text: Greek

text: Neopythagorean

text: philosopher

text: Tyana

text: Roman

text: Cappadocia

text: Anatolia

text: Jesus of Nazareth

text: Philostratus

text: Life of Apollonius of Tyana

text: sophist

text: Philostratus

text: Julia Domna

text: disappeared later on

text: Eusebius

text: Pythagoras

text: Maximus

text: Aegaeae

text: Aeolis

text: Moiragenes

text: Damis

text: acolyte

text: forged by someone else

text: Greece

text: Italy

text: Spain

text: North Africa

text: Mesopotamia

text: India

text: Ethiopia

text: Rome

text: Nero

text: Domitian

text: human sacrifice

text: heavenly assumption

text: Western Europe

text: Syria

text: Pythagoras

text: Caracalla

text: Severus Alexander

text: Islamic world

text: Adana

text: Philostratus

text: Adana

text: Cilicia

text: Aegae (Cilicia)

text: James Francis

text: ascetic

text: Pythagorean

text: Asia Minor

text: Turkey

text: Syria

text: Ephesus

text: Aegae

text: Antioch

text: nous

text: extra-sensory perception

text: Domitian

text: Cassius Dio

text: tyrannicide

text: India

text: Manbij

text: Nineveh

text: Pythagoras

text: Neo-Pythagoreans

text: Sanskrit

text: Advaita

text: Sanskrit

text: Porphyry

text: Iamblichus

text: Suda

text: Joannes Stobaeus

text: Bart D. Ehrman

text: New Testament

text: Sossianus Hierocles

text: Voltaire

text: Charles Blount

text: Age of Enlightenment

text: John Remsburg

text: The Hero with a Thousand Faces

text: Joseph Campbell

text: hero

text: Krishna

text: Buddha

text: Robert M. Price

text: mythic hero archetype

text: G. K. Chesterton

text: Domitian

text: martyrdom

text: Lucian of Samosata

text: Alexander of Abonoteichus

text: charlatan

text: fraud

text: Aurelian

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Historia Augusta

text: Jesus

text: Porphyry

text: Neoplatonic

text: Hierocles

text: god

text: hero

text: Eusebius of Caesarea

text: Lactantius

text: sorcerer

text: talismans

text: Eastern Roman Empire

text: Western Roman Empire

text: Sidonius Apollinaris

text: Latin

text: (Tablet of Wisdom)

text: Bahá'í Faith

text: use of talismans

text: Age of Enlightenment

text: deism

text: Reason

text: Charles Blount

text: Marquis de Sade

text: Keats

text: Lamia

text: Edward Bulwer Lytton

text: The Last Days of Pompeii

text: Zanoni

text: Theosophists

text: C.W. Leadbeater

text: Alice A. Bailey

text: Benjamin Creme

text: Master Jesus

text: Helena Blavatsky

text: Ezra Pound

text: Cantos

text: Aryan

text: anti-semitic

text: Sun worship

text: Jewish

text: animal sacrifice

text: Gerald Messadié

text: Hilton Hotema

text: The Circus of Dr. Lao

text: Charles G. Finney

text: Avram Davidson

text: Science Fiction

text: Biblical Enoch

text: King Wen

text: Lao Tze

text: Bathurst

text: Martian

text: Steven Saylor

text: historical novel

text: Empire

text: Domitian

text: Socrates

text: suggestion

text: Bar-Jesus

text: Christ figure

text: Christ myth theory

text: Jesus of Nazareth

text: John the Baptist

text: List of unsolved deaths

text: Simon Magus

text: Power, Paideia and Pythagoreanism

text: Apollonius article at Livius.org

text: vol. 1 pp. 345-368

text: pp. 110-130

categories: Ancient Greek letter writers,Roman-era philosophers,Occultists,Neo-Pythagoreans,1st-century philosophers,Hermeticists,Formerly missing people,Occult writers,Entering heaven alive,Hellenism and Christianity

paragraph: Apollonius of Tyana

paragraph: Apollonius of Tyana (; c. 15 – c. 100 AD), sometimes also called Apollonios of Tyana, was a Greek Neopythagorean philosopher from the town of Tyana in the Roman province of Cappadocia in Anatolia.

paragraph: Section::::Life dates.

paragraph: Apollonius was born into a respected and wealthy Greek family. Although the precise dates of his birth and death are uncertain, most scholars agree that he was a contemporary of Jesus of Nazareth. His primary biographer, Philostratus the Elder (circa 170c. 247), places him circa 3 BCc. 97 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: The earliest and by far the most detailed source is the "Life of Apollonius of Tyana", a lengthy, novelistic biography written by the sophist Philostratus at the request of empress Julia Domna. She died in 217 AD., and he completed it after her death, probably in the 220s or 230s AD. Philostratus’s account shaped the image of Apollonius for posterity. To some extent it is a valuable source because it contains data from older writings which were available to Philostratus, but disappeared later on. Among these works are an excerpt (preserved by Eusebius) from "On Sacrifices", and certain alleged letters of Apollonius. The sage may have actually written some of these works, along with the no-longer extant "Biography of Pythagoras". At least two biographical sources that Philostratus used are lost: a book by the imperial secretary Maximus describing Apollonius’s activities in Maximus's home city of Aegaeae in Aeolis, and a biography by a certain Moiragenes. There also survives, separately from the life by Philostratus, a collection of letters of Apollonius, but at least some of these seem to be spurious.

paragraph: One of the essential sources Philostratus claimed to know are the “memoirs” (or “diary”) of Damis, an acolyte and companion of Apollonius. Some scholars claim that the notebooks of Damis were an invention of Philostratus, while others think it could have been a real book forged by someone else and naively used by Philostratus. Philostratus describes Apollonius as a wandering teacher of philosophy and miracle-worker who was mainly active in Greece and Asia Minor but also traveled to Italy, Spain, and North Africa, and even to Mesopotamia, India, and Ethiopia. In particular, he tells lengthy stories of Apollonius entering the city of Rome in disregard of emperor Nero’s ban on philosophers, and later on being summoned, as a defendant, to the court of Domitian, where he defied the emperor in blunt terms. He had allegedly been accused of conspiring against the emperor, performing human sacrifice, and predicting a plague by means of magic. Philostratus implies that upon his death, Apollonius of Tyana underwent heavenly assumption.

paragraph: How much of this can be accepted as historical truth depends largely on the extent to which modern scholars trust Philostratus, and in particular on whether they believe in the reality of Damis. Some of these scholars contend that Apollonius never came to Western Europe and was virtually unknown there until the 3rd century AD, when Empress Julia Domna, who was herself from the province of Syria, decided to popularize him and his teachings in Rome. For that purpose, so these same scholars believe, she commissioned Philostratus to write the biography, in which Apollonius is exalted as a fearless sage with supernatural powers, even greater than Pythagoras. This view of Julia Domna's role in the making of the Apollonius legend gets some support from the fact that her son Caracalla worshipped him, and her grandnephew emperor Severus Alexander may have done so as well.

paragraph: Apollonius was also a known figure in the Islamic world.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Historical facts.

paragraph: With the exception of the Adana Inscription from 3rd or 4th century CE, little can be derived from sources other than Philostratus.

paragraph: The Adana Inscription has been translated by C.P. Jones as: " 'This man, named after Apollo, and shining forth from Tyana, extinguished the faults of men. The tomb in Tyana (received) his body, but in truth heaven received him so that he might drive out the pains of men (or: drive pains from among men)." It is thought to have been brought from Cilicia, perhaps Aegae (Cilicia). However Miroslav Marcovich translates part of the text as "Sure enough, Apollonius was born in Tyana, but the full truth is that he was a heaven-sent sage and healer, a new Pythagora"

paragraph: As James Francis put it, "the most that can be said ... is that Apollonius appears to have been a wandering ascetic/philosopher/wonderworker of a type common to the eastern part of the early empire." What we can safely assume is that he was indeed a Pythagorean and as such, in conformity with the Pythagorean tradition, opposed animal sacrifice, and lived on a frugal, strictly vegetarian diet. A minimalist view is that he spent his entire life in the cities of his native Asia Minor (Turkey) and of northern Syria, in particular his home town of Tyana, Ephesus, Aegae, and Antioch, though the letters suggest wider travels, and there seems no reason to deny that, like many wandering philosophers, he at least visited Rome. As for his philosophical convictions, we have an interesting, probably authentic fragment of one of his writings ("On sacrifices"), in which he expresses his view that God, who is the most beautiful being, cannot be influenced by prayers or sacrifices and has no wish to be worshipped by humans, but can be reached by a spiritual procedure involving "nous" (intellect), because he himself is pure nous, and nous is the greatest faculty of humankind.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Miracles.

paragraph: Philostratus implies on one occasion that Apollonius had extra-sensory perception (Book VIII, Chapter XXVI). When emperor Domitian was murdered on 18 September 96 AD, Apollonius was said to have witnessed the event in Ephesus "about midday" on the day it happened in Rome, and told those present "Take heart, gentlemen, for the tyrant has been slain this day ...". Both Philostratus and renowned historian Cassius Dio report this incident, probably on the basis of an oral tradition. Both state that the philosopher welcomed the deed as a praiseworthy tyrannicide.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Journey to India.

paragraph: Philostratus devoted two and a half of the eight books of his "Life of Apollonius" (1.19–3.58) to the description of a journey of his hero to India. According to Philostratus' "Life", en route to the Far East, Apollonius reached Hierapolis Bambyce (Manbij) in Syria (not Nineveh, as some scholars believed), where he met Damis, a native of that city who became his lifelong companion. Pythagoras, whom the Neo-Pythagoreans regarded as an exemplary sage, was believed to have travelled to India. Hence such a feat made Apollonius look like a good Pythagorean who spared no pains in his efforts to discover the sources of oriental piety and wisdom. As some details in Philostratus’ account of the Indian adventure seem incompatible with known facts, modern scholars are inclined to dismiss the whole story as a fanciful fabrication, but not all of them rule out the possibility that the Tyanean actually did visit India.

