Pryce Trophy, was instigated, and is given annually to Welsh personalities who have made an outstanding contribution to motoring or transport.

paragraph: During its re-design the Anglesey Circuit in North Wales named the Tom Pryce Straight after a request from Ruthin Town Council. Eddie Knipe, a South African living in Sevenoaks, sought permission from Nella Pryce to approach the Ruthin Town Council to commemorate her late husband. Having gained her consent and that of Tom's parents, a trust was established in 2006 under the chairmanship of David Richards (Prodrive, ex BAR) to create a memorial to Tom Pryce in Ruthin. Neil Dalrymple, a local artist was commissioned by Ruthin Town Council in 2008 to design an plaque and in February 2009, an auction of Formula One pit passes to fund its manufacture was announced. The memorial was unveiled on 11 June 2009, on what would have been Pryce's 60th birthday.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Footnotes

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Official Formula One Website. Archive: Results for 1974–1977 seasons" Formula1.com. Retrieved 11 January 2007

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Pryce memorial commission and pictures of the construction

paragraph: BULLET::::-  – for correct details about his birthplace

description: Racing driver

wikidata_label: Tom Pryce

wikipedia_title: Tom Pryce


text: Finnish-Swedish

text: astronomer

text: mathematician

text: physicist

text: Imperial Russia

text: polygonometry

text: celestial mechanics

text: comet

text: La Grande Encyclopédie

text: spherical trigonometry

text: comet

text: planet motion

text: spherical triangles

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Leonhard Euler

text: D'Alambert

text: Daniel Bernoulli

text: Johann Euler

text: chair

text: 2004 Lexell

text: Lexell

text: Turku

text: University of Åbo

text: Doctor of Philosophy

text: Jakob Gadolin

text: Uppsala

text: Uppsala University

text: Catherine the Great

text: enlightened absolutism

text: Leonhard Euler

text: Russian Academy of Science

text: spherical geometry

text: 1769 transit of Venus

text: Russian Empire

text: St. Petersburg

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: integral calculus

text: Count

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Swedish king

text: St. Petersburg

text: astronomical

text: transit of Venus

text: St. Petersburg

text: Christian Mayer

text: Academy

text: observatory

text: Lunar theory

text: parallax

text: Sun

text: transit of Venus

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: academician

text: Academy of Stockholm

text: Academy of Uppsala

text: corresponding member

text: Paris Royal Academy of Sciences

text: Swedish King

text: chair

text: University of Åbo

text: St. Petersburg

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Germany

text: England

text: France

text: Academy's

text: Swedish King

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: cartography

text: geographic

text: hydrographic

text: military

text: mineralogic

text: map

text: Academy

text: sailing ship

text: Swinemünde

text: Berlin

text: Potsdam

text: audience

text: Frederick II

text: Bavaria

text: Leipzig

text: Göttingen

text: Mannheim

text: Straßbourg

text: Paris

text: London

text: Belgium

text: Flanders

text: Brabant

text: Netherlands

text: The Hague

text: Amsterdam

text: Saardam

text: Germany

text: Hamburg

text: Kiel

text: Kopenhagen

text: Åbo

text: Stockholm

text: Uppsala

text: Åland Islands

text: Johann Euler

text: mathematics

text: physics

text: astronomy

text: Uranus

text: orbit

text: Princess

text: Dashkova

text: Board of Longitude

text: astronomy

text: celestial mechanics

text: algebra

text: differential calculus

text: integral calculus

text: geometry

text: analytic geometry

text: trigonometry

text: continuum mechanics

text: mathematician

text: mathematics

text: applied science

text: Leonhard Euler

text: Johann Euler

text: Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft

text: Christian Mayer

text: differential equation

text: differential equation

text: calculus of variations

text: Lagrange

text: Lambert

text: integrating factor

text: integrating factor

text: elliptic integrals

text: Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: continuum mechanics

text: Polygonometry

text: trigonometric

text: Euler

text: simple polygon

text: sides

text: angles

text: diagonal

text: diagonals

text: sides

text: triangle

text: tetragon

text: pentagon

text: hexagon

text: heptagon

text: tetragon

text: pentagon

text: hexagon

text: combinatorial

text: tetragon

text: polygon

text: pentagon

text: coordinate

text: Swiss

text: L'Huilier

text: polygonometry

text: 1769 transit of Venus

text: parallax

text: Sun

text: Lunar theory

text: comet

text: astronomy

text: orbit

text: Charles Messier

text: perihelion

text: Jupiter

text: Jupiter

text: inner Solar System

text: Lexell's Comet

text: Uranus

text: planet

text: comet

text: Europe

text: Hershel's

text: Maskelyne's

text: Russia

text: orbital period

text: orbit

text: parabolic

text: Christian Mayer

text: Pisces

text: Flamsteed

text: Bode

text: astronomical object

text: planet

text: Mars

text: Uranus

text: perturbed

text: comet

text: Solar system

text: AU

text: planet

text: perturb

text: orbit

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: Urbain Le Verrier

categories: Imperial Russian astronomers,18th-century mathematicians,Geometers,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,1740 births,Finnish astronomers,1784 deaths,18th-century astronomers,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,18th-century Russian mathematicians,Transit of Venus,Finnish expatriates in Russia,Full Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences,Russian people of Swedish descent

paragraph: Anders Johan Lexell

paragraph: Anders Johan Lexell (24 December 1740 – ) was a Finnish-Swedish astronomer, mathematician, and physicist who spent most of his life in Imperial Russia, where he was known as Andrei Ivanovich Leksel (Андрей Иванович Лексель).

paragraph: Lexell made important discoveries in polygonometry and celestial mechanics; the latter led to a comet named in his honour. La Grande Encyclopédie states that he was the prominent mathematician of his time who contributed to spherical trigonometry with new and interesting solutions, which he took as a basis for his research of comet and planet motion. His name was given to a theorem of spherical triangles.

paragraph: Lexell was one of the most prolific members of the Russian Academy of Sciences at that time, having published 66 papers in 16 years of his work there. A statement attributed to Leonhard Euler expresses high approval of Lexell's works: "Besides Lexell, such a paper could only be written by D'Alambert or me". Daniel Bernoulli also praised his work, writing in a letter to Johann Euler "I like Lexell's works, they are profound and interesting, and the value of them is increased even more because of his modesty, which adorns great men".

