text: Mexican

text: luchador

text: enmascarado

text: professional wrestler

text: activist

text: ring name

text: El Santo

text: Miguel "Black" Guzmán

text: Axxel

text: lucha film

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: Universal Wrestling Association

text: World Wrestling Association

text: WWE

text: New Japan Pro-Wrestling

text: All Japan Pro-Wrestling

text: tag team

text: Eddie Guerrero

text: Gory Guerrero

text: Negro Casas

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: UWA World Lightweight Championship

text: UWA World Welterweight Championship

text: WWA Tag Team Championship

text: WWA World Welterweight Championship

text: World Boxing Council

text: Leyenda de Plata

text: CMLL International Gran Prix

text: Gran Alternativa

text: Universidad Iberoamericana

text: World Wrestling Association

text: Tijuana

text: Universal Wrestling Association

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Arena Mexico

text: UWA World Lightweight Championship

text: Luchas de Apuestas

text: Negro Casas

text: Universal Lucha Libre

text: UWA World Welterweight Championship

text: WWA Welterweight Championship

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: Heavy Metal

text: Psicosis

text: Los Gringos Locos

text: Eddy Guerrero's

text: Japanese

text: Art Barr

text: Gory Guerrero

text: AAA When Worlds Collide

text: pay-per-view

text: Octagón

text: Dave Meltzer

text: Antonio Peña

text: turned

text: técnico (face)

text: Scorpio, Jr.

text: Bestia Salvaje

text: El Dandy

text: Héctor Garza

text: El Felino

text: downturn of the Mexican economy

text: Rey Mysterio

text: Villano III

text: Fuerza Guerrera

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: Los Guerreros del Infierno

text: Último Guerrero

text: Rey Bucanero

text: Perro Aguayo, Jr.

text: Místico

text: Perro Aguayo, Jr.

text: La Furia del Norte

text: Averno

text: Televisa

text: Relevos Suicidas

text: World Boxing Council

text: London

text: Brian Cage

text: Derek Sanders

text: Pro Wrestling Noah

text: comic book

text: Cartoon Network

text: Santo vs The Clones

text: Wildcoast

text: gray whale

text: Wildcoast

text: Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Octagón

text: 1 time

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: Super Muñeco

text: Ángel Azteca

text: 1 time

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: 2 times

text: Negro Casas

text: CMLL Torneo Gran Alternativa

text: Místico

text: International Gran Prix

text: Leyenda de Plata

text: Blue Demon Jr.

text: Universal Wrestling Association

text: UWA World Lightweight Championship

text: 3 times

text: UWA World Welterweight Championship

text: 2 times

text: World Boxing Council

text: World Wrestling Association

text: WWA World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Perro Aguayo, Jr.

text: WWA World Welterweight Championship

text: 10 times

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI Years

text: Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

text: Class of 1997

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,Masked wrestlers,1963 births,Professional wrestlers from Mexico City,Universidad Iberoamericana alumni,Living people

paragraph: El Hijo del Santo

paragraph: Jorge Ernesto Guzmán Rodríguez (born August 2, 1963) is a Mexican "luchador enmascarado", or masked professional wrestler and political activist, best known under the ring name, El Hijo del Santo ("The Son of the Saint"). Guzmán is the youngest child, out of eleven, of Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta, better known as El Santo, a legendary professional wrestler, film actor, and Mexican folk hero. Jorge Guzmán's son made his debut under the name "Santo Jr.", the third generation Guzmán to use the name "Santo". Jorge Guzmán's uncles, Miguel "Black" Guzmán, Jesús Guzmán (Pantera Negra) and Jimmy Guzmán were also wrestlers. Axxel, Jorge Guzmán's nephew, originally wrestled as "El Nieto del Santo" ("The Grandson of El Santo") but Jorge Guzmán owned the rights to the "Santo" name and objected. Guzmán has also followed in his father's footsteps, as he has starred in several lucha films.

paragraph: He made his wrestling debut in February 1982 under the name El Korak, but officially adopted his most famous ring name and silver mask in October 1982. During his career as Guzmán has worked for every major Mexican wrestling promotion including Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, Universal Wrestling Association and World Wrestling Association as well as stints with the World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in the United States as well as working in Japan for New Japan Pro-Wrestling, All Japan Pro-Wrestling and various other promotions. Early in his career he formed a successful tag team with Eddie Guerrero called "La Pareja Atomica", inspired by their fathers (El Santo and Gory Guerrero) teaming up from the 1940s to the 1960s. From 1998 through 2006 he also formed a very successful team with Negro Casas.

paragraph: Over the span of his career Guzmán has held various championships, most significantly the AAA World Tag Team Championship, Mexican National Middleweight Championship, Mexican National Trios Championship, Mexican National Welterweight Championship, CMLL World Tag Team Championship, UWA World Lightweight Championship, UWA World Welterweight Championship, WWA Tag Team Championship and WWA World Welterweight Championship as well as an honorary championship awarded by the World Boxing Council. He's also won the "Leyenda de Plata" tournament (held in honor of his father), the 1995 version of the CMLL International Gran Prix tournament and the 2004 "Gran Alternativa" tournament. In 1997 he was voted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: "Santito", as he is often called, was the only one of his father's 10 children to become a professional wrestler. He began wrestling without his father's consent in February 1982 as "El Korak" but he made his official debut as "El Hijo del Santo" in October of that year after he earned his college degree at the Universidad Iberoamericana in Communication Science per his father's request. He shared his father's look, the silver mask, tights and cape, and moves but he was shorter and, although he would never become the same cultural icon, he would become a better in-ring performer than his father.

paragraph: Early in his career, he was wrestled mainly for World Wrestling Association (WWA) (The Tijuana circuit) and Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) (a promotion that worked in the Mexico City area) but he did make his debut for Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) the promotion that later became Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in Arena Mexico in the summer of 1983. He also was voted "Rookie of the Year" in Mexico.

paragraph: He won his first title, the UWA World Lightweight Championship, on October 1985 and traded the title with Aristóteles. He next feuded with Espanto Jr. (whose father feuded with the original El Santo) and el Hijo del Santo took his mask. Espanto Jr. took el Hijo del Santo's title but el Hijo del Santo regained it in 1988 and took Espanto Jr.'s hair as well after winning a Luchas de Apuestas (Spanish for "Bet match"). During this time, he also feuded with Negro Casas, who would become his most important opponent, and took his hair in a 1987 match in the Los Angeles Olympic Auditorium.

paragraph: In 1990, he debuted in Japan for Gran Hamada's Universal Lucha Libre promotion and moved up a weight class by winning the UWA World Welterweight Championship as well as the WWA Welterweight Championship. In late 1991, he left WWA and vacated the Welterweight title but continued to wrestle for UWA until the formation of Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). El Hijo del Santo regained the WWA Welterweight title and brought it with him to AAA. One of the first feuds he was put in was again Negro Casas' youngest brother, Heavy Metal. Heavy Metal took el Hijo del Santo's WWA Welterweight title and won the Mexican National Welterweight Championship but el Hijo del Santo would come out on top of the feud and took both titles from Heavy Metal before he lost them again to another young star, Psicosis.

paragraph: His most memorable feud during his time with AAA was against the American team, Los Gringos Locos. Eddy Guerrero's stiffer Japanese style offense, combined with "Love Machine" Art Barr's cocky mannerisms made Los Gringos Locos a very exciting yet hated tag team. During the feud, they played up the old "Pareja Atómica" tag team which consisted of El Santo and Eddie's father, Gory Guerrero. Eddie turned on Santo, leading to a hair vs. mask challenge for the "AAA When Worlds Collide" pay-per-view. The match was changed at the last minute when Barr pleaded with AAA officials to be included on the show which would be broadcast in the United States. The new match was a double hair versus double mask match with Santo teaming with Octagón against Los Gringos Locos. El Hijo del Santo and Octagón were victorious in the critically acclaimed match that would receive a 5-star rating from Dave Meltzer but it was the last stand for Los Gringos Locos as Barr died three weeks later. AAA owner Antonio Peña tried to run an angle with an evil version of El Santo called "El Santo Negro" who supposedly came from South America. When the other members of Santo's family objected, the feud was scrapped and El Hijo del Santo jumped to CMLL in 1995.

paragraph: The object of the jump was to revitalize his feud with Negro Casas. El Hijo del Santo lost a match to Casas at the CMLL 63rd Anniversary show on September 20, 1996, and took a brief hiatus. While gone, Negro Casas turned técnico (face) and his former allies, Scorpio, Jr. and Bestia Salvaje said they had a surprise for Casas. The set-up was a trios match with Negro Casas, El Dandy and Héctor Garza on the "técnico" side with Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Salvaje on the "rudo" (or heel) side. El Hijo del Santo came down to the ring with Scorpio and Salvaje but was wearing a disguise and pretending to be El Felino, the brother of Negro Casas. During the match, Scorpio and Salvaje began attacking Casas and the fans, unaware of the ruse, expected El Felino to save his brother from the beating. Once he entered the ring, El Hijo del Santo removed the disguise and revealed himself as Scorpio and Salvaje's partner, thus turning "rudo" for the first time in his career.

paragraph: The fans were irate and fistfights broke out in the crowd as El Hijo del Santo attacked Casas. The feud helped ease sagging business caused by the split with AAA and the downturn of the Mexican economy. The following week, the two trios had a rematch and both El Dandy and Negro Casas challenged Santo to a hair vs. mask match. The match was made a triangle match on December 6, 1996. Santo took El Dandy's hair in a bloody match in front of a sold-out crowd in Arena Mexico. The feud would continue until the 64th anniversary show on September 19, 1997, where Negro Casas and El Hijo del Santo faced off in a dramatic hair vs. mask match. El Hijo del Santo won the match and began a slow face turn.

paragraph: Although the angle was very successful and drew a lot of money for CMLL, El Hijo del Santo continued to wrestle as a babyface throughout the country, even teaming with Rey Mysterio in Tijuana. El Hijo del Santo began to be at odds with his heel allies, namely Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Salvaje. Finally, in September 1998, the face turn was made official when El Hijo del Santo's partners, Villano III and Fuerza Guerrera turned on Santo. Scorpio Jr. and Salvaje joined in on the beat down, leading Santo's next big feud.