paragraph: What seemed to be independent evidence showing that Apollonius was known in India has now been proved to be forged. In two Sanskrit texts quoted by Sanskritist Vidhushekhara Bhattacharya in 1943 he appears as "Apalūnya", in one of them together with Damis (called "Damīśa"), it is claimed that Apollonius and Damis were Western yogis, who later on were converted to the correct Advaita philosophy. Some have believed that these Indian sources derived their information from a Sanskrit translation of Philostratus’ work (which would have been a most uncommon and amazing occurrence), or even considered the possibility that it was really an independent confirmation of the historicity of the journey to India. Only in 1995 were the passages in the Sanskrit texts proven to be interpolations by a late 19th century forger.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Several writings and many letters have been ascribed to Apollonius, but some of them are lost; others have only been preserved in parts or fragments of disputed authenticity. Porphyry and Iamblichus refer to a biography of Pythagoras by Apollonius, which has not survived; it is also mentioned in the "Suda". Apollonius wrote a treatise "On sacrifices", of which only a short, probably authentic fragment has come down to us.

paragraph: Philostratus' "Life" and the anthology assembled by Joannes Stobaeus contain purported letters of Apollonius. Some of them are cited in full, others only partially. There is also an independently transmitted collection of letters preserved in medieval manuscripts. It is difficult to determine what is authentic and what not. Some of the letters may have been forgeries or literary exercises assembled in collections which were already circulated in the 2nd century AD. It has been asserted that Philostratus himself forged a considerable part of the letters he inserted into his work; others were older forgeries available to him.

paragraph: Section::::Comparisons with Jesus.

paragraph: Biblical scholar Bart D. Ehrman relates that in the introduction to his textbook on the New Testament, he describes an important figure from the first century without first revealing he is writing about the stories attached to Apollonius of Tyana:

paragraph: Sossianus Hierocles argued in the 3rd century that the doctrines and the life of Apollonius were more valuable than those of Jesus', a viewpoint reportedly held by both Voltaire and Charles Blount during the Age of Enlightenment. In his 1909 book "The Christ", John Remsburg postulated that the religion of Apollonius disappeared because the proper conditions for its development did not exist. Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam thrived however, because the existing conditions were favorable. In his 1949 book "The Hero with a Thousand Faces", comparative mythology scholar Joseph Campbell lists both Apollonius and Jesus as examples of individuals who shared similar hero stories, along with Krishna, Buddha, and others. Similarly, Robert M. Price in his 2011 "The Christ-Myth Theory and its Problems", notes that the ancients often compared Jesus with Apollonius and that they both fit the mythic hero archetype. G. K. Chesterton (the writer and Christian apologist), however, noted that the unique trial, suffering and death of Christ stand in stark opposition to the stories about Apollonius which he felt were very likely spurious. While Jesus' encounter with the provincial Roman authorities in Judea ended fatally, Apollonius was said to have survived unscathed a face-to-face confrontation with Domitian, one of the most harsh of Roman Emperors; therefore, the myth of Apollonius lacked the element of martyrdom, central to that of Jesus.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.:Antiquity.

paragraph: In the 2nd century the satirist Lucian of Samosata was a sharp critic of Neo-Pythagoreanism. After 180 AD he wrote a pamphlet where he attacked Alexander of Abonoteichus, a student of one of Apollonius’ students, as a charlatan; and suggested that the whole school was based on fraud. From this we can infer that Apollonius really had students and that his school survived at least until Lucian’s time. One of Philostratus’ foremost aims was to oppose this view. Although he related various miraculous feats of Apollonius, he emphasized at the same time that his hero was not a magician, but a serious philosopher and a champion of traditional Greek values.

paragraph: When Emperor Aurelian conducted his military campaign against the Palmyrene Empire, he captured Tyana in 272 AD. According to the "Historia Augusta" he abstained from destroying the city after having a vision of Apollonius admonishing him to spare the innocent citizens.

paragraph: In Philostratus’ description of Apollonius’ life and deeds there are a number of similarities with the life and especially the claimed miracles of Jesus. Perhaps this parallel was intentional, but the original aim was hardly to present Apollonius as a rival of Jesus. However, in the late 3rd century Porphyry, an anti-Christian Neoplatonic philosopher, claimed in his treatise "Against the Christians" that the miracles of Jesus were not unique, and mentioned Apollonius as a non-Christian who had accomplished similar achievements. Around 300 AD, Roman authorities used the fame of Apollonius in their struggle to wipe out Christianity. Hierocles, one of the main instigators of the persecution of Christians in 303 AD, wrote a pamphlet where he argued that Apollonius exceeded Christ as a wonder-worker and yet wasn’t worshipped as a god, and that the cultured biographers of Apollonius were more trustworthy than the uneducated apostles. This attempt to make Apollonius a hero of the anti-Christian movement provoked sharp replies from bishop Eusebius of Caesarea and from Lactantius. Eusebius wrote an extant reply to the pamphlet of Hierocles, where he claimed that Philostratus was a fabulist and that Apollonius was a sorcerer in league with demons. This started a debate on the relative merits of Jesus and Apollonius that has gone on in different forms into modern times.

paragraph: In Late Antiquity talismans made by Apollonius appeared in several cities of the Eastern Roman Empire, as if they were sent from heaven. They were magical figures and columns erected in public places, meant to protect the cities from afflictions. The great popularity of these talismans was a challenge to the Christians. Some Byzantine authors condemned them as sorcery and the work of demons, others admitted that such magic was beneficial; none of them claimed that it didn’t work.

paragraph: In the Western Roman Empire, Sidonius Apollinaris was a Christian admirer of Apollonius in the 5th century. He produced a Latin translation of Philostratus’ "Life", which is lost.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.:Apollonius of Tyana in Bahá’í Scripture.

paragraph: The Lawh-Hikmat "(Tablet of Wisdom)", written by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, names "Balinus" (Apollonius) as a great philosopher, who "surpassed everyone else in the diffusion of arts and sciences and soared unto the loftiest heights of humility and supplication." The use of talismans is commonplace in Bábí and (to a lesser extent) Bahá'í writings.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.:Modern era.

paragraph: Beginning in the early 16th century, there was great interest in Apollonius in Europe, but the traditional ecclesiastical viewpoint prevailed, and until the Age of Enlightenment the Tyanean was usually treated as a demonic magician and a great enemy of the Church who collaborated with the devil and tried to overthrow Christianity.

paragraph: Comparisons between Apollonius and Jesus became commonplace in the 17th and 18th centuries in the context of polemic about Christianity. Several advocates of Enlightenment, deism and anti-Church positions saw him as an early forerunner of their own ethical and religious ideas, a proponent of a universal, non-denominational religion compatible with Reason. These comparisons continued into the 20th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1680, Charles Blount, a radical English deist, published the first English translation of the first two books of Philostratus' "Life" with an anti-Church introduction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the Marquis de Sade's "Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man", the Dying Man compares Jesus to Apollonius as a false prophet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Keats' poem "Lamia" he comes across as a killjoy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Bulwer Lytton refers to him in "The Last Days of Pompeii" and "Zanoni" as a great master of occult power and wisdom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some early to mid 20th century Theosophists, notably C.W. Leadbeater, Alice A. Bailey, and Benjamin Creme, have maintained that Apollonius of Tyana was the reincarnation of the being they call the Master Jesus. Helena Blavatsky in 1881 refers to Appolonius of Tyana as "the great thaumaturgist of the second century A.D"

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the mid 20th century, the American expatriate poet Ezra Pound evoked Apollonius in his later "Cantos" as a figure associated with sun-worship and as a messianic rival to Christ. Pound identified him as Aryan within an anti-semitic mythology, and celebrated his Sun worship and aversion to ancient Jewish animal sacrifice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Gerald Messadié's "The Man Who Became God", Apollonius appeared as a wandering philosopher and magician of about the same age as Jesus; the two of them supposedly met.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In his 1965 introduction to a reprint of Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie's 1900 book "The Gospel of Apollonius of Tyana" (a retelling of Philostratus' biography), Hilton Hotema compared Apollonius to Jesus by noting that there is much historical data surrounding the life of the Tyanean, but that "Jesus is unknown outside of the "New Testament."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "The Circus of Dr. Lao" (1935) by Charles G. Finney, Apollonius appears in the employ of Dr. Lao's circus and brings a dead man back to life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avram Davidson's Science Fiction novel "Masters of the Maze", has Apollonius of Tyana as one of a select group of humans (and other sentient beings) who had penetrated to the center of a mysterious "Maze" traversing all of space and time. There he dwells in eternal repose, in company with the Biblical Enoch, the Chinese King Wen and Lao Tze, the 19th century Briton Bathurst, and various other sages of the past and future, some of them Martians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apollonius of Tyana is a major character in Steven Saylor's historical novel "Empire", which depicts his confrontation with the harsh Emperor Domitian. Apollonius is shown confounding the Emperor (and many others) in quick-witted dialogue, reminiscent of Socrates. The book's plot leaves ambiguous the issue of whether Apollonius possessed true magical power or that he was able to use suggestion and other clever tricks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apollonius of Tyana is one of the 7 circus characters portrayed by Tony Randall in the 1964 film “The Seven Faces of Dr. Lao.” This character does not have any philosophical context, rather he is a sideshow attraction similar to a fortune teller who has been blessed with clairvoyance. While he always speaks the truth about the future, he is accursed with an ironic fate - nobody ever believes what he says.

