text:
Norwegian
Veøya
Norwegian Constitutional Assembly
Eidsvoll
Bergen
Eid
Sogn og Fjordane
Talvik
Cand.theol.
Church of Norway
Alta-Talvik
Finnmark
Veøy
Romsdalsfjord
Johan Christopher Haar Daae
Norwegian Constitutional Assembly
Eidsvoll
Romsdals Amt
Hilmar Meincke Krohg
Elling Olsson Walbøe
Tresfjord
Møre og Romsdal

categories: 1819 deaths,People from Sogn og Fjordane,Møre og Romsdal politicians,Norwegian priest-politicians,1764 births,Fathers of the Constitution of Norway

paragraph: Jens Stub

paragraph: Jens Stub (3 March 1764 – 24 October 1819) was a Norwegian priest and politician. He was vicar on the island of Veøya and served as a representative at the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of district stipendiary magistrate ("sorenskriver") Johan Daniel Stub (1736–1802) and grandson of Lauritz Stub (1708-1774), both of whom served as judges in Bergen. He grew up in the parish of Eid in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. His brother was Gerhard Heiberg Stub (1781-1831), a merchant in Bergen. In August 1793 he married his cousin Gjertrud Helene Heiberg (1774–1852) at Talvik in Finnmark.

paragraph: Jens Stub was a priest by education. He earned his degree in theology (Cand.theol.) in 1788. He was a Church of Norway priest at Alta-Talvik in Finnmark. He was vicar of the parish of Veøy in Romsdalsfjord from 1801 until his death, when he was succeeded by Johan Christopher Haar Daae.

paragraph: Stub was a member of the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814. He served as a representative of Romsdals Amt together with Hilmar Meincke Krohg and Elling Olsson Walbøe. During negotiations at the National Assembly, he voted with the Union Party ("Unionspartiet").

paragraph: He died in a boat accident during 1819 at Tresfjord in Møre og Romsdal.

description: Norwegian politician

wikidata_label: Jens Stub

wikipedia_title: Jens Stub


text:
altarpiece
Habsburg Empire
Silesia
Bílovec
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
Franz Anton Maulbertsch
Mikulov
genre
cabinet painting
Paul Troger
Giambattista Pittoni
Peter Paul Rubens
Kroměříž
Opava
Rococo
Michelangelo Unterberger

categories: Austrian male painters,Czech male painters,18th-century Austrian painters,Czech painters,1727 births,1812 deaths,19th-century Austrian painters,Portrait painters

paragraph: Felix Ivo Leicher

paragraph: Felix Ivo Leicher (May 18 or 19, 1727 - February 20, 1812) was a Czech-born Viennese painter of altarpieces and secular works, which was spread to a wide area throughout the Habsburg Empire and beyond.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in the Silesian town Bílovec, today on the wall to the right of the main entrance of the parish church is a plaque that hangs in his memory. He was apprenticed to a weaver, and later studied cutlery at school. But his break came in a local painter shop with Francis Andrew Schaffer, where he learned the basics of painting. Painting excited him and it became his entire life. From 1751 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, and in 1754 in a competition he received the second prize for painting "Anointing Saul the King" (today, this image is a preparatory sketch in the German National Museum in Nuremberg), which had secured the support of the future of this school.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: His teacher there was, Franz Anton Maulbertsch, with whom he worked throughout his life kept friendly relations, working together as the frescoes and paintings for a church in Mikulov. In many places, Leicher painted altarpieces in churches with frescoes. The influence of his teachers could be seen in his work, as is evident in the rich coloristic main altar painting in Bílovec. In several cases, the works were long attributed to just Maulbertsch and only recently found their true authorship as Leicher's.

paragraph: There is now no doubt that many of his works are still hidden in anonymity in various churches and collections, sometimes surprisingly authorship is revealed even smaller genre paintings and numerous sketches and drawings bear the marks of his hands. In the latter part of the 18th century he devoted himself also to creating smaller cabinet paintings with secular themes.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: His composition, the concept of shapes, light handling and other features paintings show a significant effect of the work Maulbertsch, whose work he admired. His approach is quieter, the expression of the character rather lyrical, restrained, narrative tuned. Unlike Maulbertsch, Leicher was not affected by the expressive manifestation of Paul Troger. He was inspired apparently also by other Venetian painters of 18th century, particularly the compositions of Giambattista Pittoni, and also images of Peter Paul Rubens. It is most evident on two paintings for the church altar of John the Baptist in Kroměříž. Its development lacks obvious drama or a representative sample of altarpieces in Opava parish church of the Assumption, which are often seen as the most perfect, do not lose connection to the Rococo works of his early creative period.

paragraph: Some critics, however, see more inspiration coming from the works of Michelangelo Unterberger, a professor at the Vienna Academy, whose work was a kind of moderate variant of the former academic uniform style, especially for it suggests a simple, clear compositional solutions and more lyrical, moderate tone of works by both artists.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horová, Angel. New Encyclopaedia of Czech art. Prague: Academia, 1995. 546 pages. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jelonek, Emil. Felix Ivo Leicher. In Das Kuhländchen. 7th volume. Neu-Titschein: L. V. Enders'sch, to 1926. 200 pages. Pages 17–20, 33-37, 49-52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kršek, Ivo. History of Czech Fine Arts, Part II / 2nd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kršek, Ivo. Baroque art in Moravia and Silesia. Academia, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kuchta, Zdeněk. Notable natives and personality Bílovecká. Bílovec: City Bílovec, 2009. . Section Leicher Felix Ivo, pages 54–55.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Petrova-Pleskotová to the work of Felix Ivo Leicher the Slovak Republic. In ARS, Issue 1, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schenk, Marie; Olšovský, Jaromír. Baroque painting and sculpture in the western part of Czech Silesia. Opava: Silesian Museum, Francis Maj, 2001. 274 pp. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schenk, Marie; Olšovský, Jaromír. Baroque painting and sculpture in the eastern part of the Czech Silesia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opava: Silesian Museum, Francis Maj, 2004. 265 pp. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nightingale, Lubomir. Felix Ivo Leicher. Dissertation FF UJEP Brno 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SLAVÍČEK, Lubomir. Felix Ivo Leicher, ein Maler ohne Eigenschaften? Versuch einer Stildefinition seines Oeuvres. In Edward Hindelang, Lubomir Nightingale. Franz Anton Maulbertsch und Mitteleuropa: Beiträge zum 30 jährigen Bestehen des Museums Langenargen. Langenargen - Brno: Masaryk University, 2007. . p 221-243. (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nightingale, Lubomir. Contributions to the knowledge of Felix Ivo Leicher in northern Moravia. In Proceedings of conservation in the North Region. Number 5, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toman, Prokop. New Dictionary of Czechoslovak artists. 3rd 2nd ed Volume Prague: Rudolf Rysavy: Shape 1950s. Password Leicher, Felix Ivo, p 19 to 20

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vollmer, Hans. Allgemeines Lexikon der Kunst bildenden. 22nd volume. Leipzig, 1928

alias:
f. leicher
Félix-Ivo Leicher
Felix-Ivo Leicher

description: Czech painter

wikidata_label: Felix Ivo Leicher

wikipedia_title: Felix Ivo Leicher


text:
Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre
Sarrebourg
École des Beaux-Arts
Henri Labrouste
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
Grand Prix de Rome
École Spéciale d'Architecture
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Émile Pereire
Eugène Flachat
Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
Jean-Baptiste André Godin
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
Émile Muller
Trocadéro
Gothic architecture
Exposition Universelle (1889)
Lycée Lakanal
Sceaux
Paul Cottancin
reinforced concrete
Trocadéro
Structural Rationalism
Galerie des machines
Château de Vincennes
Félix Duban
Aubazine
Corrèze
Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne
Corrèze
Brive-la-Gaillarde
Corrèze
Uzerche
Corrèze
Blois
Loir-et-Cher
Montrichard
Loir-et-Cher
Selles-sur-Cher
Loir-et-Cher
Saint-Amant-de-Boixe
Charente
Preuilly-sur-Claise
Indre-et-Loire
Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral
Puy-de-Dôme
Rambouillet
Lycée Lakanal
Sceaux
Lycée Edmond-Perrier
Tulle
Lycée Victor-Hugo
3rd arrondissement of Paris
Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre
18th arrondissement of Paris
Paul Cottancin
Théâtre Les 7 collines (Tulle)

categories: Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts,1834 births,French art historians,People from Sarrebourg,19th-century French architects,20th-century French architects,1915 deaths

paragraph: Anatole de Baudot

paragraph: Joseph-Eugène-Anatole de Baudot (14 October 1834 – 28 February 1915) was a French architect and a pioneer of reinforced-concrete construction.

paragraph: He was a prolific author, architect for diocesan buildings, architect for historical monuments, and a professor of architecture.

paragraph: He is known for the church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre in Paris, the first to be built using concrete reinforced with steel rods and wire mesh.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Anatole de Baudot was born on 14 October 1834 in Sarrebourg.

paragraph: He attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he studied under Henri Labrouste and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.

paragraph: He won the Grand Prix de Rome.

paragraph: From 1863, De Baudot was involved in the subject of education of architects, related to reform of the Beaux-Arts, writing several articles on the subject.

paragraph: In 1865 he was among the first members of the École Spéciale d'Architecture. Others were Ferdinand de Lesseps, Émile Pereire, Eugène Flachat, Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Jean-Baptiste André Godin, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and Émile Muller.

paragraph: Anatole de Baudot became a respected writer on architectural subjects for journals such as the "Gazette des architectes" and the "Encyclopédie de l'architecture".

paragraph: He was employed by the government in 1873 as an architect for diocesan buildings.

paragraph: In 1879 he was appointed to the historical monuments committee, eventually becoming inspector-general in 1907.

paragraph: From 1887 to 1914 he was also a professor of History of Art at the Trocadéro.

paragraph: De Baudot retired in 1914 and died in Paris on 28 February 1915.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Journalist.

paragraph: De Baudot contributed to the "Gazette des architectes et du bâtiment" (1865-1871).

paragraph: His influence converted the journal into a more serious publication, reducing the number of articles that served as advertising.

