text: Spanish Civil War

text: Robert Capa

text: Stuttgart

text: middle-class

text: Jew

text: East Galicia

text: Lausanne

text: Leipzig

text: National Socialist German Workers Party

text: Leftist

text: mandatory Palestine

text: Eretz Yisrael

text: Paris

text: anti-Semitism

text: Hitler

text: Endre Friedmann

text: Hungarian

text: picture editor

text: Robert Capa

text: Tarō Okamoto

text: Greta Garbo

text: Popular Front

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Barcelona

text: David "Chim" Seymour

text: Aragon

text: Córdoba

text: Vu

text: Rollei

text: camera

text: Contax

text: Leica

text: 35 mm

text: anti-fascist

text: Ernest Hemingway

text: George Orwell

text: Regards

text: Life

text: Illustrated London News

text: Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung

text: Valencia

text: Brunete

text: Madrid

text: Nationalist propaganda

text: Republican forces

text: Battle of Brunete

text: Robin Stummer

text: New Statesman

text: Willy Brandt

text: French Communist Party

text: Père Lachaise Cemetery

text: Alberto Giacometti

text: International Center of Photography

text: stele

text: crowdfunding

text: Susana Fortes

text: The Mexican Suitcase

text: alt-J

text: City Council of Madrid

text: gymnasium

text: Google's Doodle

categories: Women war correspondents,20th-century German women artists,1937 deaths,German expatriates in Spain,German Jews,Women in war 1900–1945,German people of the Spanish Civil War,20th-century German photographers,1910 births,20th-century German women writers,War photographers,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Journalists killed while covering the Spanish Civil War,German expatriates in France,Women in war in Spain,German women photographers,German photojournalists

paragraph: Gerda Taro

paragraph: Gerta Pohorylle (1 August 1910 – 26 July 1937), known professionally as Gerda Taro, was a German Jewish war photographer active during the Spanish Civil War. She is regarded as the first woman photojournalist to have died while covering the frontline in a war.

paragraph: Taro was the companion and professional partner of photographer Robert Capa. The name "Robert Capa" was originally an alias that Taro and Capa (born Endre Friedmann) shared, an invention meant to mitigate the increasing political intolerance in Europe and to attract the lucrative American market. A significant amount of what is credited as Robert Capa's early work was actually made by Taro.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pohorylle was born on 1 August 1910 in Stuttgart, Germany to Gisela Boral and Heinrich Pohorylle, a middle-class Jewish family that had recently emigrated from East Galicia. There she attended the "Queen Charlotte High School" () and later a business college, spending a year at a Lausanne boarding school in between.

paragraph: In 1929, the family moved to Leipzig, just prior to the rise of Nazi Germany. Taro opposed the National Socialist German Workers Party (the name of the Nazi party in Germany) and became interested in Leftist politics. In 1933, following the Nazi party's coming to power, she was arrested and detained for distributing propaganda against the National Socialists. Eventually, the entire Pohorylle household was forced to leave Germany toward different destinations. Taro, age 23, headed for Paris, while her parents attempted to reach mandatory Palestine (also known as Eretz Yisrael at that time by Jews seeking to reestablish a safe homeland). Her brothers went to England. She would not see her family again.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Taro's career was brief, but with great impact on photojournalism, especially in war.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Establishing the Robert Capa alias.

paragraph: When Pohorylle moved to Paris in 1934 to escape the anti-Semitism of Hitler's Germany she met the photojournalist Endre Friedmann, a Hungarian Jew, learned photography and became his personal assistant. They fell in love. Pohorylle began to work for Alliance Photo as a picture editor.

paragraph: In 1936, Pohorylle received her first photojournalist credential. Then, she and Friedmann devised a plan where Friedmann claimed to be the agent of photographer Robert Capa, a name they invented. Both took news photographs and sold them as the work of the non-existent American photographer Robert Capa; this was a convenient name overcoming the increasing political intolerance prevailing in Europe and attractive for the lucrative American market. Capa was derived from Friedmann's Budapest street nickname "Cápa" which means "Shark" in Hungarian. The secret did not last long, but Friedmann kept the more commercial name "Capa" for his own name, while Pohorylle adopted the professional name of "Gerda Taro" after the Japanese artist Tarō Okamoto and Swedish actress Greta Garbo. The two worked together to cover the events surrounding the coming-to-power of the Popular Front in 1930s France.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Coverage of the Spanish Civil War.

paragraph: When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Taro travelled to Barcelona, Spain, to cover the events with Capa and David "Chim" Seymour. Taro acquired the nickname of "La pequeña rubia" ("The little blonde"). They covered the war together in northeastern Aragon and in the southern Córdoba province. Always together under the common and using the bogus signature of Robert Capa, they succeeded in publishing through important publications (the Swiss "Zürcher Illustrierte", the French "Vu"). Their early war photographs are distinguishable since Taro used a Rollei camera which rendered squared photographs while Capa produced rectangular pictures using a Contax camera or a Leica camera. However, for some time in 1937 they each produced similar 35 mm pictures under the label of Capa&Taro.

paragraph: Subsequently, Taro attained some independence. She refused Capa's marriage proposal. Also, she became publicly related to the circle of anti-fascist European and intellectuals (such as Ernest Hemingway and George Orwell) who crusaded particularly for the Spanish Republic. "", a communist newspaper of France, signed her for publishing Taro's works only. Then, she began to commercialise her production under the Photo Taro label. "Regards", "Life", "Illustrated London News" and "Volks-Illustrierte" (the exile edition of Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung) were amongst the publications that used her work.

paragraph: Reporting the Valencia bombing alone, Taro obtained the photographs which are her most celebrated. Also, in July 1937, Taro's photographs were in demand by the international press when, alone, she was covering the Brunete region near Madrid for "Ce Soir". Although the Nationalist propaganda claimed that the region was under its control, the Republican forces had in fact forced that faction out. Taro's photographs were the only testimony of the actual situation.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: During her coverage of the Republican army retreat at the Battle of Brunete, Taro hopped onto the runningboard of General Walter's car that was carrying wounded soldiers. A Republican tank crashed into its side and Taro suffered critical wounds, dying the following day, 26 July 1937.

paragraph: The circumstances of Taro's death have been questioned by British journalist Robin Stummer, writing in the "New Statesman" magazine. Stummer cited Willy Brandt, later Chancellor of West Germany, and a friend of Taro's during the Spanish Civil War, saying that she had been the victim of the Stalinist purge of Communists and Socialists in Spain not aligned to Moscow. However, Stummer provided no other evidence for this claim.

paragraph: In an interview with the Spanish daily "El País", a nephew of a Republican soldier at the Battle of Brunete explained that she had died in an accident. According to the eye-witness account, she had been run over by a reversing tank and she died from her wounds in El Goloso English hospital a few hours later. The tank driver did not realize what he had done.

paragraph: Due to her political commitment, Taro had become a respected anti-fascist figure. On 1 August 1937, on what would have been her 27th birthday, the French Communist Party gave her a grand funeral in Paris, drawing tens of thousands of people on to the streets, buried her at Père Lachaise Cemetery, and commissioned Alberto Giacometti to create a monument for her grave.

paragraph: In early 2018, a photograph purported to be an image of Taro on her deathbed in the English war hospital was released by the son of Hungarian Dr. Kiszely who treated her.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: On 26 September 2007, the International Center of Photography opened the first major U.S. exhibition of Taro's photographs.

paragraph: In October 2008, the City of Stuttgart named a square at the intersection of Hohenheimer, Dannecker and Alexander Strasse after Taro. the Gerda-Taro-Platz. The square was redesigned in 2014, with an inauguration ceremony on 18 November, to include 9 metal steles, each with one letter of her name cut out, visible from a distance.

paragraph: In the summer of 2016 an open-air display of Taro's Spanish Civil War photographs was part of the "f/stop" photography festival in Leipzig. When the festival ended, it was decided the display, partly paid for by crowdfunding, would become permanent. Shortly after, on 4 August, the display of Taro's work was destroyed by smearing it with black paint. With a crowdfunding project to restore the work ongoing, the destroyed work remains in place. It is suspected the destruction is motivated by anti-refugee or anti-semitic sentiments.

paragraph: The novel "Waiting for Robert Capa", by Susana Fortes (2011 – English translation by Adriana V. López), is a fictionalized account of the life of Taro and Capa.

paragraph: The documentary film, "The Mexican Suitcase" (2011), tells the story of a suitcase of 4,500 lost negatives taken by Taro, Capa and David Seymour during the Spanish Civil War. The suitcase, and the negatives, are currently housed at the International Center of Photography in New York City. The stage play "Shooting With Light," produced by theater company Idle Motion, is based on this film. In sorting through the works of this collection, many photographs once attributed to Capa were found to be Taro's, thus allowing a greater understanding of her contribution to photojournalism. Describing one difference in her style as compared to that of Capa, curator Kristen Lubben said "Her pictures are much more posed, using strong camera angles. Capa was much more into movement."

paragraph: The British indie rock band alt-J's song "Taro" is about her role as a war photographer during the Spanish Civil War as well as her relationship to Capa. The song describes the graphic details of Capa's death ("A violent wrench grips mass / Rips light, tears limbs like rags") and imagines Taro's complementary emotions.

paragraph: In 2017 the City Council of Madrid decided to name a street in the city Calle Gerda Taro (Gerda Taro Street), a street running from Avenida de la Victoria to Calle Durango; it is located northwest from the city center along the route A6.

paragraph: In 2018, the city of Leipzig named a new gymnasium for 1,200 students after Taro; it is near the display of her photographs on permanent exhibition.

paragraph: She was highlighted on Google's Doodle on August 1, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Further reading

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "International Center of Photography Holds First Major Exhibition of Taro's Work", "The New York Times", 22 September 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exhibition – Gerda Taro – This is War exhibition at the Barbican", Magnum Photos, 2008.

