text: Pallottine

text: priest

text: Schoenstatt Movement

text: theologian

text: sainthood

text: Diocese

text: Trier

text: Gymnich

text: Cologne

text: parish church

text: Strasbourg

text: orphanage

text: Oberhausen

text: priest

text: Pallottines

text: Minor Seminary

text: novitiate

text: Limburg an der Lahn

text: intellectualist

text: religious profession

text: Pallottines

text: Vincent Pallotti

text: Church

text: chapel

text: St. Michael

text: World War I

text: Servant of God

text: Joseph Engling

text: Thun-Saint-Martin

text: beatification

text: Mater Ter Admirabilis

text: secular institute

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Switzerland

text: retreats

text: Nazism

text: South Africa

text: Brazil

text: Argentina

text: Chile

text: Uruguay

text: Gestapo

text: Dachau concentration camp

text: Gestapo

text: bunker

text: Reichsbank

text: Koblenz

text: Carmelite

text: Dachau

text: Dachau concentration camp

text: gas chamber

text: S.S.

text: Secular Institute

text: Blessed Karl Leisner

text: tuberculosis

text: beatified

text: John Paul II

text: Pentecost

text: communism

text: materialism

text: Albert Eise

text: Franz Reinisch

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Provida Mater Ecclesia

text: Secular Institutes

text: Holy See

text: Schoenstatt Shrine

text: canonical visitation

text: idealism

text: Holy Office

text: Jesuit

text: John XXIII

text: Congregation for Religious.

text: Paul VI

text: Münster

text: Second Vatican Council

text: episcopate

text: Our Lady of Sorrows

text: Gaspard Mermillod

text: beatification

text: Pope John Paul II

text: canonization

text: Gwendolyn Gillen

text: Pewaukee, Wisconsin

text: Rome

text: Puerto Rico

text: Blessed Karl Leisner

text: John Pozzobon

text: Fr. Franz Reinisch

text: Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa

text: Schoenstatt Shrine

text: Pilgrim Mother Campaign

text: "The founder: Joseph Kentenich"

text: Link to Father Kentenich's "Facebook" Page

categories: People from Erftstadt,1885 births,German Roman Catholic priests,1968 deaths,Dachau concentration camp survivors

paragraph: Joseph Kentenich

paragraph: Father Joseph Kentenich (b. 16 November, 1885 – 15 September 1968) was a Pallottine priest and founder of the Schoenstatt Movement. He is also remembered as a theologian, educator and pioneer of a Catholic response to an array of modern issues, whose teachings underwent a series of challenges from political and ecclesiastical powers. He attempted to teach Christians how to live out their faith.

paragraph: Considered by many of those who came into contact with him to have been a saint, his case for sainthood is currently at the diocesan level in the Diocese of Trier, pending the compilation of his writings and correspondences.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood.

paragraph: He was born on 16 November 1885, in Gymnich, near Cologne, and christened Peter Josef Kentenich 19 November at the parish church of St. Kuniberts. His mother was Katharina Kentenich, his father, Matthias Köp, a manager on a farm lived in Oberbolheim, where Katharina was one of the domestic staff. Because his parents were not married (and never married), Joseph was born in the house of his maternal grandparents, Anna Maria and Matthias Kentenich, where he spent the first years of his life.

paragraph: From the end of 1891 until the second half of 1892 Joseph lived with his mother in Strasbourg, where she worked as housekeeper for her elder brother, Peter Joseph, after his wife’s death on 25 December 1891. The boy attended a school there for a few months. After her brother remarried on 25 June 1892, Katharina and her son returned to Gymnich. Katharina had to look for a permanent job in order to support her child. Joseph Kentenich was sent to St. Vincent orphanage in Oberhausen on 12 April 1894.

paragraph: Upon arrival, Catherine grips on the neck of a statue of Our Lady one of the few precious objects she owns: a gold chain with a cross; she asks the Mother of Jesus to take care from now the education of her son; then she puts the cross in Joseph's neck.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood.:Entrance in the Seminary.

paragraph: In 1897, Joseph for the first time expressed the wish to become a priest. Two years later, he entered the Pallottines Minor Seminary of Ehrenbreitstein. In 1904, he enters in the novitiate of the Pallottines in Limburg an der Lahn. In his diary, he formulates his spiritual journey, "God is my only goal, He must also be the star that guides my life." However, the novice faces great difficulties because of his intellectualist character. He is obsessed by the primary philosophical question: "Is there a truth, and how to know it?". He has a strong aspiration for perfection, but feels great insensitivity, a sort of incapacity to love God and his neighbor. Marian devotion allows him to overcome this crisis and discover the personal love that God, Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary have for him, a love that is not an abstract idea but a living reality.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Priesthood.

paragraph: Admitted to religious profession in 1909, Joseph Kentenich was ordained priest in Limburg an der Lahn, on 8 July 1910. Although he wished to become a missionary in Africa with the Pallottines, his poor health prevented him.

paragraph: He was first a professor at the Minor Seminary of Ehrenbreistein. Then, from 1912 to 1919, Spiritual Director at the Minor Seminary of the Pallottine Fathers in Vallendar-Schoenstatt, near Koblenz (Germany), on the Rhine. His charism of education manifested in the first years of his priesthood.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Priesthood.:Chaplain.

paragraph: Indeed, a storm stirred the seminarians of Vallendar-Schoenstatt: students protest against the internal regulations that they consider too severe; protesters spread graffiti on the walls. Two priests in charge of their spiritual direction resign. Under this situation, a young Father, Joseph Kentenich, is named for replacing to try to restore confidence among the seminarians.

paragraph: In his first talk, he says to his students: "I am at your disposal with all that I am and all that I have: my knowledge and my ignorance, my competence and my incompetence, but especially my heart... We will learn to educate ourselves under the protection of Mary, to become strong, free and priestly men."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Founding of the Schoenstatt Movement.:The beginning: the "Covenant of Love" with Mary.

paragraph: Fr. Kentenich interpreted the ideas of his order's founder, Vincent Pallotti, to be calling for a worldwide effort to involve lay people in apostolic work, and to unite the various factions in the Church.With some of his pupils, on 18 October 1914, Father Kentenich laid the first milestone of the foundation of the work of Schoenstatt. In an old chapel of St. Michael, formerly abandoned and used for the storage of the gardening tools, he gathers about twenty seminarians, where they seal with the Mother of God a covenant that he will call "Covenant of Love". What makes unique this approach is that this "Covenant" is conceived not as a pious symbol, but a bilateral contract between the two contracting parties. Moreover, through the voice of the young priest, the Holy Virgin is requested to kindly establish Her throne in the chapel to spread Her treasures. Each group member agrees to give up now entirely to the Mother of God, and to let themselves be guided by Her through their existence. The group founds a Marian Congregation. This was the beginning and the lasting foundation of today’s worldwide development of the Schoenstatt Movement. This movement was named after its place of origin, a word meaning "Beautiful Place".

paragraph: Indeed, deeply convinced about Mary's love for all men, he implored by prayer and sacrifice for that small chapel becomes a privileged place of grace and that it may attract multitudes of men and educate them for the work of God's Kingdom. The speech he delivered on this occasion is considered the Schoenstatt Movement's Foundation Act.The young seminarians grasped his intentions and testified by their spirit of sacrifice during the tough years of World War I. Some of them, amid the dangers of the front, sacrificed their lives for the cause of Schoenstatt. Among these, the Servant of God Joseph Engling is particularly distinguished: fervent seminarian, supporter of the peace between nations and an apostle among his fellow soldiers, he offers his life to the Our Lady for the development of Schoenstatt. On 4 October 1918, he is killed by a shell in Northern France, next to Thun-Saint-Martin; the founder will present him as a model. His process of beatification is underway.

paragraph: In 1915, a teacher gives to Father Kentenich a picture of the Virgin Mary with Her Child. Despite the low artistic value of the work, the founder is charmed by the tenderness of the gesture of Mary clutching Jesus on her heart; he places the picture above the altar. Revered as Mater Ter Admirabilis (Mother Thrice Admirable), she will be put in all the foundations of Schoenstatt. During the war, a magazine under the same patronage is sent to the youth who fight at the front.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Founding of the Schoenstatt Movement.:Between WW I and WW II.

paragraph: The project, initially purely local, expanded rapidly after the World War I. It encompasses gradually, without preconceived plan, many categories; young people, priests, women, sisters, pilgrims. They are structured according to the German practical spirit, with leagues, federations and later with secular institutes, according to the degree of commitment of each of their members.

paragraph: Father Kentenich travels through all Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland, to preach retreats and lead training sessions. From 1928 to 1935, he preaches every year for more than 2,000 priests, and many other lay retreatants.

paragraph: In 1926, Father Kentenich founds the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Fight against Nazism.

paragraph: Fr. Kentenich observes with concern the rise of Nazism, which he ranks among the products of what he calls "the idealistic and mechanistic thinking" that engulfed Europe since nineteenth century as an oil spill.

paragraph: In 1933, when the Nazis take power in Germany and close religious houses one after the other, he doesn't take too much time to send groups of the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary groups in South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay to allow the Movement to survive for the case if the persecution of the Church in Germany got tougher.

paragraph: His opposition to Nazism attires persecution over him. Father Kentenich said about the swastika: "We, it is the Cross of the Christ that we follow.". About Nazism, he said, "I see no place where the water of baptism could run there".

paragraph: On 20 September 1941 Fr Kentenich was arrested by the Gestapo in Koblenz and subsequently sent to Dachau concentration camp. He spent over 3 years in the camp, where he became a support for many, especially among the priests, and according to firsthand accounts, he guided many prisoners to show compassion, to be good men even in the midst of certain death. In Dachau, new branches of the Schoenstatt Movement, including its first international and family branches, were founded.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Fight against Nazism.:Arrested by Gestapo.

paragraph: Once in power, the Nazis are quick to classify Schoenstatt among the main opponents to destroy. After endless vexations, on 20 September 1941, Father Kentenich is summoned by Gestapo; we quote one of his words, pronounced in private, but reported by an informer: "My mission is to reveal the inner emptiness of National Socialism, and by there to defeat it." The police imprisons the religious a month in a cell without ventilation, in order to break his resistance. It is a small massive concrete cell without any opening than the door. The "Secret State Police" brakes the toughest there. Father Kentenich is kept for four weeks in this dark and airless bunker, which was before the vault of a branch of the "Reichsbank". He leaves physically debilitated, but calm and peaceful as at the entry. He is then transferred to a prison in Koblenz, a former Carmelite convent. He spent there 5 months. Then it is hell of Dachau.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Fight against Nazism.:Sent to the Dachau concentration camp.

