text: Roman Emperor

text: Moesia

text: Goths

text: Trebonianus Gallus

text: Battle of Interamna Nahars

text: Valerian

text: Roman province

text: Africa

text: Epitome de Caesaribus

text: Djerba

text: Tunisia

text: Moor

text: Joannes Zonaras

text: Eutropius

text: Paeanius

text: John of Antioch

text: Cornelia Supera

text: Trebonianus Gallus

text: Volusianus

text: Balkans

text: Danube

text: Goths

text: Cniva

text: Decius

text: Battle of Abrittus

text: plague

text: Shapur I

text: Syria

text: Roman Senate

text: Jerome

text: Jordanes

text: Goths

text: Cniva

text: Cappadocia

text: Pessinus

text: Ephesus

text: Battle of Abrittus

text: Zosimus

text: Zonaras

text: Rome

text: Flaminian Way

text: Roman senate

text: Battle of Interamna Nahars

text: Terni

text: San Giovanni Profiamma

text: Roman senate

text: pontifex maximus

text: Roman Empire

text: Valerian

text: Zosimus

text: Spoletium

text: Oriculum

text: Narni

text: damnatio memoriae

text: Silbannacus

text: Eutropius

categories: 253 deaths,3rd-century murdered monarchs,Moesia,3rd-century Roman emperors,207 births,Crisis of the Third Century,Murdered Roman emperors

paragraph: Aemilianus

paragraph: Aemilianus (; c. 207/213 – September 253), also known as Aemilian, was Roman Emperor for three months in 253.

paragraph: Commander of the Moesian troops, he obtained an important victory against the invading Goths and was, for this reason, acclaimed Emperor by his army. He then moved quickly to Italy, where he defeated Emperor Trebonianus Gallus at the Battle of Interamna Nahars in August 253, only to be killed by his own men a month later when another general, Valerian, proclaimed himself Emperor and moved against Aemilian with a larger army.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origins and military career.

paragraph: Aemilian was born in the Roman province of Africa. According to the 4th century source "Epitome de Caesaribus", he was born at "Girba" (modern Djerba, an island off the coast of Tunisia) and was a Moor; a reference in the same source hints that he was born around 207. The 12th-century historian Joannes Zonaras, who calls him a Libyan (that is, coming from western Egypt-eastern Libya) rather than a Moor, and another chronicle of the 13th century hold that he was forty at the time of his death in 253.

paragraph: Regarding his lineage, there are two versions, both exaggerated: while Eutropius and his translator Paeanius probably defame a failed usurper when they say that he was from an insignificant family, John of Antioch may refer to Aemilian's propaganda when he says that the usurper used his ancestry to take power. Aemilian married Cornelia Supera, a woman of African origin; the year of their marriage is unknown, but since both were from the same place, it is possible they married before Aemilian left Africa.

paragraph: During the reign of Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus (251–253), Aemilian was sent to the Balkans to command an army. His primary responsibility was to assure peace along the Danube frontier, which had been subject to several attacks by the Goths led by king Cniva.

paragraph: Gallus secured the throne after the death of emperor Decius at the hands of Cniva in the Battle of Abrittus (251), and later had to manage an outbreak of plague that devastated Rome. He was not popular with the army, mainly due to humiliating treaties signed in 251 with the Goths and King Shapur I of Persia who attacked Syria. According to John of Antioch, upon his appointment to the Moesian command, Aemilian was already envious of Gallus and plotted treachery against him. He was also an opponent of the Roman Senate, and his seditious plans are confirmed by Jerome and Jordanes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Victory against the Goths, overthrow of Gallus, short rule and death of Aemilian.

paragraph: In 253, the Goths, led by king Cniva, claimed they had not received the tribute due from the Romans according to the treaty of 251. They crossed the border and attacked Cappadocia, Pessinus, and Ephesus. Modern historians believe that this missing payment was not a change in Roman policy, and the Goths were more likely trying to capitalize on their military prowess. Aemilian had command of the army assigned to defend the area, but the recent defeat at the Battle of Abrittus put his troops on edge. Aemilian exhorted them, reminding them of Roman honor (according to Zosimus) and promising tribute from the Goths (according to Zonaras). The Romans took the Goths by surprise, killing most of them, followed by an invasion of Goth territory resulting in booty and the liberation of prisoners. The Roman soldiers, gathered by Aemilian, acclaimed him Emperor. Jordanes claims, however, that Aemilian's troops plundered Roman territory, rather than keep the tribute of the Goths.

paragraph: With his few men, Aemilian left his province unguarded and moved quickly towards Rome to meet the legitimate emperor Gallus before the latter could receive reinforcements. While Aemilian descended upon Rome along the Flaminian Way, Gallus and Volusianus had him proclaimed "enemy of the State" by the Roman senate, then exited Rome to meet the usurper. This strategy suggests that Aemilian's army was smaller than theirs, as they probably did not expect reinforcements to come in time but trusted their larger army to win the clash. The two armies met at the Battle of Interamna Nahars near modern Terni, at the southern end of the eastern branch of the Flaminia, and Aemilian won the battle; Gallus and Volusianus fled to the north with a few followers, probably as a delay tactic before the arrival of reinforcements, but, in August 253, at "Forum Flaminii" (modern San Giovanni Profiamma), on the western branch of the Flaminia, they were killed by some of their own guards, who thought that their betrayal could earn them a reward.

paragraph: Aemilian continued towards Rome. The Roman senate, after a short opposition, decided to recognize him as emperor. According to some sources, Aemilian then wrote to the Senate, promising to fight for the Empire in Thrace and against Persia, and to relinquish his power to the Senate, of which he considered himself a general. Aemilian received the titles of "Pius", "Felix" and "Pater Patriae", the "tribunicia potestas", and was elevated to the rank of "pontifex maximus"; he was not, however, elevated to consulate (possibly a hint of his non-senatorial birth). His coinage shows that his propaganda focused on his capability as a military commander—he defeated the Goths when nobody thought this possible, and thus he was the right man for the job of restoring the power of the Roman Empire.

