text: pharaoh

text: Twenty-third Dynasty

text: Ancient Egypt

text: Middle

text: Upper Egypt

text: Amun

text: Nimlot C

text: Thebes

text: Osorkon II

text: Egyptologists

text: Jürgen von Beckerath

text: Karl Jansen-Winkeln

text: Shoshenq III

text: Tanis

text: Twenty-second Dynasty

text: Lower Egypt

text: High Priest of Amun

text: Takelot I

text: Osorkon II

text: Shoshenq III

text: Osorkon III

text: Osorkon B

text: Bubastite Portal

text: Karnak

text: regnal year

text: Pedubast I

text: Shoshenq VI

text: Dynasty 22

text: Herakleopolis Magna

text: Takelot III

text: Karnak

text: Great Royal Wife

text: Karomama Merymut II

text: High Priest of Amun at Thebes

text: Osorkon III

text: Osorkon II

text: Takelot III

text: David A. Aston

text: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

text: Revue d'Égyptologie

text: Göttinger Miszellen

text: Karl Jansen-Winkeln

text: Ad Thijs, 2010

text: Ad Thijs

categories: Year of birth unknown,9th-century BC Pharaohs,810s BC deaths,Theban High Priests of Amun,Pharaohs of the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Takelot II

paragraph: Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot II Si-Ese was a pharaoh of the Twenty-third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt in Middle and Upper Egypt. He has been identified as the High Priest of Amun Takelot F, son of the High Priest of Amun Nimlot C at Thebes and, thus, the son of Nimlot C and grandson of king Osorkon II according to the latest academic research. Based on two lunar dates belonging to Takelot II, this Upper Egyptian pharaoh is today believed to have ascended to the throne of a divided Egypt in either 845 BC or 834 BC. Most Egyptologists today, including Aidan Dodson, Gerard Broekman, Jürgen von Beckerath, M.A. Leahy and Karl Jansen-Winkeln, also accept David Aston's hypothesis that Shoshenq III was Osorkon II's actual successor at Tanis, rather than Takelot II. As Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton write in their comprehensive book on the royal families of Ancient Egypt:

paragraph: Takelot II is likely to have been identical with the High Priest Takelot F, who is stated in [the] Karnak inscriptions to have been a son of Nimlot C, and whose likely period of office falls neatly just before Takelot II's appearance.

paragraph: Takelot II rather ruled a separate kingdom that embraced Middle and Upper Egypt, distinct from the Tanite Twenty-second Dynasty which only controlled Lower Egypt. Takelot F, the son and successor of the High Priest of Amun Nimlot C, served for a period of time under Osorkon II as a High Priest of Amun before he proclaimed himself as king Takelot II in the final three regnal years of Osorkon II. This situation is attested by the relief scenes on the walls of Temple J at Karnak which was dedicated by Takelot F – in his position as High Priest – to Osorkon II, who is depicted as the celebrant and king. All the documents which mention Takelot II Si-Ese and his son, Osorkon B, originate from either Middle or Upper Egypt (none from Lower Egypt) and a royal tomb at Tanis which named a king Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot along with a Year 9 stela from Bubastis are now recognised as belonging exclusively to Takelot I. While both Takelot I and II used the same prenomen, Takelot II added the epithet "Si-Ese" ("Son of Isis") to his royal titulary both to affiliate himself with Thebes and to distinguish his name from Takelot I.

paragraph: Section::::The Crown Prince Osorkon.

paragraph: Takelot II controlled Middle and Upper Egypt during the final 3 Years of Osorkon II and the first 2 decades of Shoshenq III. The majority of Egyptologists today concede that king Osorkon III was the illustrious "Crown Prince and High Priest Osorkon B," son of Takelot II. A misunderstanding arose over his identity because in the Crown Prince's famous "Chronicle", which was carved on the Bubastite Portal at Karnak, Osorkon dates his actions by both the regnal years of Takelot II (years 11 through 24) —with a short year 25 left unmentioned — and then by those of the Tanite king, Shoshenq III (from regnal years 22 through 29). While Kenneth Kitchen has interpreted this to mean that Shoshenq III succeeded Takelot II at Tanis, in fact Takelot II and Shoshenq III were likely close contemporaries because immediately after the death of his father in year 25 of Takelot II, Osorkon B started dating his activities to year 22, and not year 1, of Shoshenq III onwards. Consequently, there was never a two decade long break in Osorkon B's struggle to regain control of Thebes (from Year 1 to Year 22 of Sheshonq III) as Kitchen's chronology implies because year 25 of Takelot II is equivalent to year 22 of Sheshonq III. Osorkon B did not immediately ascend to his father's throne presumably because he was involved in a prolonged civil war with his rival Pedubast I and, later, Shoshenq VI, for control of Thebes. Instead, he merely dated his activities to the serving Dynasty 22 Pharaoh at Tanis: Shoshenq III.

paragraph: The Crown Prince Osorkon B was not outmaneuvered to the throne of Tanis by Shoshenq III because both men ruled over separate kingdoms with the 22nd Dynasty controlling Lower Egypt, and Takelot II/Osorkon B ruling over most of Upper Egypt from Herakleopolis Magna to Thebes, where they are monumentally attested. In 1983, a donation stela was discovered by Japanese excavators (Heian Museum 1983) at Tehna which reveals that Osorkon III was once a High Priest of Amun himself. This person can only be the well-known High Priest Osorkon B since no other Theban High Priests named Osorkon are known until the reign of Takelot III half a century later when the latter's son Osorkon F served in this office.

paragraph: Section::::Theban Uprising and Conflict.

paragraph: In Year 11 of Takelot II, an insurrection began under Pedubast I whose followers challenged this king's authority at Thebes. Takelot reacted by dispatching his son, Osorkon B, to sail southwards to Thebes and quell the uprising. Osorkon B succeeded in retaining control of the city and then proclaimed himself as the new High Priest of Amun. Some of the rebels' bodies were deliberately burned by Osorkon to permanently deny their souls any hope of an afterlife. However, just four years later, in year 15 of Takelot II, a second major revolt broke out and this time Osorkon B's forces were expelled from Thebes by Pedubast I. This caused a prolonged period of turmoil and instability in Upper Egypt as a prolonged struggle broke out between the competing factions of Takelot II/Osorkon B and Pedubast I/Shoshenq VI for control of Thebes. This conflict would last for 27 long years – from Year 15 to Year 25 of Takelot II and then from Year 22 to Year 39 of Shoshenq III when Osorkon B finally defeated his enemies and conquered this great city. Osorkon B proclaimed himself as king Osorkon III sometime after his victory.

paragraph: On other matters, the Chronicle of Prince Osorkon B, which is carved on the Bubastis Portal at Karnak, records Osorkon's activities between regnal years 11 and 24 of his father and then from regnal years 22 through 29 of Shoshenq III. However, Takelot II's brief 25th year is attested by a donation stela made by his son in his position as High Priest at Thebes shortly before Takelot died; it granted 35 aurourae of land to Takelot II's daughter, Karomama E. Papyrus Berlin 3048 has also now been conclusively dated to Takelot II's (and not Takelot III's) reign due to the attestation of a certain Harsiese—designated the fourth prophet of Amun—in this document who is known to have served in office during king Takelot II's reign. This papyrus contains several year dates including a year 13, year 14, year 16, year 23 and even a year 26—although a Year 26 date for Takelot II is unknown for this ruler and could pertain to another pharaoh instead. , no tomb or final resting place has been found for this king.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Takelot II married his sister and Great Royal Wife Karomama Merymut II; they were the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osorkon B, the High Priest of Amun at Thebes who later became king Osorkon III.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bakenptah, general of Heracleopolis. Mentioned in a text dating to year 39 of Osorkon III and said to be a brother of the king.

paragraph: Takelot II also married a lady whose name was only partially preserved as Tashep[...]. They had a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nimlot, mentioned on a wooden stela (Turin 1468/Vatican 329) as the son of King Takelot and Tashep[...]. Thought to be a son of Takelot II.

paragraph: Takelot also had a wife named Tabektenasket (I), they had a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isetweret (II). Married the Theban Vizier Nakhtefmut (C). Known from the coffins of her son Ankhpakhered and daughter Tabektenasket (II) (Berlin 20132 and 20136).

paragraph: Other children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Djed-Ptah-ef-ankh, a younger son of Takelot II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shebensopdet (II). Married the Fourth Prophet of Amun Djed-Khons-ef-ankh. She is known from a statue now in the Cairo Museum (CG 42211)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karomama (E). Chantress of Amun.

paragraph: Possible further children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tentsepeh (D), married Ptah-udj-ankhef. Kitchen assumed she was a daughter of Takelot II. Bierbrier assumed she was a daughter of Osorkon II instead.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ir-Bast-udja-tjau, married Pakhuru, the brother of Vizier Padiamonet. She was a daughter of either Takelot II or Takelot III.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Di-Ese-nesyt, married Nespaqashuty B, the nephew of Vizier Padiamonet. She was a daughter of either Takelot II or Takelot III.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David A. Aston, 1989. ‘Takeloth II – a King of the “Twenty-third Dynasty”?’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 75, 139-153

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winfried Barta, 1980. ‘Die Mondfinsternis im 15. Regierungsjahr Takelots II. und die Chronologie der 22. bis 25. Dynastie’, Revue d'Égyptologie 32, 3-17

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard P.F. Broekman, 2008. 'The Chronicle of Prince Osorkon and its Historical Context', Journal of Egyptian History 1.2, 209-234

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricardo A. Caminos, 1958. 'The Chronicle of Prince Osorkon'. (Analectica Orientalia [AO] 37.) Rome: Biblical Institute Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- N. Dautzenberg, 1995. 'Bemerkungen zu Schoschenq II., Takeloth II. und Pedubastis II', Göttinger Miszellen 144, 21-29