paragraph: Lexell was unmarried, and kept up a close friendship with Leonhard Euler and his family. He witnessed Euler's death at his house and succeeded Euler to the chair of the mathematics department at the Russian Academy of Sciences, but died the following year. The asteroid 2004 Lexell is named in his honour, as is the lunar crater Lexell.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: Anders Johan Lexell was born in Turku to Johan Lexell, a local administrative officer, and Madeleine-Catherine Björkegren. At the age of fourteen he enrolled at the University of Åbo and in 1760 received his Doctor of Philosophy degree with a dissertation "Aphorismi mathematico-physici" (academic advisor Jakob Gadolin). In 1763 Lexell moved to Uppsala and worked at Uppsala University as a mathematics lecturer. From 1766 he was a professor of mathematics at the Uppsala Nautical School.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:St. Petersburg.

paragraph: In 1762, Catherine the Great ascended to the Russian throne and started the politics of enlightened absolutism. She was aware of the importance of science and ordered to offer Leonhard Euler to "state his conditions, as soon as he moves to St. Petersburg without delay". Soon after his return to Russia, Euler suggested that the director of the Russian Academy of Science should invite mathematics professor Anders Johan Lexell to study mathematics and its application to astronomy, especially spherical geometry. The invitation by Euler and the preparations that were made at that time to observe the 1769 transit of Venus from eight locations in the vast Russian Empire made Lexell seek the opportunity to become a member of the St. Petersburg scientific community.

paragraph: To be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lexell in 1768 wrote a paper on integral calculus called "Methodus integrandi nonnulis aequationum exemplis illustrata". Euler was appointed to evaluate the paper and highly praised it, and Count , director of the Russian Academy of Sciences, invited Lexell to the position of mathematics adjunct, which Lexell accepted. In the same year he received permission from the Swedish king to leave Sweden, and moved to St. Petersburg.

paragraph: His first task was to become familiar with the astronomical instruments that would be used in the observations of the transit of Venus. He participated in observing the 1769 transit at St. Petersburg together with Christian Mayer, who was hired by the Academy to work at the observatory while the Russian astronomers went to other locations.

paragraph: Lexell made a large contribution to Lunar theory and especially to determining the parallax of the Sun from the results of observations of the transit of Venus. He earned universal recognition and, in 1771, when the Russian Academy of Sciences affiliated new members, Lexell was admitted as an Astronomy academician. He was admitted to membership in the Academy of Stockholm and Academy of Uppsala in 1773 and 1774, and became a corresponding member of the Paris Royal Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Foreign trip.

paragraph: In 1775, the Swedish King appointed Lexell to a chair of the mathematics department at the University of Åbo with permission to stay at St. Petersburg for another three years to finish his work there; this permission was later prolonged for two more years. Hence, in 1780, Lexell was supposed to leave St. Petersburg and return to Sweden, which would have been a great loss for the Russian Academy of Sciences. Therefore, Director proposed that Lexell travel to Germany, England, and France and then to return to St. Petersburg via Sweden. Lexell made the trip and, to the Academy's pleasure, got a discharge from the Swedish King and returned to St. Petersburg in 1781, after more than a year of absence, very satisfied with his trip.

paragraph: Sending academicians abroad was quite rare at that time (as opposed to the early years of the Russian Academy of Sciences), so Lexell willingly agreed to make the trip. He was instructed to write his itinerary, which without changes was signed by . The aims were as follows: since Lexell would visit major observatories on his way, he should learn how they were built, note the number and types of scientific instruments used, and if he found something new and interesting he should buy the plans and design drawings. He should also learn everything about cartography and try to get new geographic, hydrographic, military, and mineralogic maps. He should also write letters to the Academy regularly to report interesting news on science, arts, and literature.

paragraph: Lexell departed St. Petersburg in late July 1780 on a sailing ship and via Swinemünde arrived in Berlin, where he stayed for a month and travelled to Potsdam, seeking in vain for an audience with King Frederick II. In September he left for Bavaria, visiting Leipzig, Göttingen, and Mannheim. In October he traveled to Straßbourg and then to Paris, where he spent the winter. In March 1781 he moved to London. In August he left London for Belgium, where he visited Flanders and Brabant, then moved to the Netherlands, visited The Hague, Amsterdam, and Saardam, and then returned to Germany in September. He visited Hamburg and then boarded a ship in Kiel to sail to Sweden; he spent three days in Kopenhagen on the way. In Sweden he spent time in his native city Åbo, and also visited Stockholm, Uppsala, and the Åland Islands. In early December 1781 Lexell returned to St. Petersburg, after having travelled for almost a year and a half.

paragraph: There are 28 letters in the archive of the Academy that Lexell wrote during the trip to Johann Euler, while the official reports that Euler wrote to the Director of the Academy, , were lost. However, unofficial letters to Johann Euler often contain detailed descriptions of places and people whom Lexell had met, and his impressions.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Last years.

paragraph: Lexell became very attached to Leonhard Euler, who lost his sight in his last years but continued working using his elder son Johann Euler to read for him. Lexell helped Leonhard Euler greatly, especially in applying mathematics to physics and astronomy. He helped Euler to write calculations and prepare papers. On 18 September 1783, after a lunch with his family, during a conversation with Lexell about the newly discovered Uranus and its orbit, Euler felt sick. He died a few hours later.

paragraph: After Euler's passing, Academy Director, Princess Dashkova, appointed Lexell in 1783 to replace him. Lexell became a corresponding member of the Turin Royal Academy, and the London Board of Longitude put him on the list of scientists receiving its proceedings.

paragraph: Lexell did not enjoy his position for long: he died on 30 November 1784.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to science.

paragraph: Lexell is mainly known for his works in astronomy and celestial mechanics, but he also worked in almost all areas of mathematics: algebra, differential calculus, integral calculus, geometry, analytic geometry, trigonometry, and continuum mechanics. Being a mathematician and working on the main problems of mathematics, he never missed the opportunity to look into specific problems in applied science, allowing for experimental proof of theory underlying the physical phenomenon. In 16 years of his work at the Russian Academy of Sciences, he published 62 works, and 4 more with coauthors, among whom are Leonhard Euler, Johann Euler, Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft, , and Christian Mayer.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to science.:Differential equations.