paragraph: In March 1942, Father Kentenich is sent to the Dachau concentration camp, at the moment where the living conditions there are worsening. Of the 12,000 prisoners, there are 2,600 priests. He is the inmate n. 29392. The Germans are grouped in a block where they have the right to attend daily Mass celebrated by one of them; it is only on 19 March 1943 that Father Kentenich will finally celebrate his first Mass at the camp. He gives each night a spiritual conference to his fellow prisoners thanks to the protection of the “capo” (inmate block chief) Guttmann, a Communist with a rather violent temper, but fascinated by the behavior of the Father: he saw Kentenich sharing his meager daily bread and soup with a detainee in need. Guttmann will save the life of the founder of Schoenstatt, destined to die in the gas chamber because of his poor health: the day of the selection visit by an S.S. physician, the capo hides Father Kentenich; assigned to the disinfection commando, he can now circulate in the camp.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Fight against Nazism.:Foundation of Schoenstatt International at Dachau.

paragraph: On 16 July 1942 are created at Dachau two new Schoenstatt branches, under the responsibility of two lay deported: the Secular Institute of the Families and the Institute of the Brothers of Mary. Transferred into various blocks, Kentenich restarts every time his apostleship despite the personal risk he incurs. Over the last three months of 1944, the tightening of the Nazi regime and epidemics cause the death of 10,000 prisoners in Dachau. It is at this point that, in a surprising act of faith full of hope, in the middle of this hellish place, Father Kentenich founds with a group of disciples the International Movement which extends the foundation of Schoenstatt to the world. He writes under unimaginable material conditions and at the peril of his life, treaties of spirituality, prayers and a didactic poem of over 20,000 verses. In December, Bishop Gabriel Piguet, a French prisoner, ordains priest in the greatest secrecy Blessed Karl Leisner, a seminarian from Schoenstatt. Suffering from tuberculosis and very weakened, he will celebrate only one Mass before dying; he will be beatified by John Paul II on 23 June 1996.

paragraph: On 6 April 1945, at the arrival of the American troops, the prisoners are released. On 20 May, at the feast of Pentecost, Father Kentenich returns to Schoenstatt. He immediately restarts his work; he wants to establish a barrier against those whom he considers the biggest dangers to the world: communism in the East, practical materialism in the West. The experience of deportation will help him teach his disciples on how to maintain inner freedom. Fathers Albert Eise and Franz Reinisch, two martyrs from Schoenstatt, the first dead by disease in Dachau, the second executed by the Nazis, will be invoked as heavenly protectors by all members of the Movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:International development of his work.

paragraph: In March 1947, Father Kentenich is received in private audience by Pope Pius XII. He thanks the Pope for the publication, two days earlier, of the constitution Provida Mater Ecclesia, which created the Secular Institutes.In October 1948, the Holy See erects in a Secular Institute the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary. At the same time, the Founder travels to Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay, the United States and Africa to establish the Movement there, with the construction of replicas of the Schoenstatt Shrine, training centers and religious houses.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile.

paragraph: However, opposition continue to grow against the Movement whose solidity and extension engender jealousy. They do not focus on points of doctrine, but primarily on terms used in certain prayers and the role of the founder, deemed too exclusive. The Bishop of Trier, in whose diocese is located Schoenstatt, orders a canonical visitation. In the overall the Visitor's report appraises the Movement, however making some minor criticisms to which Father Kentenich is invited to reply. He feels obliged to raise the debate by writing a long document on the work of Schoenstatt which is presented as a cure for the disease of Western thought, idealism.

paragraph: For Kentenich, Schoenstatt can be an antidote to this poison, because it is not an abstract theory but a practical application of Christian doctrine. However, his long advocacy upsets the Apostolic Visitor, who sends the file to the Holy Office in Rome. In 1951, Father Tromp, a Dutch Jesuit, is appointed Apostolic Inspector with extensive powers. Baffled by the unconventional terminology used by Father Kentenich, he holds him for an agitator, an innovator and even a sectarian. After been stripped of all his functions in the Movement, Kentenich has assigned residence in the convent of Pallottines in Milwaukee (United States); all correspondence with the leaders of the work is prohibited.

paragraph: More than three decades later, when witnesses were examined for the cause of Fr. Kentenich's beatification, a 78-year-old priest still in office declared, "Kentenich never received any official act of indictment. There was no official lawyer and he was never brought before a judge, much less faced a complainant or a witness." His exile lasted fourteen years. However, Joseph Kentenich accepts the punishment and writes: "God does not speak clearly by events? The Church wants to test our obedience, to recognize that if the work and the holder of the work are marked by God."

paragraph: In 1959, Father Kentenich is appointed as parish priest of the German speaking Catholic community of Milwaukee, which has many immigrants from that nation. "He spoke about the Heavenly Father, will say some of his parishioners, as we had never heard anyone do it."

paragraph: In 1953, Pope Pius XII, to whom someone suggests this measure, refuses to dissolve Schoenstatt. The status of the Movement arises: should it be integrated into the Congregation of the Pallottines or have its autonomy? The superiors of the Order advocate the first option, but other Pallottines think with Father Kentenich that Schoenstatt should be fully autonomous under penalty of wither. In 1962, under the intervention of several bishops, John XXIII entrusts the case to the Congregation for Religious.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return from exile and re-establishment to office.

paragraph: In December 1963, Pope Paul VI appoints the Bishop Höffner, from Münster, as moderator and protector of Schoenstatt. A new apostolic visitor is appointed, which delivers a favorable report. In 1964, under the unanimous opinion of the German bishops, a papal decree declares the separation of Schoenstatt from the Pallottines.

paragraph: In October 1965, Father Kentenich is reinstated at the Direction of the Movement. Now in his eighties, he is received by Paul VI a few days after the closing of Second Vatican Council. He will predict that the council "will bear fruit, but will have first negative effects, because of the uncertainty of large sections of the hierarchy, clergy and laity about the image of the Church... This uncertainty can be overcome by turning our eyes to Mary, the first image and Mother of the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:His last actions in Schoenstatt: a father to many.

paragraph: On the Christmas of 1965, Father Kentenich, whose face is now adorned with a long white beard, is enthusiastically welcomed at Schoenstatt. His work now includes five secular institutes: the Schoenstatt Fathers, the Diocesan Priests, the Brothers of Mary, the Sisters of Mary, the Ladies of Schoenstatt and the Families. This without counting the several Federations and Leagues gathering priests, lay people and families. The founder now devotes his strength to exert before all his spiritual fatherhood.

paragraph: An influential theology in the years after the council demanded an "adult faith", the autonomy of the individual, the application of the democratic principle in the Church. In opposition to these ideas in fashion, Father Kentenich stresses the fatherhood of God and that of the priesthood in the Church, especially the episcopate. Originated from charity, the fatherhood is also the principle of authority, and implies obedience. The motherly presence of Mary is another essential point of the Movement; the practical way to live it is the covenant of love with the Mother Thrice Admirable.

paragraph: Over the last three years of his life, despite his advanced age, Fr. Kentenich worked zealously to the internal development of the Movement. By his several conferences, he took a clear position facing the confusion of certain theological doctrines and the crisis of authority in the Church.In a speech at the annual conference of German Catholics in 1967, Father Kentenich said: "We are living in apocalyptic times... Heavenly and devilish powers clash in this earth... This confrontation is to challenge the domination of the world; today this is clearly visible." The solution is to appeal to the Virgin Mary, "favorite weapon in the hands of the living God".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death: "Dilexit Ecclesiam".

paragraph: During his last year on earth, this year in 1968 marked by the rebellious spirit in the Church and in the world, Fr. Kentenich constantly returns to this theme: "The task of Mary is to bring Christ to the world and the world to Christ... We are convinced that the great crises of the present times cannot be overcome without Mary" (12 September 1968).

paragraph: In 15 September 1968, in the Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows, Father Kentenich celebrates Mass in the recently inaugurated Church of Adoration, newly consecrated on the heights of Schoenstatt. Six hundred Sisters of Mary attended the ceremony. Back in the sacristy for the thanksgiving prayer just after Mass,he suddenly has a heart attack; he receives the last sacraments and expires minutes later.

paragraph: His mortal remains are in the place where he gave his last breath. On his tomb figure, according to his wish, the inscription: ""Dilexit Ecclesiam"" (He loved the Church; Eph 5:25), influenced by the same inscription graved on the tomb of Cardinal Gaspard Mermillod, bishop of Geneva (Switzerland) in the 19th century and exiled from his own country during more than eleven years for refusing to adhere to a national church separated from Rome.

paragraph: The process for his beatification was opened on 10 February 1975. When some of Fr. Kentenich's supporters greeted Pope John Paul II with the words, “Canonize Father Kentenich!” he smiled and returned, “YOU canonize him!” implying that canonization is not to be seen as merely a bureaucratic process, but an acclamation of a heroic, virtuous person by the people. To this day, devotion to Joseph Kentenich is spreading and awareness of his contributions to educational, philosophical, theological, social, and other thought are being translated and disseminated.

paragraph: Life-size sculptures of Father Kentenich, created by American artist Gwendolyn Gillen, now stand outside Schoenstatt chapels in Pewaukee, Wisconsin, Rome and Puerto Rico.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blessed Karl Leisner (1915–1945), Priest and Martyr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Servant of God John Pozzobon (1904-1985), starter of the Schoenstatt Rosary CampaignJosef Engling (1898–1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Franz Reinisch (1903–1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinal Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa, Archbishop Emeritus of Santiago, Chile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schoenstatt Shrine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pilgrim Mother Campaign

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Secretariat of Joseph Kentenich's canonization campaign

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The founder: Joseph Kentenich"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heavenwards - collection of writings of Fr. Kentenich during his detention in Dachau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Kentenich's writings downloadable at the Schoenstatt Cloud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Link to Father Kentenich's "Facebook" Page

description: German priest, founder of the International Schoenstatt Movement

wikidata_label: Joseph Kentenich

wikipedia_title: Joseph Kentenich


text:
German
theological
Bayreuth
Bavaria
Dresden
Erlangen
Erlangen
Göttingen
Franz Volkmar Reinhard
Consistory
Church of Saxony
Christian doctrine
KG Bretschneider
Julius Wegscheider
Protestant
philologist
philosopher
preaching
pulpit

categories: 19th-century German theologians,German philologists,1850 deaths,German male non-fiction writers,1766 births,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg faculty,Members of the First Chamber of the Diet of the Kingdom of Saxony,People from Bayreuth,German Christian theologians,University of Göttingen faculty

paragraph: Christoph Friedrich von Ammon

paragraph: Christoph Friedrich von Ammon (January 16, 1766 – May 21, 1850) was a German theological writer and preacher. He was born at Bayreuth, Bavaria and died at Dresden.

