text: Grammy Awards

text: San Felipe, Texas

text: blues

text: old soul

text: country

text: zydeco

text: hip-hop

text: Houston

text: Lafayette, Louisiana

text: Creole music

text: Dexter Ardoin and the Creole Ramblers

text: Pine Leaf Boys

text: Southwest Louisiana

text: France

text: Nova Scotia

text: Haiti

text: Spain

text: Treme

text: Wilson Savoy

text: Pine Leaf Boys

text: Lucia Micarelli

text: Clifton Chenier

text: John Delafose

text: Canray Fontenot

text: Beau Jocque

text: Bebe Carrier

text: Valcour Records

text: Valcour Records

text: Pine Leaf Boys

text: Lionsgate Records

text: Valcour Records

text: Valcour Records

text: Arhoolie Records

text: CD Baby

text: Valcour Records

text: CD Baby

text: Ilana Katz Katz

text: Cedric Watson

text: Les Amis Creole

text: Pine Leaf Boys

categories: Louisiana Creole people,American male singers,Living people,American accordionists,African-American male singers,21st-century violinists,American violinists,21st-century accordionists,21st-century American singers,1983 births,Zydeco musicians,African-American singers,Cajun musicians,Singers from Louisiana,American male violinists

paragraph: Cedric Watson

paragraph: Cedric Watson (born 1983) is an American musician. He has been nominated four times for Grammy Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in 1983, Cedric grew up in San Felipe, Texas surrounded by the blues, old soul, country, and zydeco music. Though hip-hop was then popular amongst his peers, Cedric developed an affinity for the old-style French songs of Southwest Louisiana and the greater Houston area. He soon found himself in Lafayette, Louisiana where he became part of the musical community and began contributing to the continuity of Creole music.

paragraph: He has played with some of the great names in Creole music, such as Dexter Ardoin and the Creole Ramblers and Jeffrey Broussard and the Creole Cowboys. With the Pine Leaf Boys, Cedric added a Creole and zydeco foundation to the group's roots Southwest Louisiana sound. Cedric continues to explore the roots of Louisiana's Creole music with his own band, Bijou Creole.

paragraph: He has performed in places across the United States as well as in France, Nova Scotia, Haiti, and Spain. He has said he wants "to present the Creole Nation of Louisiana to the Creole Nations in other parts of the world, to make these Creole cultures aware of the one in Louisiana, and vice versa."

paragraph: In 2010 Watson appeared in season 1 episode 7 of the HBO series Treme with Wilson Savoy and Watson's replacement in the Pine Leaf Boys Courtney Granger. The scenes depict Annie (Lucia Micarelli) trying out to join the Pine Leaf Boys on a Canadian tour as Watson's replacement, but choking at the audition. Watson actually left the band to form Bijou Creole in 2006, not 2005 as depicted in the show.

paragraph: Section::::Musical style.

paragraph: Cedric Watson plays a variety of old-school zydeco styles, original material, and Creole traditionals. The polyrhythmic and syncopated sounds of Africa and the Caribbean echo in his ensemble. He plays old La-La French music (traditional Creole music) in accordion, fiddle, and guitar with mentors Edward Poullard and James Adams in Les Amis Creole . With accordionist Corey "Lil' Pop" Ledet, he displays the more blues and R&B influence of Clifton Chenier, John Delafose, Canray Fontenot, Beau Jocque (Andrus Espree ) and Bebe Carrier. "Cedric's creative style and obvious joy in playing make him an engaging and exciting performer. Moving with ease between fiddle and accordion, his natural playfulness on stage makes him just plain fun to watch." More recently with Bijou Creole, he is "developing an expansive modern take on his adopted state's already hybridized Creole sounds, flavoring it with hearty injections of soul and Caribbean influences as well as whiffs of bluegrass and string-band music—an approach that reached its fullest expression yet on [2013's] "Le Troubadour Creole"."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Troubadour Creole" with Bijou Creole (2013) Lache Pas Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Soliel Est Leve" with Bijou Creole (2011) Lache Pas Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Creole Moon: Live From Blue Moon Saloon" (2010) Valcour Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Esprit Creole" with Bijou Creole (2009) Valcour Records—ASIN: B0030E7PZ6

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homage Au Passe" with Pine Leaf Boys (2009) Lionsgate Records—ASIN: B0023BZ64E

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cedric Watson" (2008) Valcour Records—ASIN: B00151HZYW

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goin' Down to Louisiana" Cedric Watson and Corey Ledet (2006) Valcour Records—ASIN: B000GBE8EM

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Amis Creole" Les Amis Creole (sic) (200?) Arhoolie Records

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En Francais: Cajun 'n' Creole Rock 'n' Roll" Various (2011) Bayou Teche Brewers/CD Baby

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allons Boire un Coup: A Collection of Cajun and Creole Drinking Songs" Various (2006) Valcour Records

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:On Others' Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'autre bord de l'eau" Savoy-Michot Cajun Band (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transatlantic Sessions: Songs of Death, Divorce, Drinking and Dancing" Cajun Roosters (2011) Whoopee Records-Pine Groove Sound/CD Baby

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Movin' On' Ilana Katz Katz (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cedric Watson official website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Amis Creole Arhoolie Records' album webpage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pine Leaf Boys official website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cedric Watson & Bijou Creole: Creole Moon Live from Blue Moon Saloon

description: African American Cajun musician.

wikidata_label: Cedric Watson

wikipedia_title: Cedric Watson


text:
Georgian
Bagratid dynasty
Tao-Klarjeti
presiding prince
Iberia
Byzantine
curopalates
Adarnase I
Grigol Khandzteli
Upper Tao
Kalmakhi
Nasra
David I
Adarnase
Shavsheti
Artaani
Vakhushti
Armenian cousins
Bagrat Mampali
Opiza
prince of Armenia
Adarnase
Ashot Kukhi
Gurgen II

categories: Kings of Bagratid Iberia,891 deaths,9th-century monarchs in Asia,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Gurgen I of Tao

paragraph: Gurgen I () (died 891) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti. He was a presiding prince of Iberia with the Byzantine title of curopalates from 881 until his death in a dynastic feud in 891.

paragraph: The oldest son of Prince Adarnase I, Gurgen was baptized by the prominent monk Grigol Khandzteli. He inherited from his father the duchy of Upper Tao, including the residence of Kalmakhi. In the dynastic war which erupted among the Bagratids, Gurgen initially sided with Nasra, who had murdered his cousin David I, the curopalates of Iberia in 881. True to the policy of division and because of the minority of David’s son and legitimate heir Adarnase, the Byzantine court confirmed as curopalate, not Adarnase, but Gurgen. Eventually, Gurgen switched his side and joined Adarnase against Nasra who was defeated and put to death in 888. As a result of the division of Nasra’s inheritance, Gurgen might have added Shavsheti and Artaani to his possessions, for we hear from the 18th-century Georgian chronicler Vakhushti of Gurgen having moved his residence there.

paragraph: In the meantime Adarnase, not being a curopalate and having the example of his Armenian cousins before him, assumed the title of king. The relations between Adarnase and Gurgen grew tense and degenerated into an open warfare. Gurgen was fatally wounded and captured at Mglinavi near Artaani by Adarnase and his ally Bagrat Mampali in 891. According to his will, Gurgen was buried at the monastery of Opiza restored by him.

paragraph: Gurgen was probably married to a daughter of Smbat VIII Bagratuni (826–855), the presiding prince of Armenia. He left two sons behind – Adarnase and Ashot Kukhi – thus being a founder of the Bagratid "first house of Tao" which would become extinct with his grandson Gurgen II.

description: Georgian prince

wikidata_label: Gurgen I of Tao

wikipedia_title: Gurgen I of Tao


text:
homebuilt aircraft
Cherry Grove
Minnesota
Pietenpol Air Camper
cockpit
Ford Model A
Ford Model T
Pietenpol Sky Scout
Corvair engine
Mid-Atlantic Air Museum
Reading, Pennsylvania
Pietenpol Workshop and Garage
National Register of Historic Places
Pioneer Airport
Oshkosh, Wisconsin
EAA Aviation Museum

categories: 1901 births,Aircraft designers,People from Fillmore County, Minnesota,1984 deaths

paragraph: Bernard Pietenpol

paragraph: Bernard H. Pietenpol (1901–1984) was an aircraft designer.

paragraph: A designer of homebuilt aircraft, Pietenpol was a self-taught mechanic who lived most of his life in the small community of Cherry Grove in southeastern Minnesota.

paragraph: His best-known design, the Pietenpol Air Camper, was meant to be built and flown by the "average American" of the 1930s. The Air Camper is a two-place open cockpit monoplane with "parasol" wing built from material that was, in the 1930s, readily available from local sources. Powered by a Ford Model A engine, and first flown with one in May 1929, Pietenpol's design was sturdy, simple and affordable. Plans were first published in Modern Mechanics and Inventions, then in the magazine's "1932 Flying and Glider Manual".

paragraph: With the success of the Air Camper, MMI editor Weston Farmer convinced Pietenpol to design an airplane that could be powered with the cheaper and more readily available Ford Model T engine. In response to Farmer's request, Pietenpol designed the single-place Pietenpol Sky Scout.

paragraph: Air Campers have been built using many (over 50 have been recorded) different power plants. Pietenpol himself liked the air-cooled Corvair engine. But his original design is well suited to the high torque, slow-turning Model "A."

paragraph: A restored example of the Air Camper can be found in the inventory of the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: In later years, Pietenpol sold and repaired television sets. In 1981, the Pietenpol Workshop and Garage was added to the National Register of Historic Places. His hangar was disassembled and relocated to Pioneer Airport, in Oshkosh, Wisconsin as part of the EAA Aviation Museum. Pietenpol died in 1984, and was inducted in the Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame in 1991.

