text: Gallic Empire

text: praeses

text: Gallia Aquitania

text: Victorinus

text: Victoria

text: Germanic

text: Tetricus II

text: "caesar"

text: Aurelian

text: Battle of Châlons

text: senator

text: "corrector"

text: Lucania et Bruttii

text: Gallic Empire

text: Britannia

text: Hispania

text: Gaul

text: Roman Empire

text: Gallienus

text: Valerian

text: Sassanids

text: Crisis of the Third Century

text: Balkans

text: Rhine

text: Tarraco

text: Tarragona

text: Postumus

text: Saloninus

text: Colonia

text: Cologne

text: Eutropius

text: Aureolus

text: Italy

text: Alps

text: Mogontiacum

text: Mainz

text: Laelianus

text: sack

text: Marcus Aurelius Marius

text: Victorinus

text: praetorian prefect

text: praetorian guard

text: Augusta Treverorum

text: Trier

text: senator

text: praeses provinciae

text: Gallia Aquitania

text: Attitianus

text: Victoria

text: Burdigala

text: Bordeaux

text: consul

text: consul

text: Tetricus II

text: tribune

text: Tetricus II

text: caesar

text: Historia Augusta

text: Aurelian

text: Aurelius Victor

text: Germanic tribes

text: Gallia Narbonensis

text: Placidianus

text: Claudius Gothicus

text: Hispania Baetica

text: Lusitania

text: Hispania Tarraconensis

text: Argentoratum

text: Strasbourg

text: Sirmium

text: Pannonia

text: coast

text: triumph

text: Loire

text: Palmyrene Empire

text: Zenobia

text: Gallia Belgica

text: quinquennalia

text: Battle of Châlons

text: Châlons

text: Orosius

text: Virgil

text: braccae

text: senator

text: corrector

text: Lucania et Bruttii

text: Epigraphic

text: David Magie

text: Loeb

text: Alaric Watson

text: Italy

text: aurei

text: obverse

text: Aequitas

text: Jupiter

text: Laetitia

text: Pax

text: Spes

text: Hilaritas

text: Victoria

text: jugate

text: Aeternitas

text: Felicitas

text: quinarius

text: antoninianus

text: public games

text: festivals

text: donatives

text: Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte

text: Zosimus

text: Historia Augusta

text: Thirty Tyrants

text: Aurelius Victor

text: "Epitome de Caesaribus"

text: "Liber de Caesaribus"

text: Eutropius

text: "Brevarium", Book 9

text: Historia Augusta

text: "The Thirty Tyrants"

text: Joannes Zonaras

text: Zosimus

text: "Historia Nova"

categories: Gallic emperors,Thirty Tyrants (Roman),3rd-century Romans,Year of birth unknown,Imperial Roman consuls,Year of death unknown,3rd-century monarchs in Europe

paragraph: Tetricus I

paragraph: Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was the emperor of the Gallic Empire from 271 to 274. He was originally the "praeses" (governor) of Gallia Aquitania, and became emperor after the murder of Emperor Victorinus in 271, after receiving the support of Victorinus's mother Victoria. During his reign, he faced external pressure from Germanic raiders, who pillaged the eastern and northern parts of his empire, and the Roman Empire, from which the Gallic Empire had seceded. He also faced increasing internal pressure, which led him to declare his son, Tetricus II, "caesar" in 273 and possibly co-emperor in 274, although this is debated. The Roman emperor Aurelian invaded in 273 or 274, which culminated in the Battle of Châlons, at which Tetricus surrendered. Whether this was the result of a secret agreement between Tetricus and Aurelian or necessary after his defeat is debated. Aurelian spared Tetricus, and even made him a senator and "corrector" (governor) of Lucania et Bruttii. He died of natural causes a few years after 274.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The Gallic Empire is the historiographic name given to a state composed of the Roman provinces which made up Britannia, Hispania, and Gaul, which broke away from the Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Gallienus. Gallienus had become emperor after his father, Emperor Valerian, was captured by the Sassanids in 260; his rule was part of the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284), a period of intense political and military power struggles. Gallienus was overwhelmed by numerous issues, including several usurpers, and barbarian attacks in the Balkans and along the Rhine — one attack by the Franks pushed as far as Tarraco (modern-day Tarragona) in Hispania. Because Gallienus was unable to prevent the raids, Postumus, a military commander on the Rhine frontier, rose up and declared himself emperor; at about the same time he assassinated Saloninus, Gallenius' son and co-emperor, in Colonia (modern-day Cologne). Postumus focused on defending the Gallic Empire, and, in the words of ancient Roman historian Eutropius:

paragraph: Gallienus attempted to invade the Gallic Empire twice, but was repulsed both times, forcing him to acquiesce in the secession. Although he was unable to conquer the Gallic Empire, Gallienus did ensure that the Roman Empire was defended; posting Aureolus, a military commander, in northern Italy, to prevent Postumus from crossing the Alps. Postumus was killed by his own soldiers in 269 in Mogontiacum (modern-day Mainz) while putting down a revolt by the usurper Laelianus, because he refused to allow them to sack the city. After the army killed Postumus, they elected Marcus Aurelius Marius, an officer, as Gallic Emperor. While some ancient sources hold that Marius reigned for only two days before being killed by Victorinus, who had served as "praetorian prefect" (commander of the praetorian guard) under Postumus, the quantity of coins issued by Marius indicate that he must have served for a longer time, a period of roughly three months. Victorinus declared himself emperor in mid-269 in Augusta Treverorum (modern-day Trier), two days after killing Marius. Victorinus' rule was recognized by the provinces of Britannia and Gaul, but not by those of Hispania.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus, commonly referred to as Tetricus I, was born in Gaul, at an unknown date, to a noble family. Little of his early life is known, however he had become a senator and occupied the post of "praeses provinciae" (governor) of Gallia Aquitania, a province in the south west of what is now France, by 271. In early 271, Emperor Victorinus was murdered in the city of Colonia by Attitianus, an officer in the Gallic army, allegedly because he had seduced Attitianus' wife. Because the motivation for his assassination was personal, rather than political, Victorinus' mother, Victoria, was able to retain power within the empire; her power allowed her to appoint Tetricus as emperor of the Gallic Empire, after securing the support of the army through bribes. The army proclaimed Tetricus as Gallic emperor in spring of the same year at Burdigala (modern-day Bordeaux), although Tetricus was not present for the proclamation.

paragraph: The Gallic Empire mirrored the Roman imperial administrative traditions, and as such Gallic emperors would adopt Roman regnal titles upon their accession; after becoming emperor, Tetricus' name was changed to Imperator Caesar Esuvius Tetricus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus Pontifex Maximus. The Gallic Empire also followed the Roman tradition of emperors appointing themselves as consul, with Tetricus appointing himself as consul in 271, 272, 273, and 274; the names of the other consul for 271–273 are not known, but it is known that Tetricus' son, Tetricus II, served as his colleague in 274. Tetricus was also "tribune" from 271–274. Tetricus elevated his son, Tetricus II, as "caesar" in 273 to increase the legitimacy of his reign, by founding a dynasty; he may have also elevated his son to co-emperor during the last days of his reign, but this is uncertain. The unreliable "Historia Augusta", in the biography of Emperor Aurelian, states that Tetricus elevated his son at an unspecified date, however neither of the ancient historians Aurelius Victor and Eutropius mention such an event.

paragraph: During Tetricus' reign, the main threats to the Gallic Empire came from the Roman Empire and Germanic tribes. Tetricus also had to contend with dissent within the army and government. Tetricus was recognized as emperor by all of Gaul — except Gallia Narbonensis, which had been partially reconquered by the Placidianus, a general under Roman emperor Claudius Gothicus — and Brittania. He was not recognized by the province of Hispania, including Hispania Baetica, Lusitania and Hispania Tarraconensis, — which had earlier refused to recognize Victorinus as emperor — along with the city of Argentoratum (modern-day Strasbourg) in Germania; the provinces which did not recognize Tetricus chose instead to recognize Roman Emperor Aurelian, who had been proclaimed emperor in September 270 at Sirmium in Pannonia. By the time of Tetricus' rule, the Germanic tribes had become increasingly aggressive, launching raids across the Rhine and along the coast. Tetricus moved the capital of the Gallic Empire from Colonia to Augusta Treverorum in late 271, in order to guard against the Germanic tribes. Tetricus attacked them with some success, mainly during the early part of his reign, even celebrating a triumph for one of his victories. Later in his reign he was forced to withdraw troops and abandon forts, which allowed the border territories to be pillaged. Later Germanic raids were met with almost no opposition — one penetrated so far into Gallic territory that it reached the Loire. While Aurelian was concentrated upon attacking the Palmyrene Empire, which had broken away from the Roman Empire in 270, under Empress Zenobia, Tetricus was able to recover Gallia Narbonensis and south-eastern parts of Gallia Aquitania. During 273–274, Faustinus, provincial governor of Gallia Belgica, rebelled against Tetricus, however his revolt was swiftly crushed. Around this time, Tetricus also held the "quinquennalia", public games that took place every four years.

paragraph: After Aurelian had succeeded in his reconquest of the Palmyrene Empire, he turned his attention to the Gallic Empire, beginning preparations for an invasion in either early or late 273. In early 274, Aurelian began to march into northern Gaul, while Tetricus led his troops southward from Augusta Treverorum to meet him. The armies of Aurelian and Tetricus met in February or March 274 at the Battle of Châlons, near modern-day Châlons. The army of Tetricus was soundly defeated, and Tetricus surrendered either directly after his defeat or later, with the last possible date for his surrender being in March 274, when the Gallic mints switched from minting coins of Tetricus I and II to those of Aurelian. Ancient sources including Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, the "Historia Augusta", and Orosius, report that Tetricus had already made a deal with Aurelian, offering to surrender in exchange for an honorable defeat and no punishment, quoting Virgil: ""eripe me his invicte malis"" (rescue me undefeated from these troubles). However, this is believed by modern historians to be a product of Roman imperial propaganda; Aurelian, who was attempting to stabilize his fragile empire, benefited from the account that Tetricus had planned to betray his army, as his troops would then be less likely to rise up again.

