text:
FC Barcelona
La Liga
C.A. Peñarol
Spain
Catalan XI
Juli Gonzalvo
RCD Espanyol
José Gonzalvo
Mollet del Vallès
Barcelona
Catalonia
CE Europa
FC Barcelona
Real Zaragoza
Juli
La Liga
Segunda División
Primera División
Sevilla FC
Antoni Ramallets
Velasco
Josep Escolà
Joan Segarra
Estanislao Basora
César
Ladislao Kubala
José
Copa del Generalísimo
Real Sociedad
UE Lleida
CD Condal
reserve team
Spain
Ireland
1950 World Cup
Catalan XI
Ladislao Kubala
Estanislao Basora
Alfredo Di Stéfano
Bologna
"Les Corts"
Spanish Champions
Copa del Generalísimo
Copa Latina
Copa de Oro Argentina/Copa Eva Duarte
Segunda División
Spain stats
Bio at www.fcbarcelonaonline.com

categories: Real Zaragoza players,Spanish footballers,1922 births,1950 FIFA World Cup players,Catalan footballers,Catalonia international footballers,UE Lleida players,La Liga players,2007 deaths,People from Vallès Oriental,FC Barcelona players,CD Condal players,Spain international footballers,CE Europa footballers,Association football midfielders

paragraph: Mariano Gonzalvo

paragraph: Mariano Gonzalvo Falcón (March 22, 1922 – April 7, 2007), also referred to as Gonzalvo III or – especially as of late – by the Catalan rendition of his given name, Marià Gonzalvo, was a Spanish footballer who spent most of his career at FC Barcelona. Gonzalvo was regarded as one of the most talented midfielders in La Liga during the 1940s and early 1950s. On December 7, 1962, Barcelona played a testimonial game against C.A. Peñarol in his honour. He also played for both Spain and the Catalan XI. His two older brothers were also notable footballers. Juli Gonzalvo, known as "Gonzalvo I" played for RCD Espanyol while José Gonzalvo, known as "Gonzalvo II", also played for CF Barcelona and Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Club career.

paragraph: Born in Mollet del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Gonzalvo began his career a youth with his local team in Mollet, before joining CE Europa. He then signed for FC Barcelona but initially was unable to establish himself in the first team. He spent the 1941–42 season at Real Zaragoza, playing alongside his brother Juli, and helped them gain promotion to La Liga after they finished as runners-up in the Segunda División. He returned to FC Barcelona and made his Primera División debut on December 13, 1942 in a 4–2 away defeat against Sevilla FC. Over the next thirteen seasons he was a prominent member of a very successful Barcelona team, playing 331 games and scoring 56 goals in all competitions.

paragraph: Together with a team that included, among others Antoni Ramallets, Velasco, Josep Escolà, Joan Segarra, Estanislao Basora, César, Ladislao Kubala and his brother, José, he helped Barcelona win five La Liga titles and the Copa del Generalísimo three times in a row. In the 1951 Copa final he scored the third goal in 3–0 win over Real Sociedad. Gonzalvo finished his career playing one season each at UE Lleida and CD Condal. The latter team were originally the reserve team of FC Barcelona but became a separate club during the 1950s. After winning promotion from the Segunda División, they briefly played in La Liga and were joined by the veteran Gonzalvo.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:International career.

paragraph: Between 1946 and 1954 Gonzalvo also played 16 times for Spain. He made his debut for Spain in a 1–0 defeat against Ireland on June 23, 1946 and went on to represent them at the 1950 World Cup. Between 1947 and 1955 he also played three times for the Catalan XI. His first game was a 3–1 win against Spain on October 10, 1947. On January 26, 1955 he played alongside Ladislao Kubala, Estanislao Basora and guest player Alfredo Di Stéfano in a game against Bologna at "Les Corts".

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: FC Barcelona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish Champions (5): 1945, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa del Generalísimo (3): 1951, 1952, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa Latina: 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa de Oro Argentina/Copa Eva Duarte (4): 1945, 1949, 1952, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa Martini Rossi (2): 1952, 1953

paragraph: Real Zaragoza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Segunda División runners-up: 1942

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spain stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio at www.fcbarcelonaonline.com

description: Spanish footballer

wikidata_label: Mariano Gonzalvo

wikipedia_title: Mariano Gonzalvo


text: Italian

text: Todi

text: Faenza

text: Faenza

text: Gregory XIII

text: Sixtus V

text: Lateran Palace

text: Scala Santa

text: San Giovanni in Laterano

text: Todi

text: Todi Cathedral

text: Andrea Polinori

text: cathedral

text: Granarolo

text: Mannerism

text: Baroque

text: Rudolf II

text: Federico Barocci

text: Francesco Vanni

text: Andrea Lilio

categories: 1645 deaths,Italian male painters,17th-century Italian painters,16th-century Italian painters,1562 births,People from the Province of Ravenna

paragraph: Ferraù Fenzoni

paragraph: Ferraù Fenzoni (1562 – 11 April 1645) was an Italian painter mainly active in Todi working in a style situated between Mannerism and Baroque. He is also called "Il Faenzone" after his birthplace (Faenza).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ferraù Fenzoni was born in (Faenza) and arrived in Rome as a young man in the early 1580s. He was apprenticed in Rome during the papacy of Gregory XIII and worked on numerous fresco cycles under pope Sixtus V, such as the Loggia della Benedizioni in the Lateran Palace, the frescoes on the walls and vaults of the Scala Santa of the adjacent Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, and the decoration in the Sistine library.

paragraph: In 1594, he moved to Todi. A "Last Judgement" from him is housed in Todi Cathedral. The neighboring Bishop's palace has frescoes by Andrea Polinori and Fenzoni.

paragraph: He returned to Faenza in 1599, where he decorated chapels in the cathedral from 1612 to 1616. In 1622, he completed a "Deposition", now in the local Pinacoteca. In 1640, Fenzoni was named "cavaliere dello speron d’oro" by Cardinal Colonna and, on 25 April 1634, was nominated vicar and "castellano" of Granarolo.

paragraph: His expressive canvases straddle the styles of Mannerism and Baroque. As his style was clearly influenced by the artists working for the court of Rudolf II in Prague he has been called a Mannerist. His chromatic range, use of light, and iridescent tones, however, place him within the tradition of Federico Barocci. Fenzoni's work further has affinities with the work of Francesco Vanni and Andrea Lilio, two artists with whom he exchanged drawings.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristo, la Vergine, i Santi Giovanni Battista e Lucia e le anime del Purgatorio

alias:
Ferrau da Faenza
Ferrau da Faenza Faenzoni
Ferrau Fenzoni
Ferrau da Faenza Fanzoni
Ferrau da Faenza Fenzoni
Ferrau Faenzoni
Ferrau Fanzoni
Ferraù da Faenza
gen. Fenzoni Ferrau da Faenza
Serraù da Faenza
feraù finzone
Ferraù

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Ferraù Fenzoni

wikipedia_title: Ferraù Fenzoni


text:
Viscount
Edo period
daimyō
Fuchū domain
Hitachi Province
shishaku
Fuchu-han genealogy

categories: Daimyo,Meiji Restoration,Mitorenshi-Matsudaira clan,1848 births,Kazoku,1887 deaths

paragraph: Matsudaira Yorifumi

paragraph: Viscount ; was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period who served as "daimyō" of the Fuchū domain in Hitachi Province. Succeeding his father in 1869, he became the last daimyō of Fuchū. It was during his tenure that the domain's name was changed to Ishioka-han (石岡藩). In 1884, he became a viscount (子爵 "shishaku").

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuchu-han genealogy

description: daimyo of the early Meiji period; 10th lord of Hitachi-Fuchu or Ishioka

wikidata_label: Matsudaira Yorifumi

wikipedia_title: Matsudaira Yorifumi


text:
Jupiter One
of Montreal
151a
Joyful Noise Recordings
Seattle, Washington
Old Dominion University
Naha
Okinawa Prefecture
Matthew Fontaine Maury High School
Berklee College of Music
Regina Spektor
Sondre Lerche
of Montreal
electronic rock
Jupiter One
Sondre Lerche
Alexi Murdoch
Joyful Noise Recordings
NPR
All Songs Considered
Bob Boilen
Microsoft
Windows 8
Sony
Smart
SXSW
Austin City Limits
The Last Bison
Hampton Roads
Jittery Joe's
151a
Joyful Noise
Lighght
"Billboard" 200
Talking Heads
ELO
Beirut
Kevin Barnes
iTunes
Bandcamp
violin
looping
beat boxing
Andrew Bird
Owen Pallett
Joyful Noise Recordings
Kickstarter
一期一会
Lighght
Aram Saroyan
Chris Taylor
Grizzly Bear
Official Website
interview and solo performance
Podcast

categories: Musicians from Athens, Georgia,American rock violinists,Musicians from Seattle,Of Montreal members,1975 births,Joyful Noise Recordings artists,Musicians from Norfolk, Virginia,American musicians of Japanese descent,American alternative rock musicians,Living people,American male violinists

paragraph: Kishi Bashi

paragraph: Kaoru Ishibashi (born November 4, 1975), who performs as Kishi Bashi, is an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, and songwriter. He is a founding member of Jupiter One, and, for a few years, was a member of the band of Montreal. He embarked on his career as a solo artist in 2011, releasing his debut album 151a at Joyful Noise Recordings in 2012 to immediate fanfare and critical acclaim.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Seattle, Washington, Ishibashi grew up in Norfolk, Virginia where both of his parents were professors at Old Dominion University. His mother is from Naha, Okinawa Prefecture. After graduating from Matthew Fontaine Maury High School in 1994, he went to Cornell's School of Engineering. At Cornell he co-founded a band named Tamarisk. After flunking out of Cornell, he went to study film scoring at Berklee College of Music before becoming a renowned violinist. Ishibashi has recorded and toured internationally as a violinist with diverse artists such as Regina Spektor, Sondre Lerche, and most recently, the Athens, Georgia-based indie rock band, of Montreal. He remains based in Athens.

paragraph: Kishi Bashi is also the singer and founding member of the New York electronic rock outfit, Jupiter One. In 2011, he started to record and perform as a solo artist, opening for Sondre Lerche, Alexi Murdoch, and of Montreal. He supported of Montreal on their spring 2012 tour.

paragraph: Shortly after Ishibashi debuted his full-length solo album "151a" on Indianapolis label Joyful Noise Recordings, NPR All Songs Considered host Bob Boilen listed Kishi Bashi as his favorite new artist of 2012 noting that he created "a radiant, uplifting soundscape" with songs such as "Bright Whites." In the same year, Microsoft licensed "Bright Whites" for use in a commercial for Windows 8. Around the same time, Sony used Kishi Bashi's song "It All Began With A Burst" from the same album for a commercial introducing their Xperia Tablet S. In addition to these placements, Smart licensed "Chester's Burst Over The Hamptons" for their line of smart cars in the United States.