paragraph: He studied at Erlangen, held various professorships in the philosophical and theological faculties of Erlangen and Göttingen, succeeded Franz Volkmar Reinhard (1753–1812) in 1813 as court preacher and member of the Upper Consistory of the Church of Saxony at Dresden, retired from these offices in 1849.

paragraph: Seeking to establish for himself a middle position between rationalism and supernaturalism, he declared for a "rational supernaturalism," and contended that there must be a gradual development of Christian doctrine corresponding to the advance of knowledge and science. But at the same time he sought, like other representatives of this school of thought, such as KG Bretschneider and Julius Wegscheider, to keep in close touch with the historical theology of the Protestant churches. The term "Offenbarungsrationalismus" ("epiphanic rationalism") has been used to express Ammon's intermediate views.

paragraph: He was a man of great versatility and extensive learning, a philologist and philosopher as well as a theologian, and a very voluminous author. His principal theological work was the ""Fortbildung des Christenthums zur Weltreligion"", in 4 volumes (Leipzig, 1833–1840); ""Entwurf einer reinen biblischen Theologie"" appeared in 1792 (2nd edition, 1801), ""Summa Theologiae Christianas"" in 1803 (other editions, 1808, 1816, 1830); ""Das Geschichte des Lebens Jesu"" in 1842, and ""Die wahre und falsche Orthodoxie"" in 1849.

paragraph: Von Ammon's style in preaching was terse and lively, and some of his discourses are regarded as models of pulpit treatment of political questions.

description: German theological writer and preacher

wikidata_label: Christoph Friedrich von Ammon

wikipedia_title: Christoph Friedrich von Ammon


text:
Leon Trotsky
Paterson, New Jersey
pseudonym
Henrik Ibsen
syndicalist
World War I
Confédération générale du travail
Pierre Monatte
World War I
Zimmerwald Conference
Fernand Loriot
Leon Trotsky
France
Communist Party of France
Moscow
Communist International
Red International of Labor Unions
Boris Souvarine
Trotskyist
Dewey Commission
Trotsky
Moscow Trials
World War II
Revolutionary History
"Alfred Rosmer Internet Archive,"

categories: Executive Committee of the Communist International,Syndicalists,French Trotskyists,French Communist Party members,1877 births,People from Paterson, New Jersey

paragraph: Alfred Rosmer

paragraph: Alfred Rosmer (born Alfred Griot, 1877–1964) was an American-born French political activist and historian. Rosmer is best remembered as a political associate of Leon Trotsky and a memoirist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Alfred Griot was born in 1877 in Paterson, New Jersey. His father worked as a barber in the United States, returning with the family to France in 1884. Having learned English as a child, Rosmer remained fluent in the language for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:French syndicalist.

paragraph: Rosmer took the political pseudonym Rosmer from the hero of a play by Henrik Ibsen.

paragraph: Rosmer was a syndicalist leader before World War I, active in the Confédération générale du travail (CGT), the French general labor federation. Together with Pierre Monatte he issued a journal called "La Vie ouvrière" (Worker's Life), which was terminated as a result of French entry into World War I.

paragraph: The anti-war French syndicalists had been represented at the Zimmerwald Conference in 1915 and had thereafter organized themselves as he Committee for the Resumption of International Relations, a group in which Rosmer participated. After the end of the war a strike wave swept France in which the syndicalists played an active role. "La Vie ouvrière" was resurrected by Rosmer and Monatte in March 1919.

paragraph: In May 1919 Rosmer and Fernand Loriot transformed the former Committee for Resumption of International Relations into a new organization, known as the Committee for Adhesion to the Third International. This group remained isolated and without significant influence, however, largely removed from active communication with Moscow.

paragraph: A friendship with Leon Trotsky dated from that period, when the latter was briefly living in France.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Communist Party leader.

paragraph: After the war he became a leading figure in the Communist Party of France (PCF). He was sent to Moscow in 1920 as a representative of the French left, being assigned there to positions in the Communist International (Comintern) and the Red International of Labor Unions (RILU).

paragraph: During 1923 and 1924 Rosmer was one of the top leaders of the PCF, until his expulsion in the fall of 1924 along with Boris Souvarine and Pierre Monatte for his opposition to the organized campaign against Leon Trotsky.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Trotskyism.

paragraph: After his expulsion from the PCF, Rosmer helped found the journal "La Révolutuion prolétarienne" (The Proletarian Revolution) and participated in political activities in a circle organized around this magazine. He became the only member of this group to establish the first Trotskyist movement in 1929, but he departed that organization in 1931 due to differences over political tactics.

paragraph: Nevertheless, he remained a convinced revolutionary and his friendship with Trotsky was later repaired. He visited the exiled Trotsky in Mexico in 1939.

paragraph: In Mexico Rosmer was a member of the Dewey Commission which cleared Trotsky of all charges made during the Moscow Trials.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later years.

paragraph: Unable to return to France due to the outbreak of World War II, Rosmer, an American by birth, lived in the United States after his Mexican interlude. He finally gained permission to return home in 1947. During this period Rosmer published an autobiography detailing his activities in Soviet Russia as well as a two-volume history of the anti-war movement in France during the years of World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: Rossmer died in 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:In French.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Conférence de Zimmerwald" (The Zimmerwald Conference). Paris: Imp. spéciale de la "Vie ouvrière", 1915.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un coup d'oeil en arrière: Pierre Monatte. Lettre de démission au Comité confédéral (décembre 1914). Alfred Rosmer. Première lettre aux abonnés de la "Vie ouvrière" (novembre 1915). La Circulaire de lancement de la "Vie ouvrière" (avril 1919)." (A Look Back: Pierre Monatte, Letter of Resignation to the Confederation Committee (Dec. 1914). Alfred Rosmer, First Letter to Subscribes of the "Vie ouvrière." The Circular launching "Vie ouvrière," April 1919.) Paris: Éditions de la Bibliothèque du travail, 1921.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le mouvement ouvrier pendant la guerre." (The Labor Movement during the War). In two volumes. Paris: Librairie du travail, 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moscou sous Lenine" (Moscow Under Lenin). In two volumes. Paris : Maspero, 1970.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:English translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moscow Under Lenin." New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Syndicalism to Trotskyism: Writings of Alfred and Marguerite Rosmer." With Marguerite Rosmer. London: Porcupine Press/Socialist Platform, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trotsky and the Origins of Trotskyism." London: Francis Boutle, 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revolutionary History, vol 7, no 4 (Autumn 2000).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alfred Rosmer Internet Archive," Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Alfred Rosmer

wikipedia_title: Alfred Rosmer


text:
English
architect
surveyor
church
hymn
Wapping
Middlesex
England
Samuel Brewer
congregationalist
Stepney Meeting House
Anglican
St Paul's, Onslow Square
George Gilbert Scott
Columbia Wharf
Rotherhithe
St. Barnabas
Homerton
London
Orphan Asylum
Homerton

categories: 1867 deaths,19th-century English architects,English Anglicans,1791 births,People from Wapping,Christian hymnwriters,English hymnwriters,19th-century English musicians

paragraph: James Edmeston

paragraph: James Edmeston (10 September 1791 – 7 January 1867) was an English architect and surveyor; he was also known as a prolific writer of church hymns.

paragraph: He was born in Wapping, Middlesex, England. His maternal grandfather was the Reverend Samuel Brewer, congregationalist pastor at Stepney Meeting House for 50 years. However, James was attracted to the Church of England and soon became an Anglican.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural work.

paragraph: Edmeston began as an architect in 1816. He designed several structures in London, including drinking fountains and St Paul's, Onslow Square. George Gilbert Scott was his pupil, articled to Edmedston in 1827. In 1864 he built Columbia Wharf, Rotherhithe, the first grain silo in a British port.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: Edmeston started by writing poetry publishing "The Search, and other Poems" in 1817.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical and charity career.

paragraph: He served as the church warden at St. Barnabas in Homerton, Middlesex, and was a strong supporter of and frequent visitor to the London Orphan Asylum. Edmeston is said to have written 2000 hymns, one every Sunday. His best-known hymn is the popular wedding hymn 'Lead us, Heavenly Father, lead us / O'er the world's tempestuous sea'.

paragraph: He died in Homerton in 1867.

description: British hymnwriter

wikidata_label: James Edmeston

wikipedia_title: James Edmeston


text: Crucifixion of Jesus

text: New Testament

text: Gospel of Luke

text: his kingdom

text: impenitent thief

text: Catholic Church

text: Roman Martyrology

text: Feast of the Annunciation

text: Incarnation

text: Gospel of Nicodemus

text: Coptic Orthodox

text: Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea

text: Codex Colbertinus

text: Russian Orthodox

text: Gospel of Mark

text: prophecy

text: Isaiah

text: Matthew

text: adverb

text: verb

text: word order

text: Koine Greek

text: Bible translations

text: Aramaic language

text: Curetonian Gospels

text: Bible

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Gospel of Luke

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: crucifixion of Jesus

text: crucifix

text: titulus

text: Pontius Pilate

text: John Chrysostom

text: Pope Gregory I

text: fratricide

text: Gospel of Nicodemus

text: Greek

text: Gestas

text: Syriac Infancy Gospel

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Anne Catherine Emmerich

text: Peter Damian

text: the Holy Family

text: Pope Theophilus of Alexandria

text: Coptic literature

text: Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea

text: Syriac Infancy Gospel

text: Mary

text: Joseph

text: Flight into Egypt

text: Russian

text: Р

text: а

text: х

text: Catholic Church

text: San Dimas

text: California

text: parish church

text: Kingston

text: Canada

text: Kingston Penitentiary

text: Waukegan

text: Old Catholic

text: Coseley

text: Church of St. Dismas, the Good Thief

text: Clinton Correctional Facility

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Good Friday

text: Synaxarion

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: eucharist

text: Judas

text: medieval art

text: Harrowing of Hell

text: Apostles' Creed

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Good Friday

text: Church Slavonic

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: Matins

text: Samuel Beckett

text: Waiting for Godot

text: Four Evangelists

text: Cecil B. DeMille

text: The King of Kings

text: Gestas

text: King of Kings

text: Barabbas

text: The Hoodlum Saint

text: William Powell

text: Jesus of Nazareth

text: Fabrizio De André

text: Il testamento di Tito

text: La buona novella

text: New Testament apocrypha

text: Third Day

text: Dizmas

text: Sydney Carter

text: Poul Anderson

text: Nicholas van Rijn

text: Jesus Film Project

text: Campus Crusade for Christ

text: anime

text: My Last Day

text: "Ben-Hur"

text: zealot

text: roguelike

text: Darkest Dungeon

text: Henry Avery

text: The Hoodlum Priest

text: Impenitent thief

text: Life of Jesus in the New Testament

text: Passion (Christianity)

text: List of names for the biblical nameless

text: "The Wise Thief"

text: Saint Dismas

categories: 30s deaths,Saints from the Holy Land,People executed by crucifixion,People executed for theft,Christian folklore,People in the canonical gospels,Gospel of Luke,Christian saints from the New Testament

paragraph: Penitent thief

paragraph: The Penitent Thief, also known as the Good Thief or the Thief on the Cross, is one of two unnamed thieves Luke's account of the Crucifixion of Jesus in the New Testament. The Gospel of Luke describes him asking Jesus to "remember him" when Jesus will have "come into" his kingdom. The other, as the impenitent thief, challenges Jesus to save himself to prove that he is the Messiah.

