text:
Old Icelandic
Old Norse
viking
Faroe Islands
Sigmundur Brestisson
Færeyinga saga
Faroese
Eysturoy
Gøta
Christianization
Faroese
Janus Djurhuus
saying
Icelandic
vera þrándur í götu
Icelanders
lower case

categories: 1035 deaths,Vikings,11th-century Faroese people,945 births,Legendary Norse people

paragraph: Tróndur í Gøtu

paragraph: Tróndur í Gøtu (Old Icelandic: Þrándr í Götu, Old Norse Þrǫ́ndr í Gǫtu) (ca. 945 – 1035) was a viking from the Faroe Islands. He and Sigmundur Brestisson are the central figures in the "Færeyinga saga", which tells the early history of the Faroe Islands and the coming of Christianity to the islands, which Tróndur opposed.

paragraph: Chapter three of the Saga describes Tróndur as having "a shock head of red hair, and . . . freckled of face and right grim of look", features which were inherent to Faroese, who are said to have descended from Thorstan the Red's daughter.

paragraph: Tróndur í Gøtu lived on the island of Eysturoy, in his father's home Gøta, which was named for Torbjørn Gøtuskegg's nickname "Gatebeard". Initially Tróndur and his brother Thorlac drew lots to decide who should inherit the estate. After losing, Thorlac went to live in neighbouring islands with his wife. Chapter 35 of the saga tells that all siblings eventually lived together at Gøta, with their respective children. This same chapter explains that Thorlac had two sons, Sigurd (a strong man with blond curly hair) and Thord (also called "The Low" for his stout yet strong figure); Tróndur's sister had a son known as "Geat the Red".

paragraph: Tróndur opposed Christianization of the Faroes and pronounced a curse against the religion and Sigmundur, who was promulgating it. This is the subject of a Faroese poem by Janus Djurhuus, "Gandkvæði Tróndar".

paragraph: Section::::As the Icelandic saying.

paragraph: The saying in Icelandic, "vera einhverjum Þrándur í Götu", (e. "being someones" Þrándur í Götu) or just "að vera þrándur í götu" (e. "to be a" þrándur í götu), means "to be an obstacle to somebody" (the original Þrándur himself probably unknown, to most Icelanders, let alone that Þrándur was viking, explaining why the word/he þrándur and götu may be commonly lower cased as in the latter example) because Þrándur opposed taxation of Olav the King (while Icelanders might think that þrándur means a literal obstacle, that happens to be in the street (icel. "í götu", note lower case).

description: early Faroese viking

wikidata_label: Tróndur í Gøtu

wikipedia_title: Tróndur í Gøtu


text:
shoemaker
Club of the Cordeliers
Paris Commune
Troyes
Louis XVII
Temple
Robespierre
Place de la Concorde
Terror
storming of the Tulleries Palace
Georges Bordonove
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Jacques Hébert
Assassin's Creed Unity

wikipedia_title:
Shoemaking
Cordeliers
Paris Commune (French Revolution)
Troyes
Louis XVII of France
Square du Temple
Maximilien Robespierre
Place de la Concorde
Reign of Terror
Insurrection of 10 August 1792
Georges Bordonove
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Jacques Hébert
Assassin's Creed Unity

categories: People from Troyes,People of the Paris Commune,1794 deaths,Shoemakers,French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution,1736 births

paragraph: Antoine Simon

paragraph: Antoine Simon (1736 – 28 July 1794) was a shoemaker at Rue des Cordeliers in Paris and a member of the Club of the Cordeliers, representative of the Paris Commune. He was born in Troyes France to François Simon and Marie-Jeanne Adenet. On 3 July 1793, Simon was designated to watch over Louis XVII at the Temple. On 19 January 1794, Simon was removed from his position and left the Temple in company of his wife. On 28 July 1794, Simon was among the 21 to be sent to the guillotine together with Robespierre at the "Place de la Révolution", today's "Place de la Concorde", in Paris, in an execution which marked the end of the Terror.

paragraph: He married his first wife, Marie-Barbe Hoyau (widow Munster), in November 1766. She died at the Hôtel-Dieu on 11 March 1782. Simon remarried Marie-Jeanne Aladame on 20 May 1788, in the parish of Saint-Côme-Saint-Damien. Marie-Jeanne (born on 25 June 1763, in Saint-Étienne-du-Mont parish, Paris) was a servant and the daughter of Fiacre Aladame (a carpenter) and Reine-Geneviève Aubert. She came to wider attention during the storming of the Tulleries Palace in 1792, for having diligently nursed wounded republicans. Marie-Jeanne outlived her husband and died in Paris in 1819 at the "Hospice des Incurables".

paragraph: Author Georges Bordonove traces the portrait of a Simon with limited intelligence, entirely devoted to the ideals of the Revolution, and strongly influenced by political leaders such as Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and Jacques Hébert. Simon seems to have followed Chaumette's idea to "give some education to the prince [...] to make him lose the idea of his rank" ("lui donner quelque éducation [...] pour lui faire perdre l'idée de son rang". He requested that his wife Marie-Jeanne (1745–1819) help him in the care of the boy.

paragraph: Royalist authors painted the image of a violent, vulgar and alcoholic Simon, acting brutally toward the child. Others claimed that, apart from teaching the boy to sing bawdy songs and to "talk the language of the populace and soldiery", he was well treated.

paragraph: He is mentioned in the video game "Assassin's Creed Unity" as the shoemaker that abused Louis XVII.

description: French shoemaker and revolutionary

wikidata_label: Antoine Simon

wikipedia_title: Antoine Simon


text:
American
motorcycle
road racer
Superbike World Championship
Motorcycle Hall of Fame
Detroit
Michigan
Denton, Texas
privateer
Suzuki GSXR
contingency fees
Yoshimura
Suzuki
Supersport
All Japan Road Race Championship
Ducati
Raymond Roche
pole position
Ben Spies
Honda
RC45
Dunlop
Aaron Slight
Suzuka 8 Hours
FIM Endurance World Championship
Christian Lavieille
pole position
Mat Mladin

wikipedia_title:
Americans
Motorcycle
Road racing
Superbike World Championship
Motorcycle Hall of Fame
Detroit
Michigan
Denton, Texas
Privateer (motorsport)
Suzuki GSX-R series
Contingent fee
Pops Yoshimura
Suzuki
AMA Supersport Championship
All Japan Road Race Championship
Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
Raymond Roche
Pole position
Ben Spies
Honda
Honda RVF750 RC45
Dunlop Tyres
Aaron Slight
Suzuka 8 Hours
FIM Endurance World Championship
Christian Lavieille
Pole position
Mat Mladin

categories: 1960 births,Sportspeople from Detroit,Superbike World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Denton, Texas,AMA Superbike Championship riders,American motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Doug Polen

paragraph: Doug Polen (born September 2, 1960) is an American former professional motorcycle road racer. Polen was a dominant national and world champion road racer in the late 1980s and early 1990s, culminating with his Superbike world championships in and . He raced successfully in AMA Superbike, Japanese Superbike Championship, Superbike World Championship and endurance racing. Polen was inducted to the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Born in Detroit, Michigan, Polen's family moved to Denton, Texas where he began his motorcycle road racing career in 1977 as a privateer racer. Injuries sustained in a crash in mid-1982 made Polen decide to quit racing but, friends convinced him to begin racing again in late 1985. In 1986, he competed in the newly created Suzuki GSXR National Cup Series. He was so successful at winning races that in only two years, he earned $260,000 in contingency fees while competing in the Suzuki sponsored series. He earned more money than any privateer rider in the history of American motorcycle racing. His success earned him a contract to race for the Yoshimura Suzuki racing team in 1988. With the Yoshimura team, he became the first competitor to win both the AMA 750cc Superbike and the 600cc Supersport titles.

paragraph: In 1989 Polen had the opportunity to race for the Yoshimura team in Japan, winning the Formula 1 and Formula 3 in the All Japan Road Race Championship, the first time anyone had captured both titles the same season. While in Japan, Polen received a one-time offer to race in the Japanese round of the Superbike World Championship and, made an impressive debut by winning the first race and finishing the second race in fourth place. Polen joined Eraldo Ferracci's "Fast By Ferracci" Ducati racing team to compete in the 1991 Superbike World Championship. He won the championship in a dominating fashion, winning 17 of 24 races in the series and finishing 150 points ahead of his nearest rival, the defending world champion Raymond Roche. He also set a World Superbike Championship record by winning 6 consecutive pole positions, a record which stood for 18 years until it was broken by Ben Spies in . Polen successfully defended his title by winning the 1992 Superbike World Championship. He also finished third overall in the 1992 AMA Superbike national championship.

paragraph: In 1993, Polen left the world championship to compete exclusively in the United States and won the AMA Superbike national championship. In he joined the UK-based Castrol Honda team to race the then-new RC45 in the Superbike World Championship, insisting that the team use Dunlop tyres due to his close ties with the company. He left the team abruptly in early but not before teaming up with Aaron Slight to win the prestigious Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race for Honda. He teamed up with Peter Goddard to win the 1997 FIM Endurance World Championship before switching to a Honda to win the 1998 Endurance World Championship with Christian Lavieille.

paragraph: Polen's total of 18 AMA pole positions was a record until Mat Mladin matched it in 2006. His 13 fastest laps in World Superbike competition in is a single-season championship record. After retiring from racing, Polen formed a road racing school to help motorcyclists improve their skills. In 2011 Polen was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Polen at the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Polen's Official Racing School

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doug Polen's AMA Career profile

description: American motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Doug Polen

wikipedia_title: Doug Polen


text:
American
motorcycle
road racer
East Point, Georgia
World Superbike
AMA Superbike
Daytona 200
Suzuka 8 Hours
AMA
motocross
AMA Superbike championship
Carl Fogarty
Superbike world champion
Muzzy
1995
Kevin Schwantz
Suzuki
Grand Prix
1996
Yamaha
1998
Laguna Seca
Noriyuki Haga
Harley-Davidson
Ducati
Motorcycle Hall of Fame
Freddie Spencer
Rolex Sports Car Series
Montreal
Yale University
Ken Hill
Nick Ienatsch
Jamie Bestwick
Yamaha Champions Riding School

wikipedia_title: 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

categories: 1964 births,Sportspeople from Fulton County, Georgia,Superbike World Championship riders,Motorcycle trainers,500cc World Championship riders,People from East Point, Georgia,AMA Superbike Championship riders,American motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Scott Russell (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Raymond Scott Russell (born October 28, 1964), Mr. Daytona, is an American sportscar racer and former championship motorcycle road racer, born in East Point, Georgia. He is a former World Superbike and AMA Superbike Champion, has won the Daytona 200 a record five times, and won the Suzuka 8 Hours in 1993. Russell is the all-time leader in 750 cc AMA Supersport wins.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: After racing motocross as a child, Russell raced in WERA events before reaching AMA in 1987. In 1988 he was runner-up in the 750 cc Supersport class and also had some successes in Superbike and 600 cc Supersport. He was Superbike runner-up in 1989, before winning the 750 cc Supersport title three years in a row from 1990 to 1992 and winning every race in 1991. In 1992, Russell claimed the AMA Superbike championship. In the 1995 Daytona 200 he crashed on the first lap, but got back on the bike and won, finishing ahead of Carl Fogarty.

