text:
Italian
Catholic
Clerics Regular Minor
Villa Santa Maria
Abruzzo
Kingdom of Naples
Caracciolo
baptism
confraternity
religious institute
Pope Sixtus V
Pope Gregory XIV
Pope Clement VIII
Perpetual adoration
Blessed Sacrament
Low Sunday
Pietrasanta
Sixtus V
Valladolid
Sant'Agnese in Agone
San Lorenzo in Lucina
papal bull
Pope Paul V
Pope Pius X
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Pope Paul V
Pope Clement VIII
Oratorians
Agnone
Loreto
Basilica della Santa Casa
Corpus Christi
beatified
Pope Clement XIV
canonized
Pope Pius VII
feast day
patron saint
Naples
Basilica of St. Mary Major
Santa Maria di Monteverginella
French Revolution
Founder Statue in St. Peter's Basilica

categories: 1608 deaths,Italian Roman Catholic saints,1563 births,People from the Province of Chieti,Beatifications by Pope Clement XIV,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Francis Caracciolo

paragraph: Francis Caracciolo (October 13, 1563 – June 4, 1608), born Ascanio Pisquizio, was an Italian Catholic priest who co-founded the Congregation of the Clerics Regular Minor with John Augustine Adorno. He decided to adopt a religious life at the age of 22.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: St Francis Caracciolo was born in Villa Santa Maria in the Abruzzo region, in the Kingdom of Naples. He belonged to the Pisquizio branch of the Caracciolo family and received in baptism the name of Ascanio. From a young age, he had a reputation for gentleness and uprightness.

paragraph: When he was 22, he was attacked by one of the several skin complaints collectively described as "leprosy" in those days. So serious was this attack that he was considered hopeless. With death so near, he made a vow that if he regained his health, he would spend the rest of his life in the service of God and his fellow men. He recovered so quickly after this vow, that his cure was considered miraculous. Eager to fulfil his promise to God, he went to Naples to study for the priesthood. In 1587 he was ordained priest and joined the confraternity of the "Bianchi della Giustizia" (The White Robes of Justice), whose object was to assist condemned criminals to die holy deaths.

paragraph: Section::::Congregation of Minor Clerics Regular (Adorno Fathers).

paragraph: Five years after he went to Naples, a letter from Venerable Fr. Giovanni Agostino Adorno of Genoa to another Caracciolo, Fabrizio, begging him to take part in founding a new religious institute, was delivered by mistake to the newly ordained priest, and he saw in this circumstance an assurance of the Divine Will towards him (1588). He assisted in drawing up rules for the new congregation, which was approved by Pope Sixtus V, July 1, 1588, and confirmed by Pope Gregory XIV on February 18, 1591, and reconfirmed by Pope Clement VIII on June 1, 1592.

paragraph: The institute founded thereby, named the Congregation of the Clerics Regular Minor (the ""Adorno Fathers""), is both contemplative and active. Perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament is one of the pillars of their life. To the three usual vows a fourth is added, namely, that its members must not aspire to ecclesiastical dignities outside the order nor seek them within it. Perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament is kept up by rotation, and self-mortification is practised. The motto of the order ""Ad majorem Resurgentis gloriam"" (""to the greater glory of the Risen One"") was chosen because Francis and Augustine Adorno made their profession at Naples on Low Sunday, April 9, 1589. Upon making his profession, Caracciolo took the name Francis in honor of the saint of Assisi.

paragraph: The new Congregation of the Clerics Regular Minor thus established was one of considerable severity. The Clerics bound themselves to various practices of daily penance. It was decided that each day one brother should fast on bread and water, another would take the discipline, and a third would wear the hair shirt. Later (under the direction of St. Francis) it was further decreed that everyone should spend an hour a day in prayer before the Blessed Sacrament.

paragraph: Section::::Superior General, 1593-1601.

paragraph: The Order's principal founder, Giovanni Adorno, died in early 1593, and despite his refusal, Francis Caracciolo was chosen general on March 9, 1593, in the first house of the congregation in Naples, called St. Mary Major or Pietrasanta, given to the congregation by Sixtus V. Even in his capacity as superior of the Order, he insisted on sharing simple tasks: sweeping rooms, making beds, washing dishes. As a priest Francis spent many hours in the confessional. Here he was enriched with the gifts of prophecy and the reading of hearts. He also begged in the streets for the poor and gave away most of his possessions to the needy. But it was his devotion to the Blessed Sacrament for which St. Francis Caracciolo is most noted and remembered. Such was his love for the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist, that he would spend almost the entire night in adoration. The little sleep he allowed himself was often spent on one of the altar steps.

paragraph: He made three journeys to Spain to establish foundations under the protection of kings Philip II and Philip III. He opened the house of the Holy Ghost at Madrid on January 20, 1599, that of Our Lady of the Annunciation at Valladolid on September 9, 1601, and that of St. Joseph at Alcalá sometime in 1601, for teaching science. In Rome he obtained possession of St. Leonard's Church, which he afterwards exchanged for that of Sant'Agnese in Agone, September 18, 1598, and later he secured for the institute the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina (June 11, 1606) which was made over to him by a papal bull of Pope Paul V, (which was, however, annulled by the bull ""Susceptum"" of Pope Pius X, November 9, 1906).

paragraph: St Francis Caracciolo was the author of ""Le sette stazioni sopra la Passione di N.S. Gesù Christo"" ("The Seven Stations of the Passion of Our Lord", Rome, 1710). He loved the poor. Like Saint Thomas Aquinas, a relative on his mother's side, his purity was angelic, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia. Pope Paul V desired to confer an important bishopric on him, but he steadfastly refused it.

paragraph: Section::::Latter Years, 1601-1608.

paragraph: Remaining general superior for seven years, Francis at last obtained permission from Pope Clement VIII to resign. The position had been a severe strain upon him, not only because of his delicate health, but also because in establishing and extending the order, he found himself and his brethren faced with opposition, misrepresentation, and sometimes by malicious calumnies.

paragraph: Francis was then named prior of Santa Maria Maggiore and novice-master. He carried on his apostolic work in the confessional and in the pulpit, discoursing so constantly and movingly on the divine goodness to man that he was called "The Preacher of the Love of God". We are also told that with the sign of the cross he restored health to many sick persons.

paragraph: In presence of his divine Lord, the face of St. Francis usually emitted brilliant rays of light; and he often bathed the ground with his tears when he prayed, according to his custom, prostrate on his face before the tabernacle, and constantly repeating from psalm 68, as one devoured by internal fire,""Zelus domus tuae comedit me"", "The zeal of Thy house hath eaten me up."

paragraph: Invited by the Oratorians at Agnone, in the Molise region, to convert their house into a college for his congregation, St. Francis set out to help with the new foundation. On his way he visited Loreto, where he was granted the favor of spending the night in prayer in the chapel of the Holy House, the Basilica della Santa Casa. As he was invoking Our Lady's help on behalf of his brethren, Giovanni Adorno appeared to him in a dream or a vision, and announced his approaching death. He arrived at Agnone apparently in good health, but he himself was under no illusion. On the first day of June, 1608, he was seized with a fever which rapidly increased, and he dictated a fervent letter urging the members of the society to remain faithful to the rule. On the Vigil of Corpus Christi, Wednesday, June 4, 1608, he seemed absorbed in meditation until an hour before sunset when he suddenly cried out, "Let us go, Let us go to heaven!" Scarcely had these words been uttered when his wish was realized and he passed to his reward. He was forty-four years of age.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: When his body was opened after death, St. Francis' heart was found as it were burnt up, and these words imprinted around it: ""Zelus domus Tuæ comedit me""—"The zeal of Thy house hath eaten me up."

paragraph: St. Francis Caracciolo was beatified by Pope Clement XIV on June 4, 1769, and canonized by Pope Pius VII on May 24, 1807. His liturgical feast day is June 4. In 1838 he was chosen as a patron saint of Naples, where his body lies. At first he was buried in Basilica of St. Mary Major, but his remains were afterwards translated to the church of Santa Maria di Monteverginella, which was given in exchange to the Clerics Regular Minor (1823) after their suppression at the time of the French Revolution.

paragraph: St Francis is also the patron of Italian cooks.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder Statue in St. Peter's Basilica

description: Italian Catholic priest

wikidata_label: Francis Caracciolo

wikipedia_title: Francis Caracciolo


text: Mannerist

text: Italian painter

text: sculptor

text: Michelangelo

text: Last Judgment

text: breeches

text: Volterra

text: Tuscany

text: Sienese

text: Il Sodoma

text: Baldassare Peruzzi

text: Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne

text: Perin del Vaga

text: Massimi

text: Trinità dei Monti

text: crucifixion

text: San Marcello al Corso

text: Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne

text: Fabius Maximus

text: Michelangelo

text: Pope Paul III

text: Sala Regia

text: Christ

text: Deposition

text: Giulio Mazzoni

text: Trinità dei Monti

text: Raphael

text: Transfiguration

text: Domenichino

text: Louvre

text: Uffizi Gallery

text: Florence

text: death mask

text: Belvedere

text: bronze

text: equestrian statue

text: Henry II

text: Louis XIII

text: Place Royale

text: French Revolution

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: The Last Judgment

text: Sistine Chapel

text: Council of Trent

text: Saint Catherine

text: Saint Blaise

text: Pope Pius IV

text: Michele Alberti

text: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

text: Bust of Michelangelo

categories: 1566 deaths,Italian male painters,People from Volterra,1500s births,16th-century Italian painters

paragraph: Daniele da Volterra

paragraph: Daniele Ricciarelli (; 15094 April 1566), better known as Daniele da Volterra (, ), was a Mannerist Italian painter and sculptor.

paragraph: He is best remembered for his association, for better or worse, with the late Michelangelo. Several of Daniele's most important works were based on designs made for that purpose by Michelangelo. After Michelangelo's death Daniele was hired to cover the genitals in his "Last Judgment" with vestments and loincloths. This earned him the nickname ("the breeches maker").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Daniele Ricciarelli was born in Volterra (in present-day Tuscany). As a boy, he initially studied with the Sienese artists Il Sodoma and Baldassare Peruzzi, but he was not well received and left them. He appears to have accompanied the latter to Rome in 1535, and helped paint the frescoes in the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne. He then became an apprentice to Perin del Vaga.