description: American aircraft designer

wikidata_label: Bernard Pietenpol

wikipedia_title: Bernard Pietenpol


text:
Baghdad
Sunni
Muslim
scholar
historian
shaykh
hadith
Basra
Nishapur
Rey
Isfahan
Al-Dhahabi
Hanbali
Shafi'i
Al-Qa'im
Basasiri
Damascus
Yaqut
Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
al-Dhahabi
Ibn Taghribirdi
Sunni
Shi'i
Sur, Lebanon
Bishr al-Hafi
Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
Ibn Kathir
Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi
Ibn Hajar
Science of hadith
Hadith terminology
science of hadith
Hanbali
Hadith terminology
Ibn Hajar
praised as influential
hadith
hadith

categories: Asharis,Writers from Baghdad,Hadith scholars,1071 deaths,Shafi'is,Sunni Muslim scholars,11th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,1002 births

image: 512px-الخطيب_البغدادي.png

paragraph: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi

paragraph: Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn `Ali ibn Thabit ibn Ahmad ibn Mahdi al-Shafi`i, commonly known as al-Khatib al-Baghdadi () or "the lecturer from Baghdad" (10 May 1002 – 5 September 1071; 392 AH-463 AH), was a Sunni Muslim scholar and historian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi was born on 24 Jumadi' al-Thani, 392 A.H/May 10, 1002, in Hanikiya, a village south of Baghdad. He was the son of a preacher and he began studying at an early age with his father and other shaykhs. Over time he studied other sciences but his primary interest was hadith. At the age of 20 his father died and he went to Basra to search for hadith. In 1024 he set out on a second journey to Nishapur and he collected more hadith in Rey and Isfahan. It is unclear how long he traveled but his own accounts have him back in Baghdad by 1028. While he was an authority on hadith it was his preaching that led to his fame that would help him later in life. One biographer, Al-Dhahabi, said that contemporary teachers and preachers of tradition would usually submit what they had collected to Al-Baghdadi before they used them in their lectures or sermons.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Hanbalis.

paragraph: al-Baghdadi was a member of the Hanbali school of Fiqh (jurisprudence religious law) but moved across to Shafi'i Based on his theological opinions. This change may have happened after a trip to Nahrawan in 1038 but it is not clear. His change in opinion upset Imam Hanbal's followers and, as a result, there was some ongoing hostility between them and al-Baghdadi. Despite this hostility, al-Baghdadi had the protection of Caliph Al-Qa'im and, under that protection, he gave lectures on hadith in the Mansur Mosque.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Damascus.

paragraph: In 1059, a rebellion led by the Turkish general, Basasiri, was successful and he overthrew Caliph Al-Qa'im for control of Baghdad. This loss of protection led to al-Baghdadi going to Damascus. He spent eight years lecturing in the Umayyad Mosque until he was the subject of a major controversy. Biographers Yaqut, Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, al-Dhahabi, as-Safadi, and Ibn Taghribirdi all contend that the controversy involved al-Baghdadi's relationship with a youth. Sibt ibn al-Jawzi contends that the youth in question had travelled with al-Baghdadi from Baghdad. Yaqut goes on to explain that the controversy reached the ears of the ruler of Damascus who, in turn, ordered his security chief to kill al-Baghdadi. The police chief, who was a Sunni, advised al-Baghdadi to gain the protection of Shari ibn Abi al-Hasan al-'Alawi, because the security chief recognised that al-Baghdadi was an important person and killing him would lead to a retaliation against the Shi'i. al-Baghdadi was advised that he was in danger and fled to Sur, Lebanon. He stayed there for about a year before he returned to Baghdad where he died in September 1071. He was buried next to Bishr al-Hafi.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy over al-Baghdadi's works.

paragraph: Another major controversy associated with al-Baghdadi is the validity of his works. Biographers Yaqut, Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn Kathir, and Ibn Taghribirdi believe that al-Baghdadi only finished the work of an author named as-Suri. While Yaqut contends that al-Baghdadi took the work from as-Suri's sister and claimed them as his own, Ibn Kathir believes that the works in question were borrowed from as-Suri's wife but he does not give an opinion as to the authenticity of them. He has also been accused of being dishonest in relation to the hadiths by Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi.

paragraph: Section::::al-Baghdadi's works.

paragraph: Ibn Hajar declared his works influential in the field of the Science of hadith and Hadith terminology saying, "Scarce is the discipline from the disciplines of the science of hadith on which he has not written a book." He then quoted Abu Bakr ibn Nuqtah, a Hanbali scholar, as saying, “Every objective person knows that the scholars of hadiths coming after al-Khatib are indebted to his works.”

paragraph: This is a short list of some of al-Baghdadi's works. Some accounts have him authoring over 80 titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ta'rikh Baghdad": The History of Baghdad

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Kifaya fi ma'rifat usul 'ilm al-riwaya": an early work dealing with Hadith terminology, which Ibn Hajar praised as influential in the field

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Djami' li-akhlak al-rawi wa-adab al-sami"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Takyid al-'ilm": Questions whether putting traditions into writing is forbidden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharaf ashab al-hadith": Centers around the significance of traditionalists

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Sabik wa 'l-lahik": dealing with hadith narrators of a particular type

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Mu'tanif fi takmilat al-Mu'talif wa 'l-mukhtalif": Correct spelling and pronunciation of names

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Muttafik wa 'l-muftarik"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talkhis al-mutashabih fi 'l-rasm wa-himayat ma ashkala minhu min nawadir al-tashif wa 'l-wahm"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Asma' al-mubhama fi 'l-anba' al-muhkama": identifying unnamed individuals mentioned in hadith

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Rihla fi talab al-hadith"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iktida' al-'ilm al-'amal"

description: muhaddith, historian and Hafiz

wikidata_label: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi

wikipedia_title: Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi


text:
American
Mozzate
Como
Milan
Italy
Paris
France
Auguste Rodin
Stanford White
New York City
Madison Square Garden II
Pittsburgh
Charles Lindbergh
Long Island
Statue of Liberty
Eiffel Tower
Henrietta Leaver
Miss America
Honus Wagner
Hall of Fame
Pittsburgh Pirates
Forbes Field
Three Rivers Stadium
PNC Park
Christopher Columbus
Schenley Park
Spirit of St. Louis
George Washington
Braddock Carnegie Library
half-dollar coin
American Civil War
Gettysburg
World War I
United States
Calvin Coolidge
Woodrow Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt
Abraham Lincoln
Thomas Jefferson
Carnegie Institute of Technology
Sculptors of the US Mint

categories: Artists from Pittsburgh,20th-century American sculptors,Modern sculptors,Sculptors from Pennsylvania,Italian emigrants to the United States,1968 deaths,American male sculptors,American currency designers,1888 births

paragraph: Frank Vittor

paragraph: Frank Vittor (Italian Name "Francesco Fabio Vittori")(January 6, 1888 – January 24, 1968) was an American sculptor, known for his "preference for the heroic and colossal".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vittor was born in Mozzate, Como, a suburb of Milan, Italy. He studied art in Milan at the Academy of Beres and then traveled to Paris, France to study under Auguste Rodin. When Vittor was 18, in 1906, U.S. architect Stanford White brought Vittor to New York City to work on his staff. White, who had designed Madison Square Garden II, was murdered at a performance at The Garden two weeks after Vittor arrived. The youth, having little money and knowing very limited English, decided to stay in America and soon opened an art studio. He met his future wife, Ade Mae Humphreys, a resident of Pittsburgh, and made the move to her home town.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Aviator Charles Lindbergh’s first solo trans-Atlantic flight between Long Island, New York and Paris, France was immortalized in bronze by Vittor with a sculpture showing a winged youth spanning the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower. Congress approved the expenditure in 1928, and the work was completed in 1929.

paragraph: Perhaps no work by Vittor created as much controversy and media coverage as did his nude statue of Henrietta Leaver, Miss America 1935. Though Leaver posed for Vittor, she did so in a bathing suit, accompanied by her grandmother. Upon first viewing the lifesize 5-foot 5-inch plaster statue Leaver was shocked that it was a nude and demanded her representation be draped or veiled. Vittor did not agree and called in art experts to judge the work and all agreed it should stay as it had been created. Leaver did not back down and demanded people her own age review "The American Venus," as it had originally been called. Unfortunately for Leaver her 60 peers, many of whom were art students, agreed it should remain unveiled. Though the strong disagreement between the two eventually did subside, Leaver, Vittor and the statue resurfaced five decades later in recaps of controversial Miss America mishaps.

paragraph: Baseball player Honus Wagner, one of the first five players inducted into the Hall of Fame, was memorialized by Vittor in a bronze statue, originally on display near the Pittsburgh Pirates Forbes Field. It was moved to Three Rivers Stadium and, when that stadium was imploded in 2001, the statue was relocated to PNC Park.

paragraph: In 1958, one of Vittor’s greatest works, a granite base and bronze statue of Christopher Columbus, was unveiled in Pittsburgh’s Schenley Park.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Commemorative works.

paragraph: Charles Lindbergh was the recipient of a second work of art created by Vittor. The artist and sculptor designed a commemorative stamp picturing the pilot and his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis.

paragraph: Walter F. Brown, the U.S. Postmaster General, authorized a 175th anniversary commemorative "Battle of Braddock" 2-cent stamp to be designed by Vittor and issued on July 9, 1930, the anniversary of the battle. The artwork he created featured his statue of Colonel George Washington with the inscription "Battle of Braddock's Field, 1755-1930. The statue stands itself stands on the site of the battle, in North Braddock, PA.

paragraph: Just downhill from the Washington statue, Vittor's "Winged Victory" stands in the courtyard of the Braddock Carnegie Library as a World War I war memorial.

paragraph: In 1936 the U.S. Congress authorized minting a half-dollar coin to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the American Civil War. Vittor was the person selected to design the coin. The obverse depicts the profile of two soldiers, one from the North and one from the South and the reverse holds a symbol of the battle placed between the combatant's shields. The coins were distributed through the Pennsylvania State Commission for Gettysburg.

paragraph: Section::::Presidents and more.

paragraph: Throughout Pittsburgh and the surrounding communities there exist more than 50 statues and fountains, as well as numerous other works, including a dozen historical panels on county bridges, and World War I memorials in at least five different cities. The artist sculpted numerous busts, including United States presidents Calvin Coolidge, Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. Vittor also created a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson, which is located at Jefferson Memorial Park.

