text:
Forward
Hapoel Ra'anana
Israeli Premier League
Jamundí
América de Cali
Once Caldas
Categoría Primera A
Fortaleza C.E.I.F.
Copa Colombia
Deportivo Cali
Leonel Álvarez
Unión Magdalena
Copa Colombia
Real Cartagena
Once Caldas
Atlético Nacional
2014 Superliga Colombiana
Patriotas Boyacá
Copa Libertadores
Cerro Porteño
Deportivo Pasto
Copa Sudamericana
Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca
Peñarol
Estadio Centenario
Copa Sudamericana
Orlando City SC
Orlando City SC
New York City FC
Charleston Battery
U.S. Open Cup
New England Revolution
Colorado Rapids
SJ Earthquakes
New York Red Bulls
Tommy Redding
Sacha Kljestan
CD Olimpia
CONCACAF Champions League
Portland Timbers
New York Red Bulls II
Indy Eleven
Atlético Nacional
Hapoel Ra'anana A.F.C.
U.S. green card
newyorkredbulls.com

categories: Hapoel Ra'anana A.F.C. players,Israeli Premier League players,USL Championship players,Colombian expatriate footballers,Colombian expatriate sportspeople in the United States,New York Red Bulls II players,Once Caldas footballers,Atlético Nacional footballers,Orlando City SC players,New York Red Bulls players,Deportivo Cali footballers,Association football forwards,1994 births,Colombian footballers,Major League Soccer players,Designated Players (MLS),Expatriate soccer players in the United States,Living people

paragraph: Carlos Rivas (footballer, born 1994)

paragraph: Carlos Augusto Rivas Murillo (born 15 April 1994) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a Forward for Hapoel Ra'anana of the Israeli Premier League.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Once Caldas.

paragraph: Born in Jamundí, Rivas began his career in the youth ranks of local club Jamundí F. C.. In 2009 he joined the youth ranks of América de Cali, but only stayed at the club for six months. After leaving América he joined Once Caldas. Rivas eventually joined the first team and made his Categoría Primera A debut in 2012. On 9 May 2012, Rivas scored his first goal as a professional, scoring a late winner in a 3–2 victory over Fortaleza C.E.I.F. in a Copa Colombia match.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Deportivo Cali.

paragraph: In 2013 Rivas joined Deportivo Cali at the request of coach Leonel Álvarez, with the club eventually buying his rights during June 2014. On 14 August 2013, Rivas made his debut for his new club in a 1–1 draw with Unión Magdalena in Copa Colombia, a match in which Deportivo would advance to the next round on penalties. On 18 September 2013, Rivas scored his first goal with Deportivo Cali in a 2–1 loss to Real Cartagena which eliminated the club from the cup. On 23 November 2013, Rivas scored his first league goal to help Cali to a 2–1 victory over his former club Once Caldas.

paragraph: On 29 January 2014, Rivas captured his first title with Cali as his side defeated Atlético Nacional on penalties after a 2–2 aggregate in the 2014 Superliga Colombiana. On 16 March 2014, Rivas scored his first two goals of the season to help Cali to a 2–1 victory over Patriotas Boyacá. On 8 April 2014, Rivas scored his first goal in Copa Libertadores in a 3–2 loss to Cerro Porteño. He added another brace on 3 August, in a 2–0 victory over Deportivo Pasto. On 28 August, Rivas scored his first goal in the Copa Sudamericana, helping Cali to a 3–0 victory over Peruvian side Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca. On 17 September, Rivas scored a second half equalizer to help Cali to a 2–2 draw with Peñarol at the Estadio Centenario in the Copa Sudamericana. He ended the 2014 season with 15 goals in 42 matches across all competitions.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Orlando City SC.

paragraph: In December 2014 it was reported that Orlando City SC would be signing Rivas for a $1.5 million fee from Deportivo Cali. On 26 January 2015, Orlando City SC officially announced the signing of Rivas. He made his debut with Orlando City on 8 March 2015 in a 1–1 draw with New York City FC. On 17 June 2015, Rivas scored his first three goals for Orlando City, all on penalty kicks, in a 4–4 draw with Charleston Battery in the U.S. Open Cup. Orlando went on to win the match after penalty kicks to advance in the tournament.

paragraph: On 30 April 2016, Rivas scored his first league goal for Orlando City, scoring a late equalizer in a 2–2 draw with New England Revolution. On 29 April 2017, Rivas scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 victory over Colorado Rapids. On 17 May 2017, Rivas came into the match as a second half substitute and scored Orlando City's lone goal to help the club to a 1–1 draw against SJ Earthquakes.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:New York Red Bulls.

paragraph: On 3 January 2018, Rivas was traded to New York Red Bulls, along with teammate Tommy Redding, in exchange for Sacha Kljestan and $150,000 of Target Allocation Money. On 22 February 2018, Rivas made his debut for New York, coming on in the second half in a 1–1 draw against CD Olimpia in the first leg of the round of 16 match of the CONCACAF Champions League. On March 10, 2018, he scored two goals on his Red Bulls league debut in a 4–0 victory over Portland Timbers.

paragraph: During the season Rivas was loaned to New York affiliate side New York Red Bulls II, and on May 27, 2018, he scored his first goal for the side in a 4-1 victory over Indy Eleven.

paragraph: On 9 July 2018, Rivas was loaned to Atlético Nacional for the remainder of 2018.

paragraph: Rivas was released by New York in December 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Hapoel Ra'anana.

paragraph: On 25 July 2019, Rivas joined Hapoel Ra'anana A.F.C. for their 2019-2020 season on a free transfer.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Rivas holds a U.S. green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- newyorkredbulls.com

description: Colombian association football player

wikidata_label: Carlos Rivas

wikipedia_title: Carlos Rivas (footballer, born 1994)


text: Mexican

text: physiologist

text: cybernetics

text: Ciudad Guerrero

text: Chihuahua

text: physiology

text: Harvard University

text: Walter Cannon

text: homeostasis

text: Norbert Wiener

text: cybernetics

text: Macy Conferences

text: Cinvestav

text: National Polytechnic Institute

text: Rockefeller Foundation

text: Mexico City

text: Cannon

text: del Pozo

text: H.G. Schwartz

text: Norbert Wiener

text: Cybernetics

text: behavior

text: passive

text: random

text: teleological

text: autonomy

text: Walter Cannon

text: Norbert Wiener

text: Julian Bigelow

text: Norbert Wiener

text: MIT Press

text: Dictionary of Scientific Biography

categories: Harvard University alumni,Members of El Colegio Nacional,Mexican physiologists,Instituto Politécnico Nacional faculty,1970 deaths,1900 births,Mexican people of German descent,National Autonomous University of Mexico faculty,People from Chihuahua (state)

paragraph: Arturo Rosenblueth

paragraph: Arturo Rosenblueth Stearns (October 2, 1900 – September 20, 1970) was a Mexican researcher, physician and physiologist, who is known as one of the pioneers of cybernetics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rosenblueth was born in 1900 in Ciudad Guerrero, Chihuahua. He began his studies in Mexico City, then traveled to Berlin and Paris where he obtained his medical degree. Returning to Mexico city in 1927, he engaged in teaching and research in physiology. In 1930 he obtained a Guggenheim Scholarship and moved to Harvard University, to the department of Physiology, then directed by Walter Cannon. With Cannon he explored the chemical mediation of homeostasis. Rosenblueth cowrote research papers with both Cannon and Norbert Wiener, pioneer of cybernetics. Rosenblueth was an influential member of the core group at the Macy Conferences.

paragraph: In 1944, Rosenblueth became professor of physiology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Eventually he became head of the Physiology Laboratory of the National Institute of Cardiology, head of the Physiology Department and, in 1961, director of the Center for Scientific Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) at the National Polytechnic Institute.

paragraph: Between 1947 and 1949, and again between 1951 and 1952, using grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, he returned to Harvard to further collaborate with Wiener.

paragraph: Arturo Rosenblueth died September 20, 1970, in Mexico City.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Since the 1930s Rosenblueth worked with Cannon on issues related with Chemical transmission among nervous elements. Between 1931 and 1945 he worked with several specialists, among them Cannon, del Pozo, H.G. Schwartz, and Norbert Wiener. With Wiener and Julian Bigelow he wrote "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology", which, according to Wiener himself, set the bases for the new science of Cybernetics.

paragraph: In his 1943 cybernetic classification "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology", purpose is a behavior subclass. Behavior is active or passive and active behavior is purposeful or random. Active purposeful behavior is then either feedback teleological on non-teleological. Negative feedback is important to guide the positive goal route. Purposeful teleological feedback helps guide the predictive behavior orders. Teleology is feedback controlled purpose.

paragraph: Rosenblueth's classification system was criticized and the need for an external observability to the purposeful behavior was established to validate the behavior and goal-attainment. The purpose of observing and observed systems is respectively distinguished by the system's subjective autonomy and objective control.

paragraph: He devoted himself to the fields of nervous impulse transmissions, neuromuscular transmission, synaptic transmission, the propagation of impulses in the heart, the control of blood circulation, and the physiology of brain cortex. However he also taught several courses of mathematics and even musicology.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "[T]he best material model for a cat is another [cat], or preferably the same cat."

paragraph: - "The Role of Models in Science," with Norbert Wiener

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The price of metaphor is eternal vigilance."

