text:
Hebrew
Italian-Jewish
physician
Mantua
Jew
Titus
Jerusalem
Esau
Hebrew
Latin
Italian literature
medicine
archeology
history
Greek and Roman antiquities
Christian
Ferrara
Ancona
Bologna
Sabbionetta
a terrible earthquake
Letter of Aristeas
God
Hebrew
Aggadah
Talmud
Judah Loew ben Bezalel
Berlin
Vienna
Vilna
Second Temple
Septuagint
Talmud
Alexandria
Cyrene
Simon bar Kokhba
Romans
Philo
Biblical
Alexandria
Talmud
aggadic
gnat
Josephus
priestly
history of Queen Helen and her two sons
scientific method
Moses Provençal
Isaac Finzi
David Provençal
Hirsch Filipowski
Edinburgh
Zunz
Joseph Caro
Elisha Gallico
Joseph Caro
Venice
Joseph Jacobs
Isaac Broydé
"Ross, Azariah ben Moses dei".
Jewish Encyclopedia
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi
Zunz
Rapoport
Steinschneider
Jost
Grätz
Ginsburg
The Light of the Eyes
Description of Me'or Eynaim

categories: Italian physicians,Philosophers of Judaism,1578 deaths,People from Mantua,1510s births

paragraph: Azariah dei Rossi

paragraph: Azariah ben Moses dei Rossi (Hebrew: עזריה מן האדומים) was an Italian-Jewish physician and scholar. He was born at Mantua in 1511; and died in 1578. He was descended from an old Jewish family which, according to a tradition, was brought by Titus from Jerusalem. He was known among Jews as Azariah min-Ha'adumim (Azariah of the Red Family), a play on his name as well as a possible allusion to the fact that he lived in Catholic Italy, Rome being regarded as a spiritual heir of Esau (Edom, from Hebrew "`-d-m", red). Combining an insatiable desire for learning with remarkable mental power, Dei Rossi early in life became exceptionally proficient in Hebrew, Latin, and Italian literature. He studied simultaneously medicine, archeology, history, Greek and Roman antiquities, and Christian ecclesiastical history. When about the age of thirty he married and settled for a time at Ferrara. Later he was found at Ancona, Bologna, Sabbionetta, and again at Ferrara. In 1570 a terrible earthquake visited the last-named city and caused the death of about 200 persons. The house in which Dei Rossi lived was partly destroyed; but it happened that at the moment he and his wife were in their daughter's room, which remained uninjured. During the disturbances consequent upon the earthquake Dei Rossi lived in an outlying village, where he was thrown into association with a Christian scholar, who asked him if there existed a Hebrew translation of the "Letter of Aristeas". Dei Rossi answered in the negative, but in twenty days he prepared the desired translation, which he entitled "Hadrat Zekenim." His account of the earthquake, written shortly after, is entitled "Kol Elohim"; he regarded the earthquake as a visitation of God, and not merely as a natural phenomenon.

paragraph: Section::::"Me'or Enayim".

paragraph: He is known chiefly for his book "Me'or Enayim" (Hebrew, Light of the Eyes) in which he used critical methods to test the literal truth of the Aggadah, the non legalistic and narrative portions of the Talmud. His views were sharply criticised by Judah Loew ben Bezalel (the Maharal of Prague) in the latter's "Be'er ha-Golah".

paragraph: Dei Rossi's great work, "Me'or Enayim" ("Light of the Eyes") (Mantua, 1573-75; Berlin, 1794; Vienna, 1829; Vilna, 1863-66), includes the two works already mentioned and a third entitled "Imre Binah." The latter is divided into four parts; the first part contains a survey of the Jews at the time of the Second Temple, narrates the origin of the Septuagint, points out the contradictions between some of the beliefs of the Talmudists and the proved results of scientific research, records the origin of the Jewish colonies in Alexandria and Cyrene, chronicles the wars of Simon bar Kokhba against the Romans, etc. Dei Rossi quotes from the writings of Philo, whose orthodoxy he questions. He criticizes him for having allegorized Biblical narratives of facts, and points out that the Alexandrian philosopher never gives the traditional interpretation of the Biblical text. (However, he also offers a possible defense of Philo, and reserves a final judgment.)

paragraph: In the second part Dei Rossi criticizes a number of the assertions of the Talmudists (some of the criticisms were already extant and many of his criticisms were repeated by later commentators), and gives explanations of various aggadic passages which can not be taken literally (as, for instance, the aggadah which attributes the death of Titus to a gnat which entered his brain while he was returning to Rome). The third part is devoted to a study of Jewish chronology and translations from the writings of Philo, Josephus, and others, with commentaries. The fourth part deals with Jewish archeology, describing the shapes of the priestly garments and the glory of the Second Temple, and giving the history of Queen Helen and her two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Attitude of his contemporaries.

paragraph: Dei Rossi's followed the burgeoning scientific method of inquiry in his work and did not rely solely upon tradition. But this way of dealing with subjects which the multitude reverenced as sacred called forth many criticisms on the part of his contemporaries. Prominent among his critics were Moses Provençal of Mantua (to whom Dei Rossi had submitted his work in manuscript), Isaac Finzi of Pesaro, and David Provençal, who endeavored to defend Philo. Dei Rossi appended to some copies of the "Me'or Enayim" an answer to the criticisms of Moses Provençal, and a dissertation entitled "Tzedek Olamim," in which latter he refuted the arguments of Isaac Finzi. Later he wrote a special work entitled "Matzref la-Kesef" (published by Hirsch Filipowski at Edinburgh, 1854, and included by Zunz in the Vilna edition of the "Me'or"), in which he defended his "Yeme 'Olam" against its critics. Dei Rossi, however, also had to contend with those who considered his "Me'or 'Enayim" as a heretical work. Joseph Caro commissioned Elisha Gallico to draw up a decree to be distributed among all Jews, ordering that the "Me'or 'Enayim" be burned. But, Joseph Caro dying before it was ready for him to sign, the decree was not promulgated, and the rabbis of Mantua contented themselves with forbidding the reading of the work by Jews under twenty-five years of age.

paragraph: The "Me'or 'Enayim" attracted the attention of many Christian Hebraists, who translated parts of it into Latin.

paragraph: Dei Rossi was the author of a collection of poems (Venice, n.d.), among which are several of a liturgical character.

paragraph: Joseph Jacobs and Isaac Broydé, "Ross, Azariah ben Moses dei". "Jewish Encyclopedia" (Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906) cite the following bibliography:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi, "Dizionario", p. 280;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zunz, in "Kerem Ḥemed", v. 131-138, vii. 119-124;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rapoport, "ib." v. 159-162;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl. col." 747;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jost, "Gesch. des Judenthums und Seiner Sekten", iii. 123;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grätz, "Gesch." ix. 405 et seq.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zunz, Literaturgeschichte, p. 417;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ginsburg, "Levita's Massoreth ha-Massoreth", p. 52.

