text: gridiron football

text: quarterback

text: college football

text: Tulsa

text: Deer Creek High School

text: Edmond, Oklahoma

text: Owasso High School

text: Owasso, Oklahoma

text: redshirt

text: Conference USA

text: Fresno State

text: 2005 Liberty Bowl

text: Conference USA

text: Philadelphia Eagles

text: Kevin Kolb

text: screen pass

text: running backs

text: wide receiver

text: coach

text: Steve Kragthorpe

text: Utah

text: Armed Forces Bowl

text: 2008 GMAC Bowl

text: Wuerffel Trophy

text: college football

text: Draddy Trophy

text: Hula Bowl

text: starter

text: touchdown

text: passes

text: interception

text: bowl

text: NCAA

text: 2008 NFL Draft

text: undrafted free agent

text: Jacksonville Jaguars

text: scout team

text: practice squad

text: Todd Boeckman

text: financial adviser

text: Montreal Alouettes

text: Jacksonville Jaguars bio

text: Tulsa Golden Hurricanes bio

categories: People from Owasso, Oklahoma,Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players,Montreal Alouettes players,Players of American football from Oklahoma,1984 births,American football quarterbacks,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Living people

paragraph: Paul Smith (quarterback)

paragraph: Paul Smith (born July 2, 1984) is an American professional gridiron football quarterback. He played college football at Tulsa.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Smith attended Deer Creek High School in Edmond, Oklahoma for two years, then finished high school at Owasso High School in Owasso, Oklahoma. He set a state high school passing record with 9,574 yards in 4 seasons.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Arriving at Tulsa in 2003, Smith played in eight games as a true freshman. He sat out the 2004 season as a redshirt, then became the Golden Hurricane's starting quarterback in 2005. He led Tulsa to a 9-4 record and the Conference USA title. He capped off the 2005 season with a 31-24 win over Fresno State in the 2005 Liberty Bowl (Tulsa's first bowl win since 1991); Smith passed for 234 yards and a touchdown, and also ran for the winning touchdown. Smith was named the game's most valuable player.

paragraph: In 2006, Smith was tagged as one of Conference USA's top quarterbacks in preseason, along with such players as future Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Kevin Kolb, and was widely recognized as the leader and face of the Tulsa football program. In Tulsa's scheme, Smith threw many screen passes to running backs Tarrion Adams, Courtney Tennial, and wide receiver Idris Moss. The Golden Hurricane jumped out to a stellar 7-1 start with the inside track on a second straight West Division championship, but the team experienced a breakdown amid turmoil resulting from rumors of teams trying to woo away coach Steve Kragthorpe. Tulsa lost its contest against Utah in the Armed Forces Bowl 25-13, making their season record stand at 8-5.

paragraph: In 2007, Smith led the Golden Hurricane to a 10-4 record and a win in the 2008 GMAC Bowl while also winning the 2007 Conference USA player of the year award In 2007, Smith won the Wuerffel Trophy which goes to the top humanitarian in college football and was a finalist for the Draddy Trophy. He was also selected to play in the 2008 Cornerstone Hula Bowl, where he passed for 47 yards and ran for the game's first two touchdowns for the winning Aina (East) team.

paragraph: A three-year starter with the Golden Hurricane, Smith threw a combined 82 touchdown passes and 34 interceptions while taking his team to 3 straight bowl appearances. Smith holds the NCAA record with 14 consecutive games passing for more than 300 yards.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Smith was not selected in the 2008 NFL Draft and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Jacksonville Jaguars on April 28. Jacksonville immediately waived their third-team quarterback, allowing Smith to take his spot on the scout team.

paragraph: On July 31, 2008 Smith was waived by the Jaguars. On August 31, Smith was re-signed to the Jaguars' practice squad. He was waived on August 30, 2009 to make room on the roster for Todd Boeckman.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Montreal Alouettes.

paragraph: In October 2009, Smith took a position as assistant chaplain at the University of Tulsa, apparently ending his playing career.

paragraph: After spending the next year out of football and briefly taking a position as a financial adviser, Smith signed a two-year contract with the Montreal Alouettes of the CFL on February 2, 2011. He was released before training camp by the Alouettes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Division I FBS passing yardage leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Division I FBS passing touchdown leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacksonville Jaguars bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tulsa Golden Hurricanes bio

description: American football player, born 1984

wikidata_label: Paul Smith

wikipedia_title: Paul Smith (quarterback)


text:
Houston
Texas
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
undrafted free agent
college football
Auburn

categories: American football fullbacks,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,People from Alcoa, Tennessee,1985 births,Auburn Tigers football players,American football running backs,Living people

paragraph: Carl Stewart (American football)

paragraph: Carl Stewart (born May 30, 1985) was a materials supervisor working in Houston, Texas, United States. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Auburn. Stewart is also the cleanup hitter for the three-time defending GUS Leagues kickball champions in Houston.

paragraph: Auburn Career - Stewart was seventh all-time at Auburn in receiving yards by a running back; he had 785 for his career. In 2006, he was named to the "ESPN the Magazine" Academic All-District IV First Team and to the All SEC second team. He scored Auburn's only two touchdowns against Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl. In 2004, he scored his first career touchdown against the Citadel, along with 91 rushing yards on 7 carries.

paragraph: 2008 NFL Combine - Stewart participated in the 2008 NFL combine as a Fullback. He was rated number 4 out of 99 fullback prospects. Stewart posted position best results in the 225 lb Bench Press (30 Repetitions), Vertical Jump (39.5"), and Broad Jump (11' 02")

paragraph: Stewart attended Maryville High School in Tennessee under head coach George Quarles. As a senior, he rushed for 1,585 yards on just 172 carries and a school-record 28 touchdowns in his senior year. In 2002, he led Maryville to their third consecutive class 4A state championship. As a junior, he rushed for 1,430 yards and 21 touchdowns on 158 carries. In the 2001 state title game he rushed for 173 yards on 23 carries with 3 touchdowns going on to be named the game’s MVP. He finished his career at Maryville High School with 3,491 rushing yards and 50 touchdowns, a school record at the time.

paragraph: While in high school, Stewart earned the following accolades:

paragraph: BULLET::::- named the Tennessee Class 4A Mr. Football Back of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- Associated Press All-State first team for all divisions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Sports Writers Association class 4A first-team All-state

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orland Sentinel" All-Southern Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- rated the fourth best running back in the nation by ESPN/Tom Lemming* "Knoxville News Sentinel" Tennessee Top 25

paragraph: BULLET::::- PrepStar All-Region selection

paragraph: Stewart also competed in track and field under coach Mac Pickle while at Maryville, finishing second in the state in decathlon as a senior. Stewart also qualified for the state meet in the 100m, 110m hurdles, 400m, 200m, high jump, long jump, triple jump, discus, and shot put, but opted out of those competitions to compete in the state’s decathlon finals.

paragraph: Stewart has since transitioned from his athletic career to studying for his JD at the University of Houston Law Center.

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Carl Stewart

wikipedia_title: Carl Stewart (American football)


text: French

text: Grand Prix

text: road racer

text: Magny Cours

text: Kawasaki

text: Nations Grand Prix

text: Austrian Grand Prix

text: International Classic Grand Prix

categories: French motorcycle racers,250cc World Championship riders,125cc World Championship riders,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Éric Saul

paragraph: Éric Saul (born May 26, 1954) is a French former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Saul began motorcycle competition in 1973. That year he entered the last round of the "coupe des 4 saisons" challenge in Magny Cours on an unmodified Yamaha 125 AS3 and finished 15th. His result convinced him to pursue a racing career. In 1974, he started with the "coupe des 4 saisons" challenge and won both rounds in the 125cc class on a Yamaha AS3 and in the 500cc class on Kawasaki even though it was his first time on the Croix-en-Thernois circuit. Also in 1974, he competed in the Kawasaki Cup Challenge and finished 11th.

paragraph: Saul competed in the Grand Prix world championship from 1977 to 1983 and then returned to compete in 1986. His best result was a fourth-place finish in the 1982 350cc world championship. Saul won two Grand Prix races during his career at the 1981 250cc Nations Grand Prix and the 1982 350cc Austrian Grand Prix.

paragraph: After his racing career ended, Saul created the International Classic Grand Prix organization promoting meetings of classic Grand Prix bikes and racers from the 1970s and 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Results.

paragraph: Kawasaki Cup

paragraph: Section::::Grand Prix career statistics.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Saul career statistics at MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Classic Grand Prix

description: French motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Eric Saul

wikipedia_title: Éric Saul


text: boatswain's mate

text: United States Navy

text: First Barbary War

text: Delaware

text: Barbary pirates

text: Tripoli

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: Stephen Decatur

text: Daniel Frazier

text: Washington, DC

text: Three warships

text: James Island

categories: United States Navy sailors,American military personnel of the First Barbary War,1776 births,1838 deaths

paragraph: Reuben James

paragraph: Reuben James ( 1776 – 3 December 1838) was a boatswain's mate of the United States Navy, famous for his heroism in the First Barbary War.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Delaware around 1776, James joined the United States Navy and served on several ships, including the frigate . During the First Barbary War, the American frigate was captured by the Barbary pirates when it ran aground in the city of Tripoli, on the southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. During the course of the naval blockade of the harbor, there were numerous engagements, the most intense being the Gunboat Battle of August 3, 1804. During the battle, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur boarded a Tripolitan gunboat that he believed was crewed by the men who had mortally wounded his brother after supposedly surrendering. While Lieutenant Decatur was locked in hand-to-hand combat with the Tripolitan commander, another Tripolitan sailor swung his saber at him. According to early accepted accounts, Reuben James interposed himself between the descending sword and his commander, taking the blow on his head. The blow did not kill him, and he recovered later to continue serving in the Navy.

paragraph: This account, though, is now considered to be in error. No one by the name of James is recorded as having received medical treatment after the battle. Another of Decatur's crewmen, Daniel Frazier, did receive medical treatment for a serious saber slash to the head. This supports some initial accounts that it was Frazier, not James, who saved Decatur's life.

