text:
fl.
troubadour
merchant class
Toulouse
canso
vida
Alfonso II of Aragon
planh
Henry the Young King
William VIII of Montpellier
Raymond VI
Lombardy
Piedmont
Azzo VI of Este
Pamiers
hermetic
Cadenet
Arnaut Daniel
Bertran de Born
Tuscan
Dante Alighieri
tritone
Anglade, Joseph.

wikipedia_title:
Floruit
Troubadour
Bourgeoisie
Toulouse
Canso (song)
Vida (Occitan literary form)
Alfonso II of Aragon
Planh
Henry the Young King
William VIII of Montpellier
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse
Lombardy
Piedmont
Azzo VI of Este
Pamiers
Hermeticism (poetry)
Cadenet (troubadour)
Arnaut Daniel
Bertran de Born
Tuscan dialect
Dante Alighieri
Tritone
Joseph Anglade

categories: Medieval male composers,12th-century French composers,French male classical composers,13th-century deaths,French male poets,12th-century births,People from Toulouse,Troubadours

paragraph: Peire Raimon de Tolosa

paragraph: Peire Raimon de Tolosa (or Toloza; fl. 1180–1220) was a troubadour from the merchant class of Toulouse. He is variously referred to as "lo Viellz" ("the Old") and "lo Gros" ("the Fat"), though these are thought by some to refer to two different persons. On the other hand, "lo Viellz" could refer to his being of an early generation of troubadours. Eighteen of Peire Ramon's poems survive, one "canso" with a melody.

paragraph: Peire Ramon's name (as "Petrus Raimundus") appears in two documents of Toulouse, dated to 1182 and 1214. According to his "vida", he became a jongleur and travelled to the court of Alfonso II of Aragon, who bestowed great honour on him. The earliest datable work by Peire Ramon is a "planh" written on the death of Henry the Young King in 1183. According to his "vida" Peire passed "a long time" at the courts of Alfonso, William VIII of Montpellier, and a certain "Count Raymond", which could refer to either Raymond V of Toulouse or, more probably, Raymond VI. He also spent time in Italy (Lombardy and Piedmont), at the courts of Thomas I of Savoy, Guglielmo Malaspina, and Azzo VI of Este. Azzo's daughter Beatriz was the addressee of one of Peire's poems. Eventually Peire settled down with a wife in Pamiers and there he died.

paragraph: Peire was reputed as a singer and composer of "cansos". His work is characterised by themes of nature. His style was hermetic. He imitated the troubadours Cadenet and Arnaut Daniel and was in turn imitated by Bertran de Born, especially as regards his use of natural imagery. Bertran went so far as to copy almost a whole stanza from Peire's "No.m puesc sofrir d'una leu chanso faire." In "Us noels pessamens", Peire even anticipates the Tuscan poet Dante Alighieri. Peire is complaining about a mistress who first beckoned him and then broke her promise to him when he says:

paragraph: Peire's sole surviving melody is florid like Cadenet's. His style employs an uncommonly high number of large intervals, including tritones. The poem with the melody is built on an innovative metaphor:

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anglade, Joseph. "Poésies du troubadour Peire Raimon de Toulouse". 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey, Elizabeth. "The Music of the Troubadours". Indiana University Press, 1996. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gouiran, Gérard. "The Classical Period: from Raimbaut d'Aurenga to Arnaut Daniel." "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kastner, L. E. "Notes on the Poems of Bertran de Born." "The Modern Language Review", 31:1 (Jan., 1936), pp. 20–33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewent, Kurt. "Old Provençal Miscellany: 1. Troubadours as Precursors of Dante." "The Modern Language Review", 38:2 (Apr., 1943), pp. 106–116.

description: troubadour

wikidata_label: Peire Raimon de Tolosa

wikipedia_title: Peire Raimon de Tolosa


text:
Welsh
Treboeth
Swansea
Welsh
Fine Art
Swansea Art School
Maidstone College of Art
Michael Upton
Fernhill
"Songlines" (magazine)
Fflach
Rough Guide
World Music Network
Smithsonian Folkways
pibgorn
bagpipe
Dolgellau
Pentre Ifan
Newcastle University
Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama
Cardiff
University of Limerick
Glucksman Ireland House
New York University
Bangor University
Loughborough University
Saith Rhyfeddod
Cico Nyth Cacwn
Traditional songs of Wales
A Celtic Christmas
Shrug off ya complex
South Wales Beat
Funky Fresh
William Kennedy Piping Festival
Alawon
Yscolan
Ca' nôs
Llatai
Whilia
hynt
Na Prádle
Canu Rhydd
Ffidil
Datgan
Telyn
KilBride
Gramundus
Pibau
Megin
Minka
Melangell
The Rough Guide to the Music of Wales
Boys from the Hill
Perllan
Ffawd
Enlli
Sidan
Toreth
Crwth
Priodi
Blas
Gwenllian
Pibddawns
Tro

categories: 1960 births,Musicians from Swansea,Living people

paragraph: Ceri Rhys Matthews

paragraph: Ceri Rhys Matthews (born 1960) is a Welsh traditional musician, record producer, and teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Matthews was born in the district of Treboeth, in Swansea, Wales. Educated in Welsh-Medium schools in Ynystawe, Lonlas and Ystalyfera, he went on to study Fine Art and Painting at Swansea Art School and Maidstone College of Art under Patricia Briggs, Robin Sewell, Noel White and Michael Upton.

paragraph: Section::::Music and production.

paragraph: As a soloist and member of the Welsh folk group Fernhill, he has been called "a key figure in the renaissance of Welsh musical traditions", by journalist Julian May in "Songlines" (magazine) and described by him as "a one man Welsh music industry" He has produced twenty-one CDs for Welsh label Fflach's subsidiary fflach:tradd. In 2000, he produced the Rough Guide to the Music of Wales for World Music Network. In 2009, he produced for Smithsonian Folkways which came first in the 2009 Independent Music Awards for Best World Traditional Album.

paragraph: He plays flute, pibgorn, bagpipe and guitar.

paragraph: Section::::Teaching.

paragraph: His teaching activities cover a wide spectrum. These include a long term Junior School Flute-making project in Dolgellau, Wales; teaching at various Summer Schools including The English Acoustic Collective Summer School, Ruskin Mill; and at the Yscolan Weekends, Pentre Ifan.

paragraph: He is a visiting tutor at the BMus Degree in folk and traditional music at Newcastle University, and The Sage Gateshead; and at the BMus (Hons) Music Degree at the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in Cardiff.

paragraph: He has spoken on Welsh music at the World Music Centre, University of Limerick, in 1998; The Glucksman Ireland House, New York University, in 2002; The Centre for Advanced Welsh Music Studies, Bangor University, in 2007; English & Welsh Diaspora Conference at Loughborough University, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: With Saith Rhyfeddod

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saith Rhyfeddod" (Sain, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cico Nyth Cacwn" (Fflach, 1994)

paragraph: As solo musician

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traditional songs of Wales" ( Saydisc, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Celtic Christmas" (Saydisc, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shrug off ya complex" (with Y Tystion. Crai, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "South Wales Beat" (with Wepun Ex Project. Wonky Wax, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Funky Fresh" (with Wepun Ex Project. Wonky Wax, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William Kennedy Piping Festival" (Armagh Piper's Club, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alawon" (with Burum. fflach:tradd, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yscolan" (Disgyfrith, 2006)

paragraph: With fernhill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ca' nôs" (Be Jo, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Llatai" (Be Jo, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whilia" (Be Jo, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "hynt" (Be Jo, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na Prádle" (live) (Be Jo, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canu Rhydd" (Disgyfrith, 2011)

paragraph: As Record Producer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ffidil" (fflach:ttradd, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Datgan" (fflach:ttradd, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Telyn" (fflach:ttradd, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "KilBride" (fflach:ttradd, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gramundus" (fflach:ttradd, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pibau" (fflach:ttradd, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Megin" (fflach:ttradd, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minka" (fflach:ttradd, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Melangell" (fflach:ttradd, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rough Guide to the Music of Wales" (World Music Network, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boys from the Hill" (fflach:ttradd, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perllan" (fflach:ttradd, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ffawd" (fflach:ttradd, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enlli" (fflach:ttradd, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sidan" (fflach:ttradd, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toreth" (fflach:ttradd, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crwth" (fflach:ttradd, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Priodi" (fflach:ttradd, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blas" (fflach:ttradd, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gwenllian" (fflach:ttradd, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pibddawns" (fflach:ttradd, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tro" (fflach:ttradd, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (Smithsonian Folkways, 2010)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  fernhill official website

