text: Forlì

text: Grand Prix

text: motorcycle

text: road racer

text: Aprilia

text: Luca Cadalora

text: Aprilia

text: San Marino Grand Prix

text: V-twin

wikipedia_title: 1992 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1987 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix

wikipedia_title: 1994 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

wikipedia_title: 1995 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

categories: People from Forlì,350cc World Championship riders,1959 births,Italian motorcycle racers,250cc World Championship riders,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Loris Reggiani

paragraph: Loris Reggiani (born October 7, 1959 in Forlì) is an Italian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer who competed for the Aprilia factory racing team. His best years were in 1981, when he won two races in the 125 class, finishing the season in second place behind Angel Nieto, and in 1992 in the 250 class, when he again won two races and finishing in second place again, this time to Luca Cadalora. Reggiani was the first rider to win a Grand Prix for the Aprilia factory when he won the 1987 San Marino Grand Prix. In 1994, Reggiani moved up to the 500cc class aboard a new bike from Aprilia with a V-twin, 250cc engine that had been enlarged to 380cc in hopes of taking advantage of the bike's lightweight and agility against their more powerful competition. In spite of development problems, Reggiani managed a 10th place in the 1995 season. He retired from competition after the 1995 season. He won a total of 8 Grands Prix during his career.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

paragraph: Points system from 1993

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Loris Reggiani

wikipedia_title: Loris Reggiani


text:
Lecco
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
1988
Jorge Martínez
1992

wikipedia_title: 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

categories: 1960 births,Italian motorcycle racers,People from Lecco,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Ezio Gianola

paragraph: Ezio Moreno Gianola (born on June 13, 1960 in Lecco) is a former Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best year was in 1988 when he won two races in the 125 class, finishing the season in second place behind Jorge Martínez. Gianola won four races in the 1992 season, but only managed to finish the 125 championship in fourth place. He ended his career with 9 Grands Prix victories.

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Ezio Gianola

wikipedia_title: Ezio Gianola


text:
Barcelona
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
1990
John Kocinski
Phillip Island
Australia
Ricard Cardús

wikipedia_title: 1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

categories: 1959 births,Superbike World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,Spanish motorcycle racers,Living people,Catalan motorcycle racers

paragraph: Carlos Cardús

paragraph: Carlos Cardús Carrió (born September 29, 1959 in Barcelona) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.

paragraph: Cardús had his best year in 1990 when he won four races and finished second in the 250cc world championship to John Kocinski in a close battle that went down to the last race of the season. In the last race of the year at Phillip Island in Australia, Cardús only needed to finish in second place behind Kocinski to win the world championship, however, his gear shift lever broke and he lost the title. He competed in the World Superbike Championship in 1994.

paragraph: Carlos is the uncle of Ricard Cardús.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle Grand Prix Results.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlos Cardús career statistics at MotoGP.com

description: Spanish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Carlos Cardús

wikipedia_title: Carlos Cardús


text:
Dutch
Short track speed skater
Liesbeth Mau Asam
Jorien ter Mors
Jorien ter Mors
Yara van Kerkhof

wikipedia_title:
Netherlands
Short track speed skating
Liesbeth Mau Asam
Jorien ter Mors
Jorien ter Mors
Yara van Kerkhof

categories: Dutch short track speed skaters,Female short track speed skaters,Olympic short track speed skaters of the Netherlands,Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics,1983 births,Living people

paragraph: Annita van Doorn

paragraph: Annita van Doorn (born 26 April 1983) is a Dutch Short track speed skater. She made her international debut in 2003 at the World Championships for teams. Van Doorn was the first Dutch short track speed skater with a victory on a World Cup distance. She took a lap on her competitors on the 3000 meters and won the super final, surprisingly, at her second World Cup competition. In 2008, she became European Champion in the 500 meters in Ventspils, Latvia. In the overall classification she ended as 5th. She won bronze medals at the European Championships with the relay team in 2007, 2009 en 2010. In 2009 Van Doorn won her first Dutch title.

paragraph: At the Olympic Games in Vancouver, Van Doorn ended as fourth on the relay with her team, together with teammates Liesbeth Mau Asam, Jorien ter Mors, Sanne van Kerkhof and Maaike Vos. Van Doorn ended as 11th at the 1000 meters. She was close for qualifying for the 2006 Olympics in Torino, but did not make it.

paragraph: The 2010-2011 season was successful for Van Doorn and the relay team. During the European Championships in their own country (Thialf, Heerenveen) the Dutch (Jorien ter Mors, Sanne van Kerkhof, Yara van Kerkhof and Annita van Doorn) grabbed the European title. Two months later the team surprised at the Worldchampionships. Behind China, the Dutch team took the silver. Earlier in the season the team won bronze at a World Cup competition in Changchun, China. It was the first medal in 8 years for the Netherlands in a World Cup competition.

paragraph: Van Doorn won the award for the best short track speed skater of the Netherlands twice (2008, 2009).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website Annita van Doorn

description: Olympic speed skater

wikidata_label: Annita van Doorn

wikipedia_title: Annita van Doorn


text: Wymondham, Leicestershire

text: Leicestershire

text: Sheriff

text: Rutland

text: Warwickshire

text: Leicestershire

text: Laurence Berkeley

text: France

text: Agincourt

text: Sproxton

text: Leicestershire

text: Knight Banneret

text: Coston, Leicestershire

text: Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley

text: William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby

text: Wymondham

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Sheriff of Rutland

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: Richard, Duke of York

text: Yorkist rebellion

text: Battle of Northampton

text: Battle of Towton

text: Henry VI's

text: Edward IV

text: John Bourchier

text: Manser Marmion

text: Parliament

text: Leicestershire

text: William Brokesby

text: William Hussey

text: Chief Justice of the King’s Bench

text: Sheriff of Lincolnshire

text: Rippingale

text: Henry Berkeley of Wymondham

text: 1st Baronet

text: Wymondham St Peters

categories: History of Rutland,History of Warwickshire,People from Wymondham, Leicestershire,English knights,15th-century English MPs,1488 deaths,History of Leicestershire

paragraph: Thomas Berkeley (died 1488)

paragraph: Sir Thomas Berkeley of Wymondham, Leicestershire (died 1488) was an English lawyer and politician who represented Leicestershire in Parliament and served as Sheriff for Rutland, Warwickshire and Leicestershire.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Berkeley was the eldest son of Laurence Berkeley of Wymondham, Leicestershire, who died in France in 1458, and wife Joan Woodford, sister of the Agincourt veteran Robert Woodford of Sproxton, Leicestershire, Knight Banneret.