paragraph: However, Valerian, governor of the Rhine provinces, was on his way south with an army which, according to Zosimus, had been called in as a reinforcement by Gallus. But modern historians believe this army, possibly mobilized for an incumbent campaign in the East, moved only after Gallus' death to support Valerian's bid for power. Emperor Aemilian's men, fearful of a civil war and Valerian's larger force, mutinied. They killed Aemilian at Spoletium or at the "Sanguinarium" bridge, between "Oriculum" and "Narnia" (halfway between Spoletium and Rome), and recognized Valerian as the new emperor. After Aemilian's death, which happened between late July and mid-September, a "damnatio memoriae" against him was declared.

paragraph: It is possible that the usurper Silbannacus was an officer left by Aemilian in Rome before moving against Valerian, who later tried to become emperor but then was killed.

paragraph: The troubled administration of emperor Aemilian was perhaps best summed up by Eutropius:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banchich, Thomas, "Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus (ca. July – ca. September, 253)", "De Imperatoribus Romanis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Potter, David S., "The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395", Routledge, 2004.

alias:
Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus
Aemilianus . (---)Aemilianus

description: Roman Emporer

wikidata_label: Aemilianus

wikipedia_title: Aemilianus


text:
French
composer
poet
Renaissance
Burgundian School
motet
chanson
Guillaume Dufay
Béthune
Pas-de-Calais
Busnes
Lens
Tours
state of anathema
excommunicated
Pope Pius II
Johannes Ockeghem
Poitiers
Burgundy
Charles
Hayne van Ghizeghem
Adrien Basin
valet de chambre
Hayne van Ghizeghem
Neuss
Germany
Battle of Nancy
Bruges
Guillaume Dufay
Johannes Ockeghem
cantus firmus
Masses
motet
Marian antiphon
homophonic
Binchois
imitative counterpoint
Josquin
Gombert
triad
Pietro Aron
L'homme armé
Mass
Obrecht
Dufay's
Richard Taruskin
L'homme armé
David Fallows
chanson
rondeau
bergerette
Fortuna desperata
Obrecht
antiphonal
Conditor alme siderum
Fortuna desperata
(subscription access)
Gustave Reese

categories: 1430s births,French male classical composers,1492 deaths,Burgundian school composers,Renaissance composers,French classical composers,People from Béthune

paragraph: Antoine Busnois

paragraph: Antoine Busnois (also Busnoys) (c. 1430 – 6 November 1492) was a French composer and poet of the early Renaissance Burgundian School. While also noted as a composer of motets and other sacred music, he was one of the most renowned 15th-century composers of secular chansons. He was the leading figure of the late Burgundian school after the death of Guillaume Dufay.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: While details of his early life are largely conjectural, he was probably from the vicinity of Béthune in the Pas-de-Calais, possibly the hamlet of Busnes, to which his name seems to refer. He may have been related to the aristocratic family of Busnes; in particular, a Philippe de Busnes, canon of Notre-Dame in Lens, could have been a relative. He clearly received an excellent musical education, probably at a church choir school somewhere in northern or central France. An aristocratic origin may explain his early association with the French royal court: as early as the 1450s references to him appear there, and in 1461 he was a chaplain at Tours. That he was not entirely a man of peace is indicated by a petition for absolution he filed in Tours, dated 28 February 1461, in which he admitted to being part of a group that beat up a priest "to the point of bloodshed", not once but five times. While in a state of anathema he was foolhardy enough to celebrate Mass although he was not an ordained priest, an act which got him excommunicated until Pope Pius II pardoned him.

paragraph: He moved from the cathedral to the collegiate church of St. Martin, also in Tours, where he became a subdeacon in 1465. Johannes Ockeghem was treasurer at that institution, and the two composers seem to have known each other well. Later in 1465 Busnois moved to Poitiers, where he not only became master of the choirboys but managed to attract a flood of talented singers from the entire region; by this time his reputation as singing teacher, scholar and composer seems to have spread widely. But he departed in 1466 just as suddenly as he came for no known reason, and the former master was given his old job back. He then moved to Burgundy.

paragraph: Busnois was at the Burgundian court by 1467. His first compositions there appeared immediately before the accession of Charles as Duke on 15 June, since one of his motets — "In hydraulis" — contains a dedication to Charles calling him Count. On becoming Duke of Burgundy, he quickly became known as Charles the Bold for his fierce and sometimes reckless military adventurism (which indeed led to his death in battle ten years later). But Charles loved not only war but also music, appreciating and rewarding Busnois for works composed while in his service. Busnois was listed along with Hayne van Ghizeghem and Adrien Basin as "chantre et valet de chambre" to Charles in 1467.

paragraph: In addition to serving Charles as singer and composer, Busnois accompanied the Duke on his military campaigns, as did Hayne van Ghizeghem. Busnois was at the siege of Neuss in Germany in 1475, and survived (or missed) the disastrous Battle of Nancy in 1477 at which Charles was killed and Burgundian expansion was ended forthwith and forever.

paragraph: Busnois remained in the employ of the Burgundian court until 1482, but nothing exact is known about his exploits between then and the year of his death. At the time of his death, in 1492, he was employed by the church of St. Sauveur in Bruges.

paragraph: Section::::Works and style.

paragraph: Busnois' contemporary reputation was immense; he was probably the best-known musician in Europe between Guillaume Dufay and Johannes Ockeghem. He wrote sacred and secular music. Of the former, two cantus firmus Masses and eight motets have survived, while many others were most likely lost. He set the Marian antiphon "Regina coeli" several times. Stylistically, his music can be considered a midpoint between the simplicity and homophonic textures of Dufay and Binchois, and the soon-to-be pervasive imitative counterpoint of Josquin and Gombert. He used imitation only occasionally but skillfully, created smooth and singable melodic lines and had a strong feeling for triadic sonorities, anticipating 16th-century practice.

paragraph: According to Pietro Aron, Busnois may have been the composer of the famous tune "L'homme armé", one of the most widely distributed melodies of the Renaissance and the one more often used than any other as a cantus firmus in Mass composition. Whether or not he wrote the first Mass based on "L'homme armé", his was by far the most influential; Obrecht's setting, for example, closely parallels that of Busnois, and even Dufay's quotes from it directly. Richard Taruskin attempts to prove that Busnois' was the model later "L'homme armé" masses were based upon through a study of the composer's numerological symbology within the work, and by demonstrating that Dufay and others were emulating (or paying homage) to this aspect, among others. David Fallows points out that the complexity of the Busnois mass may indicate that he was actually borrowing from Dufay. Busnois may even be the composer of a cycle of "six" Masses all based on the same tune, found in Naples, on the basis of stylistic comparison.

