text:
novelist
playwright
naturalist writer
feuilleton
actress
"The Morality of Mrs. Dulska"
tragic-farce
bourgeois
modernist
Warsaw
Kraków
Poznań
Lwów
Saint Petersburg
Paris
Podhajce
Galicia
Partition of Poland
Austria-Hungary
Volhynia
szlachta
Sacré Coeur
Lwów
Warsaw
Kraków
Poznań
Congress Poland
Paris
Théâtre Libre
Théâtre de l'Œuvre
Maurice Maeterlinck
Juliusz Słowacki Theatre
Tadeusz Pawlikowski
suffragist
Galicia
feuilleton
Lwów
Ukraine
Lychakivskiy Cemetery
naturalism
Émile Zola
journalistic
Young Poland
Caryatid
Fin-de-siècle
modernist
"Moralność pani Dulskiej"
"The Morality of Mrs. Dulska", (1906)
Marian Fuks
The Unspeakable
"Moralność pani Dulskiej"
Czechoslovakia
Feminism in Poland
List of feminist literature
List of Poles
Polish literature
Gabriela Zapolska

categories: Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery,1857 births,20th-century Polish novelists,Polish stage actresses,Pseudonymous women writers,19th-century Polish women writers,20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights,Women critics,Polish women dramatists and playwrights,People from Lviv,20th-century Polish women writers,Polish publicists,19th-century Polish novelists,1921 deaths,Polish women novelists,Polish theatre critics,Polish translators,Pseudonymous writers

paragraph: Gabriela Zapolska

paragraph: Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Piotrowska (1857–1921), known as Gabriela Zapolska, was a Polish novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, feuilletonist, theatre critic and stage actress. Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252 works of journalism, one film script, and over 1,500 letters.

paragraph: Zapolska received most recognition for her socio-satirical comedies. Among them, "The Morality of Mrs. Dulska" – a tragic-farce about petty-bourgeois – is considered the most famous internationally. It is regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama. Her stage plays were translated into foreign languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres, as well as adapted for radio and film. Zapolska herself acted on stage in over 200 plays in Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Lwów, Saint Petersburg and Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Zapolska was born on 30 March 1857 in Podhajce in Galicia, to a wealthy family of Polish landed gentry. At that time, as a result of the Third Partition of Poland, this territory was annexed by Austria-Hungary. Her father, Wincenty Kazimierz Jan Korwin-Piotrowski, was a marshal of Volhynian szlachta. Her mother - Józefa Karska, a former ballet dancer. Zapolska studied at the Sacré Coeur Institute and in the Institute of Education and Science in Lwów. In 1876 she was forced by her family to marry a Polish lieutenant in the Tsarist guard, Konstanty Śnieżko-Błocki, but soon left him and divorced in 1888. During the years of 1879–1880 she lived in Warsaw, where she acted in an amateur theatre ran by the Philanthropy Society. In 1881 Zapolska became pregnant by an out-of-wedlock relationship and left her family. The same year she made her own short story debut by "Jeden dzień z życia róży" ("One Day in the Life of a Rose"). The following year, in 1882, she became a professional actress in the Kraków theatre, and assumed the pseudonym of Gabriela Zapolska. She also acted in Poznań, and in travelling troupes throughout the Congress Poland. In October 1888 she reportedly made a suicide attempt.

paragraph: In 1889 Zapolska moved to Paris in hope to make an artistic career. There, she played minor roles in boulevard theatres, Théâtre Libre and Théâtre de l'Œuvre. She played in a stage adaptation of "Intérieur" ("Interior") by Maurice Maeterlinck in Théâtre de l'Oeuvre. In Paris, Zapolska established contacts within the artistic milieu as well as with Polish socialist emigrants, which influenced her social views.

paragraph: After coming back to her country, she settled in Kraków and acted in garden theatres, travelling troupes, and then in Kraków Juliusz Słowacki Theatre directed by Tadeusz Pawlikowski. Her defiant, suffragist nature led to conflicts with theatre principals. Following Pawlikowski's departure, in 1900 she abandoned her contract. After that, Zapolska set up her own stage which was active time-by-time. In 1902 Zapolska ran a drama school in Kraków and the Gabriela Zapolska Independent Theatre was founded later. Her experiences in Paris let her to produce two Maeterlinck stage adaptations – "Princess Maleine", and "L'Intruse" ("The Intruder"), both produced in 1902.

paragraph: In 1904 she moved to Lwów and married a painter, Stanisław Janowski. She became a patron of the travelling theatre named after her (Gabriela Zapolska Theatre) which during the years of 1907–1908 toured Galicia. She divorced her second husband in 1910. In the years of 1912–1913 Zapolska was a literary director of Teatr Premier. As a feuilletonist and theatre critic she collaborated with "Gazeta Krakowska", "Słowo Polskie", "Nowa Reforma", "Ilustracja Polska" and "Wiek Nowy". In 1915, after Lwów was captured by the Russian Army, she ran a small confectionery. Zapolska died on 17 December 1921 in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) and buried at the Lychakivskiy Cemetery there.

paragraph: Section::::Style and themes.

paragraph: Gabriela Zapolska's works were dominated by naturalism – a literary movement seeking to replicate everyday reality. She was mainly influenced by Émile Zola, a French naturalist writer. Her output has a journalistic and didactic tone. She portrayed the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable people including proletarians, Jews, servants, prostitutes, etc.

paragraph: Characters in Zapolska's works are mostly of ordinary type. She tends to skip psychological analysis as it was specific for the Young Poland writers. She also brought up controversial subjects, such as prostitution and venereal disease ("O czym się mówi", "O czym się nawet myśleć nie chce").

paragraph: Zapolska created acrimonious and embittered literary characters, such as those in her best-known works, "Moralność pani Dulskiej",

paragraph: "Żabusia", "Ich czworo. Tragedia ludzi głupich", "Sezonowa miłość", and "Panna Maliczewska".

paragraph: Section::::Style and themes.:Prose.