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Ceri Rhys Matthews official website

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Blodeugerdd, Smithsonian Folkways

paragraph: BULLET::::-  fflach:tradd official website

description: Welsh musician and record producer

wikidata_label: Ceri Rhys Matthews

wikipedia_title: Ceri Rhys Matthews


text:
Tanjung Pura, Langkat
Langkat Regency
Bangkok
Dutch
politician
agronomist
Parlement.com biography

categories: Wageningen University alumni,Catholic People's Party politicians,Dutch Roman Catholics,Dutch agronomists,20th-century Dutch politicians,Dutch civil servants,Radboud University Nijmegen faculty,Wageningen University faculty,Members of the Senate (Netherlands),2009 deaths,1924 births,Chairmen of the Catholic People's Party,People from Langkat Regency,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism

paragraph: Dick de Zeeuw

paragraph: Dick de Zeeuw (January 24, 1924, Tanjung Pura, Langkat, Langkat Regency – February 18, 2009, Bangkok) was a Dutch politician and agronomist.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parlement.com biography

description: Dutch politician, civil servant and agronomist

wikidata_label: Dick de Zeeuw

wikipedia_title: Dick de Zeeuw


text:
philanthropist
Madison, Indiana
Wiggins, Mississippi
Des Moines, Iowa
associate editor
The Des Moines Register
Boy Scouts
Girl Scouts
James Whitcomb Riley
Rudyard Kipling
pennies
King Albert I of Belgium
"Queen Elizabeth Medal"
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston
American Red Cross
Mississippi Highway 26
pecan
Cape Cod
southern yellow pine
doll
Stone County, Mississippi
post office
The Christian Science Monitor
Christian Science Monitor
Viking Press
folklore
The Horn Book Magazine
The New York Times
The Boston Herald
United States Treasury Department
Chicago
Carl Sandburg
Alvin C. York
Abraham Lincoln
Rudyard Kipling
war bond
stamps
department store
public libraries
public schools
Christian Science
college
housekeeper
Tuskegee Institute
Alabama
University of Southern Mississippi
McCain Library and Archives

categories: 1876 births,People from Madison, Indiana,1962 deaths,American children's writers

paragraph: Emilie Blackmore Stapp

paragraph: Emilie Blackmore Stapp (1876–1962) was an American children's author and philanthropist whose writing career spanned over 50 years. She was born in Madison, Indiana on July 4, 1876 and died June 29, 1962, in Wiggins, Mississippi where she is buried. Her first book "Bread and ‘Lasses: Sketches of Child Life" was published in 1902.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Emilie Stapp's father, David Wilbur Stapp, and her mother, Carrie Blackmore, moved their family which included their oldest daughter Florence, sons Hal and Fred and youngest daughters Emilie and Marie to Des Moines, Iowa in 1883. Following the sudden death of her mother at the age of 50, in 1893, and upon her graduation from high school, Emilie went to work as an associate editor with a weekly newspaper in Des Moines. Soon she found herself hired as editor of the literary page of the "Des Moines Capital", the sister newspaper of "The Des Moines Register", which served as the daily evening newspaper for the Des Moines area.

paragraph: In 1902, her first book, "Bread and ‘Lasses: Sketches of Child Life" was published. This was followed by "The Trail of the Go-Hawks" in 1908; "Uncle Peter-Heathen" in 1912; "The Squaw Lady" in 1913 and "Little Billy Bowlegs" in 1916.

paragraph: Section::::The Go-Hawks Happy Tribe.

paragraph: In 1913, Stapp founded the Go-Hawks Happy Tribe, a national philanthropic organization which welcomed both boys and girls. The organization similar to today’s Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, had a membership of over 80,000 children and adults. Membership was open to anyone regardless of race or ethnic background who performed at least one act of kindness per day. “To Make The World A Better Place” was the organization's motto. Two prominent adult members of the “Go-Hawks Tribe” were James Whitcomb Riley, Big Chief of the United States, and Rudyard Kipling, Big Chief of England.

paragraph: In her 1914 letter, Stapp asked Riley to be the head of the Go-Hawks Happy Tribe saying; “It seems to be the desire of the children of Indiana that you should be designated Chief of their happy tribe. The Go-Hawks Happy Tribe is composed of good little Indians from 7 to 77 who are discovering that the only real happiness in life lies in service. All over the country children are showing fealty to the tribe by donning the button emblem of service. So here's your button which makes you a member for life. If you are caught without it some young Indian brave or squaw may rise up and scalp you.” Riley replied back, “I am happy to be the chief of both the little children and those with the spirit of little children, even though ‘the golden hair be gray.'" Stapp wrote back, asserting, “I am so glad you have not grown up. Neither have I. You must never tell my employer, nor any of those many publishers who overwhelm me with books for criticism, but I still believe in fairies.”

paragraph: Section::::World War I.

paragraph: In June 1917 with World War I raging in Europe, Stapp mobilized her Go-Hawks Happy Tribe to raise 4,300,892 pennies or $43,008.92 to feed the widows and orphans of Europe. For her extraordinarily compassionate efforts to care of the orphans created by World War I, Emilie Blackmore Stapp was decorated by both the governments of France and Belgium for distinguished service. King Albert I of Belgium presented her with the honor of the "Queen Elizabeth Medal" for her distinguished, unselfish and loyal service to the people of Belgium. In addition, the government and people of France bestowed upon Stapp, the honor of the "French Medal for Distinguished Service" for her efforts to feed the orphans and widows of France.

paragraph: Section::::After WWI.

paragraph: In May 1921, Stapp left the "Des Moines Capital" for a new position as Children’s Editor with the Houghton Mifflin Company in Boston. In Boston, Stapp continued her philanthropic work by forming The World Neighbor Club in 1923, in cooperation with the American Red Cross. The purpose of The World Neighbor Club was to establish relationships with and befriend children of different countries and to create libraries throughout the world where children could learn the English language. In a thank-you letter, a student from The Albanian Vocational School writes to Stapp, “We thank you very much for the kindness you have done the Albanian children, and we thank you also very much for the books you send to us. We will never forget our best friends of America, and we will try to repay these good deeds you are doing.”

paragraph: Emilie Stapp continued in her work as Children's Editor at Houghton Mifflin until 1925 when she was forced to resign due to ill health. After leaving Houghton Mifflin Company, Emilie Blackmore Stapp authored "Little Streets of Beacon Hill", published in 1928 by the J.F. Olsson Company. About this same time she, and sister Marie, moved to the small town of Wiggins, Mississippi where they had acquired of land two miles (3 km) east of town on Mississippi Highway 26. They named their new property Friendship Farm. In the quiet solitude of southern Mississippi, Emilie Stapp could fully devote herself to creative writing. Upon the fertile ground of Friendship Farm, Emilie and Marie Stapp established a pecan orchard and built their home, a Cape Cod design, they named The Dolls’ House. The home, built from the virgin southern yellow pine timber of south Mississippi, received its name from a rare collection of over 400 dolls of historic significance, that the Stapp sisters acquired from their world travels and prominently displayed there.

paragraph: Soon after their arrival in Wiggins, Mississippi, Emilie and her sister Marie, became actively involved within the community. In 1932, they deeded of land and a club house to the Women’s Club of Wiggins, and with a donation of over 4,000 books, they established the first lending library in Stone County, Mississippi. Becoming concerned with the dilapidated condition of the old post office, the Stapp sisters funded construction of a new post office for the City of Wiggins.

paragraph: During the 1930s Emilie Stapp became a regular contributor to many renowned children’s publications of the day. Her writings appeared in such publications as "Little Folks Magazine", "John Martin’s Book", "St. Nicholas, Youth's Companion", and The Christian Science Monitor where she also served as Children's Editor. In 1935, Stapp authored the novel "Penny Wise". The story of Penelope Wiseman a teenage detective based on Stapp's popular serial of the same name, published in the "Christian Science Monitor".

paragraph: By 1936, Emilie and Marie Stapp's Dolls' House was opened to the public as a tourist attraction. Tours were conducted by appointment and the home was listed in such publications as "Mississippi; A Guide To The Magnolia State", published in 1938 by Viking Press and in "The Chevron Travel Guide".