paragraph: Negro Casas and El Hijo del Santo began teaming together and chased Scorpio and Salvaje's recently won CMLL World Tag Team Championship. El Hijo del Santo and Casas defeated Scorpio and Salvaje for the titles on February 5, 1999 by disqualification but El Hijo del Santo and Casas refused to accept the titles. The big match in the feud was a mask/hair versus mask/hair tag match between the two teams at CMLL's 1999 "" show. Santo and Casas were victorious and took the tag titles as well. El Hijo del Santo had a brief falling out with CMLL management and the tag titles were vacated. He returned and won the tag titles again with Casas from Los Guerreros del Infierno (Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero) but later lost them back to Los Guerreros in 2002. El Hijo del Santo took another sabbatical from CMLL with Perro Aguayo, Jr. filling in his spot on the roster. He returned to CMLL in the summer of 2004, initially to work with Místico to help him become a main eventer and to feud with Perro Aguayo, Jr. and his La Furia del Norte group. After the feud ended, he had a program with young Guerreros recruit Averno and they had a WWA Welterweight title match on October 22 where el Hijo del Santo retained and ended his tour with the company.

paragraph: El Hijo del Santo has continued wrestling as an independent worker doing shows all over Mexico. El Hijo del Santo even started his own promotion called "Todo x el Todo". the Promotions main show so far was a "25 Year Anniversary Show" shown by Televisa, a testament to el Hijo del Santo's appeal as Televisa rarely show independent promotions. the show featured a Relevos Suicidas tournament where the losing teams advance until the finals where the final team would fight each other over who would unmask. El Hijo del Santo ended up unmasking Pentagón Black in the finals, which meant that he booked himself to lose three times during the tournament. Around the time of el Hijo del Santo's 25th Anniversary the World Boxing Council (WBC) named el Hijo del Santo their "WBC Wrestling Champion" compete with title belt due to his "Significant accomplishments in wrestling". While the title is technically an honorary championship el Hijo del Santo defended it several times in 2008. In 2008, El Hijo del Santo began running shows in London, England featuring independent talent from Mexico.

paragraph: On May 11, 2013, El Hijo del Santo and his rival, Blue Demon Jr., joined forces to win the Pro Wrestling Revolution Tag Team Championship from Brian Cage and Derek Sanders.

paragraph: On November 25, 2013, Santo announced a break to repair damage in his spinal area. After successful rehabilitation returned to the ring, teaming with his son El Santo Jr. at a Lucha Ilimitado card in Yakima, Washington on October 12, 2016, and closing out 2016 with two matches alongside his son El Santo Jr in Tijuana on December 16 and in Ciudad Juarez on December 18.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In March, 2013 it was announced that one of Hijo del Santo's sons was going to travel to Japan to train in Pro Wrestling Noah wrestling school to prepare him for his wrestling debut under the ring name "El Nieto del Santo" ("The Grandson of El Santo"). The training started in May 2013 and he was set to return to Mexico three months later for his official in-ring debut. El Nieto del Santo was the first masked wrestler to attend the wrestling school, in honor of the "lucha libre" traditions and anonymity of their "enmascarados". He made his wrestling debut in 2015, working under the name "Tempestad", before adopting the name "El Santo Jr." in July 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Outside wrestling.

paragraph: Like his father, el Hijo del Santo has also crossed over into other media. He is the subject of a comic book published and appeared on the Mexican reality show Día de Perros. He was also the star of a 5 episode animated series on the Mexican version of Cartoon Network titled "Santo vs The Clones". In 2007, he became a spokesperson for Wildcoast, an environmental non-profit organization, and campaigned to save sea turtles on the Gulf of Mexico from extinction. He has also been involved in gray whale campaigns and Tijuana clean-ups on behalf of Wildcoast.

paragraph: Section::::In films.

paragraph: Hijo del Santo has appeared in several films, first with his father and then on his own or with other famous luchadores. In 2000 he starred in the film "Infraterrestre", which received positive reviews from critics such as the respected Mexican film critic, David Wilt. In 2007 he appeared in the film "Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy" (also known as "Mil Mascaras: Resurrection"), which also received positive reviews.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Octagón

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Middleweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) - with Super Muñeco and Ángel Azteca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Negro Casas

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL Torneo Gran Alternativa (2004) - with Místico

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Gran Prix: 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leyenda de Plata: 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Revolution

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWR Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Blue Demon Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southern California Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universal Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- UWA World Lightweight Championship (3 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UWA World Welterweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Boxing Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- WBC Wrestling Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Perro Aguayo, Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA World Welterweight Championship (10 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him # 63 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the PWI Years in 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him # 26 of the 100 best tag teams during the "PWI Years" with Octagon in 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him # 14 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2003 and 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1997)

alias:
Santito
El Korak
Jorge Ernesto Guzman Rodriguez
Jorge Ernesto Guzmán Rodríguez

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: El Hijo del Santo

wikipedia_title: El Hijo del Santo


text:
mosaic
mosaic
National Gallery, London
Westminster Cathedral
Bank of England
Bloomsbury Group
Christ the King Cathedral, Mullingar
Silver Age of Russian Poetry
Anna Akhmatova
Nikolay Gumilyov
Saint Petersburg
Anrep family
Westphalia
forensic medicine
Duma
Kharkov
Great Missenden
School of Jurisprudence
St. Petersburg University
Académie Julian
Académie de La Palette
Académie de la Grande Chaumière
Edinburgh College of Art
Henry Lamb
Augustus John
Lytton Strachey
Maynard Keynes
Roger Fry
Virginia Woolf
Roger Fry
Clive Bell
Post-Impressionist
Natalia Goncharova
Mikhail Larionov
Nicholas Roerich
romantics
Percy Bysshe Shelley
William Blake
Osip Mandelstam
Acmeism
World War I
Galicia
Tsarskoe Selo
epigraph
Oxford University
Byzantine
Ravenna
Ethel Sands
Chelsea, London
Dora Carrington
35, Upper Brook St
Mayfair
William Jowitt
The Vision of St.John
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
octagon
Tate Gallery
Saint Sophia, Bayswater
Eucharist
Byzantine
Nativity
Hospitality of Abraham
chalice
Eucharist
Major Prophets
Minor Prophets
Saint Nicholas
Saint Christopher
Christ Child
Christ the King Mullingar
Anna Akhmatova
staircase
John Taylor
National Gallery
Samuel Courtauld
vestibule
drill
zebra
diplodocus
Natural History Museum
Covent Garden
flute
contortion
recreation
Contemplation
Conversation
Football
Cricket
hammock
charleston
Christmas pudding
Bacchus
Apollo
muses
Osbert Sitwell
Clive Bell
Polyhymnia
Diana Mitford
Clio
Melpomene
Greta Garbo
Terpsichore
Lydia Lopokova
Keynes
Euterpe
Urania
Calliope
Anna Akhmatova
Erato
Thalia
Loretta Young
Phrygian cap
Lord Rutherford
Winston Churchill
swastika
Margot Fonteyn
Edward Sackville-West
harpsichord
Lady Diana Cooper
Punch
T. S. Eliot
Bertrand Russell
Fred Hoyle
Edith Sitwell
Jeanne Reynal
Mosaics in the National Gallery, London
Mosaics in Westminster Cathedral

categories: People from Saint Petersburg,Russian people of German descent,Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière,Mosaic artists,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Russian artists,Russian nobility,1969 deaths,People from Saint Petersburg Governorate,British artists,Imperial School of Jurisprudence alumni,English people of Russian descent,Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art,1883 births,Golders Green Crematorium,Alumni of the Académie Julian

paragraph: Boris Anrep

paragraph: Boris Anrep () (born Boris Vasilyevich Anrep; 27 September 1883 – 7 June 1969) was a Russian mosaicist active in Britain, who devoted himself to the art of mosaic. In Britain, he is known for his monumental mosaics at the National Gallery, London, Westminster Cathedral and the Bank of England. Being close to the Bloomsbury Group, he was a noticeable figure in London social and intellectual life from 1912 up to the mid-1960s. In Ireland, he is known for his mosaics at Christ the King Cathedral, Mullingar. In Russia, he is associated with the Silver Age of Russian Poetry as the addressee of many beautiful poems by Anna Akhmatova, including her "Tale of the Black Ring". Anrep was also friendly with Nikolay Gumilyov, an outstanding poet and Akhmatova's husband, and Nikolay Nedobrovo, a talented critic, two prominent figures of the 1910s in Saint Petersburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: The Anrep family, originally from Westphalia, belonged to Swedish and Russian nobility and numbered a few renowned army officers in 16th–19th centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Early years.

paragraph: Anrep was born in 1883 in Saint Petersburg. His father, Vassily von Anrep, professor of forensic medicine, occupied high positions in the ministries of education and of interior and was elected in 1907 to the Russian parliament, the Duma. From 1899 to 1901 Boris went to school in Kharkov, where he first met Nikolay Nedobrovo, and spent the summer of 1899 in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, learning English. From 1902 Anrep studied in Imperial School of Jurisprudence in St. Petersburg and graduated in 1905. The same year he met Yunia Khitrovo, whom he married three years later.

paragraph: After Nedobrovo introduced him to the painter Dmitri Stelletsky, Anrep began to be interested in art. In 1908 Boris abandoned his law studies in St. Petersburg University, left for Paris to study art and enrolled at the Académie Julian (classes of J.-P. Laurens). He attended also Académie de La Palette and Académie de la Grande Chaumière. This was followed by a year at the Edinburgh College of Art in 1910–1911 (classes of F. Morley Fletcher).

paragraph: While in France Anrep had become friends with the painters Henry Lamb and Augustus John, and soon he was acquainted with English artists and intellectuals, among them Lytton Strachey, Maynard Keynes, Roger Fry, and Virginia Woolf. He also fell in love with Helen Maitland, a close friend of A. John's wife Dorelia. They lived together from 1911, had two children, and married in 1918. However, the marriage was unhappy, and Helen left him to become the lifelong companion of the artist and critic Roger Fry.

paragraph: In 1912, Anrep worked with the art critic Clive Bell on Roger Fry's second Post-Impressionist exhibition. He was in charge of the Russian section and presented pictures by Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov, and Nicholas Roerich.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Anna Akhmatova and Boris Anrep.

paragraph: Anrep wrote poetry in Russian and in English, influenced by English romantics, Percy Bysshe Shelley and William Blake. His narrative poem "Fiza" was read in 1913 in author's absence in St. Petersburg and gave its name to the Society of Poets, which included Anna Akhmatova, her husband Nikolay Gumilyov, and Osip Mandelstam and became the centre of Acmeism, a new trend in Russian poetry.

paragraph: At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Anrep went to serve as an officer in the Russian army and fought in Galicia till 1916. Before joining the ranks, he visited Nedobrovo in Tsarskoe Selo and was introduced to Akhmatova, who lived nearby. They met continually during Anrep's short vacations in St. Petersburg. He described their relationship as a "warm friendship", but for Akhmatova it was intensely important and inspired over 30 poems, which trace the passage of their affair from her early hopes and dreams to her bitter disappointment at their parting.

paragraph: In April 1917 Anrep was called back to London as Military Secretary to the Russian Government Committee and never returned to Russia. The same year, Akhmatova used a line from "Fiza" as an epigraph to her book "White Flock". For many years, they did not communicate. Their last meeting occurred in Paris in 1965, when Akhmatova returned home after receiving the honorary degree from Oxford University, shortly before her death.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Early commissions in England.

paragraph: Having travelled to Italy with Stelletsky in 1904 and been enthralled by the Byzantine mosaics in Ravenna, Anrep settled on the idea of making mosaics himself.

paragraph: His first success was the hall of the woman artist Ethel Sands' house in Chelsea, London: a dark turquoise blue floor with Byzantine characters (1917) and the walls, with portraits of Lytton Strachey, his companion Dora Carrington, and Virginia Woolf in male costume (1920).

paragraph: Another commission was the vestibule in 35, Upper Brook St Mayfair for Sir William Jowitt, showing "Various Moments in the Life of a Lady of Fashion" (1922). Lesley Jowitt was shown telephoning in bed, in her bath, and at a nightclub.

paragraph: The mosaics "Christus Militans" and "The Vision of St.John" were made for the chapel at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (1921). Eight panels, illustrating "The Proverbs of Hell" from "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell" by William Blake, decorated the octagonal room at the Tate Gallery (1923).