paragraph: Gabriela Zapolska made her own short story debut in 1881 by "Jeden dzień z życia róży". Many of her early works was published in parts in Lwów and then, in Warsaw press, mainly in "Przegląd Tygodniowy". She collected her early short stories in the volume of "Z dziejów boleści" (1890). Her novels and short stories were translated into many languages, including English, Russian, German, Swedish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Ukrainian. Zapolska was criticized by conservatives for the more naturalist aspects of her works, such as perceived immorality, squalor, taboo subjects, etc. Notable Zapolska prose works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeden dzień z życia róży" ("One Day in the Life of a Rose", 1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Małaszka" (1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaśka Kariatyda" ("Cathy the Caryatid", 1885–1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Przedpiekle" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Menażeria ludzka" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Janka" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fin-de-sièclistka" ("Fin-de-siècle-ist", 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zaszumi las" (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sezonowa miłość" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Córka Tuśki" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pani Dulska przed sądem" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O czym się nie mówi" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Śmierć Felicjana Dulskiego" ("Death of Felicjan Dulski", 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kobieta bez skazy" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O czym się nawet myśleć nie chce" (1914)

paragraph: Section::::Style and themes.:Dramas.

paragraph: Zapolska is best known for her dramas, socio-satirical comedies and tragicomedy works. Her "Moralność pani Dulskiej", a 'petty-bourgeois tragic-farce', is considered by her most-known work and regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama. The story of "Moralność pani Dulskiej" was continued in two short stories—"Pani Dulska przed sądem" and "Śmierć Felicjana Dulskiego". Her dramas were translated into other languages, played at the Polish and European stages, and adapted into radio and film. Notable Zapolska dramas include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Żabusia" ("Froggie", 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Małka Szwarcenkopf" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jojne Firułkes" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Morality of Mrs. Dulska", (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ich czworo. Tragedia ludzi głupich" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skiz" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panna Maliczewska" ("Miss Maliczewska", 1910)

paragraph: Section::::Film adaptations.

paragraph: Movies based on Zapolska novels or dramas include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carewicz" (1918) – directed by Marian Fuks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tamten" (1921) – by Władysław Lenczewski

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unspeakable" (1924) – by Edward Puchalski

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Policmajster Tagiejew" (1929) – by Juliusz Gardan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moralność pani Dulskiej" (1930) – by Boleslaw Newolin; the first Polish movie with sound recorded on a gramophone record

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O czym się nie mówi" (1939) – by Mieczysław Krawicz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morálka paní Dulské" (adaption of "Moralność pani Dulskiej", 1958) – by Jiří Krejčík; a Czechoslovakian movie

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feminism in Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of feminist literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish literature

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriela Zapolska at e-teatr.pl

alias:
Walery Tomicki
Józef Maskoff
Jozef Maskoff
Maryja
Marya
Omega
Szczerba

description: Polish novelist, prose writer, publicist, feuilletonist, theatre critic, stage actress

wikidata_label: Gabriela Zapolska

wikipedia_title: Gabriela Zapolska


text: Roman

text: Julius Caesar

text: toga

text: novi homines

text: Cornelia

text: Pisa, Italy

text: Napoleon III

text: James Anthony Froude

text: Ernest Gottlieb Sihler

text: John Carew Rolfe

text: Pompeia

text: Calpurnia

text: Plutarch

categories: 1st-century BC Romans,84 BC deaths,Ancient Roman women,1st-century BC Roman women

paragraph: Cossutia

paragraph: Cossutia was a woman from a modest Roman family who became engaged to Julius Caesar prior to his assuming the toga of manhood.

paragraph: Cossutia appealed to Caesar, although the Cossuti were not even novi homines. She was recommended to Caesar by his father and it is believed that the future dictator of Rome married Cossutia after he began wearing the "toga virilis".

paragraph: No children sprang from this relation. In 84 B.C., after his father's death, Caesar left Cossutia and made a marriage to Cornelia that was more pragmatic than the earlier relation.

paragraph: Cossutia perhaps died in Pisa, Italy in 84 B.C.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarly disagreement.

paragraph: Modern sources differ, some maintaining that Caesar was never married to this woman. Among these include Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius, Napoleon III, Merrivale, James Anthony Froude, Dodge, Warde Fowler, Ernest Gottlieb Sihler, , and John Carew Rolfe. The French author lists Cossutia first, then Cornelia, Pompeia, and Calpurnia, as wives of Caesar. Plutarch largely ignores Cossutia, but names her as one of Caesar's wives.

wikidata_label: Cossutia

wikipedia_title: Cossutia


text: United States

text: Idaho Territory

text: New York City

text: Louisiana

text: Confederate States Army

text: American Civil War

text: captain

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: Idaho Territory

text: leave of absence

text: postmaster

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: Pensacola, Florida

text: Baton Rouge, Louisiana

text: Baton Rouge, Louisiana

text: yellow fever

text: Idaho Historical Society

categories: Confederate States Army officers,Governors of Idaho Territory,1825 births,People of Louisiana in the American Civil War,Northern-born Confederates,Politicians from New York City,Deaths from yellow fever,Louisiana State Superintendents of Education,19th-century American politicians,Georgia (U.S. state) politicians,American postmasters,Educators from New York City,1878 deaths,Editors of Louisiana newspapers,Louisiana politicians

paragraph: Samuel Bard (politician)

paragraph: Samuel Bard (May 18, 1825 – September 18, 1878) was a United States politician, newspaper editor and served briefly as Governor of Idaho Territory.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in New York City, Bard moved to the South in 1845.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bard served as the elected superintendent of public instruction in Louisiana 1855–1857 and was also a newspaper editor and part-owner of the "Memphis Avalanche".

paragraph: Bard served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War in the rank of captain.