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Jansen-Winkeln, 2006. ‘The Chronology of the Third Intermediate Period: Dyns. 22-24’. In: E. Hornung, R. Krauss and D. A. Warburton (eds), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, 234-264. (Handbook of Oriental Studies [HdO] I vol. 83.) Leiden: Brill

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolf Krauss, 2007. ‘Die Bubastiden-Finsternis im Licht von 150 Jahren Forschungsgeschichte’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Abteilung Kairo (MDAIK) 63, 211-223

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bengt Julius Peterson, 1967. 'Djedptahefanch, Sohn des Takeloth II', Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (ZÄS) 94, 128-129

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert K. Ritner, 'An Oblique Reference to the Expelled High Priest Osorkon?', in: E. Teeter, J.A. Larson, Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente, (SAOC 58), Chicago 1999, 351-360

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ad Thijs, 2010. ‘The Lunar Eclipse of Takelot II and the Chronology of the Libyan Period’, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (ZÄS) 137, 171-190

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ad Thijs, 2015. 'From the Lunar Eclipse of Takeloth II back to Shoshenq I and Shishak' In: P. James, P.G van der Veen (eds), Solomon and Shishak: Current perspectives from archaeology, epigraphy, history and chronology; proceedings of the third BICANE colloquium held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 26–27 March 2011 (British Archaeological Reports 2732), Archaeopress: Oxford, 42-60

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Takelot II

wikipedia_title: Takelot II


categories: 1828 deaths,Japanese male fencers,1759 births,Japanese writers of the Edo period

paragraph: Hirayama Gyozo

description: Fencer and writer

wikidata_label: Hirayama Gyozo

wikipedia_title: Hirayama Gyozo


text:
Aztec
princess
Tenochtitlan
Mexico
Nahuatl
noble savage
Moctezuma I
Chichimecacihuatzin I
Cuauhtototzin
Huitzilihuitl
Atotoztli II
Axayacatl
Tizoc
Ahuitzotl
Itztapalapan
Chimalpilli I
Ecatepec

paragraph: Chichimecacihuatzin II

paragraph: Chichimecacihuatzin II ("Little/Revered Chichimec Woman", ) was an Aztec princess of Tenochtitlan in Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: The Nahuatl name "Chīchīmēcah" (plural, pronounced ; singular "Chīchīmēcatl") means "inhabitants of Chichiman"; the placename Chichiman itself means "Area of Milk". The word could either have a negative "barbarous" sense, or a positive "noble savage" sense.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Chichimecacihuatzin was a daughter of Emperor Moctezuma I and his cousin-wife, Queen Chichimecacihuatzin I, after whom she was named.

paragraph: She was a granddaughter of the king Cuauhtototzin and emperor Huitzilihuitl.

paragraph: Her sister was Atotoztli II and her nephews were kings Axayacatl, Tizoc and Ahuitzotl. They all ruled over Tenochtitlan as great emperors.

paragraph: Her husband was Huehue Huanitzin, a "great leader" of Itztapalapan and her son was Chimalpilli I (died in 1465). He was the first king of Ecatepec.

wikidata_label: Chichimecacihuatzin II

wikipedia_title: Chichimecacihuatzin II


text:
Ulm
Middelburg
Johann Georg Holtzhey
Menno Simons
Laurens Janszoon Coster
Pieter Teyler van der Hulst
Teylers Museum
Harderwijk
Gelderland
Zeeland
Middelburg
duit
Zeeland
New Year's medal

categories: German medallists,Dutch medallists,1764 deaths,1697 births

paragraph: Martin Holtzhey

paragraph: Martin Holtzhey (1697, Ulm – 1764, Middelburg), was an 18th-century German medallist and mint master, active in the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the father of the medallist Johann Georg Holtzhey. He worked in the Hague, Amsterdam, Harderwijk and Middelburg. In 1722 he joined the Lutheran church of Amsterdam and he married there in 1725, the same year that he entered the silversmith's guild. The next year his son Johann Georg was born, and in 1636 his youngest son Martin Jr. was born. He started striking medals for special occasions and made a name for himself among collectors in this way, making medals for major events, to mark an anniversary, or simply to herald in a new year. Examples are his 1736 medal in honor of the 200th anniversary of Menno Simons leaving the Catholic faith, and his 1740 medal in celebration of the 300th anniversary of Laurens Janszoon Coster's discovery of moveable type. When Holtzhey struck such "historical medals", he often included a paper explaining the symbolism he used on them, a tradition that was continued later by his son Johann Georg. His medals were popular with wealthy followers of the enlightenment, such as Pieter Teyler van der Hulst. The medals in his collection are among the few items collected by Teyler himself that are still part of the inventory of Teylers Museum today, such as his 1736 medal struck for completing the Lutheran church of Rotterdam.

paragraph: In 1749 he handed his Amsterdam workshop over to his son Johann Georg when he moved to Harderwijk to become mint master of Gelderland. He commemorated this with a medal in his own honor. In 1755 he commemorated himself again on the occasion of his 25th anniversary of striking historical medals. He published a catalog of them for his collectors, assisted by his son Johann Georg called "Catalogus der medailles of gedenkpenningen betrekking hebbende op de voornaamste historien der Vereenigde Nederlanden".

paragraph: Section::::Story of the mysterious 'Zeeuwse duit'.

paragraph: In 1754 he became mint master of Zeeland in Middelburg. This is the same year that a strange penny piece was coined in Middelburg known as the "Ementor duit". It was possibly a joke played by Holtzhey's assistant, his son Martin jr. who assisted his father until he took over his position as mint master. The coat of arms of Zeeland include a lion half under water. The motto is 'Luctor et Emergo', or "I struggle and emerge". In the year 1754 the new duits were coined with 'Luctor et Ementor', or "I struggle and go under", which would imply the lion is drowning rather than emerging from the floods.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Year's medal by Martin Holtzhey in 1746] in the Nederlands Gevangenismuseum via the Geheugen van Nederland]

wikidata_label: Martin Holtzhey

wikipedia_title: Martin Holtzhey


text:
John III of Nassau-Weilburg
Philip II
Adolf III
Philip III
John III, Count of Nassau-Beilstein

categories: 15th-century German people,1523 deaths,Counts of Nassau,House of Nassau,1473 births,16th-century German people

paragraph: Louis I, Count of Nassau-Weilburg

paragraph: Count Louis I of Nassau-Weilburg (1473 – 28 May 1523) was a son of Count John III of Nassau-Weilburg and his wife, Elisabeth of Hesse. In 1492, Louis I succeeded his grandfather Philip II as Count of Nassau-Weilburg, because his father had already died in 1480.

paragraph: In 1502, Louis I married Margaret (1487-1548), a daughter of Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein. Louis and Margaret had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip III (1504-1559)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna (1505-1564), married in 1523 to John III, Count of Nassau-Beilstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis (1507-1507)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis (1508-1510)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth

paragraph: BULLET::::- John

description: Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1490-1523)

wikidata_label: Louis I of Nassau-Weilburg

wikipedia_title: Louis I, Count of Nassau-Weilburg


text: Liberal Party

text: Little Circle

text: Reform Act 1832

text: Thomas

text: Unitarians

text: Cross Street Chapel

text: parliament

text: Victorian era

text: Little Circle

text: Jeremy Bentham

text: Joseph Priestley

text: John Edward Taylor

text: Joseph Brotherton

text: vegetarian

text: Archibald Prentice

text: Manchester Times

text: John Shuttleworth

text: Absalom Watkin

text: anti corn law campaigner

text: Manchester Gazette

text: Peterloo Massacre

text: Manchester Observer

text: Chamber of Commerce

text: Manchester Guardian

text: Mark Philips

text: John Benjamin Smith

text: rotten boroughs

text: Penryn

text: East Retford

text: Charles Poulett Thomson

text: Charles Poulett Thomson

text: Wigan

text: Radical party's

text: William Ewart

text: Gloucester

text: constituency

text: Richard

text: Great Western Railway

text: Talavera Vernon Anson

text: Royal Navy

text: Penzance

text: Cornwall

text: Richard Potter @ ThePeerage.com

categories: Politicians from Manchester,UK MPs 1832–1835,English suffragists,UK MPs 1835–1837,1842 deaths,1778 births,Potter family,UK MPs 1837–1841,Male feminists,English businesspeople,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,People from Tadcaster,Businesspeople from Manchester

paragraph: Richard Potter (British politician)

paragraph: Richard Potter (1778–1842) was a radical non-conformist Liberal Party MP for Wigan, and a founding member of the "Little Circle" which was key in gaining the Reform Act 1832.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The fifth and youngest son of John Potter (1728–1802), Richard Potter was born on 31 January 1778, in Tadcaster, Yorkshire and he died on 13 July 1842, in Penzance, Cornwall.

paragraph: His father, John Potter, was born on 7 December 1728 in Tadcaster and died there on 28 November 1802. He is buried in grave 40655 at St Mary the Virgin's Church in Tadcaster. He worked as a journeyman in London and on the death of his father, also John Potter born 1691, on 16 June 1758, and his mother, Anne, on 2 May 1762, he succeeded to their draper's shop in Tadcaster. He took a farm at Wighill where he dealt in sheep and wool. On 23 December 1785 an indenture was made for the lease of Wingate Hill Farm between Sir Walter Vavasour and John Potter "The produce of it (Wingate Hill Farm) having been successively on the advance, his shop, too, having been conducted by his wife and children, all his concerns prospered, and enabled him to set two of his sons (William and Richard) up in Manchester at the beginning of this year (1802) with a capital possessed by few beginners (£ 14,000). And he died worth twelve thousand pounds, which, on the death of his spouse, he left equally to his sons and daughters."

paragraph: William and Richard Potter opened a warehouse in Manchester at 5 Cannon Street, and a few months later they were joined by Thomas. The firm of William, Thomas and Richard Potter was established on 1 January 1803. William stood down from the business in 1806 when it became Thomas and Richard Potter.

paragraph: Section::::First Little Circle.