paragraph: Upon Tetricus' surrender, the Gallic Empire rejoined the Roman Empire, once more restored to its former borders, and Aurelian held a triumph in Rome, involving many chariots, twenty elephants, two hundred beasts, including tigers, giraffes and elk, along with eight hundred gladiators, and prisoners from various barbarian tribes. The leaders of the two secessionist states, Tetricus of the Gallic Empire and Zenobia of the Palmyrene Empire were both paraded during this triumph, along with Tetricus II; Tetricus and his son were not placed in chains for their march, but instead were made to wear "braccae" (Gallic trousers). Aurelian pardoned all three of them, and made Tetricus a senator and "corrector" (governor) of either Lucania et Bruttii, a province in southern Italy, or all of Italy. The "Historia Augusta" states that he was made "corrector Lucaniae" (corrector of Lucania) in the biography of Tetricus, but states he was made "corrector totius Italiae" (corrector of Italy) in the biography of Aurelian. Epigraphic evidence exists for "correctores totius Italiae" who predate Tetricus, whereas the first epigraphic evidence for a "corrector" of a region comes in 283, ten years after Aurelian appointed Tetricus as "corrector". Because of the contradictions within the "Historia Augusta", the opinion of modern scholars is divided. Some, such as David Magie, who edited the Loeb edition of the "Historia Augusta", favor Tetricus being made "corrector totius Italiae", while others, such as Alaric Watson, support him being made "corrector Lucaniae". Tetricus died of natural causes several years later in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Numismatics.

paragraph: The gold aurei issued during the reign of Tetricus fall into several types. Seven surviving coins feature his image on the obverse, with the reverses showing him riding a horse, a standing Aequitas, a standing Jupiter, a standing Laetitia, a standing Pax, him holding an olive branch and a sceptre, or a standing Spes. One features his face on the obverse and a standing Hilaritas on the reverse. Another displays his head on the obverse and a depiction of the Roman goddess Victoria walking to the right on the reverse. There are two aureus types which depicted Tetricus I and Tetricus II together; both feature jugate images of them on the obverse, with one having a standing Aeternitas on the reverse and the other having a standing Felicitas. A rare quinarius (a silver coin) issued during his reign has a three-quarter facing image of Tetricus on the obverse and Victoria standing with her foot on a globe on the reverse.

paragraph: Most of the coins minted during Tetricus' reign were of low quality, with his antoninianus containing so little silver content that imitations were easy to make, leading to the market being flooded with fakes.

paragraph: The coinage of the Gallic Empire does not give any evidence of public games or festivals, as was common in the Roman Empire, although it is believed that similar games and festivals were held. There are a number of issues of coins in which the emperor's head faces left, rather than the usual right, which are believed to have been used for donatives granted to soldiers upon the emperor's accession or consulships.

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.

paragraph: The ancient sources for the Gallic Empire are poor, made up largely of brief notes from late 4th-century Latin authors who depended heavily on the now lost "Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte", scattered references from the first book of the ancient Roman historian Zosimus, and from information taken from the coinage minted by the Gallic emperors. While the lives of the Gallic emperors are covered within the "Historia Augusta", this information is unreliable due to its interweaving of facts and invention. Tetricus is listed as one of the "Thirty Tyrants" in the "Historia Augusta".

paragraph: Epigraphic sources also provide some information, however the usage of epigraphs was in decline during period, and many are undated. Inscriptions bearing Tetricus' name are very common throughout Gaul, although there is a vertical line through inscriptions bearing Aurelian's name, which was made after the surrender of Tetricus. No Tetrican inscriptions overlap with Aurelianic inscriptions, suggesting Tetrican inscriptions were removed in this area.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Ancient sources.

paragraph: These sources were written by early chronicles and have been drawn upon by modern scholars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Augusta", "The Thirty Tyrants"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History, "Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, "Historia Nova"

description: Gallic emperor

wikidata_label: Tetricus I

wikipedia_title: Tetricus I


text: Worcester

text: Alfred, New York

text: English

text: studio potter

text: New York State College of Ceramics

text: Alfred University

text: Arthur Eugene Baggs

text: William Victor Bragdon

text: R. Guy Cowan

text: Maija Grotell

text: Elizabeth Overbeck

text: studio ceramics

text: Adelaide Alsop Robineau

text: Arts and Craft Movement

text: George Newnes

text: Entry for Charles Fergus Binns

text: Union List of Artist Names

text: The manual of practical potting

text: Gisela M.A. Richter

categories: 1857 births,1935 deaths,People from Worcester,English emigrants to the United States,English ceramists

paragraph: Charles Fergus Binns

paragraph: Charles Fergus Binns (4 October 1857 in Worcester – 4 December 1935 in Alfred, New York) was an English-born studio potter. Binns was the first director of the New York State School of Clayworking and Ceramics, currently called the New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University. He began his position in 1900 and retired in 1931. His work included authorship of several books on the history and practice of pottery. Some of his more notable students included Arthur Eugene Baggs, William Victor Bragdon, R. Guy Cowan, Maija Grotell and Elizabeth Overbeck. This has led Binns to be called "the father of American studio ceramics".

paragraph: Section::::Ceramic Technique.

paragraph: Binns's ceramic technique focused on the vessel as a utilitarian object. His work include vases, urns, and bowls. Binns threw each piece in three forms on a wheel, turning them on a lathe and piecing them together afterwards. One of the concepts Binns taught was 'dead ground', in which aspects of making that could not be precisely controlled, such as firing temperature or glaze calculations, were mitigated by control over glaze placement - e.g., glaze was to run to a certain point but not to encroach on the foot.

paragraph: Binns wrote of the artistic limitations of china-painting, which many amateur artists, mainly women, practiced at the time. He argued that “no-one with a spark of artistic fire can be content to copy the design of another or to merely add the finishing touches to work begun in a factory”, and that this feeling has caused china-painting to give place to pottery-making, in which, from “the consciousness of honest effort”, the artist experiences liberation. His book "The Craft of the Potter"(1910) may have given rise to the first use of the phrase “studio pottery”. In it Binns referred to "studio work" and the "artist potter", and a review of it in Adelaide Alsop Robineau's magazine "Keramic Studio" referred to “studio pottery”.

paragraph: As a critic and influential educator in the ceramic field, his praise of utilitarian wares with artistic quality led the Arts and Craft Movement in American studio pottery.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Binns authored several books about ceramics. Among these was "The Story of the Potter" published by George Newnes in 1901, prior to his position at as director of the New York State School of Clayworking and Ceramics. He was an avid contributor to "Keramic Studio".

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Examples of Binns work can be found in museums around the world, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Institute of Chicago, IL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles County Museum of Art, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Contemporary Craft, Portland, OR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schein Joseph International Museum of Ceramic Art, Alfred, NY

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry for Charles Fergus Binns on the Union List of Artist Names

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stonewares of Charles Fergus Binns: Father of American Studio Ceramic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books by Binns, now in the public domain:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The manual of practical potting." (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The potter's craft: a practical guide for the studio and workshop." (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etruscan terracotta warriors in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gisela M.A. Richter, with a report on structure and technique by Charles F. Binns. Papers (Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)), no. 6 (1937).

alias:
Charles F. Alfred Binns
Charles Fergus Alfred Binns

description: American studio potter

wikidata_label: Charles Fergus Binns

wikipedia_title: Charles Fergus Binns


text: computer science

text: Raspberry Pi Foundation

text: Computing At School

text: YouTube

text: Crash Course

text: University of Essex

text: Python programming language

text: Scratch programming language

text: Raspberry Pi Foundation

text: Google Certified Teacher

text: Skype

text: professional development

text: Raspberry Pi Foundation

text: Department for Education

text: Computer Weekly

text: Computing At School

text: board of directors

text: Python Software Foundation

text: Fellow

text: Python Software Foundation

text: Computer Weekly

text: FDM Group

text: BETT

text: Young Rewired State

text: Python Conference

text: YouTube

text: Talk Talk

text: Crash Course

categories: Computer science educators,English computer programmers,British women computer scientists,Computer scientists,English computer scientists,English teachers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Carrie Anne Philbin

paragraph: Carrie Anne Philbin is a teacher of computer science and an author. She is the Director of Education at the Raspberry Pi Foundation and is the Chair of the Computing At School (CAS) diversity and inclusion group, "#CASInclude". She wrote the computing book "Adventures in Raspberry Pi" for teenagers. She runs the YouTube channel "Geek Gurl Diaries" and in 2017 ran the Crash Course on Computing.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Philbin studied History at the University of Essex. She taught herself to program and manage computer systems after she graduated. She trained as a school computing teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Philbin has been responsible for teaching children and teachers how to code in Python programming language and the Scratch programming language. In 2014 she began to work at the Raspberry Pi Foundation. She is a Google Certified Teacher and was a Skype Movement Maker. Philbin leads strategy, continuing professional development (CPD) program and learning at the Raspberry Pi Foundation. She was an advisor to the Department for Education for the UK's first computing curriculum. In 2016 she was named as one of "Computer Weekly"s most influential women rising stars. She chairs the Computing At School diversity and inclusion program and was a member of the board of directors at Python Software Foundation until 2017. She was appointed a Fellow of the Python Software Foundation and named "Computer Weekly"'s third most influential woman in IT in 2017. She is a founder member of CasInclude an organisation supporting diversity in computing, for children in school. She won the 2018 FDM Group Everywoman Tech Digital Star Award.

paragraph: Philbin regular speaker at conferences like the British Educational Training and Technology Show (BETT), Raspberry Jamborees, Young Rewired State (YRS), International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) conference and the UK Python Conference (PyConUK).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Geek Gurl Diaries.

paragraph: "Geek Gurl Diaries" was created by Philbin in 2012 to communicate to young people how exciting and creative science and engineering are. It has 21,400 subscribers on YouTube. It won the Talk Talk Digital Heroes award in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Adventures in Raspberry Pi.

paragraph: "Adventures in Raspberry Pi" first published in 2013 with subsequent editions published in 2014, 2015 and 2016. It contains an introduction to programming as well as 10 projects and instructional videos.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Crash Course.

paragraph: In 2017 Philbin partnered with Crash Course to create a series of videos explaining the origins of modern computing. The series consisted of 40 videos, with between 100,000 and 1,100,000 viewers.

