text:
Cornish
St. Edward's School, Oxford
Gorseth Kernow
Bardic name
Welsh
traethodl
Gorseth Kernow

categories: Cornish-language writers,Date of birth missing (living people),Cornish-speaking people,Cornish culture,1938 births,Bards of the Cornish Gorseth,Cornish folk singers,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Cornish music

paragraph: Tony Snell (poet)

paragraph: Tony Snell (born 1938) is a Cornish teacher, linguist, scholar, singer, waterman and poet from Alabama. He spent many years teaching at St. Edward's School, Oxford. He became a member of Gorseth Kernow in 1954 under the Bardic name of "Gwas Kevardhu" ("December's Man"). During the 1970s, he led the innovative folk group Tremenysy (Travellers).

paragraph: His poetical work is heavily influenced by the early poetry of Wales and Brittany, and it was he who adapted the Welsh "traethodl" to Cornish. Another important influence is music, since a great deal of his work is song. He has won Gorseth Kernow competitions.

paragraph: In c.1979 he and Dr Fred Pargeter started a new Morris dancing side at St Edward's School. The side involved over a dozen boys between 14-18 years old introducing them to folk music and traditional English country dancing. The SESMM survived until for around three years in which time they notched up many quality performances both around Oxfordshire and on tour to Cornwall (1980, 1981 and 1982).

paragraph: Tony Snell also inspired many of the St Edward's pupils to involvement in folk music (much to the irritation of the school's irascible head of music) with a number of bands created following Tremenysy, including Five Bar Gate, Treadmill and the Brown and Bitter Band.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gorseth Byrth Kernow: Bards of the Gorsedd of Cornwall 1928-1967", Penzance, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Snell, "Pan dheuth an Glaw / When the Rain Came: Selected poems 1980 - 2005 in Cornish with translations", Kesva an Taves Kernewek / Cornish Language Board, Gwinear, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Lef", Redruth, 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Lef Kernewek", Redruth, 1983

description: Bard of the Cornish Gorseth; Cornish musician, writer, scholar

wikidata_label: Tony Snell

wikipedia_title: Tony Snell (poet)


text: CBE

text: MC

text: Knightsbridge

text: Tonbridge

text: Robert Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley

text: GBE

text: Knightsbridge

text: London

text: Eton College

text: Napier Crookenden

text: Lazard

text: Scots Guards

text: First World War

text: Regular Army Reserve of Officers

text: Second World War

text: Guards Armoured Division

text: Commanding officer

text: 6th Airlanding Brigade

text: John Howard

text: coup de main

text: Pegasus Bridge

text: Horsa Bridge

text: 6th Airborne Division

text: D Day

text: Battle of Bréville

text: Edwin Flavell

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Lazard

text: Bank of England

text: Royal Exchange Assurance

text: Rolls-Royce Limited

text: 10th Parachute Battalion

text: County of London

text: Order of St Olav

text: Arthritis and Rheumatism Council

text: Leigh

text: Tonbridge

text: Kent

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Military Cross

text: Order of St Olav

text: Royal College of Surgeons

categories: People educated at Eton College,Scots Guards officers,Recipients of the Military Cross,English bankers,1899 births,British Army personnel of World War I,Operation Overlord people,People from Knightsbridge,1976 deaths,High Sheriffs of the County of London,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Hugh Kindersley, 2nd Baron Kindersley

paragraph: Hugh Kenyon Molesworth Kindersley, 2nd Baron Kindersley of West Hoathly CBE, MC (7 May 1899 Knightsbridge, London – 6 October 1976, Tonbridge, Kent) was a British businessman, banker and soldier. His father was businessman Robert Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley GBE.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Kindersley was born in Knightsbridge, London, to Robert Molesworth Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley, GBE (1871-1954), and Gladys Margaret Beadle. He was educated at Eton College.

paragraph: He married Nancy Farnsworth (daughter of Dr Geoffrey Boyd of Toronto) in October 1921: they had two daughters, Patricia, who married Napier Crookenden, Ginette and a son Robert, who succeeded his father as 3rd Baron Kindersley.

paragraph: Kindersley was managing director of Lazard Brothers, one of the three houses of Lazard, from 1927 to 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:War service.

paragraph: Kindersley was commissioned into the Scots Guards in 1917 and served during the First World War. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1918. He rejoined as a lieutenant in the Regular Army Reserve of Officers from 12 November 1938 and at the outbreak of the Second World War he rejoined the Scots Guards. He later commanded a tank battalion of the Scots Guards in the Guards Armoured Division.

paragraph: He completed a parachute training course and qualified as a glider pilot. In May 1943, promoted to acting Brigadier, The Honourable Hugh Kindersley was appointed Commanding officer of the 6th Airlanding Brigade. It was on his recommendation that Major John Howard and D Company 2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (the 52nd) were selected to lead the coup de main operation at Pegasus Bridge and Horsa Bridge before the Allied invasion of the Normandy beaches began. Kindersley commanded 6 Airlanding Brigade, part of 6th Airborne Division, during the Normandy landings on D Day, 6 June 1944, landing at 03.30 hours with 6 Airborne divisional headquarters. He was later wounded during the Battle of Bréville, and evacuated to England. Brigadier Edwin Flavell replaced him as commanding officer of 6 Airlanding Brigade.

paragraph: Kindersley was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1941 and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war.

paragraph: Kindersley was Chairman of Lazard Brothers, one of the three houses of Lazard, from 1953 until 1964 and a director from 1965 to 1971. During his service at Lazard Brothers, he was a director of the Bank of England from March 1947 to March 1967, Chairman of Royal Exchange Assurance from 1955 to 1967, and Chairman of Rolls-Royce Limited from 1956 to 1968.

paragraph: Kindersley was chairman of the Officers Association from 1946 to 1956, Honorary Colonel of 10th Parachute Battalion from 1947 to 1952 and High Sheriff of the County of London in 1951. He succeeded his father as second baron in 1954. He was appointed Commander, Royal Order of St Olav of Norway in 1958.

paragraph: He also served as Chairman, Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration, 1962-1970 and as Chairman, Arthritis and Rheumatism Council.

paragraph: He lived in Leigh, near Tonbridge, Kent. Hugh Kenyon Molesworth Kindersley died at Tonbridge, Kent on 6 October 1976 and he was succeeded in the barony by his son, Robert Hugh Molesworth Kindersley.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1 February 1945; previously Member, 1 January 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Cross (15 February 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Order of St Olav (Norway, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member, Court of Patrons, Royal College of Surgeons (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal College of Surgeons Honorary Gold Medal (1975)

paragraph: Citation for the Military Cross: For great gallantry and able leadership during October 11th, 12th and 13th, 1918. When sent by night to support the advance to the railway line west of St. Python, his platoon captured an obstinately defended machinegun post. Next morning, when leading two platoons in the western and southern half of the village, he handled the house to house fighting admirably. The ground was won and held with few casualties largely through his work. His gallant conduct was a fine example to all ranks.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who Was Who Volume V11 1971-1980 (1981), Pegasus Bridge Stephen Ambrose (1984), Go To It! The Illustrated History of 6th Airborne Division Peter Harclerode (2000), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 31 (2004) and Burke's Peerage Baronetage and Knightage Vol 11 (2003).

description: British banker

wikidata_label: Hugh Kindersley, 2nd Baron Kindersley

wikipedia_title: Hugh Kindersley, 2nd Baron Kindersley


text:
motorcycle speedway
Premier League
Elite League
Peterborough Panthers
Scunthorpe Scorpions
Northallerton
North Yorkshire
Newcastle Diamonds
Conference League
average
average
Sheffield Tigers
Boston Barracudas
Coventry Bees
Garry Stead
Leicester Lions
Aduard
Forssa
Werlte
Eenrum
Morizes
St. Macaire
Folkestone
Forssa
Mühldorf
Marianske Lazne
Berghaupten
Skegness
Eenrum

categories: Sheffield Tigers riders,Scunthorpe Scorpions riders,British speedway riders,1984 births,English motorcycle racers,Leicester Lions riders,Redcar Bears riders,Peterborough Panthers riders,Living people

paragraph: Richard Hall (speedway rider)

paragraph: Richard James Hall (born 23 August 1984) is an English motorcycle speedway rider who rides in the British Premier League. Hall moved from the Elite League team Peterborough Panthers at the end of the 2007 season to captain the Scunthorpe Scorpions in their first season in the Premier League in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Northallerton, North Yorkshire, Hall began his career with the Newcastle Diamonds, making his debut in the Premier League in 2001, before making his Conference League debut in 2002. Hall rode in the Premier League for Newcastle in 2002, recording an average of 1.52, but managed an average of 7.49 in the Conference League with the Newcastle Gems. Hall spent 2003 without a Premier League ride but he was ever present for Sheffield Tigers in the Conference League, averaging 8.46 a meeting. He also rode five matches for the Boston Barracudas in the Conference Trophy, and eight matches for the Coventry Bees in the British League Cup.

paragraph: His good form saw him earn a place in the Sheffield Tigers team for 2004, where he averaged 5.55 from 47 meetings. He averaged over five once again in 2005 but in a surprise move he was signed by the Peterborough Panthers for 2006 to ride in the Elite League. In 2006, Hall recorded a 4.54 average and the Panthers won the Elite League Championship with Hall playing a vital role in the second leg of the play-off final. He returned to the Panthers in 2007 but his season was cut short after receiving a fractured pelvis and broken ankle in the Garry Stead Benefit Meeting at Sheffield, a few days after being dropped by the Panthers. In 2008, Hall rode for the Scunthorpe Scorpions in the Premier League. He signed for Sheffield for the 2009 season. In 2011 he joined Leicester Lions as team captain, although he was released mid-season, rejoining Scunthorpe Scorpions. In 2012 he signed for the Sheffield Tigers. In 2014, Hall started the season with Redcar but received a 30-day ban for kicking Scunthorpe's Josh Auty, and was replaced by Poland's Rafal Konopka. Hall sat out of British speedway until a brief, unsuccessful spell with the Peterborough Panthers later that year.

