text:
Duke of Lorraine
cardinal
archbishop of Reims
Lyon
Narbonne
bishop of Metz
Toul
Verdun
Thérouanne
Luçon
Albi
Valence
Nantes
Agen
Francis I of France
Bar-le-Duc
René II, Duke of Lorraine
Philippa of Guelders
Antoine, Duke of Lorraine
Claude, Duke of Guise
Battle of Pavia
Pont-à-Mousson
Raymond Peraudi
Bishop of Metz
Pope Alexander VI
Renée de Bourbon
Cardinal-Deacon
S. Onofrio
Pope Adrian VI
Field of the Cloth of Gold
Adrien Gouffier de Boissy
Amanieu d'Albret
Terouanne
Archbishop of Narbonne
Pope Clement VII
Thomas Wolsey
Sack of Rome (1527)
Castel S. Angelo
Antoine du Prat
Abbot Commendatory
King Francis I
Cluny
abbey of Fécamp
Pope Clement VII
François de Tournon
Ippolito d'Este
Agostino Trivulzio
Alessandro Farnese
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Abbey of Gorze
Abbey of Saint-Médard
Dauphin Francis
Anne de Montmorency
Ippolito d'Este
Aigues-Mortes
Abbey of Blanche-Couronne
Saint-Ouen
Erasmus
Clément Marot
Rabelais
Gargantua and Pantagruel
Hôtel de Cluny
Benvenuto Cellini
Mme. d'Estampes
King of Navarre
Marguerite
Dauphin
Dauphine
André Thevet
Levant
cosmographer
Pope Paul III
Cardinal de Guise
Cardinal de Tournon
Ridolfi
Julius III
Neuvy-sur-Loire
Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers
Duke of Lorraine
Dukes of Lorraine family tree

categories: Bishops of Toul,Bishops of Agen,French cardinals,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops of Verdun,Archbishops of Reims,Archbishops of Lyon,Bishops of Nantes,Bishops of Metz,Bishops of Valence,16th-century French people,People from Bar-le-Duc,1498 births,Bishops of Luçon,Archbishops of Albi,Bishops of Thérouanne,1550 deaths,Archbishops of Narbonne

paragraph: Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine

paragraph: Jean de Lorraine (9 April 1498 – c. 18 May 1550) was the third son of the ruling Duke of Lorraine, and a French cardinal, who was (at one time or another) archbishop of Reims (1532–1538), Lyon (1537–1539), and Narbonne (1524–1550), bishop of Metz, and Administrator of the dioceses of Toul, Verdun, Thérouanne, Luçon, Albi, Valence, Nantes and Agen (1538–1550). He was a personal friend, companion, and advisor of King Francis I of France. Jean de Lorraine was the richest prelate in the reign of Francis I, as well as the most flagrant pluralist. He is one of several cardinals known as the "Cardinal de Lorraine".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Bar-le-Duc, Jean was the sixth child of twelve, of René II, Duke of Lorraine and his wife Philippa of Guelders, sister of Charles, Duke of Guelders. He was a younger brother of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine and Claude, Duke of Guise. His younger brother, François, Comte de Lambesc, died in the Battle of Pavia in 1525. In 1520 his mother retired to the Convent of S. Claire du Pont-à-Mousson, where she became a professed nun.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Metz.

paragraph: In 1500 baby Jean succeeded Cardinal Raymond Peraudi as Coadjutor of his uncle Henri de Vaudemont-Lorraine, Bishop of Metz. The Chapter of the Cathedral gave its consent, on 3 November 1500, and Pope Alexander VI gave his consent in 1501. The Cardinal was compensated for his trouble with the monastery of S. Mansu in Toul. The purpose of such a strange arrangement was the desire of Duke René to keep the bishopric of Metz in family hands. Bishop Henri formally resigned the See of Metz on 16 July 1505 in favor of his nephew Jean, but, due to Jean's extreme youth, Henri continued as Administrator until his own death on 20 October 1505. From that point the Cathedral Chapter, whose Dean was the Bishop of Toul, assumed responsibility for the administration of the diocese, until Jean de Lorraine became twenty in 1518, with Jean receiving one-third of the episcopal revenues. Spiritual functions were in the hands of the Bishop of Nicopolis, Conrad de Heyden, O.Cist., suffragan of Metz.

paragraph: Despite his youth, on 19 October 1517, following the death of Bishop Hugh de Hazards, Jean de Lorraine was elected Bishop of Toul by the Chapter of the Cathedral. He resigned the bishopric in 1524.

paragraph: It is conjectured that Jean was introduced to the French Court and met King Francis for the first time at the wedding of his brother Antoine to Renée de Bourbon on 26 June 1515.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cardinal.

paragraph: On 28 May 1518 Jean de Lorraine, Bishop of Metz, aged twenty, was created a Cardinal-Deacon by Pope Leo X in his seventh Consistory for the creation of cardinals. Jean was the only cardinal created on that occasion. Leo, who had been made a cardinal himself at the age of thirteen, could hardly refuse the King of France on the grounds of youth. On 7 January 1519 he was assigned the Deaconry of S. Onofrio in Trastevere, and his red hat was sent to him in France. He visited Rome in April 1521, at which time he was admitted to Consistory. He had already returned home when Leo X died on 1 December 1521, and thus he did not attend the Conclave of 27 December 1521 − 9 January 1522, which elected Cardinal Adrian Florenszoon Dedel, who took the throne name Pope Adrian VI.

paragraph: In 1520 Jean de Lorraine was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, along with Cardinals Adrien Gouffier de Boissy, François Louis de Bourbon, and Amanieu d'Albret; but he played no political role. And indeed his non-political position continued to be the case throughout the 1520s.

paragraph: Cardinal Jean de Lorraine was appointed Bishop of Terouanne (Morinensis) on 29 October 1521, taking possession of his church on 7 January 1522. He held the See until 1535. From 1522 his career path is that of an individual who enjoys without interruption the favor of the King, all the way to the King's death in 1547. He enjoyed the status of favorite, along with the realities of familiar and counsellor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archbishop of Narbonne.

paragraph: On 7 January 1524 Cardinal Jean was named Archbishop of Narbonne, in succession to Giulio de' Medici, who had been elected Pope Clement VII. He held the church until his death.

paragraph: In August 1527 the Cardinal de Lorraine was appointed by King Francis to meet and greet Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, who had come to France to negotiate with King Francis, and to escort him to the French Court. He was not yet a royal advisor or a member of the Royal Council, but was being tested and groomed. He was, after all, only twenty-nine years old. Negotiations were conducted with Wolsey by royal commissioners, leading to the Treaty of Amiens, ratified by the King on 18 August.

paragraph: The treaty addressed the joint English and French reaction to the Sack of Rome (1527) in May 1527 and the imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in the Castel S. Angelo. But the Cardinal de Lorraine had no part in that business. The principal negotiator was the Chancellor, Antoine du Prat. He was, however, one of the four French cardinals who were present at Compiègne on 16 September and wrote, under Wolsey's leadership as Papal Legate, to the Pope, informing him that they were praying for his release from captivity and planned, if the Emperor should not accommodate them, to refuse any papal orders issued under duress. He also witnessed the investing of the Chancellor, Antoine du Prat, with the symbols of the cardinalate which had been granted him by the Pope at the request of King Francis. His growing importance is reflected in a list of precedence of 1528, in which he and the King of Navarre follow immediately after the King.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Abbeys: Cluny, Fécamp, Gorze.

paragraph: In 1528 he was named Abbot Commendatory of the Abbey of Cluny by King Francis I, a benefice he held until his death in 1550. The monks of Cluny had tried to reassert their old rights of election, and had chosen Jacques le Roy, Abbot of Saint-Florent, to be the new abbot of Cluny, but the King and the Pope intervened, in accordance with the Concordat of Bologna of 1516, and Le Roy was made Archbishop of Bourges instead.

paragraph: On 1 August 1530, Pope Clement VII granted the Cardinal of Lorraine an indult allowing him to hold and accumulate the benefices in his diocese of Narbonne and the benefices of his abbeys.

paragraph: On 26 March 1531, King Francis signed an order to his treasurer to pay his lost wagers to the Sieur de Villiers, the result of a tennis match with the Cardinal de Lorraine and others on March 1.

paragraph: In 1532, Jean de Lorraine was named Abbot Commendatory of the royal abbey of Fécamp by the patronage of King Francis I. He held the Abbey during his lifetime. In 1534 Pope Paul III named Cardinal de Lorraine his Apostolic Legate in the dioceses of Metz, Toul and Verdun.

paragraph: Part of his ecclesiastical preferment he gave up in favour of his nephews, as part of the strategy of establishing the family of Lorraine permanently in various benefices.

paragraph: Pope Clement VII died on 25 September 1534, having lived 56 years. The Conclave of 1534 opened on 10 October 1534, and Cardinal de Lorraine was present as the leader of the French faction, which numbered between ten and twelve members. Their candidate was Cardinal François de Tournon, who had negotiated the marriage of Henri, King Francis' second son, and Catherine de' Medici. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese was supported by Cardinal Ippolito d'Este and his fellow Florentine cardinals who had been created by Clement VII. The Italians favored Agostino Trivulzio, the Protector of France before the Holy See and the holder of several French episcopal benefices, whose uncles were Marshals of France, but he realized that he could not marshal sufficient votes to be elected. He therefore threw his support behind the oldest of the cardinals, Alessandro Farnese, hoping that Farnese's reign would be a short one and that he would be in a better position at the next conclave. Farnese was elected by acclamation on 11 October, the first day of voting, and was formally elected by ballot the next morning. He chose the name Paul III, and reigned for fifteen years. Trivulzio died the year before Paul did.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Royal Councillor.

paragraph: He became a regular member of the royal council in 1530. In 1536 he was entrusted with an embassy to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. He met the Emperor, who was travelling north to Genoa, at Siena on 24 April 1536. He spent three days with the Emperor explaining the concessions which Francis I was prepared to make, but Charles was prepared for war, and rejected the French overtures. After a quick trip to Rome to inform the Pope of the situation and to discover what the Pope's intentions were, Jean de Lorraine headed back north toward Bologna to try one last time to argue peace to the Emperor. The Pope, who was trying to maintain neutrality, sent legates to both sovereigns on 29 April to argue for peace, but it was without effect. The invasion of southern France by the Emperor was inevitable.