paragraph: Emilie and Marie's brother Fredrick Markley Stapp, his wife Susan Ermina (Reed) Stapp and their two children Carrie Nell Stapp (Smith) and Emilie Marie Stapp (Rausch) also lived on Friendship Farm. Carrie Nell's daughter Suzanne Smith (Day Hartness) is a character in the Isabella Book series.

paragraph: In 1940, Emilie Stapp authored "Isabella, The Wise Goose", and convinced Charles E. "Chubb" Howe owner of Winslow Press to publish it. Revived from folklore, Isabella was a large white goose with a sun-bright yellow beak, able to lay golden eggs whenever she had a mind. Supporting characters such as Mr. Sun, Miss True Blue, the Happies, and Lady Daffodil shared Isabella's land of make-believe. The book was well received by critics of the day. Favorable reviews appeared in "The Horn Book Magazine", "The New York Times", and "The Boston Herald". But little did anyone know that soon Emilie Blackmore Stapp and her irrepressible goose, Isabella would be destined for much greater things than simply literary success.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: On October 28, 1942, in an effort to raise money for the war effort, the United States Treasury Department and the Holy Cathedral Book Club of Chicago sponsored an autographed book party. That night, with such dignitaries as Carl Sandburg and Alvin C. York in attendance, a copy of "Isabella, The Wise Goose" sold for $800. Along with Isabella and other books, an original Abraham Lincoln letter and an autographed Rudyard Kipling book, sold to raise $283,000 in war bonds and stamps.

paragraph: Soon after, Emilie and her mythical goose, Isabella, was commissioned by the United States Government to sell war bonds. Isabella’s Victory Flight was launched in 1942. Stapp sold Isabella's war bonds through a letter writing campaign she conducted. Requests to purchase the war bonds were sent on stationery with a reproduction of Isabella created by renowned illustrator and artist, Forrest W. Orr. The letters listed Stapp's address as Isabella’s Victory Flight Headquarters, The Dolls' House, Wiggins, Mississippi.

paragraph: Emilie Stapp and Isabella participated in four bond drives. Stapp's highest single sales record came in her 8th Victory Bond campaign, where she raised a total of $710,403. From her rural home in Wiggins, Mississippi, Emilie Blackmore Stapp and Isabella raised a total of $3,339,429 for the American war effort. This was a truly remarkable feat when it is taken into consideration that $1.00 in 1942 had approximately the same buying power as $13.00 in 2010. To put this accomplishment into perspective, Emilie Blackmore Stapp would have raised approximately $42 million for the war effort by 2010's standards.

paragraph: Section::::After World War II.

paragraph: After her successful war bond campaign, Emilie Blackmore Stapp continued to expand on the story of Isabella, by penning her second, third and fourth books in the series. In 1946, she wrote "Isabella’s Big Secret" which told of the goose's exploits during World War II. In 1947, Stapp wrote "Isabella the Bride" which tells of her marriage to Alexander, The King of Gooseland and in 1948, she followed up with "Isabella, Queen of Gooseland".

paragraph: By 1949, Emilie Stapp had become frustrated with the lack of promotion by her publisher, Charles "Chubb" Howe. On May 4, 1949, she wrote to Howe, saying: “We are sure you realize that books, no matter how delightful we think they are, will not sell themselves without publicity. I am most eager to know what your plans really are, Chubb, to publicize these books.” Howe took the letter to heart and responded by personally creating a publicity campaign aimed at department stores, public libraries and public schools across the country. Soon brisk sales ensued and the fifth book in the series, "Isabella's Goose Village" was released in 1950. Emilie Blackmore Stapp dedicated the sixth and last book in the series, "Isabella’s New Friend", published in 1952, to Charles E. Howe and his wife Esther, because of Howe's efforts in successfully promoting the Isabella series. The dedication read: “To Chubb and Esther, With Feathers In Their Caps. From Isabella.”

paragraph: In the mid-1950s, Emilie Stapp's writing career came to an end when she broke her hip in an accident. Holding true to the teachings of her Christian Science faith, she refused all medical treatment. In constant pain, Stapp was confined to her bed for the next seven years of her life until dying from complications of the broken hip in 1962, just five days short of her 86th birthday. Her final resting place is next to her sister Marie Graham Stapp in their family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery, Wiggins, Mississippi.

paragraph: Because Emilie Stapp and her sister Marie never had the opportunity to go to college themselves, they helped a number of young people reach the goal of obtaining a college degree by paying fully for their educations. Among them were Robert Sherwood and David Miller of Des Moines, Iowa and Ethel Evans of Wiggins, Mississippi. Miller became a successful attorney in Des Moines and Sherwood a successful businessman. Evans, whose mother was the housekeeper for the Stapp sisters, attended Tuskegee Institute in Alabama where she earned a degree in art.

paragraph: Emilie Blackmore Stapp's altruistic life was the ultimate personification of the Go Hawk Tribe motto, “To Make The World A Better Place.” She proved that one person can make a difference. Through her quiet lifelong benevolent works and extraordinary actions in World War I and World War II, she improved the lives of thousands of adults and children without selfishly seeking fame, accolades or notoriety for herself.

paragraph: Section::::Books by Emilie Blackmore Stapp.

paragraph: "Bread and 'Lasses Sketches of Child Life" (1902) Published by The George A. Miller Company, Illustrations by P.J. Monahan

paragraph: The Go-Hawk Series:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Trail of the Go-Hawks" (1908) David McKay Publisher, Illustrations by Harriett Macy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uncle Peter-Heathen" (1912) David McKay Publisher, Illustrations by Harriett Macy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Squaw Lady" (1913) David McKay Publisher, Illustrations by Harriett Macy

paragraph: Unserialized Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Billy Bowlegs" (1916) Published by The George H. Doran Company, Illustrations by Harold Sichel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happyland's Fairy Grotto Plays for Children" (1922) Published by Houghton Mifflin Company, (Not Illustrated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Streets of Beacon Hill" (1928) Published by J.F. Olsson Company, Illustrations by Jeanette Stewart

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Penny Wise" (1935) Published By Winslow Press, Illustrations by Forrest W. Orr

paragraph: The Isabella Series:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isabella, The Wise Goose" (1940) Published by Winslow Press, Illustrations by Forrest W. Orr

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isabella’s Big Secret" (1946) Published by Winslow Press, Illustrations by Forrest W. Orr

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isabella, The Bride" (1947) Published by Winslow Press, Illustrations by Forrest W. Orr

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isabella, Queen of Gooseland" (1948) Published by Winslow Press, Illustrations by Forrest W. Orr

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isabella’s Goose Village" (1950) Published by Winslow Press, Illustrations by Forrest W. Orr

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isabella’s New Friend" (1952) Published by Winslow Press, Illustrations by Forrest W. Orr

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: We would like to acknowledge the University of Southern Mississippi, McCain Library and Archives, where the biographical sketch of Emilie Blackmore Stapp provided much of the information in this article.

paragraph: For more information on the life of Emilie Blackmore Stapp visit:

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Emilie Blackmore Stapp

wikipedia_title: Emilie Blackmore Stapp


text: biographer

text: "The Listener"

text: BBC

text: CBC

text: McClelland and Stewart

text: Richard Cornthwaite Lambert

text: Liberal Party

text: Repton School

text: Wadham College, Oxford

text: Oxford Poetry

text: The Economist

text: Friends' Ambulance Unit

text: conscientious objector

text: The Stanton Press

text: The Listener

text: Paul Nash

text: Roger Fry

text: Clive Bell

text: CBC Radio

text: Clearview, Ontario

text: National Historic Site of Canada

text: Gef the talking mongoose

text: Harry Price

text: Cecil Levita

text: British Film Institute

text: evil eye

text: Sir Stephen Tallents

text: Statius

text: Henry Wentworth Monk

text: Poems in the magazine Oxford Poetry, 1915

categories: BBC executives,Date of death missing,Parapsychologists,English magazine editors,1981 deaths,Historians of Canada,Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford,1894 births

paragraph: Richard S. Lambert

paragraph: Richard Stanton Lambert (25 August 1894 – 1981) was a biographer, popular historian and broadcaster. He was also the founding editor of "The Listener" and an employee of the BBC and CBC. His books mainly concern history and biography but he also wrote about crime, travel, art, radio, film and propaganda. In "Ariel and All His Quality" he wrote about his time with the BBC in its formative years. "Propaganda", published in 1939, was a timely investigation of a subject already made familiar during World War I.