alias:
Gerta Pohorylle
Gerta Taro
Gerda Pohorylles

description: German photographer, most known about her reportages on the Spanish Civil War

wikidata_label: Gerda Taro

wikipedia_title: Gerda Taro


text:
American
archer
object sexuality
Eiffel Tower
United States Air Force
U.S. Air Force Academy
training sword
recurve archery
compound bow
FITA
Olympic recurve
OS Internationale
ABC News
Eiffel Tower
Good Morning America
Berlin Wall
List of paraphilias
Object sexuality
Paraphilia
Types of marriages
Objectùm-Sexuality Internationale
Ylioppilaslehti

categories: Berlin Wall,1972 births,United States Air Force airmen,American female archers,Living people

paragraph: Erika Eiffel

paragraph: Erika "Aya" Eiffel (née Erika LaBrie), is an American female competitive archer and advocate for object sexuality. She famously "married" the Eiffel Tower in a commitment ceremony in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: After serving enlisted in the United States Air Force, Eiffel entered the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1993. In her first year she was sexually assaulted by another cadet, but thwarted the attack with a training sword. She was subsequently dismissed from the Academy with a personality disorder. "I really felt that the only way for me to sleep is if I was holding onto something, like my sword, because that was the one thing that protected me. And it just got worse," she said.

paragraph: Section::::Archery career.

paragraph: Eiffel started recurve archery in 1999 in Japan, and started shooting compound bow a year later. In 2003, she won first place shooting compound bow in both the FITA and Olympic rounds at all three National Cup tournaments: Arizona Cup, Texas Shootout, and Gold Cup. Following her sweep she went on to win gold and break the FITA team record with Team USA at the 42nd World Target Championships in New York City.

paragraph: Eiffel, known as "Aya" in the archery world, has represented the US at the FITA World Field Championships with Olympic recurve and also the FITA Target Championships and FITA World Cup with compound bow. She also competed in the IFAA Indoor Championships, where she won gold in 2007 and set the single-round world record in Mannheim, Germany, in Freestyle Limited Recurve.

paragraph: Aya was on the 2004 and 2006 US National Archery Team for compound bow and also the 2009 senior National Team for Olympic recurve.

paragraph: Section::::Eiffel and objectum sexualis.

paragraph: She is founder of OS Internationale, an organization for those who develop significant relationships with inanimate objects. She claims that her object relationship with Lance, her competition bow, helped her to become a world-class archer.

paragraph: She first encountered the Eiffel Tower in 2004, and felt an immediate attraction. She told ABC News that she and others "[...] feel an innate connection to objects. It comes perfectly normal to us to connect on various levels, emotional, spiritual and also physical for some." In April 2009, on the second anniversary of her marriage to the Eiffel Tower, she appeared on "Good Morning America" and explained how her object love empowered her. Her twenty-year relationship with the Berlin Wall inspired the musical theater production "Erika's Wall".

paragraph: In 2011 a Finnish journalist moved to Berlin for a year to write a book about Eiffel's object relationships and everyday life."Rautaiset rakastajat – matkani Erika Eiffelin maailmaan" (""Iron Lovers - My trip into Erika Eiffel's World"") was published in Finland in October 2012.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of paraphilias

paragraph: BULLET::::- Object sexuality

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paraphilia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Types of marriages

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Objectùm-Sexuality Internationale, the organization which she founded

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ylioppilaslehti: Finnish interview

description: American archer

wikidata_label: Erika Eiffel

wikipedia_title: Erika Eiffel


text: Argyll

text: Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne

text: Clann Suibhne

text: Castle Sween

text: Knapdale

text: Argyll

text: Clan Campbell

text: Old Norse

text: Glassary

text: Knapdale

text: Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne

text: Clan Sweeney

text: Ireland

text: King of Scots

text: Castle Sween

text: Annals of Ulster

text: King of Aileach

text: Flaithbhertach

text: O'Neill

text: W.D.H. Sellar

text: Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk

text: Clan Campbell

text: byname

text: natural son

text: MacIver Campbells

text: Clan MacLachlan

text: MacEwen

text: Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll

text: MacEwens of Otter

text: Dubhghall

text: Skipness Castle

text: Kintyre

text: King of Connacht

text: High King of Ireland

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

text: Loch Sween

text: Scottish Gaelic

text: earls of Menteith

text: John Menteith

text: English king

text: Edward II

categories: 12th-century Scottish people,Medieval Gaels from Scotland

paragraph: Suibhne mac Duinnshléibhe

paragraph: Suibhne mac Duinnshléibhe was a late 12th-century, and early 13th-century, lord in Argyll. He does not appear in contemporary records, although his name appears in the patronymic names of two of his sons. Suibhne appears in the 16th century "Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne", which documents the early history of Clann Suibhne. This account claims that he is the ancestor of Irish clan, and that he was the builder of Castle Sween in Knapdale, Argyll. Suibhne is said to be identical to the "Swineruo", or "Suibhne Ruadh" ("Suibhne the Red"), recorded in the "Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells", a 17th-century Clan Campbell genealogy.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Suibhne is thought to have flourished in the late 12th century, and early 13th century. He does not appear in any contemporary records, but the records of patronymic names of his sons and descendants prove his existence. His name, "Suibhne", has been stated by some commentators to be Gaelic in origin, and by others to be Norse in origin. The name itself is Gaelic, meaning "pleasant". The name was sometimes used as a Gaelic form of the Old Norse "Sveinn", meaning "boy", "servant". He is stated to have been Thane of Glassrie (Glassary) and Knapdale.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:"Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne".

paragraph: The "Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne" is a traditional account of Clan Sweeney. It was written in Ireland, starting in about 1513. The "Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne" states that Suibhne was the son of Donnshléibhe, son of Aodh Aluinn, son of Anradhán. The account claims that Anradhan was the younger son of Aodh Athlamhan. When his brother succeeded their father, the two brothers quarrelled with each other, and Anradhán sailed to Scotland. There he conquered half of the country before making peace with the King of Scots, by marrying his daughter. Suibhne is credited within the account to have built Castle Sween. His son is named as Maolmhuire an Sparáin ('Maolmhuire of the Purse').

paragraph: Sellar noted that Suibhne's supposed ancestor in the "Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne", Aodh Athlamhan, appears in contemporary (and independent) records, such as the Annals of Ulster. Aodh Athlamhan was King of Aileach, and succeeded his father Flaithbhertach. The Annals of Ulster record that Aodh Athlamhan's died in the year 1033. However, Suibhne's supposed ancestors Anrothan, Aodh Alainn and Donnshléibhe, do not appear in any contemporary sources. Sellar noted that Anradhán's supposed elder brother, Domhnall an tOgdhamh ('Domhnall the Young Ox'), is an ancestor of the O'Neills. According to W.D.H. Sellar, there is no reason to doubt the "Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne"'s claim that Suibhne was the eponymous ancestor of the Sweeneys, or the builder of Castle Sween. Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk proposed that Anradhán married a daughter of either a King of Argyll, or a sub-King of Cowal, rather than a King of Scots.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:"Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells".

paragraph: Suibhne has been identified with the "Swineruo" (Gaelic: "Suibhne Ruadh", meaning 'Suibhne the Red') who appears in the 17th century traditional account of Clan Campbell known as "Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells". This account is thought to be based on an account by the 17th century Clan Campbell historian Neil MacEwan. In the late 18th century, a similar version of this account was compiled, which brought the history down to its present date; this account is known as "Manuscript B".

paragraph: The "Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells" states that the Campbell ancestor "Coline Campbell, bynamed Maol Maith" had a legitimate son, and two natural sons. One of the natural sons, Iver, was borne by the daughter of Swineruo. The account describes Swineruo as the owner of Castle Sween, and as Thane of Knapdale and Glassary. The account states that, Iver was the ancestor of the MacIver Campbells, who were numerous in Glassary and Craignish. "Manuscript B" of "Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells" states that, according to tradition, Swineruo took his daughter from Campbell, and married her to MacLachlan (the chief of Clan MacLachlan), and give him a portion of his lands in Glassary.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:MS 1467.

paragraph: The MacEwen pedigree is indecipherable in places. Skene's transcription and translation are as follows.

paragraph: According to Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll, who wrote in the early 20th century, the manuscript shows that the MacEwens of Otter were 'MacSweens'—male-line descendants of Suibhne. Argyll considered that the name Skene took for "Sabarain", who is listed as a son of "Duinsleibe", was actually "Suibhneach", or Suibhne, son of Donnshléibhe. Argyll considered the manuscript showed that the chiefs of the MacEwens (who he thought, should have been known as MacSweens) were as follows (from Walter up to Suibhne): Baltuir, Eoin, Eoghan, Giollaesbuig, Iain, Dugal, Suibhne. In the late 20th century, Sellar noted that the pedigree shows that the MacEwens did not descend from Suibhne, and that they took their surname from chief Eoghan, son of Gillespie. Sellar stated that it seemed that Gillespie was a great-grandson of "Saibaran" (Skene's "Sabarain"), who was another one of Donnshléibhe's sons. Sellar noted that, according to "Leabhar Chlainne Suibhne", Donnshléibhe had twelve sons.

paragraph: Section::::Successors.

paragraph: Suibhne had two sons who appear in contemporary records. His son Dubhghall is recorded as granting, and witnessing, several charters. He was seated at Skipness Castle, in Kintyre. Maol Mhuire mac Suibhne married the granddaughter of a King of Connacht, High King of Ireland: the "Annals of the Four Masters" record that Beanmhidhe, daughter of Toirdhealbhach mac Ruaidhrí Ó Conchobhair, and wife of Maol Mhuire mac Suibhne, died in 1269. Beanmhidhe's grandfather, and Toirdelbach's father, was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, High King of Ireland (d. 1198). The descendants of Maol Mhuire mac Suibhne founded the various branches of the Irish Clann Suibhne.

paragraph: Section::::Places associated with Suibhne.

paragraph: Suibhne is said to have left his name to Loch Sween, and to have built Castle Sween (Scottish Gaelic: "Caisteal Suibhne") which overlooks its shores in Knapdale. The castle is thought to date to the mid 12th century. It has been described as one of the oldest stone castles in Scotland. The original castle was a simple enclosure, and was abandoned by the MacSweens in the 13th century. The Castle underwent extensive remodelling while in the possession of the Stewart earls of Menteith. In 1310, it was in the possession of Sir John Menteith, when the English king Edward II granted the ancestral MacSween lands to John MacSween and his brothers. The castle was finally destroyed in the mid 17th century.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: Suibhne mac Duinnshléibhe

wikipedia_title: Suibhne mac Duinnshléibhe


text: Cyprus

text: Comte de Montfort

text: Amaury de Montfort

text: Jeanne de Châteaudun

text: dame

text: Robert IV

text: comte de Dreux

paragraph: John I of Montfort

paragraph: Jean I de Montfort (?–1249, Cyprus), Comte de Montfort from 1241 to 1249, son of Amaury de Montfort, comte de Montfort, and of Béatrice de Bourgogne.