paragraph: Having previously scored a handful of World Superbike podiums, he became the Superbike world champion riding for Muzzy Kawasaki in 1993, and was runner-up in 1994. He left the series after a poor start to 1995, replacing the retired Kevin Schwantz at Suzuki in the 500 cc Grand Prix world championship. Staying with Suzuki in 1996 he finished sixth overall.

paragraph: Russell returned to World Superbikes with Yamaha in 1997, coming sixth overall with a pole and two podiums. In 1998, he came tenth overall but rarely ran near the front. His season is most remembered for the Laguna Seca round, in which he made a blatant jump start and ignored the instruction to come in for a stop-go penalty, eventually falling off, almost causing teammate Noriyuki Haga to crash. Russell had an unsuccessful spell racing Harley-Davidson bikes in the AMA Superbike championship during the following two years. His final year in AMA Superbike ended at the first race of 2001 at Daytona after a move to the HMC Ducati team. Ducati had high hopes that "Mr. Daytona" would help them achieve their first ever 200 win. However, during the start, Russell's bike stalled and was hit from behind after trying to move out of the way to the side of the track. Russell suffered severe injuries which ultimately ended his two-wheeled career.

paragraph: In 2005, Russell was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame. Scott returned to the highbanks of Daytona in 2008 on a Jamie James prepared Yamaha R1. Russell began serving as lead motorcycle road racing analyst for SPEED TV in May 2009, replacing Freddie Spencer whose European scheduling conflicts led to the change.

paragraph: In 2008, Russell made the switch professionally to four wheels, racing in the Grand American Road Racing Association in both the Rolex Sports Car Series and Koni Challenge (now Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge) series. In the 2010 season, he won Round 11 at Montreal along with co-driver Paul Edwards.

paragraph: In 2014, Russell spoke at Yale University alongside Ken Hill, Nick Ienatsch, and Jamie Bestwick about motorcycle racing and success. , Russell is an instructor at Yamaha Champions Riding School and Rickdiculous Racing.

description: American motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Scott Russell

wikipedia_title: Scott Russell (motorcyclist)


text: Roscrea

text: Tipperary

text: Ireland

text: Berhampur

text: Bengal Presidency

text: mercenary

text: Raja

text: India

text: Hisar

text: Rohtak district

text: Haryana

text: press-gang

text: Youghal

text: British Navy

text: Madras

text: Pindari

text: Delhi

text: Begum Samru

text: Sardhana

text: Apa Khande Rao

text: Maratha

text: Mahadaji Scindia

text: Gwalior State

text: Apa Khande Rao

text: Rajputs

text: Sikhs misl of Haryana

text: Mughals

text: Mirza Najaf Khan

text: Bhatti Muslim Rajputs

text: jagir

text: Jhajjar

text: Jahazgarh

text: Rohtak

text: Hisar

text: Hansi

text: Phulkian Misl

text: Jind

text: Lahore

text: Kythal

text: Patiala

text: Sirsa

text: Ghaggar

text: Beri

text: Meham

text: Bhadra

text: Asigarh Fort

text: Jadunath Sarkar

text: Ghaggar river

text: Bikaner

text: Rewari

text: Jat

text: sipahi

text: Rohilla

text: William Francklin

text: Jahaj Kothi

text: Hisar

text: James Skinner

text: Sikh

text: Maratha

text: French

text: Daulat Rao Sindhia

text: Pierre Cuillier-Perron

text: Baharampur

text: Murshidabad

text: Calcutta

text: Ganges

text: Residency Cemetery, Babulbona

text: Jahaj Kothi Museum

text: Hisar

text: Haryana

text: India

text: William Francklin

text: James Skinner

text: Jahaj kothi

text: Hansi

text: Maratha Empire

text: Company rule in India

text: Compton

text: William Francklin

text: H. G. Keene

categories: Irish mercenaries,1802 deaths,Mercenaries in India,18th-century Indian people,Businesspeople from Haryana,1756 births,People from Hisar (city),18th-century Irish people

paragraph: George Thomas (soldier)

paragraph: George Thomas, nicknamed Jaharai Jung and Jahazi Sahib, (c. 1756 in Roscrea, Tipperary, Ireland – 22 August 1802 in Berhampur, Bengal Presidency) was an Irish mercenary and later a Raja who was active in 18th-century India. From 1798 to 1801, he ruled a small kingdom in India, which he carved out of Hisar and Rohtak districts of Haryana.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: His father was a poor Catholic tenant farmer near Roscrea who died when George was a child. Originally forced to press-gang at Youghal, where he worked as a labourer on the docks, Thomas deserted from the British Navy at the age of 25 in Madras in 1782. Still illiterate at the age of 32, he led a group of Pindaris north to Delhi by 1787, where he took service under Begum Samru of Sardhana.

paragraph: Though he was the favourite general of Begum Samru, due to jealous intrigues of his French rival "Le Vassoult" (committed suicide in 1795) he was supplanted in 1792 in her favour. He then transferred his allegiance to Apa Khande Rao, a Maratha chieftain under Maharaja Mahadaji Scindia of Gwalior State. He worked for Apa Khande Rao for four years from 1793 to 1797 to conquer Haryana by subduing Rajputs of Rajasthan, Kachawa Shekhawat thakur rulers of Haryana and Shekhawati, Sikhs misl of Haryana, Mughals under vizir Mirza Najaf Khan and Bhatti Muslim Rajputs.

paragraph: In return for service to the Marathas, he was made the jagir of Jhajjar. Here he constructed a fort known as Georgegah, which was locally known as Jahazgarh.

paragraph: Section::::Raja of Hansi.

paragraph: On the death of his patron Apa Khande Rao in 1797, Thomas declared independence from the Marathas. He quickly took possession of Rohtak and Hisar and made Hansi as his capital. Later that year his requests to the Chiefs of the Phulkian Misl for assistance against the Marathas were rejected. He thereafter launched a campaign against Jind whilst the Phulkian Chief's was in Lahore. Despite lifting his siege of Jind, Thomas successfully defeated Sikh forces during a night attack, forcing Jind to sue for peace. The peace only lasted until 1799, when Thomas launched further expeditions against neighbouring Jind and Kythal to help pay for the upkeep of his large army. In January 1800 he invaded Patiala and plundered the town. Thereafter he attacked Sirsa and expelled the Bhatti's.

paragraph: During his short period of rule, he established a mint in Hansi and released rupees of his own kingdom. His area of control included area from Ghaggar river in the north to Beri in south and from Meham in the east to Bhadra in west. He rebuilt the Asigarh Fort at Hansi, which was in ruined state and built defensive walls and fortifications. He divided his area of control into 14 paraganas. Historian Jadunath Sarkar (1870–1958) describes his conquests as "Oval in hape, with ill-defined and ever-shifting frontiers, it extended 32 to 48 miles in different directions. On the north lay the Ghaggar river which separates it from the lands under Sikh occupation; the west the country of predatory Bhatti tribes, beyond which lay the deserts of Bikaner. The south was bounded by the Rewari district." He raised an army of eight battalions of infantry comprising 6000 men, fifty pieces of cannon, 1000 cavalry, including the Jats (paid pensions to them and encouraged them to settle in Hariana, colonisation of land through pensions to sipahis contributed to Hariana becoming a stable military labour market in the 1790s), 1500 Rohilla Muslims and 2000 soldiers guarding his several forts.

paragraph: He styled himself as the "Raja of Hansi" and he also liked to introduce himself as "Raja from Tipperary". He marched on the kingdoms of Jaipur, Bikaner, Udaipur and Sikhs and mostly emerged victorious. George told his biographer, William Francklin,

paragraph: "I established my capital, rebuilt the walls long since decayed, and repaired the fortifications (of the 12th century fort of Prithiviraj Chauhan). As it had been long deserted, at first I found difficulty in providing for inhabitants. But by decrees, I selected between five and six thousand persons to whom I allowed every lawful indulgence. I established a mint and coined my own rupees, which I made current in my army and country; as from the commencement of my career at Jhajhar I had resolved to establish independence. I employed workmen and artificers of all kinds. I cast my own artillery, commenced making muskets, matchlocks and powder and in short, made the best preparations for carrying on an offensive and defensive war."

paragraph: Between 1798 and 1801, he built Jahaj Kothi (c. 1796) and Jahaj Pul at Hisar, Haryana which was his residence, which was also used by James Skinner after George's defeat. He ruled the area independently up to 1801, when he was driven out by Sikh-Maratha-French confederacy. At Hansi, he was finally defeated and captured by Daulat Rao Sindhia's army under General Pierre Cuillier-Perron. Here he abandoned all his conquests and retired east into British territory.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died, at Baharampur near Murshidabad in Bengal, of a fever on board his boat on his way to Calcutta down the Ganges river on 22 August 1802. He is buried in a grave at Residency Cemetery, Babulbona in Baharampur.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Jahaj Kothi Museum, formerly George's residence, is named for him, as is Jahaj Pul suburb in Hisar of Haryana state in India.

paragraph: George met his biographer William Francklin on the way to Berhampur shortly before his death, and narrated his exploits to William, who published George's biography "Military memoirs of George Thomas" in 1805, based on direct interaction and original documents.

paragraph: James Skinner, while serving the Marathas, had earlier fought against George Thomas. After George's defeat, Skinner lived at Jahaj kothi in Hisar. Skinner himself died at Hansi on 4 December 1841, at the age of 64.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maratha Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Company rule in India

