text: Hungarian tribes

text: sacred ruler

text: kende

text: Hungarians

text: gyula

text: Hungarian

text: dynasty descending from Árpád

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Álmos

text: Hungarian tribes

text: barley

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Constantine Porphyrogenitus

text: Khazar

text: khagan

text: Levedi

text: Victor Spinei

text: Leo VI the Wise

text: Bulgarian Empire

text: Kurszán

text: Lower Danube

text: Liüntika

text: Pechenegs

text: Pontic steppes

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: Pannonian Plain

text: Illuminated Chronicle

text: Pannonia

text: Transylvania

text: Ungvár

text: Ukraine

text: East Francia

text: Annales Alamannici

text: Bavaria

text: Gesta Hungarorum

text: Illuminated Chronicle

text: Prince Zoltán

text: grand princes

text: Fajsz

text: Buda

text: kings of Hungary

text: Árpáds

text: Hungarian prehistory

text: History of Hungary

text: Árpád, painting from the 19th century

categories: Hungarian monarchs,840s births,9th-century Hungarian people,Medieval Hungarian nobility,10th-century rulers in Europe,9th-century rulers in Europe,Hungarian prehistory,House of Árpád,10th-century Hungarian people,Magyar tribal chieftains,907 deaths

paragraph: Árpád

paragraph: Árpád (; 845 – 907) was the head of the confederation of the Hungarian tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or "kende" of the Hungarians, or their military leader or "gyula", although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many Hungarians refer to him as the "founder of our country", and Árpád's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The dynasty descending from Árpád ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Árpád was the son of Álmos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Hungarian tribes by all Hungarian chronicles. His mother's name and family are unknown. According to historian Gyula Kristó, Árpád was born around 845. His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, "árpa", which is of Turkic origin.

paragraph: The Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959) states that the Hungarians "had never at any time had any other prince" before Árpád, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Árpád's father. In Porphyrogenitus's narration, the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them. The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians. However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him. The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal. They preferred Árpád to his father, because he was "greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule". Thereafter, Árpád was made "prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield." Constantine Porphyrogenitus refers to Árpád as "great prince of Turkey" (referring to Hungary) ().

paragraph: The reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Árpád's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is "rather vague and scarcely credible", but András Róna-Tas writes that its core is reliable. The latter historian adds that Árpád's election was promoted by Álmos who forced Levedi "kende" to renounce. Accordingly, in Róna-Tas's view, Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler or "kende", which enabled his father to preserve his own position of the actual leader of the Hungarians or "gyula".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Towards the Hungarian Conquest.

paragraph: The earliest reliable source of Árpád's life is an early 10th-century document, the "Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk". It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 "to give presents" and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire. Sclerus met with their two leaders, Árpád and Kurszán, at the Lower Danube. Sclerus's mission succeeded: a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria. An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Árpád's son, Liüntika.

paragraph: The positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Árpád was the "gyula", and Kurszán was the "kende". In contrast, Kristó said that Kurszán was the "gyula" and Árpád represented his father, Álmos "kende".

paragraph: The Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them. The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896. The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain.

paragraph: The "Illuminated Chronicle" says that Árpád's father Álmos "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw" or Transylvania. Engel, Kristó and Molnár, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that Álmos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people. In contrast with them, Róna-Tas states that even if the report on Álmos's murder "reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that Árpád or someone in his entourage" killed the aged prince. Spinei rejects the "Illuminated Chronicle"'s report on Álmos's murder in Transylvania, because the last mention of Álmos in the contrasting narration of the "Gesta Hungarorum" is connected to a siege of Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) by the Hungarians. The latter chronicle says that Álmos appointed Árpád "as leader and master" of the Hungarians on this occasion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Árpád's name "is completely unknown" to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. These sources, including the "Annales Alamannici" and the "Annales Eisnidlenses", only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszán. According to Kristó and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszán must have been the "gyula" commanding the Hungarian forces, while Árpád succeeded his murdered father as the sacred "kende". Proposing a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszán was the "kende" and Árpád "gyula" only succeeded him when Kurszán was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.

paragraph: In contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the eventsfor instance, the "Gesta Hungarorum" and the "Illuminated Chronicle"emphasize Árpád's pre-eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin. The "Gesta Hungarorum" also highlights Árpád's military skills and his generosity. This chronicle also emphasizes that Tétény, one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes, acquired "the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity" only after Árpád had authorized him to conquer it.

paragraph: The "Gesta Hungarorum" says that Árpád took "an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary," and "had his son, Prince Zoltán elevated" to prince in his life. However, the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the "Gesta Hungarorum" is dubious. For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his "De Administrando Imperio" around 950.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: The date of Árpád's death is debated. The "Gesta Hungarorum" states that he died in 907. However, Kristó wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the "Gesta" says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian "land-taking" instead of its actual date around 895. If the "Gesta"'s report on his funeral is reliable, Árpád was buried "at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila" where a village, Fehéregyháza, developed near Buda a century later.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád. Árpád is the principal actor in the "Gesta Hungarorum", which attributes "almost all memorable events" of the "Hungarian land-taking" to him. Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by "a single line of princes", all descending from Árpád. Árpád is known among Hungarians as "honalapító" or the "founder of our homeland".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Porphyrogenitus says Árpád "had four sons: first, "Tarkatzous"; second, "Ielech"; third, "Ioutotzas"; fourth, "Zaltas"". However, he also refers to one ""Liuntikas", son of" Árpád; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas (Liüntika) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous (Tarhos). The name and family of the mother of Árpád's sons are unknown. The following is a family tree presenting Árpád's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century:

paragraph: "*Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical.""**The father of Tas was one of Árpád's four or five sons, but his name is unknown.""***All later grand princes and kings of Hungary descended from Taksony."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Árpáds

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hungarian prehistory

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Hungary

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians" (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); "Anonymus and Master Roger"; CEU Press; .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio" (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle:" Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Taktika of Leo VI" (Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Árpád, painting from the 19th century

description: Grand Prince of the Hungarians

wikidata_label: Árpád

wikipedia_title: Árpád


text:
indie pop
Greek
Seattle, Washington
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
East Village
MySpace
Crohn's disease
Matador Records
Pitchfork
The Vera Project
Seattle
A Sunny Day in Glasgow
Arpad Miklos
YouTube
Too Bright
Adrian Utley
Portishead
The Late Show with David Letterman
Hello Mr.
The Grateful Dead
The National
Sharon Van Etten
Prada
The Fader
Bjork
Pitchfork
Blake Mills
Fiona Apple
John Legend
Alabama Shakes
Shawn Everett
Pitchfork
The Guardian
Floria Sigismondi
Le Guess Who?
Utrecht
Aldous Harding
Mount Eerie
Weyes Blood
Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares
The Late Show with David Letterman
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
No Shape
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
No Shape
The First
Perfume Genius
Matador Records

categories: LGBT people from Iowa,LGBT musicians from the United States,LGBT songwriters,People from Everett, Washington,American rock singers,1981 births,Musicians from Seattle,21st-century American singers,American rock songwriters,American male singer-songwriters,Songwriters from New York (state),LGBT singers,Songwriters from Washington (state),Singers from Washington (state),LGBT people from New York (state),LGBT people from Washington (state),Gay musicians,Living people,American people of Greek descent,Chamber pop musicians,American singer-songwriters,Matador Records artists,Singers from New York City,American male songwriters

paragraph: Perfume Genius

paragraph: Mike Hadreas (born September 25, 1981), better known by his stage name Perfume Genius, is an American indie pop musician based in Seattle.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Hadreas is of Greek descent and was born in Des Moines, Iowa, moving to the suburbs of Seattle, Washington at age 6 or 7. Hadreas studied painting in school and took piano lessons as a child. His mother was a special education teacher, and is now an assistant principal at a middle school. His parents divorced when he was a teenager.

paragraph: Growing up, Hadreas was the only openly gay student at his school, and he received death threats which were not addressed by the administration. He dropped out of high school during his senior year. Two years after dropping out, he was attacked by several young men in his neighborhood. He moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and worked as a doorman for a club in the East Village. In 2005, Hadreas returned home to Seattle and began recording music. In 2008, Hadreas set up a MySpace page under the name Perfume Genius, and thus began his music career. Hadreas's music explores topics including sexuality, his personal struggle with Crohn's disease, domestic abuse, and the dangers faced by gay men in contemporary society.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Learning".

paragraph: Hadreas's debut album, "Learning", was released on June 21, 2010, through Turnstile Records in Europe and Matador Records in the United States. Many of the tracks for "Learning" were recorded in Hadreas's home. The album quickly received critical acclaim, including an 8.2 out of 10 score from Pitchfork.

paragraph: He performed his first live show at The Vera Project in Seattle, where he opened for A Sunny Day in Glasgow.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Put Your Back N 2 It".

paragraph: Hadreas's second album, "Put Your Back N 2 It", was released on February 20, 2012. Again, Hadreas received praise from music critics and fans alike for the sonic intimacy his music achieved.

paragraph: The promotional video for the album, featuring Hadreas and pornographic actor Arpad Miklos embracing each other, was deemed unsafe for family viewing by YouTube.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Too Bright".

paragraph: On September 23, 2014, Hadreas released his third album, "Too Bright", which was co-produced by Adrian Utley of Portishead, to critical acclaim. The album was a transformative leap for Hadreas and marked a new trajectory in his career. The album received rave reviews from an array of publications. Pitchfork gave the album an 8.5 and commented that "these songs feel less like songs and more like treasures, ones that fill you with power and wisdom."

paragraph: Following the release of the album Hadreas toured the album and played sold out headline shows. On October 30, 2014 Perfume Genius appeared on "The Late Show with David Letterman" performing "Queen" from the album "Too Bright". In April 2015, Hadreas was featured on the cover and in the pages of "Hello Mr."

paragraph: Hadreas contributed a cover of The Grateful Dead's "To Lay Me Down" to "Day of the Dead", a charity tribute album curated and produced by members of The National and released by 4AD on May 20, 2016. Hadreas's cover was a collaboration with Sharon Van Etten. All profits from the album will help fight for AIDS/ HIV and related health issues around the world through the Red Hot Organization.