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937, Arturo Rosenblueth,"Fisiología del sistema nervioso autónomo" ("Physiology of the Autonomous Nervous System", with Walter Cannon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943, "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology", with Norbert Wiener, Julian Bigelow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945, "The Role of Models in Science" with Norbert Wiener

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970, "Mind and Brain: A Philosophy of Science", (MIT Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970, "Mente y Cerebro: una filosofia de la ciencia" hilosophy of science

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.M. Monnier (1975) "Arturo Rosenblueth", Dictionary of Scientific Biography.

description: Mexican physiologist

wikidata_label: Arturo Rosenblueth

wikipedia_title: Arturo Rosenblueth


text:
Gujarat
Halol
Vaishnav
Kripalvananda
Bhagavad Gita
Lakulish
asana
sadhana
asana
pranic
Indian Air Force
Madras
Ahmedabad
Philadelphia College of Art
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Philadelphia
Kripalvananda
Kundalini
Yoga Sutras
hatha yoga
Ashtanga yoga
Summit Station, PA
Kripalu Center
Lenox, MA
Salt Springs, FL
ayurvedic
kundalini yoga
Kripalvananda
shaktipat
chakra
Kripalu Center
brahmacharya
Rotary International
Halol
Chandra Shekhar
Vivekenanda
Kripalvananda
Kayavarohan
Yoga Nidra
Bikram Choudhury
Amrit Yoga Institute
AmritDesai.com

categories: 1932 births,Indian yogis,20th-century Hindu religious leaders,People from Gujarat,People from Panchmahal district,Living people

paragraph: Amrit Desai

paragraph: Amrit Desai is one of the earliest pioneers of yoga in the West, and is one of the few remaining living yoga masters who originally brought over the authentic teachings of yoga in the early 1960s. He is the creator of two brands of yoga, "Kripalu Yoga" and "I AM" Yoga, and is the founder of five yoga and health centers in the US. His yoga training programs have reached more than 40 countries worldwide and over 8,000 teachers have been certified.

paragraph: "Homegrown Gurus" (2013) states: "Although Desai has not received scholarly attention, he has arguably been one of the most influential and sought-after figures in the development of Hatha Yoga in America over the last 40 years."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born on October 16, 1932, Amrit Desai is the second son of Chimanlal and Buribhen Desai. A member of the merchant class, Chimanlal supported his family by bartering goods in his storefront, literally a veranda in front of their home in the tiny village of Pratappura in the western state of Gujarat, India. Later, when Amrit was ten, the family moved to Halol. Although Amrit preferred sports over study, his heart ached for spiritual growth, even at an early age. But he was not attracted to the rituals in the Vaishnav temple to which his parents belonged. He wanted to learn from a living master rather than from rituals and dogma. At age 15, he got his wish when he met his guru, Swami Kripalvananda (Bapuji), a wandering sadhu who was offering free talks on the deeper meaning of the Bhagavad Gita in Halol. Bapuji's guru, Dadaji, is said to be Lord Lakulish, the 28th incarnation of Shiva.

paragraph: Young Amrit taught himself the practice of yoga asana (postures) from a chart he had found tacked to the wall of the local gym. Such was his enthusiasm that he started teaching others outside the goshala (cow-house) where his guru lived. After the swami observed him teaching one day, he offered him a rare demonstration of his private sadhana. During the fifteen minutes that Amrit was permitted to observe, the swami went into a trance-like state and began to perform movements unlike anything he had seen on the asana charts. Amrit recalls: “The pranic energy became so strong his body was hurled across the room with tremendous force. As I watched in awe, he was dancing, weaving in and out of complicated asanas.”

paragraph: After a brief period studying engineering and training with the Indian Air Force in Madras, Amrit returned to Halol and took a job teaching art at the local high school. He married his betrothed, Urmila Shah, in January 1955. The couple moved to Ahmedabad a year later where Amrit earned his art diploma over the next four years. Their first son, Pragnesh, was born in 1959. The couple had two more children, Malay (1962) and Kamini (1968). On a teacher’s salary of $30 a month, Amrit supported his wife and son, and even sent some money to his parents but, little by little, was able to collect twelve hundred dollars to fulfill his dream of going to America. In February 1960, he came to the US to study at the Philadelphia College of Art with only enough money in his pocket to cover his first semester’s tuition and rent. After a year and a half of working around the clock, teaching fashion design classes and yoga on the weekends, and washing dishes at the college cafeteria (that secured him a full meal every day), he was able to save enough money to bring his wife and infant son to the US.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Art career.

paragraph: Amrit Desai's creative life had started early when he made clay figures of animals as his mother washed clothes by the river bank. As a teenager, he sketched scenes of his village life and got his first job as a poster designer for a movie theater.

paragraph: Graduating in 1964 with a degree in fine arts and design from the Philadelphia College of Art, he took a job with a textile firm. During this time, he also began to see success with his unique style of watercolor paintings, earning awards at a number of art shows, including a show at the prestigious Philadelphia Museum of Art. Experimenting with unusual tools, he created distinct textures and patterns with razor blades and eye-droppers. Desai's talents were not limited to painting - while still an art student, he played the flute in a "Music of India" concert at the Commercial Museum (Philadelphia Trade and Convention Center) in 1961.

paragraph: His short but prolific professional career as an artist spanned only four years from 1962 to 1966. Desai abruptly abandoned the promise of his artistic pursuits to dedicate his life to the inner journey of yoga.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Yoga pioneer.

paragraph: Desai had started teaching yoga in the early 1960s in the Philadelphia area while still an art student. 1966 marked a turning point when, during his first visit back to India since coming to the US, Swami Kripalvananda gave him initiation and further instruction in kundalini yoga. Returning to the US, with his guru's blessing and the support of his family, he left his job with the textile firm to form The Yoga Society of Pennsylvania and dedicate himself full-time to teaching yoga. In 1970, he had a Kundalini awakening experience in which his body automatically moved through a series of flowing yoga postures without his direction. It was the movement of his body that directed his attention inward, and expanded his consciousness into the stillness and ecstasy of deep meditation. This experience revealed to him that Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras are a manual for the practice of Ashtanga Yoga rather than mere philosophy. Out of this experience Desai created a form of hatha yoga called "Kripalu Yoga", named in honor of his guru. His Meditation in Motion approach is based on the practical application of Patanjali's Ashtanga Yoga in daily life. The unique system he developed combines two traditional paths of yoga: the rigorous discipline of Ashtanga yoga with the path of initiation and surrender that is Kundalini yoga. In this system, the student begins with the practice of willful discipline and gradually moves on to the more advanced practice of surrender to "prana".

paragraph: To date, Desai is the founder of five yoga and health centers in the US, and co-founder of a university of Ayurvedic sciences.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1966, the not-for-profit Yoga Society of Pennsylvania was formed. By 1970, it had trained 44 teachers and had grown to 150 Yoga classes, attended by more than 2,500 students per week, in southeast Pennsylvania, Delaware, and southern New Jersey, making it one of the largest Yoga organizations at that time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1972, the first Kripalu Ashram was founded in Sumneytown, PA. The 50-acre property was purchased to fulfill the growing demand among students for a yogic lifestyle experience. Desai reduced his teaching to once per week to make time for higher yoga practice. The ashram also became a program center that provided the volunteer residential staff and teachers the in-depth study and practice of yoga, along with a yogic lifestyle. A variety of health, yoga and spiritual trainings and programs were offered. As the demand for programs grew, the residential staff grew from 37 to 70. In 1974, Desai spent three months in seclusion at a small cottage on the property that came to be known as Muktidham. Upon his return, he was greeted by 350 disciples, mostly dressed in white, some of whom had traveled from as far away as Detroit, Chicago and Montreal for the celebration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1976, an additional ashram in Summit Station, PA, was opened to accommodate the growth in program participants and volunteer staff. As a result, the program center grew to provide a greater variety of programs, and the residential staff grew to 150.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1983, the Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health was founded in Lenox, MA. The staff of Summit Station was transferred to Lenox, and soon grew to 350 full-time resident staff. By 1994 Kripalu Yoga teachers were teaching in 50 states and 45 countries worldwide, and it was described as the world's largest yoga and health center.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Amrit Yoga Institute in Salt Springs, FL was founded in 2001, and currently operates as an ayurvedic healing and yoga retreat center. Regular yoga teacher trainings are offered in the Integrative Amrit Method, or the "I AM" techniques.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2014, he co-founded the International University of Yoga and Ayurveda that offers accredited training programs in the US and in India.

paragraph: Section::::A Shaktipat lineage.

paragraph: Yogi Desai was initiated into the secrets of Shaivite kundalini yoga by his guru, Swami Kripalu (Kripalvananda), a master of tantric sadhana. There are numerous documented accounts of energetic transmission or "shaktipat" experienced in his presence.

paragraph: D. R. Butler describes a meditation led by Desai at a week-long retreat with about 200 attendees at the 1973 ICSA Yoga Convocation, where Desai was an unannounced guest:

paragraph: Dr David Frawley stated:

paragraph: In the afterward to "Ancient Wisdom, Modern Master", Mickey Singer described a meeting with Desai during which his heart chakra was "permanently opened" by "the simple touch of Amrit's hand."