paragraph: Kishi Bashi has since been invited to play in major festivals such as SXSW and Austin City Limits and gone on an extensive US tour with supporting acts such as The Last Bison (from his native Hampton Roads, Virginia). In early 2013, Kishi Bashi held a North American tour across the United States and Canada, continuing in EU and UK in spring 2013.

paragraph: In 2014 Kishi Bashi released his own line of coffee through Jittery Joe's called Royal Daark Blend. Each purchase comes with an exclusive song download.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "151a" – Joyful Noise

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lighght" – Joyful Noise #52 "Billboard" 200

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonderlust" – Joyful Noise #153 "Billboard" 200

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Omoiyari" – Joyful Noise

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Extended plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Room for Dream EP" – Aerobic International / Joyful Noise

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philosophize! Chemicalize! EP" – Joyful Noise

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Room for Dream EP" – Joyful Noise

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Live albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live on Valentine's" – Joyful Noise

paragraph: BULLET::::- "String Quartet Live!" – Joyful Noise

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "7" Box Set" (including covers of the Talking Heads, ELO, and Beirut) – Joyful Noise

paragraph: Section::::Projects.

paragraph: Kishi Bashi's first EP, "Room For Dream", came out in May 2011 on Aerobic International. "Room For Dream" features four songs, including a duet with Kevin Barnes and can only be purchased from downloading platforms such as iTunes or Bandcamp.

paragraph: His live show is a solo performance based on live violin and vocal looping and beat boxing. He has often been compared to Andrew Bird and Owen Pallett.

paragraph: Kishi Bashi's first full-length record, "151a", was released by Joyful Noise Recordings on April 10, 2012 after receiving partial funding through Kickstarter. The title '151a' refers to the Japanese term 一期一会 (pronounced the same way '151a' is in Japanese), which carries a meaning similar to "once in a lifetime". The three b-sides from the "Room For Dream" EP ("Conversations at the End of the World," "Evalyn, Summer has Arrived," and "Unicorns Die When You Leave") are included on the Australian/NZ edition of '151a' as bonus tracks. The Australian/NZ edition also replaces "Intro / Pathos, Pathos" with an instrumental version of the same track.

paragraph: Kishi Bashi's second full-length album, "Lighght" (pronounced "light") was released on Joyful Noise Recordings on May 13, 2014. The album's title is a one-word poem by Aram Saroyan.

paragraph: His third studio album, "Sonderlust", was released on September 16, 2016 by Joyful Noise Recordings. It was produced by Chris Taylor of Grizzly Bear.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- interview and solo performance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Podcast featuring "Manchester" by Kishi Bashi

description: musician

wikidata_label: Kishi Bashi

wikipedia_title: Kishi Bashi


text: Limburg an der Lahn

text: Binningen, Switzerland

text: German

text: Indologist

text: Archaeological Survey of India

text: Gautama Buddha

text: Lumbini

text: Nepal

text: Limburg an der Lahn

text: University of Würzburg

text: Julius Jolly

text: Bombay

text: Mumbai

text: Anglicanism

text: Lucknow

text: Alfred Comyn Lyall

text: Archaeological Survey of India

text: North-Western Provinces and Oudh

text: Mathura

text: history of Jainism

text: Ashoka’s pillar

text: Charles Allen

text: Vincent Arthur Smith

text: Georg Bühler

text: Binningen, Switzerland

text: Catholic priest

text: Anglicanism

text: Epigraphia Indica

categories: 1853 births,German Roman Catholic priests,German Indologists,1930 deaths,German Buddhist scholars

paragraph: Alois Anton Führer

paragraph: Alois Anton Führer (26 November 1853, Limburg an der Lahn, Germany – 5 November 1930 Binningen, Switzerland) was a German Indologist who worked for the Archaeological Survey of India.

paragraph: He is known for his archaeological excavations, which he believed proved that Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbini, Nepal.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alois Anton Führer was born on 26 November 1853 in Limburg an der Lahn, Germany into a German Catholic family. He studied Roman Catholic theology and Oriental studies at the University of Würzburg, ordinated in 1878 and received his PhD in 1879. His Sanskrit lecturer, Julius Jolly, was associated with the Bombay School of Indology. Probably due to him, he was appointed as a teacher of Sanskrit at St Xavier’s Institute in Bombay (now Mumbai). He left the Catholic Church around 1884 and converted to Anglicanism which cost him his job; he returned to Germany where he applied for a new job in the museum in Lucknow.

paragraph: Section::::Appointment in India and archaeological activities.

paragraph: Führer came back to India in 1885 and on his arrival Alfred Comyn Lyall appointed him Curator of the Lucknow Provincial Museum. Führer started work in March and immediately set about improving the museum. Impressed by the changes, Lyall, the Chair of the Museum's Management Committee, wrote to Calcutta asking whether a part-time job for Führer could be found with the Archaeological Survey of India. He thus came to hold a double appointment, one as Curator at the museum and the other as Archaeological Surveyor to the North-Western Provinces. As his Progress Reports show, he was part of the N-W.P. and Oudh Circle of the Archaeological Survey.

paragraph: In 1896 he received permission from the government of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh and the Government of India to carry out an expedition to Nepal. Führer carried out very successful excavations at Mathura between 1889 and 1891 which improved understanding of the history of Jainism and gained him reputation. Accompanied by the local Nepalese governor, General Khadga Shamsher, Führer discovered Ashoka’s pillar, an inscription on which, together with other evidence, confirmed Lumbini as the birthplace of the Buddha. This discovery was disputed in a 2008 book by British writer Charles Allen.

paragraph: Section::::Dismissal from government service in India.

paragraph: Führer's archaeological career ended in disgrace. Under official instructions from the Government of India, Führer was relieved of his positions, his papers seized and his offices inspected by Vincent Arthur Smith on 22 September 1898. Confronted by Smith about his archaeological publications and his report to the Government, Führer was obliged to admit "that every statement in it [the report] was absolutely false." These activities were presaged by Führer's publications on Sanskrit texts and law which, as shown by Andrew Huxley, are effectively works of plagiarism, large portions being copied from the writing of Georg Bühler.

paragraph: He died on 5 November 1930 in Binningen, Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Religious life.

paragraph: Führer had an unusual religious career. He served as a Catholic priest, but in 1887 converted to Anglicanism. Following his expulsion from government service in India, Führer made plans to become a Buddhist monk. Quoting the "Ceylon Standard", the "Journal of the Mahabodhi Society" noted: "Much interest has been excited in Buddhist and other circles at the prospect of Dr Führer coming to Ceylon to join the Buddhist priesthood. The Press notices recently made regarding this gentleman have given rise to grave suspicion. We understand that Dr Führer will have an opportunity given him of refuting the charges made against him before he is accepted by the leading Buddhists here as an exponent of the religion of Buddha." These plans seem to have come to nothing because in 1901 Führer re-converted to the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Führer, Alois Anton (1896). List of Christian tombs and monuments of archaeological or historical interest and their inscriptions in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Allahabad: Government Press, N.-W.P. and Oudh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Führer, Alois Anton, ed. (1909). Śrīharṣacaritamahākāvyam - Bāṇabhaṭṭa's biography of King Harshavardhana of Sthāṇīśvara with Śaṅkara's commentary, Saṅketa, text and commentary with critical notes. Bombay: Government Central Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Führer, Alois Anton; Hultzsch, E; Burgess, James (1892-1894). Epigraphia Indica : a collection of inscriptions supplementary to the Corpus inscriptionum Indicarum, Calcutta: Government printing

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lüders, H. (Jan. 1912 ). On Some Brahmi Inscriptions in the Lucknow Provincial Museum, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 153–179

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phelps, T.A. 'Lumbini On Trial: The Untold Story' (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phelps, T.A. 'The Piprahwa Deceptions': Setups and Showdown'.

description: German Indologist and Catholic priest

wikidata_label: Alois Anton Führer

wikipedia_title: Alois Anton Führer


text:
graffiti
San Francisco Police Department
broken windows theory
Gavin Newsom
Peter F. Vallone Jr.
Mother
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
Eleventh Avenue
B.N.E. Is Everywhere

categories: Living people,American graffiti artists,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: BNE (artist)

paragraph: BNE is a graffiti artist most known for stickers that read "BNE" or "BNE was here". He has left his mark in countries throughout the world, including the United States, Canada, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America. His identity is unknown by the public.

paragraph: In May 2006, the San Francisco Police Department noted BNE's stickers appearing on parking meters, traffic signs, and other public property fixtures across the city. As a result of the broken windows theory, Gavin Newsom, the mayor of San Francisco, offered a $2,500 reward for information leading to BNE's arrest. Peter F. Vallone Jr., chairman of the New York City Council Public Safety Committee, has called him "an unrepentant criminal who has cost honest taxpayers a lot of money".

paragraph: In 2009, the advertising agency Mother in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, commissioned the artist to create a mural near their agency at 44th Street and Eleventh Avenue as part of an exhibition of the artist's work.

paragraph: In 2013 and 2014 BNE was involved in several fundraising campaigns for .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- B.N.E. Is Everywhere, "The New York Times", December 9, 2009

wikipedia_title: BNE (artist)


text:
flying ace
Berlin-Charlottenburg
German Empire
Etrich Taube
Johannisthal Air Field
test pilot
fighter squadron
Jagdstaffel 17
Jagdstaffel 9
Jagdstaffel 31
Bristol F.2b Fighter
48 Squadron
70 Squadron
Sopwith Camel
Linselles
Caproni
Jagdstaffel 73
observation balloon
Iron Cross
Nürnberg
Franks, Norman

categories: 1981 deaths,1894 births,People from Charlottenburg

paragraph: Fritz Jacobsen

paragraph: Vizefeldwebel Fritz John Jacobsen was a World War I flying ace credited with eight confirmed and two unconfirmed aerial victories.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fritz John Jacobsen was born on 21 May 1896 in Berlin-Charlottenburg, the German Empire. He became interested in aviation in 1909, while he was in his early teens. By 1914, he was piloting Etrich Taube aircraft at Johannisthal Air Field near Berlin. He qualified as a test pilot and instructor before joining "der Fliegertruppen" (the flying troops) for his World War I military service. Once inducted, he was the Chief Pilot of "Armee Flugpark" (Army Flight Park) II in early 1915 despite his youth. In May 1915, he was posted to "Flieger-Abteilung" (Flier Detachment) I.