paragraph: The Potter family were wealthy Unitarians who attended Cross Street Chapel, and were concerned with the welfare of the poor. Thomas and Richard Potter became concerned with unfair representation of the people in parliament in rapidly expanding industrialised towns such as Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester and Salford in the Victorian era and decided to form a group to promote change.

paragraph: In 1815 the first "Little Circle" was formed, around a core of members from the Cross Street Chapel who were influenced by the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and Joseph Priestley. The founding members included John Edward Taylor (cotton merchant), Joseph Brotherton (a non-conformist minister and pioneering vegetarian), Thomas Preston, and Thomas and Richard Potter. Meetings were held in a room at the back of the Potters' Cannon Street counting-house, generally known as the "plotting-parlour", and its core membership was Unitarian. Group member Archibald Prentice (later editor of the "Manchester Times") called them the "Little Circle"; other members were John Shuttleworth (industrialist and municipal reformer); Absalom Watkin (parliamentary reformer and anti corn law campaigner); and William Cowdroy Jnr (editor of the "Manchester Gazette").

paragraph: After group members witnessed the Peterloo Massacre in 1819, and the closure of the liberal "Manchester Observer" by successive police prosecutions, it decided the time was right to advance its liberalist agenda. In 1820, Brotherton, Shuttleworth and Thomas Potter founded the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. In the following year, the group supported John Edward Taylor in founding the liberal newspaper the "Manchester Guardian" to which they all contributed. Published by law only once a week, Taylor continued to edit the newspaper until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Whilst Richard applied himself almost exclusively to political movements and reform, becoming Member of Parliament for Wigan in 1830, his brother Thomas was left in more or less sole charge of the management of the warehouse. It developed into the largest concern of its type in Manchester.

paragraph: Section::::Second Little Circle.

paragraph: In 1821, 12 merchants met in Thomas and Richard Potter's "plotting parlour" in Cannon Street, and began a fund to support the Manchester Guardian Seven were Unitarians, including five from the Cross Street Chapel: Thomas and Richard Potter; Abasolm Watkin; Mark Philips, John Shuttleworth, John Benjamin Smith, and brothers Edward and William Baxter (all cotton merchants); Fenton Atkinson (prominent Manchester attorney); William Harvey; John Edward Taylor.

paragraph: The group supported social reform issues discreetly: Taylor survived a trial for libel; Shuttleworth organised the defence of plebeian reformers accused of administering an illegal oath. The group initially proposed that the seats of rotten boroughs convicted of gross electoral corruption should be transferred to industrial towns, citing and later targeting example boroughs including Penryn and East Retford. But when Parliament refused to take action, in 1831 Absalom Watkin was tasked with drawing up a petition asking the government to grant Manchester two Members of Parliament. As a result, Parliament passed the Reform Act 1832, and the group gave Manchester its first two post-reform MPs: Mark Philips and Charles Poulett Thomson. Richard was elected MP for Wigan in 1832, holding the seat until 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Political career and later life.

paragraph: As a result, Parliament passed the Reform Act 1832, and the group gave Manchester its first two post-reform MPs: Mark Philips and Charles Poulett Thomson. While his brother Thomas The brothers continued to run the family business and became more involved in the business life of Manchester. Richard moved into a political career.

paragraph: Elected MP for Wigan in 1832, he held the seat until 1839, replaced by the Radical party's William Ewart. He moved to Gloucester, where he lost the contest to represent the Whig party in the constituency to Maurice Berkeley, 1st Baron FitzHardinge.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Potter married Mary Seddon, daughter of William Seddon, on 25 September 1814. They had five children, including a son Richard (1817–1892) who became chairman of the Great Western Railway and president of the Grand Trunk Railway, Canada; and a daughter Sarah Anne (1822–1846) who married Talavera Vernon Anson, an officer of the Royal Navy, and had two sons.

paragraph: Richard Potter died in July 1842, aged 64 in Penzance, Cornwall.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Potter @ ThePeerage.com

description: English radical Liberal politician

wikidata_label: Richard Potter

wikipedia_title: Richard Potter (British politician)


text:
Breton
Count of Vannes
Poher
Nantes
Duke of Brittany
Alan the Great
Mathuedoï I, Count of Poher
Vikings
English king
Edward the Elder
Norsemen
Armorica
Chronicle of Nantes
interregnum
Alan the Great
Dol
Jean de Landévennec
Athelstan the Glorious
Loire
Judicael (Berengar)
Hugh I
Battle of Trans-la-Forêt
Louis IV of France
Edward the Elder
Æthelstan
Cotentin
Avranchin
Mayenne
Theobald the Old
count of Chartres
Alan I, King of Brittany
Count of Vannes
Pascweten
Theobald I, Count of Blois
Drogo, Duke of Brittany
Hoel
Guerech
Nantes
Drogo
Flodoard
Available from Internet Archive
Google Books
Chronicle of Nantes
Dukes of Brittany family tree

categories: Earls of Vannes,Counts of Nantes,Year of birth unknown,Dukes of Brittany,Earls of Poher,952 deaths

paragraph: Alan II, Duke of Brittany

paragraph: Alan II (c. 900–952), nicknamed Wrybeard or Twistedbeard, Alan Varvek in Breton, was Count of Vannes, Poher, and Nantes, and Duke of Brittany from 938 to his death. He was the grandson of King Alan the Great by Alan's daughter and her husband Mathuedoï I, Count of Poher. He expelled the Vikings from Brittany after an occupation that lasted from 907 to about 939.

paragraph: Section::::The Vikings.

paragraph: He had to take refuge, along with his father Mathuedoi I, with the English king, Edward the Elder, because the Norsemen had invaded Armorica. The "Chronicle of Nantes" reports:

paragraph: Alan became ruler of Brittany at the end of a 33-year interregnum after the death of his maternal grandfather, Duke Alan the Great. He landed at Dol in 936, at the invitation of the monk Jean de Landévennec and with the aid of Edward's successor, Athelstan the Glorious. By 937 he was master of most of Brittany, having forced the Vikings back to the Loire.

paragraph: In 938, he was elected "Brittonum dux". On 1 August 939, with the aid of Judicael (Berengar), count of Rennes, and Hugh I, count of Maine, his victory was made complete by defeating the Norse at the Battle of Trans-la-Forêt. Alan declared that date a national holiday.

paragraph: Section::::Louis IV of France and other alliances.

paragraph: Alan II was closely allied with King Louis IV of France, as both were exiles in England together at the court of Edward the Elder and Edward's son and successor Æthelstan. Alan renounced the Cotentin, Avranchin, and Mayenne and paid homage to Louis IV in 942. He was also allied to Theobald the Old, the count of Chartres.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Alan II was the grandson of Alan I, King of Brittany and the great-grandson of Ridoreth, Count of Vannes. He was the grand-nephew of Pascweten.

paragraph: His wife was Adelaide of Blois, the sister of Theobald I, Count of Blois. Their son, and Alan's immediate successor, was Drogo, Duke of Brittany.

paragraph: He also had at least two illegitimate sons, Hoel and Guerech, who would each succeed Drogo during the fractured rule of Brittany after Drogo's death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died and was buried in his capital, Nantes, in the church which he constructed to honor the Virgin Mary for his victory in liberating Nantes, initially known as la Chapelle de la Très Sainte Mère de Dieu now known as the Basilique Notre Dame in the parish of St Thérèse in Nantes. He was succeeded by his son Drogo.

paragraph: Section::::Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flodoard, "Annales", ed. Philippe Lauer, "Les Annales de Flodoard". Collection des textes pour servir à l'étude et à l'enseignement de l'histoire 39. Paris: Picard, 1905. Available from Internet Archive and Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicle of Nantes", ed. Peter Merlet, "La chronique de Nantes". Paris, 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassard, Jean-Christophe. "Le siècle des Vikings en Bretagne". Éditions Gisserot. Paris, 1996

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Brittany family tree

description: Count of Vannes, Poher, Nantes and Brittany

wikidata_label: Alan II, Duke of Brittany

wikipedia_title: Alan II, Duke of Brittany


text:
duke of Brittany
Alan IV
Ermengarde of Anjou
Stephen of England
Empress Matilda
Maud
Henry I of England
Hoel
Bertha
Alan of Penthièvre
Nantes
Dukes of Brittany family tree

categories: Dukes of Brittany,11th-century births,1148 deaths,12th-century Breton people

paragraph: Conan III, Duke of Brittany

paragraph: Conan III, also known as Conan of Cornouaille and Conan the Fat (; c. 1093–1096 – September 17, 1148) was duke of Brittany, from 1112 to his death. He was the son of Duke Alan IV and Ermengarde of Anjou.

paragraph: Conan III allied himself with Stephen of England in Stephen's war against the dispossessed Empress Matilda.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Maud, an illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England before 1113. Conan and Maud had three children that are known:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoel (1116 - 1156) – disinherited from the Ducal crown; Count of Nantes;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bertha (1114 - after 1155) – married Alan of Penthièvre; upon Alan's death in 1146, she returned to Brittany;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constance (1120 - 1148) – married Sir Geoffroy II, Sire de Mayenne, son of Juhel II, Seigneur de Mayenne.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: On his death-bed in 1148, Conan III disinherited Hoel from succession to the Duchy, stating that he was illegitimate and no son of his. By this surprise move Bertha became his heiress and successor. However, Hoel was to retain the county of Nantes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: Breton noble

wikidata_label: Conan III, Duke of Brittany

wikipedia_title: Conan III, Duke of Brittany


text: Duke of Brittany

text: Alan III, Duke of Brittany

text: Bertha of Blois

text: House of Rennes

text: Hawise

text: suo jure

text: Rivallon I of Dol

text: Odo

text: William, Duke of Normandy

text: Rivallon I of Dol

text: invasion of Anglo-Saxon England

text: Pouancé

text: Pouancé

text: Segré

text: Château-Gontier

text: Hawise

text: Hoel II

categories: Dukes of Brittany,Medieval child rulers,Year of birth uncertain,1066 deaths

paragraph: Conan II, Duke of Brittany

paragraph: Conan II of Rennes (c. 1033 – 11 December 1066) was Duke of Brittany, from 1040 to his death. Conan was the eldest child and heir of Alan III, Duke of Brittany by his wife Bertha of Blois, and member of the House of Rennes. He was the elder brother of Hawise, who succeeded him as "suo jure" duchess.

