text:
American
Photo-Secession
née
Salem, Oregon
Oregon State Fair
Oregon Coast
West Shore
New York City
Art Students League of New York
William Merritt Chase
John Twachtman
Joseph Keiley
Alfred Stieglitz
Chicago Art Institute
Photo-Secession
Hamburg
Germany
Linked Ring
Jerusalem
Paris
London
Middle East
Photo-Secession
Camera Work
Hartford, Connecticut
Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession
Toppenish
Washington
San Francisco
Anne Brigman
Seattle, Washington
Albright-Knox Art Gallery
Buffalo, New York
Women Painters of Washington
Seattle Art Museum
de Young Museum
Vancouver
Chicago
New Orleans, Louisiana
Portland Art Museum
Getty Museum
National Museum of American Art
Smithsonian Institution

categories: 20th-century American painters,American women painters,1956 deaths,19th-century American women artists,Photographers from Oregon,American women photographers,20th-century American photographers,19th-century American photographers,1869 births,Artists from Salem, Oregon,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Myra Albert Wiggins

paragraph: Myra Albert Wiggins (1869–1956) was an American painter and pictorial photographer who became a member of the important early 20th century Photo-Secession movement.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years (1869–89).

paragraph: Wiggins, "née" Myra Jane Albert, was born on December 15, 1869 in Salem, Oregon. She was the second of four children born to John Henry Albert and Mary Elizabeth Holman. Her father worked his way from being a bookkeeper in a local linseed oil company to becoming president of the Capital National Bank in Salem.

paragraph: She showed natural artistic talent at an early age, and she would spend hours drawing and painting both in her home and in the fields around Salem. Her parents encouraged her talent both because she was very good and because a cultural background in the arts was expected for upper class women of the time. When she was 17, she won the first of many awards for painting at the Oregon State Fair, and between 1886 and 1907 she won a total of 94 more state fair awards for her art.

paragraph: About 1888 she met her future husband, Frederick Arthur Wiggins, who was the owner of a local store that was one of the first to offer a variety of products under one roof. Among the products he offered were bicycles, which at that time were first becoming a craze among younger people, and Myra recalled that she first met Fred while riding around town on her bicycle. Their families were very active in outdoor activities, and several times a year they would see each other at outings in the area.

paragraph: Wiggins said that her introduction to photography was her brother's doing since he wanted to take a photograph of his sweetheart and, not having a camera, thought their father would be more likely to buy one if both of them said they would use it. In 1889, they acquired a large glass-plate camera and tripod, and soon she was using it far more than her brother. Some of her first pictures were taken on one of her family's many trips to the Oregon Coast.

paragraph: Within two years she won a new camera as first prize in the amateur division of a competition held by "West Shore" magazine, and many of the photographs she submitted for the contest were exhibited at the Portland North Pacific Industrial Exposition in 1890.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Becoming an artist (1890–99).

paragraph: Like many progressive women of the late 19th century, Myra was sent to New York City for her higher education. She studied at the Art Students League of New York from 1891 to 1894, where she took classes from William Merritt Chase and John Twachtman. Chase in particular influenced her thinking about art, and when she brought her photographs for him to view he would sometimes write comments on the back of them. She immortalized Chase in a famous 1891 photograph of the artist teaching at the league, surrounded by his female students.

paragraph: While she was studying in New York, she would return to Salem during the summers, and in the summer of 1892, she announced her engagement to Fred Wiggins. When she returned to New York that fall, she became one of the first female members of the New York Camera Club. She used the club's darkroom facilities, and it was here that she met Joseph Keiley, an influential photographer, writer, and close friend of Alfred Stieglitz.

paragraph: She and her fiancé were married on November 24, 1894, in Salem, and their daughter Mildred, their only child, was born in 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Master of photography (1900–29).

paragraph: In 1900, Wiggins was given first of two one-woman exhibitions of her photography at the Chicago Art Institute. She had already met and corresponded with the most important photographer of the time, Alfred Stieglitz, and in 1903 he admitted her as a member in the newly formed Photo-Secession.

paragraph: In the fall of 1903, one of Wiggins photographs was included in the Hamburg Jubilee Exhibition in Hamburg, Germany, and in the London Salon organized by the famous Linked Ring. A review of the latter exhibition in the British magazine "Photography" contains these words of praise:

paragraph: In 1904, Wiggins was one of five Oregon delegates selected to go on a "Cruise of the Christians" to attend the World's Fourth Sunday School Convention in Jerusalem. She photographed scenes both on the boat and when she arrived, often developing the film in her room at night. On the return trip she stopped in Paris and London specifically to see major photographic salons that were on exhibit at the time. Later that year she published "Letters from a Pilgrim" (Salem: Statesman Publishing), a photographically illustrated description of her journey to the Middle East.

paragraph: That same year, Stieglitz sent 200 photographs representing the best artists of the Photo-Secession to the Hague International Photography Exhibition. Among those artists he included were Wiggins and her Oregon colleague Sarah Ladd. Wiggins also had photographs published in several important magazines, including "Photo-Era", "The Photo Miniature", "Photograms of the Year" and "Die Kunst in Der Photographie" (a high quality German quarterly similar to "Camera Work").

paragraph: Wiggins' mother Mary died in 1905 after being in a car wreck. Her father, who was driving, was not injured, but he suffered greatly from guilt and anguish in the following years.

paragraph: In 1906, she was included in the invitational exhibit "The Work of Women Photographers of America" at the Camera Club of Hartford, Connecticut. Wiggins was one of 26 women who were presented in the show. Later that year two of her photographs were included in the annual members exhibit at Stieglitz's Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession in New York.

paragraph: By 1907, Fred Wiggins wanted to enter the plant nursery business and he moved his family to Toppenish in central Washington. Fred started the Washington Nursery Company, and Wiggins tried to help her husband financially by opening an art studio and school. Her new hometown area was much more rural and undeveloped than Salem, and much of the countryside around the town was dry and dusty. The dust caused health problems for Wiggins, and it was several years before she could produce a regular income from her painting.

paragraph: Wiggins continued to photograph as much as her health allowed, and she exhibited again at the Little Galleries in New York and at the Arts and Crafts Exhibition in San Francisco. Fellow Photo-Secessionist Anne Brigman commented on Wiggins' photos in the latter show, saying she "invariably infuses her work with an atmosphere of tender sadness."

paragraph: Over the next decade Wiggins' photos were shown in many important exhibitions, including the International Exhibition of Pictorial Photography in New York City (1909), the Annual Pictorial Photography Invitation in Seattle, Washington (1910) and the landmark International Exhibition of Pictorial Photography (1910) at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. Encouraged by the interest in her work by other photographers in Seattle, Wiggins started to spend more time in that city.

paragraph: From the mid-1910s to the late 1920s, she alternated between helping her husband with his business and taking her photographs to Seattle when there was enough money to go. During this time she also developed an interest in lecturing about her work, other photographers and about art in general.

paragraph: In 1928, the Seattle Fine Arts Society gave Wiggins her last one-woman photography exhibit.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Master of painting (1930–56).

paragraph: In 1930, Wiggins co-founded the Women Painters of Washington, one of the state's oldest existing arts organizations. Through her lecturing and classes, she became a vital force in most of the region's arts activities. In 1932 she moved permanently to Seattle.

paragraph: She continued to paint for many years and was recognized for her artistry through retrospective exhibits at the Seattle Art Museum (1953) and the de Young Museum in San Francisco (1954). She also had one-person shows of her paintings in Vancouver, Chicago, New Orleans, Louisiana and New York. By the time she turned 86 in 1955, she had completed 114 paintings.

paragraph: On January 13, 1956, Wiggins died of a stroke. She was actively painting up until the time of her death. Her husband died in an accident four months later.

paragraph: Her work is in the permanent collections several important museums, including the Portland Art Museum, the Getty Museum and the National Museum of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glauber, Carole. "Myra Albert Wiggins: Arts and Crafts Photographer", "Style 1900", May 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glauber, Carole. "A Wandering Lens - Myra Albert Wiggins: Photographer, Artist and Mentor", "Artifact Magazine", March/April 1996.

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: Myra Albert Wiggins

wikipedia_title: Myra Albert Wiggins


text: Almeirim

text: Évora

text: Portuguese

text: infante

text: Isabella of Braganza

text: Manuel I of Portugal

text: James, 4th Duke of Braganza

text: Dukedom of Guimarães

text: John III

text: Sebastian

text: Margaret of Valois

text: Tangiers

text: Manuel I of Portugal

text: Cardinal-Infante Henry

text: Xabregas

text: Lisbon

text: Évora

text: Infanta Maria of Guimarães

text: prince

text: Infanta Catherine of Guimarães

text: John, 6th Duke of Braganza

text: 1580 Portuguese succession crisis

text: Duke of Guimarães

text: List of Portuguese Dukedoms

categories: 1541 births,Constables of Portugal,House of Aviz,Dukes of Guimarães,16th-century Portuguese people,1576 deaths,Portuguese infantes

paragraph: Infante Duarte, 5th Duke of Guimarães

paragraph: The Infante Duarte, 5th Duke of Guimarães (March 1541, in Almeirim – 28 November 1576, in Évora) was a Portuguese "infante" (prince), son of Duarte of Portugal, 4th Duke of Guimarães and his wife, Isabella of Braganza.

paragraph: Through his father, he was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal; through his mother, he was a grandson of James, 4th Duke of Braganza.

paragraph: He was born posthumously and he inherited his father’s titles and estates: the Dukedom of Guimarães. He was one of the most influential nobles during the reigns of Kings John III and Sebastian.

paragraph: As member of the State Council he voted, in 1569, for the marriage of King Sebastian to Margaret of Valois (who later became Henry IV's first wife) and, in 1574, he escorted King Sebastian in his first trip to Tangiers, in north Africa.

paragraph: In 1557, when King John III died, Duarte was one of the three legitimate surviving male descendants of King Manuel I of Portugal (together with King Sebastian and Cardinal-Infante Henry).

paragraph: King Sebastian was jealous of this and several times showed disrespect for Duarte's rank. When the King didn’t invite Duarte to a royal bullfight, in Xabregas (Lisbon), Duarte was quite upset and, finally, he retired to Évora where, some months later, he died single and without issue.

paragraph: Duarte had two sisters, both married to remarkable Renaissance princes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infanta Maria of Guimarães (1538–1577), also known as Maria de Portugal, married to the Italian prince Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infanta Catherine of Guimarães (1540–1614), also known as Catarina de Portugal, married to the Portuguese prince John, 6th Duke of Braganza.

paragraph: Once she was married to a Portuguese, Infanta Catherine of Guimarães inherited her brother estates and rights to the Dukedom of Guimarães. During the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis, Catherine and her husband, John I of Braganza, were important claimants to the Portuguese throne.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Guimarães