paragraph: He was a polemic writer, denouncing the decline of architecture in the 19th century, whose roots he traced to the abandonment of Gothic architecture principles in the 17th and 18th centuries. He also blamed the teaching at the Beaux-Arts.

paragraph: After November 1888 De Baudot was head of the "Encyclopédie de l'architecture", and with his collaborators Paul Gout and Henri Chaine devoted the journal to promoting modernist concepts.

paragraph: He would remain in charge until 1892.

paragraph: He introduced photography of archaeological sites and of monuments.

paragraph: A series covered the buildings erected for the Exposition Universelle (1889).

paragraph: In 1890 De Baudot also became responsible for publication of the "Bulletin de l'Union syndicale des architectes français".

paragraph: This may have served as a distraction from his work on the encyclopedia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Architect.

paragraph: Anatole de Baudot took great interest in churches.

paragraph: He noted that the practical problem to be solved was the same in the 19th century as in the 13th century.

paragraph: In an 1866 article in the "Gazette" he pointed out that the main requirements for church builders were to cover large spaces with few internal supports so that many believers could move easily, and to meet the needs of the religion.

paragraph: In 1869 he published "Église du bourgs et de villages", which discussed and compared old and modern forms of churches, arguing the case for constant improvements in architectural design.

paragraph: The minister for public education and cults designated him architect of diocesan buildings in 1873,

paragraph: and he rose to the position of inspector general of diocesan buildings in 1879.

paragraph: De Baudot was made a member of the Committee on Historical Monuments on 27 March 1879.

paragraph: He was appointed Vice-President of the Commission of Historical Monuments in 1880.

paragraph: In 1907 he was appointed Inspector General of Historical Monuments.

paragraph: In 1882 Anatole de Baudot was appointed architect for the new Lycée Lakanal, a boarding school in Sceaux set in the former park of the Duchess of Maine. It included the administration building, classrooms, studies and dormitories, baths, kitchens and dining rooms. He designed the buildings to capture as much light and air as possible. He broke with the tradition in which courtyards were surrounded by buildings. De Baudot used a combination of brick, stone and metal, creating a polychrome design. His buildings were modern and functional.

paragraph: De Baudot was interested in exploring use of new materials as a vehicle for expressing new architectural ideas,

paragraph: and became interested in the potential of reinforced concrete.

paragraph: He adopted the system developed by Paul Cottancin, an engineer from the Ecole centrale des arts et manufactures,

paragraph: based on columns and arches of cement reinforced by iron rods and a wire mesh.

paragraph: He said that this material gave the architect a simplified way to ensure unity of structure.

paragraph: De Baudot's design for the church of Saint-Jean de Monmartre, Paris, whose construction started in 1894, was the first to use a reinforced concrete framework enclosed by thin exterior walls.

paragraph: His Théatre de Tulle was built between 1899 and 1902 on the site formerly occupied by a 17th-century Jesuit chapel.

paragraph: It was one of the first to be built of reinforced cement. The facade was polychrome, incorporating sandstone, limestone, ceramics, colored glass and brick.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Professor.

paragraph: In 1887 De Baudot was appointed titular professor of medieval and renaissance architecture at the Beaux-Arts.

paragraph: The same year he was appointed to the chair of History of Art at the Trocadéro, where he became interested in the study of Roman architecture in France.

paragraph: De Baudot would remain at the Trocadéro until 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: De Baudot followed Viollet-le-Duc as a proponent of Structural Rationalism.

paragraph: Although a firm believer in progress in architecture, he felt that understanding the great periods of historical architecture were important to addressing modern challenges.

paragraph: He supported the creation of a course on the history of medieval architecture at the Beaux Arts, since this knowledge was essential for architects responsible for restoring buildings from that period.

paragraph: He was against mixing historical styles, making "irrational" use of columns and orders, and using stone in place of modern materials.

paragraph: De Baudot was never able to completely shake off traditional ideas.

paragraph: He saw architectural research as primarily one of technical problems.

paragraph: He was less perceptive of the social needs of the occupants of the buildings.

paragraph: This was apparent in a 1905 plan he submitted for a public housing project with small and inaccessible interior yards,

paragraph: brick walls in reinforced concrete frames.

paragraph: De Baudot was opposed to Art Nouveau.

paragraph: He believed that buildings should be "truthful" in displaying their structure.

paragraph: Decoration was acceptable only where it complemented the structure rather than concealing it.

paragraph: He believed in the importance of architecture appropriate for the needs of the age.

paragraph: De Baudot also called for a fresh start in developing contemporary architecture under the influence of engineers.

paragraph: In 1889, the year of the exposition, he said,

paragraph: However, commenting on the "Galerie des machines" built for the 1889 exposition, De Baudot found that the proportions did not work. He was disconcerted by the reversal of proportions from traditional structures: the supports tapered towards the ground, and the steel girders were narrow and light.

paragraph: In 1905 his alternative design was published, enclosing an equal area with supporting pillars and arches that had more conventional proportions.

paragraph: His design required fewer but larger pillars, and combined lateral and longitudinal arches

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Restorations.

paragraph: Anatole de Baudot worked under Eugène Viollet-le-Duc at the Château de Vincennes before taking the lead alone for 40 years.

paragraph: At Toulouse and the castle of Blois he followed Félix Duban.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Aubazine, Corrèze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbey church of Saint-Pierre de Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne, Corrèze

paragraph: BULLET::::- College church of Saint-Martin de Brive-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Pierre d'Uzerche, Corrèze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Nicolas-Saint-Laumer in Blois, Loir-et-Cher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Notre-Dame de Nanteuil in Montrichard, Loir-et-Cher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Notre-Dame-la-Blanche in Selles-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint-Amant-de-Boixe, Charente

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Preuilly-sur-Claise, Indre-et-Loire

paragraph: BULLET::::- West portal of the Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral, Puy-de-Dôme

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Construction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1871: Reconstruction of the church of Saint-Lubin in Rambouillet, replacing a 12th-century church that was considered too old and too small

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1882: Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1887: Lycée Edmond-Perrier in Tulle with polychrome facades of brick, ceramics and metal, similar to the Lycée Lakanal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894: Lycée Victor-Hugo in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894-1904: Church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, using the reinforced concrete system of Paul Cottancin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1899-1902: Théâtre Les 7 collines (Tulle), using a thin shell of reinforced concrete for the dome roof

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1890-1900: "Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historiques"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: Further reading

alias:
Joseph-Eugène-Anatole de Baudot
Anatole De Baudot
Joseph Eugène Anatole de Baudot
Joseph Eugene Anatole de Baudot
Joseph-Eugene-Anatole de Baudot

description: French architect

wikidata_label: Anatole de Baudot

wikipedia_title: Anatole de Baudot


text:
Arya Samaj
Hindu reform movement
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Ahmadiyya
Jhelum District
Peshawar
Arya Samaj
Dayanand Saraswati
Vedas
Peshawar
vedic
Dayanand Saraswati
Hindi
Sindhi
Arabic
Persian
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Ahmadiyya
Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya
Satyarth Prakash
Eid
burning ghat
Lahore

categories: Critics of Christianity,Hindu critics of Islam,1897 deaths,19th-century Hindu religious leaders,Arya Samajis,Critics of Ahmadiyya,1858 births

paragraph: Pandit Lekh Ram

paragraph: Pandit Lekh Ram (1858 – 6 March 1897) was the leader of the radical wing of the Arya Samaj, an Indian Hindu reform movement, who was active as an anti-Islamic writer. He is known particularly for his encounters with Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement, and as a subject of his death prophecy. His assassination by an unidentified assailant on March 6, 1897 is believed by Ahmadi Muslims to have occurred in accordance with Ahmad's prophecy concerning him.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pt.Lekh Ram was born in April 1858 CE. (the 8th of Chaitra, 1915 (Vikrami)) at a small village "Sayyed Pur", Jhelum District (now Pakistan-some victims of partition call Pakistan as Muslim Bhaarat).His nickname was lekhu. His father's name was Tara Singh and his mother was Bhag Bhari. He served in the Punjab Police for some years, when posted at Peshawar, he came under the influence of the teachings of Munshi Kanhaiya Lal Alakhdhari and came to know about the Arya Samaj movement and its founder Dayanand Saraswati. He resigned the Police service voluntarily and devoted his life for the propagation of Vedas and became a preacher of "Punjab Arya Pratinidhi Sabha". He was the founder of the Arya Samaj branch in Peshawar. He was married and had one son who died in early childhood.

paragraph: Section::::Activities.

paragraph: After joining the Peshawar Arya Samaj Lekh Ram began actively propagating the doctrines of the Samaj and vedic religion. He also spoke against cow-slaughter and promoted the use of Hindi in government schools. He became the editor of the "Arya Gazette", an Urdu monthly, and soon led the group of Samajists who were more fanatical in their opposition towards other faiths. Lekh Ram wrote the biography of Dayanand Saraswati and some 33 other books in Urdu. Some of which were translated in English, Hindi and Sindhi. He is reported to be an enthusiastic debater. As a speaker of Arabic and Persian, he was involved in debates in multiple languages and was active in converting Muslims to Hinduism. His writings drew constant criticism from the Muslim press

paragraph: Section::::Lekh Ram and Islam.

paragraph: While Dayanand Saraswati's polemics against Islam largely addressed doctrinal issues, later Samaj writer, including Lekh Ram, drew more heavily upon historical conflicts between Hindus and Muslims as well as the communal tensions of nineteenth century Punjab in an attempt to tie them with Islamic doctrine. Unlilke their disputes with the Christians, the struggle between the Samajists and the Muslims quickly came to centre around two figures—Lekh Ram himself, representing the samaj as a reformed Hinduism, and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement which claimed to be a revitalized Islam. In their general critique of Islam, the Samajists often targeted Ahmad and his claims to spiritual authority specifically. When Ahmad published his "Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya" (The Muhammadan Proofs), Lekh ram published his refutation titled "Takzeeb Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya" (Falsification of the "Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya"), opening up a series of disputations between the two sides. In 1892, Lekh Ram published his controversial treatise, "Risala-i-Jihad ya'ni Din-i-Muhammadi ki Buniyad" (A Treatise on Holy War or the Basis of the Muhammadan Religion). The treatise—which drew and expanded upon Dayanand's "Satyarth Prakash" (The Light of Truth), a work which also criticized Christianity, Buddhism and Sikhism—accused Islam of being a warlike and sensual faith and escalated already existing communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in the early 1890s.