paragraph: On 11 November 1916, he joined a fighter squadron, "Jagdstaffel 17". The following month, he served a brief spell with "Jagdstaffel 9" before transferring yet again on 15 December 1916, this time to "Jagdstaffel 31". Jacobsen scored his first aerial victory with them, downing a Bristol F.2b Fighter from 48 Squadron at 1050 hours 6 July 1917 over Sailly. Jacobsen would score a second aerial victory against a 70 Squadron Sopwith Camel over Linselles at 0752 hours on 19 August 1917. He also had a claim in for 28 September, which went unconfirmed; he had been shot down at the end of that fray. In October 1917, "Jasta 31" and Jacobsen transferred from France to Italy. On 26 October 1917, Jacobsen was again shot down after a combat resulting in his unconfirmed claim of an Italian Caproni bomber.

paragraph: "Jasta 31" returned to France in February 1918, and Jacobsen went with them, but on 5 March he transferred to "Jagdstaffel 73". Between 30 May and 4 September 1918, he shot down five more opposing airplanes and an observation balloon. He was awarded both the Second and First Classes of the Iron Cross. Jacobsen survived the war.

paragraph: Fritz John Jacobsen died in Nürnberg, Germany on 3 August 1981.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell. "Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918". Grub Street, 1993. , .

description: World War I flying ace

wikidata_label: Fritz Jacobsen

wikipedia_title: Fritz Jacobsen


text:
Offizierstellvertreter
IC
flying ace
Feldflieger Abteilung
Royal Aircraft Factory FE.2
No. 20 Squadron RFC
Lomme
Jagdstaffel 39
Vizefeldwebel
Battle of Caporetto
Savoia Pomilio
Western Front
Jagdstaffel 74
Offizierstellvertreter
Fokker D.VII
fuselage
Dorand AR2
Beaumont-sur-Vesle
Caudron R.11
Breguet 14
Iron Cross
Franks, Norman

categories: German World War I flying aces,German military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Wilhelm Hippert

paragraph: "Offizierstellvertreter" Wilhelm Hippert IC was a World War I flying ace credited with eight confirmed aerial victories.

paragraph: Section::::World War I aerial service.

paragraph: Wilhelm "Willi" Hippert was originally assigned as a two-seater aircraft pilot with "Feldflieger Abteilung" (Field Flier Detachment) 227. He and his observer were credited with an aerial victory on 17 March 1917, when they shot down a Royal Aircraft Factory FE.2d from No. 20 Squadron RFC over Lomme.

paragraph: Hippert was transferred to a fighter squadron, "Jagdstaffel 39" later in 1917 as a "Vizefeldwebel", and thus ended up flying combat over the Battle of Caporetto in northern Italy. On 2 October 1917, he scored his second aerial victory, downing an Italian Savoia Pomilio at 1510 hours. After additional victories on 25 October and 30 November, he became an ace on 8 December 1917. He would tally one more victory with "Jasta 39", on 11 January 1918.

paragraph: On 5 March 1918, Hippert was transferred back to the Western Front. He joined a night fighter squadron, "Jagdstaffel 74". In mid 1918, he was promoted to "Offizierstellvertreter". By this time, Hippert was flying a Fokker D.VII with a black and white checkerboard pattern on the fuselage, a blue nose, and the name "Mimmi" emblazoned on the top wing. On 7 June 1918, he shot down a Dorand AR2 over Beaumont-sur-Vesle for his seventh victory. On 22 August, he claimed two French bombers, a Caudron R.11 and a Breguet 14, though he was only credited with the former.

paragraph: At some point during the war, Wilhelm Hippert won the Iron Cross.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: German flying ace

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Hippert

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Hippert


text: flying ace

text: eight aerial victories

text: Clonbur

text: County Galway

text: Portora Royal School

text: Enniskillen

text: Hongkong and Shanghai Bank

text: Hong Kong

text: Royal Flying Corps

text: Sainte-Marie-Cappel

text: Albatros D.V

text: Kortemark

text: Zonnebeke

text: LVG

text: Fampoux

text: John Griffith

text: Military Cross

text: flight commander

text: RAF Freiston

categories: Royal Air Force personnel of World War I,1885 births,Irish World War I flying aces,People educated at Portora Royal School,Royal Flying Corps officers,1953 deaths,People from County Galway

paragraph: Herbert George Hegarty

paragraph: Captain Herbert George Hegarty (31 October 1885 – 1953) was an Irish World War I flying ace credited with eight aerial victories.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Hegarty was born in Clonbur, County Galway, and was educated at Portora Royal School, Enniskillen. He then gained a position at the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, based in Hong Kong. He also served as a second lieutenant in the Hong Kong Artillery and Rifle Volunteer Corps from October 1911.

paragraph: Section::::World War I.

paragraph: In 1917 Hegarty travelled from Hong Kong to England via North America. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant (on probation) to serve in the Royal Flying Corps on 8 June, and was posted to No. 5 and No. 28 Training Squadrons between July and September, being confirmed in his rank on 8 September.

paragraph: In November 1917 Hegarty was posted to No. 60 Squadron RFC based at Sainte-Marie-Cappel, France, to fly a S.E.5a single-seat fighter. He gained his first aerial victory on 28 January 1918, driving down out of control an Albatros D.V fighter over Kortemark. On 4 February he shared in the shooting down in flames of another D.V over Zonnebeke, and destroyed two more on 18 and 30 March. On 14 May he destroyed an Albatros two-seater to gain his fifth victory and ace status. Early on 16 May 1918 he shared in the destruction of an LVG two-seater over Fampoux with American ace Lieutenant John Griffith, and later that day was recommended for the Military Cross, which cited his six confirmed victories and mentions several other unconfirmed ones. His award was gazetted on 13 September, the citation reading:

paragraph: Hegarty was appointed a flight commander with the temporary rank of captain on 13 June, and gained two more aerial victories on 30 June and 1 July. He was posted to the Home Establishment on 15 July 1918 to serve as an instructor at the No. 4 Fighting School at RAF Freiston, Lincolnshire. Hegarty was transferred to the RAF's unemployed list on 6 February 1919.

description: Irish flying ace

wikidata_label: Herbert Hegarty

wikipedia_title: Herbert George Hegarty


text: Atropatene

text: Artavasdes II of Armenia

text: Artaxias II

text: Ptolemaic Greek Queen

text: Cleopatra

text: Roman Triumvir

text: Mark Antony

text: Median

text: Armenian

text: Greek

text: Ariobarzanes I

text: Darius I

text: Artabazanes

text: Asha

text: Mithridates I of Media Atropatene

text: Artaxiad Dynasty

text: Tigranes the Great

text: Cleopatra of Pontus

text: Mark Antony

text: Parthian Empire

text: Phraates IV of Parthia

text: Zeugma

text: Armenia

text: Artavasdes II of Armenia

text: Armenia

text: Phraates IV

text: Alexander Helios

text: Iotapa

text: Araxes

text: Octavian

text: standard

text: Iotapa

text: Battle of Actium

text: Phraates IV

text: Augustus

text: Iotapa

text: Client King

text: Lesser Armenia

text: Asinnalus

text: Antiochus I Theos of Commagene

text: Isias Philostorgos

text: Athenais

text: Iotapa

text: Alexander Helios

text: Mithridates III of Commagene

text: Ariobarzanes II

text: Darius II

text: unnamed Parthian Arsacid Princess

text: Artabanus III

text: Vonones II

text: Rome

text: Ariobarzanes II

text: Res Gestae Divi Augusti

text: Res Gestae Divi Augusti

text: Ptolemaic Genealogy: Tryphaena

text: Ptolemaic Genealogy: Alexander Helios

text: Encyclopaedia Iranica - Artavasdes

text: Coinage of Artavasdes I

text: Coinage of Artavasdes I and Athenais

text: Coinage of Artavasdes I and Athenais

categories: Roman client kings of Armenia,Rulers of Media Atropatene,20 BC deaths,59 BC births,Foreign relations of ancient Rome

paragraph: Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene

paragraph: Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, also known as Artavasdes I of Atropatene, Artavasdes I and Artavasdes (before or about 59 BC-about 20 BC) was a Prince who served as a King of Media Atropatene. Artavasdes I was an enemy of King Artavasdes II of Armenia and his son Artaxias II. He was a contemporary with the Ptolemaic Greek Queen Cleopatra VII and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony, as Artavasdes I was mentioned in their diplomatic affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Family background and early life.

paragraph: Artavasdes I was of Median and possibly of Armenian, Greek descent. He was the child born to Ariobarzanes I by an unnamed wife. His probable paternal uncle could have been Darius I. He was born and raised in the Kingdom of Media Atropatene. Artavasdes I is the namesake of his ancestor, Artabazanes a previous ruling King of Media Atropatene in the 3rd century BC, as the name "Artavasdes" is a variation of the name "Artabazanes" (see Asha).

paragraph: According to modern genealogies the father of Artavasdes I, Ariobarzanes I was a son of a previous ruling King Mithridates I of Media Atropatene and his wife, an unnamed Armenian Princess from the Artaxiad Dynasty who was a daughter of the Armenian King Tigranes the Great and his wife, Cleopatra of Pontus, which can explain the claims of Mithridates I's descendants to the Armenian Kingship in opposition to the lasting ruling monarchs of the Artaxiad Dynasty. Another possibility in linking Artavasdes I to the marriage of Mithridates I and his wife is through his name. The name "Artavasdes" bears as a typical Armenian royal name and therefore, in all likelihood, Artavasdes I is a descendant of this marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as King.

paragraph: Artavasdes I succeeded his father as King, when Ariobarzanes I died in 56 BC. When Mark Antony led his campaign against the Parthian Empire in 36 BC, Artavasdes I was an ally of the King Phraates IV of Parthia. Antony led his troops from Zeugma northward into Armenia and then invaded the domain of Artavasdes I. Antony did not want to attack Parthia from the west, which was the shortest way, but surprisingly from the north. Antony allegedly used this strategy on the advice of Artavasdes II of Armenia, the enemy of Artavasdes I. Antony moved with his army in fast marches to Phraaspa, the strong fortified capital of Media Atropatene, where Artavasdes I had got his family to safety. Meantime Artavasdes I had joined the army of Phraates IV.

paragraph: Antony was not able to take Phraaspa and besieged the city, but Artavasdes I and the Parthian commander Monaeses destroyed two legions of Antony's general, Oppius Statianus, who had slowly followed with the siege machines of the Antony's troops. Antony could not capture Phraaspa without these machines. Therefore, he had to withdraw to Armenia and Parthia was not invaded.