paragraph: Berkeley was the great-great-grandson of Thomas Berkeley of Coston, Leicestershire, second son of Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, and his wife Jane de Ferrers, daughter of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby.

paragraph: Berkeley moved to Wymondham upon his marriage to Isabel Hamelin, daughter of John Hamelin of Wymondham.

paragraph: Section::::Career and Life.

paragraph: Berkeley was a Justice of the Peace for Leicestershire from 1442 to 1458 and Sheriff of Rutland between 1443 and 1444. He was admitted as a Fellow of Lincoln's Inn in 1449 by special admission.

paragraph: In December 1457 Berkeley was appointed as one of Leicestershire's Commissioners of Array who were responsible for raising 226 archers to help repel Richard, Duke of York's Yorkist rebellion and again in 1459. He had been knighted by November 1460—perhaps having taken part in the Battle of Northampton—but when the Battle of Towton brought about the end of Henry VI's reign the following March, Berkeley accepted Edward IV as King.

paragraph: Towards the end of 1465 Berkeley became involved in a fight with John Bourchier over the wardship and marriage of the underage grandson of former member of parliament Manser Marmion and whom Berkeley was accused of abducting. The Marmion estate was composed of over 2,500 acres spread over several counties so, as well as being an attractive prize, was owned by way of a complex set of homages and services to multiple overlords. It would seem Berkeley won and later wed his daughter Edith to the Marmion heir.

paragraph: In 1468 Berkeley accused William Purley of entering his land two years earlier and stealing 20 hares, 200 rabbits, 12 pheasants and 20 partridges using swords, bows and arrows. Purley was either found not guilty or let off for some reason as he appears to have later married Berkeley's daughter Joyce.

paragraph: Berkeley was appointed as Sheriff of Rutland in 1471 and as a Justice of the Peace for Rutland in 1470–1475.

paragraph: Berkeley served in Parliament for Leicestershire between 1472 and 1475.

paragraph: Berkeley died in 1488 and is buried in an alabaster topped altar tomb with his wife Petronella in St Peter's Church, Wymondham.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Berkeley married Emma/Petronella Brokesby or Brooksby, daughter of William Brokesby, Marshall of the King's Hall, and wife Joan Alderwick, and had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Maurice Berkeley, died 30 November 1522, son and heir.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawrence Berkeley

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Berkeley, died 1504, married William Hussey, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edith Berkeley, died 23 October 1538,) married Mauncer Marmion, (Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1497) and buried in a tomb together in Rippingale Church.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joyce Berkeley, died 1530, married William Purley

paragraph: BULLET::::- a daughter who married someone surnamed Gaton

paragraph: Berkeley was the great-great-great-grandfather of Henry Berkeley of Wymondham, 1st Baronet.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamelin Knight in Wymmondham St Peters thought to be Sir John's Great Grand-father Sir William Hamelyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wymondham St Peters

description: 15th-century English Member of Parliament and sheriff

wikidata_label: Thomas Berkeley

wikipedia_title: Thomas Berkeley (died 1488)


text:
Los Angeles, California
La Luz

categories: American rock guitarists,Bandleaders,American female guitarists,Surf musicians,21st-century American guitarists,Year of birth missing (living people),American rock singers,American folk guitarists,Musicians from Seattle,21st-century American singers,People from Kalamazoo, Michigan,American bandleaders,Songwriters from Washington (state),Singers from Washington (state),Lead guitarists,Singers from Michigan,Suicide Squeeze Records artists,Guitarists from Michigan,Living people,Songwriters from Michigan,American female songwriters,American female singers,Guitarists from Washington (state)

paragraph: Shana Cleveland

paragraph: Shana Cleveland is an artist based out of Los Angeles, California best known for her work fronting surf rock band La Luz as lead guitarist and vocalist. Cleveland has also found success as a member of former group, The Curious Mystery, as well as working as a solo artist, having released her first solo album with backing group the Sandcastles in 2015. In addition to her career as a musician, Cleveland has done work as a writer and a graphic artist. Her work has appeared in places such as "Black Clock", "the Columbia Poetry Review", "Court Green", and "Vice".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With La Luz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Damp Face EP" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's Alive" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weirdo Shrine" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Floating Features" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With The Curious Mystery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rotting Slowly" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Creeling" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh Man, Cover the Ground" (2015) (as Shana Cleveland and the Sandcastles)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night of the Worm Moon" (2019)

description: American guitarist and singer

wikidata_label: Shana Cleveland

wikipedia_title: Shana Cleveland


text:
Long Island
Samuel Pepys
English Civil War
indentured servitude
Salem, Massachusetts
Southold, New York
New Haven, Connecticut
North Sea, New York
Southampton, New York
The Hamptons
King Charles II
New Netherland
Scott's Hall
Ashford, Kent
Setauket, New York
Brookhaven, New York
Port Jefferson
Belle Terre
Miller Place, New York
British Museum
John Winthrop the Younger
Puritan
Connecticut
Hempstead
Gravesend
Flushing
Newtown
Oyster Bay
Jamaica
Brooklyn
John Winthrop
Connecticut Colony
John Davenport
New Haven Colony
King Charles II
New Netherlands
Richard Nicolls
New York Harbor
Samuel Maverick
Province of New York
Hempstead
Court of Assizes
Sir Tobias Bridge
Major
Guiana
Cuba
Tobago
St. Kitts
British Guiana
Venezuela
Richard Nicolls
Prince of Condé
Duke of Buckingham
Samuel Pepys
Newgate Prison

categories: People from Ashford, Kent,People from Long Island,People of colonial New York,1630s births,1696 deaths

paragraph: Captain John Scott

paragraph: Captain John Scott of Long Island (c.1634?–1696) was a royal advisor, military leader, spy, cartographer, attorney, land speculator, and early settler and leader of Long Island. He lobbied to make Long Island the 14th English colony in North America with himself as governor and, when not appointed by the crown, was elected "President of Long Island" by that region's leaders. He was often in financial and legal trouble through land speculation and other enterprises and has been called a swindler and scoundrel. He was the principal accuser in the plot leading to the imprisonment of Samuel Pepys in 1679.