paragraph: In March 1248 he married Jeanne de Châteaudun, dame de Château-du-Loir, daughter of Geoffroy VI, vicomte de Châteaudun, and of Clémence des Roches. Their only child was:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice de Montfort, Countess of Montfort-l'Amaury († 1312), who in 1260 married Robert IV (died 1282), comte de Dreux

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This page is a translation of ."

description: French nobleman

wikidata_label: Jean I de Montfort

wikipedia_title: John I of Montfort


text:
lord
Toron
Lord of Tyre
Philip of Montfort
La Ferté-Alais
of Castres
Maria of Antioch-Armenia
Mamluk
Margaret
Henry of Antioch
Isabella of Cyprus
Hugh III of Cyprus
king of Jerusalem
Charles I of Sicily
Assassin
Tyre
Humphrey of Montfort

categories: House of Montfort,Lords of Tyre,Christians of the Ninth Crusade,1283 deaths

paragraph: John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre

paragraph: John of Montfort (; died 27 November 1283) was lord of Toron from 1257 to 1266 and Lord of Tyre from 1270 to 1283. He was the son of Philip of Montfort (lord of La Ferté-Alais, of Bréthencourt, of Castres, of Toron and of Tyre), and his second wife Maria of Antioch-Armenia (the elder daughter of Raymond-Roupen of Antioch and hence Lady of Toron and pretender of Armenia).

paragraph: When he came of age, he received the lordship of Toron from his father, but the Mamluks conquered it in 1266. On 22 September 1268 he married Margaret, daughter of Henry of Antioch and of Isabella of Cyprus. Margaret was the sister of king Hugh III of Cyprus, who later became king of Jerusalem and negotiated a certain number of alliances with the nobility of the kingdom in order to shore up his pretence against Charles I of Sicily. On the occasion of this marriage, Hugh III confirmed Montfort's possession of Tyre but reserved the throne's right to retake the fiefdom if John and Margaret died without issue.

paragraph: In 1270 his father was killed by the Assassins, and John succeeded to the lordship and governed Tyre until his death in 1283. He had no children, so Hugh III allowed Humphrey of Montfort to succeed his brother.

description: Christian crusader

wikidata_label: Jean de Montfort

wikipedia_title: John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre


text:
count of Squillace
la Ferté-Alais
Bréthencourt
of Castres-en-Albigeois
Philippe II de Montfort
Tunis
Eighth Crusade
kingdom of Naples
dame

categories: House of Montfort,1300 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Counts of France,Counts of Squillace

paragraph: Jean de Montfort-Castres

paragraph: Jean de Montfort (died December 1300) was count of Squillace, seigneur of la Ferté-Alais, of Bréthencourt, and of Castres-en-Albigeois from 1270 to 1300. He was the son of Philippe II de Montfort, count of Squillace, Lord of La Ferté Alais, of Bréthencourt and of Castres, and of Jeanne de Lévis-Mirepoix.

paragraph: He succeeded his father on his death in 1270 in Tunis in the course of the Eighth Crusade. He went to the kingdom of Naples where he was named captain-general of Calabria, in 1299. He died the following year, having had no issue despite marrying three times:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Isabella Maletta, daughter of Manfred Maletta,

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Giovanna di Fasanella, dame de Genzano, daughter of Pandolfo di Fasanella,

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Marguerite de Beaumont-en-Gâtinais, daughter of Pierre de Beaumont, count of Montescaglioso et d'Alba, and of Filippa de Ceccano. On Jean's death she remarried to Robert II of Dreux, seigneur of Beu.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Jean de Montfort-Castres

wikipedia_title: Jean de Montfort-Castres


text:
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre
Maria of Antioch-Armenia
Toron
Eschive d'Ibelin
John d'Ibelin, Lord of Beirut
Alice de la Roche sur l'Ognon
Rupen of Montfort
Isabella of Ibelin
lady of Beirut
Jean
Lordship of Tyre
Hugh III of Cyprus
Henry II
Margaret

categories: House of Montfort,Lords of Tyre,Christians of the Ninth Crusade,Lords of Toron,1284 deaths

paragraph: Humphrey of Montfort

paragraph: Humphrey of Montfort (died 12 February 1284) was a nobleman of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Humphrey was the second son of Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre by his second wife Maria of Antioch-Armenia, Lady of Toron.

paragraph: On 1 October 1274, Humphrey married Eschive d'Ibelin (1253–1312), daughter of John d'Ibelin, Lord of Beirut and his wife Alice de la Roche sur l'Ognon. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- three sons and a daughter, all of whom died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amaury of Montfort (died 1304)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rupen of Montfort (died 1313)

paragraph: In 1282, upon the death of his sister-in-law Isabella of Ibelin, Eschive succeeded her as lady of Beirut. When Humphrey's older brother Jean died in 1283, Humphrey was allowed to succeed to Jean's Lordship of Tyre by King Hugh III of Cyprus, who had a few years earlier confirmed the Montforts in their possessions of Tyre but reserved the right to re-take the fiefdom if Jean died without issue. However, upon Humphrey's death 6 months later, the new king Henry II retook the fiefdom (probably because he considered Humphrey's sons too young to guarantee the defence of Tyre) and granted it to his sister Margaret.

description: crusader

wikidata_label: Humphrey of Montfort

wikipedia_title: Humphrey of Montfort


text:
La Tremoille
Charles I de la Trémoille
battle of Marignano
vicomte
Thouars
prince de Talmont
Taillebourg
comte of Guînes
Benon
Craon
Royan
L'Ile-Bouchard
Mauléon
Rochefort
Sainte-Hermine
Laval
Guy XX
Mayenne
châtellenie
parlement de Paris
écu
battle of Castillon
Anne de Montfort-Laval
Guy XVI de Laval
Charlotte d'Aragon-Naples
Louis III de la Trémoille
seigneur
Royan
Olonne
Noirmoutiers
Louis IV de Bueil
comte de Sancerre

categories: Counts of France,1541 deaths,1505 births,Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit

paragraph: François II de La Trémoille

paragraph: François de La Trémoille (1505–1541) was a French nobleman of the La Tremoille family. He was the son of Charles I de la Trémoille (killed in 1515 at the battle of Marignano) and of Louise de Coëtivy.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: He held the title of 36th vicomte of Thouars (1525–1541). His other titles were prince de Talmont and comte of Taillebourg and comte of Guînes and comte of Benon and baron of Craon and baron of Royan and baron of Sully and baron of L'Ile-Bouchard and baron of Brandois and baron of Mauléon and baron of Mareuil and baron of Marans and baron of Rochefort and baron of Sainte-Hermine and baron of Doué.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The la Trémoille family, inheriting the county of Laval after the death of Guy XX of the Laval family, the last representative of that county's direct line. This inheritance obliged the descendents of Anne of Laval, and of François de la Trémoille, to come to stay on the banks of the Mayenne occasionally.

paragraph: On 31 October 1537 François lost the châtellenie of Rochefort. In effect, a decree of the parlement de Paris dating to 10 March 1536 reunited Rochefort with his domain. The royal officers, always attentive to conserving the interests of their master, were justified by the tenacity of the La Trémoille family, shown especially by a royal debt of 18 000 écus to the family since the battle of Castillon in 1453.

paragraph: On 23 January 1521 he married Anne de Montfort-Laval (1505–1554), daughter of Guy XVI de Laval and of Charlotte d'Aragon-Naples. Their 10 children were :

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis III de la Trémoille who succeeded his father

paragraph: BULLET::::- François, count of Benon and baron of Montagu († 1555), who married Françoise du Bouchet,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles, baron of Mauléon and baron of Marans, abbot of Saint-Laon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges, baron of Royan and baron of Olonne and lord (seigneur) of Saujon and of Kergolay († December 1584), who married Madeleine de Luxembourg (daughter of François II vicomte de Martigues) (they were the parents of Gilbert, baron then from October 1592 marquis of Royan, and baron then from January 1600 count of Olonne, who died 25 July 1603),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claude, baron of Noirmoutiers and lord of Mornac, of Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe, of Saint-Germain, of Buron, and of La Roche-Diré († 1566), who married Antoinette de Maillé,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise baroness of Rochefort († 1569) who married Philippe de Lévis,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacqueline, baroness of Marans, of Sainte-Hermine, of Brandois, and of La Mothe-Achard († 1599), who married Louis IV de Bueil, comte de Sancerre,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte who became a nun.

description: 36th Vicomte of Thouars

wikidata_label: François II de La Trémoille

wikipedia_title: François II de La Trémoille


text:
Malayalam cinema
Kalavoor
Alappuzha
Kerala
Joshiy
Alappuzha
Sree Narayana College, Kollam
Parvathy
Padmaraj
heart attack
Coimbatore
brain tumor
Oru Mukham Pala Mukham
Rajavinte Makan
Unaru
antagonist
Shaji Kailas
Commissioner
Iyer The Great
Chakkikotha Chankaran
Kerala State Television Awards
Ratheesh at MSI
The Hindu news
Ratheesh

categories: People from Alappuzha district,Male actors in Malayalam cinema,2003 deaths,20th-century Indian male actors,Indian male film actors,1954 births,Male actors from Kerala

paragraph: Ratheesh

paragraph: Ratheesh (1954–2002) was an Indian film actor best known for his work in Malayalam cinema. He was a native of Kalavoor in the Alappuzha district of Kerala, India. He was a Super star in Mollywood during the late-1970s and 1980s. He was popular for his villainous roles during the 1990s. He had acted in 158 films with directors such as K. G. George, I. V. Sasi, Joshiy, P. G. Vishwambharan, Thampy Kannamthanam, and Shaji Kailas. Unlike other contemporaries villains of the time, Ratheesh captivated the Malayalam movie lovers with his charms and handsome looks.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was born to Puthenpurayil V. Rajagopalan and Padmavathi amma at Kalavoor, Alappuzha. He had two sisters, Sherly and Laila. He had his education from Sree Narayana College, Kollam and S.N. College, Cherthala.

paragraph: He was married to Diana, who is the daughter of· Ex minister M.K. Hemachandran, on 11 September 1983. The couple have four children Parvathy, Padmaraj, Padma and Pranav. He died due to a heart attack at his home in Coimbatore on 23 December 2002, aged just 48. His wife also died in December 2014; she was under treatment for a brain tumor.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ratheesh started his career in the Malayalam film "Vezhambal" in 1977. But it was K. G. George who provided his big break through "Ullkadal" in 1979. He became a bankable star through I. V. Sasi's "Thusharam" in 1981. From 1981 to 1988 he was at the peak of his career, performing in films like "Oru Mukham Pala Mukham", "Ee Nadu", "Rajavinte Makan", "Muhoortham 11.30",Sankharsham, "Vazhiyorakazhchakal", "Aayiram Kannukal", "Abkari", "Unaru", "Ithraym Kaalam",Uyarangalil, "Thandram", "Akkachiyude Kunjuvava", "John Jaffer Janardhanan", "Innalenkil Nale" and "Ponthooval". After 1988 he reduced the number of films in which he acted, he quit altogether after 1990. After a period of four years he made a comeback as the antagonist through Shaji Kailas's "Commissioner". Throughout the 1990s, he did various villainous and character roles in films such as "Kashmeeram", "Nirnayam", "Yuvathurki", "19 April", and "Gangothri". In the 2000s, he was notable for his roles in "Ravanaprabhu" and "Danny".

