text:
Nara period
Empress Kōmyō
Myōbu
clan
Empress Genmei
Empress Genmei
Emperor Bidatsu
Tachibana no Moroe
Fujiwara no Fuhito
Tachibana no Moroe
Emperor Monmu
Empress Genmei
Empress Jitō
Emperor Monmu
Emperor Shōmu
Empress Kōken
Imperial house of Japan

categories: Man'yō poets,People of Nara-period Japan,People of Asuka-period Japan

paragraph: Agata no Inukai no Michiyo

paragraph: Agata Inukai (no) Michiyo (655? – February 4, 733), or Tachibana Michiyo, is a court lady of early Nara period and mother of Empress Kōmyō.

paragraph: In 679, around 15 years old, Michiyo became a Myōbu. At November 684, her clan was given honorary surname "Tachibana Sukune" by Empress Genmei. In 721 she became a buddhist nun shortly, to pray for the health of Empress Genmei.

paragraph: She married Prince Minu, a descendant of Emperor Bidatsu first and bore 3 children - Prince Katsuragi (later Tachibana no Moroe), Prince Sai (later Tachibana no Sai) and Princess Moro.

paragraph: After his death, she quickly hooked with Fujiwara no Fuhito, while his principal wife had died at that time. They have a daughter named Kōmyōshi, which is Fuhito's third daughter. Many of Michiyo's descendants also get married to Fuhito's descendants. It's unknown that Fuhito's fourth daughter, Tahino, the principal wife of Tachibana no Moroe is by her.

paragraph: Before the birth of her first child, she had become the wet nurse of later Emperor Monmu, and highly trusted by his mother Empress Genmei and paternal grandmother Empress Jitō. Using her influence, she later made Fuhito's first daughter Miyako, by Kamonohime, a consort of Emperor Monmu. When Miyako and Emperor Monmu's child Emperor Shōmu had grown up, he take his younger half-aunt Fujiwara no Kōmyōshi as empress, having a daughter Empress Kōken and a son Prince Motoi. His other consorts are all descendants of Michiyo and/or Fuhito. Using this kind of excessive inbreeding method, Michiyo and Fuhito had ensured their genes rooted in the Imperial house of Japan.

description: poet

wikidata_label: Agata Inukai no Michiyo

wikipedia_title: Agata no Inukai no Michiyo


text:
Greek
Lindos
Seven Sages of Greece
Lindus
Clement of Alexandria
Plutarch
tyrant
Diogenes Laërtius
Solon
Peisistratus
Athens
Egypt
Cleobulina
Midas
Homer
Suda
Palatine Anthology
enigma
fickle
eschew
tumulus
asteroid
4503 Cleobulus
Cleobulus Epitaph and Riddle

categories: Ancient Greek poets,Ancient Rhodian poets,6th-century BC Greek people,6th-century BC poets

paragraph: Cleobulus

paragraph: Cleobulus (; , "Kleoboulos ho Lindios"; fl. 6th century BC) was a Greek poet and a native of Lindos. He is one of the Seven Sages of Greece.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cleobulus was the son of Evagoras and a citizen of Lindus in Rhodes. Clement of Alexandria called Cleobulus king of the Lindians, and Plutarch spoke of him as the tyrant. The letter quoted by Diogenes Laërtius, in which Cleobulus invites Solon to Lindus as a democratic place of refuge from the tyrant Peisistratus in Athens, is undoubtedly a later forgery. Cleobulus is also said to have studied philosophy in Egypt. He had a daughter, Cleobulina, who found fame as a poet, composing riddles in hexameter verse. Cleobulus is said to have lived to the age of seventy, and to have been greatly distinguished, for strength and beauty of person.

paragraph: Section::::Extant fragments.

paragraph: Cleobulus apparently wrote lyric poems, as well as riddles in verse. Diogenes Laërtius also ascribes to him the inscription on the tomb of Midas, of which Homer was considered by others to have been the author:

paragraph: poem style="margin-left:2em"

paragraph: I am a brazen maiden lying here

paragraph: Upon the tomb of Midas. And as long

paragraph: As water flows, as trees are green with leaves,

paragraph: As the sun shines and eke the silver moon,

paragraph: As long as rivers flow, and billows roar,

paragraph: So long will I upon this much wept tomb,

paragraph: Tell passers by, "Midas lies buried here.

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: The Suda mentions him, and farther down, his daughter Cleobulina. An epigram of his is in the Palatine Anthology (VII, 153), and in another place records two epigrams together as "One of Homer, or of Cleobulus, without specifying which is the latter's. French scholar Pierre Waltz analyzed the problem in the "Anthologie Grecque" Likewise an enigma is attributed to him is recorded in the Palatine Anthology (XIV).

paragraph: Many sayings were attributed to Cleobulus:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ignorance and talkativeness bear the chief sway among men."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cherish not a thought."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do not be fickle, or ungrateful."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be fond of hearing rather than of talking."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be fond of learning rather than unwilling to learn."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seek virtue and eschew vice."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be superior to pleasure."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Instruct one's children."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be ready for reconciliation after quarrels."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avoid injustice."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do nothing by force."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moderation is the best thing."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: There is a stone tumulus on the northern headland of Lindos bay, which is sometimes called the "Tomb of Cleobulus".

paragraph: An asteroid, 4503 Cleobulus, discovered in 1989, is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleobulus Epitaph and Riddle

wikidata_label: Cleobulus

wikipedia_title: Cleobulus


text: Russian

text: Tver

text: Europe

text: Niccolò de' Conti

text: India

text: The Journey Beyond Three Seas

text: Tver

text: commercial

text: Volga River

text: Tatars

text: Astrakhan

text: Derbent

text: Ivan the Great

text: Shirvan

text: Baku

text: Persia

text: Caspian Sea

text: Ormus

text: Arabian Sea

text: Bahmani

text: Muscat

text: Arabian

text: Somalia

text: Trabzon

text: Feodosiya

text: Black Sea

text: Smolensk

text: social system

text: government

text: war elephant

text: economy

text: religion

text: Hormuz

text: Cambay

text: Calicut

text: Dabhol

text: Ceylon

text: Pegu

text: China

text: Bahmani

text: Islam

text: Easter

text: Lent

text: Advent

text: circumcised

text: Lithuania

text: bronze

text: Sergei Orlov

text: Nikita Khrushchev

text: Jawaharlal Nehru

text: Mosfilm

text: Journey Beyond Three Seas

text: Oleg Strizhenov

text: Revdanda

text: Mumbai

text: The Hindu

text: Aquarium

text: Epidemia

text: Daniel Kievsky

text: Niccolò de' Conti

categories: 15th-century merchants,Russian explorers,Explorers of Asia,Year of birth unknown,1472 deaths,15th-century Russian people,Russian travel writers,15th-century writers,Medieval Russian merchants,People from Tver,Medieval Russian writers

image: 512px-RR5110-0019R_525_лет_путешествию_Афанасия_Никитина_в_Индию.gif

paragraph: Afanasy Nikitin

paragraph: Afanasy Nikitin (; died 1472) was a Russian merchant of Tver and one of the first Europeans (after Niccolò de' Conti) to travel to and document his visit to India. He described his trip in a narrative known as "The Journey Beyond Three Seas" ("Khozhdeniye za tri morya").

paragraph: Section::::The voyage.

paragraph: In 1466, Nikitin left his hometown of Tver on a commercial trip to India. He travelled down the Volga River, and although he was attacked and robbed by Tatars near Astrakhan he succeeded in reaching Derbent, where he joined Vasili Papin, the envoy of Ivan the Great to the shah of Shirvan. At Derbent, Nikitin vainly endeavoured to get means of returning to Russia; failing in this, he went on to Baku and later Persia proper by crossing the Caspian Sea. He lived in Persia for one year. In the spring of 1469, Nikitin arrived at the city of Ormus and then, crossing the Arabian Sea, and making several prolonged stays along the way, reached the sultanate of Bahmani, where he would live for three years. From what he tells us, he appears to have made his living by horse-dealing. During that time he visited the Hindu sanctuary of Perwattum, which he called "the Jerusalem of the Hindus".

paragraph: On his way back, Nikitin visited Muscat, the Arabian sultanate of Fartak, Somalia and Trabzon, and in 1472 arrived at Feodosiya by crossing the Black Sea. On his way to Tver, Nikitin died not far from Smolensk in the autumn of that year.

paragraph: During his trip, Nikitin studied the population of India, its social system, government, military (he witnessed war-games featuring war elephants), its economy, religion, lifestyles, and natural resources. The abundance and trustworthiness of Nikitin's factual material provide a valuable source of information about India at that time, and his remarks on the trade of Hormuz, Cambay, Calicut, Dabhol, Ceylon, Pegu and China; on royal progresses and other functions, both ecclesiastical and civil, at Bahmani.,and on the wonders of the great fair at Perwattumas well as his comparisons of things Russian and Indiandeserve special notice.

paragraph: Section::::Nikitin, Christianity, and Islam.

paragraph: After studying Nikitin's account, and especially his references to Islam (at the time much of India was ruled by Muslim sultans and there were considerable numbers of Muslim merchants living along the coast), particularly the prayers he transliterates from Arabic and Turkic into Cyrillic letters, Gail Lenhoff and Janet Martin speculated that Nikitin might have converted to Islam while in India.

paragraph: His loss of contact with Christianity and his life among Muslims (and apparent lapse from Christianity and conversion to Islam) bothered him and he mentions this several times in his account. Indeed, he begins his account calling it his "sinful voyage beyond three seas." He went on to explain that, while he continued to date events by Christian religious holidays and invoked the Mother of God and the saints ("the Holy Fathers"), he could not remember when Christian holidays were, so he could not celebrate Easter and other movable feast days or keep the Christian fasts (Lent, the St. Peters' Fast, the fast during Advent, etc.). Thus, he kept the fasts of the Muslims and broke fast when they did. He also wrote that at Bindar in the third year of his journey he "shed many tears for the Christian faith." Very near the end of his account, he wrote of his wish to return home and to the Christian faith: "I, Afanasy, a damned servant of Almighty God, Maker of heaven and earth, pondered over the Christian faith, the Baptism of Christ, the fasts established by the Holy Fathers, and the apostolic commandments, and I longed to go [back] to Rus!"

