text:
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Villa del Parque
San Isidro
Fidel Castro
Cuba
Prensa Latina
Neo-realist
Clarín
"La Opinión"
"La Nación"
Juan Perón
Italian Argentine
senile dementia
film version
dictatorship
Jorge Videla
Roberto Viola
Osvaldo Dragún
Teatro Abierto
Luis Brandoni
Jorge Rivera López
Pepe Soriano
Nobel
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Ernesto Sábato
El arreglo
No habrá más penas ni olvido
democratic elections
Graf Spee
Ulises Dumont
Spain
Roberto Cossa's website
Teatro Abierto
Literatura.org

categories: Argentine people of Italian descent,Argentine male writers,Argentine journalists,1934 births,Male screenwriters,Illustrious Citizens of Buenos Aires,Argentine screenwriters,Argentine dramatists and playwrights,Argentine theatre directors,Living people,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Roberto Cossa

paragraph: Roberto Cossa (born November 30, 1934) is a prominent Argentinian playwright and theatre director.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Roberto Cossa was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and raised in the quiet residential borough of Villa del Parque. He first performed in theatre at the age of 17 and, in 1957, he and friends founded the San Isidro Independent Theatre. An admirer of Fidel Castro, he worked secretly as a local correspondent for Cuba's state-owned press agency, Prensa Latina, between 1960 and 1970. Cossa produced his first play, "Nuestro fín de semana" ("Our Weekend") in 1964. The Neo-realist work earned him numerous Argentine drama prizes and secured his reputation in the field. Contributing to the cultural sections of mainstream Argentine newsdailies such as "Clarín", "La Opinión" and "La Nación" between 1971 and 1976, Cossa avoided direct political references in his work. One exception to this was his 1970 play "El avión negro" ("The Black Plane"), a commentary on exiled populist leader Juan Perón's 1964 attempt to return to Argentina.

paragraph: Following a period of a certain creative dearth, Cossa premiered "La nona" ("Grandma") in 1977. His most successful play, "La nona" represented a turn towards the grotesque in which the protagonist, a hundred-year-old Italian Argentine grandmother, burdens her working-class family with her senile dementia and ravenous appetite. "La nona", still performed in Buenos Aires and elsewhere, remains among the most recognizable plays in Argentine theatre and was adapted into a film version in 1979.

paragraph: The climate of repression that prevailed in Argentina during its last dictatorship eased somewhat in 1980 as General Jorge Videla prepared to transfer power to General Roberto Viola, an advocate for increased, if limited, artistic freedom. Playwright Osvaldo Dragún seized the opportunity to organize an "Teatro Abierto" ("Open Theatre") movement, calling on Cossa and fellow playwrights Luis Brandoni, Jorge Rivera López and Pepe Soriano, as well as receiving support from prominent intellectuals such as Nobel laureate Adolfo Pérez Esquivel and writer Ernesto Sábato. Refurbishing a former Buenos Aires sparkplug factory into the Picadero Theatre, they premiered their first festival on July 28, 1981, featuring Cossa's "Gris de ausencia" ("Pale of Absence") among the evening's repertoire. During an August 6 performance, however, three fire bombs were set off in the theatre, forcing the Open Theatre to relocate (The Picadero was reopened in 2001).

paragraph: Cossa's successful adaptation of "La nona" into film encouraged him to provide screenplays for his play "El arreglo" ("The Deal") and "No habrá más penas ni olvido" ("Dirty Little War") in 1983. Both became well-known Argentine films memorable for their bold indictments of the problems of corruption and revenge in Argentine society. His theatre works became more prolific following democratic elections in 1983 and included "Ya nadie recuerda a Frederic Chopin" ("No One Remembers F.C."), a study in frustrating exile, "De pies y manos" ("On Hands and Feet"), a realist look into the effect of the dictatorship on one family, and "Los compadritos" ("The Poseurs"), a controversial review of the events surrounding the 1939 sinking of the "Graf Spee".

paragraph: Cossa, in 1987, premiered what would become his most successful work since "La nona", "Yepeto" ("Gepetto"). The character study sets an aging drama professor in a love triangle with two students, one a young lady leading a charmed life with whom he becomes infatuated and the other an impetuous young man whom the teacher feels he must rescue from himself, despite his jealousy for the unabashed youth. The tension made "Yepeto" a hit in Argentine theatres and, starring "La nona" great Ulises Dumont, it ran for about 5000 performances in the 1990s before its 1999 film release.

paragraph: Conferred the National Theatre Prize Argentina and the Public and Critics Prize of Spain, Cossa was appointed President of the General Society of Argentine Authors in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberto Cossa's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teatro Abierto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literatura.org

wikidata_label: Roberto Cossa

wikipedia_title: Roberto Cossa


text:
Valenciennes
Louis I of Châtillon
Avesnes
count of Blois
lord of Avesnes
Reginald II of Guelders
Schoonhoven
Gouda
William I of Guelders and Jülich
Counts of Blois

categories: People from Valenciennes,14th century in the Netherlands,Counts of Blois,Year of birth unknown,House of Châtillon,1381 deaths

paragraph: John II, Count of Blois

paragraph: John II of Châtillon (d. 1381, Valenciennes), second son of Louis I of Châtillon and Jeanne of Avesnes, was count of Blois and lord of Avesnes from 1372 to 1381.

paragraph: In February 1372, he married Mathilde of Guelders (d. 1384), the daughter and co-heir of Duke Reginald II of Guelders, and became Lord of Schoonhoven and Gouda. He spent most of his career trying to seize Guelders from Mathilde's nephew William I of Guelders and Jülich.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Counts of Blois

description: French count

wikidata_label: John II, Count of Blois

wikipedia_title: John II, Count of Blois


text:
Dutch Golden Age
Rotterdam
Pieter de Bloot
Cornelis Saftleven
Amsterdam
animal
etching

categories: 1691 deaths,Dutch male painters,1625 births,Dutch Golden Age painters,Artists from Rotterdam

paragraph: Abraham Hondius

paragraph: Abraham Danielsz. Hondius (about 1631 – 17 September 1691) was a Dutch Golden Age painter known his depictions of animals. He was the son of a city stonemason, Daniel Abramsz de Hondt.

paragraph: Hondius was born in Rotterdam and trained under Pieter de Bloot (1601–1658) and Cornelis Saftleven. He lived in Rotterdam until 1659 and moved then to Amsterdam. He moved to London in 1666, where he spent the rest of his life. Hondius combined throughout his career several stylistic influences and struggled to develop a style of his own. He however specialised somehow in animal pieces: more than two-thirds of his paintings, etchings and drawings are hunting scenes, animals fighting and animal studies. He also executed landscapes, genre and religious scenes.

paragraph: Hondius most likely moved to London in 1666 where he spent the rest of his life and died. He painted views of London such as "" and "London Bridge". His last known work is "Ape and Cat Fighting over Dead Poultry", dated 1690.

alias:
Abraham Danielszoon Hondius
Abraham de Hondt
Abraham Daniëlsz. Hondius
Abraham Hungeois
Abraham Hondiest
Abraham Danielsz. Hont
Abraham Uondius
Abraham Hondeous
Abraham Danielsz. Hondius
Abraham Danielsz. Hond
Abraham De Hondt
Abraham Hondes
Abraham Danielsz. de Hondt
Abr. Hondius
H. Hondius
Abraham Hendius
Abram Hondius
Abraham de Hont
Hungies
A. de Hont
Abrah. Hondius
old Hundyus
A. Dehont
Hendius
Hundius
a. hondius
Ab. Hondius
Gondius
Handois
Hondiest
Hondius
Abrah. Hondios
Mr. Hondius
Uondius
Abraham Ondrus
Hungius
Abr. Hundius
Hongius
A. Hundius
abraham danielsz hondius
Abraham Hundios
Mr. Hundius
A. Hondes
Par De Honte
Abrah. Hundios
Hung
Hondious
Abraham Hundyus
Honduis
Abraham Hondius ou de Hondt
A. Hondius
Hondeous
Houndis
De Hontus
Abramo Ondins
Houndes
Hundyus

description: Dutch Golden Age painter

wikidata_label: Abraham Hondius

wikipedia_title: Abraham Hondius


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Abydos Dynasty
16th Dynasty
Jürgen von Beckerath
Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
13th Dynasty
stela
Flinders Petrie
Thoth
Rahotep
Wepwawetemsaf
Detlef Franke
Memphis
Hyksos
Abydos Dynasty
15th
16th
17th Dynasty

categories: 17th century BC in Egypt,Pharaohs of the Abydos Dynasty,17th-century BC Pharaohs

paragraph: Pantjeny

paragraph: Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny was an Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period. According to the Egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, he was a king of the Abydos Dynasty, although they leave his position within this dynasty undetermined. Alternatively, Pantjeny could be a king of the late 16th Dynasty.

paragraph: According to Jürgen von Beckerath, Pantjeny is to be identified with Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw, whom he sees as the third king of the 13th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Attestation.

paragraph: Pantjeny is known from a single limestone stela "of exceptionally crude quality" found in Abydos by Flinders Petrie. The stele is dedicated to the king's son Djehuty-aa ("Thoth is great") and to the king's daughter Hotepneferu. The stela is in the British Museum under the catalog number BM EA 630. The stela was produced by a workshop operating in Abydos. Other stelae produced by this workshop belong to king Rahotep and king Wepwawetemsaf. All three kings reigned therefore quite close in time.

paragraph: Section::::Dynasty.

paragraph: In his study of the second intermediate period, Kim Ryholt elaborates on the idea originally proposed by Detlef Franke that following the collapse of the 13th Dynasty with the conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos, an independent kingdom centered on Abydos arose in Middle Egypt. The Abydos Dynasty thus designates a group of local kinglets reigning for a short time in central Egypt. Ryholt notes that Pantjeny is attested by a single find from Abydos and furthermore that his name means "He of Thinis", a prominent city a few miles north of Abydos. Thus he concludes that Pantjeny most likely ruled from Abydos and belongs to the Abydos Dynasty. As such, Pantjeny would have ruled over parts of central Egypt and would have been contemporary with the 15th and 16th Dynasties.