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azariah de Rossi, "The Light of the Eyes" (New Haven, Yale UP, 2001), 864 pp. (Yale Judaica).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Description of Me'or Eynaim

description: Italian rabbi

wikidata_label: Azariah dei Rossi

wikipedia_title: Azariah dei Rossi


text:
Korea
scholar
author
Gangneung
Gangwon-do
yangban
Seoul
Tangyugwandongnok
The Great Learning
Doctrine of the Mean
King Sejo
Danjong of Joseon
Classical chinese
Korea
Geumo Sinhwa
Siphyeondamyohae
Tangyugwanseorok
Tangyuhonamnok
Yongjang Temple
King Sejong
Geumosinhwa
Jiandeng Xinhua
Qu You
democracy
Korean Literature
Gangwon

categories: Korean Buddhists,Korean philosophers,Korean Taoists,1435 births,Korean literature,1493 deaths

paragraph: Kim Si-seup

paragraph: Kim Si-seup (1435–1493) was a Korean scholar and author.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Kim Si-seup's ancestors originally came from Gangneung, Gangwon-do. His family was from the yangban class and Kim himself was born in Seoul.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Kim maintained a special bond with the Gangwon area and compiled a book of poetry called "Tangyugwandongnok" which was based on family history and experiences he had in the area. Kim was an extremely gifted child and had picked up reading ability at eight months of age. At five years of age, he was able to read and comprehend The Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean. Kim was a devout Buddhist and at twenty-one years of age protesting King Sejo usurping of the throne from his nephew Danjong of Joseon (eventually murdering him), he decided to skip government service and become a Buddhist monk.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Kim wrote the first novel in Classical chinese in Korea, titled Geumo Sinhwa (금오신화; 金鰲新話), as well as other books such as Siphyeondamyohae, Tangyugwanseorok, and Tangyuhonamnok. Geumo Sinhwa (New stories from Mount Geumo) was likely composed at Yongjang Temple during the reign of King Sejong and became an instant classic. Although Geumosinhwa was influenced by a Chinese novel titled "Jiandeng Xinhua" (New stories while trimming the lampwick) by Qu You, it would become nativized.

paragraph: Another characteristic lies in his own writing. He did not prefer only Confucianism and tried to deal with Buddhism. It appeared in several books of his that the king and subjects should respect the whole nation regardless of a person's status and origin. It was believed his thought was much advanced compared to the era in which he lived and remained one of the earliest ideas concerning democracy on the Korean peninsula.

paragraph: When he died there was a government effort to find and preserve all of his works, which number around 30 volumes. Below is an example of his poetry:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean Literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gangwon

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

alias:
cha Yŏlgyŏng
Yolgyong
Si-sup Kim
Kim Si-sŭp
Kim Si-sup
Ch'onghanja
Maewoltang
Tongbong, Ch'ŏnghanja ho Maewŏltang
Tongbong

description: Korean scholar and author

wikidata_label: Kim Si-seup

wikipedia_title: Kim Si-seup


text:
Sheffield
England
Sheffield Royal Grammar School
St Paul's School
St. Stephen's House, Oxford
English Channel
Netherlands
First World War
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
Motor Launch
Cobh
Royal Thames Yacht Club
Canal de Nantes à Brest
Canal du Midi
French Riviera
Royal Navy
Kenneth Edwards
"Sailing Ships"
Internet Archive
"Ships and Ways of Other Days"
Bibliography

categories: British military writers,Royal Navy officers of World War I,1878 births,1944 deaths,People educated at St Paul's School, London,People from Sheffield

paragraph: Edward Keble Chatterton

paragraph: Edward Keble Chatterton (10 September 1878 – 31 December 1944) was a prolific writer who published around a hundred books, pamphlets and magazine series, mainly on maritime and naval themes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at number 76, Rock Street, Sheffield, England, he attended Sheffield Royal Grammar School followed by St Paul's School, then located in Hammersmith, London. He took a B.A. at St. Stephen's House, Oxford, before beginning to write theatre and art reviews for various magazines. In 1905, he edited "The Lady's Realm" for a number of issues.

paragraph: He undertook a number of small-boat voyages through the English Channel and the Netherlands; out of these voyages came magazine articles and books describing the passages as well as several books on the maritime art collections of the Low Countries.

paragraph: At the outbreak of the First World War, Chatterton joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (R.N.V.R.), ultimately commanding a Motor Launch flotilla at Queenstown, now Cobh, in Ireland. He describes these years in "Q-Ships and their Story" (1922), "The Auxiliary Patrol" (1924) and "Danger Zone: The Story of the Queenstown Command" (1934). He left the service in 1919 with the rank of Lieutenant Commander.

paragraph: In the inter-war years, his output was continuous, and included a series of monographs on model ships, many narrative histories of naval events, and a number of juvenile novels. Most of his books were republished in the United States and several were translated into French and German editions.

paragraph: A member of the Royal Thames Yacht Club for many years, he carried out a multi-season voyage to the Mediterranean through the French canals. He described these in a further series of books: his journeys on the Canal de Nantes à Brest are outlined in "Through Brittany in "Charmina": From Torbay to the Bay of Biscay in a 6-Tonner" (1933), journeys on the Canal du Midi are described in "To the Mediterranean in "Charmina"" (1934), and journeys along the French Riviera are described in ""Charmina" on the Riviera" (1937).

paragraph: After 1939, his writings focused on the conflict with Germany. Hutchinsons published a series documenting the Royal Navy at war, which was completed by Kenneth Edwards following Chatterton's death in 1944.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sailing Ships". London : Sidgwick & Jackson, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Down the Channel in the "Vivette"". London : Sidgwick & Jackson, 1910.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Through Holland in the Vivette". London : Seeley, Service & Co., 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ships and Ways of Other Days". London : Sidgwick & Jackson, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ventures and voyages". London : Rich & Cowan, 1928.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Through Brittany in "Charmina"". London : Rich & Cowan, 1933.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sailing models ancient & modern". London : Hurst & Blackett Ltd, 1934.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ship Models". London : Studio Ltd, 1923.