paragraph: When applying for a position at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lexell submitted a paper called "Method of analysing some differential equations, illustrated with examples", which was highly praised by Leonhard Euler in 1768. Lexell's method is as follows: for a given nonlinear differential equation (e.g. second order) we pick an intermediate integral—a first-order differential equation with undefined coefficients and exponents. After differentiating this intermediate integral we compare it with the original equation and get the equations for the coefficients and exponents of the intermediate integral. After we express the undetermined coefficients via the known coefficients we substitute them in the intermediate integral and get two particular solutions of the original equation. Subtracting one particular solution from another we get rid of the differentials and get a general solution, which we analyse at various values of constants. The method of reducing the order of the differential equation was known at that time, but in another form. Lexell's method was significant because it was applicable to a broad range of linear differential equations with constant coefficients that were important for physics applications. In the same year, Lexell published another article "On integrating the differential equation "a""d""y" + "ba""d""ydx" + "ca""d""ydx" + ... + "rydx" = "Xdx"" presenting a general highly algorithmic method of solving higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients.

paragraph: Lexell also looked for criteria of integrability of differential equations. He tried to find criteria for the whole differential equations and also for separate differentials. In 1770 he derived a criterion for integrating differential function, proved it for any number of items, and found the integrability criteria for formula_1, formula_2, formula_3. His results agreed with those of Leonhard Euler but were more general and were derived without the means of calculus of variations. At Euler's request, in 1772 Lexell communicated these results to Lagrange and Lambert.

paragraph: Concurrently with Euler, Lexell worked on expanding the integrating factor method to higher order differential equations. He developed the method of integrating differential equations with two or three variables by means of the integrating factor. He stated that his method could be expanded for the case of four variables: "The formulas will be more complicated, while the problems leading to such equations are rare in analysis".

paragraph: Also of interest is the integration of differential equations in Lexell's paper "On reducing integral formulas to rectification of ellipses and hyperbolae", which discusses elliptic integrals and their classification, and in his paper "Integrating one differential formula with logarithms and circular functions", which was reprinted in the transactions of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He also integrated a few complicated differential equations in his papers on continuum mechanics, including a four-order partial differential equation in a paper about coiling a flexible plate to a circular ring.

paragraph: There is an unpublished Lexell paper in the archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the title "Methods of integration of some differential equations", in which a complete solution of the equation formula_4, now known as the , is presented.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to science.:Polygonometry.

paragraph: Polygonometry was a significant part of Lexell's work. He used the trigonometric approach using the advance in trigonometry made mainly by Euler and presented a general method of solving simple polygons in two articles "On solving rectilinear polygons". Lexell discussed two separate groups of problems: the first had the polygon defined by its sides and angles, the second with its diagonals and angles between diagonals and sides. For the problems of the first group Lexell derived two general formulas giving formula_5 equations allowing to solve a polygon with formula_5 sides. Using these theorems he derived explicit formulas for triangles and tetragons and also gave formulas for pentagons, hexagons, and heptagons. He also presented a classification of problems for tetragons, pentagons, and hexagons. For the second group of problems, Lexell showed that their solutions can be reduced to a few general rules and presented a classification of these problems, solving the corresponding combinatorial problems. In the second article he applied his general method for specific tetragons and showed how to apply his method to a polygon with any number of sides, taking a pentagon as an example.

paragraph: The successor of Lexell's trigonometric approach (as opposed to a coordinate approach) was Swiss mathematician L'Huilier. Both L'Huilier and Lexell emphasized the importance of polygonometry for theoretical and practical applications.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to science.:Celestial mechanics and astronomy.

paragraph: Lexell's first work at the Russian Academy of Sciences was to analyse data collected from the observation of the 1769 transit of Venus. He published four papers in "Novi Commentarii Academia Petropolitanae" and ended his work with a monograph on determining the parallax of the Sun, published in 1772.

paragraph: Lexell aided Euler in finishing his Lunar theory, and was credited as a co-author in Euler's 1772 "Theoria motuum Lunae".

paragraph: After that, Lexell spent most of his effort on comet astronomy (though his first paper on calculating the orbit of a comet is dated 1770). In the next ten years he calculated the orbits of all the newly discovered comets, among them the comet which Charles Messier discovered in 1770. Lexell calculated its orbit, showed that the comet had had a much larger perihelion before the encounter with Jupiter in 1767 and predicted that after encountering Jupiter again in 1779 it would be altogether expelled from the inner Solar System. This comet was later named Lexell's Comet.

paragraph: Lexell also was the first to calculate the orbit of Uranus and to actually prove that it was a planet rather than a comet. He made preliminary calculations while travelling in Europe in 1781 based on Hershel's and Maskelyne's observations. Having returned to Russia, he estimates the orbit more precisely based on new observations, but due to the long orbital period it was still not enough data to prove that the orbit was not parabolic. Lexell then found the record of a star observed in 1759 by Christian Mayer in Pisces that was neither in the Flamsteed catalogues nor in the sky by the time Bode sought it. Lexell presumed that it was an earlier sighting of the same astronomical object and using this data he calculated the exact orbit, which proved to be elliptical, and proved that the new object was actually a planet. In addition to calculating the parameters of the orbit Lexell also estimated the planet's size more precisely than his contemporaries using Mars that was in the vicinity of the new planet at that time. Lexell also noticed that the orbit of Uranus was being perturbed. He then stated that, based on his data on various comets, the size of the Solar system can be 100 AU or even more, and that it could be other planets there that perturb the orbit of Uranus (although the position of the eventual Neptune was not calculated until much later by Urbain Le Verrier).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Johan Stén (2015): A Comet of the Enlightenment. Anders Johan Lexell's Life and Discoveries. Basel: Birkhäuser.