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Produced films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iyer The Great

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chakkikotha Chankaran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Mail

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revenge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ente Shabtham

paragraph: Section::::Television.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Venalmazha (Surya Tv) opposite to sreevidhya

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 : Anna (Kairali TV)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kerala State Television Awards Best Actor 2002: Anna

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ratheesh at MSI

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hindu news

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ratheesh at Internet Movie Database

description: Indian actor

wikidata_label: Ratheesh

wikipedia_title: Ratheesh


text: botanical illustrator

text: John Lindley

text: Augusta Innes Withers

text: Nathaniel Wallich

text: Skeyton

text: Norfolk

text: Paris

text: Acton Green

text: governess

text: Edwards's Botanical Register

text: orchids

text: Western Australian

text: orchid

text: Drakaea

text: James Bateman

text: Ladies' Botany

text: Plantae Asiaticae Rariores

text: John Forbes Royle

text: The Botany of HMS Sulphur

text: Kew Gardens

text: Loddiges

text: putatively

text: diabetes

text: cumulative poison

text: "Sertum Orchidaceum"

text: Volume 1

text: Volume 2

text: Volume 3

text: Edwards's Botanical Register

text: Ladies' Botany

text: Lindley

text: Western Australia

text: orchid

text: Drakaea

text: Sarah Lindley Crease

categories: 1857 deaths,Women botanists,19th-century women scientists,Women illustrators,Botanical illustrators,19th-century women artists,1803 births

paragraph: Sarah Drake

paragraph: Sarah Anne Drake (1803–1857) was an English botanical illustrator who worked for John Lindley and collaborated with Augusta Innes Withers, Nathaniel Wallich and others.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sarah Drake was born in Skeyton on July 24, 1803, the same area of Norfolk as the London University botanist John Lindley and went to school with Lindley's sister Anne. As a young woman, she went to Paris, where she probably studied painting as was expected of young women of the day. In 1830 "Ducky" (as she became known) moved into the Lindley home at Acton Green in London. She appears to have had a number of roles in the Lindley home, including that of governess, but eventually took up botanical art, gradually taking over from Lindley the illustration of his botanical publications. She created illustrations for his "Sertum Orchidaceae", for example, as well as over 1000 illustrations for the horticultural magazine "Edwards's Botanical Register", which Lindley edited from 1829 to 1847. More than 300 of these drawings were of orchids and Lindley named the Western Australian orchid genus "Drakaea" in her honour.

paragraph: Drake is perhaps best known for her collaboration with Augusta Withers on the drawings for the monumental "Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala" by James Bateman, but she also contributed to Lindley's book, "Ladies' Botany" (1834–1837), Nathaniel Wallich's "Plantae Asiaticae Rariores", John Forbes Royle's "Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains" and to "The Botany of HMS Sulphur" (1836–1842). She did not travel abroad and probably went no further than Kew Gardens, the Lindley home or to Loddiges nursery, which put on a display of orchids especially for her.

paragraph: Drake's career ended when the "Botanical Register" went out of business in 1847. She returned to Norfolk to care for elderly relatives and moved in with her uncle, Daniel Drake. In 1852 she married John Sutton Hastings, a wealthy farmer. She died on July 9, 1857, putatively from diabetes, but it has been speculated that she may have suffered from cumulative poisoning from her painting materials. In 2000 a memorial plaque commemorating her work was unveiled at the parish church where she is buried.

paragraph: Section::::Books and magazines which contained her illustrations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sertum Orchidaceum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bateman, J. "The Orchidology of Mexico and Guatemala" (1837 - 1843) London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Botany of H.M.S. Sulphur" (1836 - 1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallich, N. "Plantae Asiaticae Rariores" (1830 - 1832) (Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3 (note that the plates nominate the lithographer in all cases, and sometimes the various artists)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Forbes Boyle (1833-1839) "Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains" (note that the plates nominate the lithographer in all cases, and sometimes the various artists)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edwards's Botanical Register"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ladies' Botany"

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Lindley named the Western Australian orchid genus, "Drakaea", to honour her.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Lindley Crease

alias:
Sarah A. Drake
Sarah Anne Drake
Sarah Drake
S. A. Drake
Miss Drake
Sally Ann Drake

description: British botanical illustrator

wikidata_label: Sarah Ann Drake

wikipedia_title: Sarah Drake


text: Casatejada

text: Cáceres

text: Spain

text: Madrid

text: Spanish

text: Peru

text: Chile

text: Hipólito Ruiz López

text: author abbreviation

text: citing

text: botanical name

text: Pavonia

text: Antonio José Cavanilles

text: List of taxa named by Ruiz and Pavón

text: Short biography

categories: Flora of Chile,1754 births,Flora of Peru,Spanish botanists,1840 deaths

paragraph: José Antonio Pavón Jiménez

paragraph: José Antonio Pavón Jiménez or José Antonio Pavón (April 22, 1754 in Casatejada, Cáceres, Spain – 1840 in Madrid) was a Spanish botanist known for researching the flora of Peru and Chile.

paragraph: During the reign of Charles III of Spain, three major botanical expeditions were sent to the New World; Pavón and Hipólito Ruiz López were the botanists for the first of these expeditions, to Peru and Chile from 1777 to 1788. The standard author abbreviation Ruiz & Pav. is used to indicate Pavón and his colleague Ruiz as joint authors when citing a botanical name.

paragraph: The genus "Pavonia" was named in his honor by Antonio José Cavanilles — plants with the specific epithet of "pavonii" also commemorate his name.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botanical Expedition to the Viceroyalty of Peru

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of taxa named by Ruiz and Pavón

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flora Peruviana et Chilensis" Vols. I-III available online at Botanicus.org website

paragraph: BULLET::::- José Antonio Pavón. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi

alias:
Pav.
Jose Antonio Pavon
Pavon
José A. Pavón
José A. Pavón y Jiménez
Pavón y Jiménez
José A. Pavon
J.A. Pavon
Pavon, J.A.
J. Pavon
Pavon, J.

description: Spanish botanist

wikidata_label: José Antonio Pavón

wikipedia_title: José Antonio Pavón Jiménez


text:
Azerbaijan
Yussef Etessami
Parvin Etessami
Tehran
Kamal-ol-molk
Isfahan
Tehran University
Brussels' 1958 Universal Exhibition
National Museum of Iran
Niavaran
Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar

categories: Iranian architects,1903 births,20th-century Iranian painters,Iranian calligraphers,Iranian male novelists,1978 deaths,20th-century novelists

paragraph: Abolhassan Etessami

paragraph: Abolhassan Etessami, Iranian architect, calligrapher, painter, and novelist, was born in 1903 and died in 1978. His father Ebrahim Etessami was the head of finance of the Iranian province of Azerbaijan; and his brother Yussef Etessami was the founder of the "Bahar" journal, and the father of the poet Parvin Etessami.

paragraph: Abolhassan Etessami was educated in Tehran at the Aghdasieh School, the American School, and the Kamal-ol-molk School of Fine Arts. Then he spent some years in Isfahan to learn architecture and decoration techniques, and later went to work at Tehran University.

paragraph: Abolhassan Etessami produced a series of architecture projects, detailed maquettes of which were made by himself. On the Iranian Ministry of Fine Arts' request, the maquettes were sent to Brussels' 1958 Universal Exhibition, where Abolhassan Etessami was awarded the gold medal in the individual presentation category. The maquettes were later bought by the National Museum of Iran, and included in the permanent collection of the Islamic arts division.

paragraph: In addition to architecture projects, Abolhassan Etessami left a series of oil on canvas paintings including "Some ruins in Dowlat-Abad", "A village home in Niavaran", and "Pasteur's intercession for Napoleon", and some novels including "The left alone man" and "The malicious Mohil-o-doleh".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar. 1977. Biographical note. In "Poems of Parvin Etessami", ed. Abolfath Etessami, p. 342. Tehran: Abolfath Etessami.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etessami, Abolhassan. 1958. Biographical note. "Tehran University News Bulletin" 374, pp. 34–7.

description: Iranian artist

wikidata_label: Abolhassan Etessami

wikipedia_title: Abolhassan Etessami


text:
landscape architect
architect
English landscape garden
Sweden
Hagaparken
Stockholm
Royal National City Park
Drottningholm Palace
nobleman
hydraulics
Uppsala University
Trollhättan
Karlskrona
Fredrik Henrik af Chapman
Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz
United Kingdom
William Chambers
Royal Academy
The Leasowes
Painshill
Stourhead
France
Italy
André Le Nôtre
Villa Lante
Villa Doria Pamphili
Villa Aldobrandini
Gustav III
chef d'oeuvre
Bellevue park
Bjärka-Säby Castle
Listonhill
Djurgården

categories: 1824 deaths,1746 births,Landscape design history,Swedish landscape architects

paragraph: Fredrik Magnus Piper

paragraph: Fredrik Magnus Piper (1746–1824) was a Swedish landscape architect and architect. He introduced the theory and practice of the English landscape garden to Sweden. Among his tangible contributions are the creation of the general plan for the royal park Hagaparken in Stockholm, part of the current Royal National City Park, and contributions to the development of the park at Drottningholm Palace.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fredrik Magnus Piper was a nobleman but came from a bourgeois family, his father having been ennobled only in 1776. He studied mathematics and hydraulics at Uppsala University between 1764 and 1766, after which he went on to specialise in engineering in a special school in Trollhättan and at the naval base in Karlskrona. In Karlskrona he befriended Admiral Fredrik Henrik af Chapman, who supported his artistic ambitions. After continuing his studies in Stockholm, partly under the tutelage of the architect Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, he went on a study trip to the United Kingdom. He left Sweden in 1773, only to return in 1780.