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Saint Sophia Cathedral.

paragraph: In 1926 the trustees of Saint Sophia, Bayswater commissioned Anrep to execute a major set of mosaics in the sanctuary of the Greek Orthodox Cathedral. He settled on a scheme depicting the incarnation of Christ and the mystery and celebration of the Eucharist. His design takes full use of its Byzantine domes. The prothesis apse vault contains a semi-circular Nativity on its ceiling, using an individual composition. The diaconal apse depicts the Hospitality of Abraham from the Old Testament. At the summit of the vault are trios of angels celebrating the chalice of the Eucharist. The figures are simplified with rigid folds in Byzantine style. Gold tesserae sparkle between blocks of colour. The mosaic is harmonious with the structure, designed by Barry in the 1880s.

paragraph: Anrep was invited back to decorate further sections of the cathedral between 1932 and 1956. This includes full length figures of the Major Prophets and busts of the Minor Prophets. In the west arch he depicted Saint Nicholas and Saint Christopher with the Christ Child, both protectors of the seafarers and travellers of the congregation, a community that was closely associated with shipping and trading.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:Commissions in Mullingar, Ireland.

paragraph: Boris Anrep also realised two attractive mosaics of Saint Anne and Saint Patrick within the Cathedral of Christ the King Mullingar. The Cathedral was realised from 1933 to 1939 by Byrne and sons, decorative work was subcontracted to Oppenheimer Ltd, Old Trafford, Manchester.

paragraph: Note carefully the unconventional spelling of Saint Anne in the mosaic; it is spelt Anna. Additionally, the saint's image bears an uncanny resemblance to that of the poet Anna Akhmatova in her mid-20s.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.:National Gallery mosaics (1928–52).

paragraph: Anrep created four colourful mosaics, which decorate the imposing staircase built by Sir John Taylor in 1887 for the entrance hall of the National Gallery. The mosaics were paid for by private patrons, mainly the industrialist Samuel Courtauld and Anrep's friend Maud Russell, wife of the banker Gilbert Russell. Anrep described the subject as a philosophical cycle.

paragraph: The Labours of Life in the west vestibule (1928) illustrates Man's constructive and creative nature. It includes working with electric drill ("Engineering"), filming a zebra ("Exploring"), washing a pig ("Farming") and studying the diplodocus in the Natural History Museum ("Science"). Other pictures are "Sacred Love" (a family), "Art, Astronomy, Letters, Mining, Commerce" (a Covent Garden porter), "Music" (a shell and a flute), and "Theatre" (a contortionist).

paragraph: The Pleasures of Life in the east vestibule (1929) shows Man's recreations. The subjects are "Contemplation, Conversation, Football, Hunting, Cricket". Girls are depicted riding a motorcycle ("Speed"), wiggling in a hammock ("Rest"), jiving charleston ("Dance"), swimming ("Sea-Horse"). "Christmas pudding" and "Mud Pie" are childish, while "Profane Love" shows a man with two girls.

paragraph: The Awakening of the Muses on the half-way landing (1933) links the themes of the first two mosaics. At the crowing of the cock, Bacchus, patron of pleasures, and Apollo, who inspires the labours, awaken the muses. Here the figures are portraits of the artist's contemporaries. Apollo is Sir Osbert Sitwell, Bacchus is Clive Bell. Polyhymnia is represented as Diana Mitford, Clio as Virginia Woolf. Melpomene is Greta Garbo, and Terpsichore is prima ballerina Lydia Lopokova, Lady Keynes. Euterpe as Lady Christabel Aberconway. Urania as Maria Volkova. Calliope as Anna Akhmatova. Erato as Mary Hutchinson. Thalia as Lady Lesley Jowitt.

paragraph: Modern Virtues in the north vestibule (1952) is a record of the intellectual life of the 1930s and 1940s. "Compromise" is presented by the American actress Loretta Young, wearing a Phrygian cap as well as a crown; "Curiosity" is Lord Rutherford with a splitting atom; Sir Winston Churchill defies a beast in a shape of swastika "(Defiance)". The ballerina Margot Fonteyn listens to the writer and musician Hon. Edward Sackville-West playing the harpsichord ("Delectation"); Lady Diana Cooper as Britannia crowns Punch ("Humour"); the poet T. S. Eliot features in "Leisure", Bertrand Russell illustrates "Lucidity". The astronomer Fred Hoyle, Augustus John and the poet Edith Sitwell and are portrayed respectively in "Pursuit, Wonder" and "Sixth Sense" (named after the poem by Gumilyov). "Compassion" is a portrait of Akhmatova surrounded by the horrors of war. She is looking towards another panel which depicts Anrep's gravestone, linking together his art and her poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Mosaics.

paragraph: 1912 3 Mosaic panels made at the Ebel Factory, Paris.

paragraph: 1914 Westminster Cathedral crypt. Ceiling of Tomb for Archbishop

paragraph: 1914 The Vale, Chelsea. Hall, floor with Byzantine figures at a party. Deep turquoise background. Strong figures.

paragraph: 1918 The Vale, Chelsea. E.Sands. Walls. V.Woolf with her head in the stars, coming down steps. L.Strachey looking out of the cottage window. D.Carrington looking up at him from lower window. Tree and parrot in cage, cryptic poem in Russian. Sketched in the plaster with mosaic.

paragraph: 1919 Mallord Street, Chelsea. Fireplace in vestibule for A.John. Mistresses, Wives and Children. Now in Victoria and Albert Museum.

paragraph: 1920 Westminster Cathedral. Blessed Oliver Plunkett.

paragraph: 1921 Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Apse of the chapel. St John with keys, sword and stars.

paragraph: 1923 Tate Gallery. Octagonal floor of the Blake Room. Blake proverbs from 'The Marriage of Heaven and Hell' Eight plaques.

paragraph: 1923 Chapel Keir House. General Stirling. Ceiling.

paragraph: 1923 Upper Brook St. London. William and Lesley Jowitt, Floor of hall. Various moments in the life of a Modern Lady of Fashion. Now in Birmingham Art Gallery. Lady J, telephoning in bed, in her bath, at nightclub, etc.

paragraph: 1925 Hamspray House, Inkpen. Mantlepiece with Carrington lying prone across the top as a hermaphrodite. For L.Strachey. Now in Brighton Museum storage?.

paragraph: 1924-28 St Sophia, Greek Orthodox Church, Moscow Rd. Ceiling and walls. Prophets.

paragraph: 1928 West vestibule. East vestibule 1929. The Labours of Life and The Pleasures of Life.

paragraph: 1930? Mosaic of Lovers. Jeanne Reynal. Given to Igor Anrep.

paragraph: 1931 Gazebo, Biddesdon House. Bryan Guinness. Floor, walls and domed ceiling. Floral designs and 3 Muses in alcoves.

paragraph: 1931 Bank of England. Floors. Coins of the Realm.

paragraph: 1932 Greek Cathedral, Moscow Rd. Ceilings and walls.

paragraph: 1933 National Gallery. Half landing Awakening of the Muses. Clive Bell as Bacchus, Greta Garbo, Lopokova, R.Partridge as Apollo.

paragraph: 1933 Mantlepiece for Hamspray. R and F. Partridge. Shells. Now Unknown.

paragraph: 1937-42-57 Bank of England, Threadneedle St. Hall, passages.

paragraph: 1945 The Sacred Heart for Mrs Stirling. Left to Ampleforth by her in 1972.

paragraph: 1946 Wall of Mottisfont Abbey. Romsey. Maud Russell Angel of Mottisfont.

paragraph: 1948 Mullingar Cathedral Mullingar, Ireland. St Patrick lighting the fire at Slane, St Patrick's chapel.

paragraph: 1950 Greek Cathedral.

paragraph: 1952 National Gallery. North vestibule, 'Modern Virtues' Akhmatova, Fonteyn, Rutherford, Eliot, Russel, E. Sitwell and A. John, Churchill etc., figure as virtues.

paragraph: 1953 Hendon Vale Cemetery. Tomb for Greek shipowner, Mr Kulukundis.

paragraph: 1954 Mullingar Cathedral, Ireland. St Anne's chapel.

paragraph: 1954 Notre Dame de France, Leicester Sq. Madonna leaning over Child in Manger. Altar panel later plastered up for design by Cocteau.

paragraph: 1956-57 Bank of England. Annex in New Change, Queen Elizabeth II.

paragraph: 1956-63 Westminster Cathedral. Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament. Walls and ceiling.

paragraph: 1962 Halkin St, London. Fireplace. Black cat for Mrs Partridge.

paragraph: 1965 Table with 4 panels: ballet shoes, heart being dissected, writing paper and stethoscope.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: The Book of Anrep. (Lost)

paragraph: Foreword to The Book of Anrep

paragraph: Escape from Paris

paragraph: About the Black Ring

paragraph: Foreword to Russian section of Post-Impressionist catalogue

paragraph: Articles in Apollon

paragraph: Poems

paragraph: Section::::Illustrations and Paintings.