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endnotes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francklin, "Military Memoirs of Mr George Thomas" (1803)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compton, "Military Adventurers of Hindustan" (1892)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Francklin, 1805, "Military memoirs of George Thomas" biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hennessy, MN "George Thomas – the Rajah from Tipperary", London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George Thomas – the Rajah from Tipperary", "The Calcutta Review", No. CXL (1880) (reprint of H. G. Keene, "George Thomas – An episode from the Great Anarchy")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bidwell, Shelford, "Swords for hire: European Mercenaries in Eighteenth Century India" (1971). John Murray.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haefs, Gisbert, "Raja" (2000), btb Verlag, a historical novel in German

description: Irish soldier and Indian king

wikidata_label: George Thomas

wikipedia_title: George Thomas (soldier)


text:
sultan of Aceh
Sumatra
Portuguese
Melaka Straits
Samudra Pasai
Muslim
sultanate
Pidië
pepper
bidadari
Minangkabau
Arab
Seljuq
Sejarah Melayu
Champa
Champa
Syah Pau Kubah
Vietnam
Vijaya
Aceh-Chamic languages
Banda Aceh
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
Selim I
Alauddin al-Kahar
Tomé Pires
syahbandar
Sumatra
Tomé Pires
Islam
pepper
gold
Aceh
Deli
Sultanate of Johor
Aceh War
Banda Aceh
João de Barros
Salahuddin
Alauddin al-Kahar
Aceh Sultanate
Spread of Islam in Indonesia

paragraph: Ali Mughayat Syah

paragraph: Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah (died 7 August 1530) was the first sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra, reigning from about 1514 until his death. Although he was not the first ruler of the Aceh heartland, he is considered the founder of the greater Aceh kingdom. His time also saw the emergence of the long struggle with the Portuguese for the political and economic supremacy in the Melaka Straits. Sultan Ali's life and career are nevertheless ill-chronicled, and have to be pieced together from various Acehnese, Malay and European accounts.

paragraph: Section::::The rise of Aceh.

paragraph: In the fifteenth century, three port kingdoms dominated northernmost Sumatra. Samudra Pasai had been a Muslim sultanate since the late thirteenth century, controlling part of the inter-Asian trade that went through the Melaka Straits. However, by the early sixteenth century it was wrecked by political turmoil. Another important state was Pidië which was a prominent producer of pepper and befriended the Portuguese since 1509. A third one was Daya (possibly at present-day Calang) where the Portuguese founded a settlement in the early sixteenth century.

paragraph: The origins of Aceh are disputed. According to the "Hikayat Aceh" two bidadaris (heavenly nymphs) married two princely brothers from Lamuri and gave rise to the royal dynasty. Other stories speak of Minangkabau, Arab or even Seljuq origins for the royal line. According to the Sejarah Melayu a prince of Champa called Syah Poling (Pau Ling), the son of the King of Champa Syah Pau Kubah, fled Champa when the Vietnamese sacked the capital, Vijaya in 1471. He founded the royal line in Aceh. Indeed, Acehnese is the only non-Chamic relative in the subgroup Aceh-Chamic languages. At any rate, Aceh does not seem to have been a prominent kingdom before 1500. At the end of the fifteenth century a Raja Inayat Syah, son of Abdullah Almalik Almubin, reigned over Dar al-Kamal, the direct predecessor of Banda Aceh. He had two sons, namely Alauddin (d. 1508) who was king of Daya, and Sultan Muzaffar Syah who succeeded his father. Muzaffar was probably expelled by the king of Pidië and died in 1497. When the Portuguese arrived some years later they heard that Aceh was a vassal under Pidië. At this time it was governed by Syamsu Syah, son of Munawwar Syah. Syamsu Syah later had to abdicate in favour of his son Ali Mughayat Syah, and died in 1530. Ali was married to Sitt Hur (d. 1554), a daughter of Alauddin of Daya (alternatively, with Puteri Setia Indera, daughter of Raja Inayat Syah), thus binding the two lines of Aceh rulers together. He was strongly supported by his brother Raja Ibrahim, who was a prominent military commander. According to the authoritative chronicle "Bustanus Salatin", he was the first sultan of Aceh.

paragraph: Section::::The conquest of Pidië.

paragraph: The time when Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah came to the throne is not certain. The later chronicles give him 15, 16 or 18 years which would place his accession at c. 1512-15. He may have reigned earlier than that since his reign reportedly overlapped with that of Sultan Ma'arif Syah of Pidië (d. 1511). According to the "Hikayat Aceh", Sultan Maa'rif asked for Sultan Ali's sister in marriage but was turned down since he ate with commoners, and since Sultan Ali's family was descended from a "bidadari". The enraged Sultan Ma'arif attacked Aceh but suffered a bad defeat due to Sultan Ali's superior tactics. Apparently this made an end to Aceh's dependence on Pidië. At his death, dated in 1511 by epigraphic evidence, Sultan Ma'arif was succeeded by his son Sultan Ahmad, but he was not valued by the population since he had not done his best in the struggle against Aceh. A Portuguese source from c. 1512-15 suggests that the war between Aceh and Pidië was raging at that time. After a while Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah invaded Pidië whose ruler was abandoned by his people and only defended by his slaves. Sultan Ahmad fled to Pasai while Pidië was incorporated in the Aceh kingdom. Portuguese sources indicate that this happened in the early 1520s

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Portuguese Melaka.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Portuguese had conquered Melaka in 1511. They rapidly gained the animosity of Muslim and other traders who preferred to move to other port cities in the region. In this process, the strongly Muslim Aceh was a clear winner. Aceh enjoyed a strategic location at the northern tip of Sumatra, which gave it access to trade in the Indian Ocean area and the Red Sea. An unreliable Ottoman account says that the sultan of Aceh approached the Ottoman sultan Selim I in 1516 and offered vassalage. However, the Acehnese-Ottoman relations actually seem to belong to a later period, during the reign of Sultan Ali's son Alauddin al-Kahar. In his geographical work "Suma Oriental" (c. 1512-15) the Portuguese writer Tomé Pires writes that the king of Aceh also ruled over Lamuri and lorded over Biheue. He was "a knightly man among his neighbours. He uses piracy when he sees an opportunity." The ruler had 40 lancharas (ships) to use for sea expeditions. Other kingdoms on the north coast at that time included Pidië, Lide (unknown location), Peudada, and Pasai.

paragraph: The first direct contact between Aceh and the Portuguese took place in 1519 when a Gaspar da Costa arrived with a ship but was captured by the inhabitants. He was later ransomed by the syahbandar (harbour master) of Pasai and found refuge there. In the next year 1520, Sultan Ali and his brother Raja Ibrahim began a series military campaigns to dominate the northern part of Sumatra, which would soon draw in the Portuguese in a deadly struggle. His first campaign was to Daya, on the northwest coast, which, according to Tomé Pires, had not yet been Islamized (although this can only be partly true since members of the Acehnese sultan's family ruled the place). A Portuguese fort had been built there, but was now lost. Further conquests extended down the east coast, incorporating several pepper-producing and gold-producing regions. The addition of such regions ultimately led to internal tensions within the Sultanate, as Aceh's strength was as a trading port, whose economic interests vary from those of producing ports.

paragraph: Next, a Portuguese fleet with 200 men led by Jorge de Brito arrived in 1521. Sultan Ali sent an envoy, a certain Portuguese who stayed in Aceh, with gifts to the visitors. However, the envoy changed sides and persuaded de Brito to attack the capital of Aceh, reminding him of previous Acehnese robberies and enticing him with stories of a sanctuary filled with gold in the capital. However, Sultan Ali marched out with 800-1,000 men and 6 elephants and inflicted a total defeat on the Portuguese. De Brito was killed and the survivors fled to the ships. Much European artillery was captured which came to good use against Pidië. In the same year the Portuguese occupied Pasai, inspiring new Acehnese attacks.

paragraph: Section::::Last victories and death.

paragraph: Pidië was soon conquered, as related above. A Portuguese fleet which had been dispatched to support Pidië was successfully pushed back. Sultan Ali's brother and commander Raja Ibrahim fell in the war of conquest on 30 November 1523. However, in 1524 Pasai was eventually captured and the Portuguese garrison there was expelled. The Sultan of Pasai fled to Melaka while the ex-rulers of Pidië and Daya escaped to Aru (roughly corresponding to the later Deli). These military actions challenged both the naval power of Portuguese and the holdings of the Sultanate of Johor on Sumatra. The victories of the 1520s created the larger Aceh kingdom that would exist until the Aceh War (1873-1903). However, the struggle with the Portuguese went on unabated. In 1527 Captain Francisco de Mello sank an Acehnese vessel at the roadstead outside the capital and killed the crew. In the next year Simão de Sousa Galvão was forced to seek shelter in Aceh due to a storm. He was attacked by the local people who killed most of the foreigners and took the rest as prisoners. Sultan Ali began to negotiate about peace, with the effect that the preparations for a joint expedition by Aru and the Portuguese were halted. Nevertheless, new incidents soon followed and the sultan had all the Portuguese prisoners killed. In 1529 Sultan Ali made up a plan to conquer Melaka by surprise; however, news of the plans leaked out and the enterprise never got under way.

paragraph: The death of Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah is given variously by the later chronicles: 1511, 1522, 1530. According to the testimony of his gravestone he died on 7 August 1530, exactly one month before his abdicated father Syamsu, and was buried in the palace compound of Kutaraja (Banda Aceh). According to the Portuguese chronicler João de Barros he was poisoned by his wife, a sister of the ruler of Daya, in order to exact revenge for the conquest of Daya. This lady, Sitt Hur, survived him for 24 years and died on 6 December 1554. Sultan Ali left two sons called Salahuddin and Alauddin al-Kahar. Salahuddin, who did not share his military abilities, succeeded him on the throne. However, it was the younger son Alauddin who would lay the real basis for Aceh's power after 1539.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aceh Sultanate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spread of Islam in Indonesia

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critisch overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', "Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde" 65, pp. 135–265.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch Indië", Vol. 1 (1917). 's Gravenhage & Leiden: Nijhoff & Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadi, Amirul (2004) "Islam and State in Sumatra: A Study of Seventeenth-Century Aceh". Leiden: Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iskandar, Teuku (1958) "De Hikajat Atjeh". 's Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kalus, Ludvik & Claude Guillot (2013) 'La principauté de Daya, mi-XVe-mi-XVIe siècle', "Archipel" 85, pp. 201-36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pires, Tomé (1944) "The Suma Oriental", Vols. 1-2. London: The Hakluyt Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricklefs, Merle C. (1994) "A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300". Stanford: Stanford University Press.

description: Sultan of Aceh

wikidata_label: Ali Mughayat Syah

wikipedia_title: Ali Mughayat Syah


href: Blacas Aups troubadour Sordello Blacasset Renat%20Nelli

text:
Blacas
Aups
troubadour
Sordello
Blacasset
Renat Nelli

categories: 1165 births,French male poets,1236 deaths,People from Var (department),Troubadours

paragraph: Blacatz

paragraph: Blacatz, known in French genealogy as Blacas de Blacas III (1165–1237), was the feudal lord of Aups and a troubadour. Sordello composed a lament ("planh") on his death, inviting the kings of his time to share and eat the heart of Blacatz and thus acquire a portion of his courage.

paragraph: He was the father of the troubadour Blacasset.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renat Nelli, "Ecrivains anticonformistes du moyen-âge occitan". Paris, 1977.

description: French troubadour and poet

wikidata_label: Blacatz

wikipedia_title: Blacatz


text:
Belgian
City of Brussels
Brussels
Mechelen
Paris
Italy
Latin
Freemason
Flemish movement
Uccle
flamingant
Brussels
liberal
schepen
Isabelle Gatti de Gamond
Belgian Chamber of Representatives
Mayor of Brussels
King Leopold II
Mont des Arts
Grand Place
UNESCO World Heritage site
Victor Horta
Victor Rousseau
Grand-Place
Town Hall
Leopold II
List of mayors of the City of Brussels

categories: Mayors of the City of Brussels,Belgian writers in French,1837 births,1914 deaths

paragraph: Charles Buls

paragraph: Charles Buls or Karel Buls (13 October 1837 – 13 July 1914) was a Belgian politician and mayor of the City of Brussels.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charles François Gommaire Buls was born in Brussels as the son of a goldsmith from the region of Mechelen. Buls received an artistic education, and spent a year in Paris, and nine months in Italy, studying fine arts. He also learned several languages including English, German, Italian and Latin, besides his mother tongue Dutch. He followed in his father's footsteps and worked as a goldsmith.

paragraph: In 1862 he became a Freemason in "Les vrais amis", and in 1871 joined "La libre pensée". At the same time, he was a member of "de Veldbloem" and "Vlamingen vooruit", two Flemish organisations of the Flemish movement. Together with his brother in law, Leo Van der Kindere, the later mayor of Uccle, he became a "flamingant".