paragraph: Aided by a letter of recommendation by af Chapman, Piper was introduced to William Chambers and to institutions such as the Royal Academy. During his stay in England, Piper was introduced to the then new theory and practice of English landscape gardens. He made well-executed drawings of The Leasowes, Painshill and Stourhead, and worked for a while at Chambers' firm. He later left England and continued his studies in France and Italy. In France he studied the gardens of André Le Nôtre and in Italy he made visits to the gardens at Villa Lante, Villa Doria Pamphili and Villa Aldobrandini. He returned briefly to England where he married in 1780, and then finally went back to Sweden. Chambers was unhappy that Piper had left England, writing to Admiral af Chapman to complain that he had not been consulted sufficiently. It appears, however, that Piper always held Chambers in high regard as "his first art teacher".

paragraph: In Sweden he was quickly promoted and given prestigious commissions by King Gustav III, despite having an undiplomatic and overly straightforward demeanour. Most of his work was executed during the reign of Gustav III, who strongly supported Piper. After the assassination of the king in 1792, his activity declined.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: One of the first works carried out by Piper after his return to Sweden was a design for the park at Drottningholm Palace near Stockholm. His ideas were in this case widely disregarded, as the king had his own ideas for the re-shaping of the park. His design, however, did include copper tents and Turkish pavilions, which Piper is credited with.

paragraph: Instead, Haga park outside Stockholm became Piper's chef d'oeuvre. He was given a wide mandate by the monarch to pursue his own ideas. He repeated the idea of the copper tent and Turkish pavilion, but here he introduced an accomplished form of the English landscape garden. Among his innovations were the introduction of great, oval-shaped lawns, so-called "pelouses", a sophisticated deployment of monuments and pavilions within the landscape, and a radical integration of architecture into the landscape without any intermediary elements such as steps or gravel borders. Although the plans for the park were not executed in their entirety, the park still largely reflects Piper's general plan.

paragraph: Piper also produced designs for several other parks, both private and public, some of which still exist, e.g. Hogland park in Karlskrona and Bellevue park in Stockholm. As a landscape architect, Piper has been described as skilful and open-minded; he was able to produce both radical and more traditional types of parks with equal skill.

paragraph: Piper was also active as an architect; he designed the main building of Bjärka-Säby Castle in about 1796 and Listonhill villa on Djurgården (Stockholm) in 1790 and 1791. He wrote but never published a theoretical treatise on landscape gardening, and produced other theoretical works such as ideal plans.

alias:
F. M. Piper
Frederik Magnus Piper

description: Swedish architect

wikidata_label: Fredrik Magnus Piper

wikipedia_title: Fredrik Magnus Piper


text:
Australian
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Diocese of Broome
Australia

categories: People from Melbourne,1950 births,Living people,Roman Catholic bishops in Australia

paragraph: Christopher Saunders

paragraph: Christopher Alan Saunders (born 15 January 1950) is an Australian Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood on 28 August 1976, Saunders was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Broome, Australia in November 1995 and appointed in February 1996.

description: Australian Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Christopher Saunders

wikipedia_title: Christopher Saunders


text:
Mexican
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Diocese of Tlaxcala
Mexico

categories: Mexican Roman Catholic bishops,1920 births,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from Tlaxcala,2001 deaths

paragraph: Luis Munive Escobar

paragraph: Luis Munive Escobar (June 21, 1920 − May 25, 2001) was a Mexican Roman Catholic bishop. Ordained to the priesthood in March 25, 1944, Munive Escobar was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tlaxcala, Mexico in 1959 and retired in 2001.

description: Mexican Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Luis Munive Escobar

wikipedia_title: Luis Munive Escobar


text: King of Norway

text: civil war era in Norway

text: Sigurd I of Norway

text: Borghild Olavsdotter

text: Harald Gille

text: Battle at Färlev

text: Båhuslen

text: Denmark

text: Bergen

text: Erik Emune

text: Nidarholm Abbey

text: Munkholmen

text: Trondheim Fjord

text: Harald Gille

text: Sigurd Slembe

text: Battle of Minne

text: Inge I

text: Götaland

text: Erik Emune of Denmark

text: Sigurd II

text: Battle of Holmengrå

text: Hvaler

text: Oslofjord

text: St. Hallvard

text: Oslo

text: Skjeberg

text: Østfold

text: civil wars period

text: Norwegian history

text: succession laws

text: Bagler

text: Birkebeiner

text: The saga of the sons of Harald Gille

categories: Castrated people,Blind royalty and nobility,Norwegian monarchs,1115 births,Blind people from Norway,Norwegian amputees,House of Hardrada,Norwegian military personnel killed in the Norwegian civil wars,Norwegian civil wars,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Magnus IV of Norway

paragraph: Magnus IV Sigurdsson (c. 1115 – 12 November 1139), also known as Magnus the Blind, was King of Norway from 1130 to 1135 and again from 1137 to 1139. His period as king marked the beginning of the civil war era in Norway, which lasted until 1240.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Magnus was the son of King Sigurd I of Norway and Borghild Olavsdotter. When King Sigurd died in 1130, Magnus became king of Norway together with his uncle Harald Gille. After four years of uneasy peace, Magnus began to openly prepare for war on Harald. On August 9, 1134, he defeated Harald in the decisive Battle at Färlev near Färlev in Stångenäs herred in Båhuslen. Harald fled to Denmark.

paragraph: Against the advice of his councilors, Magnus disbanded his army and traveled to Bergen to spend the winter there. Harald then returned to Norway with a new army and the support of the Danish King Erik Emune. Meeting little opposition, he reached Bergen before Christmas. Magnus had few men, and the city fell easily to Harald's army on January 7, 1135. Magnus was captured and dethroned. He was blinded, castrated and had one leg cut off. After this he was known as Magnus the Blind ("Magnus Sigurdsson den blinde").

paragraph: Magnus was put in Nidarholm Abbey on the island of Munkholmen in Trondheim Fjord, where he spent some time as a monk. Harald Gille was killed in 1136 by Sigurd Slembe, another royal pretender who had himself proclaimed king in 1135. To back his claim, Sigurd Slembe brought Magnus back from the abbey and made him co-king. They decided to split up their forces, and Magnus headed for eastern Norway, where he had most popular support. There, he was defeated at the Battle of Minne by the forces of King Inge I. He then fled to Götaland and subsequently to Denmark, where he tried to get support for his cause. An attempted invasion of Norway by King Erik Emune of Denmark failed miserably.

paragraph: Magnus then rejoined Sigurd Slembe's men, but they continued to have little support in Norway. After some time spent more like bandits than kings, they met the forces of King Inge I and King Sigurd II in a final battle on November 12, 1139. Magnus fell during the naval Battle of Holmengrå south of Hvaler in the Oslofjord. The loyal guard Reidar Grjotgardsson lifted his king at the final battle, but a spear impales them both. Magnus was buried in the Church of St. Hallvard in Oslo. There is a monument erected in memory of King Magnus the Blind at the Storedal farm in Skjeberg in Østfold county.

paragraph: Section::::Norwegian civil war.

paragraph: During the civil wars period of Norwegian history (1130–1240) there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. The background for these conflicts were the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between church and king. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner. The rallying point regularly was a royal son, who was set up as the head figure of the party in question, to oppose the rule of king from the contesting party. ((Baglers and Birkebeiners did not exist before until about 30 years later, so this entry is not relevant to the subject matter, as it was a completely different war, in the same historical series of conflicts))

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The saga of Magnus the Blinde and Harald Gille

paragraph: BULLET::::- The saga of the sons of Harald Gille

description: Norwegian monarch

wikidata_label: Magnus IV of Norway

wikipedia_title: Magnus IV of Norway


text:
Italian
painter
Renaissance
Mannerist
Parma
Parmigianino
Palazzo del Giardino
Oratorio del Gonfalone
Alessandro Farnese
Villa Farnese
Taddeo Zuccari
Federico Zuccari

categories: Mannerist painters,Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,16th-century Italian painters,1570s deaths,1544 births,People from Parma

paragraph: Jacopo Bertoia

paragraph: Jacopo Bertoia, also known as Giacomo Zanguidi or Jacopo Zanguidi or Bertoja, (1544 – ca. 1574), was an Italian painter of a late-Renaissance or Mannerist style that emerged in Parma towards the end of the 16th century.

paragraph: He was strongly influenced by Parmigianino.

paragraph: Born in Parma, he apparently studied in Bologna with Sabatini. His masterpiece is the "Sala del Bacio", in the Palazzo del Giardino in Parma. He also helped decorate the "Sala di Orfeo" in the same palace.

paragraph: In Rome, he was part of the team that frescoed the walls of the Oratorio del Gonfalone in Rome, painting the panel depicting the "Entry of Christ into Jerusalem". He was commissioned by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese in 1572-1573 to paint galleries ("Sale del Giudizio", "della Penitenza", "dei Sogni", as well as the "Anticamera degli Angeli") of the Villa Farnese in Caprarola, where he replaced the role of Taddeo Zuccari. He had earlier worked in Caprarola with Federico Zuccari in 1574, painting in the "Sala di Ercole".

alias:
Giacomo Zanguidi
Jacopo Ianguidi, known as Bertoia
Jacopo Zanguidi Bertoja
Jacopo Ianguidi Bertoia
Jacopo Zanguidi
Giacomo Bertoja
Giacomo Zanguidi Bertoja
Giacomo Gianguidi Bertoja
Jacopo Bertoja
Jacopo Zanguidi Bertogia
Jacopo Zanguidi Bertoia
Bertoja
Bertoia