paragraph: Yakov Lurye, an editor of Nikitin's "Journey", sees his conversion as doubtful, pointing out that a circumcised convert should be persecuted or even put to death in Rus', so if Nikitin had indeed become a Muslim, he would have avoided returning to his country, while in fact he died on his way back in Lithuania not far from the Muscovite border.

paragraph: Section::::Nikitin in modern memory.

paragraph: In 1955, the local authorities of Tver erected a bronze monument to Afanasy Nikitin on the bank of the Volga River. The sculptor was Sergei Orlov. There is a folk legend that this statue was raised because Nikita Khrushchev, upon visiting India, told Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that there was a statue of Nikitin in Russia when in fact there was not (Nehru had asked if the Russians had honored the first Russian to visit India). So as not to be proven a liar, Khrushchev phoned back to Russia demanding that a statue of Nikitin be built immediately, before Nehru's state visit to Russia. The statue was featured on a Russian postage stamp in 2005 commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the establishment of the Tver region (oblast). Nikitin was also featured on a coin commemorating the 525th anniversary of his journey.

paragraph: In 1958, Mosfilm produced a film entitled "The Journey Beyond Three Seas" with Oleg Strizhenov cast as Afanasy Nikitin.

paragraph: In 2000, a black obelisk was erected in Nikitin's honor at Revdanda, 120 km south of Mumbai, the probable location where he first set foot in India.

paragraph: In 2006, the Indian organization "Adventures & Explorers," with the support of the Embassy of India in Moscow and the Tver Regional Administration sponsored the "Nikitin Expedition", in which 14 travellers set out from Tver to retrace Nikitin's journey through Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia to India. The expedition lasted from 12 November 2006 to 16 January 2007. The Indian national newspaper, "The Hindu," filed several reports of the expedition's progress. After reaching India, two members of the "Nikitin Expedition" set out in March 2007 from Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) in SUVs to retrace Nikitin's travels around India itself. "The Calcutta Telegraph" filed a report on its progress in one of its March editions.

paragraph: The Afanasy Nikitin Seamount in the Indian Ocean is named in his honor.

paragraph: In 1957 a bollywood movie was made based on his memoirs called "Pardesi" starring Balraj Sahni, Prithvi Raj Kapoor,Oleg Strizhenov and Nargis

paragraph: Section::::In culture.

paragraph: Rock band Aquarium composed a song "Afanasy Nikitin Boogie". Power metal band Epidemia composed a song "Хождение за три моря" (Khozhdeniye za tri morya – "Walking the Three Seas") about Nikitin's writings. A brand of Tver beer, "Afanasy", is named after Afanasy Nikitin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Kievsky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronology of European exploration of Asia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niccolò de' Conti (1385–1469) - another European who traveled to India a few decades before Nikitin

paragraph: BULLET::::- some marginal notes on india:sergei d serebriany

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. J. Maxwell. Afanasii Nikitin: An Orthodox Russian's Spiritual Voyage in the Dar al-Islam, 1468-1475. Journal of World History. Vol. 17, No. 3 (Sep., 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Speake (ed.) Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. Volume 1, A to F. Routledge. 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. H. Whittaker. Russia engages the world, 1453-1825. Harvard University Press, 2003. P. 141

paragraph: BULLET::::- The new Encyclopædia Britannica: in 32 vol. Macropaedia, India - Ireland, Volume 21. 1992. P. 183

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afanasy Nikitin's Voyage Beyond Three Seas: 1466-1472. Raduga, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Burbank, M. Von Hagen, A. V. Remnev. Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Indiana University Press. 2007. P. 240

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. V. Riasanovsky. Afanasii Nikitin's Journal. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 81. 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. R. Millar. Encyclopedia of Russian History, Volume 1. Macmillan Reference, 2003. P. 93

description: Russian explorer

wikidata_label: Afanasy Nikitin

wikipedia_title: Afanasy Nikitin


text:
Białystok
Polish
painter
Academy of Fine Arts
Kostomloty
Podlaskie Voivodeship
West Berlin
Warsaw
University of Zielona Góra

wikipedia_title:
Białystok
Poles
Painting
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw
Kostomłoty, Lublin Voivodeship
Podlaskie Voivodeship
West Berlin
Warsaw
University of Zielona Góra

categories: 1956 births,21st-century Polish painters,20th-century Polish painters

paragraph: Ryszard Woźniak

paragraph: Ryszard Woźniak (born June 13, 1956 in Białystok) is a Polish painter, performer and teacher.

paragraph: Between 1976 and 1981 Woźniak studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, under Stefan Gierowski. In the years 1982-1988 he taught art at his home university. Since 1982, he was involved in Gruppa, having participated in almost all the artist group's exhibitions and campaigns, as well as having co-wrote its newsletter ""Oh well"" (""Oj dobrze już""). Between 1985 and 1989, together with Marek Sobczyk, Woźniak worked on the polychromy of the Neo Greek-Catholic Church of St. Nicholas, Kostomloty in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. In 1986, the artist and Ryszard Grzyb went for a scholarship to West Berlin. In 1991/1992 he lectured at the private Art School in Warsaw, founded and run by Jarosław Modzelewski and Marek Sobczyk. Since c.1992-93, he runs a painting studio at the University of Zielona Góra.

wikidata_label: Ryszard Woźniak

wikipedia_title: Ryszard Woźniak


text: typographer

text: Geneva

text: Lambeth

text: William Rothenstein

text: Clouet

text: Charles Shannon

text: Pierre Puvis de Chavannes

text: Chelsea, London

text: Oscar Wilde

text: Aubrey Beardsley

text: Thomas Sturge Moore

text: barrister

text: Shakespeare

text: Lucien Pissarro

text: Tate Gallery

text: Musée du Luxembourg

text: Manchester Art Gallery

text: Royal Academy

text: The Times

text: Salome

text: Laurence Binyon

text: King Lear

text: Bernard Shaw

text: The Dark Lady

text: Arnold Bennett

text: Annajanska, the Bolshevik Empress

text: Maurice Maeterlinck

text: Saint Joan

text: Macbeth

text: John Masefield

text: Abbey Theatre

text: W. B. Yeats

text: J.M. Synge

text: The Gondoliers

text: The Mikado

text: Rupert D'Oyly Carte

text: Michael MacLennan

text: Oscar Wilde

text: Aubrey Beardsley

text: Governor General's Literary Award

text: Vladimir Rosing

text: Cecil Arthur Lewis

text: Lake Maggiore

text: Cecil Lewis

categories: English wood engravers,English printers,1931 deaths,English designers,People from Geneva,1866 births,Opera designers,English illustrators,People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan,LGBT people from England,English publishers (people)

paragraph: Charles Ricketts

paragraph: Charles de Sousy Ricketts (2 October 1866 – 7 October 1931) was a versatile English artist, illustrator, author and printer, and is best known for his work as book designer and typographer from 1896 to 1904 with the Vale Press, and his work in the theatre as a set and costume designer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Ricketts was born in Geneva to a French mother and an English father. He grew up mainly in France and Italy. He began his studies in art at the City and Guilds Technical Art School in Lambeth, in 1882, after both his parents had died.

paragraph: According to William Rothenstein, "Ricketts, with his pale, delicate features, fair hair and pointed red-gold beard, looked like a Clouet drawing. Half French, he had the quick mind and the rapid speech of a southerner."

paragraph: At the Art School he met Charles Shannon (1863–1937), painter and lithographer, who would be his lifelong partner in both his artistic and personal life. On the advice of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, they settled in England rather than abroad.

paragraph: They founded "The Dial", a magazine, which had five issues from 1889 to 1897, and the Vale Press, named after their house, The Vale, in Chelsea, London. "The portrait of Ricketts by Shannon was painted two years after Ricketts had founded the Vale Press. It is a record of their friendship, slightly tentative in its character, with Ricketts turning his head away so that he is seen in profile. He liked it precisely for this reason since it shows him 'turning away from the 20th century to think only of the 15th.' It is labelled on the back 'The Man in an Inverness Cloak'."

paragraph: Ricketts was one of two well-known illustrators of Oscar Wilde's work, the other being Aubrey Beardsley who worked on "Salomé". He and Shannon were friends and supporters of Wilde, for whom Ricketts painted, in the style of Clouet, the hero of Wilde's short story, 'The Portrait of Mr. W. H.'"

paragraph: It was in the work of the Vale Press that Ricketts would find his talents were best employed. The enterprise also involved Thomas Sturge Moore, and later William Llewellyn Hacon (1860–1910), a barrister. The actual printing was carried out by Ballantyne Press under the supervision of Charles McCall. A total of about 75 books were produced, including a complete Shakespeare in 39 volumes, before the special type fonts were destroyed. In parallel, Ricketts was involved with the Eragny Press, run by Lucien Pissarro and his wife Esther, from 1894 to 1914.

paragraph: After 1902, he turned more to painting and sculpture. His principal pictures in public galleries are "The Death of Don Juan" (Tate Gallery), "The Plague" (Musée du Luxembourg, Paris) and "Montezuma" (Manchester Art Gallery).

paragraph: Ricketts also wrote on art, was a collector, and was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1922 and a full member in 1928. In 1929 he was appointed a member of the Royal Fine Arts Commission. He was also a member of the International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers.

paragraph: Section::::Vale Press and artistic career.:Theatre design.