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Buls entered politics in 1870 as a Flemish candidate on a radical list but he was not elected until 1877, when he was elected to the Brussels city council on a liberal list. He became schepen or échevin of education in 1879. Buls was a supporter of progressive causes, especially in language issues and education, and the education of women, on which he wrote frequently. He was a supporter of Isabelle Gatti de Gamond's educational reforms. From 1879 on he played an important role in the development of Flemish education in Brussels.

paragraph: On the national stage, Buls served in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 1882, and again from 1886 to 1894.

paragraph: Buls became Mayor of Brussels in 1881 and remained in office until 1899. At his initiative policemen had to be able to speak both French and Dutch and bilingual signposting was established throughout the city. However, along with these reforms, his most lasting achievement was the result of his opposition to the grandiose architectural schemes of King Leopold II, and the resulting preservation of old parts of Brussels. In particular, Buls was a steadfast defender and admirer of the Mont des Arts and the Grand Place, now a UNESCO World Heritage site, successfully proposing the 1883 city ordinance protecting the façades of the Grand Place buildings and providing funds for their restoration which took place between 1883 and 1923. In 1899, the architects of Brussels who had been involved in this restoration work paid for a memorial commemorating Buls, designed by Victor Horta and executed by Victor Rousseau, to be placed in the rebuilt "L'Etoile" or "De Ster" house on the Grand-Place. At the reopening of the restored Town Hall, Buls greeted Leopold II in Dutch, and the King replied in the same language, which was unusual at the time. In 1999, a new fountain with a larger-than-life-sized seated statue of Buls and his dog was erected at the Place Agoraplein, close to the Grand Place.

paragraph: Buls was an accomplished and prolific author, not merely on educational and artistic issues but also publishing accounts of his travels abroad.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of mayors of the City of Brussels

alias:
Charles François Gommaire Buls
Karel Buls

description: Belgian politician

wikidata_label: Charles Buls

wikipedia_title: Charles Buls


text: Venezuelan

text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Chicago White Sox

text: free agent

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Chattanooga Lookouts

text: Albuquerque

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: New Hampshire Fisher Cats

text: Buffalo Bisons

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Baltimore Orioles

categories: Winston-Salem Dash players,Bristol White Sox players,1987 births,Albuquerque Isotopes players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Chattanooga Lookouts players,Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States,Tiburones de La Guaira players,Chicago White Sox players,Major League Baseball players from Venezuela,New Hampshire Fisher Cats players,Birmingham Barons players,Kannapolis Intimidators players,Charlotte Knights players,Venezuelan Summer League Orioles/White Sox players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Bristol Sox players,All-Star Futures Game players

paragraph: Gregory Infante

paragraph: Gregory Alexander Infante (born July 10, 1987) is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago White Sox.

paragraph: Infante was signed by the Chicago White Sox as an international free agent in 2006. He was called up to the majors for the first time on September 1, 2010 and made his Major League debut in relief against the Detroit Tigers on September 7. In five games with the White Sox, he pitched 4 scoreless innings, allowing only 2 hits. Infante was released on August 30, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: He signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers as a minor league free agent in November 2012 and was assigned to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts. He made 27 relief appearances with the Lookouts and was 1-1 with a 3.35 ERA. He was then promoted to Triple-A Albuquerque, where he made one appearance and allowed 3 runs in 2 innings. He was released on July 9.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Toronto Blue Jays.

paragraph: Infante signed a minor league deal with the Toronto Blue Jays in December 2013. He spent time with the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, and Triple-A Buffalo Bisons in 2014.

paragraph: Infante signed another minor league deal with the Blue Jays on October 29, 2014, which included an invitation to spring training.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On December 14, 2015, Infante signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies with an invitation to spring training.

paragraph: Prior to the 2017 season, he signed a minor league deal to return to the Chicago White Sox. He elected free agency on November 3, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: On January 7, 2019, Infante signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles. He was released on March 31, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

description: Venezuelan baseball player

wikidata_label: Gregory Infante

wikipedia_title: Gregory Infante


text:
James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley
Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley
James Tuchet

categories: 1371 births,1408 deaths,Barons Audley,Place of birth missing

paragraph: John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley

paragraph: John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley, 1st Baron Tuchet (23 April 1371 – 19 December 1408) was an English peer.

paragraph: John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley was the son of Sir John Tuchet, called "Baron Audley", and his wife Maud, widow of Sir Richard de Willoughby. His paternal grandparents were Sir John Tuchet (1327—1371) and his wife Joan Audley (1331–1393, daughter of James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley and first wife Lady Joan Mortimer).

paragraph: In 1391, when his childless great-uncle Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley died, the Audley Barony was abeyant. Meanwhile, he was created 1st Baron Tuchet in 1403 and received one-third of the share of the barony of Audley.

paragraph: In 1408 the Barony was revived, and John Tuchet became 4th Baron Audley.

paragraph: Before 1398, he married Elizabeth Stafford, daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford and his first wife, Alice Grenville. They had one son, James, and two daughters, Margaret and Elizabeth. John was succeeded by his only son, James Tuchet.

description: 4th Baron Audley

wikidata_label: John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley

wikipedia_title: John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley


text:
Breda
Dillenburg
Siegen
Dillenburg
Hadamar
Herborn
Vianden
Diez
Breda
William the Silent
Jan IV of Nassau
Maria of Loon-Heinsberg
stadtholder
Guelders
Zutphen
Engelbrecht II of Nassau
Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse
Henry III of Nassau-Breda
William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
William the Silent
Elisabeth of Nassau
Maria of Nassau
Siegen

paragraph: Johann V of Nassau-Vianden-Dietz

paragraph: Johann V of Nassau-Vianden-Dietz (Breda, 9 November 1455 – Dillenburg, 30 July 1516) was count of Nassau (in Siegen, Dillenburg, Hadamar and Herborn), Vianden and Diez, and Lord of Breda. He was the paternal grandfather of William the Silent.

paragraph: He was the son of Jan IV of Nassau and his wife Maria of Loon-Heinsberg.

paragraph: Johann V was in 1504 and 1505 stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen. In 1504, he inherited Breda and Vianden from his brother Engelbrecht II of Nassau.

paragraph: Johann V married in 1482 to Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, a daughter of Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse and his wife Anna of Katzenelnbogen. They had 6 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry III of Nassau-Breda (1483–1538)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann of Nassau-Vianden-Dietz (1484–1504)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst (1486)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1487–1559), father of William the Silent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth of Nassau (1488–1559)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria of Nassau (1491–1547)

paragraph: Count Johann V was buried at Siegen.br

paragraph: His Dutch possessions went to his eldest son Henry, his German possessions to his other son William.

wikipedia_title: Johann V of Nassau-Vianden-Dietz


text: Bulgarian

text: Roman Catholic

text: archbishop

text: diplomat

text: baron

text: Austria

text: Ottoman

text: Chiprovtsi Uprising

text: Chiprovtsi

text: Bulgarian Roman Catholics

text: Christianity

text: Austrian emperors

text: Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy

text: Croatian

text: House of Pejačević

text: Croatian

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: Loreto

text: theology

text: canon law

text: Liberation of Bulgaria

text: papal

text: Europe

text: Balkans

text: Austrian Empire

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Republic of Venice

text: Wallachia

text: Pope Innocent X

text: Bulgarian Empire

text: Władysław IV Vasa

text: John II Casimir Vasa

text: Senate of Venice

text: Marcianopolis

text: Ancient Roman

text: Devnya

text: Diocese of Nicopoli

text: internuncio

text: Viennese

text: apostolic vicar

text: Moldavia

text: Târgovişte

text: Serbian Patriarch

text: Serbia

text: Albania

text: Greece

text: Romanian

text: Danube

text: Gheorghe Ştefan

text: Constantin Şerban

text: Cossack

text: hetman

text: Bohdan Khmelnytsky

text: Habsburgs

text: Freiherr

text: Pope Clement X

text: Sant'Andrea delle Fratte

text: Sofia

text: Shumen

text: football club

text: Plovdiv

text: PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv

text: Rakovski

text: Plovdiv Province

text: chitalishte

text: Banat Bulgarian

text: Asenovo, Pleven Province

text: Parchevich Ridge

text: Breznik Heights

text: Greenwich Island

text: South Shetland Islands

text: Antarctica

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to Austria,17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,17th-century Bulgarian people,Barons of Austria,Bulgarian people of Croatian descent,1612 births,Apostolic vicars,Bulgarian Roman Catholic bishops,1674 deaths,Burials at Sant'Andrea delle Fratte,Bulgarian diplomats

paragraph: Petar Parchevich

paragraph: Petar Parchevich (, pronounced ; ) or Petar Mihaylov Parchev (Петър Михайлов Парчев) (c. 1612–23 July 1674) was a Bulgarian Roman Catholic archbishop, diplomat, scholar, baron of Austria and one of the architects behind the anti-Ottoman Chiprovtsi Uprising.

paragraph: A native of Chiprovtsi and one of Bulgaria's most educated people of the 17th century, Parchevich was among the leaders of the Bulgarian Roman Catholics. His numerous diplomatic visits to the royal courts of Europe were mostly in an attempt to garner support for an anti-Ottoman uprising in Bulgaria, which he did not live to witness. Nevertheless, his efforts in defending Christianity earned him a noble title from the Austrian emperors, and he took up several important positions within the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early diplomacy.