paragraph: From 1538 to 1541 he helped Perin with the painting of frescoes in the villa of Cardinal Trivuzio at Salone, in the Massimi chapel in Trinità dei Monti, and the chapel of the crucifixion in San Marcello al Corso. He was commissioned the painting of a frieze in the main salon of the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, with the life of Fabius Maximus.

paragraph: In Rome he also started working in the circle of Michelangelo and befriended him. Michelangelo used his influence with Pope Paul III to secure Daniele commissions and the post of superintendent of the works of the Vatican, a position he retained until the Pope's death. Michelangelo also provided him with sketches on which Daniele based some of his paintings, especially his series of frescoes in the Orsini chapel in the Trinity College, the commission for which Daniele had received in December 1541.

paragraph: Later Daniele was commissioned by Paul III to complete the decoration of the Sala Regia. On the death of the pope in 1549 he lost his position as superintendent and the pension to which it entitled him. He then devoted himself chiefly to sculpture.

paragraph: He died in Rome in 1566. According to Daniele's will, the marble knee of the missing left leg of the Christ from Michelangelo's "Deposition" was in his possession at the time of his death. Among his pupils was Giulio Mazzoni from Piacenza. Leonardo Ricciarelli was his nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Daniele's best-known painting is the "Descent from the Cross" in the Trinità dei Monti (circa 1545), after drawings by Michelangelo; by an excess of praise this work was at one time grouped with Raphael's "Transfiguration" and the "Last Communion of St. Jerome" by Domenichino as the most famous pictures in Rome. Daniele's two-sided painting of David killing Goliath (restored in 2008) in the Louvre too seems to have been based on Michelangelo's designs; for a long time it was attributed to him.

paragraph: Other notable works include the "Massacre of the Innocents" (1557) in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, a portrait he drew of Michelangelo and a bust he made from Michelangelo's death mask.

paragraph: A well-known sculpture is the "Cleopatra" in the Belvedere. From France, Daniele received the commission to make a bronze equestrian statue of Henry II, but he finished only the horse; this was later used for a statue of Louis XIII at the Place Royale and melted down during the French Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: The 1913 "Catholic Encyclopedia" gave the following description of Daniele's style as a painter:

paragraph: Section::::The loincloths in Michelangelo's "Last Judgment".

paragraph: Daniele is infamous for having covered over, with vestments and fig-leaves, many of the genitals and backsides in Michelangelo's "The Last Judgment" fresco in the Sistine Chapel. This work was begun in 1565, shortly after the Council of Trent had condemned nudity in religious art. It earned Daniele the nickname "Il Braghettone" ("the breeches-maker").

paragraph: He also chiseled away a part of the fresco and repainted the larger part of Saint Catherine and the entire figure of Saint Blaise behind her. This was done because in the original version Blaise had appeared to look at Catherine's naked behind, and because to some observers the position of their bodies suggested sexual intercourse.

paragraph: The loincloths and draperies in the lower half of the fresco, however, were not painted by Daniele. His work on the Last Judgment was interrupted at the end of 1565 by the death of Pope Pius IV, after which the scaffolding he used had to be removed quickly because the chapel was needed for the election of a new pope.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His pupils included painter Michele Alberti.

paragraph: Section::::Curiosity.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniele Ricciarelli is a distant ancestor of Christian Orlandi (Italian actor and director) on the part of paternal grandmother.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabrizio Mancinelli, "The Painting of the Last Judgment: History, Technique and Restoration". In Loren Partridge, "Michelangelo : The Last Judgment – A Glorious Restoration". New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2000. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bust of Michelangelo, Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La "Deposizione" di Daniele da Volterra ritorna al pubblico, on the restoration of "Descent from the Cross"

alias: gen. Daniele Da Volterra Daniele Ricciarelli

alias: Daniele Ricciarelli, gen. Daniele da Volterra Volterra

alias: Daniele, gen. Daniele Da Volterra Ricciarelli

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Daniele da Volterra

wikipedia_title: Daniele da Volterra


text:
Count of Blois
Theobald V
Alix of France
Louis VII of France
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Third Crusade
serfdom
Tournament
Écry-sur-Aisne
Theobald III of Champagne
Pope Innocent III
Fourth Crusade
John of England
siege of Constantinople
Boniface of Montferrat
Enrico Dandolo
Venetians
Baldwin of Flanders
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Henry
Constantinople
Asia Minor
Duke of Nicaea
Theodore I Laskaris
Empire of Nicaea
Battle of Adrianople
Cumans
Kaloyan of Bulgaria
Baldwin I of Constantinople
Catherine
Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
Theobald VI, Count of Blois

categories: 1172 births,Latin Empire people,Counts of Blois,Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis,1205 deaths,Christians of the Fourth Crusade,House of Blois,French military personnel killed in action

paragraph: Louis I, Count of Blois

paragraph: Louis I of Blois (1172 – 14 April 1205) was Count of Blois from 1191 to 1205. He was the son of Theobald V and Alix of France. His maternal grandparents were Louis VII of France and his first wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Whilst in his teens, Louis joined his father on the Third Crusade.

paragraph: Louis promulgated a charter in 1196 abolishing serfdom in his domains.

paragraph: Section::::Leadership in the Fourth Crusade.

paragraph: At the Tournament at Écry-sur-Aisne on 28 November 1199, count Louis and his cousin Theobald III of Champagne were the first major nobles to respond to Pope Innocent III's call for a Fourth Crusade. He left France in 1202, along with a gift of 1,000 marks from his uncle, King John of England. During the July 1203 siege of Constantinople, Louis was one of eight division commanders, the others including Boniface of Montferrat (the crusade leader), Doge Enrico Dandolo (leader of the Venetians), Baldwin of Flanders (who controlled the largest division and later became Latin Emperor of Constantinople), and Baldwin's brother Henry.

paragraph: Louis was later afflicted with a severe fever for months, and missed participating in the capture of Constantinople in 1204. He was too ill to take part in the subsequent forays of his men into Asia Minor, where he had been created Duke of Nicaea, a title he never vindicated as the city was captured by Theodore I Laskaris, founder of the Empire of Nicaea.

paragraph: He had just recuperated when he participated in the Battle of Adrianople, where he was slain by a force of Cumans led by Kaloyan of Bulgaria ("Johanitza"). Louis chased the enemy too far, exhausting his men and horses and stretching them over a broad plain, where he brought himself and the Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople into a trap.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Catherine, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, they had:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Raoul, who died young

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Jeanne, who died young

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Theobald VI, Count of Blois

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Louis I, Count of Blois

wikipedia_title: Louis I, Count of Blois


text:
martyr
Pannonia
Roman Emperor
Numerian
Novigrad
Istria
Croatia
patron saint
Konstanz
Cathedral of Konstanz
relics
Saint Pelagius
Catholic Online: Saint Pelagius

categories: 3rd-century Christian martyrs,Hungarian saints,283 deaths,Christian child saints,270 births

paragraph: Pelagius of Constance

paragraph: Saint Pelagius of Constance was, a child martyr put to death in Pannonia during the persecution of Roman Emperor Numerian. He was first revered in Novigrad (Cittanova) in Istria, Croatia.

paragraph: Pelagius is the patron saint of Konstanz and the Cathedral of Konstanz, owing to the transfer of relics that were believed to be his to that city before or around 904 AD. He usually does not have a face in his depictions.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Pelagius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online: Saint Pelagius

description: German saint

wikidata_label: Pelagius of Constance

wikipedia_title: Pelagius of Constance


text:
Australian
composer
classical
Sydney
Harry Rickards

categories: 20th-century Australian poets,20th-century Australian male writers,Australian male composers,Australian male poets,1872 births,Australian songwriters,Australian composers,1926 deaths,Australian jazz musicians

paragraph: Joe Slater (composer)

paragraph: John Joseph Slater (1872-1926) was an Australian composer of popular and light classical works. He operated a music publishing company in Leichardt and blended his product with sheet music from other sources in Haymarket, Sydney. He wrote under several alias names and is commonly known as Felix Le Roy.

paragraph: Slater was active in variety theatre, particularly the company of Harry Rickards

paragraph: His mature works include a series of favourably mentioned impressions for cornet, violin and piano trio - "Bells of Peace", "Spring Morning" and "Day Dreams". Slater's song "A Faded Leaf of Shamrock" sold six editions. Slater's more popular variety theatre pieces enjoyed larger reprints, especially "One of these Days" ran to a hundred and seventy five editions.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Seventy published titles are preserved in Australian libraries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916 Melody of Peace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spring Morning

paragraph: BULLET::::- Day Dreams

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1917 One of these days

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914 Somebody's calling the cooee call

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916 I'd Like to Call You Sweetheart

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913 Your eyes are the light of my world

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 We'd fly the green above us, A bird with a broken wing (Heritage Singers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Why can't each nation be at peace?, Lonely (Wirripang)

wikidata_label: Joe Slater

wikipedia_title: Joe Slater (composer)


text: Kreuzenort

text: Upper Silesia

text: Krzyżanowice

text: Poland

text: Kuchelna

text: Bohemian

text: July Crisis

text: First World War

text: Prince

text: Count Lichnowsky

text: Croy

text: Bohemia

text: Kuchelna

text: Silesia

text: Grätz

text: Austria

text: Prussian Diet

text: Roman Catholic

text: London embassy

text: Bucharest

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg-Hertefeld

text: Friedrich von Holstein

text: Mechtilde von Arco-Zinneberg

text: Schönburg

text: London

text: Imperial chancellorship

text: Imperial German

text: Court of St. James's

text: Kaiser Wilhelm II

text: King George V

text: Belgrade

text: pamphlet

text: World War I

text: United States

text: Prussian House of Lords

text: Gilbert Murray

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Edward Grey

text: Balkan Wars

text: Count Berchtold

text: Sazonov

text: Central Powers

text: World War I

text: Versailles Peace Conference

text: Illustrated London News

text: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

text: Septemberprogramm

text: Fritz Fischer

text: Grätz

text: Imperia

text: Cap d'Ail

text: Pressburg

text: Troppau

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Curitiba

text: Cruz Machado

text: Matsue

text: Hashimoto

text: Tokyo

text: Buenos Aires

text: New York

text: New York County

text: New York

text: Baden-Baden

categories: German people of World War I,Ambassadors of Germany to the United Kingdom,Members of the Prussian House of Lords,Lichnowsky,1860 births,German Roman Catholics,German princes,People from Racibórz County,1928 deaths,German diplomats

paragraph: Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky

paragraph: Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky () (Kreuzenort, Upper Silesia (now Krzyżanowice, Poland), 8 March 1860 – Kuchelna, 27 February 1928) was a German-Bohemian diplomat who served as Ambassador to Britain during the July Crisis and who was the author of a noted pamphlet of 1916 that deplored German diplomacy in mid-1914 that, he argued, directly caused the outbreak of the First World War.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-1914 life and career.