paragraph: He traveled extensively in the Caribbean, authoring a "History and Description of the River of Amazones" and playing a key role in determining the boundary between Venezuela and Guyana.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: While a boy in 1641, John Scott was exiled New England on charges of treason. While the exact charge is unknown, it is likely related to the volatile climate of the years leading to the English Civil War. According to the most complete biography of Scott, he was sold to the Southwick family, for whom he toiled until, ruined and defamed for their anti-Puritan beliefs, they further sold him to a purported child trafficker, Emmanuel Downing. Scott was held in indentured servitude until reaching the age of majority. The majority of this time was spent in Salem, Massachusetts, a time that came to a sudden end after some allege without citation, Scott killed a young girl in a shotgun accident. He was sent to work for a captain in Southold, New York. During these years, Scott spent much of his time befriending and trading with the local Native Americans and managed to learn their languages. Shortly before or after the end of his servitude, Scott and his employer were arrested for plundering a Dutch vessel in the port of New Haven, Connecticut, a charge that was later dropped.

paragraph: In 1657, no longer in servitude, Scott moved to North Sea, New York and then Southampton, New York, where he was elected a "freeman", a mark of a reputable property owner. Scott became an attorney throughout The Hamptons. During this time, he married Deborah Raynor and was granted land adjoining his father-in-law's property in Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Trip to England.

paragraph: Scott returned to England in late 1660 or early 1661, where he became an advisor to King Charles II regarding the activities of New Netherland, the Dutch colony that occupied the western portions of Long Island. Scott, a crafty landowner who used his familiarity with the natives to his advantage, claimed to own a third of Long Island at this time. He petitioned the king that he deserved to be appointed governor of Long Island but was not successful.

paragraph: Also at this time, John Scott made the acquaintance of Dorothea Scott Gotherson and her husband, Major John Gotherson. Dorothea was heir to Scott's Hall in Ashford, Kent, coming from the Scott family of which John Scott had long laid questionable claims of membership. Prior to his return to America, John Scott persuaded the Gothersons to give him thousands of pounds of money and jewelry in return for vast lands near "the Horsenecke in Long Island". In later years it would be found that the sale was a hoax and that no such feature of Long Island existed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to Long Island.

paragraph: John Scott returned to Long Island by 1663, brandishing legal documents and letters filled with insignia and parading his wife Deborah in an outfit fit for royalty. Feigning more authority than he had, John Scott persuaded the settlers of Setauket, New York to grant him control of their lands in exchange for deeds of equal size elsewhere.

paragraph: Scott became one of the most important figures in early Brookhaven, New York. This township was first settled at Setauket and reached most of its present size by 1657, with the names "Setauket" and "Brookhaven" interchangeably denoting either the smaller village or larger town. John Scott chose this region as the base of his activities and renamed it to Ashford, after his birthplace and questionable ancestral homeland. He constructed three stately houses, all named for homes of the Scott family in the original Ashford. The first was built in the original settlement formerly named Setauket and was given the name "Egerton". The other two he built in previously uninhabited territory to the East. One was "Scott's Hall" on Mount Misery neck, in the current Port Jefferson suburb of Belle Terre. The other was "Braebourne", to the East of Old Mans Harbor (Mount Sinai Harbor), in what is now Miller Place, New York.

paragraph: John Scott was supplemented his role as advisor to the king on Long Island affairs by making decorative maps of the New England area. A number of these maps remain in existence and are held by the British Museum. On one of John Scott's maps from the 1660s, he presents the New England coast from Boston to present-day New Jersey. Here he neglected to show all but a handful of settlements on Long Island despite including all three of the houses he constructed by name.

paragraph: At this time, sections of English Long Island were de facto governed by John Winthrop the Younger and his Puritan colony of Connecticut. Long Islanders felt threatened that their autonomy would soon be at an end. A meeting took place between the leaders of English Long Island, represented by Hempstead, Gravesend, Flushing, Newtown, Oyster Bay, and Jamaica. At the meeting, the Long Islanders debated the looming threat of annexation and concluded by electing John Scott their leader until higher orders came from England. John Scott was thus fashioned the "President of Long Island". Brandishing this title, Scott and a formidable force of men marched into Brooklyn and other Dutch villages, declared the inhabitants trespassers, and conducted raids purposed to lessen the population.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Arrest and Imprisonment.

paragraph: John Winthrop, leader of the Connecticut Colony in Hartford, became riled that John Scott's leadership was warding off his colony's control over Long Island. He sent a warrant for John Scott's and he was ultimately found and brought to trial in Hartford for "sundry heinous crimes". This was protested by John Scott's Long Island followers and also by John Davenport, a leader of the New Haven Colony, who noted that Winthrop was meddling in towns under New Haven's jurisdiction.

paragraph: Though sent to prison, John Scott would escape by July 1664, supposedly using rope smuggled into his cell by his visiting wife.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The capture of New Netherland.

paragraph: In the interim months, the settlers of Setauket and Smithtown set to work nullifying John Scott's land claims in their regions and reclaiming the powers they had before Scott's dominance. Also during Scott's stay in prison, King Charles II officially resolved to conquer New Netherlands. In August, the fleet of Richard Nicolls sailed into New York Harbor and successfully demanded surrender of the colony to the English crown. For this task, the English forces used the reports that had been made by John Scott and Samuel Maverick, both of whom had served as royal advisors to the King on Dutch activities in North American.

paragraph: In March 1665, Nicolls declared that Long Island would henceforth be within the jurisdiction of the newly created Province of New York. Scott was living in Hempstead at this time, still a wanted man but not actively pursued. Nicolls ordered a meeting among John Scott and the Long Island colonists and, after several complaints over previous land claims and exchanges, arbitrated that John Scott was exonerated of all debts.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Military leader in Barbados.

paragraph: While sentenced to appear at Long Island's Court of Assizes over charges of fraud in September 1665, John Scott escaped his quarters and boarded a ship for Barbados, never to return. At the trial he was absent from, it was ordered that Scott's houses be sold off and the funds be given to his wife, then divorced, and family.