paragraph: Petar Parchevich was born circa 1612 in Chiprovtsi to an influential Parchevich (Parčević) family, having Croatian roots and being the ancestral house of the House of Pejačević, a notable and distinguished Croatian noble family in the 18th and 19th century. Chiprovtsi was then a Catholic-populated town in the northwestern Bulgarian lands under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In the 17th century, Chiprovtsi was a rich merchant town in its cultural heyday. Like many Bulgarians from Chiprovtsi at the time, Parchevich was sent to be educated in Italy. Having studied in Rome and Loreto, he returned to Bulgaria in 1643 as a doctor of theology and canon law, which made him one of the most educated Bulgarians of his age.

paragraph: Upon his return, Parchevich engaged in diplomacy with the ultimate goal of ensuring the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule. Receiving papal support, Parchevich visited the royal courts of Europe and advocated the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance which would drive out the Ottoman Turks from the Balkans. Parchevich was received by the courts of the Austrian Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice, the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, and Pope Innocent X himself. There, he requested backing for an anti-Ottoman campaign which would lead to the liberation of the Balkans, and "most of all, of the great Bulgarian Empire".

paragraph: Parchevich made several visits to Poland, such as once in 1647, when he was met by Władysław IV Vasa, and once in late 1649, when he was received by the new king John II Casimir Vasa. In his speech before the Senate of Venice from 1650, Parchevich referred to the "unbearable Ottoman yoke" and told of the Bulgarian people's long struggle against the Ottomans. After meeting with Innocent and persuading the pope that Bulgaria could collect an army of 20,000 for an anti-Ottoman campaign, Parchevich remained in Rome until the spring of 1651.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop, major diplomat and baron.

paragraph: In 1658, Parchevich was appointed head of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marcianopolis (named after an Ancient Roman city near modern Devnya, northeastern Bulgaria). Along with the Diocese of Nicopoli headed by Filip Stanislavov, Marcianopolis was one of the two sees which succeeded the Bulgarian Custody as the governing body of Catholicism in Bulgaria. Parchevich also held the position of Bulgarian internuncio to the Viennese court. In 1661, Parchevich had to step down as Archbishop of Marcianopolis due to pressure from Rome, which condemned his clerical inactivity, though in 1668 he became apostolic vicar to Moldavia despite continuing suspicion.

paragraph: By the mid-1650s, Parchevich had entered major European politics and was the central figure of a significant anti-Ottoman plot. In 1656, Parchevich arranged a meeting in Târgovişte between the members of the plot, which included the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia and high-ranking clerics, including the Serbian Patriarch. After the meeting, Parchevich sent revolutionary messages to Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania and Greece, hoping to incite a rebellion. His plans were backed by the rulers of the Romanian lands which border Bulgaria north of the Danube: Gheorghe Ştefan of Moldavia and Constantin Şerban of Wallachia. However, the lack of clear support by key accomplice Austria meant an eventual uprising had to be delayed. In 1657, Parchevich was received by Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, whom he visited on a special mission. In the same year, he was granted the noble title of baron by the Habsburgs owing to his merits in defending Christianity. As an Austrian noble, he was styled "Peter Freiherr von Parchevich".

paragraph: In spite of Parchevich's efforts, conditions would not be favourable to a Bulgarian anti-Ottoman uprising until well after his death. While on a diplomatic mission to Pope Clement X, he died of illness in Rome in the summer of 1674 and was buried at the Sant'Andrea delle Fratte basilica in the city. Parchevich's letters and reports have been preserved and are an important source of information regarding his activities.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Various institutions around Bulgaria have been named after Petar Parchevich, including streets in the capital Sofia and Shumen. A Catholic football club known as SK Parchevich was founded in Plovdiv in 1923 and later merged into what is today PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv. One of the neighbourhoods of the mostly Catholic-populated town of Rakovski in Plovdiv Province is also known as Parchevich. In addition, three schools, in Plovdiv, Rakovski and Chiprovtsi, are named after him, as is a community centre ("chitalishte") in the Banat Bulgarian village of Asenovo, Pleven Province. Parchevich Ridge in the Breznik Heights on Greenwich Island of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, also bears his name thanks to the efforts of the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria.

description: Bulgarian Roman Catholic archbishop, diplomat, scholar, Austrian baron

wikidata_label: Petar Parchevich

wikipedia_title: Petar Parchevich


text: American football

text: wide receiver

text: Collinwood High School

text: Cleveland, Ohio

text: University of Mount Union

text: Mount Union Purple Raiders

text: Jacksonville Jaguars

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: Collinwood High School

text: Cleveland, Ohio

text: quarterback

text: football

text: Kurt Rocco

text: Pierre Garçon

text: Ohio Athletic Conference

text: Associated Press

text: UW–Whitewater Warhawks

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: Jacksonville Jaguars

text: 2011 NFL Draft

text: Mount Union

text: Division III

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Houston Texans

text: Alfred Blue

text: New York Jets

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: ACL

text: MCL

text: PCL

text: Mount Union Purple Raiders football bio

text: Jacksonville Jaguars bio

text: Houston Texans bio

categories: Houston Texans players,1987 births,American football wide receivers,Players of American football from Ohio,American football return specialists,American football quarterbacks,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Mount Union Purple Raiders football players,Living people,Sportspeople from Cleveland

paragraph: Cecil Shorts

paragraph: Cecil Carlon Shorts III (born December 22, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver. He attended Collinwood High School in Cleveland, Ohio, and later the University of Mount Union, where he played for the Mount Union Purple Raiders football team. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the fourth round of the 2011 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Shorts attended

paragraph: Collinwood High School in Cleveland, Ohio, where he played quarterback on the football team that his father, Cecil Shorts, Jr., coached.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: During his freshman season, Shorts suffered an injury that kept him from playing the entire year. In 2007, he was the backup quarterback, along with Kurt Rocco, to Greg Micheli, but was 16 of 24 passing for 209 yards, made 12 receptions, three for a touchdown, for 289 and ran for 108 yards with two touchdowns in 14 games played. Shorts switched to wide receiver after Pierre Garçon graduated, and immediately became the top receiver for Mount Union. In 2008, Shorts caught 77 passes for 1,484 yards and 23 touchdowns, which set an Ohio Athletic Conference record. Shorts helped Mount Union win their 10th NCAA Division III National Championship, at Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl XXXVI.

paragraph: In 2009, he was named the D3Football.com National Offensive Player of the Year after recording 100 receptions for 1,736 yards with 19 touchdowns. For his efforts, he earned "Associated Press" first-team Little All-America honors following the season. In the 2009 NCAA Division III National Football Championship on December 19, 2009 against the UW–Whitewater Warhawks, Shorts caught 10 passes for 185 yards and two touchdowns. The Purple Raiders lost, however, by a score of 38–28.

paragraph: In 2010, Shorts' play was hampered by an ankle injury that prevented him from playing in three games. He finished the season with 18 receiving touchdowns, three return touchdowns and one rushing touchdown. He earned "Associated Press" first-team Little All-America honors for the second consecutive year following the season. Shorts had 4,705 receiving yards for 63 touchdowns in his career. He was considered a top wide receiver prospect in the 2011 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Shorts was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the 114th overall pick (4th round) in the 2011 NFL Draft. Shorts is the highest drafted player in Mount Union history and first player drafted by the Jaguars from a Division III school in franchise history. Shorts played sparingly in his rookie season, catching only two passes for 30 yards and a touchdown in 10 games. He missed the final six games in 2011 with a hamstring injury. In 2012, despite Jacksonville sharing an NFL-worst record of 2–14 with the Kansas City Chiefs, Shorts was a bright spot, leading the team in receiving yards (979), yards per reception (17.8), and touchdowns (7), with five touchdowns going for 40 yards or longer. He was placed on season-ending injured reserve on December 24, 2012 due to a concussion. In 2013, Shorts recorded 66 catches for 777 yards and three touchdowns. He was placed on injured reserve on December 17, 2013 with a groin injury. Shorts caught 53 catches for 577 yards and 1 touchdown. Shorts became a free agent after the 2014 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On March 16, 2015, Shorts signed a two-year, $6 million contract with the Houston Texans. On June 18, 2016, Shorts signed a pay cut reducing his salary to $1.2 million with $750,000 in bonuses. On November 22, 2015, Shorts threw a touchdown pass to running back Alfred Blue on a trick play against the New York Jets. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Texans.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: On September 6, 2016, Shorts was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was placed on injured reserve on December 6, 2016 after tearing his ACL, MCL, and PCL.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mount Union Purple Raiders football bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacksonville Jaguars bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Texans bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Cecil Shorts III

wikipedia_title: Cecil Shorts


text:
woman
executed
witchcraft
Boston
Massachusetts
death
hanging
witchcraft
Salem witch trials
Nathaniel Hawthorne
novel
The Scarlet Letter
widow
sister-in-law
Massachusetts
Richard Bellingham
Governor John Endicott
General Court
Margaret Jones
Humphrey Atherton
selectman
Joshua Scottow
John Norton
John Wilson
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter
Hester Prynne
Ann Hutchinson
Ticknor and Company
Alice Young
Margaret Jones
Goody Glover
List of people executed for witchcraft

categories: Executed American women,17th century in Boston,American people executed for witchcraft,Place of birth unknown,17th-century executions of American people,People from colonial Boston,1656 deaths,Year of birth unknown,People executed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony,Colonial American women

paragraph: Ann Hibbins

paragraph: Ann Hibbins (or Hibbons; Hibbens) was a woman executed for witchcraft in Boston, Massachusetts, on June 19, 1656. Her death by hanging was the third for witchcraft in Boston and predated the Salem witch trials in 1692. Hibbins was later fictionalized in Nathaniel Hawthorne's famous novel "The Scarlet Letter". A wealthy widow, Hibbins was the sister-in-law by marriage to Massachusetts governor Richard Bellingham. Her sentence was handed down by Governor John Endicott (also spelled "Endecott").