paragraph: He was the 6th Prince and 8th Count Lichnowsky. He succeeded his father in 1901. His father was Carl Faustus Timoleon Maria, 5th Prince and 7th Count Lichnowsky, a general of cavalry, and his mother was Marie, Princess of Croy. He was the head of an old noble Bohemian family and of immense wealth, possessing estates at Kuchelna in Silesia and Grätz in Austrian Moravia (Now Hradec nad Moravicí, Czech Republic). As an hereditary member of the upper house of the Prussian Diet, Lichnowsky played some part in domestic politics, adopting in general a moderate attitude and deprecating party legislation. Though a Roman Catholic, he avoided identifying himself with the clerical party in Germany.

paragraph: Entering the diplomatic service, Lichnowsky was appointed an attaché at the London embassy in 1885 and later served as legation secretary at Bucharest. He became German Ambassador to Austria-Hungary in 1902, replacing Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg-Hertefeld, but was forced into retirement in 1904, accused of too much independence from the Foreign Office after several conflicts with Friedrich von Holstein, head of the political division. In 1904, he also married Countess Mechtilde von Arco-Zinneberg (Schönburg, 8 March 1879 - London, 4 June 1958).

paragraph: He spent eight years in retirement, as his memoirs note, “on my farm and in my garden, on horseback and in the fields, but I read industriously and published occasional political articles.” For several years, newspaper rumour in Germany had connected the name of Prince Lichnowsky with practically every important diplomatic post vacant from time to time, and even with the Imperial chancellorship. No official appointment was forthcoming, however, beyond the designation of privy councillor () in 1911.

paragraph: Then, Lichnowsky served as Imperial German Ambassador to the Court of St. James's from 1912-14. According to his memoirs, he was brought out of retirement in 1912 when the preferred candidate for ambassador to London was thought to be too young, and two alternative candidates turned the job down.

paragraph: Section::::The 1914 Crisis.

paragraph: During the July Crisis of 1914, Lichnowsky was the only German diplomat who raised objections to Germany's efforts to provoke an Austro-Serbian war, arguing that Britain would intervene in a continental war. On July 25, he implored the German government to accept an offer of British mediation in the Austro-Serbian dispute. On July 27, he followed with a cable arguing that Germany could not win a continental war. This cable was not shown to Kaiser Wilhelm II. A cable on July 28 relayed an offer from King George V to hold a conference of European ambassadors to avoid general war. A final cable on July 29 to the German Foreign Office stated simply "if war breaks out it will be the greatest catastrophe the world has ever seen." These warnings went unheeded, and by the time the final cable reached Berlin, Austrian troops were already bombarding Belgrade.

paragraph: On Britain's declaration of war on 4 August 1914, Lichnowsky returned to Germany. So highly was he thought of, a military guard of honour saluted his departure; a rare privilege in the circumstances.

paragraph: Section::::His 1916 pamphlet.

paragraph: His privately printed pamphlet, "My Mission to London 1912-1914" circulated in German upper-class circles in 1916, accused his government of failing to support him in efforts to avert World War I; its 1917 publication in the United States led to his expulsion from the Prussian House of Lords. In 1918, the renamed "Lichnowsky Memorandum" was published in "The Disclosures from Germany" (New York: American Association for International Conciliation, 1918). It was also published in the Danish journal "Politiken" in March 1918, from which a British copy was published by Cassell & Co., later in 1918, with a preface by Professor Gilbert Murray.

paragraph: The pamphlet mainly covers the period 1912–1914, and occasionally back to 1900. Lichnowsky deplored the German alliance with Austria-Hungary (though he owned land in Austria and had served as a diplomat in Vienna), feeling that it inevitably pulled German diplomacy into Balkan crises and tensions with Russia, without any compensating benefits to Germany with its new industries, trade and colonies. "This is a return to the days of the Holy Roman Empire and the mistakes of the Hohenstaufens and Habsburgs."

paragraph: The Kaiser had commented on 31 July 1914 about an encircling British diplomacy during the crisis: "For I no longer have any doubt that England, Russia and France have agreed among themselves, knowing that our treaty obligations compel us to support Austria-Hungary, to use the Austro-Serb conflict as a pretext for waging a war of annihilation against us. ... Our dilemma over keeping faith with the old and honourable Emperor has been exploited to create a situation which gives England the excuse she has been seeking to annihilate us with a spurious appearance of justice on the pretext that she is helping France and maintaining the well-known Balance of Power in Europe, i.e. playing off all European States for her own benefit against us."

paragraph: In contrast, Lichnowsky outlined how the British foreign minister Sir Edward Grey had helped, with two treaties, on dividing the Portuguese Empire and establishing the Berlin–Baghdad railway, and had supported Germany's policy in the resolution of the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913 that excluded Russia. Britain had held back from declaring war until 4 August, after Belgium had been invaded, yet in a telegram sent to him from Berlin on 1 August: "... England was already mentioned as an opponent..."

paragraph: Lichnowsky summed up his view on blame for the outbreak of war, and the failure of diplomacy, in three main points:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We [Germany] encouraged Count Berchtold to attack Serbia, although German interests were not involved and the danger of a world-war must have been known to us. Whether we were aware of the wording of the [Austrian] Ultimatum is completely immaterial."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Between 23 and 30 July, Sazonov having declared that Russia would not tolerate an attack on Serbia, all attempts to mediate the crisis were rebuffed by Germany. In the meantime, Serbia had replied to the Austrian ultimatum and Berchtold was "content ... with the Serbian reply".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the 30th July, when Berchtold wanted to come to terms [with Serbia], we sent an ultimatum to Petrograd [Russia], merely because of the Russian mobilisation, although Austria was not attacked; and on the 31st July we declared war on Russia, although the Czar pledged his word that he would not order a man to march, as long as negotiations were proceeding – thus deliberately destroying the possibility of a peaceful settlement."

paragraph: "In view of the above, undeniable, facts, it is no wonder that the whole of the civilised world outside Germany places the entire responsibility for the world-war upon our shoulders."

paragraph: At the pamphlet's end, he forecasts that the Central Powers were doomed to lose World War I and he gives his world-view for Germany, Britain and the USA: "The world will belong to the Anglo-Saxons, Russians and Japanese, and the German will remain alone with Austria and Hungary. His [i.e. the German] rule will be that of thought and commerce, not that of the bureaucrat and soldier. He made his appearance too late, and his last chance of making good the past, that of founding a Colonial Empire, was annihilated by the world-war."

paragraph: The pamphlet became a formative and primary source in the minds of all the allied politicians who arranged the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Comments.

paragraph: In his column in the May 11, 1918, issue of "Illustrated London News" G. K. Chesterton would note:

paragraph: The latter refers to the harsh terms the Germans imposed on Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in early March 1918. Chesterton was reminding his readers that, were Germany to win the war in the west, it would impose equally harsh terms on Belgium and France, in line with the 1914 Septemberprogramm.

paragraph: Professor Murray summarised his 1918 foreword to the pamphlet with:

paragraph: Lichnowsky was seen as a 'Good German' who had truthfully warned his government but had been ignored at the crucial moment.

paragraph: Lichnowsky's viewpoint was largely followed by the controversial historian Fritz Fischer in his 1961 book "Germany's Aims in the First World War".

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm, 7th Prince and 9th Count Lichnowsky (Grätz, 1 July 1905 – Imperia, 25 March 1975), married in Cap d'Ail on 22 May 1936 to Etelka Plachota (Pressburg, 12 September 1908 – ?), and had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiane Maria, Countess Lichnowsky (Troppau, 6 February 1937 – Rio de Janeiro, 19 August 1980), Married.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix, 8th Prince and 10th Count Lichnowsky (Troppau, 17 February 1940), married in Curitiba on 3 May 1962 Erica Rikaczewski (Cruz Machado, 3 June 1942), and had three sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberto, Count Lichnowsky (Curitiba, 3 February 1963), unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eduardo, Count Lichnowsky (Curitiba, 26 September 1964), married Joyce Duarte de Duarte, and had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ursula, Countess Lichnowsky (Rio de Janeiro, 1 August 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miguel, Count Lichnowsky (Rio de Janeiro, 16 November 1965), married firstly in Rio de Janeiro on 3 May 1993 Yuiko Fujishiro (Matsue, 3 June 1966), and had one son, and married secondly in Rio de Janeiro on 10 September 2004 Chikako Hashimoto (Tokyo, 20 July 1960), without issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rui, Count Lichnowsky (26 March 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luci Margit, Countess Lichnowsky (Troppau, 11 September 1941), married in Buenos Aires on 10 May 1968 Theodor, Ritter von Winterhalder (Buenos Aires, 9 April 1936 – Buenos Aires, 12 May 2008), and had three sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Wilhelm, Ritter von Winterhalder (Buenos Aires, 12 February 1969), unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Nikolaus, Ritter von Winterhalder (Buenos Aires, 22 January 1970), unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annabella Maria von Winterhalder (Buenos Aires, 24 August 1971), Married.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonore Marie Helene Leodine Mechtilde, Countess Lichnowsky (Grätz, 28 August 1906 – 2002), Married.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Max Leopold Nikolaus, Count Lichnowsky (Kuchelna, 9 December 1907 – ?), married in London on 2 March 1932 and divorced in 1937 Mildred Withstandley (New York, New York County, New York, 10 November 1899 – ?), without issue, and married secondly in Rio de Janeiro on 13 November 1953 Elisabeth Umhoff (Baden-Baden, 17 June 1924), without issue

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lichnowsky, Karl Max, "My Mission to London, 1912–1914" (New York: George H. Doran Co. [1918]) (London: Cassell & Co. 1918).