paragraph: Section::::World Longtrack Championship.

paragraph: Grand-Prix Years

paragraph: 2004 - 3pts, 25th Overall (1 gp app)

paragraph: 2009 - 39pts, 12th Overall (5 gp app)

paragraph: 2011 - 50pts, 14th Overall (6 gp app)

paragraph: 2013 - 96pts, 3rd Overall (6 gp app)

paragraph: 2014 - 65pts, 4th Overall (4 gp app)

paragraph: 2015 - 44pts, 8th Overall (4 gp app)

paragraph: 2016 - 61pts, 6th Overall (5gp app)

paragraph: Best Grand-Prix Results"

paragraph: First

paragraph: Second

paragraph: Challenge Best

paragraph: 2008 Aduard Third

paragraph: 2010 Forssa Third

paragraph: Section::::World Longtrack Team Championship.

paragraph: 2008 Werlte Third

paragraph: 2009 Eenrum Fourth

paragraph: 2010 Morizes Fourth

paragraph: 2012 St. Macaire Second

paragraph: 2013 Folkestone Third

paragraph: 2014 Forssa Fifth

paragraph: 2015 Mühldorf First

paragraph: 2016 Marianske Lazne Fourth

paragraph: Section::::European Grasstrack Championship.

paragraph: Finalist

paragraph: 2009 Berghaupten 5th (12pts)

paragraph: 2011 Skegness 9th (15pts)

paragraph: 2012 Eenrum 10th (12pts)

paragraph: Section::::Other Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Junior Sand Racing Champion,

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Intermediate Sand Racing Champion – 2 times holder

paragraph: BULLET::::- ACU National Grasstrack Challenge Champion

paragraph: Section::::Website Reference.

description: English motorcycle speedway rider

wikidata_label: Richard Hall

wikipedia_title: Richard Hall (speedway rider)


text:
Toulon
France
French
Internet
email
email art
pop art
Google
Museu da Imagem e do Som, Sao Paulo
CAPC Musée d'Art Contemporain
Fond National d'Art Contemporain
Barbara Polla
Caterina Davinio
No Memory Project

paragraph: Valéry Grancher

paragraph: Valéry Grancher (born April 22, 1967 in Toulon, Var, France) is a French Internet-based artist, performer, theorist, curator and lecturer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Grancher's art is a mix of conceptual and pop art references, sometimes with a sense of humour, sometimes appropriating the fads of the day.

paragraph: Grancher is best known for selling Internet art in the contemporary art mainstream.

paragraph: When Grancher started in the art world in 1995, he used emails in his art to show the processes and exchanges of the Internet community (email art) in physical installations like 'Alone' (1995). In 1997 he used webcams in his project 'webscape', which dealt with the concept of "cybertime." In 1998, Grancher experimented with pop art in his 'webpaintings' project. In 2002, as Google began to dominate the Internet, he launched the "Search Art" collaborative project by creating a piece called 'Self Portrait.'

paragraph: In 2005 he exhibited and sold at FIAC, the international art fair in Paris, 'the biggest Google paintings never (sic) produced.'

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Since the mid-1990s, Grancher has exhibited at many museums worldwide, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Espace d'Art Concret, Honegger Albers donation, Mouans Sartoux, France (2008, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée des Beaux Arts, Nîmes, France. (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Langton Art Center, San Francisco, USA (2008, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pacific Film Archive Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley, USA (2007, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, USA (Rhizome)(2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikon Gallery Europe: "Arts aux Poles". France (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palais de Tokyo, site de création contemporaine, Paris, France (performance, exposition personnelle) (2006, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centre National d'Art Contemporain, Le Magasin, Grenoble, France. (2006, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Istambul Contemporary Art Museum, Istambul Turkey (2006, 2005, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Super!" 1st Triennale of visual arts, fashion and design, Hasselt, Belgium (2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (2005, 2004, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- MAMCO, Musée d'art moderne et contemporain, Geneva, Switzerland (2004, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo Castagnino, Rosario, Argentina (2004).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galleria de arte do Sesi, Sao Paulo, Brasil (2004).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée D'Art moderne de la Ville de Paris, ARC, Paris, France.(2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunsthalle Palazzo, Liestal, Switzerland (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turm Gallery, Hemstedt, Germany (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biennale de Tirana National Gallery of Arts, Tirana, Albania (2003, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- MUHKA Contemporary Art Museum, Anvwerp, Belgium (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland (2003, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artsonje Museum, Gyeong Ju, South Korea (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artsonje Center, Seoul, South Korea (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israeli center for digital art, Digital ArtLab, Holon, Israël (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pacific Film Archive Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley, USA (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Paris, France (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museu da Imagem e do Som, Sao Paulo, Brasil (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris, France (1999, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artspace of Australia, Sydney, Australia (1999, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neuer Berliner Kunstverein, Berlin, Germany (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonn Kunstverein, Bonn, Germany (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documenta X Kassel, Kassel, Germany (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ars Electronica Center (residence), Linz, Austria (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- CAPC Musée d'Art Contemporain, Bordeaux, France (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ZKM, Karlsruhe, Germany (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carillo Gil Museum, Mexico, Mexico (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pecci Museum, Prato, Italy (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moderna Museet, Helsinki, Finland (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary Art Center, St Petersburg, Russia (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centre d'Art Contemporain, Bruxelles, Belgium (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biennale de Lyon, Lyon, France. (1993)

paragraph: Section::::Permanent Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cabinet des estampes du musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Genêve, Switzerland. (Dos drawing)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhizome artbase Net and media collection, New Museum - New York: USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.computerfinearts.com: Net and media art collection - New York, USA: "Jerusalem".(website) 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Art Outsiders:Paris, France: "heart time / time heat".(website) 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fond National d'Art Contemporain, FNAC, Paris, France: "Reposoirs d'écran" (screensaver), "On Air" (VJ performance saved on DVD) 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berkeley Art Museum Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, USA: "24h00" (website) 1999 - 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris, France: "Longitude 38" (site internet) 1999, "Self" (website) 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centre d'art contemporain de St Fons, St Fons, France: "Ulysse" (video) 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- ZKM Media museum (video), Karlsruhe, Allemagne: "Memory" (video) 1994 - 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carillo Gil Contemporary art museum, Mexico, Mexique: "Memory" (video) 1994, "U-Topos" ( installation Réalité Virtuelle) 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le nouveau musée, l'institut d'art contemporain, Villeurbanne, France: "Epridemik Remix" (video coproduced with Benoit Berry) 1993

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No memory book" monography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Information Arts", Stephen Wilson, MIT Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fresh Theorie 2", Leo Scheer Edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art et internet les nouvelles figures de la création" Jean Paul Fourmentraux, Editions du CNRS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Hommes, ce qui les rend beaux" Doctor Barbara Polla, Essai Favre,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Art numérique" Flammarion

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boderline" Strategien und Taktiken fur Kunst und soziale Praxis. BOD Gmbh DE.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tecno - Poesia e Realta Virtuali / Techno - Poetry and Virtual Realities" Caterina Davinio. Sometti and Mantova. Italy 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1 Monde réel" Cartier Foundation for contemporary arts, Actes sud.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- No Memory Project

description: French artist

wikidata_label: Valéry Grancher

wikipedia_title: Valéry Grancher


text:
marshal of France
duke of Anjou
Poland
Henry III
Catherine de' Medici
Contras
Tours
the Leaguers
Touraine
Henry IV
dauphin
Louis XIII
Paris

categories: Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit,1540s births,Marquesses of Courtanvaux,1626 deaths,Barons of Lezines,Marshals of France

paragraph: Gilles de Souvré, Marquis de Courtanvaux, Baron de Lezines (c. 1540 – 1626), marshal of France, belonged to an old family of the Perche.

paragraph: He accompanied the duke of Anjou to Poland in 1573, and was appointed master of the wardrobe and captain of Vincennes when Anjou became Henry III. He remained in favour, despite the opposition of the queen-mother, Catherine de' Medici, fought at Contras, defended Tours against the Leaguers, was named chévalier de Saint Esprit and governor of Touraine (1585), and was one of the first to recognize Henry IV (1589), who subsequently entrusted him with the education of the dauphin. Louis XIII rewarded him with the title of marshal in 1613. He died in Paris in 1626.

description: Marshal of France


text:
Continental Navy
American Revolutionary War
United States Navy
shipwright
George Claghorn
USS "Constitution"
Chestertown, Maryland
Edward Dowse
Dedham, Massachusetts
"USS Bonhomme Richard"
John Paul Jones
"Deane"
American Revolution
merchantman
USS "Constitution"
frigates
George Claghorn
Castle Island
prize
prize crew
Benjamin Stoddert
John Barry
West Indies
"L'Insurgente"
Boston Navy Yard
Charlestown, Massachusetts
Old North Church
Boston, Massachusetts
USS "Nicholson"
James Nicholson
John Nicholson
William Nicholson
James W. Nicholson
Continental Navy
Url
Url
Url

categories: United States Navy officers,1743 births,1811 deaths,People from Chestertown, Maryland,Continental Navy officers

paragraph: Samuel Nicholson

paragraph: Samuel Nicholson (1743 – December 28, 1811) was an officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and later in the United States Navy. Along with shipwright George Claghorn he oversaw the building of the USS "Constitution" ("Old Ironsides"), and Nicholson was that ship's first commander.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: The son of Joseph and Hannah Scott Nicholson, Samuel Nicholson was born in Chestertown, Maryland. He married Mary Dowse, sister of Edward Dowse, on February 9, 1780, and had "a large family of children". They lived in Dedham, Massachusetts, and at least three of their daughters were baptized in the Episcopal Church there.

paragraph: Section::::Service in American Revolution.