paragraph: But Busnois' chansons (French secular songs) are the works on which his reputation mainly rests. Most are rondeaux, but some are bergerettes; many of them achieved the status of popular songs, and some were perhaps based on other popular songs which are now lost. He probably wrote the words for almost all of his chansons (anticipating Wagner by four hundred years!). Some of his tunes were recycled as cantus firmus for Masses composed more than a generation after his death, for instance "Fortuna desperata" (which was used both by Obrecht and Josquin). An unusual chanson is "Terrible dame", which is not only an antiphonal dialogue (unique in the chanson literature) but has an Old French title requiring no special skill to translate.

paragraph: While most of Busnois's secular songs are set to French words, at least two employ Italian texts and one is in Flemish. Most are for three voices, although there are a few for four.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Masses.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Missa L'homme armé;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Missa O crux lignum;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Patrem Vilayge.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Masses conjecturally attributed to Busnois.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Missa L'Ardent desir;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Missa L'homme armé (I);

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Missa L'homme armé (II);

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Missa L'homme armé (III);

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Missa L'homme armé (IV);

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Missa L'homme armé (V);

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Missa L'homme armé (VI) (these six Masses from Naples, attributed to Busnois from stylistic similarities);

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Missa sine nomine;

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Missa Quant ce viendra.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Motets and magnificats.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Ad coenam agni providi;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Alleluia, verbum caro factum est;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Anima mea liquefacta est / Stirps Jesse;

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Anthoni usque limina;

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Asperges me (lost);

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Conditor alme siderum;

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Gaude coelestis domina;

paragraph: BULLET::::8. In hydraulis;

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Lamentation on the death of Guillaume Dufay (probably written in 1474, lost);

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Magnificat sexti toni;

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Noel, noel;

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Regina caeli (I);

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Regina caeli (II);

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Victimae paschali laudes.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Magnificats and motets, conjecturally attributed to Busnois.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Magnificat octavi toni;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Magnificat secundi toni;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Incomprehensibilia / Preter rerum ordinem.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Secular music.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. moy;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Advegne que advenir pourra;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Amours nous traicte / Je m'en vois;

paragraph: BULLET::::4. A qui vens tu tes coquilles;

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Au gré de mes iculx;

paragraph: BULLET::::6. A une dame;

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Au povre par necessité;

paragraph: BULLET::::8. A vous, sans autre;

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Bel acueil;

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Bone chére;

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Ce n’est pas moy;

paragraph: BULLET::::12. C'est bien maleur;

paragraph: BULLET::::13. C'est vous en qui;

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Con tutta gentileça;

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Corps digne / Dieu quel ;

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Cy dit benedicite;

paragraph: BULLET::::17. En soustenant;

paragraph: BULLET::::18. En tous les lieux;

paragraph: BULLET::::19. En voyant sa dame;

paragraph: BULLET::::20. Esaint-il merci;

paragraph: BULLET::::21. Faictes de moy;

paragraph: BULLET::::22. Faulx mesdisans;

paragraph: BULLET::::23. Fortuna desperata;

paragraph: BULLET::::24. (O) Fortune, trop tu es dure;

paragraph: BULLET::::25. Ha que ville;

paragraph: BULLET::::26. In myne zynn;

paragraph: BULLET::::27. Ja que lui ne;

paragraph: BULLET::::28. J'ay mayns de bien;

paragraph: BULLET::::29. J'ay pris amours tout au rebours;

paragraph: BULLET::::30. Je m'esbaïs de vous;

paragraph: BULLET::::31. Je ne demande aultre degré;

paragraph: BULLET::::32. Je ne demande lialté;

paragraph: BULLET::::33. Je ne puis vivre ainsi;

paragraph: BULLET::::34. Joye me fuit;

paragraph: BULLET::::35. Laissez dangier;

paragraph: BULLET::::36. L'autrier la pieça /En l'ombre du buissonet / Trop suis jonette;

paragraph: BULLET::::37. L'autrier que passa;

paragraph: BULLET::::38. Le corps s'en va;

paragraph: BULLET::::39. Le monde a tel;

paragraph: BULLET::::40. Ma damoiselle;

paragraph: BULLET::::41. Maintes femmes;

paragraph: BULLET::::42. Ma plus qu'assez;

paragraph: BULLET::::43. Ma tres souveraine princesse;

paragraph: BULLET::::44. M'a vostre cueur;

paragraph: BULLET::::45. Mon mignault / Gracieuse, playsant;

paragraph: BULLET::::46. Mon seul et sangle souvenir;

paragraph: BULLET::::47. On a grant mal / On est bien malade;

paragraph: BULLET::::48. Pour entretenir mes amours;

paragraph: BULLET::::49. Pucellotte;

paragraph: BULLET::::50. Quant j'ay au cueur;

paragraph: BULLET::::51. Quant vous me ferez;

paragraph: BULLET::::52. Quelque povre homme;

paragraph: BULLET::::53. Quelque povre homme;

paragraph: BULLET::::54. Resjois toy terre de France / Rex pacificus;

paragraph: BULLET::::55. Seule a par moy;

paragraph: BULLET::::56. Soudainementmon cueur;

paragraph: BULLET::::57. Terrible dame;

paragraph: BULLET::::58. Une filleresse / S'il y a compagnion / Vostre amour;

paragraph: BULLET::::59. Ung grand povtre homme;

paragraph: BULLET::::60. Ung plus que tous;

paragraph: BULLET::::61. Vostre beauté / Vous marchez;

paragraph: BULLET::::62. Vostre gracieuse acointance.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Works with conflicting attribution.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Amours, amours, amours;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Amours fait moult / Il est de binne heure né /Tant que nostre argent dura;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Cent mile escus;

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Et qui la dira;

paragraph: BULLET::::5. J'ay bien choisi;

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Il sera pour vous canbatu / L'homme armé;