paragraph: In 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Bard Governor of Idaho Territory, and he signed the oath of office, secured a leave of absence to remain in Georgia, and then resigned the office in order to accept appointment as postmaster in Atlanta, Georgia. He later moved to Pensacola, Florida, and then Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where he published and edited newspapers.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bard died in Baton Rouge, Louisiana as a result of yellow fever.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Papers of Andrew Johnson Volume 9, September 1865 - January 1866

paragraph: BULLET::::- Idaho Historical Society

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Samuel Bard

wikipedia_title: Samuel Bard (politician)


text:
Puerto Rican
Puerto Rico
United States
Ponce, Puerto Rico
Spanish
Queen Isabel II
General Sanz
Columbia University
New York City French Hospital
Bellevue Hospital
Canas Urbano
Agueybana
Gabinete de Lectura de Ponce
Smithsonian Institution
List of famous Puerto Ricans

categories: Burials at Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro,Politicians from Ponce,1848 births,Physicians from Ponce,1924 deaths

paragraph: Julio J. Henna

paragraph: Julio J. Henna was a Puerto Rican physician and political figure. Henna participated in the founding of the Puerto Rico Section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York. He later supported the annexation of Puerto Rico to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Jose Julio Henna Perez was born at 24 Isabel street in Ponce, Puerto Rico, on 24 May 1848. His parents were Jose Henna Darricot - an Englishman - and Maria del Rosario Perez y Garcia, a Puerto Rican member of the privileged upper class.

paragraph: Section::::Political incursion.

paragraph: When he was twenty years old, Henna designed a plan to liberate Puerto Rico from Spanish colonialism. The plan failed when the authorities discovered it and he was jailed as a result. However, he was set free through the general amnesty which followed the Spanish revolution, which also ended the reign of Queen Isabel II. In spite of this, in 1869 General Sanz stated to Henna that it would be best if he left the Island. Henna moved to New York and studied medicine at Columbia University, earning his medical degree on 23 February 1872. From New York, Henna continued to support the cause of independence for Puerto Rico.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1880, Henna founded, together with Drs. Chauveau, Deberceau, Muvial, and Ferrer, the New York City French Hospital at 330 West 30th street. He became medical director of the institution and was a member of the medical faculty at Bellevue Hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Henna died in Ponce on 2 February 1924.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A street in the town of Ponce is named after Dr. Julio H. Henna. It intersects Calle Dr. Biaggi, in the Extension Mariani sector of Barrio Canas Urbano. A gold pendant believed to have belonged to Ponce area cacique Agueybana, and acquired by Dr. Henna, was displayed at the "Gabinete de Lectura de Ponce" around 1910, and is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of famous Puerto Ricans

description: Puerto Rican politician

wikidata_label: Julio J. Henna

wikipedia_title: Julio J. Henna


text:
topographical
Rome
Bordeaux
Paris
Ancient Rome
Rudolf Wittkower
Morgan Library & Museum
Cortile del Belvedere
Villa d'Este
Antonio Lafreri
Château de Fontainebleau
Anet
Henri IV
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Tuileries
Musée du Louvre
Palazzo Braschi
The Dictionary of Art

categories: 1604 deaths,People from Bordeaux,1520s births

paragraph: Étienne Dupérac

paragraph: Étienne Dupérac (or du Pérac) (–March 1604) was a French architect, painter, engraver, and garden designer. He is most well known for his topographical studies of Rome and its ruins in the late 16th century.

paragraph: Section::::Rome.

paragraph: Dupérac was born in Bordeaux or Paris and arrived in Rome in 1550, where he became a skilled designer and engraver. He published a bird's-eye view of Ancient Rome with buildings reconstructed ("Urbis Romae Sciographia", 1574) and one of modern Rome ("Descriptio", 1577) and a book of forty engravings of Roman monuments and antiquities, "I vestigi dell'antichità di Roma" (Rome, 1575).

paragraph: An unpublished book of drawings on parchment of ruins of Rome confronted with reconstructions of their original appearance, from the same angle, "Disegni de le Ruine di Roma e Come Anticamente Erono", attributed to him and dated was published in facsimile (Milan 1964) with an introduction by Rudolf Wittkower, who dated them on the basis of the actual state of the buildings shown; the text that must have accompanied the drawings has not survived, and Dupérac's authorship has been called into question. The book is part of the collection of the Morgan Library & Museum in New York (acc. no. MS M.1106).

paragraph: Dupérac's engravings of modern Rome, such as the "carrousel" in the Cortile del Belvedere or his bird's-eye view of the Villa d'Este, served to transmit architectural and gardening ideas to France and the north of Europe. Dupérac worked for a time for Antonio Lafreri.

paragraph: Section::::France.

paragraph: On his return to France by 1578, Dupérac was commissioned to paint the "Cabinet des Bains" at the Château de Fontainebleau, and may have designed some of the gardens. He has also been credited with the design of the gardens at Anet, as architect to the duke of Aumale. As architect to Henri IV beginning in 1595, he may have designed the terraced gardens at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was engaged in work at the Tuileries in Paris ().

paragraph: Dupérac died in Paris.

paragraph: An album signed by Dupérac and dated 1575, "Illustration des fragments antiques", is conserved in the Musée du Louvre.

paragraph: An etching from "Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae" is exhibited in the Palazzo Braschi in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnold, Dana (1998). "Dupérac, Etienne" in Turner 1998, vol. 9, p. 398.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karling, Sten (1974). "The importance of André Mollet and his family for the development of the French formal garden", pp. 2–25, in "The French Formal Garden", edited by Elizabeth B. Macdougall and F. Hamilton Hazlehurst. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Naomi (1982). "Dupérac, Etienne", vol. 1, p. 613, in "Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects", edited by Adolf K. Placzek. New York: The Free Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turner, Jane, editor (1998). "The Dictionary of Art", reprinted with minor corrections, 34 volumes. New York: Grove. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zerner, Henri (1965). "Observations on Dupérac and the "Disegni de le ruine di Roma e come anticamente erono"", "The Art Bulletin", vol. 47, no. 4 (December 1965), pp. 507–512.