paragraph: So Artavasdes I had maintained his ground against the Romans but his domain had been severely ravaged. Besides his stronger ally Phraates IV treated him condescending and gave him only little booty and was near depriving him of his dominion. Therefore, in 35 BC Artavasdes I offered Antony an alliance against Parthia, and Antony gladly accepted. To deepen this friendship Alexander Helios, the son of Antony and Cleopatra VII, was betrothed to Artavasdes I's daughter Iotapa, although both were infants in 34 BC.

paragraph: In 33 BC Antony met his coalition partner on the river Araxes; they agreed that Antony should support Artavasdes I against Parthia and that the Median King should help Antony against Octavian. They interchanged parts of their troops. The domain of Artavasdes I was enlarged with parts of Armenia. Antony had returned a standard that the Median king had taken from Oppius Statianus in 36 BC, and also took Iotapa along with him. With the help of the Roman reinforcements Artavasdes I was initially able to repulse the Parthian attack. Before the Battle of Actium, Antony called back his Roman troops without sending back the Median reinforcements. This time Phraates IV defeated Artavasdes I who was captured in 30 BC.

paragraph: During Artavasdes' imprisonment, a civil war between the Parthians later took place, which gave him the opportunity to escape prison. He took refuge with Augustus, who received him with friendliness, gave him back his daughter Iotapa and made him a Client King of Lesser Armenia. He died around 20 BC probably in Rome. Artavasdes I was succeeded in the Kingship of Media Atropatene by Asinnalus.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Artavasdes I was a son-in-law of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene and his wife, Isias Philostorgos, as he married one of their daughters Athenais, a Princess from Commagene who was of Armenian and Greek descent. Perhaps, Artavasdes I and Athenais may have been distantly related.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter, Iotapa who was engaged to the Ptolemaic Greek Prince Alexander Helios who later married her maternal cousin, Mithridates III of Commagene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son, Ariobarzanes II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son, Darius II. He married an unnamed Parthian Arsacid Princess, by whom they had two sons: the Parthian Kings Artabanus III and Vonones II.

paragraph: Section::::Inscription Evidence.

paragraph: In Rome, two Epitaph inscriptions have been found bearing the name of an Artavasdes. The Epitaphs are probably of the son and the grandson of a Median Atropatenian King called "Ariobarzanes". However it is uncertain, if the "Ariobarzanes" refers to Ariobarzanes I or his grandson Ariobarzanes II. Artavasdes I is mentioned in paragraphs 27 and 33 of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 1st century

paragraph: BULLET::::- U. Wilcken, Artavasdes 2. article in Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. II 1 col. 1309-1311, 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Toumanoff, Manual genealogy and chronology for the Christian Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Albania), p. 84 ED. Aquila, Rome, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Baldwin, Comments on "Iberian route" DFA line, web, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Werner, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in Hellenistic times), Munich, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- P.M. Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14) (Google eBook), Oxford University Press, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contents from , and Wikipedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemaic Genealogy: Tryphaena

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemaic Genealogy: Affiliated Lines, Descendant Lines

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemaic Genealogy: Alexander Helios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopaedia Iranica - Artavasdes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Settipani on Baldwin on the Commagenian DFA Link Part 2 of 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azerbaijan iii. Pre-Islamic History, Atropates, Persian satrap of Media, made himself independent in 321 B.C. Thereafter Greek and Latin writers named the territory as Media Atropatene or, less frequently, Media Minor: Parthian period

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Artavasdes I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Artavasdes I and Athenais

wikidata_label: Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene

wikipedia_title: Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene


text:
telegraphy
George Phelps
George Phelps
George Phelps

categories: 1820 births,1888 deaths,American engineers,19th-century American inventors

paragraph: George May Phelps

paragraph: George May Phelps (March 19, 1820 – May 18, 1888) was a 19th-century American inventor of automated telegraphy equipment. He is credited with synthesizing the designs of several existing printers into his line of devices which became the dominant apparatus for automated reception and transmission of telegraph messages.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Phelps at Telegraph-History

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Phelps at The Telegraph Office

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Phelps in "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography"

description: American inventor of automated telegraphy devices.

wikidata_label: George May Phelps

wikipedia_title: George May Phelps


text:
Whig
Berkeley Paget
Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge
Hon. William Bucknall
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey
Sir Arthur Paget
Sir Edward Paget
Sir Charles Paget
Coldstream Guards
Beaumaris
Lord George Paget
Charles Grenfell

categories: Paget family,UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1835–1837,1866 deaths,UK MPs 1837–1841,Whig (British political party) MPs for Welsh constituencies,Coldstream Guards officers,1807 births,UK MPs 1841–1847

paragraph: Frederick Paget

paragraph: Colonel Frederick Paget (9 March 1807 – 4 January 1866) was a British soldier and Whig politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Paget was the son of the Honourable Berkeley Paget, sixth son of Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge. His mother was Sophia, daughter of the Hon. William Bucknall. He was the nephew of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, Sir Arthur Paget, Sir Edward Paget and Sir Charles Paget.

paragraph: Section::::Military and political career.

paragraph: Paget served in the Coldstream Guards and achieved the rank of Captain. In 1832 he was returned to parliament for Beaumaris, a seat he held until 1847 when he was succeeded by his cousin Lord George Paget.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Paget married Maria Georgiana, daughter of Charles Grenfell, in 1856. He died in January 1866, aged 58. His wife survived him by over 30 years and died in September 1900.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Frederick Paget

wikipedia_title: Frederick Paget


text:
Abstract Illusionism
Los Angeles, California
University of Southern California
Yale University
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Frederick R. Weisman Art Foundation
Butler Institute of American Art
Albany Museum of Art
University of Arizona
Erie Art Museum
Smithsonian Institution
Wharton School of Business
Jewish Museum
Bryant University
Dr. Leda Cempellin
Edward Lucie-Smith
Peter Frank (art critic)
Jane K. Bledsoe
Atkins, Robert

categories: 1945 births,20th-century American painters,American male painters,Living people

paragraph: Michael B. Gallagher

paragraph: Michael B. Gallagher (born 1945) is an American painter whose work is associated with Abstract Illusionism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born and raised in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: In 1964-68 he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Southern California.

paragraph: In 1967 he was a Yale-Norfolk Summer School Grantee.

paragraph: In 1970 he received a Master of Fine Arts from Yale University.

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: Museums:

paragraph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY

paragraph: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY

paragraph: Frederick R. Weisman Art Foundation, Beverly Hills, CA

paragraph: Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio

paragraph: Albany Museum of Art, Georgia

paragraph: University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, AZ), Tucson, AZ

paragraph: Erie Art Museum, Erie, PA

paragraph: Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Wharton School of Business, Philadelphia, PA

paragraph: Jewish Museum, New York, NY

paragraph: Bryant University, Smithfield, RI

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: 2008-9 “Art & Illusion,”Susquehanna Art Museum, Harrisburg, PA

paragraph: 2008 “Reflections from the Artist's Eye,”Frederick Weisman Museum of Art, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA

paragraph: 2008 “Inaugural exhibit at Roseville's Blue Line,” Blue Line Gallery, Roseville, CA

paragraph: 2006 “Art and Illusion: Selections from the Frederick R. Weisman Art Foundation,” Bakersfield Museum of Art, Bakersfield, CA

paragraph: 2005 “Made in California,”Frederick Weisman Museum of Art, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA

paragraph: 2004 “Sketchbook 88,” Jean-Michel Basquiat, Georges Braque, Marc Chagall, Dale Chihuly, Richard Diebenkorn, Ronald Davis, Richard Estes, Sam Francis, Helen Frankenthaler, Michael Gallagher, Keith Haring, Michael Heizer, David Hockney, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Mark Kostabi, Alex Katz, Roy Lichtenstein, Mel Ramos, Robert Motherwell, Helmut Newton, Kenneth Noland, Pablo Picasso, Gerhard Richter, Susan Rothenberg, Todd Rundgren, Thomas Ruff, Larry Rivers, James Rosenquist, Julian Schnabel, Frank Stella, Donald Sultan, David Salle, Cy Twombly, Rufino Tamayo, William Wegman, Andy Warhol,” Galerie Sho Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan

paragraph: 1999 Louis K. Meisel Gallery, New York, NY

paragraph: 1995 Louis K. Meisel Gallery, New York, NY

paragraph: Section::::Additional sources.

paragraph: Thorpe, Carole, Westways: May June, 2008, "Art that Moves You".

paragraph: Belnapp, Susan, OC Metro Business: April, 2008, "The Art of Mike Gallagher".

paragraph: Dalkey, Victoria, The Sacramento Bee: February 29, 2008, “Big space, big show Inaugural exhibit at Roseville's Blue Line suggests a bright future”.

paragraph: Wylder, Greer, Greer's OC: November 21, 2007, "Art that Moves You".

paragraph: Montgomery, Tiffany, Shop-Eat-Surf.com: ,November 14, 2007, "Surfing as Art,a Talk with Michael Gallagher".

paragraph: Dr. Leda Cempellin. "Abstract Illusionism: A Perspective," Hawaii International Conference on Arts and Humanities Honolulu: January 12–15, 2007, South Dakota State University.

paragraph: Edward Lucie-Smith.“American Art Now”: 1986, William Morrow and Company, Inc.

paragraph: Peter Frank (art critic). "Abstract inflected by Illusion: a Recent History, in Breaking the Plane: Stuart M. Speiser Collection" (New York: Louis K. Meisel Gallery), 1984.

paragraph: Jane K. Bledsoe. "Centric 9 – Trompe L’Oeil Abstraction', The University Art Museum,California State University, Long Beach, October 11-30th,1983.

paragraph: Atkins, Robert. Architectural Digest: 1983, April, “Art to Intrigue the Eye”.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.mgallagher.com/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20100314052932/http://www.metaboardz.com/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20100828111440/http://www.oceanfineart.com/

description: American artist, born 1945

wikidata_label: Michael B. Gallagher

wikipedia_title: Michael B. Gallagher


text:
Saint
Italian
Roman Catholic
professed religious
Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Genoa
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Pius XI
Venerable
Pope John XXIII
Saint Peter's Basilica
Camporosso
baptism
First Communion
Corpus Christi
Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Voltri
novitiate
convent
Saint Barnabas
Genoa
Eucharist
cholera
Pope Leo XIII
Servant of God
Pope Pius XI
heroic virtue
Venerable
Pope John XXIII
Hagiography Circle

categories: 19th-century Roman Catholics,Italian Roman Catholic saints,Canonized Roman Catholic religious brothers,Italian Franciscans,19th-century Christian saints,1866 deaths,19th-century venerated Christians,19th-century Italian people,People from the Province of Imperia,Beatifications by Pope Pius XI,Capuchin saints,Canonizations by Pope John XXIII,1804 births

paragraph: Francesco Maria da Camporosso

paragraph: Saint Francesco Maria da Camporosso (27 December 1804 - 17 September 1866) - born Giovanni Croese - was an Italian Roman Catholic professed religious from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. Croese became a beggar in Genoa where he sought alms from people and was at first heckled and assaulted before his reputation for personal holiness spread which prompted people to come and see him.