paragraph: On September 16, 2016 Hadreas released a cover of Elvis's "Can't Help Falling in Love" in collaboration with Prada. The song was featured in the ad campaign for Prada's La Femme and L'Homme fragrances.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"No Shape".

paragraph: Hadreas was featured on the cover of the March/April 2017 issue of "The Fader", which included a lengthy feature on Hadreas and his work on the next album. In the weeks following the article, Hadreas posted a number of video and audio clips teasing new music. On March 21, 2017 Hadreas announced his fourth studio album "No Shape" and released the first single "Slip Away", which was accompanied by a music video directed by frequent Bjork collaborator Andrew Thomas Huang. The single was designated "Best New Track" by Pitchfork. On April 19, Hadreas released another single from the album called "Go Ahead" during a live Twitter Q&A with fans.

paragraph: "No Shape" was released via Matador on May 5, 2017. It was produced by Blake Mills (Fiona Apple, John Legend, Alabama Shakes) and mixed by Grammy Award-winning engineer Shawn Everett. The album was praised by critics. Pitchfork awarded it an 8.8 and named it "Best New Album", deeming it "his most realized album yet, a tender and transcendental protest record of love and devotion." "The Guardian" commented that "No Shape sounds like a unique talent coming into full bloom."

paragraph: On May 9, 2017 Perfume Genius released the video for "Die 4 You", directed by Floria Sigismondi. That same month, it was announced that Perfume Genius curates a part of the line-up for Le Guess Who? Festival in Utrecht in November, for which he invited amongst others Aldous Harding, Mount Eerie, Weyes Blood, and Bulgarian women's choir Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares.

paragraph: Section::::Television appearances.

paragraph: Perfume Genius appeared on "The Late Show with David Letterman" on October 30, 2014 performing "Queen" from the album "Too Bright".

paragraph: He appeared on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" on May 5, 2017 performing "Slip Away" from the album "No Shape". On July 11, 2017 he performed "Wreath" and "Just Like Love" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" from the album "No Shape". "Queen" was also featured in an episode of the drama series "The First" in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perfume Genius at Matador Records

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Perfume Genius

wikipedia_title: Perfume Genius


text:
Chan Buddhist
Northern Song
Anxi County
Quanzhou
dharma
deified
Chinese folk religion
Taiwan
God pigs
Snake Temple
Qingshui Temple
Zushi Temple
Fushan Temple
Saw Si Gone Temple

categories: 1101 deaths,Hokkien Taoism,Song dynasty Buddhists,Taiwanese folk religion,Chinese gods,1047 births

paragraph: Qingshui (monk)

paragraph: Qingshui (; 1047-1101), also known as Chó͘-su-kong (), born Chen Zhaoyin () was a Chan Buddhist monk during the Northern Song from Anxi County, Quanzhou. He was said to have gained supernatural powers gained through his skill in speaking the dharma and meditation. Through this, he is said to have saved the town of Anxi during a period of drought, bringing rain as he went from place to place. In reverence, the villagers built shrines to him and hence became a deified person in Chinese folk religion.

paragraph: Qingshui is also known by the following nicknames:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dropping Nose Ancestor (), known for the prominent nose featured in Qingshui's effigies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Faced Ancestor ()

paragraph: Worship of Qingshui is especially popular in Taiwan, where he is worshiped by local villagers for protection and in overseas Hokkien-speaking communities. His birthday is celebrated on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Qingshui was born in 1047. He became a monk when he was young, and his early potential was recognized by the chief monk at the temple. When the chief monk died, Qingshui became the next chief monk at the temple. He is credited with many famous quotes made during his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Below listed his achievements:

paragraph: BULLET::::- building bridges- He helped build more than 10 different bridges around the towns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- herb medicine creation- In china, there is a saying "When you save the life of one, it will even help you more than reaching heaven when you die." And he has learned about many different medical herbs. And his achievements in medicine are even on-par to those of professionals in that era.

paragraph: BULLET::::- praying for rain- Normal people believe that there is no man that can control the weather, only a man of a holy status passed down by god will be able to achieve this. And when Qingshui was alive, he had numerous successes praying for rain during times of drought.

paragraph: Section::::Worship.

paragraph: It is stated that all the descendants would worship him using fruit, cakes and other vegetables as sacrificial items on his birthday every year to prove their loyalty to his teachings and their loves. And up till now, many people still visit his temple throughout the years to pray for his divine protections. Some also believe they will gain great luck for the rest of the year by paying their visits. God pigs are also a popular sacrifice to Qingshui among the Hakka people.

paragraph: Section::::Temples dedicated to Qingshui.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snake Temple: Penang, Malaysia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qingshui Temple: Taipei, Taiwan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zushi Temple: Taipei, Taiwan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fushan Temple: Yangon, Myanmar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saw Si Gone Temple: Mawlamyine, Myanmar

description: Chinese god

wikidata_label: Qingshui

wikipedia_title: Qingshui (monk)


text:
John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
John II
Engelbert
John III
Dietz
Eppstein
John II of Isenburg-Limburg

paragraph: Adolf of Nassau (1362-1420)

paragraph: Adolf, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1362–1420) was a son of Count John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and Margareta of the Marck.

paragraph: After the death of his father, Count John I, in 1416 the lands were not divided, but instead overseen by the four brothers Adolf, John II, Engelbert I and John III.

paragraph: Adolf ruled over Dietz, together with his father-in-law. After the death of Adolf of Nassau, his son-in-law Godfrey of Eppstein inherited Dietz and a part of the lands of Nassau.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Adolf of Nassau married at first Jutta of Dietz, daughter of Gerhard VII Count of Dietz, in 1376. They had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jutta of Nassau, who married Godfrey of Eppstein.

paragraph: Then he married Kunigunde (died 1403), daughter of John II of Isenburg-Limburg.

description: Count of Diez, Nassau-Siegen and Vianden

wikidata_label: Adolf of Nassau-Siegen

wikipedia_title: Adolf of Nassau (1362-1420)


text:
John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
overseen by all four
Adolf
Engelbert I
John III

categories: House of Nassau,Archbishops of Mainz,Counts of Nassau,1365 births

paragraph: John II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg

paragraph: John II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (c. 1365-May 1443 at Dillenburg) was Count of Nassau-Dillenburg in Siegen and Dillenburg and son of Count John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and Margareta of the Marck.

paragraph: After the death of Count John I in 1416 his lands were not divided, but instead overseen by all four of his surviving sons Adolf, John II, Engelbert I and John III. John II had led a military life, and he never married.

description: Count of Nassau-Siegen, Vianden and Diez

wikidata_label: John II of Nassau-Siegen

wikipedia_title: John II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg


text:
American football
running back
Buffalo Bills
undrafted free agent
college football
Alabama
Andrews, Texas
Andrews High School
high school football
college career
Texas Tech
University of Alabama
NCAA
starter
Ahmaad Galloway
scrimmage
University of Arkansas
end zone
Santonio Beard
head coach
Dennis Franchione
Crimson Tide
2004 NFL Draft
Buffalo Bills
undrafted free agent
depth chart
Marshawn Lynch
Fred Jackson
Dwayne Wright
Florida Tuskers
United Football League
Omaha Nighthawks

categories: People from Andrews, Texas,Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players,Florida Tuskers players,1980 births,Living people,Alabama Crimson Tide football players,Players of American football from Texas,American football running backs,Buffalo Bills players,Texas Tech Red Raiders football players

paragraph: Shaud Williams

paragraph: Shaud Rashae Williams (born October 2, 1980) is a former American football running back. He was signed by the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football at Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Born in Andrews, Texas, Williams attended Andrews High School between 1995–1998. During his career at Andrews, he rushed for 7,712 yards, which ranks 10th on the all-time records for Texas high school football. In his senior season, he rushed for 2,121 yards and 27 touchdowns, leading all rushers in class 4A.

paragraph: In 2009, Williams was inducted in the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame during a banquet on May 2.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: He began college career at Texas Tech, but transferred to the University of Alabama in 2001. Shaud had to sit out year to satisfy NCAA transfer rules. In 2002, due to an early season-ending injury to starter Ahmaad Galloway, Williams was effective immediately. After taking his first carry from scrimmage against the University of Arkansas in 2002, Williams raced untouched 80 yards to the end zone. Shaud shared the running duties with Santonio Beard. The duo combined for a virtually unstoppable rushing attack engineered by head coach Dennis Franchione. The Crimson Tide finished the season with 10-3 without a bowl appearance due to being on probation. In 2003, Shaud Williams rushed for over 1,300 yards in his first full year as a starter. Shaud also played shortstop for the Crimson Tide on Alabama's baseball team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Williams was not selected in the 2004 NFL Draft, but signed with the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent.

paragraph: Williams was fourth on the depth chart behind Marshawn Lynch, Fred Jackson, and Dwayne Wright. He re-signed with the Bills on December 6, 2007 after being released in training camp.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Florida Tuskers.

paragraph: Williams was signed by the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League on September 9, 2009. He was selected by the Omaha Nighthawks in the 2010 UFL expansion draft and was on their opening day roster for the 2010 and 2011 seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Starting in 2014, Williams was the football strength and conditioning coach for the Andrews, Texas school systems athletic program. He left that job in 2016 to become an assistant strength coach at the University of Wisconsin.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Shaud Williams

wikipedia_title: Shaud Williams


text:
Cappadocia
king
Cappadocia
Ariarathes III
Greek Macedonian
Stratonice
Antiochis
Antiochus III the Great
Syria
Laodice III
Romans
Stratonice
Eumenes II
Pergamum
Pharnaces
king
Pontus
Polybius
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Orophernes
Ariarathes V
Rome
Ionia
The foreign wars
New York
"Cappadocia"
Justin
Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
London
Livy
Ab urbe condita
New York
Histories
Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
London
New York

categories: Kings of Cappadocia,3rd-century BC rulers,3rd-century BC births,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia

paragraph: Ariarathes IV, surnamed "Eusebes", "the Pious", (, Ariaráthēs Eusebḗs), was the king of Cappadocia in 220–163 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ariarathes IV was the son of the king of Cappadocia Ariarathes III and his Greek Macedonian wife Stratonice. He was a child at his accession, and reigned for about 57 years. He married his cousin Antiochis, the daughter of Antiochus III the Great, king of Syria, and Laodice III, and, in consequence of this alliance, assisted Antiochus in his war against the Romans. After the defeat of Antiochus by the Romans in 190 BC, Ariarathes sued for peace in 188, which he obtained on favourable terms, as his daughter, Stratonice, was about that time betrothed to Eumenes II, king of Pergamum, whom she later married, and became an ally of the Romans. In 183–179 , he assisted Eumenes in his war against Pharnaces, king of Pontus. Polybius mentions that a Roman embassy was sent to Ariarathes after the death of the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who died 164.