paragraph: For several years Vittor was an instructor of art and sculpture at the Carnegie Institute and the Carnegie Institute of Technology. The artist founded the Pittsburgh Society of Sculptors and he also sat on the city’s planning commission. In 2008, Vittor was honored with a Pennsylvania State Historical Marker sponsored by the Heinz History Center which stands near his work of Columbus.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculptors of the US Mint

description: American sculptor

wikidata_label: Frank Vittor

wikipedia_title: Frank Vittor


text:
bibliophile
Philobiblon
librarianship
Bury St Edmunds
William the Conqueror
Leicestershire
John de Willoughby
grammar school
University of Oxford
Benedictine
Durham Cathedral
Edward III
Prince of Wales
chancellor
Thomas Frognall Dibdin
Edward II
Queen Isabella
Roger Mortimer
cofferer to the king
treasurer of the wardrobe
Lord Privy Seal
Avignon
Petrarch
Thule
Pope John XXII
Dean of Wells
Bishop of Durham
Robert de Graystanes
Lord Treasurer
Lord Chancellor
Scots
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
passion for books
Bishop Auckland
Durham College, Oxford
Henry VIII
Humphrey of Gloucester
Balliol College, Oxford
George Owen
John of Salisbury
British Museum
Bodleian
William de Chambre
Thomas Bradwardine
Archbishop of Canterbury
Richard Fitzralph
mendicant order
Walter Burley
Aristotle
John Mauduit
astronomer
Robert Holkot
Richard de Kilvington
John Bale
Gascony
Adam Murimuth
Rolls series
The Philobiblon
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses

categories: People from Bury St Edmunds,1287 births,English Benedictines,1345 deaths,Bishops of Durham,Lord Chancellors of England,English book and manuscript collectors,14th-century English people,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Lord High Treasurers of England,Lords Privy Seal

paragraph: Richard de Bury

paragraph: Richard de Bury (24 January 1287 – 14 April 1345), also known as Richard Aungerville or Aungervyle, was an English priest, teacher, bishop, writer, and bibliophile. He was a patron of learning and one of the first English collectors of books. He is chiefly remembered for his "Philobiblon", written to inculcate in the clergy the pursuit of learning and the love of books. The "Philobiblon" is considered one of the earliest books to discuss librarianship in-depth.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Richard de Bury was born near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, the son of Sir Richard Aungervyle, who was descended from a knight who fought for William the Conqueror's men. Aungervyle settled in Leicestershire, and the family came into possession of the manor of Willoughby. The year of Richard de Bury's birth is debated, there are conflicting sources; the earliest date from the Catholic Encyclopedia is 1281, other historians determined his birth year to be either 1286 or 1287. Recent research has shown that 1287 is the most widely accepted birth date.

paragraph: Sir Richard Aungervyle died when de Bury was a young boy. He was educated by his maternal uncle John de Willoughby, and after leaving the grammar school was sent to the University of Oxford, where he studied philosophy and theology. It is often reported that de Bury became a Benedictine monk at Durham Cathedral although several respected sources dispute this, as there is no evidence of him joining the Order. In fact, he was a priest and not a monk. He was made tutor to the future King Edward III whilst Prince of Wales (whom he would later serve as high chancellor and treasurer of England) and, according to Thomas Frognall Dibdin, inspired the prince with his own love of books.

paragraph: Section::::Administrator.

paragraph: Somehow he became involved in the intrigues preceding the deposition of King Edward II, and supplied Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, in Paris with money in 1325 from the revenues of Brienne, of which province he was treasurer. For some time he had to hide in Paris from the officers sent by Edward II to apprehend him. On the accession of Edward III his services were rewarded by rapid promotion. He was cofferer to the king (1327–28), treasurer of the wardrobe (1328–29) and afterwards Lord Privy Seal in 1329. The king repeatedly recommended him to the pope, and twice sent him, in 1330 and 1333, as ambassador to the papal court in exile at Avignon. On the first of these visits he met a fellow bibliophile, Petrarch, who records his impression of Aungerville as "not ignorant of literature and from his youth up curious beyond belief of hidden things". Petrarch asked him for information about Thule, but de Bury, who promised to reply when he was back at home among his books, never responded to repeated enquiries. Pope John XXII made him his principal chaplain, and presented him with a rochet in earnest of the next vacant bishopric in England.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Durham.

paragraph: During his absence from England de Bury was made Dean of Wells in February 1333. In September of the same year, he was made Bishop of Durham by the king, over-ruling the choice of the monks, who had elected and actually installed their sub-prior, Robert de Graystanes. In February 1334 de Bury was made Lord Treasurer, an appointment he exchanged later in the year for that of Lord Chancellor. He resigned the following year, and, after making arrangements for the protection of his northern diocese from an expected attack by the Scots, he proceeded in July 1336 to France to attempt a settlement of the claims in dispute between Edward and the French king. In the next year he served on three commissions for the defence of the northern counties. In June 1338 he was once again sent abroad on a peace mission, but within a month was waylaid by the approaching campaign.

paragraph: De Bury travelled to Coblenz and met Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and in the next year was sent to England to raise money. This seems to have been his last visit to the continent. In 1340 and 1342 he again tried to negotiate peace with the Scots, but afterwards left public politics to care for his diocese and accumulate a library. He sent far and wide in search of manuscripts, rescuing many volumes from the charge of ignorant and neglectful monks. He may sometimes have brought undue pressure to bear on the owners, for it is recorded that an abbot of St Albans bribed him with four valuable books, and that de Bury, who procured certain coveted privileges for the monastery, bought from him thirty-two other books for fifty pieces of silver, far less than their normal price. The record of his passion for books, his "Philobiblon" (Greek for "The Love of Books"), is a Latin treatise in praise of books. The "Philobiblon" was completed in 1344 and first printed in 1473. The most accurate and reliable English translation is by Ernest C. Thomas in 1888. Alfred Hessel describes the Philobiblon as "[t]he particular charm of the apology consist in fact that it contains sound library theory—though clothed in medieval garb". This remarkable piece of literature is one of the earliest books to discuss librarianship in-depth.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliophile.

paragraph: Richard de Bury gives an account of the unwearied efforts made by himself and his agents to collect books. He records his intention of founding a hall at Oxford, and in connection with it a library in which his books were to form the nucleus. He even details the dates to be observed for the lending and care of the books, and had already taken the preliminary steps for the foundation. The bishop died, however, in great poverty on 14 April 1345 at Bishop Auckland, and it seems likely that his collection was dispersed immediately after his death. Of it, the traditional account is that the books were sent to the Durham Benedictines Durham College, Oxford which was shortly thereafter founded by Bishop Hatfield, and that on the dissolution of the foundation by Henry VIII they were divided between Duke Humphrey of Gloucester's library, Balliol College, Oxford, and George Owen. Only two of the volumes are known to be in existence; one is a copy of John of Salisbury's works in the British Museum, and the other some theological treatises by Anselm and others in the Bodleian.

paragraph: The chief authority for the bishop's life is William de Chambre, printed in Wharton's "Anglia Sacra", 1691, and in "Historiae conelmensis scriptores tres", Surtees Soc., 1839, who describes him as an amiable and excellent man, charitable in his diocese, and the liberal patron of many learned men, among these being Thomas Bradwardine, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Fitzralph, afterwards Archbishop of Armagh, the enemy of the mendicant orders, Walter Burley, who translated Aristotle, John Mauduit the astronomer, Robert Holkot and Richard de Kilvington. John Bale and Pits I mention other works of his, "Epistolae Familiares" and "Orationes ad Principes". The opening words of the "Philobiblon" and the "Epistolae" as given by Bale represent those of the "Philobiblon" and its prologue, of that he apparently made two books out of one treatise. It is possible that the "Orationes" may represent a letter book of Richard de Bury's, entitled "Liber Epistolaris quondam dominiis cardi de Bury, Episcopi Dunelmensis", now in the possession of Lord Harlech.

paragraph: This manuscript, the contents of which are fully catalogued in the "Fourth Report" (1874) of the Historical Manuscripts Commission (Appendix, pp. 379–397), contains numerous letters from various popes, from the king, a correspondence dealing with the affairs of the university of Oxford, another with the province of Gascony, beside some harangues and letters evidently meant as models to be used on various occasions. It has often been asserted that the "Philobiblon" itself was not written by Richard de Bury at all, but by Robert Holkot. This assertion is supported by the fact that in seven of the extant manuscripts of "Philobiblon" it is ascribed to Holkote in an introductory page, in these or slightly varying terms: "Incipit prologus in re philobiblon ricardi dunelmensis episcopi que libri composuit ag". The Paris manuscript has simply "Philobiblon olchoti anglici", and does not contain the usual concluding note of the date when the book was completed by Richard. As a great part of the charm of book lies in the unconscious record of the collector's own character, the establishment of Holkot's authorship would materially alter its value. A notice of Richard de Bury by his contemporary Adam Murimuth ("Continuatio Chronicarum", Rolls series, 1889, p. 171) gives a less favourable account of him than does William de Chambre, asserting that he was only moderately learned, but desired to be regarded as a great scholar.

paragraph: Section::::The "Philobiblon".

paragraph: Before his death in 1345, de Bury wrote a book of essays that he compiled in a work entitled "The Philobiblon". This was a word he created from the Greek meaning "love of books". Written in Latin, as was the custom of the day, it is separated into twenty chapters. These essays discuss book collecting, the care of books, the "advantages of the love of books", and the vagaries of wars and how they destroy books. In the book, De Bury states that "the same man cannot love both gold and books". In Chapter VII entitled "The Complaint of Books against Wars" de Bury writes:

paragraph: Fortunately, these were not the idle words of an academic and bibliophile. As a diplomat, de Bury sought to seek peace throughout the realm, sometimes successfully as was the case with Scotland to the north, sometimes unsuccessfully, as was the case with France and the start of the 100 Years War.