paragraph: BULLET::::- —, "Heading for the Abyss: Reminiscences" (New York: Payson and Clarke, 1928).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward F. Willis, "Prince Lichnowsky, Ambassador of Peace: A Study of Prewar Diplomacy, 1912–14", (Literary Licensing LLC 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry F. Young, "Prince Lichnowsky and the Great War", [1977], 2009

description: German diplomat, noble

wikidata_label: Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky

wikipedia_title: Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky


text: QC

text: Senator

text: New South Wales

text: Attorney-General

text: Whitlam Government

text: High Court

text: Sydney

text: Sydney Boys High School

text: University of Sydney

text: Sydney Law School

text: barrister

text: took silk

text: 1961 federal election

text: Labor Party

text: Leader of the Opposition in the Senate

text: 1972 federal election

text: Gough Whitlam

text: Minister for Customs and Excise

text: Family Court of Australia

text: Law Reform Commission

text: Australian Institute of Criminology

text: Family Law Act 1975

text: no-fault divorce

text: 1973 Murphy raids

text: ASIO

text: Douglas Menzies

text: judicial activism

text: perverting the course of justice

text: Tipperary

text: Ireland

text: Irish Catholic

text: Church

text: south-eastern suburbs

text: Kensington

text: Sydney Boys High School

text: Surry Hills

text: University of Sydney

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: psychology

text: Faculty of Arts

text: School of Chemistry

text: Faculty of Science

text: Bachelor of Science

text: Organic Chemistry

text: Manpower Directorate

text: Sydney Law School

text: Bachelor of Laws

text: Students' Representative Council

text: Barristers' Admission Board examination

text: University of Sydney Faculty of Law

text: Phillip Street

text: labour/industrial lawyer

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Australian Labor Party

text: Australian Senate

text: Ray Gietzelt

text: Gough Whitlam

text: Attorney-General

text: Minister for Customs and Excise

text: Croatian Australians

text: Džemal Bijedić

text: DLP

text: Vince Gair

text: Gair Affair

text: double dissolution

text: May 1974

text: Family Law Act 1975

text: family law

text: Family Court of Australia

text: Civil Celebrants

text: double dissolution

text: of 1974

text: Privy Council

text: censorship

text: death penalty

text: discrimination

text: legal aid

text: Australian Law Reform Commission

text: Michael Kirby

text: Australian Institute of Criminology

text: International Court of Justice

text: nuclear tests

text: Mururoa

text: High Court of Australia

text: Dr. H. V. Evatt

text: Parliament of Australia

text: Edmund Barton

text: Richard O'Connor

text: Isaac Isaacs

text: H. B. Higgins

text: Edward McTiernan

text: John Latham

text: Garfield Barwick

text: casual vacancy

text: Premier of New South Wales

text: Tom Lewis

text: Cleaver Bunton

text: 1975 Australian constitutional crisis

text: Justice Menzies

text: Supreme Court of the United States

text: natural heritage

text: slavery

text: Common heritage of humanity

text: Hawke

text: pervert the course of justice

text: Clarrie Briese

text: New South Wales

text: Morgan Ryan

text: Lionel Bowen

text: Constitution

text: comptometrist

text: Darlinghurst

text: Cameron

text: University of Sydney

text: nitrogen

text: supernova remnant

text: Large Magellanic Cloud

text: astronomers

text: Australian National University

text: Mount Stromlo Observatory

text: Canberra Times

text: supernova

text: speed of light

text: shock wave

text: K

text: Gough Whitlam

text: Neville Wran

text: Ray Gietzelt

text: Mary Gaudron

text: Sydney Town Hall

text: radical

text: humanitarian

text: civil libertarian

text: egalitarian

text: democrat

text: equal justice

text: nationalism

text: democracy

text: parliamentary

text: civil liberties

text: constitutionalism

text: Lionel Murphy Foundation

text: Whitmont, Debbie

text: Ferguson, Sarah

text: The Murphy Scandal

text: ABC Four Corners

text: Mr Neal is Entitled to be an Agitator

categories: Australian humanists,People educated at Sydney Boys High School,Australian Queen's Counsel,1922 births,1975 Australian constitutional crisis,Members of the Australian Senate,Australian people of Irish descent,Attorneys-General for Australia,Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales,Justices of the High Court of Australia,Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia,Sydney Law School alumni,1986 deaths

paragraph: Lionel Murphy

paragraph: Lionel Keith Murphy QC (30 August 1922 – 21 October 1986) was an Australian politician and judge. He was a Senator for New South Wales from 1962 to 1975, serving as Attorney-General in the Whitlam Government, and then sat on the High Court from 1975 until his death.

paragraph: Murphy was born in Sydney, and attended Sydney Boys High School before going on to the University of Sydney. He initially graduated with a degree in chemistry, but then went on to Sydney Law School and eventually became a barrister. He specialised in labour and industrial law, and took silk in 1960. Murphy was elected to the Senate at the 1961 federal election, as a member of the Labor Party. He became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in 1967.

paragraph: Following Labor's victory at the 1972 federal election, Gough Whitlam appointed Murphy as Attorney-General and Minister for Customs and Excise. He oversaw a number of reforms, establishing the Family Court of Australia, the Law Reform Commission, and the Australian Institute of Criminology, and developing the "Family Law Act 1975", which fully established no-fault divorce. He also authorised the 1973 Murphy raids on ASIO. In 1975, following the death of Douglas Menzies, Murphy was appointed to the High Court. He is the most recent politician to be elevated to the court.

paragraph: On the court, Murphy was known for his radicalism and judicial activism. However, his final years were marred by persistent allegations of corruption. He was convicted of perverting the course of justice in 1985, but had the conviction overturned on appeal and was acquitted at a second trial. In 1986, a commission was established to determine whether he was fit to remain on the court, but it was abandoned when Murphy announced that he was suffering from terminal cancer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Murphy was the youngest of five sons, and sixth of seven children of William (b. Tipperary, Ireland) and Lily Murphy (née Murphy). He was born and grew up in Sydney. Though the Murphy household was Irish Catholic, albeit estranged from the Church, Murphy became a humanist and rationalist.

paragraph: He was educated at government schools in Sydney's south-eastern suburbs, including Kensington Public School in Kensington, where he was dux after repeating his final year in 1935, and Sydney Boys High School from 1936–40 in the nearby Surry Hills, graduating with A levels in English, Mathematics, and Chemistry and B levels in Physics and French. After completing his secondary education, in 1941, Murphy matriculated to the University of Sydney, though he had not been successful in gaining a university scholarship awarded to the top 100 in the state. In 1945, after initially ordinary scholastic performance and a brief period of consideration of transferring to study a Bachelor of Arts to major in psychology in the Faculty of Arts, Murphy excelled in his final year, graduating from the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science with a Bachelor of Science with Honours in Organic Chemistry. In 1943, he had commenced working in the chemistry industry, thereby coming under the authority of the wartime Manpower Directorate.

paragraph: In 1945, Murphy commenced studying law at the Sydney Law School of the University of Sydney and, in 1949, graduated with a Bachelor of Laws with Honours. While at the University of Sydney, during both his science and law degrees, Murphy was politically and socially active and was involved in the Students' Chemistry Society, the Junior Science Association, and the Science Association. In 1944, in his third year of his science degree, Murphy was elected to the Students' Representative Council but was dismissed two hours after his election victory, on a "constitutional technicality". This event is said to have cemented his interest in politics and law, and he commenced participating in the university's debating society and its monthly debates the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Legal career.

paragraph: Unusually, two years prior to his graduating with and possessing a law degree, Murphy passed the Barristers' Admission Board examination and was admitted to the New South Wales Bar Association in 1947. After graduating from the University of Sydney Faculty of Law, Murphy took up residence in University Chambers, Phillip Street and then moved to the fourth floor of Wentworth Chambers and rapidly established himself as a labour/industrial lawyer, representing left-wing unionists.

paragraph: In 1960, he was appointed as a Queen's Counsel.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.

paragraph: A member of the Australian Labor Party from an early age, he was elected to the Australian Senate in 1961; and, in 1967, he was elected Opposition Leader in the Senate. In the Senate pre-selection convention in the Sydney Trades Hall in April 1960, with backing from Ray Gietzelt (but lacking factional endorsement) and with the luck of drawing first in addressing the delegates, Murphy won support with an impassioned but well-structured and infectiously optimistic seven-minute speech on the Labor Party's historical commitment to civil liberties and human rights.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.:Attorney-Generalship.

paragraph: In 1969, Labor Leader Gough Whitlam appointed him Shadow Attorney-General; and, when Labor won the 1972 election, he became Attorney-General and Minister for Customs and Excise.

paragraph: One of Murphy's more dramatic actions as Attorney-General was his sudden visit to the Melbourne headquarters of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) on 16 March 1973. This came about because ASIO officers were unable to satisfy his requests for information concerning intelligence on supposed terrorist groups operated by Croatian Australians. Murphy's concern about the matter was heightened by the impending visit to Australia of the Yugoslav Prime Minister Džemal Bijedić. ASIO officers claimed not to be able to locate the file with which to properly brief Murphy. Murphy's belief was that, though a security service was an important part of the Australian social fabric, like any other arm of executive government it must be accountable to the relevant Minister.

paragraph: Murphy was highly involved in the behind-the-scenes machinations and parliamentary debates around the appointment of DLP Senator Vince Gair as Ambassador to Ireland in 1974 (see Gair Affair), which preceded Whitlam's calling of a double dissolution election for May 1974.

paragraph: Murphy's most important legislative achievement was the "Family Law Act 1975", which completely overhauled Australia's law on divorce and other family law matters, establishing the principle of "no-fault" divorce, in the face of opposition from the Roman Catholic Church and many other individuals and organisations. This act also established the Family Court of Australia.

paragraph: Murphy used an existing provision of the Marriage Act 1961 (Section 39C) to establish the Civil Marriage Celebrant program. Using this provision he appointed about a hundred Civil Celebrants and urged them to provide marriage ceremonies of dignity, meaning and substance for non-church people. It was an initiative opposed by the Australian Labor Party, the public servants of his department and his personal staff. Although it was a radical move at the time, the program proved to be very successful. In 2015 74.9% of marrying couples in Australia chose a civil marriage celebrant to officiate. The program broadened into the challenge of secular funerals of substance, namings and other ceremonies which celebrated the landmarks in human existence. Murphy took an enthusiastic interest in this program - sending telegrams of congratulation to the first several hundred couples married by civil celebrants and would often unexpectedly turn up uninvited to weddings performed by celebrants to delight in his achievement.