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: The Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health was an Ashram. One of the spiritual practices that the single residents were expected to practice was celibacy (brahmacharya). Although sex within marriage was condoned at the ashram, after his third child was born in 1968, Desai declared that he would now practice celibacy too. A large celebration was held for this event. So important was this practice of celibacy that occasionally meetings were held and residents were asked to divulge anyone they thought might have violated that sacred practice. As a result, some residents were kicked out of the community. The irony was that the two most senior members of the community, including Desai, were practicing adultery. After years of infidelity with numerous people, in 1994, it was revealed and admitted that Desai had sexual contact with at least three female resident disciples and was forced to resign his position as Spiritual Director.

paragraph: Then in an open letter to the Kripalu community, Desai stated, "More than anything I want Kripalu to remain a spiritual home for many. I want you to know that we came to this decision together… I deeply regret any suffering I have caused to the people directly involved and to the entire Kripalu family."

paragraph: Section::::Post-Kripalu years and the Amrit Yoga Institute.

paragraph: When Mickey Singer, a long-time supporter and host of Desai's seminars, heard that Desai had left the Kripalu community, he invited him and his wife to spend some quiet time living with the Temple of the Universe community in Alachua, Florida. The Desais arrived in December 1994 and stayed on the property for the better part of three years.

paragraph: Desai resumed teaching in 1996 at the original Kripalu Ashram in Sumneytown, PA. After a couple of years, mostly in PA, the Desai family relocated to Salt Springs, Florida in 2002, where Yogi Desai currently teaches at the Amrit Yoga Institute, a beautiful lakeside retreat on the banks of Lake Kerr in the Ocala National Forest. Amrit Yoga Institute is an ashram where the guru-disciple relationship continues to flourish and residents enjoy the benefits of a traditional yogic lifestyle. Programs of varying length are offered for yoga teacher training, ayurveda, and recovery.

paragraph: Kripalu, while no longer an ashram, continues to operate and is presently one of the largest yoga and health centers in North America, offering a wide range of programs and professional trainings in health, spirituality, yoga, and more.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian work.

paragraph: Paul Harris Fellow – In 2011, Yogi Amrit Desai received this award from the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International, in Naples, Florida, "in appreciation of tangible and significant assistance given for the furtherance of better understanding and friendly relations among peoples of the world."

paragraph: Bhuriben Trust – The "Yug Prabha" newspaper, Halol, India stated in a 2007 article, “Yogishri Amrit Desai was honored in his home town of Halol for his humanitarian works known to offer scholarships to the poor and approximately 5,000 women are helped financially through the Bhuriben Trust he established… Helpless and poor patients receive free medicines and medical treatment… [H]e has financed the building of the new children’s school in Halol.”

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Yoga Grand Master, 2013 – From H.H. Jagat Guru Amrta Suryananda Maharaj (recipient of Padma Shri). The only previous recipients of this award were B.K.S. Iyengar and Dr. Nagendra, SVYASA University, Bangalore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maharishi Sandipani Award, 2013 – From the Ujjain Yog Life Society International, at the 4th International Yog Conference, held in January 2014 in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inaugural Fellow, Council for Yoga Accreditation International (CYAI), 2012 – The council recognized four inaugural Fellows who have demonstrated extraordinary achievement and contribution to the field of Yoga.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patanjali Award, 2010 – For Excellence in Yogic Research and Teachings in North America, from the Association of Ayurvedic Professionals of North America (AAPNA).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unity in Yoga Plaque, 1993 – In appreciation for years of dedicated services to yoga in the Americas. Presented by "Unity in Yoga Teachers Association" celebrating 100 years of Yoga in America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padma Vibhushan Nomination, 1992 – Nominated by the late Prime Minister of India, Chandra Shekhar, with a positive response from then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao for 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishwa Yoga Ratna, 1987 – Conferred by the "Vishwa Unnayan Samsad" (World Development Parliament of India) to 10 world-renowned teachers from 10 countries (India, USA, England, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Brazil, France), this one-time award was presented by the President of India in recognition of lifelong dedication and service in the field of Yoga. Yogi Amrit Desai was selected to represent the USA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maharishi, 1986 – From the 105-year-old H.H. Sadguru Swami Gangeshwaranandji Maharaj, Udasin, chancellor of Udasin Sanskrit University, Benares, founder of 12 ashrams in India and 600 Ved Mandirs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jagadacharya, 1986 – From the World Religious Parliament, New Delhi, India, established by Swami Vivekenanda in 1894. This honorable title, equivalent to Jagadaguru Shankaracharya, was awarded to five world-renowned teachers for spreading Hindu philosophy and wisdom worldwide.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yogacharya, 1980 – From Swami Kripalvananda, Amrit’s guru and founder of Kayavarohan Tirtha Shiva Temple, Malav Ashram, and Lord Lakulish Yoga Institute, in recognition of years of intensive study, teachings and practice of philosophy and spiritual principles of yoga.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doctor of Yoga Science, 1974 – From H.H. Jagadaguru Shankaracharya Maharaj, Dwarka, spiritual leader of Hinduism, for outstanding contributions to humanity.

paragraph: Section::::Publications and media.

paragraph: Books by Yogi Amrit Desai:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love and Bliss: Meditations on the Art of Living" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yoga of Relationships" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amrit Yoga and the Yoga Sutras" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amrit Yoga: Explore, Expand, Experience" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kripalu Yoga: Meditation-in-Motion" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Embodying the Power of the Zero Stress Zone" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters from Swami Kripalu" (2017)

paragraph: Audio and video releases of devotional chanting and yoga instruction include "Ecstatic Chanting Vol I and II", and "Integrative Amrit Method Yoga Level I and II".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yoga Nidra:Journey to the Heart MP3 (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Yoga Nidra: Healing and Rejuvenation MP3 (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I AM Yoga Nidra led by Yogi Amrit Desai - YouTube"

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Return to the source" with Yoga Nidra led by Yogi Amrit Desai - YouTube"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Yogi Amrit Desai has been the subject of several biographies, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lila Ivey, Bikram Choudhury and Mickey Singer (2012). "Ancient Wisdom, Modern Master: The Story of Yogi Amrit Desai". MahaMedia Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amrit Desai and Christine Deslauriers (1992). "In The Presence of the Master". Kripalu Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sukanya Warren, Peter Mellen, and Francis Mellen (1982). "Gurudev: The Life of Yogi Amrit Desai". Kripalu Publications.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amrit Yoga Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- AmritDesai.com

description: Hindu guru

wikidata_label: Amrit Desai

wikipedia_title: Amrit Desai


text:
Lucknow
Chandigarh
National Institute of Design
Gallery Nature Morte
Gallery Nature Morte
Gallery Nature Morte
Gallery Nature Morte
Kiran Nadar Museum of Art
Lalit Kala Academy
Gallery Nature Morte
Gallery Nature Morte
India Habitat Centre
India Habitat Centre
"Aditya Pande Profile,ArtAsiaPacific"
"Artworks, Nature Morte, India"

categories: National Institute of Design alumni,20th-century Indian painters,1976 births,21st-century Indian painters,20th-century Indian sculptors,Indian male painters,Indian male sculptors,Living people

paragraph: Aditya Pande

paragraph: Aditya Pande (born 1976) is an Indian contemporary artist. His technique often involves a layering of surfaces along with mixed, diverse media ranging from vector drawing, digital photography, ink, acrylic paint to tinsel. His work combines the skills of drawing and printmaking with photography and painting.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Pande was born in Lucknow in 1976, and raised in Chandigarh. He trained at the National Institute of Design in Ahmedabad, from where he graduated in 2001. He held his first solo show, ‘A to Zoo’, at Chatterjee and Lal, Mumbai, in 2008, and his work has been featured in several solo and group exhibitions since. Pande is currently based in New Delhi, India.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: SATURDAY, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi

paragraph: All of the Above, Aicon Gallery, New York, USA

paragraph: "H&M", Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

paragraph: "Half-life", Chatterjee & Lal, Mumbai, India

paragraph: "Happy Birthday", Gallery Nature Morte, Oberoi, Gurgaon, India

paragraph: Alexia Goethe Gallery, London, UK

paragraph: "A To Zoo", Chatterjee and Lal, Mumbai, India

paragraph: Section::::Group exhibitions.

paragraph: The Science of Speed, at Famous Studio, Mahalaxmi, Mumbai

paragraph: fiVe Chatterjee & Lal, Mumbai

paragraph: War Zone Kunstmuseum Artemons, Hellmonsodt, Austria

paragraph: A Further Global Encounter Grosvenor, Vadehra Gallery, London, UK

paragraph: The Phenomenal World, Otto Zoo Gallery, Milan, Italy

paragraph: India- Lado A Lado Centro Cultural Banco do, Brasil

paragraph: Cynical Love: Life in the Everyday, Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, New Delhi

paragraph: Tolstoy Farm - Archive of Utopia Seven Art Gallery, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi

paragraph: Conundrum, Gallery Nature Morte, Berlin, Germany

paragraph: Relax the Brain, Gallery Nature Morte, Berlin, Germany

paragraph: Bose Pacia, New York, USA

paragraph: Vistar II presented by Seven Arts Limited at The Stainless Gallery, New Delh

paragraph: Alexia Goethe Gallery, London in collaboration with Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi

paragraph: Neti-Neti (Not This, Not This Bose Pacia, New York, USA

paragraph: New Painting Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi

paragraph: Lotus Eaters Collective Ruchikas Art Gallery, Goa

paragraph: See Saw The Stainless Gallery, New Delhi

paragraph: The Monsoon Festival 2 Red Earth Gallery Travancore Palace, New Delhi

paragraph: Visual Arts Gallery, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aditya Pande Profile,ArtAsiaPacific"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artworks, Nature Morte, India"

wikidata_label: Aditya Pande

wikipedia_title: Aditya Pande


text: knight of the shire

text: Shropshire

text: Glyndŵr Rising

text: Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel

text: Henry V's

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text: Simon de Burley

text: Merciless Parliament

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categories: English MPs 1399,High Sheriffs of Shropshire,People from Shropshire,1410s deaths,English MPs 1401,English MPs October 1404,Year of birth unknown,English MPs 1410,English lawyers,English MPs January 1404,English landowners,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: John Burley

paragraph: John Burley (died c. 1416) was an English lawyer and a knight of the shire (MP) for Shropshire six times from 1399. He was a justice of the peace for Shropshire and sheriff of the county from 10 December 1408 – 4 November 1409. A key member of the Arundel affinity, he helped muster forces to combat the Glyndŵr Rising and died a short time after accompanying Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel on Henry V's first expedition to France.

paragraph: Section::::Origins and identity.