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Portuguese Dukedoms

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Infante Duarte II, 5th Duke of Guimarães, in Portuguese

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil” – Vol. II, page 651. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

description: Portuguese infanta

wikidata_label: Infante Edward, 5th Duke of Guimarães

wikipedia_title: Infante Duarte, 5th Duke of Guimarães


text:
House of Sponheim
Duke of Carinthia
chivalry
minnesang
principality
Henry of Sponheim
Rhenish Franconia
Imperial estate
Engelbert
Herman of Carinthia
Ulrich II
Agnes of Austria
House of Babenberg
regent
leprosy
Crusade of 1197
Welfs
Henry VI
Philip of Swabia
Otto IV
coronation
Frederick II
King of the Romans
Hermann von Salza
Pope Gregory IX
San Germano
Henry VII
Conrad IV
Přemyslid dynasty
Counts of Andechs
Philip
Archbishop of Salzburg
Berthold of Aquileia
Bishops of Bamberg
Villach
Italy
suffragan
Seckau
Lavant
Meinhard III of Gorizia
Greifenburg
Sankt Veit
mint
Völkermarkt
Klagenfurt
tournaments
Walther von der Vogelweide
Ulrich von Liechtenstein
Venus
Slovene
Austrian
Loibl Pass
Seeberg Saddle
Karawanks
March of Carniola
Ulrich III
Agnes of Andechs
Otto I of Merania
Kostanjevica
Cistercian
Lower Carniola
St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal
Přemyslid
Ottokar I of Bohemia
Árpád
Constance of Hungary
Ulrich III
Philip of Spanheim
Archbishop of Salzburg
Patriarch of Aquileia
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Habsburg
Rudolf I of Germany
Battle on the Marchfeld

categories: 1256 deaths,12th-century births,Dukes of Carinthia,People from Klagenfurt

paragraph: Bernhard von Spanheim

paragraph: Bernhard von Spanheim (or Sponheim; 1176 or 1181 – 4 January 1256), a member of the noble House of Sponheim, was Duke of Carinthia for 54 years from 1202 until his death. A patron of chivalry and minnesang, Bernhard's reign marked the emergence of the Carinthian duchy as an effective territorial principality.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1122 Bernhard's ancestor Count Henry of Sponheim, descending from Rhenish Franconia, had inherited the Imperial estate of Carinthia. Upon his death in the following year, he was succeeded by his younger brother Engelbert, Bernhard's great-grandfather.

paragraph: His father was Duke Herman of Carinthia, who had reigned from 1161 until 1181. He was at first succeeded by Bernhard's elder brother Duke Ulrich II, who reigned for two decades but died childless on 10 August 1202, whereafter Bernhard succeeded him. His mother was Agnes of Austria (c. 1151/54 – 13 January 1182), a member of the House of Babenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Bernhard had actually been regent over the Carinthian duchy since his elder brother Duke Ulrich II had fallen seriously ill, possibly with leprosy, after he had joined the Crusade of 1197. In the conflict between the rivaling House of Hohenstaufen and the Welfs around the German throne upon the death of Emperor Henry VI, he originally continued his brother's support for their Hohenstaufen relative Philip of Swabia but turned to the Welf Otto IV after Philipp's assassination in 1208 and attended his coronation in Rome. Bernhard again switched sides to Philip's nephew Frederick II, who had been elected King of the Romans in 1212 and finally prevailed.

paragraph: Bernhard remained a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. He backed the efforts by Grand Master Hermann von Salza to reach a reconciliation between Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX and sealed a 1230 peace agreement in the church of San Germano. He later also intermediated in the conflict between the emperor and his rebellious son King Henry VII; in 1237, he supported the election of Henry's younger brother King Conrad IV. However, in his later years, having established marital relationships with the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty and the Counts of Andechs, he turned away from straitened Frederick II towards the ultramontane party. In 1247 he achieved the election of his younger son Philip as Archbishop of Salzburg.

paragraph: A territorial prince ("princeps terre") at his own judgement, Bernhard concentrated on regional politics and aimed at extending his estates against rivalling territorial princes like Patriarch Berthold of Aquileia or the Bishops of Bamberg controlling the city of Villach and important trade routes to Italy, albeit without much success. Moreover, the Salzburg archbishops were able to strengthen their position by establishing the suffragan dioceses of Seckau and Lavant in 1218 and 1225 respectively, while the duke picked a long-time quarrel with Count Meinhard III of Gorizia around the small Greifenburg estates.

paragraph: In turn, Bernhard entrenched a ducal centre of force comprising the city triangle of Sankt Veit, where he established a mint in 1205, Völkermarkt, and Klagenfurt, the later Carinthian capital that he had transferred to its present location in 1246. Bernhard's court in Sankt Veit was the site of festive chivalrous tournaments and a venue of minnesingers like Walther von der Vogelweide. In his "Frauendienst" poem, Ulrich von Liechtenstein renders his arrival in Carinthia in the guise of a Venus in 1227, when Duke Bernhard received him with the Slovene salutation "Buge vas primi, gralva Venus" ("God be with you, royal Venus").

paragraph: Bernhard's hopes to extend his influence after the extinction of the Austrian Babenberg dynasty in 1246 were disappointed. Nevertheless, he gained control over the strategically important Loibl Pass and Seeberg Saddle, leading through the Karawanks mountain range to the adjacent March of Carniola in the south, where his son Ulrich III in 1248 became margrave ("dominus Carniolae") upon his marriage with Agnes of Andechs, daughter of Duke Otto I of Merania. He is also credited as founding the Kostanjevica ("Landstraß") Cistercian Abbey in Lower Carniola about 1234. Bernhard is buried at St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Duke Bernhard's exalted rank corresponds to his wedding with Judith, daughter of the Přemyslid King Ottokar I of Bohemia and the Árpád princess Constance of Hungary, in 1213. Four known children result from the marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulrich III (c.1220-1269), Duke of Carinthia 1256-1269, Margrave of Carniola since 1248

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhard of Carinthia (d. before 1249)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret of Carinthia (d. before 1249)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip of Spanheim (d. 21/22 July 1279), Archbishop of Salzburg from 1247 to 1256 and Patriarch of Aquileia from 1269 to 1273.

paragraph: The relationship with the Přemyslid dynasty became crucial, when Bernhard's son Duke Ulrich III died without heirs in 1269. His younger brother Philip was claimant to the estates of Carinthia and Carniola, he nevertheless could not prevail against his first cousin King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who in 1268 had signed an inheritance treaty with late Duke Ulrich. Though Philip even reached his enfeoffment by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany in 1275, he could not assume the rule after King Ottokar II was killed at the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld.

description: Duke of Carinthia

wikidata_label: Bernhard von Spanheim

wikipedia_title: Bernhard von Spanheim


text:
Florida State University
Film School
Indiana State University
University of Wisconsin–Madison

categories: 2013 deaths,Indiana State University alumni,1936 births,University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni,Florida State University faculty

paragraph: Donald Ungurait

paragraph: Donald F. Ungurait (1936-2013) was the founding Dean of the Florida State University (FSU) Film School., and has directed more than 50 plays, musicals and operas and received more than 200 producer-director credits.

paragraph: Ungurait received his BA at Indiana State University and MA and PhD at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He joined the FSU faculty in 1968 and retired as associate professor of communication in 2003.

paragraph: The Association of Independent Commercial Producers recognized him as the Film Educator of the Decade in 1990. Florida State has twice recognized him with the Seminole Award for Leadership and Service, and once with the Provost’s Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Instruction.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exploring FSU's Past: A Public History Project, Fall 2006

description: American academic

wikidata_label: Donald Ungurait

wikipedia_title: Donald Ungurait


text:
Governador Valadares
Brazil
Brazil
singer
Jovem Guarda
Roberto Carlos
Erasmo Carlos

categories: Brazilian rock musicians,Living people,Brazilian female singers,1946 births,Jovem Guarda,Brazilian people of Lebanese descent,People from Governador Valadares

paragraph: Wanderléa

paragraph: Wanderléa Charlup Boere Salim (born June 5, 1946 in Governador Valadares, Brazil) is a Brazilian singer, and former co-host of the historic TV show "Jovem Guarda" alongside Roberto Carlos and Erasmo Carlos. The show aired on TV Record between 1965 and 1968. Wanderléa was nicknamed "Ternurinha" (roughly "little darling") after her first hit "Ternura" ("Somehow it got to be tomorrow").

description: Brazilian singer

wikidata_label: Wanderléa

wikipedia_title: Wanderléa


text:
Kokin Wakashū
gagaku
Japanese court rank
E-text of his poems

categories: Fujiwara clan,Hyakunin Isshu poets,Japanese poets,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Fujiwara no Okikaze

paragraph: Okikaze's poems are included in several imperial poetry anthologies, including "Kokin Wakashū". A personal poetry collection known as the "Okikazeshū" also remains.

paragraph: It is said he was talented in kangen (gagaku piece without dance).

paragraph: He was conferred , of Japanese court rank.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E-text of his poems in Japanese

description: Japanese poet

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Okikaze

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Okikaze


text:
hematologist
histologist
Melun
Seine-et-Marne
tissue
Collège de France
Louis-Antoine Ranvier
Louis-Charles Malassez
histological
Hôtel-Dieu de Paris
École des Hautes Etudes
mitosis
physiologist
William Henry Howell
Howell-Jolly bodies
erythrocyte
"Justin Marie Jolly"
Who Named It

categories: French histologists,1870 births,French hematologists,1953 deaths,People from Melun,Collège de France faculty

paragraph: Justin Marie Jolly

paragraph: Justin Marie Jolly (August 6, 1870 – February 1, 1953) was a French hematologist and histologist born in Melun, Seine-et-Marne. He was a pioneer in the field of hematology as it pertained to the study of living tissue.

paragraph: He studied medicine at the Collège de France under Louis-Antoine Ranvier (1835-1922) and Louis-Charles Malassez (1842-1909) where he learned histological techniques and their correlation to other medical disciplines. He was "chef du laboratoire" at the medical clinic in the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, and director of the histological laboratory at the École des Hautes Etudes. From 1925 to 1940 he was a professor at the Collège de France.

paragraph: In the early part of the 20th century he produced the earliest films of mitosis in living cells via "microscopic movies". In 1923 he published an influential textbook on hematology called "Traité technique d'hématologie". Along with American physiologist William Henry Howell (1860-1945), the Howell-Jolly bodies are named; which are 1-2 µm granules seen in erythrocytes (red-blood cells).

paragraph: Section::::Partial bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur la formation des globules rouges des mammifères". Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Paris, 1905, 58: 528-531. J.M. Jolly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traité technique d'hématologie", 1923.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justin Marie Jolly" at Who Named It.