paragraph: Foreword to the Book of Anrep (water colour)

paragraph: Maroussia Volkova (oil)

paragraph: Helen Anrep (drawing)

paragraph: Music Teacher (drawing) Tate Gallery

paragraph: The Lady and the Tree (gouache)

paragraph: Study for National Gallery mosaic 'Rest', (drawing)

paragraph: Head of Girl (drawing)

paragraph: Head of Man (drawing)

paragraph: Cartoons for Mosaics (Victoria and Albert Museum)

paragraph: Green man (oil)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mosaics in the National Gallery, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mosaics in Westminster Cathedral

description: Russian artist, active in Britain

wikidata_label: Boris Anrep

wikipedia_title: Boris Anrep


text: German

text: Luther

text: Ulm

text: Greek

text: Tübingen

text: Basel

text: Raymond Peraudi

text: Gurk

text: Erfurt

text: Duke George of Albertine Saxony

text: Roman Catholicism

text: canonization

text: Benno of Meissen

text: Bohemia

text: Leipzig

text: theology

text: prebend

text: Dresden

text: Meissen

text: humanistic

text: Leipzig Debate

text: Leo X

text: bull

text: excommunication

text: Henry VIII

text: New Testament

text: Zwingli

text: Eck

text: Vulgate

text: New International Encyclopedia

text: Corpus Catholicorum

text: Reformation

paragraph: Jerome Emser

paragraph: Jerome (or Hieronymus) Emser (March 20, 1477 – November 8, 1527), German theologian and antagonist of Luther, was born of a good family at Ulm.

paragraph: He studied Greek at Tübingen and jurisprudence at Basel, and after acting for three years as chaplain and secretary to Raymond Peraudi, cardinal of Gurk, he began lecturing on classics in 1504 at Erfurt, where Luther may have been among his audience. In the same year he became secretary to Duke George of Albertine Saxony, who, unlike his cousin Frederick the Wise, the elector of Ernestine Saxony, remained the stanchest defender of Roman Catholicism among the princes of northern Germany.

paragraph: Duke George at this time was bent on securing the canonization of Bishop Benno of Meissen, and at his instance Emser travelled through Saxony and Bohemia in search of materials for a life of Benno, which he subsequently published in German and Latin. In pursuit of the same object he made an unsuccessful visit to Rome in 1510. Meanwhile, he had also been lecturing on classics at Leipzig, but gradually turned his attention to theology and canon law. A prebend at Dresden (1509) and another at Meissen, which he obtained through Duke George's influence, gave him means and leisure to pursue his studies.

paragraph: At first Emser was on the side of the reformers, but like his patron he desired a practical reformation of the clergy without any doctrinal breach with the past or the church; and his liberal sympathies were mainly humanistic, like those of Erasmus and others who parted company with Luther after 1519. As late as that year Luther referred to him as "Emser noster," but the Leipzig Debate in that year completed the breach between them.

paragraph: Emser warned his Bohemian friends against Luther, and Luther retorted with an attack on Emser which outdid in scurrility all his polemical writings. Emser, who was further embittered by an attack of the Leipzig students, imitated Luther's violence, and asserted that Luther's whole crusade originated in nothing more than enmity to the Dominicans, Luther's reply was to burn Emser's books along with Leo X's bull of excommunication.

paragraph: Emser next, in 1521, published an attack on Luther's "Appeal to the German Nobility", and eight works followed from his pen in the controversy, in which he defended the Roman doctrine of the Mass and the primacy of the pope. At Duke George's instance he prepared, in 1523, a German translation of Henry VIII's "Assertio Septem Sacramentorum contra Lutherum", and criticized Luther's "New Testament". He also entered into a controversy with Zwingli. He took an active part in organizing a reformed Roman Catholic Church in Germany, and in 1527 published a German version of the New Testament as a counterblast to Luther's. He died on the 8th of November in that year and was buried at Dresden.

paragraph: Emser was a vigorous controversialist, and next to Eck the most eminent of the German divines who stood by the old church. But he was hardly a great scholar; the errors he detected in Luther's "New Testament" were for the most part legitimate variations from the Vulgate, and his own version is merely Luther's adapted to Vulgate requirements.

paragraph: Emser's crest was a goat's head and Luther delighted in calling him "Bock-Emser" and "Ægoceros" New International Encyclopedia

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De disputatione Lipsicensi, quantum ad Boemos obiter deflexa est", (1519) - Corpus Catholicorum, Vol. 4, Dr. Franz Xaver Thurnhofer, ed., Munster in Westfalen, 1921 - HathiTrust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Venatione Luteriana Aegocerotis Assertio", (1519) - Corpus Catholicorum, Vol. 4.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bagchi, David V. N. Luther's Earliest Opponents: Catholic Controversialists, 1518-1525. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991. passim.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, David. "Bursfelders, Humanists, and the Rhetoric of Sainthood: The Late Medieval vitae of Saint Benno." Revue Bénédictine 111 (2001): 508-556.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waldau, "Nachricht von Hieronymus Emsers Leben und Schriften" (Anspach, 1783)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kawerau, "Hieronymus Emser" (Halle, 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enders, "Luther und Emser" (Halle, 1890–92)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Akten und Briefe zur Kirchenpolitik Herzog Georgs von Sachsen" (Leipzig, 1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allgemeine deutsche Biographie", vi. 96-98 (1877)

paragraph: All histories of the Reformation in Germany contain notices of Emser; see especially Friedensburg, "Beiträge zum Briefwechsel der hat holischen Gelehrten Deutschlands im Reformations zeitaller".

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Jerome Emser

wikipedia_title: Jerome Emser


text:
Zhang Fei
Liu Bei
Eastern Han dynasty
Shu Han
Three Kingdoms
Records of the Three Kingdoms
Mianzhu
Conquest of Shu by Wei
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms
Liu Bei
Battle of Yiling
Guan Xing
Zhuge Liang
Northern Expeditions
Wei
Guo Huai
Sun Li
eighth instalment
Koei
Dynasty Warriors
ninth instalment
Xiahou Yuan
Xingcai
Northern Expeditions
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
Chen, Shou
Records of the Three Kingdoms
Luo, Guanzhong
Romance of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Zhang Bao (Shu Han)

paragraph: Zhang Bao ( third century) was the eldest son of Zhang Fei, a general who served the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty and the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Little is known about Zhang Bao's life because Zhang Fei's biography in the historical text "Records of the Three Kingdoms" only mentioned that he was Zhang Fei's eldest son and that he died early.

paragraph: Zhang Bao had a son, Zhang Zun (張遵), who served as a Master of Writing (尚書) in the Shu government and was killed in battle at Mianzhu in 263 during the Conquest of Shu by Wei. Zhang Bao also had a younger brother, Zhang Shao (張紹), who inherited their father's peerage and served as a Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射) in the Shu government. After the fall of Shu in 263, Zhang Shao was enfeoffed as a marquis by the Wei government along with many other former Shu officials who surrendered.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Zhang Bao appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He makes his first appearance in the novel when he informs Liu Bei of his father's assassination just before the Battle of Yiling. Zhang Bao meets Guan Xing, Guan Yu's second son, and competes with him for the position of leading the vanguard force into battle. After nearly coming to blows, Zhang Bao and Guan Xing are stopped by Liu Bei, who forces them to become oath brothers in the same manner he did with their fathers many years ago. The two are regularly depicted together from that moment onwards.

paragraph: In the novel, Zhang Bao is involved in several military campaigns, including the disastrous Battle of Xiaoting and Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state Wei. In the third Northern Expedition, Zhang Bao falls into a gully while pursuing the Wei generals Guo Huai and Sun Li, and later dies from the resulting injuries. When Zhuge Liang learns of Zhang Bao's death, he becomes so upset that he coughs blood and faints.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: Zhang Bao is first introduced as a playable character in the eighth instalment of Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video game series. In the ninth instalment, his mother is Xiahou Ji (Xiahou Yuan's niece and Zhang Fei's only known wife), making him a brother of Xingcai.

paragraph: Zhang Bao's rivalry with Guan Xing and his involvement in the Northern Expeditions are depicted in the 2008 film "".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

description: General of Shu Han

wikidata_label: Zhang Bao

wikipedia_title: Zhang Bao (Shu Han)


text: c.

text: Bishop of Norwich

text: Peasants' Revolt

text: East Anglia

text: Battle of North Walsham

text: Oxford University

text: Italy

text: bishop

text: crusade to Flanders

text: Louis II of Flanders

text: antipope Clement VII

text: Ypres

text: impeached

text: temporalities

text: Richard II of England

text: Scotland

text: Lollardy

text: Henry Bolingbroke

text: Yorkshire

text: Epiphany Rising

text: pardoned

text: Edward le Despenser

text: Vannes

text: Pope Urban V

text: Milan

text: Padua

text: Shaftesbury Abbey

text: le Despenser

text: Gomiécourt

text: France

text: Eleanor de Clare

text: Edward I of England

text: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Edward II

text: Queen Isabella

text: Mortimer

text: Edward II of England

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: chamberlain

text: baron

text: banished

text: Edward

text: Richard II

text: Epiphany Rising

text: canon

text: Llandaff

text: Salisbury Cathedral

text: Bosworth

text: Oxford University

text: ordained

text: Capgrave

text: Pope Urban V

text: Milan

text: Bishop of Norwich

text: papal bull

text: Rome

text: spiritualities

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Kent

text: Essex

text: London

text: Tower of London

text: King Richard

text: Wat Tyler

text: diocese of Norwich

text: Thetford

text: Norfolk

text: Fens

text: Norwich

text: Lynn

text: Swaffham

text: Yarmouth

text: Burley

text: Rutland

text: Norfolk

text: Peterborough

text: Cambridge

text: Newmarket

text: North Walsham

text: Thomas Walsingham

text: Battle of North Walsham

text: hanged, drawn and quartered

text: Urban VI

text: Pope Clement VII

text: Avignon

text: Western Schism

text: Council of Constance

text: Flanders

text: Charles VI of France

text: Philip Van Artevelde

text: Battle of Roosebeke

text: bulls

text: crusade

text: plenary indulgence

text: King Richard II

text: staple

text: John of Gaunt

text: Castille

text: Iberian peninsula

text: Peasants' Revolt

text: St. Paul's Cathedral

text: William Beauchamp

text: friar

text: Henry Knighton

text: Calais

text: Gravelines

text: Dunkirk

text: Bourbourg

text: Bergues

text: Poperinghe

text: Nieuport

text: Count of Flanders

text: Dunkirk

text: besiege

text: Ypres

text: ramparts

text: Paris

text: Castellan

text: wooden stockade

text: reinforcements

text: artillery

text: Duke of Burgundy

text: Ypres

text: Sir Hugh Calveley

text: Picardy

text: Gravelines

text: Charles VI

text: Arras

text: Thérouanne

text: Drincham

text: Bergues

text: Dunkirk

text: Duke of Brittany

text: impeached

text: parliament

text: Michael de la Pole

text: Calais

text: temporalities

text: Scotland

text: Edinburgh

text: John of Gaunt

text: Fife

text: Boniface IX

text: William Courtenay

text: Lollardy

text: heretics

text: orthodoxy

text: Henry IV

text: Thomas Walsingham

text: William Sawtrey

text: curate

text: recanted

text: Thomas Arundel

text: burned

text: Smithfield

text: John of Gaunt

text: Henry Bolingbroke

text: Paris

text: Ravenspur

text: vicars-general

text: St. Albans

text: Duke of York's

text: Ireland

text: Bristol

text: Berkeley Castle

text: London

text: Sir Thomas Erpingham

text: Epiphany Rising

text: Thomas, Earl of Gloucester

text: Duke of Gloucester

text: Rutland

text: Kent

text: Huntingdon

text: Cirencester

text: Bristol

text: archdeacon

text: Archbishop Arundel

text: Sir Thomas Erpingham

text: pardon

text: Norwich Cathedral

categories: Medieval English knights,Le Despenser family,Year of birth unknown,Bishops of Norwich,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1406 deaths,Archdeacons of Llandaff

paragraph: Henry le Despenser

paragraph: Henry le Despenser (c. 1341–1406) was an English nobleman and Bishop of Norwich whose reputation as the 'Fighting Bishop' was gained for his part in suppressing the Peasants' Revolt in East Anglia and in defeating the peasants at the Battle of North Walsham in the summer of 1381.