paragraph: Antiochis, the wife of Ariarathes, is said to have at first borne him no children, and accordingly substituted two surrogates, who were called Ariarathes and Orophernes. Subsequently, however, it was said that she actually bore her husband two daughters and a son, who was named Mithridates, and afterwards became Ariarathes V, and then she informed Ariarathes of the deceit she had practiced upon him. The two surrogates were in consequence sent away from Cappadocia, one to Rome, the other to Ionia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "The foreign wars", Horace White (translator), New York, (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hazel, John; "Who's Who in the Greek World", "Ariarathes IV", (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Head, Barclay; "Historia Numorum", "Cappadocia", (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin; "Epitome of Pompeius Trogus", John Selby Watson (translator); London, (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy; "Ab urbe condita", Canon Roberts (translator); New York, (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius; "Histories", Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London - New York, (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Settipani, Christian "Les Ancêtres de Charlemagne" (France: Éditions Christian, 1989).

description: King of Cappadocia

wikidata_label: Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia

wikipedia_title: Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia


text: American football

text: running back

text: National Football League

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: 2002 NFL Draft

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Chicago Bears

text: college football

text: Toledo

text: River Rouge High School

text: University of Toledo

text: Cincinnati Bearcats

text: Motor City Bowl

text: Las Vegas Bowl

text: MVP

text: track

text: Hula Bowl

text: 2002 NFL Draft

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: Jamal Lewis

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Seattle Seahawks

text: Adrian Peterson

text: Chicago Bears

text: Matt Forte

text: Arizona Cardinals

categories: Toledo Rockets football players,Minnesota Vikings players,African-American players of American football,Chicago Bears players,1979 births,American football running backs,Arizona Cardinals players,Baltimore Ravens players,Living people,Players of American football from Michigan

paragraph: Chester Taylor

paragraph: Chester Lamar Taylor (born September 22, 1979) is a former American football running back in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft. In 2006, he signed with the Minnesota Vikings and played four seasons before signing with the Chicago Bears. He played college football at the University of Toledo.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Taylor was a four-time all-state running back and sprinter at River Rouge High School before attending the University of Toledo. While at Toledo, Taylor set school records for rushing yards and touchdowns. In 2001, he led the Rockets to an impressive victory over in-state rival Cincinnati Bearcats in the Motor City Bowl, giving Toledo their first bowl win since the 1995 Las Vegas Bowl. He was named the MVP of the game with 31 (Motor City Bowl Record) carries for 190 yards (then a Motor City Bowl Record) and a touchdown. In track, Taylor competed in the 100-meter dash and recorded a PR of 11.14 seconds.

paragraph: Taylor ranked seventh in nation for the 2001 season with 1,492 rushing yards (268 attempts, 5.3 yards-per-carry) and 20 touchdowns. He also hauled in 26 receptions for 242 yards and three touchdowns, with a longest reception of 43 yards.

paragraph: Taylor was named North Team MVP in the 2002 Hula Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Ravens.

paragraph: Taylor was taken with the 35th pick in the sixth round (207th overall) of the 2002 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens. He spent four years backing up Jamal Lewis, seeing minimal yet increasing playing time throughout his tenure with the team. He also developed himself as a receiving threat, making him the Ravens third down back.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: Taylor was signed by the Minnesota Vikings to a four-year, $14.1 million contract on March 12, 2006. On October 22, 2006, Taylor set a Vikings franchise record for longest run from scrimmage when he ran for a 95-yard touchdown in the third quarter, which is also an NFL record for the longest run in the 3rd quarter, against the Seattle Seahawks. He also broke 1000 rushing yards for the first time in his NFL career. Taylor and Adrian Peterson were considered one of the NFL's top running back tandems.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Taylor was signed by the Chicago Bears to a four-year, $12.5 million contract on March 5, 2010. In 2010, Taylor shared carries with running back Matt Forte. His stats fell compared to his times with the Ravens and Vikings and rushed for only 267 yards on 112 carries for a 2.4 yard average.

paragraph: Taylor was released by Chicago during final cuts on September 3, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Taylor was claimed via waivers for a one-year contract by the Arizona Cardinals on September 4, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Division I FBS rushing touchdown leaders

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Chester Taylor

wikipedia_title: Chester Taylor


text:
French
actress
Paris
Comédie-Française
Clytemnestre
Racine's
Iphigénie en Aulide
Phèdre
Athalie
playwright
Merope
Voltaire
La Clairon
Troupe of the Comédie-Française in 1752

categories: Actresses from Paris,Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française,1803 deaths,French stage actresses,1713 births,18th-century French actresses

paragraph: Marie Dumesnil

paragraph: Marie Françoise Dumesnil (January 2, 1713February 20, 1803), original name Marie-Françoise Marchand, was a French actress.

paragraph: She was born in Paris, daughter of a poor nobleman, and began her stage career in the provinces, whence she was summoned in 1737 to make her debut at the Comédie-Française as Clytemnestre in Racine's "Iphigénie en Aulide". She at once came into the front rank, playing Cléopâtre, Phèdre, Athalie and Hermione (tragic roles created by contemporary French playwrights) with great effect, and when she created Merope (1743), Voltaire says that she kept the audience in tears for three successive acts.

paragraph: She retired from the stage in 1776, but lived until 1803. Her rival La Clairon having spoken ill of her, she authorized the publication of a "Mémoire de Marie Françoise Dumesnil, en réponse aux mémoires d'Hippolyte Clairon" (1800).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Troupe of the Comédie-Française in 1752

description: French actress

wikidata_label: Marie Dumesnil

wikipedia_title: Marie Dumesnil


text: American artist

text: National Academy of Design

text: Society of American Artists

text: American Watercolor Society

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: lithographic

text: McMicken Art School of Design

text: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts

text: Philadelphia

text: New York City

text: Charles Scribner's Sons

text: Venice

text: water-colours

text: Toledo

text: Madrid

text: Netherlands

text: Japan

text: juggler

text: St. Nicholas Magazine

text: frieze

text: Mendelssohn Music Hall

text: New York

text: Century Magazine

text: Sir Edwin Arnold's

text: William Jacob Baer

text: Scribner's Magazine

text: color printing

text: Mariano Fortuny

text: Venice

text: National Academy of Design

text: Alfred Corning Clark

text: Singer Sewing Machine

text: Mendelssohn Glee Club

text: pneumonia

text: New York City

categories: 1857 births,20th-century American painters,Artists from Cincinnati,Painters from Ohio,American illustrators,American male painters,Deaths from pneumonia,1903 deaths,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Robert Frederick Blum

paragraph: Robert Frederick Blum (9 July 1857 – 8 June 1903) was an American artist. He was one of the youngest members of the National Academy of Design, was President of the Painters in Pastel, a member of the Society of American Artists, and the American Watercolor Society.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Blum was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was employed for a time in a lithographic shop, and studied at the McMicken Art School of Design in Cincinnati, and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, but he was practically self-taught, and early on showed great and original talent.

paragraph: He settled in New York City in 1879, doing his first work there for Charles Scribner's Sons, and the next year travelled to Venice, where he executed pen drawings and water-colours. After 1880, he made many annual trips to Europe. He returned to Venice in 1881 and, in 1882, he visited Toledo and Madrid. In 1884 he visited the Netherlands. He visited Japan in 1890 and spent three years there; he had been interested in that country and its art for many years.

paragraph: His first published sketches of Japanese jugglers appeared in the "St. Nicholas Magazine". His most important work is a large frieze in the Mendelssohn Music Hall, New York, "Music and the Dance" (1895). His pen-and-ink work for the "Century Magazine" attracted wide attention, as did his illustrations for Sir Edwin Arnold's "Japonica".

paragraph: "A Daughter of Japan", drawn by Blum and William Jacob Baer, was the cover of "Scribner's Magazine" for May 1893, and was one of the earliest pieces of color printing for an American magazine. His "Artist's Letters from Japan" also appeared in an 1893 edition of "Scribner's". He was an admirer of Mariano Fortuny, whose methods somewhat influenced his work.

paragraph: Blum's Venetian pictures, such as "A Bright Day at Venice" (1882), had lively charm and beauty. His oil painting "The Venetian Beadstringers" (1889) was a popular work, which, when shown at the National Academy of Design, resulted in him being elected an Associate. In 1893 he exhibited "The Ameya" at the Academy and was elected a full member based on that canvas.

paragraph: Blum's chief patron, Alfred Corning Clark, heir to the Singer Sewing Machine fortune, commissioned twin canvasses, 50 feet long and 12 feet high, for the proscenium of Mendelssohn Hall in downtown New York, which he had constructed to house the famous Mendelssohn Glee Club. The first of these, finished in 1895, was entitled "Music and the Dance" (originally "Moods of Music") and is considered Blum’s most important work. The other, "The Feast of Bacchus", was modeled on a painting of the same title that Blum had sent to Clark as a gift in 1888, but was not completed until after Clark's death in 1896. These grand works went missing when the Hall was demolished in 1912, but were later found in the vaults of the Brooklyn Museum, which graciously put them on temporary display for the 100th anniversary of the Glee Club in 1966.