paragraph: As Attorney-General, Murphy drew up a Human Rights Bill (which lapsed with the double dissolution of 1974) giving as amongst the reasons: "in criminal law, our protections against detention for interrogation and unreasonable search and seizure, for access to counsel and to ensure the segregation of different categories of prisoners are inadequate. Australian laws on the powers of the police, the rights of an accused person and the state of the penal system generally are unsatisfactory. Our privacy laws are vague and ineffective. There are few effective constraints on the gathering of information, or its disclosure, or surveillance, against unwanted publicity by government, the media or commercial organisations". Murphy also introduced important legislation substantially abolishing appeals to the Privy Council, removing censorship, providing freedom of access to government information, reforming corporations and trade practices law, protecting the environment, abolishing the death penalty and outlawing racial and other discrimination.

paragraph: Furthermore, Murphy established a systematic legal aid service for all courts, set up the Australian Law Reform Commission (and appointed Michael Kirby to be its inaugural chairman), the Australian Institute of Criminology and took the French Government to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to protest against its nuclear tests in the Pacific. The French government conducted 41 atmospheric nuclear tests at Mururoa after 1966, formally ceasing atmospheric nuclear testing in 1974 as a result of public pressure facilitated by Murphy's ICJ case.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: In February 1975, Whitlam appointed Murphy to a vacancy on the High Court of Australia. He was the first serving Labor politician appointed to the Court since Dr. H. V. Evatt in 1931 and the appointment was bitterly criticised. He resigned from the Senate on 9 February 1975 to take up the appointment. Murphy was the last High Court justice to have served as a Member of Parliament, and the last politician appointed to the High Court. Additionally, Murphy was one of only eight justices of the High Court to have served in the Parliament of Australia prior to his appointment to the Court, along with Edmund Barton, Richard O'Connor, Isaac Isaacs, H. B. Higgins, Edward McTiernan, John Latham, and Garfield Barwick.

paragraph: Although it did not become a constitutional requirement until 1977, it had been long-standing convention that a Senate casual vacancy be filled by a person from the same political party. However, on 27 February 1975, the Premier of New South Wales, Tom Lewis, controversially appointed Cleaver Bunton, a person with no political affiliations, to replace Murphy in the Senate, beginning the chain of events which led to the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. These events in turn laid the groundwork for the 1977 constitutional change that now ensures such an appointment can never be repeated. Soon after his appointment to the bench, Murphy visited Justice Menzies' old chambers in Taylor Square, which would now be his. Staring at the volumes of British law reports on the shelves behind his desk, he said, "I want all of these to go". He replaced them with decisions from the Supreme Court of the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.:Key judicial quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Aboriginal history:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedom of religion:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedom of speech:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trial by jury:

paragraph: Preservation of the world's natural heritage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constitutional prohibition of slavery:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constitutional prohibition on civil conscription for medical or dental services:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Common heritage of humanity:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of class struggle:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Right to vote:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Privilege against self-incrimination:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legal professional privilege:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acquisition of property on just terms:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Control of multinational corporations:

paragraph: Section::::Court cases and death.

paragraph: In July 1985, during the term of the Hawke Labor government, Murphy was convicted on one of two charges of attempting to pervert the course of justice, over allegations made by Clarrie Briese, the Chief Magistrate of New South Wales, that Murphy had attempted to influence a court case against Sydney lawyer Morgan Ryan, whom Murphy referred to as "my little mate". A subsequent appeal to the NSW Court of Appeals quashed Murphy's conviction on the grounds that the trial judge had misdirected the jury. A second trial was then held and, on 28 April 1986, Murphy was found not guilty of attempting to pervert the course of justice. After his acquittal, Murphy said, "Thank God for the jury system!".

paragraph: Attorney-General Lionel Bowen, acting on what he said was his belief that the Justices of the High Court were minded to take some independent action to assess Justice Murphy's fitness to return to the Court, introduced legislation for a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry, constituted by three retired judges, to examine "whether any conduct of the Honourable Lionel Keith Murphy has been such as to amount, in its opinion, to proved misbehaviour within the meaning of section 72 of the Constitution". (Section 72 specifies that a High Court judge may be removed only by the Governor-General and both houses of Parliament "on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity".) The terms of this inquiry specifically excluded the issues for which Murphy had already been tried and acquitted.

paragraph: The legislation establishing the Commission of Inquiry received assent in May 1986. In July, Murphy announced that he was dying of terminal cancer, and the establishing legislation was repealed. That repeal legislation vested control of the Commission's documents in the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate. Murphy returned to the Court for one week of sittings. He died on 21 October 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Murphy had a distinctive profile and a large nose that was broken in a 1950 car accident in England and left largely untreated.

paragraph: In July 1954, he married Russian-born Nina Morrow (née Vishegorodsky; known as Svidersky), a comptometrist, at St John's Church in Darlinghurst, Sydney. Their daughter, Lorel Katherine, was born in 1955. In 1967, Murphy's marriage to Nina ended in divorce.

paragraph: In 1969, Murphy married Ingrid Gee (née Grzonkowski), a model and television quiz-show compère who had been born in German-occupied Poland. They had two sons, Cameron and Blake. Cameron was President of the New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties from 1999 to 2013. Ingrid died in October 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In addition to his work as a legislator, Murphy also took a lifelong interest in science, having first studied science, then law, at the University of Sydney. Justice Michael Kirby identified Murphy's later scientific reading as "a positive influence on his approach to jurisprudence".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:"Lionel Murphy SNR".

paragraph: N86 is a nitrogen-abundant supernova remnant (SNR) N86 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was dubbed the "Lionel-Murphy SNR" by astronomers at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory in acknowledgement of Murphy's interest in science and because of SNR N86's perceived resemblance to a "Canberra Times" cartoonist's depiction of his large nose (prior to surgery), and a picture was hung in his office.

paragraph: A supernova remnant (SNR) results from the gigantic explosion of a star, the resulting supernova expelling much or all of the stellar material with velocities as much as 1% the speed of light and forming a shock wave that can heat the gas up to temperatures as high as 10 million K, forming a plasma.

paragraph: Murphy normally rejected public honours (such as a knighthood) but accepted this because of the symbolic resemblance to his own impact on human rights in Australian law and its lasting significance as a "signpost" to space travellers. Murphy asked for a large mounted photo of SNR N86 from the scientific paper and placed it in his High Court chambers in the place where the other High Court justices usually hung a portrait of the Queen.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Lionel Murphy Foundation.

paragraph: The Lionel Murphy Foundation was co-founded by Gough Whitlam, Neville Wran, and Ray Gietzelt in 1986. It funds postgraduate scholarships for students who "intend to pursue a postgraduate degree in science, law or legal studies, or other appropriate discipline" with a commitment to social justice.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Judicial philosophy and legacy.

paragraph: Mary Gaudron, who herself would become a justice of the High Court, stated at Lionel Murphy's Memorial Service at Sydney Town Hall:

paragraph: There are so many words — reformist, radical, humanitarian, civil libertarian, egalitarian, democrat — they are all abstractions. My words are no better; but, for me, and perhaps for those of us who believe in justice based on practical equality, Lionel Murphy was — Lionel Murphy is — the electric light of the Law. He would take an ordinary old abstraction — like equal justice — he would expose it, he would illuminate the abstraction, he would make its form stark, and so he could then say as he did in "McInnis' case", these words: "Where the kind of trial a person receives depends on the amount of money he or she has, there is no equal justice".

paragraph: Law professor Jack Goldring concluded that Murphy's approach as a High Court judge was "marked by a number of features: a strong nationalism conceding and welcoming the existence of States as political (albeit subsidiary) entities; a stalwart belief in democracy and parliamentary rule; a firm support for civil liberties; and overall a 'constitutionalism' in the classical, liberal sense of seeing a constitution as not simply a legal document, but rather as a set of values shared by the community".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lionel Murphy Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitmont, Debbie; Ferguson, Sarah. The Murphy Scandal. "ABC Four Corners", 20 November 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mr Neal is Entitled to be an Agitator 58 min documentary film about the life of Lionel Murphy. DVD. Dir: Daryl Dellora. Australian Human Rights Award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justice Lionel Murphy address to Press Club of Australia, 17 August 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Justice Lionel Murphy QC Speeches

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: Lionel Murphy

wikipedia_title: Lionel Murphy


text: Praefectus urbi

text: Galla

text: Julius Constantius

text: Vulcacius Rufinus

text: Esquiline Hill

text: Pope Liberius

text: Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore

text: Basilica of Junius Bassus

text: Praefectus annonae

text: Sirmium

text: Photinus

text: Constantius II

text: Magnentius

text: Praefectus urbi

text: Capua

text: Puteoli

text: Campania

text: Arch of Septimius Severus

text: Roman Forum

text: Curia

text: consul

text: Jerome

text: Martindale, John Robert

text: Arnold Hugh Martin Jones

text: John Morris

categories: 4th-century Romans,Imperial Roman consuls,Urban prefects of Rome

paragraph: Neratius Cerealis

paragraph: Neratius or Naeratius Cerealis (floruit 328–358) was a Roman senator and politician, "Praefectus urbi" and Consul.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the brother of Galla, wife of Julius Constantius, and half-brother of Vulcacius Rufinus, and probably had a son named Neratius Scopius. He owned some "balnea" on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, the "balnea Neratii Cerealis", located between the church built by Pope Liberius (the modern Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore) and the Basilica of Junius Bassus; maybe it was the "domus Neratiorum", owned by an aristocratic family of the 2nd century, to which he added the balnea around 360.

paragraph: In 328 he was Praefectus annonae of Rome.

paragraph: In late summer 351 he was in Sirmium, member of the tribunal processing Photinus; the city was under control of Emperor Constantius II, while Rome was occupied by the usurper Magnentius. It is probable that Neratius remained with Constantius until he was appointed "Praefectus urbi" of Rome, on September 26, 352, a little time after the usurper had left the city. As "Praefectus" he asked that to divert the grain for Capua, Puteoli, and other cities of Campania to Rome. His office ended on December 8, 353.

paragraph: On the right of the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum, between the arch and the Curia, it is still extant the basis of a statue erected by Neratius in honour of Constantius II; the Emperor is celebrated in the epigraph () as "restitutor urbis et orbis, extinctor pestiferae tyrannidis", a reference to his victory over Magnentius.

paragraph: Neratius was consul in 358.