paragraph: John Burley's origins are obscure, not least because his name was not uncommon. Burley is a toponymic surname signifing a meadow or clearing by a fortified place and is found fairly widely across the Midlands and the North of England. He has been portrayed as a nephew of Simon de Burley, an influential courtier executed by the Merciless Parliament at the behest of the Lords Appellant. However, this makes little sense in view of John Burley's political position and apparent social origins. He seems to have been a son of a John Burley of Wistanstow in southern Shropshire and a nephew of John Burnell of Westbury, Shropshire. The lawyer John Burley is known from a quitclaim deed of 1397 to have had at that time three brothers: Nicholas, portioner of the church of Westbury, James and Edmund. There seems to have been pattern of having a lawyer and a cleric in each generation.

paragraph: His name is rendered variously in medieval documents, including Bureley, Boerlee and Borley. His coat of arms is given as: vert, 3 boars' heads couped close 2 and 1 argent.

paragraph: Section::::Early career 1380–99.

paragraph: Section::::Early career 1380–99.:The Ludlow estates.

paragraph: The Burley and Burnell estates in South Shropshire were closely entwined with those of Sir Richard Ludlow, a much more powerful landowner who had inherited eleven manors in Shropshire. For about a decade, until Ludlow's death late in 1390, Burley worked closely with him as one of his feoffees. For example, Burley was one of a group of feoffees whom Ludlow was licensed to appoint on 20 January 1383 in relation to lands at Hodnet and elsewhere, the aim being to ensure they passed to John Ludlow, Richard's brother, should he die "sine prole", as he actually did. As a feoffee Burley exercised many of Ludlow's responsibilities and powers on his behalf. The register of John Gilbert, the Bishop of Hereford, shows that Burley jointly exercised the advowson of the church at Wistanstow, presenting Edmund de Ludlowe as rector on 6 August 1385.

paragraph: Edmund de Ludlow was also a feoffee of Sir Richard and presumably a close relative. John Burley also acted with him for more humble clients. For example, as feoffees they assisted Philip Herthale with the inheritance of a mere garden in Ashford Carbonell. However, things clearly did not go smoothly with Edmund and on 30 July 1390 Sir Richard replaced him with a chaplain, John de Stretton. Edmund was aggrieved and took his case to the Arches Court, which found in his favour. Subsequently, he alleged that Burley and Sir Richard's retinue had nevertheless physically expelled him from his benefice. Sir Richard died before the suit came to court: Edmund possibly prevailed, as someone of his name was also incumbent at Wistanstow later in the decade.

paragraph: Ludlow's inquisition post mortem at Shrewsbury in January 1391 showed that, despite his great wealth, technically he held no land at all in the county, as the king, Richard II, had licensed him to vest everything in Burley and other feoffees, a strategem that allowed him to avoid payment of impositions like feudal relief as well as free disposal of the properties according to his own wishes. Ludlow had appointed three groups of feoffees to hold his properties in trust and Burley was a member of all three groups. On 8 February the king instructed his escheator in Shropshire to meddle no further with the Ludlow estates and remitted the feoffees' homages and fealties for 6s. 8d.

paragraph: Section::::Early career 1380–99.:Lawyer to the nobility.

paragraph: Alongside his work for Ludlow, Burley extended his reach as a feoffee and lawyer upwards into the local nobility. The History of Parliament Online names the most influential nobles of Shropshire during the period as the earls of Arundel, Stafford and March, and the Lords Talbot, Furnival and Burnell. Burley is known to have worked for all but one of these.

paragraph: Possibly the first was Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot. Early in 1387 Burley joined Talbot's contingent to fight under Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel in a successful naval campaign against the French and their allies in the English Channel. Talbot died on 24 April that year and in June Burley was one of those fined for acting as feoffee and entering his estate at Wormelow without a licence from the king. Whether a real oversight or a legal fiction, this had the effect of registering the transfer to Gilbert's heir, Richard, the 4th Baron Talbot. At this point Burley was dealing with the lower reaches of the nobility, but during his stewardship of their estates the Talbots grew increasingly powerful by marriage and Burley reaped the rewards of skilled and loyal service. Richard Talbot's wife, Lady Ankaret, who was heiress to the Barony of Strange of Blackmere, settled a small estate on Burley, who paid two marks into the royal hanaper to ensure the gift was recorded on 17 February 1408. For this Burley added to his patrimony a house, 2½ virgates of land 8 acres of meadow and 6 of woodland. Shortly after this, on 4 May, John Burley, described as "of Bromcroft," probably drew up the paperwork for the transfer of Corfham Castle and its associated estates to Ankaret's son John Talbot, 6th Baron Furnivall. This involved two other feoffees, Geoffrey Lowther and Hugh Burgh, a retainer of Lord Furnivall who had become rich by marriage on lands that were the focus of a Corbet family dispute. After Ankaret's death on Ascension Day, 1413, Burley oversaw the transfer, and the estates were released rapidly by a royal mandate to the escheator on 15 July.

paragraph: One of the Talbot estates was held of the marcher lord Hugh Burnell, 2nd Lord Burnell, who had also granted land at Abbeton to Burley. Burnell was a marcher lord based in central Shropshire, where his family were the eponyms of Acton Burnell, with its fortified manor house, and where he was governor of Bridgnorth. Burnell's second wife, Joyce Botetourt, brought him considerable wealth, as she was the cousin (once removed) and heiress of Hugh la Zouche, a wealthy Leicestershire landowner who died in July 1399. Burley acted as a feoffee to speed the transfer of the manor of Mannersfee in Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, which was held of the Bishop of Ely. The escheator was mandated to take the fealty of Burley and the other feoffees by the new régime of Henry IV on 21 May 1400. However, there were considerable legal difficulties with some parts of the manor and the matter seems not to have been fully resolved until June 1403. Presumably John Burley's services were much valued, as his son, Edmund, was presented to a portion of Holdgate parish by Hugh Burnell in 1411. The three clerics of the church were described as canons, as if it were a collegiate church attached to Holdgate Castle. Edmund Burley must have been appointed to the deaconry, as its advowson was held by the Burnells. The favour shown by Burnell to the Burleys suggests that they may have been relatives.

paragraph: It was possibly through Burnell that Burley became involved with Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, as Stafford's sister Katherine was the mother of Burnell's first wife, Philippa de la Pole. He is known to have acted as seneschal or steward to Stafford's court, for which he received a salary of £6 13s. 4d. It is known that he was also a member of Stafford's Council, as a record is extant of the accountant receiving 1s. per day for travelling to summon him to a meeting in 1399.

paragraph: By 1400 Burley was also serving the borough of Shrewsbury as a steward. This carried a fee of £2 or £3 per year, which was supplemented by occasional gifts of wine and clothing. It may be that this post was obtained through the FitzAlans, who held the Earldom of Arundel.

paragraph: Section::::Early career 1380–99.:The Arundel connection.

paragraph: The FitzAlan earls of Arundel were the richest and most important landowners in Shropshire, and for more than a century they had also been great landowners in the South of England, where their power was concentrated in Sussex. Their profits were invested in further expansion. Although this was only to a lesser extent in Shropshire, they were the dominant force in the county's politics and parliamentary representation: between 1386 and 1397 eleven of the twenty MPs were clients or allies of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel. Arundel formalised his relationship with many of his followers with small grants of land, rather than the annuities characteristic of bastard feudalism. His inquisition post mortem showed that Burley received from him a moiety of Brotton, worth 30s. annually: this seems to be additional land at Brockton, where Burley was lord of the manor. One of Earl Richard's concerns in Shropshire was with the civic and commercial development of Oswestry, the original power base of his dynasty. He made John Burley his steward of the town by 1393. This is made clear in a record of Arundel's court at Oswestry, dated 7 May 1393 and sealed by Burley, in which Thomas Salter and his wife Matilda are granted succession to Thomas's ancestral estates for the rather large feudal relief of £10, already paid in three instalments. In 1395 Burley became a feoffee for the important Arundel marcher lordships of Chirk and Chirkland. The other feoffees included Thomas Arundel, the Archbishop of York and the earl's brother, as well as other Arundel lawyers like Thomas Young and David Holbache. As a servant of Arundel, Burley was now regularly appointed a justice of the peace: for example a commission of 18 June 1394 was followed by another on 1 May 1396.

paragraph: Section::::Early career 1380–99.:Overthrow of Richard II.

paragraph: Earl Richard was one of the Lords Appellant, the leaders of the baronial opposition to Richard II, and was executed in 1397. Burley's activities during these momentous events seems to have been entirely routine. In July 1397, immediately after Arundel's arrest, Burley was involved in some sort of deal with John Eyton that required a reciprocal agreement to pay each other a substantial £200 the next Michaelmas. Later in the year he is recorded taking recognizances as usual, including an undertaking from William Glover of Ludlow for £60. Business continued, with other smaller clients employing him, along with his usual colleagues. On 7 March 1398 he and Thomas Young were among the feoffees appointed by Isabel de Eylesford to deal with her manors of Brimfield, Herefordshire, and Buildwas, Shropshire: a licence to complete the business by reciprocally enfeoffing Isabel was not issued until April 1402, long after the looming power struggle had reached conclusion, and problems at Brimfield delayed completion until February 1403, by which time Isabel was remarried. Such legal complexities unfolded to an entirely different rhythm from politics. An almost adjacent entry in the Patent rolls for 4 February shows how delicately the king, evidently worried by spreading disaffection, was handling Shropshire people affected by Arundel's attainder. In this case, in an issue that might have been initiated by Burley, the king ensured that an Oswestry brewer would not be out of pocket, as he had invested heavily in premises granted by Arundel. Burley's own position with the régime seems to have been little affected and he was reappointed as a justice of the peace on 16 September 1398, after a lapse of little more than a year: more or less the same interval as previously.