paragraph: Section::::Duke of Brittany.

paragraph: Conan II faced a daunting series of challenges to assert his rule as Duke of Brittany. His father Duke Alan III had died when Conan was still a minor, his grandfather Duke Geoffrey I's attempts at an alliance with Normandy had been reduced to border skirmishes, his uncle Odo challenged his right to rule and he faced a rebellion from Breton nobles, notably Rivallon I of Dol. Conan's inheritance was usurped by his uncle, Odo, who initially ruled Brittany as regent during Conan's minority. However, by the time Conan reached his majority his uncle Odo refused to give up his authority. By 1057 Conan captured his uncle, whom he then had chained and imprisoned.

paragraph: Once enthroned as Duke Conan II of Brittany, he faced numerous threats, including revolts from his nobles sponsored by William, Duke of Normandy, afterwards King of England. Brittany, an independent Celtic duchy, had a traditional rivalry with neighboring Normandy. The 1064–1065 War between Brittany and Normandy was sparked after Duke William supported Rivallon I of Dol's rebellion against Conan II. In 1065, before his invasion of Anglo-Saxon England, William of Normandy sent word to the surrounding counties, including Brittany, warning them against attacking his lands, on the grounds that his mission bore the papal banner.

paragraph: Conan promptly informed the duke that he would definitely take the opportunity to invade the latter's duchy. In the history of conflicts between Brittany and Anjou, Pouancé had served as the "Breton March" or border town. During Conan's 1066 campaign against Anjou, he took Pouancé and Segré, and arrived in Château-Gontier, where he was found dead after donning poisoned riding gloves. Duke William was widely suspected. He was also asked to help William the Conqueror on his 1066 conquest of England, but refused, saying that the Normans poisoned his father in 1040.

paragraph: Conan II died leaving no known issue. It is possible he died because the gloves he was wearing were poisoned, and he swallowed the poison when he wiped his mouth with the glove. He was succeeded by his sister Hawise and brother-in-law, Hoel II, whose marriage may have been a political move to consolidate and stabilize the east and west regions of the duchy following Conan's death.

description: Duke of Brittany

wikidata_label: Conan II, Duke of Brittany

wikipedia_title: Conan II, Duke of Brittany


text:
Count of Rennes
Nantes
Duke of Brittany
Avranches
Coutances
canonised
martyr
Riwallon III
Poher
Charles the Bald
Battle of Jengland
Erispoe
Rennes
Nantes
Pays de Retz
Poitou
Mayenne
Erispoe
Louis the Stammerer
Le Mans
Frankish
Neustria
Louis the German
Orléans
Savonnières
Toul
tribute
Vikings
Robert the Strong
Entrammes
Anjou
lay abbacy
Angers
Battle of Brissarthe
Pope Nicholas I
Pascweten
Compiègne
Redon
pallium
Bishop of Dol
Archdiocese of Tours
Nominoe's
Wrhwant
Riwallon, Count of Cornouaille
Dukes of Brittany family tree

categories: Year of birth unknown,9th-century rulers in Europe,Assassinated royalty,Dukes of Brittany,874 deaths

paragraph: Salomon, King of Brittany

paragraph: Salomon () (died 874) was Count of Rennes and Nantes from 852 and Duke of Brittany from 857 until his death by assassination. He used the title King of Brittany intermittently after 868. In 867, he was granted the counties of Avranches and Coutances.

paragraph: In popular tradition within Brittany he was canonised as "Saint Salomon" after his death and raised to the rank of martyr.

paragraph: Section::::Rise under Erispoe.

paragraph: Salomon was the son of Riwallon III of Poher. In 851, Charles the Bald, after his defeat at the Battle of Jengland, made peace with Erispoe, the Breton duke, and granted him the counties of Rennes and Nantes and the Pays de Retz in Poitou as far as the river Mayenne. In 852, Salomon swore an oath to Charles and became his loyal follower ("fidelis"); in return, in a manner similar to Erispoe, he was granted Rennes, Nantes, and Retz as a "third" of Brittany to be held from Charles in fee. He and Erispoe were the "dominatores" of Rennes in 853. Salomon was the most powerful aristocrat at Erispoe's court.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt of 858–863.

paragraph: Probably because he feared losing his benefices (which he held under Erispoe) if Louis the Stammerer were allowed to become king at Le Mans, Salomon colluded with the otherwise unknown Almarchus to assassinate his cousin Erispoe and seize the Breton throne in 857. In 858, he was behind the large-scale revolt of the Frankish nobles of Neustria against Charles the Bald. Bretons were involved in the chasing of Louis from Le Mans in Spring that year. In September, Louis the German marched as far as Orléans, where a Breton delegation from Salomon met him and took oaths on Salomon's behalf. In 859, a synod met at Savonnières near Toul and tried to order Salomon to remember his oath of 852 and to resume paying the tribute which Brittany had paid in years past.

paragraph: By 862, Salomon was the centre of the revolt against Charles the Bald, though he had not made war on the king himself since 860. In that year he hired the services of a band of Vikings with which to fight Robert the Strong, who himself had hired mercenary Vikings to help him. Salomon also lent a force of Bretons to aid Louis the Stammerer, now in league with the rebels, in his war with Robert. In 863, Charles gathered an army and began marching on Brittany, but held off near Entrammes and negotiated a peace with Salomon whereby western Anjou was recognised as a part of Brittany and the lay abbacy of Saint-Aubin in Angers was granted to Salomon, who commended himself to Charles and paid tribute.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt of 865–867.

paragraph: Salomon did not give up his war with Robert or his alliance with the Vikings quite so readily, however. In 865 and 866, the Vikings and Bretons ravaged the vicinity of Le Mans and Robert was killed in the Battle of Brissarthe against the Vikings allied with the Bretons. This was the start of a new insurrection; even Pope Nicholas I wrote letters to Salomon urging him to resume the halted tribute payments. Charles marched on Brittany in 867, but Salomon sent his son-in-law Pascweten to negotiate a peace at Compiègne in August. Charles sent hostages to Salomon and Pascweten swore oaths of fealty to Charles on Salomon's behalf.

paragraph: Section::::Peace and regalia.

paragraph: This peace was to last until the end of Salomon's life. Charles rewarded his now faithful vassal with a gift of regalia in 868, including a golden, jewelled crown. It is also likely that Salomon's two-year-old son Wigo was baptised on this occasion and that Charles acted as godfather to him, thus making Salomon and Charles linked by "blood" as co-fathers. Though Salomon thereafter began to call himself king, he was not king in any official capacity, as an eleventh-century historian at Redon monastery wrote:

paragraph: Salomon was called king, not because it was true in fact, but because he wore a gold coronet and purple robes by a grant of the Emperor Charles, and for this reason was designated by this name.

paragraph: Salomon expended some effort in the mid-860s trying to have Pope Nicholas send the pallium to the Bishop of Dol to create an archdiocese for all the Breton bishoprics, which did not recognise the Archdiocese of Tours, their legal metropolitan. Salomon may have wanted an archbishop which was pliable to his wishes or who could consecrate him as king. Perhaps he simply wished to break the deadlock which had ensued following Nominoe's deposition of five Breton bishops a decade and a half earlier.

paragraph: In 874, a conspiracy involving Pascweten, Wrhwant, and Wigo, son of Riwallon, Count of Cornouaille, plotted to kill Salomon. This they did, though they quickly fell out with each other and a civil war followed until 876.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: King of Brittany

wikidata_label: Salomon, King of Brittany

wikipedia_title: Salomon, King of Brittany


text: American

text: The Supremes

text: Florence Ballard

text: Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles

text: Mount Holly, New Jersey

text: Philadelphia

text: Camden

text: Patsy Holt

text: Sundray Tucker

text: The Stylistics

text: The Delfonics

text: I Sold My Heart to the Junkman

text: The Starlets

text: Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)

text: soprano

text: Apollo Theater

text: You'll Never Walk Alone

text: Danny Boy

text: Cameo-Parkway

text: Atlantic Records

text: The Supremes

text: Tammi Terrell

text: Florence Ballard

text: Diana Ross and the Supremes

text: Lauryn Hill

text: The Temptations

text: Mary Wilson

text: backing vocals

text: Session singer

text: The Andantes

text: Let the Sunshine In

text: Cream of the Crop

text: Let the Sunshine In

text: Farewell

text: Jean Terrell

text: Diana Ross

text: Four Tops

text: pregnant

text: Floy Joy

text: Lynda Laurence

text: Sundray Tucker

text: manager

text: Florence Ballard

text: The Supremes

text: High Energy

text: Susaye Greene

text: album cover

text: UCLA Medical Center

text: Suzanne de Passe

text: Motown Records

text: television

text: Former Ladies of the Supremes

text: Jean Terrell

text: Scherrie Payne

text: Lynda Laurence

text: Kelly Rowland

text: Destiny's Child

text: divorce

text: minister

text: Los Angeles

text: San Francisco

text: irreconcilable differences

text: kidnapped

text: I Sold My Heart to the Junkman

text: Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)

text: You'll Never Walk Alone

text: Danny Boy

text: Over the Rainbow

text: Ebb Tide

text: I'm Still Waiting

text: Always Something There to Remind Me

text: Reflections

text: Live at London's Talk of the Town

text: Love Child

text: TCB

text: Let the Sunshine In

text: Together

text: Cream of the Crop

text: G.I.T. on Broadway

text: Farewell

text: I'm Gonna Make You Love Me

text: I'll Try Something New

text: The Weight

text: I Second That Emotion

text: Why (Must We Fall in Love)

text: Right On

text: The Magnificent 7

text: New Ways but Love Stays

text: The Return of the Magnificent Seven

text: Touch

text: Dynamite

text: Floy Joy

text: The Supremes

text: High Energy

text: Up the Ladder to the Roof

text: Everybody's Got the Right to Love

text: Stoned Love

text: River Deep – Mountain High

text: Nathan Jones

text: You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart

text: Touch

text: Floy Joy

text: Automatically Sunshine

text: Without the One You Love

text: Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love

text: He's My Man

text: Where Do I Go from Here

text: Early Morning Love

text: I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking

text: High Energy

categories: American nurses,Camden High School (New Jersey) alumni,People from Mount Holly, New Jersey,The Supremes members,Musicians from Camden, New Jersey,Singers from New Jersey,African-American female singers,Motown artists,Musicians from Philadelphia,20th-century American singers,Singers from Pennsylvania,1939 births,Living people,Labelle members,American women nurses

paragraph: Cindy Birdsong

paragraph: Cynthia Ann Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set her sights on becoming a nurse and attending college in Pennsylvania. When Cindy returned to Philadelphia she was contacted by a longtime friend, Patsy Holt, in 1960 to replace Sundray Tucker in Holt's singing group The Ordettes. At twenty years of age, Birdsong was the oldest member of the group with the remainder of the group still in their mid-teens.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles.