paragraph: The egyptologist Marcel Marée rejects Ryholt's hypothesis and instead holds that Pantjeny is a king of the late 16th Dynasty. Indeed, Marée notes that the workshop which produced Pantjeny's stele is also responsible for the production of the stelae of Wepwawetemsaf and Rahotep, the latter reigning in the early 17th Dynasty. Marée therefore concludes that Rahotep, Pantjeny and Wepwawetemsaf reigned quite close in time. This reasoning also precludes the existence of an Abydos Dynasty c. 1650 BC.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Pantjeny

wikipedia_title: Pantjeny


text: Gallaeci

text: Chalcedonian

text: historian

text: theologian

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Bracara Augusta

text: Braga

text: Portugal

text: Gallaecia

text: Kingdom of the Suebi

text: Jerome

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: Hippo Regius

text: Alexandria

text: City of God

text: Palestine

text: Jerusalem

text: relic

text: Saint Stephen

text: historiography

text: antiquity

text: Middle Ages

text: Renaissance

text: Gennadius of Massilia

text: Braulio of Zaragoza

text: priest

text: Donnchadh Ó Corráin

text: Briton

text: Shannon estuary

text: Braga

text: Tarragona

text: A Coruña

text: Brittany

text: Hydatius

text: Priscillianism

text: priesthood

text: controversy

text: Christian

text: Pope

text: Gelasius I

text: Gallaecia

text: Hispania

text: barbarian invasions

text: Iberian Peninsula

text: Annaba

text: Algeria

text: The City of God

text: Jerome

text: Bethlehem

text: Priscillian

text: Origen

text: Pelagian heresy

text: Pelagius

text: synod

text: Carthage

text: Synod of Jerusalem

text: Latin

text: Pope Innocent I

text: Rome

text: Synod of Diospolis

text: Archbishop

text: John II

text: Alexandria

text: Menorca

text: Jew

text: Gennadius of Massilia

text: Flavio Honorio

text: Cabo de Palos

text: Priscillianism

text: Origenism

text: theological

text: Archbishop

text: John II

text: providentialist

text: Rome

text: Rome was sacked

text: Alaric I

text: universal history

text: Graeco

text: Roman

text: historiography

text: Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo

text: Babylonia

text: Macedonia

text: Carthage

text: patriotism

text: Galician nationalists

text: Noah's flood

text: myth

text: legend

text: Caucasus

text: Lucien Febvre

text: Fernand Braudel

text: Caesar

text: Livy

text: Justin

text: Tacitus

text: Suetonius

text: Florus

text: Chronicles

text: Eusebius

text: Reformation

text: Braulio of Zaragoza

text: Dante Alighieri

text: Lope de Vega

text: Ancient History

text: Middle Ages

text: King Alfred

text: Juan Fernández de Heredia

text: Arabic

text: al-Hakam II

text: Córdoba

text: Ibn Khaldun

text: Bobbio Orosius

text: Ó Corráin, Donnchadh

text: Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII

text: Thelatinlibrary.com

text: Historiae Adversum Paganos

text: Attalus

text: History against the pagans

text: Orosius as a source for Ibn Khaldun

text: A collection of links on Orosius

text: Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with Analytical Indexes

categories: 5th-century historians,5th-century Christian clergy,420 deaths,Sources on Germanic paganism,5th-century Christians,People from Braga,Christianization,Christian writers,Romans from Hispania,5th-century Christian theologians,385 births

paragraph: Orosius

paragraph: Paulus Orosius (; born 375, died after 418 AD)—less often Paul Orosius in English—was a Gallaecian Chalcedonian priest, historian and theologian, a student of Augustine of Hippo. It is possible that he was born in "Bracara Augusta" (now Braga, Portugal), then capital of the Roman province of Gallaecia, and which would be the capital of the Kingdom of the Suebi by his death. Although there are some questions regarding his biography, such as his exact date of birth, it is known that he was a person of some prestige from a cultural point of view, as he had contact with the greatest figures of his time such as Saint Augustine of Hippo and Saint Jerome. In order to meet with them Orosius travelled to cities on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, such as Hippo Regius and Alexandria.

paragraph: These journeys defined his life and intellectual output. Orosius did not just discuss theological matters with Saint Augustine; he also collaborated with him on the book "City of God". In addition, in 415 he was chosen to travel to Palestine in order to exchange information with other intellectuals. He was also able to participate in a Church Council meeting in Jerusalem on the same trip and he was entrusted with transporting the relics of Saint Stephen. The date of his death is also unclear, although it appears to have not been earlier than 418, when he finished one of his books, or later than 423.

paragraph: He wrote a total of three books, of which his most important is his "Seven Books of History Against the Pagans" (), considered to be one of the books with the greatest impact on historiography during the period between antiquity and the Middle Ages, as well as being one of the most important Hispanic books of all time. Part of its importance comes from the fact that the author shows his historiographical methodology. The book is a historical narration focusing on the pagan peoples from the earliest time up until the time Orosius was alive.

paragraph: Orosius was a highly influential figure both for the dissemination of information ("History Against the Pagans" was one of the main sources of information regarding Antiquity that was used up to the Renaissance) and for rationalising the study of history (his methodology greatly influenced later historians).

paragraph: Section::::Biographical sources.

paragraph: Despite the importance of his books many questions remain regarding his life, hampering efforts to construct a biography with any certainty. This is particularly true for sources of information regarding his birth and death. However, his life has been widely studied and there are a number of authors who propose dates for both events.

paragraph: The main biographical references for Orosius come from the writings of Gennadius of Massilia and Braulio of Zaragoza, although his own writings should not be overlooked. In addition, Orosius is mentioned in letters written by Saint Augustine.

paragraph: Section::::Questions regarding his identity.

paragraph: Section::::Questions regarding his identity.:Name.

paragraph: While there is no doubt regarding his surname of Orosius, there are questions regarding the use of the name "Paulus". Basically the problem is that it is not completely certain if he used this name or if he was simply called Orosius and whether Paulus has been added with the passing of time. This could have happened given that the initial "P" for priest was always placed next to his name, and over time this could have led to the confusion.

paragraph: However, this idea is flawed as authors writing immediately after Orosius's death use the name Paulus. In fact, even Casimiro Torres Rodríguez, one of the main scholars of Orosius's life, indicates that Paulus might be his Christian name and Orosius his native name, a theory that cannot be entirely dismissed.

paragraph: Whatever the truth of the matter this subject has been widely studied and the most current theory is probably that of Pedro Martínez Cavero, another important Orosius scholar.

paragraph: Section::::Questions regarding his identity.:Ó Corráin's conclusions.

paragraph: Based on a careful reading of the relevant sources, Irish scholar Donnchadh Ó Corráin concluded that:

paragraph: Orosius, author of "Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri vii", was a Briton, born at latest c. AD 375. Taken by Irish raiders, he spent years (c. AD 400) as a captive, held by traders, on the south shore of the Shannon estuary. He escaped and probably reached Galicia before AD 405. Ordained priest, he served at Bracara (now Braga in Portugal). He corresponded with St Augustine and moved to Hippo in AD 414. Sent to the East by Augustine, he played an undistinguished role at the councils of Jerusalem and Diospolis (AD 415). He settled at Carthage, where he wrote his main work, originally at the instigation of Augustine. He disappears after a voyage to the Balearic Islands. His is the first textual witness to Christianity in Ireland, observed c. AD 400, written up in AD 416–17.

paragraph: Section::::Questions regarding his identity.:Birthplace.

paragraph: The subject of his birthplace is still disputed although a broad consensus has now been reached. Basically there are four theories regarding his birthplace, that can be summarised as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Born in Braga": this idea is most widely accepted as it has the most evidence supporting it. If he was not born in Braga, it is likely he was born in the area around the town. This idea is supported by Orosius's own works and two letters written by Saint Augustine, the 166th and the 169th.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Born in Tarragona": this theory has been put forward because in his "Histories" Orosius talks of "Tarraconem nostra" (our Tarragona). The 19th-century author Teodoro de Mörner held this opinion, but nowadays it does not seem reasonable to support the idea solely based on one indication.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Originated in A Coruña (Brigantia)": this is a relatively new theory solely based on the fact that Orosius twice mentioned it in the geographical section of his "Histories".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Originated in Brittany": like the previous theory the supporting data for this theory rests on the fact that Orosius had some knowledge of this area.

paragraph: Section::::Questions regarding his identity.:Date of birth.

paragraph: Lastly, his supposed date of birth varies between sources, however, a likely date has now been calculated. It is known for certain that in 415 Saint Augustine referred to Paulus Orosius as "a young priest", which means that at that time he could not have been older than 40, as he was young, and he had to be older than 30, as he was a priest.

paragraph: Therefore, his date of birth can be fixed as being between 375 and 385, although the most widely accepted date is considered to be 383. This assumes that when Orosius met Saint Augustine he was 32 years old, that is, he had been an ordained priest for two years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Despite the scarcity of sources, if his date of birth is accepted as that given above or at least within the window between 375 and 385 it can be seen that Orosius grew up during a period of cultural flourishing along with Hydatius and the Ávitos. Priscillianism was an important doctrine at this time and it is considered likely that after entering the priesthood he took an interest in the Priscillianist controversy, which was being widely debated in his native country.

paragraph: The classical theories suggest that Orosius belonged to a family with good social standing, which would have allowed him to gain a good education. This would have developed along Christian lines, although assuming that Orosius was born in Braga, he would also have had a good knowledge of the rural culture of that time.

paragraph: Contemporary histories indicate that from an early age Orosius was loquacious and erudite, alluding to statements to this effect made by both Saint Augustine and Pope Gelasius I. In any case, any discussion of Orosius's youth is pure speculation and conjecture because, as discussed above, there is little knowledge regarding this period of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Journey to Africa.

paragraph: It is thought that Paulus Orosius lived in Gallaecia (northwest Hispania) until 409, but after that time and up until 415, there is no concrete information regarding his life. The traditional chronology, or at least the most widespread, proposes the succession of events outlined in the following paragraphs.

paragraph: It appears that Orosius had to leave Braga as a result of the barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire. The date of his departure is in some doubt, however, what is known for certain is that he had to leave suddenly. This is even confirmed by Orosius himself who states that he was pursued onto the beach from which he set sail.

paragraph: A number of dates have been suggested for his departure from Braga, ranging from 409 to 414, however, the best option is to stick with the two most widely accepted dates:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 410: proposed by G. Fainck. This date means that Orosius had a window of 5 years for his collaboration with Saint Augustine before he travelled to Palestine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 414: which is the most widely accepted. In his book "Commonitorium", which was published in 414, Orosius talks of his arrival, his meeting with Saint Augustine etc.