paragraph: James continued his Naval career, serving many years with Decatur. He was forced to retire in January 1836 because of ill health. He died in 1838 at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Washington, DC.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Three warships of the Navy have been named "Reuben James" in his honor:

paragraph: BULLET::::- , a four-stack

paragraph: BULLET::::- , a

paragraph: BULLET::::- , an

paragraph: James Island of Washington state was named for James.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Other sources.

paragraph: Wheelan, Joseph. "Jefferson's War: American's First War on Terror 1801--1805", New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Naval Institute: Lest We Forget

description: American sailor

wikidata_label: Reuben James

wikipedia_title: Reuben James


text: Liberal Party

text: House of Commons

text: George Oswald

text: Scotstoun

text: Glasgow University

text: Richard Oswald

text: Auchincruive

text: 1832 general election

text: Member of Parliament

text: Ayrshire

text: Robert Burns

text: Hugh Montgomerie, 12th Earl of Eglinton

text: James Oswald

text: Auchencruive

categories: 1771 births,UK MPs 1832–1835,1841 deaths,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: Richard Alexander Oswald

paragraph: Richard Alexander Oswald (17 February 1771 – 19 June 1841) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1832 to 1835.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Oswald was the son of George Oswald, a merchant of Scotstoun, Rector of Glasgow University and the grand nephew of Richard Oswald of Auchincruive.

paragraph: At the 1832 general election Oswald was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayrshire. He held the seat until 1835.

paragraph: Oswald died at the age of 70.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Oswald married twice. His first wife was Louisa or Lucy Johnstone; the poet Robert Burns composed his verses, "O wat ye wha's in yon town?" to her. She died of consumption at Lisbon. Oswald then married in 1817 Lady Lilias Montgomerie, daughter of Hugh Montgomerie, 12th Earl of Eglinton, who was widow of Robert Dundas MacQue(e)n.

paragraph: Oswald and Louisa had a son, Richard Oswald. He married Lady Mary Kennedy, daughter of Archibald Kennedy, 1st Marquess of Ailsa, and died in 1833. The family estates passed to a cousin, James Oswald, in 1841.

paragraph: Thomas Spencer Lindsey married in 1818 Oswald's daughter Margaret Hester. Margaret Hester Oswald was described in an obituary as "the only daughter of the late Richard Alexander Oswald, Esq. of Auchencruive" Oswald's will shows that a beneficiary was a granddaughter Margaret Nina Lindsey.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Richard Alexander Oswald

wikipedia_title: Richard Alexander Oswald


text: colonel

text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: 137th New York Volunteer Infantry

text: Culp's Hill

text: Battle of Gettysburg

text: Forfar

text: Scotland

text: New York City

text: W. T. Sherman

text: First Battle of Bull Run

text: George B. McClellan

text: Lewinsville

text: Falls Church, Virginia

text: captain

text: Newport Barracks

text: Department of the Ohio

text: New York City

text: Binghamton

text: Army of the Potomac

text: Frederick, Maryland

text: Battle of Antietam

text: XII Corps

text: Brig. Gen.

text: Alpheus Williams

text: Battle of Fredericksburg

text: Harpers Ferry

text: George S. Greene

text: Battle of Chancellorsville

text: Battle of Gettysburg

text: Confederate

text: Edward "Allegheny" Johnson

text: Chattanooga, Tennessee

text: Battle of Wauhatchie

text: John W. Geary

text: Maj. Gen.

text: Joseph Hooker

text: Battle of Lookout Mountain

text: Chattanooga Campaign

text: Army of Tennessee

text: Patrick Cleburne

text: Battle of Ringgold Gap

text: XI Corps

text: XX Corps

text: Battle of Resaca

text: George A. Cobham, Jr.

text: Battle of Peachtree Creek

text: Atlanta

text: Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War

text: "The War of the Rebellion"

text: Official Records

text: New York State Library

categories: 1864 deaths,Scottish emigrants to the United States,1832 births,People of New York (state) in the American Civil War,Union Army colonels,Military personnel from New York City

paragraph: David Ireland (colonel)

paragraph: David Ireland (May 9, 1832 – September 10, 1864) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Commanding the 137th New York Volunteer Infantry, he played a key defensive role on Culp's Hill in the Battle of Gettysburg.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ireland was born on May 9, 1832, in Forfar, Scotland. His family emigrated to New York in 1840. David was apprenticed to his father Charles, a tailor in New York City. In 1858 he joined a regiment of militia, the 79th Cameron Highlanders, officially recognized by New York State on June 9, 1859. Listed in the 1860 census as "Clerk in Express", living at Washington and Gansevoort Street in lower Manhattan. Ireland was named Adjutant of the 79th NY, serving under Col. James Cameron. The regiment was mustered into Federal Service on May 29, 1861, keeping their designation of 79th New York Volunteers.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.

paragraph: As lieutenant and adjutant of the 79th New York Volunteer Infantry, he fought with the regiment in W. T. Sherman's Third Brigade in the First Battle of Bull Run. With James Cameron killed in action, and many of the unit's officers resigning, a number of the men mutinied. Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan put down the mutiny and took away the unit colors. Command of the 79th New York Infantry fell to Ireland. On September 11, 1861, he led the regiment in an ambush of Confederate troops at Lewinsville, near Falls Church, Virginia. In recognition of this victory, Gen. McClellan restored the regiment's colors, and promoted Ireland to captain, 15th U.S. Infantry, a regular army regiment. He was transferred to Newport Barracks, to train new regiments for Gen. Sherman's Department of the Ohio. In December, he was ordered back to New York to recruit for the 15th U.S. Infantry, first in New York City in January, then in upstate New York, based in Binghamton, where he had rail and canal access to the surrounding counties.

paragraph: Ireland was the mustering officer for new regiments training in Binghamton in the summer of 1862. Recruiting for the new regiment designated the 137th New York Infantry, he was appointed as colonel of the regiment by the governor, citing his "military experience and ability"—"we know him to be a kind and gentlemanly officer and a brave soldier". Ireland trained his new regiment rigorously at Camp Susquehanna in Binghamton. The 137th New York left by train for Washington, D.C., on September 27, 1862.

paragraph: From Washington, Ireland and his regiment were sent directly to join McClellan's Army of the Potomac, in camp near Frederick, Maryland, after the Battle of Antietam. The 137th New York was assigned to XII Corps, then led by Brig. Gen. Alpheus Williams. The corps was part of the reserve at the time of the Battle of Fredericksburg and remained so to the end of 1862.

paragraph: Led by Ireland, the regiment made several forays from its camp (at Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry) into northern Virginia in late 1862. Its first major combat service was in the 3rd Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. George S. Greene, in 2nd Division, XII Corps, at the Battle of Chancellorsville. During the Battle of Gettysburg, Ireland's regiment was at the far right of the Union line, defending the trenches on Culp's Hill on July 2, 1863. They withstood numerous attacks by the superior Confederate forces of Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson, holding a vital position. Units from other Union corps aided Ireland's regiment, but it retained its dangerous post until after the last Confederate assault on July 2, after 10 p.m. The battle that night ended when the 137th New York made two bayonet charges, stopping the Confederate advance. Regimental losses were reported as 40 killed, 87 wounded, and 10 missing, including 4 officers dead.

paragraph: In the fall of 1863, the XII Corps was sent to relieve the besieged Union army at Chattanooga, Tennessee. When Greene was wounded at the Battle of Wauhatchie, Ireland succeeded to command of his brigade. Ireland's brigade served under Brig. Gen. John W. Geary in Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's attack during the Battle of Lookout Mountain of the Chattanooga Campaign. During the pursuit of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, Ireland's brigade attacked Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne's position during the Battle of Ringgold Gap, completing the expulsion of the Confederates into north Georgia for the winter.

paragraph: When the XI Corps and XII Corps were combined into the XX Corps, Ireland retained command of 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division under Brig. Gen. Geary. On May 15, 1864, Ireland was wounded by a shell fragment at the Battle of Resaca. Col. George A. Cobham, Jr., succeeded temporarily to command of the brigade.

paragraph: Ireland returned to his brigade on June 6, 1864, and served until his health gave out on September 9. Thus he was back in command at the crossing of Peachtree Creak on July 19, 1864; 269-270. and he led the brigade at Battle of Peachtree Creek, in which Col. Cobham was killed. After leading his brigade into Atlanta on Sep. 2, 1864, Ireland fell ill with dysentery, dying on September 10. His passing was noted with regret by Maj. Gen. Geary in his report on the Atlanta Campaign. Col. Ireland's fellow officers, meeting on September 10, expressed their regret for "his untimely death, as it were, "On the field of his fame and glory".

paragraph: Ireland is buried in Binghamton at Spring Forest Cemetery. The Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War named Camp 137 in Binghamton the Col. David Ireland Camp. On August 26, 1863, Ireland had married Sara Phelps in Binghamton. They had no children.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dyer, Frederick H., "A Compendium of the War of Rebellion: Compiled and Arranged From Official Records of the Federal and Confederate Armies, Reports of the Adjutant Generals of the Several States, The Army Registers and Other Reliable Documents and Sources", Des Moines, Iowa: Dyer Publishing, 1908 (reprinted by Morningside Books, 1978), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jorgensen, Jay, "Holding the Right: The 137th New York Regiment at Gettysburg," "Gettysburg Magazine", issue 15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pfanz, Harry W., "Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill", University of North Carolina Press, 1993, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. War Department, "The War of the Rebellion": "a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies", U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "137th Regiment Infantry Historical Sketch by Surgeon John M. Farrington" (Albany: Published by the State of New York, 1902). [copy at the American Antiquarian Society]

paragraph: Cleutz, David, "Fields of Fame and Glory - Col. David Ireland and the 137th New York Volunteers", XLibris, 2010,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding Aid to the David Ireland Papers, 1860-1864,New York State Library, accessed January 4, 2016

description: Union Army colonel

wikidata_label: David Ireland

wikipedia_title: David Ireland (colonel)


text:
1989
motorcycle speedway
Team U-19 European Champion title
Premier League
King's Lynn Stars
Elite League
Peterborough Panthers
Berwick Bandits
Belle Vue Aces
Leicester Lions
Individual U-21 World Championship
2007
2008
Team U-21 World Championship
2009
Gorzów Wlkp.
Individual U-19 European Championship
2008
Stralsund
Team U-19 European Championship
2008
Rawicz
Sweden national speedway team

categories: Leicester Lions riders,1989 births,Swedish speedway riders,Living people,Team Speedway Junior European Champions

paragraph: Linus Eklöf

paragraph: Linus Eklöf (born 3 March 1989) is a Swedish motorcycle speedway rider who won the Team U-19 European Champion title in 2008.