paragraph: There survives a document showing that on 12 July 1536 the Cardinal de Lorraine was possessed of the dioceses of Metz, Toul and Verdun, of the Abbey of Gorze in southern Lorraine (1533–1542), and of the castellanies of Hattonchâtel, Dombasle-en-Argonne, Thilly, Mangiennes, Fresnes-en-Woevre, Dieudouard, and Sampigny. In 1537 he was granted the Abbey of Saint-Médard in Soissons, which he held for two years.

paragraph: When the Dauphin Francis died at Château Tournon-sur-Rhône on 10 August 1536, the rest of the courtiers tried to delay presenting the disastrous news by telling the King that the Dauphin was increasingly ill. When Francis finally realized he was being lied to, it was the Cardinal de Lorraine who was left alone with the King by the courtiers and he had to confirm the news of the death of the King's son. The King retired to indulge his grief without witnesses, and left it to Cardinal de Lorraine to make the appropriate arrangements.

paragraph: In April–May 1537, Jean de Lorraine was sent as Ambassador to the Emperor and granted powers to negotiate with him. He returned to Court on 17 May. In accordance with the Concordat of Bologna of 1516, King Francis nominated Jean de Lorraine to the diocese of Lyon in 1537. He took possession of the diocese by procurator on 13 August 1537, and was immediately sent along with the Constable, Anne de Montmorency, on a diplomatic mission to the Emperor to put the final touches on a treaty of peace between France and the Empire. They returned to Narbonne on 13 January 1538, and Montmorency returned to report to the King at the end of January. In May and June the pair were at Nice, engaged in additional negotiations with the Emperor. On his return he resigned the administration of the diocese of Lyon in favor of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who was appointed by King Francis and whose bulls were dated 29 October 1539. The Cardinal de Lorraine had been Administrator for only two years and two months.

paragraph: The Cardinal de Lorraine travelled with King Francis to Aigues-Mortes for his meeting with the Emperor Charles, which took place between 14 and 17 July 1538, and was present at at least one private meeting.

paragraph: On 14 August 1540 the Cardinal de Lorraine renounced all his interests in the succession to the Duchy of Lorraine in favor of his brother, for a consideration of 50,000 francs.

paragraph: On 22 March 1542, King Francis signed letters ratifying the nomination of the Cardinal de Lorraine as Abbot Commendatory of the Abbey of Blanche-Couronne in Brittany (1542–1548).

paragraph: A document of 11 April 1544 indicates that the Cardinal was possessed of the Abbeys of Fécamp, Saint-Ouen, Marmoutier, and the Priory of La-Charité, from which the King had ordered extraordinary cutting of old-stand trees in their forests for the purpose of building galleys. The Cardinal was instructed to deliver the timber to Rouen at his expense.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Patronage.

paragraph: The Cardinal was also an open-handed patron of art and learning, as the protector and friend of the humanist scholar Erasmus, the poet and translator Clément Marot and the satirist Rabelais. It has been argued that the character of Panurge in "Gargantua and Pantagruel" is based on the cardinal de Lorraine, and his residence at the Hôtel de Cluny.

paragraph: In 1527, upon the recommendation and urging of Erasmus, the Cardinal de Lorraine took on Claude Chansonette (Cantiuncula) as his Chancellor.

paragraph: In 1537 Benvenuto Cellini, the Florentine jeweler, sculptor, and medallist, was in Paris, and was commissioned to create several pieces for King Francis I. On one occasion, the King invited Cellini to an after-dinner gathering, at which he found himself in the company of Mme. d'Estampes, the Cardinal de Lorraine, and the King of Navarre and his wife, Marguerite, the sister of King Francis, the Dauphin and the Dauphine. Cellini produced a medal of the Cardinal de Lorraine. The reverse shows the allegorical figure Truth, holding a mirror and a compass, with the legend SIC•ITUR•AD•ASTRA ('This is the way to the stars').

paragraph: In 1549 at Piacenza ("not" the Plaisance in the south of France) he met the Franciscan André Thevet, one of the future chaplains of Queen Catherine de' Medici, and encouraged him ("par l'autorité et faveur duquel, j'ay eu l'opportunité de faire le voyage de Ierusalem") to make his journey to the Holy Land and the Levant, which began his career as a cosmographer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Conclave of 1549–1550.

paragraph: Cardinal Jean de Lorraine participated in the Conclave following the death of Pope Paul III, which began on 29 November 1549. The Cardinal de Guise, Jean de Lorraine's nephew, had been instructed (by the King, it was said) to support the Cardinal de Lorraine, then the Cardinal de Tournon, and any other French cardinals; failing those, he was to work for Salviati, Ridolfi or de Cupis. Ridolfi took himself out of the contest when he died during the Conclave. It is recorded that, on the fifteenth Scrutiny on 18 December, even before Guise's arrival, Lorraine had received five votes. Jean de Lorraine, though, did not arrive in the Conclave until 29 December, by which time alliances and antipathies had solidified. In the evening of 7/8 February 1550, Cardinal Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, aged sixty-three, was elected and chose the throne name Julius III. Julius III, was crowned on 22 February 1550, the Feast of St. Peter's Chair.

paragraph: The Cardinal de Lorraine died from a stroke in Neuvy-sur-Loire on 18 May 1550, on his way back to France from Italy. He was buried in Nancy in the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers. In his Last Will and Testament, he left 30,000 livres to the poor orphans of the Three Bishoprics, Metz, Toul, and Verdun.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [reprint of a 1977 article]

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Lorraine

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine

wikipedia_title: Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine


text:
Portuguese
French
Count of Portugal
Capetian House of Burgundy
Afonso Henriques
Dijon
Duchy of Burgundy
Henry
Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
Hugh I
Odo
Sibylla
Hugh II
Raymond of Burgundy
Reginald I
Odo I, Duke of Burgundy
Sibylla
dispensation
byname
Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Barcelona
Constance of Burgundy
Alfonso VI of León
Hugh
Abbot of Cluny
France
Auxerre
Autun
Nevers
Mâcon
Semur
Battle of Sagrajas
Pyrenees
Raymond of Burgundy
Raymond of St. Gilles
Iberian Peninsula
fuero
Guimarães
infanta
Urraca of León
Elvira
Teresa of León
Curia Regis
Portugal
Sancho Alfónsez
Minho River
Tagus
Alfonso the Battler
Astorga
Braga
Braga Cathedral
Roman Rite
Teresa of León
Bermudo Pérez de Traba
tenente
Trastámara
Viseu
Seia
A Coruña
Velasco
Afonso Henriques
Portugal, Kings

categories: 1112 deaths,1066 births,Roman Catholic monarchs,11th-century rulers of Portugal,House of Burgundy,Burials at Braga Cathedral,Counts of Portugal (Asturias-León),Portuguese monarchs,County of Portugal,Portuguese people of French descent,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Henry, Count of Portugal

paragraph: Henry (Portuguese: "Henrique", French: "Henri"; 10661112), Count of Portugal, was the first member of the Capetian House of Burgundy to rule Portugal and the father of the country's first king, Afonso Henriques.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sketch.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sketch.:Family relations.

paragraph: Born in 1066 in Dijon, Duchy of Burgundy, Count Henry was the youngest son of Henry, the second son of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy. His two older brothers, Hugh I and Odo, inherited the duchy. No contemporary record of his mother has survived. She was once thought to have been named Sibylla based on an undated obituary reporting the death of ""Sibilla, mater ducus Burgundie"" (Sibylla, mother of the Duke of Burgundy), under the reasoning that she was not called duchess herself and hence must have been the wife of Henry, the only father of a duke who never himself held the ducal title, yet this was probably a reference to her daughter-in-law, Sibylla, mother of the then-reigning Hugh II. Richard suggested that she might instead have been called Clémence. Whatever her name, her son Henry was kinsman ("congermanus") of his brother-in-law, Raymond of Burgundy, and this relationship may have come through either, or both, of their mothers, who are both of undocumented parentage. It has been suggested that Henry's mother may have been the daughter of Reginald I, which would make her the maternal aunt of Raymond who would then be Henry’s first cousin. This solution is problematic, as Henry's brother Odo I, Duke of Burgundy married Raymond's sister, Sibylla, and though marriages between close kin sometimes took place through dispensation, the prohibition against first-cousin marriages in church law makes it likely that the relationship between Odo and Sibylla, and hence that between Henry and Raymond, was more distant. Based on the relationship between Henry and Raymond and the apparent introduction of the byname "Borel" into the family of the dukes of Burgundy through this marriage, genealogist Szabolcs de Vajay suggested Henry's mother was daughter of Berenguer Ramon I, Count of Barcelona, and his wife Guisla de Lluçà.

paragraph: One of his paternal aunts was Constance of Burgundy, the wife of Alfonso VI of León, and one of his grand-uncles was Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, one of the most influential and venerated personalities of his time. Count Henry’s family was very powerful and governed many cities in France such as Chalon, Auxerre, Autun, Nevers, Dijon, Mâcon and Semur.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sketch.:Reconquista.

paragraph: After the defeat of the Christian troops in the Battle of Sagrajas in October 1086, in the early months of the following year, King Alfonso VI appealed for aid from Christians at the other side of the Pyrenees. Many French nobles and soldiers heeded the call, including Raymond of Burgundy, Henry's brother, Duke Odo, and Raymond of St. Gilles, Not all of them arrived at the same time in the Iberian Peninsula and it is most likely that Raymond of Burgundy came in 1091. Although some authors claim that Count Henry came with the expedition which arrived in 1087, even though "documentary evidence here is much more slight", his presence is confirmed only as of 1096 when he appears confirming the "fueros" of Guimarães and Constantim de Panoias.

paragraph: Three of these French nobles married daughters of King Alfonso VI: Raymond of Burgundy married "infanta" Urraca, later Queen Urraca of León; Raymond of St. Gilles married Elvira; and Henry of Burgundy married Teresa of León, an illegitimate daughter of the king and his mistress Jimena Muñoz.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sketch.:Pact with his cousin Raymond of Burgundy.

paragraph: Between the first quarter of 1096 and the end of 1097, count Raymond, seeing that his influence in the Curia Regis was diminishing, reached an agreement with his cousin Henry of Burgundy, who had not yet been appointed governor of Portugal. The birth of King Alfonso's only son, Sancho Alfónsez, was also perceived as a threat by the two cousins. They agreed to share power, the royal treasury, and to support each other. Under this agreement, which counted with the blessings of their relative, the Abbot of Cluny, Raymond "promised his cousin under oath to hand him over the Kingdom of Toledo and one–third of the royal treasury upon the death of King Alfonso VI". If he could not deliver Toledo, he would give him Galicia. Henry, in turn, promised to help Raymond "obtain all the dominions of King Alfonso and two–thirds of the royal treasury". It seems that news of this pact reached the king who, in order to counter the initiative of his two sons-in-law, appointed Henry governor of the region extending "a flumine mineo usque in tagum" (from the Minho River to the banks of the Tagus). Until then, this region had been governed by count Raymond who saw his power limited to just Galicia.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sketch.:After the death of Alfonso VI.

paragraph: After Raymond's death, Queen Urraca (Teresa's half-sister) married Alfonso the Battler for political and strategic reasons. Henry took advantage of the family conflicts and political unrest to serve on both sides and aggrandize his domains at the cost of the squabbling royal couple.

paragraph: Caught under siege in Astorga by the King of Aragon, then at war with Urraca, Henry held the city with the help of his sister-in-law. Henry died on 22 May 1112, from wounds received during the siege. His remains were transferred, following his previous orders, to Braga where he was buried in a chapel at Braga Cathedral the building of which he had promoted. After his death, his widow governed the county since their son Afonso was only three years old at that time.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sketch.:Legacy.

paragraph: Count Henry was the leader of a group of gentlemen, monks, and clerics of French origin who exerted great influence in the Iberian Peninsula, promoted many reforms and introduced several institutions from the other side of the Pyrenees, such as the customs of Cluny and the Roman Rite. They occupied relevant ecclesiastical and political positions which provoked a strong backlash during the last years of the reign of King Alfonso VI.