paragraph: Robert Frederick Blum died of pneumonia at his home at 90 Grove Street, New York City on 8 June 1903.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Frederick Blum exhibition catalog

alias:
Robert Blum
Robert F. Blum
robert F. blum
robert f. blum
robert blum
Robt. Blum

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Robert Frederick Blum

wikipedia_title: Robert Frederick Blum


href: Stoicism scholarch Athens Rome lost%20books Seleucia%20on%20the%20Tigris Babylonia Athens Chrysippus Zeno%20of%20Tarsus scholarch Panaetius Antipater%20of%20Tarsus dialectic Carneades Critolaus Rome Talent%20%28measurement%29 Oropos epideictic Roman%20Senate Cicero Lucian Epicureanism Philodemus papyrus Villa%20of%20the%20Papyri Herculaneum Epicurus Athena

text:
Stoic
head
Athens
Rome
none of his writings survive
Seleucia on the Tigris
Babylonia
Athens
Chrysippus
Zeno of Tarsus
scholarch
Panaetius
Antipater of Tarsus
dialectic
Carneades
Critolaus
Rome
talents
Oropus
epideictic
Senate
Cicero
Lucian
Epicurean
Philodemus
papyrus
Villa of the Papyri
Herculaneum
Epicurus
Athena

categories: Stoic philosophers,2nd-century BC philosophers,Hellenistic-era philosophers from Asia,Hellenistic-era philosophers in Athens,140s BC deaths,Ambassadors to ancient Rome

paragraph: Diogenes of Babylon

paragraph: Diogenes of Babylon (also known as Diogenes of Seleucia; ; ; c. 230 – c. 150/140 BC) was a Stoic philosopher. He was the head of the Stoic school in Athens, and he was one of three philosophers sent to Rome in 155 BC. He wrote many works, but none of his writings survive, except as quotations by later writers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Seleucia on the Tigris in Babylonia, Diogenes was educated at Athens under the auspices of Chrysippus and succeeded Zeno of Tarsus as head ("scholarch") of the Stoic school there in the 2nd century BC. Among his pupils were Panaetius and Antipater of Tarsus who succeeded him as scholarch. He seems to have closely followed the views of Chrysippus, especially on dialectic, in which he is said to have instructed Carneades.

paragraph: Together with Carneades and Critolaus, he was sent to Rome to appeal a fine of five hundred talents imposed on Athens in 155 BC for the sack of Oropus. They delivered their epideictic speeches first in numerous private assemblies, then in the Senate. Diogenes pleased his audience chiefly by his sober and temperate mode of speaking.

paragraph: Cicero speaks of him as deceased by 150 BC, and since Lucian claims that he died at the age of 80, he must have been born around 230 BC. There is some evidence, however, that he may have lived to around 140 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Cicero calls Diogenes "a great and important Stoic". In the works of the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus found in carbonized papyrus rolls recovered from the ruins of the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum, Diogenes is discussed more frequently than any philosopher besides Epicurus himself.

paragraph: He was the author of several works, of which, however, little more than the titles is known:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Διαλεκτικὴ τέχνη – "Dialectic Art".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Divination".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Athena".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Περὶ τοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡγεμονικοῦ – "On the Ruling Faculty of the Soul".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Περὶ φωνῆς – "On Speaking".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Περὶ εὐγενείας – "Οn Noble Βirth".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Περὶ νόμων – "On Laws".

paragraph: In addition, it appears from Philodemus that he wrote extensive works "On Music" and "On Rhetoric". Some aspects of his views on these two subjects are recoverable from the critical remarks to be found in Philodemus' works on these two subjects. There are several passages in Cicero from which we may infer that Diogenes wrote on other subjects also, such as duty, the highest good, and the like.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"On Music".

paragraph: The opinions of Diogenes on music are known through the fragmentary treatise by Philodemus, "On Music", which discusses the views of Diogenes. According to Philodemus, Diogenes held that music not only can calm the emotions, but that listening to music can produce harmony and proportion in the soul. Diogenes believed that just as diet and exercise can produce a healthy body, so that music can bring health to the mind and can treat psychological illnesses. Music naturally pushes one to action. Diogenes uses the example of the trumpet, or similar military instrument, which can stir the soldier to bravery. Music is thus an art which leads to virtue.

paragraph: Attribution:

description: Ancient Greek philosopher

wikidata_label: Diogenes of Babylon

wikipedia_title: Diogenes of Babylon


text:
Sonneborn
Thüringen
Heidelberg
German
Protestant
theologian
Hebrew Bible
University of Göttingen
Johann Gottfried Eichhorn
Vienna
Orientalist
Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall
Old Testament studies
philology
University of Heidelberg
Old Testament
Heidelberg
Carl Christian Ullmann
Book of Job
Book of Proverbs
exegetical
prophets of the Old Testament
German Wikipedia

categories: 1860 deaths,German male non-fiction writers,1795 births,19th-century German Protestant theologians,19th-century male writers,German biblical scholars,Heidelberg University faculty

paragraph: Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Umbreit

paragraph: Friedrich Wilhelm Carl/Karl Umbreit (April 11, 1795, Sonneborn, Thüringen - April 26, 1860, Heidelberg) was a German Protestant theologian and a Hebrew Bible scholar.

paragraph: He was a student at the University of Göttingen, where one of his instructors was Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1852-1827). He then continued his studies in Vienna with Orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774-1856). In 1820 he became an associate professor of Old Testament studies and Oriental philology at the University of Heidelberg, where in 1823 he received the title of professor. In 1829 he attained the chair of Old Testament studies at Heidelberg.

paragraph: In 1828 with Carl Christian Ullmann (1796-1865), he became co-editor of the journal "Theologischen Studien und Kritiken" (Theological studies and discussions). Umbreit published a scholarly translation/commentary on the Book of Job, as well as a commentary on the Book of Proverbs. His best known publication was a masterful four-volume exegetical work on the prophets of the Old Testament titled "Praktischer Commentar über die Propheten des alten Bundes" (1841–46).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia."

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Umbreit

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Umbreit


text: Robert II of Artois

text: Count of Artois

text: Amicie de Courtenay

text: Conches

text: Nonancourt

text: Domfront

text: Blanche of Brittany

text: John II, Duke of Brittany

text: Margaret

text: Louis, Count of Évreux

text: Robert III of Artois

text: Poissy

text: Joan of Artois

text: Gaston I

text: Count of Foix

text: Senlis

text: Marie of Artois

text: Wijnendaele

text: Merode

text: John I, Marquis of Namur

text: Normandy

text: Battle of Furnes

text: Couvent des Jacobins

text: Paris

text: Mahaut

text: Robert

categories: 1269 births,1298 deaths,Medieval French nobility,13th-century French people,House of Artois

paragraph: Philip of Artois

paragraph: Philip of Artois (1269 – 11 September 1298) was the son of Robert II of Artois, Count of Artois, and Amicie de Courtenay. He was the Lord of Conches, Nonancourt, and Domfront.

paragraph: He married Blanche of Brittany, daughter of John II, Duke of Brittany, and had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (1285–1311), married in 1301 Louis, Count of Évreux

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert III of Artois (1287–1342)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle (1288–1344), a nun at Poissy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan of Artois (1289 – aft. 1350), married Gaston I, Count of Foix, in Senlis in 1301

paragraph: BULLET::::- Othon (died 2 November 1291)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie of Artois (1291 – 22 January 1365, Wijnendaele), Lady of Merode, married in 1309 in Paris John I, Marquis of Namur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (1296–1368, Normandy), married John II of Ponthieu, Count of Aumale

paragraph: He served under his father at the Battle of Furnes, where he was wounded. He never recovered, and died of the effects over a year later. He was buried in the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris. His premature death led to a legal battle later, when Artois was left to his sister Mahaut rather than his son Robert.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip of Artois on Medieval Lands Project site

description: French nobleman

wikidata_label: Philippe d'Artois

wikipedia_title: Philip of Artois


text:
Antwerp
Belgian
CEO
Christine Mathys
The New York Times
minimalistic
Council of Fashion Designers of America
actress
Cate Blanchett
Academy Awards
Queen Mathilde of Belgium
Maggie Gyllenhaal
Killing Eve
Dries van Noten suit
Antwerp Academy
London
Antwerp Six
Barneys New York
Louis, Boston
haute couture
ready to wear
retail
Antwerp
Hong Kong
Tokyo
Singapore
euro
acre
Antwerp
Royal order
Philippe I
The New York Times - Christine Mathys
Christine Mathys & Dries Van Noten
Christine Mathys & Dries Van Noten
Christine Mathys & Dries Van Noten

categories: LGBT people from Belgium,Belgian fashion designers,LGBT fashion designers,1958 births,People from Antwerp,High fashion brands,Living people

paragraph: Dries van Noten

paragraph: Dries, Baron Van Noten (born 12 May 1958 in Antwerp) is a Belgian fashion designer and an eponymous fashion brand, which he co-founded with CEO and business partner Christine Mathys.

paragraph: In 2005, "The New York Times" described him as "one of fashion's most cerebral designers". His style is said to be "eccentric", and fell out of favor during the long period of minimalistic fashion in the early 1990s, only to make a comeback towards the mid-2000s, culminating with Van Noten's winning of the International Award of the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2008. That same year, he dressed actress Cate Blanchett for the Academy Awards, and has continued to dress her for other red carpet events since then.

paragraph: Other notable customers include Queen Mathilde of Belgium, and actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. In 2018, the third episode of television show "Killing Eve" notably featured one of his items, known eponymously as the Dries van Noten suit.

paragraph: Van Noten was born into a family of garment makers and traders: his father owned a menswear shop and his grandfather was a tailor. He graduated from the Antwerp Academy in 1980, and began his career in 1986, when he presented his first menswear collection in London as part of "The Antwerp Six" collective. That led to a small order from Barneys New York, a store that still stocks his merchandise regularly. Louis, Boston, was one of the first to bring Dries to USA, carrying his collection and selling it in Boston. He currently creates four collections a year (men's and women's, both for summer and winter).

paragraph: The brand does not offer haute couture; all of its designs are ready to wear and available at retail: "I'm a little naive but I don't like the idea of showing things that you don't sell in a store", said Van Noten in a recent interview. His work is said to be characterized by use of prints, colors, original fabrics and layering. He does not advertise.