paragraph: He is officially venerated in the Catholic Church. The Roman Martyrology places his commemoration on 25 March, together with the Feast of the Annunciation, because of the ancient Christian tradition that Christ (and the penitent thief) were crucified and died exactly on the anniversary of Christ's Incarnation.

paragraph: He is given the name Dismas in the Gospel of Nicodemus and is traditionally known in Catholicism as "Saint Dismas"  (sometimes Dysmas; in Spanish and Portuguese, Dimas). Other traditions have bestowed other names:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Coptic Orthodox tradition and the "Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea", he is named Demas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the "Codex Colbertinus", he is named Zoatham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Russian Orthodox tradition, he is named Rakh.

paragraph: Section::::Gospel of Luke.

paragraph: Section::::Gospel of Luke.:Narrative.

paragraph: Two men were crucified at the same time as Jesus, one on his right hand and one on his left (, , , ), which the Gospel of Mark interprets as fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah . According to the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, respectively, both of the thieves mocked Jesus (, ); Luke however, mentions that:

paragraph: Section::::Gospel of Luke.:"Amen ... today ... in paradise".

paragraph: The phrase translated "Amen I say to you today you will be in paradise" in Luke 23:43 ("Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ.") is disputed in a minority of versions and commentaries. The Greek manuscripts are without punctuation, so attribution of the adverb "today" to the verb "be", as "Amen I say to you, today you will be with me in paradise" (the majority view), or the verb "say", as "Amen I say to you today, you will be with me in paradise" (the minority view), is dependent on analysis of word order conventions in Koine Greek. The majority of ancient Bible translations also follow the majority view, with only the Aramaic language Curetonian Gospels offering significant testimony to the minority view. As a result, some prayers recognize the good thief as the only person confirmed as a saint—that is, a person known to be in Paradise after death—by the Bible, and by Jesus himself. Thomas Aquinas wrote:

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Unnamed.

paragraph: Only the Gospel of Luke describes one of the thieves as penitent, and that gospel does not name him.

paragraph: Augustine of Hippo does not name the thief, but wonders if he might not have been baptized at some point.

paragraph: According to tradition, the Good Thief was crucified to Jesus' right hand and the other thief was crucified to his left. For this reason, depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus often show Jesus' head inclined to his right, showing his acceptance of the Good Thief. In the Russian Orthodox Church, both crucifixes and crosses are usually made with three bars: the top one, representing the "titulus" (the inscription that Pontius Pilate wrote and was nailed above Jesus' head); the longer crossbar on which Jesus' hands were nailed; and a slanted bar at the bottom representing the footrest to which Jesus' feet were nailed. The footrest is slanted, pointing up towards the Good Thief, and pointing down towards the other.

paragraph: According to John Chrysostom, the thief dwelt in the desert and robbed or murdered anyone unlucky enough to cross his path. According to Pope Gregory I, he "was guilty of blood, even his brother's blood" (fratricide).

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Named.

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Named.:"Dismas".

paragraph: Luke's unnamed penitent thief was later assigned the name Dismas in the "Gospel of Nicodemus", portions of which may be dated to the 4th century. The name "Dismas" was adapted from a Greek word meaning "sunset" or "death". The other thief's name is given as Gestas. In Syriac Infancy Gospel's "Life of the Good Thief" ("Histoire Du Bon Larron" French 1868, English 1882), Augustine of Hippo said; the thief said to Jesus, the child: "O most blessed of children, if ever a time should come when I shall crave Thy Mercy, remember me and forget not what has passed this day."

paragraph: Anne Catherine Emmerich saw the Holy Family "exhausted and helpless"; according to Augustine of Hippo and Peter Damian, the Holy Family met Dismas, in these circumstances. Pope Theophilus of Alexandria (385–412) wrote a "Homily on the Crucifixion and the Good Thief", which is a classic of Coptic literature.

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Named.:"Demas".

paragraph: In Coptic Orthodoxy, he is named Demas. This is the name given to him in the "Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea".

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Named.:"Titus".

paragraph: The apocryphal Syriac Infancy Gospel calls the two thieves Titus and Dumachus, and adds a tale about how Titus (the good one) prevented the other thieves in his company from robbing Mary and Joseph during their Flight into Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Named.:"Rakh".

paragraph: In the Russian tradition, the Good Thief's name is "Rakh" (Russian: Рах).

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Commemoration.

paragraph: The Catholic Church remembers the Good Thief on 25 March. In the Roman Martyrology, the following entry is given "Commemoration of the holy thief in Jerusalem who confessed to Christ on the cross and merited to hear from him: 'Today you will be with me in Paradise.

paragraph: A number of towns, including San Dimas, California, are named after him. There also exist parish churches named after him, such as the Church of the Good Thief in Kingston, Ontario, Canada—built by convicts at nearby Kingston Penitentiary, Saint Dismas Church in Waukegan, Illinois, the Old Catholic Parish of St Dismas in Coseley and the Church of St. Dismas, the Good Thief, a Catholic church at the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, New York.

paragraph: The Eastern Orthodox Church remembers him on Good Friday, along with the crucifixion. The Synaxarion offers this couplet in his honor:

paragraph: poem

paragraph: Eden's locked gates the Thief has opened wide,

paragraph: By putting in the key, "Remember me."

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: He is commemorated in a traditional Eastern Orthodox prayer said before receiving the eucharist: "I will not speak of Thy Mystery to Thine enemies, neither like Judas will I give Thee a kiss; but like the thief will I confess Thee: Remember me, O Lord in Thy Kingdom."

paragraph: Section::::Christian traditions.:Art.

paragraph: In medieval art, St Dismas is often depicted as accompanying Jesus in the Harrowing of Hell as related in and the Apostles' Creed (though neither text mentions the thief).

paragraph: In the Eastern Orthodox Church, one of the hymns of Good Friday is entitled, "The Good Thief" (or "The Wise Thief", Church Slavonic: "Razboinika blagorazumnago"), and speaks of how Christ granted Dismas Paradise. There are several compositions of this hymn which are used in the Russian Orthodox Church and form one of the highlights of the Matins service on Good Friday.

paragraph: In Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot", the main characters Vladimir and Estragon briefly discuss the inconsistencies between the Four Evangelists' accounts of the penitent and impenitent thieves. Vladimir concludes that since only Luke says that one of the two was saved, "then the two of them must have been damned [...] why believe him rather than the others?"

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: As part of Christ's story the good thief often appears in cinematic portrayals though with varying degrees of importance. He sometimes appears as just a background character whose presence in the film is limited to his role in the Gospel of Luke, if that much. One exception was Cecil B. DeMille's 1927 film "The King of Kings" where his fate is compared to Jesus'. While in one scene people are mourning for Jesus as He is en route to Golgotha, in the next scene the very same people are throwing garbage at the two thieves.

paragraph: Later, when all three men are crucified, the good thief defends Jesus from Gestas' insults and asks to be forgiven for his own crimes. Jesus forgives the good thief. Later when the two men are dying, Mary is mourning at the foot of her Son's cross. She notices that at the foot of the thief's cross is a disheveled old woman, crying for him and offering him water. A soldier pulls the old woman from the cross; she runs into Mary, to whom she says "That one is my boy!" The two mothers embrace and console each other. In the 1961 film "King of Kings", the two thieves, along with Barabbas, are awaiting their fates. The two thieves are appalled when Barabbas compares himself to them. They say "We're only thieves! You're a murderer!"

paragraph: A fraudulent charity name The St. Dismas Fund is central to the plot of the 1946 film "The Hoodlum Saint" starring William Powell.

paragraph: The Penitent thief is named Jobab in the miniseries "Jesus of Nazareth".

paragraph: Italian singer-songwriter Fabrizio De André wrote about him the song Il testamento di Tito ("Titus' testament") in his 1970 album La buona novella, inspired by the New Testament apocrypha.

paragraph: The thief features also in Christian popular music, as in Christian rock band Third Day's 1995 song "Thief", and the name of the Christian rock band Dizmas. The thief also is the narrator in Sydney Carter's controversial song "Friday Morning".

paragraph: In several of Poul Anderson "Polesotechnic League" stories, Dismas is one of the saints the hero Nicholas van Rijn often swears by and in "Margin of Profit" a 'small image of St. Dismas, carved from Martian sandroot' is conspicuous on his desk.

paragraph: In 2011, the Jesus Film Project and Campus Crusade for Christ released an anime style short film about the Penitent Thief entitled "My Last Day".

paragraph: In 2013, author Don Willis wrote about the two thieves crucified with Jesus in his novel "Tale of the Penitent Thief". The book went on to be awarded as a Finalist in the 2014 International Book Awards, Religious Fiction category.

paragraph: In the 2016 film "Ben-Hur", Dismas is first shown as a teenage zealot whose family has been murdered by the Romans and later crucified beside Jesus.

paragraph: Dismas, the highwayman provided to the player in the first level of roguelike video game "Darkest Dungeon", is named after the penitent thief.

paragraph: Dismas is featured as an integral part of the storyline of the video game "" as a symbol utilized by the former pirate Henry Avery.

paragraph: The Hollywood classic movie "The Hoodlum Priest" directed by Irvin Kershner mentions Dismas, in several instances.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impenitent thief Gestas, the other thief crucified alongside Jesus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life of Jesus in the New Testament

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passion (Christianity)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of names for the biblical nameless

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wise Thief" hymn from Eastern Orthodox Good Friday service (in English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Dismas - Freebase

description: Christian saint

wikidata_label: Penitent thief

wikipedia_title: Penitent thief


text: Virginia Tech

text: agricultural engineering

text: United States Air Force

text: Captain

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh

text: Diocese of Raleigh

text: St. Charles Borromeo Seminary

text: Philadelphia

text: Pope Francis

text: Atlanta

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1960 births,American Roman Catholic bishops,Religious leaders from Washington, D.C.,Virginia Tech alumni,Living people

paragraph: Bernard Shlesinger

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shlesinger graduated from Virginia Tech in 1983 with a degree in agricultural engineering. He served in the United States Air Force from 1983 to 1990, retiring with the rank of Captain.

paragraph: He studied for the priesthood in Washington, D.C., and in Rome at the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum).

paragraph: He was ordained to the priesthood on June 22, 1996, and was a priest of Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh. He became the director of vocations and seminarian formation for the Diocese of Raleigh in 2007 and served in that role until 2013. In 2013 he became the Director of Spiritual Formation at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Auxiliary Bishop of Atlanta.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed him auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta on May 15, 2017. He was consecrated on July 19, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Coat of Arms.

paragraph: Based on the arms of Bishop Shlesinger’s home diocese of Raleigh, North Carolina, by reversing the color to be red on silver (white), is a cross of the faith that is composed of eight diamonds (heraldically called “lozenges”). Upon these lozenges is a gold escutcheon (small shield within the major shield) that is charged with the symbolism of the Sacred Heart. To the lower right, base sinister, is a blue “M,” of the Virgin Mary, taken from the arms of Pope John Paul II, symbolizing that all comes to Jesus by way of Mary.

paragraph: For his motto Bishop Shlesinger has adopted the Latin phrase “CHRISTUM OPORTET CRESCERE,” that is taken from the 30th verse of the 3rd chapter of Saint John’s Gospel. In this passage, Saint John the Baptist admonishes the readers that for our deep and effective faith in Jesus, CHRIST MUST INCREASE as our intentions “must decrease.”