paragraph: One of the most interesting sections in the "Philobiblon" is Chapter XIX entitled "Of the Manner of lending all our Books to Students". According to one scholar, the "Philobiblon" is "one of the longest extant medieval texts on the subject of library management". Here, de Bury describes the practices for circulation control among the students of the college, utilising at times an open-stack rather than the dominant closed-stack system. As to de Bury’s legacy, it was said about the "Philobiblon": "it is the sole memorial of one who loved books so much in an age and country that loved them so little".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ProQuest Dissertations and Theses 286 p. (303446130)

description: Bishop of Durham; Lord Privy Seal; Lord Chancellor of England; Lord High Treasurer of England

wikidata_label: Richard de Bury

wikipedia_title: Richard de Bury


text: Patriarch of Antioch

text: Henry Fynes Clinton

text: Tigris

text: Euphrates

text: Marcion

text: Christian

text: William Sanday

text: Irenaeus

text: Cyprian

text: Hermogenes

text: Marcion

text: Jerome

text: Old Testament

text: New Testament

text: anterior

text: pagan

text: philosophers

text: Genesis

text: Plato

text: Aratus

text: Adam

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Commodus

text: Sibylline books

text: Sibylline oracles

text: Herodotus

text: Bacchanalia

text: Eve

text: Cain

text: Zopyrus

text: Pausanias

text: Minerva

text: Irenaeus of Lyon

text: Hellenistic Judaism

text: Nous (Mind)

text: Logos (Word, Reason)

text: Sophia (Wisdom)

text: Patripassionist

text: Economy

text: Trinity

text: Trinity

text: conditional immortality

text: Pentateuch

text: Psalms

text: Proverbs

text: Isaiah

text: Jeremiah

text: Ezekiel

text: Hosea

text: Romans

text: 1 Corinthians

text: 1 Timothy

text: Gospel of St. John

text: 2 Peter

text: Book of Revelation

text: Hermogenes

text: Gospel of St. John

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: Son of God

text: Christian

text: Adam

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Irenaeus

text: Harnack

text: Marcion

text: Lactantius

text: Novatian

text: Gennadius

text: Jacques Paul Migne

text: Patrologia Graeca

text: W. G. Humphry

text: Johann Carl Theodor von Otto

text: Joseph Betty

text: W. B. Flower

text: Marcus Dods

text: Ante-Nicene Library

text: Henry Wace

text: Online Text for Theophilus of Antioch

text: Online complete text

categories: Christian apologists,Annihilationists,2nd-century Christian saints,Patriarchs of Antioch,Christian anti-Gnosticism,2nd-century archbishops,180s deaths

paragraph: Theophilus of Antioch

paragraph: Theophilus, Patriarch of Antioch () succeeded Eros c. 169, and was succeeded by Maximus I c. 183, according to Henry Fynes Clinton, but these dates are only approximations. His death probably occurred between 183 and 185.

paragraph: We gather from his writings (the only remaining being his apology to Autolycus) that he was born a pagan, not far from the Tigris and Euphrates, and was led to embrace Christianity by studying the Holy Scriptures, especially the prophetical books. He makes no reference to his office in his existing writings, nor is any other fact in his life recorded. Eusebius, however, speaks of the zeal which he and the other chief shepherds displayed in driving away the heretics who were attacking Christ's flock, with special mention of his work against Marcion. He made contributions to the departments of Christian literature, polemics, exegetics, and apologetics. William Sanday describes him as "one of the precursors of that group of writers who, from Irenaeus to Cyprian, not only break the obscurity which rests on the earliest history of the Church, but alike in the East and in the West carry it to the front in literary eminence, and distance all their heathen contemporaries".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Eusebius and Jerome mention numerous works of Theophilus existing in their time. They are:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. the existing "Apologia" addressed to Autolycus;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. a work against the heresy of Hermogenes;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. against that of Marcion;

paragraph: BULLET::::4. some catechetical writings;

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Jerome also mentions having read some commentaries on the gospel and on Proverbs, which bore Theophilus's name, but which he regarded as inconsistent with the elegance and style of his other works.

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".

paragraph: The one undoubted extant work of Theophilus, the 7th Bishop of Antioch (c. 169–c. 183), is his "Apology to Autolycus" ("Apologia ad Autolycum"), a series of books defending Christianity written to a pagan friend.

paragraph: The ostensible object of "Ad Autolycum" is to convince a pagan friend, Autolycus, a man of great learning and an earnest seeker after truth, of the divine authority of the Christian religion, while at the same time exhibiting the falsehood and absurdity of paganism. His arguments, drawn almost entirely from the Old Testament, with but very scanty references to the New Testament, are largely chronological. He makes the truth of Christianity depend on his demonstration that the books of the Old Testament were long anterior to the writings of the Greeks and were divinely inspired. Whatever truth the pagan authors contain he regards as borrowed from Moses and the prophets, who alone declare God's revelation to man. He contrasts the perfect consistency of the divine oracles, which he regards as a convincing proof of their inspiration, with the inconsistencies of the pagan philosophers. He contrasts the account of the creation of the universe and of man, on which, together with the history contained in the earlier chapters of Genesis, he comments at great length but with singularly little intelligence, with the statements of Plato, "reputed the wisest of all the Greeks", of Aratus, who had the insight to assert that the earth was spherical, and other Greek writers on whom he pours contempt as mere ignorant retailers of stolen goods. He supplies a series of dates, beginning with Adam and ending with Marcus Aurelius, who had died shortly before he wrote, thus dating this work to the years of the reign of Commodus, 180-92.

paragraph: Theophilus regards the Sibylline books that were still in Rome as authentic and inspired productions, quoting the Sibylline oracles (scholars dispute that these are the same) largely as declaring the same truths with the prophets. The omission by the Greeks of all mention of the Old Testament from which they draw all their wisdom, is ascribed to a self-chosen blindness in refusing to recognize the only God and in persecuting the followers of the only fountain of truth. He can recognize in them no aspirations after the divine life, no earnest gropings after truth, no gleams of the all-illumining light. The pagan religion was a mere worship of idols, bearing the names of dead men. Almost the only point in which he will allow the pagan writers to be in harmony with revealed truth is in the doctrine of retribution and punishment after death for sins committed in life.

paragraph: Theophilus's critical powers were not above his age. He adopts Herodotus's derivation of θεός (theòs) from τίθημι (tithemi), since God set all things in order, comparing with it that of Plato from θεεῖν (theein), because the Deity is ever in motion. He asserts that Satan is called the dragon (Greek "drakon") on account of his having revolted "apodedrakenai" from God, and traces the Bacchanalian cry "Evoe" to the name of Eve as the first sinner. He discovers the reason of blood coagulating on the surface of the ground in the divine word to Cain, the earth struck with terror refusing to drink it in. In addition, Theophilus misquotes Plato several times, ranking Zopyrus among the Greeks, and speaking of Pausanias as having only run a risk of starvation instead of being actually starved to death in the temple of Minerva.

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".:Trinity.

paragraph: Theophilus's apology is most notable for being the earliest extant Christian work to use the word "Trinity" (Greek: τριάς "trias"), although it does not use the common formula of "the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit" to describe the Trinity. Rather, Theophilus himself puts it as "God, his Word (Logos) and his Wisdom (Sophia)," perhaps following the early Christian practice of identifying the Holy Spirit as the Wisdom of God, as he seems to demonstrate in his interpretation of Psalm 33:6, and which is also expressed in the works his contemporary, Irenaeus of Lyon, who commenting on that selfsame verse writes, “By the word of the Lord were the heavens established, and by his spirit all their power." Since then the Word establishes, that is to say, gives body and grants the reality of being, and the Spirit gives order and form to the diversity of the powers; rightly and fittingly is the Word called the Son, and the Spirit the Wisdom of God.This practice served as a way to express Christian doctrine in a way that is more relatable to contemporary views—to ideas found in Greek philosophy or Hellenistic Judaism in which such concepts as Nous (Mind), Logos (Word, Reason) and Sophia (Wisdom) were common. As the Patripassionist heresies arose, however, the formula of "Father, Son, Holy Spirit" became more prominently featured, as such beliefs denied the persons of the Economy (an earlier developed term for the Trinity). As Theophilus does not appear to be introducing the word Trinity in novel fashion, it is probable that the word was in use before this time. The context for his use of the word Trinity is commentary on the successive work of the creation weeks (Genesis chapters 1-3), where Theophilus expresses the Trinity as follows:

paragraph: The concept of intermediate divine beings was common to Platonism and certain Jewish sects. In Wisdom (as feminine consort) is described as God's Counsellor and Workmistress, who dwelt beside Him before the creation of the world.

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".:Conditional immortality and resurrection.

paragraph: Ad Autolycum 1:13, 2:27 illustrate Theophilus' belief in conditional immortality and judgment at the future resurrection.

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".:References to the Old and New Testaments.

paragraph: The theology of Theophilus was rooted in Jewish ideas and the Hebrew scriptures. Theophilus's quotation from the Old Testament scripture is copious, drawing largely from the Pentateuch and to a smaller extent from the other historical books. His references to Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, and Jeremiah are also numerous, and he quotes from Ezekiel, Hosea and other minor prophets. His direct evidence respecting the canon of the New Testament does not go much beyond a few precepts from the Sermon on the Mount, a possible quotation from Luke 18:27, and quotations from Romans, 1 Corinthians, and 1 Timothy. More important is a distinct citation from the opening of the Gospel of St. John (1:1-3), mentioning the evangelist by name, as one of the inspired men by whom the Holy Scriptures were written The use of a metaphor found in 2 Peter 1:19 bears on the date of that epistle. According to Eusebius, Theophilus quoted the Book of Revelation in his work against Hermogenes; a very precarious allusion has been seen in ii. 28, cf. Revelation 12:3, 7, etc. A full index of these and other possible references to the Old and New Testament is given by Otto.

paragraph: Although Theophilus cites the opening of the Gospel of St. John (1:1), he does not go on to speak of the incarnation of the Word and his (Jesus's) atoning sacrificial death. While Theophilus makes no mention of the name of Jesus or use the word Christ or the "phrase" Son of God, he identifies the Logos as the Son of God in his second letter, when he writes,For the divine writing itself teaches us that Adam said that he had heard the voice. But what else is this voice but the Word of God, who is also His Son? Not as the poets and writers of myths talk of the sons of gods begotten from intercourse [with women], but as truth expounds, the Word, that always exists, residing within the heart of God. For before anything came into being He had Him as a counsellor, being His own mind and thought. But when God wished to make all that He determined on, He begot this Word, uttered, the first-born of all creation, not Himself being emptied of the Word [Reason], but having begotten Reason, and always conversing with His Reason. And hence the holy writings teach us, and all the spirit-bearing [inspired] men, one of whom, John, says, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God," showing that at first God was alone, and the Word in Him. Then he says, "The Word was God; all things came into existence through Him; and apart from Him not one thing came into existence." The Word, then, being God, and being naturally produced from God, whenever the Father of the universe wills, He sends Him to any place; and He, coming, is both heard and seen, being sent by Him, and is found in a place.