paragraph: "The story of the British navy" mills and boon 1911

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography at Bruzelius.info

description: British writer

wikidata_label: Edward Keble Chatterton

wikipedia_title: Edward Keble Chatterton


text:
basketball
guard
forward
Ballard High School
Louisville, Kentucky
college basketball
University of Virginia
Cavaliers
Bryant Stith
Charlottesville
1980-81 team
ACC
Final Four
Portland Trail Blazers
1981 NBA Draft
NBA
Blazers
Milwaukee Bucks
San Antonio Spurs
Los Angeles Lakers
1985–86 season
NBAPA
Jeff Lamp NBA statistics

categories: Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball),Milwaukee Bucks players,Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky,All-American college men's basketball players,Small forwards,Sportspeople from Minneapolis,Basketball players at the 1981 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,Reyer Venezia players,Ballard High School (Louisville, Kentucky) alumni,Basketball players from Kentucky,American expatriate basketball people in Italy,Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball players,Los Angeles Lakers players,Bàsquet Manresa players,Living people,American expatriate basketball people in Spain,American men's basketball players,McDonald's High School All-Americans,Basketball players from Minnesota,1959 births,Liga ACB players,Shooting guards,San Antonio Spurs players,Portland Trail Blazers draft picks,Portland Trail Blazers players

paragraph: Jeff Lamp

paragraph: Jeffrey Alan Lamp (born March 9, 1959) is an American former professional basketball player. At a height of 6'6", he was a guard-forward.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Lamp attended and played competitively at Ballard High School, in Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Lamp played college basketball at the University of Virginia, with the Cavaliers. Lamp was an All-ACC selection in each of his four seasons at UVa (1978-81). He finished with 2,317 career points which was a school record until broken by Bryant Stith (2,516) in 1992. During his time in Charlottesville, Lamp was part of the 1980-81 team that claimed an ACC regular season title and made the school's first Final Four appearance.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Lamp was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers, in the 1st round (15th overall) of the 1981 NBA Draft. Lamp played in six NBA seasons, for four different teams (the Blazers, Milwaukee Bucks, San Antonio Spurs, and Los Angeles Lakers).

paragraph: In his NBA career, Lamp played in 291 games, and he scored a total of 1,495 points. His best year in the NBA came during the 1985–86 season, when he split time with the Bucks and Spurs, appearing in 74 games, and averaging 8.2 points per game.

paragraph: Lamp currently lives in Los Angeles, and works for the NBAPA.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeff Lamp NBA statistics, "basketballreference.com"

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Jeff Lamp

wikipedia_title: Jeff Lamp


text:
Islam
Muhammad
Islam
hijra
Abyssinia
Mecca
Medina
battle of Badr
battle of Uhud
Battle of the Trench
caliphate
Umar
Tigris River
Basra
Iraq
caliph
Hijaz
hajj
al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah
Masudul Hasan
Lahore
History of the Prophets and Kings
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Salaf

categories: Medieval Muslim generals,7th-century Muslims,Male Sahabah,Year of birth unknown,639 deaths,Arab generals

paragraph: Utbah ibn Ghazwan

paragraph: Utbah ibn Ghazwan (عُتبة بن غَزْوان) (c.582-639) was a well-known companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the seventh person to convert to Islam and participated in the "hijra" to Abyssinia, but returned to stay with Muhammad in Mecca before making the second "hijrah" to Medina. He fought at the battle of Badr (624), the battle of Uhud (625), the Battle of the Trench (627) and many others, including the battles of Yamamah.

paragraph: During the caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644), Utbah commanded a force of 2,000 men in a campaign against Ubullah which lasted from June through September 635. Once Uballah was occupied, Utba sent a force across the Tigris River which occupied the district of Furat, Baghdad|Furat, followed by Meisan and Abarqubaz. He was soon appointed governor of Basra (Iraq) by the caliph. In 639 Utba left for the Hijaz to perform hajj and to request Umar to relieve him of his office as governor. Umar refused, but while returning to Basra, Utbah fell from his camel and died. He was succeeded by al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah as governor.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Hadrat 'Umar Farooq", Prof. Masudul Hasan, Islamic Publications Lahore

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "History of the Prophets and Kings" by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salaf

description: Muslim general and Sahabah

wikidata_label: Utbah ibn Ghazwan

wikipedia_title: Utbah ibn Ghazwan


text:
American football
cornerback
National Football League
Arizona Cardinals
2000 NFL Draft
college football
Arkansas
Osceola High School
New York Jets
Arkansas Razorbacks
architecture
Arizona Cardinals
2000 NFL Draft
Hank Poteat
ABC
Adrian Jones

categories: Players of American football from Iowa,African-American players of American football,Sportspeople from Waterloo, Iowa,1977 births,American football cornerbacks,Arkansas Razorbacks football players,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: David Barrett (American football)

paragraph: David Barrett (born December 22, 1977) is a former American football cornerback who played nine seasons in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the fourth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arkansas. He went to school and graduated from Osceola High School where he excelled in football.

paragraph: Barrett also played for the New York Jets.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Barrett played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks. During his college career, he had a total of 176 tackles, 7 interceptions, 3 forced fumbles and 5 sacks. He majored in architecture.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Barrett was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the fourth round (102nd overall) in the 2000 NFL Draft. He played for them until 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: In 2004, David Barrett signed with the New York Jets and became the team's starting cornerback. In 2005, he had five interceptions. However, by 2007 he had lost his starting job to Hank Poteat.

paragraph: On February 10, 2009, Barrett was released by the Jets.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: In 1979, his mother, Willie Ann Rucker, disappeared and has never been found. Barrett appeared in ABC’s "" in 2006, with teammate Adrian Jones, to help build a new home for the Llanes family. His wife Sheila works as a curator for the Jefferson Davis museum in Waterloo.