paragraph: Van Noten works and lives in Antwerp, but his brand has shops in multiple locations worldwide. The first, opening in Antwerp in 1989, was "Het Modepaleis". Shop openings in Hong Kong and Tokyo followed. In early 2007, a shop was opened in Paris, decorated with antiques collected by Van Noten and his partner Patrick Vangheluwe, followed ten months later by a shop in Singapore. The brand is said to be carried in some 400 fashion shops around the world. As the brand is a private company, not much is known about its financial affairs, although it claims to have annual sales of some 30 million euro.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Van Noten and Vangheluwe reside in a house situated on a nearly seven-acre plot of land outside of Antwerp.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: Created "baron Van Noten" by Royal order of king Philippe I.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times - Christine Mathys

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christine Mathys & Dries Van Noten

description: Belgian fashion designer

wikidata_label: Dries van Noten

wikipedia_title: Dries van Noten


text:
Hungarian
Debrecen
Hussar
Lúdas Matyi
geese
squire
Kálmán Nádasdy
Imre Soós
Éva Ruttkai
Piac Street
A History of Hungarian Literature

paragraph: Mihály Fazekas

paragraph: Mihály Fazekas (6 January 1766 – 23 February 1828) was a Hungarian writer from Debrecen. He was an army private for seven years before being commissioned as a Hussar officer. As a hobby, Fazekas studied the natural sciences (botany) and wrote poetry. His poetry expressed his disgust with warfare and violence, and brought to light the social injustices of his society.

paragraph: Fazekas' epic poem "Lúdas Matyi" (Mattie the Goose-boy), written in 1804, was based on a folk-tale of unexact origins. In the story, Matyi, the main character, tries to sell his geese at the market, but runs into trouble with the servants of the local squire. The plot revolves around Matyi's scheme to get back at the squire. The story is popular because Matyi is the first commonfolk hero in Hungarian literature who is victorious over his social superior.

paragraph: Fazekas' poem was made into a film in 1949. It was directed by Kálmán Nádasdy and starred the actors Imre Soós and Éva Ruttkai.

paragraph: A memorial plaque to Fazekas still exists on the wall of the house at No. 58 Piac Street in Debrecen, where the author once lived. Fazekas died on 23 February 1828 in Debrecen.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A History of Hungarian Literature

description: Hungarian writer

wikidata_label: Mihály Fazekas

wikipedia_title: Mihály Fazekas


text: Polish

text: noble

text: Wrocław

text: Silesia

text: voivode

text: king of Poland

text: Bolesław III Wrymouth

text: Łabędzie

text: Mount Ślęża

text: Piasek Island

text: Wrocław

text: Dunin clan

text: noble families

text: Volodar

text: Peremyshl

text: Sviatopolk II of Kiev

text: Rus'

text: reconcile

text: Władysław II the Exile

text: Agnes of Babenberg

text: scion

text: Bolesław III Wrymouth

text: Przemyśl

text: Zbysława of Kiev

text: Sviatopolk II of Kiev

text: Salome von Berg-Schelklingen

text: reconciliation

text: romanesque

text: Dunin

text: voivode

text: Kingdom of Poland

text: regent

text: Władysław II the Exile

text: last will

text: civil war

text: fragmentation of Poland

text: Piast dynasty

text: Agnes of Babenberg

text: knight

text: exile

text: Carmen Mauri

text: Denmark

text: Dunin

text: Labedz

text: The Clan of Dunin

text: Norman Davies Book

categories: Polish nobility,1153 deaths,1080s births

paragraph: Piotr Włostowic

paragraph: Piotr Włostowic ( 1080 – 1153), also known as Peter Wlast or "Włost") was a Polish noble, castellan of Wrocław, and a ruler ("możnowładca") of part of Silesia. From 1117 he was voivode ("palatyn") of the king of Poland, Bolesław III Wrymouth. Part of the Łabędzie family, and son of Włostowic, he is likely to have been related to older princes of Silesia. His lands included the territories near Mount Ślęża and Piasek Island near Wrocław. The Dunin clan of noble families claims descent from him.

paragraph: His most famous deed is the capture of Volodar (Wołodar) of Peremyshl (Przemyśl). Later he married Maria, a daughter of Sviatopolk II of Kiev. For this marriage and his adventure in Rus', he was ordered by the Church to reconcile. He was ordered to construct seventy churches.

paragraph: Włostowic, a loyal subject of Bolesław III, had much more negative relations with Bolesław's son, Władysław II the Exile, and especially his wife, Agnes of Babenberg, who considered Włostowic a traitor. In 1146, Włostowic was captured by Władysław, blinded and muted. This mutilation of the popular Włostowic was one of the reasons for a civil war between Władysław and his brothers, as the blinded Włostowic went to Rus', which had so far supported Władysław, and convinced them to break their alliance. Eventually Władysław lost the war and went into exile in 1146. Włostowic regained his position and estates, but his disability and worsening health prevented him from taking further active part in politics, and he died in 1153.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.

paragraph: Relatively little is known about Włostowic's youth, other than he was a scion of a relatively wealthy and powerful Silesian family, and became a trusted retainer of the duke of Poland, Bolesław III Wrymouth.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The capture of prince Wołodar.

paragraph: When Bolesław was engaged in hostilities with Wołodar, prince of Przemyśl, Włostowic used subterfuge to gain Wołodar's trust, staging a pretended revolt against Bolesław, and joining Wołodar's court. Some time later, when he found himself alone with Wołodar during a hunt, he captured him and led Wołodar before Bolesław, who released him only after Wołodar paid a large ransom and a promised to ally himself with the Duke.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage.

paragraph: When Zbysława of Kiev, daughter of Sviatopolk II of Kiev and wife of Bolesław died, Włostowic was sent by Bolesław to Sviatopolk to negotiate a marriage to another daughter. However before the negotiations were completed, Bolesław married Salome von Berg-Schelklingen, and Włostowic himself married another daughter of Sviatopolk, Maria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reconciliation.

paragraph: After having tricked Wołodar and married to Maria, Włostowic was ordered to construct seven churches as reconciliation. But he built 70 churches and 30 convents, and that led to nicknaming a type of romanesque churches in Poland as 'Dunin's churches' (from Peter's nickname, Dunin).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Voivode.

paragraph: His marriage to Maria, the daughter of a powerful ruler, further elevated Włostowic, and he received the rank of voivode ("Palatine" or "comes palatinus") from Bolesław. At that time voivode was one of the most important positions in the Kingdom of Poland: he commanded the military when the king was absent, presided in courts during the king's absence, was responsible for order and security of the court, and in cases where the king was not an adult, the voivode even became the regent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death of Bolesław.

paragraph: Several years later, Salome, wife of Bolesław, forced him to resign as voivode, replacing him with Wszebor — a man she considered more likely to support her and her sons from her second marriage, against the first-born son of Bolesław, Władysław II the Exile.

paragraph: After the death of Bolesław in 1138, Władysław II became the new duke of Poland, and he reinstated Włostowic to the rank of voivode, as he did not want Wszebor, supporter of his brothers, to retain that rank. However Bolesław, who had had seven sons, in his last will had attempted to significantly reform the Polish monarchy in an attempt to prevent a civil war. Unfortunately, the attempt not only proved futile, but led into the period known as the fragmentation of Poland. Bolesław's will divided Poland into several princedoms, with one of his sons in charge of each one. The will declared that henceforth, the king of Poland was to be the oldest of the Piast dynasty, and not necessarily the heir of his firstborn. Władysław II opposed his father's wish, and encouraged by his wife, Agnes of Babenberg, tried to ensure his power as the king would not be weakened. As Boleslaw's chosen Voivode, a rift occurred when Włostowic argued against this. Włostowic feared a civil war, but by his opposition, he soon lost the trust of Bolesław, and especially that of his wife, who thought Wlast had sided with the younger sons of Bolesław.

paragraph: A civil war began in 1142, with a string of Władysław victories. For his part, Włostowic refused to clearly declare himself for any side, instead choosing to try and smooth the conflicts and conduct negotiations.

paragraph: In 1146, Władysław decided to finally remove Włostowic from the equation, ordering one of his knights, Dobek, to capture him. Dobek succeeded in this in a manner not unlike Włostowic's own capture of Wołodar: he arrived at Włostowic's court in Ołbino, and during the night captured Włostowic's court with his men. Agnes demanded Włostowic's death, but Władysław decided instead to make an example out of him: Wlast was blinded, muted and sentenced to exile.

paragraph: This had not proven to be Władysław's wisest move. Włostowic was respected and had many friends, and his fate caused many people to switch their allegiance to the younger brothers. Further, the blinded Włostowic went to Rus', which had so far supported Władysław, and convinced them to break their alliance. As a result, Władyslaw was soon defeated. Włostowic regained his position as a voivode, but his disability and old age prevented him from becoming an active politician. He died on April 16, 1153.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In the coming centuries, Piotr Włostowic Dunin (or Peter Wlast) became a near-legendary figure, especially as contemporary writers-monks remembered his generous support of the Church. His story was told, among others, in the poem "Carmen Mauri". Among the legends, one of the most prevalent is that Peter Wlast's family originates from Denmark, explaining his later nickname, 'Dunin', "the Dane". The Dunin clan has survived to the modern day and has many notable members. The family crest is the Labedz, the swan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Clan of Dunin

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janusz Bieniak, "O Piotrze Włostowicu, Duninach i Łabędziu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norman Davies Book