description: Russian mathematician

wikidata_label: Anders Johan Lexell

wikipedia_title: Anders Johan Lexell


text: Renzong

text: Song Dynasty

text: prefect

text: capital

text: Kaifeng

text: gong'an

text: wuxia

text: The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants

text: miter

text: crescent moon

text: Guan Gong

text: Shenxian

text: Hefei

text: Luzhou

text: Feidong County

text: Hefei

text: Anhui

text: middle class

text: imperial examination

text: Jinshi

text: magistrate

text: Jianchang

text: magistrate

text: Tianchang

text: Duanzhou

text: Zhaoqing

text: inkstone

text: investigating censor

text: Emperor Renzong of Song

text: Liao dynasty

text: Xiongzhou

text: Fiscal commissioner

text: Hebei

text: Empress Dowager Liu

text: military commissioner

text: Huainan

text: imperial censor

text: Kaifeng

text: Ouyang Xiu

text: Minister of Finance

text: commoner

text: filial piety

text: Yellow River

text: Yanluo

text: Bao Yi

text: Bao Yan

text: Bao Shuo

text: Kaifeng

text: Henan

text: bribery

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Beijing

text: Henan

text: Bao Hui

text: Bao Fang Wu

text: Yue-Kong Pao

text: Bao Huacheng

text: Bao Huazhang

text: Bao Huabing

text: Bao Huajun

text: Bao Huaxiu

text: Bao Shengdong

text: Bao Wei

text: Bao Dan

text: Bao Huifang

text: Bao Yong

text: Bao Zunxin

text: performance arts

text: Chinese opera

text: pingshu

text: Yuan Dynasty

text: Qu

text: Ming

text: Qing Dynasties

text: gong'an fiction

text: Yuan Dynasty

text: plays

text: qu

text: zaju

text: Rescriptor Bao Cleverly Investigates the Circle of Chalk

text: Li Qianfu

text: Guan Hanqing

text: Guan Hanqing

text: Zheng Tingyu

text: Wilt L. Idema

text: Bao Gong An

text: The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants

text: wuxia

text: Pavilion of Ten Thousand Flowers

text: Five Tigers Conquer the West

text: Five Tigers Conquer the South

text: Five Tigers Conquer the North

text: Di Qing

text: Yang Zongbao

text: What the Master Would Not Discuss

text: biji

text: Yuan Mei

text: opera

text: birthmark

text: curse

text: guillotine

text: dragon

text: corruption

text: Grand Tutor

text: Grand Tutor Pang

text: villain

text: Emperor Renzong

text: Eighth Imperial Prince

text: Zhan Zhao

text: Gongsun Ce

text: martial artist

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: Chinese opera

text: Chen Shimei

text: Imperial examination

text: famine

text: magistrate

text: bribery

text: malfeasance

text: Confucian concepts

text: loyalty

text: filial piety

text: Emperor Renzong

text: Consort Li

text: imperial concubine

text: Emperor Zhenzong

text: civet cat

text: Consort Liu

text: skinned

text: Kou Zhu

text: Eighth Prince

text: Yama

text: Hell

text: lack of filial piety

text: empress dowager

text: natural

text: autopsy

text: coroner

text: widow

text: adultery

text: mariticide

text: skull

text: pottery

text: ghost

text: Chinese

text: baozi

text: Singapore

text: Thai language

text: ท่านเปา

text: colloquial

text: judge

text: Royal Institute of Thailand

text: New Words

text: The Crimson Palm

text: Shaw Brothers

text: musical film

text: Inside the Forbidden City

text: Shaw Brothers

text: musical film

text: Shaw Brothers

text: musical film

text: Shaw Brothers

text: Hong Kong

text: Cat and Mouse

text: Media Asia

text: romantic comedy

text: Anthony Wong

text: Jin Chao-chun

text: Mainland China

text: Stephen Chow

text: Hail the Judge

text: Qing Dynasty

text: Justice Bao

text: CTSTV

text: Justice Bao

text: CTSTV

text: Jin Chao-chun

text: Young Justice Bao

text: SBC

text: Mediacorp

text: Chew Chor Meng

text: Justice Bao

text: TVB

text: Ti Lung

text: Justice Bao

text: ATV

text: Jin Chao-chun

text: Young Justice Bao

text: Zhou Jie

text: crime fictions

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: Detective Conan

text: Justice Bao

text: Jin Chao-chun

text: Justice Bao

text: Jin Chao-chun

text: TVB

text: Ti Lung

text: Iron Arm, Golden Sabre

text: Zhou Tong

text: unauthorized

text: Nintendo

text: side-scrolling

text: platform game

text: Famicom

text: Taiwan

text: Ex-Sachen developers

text: New Universal

text: Chinese crime fiction

text: Bao Gong An

text: The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants

text: Generals of the Yang Family

text: Zhan Zhao

text: Another biography

categories: Politicians from Hefei,Deified Chinese people,The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants characters,999 births,Mayors of Kaifeng,Gong'an fiction,1062 deaths,The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt characters,Song dynasty politicians from Anhui,Chinese judges,Cultural depictions of Bao Zheng

paragraph: Bao Zheng

paragraph: Bao Zheng (; 5 March 999 – 3 July 1062), commonly known as Bao Gong (), was a government officer during the reign of Emperor Renzong in China's Song Dynasty. During his twenty-five years in civil service, Bao consistently demonstrated extreme honesty and uprightness, with actions such as sentencing his own uncle, impeaching an uncle of Emperor Renzong's favourite concubine and punishing powerful families. His appointment from 1057 to 1058 as the prefect of Song's capital Kaifeng, where he initiated a number of changes to better hear the grievances of the people, made him a legendary figure. During his years in office, he gained the honorific title Justice Bao (包青天) due to his ability to help peasants overcome corruption.

paragraph: Bao Zheng today is honored as the cultural symbol of justice in Chinese society. His largely fictionalized "gong'an" and "wuxia" stories have appeared in a variety of different literary and dramatic mediums (beginning with "The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants"), and have enjoyed sustained popularity. In mainstream Chinese mythology, he is often portrayed wearing a judge miter hat and a crescent moon on his forehead. Some Chinese provinces later deified Judge Bao, equating him to the benevolent war god Guan Gong.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bao Zheng was born into a scholar family in Shenxian (慎县), Hefei, Luzhou (present day Feidong County near Hefei, Anhui). Bao's family was in the middle class, his father Bao Lingyi (包令仪) was a scholar and an official, while his grandfather Bao Shi Tong (包士通) was a commoner. Though Bao's parents could afford to send him to school, his mother had to climb up mountains to collect firewood just before she gave birth to him. As Bao grew up among low working class, he well understood people's hardships, hated corruption and strongly desired for justice.

paragraph: At the age of 29, Bao passed the highest-level imperial examination and became qualified as a Jinshi. Bao was appointed as magistrate of Jianchang County, but he deferred embarking on his official career for a decade in order to care for his elderly parents and faithfully observe proper mourning rites after their deaths.

paragraph: During the time Bao looked after his parents at home, Liu Yun (刘赟), Magistrate of Luzhou who was renowned as an excellent poetic and fair-minded officer, usually visited Bao. Because the two got along well, Bao obtained great influence from Liu Yun in respect of the love for people.

paragraph: Section::::As magistrate of Tianchang.