paragraph: When the king's enemies struck, the defection of Shropshire was a critical juncture in the rapid collapse that followed. Burley quickly rallied to Thomas FitzAlan, the dispossessed claimant to the earldom, when he returned with Henry Bolingbroke in 1399. Adam of Usk's account of the rebels' march through Shropshire makes clear that they met with a welcome in the county and hints at how this shaped the future power structure of the county, with Thomas Arundel, now Archbishop of Canterbury giving ecclesiastical sanction to the new arrangements.

paragraph: Following the successful coup by the coalition of Bolingbroke and the Arundels, Burley's long-term client Hugh Burnell was one of the barons who accepted the surrender of Richard II at the Tower of London. Prestbury, the new abbot, and his abbey were to become foci for Burley's generosity as he prospered under the new Lancastrian régime and the restored Arundel supremacy in Shropshire.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:Supporting the new order.

paragraph: During the last 15 years of his career, Burley was very heavily involved in the affairs of the Arundel dynasty, its affinity within Shropshire and its work on behalf of the House of Lancaster. His commitment to the FitzAlan earls can only have become more complete with the death of Stafford, another major client, at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, although, it never induced him to give up his work for other clients. Burley seems to have been trusted from the outset by new Lancastrian régime as politically and ideologically reliable, and he began to reap the rewards of loyalty.

paragraph: Burley was a knight of the shire for the first time in the parliament of October 1399, sometimes considered a Convention Parliament. He was accompanied by Thomas Young, already a close associate and an executor of Richard FitzAlan, the executed earl. The parliament ratified the assumption of the throne by Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV. It also repealed the measures of the September 1397 parliament that had attainted the 11th Earl of Arundel, allowing Thomas FitzAlan to assume the title and take over its lordships. During the course of the parliament Burley acquired the wardship of Robert Corbet from Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester and he later also purchased the wardship of Corbet's estates. Corbet became an important member of the Arundel affinity.

paragraph: Burley received the commission of the peace on 28 November 1399, in the new dynasty's first round of appointments, and it was renewed without break on 16 May 1401. Thereafter he was a JP continuously until March 1413: he and Thomas Young served more regularly than any others. As his eminence grew in the county, Burley also served as its Sheriff for the year 1409.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:Further parliaments.

paragraph: The 12th Earl kept a tight grip on the county's representation. The capable and reliable Burley was returned five more times: in 1401, twice in 1404, in 1410, and for a final time in 1411. In 1401 he was paired with the aged Sir Hugh Cheyne, who was of the Mortimer affinity and custodian of Ludlow Castle during the minority of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March. In 1404 he was accompanied first by the heavily indebted George Hawkstone but to the second parliament of the year by John Darras, another member of the Arundel affinity, who had been an active and violent participant in the Corbet family's feuds. In 1410 he was again MP alongside an Arundel ally: the lawyer David Holbache who was to represent the county no less than seven times. Finally, in 1411, he sat with Sir Adam Peshale, a slippery and quarrelsome character who represented Shropshire four times and the neighbouring county of Staffordshire as often.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:Public order and resistance.

paragraph: As well as taking part in regular law enforcement, Burley frequently received commissions to deal with particularly serious or problematic incidents. In September 1401 disorder in the county was sufficiently serious for the king to include Burley in a special commission, headed by the Earls of Arundel, Stafford and Worcester, to "enquire about all treasons, insurrections, adherences to the king's enemies, murders and rapes in the county of Salop." The king and his circle tended to see disorder as a consequence of sedition. On 11 May 1402 Burley was one of those commissioned in Shropshire to combat propaganda against Henry IV. The responsibility of those named was not only to argue publicly that the king was devoted to the customs of the realm but to hunt down and round up those "preaching among other things that the king has not kept the promises he made at his advent into the realm and at his coronation." Burley was sent to tackle cases of murder, as at Hereford in January 1403, He was also the man for serious outbreaks of disorder, as when, a month later, organised poachers attacked a deer park at Kingswood in Shropshire, driving off game and breaking down the hated fencing. In this and other cases, the dividing line between common felony and real challenge to the social order was tenuous. In March 1404 Arundel, Burley and others were commissioned to deal with offences committed by adherents of Owain Glyndŵr

paragraph: Burley was also ordered to investigate complex and important matters of property and inheritance, and these too could have a bearing on the king's interests or public order. On 18 November 1400 he was sent with Lee, Holbache and Sir John Wiltshire, a close friend of Arundel, to investigate a case where it was suspected a dead man's property was being concealed from the king, a form of tax evasion. The following month Burley and Darras were among those sent in pursuit of Sir Thomas and Richard Harcourt. On the death of Sir William Shareshull, a furious dispute had broken out over his estates in Shropshire and Straffordshire, which he had inherited from his wealthy grandfather, the eminent lawyer Justice William de Shareshull. To keep their grip on the estates, the Harcourts had forcibly prevented the escheator taking possession of them. In March 1404 Burley and John Kinghtley, another JP, were ordered to discover the whereabouts of Fulk, the son and heir of John Mawddwy and Elizabeth Corbet. The case was one in into which Burley must have had considerable insight, bordering on a conflict of interest, as many of his friends and associates had already been embroiled in the Corbet family disputes that underlay the case. In 1390 nine Shropshire and Herefordshire landowners had been summoned to interview by the king and his council under pain of 200 marks each because of their violence in supporting one side in the dispute. They had included John Darras, Sir Sir Roger Corbet (the father of Burley's ward), Sir Richard Ludlow (Burley's client), Sir Hugh Cheyne and Thomas Young (both of whom served alongside Burley as MPs for Shropshire, and the latter a close associate in Arundel's service). Whatever the outcome of this particular phase in the dispute, the Mawddwy estates were ultimately to pass to Hugh Burgh, Burley's associate as a feoffee for the Talbots, who married the missing heir's sister.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:The Glyndŵr Rising.

paragraph: John Burley and Thomas Lee were with Arundel on the bench in 1400 when the first indictments were brought against Owain Glyndŵr, resulting in his proclamation as a traitor. The event was recalled as late as the 1431 parliament, when some of the subsequent anti-Welsh legislation was reaffirmed.

paragraph: After the Battle of Shrewsbury, the king and Arundel were able to take the fight against the Glyndŵr Rising back into Wales. The Parliament of 1404 took place in Coventry and at it instructions to monitor the musters for the forthcoming campaign were issued to John Burley, Thomas Young and Sir John Cornwall. The abbot of Lilleshall Abbey was ordered to take an oath of loyalty from Cornwall and Burley, the king had "appointed them controllers of all the arrayers and leaders of men at arms, hobelars and archers of the marches of England towards North Wales." A formal commission to the same effect was issued under Letters patent on 24 March 1405. Prince Henry had been appointed the king's lieutenant in North Wales, with effect from 27 April. He was to conduct a punitive expedition and would need initially 500 men-at-arms and 2650 archers, with the need for archers rising to 3000 after the first two months. Burley, Young and Cornwall were to supervise the musters of troops in both Shropshire and Cheshire and to report back on numbers. They were also to investigate and report back on gentry and nobles already under arms and drawing pay from the royal coffers. Similar responsibilities continued for some time, as Arundel himself was closely involved in the Welsh campaigns. On 7 October 1405, Burley and Cornwall, this time with a cleric, Roger Haldenby, were commissioned to raise troops for Arundel to garrison castles in North Wales and Shropshire. However, there seems to have been sedition on both sides of the border. Also 7 October, the same day, Arundel, Burley and Cornwall were issued a commission of oyer and terminer to hunt down people in Shropshire who were secretly supplying the rebels. In January 1406 Prince Henry was commissioned to extend his operations to South Wales, while Cornwall, Burley and Haldenby were commissioned to raise further troops in the Welsh Marches. Around the time of the campaigns Burley had the distinction of being called to a great council by the king.

paragraph: Shrewsbury was a crucial bulwark against the Welsh revolt which was prolonged and expensive. In July 1407, Burley was appointed to a committee to attend to the fortifications of Shrewsbury, auditing the accounts of customs granted by Richard II for the purpose. The other members were the Earl of Arundel, Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton, Burnell, Holbache and Thomas Prestbury, the abbot of Shrewsbury Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:Lollardy.

paragraph: On 11 May 1407 Burley was commissioned, along with Prestbury, Arundel, Charleton, Burnell, Holbache, Young and Lee, to track down and imprison those "preaching, publishing or maintaining or holding schools of any sect or doctrine contrary to the Catholic faith and the sacraments of the Church." The commission was also addressed to the bailiffs of Shrewsbury, Ludlow and Bridgnorth. The Lollard movement was a major preoccupation of Archbishop Arundel, who later appointed Prestbury Chancellor of Oxford University to further his campaign in academic circles. "The Testimony of William Thorpe", records an unauthorised sermon by a Lollard preacher at St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury on 17 April 1407, suggesting that this commission was a direct response. Thorpe claimed to have been arrested on the advice of Holbache and questioned by Prestbury, before being sent to Arundel in London in June. It has been suggested that John Mirk's homily on Corpus Christi was a counterblast to the sermon. A similar commission had been addressed to the authorities in Coventry a fortnight earlier and the Midlands was known to be a Lollard stronghold. Burley seems to have been considered a reliable upholder of orthodoxy. He was a member of the Palmer's Guild of Ludlow, essentially a friendly society providing a chantry for its members in St Laurence's Church, Ludlow, as well as insurance against some worldly misfortunes: the liturgical practices underpinning such societies were diametrically opposed to Lollard teaching.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:Working for Arundel.