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta Official Site

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

alias:
Bernard E. Shlesinger III
Bernard Shlesinger

wikidata_label: Bernard E. Shlesinger

wikipedia_title: Bernard Shlesinger


text:
Horrorcore
Gathering of the Juggalos
Psychopathic Records
Redneck Souljers
Philadelphia
attention deficit disorder
sleep paralysis

categories: Horrorcore artists,Underground artists,Living people

paragraph: Lo Key

paragraph: Jonathan Thomson (born July 10, 1984), known professionally by his stage name Lo Key, is an American rapper, vocalist, and creator of music and visual arts. He is the founder of the rap group MISSION : INFECT and mainly recognized for his original mask which is used as a centralized branding for his music. He is a name in Horrorcore, a rap subgenre.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lo Key began his career in metal bands in the late 1990s, but eventually decided to pursue hip hop. In the early 2000s, Lo Key founded the group Temple Rain featuring members Green Vilin and Sleepy. The group released two albums before disbanding in 2004.

paragraph: In the mid-2000s, he would go on to release several solo albums including "Follow Me", "The House 1", "The House 2", "SO-LO", "Jack Yo Beatz 1" and "Jack Yo Beatz 2". In 2006, Lo Key created the group MISSION : INFECT featuring numerous underground artists including Menacide, Q-Strange, Saint Sinna, BadLuck, Grewsum, T.O.N.E-Z, Malaria, Tha Wikid One, Madd Maxxx, Green Vilin, and more. As a group, they released the projects "Chemical Threats 1 & 2, xterM:Ination," and "Asphyxiation". Several unofficial mixtapes were also produced.

paragraph: Lo Key and MISSION : INFECT also performed 4 consecutive years at the Gathering of the Juggalos. Lo Key was also featured on Psychopathic Records 2008 compilation album "Tunnel Runners", which debuted at #21 on Billboards Top Rap Albums.

paragraph: After a short hiatus in 2010, Lo Key would go on to create several more albums, as well as headlining his first national tour - "The Lo Key Loves You Tour." In 2016 he released the album "Jack Yo Beatz 3", featuring a music video for the song "Nasty", as well as collaborations with Redneck Souljers and The Jokerr.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Thomson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was adopted. He grew up outside of Philadelphia and in 1999 dropped out of school to pursue a full-time music career.

paragraph: Lo Key has stated in his music that he suffered from attention deficit disorder (ADD), as well as other mental illnesses. Lo Key has also stated that he suffers from a phenomenon called sleep paralysis, which he attributes to the inspiration and creation of his albums "Shadowland" and "The Book of Time".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Follow Me" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack Yo Beatz 1" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House 1" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House Remixes" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "SO-LO" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack Yo Beatz 2" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House 2" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "RELEASE 1" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chamiliatic" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "RELEASE 2" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ShadowLand" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "AMERICAN MONSTER" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "FraggleSwag" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chamiliatic Remixes" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "LETS GET VIOLENT!" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Time" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dedicated" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack Yo Beatz 3" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demon Days" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Candycorn and Coversongs" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightcrawlers" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack Yo Beatz 4" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Group albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Temple Rain: The Awakening" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Temple Rain: The Lost Boys" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Devils Rejects: Die 2 This" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "INFECT: Chemical Threads Phase 1" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "INFECT: Chemical Threats Phase 2" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "INFECT: Mass Infection" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death B4 Dishonor: The Calm B4 the Storm" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "INFECT: XterM:Ination" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "INFECT: Suicide Bombs" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death B4 Dishonor: The Ascending" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "INFECT: Annihiliation: The Mixtape" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "INFECT: Asphyxiation" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "BunnyJunk: The Final Pawprint" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Music videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legacy" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Devil Tree" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Together" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transition" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King of Horrorcore" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nasty" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dedicated" (2017)

wikidata_label: Lo Key

wikipedia_title: Lo Key


text:
Czech
ice hockey
HC Kometa Brno
Czech Extraliga
Portland Winter Hawks
Tri City Americans
HC Zlín
HC Vsetín
HC České Budějovice

categories: Motor České Budějovice players,People from Zlín,HC Zlín players,HC Kometa Brno players,1977 births,VHK Vsetín players,Czech ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Ondřej Veselý

paragraph: Ondřej Veselý (born December 6, 1977) is a Czech professional ice hockey player who currently plays with HC Kometa Brno in the Czech Extraliga. Veselý previously played for Portland Winter Hawks, Tri City Americans, HC Zlín, HC Vsetín and HC České Budějovice.

description: Czech ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Ondřej Veselý

wikipedia_title: Ondřej Veselý


text:
stage name
rapper
Oakland
California
alternative hip hop
collective
Hieroglyphics
Fear Itself
LPs
hip hop
Bay Area
Del tha Funky Homosapien
Souls of Mischief
Fear Itself
Saafir
Fear Itself
Smash Rockwell
Respect Game or Expect Flames
Souls of Mischief
93 'til Infinity
Del the Funky Homosapien
No Need for Alarm
Extra Prolific
Like It Should Be
Kurious
A Constipated Monkey
Future Development
Everlast
Whitey Ford Sings the Blues
Soul Coughing
El Oso
Both Sides of the Brain
T.W.D.Y.
Lead the Way
Edo G
INXS
The Best of INXS
Aceyalone
Love & Hate
Rasco
Escape from Alcatraz
Goapele
Even Closer
Handsome Boy Modeling School
White People
Tajai
Lyrics Born
Same !@$ Different Day
Swollen Members
Black Magic
Knobody
Dilated Peoples
The Release Party
Sean Price
The Mighty Underdogs
Droppin' Science Fiction
Mochipet
Jake One
White Van Music
Myka 9
Zion I
The Grouch
J. Rawls
Copywrite
God Save the King
Cannibal Ox
Deltron 3030
Event 2
Planet Asia
Hieroglyphics

categories: Rappers from Oakland, California,Underground rappers,Hieroglyphics (group) members,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Casual (rapper)

paragraph: Jon Owens (born December 19, 1973), known by his stage name Casual, is an American rapper from Oakland, California and one of the founding members of the alternative hip hop collective Hieroglyphics. After his debut album "Fear Itself" garnered both critical and commercial success, Casual went on to become one of the most prominent and recognizable faces on the Hieroglyphics roster, releasing five full-length LPs over the span of his twenty-year career. Despite the lackluster sales of the LPs following his debut, which were preceded by an absence of both critical and popular acclaim, Owens has garnered a following amongst devoted hip hop fans, particularly in the Bay Area hip hop scene, largely due to his specialization in hardcore battle rhymes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After high-profile appearances on Del tha Funky Homosapien and Souls of Mischief albums, in 1994 Casual released "Fear Itself". The album was the second-highest charting album in Hieroglyphics' history. Casual followed a typical verse-chorus-verse structure but stood out with his ferocious but playful battle lyrics. Casual has been acclaimed for "wielding his metaphors and sinewy delivery with lethal grace"

paragraph: After the release of "Fear Itself", Casual (as well as fellow Hieroglyphics members Souls of Mischief) was dropped from Jive Records. Casual documents the experience in the book, "Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide: Volume 1: East Coast and West Coast":

paragraph: In 1994, Casual was involved in a high-profile battle with rapper Saafir. The beef originally started when Saafir appeared on Casual's debut album, and Casual did not appear on Saafir's. This ignited the infamous "Hiero vs Hobo Junction" battle, which involved some controversy when rumors surfaced that Saafir was using pre-written raps as opposed to Casual and Hieroglyphics expected freestyling. Despite this, it is regarded as an influential battle in underground hip-hop's history.

paragraph: Casual has expressed, much like the rest of the Hieroglyphics crew the importance of competition in hip hop, stating "I think that MCing should be a competitive thing, almost like a sport. The only way an MC can keep polishing and sharpening his skills is to test them against the competition and the up and coming young bloods.".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fear Itself" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meanwhile..." (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He Think He Raw" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Truck Driver" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smash Rockwell" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hierophant" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He Think He #Rapgod" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He Still Think He Raw" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Respect Game or Expect Flames" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Return of the Backpack" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Santa Claus" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's How It Is" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Didn't Mean To" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Me-O-Mi-O" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "VIP" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blind Date" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Same O.G." (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Don't Get Down Like That" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Whole Intent" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rap Game" b/w "Things I Need" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Say That Then" b/w "Oaktown (Remix)" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rock My Shit" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "101% Music" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Souls of Mischief - "Limitations" from "93 'til Infinity" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Del the Funky Homosapien - "No More Worries" from "No Need for Alarm" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extra Prolific - "Cash Money" from "Like It Should Be" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurious - "What's the Real" from "A Constipated Monkey" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kool DJ EQ - "Three Emcees" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Del the Funky Homosapien - "Checkin Out the Rivalry" from "Future Development" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everlast - "Funky Beat" from "Whitey Ford Sings the Blues" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soul Coughing - "Needle to the Bar" from "El Oso" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Del the Funky Homosapien - "Jaw Gymnastics" from "Both Sides of the Brain" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- T.W.D.Y. - "No Win Situation" from "Lead the Way" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edo G - "Big Business" from "The Truth Hurts" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virtuoso - "All We Know" from "World War One: The Voice of Reason" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- INXS - "Tight (Dan the Automator Remix)" from "The Best of INXS" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aceyalone - "Let Me Hear Sum'n" from "Love & Hate" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rasco - "San Fran to the Town" from "Escape from Alcatraz" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goapele - "The Daze" from "Even Closer" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Handsome Boy Modeling School - "It's Like That" from "White People" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tajai - "Fashion Fetish" from "Power Movement" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyrics Born - "Callin' Out Remix" from "Same !@$ Different Day" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swollen Members - "Torture" from "Black Magic" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knobody - "Champion" from "Tha Clean-Up" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dilated Peoples - "Hot and Cold (Remix)" from "The Release Party" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sean Price - "Connect 4" from "Master P" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Ali - "The Majors" from "Curb Side Service" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mighty Underdogs - "Laughing at You" from "Droppin' Science Fiction" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mochipet - "Mr. Malase" from "Microphonepet" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jake One - "Feelin' My Shit" from "White Van Music" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virtuoso - "No Fear" from "The Final Conflict" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro the Leader and Dopestyle - "Triple Threat" and "Money Off Rap" from "Hip Hop Depression" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myka 9 - "Oh Yeah... Alright" from "Mykology" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zion I & The Grouch - "Plead the Fifth" from "Heroes in the Healing of the Nation" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Rawls - "Find a New" from "The Hip-Hop Affect" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DJ Q-Fingaz - "Watch I Spit" from "Qllection" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copywrite - Golden State (of Mind) from "God Save the King" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Light - "Valley of the Kings" and "Lighters" from "Fallacy Fantasy" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cannibal Ox - "Think Differently" from "Gotham" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deltron 3030 - "What Is This Loneliness" from "Event 2" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Planet Asia & Tzarizm - "Via Satellite" from "Via Satellite" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Funk Junkie - "You & Me" from "Moondirt" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieroglyphics

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Casual

wikipedia_title: Casual (rapper)


text:
Haarlem
Haarlem
Dutch Golden Age
David Decker
Gerrit Claesz Bleker
Haarlem Guild of St. Luke
Jacob van Ruisdael
staffage
Adriaen van Ostade
Philips Wouwerman
Johannes Lingelbach
Cornelis Gerritsz Decker
Artnet

categories: Artists from Haarlem,1678 deaths,Dutch male painters,1618 births,Dutch Golden Age painters

paragraph: Cornelis Gerritsz Decker

paragraph: Cornelis Gerritsz Decker (1618, Haarlem – 1678, Haarlem), was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was possibly a relation of David Decker, who was registered in the Haarlem guild as a pupil of Gerrit Claesz Bleker in Haarlem in 1640. David Decker's only known artwork was formerly attributed to Cornelis and shows strong similarity with his work.

paragraph: Cornelis Gerritsz Decker became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1643.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: He painted landscapes in the manner of Jacob van Ruisdael. Some of the staffage in his landscapes was painted by Adriaen van Ostade, Philips Wouwerman and Johannes Lingelbach.

paragraph: Section::::Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelis Gerritsz Decker on Artnet

alias:
Cornelis Gerritsz. Decker
Cornelis Gerritsz. Deker
Cornelius Decker
Cornelis Gerritz. Decker
A. Decker
Cornelis Gerritsz. Ditcher
Cornelis Gerritsz. Deeker
Cornelis Gerritsz. Duker
Cornelis Gerritsz. Deckers
Cornelis Gerritsz. Dekker
Cornelis Decker
Cornelis Gerritsz. Deckar
Cornelis Dekker
J. Decker
c. e. decker
cornelius decker
Deker
Dedecker
c. decker
Deeker
Duker
Cornelis:d
C. Deker
Corneille Deker
Deckker
cornelisz decker
&c. Decker
cornelis gerits decker
Cornelis Deker
Dekker
Cornelis Gerritz Decker
Cornelius Gerritsz Decker
cornelis gerrits decker
Derkel
Dekert
cornelis g. decker
decker cornelis gerritsz
Cornelis gerritsz decker
c. g. decker
C. Dekker
Corn. Decker
cornelis dekker
Decker
Cornelius Gerritsz Dekker
Corneille Decker
Cor. Decker
Dickard
Dekre
Cornelis Gerritsz Dekker
cornelis gerritst decker
Deckar
C. Decker
Deckert
Dedekker
Deckers
Corneil Decker
C. H. Dekker

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Cornelis Gerritsz Decker

wikipedia_title: Cornelis Gerritsz Decker


text:
courtesy name
emperor
Chen dynasty
Liang dynasty
Hou Jing
Wang Sengbian
Emperor Jing
Chen Chang
Northern Zhou
Chen Qian
Emperor Wu of Liang
Liang Dynasty
Huzhou
Zhejiang
Confucian
Han Dynasty
Jin Dynasty
Southern dynasties
Zhang Yao'er
Chen Chang
Guangdong
Giao Châu
northern Vietnam
Lý Bôn
Jiankang
Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
Jiangxi
Guangdong
guerilla warfare
Lý Thiên Bảo
Thanh Hóa Province
Vietnam
Zhaoqing
Guangdong
Hou Jing
Eastern Wei
Northern Wei
crown prince
Xiao Gang
regent
Gao Cheng
Guigang
Guangxi
Xiao Yi
Jing Province
Hubei
Jiangxi
Wang Sengbian
Jiujiang
Jiangxi
Zhenjiang
Jiangsu
Northern Qi
Jiangling
Western Wei
Xiao Cha
Western Liang
Xiao Fangzhi
Chen Xu
Chang'an
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi
Xiao Yuanming
Shitou
Bo Yang
Chen Qian
Hou Andu
Xiao Zhuang
Wang Lin
Hunan
Hubei
empress
relic
Buddha
Northern Zhou
Anqing
Anhui
Hubei
Anqing
Anhui
Empress Xuan
Chen Chang
Lady Shen Wuhua
Book of Chen
History of Southern Dynasties
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Politicians from Huzhou,Liang dynasty regents,Liang dynasty Buddhists,Chen dynasty Buddhists,6th-century Chinese monarchs,503 births,Liang dynasty generals,Chen dynasty emperors,559 deaths

paragraph: Emperor Wu of Chen

paragraph: Emperor Wu of Chen (陳武帝) (503–559), personal name Chen Baxian (陳霸先), courtesy name Xingguo (興國), nickname Fasheng (法生), was the first emperor of the Chen dynasty of China. He first distinguished himself as a Liang dynasty general during the campaign against the rebel general Hou Jing, and he was progressively promoted. In 555, he seized power after a coup against his superior, the general Wang Sengbian, and in 557 he forced Emperor Jing to yield the throne to him, establishing the Chen dynasty. He died in 559, and as his only surviving son Chen Chang was held by Northern Zhou as a hostage, he was succeeded by his nephew Chen Qian (Emperor Wen).

paragraph: Section::::Background and early career.

paragraph: Chen Baxian was born in 503, the second year of the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang (the founding emperor of Liang Dynasty). He was from Wuxing Commandery (吳興, roughly modern Huzhou, Zhejiang). His family traced its ancestry to Chen Shi (陳寔), a county magistrate and Confucian scholar during Han Dynasty. During the lineage that was traced, Chen's ancestors generally served as low-level officials, although several were important figures in imperial governments of Jin Dynasty and the subsequent Southern dynasties, including Chen Baxian's grandfather Chen Daoju (陳道巨). However, no record indicated that Chen Baxian's father Chen Wenzan (陳文讚) was an official. His mother was a Lady Dong, probably Chen Wenzan's wife.

paragraph: When Chen Baxian was young, he was considered ambitious, not caring about managing properties. As he grew, he studied military strategies and learned various fighting techniques. Initially, he married a daughter of Qian Zhongfang (錢仲方), who was also from Wuxing Commandery, but she died early. After Lady Qian's death, he married Zhang Yao'er, likewise from Wuxing Commandery. She bore him at least one son, Chen Chang. (It is known that he had five sons before Chen Chang, but all, including Chen Ke (陳克), the only one whose name is preserved in history, appeared to have died early; it is not known who were their mothers.)

paragraph: In the late 530s, when Xiao Ying (蕭映) the Marquess of Xinyu, a nephew of Emperor Wu, was the governor of Wuxing Commandery, he had the chance to see Chen Baxian and was impressed by him. When Xiao Ying was made the governor of Guang Province (廣州, modern Guangdong) around 540, he invited Chen to serve on his staff, and subsequently, Xiao Ying made him an acting commandery governor.

paragraph: Section::::War with Vạn Xuân.

paragraph: In 541, the people of Giao Châu Province (in modern northern Vietnam), dissatisfied with the cruel rule of Xiao Zi (蕭諮) the Marquess of Wulin (another nephew of Emperor Wu), rebelled under the leadership of Lý Bôn. Xiao Zi fled to Guang Province. Xiao Ying sent the generals Sun Jiong (孫冏) and Lu Zixiong (盧子雄) to attack Lý Bôn, with Xiao Ying overseeing the operations. In spring 542, Xiao Ying and Xiao Zi ordered Sun and Lu to attack, despite Sun and Lu's request to delay the attack to fall 542 due to fears that hot temperature could cause illnesses. When Lý Bôn crushed their forces with heavy casualties, Xiao Zi falsely accused Sun and Lu of working in concert with Lý Bôn, and Emperor Wu ordered Sun and Lu to commit suicide. Lu Zixiong's brothers Lu Zilüe (盧子略) and Lu Zilie (盧子烈) and subordinates, the brothers Du Tianhe (杜天合) and Du Sengming (杜僧明) and Zhou Wenyu (周文育,) attacked the capital of Guang Province, wanting to kill Xiao Zi and Xiao Ying to avenge Lu Zixiong. Xiao Ying ordered Chen to engage them, and he defeated them, killing Du Tianhe and capturing Du Sengming and Zhou. Believing that Du Sengming and Zhou were both good soldiers, he released them and retained them on his staff. For this accomplishment, Emperor Wu created Chen the Viscount of Xin'an, and while he did not summon Chen to the capital Jiankang, he had an artisan draw a portrait of Chen and deliver it to him.

paragraph: In January 544, Lý Bôn proclaimed himself emperor and named the country Vạn Xuân, ending the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam. In winter 544, Xiao Ying died, and initially, Chen started escorting Xiao Ying's casket back to Jiankang for burial. On the way, while he was still at Dayu Mountain (大庾嶺, on the borders of modern Jiangxi and Guangdong), he was ordered to rendezvous with the new governor of Giao Châu Province, Yang Piao (楊瞟), and another nephew of Emperor Wu's, Xiao Bo (蕭勃), to attack Lý Bôn. Xiao Bao did not want to set out on the campaign, and therefore tried to persuade Yang not to advance. Chen persuaded Yang otherwise, and in spring 545, Yang, with Chen as his lieutenant, attacked Lý Bôn, defeating him and forcing him to flee into the mountains and conduct guerilla warfare instead. In 548, Lý Bôn's subordinates killed Lý Bôn, and when Lý Bôn's brother Lý Thiên Bảo succeeded him and attacked Ai Province (愛州, centered on modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam), Chen defeated Lý Thiên Bảo. Emperor Wu made Chen the governor of Gaoyao Commandery (高要, roughly modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong) as well as the commander of the forces of the surrounding commanderies.