paragraph: In 2009 he rode in the Premier League in the UK, averaging over six points per match for treble-winning King's Lynn Stars, staying with them in 2010 (averaging over 7 that season) and also riding in the Elite League for Peterborough Panthers. He left British speedway in June 2010 for personal reasons, returning in 2011 with Berwick Bandits in the Premier League and Belle Vue Aces in the Elite League.

paragraph: He reached the Swedish individual final in 2010.

paragraph: In July 2012 he was signed by Premier League Leicester Lions.

paragraph: Section::::Career details.

paragraph: Section::::Career details.:World Championships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individual U-21 World Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2007 - 18th place in Qualifying round 2 as track reserve"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2008 - 11th place in Semi-Final 1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Team U-21 World Championship (Under-21 World Cup)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - Gorzów Wlkp. - 3rd place (5 pts)

paragraph: Section::::Career details.:European Championships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individual U-19 European Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - Stralsund - 8th place (8 pts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Team U-19 European Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - Rawicz - European Champion (11 pts)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sweden national speedway team

description: Swedish speedway rider

wikidata_label: Linus Eklöf

wikipedia_title: Linus Eklöf


text:
Croatian
knez
captain
Klis
Senj
Klis Fortress
Turk
Turks
Krug
župa
Lapac
Lika
Poljica
Klis Fortress
captain
Klis Fortress
ban
Petar Berislavić
Senj
Grgur Orlović
Klis
Battle of Mohács
Turks
Turkish
Klis Fortress
Senj
Solin
Turks
King of Hungary
Louis II
Venetian
Nicola Querini
Ancona
Solin
Ferdinand I
Uskok
Solin
Paul III
Murat-beg
Klis
Uskoci
Senj
Uskoci
Klis
Klis Fortress
Siege of Klis
Senj
Petar Kružić
Povijest Klisa

categories: Croatian Roman Catholics,Croatian nobility,Year of birth missing,1537 deaths,Croatian soldiers,Military commanders of Croatian kingdoms,16th-century Croatian military personnel

paragraph: Petar Kružić

paragraph: Petar Kružić (died 1537) was a Croatian knez, captain, soldier and defender of Klis, and the captain of Senj.

paragraph: In the early 16th century Petar Kružić "(knez of Klis)" defended the Klis Fortress against Turk invasion. He died in 1537 trying to break yet another siege of the Turks. After his death, the Klis defenders agreed to give the fortress to the Ottomans in exchange for their women, children and their own lives. In this way, the Ottomans finally conquered the Klis Fortress after almost two and a half decades of its successful defense.

paragraph: Section::::Origin.

paragraph: He was a native of Krug in Nebljuh, a district of the same-titled tribe in the župa of Lapac in Lika. However, later chroniclers, and historians, mostly for local patriotic reasons, tried to appropriate and present him as one of their countrymen because he enjoyed incredible popularity as an anti-Ottoman fighter, especially in the areas from which Klis defenders came (Poljica).

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: He began his military career in 1513 when he joined the defending forces of Klis Fortress. In around 1518 or 1519 he was promoted to captain of the Klis Fortress by the ban Petar Berislavić. In 1521 he was named the Captain of Senj together with Grgur Orlović who was named co-captain of Klis. They were active at those duties together until the Battle of Mohács when Orlović died in battle against the Turks.

paragraph: In February 1524 Turkish captain Mustafa laid a siege on Klis Fortress with around 3000 men. The fort managed to hold off the invasion for over two months, while Kružić went to Senj just days before the siege and gathered an army of 1500 foot soldiers, 60 cavalry, and 40 ships to flank the Turkish army. He arrived at the town of Solin the night of 10 April from where they launched an attack on the Turks, destroying their army. For this achievement he was rewarded with the castle Breznica by the King of Hungary Louis II.

paragraph: From then on Klis was under constant threat from the Turkish armies. On 4 June 1532, while Kružić was seeking help from potential ally cities and states, a large Turkish army led by Venetian Nicola Querini took control of Klis with the help of traitors. However, soon afterward Kružić returned with 2000 men from the city of Ancona and took control of the fort. On 18 September he managed to take over a Turkish fort in Solin and tried to persuade the king Ferdinand I to build a fort there to take control of the area around Solin, but the king did not take any measures.

paragraph: After several failed attempts, the Turks tried to take over Klis in 1535 via treason. They bribed Uskok Mate Tvrdosalić to let them in the city on the last day of the Carnival, but Tvrdosalić deceived them and informed the Klis defenders of the Turkish plan. When the Turks came as arranged he let them into fort where they were ambushed and killed.

paragraph: By the end of August 1536, the Turks had gathered a large army and repaired the fortress in Solin that Kružić conquered in 1532 (and was subsequently forced to abandon), and had built two new forts to completely surround Klis. Since that time Klis was under constant attack by the Turks, but the Uskok defenders managed to hold them off. Help arrived in March 1537 when 3000 soldiers sent by Ferdinand I and 700 Italian soldiers sent by pope Paul III arrived. Petar Kružić led the armies and stormed the Turkish strongholds, managing to destroy two; while storming the third, Turkish captain Murat-beg came with 2000 men yelling and shouting, causing the German and Italian soldiers to begin fleeing towards the coast. Kružić was amongst the last to retreat and was surrounded by the Turkish forces, dying in the fierce battle.

paragraph: After the death of their captain and suffering a lack of water supplies, the defenders of Klis surrendered to the Ottomans in exchange for their freedom. On 12 March 1537 the city and the fortress were released to Turkish control. Many of the citizens left the town while the Uskoci went to the city of Senj, where they continued fighting the Turkish invaders.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uskoci

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klis Fortress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Klis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senj

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petar Kružić

paragraph: BULLET::::- Povijest Klisa

description: Croatian nobleman and soldier

wikidata_label: Petar Kružić

wikipedia_title: Petar Kružić


text:
Christian
martyr
Roman Martyrology
Ancyra
Galatia
menologies
Acta Sanctorum
Ancyra
Roman province
Galatia
Roman governor
Diocletian
Malos
Valens
burial
house of debauchery
chapel
St. Theodotus
St. Theodotus of Ancyra

categories: Saints from Roman Anatolia,4th-century Christian martyrs,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)

paragraph: Saint Theodotus of Ancyra was a fourth-century ("fl." 303 AD) Christian martyr.

paragraph: Section::::Hagiography.

paragraph: On 18 May, the "Roman Martyrology" says: "At Ancyra, in Galatia, the martyr Saint Theodotus and the saintly virgins Thecusa, his aunt, Alexandra, Claudia, Faina, Euphrasia, Matrona and Julitta," etc. They are mentioned in all the menologies, and Theodotus has a special feast on 7 June.

paragraph: According to the "Acts" (Acta Sanctorum, May, IV, 147), Theodotus was a married man who kept an inn at Ancyra (now Ankara), the capital of the Roman province of Galatia. He is described as a man very zealous in the performance of his Christian duties, endowed with many virtues, especially charity towards his neighbour, bringing sinners to repentance and strengthening many in their faith during the persecution which the Roman governor Theoctenus was carrying on in the province, about 303, in accordance with the imperial edict of Diocletian.

paragraph: The name of a certain Victor is mentioned as one who grew weak in his profession of Christianity and received much encouragement from Theodotus. Theoctenus ordered that all provisions exposed for sale should first be offered to the idols. Theodotus laid in stores of goods, and his house became a refuge for the Christians, a hospital for the sick, and a place for Christian worship.

paragraph: At Malos, about five miles from Ancyra, he sought out the body of the martyr, Valens, and gave it a Christian burial. Returning to Ancyra, he found the Christians in great trouble. The seven virgins mentioned above had been called before the judges and made a valiant profession of their faith; they were then sent to a house of debauchery, but preserved their purity. Then they were obliged to suffer cruel torments, and were cast into the sea with stones attached to their bodies.

paragraph: According to legend, Theodotus succeeded in retrieving the bodies and honourably burying them. In consequence, he was arrested, and, after many sufferings, was killed by the sword; his body was miraculously brought to Malos and there entombed by the priest, Fronto. A chapel was built over the grave, and the saint was held in great veneration.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Theodotus

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Theodotus of Ancyra in the "Catholic Encyclopedia"