description: French histologist

wikidata_label: Justin Marie Jolly

wikipedia_title: Justin Marie Jolly


text:
Swedish
fiddle
Björklinge
Uppland
Gamla Uppsala
day labourer
fiddle
spelman
Näcken
polska
folk music
Bror Hjorth

categories: 1896 deaths,1815 births,Nordic folk musicians

paragraph: Anders Ljungqvist

paragraph: Anders Ljungqvist (May 10, 1815 – December 24, 1896), also known as "Gås-Anders" (Anders of the geese), was a Swedish fiddler from Björklinge in Uppland. Gås-Anders got his derogatory nickname as a child when he worked as a goose herder at a mansion house in Gamla Uppsala. As he grew up he never used the name Gås-Anders, and it was not until the 1920s that folk musicians started referring to him by that name, which was by now used as a positive epithet rather than a slur.

paragraph: Although Gås-Anders made his living by working as a day labourer at the farms around Björklige, he was known as a poor worker who usually brought his fiddle with him and played rather than worked. As a spelman he was very popular and extremely skilled, and it was said that nobody could sit still when he played dancing music – not even he himself. As he played he would jump around, dancing on chairs and tables. Rumour had it that Näcken had taught him to play, signing a contract in blood on human bones from the churchyard. According to the stories, Gås-Anders played the polska he had learnt from Näcken on his death bed, after which all four strings on his fiddle broke and he was able to die in peace. Another story had it that Gås-Anders's wife once put a Bible on top of his fiddle, and after that it would never stay tuned.

paragraph: Gås-Anders left a legacy of folk music, upwards of 150 different melodies; both tunes he himself had written and those he had learnt from other fiddlers. Most of the tunes are eighth-note polskas. Since fiddlers at the time played by ear, not from written music (something which is true for traditional folk musicians today as well), much of Gås-Anders's music was never saved for posterity. Towards the end of his life he got rather deaf and had to bring a helper to tune his fiddle, but he kept playing at weddings and dances up until the final years of his life. He was a poor man when he died, and was buried in the communal part of the churchyard in Björklinge. The exact location of his grave in the churchyard is unknown.

paragraph: In 1944, a statue of Gås-Anders, created by the sculptor Bror Hjorth, was erected next to Björklinge church.

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Anders Ljungqvist

wikipedia_title: Anders Ljungqvist


text:
Bahamian political figure
United Bahamian Party
Bay Street Boys
Eleuthera
autodidact
Prohibition
House of Assembly
knight
Queen Elizabeth II
Royal Commission
Sir Stafford Sands
Andalusia, Alabama
Robert "Bobby"
Brent
Brent Symonette
Deputy Prime Minister
Free National Movement
Nassau
Bahamian $
"A Little Bit of Independent"
"Consultant's Paradise Lost"
"Bad News for the Bay Street Boys"

categories: 1898 births,Members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas,1980 deaths,People from Eleuthera,United Bahamian Party politicians,Prime Ministers of the Bahamas,Foreign ministers of the Bahamas

paragraph: Roland Theodore Symonette

paragraph: The Right Excellent Sir Roland Theodore Symonette (16 December 1898 – 13 March 1980) achieved high office as a Bahamian political figure. He was leader of the United Bahamian Party (UBP), which represented the interests of the white oligarchy known as the "Bay Street Boys" and was the ruling party between 1958 and 1967. When the country achieved self-government in 1964 Symonette was the first premier.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Roland "Pop" Symonette was one of nine children of Methodist minister Edwin Symonette and his wife Lavania (née Weech) on the small island settlement of Current, Eleuthera.

paragraph: Although he had only six years of formal education, Symonette became one of the wealthiest men of his generation. An autodidact and lifelong advocate of education, he was a school teacher early in his career, but, during Prohibition, Symonette transported whiskey to the United States. With the profits from bootlegging, he invested in real estate, hotels, a shipyard and eventually a wide range of philanthropic interests, including Camp Symonette, originally built for the youth of the Bahamas. The Symonette family's holdings have never been publicly confirmed, but public speculation has placed it between $700 million and $2.5 billion USD.

paragraph: In 1925, Symonette campaigned successfully for a seat in the Bahamas' House of Assembly. He served in the House, representing the Shirlea district until his retirement in 1977. His 52 years as a Member of Parliament is the longest record of service in the House of Assembly.

paragraph: Symonette served as the head of government of the Bahama Islands from 1955 to 1964 and in 1964, when the country achieved internal self-government, he became the first Premier of the Bahama Islands. In 1959, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

paragraph: The 1967 British Royal Commission of Inquiry reported that Symonette received 5,000 pounds from the U.S. casino interests who had left Cuba and were seeking a greater presence in The Bahamas. This sum was so modest to a man of Symonette's wealth that it is thought that he was acting as an informant to US intelligence agencies, who were concerned lest mobsters reestablish enterprises like the ones they operated in Cuba before the revolution. (See also Sir Stafford Sands).

paragraph: Source: Masters of Paradise: Organised Crime and the Internal Revenue Service in the Bahamas by Alan Block page 41 as quoted below:

paragraph: "…Of those on the executive council who were lobbied so in intensely and extensively, Sir Roland Symonette was the most reluctant and disturbed. Soon to become the first premier of the Bahamas with the passage of a new constitution in 1964, Symonette was morally opposed to gambling. And even though he finally accepted a modest consultancy agreement with DEVCO, he still could not bring himself to vote for the certificate. Shortly after this difficult and morally ambiguous period, Symonette became premier and resigned his consultancy, having collected only 5,000 pounds.(21)"

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: Symonette was married three times. By his first wife Gertrude Nellie, Symonette had one son, Basil Harcourt. By his second wife, the former Thelma Bell Clepper of Andalusia, Alabama, Symonette had one son, Robert "Bobby", and one daughter, Zelda. In the late 1940s, Symonette married Canadian Margaret Frances, the union producing one daughter, Margaret, who died in infancy, and two sons, Roland Craig and Theodore Brent. Symonette's son Bobby served as Speaker of the House of Assembly. His youngest son Brent Symonette was the Deputy Prime Minister of The Bahamas, Free National Movement, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Ingraham led government and in 2017 was appointed Minister of Financial Services, Trade & Industry and Immigration.

paragraph: Sir Roland Symonette died on 13 March 1980 at his home in Nassau; his widow, Lady Margaret Symonette died 24 years later in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Symonette's portrait appears on the Bahamian $50 note. A community park in the settlement of Current, Eleuthera, Bahamas, just feet from his birthplace, was named after him on what would have been his 111th birthday, 16 December 2009.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Little Bit of Independent", "Time Magazine", 24 January 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Consultant's Paradise Lost", "Time Magazine", 8 September 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad News for the Bay Street Boys", "Time Magazine", 20 January 1967.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: br

description: Prime Minister of the Bahamas

wikidata_label: Roland Theodore Symonette

wikipedia_title: Roland Theodore Symonette


text:
Arab
military
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muhammad
Sahaba
Islam
AH
Egypt
Fustat
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
Banu Sahm
Quraysh
Mecca
Al-'As ibn Wa'il
Hisham ibn al-A'as
Hilf al-Fudul
caravans
Asia
Middle East
Negus
Abyssinia
Khalid ibn al-Walid
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
Abyssinia
Aṣḥama ibn Abjar
Armah
migration of Muhammad
Medina
Muslim
battle of Uhud
Abdullah
Umm Kulthum bint Uqba
Khalid ibn al-Walid
Mecca
Abu Bakr
Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah
Dhat as-Salasil
Oman
conversion
hadith
Caliph
Palestine
Ajnadayn
Yarmouk
siege
Damascus
Byzantine
Syria
Sinai Peninsula
Pelusium
Bilbeis
Babylon Fortress
Coptic Cairo
Heliopolis
Battle of Heliopolis
Alexandria
Memphis
Battle of Nikiou
Nile Delta
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
Old Cairo
'Abd Allah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As
Fustat
Mu'awiyah's
First Fitna
Mu'awiyah
battle of Siffin
Ali
Sunnah
List of rulers of Egypt
Sunni view of the Sahaba
List of expeditions of Muhammad

categories: 7th-century Arabs,Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,Rashidun governors of Egypt,592 births,Converts to Islam,Male Sahabah,First Fitna,7th-century Egyptian people,Quraysh,Muslim conquest of Egypt,664 deaths,Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate,Umayyad governors of Egypt,Arab generals,Arab Muslims,7th-century heads of government

paragraph: Amr ibn al-As

paragraph: 'Amr ibn al-'As (; 6 January 664) was an Arab military commander who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 640. He was a contemporary of Muhammad and one of the Sahaba ("Companions") who rose quickly through the Muslim hierarchy following his conversion to Islam in the year 8 AH (629). He founded the Egyptian capital of Fustat and built the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As at its center.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: ʻAmr belonged to the Banu Sahm clan of the Quraysh. 'Amr ibn al-'As was born in the city of Mecca in Arabia and died in Egypt. Assuming he was over eighty years old when he died, he was born before 592. Al-'As ibn Wa'il (Arabic: العاص بن وائل) was the father of 'Amr ibn al-'As and Hisham ibn al-A'as. He was a part of Hilf al-Fudul.

paragraph: Before his military career, ʻAmr was a trader, who had accompanied caravans along the commercial trading routes through Asia and the Middle East, including Egypt. He was a shrewd, highly intelligent man who belonged to the nobility of the Quraysh, and initially fought with the Quraysh against the Muslims in several battles. He was determinedly hostile to Islam, and was in fact Quraysh's envoy to the Negus, the ruler of Abyssinia.

paragraph: On one occasion when going to fight the Muslims, he saw them praying, became highly interested and tried to find out more about Islam. After converting to Islam with Khalid ibn al-Walid, he fought for the Islamic cause and became a great commander. The first mosque to be built in Africa was erected under his patronage and is still known as The Mosque of Amr ibn al-As. He came to Egypt as the commander in chief of the Muslim Arab troops in 650 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Muhammad's era.

paragraph: Like the other Quraysh chiefs, he opposed Islam in the early days.

paragraph: ʻAmr headed the delegation that the Quraysh sent to Abyssinia to prevail upon the ruler, Aṣḥama ibn Abjar (possibly Armah), to turn away the Muslims from his country. The mission failed and the ruler of Abyssinia refused to oblige the Quraysh.

paragraph: After the migration of Muhammad to Medina ʻAmr took part in all the battles that the Quraysh fought against the Muslims.

paragraph: He commanded a Quraysh contingent at the battle of Uhud. He took with him his wife, Rayta bint Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj, who was the mother of his son Abdullah.

paragraph: ʻAmr ibn al-ʻĀs was married to Umm Kulthum bint Uqba but she died only one month after their marriage.