paragraph: As a young man he studied at Oxford University and held numerous positions in the English Church. He fought in Italy before being consecrated as a bishop in 1370. Parliament agreed to allow Despenser to lead a crusade to Flanders in 1383, which was directed against Louis II of Flanders, a supporter of the antipope Clement VII. The crusade was in defence of English economic and political interests. Although well funded, the expedition was poorly equipped and lacked proper military leadership. After initial successes, a disastrous attempt to besiege the city of Ypres forced Despenser to return to England. Upon his return he was impeached in parliament. His temporalities were confiscated by Richard II of England, but were returned in 1385, the year he accompanied the king northward to repel a potential French invasion of Scotland.

paragraph: Despenser was an energetic and able administrator who staunchly defended his diocese against Lollardy. In 1399, he was among those who stood by Richard, following the landing of Henry Bolingbroke in Yorkshire towards the end of June. He was arrested for refusing to come to terms with Bolingbroke. The following year, he was implicated in the Epiphany Rising, but was pardoned.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and ancestry.

paragraph: Henry le Despenser was the youngest son of Edward le Despenser (1310–1342), by his wife Anne Ferrers (died 1367), daughter of Sir Ralph Ferrers of Groby. Henry was born around 1342, the year that his father was killed at the siege of Vannes. He and his three brothers all grew up to become soldiers. His eldest brother Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (around 1335–1375) was reputed to be one of the greatest knights of his age: he and Henry fought together for Pope Urban V in his war against Milan in 1369.

paragraph: Comparatively little is known of his other siblings: Hugh le Despenser fought abroad and died in Padua in March 1374, Thomas fought in France and died unmarried in 1381 and Gilbert le Despenser died in 1382. Their sister Joan was a nun at Shaftesbury Abbey until her death in 1384.

paragraph: The le Despenser family originated from the lords of Gomiécourt in north-eastern France. Henry's grandmother Eleanor de Clare was a granddaughter of Edward I of England.

paragraph: Henry's great-grandfather Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (1262–1326) and grandfather Hugh Despenser the Younger (1286–1326), who was a favourite of Edward II, were both exiled and later executed after the rebellion of Queen Isabella and her lover Mortimer against Edward II of England. Hugh le Despenser had become Edward II's adviser, holding power until the king's defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn, but he was later restored to favour. His son was appointed the king's chamberlain and enjoyed a still larger share of royal favour. The barons were hostile to the Despensers, due to their acquired wealth and perceived arrogance, and in 1321 they were banished. Their sentences were soon afterwards annulled and from 1322 they played an important role in the governing of the country, but in 1326 Isabella acted against them and both men were tried and executed.

paragraph: In 1375, Despenser's nephew Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester succeeded his father Edward. Thomas was captured and killed following the attempt to restore Richard II in the Epiphany Rising.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: In 1353 (as an eleven-year-old boy) Henry 'de Exon' became the canon of Llandaff and a year later he was secured a canonry of Salisbury Cathedral. By the age of nineteen he had become the rector of Bosworth

paragraph: and by February 1361 he was a master at Oxford University, studying civil law. He was ordained on 17 December 1362. By 20 April 1364 he was archdeacon of Llandaff. Of his early life Capgrave tells us that he spent some time in Italy fighting for Pope Urban V in his war against Milan in 1369:

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Norwich.

paragraph: In 1370 Despenser, then the canon of Salisbury, was appointed as Bishop of Norwich by a papal bull dated 3 April 1370. He was consecrated at Rome on 20 April and returned to England. He received the spiritualities of his see from the Archbishop of Canterbury on 12 July 1370 and the temporalities from the king on 14 August.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Norwich.:Involvement in the suppression of the Peasants' Revolt.

paragraph: During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, rebels from Kent and Essex marched to London and, once admitted to the city, managed to capture the Tower of London. King Richard, who had promised to agree to all the demands of the peasants, met the rebels outside the city, where the leader of the peasants Wat Tyler was killed and the rebellion was ended. The king's promises were retracted.

paragraph: The rebellion quickly spread to other parts of England, including the diocese of Norwich, where it lasted for less than a fortnight. On 14 June a group of rebels reached Thetford and from there the insurrection spread over south-western Norfolk towards the Fens. At the same time the rebels, led by a local dyer, Geoffrey Litster, moved across the north-eastern part of the county, urging insurrection throughout the local area. Over the next few days, the rebels converged on Norwich, Lynn and Swaffham. Norwich, then one of the largest and most important cities in the realm, was taken and occupied by Litster and his followers, who caused considerable damage to the property and possessions of their enemies once they managed to enter the city. The Norwich rebels then travelled to Yarmouth, destroying legal records and landowners' possessions; other insurgents moving across north-east Norfolk destroyed court rolls and taxation documents; there were numerous incidents of pillage and extortion across the whole county.

paragraph: Despenser first heard news of the rising in his own diocese at a time when he was absent at his manor of Burley in Rutland, west of Norwich. Armed, he hastened back to Norfolk via Peterborough, Cambridge and Newmarket, with a company of only eight lances and a small body of bowmen. His followers increased on the way, and by the time he reached North Walsham, near the Norfolk coast, he had a considerable force under his command. There he found the rebels entrenched and defended by makeshift fortifications. According to Thomas Walsingham, in the Battle of North Walsham the bishop himself led the assault and overpowered his enemies in hand-to-hand fighting. Many were slain or captured, including the rebels' leader, who was hanged, drawn and quartered soon afterwards. Despenser personally superintended Litster's execution. In the following months he proceeded to deal with other rebels in his diocese. But the rigour with which he put down the rebellion made him highly unpopular in Norfolk and in the following year a plot was organised to murder him. The scheme was betrayed in time by one of the conspirators, and the plotters were dealt with by the authorities.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Norwich.:Norwich Crusade of 1383.

paragraph: Soon after Urban VI had been elected pope in 1378, Robert of Geneva was elected as a rival pope, taking the name Pope Clement VII and removing himself to Avignon. The so-called Western Schism subsequently caused a great crisis in the Church and created rivalry and conflict throughout Christian Europe. It was eventually resolved as a result of the Council of Constance (1414–1418).

paragraph: In the autumn and winter of 1382, Flanders had been invaded by Charles VI of France. Philip Van Artevelde had fallen at the Battle of Roosebeke and the country had been compelled to submit to the French king, who obliged all the conquered towns to recognise Clement VII. In response to events in Flanders, Pope Urban issued bulls for the proclamation of a crusade, choosing Bishop Despenser to lead a campaign against the followers of Clement VII in Flanders. He granted Despenser extraordinary powers for the fulfillment of his mission and plenary indulgence to those who should take part in or contribute support to it.

paragraph: Both the commons and King Richard II were enthusiastic about the launch of a crusade to Flanders, for political and economic reasons: revenues from the English wool staple (that had ceased following the advance of the French) could be resumed; sending the bishop and not the king or his uncles to Flanders would enable John of Gaunt's unpopular plans for a royal crusade to Castille to be abandoned; French forces would be drawn away from the Iberian peninsula; and Anglo-Flemish relations would be strengthened. Another advantage in approving a crusade was that its cost would be borne by the Church and not by means of government levies: ever since the Peasants' Revolt, the government was fearful of the consequences of imposing a tax to pay for a new war against the French.

paragraph: On 6 December 1382, Richard ordered the crusade to be published throughout England. Later that month the bishop and his men took the cross at St. Paul's Cathedral. In February 1383 Parliament, after hesitating in entrusting the mission to a churchman, ultimately assigned to him the subsidy which it had granted the king in the previous October for carrying on the war in Flanders. The king's only stipulation was that the crusaders should await the arrival of William Beauchamp before launching offensive operations against the French and their allies.

paragraph: The bishop issued mandates for the publication of the bulls and the archbishop did the same. The enterprise was ardently seconded by the friars and contributions of immense value were made from all quarters, but especially, according to Henry Knighton, from "the rich ladies of England". The English landed at Calais in May 1383 and proceeded to attack Gravelines, which was in the hands of the French. Gravelines, Dunkirk and the neighbouring country (including the towns of Bourbourg, Bergues, Poperinghe, and Nieuport) soon fell. On 25 May the crusaders put to flight a Franco-Flemish army, under the command of the Count of Flanders, in a pitched battle fought near Dunkirk. Despenser was then persuaded by his followers to attempt to besiege Ypres, which was to prove to be the turning point of the crusade. He was unwilling to attack the city but his Gantois allies and some of his officers insisted that Ypres should be taken.

paragraph: The inhabitants of Ypres were well prepared for a siege by the time the English and their allies arrived and attacked the city on 8 June 1383. Dwellings in the outlying suburbs had been abandoned; the timber from them was used to strengthen the earth ramparts and the stone gates of the city. A mission had been dispatched to Paris to replace artillery powder stocks. The city was well organised under the command of the Castellan of Ypres, John d'Oultre, and had been divided into different defensive sectors. Although the ramparts were low, they were well protected with a double wet ditch, a high thorny hedge reinforced with stakes and a wooden stockade and fire-step.

paragraph: The English attacked the Temple Gate on the first day but were beaten off. Over the next three days the city gates were attacked simultaneously, without success. Before the end of the first week of the siege, reinforcements arrived to completely encircle the city walls and the outer ditch was breached using soil. On the eighth day (15 June) Despenser attacked the defences with artillery, firing on the Messines Gate and damaging it, but not enough to cause the city defences to be breached. Over the following days of the siege, sustained artillery attacks had little overall effect and the assaults of Despenser's troops were all beaten off. An attempt to drain the ditches seriously threatened the Yprois, but the attempt was unsuccessful and the besieged managed to communicate with the Duke of Burgundy through Louis le Mâle, who was able to raise a large French army to come to the aid of the city. On 8 August, after eight weeks of effort, Despenser abruptly decided to abandon the siege, leaving his allies to continue on their own.