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philostratus: Apollonius of Tyana. Letters of Apollonius, Ancient Testimonia, Eusebius’s Reply to Hierocles", ed. Christopher P. Jones, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2006 (Loeb Classical Library no. 458), (Greek texts and English translations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philostratus: The Life of Apollonius of Tyana", ed. Christopher P. Jones, vol. 1 (Books I–IV) and 2 (Books V–VIII), Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2005 (Loeb Classical Library no. 16 and no. 17), and (Greek text and English translation)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bar-Jesus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christ figure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christ myth theory

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesus of Nazareth

paragraph: BULLET::::- John the Baptist

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of unsolved deaths

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Magus

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaap-Jan Flinterman: "Power, Paideia and Pythagoreanism", Amsterdam 1995,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Dzielska: "Apollonius of Tyana in Legend and History", Rome 1986,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graham Anderson: "Philostratus. Biography and Belles Lettres in the Third Century A.D.", London 1986,

paragraph: BULLET::::- James A. Francis: "Subversive Virtue. Asceticism and Authority in the Second-Century Pagan World", University Park (PA) 1995,

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.P. Cavafy: "The Collected Poems: If Truly Dead" Translated by Aliki Barnstone,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cerqueiro Daniel: "El Taumaturgo (Apollonius of Tyana doxography)", Buenos Aires 2005,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apollonius article at Livius.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philostratus' "Life of Apollonius of Tyana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A collation of resources on Apollonius of Tyana (including the Adana inscription)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letters in "Flavii Philostrati opera", C. L. Kayser (edit.), 2 vol., Lipsiae, in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1870-71: vol. 1 pp. 345-368.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistolographi graeci", R. Hercher (ed.), Parisiis, editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot, 1873, pp. 110-130.

description: Ancient Greek philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Apollonius of Tyana

wikidata_label: Apollonius of Tyana

wikipedia_title: Apollonius of Tyana


text:
Silesian
Piast dynasty
Duke of Silesia
Wrocław
Duke of Kraków
High Duke
Poland
Duke of Southern Greater Poland
regent
Sandomierz
Opole
Racibórz
Roman Catholic Diocese of Legnica
Servant of God
Henry I the Bearded
Hedwig of Andechs
Berthold IV of Merania
Konrad the Curly
Lower Silesia
Anna
Ottokar I of Bohemia
Přemyslid dynasty
Henry I the Bearded
Gąsawa
Leszek I the White
Konrad I of Masovia
Lubusz Land
Prussia
Henry the Bearded
Henry I
Władysław III
Władysław Odonic
Upper Silesia
Mieszko II the Fat
Bolesław V the Chaste
Kalisz
Wieluń
Otto III
Brandenburg
Santok
Lubusz
Pełka
Gniezno
Przemysł I
Bolesław the Pious
Gniezno
Nakło nad Notecią
Ujście
House of Hohenstaufen
Pope Gregory IX
Bolesław
Constance
Casimir I of Kuyavia
Otto III
Mongols
Batu Khan
invasion of Rus'
Kingdom of Hungary
Lublin
Zawichost
army of 10,000 men
Orda
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Battle of Tursko
voivode
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castellan
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killed in action
Frederick II
Béla IV of Hungary
Mieszko II the Fat
Jan Długosz
Historii Tartatorum
Moravia
Batu Khan
polydactyly
Dukes of Silesia
Henry IV Probus
Kingdom of Bohemia
Anna
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Bolesław I of Masovia
Constance
Casimir I of Kuyavia
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Mieszko
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Konrad
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Passau
Salzburg
Wrocław
Leo Frankowski
Conrad Stargard
History of Poland (966–1385)
Piast dynasty
Dukes of Silesia
History of Silesia

categories: Roman Catholic monarchs,Christians of the Prussian Crusade,Dukes of Greater Poland,Piast dynasty,1196 births,Polish Roman Catholics,Dukes of Wrocław,1241 deaths,Medieval nobility of the Holy Roman Empire,13th-century Polish monarchs,Polish monarchs,13th-century Polish people,Polish Servants of God,Polish military personnel killed in action,People of Byzantine descent

paragraph: Henry II the Pious

paragraph: Henry II the Pious () (1196 – 9 April 1241), of the Silesian line of the Piast dynasty was Duke of Silesia at Wrocław and Duke of Kraków and thus High Duke of all Poland as well as Duke of Southern Greater Poland from 1238 until his death. During 1238–1239 he also served as a regent of two other Piast duchies: Sandomierz and Upper Silesian Opole–Racibórz. On October 2015, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Legnica opened up his cause for beatification, obtaining him the title of Servant of God.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Heir of Wrocław, co-ruler with his father.

paragraph: Henry II was the second son of the Polish High Duke Henry I the Bearded, Duke of Silesia-Wrocław, by his wife (and later Saint) Hedwig of Andechs, daughter of Duke Berthold IV of Merania. His elder brother Bolesław died in 1206. In 1213, his younger brother Konrad the Curly died during a hunt, leaving Henry II as the sole heir of Lower Silesia. Around 1218 his father arranged his marriage to Princess Anna, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. This union with the royal Přemyslid dynasty allowed Henry II to participate actively in international politics.

paragraph: Henry I the Bearded quickly designated his sole surviving son as his sole heir, and from 1222, the young prince countersigned documents with his father. By 1224, he had his own seal and notary. In 1227, during a meeting of Piast Dukes in Gąsawa, Henry I and the High Duke Leszek I the White were ambushed, Leszek was killed and Henry I was seriously wounded. Young Henry II acted as interim Duke. In 1229, Henry I captured by Duke Konrad I of Masovia, and again young Henry II acted as interim Duke. During 1229–30, Henry II led a military expedition to recover and secure the possession of Lubusz Land, and in 1233–34 Henry actively supported his father's affairs in Prussia and Greater Poland. In 1234, Henry I named his son Henry II co-ruler. Later, Henry I took the Duchies of Kraków and Silesia, and Henry II was given the Duchies of Silesia and Greater Poland. When Henry the Bearded died on 19 March 1238, Henry II became Duke of Silesia, Kraków and Greater Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Reign alone.

paragraph: Henry II inherited Lower Silesia from his father Henry I. Southern Greater Poland and Kraków were ruled by the Piast princes, although the late Duke of Greater Poland and Kraków, Władysław III, had left all his lands to Henry I the Bearded. The will was ignored by Duke Konrad of Masovia and Władysław's III nephew Władysław Odonic.

paragraph: Henry II could retain his authority as a regent over the Upper Silesian Duchy of Opole-Racibórz and the Duchy of Sandomierz during the minority of their rulers Mieszko II the Fat and Bolesław V the Chaste. Nevertheless, in 1239, Henry was compelled to resign the regency, although he remained on good terms with the Dukes of Opole and Sandomierz, and managed to retain Greater Polish Kalisz and Wieluń.

paragraph: The situation in the northwest was more complicated: Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg took the important Greater Polish fortress at Santok and besieged Lubusz. Henry II also inherited the disputes with Konrad of Masovia, Władysław Odonic, and with the Church, led by Pełka, Archbishop of Gniezno. The situation changed unexpectedly after the death of Władysław Odonic on 5 June 1239, who left two minor sons, Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious. Henry II took the majority of Odonic's possessions (including Gniezno), leaving Nakło nad Notecią and Ujście to Odonic's sons.

paragraph: Henry then abandoned the traditional alliance of his family with the Imperial House of Hohenstaufen and supported Pope Gregory IX, immediately resolving his dispute with the Church. He then put an end to his conflicts with Konrad of Masovia by arranging the marriages of two of his daughters to two of Konrad's sons: Gertrude to Bolesław, and Constance, to Casimir I of Kuyavia. In 1239, Henry II finally lost the Santok fortress to Margrave Otto III after Henry's defeat in the Battle of Lubusz.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Mongol invasion, Battle of Legnica and death.

paragraph: In the East, a new dangerous opponent appeared: the Mongols, under the leadership of Batu Khan, who, after the invasion of Rus' chose the Kingdom of Hungary as his next target. Batu Khan realized that he had to take control of Poland before he could take Hungary. In January 1241, Batu sent reconnaissance troops to Lublin and Zawichost. The invasion was launched a month later, by an army of 10,000 men under the leadership of Lord Orda. In Lesser Poland the Mongols met weaker resistance, defeating and killing almost all the Kraków and Sandomierz nobility in the Battle of Tursko (13 February), and the Battles of Tarczek and Chmielnik (18 March), including the voivode of Kraków, Włodzimierz and the castellan Klement of Brzeźnica. All of Lesser Poland, including Kraków and Sandomierz, fell into the hands of the Mongols.

paragraph: Henry II didn't wait for the promised aid from Western rulers and began to concentrate the surviving troops of Lesser Poland and his own Silesian and Greater Poland forces in Legnica. Europe's rulers were more focused on the struggle between the Holy Roman Empire and Papacy, and they ignored Henry's requests for help. The only foreign troops who joined him were those of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and the combined forces of some Knights Templar. Some sources report that European forces halted their troops near Legnica, probably fearing that the Christian Army would become an easy prey to the Mongols. The battle took place on 9 April 1241. Henry II was defeated and killed in action.

paragraph: The defeat was widely blamed on the European monarchs, especially Emperor Frederick II and King Béla IV of Hungary, who had refused to help, and the unexpected retreat from the battle by Henry's Upper Silesian cousin Mieszko II the Fat, through a trick of the Mongols. There are two descriptions of Henry's death, one submitted by Jan Długosz (today considered dubious), and the second by C. de Brigia in his "Historii Tartatorum" (based on reports of direct witnesses, now considered more reliable). However, the Mongols did not intend to occupy the country, and shortly afterward they went through Moravia to Hungary, wanting to connect with the main army of Batu Khan. Henry's naked and decapitated body could only be identified by his wife, because of his polydactyly. He had six toes on his left foot, which was confirmed when his tomb was opened in 1832. Henry was buried in the crypt of the Franciscan Church of Sts. Vincent and Jacob in Wrocław (Breslau).

paragraph: Despite ruling for only three years, Henry remained in the memories of Silesia, Greater Poland and Kraków as the perfect Christian knight, lord and martyr, whose brilliant career was abruptly ended by his early death. Upon his death, the line of the Silesian Piasts fragmented into numerous Dukes of Silesia, who (except for Henry's grandson Henry IV Probus) were no longer able to prevail as Polish High Dukes and subsequently came under the influence of the neighbouring Kingdom of Bohemia.

paragraph: In 1944, Henry the Pious' body went missing after being taken from its tomb by German scientists for laboratory tests; they had hoped to prove that the prince was Aryan.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Between 1214–1218, Henry married Anna (ca. 1201 – 23 June 1265), daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. They had ten children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Gertrude (1218/20 – 23/30 April 1244/47), married in 1232 to Bolesław I of Masovia.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Constance (1221/27 – 1253/3 May 1257), married in 1239 to Casimir I of Kuyavia.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Bolesław II the Bald (1220/25 – 26/31 December 1278).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Mieszko (1223/27 – 1241/1242).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Henry III the White (1222/30 – 3 December 1266).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Elizabeth (1224/1232 – 16 January 1265), married in 1244 to Przemysł I of Greater Poland.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Konrad (1228/31 – 6 August 1273/1274).