paragraph: In 1961, after a year performing in jubilees, sock hops and school functions, the Ordettes, then managed by respected music manager Bernard Montague, who later managed several other Philadelphia-based groups such as The Stylistics and The Delfonics, got their first deal with Harold Robinson's Newtown Records. After almost rejecting the group due to him not being initially impressed with the looks of Patsy Holt before Holt and the group sang to him during an audition, which prompted Robinson to change his mind, signing the group and changing the name of both the group (into The Blue Belles, based from a Newtown subsidiary, Blue Belle Records) and Holt's own name, from Patsy Holt to Patti LaBelle. The group had their first hit with "I Sold My Heart to the Junkman" in 1962 though LaBelle wrote in her memoirs that the song was actually recorded by The Starlets. When the controversy over the song wound down, the group found a hit with the ballad, "Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)". Birdsong was noted for her high soprano vocals in the background.

paragraph: From 1963 until 1966, The Blue Belles, later Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles, found relative success on the charts and were raved for their live performances. After first performing at the Apollo Theater in 1961, the group became regular headliners at the world-famous venue, earning the nickname, "The Sweethearts of the Apollo". Following the success of "Down the Aisle", the group had follow-up success with "You'll Never Walk Alone" and "Danny Boy" before leaving their second label, Cameo-Parkway, for a more lucrative deal with Atlantic Records. Birdsong first met The Supremes when the group opened for them in 1963. Patti LaBelle has noted that a rivalry between the two groups developed after the Supremes were seen in the same store LaBelle and her band members were, shopping for clothes for performances. Group members reportedly were angry when the Supremes showed up on stage wearing the same outfit that they wore. The group also befriended a fellow Motown alumnus and Philly native, Tammi Terrell during that same period. The Blue Belles had some success after joining Atlantic in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966's "Over the Rainbow" and 1967's "Dreamer" scoring modest charted singles such as "All or Nothing", "Take Me a Little While" and "I'm Still Waiting".

paragraph: Starting in mid and late 1967, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard's bout with alcoholism caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard's official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused to talk to her for years. Later, after the group changed their name to Labelle and embraced funk and rock music, they recorded member Nona Hendryx's composition, "(Can I Speak To You Before You Go To) Hollywood", which was allegedly based on Birdsong. Birdsong and lead singer Patti LaBelle repaired their friendship in the early 1980s after Birdsong appeared at one of LaBelle's sold-out, standing-room concerts. In 1999, Birdsong and the other Blue Belles received a Pioneer Award from the R&B Foundation and were honored by Lauryn Hill.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Diana Ross & the Supremes (1968–1970).

paragraph: For her first two and a half years as a Supreme, listeners did not hear Birdsong's voice on most of The Supremes' newest singles. Except for featured backgrounds on several collaborations with The Temptations, live album tracks, and some studio LP tracks, Birdsong and fellow member Mary Wilson did not sing backing vocals on the group's later singles. Session singers The Andantes substituted for Mary and Cindy on many, although not on all, cuts in subsequent Diana Ross & the Supremes albums. Both the "Let the Sunshine In" album and the "Cream of the Crop" album include tracks on which Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong sing back-up, often in tandem with the Andantes. However, Cindy can be heard doing a brief solo during "Let the Sunshine In" on their "Farewell" performance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post Diana Ross: The New Supremes (1970–1972; 1973–1976).

paragraph: In 1970, Jean Terrell replaced Diana Ross as lead singer of The Supremes. In the new group, both Mary and Cindy's voices were heard more prominently, including the three albums the group recorded with the Four Tops. The same year, Birdsong married Charles Hewlett. Birdsong continued to perform with the Supremes when she became pregnant with her son, David, Birdsong officially leaving the Supremes in April 1972, after completing the "Floy Joy" album's recording sessions.

paragraph: Her replacement, Lynda Laurence, who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the "Floy Joy" album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in November 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence and remaining with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson's then-husband Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager; coincidentally, a few days before Birdsong's official departure, Florence Ballard died of cardiac arrest at the age of 32 while experiencing a financial and personal recovery. During that period, Birdsong contributed to two albums: "The Supremes" (1975) and "High Energy" (1976). During this time-frame, Cindy recorded lead vocals on a version of "High Energy," however her version has not been found. Although Birdsong is vocally present on the entire "High Energy" album, her replacement Susaye Greene, whose voice is only heard on the title song as well as "I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do The Walking," appears on the album cover.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career.

paragraph: After leaving the Supremes, Birdsong worked as a nurse at UCLA Medical Center under her married name of Cindy Hewlett, and then went to work for Suzanne de Passe at Motown Records. In 1987, Birdsong returned to singing, and released the single "Dancing Room" on Hi-Hat Records. Other songs were demoed, but none released. These songs included "Ready For You", "Check It Out", "Talk is Cheap", and "Anatomy".

paragraph: In 1983, Birdsong joined fellow former Supremes Mary Wilson and Diana Ross in a one-off reunion on the "" anniversary television special. She was an original member of the Former Ladies of the Supremes along with Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne but left to pursue a solo career in singing. Once again, she was replaced by Lynda Laurence in the group. In 1999, she reunited with the Bluebelles, who changed their name to Labelle after Birdsong's departure, for the first time in thirty-two years as the group accepted an R&B Foundation Award for Lifetime Achievement singing "You'll Never Walk Alone" together. In 2004, Birdsong joined former Supreme Mary Wilson and Kelly Rowland (of Destiny's Child) to perform a medley of Supreme hits for the "Motown 45" anniversary television special. Today, Cindy is divorced and a minister in the Los Angeles area.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Cindy married Charles Hewlett in August 1970 in San Francisco. In attendance were then singing partners Jean Terrell and Mary Wilson. This was Birdsong's first marriage and Hewlett's second. Birdsong filed for divorce in March 1975, citing "irreconcilable differences". The couple have one son, David, born in 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Kidnapping.

paragraph: On December 2, 1969, Birdsong was kidnapped while returning to her apartment with her then-boyfriend (later husband) Charles Hewlett and their friend, Howard Meek. The intruder, wielding a knife, forced Birdsong to tie up the two, then forced her downstairs into her car. Birdsong managed to unlock the car door and jump out of the vehicle onto the highway to safety. Four days later, on December 6, 1969, Charles Collier, a maintenance man at Birdsong's apartment, contacted police and turned himself in.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Sweethearts of the Apollo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Sleigh Bells, Jingle Bells & Bluebelles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "On Stage"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Over the Rainbow"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "Dreamer"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "I Sold My Heart to the Junkman"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "I Found a New Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Tear After Tear"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Cool Water"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Decatur Street"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "You'll Never Walk Alone"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "One Phone Call (Will Do)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Danny Boy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "All or Nothing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Over the Rainbow"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Ebb Tide"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "I'm Still Waiting"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Take Me for a Little While"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "Always Something There to Remind Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "Dreamer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "Oh My Love"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Diana Ross & the Supremes.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "Reflections"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "Live at London's Talk of the Town"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing and Perform "Funny Girl""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations" (w/ the Temptations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "Love Child"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "TCB" (w/ the Temptations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Let the Sunshine In"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Together" (w/ the Temptations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Cream of the Crop"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "G.I.T. on Broadway" (w/ the Temptations)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Farewell"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Diana Ross & the Supremes.:Singles.

paragraph: "(All singles with the Temptations)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "I'll Try Something New"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "The Weight"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "I Second That Emotion"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Why (Must We Fall in Love)"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Supremes.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Supremes.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Right On"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "The Magnificent 7" (w/ the Four Tops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "New Ways but Love Stays"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "The Return of the Magnificent Seven" (w/ the Four Tops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Touch"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Dynamite" (w/ the Four Tops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Floy Joy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "The Supremes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "High Energy"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Supremes.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Up the Ladder to the Roof"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Everybody's Got the Right to Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Stoned Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "River Deep – Mountain High" "(w/ the Four Tops)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Nathan Jones"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart" "(w/ the Four Tops)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Touch"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Floy Joy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Automatically Sunshine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Without the One You Love" "(w/ the Four Tops)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Your Wonderful, Sweet Sweet Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "He's My Man"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Where Do I Go from Here"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Early Morning Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "High Energy"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "Dancing Room"