paragraph: Jerome records the answer that a young widow, Marcella, gave to Neratius when he proposed to marry her, late in his life: she said that if she wanted to marry again, she would choose a husband, not an inheritance.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martindale, John Robert, Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, John Morris, "Cerealis 2", "The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1971, , p. 197-199.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Neratius Cerealis

wikipedia_title: Neratius Cerealis


text:
Boy Meets World
Wiseguy
Another World
The Young and the Restless
The Right Stuff
Pastime
American History X
Portsmouth, Virginia
University of Michigan
Crisis at Central High
Academy Award
Joanne Woodward
The Border
The Right Stuff
Slick Goodlin
St. Elsewhere
Crime Story
Miami Vice
Don Johnson
Sonny Crockett
Wiseguy
Independent Spirit Awards
Alan Matthews
Boy Meets World
Lizzie McGuire
Rude Awakening
American History X
Mister Sterling
The Young and the Restless
Stephen Nichols
Home at Last
Girl Meets World
Clare Wren
Waynesboro, Virginia
Independent Spirit Awards
Home at Last

categories: People from Portsmouth, Virginia,1964 births,American television directors,Male actors from Virginia,American male television actors,American male film actors,American male stage actors,20th-century American male actors,University of Michigan alumni,Living people

paragraph: William Russ

paragraph: William Russ (born October 20, 1950) is an American actor and television director. He is perhaps best known for his role as Alan Matthews on the sitcom "Boy Meets World" (1993–2000). Russ is also notable for his roles in the television series "Wiseguy", the soap operas "Another World" and "The Young and the Restless" and the feature films "The Right Stuff" (1983), "Pastime" (1990) and "American History X" (1998).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early life.

paragraph: Russ was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, and is the son of a naval officer. He attended the University of Michigan, where he was a member of the Michigan Cheer team, which was all male at the time. He was also a diver at U of M.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Career.

paragraph: Russ' acting first began on the New York stage before he embarked onto a television and film career. In 1977, he had his first supporting role in "". This film would not be officially released until 2003.

paragraph: During the 1980s, Russ found work in more supporting roles such as "Crisis at Central High" (1981), a television film also starring Academy Award winning actress Joanne Woodward, "The Border" (1981), "The Right Stuff" (1983) as Slick Goodlin, "St. Elsewhere" (1986) and "Crime Story" (1986).

paragraph: He continued finding work in both television and film. He also guest-starred in the television series "Miami Vice" in the 1985 episode "Evan" as the title character, an ATF agent who shared a history with Don Johnson's character, Sonny Crockett. He made fourteen appearances on the 1987–1990 crime drama "Wiseguy" as Roger Lococco.

paragraph: Russ received critical acclaim when he starred in "Pastime" (1991) as Roy Dean Bream, a veteran minor league hurler who mentors a young phenomenon. The role earned him a nomination at the 1992 Independent Spirit Awards for "Best Male Lead."

paragraph: In 1993, he was cast as Alan Matthews on the television sitcom "Boy Meets World". Russ played this role until the series ended in 2000. Russ also directed several episodes of the series during the last three seasons. His other television directing credits include directing one episode of both "Lizzie McGuire" and "Rude Awakening".

paragraph: However, he continued performing in other series and films throughout his time on "Boy Meets World", primarily television films. In 1998, he performed as Danny and Derek Vinyard's father in the critically acclaimed "American History X". Later, he starred in the short-lived television serial drama "Mister Sterling".

paragraph: In fall 2009, it was announced that Russ would be cast as the new character Tucker on "The Young and the Restless". Russ' time on the show was short, however, as it has been announced the role of Tucker was being recast with Stephen Nichols replacing Russ in the role.

paragraph: Russ is the star of the comedy web series "Home at Last". In the series, he portrays "Bob", a homeless man who moves in with the son he abandoned at birth.

paragraph: In 2014, Russ reprised his role of Alan Matthews from "Boy Meets World" on its spinoff "Girl Meets World". In season 2, he joined the production crew, and directed one episode, being the only cast member to direct episodes of both "Boy Meets World" and "Girl Meets World".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Russ is married to actress Clare Wren and has a daughter and son. His son is currently attending a military school in Waynesboro, Virginia. Russ enjoys downhill skiing and windsurfing.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: Independent Spirit Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Nominated, "Best Male Lead" – "Pastime"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home at Last

description: actor, television director

wikidata_label: William Russ

wikipedia_title: William Russ


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: private

text: 9th Lancers

text: British Army

text: Indian Mutiny

text: Delhi

text: India

text: John Purcell

text: Hope Grant

text: corporal

text: Westminster

text: Workhouse

text: Brompton Cemetery

text: Location of grave

text: Placing memorial stone

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Kensington,Burials at Brompton Cemetery,1823 births,1871 deaths,9th Queen's Royal Lancers soldiers,English amputees

paragraph: Thomas Hancock (VC)

paragraph: Thomas Hancock VC (July 1823 – 12 March 1871) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was about 33 years old, and a private in the 9th Lancers (The Queen's Royal), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 19 June 1857 at Delhi, India for which he and John Purcell were awarded the VC:

paragraph: In a later dispatch from Brigadier-General Hope Grant, C.B. to Major H. W. Norman, Assistant Adjutant-General of the Army, on 10 January 1858, Hope writes:

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of corporal. He died in Westminster Workhouse, 12 March 1871, and was buried in a common (unmarked) grave in Brompton Cemetery. A memorial stone was subsequently placed over the burial plot on 15 October 2011.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave "(Brompton Cemetery)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find A Grave biography of Thomas Hancock

paragraph: BULLET::::- Placing memorial stone

description: English recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Thomas Hancock

wikipedia_title: Thomas Hancock (VC)


text: Hungarian

text: composer

text: pianist

text: conductor

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Bratislava

text: Slovakia

text: Royal National Hungarian Academy of Music

text: István Thomán

text: Hans von Koessler

text: Max Reger

text: Franz Liszt

text: Johannes Brahms

text: Johannes Brahms

text: Vienna

text: Eugen d'Albert

text: Berlin

text: Vienna

text: Queen's Hall

text: Beethoven

text: Piano Concerto No. 4

text: St. Louis Symphony

text: chamber music

text: Symphony No. 1

text: Brahms

text: Hans

text: Klaus von Dohnányi

text: Christoph von Dohnányi

text: Cleveland Orchestra

text: anti-Nazi

text: World War II

text: Joseph Joachim

text: Suite in F-sharp minor

text: Bronisław Huberman

text: Hungarian Soviet Republic

text: Jenő Hubay

text: pedagogue

text: Zoltán Kodály

text: Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra

text: Zoltán Kodály

text: Leo Weiner

text: Ampico

text: Andor Földes

text: Mischa Levitzki

text: Ervin Nyiregyházi

text: Géza Anda

text: Annie Fischer

text: Edward Kilenyi

text: Bálint Vázsonyi

text: Georg Solti

text: Istvan Kantor

text: Georges Cziffra

text: Ľudovít Rajter

text: International Franz Liszt Piano Competition

text: Budapest Academy of Music

text: New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

text: Budapest Academy of Music

text: Operation Margarethe

text: Florida Gulf Coast University

text: Franz Liszt Academy of Music

text: Budapest Philharmonic

text: Lajos Hernádi

text: Carl Flesch

text: Zoltán Kodály

text: Tibor Serly

text: Edward Kilenyi

text: Bence Szabolcsi

text: Leó Weiner

text: Florida State University

text: Tallahassee

text: Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity

text: Florida State University

text: Everest Records

text: Mozart

text: Variations on a Nursery Tune

text: HMV

text: RCA Victor

text: Ruralia Hungarica

text: "Tempest" Sonata

text: New York City

text: Tallahassee, Florida

text: Beethoven's

text: piano sonata Op. 31 No. 1

text: Schubert's

text: piano sonata D. 894

text: Testament

text: Edinburgh Festival

text: Kossuth Prize

text: LSU

text: Neoromantic

text: Hungarian

text: folk music

text: nationalist

text: Béla Bartók

text: Zoltán Kodály

text: Serenade in C major

text: Variations on a Nursery Tune

text: Arthur Schnitzler

text: Symphony in F major

text: Symphony No. 1 in D minor

text: Suite in F-sharp minor

text: Ruralia Hungarica

text: Symphony No. 2 in E major

text: Symphony No. 1

text: Variations on a Nursery Tune

text: Minuet

text: National Széchényi Library

text: Serenade in C major

text: Ruralia Hungarica

text: available online

text: Ernő Dohnányi Discography

text: Ernő Dohnányi Profile

text: Dohnanyi String Quartet Nos 1 & 2 sound-bites

text: Warren D. Allen Music Library at Florida State University

text: Lecture by D. Kiszely-Papp

text: In Memoriam concerts

text: Ampico Piano Solo "Music Of The Spheres" (Sphärenmusik)

text: Classical Jam

categories: 19th-century classical composers,20th-century classical composers,1960 deaths,Hungarian male classical composers,Male pianists,Hungarian music educators,People from Bratislava,Pupils of Hans von Koessler,1877 births,Florida State University faculty,Hungarian classical composers,Composers for piano,Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni,20th-century conductors (music),Franz Liszt Academy of Music faculty,Hungarian conductors (music),Hungarian classical pianists,Pupils of István Thomán,Neoromantic composers,Dohnányi family

paragraph: Ernst von Dohnányi

paragraph: Ernő Dohnányi (; 27 July 18779 February 1960) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and conductor. He used a German form of his name, Ernst von Dohnányi, on most of his published compositions. The "von" implies nobility, and, according to the biography by his third wife, his family was ennobled in 1697 and given a family crest, which she describes in some detail.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dohnányi was born in Pozsony, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (today Bratislava, capital of Slovakia). He first studied music with his father, a professor of mathematics and an amateur cellist, and then, when he was eight years old, with Carl Forstner, organist at the local cathedral. In 1894, in his seventeenth year, he moved to Budapest and enrolled in the "Royal National Hungarian Academy of Music", studying piano with István Thomán and composition with Hans von Koessler, a cousin of Max Reger.