paragraph: Section::::Lekh Ram and Islam.:The subject of prophecy.

paragraph: Amid the polemical exchanges, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad published an announcement in 1893 in which he prophesied that Lekh Ram will face divine punishment and die in violent circumstances within six years, speaking of him as a "lifeless bellowing calf", and stated that the fateful day will be very close to the Muslim festival of Eid.

paragraph: Section::::Lekh Ram and Islam.:Assassination.

paragraph: Four years later, on March 6, 1897, the day following Eid, Lekh ram was stabbed to death in front of his wife and mother while staying in Lahore purportedly by a Muslim. The Assassin was a stranger to the city but had been staying with Lekh Ram for three weeks under the pretence of wishing to become a Hindu. Lekh Ram was cremated and the ashes dispersed into a river. His assassination caused a great shock among the Arya Samaj throughout the Punjab and his funeral drew an estimated 20,000 people at the burning ghat. The Hindu press as well as the police suspected a Muslim offended by Lekh Ram's writings. While Arya leaders were confident that the assassin will be arrested, a police investigation failed to apprehend the assassin. The assassination also intensified communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in the months that followed and generated a heightened sense of trepidation among both with mutual threats, boycotts and cases of street violence between rival groups. For his part, Ahmad maintained that he had no hand in the fulfillment of the prophecy other than through purely spiritual means and although he was suspected by some, nothing could be proven. Press speculation as to the assassin's identity, as well as rumours of his capture, resurfaced intermittently throughout the year.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: All his 33 works have been collectively published under the name "Kulyaat e Arya Musafir", by Mahashe Keeshat Dev manager "Sattya Dharam Parcharak Haridwar", at the Printing Press of Rai Sahib Munshi Gulab Singh "Mufeed aam Press" Lahore (1903).

paragraph: 1. Tareekh-E-Dunya

paragraph: 2. Saboot-E-Tanasukh

paragraph: 3. Shri Krishn ka jeevan Charitra

paragraph: 4. Stree Shiksha

paragraph: 5. Stree Shiksha ke wasail

paragraph: 6. Namaste ki Tahqeeqat

paragraph: 7. Devi Bhaagvat Pareeksha

paragraph: 8. Puraan kisne Banai

paragraph: 9. Dharam Parchar

paragraph: 10. Patap Udharan

paragraph: 11. Murda Zaroor Jalana Chahiye

paragraph: 12. Murti Parkash

paragraph: 13. Itre Roohani

paragraph: 14. Saanch ko Aanch Nahi

paragraph: 15. Ram Chadar Ji ka Sacha Darshan

paragraph: 16. Christian Mat Darpan

paragraph: 17. Masal Neug

paragraph: 18. Sadaqat e Rigved

paragraph: 19. Nijaat Ki Asli Tareef

paragraph: 20. Sache Dharam ki Shahadat

paragraph: 21. Sadaqat e Ilham

paragraph: 22. Sadaqat e Usool wa Taleem Aray Samaj

paragraph: 23. Takzeeb e Barahin Ahmadiyya vol 1

paragraph: 24. Takzeeb e Barahin Ahmadiyya vol 2

paragraph: 25. Nuskha Khabte Ahmadiyya

paragraph: 26. Ibtaal Basharaat e Ahmadiyya

paragraph: 27. Risala Jihaad

paragraph: 28. Izhaar e Haq

paragraph: 29. Hujjat ul Islam

paragraph: 30. Rah e Nijaat

paragraph: 31. Sadaqat Dharam Arya

paragraph: 32. Radd e Khil’at Islam

paragraph: 33. Ayeena e Shafa’at

description: Hindu leader

enwikiquote_title: Pandit Lekh Ram

wikidata_label: Pandit Lekh Ram

wikipedia_title: Pandit Lekh Ram


text:
Czech
ice hockey
Luboš Rob
HC České Budějovice
Czech Extraliga
Czech Extraliga
HC České Budějovice
2012–13 Czech Extraliga season

categories: Czech ice hockey players,1995 births,Motor České Budějovice players,Living people

paragraph: Luboš Rob (ice hockey, born 1995)

paragraph: Luboš Rob (born April 18, 1995) is a Czech ice hockey player. His father Luboš Rob senior (born 1970) is also a Czech professional ice hockey player and was drafted by the New York Rangers in the fifth round of the 1990 NHL Draft.

paragraph: He is currently playing with HC České Budějovice of the Czech Extraliga.

paragraph: Rob made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with HC České Budějovice during the 2012–13 Czech Extraliga season.

description: Czech ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Luboš Rob

wikipedia_title: Luboš Rob (ice hockey, born 1995)


text:
Lord Rollo
Royalist
James VII
Second Baronet
Jacobite
Charles Edward Stuart
Clementina Walkinshaw
his daughter

paragraph: Sir Hugh Paterson, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Hugh Paterson, 1st Baronet, was a Scottish landowner. He born in or around the year 1659.

paragraph: Sir Hugh's father had acquired the Bannockburn estate from Andrew Rollo, 11th Laird of Duncrub and 3rd Lord Rollo. Paterson built much of the current house, and it is little changed since his time.

paragraph: The Patersons were staunch Royalists and James VII gave Hugh the title of Baronet of Bannockburn. After Hugh Paterson's death on 21 December 1701, his son, the Second Baronet attainted his Baronetcy by being an open and fierce Jacobite, but he lived on at Bannockburn House.

paragraph: In a brief stay at the house, Charles Edward Stuart met the 2nd Baronet's niece, Clementina Walkinshaw, who would eventually be the Young Prince's lover and mother of his daughter.

description: British baronet

wikidata_label: Sir Hugh Paterson, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Hugh Paterson, 1st Baronet


text: Satoru Sayama

text: All Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Battlarts

text: Dramatic Dream Team

text: Riki Choshu

text: Kyokushin

text: Japan Self-Defense Forces

text: Nippon Sport Science University

text: Satoru Sayama

text: mixed martial artist

text: Pancrase

text: Kazuo "Yoshiki" Takahashi

text: hip hop

text: b-kei

text: military salute

text: Yasukuni Shrine

text: Sanae Kikuta

text: vale tudo

text: Daiju Takase

text: Ryuta Sakurai

text: Real Japan Pro Wrestling

text: gimmick

text: Universal Wrestling Federation

text: Ikuto Hidaka

text: Tiger Shark

text: Alexander Otsuka

text: Minoru Suzuki

text: Great Sasuke

text: Mitsuya Nagai

text: Kazunari Murakami

text: Great Tiger

text: Masakatsu Funaki

text: shoot-style

text: Battlarts

text: Mitsuya Nagai

text: Munenori Sawa

text: Chocoball Mukai

text: Alexander Otsuka

text: All Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Jun Akiyama

text: Daisuke Sekimoto

text: Suwama

text: stable

text: Yuji Okabayashi

text: AJPW World Tag Team Championship

text: Hikaru Sato

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: Pro Wrestling Zero1

text: 1 time, current

text: Real Japan Pro Wrestling

categories: Middleweight mixed martial artists,Masked wrestlers,Living people,Kyokushin kaikan practitioners,Japanese male kickboxers,1977 births,Japanese male mixed martial artists,Mixed martial artists utilizing Kyokushin kaikan,Japanese male professional wrestlers,Japanese male karateka

paragraph: Yuji Sakuragi

paragraph: Sakuragi wrestles under the name of Super Tiger, being the second incarnation of the name used by his trainer Satoru Sayama. He has also worked in promotions like All Japan Pro Wrestling, Battlarts, Dramatic Dream Team and Riki Choshu's Legend The Pro Wrestling.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yuji started training Kyokushin in middle school, and later joined the Japan Self-Defense Forces for a time. After his military tenure, he worked as a physical education teacher for the Nippon Sport Science University, where he met Satoru Sayama. Sakuragi moved to Sayama's Seikendo promotion and started training in order to be a professional mixed martial artist.

paragraph: Section::::Mixed martial arts career.

paragraph: In 2005, after some unimpressive fights abroad, Sakuragi made his debut in Seikendo's partner company Pancrase with a high note, knocking out Kengo Watanabe with a head kick. The victory, as well as his performance against veteran Kazuo "Yoshiki" Takahashi, made him shine in the indy MMA scene. He became famous for his Kyokushin background, exemplified by his refinated striking and ability to score total KOs as opposed to TKOs or stoppages. Sakuragi was also famous for his flashy personal style, wearing hip hop and b-kei fashion, striking the military salute before his matches and paying his dues to the Yasukuni Shrine in special occasions.

paragraph: In 2012, Sakuragi defeated Kazuo Takahashi at the promotion's Progress Tour event. The wrestling expert chose to trade strikes with Sakuragi, who landed a left hook at the second round and knocked him out cold, winning the fight.

paragraph: On October 27, 2012, Sakuragi faced grappling expert Sanae Kikuta in a special fight in Grabaka under full vale tudo rules, without gloves and allowing elbows and headbutts. The bout was short, and saw Sakuragi landing a spinning back kick, sidestepping Kikuta's attempts to push him against the cage wall, and finally knocking him down with strikes.

paragraph: Sakuragi's next matchups against grapplers wouldn't be so successful, as he was choked out by Daiju Takase at DEEP Haleo Impact and defeated by Ryuta Sakurai in an upset knockout by flying knee at Cage Impact 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Real Japan Pro Wrestling (2007-present).

paragraph: In 2007, Sakuragi made his transition to professional wrestling as part of Sayama's Real Japan Pro Wrestling. He received the gimmick of Super Tiger II, the second incarnation of the character used by Sayama in Universal Wrestling Federation. Yuji wrestled under a purple and silver attire and mask, utilizing a style based around kicks and suplexes. His debut was against Ikuto Hidaka, a wrestler who had been especially approved by Sayama for Tiger II's debut, and later moved into a major feud with Tiger Shark.