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Jacopo Bertoia

wikipedia_title: Jacopo Bertoia


text:
German
oboist
composer
Mannheim
oboe
Prince-Elector
Carl Theodor
Mannheim
Belgian
Carl Stamitz
Anton Stamitz
Mannheim school
soprano
Franziska Danzi
Franz Danzi
Europe
Milan
Paris
London
Vienna
Prague
Naples
Munich
Berlin
aria
obbligato
oboe
Ignaz Holzbauer
L'Europa riconosciuta
Antonio Salieri
Georg Joseph Vogler
Charles Burney
Berlin

categories: Male oboists,German classical composers,German male classical composers,German classical oboists,1752 births,18th-century classical composers,Classical-period composers,1790 deaths

paragraph: Ludwig August Lebrun

paragraph: Ludwig August Lebrun (baptized 2 May 1752 – 16 December 1790) was a German oboist and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lebrun was born in Mannheim. The well-known and celebrated oboe virtuoso (a contemporary described being "charmed by his divine oboe") played with the orchestra at the court of the Prince-Elector Carl Theodor in Mannheim. He started playing with the orchestra at the age of 12 and became a full member at the age of 15. His father, also an oboist of probably Belgian origin, worked from 1747 at the Mannheim court. He was a contemporary of Carl Stamitz and Anton Stamitz, and belonged to the Mannheim school.

paragraph: In the summer of 1778 he married the soprano Franziska Danzi, one of the most outstanding and well-known singers of the time and the sister of composer Franz Danzi. With her he travelled extensively across Europe: Milan, Paris, London, Vienna, Prague, Naples, Munich and Berlin. The couple's playing and singing complemented each other perfectly and arias with "obbligato" oboe were written for them, as for instance those in "Günther von Schwarzburg" (1777) by Ignaz Holzbauer, "L'Europa riconosciuta" (1778) by Antonio Salieri and "Castore e Polluce" (1787) by Georg Joseph Vogler.

paragraph: The music historian Charles Burney wrote about appearances of the pair: ""Franziska Danzi and the excellent oboist Lebrun usually travel together, and it seems as though she has listened to nothing other than his instrument, for when they perform together in thirds and sixths one cannot hear which is the upper or the lower voice!""

paragraph: He died in Berlin at the age of 38, from the effects of liver inflammation.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ballet "Armida" and "Adèle de Ponthieu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concertos for Oboe and Orchestra No.1 in D minor, No.2 in G minor, No.3 in C major, No.4 in B-flat major, No.5 in C major, No.6 in F major

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra in B-flat major

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duos for Violin and Viola

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flute duets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flute trios

description: German oboist and composer

wikidata_label: Ludwig August Lebrun

wikipedia_title: Ludwig August Lebrun


text:
Nanbu Yukinobu
Azabu
Edo
shōgun
Tokugawa Yoshimune
Mōri Tsunamoto
Chōfu Domain
courtesy title
crop failure
1703 Genroku earthquake
Confucianism
Nanbu Toshimoto
Nanbu Toshimi
Papinot, Edmond
Morioka Domain on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1678 births,Tozama daimyo,1707 deaths,Nanbu clan

paragraph: Nanbu Nobuoki

paragraph: Nobuoki was the 3rd son of Nanbu Yukinobu, the 4th "daimyō" of Morioka Domain. He was born in the domain's Azabu residence in Edo. As his older brother died young, he became heir on 1 May 1701, and was received in formal audience by "shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshimune on 15 May. On 25 July, he wed the daughter of Mōri Tsunamoto, "daimyō" of Chōfu Domain and on 18 December received the formal courtesy title of "Bingo-no-kami". He became "daimyō" on the death of his father in November 1702. On 15 April 1703, he entered Morioka Domain for the first time.

paragraph: At this time the domain was suffering from crop failure and immediately after he took office the 1703 Genroku earthquake destroyed the domain's Edo residences. As a result, the domain's finances were plunged further into arrears. During his short tenure, he was unable to overturn the strong influence of Confucianism introduced by his father into the domain's administration, and died on 31 December 1707 at a relatively young age.

paragraph: On his death, his half-brother Nanbu Toshimoto, was adopted as his heir. However, Nobuoki's widow subsequently gave birth to a posthumous son, Nanbu Toshimi, who was later adopted by Nanbu Tomomoto, thus maintaining the direct line of succession.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond. (1948). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan". New York: Overbeck Co.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morioka Domain on "Edo 300 HTML" (3 November 2007)

wikidata_label: Nanbu Nobuoki

wikipedia_title: Nanbu Nobuoki


text: Woman's Christian Temperance Union

text: Salem, Indiana

text: Virginia

text: American Civil War

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Chicago

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text: Boston

text: William Wordsworth

text: American Civil War

text: New York City

text: "Won and not one"

categories: Writers from Indiana,19th-century American writers,19th-century American women writers,1832 births,People from Salem, Indiana,1892 deaths

paragraph: Emily Lucas Blackall

paragraph: Emily Lucas Blackall (June 30, 1832 - March 28, 1892) was a 19th-century American author and philanthropist. Her first story was "Superior to Circumstances", which was followed by "Melodies from Nature", and "Won and Not One". She also contributed short stories and biographical sketches to various periodicals, and was a frequent contributor to missionary literature. She became identified with the woman's temperance crusade and aided in forming the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Emily Lucas was born in Salem, Indiana, June 30, 1832. The first ten years of her life were spent in her birthplace. Her early school days were marked by a quickness of apprehension and an appreciative literary taste that gave indication of the life that was to be in later years. Her parents were Virginians of English descent.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During a considerable period, including the years of the American Civil War, Blackall's residence was in Louisville, Kentucky, where she was identified with the Baptist Orphans' Home from its beginning until she left the State, and also was treasurer of the Kentucky branch of the Woman's Missionary Society. Removing to Chicago, she became identified with the woman's temperance crusade and aided in forming the WCTU. She was one of a committee of women who appealed in person to the city council to restrain the liquor-saloon influence, and one of a special committee of three appointed to visit the mayor and urge him to carry out a plan for the protection of homes against the saloon. She was one of the founders of the Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of the West, and was treasurer of that organization until she left Chicago. She was largely instrumental in the formation of the Women's Baptist Home Mission Society, located in Chicago, with which she was actively engaged at the time of her death. In 1882, she became a resident of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she was identified with various benevolent enterprises. A member of the Philadelphia Women's Council, a member of the Women's International Congress in 1887, and a delegate to the Woman's National Council in 1891, she showed a depth of sympathy and touch with progressive ideas that proved the breadth of her character and her influence. She was an able presiding officer and public speaker.

paragraph: As an author she was successful. Her first story, "Superior to Circumstances" (Boston, 1889), was followed by "Melodies from Nature" (Boston, 1889), and "Won and Not One" (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1891). Her short stories and biographies appeared in various periodicals, and she frequently contributed missionary literature. In collaboration with her husband, the Rev. Christopher Rubey Blackall, she was joint author of "Stories about Jesus" (Philadelphia, 1890). She dealt with social and economic problems in a practical, common-sense manner, writing from experience and broad observation in a literary style marked by purity, vigor and correctness.

paragraph: In "Won and not one", the two leading characters are Protestants belonging to different denominations, each having profound convictions. The story illustrates the unhappiness that may spring from such a union. "Melodies from nature", harmonized by William Wordsworth, and arranged by Blackall, was a collection of some of Wordsworth's poems, illustrated with photogravures, as a memorial of the poet and of England's lake country.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Blackall married Christopher Rubey Blackall (born 1830) in 1873. He studied medicine and served as an assistant surgeon early during the American Civil War, but abandoned medicine in 1864. He was ordained to Christian ministry in 1880; and also worked as a newspaper editor. She died in New York City, March 28, 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1882, "Two weeks among Indians, and glimpses of work in their behalf"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1889, "Superior to circumstances"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1889, "Melodies from Nature"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1890, "Stories about Jesus, our Lord and Saviour: His wonderful words and works, with 389 pictorial illustrations" (with C. R. Blackall)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891, "Won and not one"

description: American writer, philanthropist

wikidata_label: Emily Lucas Blackall

wikipedia_title: Emily Lucas Blackall


text:
es
Málaga
general
Marquis of Villadarias
Charleroi
Guipúzcoa
Oran
Straits of Gibraltar
Andalucia
War of the Spanish Succession
Cadiz
George Rooke
Battle of Cadiz
Castelo de Vide
Marvão
Gibraltar
Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar
de Tessé
Catalonia
Battle of Almenar
Marquis de Bay
Valencia
Madrid

categories: Spanish generals,1642 births,Marquesses of Villadarias,Spanish army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession

paragraph: Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias

paragraph: Francisco Castillo Fajardo, 2nd Marquis of Villadarias (es: "Francisco Castillo Fajardo, segundo marqués de Villadarias") (Málaga, 17 December 1642 – 1716), was a Spanish general.

paragraph: Section::::Service record.

paragraph: Fajardo was the only son of Maria Muñoz y Ruiz and Antonio Arias Castillo Fajardo Maldonado, who was given the title of Marquis of Villadarias as a posthumous award for his other son, who was killed in Flanders in 1690. As it was Fajardo who was the first person to officially use the title when he inherited the honour in 1699.

paragraph: In 1693 he defended Charleroi unsuccessfully against the French, becoming Capitán General de Guipúzcoa in 1696. In 1698 he defended Oran successfully against the Ottomans. In the same year he became the governor of the small Spanish territory of Ceuta on the north African coast. In 1702 he had to travel across the Straits of Gibraltar to become the captain-general of the southern tip of Iberia known as Andalucia.

paragraph: In 1702, during the War of the Spanish Succession, he defended Cadiz successfully against a British-Dutch fleet under the command of George Rooke in what was called the Battle of Cadiz. From June to July 1704 he invaded Portugal and conquered Castelo de Vide and Marvão.

paragraph: During 1704–1705 he tried to recapture Gibraltar from the British-Dutch in the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar, until he was replaced on 8 February 1705 by the French Marshal de Tessé, who gave up the siege and retired.

paragraph: In 1710 he was commander of the Bourbon army in Catalonia, where he lost the Battle of Almenar. After this battle he was replaced by the Marquis de Bay. In 1713 he became captain-general of Valencia.

paragraph: He died in 1716 in Madrid.