paragraph: Burley continued to work for Arundel on issues concerning his estates. When, on 25 January 1407, the earl granted a new charter to Oswestry, enhancing its liberties and giving it a commercial monopoly over a considerable area, the steward Burley's name headed the list of witnesses. These included Holbache and Richard Lacon, a hero of the fight against Glyndŵr and another ally of Arundel who had married profitably into the Corbet family. In the summer of that year Burley again acted as feoffee for an important collection of Arundel's estates, including Shrawardine and other estates in Shropshire and Wiltshire, in a transaction that gave a lifetime interest to the earl's wife, Beatrice, Countess of Arundel. On 3 September 1411 Burley was made Arundel's attorney, along with Richard Wakehurst, a Sussex man who handled similar business for the earl in the South of England. They were needed because Arundel was sent abroad to negotiate for a marriage between the Prince of Wales and a daughter of John the Fearless, the Duke of Burgundy: a mission that proved abortive. Burley's relationship with the earl was reinforced by the accession of two of his sons, William and John, to the Arundel affinity.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:Disputes and resolutions.

paragraph: Burley was closely involved in a particularly protracted and complex feud at Shrewsbury, involving the politicians Nicholas Gerard and Urian St Pierre. This began in 1407 with St Pierre buying from feoffees property, mainly valuable urban plots in Abbey Foregate and elsewhere, that Gerard was hoping to inherit from his grandfather. It led to three assizes of novel disseisin and a violent attack by Gerard on his opponent on Castle Street. Finally they compromised, with St Pierre handing over the property, but Gerard compensating him by resigning in his favour the constableship of Shrewsbury Castle – a post he finally acquired on 15 February 1413. The legal costs to the borough, including fees to Burley, the serjeant-at-law and the attorney, came to £2 10s.

paragraph: Burley's relations with Arundel's brother-in-law, William de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, were uneven and led to at least one protracted dispute. Around 1400 Burley bought the tenancy-in-chief of Munslow in Corvedale from Beauchamp, and probably later acquired the terre tenancy or lordship of the manor. In April 1407 Burley was associated with such illustrious figures as Archbishop Arundel, the earl's uncle, in a transaction designed to settle a number of estates on Joan, the wife of Beauchamp and sister of Arundel. However, less than a month later, he was reported by the dean of Wenlock as being involved in a violent dispute with Beauchanp over the advowson of Munslow. Beauchamp had presented William Catchpole to the rectory in 1396. It seems that Burley assumed he had then bought the advowson from Beauchamp, along with the tenancy-in-chief, as the two had previously gone together. However, according to the dean's report, Beauchamp had presented a chaplain, Hugh, to the church, and Burley had challenged his institution. An inquisition into the matter had been constituted but Burley, described as the lord of the vill, had terrorised its members: not the first time he was using force to settle an ecclesiastical dispute. The issue was remitted to court proceedings and in June the king issued a writ to Bishop Robert Mascall to forbid his admitting anyone to the living pending a resolution of the issue between himself and Beauchamp, on one side, and Burley and Walter Carpenter, Burley's nominee, on the other. At some stage the bishop presented and instituted his own registrar, John Sutton, who had first notified him of the case, to the church. By April 1410 the issue had been resolved, with Beauchamp recognising Burley as patron, and Sutton resigning to be presented to the church by Burley himself.

paragraph: By this time, Burley was involved in an investigation on Beachamp's behalf. John Cornwall had been rewarded for his services to the king with the grant of the lucrative keepership of Morfe and Shirlett, areas of Royal forest, apparently in preference to Nicholas Gerard, who had been promised the post. However, in 1410 Beauchamp complained of breaches of his customary manorial and grazing rights at Worfield in Morff Forest, not mentioning Cornwall by name but speaking of "certain evildoers." William Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Groby, echoed Beauchamp's complaints. In March the king mandated Arundel, Burley, Holbache, Young, and Lord Furnival to carry out inquiries. It seems that Cornwall was undeterred and, after William Beauchamp's death, his widow Joan reiterated his complaints against Cornwall. The same commission of inquiry was renominated. The issue finally came to a head in 1413 when John Marshall, Dean of the royal free chapel at Bridgnorth, explicitly named Cornwall as the culprit in harassing himself and his tenants at Claverley. The king forced Cornwall to resign and on 13 February sent Burley, Holbache and two other lawyers to investigate after the event.

paragraph: Section::::Later career 1399–1415.:Endemic violence.

paragraph: While the Arundel affinity's dominance was generally imposed through adept use of the law and civil authority, there was an undertow of violence and intimidation and this became increasingly open and notorious after 1410, as Arundel's affinity clashed with supporters of most of the county's other magnates. Burley was very close to the perpetrators of violence: his son, his former ward and his future executors were involved in some of the most sensational outrages. These led to complaints about the prevalence of bad governance and murder in Shropshire at the Fire and Faggot Parliament, held in Leicester in 1414. Many cases came to court at the last ever regional session of the Court of King's Bench, held at Shrewsbury in Trinity term of 1414. Henry V was present in person, along with William Hankford, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench, to make a show of taking seriously the complaints against his most powerful supporter in the region, and much of what is known of the violence is derived from allegations made at that court.

paragraph: It was alleged that in May 1411 Burley's younger son, John, lay in wait with ten other armed men at Onibury to ambush John Stanton, perhaps an inhabitant of Stanton Lacy, who was visiting Stokesay. After a long wait, Stanton appeared and John Burley unhorsed him with his sword and then set about him with the same weapon. There could be little doubt of the intention to kill, as he struck seven potentially fatal blows. In March 1412 Roger Corbet, Robert's younger brother, led an armed force of forty men to raid the rectory of St Peter's Church, Edgmond, where he had a quarrel with the incumbent, Nicholas Peshale. Peshale lost all his sheep, cattle, household goods and silverware. The church belonged to Shrewsbury Abbey, to which Corbet and other Arundel men were significant benefactors, so it is likely the attack had something to do with the abbey's internal politics: moreover, the Peshales were allied to the Earls of Stafford. When the royal tax collectors arrived the following year the Corbet brothers set their servants on them. One of them, Roger Leyney, got a writ against them, provoking Roger Corbet to pursue him as far as Dunstable with a body of five armed men. There Corbet confronted Leyney with the words "Who made the so hardy to putte any bille to the Kyng to undo me with all?" He then attacked the man with his sword, "bata, naufra, et ses chambes coupa, luy endonant pluseurs autres horribles ployes a son final anientisement et grauntz maheime, eusi q'il estoit en point de mort:" beating and wounding the man, hacking at his legs and causing horrible sufferings, maiming him seriously, to the point of death. The same term, "maihem", is used in allegation that in August 1413 the younger John Burley and his gang carried out another armed ambush, attacking William Munslow, from the name possibly one of his father's tenants, at Ludlow, although on this occasion the victim seems to have escaped death. In 1413, as Lord Furnival seemed to be acquiring still more power by inheriting his mother's estates – a process assisted by Burley as feoffee – open hostilities broke out between his and Arundel's men. Early in May 1413 an armed force of 800 from Oswestry, where Burley was steward, had appeared at Pitchford and billeted itself without payment on Lord Burnell's tenants. It was alleged that Arundel's men had raided Much Wenlock with 2000 Cheshire men on 18 May 1413, a circumstance they attributed to their efforts at law enforcement directed towards the criminal Furnival. The elder Burley was very familiar with the mechanics of raising forces like these, which were essentially the same mercenaries used in border warfare and Welsh campaigns. One of those most prominently accused in relation to the events at Wenlock was his friend Richard Lacon. Despite his closeness to the perpetrators and his record of both legitimate force and criminal intimidation, Burley was left unscathed by the accusations. Arundel, along with Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, was at the very centre of Henry V's tight-knit group of advisers. The king's intervention in Shropshire in 1414 was a bold move designed to show that even the most powerful magnates were not above the law. It provoked the laying of almost 1800 indictments and the prosecution of about 1600 individuals. However, only seven were prosecuted to the point where they were required to give bonds for £200. Ultimately Arundel and Furnival stood surety for their affinity members and most received formal pardons.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner.

paragraph: From origins on the lower margins of the landed gentry class John Burley rose to become a substantial landowner. His investments were concentrated in Corvedale and the neighbouring valleys, between Wenlock Edge and the Clee Hills, although he had land elsewhere.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: War with the Armagnac party in France was a serious threat when Burley began to establish a chantry for himself and his wife Juliana. On 1 December 1414, using the rector of Upton Magna and vicar of Wrockwardine as his feoffees, and for a fine of £20, he received a licence to alienate in mortmain substantial property to Shrewsbury Abbey, where his associate Prestbury was still abbot. These were holdings at Alveley and included two messuages, seven tofts, 2½ virgates and 21 acres of land, 8 acres of meadow, 12 acres of woodland, 57s. 1d. in rents and a third share in a weir. In return the abbey promised to find a chaplain from within the monastic chapter to celebrate mass daily for Burley and Juliana in the chapel of St Katharine.

paragraph: In July 1415 he enlisted with Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel to take part in Henry 's first expedition to France. Arundel's force consisted of 100 men-at-arms and 300 mounted archers, including the Corbet brothers. The Siege of Harfleur brought a devastating outbreak of dysentery, which was the main cause of death and invalidity in his retinue. A quarter of the force were casualties of the siege. Both Burley and Arundel were invalided home and did not take part in the Agincourt campaign. Arundel returned to England on 28 September to recuperate at Arundel Castle, attended by William Burley, but died there on 13 October. Burley returned to England on 4 October.

paragraph: Burley made a nuncupative will in October 1415, which suggests that he was very ill by this time, although he declared that his mind and memory were still intact. The contents were not greatly illuminating. After commending his soul to his Omnipotent Creator, he simply confirmed that his real property should go to his legal heirs. He had presumably made all the necessary arrangements for tax avoidance and a smooth succession well before. He left the disposition of his moveable property to his executors, whom he named as Richard Lacon and Roger Corbet. The will was proved on 18 February 1416, so he must have been dead for some time by that date.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: John Burley's wife was Juliana. She is mentioned frequently as a participant with him in property deals. Owen and Blakeway's History of Shrewsbury asserted that she was the "daughter of Reginald lord Grey de Ruthyn," presumably meaning Reginald Grey, 2nd Baron Grey de Ruthyn. The History of Parliament makes clear that there is no known evidence for this and Evelyn Martin pointed out a century ago that there are contrary assertions in other sources. However, the idea persists, and the Victoria County History in 1998 maintained and possibly aggravated the confusion by describing Burley as "Reynold, Lord Grey of Ruthin's brother-in-law," still citing Owen and Blakeway as evidence, in this case presumably referring to Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn. Burley and the Greys belonged to very different social strata and even William Burley, starting from a much wealthier background, married only into the lower, if prosperous, gentry, connected to urban trade.