wikidata_label: Carrie Anne Philbin

wikipedia_title: Carrie Anne Philbin


text: librettist

text: Henri Chivot

text: comédie en vaudeville

text: 1889–90 flu pandemic

text: Théâtre de la Gaîté

text: Père Lachaise Cemetery

text: Armand d'Artois

text: comédie en vaudeville

text: Siraudin

text: Théâtre Lyrique

text: opéra bouffe

text: Hervé

text: L'île de Tulipatan

text: Offenbach

text: Fleur-de-Thé

text: Charles Lecocq

text: Théâtre du Palais-Royal

text: Les cent vierges

text: operetta

text: Clairville

text: Léon Vasseur

text: opéra comique

text: Le grand mogol

text: Madame Favart

text: Les noces d'Olivette

text: Edmond Audran

text: La Fille du tambour-major

text: La Mascotte

text: Suppé

text: Boccaccio

text: Gillette de Narbonne

text: La cigale et la fourmi

text: Surcouf

text: Robert Planquette

text: Labiche

text: List of Duru works

text: Alfred Duru

text: Alfred Duru

text: Alfred Duru

text: Alfred Duru

categories: French opera librettists,19th-century French dramatists and playwrights,1889 deaths,Writers from Paris,1829 births

paragraph: Alfred Duru

paragraph: Alfred Duru (27 November 1829 – 28 December 1889) was a 19th-century French playwright and operetta librettist who collaborated on more than 40 librettos for the leading French composers of operetta: Hervé, Offenbach, Lecocq and Audran.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was Jacques Denis Duru (Charonne, 1784 – Paris, 18 September 1863) and his mother Avoye Eugénie Leterrier (Villiers-le-Bel, 10 May 1790 – Paris, 26 January 1871), married in Paris on 29 July 1824. As a boy he was a classmate of his principal future literary collaborator, Henri Chivot.

paragraph: Duru was working as an engraver when in 1857, in collaboration with his friend from the same quartier, Henri Chivot, they wrote “L'Histoire d'un gilet”, a three-act drame-vaudeville. The piece played at the Folies-Dramatiques of the Boulevard du Temple, and on 14 November 1857 inaugurated the new theatre on the Rue de Bondy. From this time onwards, Duru worked continuously in the theatre, usually in collaboration with Chivot.

paragraph: He produced almost a hundred comédie en vaudevilles, comedies and operetta libretti, which played successfully on the stages of Paris. Chivot and Duru were known for the ingenuity of their subjects, fantasy of the episodes, pure comic situations and gaiety of the dialogues.

paragraph: In December 1889 he caught the flu, during the 1889–90 flu pandemic and at first seemed to be recovering, but died after a relapse.

paragraph: He died before he could see his final collaboration with Chivot "Le Voyage de Suzette", which opened at the Théâtre de la Gaîté on 20 January 1890. At his interment at Père Lachaise Cemetery on 31 December 1889, a speech was given on his grave by Armand d'Artois on behalf of the Société des auteurs et compositeurs dramatiques.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1873: "L’Homme du lapin blanc", three-act comédie en vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1870: "La Boite à Bibi", folie-vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- In collaboration with Chivot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1857: "L'Histoire d'un gilet", drame-vaudeville in three acts, (premiere Folies-Dramatiques 14 November 1857)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1858: "Mon nez, mes yeux, ma bouche", three acts, with Siraudin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850: "La Femme de Jephté", three-act vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1860: "Les Splendeurs de Fil d’acier", three acts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1861: "Le Songe d’une nuit d’avril", two acts

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1863: "Pifferaro", one act

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864: "Les Mères terribles", one-act comedy, given at the Odéon, (first work by Duru and Chivot on a larger stage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "La Tante Honorine", three-act comedy (second work by Duru and Chivot in a serious genre, for the same theatre)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "Les Orphéonistes en voyage", play in five acts and ten tableaux

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "Le Rêve", opéra comique in one act by Edmond Savary, first performed 13 October 1865 Théâtre Lyrique

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "Un homme de bronze", one-act vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1865: "Les Médiums de Gonesse", one-act folie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1856: "Les Chevaliers de ta Table ronde", three-act opéra bouffe, music by Hervé

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1867: "Un Pharmacien aux Thermopyles", one-act vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868: "Le Luxe de ma femme", one-act vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868: "L'île de Tulipatan", one-act opéra bouffe, music by Offenbach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868: "Fleur-de-Thé", three-act opéra bouffe, music by Charles Lecocq

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868: "Le Soldat malgré lui", two-act operetta, music by Frédéric Barbier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1869: "Le rajah de Mysore", opérette bouffe in one act (21 September 1869 Paris, Bouffes-Parisiens), music by Lecocq

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1869: "Le Carnaval d’un merle blanc", three-act comédie en vaudeville, Théâtre du Palais-Royal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1869: Le Docteur Purgandi, opérette bouffe in one act, music by Victor Robillard

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1872: "Les cent vierges", three-act operetta , with Clairville, music by Lecocq

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875: "La Blanchisseuse de Berg-op-Zoom", three acts, music by Léon Vasseur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1870: "Le Pompon", three-act opéra comique, music by Lecocq

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1877: "Le grand mogol", opéra bouffe in three acts, music by Audran (revised, in four acts for Paris in 1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1878: "Madame Favart", three acts, music by Offenbach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1873: "Les Braconniers", opéra bouffe in three acts, music by Offenbach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1879: "Les noces d'Olivette", three-act opéra comique, music by Edmond Audran

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1880: "La Fille du tambour-major", three-act opéra comique, music by Offenbach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1880: "Le Siège de Grenade", four-act vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1881: "La Mère des compagnons", three-act opéra comique, music by Hervé

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1881: "La Mascotte", three-act opéra comique, music by Audran

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1881: "Les forfaits de Pipermans", one-act vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1882: "Bocace", adaptation of German libretto into three-act opéra comique, music by Suppé (as "Boccaccio")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1882: "Gillette de Narbonne", opéra comique in three acts, music by Audran

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1882: "Le Truc d’Arthur", three-act comedy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1883: "La Picarde", three-act opéra comique, music by Audran

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1883: "La Princesse de Canarie", three-act opéra comique, music by Lecocq

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1883: "L’Oiseau bleu", three-act opéra comique, music by Lecocq

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1883: "La Dormeuse éveillée", three-act opéra comique, music by Audran

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1885: "Pervenche", three-act opérette, music by Audran

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1885: "Les Noces d’un réserviste", four-act vaudeville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1886: "La cigale et la fourmi", opéra comique in ten tableaux, music by Audran

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1887: "Surcouf", three-act opéra comique with a prologue, music by Robert Planquette

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1890: "Le Voyage de Suzette", opérette in three acts music by Vasseur (first performed 20 January 1890, Théâtre de la Gaîté)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In collaboration with Labiche

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875: "Doit-on le dire?", three-act comedy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1874: "Madame est trop belle", three-act comedy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875: "Les Samedis de Madame", three-act comedy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Duru works at the Index to Opera and Ballet Sources Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Duru on Wikisource

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Duru on Artlyrique.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Duru on

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Duru on Amis et passionnés du Père Lachaise

description: French writer and librettist

wikidata_label: Alfred Duru

wikipedia_title: Alfred Duru


text: Budapest

text: Hungary

text: Austro-Hungarian Army

text: World War I

text: Mandate Palestine

text: Bauhaus

text: Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

text: Kastner train

text: Modiano

text: Tungsram

categories: 1896 births,Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors,Hungarian emigrants to Israel,Hungarian people of World War I,Budapest University of Technology and Economics alumni,Israeli architects,Hungarian Jews,People from Tel Aviv,Kastner train,1968 deaths,Israeli graphic designers,People from Budapest

paragraph: István Irsai

paragraph: István Irsai (later Pesach Ir-Shay, , b. 1896 – d. 1968) was a Hungarian-born Israeli architect and graphic designer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: István Irsai was born in 1896 in Budapest, Hungary. He learned how to play the violin as a child. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I. He subsequently studied architecture at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics.

paragraph: Section::::Adult life.

paragraph: Irsai started his career as an architect and graphic designer in Budapest. He lived in Mandate Palestine from 1925 to 1929, when he designed the Hebrew font Haim. During that time, he also designed stage sets in theatres as well as houses in the Bauhaus architectural style. He returned to Hungary in 1929, where he worked as a graphic designer until 1944.

paragraph: Irsai was deported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1944, but he managed to escape on the Kastner train. He emigrated to Israel, where he was a graphic designer. He designed posters for Modiano and Tungsram, among other companies. He also designed Zionist-themed posters to promote the state of Israel.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Irsai died in 1968 in Israel.

alias:
Pesach Ir-Shay
Pesach Ir-Shai
Steven Irsai
Irsai István
Istvan Irsai
Irsai Istvan
Pesach Irshay

description: Hungarian-Israeli architect, graphic designer, typographer and cubist painter

wikidata_label: István Irsai

wikipedia_title: István Irsai


href: tailor mathematician Southern%20Basque%20Country Spain Gipuzkoa Hondarribia Madrid philology

text:
tailor
mathematician
Basque country
Spain
Gipuzkoa
Hondarribia
Madrid
philology

categories: 16th-century mathematicians,16th-century Spanish people,Spanish mathematicians

paragraph: Juan de Alcega

paragraph: Juan de Alcega (16th century) was a tailor and mathematician from Basque country (Spain).