paragraph: Ricketts became a celebrated and sought-after designer for the stage. "Mr Ricketts is infallible in his ideas on costume" observed "The Times". Plays on which he worked included Oscar Wilde's "Salome" (1906), Laurence Binyon's "Attila" (1907), "King Lear" (1909), Bernard Shaw's "The Dark Lady" (1910), Arnold Bennett's "Judith" (1916), Shaw's Annajanska, the Bolshevik Empress (1918), Maurice Maeterlinck's "The Betrothal" (1920), Shaw's "Saint Joan" (1924), "Macbeth" (1926) and John Masefield's "The Coming of Christ" (1928). Outside London he worked for the Abbey Theatre, Dublin on plays by W. B. Yeats and J.M. Synge. Ricketts also designed much-publicised new productions of "The Gondoliers" and "The Mikado" for Rupert D'Oyly Carte in the 1920s.

paragraph: Michael MacLennan wrote "Last Romantics", a play based on the life of Ricketts, Shannon and their circle, including Oscar Wilde, Aubrey Beardsley and Michael Field. The play premiered in 2003 and was a finalist for the Governor General's Literary Award that year.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Through his friend, the Russian singer Vladimir Rosing, Ricketts met Cecil Arthur Lewis and became Lewis's artistic mentor and sponsor. After Ricketts's death, Lewis edited his letters and journals for publication. Some of Ricketts's ashes are buried at on Lake Maggiore, in the park of a villa Ricketts gave to Lewis.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Prado and its Masterpieces (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titian (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pages on Art (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beyond the Threshold (1929), [under pseudonym Jean Paul Raymond]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oscar Wilde: Recollections (1932), [under pseudonym Jean Paul Raymond]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Self-Portrait (1939)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Self-Portrait Taken from the Letters & Journals of Charles Ricketts, R.A." (1939) edited by T. Sturge Moore and Cecil Lewis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Binnie, Eric. "The theatrical designs of Charles Ricketts" (1985) Ann Arbor, Mich: Umi Research Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calloway, Stephen. "Charles Ricketts: Subtle and Fantastic Decorator" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darracott, Joseph. "The world of Charles Ricketts" (1980) New York: Methuen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darracott, Joseph. "All for ar : the Ricketts and Shannon Collection, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (1979) Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delaney, J. G. Paul. "Charles Ricketts: a biography" (1990) Oxford: Clarendon Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genz, Marcella D. "History of the Eragny Press, 1894–1914" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Carl. "Stages of Desire" (1996), Cassell,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watry, Maureen M. "The Vale Press: Charles Ricketts, a Publisher in Earnest" (2003) New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Ricketts and the Vale Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the Carl Woodring collection on Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon, 1846-2001 (Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vale Press at LC Authorities, with 10 records

alias:
Charles de Sousy Ricketts
Charles S. Ricketts
Jean Paul Raymond
C. S. Ricketts
Charles De Sousy Ricketts

description: British artist and publisher

wikidata_label: Charles Ricketts

wikipedia_title: Charles Ricketts


text:
count of Luxembourg
Giselbert of Luxembourg
archbishop of Trier
Jerusalem
abbaye d'Orval
Arnold I, Count of Chiny
abbaye d'Altmünster
Clementia
Pierre-Guillaume VII
duke of Aquitaine
Henry III
army of Godfrey of Bouillon
Ermesinde
Godefroy
count of Namur
Henry IV of Luxembourg
William I

categories: 1086 deaths,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,Counts of Luxembourg,House of Luxembourg,1040 births

paragraph: Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg

paragraph: Conrad I (c. 1040 – 8 August 1086), Count of Luxembourg, was the first count of Luxembourg (1059–1086), succeeding his father Giselbert of Luxembourg.

paragraph: He was embroiled in an argument with the archbishop of Trier as to the abbaye Saint-Maximin in Trier which he had avowed. The archbishop excommunicated him and Conrad had to make honourable amends and set out on pilgrimage for Jerusalem to have his excommunication lifted. He died in Italy on the return journey.

paragraph: He founded many abbeys:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the abbaye d'Orval in 1070, with Arnold I, Count of Chiny

paragraph: BULLET::::- the abbaye d'Altmünster in 1083.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Around 1075 he married Clementia (1060 - 1142), daughter of Pierre-Guillaume VII, duke of Aquitaine and of Ermesinde. They had :

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda (1070 † ), married Godefroy (1075 † ), Count of Bleisgau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry III († 1086), Count of Luxembourg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolph († 1099), abbot of Saint-Vannes at Verdun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad, cité en 1080

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adalbero, (d. 1098 in Antioch), Archdeacon of Metz, travelled to the Holy Land as part of the army of Godfrey of Bouillon, where he was executed by the Turks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermesinde (1075 † 1143), married

paragraph: BULLET::::1. in 1096 to Albert II († 1098), count of Egisheim and of Dagsbourg,

paragraph: BULLET::::2. in 1101 to Godefroy (1067 † 1139), count of Namur. They were parents of Henry IV of Luxembourg

paragraph: BULLET::::- William I (1081 † 1131), Count of Luxembourg, married Matilda of Beichlingen

description: count of Luxembourg (1059–1086)

wikidata_label: Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg

wikipedia_title: Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg


text:
count of Luxembourg
Henry III of Luxembourg
Conrad
Clementia of Aquitaine
archbishop of Trier
Conrad II

categories: 1081 births,House of Luxembourg,Counts of Luxembourg,1131 deaths

paragraph: William, Count of Luxembourg

paragraph: William I, Count of Luxembourg (1081–1131) was count of Luxembourg (1096–1131), in succession to his elder brother Henry III of Luxembourg. They were both sons of Conrad and Clementia of Aquitaine. William was the first of his family to use the title "count of Luxembourg" in his documents.

paragraph: Like his predecessors, he was embroiled in debates with the archbishop of Trier Bruno in 1122 and 1127, leading to William's excommunication.

paragraph: Around 1105 he married Mathilde or Luitgarde of Northeim, daughter of Kuno, count of Beichlingen, and had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad II († 1136), count of Luxembourg

paragraph: BULLET::::- William, count of Gleiberg, documented in 1131 and in 1158

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liutgarde (* 1120 - † 1170), married Henri II (* 1125 - † 1211), count of Grandpré

description: first of his family to use the title count of Luxembourg in his documents

wikidata_label: William, Count of Luxembourg

wikipedia_title: William, Count of Luxembourg


text:
count of Luxembourg
William I of Luxembourg
Ermengarde
Otto II, Count of Zutphen
Holy Roman Emperor
kingdom of France
Henry of Namur

categories: 1136 deaths,House of Luxembourg,Counts of Luxembourg,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg

paragraph: Conrad II of Luxembourg (died 1136) was count of Luxembourg (1131–1136), in succession to his father William I of Luxembourg. His mother was Mathilde or Luitgarde of Northeim.

paragraph: He married Ermengarde, daughter of count Otto II, Count of Zutphen. Conrad II died without a male heir, and so the county of Luxembourg reverted to the Holy Roman Emperor. The emperor in turn did not wish the county to be rule by Conrad's closest relative Henri de Grandpré, who was a French lord and so might align the county with the kingdom of France, and so granted it to Henry of Namur, a cousin of Conrad's.

description: Count of Luxembourg

wikidata_label: Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg

wikipedia_title: Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg


text:
Kuči
Herceg Novi
People's Party
Montenegrin Federalist Party
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
World War II
Nazi
Belgrade
University of Zagreb
Nikšić
Kingdom of Montenegro
Nicholas I
Podgorica Assembly
Montenegrin Federalist Party
1923
1925
1927
an independent Montenegro

categories: 1874 births,World War II political leaders,1949 deaths,Montenegrin collaborators with Nazi Germany,Representatives in the Yugoslav National Assembly (1921–41),Montenegrin people of World War II,Montenegrin Federalist Party politicians

paragraph: Mihailo Ivanović

paragraph: Mihailo Ivanović (Kuči 1874 - Herceg Novi 1949) was a Montenegrin politician in the early 20th century. He was the president of the People's Party (known as "klubaši") from 1907 to 1918. After unification, he was disappointed and had become an important leader of the Montenegrin Federalist Party in the assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and then a World War II Nazi collaborator.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: During his studied in Belgrade in 1899 he was deported from Serbia with a group of Montenegrins on the grounds that they had prepared a terrorist act. He graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Zagreb and returned to Montenegro where he worked in the court in Nikšić. Later he became a member of the High Court in the Kingdom of Montenegro.

paragraph: Ivanović became a believer in Montenegrin unity with Serbia and in 1912 moved to Belgrade. He stayed there until king Nicholas I amnestied him and he returned once more to Montenegro. After the Podgorica Assembly he became a member of the Montenegrin Federalist Party. He was elected to the National Assembly in 1923, 1925, and 1927.

paragraph: With the establishment of an independent Montenegro during World War II under the patronage of Italy, he participated in the St. Peter's Day Parliament which was to announce a new Montenegrin government. After the war, he lost his citizen's rights under the communist regime for having worked with the Italians.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Dimitrije Vujović "Crnogorski federalisti: 1919.-1929.", knj.11, CANU, Titograd 1981.

description: Montenegrin politician

wikidata_label: Mihailo Ivanović

wikipedia_title: Mihailo Ivanović


text:
Chiba
Esteve Rabat
Czech Grand Prix
Brno
Mika Kallio
British Grand Prix
Silverstone
Scott Redding
Misano
Pol Espargaró
Tadayuki Okada
MotoGP
Team LCR
Cal Crutchlow
Nakagami's official MotoGP profile

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Japanese motorcycle racers,1992 births,Team LCR MotoGP riders,125cc World Championship riders,People from Chiba, Chiba,Living people

paragraph: Takaaki Nakagami

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Born in Chiba, Nakagami joined the Japanese Road Race Championship in the GP125 category in 2005 joining the Harc-Pro Honda Team finishing 13th as a rookie in the series. He stayed in the Japanese GP125 championship for 2006 with Harc-Pro again, winning every race of the season; becoming the youngest ever Japanese GP125 champion. Also in 2006, Nakagami also joined the MotoGP Academy which gave him the chance to compete overseas for the first time in the CEV (Spanish) 125GP series, Nakagami finished in 12th position in the championship. His best result came in the second round at Jerez finishing in 5th place.