alias:
Etienne Duperac
Étienne du Pérac
Etienne du Perac
Étienne du Perac
Stefanus du Perac Parisiensis
Etienne Du Pérac
Stefano du Pérac
Stefano dv Perac Parisino
Stefano Duperac
Stefano Dupérac
Parisiensis
Stefano Du Pérac
Etienne Dupérac
Stefano Dupeyrac
Etienne Du Peyrac
Stephanus Du Perac
Stephano DuPerac Parisiensi
Etienne Du Perac
Étienne Du Pérac
Étienne Dupeyrac
Etienne du Pérac
Stefano, Parisino dv Perac
Stefanus, Parisiensis du Perac
Stefano Du Perac
Etienne Dupeyrac
etienne duperac

description: French architect, painter, engraver, garden designer

wikidata_label: Étienne Dupérac

wikipedia_title: Étienne Dupérac


text:
Lord Chancellor of England
John de Bourchier
Common Pleas
Stansted Mountfitchet
Halstead
Essex
Battle of Cadsand
Edward III
licence to crenellate
Halstead
Edward III
great seal
John de Stratford
Robert de Stratford
Bishop of Chichester
Battle of Crécy
Black Death
Joan of England
John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier
feudal baron
Little Easton
William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu
Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex
Elizabeth Bourchier

categories: Year of birth missing,Lord Chancellors of England,Barons Bourchier,14th-century deaths from plague (disease),1349 deaths

paragraph: Robert Bourchier, 1st Baron Bourchier

paragraph: Robert Bourchier (or Boussier), 1st Baron Bourchier (d. August 20, 1349) was Lord Chancellor of England, the first layman to hold the post.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Robert Bourchier was the eldest son of John de Bourchier (d."circa" 1330) ("alias" Boucher, Boussier, etc.), a Judge of the Common Pleas, by his wife Helen of Colchester, daughter and heir of Walter of Colchester of Stanstead Hall, in Halstead, Essex. The Bourchier family seat became the estate of Stanstead (not to be confused with nearby Stansted Mountfitchet) in the parish of Halstead, Essex, in which county the family later acquired several estates.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Robert initially followed his father in working for the de Vere family, Earls of Oxford, but later worked for the crown. He served on a diplomatic mission to France in 1327 and was returned as a member of parliament for the county of Essex in 1328-9, 1330 (twice), 1332 (once), and 1339 (both). He held a number of judicial positions, despite no evidence for legal training (although likely), and in 1334 he was chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland, but never took up office. His military career was more active, joining the invasion of Scotland in 1335, was stated to have been present at the Battle of Cadsand in 1337 (although this is regarded by some as a translation error by his descendent John Bouchier) and travelled with Earl of Northampton on Edward III's expedition to Flanders in 1338. On 3 June 1341 he received, in the name of "Robertus Bourghchier, Stanstede", a royal licence to crenellate his house at Stanstead in the parish of Halstead in Essex.

paragraph: On his return to England, the king Edward III committed the great seal, which had been alternating between Archbishop John de Stratford and his brother Robert de Stratford, the Bishop of Chichester, to Bourchier, who thus became, on 14 December 1340, the first lay chancellor. His salary was fixed at £100, besides the usual fees. In the struggle between the king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld the writ of summons to the ex-chancellor, interrupted his address to the bishops in the Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged him to submit to the king. When the parliament of 1341 extorted from the king his assent to their petitions that the account of the royal officers should be audited, and that the chancellor and other great officers should be nominated in parliament, and should swear to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he had not assented to these articles, and would not be bound by them, as they were contrary to his oath and to the laws of the realm. He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and delivered it to parliament. He resigned his office on 29 October 1341. Robert continued to serve in the King's Council, as a diplomat and as a soldier. In 1342, he commanded a contingent in Brittany, and is recorded as being at the Battle of Crécy in 1346.

paragraph: He was summoned to parliament as a peer in November 1348 and from then was known as Lord Bouchier. He died the following year, of the Black Death in Bordeaux, while on a diplomatic mission to Castile with Joan of England, who died shortly after him. He was later buried at Halstead, where he had intended to found a college of eight chaplains.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: At some time before 1329 he married Margaret Prayers, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Prayers of Sible Hedingham and his wife Anne of Essex, daughter of Hugh of Essex. They had two known children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier (1329–1400), eldest son and heir.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Bourchier (d. 1375), who married Eleanor de Louvaine (d. 1397), daughter and heiress of Sir John de Louvaine ("alias" Lovayne, etc.) feudal baron of Little Easton in Essex. Their son was William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu (1386–1420). The eldest grandson of William Bourchier (d. 1375) was Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex (1404–1483) who inherited the Barony of Bourchier from the senior line of the family, being the heir of his cousin Elizabeth Bourchier (d. 1433), "suo jure" 4th Baroness Bourchier.

description: lord chancellor of England

wikidata_label: Robert Bourchier, 1st Baron Bourchier

wikipedia_title: Robert Bourchier, 1st Baron Bourchier


text:
Louis I, Duke of Orléans
Valentina Visconti
Charles V of France
Charles VI of France
Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Duke of Milan
Isabella of France
John II of France
Louis XII of France
Richard of Montfort
John IV, Duke of Brittany
Joanna of Navarre
Queen of England
Henry Bolingbroke
Philip
Arthur III
County of Étampes
John, Duke of Berry
Philip the Good
John the Fearless
Dauphin Charles
John II, Count of Nevers
John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne
Louis XII of France
Fontevrault
William VII of Chalon-Arlay
Francis II, Duke of Brittany

categories: 15th-century women rulers,House of Valois-Orléans,1466 deaths,1406 births,15th-century French people,House of Dreux,French suo jure nobility

paragraph: Margaret, Countess of Vertus

paragraph: Margaret, Countess of Vertus (French: "Marguerite d'Orléans"; 4 December 1406 – 1466), was a French vassal, Countess of Vertus and Etampes 1420–1466. She was the daughter of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, and Valentina Visconti.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the granddaughter and niece of King Charles V of France and King Charles VI of France, respectively. Her mother was the daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan, and Isabella of France, who was a daughter of King John II of France. Her brother was the famous and unfortunate Charles, Duke of Orléans, (father of the future Louis XII of France), captured at Agincourt and imprisoned for twenty-five years in England and who during his long captivity, became the greatest poet of the 15th century in the French language.

paragraph: In 1423 she married Richard of Montfort, son of John IV, Duke of Brittany, and Joanna of Navarre, later Queen of England as wife of Henry Bolingbroke. Margaret succeeded her brother Philip as Countess of Vertus. She and Richard had seven children, of whom only two, Francis and Catherine, would have progeny. In 1458 Francis succeeded his uncle Arthur III as Duke of Brittany.

paragraph: Margaret, widowed in 1438, lived for a long time at Longchamp and in other monasteries with her younger daughters, Margaret and Madeleine (who was born after her father's death). She was described as a very pious woman.