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Little is known about the life of Juan de Alcega. He was born in the province of Gipuzkoa, probably in the town of Hondarribia. We know, because he explains it in the introduction of his book, that he had some difficulties to publish it due to the resistances of the medieval guild of tailors, who thought that he was revealing the secrets of his art.

paragraph: In 1580 he published in Madrid the book entitled "Libro de Geometria, Practica y Traça. (Book on Geometry, Practice, and Pattern)" , reedited in 1589. This book is a clear example of the application of mathematics to technology in its first modern states. It was also the subject of studies on philology by his terminology and by his exposition of the mode of his times.

wikidata_label: Juan de Alcega

wikipedia_title: Juan de Alcega


text:
stage name
Harlem
New York
Nas
Mass Appeal Records
Def Jam Recordings
"XXL" magazine's
New York City
East Harlem
Queensbridge
Bajan
Dominican
Springbrook High School
Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)
Ty Lawson
Greivis Vasquez
Brooklyn Nets
Kevin Durant
University of Richmond
Towson University
Nas
Mass Appeal Records
Bishop Nehru
Fashawn
Boldy James
Run The Jewels
Pusha T
The Lox
Jadakiss
Styles P
"XXL" magazine
G Herbo
21 Savage
Kodak Black
Lil Uzi Vert
Lil Dicky
Denzel Curry
Anderson Paak
DJ Drama
extended play
BET Hip Hop Awards
Ms. Jade
Def Jam Recordings
Kairi Chanel
"Billboard" 200
Fabolous
The Game
The Diplomats
Cam'ron
Beanie Sigel
2 Chainz
BET
Being Mary Jane
Puma
Trina
Chris Brown
Jeezy
Wiz Khalifia
Don Q
Chris Brown
Paranoia 2
Belaire Rose
New Era Cap
Javier Baez
Jose Altuve
Mike WiLL Made-It
Lil Durk
Gunna
BlocBoy JB
Billboard 200
Styles P
Jadakiss
Cam'ron
Big Pun
Nas
The Notorious B.I.G.
Raekwon
DMX
Tupac
Snoop Dogg
The Diplomats
Crips
Islam

categories: American people of Barbadian descent,East Coast hip hop musicians,African-American Muslims,1988 births,21st-century American musicians,Def Jam Recordings artists,American male rappers,21st-century American rappers,American rappers of Dominican Republic descent,Living people,People from East Harlem,Towson University alumni,Crips,Converts to Islam,Rappers from New York City,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Dave East

paragraph: David Brewster Jr. (born June 3, 1988), better known by his stage name Dave East, is an American rapper, songwriter and actor from Harlem, New York. He gained attention in 2014 from his mixtape "Black Rose". Since its release, East has been signed to rapper Nas' label Mass Appeal Records and later Def Jam Recordings. In 2016, East was chosen as part of the "XXL" magazine's 2016 Freshman Class.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: David Lawrence Brewster, Jr. was born in New York City and spent his life between East Harlem where his mother resided, and Queensbridge where he lived with his aunt in his late adolescent life. The rapper is of Bajan,and Dominican descent He played basketball, and football at Springbrook High School. Additionally, he played in the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) with then-future NBA players Ty Lawson, Greivis Vasquez and developed a close friendship with current Brooklyn Nets all-star, small-forward Kevin Durant. After Springbrook High School, East attended the University of Richmond, then transferred to Towson University. While attending Towson, East had on going issues with coaching staff which ultimately led to his decision to leave the University. Shortly afterward, he started running into legal trouble in Baltimore, Maryland. The basketball dream was over for East but, it allowed the former hooper to focus more on his music career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2010, he released his first mixtape "Change of Plans" which gained him a little recognition. He later released the mixtapes "Insomnia", "American Greed", "Don't Sleep" and "No Regrets", solidifying his commitment to music. In 2013, East periodically sold drugs throughout Harlem to support himself and his music. He then released his sixth mixtape "Gemini".

paragraph: In 2014, his music reached the ears of rapper, Nas who quickly looked for ways to contact East. Unbeknownst to Nas, East was close friends with Nas' younger brother and fellow rapper, Jungle who quickly introduced the two. By the summer of 2014, East was the newest signee of Nas' new Mass Appeal Records along with Bishop Nehru, Fashawn, Boldy James and Run The Jewels. In July 2014, he released his seventh mixtape "Black Rose" through the label, which received favorable reviews from music critics. In 2015, he released his eighth mixtape "Hate Me Now" which gained great recognition which allowed him to gain key features from well respected emcees such as, Pusha T, Nas, and two-thirds of The Lox, Jadakiss andStyles P.

paragraph: In June 2016, "XXL" magazine revealed their annual Freshman Class for 2016, which included East, along with G Herbo, 21 Savage, Kodak Black, Lil Uzi Vert, Lil Dicky, Denzel Curry, and Anderson Paak. on July 7, 2016, East participated in the freshmen cypher along with Chicago's G Herbo hosted by Philadelphia's very own, DJ Drama. In August 2016, he released a joint extended play titled "Born Broke, Die Rich" with rapper Kur. In September 2016, East was featured on the BET Hip Hop Awards cypher alongside Young M.A., Ms. Jade, Kur and Sam Black. On September 29, 2016, he announced that he has signed a deal with Def Jam Recordings with the deal negotiated by Hip-hop executive Steven "Steve-O" Carless and the next day released the mixtape, "Kairi Chanel", which peaked at number 38 on the US "Billboard" 200. Kairi Chanel featured a few notable names such as, Fabolous, The Game, The Diplomats; Cam'ron, Beanie Sigel, and 2 Chainz.

paragraph: In January 2017, East made his acting debut, starring in BET's "Being Mary Jane" series. He later appeared in Puma's Tsugi Shinsei commercial and starred in rapper, Trina's "It Ain't Me" music video. In August 2017, East released his first studio Album, "" EP, supported by a few tracks such as "Perfect" featuring American Singer, Chris Brown, "Paranoia" along with Jeezy, and "Phone Jumpin" with Wiz Khalifia. The EP has peaked at number nine on the "Billboard" 200. Later in the year East released his 11th mixtape, Karma which was hosted by DJ Holiday. This was the beginning of the Karma series. This tape featured tracks such as "Militant" with Bronx rapper, Don Q. Chris Brown also reappeared on "Bentley Truck" track which was also featured on the Karma tape. In September 2017, East hosted the first annual Goldie Awards, a DJ and producer battle set taking place in New York City.

paragraph: East started the new year by dropping his 12th mixtape "Paranoia 2". on January 15, 2018. In February 2018 is when the rapper started to network and reach endorsements that would later further his career. In February, East signed a sponsorship with Belaire Rose. The signing of this deal led up to a promotional music video for the brand. The track is titled, "Fresh Prince of Belaire" by Rick Ross which featured East. March 2018, East signed an endorsement deal with New Era Cap launching his new "lifestyle" 59fifty fitted collection. Shortly after his newly found endorsement, East was featured in New Era's "Claim the Crown" commercial along with some of the top MLB stars such as, Javier Baez, Jose Altuve, and award-winning producer, Mike WiLL Made-It. As things continued to look up for East, he released his 13th mixtape on July 27, 2018 which was titled Karma 2. This mixtape featured up-and-coming artists such as Lil Durk, Gunna and BlocBoy JB. He also had features from his two lifetime friends Kiing Shooter and Border Buck. Although this tape did not reach the same success has his first studio album, it still peaked at #41 on the Billboard 200. East is known for putting out music more frequently than other artists. In the same calendar year, Dave released his 15 mixtape which he joined his favorite MC, Styles P. The tape really exposed, and expressed the gritty street life of New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: East is known for his raw lyricism and dark storytelling about street life. He is influenced by Styles P, Jadakiss, Cam'ron, Big Pun, Nas, The Notorious B.I.G., Raekwon, DMX, Tupac, Snoop Dogg and The Diplomats.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: East as a teen joined the Crips and has stated that he is a Muslim, and that he converted to Islam while in prison. Commenting his conversion, East stated,"Islam really brought a discipline to my life that I didn't really have before... My old mindset was if they ain't helping me, I ain't helping them, but you can't live life that way." Shortly being released from prison, East discovered that his girlfriend at the time was pregnant with his child. Kairi Chanel Brewster was born on March 9, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2017)

alias:
David Brewster J.R.
David Brewster jr

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Dave East

wikipedia_title: Dave East


text: kite flyer

text: Vancouver

text: stunt kite

text: documentary

text: short film

text: Vancouver Film School

text: "Good Stuff"

text: TriBeCa Film Festival

text: New York City

text: Vancouver

text: Bethell's website

categories: Canadian kite fliers,2018 deaths,1928 births,Sportspeople from Vancouver

paragraph: Ray Bethell

paragraph: Ray Bethell (March 1, 1928 - December 18, 2018) was a professional kite flyer who resided in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He holds multiple endurance world records related to simultaneously flying three stunt kites, one from each hand and one from his hips. Using the same technique he can fly multiple stacks of kites (up to 39 kites in total). Bethell has travelled extensively since 1991 displaying his prowess at International Kite Festivals.

paragraph: He was the subject of a documentary short film by Matt Nie of the Vancouver Film School, "Good Stuff", which won first place at the 2005 TriBeCa Film Festival in New York City.

paragraph: In October 2006, a commemorative bench was unveiled at Ray's home flying spot, Vanier Park in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. This project was initiated by Michelle Welsford and Gary Mark of Toronto and an international campaign to raise funds for this bench began in January, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bethell's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- An amazing promo video of Ray Bethell flying three Kestrels