paragraph: Super Tiger challenged Alexander Otsuka for the RJPW Legend Championship in 2008, but he was defeated. Sakuragi then formed a steady team with Minoru Suzuki, getting victories over names like Yuki Ishikawa and Great Sasuke. In 2011, Super Tiger got finally the championship when he defeated Mitsuya Nagai in a title match. Tiger retained it successfully against Black Tiger V before trading the title once more with Nagai, and this time his reign was longer, defending it against Kazunari Murakami, Taka Kuno, Masashi Aoyagi and Great Tiger. However, he lost it in 2015, against Masakatsu Funaki.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Battlarts (2007-2011).

paragraph: The year of his debut, Super Tiger started wrestling in shoot-style promotion Battlarts as a RJPW representative. Tiger formed a tag team with Katsumi Usuda and competed extensely for the company, briefly feuding with Mitsuya Nagai and Yuki Ishikawa. In 2008, he participated in the B1 Climax 2009 Block B, where he got big wins over Munenori Sawa, Usuda and Bison Tagai, and went to face Ishikawa in the block's final match, but he was defeated. Super Tiger then teamed up with his long time rival Tiger Shark, though they broke up shortly after. His last match in Battlarts was a tag team match with Chocoball Mukai as a special referee, teaming up with Sanshu Tsubakichi to face Ryuji Walter and Alexander Otsuka in a losing effort.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:All Japan Pro Wrestling (2016-present).

paragraph: Sakuragi debuted in All Japan Pro Wrestling as a RJPW representative for the Champion Carnival 2016. He scored important victories over Jun Akiyama and Daisuke Sekimoto, but otherwise his success was little. He didn't stop appearing in AJPW after the league, however, aligning himself with Suwama's stable Evolution. On 27 August, he and Suwama challenged Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi for the AJPW World Tag Team Championship, being defeated. In December, Super Tiger and fellow Evolution member Hikaru Sato competed at the Real World Tag League 2016, though scoring only one win.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.:Kickboxing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universal Kickboxing Federation

paragraph: BULLET::::- UKF International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.:Mixed martial arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Absolute Fighting Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- WAFC Pankration Openweight Crown (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.:Professional wrestling.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #400 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Zero1

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA United National Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Real Japan Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- RJPW Legends Championship (3 times, current)

description: Japanese martial artist

wikidata_label: Yuji Sakuragi

wikipedia_title: Yuji Sakuragi


text: Salerno

text: Trotula

text: Trotula

text: Trotula

text: Trotula

text: philological

text: infertility

text: menstrual disorder

text: snakebite

text: cosmetics

text: California Institute of Technology

text: John F. Benton

text: Trotula

text: Norman

text: Normandy

text: Bodleian Library

text: women of Salerno

text: World War II

text: Chaucer

text: The Wife of Bath's Tale

text: Trotula

text: Hildegard of Bingen

text: practitioner of medicine

text: Renaissance

text: modern period

text: Trotula

text: California Institute of Technology

text: Trotula

text: Women of Salerno

text: Women in science

text: Women in medicine

text: "Speaking of Trotula"

categories: People from Salerno,12th-century Italian people,Medieval Italian physicians,12th-century deaths,12th-century Italian women writers,Year of birth unknown,Italian women physicians,Medieval Italian women writers,Italian women scientists,12th-century scientists,12th-century Italian women,12th-century physicians,Medieval women physicians

paragraph: Trota of Salerno

paragraph: Trota of Salerno (also spelled Trocta) was a medical practitioner and writer in the southern Italian coastal town of Salerno who lived in the early or middle decades of the 12th century. Her fame spread as far as France and England in the 12th and 13th centuries. A Latin text that gathered some of her therapies (and even recounted a cure she had performed) was incorporated into an ensemble of treatises on women's medicine that came to be known as the "Trotula", "the little book [called] 'Trotula'." Gradually, readers became unaware that this was the work of three different authors. They were also unconscious of name of the historical writer, which was "Trota" and not "Trotula." The latter was thenceforth misunderstood as the author of the whole compendium. These misconceptions about the author of "Trotula" contributed to the erasure or modification of her name, gender, level of education, medical knowledge, or the time period in which the texts were written; this trend often resulted from the biases of later scholars. Trota's authentic work (including a collection of her cures, known as the "Practical Medicine According to Trota") was forgotten until it was rediscovered in the late 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Separating Trota from "Trotula".

paragraph: "Trotta" or "Trocta" are the only forms of this common woman's name found in Salernitan sources of the 12th century; "Trotula," in contrast, is never documented as a woman's name. In the later 12th century, part of the work associated with the historic medical practitioner, Trota of Salerno, the "De curis mulierum" ("On Treatments for Women"), was subsumed into a compendium of three different works on women's medicine by three different authors. Since Trota's work was the only one of the three that bore an author's name, she was credited with the whole ensemble, which was initially dubbed with the title, the "Trotula", the "little (work of) Trota." As the ensemble began to circulate outside of southern Italy, the title "Trotula" was soon misunderstood as an author's name, and “Trotula” came to be seen as the singular author of all three texts in the "Trotula" ensemble.

paragraph: Whatever of Trota's fame endured beyond the 12th century seems to have been fused with the textual persona "Trotula." In contrast to the wide popularity of the "Trotula" texts—which are found in nearly 140 extant copies of the Latin originals, and about 60 copies of vernacular translations—the authentic works of Trota survive in only a handful of copies. Hence, in modern scholarship, it is crucial to separate the historical woman Trota from the fate of the "Trotula" texts, because their historical importance and impact were quite distinct. Debates about whether "Trotula" really existed began in the 16th century, generated in part out of the inherent inconsistencies in the assembled work that circulated under "her" name. Those debates persisted into the later 20th century, when the discovery of Trota's "Practica secundum Trotam" ("Practical Medicine According to Trota") and philological analysis of other works associated with her allowed the real historic woman Trota to be seen independently from the textual creation "Trotula."

paragraph: Section::::Life and Works of Trota.

paragraph: No independent biographical information on Trota of Salerno exists beyond information that can be gleaned from writings associated with her. That information allows us to place her sometime in the first half of the 12th century. Additionally, a comprehensive concordance of all textual witnesses to Trota's writings and practices, published in 2007, allows an estimation of the full scope of her work. It is likely that she wrote more than can yet be documented by extant witnesses. In the 12th and 15th centuries, the Trota's texts were repeatedly published in various cities and had a broad audience throughout western Europe despite the competition of other texts focusing on gynecology and women's health.

paragraph: Section::::Life and Works of Trota.:"Practica secundum Trotam" (Practical Medicine According to Trota).

paragraph: The work that Trota is most immediately associated with as author is the "Practica secundum Trotam" ("Practical Medicine According to Trota"), which covers a variety of different medical topics, from infertility and menstrual disorders to snakebite and cosmetics. Trota was a famous authority on obstetrics and a renowned midwife in Salerno. Although her works are known for their practical information on gynecology and obstetrics, Trota also wrote on medical problems faced by both men and women. In her practical book of medicine, "Practica Secundum Trotum," she dedicated about three quarters of the text to ailments that are not specific to women, such as internal diseases, fevers, and wounds. This illustrates that Trota was not limited to problems in gynecology or obstetrics when treating her patients.

paragraph: The "Practica" was first discovered in 1985 by California Institute of Technology historian John F. Benton. Benton found the text in a Madrid manuscript likely written at the very beginning of the 13th century. A second, partial copy of the text was discovered by Monica H. Green in a manuscript now in Oxford. In 1995, Piero Cantalupo published a complete transcription of the original Latin text in the Madrid manuscript; no complete translation into English has yet been published.

paragraph: Section::::Life and Works of Trota.:"De curis mulierum" (On Treatments for Women).

paragraph: Trota is also the authoritative figure behind one of three texts in the so-called "Trotula" ensemble, a compendium of works on women’s medicine brought together later in the 12th century. This is the text known as "De curis mulierum" ("On Treatments for Women"). Trota cannot properly be called the "author" of this text, or at least not in the form in which it has survived, because she is cited within the text in the third person. Trota appears in an anecdote about a young woman suffering from "ventositas matricis" ("wind in the uterus"). As the text explains, sometimes women "take in wind" into their uterus, "with the result that to certain people they look as if they were ruptured or suffering from intestinal pain." Trota was called in to treat a woman suffering from the condition. The text stressed that "Trota was called in as if she were a master." The Latin word for "master" here is in the feminine form, "magistra", the most compelling sign that Trota had a social stature comparable to that of male "magistri".

paragraph: This treatment of "wind" in the uterus has no other parallel with known works coming out of Salerno. But much of the rest of the text of "De curis mulierum" has strong echoes of practices of Trota's known from the "Practica secundum Trotam".

paragraph: The third-person reference to Trota's cure raises the question of who the "we" is that is seen throughout most of the text of "De curis mulierum". Green posits that the text seems to capture the collective practices of one group of female practitioners, setting down their cures for another group of readers (or auditors) who will have the same unfettered access to the bodies of their female patients: "it appears to have been written down to provide a more permanent and concrete mechanism for the transmission of knowledge from woman to woman than the oral forms that had traditionally served the needs of Salernitan women... [T]he text posits a community of female readers who would be able to rely on this text for instruction..." Women's literacy is not well documented in southern Italy in this period, which raises the question of why the "De curis mulierum" was written down in the first place. Green finds a clue to this question in the three words of English derivation found in the earliest copies of the text. The "De curis mulierum" may have been written down, she suggests, not for the benefit of local women in Salerno, but for an audience in England eager in general to learn about medical practices in far-off Salerno. Both England and southern Italy were under Norman rule at this point, and transference of southern Italian medical writings to Normandy and especially England are well-documented in this period. In fact, the manuscript where we find the earliest copy of the original version of the "De curis mulierum"—Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Digby 79, from the early 13th century—seems to have been written both in Italy and in England.