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Anatolia saint

wikidata_label: Theodotus of Ancyra

wikipedia_title: Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr)


text:
bishop of Ancyra
Ankara
theologian
Council of Ephesus
Byzantine Emperor
Theodosius II
Nestorian
Nestorius
bishop of Constantinople
Cyril of Alexandria
Synod of Tarsus
"Theodotus of Ancyra", "Britannica"

categories: 5th-century Christian theologians,5th-century Byzantine people

paragraph: Theodotus of Ancyra (bishop)

paragraph: Theodotus of Ancyra was a fifth-century bishop of Ancyra (modern Ankara). He was a theologian who attended the Council of Ephesus in 431, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II. Although he had earlier supported the Nestorian theology of Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, Theodotus at the council supported Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria in condemning Nestorius. Theodotus was condemned in turn by the Nestorians at their 432 Synod of Tarsus.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theodotus of Ancyra", "Britannica" (Retrieved April 2, 2009)

description: Anatolian saint and bishop

wikipedia_title: Theodotus of Ancyra (bishop)


text:
German Army
resistance
Third Reich
Munich
cavalry
Reichswehr
Bamberg
lieutenant
Second World War
Invasion of Poland
Reconnaissance
tank
Potsdam
Afrika Korps
Tripolitania
Erwin Rommel
captain
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
East Prussia
Chernyakhovsk
Russia
Kaliningrad Oblast
Stauffenberg
20 July Plot
Adolf Hitler
coup d'état
Gestapo
Plötzensee Prison
Cathedral
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Hauptmann

categories: Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,1915 births,German military personnel of World War II,People from Bavaria executed at Plötzensee Prison,1944 deaths,Executed members of the 20 July plot,People condemned by Nazi courts,People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison,Executed people from Bavaria,People from Munich

paragraph: Roland von Hößlin

paragraph: Roland-Heinrich von Hößlin, or Hösslin (21 February 1915 – 13 October 1944) was a German Army officer and resistance fighter in the time of the Third Reich.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Roland von Hößlin was born in Munich into an old family of cavalry officers. In 1933, aged 17, he joined the "Reichswehr" and became an ensign (""Fahnenjunker"") in Mounted Regiment 17 in Bamberg. In 1936, he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1939, during the Second World War, he took part in the Invasion of Poland as a first lieutenant and adjutant in Reconnaissance Detachment 10. He later had tank training at the "Panzertruppenschule" in Krampnitz, now part of Potsdam, and from March to July 1941 was a staff officer with the Afrika Korps staff in Tripolitania under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. In August 1941, Hößlin was named chief of the 3rd Reconnaissance Detachment 33, and in February 1942 he was promoted to captain. On 12 July 1942, he was badly wounded while commanding Reconnaissance Detachment 33 in action and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

paragraph: By February 1944, Hößlin was commander of Officer-Candidate Training Detachment 24 based at Insterburg, East Prussia (now Chernyakhovsk in Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast). In April 1944, through his earlier friendship with Stauffenberg, he was let in on the 20 July Plotters' plans to overthrow Adolf Hitler. In the event of a successful coup d'état, Hößlin was to have his unit in "Wehrkreis I" (i.e., East Prussia) occupy important buildings and take other measures against the Nazi régime.

paragraph: On 23 August 1944, however, Hößlin was arrested by the Gestapo, and shortly thereafter was ejected from the "Wehrmacht". Hößlin, in connection with the 20 July plot, a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, was deprived of all honours, ranks and orders and dishonourably discharged from the army on 14 September 1944. On 13 October 1944 he was sentenced to death and Hößlin was hanged that same afternoon at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. At Bamberg Cathedral, a plaque commemorates the five "Bamberg Troopers" – among them Roland von Hößlin – who gave their lives in the struggle against the Nazi régime.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 23 July 1942 as "Hauptmann" and leader of Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 33

wikidata_label: Roland von Hößlin

wikipedia_title: Roland von Hößlin


text:
Hindu
Kashmir, India
Utpala dynasty
Kalhana
Kalasha of Kashmir
Kalhana
Rajatarangini
Baramulla
Abul-Fazl
Lalitaditya Muktapida
Parihasapura
Sikandar Butshikan
Srinagar
Kamakura
Nalanda
Xuanzang
Buddhism in Kashmir
Sharada Peeth
Sesshō and Kampaku
Kashmir Shaivism
Swami Lakshman Joo
Rajatarangini

paragraph: Harsha of Kashmir

paragraph: Harsha, also Harshadeva, (ruled 1089-1111 CE) was a Hindu king of Kashmir, India. Harsha belonged to the Utpala dynasty, of which he was the last ruler. According to Kalhana, Harsha was built like a god and was extremely handsome. Harsha's conduct has recently been a subject of discussion. Harsha started out as a capable and noble king, then ran into financial trouble because of his spending habits. He was the son of king Kalasha of Kashmir.

paragraph: Section::::From contemporary text: "Rajatarangini".

paragraph: Kalhana's "Rajatarangini" gives an interesting account of Harsha. Note that Kalhana's father Champaka was a minister of Harsha. Kalhana wrote during the time of Jayasimha (AD 1127-59).

paragraph: He destroyed both Hindu and Buddhist temples, and is credited with creating an office of ""devotpaatana-nayaka"", destroyer of gods. In Kalhana's time, Buddhism was flourishing in Kashmir, and was not considered a distinct religion from "Hinduism". He refers to Buddhists' idols just like Brahmnaical ones. Kalhana was very familiar with Buddhism, and mentions Buddhist concepts accurately. Buddhism appears to have survived in Kashmir for a long time. It has been suggested that somewhere at Baramulla a Buddhist monk was present until the 14th century. Abul-Fazl, author of "Ain-e-Akabari" was able to locate Buddhists in Kashmir.

paragraph: From Taranaga (chapter) VII of "Rajatarangini" (Stein's translation):

paragraph: It has been suggested that he had been influenced by Turushkas:

paragraph: Here Kalhana appears be to stating that Harsha did not even follow the religion of the people he was favoring. He however does call Harsha "that Turushka":

paragraph: The statue at Parihaspura was built by Lalitaditya Muktapida.

paragraph: Abul-fazl mentions that the temples of Parihasapura were finally destroyed by Sikandar Butshikan "Butshikast" (1389–1413).

paragraph: There was a great fire in Srinagar during the reign of Sussala. All the buildings were burnt except the colossal Buddha:

paragraph: That reminds one of the Great Buddha of Kamakura, the wooden temple of which was destroyed by a tidal wave. The temple of the Great Buddha of Nara was similarly destroyed by fire, but was later rebuilt. a colossal copper image of Buddha once stood in Nalanda, said by Xuanzang to have been 80 feet (24.6 m) tall. The great Buddhas of Kashmir may have been similar.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhism in Kashmir

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharada Peeth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sesshō and Kampaku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kashmir Shaivism Philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swami Lakshman Joo Raina

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rajatarangini, translated by Stein, M. A. 2 vols. London, 1900.

enwikiquote_title: Harsha of Kashmir

wikidata_label: Harsha of Kashmir

wikipedia_title: Harsha of Kashmir


text: Imperial Japanese Navy

text: World War II

text: Shizuoka city

text: Shizuoka Prefecture

text: Tottori city

text: Tottori prefecture

text: Imperial Japanese Naval Academy

text: Honolulu

text: United States

text: midshipman

text: ensign

text: battleship

text: torpedo

text: naval artillery

text: South Pacific

text: World War I

text: lieutenant

text: torpedo boat

text: minesweeper

text: lieutenant commander

text: destroyer

text: river gunboat

text: seaplane tender

text: commander

text: captain

text: attack on Pearl Harbor

text: Battle of Midway

text: Rear Admiral

text: "Yukikaze"

text: IJA 51st Division

text: Rabaul

text: Lae

text: New Guinea

text: Battle of the Bismarck Sea

text: US Navy

text: RAAF

text: Kiska Island

text: Aleutians

text: Leyte Island

text: Mindoro Island

text: Philippines

text: Vice Admiral

text: stomach cancer

categories: People from Shizuoka, Shizuoka,Deaths from stomach cancer,Japanese admirals of World War II,Military personnel from Tottori Prefecture,1891 births,Imperial Japanese Navy admirals,1960 deaths

paragraph: Masatomi Kimura

paragraph: , was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Although born into the Kondō family of Shizuoka city Shizuoka Prefecture, Kimura was adopted by a family in Tottori city, Tottori prefecture soon after birth, and considered Tottori his official residence. He was a graduate of the 41st class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, but was a mediocre student, placing 107 out of 118 cadets.

paragraph: Kimura served his cadet duty on the , making a cruise to Honolulu and to the west coast of the United States. Commissioned as a midshipman on December 9, 1913, he transferred to on his return in 1914. After he was commissioned as an ensign on December 1, he was assigned to the battleship and . After completing required coursework in torpedo warfare and naval artillery, he was posted to the South Pacific in the closing stages of World War I. On his return to Japan in 1918, he was posted to the .

paragraph: After his promotion to lieutenant in 1920, he commanded numerous torpedo boats and minesweepers. In 1926, after he was promoted to lieutenant commander, he was given command of the destroyer . He subsequently captained the destroyers , , , , river gunboats , , destroyer , Destroyer Group 16, Destroyer Group 21, Destroyer Group 8, auxiliary seaplane tender "Kagu Maru", auxiliary oiler "Shiretoko", and cruisers and . He was promoted to commander in 1932 and to captain in 1937.

paragraph: Kimura was captain of "Suzuya" during the attack on Pearl Harbor. He later assisted in the rescue of the crew of the after that cruiser had been hit and sunk by American bombers during the Battle of Midway. On 1 November 1942, Kimura was promoted to Rear Admiral. He subsequently served in a number of staff positions, and was also commander of Desron3, with , , , , "Yukikaze", , , and . He was assigned to escort eight transports with 6000 soldiers of the IJA 51st Division and 400 marines from Rabaul to Lae, New Guinea. In the Battle of the Bismarck Sea on 3–4 March 1943, US Navy and RAAF bombers inflicted severe damage on the Japanese convoy, sinking all of the transports and four destroyers. Admiral Kimura was wounded by machine gun fire in the shoulder and stomach, and his flagship, "Shirayuki", was among the four destroyers sunk during the engagement. He, and most of his crew, were rescued by "Shikinami".

paragraph: After recovering from his injuries, Kimura was assigned to cover the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Kiska Island in the Aleutians. When poor weather threatened the withdrawal operations, Kimura disobeyed orders and remained on station until the last man was recovered. Afterward, in 1944, he was assigned to escort reinforcements to Leyte Island and Mindoro Island in the Philippines. On 1 April 1945, Kimura became commandant of the Anti-submarine Warfare School, and the Hofu Naval Communications School. He was promoted to Vice Admiral on 1 November 1945, a few days before he entered the reserves on 10 November.