description: Canadian kite flier

wikidata_label: Ray Bethell

wikipedia_title: Ray Bethell


text:
Chinese
Tang Dynasty
Emperor Shunzong
Jiedushi
Liu Pi
Li Qi
Handan
Hebei
Tian Xing
Wang Chengzong
Li Shidao
eunuch
Consort Guo
Li Heng
Emperor Daizong
Crown Prince
Li Kuo
Li Song
concubine
Consort Wang
Son of Heaven
Lady Guo
eunuch
Zheng Yin
concubine
Consort Niu
Wang Shuwen
Wang Pi
chancellor
Wei Zhiyi
Li Cheng
Wang Ya
Mandarin
Du Fu
Shu Han
regent
Zhuge Liang
classics
Jiedushi
Wei Gao
Taishang Huang
Liu Pi
Chengdu
Sichuan
Yuan Zi
Mianyang
Sichuan
Hanzhong
Shaanxi
Du Huangchang
Gao Chongwen
Chang'an
Yan'an
Shaanxi
Li Shigu
Tai'an
Shandong
Li Shidao
Li Qi
Zhenjiang
Jiangsu
Yu Di
Xiangfan
Hubei
partisan struggles
imperial examinations
Niu Sengru
Li Zongmin
Wei Guanzhi
Li Jifu
Pei Ji
Wang Ya
Li Deyu
Shatuo
Tufan
Shuofang
Yinchuan
Ningxia
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Shuozhou
Shanxi
Later Tang
Later Jin
Later Han
Li Jiang
Li Ning
Wang Shizhen
Shijiazhuang
Hebei
Wang Chengzong
eunuch
Tutu Chengcui
Wu Shaocheng
Zhumadian
Henan
Wu Shaoyang
Changzhi
Shanxi
Baoding
Hebei
Zhang Xiaozhong
Yangzhou
Jiangsu
Li You
Cui Qun
Guo Ziyi
Tian Ji'an
Tian Huaijian
Tian Xing
Wu Yuanji
guerilla warfare
Luoyang
Wu Chongyin
Li Guangyan
Wu Yuanheng
Pei Du
Li Fengji
Li Su
Zhumadian
hostage
Cangzhou
Hebei
Huangfu Bo
Cheng Yi
Gautama Buddha
Baoji
Shaanxi
Han Yu
Chaozhou
Guangdong
Liu Wu
Anyang
Henan
alchemist
immortality
Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning
Wang Shoucheng
Li Yi
Du You
Jia Dan
Wei Zhiyi
Du Huangchang
Yuan Zi
Zheng Yuqing
Zheng Yin
Wu Yuanheng
Li Jifu
Yu Di
Pei Ji
Li Fan
Quan Deyu
Li Jiang
Zhang Hongjing
Wei Guanzhi
Pei Du
Li Fengji
Wang Ya
Cui Qun
Li Yong
Li Yijian
Huangfu Bo
Cheng Yi
Linghu Chu
Han Hong
Li Song
Empress Zhuangxian
Empress Yi'an
Li Heng
Du Cong
Empress Xiaoming
Li Chen
Li Ning
Li Wu
Yu Di
Princess Ding'an
Chongde
Old Book of Tang
New Book of Tang
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 9th-century Chinese monarchs,778 births,820 deaths,Tang dynasty emperors,Tang dynasty Buddhists

paragraph: Emperor Xianzong of Tang

paragraph: Emperor Xianzong of Tang (17 March 778 – 14 February 820; r. 805 – 820), personal name Li Chun, né Li Chun (李淳), was an emperor of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. He was the eldest son of Emperor Shunzong, who reigned for less than a year in 805 and who yielded the throne to him late that year.

paragraph: Once emperor, Emperor Xianzong set out to curb the power of the military governors ("Jiedushi"), and, when they would not heed his orders, he waged wars against them. His initial campaigns were quite successful, and Xianzong's army defeated warlords such as Liu Pi, Yang Huilin (楊惠琳) in 806 and Li Qi in 807. In 813, after the submission of one of the key holdouts, Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) under Tian Xing, Emperor Xianzong appeared poised to reunite the empire, many parts of which had effectively been ruled independently by regional warlords. Xianzong's first setback was in 813 when he failed to defeat military governor Wang Chengzong. However, by 817, after the defeat of Li Shidao and Wang's submission, all of the empire was under imperial authority again. Later historians referred to Emperor Xianzong's reign as the Yuanhe Restoration (元和中興).

paragraph: Emperor Xianzong's reign briefly stabilized Tang from the destructive forces of the military governors, but saw the rise of the power of eunuchs. Emperor Xianzong himself was allegedly murdered by the eunuch Chen Hongzhi (陳弘志) in 820. (There were nagging suspicions, never proven, that Xianzong's wife Consort Guo and her son Li Heng (who succeeded Xianzong as Emperor Muzong) were involved.)

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Li Chun was born in 778, during the reign of his great-grandfather Emperor Daizong, at the Eastern Palace (i.e., the palace of his grandfather, then-Crown Prince Li Kuo). His father Li Song was Li Kuo's oldest son, and he himself was Li Song's oldest son. His mother was Li Song's concubine Consort Wang. When Li Chun was five or six, by which time Li Kuo was emperor (as Emperor Dezong), there was an occasion when Emperor Dezong held Li Chun on his lap and asked, "Who are you, such that you are in my lap?" His response of, "I am the third Son of Heaven" surprised Emperor Dezong, who thereafter showed him much favor.

paragraph: Section::::As the Prince of Guangling and Crown Prince.

paragraph: In 788, by which time Li Song (Shunzong) was crown prince, Li Chun was created the Prince of Guangling. In 793, he married Lady Guo, a daughter of the deceased general Guo Ai (郭曖) and Emperor Daizong's daughter Princess Shengping, as his wife and princess.

paragraph: In 804, Li Song (Shunzong) suffered a stroke and became unable to speak. When Emperor Dezong fell gravely ill in spring 805, Li Song was unable to visit him, and Emperor Dezong, distressed over this, died soon thereafter. After Emperor Dezong's death, the eunuchs in the palace initially considered supporting another person as emperor, but due to the objections of the imperial scholars Wei Cigong (衛次公) and Zheng Yin, Li Song was able to assume the throne (as Emperor Shunzong), although during Wei and Zheng's discussion with the eunuchs, the possibility of having Li Chun take the throne directly was mentioned.

paragraph: As Emperor Shunzong continued to be seriously ill and unable to speak, a group of his close associates—the eunuch Li Zhongyan (李忠言), his concubine Consort Niu, the imperial scholars Wang Shuwen and Wang Pi, and the chancellor Wei Zhiyi—became the key decision-makers. It was said that this group of individuals feared Li Chun for his intelligence and decisiveness, and initially, Li Chun was not created crown prince. However, the eunuchs Ju Wenzhen (俱文珍), Liu Guangqi (劉光琦), and Xue Yingzhen (薛盈珍), all of whom were favored by Emperor Dezong and who lost their power in the new regime, summoned the imperial scholars Zheng, Wei Cigong, Li Cheng, and Wang Ya to the palace to draft an edict for Emperor Shunzong creating Li Chun as crown prince, anyway. Zheng showed a piece of paper to Emperor Shunzong reading, "The Crown Prince should be the oldest son." Emperor Shunzong, who was unable to speak, nodded, and an edict was thereafter issued in late spring 805 creating Li Chun crown prince. The edict also changed Li Chun's name (from 淳 to 純—both rendered "Chun" in modern Mandarin). It was said that Wang Shunwen was so concerned about Li Chun that he was heard reading from Du Fu's poem about the Shu Han regent Zhuge Liang—"He had not even succeeded in his campaigns when he died. This often caused heroes to weep onto their collars." Wang Shuwen and Wei Zhiyi tried to see if their group could persuade Li Chun to favor their positions by having their associate Lu Zhi (陸質) serve as the attendant to Li Chun's studies. However, it appeared that Li Chun disliked Wang Shunwen and his associates, and whenever Lu tried to speak to him on political matters, Li Chun angrily responded, "His Imperial Majesty commissioned you, sir, to teach me about the classics. Why do you discuss other matters?"

paragraph: By summer 805, a group of military governors ("Jiedushi") that Wang Shuwen had disputes with—Wei Gao, Pei Jun (裴均), and Yan Shou (嚴綬)—were submitting petitions to Emperor Shunzong requesting that he let Li Chun serve as regent, and Wei Gao further submitted a petition to Li Chun as well requesting that he take power away from Wang Pi, Wang Shuwen, and Li Zhongyan. On August 26, an edict was issued in Emperor Shunzong's name for Li Chun to serve as regent. Thereafter, the imperial officials began to report to Li Chun. On August 31, Emperor Shunzong further issued an edict yielding the throne to Li Chun, taking for himself the title of "Retired Emperor" ("Taishang Huang") and creating Li Chun's mother Consort Wang "Retired Empress." On September 5, Li Chun took the throne (as Emperor Xianzong).

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor.:Early reign.

paragraph: Immediately after Emperor Xianzong's ascension to the throne, he purged the government of Wang Shuwen and Wang Pi's associates, exiling them. (He would later order Wang Shuwen to commit suicide.) Emperor Xianzong's father Emperor Shunzong died in spring 806. Some later historians would come to believe that Emperor Shunzong did not die of natural causes, but was murdered by the same eunuchs who had supported Emperor Xianzong's ascension.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Wei Gao died late in 805, and his deputy Liu Pi seized power of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), which Wei had governed, rejecting the replacement that Emperor Xianzong sent, Yuan Zi. Emperor Xianzong, believing himself to lack the power to attack Liu at this point, initially made Liu the acting military governor. However, Liu then made further demands to be given two neighboring circuits—Dongchuan (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan) and Shannan West (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi)—as well. When Emperor Xianzong refused his demand, he launched an attack on Dongchuan's capital prefecture Zi Prefecture (梓州) in spring 806. At the suggestion of the chancellor Du Huangchang, Emperor Xianzong commissioned the general Gao Chongwen to attack Liu, assisted by the generals Li Yuanyi (李元奕) and Yan Li (嚴礪). In fall 806, Gao captured Xichuan's capital Chengdu and delivered Liu to the capital Chang'an to be executed.

paragraph: Also in spring 806, Yang Huilin, the nephew of the general Han Quanyi (韓全義) the military governor of Xiasui Circuit (夏綏, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), seized control of the circuit after Han had been ordered to retire and resisted imperial orders. With imperial forces approaching Xiasui's capital Xia Prefecture (夏州), Yang was quickly killed by his own subordinate Zhang Chengjin (張承金), ending his rebellion. Around the same time, the warlord Li Shigu, the military governor of the powerful Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), died, and his subordinates supported his brother Li Shidao to succeed him. Du advocated trying to divest Pinglu of some of its territory, but Emperor Xianzong, believing that with the campaign against Liu not over by that point, that he should not wage another campaign, and therefore allowed Li Shidao to inherit Pinglu.

paragraph: After Liu's and Yang's destruction, another warlord, Li Qi the military governor of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) became apprehensive, and, as a means of showing loyalty, requested to go to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xianzong. He did not actually intend to do so, however, and after Emperor Xianzong not only approved, but issued an edict summoning him when he did not depart Zhenhai immediately, rebelled against the imperial government. Before imperial troops could attack him, however, he was captured by his own subordinates and delivered to Chang'an to be executed. Around that time, another warlord, Yu Di the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), fearing Emperor Xianzong, went to Chang'an and yielded control of the circuit to the imperial government, after Emperor Xianzong had ensured Yu's loyalty by marrying his daughter Princess Puning to Yu's son Yu Jiyou (于季友).