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sketch.:Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He married Teresa of León around 1095. From Teresa, Henry had two sons and three daughters of whom three survived to adulthood:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urraca Henriques (after 1169), the wife of Bermudo Pérez de Traba, tenente in Trastámara, Viseu, Seia, and Faro in A Coruña.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancha Henriques (1163), married the nobleman Sancho Nunes de Celanova. On 15 July 1129, the abbess of the Monastery of San Salvador de Ferreira de Pantón purchased from Mendo Núñez, his brother Sancho, and the wife of the latter, Sancha Henriques, some properties in Estriz. One of their daughters, María, was the abbess at the Monastery of San Salvador de Sobrado de Trives. They were also the parents of count Velasco, Gil, Fernando, and Teresa Sánchez. After becoming a widow, she married Fernando Méndez de Braganza, with no issue from this second marriage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afonso Henriques (11091185). He was named after his maternal grandfather, King Alfonso VI, perhaps "as a way of remembering that the blood of the Emperor of all Hispania also ran through his veins". Afonso became Count of Portugal in 1112 and King of Portugal in 1139.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portugal, Kings by Medieval Lands Project

description: Count of Portucale

wikidata_label: Henry of Burgundy

wikipedia_title: Henry, Count of Portugal


text:
Finnish
ice hockey
goaltender
Liiga
Kontinental Hockey League
Philadelphia Flyers
2003 NHL Entry Draft
SaiPa
KalPa
Lukko
Mestis
SaPKo
Frederikshavn White Hawks
2011 European Trophy
shutout
save percentage
Oulun Kärpät
HC Slovan Bratislava
JYP Jyvaskyla

categories: Frederikshavn White Hawks players,Finnish ice hockey goaltenders,Vaasan Sport players,KalPa players,1985 births,Oulun Kärpät players,People from Lappeenranta,SaiPa players,HC Slovan Bratislava players,VEU Feldkirch players,HC TPS players,Philadelphia Flyers draft picks,Living people

paragraph: Ville Hostikka

paragraph: Ville Hostikka (born March 21, 1985) is a former Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the Liiga and Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers in the sixth round, 193rd overall, of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ville Hostikka had participated in as many as 17 games with SaiPa prior to the termination of an agreement on 9 November 2010. He also had played for such Finnish ice hockey teams as Forssa, KalPa, Lukko, Mestis and SaPKo as well as Austrian Feldkirch and Danish Frederikshavn White Hawks.

paragraph: In the 2011 European Trophy, although he did not record any shutouts, Hostikka won the regulation round's goaltending league in save percentage for goaltenders who played at least 40% of the team's minutes, although his team, Oulun Kärpät, finished fifth in the East Division and missed the following playoffs.

paragraph: He played one game for HC Slovan Bratislava of the KHL.

paragraph: In 2013 he played only one full match in the regular season with JYP Jyvaskyla.

description: Finnish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Ville Hostikka

wikipedia_title: Ville Hostikka


text: Luftwaffe

text: military aviator

text: night fighter

text: ace

text: Western Front

text: Defense of the Reich

text: Royal Air Force

text: Bomber Command

text: Karlsruhe

text: Nazi Germany

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Avro Lancaster

text: bail out

text: posthumous

text: Leutnant

text: Karlsruhe

text: Republic of Baden

text: Weimar Republic

text: shoemaker

text: Volksschule

text: elementary school

text: Realschule

text: Mittlere Reife

text: Luftwaffe

text: Zeltweg

text: Bücker Bü 131

text: Bü 133

text: Bü 181

text: Klemm Kl 35

text: Arado Ar 66

text: Ar 68

text: Ar 96

text: Focke-Wulf Fw 58

text: Junkers W 34

text: Junkers Ju 52

text: Schleißheim

text: Munich

text: Staffelkapitän

text: Oberleutnant

text: Günther Specht

text: invaded Poland

text: Battle of the Heligoland Bight

text: Royal Air Force

text: Defence of the Reich

text: Generalmajor

text: Josef Kammhuber

text: air defense

text: Kammhuber Line

text: radar

text: searchlight

text: "Lichtenstein" radar

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3

text: Stuttgart

text: Stuttgart Airport

text: Hans-Georg Schierholz

text: Staffel

text: Vechta

text: Messerschmitt Bf 110

text: heavy fighter

text: Oldenburg

text: Royal Air Force

text: Vickers Wellington

text: Grafeld

text: Iron Cross

text: Handley Page Halifax

text: Meppen

text: anti-aircraft artillery

text: Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe

text: Unteroffizier

text: Handley Page Hampden

text: Lingen

text: Armstrong Whitworth Whitley

text: Quakenbrück

text: tail gun

text: bailed out

text: Gruppe

text: Rheine

text: Westphalia

text: Dornier Do 217

text: Osnabrück

text: forced landing

text: Bad Zwischenahn

text: Short Stirling

text: Delmenhorst

text: landing gear

text: Wittmundhafen

text: Junkers Ju 88

text: Gilze-Rijen

text: SN-2 "Lichtenstein" radar

text: Antwerp

text: Cologne

text: Scheldt Estuary

text: Juvincourt

text: Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe

text: Berlin

text: air mechanic

text: air gunner

text: Venlo

text: Diepholz

text: Wilhelmshaven

text: German Cross

text: intruder

text: Magdeburg

text: Feldwebel

text: Stab

text: Geschwaderkommodore

text: Oberstleutnant

text: Helmut Lent

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

text: ace-in-a-day

text: Leipzig

text: de Havilland Mosquito

text: Gütersloh

text: incendiary bomb

text: Oberfeldwebel

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Joseph Schmid

text: I. Jagdkorps

text: Braunschweig-Waggum

text: Luftwaffenhelfer

text: Geldern

text: Lolland

text: minelaying

text: Ruhr Area

text: Eindhoven

text: Heeze

text: German War Cemetery

text: Ysselsteyn

text: Venray

text: Gruppenkommandeur

text: Werner Husemann

text: Walter Grabmann

text: Wehrmacht

text: Leutnant

text: 2nd Fighter Division

text: Max Ibel

text: German Federal Archives

text: minutes

text: latitude

text: longitude

text: Aviator badge

text: Iron Cross

text: Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe

text: Unteroffizier

text: Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe

text: German Cross

text: Unteroffizier

text: Feldwebel

text: Oberfeldwebel

categories: Luftwaffe pilots,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves,1920 births,German military personnel killed in World War II,People from Karlsruhe,1944 deaths,German World War II flying aces,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Burials at Ysselsteyn German war cemetery

paragraph: Rudolf Frank

paragraph: Rudolf Frank (19 August 1920 – 27 April 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 45 enemy aircraft shot down in 183 combat missions. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in nocturnal Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command.

paragraph: Born in Karlsruhe-Grünwinkel, Frank volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1939 after finishing school. Following flight training, he was posted to "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) in 1941. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 6 April 1944 following his 42nd aerial victory. Three weeks later, on 27 April 1944, he and his crew attacked an Avro Lancaster, which exploded and fatally damaged their own aircraft. Frank ordered his crew to bail out but was unable to save himself. He received posthumous promotion to "Leutnant" (second lieutenant) and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Frank was born on 19 August 1920 in Karlsruhe-Grünwinkel in what was the Republic of Baden of the Weimar Republic; Grünwinkel is now a borough located in the southwest suburbs of Karlsruhe. Frank was the older of two sons of a shoemaker. He attended the "Volksschule" (elementary school) in Grünwinkel from 1926 to 1930, when he was enrolled in the "Realgymnasium"—a secondary school built on the mid-level "Realschule"—where he attained his "Mittlere Reife" (school leaving certificate) in 1939.

paragraph: Even as a boy, Frank had wanted to become a pilot. World War II had begun on 1 September 1939 and he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe. Following his basic military training, he took flying instruction at the pilot school in Zeltweg. Here he qualified to fly the Bücker Bü 131, Bü 133 and Bü 181, the Klemm Kl 35, the Arado Ar 66, Ar 68 and Ar 96, the Focke-Wulf Fw 58, and the Junkers W 34 and Junkers Ju 52. In October 1940 he transferred to "Nachtjagdschule" 1 (1st Night Fighter School) at Schleißheim near Munich, formerly the "Zerstörerschule" 1 (ZS 1—1st Destroyer School). There he specialized as a night fighter pilot in the 2nd Squadron under the command of "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) "Oberleutnant" (First Lieutenant) Günther Specht.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, "Generalmajor" (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a "Himmelbett" (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the "Lichtenstein" radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.

paragraph: Frank was posted to the 1. "Ergänzungsstaffel "(1st Supplemental Training Squadron) of "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3 (NJG 3—3rd Night Fighter Wing) on 5 February 1941. The unit was stationed at Stuttgart-Echterdingen (now Stuttgart Airport). Initially he flew with radio operator ("Bordfunker") "Gefreiter" (Private) Willimowski before Hans-Georg Schierholz was assigned as his permanent radio operator. Frank and Schierholz had already formed a crew at the "Nachtjagdschule" 1 at Schleißheim. The two were then assigned to 1. "Staffel" (1st Squadron) of NJG 3 stationed at Vechta. 1. "Staffel" was under the command of "Staffelkapitän" "Oberleutnant" Walter Milius. This unit was equipped with the C-variant of the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. Both Frank and Schierholz were promoted to the rank of "Gefreiter" on 1 March 1941.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Night fighter pilot.