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Je ne fay plus;

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Je suis venu;

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Le serviteur;

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Quant ce vendra (attributed to Busnoys in Dijon MS 517);

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Sans avoir (‚S' amours vous fiu' or 'Malagrota');

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Se brief puis.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paula Higgins: "Antoine Busnoys", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed November 5, 2005), (subscription access)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles "Antoine Busnois", "Burgundian School" in "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Reese, "Music in the Renaissance". New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, "Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance" (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paula Higgins, ed. "Antoine Busnoys: Method, Meaning, and Context in Late Medieval Music". New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mario Giuseppe Genesi, "Identified a secular 3-male voice chanson in a tapestry work of the Piacenza Collegio Alberoni XVth century Collection";in "Strenna Piacentina 2010",Piacenza,TEP Editions,pp. 33–65.

description: French composer and poet

wikidata_label: Antoine Busnois

wikipedia_title: Antoine Busnois


text:
Jewish-American
painter
Cubist
Jewish
Whitney Museum of American Art
Białystok
Russian Empire
Pratt Institute
Brooklyn
Arthur Wesley Dow
Paul Gauguin
Armory Show
Académie Julian
modernists
Henri Rousseau
Henri Matisse
Pablo Picasso
School of Paris
Abraham Walkowitz
H. Lyman Sayen
Patrick Henry Bruce
Guillaume Apollinaire
Gertrude Stein
Cubism
291
Alfred Stieglitz
James Gibbons Huneker
Sam Hunter
Alvin Langdon Coburn
Clarence White
John Cotton Dana
Newark Museum
Camera Work
Wilhelmina Weber Furlong
Thomas Furlong
Art Students League
Great Neck, New York
Jewish Museum
Armory Show
Arthur B. Davies
Alfred H. Barr, Jr.
Museum of Modern Art
Life
Look
John Marin
expressionist
John Marin
Arthur Dove
Marsden Hartley
Charles Demuth
woodcuts
Addison Gallery of American Art
Art Institute of Chicago
Berkshire Museum
Blanton Museum of Art
Brooklyn Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Corcoran Gallery of Art
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
Detroit Institute of Art
Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art
Harvard Art Museums
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Huntington Library
Jewish Museum (New York)
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art
Memorial Art Gallery
Memphis Brooks Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Museum of Modern Art
National Gallery of Art
Newark Museum
New Britain Museum of American Art
New Jersey State Museum
Phillips Collection
Reynolda House Museum of American Art
Sheldon Museum of Art
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Terra Foundation for American Art
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
University of Reading Art Collection
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts
Walker Art Center
Westmoreland Museum of American Art
Whitney Museum of American Art
Wichita Art Museum
Max Weber biography
Max Weber artwork examples
Max Weber at The Jewish Museum

categories: 20th-century American painters,Jewish American artists,Art Students League of New York faculty,American male painters,People from Białystok,1881 births,Cubist artists,Modern painters,Jewish painters,Pratt Institute alumni,Alumni of the Académie Julian,American people of Polish-Jewish descent,20th-century Polish painters,1961 deaths

paragraph: Max Weber (artist)

paragraph: Max Weber (April 18, 1881 – October 4, 1961) was a Jewish-American painter and one of the first American Cubist painters who, in later life, turned to more figurative Jewish themes in his art. He is best known today for "Chinese Restaurant" (1915), in the collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art, "the finest canvas of his Cubist phase," in the words of art historian Avis Berman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Born in the Polish city of Białystok, then part of the Russian Empire, Weber emigrated to the United States and settled in Brooklyn with his Orthodox Jewish parents at the age of ten. He studied art at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn under Arthur Wesley Dow. Dow was a fortunate early influence on Weber as he was an "enlightened and vital teacher" in a time of conservative art instruction, a man who was interested in new approaches to creating art. Dow had met Paul Gauguin in Pont-Aven, was a devoted student of Japanese art, and defended the advanced modernist painting and sculpture he saw at the Armory Show in New York in 1913.

paragraph: In 1905, after teaching in Virginia and Minnesota, Weber had saved enough money to travel to Europe, there he studied at the Académie Julian in Paris and acquainted himself with the work of such modernists as Henri Rousseau (who became a good friend), Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, and other members of the School of Paris. His friends among fellow Americans included some equally adventurous young painters, such as Abraham Walkowitz, H. Lyman Sayen, and Patrick Henry Bruce. Avant-garde France in the years immediately before World War I was fertile and welcoming territory for Weber, then in his early twenties. He arrived in Paris in time to see a major Cézanne exhibition, meet the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, frequent Gertrude Stein's salon, and enroll in classes in Matisse's private "Academie." Rousseau gave him some of his works; others, Weber purchased. He was responsible for Rousseau's first exhibition in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:America.

paragraph: In 1909 he returned to New York and helped to introduce Cubism to America. He is now considered one of the most significant early American Cubists, but the reception his work received in New York at the time was profoundly discouraging. Critical response to his paintings in a 1911 show at the 291 gallery, run by Alfred Stieglitz, was an occasion for "one of the most merciless critical whippings that any artist has received in America." The reviews were "of an almost hysterical violence." He was attacked for his "brutal, vulgar, and unnecessary art license." Even a critic who usually tried to be sympathetic to new art, James Gibbons Huneker, protested that the artist's clever technique had left viewers with no real picture and made use of the adage, "The operation was successful, but the patient died." As art historian Sam Hunter wrote, "Weber's wistful, tentative Cubism provided the philistine press with their first solid target prior to the Armory Show."

paragraph: Weber was sustained by the respect of some eminent peers, such as photographers Alvin Langdon Coburn and Clarence White, and museum director John Cotton Dana, who saw to it that Weber was the subject of a one-man exhibition at the Newark Museum in 1913, the first modernist exhibition in an American museum. For a few years, Weber enjoyed a productive if rocky relationship with Stieglitz, and he published two essays in Stieglitz's journal "Camera Work". (He also wrote Cubist poems and published a book, "Essays on Art," in 1916.) So poor was Weber in these years that he camped out for some weeks in Stieglitz's gallery. Weber was also closely acquainted with Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and Thomas Furlong, whom he met at the Art Students League, where he taught from 1919 to 1921 and 1926 to 1927. Weber died in Great Neck, New York in 1961. He was the subject of a major retrospective at the Jewish Museum in 1982.