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".:Meaning of term "Christian".

paragraph: Theophilus explains the meaning of the term Christian as follows:

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".:Chronology.

paragraph: In his third book Theophilus presents a detailed chronology “from the foundation of the world" to emperor Marcus Aurelius. This begins with the Biblical first man Adam through to emperor Marcus Aurelius. Theophilus lived in the reign of this emperor. The chronology puts the creation of the world at about 5529 BC: "All the years from the creation of the world amount to a total of 5,698 years." He uses this chronology to prove that Moses and the other Hebrew prophets preceded the philosophers. The leading chronological epochs correspond to the Old Testament prophets.

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".:Patristic Citations.

paragraph: The silence regarding his "Apology" in the East is remarkable; we fail to find the work mentioned or quoted by Greek writers before the time of Eusebius. Several passages in the works of Irenaeus show an undoubted relationship to passages in one small section of the "Apologia", but Harnack thinks it probable that the quotations, limited to two chapters, are not taken from the "Apologia", but from Theophilus's work against Marcion In the West there are a few references to the "Autolycus". It is quoted by Lactantius under the title "Liber de Temporibus ad Autolycum". There is a passage first cited by Maranus in Novatian which shows great similarity to the language of Theophilus. In the next century the book is mentioned by Gennadius as "tres libelli de fide." He found them attributed to Theophilus of Alexandria, but the disparity of style caused him to question the authorship.

paragraph: Section::::The "Apology to Autolycus".:Editions.

paragraph: Jacques Paul Migne's "Patrologia Graeca", and a small edition (Cambridge 1852) by W. G. Humphry. Johann Carl Theodor von Otto's edition in the "Corpus apologetarum christianorum saeculi secundi" vol. ii. (Jena, 1861) is by far the most complete and useful. English translations by Joseph Betty (Oxford 1722), W. B. Flower (London, 1860), Marcus Dods (Clark's Ante-Nicene Library), and Robert M. Grant (Clarendon Press, 1970).

paragraph: This article uses text from "A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies" by Henry Wace.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophilus' work to Autolycus and Catholic Encyclopedia 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Text for Theophilus of Antioch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online complete text

description: Patriarch of Antioch

wikidata_label: Theophilus of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Theophilus of Antioch


text: Anglo-Norman

text: Duke of Brittany

text: Constance

text: Henry II, King of England

text: Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine

text: Conan IV, Duke of Brittany

text: Constance

text: Louis VII of France

text: Crusader states

text: Levant

text: Gisors

text: Philip

text: seneschal

text: Gerald of Wales

text: aloes

text: Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany

text: Arthur I, Duke of Brittany

text: Paris

text: Roger of Hoveden

text: Gerald of Wales

text: Rigord

text: Marie of Champagne

text: chantry

text: Notre Dame de Paris

text: jure uxoris

text: James Goldman

text: The Lion in Winter

text: 1968 film version

text: John Castle

text: 2003 TV film version

text: John Light

text: BBC

text: The Devil's Crown

text: Richard the Lionheart

text: Devil's Brood

text: Sharon Kay Penman

text: Dukes of Brittany family tree

text: Earl of Richmond

text: British monarchs family tree

text: The Medieval Sourcebook

categories: 1158 births,Dukes of Brittany,12th-century English people,Deaths by horse-riding accident,House of Anjou,Earls of Richmond (1136),Jure uxoris officeholders,1186 deaths,House of Plantagenet

paragraph: Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany

paragraph: Geoffrey II (; , Anglo-Norman: "Geoffroy"; 23 September 1158 – 19 August 1186) was Duke of Brittany and 3rd Earl of Richmond between 1181 and 1186, through his marriage with the heiress Constance. Geoffrey was the fourth of five sons of Henry II, King of England and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In the 1160s, Henry II began to alter his policy of indirect rule in Brittany and to exert more direct control. Henry had been at war with Conan IV, Duke of Brittany. Local Breton nobles rebelled against Conan, so Conan sought Henry II's help. In 1164, Henry intervened to seize lands along the border of Brittany and Normandy and, in 1166, he invaded Brittany to punish the local barons. Henry then forced Conan to abdicate as duke and to give Brittany to his five-year-old daughter, Constance, who was handed over and betrothed to Henry's son Geoffrey. This arrangement was quite unusual in terms of medieval law, as Conan might have had sons who could have legitimately inherited the duchy. Geoffrey and Constance eventually married, in July 1181.

paragraph: Growing tensions between Henry and Louis VII of France finally spilled over into open war in 1167, triggered by a trivial argument over how money destined for the Crusader states of the Levant should be collected. Louis allied himself with the Welsh, Scots and Bretons and the French king attacked Normandy. Henry responded by attacking Chaumont-sur-Epte, where Louis kept his main military arsenal, burning the town to the ground and forcing Louis to abandon his allies and make a private truce. Henry was then free to move against the rebel barons in Brittany, where feelings about his seizure of the duchy were still running high.

paragraph: Geoffrey was fifteen years old when he joined the first revolt against his father. He later reconciled to Henry in 1174 when he participated in the truce at Gisors. Geoffrey prominently figured in the second revolt of 1183, fighting against Richard, on behalf of Henry the Young King.

paragraph: Geoffrey was a good friend of Louis VII's son Philip, and the two men were frequently in alliance against King Henry. Geoffrey spent much time at Philip's court in Paris, and Philip made him his seneschal. There is evidence to suggest that Geoffrey was planning another rebellion with Philip's help during his final period in Paris in the summer of 1186. As a participant in so many rebellions against his father, Geoffrey acquired a reputation for treachery. Gerald of Wales wrote the following of him: "He has more aloes than honey in him; his tongue is smoother than oil; his sweet and persuasive eloquence has enabled him to dissolve the firmest alliances and by his powers of language able to corrupt two kingdoms; of tireless endeavour, a hypocrite in everything, a deceiver and a dissembler."

paragraph: Geoffrey also was known to attack monasteries and churches in order to raise funds for his campaigns. This lack of reverence for religion earned him the displeasure of the Church and, as a consequence, of the majority of chroniclers who wrote about his life.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Geoffrey and Constance had three children, one born after Geoffrey's death:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (1184–1241)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud/Matilda of Brittany (1185-before May 1189)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (1187–1203?)

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Geoffrey died on 19 August 1186, at the age of 27, in Paris. There is also evidence that supports a death date of 21 August 1186. There are two alternative accounts of his death. The more common first version holds that he was trampled to death in a jousting tournament. At his funeral, a grief-stricken Philip is said to have tried to jump into the coffin. Roger of Hoveden's chronicle is the source of this version; the detail of Philip's hysterical grief is from Gerald of Wales.

paragraph: In the second version, in the chronicle of the French royal clerk Rigord, Geoffrey died of sudden acute chest pain, which reportedly struck immediately after his speech to Philip, boasting his intention to lay Normandy to waste. Possibly, this version was an invention of its chronicler, sudden illness being God's judgment of an ungrateful son plotting rebellion against his father, and for his irreligiosity. Alternatively, the tournament story may be an invention of Philip's to prevent Henry II's discovery of a plot; inventing a social reason, a tournament, for Geoffrey's being in Paris, Philip obscured their meeting's true purpose.

paragraph: Marie of Champagne, with whom Geoffrey was on good terms, was present at the requiem for her half-brother and established a mass chantry for the repose of his soul.

paragraph: Geoffrey was buried in the choir of Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral, but his tombstone was destroyed in the 18th century before the French revolution. His body was exhumed in 1797 and measured at 5 ft 6.5 in (1.69 m).

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: After Geoffrey's death, Henry II arranged for Constance, Geoffrey's widow, to marry Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester. Ranulf would become Duke of Brittany, jure uxoris, for a short time before this marriage was annulled.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: With a character closely resembling that given by Gerald of Wales above, Geoffrey appears as a major character in the James Goldman play "The Lion in Winter". In the 1968 film version of the play, Geoffrey was played by John Castle and in the 2003 TV film version by John Light. He was also portrayed by Austin Somervell (as a teenager) and Martin Neil (as an adult) in the BBC TV series "The Devil's Crown" (1978), which dramatised the reigns of his father and brothers.

paragraph: He appears as an ally of his brother Richard the Lionheart in the game "".

paragraph: He appears in the 2015 film, "", played by Marco Naggar, joining his mother and brothers in a fight against their father.

paragraph: He is a major character in the historical novel "Devil's Brood" by Sharon Kay Penman.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Brittany family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl of Richmond

paragraph: BULLET::::- British monarchs family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other politically important horse accidents

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Costain, Thomas B. "The Conquering Family", 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everard, Judith. "Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and her Family, 1171–1221", 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everard, Judith. " Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158–1203", 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillingham, John. "The Life and Times of Richard I", 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillingham, John. "Richard the Lionheart", 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillihgham, John. "Richard I", 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reston, James. "Warriors of God: Richard the Lion-Heart and Saladin in the Third Crusade", 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warren, W. L. "Henry II", 2000

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Medieval Sourcebook contains many primary sources including Hoveden and Gerald of Wales, some of which pertains to Geoffrey

description: English noble, Duke of Brittany jure uxoris

wikidata_label: Geoffrey II

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany


text:
Kokin Wakashū
Fujiwara no Teika
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu

categories: Classical Japan,People of Heian-period Japan,Deified Japanese people,Hyakunin Isshu poets,Japanese poets

paragraph: Sarumaru Dayū

paragraph: Section::::Poetry example.

paragraph: The following "waka" is attributed to him, a classic :

paragraph: This poem is the 215th poem of the "Kokin Wakashū", and was also incorporate into Fujiwara no Teika's famous "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu", as number 5.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond (1910). "Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan." Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.