paragraph: The anecdote of Trota's cure of the young woman with "wind" in her womb is already an indication of the fame she enjoyed in her own community. To be likened to a male master of medicine in being called a "magistra operis" was a notable accomplishment, especially since the feminine form "magistra" is hardly documented at all in this period. Further evidence of the healer Trota has, however, not yet been found in Salernitan documents. No male Salernitan medical writers from the period cite her by name, and although many women named Trota (or "Trocta") are mentioned in Salernitan documents, it is impossible to identify this specific Trota with any one of them. Trota, for her part, mentions a couple of her male contemporaries. In "Treatments for Women", there are two references to the Salernitan physician Copho: in one case, she refers clearly to a doctrinal point of Copho's anatomical teaching. In another instance, she (or someone who edited her text) seems to borrow extensively from Copho's analysis of the causes of, and therapies for, infertility. Additionally, Trota seems to credit a "golden unguent" for treating lesions of the penis to master Ferrarius. Trota, therefore, had an awareness of the work of her male contemporaries, so it is notable that they do not reciprocate. The several mentions by male writers of the practices of the "mulieres Salernitane" ("the women of Salerno") as an undifferentiated group seem only occasionally to capture the kinds of therapies Trota practiced.

paragraph: Section::::Trota's Reputation and the Medieval Fate of Her Writings.:The Dame Trote.

paragraph: A lasting record of her fame is more easily found in northern Europe. A thirteenth-century Anglo-Norman cosmetic text, "Ornatus mulierum" (On the Adornment of Women), refers to "Dame Trote" twelve times. Indeed, the author actually claims to have studied with Trota, and she is the only woman cited by name as a source for information. As Green has suggested, Trota's international esteem may itself have led to the creation of "Treatments for Women", which, as noted above, shows signs of having been assembled by an English-speaking visitor to Salerno.

paragraph: Section::::Trota's Reputation and the Medieval Fate of Her Writings.:The "Codex Salernitanus".

paragraph: Trota's status as a medical author is most strikingly documented by a work found uniquely in a late 12th-century manuscript, the "Codex Salernitanus", that was held in the city library of the Polish town of Wrocław (Breslau). How the manuscript arrived in Poland is unclear, since it seems (based on the handwriting of its scribes) to have been written in France. Wrocław, Stadtbibliothek, MS 1302, was destroyed in bombing during World War II, but major portions of it had been published in the previous century. The manuscript contains a work there called "De egritudinum curatione", On the Treatment of Illnesses. The work is a compilation of therapies from seven Salernitan writers, identified in marginal notes such as "M.C." for "magister Copho" ("master Copho"). We know now that the passages attributed to a name abbreviated as "Trot'" should be recognized as the work of Trota of Salerno. In fact, it is likely that she was responsible for additional passages in the text that had no attribution.

paragraph: The Salernitan "De egritudinum curatione" seems never to have been copied again after the "Codex Salernitanus" was assembled, nor did the "Practica secundum Trotam" receive much circulation. Hence, knowledge of Trota outside of what was preserved in the "Trotula" texts faded. At some point in the thirteenth century, memory that "Trota" was the actual woman's name was lost, and scribes began inserting "Trotula" into the passage describing Trota's cure in the "Treatments for Women". At the same time, lore about "Trotula" as an "expert on women's affairs" continued to grow, both positively in the rising prominence of the "Trotula" texts sources for knowledge on women's medicine (they circulated not only in Latin but also in multiple new translations into European vernacular languages), but also negatively, as "Trotula" was used as a mouthpiece to articulate misogynistic views (for example, in the Prologue to Chaucer's The Wife of Bath's Tale).

paragraph: Section::::Trota's Reputation and the Medieval Fate of Her Writings.:The Erasure of the Feminine Trota.

paragraph: The "Trotula" works fell into the hands of Georg Kraut in 1544, who rearranged the three component texts to appear as though it was authored by a single person. He also removed the mention of common names beyond the third century, which led future readers and publishers to assume it was an ancient text. Later, in the sixteenth century, Casper Wolf, who acted as the next editor of "Trotula", changed the name from "Trotula" to Eros (a male name) and edited a verbal form from feminine to masculine to agree with the name change. This falsely accredited the text to a man and placed it in the ancient period, contributing to the erasure of a woman author in the Middle Ages. Throughout scholarship of the Trotula, historians, researchers, and philologists have dismissed her authorship, gender, and medical knowledge on various grounds. For example, in 1773, Gruner dismissed Trota's possible authorship of the texts because she was mentioned within the text, not specifically as the author; instead, he referred to the author as a masculine unknown. Often, the time period, gender, author attribution, and/or Trota's believed level of education are downplayed, upgraded, or dismissed based on the bias of the scholar or the purpose of their research.

paragraph: Although Trota is not frequently connected to Hildegard of Bingen, another female author and practitioner of medicine in the 12th century, in academic writing, Green draws parallels between their lives and the future of their texts. First, both women were renowned for their authority on certain medical subjects during and after their time. Later, specifically the Renaissance and the modern period, their works were studied by historians, philologists, and physicians, who often questioned the legitimacy of or contributed to the erasure of their authorship or medical knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Trota's Reputation and the Medieval Fate of Her Writings.:"Trota" in a Copy of "De curis mulierum".

paragraph: One very interesting exception to this general erasure of the historic Trota has recently been discovered. The Catalan historian of medicine, Montserrat Cabré i Pairet, has discovered a partial 15th-century Catalan translation of the "De curis mulierum", the only one of the three "Trotula" texts to have preserved the original teaching of Trota. The scribe of the manuscript (who may have been a surgeon copying the text for their own use) apparently compared the Catalan translation with a copy they found of the original Latin "De curis mulierum", recording that, in the original Latin, the "maestra" who had been called in was called Trota "in the Latin."

paragraph: This singular acknowledgement of Trota's fame aside, overall, recognition of the historic Trota had all but disappeared by the end of the Middle Ages. This lead to controversy about the authorship of "Trotula," which directed medical scholarship on the texts for the next 400 years, starting in the sixteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::The Rediscovery of Trota in the 20th and 21st Centuries.

paragraph: The "Codex Salernitanus", that large collection of Salernitan texts, was first brought to the notice of modern scholars in 1837, and the text of "De egritudinum curatione"—On the Treatment of Illnesses—was first published two decades later. In the early 20th century, the Leipzig historian of medicine, Karl Sudhoff, had a stream of medical students edit (or re-edit) different texts from the "Codex Salernitanus". In 1921, Conrad Hiersemann chose to re-edit the sections of the "De egritudinum curatione" ascribed to "Trot'." Hiersemann assumed that the name was masculine, and so expanded it to "Trottus." This erasure of the female author Trota was not questioned until 1985, when John F. Benton, a historian at the California Institute of Technology, discovered the "Practica secundum Trotam", the text in the manuscript in Madrid. Benton realized that the "Practica" had multiple overlaps with therapies ascribed to "Trot'" in the "De egritudinum curatione". He was thus able to retrieve the historic woman Trota from the oblivion into which she had fallen for 800 years.

paragraph: However, Benton persisted in his belief that the "Trotula" texts—which he had proven were originally the work of three separate 12th-century writers—were all male-authored and had nothing to do with the real Trota. What Benton did not realize was that the "Practica secundum Trotam" also had multiple overlaps with the second of the three "Trotula" texts, the "De curis mulierum" ("On Treatments for Women"). That discovery was made by Monica H. Green, a historian of medieval women's medicine. In 2007, Green established the overlaps and parallels between all four texts witnessing any part of Trota's work: the Salernitan "De egritudinum curatione"; "Practica secundum Trotam"; "De curis mulierum"; and certain cosmetic practices attributed to "Dame Trote" in the Anglo-Norman cosmetic text. Together, these works suggest that Trota's skill extended to most areas of medical practice, save general surgery.

paragraph: Green was not optimistic, however, about what this collected evidence for Trota has to say about the status of women in medicine in 12th-century Salerno. She sees Trota as being on the very edge of literate traditions in medicine: Trota cites no authoritative sources (like Hippocrates or Galen), and there is little by way of physiological theory or explanation of the causes of disease. Green concludes: "Trota did succeed in establishing her stature ‘in the forum’ as an empiricist. But as a theorist who could impart "doctrinae" [formal teachings] to students, she had no impact at all." Indeed, Green sees the story of Trota as emblematic of the marginal status of women in the changing spheres of intellectual life in Europe in the 12th century, when universities were first taking hold. We have evidence of other female medical practitioners in southern Italy in the centuries after Trota. However, none of these women are known to have authored medical texts.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of female scientists before the 21st century

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trotula

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women of Salerno

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in science

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in medicine

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monica H. Green (13 August 2015) "Speaking of Trotula" "The Wellcome Library"

description: female physician

wikidata_label: Trota of Salerno

wikipedia_title: Trota of Salerno


text: Brooklyn

text: Miss Chapin's School

text: Spence School

text: Art Students League

text: George Bridgman

text: Alexander Archipenko

text: expressionistic

text: bronze

text: German Expressionist

text: Ernst Barlach

text: Wilhelm Lehmbruck

text: Käthe Kollwitz

text: North Salem, New York

text: Litchfield, Connecticut

text: Whitney Museum

text: "Doris Caesar: Her Sculpture Fight."

categories: People from North Salem, New York,20th-century American sculptors,Artists from Brooklyn,Art Students League of New York alumni,Spence School alumni,American women sculptors,People from Brooklyn,1892 births,20th-century American women artists,Sculptors from New York (state),1971 deaths

paragraph: Doris Caesar

paragraph: Doris Porter Caesar (November 8, 1892 – 1971) was an American sculptor best known for her portrayals of the nude female body.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Doris Porter Caesar was born in Brooklyn. Caesar attended Miss Chapin's School before transferring to the Spence School and the Art Students League, where she studied under George Bridgman. In 1913, she married and subsequently had three children. In 1925 she studied under Alexander Archipenko, under whom she developed her expressionistic approach to representing the female body. Doris' first solo show occurred in 1931 at the Montross Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Caesar experimented with sculpting the female body in clay, bronze, and brass, often elongating the figures to be taller than human height. In 1927, she cast her first bronze, the primary material she would work with throughout her career. She took this bronze to E. Weyhe, a dealer on Lexington Avenue in New York City, who gave her access to his collection of German Expressionist artists. There, she was inspired by Ernst Barlach, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, and Käthe Kollwitz, whose work led her to turn away from classical forms and begin distorting the figures she sculpted until they were "stick-like." Unfortunately, most of her work in the 1920s and 1930s was destroyed; the bulk of her major work was created in the following two decades after she moved to North Salem, New York and then to Litchfield, Connecticut, where she died in 1971. In an article published in Hill News (March 11, 1975), Caesar says that she chose sculpture "because it's big and fights against you all the time".