description: Player of American Football

wikidata_label: David Barrett

wikipedia_title: David Barrett (American football)


text:
Italian
Greek
ammiratus ammiratorum
Sicily
Christodulus
George of Antioch
Maio of Bari
William II
Tancred
pirate
privateer
count palatine
Cephalonia
Zakynthos
count of Malta
Prince of Taranto
Duke of Durazzo
Lecce
Ionian Islands
Isaac II Angelos
Cyprus
Holy Land
Saladin
captured Jerusalem
Palestine
Latin crusader kingdom
Tripoli
Krak des Chevaliers
Marqab
Latakia
Tyre
strategos
Jordan du Pin
Messina
Richard the Lionheart
Third Crusade
king of Germany
Henry VI
Constance
Naples
Pisa
Genoese
Salerno
Messina
Naples
Markward von Anweiler
Palermo
Nicholas, Archbishop of Salerno
Matthew of Ajello
Sibylla of Acerra
William III
Christmas
Roger of Howden
Roger II of Sicily
Corfu
Leone Vetrano
Venetians
Norwich, John Julius
The Genoese Annals of Ottobuono Scriba
The story of Margaritus in images.
Domus Margariti.
Genealogy.

categories: History of Malta,Military history of the Kingdom of Sicily,Medieval admirals,1197 deaths,Christians of the Third Crusade,1140s births

paragraph: Margaritus of Brindisi

paragraph: Margaritus of Brindisi (also Margarito; Italian "Margaritone" or Greek "Megareites" or "Margaritoni" [Μαργαριτώνη]: c. 1149 – 1197), called "the new Neptune", was the last great "ammiratus ammiratorum" (Grand Admiral) of Sicily. Following in the footsteps of Christodulus, George of Antioch, and Maio of Bari, Margaritus led the fleets of the kingdom in the reigns of William II (1166–1189) and Tancred (1189–1194). He probably began as a Greek pirate and gradually rose to the rank of privateer before becoming a permanent admiral of the navy. In 1185, he became the first count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos (or Zante). In 1192, he became the first count of Malta. He also held the titles of Prince of Taranto and Duke of Durazzo.

paragraph: Margaritus first appears as a leader of the fleet alongside Tancred, then just count of Lecce, which took Cephalonia and the Ionian Islands in 1185 and then harassed the fleet of Isaac II Angelos at Cyprus and captured many of his ships, taking them back to Sicily. In Autumn 1187, King William sent him with a fleet to the Holy Land, where, on 2 October, Saladin had captured Jerusalem. Margaritus, with 60 ships and 200 knights, patrolled the Palestine coast constantly, preventing Saladin from taking any of the vital seaports of the Latin crusader kingdom. In July 1188, he arrived at Tripoli and forced Saladin to raise the siege of Krak des Chevaliers. Something similar happened at Marqab, Latakia, and Tyre in the following year. On 11 November 1189, William died and his fleet returned. On 4 October 1190, Margaritus, the "strategos" Jordan du Pin, and many other nobles of Messina were forced to flee when the English king Richard the Lionheart sacked the city and burnt it. Margaritus took little part thereafter in the Third Crusade.

paragraph: Margaritus was a staunch supporter of Tancred against the king of Germany, Henry VI, who married Constance, aunt of both Tancred and William II. Henry besieged Naples in 1191 and Margaritus came to the city's defence. He harassed Henry's Pisan navy and nearly destroyed the late-arriving Genoese contingent and kept the harbour approaches open. Salerno had surrendered to Henry and invited Constance there, but when Henry was forced to retreat, its population turned against Constance and captured her, and it was Margaritus who delivered her to Messina to Tancred on a typical bireme galley or dromon. Tancred made Margaritus the first count of Malta sometime in 1192, perhaps for this unexpected success, granting him considerable resources.

paragraph: The war for the kingdom, however, was not given up. Tancred was forced to release Constance the same year; and later Henry sent a second, more powerful navy—mostly Pisan and Genoese—to Naples under the command of Markward von Anweiler. The fleet was augmented by fifty galleys from the Lionheart, forced to promise his support as part of the conditions of his release from a German prison. It landed in the Neapolitan bay on 25 August 1194; Naples surrendered. Next Palermo, where Margaritus defended the citadel, surrendered on November 20. Margaritus and many nobles of the old guard, including Nicholas, Archbishop of Salerno, the son of Matthew of Ajello, and Tancred's widow, Sibylla of Acerra, and brief successor, William III, were present at the Christmas coronation. However, four days later, they were arrested on charges of conspiracy and sent to Germany. He was blinded and died there in 1197, while the Chronicle of Roger of Howden reported that the blind Margaritus was killed in Rome by a servant of his in 1200s by when he, while serving Philip II, King of France, had gone to Brindisi where he had gathered a fleet.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Marina, the illegitimate daughter of Roger II of Sicily. By her he had two known children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter whose husband inherited the county of Cephalonia and Zakynthos

paragraph: BULLET::::- possibly another daughter in Corfu, whose husband, Leone Vetrano, ruled Corfu from 1199 until his execution by the Venetians in 1206

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. "The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194". Longman: London, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Genoese Annals of Ottobuono Scriba (pdf)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annales Ianuenses Otoboni Scribae", in "Annali Genovesi di Caffaro e de' suoi continuatori, ii (1189-1196)". ed L. T. Belgrano and C. Imperiale di Sant'Angelo (Fonti per la storia d'Italia, 1902), pp. 38–41, 45-53.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garufi, C. A. "Margarito di Brindisi, conte di Malta e ammiraglio del re di Sicilia," in: "Miscellanea di archeologia, storia e filologia dedicata al prof. Antonino Salinas", Palermo 1907, 273-282.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The story of Margaritus in images.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domus Margariti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy.

description: Sicilian admiral

wikidata_label: Margaritus of Brindisi

wikipedia_title: Margaritus of Brindisi


text: Berlaimont

text: Namur

text: nobleman

text: Low Countries

text: Margaret of Parma

text: Grand Huntsman of Brabant

text: Spanish

text: Eighty Years War

text: Floyon

text: Haultpenne

text: Hierges

text: stadtholder

text: Namur

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: bailiff

text: Council of Troubles

text: Berlaimont

text: county

text: Union of Brussels

text: Compromise of Nobles

text: Brussels

text: Margaret of Parma

text: Protestant

text: geux

text: Geuzen

text: Gilles de Berlaymont

text: stadtholder

text: Seventeen Provinces

text: Siege of Maastricht (1579)

text: Louis de Berlaymont

text: Cambrai

text: prevost

text: Saint Servatius

text: Maastricht

text: Beauraing

text: Claude de Berlaymont

text: Breda

text: Florent de Berlaymont

text: Floyon

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: Namur

text: Artois

text: Guelders

text: Luxembourg

categories: Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (Spanish Empire),1510 births

paragraph: Charles de Berlaymont

paragraph: Charles de Berlaymont (1510 in Berlaimont? – 1578 in Namur?) was a leading nobleman in the Low Countries in the 16th century. He was an important counselor of Margaret of Parma, Grand Huntsman of Brabant and generally sided with Spanish politics in the early years of the Eighty Years War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Michèl de Berlaymont and Maria de Berault. He was lord of Floyon and Haultpenne, and baron of Hierges.