description: poet

wikidata_label: Sarumaru no Taifu

wikipedia_title: Sarumaru Dayū


text: Uruguaiana

text: RS

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Brazilian footballer

text: striker

text: EC Ferro Carril

text: Porto Alegre

text: Grêmio

text: CR Vasco da Gama

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Fluminense

text: Botafogo

text: Flamengo

text: America-RJ

text: Ondino Viera

text: Nacional

text: CA River Plate

text: Mário Américo

text: state championship

text: Ademir de Menezes

text: Lelé

text: Isaías

text: Jair da Rosa Pinto

text: São Paulo

text: Argentina

text: Copa Roca

text: Estádio São Januário

text: 1950 FIFA World Cup

text: Uruguay

text: Maracanazo

text: 1950 World Cup

text: EC Ferro Carril

text: Grêmio FBPA

text: CR Vasco da Gama

text: CR Flamengo

text: Southamerican Club Championship

text: Campeonato Carioca

text: Confederação Brasileira de Futebol

text: Chico… o valente de Uruguaiana

text: Francisco Aramburu

text: Placar

text: Vasco, 110 anos

categories: 1922 births,Brazilian footballers,1950 FIFA World Cup players,Brazil international footballers,Brazilian people of Basque descent,1997 deaths,Association football forwards

paragraph: Francisco Aramburu

paragraph: Francisco Aramburu, or Chico (7 January 1922, Uruguaiana, RS – 10 January 1997, Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian footballer who played striker.

paragraph: Chico, commonly short for Francisco, commenced playing football in 1939 aged 17 in his hometown with EC Ferro Carril. A year later he moved to the state capital Porto Alegre where he was given the opportunity to display his skills in the colours of Grêmio. Just another year later in 1942 he followed an offer from CR Vasco da Gama in the then national capital Rio de Janeiro. the club with the Maltese cross in its crest then was the number five in town after Fluminense, Botafogo, Flamengo America-RJ.

paragraph: The Uruguayan coach Ondino Viera, who before had won championships with Nacional in Montevideo, CA River Plate in Buenos Aires joined Vasco at the same time. He not only re-introduced the since then typical kit with the diagonal strip but also a number of tactical innovations. The former boxer Mário Américo, who should later acquire later worldwide fame as the physiotherapist of the Brazilian national team across seven World Cups from 1950 to 1974, was another new addition to the club.

paragraph: By 1945 Viera had succeeded in establishing a competitive side and led the Vasco to the sixth state championship – undefeated. The "Expresso da Vitrória", the "Victory Express", as which the team should be known from 1945 to 1952 benefited in particular from its strong attack with

paragraph: Ademir de Menezes, top scorer Lelé, Isaías, Jair da Rosa Pinto und Chico on the left wing. Chico by then Chico was already renowned as an athletic, fast, both-footed dribbler with a sharp shot and was soon considered for the national team.

paragraph: In December 1945 he debuted for Brazil in São Paulo against Argentina in the series of matches for the Copa Roca. The hosts lost 3–4, but a few days later Brazil defeated Argentina 6–2 in the Estádio São Januário, Vasco's stadium. Chico contributed with one goal to this highest victory of Brazil against the archrival. Brazil secured the trophy in the deciding match at the same place, winning 3:1. Also this series of matches between the two countries was marked by a very robust style. Argentina's Batagliero broke a leg in a duel with the 20-year-old Ademir.

paragraph: In 1950 FIFA World Cup, he played four games and scored four goals. He played in the famous game with Uruguay, which Brazil lost, known as "Maracanazo", ultimately resulting in Brazil's failure to win the 1950 World Cup.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clubs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939–1940: EC Ferro Carril (Uruguaiana, RS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941–1942: Grêmio FBPA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942–1954: CR Vasco da Gama

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955–1956: CR Flamengo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honours

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southamerican Club Championship: 1948

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campeonato Carioca: 1945, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318023514/http://www.cbf.com.br/ca2/58j.html Chico - Atacante]", Confederação Brasileira de Futebol.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chico… o valente de Uruguaiana", O futebol sem as fronteiras do tempo: tardes de Pacaembu, 2013-15-01.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcelo Rozenberg: "Chico: Ex-atacante do Vasco e Seleção Brasileira", Terçeiro Tempo: Que Fim Levou? (per 2013-11-15).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francisco Aramburu", Flapédia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , (Matches Brazi vs. Argentina in the Copa América) Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (per 2010-05-05) via Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlos Maranhão: "Um duelo de gigantes - 1946: Na hora da vinganca, pernas quebradas", Placar, 2013-08-03, p. 16, via Mauro Prais, NetVasco, 2008-06-12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- José Rezende: "Vasco, 110 anos", Associação Brasileira de Imprensa

description: Brazilian footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Francisco Aramburu

wikipedia_title: Francisco Aramburu


text: Libčany

text: Koloděje nad Lužnicí

text: České Budějovice District

text: Czech

text: puppeteer

text: Mirotice

text: Písek

text: Czech lands

text: Czech National Revival

text: Václav Kopecký

text: Mikoláš Aleš

text: Týn nad Vltavou

text: Koloděje nad Lužnicí

text: Týn nad Vltavou

text: Josef Richard Vilímek

text: Václav Thám

text: Biography

text: Biography with short overview of plays

paragraph: Matěj Kopecký

paragraph: Matěj Kopecký (24 February 1775, probably in Libčany - 3 July 1847 in Koloděje nad Lužnicí, České Budějovice District) was a Czech puppeteer. For six generations his descendants followed the art of puppeteering.

paragraph: Kopecký's father was a poor travelling puppeteer ("histrio vagus"). Matěj Kopecký married in 1795 and moved into the town of Mirotice. Since 1789 to 1808 or 1809 he was forced to serve in the army, within the infantry regiment from Písek. Later, he worked as watchmaker, travelling salesman or road worker. In 1818 he obtained licence for a puppet theatre and reached certain success in this activity. The parish record about his death, though, labels him as ""a histrion from Mirotice, widower and beggar"". Kopecký had at least fifteen children of which six had survived into adulthood. Most of them worked as puppeteers and the tradition was kept for six generations.

paragraph: At his time the puppet theatre was, for many in the Czech lands, the only contact with theatrical culture, with ideas of enlightenment and of the Czech National Revival. While Kopecký was not the only Czech puppeteer, he became the most known one during the second half of the 19th century when his son Václav Kopecký published his plays in print, and due to a fictional picture of Kopecký by Mikoláš Aleš.

paragraph: In 1905, a small memorial to Kopecký was erected in Týn nad Vltavou and in 1947 another one in the castle park in Koloděje nad Lužnicí. The town museum in Týn nad Vltavou hosts a permanent puppet exposition dedicated to Kopecký.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Kopecký had used marionettes, with height up to 60 cm.

paragraph: In 1862, a collection of 61 plays was published by Josef Richard Vilímek under the title "Comedies and plays by Matěj Kopecký as collected by his son Václav" ("Komedie a hry Matěje Kopeckého dle sepsání syna Václava"). Several people, among them Václav Thám, are listed as authors of the plays. Being intended for uneducated public, the plays had been full of emotions and naive humour. For most of the time Kopecký used Czech language, on occasions when had acted for high nobility German language.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography with short overview of plays (archived link)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography with the fictional picture of Kopecký (archived link)

description: Czech puppeteer

wikidata_label: Matěj Kopecký

wikipedia_title: Matěj Kopecký


text:
Berlin
German
physician
Berlin University
Moritz Heinrich Romberg
M.D.
disease
privat-docent
assistant professor
director
dispensary
pediatrics
Charité
Meran
Dresden
Johann Lukas Schönlein
thrombopenic
purpura
IgA vasculitis
Karl Friedrich Canstatt

categories: German Jews,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,Charité,1820 births,1910 deaths,German pediatricians

paragraph: Eduard Heinrich Henoch

paragraph: Eduard Heinrich Henoch (June 16, 1820, Berlin – August 26, 1910) was a German physician. He taught at the Berlin University (1868–1894). Henoch was of Jewish descent, and was the nephew of Moritz Heinrich Romberg.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: After taking the degree of M.D. at Berlin (1843), he began to practise as a specialist in diseases of children. Until 1850 he was assistant at the children's dispensary of the university. In that year he became privat-docent; in 1858, assistant professor. In 1872 Henoch became director of the hospital and dispensary of the department of pediatrics at the Charité. In 1893 he resigned that position, received the title of ""Medicinalrath"", and lived in retirement at Meran until 1898, when he removed to Dresden.

paragraph: In 1868 he described the association of colic, bloody diarrhea, painful joints, and rash in the condition, previously described by his former medical school teacher Johann Lukas Schönlein, of the allergic non-thrombopenic purpural rash that became known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura, though now known as IgA vasculitis.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: Among his works may be mentioned:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Klinik der Unterleibskrankheiten"," 3 vols., Berlin, 1852–58, 3d ed. 1863;

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Beiträge zur Kinderheilkunde"," two parts, ib. 1861-68;

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Vorlesungen über Kinderkrankheiten"," ib. 1881, 10th ed. 1899.

paragraph: BULLET::::- translated from the English of Budd ""Die Krankheiten der Leber"," Berlin, 1846,

paragraph: BULLET::::- edited Karl Friedrich Canstatt's ""Handbuch der Medizinischen Klinik"," Erlangen, 1854–56

paragraph: BULLET::::- West's ""Pathologie und Therapie der Kinderkrankheiten"," 4th ed., Berlin, 1865.

description: German physician

wikidata_label: Eduard Heinrich Henoch

wikipedia_title: Eduard Heinrich Henoch


text:
Mastník
Třebíč
Moravia
Vlčatín
Žďár nad Sázavou
Czechoslovakia
poet
Catholic
Communists
literature
comparative literature
Prague University
František Xaver Šalda
Václav Tille
translator
Brno
editor
publishing house
StB
mushroom poisoning
poem
Communists
Dante Alighieri
Divina comedia
exile
Canada

categories: Czech male poets,Czech Roman Catholics,20th-century Czech poets,1905 births,Prisoners and detainees of Czechoslovakia,Czechoslovak prisoners and detainees,20th-century male writers,1960 deaths,Catholic poets

paragraph: Jan Zahradníček

paragraph: Jan Zahradníček (January 17, 1905, Mastník, near Třebíč, Moravia − October 10, 1960, Vlčatín, near Žďár nad Sázavou, Czechoslovakia) was a Czech poet of the early and mid-20th century. Because of his writings and Catholic orientation he was imprisoned as an enemy of Communists after their coup in 1948.

paragraph: From 1919 to 1926 he studied at Classical Grammar School in Třebíč. He then studied literature and comparative literature at Prague University (among his professors were František Xaver Šalda and Václav Tille). In 1936 he moved to Uhřínov to become a free poet and translator. From 1940 until 1948 he was editor of "Akord" Revue in Brno. He then became editor of Brněnské tiskarny (a publishing house) in 1945.