paragraph: He decided to focus on the CEV 125GP championship in 2007 with the MotoGP academy, Nakagami's results improved in 2007 and he finished in 6th place overall with a 3rd-place finish at Valencia his best result. Nakagami also received his first 125cc World Championship wildcard entry at the final round of the season in Valencia qualifying in 20th position but failing to finish the race.

paragraph: He impressed enough to secure a full-time ride in the 125cc World Championship on 2008 joining the Italian I.C. Team riding an Aprilia, he finished the season in 24th overall with a best finish 8th place at Donington Park. For 2009, Nakagami joined another Italian team called Ongetta I.S.P.A. Aprilia he improved his overall performance finishing 16th overall with a best results of two 5th places at a wet Le Mans and Donington Park.

paragraph: Despite having offers to remain in the 125cc championship in 2010, Nakagami decided to return to Japan and re join the Harc-Pro team, competing the Japanese ST600 championship aboard a Honda, Nakagami won the first race of the season at Tsukuba. He went on to finish 8th overall. He remained with Harc-Pro in 2012 but changed classes and entered the J-GP2 class aboard a Honda HP6, Nakagami won 5 of the 6 races during the season and the championship despite not competing in the Okayama round due to injuries sustained when he was substituting at the Motegi Moto2 World Championship round for the Italtrans Racing Team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Moto2 World Championship.

paragraph: Nakagami did enough during his substitute display to earn a full-time ride for the Italtrans Racing Team in the Moto2 World Championship riding a Kalex with a Honda CBR600 engine, finishing his rookie season 15th in the standings with a best result of 5th at Jerez. For 2013, Nakagami remains in Moto2 with Italtrans aboard a Kalex, at the opening round at Losail, Nakagami achieved his first podium in Grand Prix racing with a 3rd-place finish. At Le Mans, Nakagami earned his first pole position in Grand Prix racing. Nakagami achieved his second career Grand Prix podium with a second-place finish behind Esteve Rabat at Indianapolis, he led most of the race but was passed in the closing laps and finished less than a second from victory. He took his second pole of the season at the Czech Grand Prix, at Brno; he went on to take his second successive second-place finish, behind Mika Kallio. He once again took pole at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone and again finished second, this time behind Championship leader and home rider Scott Redding. At Misano, Nakagami finished second for the fourth race in a row; he led the majority of the race before he was passed by Pol Espargaró in the closing laps. He finished the season 8th overall.

paragraph: For 2014 he signed to ride for Tadayuki Okada's team, Idemitsu Honda Team Asia. A positive start to the season with a second-place finish at Qatar was denied as he was disqualified for technical reasons. Nakagami struggled for the rest of the year with bike set up and finished the season down in 22nd position. Despite the struggles of 2014, Nakagami remained with Honda Team Asia for 2015. He managed to improve and finished on the podium in Misano.

paragraph: In 2016, he scored his first victory in Assen. He collected three third-place finishes and 8 top 5s to finish 6th in points. Continuing with Honda Team Asia in 2017, he won at Silverstone and claimed three third-place finishes, and ranked 7th in points.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:MotoGP World Championship.

paragraph: Nakagami moved up to MotoGP in 2018, signing with Team LCR to ride a year-old Honda.

paragraph: In October 2018 it was confirmed that Nakagami would remain at the Team LCR Honda for the 2019 MotoGP Season with teammate Cal Crutchlow.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Races by year.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nakagami's official MotoGP profile

description: Japanese motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Takaaki Nakagami

wikipedia_title: Takaaki Nakagami


text: Kent

text: Joakim Berg

text: self-titled debut album

text: BMG

text: Harri Mänty

text: Tillbaka till samtiden

text: Max Brandt

text: Lisa Miskovsky

text: Changes

text: Maria Magdalena Church

text: Gibson Les Paul

text: humbuckers

text: single coil

text: pickups

text: Fender Custom Telecaster

text: e-bow

text: delay pedal

text: Vox AC30

text: Fender Concert

text: Hiwatt Custom 100

text: Hiwatt

text: cabinet

text: Kent

text: Kent

text: Verkligen

text: Isola

text: Isola

text: Hagnesta Hill

text: Hagnesta Hill

text: Vapen & ammunition

text: Du & jag döden

text: The hjärta & smärta EP

text: Tillbaka till samtiden

text: Box 1991–2008

text: Röd

text: En plats i solen

text: Jag är inte rädd för mörkret

text: Tigerdrottningen

text: Då som nu för alltid

text: West End Girls

text: Goes Petshopping

text: Lisa Miskovsky

text: Changes

text: Sami Sirviö interju

text: Stjärnan i Kent gifter sig i hemlighet

text: Intervju med Jocke Berg & Sami Sirviö

text: Arbetarsönerna som sliter på ackord

text: Official website

text: English translations of Kent lyrics

categories: Living people,People from Pyhäjärvi,1970 births,Lead guitarists,Swedish people of Finnish descent,Swedish rock guitarists

paragraph: Sami Sirviö

paragraph: Sami Sirviö (born 28 May 1970) is the lead guitarist of the Swedish rock band Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sirviö formed Kent in 1990 along with vocalist Joakim Berg, bassist Martin Sköld, drummer Markus Mustonen and keyboardist Thomas Bergqvist. The band originally called themselves "Jones & Giftet" before changing their name first to "Havsänglar" and later Kent. By that time Bergqvist had been fired from the band and replaced by Martin Roos. After the release of the bands self-titled debut album Roos quit the band to focus on a career at BMG, the band soon recruited Harri Mänty as a replacement. The band continued to release several critically and commercially successful albums with that line-up intact until 2006 when rhythm guitarist Harri Mänty left the band. Instead of recruiting a permanent replacement Sirviö along with Jocke Berg recorded guitars for their 2007 release "Tillbaka till samtiden". For live performances the band has since brought along Max Brandt as a non-official guitarist. Besides his role in Kent Sirviö has also appeared on Lisa Miskovsky's 2006 album "Changes" as well as produce a number of records for Swedish and Finnish artists.

paragraph: In 2005 Sirviö married his girlfriend of six years Jennie Persson, at the Maria Magdalena Church in Stockholm.

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment.

paragraph: Sirviö long used a variety of Gibson Les Paul models with the original humbuckers replaced with P-94 single coil pickups during recording and live performances; however, for the recording of "Tillbaka till samtiden" Sirviö primarily used a 1967 Fender Custom Telecaster. Occasionally Sirviö uses an e-bow on his guitar, often combined with a delay pedal. Sirviö's main amplifier for the recording was a 1963 Vox AC30 but a 1954 Fender Concert and a 1964 Hiwatt Custom 100 were also used. For live performances, Sirviö uses a new Hiwatt amplifier with a 4x12 cabinet.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Kent

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kent" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verkligen" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isola" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isola" (English) (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hagnesta Hill" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hagnesta Hill" (English) (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vapen & ammunition" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du & jag döden" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The hjärta & smärta EP" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tillbaka till samtiden" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Box 1991–2008" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Röd" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En plats i solen" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jag är inte rädd för mörkret" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tigerdrottningen" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Då som nu för alltid" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- As a producer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petrol – "Record" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mobile Homes – "EP" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jay Jay Johanson – "Tell all the girls im back in town" (Remix) (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sapporo 72 – "Business and Pleasure" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- West End Girls – "Goes Petshopping" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Disco – "Vihaa, rakkautta vai jotain muuta" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mobile Homes – "Close" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- As a guest musician

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lisa Miskovsky – "Changes" (2006)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Östman Sami Sirviö interju fuzz.se

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ronnie Sandalh, Martin Söderström Stjärnan i Kent gifter sig i hemlighet aftonbladet.se

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Forssén De gjorde aldrig gjorde lumpen men döper ändå... Originally published by Värnpliktsnytt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intervju med Jocke Berg & Sami Sirviö The Voice

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonas Hållen Arbetarsönerna som sliter på ackord dagensarbete.se

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- English Kent site (news, reviews, complete discography, etc)

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations of Kent lyrics

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Sami Sirviö

wikipedia_title: Sami Sirviö


text:
Lübeck
Hamburg
Bremen
Bonn
Berlin
Göttingen
Paris
Erfurt Union
Elbe
Magdeburg
Minister-Resident
Copenhagen
Sound Dues
Baltic
Holstein
Second Schleswig War
Bundestag
German Confederation
Frankfurt
Austro-Prussian War
Schleswig
Holstein
condominium
Von Manteuffel
Eider
Carl Merck
Emil von Richthofen
House of Burgesses (Burgerschaft)
Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken
North German Federation
Federal Council
Gustav Kirchenpauer
Hamburg
German Customs Union
Karl Bitter
Johannes Versmann
William Henry O'Swald
accede to the Customs Union
Bremerhaven
Geestemunde

categories: 1896 deaths,Hanseatic diplomats,1819 births

paragraph: Friedrich Krüger (diplomat)

paragraph: Daniel Christian Friedrich Krüger was a diplomat in the service of the city state of Lübeck and also jointly of the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen. He was born in Lübeck on 22 September 1819 and died in Berlin on 17 January 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Krüger was the son of a Lübeck Senator. After attending the Lübeck Gymnasium, he studied jurisprudence at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Göttingen and completed his professional training by a long stay abroad, particularly Paris.

paragraph: In 1844, Krüger became a lawyer in Lübeck and was appointed procurator in the lower court and the court of appeals. Krüger's efficiency was fully acknowledged and in 1850 the city sent him as its representative to the Erfurt Union and the following year to the Elbe Ship Navigation commission in Magdeburg. After the introduction of the new constitution of Lübeck in 1849, he became the Spokesman of the Bürgerausschuss, the Committee of the House of Burgesses.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic service.