paragraph: Kimura had a postwar career in the salt industry, and died of stomach cancer in 1960, aged 68.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brad Manera,(Military Historian, Australian War Memorial, 2003, "Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 2-4 March 1943"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historic Wings: Battle of the Bismarck Sea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr Alan Stephens, ?, "Battle of the Bismarck Sea"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoff Hastwell, 2003, "The Battle of the Bismarck Sea"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allyn D. Nevitt, 1996, "Battle of the Bismarck Sea"

description: Japanese admiral

wikidata_label: Masatomi Kimura

wikipedia_title: Masatomi Kimura


text:
ice hockey
forward
unrestricted free agent
Timrå IK
Swedish Hockey League
Minnesota Wild
2005 NHL Entry Draft
Victoriaville Tigres
QMJHL
Frölunda HC
Danish
Rødovre Mighty Bulls
Minnesota Wild
NHL
Houston Aeros
AHL
Modo Hockey
2012–13 season
2010–11 season
alternate captain
Örnsköldsvik
Hamburg Freezers
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Karlskrona HC
Swedish Hockey League
Team Denmark
2006 World Championships
Riga
Latvia
Odense
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
Team Denmark
2007 World Championships
Moscow
Russia

categories: Danish ice hockey players,Frölunda HC players,Hamburg Freezers players,Karlskrona HK players,Modo Hockey players,Timrå IK players,1987 births,Rødovre Mighty Bulls players,People from Rødovre,Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players,Texas Wildcatters players,Living people,Minnesota Wild draft picks

paragraph: Morten Madsen

paragraph: Morten Madsen (born 16 January 1987) is a Danish professional ice hockey forward who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He was most recently under contract with Timrå IK then of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Morten Madsen was drafted by the Minnesota Wild in the 4th round, 122nd overall, in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. After being drafted, Madsen joined the Victoriaville Tigres of the QMJHL for the 2006–07 season. In his lone season in the QMJHL he registered 32 goals and 68 assists for 100 points in 62 games. In six playoff games with the Tigres he scored 3 goals and added 6 assists in six games. Before entering the QMJHL he played for Frölunda HC's junior team in Sweden. Prior to moving to Sweden he played junior hockey for Danish Rødovre Mighty Bulls as well as two games for Rødovre's senior team at the age of 15.

paragraph: In 2007 Madsen signed a three-year contract with Minnesota Wild in NHL but only got to play with the Houston Aeros in the AHL. After two seasons with Houston he signed a try-out contract with Modo Hockey in the Swedish Elitserien. His stay with MODO proved successful and he extended his contract which now runs until the end of the 2012–13 season. Prior to the 2010–11 season, he was named an alternate captain for the Örnsköldsvik team.

paragraph: After four seasons with Modo, Madsen left out of contract to sign a deal in Germany with the Hamburg Freezers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga on 8 April 2013. In March 2015, he inked a fresh three-year deal with the Freezers. The organization folded in May 2016, making Madsen and the entire squad free agents. On 27 June 2016, he signed with Karlskrona HC of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Madsen was a member of Team Denmark at the 2006 World Championships in Riga, Latvia. He would play in three games without registering a point.

paragraph: In December 2006, Madsen played a key role as the Danish team, playing on home ice in Odense, gained promotion from the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Pool I to the top flight for the first time ever. Madsen was the top scorer for the Danish team, notching 2 goals and 7 assists in 5 games.

paragraph: In 2007, Madsen was once again a member of Team Denmark at the 2007 World Championships in Moscow, Russia. He played in 5 games scoring one goal.

description: Danish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Morten Madsen

wikipedia_title: Morten Madsen


text:
Kouvola
Finnish
cross-country skier
2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver
world championship
Sami Jauhojärvi
Liberec
2009
Finland
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Olympic cross-country skiers of Finland,Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,People from Kouvola,Tour de Ski skiers,1983 births,Finnish male cross-country skiers,Living people

paragraph: Ville Nousiainen

paragraph: Ville Nousiainen (born December 5, 1983 in Kouvola) is a Finnish cross-country skier who has been competing since 2002. He finished fifth in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada.

paragraph: Nousiainen won his first world championship medal with a bronze in the team sprint event with Sami Jauhojärvi at Liberec in 2009. He then followed it with another bronze in the 4 ×10 km relay at the same championships.

paragraph: First place victories include two 10 km FIS races and most recently two National Championships in Finland in 2010 (50 km, 19.8  km).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Individual podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 podiums

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Team podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 podium

description: Finnish cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Ville Nousiainen

wikipedia_title: Ville Nousiainen


text:
cricket
Philadelphians
World War I
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
Haverford College
University of Pennsylvania
first-class cricket
Germantown Cricket Club
batted
bowled
runs
wicket
Ireland
Scotland
captained
county cricket
Oxford
Cambridge University teams
Marylebone Cricket Club
Oxford
The Oval
Sussex
John Barton King
Warwickshire
Trent Bridge
Nottinghamshire
MCC
Test
Frank Mitchell
United States of America
Philadelphia
Germantown

categories: 1943 deaths,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,Cricketers from Pennsylvania,1868 births,Philadelphian cricketers

paragraph: George Patterson (cricketer)

paragraph: George Stuart Patterson (October 10, 1868 – May 7, 1943) was an American cricketer, active in the late 19th century. Patterson played most notably for the Philadelphians, which flourished from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I. His obituary in "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" described him as "one of the best all-round cricketers ever produced by America." He had a successful career with both Haverford College and the University of Pennsylvania and began playing first-class cricket when he was only 16 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.

paragraph: Patterson first played club cricket in Philadelphia for the Germantown Cricket Club. He stood over six feet tall and was of slim build, batted in good style and bowled right-arm medium-pace. His first international tour occurred in 1889 when he came to England with the Gentlemen of Philadelphia. Patterson scored 529 runs, average 40.69, and headed the batting figures for the visitors. He also took 42 wickets at 23 runs each. On this tour, the Philadelphians also stopped in Ireland for a draw against that side. Patterson only scored 38 runs in the match but took 10 wickets. They then proceeded to beat Scotland by ten wickets and the Gentlemen of Hampshire by two runs.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.:Tour of England in 1897.

paragraph: In 1897 Patterson captained his next tour of England. The tour undertaken by the Philadelphian cricketers was very ambitious. Though the results may have been less satisfactory than hoped for by promoters, the tour was arranged mainly for educational purposes and few of those on the American side expected to win many matches. Previous tours had tended to involve amateur English sides with a low level of competition. In 1897 a schedule was made including all of the top county cricket teams, the Oxford and Cambridge University teams, the Marylebone Cricket Club, and two other sides, though only a few of the counties thought it worth while to put their best elevens onto the field. Starting on June 7 at Oxford, the tour lasted for two months and ended in late July at The Oval. While it initially aroused some curiosity, many English fans lost interest until Patterson and the Philadelphians met the full Sussex team at Brighton on June 17. The team fared very well and soundly beat the English side. Patterson, though, had a relatively poor performance scoring only eight runs and not taking any wickets. The star of the match was undoubtedly John Barton King.

paragraph: Despite the excitement surrounding King's performance, the Americans did not fare well overall on the tour. Fifteen matches were played, but only two were won while the team lost nine and earned a draw on four. The other win of the tour came against Warwickshire, though Patterson also performed poorly in this match. Patterson was second in his team's averages with 33, his best innings was 162 at Trent Bridge against Nottinghamshire. There were some claims, though, in the "Philadelphia Public Ledger" that the Philadelphians had been treated unfairly by the English umpires, but captain Patterson put those rumors to rest with a letter to the editor of an American newspaper:

paragraph: My attention has been directed to a letter signed W.S. in the "Field" of July 24th, enclosing a clipping from the "Philadelphia Public Ledger", severely criticising the umpiring in the Philadelphian matches during our tour through England. I wish to state on behalf of the Philadelphia team that the sentiments expressed in the clipping are not those of the team, and that we emphatically repudiate any insinuation of unfair treatment. On the contrary, we have been received with the most unvarying courtesy and fairness both on and off the field. I wish to take this opportunity of making a public acknowledgement of our indebtedness to Mr. Perkins, of the M.C.C., for the umpires assigned to us, and to testify, unnecessary though it be, to their ability and integrity.

paragraph: The match that the Philadelphians played against the MCC was to be Patterson's last first-class cricket match.

paragraph: Section::::Cricketing career.:Other matches.

paragraph: At the club and first-class level in the United States, Patterson continued to show his batting skill. His highest score in a first-class match was 271. This is still the record first-class score for a player from a non-Test nation. Four times he exceeded a thousand runs in a season, and in 1891, besides making 1,402 (average 50), he took 112 wickets at 7.97 each. With F. H. Bohlen, who died in December 1942, Patterson made 200 for the first wicket against Frank Mitchell's University team that visited Philadelphia in 1895. Patterson died in Philadelphia in 1943 at the age of 74.

paragraph: Section::::Teams.

paragraph: Section::::Teams.:International.