paragraph: In Barbados, John Scott was commissioned by Sir Tobias Bridge. Assuming the rank of Major, Scott operated a small fleet of ships in the Caribbean, at that time an area of activity in the English wars against the Dutch and French. In this role Scott took possession of Guiana, Cuba, and Tobago in the name of the British crown. John Scott was later court-marshalled after a botched attempt to take St. Kitts.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to Europe.

paragraph: Scott returned once again to England in late 1667 and was given the post of royal cartographer. It was at this time that he wrote his history "The Coasts and Islands of America" and other writings. Scott's accounts of his personal exploits in the region would be used as evidence in the 1895 boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela.

paragraph: When Richard Nicolls returned to England and informed the King of John Scott's character, Scott vanished from London and reappeared in Holland.

paragraph: In Holland, John Scott spied for the English, then as a double agent for Holland. He next worked for the French Prince of Condé as mapmaker. Upon meeting Scott in France, the Duke of Buckingham declared him to be "a very useful rogue".

paragraph: Around this time, Scott brought charges of high treason against the diarist and Secretary to the Admiralty Samuel Pepys. Pepys dodged execution but was imprisoned for a time in the Tower of London. Scott's charges were likely the result of previous charges that Pepys had made against Scott, which had gone without punishment. It is noteworthy that following Scott's charges, Pepys prepared a wide array of counter-charges and witness statements against Scott. Though never used in court, many of these counter statements were for a time accepted as fact, further cementing Scott's roguish image in history.

paragraph: John Scott spent much of his remaining years in Norway, supported by individuals who feared his return to England. He returned to England in 1695. Upon his return, John Scott was arrested for travelling from France without authorization and sent to Newgate Prison, but was pardoned in the summer of 1696. After this point, no other mention of Scott is known, and it is assumed that he died shortly afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Appearance.

paragraph: No portrait or likeness of John Scott is known to exist. While Scott was in disguise as a spy in 1678, a description was made:

paragraph: "A proper well-set man in a great light [colored] periwig, rough-visaged, having large hair on his eyebrows, hollow eyed, a little... cast with his eye, full faced about the cheeks, about 46 years of age with a black hat and a [straight] bodied coat [cloth colored] with silver lace behind."

description: English settler on Long Island, adventurer and spy

wikidata_label: John Scott

wikipedia_title: Captain John Scott


text:
Spanish-American
astrophotographer
deep sky objects
NASA
BBC
National Geographic
Discovery Channel
Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking
Murcia
Boston, Massachusetts
Bachelor's degree
computer science
Harvard University
Wentworth Institute of Technology
San Francisco Bay Area
Netscape Communications
eBay
NASA
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Orion
Hubble 3D
"Discover" Magazine
Bad Astronomy
amateur astronomer
Astronomy Photographer of the Year
Orion in Gas, Dust, and Stars
Betelgeuse
Rigel
Orion's belt
Orion Molecular Cloud Complex
Dark River, Wide Field
Sagittarius
Scorpius
Dark Rift
Galactic center
Pleiades
Hyades
Cepheus constellation
emission nebula
Elephant's Trunk nebula
The Seagull and the Duck
Canis Major

categories: American astronomers,People from Murcia,20th-century American scientists,People from Sunnyvale, California,American software engineers,1969 births,Amateur astronomers,20th-century astronomers,Spanish emigrants to the United States,21st-century astronomers,Living people,21st-century American scientists,Astrophotographers

paragraph: Rogelio Bernal Andreo

paragraph: Rogelio Bernal Andreo (born 9 January 1969) is a Spanish-American astrophotographer. He is known for his photographs of deep sky objects. His work has been recognized by NASA as their Picture of the Day. Andreo's photography has been published in international magazines and periodicals, as well as television networks including the BBC, National Geographic, and the Discovery Channel series "Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking".

paragraph: Section::::Personal background.

paragraph: Rogelio Bernal Andreo was born on 9 January 1969, in Murcia, Spain. When he was 20 years old, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts. In 1995, he earn a Bachelor's degree in computer science from Harvard University and the Wentworth Institute of Technology.

paragraph: Section::::Professional background.

paragraph: After earning his bachelor's degree, Andreo moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where he worked for Netscape Communications and eBay as lead software engineer. In 2008, he started exploring astrophotography as a hobby and developed a personal style defined by deep wide field images that has led to international recognition and a meaningful influence on the discipline. His work has included using post-processing techniques not very common at the time of their introduction, and he has written of his use of multi-scale processing techniques.

paragraph: Andreo's work has appeared on NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day, in addition to publications such as "Astronomy Magazine", "Ciel et Espace", "Sky and Telescope", "National Geographic", as well as television networks such as the BBC, National Geographic, and the Discovery Channel series "Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking". Two of his Orion wide field images were used in the Orion's flyby scene for the Hubble 3D motion picture. Rogelio's work was also used in the series.

paragraph: His image, "Orion, from Head to Toes" was selected by "Discover" Magazine's Bad Astronomy, as the best astronomy picture of 2010. It was the first time this award was given to an amateur astronomer.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Astronomy" Magazine – Deep Sky category in the astroimaging contest (Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Advanced Imaging Conference Board of Directors – (Pleiades Award Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Discover" Magazine's Bad Astronomy – The Top Astronomy Picture of 2010 (Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Royal Observatory Greenwich – Astronomy Photographer of the Year, Deep Space category (Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Royal Observatory Greenwich – Astronomy Photographer of the Year, Deep Space category (Highly Commended)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Astronomical Association of Northern California – Outstanding contribution to Amateur Astronomy (Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: SBIG's Hall of Fame – For excellence in astronomical imaging (Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Royal Observatory Greenwich – Astronomy Photographer of the Year, Deep Space category (Runner-up)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Royal Observatory Greenwich – Astronomy Photographer of the Year, Deep Space category (Shortlisted)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Royal Observatory Greenwich – Astronomy Photographer of the Year, Deep Space category (Highly Commended)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orion in Gas, Dust, and Stars – A deep exposure showing the dark nebulae and star clusters of the Orion constellation