paragraph: In 1553, he became stadtholder of Namur. Berlaymont was knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, senior hunting master of Brabant, Flanders and Namur, member of the Council of State, hereditary chamberlain of finances and bailiff of the county of Namur. In 1567, he became a member of the much-dreaded Council of Troubles. In 1574, his home territory Berlaimont was elevated to the status of a county. In 1577, Berlaymont was one of the signees of the Union of Brussels, which he immediately repudiated.

paragraph: He is known for his famous comment on the Compromise of Nobles in 1566. The nobles had come to Brussels with a petition for Margaret of Parma, governess of the Netherlands, hoping to stop the persecution of Protestants. When Margaret asked who these people were, Berlaymont supposedly answered with ""Ce ne sont que des geux"" (they are but beggars) after which the Dutch rebels promptly adopted the name Geuzen as their own.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: He was married to Adriana de Ligne Barbançon and had these children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilles de Berlaymont (ca. 1540 - 1579), stadtholder of various territories of the Seventeen Provinces. Died at the Siege of Maastricht (1579)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis de Berlaymont (1542 - 1596), archbishop of Cambrai and prevost of Saint Servatius in Maastricht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lancelot de Berlaymont, lord of Beauraing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claude de Berlaymont (1550 - 1587), lord of Hautepenne, governor of Breda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florent de Berlaymont (ca. 1550 - 1626), lord of Floyon, knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, stadtholder of Namur, Artois, Guelders and Luxembourg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adrienne de Berlaymont (? - 1582), married John of Brandenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolande de Berlaymont (1560-?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie de Berlaymont (?)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilles van Berlaymont moordt Oudewater uit 1546 - 1579

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Charles de Berlaymont

wikipedia_title: Charles de Berlaymont


text: Carinthian

text: knight

text: Sommeregg

text: burgrave

text: castellan

text: Ortenburg

text: Counts of Celje

text: Kornberg

text: Duchy of Styria

text: edelfrei

text: Graben von Stein

text: House of Gorizia

text: County of Görz

text: County of Tyrol

text: Duchy of Carinthia

text: Friedrich II von Graben

text: Ulrich III von Graben

text: Habsburg

text: Frederick III

text: Auersperg

text: Frederick II of Celje

text: captain

text: stadtholder

text: Viscount

text: Henry VI of Gorizia

text: Ulrich II of Celje

text: Wernberg

text: Vellach

text: Falkenstein Castle

text: Seeboden

text: Archbishops of Salzburg

text: Virgil von Graben

text: County of Gorizia

text: Habsburg

text: Frederick III

text: Maximilian I

text: Sanneck

text: Counts of Celje

text: House of Habsburg

text: Aachen

text: (de) Burg Sommeregg

text: Johann Weichard Freiherr von Valvasor

categories: People from Carinthia (state),1463 deaths,Medieval Austrian knights,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Andreas von Graben

paragraph: Andreas von Graben zu Sommeregg (15th century – 1463) was a Carinthian knight and nobleman residing at Sommeregg Castle. He served as a burgrave and castellan governor in the Ortenburg estates, held by the Counts of Celje until 1456.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born at Kornberg Castle in the Duchy of Styria, Andreas von Graben was a descendant of the noble ("edelfrei") Graben von Stein family, who sprang out from the House of Gorizia ("Meinhardiner" dynasty) ruling the County of Görz, as well as the County of Tyrol and the Duchy of Carinthia in former times.

paragraph: He was the son of Friedrich I von Graben (d. 1422 at Kornberg Castle) and Katharina von Summeregk (Sommeregg); Burgrave Friedrich II von Graben was a brother of him. Andreas' nephew Ulrich III von Graben became a confidant of the Habsburg emperor Frederick III. Andreas` sister (?) Veronica von Graben (d. 1467) was married to Philipp Breuner (d. 1458), and Elisabeth von Graben married with Georg von Auersperg (d. 1488).

paragraph: In 1442 Count Frederick II of Celje enfeoffed Andreas von Graben with the Lordship of Sommeregg. He served as a captain ("Hauptmann", a sort of stadtholder) of the former Ortenburg estates and also as burgrave (Viscount) and knight at Sommeregg, which he chose as his residence. In 1445 he was involved in the fierce feud between Count Henry VI of Gorizia and his wife Catherine of Gara and later supported the military campaigns of his bellicose liege lord Count Ulrich II of Celje. In 1450 he was also named as Burggraf of Sternberg, near Wernberg.

paragraph: Upon the extinction of the Counts of Celje in 1456, their estates were seized by Emperor Frederick III of the Habsburg dynasty. He enforced a settlement with the Counts of Gorizia, whereupon Andreas von Graben had to renounce his conquests and also lost his office as stadtholder of the Ortenburg estates. Nevertheless, he still is documented as a liege lord around Vellach in 1458, and owner of Falkenstein Castle in 1462. He also had the parish churches of Treffling and Lieseregg (in present-day Seeboden) near his Sommeregg residence rebuilt. The castle became the Stein von Graben family seat for many years.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: His wife was Barbara Hallecker, daughter of an Imperial counsellor and administrator in Carinthia. The couple had at least eight children

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich von Graben

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst von Graben (d. 1513), nobleman, served the Archbishops of Salzburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virgil von Graben (d. 1507), succeeded his father as Burgrave of Sommeregg, administrator in the County of Gorizia, served the Habsburg emperors Frederick III and Maximilian I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruth von Graben

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cosmas von Graben (d. 1479), nobleman, Burgrave of Sanneck ("Žovnek"), served the Counts of Celje and the House of Habsburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang von Graben

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf Andrae von Graben, knighted by King Maximilian I in 1486 at his coronation in Aachen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara von Graben