paragraph: After his parents' demise, Bao Zheng, then 39, was appointed magistrate of Tianchang County not far from his hometown. It was here that Bao first established his reputation as an astute judge. According to an anecdote, a man once reported that his ox's tongue had been sliced out. Bao told him to return and slaughter the ox for sale. Soon another man arrived in court and accused the first man of privately slaughtering a "beast of burden", an offense punishable by a year of penal servitude. Bao bellowed: "Why did you cut his ox's tongue and then accuse him?" In shock, the culprit had to confess.

paragraph: Section::::As prefect of Duanzhou.

paragraph: In 1040, Bao Zheng was promoted to the prefect of Duanzhou (modern Zhaoqing) in the south, a prefecture famous for its high-quality inkstones, a certain number of which were presented annually to the imperial court. However, Bao discovered that previous prefects had collected far more inkstones from manufacturers than the required tribute — several dozens of times more — in order to bribe influential ministers with the extras. Bao abolished the practice by telling manufacturers to fill only the required quota.

paragraph: When his tenure was up in 1043, Bao left without a single inkstone in his possession. It was in Duanzhou that he wrote this poem:

paragraph: Section::::As investigating censor.

paragraph: Bao Zheng returned to the capital and was named an investigating censor in 1044. For the next 2 years in this position, Bao submitted at least 13 memoranda to Emperor Renzong of Song on military, taxation, the examination system, and governmental dishonesty and incompetence.

paragraph: In 1045, Bao was sent to the Liao dynasty as a messenger. During an audience, a Liao official accused the Song of violating the peace by installing a secret side door in the border prefecture of Xiongzhou, so as to solicit defectors from Liao for intelligence. Bao retorted: "Why is a side door required for intelligence?" The Liao subject could not respond.

paragraph: In the following years, Bao held the following positions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiscal commissioner of Hebei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vice Director of Ministry of Justice

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auxiliary in the Academy of Scholarly Worthies (直集賢院)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vice Commissioner of Ministry of Revenue

paragraph: Section::::Impeaching Zhang Yaozuo.

paragraph: Emperor Renzong's favourite consort had been Concubine Zhang, whom he had wanted to make empress but could not because of opposition by his (unknown to him, fake) mother, Empress Dowager Liu. Nevertheless, the concubine's uncle Zhang Yaozuo (張堯佐) was quickly promoted within a few years from minor local posts to high office, including the state finance commissioner (三司使). On July 12, 1050, Bao and 2 other censors together presented a memorandum, which in strong language accused Zhang of mediocrity and shamelessness, even attributing natural disasters to his appointments. Probably annoyed, Emperor Renzong not only did nothing to Zhang Yaozuo, he awarded Consort Zhang's sister with a title 4 days later. But Bao did not give up. In another memorandum submitted by himself alone, he wrote:

paragraph: Partly to appease protests by Bao and others, the emperor relieved Zhang Yaozuo from the state finance commissioner, but instead appointed him a concurrent four-commissioner position: commissioner of palace attendant, military commissioner of Huainan, Qunmu military commissioner-in-chief (群牧製置使), and commissioner of Jingling Palace (景靈宮). In a memorandum dated December 26, Bao voiced his strong protest and wrote:

paragraph: In the next court meeting to authenticate these posts, there was a heated argument in court led by 7 ministers including Bao, which resulted in the removal of commissioner of palace attendant and commissioner of Jingling Palace from Zhang's appointment. A few decades later, Zhu Bian (朱弁, 1085–1144) wrote a humorous account in his "Anecdotes from Quwei" (曲洧舊聞), which probably contributed to the development of future legends:

paragraph: During his years in the government service, Bao had thirty high officials demoted or dismissed for corruption, bribery, or dereliction of duty. In addition, as the imperial censor, Bao avoided punishment despite many other contemporary imperial censors having been punished for minor statements.

paragraph: Section::::As prefect of Kaifeng.

paragraph: In 1057, Bao was appointed the magistrate of the capital city of Bian (present day Kaifeng). Bao held the position for a mere period of one year, but he initiated several material administrative reforms, including allowing the citizens to directly lodge complaints with the city administrators, thereby bypassing the city clerks who were believed to be corrupt and in the pay of local powerful families.

paragraph: Although Bao gained much fame and popularity from his reforms, his service after the tenure as Magistrate of Bian was controversial. For example, when Bao dismissed Zhang Fangping (張方平), who concurrently held three important offices, Bao was appointed to these offices as Zhang's successor. Ouyang Xiu (欧阳修) then filed a rebuke against Bao.

paragraph: Bao had also been the Minister of Finance. Despite his high rank in the government, Bao led a modest life like a commoner.

paragraph: Apart from his intolerance of injustice and corruption, Bao was well known for his filial piety and his stern demeanor. In his lifetime, Bao gained the name "Iron-Faced Judge" (鐵面判官) and it was also said among the public that his smile was "rarer than clear waters in the Yellow River".

paragraph: Due to his fame and the strength of his reputation, Bao's name became synonymous with the idealized "honest and upright official" (清官), and quickly became a popular subject of early vernacular drama and literature. Bao was also associated with the god Yanluo (Yama) and the "Infernal Bureaucracy" of the Eastern Marchmount, on account of his supposed ability to judge affairs in the afterlife as well as he judged them in the realm of the living.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Bao Zheng had two wives, Lady Zhang and Lady Dong. Bao had one son, Bao Yi (包繶), born 1033, and two daughters with Lady Dong. His only son Bao Yi died in 1053 at a relatively young age while being a government officer, two years after his marriage to Lady Cui (董氏). Bao Yi's son, Bao Wenfu (包文辅), died prematurely at the age of five.

paragraph: However, when a young maid Lady Sun (媵妾孙氏) in Bao Zheng's family became pregnant, Bao dismissed her back to her hometown. Lady Cui, Bao Yi's wife, knowing that the maid was pregnant with her father-in-law's child, continue to send money and clothing to her home. Upon the birth of Lady Sun's son named Bao Yan (包𫄧) in 1057, Lady Cui secretly brought him to her house to foster him. The following year, she brought him back to his biological father, thus enabling the continuation of Bao's family line. Much to Bao Zheng and his wife rejoiced, and they renamed their new son to Bao Shuo (包綬).