description: Spanish general


text: ice hockey

text: National Hockey League

text: Ottawa Senators

text: 2005 NHL Entry Draft

text: Tampa Bay Lightning

text: Moorhead, Minnesota

text: Moorhead High School

text: Lincoln Stars

text: United States Hockey League

text: Mr. Hockey

text: Minnesota high school boys hockey

text: Associated Press

text: World Junior Hockey Championships

text: University of North Dakota

text: 2005 NHL Entry Draft

text: Ottawa Senators

text: 2007–08 NHL season

text: AHL

text: Binghamton Senators

text: 2007–08 season

text: Buffalo Sabres

text: HSBC Arena

text: 2009–10 season

text: Matt Carkner

text: Erik Karlsson

text: Tampa Bay Lightning

text: Matt Gilroy

text: Syracuse Crunch

text: American Hockey League

text: Springfield Falcons

text: torn anterior cruciate ligament

text: 2013–14 NHL season

text: Nashville Predators

text: NHL

text: Ottawa Senators

text: Tampa Bay Lightning

text: University of Denver

text: Florida Panthers

text: 2007 NHL Entry Draft

text: San Antonio Rampage

categories: National Hockey League first round draft picks,1987 births,Living people,Tampa Bay Lightning players,Binghamton Senators players,Ottawa Senators draft picks,North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players,Syracuse Crunch players,Ottawa Senators players,Ice hockey people from Minnesota,Lincoln Stars players,American ice hockey defensemen

paragraph: Brian Lee (ice hockey, born 1987)

paragraph: Brian Lee (born March 26, 1987) is an American former professional ice hockey player. Lee played in the National Hockey League with the Ottawa Senators, who drafted him in the first round, ninth overall in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Juniors.

paragraph: Brian Lee grew up in Moorhead, Minnesota, and was a stand out player for the Moorhead High School Spuds hockey team. In 2004–05, Lee played junior hockey for the Lincoln Stars of the United States Hockey League (USHL) and had an outstanding season. For his season, he was selected Minnesota's Mr. Hockey as the number one player in Minnesota high school boys hockey in 2005. He was also named the Associated Press' Player of the Year for Minnesota prep boys hockey that year. That year, his senior year, he was one of the few high school players to play for Team USA in the World Junior Hockey Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:College.

paragraph: Lee chose to attend the University of North Dakota and played for the college team for two years. Lee would play for the US at the 2006 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Ottawa Senators.

paragraph: In the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, the Ottawa Senators drafted Lee in the first round, 9th overall. Lee made his professional hockey debut in the 2007–08 NHL season. Ottawa then assigned him to their AHL affiliate, the Binghamton Senators, after training camp. Lee was named to the AHL All-Star Game roster in the 2007–08 season. Lee made his NHL regular season debut on March 25, 2008, against the Buffalo Sabres at HSBC Arena in a 6–3 win for Ottawa.

paragraph: Lee played in 6 games with Ottawa in 2007–08 and in 5 games in 2008–09 before being reassigned to Binghamton for development on October 22, 2008. He was later recalled and finished the season with Ottawa, recording 13 points in 53 NHL games and assuming a more defensive role.

paragraph: Following the training camp for the 2009–10 season, Lee was once again assigned to Binghamton, while AHL veteran Matt Carkner and newcomer Erik Karlsson remained with Ottawa. Lee's agent stated that Lee was "shocked and surprised that he's not among Ottawa's top-six defencemen."

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Tampa Bay Lightning.

paragraph: On February 27, 2012, Lee was traded by the Senators to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Matt Gilroy. In the following 2012–13 season, on May 17, 2013, while playing with the Syracuse Crunch during the American Hockey League Eastern Conference semifinals against the Springfield Falcons, Lee suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament which required surgery, and he opened the 2013–14 NHL season on Tampa Bay's long-term injured reserve list. Lee was not re-signed by the Lightning at the end of his contract and became an unrestricted free agent.

paragraph: On December 12, 2014, Lee announced his retirement from professional hockey. Lee had attended training camp with the Nashville Predators in early October, and said he felt good. However, he started having pain in his knee. This stemmed from the same knee injury that he had two corrective surgeries on. Lee stated that he is planning on studying nursing at North Dakota State and anesthesiology at the University of North Dakota. Lee played a total of 209 NHL games with the Ottawa Senators and the Tampa Bay Lightning. During that time he scored 5 goals, and 31 assists. Lee stated that he still wants to be around hockey and looks forward to being able to give back to the community.

paragraph: Section::::Personal information.

paragraph: Brian's brother, John, played NCAA Division I ice hockey with the University of Denver. John was selected by the Florida Panthers in the 5th round (131st overall) of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft and currently plays for the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL.

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Brian Lee

wikipedia_title: Brian Lee (ice hockey, born 1987)


text: shogunate

text: Owari Province

text: karō

text: Tenmei

text: ryō

text: feudal

text: lord

text: Haruhiro

text: Uesugi clan

text: Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric

text: "Japan encyclopedia."

text: Harvard University Press

text: OCLC 58053128

text: "So, what the heck is that? Mistletoe,"

text: Papinot, Edmund

text: Sansom, George Bailey

text: "A History of Japan: 1615-1867."

categories: 1751 births,Tozama daimyo,Uesugi clan,1822 deaths

paragraph: Uesugi Harunori

paragraph: He was brought at age 16 to the Yonezawa area from a small fief in southern Kyūshū as an adopted son of the Uesugi clan.

paragraph: Today, he is best remembered for his financial reforms, and he is often cited as an example of a good governor of a domain. Yonezawa had been in debt for roughly a hundred years when Harunori took over; Shigesada even considered returning the domain to the shogunate as a last resort. However, he was convinced by his father-in-law, the "daimyō" of Owari Province, to instead resign as "daimyō". It was under these conditions that Harunori came to be "daimyō" of Yonezawa. He introduced strict disciplinary measures, and ordered the execution of several "karō" (advisors) who opposed his plans. As a result of various measures he took, Yonezawa became fairly prosperous, and did not suffer much from the famine which swept Japan in the Tenmei era (1781–1789). For instance the Uesugis chose to keep all their retainers but cut all salaries to one-sixth of their former level. Yozan also cut his own living expenses, wearing cotton clothes instead of silk and having his meals consist of one bowl of soup and one vegetable. He reduced his living allowance from 1500 ryō per year to 209 ryō and the number of maidservants from 50 to nine. He also set policies encouraging new industry such as weaving, pottery and papermaking and encouraged existing enterprises such as paraffin, raw silk and linen. Education was necessary to create the brilliant men required to enrich the country, and he reopened the clan school which had closed down due to financial constraints and invited scholars from Edo to teach. He also established a medical school to teach the latest medical knowledge from Holland. Another policy change ensured adequate water from the mountains for the rice fields by enlisting retainers and samurai to dig irrigation ditches and to repair dikes. Administrative reform and personnel promotion based on merit, not class, eliminated waste and simplified public offices. When Yōzan came to power, the total debt of the fief had reached the level of 200,000 ryō; by 1823 the entire amount of the debt had been repaid. In 1830, less than a decade after Harunori's death, Yonezawa was officially declared by the shogunate to be a paragon of a well-governed domain.

paragraph: He revealed his views on governance and the role of a feudal lord in a letter to his son Haruhiro:

paragraph: Additionally, his views on self-discipline are well known in Japanese culture:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uesugi clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordenker, Alice. "So, what the heck is that? Mistletoe," "Japan Times." December 18, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmund. (1906) "Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon." Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha...Click link for digitized 1906 "Nobiliaire du japon" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sansom, George Bailey. (1963). "A History of Japan: 1615-1867." Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. (cloth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group KAZE (1988). "Yamagata: The Other Side of the Mountain" Yamagata, Japan: Kurosaka Printing.

alias:
Uesugi Yozan
Uesugi Yōzan

description: 9th head of the Yonezawa domain

wikidata_label: Uesugi Harunori

wikipedia_title: Uesugi Harunori


text:
Spanish
poet
Amusco
Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza
adelantado mayor
Alvaro de Luna
John II
Miguel Lucas de Iranzo
Henry IV
Isabel I of Castile
Ferdinand II of Aragon
corregidor
Toledo
Jew
Iñigo López de Mendoza
Jorge Manrique
Rodrigo Manrique de Lara
Antonio Paz y Melia
Diego Arias de Avila
amediavoz.com
poesiaspoemas.com
Biografías y Vidas
Canal Social

categories: 1490 deaths,Spanish poets,House of Lara,15th-century Spanish poets,15th-century Spanish writers,1412 births,People from the Province of Palencia,15th-century Castilians

paragraph: Gómez Manrique

paragraph: Gómez Manrique y de Castilla (c. 1412 – c. 1490) was a Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gómez Manrique was born in Amusco. The fifth son of Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza, (1382–1440), adelantado mayor of Leon. Gómez Manrique was introduced into public life at an early age, took a prominent part against the constable Alvaro de Luna during the reign of John II, went into opposition against Miguel Lucas de Iranzo in the reign of Henry IV, and declared in favor of the then infanta Isabel, soon to be Queen Isabel I of Castile, whose marriage with Ferdinand of Aragon, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, he promoted.

paragraph: Besides being a distinguished soldier, Manrique acted as a moderating political influence and, when appointed corregidor of Toledo, was active in protecting the converted Jews from popular resentment. His will was signed on the 31st of May 1490, and he is known to have died before the 16th of February 1491.

paragraph: Manrique inherited the literary taste of his uncle Iñigo López de Mendoza y de la Vega, Marquis of Santillana, and was greatly esteemed in his own age; but his reputation was afterwards eclipsed by that of his nephew Jorge Manrique (died 1478), the son of his eldest brother Rodrigo Manrique de Lara, (died 1476), and whose "Coplas por la muerte de su padre" were continually reproduced.

paragraph: Manrique's poems were not printed until 1885, when, they were edited by Antonio Paz y Melia. They at once revealed him to be a poet of eminent merit, and it seems certain that his "Consejos", addressed to Diego Arias de Avila, inspired the more famous "Coplas" of his nephew. His didactic verses are modelled upon those of his uncle the Marquis of Santillana, Don Iñigo. He wrote the "Representación del nascimiento de Nuestro Senor", a play on the Passion, and two "momos", or interludes, played at court, and a large number of poems.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- amediavoz.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- poesiaspoemas.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biografías y Vidas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canal Social Quite good.