paragraph: In 808, an incident occurred that, as later historians opined, precipitated the later partisan struggles between the "Niu Party" and the "Li Party" that would eventually occur throughout the reigns of the five emperors after Emperor Xianzong. At a special imperial examinations where Emperor Xianzong ordered that low-level officials submit honest opinions about the government, several of the examinees—Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin, and Huangfu Shi (皇甫湜) stated, without using any veiled language, the issues they saw with the governance at the time. The officials that Emperor Xianzong put in charge of the examinations, Yang Yuling (楊於陵) and Wei Guanzhi ranked them high. However, the chancellor Li Jifu saw these as severe criticisms of himself, and, weeping, accused the reviewing officials, the imperial scholars Pei Ji and Wang Ya, of conflict of interest—as Huangfu was a nephew of Wang's. As a result of Li Jifu's accusations, Wang, Pei, Yang, and Wei were all demoted, and it was said that while no harm came to Niu, Li Zongmin, and Huangfu at that time, they were effectively stuck at the positions they previously served without promotion. As a result, they all sought positions as staff members of military governors. (Niu and Li Zongmin would later become key leaders of the "Niu Party," while Li Jifu's son Li Deyu would become a key leader of the "Li Party.")

paragraph: Also around that time, the Shatuo tribes, which had long been vassals of Tang's long-term adversary Tufan, fearing that Tufan was set to move them to the interior of the Tufan state, rebelled against Tufan and surrendered to Tang, under the leadership of Zhuxie Zhiyi (朱邪執宜). They were initially settled at Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) and later moved to Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi); their chieftains of the Zhuxie clan were given the area of Huanghuadui (黃花堆, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi) as their base of operations. (The Shatuo would eventually become a major part of the Tang army, and would yet later yield the ruling families of Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han, after Tang's end.)

paragraph: In 809, after much urging by the imperial scholars (翰林學士, "Hanlin Xueshi"), led by Li Jiang, that he needed to have a crown prince, Emperor Xianzong created his oldest son Li Ning, born of his concubine Consort Ji, crown prince.

paragraph: Also in 809, after the death of another warlord, Wang Shizhen the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), Emperor Xianzong was initially poised to let Wang Shizhen's son Wang Chengzong inherit Chengde, after Wang Chengzong offered to surrender two of his six prefectures to imperial control. However, after Wang Chengzong reneged on his promise, Emperor Xianzong commissioned the eunuch Tutu Chengcui to command the imperial troops to attack Chengde. (As a result of this campaign's launch, when another warlord, Wu Shaocheng the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) subsequently died, he was unable to act against Wu Shaocheng's subordinate Wu Shaoyang, who seized control of the circuit, and was forced to commission Wu Shaoyang, much to the lament of his imperial scholar advisors, who viewed Zhangyi as a far easier target than Chengde.) The campaign against Chengde stalled, however, with one of its original major proponents, Lu Congshi (盧從史) the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), secretly communicating with Chengde and interfering with the campaign. In summer 810, after Tutu arrested Lu at a feast and allowed the imperial general Meng Yuanyang (孟元陽) to take control of Zhaoyi, Wang agreed to formally submit to Emperor Xianzong, claiming that it was Lu who interfered in his relationship with the imperial government. Emperor Xianzong, seeing that the campaign was making no advances, ended it and made Wang the military governor of Chengde.

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor.:Middle reign.

paragraph: After the end of the Chengde campaign, Zhang Maozhao (張茂昭) the military governor of Chengde's neighboring Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei), who had inherited his position from his father Zhang Xiaozhong, offered to yield the circuit to imperial control, and Emperor Xianzong agreed, sending the official Ren Dijian (任迪簡) to replace Zhang Maozhao. (After Zhang's departure from Yiwu, however, the Yiwu soldiers mutinied against Ren and put him under house arrest, although eventually another group of soldiers then countered their mutiny and restored Ren, allowing Yiwu to be in imperial hands from this point on.) Also in the aftermaths of the Chengde campaign, Tutu Chengcui was demoted and, later, after he was involved in a corruption scandal, sent out of the capital to serve as the eunuch monitor for Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu).

paragraph: In 811, at Li Jifu's suggestion, Emperor Xianzong appointed several officials—Duan Pingzhong (段平仲), Wei Guanzhi, Xu Mengrong (許孟容), and Li Jiang—to review the governmental structure, to streamline it, reduce the number of officials who were not carrying out any crucial tasks, and revise the officials' wage scale. Later in the year, with Emperor Xianzong believing that Li Jifu had often used his own personal likes and dislikes to decide on his policies, he promoted Li Jiang to be a chancellor as well, to counterbalance Li Jifu.

paragraph: Around the new year 812, Li Ning died. In fall 812, Emperor Xianzong created another son Li You the Prince of Sui, born of his wife, Consort Guo (formerly the Princess of Guangling), crown prince and changed Li You's name to Li Heng, even though he had an older son, Li Kuan (李寬) the Prince of Li, as it was viewed by officials such as Cui Qun that Li Heng, born of a wife rather than a concubine, was the proper heir. Still, despite repeated petitions by the officials to create Consort Guo empress, Emperor Xianzong was apprehensive that, because of the prominent bloodlines that Consort Guo represented (being the granddaughter of the great general Guo Ziyi and the daughter of a princess), if she were created empress, other consorts would not dare to have sexual relations with him, and therefore repeatedly formed excuses with regard to not being able to find the right date to do so. He would eventually never create her (or any other consort) empress.

paragraph: Later in 812, the warlord Tian Ji'an the military governor of Weibo Circuit died. With Tian Ji'an's son and designated successor Tian Huaijian being young, soon thereafter, the soldiers mutinied and supported Tian Ji'an's relative Tian Xing. Tian Xing offered to subject Weibo to imperial commands, and soon thereafter, Emperor Xianzong made Tian Xing the military governor of Weibo and changed his name to Tian Hongzheng. With Tian Hongzheng as Weibo's military governor, for the rest of Emperor Xianzong's reign, Weibo became obedient to the imperial government.

paragraph: In 814, Wu Shaoyang died. Emperor Xianzong did not confirm Wu Shaoyang's son Wu Yuanji as his successor. In response, Wu Yuanji began attacking the nearby circuits to create pressure on the imperial government. Emperor Xianzong declared a general campaign against Wu Yuanji. Wu sought aid from Li Shidao and Wang Chengzong, who repeatedly petitioned Emperor Xianzong to pardon Wu Yuanji, to no avail. Li Shidao thereafter retained a group of assassins to carry out guerilla warfare tactics around the eastern capital Luoyang, to try to disrupt the campaign against Zhangyi and to create a sense of terror among the officials and the people. When the imperial pressure on Zhangyi still being unrelenting, with the imperial generals Wu Chongyin and Li Guangyan frequently dealing Zhangyi troops defeats (although imperial troops were unable to decisively defeat Zhangyi), Li Shidao decided to assassinate the chancellor Wu Yuanheng, whom Emperor Xianzong had put in charge of the campaign against Zhangyi, as well as the official Pei Du, a major proponent of the campaign. In summer 814, assassins that Li Shidao sent killed Wu Yuanheng and wounded Pei, terrifying the officials and the people at Chang'an. Emperor Xianzong's resolve against Zhangyi did not change, however, and when he came to believe that Wang was responsible for the assassination, he declared a general campaign against Wang as well. He also promoted Pei to be a chancellor. (Later, after investigations by Lü Yuanying (呂元膺) the defender of Luoyang after a plot by Li Shidao's subordinates to riot at Luoyang was foiled, Emperor Xianzong found out that Li Shidao was responsible for Wu Yuanheng's assassination, but by that point, as he was already waging campaigns against Wu Yuanji and Wang, he could not, and did not, declare yet another campaign against Li Shidao as well at that point.)

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor.:Late reign.

paragraph: The imperial forces sent against Zhangyi and Chengde were unsuccessful in quickly achieving final victory against them, however. In 817, with suggestion from the chancellor Li Fengji that he should concentrate on one campaign, Emperor Xianzong called off the campaign against Chengde (although he did not pardon Wang). Meanwhile, Pei Du volunteered to head to the Zhangyi front to oversee the operation, and Emperor Xianzong agreed. Later in the year, Li Su the military governor of Tangsuideng Circuit (唐隨鄧, headquartered in modern Zhumadian) launched a surprise attack against Zhangyi's capital Cai Prefecture (蔡州), catching its defenders off guard and capturing it, seizing Wu Yuanji. Wu was subsequently delivered to Chang'an to be executed, and the imperial troops under Pei took over Zhangyi.

paragraph: After Wu Yuanji's execution, Li Shidao and Wang Chengzong both became fearful. In 818, Wang offered to surrender two prefectures to imperial control and send his two sons to Chang'an to serve as hostages. He also sought intercession from Tian Hongzheng. With Tian also requesting that Emperor Xianzong accept his offer, Emperor Xianzong did so, merging the two prefectures that Wang surrendered into neighboring Henghai Circuit (橫海, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei), which had been obedient to the imperial government. Li Shidao also offered to surrender three of his 12 prefectures to imperial control and send his son as a hostage—but soon reneged on the offer. Emperor Xianzong thus declared a general campaign against his Pinglu Circuit, and soon, the imperial forces were repeatedly dealing defeats to Pinglu troops.

paragraph: Meanwhile, it was said that after the victory over Zhangyi, Emperor Xianzong began to be arrogant and extravagant in his lifestyle, and he favored such officials as Huangfu Bo and Cheng Yi, whom he believed to be capable of increasing revenues for palace use. He eventually made both Huangfu and Cheng chancellors, despite earnest pleas by Pei and Cui Qun, who was a chancellor by this point as well, against the move. It was said that Huangfu soon was speaking against Cui and Pei, causing both to be sent out of the capital. In spring 819, there was an occasion when Emperor Xianzong had what was alleged to be Gautama Buddha's finger bone escorted from a temple in Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) to the palace in a grand ceremony, kept the bone in the palace for three days, and encouraged the people to worship it and make donations to the temples. When the official Han Yu spoke against it, Han was exiled to be the prefect of Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern Chaozhou, Guangdong).