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (de) Austro Archiv, "Beiträge zur Familiengeschichte Tirols", "Graben von Stein"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Das Land Tirol: mit einem Anhange: Vorarlberg: ein Handbuch für Reisende. By Beda Weber

paragraph: BULLET::::- (de) Burg Sommeregg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Weichard Freiherr von Valvasor (1689): "Die Ehre dess Hertzogthums Crain: das ist, Wahre, gründliche, und recht eigendliche Belegen- und Beschaffenheit dieses Römisch-Keyserlichen herrlichen Erblandes"; Laybach (Ljubljana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf Granichstaedten-Czerva (1948): "Brixen - Reichsfürstentum und Hofstaat".

description: Austrian noble

wikidata_label: Andreas von Graben

wikipedia_title: Andreas von Graben


text:
Italian
jurist
Bologna
Azo
Odofredus
Henricus de Segusio
Jacobus de Ravanis
Orléans
civil law
University of Bologna
podestà
Genoa
Genoese Republic

categories: University of Bologna faculty,13th-century jurists,Legal history of Italy,Italian jurists,1225 deaths,Year of birth missing,13th-century Italian writers,13th-century Italian people,People from Bologna

paragraph: Jacobus Balduinus

paragraph: Jacobus Balduinus (died 1225) was an Italian jurist.

paragraph: He was born in Bologna, and is reputed to have been of a noble family. He was a pupil of Azo, and the master of Odofredus, of the canonist Hostiensis (Henricus de Segusio), and of Jacobus de Ravanis (Jacques de Revigny), who taught at Orléans. His great fame as a professor of civil law at the University of Bologna caused Balduinus to be elected podestà of the city of Genoa, where he was entrusted with the reforms of the law of the Genoese Republic. He died at Bologna in 1225, and has left behind him some treatises on procedure.

description: Italian jurist

wikidata_label: Jacobus Balduinus

wikipedia_title: Jacobus Balduinus


text: Italian

text: Medieval Roman Law

text: Perugia

text: Bartolus de Saxoferrato

text: Federicus Petrucius

text: Siena

text: canon law

text: Bologna

text: Perugia

text: Pisa

text: Florence

text: Padua

text: Pavia

text: Bologna

text: Piacenza

text: Pavia

text: Gregory XI

text: Urban VI

text: Rome

text: Clement VII

text: Francesco Zabarella

text: Paulus Castrensis

text: "Pandects"

text: Codex Justinianus

text: Libri Feudorum

text: feudal law

text: decretals

categories: University of Bologna faculty,1400 deaths,14th-century Latin writers,1327 births,Italian jurists,University of Pisa faculty,University of Perugia faculty,People from Perugia,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Baldus de Ubaldis

paragraph: Baldus de Ubaldis (Italian: "Baldo degli Ubaldi"; 1327 – 28 April 1400) was an Italian jurist, and a leading figure in Medieval Roman Law.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A member of the noble family of the Ubaldi (Baldeschi), Baldus was born at Perugia in 1327, and studied civil law there under Bartolus de Saxoferrato, being admitted to the degree of doctor of civil law at the early age of seventeen. Federicus Petrucius of Siena is said to have been the master under whom he studied canon law.

paragraph: On his promotion to the doctorate he went to Bologna, where he taught law for three years, after which he was advanced to a professorship at Perugia, where he remained for thirty-three years. He subsequently taught law at Pisa, Florence, Padua and Pavia, the rivals to Bologna. During his period at Pavia he sometimes also taught at Piacenza. He died at Pavia on 28 April 1400.

paragraph: Baldus was the master of Pierre Roger de Beaufort, who became pope under the title of Gregory XI, and whose immediate successor, Urban VI, summoned Baldus to Rome to assist him by his consultations in 1380 against the anti-pope Clement VII. Baldus' view on the legal issues relating to the schism are laid down in the so-called "Questio de schismate". Cardinal Francesco Zabarella and Paulus Castrensis were also among his pupils.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Many of Baldus' works are incomplete. He left voluminous commentaries on the "Pandects" and on the "Codex Justinianus". His Commentary on the "Libri Feudorum", a twelfth-century compilation of feudal law provisions, is considered to be one of his best works. He also commented on the canon law compilations of decretals, the "Liber Extra" and the "Liber Sextus". In addition to these commentaries, Baldus wrote a number of treatises on specialised legal topics. His major effort, however, went into the writing of some 3,000 "consilia" (legal opinions). No other medieval lawyer has so many consilia preserved.

paragraph: Baldus's work on the law of evidence and the gradations of proof was a high point of medieval thought in the discipline and remained the standard treatment of the subject for centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Baldus had two brothers, Angelus (13281400) and Petrus (13351400). It is probably due to confusion between Baldus and his brother Petrus that the famous jurist's name is sometimes given as Petrus Baldus de Ubaldis.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Canning, "The Political Thought of Baldus de Ubaldis" (Cambridge University Press, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Franklin, "The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal" (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001) ch. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "VI Centenario della morte di Baldo degli Ubaldi," "Ius commune," 27 (2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "VI Centenario della morte di Baldo degli Ubaldi 1400-2000," eds. Carla Frova, Maria Grazia Nico Ottaviani, and Stefania Zucchini (Perugia: Università degli Studi, 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Hamza, "Entstehung und Entwicklung der modernen Privatrechtsordnungen und die römischrechtliche Tradition" (Eotvos Universitätsverlag, Budapest, 2009) p. 78-89.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Hamza, "Origine e sviluppo degli ordinamenti giusprivatistici moderni in base alla tradizione del diritto romano" (Andavira Editora, Santiago de Compostela, 2013) p. 79-86.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography by Ken Pennington at Catholic University of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Schwenzer,