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States of America

paragraph: Section::::Teams.:USA first-class.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia

paragraph: BULLET::::- GS Patterson's XI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennsylvania University Past and Present

paragraph: Section::::Teams.:Philadelphia club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Germantown

description: American cricketer

wikidata_label: George Patterson

wikipedia_title: George Patterson (cricketer)


text: Roman Emperor

text: Persian

text: Shapur I

text: Battle of Edessa

text: Crisis of the Third Century

text: senatorial

text: Egnatia Mariniana

text: Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus

text: Valerianus Minor

text: Consul

text: princeps senatus

text: Gordian I

text: Decius

text: censor

text: Trebonianus Gallus

text: Antioch

text: Sassanid

text: Armenia

text: Shapur I

text: Persian

text: Syria

text: Goths

text: Asia Minor

text: Edessa

text: plague

text: legionaries

text: Battle of Edessa

text: Christians

text: Roman gods

text: equites

text: apostatize

text: Prudent

text: Narbonne

text: Pope Sixtus II

text: Romanus Ostiarius

text: Saint Lawrence

text: Denis

text: Pontius

text: Cimiez

text: Cyprian

text: Eugenia

text: Patroclus

text: Troyes

text: Fructuosus

text: Tarragona

text: Gallienus

text: Eutropius

text: Lactantius

text: Touraj Daryaee

text: Shapur I

text: Bishapur

text: Gundishapur

text: Band-e Kaisar

text: Susa

text: Abu Hanifa Dinawari

text: usurpers

text: Gallienus

text: Valerianus Minor

text: Harry Sidebottom

text: Anthony Hecht

text: Evelyn Waugh

text: "Helena"

text: Gallienus usurpers

text: Valeriana

text: Aurelius Victor

text: Epitome de Caesaribus

text: Eutropius

text: Breviarium ab urbe condita

text: Historia Augusta

text: The Two Valerians

text: Joannes Zonaras

text: Zosimus

text: Historia Nova

text: "Valerian and Gallienus"

categories: People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars,3rd-century murdered monarchs,2nd-century births,Licinii,Murdered Roman emperors,260s deaths,Imperial Roman consuls,3rd-century Roman emperors,Deified Roman emperors,Crisis of the Third Century,Prisoners and detainees of the Sasanian Empire

paragraph: Valerian (emperor)

paragraph: Valerian (; ; 193/195/200260 or 264), also known as Valerian the Elder, was Roman Emperor from 22 October 253 AD to spring 260 AD. He was taken captive by the Persian Emperor, Shapur I, after the Battle of Edessa, becoming the first Roman emperor to be captured as a prisoner of war, causing shock and instability throughout the empire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origins and rise to power.

paragraph: Unlike many of the would-be emperors and rebels who vied for imperial power during the Crisis of the Third Century of the Roman Empire, Valerian was of a noble and traditional senatorial family. Details of his early life are sparse, except for his marriage to Egnatia Mariniana, with whom he had two sons: later emperor Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus and Valerianus Minor.

paragraph: He was Consul for the first time either before 238 AD as a "Suffectus" or in 238 as an "Ordinarius". In 238 he was "princeps senatus", and Gordian I negotiated through him for senatorial acknowledgement for his claim as emperor. In 251 AD, when Decius revived the censorship with legislative and executive powers so extensive that it practically embraced the civil authority of the emperor, Valerian was chosen censor by the Senate, though he declined to accept the post. During the reign of Decius he was left in charge of affairs in Rome when that prince left for his ill-fated last campaign in "Illyricum". Under Trebonianus Gallus he was appointed "dux" of an army probably drawn from the garrisons of the German provinces which seems to have been ultimately intended for use in a war against the Persians. However, when Trebonianus Gallus had to deal with the rebellion of Aemilianus in 253 AD it was to Valerian he turned for assistance in crushing the attempted usurpation. Valerian headed south but was too late: Gallus was killed by his own troops, who joined Aemilianus before Valerian arrived. The Raetian soldiers then proclaimed Valerian emperor and continued their march towards Rome. Upon his arrival in late September, Aemilianus's legions defected, killing Aemilianus and proclaiming Valerian emperor. In Rome, the Senate quickly acknowledged Valerian, not only for fear of reprisals but also because he was one of their own.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rule and fall.

paragraph: Valerian's first act as emperor on October 22, 253, was to appoint his son Gallienus as a caesar. Early in his reign, affairs in Europe went from bad to worse, and the whole West fell into disorder. In the East, Antioch had fallen into the hands of a Sassanid vassal and Armenia was occupied by Shapur I (Sapor). Valerian and Gallienus split the problems of the empire between them, with the son taking the West, and the father heading East to face the Persian threat.

paragraph: In 254, 255, and 257, Valerian again became "Consul Ordinarius." By 257, he had recovered Antioch and returned the province of Syria to Roman control. The following year, the Goths ravaged Asia Minor. In 259, Valerian moved on to Edessa, but an outbreak of plague killed a critical number of legionaries, weakening the Roman position, and the town was besieged by the Persians. At the beginning of 260, Valerian was decisively defeated in the Battle of Edessa, and he arranged a meeting with Shapur to negotiate a peace settlement. The truce was betrayed by Shapur, who seized Valerian and held him prisoner for the remainder of his life. Valerian's capture was a tremendous defeat for the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Persecution of Christians.

paragraph: While fighting the Persians, Valerian sent two letters to the Senate ordering that firm steps be taken against Christians. The first, sent in 257, commanded Christian clergy to perform sacrifices to the Roman gods or face banishment. The second, the following year, ordered the execution of Christian leaders. It also required Christian senators and equites to perform acts of worship to the Roman gods or lose their titles and property, and directed that they be executed if they continued to refuse. It also decreed that Roman matrons who would not apostatize should lose their property and be banished, and that civil servants and members of the Imperial household who would not worship the Roman gods should be reduced to slavery and sent to work on the Imperial estates. This indicates that Christians were well-established at that time, some in very high positions.

paragraph: The execution of Saint Prudent at Narbonne is taken to have occurred in 257.

paragraph: Prominent Christians executed in 258 included Pope Sixtus II (6 August), Saint Romanus Ostiarius (9 August) and Saint Lawrence (10 August).

paragraph: Others executed in 258 included the saints Denis in Paris, Pontius in Cimiez, Cyprian in Carthage and Eugenia in Rome.

paragraph: In 259 Saint Patroclus was executed at Troyes and Saint Fructuosus at Tarragona.

paragraph: When Valerian's son Gallienus became Emperor in 260, the decree was rescinded.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death in captivity.

paragraph: Eutropius, writing between 364 and 378 AD, stated that Valerian "was overthrown by Shapur king of Persia, and being soon after made prisoner, grew old in ignominious slavery among the Parthians." An early Christian source, Lactantius, thought to be virulently anti-Persian, thanks to the occasional persecution of Christians by some Sasanian monarchs, maintained that, for some time prior to his death, Valerian was subjected to the greatest insults by his captors, such as being used as a human footstool by Shapur when mounting his horse. According to this version of events, after a long period of such treatment, Valerian offered Shapur a huge ransom for his release. In reply, according to one version, Shapur was said to have forced Valerian to swallow molten gold (the other version of his death is almost the same but it says that Valerian was killed by being flayed alive) and then had Valerian skinned and his skin stuffed with straw and preserved as a trophy in the main Persian temple. It was further alleged that it was only after a later Persian defeat against Rome that his skin was given a cremation and burial. The captivity and death of Valerian has been frequently debated by historians without any definitive conclusion.

paragraph: According to the modern scholar Touraj Daryaee, contrary to the account of Lactantius, Shapur I sent Valerian and some of his army to the city of Bishapur or Gundishapur where they lived in relatively good conditions. Shapur used the remaining soldiers in engineering and development plans. "Band-e Kaisar" (Caesar's dam) is one of the remnants of Roman engineering located near the ancient city of Susa. In all the stone carvings on Naghshe-Rostam, in Iran, Valerian is represented holding hands with Shapur I, a sign of submission. According to the early Persian Muslim scholar Abu Hanifa Dinawari, Shapur settled the prisoners of war in Gundishapur and released Valerian, as promised, after the construction of Band-e Kaisar.

paragraph: It has been alleged that the account of Lactantius is coloured by his desire to establish that persecutors of the Christians died fitting deaths; the story was repeated then and later by authors in the Roman Near East fiercely hostile to Persia.

paragraph: The joint rule of Valerian and Gallienus was threatened several times by usurpers. Nevertheless, Gallienus held the throne until his own assassination in 268 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallienus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publius Licinius Valerianus Minor or Valerian the Younger was another son of Valerian I. Consul in 265, he was probably killed by usurpers, some time between the capture of his father in 260 and the assassination of his brother Gallienus in 268.

paragraph: Section::::Portrayals in popular fiction.

paragraph: Valerian appears in Harry Sidebottom's historical fiction series of novels "Warrior of Rome".

paragraph: He also appears in Anthony Hecht's poem "Behold the Lilies of the Field" in the collection "The Hard Hours".

paragraph: He is referenced in Evelyn Waugh's "Helena": "Do you know what has happened to the Immortal Valerian?...They have him on show in Persia, stuffed."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallienus usurpers for all the usurpers of Valerian and Gallienus' reigns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valeriana", a genus of plants named for the emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historia Augusta, The Two Valerians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, Historia Nova

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valerian and Gallienus", at "De Imperatoribus Romanis".

alias:
Publius Licinius Valerianus
Valerianus

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Valerian

wikipedia_title: Valerian (emperor)


text: Kulmbach

text: Franconia

text: Nuremberg

text: Kraków

text: Jacopo de' Barbari

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: Kraków

text: Maximilian I

text: Hohenzollern

text: stained-glass

text: St. Sebald

text: Skałka

text: History of Kraków

text: artcyclopedia.com

categories: German male painters,1528 deaths,People from Nuremberg,16th-century German painters,People from Kulmbach,1480s births

paragraph: Hans von Kulmbach

paragraph: Hans Suess, known as Hans von Kulmbach, was a German artist. He was born around 1480 in Kulmbach, Franconia and died prior to 3 December 1522 in Nuremberg. Hans von Kulmbach was the artist who created the Kraków St John's Altar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kulmbach probably arrived in Nuremberg around 1505. He received instruction by Jacopo de' Barbari, who for a time worked in Nuremberg. Von Kulmbach then apprenticed with Albrecht Dürer and after Dürer retired from painting altarpieces in 1510 Kulmbach took over most of his commissions. Kulmbach had his own workshop in Nuremberg and at times worked in Kraków. He also created artworks for emperor Maximilian I and for Margrave Casimir Hohenzollern von Brandenburg-Kulmbach. His best works were stained-glass windows in churches, such as the Maximilian stained-glass, Margrave stained-glass at St. Sebald in Nuremberg, the Welser stained-glass at the Frauenkirche and the Nikolaus altar at Lorenzkirche. In 1511 he finished the St. Mary's altar at Skałka in Kraków. The Catherine and St. John's altar also in Kraków, are among his best works.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Kraków