paragraph: The Book of Hours of Marguerite d'Orleans, regarded as a defining example of the Illustrated Prayer Book of the Fifteenth Century, was made for her so that she might practice her devotion on a daily basis.

paragraph: She obtained a declaration from the Cardinal of Estouteville that sheltered her liberty and that of her daughters as they moved among the convents and religious monasteries of northern France. She finally retired to the Abbey at Guiche, order of Sainte Claire near Blois, where she died April 24, 1466 at the age of sixty.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:County of Étampes.

paragraph: With her father's death, Margaret inherited the rights to the County of Étampes, and was named countess with her husband as count, in 1423, which was recovered from the crown lands after the death in 1416, of its last incumbent lord, John, Duke of Berry. However, the claim was disputed by the then Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, who succeeded his father John the Fearless in 1419 after the latter's assassination by the agents of Dauphin Charles. Philip took possession and ruled the county personally, (possibly wresting it from Richard in vengeance of his father's death) till 1434, after which he gave it to John II, Count of Nevers, his first cousin, who kept it in peaceful possession, until it was reverted to Richard in September 1435 (who died in 1438) by the former Dauphin, who was now King Charles VII of France. The new king confirmed his gift to the deceased duke by letters patent presented to his widow in 1442. However, this decision was contested by the Attorney General of the Parlement, who argued that the County should have been reunited with the Crown, after the death of Richard. It was taken back from Margaret's son Francis in 1478 and in the month of April of the following year, Charles's son and successor, King Louis XI gave it to John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne, whose wife Marie of Orleans was a niece of Margaret and sister of the future Louis XII of France.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie of Brittany (22 June 1424 – 9 October 1477), Abbess of Fontevrault since 1457 until her death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle of Brittany (2 February 1426 – 9 February 1438).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine of Brittany (Nantes, 28 May 1428 – 22 June 1476), Dame de l'Epine-Gaudin; married on 19 August 1438 to William VII of Chalon-Arlay, Prince of Orange, Count of Penthièvre and Seigneur de Cerlier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis II, Duke of Brittany (23 June 1433 – 9 September 1488)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unnamed son (b. 1436 – d. 19 December 1436).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret of Brittany (22 November 1437 – 1466), a nun.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madeleine of Brittany (1 May 1439 – 29 March 1462), a nun.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Margaret is best remembered for the Book of Hours produced for her. One of the most exquisite examples of fifteenth-century French illumination, this Book of Hours was executed in a complex series of stages, starting with the text as early as 1421, its decoration inspired by diverse sources and artists. The miniature showing Margaret praying to the Virgin served as the source for the historical lithographs of Margaret published by Delpech in 1820.

description: French countess

wikidata_label: Marguerite, Countess of Vertus

wikipedia_title: Margaret, Countess of Vertus


text: Langenbruck

text: Dübendorf

text: Swiss

text: aviation

text: Langenbruck

text: gaucho

text: Romang, Santa Fe

text: Pau

text: Pyrenees

text: Blériot XI

text: Madrid

text: Basel

text: Liestal

text: Sion, Switzerland

text: Emile Taddéoli

text: Bern

text: Milano

text: Jorge Chávez

text: thin mountain air

text: Domodossola

text: Jungfraujoch

text: Lukmanier Pass

text: Liestal

text: Paris

text: Zürichhorn

text: Geneva

text: Interlaken

text: Thun

text: Locarno

text: Lugano

text: Lucerne

text: Lausanne-Ouchy

text: Romanshorn

text: St. Moritz

text: Nieuport 21

text: Zurich

text: Hilterfingen

text: Hermann Haller

text: Langenbruck

text: Dübendorf

text: Liestal

text: Zürich

text: Sion

text: Geneva

text: hangar

text: Bern Airport

categories: Aviation pioneers,Members of the Early Birds of Aviation,Swiss aviation record holders,1919 deaths,1891 births,People from Dübendorf,Swiss aviators,People from Basel-Landschaft

paragraph: Oskar Bider

paragraph: Oskar Bider (July 12, 1891 in Langenbruck – July 7, 1919 in Dübendorf) was a Swiss aviation pioneer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Oskar Bider grew up in Langenbruck (canton of Basel-Land) and graduated from the primary school to the district school in Waldenburg. He had no interest in his father's business as draper and preferred to become a farmer; he attended the Agricultural School in Langenthal and then worked on several farms. Having completed the primary military service ("Rekrutenschule") in Switzerland in June 1911, he decided to emigrate to Argentina and worked in 1911/12 as a gaucho on the farm of a Swiss citizen living in Romang, Santa Fe.

paragraph: Section::::Aviation pioneer.

paragraph: Driven by ambition and nostalgia, Oskar returned to Europe in 1912. On November 8 of that year he joined Blériot's aviation school in Pau, situated in the northern Pyrenees. After one month of training he earned an international pilot's licence on December 8, 1912 with Swiss pilot's licence number 32. He later bought a Blériot XI monoplane, and on January 24, 1913, pioneered in crossing the Pyrenees from Pau to Madrid. In March 1913 he returned to Switzerland by train, welcomed at the border in Basel as a much-admired 'aviation hero'. On March 9 he flew the first airmail flight in Switzerland from Basel to Liestal. Later that year on May 13 he crossed the Alps from Bern to Sion, Switzerland for the first time.

paragraph: Emile Taddéoli lost a wheel while taking off to fly from Bern to Biel/Bienne on June 3, 1913. Bider witnessed the incident and took off with the wheel to catch up with Taddéoli and warn him of the danger. Taddéoli acknowledged and landed without a problem in Biel/Bienne.

paragraph: Section::::Aviation pioneer.:First Alpine flight.

paragraph: Bider's big goal was crossing the Alps from Bern to Milano which had been attempted three years earlier by fellow aviation pioneer Jorge Chávez. He prepared for this ambitious flight carefully and left nothing to chance. His first attempt did not happen as planned because a prior test flight showed that his airplane, with a 70-hp engine and full fuel tanks could not reach the required altitude in the thin mountain air. He decided to stop halfway in Domodossola to refuel and finish the flight. On July 13, 1913—one day after his 22nd birthday—he took off at 4 a.m. in Bern for Italy. The Jungfraujoch (Young maiden ridge) was the greatest obstacle for this flight and for over half an hour Bider struggled desperately before he finally reached the required altitude of resulting in a new Swiss record.