paragraph: The cause for his sainthood commenced on 9 August 1896 under Pope Leo XIII while Pope Pius XI titled him as Venerable on 18 December 1922 and later beatified him on 30 June 1929. Pope John XXIII canonized him as a saint on 9 December 1962 inside Saint Peter's Basilica.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giovanni Croese was born on 27 December 1804 in Camporosso to Anselmo Croese and Maria Antonia Garza and he received his baptism on 29 December in his local parish church. In his childhood he helped his father with the farm work. He received his First Communion in 1816 on the feast of Corpus Christi.

paragraph: On 14 October 1822 he approached the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin as a postulant and in the fall of 1824 at Voltri assumed a new name for himself. In 1825 he entered the novitiate with the order at their convent of Saint Barnabas in the hills of Genoa. He entered it and said: "I came to the convent to be its beast of burden"; he commenced his novitiate period on 7 December 1825. Croese was vested in the habit on 17 December 1825. In 1826 - after the novitiate - he was sent to the convent of the Immaculate Conception close to the center of Genoa and to the port area. It was there in 1834 that he was appointed as the "quaestor" or alms collector for that area and he dedicated his life to collecting donations for the support of the friars and their charitable works; in 1840 he was made the friars' chief beggar who would also help look after the other friars that went out begging. But at the start of this venture he was often heckled and even assailed with stones for this and he would respond in picking up the stones thrown at him and kissing them as a sign of forgiveness. The friar often said that he was more blessed in giving than in receiving while providing help and comfort to all those in need through disseminating merciful love to all and examples of virtue amongst the workers and the poor people of the port. The friar spent countless hours kneeling in solemn reflection before the Eucharist.

paragraph: In an epidemic of cholera sometime in August 1866 he gave his help to the victims of the plague but soon contracted the disease himself and died not too long after. The Genoese people called him - and continue to call him - "Padre Santo" due to his holiness. His remains rest in a chapel at the Immaculate Conception convent since being transferred there in 1911.

paragraph: Section::::Sainthood.

paragraph: The sainthood process commenced under Pope Leo XIII on 9 August 1896 in which the late Franciscan friar was named as a Servant of God. Pope Pius XI confirmed that he had lived a life of heroic virtue on 18 December 1922 and so named him as Venerable while later approving two miracles attributed to his intercession and presiding over his beatification as a result on 30 June 1929. The confirmation of two more additional miracles allowed for Pope John XXIII to canonize the friar on 9 December 1962.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

description: Italian saint

wikidata_label: Francis Mary of Camporosso

wikipedia_title: Francesco Maria da Camporosso


text:
Brescia
conte
Pandino
Cremona
Gargnano
Tignale
Circuito del Garda
Rome Grand Prix
Bugatti Type 35
Bugatti Type 36
Ettore Bugatti
Bartolomeo Costantini
Franco Mazzotti
Mille Miglia
Brescia
Italian Grand Prix
Milano
Autodromo Nazionale Monza
Isotta Fraschini
Bindo Maserati
heart attack

categories: Counts of Italy,Italian racing drivers,People from Cremona,1903 births,Sportspeople from Brescia,Grand Prix drivers,Mille Miglia drivers

paragraph: Aymo Maggi

paragraph: Aymo Maggi (30 July 1903 – 23 October 1961) was an Italian racing car driver from Brescia. He was the "conte di Gradella" based in Pandino outside Cremona.

paragraph: Maggi started automobile racing in 1922 and had his first important victory in his hometown 1924 race between Gargnano-Tignale. He won Circuito del Garda in 1925 and 1926, as well as the Rome Grand Prix in 1926. Maggi drove in a Bugatti Type 35 and Bugatti Type 36

paragraph: alongside Ettore Bugatti and Bartolomeo Costantini.

paragraph: With Franco Mazzotti and two others, he was the organizer of the first Mille Miglia in 1927, as Brescia in 1921 had lost the role of hosting Italian Grand Prix to Milano and the Autodromo Nazionale Monza. In his own race, he got 6th place driving an Isotta Fraschini 8A SS in 1927 with Bindo Maserati.

paragraph: He survived his first heart attack in 1959, but died from his second in 1961.

description: Italian racecar driver

wikidata_label: Aymo Maggi

wikipedia_title: Aymo Maggi


text:
pseudonym
electronic music
Greece
ambient
dub
experimental
techno
sound design
Chain Reaction
Basic Channel
Athens
Greece
music technology
John Cage
Philip Glass
futurism
music concrete
Discogs
Resident Advisor
Last.fm
www.fluxionmusic.com

paragraph: Fluxion (electronic musician)

paragraph: "Fluxion is a pseudonym of Konstantinos Soublis"' (born 1973), a musician and producer of electronic music from Greece.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: K. Soublis music includes different genres of electronic music, ambient, dub, experimental, techno, with sound design.

paragraph: His music has a characteristic of slowly evolving parts and contemplating elements which form lengthy musical pieces.

paragraph: His sounds are heavily processed to a point where the origin of a sound has little to do with the end result.

paragraph: As Fluxion, he released Ep's, Lp's, and full-length albums, for labels such as, Chain Reaction (a subsidiary of Basic Channel), Resopal Schallware, Echocord.

paragraph: He created Vibrant Music in 1999, releasing his own music, but also from other artists.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Athens Greece, he studied music technology in the U.K. between 1993–96, where he came in touch with the processing

paragraph: of sounds and the music of John Cage, Philip Glass as well as futurism and music concrete.

paragraph: His first official recordings under the Fluxion moniker were a handful of wonderful downtempo experimental techno releases on the Chain Reaction label. Epic in scope, much of Fluxion's best Chain Reaction work was compiled on two Vibrant Forms albums (issued in 1999 and 2000, respectively). He later released a full-length in 2001 titled Spaces, a conceptual album based on the perception of acoustics of different environments and how they can be reproduced artificially. He later released a few Ep's on his own imprint Vibrant Music.

paragraph: He went silent for a few years but resurfaced with a somewhat bolder approach on 2009-2010 releases through Resopal (Constant Limber) and Echocord (Perfused). His collaboration with Echocord continued with the Traces and Broadwalk Tales albums, while Type reissued the first Vibrant Forms collection. Fluxion collaborated with Subwax BCN in 2016; the label reissued Vibrant Forms II and released the newly recorded Vibrant Forms III.

paragraph: His earlier work is considered classic in the electronic music scene.

paragraph: Section::::Music and Production techniques.

paragraph: On an interview in 2019, Konstantinos Soublis mentioned, " My early influences were Philip Glass, Steve Reich, Wim Mertens, and composers that used repetition. This led me to work on repetitive forms with heavy use of effects processed live to create a spontaneous story. In addition to sound palette and form, there were the frequencies that, when interacting with other frequencies, gives you the perception of tones and counter melodies that don’t exist as written context but rather happen as a result of all the elements interacting with each other. I always found this aural illusion fascinating."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Largo" (Chain Reaction, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibrant Forms" (Chain Reaction, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bipolar Defect" (Chain Reaction, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibrant Forms II" (Chain Reaction, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spaces" ( Vibrant Music, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Constant Limber" (Resopal Schallware, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perfused" (Echocord, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traces" (Echocord, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadwalk Tales" (Echocord, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibrant Forms III" (Subwax, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ripple Effect" (Vibrant Music, 2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles/EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lark / Atlos" (Chain Reaction, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prospect" (Chain Reaction, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Redundant" (Vibrant Music, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D-Teck" (Vibrant Music, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breath Mode" (Resopal Schallware, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inductance" (Echocord, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perfuse" (Echocord, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waves" (Echocord, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traces 1 of 3" (Echocord, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traces 2 of 3" (Echocord, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traces 3 of 3" (Echocord, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadwalk Tales EP" (Echocord, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outerside" (Subwax Bcn, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibrant Forms III 1 of 4" (Subwax Bcn, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibrant Forms III 2 of 4" (Subwax Bcn, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibrant Forms III 3 of 4" (Subwax Bcn, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vibrant Forms III 4 of 4" (Subwax Bcn, 2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Accumulate Ep" as Transformations: Fluxion & Deepchord (Vibrant Music, 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bona Fide Ep" as Transformations: Fluxion & Deepchord (Vibrant Music, 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birth Lp" as Soluce K. Soublis & Savvas Ysatis (Vibrant Music, 2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Resident Advisor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Last.fm

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.fluxionmusic.com

description: Greek musician

wikidata_label: Fluxion

wikipedia_title: Fluxion (electronic musician)


text:
Kroměříž
Prague
Czech
Barrandov Film Studios
Mach a Šebestová
Kdo chce zabít Jessii?
Čtyři vraždy stačí, drahoušku
I Killed Einstein, Gentlemen
Pane, vy jste vdova!
Straw Hat
Arabela
Kytice
Muriel a andělé
Kája Saudek
Muriel a oranžová smrt

categories: Czech male poets,Czech screenwriters,20th-century Czech poets,Czech male dramatists and playwrights,2002 deaths,20th-century male writers,People from Kroměříž,1926 births,20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Miloš Macourek

paragraph: Miloš Macourek (2 December 1926, Kroměříž – 30 September 2002, Prague) was a Czech poet, playwright, author and screenwriter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: During his career, Macourek worked in various professions. From 1953 to 1960, he was a teacher of the art history; later he worked as a dramaturgist at the Barrandov Film Studios. He created children books, TV series and film comedies.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Živočichopis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pohádky"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mravenečník v početnici"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ostrov pro šest tisíc budíků"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Světe, div se"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Žofka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Žofka ředitelkou zoo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Láska a dělová koule : povídky a bajky"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Člověk by nevěřil svým očím"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jakub a dvě stě dědečků"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mach a Šebestová"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Žirafa nebo tulipán?"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Film and TV screenplays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kdo chce zabít Jessii?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Čtyři vraždy stačí, drahoušku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Killed Einstein, Gentlemen" ("Zabil jsem Einsteina, pánové") 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pane, vy jste vdova!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Straw Hat" ("Slaměný klobouk") 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Šest medvědů s Cibulkou"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arabela"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Létající Čestmír"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mach, Šebestová a kouzelné sluchátko"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tři mušketýři"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kytice" ("Wild Flowers") (2000)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Comics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muriel a andělé" (1969, drawn by Kája Saudek)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muriel a oranžová smrt" (1969/1970, drawn by Kája Saudek)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peruánský deník" (1984, drawn by Kája Saudek)

description: Czech poet, playwright, scriptwriter and writer

wikidata_label: Miloš Macourek

wikipedia_title: Miloš Macourek


text:
Villach
cross-country skiing
2006 Winter Olympics
Turin
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011
International Olympic Committee
2006 Winter Olympics
International Ski Federation
World Anti-Doping Agency
Court of Arbitration for Sport
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Austrian sportspeople in doping cases,Austrian male cross-country skiers,Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria,People from Villach,1979 births,Doping cases in cross-country skiing,Living people

paragraph: Jürgen Pinter

paragraph: Jürgen Pinter (born 30 March 1979 in Villach) is an Austrian cross-country skier. He competed in cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He participated at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Doping scandal in Turin.