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Władysław (1237 – 27 April 1270, buried Salzburg Cathedral), Chancellor of Bohemia (1256), Bishop of Passau (1265) and Archbishop of Salzburg (1265–70).

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Agnes (123/1236 – 14 May after 1277), Abbess of St. Clara in Trebnitz.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Hedwig (1238/41 – 3 April 1318), Abbess of St. Clara in Wrocław.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Leo Frankowski's Conrad Stargard series has the time-travelling protagonist decide on Henry as the man he wants to be King of a reunited Poland, and after defeating the Mongols this comes to fruition.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Poland (966–1385)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piast dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Silesia

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Silesia

description: High Duke of Poland

wikidata_label: Henry II the Pious

wikipedia_title: Henry II the Pious


text:
Luanda
Angola
Uganda
Crossarchus ansorgei
Andropadus ansorgei
Polypterus ansorgii
Microctenopoma ansorgii
Enneacampus ansorgii
Afrogecko ansorgii
Hemidactylus ansorgii
Psammophis ansorgii
Silesia
Chapra
Bengal
Mauritius
Bengali
Hindi
Pembroke College, Cambridge
St Bartholomew's Hospital
Nigeria
Benguella
Mossamedes
Portuguese Guinea
Ernst Hartert
Tring
zoology
Edinburgh
Aro Expedition

paragraph: William John Ansorge

paragraph: William John Ansorge (6 April 1850 – 31 October 1913 at Luanda) was a physician who worked in Angola and Uganda and is known for exploring the fauna of the African region. He was posted as a medical officer in Uganda from 1895 to 1898. Several species of animals were named after him by museum taxonomists chiefly in Britain; these include Ansorge's Cusimanse, "Crossarchus ansorgei", Ansorge's Greenbul "Andropadus ansorgei", and many fishes ("Polypterus ansorgii", "Microctenopoma ansorgii", "Phractura ansorgii", "Thysochromis ansorgii", "Enneacampus ansorgii", "Neolebias ansorgii", and "Epiplatys ansorgii").

paragraph: Also, three species of African reptiles were named after him: "Afrogecko ansorgii", "Hemidactylus ansorgii", and "Psammophis ansorgii".

paragraph: Ansorge's ancestors came from Silesia, but William was born in Chapra, Bengal, to Rev. Paul Gotthold Ansorge (who worked in Krishnaghar, Bengal, and later at Mauritius, preaching in Bengali and Hindi in India) in 1850 and studied at the Royal College in Mauritius and then at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He worked briefly at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He then became a professor at the Royal College in Mauritius (1872–1880) and senior professor from 1880 to 1886. He was also District Medical Officer in Uganda and in Southern Nigeria. He travelled across Africa (northern Angola, Benguella, Mossamedes, Portuguese Guinea) and wrote "" in 1899. Ernst Hartert noted that Ansorge was a very valuable collector and contributor to the bird collection of Walter Rothschild at Tring. Hartert noted that Ansorge's knowledge of the species collected was limited and that he lacked a training in zoology. His early collections made from 1892 in Uganda were of poor quality and he received training from Hartert. Hartert notes that he died in Angola at just 64, although giving the appearance of an older man with his white beard.

paragraph: Ansorge married Mary Matilda, daughter of G.E. Ely of Edinburgh, in 1881. They had two sons and a daughter. He received two medals with clasps for his service in Uganda 1897–1898 and for his role in the Aro Expedition of 1901–1902.

description: Physician and zoologist who collected in Africa.

wikidata_label: William John Ansorge

wikipedia_title: William John Ansorge


text:
baseball
catcher
Minnesota Twins
Major League Baseball
La Cueva High School
Albuquerque, New Mexico
college baseball
University of New Mexico
Hyannis Harbor Hawks
Cape Cod Baseball League
Minnesota Twins
2013 Major League Baseball draft
Elizabethton Twins
Cedar Rapids Kernals
Fort Myers Miracle
Arizona Fall League
Chattanooga Lookouts
Rochester Red Wings
batting average
Angels
DH
Shohei Ohtani
Twins
Miguel Sano
New Mexico Lobos bio

categories: Elizabethton Twins players,Major League Baseball catchers,Baseball players from New Mexico,Sportspeople from Albuquerque, New Mexico,Chattanooga Lookouts players,New Mexico Lobos baseball players,Scottsdale Scorpions players,Cedar Rapids Kernels players,Fort Myers Miracle players,Rochester Red Wings players,Hyannis Harbor Hawks players,1991 births,Minnesota Twins players,Living people

paragraph: Mitch Garver

paragraph: Mitchell Lyn Garver (born January 15, 1991) is an American professional baseball catcher for the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball (MLB).

paragraph: Section::::College.

paragraph: Garver attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico and played college baseball at the University of New Mexico. While at New Mexico, he played for the Hyannis Harbor Hawks of the Cape Cod Baseball League in the summer of 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: He was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the ninth round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft. He spent his professional season with the Elizabethton Twins where he batted .243 in 56 games. He spent 2014 with the Cedar Rapids Kernals where he posted a .245 average with 16 home runs and 79 RBI's, and 2015 with the Fort Myers Miracle where he batted .329 in 22 games. After the 2015 season he played in the Arizona Fall League. Garver spent 2016 with both the Chattanooga Lookouts and the Rochester Red Wings, where he posted a combined .270 batting average with 11 home runs and 66 RBI's. He played in the Arizona Fall League after the season for the second consecutive year. The Twins added him to their 40-man roster after the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017.

paragraph: In 2017, Garver was promoted from AAA to the MLB to play with the Twins. Garver debuted on August 19, 2017. He got his first major league hit the next day, and played in 23 games that year, batting .196 (9-for-46) with 3 RBI.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018.

paragraph: In 2018, Garver hit his first home run on April 5, and became the Twins’ primary catcher by May.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2019.

paragraph: On May 14, 2019, Garver suffered a left high ankle sprain after a collision at home plate with Angels DH, Shohei Ohtani. Ohtani was tagged out at home keeping the Twins 4-3 lead. Garver exited the game , and was put on the 10-Day IL, and teammate Miguel Sano was called up to make his 2019 debut.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Mexico Lobos bio

description: Baseball Player

wikidata_label: Mitch Garver

wikipedia_title: Mitch Garver


text: Mexico City

text: Mexican

text: Memín Pinguín

text: Hidalgo

text: Mexico

text: Mexico City

text: Spanish

text: Mad magazine

text: Bio from amiens.com

categories: Writers from Mexico City,2015 deaths,Mexican male writers,People from Hidalgo (state),1934 births

paragraph: Sixto Valencia Burgos

paragraph: Sixto Valencia Burgos (March 28, 1934 – April 23, 2015) was a Mexican cartoon artist based in Mexico City, best known for taking over the responsibility of drawing famed Mexican cartoon character Memín Pinguín.

paragraph: Valencia was born in Tezontepec, Hidalgo, Mexico in 1934. He started sketching characters at age 11, when he and his family moved to Mexico City. Valencia started working as a caricature artist early, and never went to high school.

paragraph: In 1963, Valencia began drawing the best-selling "Memín Pinguín", a black & white comic book that sold 700,000 copies by 1977.

paragraph: Between 1992 and 1993, Valencia was the editor of the Spanish version of Mad magazine.

paragraph: Valencia had been the president of SOMEHI (Syndicate of Mexican comic book artists) since 1998.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio from amiens.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cartoonist defends stereotyped image on new Mexican stamps

description: Mexican cartoonist

wikidata_label: Sixto Valencia Burgos

wikipedia_title: Sixto Valencia Burgos


text:
Dutch Golden Age
still-life
painting
Delft
Evert van Aelst
Guild of Saint Luke
Florence
Ferdinando II de' Medici
Tuscany
Matthias Withoos
Otto Marseus van Schrieck
Rome
Bentvueghels
Amsterdam
Prinsengracht
Rachel Ruysch
Isaac Denies
Maria van Oosterwijck
Ernst Stuven
Website on Willem van Aelst in Delft
Online gallery and literature
Vermeer and The Delft School

categories: Members of the Delft Guild of Saint Luke,Dutch Golden Age painters,Flower artists,Dutch male painters,Members of the Bentvueghels,1683 deaths,Artists from Delft,1627 births

paragraph: Willem van Aelst

paragraph: Willem van Aelst (16 May 1627 – buried 22 May 1683) was a Dutch Golden Age artist who specialized in still-life painting with flowers or game.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Van Aelst was born in Delft to a family of prominent city magistrates. He learned to paint from his uncle, the still-life painter Evert van Aelst. On 9 November 1643 he enrolled as a master of the Guild of Saint Luke at Delft.

paragraph: Between 1645 and 1649 he lived in France. In 1649 Van Aelst travelled to Florence, where he served as court painter to Ferdinando II de' Medici, grand duke of Tuscany. Here he was known as "Guillielmo d'Olanda". At this time, the grand duke also employed two fellow Dutchmen Matthias Withoos and Otto Marseus van Schrieck, the latter also a still-life painter who probably influenced Van Aelst's style. Ferdinando II publicly presented Van Aelst with a gold chain and medal, as a testimony of his approbation and an acknowledgement of his talents.

paragraph: It has been conjectured that Van Aelst visited Rome where he became a member of the Bentvueghels, an association of mainly Dutch and Flemish artists active in Rome. This conjecture is based, not very convincingly, on his practice during the years 1657/58 to sign his works with his name followed by: ‘alias (and a drawn stick figure)'. Some interpreted this as a reference to a Bent name (the nickname that a member of the Bentvueghels would adopt) – De Vogelverschrikker (Dutch for 'scarecrow')- but there are no documents confirming this.