paragraph: Section::::During the Hou Jing Disturbance.

paragraph: In summer 548, Hou Jing, formerly a general of Eastern Wei (a branch successor state of Northern Wei) whose defection Emperor Wu had accepted, rebelled, and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage. After Jiankang's fall, Hou, who had initially claimed that he wanted to restore Northern Wei's imperial clan to power, from the control of the regent Gao Cheng, enticed the governor of Guang Province, Yuan Jingzhong (元景仲), a member of Northern Wei's imperial Yuan clan, to join him, and when Chen received the news, he publicly announced Yuan's treachery and gathered the troops of the nearby generals to attack Yuan. Yuan committed suicide, and Chen welcomed Xiao Bo, then the governor of Ding Province (定州, roughly modern Guigang, Guangxi) to take over Guang Province. In winter 549, against Xiao Bo's request, Chen took his troops and embarked on a campaign to join the fight against Hou, sending messengers to Emperor Wu's son Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, the governor of Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei), pledging support and loyalty to Xiao Yi, then commonly viewed as the leader of the remaining Liang provinces not under Hou's control.

paragraph: For the next year, Chen advanced north through modern Jiangxi, fighting the various local warlords and generals loyal to Hou, with his main struggle against Li Qianshi (李遷仕). In spring 551, he captured and killed Li. Xiao Yi made him the governor of Jiang Province (江州, roughly modern Jiangxi). By fall 551, he had rendezvoused with Xiao Yi's main general, Wang Sengbian, at Xunyang (尋陽, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi). In 552, after they had sworn a solemn oath to Liang, they advanced east toward Jiankang, where Hou had killed Xiao Gang (who had succeeded Emperor Wu as Emperor Jianwen) and taken the throne himself as Emperor of Han. Chen was instrumental in the subsequent siege of Jiankang, and they defeated Hou together, causing Hou to flee. Subsequently, Hou was killed by his own men. For Chen's contributions, Xiao Yi created Chen the Marquess of Changcheng—Chen's home county. Wang put Chen in charge of the important city Jingkou (京口, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). For the next two years, Chen was several times involved in border battles against Northern Qi (Eastern Wei's successor state). At times, when Xiao Yi (who had by now taken the throne as Emperor Yuan but set up his capital at his headquarters of Jiangling rather than at Jiankang) summoned Wang on campaigns, Wang would put Chen in charge of Jiankang.

paragraph: Section::::Seizure of power.

paragraph: In 554, Western Wei launched a major attack on Jiangling, and Emperor Yuan summoned Wang to come to his aid, putting Chen in charge of Jiankang. Before Wang could reach Jiangling, however, Western Wei had already captured Jiangling, killing Emperor Yuan and declaring his nephew Xiao Cha emperor instead (as Emperor Xuan). (Xiao Cha's state is known in history as the Western Liang.) Wang and Chen refused to recognize Emperor Xuan; instead, in spring 555, they welcomed Emperor Yuan's 11-year-old son Xiao Fangzhi the Prince of Jin'an—Emperor Yuan's only surviving son—to Jiankang, preparing to make him emperor and first having him take the title Prince of Liang. (When Jiankang fell, Chen's son Chen Chang and nephew Chen Xu, who had been serving in the imperial administration, were captured and taken to the Western Wei capital Chang'an as honored captives.)

paragraph: At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙) the Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor. Wang initially rejected Xiao Yuanming, but after his forces lost a few battles to Northern Qi forces, changed his mind and decided to accept Xiao Yuanming as emperor after extracting a promise from Xiao Yuanming to make Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. In summer 555, Xiao Yuanming arrived at Jiankang to take the throne, and he created Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. Wang and Chen continued to be in charge of the military.

paragraph: Chen, however, was unhappy about the situation, believing Xiao Yuanming to be unworthy of the throne. Despite Wang Sengbian's knowledge of Chen's displeasure, however, Wang did not suspect Chen of having any rebellious intentions, as they had been friendly, and Wang and Chen had agreed on having Wang Sengbian's son Wang Wei (王頠) marry Chen's daughter, although the marriage had not been established on account of the recent death of Wang Sengbian's mother. in fall 555, believing reports that Northern Qi was going to attack, Wang sent his secretary Jiang Gan (江旰) to Jingkou to alert Chen. Chen instead detained Jiang and started a surprise attack on Wang. With Wang not suspecting that an attack would occur, Chen quickly reached Wang's headquarters at Shitou (a fortress near Jiankang), capturing and killing Wang Sengbian and Wang Wei. He took over control of the imperial government, forcing Xiao Yuanming to abdicate and making Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing).

paragraph: Immediately, Chen faced resistance from the generals Xu Sihui (徐嗣徽), Ren Yue (任約), and Hou Tian (侯瑱), and Wang Sengbian's brother Wang Sengzhi (王僧智) and son-in-law Du Kan (杜龕). (Du was the governor of Chen's home commandery of Wuxing, and the historian Bo Yang had speculated that Du's disrespect for Chen and his curbing of special privileges that Chen's clan was exerting in Wuxing might have been an impetus for Chen's rebellion against Wang.) Chen initially sent his nephew Chen Qian and his general Zhou Wenyu against Du and Du's ally Wei Zai (韋載), but the campaign was inconclusive, and Chen subsequently went to attack himself. Meanwhile, Xu and Ren, aided by Northern Qi, made a surprise attack on Jiankang, nearly capturing it, but were repelled by Chen's general Hou Andu. Soon, Chen defeated Wei and Wei surrendered, and Chen returned to Jiankang, leaving Zhou to face Du.

paragraph: Despite Northern Qi aid, Xu and Ren could not defeat Chen, and Chen put Shitou, which the Northern Qi general Liu Damo (柳達摩) had captured, under siege. Liu sought peace, but requested Chen to send his relatives as hostages to Northern Qi. Most officials advocated peace, and Chen, despite his skepticism about such a peace holding, agreed, and sent his nephew Chen Tanlang (陳曇朗), Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang the Prince of Yongjia, and Wang Min (王珉), the son of the key official Wang Chong (王沖), as hostages, permitting Northern Qi forces to withdraw, and Xu and Ren withdrew with them.

paragraph: By spring 556, Du had either been captured or surrendered to Zhou and Chen Qian, and Chen Baxian executed Du. Wang Sengzhi fled to Northern Qi, and the capital region was largely under Chen Baxian's control. Meanwhile, Northern Qi forces were preparing another attack, but they invited Xiao Yuanming to their camp to discuss peace. Chen sent Xiao Yuanming to Northern Qi camp, but before talks could begin, Xiao Yuanming died from a severe infection on his back. By summer 556, Northern Qi forces were again descending on Jiankang, but once there, their forces stalemated with Chen's forces. Northern Qi forces' food supplies soon ran out, and Chen defeated them, killing Xu and capturing a number of Northern Qi generals, whom Chen executed. (In response, Northern Qi executed Chen Tanlang, although Chen Baxian never found out during his lifetime.) Meanwhile, Hou Tian, having been defeated by another general, Hou Ping (侯平), chose to submit to Chen.

paragraph: During the next year, Chen began to receive greater and greater titles and offices, progressing from being the Marquess of Changcheng to Duke of Changcheng to Duke of Yixing to Duke of Chen to Prince of Chen. In 557, Xiao Bo declared a resistance against Chen from Guang Province. Soon, however, Zhou defeated Xiao Bo's general Ouyang Wei (歐陽頠), and Xiao Bo was killed by his own generals. At the same time, Wang Lin, who controlled modern Hunan and eastern Hubei, suspicious of Chen's intentions, refused his summon to Jiankang and prepared for battle instead. Chen sent Zhou and Hou Andu against Wang Lin. In winter 557, Chen had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing Chen Dynasty as its Emperor Wu. He created Emperor Jing the Prince of Jiangyin. He posthumously honored his parents emperor and empress, his deceased wife Lady Qian empress, and his deceased son Chen Ke crown prince. He created his wife Zhang Yao'er empress.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: While it is not known when Emperor Wu became a Buddhist, once he became emperor he immediately took steps to officially sanction Buddhism, as he displayed a relic believed to be a Buddha's tooth and held a major Buddhist festival. He also, following the lead of Liang's Emperor Wu, offered himself to Buddha's service on one occasion. He made several requests to Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou to return Chen Chang and Chen Xu, and while Northern Zhou promised to do so, they would actually not be returned in Emperor Wu's lifetime.

paragraph: Meanwhile, news that Emperor Wu had accepted the throne had reached the front where Zhou Wenyu and Hou Andu were engaging Wang Lin, greatly depressing Zhou and Hou's forces, as this removed a major appeal that they had—that Wang was being a rebel for refusing to follow Emperor Jing's orders. Wang defeated Zhou and Hou and captured them. After doing so, however, both Chen forces and Wang Lin's forces were stalemated by the fact that the general Lu Xida (魯悉達), who controlled Northern Jiang Province (北江州, roughly modern Anqing, Anhui), was accepting overtures from both sides but refusing to actually obey either side. Not able to make progress in his campaign against the new Chen state, Wang sought help from Northern Qi and requested that it return Xiao Zhuang to be emperor. Soon, Northern Qi returned Xiao Zhuang, and Wang Lin declared Xiao Zhuang emperor at Ying Province (郢州, modern eastern Hubei).

paragraph: In summer 558, Emperor Wu had the former Emperor Jing of Liang killed. He sent Hou Tian and Xu Du (徐度) to attack Wang Lin, but soon negotiated a peace with Wang Lin, after Wang's general Yu Xiaoqing (余孝頃) was defeated by the independent general Zhou Di (周迪). (Meanwhile, Zhou Wenyu and Hou escaped from Wang's custody and returned to Chen, although Zhou was soon assassinated by the independent general Xiong Tanlang (熊曇朗).)

paragraph: In summer 559, Emperor Wu suffered a major illness and died suddenly. At that time, the only close relative of his in Chen territory, his nephew Chen Qian the Prince of Linchuan, was away building a fort at Nanhuan (南皖, in modern Anqing, Anhui). Empress Zhang, after consulting the officials Du Leng (杜稜) and Cai Jingli (蔡景歷), chose not to announce Emperor Wu's death and summoned Chen Qian back from Nanhuan. The imperial officials decided to support Chen Qian as emperor, and while Empress Zhang was initially hesitant, hoping that Chen Chang would return, she eventually agreed, and Chen Qian took the throne as Emperor Wen.