paragraph: At 6:10 a.m. he passed the top of Jungfraujoch with about of clearance. He stopped in Domodossola for fuel as planned and then finished his journey in Milano. He waited 13 days in Milano for good weather conditions and then flew back this time crossing Lukmanier Pass and Chrüzli Pass in northern Switzerland. He landed in Liestal to refuel and continued on to Basel and then to Bern. Bider thus became the first aviator to cross the Alps in both directions.

paragraph: Section::::Aviation pioneer.:Other records.

paragraph: Continuing his pioneering streak, on August 1, 1913, Bider completed the first night flight in Switzerland. On Christmas Day 1913, Bider set a new record flying from Paris to Bern in 4 hours and 20 minutes non-stop.

paragraph: On June 21, 1919, Bider accomplished another great aviation performance in benefit of the civil aviation: he started with two passengers in St. Jakob, Basel, for a flight around Switzerland, landing successfully after seven and a half hours at the starting point.

paragraph: Section::::Commercial services.

paragraph: Oskar Bider and Fritz Rihner started the "Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Lufttourismus" (Swiss Society for air tourism) in July 1919. Tour flights—using flying boats—were planned from sites at Zürichhorn, Geneva, Interlaken/Thun, Locarno, Lugano, Lucerne, Lausanne-Ouchy, Romanshorn and St. Moritz. Unfortunately, Oskar would be killed in a plane crash before the ambitious project was realized.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the early morning of July 7, 1919, Bider left the officers' mess at Dübendorf airfield. He had spent the previous few days celebrating the completion of his service in the Swiss Air Force, which had ended on July 2. But before starting the commercial tourist flights, he wanted to put on an aerobatic display for his former military colleagues. So after a sleepless night at 6.30am he took off in a Nieuport 21 fighter for the demonstration. However, during a manoeuvre his plane entered an unrecoverable stall causing it to crash into the ground killing Bider instantly.

paragraph: Tragically when news of his death reached his devoted 25-year-old sister, Julie Helene "Leny" Bider (she had moved to Zurich in 1915 to live near her famous brother), she shot herself that afternoon in her room at the Hotel Bellevue au Lac, Hilterfingen.

paragraph: Oskar and Leny Bider were buried together in their hometown of Langenbruck on July 10, 1919.

paragraph: Mystery still surrounds the death of Bider because the exact circumstances of his crash were never publicized for decades. A crash investigation found that the plane's engine and control cables were all in working order at the time. As mechanical issues were not the cause, the official report theorized that the swiftness of one of Bider's manoeuvre probably resulted in his loss of consciousness. However, this conclusion has been questioned because it was not published until decades after Bider's death and to the leadership of the Swiss Army "a military pilot and aviator does not take his life!" ("Ein Militärpilot und Fliegeridol nimmt sich sicher nicht das Leben!").

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: In Bern, a monument designed by Hermann Haller remembers Bider's aeronautical services.

paragraph: Several streets were named after him: "Oskar Bider-Strasse" in Langenbruck, Dübendorf, Liestal and Zürich and "rue Oscar Bider" in Sion and Geneva.

paragraph: Among other Swiss air pioneers, he is commemorated with a Swiss postage stamp issued in 1977.

paragraph: The "Bider-Hangar", called after Oskar, one of the hangars at Bern Airport, is listed as a heritage site in the November 2008 review draft of the Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oskar Bider on the official website of the canton of Basel-Land

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oskar Bider: flights 1913, death 1919, family

description: Swiss aviation pioneer

wikidata_label: Oskar Bider

wikipedia_title: Oskar Bider


text:
Swedish
1933
1976
Giftasvuxna döttrar
Our Boy
Ett brott
Med dej i mina armar
Lärarinna på vift
Som du vill ha mej
Sjätte skottet
Oss tjuvar emellan eller En burk ananas
Så tuktas kärleken

categories: Swedish film actresses,20th-century Swedish actresses,1976 deaths,1913 births

paragraph: Karin Ekelund

paragraph: Karin Ekelund (26 May 1913 – 21 December 1976) was a Swedish actress. She appeared in 29 films between 1933 and 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giftasvuxna döttrar" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Boy" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ett brott" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Med dej i mina armar" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lärarinna på vift" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Som du vill ha mej" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sjätte skottet" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oss tjuvar emellan eller En burk ananas" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Så tuktas kärleken" (1955)

description: actress

wikidata_label: Karin Ekelund

wikipedia_title: Karin Ekelund


text:
Persian
Shia
Muhammad al-Jawad
Ali al-Hadi
Hasan al-Askari
Twelve Imams
Ahvaz
Imam
the Fourteen Infallibles
Hendijan
Shadegan
Christian
Muslim
Ahvaz
Hasan al-Askari
Ali al-Ridha
Imam
Al-Ma'mun
Abbasid
caliph
Khorasan
Medina

categories: Shia Muslim scholars,Iranian Shia Muslims,People from Ahvaz,Shia Islamic holy places

paragraph: Ali ibn Mahziar Ahvazi

paragraph: Ali ibn Mahziar al-Ahvazi (Persian:علی ابن مهزیار اهوازی) was an early and prominent Shia religious judicial scholar, narrator and scholar. Mahziar was a ninth-century scholar and companion of Muhammad al-Jawad, Ali al-Hadi,and Hasan al-Askari, the ninth, tenth, and eleventh of the Twelve Imams. Also, he was their agent in some areas particularly Ahvaz. Mahziar learned Islamic jurisprudence from these Shia Imams. Shia scholars accepted his religious narrates about the Fourteen Infallibles with complete confidence. Al-Ahvazi is noted for his writings, including a "Kitab al-malahim" ["Book of Prophecies"], as well as a "Kitab al-qa'im".

paragraph: Mahziar was born in Hendijan but owing to the fact that Hendijan was Doraq (today known as (Shadegan)) city suburban he was known as Doraq resident. His father was Christian, but in his youth along with his father turned into Muslim. Later he stayed in Ahvaz.

paragraph: The time of his death is unknown, but presumably he died at Hasan al-Askari time. There is holy shrine of Ali ibn Mahziar in Ahvaz.