paragraph: In the company of Khalid ibn al-Walid, he rode from Mecca to Medina where both of them converted to Islam in 629-30. Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah served under ʻAmr ibn al-ʻĀs in the campaign of Dhat as-Salasil and had offered their prayers behind him for many weeks. At that time, ʻAmr ibn al-ʻĀs was their chief not only in the army but also as a leader in religious services.

paragraph: ʻAmr was dispatched by Muhammad to Oman and played a key role in the conversion of the leaders of that nation, Jayfar and 'Abbād ibn Al-Juland. He was then made governor of the region until shortly after Muhammad's death.

paragraph: There are some hadith regarding him and his father's will.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under Abu Bakr and Umar.

paragraph: ʻAmr was sent by the Caliph Abu Bakr with the Muslim Arab armies into Palestine following Muhammad's death. It is believed that he played an important role in the Arab conquest of that region, and he is known to have been at the battles of Ajnadayn and Yarmouk as well as the siege of Damascus.

paragraph: Following the success over the Byzantines in Syria, Amr suggested to Umar that he march on Egypt, to which Umar agreed.

paragraph: The actual invasion began towards the end of 639, as Amr crossed the Sinai Peninsula with 3,500-4,000 men. He is reported to have celebrated the feast of pilgrimage in Arish on 10th Dhul Hij A. H 18 or 12 December 640. After taking the small fortified towns of Pelusium (Arabic: Al-Farama) and beating back a Byzantine surprise attack near Bilbeis, Amr headed towards the Babylon Fortress (in the region of modern-day Coptic Cairo). After some skirmishes south of the area, Amr marched north towards Heliopolis, with 12,000 men reinforcements who had arrived on 6 June 640 reaching him from Syria, against the Byzantine forces in Egypt, under general Theodorus. The resulting Muslim victory at the Battle of Heliopolis brought about the fall of much of the country. The Heliopolis battle resolved fairly quickly, though the Babylon Fortress withstood a siege of several months, and the Byzantine capital of Alexandria, which had been the capital of Egypt for much of its 972-year existence, surrendered a few months after that. A peace treaty was signed in late 641, in the ruins of a palace in Memphis. Despite a brief re-conquest by Byzantine forces in 645, after the Muslim victory at the Battle of Nikiou the country remained firmly in Muslim Arab hands. Finding no soldiers, Muslim army made their entry into Nakius and took possession.

paragraph: Needing a new capital, Amr suggested that they set up an administration in the large and well-equipped city of Alexandria, at the western edge of the Nile Delta. However, Caliph Umar refused, saying that he did not want the capital to be separated from him by a body of water. So in 641 Amr founded a new city on the eastern side of the Nile, centered on his own tent which was near the Babylon Fortress. Amr also founded a mosque at the center of his new city—it was the first mosque in Egypt, which also made it the first mosque on the continent of Africa. The Mosque of Amr ibn al-As still exists today in Old Cairo, though it has been extensively rebuilt over the centuries, and nothing remains of the original structure. One corner of the mosque contains the tomb of his son, 'Abd Allah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As.

paragraph: Although some Egyptians did not support the Byzantine forces during the Arab conquest, some villages started to organise against the new invaders. After the Battle of Nikiou on 13 May 641, Arab troops, having defeated the Byzantine forces, destroyed many Egyptian villages on their march to Alexandria as the Delta rebelled against the new invaders. The Egyptian resistance seems to have been village by village without a unified command and therefore failed.

paragraph: After founding Fustat, Amr was then recalled to the capital (which had, by then, moved from Medina to Damascus) where he became Mu'awiyah's close advisor.

paragraph: Muhammad had told Amr "that when you conquer Egypt be kind to its people because they are your protégée kith and kin."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: After his military conquests, Amr was an important player in internal conflicts within the Islamic empire during the First Fitna.He played a role in the rise of Mu'awiyah, who reappointed him governor of Egypt. Amr died in Egypt in 664 during Mu'awiyah's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Amr as Mu'awiyah's arbiter at the Battle of Siffin.

paragraph: Late in Amr's life, he was sent out on a mission from Mu'awiyah's camp to negotiate a deal after the battle of Siffin fought between Mu'awiyah and Ali. A first meeting was agreed upon by both parties, but no conclusion was reached. When Mu'awiyah was close to losing he stirred up political trouble for Ali and pushed him to agree to another meeting. Amr, taking this chance, made a pledge to Mu'awiyah that if he could defeat Ali then he should be appointed governor of Egypt. Mu'awiyah agreed and sent Amr as his representative In the framework of these negotiations both Mu'awiyah and Ali agreed to accept the Qur'an as the base for the final judgment and appoint Abd Allah b. Qays Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as the arbiter for the Ali camp and Amr as the arbiter for the Mu'awiyah camp. If they did not find what they were looking for in the Qur'an, they would use the example or Sunnah of the Prophet, consisting of the recorded actions from his life. Lastly, they decided that both Ali and Mu'awiyah would follow through with whatever verdict came out of the negotiations.

paragraph: The following narration often quoted in History of Islam is reported by a narator called Abu Mukhnaf.(Reference Tarikh Tabri, Part 3, pages 100-125).

paragraph: This led Amr to attempt to buy out Abu Musa, saying that if he sided with Mu’awiyah he would give him governance over any province he wanted. Abu Musa rejected this offer. So Amr advised Mu’awiyah to continue blaming Ali for the death of Uthman. Amr argued that Mu’awiyah had a blood revenge for his tribe – this being the reason for the violence and distrust of Ali. Both arbiters eventually agreed that neither Mu’awiyah nor Ali were worth of the role of caliph. This agreement was made in private between these two alone. As their choice was announced, people came together to hear the verdict. Amr let Abu Musa speak first:

paragraph: “O people, surely the best of men is he who is good to himself and the most wicked is he who is evil towards himself. You know full well that these wars have spared neither the righteous and the God-fearing, nor the one in the right, nor the one in the wrong. I have, therefore, after careful consideration, decided that we should depose both Ali and Mu’awiya and appoint for this affair Abdullah b. Umar b. al-Khattab, for he has neither stretched a hand nor drawn a tongue in a these wars. Behold, I shall remove Ali from caliphate as I now remove my ring from my finger.”

paragraph: Then it was Amr's turn to speak:

paragraph: “Behold, this is Abd Allah b. Qays Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari , the deputy of the people of Yaman to the Messenger and representative of Umar b. al-Khattab and the arbiter of the people of Iraq; he has removed his companion Ali from the caliphate. As for me, I confirm Mu’awiyah in the caliphate as firmly as this ring sits around my finger.”

paragraph: This statement by Amr made Abu Musa upset because he said in secret that he would reject both of them as leader. This led to the fall of Ali's power and the rise of Mu’awiyah as the leader of the Muslim empire, which would change the course of the Empire. Because of Amr's support of Mu’awiyah, he was made the governor of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Egypt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of expeditions of Muhammad

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (10) Glubb J.B. The Great Arab Conquests. Quartet Books, London 1963

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Butler, Alfred J. "The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty years of Roman Dominion" Oxford, 1978.

alias:
Amr Ibn El As
Amr Ebn El As
Amr Ibn El Aas
Amr Ebn El Aas

description: Arab military commander

wikidata_label: 'Amr ibn al-'As

wikipedia_title: Amr ibn al-As


text: Los Angeles Times

text: Harry Chandler

text: Norman Chandler

text: Los Angeles, California

text: Hollywood Forever Cemetery

text: Hollywood, California

text: Norman Chandler

text: Reseda, California

categories: History of Los Angeles,1952 deaths,Los Angeles Times people,1866 births,Otis family

paragraph: Marian Otis Chandler

paragraph: Marian Otis Chandler (July 1, 1866 – August 9, 1952) was the secretary and a director of the Times-Mirror Company, which published the "Los Angeles Times."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1894, Marian married Harry Chandler, who later became publisher of the "Los Angeles Times." Marian and Harry raised eight children together, Francesca (born April 7, 1890) and Alice May (July 24, 1892), from Harry's first marriage, and six of their own: Constance (born March 19, 1896), Ruth (October 15, 1897), Norman (September 14, 1899), Harrison Gray Otis (February 12, 1904) and the twins, Helen and Philip (born February 17, 1907). Norman Chandler (1899–1973), became publisher of the "Times" after his father's death.

paragraph: After the death of her husband in 1944, Mrs. Chandler resigned as secretary; a month later she was elected chairman of the Times-Mirror board. She also was vice president of the Chandis Securities Company and vice-president of the Southwest Land Company and the Southwest Company. She was known for her numerous philanthropies.

paragraph: She died on August 9, 1952 at her home in Los Angeles, California. She was buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. She left seven children — Mrs. Roger Goodan (Alice May), Mrs. Earle E. Crowe (Constance), Mrs. John J. Garland (Helen), Mrs. James G. Boswell (Ruth), Norman Chandler. Philip Chandler and Harrison Chandler, as well as a sister, Mabel Otis Booth.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The community of Reseda, California, was originally named Marian, after Mrs. Chandler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A freighter ship built in 1917 (originally named War Flame but known as Empire Leopard when torpedoed and sunk November 2, 1942, by the German submarine U-402) was bought in 1929 by the Los Angeles Steamship Company and renamed Marian Otis Chandler, holding that name until it was sold again in 1939.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mrs. Chandler's page at "findagrave.com"

description: American journalist

wikidata_label: Marian Otis Chandler

wikipedia_title: Marian Otis Chandler


text:
kings of Gwent
Matter of Britain
Round Table
Middle Ages
Welsh
genealogies
hagiographies
Tatheus
British
Caratacus
Latin
Cerdic of Wessex
Llŷr
Mabinogion
Breton
Caerwent
Venta Silurum
Silures
Welsh Triads
Arthur
Celliwig
knight
Round Table
Uther Pendragon
Chrétien de Troyes
Perceval, the Story of the Grail
Celt
Celt
Old Irish
Fled Bricrenn
Bricriu
Middle English
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Cador
drinking horn
First Continuation
Reynard
Welsh Triads
mantle
Bishop Thomas Percy
Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force
Bro Gwened
Rachel Bromwich

categories: 5th-century Welsh monarchs,Monarchs of Gwent,Arthurian characters,6th-century Welsh monarchs,Knights of the Round Table

paragraph: Caradoc

paragraph: Caradoc Vreichvras (; Modern ,  "Caradoc Strongarm") was a semi-legendary ancestor to the kings of Gwent. He may have lived during the 5th or 6th century. He is remembered in the Matter of Britain as a Knight of the Round Table, under the names King Carados and Carados Briefbras (French for "Carados Shortarm").

paragraph: Section::::Identification and historicity.