paragraph: What is certain is that once Orosius had left the Iberian Peninsula he was certain that his destination was Hippo (now Annaba in Algeria), and a meeting with Saint Augustine, who was the greatest thinker of his time. From his arrival Orosius formed part of a team that worked alongside Saint Augustine. It is therefore possible that Orosius collaborated in the writing of "The City of God" or at the least that he was aware of the book.

paragraph: In 415 Saint Augustine entrusted Orosius with the task of travelling to Palestine to meet with the thinker Saint Jerome who at that time was living in Bethlehem. This indicates that Saint Augustine had a great deal of faith in Orosius as relations between Saint Augustine and Saint Jerome had not always been good.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Journeys to Palestine.

paragraph: The visit to Palestine had a double purpose: Orosius wanted to discuss a number of theological topics with Saint Jerome, particularly those relating to the soul's origins, and Saint Augustine wanted closer ties with the thinker and to gather information regarding the Priscillianists, Origenists and the Pelagian heresy.

paragraph: In reality, it would seem that Orosius's main task was to assist Jerome and others against Pelagius, who, after the synod of Carthage in 411, had been living in Palestine, and finding some acceptance there. Orosius met with Pelagius on Saint Augustine's behalf and he represented the orthodox party against the Pelagians at the Synod of Jerusalem that was held in June 415.

paragraph: At the synod Orosius communicated the decisions of the synod of Carthage and read several of Augustine's writings against Pelagius. Success, however, was not achieved among Greeks who did not understand Latin, and whose sense of reverence was unfased by Pelagius's famous question, "Et quis est mihi Augustinus?" ("Who is Augustine to me?")

paragraph: Orosius succeeded only in obtaining John's consent to send letters and deputies to Pope Innocent I of Rome; and, after having waited long enough to learn the unfavourable decision of the Synod of Diospolis (Lydda) in December of the same year, he returned to North Africa,

paragraph: Orosius had a confrontation with the Archbishop of Jerusalem, John II at the synod, in which Orosius was accused of heresy in front of the entire conclave. As his defence Orosius wrote his second book "Liber Apologeticus", in which he emphatically rejected the accusation.

paragraph: Orosius's first act on meeting Saint Jerome was to hand him the correspondence that he had brought from Saint Augustine. This implies that the journey was always conceived of as a return journey as Orosius would have to deliver the letters from Saint Jerome back to Saint Augustine. In parallel to this, the relics of Saint Stephen were uncovered at the end of 415 and part of the find was given to Orosius in order that he could take it back to Braga. This marks both the start of his return journey and, from our current perspective, a new epoch in Orosius's life that is lacking in sources of information for its study.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later years.

paragraph: Given that Saint Stephen's relics were uncovered on 26 December 415, Orosius must have departed from Palestine after that date. Although his idea was to travel to Braga, he was forced to pass through Hippo as it is known that he delivered letters from Jerome to Saint Augustine, it is also generally agreed that he passed through Jerusalem and Alexandria, although it is not known if he visited the latter on his outward journey, on his return journey or on both occasions.

paragraph: During his second stay in Hippo he had a long conversation with Saint Augustine during which he handed over the letters he was carrying from Jerome and informed Saint Augustine about the meetings he had had with Pelagius. The idea for Orosius's great work, "Historiae Adversus Paganos", was born during this reencounter with Saint Augustine. However, it is difficult to estimate an exact date for when the book was written and for when the book was finished. This has given rise to a number of theories regarding the writing of the book:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The traditional theory states that the book was finished between 416 and 417. Support for these dates comes from the fact that the "Liber Apologeticus" does not mention Orosius's work as a historian, and the prologue refers to "Book XI" of the "City of God" by Saint Augustine, which was not published until 416. In order to justify how Orosius managed to write seven books in such a short time it is argued that he could have written summaries that were later filled out.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A recent theory, proposed by Casimiro Torres Rodríguez, states that Orosius briefly stayed in Stridon a second time while trying to return to Portugal, which he was unable to do and he wrote the book during a third stay in Stridon. This would explain why Orosius refers in the “Histories” to events that took place in Hispania in 417.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A third, older, theory, posed by T. von Mörner and G. Fainck, says that Orosius undertook the work before he travelled to Palestine. In fact, this idea has recently been given a new lease of life by M. P. Annaud-Lindet, although with the proviso that Orosius wrote the book during his return journey from Palestine.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Disappearance.

paragraph: Very little information is available regarding the life of Paulus Orosius after the publication of his "Histories". It is known that he was in Menorca where he used the remains of Saint Stephen in attempts to convert members of the Jewish community to Christianity, but the date of his death is not known. This lack of information regarding Orosius could be due to cooling of relations with Saint Augustine, who never makes any clear unambiguous references to Orosius's "Histories" once they have been published. Gennadius of Massilia considers that Orosius lived at least until the end of the Roman emperor Flavio Honorio’s mandate, which lasted until 423. However, there is no news of Orosius after 417 and it seems unlikely that such an active author would go six years without publishing anything new.

paragraph: There are other theories, from a sudden death to a range of legends that talk of Orosius's final arrival in Hispania and his founding of a monastery near to Cabo de Palos where he ended his days, although this latter idea now seems improbable.

paragraph: Section::::His works.

paragraph: Section::::His works.:' and '.

paragraph: Although Paulus Orosius's most important book was the "", his other two surviving books must also be taken into account: "Commonitorium" and "Liber Apologeticus".

paragraph: The full name of his first book is ' (in ). Its chronology is littered with the same grey areas as Orosius's biography. In principle it is a book intended for Saint Augustine and therefore it must have been written before Orosius arrived in Africa, between 409 and 414 as discussed above. The second chronological limit is 415, which is traditionally considered to be the date when Augustine's book ' was published, in which Augustine replies to Orosius's ".

paragraph: The book is not only aimed at Saint Augustine but was also preceded by conversations with the saint. It not only describes Orosius journey to Africa, but also summarises the beliefs of Priscillianism and Origenism, and it asks for Saint Augustine's advice regarding these theological issues, thereby exposing some of Orosius's theological doubts.

paragraph: The full name of Orosius's second book is ". It was published at the time of Orosius's participation in the Council of Jerusalem in 415. The book is the result of a theological debate during which Archbishop John II accused Orosius of heresy due to his idea that man cannot remain free of sin, not even with the help of divine intervention.

paragraph: In order to defend himself from these accusations Orosius wrote ", in which he describes his motives for participating in the synod, he was invited by Saint Jerome, and rejects the accusation of heresy made against him. However, neither of these two books are of a historical nature, despite containing elements that help in the reconstruction of Orosius's life.

paragraph: Paulus Orosius's masterpiece is "", the only history book that he wrote, which gives insight into the historiographical methodology of the Spanish priesthood. It is not possible to be certain as to when it was written as there is no single theory that is unanimously accepted by all historians. The most common estimate places the drafting of the book between 416 and 417.

paragraph: Miguel Ángel Rábade Navarro offers a clear and concise definition on Orosius's history in one of his articles on the author. In this article Rábade calls the "Histories" a "universalist history with an apologetic and providentialist character, whose main aim is to compare a pagan past with a Christian present, through their followers, their actions and their geographical and temporal location".

paragraph: Be this as it may, the book had a definite origin and a clear purpose. The book's origins were a response to Saint Augustine's express desire for a book that would complement his "" which is a history focused on the pagan races. The date of the book is not our main focus here, what is more important is Orosius's objective in responding to Saint Augustine's request by writing a book aimed at proving that Rome’s decadence – it should be remembered that Rome was sacked by Alaric I in 410 – had nothing at all to do with the fact that the Romans had relatively recently converted to Christianity.

paragraph: In a more general way Orosius wanted to show that the world has improved since the introduction of Christianity rather than declined as others had argued. In response to those who pointed to contemporary disasters, he simply argues that previous disasters occurring before Christianity were much worse. The work, a universal history of the calamities that have happened to mankind was the first attempt to write the history of the world as a history of God guiding humanity.

paragraph: Throughout the seven books that comprise the history, Orosius introduces several new methods and he also uses others that pick up on the traditional methods of Graeco-Roman historiography. It should be pointed out that Orosius never offers a negative image of the Pagans, in this way he is being true to the traditions of the Graeco-Roman historians of that time, who always tried to give a positive impression of their "enemies".

paragraph: Section::::Historical methodology.

paragraph: Section::::Historical methodology.:Universalism.

paragraph: The Universalist nature of Orosius's work is perhaps its most notable aspect. In fact, despite the lack of agreement regarding all other aspects of Orosius's life, including his biography and his works, most experts agree on the universalist nature of this work, including classicists such as Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo and even more modern historians such as Torres Rodríguez. In addition, his works are not only identified as universalist but as the first Christian universalist history, or put another way, the last classical universalist history.

paragraph: Paulus Orosius is not only a widely studied author he also described his own thoughts on his historical methodology in some of the prologues to the volumes that comprise his “Histories”. He was always clear in his objectives, he wanted to write the history starting with the creation and leading up to the times in which he lived, which is a clear declaration of his universalist intentions as a historian.

paragraph: Orosius uses the so-called "succession of the four world empires theory" throughout his works, which traced world history based on the premise that out of the ruins of one great civilization another arose. Therefore, his theory was based on four historical empires, Babylonia, pagan Rome, Macedonia and Carthage, with a fifth empire, that of Christian Rome as the inheritor of all these. In fact, during the narration of their histories the four empires develop in the same way and there are a number of striking parallels between them that are markedly different from Rome, which Orosius praises.

paragraph: Orosius's basic innovation in dealing with the four empires theory was to introduce Carthage between Macedonia and Rome, which is something that scholars such as García Fernández point out as one of Orosius's defining and definitive acts.

paragraph: Section::::Historical methodology.:Patriotism and universalism.

paragraph: Another important characteristic of Orosius's “Histories” is defined as patriotism. There are two clearly defined positions regarding Orosius's patriotism, a more traditional view espoused by Torres Rodríguez and a more novel view as recently outlined by García Fernández.

paragraph: Torres Rodríguez’ theory refers to patriotism is the sense that Orosius places special emphasis on the events that took place in Hispania. This is normal given Orosius's origins, but it can be thought of not only as patriotism but also as Hispanism. Examples of this tendency include narratives of events in the “Histories”, that occurred in Braga or the fact that Orosius himself was charged with transporting the reliquaries of Saint Stephen. It is even pointed out that Orosius's narrations are sometimes used by current day groups of Galician nationalists.