paragraph: Weber evidently was a prickly personality even with his allies. He and Stieglitz had a falling-out, and Weber was not represented in the famous Armory Show because his friend, Arthur B. Davies, one of the show's organizers, had only allotted him space for two paintings. In a fit of pique at Davies, he withdrew entirely from the exhibition. Other artists in the Stieglitz circle kept their distance, especially after Weber told people that there were only three indisputably great modern painters: Cézanne, Rousseau, and himself. "Almost without exception, they found him obnoxious: opinionated, rude, intolerant."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Success.

paragraph: In time, Weber's work found more adherents, including Alfred H. Barr, Jr., the first director of the Museum of Modern Art. In 1930, the Museum of Modern Art held a retrospective of his work, the first solo exhibition at that museum of an American artist. He was praised as a "pioneer of modern art in America" in a 1945 "Life" magazine article. In 1948, "Look" magazine reported on a survey among art experts to determine the greatest living American artists; Weber was rated second, behind only John Marin. He was the subject of a major traveling retrospective in 1949. He became more popular in the 1940s and 1950s for his figurative work, often expressionist renderings of Jewish families, rabbis, and Talmudic scholars, than for the early modernist work he had abandoned circa 1920 and on which his current reputation is founded.

paragraph: Not everyone believed that Weber fulfilled his early potential as he became a more representational and expressionist painter post-World War I. Critic Hilton Kramer wrote of him that, in light of the remarkable beginning of his career, "Weber proved instead to be one of the great disappointments of twentieth-century American art." Others however, because of his bold "Cubist decade," hold him in the same high regard as other native modernists like John Marin, Arthur Dove, Marsden Hartley, and Charles Demuth.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: While lecturing at the Clarence H. White School for Photography, Weber wrote his "Cubist Poems" that were to be published in 1914.

paragraph: In 1926, the artist released another collection entitled "Primitives: Poems and Woodcuts." Weber designed the modernist-style binding for the book, as well as providing eleven woodcuts for the illustrations. First published by Spiral Press in a run of 350 copies, original editions are now rare.

paragraph: poem:Cubes, cubes, cubes, cubes,

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Collections containing Weber's work include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Addison Gallery of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berkshire Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanton Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corcoran Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Institute of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvard Art Museums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huntington Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Museum (New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles County Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memphis Brooks Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newark Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Britain Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Jersey State Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolda House Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheldon Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terra Foundation for American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Reading Art Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walker Art Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- Westmoreland Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitney Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wichita Art Museum

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weber, Max (1914). "Cubist Poems" (2012, HardPress; )

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Milton. "American Painting from the Armory Show to the Depression". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davidson, Abraham A. "Early American Modernist Painting, 1910-1935". New York: DaCapo, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harnsberger, R.S. "Four Artists of the Stieglitz Circle: A Sourcebook on Arthur Dove, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and Max Weber" [Art Reference Collection, no. 26]. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunter, Sam. "Modern American Painting and Sculpture". New York: Dell, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- North, Percy. "Max Weber: The Cubist Decade, 1910-1920". Atlanta: High Museum of Art, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- North, Percy. "Max Weber: Max Weber's Women". New York: Forum Gallery, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rubenstein, D.R. "Max Weber: A Catalogue Raisonné of his Graphic Work". Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner, Abram. "Max Weber". New York: Abrams, 1975.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Weber biography, Hollis Taggart Galleries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Weber artwork examples, AskART

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Weber at The Jewish Museum

alias:
מאקס וועבער
Max II Weber
Max Weber II
Max, II Weber
Max Weber (1881-1961)
Weber

description: American Cubist painter

wikidata_label: Max Weber

wikipedia_title: Max Weber (artist)


text:
American and Canadian football
quarterback
Jacksonville Jaguars
undrafted free agent
college football
Tulane
Carolina Panthers
Edmonton Eskimos
De La Salle High School (New Orleans)
Hahnville High School
Walker High School
Amite High School
Amite, Louisiana
Baton Rouge
Dallas Morning News
Carolina Panthers
Edmonton Eskimos
New Orleans VooDoo
Stars Football League
Jacksonville Jaguars bio
Tulane Green Wave bio
Just Sports Stats

categories: People from Denham Springs, Louisiana,LSU Tigers football players,American football quarterbacks,Canadian football quarterbacks,American players of Canadian football,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Carolina Panthers players,1983 births,Tulane Green Wave football players,Living people,Edmonton Eskimos players

paragraph: Lester Ricard

paragraph: Lester Ray Ricard, Jr. (born December 11, 1983) is a former college and professional American and Canadian football quarterback. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Tulane. Ricard was also a member of the Carolina Panthers and Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: In 2014, he was on the football coaching staff at De La Salle High School (New Orleans). As of 2016, he is a teacher at Hahnville High School. In 2017, he got the head coach job at Walker High School.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Lester Ricard attended Amite High School in Amite, Louisiana and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track. In football, as a senior, he passed for 2,421 yards and 23 touchdowns, led his team to the semi-finals of the Class 3A playoffs, was named the District's Most Valuable Player, earned All-America honors from Parade Magazine, was a SuperPrep All-American, and named as a third team All-South selection by BorderWars.

paragraph: After his senior season, he was rated as the nation's No. 5 quarterback by Rivals.com, selected as a member of the Baton Rouge Advocate Super Dozen as well as the Dallas Morning News Super Southern 100. In basketball, he was a four-year varsity letterman. Ricard graduated from Amite High School in 2002 with a 3.0 GPA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: In the 2007 preseason game against the Miami Dolphins, Ricard completed 6 of 9 passes for 80 yards. Ricard was a member of the Jaguars' practice squad until he was waived on April 30, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On May 19, 2008, Ricard was signed by the Carolina Panthers. He was later released by the Panthers to cut down the roster.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: Ricard was signed by the Edmonton Eskimos on May 13, 2009. He was a final cut on June 25, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Semi-pro football.