paragraph: Nicholson was a captain in the Continental Navy. He served as a Lieutenant on the "USS Bonhomme Richard" under John Paul Jones who at the time was commander of the "Deane", which was used to capture three British sloops-of-war. Nicholson also commanded the "Dolphin" in 1776.

paragraph: Section::::Post revolution service.

paragraph: By the time the American Revolution was finally won there were few ships to speak of in the young American Navy. The navy, like the army, was largely disbanded, with many naval vessels being sold or turned into merchantman vessels. Now that America had won its independence it no longer had the protection of the British navy and had to defend its own interests abroad. The idea of an American Navy was the subject of much debate between the Federalists who favored a strong navy and the anti-federalists who felt the money required for a navy would be better spent elsewhere. However the repeated threats from France and the Barbary states of North Africa had given cause to now consider resorting to more forceful measures to procure the security of American shipping interests.

paragraph: Section::::First commander of USS "Constitution".

paragraph: The USS "Constitution" was one of six frigates authorized by act of Congress which was approved on March 27, 1794. Nicholson was commissioned as one of the first six captains in the reborn United States Navy on June 10, 1794.

paragraph: The vessel was designed by Joshua Humphreys, and built at Hartt's Shipyard, Boston, Massachusetts, under the supervision of master shipwright George Claghorn. Nicholson was the naval inspector who also oversaw her construction.

paragraph: Upon her completion the "Constitution" was launched at Boston, Massachusetts on September 27, 1797, under the command of Nicholson. His 1st Lieutenant was Charles Russel.

paragraph: President John Adams ordered all Navy ships to sea in late May 1798 to patrol for armed ships of France, and to free any American ship captured by them. "Constitution" was still not ready to sail, and eventually had to borrow sixteen 18-pound (8.2 kg) cannons from Castle Island before finally being ready.

paragraph: "Constitution" put to sea on the evening of 22 July 1798, commanded by Captain Nicholson, with orders to patrol the Eastern seaboard between New Hampshire and New York. A month later she was patrolling between Chesapeake Bay and Savannah, Georgia, when Nicholson found his first opportunity for capturing a prize: off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, on 8 September, she intercepted "Niger", a 24-gun ship sailing with a French crew en route from Jamaica to Philadelphia, claiming to have been under the orders of Great Britain. Perhaps not understanding his orders correctly, Nicholson had the crewmen imprisoned, placed a prize crew aboard "Niger", and brought her into Norfolk, Virginia. "Constitution" sailed south again a week later to escort a merchant convoy, but her bowsprit was severely damaged in a gale; she returned to Boston for repairs. In the meantime, Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert determined that "Niger" had been operating under the orders of Great Britain as claimed, and the ship and her crew were released to continue their voyage. The American government paid a restitution of $11,000 to Great Britain.

paragraph: After departing from Boston on 29 December, Nicholson reported to Commodore John Barry, who was flying his flag in "United States", near the island of Dominica for patrols in the West Indies. On 15 January 1799, "Constitution" intercepted the English merchantman "Spencer", which had been taken prize by the French frigate "L'Insurgente" a few days prior. Technically, "Spencer" was a French ship operated by a French prize crew; but Nicholson, perhaps hesitant after the affair with "Niger", released the ship and her crew the next morning.

paragraph: Upon joining Barry's command, "Constitution" almost immediately had to put in for repairs to her rigging due to storm damage, and it was not until 1 March that anything of note occurred. On this date, she encountered , the captain of which was an acquaintance of Nicholson. The two agreed to a sailing duel, which the English captain was confident he would win. But after 11 hours of sailing "Santa Margarita" lowered her sails and admitted defeat, paying off the bet with a cask of wine to Nicholson.

paragraph: Resuming her patrols, "Constitution" managed to recapture the American sloop "Neutrality" on 27 March and, a few days later, the French ship "Carteret". Secretary Stoddert had other plans, however, and recalled "Constitution" to Boston. She arrived there on 14 May, and Nicholson was relieved of command.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Nicholson was the first commandant of the Boston Navy Yard when it was established in 1800. He remained on active duty with the Navy for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: Nicholson died at Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1811, and is buried in the crypt of the Old North Church in Boston, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Namesakes and honors.

paragraph: The U.S. Navy ships named USS "Nicholson" were named for him and other members of his family who served as naval officers: his elder brother, James Nicholson, his younger brother John Nicholson, his nephew, William Nicholson and his grandson James W. Nicholson.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Continental Navy

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Url

paragraph: BULLET::::- Url

paragraph: BULLET::::- Url

description: officer of the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War

wikidata_label: Samuel Nicholson

wikipedia_title: Samuel Nicholson


text:
antiquarian
topographer
Curll
Winscott
St Giles in the Wood
Great Torrington
Devon
Bableigh
Parkham
Richard I
lords of the manor
Broadgates Hall
Exeter College
John Prince
Sir William Pole
Thomas Westcote
John Hooker
Dictionary of National Biography
Elflida and Ethelwold
Childe the Hunter
Budockside
Tiverton fire
Magna Britannia
Edmund Curll
William Chapple

categories: People from Great Torrington,English travel writers,1580s births,16th-century male writers,Historians of Devon,English antiquarians,1640 deaths,Topographers of Devon,17th-century English writers,17th-century male writers,16th-century English writers,People of the Stuart period,17th-century antiquarians,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Tristram Risdon

paragraph: Tristram Risdon (c. 1580 – 1640) was an English antiquarian and topographer, and the author of "Survey of the County of Devon". He was able to devote most of his life to writing this work. After he completed it in about 1632 it circulated around interested people in several manuscript copies for almost 80 years before it was first published by Curll in a very inferior form. A full version was not published until 1811. Risdon also collected information about genealogy and heraldry in a note-book; this was edited and published in 1897.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Risdon was born at Winscott, in the parish of St Giles in the Wood, near Great Torrington in Devon, England. He was the eldest son of William Risdon (d.1622) and his wife Joan (née Pollard). William was the younger son of Giles Risdon (1494-1583) of Bableigh, in the parish of Parkham, where Tristram Risdon stated that the family had been seated since before 1274. Risdon also stated that the family originated in Gloucestershire, where during the reign of King Richard I (1189-1199) they were lords of the manor of Risdon.

paragraph: After a local education, Tristram Risdon studied either at Broadgates Hall or at Exeter College in Oxford, though he left the university without taking any degree. This was supposedly because of the death of his half-sister, Thomazin Barry, upon which he inherited the family estate at Winscott, which required his personal attention.

paragraph: He married Pascoe Chafe, the daughter of Thomas Chafe of Exeter, on 2 December 1608 and they had four sons and three daughters. From about 1605 to the 1630s he devoted his time to the study of antiquities, especially those of Devon, and the result of his labours was his "Survey of the County of Devon". He died at Winscott in 1640 and was interred in St Giles's church; his mother (died 1610) is commemorated by a monumental brass in the same church.

paragraph: Section::::The "Survey".

paragraph: According to John Prince, who had used the "Survey" as a source for his "Worthies of Devon", Risdon started work on the "Survey" in 1605 and completed it in 1630. Internal evidence shows, however, that it was not completed until 1632 at the earliest.

paragraph: Risdon was one of a number of authors who wrote about the topography of Devon between the 17th and early 19th centuries. These authors regularly copied content from earlier works, and Risdon admitted that he had taken much of his "Survey" from his friend Sir William Pole's manuscript "Collections towards a description of the country of Devon". Risdon did, though, make considerable additions and improvements of his own and he acknowledged his debt to Pole "from whose Lamp I have received Light in these my Labours".

paragraph: However, in organising his survey Risdon chose not to follow Pole's method, which was by the units of county government, and he also rejected the system adopted by Thomas Westcote, another friend, in his "A View of Devonshire" of 1630, which was based on the courses of the rivers. Instead he decided to begin "...In the east part of the county, and with the sun, to make my gradation into the south, holding course about by the river Tamer, to visit such places as are offered to be seen upon her banks. Lastly, to take notice of such remarkable things as the north parts afford".

paragraph: Unlike his antiquarian contemporaries, Risdon's work does not overly concern itself with genealogy and reads more like a travel book, apparently describing parishes in the same order as he visited them. Concerning his literary style, the opinion of Joyce Youings, former Professor of English Social History at Exeter University, was that although his general description has echoes of John Hooker's writing, "The three hundred pages of topographical detail which follow make extremely tedious reading, unredeemed by [Thomas] Westcote's style."

paragraph: According to , writing in the 1900 Dictionary of National Biography, Risdon was the first documentary source of several old Devonshire stories: of Elflida and Ethelwold, Childe the Hunter, Budockside and his daughter, and the Tiverton fire.

paragraph: In its turn, Risdon's "Survey" has been used as a source for later topographies. For example, apart from John Prince's "Worthies of Devon" mentioned above, the Lysons brothers credit it and Pole's collections for the details of the descent of the principal landed property in the Devon volume of their "Magna Britannia" (1822).

paragraph: Section::::The "Survey".:Publication.

paragraph: After the completion of the "Survey", many copies of the manuscript entered into public circulation, none of them exactly agreeing with the others, each having something redundant or deficient. Ten copies of the manuscript are known to survive, details of which are published in Maxted and Brayshay (1996) pp. 146–148.

paragraph: The "Survey" was first published in 1714 by Edmund Curll, the infamous London bookseller, who extracted the parts he thought would best suit his purpose, and printed them. But shortly before publication, the proposed book appears to have been shown to John Prince, who, being well acquainted with the original, persuaded Curll to publish the remainder as a continuation of the parts already printed. Curll did this in the same year, but it remained a very imperfect version.