paragraph: Ali al-Ridha, eighth Shia Imam, entered Ahvaz at year 1401 and stayed at this city, since Al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, commanded to transfer Ali al-Ridha to Khorasan from Medina. A few days later, on Ali al-Ridha's accommodation, a mosque named Masjed Al-Redha was built which Ali ibn Mahziar's body buried in it according to his will. There is a salon, at west part next-door to the grave. It's supposed to be the mosque that mentioned before.

description: 9th-century Shia judicial scholar

wikidata_label: Ali Ibn Mahziar Ahwazi

wikipedia_title: Ali ibn Mahziar Ahvazi


text:
footballer
right back
Championship
Stoke City
Swiss Super League
Grasshopper Club Zürich
Letzigrund
Russian Premier League
Rubin Kazan
Stoke City
Grasshopper Club Zürich
FC Winterthur
Grasshopper Club Zürich
Swiss Super League
BSC Young Boys
Letzigrund
Swiss Super League
Russian Premier League
Rubin Kazan
Javi Gracia
2016–17
2017–18
Premier League
Stoke City
2017–18
EFL Championship
2018–19
Leeds United
Brentford
Gary Rowett
Nathan Jones
Austria
2018 FIFA World Cup
Wales
Georgia
pilot
piano
polyglot

wikipedia_title:
Association football
Defender (association football)
EFL Championship
Stoke City F.C.
Swiss Super League
Grasshopper Club Zürich
Letzigrund
Russian Premier League
FC Rubin Kazan
Stoke City F.C.
Grasshopper Club Zürich
FC Winterthur
Grasshopper Club Zürich
Swiss Super League
BSC Young Boys
Letzigrund
Swiss Super League
Russian Premier League
FC Rubin Kazan
Javi Gracia
2016–17 FC Rubin Kazan season
2017–18 FC Rubin Kazan season
Premier League
Stoke City F.C.
2017–18 Stoke City F.C. season
EFL Championship
2018–19 Stoke City F.C. season
Leeds United F.C.
Brentford F.C.
Gary Rowett
Nathan Jones (Welsh footballer)
Austria national football team
2018 FIFA World Cup
Wales national football team
Georgia national football team
Aircraft pilot
Piano
Multilingualism

categories: Swiss expatriate footballers,Swiss footballers,Austria international footballers,Austrian expatriate footballers,Swiss Super League players,Russian Premier League players,Premier League players,1992 births,Switzerland youth international footballers,Association football fullbacks,FC Rubin Kazan players,Swiss people of Austrian descent,Austrian footballers,Switzerland under-21 international footballers,Living people,Grasshopper Club Zürich players,Stoke City F.C. players,People from Winterthur,Expatriate footballers in Russia

paragraph: Moritz Bauer

paragraph: Moritz Bauer (; born 25 January 1992) is an Austrian footballer who plays as a right back for Championship club Stoke City.

paragraph: Bauer began his career in the Swiss Super League with Grasshopper Club Zürich. He spent five seasons at Letzigrund making over 100 appearances for Grasshoppers before joining Russian Premier League club Rubin Kazan June 2016. After two years playing in Russia Bauer signed for English club Stoke City in January 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Early career.

paragraph: Bauer began playing football with the youth teams at SC Veltheim, Grasshopper Club Zürich and FC Winterthur.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Grasshopper Club Zürich.

paragraph: A youth exponent from Grasshopper Club Zürich, Bauer made his Swiss Super League debut on 14 August 2011 against BSC Young Boys playing the full game which ended in a 3–0 defeat. Bauer became a regular at Letzigrund, making 102 appearances in five years with the Swiss Super League side.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Rubin Kazan.

paragraph: In June 2016, Bauer signed for Russian Premier League club Rubin Kazan. He established himself as first choice right back under Javi Gracia and played 23 times in 2016–17 as Rubin finished in ninth position. He became a popular player with the Rubin Kazan supporters who voted Bauer as their player-of the year for 2017. With Rubin struggling financially in 2017–18 Bauer was free to find another club.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Stoke City.

paragraph: On 9 January 2018, Bauer signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with Premier League club Stoke City. Bauer played 15 times in 2017–18 as Stoke were relegated to the EFL Championship. Despite relegation Bauer admitted that he would be willing to remain with the club. Bauer signed a new five-year contract with the Potters in July 2018. Bauer began the first two games of the 2018–19 away at Leeds United and at home to Brentford but was then dropped from the team by Gary Rowett. It wasn't until Nathan Jones became manager in January 2019, that Bauer started another Championship match, a 2–1 win over Leeds. He failed to retain his place in the side under Jones for the remainder of the campaign and speaking in March 2019 Bauer admitted that he was looking for a new challenge.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Bauer was born in Switzerland, and has Austrian citizenship through his Austrian father. He was eligible for the Swiss and Austrian national teams and represented Switzerland at junior international levels.

paragraph: Bauer got his first call up to the senior Austria team for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Wales and Georgia in September 2017. He made his debut for Austria in the tie with Georgia on 5 September 2017, a 1–1 draw.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Off the pitch Bauer has a number of hobbies; he is a qualified pilot and regularly flies propeller aeroplanes during his breaks from football. He can also play the piano and is a polyglot, speaking five languages: French, German, English, Spanish and a basic level of Russian, which he picked up quickly by living with a Russian family and made him a big favourite among Rubin fans.

description: Austrian footballer

wikidata_label: Moritz Bauer

wikipedia_title: Moritz Bauer


text: Portland, Maine

text: Democrat

text: Mayor of Portland

text: Wilford G. Chapman

text: Woodrow Wilson

categories: Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members,1870 births,1951 deaths,Bowdoin College alumni,Mayors of Portland, Maine,United States Assistant Secretaries of War

paragraph: William Moulton Ingraham

paragraph: William Moulton Ingraham (1870 - October 13, 1951) was an American politician from Portland, Maine. A Democrat, Ingraham was elected Mayor of Portland in December 1915. He served one term in that position and was replaced the following year by Republican Wilford G. Chapman. He was then appointed United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1916 to 1917 in the Woodrow Wilson administration.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in 1870 to Ella Moulton and Darius Holbrook Ingraham. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College in the class of 1895. He died on October 13, 1951.