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ann was twice widowed, first by a man named Moore. Together they had three sons who were all living in England at the time of her death. One son, Jonathan, was particularly favored in her will.

paragraph: Ann was widowed, secondly, by a wealthy merchant, William Hibbins whose first wife, Hester Bellingham (buried Stokesay, Shropshire on 3 Sep 1634), was the sister of Richard Bellingham, Governor of Massachusetts. He had been a deputy to the General Court and became assistant governor in 1643, and thus was one of the magistrates who condemned Margaret Jones for witchcraft in 1648. Hibbins held the powerful position of assistant until his death in 1654. Humphrey Atherton, who is said to have been "instrumental in bringing about the execution of Ann Hibbins", succeeded him in that position.

paragraph: Section::::Trial and death.

paragraph: In 1640, Hibbins sued a group of carpenters, whom she had hired to work on her house, accusing them of overcharging her. She won the lawsuit, but her actions were viewed as "abrasive", and so she became subjected to an ecclesiastical inquest. Refusing to apologize to the carpenters for her actions, Hibbins was admonished and excommunicated. The church cited her for usurping her husband's authority. Within months of her husband's death, proceeding against her for witchcraft began.

paragraph: Hibbins was tried and convicted in 1655, but her conviction was set aside. The case was heard again by the General Court. The Court's record from May 14, 1656, said: Mrs. Ann Hibbins was called forth, appeared at the bar; the indictment against her was read, to which she answered not guilty, and was willing to be tried by God and this Court. The evidences against her were read, the parties witnessing being present, her answers considered on; and the whole Court being met together, by their vote determined that Mrs. Ann Hibbins is guilty of witchcraft, according to the bill of indictment found against her by the jury of life and death. The Governor in open Court pronounced sentence accordingly, declaring she was to go from the bar to the place from whence she came, and from thence to the place of execution, and there to hang till she was dead.

paragraph: Historians have found two things out of the ordinary about Ann Hibbins' execution: that a woman of her high social standing would have been persecuted as a witch; and that no evidence, contemporary to her and used to convict her, survived.

paragraph: She had some supporters, at least initially, among them selectman Joshua Scottow, who later apologized to the General Court for his support of Hibbins. Nine months after her execution, Scottow "stated that he did not intend to oppose the proceedings of the General Court in the case of Mrs. Ann Hibbins: "I am cordially sorry that anything from me, either in word or writing, should give offence to the honored Court, my dear brethren in the church, or any others."

paragraph: Another supporter was a prominent minister, John Norton, who said privately, in the company of another prominent minister, John Wilson, that Ann Hibbins "was hanged for a witch only for having more wit than her neighbors." He further stated that Hibbins had "unhappily guessed that two of her persecutors, whom she saw talking in the street, were talking of her, — which cost her her life."

paragraph: Section::::"The Scarlet Letter".

paragraph: Hibbins was fictionalized in Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter". In the novel, the central character, Hester Prynne, who has been convicted of adultery and sentenced to wearing the letter "A" upon her outer garment, comes in frequent contact with the witch, Mistress Hibbins.

paragraph: Hawthorne's depiction of Hibbins has been analyzed by literary critics, who have determined that in the novel she, being a witch, represented for Prynne "a rejected possibility of dealing with social stigma". According to one analysis, "Hibbins embodies the stereotype of the aged witch who tries to use Hester's stigma, the scarlet 'A', as an item to seduce Hester to join the Covenant with the Devil." This is presented, in contrast, by the fictional depiction of Ann Hutchinson, who represents the embodiment of an angel.

paragraph: Section::::Other people executed for witchcraft in New England.

paragraph: Historian Clarence F. Jewett included a list of other people executed in New England in "The Memorial History of Boston: Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts 1630–1880" (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1881). He wrote, The following is the list of the twelve persons who were executed for witchcraft in New England before 1692, when twenty other persons were executed at Salem, whose names are well known. It is possible that the list is not complete ; but I have included all of which I have any knowledge, and with such details as to names and dates as could be ascertained:—br

paragraph: 1647 — "Woman of Windsor", Connecticut (name unknown)[later identified as Alice Young], at Hartford.br

paragraph: 1648, — Margaret Jones, of Charlestown, at Boston.br

paragraph: 1648 — Mary Johnson, at Hartford.br

paragraph: 1650 — Goodwife Lake, wife of Henry, of Dorchester.br

paragraph: 1650 — Goodwife Kendall, of Cambridge.br

paragraph: 1651 — Mary Parsons, of Springfield, at Boston.br

paragraph: 1651 — Goodwife Bassett, at Fairfield, Conn.br

paragraph: 1653 — Goodwife Knap, at Hartford.br

paragraph: 1656 — Ann Hibbins, at Boston.br

paragraph: 1662 — Goodman Greensmith, at Hartford.br

paragraph: 1662 — Goodwife Greensmith, at Hartford.br

paragraph: 1688 — Goody Glover, at Boston."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people executed for witchcraft

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Footnotes

description: American woman hanged after conviction for witchcraft

wikidata_label: Ann Hibbins

wikipedia_title: Ann Hibbins


text:
basketball
South Side High School
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Indiana Mr. Basketball
Lafayette Jefferson
University of New Mexico
Bob King
Western Athletic Conference
Cleveland Cavaliers
1971 NBA Draft
American Basketball Association
The Floridians
Denver Rockets
Taco Bell

categories: Denver Rockets players,Miami Floridians players,Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball),1950 births,Sportspeople from Fort Wayne, Indiana,Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks,New Mexico Lobos men's basketball players,Basketball players from Indiana,Living people

paragraph: Willie Long

paragraph: Willie Long (born March 1, 1950) is an American former professional basketball player.

paragraph: Long starred at South Side High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he earned Indiana Mr. Basketball honors in 1967 after averaging 25.6 points per game. He led the Archers to the State Finals, losing in the semi-finals to traditional Indiana power Lafayette Jefferson. As a junior, he led the Archers to an IHSAA Regional title (the equivalent of the Sweet Sixteen).

paragraph: Long played college basketball at the University of New Mexico under head coach Bob King. Long was the leading scorer for the Lobos in 1969-70 and 1970–71, averaging 23.9 points a game both seasons, leading the Western Athletic Conference in scoring as a senior. He amassed 1,542 career points and 800 rebounds, averaging 20 points and 10 rebounds a game, ranking #10 in Lobo history in points scored and #4 in rebounds. He was selected All-WAC in 1969-70 and 1970–71 and a Helms All-American in 1970-71.

paragraph: Long was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the second round of the 1971 NBA Draft, but he never played in the NBA. He instead spent three seasons in the American Basketball Association with The Floridians and the Denver Rockets. In 213 games over his professional career, he averaged 11.4 points and 6.0 rebounds per game.

paragraph: In 1999 Long was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Long later became an executive with Taco Bell, based in Atlanta.

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Willie Long

wikipedia_title: Willie Long


text: Hillhead

text: Kelvinside Academy

text: Morrison's Academy

text: University of Glasgow

text: Glasgow Evening Times

text: Scots Pictorial

text: reference.allrefer.com

text: users.globalnet.co.uk

text: theglasgowstory.com

text: abebooks.co.uk

text: factmonster.com

categories: Scottish poets,People educated at Morrison's Academy,1871 births,People educated at Kelvinside Academy,Burials at St Machar's Cathedral,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,Scottish novelists,1934 deaths,Scottish journalists,People from Hillhead

paragraph: John Joy Bell

paragraph: John Joy Bell (7 June 1871 – 14 November 1934), known professionally as J.J. Bell, was a journalist and author.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Hillhead, Glasgow he was the eldest son of James T Bell, a Tobacco Manufacturer. Bell was schooled at Kelvinside Academy and Morrison's Academy. He attended the University of Glasgow, where he studied chemistry. After becoming a journalist, Bell worked for the "Glasgow Evening Times", and as sub-editor of the "Scots Pictorial". His articles described the life of working-class Glaswegians, and were often written in the vernacular. He created the character of 'MacGreegor' for his "Evening Times" articles, and the stories were so popular that they were published in book form, and later made into a film.

paragraph: Bell has often been criticised for being overly sentimental, but it is also said that his vernacular was accurately representative, which is partly what made them popular. During recent years though, Bell's books are increasingly neglected.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Noah's Ark" (1898).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack of All Trades" (1899).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs of the Hour" (1900).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wee Macgreegor" (1902).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ethel" (1903).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mistress McLeerie" (1903).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wee Macgreegor Again" (1904).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Later Adventures of Wee Macgreegor" (1904).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jess & Co." (1904).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Pennycook's Boy" (1905).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Lion of London" (1905).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clyde Songs and other verses" (1906).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thou Fool!" (1907).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joseph Redhorn" (1908).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whither Thou Goest" (1908).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh! Christina!" (1909).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancing Days" (1910).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wullie McWattie's Master" (1910).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Indiscretions of Maister Redhorn" (1911).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jim" (1911).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Kingdom of Dreams" (1911).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best Man" (1911).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Courtin' Christina" (1913).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bobby" (1914).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Whalers" (1914).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Misadventures of Joseph" (1914).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wee Macgreegor Enlists" (1915).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Grey Ships" (1916).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cupid in Oilskins" (1916).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kiddies" (1916).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Till The Clock Stops" (1916).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Story of Kitty Carstairs" (1917).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Cards" (1917).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Ages" (1918).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johnny Pride" (1918).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlantic Gold" (1918).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Jemima" (1919).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Middle Strip" (1919).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimmy Johnny" (1920).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pie in the Oven (in 1 act)" (1922).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wee Macgreegor's Party (in 1 act)" (1922).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thread o' Scarlet (in 1 act)" (1923).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Those Class Distinctions (in 1 act)" (1923).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolves (in 1 act)" (1923).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some Plain, Some Coloured" (1923).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nickums" (1923).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Craw" (1924).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Courtin' Christina (in 1 act)" (1924).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Laird's Lucky Number (in 1 act)" (1924).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Invisible Net" (1924).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Braw Bailie" (1925).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. and Mrs. Craw" (1926).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exit Mrs. McLeerie (in 1 act)" (1927).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Betty" (1927).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoots!" (1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Whale-Hunters" (1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meet Mr. Craw" (1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gambler's Hope" (1929).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breaking Point (in 1 act)" (1930).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good-morning Sir John (in 1 act)" (1930).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laird of Glenlaggan" (1931).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Glory of Scotland" (1932).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Women" (1932).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Remember" (1932).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scotland's Rainbow West" (1933).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hamish" (1934).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scotland in Ten Days" (1934).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Melodies and Memories" (1934).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do you remember?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Quay" (poem)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond London Lights"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- reference.allrefer.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- users.globalnet.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- theglasgowstory.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- abebooks.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- factmonster.com

description: journalist and author

wikidata_label: John Joy Bell

wikipedia_title: John Joy Bell


text: Duke of Elbeuf

text: House of Lorraine

text: Charles de Lorraine

text: Charles de Lorraine

text: Duke of Bouillon

text: House of La Tour d'Auvergne

text: vicomte de Turenne

text: Béatrice Hiéronyme de Lorraine

text: Abbess of Remiremont

text: Maréchal-Prince de Soubise

text: Claude, Duke of Guise

text: René II, Duke of Lorraine

text: Madame de Montespan

text: Château de Saint Germain en Laye

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: Piedmont

text: Italy

text: Elbeuf

text: Emmanuel Maurice de Lorraine

text: Piedmont

text: War of the Spanish Succession

categories: Dukes of Elbeuf,People from Paris,House of Lorraine,House of Guise,17th-century French people,Princes of Lorraine,1748 deaths,17th-century peers of France,18th-century French people,1661 births

paragraph: Henri, Duke of Elbeuf

paragraph: Henri de Lorraine (7 August 1661–17 May 1748) was the Duke of Elbeuf and member of the House of Lorraine. He succeeded his father Charles de Lorraine to the Duchy-Peerage of Elbeuf. He was also a Peer of France.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born to Charles de Lorraine, "Duke of Elbeuf" and his second wife, Élisabeth de La Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of the Duke of Bouillon, member of the illustrious House of La Tour d'Auvergne. She was a niece of the "vicomte de Turenne".