paragraph: Frank and Schierholz flew Bf 110 C-4 "L1+GH" on their first operational combat mission on 9 May 1941, without success. They flew their second mission on 12 May and another nine missions before claiming their first aerial victory during the night of 3/4 July. The mission started at 22:45 from Oldenburg and intercepted a Royal Air Force (RAF) Vickers Wellington at 00:54, which crashed north of Grafeld/Oldenburg. For this achievement, Frank and Schierholz were awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (). On 15 July, they claimed their second victory, a Handley Page Halifax that they shot down at 01:05 northwest of Meppen. The victory was, however, credited to the anti-aircraft artillery.

paragraph: By 13 August 1941, Frank had flown 20 night fighter missions. For this achievement, he was awarded the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters in Bronze () and was promoted to "Unteroffizier" (sergeant). He was credited with his second victory on 15 September 1941, a Wellington shot down at 23:30 northwest of Meppen. This was also his last claim in 1941. He achieved his third victory, a Handley Page Hampden he shot down at 21:03 on 21 January 1942 near Berge in northeast Lingen. Five days later he claimed an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley Mk V, shot down at 20:36 west of Quakenbrück.

paragraph: Frank was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 15 April 1942 and two months later, on 18 June 1942, the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters in Silver (). On 30 June 1942 at 01:29, he and Schierholz took off from Vechta on their 64th combat mission. While attacking a British bomber, either a Wellington or Halifax, their aircraft was hit by the defensive fire from the tail gun position at 02:40. With both radiators destroyed, they bailed out from their aircraft.

paragraph: Frank's "Gruppe" (group) relocated to Rheine in Westphalia on 28 July 1942, when he flew further missions with Dornier Do 217 J "D5+G5", a night fighter variant of the Do 217. He claimed a Wellington shot down at 02:05 on 14 September 1942; it crashed in the vicinity of Osnabrück, and was his only victory while flying a Do 217. On this mission, the Dornier suffered engine problems and Frank made a forced landing at Bad Zwischenahn, damaging the aircraft. He ended the year 1942 with seven confirmed victories to his credit.

paragraph: The first victory Frank claimed in 1943 occurred on 3 March. Again flying a Bf 110, he shot down a Short Stirling south of Delmenhorst. Contact with three other enemy bombers did not lead to any victories. Frank flew further missions in Do 217 "D5+LK" on a target practice mission on 9 April 1943. The right landing gear collapsed during the landing, causing 10% damage to the aircraft. Three days later he made an error during the landing approach, crashing Do 217 "D5+IK" and causing 30% damage. Frank avoided an official reprimand for either crash.

paragraph: On 1 April 1943, Frank and Schierholz were transferred to the 2. "Staffel" of NJG 3, which was located at Wittmundhafen. Here they underwent conversion training to the Junkers Ju 88 C-6, which was designed for long-distance night fighter operations. While Frank was training, his old unit was relocated to Gilze-Rijen in the Netherlands. His unit also received the newer G-version of the Bf 110; these were equipped with SN-2 "Lichtenstein" radar. When Frank and Schierholz returned from conversion training, they were assigned Bf 110 G-4 "D5+CH" to fly as their personal aircraft. They claimed a Lancaster(ED810) near Antwerp on 15 June 1943. Two days later, on 17 June, they intercepted and shot down three more Lancasters from a force returning from a mission against Cologne. The three Lancasters came down within 41 minutes of each other over the Scheldt Estuary.

paragraph: Frank claimed his 13th victory, a Wellington, on 22 June. While attempting another attack, both radiators were shot out and the crew was again forced to bail out. On 4 July they shot down a Halifax bomber north of Antwerp; this was his 14th victory overall. The unit relocated to Juvincourt, France, on 16 July 1943, Frank was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe () on 9 August 1943. Now flying Ju 88 C-6 "D5+EK", again from Wittmundhafen, he claimed three aircraft shot down on 24 August 1944, but only received credit for the Short Stirling shot down at 00:47 over Berlin. Following his 110th operational mission, he was awarded the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters in Gold () on 18 August 1943.

paragraph: Around this time in 1943, the two-man Bf 110 crew was augmented by a third member, sometimes referred to as "Bordmechaniker" (air mechanic) or "Bordschütze" (air gunner). On 31 August, Frank shot down two British bombers, a Halifax northwest of Venlo and a Lancaster east of Diepholz, during separate combat missions. On 2 September, his aircraft was hit in the right engine by enemy fire and he was forced to belly-land the Ju 88 "D5+DK" at Wilhelmshaven, suffering 20% damage to the aircraft. He claimed his 20th victory on the night of 23/24 September 1943. He added two more victories and on 17 October 1943 received the German Cross in Gold (). The next day his aircraft was hit by German anti-aircraft artillery and Frank was forced to make a landing at Vechta on one engine. He was posted to the 3. "Staffel" on 14 December and ended the year with 26 aerial victories to his credit. A British intruder night-fighter shot Frank and his crew down over Berlin in a Junkers Ju 88 C-6, "D5+HP", on 24 December 1943, but they all managed to bail out unharmed.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

paragraph: Frank claimed his first victories of 1944, a Lancaster and a Wellington, on 21 January 1944 near Magdeburg. Having been promoted to "Feldwebel" (staff sergeant), Frank was assigned to the "Stab" (headquarters unit) of NJG 3, under the command of "Geschwaderkommodore" (Wing Commander) "Oberstleutnant" (Lieutenant Colonel) Helmut Lent. Frank's previous 6. "Staffel" had been transferred to "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing), where it continued operations under the designation of 12. "Staffel".

paragraph: On 20 February 1944, between 01:53 to 05:04, Frank became an "ace-in-a-day", shooting down five Lancaster bombers on their way to attack Leipzig. He was sent on a mission against intruding de Havilland Mosquito night-fighters on 7 March, but did not achieve any victories. He claimed his next victories on 22 March, a Lancaster shot down near Osnabrück and a Halifax near Gütersloh. On the same mission, while attacking a third bomber, his Messerschmitt Bf 110 "D5+BL" was damaged. An incendiary bomb, probably released by the bomber, penetrated the right wing and damaged the engine. Frank managed to bring the aircraft down at Gießen.

paragraph: Three more bombers shot down on 25 March took Frank's total to 39 aerial victories. The Luftwaffe had its most successful night of the war on 30 March 1944. The entire night-fighter force was credited with the destruction of 132 enemy aircraft that night; Frank, who was credited with a further three bombers, brought his total to 42. For this achievement "Oberfeldwebel" (Senior Staff Sergeant) Frank was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 6 April 1944. The presentation was made by "Generalleutnant" Joseph Schmid, commander of the I. Jagdkorps, at his headquarters in Braunschweig-Waggum on 10 April 1944. Frank then went on a short vacation at home with his wife Lisa, a "Luftwaffenhelferin" (female air force helper).

paragraph: Following his vacation, Frank claimed two victories on 23 April 1944, a Halifax shot down at 02:11 north of Geldern and, later that day, a Short Stirling at 23:47 over Lolland. The Stirling was on a minelaying operation.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Death and posthumous honors.

paragraph: Frank was assigned Junkers Ju 88 ("Werknummer" 751 095—factory number) on 17 April 1944. He never flew this aircraft operationally. Ten days later, on the night of 26/27 April, he and his crew of radio operator "Oberfeldwebel" Schierholz and air mechanic "Feldwebel" Heinz Schneider took off in Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4 "D5+CL" ("Werknummer" 720074) from Vechta. The mission was to intercept incoming bombers heading for the Ruhr Area.

paragraph: The crew spotted and attacked an Avro Lancaster bomber over the vicinity of Eindhoven in the Netherlands. The bomber, severely hit by cannon fire at 01:58, exploded and became Frank's 45th and last aerial victory. Debris from the Lancaster tore off the Messerschmitt's right wing and Frank lost control of the aircraft. He gave the order to bail out. Schierholz and Schneider parachuted to safety but Frank failed to get out in time. He was killed when the Bf 110 crashed at Heeze, southeast of Eindhoven.

paragraph: Frank was buried at the German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn (Block Z—Row 6—Grave 149) at Venray. The funeral was attended by his parents, his crew Schierholz and Schneider, his "Gruppenkommandeur" "Hauptmann" Werner Husemann, the fighter operations leader for the Holland and Ruhr area "Generalleutnant" Walter Grabmann, and "Generalmajor" Ernst Exss, the airfield sector commander.

paragraph: On 20 July 1944, Frank was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (), the 531st soldier or officer of the Wehrmacht to receive this award. On 27 April Lent submitted a request to the I. Jagdkorps, recommending Frank for a promotion to "Leutnant" (second lieutenant). The commander of the 2nd Fighter Division "Generalmajor" Max Ibel as well as Schmid were supportive of the request. Frank was posthumously promoted "Leutnant", backdated to 1 April 1944.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Aerial victory claims.

paragraph: Frank was credited with 45 aerial victories claimed in 183 combat missions. Matthews and Foreman, authors of "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 43 aerial victories, plus two further unconfirmed claims. All of his aerial victories were claimed in nocturnal combat on the Western Front.

paragraph: Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = "Planquadrat"), for example "PQ GR-2". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aviator badge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Class (4 July 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Class (15 April 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 9 August 1943 as "Unteroffizier" and pilot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe

paragraph: BULLET::::- in Silver (18 June 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- in Gold (14 January 1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 17 October 1943 as "Unteroffizier" in the 2./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 6 April 1944 as "Feldwebel" and pilot in the 2./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- 531st Oak Leaves on 20 July 1944 as "Oberfeldwebel" and pilot in the 2./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3

description: German fighter ace and Knight's Cross recipient

wikidata_label: Rudolf Frank

wikipedia_title: Rudolf Frank


text: Russia

text: Saryarka Karagandy

text: Higher Hockey League

text: 2009 KHL Junior Draft

text: Dmitri Gromov's stats at eliteprospects.com

categories: Living people,1991 births,Sportspeople from Moscow,Russian ice hockey defencemen

paragraph: Dmitri Gromov (ice hockey)

paragraph: Dmitri Gromov (born July 2, 1991) is a Russian ice hockey player who plays for the Saryarka Karagandy of the Higher Hockey League. His KHL career has only been limited to 2 games. He was selected 6th overall in the 2009 KHL Junior Draft.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Russian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Dmitri Gromov

wikipedia_title: Dmitri Gromov (ice hockey)


text: Australian rules football

text: Norwood

text: Sheffield Shield

text: cricket

text: South Australia

text: full-forward

text: VFL/AFL

text: Gary Ablett

text: Jason Dunstall

text: Tony Lockett

text: first-class cricket

text: all-rounder

text: fast-medium bowler

text: Adelaide Oval

text: New South Wales

text: Alan McGilvray

text: Christmas

text: Queensland

text: Don Tallon

text: Clarrie Grimmett

text: North Adelaide

text: Ken Farmer

text: goal-kicking award

text: Neville Roberts

categories: Sportspeople from Adelaide,South Australia cricketers,Australian cricketers,1980 deaths,1913 births,Australian rules footballers from South Australia,Norwood Football Club players

paragraph: Bruce Schultz (footballer)

paragraph: Bruce Schultz (13 March 1913 – 11 January 1980) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Norwood in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He also played Sheffield Shield cricket for South Australia and grade cricket at East Torrens.