paragraph: Though the name "Caradoc" and its various forms were by no means uncommon during the Middle Ages, it is probable some of the Caradocs referred to in Welsh genealogies and hagiographies such the "Life of St. Tatheus" are the same person. Due to the name's prevalence considerable confusion exists about Caradoc's identity, both historical and literary. He may have become confused with the British hero Caratacus (the Latin form of Caradoc), Cerdic of Wessex and any number of British history's later Caradocs. His parentage varies from text to text; he is called the son of Llŷr Marini (possibly implying Llŷr) several times in the "Mabinogion", and a probably-Breton legend found in the first "Perceval" continuation has a certain Caradoc the Elder as the father, furthering the obfuscation.

paragraph: Some archaeologists interpret Caradog Freichfras as a plausible historical figure, also known as Caradoc ap Ynyr, who was the ruler of Gwent around the 6th century, and was based at Caerwent, the earlier Roman town of "Venta Silurum". They interpret his name as a remembrance of the earlier hero Caratacus, implying a continuity of tradition from the pre-Roman culture of the Silures who occupied the same area in what is now south-east Wales, and which is also suggested by other material.

paragraph: Section::::Welsh Triads.

paragraph: Caradoc appears in the Welsh Triads, where he is described as Arthur's chief elder at Celliwig in Cornwall and one of the three knights of the island of Britain; his horse is named as Lluagor ("Host-Splitter"). His wife, (teg: "pretty"; eurfron: "golden-breast") is also celebrated in the Welsh Triads as one of the Three Splendid Maidens at Arthur's court, and the couple's great love is called one of the Three Surpassing Bonds of Love in Ynys Prydain. This tradition is possibly dealt with in a 12th. century French romance (see below).

paragraph: Section::::French romance.

paragraph: In Arthurian legend, Caradoc is said to have been a knight of the Round Table during Uther Pendragon's time, but he joined other kings in rebellion when Arthur took the throne. He was eventually reconciled with the young king and became one of his most trusted allies. Caradoc appears frequently in Arthurian literature, and even starred in his own romance, the "Life of Caradoc", included in the First Continuation of Chrétien de Troyes's "Perceval, the Story of the Grail". The story, probably based on Celtic tradition, seems created to explain how Caradoc got his nickname of 'Short Arm'. Caradoc the Elder marries the beautiful Ysave, but she is soon seduced by an enchanter named Eliavres. Eliavres casts a spell over Caradoc to make him mistake various farm animals for his wife, while the wizard is busy fathering a son. Caradoc the Elder names the son after himself, and the boy grows up to be a worthy young squire. Caradoc the Younger goes off to King Arthur's court and is made a Knight of the Round Table like his father.

paragraph: Before long, Eliavres enters the hall and asks for a beheading test (a Celtic motif first appearing in the Old Irish text Fled Bricrenn ("Bricriu's Feast") and subsequently in a number of Arthurian texts, of which the best-known is the Middle English "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"). Eliavres asks for a knight to lop off his head, the only catch being that if he survives, he may take the knight's head in return. Caradoc takes up the challenge, and dutifully offers his own neck when the sorcerer magically replaces his head. Eliavres declines to kill young Caradoc, but reveals that he is his natural father. Caradoc the Younger is understandably chagrined at the news. He embarks on a number of knightly adventures, whereupon he meets his best friend Sir Cador, travelling with his sister Guinier. Back in his kingdom, he reveals his father's cuckoldry, and Caradoc the Elder and Younger exact humiliating vengeance upon Eliavres, involving various farm animals. The offender is locked away from his mistress Ysave.

paragraph: All goes well until the wizard attempts to escape. When Caradoc the Younger tries to stop him, Eliavres summons a serpent that entwines itself around Caradoc's arm, crippling it and draining his life energy away. Cador and Guinier travel throughout the country trying to find how to remove the snake, and finally return with the solution. Caradoc will sit in a tub of vinegar while Guinier sits in a vat of milk with her supple breasts exposed. The serpent loaths the vinegar and leaps towards Guinier, but Cador kills it with his sword. Unfortunately he slices off Guinier's nipple in the process (it is later replaced with a magical gold one). Though Caradoc is freed from the snake, his arm is permanently damaged, leaving him with his nickname, "Caradoc Short Arm". Guinier and Caradoc are married, and after a fidelity test involving a drinking horn, they live happily ever after.

paragraph: The tale exists in all three redactions of the First Continuation and is embedded, in abridged form, in one of the Reynard romances. Though it does not appear before the last decade of the 13th century, it is most likely based on a Welsh version, allusions to which can be found in the Welsh Triads. The Triads note Caradoc's wife Tegau for her love and fidelity, and her sobriquet Eurfron (Gold-Breast) would suit Guiner from the "Life of Caradoc". Additionally, there is mention of Tegau's fidelity-testing mantle; the mantle is a common substitute for the drinking horn in chastity test stories.

paragraph: Several versions of the Mantle of Chastity test involving Caradoc's wife were translated into Norse during the reign of King Hakon Hakonarson, and a version of the chastity test from "The Book of Caradoc" in the "First Continuation of the Old French Perceval" is found in the Norse "Mottuls Saga". The story survives in the traditional English folk ballad "The Boy and the Mantle", collected by Bishop Thomas Percy in "Percy's Reliques". The chastity test involving the drinking horn was narrated in the "Lai du Cor" (1160) by the jongleur Robert Biket, who said that Cirencester was awarded to Caradoc for winning the drinking horn through the fidelity of his wife, and that the horn was on display there.

paragraph: Other, unrelated characters named Caradoc or Carados appear in the French Arthurian prose romances and some later works inspired by them.

paragraph: Section::::1696 rewriting.

paragraph: In 1698, Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force rewrote the tale under the title "L'Enchanteur" (The Enchanter). The story was essentially the same, despite a few changes, including the renaming of several characters: Caradoc the Younger, Cador, Guinier and Ysave became Carados, Candor, Adelis and Isène.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bro Gwened

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ross Gilbert Arthur, "Three Arthurian Romances: Poems from Medieval France: Caradoc, the Knight With the Sword, the Perilous Graveyard". Everyman's Library, 1996, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rachel Bromwich, editor and translator. "Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads". Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978.

description: 5th or 6th c saint and king of Britain and Brittany

wikidata_label: Caradoc

wikipedia_title: Caradoc


text:
King Idris Al Senussi
House of Shennib
Derna
Flag of Libya
Libyan Civil War
Adrian Pelt
King Idris Al Senussi
first Libyan Constitution

categories: 1953 deaths,Libyan diplomats,People from Derna,Government ministers of Libya,Defence ministers of Libya,1883 births

paragraph: Omar Faiek Shennib

paragraph: Sir Omar Faiek Shennib (Omar Fayek Shennib, Omar Shannib, Omar Shannaib) () was Libyan Minister of Defence, Chief of the Royal Diwan, Vice President of the Libyan National Assembly under the reign of King Idris Al Senussi. Omar Faiek Shennib was the patriarch of the House of Shennib, one of Libya's most prominent noble families. The family has included notable public figures: heads of state, ministers, authors and diplomats. Omar Faiek Shennib Avenue in Derna was named after Shennib posthumously.

paragraph: Section::::1941 Cyrenaican Delegation to the UN.

paragraph: Sir Shennib served as President of the Cyrenaican delegation to the United Nations in the post-war period and was instrumental in the creation of a unified Libyan state in the years immediately following World War II following the withdrawal of Axis forces from the North African coast. Together with Idris, Shennib was part of the 1941 delegation to the UN which put forth the case for the unification of the three traditional free standing regions, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan into the single nation state of Libya. Following independence on 24 December 1951, he was appointed Chief of the Royal Diwans

paragraph: Section::::Libyan Independence and Flag of Libya.

paragraph: Omar Faiek Shennib is credited for the design of the independence Flag of Libya: this flag represented Libya from its independence until 1951 to 1969, and which was re-adopted by the rebel movement during the 2011 Libyan Civil War. According to the memoirs of Adrian Pelt, UN commissioner for Libya (1949 to 1951), “during deliberations of the Libyan National Constitutional Convention, a paper drawing of a proposed national flag was presented to the convention by Omar Faiek Shennib (distinguished member of the delegation from Cyrenaica). The design was composed of three colors; red, black and green, with a white Crescent and Star centered in the middle black stripe. Mr. Shennib informed the delegates that this design had met the approval of His Highness Emir of Cyrenaica, King Idris Al Senussi (later to become King of Libya). The assembly subsequently approved that design.”.

paragraph: Section::::Vice Presidency of the Libyan National Assembly.

paragraph: Shennib served as Vice President of the Libyan National Assembly until his death in 1953, and was a signatory to the first Libyan Constitution (later amended in 1961)

description: Libyan Minister of Defence and Vice President of the Libyan National Assembly

wikidata_label: Omar Faiek Shennib

wikipedia_title: Omar Faiek Shennib


text: Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rican

text: cardinal

text: Catholic Church

text: conclave

text: John Paul I

text: John Paul II

text: Lajas, Puerto Rico

text: parish church

text: San Juan

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: Boston College

text: Florida

text: priest

text: Diocese of Ponce

text: San German, Puerto Rico

text: James Edward McManus

text: CSsR

text: pastor

text: chaplain

text: Puerto Rico National Guard

text: chancellor

text: Juan Alejo de Arizmendi

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Pope John XXIII

text: titular bishop

text: Asia Minor

text: Turkey

text: coadjutor bishop

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Catholic University of Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference

text: Latin American Episcopal Conference

text: Pope John Paul II

text: San Juan

text: Papal Conclave of 2005

text: Catholic News Service

text: Luis Fortuno

text: Lajas

text: San German

text: Ponce

text: Santurce

text: Mass of the Resurrection

text: Cathedral of San Juan Bautista

text: Carlos Amigo Vallejo

text: Seville, Spain

text: nuncio

text: apostolic delegate

text: concelebrating

text: College of Cardinals

text: papal conclave

text: List of famous Puerto Ricans

categories: 1922 births,Puerto Rican cardinals,2012 deaths,People from Lajas, Puerto Rico,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Puerto Rican Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Puerto Rican non-fiction writers

paragraph: Luis Aponte Martínez

paragraph: Luis Aponte Martínez (August 4, 1922 – April 10, 2012) was Archbishop of San Juan in Puerto Rico. To date he is the only Puerto Rican to have been elevated to a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of San Juan for 34 years. He was a Cardinal Elector in the two conclaves of 1978 responsible for the elections of Popes John Paul I and John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Cardinal Aponte Martínez was born in the town of Lajas, Puerto Rico, the son of Santiago Evangelista Aponte and Rosa María Martínez.

paragraph: Aponte came from a large family, the eighth of 18 children. He served as an altar boy for many years in his town of Lajas. parish church.

paragraph: Aponte studied in the Seminary of San Ildefonso in San Juan; from there he went to Boston, Massachusetts, where he studied in the Seminary of Saint John. He also attended Boston College and earned his Doctorate from the Seminary of Saint Leo of Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood and episcopacy.