paragraph: Also in spring 819, after Li Shidao became suspicious of his officer Liu Wu, who was then resisting Tian's attack, and secretly ordered Liu's deputy Zhang Xian (張暹) to execute Liu and take over the troops. Zhang, who was friendly with Liu, revealed Li Shidao's orders to Liu. Liu responded by launching a surprise attack on Pinglu's capital Yun Prefecture (鄆州), capturing Li Shidao and his sons and executing them, delivering their heads to Chang'an. Emperor Xianzong made Liu, who had expected to succeed Li Shidao, the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), and divided Pinglu into three circuits to weaken it and keep its territory under imperial control.

paragraph: By this point, Emperor Xianzong was taking medicines made by the alchemist Liu Mi (柳泌), who claimed that he could bring the emperor immortality. It was said that as a result of these medicines, Emperor Xianzong was becoming increasingly thirsty and irritable. It was said that he was so easily angered that the eunuchs serving him were often punished or even executed for minor faults, causing them to be fearful of him. In spring 820, he died suddenly, and it was commonly believed that he was assassinated by the eunuch Chen Hongzhi. It was said, however, that Chen's eunuch colleagues declared that Emperor Xianzong had died from Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning due to the medicines that he was taking. Tutu Chengcui tried to support Li Kuan, who had been renamed Li Yun (李惲), to succeed Emperor Xianzong, but the other eunuchs Liang Shouqian (梁守謙), Ma Jintan (馬進潭), Liu Chengjie (劉承偕), Wei Yuansu (韋元素), and Wang Shoucheng, supported Li Heng, and they killed Tutu and Li Yun. Li Heng thereafter became emperor (as Emperor Muzong). (Another son of Emperor Xianzong's, Li Yi, after he became emperor in 846, would come to suspect that Consort Guo and Li Heng were involved in Emperor Xianzong's assassination, but no direct evidence tied them to the assassination.)

paragraph: Section::::Chancellors during reign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du You (805–812)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jia Dan (805)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Zhiyi (805)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du Huangchang (805–807)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Zi (805)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng Yuqing (805–806)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng Yin (805–809)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wu Yuanheng (807, 813–815)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Jifu (807–808, 811–814)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yu Di (808–813)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Ji (808–810)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Fan (809–811)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quan Deyu (810–813)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Jiang (811–814)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Hongjing (814–816)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Guanzhi (814–816)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Du (815–819)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Fengji (816–817)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Ya (816–818)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Qun (817–819)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yong (817–818)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yijian (818)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huangfu Bo (818–820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cheng Yi (818–819)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linghu Chu (819–820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Han Hong (819–820)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Song, Shunzong (; 761–806)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zhuangxian, of the Wang clan of Langya (; 763–816)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Yi'an, of the Guo clan of Huayin (; d. 851), first cousin once removed, personal name Nianyun ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Heng, Muzong (; 795–824), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Qiyang Zhuangshu (; d. 837), 11th daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Du Cong of Jingzhao, Duke Bin (; 794–873) in 814, and had issue (two sons, two daughters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xiaoming, of the Zheng clan (; d. 865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Chen, Xuanzong (; 810–859), 13th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Anping ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Liu Yi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taiyi", of the Xu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Nankang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Shen Fen ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taiyi", of the Yang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yue, Prince Qiong (; d. 840), ninth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Ji clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ning, Crown Prince Huizhao (; 793–812), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Du clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xun, Prince Mian (; 808–844), tenth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Zhao clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yin, Prince Mao (; 809–853), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yun, Prince Li (; d. 820), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Cong, Prince Shen (), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xin, Prince Yang (; 801–828), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Wu, Prince Jiang (; 797–827), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ke, Prince Jian (; 805–821), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Jing, Prince Fu (; d. 839), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yi, Prince Wu (), 11th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xie, Prince Zi (; d. 836), 14th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Dan, Prince Heng (), 15th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Chong, Prince Chan (), 16th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Zhui, Prince Di (), 17th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ti, Prince Peng (), 18th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Tan, Prince Xin (; d. 867), 19th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ce, Prince Rong (; 815–880), 20th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Lianghuikang (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yu Jiyou of Henan (), the fourth son of Yu Di, in 807

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongjia ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Hengyang" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xuancheng (), sixth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Shen Chai ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Zhengwenyi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wei Rang () in 816, and had issue (four sons, three daughters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Chenliu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Pei Sun of Hedong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Zhenning (), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xue Hong of Hedong () in 806

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Linzhen ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wei Zhu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Pukang" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Zhenyuan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Du Zhongli ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongshun ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Liu Hongjing ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yong'an (), ninth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Yining" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Ding'an (), fifth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Chongde (; d. 824) in 821

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Gui" ()

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Book of Tang", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Book of Tang", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , .

alias:
Li Chun
Li Chun(2)
Xian Zong

description: emperor of the Tang Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Xianzong of Tang

wikipedia_title: Emperor Xianzong of Tang


text: Saudi

text: extrajudicial detention

text: United States

text: Guantanamo Bay detention camp

text: Cuba

text: Internment Serial Number

text: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

text: Prescott, Arizona

text: US Department of Defense

text: Jeddah

text: Faisalabad

text: Pakistan

text: al-Qaeda

text: torture

text: Abu Zubaydah

text: habeas corpus

text: Jeddah

text: Saudi Arabia

text: electrical engineering

text: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

text: Faisalabad

text: Pakistan

text: Islamabad

text: Bagram Air Base

text: Taliban

text: crime rate

text: T. E. Lawrence

text: Fordham University

text: Guantanamo Bay detention camp

text: Combatant Status Review Tribunal

text: enemy combatant

text: United States

text: Jabran Said bin al Qahtani

text: Binyam Ahmed Muhammad

text: Omar Khadr

text: Center for Constitutional Rights

text: Bob Rachlin

text: al Qaeda

text: military commission

text: David Morgan

text: Reuters

text: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

text: United States Supreme Court

text: Combatant Status Review Tribunal

text: Military Commissions Act of 2006

text: habeas corpus

text: Sufyian Barhoumi

text: Jabran al-Qathani

text: 2006 act

text: Susan J. Crawford

text: Office of Military Commissions

text: Jabran al Qahtani

text: Sufyian Barhoumi

text: Binyam Mohamed

text: Noor Uthman Muhammed

text: Darrel Vandeveld

text: Clive Stafford Smith

text: Reprieve

text: exculpatory evidence

text: Washington Post

text: "frequent flyer"

text: Robert Rachlin

text: United States Supreme Court

text: Boumediene v. Bush

text: habeas corpus

text: US District Court Judge

text: Emmet Sullivan

text: habeas corpus

text: Robert Rachlin

text: President

text: Barack Obama

text: Joint Review Task Force

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: Periodic Review Board

text: Sleep deprivation

categories: Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University alumni,Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members,Saudi Arabian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States,Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,People from Jeddah,Living people,1974 births

paragraph: Ghassan al-Sharbi

paragraph: Ghassan Abdullah al Sharbi is a Saudi currently held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 682. He graduated from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona with a degree in electrical engineering.

paragraph: The US Department of Defense reports that he was born on December 28, 1974, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Captured in Faisalabad, Pakistan in March 2002, al-Sharbi was transferred to Guantanamo Bay later that year. In 2006, al-Sharbi told a military commission that he was a member of al-Qaeda and proud of his actions against the United States. Serious war crimes charges were dropped against him in October 2008, as it had been found they were based on evidence gained through torture of Abu Zubaydah. They may be refiled. Al-Sharbi had a habeas corpus petition which his father had initiated on his behalf; when it reached the court in March 2009, al-Sharbi requested that it be dismissed. He did not want to pursue it.

paragraph: As of June 17, 2018, Ghassan Abdullah al Sharbi has been held at Guantanamo for sixteen years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ghassan al-Sharbi was born in 1974 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He was sent to the United States for high school and he went on to study electrical engineering at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Arizona.

paragraph: Section::::Afghanistan.

paragraph: Al-Sharbi left the United States for Afghanistan in 2000, leaving his wife and daughter behind.

paragraph: He was captured in March 2002 by Pakistani forces during a raid at Faisalabad, Pakistan. He was held in Islamabad for two months before being turned over the United States forces.

paragraph: When he was taken to Bagram Air Base for interrogation in June 2002, he was designated as prisoner #237. According to Chris Mackey, a lead interrogator at the base who wrote a chapter about the Saudi's interrogation in his 2004 memoir, al-Sharbi was designated as prisoner #237 at Bagram. He spoke fluent English and was considered "dismissive and aloof" by the interrogators. He offered the names, addresses and phone numbers of several American classmates, professors and landlords who he said would vouch for his having done nothing wrong. But, he also said that he was glad to see the Taliban ruling Afghanistan, quoting statistics that showed a dramatic decrease in crime rates and an increase in new schools built under their government.

paragraph: Al-Sharbi asked the interrogations chief whether he had read anything by T. E. Lawrence, or "From Beirut to Jerusalem." When the interrogator said that he graduated from Fordham University, al-Sharbi said it was a "third-tier school". The interrogator later remarked that al-Sharbi wanted to assert superiority and had a "seeming preoccupation with death". When it was arranged to transfer al-Shirbi to Guantanamo, he calmly told his interrogators that "after a while, the truth would blur for him and that he would just say whatever we wanted to hear just to have the solitude that would come from the end of our questioning".

paragraph: Section::::Transfer to Guantanamo Bay.

paragraph: In 2002, al-Sharbi was transferred to the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba.

paragraph: In his testimony before his Combatant Status Review Tribunal, held sometime during late 2004-2005, al-Sharbi accepted the classification as "enemy combatant," as well as all 15 allegations against him. When he was dismissed from the room, he chanted, "May God help me fight the infidels or the unfaithful ones."

paragraph: On November 7, 2005, the United States charged al-Sharbi and four other detainees with war crimes. They were expected to face a trial before a military commission. Al-Sharbi, Jabran Said bin al Qahtani, Binyam Ahmed Muhammad, and Sufyian Barhoumi faced conspiracy to murder charges for being part of an al-Qaeda bomb-making cell. Omar Khadr, 18 years old, faced both murder and conspiracy to murder charges.