paragraph: After a poor performance for the New Orleans VooDoo in a March 2011 scrimmage, Ricard signed with the New Orleans Jazz of the Stars Football League in summer 2011. Ricard served as the Jazz's starting quarterback. The Jazz played only two games during the league's abortive 2011 season, with Ricard leading the team to two victories.

paragraph: After the Jazz franchise was mothballed, Ricard signed with Team Louisiana of the Exclusive Football League. Much like its SFL predecessor, the EFL team in Louisiana was also quick to disband, breaking away from the league after one game (a 25-20 win over the EFL's Texas squad). Ricard plans on staying with the team as it transfers to the United National Football League as the Louisiana Elite.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: On March 20, 2014, Ricard was named head football coach at St. Martin's HS. He also served as QB coach at De La Salle HS prior to going to St. Martin's. In 2017, Ricard became the head coach at Walker High School. However, in September 2018, he resigned while under criminal investigation. Details have not yet been released.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacksonville Jaguars bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tulane Green Wave bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Lester Ricard

wikipedia_title: Lester Ricard


text:
sultan
Morocco
Zidan al-Nasir
Samuel Pallache
Pallache family
Adriaen Matham
Netherlands
Al Walid ben Zidan
Saadi dynasty
Saadian Tombs
Pallache family
Samuel Pallache

categories: Sultans of Morocco,Saadi dynasty,1655 deaths,Year of birth unknown,17th-century monarchs in Africa,People from Marrakesh,17th-century Moroccan people

paragraph: Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir

paragraph: Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir (? – 30 January 1655) was the sultan of Morocco from 1636 to 1655.

paragraph: He was a son of sultan Zidan al-Nasir (r. 1603–1627).

paragraph: His mother was a Spanish slave and had two Spanish wives, which may have led to him to continue the long-time services of royal advisor Moses Pallache, nephew of Samuel Pallache of the Pallache family.

paragraph: His portrait can be found in an engraving of Marrakesh by Adriaen Matham in 1640, made on the occasion of a visit by the ambassador of the Netherlands to the sultan.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Walid ben Zidan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saadi dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saadian Tombs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pallache family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Pallache

description: Sultan of Morocco

wikidata_label: Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir

wikipedia_title: Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir


text:
drummer
vocalist
songwriter
Biffy Clyro
Kilmarnock
twin brother
James Johnston
bassist
Simon Neil
Glasgow
Beggars Banquet
drums
Marmaduke Duke
Rage Against The Machine
Biffy Clyro
Killing In The Name
Kilmarnock FC
Sabian
Pearl
Neil Peart
Cajon

categories: 1980 births,Living people,Scottish rock drummers,British male drummers,21st-century drummers,Scottish drummers,Identical twins,People from Kilmarnock,Twin people from Scotland,Biffy Clyro members,Alumni of Stow College

paragraph: Ben Johnston (Scottish musician)

paragraph: Ben Hamilton Johnston (born 25 April 1980) is a drummer, vocalist, and songwriter, best known for his work with Scottish group Biffy Clyro.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Johnston was born and raised in Kilmarnock with his twin brother James Johnston (who would go on to be the bassist for Biffy Clyro), and his younger brother, Adam (who used to be Biffy Clyro's drum tech).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Biffy Clyro.

paragraph: Having previously played drums with schoolfriend Simon Neil and brother James Johnston in a band called Skrewfish in 1995, Simon moved to Glasgow whilst Ben and James stayed in Ayrshire. They were soon discovered by manager Dee Bahl and then signed to Beggars Banquet in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Marmaduke Duke.

paragraph: Johnston plays drums when the conceptual rock duo Marmaduke Duke plays live.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other.

paragraph: When Ben was in College he fronted a Rage Against The Machine tribute band Raj Against The Shereen as revealed in an interview with Biffy Clyro at Reading Festival where they (Biffy Clyro) performed a cover version of the song "Killing In The Name".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ben is married to Louise Johnston and lives together with their son in Ayrshire. He is an avid fan of Scottish football team Kilmarnock FC. He regularly takes his son to matches when not on tour and in January 2011 was asked by the club to take part in the half time 'Cross Bar Challenge'. He scored on soccer AM whilst sporting a killie strip. Ben and his son also took part in a Kilmarnock FC open day match alongside James and Simon, Ben kicked off the match with the first kick of the ball.

paragraph: Johnston has a step-son, Ross Fitzsimmons, who went to Loudoun Academy in Scotland

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment used.

paragraph: The following is a list of musical equipment used by Ben Johnston.

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment used.:Cymbals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ben Johnston is endorsed by Sabian (According to ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6" AAX Splash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8" AA China Splash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13" Paragon Hi-Hats

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17" AAX X-Plosion Crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18" AAX X-Plosion Crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18" AAX X-Plosion China

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19" AAX X-Plosion Crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19" Paragon Chinese

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21" HHX Raw Bell Dry Ride

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment used.:Drums.

paragraph: Johnston is also endorsed by Pearl.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearl Reference Kit colour:Rootbear Fade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearl Chad Smith Signature 14x5.5 Snare

paragraph: BULLET::::- 22x18" Bass drum, 12x9" Rack tom, 14x14" and 16x16" floor toms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearl Eliminator Double Bass Pedal

paragraph: Biffy's Tour Manager Neil told fans on the BC forum that Ben is now using a 'Pearl Eric Singer Signature Snare Drum' and is waiting for a new totally custom Pearl Masters Kit

paragraph: New Kit

paragraph: Pearl Masters Colour :Black

paragraph: 22x18" Bass drum, 12x8" Rack tom, 14x14" and 16x16" floor toms

paragraph: Drum Heads:

paragraph: Bass Drum: BATTER: Aquarian coated superkick 2 RESONANT: Coated Pearl Masters Pro Tone

paragraph: Snare: BATTER: Aquarian coated Hi-Energy RESONANT: Hi-Performance Snare Bottom

paragraph: Rack tom, first floor and second floor: BATTER: Remo Pinstripes RESONANT: Remo Ambassador

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment used.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Neil Peart signature series drumstick

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angel AX25K Glockenspiel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fender CD-140SCE Can Be Seen Hanging On His Wall In The Live Lounge Videos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnston also plays a customised Cajon when Biffy Clyro are playing acoustically.