paragraph: Schultz is the full-forward in Norwood's official "Team of the Century" and holds the club record for most goals kicked, at 669. His best match tally of 19 goals, which included two posters, was achieved in his penultimate game. He scored 10 or more goals in a game on 12 occasions and averaged 5.4 goals a game, which for comparison is more than prolific VFL/AFL forwards Gary Ablett, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett managed in their careers. On the six occasions he represented the South Australian interstate team, he kicked 23 goals.

paragraph: Tall and thin, Schultz was a strong aerialist and started out at Norwood in 1933. He topped Norwood's goal-kicking in both 1934 and 1935 but over the next three seasons was surpassed as his club's main forward by R. J. Brown.

paragraph: His father, Julius 'Ern' Schultz, had represented the state as a first-class cricketer and he followed in his footsteps in the 1936/37 Sheffield Shield season when he was called up to the state squad. An all-rounder, Schultz was a right handed middle order batsman and right arm fast-medium bowler. He made his first-class and Shield debut at the Adelaide Oval, against New South Wales. Batting at seven, he scored 30 in the first innings and bowled first change, taking the wickets of Harold Mudge and captain Alan McGilvray for figures of 2/29. In the second innings he added another 28 runs, after being promoted one place up the order, but was only required to bowl two overs as South Australia sealed a 109 runs win. On Christmas, just a few days later, Schultz was picked for his second and final match, against Queensland at the same venue. He was used at six in both innings and scored 41 and 33. After not being required to bowl in the first innings, he bowled a couple of overs and ran-out future Test wicket-keeper Don Tallon as Queensland fell 112 runs short in their chase. In both of his matches, Schultz had the honour of bowling with Shield legend Clarrie Grimmett.

paragraph: In 1939, he was back to his best for Norwood and kicked 98 goals for the season, with another 90 coming in 1940 when he was club captain. On both occasions he finished the year as the leading goal-kicker at Norwood. Despite his high numbers it still wasn't enough to top the league, with North Adelaide great Ken Farmer being in his prime.

paragraph: Schultz finally got the better of Farmer in 1940 when he kicked exactly 100 goals for the year and won the league's goal-kicking award. He reached the milestone in Norwood's round 13 clash but moments after kicking the two goals he required, had to be taken off the field with a severe knee injury which ended his career. Before the injury he had been on track to beat the then season record of 134 goals by Farmer. He was nonetheless the first ever Norwood player to kick a century of goals and it remained their highest season tally until Neville Roberts kicked 111 goals in 1983.

description: Australian rules footballer and cricketer

wikidata_label: Bruce Schultz

wikipedia_title: Bruce Schultz (footballer)


text: Social Democratic Party of Germany

text: First Proletariat

text: Polish Socialist Party in Prussia

text: Second Proletariat

text: Czołowo

text: Sremski County

text: Warsaw

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Russian Empire

text: Congress Poland

text: Warsaw Citadel

categories: Executed revolutionaries,Polish people executed by the Russian Empire,Polish revolutionaries,1905 deaths,1860 births,People from Poznań County

paragraph: Marcin Kasprzak

paragraph: Marcin Kasprzak (1860–1905) was a Polish revolutionary. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the First Proletariat party, the Polish Socialist Party in Prussia, and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania party, and was a founder of the Second Proletariat party,

paragraph: Kasprzak was born the son of a laborer on November 2, 1860, in the village of Czołowo in Sremski County. In 1885 he moved to Berlin and joined the German Social Democratic Party. He soon returned to his homeland, where he joined the International Social Revolutionary Party "Proletariat" (usually referred to by the names First Proletariat or Great Proletariat party).

paragraph: Kasprzak was arrested in 1885, but escaped prison in 1887 and fled to Switzerland, then illegally arrived in Warsaw the same year. After the destruction of the First Proletariat in 1888, Kasprzak became one of the founders and leaders of the Social Revolutionary Party "Proletariat" (usually referred to by the names Second Proletariat or Small Proletariat party). According to some sources, in 1889 Kasprzak also helped to smuggle out Rosa Luxemburg out of Poland; she moved to Switzerland.

paragraph: In 1891, Kasprzak fled to exile in London. In 1893, he was arrested while trying to cross the border of the Russian Empire. Released from prison in 1896, he joined the Polish Socialist Party in Prussia.

paragraph: In 1904, Kasprzak returned to the Russian-controlled Congress Poland and joined the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) party. On April 27, 1904, during a police raid on an underground printing press in Warsaw, Kasprzak participated in armed resistance, during which four policemen were killed and several others wounded.

paragraph: Kasprzak was executed on September 8, 1905, in the Warsaw Citadel.

description: Polish revolutionary

wikidata_label: Marcin Kasprzak

wikipedia_title: Marcin Kasprzak


text: Canadian

text: curler

text: Ottawa, Ontario

text: skipped

text: Rachel Homan

text: Ottawa Curling Club

text: 2017 World Champion in women's curling

text: 2018 Winter Olympic Games

text: rink

text: Lynn Kreviazuk

text: Jenn Hanna

text: Alison Goring

text: 2000 Ontario Bantam Girl's Championship

text: junior women's provincials

text: 2003 Canadian Junior Women's

text: Grand Slam

text: 2012 Masters of Curling

text: 2013 Masters of Curling

text: Emma Miskew

text: Alison Kreviazuk

text: Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts

text: Tracy Horgan

text: Krista McCarville

text: 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts

text: Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

text: Cathy Auld

text: 2013 Scotties Tournament of Hearts

text: Jennifer Jones

text: tick

text: degree of difficulty

text: 2013 World Women's Curling Championship

text: 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials

text: 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts

text: 2017 Tournament of Hearts

text: 2017 World Women's Curling Championship

text: Department of Canadian Heritage

text: Hull, Quebec

text: Sport Canada

text: University of Ottawa

text: Brenda Chapman

categories: Sportspeople from Ottawa,University of Ottawa alumni,World curling champions,Curlers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Continental Cup of Curling participants,1985 births,Curlers from Ontario,Canadian women curlers,21st-century Canadian civil servants,Canadian women's curling champions,Living people

paragraph: Lisa Weagle

paragraph: Lisa Weagle (born March 24, 1985 in Ottawa) is a Canadian curler from Ottawa, Ontario. Weagle is the lead on the team skipped, or captained, by Rachel Homan out of the Ottawa Curling Club. With the Rachel Homan rink, she is a 2017 World Champion in women's curling and represented Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in women's curling. Weagle is known for her ability to make the eponymous "Weagle" shot (also known as a tick shot), which the Homan rink has used in high frequency since 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Weagle joined the rink, or team, that won the 2010 Canadian Junior Women's Curling Championship over the summer of 2010, replacing Lynn Kreviazuk at lead position. She had previously played lead for Jenn Hanna at the 2009 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts where her rink lost a tie-breaker to Alison Goring. Her 2009 run at the provincial title saw her reuniting with Lee Merklinger who was her longtime teammate and skip through Bantam and Junior playdowns. Weagle had replaced Lauren Mann on the Hanna team just before provincials.

paragraph: Weagle played second on Merklinger's Ottawa rink that won the 2000 Ontario Bantam Girl's Championship. Merklinger's rink stayed together through juniors and were one of the top teams in Ontario for several years. Weagle qualified for the junior women's provincials every year from 2001 to 2005. The team made it to two junior finals.

paragraph: Weagle has also played front end for Robyn Mattie who was the 2003 Canadian Junior Women's Runner-Up.

paragraph: Weagle has also won two Grand Slam events with the team, the 2012 Masters of Curling and the 2013 Masters of Curling and numerous other cash bonspiels.

paragraph: In February 2011 the foursome of Homan, Emma Miskew, Alison Kreviazuk and Weagle went 8-1 in the round robin of the Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. They defeated Tracy Horgan in the 1-2 page playoff game to advance to the final against Krista McCarville. The Ottawa rink defeated McCarville 9-6 in the final. The team represented Ontario at the 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in February 2011 where they finished in fourth place. The team won their second provincial title when they defeated Cathy Auld at the 2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The team would go on to win the 2013 Scotties Tournament of Hearts by defeating Jennifer Jones' Manitoba team. Weagle won the Sandra Schmirler Most Valuable Player Award for her performance in the playoffs of the 2013 Scotties. She is only the third lead to have been named MVP. Weagle was called to make a number of difficult "tick" shots throughout the final game against Manitoba, including the very first end of the match. The tick shot has traditionally been reserved as a defensive strategy in order to maintain a lead towards the end of games, but the Homan rink employed Weagle to perform this tactic throughout the game to a huge degree of success. While Weagle made most of these ticks, the high degree of difficulty meant that her shooting percentages were typically lower than her opposing leads, due to the typically low degree of difficulty for shots that leads are usually called upon to throw.

paragraph: The team represented Canada at the 2013 World Women's Curling Championship, Weagle's first international event. Weagle continued to be utilized for her tick shots, and led all curlers in the event for most tick shots played. Her shooting percentage was 82% during the round robin, which was tied for sixth among leads. The team would go on to win the bronze medal at the event.

paragraph: In the 2013-14 season, the team won a disappointing bronze medal at the 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, but would later go on to win the 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The team then won a silver medal at the 2014 Ford World Women's Curling Championship.

paragraph: The team would win their third Scotties at the 2017 Tournament of Hearts and would go on to win a gold medal for Canada at the 2017 World Women's Curling Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Weagle works for the Department of Canadian Heritage in Hull, Quebec as a communications advisor for Sport Canada. Weagle graduated from the University of Ottawa in 2007 with a Communications degree. Her sister is curler Julia Weagle, her mother is author Brenda Chapman, and her father's name is Ted. Weagle is married to Robin Guy.