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Cindy Birdsong

wikipedia_title: Cindy Birdsong


text: née

text: British peeress

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Admiral of the Fleet

text: 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

text: Edwina Ashley

text: patrilineal

text: Earls of Shaftesbury

text: Lady Pamela Hicks

text: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

text: baptismal sponsor

text: Prince Charles, Prince of Wales

text: remainder

text: heirs male

text: House of Lords

text: House of Lords Act 1999

text: 7th Baron Brabourne

text: Far East

text: Romsey Abbey

text: Princess Elizabeth

text: Princess Margaret

text: Princess Alexandra

text: Duke

text: Duchess of Kent

text: peerage

text: Penelope Meredith Eastwood

text: QC

text: Anne, Princess Royal

text: French

text: Bucharest

text: Romania

text: Oxford University

text: Mlle

text: Lady Amanda Patricia Victoria Knatchbull

text: Vereker

text: John Cowan

text: IRA

text: Norman

text: 4th Earl of Bradford

text: Malta

text: Hewitt School

text: New York City

text: Women's Royal Naval Service

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text: SOS Children's Villages UK

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text: Right Honourable

text: Adrienne Clarkson

text: Canada

text: Meritorious Service Cross

text: IRA

text: Mullaghmore, County Sligo

text: Dowager Baroness Brabourne

text: Paul Maxwell

text: County Fermanagh

text: The Compassionate Friends

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Republic of Ireland

text: Martin McGuinness

text: IRA

text: Hayling Island

text: consort

text: Charles, Prince of Wales

text: godmother

text: courtship

text: Mersham

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text: St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge

text: Queen

text: Duke of Edinburgh

text: royal family

text: marquess

text: peer

text: viscount

text: baron

text: countess

text: peer's

text: commoner

text: Dame of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem

text: Meritorious Service Cross

text: Canadian Forces Decoration

text: Countess Mountbatten's Own

text: Legion of Frontiersmen

text: Adrienne Clarkson

categories: British women in World War II,Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration,Royal Navy officers of World War II,Women's Royal Naval Service officers,Mountbatten family,Earls Mountbatten of Burma,Ashley-Cooper family,Dames of Grace of the Order of St John,2017 deaths,Hereditary women peers,People associated with the Royal National College for the Blind,English countesses,Daughters of British earls,English baronesses,Hewitt School alumni,English people of German descent,1924 births,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Deputy Lieutenants of Kent

paragraph: Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma

paragraph: Patricia Edwina Victoria Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma, (née Mountbatten; 14 February 1924 – 13 June 2017), was a British peeress and the third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. She was the elder daughter of Admiral of the Fleet the 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and his wife, the heiress Edwina Ashley, a patrilineal descendant of the Earls of Shaftesbury, first ennobled in 1661. She was the elder sister of Lady Pamela Hicks, first cousin to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and the last surviving baptismal sponsor to Prince Charles, Prince of Wales.

paragraph: Lady Mountbatten succeeded her father when he was assassinated in 1979, as his peerages had been created with special remainder to his daughters and their heirs male. This inheritance accorded her the title of "countess" and a seat in the House of Lords, where she remained until 1999, when the House of Lords Act 1999 removed most hereditary peers from the House.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: On 26 October 1946 she married the 7th Baron Brabourne (9 November 1924 – 23 September 2005), at the time an aide to her father in the Far East. The wedding took place at Romsey Abbey in the presence of members of the Royal Family. Her bridesmaids were Princess Elizabeth, Princess Margaret, Lady Pamela Mountbatten, the bride's younger sister, and Princess Alexandra, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Kent.

paragraph: Later they became one of the few married couples each of whom held a peerage in their own right, and whose descendants inherited titles through both. They had eight children and eighteen grandchildren:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton Louis Philip Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma (born 8 October 1947), married Penelope Meredith Eastwood (born 16 April 1953) and have three children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Louis Charles Norton Knatchbull, Lord Brabourne (born 15 May 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Alexandra Victoria Edwina Diana Knatchbull (born 5 December 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Leonora Louise Marie Elizabeth Knatchbull (25 June 1986 – 22 October 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Michael-John Ulick Knatchbull (born 24 May 1950), producer and editor, married Melissa Clare Owen (born 12 November 1960), daughter of Judge Sir John Arthur Dalziel Owen, QC, on 1 June 1985 and they divorced in 1997. He married Susan Penelope "Penny" Jane Henderson, "née" Coates (born 23 October 1959, daughter of Stephen Cedric Coates, civil engineer and businessman) on 6 March 1999 and had one daughter and divorced on 13 February 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly Louise Doreen Knatchbull (30 March 1988) goddaughter of Anne, Princess Royal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Savannah Knatchbull (20 July 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Anthony Knatchbull (born and died 6 April 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Joanna Edwina Doreen Knatchbull (born 5 March 1955), married French Baron Hubert Pernot du Breuil (2 February 1956 – 6 September 2004) on 3 November 1984 and had one daughter; divorced in 1995; married Azriel Zuckerman (born 18 January 1943 in Bucharest, Romania and educated at Oxford University) on 19 November 1995 and had one son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mlle" Eleuthera Roselyne Patricia Pernot du Breuil (13 May 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Azriel John David Zuckerman (5 October 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Amanda Patricia Victoria Knatchbull (born 26 June 1957), married Charles Vincent Ellingworth (born 7 February 1957) on 31 October 1987 and has three sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Philip Wyndham Ashley Knatchbull (born 2 December 1961), married Atalanta Vereker "née" Cowan (born 20 June 1962), daughter of John Cowan, on 16 March 1991 and had 1 daughter; married Wendy Amanda Leach (born 20 July 1966), daughter of Robin H. Leach, of Ugley Park, Ugley, co. Essex, on 29 June 2002 and had two sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daisy Isadora Louise Knatchbull (5 October 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Michael Hubert Knatchbull (6 June 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Robin Rocky Knatchbull (17 July 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phoebe Knatchbull (19 April 1995) - was born to Wendy Leach (at the end of her first marriage to Alexander Wills, but uses the "Knatchbull" name).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Nicholas Timothy Charles Knatchbull (18 November 1964 – 27 August 1979), killed by an IRA bomb.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Timothy Nicholas Sean Knatchbull (born 18 November 1964), married Isabella Julia Norman (9 January 1971), a great-great-granddaughter of the 4th Earl of Bradford, on 11 July 1998 and had two sons and three daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amber Diana Patricia Knatchbull (3 January 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milo Columbus John Knatchbull (26 February 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludovic David Nicholas Knatchbull (15 September 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isla Selina Edwina Knatchbull (23 November 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelmina "Willa" Victoria Agatha Knatchbull (19 November 2008)

paragraph: Section::::Activities.

paragraph: Mountbatten was educated in Malta, England, and at the Hewitt School in New York City. In 1943, at age 19, she entered the Women's Royal Naval Service as a Signal Rating and served in Combined Operations bases in Britain until being commissioned as a third officer in 1945 and serving in the Supreme Allied Headquarters, South East Asia. This is where she met Lord Brabourne, who was an aide to her father. In 1973 she was appointed Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Kent; she was also a serving magistrate and was involved with numerous service organisations including SOS Children's Villages UK, of which she was a Patron; the Order of St John, of which she was a Dame; and the Countess Mountbatten's Own Legion of Frontiersmen of the Commonwealth, of which she was a Patron.

paragraph: On 15 June 1974, she succeeded her distant cousin Lady Patricia Ramsay, formerly HRH Princess Patricia of Connaught, as Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, for whom the regiment was named when Princess Patricia's father, the Duke of Connaught, was Governor General of Canada during the First World War. Despite her succeeding to an earldom in her own right as Countess Mountbatten of Burma on the death of her father in 1979, she preferred that the officers and men of her regiment address her as Lady Patricia. She was succeeded by The Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson on 17 March 2007. On 28 August 2007, the Governor General of Canada presented her with the Canadian Meritorious Service Cross for her services as Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Light Infantry.

paragraph: Brabourne was in the boat which was blown up by the IRA off the shores of Mullaghmore, County Sligo in August 1979, killing her fourteen-year-old son Nicholas; her father; her mother-in-law, the Dowager Baroness Brabourne; and fifteen-year-old Paul Maxwell, a boat-boy from County Fermanagh. She, her husband, and their son Timothy were injured but survived the attack. Following this loss the Countess became Patron and later, President of The Compassionate Friends, a self-help charitable organisation of bereaved parents in the UK.

paragraph: In June 2012, at the time of Queen Elizabeth II's first visit to the Republic of Ireland, Mountbatten said the Queen had her full support for meeting Martin McGuinness, who had been a high-ranking member of the IRA. "I think it's wonderful ... I'm hugely grateful that we have come to a point where we can behave responsibly and positively", she said. In September 2012, she unveiled a memorial to the work of the Combined Operations Pilotage Parties at Hayling Island in Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::Daughter's involvement with Prince Charles.

paragraph: As Lady Brabourne during her father's lifetime, her immediate family became closely involved in the consideration of a future consort for her first cousin once-removed, Charles, Prince of Wales. In early 1974, Lord Mountbatten began corresponding with the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip about a potential marriage to Lady Brabourne's daughter, Amanda. Charles wrote to Lady Brabourne (who was also his godmother), about his interest in her daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though suggesting that a courtship was premature. Amanda Knatchbull declined the marriage proposal of Charles in 1980, following the assassination of her grandfather.

paragraph: Section::::Death and funeral.