paragraph: For "Franklin of the Arctic: a life of adventure", published by McClelland and Stewart in 1949, Lambert won both the first Governor General's Award for Juvenile Fiction and the third Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lambert was born in Kingston upon Thames, England, and was the son of Richard Cornthwaite Lambert a barrister and Liberal Party politician. He was educated at Repton School and Wadham College, Oxford, where he studied Classics. Some of his poems were published in the Oxford University literary magazine "Oxford Poetry", then in its formative years. After leaving Oxford, he worked as a sub-editor with "The Economist" from 1914–1915, joining the staff in 1916.

paragraph: During World War I, he served with the Friends' Ambulance Unit (FAU), from 1916–1918. In a 1971 retrospective, he records that he was a C.O. (conscientious objector), to which fact he ascribed a difficulty in finding a job in the post-war years. However, he found part-time work at Sheffield University teaching economics and history to extramural groups of Yorkshire miners and railwaymen. This work left him free during the summer to pursue his literary work.

paragraph: In 1918, Lambert married Kate Elinor Klein, a talented artist and wood engraver who signed herself Elinor Lambert. They established The Stanton Press together in 1921, producing fine, hand-printed volumes of poetry and translation. The press closed in 1924 when Lambert took up a full-time post as a tutor for the University of London.

paragraph: In 1927, he joined the BBC as Head of the Adult Education Section and, in 1928, he became the first editor of The Listener magazine. At this time the magazine was intended primarily to disseminate talks delivered by the BBC. Under Lambert's editorship notable contributors to The Listener included members of the Bloomsbury Group Paul Nash, Roger Fry and Clive Bell.

paragraph: In April 1939, R.S. Lambert resigned from the BBC and migrated to Canada with his family. There he joined CBC Radio, being named educational advisor in 1940. His collections of wartime broadcasts for CBC were published in several volumes.

paragraph: In 1944, he divorced Kate Elinor Lambert and married Joyce Morgan.

paragraph: From 1943 to 1959 he served CBC as Supervisor of School Broadcasts, retiring in 1963 to live in a neo-Gothic rectory called Claverleigh at Creemore (now called Clearview, Ontario). Always a prolific author, he continued to write books in his retirement about the history of Canada and Canadian folklore and legend. In 1990, Claverleigh was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Paranormal interests.

paragraph: Lambert was interested in the supernatural as a hobby throughout his life and wrote two books on the subject. The first, published in 1935, was entitled "The Haunting of Cashen's Gap". The second book, entitled "Exploring the Supernatural", was the first significant study of supernatural occurrences in Canada.

paragraph: The first book was about the phenomenon of Gef the talking mongoose. The mongoose was said to be haunting an isolated farmhouse on the Isle of Man. Lambert accompanied his friend, paranormal investigator Harry Price and together they wrote the book. Lambert's apparent credulity about the talking mongoose led Sir Cecil Levita to criticise him, suggesting that he was unfit to serve on the board of the British Film Institute, of which Lambert was one of the founders and a prominent governor in the 1930s. Levita said that Lambert was "off his head" because he had believed in the talking mongoose and the evil eye. Lambert sued Levita for slander. Lambert was pressured to abandon his action by Sir Stephen Tallents but persisted with it and won, receiving £7,600 in damages, then an exceptional figure for a slander case, awarded because Lambert's counsel managed to introduce a BBC memo which showed Lambert's career had been threatened if he persisted with the case. The case became known as "The Mongoose Case".

paragraph: The case achieved wide media coverage in the popular press of the day. It had important repercussions for Lambert's employer, the BBC, as well as for the British Film Institute.

paragraph: Section::::Published books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ode to Sleep by Papinius Statius, Translated from the Latin into English Verse by Richard Stanton Lambert", 1923 (Wembley Hill, Middlesex: The Stanton Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern Imperialism ", 1928 (Longmans, Workers’ Educational Association)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prince of Pickpockets: a study of George Barrington, who left his country for his country’s good ", 1930 (Faber and Faber)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Youth of Industrialism: Six broadcast Dialogues between H.L. Beales and R.S. Lambert ", 1930 (British Broadcasting Corporation, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Historian’s Scrapbook: a picture gallery of life during the nineteenth century ", 1932 (British Institute of Adult Education)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dorsetshire Labourers: a play in two acts, adapted from the radio version by W E Williams ", 1934 (Workers’ Educational Association)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoirs of the Unemployed, written in collaboration with H.L. Beales ", 1934 (Victor Gollancz, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Filmgoers Only: The Intelligent Filmgoer's Guide to the Film ", 1934 (British Institute of Adult Education and Faber & Faber)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Railway King, 1800–1871: a study of George Hudson and the business morals of his time ", 1934 (Allen and Unwin, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When Justice Faltered: a study of nine peculiar murder trials ", 1935 (Metheun)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grand Tour; a journey in the tracks of the age of aristocracy ", 1935 (Faber & Faber)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Haunting of Cashen's Gap: A Modern "Miracle" Investigated, written in collaboration with H. Price", 1935 (Methuen & Co. Ltd.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Innocence of Edmund Galley ", 1936 (Newnes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art in England ", 1938 (Penguin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Propaganda ", 1938 (Thomas Nelson And Sons. Ltd., London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Universal Provider: A Study of William Whiteley and the Rise of the London Department Store ", 1938 (Harrap)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cobbett of the West: a study of Thomas Latimer and the struggle between pulpit and press at Exeter ", 1938 (Nicholson and Watson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ariel and All His Quality: An Impression of the BBC from Within ", 1938 (Victor Gollancz, London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home front: intimate letters, both grave and gay, telling how Great Britain faces the war ", 1940 (The Ryerson Press, Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mind Under Fire; The March of Propaganda in Wartime ", 1940 (Canadian Association for Adult Education, Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Films in School ", 1940 (Shell Oil Company of Canada)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Country Mail: A Selection from the CBC Broadcasts ", 1941 (The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How healthy is Canada? ", 1941 (Canadian Association for Adult Education and the Canadian Institute for International Affairs, Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For the time is at hand: an account of the prophesies of Henry Wentworth Monk of Ottawa, friend of the Jews, and pioneer of world peace ", 1947 (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The adventure of Canadian painting ", 1947 (McClelland and Stewart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Franklin of the Arctic; a life of adventure ", 1949 (McClelland and Stewart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fortunate Traveller: a short history of touring and travel for pleasure ", 1950 (Melrose)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adventure to The Polar Sea: the story of Sir John Franklin ", 1950 (Bobbs-Merrill)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "North for Adventure ", 1952 (McClelland and Stewart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They Went Exploring ", 1954 (The Book Society of Canada Ltd.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exploring the Supernatural: The Weird in Canadian Folklore ", 1955 (Arthur Baker; McClelland & Stewart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The world's most daring explorers: 38 men who opened up the world ", 1956 (Sterling Publishing Co., New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Redcoat Sailor: The Adventures of Sir Howard Douglas ", 1956 (Macmillan, Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trailmaker: the story of Alexander Mackenzie ", 1957 (McClelland and Stewart, Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Live in Ontario ", 1957 (Book Society of Canada)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Heritage ", 1958 (House of Grant).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Twentieth Century: Britain, Canada, USA ", 1963 (The House of Grant Ltd)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "School Broadcasting in Canada ", 1963 (University of Toronto Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canadian Neighbour ", 1965 (Queen’s Printer, Ottawa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mutiny in the Bay: Henry Hudson's Last Voyage ", 1966 (Macmillan, Toronto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Myths, Legends and Fables ", 1967 (Book Society of Canada).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Renewing Nature's Wealth: A Centennial History of the Public Management of Lands, Forests, and Wildlife in Ontario 1763–1967 ", 1967 (The Hunter Rose Co. and Ontario Department of Lands and Forests)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stanton Press: a retrospect ", 1971 (article in the Private Library Journal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gothic Rectory at the Mad River Forks, Creemore, Ontario: The Story of Claverleigh and Its People ", 1971 (Private printing by the author)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colombo, J. R., "Lambert’s Day: an appreciation of R.S. Lambert ", 1999 (Colombo and Co., Toronto)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems in the magazine Oxford Poetry, 1915

paragraph: BULLET::::- The BBC Under Pressure: The Mongoose Case, 1936

alias:
Richard Stanton Lambert
R. S. Lambert

description: English editor, biographer, historian and broadcaster

wikidata_label: Richard S. Lambert

wikipedia_title: Richard S. Lambert


text:
Moscow
Koltsovka
Kazan Governorate
curacy
Bolshoi Theatre
Joseph Stalin
Ivan Susanin
Mikhail Glinka
A Life for the Tsar
basso profundo
Boris Godunov
Dargomyzhsky
Rusalka
Prince Igor
Sadko
Eugene Onegin
Nikolai Golovanov
Alexander Melik-Pashaev
Alexander Orlov
Samuil Samosud
Viktor Kalinnikov
Yuri S. Sakhnovsky
Konstantin P. Vilboa
Song of the Volga Boatmen
Rachmaninov

categories: Russian opera singers,20th-century opera singers,Operatic basses,Russian Orthodox clergy,1971 deaths,1893 births,People's Artists of the USSR

paragraph: Maxim Mikhailov

paragraph: Maxim Dormidontovich Mikhailov (; – Moscow 30 March 1971) was a Russian bass. His son, Igor Mikhailov (1920-1983) was the bass of the Bolshoi for several decades. His grandson Maxim Mikhailov (1962–2018) was also a bass singer.