paragraph: On the other hand, in 2005 García Fernández made an explicit allusion to Torres Rodríguez’ theory when he stated that it was an exaggeration to characterize Orosius's historical methodology as “patriotic”. This was a rejection of nearly all of the statements made by Torres Rodríguez on this matter. García Fernández used the idea of “localism”, which was a fashionable idea amongst historians at the beginning of the 21st century. This idea argues that beyond "Hispanism” Orosius shows a “benevolent attitude” to Hispania.

paragraph: Section::::Historical methodology.:Optimism and pessimism.

paragraph: Another interesting point is the pessimism with which Orosius deals with certain themes and the exaggerated optimism with which he refers to others. In general he is pessimistic about anything to do with paganism or the past and optimistic regarding Christianity and his present, which is remarkable given the difficult times that he was living in.

paragraph: These characteristics infuse all the others, it is particularly noticeable in his narration when he places a special emphasis on the suffering of the defeated, and the terrors of war. This characteristic can clearly be attributed to the influence of Saint Augustine, as Orosius is showing us the two sides of a coin in the purest style of Augustinian dualism.

paragraph: Orosius is thereby able to present the past as a series of adversities with concrete examples, from Noah's flood to the shipwrecking of ships in the Mediterranean Sea, and the future as something positive despite the reality of the times in which he lived.

paragraph: In order to follow a narrative of suffering and tragedy he often concentrated on defeats, which was different from the usual Roman historiography which normally gave pre-eminence to victories. However, from a historiographical point of view this approach led to some inconsistencies, as, in order to bring the reader round to his point of view, Orosius sometimes described myths and legends as if they were historic fact.

paragraph: Another traditional criticism of Orosius's work relates to this dichotomy of pessimism/optimism, which often causes him to offer a narrative that in many ways lacks an objective viewpoint. This divides historians into those that view him as biased and others that reject this criticism and justify his approach by saying that Orosius viewed history in the same way as Christians view life. Put another way, his approach is justified as being founded in the author's Providentialist character.

paragraph: Section::::Historical methodology.:Narrative.

paragraph: The narrative ability of Orosius should also not be overlooked. The author had a clear objective: that the Christians be defended from the non-Christian Roman's accusations that the sacking of Rome in 410 was a reprimand because the Christians had forsaken the city's traditional pantheon of gods.

paragraph: Orosius's narrative abilities in forwarding this argument therefore went beyond the pessimism/optimism duality that was discussed in the previous section. His basic idea is that the past is always worse than the present, because it is always further from the true religion.

paragraph: The fact that he had clear objectives ensured that he wrote his stories with a definite end in mind. Therefore, there are events that he narrated with little detail and others that he presents in full detail. Orosius never seems lacking in sources of information, he even affirms that an historian should be selective with those he has, it rather seems that this difference in level of detail reflects the emphasis that he wants to place on reinforcing his ideas.

paragraph: The fact that his writing has a moral objective and apologist agenda means that he focuses on unusual events, such as the suffering of the general population during wartime. This selection of facts, in large part, enables him to write about patriotism, for example, as he always pays a lot of attention to events in Hispania.

paragraph: Section::::Historical methodology.:The importance of geography.

paragraph: Another important aspect of Orosius's work is the importance he placed on geography in his work as a historian. This is shown in his geographic description of the world in the second chapter of the first of the seven books that comprise the "Histories".

paragraph: One failing of his geographical descriptions is his imprecision, such as, for instance, when he overuses the noun "Caucasus" to refer to other nearby ranges. Despite this vagueness it is notable that the "Histories" include a chapter on geography. This has lent an increased value to his work in modern historiography, mainly thanks to authors such as Lucien Febvre and Fernand Braudel.

paragraph: Section::::Historical methodology.:Sources used by Orosius.

paragraph: The sources Orosius used have been investigated by Teodoro de Mörner; besides the Old and New Testaments, he appears to have consulted Caesar, Livy, Justin, Tacitus, Suetonius, Florus and a cosmography, attaching also great value to Jerome's translation of the "Chronicles" of Eusebius.

paragraph: Section::::Impact of Orosius’s work.

paragraph: The assumed falling out of Paulus Orosius and Saint Augustine at the end of the former's life does not seem to have had a negative effect on the distribution and impact of his "Histories".

paragraph: Despite the previously highlighted criticisms of his work, Orosius's books were considered to be successes from virtually the day of their publication. His "Histories" was considered to be one of the main works of Spanish historiography right up until the time of the Reformation. This success has, to a large extent, meant that his other works have also been conserved.

paragraph: "Historiae Adversus Paganos" has been quoted by all types of author from Saint Braulio of Zaragoza to Dante Alighieri. Even Lope de Vega made Orosius a central character in his play "The Cardinal of Bethlehem", which shows how long-lived his fame was. In fact, the book was not just widely quoted, it was one of the main scholastic books used by students of Ancient History throughout the Middle Ages.

paragraph: Nearly two hundred manuscripts of the “Histories” have survived. An abridged, free translation, often wrongly attributed to King Alfred is still extant. The Florentine Judge Bono Giamboni translated it into the Italian. A still unpublished 14th century Aragonese translation, made by Domingo de García Martín at the request of Juan Fernández de Heredia, comes from Bono Giamboni's Italian translation. The “Histories” was also translated into Arabic during the reign of al-Hakam II of Córdoba. It later became one of the sources of Ibn Khaldun in his history.

paragraph: The printed book has been widely copied and there are at least 82 surviving copies and 28 incunables from the first printed editions. There are even copies still existing of editions in Italian and German from the 16th Century.

paragraph: There are many 19th century versions of the book still in existence. In fact, a version of the book edited by Torres Rodríguez was used in compiling this article, although there are many equally valid versions in existence, both in Castilian Spanish and in other languages.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobbio Orosius

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books by Paulus Orosius

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orose: Histoires contre les païens", ed. Marie-Pierre Arnaud-Lindet, 3 vols. Collection des Universités de France, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1990–1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pauli Orosii historiarum adversum paganos libri VII; accedit eiusdem, Liber apologeticus", ed. K. Zangemeister. Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 5, Vienna, 1882.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historiarum adversum paganos libri VII", ed. K. Zangemeister. Leipzig: Teubner, 1889.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pacian of Barcelona, Orosius of Braga, in Iberian Fathers: v. 3, The Catholic University of America Press, 1999;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius, "Seven Books of History Against the Pagans", trans. by A. T. Fear. Liverpool University Press, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius, "Seven Books of History Against the Pagans", trans. Irving W. Raymond. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius, "Old English History of the World: An Anglo-Saxon Rewriting of Orosius", ed. and trans. Malcolm Godden (Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library), Harvard University Press, 2016; . Around the year 900, an Old English version was produced by an anonymous writer, possibly encouraged or inspired by King Alfred. The translator actively transformed Orosius s narrative: cutting extraneous detail, adding explanations and dramatic speeches, and supplying a long section on the geography of the Germanic world.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old English Orosius", ed. Janet Bately. Early English Text Society, Oxford University Press, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publications on Orosius in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linstädter, Marc-Antoine, "Paulus Orosius - a Christian propagandist?", GRIN Verlag, 2013;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Nuffelen, P., "Orosius and the Rhetoric of History" (Oxford Early Christian Studies), OUP Oxford 2012;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, "Orosius, Ireland, and Christianity", "Peritia" 28, 2017 https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.1484/J.PERIT.5.114565?download=true

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publications on Orosius in Spanish

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alonso Nuñez, José Miguel, “La metodología histórica de Paulo Orosio”, en Helmántica Nº 136-138, 1994, pp. 373–379.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beltrán Corbalán, Domingo, González Fernández, Rafael y Martínez Cavero, Pedro, “El Commonitorium de Orosio: traducción y comentario”, en Faventia: Revista de filología clàssica Nº 21, 1999, pp. 65.83. The complete text (in Spanish) from the article can be found on https://ddd.uab.cat/record/571. Consulted in October 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuentes De La Rosa, María Luisa, Orosio y su tiempo, 1st Edition, Madrid: Editorial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- García Fernández, Francisco José, “La imagen de Hispania y los hispanos a finales de la Antigüedad. Las Historiae Adversum Paganos de Paulo Orosio”, en Conimbriga Nº44, 2005, pp. 281–299.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mertínez Cavero, Pedro, El pensamiento histórico y antropológico de Orosio, 1st Edition, Murcia: Universidad. Área de Historia Antigua, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rábe Navarro Miguel Ángel, “Una interpretación de fuentes y métodos en la Historia de Paulo Orosio”, en Tabona. Revista de Prehistoria, Arqueología y Filología Clásicas Nº32, 1985-1987, pp. 377–393.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, Paulo Orosio. Su vida y sus obras, 1st Edition, La Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrie de la Maza Conde de Fenosa, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius's "Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII" at Thelatinlibrary.com (in Latin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius's "Historiae Adversum Paganos" at Attalus (in Latin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius's "History against the pagans" (in English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius as a source for Ibn Khaldun

paragraph: BULLET::::- A collection of links on Orosius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with Analytical Indexes

description: Roman scholar

wikidata_label: Orosius

wikipedia_title: Orosius


text: Bruton

text: Somerset

text: Berkeley family

text: Berkeley Castle

text: Gloucestershire

text: John FitzJames

text: Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Bruton Priory

text: Dissolution of the Monasteries

text: Church of St Mary, Bruton

text: Barons Berkeley of Stratton

text: Viscount Fitzhardinge

text: William Berkeley

text: Governor of Virginia

text: Berkeley Square

text: Mayfair

text: Berkeley House

text: townhouse

text: Stoke Gifford

text: Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley

text: Siege of Calais

text: Inns of Court

text: John FitzJames

text: Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench

text: Common Pleas

text: Thomas Cromwell

text: Gentleman of the Privy Chamber

text: troop of light horse

text: Italian War of 1542–46

text: Berkeley Castle

text: marks

text: Henry VIII

text: Lady Jane Grey

text: Wyatt's rebellion

text: Thomas Wyatt the Younger

text: Member of Parliament

text: Somerset

text: Bletchingley

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Sheriff of Dorset

text: Sheriff of Somerset

text: lord

text: manor of Modbury

text: Devon

text: William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy

text: Henry Keble

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: Henry Berkeley

text: Member of Parliament

text: Somerset

text: Throwley

text: Kent

text: Berkeley genealogy website

categories: English MPs 1547–1552,Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber,High Sheriffs of Somerset,Berkeley family,Year of birth uncertain,English MPs 1572–1583,English MPs 1553 (Edward VI),English MPs 1563–1567,People from Bruton,High Sheriffs of Dorset,People of the Tudor period,1581 deaths

paragraph: Maurice Berkeley (died 1581)

paragraph: Sir Maurice Berkeley (by 1514–81) of Bruton in Somerset, was an English politician who rose rapidly in the Tudor court. He came from a cadet branch of the great Berkeley family of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, but in his career his initial advantage was his mother's second marriage to Sir John FitzJames, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench 1526–1539, which by 1538 had brought him into the household of Thomas Cromwell, from which he passed into the royal household by 1539.