paragraph: In 1855 he became the Minister-Resident of the Hanseatic states at Copenhagen and conducted negotiations which resulted in the abolition of the Sound Dues, which had been a tax on Lübeck’s trade out from the Baltic to the open sea. By the Copenhagen Convention in 1857 this source of revenue for Denmark was bought out by Great Britain, Russia, Lübeck and the other states trading in the Baltic.

paragraph: The railway connections between the three Hanseatic city states were of special interest to him. At his instigation, Denmark agreed to a direct railway line across its territory in Holstein from Lübeck to Hamburg. Already in Copenhagen, he had successfully represented Hamburg's interest in the construction of a railway connecting this town to Altona (in Holstein) and concluded an agreement with the Danish government in 1860.

paragraph: Section::::Hanseatic representative to the German Confederation.

paragraph: The Second Schleswig War of 1864 brought an end to Krüger's activity in Copenhagen. He then took over the representation of the free cities in the Bundestag of the German Confederation at Frankfurt. On 14 June 1866 he addressed its last session, before the outbreak the Austro-Prussian War which ended that institution.

paragraph: At that time Schleswig and Holstein were a Prusso-Austrian condominium, with Prussia occupying the former and Austria the latter. On 8 June 1866 Prussian general Von Manteuffel crossed the river Eider into Holstein, having warned the Austrians that he was exercising Prussia’s condominate right to establish garrisons in some unoccupied points of Holstein. Austria withdrew from Holstein, but invited the Bundestag to mobilise militarily against Prussia.

paragraph: All three Hanseatic cities, through their envoy Krüger, voted against the Austrian proposal in the Bundestag on 14 June and jointly put a declaration formulated by Lübeck reasoning that the events in Holstein did not give rise to the mobilisation of the Confederation because the danger of an immediate collision was eliminated.

paragraph: However the proposal was carried. The Lübeck Senate sided with the Prussian view that the Confederation should no longer exist, because of the illegal action of mobilisation and proposed that their Bundestag envoy Krüger be recalled. Carl Merck, foreign minister of Hamburg, wanted to wait and went to see the Lübeck Senate on 19 June to persuade them of this course.

paragraph: On 21 June, the representatives of the Hanseatic cities met in Hamburg to discuss in detail measures which had been demanded by Prussia. The Prussian ambassador to the Hanseatic states, Emil von Richthofen, who also took part in this conference, emphasised that the abolition of all relations with Prussia's opponents was indispensable as a sign of friendly neutrality, and that therefore their Bundestag envoy in Frankfurt, Krüger, must be recalled. The meeting agreed to recall Krüger on 29 June.

paragraph: Richthofen now tried to persuade the Senate of Hamburg to give in to other demands, namely to send a military contingent to assist Prussia and to agree to a new close federation under Prussian hegemony. On 24 June, he visited two prominent members of the House of Burgesses (Burgerschaft), (former President of the Burgerschaft and member of the Right party) and (leader of the Left party), to inform them of the intended rejection of the Prussian proposals by the Senate. He pointed out that Prussia would not accept a refusal without further action. He mentioned that Prussia would dissolve the Senate and take over the government. The Burgerschaft would remain undisturbed, as would the population, if they kept quiet. Otherwise, 10,000 Prussian troops would occupy the city. Merck, to whom Wolffson and Halben had already reported this, sent Krüger, who had been in Hamburg since 22 June, to Richthofen to obtain certainty about the Prussian threats.

paragraph: At the 26 June meeting of the Hamburg Senate, Merck said that to avoid occupation of Hamburg, dissolution of the government or further coercion, it was now necessary to give way. All of northern Germany had joined Prussia, and one could not be sure what energetic steps Prussia could take. Krüger, still their Bundestag envoy, was not without influence on the decisions during the critical hours, and then had to return to Frankfurt to make a joint statement of the three cities. His attitude had been cautious since 16 June. Thus a milder answer to Prussia than originally proposed on 22 June was then sent.

paragraph: Section::::Hanseatic Minister-Resident in Berlin.

paragraph: In October 1866 he was appointed Minister-Resident of the Hanseatic cities in Berlin, in succession to Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken. When the new North German Federation came into being as a result of the Austro-Prussian war, among Kruger's most important tasks was the incorporation of the free cities he represented in the new federal and imperial structures. He advised on the take-over of the military establishments, the transition of the post and telegraph system to imperial control, and especially in the organisation of new customs relations. His own city Lübeck merged into the Customs Union shortly after joining the North German Federation, along with Lübeck’s neighbours the two Mecklenburg states, while twenty years later he dealt with the Customs Union accession of Bremen and Hamburg.

paragraph: Shortly after his move to Berlin, he was able to inform Hamburg that the Prussian Ministry of Commerce could assist in promoting the construction of the Venlo-Hamburg railway, which Hamburg had agreed with Hanover before its annexation to Prussia. For Bremen, Krüger negotiated the territorial exchanges necessary to enable the expansion of Bremen's harbour districts.

paragraph: Section::::Federal Council (Bundesrat).

paragraph: In addition to his role as Hanseatic envoy in Berlin, he was appointed Lübeck’s plenipotentiary to the new Federal Council in 1868, alongside Gustav Kirchenpauer who represented Hamburg. In the Federal Council, Kruger contributed to the Judicial Committee, maritime affairs, trade and transport, railway, post and telegraphs, Alsace-Lorraine and the construction of the Reichstag building.

paragraph: Section::::German Customs Union.

paragraph: He concluded the commercial treaty with the city of Hamburg by which that city entered the German Customs Union. On 25 May 1881 this agreement was signed between the Prussian Finance Minister Karl Bitter and the State Secretary of the imperial Treasury, on the one hand, Hamburg's Plenipotentiary Senators Johannes Versmann and William Henry O'Swald, and Krüger, on the other. It stated that Hamburg was ready to accede to the Customs Union with all its territory, but excluding a permanent free port district which it specified. For this district, Article 34 of the imperial constitution would still apply, thus the freedoms of that district could not be abolished or restricted without Hamburg's approval.

paragraph: In 1884 Bremen likewise applied to accede to the German Customs Union and he concluded negotiations in 1885. Bremen also secured a free port area, to be built below the old town. Also bonded warehouses for petroleum were to be set-up in the out-ports of Bremerhaven and Geestemunde.

paragraph: Krüger died in post in Berlin on 17 January 1896, of a stomach bleeding. He was succeeded in April as Hanseatic Minister in Berlin by , also from Lübeck, who was appointed by the Senates of the three city states.

description: German diplomat, jurist and painter

wikidata_label: Daniel Christian Friedrich Krueger

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Krüger (diplomat)


text:
engineer
fortification
artillery
Normandy
Burgundy
Pisy
Châtel-Gérard
bailli
Chartres
Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier
demonym
mercenary
Hundred Years' War
Fougères
Brittany
an ongoing truce
Charles VII of France
French
dialect
Aragon
surname
Passy
Borgia
Rodrigo Borgia
Alexander VI
châtelain
Pisy
Châtel-Gérard
Loigny (Lunée)
bailiff
Chartres
Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier
Montargis
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Pont-Audemer
Le Mans
constable
Portchester Castle
Lower Normandy
knight of the Garter
Chamberlain
Duke of Burgundy
Knight of the Garter
Breton
Fougères
Condé-sur-Noireau
John Fastolf
Caister Castle
Norfolk
Alfonso V of Aragon
King of France
Fougères
King of England
Philip III of Burgundy
Ghent
trunnion
François de SURIENNE dit l'Aragonnais

categories: 15th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon,15th century in France,Hundred Years' War,Medieval mercenaries,Date of birth unknown,1462 deaths,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: François de Surienne

paragraph: François de Surienne ( – 8 April 1462) was a Spanish mercenary and engineer, a specialist in fortification and artillery, who was active in Normandy and Burgundy in the 15th century. He was lord of Pisy and of Châtel-Gérard as well as "bailli" of Chartres and of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier. His name is generally given in Spanish as Francisco de Soriano, Sarriera, Sariñera, Siurana, and Sured. Since he was born in Aragon, he was also known in France by his demonym, the Aragonese ().

paragraph: A mercenary and adventurer, Surienne fought in the Hundred Years' War on the side of the English, becoming a trusted captain and agent. His services and familial connections earned him a number of titles, lands, and important offices in France.

paragraph: Surienne is noted for launching an attack on Fougères, Brittany, in 1449, a move which precipitated the formal breaking of an ongoing truce between the English and the French. The failure of the English to support him prompted Surienne to sever ties with England, and he served Charles VII of France for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Origin and family.

paragraph: "François de Surienne" is a corruption in French of his native name, which has multiple variants due to the diversity of dialects in his native country of Aragon. Soriano, Sarriera, Sariñera, Siurana, and Sureda all feature among sources as his surname.

paragraph: He was a nephew of , who held Passy castle, through his marriage on 4 June 1426 to Étiennette de Grésille. He was perhaps related to the Borgia, and possibly the uncle of Rodrigo Borgia, who became Pope in 1492 under the name Alexander VI. His daughter Jeanne married Richard Aux-Épaules, a faithful Surienne retainer, châtelain of Longny for his father-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Titles.

paragraph: De Surienne, known as "the Aragonese" was lord of Pisy, Châtel-Gérard, and Loigny (Lunée), bailiff of Chartres and Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, and captain of Montargis, Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Pont-Audemer. He was also governor of Le Mans, constable of Portchester Castle, governor of Lower Normandy for the king of England, knight of the Garter, adviser to the king of England, Councilor and Chamberlain of the Duke of Burgundy, and grand master of the ducal artillery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Siege of Fougères.

paragraph: François de Surienne was made a Knight of the Garter on 27 November 1447. At the time he was an adventurer in the pay of the English, and took thirty-two towns before, on March 23, 1449, he seized the Breton town of Fougères while a truce between France and England was in force. This action became a pretext to break the truce, triggering the last phase of the Hundred Years' War. He launched this attack from the city of Condé-sur-Noireau, which was under the lordship of the Englishman Sir John Fastolf of Caister Castle, Norfolk (1380-1459).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career with the English.