paragraph: In June 1951 he was arrested by Communist secret state police (StB) and sentenced to 13 years imprisonment. In 1960 he was granted amnesty due to his tragic health situation and died the same year. He had four children, two daughters died from mushroom poisoning in the time of his imprisonment.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 − "Pokušení smrti", poems, published

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 − "Jeřáby" published

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 − "Žíznivé léto" published

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 − "Pozdravení slunci" published

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 − "Korouhve" published

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 − "La Saletta" published

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 − book of poems "Znamení moci" − prohibited by Communists; translation of Dante Alighieri's "Divina comedia" can't be published under Zahradníček's name.

paragraph: Verse books from prison "Čtyři léta" and "Dům strach" were published in exile (Canada) during the 1970s.

description: Czech Catholic poet

wikidata_label: Jan Zahradníček

wikipedia_title: Jan Zahradníček


text:
stage name
nerdcore
rapper
lawyer
Pittsburgh
Memphis
Emory University School of Law
Washington, D.C.
Chris Sims
Marvel Comics
Adam Warlock
pop culture
studio album
EPs
concept album

categories: American rappers,21st-century American rappers,Lawyers from Washington, D.C.,Nerdcore artists,Musicians from Pittsburgh,Emory University School of Law alumni,Living people,People from Memphis, Tennessee

paragraph: Adam WarRock

paragraph: Eugene Ahn, better known by his stage name Adam WarRock, is an American nerdcore rapper. In 2010 he left his job as a lawyer to pursue a full-time career as an independent musical artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ahn was born in Pittsburgh but raised in Memphis.

paragraph: Section::::Lawyer.

paragraph: Ahn graduated from the Emory University School of Law and worked at a small litigation and employment law firm in Washington, D.C.

paragraph: In 2000, while in college, he began making independent music as a side project and continued through to his legal job. During his time with the law firm, he was also producing and co-hosting a comic book podcast called "War Rocket Ajax" with comic book writer Chris Sims. As part of this, he began make rap songs and decided to adopt an appropriate stage name. Ahn selected the name Adam WarRock, after the Marvel Comics character Adam Warlock and name of the podcast (et Ajax). Ahn registered his new stage name as a website and used it to keep his musical career separate from his real name and legal career.

paragraph: Section::::Rapper.

paragraph: With his two careers each taking up more time, he decided that the creative one was the more fulfilling. In an interview he said, "Everything I wanted to do out there in the world was being prevented simply because I had this job. And it was a job that I didn't really enjoy in the first place." Noting however, "There are things I still very much believe in about the legal profession, and it has undeniably made me a smarter, better organized, savvier person, but there is this lack of focus and epidemic of bad management in the legal industry that makes it unbearable to people who, like me, can visualize and see things beyond a paycheck and a secure lifestyle."

paragraph: As a result, in 2010, Ahn quit his job with the law firm to pursue a full-time career as an independent musical artist. His job as a self-employed independent artist is less secure than his career in law, which Ahn has described as "scary". He does not necessarily recommend it to others, saying, "Now, I think I should say this: It’s a very bad idea to do this. So don’t take this story as inspiration to quit your job in a brash and impulsive manner," but, "If you have something you love doing, and think you got the chops to back it up, put your stuff out there" Describing the nature of his work, he says "You wake up and think: 'What am I going to create today?' [...] [the website is] a place for quick turnarounds where I can capitalise on topicality."

paragraph: Most tracks are released for free on his website, usually on a subject within geek culture or wider pop culture. He has also released a few studio albums.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Ahn was an early contributor to the "Fake AP Stylebook" Twitter feed because he was friends with the creators. As a result, he is also a contributor to the spin-off website "The Bureau Chiefs" and print book "Write More Good" (2011).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: In addition to a large number of individual tracks and several EPs, WarRock has released three studio albums to date:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "War For Infinity" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "You Dare Call That Thing Human?!?" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "The Middle of Nowhere" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "24 Hour Rap-A-Thon 2014" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:"War For Infinity".

paragraph: A concept album inspired by his stage name and his namesake's comic storylines.

description: American nerdcore rapper

wikidata_label: Eugene Ahn

wikipedia_title: Adam WarRock


text:
Couhé
Château-Larcher
Count of La Marche
Hugh VI of Lusignan
Crusaders
Lusignan
Louis VII of France
Second Crusade
Hugh VIII of Lusignan
fl.
Thouars

categories: 1065 births,House of Lusignan,12th-century French people,Counts of La Marche,11th-century French people,1151 deaths

paragraph: Hugh VII of Lusignan

paragraph: Hugh VII the Brown of Lusignan or Hugues II de La Marche (French: Hugues le Brun) (1065–1151), Sire de Lusignan, Couhé and Château-Larcher and Count of La Marche, was the son of Hugh VI of Lusignan. He was one of the many notable Crusaders in the Lusignan family. In 1147 he took the Cross and followed King Louis VII of France on the Second Crusade.

paragraph: Hugh married before 1090 Sarrasine or Saracena de Lezay (1067–1144), whose origins are unknown. She may have been identical to the Saracena who was widow of Robert I, Count of Sanseverino.

paragraph: Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh VIII of Lusignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- William de Lusignan, Seigneur d'Angles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rorgon de Lusignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon de Lusignan, Seigneur de Lezay, fl. 1144, married before 1173 NN, the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillaume I de Lusignan, Seigneur de Lezay, who died unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon II de Lusignan (Deux Sèvres, bef. 1180 – 1200), Seigneur de Lezay, married before 1195 NN, the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugues I de Lezay, Seigneur de Lezay, married to NN, the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean I de Lezay, Seigneur de Lezay, married to NN, the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claire I de Lezay, Dame de Lezay, married to Pons II d'Aulnay, Vicomte d'Aulnay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galeran de Lusignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ænor or Aénor de Lusignan (b. c. 1130), married before 1144 Geoffrey or Geoffroy V de Thouars (c. 1120 – aft. 1176), Vicomte de Thouars, son of Aimery VI de Thouars, Vicomte de Thouars, and wife Agnes=Mathilde de Poitiers

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Painter, Sidney. "The Lords of Lusignan in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", 1961

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Hugh VII of Lusignan

wikipedia_title: Hugh VII of Lusignan


text:
American
Major League Baseball
player
manager
Kansas City Royals
Milwaukee Brewers
Philadelphia Phillies
Chicago White Sox
Oakland Athletics
Seattle Mariners
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Yankees
minor league
Blue Jays
John Olerud
Pinole Valley High School
All-America
quarterback
Milwaukee Brewers
home run
home runs
drove in
ninth
walk-off home run
County Stadium
Texas Rangers
Easter Sunday
California Angels
Darryl Hamilton
Manager of the Year Award
Tony La Russa
Joe Torre
Lou Piniella
Jim Leyland
Gene Lamont
Pittsburgh Pirates
Baseball America
Eastern League
Boston Red Sox
Terry Francona
Milwaukee Brewers
Ned Yost
2008 NLDS
Philadelphia Phillies
Ken Macha
Chicago Cubs
Dale Sveum

categories: Major League Baseball bench coaches,Milwaukee Brewers managers,Minor league baseball managers,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Beloit Brewers players,Milwaukee Brewers coaches,Major League Baseball hitting coaches,Chicago White Sox players,Major League Baseball shortstops,Calgary Cannons players,1963 births,New York Yankees players,Baseball players from California,Boston Red Sox coaches,Major League Baseball third base coaches,Pikeville Brewers players,Major League Baseball third basemen,Altoona Curve managers,Denver Zephyrs players,Seattle Mariners players,Milwaukee Brewers players,Living people,Nashville Sounds players,El Paso Diablos players,Kansas City Royals coaches,Vancouver Canadians players,Chicago Cubs managers,Tacoma Tigers players,Tucson Sidewinders players,Oakland Athletics players,Stockton Ports players

paragraph: Dale Sveum

paragraph: Dale Curtis Sveum ( ; born November 23, 1963) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) player and manager. He is currently the for the Kansas City Royals. As a player, Sveum saw action in twelve major league seasons between 1986 and 1999. He was a member of the Milwaukee Brewers, Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago White Sox, Oakland Athletics, Seattle Mariners, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Yankees. Following his playing career, Sveum managed in minor league baseball for several seasons before becoming an MLB coach. Sveum briefly served as manager of the Brewers in 2008. He was named manager of the Cubs after the 2011 season. His cousin was Blue Jays all-star John Olerud

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: During his time at Pinole Valley High School, Sveum was recognized as an All-State and All-American quarterback, in addition to playing baseball. Drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the first round (25th pick) of the 1982 amateur draft, he went on to play 12 seasons in MLB, hitting .236 with 69 home runs.

paragraph: Arguably, Sveum's finest season came in , when he hit 25 home runs and drove in 95 runs, mostly as the Brewers' ninth hitter in the lineup. One of his personal highlights came early in the season, when he hit a walk-off home run at County Stadium to give Milwaukee a 6–4 victory over the Texas Rangers. This victory, which came on April 19 (Easter Sunday), led the Brewers to a 12–0 record on the season. On July 17 Sveum totaled three homers and six RBIs during a 12–2 thumping of the California Angels.

paragraph: On September 3, 1988, Sveum was involved in a severe collision with fellow Brewer Darryl Hamilton. Sveum's leg was broken and he did not play again in . He also sat out the entire MLB season, while seeing action in 17 games in the minor leagues. In his first three major league seasons, Sveum's lowest yearly batting average was .242 Following his return to the majors in 1990, he only batted over .241 twice in parts of nine seasons.

paragraph: During his career Sveum had the distinction of playing for five separate managers who would

paragraph: (at some point in their careers) win a league Manager of the Year Award. Those managers were Tony La Russa ('83, '88, '92, '02), in Oakland; Joe Torre ('96, '98), in New York; Lou Piniella ('95, '01, '08), in Seattle; Jim Leyland ('90, '92, '06) in Pittsburgh; and Gene Lamont ('93) with the Chicago White Sox.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Pittsburgh.