paragraph: István Thomán was a favorite student of Franz Liszt and Hans von Koessler was a devotee of Johannes Brahms's music. These two influences played an important role during Dohnányi's entire life: Liszt in his way of playing piano and Brahms in his compositions. Dohnányi's first published composition, his Piano Quintet in C minor, earned the approval of Johannes Brahms, who promoted the work in Vienna. Dohnányi didn't stay long at the Academy of Music: in June 1897 he asked permission to take the final exams right away, without completing his studies. Permission was granted, and only a few days later he passed with high marks, as a composer and pianist, obtaining his diploma at less than twenty years of age.

paragraph: After a few lessons with Eugen d'Albert, another student of Liszt, Dohnányi made his debut in Berlin in 1897 and was at once recognized as an artist of high merit. Similar success in Vienna followed, and he then toured Europe with great success. He made his London debut at a Richter concert in Queen's Hall, where he gave a memorable performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4. He was among the first to conduct Bartók's more accessible music and make it more popular.

paragraph: During the following season, he visited the United States and established his reputation playing Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4 for his American debut with the St. Louis Symphony. Unlike most famous pianists of the time, he did not limit himself to solo recitals and concertos but also played chamber music. In 1901 he completed his Symphony No. 1, his first orchestral work. Although he was heavily influenced by established contemporaries, most notably Brahms, the work displayed considerable technical skill in its own right.

paragraph: He married Elisabeth "Elsa" Kunwald (also a pianist). In 1902, their son, Hans, was born. Hans was the father of German politician Klaus von Dohnányi, and of conductor Christoph von Dohnányi, the former Music Director of the Cleveland Orchestra. Hans distinguished himself as a leader of the anti-Nazi resistance in Germany and was ultimately executed during the final stages of World War II. In addition to Hans, Dohnányi and Elsa Kunwald also had a daughter, Greta..

paragraph: Following an invitation by the violinist (and close friend of Brahms) Joseph Joachim, Dohnányi taught at the Hochschule in Berlin from 1905 to 1915. While there he wrote "The Veil of Pierrette", Op. 18, and the Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 19. Returning to Budapest, he organized over a hundred concerts there each year.

paragraph: Before World War I broke out, Dohnányi met and fell in love with a German actress (also described as a singer), and ballerina Elza Galafrés, who was married to the Polish Jewish violinist Bronisław Huberman. They could not marry, since their respective spouses refused to divorce them, but despite this they had a son, Matthew, in January 1917. Both later gained the divorces they sought, and were married in June 1919. Dohnányi also adopted Johannes, her son by Huberman.

paragraph: In 1919, during the Hungarian Soviet Republic, he was appointed director of the Budapest Academy, but a few months later the new interim government replaced him with the prominent violinist Jenő Hubay after Dohnányi had refused to dismiss the pedagogue and composer Zoltán Kodály from the Academy for his leftist political position.

paragraph: In 1920, with Admiral Horthy becoming Regent of Hungary, Dohnányi was named music director of the Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra and promoted the music of Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, Leo Weiner and other contemporary Hungarian composers. That same 1920 season, he performed the complete piano works of Beethoven and recorded several of his works on the Ampico player-piano-roll apparatus. He gained renown as a great teacher. His pupils included Andor Földes, Mischa Levitzki, Ervin Nyiregyházi, Géza Anda, Annie Fischer, Edward Kilenyi, Bálint Vázsonyi, Sir Georg Solti, Istvan Kantor, Georges Cziffra and Ľudovít Rajter (conductor and Dohnányi's godson). In 1933 he organized the first "International Franz Liszt Piano Competition".

paragraph: In 1937 he met Ilona Zachár, who was married with two children. By this time, he had separated from his second wife Elza Galafrés. He and Ilona travelled throughout Europe as husband and wife, but were not legally married until they settled in the United States. After Dohnányi's death, Ilona, in her biography, launched a campaign to disprove his reputation as a Nazi sympathizer. Peter Halász continued this in an article entitled "Persecuted Musicians in Hungary between 1919-1945", portraying Dohnányi as a "victim" of Nazism, and by James Grymes, who in his book stated that Dohnányi was "a forgotten hero of the Holocaust resistance".

paragraph: In 1934 Dohnányi was once again appointed director of the Budapest Academy of Music, a post he held until 1943. According to the 2015 entry on Dohnányi in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "From 1939 much of [Dohnányi's] time was devoted to the fight against growing Nazi influences. By 1941 he had resigned his directorial post at the Budapest Academy of Music, rather than submit to the anti-Jewish legislation. In his orchestra Budapest Philharmonic he succeeded in keeping on all Jewish members until two months after the German occupation of Hungary on 12 March 1944, in Operation Margarethe, when he disbanded the ensemble. In November 1944 he went to Austria, a decision which drew criticism for many years. In fact, Dohnányi was criticized either from the left or from the right for most of his deeds, from his student days on. The explanation may be found in his unassailability on musical or ethical grounds... The ‘accusations’ levelled against him always took the form of rumours. This, and the magnitude of the so-called charges (never substantiated), made it impossible for Dohnányi to defend himself."

paragraph: In March 2014, at a conference entitled "The Holocaust in Hungary, 70 Years On: New Perspectives" at the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, & Genocide Studies at Florida Gulf Coast University, the musicologist James A. Grymes presented research based on archival evidence he has gathered in Budapest, in a paper entitled "Ernst von Dohnányi: A Forgotten Hero of the Holocaust Resistance." It credits Dohnányi with (in the author's summary): 1) "blocking the creation of a Hungarian Chamber of Music that would have excluded Jews from the music profession, just as the infamous Reichsmusikkammer did in Nazi Germany"; 2) resigning "from his position as Director General of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music instead of carrying out orders to fire Jewish instructors"; 3) "As the conductor of the Budapest Philharmonic, Dohnányi disbanded the ensemble rather than dismiss its Jewish members"; 4) Assisting "a number of individual Jewish musicians. These included impresario Andrew Schulhof, whom Dohnányi helped emigrate from Germany to the U.S. in 1939. Pianist Lajos Hernádi was discharged from the labor service when Dohnányi wrote a letter declaring Hernádi and his hands to be irreplaceable national treasures. When the famous violinist Carl Flesch and his wife were in grave danger of being deported to a concentration camp, Dohnányi helped to reinstate their Hungarian nationalities, enabling them to travel through Germany, back to Hungary, and ultimately to Switzerland. Dohnányi personally saved the pianist György Ferenczy, Ferenczy’s wife, and several other Jewish musicians from the death trains. Zoltán Kodály later reported that Dohnányi had signed dozens of documents that had saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust. In "Ernst von Dohnányi: A Song of Life," Dohnányi’s widow placed that number in the hundreds. Jewish violinist, violist, and composer Tibor Serly went so far as to credit Dohnányi’s frequent interventions for the fact that “Not one Jewish musician of any reputation living in Hungary lost his life or perished during the entire period of World War II.”.

paragraph: Grymes notes the fact that after the war, Dohnányi "was investigated and cleared several times by the U.S. Military Government" – as a precondition to his postwar move to Florida. Grymes also notes that he was "repeatedly defended by prominent Jewish musicians who had worked closely with him in Hungary, including violist Egon Kenton [Kornstein], pianist Edward Kilenyi, musicologist Bence Szabolcsi, and composer Leó Weiner. The latter wrote at least two testimonials pointing out that the majority of Dohnányi’s students had been Jewish and that Dohnányi had consistently programmed Weiner’s own compositions, even during the Nazi regime."

paragraph: From 1949 on, Dohnányi taught for ten years at the Florida State University School of Music in Tallahassee. He became an honorary member of the Epsilon Iota Chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity at Florida State University. He and his wife Ilona became American citizens in 1955.

paragraph: His last public performance, on January 30, 1960, was at Florida State University, conducting the university orchestra in a performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4 with his doctoral student, Edward R. Thaden, as soloist. Following this performance, Dohnányi traveled to New York City to record some Beethoven piano sonatas and shorter piano pieces for Everest Records. He had previously recorded a Mozart concerto in the early 1930s in Hungary (No. 17, in G major, K. 453, playing and conducting the Budapest Philharmonic, for Columbia, his own "Variations on a Nursery Tune" issued by HMV in England and RCA Victor in the U.S., the second movement of his "Ruralia Hungarica" (Gypsy Andante), and a few solo works (but no Beethoven sonatas) on 78 rpm; and various other works, including Beethoven's "Tempest" Sonata and Haydn's F minor Variations, on early mono LPs.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Dohnányi died ten days later, on 9 February 1960, of pneumonia in New York City, and was buried in Tallahassee, Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Influence and legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The BBC issued an LP recording taken from one of his last concerts, given in 1959 at Florida State University, in which he played Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 31 No. 1 and Schubert's piano sonata D. 894. The Testament label has reissued the recital on CD in a set that also includes three of the pianist's own short pieces he played as encores on that occasion, a short recital of his own works that he played at the 1956 Edinburgh Festival, and a few broadcast on the BBC in 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His three volumes of "Daily Finger Exercises for the Advanced Pianist" were published by Mills Music in 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Warren D. Allen Music Library at Florida State University's College of Music holds a large archive of Dohnányi's papers, manuscripts and related materials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hungarian government posthumously awarded him its highest civilian honor, the Kossuth Prize, in 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An International Ernst von Dohnányi Festival was held at Florida State University in 2002. LSU professor Milton Hallman was a student of his and recorded a CD called "Works For Piano" containing some of Dohnányi's most notable music in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: Dohnányi's compositional style was personal, but very conservative. His music largely subscribes to the Neoromantic idiom. Although he used elements of Hungarian folk music, he is not considered a nationalist composer like Béla Bartók or Zoltán Kodály. Some characterize his style as traditional mainstream Euro-Germanic in the Brahmsian manner (structurally rather than the way the music actually sounds) rather than specifically Hungarian, while others hear very little of Brahms in his music, the best of which may be his Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902) and "Variations on a Nursery Tune" for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914).