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Orion constellation showing Betelgeuse, Rigel, Orion's belt and the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dark River, Wide Field – Panorama stretching from Sagittarius to Scorpius showing the Dark Rift and the extraordinary starfield surrounding the Galactic center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Image highlighting the Taurus constellation from the Pleiades star cluster to the Hyades

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Skyscape of the Cepheus constellation showing the large emission nebula known as the Elephant's Trunk nebula

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Seagull and the Duck – Emission nebula in Canis Major spanning about 250 light years across

description: Spanish astronomer

wikidata_label: Rogelio Bernal Andreo

wikipedia_title: Rogelio Bernal Andreo


text: Latin

text: King of the Visigoths

text: Euric

text: Visigoths

text: Toulouse

text: Alaric I

text: Aire-sur-l'Adour

text: Aquitaine

text: Hispania

text: Gallia Aquitania

text: Gallia Narbonensis

text: Herwig Wolfram

text: Battle of Vouillé

text: Isidore of Seville

text: Syagrius

text: Domain of Soissons

text: France

text: Clovis I

text: Gregory of Tours

text: Franks

text: Loire

text: Theodoric the Great

text: Italy

text: Odoacer

text: Pavia

text: Burgundians

text: Gundobad

text: Avignon

text: Amboise

text: Visigoths

text: Dertosa

text: Ebro valley

text: Roman usurper

text: Peter

text: Theodoric

text: Ostrogoths

text: Battle of Vouillé

text: Gaul

text: Toulouse

text: Gesalec

text: Amalaric

text: Leovigild

text: Arian

text: Catholics

text: Agde

text: Arelate

text: Caesarius, bishop of Arles

text: Burgundians

text: Bordeaux

text: referendary

text: Anianus

text: Breviary of Alaric

text: Carcassonne

text: Canal

text: Hautes-Pyrénées

text: department

text: Alarico II

text: Diccionario biográfico español

text: Luis Agustín García Moreno

text: Real Academia de la Historia

categories: 5th-century Visigothic monarchs,Balt dynasty,Year of birth unknown,Ancient child rulers,6th-century Visigothic monarchs,507 deaths,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Alaric II

paragraph: Alaric II (, "ruler of all"; also known as Alaricus in Latin, August 507) was the King of the Visigoths in 484–507. He succeeded his father Euric as king of the Visigoths in Toulouse on December 28, 484; he was the great-grandson of the more famous Alaric I, who sacked Rome in 410. He established his capital at Aire-sur-l'Adour ("Vicus Julii") in Aquitaine. His dominions included not only the majority of Hispania (excluding its northwestern corner) but also Gallia Aquitania and the greater part of an as-yet undivided Gallia Narbonensis.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Herwig Wolfram opens his chapter on the eighth Visigothic king, "Alaric's reign gets no full treatment in the sources, and the little they do contain is overshadowed by his death in the Battle of Vouillé and the downfall of the Toulosan kingdom." One example is Isidore of Seville's account of Alaric's reign: consisting of a single paragraph, it is primarily about Alaric's death in that battle.

paragraph: The earliest documented event in Alaric's reign concerned providing refuge to Syagrius, the former ruler of the Domain of Soissons (in what is now northwestern France) who had been defeated by Clovis I, King of the Franks. According to Gregory of Tours' account, Alaric was intimidated by Clovis into surrendering Syagrius to Clovis; Gregory then adds that "the Goths are a timorous race." The Franks then imprisoned Syagrius, and once his control over Syagrius' former kingdom was secure, Clovis had him beheaded. However, Wolfram points out that at the time "Clovis got no farther than the Seine; only after several more years did the Franks succeed in occupying the rest of the Gallo-Roman buffer state north of the Loire." Any threat of war Clovis could make would only be effective if they were neighbors; "it is nowhere written that Syagrius was handed over in 486 or 487."

paragraph: Despite Frankish advances in the years that followed, Alaric was not afraid to take the military initiative when it presented itself. In 490, Alaric assisted his fellow Gothic king, Theodoric the Great, in his conquest of Italy by dispatching an army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia, where Theodoric had been trapped. Then when the Franks attacked the Burgundians in the decade after 500, Alaric assisted the ruling house, and according to Wolfram the victorious Burgundian king Gundobad ceded Avignon to Alaric. By 502 Clovis and Alaric met on an island in the Loire near Amboise for face-to-face talks, which led to a peace treaty.

paragraph: In 506, the Visigoths captured the city of Dertosa in the Ebro valley. There they captured the Roman usurper Peter and had him executed.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Vouillé and aftermath.

paragraph: After a few years, however, Clovis violated the peace treaty negotiated in 502. Despite the diplomatic intervention of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths and father-in-law of Alaric, Clovis led his followers into Visigothic territory. Alaric was forced by his magnates to meet Clovis in the Battle of Vouillé (summer 507) near Poitiers; there the Goths were defeated and Alaric slain, according to Gregory of Tours, by Clovis himself.

paragraph: The most serious consequence of this battle was not the loss of their possessions in Gaul to the Franks; with Ostrogothic help, much of the Gallic territory was recovered, Herwig Wolfram notes, perhaps as far as Toulouse. Nor was it the loss of the royal treasury at Toulouse, which Gregory of Tours writes Clovis took into his possession. As Peter Heather notes, the Visigothic kingdom was thrown into disarray "by the death of its king in battle." Alaric's heirs were his eldest son, the illegitimate Gesalec, and his younger son, the legitimate Amalaric who was still a child. Gesalec proved incompetent, and in 511 King Theodoric assumed the throne of the kingdom ostensibly on behalf of Amalaric—Heather uses the word "hijacked" to describe his action. Although Amalaric eventually became king in his own right, the political continuity of the Visigothic kingdom was broken; "Amalaric's succession was the result of new power structures, not old ones," as Heather describes it. With Amalaric's death in 531, the Visigothic kingdom entered an extended period of unrest which lasted until Leovigild assumed the throne in 568.

paragraph: Section::::Ability as king.

paragraph: In religion Alaric was an Arian, like all the early Visigothic nobles, but he greatly mitigated the persecution policy of his father Euric toward the Catholics and authorized them to hold in 506 the council of Agde. He was on uneasy terms with the Catholic bishops of Arelate (modern Arles) as epitomized in the career of the Frankish Caesarius, bishop of Arles, who was appointed bishop in 503. Caesarius was suspected of conspiring with the Burgundians, whose king had married the sister of Clovis, to assist the Burgundians capture Arles. Alaric exiled him for a year to Bordeaux in Aquitania, then allowed him to return unharmed when the crisis had passed.