paragraph: Pinter was banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for life from the Olympic Games for his involvement in a doping scandal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. The International Ski Federation (FIS) cleared him in their anti-doping hearing of the case while three other Austrian cross-country skiers were handed doping bans. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) appealed Pinters case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), and in November 2008 he was handed a four-year ban from sports.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

description: Austrian cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Jürgen Pinter

wikipedia_title: Jürgen Pinter


text:
Croatia
Croatian Museum of Naïve Art
Zagreb

categories: 20th-century Croatian painters,1994 deaths,1911 births

paragraph: Drago Jurak

paragraph: Drago Jurak (1911-1994) was a Croatian painter. His works can be found at the Croatian Museum of Naïve Art in Zagreb.

description: Croatian painter

wikidata_label: Drago Jurak

wikipedia_title: Drago Jurak


text: sea captain

text: Benicia

text: shipbuilding

text: Geneva, Ohio

text: Lake Erie

text: sloop

text: schooner

text: Mississippi river

text: gold mining in California

text: Calaveras County

text: shipping timber to San Francisco

text: Mendocino

text: brig

text: Sea of Okhotsk

text: Tahiti

text: Queen Victoria

text: silver service

text: Hunter's Point

text: Port Blakely

text: Bermudan sail

text: gaff

text: sealing

text: San Francisco earthquake

text: Tahiti

text: "Amaranth"

text: barquentine

text: Astoria, Oregon

text: Shanghai

text: Jarvis Island

text: "Ariel"

text: "Benicia"

text: Newcastle, New South Wales

text: Kihei

text: "Equator"

text: Robert Louis Stevenson

text: The Wrecker

text: "Emma Claudina"

text: Matson Line

text: John D. Spreckles

text: "Galilee"

text: Brigantine

text: Carnegie Institution of Washington

text: "John D. Spreckels

text: HMCS "Karluk"

text: Canadian Arctic Expedition

text: "Lurline"

text: brigantine

text: Claus Spreckels

text: Matson Lines

text: "Nautilus"

text: "Papeete"

text: "Pitcairn"

text: Seventh-day Adventists

text: "Solano"

text: Shanghai

text: Port Townsend, Washington

text: Long Beach Peninsula

text: William G. Irwin

text: Map of Matthew Turner Shipyard Park

text: Turner/Robertson Shipyard, 1883-1918

text: "Stamboul"

text: Matthew Turner Elementary School

text: "John D. Spreckles"

text: The Matson Brigantine "Lurline"

text: Ship Model, Steam Schooner "Royal"

text: "Santa Cruz"

text: Matthew Turner

categories: 1825 births,Ships built in Benicia, California,People from Geneva, Ohio,Victorian-era merchant ships of the United States,Maritime history of California,Nautical captains,History of Solano County, California,History of Tahiti,People of the California Gold Rush,American shipbuilders

paragraph: Matthew Turner (shipbuilder)

paragraph: Matthew Turner (June 17, 1825 – February 10, 1909) was an American sea captain, shipbuilder and designer. He constructed 228 vessels, of which 154 were built in the Matthew Turner shipyard in Benicia. He built more sailing vessels than any other single shipbuilder in America, and can be considered "the 'grandaddy' of big time wooden shipbuilding on the Pacific Coast."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Matthew Turner was born in Geneva, Ohio on June 17, 1825, the fourth child of George Turner and Emily Atkins. George Turner owned a sawmill on the shores of Lake Erie and later launched his first ship, the sloop "Geneva", in 1839, to ship lumber and building stone. Matthew, after watching the construction of the "Geneva" and a later vessel the "Philena Mills", designed his first ship, the schooner "G.R. Roberts". His father was sufficiently impressed with the design to build the boat, which was launched in 1848. Matthew took on the command of the boat and later that year married Amanda Jackson. Amanda died in childbirth with their first child. On a trip down the Mississippi river in late 1849 he heard about gold mining in California and set off for the West Coast in 1850. He spent 3½ years mining gold in Calaveras County and was quite successful.

paragraph: Section::::Career as ship captain.

paragraph: Turner later travelled to New York where he bought the schooner "Toronto", sailing her back to California. There he went into business with Captain Richard Thomas Rundle and started shipping timber to San Francisco from the Mendocino coast. They were soon able to replace the "Toronto" with another larger schooner, the "Louis Perry", and a few years later they purchased the brig "Temandra". When Turner took this larger vessel to the Sea of Okhotsk he noticed the abundance of cod and so bought the "Porpoise" to capitalize on this, as cod were selling in San Francisco at a high price. Meanwhile, Turner also set up a company to trade with Tahiti.

paragraph: During his career as a ship's captain he twice received recognition of his heroism and the services that he rendered to foreign governments. He was given a gold-mounted spyglass by Queen Victoria in recognition of his part in saving the lives of British sailors. The Norwegian government presented him with a silver service for his rescue of a Norwegian vessel in danger of foundering at Honolulu.

paragraph: Section::::Shipyard in Benicia.

paragraph: He designed his first ocean-going ship, the brig "Nautilus", in 1868, which was built at Eureka, in an attempt to get a faster ship for the Tahiti run. The hull of "Nautilus" was exactly the reverse of what was customary in the area at that time, being "long and sharp forward, lean and full on the waterline aft." Despite the predictions of sceptics that the ship would dive and pitch into the water, resulting in a very wet ride, "Nautilus" proved a great success. Turner decided to move into shipbuilding, setting up a yard near Hunter's Point with his brother Horatio. In 1876 he married for a second time, to Captain Rundle's widow, Ashbeline. The success of his first shipyard led him to search for another location, to allow the business to expand. He went into business with his brother and John Eckley, forming the Matthew Turner Shipyard at Benicia in 1883. This yard constructed at least 154 wooden-hulled ships.

paragraph: Turner was greatly admired by shipbuilder Henry Hall, of the Hall Brothers shipyard in Port Blakely. He described the "Turner Model" of sailing rig, using the Bermudan sail, a "fore and aft sail without gaff, being a large triangular sail." Eliminating the gaff made it much easier to bring the sail down during sudden Pacific squalls.

paragraph: Section::::Prolific shipbuilder.

paragraph: During his career as a shipbuilder, Turner designed and built 228 sea going vessels in a period of 37 years, from 1868 to 1905, more sailing vessels than any other American shipbuilder. According to Gibbs, "although many [vessels] were small in size, this record was probably never equalled by any other individual shipbuilder in the American era of sail. He further, in all probability, built more vessels for foreign account than any other American since the Revolution." Turner had business interests in the South Sea Islands, and many of his ships were built for owners in that region. He also specialized in vessels for pelagic sealing. "Turner also built some of the fastest racing yachts in the world, proven out during the famous races sponsored by the San Francisco Yacht Club, of which Turner was a charter member."

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Turner was something of an invalid from 1904 onwards. Nonetheless, in 1906, at age 81, Turner, was still personally supervising work at his shipyard, and found himself suddenly swamped with work following the San Francisco earthquake. He decided to retire. He died on February 10, 1909 at the age of 83 years after a short illness at his home in Oakland.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Gibbs reports that Turner's influence on the South Seas schooner was still evident as late as 1941, when a two-masted schooner, "Benicia", built in Tahiti by a shipwright who had worked in Turner's yard, arrived in San Francisco under the French flag.

paragraph: History in the Making: The legacy of Matthew Turner is being honored with the construction of a new wooden tall ship bearing his name. The 132-foot Brigantine Schooner, set to launch in 2016 is inspired by Matthew Turner’s classic vessel, "Galilee"

paragraph: Call of the Sea: When complete the "Matthew Turner" will join the fleet of "Call of the Sea" a non-profit organization started by Captain Alan Olson. "Call of the Sea" based in Sausalito, California is dedicated to preserving maritime traditions and teaching the skills of seamanship and teamwork through its experiential sailing programs.

paragraph: Bypassing the petroleum era and embracing new technologies: No fossil fuels will be used for normal operations of the new "Matthew Turner”. Wind Power will provide basic propulsion. Wind Power will also generate power for the DC electric motors to be used when winds are insufficient. The new "Matthew Turner" will be the "greenest" wooden tall ship ever built. Every aspect of construction, from the FSC certified lumber to the latest non-toxic paints, has been scrutinized to minimize negative environmental impacts.

paragraph: The "Matthew Turner" was completed in March 2017, built entirely by volunteer workers and funded by private donations. It will be used primarily as an educational aid.

paragraph: The Matthew Turner was launched April 1, 2017 in Sausalito.

paragraph: Section::::Notable ships built by Turner.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anna", a schooner with a ten-day run from Honolulu to San Francisco in 1886, and eight round trips, San Francisco to Kahului in 357 days

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amaranth" - Four-masted barquentine that broke the record for the Astoria, Oregon to Shanghai run (23 days). Wrecked at Jarvis Island on August 30, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ariel" - Four-masted schooner built by Matthew Turner in 1900. She was wrecked at Inuboyesaki, Japan, in 1917.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Benicia", a barquentine with a fast passage from Newcastle, New South Wales to Kihei, Hawaiʻi, of 35 days

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Equator" - Schooner that was chartered by Robert Louis Stevenson and helped inspire his book "The Wrecker"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emma Claudina", 126 ft., 266 ton brigantine, the first ship of the Matson Line, named for the daughter of John D. Spreckles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Galilee" - Brigantine that holds the record for the Tahiti-San Francisco run in a wooden-hulled sailing vessel (22 days), converted to magnetic observatory when under charter to the Carnegie Institution of Washington Department of Terrestrial Magnetism for three years