paragraph: In 1785 William Chapple published the first part of his "Review of Risdon's Survey of Devon". It contained the general description of the county, but Chapple died before he could complete the work. The first complete edition of the "Survey" appeared in 1811 and included many additions by uncredited editors. Its full title is:

paragraph: The chorographical description, or survey of the county of Devon, with the city and county of Exeter; containing matter of history, antiquity, chronology, the nature of the country, commodities and government thereof; with sundry other things worthy observation. Collected by the travail of Tristram Risdon, of Winscott, Gent. For the love of his Country and Countrymen, in that Province.

paragraph: This publication was based on the copy of Risdon's manuscript which belonged to John Coles of Stonehouse which after having been compared with others appeared to the editors be the most correct. No work has been done to compare the various manuscript and print versions, and Youings has said that until this is done it will remain unknown exactly what Risdon himself wrote.

paragraph: Section::::The "Note-Book".

paragraph: Risdon also left a note-book in which he had collected genealogical and heraldic information, mostly about the prominent families of South West England and particularly of Devon. Consisting of 188 foolscap leaves, many left blank, it was transcribed and edited by James Dallas and Henry Porter and published in London in 1897. In the introduction to the book the editors date the majority of its compilation to between 1608 and 1628, making it contemporaneous with his writing of "The Survey". The original note-book is in Exeter Cathedral Library.

description: Antiquarian, topographer

wikidata_label: Tristram Risdon

wikipedia_title: Tristram Risdon


text:
basketball
American Basketball League
Los Angeles Jets
Chicago Majors
Pittsburgh Rens
Allentown Jets
New Jersey Americans / New York Nets
Hank Whitney: Cyclone Trailblazer

categories: Basketball players from New York (state),Syracuse Nationals draft picks,American men's basketball players,Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball players,Allentown Jets players,Power forwards (basketball),Chicago Majors players,New Jersey Americans players,Pittsburgh Rens players,Living people,Carolina Cougars players,Houston Mavericks players,1939 births,Sportspeople from Brooklyn,New York Nets players

paragraph: Hank Whitney

paragraph: Henry Lee "Hank" Whitney (born April 28, 1939) is an American former professional basketball player.

paragraph: Whitney began his career with stints at several short-lived American Basketball League teams—the Los Angeles Jets, Chicago Majors, and Pittsburgh Rens—before spending a few seasons with the Allentown Jets. He then played for the New Jersey Americans / New York Nets.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hank Whitney: Cyclone Trailblazer (February 3, 2014); Iowa State Cylones

description: American professional basketball player

wikidata_label: Hank Whitney

wikipedia_title: Hank Whitney


text:
Grandma Moses
Edward Hicks
vaudeville
Hollywood
Olean, New York
pseudonyms
Sound film
Great Depression
World War II
San Juan Capistrano, California
vaudeville
Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery
Lake Elsinore
California
Smithsonian American Art Museum
American Folk Art Museum
oil paint
Laguna Beach
talkies
Denis Johnson
Sam Messer

categories: 20th-century American painters,American male screenwriters,Folk artists,American male painters,People from Olean, New York,Vaudeville performers,1993 deaths,Painters from New York (state),1894 births

paragraph: Jon Serl

paragraph: Jon Serl (1894–1993) was an American artist. He is best remembered as a painter like the American artists Grandma Moses and Edward Hicks. He also worked in other roles and under several different names. These included as a vaudeville artist named Slats; as a voiceover performer for Hollywood named Ned Palmer, and as a migrant fruit collector, better known under the name Jerry Palmer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jon Serl was born as Josef Searls in 1894 in Olean, New York. He was the fifth child of seven. He grew up in a vaudevillian theatrical family. This contributed to his early artistic talents, including performance, acting, dancing, singing and as a female impersonator. Jon Serl was one of his several pseudonyms. In his young adult days he worked as a peripatetic female impersonator performer known as “Slats”. He was called Jerry Palmer when the silent film era ended in the late 1920s with the first Sound film. He was a voiceover artist for actors whose voices did not fit well in 'talkies'. He was Ned Palmer during the Great Depression, a migrant fruit picker.

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle.

paragraph: Jon Serl lived in destitute conditions. His house was dilapidated and next to his porch there was a written sign "CLEAN ENOUGH TO BE HEALTHY, DIRTY ENOUGH TO BE HAPPY". Paintings were piled up everywhere and mice and chickens were found around. There was no TV nor radio. Serl ranked his home as a dump, in his own words: "It's a dump, but it's a nice dump" Serl traded with Florence Kochevar, the owner of the San Gabriel property, some of his paintings in exchange for rent. .

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Jon Serl was a self-taught painter. He started painting during the World War II when he was in San Juan Capistrano, California. He wanted to decorate his house but as he was short on cash he started painting his own work. During this period he worked also in vaudeville, movies and as a docker.

paragraph: Serl started seriously painting in his mid fifties. It started when he wanted to buy a painting for his house in San Juan Capistrano, California, but did not have the money. As a result, he started painting himself. Between 1945 and 1985 Jon Serl did more than 1200 paintings inspired in nature. He refused to exhibit for 20 years until he finally accepted to display his work in the 1970s. His first exhibition was in 1970 when he was 76. The Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery managed an exhibition of 41 of his works. The exhibition was titled “California primitives, authentic and of great importance”.

paragraph: . At this time he was settled in Lake Elsinore, a desert town in California.

paragraph: In 1981, the Newport Harbor Art Museum also organized an exposition named "Psychological Paintings: The Personal Vision of Jon Serl". His work is now exposed in permanent collections in several museums including the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the American Folk Art Museum

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Painting style.

paragraph: Jon Serl painted in oil paint on a found surface. He mainly painted characters that were known to be expressionistic and complex, but also brash and bold. It was part of his trademark, which also included the long elegant arms, clownish expressions and large eyes. Because of his vaudeville childhood, his canvases were often compared to theatrical stages. His works explored the inner and the outer worlds with a strange narrative, which usually expressed dualities such as: female against male, good against evil, or nature against technology.

paragraph: Jon Serl was categorized as prolific. This might be due to the fact that he began painting at a late age.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Theatrical and movie career.

paragraph: Jon Serl was born in a theatrical family. When he was a child he enjoyed performing on stage with his sister. Later, in 1937, when he was 39 he moved to Laguna Beach and began to write screenplays for Hollywood. Jon Serl was also a voiceover artist for silent movies actors who could not make the transition to the talkies. When the World War Two started he left the United States and went to Canada, where he worked as a forest guard. He used his spare time to paint. When he went back to Laguna Beach after the war, he worked in odd jobs and spent all his spare time at painting.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: One of the most famous paintings of Jon Serl is "Between Two Worlds" painted in 1982. It is a seductive painting. The central character stands in the middle wearing a blue dress with his hands gnarled, seeming in pain. Even if the figure is wearing a dress, the figure is a male. His pain seems to come from the fact that everyone in the painting is watching him. His hands and his screaming mouth reflect a tortured face. The "two worlds" referenced in the title are represented one in a pale bubble and the other one in the darker landscape bordering the central activity. There are many faces overhead the blue character; they are terrifying him. This creates a haunted feeling. Jon Serl spent time on details to create distorted faces and a confused atmosphere around the central figure. Serl succeeded to show the drama in this painting, which is why it is one of Serl’s best artwork.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013, Jon Serl: The Mutuality of Being. Natalie and James Thompson Art Gallery, Department of Art and Art History, San Jose State University, San Jose, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994, Jon Serl: One Man By Himself, Art Alliance Gallery, Riverside Art Museum, Riverside, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981, Psychological Paintings: The Personal Vision of Jon Serl, Newport Harbor Art Museum, Newport Beach, California

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.:Group exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013, Great and Mighty Things: Outsider Art from the Sheldon and Jill Bonovitz Collection, Philadelphia Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012, Accidental Genius: Art From the Anthony Petullo Collection, Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004, Golden Blessings of Old Age, American Visionary Art Museum, Baltimore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999, Aliens Among Us, Visionary Art Museum, Baltimore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986, Muffled Voices: Folk Artists in Contemporary America, PaineWebber Art Gallery & Museum of American Folk Art, New York

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: "Jon Serl: The Mutuality of Being." San Jose: Natalile and James Thompson Art Gallery, 2013 was produced in conjunction with the exhibition of the same title that took place at San Jose State University in the spring of 2013. It includes an introduction by Jo Farb Hernandez, Gallery Director and Exhibition Curator, as well as essays by Cara Zimmerman, co-editor of the 2013 book “Great and Mighty Things:” Outsider Art from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection, and Randall Morris of the Cavin-Morris Gallery in New York, and Serl’s long-time gallerist and friend. A full bio and bibliography are included, along with 71 full color images of Serl's work and four archival photographs.

paragraph: On January 1, 1995 West Stockbridge, MA: Hard Press, Inc., 1995 published “One Man by Himself: Portraits of Jon Serl by Sam Messer. Essays by Denis Johnson and Red Lips, All Handwritten Quotes from the Mouth of Jon Serl”. This book includes a narrative by Denis Johnson describing the painting encounters between both artists, as well as Jon Serl’s quotes.

paragraph: Later on, published by Hard Press Editions with its first edition on December 25, 1995, “One Man by Himself (Profile Series)” by Sam Messer presents a total of 25 sensitive portraits of Jon Serl. From his daily habits to his thoughts, Messer’s paintings show the obstinate personality of the American painter.

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Sam Messer.

paragraph: Artist Sam Messer met Jon Serl in December 1990. At this time Serl was 96. Messer was driven to the artist because of his famous self-taught paintings; an artist himself, he wanted to learn about Serl’s life and paint him. Meetings between the artists became common almost every week until the Serl’s death in 1993. Through these years almost fifty portraits of Jon Serl were painted and then published on the book “One Man by Himself”.

paragraph: Messer said that Jon Serl was a role model for him. He said that Jon Serl completely regenerate his painting practice and that he was also a part of his rebirth as a person.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If it weren't for my painting I would have died a long time ago.”

paragraph: BULLET::::- “It is this fundamental import that is captured in the portrait. If I don't use the paint it cries.”