paragraph: In 1461, he was bailiff of Chartres

paragraph: King Alfonso V of Aragon sent a letter to the King of France, Charles VII, on November 10, 1450, which recommended Franciscus Dictus Arragonennsis.

paragraph: Modernising the fortifications of Dijon from 1461, he then improved the defences of the castle of Fougères by reinforcing the ancient fortifications by placing works in front, thus protecting the old walls. The torn outline then appears in some parts of the fortification, in particular the weak points.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career with the Burgandians.

paragraph: Renowned as among the most valiant men of war of his time, after twenty years in the service of King of England, he entered the service of Duke Philip III of Burgundy, and accompanied him as governor during the campaign against Ghent.

paragraph: The years of peace during which he was in charge of the artillery enabled him to bring about equipment improvements which the experience of past wars seemed to indicate: the invention of trunnions and, consequently, that of the flanged carriages seem belong to that time.

paragraph: He died on 8 April 1462, aged 64, and was succeeded by Messire Waleran de Soissons.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- «a href="https%3A//www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/135856/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Medieval_Warfare.pdf"ebook/a»

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- []

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- François de SURIENNE dit l'Aragonnais.

wikidata_label: François de Surienne

wikipedia_title: François de Surienne


text:
La Jolla
O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro
Profile at World Surf League

categories: 1985 births,Sportspeople from San Diego,Lithuanian surfers,American surfers,Living people

paragraph: Patrick Gudauskas

paragraph: Patrick Gudauskas (born November 20, 1985 in La Jolla) is an American/Lithuanian professional surfer.

paragraph: He won several surfing competitions including the 2008 O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at World Surf League

paragraph: Lithuanian Decent

description: American surfer

wikidata_label: Patrick Gudauskas

wikipedia_title: Patrick Gudauskas


text:
Santa Cruz, California
Titans of Mavericks
Profile at World Surf League

categories: 1988 births,Sportspeople from Santa Cruz, California,American surfers,Living people

paragraph: Nic Lamb

paragraph: Nic Lamb (born January 18, 1988 in Santa Cruz, California) is an American professional surfer. He won several surfing competitions including the 2016 Titans of Mavericks. The Punta Galea Challenge in Spain 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

wikidata_label: Nic Lamb

wikipedia_title: Nic Lamb


text:
Brazil
pianist
Germany
Porto Alegre
Brazil
Ilona Kabos
Claudio Arrau
Camargo Guarnieri
Fantaisie in B minor
Alexander Scriabin
Hungarian Rhapsodies
"Rhapsodie espagnole"
Franz Liszt
Heitor Villa-Lobos
Rudepoêma
Ernesto Nazareth
Francisco Mignone
Chiquinha Gonzaga
Frédéric Chopin
Sergei Rachmaninoff
2nd Sonata
Sergei Prokofiev
6th Sonata
Charles Ives
Gershwin
Concerto in F
Jenny Abel
Thomas Quasthoff
Schumann
Dichterliebe
Liederkreis
Düsseldorf
Germany

categories: 1941 births,20th-century classical pianists,Brazilian expatriates in Germany,LGBT musicians from Germany,Brazilian classical pianists,LGBT musicians from Brazil,2011 deaths,Brazilian people of Hungarian descent

paragraph: Roberto Szidon

paragraph: Roberto Szidon (21 September 194121 December 2011) was a Brazilian classical pianist who had an international performing and recording career, and settled in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Szidon was born in Porto Alegre, Brazil in 1941. He gave his first concert at age 9 in his home town. He then studied composition with Karl Faust, and continued his pianistic studies in the United States with Ilona Kabos and Claudio Arrau.

paragraph: Szidon played with many renowned orchestras. In 1977 he completed a Southern Africa tour. He was the soloist at the premiere of Camargo Guarnieri's Piano Concerto No. 4, in Porto Alegre, on 6 September 1972.

paragraph: As a recording artist, Szidon was best known for his complete recording of the 10 Piano Sonatas and the Fantaisie in B minor by Alexander Scriabin and his complete recording of the 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies and the "Rhapsodie espagnole" by Franz Liszt.

paragraph: Szidon recorded a prize-winning LP in 1965 of Heitor Villa-Lobos's "Rudepoêma". Other Villa-Lobos works in his discography were "A fiandeira", "Saudades dos selvas brasileiras", "New York Skyline" (1957 version), "Carnaval dos crianças", "A lenda do caboclo", "Suite floral", Op. 97 (1949 revision), and 16 "Cirandas" and 12 "Cirandinhas". He also recorded the works of other Brazilian composers such as Ernesto Nazareth, Francisco Mignone and Chiquinha Gonzaga.

paragraph: Szidon also recorded Frédéric Chopin's 4 Scherzos and 4 Impromptus (Deutsche Grammophon LP 536 378), Sergei Rachmaninoff's 2nd Sonata, Sergei Prokofiev's 6th Sonata,

paragraph: as well as Charles Ives's "Concord Sonata" and Gershwin's Concerto in F. He frequently performed and recorded chamber music with violinist Jenny Abel, and accompanied Thomas Quasthoff in Schumann's "Dichterliebe", "Liederkreis", Op. 39, and other songs. He taught piano at the music academies in Hannover and Düsseldorf, where he was a professor of piano until his death. Among his most prominent students were the Italian pianist Igor Cognolato and the German pianist Tobias Koch.

paragraph: Szidon died in December 2011, in Düsseldorf, Germany, of a heart attack, aged 70.

paragraph: From August 1970 until his death, Szidon shared his life and work with his companion, pianist and composer Richard Metzler.

description: Brazilian musician

wikidata_label: Roberto Szidon

wikipedia_title: Roberto Szidon


text: American

text: critic

text: editor

text: translator

text: The Paris Review

text: National Magazine Award

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Sidwell Friends School

text: Yale College

text: MA

text: Johns Hopkins

text: New York City

text: literary agent

text: contributing editor

text: Might

text: Publishers Weekly

text: Farrar, Straus and Giroux

text: Grégoire Bouillier's

text: Philip Gourevitch

text: The Paris Review

text: Submission

text: Michel Houellebecq

text: Farrar Straus & Giroux

text: National Book Award

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Los Angeles Times Book Prize

text: Believer Book Award

text: National Book Critics Circle Award

text: The New York Review of Books

text: "Harper's"

text: "The London Review of Books"

text: The New Republic

text: Edouard Levé

text: Best Translated Book Award

text: The Paris Review

text: National Magazine Award

text: John Jeremiah Sullivan

text: Lytle

text: The Paris Review

text: Farrar, Straus and Giroux

text: "National Post" Q&A

text: "Rumpus" interview with Lorin Stein

categories: American male non-fiction writers,21st-century American non-fiction writers,American critics,The Paris Review,Yale College alumni,Journalists from Washington, D.C.,Sidwell Friends School alumni,American publishers (people),American magazine editors,Journalists from New York City,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Lorin Stein

paragraph: Lorin Hollister Stein (born April 22, 1973) is an American critic, editor, and translator. He was the editor in chief of "The Paris Review" but resigned in 2017 following accusations of sexual harassment by employees of the magazine. Under Stein's editorship, "The Paris Review" won two National Magazine Awards—the first in the category of Essays and Criticism (2011), and the second for General Excellence (2013).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lorin Stein was born and raised in Washington, D.C., where he attended the Sidwell Friends School. He graduated from Yale College in 1995. In 1996 he received an MA from the Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars, where he served as a teaching fellow. Stein currently resides in New York City and is married to the writer and editor Sadie Stein, whom he earlier hired to work at the Paris Review in 2011. His sister is the literary agent Anna Stein.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After brief tenures as a contributing editor at "Might" and "Publishers Weekly", Stein was hired by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1998 as an editorial assistant. He was eventually promoted to senior editor. In 2008, FSG published his translation of Grégoire Bouillier's memoir "The Mystery Guest".

paragraph: Stein succeeded Philip Gourevitch as the fourth editor of "The Paris Review" in April 2010. In 2015 he translated into English the bestselling novel "Submission" by French author Michel Houellebecq.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Sex scandal and resignation.

paragraph: In October 2017 the Paris Review board started an internal investigation which heard complaints from 'at least two female writers' relating to Stein's unwanted sexual behavior. According to the investigation, Stein regularly complimented women in the office on their appearance and encouraged them to invite attractive friends to work parties. Some women felt that decisions to publish their work was related to their appearance and relationship with Stein. In one case, a woman alleged she had a consensual sexual relationship with Stein, including having sex in his office, but after things started going badly she broke off the relationship. After the breakup, she found that her submissions were being rejected by the magazine, which she felt might be in retaliation. Her agent confirmed she'd been told of the experience as it happened in 2013. Stein strongly denies ever having taken looks or relationship status into consideration when approving stories.

paragraph: One woman said Stein had touched her at a work dinner in an inappropriate way, including touching her knee several times, sliding his hand up her skirt and touching her underwear. She said she had to request to move to a different seat to get him to stop. A friend and her boyfriend at the time confirmed she had spoken to them about the encounter when it happened.

paragraph: On December 6, 2017, Stein resigned. In his letter of resignation, he wrote, "I blurred the personal and the professional in ways that were, I now recognize, disrespectful of my colleagues and our contributors, and that made them feel uncomfortable or demeaned." He acknowledged he had abused his position and had several inappropriate relations with subordinates including interns and writers for the magazine. He says he now understands how the "way I behaved was hurtful, degrading and infuriating to a degree that I have only begun to understand this past month." However, he maintains that all sexual relations and contact was consensual.

paragraph: He also left his editor-at-large role at Farrar Straus & Giroux.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Books edited by Stein have received the National Book Award, the Pulitzer Prize, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the Believer Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. His reviews of fiction and poetry and his translations from French have appeared in "The New York Review of Books", "Harper's", "The London Review of Books", "The New Republic", "n+1", and the "Salon Guide to Contemporary Fiction". His translation of Edouard Levé's "Autoportrait" was nominated for the Best Translated Book Award (2013).