paragraph: Mikhailov was born in Koltsovka, Kazan Governorate. He had no musical training beyond that as an archdeacon in the Russian Orthodox Church, but was a physical phenomenon with enormous depth and volume. He was directly recruited as a singer by the Soviet authorities, his beard was shaved but he did not abdicate his curacy, and sent to study in preparation for the Bolshoi Theatre. He became Joseph Stalin's favorite singer and most famous interpreter of the role of Ivan Susanin in the reworked "patriotic" Soviet version of the opera of that name, formerly and since better known as Mikhail Glinka's "A Life for the Tsar". Mikhailov sang Susanin nearly 400 times from his first performance of the role in 1939 to his last stage appearance in 1957. He also was frequently invited by Stalin to sing and drink with him late at night in Moscow Kremlin.

paragraph: In addition to Susanin, Mikhailov was a renowned interpreter of other bass and basso profundo roles in Russian opera: Pimen in "Boris Godunov", the miller in Dargomyzhsky's "Rusalka", Khan Konchak in "Prince Igor", the Viking merchant in "Sadko", Gremin in "Eugene Onegin".

paragraph: Mikhailov recorded many of his trademark arias under the conductors Nikolai Golovanov, Alexander Melik-Pashaev, Alexander Orlov, and Samuil Samosud. Among his recordings of songs, particularly well known with the pianists Nikolai Korolykov and Naum Walter are "O gentle autumn night" by Glinka, [Dargomyzhsky's "The Civil Servant", Viktor Kalinnikov's "On the Old Burial Mound", "The Blacksmith" by Yuri S. Sakhnovsky (1866–1930) and "The Seafarers" by Konstantin P. Vilboa (1817–1882). Mikhailov also performed and recorded famous folk songs, such as "Song of the Volga Boatmen", in Rachmaninov's arrangement for solo singer and piano, and "The sun rises and the sun sets" and "Through the wild mysterious Taiga" with the Russian Folk Orchestra conducted by D. Ospioc.

description: Russian operatic bass

wikidata_label: Maxim Mikhailov

wikipedia_title: Maxim Mikhailov


text:
French
Belgian
industrialist
Baron
Schneider group
Schneider-Empain
Édouard Louis Joseph, 1st Baron Empain
Schneider
Framatome
Creusot-Loire
Spie Batignolles
Baron
Avenue Foch
16th arrondissement of Paris
Arc de Triomphe
Peugeot 604
Porte Maillot
Red Army Faction
Hanns Martin Schleyer
Red Army Faction
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Alain Peyrefitte
François Mitterrand
Robert Badinter
RTL
guerrilla organisation
Gare de Lyon
Megève
Haute-Savoie
Brussels
Luxembourg
Fouquet's
Champs-Élysées
Porte d'Auteuil
Porte d'Orléans
Antony
Porte de Saint-Cloud
Orly
A6 motorway
submachine gun
Touch-Tone
Faites entrer l'accusé
France 2
Official site
Jean-Claude Raspiengeas
Gerhard Vaders
Jean-Paul Kauffmann
TF1
INA
INA
Rapt
Lucas Belvaux

categories: 1937 births,Kidnapped Belgian people,Kidnapped businesspeople,Barons Empain,2018 deaths

paragraph: Édouard-Jean Empain

paragraph: Édouard-Jean, 3rd Baron Empain (7 October 1937 – 21 June 2018)

paragraph: was a French-Belgian industrialist, best known by the general public for his kidnapping in 1978.

paragraph: Between 1969 and 1981, Baron Empain was CEO of the Schneider group (Schneider-Empain). The Baron was the son of Jean, 2nd Baron Empain, and the grandson of Édouard Louis Joseph, 1st Baron Empain. He married the Italian Silvana Betuzzi in 1957 by whom he has two daughters and a son: they were divorced shortly after Empain's kidnapping. He lived in the suburbs of Paris with his second wife Jacqueline (née Ragonaux), a former model, whom he married in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.

paragraph: At the time of his kidnapping, Édouard-Jean Empain was the 40-year-old heir to a substantial fortune, a notable industrialist and the director of the Schneider group since 1969. He was one of France's captains of industry, heading a group that comprised almost 150 companies and 130.000 employees, with an annual turnover of 25 billion francs. Notable members of the Schneider Group included Framatome (nuclear reactors), Creusot-Loire (metallurgy) and Spie Batignolles (construction).

paragraph: His kidnapping profoundly affected him and he declared that he was never the same afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Capture on Avenue Foch.

paragraph: On Monday, , at approximately 10:30am, Édouard-Jean, 3rd Baron Empain, was picked up as usual from his home at 33 Avenue Foch, a prestigious address in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, a stone's throw from the Arc de Triomphe.

paragraph: The Baron's chauffeured car, a Peugeot 604, was intercepted at a junction some 50 metres after it had left his home. A moped slid across the road, faking an accident in order to bring his car to a halt next to a parked van. Once the car had stopped several armed men removed the driver from the vehicle and bundled him into the van, while the Baron was quickly handcuffed and the kidnappers made off in his car. The Baron's car was found some hours later in an underground parking structure but contained no usable fingerprints.

paragraph: Despite the lack of detailed evidence provided by witnesses, the circumstances of the kidnapping were rapidly made known to the public. In the hope of recovering the Baron, the police put in place traffic stops throughout Paris and its suburbs but to no avail.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Initial investigation.

paragraph: Empain's driver Jean Denis, who was released close to Porte Maillot, told investigators that he had been handcuffed at gunpoint and thrown into the back of a van, and as such had not seen the faces of the kidnappers. He did overhear one of them speaking in German however and this led the authorities to think that the crime may have been committed by an extreme-left group affiliated with the Red Army Faction. this scenario was persuasive as the kidnapping of Empain came on the heels of the kidnapping and execution of German industrialist Hanns Martin Schleyer by the Red Army Faction.

paragraph: The police quickly installed themselves in Empain's family home. Presuming that the kidnappers would contact the family, they tapped the phones and surveilled the house in order that the family would not try to deal directly with the kidnappers.

paragraph: The then French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, who was close to Empain at the time, advised the Minister of the Interior and the Attorney General Alain Peyrefitte to put together a crisis team. Peyrefitte called on the public to 'denounce the criminals' and the first secretary of the socialist party François Mitterrand talked of the 'decline of civilisation'. A team similar to that of the government was set up by the Schneider group to represent its interests in the affair. This group comprised René Engen (the Baron's right-hand man) and Robert Badinter (Empain's lawyer) as well as the former director general of the police, Max Fernet, who was employed by this group as a 'technical consultant'.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:First message from kidnappers.

paragraph: On Tuesday , the day after the kidnapping, the radio station RTL received a call from a group purporting to be responsible:

paragraph: The (NAPAP) was an extreme-left, French guerrilla organisation which had claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of a number of foreign diplomats. Although this lead supported the initial police theory, which was echoed in the press, that the kidnapping was politically motivated, the family had in fact received an anonymous telephone call from the real kidnappers which they relayed to the police. The call, which came from the Rue Anjou, close to the headquarters of the Schneider group, demanded that someone go to the Gare de Lyon to collect a message left in locker 595. One of the members of the group, along with the police, proceeded directly to the station where they found the Baron's identity card, a number of letters from the kidnappers, a note from the Baron (including a message to his wife) and a small package.