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Ben Johnston

wikipedia_title: Ben Johnston (Scottish musician)


text:
Granada
Carlos García Quesada
2003 Giro d'Italia
2005 Vuelta a España

categories: Living people,1979 births,People from Granada,Vuelta a España cyclists,Spanish male cyclists,Giro d'Italia cyclists

paragraph: Adolfo García Quesada

paragraph: Adolfo García Quesada (born 27 September 1979 in Granada) is a former Spanish cyclist. His brother, Carlos García Quesada, was also a cyclist. He rode in the 2003 Giro d'Italia, finishing in 18th place and the 2005 Vuelta a España for 35th position.

paragraph: Section::::Palmares.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006

description: Spanish bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Adolfo García Quesada

wikipedia_title: Adolfo García Quesada


text:
London
England
Verity of Sydney Town

categories: 1897 births,1962 deaths,20th-century Australian novelists,20th-century Australian women writers,Australian women novelists

paragraph: Ruth C. Williams

paragraph: Ruth C. Williams (1897-1962) was an Australian writer for children who was born in London England.

paragraph: She was married to the Australian landscape artist Rhys Williams, who illustrated each of her books.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Children's fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pirate's Gold" (1945) illustrated by Rhys Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Friend Rodney" (1945) illustrated by Rhys Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Timothy Tatters" (1947) illustrated by Rhys Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verity of Sydney Town" (1950) illustrated by Rhys Williams

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Children's verse.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventures of Georgie Grub" (1946) illustrated by Rhys Williams

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Adventures of Georgie Grub" (1946) illustrated by Rhys Williams

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Aboriginal Story" (1955) illustrated by Rhys Williams

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 - winner for "Verity of Sydney Town"

description: Australian writer

wikidata_label: Ruth C. Williams

wikipedia_title: Ruth C. Williams


text:
1972 Summer Olympics
100 m hurdles
50 m hurdles
60 m hurdles

categories: Olympic athletes of France,French female hurdlers,Sportspeople from Nantes,Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics,1946 births,Living people

paragraph: Jacqueline André

paragraph: Jacqueline André (born Bonnet on 29 August 1946) is a retired French hurdler. She competed in the 100 m event at the 1972 Summer Olympics, but failed to reach the final.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: André won three : one outdoors, in the 100 m hurdles in 1972, and two indoors, in the 50 m hurdles (1972) and 60 m hurdles (1973). She bettered five times the , bringing it to 13.30 in 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Prize list.

paragraph: BULLET::::- winner of the 100m hurdles in

paragraph: BULLET::::- winner of 50 m hurdles

paragraph: BULLET::::- winner of the 60m hurdles in

description: French athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Jacqueline André

wikipedia_title: Jacqueline André


text:
landscape painter
scenic design
Édouard Desplechin
Eugène Carpezat
Opéra Garnier
Comédie-Française
Opéra-Comique
Opéra Le Peletier
Hamlet
Ambroise Thomas
Don Giovanni
L'Africaine
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Jean de Nivelle
Lakmé
Léo Delibes
Manon
Jules Massenet
The Tales of Hoffmann
Jacques Offenbach
théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique

categories: People from Nîmes,1839 births,19th-century French painters,French male painters,French landscape painters,French scenic designers

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Lavastre

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Lavastre (24 August 1839 – 24 April 1891) was a French landscape painter and scenic designer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A student of Édouard Desplechin as soon as 1854 when he was only fifteen (and then his associate from 1864 to 1870), Jean-Baptiste Lavastre eventually took over the workshop with his brother Antoine and Eugène Carpezat. They worked for the Opéra Garnier as well as for the Comédie-Française and the Opéra-Comique in Paris.

paragraph: For the Opéra Le Peletier, he realised the decors, inter alia, for "Hamlet" by Ambroise Thomas, "Don Giovanni", "L'Africaine" by Giacomo Meyerbeer. The Opéra-Comique, whose ceiling he painted, owes him the setting for "Jean de Nivelle" and the forest of "Lakmé" by Léo Delibes, "Manon" by Jules Massenet and "The Tales of Hoffmann" by Jacques Offenbach.

paragraph: He is the author, among others, of the ceiling of the théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique.

paragraph: In 1871, he lived at 2 in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Salons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1869 : "Les Garrigues, environ de Nîmes" ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1872 : "Bords de la Méditerranée" ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1873 : "Une carrière près de Nîmes".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Roussard, "Dictionnaire des peintres à Montmartre", Éd. A. Roussard, Paris, 1999, p. 359

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Lavastre

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Lavastre


text: Bolivia

text: Tupac Katari

text: Bartolina Sisa

text: Aymara

text: "Indians of Latin America"

categories: 1781 deaths,History of Bolivia,Indigenous leaders of the Americas,1751 births,Resistance to colonialism,Bolivian people of Aymara descent,Bolivian rebels,Women in 18th-century warfare,Women in war in South America

paragraph: Gregoria Apaza

paragraph: Gregoria Apaza (1751–1782), was an indigenous leader in 18th century Bolivia. In 1781, she participated with her brother Julian Apaza (Tupac Katari) and sister-in-law Bartolina Sisa in a major indigenous revolt against Spanish colonial rule in Bolivia. These Aymara leaders laid siege to the cities of La Paz and Sorata before being defeated and executed.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indians of Latin America", accessed July 14, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The International day of Indigenous Woman" accessed July 16, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- del Valle de Siles, María Eugenia (1981). Bartolina Sisa y Gregoria Apaza: dos heroínas indígenas. Biblioteca Popular Boliviana de "Última Hora". p. 73.