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947: "Mother and Child"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950: "Descent from the Cross"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "Kneeling Torso"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "Ascent"

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931: First solo exhibition at the Montross Gallery in New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934: Solo exhibition at the Montross Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935: Solo exhibition at the E. Weyhe Bookshop and Gallery, New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943: Exhibition by Curt Valentin, New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum, New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "Four American Expressionists," Whitney Museum, New York City

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doris Caesar Papers at Syracuse University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doris Caesar Papers at Wichita State University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chwiecko, Nancy. "Doris Caesar: Her Sculpture Fight." "Hill News". March 11, 1976. Retrieved February 1, 2014.

description: American sculptor

wikidata_label: Doris Caesar

wikipedia_title: Doris Caesar


text:
Scottish
Australia
Angus & Robertson
Halstead
Essex
England
Glasgow
University of Glasgow
New Zealand
Sydney
George Robertson
Frederick Wymark
David Scott Mitchell
Fred W. Wymark
William Dymock
James R. Tyrrell
Henry Lawson
Banjo Paterson
Victor Daley
The Australian Encyclopaedia
Angus & Robertson

categories: Australian booksellers,Businesspeople from Melbourne,Scottish businesspeople,1933 deaths,People from Halstead,1860 births,Antiquarian booksellers,Australian publishers (people),People from Sydney,Australian people of Scottish descent

paragraph: George Robertson (publisher)

paragraph: George Robertson (14 April 186027 August 1933) was a Scottish-Australian bookseller and publisher, who alongside partner and fellow Scotsman David Angus co-founded the publishing division of Angus & Robertson.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Robertson, the son of the Rev. John Robertson, was born at Halstead, Essex, England. He was educated at the Southwestern Academy, Glasgow and trained as a bookseller with James Maclehose, bookseller to the University of Glasgow. He emigrated to New Zealand as a young man, and, two years later (in 1882), he relocated to Sydney, where he found employment at the local branch of George Robertson and Company, booksellers of Melbourne. He was not related to the founder of that firm.

paragraph: In January 1886 he joined David M. Angus in partnership, at first in Market Street, Sydney and later, in Castlereagh Street. After Angus' death in 1900 Robertson continued in partnership with Frederick Wymark and Richard Thomson who had acquired Angus' share of the business, until in 1907 the partnership was converted into a public company and continues under the name of Angus & Robertson Ltd.

paragraph: As a bookseller Robertson was always interested in buying "books and other rare items relating to Australia and adjacent regions". He encouraged the wealthy Sydney book collector David Scott Mitchell to collect early Australian books and manuscripts. Mitchell's formation of his unmatched collection, which he later bequeathed to the state of New South Wales, was "largely indebted to the efforts of booksellers who knew Australiana, including George Robertson, Fred W. Wymark, William Dymock and James R. Tyrrell".

paragraph: Around 1895 the publishing side of the business began to be developed and many successful volumes were launched. Among the earlier authors were Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson and Victor Daley. Robertson could recognize quickly a promising author and was willing to take considerable risks in backing his judgment.

paragraph: During the last 30 years of his life the number of volumes he published exceeded the total number brought out in the same period by all the other publishers in Australia. "The Australian Encyclopaedia", published in two volumes in 1926, is one of the most important books published in Australia.

paragraph: In recognition to Robertson's contribution to publishing, the Australian Publishers Association has established the George Robertson Award, for individuals who have 30+ years' service to publishing and its success.

paragraph: He was married twice, first to Elizabeth Stewart Bruce in 1881, and, in 1910, to Eva Adeline Ducat. He died at the age of 73 and was survived by his second wife and his children (three daughters and a son) from his first marriage.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angus & Robertson

description: Australian publisher, born 1860

wikidata_label: George Robertson

wikipedia_title: George Robertson (publisher)


href: Japan zen poet Matsuo%20Bash%C5%8D haiku

text:
Japan
zen
poet
Matsuo Bashō
haiku

wikipedia_title:
Japan
Zen
Poet
Matsuo Bashō
Haiku

categories: Japanese Zen Buddhists,1726 deaths,1664 births,Japanese writers of the Edo period,Japanese poets

paragraph: Sonome

paragraph: Shiba Sonome (1664–1726, 斯波 園女) was a Japanese zen poet. She was an acquaintance and friend of Matsuo Bashō, and their correspondence is a treasure of zen and haiku history.

paragraph: Sonome was known for her poetry, which possessed a frank and immediate sense of purpose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enlace:

description: Japanese poet

wikidata_label: Sonome

wikipedia_title: Sonome


text:
Münsterberg
Gleiwitz
Nicholas the Small
Henry I
Bolesław of Bytom
Konrad II the Gray
Oels
Kanth
Strehlen
Przemyslaus I Noszak, Duke of Cieszyn
Emperor Charles IV
King Wenceslaus IV
Henryków
Bolesław of Bytom
Wenceslaus of Falkenberg
John
Euphemia
Frederick III
Oettingen
Przemko I
Troppau
Henry II
Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan
Genealogy of the Dukes of Ziębice

paragraph: Bolko III of Münsterberg

paragraph: Bolko III of Münsterberg ( – 13 June 1410) was a Duke of Münsterberg (Ziębice) from 1358 until his death, and ruler over Gleiwitz (Gliwice) during 1369–1373.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Nicholas the Small, Duke of Münsterberg, by his wife Agnes, daughter of Herman Krušina of Lichtenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A minor at the time of his father's early death in 1358, Bolko III and his younger brother Henry I were placed under the regency of their mother, the Dowager Duchess Agnes. By 1360, Bolko III was able to rule by himself and take the guardianship of his brother, who in fact never participated actively in the government of the Duchy.

paragraph: Bolko III followed the politics of both his father and grandfather, and sold most parts of his domains. In order to secure his marriage with the daughter of Duke Bolesław of Bytom, Euphemia, Bolko III was forced to pledge his main city of Münsterberg. However, thanks to this union, Bolko III could take possession over Gleiwitz in 1369; but four years later, in 1373, he sold the district to Konrad II the Gray, Duke of Oels (Oleśnica).

paragraph: In 1379 Bolko III also sold the town of Kanth (Kąty Wrocławskie) to Konrad II the Gray, by the amount of 4,000 fines. Six years later, in 1385, he sold Strehlen (Strzelin) to Przemyslaus I Noszak, Duke of Cieszyn.

paragraph: In 1368, after the death of Bolko II the Small without issue, Bolko III claimed his succession as the next male relative. However, without resources to pressed his claims, he finally renounced to all his pretensions on 28 January 1370 for a monetary compensation.

paragraph: Bolko III was a faithful vassal of Emperor Charles IV, in whose court he spent some time. His contact with the House of Luxembourg permitted him to held during 1396-1400 the post of Court Judge, under the reign of Charles IV's son, King Wenceslaus IV.

paragraph: Bolko III died on 13 June 1410 and was buried in the (Henryków).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1369 Bolko III married with Euphemia (born c. 1350/52 – died 26 August 1411), daughter of Duke Bolesław of Bytom and widow of Duke Wenceslaus of Falkenberg. They had eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Nicholas (born c. 1371 – died 9 November 1405)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. John (born c. 1380 – killed in battle, Altwilmsdorf (Stary Wielisław), 27 August 1428)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Euphemia (born c. 1385 – died 17 November 1447), married in 1397 to Count Frederick III of Oettingen

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Katharina (born c. 1390 – died 23 April 1422), married by 1410 to Duke Przemko I of Troppau (Opawa)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Henry II (born c. 1396 – died 11 March 1420)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Agnes (born c. 1400? – died bef. 25 April 1443)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Hedwig (d. young)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Elisabeth (d. young).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of the Dukes of Ziębice

description: Duke of Münsterberg

wikidata_label: Bolko III of Münsterberg

wikipedia_title: Bolko III of Münsterberg


text: baseball

text: outfielder

text: Major League Baseball

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

text: Pasadena, California

text: San Dimas High School

text: Loyola Marymount University

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

text: 2006 Major League Baseball Draft

text: Los Angeles Angels

text: Howie Kendrick

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Salt Lake Bees

text: Arkansas Travelers

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Bridgeport Bluefish

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Tigres de Quintana Roo

text: Mexican Baseball League

categories: People from San Dimas, California,Arizona League Angels players,Cedar Rapids Kernels players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Tigres de Quintana Roo players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players,American expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Baseball players from California,Jackson Generals (Southern League) players,Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players,Bowie Baysox players,1984 births,Loyola Marymount Lions baseball players,Living people,New Britain Rock Cats players,Salt Lake Bees players,Mexican League baseball center fielders,Arkansas Travelers players,Orem Owlz players

paragraph: Chris Pettit

paragraph: Christopher Michael Pettit (born August 15, 1984) is an American former professional baseball outfielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 2009 and 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pettit was born in Pasadena, California. He attended San Dimas High School, where he graduated from in 2002, after being named both 2002 Male Scholar-Athlete of the Year and Best Body (male).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

paragraph: He attended Loyola Marymount University, and was selected by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the 19th round (582nd overall) of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft.

paragraph: In September 2009, he was called up to the Los Angeles Angels and made his major league debut. In his first major league at bat, Pettit singled in the seventh inning, and later scored on a Howie Kendrick double. He appeared in 10 games for the Angels in 2009, and had 2 hits in 7 at-bats.

paragraph: Pettit missed the entire 2010 season following shoulder surgery. In 2011, he appeared in only 1 game in the majors, appearing as a pinch runner on April 8 against the Toronto Blue Jays. He spent the rest of the season split between the Salt Lake Bees and the Arkansas Travelers, where he hit a combined .182 in 124 games. On January 20, 2012, he was released.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: On January 31, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was released on March 29. He later signed with the Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic league of professional baseball, before signing a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners on April 20. He was released again and on July 26, he signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: On January 30, 2013, he signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tigres de Quintana Roo.