paragraph: The kidnappers demanded 80 million francs in ransom and seemed extremely determined. The package the police found in the locker contained the Baron's left little finger preserved in formaldehyde. The family were increasingly unnerved as the letter stipulated that further body parts would follow if the ransom was not paid.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Six days wait.

paragraph: Six days passed without news from the kidnappers. The police widened their investigation into the Baron's private life in order to discover whether the kidnapping had motives other than financial gain.

paragraph: Numerous routes of inquiry were followed. The Baron's passion for poker to which he devoted many of his evenings and a considerable sum of money suggested a possible mafia connection. The investigation revealed that the Baron had lost 11 million francs a few weeks earlier and had to take out a loan to cover the debt. The press quickly got wind of these revelations and the hypothesis that the Baron had staged his own kidnapping to cover his gambling debts was forwarded. It was the Baron's numerous affairs, however, which grabbed the public's attention and served to damage his previously untarnished reputation.

paragraph: Affected by these revelations, the Empain family became increasingly hostile towards journalists. Despite the family's silence, the press maintained a constant presence outside the Baron's home. To add to the media interest, the police refused to confirm the amputation of the Baron's finger which provoked widespread speculation.

paragraph: At the same time, the kidnappers sent a further letter to the Baron's eldest daughter Patricia, who was married to American oil and ranch heir Terrell Braly. Written in the Baron's own hand and dictated by the kidnappers, the letter specified the procedure for the transfer of the ransom and reminded the family not to alert the police. The family and the Empain-Schneider group did not immediately warn the police, preferring to handle the situation themselves. However the increasing silence of those close to the Baron excited the suspicion of the police who placed the family under heightened surveillance. This surveillance allowed the police to discover the existence of secret negotiations between the group and the kidnappers with the group having the aim of reducing the sum demanded from 80 million francs to 30 million. The family and the group both thought that it would be better to pay the ransom whereas the police refused to contemplate this course of action as setting a dangerous precedent. After much discussion, the group allowed themselves to be convinced by the police to pay a fake ransom, which was a great disappointment to the family, especially the Baron's wife, Silvana Empain, who feared it would put her husband's life in peril.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Relative calm period.

paragraph: Four weeks after the kidnapping, on Monday a telephone call placed by the kidnappers to the Schneider group's headquarters indicated that the ransom had been reduced to 40 million francs without further negotiations.

paragraph: The rendezvous set by the kidnappers was to take place two days later at Megève, a winter resort in Haute-Savoie. A radio communication system was rapidly deployed in the area by the police to facilitate the operation. The police examined the numerous possible methods the kidnappers could use for their ingress and egress and in order that the unmarked police cars used were not spotted their Parisian licence plates were changed.

paragraph: Inspector Jean Mazzieri, a skilled martial artist, was chosen to carry out the ransom delivery under the guise of Mr. Mazo, a fictitious aide of the Baron.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Megève episode.

paragraph: On the day of the rendezvous, Wednesday , Jean Mazzieri made his way to the "Le Chalet du Mont d'Arbois" hotel where he was supposed to receive a telephone call from "Félix le Chat" who would ask for "Jacques Dupond" and arrange another meeting place for the exchange. He had with him two holdalls containing a mix of bank notes and paper designed to mimic on cursory inspection the ransom of 17 million Swiss francs. The area was under surveillance by numerous plain clothes police who were ready to intervene if necessary. The kidnappers did not call however and the operation was cancelled later that evening.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Contact.

paragraph: Seven weeks after the kidnapping, on Friday , , a Belgian businessman who was close to the Baron, received a telephone call at his Brussels office. The kidnappers wished to contact René Engen and had called Salik to avoid the telephone surveillance that the French police had put in place. Engen immediately returned from a business trip to Luxembourg and went to the arranged rendezvous at the Hilton hotel in Brussels where he was to await a telephone call. From this call he learned that a new exchange would be arranged and he would receive the details in the post. The letter which he received, written by Empain at the behest of his kidnappers, warned Engen that it was ""life or death"" for the Baron if the police were involved. The police were nonetheless informed and rapidly organised an operation to oversee the new rendezvous, which was to take place on Thursday at 15:00 at "Fouquet's" restaurant on the Champs-Élysées.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Parisian excursion.

paragraph: On the day of the rendezvous, it was again officer Jean Mazzieri who was to carry the ransom, still under the guise of the Baron's aide. He was to expect a telephone call from "Charlotte Corday" who would ask for a "Mr. Marat" and question the respondent to ensure that the police were not involved. A further rendezvous was arranged at the "Le Murat" café where Mazzieri was to receive another telephone call. Throughout his journey Mazzieri was discreetly followed by armed police officers. At the second café Mazzieri was told to look for a road map at the bottom of a bin near to one of the entrances to the Porte d'Auteuil metro station. The map instructed Mazzieri to proceed to a third café, "Le Rond Point", in Porte d'Orléans and defined a precise route as well as a maximum speed of 50kph. The map also stipulated that the car should take a service road, which had been specially opened by the kidnappers to make sure that Mazzieri was not followed by the police. Mazzieri could at all times contact the other police officers by radio to update them on his location.

paragraph: A second road map hidden at "Le Rond Point" sent Mazzieri to Antony where he was to enter a car park and exchange his vehicle for one left by the kidnappers, this meant Mazzieri could no longer update his colleagues by radio. The glovebox of the car contained the address of a new meeting place, the "Les Trois Obus" café, situated near to the Porte de Saint-Cloud metro station. From there he received instructions to proceed to the Hilton hotel in Orly. Here, after six hours of travel around Paris and its suburbs, he received a call from the kidnappers who, using the darkness as a pretext, told Mazzieri that it was too late to undertake the exchange and rescheduled it for the following day.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Arrest.

paragraph: In the early evening of the following day, Friday , while waiting at bar of the Orly Hilton, Mazzieri received a telephone call instructing him to fill up his petrol tank and prepare for a further excursion. Upon his return to the bar, Mazzieri received a second call telling him to head on to the A6 motorway in the direction of Paris and stop on the hard shoulder at emergency telephone point B16.

paragraph: Soon after the car had come to a stop on the hard shoulder a tow truck pulled in behind Mazzieri, believing him to have broken down. Mazierri got out of the car to tell the driver of the tow truck to move along and it was at this moment that two of the kidnappers, who had been hiding nearby, made off in Mazzieri's car. The kidnappers stopped the car a few hundred metres further down the hard shoulder next to a service door in the 20m high soundproofing wall which lines the motorway. This door had already been opened by the kidnappers to aid their escape and they boobytrapped it with a grenade to prevent pursuit by the police. The kidnappers had also stationed an accomplice armed with a submachine gun on top of the wall to cover their escape and this man opened fire on the police as they attempted to pursue the kidnappers. A firefight then took place between the kidnappers and the police in which one of the kidnappers was killed and another arrested. Two police officers were wounded, inspectors "Berux" and "Lailheugue". The man who was killed was "Daniel Duchâteau", a convicted bank robber, the man who was arrested called himself "Alain" and was at that time unknown to the police.

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping.:Release.

paragraph: On Sunday , the police interrogated the captured kidnapper who called himself Alain Caillol and tried to induce him to call the kidnappers and tell them to release their hostage. The police eventually convinced him to contact his accomplices after guaranteeing that they would not be arrested. Police commissioner Ottavioli proposed that Alain call the kidnappers from his personal phone, which was not under surveillance. Alain called twice telling his accomplices ""it's over, the ransom has been seized, we must avoid carnage and release the baron"". After these calls Alain told the police that ""it's 99% certain: the release of the baron is close"". A tape recorder attached to the telephone allowed the police to identify the number using the Touch-Tone waveform and trace the call.

paragraph: Two hours later, before the call was traced, the baron was released. After several months of investigation all of the kidnappers were arrested apart from one who was killed in a firefight during his arrest. Over the course of the investigation, 24,000 vehicles were stopped and 12,000 homes were visited. The kidnapping lasted 63 days.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documentaires