alias:
Gómez Manrique y de Castilla
Gomez Manrique
Gomez Manrique y de Castilla
Gómez Manrique
Diego Gómez Manrique

wikidata_label: Gómez Manrique

wikipedia_title: Gómez Manrique


text: United States Army

text: polar explorer

text: Medal of Honor

text: American Civil War

text: 19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

text: brevet

text: Volunteer Army

text: 36th Infantry Regiment

text: Regular Army

text: 5th Cavalry Regiment

text: Lady Franklin Bay Expedition

text: Henry W. Howgate

text: International Polar Year

text: Edward Israel

text: Greenland

text: Ellesmere Island

text: James B. Lockwood

text: David Legge Brainard

text: Lockwood Island

text: mountain range

text: Conger Range

text: Innuitian Mountains

text: Lake Hazen

text: Fort Conger

text: Ellesmere Island

text: Winfield Scott Schley

text: "Bear"

text: whaler

text: Greenock, Scotland

text: Columbian Exposition

text: stereoscopic

text: Grover Cleveland

text: Chief Signal Officer

text: Spanish–American War

text: Puerto Rico

text: Cuba

text: Philippines

text: Alaska

text: telegraph

text: wireless telegraphy

text: San Francisco earthquake

text: coronation of King George V

text: Medal of Honor

text: SGM Frederick William Gerber

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: Arlington, Virginia

text: First Presbyterian Church, Newburyport

text: Rose

text: Daughters of the American Revolution

text: Children of the American Revolution

text: Sons of the Revolution

text: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Sons of the American Revolution

text: David D. Porter

text: The Explorers Club

text: Italian

text: Arnaldo Faustini

text: Medal of Honor

text: Civil War Campaign Medal

text: Indian Campaign Medal

text: Spanish War Service Medal

text: Medal of Honor

text: Charles Lindbergh

text: Royal Geographical Society

text: Founder's Medal

text: American Geographical Society

text: Charles P. Daly Medal

text: Fort Greely

text: Greely Island

text: Abandoned in the Arctic web site

text: Internet Archive

text: The Greely Expedition

text: American Experience

categories: United States Army generals,Explorers of the Arctic,1935 deaths,1906 San Francisco earthquake,People from Newburyport, Massachusetts,National Geographic Society founders,Sons of the American Revolution,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army officers,American explorers,1844 births,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Army,Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Adolphus Greely

paragraph: Adolphus Washington Greely (March 27, 1844 – October 20, 1935) was a United States Army officer, polar explorer, and recipient of the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Early military career.

paragraph: He began his long and distinguished military career shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War. On 26 July 1861, he enlisted in the 19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment at the age of 17, after having been rejected twice before. Over the next two years he worked his way up the enlisted ranks to 1st sergeant.

paragraph: On 18 March 1863, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 81st United States Colored Infantry. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on 26 April 1864 and to captain on 4 April 1865. After the war he received a brevet promotion to major to rank from 13 March 1865 for "faithful and meritorious service during the war". He was mustered out of the Volunteer Army on 22 March 1867.

paragraph: He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 36th Infantry Regiment of the Regular Army on 7 March 1867 and was reassigned to the 5th Cavalry Regiment on 14 July 1869 after the 36th Infantry was disbanded. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 27 May 1873.

paragraph: Section::::Lady Franklin Bay Expedition.

paragraph: In 1881, First Lieutenant Greely was given command of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition on the ship "Proteus". Promoted by Henry W. Howgate, its purpose was to establish one of a chain of meteorological-observation stations as part of the First International Polar Year. The expedition also was commissioned by the US government to collect astronomical and polar magnetic data, which was carried out by the astronomer Edward Israel, who was part of Greely's crew. Another goal of the expedition was to search for any clues of the , lost in the Arctic two years earlier.

paragraph: Greely was without previous Arctic experience, but he and his party were able to discover many hitherto unknown miles along the coast of northwest Greenland. The expedition also crossed Ellesmere Island from east to west and Lt. James B. Lockwood and Sgt. David Legge Brainard achieved a new "farthest north" record of 83°23'8" on Lockwood Island.

paragraph: In 1882, Greely sighted a mountain range during a dog sledding exploration to the interior of northern Ellesmere Island and named them the Conger Range. He also sighted the Innuitian Mountains from Lake Hazen.

paragraph: Two consecutive supply parties failed to reach Greely's party encamped at Fort Conger on Ellesmere Island in 1882 and 1883. In accordance with his instructions for this case, Greely decided in August 1883 to abandon Fort Conger and retreat south with his team. They reached Cape Sabine expecting to find food and equipment depots from the supply ships, but these had not been provided. With winter setting in Greely and his men were forced to winter at Cape Sabine with inadequate rations and little fuel.

paragraph: A rescue expedition, led by Capt. Winfield Scott Schley on the USRC "Bear" (a former whaler built in Greenock, Scotland), was sent to rescue the Greely party. By the time "Bear" and ships "Thetis" and "Alert" arrived on June 22, 1884, to rescue the expedition, nineteen of Greely's 25-man crew had perished from starvation, drowning, hypothermia, and, in the case of Private Henry, gunshot wounds from an execution ordered by Greely.

paragraph: Greely and the other survivors were themselves near death; one of the survivors died on the homeward journey. The returning survivors were venerated as heroes, though the heroism was tainted by sensational accusations of cannibalism during the remaining days of low food.

paragraph: An exhibition on the "Greely expedition" was part of the Columbian Exposition in 1893 and was captured on stereoscopic images.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: In June 1886, Greely was promoted to captain after serving twenty years as a lieutenant and, in March 1887, President Grover Cleveland appointed him as Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. Army with the rank of brigadier general.

paragraph: During his tenure as Chief Signal Officer of the Army, the following military telegraph lines were constructed, operated and maintained during the Spanish–American War: Puerto Rico, ; Cuba, ; the Philippines, . In connection with Alaska, then General Greely had constructed under very adverse conditions a telegraph system of nearly , consisting of submarine cables, land cables and wireless telegraphy, the latter covering a distance of , which at the time of installation was the longest commercial system regularly working in the world.

paragraph: In 1906, he served as military commander over the emergency situation created by the San Francisco earthquake. On February 10, 1906, he was promoted to major general and on March 27, 1908, he retired, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 64. In 1911 he represented the United States Army at the coronation of King George V.

paragraph: On March 21, 1935, a special act of Congress awarded Greely the Medal of Honor in recognition of his long and distinguished career. He is the second person (after SGM Frederick William Gerber) to be awarded the Medal of Honor for "lifetime achievement" rather than for acts of physical courage at the risk of one's own life. His was the second and last award of the Medal of Honor by the Army for non-combat service.

paragraph: General Greely died on October 20, 1935, in Washington, D.C., and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Greely attended the First Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, and married Henrietta Nesmith in 1878 and with her had six children: Antoinette in 1879, Adola in 1881, John in 1885, Rose in 1887, Adolphus in 1889, and Gertrude in 1891. Henrietta was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and one of the founding vice presidents general of the Children of the American Revolution.

paragraph: After the Civil War, Greely became a companion of the District of Columbia Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States - a military society composed of Union officers and their descendants. He was also a member of the Sons of the Revolution, the General Society of the War of 1812 and the Grand Army of the Republic.

paragraph: In 1890, he became a founding member of the District of Columbia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) and was elected as the society's vice president. Upon the death of Admiral David D. Porter in February 1891, Greely became president of the District of Columbia Society of the SAR.

paragraph: In retirement General Greely resided at 1635 R Street N.W. in Washington, D.C. He was member of the Cosmos Club.

paragraph: In 1905, he accepted the honor of serving as the first president of The Explorers Club and in 1915, he invited the Italian polar geographer Arnaldo Faustini to the United States for a lecture tour.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Military decorations and medals:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of Honor (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Civil War Campaign Medal (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indian Campaign Medal (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish War Service Medal (1918)

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.:Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: General Greely received the Medal of Honor in 1935. Rank and organization: Major General, U.S. Army, retired. Place and date: ----. Entered service at: Louisiana. Born: March 27, 1844, Newburyport, Mass. G.O. No.: 3, W.D., 1935. Act of Congress, March 21, 1935.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: For his life of splendid public service, begun on March 27, 1844, having enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army on July 26, 1861, and by successive promotions was commissioned as major general February 10, 1906, and retired by operation of law on his 64th birthday.

paragraph: Greely's medal was awarded in contradiction to the revised 1916 Army warrant requiring combat action and risk of life "above and beyond the call of duty." However, his medal was the second, and last, Army presentation contrary to the combat requirement, as Charles Lindbergh (an Army reservist not on active duty) received the award for his solo transatlantic flight eight years before, in 1927. Until after WWII the Navy Medal of Honor could be awarded for noncombat actions, reflecting different criteria within the United States armed forces.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.:Other honors.

paragraph: He was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal in 1886, and the American Geographical Society's Charles P. Daly Medal in 1922. and Fort Greely were named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Dates of Rank.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enlisted, 19th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry - 26 July 1861

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Lieutenant, 81st US Colored Infantry - 18 March 1863

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Lieutenant, 81st US Colored Infantry - 26 April 1864

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain, 81st US Colored Infantry - 4 April 1865

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brevet Major, Volunteers - 13 March 1865

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustered out of Volunteers - 22 March 1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Lieutenant, 36th Infantry - 7 March 1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Lieutenant, 5th Cavalry - 14 July 1869

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Lieutenant, 5th Cavalry - 27 May 1873

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain, 5th Cavalry - 11 June 1886

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brigadier General, Chief Signal Officer - 3 March 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major General, US Army - 10 February 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retired - 27 March 1908

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greely Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients during Peacetime

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Years of Arctic Service" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handbook of Alaska" (rev. ed. 1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reminiscences of Adventure and Service" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Polar Regions in the Twentieth Century" (1928).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abandoned in the Arctic" (2009), a documentary film about an attempt to recreate Greely's journey Abandoned in the Arctic web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Powell, Theodore: "The Long Rescue", W.H. Allen, London, 1961. Ellsberg, Edward: "Hell on Ice", New York, 1936.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive. Scanned illustrated original editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Greely Expedition — An American Experience Documentary

description: American Polar explorer, United States Army general, and Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: Adolphus Greely

wikipedia_title: Adolphus Greely