paragraph: Under Stein's editorship, "The Paris Review" has won two National Magazine Awards—the first in the category of Essays and Criticism (John Jeremiah Sullivan, "Mister Lytle: An Essay," 2011), and the second for General Excellence (2013).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Paris Review"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farrar, Straus and Giroux

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "National Post" Q&A, March 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rumpus" interview with Lorin Stein

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Austin Review" interview with Lorin Stein, January 2014

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Lorin Stein

wikipedia_title: Lorin Stein


text:
Arctic Wolf Networks
Blue Coat Systems
FC Gold Pride
Women's Professional Soccer
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Los Altos, California
Arctic Wolf Networks
Blue Coat Management
FC Gold Pride profile

categories: American technology chief executives,Living people,American soccer chairmen and investors,People from the San Francisco Bay Area

paragraph: Brian NeSmith

paragraph: Brian NeSmith is an American technology entrepreneur. He is currently the CEO of Arctic Wolf Networks, a network security startup he founded in 2012. Prior to Arctic Wolf, Brian served as president and CEO of Blue Coat Systems, which he helped take public.

paragraph: Before Blue Coat, NeSmith had been the CEO at IPSILON Networks, which was acquired by Nokia Telecommunications in early 1998.

paragraph: NeSmith was also the majority owner and founder of the now defunct FC Gold Pride of Women's Professional Soccer. He founded the club in the spring of 2009 and was a co-owner with his wife Nancy, who held the title of President.

paragraph: NeSmith graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1984 with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. He and his family live in Los Altos, California.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arctic Wolf Networks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue Coat Management

paragraph: BULLET::::- FC Gold Pride profile

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Brian NeSmith

wikipedia_title: Brian NeSmith


text: Perth Amboy, New Jersey

text: Slovak

text: bodybuilding

text: United States

text: weightlifting

text: 1936 Olympic Games

text: Berlin

text: AAU

text: Steve Reeves

text: Clarence Ross

text: George Eiferman

text: Armand Tanny

text: squats

text: York, Pennsylvania

text: IFBB Hall of Fame

text: IFBB Hall of Fame profile

text: Classic Bodybuilder

text: Clarence Bass on Grimek

text: John Grimek: "The Monarch Of Muscledom"

categories: 1998 deaths,Sportspeople from Perth Amboy, New Jersey,Professional bodybuilders,Olympic weightlifters of the United States,1910 births,American male weightlifters,American bodybuilders,American people of Slovak descent,People associated with physical culture

paragraph: John Grimek

paragraph: John Carroll Grimek (June 17, 1910 – November 20, 1998) was an American bodybuilder and weightlifter active in the 1930s and 1940s. Throughout his career he carried the nicknames "The Monarch of Muscledom" and "The Glow."

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Grimek was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Slovak immigrants George and Maria Grimek, peasants from the village in western Slovakia.

paragraph: Besides his bodybuilding exploits, Grimek also represented the United States in weightlifting at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.

paragraph: In 1949, he won his last contest, the AAU Mr. USA, against a field that included Steve Reeves, Clarence Ross, George Eiferman, and Armand Tanny. Grimek retired from bodybuilding undefeated.

paragraph: Grimek was featured in many bodybuilding articles and magazines, as well as being photographed in bodybuilding magazines. Despite his retirement, he continued serious training for many years, and was still able to perform squats with over 400 pounds for repetitions in his late 60s. Grimek died on November 20, 1998 in York, Pennsylvania at the age of 88. He was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IFBB Hall of Fame profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classic Bodybuilder

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarence Bass on Grimek

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Grimek – Hall of Fame at Weightlifting Exchange

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Grimek: "The Monarch Of Muscledom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Index of archived "Iron Game History" articles, many about Grimek, mainly those in the April 1999 issue

description: American weightlifter and bodybuilder

wikidata_label: John Grimek

wikipedia_title: John Grimek


text:
baseball
Edmundston
New Brunswick
major leagues
third base
Boston Red Sox
hitting
home run
RBI
runs scored
errors
total chances
putouts
outfielder
Scranton
Eastern League
Louisville Colonels
American Association
Minneapolis
double header
Philadelphia
New York Yankees
Arlington, Massachusetts
pneumonia
spring training

categories: Boston Red Sox players,1947 deaths,Major League Baseball third basemen,Major League Baseball players from Canada,1917 births,Baseball people from New Brunswick,Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States

paragraph: Ty LaForest

paragraph: Byron Joseph LaForest (April 18, 1917 – May 5, 1947) was a Canadian professional baseball player. He was born in Edmundston, New Brunswick.

paragraph: LaForest is one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the major leagues during World War II.

paragraph: LaForest played third base for the last two months of the 1945 season with the Boston Red Sox, hitting .250 (51-for-204) with 2 home runs, 16 RBI, and 25 runs scored in 52 games. He was an above-average defensive player, making just 5 errors in 147 total chances at third base, and recording 6 putouts (with no errors) in a few appearances as an outfielder.

paragraph: In 1944 LaForest played in the outfield for the Boston Red Sox affiliate, Scranton of the Eastern League. He hit .296 with 101 runs batted in which earned him a promotion in 1945 to the top Red Sox farm club in Louisville, Kentucky. While playing for the Louisville Colonels he tied an American Association record by getting six hits in six at bats in a game against Minneapolis.

paragraph: LaForest first appeared in a major league game on August 26, 1945 during a double header against Philadelphia. He had two home runs and five hits in total in the two games to lead the Red Sox to a pair of victories. Later that week Laforest singled and scored the only run of the game to help the Red Sox defeat the New York Yankees. On August 31 he had four more hits, including two triples in another double header with Philadelphia.

paragraph: LaForest died at the age of 30 in Arlington, Massachusetts after coming down with pneumonia in the winter of 1946. Still weakened from his illness he suffered a heart attack in Florida during spring training. He was inducted into the Boston Park League Baseball Hall of Fame in 1986.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shearon, Jim (1994). Canada's Baseball Legends. Malin Head Press. .

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Ty LaForest

wikipedia_title: Ty LaForest


text:
French
philosopher
political economist
Bercy
Paris
compositor
Le Globe
Saint-Simonian
Prosper Enfantin
socialism
Jean Reynaud
Encyclopédie nouvelle
Humanitarians
George Sand
F.W.J. Schelling
Young Hegelians
Karl Rosenkranz
Goethe
Creuse
Revolution of 1848
Louis Bonaparte
coup d'état
Jersey
socialist
International Workingmen's Association
amnesty
Paris Commune
Pythagorean
Buddhistic
God
pantheistic
metempsychosis
family
country
property
despotism
right of possession
democracy
history of ideas
humanity
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
French demonstration of 15 May 1848
Circulus (theory)
Inglis Palgrave
Dictionary of Political Economy
Miguel Abensour
Biographical sketch
Biographical sketch
George Sand

categories: Politicians from Paris,French socialists,Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly,1798 births,French philosophers,Pantheists,French economists,Writers from Paris,Forty-Eighters,Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic,French male writers,Utopian socialists,1871 deaths,Saint-Simonists,The Mountain (1849) politicians,19th-century philosophers

paragraph: Pierre Leroux

paragraph: Pierre Henri Leroux (7 April 1797 – 12 April 1871), was a French philosopher and political economist. He was born at Bercy, now a part of Paris, the son of an artisan.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His education was interrupted by the death of his father, which compelled him to support his mother and family. Having worked first as a mason and then as a compositor, he joined P. Dubois in the foundation of "Le Globe" which became in 1831 the official organ of the Saint-Simonian community, of which he became a prominent member. In November of the same year, when Prosper Enfantin became leader of the Saint-Simonians and preached the enfranchisement of women and the functions of the "couple-prétre", Leroux separated himself from the sect. In 1834 he published an essay entitled "Individualism and Socialism" which, despite its message of scepticism towards both tendencies, introduced the term socialism in French political discourse. In 1838, with Jean Reynaud, who had seceded with him, he founded the "Encyclopédie nouvelle" (eds. 1838-1841). Amongst the articles which he inserted in it were "De l'egalité" and "Refutation de l'éclectisme", which afterwards appeared as separate works.

paragraph: In 1840 he published his treatise "De l'humanité" (2nd ed. 1845), which contains the fullest exposition of his system, and was regarded as the philosophical manifesto of the Humanitarians. In 1841 he established the "Revue indépendante", with the aid of George Sand, over whom he had great influence. Her "Spiridion", which was dedicated to him, "Sept cordes de la lyre", "Consuelo", and "La Comtesse de Rudolstadt", were written under the Humanitarian inspiration. Leroux also became embroiled in the philosophical controversy between F.W.J. Schelling and the Young Hegelians in the early 1840s. A favourable comment about Schelling prompted a public reply from Hegel's disciple Karl Rosenkranz. Leroux continued to take an interest in German philosophy and literature; he also translated and commented on some writings by Goethe.

paragraph: In 1843 he established at Boussac (Creuse) a printing association organized according to his systematic ideas, and founded the "Revue sociale". At the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848 Leroux proclaimed the republic in the town of Boussac, becoming its mayor on February 25. Subsequently he was elected to the Constituent Assembly, and in 1849 to the Legislative Assembly, where he sat with the radical socialist deputies and often spoke, though his speeches were criticised as abstract and mystical. He also published numerous writings, including "La Plutocratie" (1848), another term he seems to have coined.

paragraph: An opponent of Louis Bonaparte, Leroux went into exile after the "coup d'état" of 1851, settling with his family in Jersey, where he pursued agricultural experiments and wrote his socialist poem "La Grève de Samarez". Marx nominated Leroux for the Central Committee of the International Workingmen's Association. On the definitive amnesty of 1869 he returned to Paris. He supported the Paris Commune but died before its suppression.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Leroux' thought is a unique medley of doctrines borrowed from Saint-Simonian, German Idealist, Pythagorean and Buddhistic sources. His fundamental philosophical principle is that of what he calls the "triad"—a triplicity which he finds to pervade all things, which in God is "power, intelligence and love," in man "sensation, sentiment and knowledge".