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Enlèvement du baron Empain" - Faites entrer l'accusé (2005). First broadcast in France on France 2 10 April 2005 Official site.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paroles d'otages" by Jean-Claude Raspiengeas and Patrick Volson (1989). The story of three hostages: Gerhard Vaders, Édouard-Jean Empain and Jean-Paul Kauffmann, VHS, TF1 Vidéo, 1990. First broadcast in France on TF1 in 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'affaire Empain", TF1 Journal de 20H00 27/06/1979, reconstruction of the kidnapping, INA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Édouard Jean Empain", Cartes sur table, A2 18/09/1978, INA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rapt" (2009), by Lucas Belvaux, was inspired by the kidnapping of Édouard-Jean, 3rd Baron Empain

description: Belgian industrialist made famous by his kidnapping in 1978

wikidata_label: Édouard-Jean Empain

wikipedia_title: Édouard-Jean Empain


text: French

text: naturalist

text: explorer

text: Ernest Grandidier

text: Pierre Jules César Janssen

text: South America

text: Andes

text: Peru

text: Chile

text: Bolivia

text: Argentina

text: Brazil

text: China

text: Louvre

text: Guimet

text: India

text: Tibet

text: Zanzibar

text: Réunion

text: Madagascar

text: Alphonse Milne-Edwards

text: Leon Vaillant

text: Guillaume Grandidier

text: species

text: reptile

text: amphibian

text: French Academy of Sciences

text: French Geographical Society

text: Royal Geographical Society

text: Founder's Gold Medal

text: Oplurus grandidieri

text: lizard

text: Xenotyphlops grandidieri

text: snake

text: herpetologist

text: François Mocquard

text: grandidierite

text: Gallica

text: Aluka – Cookies are absent/required

categories: French explorers,1836 births,French entomologists,Botanists active in Africa,Members of the Ligue de la patrie française,French taxonomists,19th-century French zoologists,French ornithologists,1921 deaths,French botanists,Members of the French Academy of Sciences

paragraph: Alfred Grandidier

paragraph: Alfred Grandidier (20 December 1836 – 13 September 1921) was a French naturalist and explorer.

paragraph: From a very wealthy family, at the age of 20, he and his brother, Ernest Grandidier (1833–1912), undertook a voyage around the world. At first they were led by the astronomer and physicist Pierre Jules César Janssen (1824–1907), but when Janssen fell sick and had to return to France after about six months, the brothers continued the journey.

paragraph: They visited South America in 1858 and 1859 and in particular the Andes, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina and Brazil. During this voyage they gathered a significant collection of specimens which were analyzed, in 1860, by Ernest.

paragraph: The two brothers parted ways after this. Ernest Grandidier went to China and collected a vast number of specimens which are now in the Louvre and the Guimet museum. Alfred travelled to India, reaching it in 1863. He had intended to explore the high plateau of Tibet, but was prevented by a severe attack of fever.

paragraph: Grandidier travelled to Zanzibar to recuperate, remaining some time and making important collections and publishing an account of his findings. He then visited the island of Réunion and in 1865 made his first visit to Madagascar. He became devoted to the study of the island, revisiting in 1866 and 1868. He finally returned permanently to France in 1870. During his explorations he crossed the island three times, travelling 3000 kilometers in the interior and 2500 along the coast. He made observations which resulted in the production of a map of the island used in future expeditions.

paragraph: After returning to France he began to work on his great work, "L'Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar". This work was undertaken in cooperation with others such as Alphonse Milne-Edwards and Leon Vaillant. This work ran to 40 volumes, the final volumes published posthumously by his son Guillaume Grandidier. He described about 50 new species of reptiles and amphibians.

paragraph: Alfred Grandidier's work drew the attention of the French government to Madagascar, which it would annex at the end of 1890.

paragraph: He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1885 and was the president of the French Geographical Society from 1901 to 1905. The Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Gold Medal in 1906.

paragraph: "Oplurus grandidieri", a species of lizard, and "Xenotyphlops grandidieri", a species of snake, were named in his honor by French herpetologist François Mocquard. The mineral grandidierite, discovered in Madagascar was also named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Partial list.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandidier A (1867). ""Description de quatre espèces nouvelles de Lepidopteres decouvertes sur la cote sud-oust de Madagascar" ". "Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee" 19: 272–275.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandidier A (1887). "Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar". Volumes 18 & 19. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandidier A (1885–1887). ""Histoire naturelle des lepidopteres" ". "Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar" 18 [1887]: i-v, 1–364; 19 [1885].

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary in "The Auk" 39: 453. (July 1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallica has several digitised on line digitised works by Grandidier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aluka – Cookies are absent/required at www.aluka.org The Grandidier library and photograph collection.

alias: Grandid. Grandidier

description: French naturalist and explorer

wikidata_label: Alfred Grandidier

wikipedia_title: Alfred Grandidier


text: American football

text: fullback

text: college football

text: Shippensburg University

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: undrafted free agent

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Super Bowl XL

text: Green Bay Packers

text: Super Bowl XLV

text: Pro Bowls

text: Dover Area High School

text: York County, Pennsylvania

text: Division I

text: Harlon Hill Trophy

text: NCAA Division II

text: Whataburger

text: Cactus Bowl

text: Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference

text: ESPN The Magazine

text: Shippensburg

text: Johnson & Johnson

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Super Bowl XL

text: Seattle Seahawks

text: NFL

text: Cleveland Browns

text: Carolina Panthers

text: Arena Football League

text: New Orleans VooDoo

text: San Jose SaberCats

text: Green Bay Packers

text: Rob Davis

text: Detroit Lions

text: Aaron Rodgers

text: New Orleans Saints

text: St. Louis Rams

text: Pro Bowl

text: James Lofton

text: Pro Bowl

text: Associated Press

text: New York Giants

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Chicago Bears

text: NFC North

text: Julius Peppers

text: Randall Cobb

text: New Orleans Saints

text: Atlanta Falcons

text: San Diego Chargers

text: Brian Gutekunst

text: Harvard Business School

text: Wharton School of Business

text: New York Giants

text: Campbell's Soup

text: Clay Matthews

text: New Orleans Saints bio

text: Green Bay Packers bio

categories: American football fullbacks,People from York County, Pennsylvania,Green Bay Packers players,Living people,Shippensburg Red Raiders football players,Pittsburgh Steelers players,Super Bowl champions,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,American football running backs,New Orleans Saints players,1982 births

paragraph: John Kuhn

paragraph: John Allen Kuhn (born September 9, 1982) is a former American football fullback. After playing college football for Shippensburg University, he was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005. Kuhn earned a Super Bowl ring as a member of the Steelers in Super Bowl XL. He earned a second ring with the Green Bay Packers, against his former team, five years later in Super Bowl XLV. He was named to three Pro Bowls, all as a Packer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kuhn is the son of John Kuhn and Patti Duffy. He was a four-sport athlete at Dover Area High School in York County, Pennsylvania, playing football, basketball, baseball and track. In football, he played both offense and defense for the Eagles, rushing for 2,242 yards and 20 touchdowns while also playing inside linebacker. He was the first Dover player to rush for over 1,000 yards in back-to-back seasons. Kuhn did not receive any Division I scholarship offers to play college football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: A Northeast Region finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy given to the top player in NCAA Division II as a senior, Kuhn was selected to play in the 2005 Whataburger Cactus Bowl on January 7 as a Division II all-star for the North team. He was named PSAC Western Division Offensive Player of the Year in 2003 and was a three-time First-Team All-Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC) Western Division selection.

paragraph: In 2004, the Raiders won their first PSAC Western Division Championship since 1988 and advanced to the NCAA Division II national football championship second round with a 10-2 record, marking the team's first 10-win regular season since 1981.

paragraph: Kuhn holds 27 school records and six PSAC records. He finished his career with 4,685 yards rushing, 910 carries, 53 touchdowns, 5,300 all-purpose yards and 26 games with at least 100 yards rushing, all school records. Kuhn led the team in rushing for the third-straight season as a senior and is the only player in team history to total over 1,000 yards rushing in three-straight seasons.

paragraph: A standout in the classroom, Kuhn was a First-Team ESPN The Magazine/College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) Academic All-America in both 2003 and 2004 and was named First-Team Academic All-District II three-straight years. He was also chosen as a PSAC Fall Top Ten Award winner as both a junior and senior, the first Shippensburg male student-athlete to have received the award twice.

paragraph: Kuhn ranked 17th in Division II in rushing yards per game and was 34th in all-purpose yards. He was chosen as a First-Team American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) All-American and Third-Team Associated Press (AP) Little All-American.

paragraph: Kuhn graduated with a chemistry degree in December 2004. During the summer of 2003, he had worked as a lab technician for the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, and during the summer of 2004 he worked for Johnson & Johnson.

paragraph: In 2013, he was inducted into the Shippensburg University athletic hall of fame by his long time friend, roommate, and 3rd string safety Kevin Boyle.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2005.