description: Italian jurist and writer

wikidata_label: Baldus de Ubaldis

wikipedia_title: Baldus de Ubaldis


text:
Latin Empire
Constantinople
Count of Flanders
Hainaut
Fourth Crusade
sack of Constantinople
Byzantine Empire
Latin Empire
Kaloyan
Bulgaria
Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
Margaret I, Countess of Flanders
Philip of Alsace
Principality of Antioch
Philip II Augustus
Louis VII of France
Isabelle of Hainaut
County of Artois
dowry
Picardy
Île-de-France
Vermandois
Matilda of Portugal
County of Hainaut
peace treaty
Count of Vermandois
Flanders
Marie
Henry I, Count of Champagne
Marie of France
Gislebert
Château-Thierry
Valenciennes
Henry II of Champagne
King of Jerusalem
Richard I of England
Philip II of France
Third Crusade
Isabella I of Jerusalem
Hainaut
Flanders
Artois
Isabelle of Hainaut
Louis VIII of France
Philip II of France
vassal
Artois
Richard I
John of England
German King
Otto IV
Ash Wednesday
Bruges
crusade
Hainaut
Philip of Namur
Baldwin IV of Hainaut
Constantinople
Enrico Dandolo
Doge of Venice
Boniface of Montferrat
Hagia Sophia
Manuel I Komnenos
Acre
feudal
Europe
Asia
Lemnos
Lesbos
Chios
Tenos
Thrace
Thessalonica
Macedonia
King of Thessalonica
Thessalonica
Lombards
Adrianople
count of Blois
fief
Greece
Bithynia
Henry
Thrace
Kaloyan
Bulgaria
Marshal Villehardouin
historian
Battle of Adrianople
Philippopolis
George Acropolites
skull made into a drinking cup
Nicephorus I
Pope Innocent III
Tsarevets
Veliko Tarnovo
Baldwin's Tower
Henry
Joan
Margaret II
crusade
Burgundian

categories: 1172 births,People from Valenciennes,13th-century peers of France,Roman Catholic monarchs,Prisoners who died in Bulgarian detention,13th-century rulers in Europe,Counts of Flanders,13th-century Latin Emperors of Constantinople,1205 deaths,Christians of the Fourth Crusade,Counts of Hainaut,12th-century people from the county of Flanders,Latin Emperors of Constantinople,House of Hainaut

paragraph: Baldwin I, Latin Emperor

paragraph: Baldwin I (; ; July 1172 – ) was the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. As Count of Flanders and Hainaut, he was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Constantinople and the conquest of large parts of the Byzantine Empire, and the foundation of the Latin Empire. He lost his final battle to Kaloyan, the emperor of Bulgaria, and spent his last days as his prisoner.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and family history.

paragraph: Baldwin was the son of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders. When the childless Flemish count Philip of Alsace left on the last of his personal crusades in 1177, he designated his brother-in-law Baldwin his heir. When Philip returned in 1179 after an unsuccessful siege of Harim during a joint campaign on behalf of the Principality of Antioch, he was designated as the chief adviser of prince Philip II Augustus by his sickly father Louis VII of France. One year later, Philip of Alsace had his protégé married to his niece, Isabelle of Hainaut, offering the County of Artois and other Flemish territories as dowry, much to the dismay of Baldwin V. In 1180, war broke out between Philip II and his mentor, resulting in the devastation of Picardy and Île-de-France; King Philip refused to give open battle and gained the upper hand, and Baldwin V, at first allied with his brother-in-law (Philip of Alsace), intervened on behalf of his son-in-law in 1184, in support of his daughter's interests.

paragraph: Count Philip's wife Elisabeth died in 1183, and Philip Augustus seized the province of Vermandois on behalf of Elisabeth's sister, Eleonore. Philip then remarried, to Matilda of Portugal. Philip gave Matilda a dower of a number of major Flemish towns, in an apparent slight to Baldwin V. Fearing that he would be surrounded by the royal domain of France and the County of Hainaut, Count Philip signed a peace treaty with Philip Augustus and Count Baldwin V on 10 March 1186, recognizing the cession of Vermandois to the king, although he was allowed to retain the title Count of Vermandois for the remainder of his life. Philip died without further issue of disease on the Third Crusade at the siege of Acre in 1191, he was succeeded in Flanders by Baldwin V of Hainaut, although the two had been on seemingly uncordial terms since the 1186 treaty. Baldwin V thereupon ruled as Baldwin VIII of Flanders by right of marriage. When Countess Margaret I died in 1194, Flanders descended to her eldest son Baldwin, who ruled as Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders.

paragraph: In 1186, the younger Baldwin had married Marie, daughter of Henry I, Count of Champagne, and Marie of France. The chronicler Gislebert describes Baldwin as being infatuated with his young bride, who nevertheless preferred prayer to the marital bed.

paragraph: Immediately after this arrangement, the count of Hainaut's son Baldwin, thirteen years old, received as wife Marie, the count of Champagne's sister, twelve years old, at Château-Thierry. This Marie began sufficiently young to devote herself to divine obedience in prayers, vigils, fasts and alms. Her husband Baldwin, a young knight, by chaste living, scorning all other women, began to love her alone with a fervent love, which is rarely found in any man, so that he devoted himself to his sole wife only and was content with her alone. The solemn rejoicing of the wedding was celebrated at Valenciennes with an abundance of knights and ladies and men of whatever status.

paragraph: Through Marie, Baldwin had additional connections and obligations to the defenders of the Holy Land: her brother Henry II of Champagne had been King of Jerusalem in the 1190s (leaving a widow and two daughters who needed help to keep and regain their territories in Palestine). Marie's uncles Richard I of England and Philip II of France had just been on the Third Crusade.

paragraph: Baldwin's own family had also been involved in the defence of Jerusalem: his uncle Philip had died on Crusade. Baldwin's maternal grandmother was great-aunt of Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem and the Counts of Flanders had tried to help Jerusalem relatives in their struggle. Baldwin wanted to continue the tradition. Margaret died in 1194, and the younger Baldwin became Count of Flanders. His father died the next year, and he succeeded to Hainaut.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Count of Flanders and Hainaut.

paragraph: Baldwin took possession of a much-reduced Flanders, lessened by the large chunk, including Artois, given by Philip of Alsace as dowry to Baldwin's sister Isabelle of Hainaut, and another significant piece to his own wife. Isabelle had died in 1190, but King Philip still retained her dowry, on behalf of Isabelle's son, the future Louis VIII of France. The eight years of Baldwin's rule in Flanders were dominated by his attempts to recover some of this land. After Philip II of France took Baldwin's brother, Philippe of Namur, prisoner, Baldwin was forced to agree to a truce to ensure his safety. The Treaty of Péronne was signed in January 1200 on the condition that Baldwin receive the territories he had won during the war. Baldwin was made the vassal of Philip II, and the king returned portions of Artois to Baldwin.

paragraph: In this fight against the French king, Baldwin allied with others who had quarrels with Philip, including kings Richard I and John of England, and the German King Otto IV. A month after the treaty, on Ash Wednesday (23 February) 1200 in the town of Bruges, Baldwin took the cross, meaning he committed to embark on a crusade. He spent the next two years preparing, finally leaving on 14 April 1202.