paragraph: He built a mansion-house on the site of Bruton Priory in Somerset, which he acquired following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, incorporating some of the monastic buildings, but this was demolished in 1786. Sir Maurice's impressive Renaissance monument, with recumbent effigies of himself and his two wives, survives in the later re-built chancel of the Church of St Mary, Bruton. His descendants, known as "Berkeley of Bruton" included many notable figures until the 18th century, including five Barons Berkeley of Stratton (extinct in 1773), and four Viscount Fitzhardinges (extinct in 1712), as well as William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia. Berkeley Square in Mayfair, London, derives its name from this branch, having been the grounds of Berkeley House, their London townhouse.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was a younger son of Richard Berkeley of Stoke Gifford, in Gloucestershire, a descendant of Sir Maurice de Berkeley (1298–1347), of Uley, Gloucester, a younger son of Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (d. 1326). This Sir Maurice, before being killed at the Siege of Calais in 1347, had acquired Stoke Gifford in 1337, and founded the line of Berkeley of Stoke Gifford. The branch's relation to the main Berkeley line was renewed by a marriage between the elder brother of the Tudor Sir Maurice and his remote cousin the daughter of the Baron Berkeley at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Although he apparently never studied law at the Inns of Court, his stepfather Sir John FitzJames, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, got him a job "in the office of the Prothonotary of the Common Pleas", and by 1535 wanted to appoint him as clerk to his own circuit. But Cromwell wanted to place his own man in this role, and a deal seems to have been done. By 1537 at the latest he was a member of Thomas Cromwell's household and beginning to accumulate lands and money. He moved to the royal household a year before Cromwell's fall, and was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King Henry VIII from 1539 to his death in 1547 and to his son King Edward VI until his death in 1553. With his background he was able to redirect his career into the military and commanded "a troop of light horse" in France in 1544 during the Italian War of 1542–46, being knighted on his return. He was appointed Constable of Berkeley Castle in 1544, and Chief Banner Bearer of England in 1545, succeeding his elder brother. He (probably) received New Year gifts from the queen in 1543 and 1544, and was bequeathed 200 marks in Henry VIII's will. He was a Protestant and kept a low profile during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary, resuming his rise under her Protestant successor Queen Elizabeth. He had signed the "device" settling the crown on Lady Jane Grey, but was pardoned, losing his position as banner bearer. When Wyatt's rebellion collapsed in 1554, it was Berkeley to whom Thomas Wyatt the Younger surrendered.

paragraph: He was a Member of Parliament for Somerset in 1547, 1563 and 1572 and for Bletchingley in March 1553. He was a Justice of the Peace in 1559 and served as Sheriff of Dorset and Sheriff of Somerset for 1567–68.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Berkeley married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly to Catherine Blount, widow of John Champernown (died c. 1541) lord of the manor of Modbury in Devon, and a daughter of William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, by his third wife, Alice Keble (d.1521), a daughter of Henry Keble, Lord Mayor of London. By Catherine Blount he had 3 sons and 5 daughters, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Berkeley, a Member of Parliament for Somerset.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly in 1562 he married Elizabeth Sands, one of Queen Elizabeth's gentlewomen, the daughter of Anthony Sands of Throwley in Kent, by whom he had 2 further sons and a daughter.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virgoe, Roger, title=BERKELEY, Sir Maurice I (bef. 1514–81), of Bruton, Som., History of Parliament Online, accessed 22 November 2015

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berkeley genealogy website

description: English politician, died 1581

wikidata_label: Maurice Berkeley

wikipedia_title: Maurice Berkeley (died 1581)


text:
Union Navy
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Mobile Bay
Baltimore, Maryland
Master-at-Arms
Battle of Mobile Bay
Tennessee
Fort Morgan
Norfolk, Virginia
American Numismatic Society

categories: People of Maryland in the American Civil War,United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients,1884 deaths,Military personnel from Baltimore,1829 births,Union Navy sailors

paragraph: William M. Carr

paragraph: William M. Carr (November 25, 1829 – May 2, 1884) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

paragraph: Born on November 25, 1829, in Baltimore, Maryland, Carr was living in that city when he joined the Navy in 1850. He served during the Civil War as a Master-at-Arms on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he "performed his duties with skill and courage" despite heavy fire. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

paragraph: Carr's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: On board the U.S.S. "Richmond" during action against rebel forts and gunboats and with the ram "Tennessee" in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Despite damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks, Carr performed his duties with skill and courage throughout the prolonged battle which resulted in the surrender of the rebel ram "Tennessee" and in the successful attacks carried out on Fort Morgan.

paragraph: Carr died on May 2, 1884, at age 54 and was buried in Norfolk, Virginia. His Medal of Honor is held by the American Numismatic Society.

description: United States Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: William M. Carr

wikipedia_title: William M. Carr


text: Antwerp

text: Antwerp

text: Brabantian

text: mathematician

text: Jesuit

text: priest

text: Aristotle

text: Antwerp

text: Jesuit Order

text: mathematics

text: physics

text: logic

text: Leuven

text: Grégoire de Saint-Vincent

text: Blaise Pascal

text: curve

text: area

text: volume

text: a small crater

text: Mare Serenitatis

text: Stefano degli Angeli

text: Cavalieri

wikipedia_title:
Antwerp
Antwerp
Duchy of Brabant
Mathematician
Society of Jesus
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
Aristotle
Antwerp
Society of Jesus
Mathematics
Physics
Logic
Leuven
Grégoire de Saint-Vincent
Blaise Pascal
Curve
Area
Volume
Tacquet (crater)
Mare Serenitatis
Stefano degli Angeli
Cavalieri
List of Catholic clergy scientists

categories: 17th-century mathematicians,1660 deaths,1612 births,Catholic clergy scientists,Belgian Jesuits,Belgian mathematicians

paragraph: André Tacquet

paragraph: André Tacquet (23 June 1612 Antwerp – 22 December 1660 Antwerp, also referred to by his Latinized name Andrea Tacquet) was a Brabantian mathematician and Jesuit priest. Tacquet adhered to the methods of the geometry of Euclid and the philosophy of Aristotle and opposed the method of indivisibles.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: André Tacquet was born in Antwerp, and entered the Jesuit Order in 1629. From 1631 to 1635, he studied mathematics, physics and logic at Leuven. Two of his teachers were Grégoire de Saint-Vincent and Francois d'Aguilon.

paragraph: Tacquet became a brilliant mathematician of international fame and his works were often reprinted and translated (into Italian and English). His most famous work, which influenced the thinking of Blaise Pascal and his contemporaries, is "Cylindricorum et annularium" (1651). In this book Tacquet presented how a moving point could generate a curve and the theories of area and volume.

paragraph: He died in Antwerp.

paragraph: In honor of André Tacquet, his name has been given to a small crater in the northeast part of the Moon, near the southern edge of Mare Serenitatis.

paragraph: Section::::Opposition to the method of indivisibles.

paragraph: Tacquet claimed in his 1651 book "Cylindricorum et annularium libri IV" that

paragraph: The Jesuat Stefano degli Angeli provided a detailed response, defending Cavalieri's method.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1651: "Cylindricorum et annularium libri IV" (Antwerp) full text

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1654: "Elementa geometriae" (Antwerp)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1656: "Arithmeticae theoria et praxis" (Louvain)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1659: "Cylindricorum et annularium liber V" (Antwerp) full text

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1725: "Elementa Euclideae, geometriae" (Amsterdam) full text

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Jesuit scientists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

description: mathematician, priest

wikidata_label: André Tacquet

wikipedia_title: André Tacquet


text:
king
Northumbria
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Egbert of Wessex
Dore
hegemony
Roger of Wendover
History of the Church of Durham
Eardwulf
Ælfwald
Charlemagne
pope
Æthelred
styca
sceat
silver
brass
York
moneyer
Fitzwilliam Museum

wikipedia_title:
Monarch
Kingdom of Northumbria
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Ecgberht, King of Wessex
Dore
Hegemony
Roger of Wendover
Libellus de exordio
Eardwulf of Northumbria
Ælfwald II of Northumbria
Charlemagne
Pope Leo III
Æthelred II of Northumbria
Styca
Sceat
Silver
Brass
York
Moneyer
Fitzwilliam Museum

categories: Anglo-Saxon warriors,Northumbrian monarchs,Year of death unknown,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Eanred of Northumbria

paragraph: Eanred was king of Northumbria in the early ninth century.

paragraph: Very little is known for certain about Eanred. The only reference made by the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" to the Northumbrians in this period is the statement that in 829 Egbert of Wessex "led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home", thereby, at least temporarily, extending Egbert's hegemony to the entirety of Anglo-Saxon Britain.

paragraph: Roger of Wendover states that Eanred reigned from 810 until 840, the twelfth-century "History of the Church of Durham" records a reign of 33 years, and a recently discovered coin of Eanred has been dated to c. 850 on stylistic grounds. Given the turbulence of Northumbrian history in this period, a reign of this length suggests a figure of some significance. Within a generation of Eanred's death, Anglian monarchy in Northumbria had collapsed.

paragraph: Eanred was the son of King Eardwulf, who was deposed by an otherwise unknown Ælfwald in 806. According to the "History of the Church of Durham", Ælfwald ruled for two years before Eanred succeeded. However Frankish sources claim that, after being expelled from England, Eardwulf was received by Charlemagne and then the pope, and that their envoys escorted him back to Northumbria and secured his restoration to power. Therefore the precise nature of the succession of Eanred is unclear. All sources agree that Eanred was eventually succeeded by his son, Æthelred.