paragraph: His religious doctrine is pantheistic; and, rejecting the belief in a future life as commonly conceived, he substitutes for it a theory of metempsychosis. In social economy he preserves the family, country and property, but finds in all three, as they now are, a despotism which must be eliminated. He imagines certain combinations by which this triple tyranny can be abolished. His solution seems to require the creation of families without heads, countries without governments and property without right of possession. In politics he advocates absolute equality — a democracy.

paragraph: Leroux's significance in the history of ideas lies in his attempt to resuscitate spirituality and community in France in the wake of the revolutionary decades of the 1790s and the Napoleonic Era. As was the case with many of his romantic socialist contemporaries, Leroux sought a basis on which to refound the human community that did not rely on the pillars of the old Regime, authority, hierarchy, and the Catholic Church. The span of his lifetime were years of the rise of capitalism and liberal trade policies, and also of the rise of an organized workers' movement. Romantic socialism as a movement attempted to reconcile religious and material needs in society. Leroux' most thorough exposition of this idea is found in his "Doctrine de l'Humanité", published first in 1840. In this and other works he argues for a reciprocal notion of human need and identity, emphasizing humanity's interdependence in lieu of atomized individuality.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"

paragraph: BULLET::::- French demonstration of 15 May 1848

paragraph: BULLET::::- Circulus (theory)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This work in turn cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raillard, Célestin (1899). "Pierre Leroux at ses œuvres". Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reybaud, Louis (1842). "Études sur les réformateurs et socialistes modernes". Brussels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, Pierre-Félix (1904). "Pierre Leroux: sa vie, son œuvre, sa doctrine". Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- article in R. H. Inglis Palgrave (ed). "Dictionary of Political Economy".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Maîtron (ed. by), "Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier français. Première partie: 1789-1864" (Paris, 1964): t. II, pp. 501–503.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Bakunin, "Pierre Leroux and the birth of democratic socialism, 1797-1848" (New York, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques Viard, "Pierre Leroux et les socialistes européens" (Arles, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armelle Le Bras-Chopard, "De l'égalité dans la différence : le socialisme de Pierre Leroux" (Paris, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marisa Forcina, "I diritti dell’esistente. La filosofia della “Encyclopédie nouvelle” (1833-1847)" (Lecce, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbel Kuhn, "Pierre Leroux: Sozialismus zwischen analytischer Gesellschaftskritik und sozialphilosophischer Synthese: ein Beitrag zur methodischen Erforschung des vormarxistischen Sozialismus" (Frankfurt am Main, 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miguel Abensour, "Le Procès des maîtres rêveurs" (Paris, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruno Viard, "Pierre Leroux, penseur de l’humanité" (Aix-en-Provence, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrea Lanza, "All'abolizione del proletariato! Il discorso socialista fraternitario. Parigi 1839-1847" (Milano, 2010)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical sketch (in Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical sketch (in French). Site discusses intellectual background of George Sand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.amisdepierreleroux.org (in French)

wikidata_label: Pierre Leroux

wikipedia_title: Pierre Leroux


text:
orientalist
Bhagavata Purana
Lotus Sutra
cuneiform
Paris
Jean-Louis Burnouf
Tacitus
Pali
Christian Lassen
Avesta
Anquetil-Duperron
Avestan language
lithograph
Bibliothèque Nationale
cuneiform
Persepolis
Carsten Niebuhr
satrapies
Christian Lassen
Henry Rawlinson
Behistun inscription
Persia
King Darius of Persia
Brian Houghton Hodgson
Sanskrit
Krichna
Bouddhisme
Lotus Sutra
Academie des Inscriptions
Collège de France
metaphysics
occultists
Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire
Naudet
Emile-Louis Burnouf
Bhâgavata Purâna
L'Inde française
List of works by Eugène Guillaume
Internet Archive
Internet Archive
Internet Archive
Internet Archive

categories: Translators from Sanskrit,French Buddhist scholars,1852 deaths,Pali,1801 births,École Nationale des Chartes alumni,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class),Writers from Paris,French Indologists,Indo-Europeanists,Collège de France faculty,Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,École Normale Supérieure faculty,Members of the Société Asiatique,French orientalists

paragraph: Eugène Burnouf

paragraph: Eugène Burnouf (; April 8, 1801 – May 28, 1852) was a French scholar, an Indologist and orientalist. His notable works include a study of Sanskrit literature, translation of the Hindu text "Bhagavata Purana" and Buddhist text "Lotus Sutra". He wrote an introductory text on Buddhism and also made significant contributions to the deciphering of Old Persian cuneiform.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Paris. His father, Professor Jean-Louis Burnouf (1775–1844), was a classical scholar of high reputation, and the author, among other works, of an excellent translation of Tacitus (6 vols., 1827–1833). Eugène Burnouf published in 1826 an "Essai sur le Pali ...", written in collaboration with Christian Lassen; and in the following year "Observations grammaticales sur quelques passages de l'essai sur le Pali".

paragraph: The next great work he undertook was the deciphering of the Avesta manuscripts brought to France by Anquetil-Duperron. By his research a knowledge of the Avestan language was first brought into the scientific world of Europe. He caused the "Vendidad Sade", to be lithographed with the utmost care from the manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, and published it in folio parts, 1829–1843.

paragraph: From 1833 to 1835 he published his "Commentaire sur le Yaçna, l'un des livres liturgiques des Parses".

paragraph: At about the same time in his life, Eugène Burnouf made significant contributions to the deciphering of Old Persian cuneiform. Copies of cuneiform inscriptions from Persepolis had been published by Carsten Niebuhr many years earlier in 1778 and some preliminary inferences had already been made by other scholars about these Persian inscriptions. In 1836, Eugène Burnouf discovered that the first of the inscriptions contained a list of the satrapies of Darius. With this clue in his hand, he was able to identify and publish an alphabet of thirty letters, most of which he had correctly deciphered.

paragraph: A month earlier, Burnouf's friend Professor Christian Lassen of Bonn, had also published a work on "The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Persepolis". He and Burnouf had been in frequent correspondence, and his claim to have independently detected the names of the satrapies, and thereby to have fixed the values of the Persian characters, was in consequence fiercely attacked. However, whatever his obligations to Burnouf may have been, according to Sayce, Lassen's "contributions to the decipherment of the inscriptions were numerous and important."

paragraph: A year later in 1837, Henry Rawlinson had made a copy of the much longer Behistun inscriptions in Persia . Carved in the reign of King Darius of Persia (522 BC–486 BC), the inscriptions consisted of identical texts in the three official languages of the empire: Old Persian, Babylonian, and Elamite. Rawlinson sent a translation of the opening paragraphs to the Royal Asiatic Society. Before, however, his Paper could be published, the works of Lassen and Burnouf reached him, necessitating a revision of his Paper and the postponement of its publication. Then came other causes of delay. In 1847 the first part of the Rawlinson's Memoir was published, the second part did not appear till 1849. The task of deciphering the Persian cuneiform texts was virtually accomplished.

paragraph: Eugène Burnouf received many Sanskrit texts from Indologist and anthropologist Brian Houghton Hodgson. He published the Sanskrit text and French translation of the "Bhagavata Purana ou histoire poétique de Krichna" in three folio volumes (1840–1847). His last works were "Introduction à l'histoire du Bouddhisme indien" (1844), and a translation of "Le lotus de la bonne loi" ("The Lotus Sutra", 1852). According to Jonathan Silk, Burnouf can be regarded as "the founding father of modern Buddhist scientific studies."

paragraph: He had been for twenty years a member of the Academie des Inscriptions and professor of Sanskrit in the Collège de France. ""Introduction à l'Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien"" is recognized as an introduction to Buddhist metaphysics which influenced many French occultists in the nineteenth century for whom indianism and Sanskrit texts were a source of inspiration.

paragraph: See a notice of Burnouf's works by Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, prefixed to the second edition (1876) of the "Introduction à l'histoire du Bouddhisme indien"; also Naudet, "Notice historique sur MM. Burnouf, père et fils", in "Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions". A list of his valuable contributions to the "Journal asiatique" and of his manuscript writings, is given in the appendix to the "Choix de lettres d'Eugène Burnouf" (1891).

paragraph: His cousin Emile-Louis Burnouf (1821-1907) continued his work on Sanskrit language.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essai sur le Pali" (1826)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vendidad Sade, l'un des livres de Zoroastre" (1829–1843)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentaire sur le Yaçna, l'un des livres liturgiques des Parses" (1833–1835)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur les inscriptions cunéiformes" (1838)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bhâgavata Purâna ou histoire poétique de Krichna" (3 volumes, 1840–1847)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction à l'histoire du Bouddhisme indien" (1844 ; 1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Lotus de la bonne loi, traduit du sanscrit, accompagné d'un commentaire et de vingt et un mémoires relatifs au buddhisme" (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852). Reprint: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient A. Maisonneuve, Paris, 1973.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Inde française"

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of works by Eugène Guillaume

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delisle, Laure Burnouf: Choix de lettres d'Eugene Burnouf. Suivi d'une bibliographie, Paris: H. Champion (1891) Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnouf, Eugène (trad.): Le lotus de la bonne loi traduit du sanscrit, accompagné d'un commentaire et de vingt et un mémoires relatifs au buddhisme. Paris : Maisonneuve frères 1925. Internet Archive (PDF 34,9 MB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnouf, Eugène: Legends of Indian Buddhism; New York, Dutton 1911. Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnouf, Eugène: Introduction à l'histoire du buddhisme indien, Paris: Imprimerie royale1844. Internet Archive

paragraph: Attribution

description: French scholar and orientalist

wikidata_label: Eugène Burnouf

wikipedia_title: Eugène Burnouf