paragraph: His younger half sister Suzanne Henriette (1686–1710) married Ferdinand Charles, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat in 1704. His paternal cousin's included Béatrice Hiéronyme de Lorraine, Abbess of Remiremont and Anne Julie de Melun, mother of the "Maréchal-Prince de Soubise".

paragraph: A member of the "House of Guise" founded by Claude, Duke of Guise, he was a "Prince of Lorraine" as a male line descendant of René II, Duke of Lorraine.

paragraph: In his youth he was not expected to succeed to the Duchy-Peerage of Elbeuf as his father had a son (another Charles, 1650–1690) from a previous marriage as well as his oldest full brother Henri Frédéric. Henri Frédéric died in 1666 aged 9 and Charles in 1690. During this time, he was styled as the "prince de Lillebonne" and "prince d'Elbeuf", the latter was what he used in his marriage contract.

paragraph: He was married to Charlotte de Rochechouart de Mortemart, a daughter of Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart and a niece of Madame de Montespan. The two were married at the Château de Saint Germain en Laye on 28 January 1677. The couple had three children, two sons and a daughter. None of his children married or had any children, his two sons died in 1705 having taken part in the War of the Spanish Succession, both dying within days of each other in Piedmont modern day Italy.

paragraph: His wife died in 1729. Henri himself died at Elbeuf aged 86. The duchy of Elbeuf went to his younger brother Emmanuel Maurice de Lorraine.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Philippe de Lorraine, Prince of Elbeuf (October 1678–18 June 1705), died at Piedmont in the War of the Spanish Succession, never married;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Armande Charlotte de Lorraine, "Mademoiselle d'Elboeuf" (15 June 1683–18 December 1701), never married;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Charles de Lorraine, Prince of Elboeuf (1 September 1685–21 June 1705), never married.

paragraph: He also had two illegitimate son's by Françoise de Marsilly neither of which had issue.

description: French nobleman

wikidata_label: Henri of Lorraine, Duke of Elbeuf

wikipedia_title: Henri, Duke of Elbeuf


text: Duke of Elbeuf

text: Henri de Lorraine

text: Charles de Lorraine

text: Duke of Boillon

text: House of La Tour d'Auvergne

text: vicomte de Turenne

text: Claude, Duke of Guise

text: René II, Duke of Lorraine

text: Madame de Montespan

text: Suzanne Henriette

text: Duchess of Mantua

text: Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Louis XIV

text: Ferdinando Sanfelice

text: Portici

text: Charles, King of Naples

text: Maria Amalia of Saxony

text: Reggia di Portici

text: Herculaneum

text: Pompeii

text: Henri

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: Charles Eugène de Lorraine

text: House of Rougé

categories: Dukes of Elbeuf,People from Paris,House of Lorraine,House of Guise,1763 deaths,French military personnel,17th-century French people,French generals,Princes of Lorraine,18th-century French people,1677 births

paragraph: Emmanuel Maurice, Duke of Elbeuf

paragraph: Emmanuel Maurice de Lorraine (Emmanuel Maurice; 30 December 1677 – 17 July 1763) was Duke of Elbeuf and Prince of Lorraine. He succeeded his older brother Henri de Lorraine (1661–1748) as duke. He died without any surviving issue.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Emmanuel Maurice was born the youngest son of Charles de Lorraine, "Duke of Elbeuf" and his second wife, Élisabeth de La Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of the Duke of Boillon, member of the illustrious House of La Tour d'Auvergne. She was a niece of the "vicomte de Turenne".

paragraph: His sister in law was Charlotte de Rochechouart de Mortemart, a daughter of Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart and a niece of Madame de Montespan. His half sister Suzanne Henriette was later the Duchess of Mantua.

paragraph: In 1706, he served under Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor at Naples as lieutenant general of the Cavalry. As a result, Louis XIV deserted him.

paragraph: Living in Naples, he commissioned the Neapolitan architect Ferdinando Sanfelice to construct him a private residence on the outskirts of the city in Portici in 1711. The property was called the "villa d’Elbeuf". From 1711 until 1716 he lived at the villa. This villa was seen by Charles, King of Naples and his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony in 1738 and the couple were so impressed that the couple ordered the construction of the Reggia di Portici which still stands today.

paragraph: He is usually credited for discovering the ruins at Herculaneum and Pompeii. While living in Naples, he underwrote the first efforts to tunnel into the ground at the site. His men happened to dig right into an ancient Roman theater at Herculaneum and were able to extract a number of marble statues. Most of these were used to decorate his estate; others were distributed across Europe. The same year as the excavations he returned to France to regain his possessions.

paragraph: Styled "prince d'Elbeuf", he was not expected to become Duke of Elbeuf as he was the youngest of five sons born to his father and his first two wives. His older half brothers Charles (1660–1690), Henri Frédéric (1657–1666) and Louis de Lorraine (1662–1693) died before their father and the duchy was thus inherited by Emmanuel Maurice's other surviving brother Henri.

paragraph: Henri died without any surviving issue, two of his sons dying within a week of each other in 1705 having been in the War of the Spanish Succession. Emmanuel Maurice became Duke of Elbeuf in May 1748 holding the title till his death.

paragraph: Emmanuel Maurice married twice but neither union produced issue. He died aged 85 and was succeeded by his second cousin Charles Eugène de Lorraine.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Emmanuel Maurice married twice;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Therese de Stramboni (d.1745) - married 25 October 1713; no issue; the couple married in Naples;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Innocentia Catherine de Rougé du Plessis-Bellière, see House of Rougé (1707–1794) - married 6 June 1747; no issue.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Poull, "La maison ducale de Lorraine", 1991

description: Duke Of Elbeuf

wikidata_label: Emmanuel Maurice of Lorraine, Duke of Elbeuf

wikipedia_title: Emmanuel Maurice, Duke of Elbeuf


text:
Sušak
Serbian
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Paris
France
Belgrade
Ivan Tabaković
Kossa Bokchan
Zadar
Mića Popović
Yugoslavia
Paris
Vela Luka
Korčula
Belgrade
Paris
Paris
Lille
Belgrade
Paris
Rome
Paris
Genève
Belgrade
Paris
Nancy
Paris
Belgrade
Paris
Luc Menaše
Ljubljana
Paris
Paris
Paris
Genève
Belgrade
Belgrade

categories: Serbs of Croatia,People from Belgrade,2019 deaths,1926 births,People from Rijeka

paragraph: Petar Omčikus

paragraph: Petar Omčikus (; ), Sušak, 6 October 1926 – 26 April 2019) was a Serbian painter and member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, who lived and worked in Paris, France.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Since 1937, Omčikus lived in Belgrade. After World War II, he began painting at the Academy of Fine Arts, in class of professor Ivan Tabaković. Together with his wife, painter Kossa Bokchan, left his studies in painting and went to Zadar, which became one of the founders of the Zadar Group, where they are also Mića Popović, Vera Božičković, Bata Mihailović, Ljubinka Jovanovic. After a six-month stay in Zadar, he returned to Belgrade where he joined the Group of Eleven, and his first solo exhibition, hosted in 1951. Shortly, after in 1952, Petar Omčikus and Kossa Bokshan left from Yugoslavia and definitely moved to Paris. Since 1965, they occasionally stayed in Vela Luka on Korčula, where they organized numerous international meetings of artists, philosophers and critics. He participated in numerous group exhibitions at home and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: The beginnings of Omčikus creativity are related to several artists, all from the class of Ivana Tabaković, which is a few months together in Zadar 1947 making the first Yugoslav artistic commune – Zadar Group: Omčikus, his future wife Kossa Bokchan, Mića Popović, Vera Božičković, Bata Mihailović, Ljubinka Jovanović, Mileta Andrejević, Bora Grujić and their friend, student of literature Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz. Rise of the academic nature in the studio for the artists opened up new paths in which are free creativity will, in different ways, to remain during the whole of his creation. Omčikus in the 1951 joins The Group of Eleven who encourages him to continue searching for their own creative paths, then still in the domain of poetic figuration after socialist realism. But the real turning point in his art happened in Paris. Meeting with the abstract art of the time definitely Omčikus directed towards free expression, a move that he is not looking for reality but for individual style. Geometrized associative abstraction of the period but from the beginning of the seventh decade evolved into colorful gestural figuration, which has retained elements of his earlier term. In the later stages of the Omčikus thematisation painting on the portraits, drawings of Belgrade, fantastic realism, and sculpture.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions (international selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Art Gallery ULUS, Belgrade

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Galerie Arnaud, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Galerie Jeanne Bucher, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Galerie Formes Contemporaines, Lille

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Salon of Moderne Gallery, Belgrade

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Grand Palais, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 Galleria 'IlGrifo', Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 Galerie de Seine, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 Galerie Plexus, Chexbres (Switzerland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Galerie des Platanes, Genève

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 Galerie Plexus, Chexbres (Switzerland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Museum of contemporary art, retrospective eyhibition, Belgrade

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 Maison de l'UNESCO, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Bibliothèque Universitaire, Nancy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Galerie René Descartes: 'Atelier Dedouvre', Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Galerie Plexus: 'Atelier Dedouvre', Chexbres (Switzerland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Gallery SANU, Belgrade

paragraph: Section::::References (international selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Seuphor, Dictionnaire de la peinture abstraite, p.p. 235, Fernand Hazar, Paris, 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luc Menaše, Evropski umetnostno zgodovinski leksikon, p.p. 1526, Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Boudaille, Pour un art d'expression. Pierre Omcikous, Les Lettres Françaises, Paris, 3 mai, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gérald Gassiot Talabot, Omcikous, Opus International No 36, Paris, juin 1972, p.p. 64-65

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Tronche, Pierre Omcikous, Opus International No 61-61, Paris, janvier-fevrier 1977, p.p. 108-109

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Haldas, Un grand espace pour l'homme à propos de l'oeuvre de Pierre Omcikous, Repères, Genève, No 8, 1984, p.p. 174-179