paragraph: Alaric displayed similar wisdom in political affairs by appointing a commission headed by the referendary Anianus to prepare an abstract of the Roman laws and imperial decrees, which would form the authoritative code for his Roman subjects. This is generally known as the "Breviarium Alaricianum" or Breviary of Alaric.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The (Alaric's Mountain) near Carcassonne is named after the Visigoth king. Local rumour has it that he left a vast treasure buried in the caves beneath the mountain.

paragraph: The (Alaric's Canal) in the Hautes-Pyrénées department is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Gibbon, "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" Chapter 38

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alarico II , "Diccionario biográfico español", Luis Agustín García Moreno, Real Academia de la Historia.

description: King of the Visigoths Balti dynasty

wikidata_label: Alaric II

wikipedia_title: Alaric II


text: Mytilene

text: lyric poet

text: Lesbos

text: Alcaic stanza

text: canonical

text: nine lyric poets

text: Hellenistic

text: Alexandria

text: Sappho

text: aristocratic

text: class

text: Mytilene

text: Pittacus

text: Seven Sages of Greece

text: Sigeion

text: Herodotus

text: Nebuchadnezzar II

text: Sappho

text: Aristophanes of Byzantium

text: Aristarchus of Samothrace

text: canonic nine

text: Pindar

text: Anacreon

text: Horace's tribute

text: Dionysius of Halicarnassus

text: Quintilian

text: Dionysius of Halicarnassus

text: Athenaeus

text: Hesiod

text: Homeric hymns

text: Dioscuri

text: Hermes

text: Hebrus

text: Orpheus

text: Porphyrion

text: Cicero

text: Horace

text: Helen of Troy

text: Thetis

text: Akhilles

text: Asclepiad

text: Dioscuri

text: Sapphic stanza

text: St Elmo's Fire

text: Scholars, fragments and sources

text: drinking parties

text: Horace

text: Hades

text: Ovid

text: Letters of the Heroines

text: Pindar

text: Oxyrhynchus

text: Hephaestion (grammarian)

text: Libanius

text: Strabo

text: Athenaeus

text: John Tzetzes

text: Henricus Stephanus

text: Theodor Bergk

text: Karl Otfried Muller

text: Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens

text: Maurice Bowra

text: St Elmo's fire

text: tr.

text: tr.

text: Collection Budé

text: Poems by Alcaeus

text: A. M. Miller, "Greek Lyric":

categories: 6th-century BC deaths,6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Mytileneans,Nine lyric poets,Ancient Greek political refugees,Aeolic Greek poets,620s BC births,Poets from Ancient Lesbos

paragraph: Alcaeus of Mytilene

paragraph: Alcaeus of Mytilene (; , "Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios"; – 6th century BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. He was an older contemporary and an alleged lover of Sappho, with whom he may have exchanged poems. He was born into the aristocratic governing class of Mytilene, the main city of Lesbos, where he was involved in political disputes and feuds.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The broad outlines of the poet's life are well known. He was born into the aristocratic, warrior class that dominated Mytilene, the strongest city-state on the island of Lesbos and, by the end of the seventh century BC, the most influential of all the North Aegean Greek cities, with a strong navy and colonies securing its trade-routes in the Hellespont. The city had long been ruled by kings born to the Penthilid clan but, during the poet's life, the Penthilids were a spent force and rival aristocrats and their factions contended with each other for supreme power. Alcaeus and his older brothers were passionately involved in the struggle but experienced little success. Their political adventures can be understood in terms of three tyrants who came and went in succession:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melanchrus – he was overthrown sometime between 612 BC and 609 BC by a faction that, in addition to the brothers of Alcaeus, included Pittacus (later renowned as one of the Seven Sages of Greece); Alcaeus at that time was too young to be actively involved;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myrsilus – it is not known when he came to power but some verses by Alcaeus (frag. 129) indicate that the poet, his brothers and Pittacus made plans to overthrow him and that Pittacus subsequently betrayed them; Alcaeus and his brothers fled into exile where the poet later wrote a drinking song in celebration of the news of the tyrant's death (frag. 332);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pittacus – the dominant political figure of his time, he was voted supreme power by the political assembly of Mytilene and appears to have governed well (590-580 BC), even allowing Alcaeus and his faction to return home in peace.

paragraph: Sometime before 600 BC, Mytilene fought Athens for control of Sigeion and Alcaeus was old enough to participate in the fighting. According to the historian Herodotus, the poet threw away his shield to make good his escape from the victorious Athenians then celebrated the occasion in a poem that he later sent to his friend, Melanippus. It is thought that Alcaeus travelled widely during his years in exile, including at least one visit to Egypt. His older brother, Antimenidas, appears to have served as a mercenary in the army of Nebuchadnezzar II and probably took part in the conquest of Askelon. Alcaeus wrote verses in celebration of Antimenides' return, including mention of his valour in slaying the larger opponent (frag. 350), and he proudly describes the military hardware that adorned their family home (frag. 357).

paragraph: Alcaeus was a contemporary and a countryman of Sappho and, since both poets composed for the entertainment of Mytilenean friends, they had many opportunities to associate with each other on a quite regular basis, such as at the "Kallisteia", an annual festival celebrating the island's federation under Mytilene, held at the 'Messon' (referred to as "temenos" in frs. 129 and 130), where Sappho performed publicly with female choirs. Alcaeus' reference to Sappho in terms more typical of a divinity, as "holy/pure, honey-smiling Sappho" (fr. 384), may owe its inspiration to her performances at the festival. The Lesbian or Aeolic school of poetry "reached in the songs of Sappho and Alcaeus that high point of brilliancy to which it never after-wards approached" and it was assumed by later Greek critics and during the early centuries of the Christian era that the two poets were in fact lovers, a theme which became a favourite subject in art (as in the urn pictured above).