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They wanted fifty cents for it," Serl said. "I didn't have fifty cents, so I painted my own."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's a good way to live. You get tired of living the sissy way, pushing buttons."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There's no TV, no radio, you have to invent for yourself."

alias:
Jerry Palmer
Ned Palmer
Joe Seals

description: artist

wikidata_label: Jon Serl

wikipedia_title: Jon Serl


text: patrician

text: Julii

text: consul

text: gens

text: Republic

text: consular tribune

text: Gaius Julius Iulus

text: dictator

text: Julii Caesares

text: Second Punic War

text: Imperial times

text: Sextus Julius Caesar

text: praetor

text: Marcus Atilius Regulus

text: Sallentini

text: Messapian

text: Apulia

text: triumph

text: Julia (gens)

text: Eutropius

text: "Libo, L. Julius"

text: William Smith

text: "A Companion to Julius Caesar"

categories: 3rd-century BC Romans,Roman Republican consuls

paragraph: Lucius Julius Libo

paragraph: Lucius Julius L. f. L. n. Libo was a member of the ancient patrician house of the Julii, who held the consulship in 267 BC, and won an important military victory.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The son and grandson of Lucius, Libo was the only significant member of his gens to appear in history during a span of nearly a century and a half. The Julii had been one of the leading families of the early Republic, claiming six consulships between 489 and 430 BC, and nine times filling the office of consular tribune from 438 to 379. But the last of the early Julii to hold a magistracy was Gaius Julius Iulus, who had been nominated dictator in 352 BC.

paragraph: For modern scholars, Libo represents a link between the Julii Iuli of the early Republic, and the Julii Caesares, who flourished from the time of the Second Punic War to early Imperial times. It is not known whether Libo was descended from one of the Julii Iuli, or from a collateral branch of the family, nor whether he was an ancestor of the Caesars, although it has long been conjectured that they were his descendants. In recent years, one scholar has postulated that Lucius Julius, the father of Sextus Julius Caesar, who was praetor in 208 BC, was the son of Libo, but if so it is not clear whether his surname was "Libo" or "Caesar".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Libo was elected consul for 267 BC, together with Marcus Atilius Regulus. The two consuls carried on a war against the Sallentini, a Messapian people of Apulia, whom they conquered. In recognition of their victory, Libo and Regulus were granted a triumph, which they celebrated on January 23, 266.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eutropius, "Breviarium Historiae Romanae" (A Brief History of Rome).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libo, L. Julius", in "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miriam Griffin, "A Companion to Julius Caesar" John Wiley & Sons (2009), , .

description: Roman consul

wikidata_label: Lucius Julius Libo

wikipedia_title: Lucius Julius Libo


text: Turnhout

text: Rome

text: Janssen Pharmaceutica

text: Constant Janssen

text: Jesuit

text: Namur

text: Catholic University of Leuven

text: University of Ghent

text: University of Cologne

text: Corneille Heymans

text: Nobel Prize

text: francs

text: ambucetamide

text: antispasmodic

text: menstrual

text: habilitation

text: haloperidol

text: schizophrenia

text: fentanyl

text: droperidol

text: etomidate

text: anesthesiology

text: diarrhea

text: Diphenoxylate

text: Lomotil

text: Apollo program

text: Xi'an

text: Paul Lewi

text: supercomputer

text: Janssen Pharmaceutica

text: WHO list of essential medicines

text: mental illnesses

text: cardiovascular

text: allergies

text: gastrointestinal disorder

text: Pontifical Academy of Sciences

text: Father Damien

text: The Greatest Belgian

text: Flemish

text: Gedeon Richter Ltd.

text: Gairdner Foundation International Award

text: Tibotec

text: Rega Institute for Medical Research

text: Drug Design with Dr. Paul Janssen

text: In memory of Dr. Paul Janssen

text: 1996 Australia Prize

text: Dr Paul Janssen

text: Paul Adriaan Jan Janssen, 1926–2003

text: Paul Janssen

categories: Janssen Pharmaceutica people,Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences,2003 deaths,Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry,Catholic University of Leuven alumni (pre-1968),Belgian pharmacologists,Belgian Roman Catholics,Université de Namur alumni,Barons of Belgium,Flemish businesspeople,Flemish physicians,People from Turnhout,Australia Prize recipients,Ghent University alumni,1926 births

paragraph: Paul Janssen

paragraph: Paul Adriaan Jan, Baron Janssen (12 September 1926, Turnhout – 11 November 2003, Rome) was a Belgian doctor. He was the founder of Janssen Pharmaceutica, a pharmaceutical company with over 20,000 employees.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and education.

paragraph: Paul Janssen was the son of Constant Janssen and Margriet Fleerackers. On 16 April 1957, he married Dora Arts.

paragraph: He attended secondary school at the Jesuit St Jozef college in Turnhout, after which he decided to follow in his father's footsteps and become a doctor. During World War II, Janssen studied physics, biology and chemistry at the Facultés universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix (FUNDP) in Namur. He then studied medicine at the Catholic University of Leuven and the University of Ghent. In 1951, Janssen graduated in medicine from the University of Ghent.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During his military service, he worked at the University of Cologne in Germany at the Institute of Pharmacology of J. Schuller, where he worked until 1952. After he returned to Belgium he worked part-time at the Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (University of Ghent) of Professor Corneille Heymans, who had won the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1938. Janssen founded his own research laboratory in 1953, with a loan of 50,000 Belgian francs from his father. In 1953 he also discovered his first drug ambucetamide, an antispasmodic found to be particularly effective for the relief of menstrual pain.

paragraph: In 1956, Janssen received his teaching certificate for higher education in pharmacology (the habilitation and the official "pro venia legendi" (Latin, "for permission to lecture")) with a thesis on "Compounds of the R 79 type". He then left the university and in 1956 established the company which would become "Janssen Pharmaceutica". On 11 February 1958 he made haloperidol a major breakthrough in the treatment of schizophrenia. Paul Janssen and his team developed the fentanyl family of drugs, and many other anesthesia-related drugs, such as droperidol and etomidate which made a significant contribution to anesthesiology. One of the drugs he developed for the treatment of diarrhea, Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) was used during the Apollo program. In 1985, his company was the first Western pharmaceutical company to set up a pharmaceutical factory in the People's Republic of China (Xi'an). In 1995 he founded the "Center for Molecular Design", together with Paul Lewi, where he and his team used a supercomputer to search for candidate molecules to find a treatment for AIDS.

paragraph: Janssen and the scientists at Janssen Pharmaceutica discovered more than 80 new medicines. Four of his medicines are on the WHO list of essential medicines; this is an absolute world record. The majority of the drugs he and his teams developed were for human medicine and are being used to treat infestations by fungi and worms, mental illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, allergies, and gastrointestinal disorders.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Paul Janssen died in Rome, Italy, in 2003, while attending the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, of which he had been a member since 1990. He was survived by his widow, Dora Arts Janssen, two sons, three daughters and 13 grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Popularity polls.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2005 he finished as runner up, after Father Damien, in the poll for The Greatest Belgian organized by the regional Flemish television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Wednesday 22 October 2008, Paul Janssen was awarded the title of "Most Important Belgian Scientist", an initiative of the Eos magazine.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gedeon Richter Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gairdner Foundation International Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tibotec

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rega Institute for Medical Research

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewi, Paul J., "Successful Pharmaceutical Discovery: Paul Janssen's Concept of Drug Research", R&D Management, Vol. 37, Issue 4, pp. 355–362, September 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- van Gestel S, Schuermans V, "Thirty-three years of drug discovery and research with Dr. Paul Janssen", Drug Development Research, Volume 8, Issue 1–4, pp. 1–13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drug Design with Dr. Paul Janssen

paragraph: BULLET::::- In memory of Dr. Paul Janssen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rory Watson, Paul Janssen, BMJ 2003;327;1290

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Australia Prize

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr Paul Janssen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Adriaan Jan Janssen, 1926–2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Janssen (Obituary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research

description: Scientist, founder of Janssen Pharmaceutica

wikidata_label: Paul Janssen

wikipedia_title: Paul Janssen


text:
della Scala family
Verona
Dante Alighieri
Vicenza
Padua
Treviso
Ghibelline
northern Italy
Verona
Alberto I della Scala
Mastino
Scaliger
Bartolomeo I della Scala
Dante
Florence
Albertino Mussato
Vicenza
Virgin Mary
Alboino I della Scala
Ghibelline
Guelph
Azzo VIII of Este
Lord of Ferrara
Conrad of Antioch
Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II
Henry VII
Imperial Vicars
Padua
Brescia
Vicenza
Padua
Imperial Vicar
Verona
Henry VII
Podestà
Albertino Mussato
Jacopo da Carrara
Mantua
Ghibelline
Lombardy
Trevisan Mark
Treviso
Frederick I of Austria
Holy Roman Emperor
Pope John XXII
Louis IV of Bavaria
Guelphs
Brescia
Uguccione della Faggiuola
Mastino I della Scala
Uguccione della Faggiuola
Vicenza
Venice
Monselice
Euganean Hills
Monselice
Este
moat
Jacopo da Carrara
Monselice
Este
Castelbaldo
Montagnana
Ghibelline
Trevisan Mark
Da Carrara
Da Carrara
Mastino II della Scala
Uguccione della Faggiuola
Treviso
Frederick I of Austria
Imperial Vicar
Soncino
Matteo I Visconti
Milan
Frederick I
Imperial Vicar
Padua
Treviso
Frederick
Padua
Imperial Vicar
Monselice
Este
Monselice
Frederick
Feltre
Serravalle
Belluno
Ghibelline
Reggio Emilia
Louis IV of Bavaria
Frederick I of Austria
Battle of Mühldorf
Estensi
Ferrara
Visconti
Milan
Padua
Verona
Henry VI of Carinthia
Louis IV of Bavaria
Modena
Ghibelline
Vicenza
Verona
Bolognese
Monteveglio
Castruccio Castracani
Altopascio
Robert of Naples
Verona
Louis IV of Bavaria
Padua
Imperial Vicar
Vicenza
Imperial Vicar
Feltre
Monselice
Bassano
Conegliano
Whitsunday
Holy Roman Emperor
Milan
Visconti
Mantua
Gonzaga
Modena
Padua
Imperial Vicar
Henry of Carinthia
Marsilio Da Carrara
Este
Curia
Verona
Ghibelline
Castruccio Castracani
Guelph
Florence
Venice
Imperial Vicar
Mantua
Emperor
Gonzaga
Treviso
Verona
Trevisan Mark
Alberto I della Scala
marble tomb
Castelvecchio
digitalis
Treviso
Carraresi
Ezzelino III da Romano
Soave
Rhetoric
Dante Alighieri
Divine Comedy
Giovanni Boccaccio
Decameron
Emperor Frederick II
Dante
David Blixt
Details of 2004 autopsy