paragraph: In 1656 he returned to the Netherlands to settle permanently in Amsterdam. He became one of the most prominent still-life painters of his generation, which allowed him to live on the Prinsengracht. He must have at Amsterdam died in 1683 or shortly thereafter, as his latest dated work is from that year. Van Aelst taught Rachel Ruysch, Isaac Denies, Maria van Oosterwijck, and Ernst Stuven.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Van Aelst has paintings in public collections including thirteen paintings in public collections in the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website on Willem van Aelst in Delft

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online gallery and literature at PubHist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Willem van Aelst

alias:
Guillmo van Aelst
Guillielmo d'Olanda
Willem van Aalst
Willem Van Alest
Willem Van Aelst
Willem Van Aalst
Gullelmo van Aalst
Willem Valdenast
Willem Van Haelst
Willem Vander Aalst
Guillelmo van Aalst
Willem Vander Aelst
Willem Van Elst
Willem Valdenaft
Guillelmo van Aelst
Guglielmo von Alst
Willem Von Olst
Willem Jansz van Aelst
Guillielmo d' Olanda
Vanolsten
B. van Aalst
Will. Verhelst
van Aelst
Gulielmo V. Alest
van aelst wm
Van Ailst
Van Haelst
Guill: van Aelst
van Aals
Guillaume Van-Aelst
Will. Varelst
Van Alest
N. Van Aelst
Gilemo van Aelst
V. Aelst
W. Van Aelst
Guillimo van Aelst
William Van Alst
Guiellmo van Aelst
Guillielmo van Aelst
Will. Verelst
Guiljam van Aelst
Vanelst
A. van Aalst
Guomo. van Aelst
Will von der Alst
Guiellemo van Aelst
Guiljelmo van Aelst
William Verelst
G.me van Aelst
W. Verelst
Guill. Van Aelst
Guli. Van Aelst
Varnas fiammengo
V. Alst
Varnas fiammingo
Guliel. Van Alst
Will. Verelt
W. van Aalst
Gme. Van Alst
Valdenast
Guiellimo van Aelst
Guellimo van Aelst
willem van alst
willem van aelst
van der Alst
Wilhem Van Alst
Monsù Guliel.o
Guilielmo van Aelst
Van Alst
Valdenaft
G. van Aalst
VVilliam Verelst
Gillis van Aalst
Guilielmo van Aalst
Van Elst
Guillaume Van Aelst
Von Olst
Wm. Van Aelst
Wilhelm van Aelst
Vander Aelst
Vander Ælst
Guill. Van-Aelst
Monsù Gulielmo
Willhelm van Aelst
William Varelst
Guil. van Aelst
Guglielmo Vaalest
Aelst
Wm. van der Aalst
William van Aelst
Van Aalst
G. van Aelst
van der Aalst
Guglielmo Vanlest
G. v. Aalst
Guomo van Aelst
Monsù Guglielmo
G. van Aolst
Guill. Van Achst
Guillaume van Aelst
Vander Aalst
Guilleuame van Aalst

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Willem van Aelst

wikipedia_title: Willem van Aelst


text:
costumbrista
Francisco de Goya
Madrid
Eugenio Lucas Velázquez
Jenaro Pérez Villaamil
National Exhibition of Fine Arts
Aragonese
majas and chisperos
Museo del Prado
José Lázaro Galdiano
fresco
Order of Charles III

categories: 19th-century Spanish painters,Spanish genre painters,1918 deaths,Spanish male painters,1858 births,20th-century Spanish painters

paragraph: Eugenio Lucas Villaamil

paragraph: Eugenio Lucas Villaamil, sometimes called "The Younger" (14 January 1858 – 23 January 1918) was a Spanish costumbrista painter. Many of his works were painted in the style of Francisco de Goya; and the attributions are sometimes confused.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Madrid. Although the circumstances surrounding his identity and legitimacy were once quite uncertain, it is now agreed that he was the legitimate son of the painter, Eugenio Lucas Velázquez and his wife, Francisca, the youngest sister of Jenaro Pérez Villaamil. His first art lessons were in his father's studio and his formal studies were at the "Escuela Especial de Pintura de Madrid". He made his début at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts shortly after graduating.

paragraph: His paintings always showed the influence of his father. He specialized in Aragonese themes; notably in his bullfight scenes which were often very ornate. Traditional costumbrista scenes of Madrid, featuring colorful majas and chisperos, were also one of his fortés and were very popular. Many of his early works were 18th century tableaus.

paragraph: He made copies of many of Goya's paintings, from the Museo del Prado and the private collection of José Lázaro Galdiano. He also painted frescoes in Galdiano's home, which is now a museum. In addition, he was popular as a portrait painter among the bourgeoisie and, in contrast to his costumbrista works, also provided them with scenes from high society; often with a Parisian flavor.

paragraph: Despite his popularity and his being awarded the Order of Charles III, he never quite emerged from the shadow of his father. In fact, some of his works were mistakenly attributed to his father and are still in the process of being properly identified. He died in Madrid, aged 60.

alias:
Eugenio Lucas Villamil
Eugenio de Villamil
Eugenio Lucas the Younger
Eugenio Lucas Villaamil, the Younger
Lucas Villamill
Eugenio Lucas y Villaamil
Eugenio Lucas y Villamil
Eugenio Lucas
Eugenio Vilamil
Lucas the Younger
Eugenio Villamil
Lucas Villamil
Eugenio De Villamil
Eugenio, the younger Lucas
Eugenio Villamil Lucas
Eugenio, the younger Lucas Villaamil
lucas eugenio

description: Spanish painter

wikidata_label: Eugenio Lucas Villaamil

wikipedia_title: Eugenio Lucas Villaamil


text:
Elbing
Königsberg
surgeon
ophthalmologist
University of Königsberg
Ludwig Wilhelm Sachs
Karl Ernst von Baer
Karl Friedrich Burdach
habilitation
Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel
Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia
East Prussia
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach
strabismus
blepharoplasty
cheiloplasty
pedicle flap
Burow's solution
aluminium subacetate
glacial acetic acid
optometer
focal length

categories: 1809 births,1874 deaths,People from Elbląg,University of Königsberg faculty,German surgeons,University of Königsberg alumni

paragraph: Karl August Burow

paragraph: Karl Heinrich August Burow (10 November 1809 in Elbing – 15 April 1874 in Königsberg) was a German surgeon and ophthalmologist.

paragraph: From 1830 he studied at the University of Königsberg, where his influences included Ludwig Wilhelm Sachs, Karl Ernst von Baer and Karl Friedrich Burdach. In 1839 he obtained his habilitation and in 1844 became an associate professor. In 1846 he opened a private medical clinic in Konigsberg, in which he specialized in ophthalmology and surgery. In 1859 he resigned his professorship and became a "Sanitätsrat" (medical officer). In 1866 he was a consultant physician to the army of Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel, and in 1870 performed in a similar role to the army of Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia.

paragraph: He was the first surgeon in East Prussia to perform Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach's surgery for strabismus. He is also credited for introducing new methods of blepharoplasty and cheiloplasty. The term "Burow's triangle" is defined as a triangle of skin and subcutaneous fat excised so that a pedicle flap can be advanced without buckling the adjacent tissue. Burow was a passionate advocate of open wound treatment.

paragraph: Burow's solution is a preparation of aluminium subacetate and glacial acetic acid. It has astringent and antiseptic properties and is used for various skin conditions.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beiträge zur Physiologie und Physik des menschlichen Auges", 1841 – Contributions to the physiology and physics of the human eye.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resultate der Beobachtung an 137 Schieloperationen", 1844 – Observations of 137 strabismus surgeries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beschreibung einer neuen Transplantations-Methode : Methode der seitlichen Dreiecke", 1855 – Description of a new transplant method (method of lateral triangles).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ein neues Optometer : Mit 3 lithogr. Tafeln", 1863 – A new optometer: with 3 lithographs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über die Reihenfolge der Brillen-Brennweiten", 1864 – On the sequence of eyeglass focal lengths.

description: German military surgeon and ophthalmologist

wikidata_label: Karl Heinrich August Burow

wikipedia_title: Karl August Burow


text:
percussionist
organist
keyboard player
jazz fusion
Jack DeJohnette
Han Bennink
Peter Erskine
David Holland
Rock music
free improvisation
Peter Schärli
sextet
Michel Wintsch
Guillaume Perret
Co Streiff
Hilaria Kramer
Karoline Höfler
James Carter
Tom Varner
Steffen Schorn
Amampondo
Darius Brubeck
Corin Curschellas
Hélène Labarrière
Sylvie Courvoisier
Jacques Demierre
Ohad Talmor
Erik Truffaz
Philippe Aerts
Glenn Ferris

categories: Swiss percussionists,1964 births,Swiss organists,21st-century organists,Swiss jazz musicians,Women organists,Living people,People from Nyon

paragraph: Béatrice Graf

paragraph: Béatrice Graf (2 April 1964) is a Swiss percussionist, organist and keyboard player of jazz fusion and modern jazz.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Graf studied at the "Conservatoire Populaire de Musique de Genève" until 1989 and finished the workshop of Jack DeJohnette, Han Bennink, Peter Erskine and David Holland. Since 1992, she has worked as a professional musician also in the genre of Rock music and the free improvisation. She has been the member of Peter Schärli's sextet and the member of the ensemble Four Roses for a long time. She is also the leader of her own group and played in duo with musician like Philippe Ehinger (Beat and Lip), Helene Corini, Michel Wintsch, Vinz Volanthan, Jan Gordon Lenox and Guillaume Perret. She performs also as a solist. She works with Co Streiff, Hilaria Kramer and Karoline Höfler in the quartet "Retrabra". The other musicians, whom she has performed with, are James Zollar, James Carter, Tom Varner, Steffen Schorn, Al Grey junior, Amampondo, the Orchestre National du Sénégal, Darius Brubeck and Matthew Brubeck, Corin Curschellas, Hélène Labarrière, Sylvie Courvoisier, Jacques Demierre, Ohad Talmor, Erik Truffaz, Hilde Kappes und Philippe Aerts. She has performed in the international festivals and has given concerts in the Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Britain, France, Liechtenstein, Russia, North America and Latin America and Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Schärli Special Sextet feat. Glenn Ferris and Tom Varner: "Hot Peace" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beat and Lip" (Altrisuoni 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Roses: "Histoire d’eau" (Altrisuoni, 2001, with Florence Chitacumbi, Florence Melnotte, and Karoline Höfler)