paragraph: Eanred's reign sees the appearance of the "styca", a new style of small coin which replaced the earlier "sceat". These "stycas" were of low silver content, later coins being effectively brass. Produced in York, large numbers have survived and several moneyers are named on the surviving coins, suggesting that they were minted in significant quantities. Higham estimates that hundreds of thousands of "stycas" were in circulation. The distribution of the coin finds suggests that their principal use was in external trade and that, apart from for the payment of taxes, coins were little used by the great majority of Northumbrians in daily life.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Higham, N.J., "The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100" (Stroud: Sutton, 1993).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirby, D.P., "The Earliest English Kings" (London: Unwin Hyman, 1991).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fitzwilliam Museum's Corpus of Early Medieval Coin Finds website

description: King of Northumbria

wikidata_label: Eanred

wikipedia_title: Eanred of Northumbria


text:
voivode
Lublin
Chmielnik
Sandomir
Mikołaj Oleśnicki the elder
Pińczów
Zofia Oleśnicka

categories: Polish nobility,1629 deaths,1558 births,Oleśnicki

paragraph: Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger

paragraph: Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger (30 April 1558 - 13 December 1629) was a Polish nobleman and latterly voivode of Lublin.

paragraph: He was son of Jan Oleśnicki, lord of Chmielnik in the voivodie of Sandomir His uncle was Lord Mikołaj Oleśnicki the elder (d. 1556) a Polish Calvinist nobleman who established the first Protestant academy in Poland at Pińczów in 1550, and his aunt Zofia Oleśnicka (d. c.1567) was the first notable Polish woman poet.

paragraph: Raised a Calvinist, he converted in 1598 to Roman Catholicism, and became an important figure at court.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger

wikipedia_title: Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger


text: anarchist

text: Luis Mercier Vega

text: Freedom newspaper

text: Spain and the World

text: Arezzo

text: Italy

text: Camillo

text: Giovanna Berneri

text: Mussolini

text: Spanish Civil War

text: psychology

text: Sorbonne

text: Vernon Richards

text: War Commentary

text: incitement to disaffection

text: legal technicality

text: Giliane Berneri

text: anti-Stalinist

text: Wilhelm Reich

text: George Woodcock

text: Peter Kropotkin

text: The Anarchist Prince

text: Marie-Louise Berneri

text: 1949 tribute to marie-louise berneri

categories: University of Paris alumni,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Italian anarchists,People from Arezzo,1949 deaths,British anarchists,1918 births,English anarchists

paragraph: Marie-Louise Berneri

paragraph: Marie Louise Berneri (March 1, 1918 – April 13, 1949) was an anarchist activist and author. She was involved with the short-lived publication, "Revision", with Luis Mercier Vega and was a member of the group that edited "Revolt", "War Commentary", and the "Freedom newspaper", which is still being published by the Freedom Bookstore in London. She was a continuous contributor to "Spain and the World". She also wrote a survey of utopias, "Journey Through Utopia", first published in 1950. "Neither East Nor West" is a selection of her writings (1952).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was born in Arezzo, Italy, the elder daughter of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. The family went into exile in 1926 for resisting Mussolini. In 1936 her father went to Spain, to fight against the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. He was assassinated by communists in 1937. Marie visited Barcelona twice, the second time after her father's murder. Around this time she was living in France and studying psychology at the Sorbonne.

paragraph: Section::::Anarchism.

paragraph: Towards the end of 1937 she married Vernon Richards, also an active anarchist with many of the same groups and publications as she. In April 1945 she was one of the four editors of "War Commentary" which she had helped to found, who were tried for incitement to disaffection. Because her husband was a co-defendant she was acquitted on a legal technicality that allows that a wife cannot conspire with her husband. When her three comrades were imprisoned she took on the main responsibility for maintaining the paper into the postwar period.

paragraph: She attended the first post-war international anarchist conference in Paris, 1948 as a member of the British delegation. Her mother and sister Giliane Berneri also attended as members of the Italian and French delegations. She received much praise for her Freedom press pamphlet, the anti-Stalinist "Workers in Stalin's Russia" (1944). Berneri

paragraph: was also one of the first people in Britain to promote the ideas of Wilhelm Reich.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Marie-Louise Berneri died, along with her baby, during childbirth, 13 April 1949 in London at the age of 31.

paragraph: George Woodcock and Ivan Avacumovic dedicated their biography of Peter Kropotkin, "The Anarchist Prince" (1950) to Marie-Louise Berneri, "a true disciple of Kropotkin."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter Kropotkin: His Federalist Ideas" (1922)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See Marie-Louise Berneri, from The Anarchist Encyclopedia at Recollection Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 tribute to marie-louise berneri

description: British anarchist

wikidata_label: Marie Louise Berneri

wikipedia_title: Marie-Louise Berneri


text:
architect
New England
Codman House
Isabella Stewart Gardner
Charles Brigham
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Macau
China
Russell Sturgis
Boston Latin School
Barings Bank
London
James K. Colling
Ogden Codman, Jr.
Surrey
Albany
Marshfield, Gloucestershire
castellated Tudor Gothic
Montgomeryshire
Garthmyl Hall, Berriew
Terracotta
Blashfield
Stamford
Bryant and Gilman
Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts
Codman House
Cotuit, Massachusetts
Newport, Rhode Island
Edith Wharton
Ogden Codman, Jr.
Charles Brigham
Pinebank Mansion
Henry Cole
Victoria and Albert Museum
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Gothic
Beacon Hill
Isabella Stewart Gardner
Back Bay
H. H. Hunnewell
bona fide
Richard Clipston Sturgis

categories: Boston Latin School alumni,19th-century American architects,1834 births,Architects from Massachusetts,1888 deaths

paragraph: John Hubbard Sturgis

paragraph: John Hubbard Sturgis (August 5, 1834 - February 14, 1888) was an American architect and builder who was active in the New England area during the late 19th century. His most prominent works included Codman House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, and the personal residency of Isabella Stewart Gardner. Later in his architectural career he founded, along with Charles Brigham, Sturgis and Brigham. The firm lasted nearly two decades in New England and received many notable commissions such as the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sturgis was born in Macau, China, the son of the "very intelligent" Russell Sturgis, a wealthy Boston merchant active in the China trade. After attending Boston Latin School, he travelled extensively in Europe when his father became a partner in Barings Bank in London. In England, he studied architectural drawing under James K. Colling. In 1858, Sturgis married Frances Anne Codman of Boston, later to be aunt of noted interior designer Ogden Codman, Jr. Their first three years were spent in Surrey, where Sturgis tried an architectural practice, but ended with the death of their first child, Julia, in January 1861.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Practice in England 1856/7-61.

paragraph: By 1856/7 he had joined with Colling to form an architectural partnership. It seems Colling provided the designs and detailing for the architectural work and that Sturgis supervised the work in progress. Their first commission was the Albany erected in 1856 for the Liverpool banker Richard Naylor. The Albany was built as a meeting place for cotton brokers. It contained offices and meeting rooms, together with warehousing facilities in the basement. It seems probable that this commission came to Colling and Sturgis as a result of Sturgis' fathers banking connection.

paragraph: The Albany was followed by the building of Ashwicke Hall in Marshfield, Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire for the Liverpool Attorney John Orred. This was a massive castellated Tudor Gothic House with a lofty octagonal tower at the S E.

paragraph: Then in 1859, John Naylor, brother of Richard Naylor, who was also a banker and Montgomeryshire landowner requested Colling to re-build Garthmyl Hall, Berriew for his brother-in-law Major-General William George Gold. Colling was given a free hand by the wealthy John Naylor when building Garthmyl Hall, as seen by the use of lavish gilding and plasterwork for ceiling decoration, and for the ornamental stonework on the exterior. This was an opportunity for him to put into practice some of the designs illustrated in his books. It is assumed that Sturgis was also involved in this project, as there appears to be widespread use of Terracotta, which would have been supplied by Blashfield of Stamford in this project; and that stylistically this house appears to be a precursor to Sturgis' use of terracotta in America.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Practice in Boston 1861-66.

paragraph: In autumn 1861 Sturgis and his wife returned to Boston, where Sturgis found work at Bryant and Gilman, then the largest architectural firm in Boston. During this time he worked his own practice as well, providing designs for seaside cottages for members of the family and others. These included

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunnywaters in (1863), Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, for his older brother Russell

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1862-8 he thoroughly redesigned "The Grange", or Codman House, Lincoln, Massachusetts. for his wife's brother Ogden Codman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowlands, Nahant, MA, for George Abbott James

paragraph: BULLET::::- House in Cotuit, Massachusetts, for the Charles Russell Codmans.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greenvale Farm (1864)' Portsmouth RI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seaside house(1864), Land's End, on Ledge Road, Newport, Rhode Island, for Sam Ward, his father's business associate. This house was later acquired by Edith Wharton, a cousin through the New York Newbolds, and completely reworked by her and Ogden Codman, Jr. for their book, "The Decoration of Houses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rocks (1866), Newport R I

paragraph: Section::::Sturgis and Brigham Partnership 1866-1888.

paragraph: In 1866, Sturgis formed a partnership with a fellow Bryant and Gilman employee, Charles Brigham, to found Sturgis and Brigham. This partnership would last twenty years, until shortly before Sturgis's death. Sturgis was also visiting England regularly and continued to work closely with Colling, who supplied him with designs. Colling is known to have supplied the designs for stonework on Pinebank Mansion(1868) a house for Edward N. Perkins' on the shore of Jamaica Pond. Sturgis also imported terracotta from J M Blashfield's works at Stamford, Lincolnshire for this project, which served as the prototype for the terracotta used for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Following the recommendations of Henry Cole, Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, it was decided to build the new Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1870–76) in a Gothic style and Sturgis and Brigham were appointed architects. Colling prepared all the drawings for the terracotta decoration and commissioned them from Blashfield's works. At this point terracotta production had hardly developed in the United States and the products often lacked durability. The building of the Museum was the first major use of Terracotta in an American building and led to its widespread popularity. It did not bring success to Blashfield, who had underestimated the cost of the contract and the problems of shipping to America. The Stamford Terracotta Company was forced in liquidation in 1874.

paragraph: For future supplies of terracotta for the Codman and YMCA buildings in Boston, which were the work of Sturgis and Brigham, they were likely to have been reliant in terracotta from the Chicago Terracotta Company, run by James Taylor, Blashfield's former foreman.

paragraph: Other buildings by Sturgis include :