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geneva", a brigantine with a passage of 2 days between Launceston, Tasmania and Newcastle, New South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""John D. Spreckels", a 266 ton brigantine with "at least three ten day voyages on the San Francisco-Hawaiian Island run"

paragraph: BULLET::::- HMCS "Karluk" - Brigantine whaler that was acquired by the Canadian government as flagship to the Canadian Arctic Expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lurline", a 135-foot brigantine made for Claus Spreckels in 1887, who sold immediately 75% to William Matson as an expansion of Matson Lines. They resold the vessel in 1896. The brig was lost in 1915.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nautilus", 104 t., 173 ton brig, fast passage from Tahiti to San Francisco of 20 days

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Papeete", schooner with a 17 day passage from San Francisco to Tahiti

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pitcairn", schooner built by Turner for the Seventh-day Adventists

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solano", fast passage from Shanghai to Port Townsend, Washington of 24 days in April 1902. Wrecked on North Beach (the ocean side of Long Beach Peninsula), February 5, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William G. Irwin", a sugar packet built in 1881 for J.D. Spreckels. Launched as a brigantine, later re-rigged as a three masted schooner. Fast passages from San Francisco to Kahului, Hawaiʻi, 8 days 17 hours, 1881, Honolulu to San Francisco, 9 days

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W.H. Dimond", a brigantine with a 9-day, 10-hour passage from San Francisco to Honolulu

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Park.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Map of Matthew Turner Shipyard Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turner/Robertson Shipyard, 1883-1918, California State Historic Landmark 973. "The yard sways, and the Whaler "Stamboul", used as a shipyard work platform, are visible at low tide."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph of plaque at site of Turner Shipyard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mission Bay location of first Turner Shipyard

paragraph: Section::::External links.:School.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who was Matthew Turner, and Why Was a School Named After Him?

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew Turner Elementary School, Benicia, CA

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Ships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herman", Matthew Turner Built Sealing Schooner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John D. Spreckles", codfish schooner involved in a collision off Pt. Reyes

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Matson Brigantine "Lurline", first ship of the Matson Line, purchased from J.D. Spreckels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ship Model, Steam Schooner "Royal", 1891 fishing schooner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Santa Cruz", Turner-built schooner shipwrecked at Santa Cruz Island, 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew Turner, Currently under construction in Sausalito, CA, 2015

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Contains a chapter on Turner.

description: American shipbuilder

wikidata_label: Matthew Turner

wikipedia_title: Matthew Turner (shipbuilder)


text: Latin

text: Scythia Minor

text: Dobruja

text: Romania

text: Bulgaria

text: Scythian monks

text: Tomis

text: Anno Domini

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Julian calendar

text: computus

text: Easter

text: Rome

text: Roman Curia

text: Greek

text: Latin

text: apostolical canons

text: Nicaea

text: Constantinople

text: Chalcedon

text: decretal

text: Siricius

text: Anastasius II

text: Collectiones canonum Dionysianae

text: the Venerable Bede

text: Cassiodorus

text: Cassiodorus

text: Scythian

text: Scythian

text: Scythia Minor

text: Joannes Maxentius

text: Faustus of Riez

text: Gaul

text: Vitalian

text: Gothic

text: Scythian monks

text: Bessi

text: Arian

text: Thracian

text: Moesia

text: Thraco-Roman

text: Justin I

text: Justinian

text: Flavius Aetius

text: several collections

text: Anno Domini

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Julian calendar

text: Easter table

text: consul

text: Probus Junior

text: Jesus Christ

text: Diocletian years

text: Bede

text: Second Coming

text: Anno Mundi

text: Septuagint

text: Easter

text: computus

text: Patrologia Latina

text: Proterius of Alexandria

text: Pope Leo

text: Victorius of Aquitaine

text: Alexandria

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Cyril of Alexandria

text: Diocletian Era

text: Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table

text: Victorius of Aquitaine

text: epact

text: number zero

text: Roman numeral

text: Easter cycle

text: Julian calendar

text: Easter Sunday

text: India

text: Jesus

text: Synod of Whitby

text: France

text: Alcuin

text: Clement of Alexandria

text: Eusebius of Caesarea

text: year zero

text: Nativity

text: Laurentius Suslyga

text: Herod the Great

text: Philip the Tetrarch

text: Augustus

text: Julia

text: Kepler

text: Herod the Great

text: Josephus

text: lunar eclipse

text: International Planetarium Society

text: First Council of Nicaea

text: Alexandrian calendar

text: Julian calendar

text: Nisan 14

text: paschal lambs

text: Second Temple

text: Passover

text: Gospel of John

text: Synoptic Gospels

text: Seder

text: Last Supper

text: Orthodox

text: Ab urbe condita

text: Lunisolar calendar

text: On Easter

text: Liber de Paschate (Latin text)

text: Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus

text: The Telegraph

text: Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table

text: References

text: Der Osterstreit: Dionysius Exiguus

text: Dionysius Exiguus

categories: Greek–Latin translators,6th-century Byzantine writers,6th-century Italo-Roman people,6th-century mathematicians,470s births,History of Christianity in Romania,6th-century Byzantine scientists,6th-century Christians,6th-century Latin writers,6th-century Christian monks,Canon law jurists,540s deaths,5th-century Christians,Byzantine jurists,6th-century translators,5th-century Christian monks,6th-century historians,Chronologists

paragraph: Dionysius Exiguus

paragraph: Dionysius Exiguus (Latin for "Dionysius the Humble"; – ) was a 6th-century monk born in Scythia Minor (probably modern Dobruja, in Romania and Bulgaria). He was a member of a community of Scythian monks concentrated in Tomis, the major city of Scythia Minor. Dionysius is best known as the inventor of the Anno Domini (AD) era, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the (Christianised) Julian calendar. Almost all churches adopted his computus (calculation) for the dates of Easter.

paragraph: From about 500, he lived in Rome, where, as a learned member of the Roman Curia, he translated from Greek into Latin 401 ecclesiastical canons, including the apostolical canons; the decrees of the councils of Nicaea, Constantinople, Chalcedon and Sardis; and a collection of the decretals of the popes from Siricius to Anastasius II. These "Collectiones canonum Dionysianae" had great authority in the West, and continue to guide church administrations. Dionysius also wrote a treatise on elementary mathematics.

paragraph: The author of a continuation of Dionysius's "Computus", writing in 616, described Dionysius as a "most learned abbot of the city of Rome", and the Venerable Bede accorded him the honorific "abbas", which could be applied to any monk, especially a senior and respected monk, and does not necessarily imply that Dionysius ever headed a monastery; indeed, Dionysius's friend Cassiodorus stated in "Institutiones" that he was still a monk late in life.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: According to his friend and fellow-student, Cassiodorus, Dionysius although by birth a "Scythian", was in character a true Roman, most learned in both tongues (by which he meant Greek and Latin). He was also a thorough Catholic Christian and an accomplished Scripturist. The use of such an ambiguous, dated term as "Scythian" raises the suspicion that his contemporaries had difficulties classifying him, either from lack of knowledge about him personally or about his native land, Scythia Minor. By the 6th century, the term "Scythian" could mean an inhabitant of Scythia Minor, or simply someone from the north-east of the Greco-Roman world, centred on the Mediterranean. The term had a wide-encompassing meaning, devoid of clear ethnic attributes. Even for the "Scythian monk" Joannes Maxentius, friend and companion of Dionysius, the two monks are "Scythian" by virtue of their geographical origin relative to Rome, just like Faustus of Riez is a "Gaul".

paragraph: The dubious assertion, based on a single Syriac source, that the Eastern-Roman rebel general Vitalian, to whom Dionysius seems to have been related, was of Gothic extraction was the basis for labelling, without any further evidence, all of the Scythian monks, Dionysius included, as "Goths". In Greek and Latin sources, Vitalian is sometimes labelled with the same ambiguous term "Scytha"; he is presented as commanding "Hunnic", "Gothic", "Scythian", "Bessian" soldiers, but this information says more about the general's military endeavours, and bears little relevance to clarifying his origins. Furthermore, since none of the Scythian monks expressed any kinship, by blood or spiritual, with the Arian Goths who at that time ruled Italy, a Gothic origin for Dionysius is questionable. Vitalian seems to have been of local Latinised Thracian stock, born in Scythia Minor or in Moesia; his father bore a Latin name, Patriciolus, while two of his sons had Thracian names and one a Gothic name. By the time of the flourishing of the Scythian monks, the provinces from the Lower Danube, long since Latinised, were already a centre for the production of Latin-speaking theologians. Most likely Dionysius was also of local Thraco-Roman origin, like Vitalian's family to whom he was related, and the rest of the Scythian monks and other Thraco-Roman personalities of the era (Justin I, Justinian, Flavius Aetius, etc.).

paragraph: Section::::Works and translations.

paragraph: Dionysius translated standard works from Greek into Latin, principally the "Life of St. Pachomius", the "Instruction of St. Proclus of Constantinople" for the Armenians, the "De opificio hominis" of St. Gregory of Nyssa, and the history of the discovery of the head of St. John the Baptist. The translation of St. Cyril of Alexandria's synodical letter against Nestorius, and some other works long attributed to Dionysius are now acknowledged to be earlier and are assigned to Marius Mercator.

paragraph: Of great importance were the contributions of Dionysius to the tradition of canon law. His several collections embrace:

paragraph: Section::::Anno Domini.

paragraph: Dionysius is best known as the inventor of the Anno Domini era, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. He used it to identify the several Easters in his Easter table, but did not use it to date any historical event. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year; he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior", which he also stated was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ". How he arrived at that number is unknown, but there is evidence of the system he applied. He invented a new system of numbering years to replace the Diocletian years that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. It has been suggested that he arranged the numbers so that leap years would be exactly divisible by four, and that his new table would begin one "Victorian cycle" (see below), i.e. 532 years, after his new epoch. The Anno Domini era became dominant in western Europe only after it was used by the Venerable Bede to date the events in his "Ecclesiastical History of the English People", completed in 731.

paragraph: Evidence exists that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world. At the time, some believed that the Second Coming and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The current Anno Mundi calendar commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Greek Septuagint. It was believed that, based on the Anno Mundi calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (or 5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world. Anno Mundi 6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the second coming of Christ and the end of the world.

paragraph: Section::::Easter tables.