description: Canadian female curler

wikidata_label: Lisa Weagle

wikipedia_title: Lisa Weagle


text:
Iceland
Order of the Falcon
Georgia Museum of Art
Knoxville Museum of Art
Björk
Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza
Valparaiso University
Brauer Museum of Art
The University of Aberdeen
Cod War
Angela Leighton
Carol Rumens
David Wheatley

paragraph: Steinunn Thorarinsdottir

paragraph: Steinunn Thorarinsdottir is a sculptor from Iceland whose exhibits have been showcased internationally including locations in the United States, Canada, the UK, Japan, and China. Her work is recognized by her use of androgynous human figures such as those in her most notable exhibits "Borders" and "Horizons". Steinunn's 35 years of work can be found in galleries, museums, airports, parks, streets, and fields. She has been commissioned by Iceland, the UK, University of Aberdeen in Scotland, and Leifur Eiríksson International Airport.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Steinunn Thorarinsdottir, a native Icelander, was born on April 20, 1955 and currently lives and works in Reykjavik, Iceland. She married Jon Arsæll and has two sons: Thórarinn Ingi Jónsson and Thórdur Ingi Jónsson. Steinunn studied art in England at the University of Portsmouth Fine Art Department and in Bologna, Italy at the Accademia di Belle Arte. Her teachers included British sculptor Darrell Viner.

paragraph: Steinunn is a member of the Reykjavik Association of Sculptors where she served as president from 1985 to 1987. In 2009 she was awarded the Order of the Falcon by the President of Iceland for her contribution to the Icelandic and international art communities.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibits.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibits.:"Horizons".

paragraph: This exhibit of 12 life size androgynous figures has made appearances at the Georgia Museum of Art, Knoxville Museum of Art as well as locations in Alabama, New York, Tennessee, Texas, and Illinois beginning in 2007. The figures, each in a unique pose, are made of cast iron and are cohesive as a collection by the band of polished glass around their chests.

paragraph: Steinunn explained the significance of her choice in materials: “The color of the iron signifies their primal quality—as if they are emerging from the earth” while “Glass as a material has a lot of different connotations. It can be fragile, yet dangerous. It can be translucent, or solid. . . It's like water, but also like air.”

paragraph: The exhibit was showcased in the documentary "Horizons: The Art of Steinunn Þórarinsdóttir" directed by Frank Cantor and featuring music by Björk. The film, exploring the human condition through Steinunn's work, was awarded a Cine Golden Eagle, Special Jury and Masters Award from the International Cine Festival in Washington, D.C. in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibits.:"Borders".

paragraph: This 26 piece exhibit was originally sculpted for exhibition in Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza outside the United Nations Headquarters in New York City in 2011. The androgynous figures are divided into 13 pairs which mirror each other. Each pair includes a cast iron and an aluminum figure. After their time in NYC, "Borders" traveled to Dallas, Seattle, Chicago, and was on display at Valparaiso University in Northwest Indiana from 2014-2016. Borders is currently displayed along the riverfront of the Mighty Mississippi in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

paragraph: Steinunn posed her kneeling, standing, and sitting pairs in politically and socially charged areas purposefully The exhibit also calls back to Steinunn's family since she used her eighteen-year-old son as a model.

paragraph: Brauer Museum of Art Director/Curator, Gregg Hertzlieb described the exhibit's social commentary on unity and diversity: "The figures observe invisible borders that keep them forever separated, and yet the similarities between the pairs, and among all the figures, acknowledge a shared nature that attracts and transfixes them. Viewers experiencing the silent dialogue between the paired iron and aluminum figures realize that, while difference may initially gain attention, what sustains this symbolic and eternal exchange is empathy and respect."

paragraph: Section::::Exhibits.:"Encounters with Iceland".

paragraph: After a trip to Iceland in 2013, Mission Hill Family Estate winery proprietor Anthony von Mandl decided to bring an exhibit of Steinunn's work to the estate in Okanagan Valley, Canada. The exhibit includes more than 40 of Steinunn's life-size sculptures in cast iron and aluminum. Some are in mirrored pairs like those of "Borders" while others are single figures. The exhibit stayed at the winery June–December 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Commissions.

paragraph: Section::::Commissions.:'Waves'.

paragraph: In 2010, Steinunn unveiled her sculpture 'Waves' commissioned by The University of Aberdeen, Scotland. The sculpture consists of two cast aluminum curved towers with one human figure at the base of one and another human figure on top of the other. The nine meter tall sculpture sits outside the Aberdeen Sports Village. Steinunn said, "The sculpture ‘Waves’ is inspired by the special character of Aberdeen with its open seas and unique colour as well as the shape of the Aberdeen Sports Village building. The work expresses dynamic movement, progress and a journey of discovery.”

paragraph: Section::::Commissions.:'Voyages'.

paragraph: 'Voyages' is Steinunn's two part sculpture that was commissioned by the British and Icelandic governments. The sister statues gaze out over the waters between Hull, England and Vik, Iceland. The two fishing towns have a long history of trade relations spanning over 1000 years which was colored by the Cod War in the 1950s and 1970s. The statues symbolize the reestablishment of friendship between the two towns. Poets Angela Leighton, Carol Rumens, Cliff Forshaw, and David Wheatley composed poems in honor of the unveiling of the sculptures.

paragraph: The statue in Hull was stolen in July 2011 presumably by scrap metal thieves. Insurance money was able to cover the cost of replacing the statue

description: Icelandic sculptor

wikidata_label: Steinunn Thorarinsdottir

wikipedia_title: Steinunn Thorarinsdottir


text: La Brea Tar Pits

text: Los Angeles

text: skeleton

text: George C. Page Museum

text: List of human evolution fossils

categories: Oldest human remains in the Americas,Native American history of California,1914 in science,La Brea Tar Pits

paragraph: La Brea Woman

paragraph: La Brea Woman is the name for the only human whose remains have ever been found in the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. The remains, first discovered in the pits in 1914, were the partial skeleton of a woman At around 18-25 years of age at death, she has been dated at 10,220–10,250 cal yr BP.

paragraph: Section::::Museum display.

paragraph: The remains consisted of a cranium, mandible, and post-cranial remains, and were recovered from Pit 10 at the Rancho La Brea tar pits.

paragraph: They used to be on display in the George C. Page Museum, alongside a life-sized model thought to resemble the woman. The exhibit was removed around 2004. The curator, John M. Harris, was concerned that this display of historic remains might offend Native Americans or attract unwanted attention to its Native American origins, thereby triggering a demand for their return.

paragraph: In 2009, California forensic artist Melissa R. Cooper created a facial reconstruction based on her skull. The images resulted in controversy regarding their display in addition to ethical questions about the museum’s reason for keeping La Brea Woman in hiding.

paragraph: Section::::Associated dog remains.

paragraph: Human bones were found associated with remains of a domestic dog, and so were interpreted to have been ceremonially interred. In 2016, it was discovered that the dog remains were only 3,000 years old, disproving the idea that it was ceremonially interred with her.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of human evolution fossils

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cooper's Facial Reconstructions of the La Brea Woman

wikidata_label: La Brea Woman

wikipedia_title: La Brea Woman


text:
Eindhoven
equestrian
Netherlands
2004 Summer Olympics
Athens, Greece
Tineke
Dutch Olympic Committee

categories: Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Dutch female equestrians,Olympic medalists in equestrian,Olympic equestrians of the Netherlands,Equestrians at the 2004 Summer Olympics,1977 births,Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Dutch dressage riders,Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands,Living people,Sportspeople from Eindhoven

paragraph: Imke Bartels

paragraph: Imke Anne Marian Schellekens-Bartels (born 15 March 1977, in Eindhoven) is an equestrian from the Netherlands, who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. Her mother Tineke was also a competitor in dressage.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch Olympic Committee

description: equestrian

wikidata_label: Imke Bartels

wikipedia_title: Imke Bartels


text: Broadway

text: Ben Greet

text: Constance Crawley

text: Shakespearean actress

text: supporting actor

text: character actor

text: Broadway theatre

text: Los Angeles

text: silent films

text: Shakespeare plays

text: Garden Theatre

text: Sybil Thorndike

text: Sydney Greenstreet

text: Eva Le Gallienne's

text: The New York Times

text: Sybil Thorndike

text: Ben Greet

text: Rawdon Crawley

text: Vanity Fair

text: Constance Crawley

text: Everyman

text: Twelfth Night

text: Romeo and Juliet

text: Hamlet

text: The Cherry Orchard

text: Hedda Gabler

text: The Would-Be Gentleman

text: Liliom

text: Alice in Wonderland

text: Eva Le Gallienne

text: L'Aiglon

text: The Corn Is Green

text: The Late George Apley

categories: 20th-century English male actors,English male stage actors,1948 deaths,English male Shakespearean actors,1867 births

paragraph: John Sayer Crawley

paragraph: John Sayer Crawley (8 March 1867 – 7 March 1948) was an English actor who, as Sayre Crawley, spent more than 40 years in American theatre playing roles on Broadway and at the Garden Theatre, among other venues.

paragraph: Crawley served briefly as an officer in the British army before marrying Constance Thompson in 1892 in England. Both he and his wife sought acting roles, which resulted in their coming to the United States in 1902 with the Ben Greet Players. They starred in Ben Greet productions on both coasts, with Constance, under her married name of Constance Crawley, gaining wide attention in the West as a Shakespearean actress, while Crawley, first under his stage name of J. Sayre Crawley, and later as simply Sayre Crawley, found his best success in the East playing supporting actor and character actor roles in Broadway theatre. As their careers took separate directions, Constance and Sayre separated, with Constance eventually moving to Los Angeles where she starred in several silent films, and Sayre continuing his acting career in New York City.

paragraph: Constance Crawley died in 1919, after which Sayre in 1922 married his second wife, Mary Ward Holton (1888–1966), who had performed on Broadway under the stage name of Mary Ward. Although he continued in Broadway productions during the 1920s and 1930s, sometimes sharing the stage with Mary Ward, Sayre also did Shakespeare plays at the Garden Theatre, starring opposite Sybil Thorndike, Sydney Greenstreet and others. He was also a charter member with Eva Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory Theatre. When he died on 7 March 1948 in New York, his obituary in "The New York Times" noted that he had "devoted his career to the New York stage since the turn of the century."