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of the Advent on Beacon Hill, executed in the Early English Gothic Style between 1875 and 1888.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House for Isabella Stewart Gardner on Beacon Street;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Ames at 306 Dartmouth Street in Boston's Back Bay (now known as the Ames-Webster Mansion).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cottage" (1870) for H. H. Hunnewell on the Hunnewell estate in Wellesley, MA. This last commission is considered to be the first bona fide example of the Queen Anne style of residential architecture in the United States

paragraph: In later years Sturgis re-designed the 1737 Boylston House in Brookline, Boston, which he rented between 1870 and 1888 from Colonel Henry Lee. Sturgis died on a visit to England in 1888.

paragraph: After his death, his nephew Richard Clipston Sturgis continued the architectural practice.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boit, Robert Apthorp (2009). Chronicles of the Boit Family and Their Descendants and of Other Allied Families. Bibliobazaar. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. H. Floyd, "Sturgis, John Hubbard" in J M Marter (ed) "The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art", Volume 1, , Oxford University Press, 2011, 601-2

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. H Floyd, "Redesign of "The Grange" by John Hubbard Sturgis, 1862-186", Old Time New England, vol. 74, 1981, pp 41–65

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Stratton, "The Terracotta Revival: Building Innovation and the Industrial City in Britain and Northern America", Gollancz, London 1993, 144-47

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sturgis J "From the Books and Papers of Russel Sturgis", Oxford Univ. Press 1893

description: American architect

wikidata_label: John Hubbard Sturgis

wikipedia_title: John Hubbard Sturgis


text:
Liberal Party
Auckland Region
Inverness
Mayor of Thames
Thames
Parliament
1890 general election
Te Aroha
William Shepherd Allen
1891 by-election

categories: New Zealand Liberal Party MPs,Mayors of Thames,1901 deaths,Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives,Unsuccessful candidates in the 1890 New Zealand general election,1827 births,19th-century New Zealand politicians,New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates

paragraph: William Fraser (New Zealand politician, born 1827)

paragraph: William Fraser (1827–1901) was a 19th-century Liberal Party Member of Parliament in the Auckland Region, New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Inverness, Scotland, in 1827.

paragraph: He was Mayor of Thames in 1882–1887. He represented the Thames electorate in Parliament from 1884 to 1890.

paragraph: In the 1890 general election, he was defeated for the Te Aroha electorate by William Shepherd Allen. Allen's election was declared void on 3 April 1891. Fraser won the resulting 9 July 1891 by-election and represented the electorate until the end of the term in 1893.

description: New Zealand politician, born 1827

wikidata_label: William Fraser


text:
World Sailing
1964 Enochima
Flying Dutchman
1968 Acapulco
Finn
1972 Schilksee
1980 Olympics at Tallinn
Star
Olympic Boycott
Soviet Union
International 14
Flying Dutchman
Finn
Star
Soling
470
Fireball
International Yacht Racing Union
ISAF
IOC
Toronto 1996 Olympic Bid Committee
Crescent School
Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame
Canadian Yachting Association
Royal Canadian Yacht Club
Vintage Yachting Games
Martha
2008 Olympics
Yngling

categories: Sailors at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman,Sailors at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Finn,1934 births,Presidents of World Sailing,Olympic sailors of Canada,Sportspeople from Toronto,University of Toronto alumni,International Olympic Committee members,Living people,Canadian male sailors (sport)

paragraph: Paul Henderson (sailor)

paragraph: Paul Franklin Henderson (born 17 November 1934) is a former president of the International Sailing Federation, renamed since as World Sailing, and is a member of the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Sailing career.

paragraph: Living on Toronto Island around boats and sailing Henderson learned the basics of the sport, as well as the values and importance of sport early in life. He became a very active competitor in sailing, winning medals at World, North American and National Championships. He has the record of having competed in all the Canadian Olympic Sailing Trials from 1948 to 1984. Henderson has represented Canada at three Olympic Games: 1964 Enochima in the Flying Dutchman, 1968 Acapulco in the Finn and at the 1972 Schilksee as coach. He also qualified for the 1980 Olympics at Tallinn in the Star but Canada joined the Olympic Boycott against the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Section::::Sailing career.:Palmeres.

paragraph: Gold Medals

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12 Canadian Championships including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- International 14 - 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Dutchman - 1964, 1966, 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finn - 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- Star - 1979, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soling - 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 United States titles including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- International 14 - 1957, 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- 470 - 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Dutchman - 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finn - 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 North Americans:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Dutchman - 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fireball - 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finn - 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worlds:

paragraph: BULLET::::- International 14 - 1959

paragraph: Silver Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Dutchman, Germany - 1962

paragraph: Other Major Events

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bermuda 1958 - Princess Elizabeth Trophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holland 1962 - Prince Bernhard Trophy - Flying Dutchman

paragraph: Section::::Sportmanagement.

paragraph: Henderson helped found the Water Rat Sailing Club in 1969 and the Outer Harbour Sailing Community, the Mooredale Sailing Club, the Outer Harbour Sailing and Catamaran Club, the St. Jamestown Sailing Club and the Hanlan Boat Club.

paragraph: He was a member of the founding group that set up CORK (Canadian Olympic Regatta Kingston)

paragraph: The first time Henderson represented Canada at the International Yacht Racing Union, was in 1970 to advise on the sailing venue for the 1976 Montreal Olympics. He stayed active for ISAF for over 30 years.

paragraph: Henderson dedicated five years as a volunteer in his leadership of the Toronto Olympic Bid, to host the 1996 Olympic Games and was also consulted to the 2008 Olympic bid and to the 2010 Vancouver bid.

paragraph: Henderson was elected President of the ISAF in 1994; the first non-European to ever hold this position.

paragraph: He was on the IOC Sports and Environmental Commission and Women and Sport Commission. During his presidency sailing went from 18% women athletes in Atlanta 1996 to 35% in Athens 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Sportmanagement.:Positions held.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ISAF Volunteer Positions

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 - 1994 - Vice President

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 - 2004 - President

paragraph: BULLET::::- IOC Appointments

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of IOC - 2000 -2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Executive Member - Association of Summer Olympic International Sports Federations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member IOC Sport and the Environment Commission

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member IOC World Anti-Doping Agency

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member IOC Women and Sport Committee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other Volunteer Positions

paragraph: BULLET::::- President Toronto 1996 Olympic Bid Committee

paragraph: BULLET::::- President Toronto Racquets Club 1972 to 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Board Member Crescent School 1980 -1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other Honours

paragraph: BULLET::::- ISAF Beppe Croce 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame - Builder Category 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ontario Sports Award - 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolex Sailor of the Year - Canada 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Councilor of Honour - Canadian Yachting Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Commodore, Royal Canadian Yacht Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- MAFSI Foodservice Hall of Honour - 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Member St James Town Sailing Club, Mimico Cruising Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ambassador of the Vintage Yachting Games since 2011

paragraph: Section::::Professional life.

paragraph: Henderson ran very successfully RG Henderson and Son, a well-known Restaurant maintenance and repair company.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Henderson is married to Mary. They have two children, John and Martha; the latter represented Canada in the 2008 Olympics as crew member on the Canadian Yngling.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

description: Canadian yacht racer

wikidata_label: Paul Henderson

wikipedia_title: Paul Henderson (sailor)


text: African-American

text: radio

text: disc jockey

text: New York City

text: rock and roll

text: Smalls Paradise

text: Savannah, Georgia

text: Savannah State College

text: US Coast Guard

text: WSAV

text: WWRL

text: rhythm and blues

text: Rockland Palace

text: Apollo Theater

text: The Ed Sullivan Show

text: Bo Diddley

text: LaVern Baker

text: Five Keys

text: Willis "Gator Tail" Jackson

text: Smalls Paradise

text: Harlem

text: TV Land

text: She's Got the Look

text: Alan Freed

text: payola

text: Polydor Records

categories: People from Savannah, Georgia,1972 deaths,1926 births,American radio DJs

paragraph: Tommy Smalls

paragraph: Tommy Smalls (August 5, 1926 – March 8, 1972), known as Dr. Jive, was an influential African-American radio disc jockey in New York City during the early days of rock and roll.

paragraph: He owned the Smalls Paradise club in Harlem in the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born Thomas Smalls in Savannah, Georgia, he attended Savannah State College, and, after a period in the US Coast Guard, became the first black disc jockey in Savannah in 1947 on radio station WSAV. In 1952 he moved to New York, and became the original "Dr. Jive" on radio station WWRL. His weekday afternoon radio shows - with the slogan "Sit back and relax and enjoy the wax / From three-oh-five to five-three-oh, it's the Dr. Jive show" - became popular with teenagers and featured vocal groups, blues, rock and roll and Latin music. In 1955 he began to present live rhythm and blues revues from the Rockland Palace and the Apollo Theater, and in November 1955 presented an unprecedented 12-minute segment on the nationally-networked "The Ed Sullivan Show" featuring Bo Diddley, LaVern Baker, the Five Keys, and Willis "Gator Tail" Jackson. By the end of 1955, he had purchased the Smalls Paradise club in Harlem, and in May 1956 he was elected to the unofficial post of "Mayor of Harlem", with a parade held through the town in his honor.

paragraph: In the late 1950s, he married teen model Dolores De Vega, who years later in 2009, appeared on the TV Land series, "She's Got the Look." Their first child, a daughter, Sharon, born in July, 1950 from a previous marriage. Then in November 1955, Tommy Smalls and Dolores DeVega had another daughter, Laura. Soon following was Shawn-nee in June 1957 and finally their son, Tommy Smalls, Jr., in September 1959.

paragraph: In 1960, Smalls, along with fellow disc jockey Alan Freed, was arrested and charged in the "payola" scandal, when both were accused of taking bribes to play records on their radio shows, and his radio career ended. He later became promotions manager for Polydor Records in New York. He was also one of the founding members of the National Association of TV and Radio Announcers (NATRA).

paragraph: He died after a long illness in New York City on March 8, 1972, aged 45.

description: Influential disk jockey who was brought down during the payola scandals of the late 1950s.

wikidata_label: Tommy Smalls

wikipedia_title: Tommy Smalls


text:
keyboardist
Heavy metal
Hard rock
Argentina
Rata Blanca
Entre el Cielo y el Infierno
AC/DC
Megadeth
Ozzy Osbourne
Faith No More
Graham Bonnet
Walter Giardino Temple
Joe Lynn Turner
Deep Purple
Rainbow
Ronnie Romero
Entre el Cielo y el Infierno
Rata Blanca VII
Rata Blanca's Official Website
Javier Retamozo's Myspace site
PERPENDICULAR's Myspace site
Official Website Rata Blanca
Mala Medicina's Myspace Site
Icarus Music

categories: 1972 births,Argentine heavy metal keyboardists,Living people

paragraph: Javier Retamozo

paragraph: Javier Retamozo is a keyboardist of Heavy metal and Hard rock from Argentina