paragraph: Countess Mountbatten died at her home in Mersham, Kent, aged 93. Her funeral service took place on 27 June 2017 at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, and was attended by the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh and other senior members of the royal family. Her casket was borne by a party of pall bearers from Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, who were in London on public duties. She was buried at her home in Mersham.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14 February 192423 August 1946: Miss Patricia Mountbatten

paragraph: BULLET::::- 23 August26 October 1946: The Honourable Patricia Mountbatten

paragraph: BULLET::::- 26 October 194627 August 1979: The Right Honourable The Lady Brabourne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 27 August 197913 June 2017: The Right Honourable The Countess Mountbatten of Burma

paragraph: Mountbatten was born the daughter of a younger son of a marquess (1st Marquess of Milford Haven, formerly Prince Louis Alexander of Battenberg) and thus had no courtesy title. She became the daughter of a peer (when her father was created a viscount), and thus obtained the courtesy prefix "Honourable". When she married a baron, she obtained her husband's precedence, which happened to be higher than that of a viscount's daughter. When her father was raised to an earldom, however, her precedence remained the same, because the higher "courtesy" rank of an earl's daughter cannot be claimed by the wife of a man who ranks as a peer "in his own right". When her father died and she succeeded him as countess by special remainder, Patricia Mountbatten became a peeress in her own right. Since her peerage was higher than her husband's, she was entitled to enjoy its higher title and precedence. By contrast, her younger sister's rank as an earl's daughter outranked her husband's status as a commoner from August 1946 to August 1979 because when a peer's daughter marries a commoner rather than a peer, she is allowed to retain the rank derived from her parent.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.:Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dame of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (DStJ)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meritorious Service Cross (MSC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.:Colonelcies-in-chief.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Countess Mountbatten's Own Legion of Frontiersmen of the Commonwealth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (formerly, now The Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Regiments.org on Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

paragraph: BULLET::::- mountbattenofburma.com - Tribute & Memorial web-site to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

paragraph: BULLET::::- About Us - Patrons of The Compassionate Friends

alias:
Patricia Knatchbull
Countess Mountbatten of Burma
Countess Mountbatten

description: British peer


text:
Snowsk
Chernihiv
Kazan
Soviet
Julian calendar
National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine
Soviet
Alexander Gauk
State Symphony Orchestra of the USSR
Shostakovich's Symphony No. 11
Pyotr Tchaikovsky
Vasily Kalinnikov
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Bolshoi Theatre

categories: Ukrainian conductors (music),1979 deaths,20th-century conductors (music),Jewish classical musicians,1906 births

paragraph: Natan Rakhlin

paragraph: Natan Grigoryevich Rakhlin (Russian: Натан Григорьевич Рахлин, Ukrainian: Натан Григорович Рахлін; in Snowsk near Chernihiv − June 28, 1979 in Kazan) was a Soviet conductor.

paragraph: Natan Grigorievich Rakhlin was born 10 January 1906 (in the Gregorian calendar, i.e. December 28, 1905 Julian calendar). He served as Artistic Director of the National Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine from 1937 to 1962 and was the musical director of a number of Soviet films. In 1941 he succeeded Alexander Gauk as director of the State Symphony Orchestra of the USSR. Under his direction the orchestra premiered Shostakovich's Symphony No. 11 on 30 October 1957.

paragraph: Rakhlin was the founder of the State Symphony Orchestra of Tatarstan, which he led from its foundation in 1966 until his death in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- N. Rimsky - Korsakov, P. Tchaikovsky, V. Kalinnikov - Russian Conductors Vol. 12 - Nathan Rakhlin by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Vasily Kalinnikov, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Nathan Rakhlin, and Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra (audio CD - 2008)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: GLAZUNOV: Symphony No. 4 (conducted by Natan Rakhlin), Cortège Solonel, Poeme Lyrique (conducted by Gennady Roshdestvensky), Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra. HMV-Melodiya ASD 3238 (LP no longer available).

description: ukrainian conductor

wikidata_label: Natan Rakhlin

wikipedia_title: Natan Rakhlin


text: Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March

text: William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: Catherine Grandison

text: ward

text: Edward III of England

text: William of Wykeham

text: Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel

text: marches

text: Philippa

text: Lionel of Antwerp

text: Duke of Clarence

text: Anglo-Norman

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Richard II of England

text: John of Gaunt

text: Duke of Lancaster

text: House of Lancaster

text: House of York

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Edward IV

text: Edmund of Langley

text: Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March

text: heir presumptive

text: Richard II

text: Marshal of England

text: Peers

text: John of Gaunt

text: Good Parliament

text: Speaker

text: House of Commons

text: Peter de la Mare

text: Alice Perrers

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Calais

text: minor

text: John of Gaunt

text: Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

text: O'Neills

text: Munster

text: Cork

text: Wigmore Abbey

text: Elizabeth

text: Henry "Hotspur" Percy

text: the Earl of Northumberland

text: Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys

text: Roger

text: Alianore Holland

text: Edmund

text: Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr

text: John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke

text: Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel

text: Baron St John of Basing

categories: Peers jure uxoris,Earls of March (1328),Earls of Ulster (1264),1351 births,1381 deaths,Mortimer family

paragraph: Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March

paragraph: Edmund de Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and "jure uxoris" Earl of Ulster (1 February 135227 December 1381) was son of Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March, by his wife Philippa, daughter of William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Catherine Grandison.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: An infant at the death of his father, Edmund, as a ward of the crown, was placed by Edward III of England under the care of William of Wykeham and Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel.

paragraph: The position of the young earl, powerful on account of his possessions and hereditary influence in the Welsh marches, was rendered still more important by his marriage on 24 August 1369 at the age of 17 to the 14-year-old Philippa, the only child of the late Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, the second son of Edward III.

paragraph: Lionel's late wife, Elizabeth, had been daughter and heiress of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, and Lionel had himself been created Earl of Ulster before his marriage. Edmund inherited the title Earl of Ulster on Lionel's death.

paragraph: Therefore, the Earl of March not only represented one of the chief Anglo-Norman lordships in Ireland in right of his wife Philippa, but Philippa's line was also the second most senior line of descent in the succession to the crown, after Edward, the Black Prince and his son, King Richard II of England. John of Gaunt, younger brother of Prince Edward, had become the 1st Duke of Lancaster and thus the source of the House of Lancaster's claim to the throne.

paragraph: This marriage had, therefore, far-reaching consequences in English history, ultimately giving rise to the claim of the House of York to the crown of England contested in the Wars of the Roses between the Yorks and the Lancasters; Edward IV being descended from the second adult son of Edward III as great-great-grandson of Philippa, countess of March, and in the male line from Edmund of Langley, the first Duke of York and the fourth adult son of Edward III.

paragraph: Edmund Mortimer's son Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March would become heir presumptive to the English crown during the reign of Richard II.

paragraph: Section::::Political advancement.

paragraph: Mortimer, now styled Earl of March and Ulster, became Marshal of England in 1369, and was employed in various diplomatic missions during the next following years. He was a member of the committee appointed by the Peers to confer with the Commons in 1373the first instance of such a joint conference since the institution of representative parliaments on the question of granting supplies for John of Gaunt's war in France.

paragraph: He participated in the opposition to Edward III and the court party, which grew in strength towards the end of the reign, taking the popular side and being prominent in the Good Parliament of 1376 among the lords who supported the Prince of Wales and opposed the Court Party and John of Gaunt. The Speaker of the House of Commons in this parliament was March's steward, Peter de la Mare, (1294-1387 of Little Hereford, Hereford), who firmly withstood John of Gaunt in stating the grievances of the Commons, in supporting the impeachment of several high court officials, and in procuring the banishment of the king's mistress, Alice Perrers. March was a member of the administrative council appointed by the same parliament after the death of Edward, the Black Prince to attend the king and advise him in all public affairs.

paragraph: Following the end of the Good Parliament its acts were reversed by John of Gaunt, March's steward was jailed, and March himself was ordered to inspect Calais and other remote royal castles as part of his duty as Marshal of England. March chose instead to resign the post.

paragraph: Section::::Political advancement.:Sent to govern Ireland.

paragraph: On the accession of Richard II, a minor, in 1377, the Earl became a member of the standing council of government; though as husband of the heir-presumptive to the crown he wisely refrained from claiming any actual administrative office. The richest and most powerful person in the realm was, however, the king's uncle John of Gaunt, whose jealousy led March to accept the office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1379. March succeeded in asserting his authority in eastern Ulster, but failed to subdue the O'Neills farther west. Proceeding to Munster to put down the turbulent southern chieftains, March was killed at Cork on 27 December 1381. He was buried in Wigmore Abbey, of which he had been a benefactor, and where his wife Philippa was also interred.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: The earl had two sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth (1371–1417), married Henry "Hotspur" Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, and had issue. She may have later married Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger (1374–1398), succeeded him as 4th Earl of March and Ulster; married Alianore Holland and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund (1376–1409), married Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippa (1375–1401), married firstly John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke; after his death in 1389 she became the second wife of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel; she married thirdly Sir Thomas Poynings, 5th Baron St John of Basing.

description: Earl of March and jure uxoris Earl of Ulster

wikidata_label: Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March

wikipedia_title: Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March


text:
Iran
Dehkhoda dictionary
Persian language
Tehran
Qazvin
Persian literature
Arabic
French
Political Science
Majles
Member of Parliament
Kerman
Tehran
Tehran School of Political Science
University of Tehran
Balkans
Constitutional Revolution of Iran
Iran
Mirza Jahangir Khan
Ghasem Khan
Sur-e Esrafil
Mohammad Ali Shah
Europe
Majles
Ebn-e Babooyeh
Shahr-e Ray
Manouchehr Saadat Noury
Montesquieu
The Spirit of the Laws
Persian
Amsal o Hekam
Loghat-nameh-ye Dehkhoda
Dehkhoda Dictionary
Mohammad Moin
Dehkhoda Institute
Iranian Studies
List of Persian poets and authors
Persian literature
ALÈ-AKBAR QAZVÈNÈ "Dehkhodā'
Encyclopaedia Iranica

categories: Dehkhoda,Iranian Iranologists,People from Tehran,Iranian translators,1956 deaths,Linguists from Iran,University of Tehran faculty,Iranian writers,Members of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature,Members of the 2nd Iranian Majlis,Iranian lexicographers,1879 births,Iranian journalists

paragraph: Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda

paragraph: Allameh Ali Akbar Dehkhodā (; 1879–March 9, 1956) was a prominent Iranian linguist. He was also the author of Dehkhoda dictionary, the most extensive dictionary of the Persian language published to date.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dehkhoda was born in Tehran to parents from Qazvin. His father, Khan Baba Khan Ghazvini, died when he was only 9 years old. Dehkhoda quickly excelled in Persian literature, Arabic and French. He enrolled at the School of Political Science, which employed, amongst other figures, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and his Secretary as lecturers.