paragraph: Bao Yi's wife Lady Cui was greatly praised in the official sources for her devotion to the protection of family line. This story was very influential to the formation of the legend that Bao Zheng was raised by his elder sister-in-law, whom he called "sister-in-law mother" (嫂娘).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bao died in the Capital City of Kaifeng (present day Kaifeng, Henan) in 1062. It was recorded that he left the following warning for his family: "Any of my descendants who commits bribery as an official shall not be allowed back home nor buried in the family burial site. He who shares not my values is not my descendant."

paragraph: Bao was buried in Daxingji in 1063. His tomb was rebuilt by officials of the Huaixi Road in 1066. Lady Dong died in 1068 and was buried next to him.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Cultural Revolution period.

paragraph: During the Cultural Revolution, the Baogong Temple in Baohe Park of Hefei City was looted, and the Bao Zheng statue was ruined. The Bao Zheng portraits preserved by the generations of his descendants and the Baoshi Genealogy (包氏宗谱) were burned.

paragraph: The relevant personnel set up a relic rescue effort "Bao Cemetery Clearing and Excavation Leading Group" (宝坟墓清理发掘领导小组) to excavate and clean up the cemetery, they unearthed Bao Zheng's remains and the two newly discovered tombstones with Chinese engravings in forms of (宋枢密副使赠礼部尚书孝肃包公墓铭) and (宋故永康郡夫人董氏墓志铭). It was founded that the tombstones of Bao Zheng and Lady Dong had been displaced due to destruction. In addition, the tomb of the eldest son and his wife, the tomb of the second son and his wife, and the tomb of the grandson Bao Yongnian (包永年) were also excavated and cleaned up. The excavation group handed over the remains of Bao Zheng and his family back to their descendants.

paragraph: One day in August 1973, the remains of Bao Zheng and his family were carried out in 11 wooden coffin boxes and transported back to Dabaocun (大包村), the hometown of Bao Zheng. However the local commune secretary there would not allow their ancestors' remains to be buried on the grounds, otherwise they would be destroyed immediately.

paragraph: The Bao Zheng's descendants, in fear that the remains of Bao Zheng and his family would be destroyed, with the help of a fellow 34th generation descendant Bao Zunyuan (包遵元), secretly hid them elsewhere without knowing what to do. The remains consisted of 34 Bao Zheng's bone fragments would later sent to Beijing for forensics research before they were returned to the newly reconstructed cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Reconstructed Cemetery.

paragraph: The Bao Gong Cemetery (包公墓园) was reconstructed next to the Bao Gong Temple in Hefei in the forested area of Henan in 1985 and was completed in 1987 to preserve the remains of Bao Zheng and artifacts from the former tombs. As for exact location for the rest of Bao Zheng and his family remains, his descendants kept tight-lipped.

paragraph: Section::::Notable descendants.

paragraph: 9th generation: Bao Hui

paragraph: 27th generation: Bao Fang Wu

paragraph: 28th generation:

paragraph: 29th generation: Yue-Kong Pao, ,

paragraph: 30th generation: , , , ,

paragraph: 32th generation:

paragraph: 33th generation: Bao Huacheng, Bao Huazhang, Bao Huabing, Bao Huajun, Bao Huaxiu, Bao Shengdong, , ,

paragraph: 34th generation: , Bao Wei, Bao Dan, Bao Huifang, Bao Yong, Bao Zunxin

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.:Literary traditions.

paragraph: Bao Zheng's stories were retold and preserved particularly in the form of performance arts such as Chinese opera and pingshu. Written forms of his legend appeared in the Yuan Dynasty in the form of Qu. Vernacular fiction of Judge Bao was popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A common protagonist of gong'an fiction, Judge Bao stories revolve around Bao, a magistrate, investigating and solving criminal cases. When Sherlock Holmes was first translated into Chinese in the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese called Sherlock “the English Judge Bao.”

paragraph: In the Yuan Dynasty, many plays (in the forms of "qu" and "zaju") have featured Bao Zheng as the central character. These plays include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescriptor Bao Cleverly Investigates the Circle of Chalk" (包待制智勘灰闌記) by Li Qianfu

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescriptor Bao Thrice Investigates the Butterfly Dream" (包待制三勘蝴蝶夢) by Guan Hanqing, English translation can be found in Yang & Yang 1958

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescriptor Bao Cleverly Executes Court Official Lu" (包待制智斬魯齋郎) by Guan Hanqing, English translation can be found in Yang & Yang 1958 (as "The Wife-Snatcher")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescriptor Bao Sells Rice at Chenzhou" (包待制陳州糶米), English translation can be found in Hayden 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ding-ding Dong-dong: The Ghost of the Pot" (玎玎當當盆兒鬼), English translation can be found in Hayden 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescriptor Bao Cleverly Investigates the Flower of the Back Courtyard" (包待制智勘後庭花) by Zheng Tingyu, English translation can be found in Hayden 1978

paragraph: Also discovered from this period include some ballads which had been translated by Wilt L. Idema in 2010.

paragraph: The 16th-century novel "Bao Gong An" by An Yushi (安遇時) (partially translated by Leon Comber in 1964) increased his popularity and added a detective element to his legends.

paragraph: The 19th-century novel "The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants" by the storyteller Shi Yukun (石玉昆) (partially translated by Song Shouquan in 1997 as well as Susan Blader in 1997) added a wuxia twist to his stories.

paragraph: In "Pavilion of Ten Thousand Flowers" (萬花樓), "Five Tigers Conquer the West" (五虎平西), "Five Tigers Conquer the South" (五虎平南) and "Five Tigers Conquer the North" (五虎平北), four serial wuxia novels composed by Li Yutang (李雨堂) during Qing Dynasty, Bao Zheng, Di Qing and Yang Zongbao appear as main characters.

paragraph: In "What the Master Would Not Discuss" (子不語), a Qing Dynasty biji by Yuan Mei (袁枚), Bao Zheng as well as the belief that he was able to judge affairs of both human beings and supernatural beings is featured.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.:Stories.

paragraph: In opera or drama, he is often portrayed with a black face and a white crescent shaped birthmark on his forehead.

paragraph: In legends, because he was born dark-skinned and extremely ugly, Bao Zheng was considered cursed and thrown away by his father right after birth. However, his virtuous elder sister-in-law, who just had an infant named Bao Mian (包勉), picked Bao Zheng up and raised him like her own son. As a result, Bao Zheng would refer to Bao Mian's mother as "sister-in-law mother".