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He starts his career in 1988 with LZ2, a hard rock band led by Martín Knye. In 1989, he is chosen as the fourth best keyboard player of the Argentinian hard rock scene in the annual poll carried out by “Metal”, a local magazine. After that, he takes part in Reaktor, where he records his first album “Reaktor” in 1990. Three years later, he leaves Reaktor to join Rata Blanca.

paragraph: For the next five years, he devotes his efforts to record “Entre el Cielo y el Infierno” (Between Heaven and Hell) and “Rata Blanca VII” (White Rat VII), being the first recorded in Spain during an international tour which included The USA, Mexico, Portugal, Peru, Brazil... and sharing stages with legendary bands such as AC/DC, Megadeth, Ozzy Osbourne, Faith No More, among many others. In 1995 and 1996 he is chosen as "The best local keyboardist" by Metal magazine. After Rata Blanca’s break up, at the end of 1997, he joins “Rivendel” a Queen Tribute band.

paragraph: In 2002, he is invited to take part in another legendary band in their get-together: Alakran . In 2003, he creates “PERPENDICULAR”, a Deep Purple tribute band. During that year, he is called on by Guillermo Sánchez (Rata Blanca’s bassist) to take part in a brand new project: Mala Medicina.

paragraph: In December 2007 he performed as a backing band member for a Graham Bonnet show in Buenos Aires. In 2008 he began working with Mario Ian (former bandmate in Rata Blanca) as a guest keyboardist, and remained in the band until 2012. In 2016, Retamozo joined Walter Giardino Temple South American tour, with Joe Lynn Turner in a tribute to Deep Purple and Rainbow. In 2017 tour South America and Europe with Temple, this time featuring Ronnie Romero from Rainbow.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Reaktor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reaktor - 1992

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Rata Blanca.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entre el Cielo y el Infierno - 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rata Blanca VII - 1997

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Mala Medicina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mala Medicina – 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Pura Sangre – 2007

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Alakrán.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Veneno Vivo - 2011 - (CD+DVD, live album)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rata Blanca's Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Javier Retamozo's Myspace site

paragraph: BULLET::::- PERPENDICULAR's Myspace site

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website Rata Blanca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mala Medicina's Myspace Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Icarus Music

description: Argentine musician

wikidata_label: Javier Retamozo

wikipedia_title: Javier Retamozo


text: Salem witch trials

text: Capt. John Alden Sr.

text: Priscilla Alden

text: née

text: Plymouth Colony

text: Plymouth, Massachusetts

text: Pilgrim

text: Mayflower

text: Duxbury

text: sea captain

text: Boston

text: Samuel Willard

text: King William's War

text: Naval battle off St. John (1691)

text: Province of Massachusetts Bay

text: Old South Church

text: Quebec

text: Candlemas attack

text: York, Maine

text: Wabanaki,

text: King Philip's War

text: French and Indian War

text: Mercy Lewis

text: Salem witch trials

text: Giles Corey

text: Duxbury

text: Samuel Sewall

text: Robert Calef

text: Bartholomew Gedney

text: Shane West

text: Salem

text: Canadian Biography - John Alden

categories: 1702 deaths,People from Duxbury, Massachusetts,People of the Salem witch trials,People convicted of witchcraft,1620s births,People from Boston,Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts

paragraph: John Alden (sailor)

paragraph: Capt. John Alden Jr. (ca. 1626 or 1627 – ) was a 17th-century American soldier, politician, merchant, and sailor. He was a well-known public figure in his time but is now chiefly remembered as a survivor of the Salem witch trials, of which he wrote a much quoted and studied account.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: John Alden Jr. was the son of Capt. John Alden Sr. and Priscilla Alden (née Mullins), who settled in Plymouth Colony (present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts) in 1620, arriving on the Pilgrim ship "Mayflower". He was born in Plymouth in about 1626 or 1627. He and his older sister Elizabeth are listed in the records of the division of cattle among the residents of Plymouth, which occurred on . The family later moved across the harbor to form Duxbury when John was very small, as the terms of settlement set by the financial backers of Plymouth Colony in London had changed and the settlers were free to spread out as they wished.

paragraph: He was a sea captain, a merchant in Boston, and a charter member of Rev. Samuel Willard's Old South Meeting House and Third Church in Boston, and held a military command during King William's War and was involved in the Naval battle off St. John (1691). He married Elizabeth Phillips Everill in 1660 and they had twelve children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Alden III, born 20 November 1660, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Alden, born 9 May 1662, died 14 July 1662

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Alden IV, born 12 March 1663, had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Alden I, born 10 March 1664, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Alden, born 9 April 1665, had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Alden II, born 5 March 1666, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zachariah Alden, born 8 March 1667, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Alden III, born 10 September 1669, had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nathaniel Alden, born 1670, had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zachariah Alden, born 18 February 1673, had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nathan Alden, born 17 October 1677, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Alden, born 27 September 1681, died young

paragraph: Alden Jr. died on in what was then the Province of Massachusetts Bay. His gravestone reads "Here lyeth y body of John Alden Senio aged 75 years deceased March y 14 170∕" ("Senio" in this context indicates that he was himself father of a third John Alden). The stone is preserved at the portico of the present Old South Church in Boston after having been discovered during excavations where it had been dumped after the removal of the graves.

paragraph: Aside from the witch trials, Alden was involved in a number of scandals and controversies, which featured heavily in the accusations against him for witchcraft. The only one to bring much modern attention, however, occurred in Salem when he stopped there on his return home from Quebec, where he had gone in February 1692 to ransom British prisoners captured in the Candlemas attack on York, Maine. According to the Massachusetts state archives, he had been involved in several exchanges of this type over the years; this fed mightily into controversies about the man as another piece of gossip that surrounded him was that he sold weapons to the enemy for personal profit, including Native American tribes like the Wabanaki, allies of the French in 1692. This was a time period in which colonization of Northern New England was a battlefield between Puritans, the French, and their Native American allies with high casualties, violent skirmishes, and several raids on each other. It began with King Philip's War and would not be completely over until the French and Indian War, when Britain defeated France in battle and conquered most of her Native American allies in the process of absorbing what is now Canada; the French and Indian War removed France as a threat to the New Englanders and made the French alliance with the existing tribes less necessary.

paragraph: Upon arriving in Salem Village, Alden knew nothing of the troubles of Salem but rather had the misfortune of having his son, also named John, taken as part of the prisoner exchange. Due to his father having been accused of witchcraft, and thus unable to return to Quebec to bargain, John Alden IV was taken to the Bastille in France, from whence he would not return for almost a decade. Alden also didn't know that one of the accusers, one of the "afflicted", was Mercy Lewis. She was orphaned in the latter half of 1689 in Casco Bay, Maine, during a raid on her village. Historians have speculated that she had an ulterior motive in accusing Alden, a desire for revenge on those she felt had failed to protect her family. Alden's wife, Elizabeth, had ties to Maine as her father was a wealthy lumber merchant, a business he inherited through marriage. He was a perfect target. He was subsequently accused and convicted of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in May 1692. At the time of his trial, Salem jail was already full and so he was carted off to Boston. In the coming weeks of incarceration he had been inclined not to make much of the matter, but was prevailed upon by some friends and broke out of jail, fleeing in the night on horseback. It was mid September and his decision to run away proved wise, as evidenced by the fact that Giles Corey was crushed to death within a few days of his departure. Per some sources it is said he escaped to New York, but more likely Alden escaped south to Duxbury, his hometown in his youth and the location of many of his relatives, namely his younger brothers David and Jonathan and a very large amount of nieces and nephews still living in the town. According to the oldest traditions, when, having awakened his family in the dead of night and causing much alarm, he said in a terrified voice that he was "flying from the Devil, and the Devil was after him!!"

paragraph: Alden remained hidden with friends and family, until, as he later said, "the public had reclaimed the use of its reason". When he returned, he was cleared by proclamation. The authorities do not seem to have searched for him with any diligence; one of the judges, Samuel Sewall, an old friend, is known to have expressed doubts about his guilt, and attended a prayer service at Alden's house in the hope of receiving guidance.

paragraph: Section::::Scandals and Salem Witch Trials.:Narrative.

paragraph: His vivid first-hand narrative of the witchcraft trials was later published by Robert Calef in "More Wonders of the Invisible World," and the transcript from his trial still survives. During the crisis in Salem, Alden would have been a man in his sixties. He had been a prominent member of Boston society for many years and as far as can be determined had no contact with any of the girls prior to late May of 1692 and most of his personal life was centered in Boston, not Salem. Alden recounts the bizarre behavior of the girls where they would at one moment be catatonic and then another moment would go into fits simply because he had looked at them. He questioned the judges why it was that whenever he looked at them in the eyes, nothing happened. He had his sword taken from him, because the girls said it was an object for witchcraft. The tone of the text suggests Alden's thoughts on the matter were that the town had gone mad: two of the three judges on the court were completely convinced by the girls' antics. He relates how he appealed to his friend Bartholomew Gedney, the third judge, to clear his character; Gedney replied coldly that he had always looked on Alden as an honest man, but now must alter his opinion. Alden said that he hoped in time to change Gedney's opinion again: unlike another socially prominent eyewitness, Nathaniel Cary, Alden never cast doubt on the judges' integrity, although he referred to the afflicted girls with contempt as "juggling wenches". As he noted, much of their alleged evidence against him — such as claims that he sold whiskey to the Indians and had Indian wives and children — was simply gossip which they had presumably picked up from their parents.

paragraph: Section::::Fiction.

paragraph: John Alden was played by Shane West (as Captain John Alden) in the 2014 TV series "Salem".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Endnotes

paragraph: Texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Biography - John Alden

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England. James Savage, Boston MA: Little Brown & Co., 1860. v. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Upham, Charles (1980). Salem Witchcraft: Volume II. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co..

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, Enders A. "The Devil Discovered: Salem Witchcraft 1692." Waveland Press, Prospect Heights (IL), 1991. pp. 326–328.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mayflower Families Through Five Generations", General Society of Mayflower Descendants,(1999), v. 16 pt 1 pp 27–36

description: 17th-century American soldier and sailor

wikidata_label: John Alden

wikipedia_title: John Alden (sailor)