paragraph: After the débâcle at Ypres, the bishop's forces divided, some going back to England, some remaining with the bishop and others under Sir Thomas Trivet and Sir Hugh Calveley retiring to Bourbourg and Bergues. The bishop and Calveley had wished to advance into France, but Sir William Elmham, Trivet and some of the other commanders refused to go. The bishop, after entering Picardy for some distance, was obliged to fall back upon Gravelines. It turned out that the French had little stomach for a showdown with the English and their allies, preferring instead to negotiate: part of the French army was unwilling to fight when Despenser and Calveley encountered it when moving towards Picardy. It is possible that had King Richard crossed the Channel with a large English army, the campaign would have ended in a famous victory. However, for the demoralised and disease-ridden English forces, the arrival of the French headed by the boy-king Charles VI was decisive. Charles had taken the oriflamme on 2 August and his army was mustered in Arras on 15 August. They advanced into Flanders, reaching Thérouanne by the end of August, Drincham on 5 September, Bergues on 7 September (forcing Trivet's and Elmham's retreat to Bourbourg and Gravelines) and Dunkirk on 9 September. Bourbourg was besieged on 12 September: two days later the Duke of Brittany persuaded the French to negotiate a surrender and the English garrison was given safe conduct from the town. The French army then proceeded along the coast and besieged Gravelines. There, without Despenser's authority, the defenders accepted bribes and the bishop's treasurer pocketed 5000 francs. Despenser at first refused the surrender terms, but a few days later Gravelines was evacuated and Despenser ordered it to be sacked. By the end of October the remaining crusaders had returned across the English Channel.

paragraph: Soon after returning from Flanders, the bishop was impeached in parliament, on 26 October 1383, in the presence of the king. The chancellor Michael de la Pole accused him of not mustering his troops at Calais, as had been agreed; not recruiting a high enough number of armed men; refusing to certify properly who his military leaders were; deceiving the king by not allowing a secular lord to command the expedition to Flanders; and disbanding his forces prematurely. Despenser denied all the charges, insisting that enough men had assembled at Ypres, that he had chosen his commanders well and that he had not refused to obey the king's orders. After de la Pole declared the bishop's replies to be insufficient, Despenser requested another hearing to defend himself still further, which was granted. In this hearing Despencer proceeded to blame his own commanders for forcing him to retreat from Ypres and then evacuate the garrisons. All his arguments were refuted and he was blamed for the failure of the expedition. His temporalities were confiscated and he was ordered to repay any costs taken from money gained from the French.

paragraph: Despenser's fall from grace did not last long. Following Scottish incursions into England, it was decided that the 18-year-old King Richard should lead an army into Scotland, marking the start of his military career. In 1385 every magnate of consequence, including Despenser, joined the immense host that advanced north with the king,

paragraph: ""finding a country totally waste, where there was nothing to plunder, and little that could even be destroyed, excepting here and there a tower, whose massive walls defied all means of destruction then known, or a cluster of miserable huts... ""' (Sir Walter Scott, "Scotland, vol. 1").

paragraph: The English army reached Edinburgh, which was sacked, but then retreated back to England, despite John of Gaunt's wish to go on to Fife. The Scottish campaign was one of the last times that Despenser marched with an army.

paragraph: Henry le Despenser continued to be controversial after his fighting career was over, mainly because of the vigorous methods he used to maintain control over the laity in his diocese and his own cathedral church. He defended the orthodoxy of the church against Lollardy as passionately as he defended his episcopal rights and privileges.

paragraph: For over a decade Despenser was involved in disputes with the chapter of Norwich Cathedral and with other religious communities in his diocese, mainly concerning the bishop's right to intervene in their internal affairs. In 1384 the monks appealed successfully to Pope Boniface IX against Despenser, but in 1385 matters were still not resolved, for that year the pope ordered William Courtenay the Archbishop of Canterbury to assist in mediating between the parties. On Richard II's instruction, the bishop and the convent instead appeared before Archbishop Courtenay and a royal council, but Courtenay's death in July 1386 prevented a resolution of the dispute from being finalised until 1398, when a royal commission decided in favour of Despenser. Pope Boniface annulled the decisions of the commission in 1401, after the convent appealed to him, but the papal sentences were ignored by Despenser. Eventually the monks came to terms with the bishop and accepted a loss of their autonomy.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Norwich.:Career after 1383.:Fighting Lollardy.

paragraph: Since 1381, there had been a growing fear of Lollardy among the English political elite. The Lollards had first appeared in the 1370s and had briefly found favour with the upper classes, but in 1382 power was given for the authorities to detain heretics and examine them in a Church court. During the second half of his reign Richard II became steadily more determined to maintain religious orthodoxy and acted increasingly harshly to suppress the Lollards. His successor Henry IV went even further, introducing the death penalty for heresy and for possession of a bible.

paragraph: Despenser took active steps to maintain orthodoxy in his own diocese. The chronicler Thomas Walsingham praised Henry's actions against the Lollards and contrasted him with his fellow bishops:

paragraph: "He swore, moreover, and did not repent of what he said, that if anyone belonging to that perverse sect should presume to preach in his diocese, they should be taken to the fire or beheaded. Consequently, having understood this, no one belonging to that tendency had any desire to embrace martyrdom, with the result that, up to now, the faith and true religion have remained unaffected within the bounds of his episcopal authority." (Walsingham, "Historia Anglicana").

paragraph: Henry however appears not to have dealt too savagely in dealing with heretics. On 1 May 1399, William Sawtrey, a Norfolk curate and a Lollard, was examined before him. Sawtrey recanted his heresies in public and apparently received no serious punishment, but after moving to London, Sawtrey's heretical preaching attracted the attention of Archbishop Thomas Arundel and he was summoned to appear before a convocation at St. Paul's. Despenser did not attend but sent a written memorandum on 23 February. Following his trial Sawtrey was condemned as a relapsed heretic and was burned in chains at Smithfield in 1401.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: Upon the death of John of Gaunt on 3 February 1399, his son Henry Bolingbroke became the Duke of Lancaster, but Richard II moved quickly to strip him of his patrimony. Bolingbroke resolved to return to England from Paris to claim the restoration of his family estates and in July 1399 he disembarked at Ravenspur. Henry le Despenser reacted to these events by standing loyally by Richard. On 2 July he commissioned three vicars-general to deputise for him whilst he was absent from the diocese and by 10 July he had reached St. Albans with reinforcements for the Duke of York's army. There he joined up with York and they travelled to join the king as he returned from Ireland, whilst Bolingbroke moved south towards Bristol to intercept Richard's supporters. Despenser was with York at Berkeley Castle when he came to terms with Bolingbroke at the end of July, but the bishop refused to submit and was arrested and briefly imprisoned. On 30 September Bolingbroke was proclaimed king in London, an event that Despenser may have witnessed. The bishop attended the first parliament of the new reign on 6 October 1399, in which it was agreed that King Richard should be imprisoned. After this time Despenser's influence in his diocese seems to have diminished, power having shifted to Sir Thomas Erpingham.

paragraph: Henry was implicated in the abortive ‘Epiphany Rising' of January 1400, during which his nephew Thomas, Earl of Gloucester played a key part and was subsequently executed. Thomas had been created Earl of Gloucester by Richard II, but in 1399 was accused of being involved in the death of the son of the Duke of Gloucester and as a result lost his earldom. He joined in the conspiracy of the earls of Rutland, Kent and Huntingdon and was with their army at Cirencester, when they were attacked by the townsmen, who burnt Thomas le Despenser's lodgings. Thomas fled, boarding a ship, but the captain forced him to Bristol, where on 13 January he was released to the mob and beheaded at the high cross.

paragraph: In the aftermath of the rebellion Henry le Despenser appointed John Derlington, the archdeacon of Norwich, as his vicar-general on 5 February 1400 and then submitted himself to the custody of Archbishop Arundel who accompanied him to Parliament on 20 January 1401. There his enemy Sir Thomas Erpingham falsely accused him of being involved in the plot. He was finally reconciled to Henry IV when the king granted him a pardon in 1401.

paragraph: Despenser died on 23 August 1406 and was buried in Norwich Cathedral before the high altar. A brass inscription dedicated to him was placed there, but has since been destroyed.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British bishop

wikidata_label: Henry le Despenser

wikipedia_title: Henry Despenser

wikipedia_title: Henry le Despenser


text:
American football
running back
Cleveland Browns
2009 NFL Draft
college football
Clemson
Washington Redskins
Houston Texans
Atlanta, Georgia
Douglass High School
Atlanta Constitution
Orlando Sentinel
Rivals.com
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana State
Mississippi State
Tennessee
Virginia Tech
true freshman
Clemson University
Atlantic Coast Conference
Anthony Simmons
College Football News
Sporting News
Lester Brown
Doak Walker Award
Raymond Priester
Terry Allen
arthroscopic surgery
2008 NFL Draft
2009 NFL Draft
fantasy
injured reserve
Cleveland Browns
linebacker
torn labrum
linebacker
Tennessee Titans
Chad Simpson
Houston Texans
Detroit Lions
Mike Davis
Chicago Bears
Cleveland Browns bio
Clemson Tigers bio

categories: Cleveland Browns players,1986 births,Sportspeople from Atlanta,Clemson Tigers football players,Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state),American football running backs,Living people

paragraph: James Davis (running back)

paragraph: James Andrew Davis (born January 1, 1986) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Clemson. He has also been a member of the Washington Redskins and Houston Texans

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Davis was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and attended Douglass High School, where he rushed for 7,339 yards and 80 touchdowns in his career. As a senior, he ran for 2,389 yards and 28 touchdowns on 350 carries, including two games with 300+ yards. Davis has a brother Mike Davis who played for the Gamecocks. He participated in the Georgia North/South game and earned co-MVP honors as he scored the only touchdown to lead the North to victory. Davis received 5A all-state honors by the "Atlanta Constitution" as a senior, after being named honorable mention 5A all-state as a junior. He was also an honorable mention All-Southern team pick by the "Orlando Sentinel".

paragraph: Considered a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Davis was listed as the No. 6 running back prospect in the nation in the class of 2005. He chose Clemson over Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana State, Mississippi State, Tennessee, and Virginia Tech.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Already a starter in his true freshman season at Clemson University, Davis racked up 879 rushing yards on 165 carries and scored nine rushing touchdowns, which set the Tiger single-season freshman touchdown record. He had four 100-yard rushing games, most ever by a Tiger true freshman, and ranked first among freshmen in the Atlantic Coast Conference in rushing. Davis was subsequently named ACC Rookie of the Year, the first Tiger to win the award since Anthony Simmons in 1995. He was also a second-team freshman All-American by "Rivals.com" and third-team by "College Football News", as well as an honorable mention freshman All-American by "Sporting News".