paragraph: Al-Sharbi initially wanted to decline legal representation; a "pro bono" attorney was arranged by the Center for Constitutional Rights and other organizations when the US had not provided any counsel to the detainees. In 2006, his "pro bono" attorney, Bob Rachlin, was trying to arrange for al-Sharbi to talk by phone with his parents, hoping they would persuade him to accept Rachlin's legal assistance, which his father had initiated.

paragraph: On April 27, 2006, al Sharbi acknowledged membership in al Qaeda before a military commission. He was alleged to have been part of a bomb-making cell. According to David Morgan, a Reuters reporter, his comments included the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I came here to tell you I did what I did and I'm willing to pay the price."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Even if I spend hundreds of years in jail, that would be a matter of honor to me."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I fought the United States, I'm going to make it short and easy for you guys: I'm proud of what I did." The hearing was covered by a limited number of reporters. Al-Sharbi said he wanted to represent himself; he "rejected his appointed military lawyer, Navy Lt. William Kuebler, and said he wanted neither a military replacement nor a civilian defender."

paragraph: In "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld" (2006), the United States Supreme Court held that the executive branch did not have the authority to set up a separate system of military trials outside the civil and military justice systems, and that the Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRT) and military commissions were unconstitutional. That year, Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, authorizing a separate system for prosecuting enemy combatants and responding to Court-identified issues. The act restricted the detainees from using "habeas corpus" and federal courts; all pending cases were stayed.

paragraph: On May 29, 2008, Ghassan Abdullah al-Sharbi, Sufyian Barhoumi and Jabran al-Qathani were charged separately before military commissions authorized under the 2006 act.

paragraph: On October 21, 2008, Susan J. Crawford, the official in charge of the Office of Military Commissions, announced that charges were dropped against Al Sharbi and four other detainees: Jabran al Qahtani, Sufyian Barhoumi, Binyam Mohamed, and Noor Uthman Muhammed.

paragraph: The men's attorneys expected that the five men would be re-charged within thirty days. They told Williams that: "... prosecutors called the move procedural," and attributed it to the resignation of fellow Prosecutor Darrel Vandeveld. He publicly announced his resignation on ethical grounds.

paragraph: Williams reported comments by Clive Stafford Smith, legal director of Reprieve, who represents several Guantanamo detainees. He speculated that the Prosecution's dropping of the charges, and plans to subsequently re-file charges was intended to counter and disarm the testimony Vandeveld was expected to offer, that the Prosecution had withheld exculpatory evidence in relation to each of the men.

paragraph: Section::::Sleep deprivation.

paragraph: On August 7, 2008, the "Washington Post" reported that the Guantanamo guards defied orders to discontinue the illegal practice of arbitrarily moving captives multiples times a day to deprive them of sleep, after it was banned in March 2004. The report stated al-Sharbi was subjected to the "frequent flyer" program from November 2003 to February 2004. It also said that such sleep deprivation was applied widely against numerous detainees, and guards had continued to use it for months after it was banned.

paragraph: Robert Rachlin, one of his lawyers, stated:

paragraph: The United States Supreme Court decision in "Boumediene v. Bush" (2008) overturned the Military Commissions Act of 2006, reaffirming detainee rights to use the "habeas corpus" process and to petition directly in the US courts. Many habeas corpus cases were reinstated, including that for Al Sharbi, which his father had initiated on his behalf.

paragraph: Section::::Dropped habeas petition.

paragraph: On March 10, 2009, US District Court Judge Emmet Sullivan dismissed a habeas corpus petition filed on Al Sharbi's behalf. Sullivan dismissed the petition at Al Sharbi's request. The petition had been initiated by his father, who had worked with the Center for Constitutional Rights to gain legal assistance in the United States prior to the appointment of military defense counsels. Al Sharbi's lawyer Robert Rachlin confirmed that Al Sharbi had consistently declined all legal assistance. He said the detainee had often expressed disdain for the United States process and was "an aspiring martyr".

paragraph: Section::::Joint Review Task Force.

paragraph: When he assumed office in January 2009, President Barack Obama made a number of promises about the future of Guantanamo.

paragraph: He promised the use of torture would cease at the camp. He promised to institute a new review system. That new review system was composed of officials from six departments, where the OARDEC reviews were conducted entirely by the Department of Defense. When it reported back, a year later, the Joint Review Task Force classified some individuals as too dangerous to be transferred from Guantanamo, even though there was no evidence to justify laying charges against them. On April 9, 2013, that document was made public after a Freedom of Information Act request.

paragraph: Abdullah Al Sharbi was one of the 71 individuals deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release.

paragraph: Although Obama promised that those deemed too innocent to charge, but too dangerous to release would start to receive reviews from a Periodic Review Board, less than a quarter of men have received a review.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleep deprivation

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commissions Transcripts, Exhibits, and Allied Papers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who Are the Remaining Prisoners in Guantánamo? Part Six: Captured in Pakistan (2 of 3) Andy Worthington, October 6, 2010

description: Saudi Arabian Guantanamo Bay detainee

wikidata_label: Ghassan al-Sharbi

wikipedia_title: Ghassan al-Sharbi


text:
Seoul
South Korea
ice hockey
wing

categories: South Korean ice hockey players,1987 births,Ice hockey players at the 2017 Asian Winter Games,Olympic ice hockey players of South Korea,Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people,Anyang Halla players

paragraph: Shin Sang-woo

paragraph: Sin Sang-woo ( born December 12, 1987 in Seoul) is a South Korean professional ice hockey winger.

description: ice hockey player from South Korea

wikidata_label: Shin Sang-woo

wikipedia_title: Shin Sang-woo


text:
speed skater
Adelskalender
Speed Skating World Cup
Collalbo
De Telegraaf
Dutch marathon circuit
2010 Winter Olympics

categories: Sportspeople from Saint-Malo,French male speed skaters,1986 births,World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists,Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Olympic speed skaters of France,Living people,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Alexis Contin

paragraph: Alexis Contin (born 19 October 1986) is a French speed skater. He is ranked 63 on the Adelskalender and is coached by Jan ven Veen.

paragraph: Contin made his international speedskating debut at the Speed Skating World Cup in December 2005. In January 2007 he competed at an international allround tournament for the first time, finishing 17th at the European Champiohships held at Collalbo.

paragraph: In January 2008, Dutch newspaper "De Telegraaf" reported that Contin quit skating, saying that he could not bring himself to focus entirely on longtrack skating as the reason. However, Contin made a return to competitive skating in the 2008–09 season.

paragraph: He competed in the Dutch marathon circuit, until he made his return to the longtrack at the 2009 European Allround Championships at Heerenveen.

paragraph: He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics, finishing 4th in the 10,000 metres and 6th in the 5000.

paragraph: Contin is the current French record holder on the 3000, 5000 and 10000 metres' distances.

description: French speed skater and rollerskater

wikidata_label: Alexis Contin

wikipedia_title: Alexis Contin


text:
German
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
Rolex Sports Car Series
Swedish Touring Car Championship
Porsche Supercup
Porsche Carrera Cup Germany
Audi R8 LMS ultra
Alfa Romeo Alfetta
Audi Sport
Official website
Career statistics from Driver Database

categories: Blancpain Endurance Series drivers,Porsche Supercup drivers,German racing drivers,Sportspeople from Cologne,Living people,ADAC GT Masters drivers,Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,1975 births,Swedish Touring Car Championship drivers,United SportsCar Championship drivers,Racing drivers from North Rhine-Westphalia,FIA GT Championship drivers,FIA GT1 World Championship drivers,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Frank Stippler

paragraph: Frank Stippler (born 9 April 1975) is a German professional racing driver. He has competed in such series as Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, Rolex Sports Car Series and the Swedish Touring Car Championship. He won both the Porsche Supercup and Porsche Carrera Cup Germany series in 2003. He is also very successful in historic racing.

paragraph: At the 2014 VLN DMV 250-Meilen-Rennen, Stippler qualified on pole position driving his Audi R8 LMS ultra with a lap time of 7:57.474 at the 24.358 km short layout, averaging 183.7 km/h.

paragraph: Stippler started racing at the age of 18 in an Alfa Romeo Alfetta and is a race and development driver for Audi Sport.

paragraph: Section::::Race results.

paragraph: Section::::Race results.:Complete Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career statistics from Driver Database

description: German racing driver

wikidata_label: Frank Stippler

wikipedia_title: Frank Stippler


text:
Tory
House of Commons
Aynhoe Park
Thomas Powys
Member of Parliament
Northamptonshire
South Northamptonshire
Wellington County, Ontario
Viscount Hawarden
Thomas
William
William Cornwallis Cartwright
Fairfax Cartwright
Henry Cartwright
Portrait

categories: 1771 births,UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1801–1802,UK MPs 1802–1806,1847 deaths,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1837–1841,English landowners,UK MPs 1806–1807,British MPs 1796–1800,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1830–1831,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,UK MPs 1807–1812,UK MPs 1841–1847

paragraph: William Ralph Cartwright

paragraph: William Ralph Cartwright (30 March 1771 – 4 January 1847) was an English landowner and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1797 and 1846.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cartwright was the son of Thomas Cartwright of Aynhoe Park and his wife Mary Catherine Desaguilliers. In 1793 a highwayman was transported for robbing him of £32 10s worth of goods and money.

paragraph: In 1797 on the retirement of Thomas Powys, he was elected Member of Parliament for Northamptonshire. He held the seat until 1831. In the 1832 general election he was elected MP for South Northamptonshire and held the seat until he resigned in 1846.

paragraph: Cartwright was lieutenant-colonel in the local militia during the Napoleonic wars, and was responsible for the Brackley Battalion. In the time of agricultural depression and increasing population, Cartwright helped settle many dozens of his surplus agricultural labourers in Wellington County, Ontario from the late 1820s until his death. He ran up huge debts, mainly from playing the stock market, which he did unsuccessfully.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Cartwright married Hon. Emma Mary Maude daughter of Viscount Hawarden on 12 April 1794. They had children Thomas who became a diplomat and William who became a lieutenant general. These had respectively sons William Cornwallis Cartwright and Fairfax Cartwright who were both MPs. Cartwright's wife died in 1808 and he married again on 29 May 1810 to Julia Frances Aubrey, with whom he had five children including Henry Cartwright.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Ralph Cartwright

wikipedia_title: William Ralph Cartwright