paragraph: On April 23, 2013 he signed a contract with the Tigres de Quintana Roo playing in the Mexican Baseball League.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Chris Pettit

wikipedia_title: Chris Pettit


text: mathematician

text: Landau

text: Pfalz

text: École Polytechnique

text: París

text: Strasbourg

text: University of Strasbourg

text: algebra

text: geometry

text: mechanics

text: calculus

text: French Academy of Sciences

categories: People from Lauterbourg,1870 deaths,19th-century French mathematicians,1797 births,École Polytechnique alumni,19th-century French people

paragraph: Pierre Joseph Étienne Finck

paragraph: Pierre Joseph Étienne Finck (1797-1870) was a French mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Finck, who became orphan at twelve years, was educated by a merchant of Landau (Pfalz). In 1815, he entered in the "École Polytechnique", where he graduated in 1817. After some time studying in the Artillery School, he left París for Strasbourg before 1821.

paragraph: From 1825 he was professor in the Artillery School of Strasburg and, simultaneously, professor of special mathematics in the "Collége de Strasbourg". In 1842 he was appointed adjunct professor of applied mathematics in the University of Strasbourg where he was appointed full professor in 1847.

paragraph: From 1862 he began to suffer from ill health. He was intellectually diminished, and he was forced to take sick leave in 1866. He retired in 1868.

paragraph: Finck wrote seven text books on algebra, geometry, mechanics and calculus, and more than twenty articles published in the "Journal de Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees", in the "Annales de Gergone" and in the "Comptes rendus" of the French Academy of Sciences.

wikidata_label: Pierre Joseph Étienne Finck

wikipedia_title: Pierre Joseph Étienne Finck


text:
Bologna
University of Florence
Battle for grain
March on Rome

categories: Italian economists,1960 deaths,1877 births

paragraph: Arrigo Serpieri

paragraph: Arrigo Serpieri (Bologna, 15 June 1877 - Florence, 29 January 1960) was an economist, politician, and agronomist. Serpieri was an expert in agricultural economics, and was undersecretary of the Ministry of Agriculture during the Fascist period.

paragraph: He was also President of the Academy of Georgofili, Senator since 1939, and rector of the University of Florence from 1937 to 1942.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Bologna on 15 June 1877 he led his classical studies and attended the School of Agriculture of Milan where he graduated in 1900 with a dissertation on sharecropping. Since his youth Serpieri had attended the company of his uncle to S. Giorgio di Piano, which was considered advanced for its time. Initially he entered the Milanese school as a teacher of valuation, but in 1906 he moved to Perugia after winning the competition by a professor at the School of Agriculture of Perugia.

paragraph: He taught here for one year, returning to Milan the following year when he obtained the chair holder in his school of origin. In 1922 under the Ministry of Agriculture he began his collaboration with institutions, writing and directing the Forest Act, the following year under the Ministry of Nitti in the newborn National Forestry Institute of Florence. There he resumed teaching economics and valuation. Serpieri pushed to separate the study of forestry issues by studying the problems of mountain areas.

paragraph: In the First World War he served in the Army Corps of Engineers, as a lieutenant, but was soon assigned to the management of forest services and procurement, where he earned the title of captain.

paragraph: Section::::The Fascist Era.

paragraph: From 1919 to 1935 Serpieri was awarded the President's Secretariat for the Mountain. In 1923 he became Secretary of State for Agriculture, where he remained for about a year. On liberal ideas, he maintained positions far from those of the vertices of fascists, although engaged in the Battle for grain, in order to increase the production. Serpieri would have preferred a liberal position if it where not for companies choosing production of wheat under a higher gain rather than at the desire of Benito Mussolini.

paragraph: Politically he belonged the National Fascist Party, and was close to the position of Socialist Fillipo Turati. He was a supporter of small land ownership, competitiveness, and believed that the future would not be in the estate but in independent firms: Mussolini ignored the objections of Serpieri and proceeded with the methods he deemed best, leading, especially in the south, an explosion of landlordism and tenant farming, against the wishes of Serpieri.

paragraph: Serpieri had the merit of beginning the process of distinguishing between business economics and agricultural engineering, up to the time treated in parallel texts on agriculture in similar ways. He was to all intents and purposes a founder the agricultural economy, and was a leading proponent of the reclamation work accomplished during the twenties. He was also considered the father of the concept of land reclamation in Italy, and chairged the organizing committee of the 1st National Exhibition of Reclamation that the regime organized in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the March on Rome.

paragraph: Amongst the works which shows the footprints of Serpieri there is the Luzzatti Law of 2 June 1910, which favored forestry freeing it from mere intervention of hydrogeological redevelopment. His contribution to Law 337 of 30 December 1923, further corrected the Forest Law, and remained until the current revision implemented in 1952, which transferred the jurisdiction of the state forest regions.

paragraph: Serpiere pushed the state to intervene in the financing of credit for agriculture, so as to encourage investment and the contraction of loans for business development. He tried to fight the big estates by Decree 753 of 18 May 1924, threatening to expropriate the landlords who have not turned their farms into modern companies. He reformed the organization of the Agricultural Schools, transferring skills to the Ministry of Economy (formerly divided between Economy, Education and Agriculture) and also creating agricultural technical institutes for the training of personnel with intermediate qualifications.

paragraph: From 119 29 to 1935 whilst Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, he launched the Consolidated Law on land reclamation (Law no. 215, Feb 13, 1933), which defined the type of state intervention in land reclamation and pushed in favour of remedial measures to mountain areas, as well as establishing various forms of financing, including grans, and defined as an integrated plan of construction work and services, required for the development of the country. The law was going to affect the interests of many wealthy landowners, influential in politics, which led to the marginalization of Serpieri within the hierarchies of government.

paragraph: In 1939 he was appointed Senator of the United XXX Legislature. After the war he played a political role in the secondary. He continued his studies and teaching since 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Study on vineyards in the lower Bolognese, 1901 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The contract farming and the conditions of the farmers in the high Milanese; 1910 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The proposed modifications to the Forest Act, 1911 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The war and the crisis of timber in Italy, with G. Rye, 1916 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The raw wood, with G. Rye, 1917 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Survey program in economic and agrarian, with V. Peglion, 1918 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The method of estimation of real property; 1917

paragraph: BULLET::::- For the supply of timber in the postwar period, 1919 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The mountains, forests, grasslands, 1920 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studies on agricultural contracts; 1920 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The agitation of the farmers in northern and central Europe and the reform of agrarian contracts; 1920 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- For illustration of an organic Italian mountains - Experiments of forestry statistics, 1921 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The agricultural policy of the national government; 1924 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The agricultural policy in Italy and the recent legislation; 1925 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Help in research of Agricultural Economics, 1929 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Problems of land corporate economy; 1929 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The reclamation; 1930 .

paragraph: The war and the Italian rural classes; 1930 .

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Arrigo Serpieri

wikipedia_title: Arrigo Serpieri


text: Newark, New Jersey

text: Thomas Moran

text: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: Old Lyme, Connecticut

text: Florence Griswold

text: National Academy of Design

text: Eleanor

text: Frederick Freer

text: Charles Melville Dewey

text: Julien Dupré

text: Henry Bisbing

text: Carleton Wiggins

text: exhibited

text: Palace of Fine Arts

text: World's Columbian Exposition

text: Cos Cob, Connecticut

text: Old Lyme, Connecticut

text: Henry Rankin Poore

text: Willard Metcalf

text: Greenwich, Connecticut

categories: 20th-century American painters,American women painters,1947 deaths,American Impressionist painters,Artists from Newark, New Jersey,1869 births

paragraph: Matilda Browne

paragraph: Matilda Browne (May 8, 1869 – November 3, 1947) was an American Impressionist artist noted for her flower paintings and her farm and cattle scenes. Born in Newark, New Jersey, she was a child prodigy who received early art training from her artist-neighbor, Thomas Moran.

paragraph: Matilda Browne was active in Greenwich, Connecticut, New York City,

paragraph: and Old Lyme, Connecticut, where she was affiliated with the art colony centered at the Florence Griswold home. She was the only woman at the Old Lyme Colony who was taken seriously as a painter by her male colleagues, and she was considered an important member of the Old Lyme group.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: As a child in Newark, New Jersey, Browne lived next door to the artist Thomas Moran famous for his landscapes and particularly for his large paintings of Yellowstone National Park. He allowed his 9-year old neighbor into his studio to watch him work before inviting her to experiment with paint, brushes and canvas on her own. Her natural talent was obvious. He encouraged her to take additional art lessons, and by age 12 one of her paintings of flowers was accepted into an exhibition at the National Academy of Design in New York.

paragraph: She soon became interested in painting farm animals and traveled with her mother to Europe in 1889 to study with animal painters in France and the Netherlands. Browne studied under a series of accomplished tutors—Eleanor and Kate Greatorex (1854–1917, 1851–1913), Frederick Freer (1849–1908), Charles Melville Dewey (1849–1937), Julien Dupré (1851–1910) in Barbizon, and Henry Bisbing (1849–1933) in the Netherlands.

paragraph: After returning from Europe in the early 1890s, Browne returned to New York and began to exhibit in the metropolitan area. Most significantly, given her fondness for animal painting, she studied with Carleton Wiggins (1848–1932), a well known landscape and cattle painter. Browneexhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: She worked in Greenwich, Connecticut, working at Cos Cob, Connecticut, in the late 1890s, and on and off throughout her career; she worked in Old Lyme, Connecticut from 1905–06 and periodically from 1911-24.

paragraph: Wiggins may have introduced her to the Florence Griswold boardinghouse in Old Lyme. Browne later rented a house on Lyme Street in the center of the village, believed to be shown in the background of "In the Garden" (1915).

paragraph: In 1905, when she first visited Old Lyme at the age of 36, she had already won a number of awards and established a critical reputation. The other artists at the Griswold boardinghouse asked Matilda Browne to paint on a door and she contributed a pair of panels on the door leading to Miss Florence’s bedroom titled "Bucolic Landscape", forming a scene of calves grazing beneath a tree. She was also the only woman to be included in "The Fox Chase" mural about the art colony that Henry Rankin Poore was painting over the dining room fireplace. These were extraordinary honors, since this all-male colony generally looked down on female artists – as most obviously illustrated by Willard Metcalf who painted one young woman art student unsympathetically as "Poor Little Bloticelli" (1907).