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia Peter Wlast Silesia

description: Silesian noble

wikidata_label: Piotr Włostowic

wikipedia_title: Piotr Włostowic


text:
Tang dynasty
China
Emperor Yizong
Emperor Zhaozong
Wang Xianzhi
Huang Chao
Chang'an
Emperor Yizong
eunuch
Tian Lingzi
Shence Armies
Crown Prince
chancellor
Wei Baoheng
regent
empress dowager
Lu Xi
Dali
Wang Xianzhi
Huang Chao
Wang Ying
Jiedushi
Yangzhou
Jiangsu
Xuchang
Henan
Kaifeng
Henan
Anyang
Henan
Tai'an
Shandong
Weifang
Shandong
Wang Duo
Yang Fuguang
Shang Rang
Guangzhou
Guangdong
Shatuo
Li Guochang
Li Keyong
Shanxi
Yin Mountains
Hunan
Tan Prefecture
Changsha
Hunan
Jiangling
Liu Hanhong
Jingmen
Hubei
Jiangxi
Gao Pian
Yangtze River
Shaying River
Qi Kerang
Luoyang
Tong Pass
Chengdu
Sichuan
Chen Jingxuan
Zheng Tian
Wang Chongrong
Wang Chucun
Tuoba Sigong
Qin Yan
Yang Xingmi
Zhu Quanzhong
Shi Pu
Qin Zongquan
Zhumadian
Henan
Henan
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Yuncheng
Shanxi
Shence Armies
Zhu Mei
Xianyang
Shaanxi
Li Changfu
Baoji
Shanxi
Hanzhong
Shanxi
Li Yun
Yang Fugong
Wang Xingyu
Li Maozhen
Li Jie
Wei Baoheng
Liu Ye
Zhao Yin
Xiao Fang
Pei Tan
Liu Zhan
Cui Yanzhao
Zheng Tian
Lu Xi
Li Wei
Wang Duo
Doulu Zhuan
Cui Hang
Zheng Congdang
Wang Hui
Pei Che
Xiao Gou
Wei Zhaodu
Kong Wei
Du Rangneng
Zhang Jun
Li Cui

categories: Child rulers from Asia,9th-century Chinese monarchs,888 deaths,Tang dynasty emperors,862 births

paragraph: Emperor Xizong of Tang

paragraph: Emperor Xizong of Tang (June 8, 862 – April 20, 888), né Li Yan, later name changed to Li Xuan (, changed 873), was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. He reigned from 873 to 888. He was the fifth son of his predecessor Emperor Yizong and was the elder brother of his successor Emperor Zhaozong. His reign saw his realm overrun by the great agrarian rebellions led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao, and while both were eventually defeated, by the end of Emperor Xizong's reign, the Tang state had virtually disintegrated into pieces ruled by individual warlords, rather than the imperial government, and would never recover, falling eventually in 907.

paragraph: Section::::Background and ascension.

paragraph: Li Yan was born on June 8, 862, at the eastern palace in the Tang imperial capital Chang'an, as the fifth son of then-reigning Emperor Yizong. His mother was Emperor Yizong's concubine Consort Wang, who carried the title of "Guifei", the highest rank carried by imperial consorts. In 865, Li Yan was created the Prince of Pu; at that time, his older brother Li Kan (李侃) was created the Prince of Ying. Consort Wang died a year later, in 866. As he was growing up, one of his constant companions was the eunuch Tian Lingzi, who attended to the stables at his mansion.

paragraph: In 873, Emperor Yizong became seriously ill. The eunuch commanders of the imperial Shence Armies, Liu Xingshen (劉行深) and Han Wenyue (韓文約), despite the fact that Li Yan was one of the younger sons of Emperor Yizong, supported him as the successor. Thereafter, an edict was issued in Emperor Yizong's name, creating Li Yan Crown Prince. The edict also changed Li Yan's name to Li Xuan. Emperor Yizong died that day, and Li Xuan took the throne as Emperor Xizong, with his brother-in-law, the chancellor Wei Baoheng, serving as regent for several days. He posthumously honored his mother Consort Wang as empress dowager and created Liu and Han dukes.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign: rebellions led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao.

paragraph: Almost immediately thereafter, Wei Baoheng, who had been exceedingly powerful late in Emperor Yizong's reign, was exiled and later forced to commit suicide in exile. Meanwhile, Tian Lingzi became very influential, and was described as the actual decision-maker for most of the important decisions of state, as Emperor Xizong was young and trusting of him.

paragraph: Early in Emperor Xizong's reign, a terrible drought-driven famine took over the heart of the Tang realm. As described by the imperial scholar Lu Xi, who would become chancellor in late 874:

paragraph: Lu urged that Emperor Xizong waive all taxation on the prefectures affected by the famine and immediately start disaster relief efforts. Emperor Xizong issued an edict agreeing with Lu's suggestions, but it was said that no actual disaster relief was actually carried out. Meanwhile, the southwestern regions of the empire, largely unaffected by the famine, was instead embroiled in the wars with Dali.

paragraph: As the famine continued, the people who were displaced by the famine began to lose hope in the imperial government, and they gathered in roving bands, pillaging for food. By 874–875, a large group had gathered under the leadership of Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao. Within a few months, Wang and Huang had gathered tens of thousands of men in their army. Meanwhile, the army officer Wang Ying also rebelled and led his band of rebels to pillage the southeast coast. There were numerous smaller bands of rebels roving around the realm.

paragraph: The imperial administration tried to deal with the Wang/Huang rebellion by initially having the military governors ("Jiedushi") of the five most-affected circuits—Huainan (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), Zhongwu (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan), Xuanwu (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), Yicheng (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), and Tianping (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) mobilize their local troops to either destroy the rebels or encourage them to surrender. This strategy was ineffective, and at the suggestion of Song Wei (宋威) the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong), Emperor Xizong put Song in command of a special task force concentrating on eliminating the rebels. Song had some early successes, but soon showed himself to be unable to follow up on his successes, as he was unable to contain Wang's roving army. In late 876, the chancellor Wang Duo tried to end Wang Xianzhi's rebellion by promising to make him an army officer—an offer that Wang Xianzhi was initially entice by—but after Huang opposed the proposal, the war continued, with Wang Xianzhi and Huang dividing their armies into two separate bands.

paragraph: However, Wang Xianzhi again made a peace overture in 877, sending his deputy Shang Junzhang (尚君長) to meet the eunuch general Yang Fuguang to negotiate a surrender. However, Song, who opposed a peace with Wang, captured Shang as Shang was on his way to meet with Yang, and falsely claimed that he had claimed Shang in battle. He delivered Shang to Chang'an to be executed, despite Yang's repeated attempts to have Shang spared. Shang's death ended hopes for a negotiated peace. (Meanwhile, though, Wang Ying's rebellion ended when he was killed in battle.)

paragraph: Soon thereafter, Song was relieved of his command of the task force, and Zeng Yuanyu (曾元裕) took over. Zeng soon defeated Wang Xianzhi in battle and killed him. However, Wang's followers, including Shang Junzhang's brother Shang Rang, gathered their troops and submitted to Huang. Huang continued the roving campaign, and marched south, capturing and for some time holding Guang Prefecture (廣州, in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong) as his headquarters. Meanwhile, the Shatuo chieftain Li Guochang and Li Guochang's son Li Keyong rebelled to the north, and they made an attempt to take over the modern Shanxi region, but soon they were defeated and forced to flee to the Dada (達靼, then in the Yin Mountains) tribe.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Chang'an to Huang Chao and flight to Chengdu.

paragraph: By winter 879, Huang Chao, with his soldiers stricken by tropical/subtropical illnesses that they were not accustomed to, decided to change strategy and head north. He headed north through modern Hunan preparing to confront the armies commanded by Wang Duo, who was then in overall command of the operation against him. He first defeated Wang's deputy Li Xi (李係) at Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha, Hunan); Wang, then stationed at Jiangling, panicked and fled, and Wang's officer Liu Hanhong pillaged Jiangling then became an independent rebel leader. Huang's advance, however, was repelled by other Tang generals Liu Jurong (劉巨容) and Cao Quanzhen (曹全晸) at Jingmen (荊門, in modern Jingmen, Hubei). Huang was forced to flee east, but he regrouped in the modern Jiangxi region and prepared for another advance north.

paragraph: As Huang did so, he had multiple engagements with the armies under the command of Gao Pian the military governor of Huainan Circuit, whom Emperor Xizong had put in command of the overall operations against Huang, replacing Wang. Gao's officer Zhang Lin (張璘) had initial successes against Huang, but Huang killed Zhang in a major confrontation in summer 880. Gao's spirit was crushed by Zhang's death, and he did not try to stop Huang's subsequent advance north, across the Yangtze River into the heart of the Tang realm. Emperor Xizong, as an emergency measure, ordered the armies of various circuits to rendezvous with Cao at Yin River (溵水, a major branch of the Shaying River) to try to block of Huang's advance. However, Huang defeated Cao, and after a mutiny at nearby Zhongwu Circuit caused the death of the military governor of Zhongwu, Xue Neng (薛能), Qi Kerang, the Tang general in command of the Yin River defense, abandoned the defensive position, causing Huang's path toward the Tang eastern capital Luoyang to become wide open.

paragraph: In light of his obstacle being removed, Huang headed straight for Luoyang; on the way, he stopped pillaging other than to force young men into his army and adding to its numbers. Luoyang quickly fell and was captured on 22 December 880. Emperor Xizong and Tian Lingzi conscripted a new army and put Zhang Chengfan (張承範) in charge of it, having him rendezvous with Qi at Tong Pass to defend against Huang's advance toward Chang'an. However, Emperor Xizong and Tian were instead making plans to flee to Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), where Tian's brother Chen Jingxuan was military governor. As soon as news arrived that Huang had defeated Zhang and Qi and was advancing quickly toward Chang'an, Emperor Xizong and Tian abandoned Chang'an and fled toward Chengdu, arriving there in early 881. Huang entered Chang'an and declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi. He slaughtered members of the Tang imperial family and a large number of high level officials, but tried to keep the Tang governmental apparatus in place for some time, hoping to get Tang generals and officials to switch loyalty.