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documentation Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petar Omčikus, monograph, Gallery of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 1998

description: Serbian artist

wikidata_label: Petar Omčikus

wikipedia_title: Petar Omčikus


text: Ottawa

text: University of Southern California

text: University of Virginia

text: "The Literati Quarterly"

text: St. Louis

text: Washington University in St. Louis

text: McSweeney's

text: "Author's site"

text: ""Telephone""

categories: People from Peterborough, Ontario,Gay writers,LGBT writers from the United States,Living people,1985 births,21st-century American poets,LGBT poets,Writers from Ottawa,University of Virginia alumni,Poets from Tennessee,American male poets

paragraph: Paul Legault

paragraph: Paul Legault ( ; born June 25, 1985) is a Canadian American poet.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Legault was born in Ottawa and raised in Tennessee. He graduated from the University of Southern California, where he obtained a BFA in screenwriting, and the University of Virginia, where he earned an MFA in creative writing.

paragraph: He is a co-founder of the translation press Telephone Books. Since 2010, his output has taken on characteristics similar to Kenneth Koch works such as "One Thousand Avant-Garde Plays", with absurdist miniature dialogues between animate, inanimate, or abstract characters. In 2012, he released terse English-to-English translations of Emily Dickinson's poetry.

paragraph: His writing has been published in "The Awl", "Boston Review", "Denver Quarterly", "Field", "The Literati Quarterly", "Pleiades" and other journals.

paragraph: From 2013-2015, he lived in St. Louis, Missouri, serving as a writer-in-residence at Washington University in St. Louis. Currently, he lives in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lunch Poems 2" (Spork, 2018).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror 2" (Fence, 2016).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Emily Dickinson Reader: An English-to-English Translation of the Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson" (McSweeney's, 2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Other Poems" (Fence, 2011).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Madeleine Poems" (Omnidawn, 2010).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Edited anthology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sonnets: Translating and Rewriting Shakespeare" (Nightboat/Telephone, 2012).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Author's site"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Interview with Paul Legault", "BOMB", 15. Dec, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Telephone""

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Paul Legault

wikipedia_title: Paul Legault


text:
professional baseball
infielder
Major League Baseball
second baseman
third baseman
shortstop
St. Louis Cardinals
Cincinnati Reds
Philadelphia Phillies
Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania
Boswell, Pennsylvania

categories: Waynesboro Red Birds players,Seattle Indians players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball) players,1897 births,Nashville Vols players,Rochester Colts players,Vernon Tigers players,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,Major League Baseball infielders,Waynesboro Villagers players,Waterbury Brasscos players,Bridgeport Bears (baseball) players,Philadelphia Phillies players,St. Louis Cardinals players,Cincinnati Reds players,Mobile Bears players,1989 deaths

paragraph: Wally Kimmick

paragraph: Walter Lyons Kimmick (May 30, 1897 – July 24, 1989) was an American professional baseball infielder. He played six seasons in Major League Baseball between and , appearing in 163 games as a second baseman, third baseman and shortstop. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: Kimmick was born in Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania, and died in Boswell, Pennsylvania.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Wally Kimmick

wikipedia_title: Wally Kimmick


text: Autun

text: Antibes

text: naturalist

text: botanist

text: Bailleul-sur-Thérain

text: Limoux

text: University of Montpellier

text: Augustin Saint-Hilaire

text: Jubaea chilensis

text: Chaptal College

text: Horace Benedict Alfred Moquin-Tandon

text: Collioure

text: INRA

text: hybridization

text: acclimation

text: species

text: heredity

text: flora

text: Brazil

text: Charles Darwin

text: Gregor Mendel

text: genetics

text: natural selection

text: J. Arthur Thomson

text: Institute of Botany

text: diversification

text: acclimatization

text: Riviera

text: palms

text: Washingtonia

text: Manuel de l'acclimateur (1887)

text: Ferdinand von Mueller

categories: 1899 deaths,French naturalists,1815 births,French botanists

paragraph: Charles Victor Naudin

paragraph: Charles Victor Naudin (14 August 1815 in Autun – 19 March 1899 in Antibes) was a French naturalist and botanist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Naudin studied at Bailleul-sur-Thérain in 1825, at Limoux, and at the University of Montpellier from which he graduated in 1837. The following year he was working as a private tutor; he obtained his doctorate in 1842. He taught until 1846, when he joined the herbarium of the National Museum of Natural History. He collaborated with Augustin Saint-Hilaire on the publication of the Brazilian flora and introduced the first seeds of "Jubaea chilensis" in France.

paragraph: He taught at Chaptal College as professor of zoology, but a neurological disease left him deaf. He became an assistant naturalist in 1854 and married in 1860. He entered the Academy of Sciences in 1863 where he succeeded Horace Benedict Alfred Moquin-Tandon.

paragraph: He moved to Collioure in 1869 and created a private experimental garden there. He also made there the first local complete weather study, which lasted ten years.

paragraph: In 1878 he was appointed director of the botanical garden of Villa Thuret of Antibes (now an INRA laboratory). He worked closely with Jacques Nicolas Ernest Germain de Saint-Pierre.

paragraph: He was losing his sight. In spite of this he continued to run experiments on hybridization and the acclimation of plants for the production of new species. He studied heredity, and the flora of Brazil, and in 1860 he described twenty kinds of pumpkins.

paragraph: Both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel studied his work, which is considered a precursor of modern genetics.

paragraph: Section::::Natural selection.

paragraph: In the "Revue Horticole" (1852), Naudin described the concept of natural selection. J. Arthur Thomson has noted:

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: His main publication is "Mémoire sur les hybrides du règne végétal" which appeared in "Recueil des savants étrangers" and won him the Grand Prize of the Institute of Botany in 1862. The study of hereditary phenomena according to his designs is now known as "Naudinism", which asserts that species are formed in the same way as our cultivated varieties, whose formation Naudin attributed to systematic selection by Man.

paragraph: He was interested in the diversification of plants and in particular of pumpkins. Contrary to the generally accepted view, he established the non-permanence of hybrids. The botanist also published a series of memoirs dealing with cosmic influences, and published numerous articles in the "Journal of Horticulture". He worked on various treaties and codes of agriculture and horticulture.

paragraph: His handbook "Manuel de l'acclimateur" (Paris, 1888) is a reference work on the acclimatization of the Riviera in the 19th century. During his stay in Collioure, he participated in the planting of palms, including two Washingtonia, at the villa of the Baron de Saint Malo Vilmarest in Argeles-sur-Mer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel de l'acclimateur (1887) published with Ferdinand von Mueller

description: French naturalist and botanist

wikidata_label: Charles Victor Naudin

wikipedia_title: Charles Victor Naudin


text:
Maratha
Brahamin
Tanjore
Thanjavur
South India
Christian
Missionary
Tirunelveli
convert
Protestant
St. John's College
Palayamkottai
Clarinda A Historical Novel
Sati
Clarinda A Historical Novel
Christianity
baptism
C. F. Schwartz
gout

categories: Tirunelveli,Protestant missionaries in India,Indian Protestant missionaries

paragraph: Clarinda the Christian Missionary

paragraph: Clarinda (c. 1746 – c. 1806) also known sometimes as Clorinda or Rasa was a native Indian Maratha Brahamin, a member of a high standing family in the royal court of Tanjore (Thanjavur), South India, in the 18th Century. She later became a dedicated Christian Missionary, moved to Tirunelveli, South India, where she started her missionary work. She was the first Christian convert of Tirunelveli and also built the first Church of Protestant Christian worship, namely, the well known, Clarinda Church, situated near St. John's College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.

paragraph: Section::::Early Years.

paragraph: According to the historical romance novel 'Clarinda A Historical Novel' which is based on the "real life" of Clarinda, written closer to the times Clarinda lived and the basis for the character profiling of Clarinda and some events of her life in this article, her maiden name was Kokila. She was the ward of her grandfather and was brought up with loving care and given the best of education. As a young girl she was diligent, tenacious and accomplished. Even at that tender age she showed a sense of empathy and was kind and gentle to all. At the same time she was contemporary and bold with outspoken ideas against the customs and superstitions, specifically that of the treatment of women, of those times - characteristics indicating the redoubtable lady she will one day become, as her benefactors would like to say.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and after.

paragraph: According to common custom in those days she was given in marriage early to a wealthy man of high rank in the royal court. But a short time later her husband died leaving her a widow. It is a common belief that she was rescued from the funeral pyre of the ensuing Sati, by a soldier of the British army, Henry Lyttleton, who was passing along and who took pity on her seeing the plight of her horrendous circumstances. (The historical romance novel (fiction) 'Clarinda A Historical Novel' provides a detailed account of this event.)

paragraph: Section::::Clarinda and Lyttleton.

paragraph: After the rescue, Clarinda and Lyttleton started living together as they found the relationship to be compatible. It is said that they had a son from this consummate partnership though they remained unmarried. Lyttleton being a British Protestant Christian started to familiarise her with the Christian doctrine which she imbibed and embraced wholeheartedly.

paragraph: Section::::Conversion and Baptism.

paragraph: At this point she had personally embraced Christianity completely and had started to live accordingly. Since generally baptism of some kind is a necessary requirement in the Christian doctrine she requested (1774) Rev. C. F. Schwartz, who was a British CMS (Church Mission Society) missionary doing service in those parts and with whom she was acquainted, to baptise her. Anyway Schwartz refused to comply as he thought she was leading a questionable life of sin of illegal partnership. Meanwhile, Lyttleton suddenly died from gout. After about four years (1778), Clarinda once again requested Schwartz to baptise her saying, now that her partner was dead, her past life should in no way be detrimental for her baptism. This time Schwartz, taking into account her life of devotion and selfless service, did not refuse and duly baptised her (1778), changing her name to Clarinda. She was the very first Christian convert in Tirunelveli District.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Work and Social Service.

paragraph: After her baptism she immersed herself in the missionary work and social services with complete zeal. She brought more willing people into Christianity through conversion in Tirunelveli and suburbs and built the Clarinda Church in Palayamkottai (1784) for the small congregation of fifty people or so to gather and worship. This Church/congregation is said to be the pioneer of the Diocese system that is now in place. She took up the cause of the under privileged, downtrodden, destitutes, widows, orphans providing them the necessary support and aid and education, particularly helping the uneducated poor women towards their empowerment, even in that early semi unenlightened era. She had the Clarinda Church consecrated by Schwartz (1785). This Church now is a major place of worship for Christians and others as well. She was instrumental in building schools in Palayamkottai which are now major educational institutions and other small Churches for the congregations she had managed to form in neighboring villages. For all this she used her own private funds without depending much on contributions or grants. She had to face, along the way, innumerable difficulties, from the non Christian majority around, the schisms of the Church, personal short comings and unexpected hindrances. But she was undaunted and never gave up on her purpose. Many among the Christian communities consider her a veritable and renowned missionary worker of her times. She died in c. 1806.

description: native Indian Maratha Brahamin

wikidata_label: Clarinda the Christian Missionary

wikipedia_title: Clarinda the Christian Missionary