description: Swiss drummer

wikidata_label: Béatrice Graf

wikipedia_title: Béatrice Graf


text:
innkeeper
Austin, Texas
Texas Archive War
Sumner County, Tennessee
first cousin
New Orleans, Louisiana
Texas Revolution
Mexican forces
Bastrop, Texas
Austin
Mirabeau B. Lamar
Sam Houston
Washington-on-the-Brazos
cannon
Archive War
Port Lavaca
Indianola
bronze statue
Pat Oliphant
Angelina Eberly

categories: 1860 deaths,1798 births,People from Sumner County, Tennessee,People from Port Lavaca, Texas,People from Austin, Texas,American hoteliers

paragraph: Angelina Eberly

paragraph: Angelina Belle Peyton Eberly (July 2, 1798 – August 15, 1860) was an innkeeper and a hero of Austin, Texas in the Texas Archive War.

paragraph: Angelina was born to John and Margaret (Hamilton) Peyton in Sumner County, Tennessee. In 1818 she married her first cousin, Jonathan C. Peyton, and moved with him to New Orleans, Louisiana. They opened an inn and tavern in San Felipe de Austin from 1825 until 1834, when Jonathan Peyton died. Angelina continued to operate the inn and tavern until the Texas Revolution, when the town was destroyed to prevent capture by Mexican forces.

paragraph: In 1836 she met and married Captain Jacob Eberly, a widower. They lived briefly in Bastrop, Texas and moved to Austin in 1839, opening the Eberly House. On October 18, 1839, President Mirabeau B. Lamar and his cabinet dined in her tavern and his successor, Sam Houston, resided at Eberly House rather than the presidential mansion. Jacob Eberly died in 1841.

paragraph: In December 1842, Houston ordered the secret removal of the archives of the Republic to safekeeping in Washington-on-the-Brazos. Mrs. Eberly, realizing that the symbols of national government were being removed from the city, fired a six-pound cannon into the General Land Office Building, arousing the town to what they considered theft. The ensuing conflict became known as the Archive War, which was won by the Austinites, preserving Austin as capital of Texas and keeper of the archives.

paragraph: In April 1847 Angelina moved to Port Lavaca and operated Edward Clegg's Tavern House. The next year, she moved to Indianola and ran the American Hotel there until her death in 1860 at the age of 62. She was buried in a cemetery outside Lavaca and left her $50,000 estate to her grandson, Peyton Bell Lytle.

paragraph: A bronze statue of Angelina Eberly, created by Pat Oliphant, stands near the place where Eberly helped preserve Austin as Texas' capital city.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angelina Eberly at the Handbook of Texas Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Austin American-Statesman, July 11, 1937. Mary Austin Holley Papers, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas at Austin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Wiltz Kemp (January 1933). "Mrs. Angelina B. Eberly," "Southwestern Historical Quarterly". No. 36

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Richard King (1981) "The Lady Cannoneer". Burnet, Texas: Eakin Press.

description: Texan hero

wikidata_label: Angelina Eberly

wikipedia_title: Angelina Eberly


text:
swordsman
Chiba Prefecture
Katori Shrine
Otake, Risuke

categories: Martial arts school founders,Samurai,People from Chiba Prefecture,Japanese centenarians,1387 births,1488 deaths

paragraph: Iizasa Ienao

paragraph: He was reputed to be a respected spearman and swordsman who served the Chiba family in what is today Chiba Prefecture. When his hometown was destroyed he began wandering the land until he settled down near the Katori Shrine and founded the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū in c.1447.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Lange, William (2006). "Famous Japanese Swordsmen: The Warring States Period", Floating World Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otake, Risuke (1977). "The Deity and the Sword - Katori Shinto-ryu", Vol 1, Japan, Japan Publications Trading Co. (Original Japanese title for all three volumes in this series is "Mukei Bunkazai Katori Shinto-ryu")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall, David Avalon. "Marishiten: Buddhism and the warrior Goddess", Ph.D. dissertation, Ann Arbor: University microfilms, p. 274-292 are about TSKSR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skoss, Diane (editor) (1999). "Sword & Spirit, Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan", vol 2., p. 67-69

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watatani, Kiyoshi (1967). "Zusetsu Kobudōshi", Tokyo

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Iizasa Ienao

wikipedia_title: Iizasa Ienao


text: Major League Baseball

text: relief pitcher

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: New York Mets

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Florida Marlins

text: Rockies

text: Byung-hyun Kim

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: four-seam

text: two-seam fastball

text: slider

text: changeup

text: Montreal Expos

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Ryan Minor

text: ERA

text: innings pitched

text: ERA

text: save

text: strikeout

text: innings

text: American League

text: Rookie of the Year

text: closer

text: B. J. Ryan

text: set-up man

text: earned run

text: appearances

text: New York Mets

text: prospect

text: John Maine

text: Kris Benson

text: bullpen

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Orlando Hernández

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Orlando Hernández

text: José Valverde

text: Florida Marlins

text: Yusmeiro Petit

text: Florida Marlins

text: Yusmeiro Petit

text: spring training

text: walk-off

text: grand slam

text: Ryan Zimmerman

text: Washington Nationals

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Byung-hyun Kim

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Byung-hyun Kim

text: middle relief

text: Scott Hairston

text: free agency

text: free agency

text: minor-league

text: Cleveland Indians

text: opening day

text: designated for assignment

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Tampa Bay Rays

text: Durham Bulls

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Bridgeport Bluefish

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Retrosheet

text: Pura Pelota (VPBL stats)

categories: Cleveland Indians players,Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States,Atlanta Braves players,1979 births,Colorado Rockies players,New York Mets players,Indianapolis Indians players,Rochester Red Wings players,Tiburones de La Guaira players,Gulf Coast Expos players,Major League Baseball players from Venezuela,Bridgeport Bluefish players,Cape Fear Crocs players,West Palm Beach Expos players,Bowie Baysox players,Vermont Expos players,Estrellas Orientales players,Durham Bulls players,Richmond Braves players,Caribbean Series players,Milwaukee Brewers players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Jupiter Hammerheads players,Leones del Caracas players,Florida Marlins players,Baltimore Orioles players,Arizona Diamondbacks players,Sportspeople from Caracas

paragraph: Jorge Julio

paragraph: Jorge Dandys Julio Tapia (born March 3, 1979) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He previously played for the Baltimore Orioles from 2001 to 2005, New York Mets and Arizona Diamondbacks in 2006, and the Florida Marlins in 2007 before being traded to the Rockies for Byung-hyun Kim. He had brief stints with the Cleveland Indians and Atlanta Braves in 2008, and also with the Milwaukee Brewers in 2009. He bats and throws right-handed.

paragraph: Julio, who throws extremely hard, features both a four-seam and a two-seam fastball in the 95–100 MPH range and has thrown even harder on occasion. He also has a downward-breaking slider, which comes in at between 86 and 90 MPH, and occasionally throws a changeup as well.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Montreal Expos.

paragraph: Julio signed with the Montreal Expos on February 14, 1996. He played in their minor league organization until he was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Ryan Minor on December 22, 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Julio's first season in the majors was 2001 with the Orioles, in which he compiled a record of 1 win and 1 loss with a 3.80 ERA in 21.1 innings pitched; however, Julio's first full season in the majors was 2002, in which he went 5–6, posting a 1.99 ERA with 25 saves and 55 strikeouts in 68 innings. He finished third in the American League Rookie of the Year voting with 1 second-place vote and 11 third-place votes. However, he was unable to duplicate his rookie season success in the seasons that followed and eventually lost his job as the Orioles closer to B. J. Ryan at the end of 2004. Julio began 2005 as the set-up man for Ryan. During April of that season, he allowed just one earned run in 12 ⅔ innings pitched; despite that, his performance declined and he finished the season 3–5 with a 5.90 ERA in 67 appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:New York Mets.

paragraph: On January 21, 2006, Julio was dealt to the New York Mets with pitching prospect John Maine in exchange for Kris Benson. He began the season in the Mets bullpen, but was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 24, 2006, for Orlando Hernández.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: He was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 24, 2006, for Orlando Hernández. He replaced José Valverde as the Arizona closer and saved 15 games in 19 opportunities before losing the closer job to Valverde in early September. On March 26, 2007, Julio was traded to the Florida Marlins for Yusmeiro Petit

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: On March 26, 2007, Julio was traded to the Florida Marlins for Yusmeiro Petit and was named their closer coming out of spring training. But after failing to record a save in three opportunities, he was removed from the closer role in mid-April. On May 12, 2007, in his last outing as a Marlin, he gave up a walk-off grand slam to Ryan Zimmerman of the Washington Nationals. He was traded to the Colorado Rockies for Byung-hyun Kim the following day.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: He was traded to the Colorado Rockies for Byung-hyun Kim in May 2007. He pitched in both a middle relief and a set-up role for Colorado, appearing in 58 games and posting an 0–3 record with a 3.93 ERA for the Rockies. He also gave up a two-run homer in the 13th inning to Scott Hairston in the 2007 Wild Card Game Playoff. The Rockies rallied to win the game in the bottom for the 13th. Julio was granted free agency from the Rockies on October 27, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Cleveland Indians.