paragraph: After Chang'an's fall, a number of Tang military governors, including Zheng Tian, Wang Chongrong, Wang Chucun, Tuoba Sigong, Cheng Zongchu (程宗楚), and Tang Hongfu (唐弘夫), rendezvoused near Chang'an and then attacked Chang'an, hoping to recapture it for Emperor Xizong. In summer 881, Huang briefly abandoned Chang'an, but as soon as he realized that the Tang forces entering Chang'an were intent on pillaging it, he counterattacked and inflicted great losses on the Tang forces, forcing them to abandon Chang'an again and killing Cheng and Tang Hongfu. For the next several years, he would not again be dislodged from Chang'an despite Tang forces' efforts, and Emperor Xizong himself made no real efforts in trying to organize imperial troops to do so. With Gao not making any efforts to dislodge Huang, either, Emperor Xizong put Wang Duo in overall command of the effort against Huang again.

paragraph: Section::::Destruction of Huang Chao and return to Chang'an.

paragraph: As the Tang and Huang Chao's Qi forces battled around Chang'an, the rest of theTang realm, while mostly still ostensibly loyal to Emperor Xizong and obeying his edicts issued from Chengdu, began to break down further in its governmental/command structure. For example, Gao Pian's Huainan Circuit, regarded as one of the riches of the Tang realm, fell into years of internecine warfare (which included Gao's death at the hands of Qin Yan) with Yang Xingmi eventually emerging victorious but with the circuit laid waste.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Yang Fuguang enlisted Li Keyong, who had previously fled to the Dada tribes, to return to Tang realm to help battle Qi, offering to pardon him. Li Keyong did so in 882, and repeatedly defeated Qi forces. In spring 883, Huang abandoned Chang'an and fled back east, allowing Tang forces to recapture Chang'an. Huang's forces then were continued to be defeated by Tang generals Li Keyong, Zhu Quanzhong, and Shi Pu, eventually falling apart. In fall 884, Huang's nephew Lin Yan (林言) killed Huang, ending Huang's Qi state.

paragraph: Emperor Xizong did not return to Chang'an, immediately, apparently fearing Qin Zongquan—formerly a Tang military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) but who had turned against Tang and was pillaging the modern Henan region with his power base centered at Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture. Qin, indeed, would subsequently declare himself emperor and try to expand the extent of his control, causing him to battle with Zhu and other Tang generals. Meanwhile, the breakdown of the Tang realm continued, with Tang military governors battling each other for supremacy, and one of the key rivalries that developed was that between Zhu (who was made the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit) and Li Keyong (who was made the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), which began over a failed attempt by Zhu to assassinate Li Keyong. Emperor Xizong did return to Chang'an in spring 885, some two years after Tang forces recaptured the capital.

paragraph: Section::::Second flight from Chang'an and final days.

paragraph: Soon after Emperor Xizong's return to Chang'an, however, a serious dispute developed between Tian Lingzi, who was still largely in control of the imperial court, and Wang Chongrong, then the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). The dispute stemmed from the desperate financial situation that the imperial government was in by this point—with only Chang'an and the immediately surrounding region under the imperial government's control and submitting taxes to it (and the other circuits withholding their usual tax submissions to the imperial government, the imperial government was unable to pay the salaries of the army that Tian had amassed, which included the Shence Armies and personal armies that Tian himself had recruited). Tian tried to partially solve the problem by ordering Wang to return control of salt ponds at Huguo Circuit, previously under imperial control, to the imperial government, so that its proceeds could be used to pay imperial armies. Wang refused and spoke against Tian publicly. Tian, in retaliation, had Emperor Xizong order that Wang be transferred to Tianping Circuit. Wang refused the transfer and, allied with Li Keyong, prepared for a confrontation with the imperial armies under Tian, as well as Tian's allies Zhu Mei the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and Li Changfu the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shanxi). Around new year 886, they defeated Tian and his allies and approached Chang'an. Tian took Emperor Xizong and fled to Xingyuan (興元, in modern Hanzhong, Shanxi).

paragraph: Zhu and Li Changfu subsequently turned against Emperor Xizong and declared his distant relative Li Yun the Prince of Xiang emperor at Chang'an, and initially it appeared that military governors were ready to recognize Li Yun as emperor instead. Faced with a situation he could not handle, Tian resigned his position as the commander of the Shence Armies and fled to Xichuan to join his brother Chen Jingxuan. Tian was succeeded by Yang Fugong (the brother of Yang Fuguang, who was deceased by this point). Yang Fugong, utilizing the friendships that Yang Fuguang had with Wang Chongrong and Li Keyong, was able to persuade them to again recognize and support Emperor Xizong. Subsequently, Zhu's subordinate Wang Xingyu assassinated him and forced Li Yun to flee to Huguo, where Wang Chongrong killed him, ending his challenge to Emperor Xizong. Subsequently, Emperor Xizong's general Li Maozhen defeated Li Changfu and took over Fengxiang. Emperor Xizong himself returned to Chang'an. in spring 888.

paragraph: One month after Emperor Xizong returned to Chang'an, he died of illness. Yang Fugong supported his younger brother Li Jie the Prince of Shou to be emperor (as Emperor Zhaozong).

paragraph: Section::::Chancellors during reign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Baoheng (873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Ye (873–874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhao Yin (873–874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Fang (873–875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Tan (874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Zhan (874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Yanzhao (874–877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng Tian (874–878, 882–883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lu Xi (874–878, 879–880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Wei (875–878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Duo (877–879, 881–882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doulu Zhuan (878–880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Hang (878–880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng Congdang (878–880, 883–887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Hui (880–881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Che (880–881, 883–887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Gou (881–887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Zhaodu (881–888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kong Wei (886–888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du Rangneng (886–888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Jun (887–888)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Cui, Yizong (; 833–873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Hui'an, of the Wang clan (; d. 866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Zhen, Prince Jian (), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Sheng, Prince Yi (), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Tangxing (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongping (), second daughter

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 任士英 (2005) 正說唐朝二十一帝 Taipei (台北): 聯經.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ouyang Xiu, "Historical Records of the Five Dynasties", translation and introduction by Richard L. Davis (2004), Columbia University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David A. Graff (2002), "Medieval Chinese Warfare", Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Gungwu (1963), "The Structure of Power in North China during the Five Dynasties", Stanford University Press

alias:
Li Xuan
Li Yan
Emperor Huisheng Gongding Xiao
Emperor Gongding

description: emperor of the Tang Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Xizong of Tang

wikipedia_title: Emperor Xizong of Tang


text: Salamanca

text: Madrid

text: conductor

text: composer

text: Salamanca

text: zarzuela

text: Emilio Arrieta

text: Ruperto Chapi

text: San Fernando

text: Madrid

text: zarzuela

text: La verbena de la Paloma

text: Los amantes de Teruel

text: legend

text: La Dolores

text: zarzuela

text: Guzmán el bueno

text: Tabaré

text: Raquel

text: Farinelli

text: Don Gil de las calzas verdes

text: Tirso de Molina

text: Ruperto Chapí

text: Gerónimo Giménez

text: Manuel Fernández Caballero

text: Circo de Parish

text: género chico

text: Buenos Aires

text: Beethoven

text: Quixote

text: Saint-Saëns

text: Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

text: Francisco Tárrega

categories: 19th-century classical composers,20th-century classical composers,Spanish Romantic composers,20th-century conductors (music),Spanish male classical composers,Spanish conductors (music),Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni,Spanish classical composers,1850 births,Spanish opera composers,20th-century Spanish musicians,People from Salamanca,Male conductors (music),1923 deaths,Male opera composers,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Tomás Bretón

paragraph: Tomás Bretón y Hernández (29 December 1850 in Salamanca – 2 December 1923 in Madrid) was a Spanish conductor and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tomás Bretón was born in Salamanca on 29 December 1850. He completed his musical studies at the School of Fine Arts in his hometown, where he earned his living playing in small provincial orchestras, theaters and churches. At age 16, he moved to Madrid, where he played in orchestras in zarzuela theaters. He also began his studies at the Royal Conservatory under Emilio Arrieta. In 1872, Bretón received the first prize for composition at the Conservatory, together with Ruperto Chapi. After having worked in small theaters for several years, in 1882 he received a grant from the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando which enabled him to study in Rome, Milan, Vienna and Paris between 1881 and 1884. There, he found time to work on more ambitious works, such the oratorio "El Apocalipsis" and the opera "Los amantes de Teruel". The premiere of this last work at the Teatro Real de Madrid cemented his name as one of the major composers of Spanish opera.

paragraph: Bretón was also very active as a conductor, first in the Unión Artístico Musical (1878–81), which he founded, and later in Madrid Concert Society, where he served as principal conductor between 1885 and 1891. In that capacity, he founded a series of concerts where both Spanish music and international novelties were played. In 1901, he became director of the Conservatory of Madrid, a position he held until his retirement in 1921, struggling to modernize teaching at the institution and broaden its international orientation. He died in Madrid on 2 December 1923.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Bretón gained renown as a result of the success of his zarzuela "La verbena de la Paloma", although other were well-received works, included his operas "Los amantes de Teruel", based on the eponymous legend, and "La Dolores". After his death, his extensive output was generally forgotten. His career spanned the majority of the musical areas of the period of the Restoration (1875–1923): Conservatorium Director, reputed orchestral conductor, composer of operas, zarzuelas, symphonic and chamber music.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Opera.

paragraph: He aimed to create a Spanish opera, which would form a basis for a national music. He not only expressed these ideas in his many writings, but also through a series of works he composed throughout his career, from "Guzmán el bueno" (1876) to "Tabaré" (1913). His series of nine operas, two of them in only one act, are an ambitious body of work for Spanish composers of his time. After a long polemic which delayed its première, Los amantes de Teruel (1889) amounted to its definitive consolidation, and was followed by proposals along very different lines, such as the Wagnerian in "Garín" (1892) for the Barcelona Liceo and the veristic in "La Dolores" (1894) for the Madrilenian Teatro de la Zarzuela. His last works, despite being tied to a strong nineteenth-century tradition, contain undeniable interest, such as "Raquel" (1900), based on the famous romantic drama, "Farinelli" (1902), composed for the failed Teatro Lírico project, "Tabaré" (1913), set in America, and "Don Gil de las calzas verdes" (1914), based on a comedy by Tirso de Molina.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Zarzuela.