paragraph: Prior to coaching in Milwaukee, Sveum managed the Double A team in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization from 2001–2003, compiling a 213–211 record. In 2003, Baseball America tabbed Sveum as the best potential MLB manager in the Eastern League.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: Sveum was on the coaching staff of the Boston Red Sox from 2004–05, serving as third base coach and working under manager (and former Brewers teammate) Terry Francona. Following Sveum's second season in Boston, he left the Red Sox to rejoin Milwaukee as the team's bench coach.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: On October 30, 2007, Sveum switched positions on the staff and became the team's third base coach. On September 15, 2008, he was named interim manager of the Milwaukee Brewers after manager Ned Yost was fired. Sveum led the team to a 7–5 record to close out the 2008 regular season, which was enough for the Brewers to make the playoffs for the first time since their World Series run in 1982. Under Sveum's leadership, the Brewers lost the 2008 NLDS to the Philadelphia Phillies in 4 games. As Ken Macha took over the Brewers for the 2009 season, Sveum stayed on as the team's hitting coach.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: On November 16, 2011 the Chicago Cubs offered Sveum their vacant managerial position. The following day, on November 17, 2011, Sveum accepted an offer to become the new manager of the Chicago Cubs, and was introduced on November 18, 2011, but Sveum was fired on September 30, 2013. His total record with the Cubs in two years was 127-197. On August 16, 2017, Sveum received a World Series ring from the team.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: On October 3, 2013 the Kansas City Royals announced they had hired Sveum and added him to their 2014 coaching staff as third base coach. On May 29, 2014, the Royals promoted Sveum to hitting coach in an effort to improve a lackluster offensive start to the season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dale Sveum at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

paragraph: br

description: American baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: Dale Sveum

wikipedia_title: Dale Sveum


text:
Ge'ez
Ge'ez
nəgusä nägäst
Ethiopia
Solomonic dynasty
Iyasu II
Wubit
Oromo
Yejju
Mentewab
Ras
Wolde Leul
Waragna
Ayo
Begemder
Mikael Sehul
Richard Pankhurst
Gondar
Damot
Grazmach
Qwara Province
Oromo language
Amharic
Badi abu Shalukh
Sennar
Ras al-Fil
Ya Mariam Bariaw
Jawa Oromo
Fasil
Mount Wehni
Christian
Aster Iyasu
ensuing battle
matchlock
Wegera
Filakit Gereger
Nefas Mewcha
battle that followed
Wollo Oromo
Wand Bewossen
Qusquam

categories: Rulers who died as children,Emperors of Ethiopia,Year of birth uncertain,Solomonic dynasty,Child rulers from sub-Saharan Africa,Place of birth missing,18th-century Ethiopian people,1769 deaths

paragraph: Iyoas I

paragraph: Iyoas I or Joas I (Ge'ez: ኢዮአስ, throne name Adyam Sagad, Ge'ez: አድያም ሰገድ, "to whom the confines of the earth bow") (d. 14 May 1769) was "nəgusä nägäst" (27 June 1755 – 7 May 1769) of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the infant son of Iyasu II and Wubit (Welete Bersabe), the daughter of an Oromo chieftain of the Yejju district.

paragraph: Section::::Iyoas and Mentewab.

paragraph: Despite his extreme youth, he was the candidate proposed by Empress Mentewab, his grandmother, who then acted as his regent. Her proposal was supported by the great nobles of the reign, "Ras" Wolde Leul her brother, Waragna, Ayo governor of Begemder, and "Ras" Mikael Sehul. One handicap with this tactic of ruling through a proxy, as Richard Pankhurst points out, was that neither Iyoas, due to his age, nor Empress Mentewab, due to her sex, could operate far from the capital city of Gondar, and relied on Waragna and her brothers to lead many of the military campaigns. The very first challenge to Iyoas' rule, when Nanna Giyorgis rebelled in Damot out of envy for Waragna's increased influence in the court, had to be suppressed by a force led by Waragna and the Empress' brother "Grazmach" Eshte.

paragraph: Another problem grew from Mentewab's arrangement of the marriage of her son to Wubit, the daughter of an Oromo chieftain. Iyasu II gave precedence to his mother and allowed her every prerogative as a crowned co-ruler, while his wife Wubit suffered in obscurity. Wubit waited for the accession of her own son to make a bid for the power wielded for so long by Mentewab and her relatives from Qwara Province.

paragraph: When Iyoas assumed the throne upon his father's sudden death, the aristocrats of Gondar were stunned to find that he more readily spoke in the Oromo language rather than in Amharic, and favored his mother's Yejju relatives over the Qwarans of his grandmothers family, or the Gondarine nobility that had surrounded the Solomonic monarchs since the reign of Fasiledes. His preference of the Oromo only increased when Iyoas reached adulthood. He assembled a Royal Guard with 3000 of that people, and put his Oromo uncles Birale and Lubo, the brothers of Wubit, in command of them. On the death of the "Ras" of Amhara province, he attempted to promote his uncle Lubo governor of that province, but the outcry led his uncle Wolde Leul to convince him to change his mind.

paragraph: In 1764 "Ras" Mikael Sehul returned to the capital city of Gondar in 1764, and convinced Iyoas to support Badi abu Shalukh, the exiled king of Sennar. Iyoas made Badi governor of Ras al-Fil along the border with Sennar, and Wolde Leul advised Badi to remain in Ras al-Fil; however the exiled king was lured back into Sennar where he was quietly executed.

paragraph: Not long after this, Iyoas' great uncle Wolde Leul died (March 1767), which James Bruce described was the signal for all parties to engage in a civil war. The two sides were roughly aligned around the two rival Dowager Empresses, Mentewab and Wubit (Welete Bersabe). "Nothing had withheld them but his prudence and authority." The anti-Oromo party found their champion in Ya Mariam Bariaw, the son of Ayo (who had helped to make Iyoas Emperor) and governor of Begemder, and who was supported by "Grazmach" Eshte. The "Grazmach" was made governor of Damot whose governor, Waragna, had died some years before. However, the Jawa Oromo inhabiting Damot preferred to be ruled by Waragna's son Fasil; when "Grazmach" Eshte arrived in Damot, he was assassinated and Fasil proclaimed governor in his place; according to Bruce, Iyoas' uncles Birale and Lubo convinced him to confirm Fasil in that position.

paragraph: At this point, Ya Mariam Bariaw's pride led to his losing the governorship of Begemder, replaced by the Emperor's Oromo uncle Birale. Because the governorship of Begemder included being custodian of Mount Wehni, Ya Mariam Bariaw was horrified at the prospect of a pagan outsider holding this important trust, and is said to have begged the Emperor to instead appoint any other Christian ruler to this post. (Or so a document later published by "Ras" Mikael Sehul, and according to Bruce, at the instigation of Aster Iyasu, the daughter of Empress Mentewab.) Despite the outcry of the non-Oromo elite, and Ya Mariam Bariaw's pledge to stop Birale at the Well of Fernay, Iyoas persisted in his decision, and sent his bodyguard to assist Birale's own followers to assume the government of Begemder. In the ensuing battle Ya Mariam Bariaw was victorious, but despite his explicit orders that Birale should either be captured or allowed to escape, his opponent was killed. Upon learning this, Ya Mariam Bariaw predicted, "Michael, and all the army of Tigre, will march against me before autumn."

paragraph: Section::::Enter "Ras" Mikael.

paragraph: Once he learned of the death of his uncle Birale, Iyoas sent to "Ras" Mikael Sehul for help. "Ras" Mikael had established himself as the most powerful lord of Ethiopia, at one point having amassed some 6,000 matchlocks—six times the total number in the rest of Ethiopia. "Ras" Mikael first replied to the envoys that the Emperor's conduct would "end in the ruin of his family, and the state in general." Then, although extolling Ya Mariam Bariaw as "the only man in Abyssinia that knew his duty, and had courage to persevere in it", immediately set forth for Gondar, "his army encumbered by no baggage, not even provisions, women or tents, nor useless beasts of burden." He marched swiftly through Wegera, cutting a swath of destruction as he marched for the capital. However, instead of taking Gondar by storm, the "Ras" simply took control of the city's sources of water and every entrance into Gondar; as Bruce puts it, "he intended to terrify, but to do no more." The day after his arrival, "Ras" Mikael visited the Emperor Iyoas, then his mother. After establishing himself as the undisputed ruler of the capital, marched on Ya Mariam Bariaw from Gondar to Begemder—only after insisting that the Emperor be the leader of this expedition, at least in name.

paragraph: Upon learning of this new army, Ya Mariam Bariaw, who had remained near the site of his victory, fell back into Begemder, first to Filakit Gereger, then to Nefas Mewcha "in the farthest limits of his province" (in Bruce's words) where the armies met. In the battle that followed Ya Mariam Bariaw was defeated, and severely wounded; he fled to the nearby province of the Wollo Oromo, who returned him to Iyoas with twelve of his principal officers. Although it appeared that the Emperor, moved by the pitiful sight of Ya Mariam Bariaw covered with blood from his open wound lying supine before him, was about to pardon this rebel, his uncle Lubo spoke up and demanded, as was his right by traditional Ethiopian law, for Maryam Bariya to delivered to him for what punishment he believed was appropriate; Lubo killed the noble himself by slitting Ya Mariam Bariaw's throat. Shocked at this at, the Emperor's own officers allowed the other twelve captives, who included Wand Bewossen, to escape.

paragraph: The murder of Ya Mariam Bariaw only deepened "Ras" Mikael's scorn for Iyoas. Eventually Mikael Sehul deposed the Emperor Iyoas (7 May 1769); one week later, Mikael Sehul had him killed. Although the details of his death are contradictory, the result was clear: for the first time an Emperor had lost his throne in a means other than his own natural death, death in battle, or voluntary abdication. Mikael Sehul had compromised the power of the Emperor, and from this point forward it lay ever more openly in the hands of the great nobles and military commanders. As Edward Ullendorff notes,

paragraph: Both the Empress Mentewab and his mother Wubit were devastated at the death of Iyoas. Empress Mentewab was distraught at the death of her grandson. She arranged for him to be buried at her retreat at Qusquam, and retired permanently to her palace there, refusing to return to the capital for the rest of her life. Although she lived through the next three reigns, she played a minimal role in them.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard K. P. Pankhurst "The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles" (Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967) contains a partial translation of the Chronicle of Iyoas' reign.

alias:
Joas I
Joas I of Ethiopia

description: Emperor of Ethiopia

wikidata_label: Iyoas I

wikipedia_title: Iyoas I