categories: 1291 births,People from Verona,Burials at Santa Maria Antica,Lords of Italy,Scaliger family,1329 deaths,Lords of Padua,Lords of Verona,Italian monarchs,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Cangrande I della Scala

paragraph: Cangrande (christened Can Francesco) della Scala (9 March 1291 – 22 July 1329) was an Italian nobleman, belonging to the della Scala family which ruled Verona from 1308 until 1387. Now perhaps best known as the leading patron of the poet Dante Alighieri, Cangrande was in his own day chiefly acclaimed as a successful warrior and autocrat. Between becoming sole ruler of Verona in 1311 and his death in 1329 he took control of several neighbouring cities, notably Vicenza, Padua and Treviso, and came to be regarded as the leader of the Ghibelline faction in northern Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cangrande was born at Verona, the third son of Alberto I della Scala, ruler of Verona, and Verde da Salizzole. Christened Can Francesco, perhaps partly in punning homage to his uncle Mastino ("mastiff") I, the founder of the Scaligeri dynasty, his physical and mental precocity soon earned him the name Cangrande, namely "big" or "great dog". The canine theme was enthusiastically embraced and from Cangrande's reign onwards the Scaliger lords used a dog motif on their helmets and also on their tombs and other monuments.

paragraph: Cangrande was held in great affection by his father who took the extraordinary step of knighting him while still a child on November 11, 1301. On Alberto's death in 1301, Cangrande was entrusted to the guardianship of his eldest brother Bartolomeo I della Scala, in whose brief reign he probably first met Dante when the poet took refuge in Verona following his exile from Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Physical appearance and personality.

paragraph: Investigations following the exhumation of his mummified corpse in 2004 indicate that Cangrande was 1.73 metres (about 5 ft 8 in) tall with a long face, prominent jaw and curly chestnut hair. Considerable physical strength and endurance is attested to by the almost ceaseless military campaigns described by contemporary historians and poets. He was known for his joviality (also a furious temper on occasions when things were not going his way) and open disposition, fond of discourse with people of all social classes. He was an eloquent speaker, and argument and debate for its own sake was one of his favourite peacetime pastimes when he was not out hunting or hawking. His bravery in battle is well documented; his mercy to defeated foes impressed even his enemies, among them the Paduan historian and dramatist Albertino Mussato, who praised Cangrande's honourable treatment of Vinciguerra di San Bonifacio after the conflict at Vicenza in 1317. He was devoutly religious and fasted twice a week in honour of the Virgin Mary, to whom he was especially devoted.

paragraph: Section::::The emperor's right-hand man.

paragraph: Cangrande saw his first military action in the campaigns of his other brother Alboino I della Scala—who succeeded Bartolomeo in 1304—fighting alongside other Ghibelline leaders against the Guelph dynast Azzo VIII of Este, Lord of Ferrara. In 1308, he began to share the rule of Verona with Alboino. This was also the year of his marriage to Giovanna, daughter of Conrad of Antioch and a descendant of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, a union which was to endure for his lifetime but bring no heirs, although he fathered several illegitimate children.

paragraph: In November 1310, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII arrived in Italy intent on reconciling Guelph and Ghibelline under the banner of a united empire. In reality he soon found himself reliant on the support of Ghibelline magnates to further his aims, prominent among them Cangrande and Alboino, whom he made Imperial Vicars of Verona. In April 1311, the two brothers co-led an Imperial Army which swiftly liberated Verona's neighbour Vicenza from the rule of Padua, this city having rebelled against the Emperor's authority.

paragraph: From May to October in the same year, Cangrande commanded the Italian levies in the siege of Brescia, where the Guelph faction had seized control in defiance of Henry. When the Guelphs surrendered on 16 September 1311, he was chosen to ride at the head of three hundred knights in Henry's triumphal entry into the city. He set out later to accompany the Emperor on his coronation journey to Rome but hastened back to Verona on hearing that his brother had fallen dangerously ill. On 29 November 1311, Alboino died and Cangrande became sole ruler of Verona at the age of twenty.

paragraph: Section::::Struggle for Vicenza.

paragraph: In February 1312, Cangrande became ruler of Verona's neighbouring city of Vicenza by an act of political opportunism, taking advantage of that city's disputes with its former overlords in Padua. Padua's ruling council decided to wrest their former territory from Cangrande and defy the Emperor who had backed his takeover by electing him Vicenza's Imperial Vicar. In early spring 1312 the Paduan army began to ravage the territories of Vicenza and Verona. For some eighteen months Cangrande was hard pressed to defend Vicenza and even Verona itself from these incursions.

paragraph: The death of Henry VII in August 1313 freed Cangrande from his duty to provide resources to the Imperial cause and a change of government at Padua gave him time to amass a sizable army. From spring 1314 he pursued the same punitive tactics as his enemies, burning crops and towns in Paduan territory. The devastation of the rural districts tolled heavily on Padua, whose ruling council decided to end the war once and for all by taking Vicenza with overwhelming force. A large army under Padua's warrior Podestà Ponzino de' Ponzini marched through the night and invaded the Vincentine suburb of San Pietro in the early hours of 17 September 1314.

paragraph: Cangrande was absent at Verona at the time but soon learned of events and rode out instantly for Vicenza, covering the distance in three hours. On arriving in the city he mounted a warhorse and without hesitation led an impromptu attack on the invaders who had still not penetrated beyond the suburbs. The historian and dramatist Albertino Mussato, who was with the Paduan forces, recounts how this sudden assault quickly developed into a rout of the whole Paduan army in which Cangrande, standing up in his stirrups, urged his followers to "slay the cowardly foe" before charging onwards, mace in hand, carrying all before him "as fire fanned by the wind devours stubble".

paragraph: Cangrande's victory was so comprehensive he was able to conclude a peace treaty in October 1314 in which Padua recognised his supremacy over Vicenza. His military reputation was also much enhanced. Daring feats of arms such as his hell-for-leather ride to Vicenza appealed to the popular imagination, even gaining the reluctant admiration of such men as Mussato, who fervently opposed Cangrande's autocratic style of rule. It typified the qualities for which he was to become increasingly famous: an almost reckless bravery in battle, coupled with magnanimity towards defeated enemies, some of whom he befriended in captivity. Among his prisoners on this occasion were the influential Paduan nobles Jacopo da Carrara and his nephew Marsilio, who became major players in Cangrande's later career.

paragraph: Section::::A staunch Ghibelline.

paragraph: With Vicenza secured, Cangrande was able to involve himself in territories to the west of Verona. With the aid of Rinaldo "Passerino" Bonacolsi, ruler of Mantua, he had by September 1316 helped secure Ghibelline supremacy in Western Lombardy. He then turned his attention back to his personal goal of conquering the Trevisan Mark, launching an unsuccessful attack on Treviso in November 1316.

paragraph: On 16 March 1316, Cangrande had officially recognised Frederick I of Austria as Holy Roman Emperor, receiving from him confirmation of the Imperial Vicariates of Verona and Vicenza and incurring the wrath of Pope John XXII, who recognised neither Frederick nor his rival, Louis IV of Bavaria, as Emperor. Cangrande ignored the Pope's threats of excommunication and re-emphasised his Ghibelline credentials by attacking the Guelphs of Brescia in concert with the feared Tuscan warlord Uguccione della Faggiuola. He was about to lay siege to the city in May 1317 when he heard that Vicenza was about to be betrayed to a group of exiles backed by Paduan troops under the Guelph nobleman Count Vinciguerra di San Bonifacio, whose family had long ago been exiled from Verona by Cangrande's uncle Mastino I della Scala.

paragraph: Section::::Second war with Padua.

paragraph: Cangrande and Uguccione della Faggiuola arrived outside Vicenza with a large force on 21 May 1317. Cangrande secretly entered Vicenza and the next day at dawn disguised as a Vincentine Guelph he encouraged the Paduans to enter the city, suddenly rushing upon them in person with a small body of troops as they moved to enter the gates while Uguccione's larger force attacked from the rear, albeit in the nick of time for Cangrande's habitual impetuosity had nearly cost him dearly, and decisively ended the battle. Cangrande showed magnanimity to his hereditary foe Vinciguerra di San Bonifacio who was seriously wounded in the conflict, having him nursed at his own palace and affording him a magnificent funeral on his death a few weeks later.

paragraph: Cangrande wasted little time in accusing Padua of breaking the peace treaty of 1314. In December 1317, Venice, which had overseen this treaty, finally declared it null and void. Cangrande set out immediately with a large army to surprise the town of Monselice, a key Paduan stronghold on the eastern slopes of the Euganean Hills. Monselice was betrayed to the Veronese vanguard on 21 December and the rich town of Este soon followed, encircled by Cangrande's forces and called on to surrender. The garrison resisted, whereupon Cangrande plunged into the moat and led his forces on an all-out assault on the walls. In a short space of time the town was taken, sacked and burnt. Following this, many other towns in the area surrendered in fear of suffering a similar fate.