paragraph: Sawyer had a long friendship with Sybil Thorndike, whom he had known since 1904 when both were members of the Ben Greet players on Greet's third North American Tour. Thorndike refers to Crawley in her letters as "Master Rawdon", after the character Rawdon Crawley in "Vanity Fair", and writes that she and others looked up to him as an older brother. Apparently, he was often referred to as Rawdon Crawley among friends and family, both in jest, and in reference to his relationship with his first wife Constance Crawley.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Broadway appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everyman" (1902–1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twelfth Night" (1904, 1912–1913, 1919, 1920, 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romeo and Juliet" (1910, 1923, 1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hamlet" (1913, 1919, 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cherry Orchard" (1923, 1928, 1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hedda Gabler" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Would-Be Gentleman" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sentinels" (1931–1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liliom" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alice in Wonderland" (1932; adapted by Eva Le Gallienne)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Aiglon" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Corn Is Green" (1940–1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Late George Apley" (1944–1945)

description: British actor

wikidata_label: John Sayer Crawley

wikipedia_title: John Sayer Crawley


text:
antiquarian
British India
fresco
Ajanta Caves
Hackney
44th Madras Native Infantry
ensign
St Luke's Church, Chelsea
William John Gill
Bangalore
Chelsea
Jaulnah
The Royal Asiatic Society
James Fergusson
Indian rock-cut architecture
Asiatic Society of Bombay
rupee
Bhil people
East India Company
Illustrated London News
fresco
The Crystal Palace
Victoria and Albert Museum
British Library
stereoscopy
James Fergusson
Indian art
British Library
tigers
Bhusawal
Marathi language
Ajintha

categories: English photographers,English male painters,1824 births,People from Hackney Central,19th-century English painters,19th-century Indian photographers,People of British India,1875 deaths,Indian painting

paragraph: Robert Gill

paragraph: Major Robert Gill (1804–1879) was an army officer, antiquarian, painter and photographer in British India. He is best known for his paintings copying the frescoes of the Ajanta Caves. Gill was the first painter – after their rediscovery in 1819 – to make extensive copies of the Buddhist cave paintings, which mostly date to the 5th century CE. His surviving copies and drawings remain significant in Ajanta studies as the originals have significantly deteriorated since his time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family and military service.

paragraph: Gill was born in Hackney, London, the son of a stockbroker. He joined the 44th Madras Native Infantry as a cadet in 1824 and became an ensign on 6 May 1825. Promotion to Lieutenant followed in September 1826, and to Captain on 6 May 1840; finally he was promoted to Major. On 25 May 1841, he married Frances Flowerdew Rickerby at St Luke's Church, Chelsea, in London. He was discharged as an invalid on 1 October 1852. His first child, a daughter called Frances Eliza Minchin Gill (1842-1930), was born in Madras. His first son, the soldier, explorer and intelligence officer William John Gill (1843-1882), was born in Bangalore. A second daughter, Rose Matilda Gill, was born in Chelsea in 1845 but died when less than three weeks old. A second son, the lawyer Robert Thomas Gill (1847-1927) was born in Jaulnah, as was a third daughter, Lucy Annie Gill (1849-1903). Robert Gill may have had several children who died in infancy by his first Indian mistress, Paro. He had two daughters by his second Indian mistress: Mildred Mary Gill (1866-1923) and Annie Gill (c.1864-1934).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Gill was a member of The Royal Asiatic Society, and this association was eventually parlayed into copying the murals that had first been published in a lecture by James Fergusson to the Bombay branch of the Society, and later inclusion and illustration in his book in Indian rock-cut architecture. From 1844, Gill was taken away from military service to copy the Ajanta murals for the Asiatic Society of Bombay, at an additional salary of 200 rupees a year. He spent thirty years measuring, mapping, cataloguing, photographing, and painting in the caves, despite dangers from wild animals and the local Bhil people.

paragraph: Arriving at Ajanta in early 1845, he completed an initial survey and inspection, submitting a report the same year. He began to ship completed paintings back to London in 1847, where many were exhibited at the museum of the East India Company. A number of them were reproduced, somewhat crudely, in an article in 1849 in the "Illustrated London News". He had copied about 30 of the principal frescoes on canvas at almost full-size by 1863, when the painting phase of his work largely ended; these works were sent to London. Unfortunately, twenty-five of his pictures were burnt during the 1866 fire at The Crystal Palace, where they were on loan and being exhibited. Another was destroyed by a fire in a storeroom in the South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum) in 1885. This was the same fire that destroyed most of the next generation of Ajanta copies, just completed by a team from the Bombay School of Art. None of Gill's lost copies had been photographed. The four surviving Gill copies are in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London; a number of his drawings are in the British Library.

paragraph: Gill remained based at Ajanta for the rest of his life, also making tours to other ancient sites in India. He took up photography, including stereoscopy, in about 1856, and much of his photographic work is published in two books, "The Rock-Cut Temples of India", and "One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India", with notes by James Fergusson.

paragraph: Gill's surviving photographs, drawings, and paintings are constantly cited by scholars of Ajanta and Indian art generally, as they have preserved the memories of original painted surfaces that have undergone significant flaking. Accelerated deterioration began immediately upon the caves' rediscovery starting in 1819. According to the Victoria and Albert Museum, even in Gill's time the original cave paintings could be seen suffering damage from frequent, unsupervised visitation and also from "swarms of bees and bats." Gill's works also record the condition of the stonework at the time; some sections have since been lost, such as the portico to Cave 1, and others considerably repaired and tidied. Many of his plans, drawings, and photographs are available online at the British Library and other places.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and burial.

paragraph: Like many other British Indian officers of those days, Gill was an avid hunter and killed about 150 tigers, mostly on foot. He died in 1879 while being transported from Ajanta to Bhusawal in a very ill condition, and was buried at the Catholic Cemetery at Bhusawal.

paragraph: Section::::Modern interpretations.

paragraph: In 2012, a Marathi language film, Ajintha, was made based on his work and love story with a native girl Paro.

alias:
Robert, Captain Gill
Robert, Major Gill

description: British antiquarian, painter and photographer

wikidata_label: Robert Gill

wikipedia_title: Robert Gill


href: Arabic Kollam Kerala Nellikunnu%20Muhyaddin%20Juma%20Masjid Nellikunnu Kasaragod Mangalore Nellikunnu Nellikunnu

text:
Arabic
Kollam
Kerala
Nellikunnu Muhyaddin Juma Masjid
Nellikunnu
Kasaragod
Mangalore
Nellikunnu
Nellikunnu

categories: Indian Islamic religious leaders,Year of birth missing,1962 deaths

paragraph: Thangal Uppapa

paragraph: Thangal Uppapa (Arabic: تنغل اباب; died 6 September 1962) was a Muslim holy man from Kollam, Kerala.

paragraph: His tomb, located at Nellikunnu Muhyaddin Juma Masjid, Nellikunnu, 2 km away from Kasaragod, is pilgrimage centre. His works and services in Kasargod and Mangalore are regarded by his Muslim community as worthy and peerless.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Kollam, Kerala and travelled many places. During his staying at Mangalore he attracted huge crowds. Eventually he settled at Nellikunnu and lived there until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on September 6, 1962. His tomb is located now in Nellikunnu.

description: Indian saint

wikidata_label: Thangal Uppapa

wikipedia_title: Thangal Uppapa


text: cyberformance

text: cyberspace

text: Queensland University of Technology

text: UpStage

text: Magdalena Project

text: Odin Teatret

text: Munich

text: Globe Theatre, Dunedin

text: Roger Hall

text: University of Otago

text: BATS Theatre

text: Desktop Theater

text: UpStage

text: cyberformance

text: "We have a situation!"

text: "Unaussprechbarlich"

text: "her light stretches"

text: Helen Chadwick

text: "Tales from the Towpath"

text: Geocaching

text: The CyPosium

text: "make-shift"

text: ""The Net and the Butterfly""

text: ""make-shift""

text: ""The Internet as a Dramatic Medium""

text: UpStage Official Website

text: Desktop Theater Official Website

categories: Women digital artists,1966 births,Digital artists,People educated at Logan Park High School,New Zealand women artists,Living people,New Zealand artists

paragraph: Helen Varley Jamieson

paragraph: Helen Varley Jamieson is a digital media artist, playwright, performer, director and producer from New Zealand. She "is engaged in an ongoing exploration of the collision between theatre and the internet." Since 1997 she has been working on the internet professionally. In the year 2000 Helen Varley Jamieson coined the term "cyberformance". This term is a combination of two words, "cyberspace" and "performance". Jamieson states that "cyberformance can be located as a distinct form within the subsets of networked performance and digital performance, and within the overall form of theatre, as it is a live performance form with an audience that is complicit in the completion of the work in real time."

paragraph: Cyberformances are "live theatrical performances in which remote participants are able to work together in real time through the medium of the internet." In her Master Thesis, Jamieson states that "cyberformance, like all forms of theatre and artistic expression, offers a means to approach and respond to the changing world we exist in."

paragraph: In 2008 Helen Varley Jamieson completed her MA (research) degree in Cyberformance from Queensland University of Technology entitled "Adventures in Cyberformance: experiments at the interface of theatre and the internet."

paragraph: Section::::UpStage.

paragraph: Helen Varley Jamieson is one of the founders of the online performance platform UpStage, along with the other members of Avatar Body "Collision" (see below). UpStage is an open source browser-based application that provides a real-time collaborative platform for remote artists and audiences. It hosts online festivals of cyberformances as well as workshops and presentations.

paragraph: Section::::Avatar Body "Collision".

paragraph: Jamieson is a founding member of Avatar Body "Collision", which "is a desktop theatre troupe in its own right". The Avatar Body "Collision" troupe is a "globally distributed performance group who live (mostly) in London, Helsinki, Aotearoa/New Zealand and cyberspace." They use a free, downloadable chat software to rehearse and perform their work.

paragraph: Section::::The Magdalena Project.

paragraph: Since 1997, Helen has been involved in the Magdalena Project, an international network of women in contemporary performance and theatre. She became involved with the New Zealand group, Magdalena Aotearoa, helping with the organisation of their 1999 International Festival of Women's Performance, and following that developed the Magdalena Project's first website. She became the project's "web queen" and continues to voluntarily maintain and update the project's web site and email list - since 2011 with the assistance of "web princess" Valentina Tibaldi. She has attended and presented her work at many Magdalena festivals around the world. Significantly, in 2001 at the Transit III festival (Odin Teatret, Denmark), she presented for the first time a cyberformance to a theatre audience; the audience response to this work challenged her to explore the intersection of theatre and the internet in her ongoing work and forms a starting point for her Masters' thesis.