paragraph: As part of his effort to leave his domains in good order, Baldwin issued two notable charters for Hainaut. One detailed an extensive criminal code, and appears to be based on a now-lost charter of his father. The other laid down specific rules for inheritance. These are an important part of the legal tradition in Belgium.

paragraph: Baldwin left behind his two-year-old daughter and his pregnant wife, Countess Marie. Marie was regent for Baldwin for the two years she remained in Flanders and Hainaut, but by early 1204, she had left both her children behind to join him in the East. They expected to return in a couple of years, but in the end neither would see their children or their homeland again. In their absence Baldwin's younger brother Philip of Namur was regent in Flanders, with custody of the daughters. Baldwin's uncle William of Thy (an illegitimate son of Baldwin IV of Hainaut) was regent for Hainaut.

paragraph: Meanwhile, desperate for funds to support themselves and pay for their expenses, the leaders of the Fourth Crusade were persuaded to diverted to Constantinople in large part due to the exiled Byzantine prince Alexios (future Emperor Alexios IV Angelos) who promised them supplies and money in return for their help in ousting his uncle Emperor Alexios III Angelos, and freeing his father Isaac II Angelus. In April 1204, after numerous negotiations attempting to obtain the promised funds from the Byzantines, the Crusaders conquered the most powerfully protected city in the world. Stunned at their own success and unsure of what to do next, the leaders adopted a similar track as their forefathers had during the First Crusade. They elected one of their own, Count Baldwin of Flanders as Emperor (of what modern historians refer to as the Latin Empire) and divided imperial lands into feudal counties.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Latin Emperor.

paragraph: The imperial crown was at first offered to Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, who refused it. The choice then lay between Baldwin and the nominal leader of the crusade, Boniface of Montferrat. While Boniface was considered the most probable choice, due to his connections with the Byzantine court, Baldwin was young, gallant, pious, and virtuous, one of the few who interpreted and observed his crusading vows strictly, and the most popular leader in the host. With Venetian support he was elected on 9 May 1204, and crowned on 16 May in the Hagia Sophia at a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices. During his coronation, Baldwin wore a very rich jewel that had been bought by Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos for 62,000 silver marks. Baldwin's wife Marie, unaware of these events, had sailed to Acre. There she learned of her husband's election as emperor, but died in August 1204 before she could join him.

paragraph: The Latin Empire was organized on feudal principles; the emperor was feudal superior of the princes who received portions of the conquered territory. His own special portion consisted of the city of Constantinople, the adjacent regions both on the European and the Asiatic side, along with some outlying districts, and several islands including Lemnos, Lesbos, Chios and Tenos. The territories still had to be conquered; first of all it was necessary to break the resistance of the Greeks in Thrace and secure Thessalonica. In this enterprise in the summer of 1204, Baldwin came into collision with Boniface of Montferrat, the rival candidate for the empire, who received a large territory in Macedonia with the title of King of Thessalonica.

paragraph: Boniface hoped to make himself quite independent of the empire, to do no homage for his kingdom, and he opposed Baldwin's proposal to march to Thessalonica. The antagonism between Flemings and Lombards aggravated the quarrel. Baldwin insisted on going to Thessalonica; Boniface laid siege to Adrianople, where Baldwin had established a governor; civil war seemed inevitable. An agreement was effected by the efforts of Dandolo and the count of Blois. Boniface received Thessalonica as a fief from the emperor, and was appointed commander of the forces which were to march to the conquest of Greece.

paragraph: During the following winter (1204–1205) the Franks prosecuted conquests in Bithynia, in which Henry, Baldwin's brother, took part. But in February the Greeks revolted in Thrace, relying on the assistance of Kaloyan, tsar of Bulgaria, whose overtures of alliance had been rejected by the emperor. The garrison of Adrianople was expelled. Baldwin along with Dandolo, the count of Blois, and Marshal Villehardouin, the historian, marched to besiege that city. The Frankish knights were defeated (14 April 1205); the count of Blois was slain, and the emperor captured by the Bulgarians (see Battle of Adrianople).

paragraph: For some time his fate was uncertain, and in the meanwhile Henry, his brother, assumed the regency. Not until the middle of July the following year was it ascertained that he was dead. The circumstances of Baldwin's death are not exactly known. It seems that he was at first treated well as a valuable hostage, but was sacrificed by the Bulgarian monarch in a sudden outburst of rage, perhaps in consequence of the revolt of Philippopolis, which passed into the hands of the Franks. According to a Bulgarian legend, Baldwin had caused his own downfall by trying to seduce Kaloyan's wife. The historian George Acropolites reports that the Tsar had Baldwin's skull made into a drinking cup, just as had happened to Nicephorus I almost four hundred years before.

paragraph: Tsar Kaloyan wrote to Pope Innocent III, reporting that Baldwin had died in prison. A tower of the Tsarevets fortress of the medieval Bulgarian capital, Veliko Tarnovo, is still called Baldwin's Tower; supposedly, it was the tower where he was interned.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: It was not until July 1206 that the Latins in Constantinople had reliable information that Baldwin was dead. His brother Henry was crowned emperor in August.

paragraph: Back in Flanders, however, there seemed to be doubt whether Baldwin was truly dead. In any case, Baldwin's other brother Philip of Namur remained as regent, and eventually both of Baldwin's daughters, Joan and Margaret II, were to rule as countesses of Flanders.

paragraph: Section::::The false Baldwin.

paragraph: Twenty years later, in 1225, a man appeared in Flanders claiming to be the presumed dead Baldwin. His claim soon became entangled in a series of rebellions and revolts in Flanders against the rule of Baldwin's daughter Jeanne. A number of people who had known Baldwin before the crusade rejected his claim, but he nonetheless attracted many followers from the ranks of the peasantry. Eventually unmasked as a Burgundian serf named Bertrand of Ray, the false Baldwin was executed in 1226.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angold, Michael, "The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context", Harlow: Pearson, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harris, Jonathan, "Byzantium and the Crusades", London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harris, Jonathan, 'Collusion with the infidel as a pretext for military action against Byzantium', in "Clash of Cultures: the Languages of Love and Hate", ed. S. Lambert and H. Nicholson, Turnhout: Brepols, 2012, pp. 99–117.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Tricht, F., "The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228)", Leiden: Brill, 2011

description: Latin Emperor of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Baldwin I of Constantinople

wikipedia_title: Baldwin I, Latin Emperor