paragraph: At the same time, he approached the art zarzuela with unequal success. His output, while less than that of his contemporaries Ruperto Chapí, Gerónimo Giménez and Manuel Fernández Caballero, is of great quality, given the variety of genres which he tackled. He made several attempts at composing in the zarzuela grande genre, both in a more traditional line than previous generations in works such "Cuatro sacristanes" (1874), "¡A los toros!" (1876), "¡Bonito país!" (1877), "El campanero de Begoña" (1878) and "Los amores de un príncipe" (1881), and at the end of the century in the Circo de Parish, with "El clavel rojo" (1899) and "Covadonga" (1901), where he adopted more modern procedures, within the limitations of the genre. His greatest fame came from the género chico, especially "La verbena de la Paloma" (1894), one of the most famous zarzuelas of the Spanish repertoire, the most spectacular works view in Buenos Aires, although he later composed many others which were not as successful.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Orchestral output.

paragraph: On the other hand, he wrote symphonic music with a singular insistence, at a time in which in Spain, orchestral ensembles barely existed. He composed and conducted numerous works for the Sociedad de Conciertos, of which he was chief conductor from 1885 to 1890. A result of this were his three symphonies (1872, 1883, 1905), revealing a strong assimilation of Beethoven's compositional techniques. His most successful works were those with a Spanish character, albeit in an Alhambristic vein –such as "En la Alhambra (1887)"– or a more danceable one, as in "Escenas andaluzas" (1894). During his last years he composes various symphonic poems with a clear, nostalgic character, such as "Los galeotes" (1905) based on the famous Quixote episode, and "Salamanca" (1916) on popular themes from his native region. In the chamber-music genre he has left us various works, including three quartets (one of which is published), as well as a trio and quintet, composed from markedly classical standpoints, influenced by the French world of Saint-Saëns. His wide musical knowledge led him to tackle many other fields such as song, including a song-cycle based on Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer's rhymes (1886), which was followed by "Las golondrinas", and the oratorio "El Apocalipsis" (1882) composed in Rome as one of the works written under the Academy scholarship requirements.

paragraph: The prolific composer for the guitar Francisco Tárrega dedicated one of his greatest masterpieces, "Capricho Árabe", to D. Tomás Bretón.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony No. 1" (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guzmán el bueno", opera (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El campanero de Begoña", zarzuela (1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los amores de un príncipe", zarzuela (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Apocalipsis", oratorio (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony No. 2" in E flat Major (1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Trio in E Minor (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En la Alhambra", symphonic serenade (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Las golondrinas", song cycle (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los amantes de Teruel", opera (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garín", opera (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escenas andaluzas", orchestral suite (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Dolores", opera (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raquel", opera (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El clavel rojo", zarzuela (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Covadonga", zarzuela (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony No. 3" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los galeotes", symphonic poem after Cervantes (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Concerto in A major, dedicated to the memory of Pablo de Sarasate (1909; orchestrated by Rubelio Groba)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tabaré", Opera (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Gil de las calzas verdes", opera (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salamanca", symphonic poem (1916)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Víctor Sánchez Sánchez: "Tomás Bretón. Un músico de la Restauración". Madrid: Instituto Complutense de Ciencias Musicales, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vincent J. Cincotta: "Zarzuela – The Spanish Lyric Theatre: A complete Reference" (Revised edition, 2011). Wollongong, Australia, University of Wollongong Press, pp. 766, ,(pp. 57–60, 63, 78, 88–90, 134–137 for specific references).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomás Bretón String Quartet in D Major & Piano Trio in E Major Soundbites and discussion of works

description: Spanish conductor and composer

wikidata_label: Tomás Bretón

wikipedia_title: Tomás Bretón


text:
Count of Geneva
Duke of Nemours
Duke of Aumale
Henry of Savoy
Charles Amadeus

categories: Dukes of Aumale,1615 births,Dukes of Nemours,Counts of Geneva,House of Savoy,1641 deaths

paragraph: Louis I, Duke of Nemours

paragraph: Louis of Savoy (1615 – 16 September 1641) was Count of Geneva, Duke of Nemours, and Duke of Aumale from the death of his father Henry of Savoy in 1632 until his own death in 1641.

paragraph: Louis never married. On his death, his titles passed to his brother Charles Amadeus.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Louis I, Duke of Nemours

wikipedia_title: Louis I, Duke of Nemours


text:
gridiron football
wide receiver
wide receivers coach
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Canadian Football League
Montreal Alouettes
Calgary Stampeders
Toronto Argonauts
XFL
NFL Europe
Harriman, Tennessee
Harriman High School
football
University of Tennessee
Phillip Fulmer
Florida State
Fiesta Bowl
Volunteers
Peyton Manning
Jamal Lewis
NFL Europe
Barcelona Dragons
Montreal Alouettes
2001
XFL
Los Angeles Xtreme
2002 season
Dallas Cowboys
Grey Cup
year
Ben Cahoon
Kwame Cavil
2005
Calgary Stampeders
Nik Lewis
2005 season
Grey Cup
2009
Toronto Argonauts
P. K. Sam
Cleo Lemon
Noel Prefontaine
wide receivers coach
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
offensive coordinator
George Cortez
head coach
University of Tennessee
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Toronto Argonauts bio page

categories: Calgary Stampeders players,Barcelona Dragons players,Canadian football wide receivers,African-American players of American football,Grey Cup champions,Montreal Alouettes players,American football wide receivers,Toronto Argonauts players,Hamilton Tiger-Cats coaches,People from Harriman, Tennessee,1977 births,African-American players of Canadian football,Los Angeles Xtreme players,Tennessee Volunteers football players,Living people

paragraph: Jeremaine Copeland

paragraph: Jeremaine Copeland (born February 19, 1977) is a former professional gridiron football wide receiver who is currently the wide receivers coach for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League. He has played with the Montreal Alouettes, Calgary Stampeders, and Toronto Argonauts, as well as in the XFL and NFL Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Copeland was born in Harriman, Tennessee. He would attend Harriman High School, where he played on the Blue Devils football team. While at Harriman, Copeland played at both running back and wide receiver.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Copeland attended the University of Tennessee, where he played under head coach Phillip Fulmer from the 1995 season to the 1998 season.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:1995 season.

paragraph: As a freshman with the Volunteers, Copeland played as a running back some. He recorded 14 rushes for 73 yards and two touchdowns on the season.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:1996 season.

paragraph: As a sophomore with the Volunteers, Copeland played both at running back and wide receiver. He recorded 17 rushes for 72 yards and two touchdowns. In addition, he had 16 receptions for 191 yards. In addition, he returned 11 punts for the team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:1997 season.

paragraph: As a junior with the Volunteers, Copeland played at wide receiver. He recorded 58 receptions for 732 yards and nine touchdowns. In addition, he returned seven punts for the team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:1998 season.

paragraph: In the 1998 season, Copeland and the Volunteers would have a very successful season. The team won the National Championship over Florida State in the Fiesta Bowl. In the 23-16 victory, Copeland had one reception for 15 yards. The National Championship was Copeland's last collegiate game. On the season, he recorded 29 receptions for 438 yards and one touchdown. He retained duties for returning punts with 16 tries on the season.

paragraph: With the Volunteers, he recorded 103 receptions for 1,361 yards, for a 13.32 yards per reception average, and rushed 31 times for 145 yards and four rushing touchdowns in his collegiate career. At Tennessee, he played with quarterback Peyton Manning and running back Jamal Lewis while wearing #6 for the Vols.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Copeland played a year of NFL Europe football for the Barcelona Dragons. He ended the season with a team leading 74 receptions for 821 yards, for an 11.1 yards per reception average, and six touchdowns.

paragraph: Copeland began his CFL career with the Montreal Alouettes in 2001 and played six games. During that season, he also starred at wide receiver with the XFL's champion Los Angeles Xtreme. He was known for his flashy big plays and the famous long skull cap tail hanging out of his helmet during his time with the XFL. After beginning the 2002 season in the Dallas Cowboys' training camp, Copeland returned to the Alouettes and contributed to their Grey Cup championship that year. Copeland picked up CFL and CFLPA all-star honours in 2003 after piling up 99 receptions and 1,757 receiving yards. Along with teammate slotback Ben Cahoon, Copeland set a CFL record for most receiving yards by two teammates, amassing 3,318 yards between them. In 2004, Copeland was one of four receivers with the Alouettes to eclipse the 1,000-yard receiving mark (the others were Cahoon, Thyron Anderson, and Kwame Cavil), a CFL record which was repeated by the Alouettes the following year.

paragraph: In 2005, Copeland was lured west to join the Calgary Stampeders after he entered free agency. Although his statistics did not reach the same levels as those achieved with the Alouettes, Copeland and Stampeder teammate Nik Lewis became infamous for their elaborate touchdown celebrations, including a "human bicycle" during the 2005 season, and the "bobsled" at the endzone pylon during the 2006 season. On November 23, 2008, Copeland and teammates of the Calgary Stampeders won the Grey Cup against the hosting Montreal Alouettes, 22-14. In 2009, Copeland enjoyed his best season since 2003 when he recorded 1,235 receiving yards and led the league with 12 receiving touchdowns, earning CFL all-star honours that year.

paragraph: On February 17, 2010, Copeland was traded to the Toronto Argonauts in exchange for wide receiver P. K. Sam. He was elected as the team's offensive captain, leading an inexperienced receiving corps and being a crutch for inexperienced CFL quarterback Cleo Lemon. With the team, he was reunited with former XFL teammate Noel Prefontaine. On November 3, 2011, he surpassed the 10,000 career receiving yards mark, becoming the 15th CFL player to reach the milestone.

paragraph: On January 25, 2012, Copeland officially retired from the CFL after 11 seasons in professional football.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: After announcing his retirement from professional football, Copeland was named the wide receivers coach of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, joining former offensive coordinator George Cortez who was the team's head coach at the time. Following the 2012 season, Copeland left the Tiger-Cats to complete his degree at the University of Tennessee.

paragraph: On February 20, 2015, the Saskatchewan Roughriders announced that Copeland would be their new receivers coach.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Argonauts bio page

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Jeremaine Copeland

wikipedia_title: Jeremaine Copeland