paragraph: After Christmas Cangrande marched his army to the walls of Padua itself in an effort to terrify the populace into surrender. The Paduan Greater Council represented by Jacopo da Carrara felt compelled to agree to any terms other than unconditional surrender and on 12 February 1318 ceded Monselice, Este, Castelbaldo and Montagnana to Cangrande for life and ordered the restoration of citizens exiled from Padua.

paragraph: Section::::Second military campaign against Treviso.

paragraph: Cangrande spent the spring and summer of 1318 fighting for the Ghibelline cause in various cities, undeterred by the Pope's excommunication (enforced in April for his persistent refusal to renounce his Imperial Vicariates). In Autumn his attention turned once more to the Trevisan Mark. He was unable to attack Padua because of the peace treaty but had considerable influence there due to his friendship with the Da Carrara family which was now dominant in the city. He cemented his informal alliance with the Da Carrara late in 1318 by betrothing his twelve-year-old nephew Mastino (the future Mastino II della Scala) with Taddea, Jacopo Da Carrara's baby daughter. Meanwhile, in alliance with Uguccione della Faggiuola he had launched another military campaign against Treviso.

paragraph: The attack on Treviso was made with the promise of help from certain nobles within the city who hoped Cangrande would restore them to power. Although this plot did enable him to take some outlying castles but fell short of taking the city itself for the citizens appealed to Frederick I of Austria who ordered Cangrande to stop his assault in return for the Trevisans accepting his authority and allowing him to appoint an Imperial Vicar.

paragraph: In the same month a convention of Ghibelline leaders at Soncino headed by Matteo I Visconti of Milan appointed Cangrande "Captain and Rector of the Imperial Party of Lombardy". Cangrande accepted the title without doing much to earn it, being for the moment more concerned with renewed attempts to conquer Treviso. He came close to success but was eventually thwarted in June when the Trevisans reluctantly accepted the protection of the powerful Henry III of Gorizia, Frederick I of Austria's nominated Imperial Vicar. Cangrande immediately turned his attention to Padua, picking a quarrel with his erstwhile ally Jacopo Da Carrara.

paragraph: Section::::Third war with Padua.

paragraph: In August 1319 Cangrande invaded Paduan territory and established a permanent camp south of the city near the town of Bassanello. He then set about laying siege to Padua while his troops set about attacking towns still under Paduan control.

paragraph: During the autumn of 1319 Padua negotiated with Henry of Gorizia, who was based still at Treviso, hoping for his assistance. Henry waited until the Paduan position was so desperate that they would submit to him as Frederick of Austria's representative. This the Greater Council of Padua finally did on 4 November 1319 whereupon Henry assembled a large army and on 5 January 1320 entered the city as Imperial Vicar, Jacopo da Carrara resigning his command in Henry's favour. This resignation denied Cangrande his chief pretext for war but he was soon on the offensive again, taking castles from Henry of Gorizia in Trevisan territory in March and in June, with the aid of Paduan exiles, mounting an unsuccessful stealth attack on Padua itself.

paragraph: In late Summer Henry III of Gorizia arrived once more in Padua with fresh troops and attacked Cangrande's camp at Bassanello on the morning of 25 August 1320. Cangrande, despite sustaining a slight wound and being advised by his generals to act defensively, charged the enemy forces. He found himself outnumbered and his subsequent retreat soon degenerated into the route of his entire army. Cangrande was again wounded, struck by an arrow in the thigh and had to ride desperately across country to the safety of his stronghold at Monselice which he eventually reached in a state of exhaustion with the arrow still sticking in his leg. Comprehensively defeated, he now had no choice but to open peace negotiations.

paragraph: The Paduans, distrustful of their saviour Henry III of Gorizia and anxious to be rid of his unsavoury mercenary army, agreed to terms not so unfavourable to Cangrande as he might have feared. He only had to relinquish his recent conquests while his more long standing possessions such as Este and Monselice were made subject to Frederick of Austria's arbitration.

paragraph: For the next two years Cangrande stayed clear of armed conflict but continued to expand his territories, winning the towns of Feltre (in February 1321), Serravalle (October 1321) and Belluno (in October 1322) by political means.

paragraph: Section::::Return to military action.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1322 Cangrande renewed his alliance with Passerino Bonacolsi in an attempt to restore Ghibelline exiles in Reggio Emilia. He pledged his allegiance to Louis IV of Bavaria after the latter's victory over Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Mühldorf in September 1322 and in June 1323 formed an alliance with him, Passerino and the Estensi of Ferrara in aid of the Visconti of Milan. Aware that Padua sought to regain some of its former possessions by force he spent the spring of 1324 strengthening his defences, starting with the walls of Verona itself. However, the ill disciplined mercenary army of Henry VI of Carinthia, Padua's current champion, did not pose a serious threat and Cangrande was soon able to pay him off. With Henry gone Cangrande attacked Padua again early in 1325 but Louis IV of Bavaria, the Emperor elect, ordered him to call a truce and restore some territories to Padua.

paragraph: In June and July 1325 Cangrande fought at Modena in the Ghibelline cause but had to hurry to Vicenza as a great fire had destroyed a significant part of the city. He was taken ill on the way and retired to Verona where a rumour surfaced that he was dying. At this his cousin Federico della Scala tried to seize power. but Cangrande's mercenaries held firm against him. On Cangrande's recovery, Federico, the saviour of Verona in a Paduan attack of June 1314, was banished from his territories.

paragraph: Section::::Intrigues and betrayals.

paragraph: Cangrande had recovered well enough to take part in the campaign which ended in a great victory over the Bolognese Guelphs at Monteveglio by Passerino Bonacolsi in November 1325. However he seems to have become estranged from his old ally at this time, perhaps offended by Passerino favouring the Estensi of Ferrara into which family he had now married.

paragraph: Despite the victory at Monteveglio and Castruccio Castracani's triumph over the Florentine Guelphs at Altopascio the Guelph faction was still strong and the pope and Robert of Naples sent envoys to Verona in July 1326 in an attempt to break Cangrande's allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria—however, when Louis entered Italy in January 1327, Cangrande was one of the first to pay him homage. He tried and failed to obtain the Vicariate of Padua from the Emperor but was reaffirmed as Imperial Vicar of Verona and Vicenza and made Imperial Vicar of Feltre, Monselice, Bassano and Conegliano.

paragraph: On Whitsunday (31 May) Louis was crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Milan. Cangrande kept lavish and ostentatious court at the city with a retinue of knights numbering over a thousand at the lowest estimate. If his aim was to impress the emperor of his superiority over the other Lombard magnates the most telling result was to arouse the jealousy and suspicion of Milan's rulers the Visconti and he soon found it prudent to return to Verona, where in June 1327 he involved himself in revisions to the city's legislature.

paragraph: In August 1328 Cangrande supported a coup d'état in Mantua in which his old ally Passerino Bonacolsi was overthrown and killed and his family supplanted by the Gonzaga family. Whether Cangrande was merely being brutally pragmatic here and supporting the winning side—Passerino's power was on the wane having lost Modena in June 1327—or whether his estrangement from his old ally had a deeper cause, is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::Final triumph over Padua.

paragraph: In September 1328 Cangrande at last took possession of Padua after 16 years of intermittent yet brutal conflict. The city was ripe for such a takeover, forsaken by its Imperial Vicar Henry of Carinthia and in a state of internal lawlessness as its most powerful autocrat Marsilio Da Carrara struggled to control dissolute noblemen, not least members his own family. Meanwhile, Veronese forces under Cangrande's nephew Mastino della Scala in league with Paduan exiles, most prominent amongst them Nicolo da Carrara (a distant cousin of Marsilio) encamped not far away at Este posing a constant threat. Faced with these difficulties Marsilio eventually decided to surrender the city to Cangrande under an arrangement in which he retained some power rather than risk losing everything by fighting him or trying to do a deal behind his back with the exiles. Accordingly, Marsilio was made Captain General of the City by a compliant General Council but the overall ruler was now Cangrande, who rode triumphantly into Padua on 10 September 1328 Cangrande was received enthusiastically by the populace who now craved any kind of stability. To cement the new order Jacobo da Carrara's daughter Taddea was betrothed to Cangrande's nephew Mastino della Scala, the wedding itself taking place at a great Curia at Verona in November 1328.

paragraph: This, Cangrande's most significant triumph, was seen as a huge boost for the Ghibelline cause, weakened as it had been by the death of Castruccio Castracani earlier that year. Even cities under Guelph control such as Florence wrote to congratulate Cangrande and, in March 1329 he was made a citizen of Venice, an honour rarely granted at the time to people from outside that city.

paragraph: In Spring of 1329 Cangrande succeeded in obtaining the title of Imperial Vicar of Mantua from the Emperor, intending to move against the ruling Gonzaga family in that city. These plans were put on hold however as a change of government at Treviso had produced a number of powerful exiles willing to help him conquer the city in exchange for their reinstatement. On 2 July 1329 Cangrande left Verona for the last time and within a few days his large army was laying siege to Treviso. Running quickly low on supplies and bereft of external help, the city's overlord Guecello Tempesta surrendered the city to Cangrande.

paragraph: On 18 July, Cangrande made his state entry to Treviso, the crowning moment in his long struggle to subdue the cities of the Trevisan Mark. However his triumph was marred, for he had become seriously ill as the result, according to contemporary accounts, of drinking from a polluted spring a few days before. As soon as he arrived at his lodgings he took to his bed and on morning of 22 July 1329, after settling his affairs as best he could, he died. Cangrande's body was taken out of Treviso at nightfall and drawn on a bier to Verona where it was escorted by the nobles into the city preceded by twelve knights, one of whom wore Cangrande's armour and carried his unsheathed sword. The body was temporarily housed in the church of Santa Maria Antiqua, then appears to have been moved twice, once to a marble tomb in the church yard (previously believed to be that of Cangrande's father Alberto I della Scala) and finally to the marble tomb over the church entrance, topped with an impressive equestrian statue of a smiling Cangrande in tournament attire (the latter now in the Museum of Castelvecchio). As he had no legitimate sons, his titles passed to his nephews, Mastino and Alberto della Scala.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Treviso and death.:Modern postmortem.