paragraph: Julio was granted free agency from the Rockies on October 27, 2007; he promptly signed a minor-league deal with the Cleveland Indians on January 31, 2008, and was invited to their spring training camp. His contract was purchased by the team on March 25, 2008, and he was on their opening day roster. However, after 15 generally ineffective relief appearances, he was designated for assignment on May 28, 2008, and was later released on June 2. He posted a 0–0 record and 5.60 ERA in those 15 appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: Shortly after his release, Julio signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves. In the final month of the 2008 season, Julio appeared in 12 games for the Braves, winning three games and posting a 0.73 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: On December 4, 2008, Julio signed a one-year contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. On June 2, 2009, Julio was released by the Brewers, after compiling a 1–1 record and a 7.79 earned run average.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Tampa Bay Rays.

paragraph: Julio was signed by the Tampa Bay Rays on June 9, 2009, and reported to their Triple-A affiliate Durham Bulls. He was later released on August 7, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: On August 30, 2009, Julio signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. In November 2009 he filed for free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Bridgeport Bluefish.

paragraph: On April 2, 2010, Julio signed a deal to join the independent Bridgeport Bluefish for the 2010 season. Pitching coach Fred Stackson has commented that Julio is gaining consistency with his delivery, especially to right-handed batters. In January 2011, he agreed to a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates, but he did not pitch in 2011. He returned to Bridgeport in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball all-time saves leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (VPBL stats)

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Jorge Julio

wikipedia_title: Jorge Julio


text:
Tour de Pologne
Dennis

categories: People from Jena,German male cyclists,1958 births,People from Bezirk Gera,Living people

paragraph: Lutz Haueisen

paragraph: Lutz Haueisen (born 12 October 1958) is a retired German amateur cyclist. He won two world titles in track events, in 1979 and 1981. His best achievement on the road was second place in the prologue of Tour de Pologne in 1986. His son Dennis (born 1978) is a professional road cyclist.

description: East German cyclist

wikidata_label: Lutz Haueisen

wikipedia_title: Lutz Haueisen


text: Wendisch-Ossig

text: Saxony

text: Leipzig

text: German

text: composer

text: conductor

text: Singspiel

text: Christian Felix Weiße

text: Elisabeth Mara

text: Corona Schröter

text: Kapellmeister

text: Abel Seyler

text: theatrical company

text: Leipzig Gewandhaus

text: Wendisch-Ossig

text: Görlitz

text: Kreuzschule

text: Dresden

text: Gottfried August Homilius

text: University of Leipzig

text: Leipzig

text: Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts

text: Corona Schröter

text: Gertrud Elisabeth Mara

text: Daniel Gottlob Türk

text: Paulinerkirche

text: University of Leipzig

text: Concerts spirituels

text: one hundredth Psalm

text: Duke of Courland

text: Mitau

text: Courland

text: Breslau

text: Thomaskirche

text: Thomanerchor

text: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: Ferdinand Hiller

text: Max Reger

text: Hasse

text: Gluck

text: Chabanon

text: pedagogy

text: Johann Adam Hiller biography

categories: People educated at the Kreuzschule,Leipzig University alumni,German male poets,German conductors (music),German male novelists,People from Zgorzelec County,German composers,1728 births,Seyler theatrical company,1804 deaths,German male conductors (music),German male dramatists and playwrights,People from the Electorate of Saxony,Thomaskantors

paragraph: Johann Adam Hiller

paragraph: Johann Adam Hiller (25 December 1728, Wendisch-Ossig, Saxony – 16 June 1804, Leipzig) was a German composer, conductor and writer on music, regarded as the creator of the Singspiel, an early form of German opera. In many of these operas he collaborated with the poet Christian Felix Weiße.

paragraph: Furthermore, Hiller was a teacher who encouraged musical education for women, his pupils including Elisabeth Mara and Corona Schröter. He was Kapellmeister of Abel Seyler's theatrical company, and became the first Kapellmeister of Leipzig Gewandhaus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: By the death of his father in 1734, Hiller was left dependent to a large extent on the charity of friends. He came from a musical family, and also learned the basics of music from a school master in his home town, Wendisch-Ossig. From 1740 to 1745, he was a student at the Gymnasium in Görlitz, where his fine soprano voice earned him free tuition. In 1746 he went to study at the famous Kreuzschule in Dresden. There he took keyboard and basso continuo lessons with Gottfried August Homilius.

paragraph: In 1751, he enrolled in the University of Leipzig to study law, supporting himself by giving music lessons, and also by performing at concerts both on the flute and as a vocalist. Hiller immersed himself in the rich musical life of the town, and gradually adopted music as his sole profession. He took an active role in the "Großes Concert", which was the leading concert undertaking in Leipzig. During that time he wrote several symphonies, church cantatas, and arias, as well as a fragmentary Singspiel entitled "Das Orackle". Hiller also published an essay on the "Mimesis of Nature in Music" ("Abhandlung über die Nachahmung der Natur in der Musik") in 1754. That year he got his first break when he became steward and tutor to the son of Count Brühl in Dresden. He accompanied the Count to Leipzig in 1758. He remained in that position until 1760 when health problems (depression) forced him to resign. It was during his stay there that he conceived the idea of reviving some subscription concerts, an attempt which ultimately led to the founding of the Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts of which he was the first conductor.

paragraph: Back in Leipzig, Hiller became the director of the "Großes Concert", a position he held until 1771. That year he founded a singing school. Four years later, Hiller founded his own concert society, the "Musikübende Gesellschaft". In his Leipzig school, he trained young musicians in singing and playing instruments. Two of his most famous students were Corona Schröter and Gertrud Elisabeth Mara née Schmeling, both acclaimed vocalists. He also taught organist and composer Daniel Gottlob Türk. In 1778 Hiller was appointed music director at the Paulinerkirche, the church of the University of Leipzig. During that time he also organized Concerts spirituels for Lent.

paragraph: To Hiller has been given the credit of being the originator of the Singspiel, the beginning of German comedy opera as distinct from the French and Italian developments. The most important of his operas were: "Lottchen am Hofe" (Lottie at court, 1760), "Der Teufel ist los" (The devil is loose, 1768), and "Poltis, oder Das gerettete Troja" (Poltis, or Troy rescued, 1782). The lyrics of all his Singspiele were of considerable musical value, and were long popular. Among his sacred compositions are: "A Passion Cantata", "Funeral Music in Honor of Hasse", a setting of the one hundredth Psalm; and a few symphonies.

paragraph: In the 1780s he acquired new positions with increased alacrity. In 1781 he became conductor of the Gewandhaus concerts. During the same year he visited the court of the Duke of Courland in Mitau, a journey that resulted in Hiller's appointment as Kapellmeister there four years later. In addition to his posts at the "Gewandhaus" and the "Paulinerkirche", in 1783 he also became the music director of the "Neukirche" which made him a top authority on music in Leipzig. However, when taking up his new job in Mitau in 1785 he resigned all his posts in Leipzig. Due to the unstable political situation at the court of Courland he resigned from his position there after only one year. Since he no longer had any occupation in Leipzig he had to organize concerts to earn his living, but fortunately he was able to secure for himself the post of music director of the city of Breslau in 1787. He spent two years in Breslau and returned to Leipzig in 1789 to become cantor at the "Thomaskirche", conducting the Thomanerchor, a position filled by Johann Sebastian Bach before. Hiller held the post until 1801 when he resigned due to his age.

paragraph: In addition, Hiller carried out notable work as an editor and publisher of other composers' output, and wrote considerably concerning musical topics. Indeed, he was one of the most important German musical scholars and writers of the eighteenth century. He was the father of the composer Friedrich Adam Hiller (c. 1767–1812), but he was not related to the musician Ferdinand Hiller.

paragraph: Section::::Operas.

paragraph: A theme from Hiller's opera "Der Erndtekranz" was the basis for Max Reger's orchestral Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Hiller (1907).

paragraph: Section::::Literary production.

paragraph: Hiller's major contribution in this field include the "Wöchentliche Nachrichten", a music journal in which he published reviews of performances, new music publications, and essays on various music related topics. From his articles in this journal it becomes clear that Hiller was open to new trends in music, and that he preferred Hasse over J. S. Bach and Gluck. Writings of Hiller on aesthetic issues include the "Abhandlung über die Nachahmung der Natur in der Musik" (1754) and "Über die Musik und deren Wirkungen" (1781), which is a translation from Chabanon’s "Observations sur la musique".

paragraph: As a historian Hiller published a series of anecdotes and biographies, the "Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte großer Regenten und berühmter Staatsmänner and Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Musikgelehrten und Tonkünstler neuerer Zeit" and the "Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Musikgelehrten und Tonkünstler neuerer Zeit".

paragraph: The majority of his writings concern pedagogy. In these publications Hiller presents himself as a highly competent teacher who regarded knowledge of music an essential part of everyone's education.