paragraph: In his sophomore year, Davis rushed 1,187 yards (sixth highest total in Clemson history) for an average of 91.3 yards per game (5.85 yards per carry), 28th-best in the nation and third-best in the ACC. His 17 touchdowns tied a Clemson single-season record also held by Lester Brown in 1978, and was fifth-most in ACC history. Davis was one of ten semifinalists for the Doak Walker Award in 2006, and also earned First Team All-ACC honors.

paragraph: Clemson's leading rusher for the third-straight year (the first Tiger to do so since Raymond Priester from 1995–97), Davis ran for 1,064 yards and 10 touchdowns on 214 attempts as a junior. He ranked second in the ACC and 53rd in the nation in rushing average per game (81.8). Davis became the first Tiger running back to be named First-Team All-ACC in consecutive years since Terry Allen (1987, 1988).

paragraph: As a senior, Davis suffered separated shoulder in spring 2008 practices, and had arthroscopic surgery to repair. He failed to reach the 1,000-yard mark for a third consecutive year, as he only rushed for 751 yard and 11 touchdowns. However, he still led Clemson in rushing, becoming the first Tiger in history to do that. Davis finished his college career fourth in Tiger history in career all-purpose yards (4,309).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2009 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Davis applied for the 2008 NFL Draft in January 2008, but withdrew his name a few days before the final deadline. He was automatically eligible in the 2009 NFL Draft, but his draft stock had taken a hit after his up-and-down senior season. Consistently referred to as a "one-cut, one-speed runner", Davis was projected as a late-round pick. He was eventually selected in the sixth round (195th overall) by the Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: On September 12, Davis was involved in a minor one-car accident and suffered a head injury.

paragraph: He was briefly hospitalized and released a few hours later.

paragraph: Davis was projected by many pundits to be a good under-the-radar player and a fantasy sleeper, however after appearing in the season's first three games, Davis was placed on injured reserve on October 3, after allegedly being tackled by a Cleveland Browns linebacker in practice and suffering a torn labrum. It was initially reported Davis did not have shoulder pads on while the linebacker that tackled him did. However, an investigation by the NFL concluded that the injury occurred in a "controlled environment" and no league policies were violated. On October 25, 2010, he was released by the Browns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On October 27, 2010 Davis was signed to the Washington Redskins practice squad. During the Redskins' Week 11 victory over the Tennessee Titans, back up running back, Chad Simpson, suffered a broken foot during pregame warmups, Davis was then signed to the Redskins' roster the following day, November 22, 2010.

paragraph: He left the squad on August 15, 2011, after reportedly being unhappy with his playing time. The following day, he was placed on reserve/left squad. He requested and was granted his release on August 21.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On September 28, 2011, Davis was signed to the Houston Texans practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On October 19, 2011, Davis was signed to the Detroit Lions practice squad. On October 21, he was placed on the practice squad/injured list.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: His brother, Mike Davis, is a running back for the Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Browns bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clemson Tigers bio

description: American football player, born 1986

wikidata_label: James Davis

wikipedia_title: James Davis (running back)


text: Copán Tzi-Bʼalam

categories: 5th-century monarchs in North America,628 deaths,Rulers of Copán

paragraph: Kʼakʼ Chan Yopaat

paragraph: Kʼakʼ Chan Yopaat was the eleventh dynastic ruler at Copán. He was crowned as king in AD 578, 24 days after the death of Tzi-Bʼalam. At the time of his rule Copán was undergoing an unprecedented rise in population, with residential land use spreading to all available land in the entire Copán Valley. The two surviving stelae of Kʼakʼ Chan Yopaat contain long hard-to-decipher hieroglyphic texts and are the oldest monuments at the site to survive without being either broken or buried. He had a long reign, ruling at Copán for 49 years, and he died on 5 February 628. His name is recorded on four stelae erected by his successors, one of which describes a rite performed with relics from his tomb in AD 730, almost a hundred years after his death.

wikidata_label: K'ak' Chan Yopaat

wikipedia_title: Kʼakʼ Chan Yopaat


text:
Democratic
politician
Vivian
Caddo Parish
Louisiana
Shreveport
Georgia
Presbyterian Church
World War I
Davidson College
Davidson
Mecklenburg County
North Carolina
Tulane University School of Law
New Orleans
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
Thornton Wilder
Our Town
Western Auto
Louisiana House of Representatives
Governor
Jimmie Davis
Dodd College
cotton
Arkansas
Lamar County
Texas
Red River Parish
Bossier City
Louisiana Highway Department
whalers
New England
Rebecca Boone
frontier
Daniel Boone
Earl Kemp Long
anti-Long
faction
Robert F. Kennon
Minden
general election
Republican
Charlton Lyons
GOP
gubernatorial
nominee
Morley A. Hudson
Taylor W. O'Hearn
Reconstruction
Wellborn Jack
Conservative Democrat
segregated
public schools
African American
Don W. Williamson
The Shreveport Times
North Caddo High School
Louisiana Tech University
Ruston
historically black
Howard University
Washington, D.C.
Boston University
Boston
Massachusetts
United States Army

categories: 1992 deaths,Louisiana lawyers,American Presbyterians,People from Vivian, Louisiana,Louisiana Democrats,1905 births,20th-century American lawyers,Members of the Louisiana House of Representatives,Tulane University Law School alumni,Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana,Davidson College alumni

paragraph: Jasper K. Smith

paragraph: Jasper Keith Smith, Jr., sometimes called Jap Smith (June 20, 1905 – May 18, 1992), was a lawyer and Democratic politician from Vivian in northern Caddo Parish in the far northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Smith was born in Shreveport, the sixth of eight children of Jasper Smith, Sr. (1869–1934), and the former Julia Hollingsworth Stewart (1872 – c. 1974), both natives of Georgia. The senior Smith was for thirty years until his death in 1934 the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Shreveport. He dedicated the new church building on Jordan Street on March 7, 1926. Smith's oldest brother, Jasper Stewart Smith (1893–1981), a veteran of World War I, was an architect who designed many homes of the gentry in Shreveport.

paragraph: Like his father, Jasper, Jr., graduated from the church-affiliated Davidson College in Davidson in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Smith subsequently studied at Tulane University School of Law in New Orleans but dropped out before graduating after he took the state bar examination on a trial basis and passed with a high score. At the time, a law degree was not required in order to take the examination. He established his law practice in Vivian, where he would be the only attorney in the community, with the expectation of clients from the oil and natural gas industry. Smith had difficulty establishing a law practice in Vivian; in his first month there, he earned only $2.50 for drawing up a deed.

paragraph: Smith's one-room law office in Vivian had two windows overlooking the street. He had an old wooden desk with a swivel chair, a manual typewriter, two chairs for clients, and two wooden filing cabinets. On the wall hung his certificate of membership in the Louisiana Bar Association and a picture of former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, a fellow Presbyterian. The facility was not physically conducive to lawyer-client privilege, as conversations could be overheard outside the office in the hallway. Vivian called itself "The Heart of the ArkLaTex", referring to the three-state region. Smith's son, Jasper "Jake" Smith, III, compared Vivian to the fictitious Grover's Corner in Thornton Wilder's 1938 play, "Our Town". The downtown was six square blocks with three traffic lights. Dixie Drugs on one corner was situated across Main Street from Dixie Mercantile and Trees Mercantile. Among the numerous businesses were a theater, the "Caddo Citizen" newspaper, and a Western Auto outlet.

paragraph: Smith, III, wrote that his

paragraph: Section::::Political life.

paragraph: In 1944, Smith was first elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives, with the incoming administration of Governor Jimmie Davis, a former resident of Shreveport and a former teacher at Dodd College, attended by Smith's wife, the former Lavonya Pullen (1911–1970). Her father, John Pullen, was a prosperous cotton farmer in Arkansas, then the community of Direct in Lamar County, Texas, and, finally, Red River Parish, Louisiana. In his later years, he left the vagaries of farming to become a foreman, based in Bossier City, for the Louisiana Highway Department. Lavonya's mother, the former Helen Starbuck, was descended from a family who had been whalers in New England. She claimed descent from Rebecca Boone, wife of the frontiersman Daniel Boone.

paragraph: During a four-year legislative hiatus corresponding with the administration of Earl Kemp Long, Smith could focus full-time on his legal duties. A part of the anti-Long faction, Smith returned to the state House in 1952 during the administration of Governor Robert F. Kennon of Minden. There Smith remained during subsequent terms of Governors Long and Davis. In the 1959-1960 election cycle, Smith won a highly contested Democratic primary by a margin of forty-four votes against David Kent, an advertising executive.

paragraph: On March 3, 1964, however, Smith was unseated in the general election. In a temporary Republican sweep in Caddo Parish, with Charlton Lyons as the GOP gubernatorial nominee, two Republicans, Morley A. Hudson and Taylor W. O'Hearn, both of Shreveport, became the first members of their party to win seats in the Louisiana House since Reconstruction. Their victories ended the careers of Smith and his Democratic colleague, Wellborn Jack, an attorney from Shreveport and at the time a Conservative Democrat.

paragraph: As a representative, Smith, as chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, pushed through a rule requiring a two-thirds vote of the membership before tax increases could take effect, a measure strongly opposed by Earl Long, who returned for a final term as governor in 1956. Smith supported segregated public schools. Smith's son Jake said that his father believed he could not be reelected in 1959, when few African Americans were voting in Louisiana, had he wavered on the issue of segregation, a matter which otherwise made him uncomfortable and which ended in total defeat for the segregationist forces.

paragraph: Smith also served as city attorney of Vivian. In his law office, for a time he tutored several persons in the study of the law, including Earl Guyton Williamson (1903–1992), the Vivian mayor from 1938 to 1946 and again from 1962 to 1966 and a long-term member of the Caddo Parish Police Jury. Though Williamson, the father of another state legislator, Don W. Williamson, never became a lawyer himself, his legal studies proved invaluable in his long political career.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Upon Smith's death at the age of eighty-six, "The Shreveport Times" said: "Every Louisiana taxpayer should bow in reverence to their departed champion: former Representative Jasper K. Smith of Shreveport. The dapper lawyer-lawmaker ... gave state taxpayers their No. 1 means of protection: the so-called super-majority on all tax increases."

paragraph: In addition to Jasper "Jake" Smith, III (born 1935), the Smiths had two younger children, John "Johnny" Smith, and Suzi Smith. Jake Smith is a graduate of the former Vivian High School (now North Caddo High School), Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, the historically black Howard University in Washington, D.C., and Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. He is a United States Army veteran, an oilfield worker in his youth, and a former federal employee, farmer, and university professor and administrator.

paragraph: Jasper and Lavonya Smith are interred at Vivian Cemetery. He outlived his wife by twenty-two years.