paragraph: In February 2004, Cangrande's body was removed from its sarcophagus for scientific tests, one of the objectives being to see whether the cause of his death could be ascertained. The body was found to be naturally mummified and in an exceptionally good state of preservation, so-much-so that some of his internal organs could be examined. It transpired the actual cause of death was poisoning from lethal amounts of the drug digitalis, extracted from one of the "foxglove" family of plants. The evidence leans towards deliberate murder by poisoning, perhaps under the guise of medical treatment for the illness Cangrande is said to have contracted from drinking infected spring water prior to his arrival in Treviso. A physician of Cangrande's was hanged by his successor Mastino II, adding more weight to the possibility of foul play having been at least suspected, although who was ultimately behind the killing is likely to remain a mystery. One of the principal suspects (at least in terms of motive) was Cangrande's nephew, the ambitious Mastino II himself.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: With the exception of Vicenza, Cangrande's military conquests did not survive the reign of his successor Mastino II. However, his victories did have far-reaching effects on neighbouring cities. For example, Vicenza's political future was now permanently linked to that of Verona. As well, he had played a decisive role in the rise to power of the Carraresi family in Padua. In Verona itself, he reformed and expanded the legislature, introducing few new laws and regulations but clearing up obscurities, omissions and inconsistencies in the existing manuscripts so efficiently that his statutes lasted with little significant alteration to the end of the Scaligeri period. The innovations he did make unsurprisingly tended to invest more power in his own position as absolute ruler. Despot though he was, Cangrande's rule was generally pragmatic and tolerant in marked contrast to Ezzelino III da Romano, the last warlord to hold comparable territories in eastern Lombardy. He normally allowed subject cities to keep their own laws and made efforts to ensure his appointed officials acted with impartiality and that taxation was kept to acceptable levels. Cangrande undertook few building projects of any significance with the exception of improvements to city walls and the erection of castles such as the example still to be seen at Soave.

paragraph: As a military commander Cangrande was a brilliant opportunist tactician rather than a great strategist. His bravery sometimes bordered on recklessness, usually leading his men from the front when attacking enemy troops or assaulting the walls of a fortress, although after his defeat by the Paduans in 1320 this boldness gave way to a more cautious approach. In weaving his way through the complex political scenarios of his time he showed energy and decisiveness similar to that on the battlefield. He had a reputation as a persuasive speaker and took many an opportunity to add to his territories by political means or win an influential ally to his cause.

paragraph: Cangrande was a noted patron of the arts and learning in general. Poets, painters, grammarians and historians all found a welcome at Verona during his reign and his personal interest in eloquent debate is reflected by his addition of a professorship of Rhetoric to the six academic chairs already provided for in the Veronese statutes. However, his patronage of the poet Dante Alighieri is now undoubtedly his chief claim to fame as a patron of the arts. It is generally accepted that Dante was a guest at Verona between 1312 and 1318, although the details of his time in the city are unrecorded.

paragraph: As might be expected, Dante is lavish in his praise of his patron wherever he has occasion to mention him, most notably in "Paradiso", Canto XVII of the Divine Comedy, lines 70–93. These to some extent reflect Cangrande's fame in his own time when, as Dante remarked "even his enemies would be unable to keep silent about him". The comments of the historian A.M. Allen, written at the beginning of the 20th century, remain apposite: "whatever might be thought now of his land hunger, ostentation and imperious temper, to his contemporaries he appeared little short of perfect."

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Cangrande I della Scala appears in the seventh tale of the first day of Giovanni Boccaccio's "Decameron". He is portrayed as a wise ruler, graceful enough to accept (and indeed reward) a veiled rebuke from Bergamino, a jester visiting his court. His eminence, wisdom and generosity in this moral tale (where he is compared not unfavouraby to Emperor Frederick II) may reflect Dante's influence on Boccaccio's perception of Cangrande.

paragraph: Cangrande is the title character of "The Master of Verona", a novel by David Blixt. The story interweaves the characters of Shakespeare's Italian plays (most notably the Capulets and the Montagues from "Romeo & Juliet") with the historical figures of Cangrande's time.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details of 2004 autopsy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website "Cangrande della Scala: la morte ed il corredo di un principe nel medioevo europe", 2005

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Cangrande I della Scala

wikipedia_title: Cangrande I della Scala


text:
Vijayanagara Empire
Sangama Dynasty
Harihara II
Nicolo Conti
Kannada literature
Harihara II
Tirthankar
Gommateshvara
Shravanabelagola
Shantinatha
tirthankara
Shravanabelagola
Tungabhadra river
Lakshmeshwara
choultry
Gulbarga
Krishna river
Tungabhadra river
Ramachandra Raya
Vijaya Raya
Raichur district
Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah
Adoni
Bankapura
Our Karnataka article
AP Online article

categories: 15th-century Indian monarchs,Sangama dynasty,People of the Vijayanagara Empire,Hindu monarchs,Indian Hindus,1422 deaths

paragraph: Deva Raya

paragraph: Deva Raya I (reigned 1406–1422 CE) was a king of the Vijayanagara Empire (of the Sangama Dynasty). After Harihara II died there was a dispute between his sons over the throne in which Deva Raya I eventually emerged victor. He was a very capable ruler noted for his military exploits and his support to irrigation works in his kingdom. He modernized the Vijayanagara army by improving the cavalry, employing Turkic archers, procuring horses from Arabia and Persia. Of Deva Raya I, the Italian traveler Nicolo Conti, who visited Vijayanagara in c.1420, described thus: "In this city, there are 90,000 men fit to bear arms...there king is more powerful than all the kings of India". Conti also noted that the royal city had grown to a circumference of 60 mi. Deva Raya I was a patron of Kannada literature and architecture. Madhura, a noted Jain poet was in his court (and also in the court of his father King Harihara II) and wrote in Kannada the "Dharmanathapurana" on the life of the fifteenth Jain Tirthankar (Dharmanatha), and a poem in eulogy of Gommateshvara of Shravanabelagola. The noted Hazare Rama temple, an excellent example of Deccan architecture was constructed during his rule. One of Deva Raya's queens Bhima Devi was a disciple of the Jain guru Abhinava Charukirti Panditacharya. She was a devotee of Shantinatha, 16th Jain "tirthankara" and built a temple at the Mangayi Basti in Shravanabelagola.

paragraph: Section::::Irrigation works and general administration.

paragraph: The credit for making the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire one of the biggest cities in the 15th century goes to Deva Raya I. He realized that the scarcity of water supply, both for drinking and for irrigation, was restricting the growth of the royal capital. In c.1410 he had a barrage constructed across the Tungabhadra river and commissioned a 24 km long aqueduct from the Tungabhadra river to the capital. The account provided by Nuniz gives a details of the projects undertaken by Deva Raya I that brought prosperity to the Kingdom. He maintained a secular attitude in administrative matters. He had a Mosque and a slaughter house constructed for the convenience of the Muslim soldiers in his army. In c. 1413, a dispute over property between the Shanka Jainalya of Lakshmeshwara and the Someshvara temple trust of the palace was settled in favor of the Jains. Deva Raya I had a Muslim bodyguard who built a choultry in honor of the king.

paragraph: Section::::Military campaigns.

paragraph: Throughout his reign, Deva Raya was continually at war with the Velamas of Telangana, the Bahmani Sultan of Gulbarga, the Reddis of Kondavidu, and the traditional rivals of Vijayanagara, the Gajaptis of Kalinga. Deva Raya I was capable of managing the vast territory that he controlled. Following a confusion in the Reddi kingdom, Deva Raya I entered into an alliance with Warangal for partitioning the Reddi kingdom between them. The split of Warangal changed the balance of power in the Deccan. In c.1420, Firoz Shah invaded Pangal but the two-year siege at Pangal ended in decease and disaster for Firoz Shah's armies. Deva Raya inflicted a shattering defeat on Firoz Shah. The Sultan had to hand over the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom to Deva Raya I. Consequently, by c.1422, Deva Raya I came to control territory up to the Krishna river - Tungabhadra river doab including Pangal In the following days, the distressed Sultan died after leading a life of piety after abdicating power to his brother Ahmad. Unable to accept this turn around, the Gajapati King Bhanudeva of Odisha invaded Rajamahendri. When a war with Vijayanagara seemed imminent, some skilful diplomacy by Vijayanagara chief Dodda Alla averted it. Deva Raya was to be succeeded by his sons Ramachandra Raya and shortly thereafter by Vijaya Raya.

paragraph: Section::::Ferishta's account.

paragraph: Persian writer Ferishta narrates an interesting story, not repeated or supported by any other contemporary source, of the kings' love for a beautiful girl, a daughter of a goldsmith from Mudugal in the Raichur district. Unable to wed her, a frustrated Deva Raya I attacked Mudgal and laid to waste a few villages. Aroused by this provocation, the Bahamani Sultan Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah invaded Vijayanagara leading to defeat of Deva Raya I. Though injured in the conflict, Firuz Shah sent his able commanders who successfully invaded Vijayanagara territory south of Adoni

paragraph: According to this account, Deva Raya I had to give as tribute, one of his daughters in marriage to the Sultan's prince, several pearls and cash, Bankapura territory, fifty elephants, and 2000 dancers. The goldsmith's daughter who was the reason for the war was wedded to Hassan Khan, a prince in the Sultan's family.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Karnataka article

paragraph: BULLET::::- AP Online article

paragraph: br

description: Vijayanagara emperor

wikidata_label: Deva Raya

wikipedia_title: Deva Raya