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: The poetic works of Alcaeus were collected into ten books, with elaborate commentaries, by the Alexandrian scholars Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace sometime in the 3rd century BC, and yet his verses today exist only in fragmentary form, varying in size from mere phrases, such as "wine, window into a man" (fr. 333) to entire groups of verses and stanzas, such as those quoted below (fr. 346). Alexandrian scholars numbered him in their canonic nine (one lyric poet per Muse). Among these, Pindar was held by many ancient critics to be pre-eminent, but some gave precedence to Alcaeus instead. The canonic nine are traditionally divided into two groups, with Alcaeus, Sappho and Anacreon, being 'monodists' or 'solo-singers', with the following characteristics:

paragraph: BULLET::::- They composed and performed personally for friends and associates on topics of immediate interest to them;

paragraph: BULLET::::- They wrote in their native dialects (Alcaeus and Sappho in Aeolic dialect, Anacreon in Ionic);

paragraph: BULLET::::- They preferred quite short, metrically simple stanzas or 'strophes' which they re-used in many poems — hence the 'Alcaic' and 'Sapphic' stanzas, named after the two poets who perfected them or possibly invented them.

paragraph: The other six of the canonic nine composed verses for public occasions, performed by choruses and professional singers and typically featuring complex metrical arrangements that were never reproduced in other verses. However, this division into two groups is considered by some modern scholars to be too simplistic and often it is practically impossible to know whether a lyric composition was sung or recited, or whether or not it was accompanied by musical instruments and dance. Even the private reflections of Alcaeus, ostensibly sung at dinner parties, still retain a public function.

paragraph: Critics often seek to understand Alcaeus in comparison with Sappho:

paragraph: The Roman poet, Horace, also compared the two, describing Alcaeus as "more full-throatedly singing" — see Horace's tribute below. Alcaeus himself seems to underscore the difference between his own 'down-to-earth' style and Sappho's more 'celestial' qualities when he describes her almost as a goddess (as cited above), and yet it has been argued that both poets were concerned with a balance between the divine and the profane, each emphasising different elements in that balance.

paragraph: Dionysius of Halicarnassus exhorts us to "Observe in Alcaeus the sublimity, brevity and sweetness coupled with stern power, his splendid figures, and his clearness which was unimpaired by the dialect; and above all mark his manner of expressing his sentiments on public affairs," while Quintilian, after commending Alcaeus for his excellence "in that part of his works where he inveighs against tyrants and contributes to good morals; in his language he is concise, exalted, careful and often like an orator;" goes on to add: "but he descended into wantonness and amours, though better fitted for higher things."

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.:Poetic genres.

paragraph: The works of Alcaeus are conventionally grouped according to five genres.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Political songs: Alcaeus often composed on a political theme, covering the power struggles on Lesbos with the passion and vigour of a partisan, cursing his opponents, rejoicing in their deaths, delivering blood-curdling homilies on the consequences of political inaction and exhorting his comrades to heroic defiance, as in one of his 'ship of state' allegories. Commenting on Alcaeus as a political poet, the scholar Dionysius of Halicarnassus once observed that "...if you removed the meter you would find political rhetoric."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drinking songs: According to the grammarian Athenaeus, Alcaeus made every occasion an excuse for drinking and he has provided posterity several quotes in proof of it. Alcaeus exhorts his friends to drink in celebration of a tyrant's death, to drink away their sorrows, to drink because life is short and along the lines "in vino veritas", to drink through winter storms and to drink through the heat of summer. The latter poem in fact paraphrases verses from Hesiod, re-casting them in Asclepiad meter and Aeolian dialect.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hymns: Alcaeus sang about the gods in the spirit of the Homeric hymns, to entertain his companions rather than to glorify the gods and in the same meters that he used for his 'secular' lyrics. There are for example fragments in 'Sapphic' meter praising the Dioscuri, Hermes and the river Hebrus (a river significant in Lesbian mythology since it was down its waters that the head of Orpheus was believed to have floated singing, eventually crossing the sea to Lesbos and ending up in a temple of Apollo, as a symbol of Lesbian supremacy in song). According to Porphyrion, the hymn to Hermes was imitated by Horace in one of his own 'sapphic' odes (C.1.10: "Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love songs: Almost all Alcaeus' amorous verses, mentioned with disapproval by Quintilian above, have vanished without trace. There is a brief reference to his love poetry in a passage by Cicero. Horace, who often wrote in imitation of Alcaeus, sketches in verse one of the Lesbian poet's favourite subjects — Lycus of the black hair and eyes (C.1.32.11-12: "nigris oculis nigroque/crine decorum"). It is possible that Alcaeus wrote amorously about Sappho, as indicated in an earlier quote.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miscellaneous: Alcaeus wrote on such a wide variety of subjects and themes that contradictions in his character emerge. The grammarian Athenaeus quoted some verses about perfumed ointments to prove just how unwarlike Alcaeus could be and he quoted his description of the armour adorning the walls of his house as proof that he could be unusually warlike for a lyric poet. Other examples of his readiness for both warlike and unwarlike subjects are lyrics celebrating his brother's heroic exploits as a Babylonian mercenary and lyrics sung in a rare meter (Sapphic Ionic in minore) in the voice of a distressed girl, "Wretched me, who share in all ills!" — possibly imitated by Horace in an ode in the same meter (C.3.12: "Miserarum est neque amori dare ludum neque dulci"). He also wrote Sapphic stanzas on Homeric themes but in un-Homeric style, comparing Helen of Troy unfavourably with Thetis, the mother of Akhilles.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.:A drinking poem (fr. 346).

paragraph: The following verses demonstrate some key characteristics of the Alcaic style (square brackets indicate uncertainties in the ancient text):

paragraph: The Greek meter here is relatively simple, comprising the Greater Asclepiad, adroitly used to convey, for example, the rhythm of jostling cups (). The language of the poem is typically direct and concise and comprises short sentences — the first line is in fact a model of condensed meaning, comprising an exhortation ("Let's drink!), a rhetorical question ("Why are we waiting for the lamps?") and a justifying statement (Only an inch of daylight left.) The meaning is clear and uncomplicated, the subject is drawn from personal experience, and there is an absence of poetic ornament, such as simile or metaphor. Like many of his poems (e.g., frs. 38, 326, 338, 347, 350), it begins with a verb (in this case "Let's drink!") and it includes a proverbial expression ("Only an inch of daylight left") though it is possible that he coined it himself.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.:A hymn (fr. 34).