paragraph: Section::::Literary production.:List of writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abhandlung über die Nachahmung der Natur in der Musik" in Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg: "Historisch-kritische Beyträge zur Aufnahme der Musik", vol. 1 (Berlin, 1754)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anecdoten zur Lebensgeschichte großer Regenten und berühmter Staatsmänner" (Leipzig, 1766–72)

paragraph: BULLET::::- As an editor: "Wöchentliche Nachrichten und Anmerkungen die Musik betreffend" (Leipzig, 1766–70)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anweisung zur Singekunst in der deutschen und italienischen Sprache" (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1773)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Musikalisches Handbuch für die Liebhaber des Gesanges und Claviers" (Leipzig, 1773)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anweisung zum musikalisch-richtigen Gesange" (Leipzig, 1774, enlarged 1798)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exempel-Buch der Anweisung zum Singen" (Leipzig, 1774)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anweisung zum musikalisch-zierlichen Gesange (Leipzig, 1780)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Musikgelehrten und Tonkünstler neuerer Zeit" (Leipzig, 1784). Includes autobiography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über Metastasio und seine Werke" (Leipzig,1786)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nachricht von der Aufführung des Händelschen Messias, in der Domkirche zu Berlin den 19. May 1786"(Berlin, 1786)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fragmente aus Händels Messias, nebst Betrachtungen über die Aufführung Händelscher Singcompositionen"" (Leipzig, 1787)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über Alt und Neu in der Musik" (Leipzig,1787)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Was ist wahre Kirchenmusik?" (Leipzig, 1789)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Co-authored with J. A. Hasse: "Beyträge zu wahrer Kirchenmusik" (Leipzig, 2/1791)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kurze und erleichterte Anweisung zum Singen" (Leipzig, 1792)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anweisung zum Violinspielen für Schulen und zum Selbstunterrichte" (Leipzig, 1792)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erinnerungen gegen das Melodien-Register in Freyes kleiner Lieder-Konkordanz" (Leipzig, 1798)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Bauman: "North German Opera in the Age of Goethe" (Cambridge, 1985).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgy Calmus: "Die ersten deutschen Singspiele von Standfuss und Hiller" (Leipzig, 1908).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kyoko Kawada: "Studien zu den Singspielen von Johann Adam Hiller (1728–1804)", diss., University of Marburg, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Naumann: "Johann Adam Hiller: eine bescheidene Würdigung seiner Verdienste als Mensch, Künstler und Schulmann" (Leipzig, 1804).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Peiser: "Johann Adam Hiller" (Leipzig, 1894).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Friedrich Reichardt: "Briefe eines aufmerksamen Reisenden die Musik betreffend", 1st vol. (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1774), 2nd vol. (Frankfurt and Breslau, 1776).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Rochlitz: "Zum Andenken Johann Adam Hillers", in: "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung", vol. 6 (1803–4), pp. 845–58, 861–72.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Adam Hiller biography

description: German composer and conductor

wikidata_label: Johann Adam Hiller

wikipedia_title: Johann Adam Hiller


text: Roman

text: Christian

text: poet

text: Roman

text: Tarraconensis

text: Spain

text: Saragossa

text: Tarragona

text: Calahorra

text: Theodosius I

text: Tertullian

text: St. Ambrose

text: Bible

text: martyr

text: hymn

text: Of the Father's Love Begotten

text: Epiphany

text: Earth Has Many A Noble City

text: Psychomachia

text: C. S. Lewis

text: Luxuria

text: Horace

text: Statius

text: Henri d'Andeli

text: Pope Damasus I

text: Trinity

text: divinity

text: Jesus

text: Gnostic

text: dualism

text: Marcion

text: Psychomachia

text: faith

text: cardinal virtues

text: idolatry

text: vice

text: Symmachus

text: pagan

text: senator

text: Victory

text: Gratian

text: quatrain

text: caption

text: mural

text: basilica

text: Conybeare, C.

text: Liber peristephanon

text: The Catholic Encyclopedia

text: The Christian Classics Ethereal Library

categories: 4th-century Latin writers,4th-century Roman poets,4th-century Christians,Christian poets,5th-century Christians,4th-century Romans,5th-century Latin writers,Year of birth unknown,Christian writers,Romans from Hispania,5th-century Roman poets,5th-century deaths,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Prudentius

paragraph: Aurelius Prudentius Clemens () was a Roman Christian poet, born in the Roman province of Tarraconensis (now Northern Spain) in 348. He probably died in the Iberian Peninsula some time after 405, possibly around 413. The place of his birth is uncertain, but it may have been Caesaraugusta (Saragossa), Tarraco (Tarragona), or Calagurris (Calahorra).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Prudentius practiced law with some success, and was twice provincial governor, perhaps in his native country, before the emperor Theodosius I summoned him to court. Towards the end of his life (possibly around 392) Prudentius retired from public life to become an ascetic, fasting until evening and abstaining entirely from animal food; and writing poems, hymns, and controversial works in defence of Christianity. Prudentius later collected the Christian poems written during this period and added a preface, which he himself dated 405.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: The poetry of Prudentius is influenced by early Christian authors, such as Tertullian and St. Ambrose, as well as the Bible and the acts of the martyrs. His hymn "Da, puer, plectrum" (including "Corde natus ex parentis": "Of the Father's Love Begotten") and the hymn for Epiphany "O sola magnarum urbium" ("Earth Has Many A Noble City"), both from the "Cathemerinon", are still in use today.

paragraph: The allegorical "Psychomachia", however, is his most influential work, incorporating as it did elements of both Hellenic epic and inner psychological conflict. It became the inspiration and wellspring of medieval allegorical literature, its influence (according to C. S. Lewis) exceeding its intrinsic artistic merit. In the battle between virtue and vice, full weight is given to the power of Luxuria, “Flowershod and swaying from the wine cup, Every step a fragrance”. With her attendants Beauty and Pleasure, and her weapons of rose-petals and violets, she succeeds in swaying the army of Virtue “in surrender to love”, before succumbing to ultimate defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: With his merger of Christianity with classical culture, Prudentius was one of the most popular medieval authors, being aligned as late as the 13th century alongside such figures as Horace and Statius in Henri d'Andeli's "Battle of the Seven Arts" between Grammar (poetry) and Logic.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The list of Prudentius's works given in the preface to his autobiography mentions the hymns, poems against the Priscillianists and against Symmachus and Perislephanon. The Diptychon is not mentioned. The twelve hymns of the Cathernerinon liber ("Daily Round") consist of six for daily use, five for festivals, and one intended for every hour of the day.

paragraph: The specific works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber Cathemerinon" -- ("Book in Accordance with the Hours") comprises 12 lyric poems on various times of the day and on church festivals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" -- ("Crowns of Martyrdom") contains 14 lyric poems on Spanish and Roman martyrs. Some were suggested to Prudentius by sacred images in churches or by the inscriptions of Pope Damasus I.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apotheosis" -- ("Deification") attacks disclaimers of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hamartigenia" -- ("The Origin of Sin") attacks the Gnostic dualism of Marcion and his followers. In this and the "Apotheosis", Tertullian is the source of inspiration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psychomachia" -- ("Battle of Souls") describes the struggle of faith, supported by the cardinal virtues, against idolatry and the corresponding vices.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libri contra Symmachum" -- ("Books Against Symmachus") oppose the pagan senator Symmachus's requests that the altar of Victory, which had been removed by Gratian, be restored to the Senate house.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dittochæon" -- ("The Double Testament") contains 49 quatrains intended as captions for the murals of a basilica in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bergman, J. (ed.). "Aurelii Prudenti Clementis carmina". Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1926. (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, 61).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cunningham, M.P. (ed.). "Aurelii Prudentii Clementis Carmina". Turnhout: Brepols, 1966 (Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina, 126).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson, H.J. (ed. and trans.). "Prudentius". 2 vols. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1949-53 (Loeb Classical Library).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tränkle, H. (ed.). Prudentius, "Contra Symmachum - Gegen Symmachus". Turnhout: Brepols, 2008. 284 p. (Fontes Christiani, 85).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albrecht, M. von. 1997. "Prudentius." In "A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius with Special Regard to its Influence on World Literature." Vol. 2. By M. von Albrecht. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cameron, A. 2011. "The last Pagans of Rome." New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conybeare, C. 2007. "Sanctum, Lector, Percense Volumen: Snakes, Readers, and the Whole Text in Prudentius’s Hamartigenia." In "The Early Christian Book." Edited by W. E. Klingshirn and L. Safran, 225–240. Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deferrari, Roy J., and James Marshall Campbell. 1932. "A Concordance of Prudentius." Cambridge, Mass.: The Mediaeval Academy of America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dykes, A. 2011. "Reading Sin in the World: The Hamartigenia of Prudentius and the Vocation of the Responsible Reader." Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fux, P.-Y. 2003. "Les sept passions de Prudence (Peristephanon 2.5.9. 11–14): Introduction générale et commentaire." Fribourg, Switzerland: Éditions Univ. Fribourg Suisse.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fux, Pierre-Yves. 2013. "Prudence et les martyrs: hymnes et tragédie (Peristephanon 1.3-4.6-8.10). Commentaire" , Paradosis 55, Fribourg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krollpfeifer, Lydia 2017. "Rom bei Prudentius. Dichtung und Weltanschauung in »Contra orationem Symmachi«" (="Vertumnus. Berliner Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie und zu ihren Nachbargebieten." Vol. 12). Goettingen: Edition Ruprecht.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lease, Emory B. 1895. "A Syntactic, Stylistic and Metrical Study of Prudentius." Baltimore: The Friedenwald Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malamud, M. 1989. "A Poetics of Transformation: Prudentius and Classical Mythology." Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malamud, M. A. 1990. "Making a Virtue of Perversity: The Poetry of Prudentius." In "The Imperial Muse: Ramus Essays on Roman Literature of the Empire." Edited by A. J. Boyle, 64–88. Bendigo, Australia: Aureal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mastrangelo, M. 2008. "The Roman Self in Late Antiquity: Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul." Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- O’Daly, G. 2011. "Choosing to be a Christian poet: Prudentius, Praefatio and Cathemerinon 2.37–56." In N"octes Sinenses: Festschrift für Fritz-Heiner Mutschler zum 65. Geburtstag." Edited by A. Heil, M. Korn, and J. Sauer, 373–378. Heidelberg, Germany: Winter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palmer, A.M. 1989. "Prudentius on the Martyrs." Oxford: Clarendon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pucci, J. 1991. "Prudentius’ Readings of Horace in the Cathemerinon." "Latomus" 50:677–690.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, M. 1993. "Poetry and the Cult of the Martyrs: The Liber Peristephanon of Prudentius." Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, M. 2001. "Rome Personified, Rome Epitomized: Representations of Rome in the Poetry of the Early Fifth Century." "American Journal of Philology" 122:533–565.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witke, C. 1968. "Prudentius and the Tradition of Latin Poetry." "Transactions of the American Philological Association" 99:509–525.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Prudentius at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prudentius, Loeb Classical Library, Volume I - Latin and English, H. J. Thomson, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prudentius, Loeb Classical Library, Volume II - Latin and English, H. J. Thomson, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liber peristephanon - Latin text.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Catholic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Christian Classics Ethereal Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opera Omnia" by Migne's "Patrologia Latina" with analytical indexes

description: Roman writer

enwikiquote_title: Prudentius

wikidata_label: Prudentius

wikipedia_title: Prudentius