paragraph: In 525, Dionysius prepared a table of the future dates of Easter and a set of "arguments" explaining their calculation (computus). This followed a request by Pope John I, possibly influenced by the fact that the then current Victorian tables gave an Easter date for 526 (19 April) which was the 22nd day of the moon. In a previous embarrassment, the tables had given Saturday, 24 April as the date of the Greek Easter in 482. Note well that only the first nine arguments are by Dionysius – arguments 10 to 16 as well as the second paragraphs of 3 and 4 and the third paragraph of 9 are later interpolations. Arguments 11 and 12 imply that these were interpolated in the year 675, shortly before Bede. Dionysius also introduced his tables and arguments via a letter to a bishop Petronius (also written in 525) and added another explanatory letter (written in 526). These works in volume 67 of the 217-volume "Patrologia Latina" also include a letter from Bishop Proterius of Alexandria to Pope Leo (written before 457). Though not named by Dionysius, this collection was recently called his "Liber de Paschate" ("Book on Easter") by Audette.

paragraph: Dionysius ignored the existing tables used by the Patriarchate of Rome, which were prepared in 457 by Victorius of Aquitaine, complaining that they did not obey Alexandrian principles, without actually acknowledging their existence. To be sure that his own tables were correct, he simply extended a set of tables prepared in Alexandria that had circulated in the west in Latin, but were never used in the west to determine the date of Easter (however, they were used in the Byzantine Empire, in Greek). The Latin tables were prepared by a subordinate of Bishop Cyril of Alexandria shortly before Cyril's death in 444. They covered a period of 95 years or five decennovenal (19-year) cycles with years dated in the Diocletian Era, whose first year was 285 (the modern historical year in progress at Easter). Diocletian years were advantageous because their division by 19 yielded a remainder equal to the year of the decennovenal cycle

paragraph: Ultimately, Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table, meanwhile extended from the years 532–626 to the years 532–721, must have been adopted at Rome and also have arrived in Britain and Ireland, where, however in both cases certainly not before the second quarter of the seventh century, Victorius of Aquitaine’s lunar limits 16–22 were gradually replaced with Dionysius’ lunar limits 15–21; only then the discord between the churches of Rome and Alexandria regarding the correct date for the celebration of Easter came to an end, and only from then both these authoritative churches used identical tables and hence observed Easter on the same day.

paragraph: The Greek tables had begun with the new moon which fell (on 29 August) the day before the starting date of their chronology, which was 30 August 284. The epact thus calculated was carried over unchanged by Dionysius into his tables together with a number from one to seven, calculated annually, called by the Greeks the "day of the [planetary] gods" and in the west the "concurrent". This number the Greeks used for calculating the day of the week for any date in their calendar, simple arithmetic because all their months had thirty days. These two variables were understood neither by Dionysius nor by the other western computists, who were used to working with the age of the moon on 1 January and the Sunday letters to determine the Sundays. This is why the tables took so long to gain acceptance, but the values were eventually assimilated into the theory, the concurrent as the weekday of 24 March and the epact as the age of the moon on 22 March.

paragraph: The epact, since it originally marked the new moon, was zero in all first decennovenal years, making Dionysius the first known medieval Latin writer to use a precursor of the number zero. The Latin word "nulla" meaning "no/none" was used because no Roman numeral for zero existed. To determine the decennovenal year, the Dionysian year plus one was divided by 19. If the result was zero (to be replaced by 19), it was represented by the Latin word "nihil", also meaning "nothing". Both "zeros" continued to be used by (among others) Bede, by whose extension of Dionysius Exiguus’ Easter table to a great Easter cycle all future Julian calendar dates of Easter Sunday were fixed unambiguously at last. However, in medieval Europe one had to wait as late as the second millennium to see the number zero itself come into use, although it had come into being around the year 600 in India.

paragraph: Dionysius copied the last decennovenal cycle of the Cyrillian table ending with Diocletian 247, and then added a new 95-year table with numbered "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi" ("Years of our Lord Jesus Christ") because, as he explained to Petronius, he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians. The only reason he gave for beginning his new 95-year table with the year 532 was that six years were still left in the Cyrillian table after the year during which he wrote. For the current year he only stated that it was 525 years after the Incarnation of Christ, without stating when this event occurred in any other calendar. He did "not" realise that the dates of the Alexandrian Easter repeated after 532 years, despite his apparent knowledge of the Victorian 532-year 'cycle', indicating only that Easter did not repeat after 95 years. He knew that Victorian Easters did not agree with Alexandrian Easters, thus he no doubt assumed that they had no bearing on any Alexandrian cycle. Furthermore, he obviously did not realise that simply multiplying 19 by 4 by 7 (decennovenal cycle × cycle of leap years × days in a week) fixed the Alexandrian cycle at 532 years, otherwise he would have stated such a simple fact.

paragraph: Most of the British Church accepted the Dionysian tables after the Synod of Whitby in 664, which agreed that the old British method (the "insular latercus") should be dropped in favour of the Roman one. Quite a few individual churches and monasteries refused to accept them, the last holdout finally accepting them during the early 10th century. The Church of the Franks (France) accepted them during the late 8th century under the tutelage of Alcuin, after he arrived from Britain.

paragraph: Ever since the 2nd century, some bishoprics in the eastern Roman Empire had counted years from the birth of Christ, but there was no agreement on the correct epoch – Clement of Alexandria () and Eusebius of Caesarea () wrote about these attempts. Because Dionysius did not place the Incarnation in an explicit year, competent scholars have deduced both AD 1 and 1 BC. The reason for his omission may be simply that the starting date was computationally convenient, or that he did not believe that the date of the Nativity could be pinpointed exactly. Ambiguities arise from the fact that eras may be either elapsed or current years, there are discrepancies in the lists of consuls, and there is disagreement as to whether the Incarnation should be reckoned from the Annunciation or the Nativity. Most scholars have selected 1 BC (historians do not use a year zero), arguing that because the anniversary of the Incarnation was 25 March, which was near Easter, a year that was 525 years "since the Incarnation" implied that 525 whole years were completed near that Easter. Consequently, one year since the Incarnation would have meant 25 March 1, meaning that Dionysius placed the Incarnation on 25 March 1 BC. Because the birth of Jesus was nine calendar months later, Dionysius implied, but never stated, that Jesus was born 25 December 1 BC. Only one scholar, Georges Declerq (Declerq, 2002), thinks that Dionysius placed the Incarnation and Nativity in AD 1, basing his conclusion on the structure of Dionysius's Easter tables. In either case, Dionysius ignored his predecessors, who usually placed the Nativity in the year we now label 2 BC. In his 1605 thesis, the Polish historian Laurentius Suslyga was the first to suggest that Christ was actually born around 4 BC, deriving this from the chronology of Herod the Great, his son Philip the Tetrarch, and the daughter of Augustus, Julia. Having read Suslyga's work, Kepler noted that Christ was born during the reign of King Herod the Great (–), whose death he placed in 4 BC. Kepler chose this year because Josephus stated that a lunar eclipse occurred shortly before Herod's death. John Pratt of the International Planetarium Society proposed the 29 December 1 BC eclipse as another eclipse. According to Josephus, Herod died in the year 4 or 3 BC.

paragraph: Although Dionysius stated that the First Council of Nicaea in 325 sanctioned his method of dating Easter, that is only generally true. There was no formal canon – the Council was working with Canon 1 of the Council of Arles (AD 314) which had decreed that the Christian Passover be celebrated "uno die et uno tempore per omnem orbem" (on one day and at one time through all the world) and had charged the bishop of Rome with fixing the date. A circular letter from the Emperor Constantine to bishops who did not attend records:

paragraph: It was judged good and proper, all questions and contradictions being left aside, that the eastern brothers follow the example of the Romans and Alexandrians and all the others so that everyone should let their prayers rise to heaven on one single day of holy Pascha.

paragraph: A synodal letter to the church of Alexandria confirms:

paragraph: All our eastern brothers who up till now have not been in agreement with the Romans or you or with all those who from the beginning have done as you do, will henceforth celebrate Pascha at the same time as you.

paragraph: Dionysius' method had actually been used by the Church of Alexandria (but not by the Church of Rome) at least as early as 311, and probably began during the first decade of the 4th century, its dates naturally being given in the Alexandrian calendar. Thus Dionysius did not develop a new method of dating Easter. The most that he may have done was convert its arguments from the Alexandrian calendar into the Julian calendar. The resulting Julian date for Easter was the Sunday following the first Luna XIV (the 14th day of the moon) that occurred on or after the "XII Kalendas Aprilis" (21 March) (12 days before the first of April, inclusive). The 14th day of the moon, Nisan 14, was the date that paschal lambs were slain (in late afternoon) until the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 prevented their continuing sacrifice, as well as the day when all leavened bread crumbs had to be collected and burned, hence Nisan 14 was the day of preparation for Passover (). Alexandria may have chosen it because it was the day that Christ was crucified according to the Gospel of John (18:28, 19:14), in direct contradiction to the Synoptic Gospels (, Mark 14:12, and Luke 22:7), who state that he was crucified after he ate the Seder, his Last Supper. Then and now, the Seder was eaten after sundown at the beginning of Nisan 15. Because Dionysius's method of computing Easter used dates in the Julian calendar, it is also called the Julian Easter. This Easter is still used by all Orthodox churches, even those which have regularized the rest of their calendars with the West. The Gregorian Easter still uses the same definition, but relative to its own solar and lunar dates.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ab urbe condita

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lunisolar calendar

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonnie Blackburn, Leofranc Holford-Strevens, "Calendars and chronology", "The Oxford companion to the year" (Oxford, 1999), 659–937.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonnie Blackburn, Leofranc Holford-Strevens, "The Oxford companion to the year" (Oxford, 2003, a corrected reprinting of the 1999 original edition).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Declercq, "Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian era" (Turnhout, 2000); idem, "Dionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian era", "Sacris Erudiri" 41 (2002): 165–246.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dionysius Exiguus, "Patrologia Latina" 67 (works).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyclus Decemnovennalis Dionysii – Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius (original Easter table – archived)

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Easter – with preface

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liber de Paschate (Latin text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duta, Florian, "Des précisions sur la biographie de Denys le Petit", "Revue de droit canonique", 49: 279–96 (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles W. Jones, "Development of the Latin ecclesiastical calendar", in "Bedae opera de temporibus" (Cambridge, Mass., 1943), 1–122.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Neugebauer, "Ethiopic astronomy and computus", Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische klasse, sitzungsberichte, 347 (Vienna, 1979).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustav Teres, "Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus", "Journal for the history of astronomy", 15 (1984): 177–188.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nick Squires – "Jesus was born years earlier than thought, claims Pope", "The Telegraph", 21 Nov. 2012

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern version of Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table (original version is linked in References)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikolaus A. Bär: "Der Osterstreit: Dionysius Exiguus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dionysius Exiguus

description: Byzantine saint

wikidata_label: Dionysius Exiguus

wikipedia_title: Dionysius Exiguus