paragraph: Alcaeus rarely used metaphor or simile and yet he had a fondness for the allegory of the storm-tossed ship of state. The following fragment of a hymn to Castor and Polydeuces (the Dioscuri) is possibly another example of this though some scholars interpret it instead as a prayer for a safe voyage.

paragraph: poem style="margin-left:2em"

paragraph: Hither now to me from your isle of Pelops,

paragraph: You powerful children of Zeus and Leda,

paragraph: Showing youselves kindly by nature, Castor

paragraph: And Polydeuces!

paragraph: Travelling abroad on swift-footed horses,

paragraph: Over the wide earth, over all the ocean,

paragraph: How easily you bring deliverance from

paragraph: Death's gelid rigor,

paragraph: Landing on tall ships with a sudden, great bound,

paragraph: A far-away light up the forestays running,

paragraph: Bringing radiance to a ship in trouble,

paragraph: Sailed in the darkness!

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: The poem was written in Sapphic stanzas, a verse form popularly associated with his compatriot, Sappho, but in which he too excelled, here paraphrased in English to suggest the same rhythms. There were probably another three stanzas in the original poem but only nine letters of them remain. The 'far-away light' () is a reference to St Elmo's Fire, an electrical discharge supposed by ancient Greek mariners to be an epiphany of the Dioscuri, but the meaning of the line was obscured by gaps in the papyrus until reconstructed by a modern scholar—such reconstructions are typical of the extant poetry (see Scholars, fragments and sources below). This poem doesn't begin with a verb but with an adverb (Δευτέ) but still communicates a sense of action. He probably performed his verses at drinking parties for friends and political allies—men for whom loyalty was essential, particularly in such troubled times.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes from other poets.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes from other poets.:Horace.

paragraph: The Roman poet Horace modelled his own lyrical compositions on those of Alcaeus, rendering the Lesbian poet's verse-forms, including 'Alcaic' and 'Sapphic' stanzas, into concise Latin — an achievement he celebrates in his third book of odes. In his second book, in an ode composed in Alcaic stanzas on the subject of an almost fatal accident he had on his farm, he imagines meeting Alcaeus and Sappho in Hades:

paragraph: Section::::Tributes from other poets.:Ovid.

paragraph: Ovid compared Alcaeus to Sappho in Letters of the Heroines, where Sappho is imagined to speak as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Scholars, fragments and sources.

paragraph: The story of Alcaeus is partly the story of the scholars who rescued his work from oblivion. His verses have not come down to us through a manuscript tradition — generations of scribes copying an author's collected works, such as delivered intact into the modern age four entire books of Pindar's odes — but haphazardly, in quotes from ancient scholars and commentators whose own works have chanced to survive, and in the tattered remnants of papyri uncovered from an ancient rubbish pile at Oxyrhynchus and other locations in Egypt: sources that modern scholars have studied and correlated exhaustively, adding little by little to the world's store of poetic fragments.

paragraph: Ancient scholars quoted Alcaeus in support of various arguments. Thus for example Heraclitus 'The Allegorist' quoted fr. 326 and part of fr. 6, about ships in a storm, in his study on Homer's use of allegory. The hymn to Hermes, fr308(b), was quoted by Hephaestion (grammarian) and both he and Libanius, the rhetorician, quoted the first two lines of fr. 350, celebrating the return from Babylon of Alcaeus' brother. The rest of fr. 350 was paraphrased in prose by the historian/geographer Strabo. Many fragments were supplied in quotes by Athenaeus, principally on the subject of wine-drinking, but fr. 333, "wine, window into a man", was quoted much later by the Byzantine grammarian, John Tzetzes.

paragraph: The first 'modern' publication of Alcaeus' verses appeared in a Greek and Latin edition of fragments collected from the canonic nine lyrical poets by Michael Neander, published at Basle in 1556. This was followed by another edition of the nine poets, collected by Henricus Stephanus and published in Paris in 1560. Fulvius Ursinus compiled a fuller collection of Alcaic fragments, including a commentary, which was published at Antwerp in 1568. The first separate edition of Alcaeus was by Christian David Jani and it was published at Halle in 1780. The next separate edition was by August Matthiae, Leipzig 1827.

paragraph: Some of the fragments quoted by ancient scholars were able to be integrated by scholars in the nineteenth century. Thus for example two separate quotes by Athenaeus were united by Theodor Bergk to form fr. 362. Three separate sources were combined to form fr. 350, as mentioned above, including a prose paraphrase from Strabo that first needed to be restored to its original meter, a synthesis achieved by the united efforts of Otto Hoffmann, Karl Otfried Muller and Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens. The discovery of the Oxyrhynchus papyri towards the end of the nineteenth century dramatically increased the scope of scholarly research. In fact, eight important fragments have now been compiled from papyri — frs. 9, 38A, 42, 45, 34, 129, 130 and most recently S262. These fragments typically feature lacunae or gaps that scholars fill with 'educated guesses', including for example a "brilliant supplement" by Maurice Bowra in fr. 34, a hymn to the Dioscuri that includes a description of St Elmo's fire in the ship's rigging. Working with only eight letters (; tr. "pró...tr...ntes"), Bowra conjured up a phrase that brilliantly develops the meaning and the euphony of the poem (; tr. "próton' ontréchontes"), describing luminescence "running along the forestays".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sappho et Alcaeus. Fragmenta". Eva-Maria Voigt (ed.). Polak and van Gennep, Amsterdam, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greek Lyric Poetry". D.A. Campbell (ed.). Bristol Classical Press, London, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greek Lyric 1: Sappho and Alcaeus". D. A. Campbell (ed.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alcée. Fragments". Gauthier Liberman (ed.). Collection Budé, Paris, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sappho and the Greek Lyric Poets". Translated by Willis Barnstone. Schoken Books Inc., New York, 1988.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems by Alcaeus – English translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. M. Miller, "Greek Lyric": – Alcaeus, many fragments

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alcaeus Bilingual Anthology (in Greek and English, side by side)

description: ancient Greek poet

enwikiquote_title: Alcaeus of Mytilene

wikidata_label: Alcaeus of Mytilene

wikipedia_title: Alcaeus of Mytilene