paragraph: Section::::Era name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yongding" (永定 yǒng dìng) 557-559

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Wenzan, Emperor Jing ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress An, of the Dong clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zhao, of the Qian clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chen Ke, Crown Prince Xiaohuai" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xuan, of the Zhang clan (; 506–570), personal name Yao'er ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Chang, Prince Hengyangxian (; 537–560), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yuhua ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chen Li, Prince Yuzhangxian" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chen Quan, Prince Changshasi" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongshi (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Qian Chan (), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Kuaijimu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Shen Junli of Wuxing, Marquis Wangcai (; 525–573), and had issue (Lady Shen Wuhua)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Chen", vols. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Southern Dynasties", vol. 9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , .

alias:
Gao Zu
Chen Baxian
Wu Di
Xingguo

description: Chen Dynasty emperor

wikidata_label: Emperor Wu of Chen

wikipedia_title: Emperor Wu of Chen


text: Delhi

text: Gulbarga

text: Sufi

text: Chishti Order

text: murid

text: Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi

text: khalifa

text: Daulatabad

text: attack

text: Timur

text: South India

text: Gulbarga

text: Bahamani Sultan

text: Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah

text: Daulatabad

text: Maharashtra

text: Gulbarga

text: Deccan

text: Karnataka

text: Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah

text: Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi

text: Nizam Uddin Aulia

text: Misbah

text: Qadoori

text: Timur

text: palanquin

text: Arabic

text: Persian

text: Urdu

text: magnum opus

text: Prophet of Islam

text: Dakhni

text: Ibn Arabi

text: Suhrawardi

text: urs

text: Muslim calendar

text: dargah

text: Qari Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui

text: Sufi Saints of South Asia

text: Maudood Chishti

text: Wali Kirani

text: Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

text: Tazkira

text: About KBN Darga|NammaGulbarga.com

text: Pictures of Dargah Sharif

categories: Urdu writers from India,Indian Sufi religious leaders,Writers from Karnataka,14th-century Indian scholars,1321 births,15th-century Indian scholars,1422 deaths,Chishti Order,Indian Sufi saints,Scholars from Karnataka

paragraph: Bande Nawaz

paragraph: Syed Muhammad bin Yousuf Al Hussaini, commonly known as Hazrat Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gaisu Daraz (7 August 1321, Delhi −10 November 1422, Gulbarga), was a famous Sufi saint from India of the Chishti Order, who advocated understanding, tolerance and harmony among various religious groups.

paragraph: Gaisu Daraz was a "murid" (disciple) of the noted Sufi saint of Delhi, Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi. After the death of Chiragh Dehlavi, Gaisu Daraz took on the mantle of the successor ("khalifa"). When he moved to Daulatabad around 1400, owing to the attack of Timur on Delhi, he took the Chishti Order to South India. He finally settled down in Gulbarga, at the invitation of Bahamani Sultan, Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Banda Nawaz was born to Syed walShareef Muhammad bin Yousuf AlHussaini in Delhi in 1321. At the age of four, his family shifted to Daulatabad in Deccan (now in Maharashtra). In 1397, he went to Gulbarga, Deccan (presently in Karnataka) at the invitation of Sultan Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah.

paragraph: At the age of fifteen, he returned to Delhi for his education and training by Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi. He was also a very enthusiastic student of Kethli, Tajuddin Bahadur and Qazi Abdul Muqtadir. After teaching at various places such as Delhi, Mewath, Gwalior, Chander, Aircha, Chatra, Chanderi, Miandhar, Baroda, Khambayat and Gulbarga in 1397 and died in Gulbarga in the year November 1422.

paragraph: His name as well as patronymic was Abul-Fatah and Gaisu Daraz was his title. Among the scholars and theologians he was Sheikh Abul-Fatah Sadr Uddin Muhammad Dehlavi but people called him Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gaisu Daraaz.

paragraph: Section::::Parentage.

paragraph: He was the descendant of Ali. His forefathers resided in Hirat. One of them came to Delhi and settled down here. His father Syed walShareef Muhammad bin Yousuf was born here on 4, Rajab, 721 Hijri. His father Syed walShareef Yousuf bin Muhammad AlHussaini was a holy figure and devoted to Nizam Uddin Aulia.

paragraph: Sultan Muhammad-bin Tughlaq once transferred his capital to Daulatabad (Devgiri) and along with him went many scholars, theologians, and mystics. His parents also migrated to the place. He was four years at the time Malik-ul-Umar Syed Ibrahim Mustafa AlHashmi, his maternal uncle, was the governor of Daulatabad.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and early education.

paragraph: His father always stressed the importance of education. From his childhood he was inclined towards religion and spent time in meditation and prayer. His father died when he was ten and his maternal grandfather assumed responsibility for his education and training and taught him initial books but he took lessons on "Misbah" and "Qadoori" from another teacher.

paragraph: Section::::In Delhi.

paragraph: On the death of his father. He was fifteen at the time. He had heard a lot about Nizam Uddin Auliya and Nasir Uddin Roshan Chiragh Dehlavi from his father and maternal grand father and grew devoted to them. One day he went to say his prayer in the Jama-Majid of Sultan Qutub Uddin, there he saw Sheikh Nasir Uddin Mahmud Chiragh Dehlavi and pledged obedience to him on 16, Rajab. Under the guidance of Nasir Uddin Chiragh Dehlavi he engaged himself in prayers and meditation and so much enjoyed them that he forbade studies and requested his teacher to allow him to do so. Nasir Uddin denied him permission and instructed him to study with attention Usool-e-Bizoori, Risals Shamsia, Kashaf, Misbah so he restarted the studies under the guidance of renowned teachers.

paragraph: AlHussaini left Delhi on December 17, 1398, because the city was under siege by Timur and its fall was imminent.

paragraph: Section::::Title Gesu-Daraaz.

paragraph: One day he with other disciples lifted the palanquin bearing Nasir Uddin. His long hair stuck into the foot of the palki and pained him severely but he did not disentangle them for love and respect to the teacher. When Nasir Uddin learned of the episode, he was overjoyed and recited the Persian couplet:

paragraph: "Har ki murid Syed gesu daraaz shud Vallah khilaf-e-nest ki Uoo ishq baaz shud." ("Syed Gesu Daraaz has pledged his obedience; there is nothing wrong in it because he has deeply fallen in love.")

paragraph: He thus gained the title "Gesu Daraaz".

paragraph: Section::::In Gulbarga.

paragraph: Having lived for over forty years in Delhi, he moved to Gulbarga at the age of around 76. Firoz Shah Bahmani ruled over the Deccan during this period. He gave him much respect. For a long time he was engaged in religious discourses, sermons, and spiritual training of the people.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bande Nawaz attained an age of 101 years, died on 16 Ziqa'ad 825 Hijri in Gulbarga and was buried there. His tomb is a place of Ziyaarat,

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- If a Salik prays or meditates for fame, he is an atheist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- If one prays or meditates out of fear, he is a cheat and a hypocrite.

paragraph: BULLET::::- So long as a man disengages himself from all the worldly things, he would not step into the road of misconduct.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Divide the night into three periods: in the first period say Darud and recitation; in the second sleep and in the third call His name and meditate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Salik should be careful in food it should be legitimate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Salik should abstain from the company of the worldly people.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Bande Nawaz authored about 195 books in Arabic, Persian and Urdu. His "magnum opus", "Tafseer Multaqat", was compiled into one book very recently. He also composed a book on the Prophet of Islam titled "Miraj-al Ashiqin" for the instruction of the masses in Dakhni, a South Indian branch of the Urdu language. He was the first Sufi to use this vernacular which was elaborated upon by many other Sufi saints of South India in later centuries. He wrote many treatises on the works on Ibn Arabi and Suhrawardi, which made the works of these scholars accessible to Indian scholars and played a major role in influencing later mystical thought. Other books authored are "Qaseeda Amali" and "Adaab-al-Mureedein".

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tafseer-e-Qu'Orane-e-Majeed"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Multaqit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Havashi Kashaf"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharah-e-Mashareq"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharah Fiqah-e-Akbar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharah Adab-Ul-Murideen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharah Ta-arruf"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risala Sirat-Ul-Nabi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tarjuma Mashareq"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ma-Arif"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tarjuma Awarif"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharah Fasoosul Hikam"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tarjuma Risala Qasherya"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hawa Asahi Quwwat-Ul-Qalb"

paragraph: Section::::Urs.

paragraph: People from various walks of life, irrespective of caste and creed, assemble even today to celebrate the "urs" (death anniversary) which takes place on the 15, 16 and 17-day of Zul-Qa'dah of Muslim calendar at the famous Bande Nawaz "dargah" in Gulbarga every year. Several hundred thousand devotees from near and far, irrespective of religion and beliefs, gather to seek blessings.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qari Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sufi Saints of South Asia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maudood Chishti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wali Kirani

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Askari, Syed Hasan, "Tazkira-i Murshidi—Rare Malfuz of the 15th-Century Sufi Saint of Gulbarga." Proceedings of the Indian Historical Records Commission (1952).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hussaini, Syed Shah Khusro, "Gisudaraz on Wahdat al-Wujud." Studies in Islam 19 (1982), pp. 233–45.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hussaini, Syed Shah Khusro, "Sayyid Muhammad al-Husayni Gisu Daraz: On Sufism" Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hussaini, Syed Shah Khusro, "Shuhud vs. Wujud: A Study of Gisudiraz" Islamic Culture 59 (1985), pp. 323–39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siddiqi, Mohd. Sulaiman, "Syed Mohd. al-Husaini Gisudaraz" Islamic Culture 52 (1978), pp. 173–84.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- About KBN Darga|NammaGulbarga.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- A lecture on the Khaja by Mufti Syed Ziauddin Naqshbandi Qadri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures of Dargah Sharif

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini awarded with Karnataka Rajyotsva Prashasti 2017 by Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah

description: Indian Sufi saint

wikidata_label: Bande Nawaz

wikipedia_title: Bande Nawaz


href: Seelowitz Moravia Budapest Hungarian%20people cartographer Hungarian%20Geographical%20Institute

text:
Seelowitz
Moravia
Budapest
Hungarian
cartographer
Hungarian Geographical Institute

categories: 1908 deaths,Austro-Hungarian people,Hungarian people of Polish descent,19th-century Hungarian people,Hungarian people of Czech descent,People from Brno-Country District,1851 births,Hungarian cartographers

paragraph: Manó Kogutowicz

paragraph: Emanuel Kogutowicz, (December 21, 1851, (Groß-)Seelowitz (), Moravia – December 22, 1908, Budapest) is a famous Hungarian cartographer, and the founder of the Hungarian Geographical Institute.

description: Hungarian cartographer

wikidata_label: Manó Kogutowicz

wikipedia_title: Manó Kogutowicz