paragraph: He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2005. He was released prior to the season, but on November 30 was assigned to the team's practice squad for the final five games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2006.

paragraph: Kuhn won a Super Bowl ring on February 5, 2006 as a member of the Steelers in Super Bowl XL with their 21–10 win over the Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: After spending the first eight weeks of the 2006 season on the Steelers' practice squad, Kuhn was signed to the Steelers active roster on October 31, 2006. During the 2006 season he appeared in nine games, with two carries for 18 yards, including a 16-yard run on his first NFL carry versus the Cleveland Browns. He added a two-yarder against the Carolina Panthers. He also caught one pass for 15 yards, also against Carolina, and had seven special teams tackles for the season.

paragraph: On October 6, 2006, he was selected in the 8th round of the Arena Football League's Expansion Draft by the New Orleans VooDoo. His rights had been owned by the San Jose SaberCats, although he never played for them or in the Arena League.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2007.

paragraph: In 2007, Kuhn was signed to the active roster of the Green Bay Packers on September 2, a day after being released by the Steelers. He joined Rob Davis as Shippensburg University graduates on the Packers roster. Davis has subsequently retired and joined the Packers front office staff. Kuhn played in all 16 games for the Packers, primarily on special teams and as a blocking fullback, starting one game, on December 30 versus the Detroit Lions. He had no carries for the year, with two passes caught for seven yards. However, he recorded 11 special teams tackles.

paragraph: The Packers re-signed Kuhn, who was an exclusive rights free agent, on March 19, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2008.

paragraph: In 2008, he again played in all 16 games, including three starts. For the season, he ran eight times for 10 yards and caught four passes for 21 yards and scored his first two NFL touchdowns. The first was on October 12 on a one-yard pass from Aaron Rodgers to put the Packers up 24–10 on the Seahawks. He scored his first rushing touchdown on a one-yard run on November 24 against the New Orleans Saints to put the Packers up 7–0. Also for the season, he recorded 12 special teams tackles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2009.

paragraph: In 2009, Kuhn played in 14 games, including six starts, rushing eight times for 18 yards with seven receptions for 47 yards, and he scored three touchdowns. Two came in one game on September 27 against the St. Louis Rams, with a 1-yard TD run and a 10-yard pass from Rodgers. He recorded 11 special teams tackles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2010.

paragraph: In 2010, Kuhn played in all 16 games again, with two starts, and put up his most productive season to date. Kuhn attended his first Pro Bowl, while he rushed 84 times for 281 yards and four touchdowns and had 15 receptions for 97 yards for another two touchdowns. He recorded seven special teams tackles.

paragraph: He also appeared in all four Packers postseason games with one start, with a total of six rushes for eight yards and one touchdown and six receptions for 53 yards and one touchdown. He also became the first Packer to have both a rushing and a receiving touchdown in one playoff game since James Lofton in 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2011.

paragraph: In 2011, he appeared in all 16 games for the fourth time in five seasons, with three starts. He was named a starting fullback for the Pro Bowl and was named second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press. He rushed 30 times for 78 yards with 15 receptions for 77 yards, and matched his career high with six total touchdowns. In the Packers NFC Divisional game versus the New York Giants, he scored the Packers' first touchdown with an eight-yard catch from Rodgers. He left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2012.

paragraph: In 2012, Kuhn played 14 games (missing two games with a hamstring injury) with three starts, rushing 23 times for 63 yards and tying his career high with 15 receptions for a career-high 148 yards while adding three special teams tackles.

paragraph: In the NFC Wild Card game versus the Minnesota Vikings, he scored touchdowns on consecutive possessions, one via the ground and one on a pass. He was named a Pro Bowl alternate.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2013.

paragraph: In 2013, Kuhn played in 15 games with six starts. He rushed 10 times for 38 yards with one touchdown and caught 13 passes for 81 yards. He gained national recognition in the season's finale versus the Chicago Bears to decide the NFC North championship and a berth in the playoffs. With the Packers trailing 28–27, facing a fourth-and-8 from the Bears 48 yard line, it appeared that Bears defensive end Julius Peppers would sack Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers. However, Kuhn quickly shifted across the formation and made a cut block on Peppers, allowing Rodgers to escape and throw a game-winning touchdown pass to Randall Cobb.

paragraph: During the January 5 wild card game against the San Francisco 49ers, Kuhn had a one-yard run touchdown run in the fourth quarter to give the Packers a 17–13 lead. However, the 49ers eventually won the game, 23–20. This marked the 5th consecutive postseason in which Kuhn has scored either a passing or rushing TD.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2014.

paragraph: Kuhn became a free agent after the 2013 season; however, on April 3, 2014, he signed a one-year contract with the Packers. In the regular season, he played in all 16 games with 24 carries for 85 yards and one touchdown, plus four receptions for 23 yards. He was named 2014 first-team All-Pro fullback by the Associated Press.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.:2015.

paragraph: On April 13, 2015, Kuhn re-signed with the Packers on a one-year deal.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On August 5, 2016, Kuhn was signed by the New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: During a Week 3 loss, Kuhn scored his first touchdown as a Saint on a 3-yard rush against the Atlanta Falcons. On October 2, 2016, he scored 2 rushing touchdowns and added his first receiving touchdown as a Saint in a 35–34 comeback win over the San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: On February 3, 2017, Kuhn re-signed a one-year contract with the Saints. On September 3, 2017, Kuhn was released by the Saints, but was re-signed three days later. He was again released on September 21, 2017, but re-signed four-days later. On September 28, 2017, he was placed on injured reserve after tearing his biceps in practice.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: On March 6, 2019, Packers general manager Brian Gutekunst announced that Kuhn had informed the team of his decision to retire, and his wish to do so as a Packer.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kuhn's wife, Lindsey (Incorvati), is a former soccer player and sprinter on the track team at Shippensburg University. They live in Wisconsin together.

paragraph: Kuhn is active in Packers charitable events and is a two-time participant in the NFL's Business Management and Entrepreneur Program at the Harvard Business School and the Wharton School of Business.

paragraph: Kuhn became a fan favorite in Green Bay. Whenever Kuhn carried the ball, Packers' fans called out his surname "Kuuuuuuhhhhhn," which is sometimes mistaken for booing. This continued during his time as a New Orleans Saint. The chant originated at Shippensburg each time he touched the ball, but Kuhn gained national fame after scoring three touchdowns in week 16 of 2010 against the New York Giants. The Packers won, 45–17.

paragraph: In 2013, he co-starred in a national Campbell's Soup commercial with teammate Clay Matthews, with both in full Packers uniforms.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Orleans Saints bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green Bay Packers bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: John Kuhn

wikipedia_title: John Kuhn


text:
Greek
Indo-Scythian
Gandhara
Maues
Gandhara
Mathura
Northern Satraps
Azes era
Malwa
Bajaur reliquary inscription
Greek era
Kanishka
Azes II
Yuezhi
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire
Coins of Azes I
Discussion of the Azes and Greek Era

categories: 1st-century BC Iranian monarchs,Indo-Scythian kings

paragraph: Azes I

paragraph: Azes I (Greek: ; c. 48/47 BCE – 25 BCE) was an Indo-Scythian ruler who completed the domination of the Scythians in Gandhara.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Maues and his successors had conquered the areas of Gandhara, as well as the area of Mathura from 85 BCE forming the Northern Satraps.

paragraph: Section::::The Azes Era.

paragraph: Azes's most lasting legacy was the foundation of the Azes era. It was widely believed that the era was begun by Azes's successors by simply continuing the counting of his regnal years. However, Prof. Harry Falk has recently presented an inscription at several conferences which dates to Azes's reign, and suggests that the era may have been begun by Azes himself. Most popular historians date the start of the Azes era to 58 BC and believe it is the same as the later era known as the Malwa or Vikrama era.

paragraph: However, a recently discovered inscription, the Bajaur reliquary inscription, dated in both the Azes and the Greek era suggests that actually this is not the case. The inscription gives the relationship Azes = Greek + 128. It is believed that the Greek era may have begun in 173 BCE, exactly 300 years before the first year of the Era of Kanishka. If that is the case then the Azes era would begin in about 45 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Azes I and Azes II identical?

paragraph: According to Senior, Azes I may have been identical with Azes II, due to the discovery of an overstrike of the former over the latter.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuezhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Greek Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Azes I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discussion of the Azes and Greek Era

wikidata_label: Azes I

wikipedia_title: Azes I