paragraph: John and Juliana Burley had at least three sons and a daughter. The three sons, all mentioned above, were:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Brigham Young University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at British History Online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at Internet Archive.

description: English lawyer and politician

wikidata_label: John Burley

wikipedia_title: John Burley


text: American

text: Dutch

text: actor

text: singer

text: dancer

text: Netherlands

text: Harlem, New York

text: Netherlands

text: cabaret

text: Annie M.G. Schmidt

text: standards

text: Grijpstra & De Gier

text: Pipo de Clown

text: Simon Hammelburg

text: Amsterdam

categories: 1932 births,Dutch male film actors,Dutch male television actors,American male singers,American male television actors,American male film actors,Dutch male singers,2004 deaths,20th-century male singers,20th-century American singers,20th-century American male actors,American emigrants to the Netherlands,People from Harlem

paragraph: Donald Jones (actor)

paragraph: Donald Towe Jones (January 24, 1932 – November 5, 2004) was an American-Dutch actor, singer and dancer; born in Harlem, he went to the Netherlands in his early twenties and became one of the first Dutch black stars.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Harlem, New York Jones originally trained to be an advertising designer. He moved to the Netherlands in 1954 with a dance troupe. He was hired by a cabaret company and began a career singing, acting, and dancing. He was hired for the very first Dutch television show, the 1950s television hit "" (written by Annie M.G. Schmidt), in which he played Dinky Henderson, who sings the song "Ik zou je het liefste in een doosje willen doen," a Dutch hit and now one of the standards in the musical comedy genre. This made Jones the first black star in the Netherlands.

paragraph: Jones played in many Dutch shows, movies ("Grijpstra & De Gier", 1979), and theatrical productions, and in television shows such as "" and "Pipo de Clown". Jones was one of the artists who recorded the song "Shalom from Holland" (written by Simon Hammelburg and Ron Klipstein) as a token of solidarity to the Israeli people, threatened by missiles from Iraq, during the first Gulf War in 1991.

paragraph: He married Dutch bisexual actress ; they were the first well-known mixed couple in the country. Their son, (born 1963), went on to become an actor and comedian. Donald Jones died in Amsterdam of a heart attack.

description: American-Dutch actor

wikidata_label: Donald Jones

wikipedia_title: Donald Jones (actor)


text: Soviet

text: Grandmaster

text: Anatoly Karpov

text: World Chess Champion

text: coach

text: Pinsk

text: Leningrad

text: Rostov-on-Don

text: Kalinin

text: Leningrad Championship

text: World War II

text: Leningrad

text: Nazis

text: Gorky

text: Tula

text: Leningrad

text: Leningrad

text: Leningrad

text: Saratov

text: Sverdlovsk

text: Soviet Chess Championship

text: David Bronstein

text: Alexander Kotov

text: Moscow

text: Leningrad

text: Vilnius

text: Leningrad

text: Moscow

text: Gorky

text: Kiev

text: Bucharest

text: Moscow

text: Moscow

text: Tigran Petrosian

text: Riga

text: Tbilisi

text: International Master

text: Leningrad

text: Grandmaster

text: Harrachov

text: Oberhausen

text: Bronstein

text: Mikhail Botvinnik

text: Interzonal

text: Gothenburg

text: Candidates' Tournament

text: Amsterdam

text: Tigran Petrosian

text: Anatoly Karpov

text: Viktor Korchnoi

text: Efim Geller

text: chessmetrics

text: Gorky

text: Anatoly Karpov

text: Riga

text: World Junior Chess Championship

text: Stockholm

text: Boris Spassky

text: Moscow State University

text: Leningrad State University

text: Soviet Chess Championship

text: Caracas

text: Moscow

text: Hastings

text: San Antonio

text: Skopje

text: Chess Olympiad

text: World Chess Championship

text: Candidates

text: Madrid

text: Ljubljana

text: Portorož

text: Bad Lauterberg

text: Nice

text: bridge

text: stomach cancer

text: Mark Dvoretsky

text: David Bronstein

categories: Belarusian chess players,Chess coaches,1978 deaths,Belarusian Jews,Jewish chess players,1920 births,Chess grandmasters,Soviet chess players,People from Pinsk,Russian chess players

paragraph: Semyon Furman

paragraph: Semyon Abramovich Furman (December 1, 1920 – March 17, 1978) was a Soviet chess Grandmaster and trainer. He is best known for developing Anatoly Karpov into a World Chess Champion, but was a formidable player himself, as well as a successful coach for several other world-class players. His name is sometimes written as Semen or Semion Furman.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Pinsk, Furman was a factory worker in Leningrad, who developed his chess skills in his spare time, and was a late bloomer by chess standards, not reaching even National Master strength until he was well into adulthood. For example, he made only an even score of 6½/13 in the All-Union Candidates-to-Masters tournament, Group 1, at Rostov-on-Don 1939. In the same event at Kalinin 1940, group 3, he was only able to score 5/11, and in the Leningrad Championship of 1940, he scored just 6½/16. His chess development was on hold during the next few years of World War II, as Leningrad was placed under siege by the Nazis, beginning in 1941.

paragraph: Organized chess started up again as the Second World War ended. In an All-Union Tournament of First Category players at Gorky 1945, Furman posted his first noteworthy result when he tied for first with Konstantin Klaman, at 11/15. At Tula 1945, Furman placed second with 10½/14, behind only V. Lyublinsky. In the Leningrad Championship of 1946, Furman tied for 8th-9th places, with 8½/17. In the USSR Championship semi-final (URS-ch15 sf), Leningrad 1946, Furman was unsuccessful in advancing, but made a highly respectable score of 9/18, to tie for 9th-10th places. He was moving up slowly through the incredibly deep Soviet vanguard.

paragraph: The year 1947 brought some rewards for Furman. He tied for first place in the All-Union Championship of the Spartak Club, with Vladimir Simagin, at 15/19, but lost the playoff match. Then, in the Leningrad Championship, he tied for 3rd-4th places, with 11/17. At the Saratov 1947 National Tournament, he scored 7/11 for a tied 2nd-3rd place.

paragraph: Section::::Qualifies for Soviet Championships.

paragraph: Furman qualified from the semi-final at Sverdlovsk 1947, for his first Soviet Chess Championship at age 27. In the final, he performed exceptionally well, placing third, only half a point behind joint winners David Bronstein and Alexander Kotov, with a fine score of 11/18 (URS-ch16, Moscow 1948). In the Leningrad Championship of 1948, he tied for 7th-10th places, with 9½/17. He tied for first-third places at Vilnius 1949, the semi-final for URS-ch17, with 11½/17, qualifying again for the Soviet final. In the Leningrad Championship of 1949, he was off form with 8½/18 to tie for 11th-13th places. Then, in the Soviet final later in 1949, again in Moscow (URS-ch17), he tied for 5th-7th places with 11½/19. In the 1950 Championship of the Spartak Club, he tied for 4th-5th places, with 6/11. Then at Gorky 1950, he was unsuccessful in qualifying for the next Soviet Championship final, as he could only score 9½/15, for fourth place.

paragraph: In the URS-ch21 at Kiev 1954, Furman scored 10/19 to tie for 7th-9th places. He earned his first international tournament opportunity for Bucharest 1954, where he tied for 6th-7th places with a fine 10/17. He was in the middle of the field in URS-ch22 at Moscow 1955, with 10/19, in a tie for 10th-11th places. It was a similar story for URS-ch24, Moscow 1957, where he scored 10/21 for 12th place. He had a good tournament at Kiev 1957, scoring 11½/19 to tie for 2nd-5th places, behind only Tigran Petrosian. His form dropped for URS-ch25, Riga 1958, as he could only make 6/18 for 17th place. At URS-ch26, Tbilisi 1959, he was again below 50 per cent with 8/19 for 15th place.

paragraph: Furman gradually proved he belonged in the upper echelon of the extraordinarily deep Soviet chess elite, with many victories over top players. He placed equal fourth in the 1965 Soviet Championship. Furman was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1954. He won the Leningrad Championship in 1953, 1954, and 1957 (jointly).

paragraph: Section::::Grandmaster, and coach to the stars.

paragraph: Furman did not become a Grandmaster until 1966, at age 46, after his fine first-place result at Harrachov. It was difficult in those years for all but the very top Soviet players to travel abroad to international tournaments, where titles could be earned, and Furman had few opportunities. He did play for the USSR in the 1961 European Team Championship at Oberhausen on board ten, scoring 4/7, and contributing to the overall gold medal team victory.

paragraph: Bronstein faced Furman in the 1948 Soviet Championship, won the game, but was impressed with Furman's skill. Bronstein wrote, in his acclaimed book "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (page 102): "Later, when I recognised the logical play of Furman, I invited him to be my assistant during preparation for the match [against World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik] in 1951. Also, I took him abroad as my second to the Interzonal Tournament in Gothenburg in 1955 and the Candidates' Tournament in Amsterdam 1956."