paragraph: In most dramatizations of his stories, he used a set of guillotines (鍘刀, "lever-knife"), given to him by the emperor, to execute criminals:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The one decorated with a dog's head (狗頭鍘 or 犬頭鍘) was used on commoners.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The one decorated with a tiger's head (虎頭鍘) was used on government officials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The one decorated with a dragon's head (龍頭鍘 or 火龍鍘) was used on royal personages.

paragraph: He was granted a golden rod (金黄夏楚) by the previous emperor, with which he was authorised to chastise the current emperor. He was also granted an imperial sword (尚方寶劍) from the previous emperor; whenever it was exhibited the persons surrounding, irrespective of their social classes, must pay respect and compliance to the person exhibiting as if he were the emperor. All guillotines of Bao Zheng were authorised to execute any persons without first obtaining approval from the emperor, whilst some accounts stating the imperial sword was a license to execute any royals before so reporting.

paragraph: He is famous for his uncompromising stance against corruption among the government officials at the time. He upheld justice and refused to yield to higher powers including the Emperor's Father-in-Law (國丈), who was also appointed as the Grand Tutor (太師) and was known as Grand Tutor Pang (龐太師). He treated Bao as an enemy. Although Grand Tutor Pang is often depicted in myth as an archetypical villain (arrogant, selfish, and cruel), the historical reasons for his bitter rivalry with Bao remain unclear.

paragraph: Bao Zheng also managed to remain in favour by cultivating a long-standing friendship with one of Emperor Renzong's uncles, the Eighth Imperial Prince (八王爺) and Prime Minister Wang Yanling (王延齡).

paragraph: In many stories Bao is usually accompanied by his skilled bodyguard Zhan Zhao (展昭) and personal secretary Gongsun Ce (公孙策). Zhan is a skilled martial artist while Gongsun is an intelligent adviser. When Sherlock Holmes was first translated into Chinese - Watson was compared to Gongsun Ce.There are also four enforcers named Wang Chao (王朝), Ma Han (馬漢), Zhang Long (張龍), and Zhao Hu (趙虎). All of these characters are presented as righteous and incorruptible.

paragraph: Due to his strong sense of justice, he is very popular in China, especially among the peasants and the poor. He became the subject of literature and modern Chinese TV series in which his adventures and cases are featured.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.:Famous cases.

paragraph: All of these cases have been favorites in Chinese opera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Case of Executing Chen Shimei (鍘美案): Chen Shimei had two children with wife Qin Xianglian, when he left them behind in his hometown for the Imperial examination in the capital. After placing first, he lied about his marriage and became the emperor's new brother-in-law. Years later, a famine forced Qin and her children to move to the capital, where they learned what happened to Chen. Qin finally found a way to meet Chen and begged him to help at least his own children. Not only did Chen refuse, he sent his servant Han Qi to kill them to hide his secret, but Han helped the family escape and killed himself. Desperate, Qin brought her case to Bao Zheng, who tricked Chen to the court to have him arrested. The imperial family intervened with threats, but Bao executed him nonetheless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Executing Bao Mian (鍘包勉): When Bao Zheng was an infant, he was raised by his elder sister-in-law, Wu, like a son. Years later, Wu's only son Bao Mian became a magistrate, and was convicted of bribery and malfeasance. Finding it impossible to fulfill both Confucian concepts of loyalty and filial piety, an emotional Bao Zheng was about to reluctantly execute his nephew. In the end, the real suspects were forced to confess and Bao Mian's sentence was commuted.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Civet Cat Exchanged for Crown Prince (狸貓換太子): Bao Zheng met a woman claiming to be the mother of the reigning Emperor Renzong. Dozens of years prior, she had been Consort Li, an imperial concubine of Emperor Zhenzong's, before falling out of favour for supposedly giving birth to a bloody (and dead) civet cat. In reality, the jealous Consort Liu had plotted with eunuch Guo Huai (郭槐) to secretly swap Li's infant with a skinned civet cat minutes after the birth and ordered palace maid Kou Zhu to kill the baby. However, Kou gave the baby to chief eunuch Chen Lin (陳琳), who secretly brought the child to the Eighth Prince, a younger brother of Emperor Zhenzong. Kou was later tortured to death by Guo when Consort Liu began to suspect that the infant had survived. The child was raised by the Eighth Prince as his own son and was subsequently selected to succeed Emperor Zhenzong, who had died heirless. Due to the passage of time, gathering evidence was a challenge. With the help of a woman dressed as Kou's ghost, Bao dressed himself as Yama, lord of Hell, to play on both Guo's fear of the supernatural and guilt, thereby extracting his confession. When the verdict was out, the emperor was reluctant to accept Consort Li. Bao then admonished the emperor and ordered that he be beaten for lack of filial piety. The emperor's Dragon Robe was beaten instead. Emperor Renzong eventually accepted his mother and elevated her as the new empress dowager.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Case of Two Nails (雙釘記): Bao Zheng investigated a man's suspicious death whose cause had been ruled as natural. After an autopsy, his coroner confirmed the earlier report that there was no injury to the whole body. At home, the coroner discussed the case with his wife, who mentioned that someone could force long steel nails into the brain without injuring the body. The next day, the coroner indeed found a long nail, and the dead man's widow was arrested; she confessed to adultery and mariticide. Afterwards, Bao Zheng began to question the coroner's wife and learned that the coroner is her second husband, as her first husband had died. Bao ordered his guards to go to the cemetery and unearth her first husband's coffin. Sure enough, there was also a nail driven into the skull.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Case of the Black Basin (烏盆記): A silk merchant by the name of Liu Shichang was on a trip home when he decided to ask for food and overnight lodging at the place of Zhao Da, the owner of a pottery kiln. Greedy for the riches carried by Liu, Zhao killed him by poisoning his dinner, burying his remains with clay in his kiln to make a black basin in order to destroy the evidence. An old man named Zhang Biegu, whom Zhao owed a debt to, soon took the basin from Zhao in lieu of cash payment. Zhang eventually encountered the Liu's ghost, who had been possessing the basin ever since his murder, and was told the story of the latter's cruel death at Zhao's hands. Determined to bring the suspect to justice, Zhang soon brought the black basin to Bao Zheng's court in Kaifeng and after several attempts, finally persuaded Liu's ghost to tell the judge everything. As a result, Zhao was finally arrested and executed for murder.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.:Linguistic influence.

paragraph: In modern Chinese, "Bao Gong" or "Bao Qingtian" is invoked as a metaphor or symbol of justice. There is a chain of cafes selling baozi in Singapore called Bao Today (Bao Jin Tian), which is a pun on Bao Qingtian (Justice Bao).