wikidata_label: William Moulton Ingraham

wikipedia_title: William Moulton Ingraham


text: Israel

text: drummer

text: drums

text: Israel

text: drummer

text: extreme metal

text: Salem

text: Musicians Institute

text: Hollywood

text: California

categories: Rock drummers,Heavy metal drummers,Living people

paragraph: Nir Nakav

paragraph: Nir Nakav () is an Israeli drummer. He is the head of the drums department in Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music in Israel.

paragraph: Since 1998 he is the drummer of the extreme metal band Salem. Nakav is a graduate of Musicians Institute (MI) college in Hollywood, California.

paragraph: Nakav authored an educational textbook for drummers, titled "Battle Hymns".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nir Nakav's Homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salem band Homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foreplay"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gevald Brothers"

description: Israeli musician

wikidata_label: Nir Nakav

wikipedia_title: Nir Nakav


text: Jehoash

text: Kingdom of Israel

text: Amaziah

text: Uzziah

text: Judah

text: William F. Albright

text: E. R. Thiele

text: Arameans

text: Damascus

text: Hamath

text: G. A. Reisner

text: Samaria

text: regnal year

text: ostraca

text: Levant

text: Amos

text: God of Israel

text: Dan

text: Beth-el

text: golden calf

text: Amos 5

text: Hosea

text: Joel

text: Amos

text: book of Kings

text: Jerusalem

text: Book of Amos

text: Jehoash

text: Israel

text: Jordan

text: Yigael Yadin

text: Israel Finkelstein

text: Tel Hazor

text: David Ussishkin

text: Lachish

text: Dead Sea

text: Book of Amos

text: Zechariah

text: Aren Maeir

text: Gath

text: earthquake

text: Old Testament

text: 1 Chronicles

text: Book of Hosea

text: Book of Amos

text: Jeroboam I

text: Nebat

text: Omrides

categories: 8th-century BCE Hebrew people,Kings of ancient Israel,8th-century BC Kings of Israel,8th-century BC biblical rulers,Omrides

paragraph: Jeroboam II

paragraph: Jeroboam II ( "Yarov‘am"; ; ) was the son and successor of Jehoash (alternatively spelled Joash) and the thirteenth king of the ancient Kingdom of Israel, over which he ruled for forty-one years in the eighth century BC. His reign was contemporary with those of Amaziah () and Uzziah (), kings of Judah.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: William F. Albright has dated his reign to 786–746 BC, while E. R. Thiele says he was coregent with Jehoash 793 to 782 BC and sole ruler 782 to 753 BC.

paragraph: He was victorious over the Arameans (), conquered Damascus (), and extended Israel to its former limits, from "the entering of Hamath to the sea of the plain".

paragraph: In 1910, G. A. Reisner found sixty-three inscribed potsherds while excavating the royal palace at Samaria, which were later dated to the reign of Jeroboam II and mention regnal years extending from the ninth to the 17th of his reign. These ostraca, while unremarkable in themselves, contain valuable information about the script, language, religion and administrative system of the period.

paragraph: Archaeological evidence confirms the biblical account of his reign as the most prosperous that Israel had yet known. By the late 8th century BC, the territory of Israel was the most densely settled in the entire Levant, with a population of about 350,000. This prosperity was built on trade in olive oil, wine, and possibly horses, with Egypt and especially Assyria providing the markets. According to the prophet Amos, the triumphs of the king had engendered a haughty spirit of boastful overconfidence at home (). Oppression and exploitation of the poor by the mighty, luxury in palaces of unheard-of splendor, and a craving for amusement were some of the internal fruits of these external triumphs.

paragraph: Under Jeroboam II, the God of Israel was worshiped at Dan and Beth-el and at other old Israelite shrines, through actual images, such as the golden calf. These services at Dan and Beth-el, at Gilgal and Beer-sheba, were of a nature to arouse the indignation of the prophets, and the foreign cults (Amos 5), both numerous and degrading, contributed still further to arousing of the prophetic spirit. Jeroboam's reign was the period of the prophets Hosea, Joel, and Amos, all of whom condemned the materialism and selfishness of the Israelite elite of their day: "Woe unto those who lie upon beds of ivory ... eat lambs from the flock and calves ... [and] sing idle songs ..." (). The book of Kings, written a century later, condemns Jeroboam for doing "evil in the eyes of the Lord", meaning both the oppression of the poor and his continuing support of the cult centres of Dan and Bethel, in opposition to the temple in Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Earthquake in Israel c. 760 BC.

paragraph: A major earthquake had occurred in Israel c. 760 BC, which may have been during the time of Jeroboam II, towards the end of his rule. This earthquake is mentioned in the Book of Amos as having occurred during the rule of "Jeroboam son of Jehoash" ().

paragraph: Geologists believe they have found evidence of this big earthquake in sites throughout Israel and Jordan. Archeologists Yigael Yadin and Israel Finkelstein date the earthquake level at Tel Hazor to 760 BC based on stratigraphic analysis of the destruction debris. Similarly, David Ussishkin arrives at the same date based on the "sudden destruction" level at Lachish.

paragraph: According to Steven A. Austin, the magnitude of this earthquake may have been at least 7.8, but more likely as high as 8.2. "This magnitude 8 event of 750 B.C. appears to be the largest yet documented on the Dead Sea transform fault zone during the last four millennia."

paragraph: The epicenter of this earthquake may have been 200–300 km north of present-day Israel.

paragraph: Multiple biblical references exist to this earthquake in the Book of Amos (, , , ), and also in Zechariah .

paragraph: Recent excavations by Aren Maeir in ancient Gath have revealed evidence of a major earthquake.

paragraph: "Based on the tight stratigraphic context, this can be dated to the mid-8th cent. BCE" ...

paragraph: Section::::In the Bible.

paragraph: His name occurs in the Old Testament only in ; ; ; 1 Chronicles ; Book of Hosea ; and Book of Amos ; . In all other passages it is Jeroboam I, the son of Nebat that is meant.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Omrides, the previous dynasty

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- View of Philistine temple and “Amos” earthquake The Tell es-Safi/Gath Excavations Weblog – July 2010

description: Israeli monarch

wikidata_label: Jeroboam II

wikipedia_title: Jeroboam II