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans von Kulmbach biography at getty.edu

paragraph: BULLET::::- artcyclopedia.com

alias:
Hans Süss von Kulmbach
Suess Kulmbach
Johannes Suess Kulmbach
Hans Suess
Hans Von Kulmbach
Hans Suess Von Kulmbach
Hans Suess von Kulmbach
Hans Suss von Kulmbach
Hans Suess von Culmbach
Hans Süsz von Kulmbach
hans suss
Han Suess von Kulmbach
hans suss von kulmbach
Hans von Culmbach
Kulmbach
hans v. kulmbach
h. von kulmbach
Hans Süss genannt Von Kulmbach
Hans v. Culmbach
hans suess

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Hans von Kulmbach

wikipedia_title: Hans von Kulmbach


text:
Pinyin
military strategist
Eastern Zhou period
The Art of War
military strategy
Chinese
East Asia
courtesy name
honorific
Sun
Sima Qian
King Helü
Wu
Warring States period
Sun Bin
The Art of War
Western society
Spring and Autumn Annals
Qi
Sima Qian
Records of the Grand Historian
Wu
Spring and Autumn period
king
Helü
Wu
Warring States period
Zhao
Qin
Chu
Han
Wei
Yan
harem
concubines
Battle of Boju
Zuozhuan
doppelgänger
Wu Zixu
Battle of Boju
Chu
Wu Zixu
Qi
Wu
Sun Bin
euhemerism
Wu Yue Chunqiu
The Methods of the Sima
crossbows
cavalry
Spring and Autumn period
Warring States period
Yinque Shan
The Art of War
philosophy of war
masterpiece
Han
Li Quan
Du Mu
unification of China
Shi Huangdi
book burning
Song dynasty
Tang
Seven Military Classics
East Asian context
Taoist
enlightened
business management
public administration
diplomacy
Yinqueshan Han Tombs
Shandong
collection of ancient texts
bamboo slips
Sun Bin
Warring States
Sima Qian
emperor
Qin
Shi Huangdi
Warring States
Chinese Communist
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kai-shek
Kuomintang
writings about guerrilla warfare
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu
unification of Japan
Meiji Restoration
samurai
daimyō
shōgun
Imperial Japanese armed forces
Admiral of the Fleet
Tōgō Heihachirō
Russo-Japanese War
Ho Chi Minh
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French
American
Vietnam
Japan
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North Vietnam
Department of the Army
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Marine Corps
Gulf War
Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.
Colin Powell
Daoist
parsimonious
Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare
Zhang Jizhong
Bing Sheng
soccer
soccer terminology
United Soccer Coaches
Sun Tzu's "Art of War"
Sun Tzu and Information Warfare
National Defense University
Sun Tzu's "Art of War"
Sonshi.com
Sun Tzu
DMOZ Open Directory Project
Victory Over War

categories: 5th-century BC writers,Political realists,Zhou dynasty generals,Zhou dynasty philosophers,Sun Tzu,544 BC births,Military theorists,Ancient Chinese military writers,6th-century BC Chinese people,6th-century BC writers,496 BC deaths,Military strategists,5th-century BC Chinese people

paragraph: Sun Tzu

paragraph: Sun Tzu (; ; Pinyin transliteration Sunzi) was a Chinese general, military strategist, writer and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of "The Art of War", an influential work of military strategy that has affected Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking. His works focus much more on alternatives to battle, such as stratagem, delay, the use of spies and alternatives to war itself, the making and keeping of alliances, the uses of deceit and a willingness to submit, at least temporarily, to more powerful foes. Sun Tzu is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was Sun Wu and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing. The name "Sun Tzu" by which he is best known in the Western World is an honorific which means "Master Sun".

paragraph: Sun Tzu's historicity is uncertain. The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544–496 BC. Modern scholars accepting his historicity place the extant text of "The Art of War" in the later Warring States period based on its style of composition and its descriptions of warfare. Traditional accounts state that the general's descendant Sun Bin wrote a treatise on military tactics, also titled "The Art of War". Since Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as Sun Tzu in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them identical, prior to the rediscovery of Sun Bin's treatise in 1972.

paragraph: Sun Tzu's work has been praised and employed in East Asian warfare since its composition. During the twentieth century, "The Art of War" grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well. It continues to influence many competitive endeavors in the world, including culture, politics, business and sports, as well as modern warfare.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The oldest available sources disagree as to where Sun Tzu was born. The "Spring and Autumn Annals" states that Sun Tzu was born in Qi, while Sima Qian's later "Records of the Grand Historian" ("Shiji") states that Sun Tzu was a native of Wu. Both sources agree that Sun Tzu was born in the late Spring and Autumn period and that he was active as a general and strategist, serving king Helü of Wu in the late sixth century BC, beginning around 512 BC. Sun Tzu's victories then inspired him to write "The Art of War". "The Art of War" was one of the most widely read military treatises in the subsequent Warring States period, a time of constant war among seven ancient Chinese states Zhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Yan who fought to control the vast expanse of fertile territory in Eastern China.

paragraph: One of the more well-known stories about Sun Tzu, taken from Sima Qian, illustrates Sun Tzu's temperament as follows: Before hiring Sun Tzu, the King of Wu tested Sun Tzu's skills by commanding him to train a harem of 360 concubines into soldiers. Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines most favored by the king as the company commanders. When Sun Tzu first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, Sun Tzu said that the general, in this case himself, was responsible for ensuring that soldiers understood the commands given to them. Then, he reiterated the command, and again the concubines giggled. Sun Tzu then ordered the execution of the king's two favored concubines, to the king's protests. He explained that if the general's soldiers understood their commands but did not obey, it was the fault of the officers. Sun Tzu also said that, once a general was appointed, it was his duty to carry out his mission, even if the king protested. After both concubines were killed, new officers were chosen to replace them. Afterwards, both companies, now well aware of the costs of further frivolity, performed their maneuvers flawlessly.

paragraph: Sima Qian claimed that Sun Tzu later proved on the battlefield that his theories were effective (for example, at the Battle of Boju), that he had a successful military career, and that he wrote "The Art of War" based on his tested expertise. However, the "Zuozhuan", a historical text written centuries earlier than the "Shiji", provides a much more detailed account of the Battle of Boju, but does not mention Sun Tzu at all.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Historicity.

paragraph: Beginning around the 12th century, some scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic "Zuo zhuan", which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period. The name "Sun Wu" () does not appear in any text prior to the "Shiji", and may have been a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Sun" can be glossed as the related term "fugitive" ("xùn" ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ("wǔ" ), which corresponds to Sun Tzu's role as the hero's "doppelgänger" in the story of Wu Zixu. The only historical battle attributed to Sun Tzu, the Battle of Boju, has no record of him fighting in that battle.

paragraph: Skeptics cite possible historical inaccuracies and anachronisms in the text, and that the book was actually a compilation from different authors and military strategists. Attribution of the authorship of "The Art of War" varies among scholars and has included people and movements including Sun; Chu scholar Wu Zixu; an anonymous author; a school of theorists in Qi or Wu; Sun Bin; and others. Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a form of euhemerism. The name Sun Wu does appear in later sources such as the "Shiji" and the "Wu Yue Chunqiu", but were written centuries after Sun Tzu's era.

paragraph: The use of the strips in other works however, such as "The Methods of the Sima" is considered proof of Sun Tzu's historical priority. According to Ralph Sawyer, it is very likely Sun Tzu did exist and not only served as a general but also wrote the core of the book that bears his name. It is argued that there is a disparity between the large-scale wars and sophisticated techniques detailed in the text and the more primitive small-scale battles that many believe predominated in China during the 6th century BC. Against this, Sawyer argues that the teachings of Sun Wu were probably taught to succeeding generations in his family or a small school of disciples, which eventually included Sun Bin. These descendants or students may have revised or expanded upon certain points in the original text.

paragraph: Skeptics who identify issues with the traditionalist view point to possible anachronisms in "The Art of War" including terms, technology (such as anachronistic crossbows and the unmentioned cavalry), philosophical ideas, events, and military techniques that should not have been available to Sun Wu. Additionally, there are no records of professional generals during the Spring and Autumn period; these are only extant from the Warring States period, so there is doubt as to Sun Tzu's rank and generalship. This caused much confusion as to when "The Art of War" was actually written. The first traditional view is that it was written in 512 BC by the historical Sun Wu, active in the last years of the Spring and Autumn period (c. 722–481 BC). A second view, held by scholars such as Samuel Griffith, places "The Art of War" during the middle to late Warring States period (c. 481–221 BC). Finally, a third school claims that the slips were published in the last half of the 5th century BC; this is based on how its adherents interpret the bamboo slips discovered at Yinque Shan in 1972 AD.

paragraph: Section::::"The Art of War".

paragraph: "The Art of War" is traditionally ascribed to Sun Tzu. It presents a philosophy of war for managing conflicts and winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently cited and referred to by generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and distributed internationally.

paragraph: There are numerous theories concerning when the text was completed and concerning the identity of the author or authors, but archeological recoveries show "The Art of War" had taken roughly its current form by at least the early Han. Because it is impossible to prove definitively when the "Art of War" was completed before this date, the differing theories concerning the work's author or authors and date of completion are unlikely to be completely resolved. Some modern scholars believe that it contains not only the thoughts of its original author but also commentary and clarifications from later military theorists, such as Li Quan and Du Mu.

paragraph: Of the military texts written before the unification of China and Shi Huangdi's subsequent book burning in the second century BC, six major works have survived. During the much later Song dynasty, these six works were combined with a Tang text into a collection called the "Seven Military Classics". As a central part of that compilation, "The Art of War" formed the foundations of orthodox military theory in early modern China. Illustrating this point, the book was required reading to pass the tests for imperial appointment to military positions.