paragraph: He was also active in politics, and served in the Majles as a Member of Parliament from Kerman and Tehran. He also served as Dean of Tehran School of Political Science and later the School of Law of the University of Tehran.

paragraph: In 1903, he went to the Balkans as an Iranian embassy employee, but came back to Iran two years later and became involved in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran.

paragraph: In Iran Dehkhoda, Mirza Jahangir Khan and Ghasem Khan had been publishing the "Sur-e Esrafil" newspaper for about two years, but the authoritarian king Mohammad Ali Shah disbanded the parliament and banished Dehkhoda and some other liberalists into exile in Europe. There he continued publishing articles and editorials, but when Mohammad Ali Shah was deposed in 1911, he returned to the country and became a member of the new Majles.

paragraph: He is buried in Ebn-e Babooyeh cemetery in Shahr-e Ray, near Tehran.

paragraph: In his article "First Iranian Scholar who authored the Most Extensive & Comprehensive Farsi Dictionary," Manouchehr Saadat Noury wrote that,

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Dehkhoda translated Montesquieu's "De l'esprit des lois" ("The Spirit of the Laws") into Persian. He has also written "Amsal o Hekam" ("Proverbs and Mottos") in four volumes, a French-Persian Dictionary, and other books, but his lexicographic masterpiece is "Loghat-nameh-ye Dehkhoda" ("Dehkhoda Dictionary"), the largest Persian dictionary ever published, in 15 volumes. Dr. Mohammad Moin accomplished Dehkhoda's unfinished volumes according to Dehkhoda's request after him. Finally the book was published after forty five years of efforts of Dehkhoda.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dehkhoda Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iranian Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Persian poets and authors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persian literature

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ALÈ-AKBAR QAZVÈNÈ "Dehkhodā' @ "Encyclopaedia Iranica"

alias:
Allameh Ali Akbar Dehkhodā
Ali Akbar Dehkhoda

description: Lexicographer, Linguist and Satirist

wikidata_label: Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda

wikipedia_title: Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda


text: Major League Baseball

text: outfielder

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Seattle Mariners

text: New York Mets

text: San Diego Padres

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Florida Marlins

text: four home runs in one game

text: All-Star

text: Gold Gloves

text: La Grange, Georgia

text: LaGrange High School

text: chemistry

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Paul Konerko

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Ken Griffey, Jr.

text: four home runs in one game

text: All-Star Game

text: Gold Glove Award

text: range factor

text: New York Mets

text: Carlos Beltrán

text: center fielder

text: right field

text: San Diego Padres

text: Xavier Nady

text: Gold Glove

text: free agency

text: stimulant

text: Neifi Pérez

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: stimulants

text: Carlos Beltrán

text: USA Today

text: neurologist

text: post-concussion syndrome

text: amphetamines

text: Major League Baseball drug policy

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Florida Marlins

text: player to be named later

text: Washington Nationals

text: Greg Brown

text: Robin Roberts

text: teamwork

text: Triumph Books

text: dugout

text: Make-A-Wish Foundation

text: Starlight Foundation

text: Dazmon

text: Daz Cameron

text: Eagle's Landing Christian Academy

text: Houston Astros

text: 2015 MLB draft

text: Detroit Tigers

categories: Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses,South Bend White Sox players,New York Mets players,Norfolk Tides players,Cincinnati Reds players,1973 births,Chicago White Sox players,Birmingham Barons players,Lake Elsinore Storm players,Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state),American sportspeople in doping cases,St. Lucie Mets players,Pawtucket Red Sox players,African-American baseball players,Boston Red Sox players,People from LaGrange, Georgia,Seattle Mariners players,Milwaukee Brewers players,American League All-Stars,Living people,Utica Blue Sox players,Gold Glove Award winners,Nashville Sounds players,Major League Baseball center fielders,Gulf Coast White Sox players,Florida Marlins players,San Diego Padres players,Prince William Cannons players

paragraph: Mike Cameron

paragraph: Michael Terrance Cameron (born January 8, 1973) is an American former professional Major League Baseball outfielder. He played for the Chicago White Sox, Cincinnati Reds, Seattle Mariners, New York Mets, San Diego Padres, Milwaukee Brewers, Boston Red Sox, and Florida Marlins.

paragraph: In 2002, Cameron became the 13th player to hit four home runs in one game. He was also an All-Star in 2001 and won Gold Gloves in 2001, 2003, and 2006. Mike Cameron has distinguished himself by being only one of 22 players in the history of baseball to have at least 250 home runs and 250 stolen bases and became the 20th member of this exclusive 250/250 club. Cameron is also the only MLB player to hit 2 home runs in the same game with 8 teams.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cameron was born in La Grange, Georgia and raised on Render Street by his grandmother; he moved into her house when he was seven years old to keep her company after her husband died. Cameron attended LaGrange High School. His grandmother kept him from playing baseball as a high school junior because he failed his chemistry class. As a result, he drew less attention from scouts.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Chicago White Sox.

paragraph: Cameron was drafted out of high school in the 18th round by the Chicago White Sox in 1991. His major league debut took place on August 27, , with the White Sox. In he won a starting job as the team's regular center fielder.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: He was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Paul Konerko in .

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: Along with three other players he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for Ken Griffey, Jr. before the season.

paragraph: Cameron tied a major league record on May 2, 2002 when he hit four home runs in one game becoming only the 15th player in MLB history to do this. In his fifth at bat, he hit one to the warning track, just missing what would have been a record-setting fifth home run.

paragraph: He played in the All-Star Game in and reached the postseason twice and won the Gold Glove Award in 2001, 2003, and 2006 (with the Padres) for his defensive play in the outfield. He led all major league center fielders in range factor (3.42) in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:New York Mets.

paragraph: In he signed a three-year, $19.5 million contract to play center field for the New York Mets. With the acquisition by the Mets of Carlos Beltrán before the 2005 season, Cameron surrendered his position to the star center fielder and played most of his games in right field during the 2005 season. On August 11, 2005, in San Diego, Cameron collided with Beltran in the outfield as both made diving attempts to catch a fly ball. Cameron suffered a concussion and multiple fractures of his nose and cheekbones, and was removed from the field on a stretcher. Beltran also suffered a concussion but was able to walk off the field with help.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: On November 15, Cameron was traded to the San Diego Padres for Xavier Nady. He won his first National League Gold Glove award during the season with San Diego.

paragraph: After leaving the Seattle Mariners in 2004 via free agency, Cameron played his first game back in Seattle during interleague play in May 2006. Mariners fans greeted his return with a standing ovation.

paragraph: On October 31, 2007, it was announced that he had failed a test for banned stimulants for a second time and would miss the first 25 games of the 2008 season. Cameron has said he believes that a supplement he took was "tainted." However, given the requirement of two failed drug tests before an announcement is made, this explanation is questionable. He was just the second major leaguer to be suspended for a second positive test for stimulants, following Neifi Pérez.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: On January 14, he signed a 1-year contract with the Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: On March 13, 2008, Cameron applied for a therapeutic exemption to use stimulants during the 2008 season because of his outfield collision with former teammate Carlos Beltrán. He claimed to be struggling with after-effects of the collision that ended his 2005 season. If he had applied for the exemption in 2007, he could have avoided the 25-game suspension he had to serve to begin this season for testing positive for a banned stimulant for the second time. He also told USA Today that he will see a neurologist to determine if he is suffering from post-concussion syndrome. If the exemption is granted, Cameron would be permitted to use some amphetamines that are currently banned by the Major League Baseball drug policy.

paragraph: In November 2008, his club option was picked up by the Brewers for the 2009 season.

paragraph: On May 24, 2009, Cameron hit his 250th career home run against the Minnesota Twins, becoming the 20th player in the league to hit 250 home runs and steal 250 bases.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: On December 16, 2009, Cameron signed a 2-year deal with the Boston Red Sox. He missed most of the season with a groin injury but managed to still hit 4 home runs on the season.

paragraph: Cameron made 70 plate appearances for Boston, batting .143, before being designated for assignment on June 29.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: On July 5, he was traded to the Florida Marlins for a player to be named later or cash considerations. He was released on September 13, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: On December 19, 2011, he agreed to a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals.

paragraph: Cameron never played in any games for the Nationals; he announced his retirement on February 19, 2012. He signed a one-day contract with Seattle on April 14, 2012, to officially retire as a Mariner before throwing out the ceremonial first pitch at the Mariners' home opener that same day.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Together with Greg Brown and Robin Roberts, Cameron wrote a book (aimed primarily at children) titled ""It Takes a Team: Mike Cameron"", , where he presents his views on the importance of teamwork and describes his life. Published in 2002 by Triumph Books.

paragraph: After being selected to the American League All-Star Team in 2001, Cameron used his salary bonus to purchase All-Star Game warm-up jackets for all of his Seattle Mariner teammates. He is known for routinely sitting on top of the dugout to sign autographs and talk with fans before games. He is also the founder of the Cam4Kids Foundation and was host of the First State Golf Tournament for Inner City Kids in Seattle in 2002; these in effort to raise money to provide scholarships to inner-city youth. He is actively involved with the Make-A-Wish Foundation as well as the Starlight Foundation.

paragraph: Cameron married his former high school classmate, JaBreka, in or around 1999. As of 2002, they had three children, sons named Dazmon and Mehki and a daughter named T'aja. Cameron's son, Daz Cameron, played baseball at Eagle's Landing Christian Academy. He was drafted 37th overall by the Houston Astros in the 2015 MLB draft. He is currently an outfielder for the Detroit Tigers' organization.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Mike Cameron

wikipedia_title: Mike Cameron