paragraph: Aponte was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Ponce in San German, Puerto Rico, on April 10, 1950, by James Edward McManus CSsR, the Bishop of Ponce. Between 1950 and 1955, he served as a pastor in various towns in the diocese. In 1955 he served as secretary to the bishop, as well as superintendent of Catholic schools for the diocese. In 1957, he once again served as a pastor and also served as chaplain for the Puerto Rico National Guard, until his appointment in 1957 as chancellor of the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in Ponce.

paragraph: On October 12, 1960, Aponte Martinez became only the second native-born Puerto Rican in nearly 150 years (after Juan Alejo de Arizmendi) to be consecrated as a bishop, being appointed auxiliary bishop in the Diocese of Ponce by Pope John XXIII, assigned as the titular bishop of Lares in Asia Minor (Turkey). On April 16, 1963, Aponte Martinez was appointed coadjutor bishop of Ponce by Pope John, to which office he succeeded on November 18, 1963, and was installed on the following February 22. On November 4, 1964, he was appointed by Pope Paul VI as the Archbishop of San Juan.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinal.

paragraph: On March 5, 1973, Pope Paul VI made Archbishop Aponte Martínez the Cardinal-Priest of "Santa Maria della Provvidenza a Monteverde". He held the position of president of the board of directors of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico. He was president of the Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference and also of the Latin American Episcopal Conference (CELAM).

paragraph: In 1984, Aponte helped coordinate and was among the many dignitaries who greeted Pope John Paul II, upon his visit to Puerto Rico.

paragraph: Cardinal Aponte was actively involved in some of the church's major acquisitions in Puerto Rico. Among these were a television and radio station and a weekly publication called "El Visitante" ("The Visitor"). This served to spread the church's point of view all over the island.

paragraph: Cardinal Aponte retired as Archbishop of San Juan in May 1999, after almost 30 years as archbishop. He participated in the preparation for the Papal Conclave of 2005, but was unable to vote, since he was 82 at the time of the conclave, past the canonical age of 80 for electors.

paragraph: In 2006, he published his memoirs, "Unde hoc mihi".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: According to a brief online news release posted on Tuesday, April 10, 2012, by Catholic News Service (CNS), the Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus,: "died April 10 at the Hospital Español e Auxilio Mutuo in San Juan after a long illness. He was 89. ... Puerto Rican Governor Luis Fortuno declared five days of official mourning for the cardinal, who died on the 62nd anniversary of his priestly ordination.

paragraph: The cardinal's body was taken to churches in Lajas, San German, Ponce and Santurce, to allow local Catholics to pay their respects, and a Mass of the Resurrection took place on April 16 in the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in Old San Juan. Cardinal Carlos Amigo Vallejo, retired archbishop of Seville, Spain, presided, with the Puerto Rican bishops and Archbishop Josef Wesolowski, papal nuncio to the Dominican Republic and apostolic delegate to Puerto Rico, concelebrating.

paragraph: At the time of Aponte's death, the College of Cardinals was left with 210 members, 123 of whom were under the age of 80 (the current maximum age to vote in a papal conclave).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of famous Puerto Ricans

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Holy Roman Cardinals website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cardenal Luis Aponte Martínez y Santa Isabel." Santa Isabel PR. 20 March 2008. Accessed 19 July 2019.

description: Puerto Rican Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Luis Aponte Martínez

wikipedia_title: Luis Aponte Martínez


text: General

text: British Army

text: Seven Years' War

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: Commander-in-Chief of the Forces

text: Royal Military Academy, Woolwich

text: William Roy

text: lieutenant-fireworker

text: Royal Artillery

text: 56th Foot

text: lieutenant

text: Seven Years' War

text: St. Malo

text: Cherbourg

text: Battle of Saint Cast

text: captain

text: 15th Dragoons

text: Battle of Warburg

text: Battle of Kloster Kampen

text: Battle of Villinghausen

text: Havana

text: major

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Quartermaster-General

text: Ireland

text: colonel

text: British Army

text: light infantry

text: Lord Cornwallis

text: Willam Howe

text: American War of Independence

text: Frederick the Great

text: line infantry

text: major-general

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: siege of Toulon

text: O’Hara

text: Lord Mulgrave

text: Lord Hood

text: Mount Faron

text: Corsica

text: Mortella Tower

text: Port of San Fiorenzo

text: Bastia

text: Anglo-Corsican Kingdom

text: Admiral Lord Nelson

text: Flanders Campaign

text: Duke of York

text: Tourcoing

text: Antwerp

text: Harcourt

text: Tuil

text: Geldermalsen

text: Bremen

text: lieutenant general

text: 7th Light Dragoons

text: Quartermaster-General to the Forces

text: lieutenant-general

text: Helder Campaign

text: Bergen

text: Alkmaar

text: Castricum

text: Governor of Landguard Fort

text: 2nd Dragoons

text: general

text: Knight of the Order of the Bath

text: Northern District

text: Tyneside

text: Le Marchant

text: calumny

text: Whitelocke

text: Buenos Aires expedition

text: Convention of Cintra

text: 95th Foot

text: Commander-in-Chief of the Forces

text: Duke of York

text: Mary Anne Clarke

text: Privy councillor

text: 1st Dragoon Guards

text: Royal Hospital Chelsea

text: Oliver De Lancey

text: William Fawcett

categories: 1735 births,1st King's Dragoon Guards officers,1820 deaths,Rifle Brigade officers,British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,British Army generals,Cheshire Regiment officers,Royal Artillery officers,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,7th Queen's Own Hussars officers,British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War

paragraph: David Dundas (British Army officer)

paragraph: General Sir David Dundas (1735 – 18 February 1820) was a British Army officer who fought in the Seven Years' War and French Revolutionary Wars, wrote important texts on the "Principles of Military Movements" and then served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces from 1809 to 1811.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Born the son of Robert Dundas, a Scottish merchant, and Margaret Dundas (née Watson), Dundas was enrolled at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Whilst still a cadet at the Academy he spent some time with his uncle, Colonel David Watson, the Director of the Military Survey of the Highlands, where he was grounded in the arts of surveying under the tutelage of William Roy. He graduated as a lieutenant-fireworker in the Royal Artillery on 1 March 1755. He exchanged to the 56th Foot as a lieutenant on 24 January 1756, serving with this regiment during the Seven Years' War taking part in combined operations against the French ports of St. Malo and Cherbourg and fighting at the Battle of Saint Cast in September 1758. Promoted to captain on 21 March 1759, he transferred to the 15th Dragoons and fought at the Battle of Warburg in July 1760, the Battle of Kloster Kampen in October 1760 and the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761. Dundas was also present at the fall of Havana in August 1762. He was promoted to major on 28 May 1770 and lieutenant colonel on 12 December 1775. On 31 December 1777 he was appointed Quartermaster-General in Ireland, in which post he was promoted to brevet colonel on 12 February 1782.

paragraph: Section::::Army improvements.

paragraph: On 31 August 1783 Dundas left regimental service and became an advocate of officer training in the British Army writing many manuals on the subject, the first being "Principles of Military Movements" published in 1788. He chose to play down the light infantry tactics that generals such as Lord Cornwallis or Willam Howe favoured during the American War of Independence. Instead Dundas, after witnessing Prussian army manoeuvres in Silesia in 1784, favoured the army model that Frederick the Great had created. Its use of drilled battalions of line infantry marching in formation was a stark contrast to the light brigades that fought in small independent groups and with cover during the American War of Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: On 23 June 1789 he became Adjutant-General in Ireland where he was able deploy his ideas for military training. He was promoted to major-general on 1 May 1790 and, as Britain became involved in the French Revolutionary Wars, he was appointed second in command at the siege of Toulon under O’Hara and Lord Mulgrave from September 1793, where he commanded an abortive attack on the Arenes Heights on 30 November 1793. Dundas became commanding officer under Lord Hood after O’Hara’s capture in this action. He lost Fort Mulgrave and Mount Faron after a 3-day bombardment on 17 December 1793. Dundas commanded the initial expedition to Corsica in 1794, landing 7 February 1794 and capturing the Mortella Tower. Next, he captured the Port of San Fiorenzo and Bastia, an important first step ultimately leading to the capture of the island and establishment of a short-lived Anglo-Corsican Kingdom by forces under Hood and Admiral Lord Nelson.

paragraph: Hood forced Dundas to resign on 10 March 1794; Dundas transferred to serve in the Flanders Campaign under the Duke of York. Appointed commander of the 2nd Cavalry brigade after the death of John Mansel at Beaumont on 26 April 1794, he distinguished himself at Willems on 10 May, and was attached to Otto's column at Tourcoing later that month. Dundas replaced Sir Robert Laurie at the head of his brigade during the retreat to Antwerp. In December, while commanding the British Right under Harcourt, he led the attack at Tuil on 30 December and directed the rearguard action at Geldermalsen on 5 January 1795. He was made commander of the British forces (mainly cavalry) left behind at Bremen in April 1795 and given the local rank of brevet lieutenant general while remaining in Europe on 2 May 1795.

paragraph: On 26 December 1795 Dundas became Colonel of the 7th Light Dragoons and on 8 November 1796 he became Quartermaster-General to the Forces in which role he implemented the army's official drill book for Cavalry officers. He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 4 February 1797.

paragraph: Dundas commanded the 3rd Division under the Duke of York in the Helder Campaign 1799, seeing action at Den Helder on 27 August, Zype on 10 September, Bergen on 19 September, Alkmaar on 2 October and Castricum on 6 October. On 15 February 1800 he was given the honorary appointment of Governor of Landguard Fort.

paragraph: He was made Colonel of 2nd Dragoons on 9 May 1801, promoted to general on 24 April 1802 and made commander in Kent and Sussex from 1803. Dundas was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath on 28 April 1803 and went into semi-retirement in 1805. He became General Officer Commanding Northern District in 1807 and, in that capacity, he was involved in suppressing a keelmen's strike on Tyneside. He chaired the hearing against Le Marchant on charges of calumny from 23 January 1807, was a member of the Court Martial that tried Whitelocke for the failure of the Buenos Aires expedition on 28 January 1808 and was a member of the Board of Enquiry of the Convention of Cintra in 1808. He was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the 95th Foot on 31 August 1809.

paragraph: Dundas was Commander-in-Chief of the Forces from 1809 to 1811, during the Duke of York’s period of disgrace following a scandal caused by the activities of his latest mistress, Mary Anne Clarke. Dundas was also a Privy councillor from 22 March 1809 and Colonel of the 1st Dragoon Guards from 27 January 1813.