paragraph: In Thai language, "Than Pao" (ท่านเปา; "Lord Bao") has become a colloquial term for a judge. The Royal Institute of Thailand recorded the term in the "Dictionary of New Words, Volume 2", published in 2009. Furthermore, the word "Pao" is used colloquially by the sports media to mean a referee in a game, especially a football match.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.:Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Redressing a Grievance" (乌盆记), a 1927 Chinese silent film featuring Ling Wusi as Bao Zheng.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crimson Palm" (血手印), a 1964 Shaw Brothers musical film features Cheng Miu as Bao Zheng, and is about a scholar who is framed for murder by his fiancée's father.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inside the Forbidden City" (宋宮秘史), a 1965 Shaw Brothers musical film stars Cheng Miu as Bao Zheng, and tells the story of the "Wild Cat for Crown Prince conspiracy" case.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mermaid" (魚美人), a 1965 Shaw Brothers musical film features Cheng Miu as Bao Zheng, and is a fantasy about a carp spirit who is in love with a human scholar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King Cat" (七俠五義), a 1967 Shaw Brothers film features Cheng Miu as Bao Zheng.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wrongly Killed Girl" (南俠展昭大破地獄門), a 1976 Hong Kong film stars Jen Hao as Bao Zheng and tells the Liu Jinchan murder.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cat and Mouse" (老鼠愛上貓), a 2003 Media Asia romantic comedy stars Anthony Wong as Bao Zheng.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Game of a Cat and Mouse" (包青天之五鼠鬥御貓), a 2005 film stars Jin Chao-chun as Bao Zheng.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hua Gu Di Wang" (包青天之化骨帝王), a Mainland China film planned for 2013 release.

paragraph: Stephen Chow also made a spin-off movie based on Bao Zheng called Hail the Judge and titled "Pale Face Bao Zheng Ting" in Chinese. In the movie Stephen plays a descendant of Bao Zheng called "Bao Sing" living in Qing Dynasty, whose family lost its once glorious prestige due to generations of incompetence and corruption.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.:Television.

paragraph: Some of the more prominent TV series include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justice Bao" (包青天), a 1974–75 series produced by CTSTV totaling 350 episodes. Yi Ming portrayed Bao Zheng.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justice Bao" (包青天), a 1993–94 series produced by CTSTV with 41 cases totaling 236 episodes produced in one season. This would be the first series where Jin Chao-chun portrayed Bao Zheng.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Justice Bao" (侠义包公), a 1994 series produced by SBC (now Mediacorp) and starring Chew Chor Meng as young Bao Zheng.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justice Bao" (包青天), a 1995 series produced by TVB and starring Ti Lung as Bao Zheng, with 16 cases totaling 80 episodes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justice Bao" (新包青天), a 1995-1996 series produced by ATV and starring Jin Chao-chun as Bao Zheng, with 25 cases totaling 160 episodes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Justice Bao" (少年包青天), a 2000 Mainland Chinese series starring Zhou Jie as Young Bao Zheng, with 40 episodes divided into 7 cases. This series is heavily inspired by mainstream crime fictions such as Sherlock Holmes and Detective Conan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justice Bao" (包青天), a 2008 Mainland Chinese series starring Jin Chao-chun as Bao Zheng, with 5 cases totaling 61 episodes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justice Bao" (包青天), a 2010 Mainland Chinese series starring Jin Chao-chun as Bao Zheng. The first season airing in 2010, three seasons totaling 120 episodes have been shown as of 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (包青天再起風雲), a 2019 series produced by TVB and starring Shaun Tam as young Bao Zheng, totaling 30 episodes. His father Ti Lung played the titular role 24 years earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.:Novels.

paragraph: Bao Zheng briefly appears in the novel "Iron Arm, Golden Sabre" and sponsors young Zhou Tong's entry into the military as an officer.

paragraph: In March 2012, Frederic Lenormand, author of 18 "Judge Dee's New Cases" (Fayard 2004-2011), published at Editions Philippe Picquier "Un Thé chez Confucius" ("A Tea with Confucius"), first novel of his new series, "The Judge Bao Cases".

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.:Video games.

paragraph: An unauthorized Nintendo side-scrolling/platform game for Famicom, entitled Bāo Qīngtián (), also known as "Justice Pao", was made in Taiwan by Ex-Sachen developers and published by Ka Sheng in 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.:Comics and manga.

paragraph: In the Marvel comic series "New Universal", Young Judge Bao is one of the characters in an in-universe comic book.

paragraph: "Les éditions Fei" also publishes a series of French-language comics about Bao Zheng. As of August 2010, two volumes have been printed.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese crime fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bao Gong An"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Generals of the Yang Family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhan Zhao

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another biography

alias:
Bao Xiren
Bao Gong
Bao Xiaosu
Bao Qingtian
Bao Wenzheng

description: Chinese mayor

wikidata_label: Bao Zheng

wikipedia_title: Bao Zheng


text:
FRS
Sir George Carteret
Royal Society
Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich
Samuel Pepys
George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret
Battle of Solebay
decarteret.org.uk Person Sheet

categories: Carteret family,Fellows of the Royal Society,1672 deaths

paragraph: Philip Carteret FRS

paragraph: Sir Philip Carteret, FRS (1641 – 1672), was the eldest son of Sir George Carteret and his wife and cousin Elizabeth de Cartetet.

paragraph: Philip was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on 15 February 1665.

paragraph: He married Jemima Montagu, daughter of Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich and Jemima Crewe, in an arranged marriage on 31 July 1665. Samuel Pepys had a hand in the marriage and wrote of it at some length in his diary. Jemima had only known of Philip some fourteen days before their marriage: Pepys did ask her if she could like Philip as a husband, and was relieved when she answered that she thought she could like him very well. It was noted that Jemima failed to arrive in time for the ceremony at the church, but the marriage is thought to have been reasonably happy. Jemima died in childbirth in 1671.

paragraph: Philip was father of four children, including George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret.

paragraph: Knighted in 1667, he became Gentleman of the King's Chamber in 1670.

paragraph: Philip died along with his father-in-law the Earl of Sandwich when their ship, the "Prince Royal", was grappled by a Dutch

paragraph: fire ship in the Battle of Solebay.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- decarteret.org.uk Person Sheet

description: Fellow of the Royal Society

wikidata_label: Philip Carteret FRS

wikipedia_title: Philip Carteret FRS