paragraph: Sun Tzu's The "Art of War" uses language that may be unusual in a Western text on warfare and strategy. For example, the eleventh chapter states that a leader must be "serene and inscrutable" and capable of comprehending "unfathomable plans". The text contains many similar remarks that have long confused Western readers lacking an awareness of the East Asian context. The meanings of such statements are clearer when interpreted in the context of Taoist thought and practice. Sun Tzu viewed the ideal general as an enlightened Taoist master, which has led to "The Art of War" being considered a prime example of Taoist strategy.

paragraph: The book has also become popular among political leaders and those in business management. Despite its title, "The Art of War" addresses strategy in a broad fashion, touching upon public administration and planning. The text outlines theories of battle, but also advocates diplomacy and the cultivation of relationships with other nations as essential to the health of a state.

paragraph: On April 10, 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction workers in Shandong. Scholars uncovered a collection of ancient texts written on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips. Among them were "The Art of War" and Sun Bin's "Military Methods". Although Han dynasty bibliographies noted the latter publication as extant and written by a descendant of Sun, it had previously been lost. The rediscovery of Sun Bin's work is regarded as extremely important by scholars, both because of Sun Bin's relationship to Sun Tzu and because of the work's addition to the body of military thought in Chinese late antiquity. The discovery as a whole significantly expanded the body of surviving Warring States military theory. Sun Bin's treatise is the only known military text surviving from the Warring States period discovered in the twentieth century and bears the closest similarity to "The Art of War" of all surviving texts.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Sun Tzu's "Art of War" has influenced many notable figures. The Chinese historian Sima Qian recounted that China's first historical emperor, Qin's Shi Huangdi, considered the book invaluable in ending the time of the Warring States. In the 20th century, the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong partially credited his 1949 victory over Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to "The Art of War". The work strongly influenced Mao's writings about guerrilla warfare, which further influenced communist insurgencies around the world.

paragraph: "The Art of War" was introduced into Japan and the book quickly became popular among Japanese generals. Through its later influence on Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, it significantly affected the unification of Japan in the early modern era. Before the Meiji Restoration, mastery of its teachings was honored among the samurai and its teachings were both exhorted and exemplified by influential "daimyōs" and "shōguns". It remained popular among the Imperial Japanese armed forces. The Admiral of the Fleet Tōgō Heihachirō, who led Japan's forces to victory in the Russo-Japanese War, who was an avid reader of Sun Tzu.

paragraph: Ho Chi Minh translated the work for his Vietnamese officers to study. His general Võ Nguyên Giáp, the strategist behind victories over French and American forces in Vietnam, was likewise an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.

paragraph: America's Asian conflicts against Japan, North Korea, and North Vietnam brought Sun Tzu to the attention of American military leaders. The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. "The Art of War" is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each facility, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings. Similarly, Sun Tzu's "Art of War" is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program. During the Gulf War in the 1990s, both Generals Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and Colin Powell employed principles from Sun Tzu related to deception, speed, and striking one's enemy's weak points. However, the United States and other Western countries have been criticised for not truly understanding Sun Tzu's work and not appreciating "The Art of War" within the wider context of Chinese society.

paragraph: Daoist rhetoric is a component incorporated in the "Art of War". According to Steven C. Combs in "Sun-zi and the "Art of War": The Rhetoric of Parsimony", warfare is "used as a metaphor for rhetoric, and that both are philosophically based arts." Combs writes "Warfare is analogous to persuasion, as a battle for hearts and minds." The application of "The Art of War" strategies throughout history is attributed to its philosophical rhetoric. Daoism is the central principle in the "Art of War". Combs compares ancient Daoist Chinese to traditional Aristotelian rhetoric, notably for the differences in persuasion. Daoist rhetoric in the art of war warfare strategies is described as "peaceful and passive, favoring silence over speech". This form of communication is parsimonious. Parsimonious behavior, which is highly emphasized in "The Art of War" as avoiding confrontation and being spiritual in nature, shapes basic principles in Daoism.

paragraph: Mark McNeilly writes in "Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare" that a modern interpretation of Sun and his importance throughout Chinese history is critical in understanding China's push to becoming a superpower in the twenty-first century. Modern Chinese scholars explicitly rely on historical strategic lessons and "The Art of War" in developing their theories, seeing a direct relationship between their modern struggles and those of China in Sun Tzu's time. There is a great perceived value in Sun Tzu's teachings and other traditional Chinese writers, which are used regularly in developing the strategies of the Chinese state and its leaders.

paragraph: In 2008, the Chinese television producer Zhang Jizhong adapted Sun Tzu's life story into a 40-episode historical drama television series entitled "Bing Sheng", starring Zhu Yawen as Sun Tzu.

paragraph: In 2018 English youth soccer coach Liam Shannon launched Sun Tzu Soccer, a project based on his 2012 book "Sun Tzu Soccer: The Art of War in Soccer Language & Scenarios". The book is a direct translation of the 2003 Lionel Giles and Barnes & Nobel Classic edition of The Art of War, translated in to soccer terminology. Shannon presented his work at the United Soccer Coaches National Convention on January 15th, 2015, to a full audience. Sun Tzu Soccer has been endorsed by fellow Sun Tzu author Mark McNeilly, who stated: "Sun Tzu Soccer gives coaches and players a time-tested formula for victory on the soccer field."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Tzu's "Art of War" at Sonshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Tzu sites

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Tzu's "Art of War" Sonshi.com. Reviews of translations, interviews with translators, notices of activities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sun Tzu DMOZ Open Directory Project Collection of links to online translations and resources on Sun Tzu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victory Over War Formed by the Denma Group to supplement their translation with notes, reviews, and discussion.

alias:
Sun Wu
Sun Zi
Changqing

description: ancient Chinese military general, strategist and philosopher from the Zhou Dynasty

enwikiquote_title: Sun Tzu

wikidata_label: Sun Tzu

wikipedia_title: Sun Tzu


text:
Padasjoki
Finnish
World Rally Championship
Citroën
Peugeot
Arctic Rally
Profile, Rally Paradise

categories: People from Padasjoki,Finnish rally drivers,Living people,1975 births

paragraph: Juuso Pykälistö

paragraph: Juuso Pykälistö (born 21 May 1975 in Padasjoki) is a Finnish rally driver. He has driven in the World Rally Championship with Citroën and Peugeot. Pykälistö has won the Arctic Rally twice.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile, Rally Paradise

description: Finnish rally driver

wikidata_label: Juuso Pykälistö

wikipedia_title: Juuso Pykälistö


text:
Dutch
comedian
cabaret performer
drawing
Royal Academy of Art
The Hague
Netherlands
Lou Bandy
Wim Kan
Carré
Amsterdam
World War II
Germany
Rembrandtplein
vagabond
VARA
organist
Madame Tussauds
no beer in heaven
cancer
heart attack
Lars Boom

categories: 20th-century Dutch singers,Dutch comedy musicians,Dutch male singers,Royal Academy of Art, The Hague alumni,Dutch comedians,20th-century comedians,1921 births,People from The Hague,Dutch cabaret performers,1972 deaths

paragraph: Tom Manders (Dutch artist)

paragraph: Antoon (Tom) Manders was a Dutch artist, comedian and cabaret performer. In later role, he became better known as Dorus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Although his birth was officially recorded as having happened on October 24, he was actually born on the 23. His father had him registered one day later because, for a child born on Sunday, he would not get a day off work.

paragraph: Already at a young age, his talent for drawing became apparent. He attended the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague, Netherlands for 3 years and was active, among other things, as an advertisement painter and designer of posters. Later he also designed decors for theatre and cabaret, regularly for Lou Bandy, Wim Kan and theatre Carré in Amsterdam.

paragraph: During World War II, Manders had to work in Germany but after half a year, he fled from his job as a painter. Because of Wim Kan, Manders got the idea to start doing cabaret himself, like his older brother Kees.

paragraph: Starting in 1953, Manders was involved with the design of Carel Kamlag's cafe Saint-Germain-des-Prés at the Rembrandtplein in Amsterdam. Manders performed there himself as a vagabond, a role that would later become famous as "Dorus". When VARA offered him an opportunity to perform on television, he had the cafe copied in the studio and started a successful show that would be broadcast for several years.

paragraph: Between 1956 and 1962, Manders worked together with organist Cor Steyn for the program De Showboat. Together they created tracks like "Twee motten" (two moths), "Als ik wist dat je zou komen" (had I known you would come by) en "Bij de marine" (in the navy).

paragraph: Manders got into financial trouble when he tried to produce Dorus movies. In 1967, he won the Zilveren Roos prize and started a new program, "Bij Dorus op schoot" (on Dorus' lap). In a particularly famous scene from November 18, a young girl tries to sing the famous Dutch children song Poessie Mauw, of which she endlessly repeated only the title.

paragraph: Also in 1967, the former chemical products business on the Mauritsstraat 65 in Rotterdam was converted to Cabaret Dorus. This only lasted until 1970 and with the closing of Cabaret Dorus, the show Bij Dorus op schoot also ended. Since 1985, there is a block of houses in the same location named the Tom Mandershof.

paragraph: In 1971, Dorus made one more television appearance, in which he scared visitors of Madame Tussauds by pretending to be a wax statue. In the same year, he had another musical hit with "In de hemel is geen bier" (there is no beer in heaven).

paragraph: In February 1972, Manders had a car accident. In the hospital, he was diagnosed with cancer. Three weeks later he died because of a heart attack.

paragraph: Section::::Musical.

paragraph: In 2009/2010 Albert Verlinde produced a musical about the life of Tom Manders with the title "Dorus, the musical". and , better known as , played the main roles. The show was written by Lars Boom and Dick van den Heuvel and directed by Peter de Baan.

wikidata_label: Tom Manders

wikipedia_title: Tom Manders (Dutch artist)