paragraph: Dundas was Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 3 April 1804 until his death. Advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815, he died at the Royal Hospital Chelsea on 18 February 1820 and is buried in the grounds.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: In the army Dundas was nicknamed "Old Pivot" for his Prussian-style drill books. Burne describes him as "A level-headed officer", but "cautious", while Bunbury writes "He...was an aged man...a brave, careful, and well-skilled soldier...Dundas was a tall, spare man, crabbed and austere, dry in his looks and demeanour...there were peculiarities in his habits and style which excited some ridicule amongst young officers. But though it appeared a little out of fashion, there was 'much care and valour in that Scotchman'". Thoumine writes that "Dundas was perhaps not as graceful nor as polished as some of his contemporaries, but he was as sound as oak and utterly reliable".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1807 he married Charlotte De Lancey, daughter of General Oliver De Lancey; they had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Principles of Military Movements chiefly applicable to Infantry", 1788. Commonly known as "Dundas's drill-book".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rules and regulations for the formations, field-exercise, and movements, of His Majesty's forces", 1792. The original drill-book ordered by the Adjutant General, William Fawcett.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Instructions and Regulations for the Formations and Movements of the Cavalry", 1796. A version aimed at cavalry officers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

alias:
General Sir David Dundas
Sir David Dundas

description: British army officer and military writer

wikidata_label: David Dundas

wikipedia_title: David Dundas (British Army officer)


text: Philadelphia

text: New York City

text: American

text: chess

text: chess composer

text: puzzle

text: recreational mathematician

text: chess composer

text: chess problem

text: chessmetrics

text: Paris 1867 chess tournament

text: Ignatz von Kolisch

text: US Chess Hall of Fame

text: Martin Gardner

text: Mathematical Games column

text: The Strand

text: snake oil

text: Henry Dudeney

text: 15 puzzle

text: p. 235

text: Tangram

text: Hoax

text: chess problem

text: Excelsior

text: the poem

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: checkmate

text: Charles XII of Sweden

text: Turks at Bender

text: bias

text: Martin Gardner

text: Andrew Soltis

text: Sam Loyd Company Site

text: Biography

text: University of St Andrews

text: Chessmetrics entry for Loyd

text: The Sam Loyd Cyclopedia of Puzzles

text: "The Eighth Book of Tan"

text: Index of Math Puzzles

text: Don Knuth

categories: American male non-fiction writers,American chess players,Mathematics popularizers,American chess writers,Puzzle designers,American people of Welsh descent,Writers from Philadelphia,Recreational mathematicians,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,1841 births,1911 deaths,Chess composers

paragraph: Sam Loyd

paragraph: Samuel Loyd (January 30, 1841 – April 10, 1911), born in Philadelphia and raised in New York City, was an American chess player, chess composer, puzzle author, and recreational mathematician.

paragraph: As a chess composer, he authored a number of chess problems, often with interesting themes. At his peak, Loyd was one of the best chess players in the US, and was ranked 15th in the world, according to chessmetrics.com.

paragraph: He played in the strong Paris 1867 chess tournament (won by Ignatz von Kolisch) with little success, placing near the bottom of the field.

paragraph: Following his death, his book "Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles" was published (1914) by his son. His son, named after his father, dropped the "Jr" from his name and started publishing reprints of his father's puzzles.

paragraph: Loyd (senior) was inducted into the US Chess Hall of Fame in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Loyd is widely acknowledged as one of America's great puzzle-writers and popularizers, often mentioned as "the" greatest. Martin Gardner featured Loyd in his August 1957 Mathematical Games column in Scientific American and called him "America's greatest puzzler". In 1898 "The Strand" dubbed him "the prince of puzzlers". As a chess problemist, his composing style is distinguished by wit and humour.

paragraph: However, he is also known for lies and self-promotion, and criticized on these grounds—Martin Gardner's assessment continues "but also obviously a hustler". Canadian puzzler Mel Stover called Loyd "an old reprobate", and Matthew Costello called him "puzzledom's greatest celebrity ... popularizer, genius", but also a "huckster" and "fast-talking snake oil salesman".

paragraph: He collaborated with puzzler Henry Dudeney for a while, but Dudeney broke off the correspondence and accused Loyd of stealing his puzzles and publishing them under his own name. Dudeney despised Loyd so intensely he equated him with the Devil.

paragraph: Loyd claimed from 1891 until his death in 1911 that he invented the 15 puzzle, for example writing in the "Cyclopedia of Puzzles" (published 1914), p. 235: "The older inhabitants of Puzzleland will remember how in the early seventies I drove the entire world crazy over a little box of movable pieces which became known as the '14–15 Puzzle'." This is false as Loyd had nothing to do with the invention or popularity of the puzzle, and the craze was in the early 1880s, not the early 1870s. The craze had ended by July 1880 and Loyd's first article on the subject was not published until 1896. Loyd first claimed in 1891 that he had invented the puzzle, and continued to do so until his death. The actual inventor was Noyes Chapman, who applied for a patent in March 1880.

paragraph: An enthusiast of Tangram puzzles, Loyd popularised them with "The Eighth Book Of Tan", a book of seven hundred unique Tangram designs and a fanciful history of the origin of the Tangram, claiming that the puzzle was invented 4,000 years ago by a god named Tan. This was presented as true and has been described as "Sam Loyd's Most Successful Hoax".

paragraph: Section::::Chess problems.

paragraph: Section::::Chess problems.:Excelsior problem.

paragraph: One of his best known chess problems is the following, called "Excelsior" by Loyd after the poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. White is to move and checkmate black in five moves against any defense:

paragraph: Loyd bet a friend that he could not pick a piece that "didn't" give mate in the main line, and when it was published in 1861 it was with the stipulation that white mates with "the least likely piece or pawn".

paragraph: Section::::Chess problems.:Steinitz Gambit problem.

paragraph: One of the most famous chess problems by Loyd. He wrote on this problem: "The originality of the problem is due to the White King being placed in absolute safety, and yet coming out on a reckless career, with no immediate threat and in the face of innumerable checks".

paragraph: Section::::Chess problems.:Charles XII problem.

paragraph: This problem was originally published in 1859. The story involves an incident during the siege of Charles XII of Sweden by the Turks at Bender in 1713. "Charles beguiled this period by means of drills and chess, and used frequently to play with his minister, Christian Albert Grosthusen, some of the contests being mentioned by Voltaire. One day while so engaged, the game had advanced to this stage, and Charles (White) had just announced mate in three."

paragraph: "Scarcely had he uttered the words, when a Turkish bullet, shattering the window, dashed the White knight off of the board in fragments. Grothusen started violently, but Charles, with utmost coolness, begged him to put back the other knight and work out the mate, observing that it was pretty enough. But another glance at the board made Charles smile. We do not need the knight. I can give it to you and still mate in four!"

paragraph: Who would believe it, he had scarcely spoken when another bullet flew across the room, and the pawn at h2 shared the fate of the knight. Grothusen turned pale. "You have our good friends the Turks with you," said the king unconcerned, "it can scarcely be expected that I should contend against such odds; but let me see if I can dispense with that unlucky pawn. I have it!" he shouted with a tremendous laugh, "I have great pleasure in informing you that there is undoubtedly a mate in 5."

paragraph: In 1900, Friedrich Amelung pointed out that in the original position, if the first bullet had struck the rook instead of the knight, Charles would still have a mate in six.

paragraph: In 2003, ChessBase posted a fifth variation, attributed to Brian Stewart. After the first bullet took out the knight, if the second had removed the g-pawn rather than the h-pawn, Charles would be able to mate in ten.

paragraph: Section::::Puzzles.

paragraph: Section::::Puzzles.:Trick Donkeys problem.

paragraph: One of Loyd's notable puzzles was the "Trick Donkeys". It was based on a similar puzzle involving dogs published in 1857. In the problem, the solver must cut the drawing along the dotted lines and rearrange the three pieces so that the riders appear to be riding the donkeys.

paragraph: Section::::Puzzles.:Back from the Klondike.

paragraph: This is one of Sam Loyd's most famous puzzles, first printed in the "New York Journal and Advertiser", April 24, 1898 (as far as available evidence indicates). Loyd's original instructions were to: Start from that heart in the center and go three steps in a straight line in any one of the eight directions, north, south, east or west, or on the bias, as the ladies say, northeast, northwest, southeast or southwest. When you have gone three steps in a straight line, you will reach a square with a number on it, which indicates the second day's journey, as many steps as it tells, in a straight line in any of the eight directions. From this new point when reached, march on again according to the number indicated, and continue on, following the requirements of the numbers reached, until you come upon a square with a number which will carry you just one step beyond the border, when you are supposed to be out of the woods and can holler all you want, as you will have solved the puzzle.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sam Loyd's Book of Tangram Puzzles" (): by Sam Loyd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd" (): selected and edited by Martin Gardner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd" (): selected and edited by Martin Gardner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Puzzle King: Sam Loyd's Chess Problems and Selected Mathematical Puzzles" (): edited by Sid Pickard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 15 Puzzle" (): by Jerry Slocum and Dic Sonneveld

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sam Loyd's Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles, Tricks and Conundrums with Answers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sam Loyd and his Chess Problems" by Alain C. White

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 8th Book of Tan" by Sam Loyd

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sam Loyd: His Story and Best Problems", by Andrew Soltis, Chess Digest, 1995,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sam Loyd Company Site – includes biography and his puzzles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the School of Mathematics and Statistics website at the University of St Andrews

paragraph: Chess

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chessmetrics entry for Loyd

paragraph: Interactive puzzle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farmer and Wife to Catch Rooster and Hen – interactive Sam Loyd's puzzle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solve Loyd's 16 squares puzzle interactively

paragraph: Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sam Loyd Cyclopedia of Puzzles – The complete 1914 book by Sam Loyd (public domain) scanned

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eighth Book of Tan" by Sam Loyd, (1903).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Index of Math Puzzles, by Don Knuth

alias:
Samuel Loyd
Samuel Loyd、Sam Loyd

wikidata_label: Sam Loyd

wikipedia_title: Sam Loyd


text: Möhrenbach

text: East German

text: luge

text: bobsleigh

text: Reinhard Bredow

text: Italians

text: Paul Hildgartner

text: Walter Plaikner

text: 1972 Winter Olympics

text: Sapporo

text: FIL World Luge Championships

text: FIL European Luge Championships

text: SportQuick.com information on Hörnlein

categories: People from Ilm-Kreis,German male lugers,East German sports coaches,Olympic medalists in luge,Recipients of the Banner of Labor,Free German Youth members,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,Sportspeople from Thuringia,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold,Lugers at the 1968 Winter Olympics,1945 births,Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics,Lugers at the 1972 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Horst Hörnlein

paragraph: Horst Hörnlein (aka Horst Hömlein, born 31 May 1945 in Möhrenbach) is a former East German luger and bobsleigh coach who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He and Reinhard Bredow won the gold medal in the men's doubles event (shared with the Italians Paul Hildgartner and Walter Plaikner) at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo.