description: American lawyer and politician

wikidata_label: Jasper K. Smith

wikipedia_title: Jasper K. Smith


text:
Copán
Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil
Copán
Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil

categories: 763 deaths,8th-century monarchs in North America,Rulers of Copán

paragraph: Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil

paragraph: Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil (died 763) was a ruler of the Mayan city of Copán. He was the son of Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil. The early period of his rulership fell within Copán's hiatus but later on he began a programme of renewal in an effort to recover from the earlier disaster of the city. He built a new version of Temple 26, with the Hieroglyphic Stairway being reinstalled on the new stairway and doubled in length. Five life-size statues of seated rulers were installed seated upon the stairway. Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil died in the early 760s and is likely to have been interred in Temple 11, although the tomb has not yet been excavated.

paragraph: The Hieroglyphic Stairway climbs the west side of Structure 10L-26. It is 10 meters (33 ft) wide and has a total of 62 steps. Stela M and its associated altar are at its base and a large sculpted figure is located in the centre of every 12th step. These figures are believed to represent the most important rulers in the dynastic history of the site. The stairway takes its name from the 2200 glyphs that together form the longest known Maya hieroglyphic text. The text is still being reconstructed, having been scrambled by the collapse of the glyphic blocks when the façade of the temple collapsed. The staircase measures 21 meters (69 ft) long and was first built by Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil in AD 710, being reinstalled and expanded in the following phase of the temple by Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil in AD 755.

wikidata_label: Ajaw K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil

wikipedia_title: Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil


text: Second Lieutenant

text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Philippine-American War

text: lieutenant colonel

text: San Francisco National Cemetery

categories: 1946 deaths,American military personnel of the Philippine–American War,1872 births,United States Army officers,Philippine–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery,People from Fort Riley, Kansas

paragraph: George W. Wallace

paragraph: George Weed Wallace (May 25, 1872 – May 22, 1946) was a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the Philippine-American War. Wallace later rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and retired in 1919. He is buried at San Francisco National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, 9th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At Tinuba, Luzon, Philippine Islands, March 4, 1900. Entered service at: Denver, Colo. Birth: Fort Riley, Kans. Date of issue: June 25, 1900.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: With another officer and a native Filipino, was shot at from an ambush, the other officer falling severely wounded. 2d Lt. Wallace fired in the direction of the enemy, put them to rout, removed the wounded officer from the path, returned to the town, a mile distant, and summoned assistance from his command.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

description: Philippine-American War Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: George W. Wallace

wikipedia_title: George W. Wallace


text:
Brewood
Staffordshire
England
Samuel Johnson
Brewood Grammar School
Marston on Dove
BA
rector
Cubley
vicar
Longford
Derbyshire
Tillesham
Wellingham
Norfolk
Derby School
Market Bosworth
Anthony Blackwall
Christ's College, Cambridge
MA
Rugeley Grammar School
Staffordshire
Hope
Derbyshire
Brewood Grammar School
Brewood
presentation
Dean of Lichfield
Shareshill
Sir Edward Littleton, 3rd Baronet
Pillaton Hall
Edward Littleton
Samuel Johnson
Market Bosworth
Richard Hurd
Bishop of Worcester
Quinctilian

categories: 18th-century English Anglican priests,People from South Staffordshire District,People from South Derbyshire District,People educated at Derby School,Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge,1745 deaths,1699 births

paragraph: William Budworth

paragraph: William Budworth (1699 – September 1745) was a schoolmaster at Brewood in Staffordshire, England. He taught several notable pupils, but he is most remembered for not employing Samuel Johnson as an assistant at Brewood Grammar School.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Budworth was born in about 1699 in Marston on Dove, the son of the Reverend Luke Budworth BA, rector of Cubley and vicar of Longford, Derbyshire, and afterwards rector of the parishes of Tillesham and Wellingham in Norfolk following the recommendation of Thomas Coke. He was educated at Derby School and the grammar school at Market Bosworth under Anthony Blackwall, and then at Christ's College, Cambridge (BA 1720, MA 1726). Soon after graduating he was appointed master of Rugeley Grammar School in Staffordshire and he became the vicar of Hope in Derbyshire in 1731. In 1733, on the death of Dr. Hillman he became headmaster at Brewood Grammar School.

paragraph: He obtained the vicarage of Brewood on the presentation of the Dean of Lichfield, and he was presented to the donative chapel of Shareshill, near Brewood, by Sir Edward Littleton, 3rd Baronet, of Pillaton Hall, who entrusted to him the education of his cousin and heir Edward Littleton, his uncle Fisher's son. In 1736 he would have engaged the celebrated Samuel Johnson as an assistant in the school, but he was apprehensive about the "strange motion of the head" which Johnson suffered from. Budworth thought this might make him an object of ridicule in the school. Johnson is thought to have been known to Budworth as Johnson had served as an usher to the headmaster at Market Bosworth whilst Budworth was still there.

paragraph: One of Budworth's pupils was Richard Hurd, afterwards Bishop of Worcester, who says ""be I possessed every talent of a perfect institutor of youth in a degree which I believe has been rarely found in any of that profession since the days of Quinctilian."" Both Richard Hurd and Sir Edward Littleton were on their way to visit him in 1745 when they heard he had died in a "fit of apoplexy". Littleton paid for a memorial at his church in Shareshill.

description: English priest

wikidata_label: William Budworth

wikipedia_title: William Budworth


text: American

text: college baseball

text: Michigan State

text: Eastern Michigan

text: Division III

text: Alma College

text: Michigan

text: 2008 season

text: Mid-American Conference

text: MAC Tournament

text: NCAA Tournament

categories: High school baseball coaches in the United States,Eastern Michigan Eagles baseball coaches,Alma Scots baseball players,Eastern Michigan University alumni,Iowa Central Tritons baseball coaches,Michigan State Spartans baseball coaches,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Jake Boss

paragraph: Jacob Boss Jr. is an American college baseball coach, currently the head coach of Michigan State. He is the former head baseball coach of Eastern Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Boss played college baseball at Division III Alma College from 1990–1993. In the mid-1990s, Boss served as a high school and community college baseball coach before accepting an assistant coaching position at Eastern Michigan prior to the 1997 season. He left Eastern Michigan after the 2004 season to serve as an assistant at Michigan from 2005–2007.

paragraph: Section::::Head coaching career.

paragraph: Boss was named the head coach at Eastern Michigan for the 2008 season and spent one year there. Under Boss, the team lost its first 17 games but went 25–17 for the remainder of the season. The Eagles won the Mid-American Conference (MAC) Western Division Title and the MAC Tournament, thus qualifying for the NCAA Tournament.

paragraph: On July 1, 2008, Boss was named head baseball coach at Michigan State. Boss made his first NCAA Tournament appearance with Michigan State in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Head coaching career.:Record.

paragraph: Below is a table of Boss's yearly records as an NCAA head baseball coach.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches

description: baseball coach

wikidata_label: Jake Boss

wikipedia_title: Jake Boss


text: Ginneken

text: Netherlands

text: Antwerp, Belgium

text: landscape

text: painter

categories: 1946 deaths,1870 births,Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni,Dutch painters,Dutch male painters,People from Breda

paragraph: Jaak van Wijck

paragraph: Jacobus Johannes Wilhelmus (Jaak) van Wijck (September 11, 1870 in Ginneken, Netherlands – June 3, 1946 in Antwerp, Belgium) was a Dutch landscape painter of locations on the Kalmthoutse Heide (De Kempen) close to Antwerp, and also at Ginneken, a village close to Breda, where he painted the river De Mark along with other landmarks.

paragraph: As a student of the "Stedelijk Tekeninstituut", located in the city Breda, he received several awards. More later, on the "Koninklijke Academie voor Schoone Kunsten" in Antwerp and the "Hooger Gesticht" there, he was notable again by winning prizes, e.g. in 1895, when he was awarded with two particular medals "on behalf of Léopold II Roi des Belges".

paragraph: In 1903, shortly after his studies in Breda, he showed his work at the famous "Salon Triennal des Beaux-Arts" in Brussels. He also displayed his art in several salons in Antwerp.

paragraph: In addition to his work as an independent artist, Van Wijck manufactured glass in lead with his partner Jozef Gussenhoven, in the Vinkenstraat in Antwerp often in Jugendstil/Art Deco.

paragraph: Section::::Art Direction.

paragraph: Van Wijck is known for his work as a landscape painter, outside painter (pleinairisme), Flemish and Jugendstil. He was a member of the large Antwerp artist association "De Scalden", later on also of "WIJ" and "Eigen Vorming". He became a very active board member of the - now "Royal" - "Vereeniging voor Natuur- en Stedenschoon" in which his wife Reine van Wijck-Schoeters also played a prominent role as chairperson of the ladies' committee.He made portraits and drawings during his time at the Academy in Antwerp. He also experimented with waterpainting and postermaking.

paragraph: Section::::Painted locations.

paragraph: In Flanders: "De Kalmthoutse Heide" (among other things the Putse Moer, Peerdsbosch, Brasschaat), a pond of earl Vilain XIV (at Kruibeke), Turnhout, De Laarsche beek, De Liereman, Schelle, Schilde, Meerseldreef, Massenhoven (Viersel) Lammerenberg and the river De Schelde, and in Antwerp and its immediate surroundings.

paragraph: In The Netherlands (Noord-Brabant): Ginneken (Breda), the river De Mark, Bouvigne castle, Ulvenhout and Woensel (Eindhoven). Most of these locations are situated near Ginneken (Breda), the place where he was born, and in De Kempen (Flanders and Noord-Brabant) close to Antwerp, where he spent the largest part of his life. He painted there during several seasons and focused on the nature setting including woods, heathland landscapes, farms, moors, orchards, mills, riversights, birds, flowers and interieurs.

paragraph: Section::::Museums.

paragraph: Some important works of Jaak van Wijck are exhibited in museums in Belgium and The Netherlands including the "het Archief en Museum voor Vlaamse Cultuur (AMCV)" in Antwerp (Belgium), the "Breda's Museum" in Breda (the Netherlands) and in Museum Kempenland, Eindhoven (The Netherlands).

paragraph: Most of his work is privately owned by individuals living in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and the United States. Some of his works were sold in auction by Christie's and Campo&Campo in Antwerp.

paragraph: His family has established, with collaboration of some experts, a catalogue of approx. 235 paintings of Jaak van Wijck as well as a description of his life, history and personality. Based on this catalogue, an Internet site has been composed containing a limited selection of his works of art. The family is actively in search of more works from Jaak van Wijck.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "the Belgian artists from the 19th and 20th centuries", Piron, Paul; Bruxelles 1999.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Internet site Van Wijck family with catalogue works

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Jaak van Wijck

wikipedia_title: Jaak van Wijck