paragraph: In 1918 Matilda Browne became the second wife of Frederick Van Wyck. She and her husband lived at his home on 142 E. 18th St, Manhattan, New York. In 1932 her illustrations were published in her husband’s book, "Recollections of an Old New Yorker."

paragraph: After Frederick Van Wyck's death on February 16, 1936, Matilda Browne returned to Greenwich to live.

paragraph: Matilda Browne died in Greenwich, Connecticut on November 3, 1947 at the age of 78.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodge Prize (National Academy of Design, 1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Hallgarten Prize (National Academy of Design, 1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts Award (1918, 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greenwich Art Association (prize, 1929)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florence Griswold Museum: Matilda Browne

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cooley Gallery, Old Lyme, CT: Matilda Browne

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Matilda Browne

wikipedia_title: Matilda Browne


text: heavy metal

text: Des Moines, Iowa

text: Slipknot

text: Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.

text: Donnie Steele

text: Joey Jordison

text: Donnie Steele

text: Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.

text: Joey Jordison

text: sampler

text: Mick Thomson

text: BBC Music

text: Joel McIver

text: Jim Root

text: pantyhose

text: bondage mask

text: Corey Taylor

text: Slipknot

text: Ross Robinson

text: Loudwire

text: The Guardian

text: Ted Kaczynski

text: Slipknot

text: Iowa

text: All Hope Is Gone

text: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Welcome to Our Neighborhood

text: Disasterpieces

text: Rollerball

text: Nine: The Making of "All Hope Is Gone"

text: (sic)nesses

text: Goat

text: AKAI MPC2000XL sampler

text: Yamaha Cs6x

text: Roland JP-8000

text: Roland SP-808 GrooveSampler

text: Roland SP-808EX/E-mix station

text: Korg

text: Cakewalk Sonar

text: Slipknot official website

categories: Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa,American heavy metal musicians,1972 births,Roadrunner Records artists,Living people,Slipknot (band) members

paragraph: Craig Jones (musician)

paragraph: Craig Michael Jones (born February 11, 1972), also known by his nickname "133", is an American heavy metal musician. Born in Des Moines, Iowa, he is best known as the sampler and keyboardist in Slipknot, in which he chose #5. Jones joined the band in 1996 shortly after the recording of "Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat.", replacing Donnie Steele on guitar, although he quickly moved onto the role of sampler. Following the departure of Joey Jordison in 2013, Jones is now the second-longest-serving member of Slipknot.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Craig Jones joined Slipknot in mid-1996, replacing original guitarist Donnie Steele after the recording of the band's debut demo "Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat." He was enlisted to the band by drummer Joey Jordison, with whom Jones had previously worked (alongside guitarist Josh Brainard) in the band Modifidious. However, shortly after joining the band, the "electronics and computer genius" moved over to the role of sampler due to the increase in sound effects, background noises/programmed samples and media samples used in the band's music. Mick Thomson replaced him on guitar. Jordison claimed that Jones was happy with the change, noting that "he liked doing that anyway, coming up with all these noises and sounds". Jones' contribution to the band has been described by BBC Music as "provid[ing] samples, speeches and noises as a kind of audio garnish in the band's dark maelstrom".

paragraph: Jones was given the nickname "133" as a reference to the processor speed of his computer, 133 MHz, which author Joel McIver claims "was considered the state of the art" at the time.

paragraph: In September 2004, it was announced that Jones would not be performing with Slipknot for a short period of the band's European tour due to a "medical emergency". A statement on the band's official website explained that "Craig Jones #133 (#5) has been suffering incredible pain during the first week of our European tour and has been unable to eat or sleep properly. Therefore, a decision was made for him to return to the States for emergency dental surgery". Speaking about the situation, guitarist Jim Root explained that "We're filling his spot, we've got a picture of him in the dressing room and we miss him every day, [but] we couldn't cancel the tour".

paragraph: Section::::Mask.

paragraph: Upon joining the band as a guitarist, Jones initially wore women's pantyhose on his head when performing, which was said to give his face a "compressed, robber-like look". This was later changed to an astronaut space helmet with long nails hammered through it. The helmet was later replaced by a bondage mask, and a zipper was also added over the mouth area.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Jones is often identified by the media as the most quiet and private member of Slipknot, earning him the nickname "The Quiet One". Vocalist Corey Taylor has commented on his demeanour by describing him as "the quietly scary type". "Slipknot" producer Ross Robinson has added that he "would try to get him to talk and he would just sit and stare at [him]". Loudwire's Graham Hartmann noted that he "almost never speaks" and "keeps people at a distance", theorising that these qualities inspired the style of his mask. Ian Gittins of "The Guardian" described Jones as "patently a strange individual", as well as quoting the band's manager's dubbing of the sampler as "the Unabomber", a reference to terrorist Ted Kaczynski.

paragraph: When asked early in his career about what job he might be working were he not in Slipknot, Jones responded that he'd likely be "driving forklifts in a warehouse all day long", although he has also joked that he would "probably be out killing people", which has earned him the nickname "The Killer". According to Robinson, the latter comment was the first the sampler made in an interview, and it inspired a number of complaints from readers of the publication to which it was made.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Slipknot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slipknot" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iowa" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Hope Is Gone" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Are Not Your Kind" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Welcome to Our Neighborhood"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Disasterpieces"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Rollerball"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Nine: The Making of "All Hope Is Gone""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Of the (sic): Your Nightmares, Our Dreams"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "(sic)nesses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Goat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: ""

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Slipknot era 1999-2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- AKAI MPC2000XL sampler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clavia Nord Lead Synth or a Yamaha Cs6x for 74126000027

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roland JP-8000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamaha controller

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamaha PSR 720

paragraph: Iowa era 2001-2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roland SP-808 GrooveSampler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roland SP-808EX/E-mix station

paragraph: Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) era 2004-2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hardware and software samplers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korg MicroKontrol Midi keyboard/pad controller

paragraph: All Hope Is Gone era 2008-2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korg Kontrol 49 Midi keyboard/pad controller

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cakewalk Sonar

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slipknot official website

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Craig Jones

wikipedia_title: Craig Jones (musician)


text:
Warsaw
Tri-City
the fall of Communism
Gdańsk
Gdynia
Polish 1970 protests
Polish United Workers' Party
Zenon Kliszko
Iława
Warsaw University
alma mater
Gdańsk
Warsaw
Solidarity trade union
Martial law in Poland
communist crimes
collapse of communism

categories: 2015 deaths,1933 births,Members of the Polish Sejm 1969–1972,Members of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party,Deputy Prime Ministers of Poland,Members of the Polish Sejm 1965–1969,People from Warsaw

paragraph: Stanisław Kociołek

paragraph: Stanisław Kociołek (3 May 1933, Warsaw – 1 October 2015), often referred to as the "butcher of Tri-City", was a Communist official who served as deputy prime minister of Poland for six months in 1970. After the fall of Communism, he was charged with crimes committed in Gdańsk and Gdynia during the Polish 1970 protests. Kociołek personally approved the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) order issued with Zenon Kliszko, for the regular Army to fire at striking workers in Polish shipyards, which resulted in hundreds of people being killed indiscriminately.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Initially, Kociołek worked as head-master at an elementary school near Iława following World War II, and in 1957 graduated from Warsaw University. He joined the communist party at his alma mater, and served as leader of its own PZPR party-cell. He quickly rose to become the first secretary of the Warsaw Committee of PZPR (1958–1960 and 1963–1964), as well as the secretary of Socialist Youth Association. Between December 1967 and July 1970 he was the first secretary of communist party in Gdańsk. During the massacre of shipyard workers in 1970 he served as deputy prime minister. Afterwards, he was sent abroad to various diplomatic posts, for his own safety. He was brought back to Warsaw as the first secretary of the Warsaw Committee of PZPR for the crushing of the Solidarity trade union in November 1980, but during the Martial law in Poland resided in Moscow as ambassador (1982-1985). He returned to Poland in 1985, and was charged with communist crimes in 1995, after the collapse of communism. On 1 October 2015, he died at the age of 82.

description: Communist official and career opportunist

wikidata_label: Stanisław Kociołek

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Kociołek


text:
Provence
Kabbalah
Book of the Bahir
Gershom Scholem
Abraham ben David of Posquières
sefirot
Ayn Sof
emanated
Makhshava
sefirot
Azriel of Gerona
Hachmei Provence
Aaron of Cardena

categories: Neoplatonists,12th-century rabbis,1160 births,13th-century rabbis,Place of death missing,1235 deaths,Kabbalists,Jewish mysticism,Place of birth missing,Provençal Jews,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Isaac the Blind

paragraph: Rabbi Yitzhak Saggi Nehor (), also known as Isaac the Blind (c. 1160–1235 in Provence, France), has the Aramaic epithet "Saggi Nehor" meaning "of Much Light" in the sense of having excellent eyesight, an ironic euphemism for being blind. He was a famous writer on Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism). Some historians suspect him to be the author of the "Book of the Bahir", an important early text of Kabbalah. Others (especially Gershom Scholem, see his Origins of the Kabbalah, p. 253) characterize this view as an "erroneous and totally unfounded hypothesis".

paragraph: He was the son of a famous talmudist Abraham ben David of Posquières (Raavad).

paragraph: The "Bahir" first appeared in the Middle Ages, around 1200 CE in France. It discusses a number of ideas that became important for Kabbalah, and even though the origins of the anonymous work are obscure, there were important Kabbalists who were writing at the same time in France. The most influential of these was Isaac the Blind.

paragraph: Section::::Isaac the Blind's mystical concepts.

paragraph: He considered the sefirot as having their origins in a hidden and infinite level deep within the Ayn Sof, or Divine Being (lit. That Without End).

paragraph: He believed that from the Ayn Sof emanated Makhshava (Divine Thought), which was the first supernatural quality. The rest of the sefirot emanated from the Divine Thought. Individual beings in the world are material manifestation of the sefirot, albeit on a lower level of reality. Mystic experience aids in reascending the levels of emanations to unite with Divine Thought.

paragraph: The most famous student of Isaac the Blind was Azriel of Gerona.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hachmei Provence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aaron of Cardena

description: French writer and rabbi.

wikidata_label: Isaac the Blind

wikipedia_title: Isaac the Blind