paragraph: Hörnlein also won five medals in the men's doubles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with one gold (1973), one silver (1969), and three bronzes (1965, 1970, 1971). He won four medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with three golds (Men's singles: 1971, Men's doubles: 1970, 1972) and one bronze (Men's singles: 1970).

paragraph: After his retirement from competition, he became a bobsleigh coach, training the East German team from 1973 to 1990, and later coaching the British and Irish teams. He also served as head of the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation's bobsleigh development programme, working with bobsledders from developing countries.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SportQuick.com information on Hörnlein

description: East German luger

wikidata_label: Horst Hörnlein

wikipedia_title: Horst Hörnlein


text: Ilsenburg

text: East German

text: luge

text: Horst Hörnlein

text: Italian

text: Walter Plaikner

text: Paul Hildgartner

text: 1972 Winter Olympics

text: Sapporo

text: FIL World Luge Championships

text: FIL European Luge Championships

categories: Olympic medalists in luge,German male lugers,1947 births,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,Lugers at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics,People from Ilsenburg,Lugers at the 1972 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Reinhard Bredow

paragraph: Reinhard Bredow (aka Reinhard Bredlow, born 6 April 1947 in Ilsenburg) is an East German former luger who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He and Horst Hörnlein won the gold medal in the men's doubles event (shared with the Italian pairing of Walter Plaikner and Paul Hildgartner) at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo.

paragraph: Bredow also won four medals in the men's doubles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with one gold (1973), one silver (1969), and two bronzes (1970, 1971). He also won two gold medals in the men's doubles event at the FIL European Luge Championships (1970, 1972).

description: East German luger

wikidata_label: Reinhard Bredow

wikipedia_title: Reinhard Bredow


text:
Heian period
court rank
sangi
Ministry of the Center
Emperor Heizei
muraji
ason
daijō-kan
Heian-kyō
Fujiwara no Tsuginawa
Akishino no Yasuhito
Shoku Nihongi
kugyō
sangi
Emishi
San'indō
Tōkaidō
Emperor Saga
Hitachi Province
Shinsen Shōjiroku
Baekje
Geungusu of Baekje
Kokin Wakashū

paragraph: Sugano no Mamichi

paragraph: , originally known as , was a Japanese noble of the early Heian period. He reached the court rank of and the position of "sangi".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 778, Mamichi was appointed as an in the Ministry of the Center. In 783, he was conferred the rank of . In this period, he also held various posts in the imperial guard and as a regional administrator. In 785, with the investiture of Prince Ate, the future Emperor Heizei, as Crown Prince, Mamichi was promoted to and appointed . In 790 Mamichi appealed to have his family's rank increased from "muraji" to "ason", and was granted the new family name of Sugano no Ason, based on his place of residence.

paragraph: Thanks to the confidence of Emperor Kanmu, Mamichi was able to hold increasingly important positions in the imperial guard and the daijō-kan. He was also deeply involved as an assistant director in the construction of the new capital at Heian-kyō. During the same period, his court rank steadily rose, to in 789, in 791, in 794, and in 797.

paragraph: Along with Fujiwara no Tsuginawa and Akishino no Yasuhito, Mamichi worked on the compilation and editing of the Shoku Nihongi, completing its 40 volumes in 797. In 805, he joined the ranks of the "kugyō" with a promotion to "sangi". Later that year, he held , in which Otsugu argued that the planned campaign against the Emishi in the north and construction of the capital were overburdening the populace and should be stopped. Mamichi was strongly opposed to this, but the Emperor was convinced by Otsugu's argument, and the plans were halted.

paragraph: With the ascension of Emperor Heizei in 806, Mamichi was promoted to . In 807, the police force was established, and Mamichi placed in charge of the San'indō region. In 809, he was promoted to and placed in charge of Tōkaidō. In 811, during the reign of Emperor Saga, Mamichi reached the age of 70 and retired from his post as "sangi". He died on July 23, 814 at the age of 74, with the rank of and as governor of Hitachi Province.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, Mamichi was descended from the 14th king of Baekje, Geungusu of Baekje.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son: - Poet, one work in the Kokin Wakashū

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Wife of

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Sugano no Mamichi

wikipedia_title: Sugano no Mamichi


text:
alpine skier
slalom
giant slalom
SuperG
Downhill
Super Combined
Great Britain's team
2014 Winter Paralympics
British Paralympic Association
ParaSnowSportsGB
Pyeongchang
2018 Winter Paralympics
James Chichester-Clark
Lord Moyola
Castledawson
Northern Ireland
LW5/7-3
St. Bede's Preparatory School
Millfield School
Somerset
Courchevel
2013 IPC Skiing World Championships
2014 Winter Paralympics
slalom
giant slalom
Para Alpine Skiing World Cup
Slalom
Giant Slalom
SuperG
Downhill
Super Combined
British Para Alpine Championships
Europa Cup Finals
Veysonna

categories: British male alpine skiers,Paralympic alpine skiers of Great Britain,Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Paralympics,1997 births,People from East Sussex,Living people

paragraph: James Whitley (alpine skier)

paragraph: James Whitley (born 17 November 1997) is a British alpine skier, who competes in the slalom, giant slalom SuperG, Downhill and Super Combined events. A promising junior skier, Whitley qualified to represent Great Britain's team at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi for his debut Paralympics. In January 2018 it was announced by BPA (British Paralympic Association) and PSGB (ParaSnowSportsGB) that Whitley had been selected to compete in Pyeongchang in the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

paragraph: Section::::Personal history.

paragraph: Whitley was born on 17 November 1997. He is the grandson of James Chichester-Clark, Lord Moyola, the former Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.. He spent his childhood in Sussex and at Castledawson in Northern Ireland. Whitley was born without both hands and despite multiple operations, fingers constructed for both his limbs have failed to gain enough nerve or muscle function..His Paralympic Class is LW5/7-3. He skis without ski poles. He attended St. Bede's Preparatory School before going to Millfield School, a boarding school in Somerset, England.

paragraph: Section::::Skiing career.

paragraph: Whitley began skiing at the age of four years while with his family at Courchevel, France. He first trained with Ecole du Ski Français. He showed promise as a youth and in 2007, aged 10 was offered a place on the British Disabled Ski Team (BDST). He started to race with the British team when he was 11 in 2008. In 2012 he came second in the giant slalom and third in slalom at the Italian National Championships, his first senior medals. In 2013 Whitley entered the 2013 IPC Skiing World Championships in La Molina, where he finished 11th in the slalom.

paragraph: In early 2014 it was announced that he had been selected for the Great Britain team at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, competing in the standing events. This made him the only standing skier competing for ParalympicsGB. The 2014 Winter Paralympics was Whitley's debut Paralympics; he competed in the slalom (14th place) on 13 March 2014, and giant slalom (15th place) on the 15 March.

paragraph: Whitley left school in 2016 and has competed full time since the beginning of the 2016/17 season. He competes in the Para Alpine Skiing World Cup (WPAS) in Slalom, Giant Slalom, SuperG, Downhill and Super Combined. He was British Champion in the inaugural British Para Alpine Championships in 2016 and again in 2017. He won gold in the Europa Cup Finals in Veysonnaz in 2017 and was 4th overall in the Europa Cup competition. In the World Cup he ended the season 5th in Super Combined and 9th in Slalom.

description: alpine skier

wikidata_label: James Whitley

wikipedia_title: James Whitley (alpine skier)


text:
Battle of Montlhéry
Charles VII
English wars
Yolande
Sicily
constable
Richmond
La Trémoille
Charles of Anjou
seneschal
Anjou
Poitou
the Praguerie
dauphin
Louis
Normandy
Guienne
comte d'Évreux
siege of Pontoise
Ile de France
chamberlain
Agnès Sorel
Sandwich
Margaret of Anjou
Scotland
Battle of Hexham
Flanders
Château du Bec-Crespin
Montlhéry
Normandy
Georges Chastellain

categories: 1465 deaths,People of the Hundred Years' War,1410 births

paragraph: Pierre de Brézé

paragraph: Pierre de Brézé (or de Brezé) (born c. 1410; died 16 July 1465 in the Battle of Montlhéry, France) was a French soldier and courtier in the service of King Charles VII.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pierre de Brézé was born circa 1410.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: de Brézé had made his name in the English wars when in 1433 he joined with Yolande, queen of Sicily, the constable Richmond and others, in chasing from power Charles VII's minister La Trémoille. He was knighted by Charles of Anjou in 1434, and presently entered the royal council. In 1437 he became seneschal of Anjou, and in 1440 of Poitou. During the Praguerie he rendered great service to the royal cause against the dauphin Louis and the revolted nobles, a service which was remembered against him after Louis's accession to the throne.

paragraph: de Brézé fought against the English in Normandy in 1440–1441, and in Guienne in 1442. He was granted the defunct title of comte d'Évreux in 1441 for his role in the strategic maneuvers during the siege of Pontoise led by Charles VII that finally defeated the English in the Ile de France. In the next year he became chamberlain to Charles VII, and gained the chief power in the state through the influence of Agnès Sorel, superseding his early allies Richmond and Charles of Anjou. The six years (1444–1450) of his ascendancy were the most prosperous period of the reign of Charles VII. His most dangerous opponent was the dauphin Louis, who in 1448 brought against him accusations which led to a formal trial resulting in a complete exoneration of Brézé and his restoration to favour. He fought in Normandy in 1450–1451, and became seneschal of the province after the death of Agnes Sorel and the consequent decline of his influence at court.

paragraph: He made an ineffective descent on the English coast at Sandwich in 1457, and was preparing an expedition in favour of Margaret of Anjou when the accession of Louis XI brought him disgrace and a short imprisonment. In 1462, however, his son Jacques married Louis's half-sister, Charlotte de Valois, daughter of Agnès Sorel. In 1462 he accompanied Margaret to Scotland with a force of 2000 men, and after the Battle of Hexham he brought her back to Flanders. On his return he was reconciled with Louis XI and reappointed seneschal of Normandy.

paragraph: He inherited the Château du Bec-Crespin from his brother-in-law, Antoine Crespin, in 1454.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: de Brézé died in the Battle of Montlhéry on 16 July 1465. He was succeeded as seneschal of Normandy by his eldest son Jacques (c. 1440–1490), Count of Maulevrier.

paragraph: The best contemporary account of Pierre de Brézé is given in the "Chroniques" of the Burgundian chronicler, Georges Chastellain, who had been his secretary. Chastellain addressed a "Déprécation" to Louis XI on his behalf at the time of his disgrace.

description: French soldier and politician

wikidata_label: Pierre de Brézé

wikipedia_title: Pierre de Brézé