paragraph: Furman had been one of the assistants to Botvinnik in his 1963 world title match against Tigran Petrosian, according to Anatoly Karpov, writing in his autobiography "Karpov on Karpov". Botvinnik played many training games with Furman, to prepare for Botvinnik's 1960 and 1961 World Championship matches; these matches only became public many years afterwards, when Botvinnik published the games, which are now available on various databases. Furman and Botvinnik at that time were both members of the Trud (Trade Unions) Club. Later Furman switched to the Army Sports Club. Furman also assisted world-class players such as Viktor Korchnoi (according to both Bronstein and Karpov) and Efim Geller (according to Karpov).

paragraph: The site www.chessmetrics.com, the chess site which endeavors to provide historical ratings for players while correcting for different methods of calculation, puts Furman's peak rating at 2708 in April, 1948, #11 in the world at that time. That is certain Grandmaster level, but, because of lack of international opportunities, Furman did not formally receive the title until eighteen years later. According to chessmetrics, his best tournament from a performance rating standpoint was Gorky 1954 (5½/6, for a 2755 performance).

paragraph: Section::::Trains the world champion.

paragraph: It was in a training role that Furman first met the young Anatoly Karpov, who at age seventeen was representing the Army Sports club on the junior board at the 1968 Soviet Team Championships, held in Riga. In training, the two got along well, and Karpov made the outstanding score of 10/11. Furman was assigned to prepare Karpov (who gave his whole-hearted approval) for further competitions, such as the Soviet Junior qualifying match-tournament, Leningrad 1969, which Karpov won. This win earned Karpov the Soviet berth in the 1969 World Junior Chess Championship, held in Stockholm. Karpov also won this tournament with a dominating performance; it was the first Soviet win at that level since Boris Spassky in 1955.

paragraph: From this stage on, Furman worked ever more closely with Karpov, who moved from Moscow to Leningrad, switching universities as well, from Moscow State University to Leningrad State University, to be nearer to Furman. The two also became close friends, with Karpov actually assisting Furman, upon his request, for the 1969 Soviet Chess Championship, held in Moscow; Karpov had not qualified to play in it. Karpov earned the Grandmaster title at Caracas 1970. He qualified for the Soviet Championship for the first time in 1970, scoring well. Karpov drew a 1971 secret training match with Korchnoi, a world title Candidate. His rise continued, with wins at the very strong Moscow 1971, Hastings 1971-72, and San Antonio 1972 tournaments. Karpov made the Soviet national team for the 1972 Skopje Chess Olympiad as first reserve, and scored 13½/16, winning gold on his board, and helping the USSR to win the team gold.

paragraph: Because Furman had earlier worked with Korchnoi, Karpov was able to utilize this situation to good effect to win his vital 1974 World Chess Championship Candidates final match against Korchnoi, who had earlier fallen out with Furman over a dispute around a 1971 match against Geller. Korchnoi had wanted Furman to assist him against Geller, but Furman and Geller were teammates at the Army Club, so Furman withdrew his training services on principle, as Furman had also helped to train Geller. This made Korchnoi bitter towards Furman, and their connection ended, even though Korchnoi went on to defeat Geller. So, a full-time training spot opened up with Furman, which Karpov took. Karpov wrote that Korchnoi did not realize at the time the strength of Karpov's potential challenge to him.

paragraph: As Karpov built further successes, and was earning favour in the Soviet sports bureaucracy, he was able to arrange for Furman to compete with him sometimes in the same international tournaments, such as Madrid 1973, Ljubljana/Portorož 1975, and Bad Lauterberg 1977, all of which Karpov won. Furman also performed well, taking or tying for third place at all three of Madrid, Ljubljana / Portoroz, and Bad Lauterberg.

paragraph: Furman was awarded the "Honoured Trainer of the USSR" in 1973 for his work with young players. He served as trainer to the combined Soviet teams to the 1974 Nice Olympiad and the 1977 European Team Championship in Moscow.

paragraph: In his autobiographical book, "Karpov on Karpov", published in 1991, Karpov credits Furman very extensively and deservedly with helping him scale the heights of grandmaster chess, culminating in his World Championship in 1975 and superb play for the next decade, as he dominated the game. This fine book is perhaps the most detailed work ever published on the relationship between a top chess player and his coach. The two also played a great deal of bridge together; this game became for a time something of an obsession with Furman.

paragraph: Bronstein, who had worked with Furman earlier, wrote "When Furman started to work with Anatoly Karpov, I was not surprised by the young grandmaster's success, showing a brilliant understanding of grandmaster strategy. It was obvious that Furman had passed on to him a lot of the knowledge acquired during his earlier years. It should also be said that Furman had very good analytical powers and was able to look deeply into the games of other grandmasters, disclosing the secrets of their success."

paragraph: Furman's health had not been good since the mid-1960s, however. He had survived one operation for stomach cancer, but the cancer returned, and he died at Leningrad in 1978, just before Karpov's match with Korchnoi for the World Championship. Karpov wrote that he missed Furman's help greatly during that match, which he won only narrowly (+6−5=21).

paragraph: Section::::Success as coach.

paragraph: Furman may have been the most successful coach in the history of chess, although some would give that title to Mark Dvoretsky. Chess culture has traditionally and typically credited the player for chess success, with the coach recognized in a much lesser fashion, or not at all. Chess coaches were not commonly seen for top players until the post-World War II period, when competition became much stiffer. They were first developed in the Soviet Union and in other Eastern European countries; it is no coincidence that top players from these nations have dominated chess for the past sixty years. Furman, with a very significant role in Karpov's development from his late teens, building upon earlier roles with World Champion Botvinnik and world-class players such as Bronstein, Korchnoi, and Geller, may have done more than any other coach, from the early 1950s until the late 1970s, to help ensure Soviet dominance.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Furman was an exceptional openings specialist, and was respected as being of virtually world-class strength with the White pieces, with which he scored most of his wins over the top players, as the game selection shows. He was sometimes referred to as "the world champion when playing White." He could not score anywhere near as well as Black, and this held back his success. While best remembered today as Karpov's trainer, Furman also made many important contributions to the success of other top players, such as Bronstein, Botvinnik, Korchnoi, and Geller. He developed several significant improvements to opening theory. He favoured the closed openings (1.d4, 1.c4, 1.Nf3) as White, and in many of his wins over top-class rivals, his opponents were simply unable to generate counterplay, and were slowly strangled by Furman's precise, yet amorphous strategy. Karpov noted that a book on Furman's career and best games would be well received and valuable; but no one has yet taken up this challenge.

paragraph: Section::::Notable chess games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Efim Geller, Leningrad 1947, Queen's Gambit, Semi-Slav Defence (D46), 1-0 Furman shows the rising star Geller a few things about precise positional play, and catches him in a nifty tactic to win a piece.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Paul Keres, USSR Championship, Moscow 1948, Queen's Indian Defence (E15), 1-0 Keres was one of the world's top three players, and for Furman, the humble factory worker, wins like these meant that he had arrived near the top.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Vasily Smyslov, USSR Championship, Moscow 1949, Grunfeld Defence, Exchange Variation (D88), 1-0 Smyslov had finished second in the World Championship the year before, and would become the joint Soviet champion for 1949.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Tigran Petrosian, USSR Championship, Moscow 1949, King's Indian Defence, Fianchetto Variation (E68), 1-0 Petrosian was just making his debut at top level; he would go on to become world champion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Viktor Korchnoi, Leningrad 1953, English Opening (A16), 1-0 Furman would later become a coach for Korchnoi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Ratmir Kholmov, USSR Championship, Kiev 1954, Queen's Gambit, Tarrasch Defence (D30), 1-0 Rising star Kholmov became almost unbeatable a few years later.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Boris Spassky, USSR Championship, Moscow 1955, Nimzo-Indian Defence, Rubinstein Variation (E59), 1-0 Another future World Champion learns to respect Furman's talent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duncan Suttles vs Semyon Furman, Polanica Zdroj 1967, Van Geet Opening (A00), 0-1 Suttles was known for his unconventional opening play, but he can't disorient the veteran Furman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs David Bronstein, Leningrad vs Moscow match 1967, Queen's Gambit Declined (D50), 1-0 Furman takes care of business against one of his former charges.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Mikhail Tal, USSR Championship, Moscow 1969, Queen's Pawn Game (A40), 1-0 Former World Champion Tal sacrifices the exchange, but doesn't get enough for it.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Lev Polugaevsky, Moscow 1969, Queen's Indian Defence (E14), 1-0 The reigning Soviet champion takes one on the chin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Leonid Stein, USSR 1971, English Opening, Symmetrical (A39), 1-0 Stein was a three-time Soviet champion, but couldn't handle Furman in this game.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulf Andersson vs Semyon Furman, Madrid 1973, English Opening (A15), 0-1 One of the new generation of young stars gets taken care of quite expeditiously.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semyon Furman vs Svetozar Gligoric, Bad Lauterberg 1977, King's Indian Defence, Saemisch Variation (E88), 1-0 Gligoric is a world authority on the King's Indian, but his learning process is extended a bit further by Furman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Miles vs Semyon Furman, Bad Lauterberg 1977, English Opening (A16), 0-1 Furman was ill and spotting Miles 35 years, but wins anyway as Miles gets simply outclassed.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Games of World Champion Anatoly Karpov", by K.J. O'Connell, D.N.L. Levy, and J.B. Adams, London, Batsford 1976,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chess is My Life", by Anatoly Karpov (translated from the Russian by Ken Neat), London, Pergamon 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Karpov on Karpov: Memoirs of a Chess World Champion", by Anatoly Karpov (translated from the Russian by Todd Bludeau), New York, Atheneum (McMillan) 1991,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sorcerer's Apprentice", by David Bronstein and Tom Furstenberg, London, Cadogan 1995,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Russian Silhouettes: Portraits of the Heroes of a Vanished Age (Paperback) by Genna Sosonko, Interchess BV, (Has an excellent chapter devoted to biography of Semyon Furman).

description: Russian chess player

wikidata_label: Semyon Furman

wikipedia_title: Semyon Furman