paragraph: In 2016, Jamieson was instrumental in organising the first meeting of the Magdalena Project in Munich, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic work.

paragraph: Jamieson's artistic work encompasses experimental theatre, writing, installation, digital and cyberformance projects. She addresses environmental, social and political themes, and has developed participatory and conversational practices that invite audiences to actively engage with and contribute to the work.

paragraph: Beginning with children's theatre classes at the Globe Theatre, Dunedin in the 1970s, Jamieson progressed to writing and directing plays at high school then studying theatre and playwriting (with Roger Hall) at the University of Otago. During the 1980s, she was a member of the Women's Performance Art Collective in Dunedin. In 1992 she was commissioned to write a play commemorating the centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand, and her play "Women Like Us" was produced in Dunedin and Wellington (1993–94). During the 1990s she wrote, directed and produced plays at Taki Rua and BATS Theatre in Wellington, including co-directing with Tamsin Larby "The Debate" by Riwia Brown in the inaugural Young and Hungry season (1994). In 1994-95 she worked on Artslink, a community arts project in Wellington that aimed to develop an online database of arts information, and other arts administration, marketing and production jobs before moving into the web development industry.

paragraph: Discovering online performance through Desktop Theater in 1999, Jamieson went on to produce an experimental hybrid online-offline research and performance project, the[abc]experiment, at BATS Theatre, Wellington, in 2001. As a result of this she formed the globally distributed cyberformance troupe Avatar Body "Collision" with Vicki Smith (Aotearoa New Zealand), Karla Ptaček (UK) and Leena Saarinen (Finland). From 2002 to 2007, Avatar Body "Collision" devised and performed 10 cyberformances, including hybrid online-offline work and performances that took place entirely online. The group functioned completely online and the four members have never met in the same physical space.

paragraph: The cyberformance platform UpStage was developed by Avatar Body "Collision", and used for their performances from 2004. Jamieson continues to be active within the UpStage community, using the platform for her online performances and organising events. From 2007 to 2012 she along with Vicki Smith and others curated and produced the series of six annual UpStage festivals, featuring programmes of cyberformance by artists from around the world.

paragraph: Since 2000, Jamieson has collaborated internationally on numerous theatre, digital and online projects. Her artistic work contributes significantly to the emergent artform of cyberformance, and to the development and documentation of networked collaboration practices. She is an active participant in networks concerned with performance, online and digital art, and women's art and tech networks.

paragraph: Selected works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We have a situation!": a series of live, trans-border, online-offline participatory performances addressing current cross-cultural issues, using UpStage (2013-ongoing).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unaussprechbarlich": an exploration of the painful, hilarious and life-changing experience of communicating in a language other than one’s mother-tongue; in collaboration with Annie Abrahams (2015-ongoing).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "her light stretches": an installation of text, song, light and mirrors, in collaboration with Helen Chadwick (2016-ongoing).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales from the Towpath": an immersive story trail incorporating Geocaching, Zapper codes and live performance; in collaboration with Maya Chowdhry, Michelle Green and Sarah Hymas, for the 2014 Manchester Literature Festival.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The CyPosium: one-day online symposium on cyberformance, 12 October 2012; following this Jamieson co-edited with Annie Abrahams "CyPosium - the book" (published by Link Editions, 2014).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "make-shift": networked performance connecting audiences in two domestic houses and online, in an exploration of consumption and disposability; in collaboration with Paula Crutchlow (2010–12).

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamieson, Helen Varley, ""We collaborate [t]here: processes of networked collaboration"" in "Intersecting Art and Technology in Practice", eds. Camille Baker & Kate Sicchio, published by Routledge, 2017. , ebook 9781315678092.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamieson, Helen Varley, ""We have a Situation! Cyberformance and Civic Engagement in Post-Democracy"", in "Convergence of Contemporary Art, Visual Culture, and Global Civic Engagement", ed. Ryan Shin, published by ICI Global, 2016. , ebook 9781522516668.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abrahams, Annie and Jamieson, Helen Varley (eds), "CyPosium - the book", published 2014 by Link Editions and La Panacée; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamieson, Helen Varley, ""La plateforme UpStage, la cyberformance et l’assistance (intermédiale)"" in "Théâtre et intermédialité" ed. Jean-Marc Larrue, Lille (France), published by Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2014; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buonaiuto, Francesco, Jamieson, Helen Varley, and Smith, Vicki, ""The Net and the Butterfly"", by Francesco Buonaiuto, published in the International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital Media Volume 10 Issue 1, 2014 – special issue on “Interdisciplinary Approaches to Documenting Performance”.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamieson, Helen Varley, and Smith, Vicki, ""UpStage: An Online Tool for Real-Time Storytelling"" in Creative Technologies Journal, Issue 2, November 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamieson, Helen Varley. ""Real Time, Virtual Space, Live Theatre"" – chapter in the ADA Digital Arts Reader, published 2008, Clouds Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamieson, Helen Varley, ""UpStage: a platform for creating and performing online"", in IEEE Multimedia vol 14, no 3, July-Sept 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamieson, Helen Varley and Jung, Patricia,""Online performances mit UpStage"" in "Video: Wiedergabe, Bearbeitung und Streaming unter Linux", ed. Nils Magnus and Torsten Spindler, published by Open Source Press, 2005. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trapped to Reveal - On webcam mediated communication and collaboration" by Annie Abrahams.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papagiannouli, Christina, "Political Cyberformance: The Etheatre Project", published by Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. eBook , Hardcover .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Packer, Randall, ""Cyberformance in the Third Space: A Conversation with Helen Varley Jamieson"", Furthefield, March 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crutchlow, Paula, ""make-shift"" in Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perez, Elena, ""Meaningful connections: Exploring the uses of telematic technology in performance"" in Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pixmac interview with Helen Varley Jamieson by Lucie Navrátilová, August 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simic, Lena, ""On the Issue of Belonging: Thinking through Networks and Generations"" in Body Space Technology Journal, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sant, Toni, ""A Second Life for online performance: Understanding present developments through an historical context"" – in the International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital Media, Volume 4 Number 1 Published 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sant, Toni, and Kim Flintoff, ""The Internet as a Dramatic Medium"", supplementary article to ""Interactive and Improvisational Drama"", ed. Adam Blatner, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avatar Body "Collision" Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- UpStage Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desktop Theater Official Website

description: artist

wikidata_label: Helen Varley Jamieson

wikipedia_title: Helen Varley Jamieson


text:
O.S.B.
Benedictine
abbot
cardinal
excommunicating
Patriarch of Constantinople
Michael I Cerularius
Great Schism
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Churches
Lorraine
oblate
Rule of St. Benedict
Bishop of Toul
Pope Leo IX
Archbishop of Sicily
Norman
Cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida
Apulia
Bishop of Trani
Leo, Archbishop of Ochrid
Greek
Latin
legatine
Pope Stephen IX
Archbishop of Amalfi
Constantinople
Patriarch
Michael Cerularius
Emperor
Constantine IX
Divine Liturgy
papal bull
excommunication
Hagia Sophia
Great Schism
Roman Curia
Pope Stephen IX
Gregorian Reform
Henry I of France
College of Cardinals
Peter Damian
Antipope Benedict X
Lateran
Synod
Lateran Basilica
Norwich, John Julius

categories: Diplomats of the Holy See,1061 deaths,French Benedictines,Burials at the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran,11th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,11th-century births,Benedictine bishops,11th-century French writers,East–West Schism,Bishops in Sicily,Benedictine abbots,French cardinals,French Roman Catholic archbishops,Benedictine cardinals

paragraph: Humbert of Silva Candida

paragraph: Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., also known as Humbert of Moyenmoutier (between 1000 and 1015 – 5 May 1061), was a French Benedictine abbot and later a cardinal. It was his act of excommunicating the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius in 1054 which is generally regarded as the precipitating event of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.

paragraph: Section::::Monastic life.

paragraph: When Humbert was 15 years old, he was given by his parents to the in Lorraine, as an oblate, intended for monastic life, in a practice in keeping with the Rule of St. Benedict. He entered the Order when he came of age, and was later elected as abbot of the monastery. He became friends with Bruno, the Bishop of Toul, who was later to be elected as Pope Leo IX in 1048 and who brought the monk to Rome to assist him after his election.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop.

paragraph: Pope Leo appointed Humbert the Archbishop of Sicily in 1050. The Norman rulers of the island, however, prevented his landing there. In place of that post, he was named Cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida the following year. It has been suggested that he was the first Frenchman to be named cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Papal legate.

paragraph: Under Leo, Humbert became the principal papal secretary and on a trip through Apulia in 1053, he received from John, Bishop of Trani, a letter written by Leo, Archbishop of Ochrid, criticising Western rites and practice. He translated the Greek letter into Latin and gave it to the pope, who ordered a response drawn up. This exchange led to Humbert being sent at the head of a legatine mission, along with Frederick of Lorraine (later Pope Stephen IX) and Peter, Archbishop of Amalfi, to Constantinople to confront Patriarch Michael Cerularius.

paragraph: Humbert was cordially welcomed by the Emperor Constantine IX, but spurned by the patriarch. Eventually, on 16 July 1054, during the celebration of the Divine Liturgy he laid a papal bull of excommunication of the patriarch on the high altar of the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia, despite the fact that Leo had died and the excommunication was thereby invalid. This event crystallized in an official way the gradual estrangement of Eastern and Western Christianity which had taken place over the centuries, and is traditionally used to date the beginning of the Great Schism.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In his later years, Humbert was made librarian of the Roman Curia by Pope Stephen IX, his former legatine companion, and he penned the reform treatise "Libri tres adversus Simoniacos" ('Three Books Against the Simoniacs') (1057), which helped initiate the Gregorian Reform movement. In 1058, he accused Henry I of France of simony and tyranny for selling bishoprics and abbacies. Humbert is also credited as the brains behind the electoral decree of 1059, which stated that popes would henceforth be elected by the College of Cardinals.

paragraph: After a career marked by numerous theological disputes with figures such as Peter Damian, he gained a reputation of rigidity. He traveled frequently throughout Italy during the later years of his life, partly due to the election of the Antipope Benedict X in 1058. He attended the Lateran Synod of April 1059, however.

paragraph: Humbert died in Rome on 5 May 1061 and was buried in the Lateran Basilica.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius (1967). "The Normans in the South 1016–1130". London: Longman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hüls, Rudolf. "Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130". Tübingen: 1977. See pp. 133–34.

description: French priest, writer and diplomat

wikidata_label: Humbert of Silva Candida

wikipedia_title: Humbert of Silva Candida