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Stage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Schleier der Pierrette (The Veil of Pierrette)", Mime in three parts (Libretto after Arthur Schnitzler), Op. 18 (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tante Simona (Aunt Simona)", Comic Opera in one act (Libretto by Victor Heindl), Op. 20 (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A vajda tornya (The Tower of the Voivod)", Romantic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Viktor Lányi, after Hans Heinz Ewers and Marc Henry), Op. 30 (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A tenor (The Tenor)", Comic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Ernő Góth and Carl Sternheim, after "Bürger Schippel" by Carl Sternheim), Op. 34 (1927)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Choral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szegedi mise (Szeged Mass)", Op. 35 (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cantus vitae", Symphonic Cantata, Op. 38 (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stabat mater", Op. 46 (1953)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Orchestral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony in F major (1896, unpublished) - Hungarian King's Prize in 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 9 (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 19 (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ünnepi nyitány (Festival Overture)", Op. 31 (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruralia Hungarica" (based on Hungarian folk tunes), Op. 32b (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szimfonikus percek (Symphonic Minutes)", Op. 36 (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 2 in E major, Op. 40 (1945, revised 1954-7)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Rhapsody", Op. 47 (1953)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Solo instrument and orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 5 (1898) (the opening theme was inspired by Brahms's Symphony No. 1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Konzertstück (Concertpiece)" in D major for cello and orchestra, Op. 12 (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variations on a Nursery Tune" ("Variationen über ein Kinderlied") for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 27 (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Concerto No. 2 in B minor, Op. 42 (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violin Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 43 (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concertino for harp and chamber orchestra, Op. 45 (1952)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Chamber and instrumental.

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet in D minor, 1893 (unpublished, manuscript at British Library) (Grymes, "Ernst Von Dohnányi: A Bio-bibliography", p. 32)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Sextet in B major, 1893 (revised 1896, revised and premiered 1898. Recorded on Hungaroton, 2006.) (Grymes, p. 32)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuet for String Quartet, 1894 (Grymes, p. 32. Manuscript at the National Széchényi Library.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Quartet in F minor, (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Quintet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 1 in A major, Op. 7 (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata in B minor for cello and piano, Op. 8 (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 2 in D major, Op. 15 (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata in C minor for violin and piano, Op. 21 (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Quintet No. 2 in E minor, Op. 26 (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 3 in A minor, Op. 33 (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextet in C for piano, strings and winds, Op. 37 (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aria for flute and piano, Op 48, No. 1 (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passacaglia for solo flute, Op. 48, No. 2 (1959)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Piano.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Pieces, Op. 2 (1897, pub. 1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltzes for four hands, Op. 3 (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Variations and Fugue on a Theme of E[mma].G[ruber]., Op. 4 (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gavotte and Musette (WoO, 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albumblatt (WoO, 1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passacaglia in E minor, Op. 6 (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Rhapsodies, Op. 11 (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winterreigen", Op. 13 (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humoresque in the form of a Suite, Op. 17 (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Pieces, Op. 23 (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fugue for left hand (WoO, 1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suite in the Old Style, Op. 24 (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six Concert Etudes, Op. 28 (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Variations on a Hungarian Folksong, Op. 29 (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pastorale on a Hungarian Christmas Song (WoO, 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valses nobles, concert arrangement for piano (after Schubert, D. 969) (WoO, 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruralia Hungarica", Op. 32a (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltz for Piano from Delibes' "Coppelia" (WoO, 1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltz Suite, for two pianos, Op. 39a (1945),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Limping Waltz for solo piano, Op. 39b (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six Pieces, Op. 41 (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Singular Pieces, Op. 44 (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twelve Short Studies for the Advanced Pianist (1951)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kusz, Veronika. "A Wayfaring Stranger in the New World: Ernst von Dohnányi's American Rhapsody," "American Music" 32 (Summer 2014), 201-22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilona von Dohnányi and James A, Grymes, eds., "Ernst von Dohnányi: A Song of Life" (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002),

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Lines Hubbard et al., eds., "The American History and Encyclopedia of Music", vol. 1 (London: Irving Squire, 1908), 183-4, available online

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernő Dohnányi Discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernő Dohnányi Profile at The Remington Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dohnanyi String Quartet Nos 1 & 2 sound-bites

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warren D. Allen Music Library at Florida State University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lecture by D. Kiszely-Papp on piano music of Dohnányi

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Memoriam concerts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ampico Piano Solo "Music Of The Spheres" (Sphärenmusik) from "Winterreigen" Opus 13, by Ernst Von Dohnanyi, played by E. V. Dohnanyi on the Ampico Reproducing Piano (7 ft Grand Piano)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheet music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Videos

paragraph: BULLET::::- played by Classical Jam

description: Hungarian conductor, composer, and pianist

wikidata_label: Ernő Dohnányi

wikipedia_title: Ernst von Dohnányi


text: née

text: Salon holder

text: landowner

text: noble

text: Baron

text: L’union parfaite

text: Copenhagen

text: Christian Ditlev

text: Ludvig Reventlow

text: Ernst Heinrich von Schimmelmann

text: county

text: Frijsenborg

text: Christine Sophie Holstein

text: Charlotte Schimmelmann

categories: 18th-century Danish people,Ordre de l'Union Parfaite,1734 births,19th-century Danish people,1810 deaths,Danish ladies-in-waiting,Danish nobility,Danish salon-holders

paragraph: Sophia Magdalena Krag-Juel Vind

paragraph: Sophia Magdalena Krag-Juel Vind, née "von Gram" (1734–1810), was a Danish Salon holder, landowner and noble. She is considered to have exerted considerable political influence in Danish politics during the late 18th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Carl Christian von Gram (1703–80) and Birgitte Christine Friis (1715–75). In 1752, she married to the official and landowner Baron Jens Krag-Juel Vind (1724–1776). She had six children: Frederik Carl (1753), Sophie Magdalene (1754), Juliane Marie (1755), Jens Carl (1757), Jens Carl (1759), and Jens Carl (1767).

paragraph: She belonged to the elite of the aristocracy around the circles of the royal court: her spouse had several important offices and she herself had been a maid-of-honour to the queen dowager Sophia Magdalene prior to her marriage, and received the L’union parfaite in 1757.

paragraph: Not much is known of her life before she was widowed in 1776. As a widow, she became the richest landowner of her country, and her house in Copenhagen became the center of the capitals aristocracy. During the 1780s and 1790s, she was the "hostess" of the “danske parti” (The Danish party) consistent of landowners in opposition to the ruling “tyske parti” (German party) of A.P. Bernstorff, Christian Ditlev, Ludvig Reventlow and Ernst Heinrich von Schimmelmann, who ruled Denmark from 1784. She was regarded a powerful enemy of the Reventlow family. In 1790, she was the instigator of "proprietærfejde"; the Jutian landowning nobility's opposition movement to the new country labor reforms, whose meetings took place at her estate Stensballegård; with her connections, she was regarded a real threat to the ruling government. She continued to be a force of which political actors kept informed.

paragraph: In 1799, she inherited the county of Frijsenborg after her aunt Elisabeth Sophie Desmercières, and became the biggest landowner in Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christine Sophie Holstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Schimmelmann

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. kvinfo.dk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claus Bjørn: Den gode sag, 1992. Historie 13/1979.

description: Danish nobility

wikidata_label: Sophia Magdalena Krag Juel Vind

wikipedia_title: Sophia Magdalena Krag-Juel Vind


text:
Swedish
avant-garde
Cubism
Purism
Neo-Plasticism
Concrete art
Paris
Fernand Léger
Amédée Ozenfant
Le Corbusier
Erich Mendelsohn's
Einstein Tower
Stockholm Exhibition
Katherine Dreier
Société Anonyme
New York City
Jane Heap's
Rand School
Piet Mondrian
Theo van Doesburg
Constructivism
Jean Hélion
Léon Arthur Tutundjian
Marcel Wantz
Art Concret
manifesto

paragraph: Otto Gustaf Carlsund

paragraph: Otto Gustaf Carlsund (1897–1948) was a Swedish avant-garde artist and art critic, connected to Cubism, Purism, Neo-Plasticism, and Concrete art.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1924 he moved to Paris to study under Fernand Léger and Amédée Ozenfant at their newly founded Académie Moderne, where he developed a style of painting at first resembling Léger's, though soon became greatly influenced by Ozenfant's Purist style. In 1925 he met Le Corbusier and was commissioned to create murals for a cinema he was working on, though the project was eventually shelved, and in the same year he was recommended by Ozenfant to create murals for the planned library annex to Erich Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower. Although Mendelsohn eventually abandoned this later project, an example of the designs from the series of paintings that Carlsund had prepared for the Einstein Library - the suite "Rapidité" - was realized in a mural at the Stockholm restaurant Parkrestaurangen Lilla Paris, in connection with the Stockholm Exhibition in 1930. In 1926 he was invited by Katherine Dreier and Société Anonyme to participate in her exhibition "International Exhibition of Modern Art" at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City., featuring both his mural projects, and over the following years he exhibits several times in Paris, also again in New York at Jane Heap's Little Review Gallery (1928), the Arts Council (1928), and the Rand School (1931). As he met Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg and the circle of radical artists working in the Neo-Plasticist aesthetic, he came to adopt an increasingly reduced vocabulary of abstract rectilinear form, as well as being more and more affected by Constructivism.

paragraph: Section::::Art concret.

paragraph: In 1929 he and van Doesburg, Jean Hélion, Léon Arthur Tutundjian and Marcel Wantz (1911-79) founded the group Art Concret, and the following year they published their joint manifesto. "Their proclamation called for a universal art composed of planes and colours executed crisply, precisely, mechanically. Form and rhythm were governed by mathematical principles, while abstract cinema provided a model of combining space and time in a single work of art" The group was short lived and only exhibited together at three occasions in 1930 as part of larger group exhibitions, the first being at "Salon des Surindépendents" in Paris in June, followed by "Production Paris 1930" in Zürich, and in August at the exhibition "AC: Internationell utställning av postkubistisk konst" (International exhibition of post-cubist art) in Stockholm, curated by Carlsund himself. In the catalog to the latter, Carlsund states that the group's "programme is clear: absolute Purism. Neo-Plasticism, Purism and Constructivism combined". The Stockholm exhibition was largely a failure, getting harsh judgement from unsupportive critics, and ultimately led to Carlsund's decision to move back to Stockholm. Following van Doesburg's death in 1931, the Art Concret group united with the larger association Abstraction-Création, founded in 1932, though was never formally dissolved.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After 1932, Carlsund was primarily active as an art critic, still painting and creating murals but not exhibiting his art. Following increased domestic attention to geometric abstraction in the 1940s, a retrospective exhibition was held in Stockholm in 1947 to great acclaim.

alias:
Otto Carlsund
Otto G. Carlsund
Carlsund

description: Swedish artist

wikidata_label: Otto Gustaf Carlsund

wikipedia_title: Otto Gustaf Carlsund