description: Indigenous leader in 18th century Bolivia

wikidata_label: Gregoria Apaza

wikipedia_title: Gregoria Apaza


text:
French
French
Garde Écossaise
Scottish
Stewart of Darnley
John Stewart of Darnley
Aubigny-sur-Nere
Concressault
Charles VII of France
Hundred Years' War
James III of Scotland
Charles VIII of France
Auld Alliance
Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond
King Richard III
House of Lancaster
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford
Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford
Henry VII of England
Battle of Bosworth Field
Tudor Dynasty
Charles VIII of France
Kingdom of Naples
Alexander VI
Swiss mercenaries
Alps
Lombardy
Romagna
Florence
Calabria
Ferdinand II of Naples
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Spain
Sicily
League of Venice
Battle of Fornovo
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Messina
Reggio
jinetes
Rodeleros
Battle of Seminara
Louis XII of France
Milan
Battle of Seminara (1503)
Castel Nuovo
James IV of Scotland
Claude of France
Francis I of France
William Dunbar
Order of St Michael
Scotland
Corstorphine
Corstorphine
military science
Beaumont-le-Roger
Squillace
Kingdom of Naples
Robert Stewart
Marshal of France

categories: Court of James IV of Scotland,French people of Scottish descent,Knights of the Order of Saint Michael,1450s births,1508 deaths,House of Stewart of Darnley,People of the Italian Wars,Garde Écossaise officers,House of Stuart,French generals,People associated with Edinburgh,French military historians

paragraph: Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny

paragraph: Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny (French: Bérault Stuart) (c. 1452 – 15 June 1508) was a French soldier, commander of the "Garde Écossaise", and diplomat belonging to the Scottish family of Stewart of Darnley.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bernard was the grandson of Sir John Stewart of Darnley, who was given the lands of Aubigny-sur-Nere and Concressault by Charles VII of France for his service during the Hundred Years' War. Like his father and grandfather he was high in favour with the French King and was chosen as commander of the royal bodyguard. Because of his family background he was chosen as the envoy to James III of Scotland to announce the accession of King Charles VIII of France. He was also given the task of signing a treaty with the Scots renewing the Auld Alliance which he proceeded to sign on 22 March 1484.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Bosworth.

paragraph: The Lord of Aubigny was also the medium of communication with the section of Scottish lords who favoured Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond in his rebellion against his distant cousin King Richard III of England. Henry was still an exile living in France along with the chief supporters of the House of Lancaster, the experienced John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford and Henry's uncle Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford. They relied heavily on the French king to finance the army and to be able to provide foot soldiers capable of fighting. In 1485 Bernard Stewart was chosen to command the French troops that accompanied the invasion and helped the Earl of Richmond become King Henry VII of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field establishing the Tudor Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Italian wars.

paragraph: In 1494 Charles VIII of France laid claim to the Kingdom of Naples and sent the Lord of Aubigny to Rome to press his claims to Pope Alexander VI. When Alexander refused to recognize Charles claim to Naples the king raised an army of 25,000 men (including 8,000 Swiss mercenaries) and began his descent into Italy. Stewart received orders from Charles VIII to lead one thousand of the king's cavalry over the Alps and into Lombardy and after taking part with Charles in the conquest of Romagna accompanied him in the triumphal entry into Florence on 15 November 1494. After this victory Stewart was made governor of Calabria and lieutenant-general of the French army.

paragraph: The French quickly overran the disunited Italian peninsula and arrived in Naples on 21 February 1495, King Ferdinand II of Naples having fled to Sicily at the arrival of the French army. There, in temporary exile, Ferdinand joined his cousin Ferdinand II of Aragon King of Spain and Sicily who offered him assistance to regain his kingdom. In response to Charles' invasion the League of Venice was created which threatened to cut the invading army off in the south while the league occupied the north cutting the line of communications and supply. On 30 May 1495 Charles split his army taking half of his troops northward to fight their way back into France and leaving the rest to hold the recently conquered Neapolitan territories. After hard fighting at the Battle of Fornovo Charles and most of the French army made it safely back to France leaving Stewart and the rest of the army to fight off the expected Spanish invasion.

paragraph: The Spanish general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba was dispatched from Spain with an army to reinforce the king of Naples. On 24 May 1495 he arrived in the port of Messina in Sicily, only to find that Ferdinand had already crossed over into Calabria with an army and had reoccupied Reggio. De Córdoba himself crossed over to Calabria two days later. He had under his command 600 lances of Spanish cavalry, many of these light "jinetes", and 1,500 infantry, many of them Rodeleros swordsmen, to which were added 3,500 soldiers from the Spanish fleet. The size of the Neapolitan army is unclear, but soon was supplemented by 6,000 volunteers from Calabria, who joined the Neapolitan ranks when Ferdinand of Naples landed. De Córdoba’s Spanish contingent was further depleted because he needed to put Spanish garrisons in several fortified places which Ferdinand turned over to Spain in partial compensation for the military aid Spain was providing. Although he was seriously ill with malaria which he had recently contracted, Aubigny lost no time in responding to the allied challenge, quickly consolidating his forces to confront the Neapolitan/Spanish invasion by calling in isolated garrisons throughout Calabria and requesting that Précy reinforce him with the Swiss mercenaries. In the following Battle of Seminara the Spanish and Neapolitan armies were routed by the French cavalry and Swiss pikemen led by the Scotsman Aubigny.

paragraph: Stewart also took part in the 1499 campaign of King Louis XII of France and upon its successful conclusion was made Governor of Milan with command of the French army that was left behind by the king to garrison the towns of northern Italy. In 1501 he completed the conquest of Naples and was appointed Governor. But after a few successes in Calabria he was completely defeated at the second Battle of Seminara (1503) and became a prisoner at the Castel Nuovo in Naples until he was released by a truce signed on 11 November 1503.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1508 he was sent as ambassador to consult King James IV of Scotland about the marriage of Princess Claude of France with the future King Francis I of France. It was as a result of this mission that Aubigny became the subject of two ballads by William Dunbar, "The Ballad of Lord Bernard Stewart" and "Elegy on the Death of Lord Bernard Stewart". James IV made him a member of the Order of St Michael. He died in Scotland at Corstorphine about 12 June 1508.

paragraph: He is buried in the aisle of Corstorphine church. The grave is said to have had a cross of fine gold. Its presence (in French "Cruce D'or Fin") giving the name to the area.

paragraph: He was the author of a book on military science, "Traité sur l'art de la guerre", reprinted in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and titles.

paragraph: He married firstly Guillemette de Boucard, secondly Anne de Maumont (died after 1510), Countess of Beaumont-le-Roger, becoming Count (jure uxoris) of Beaumont-le-Roger. He was granted the titles of Count of Arena, Marquis of Squillace, Marquis of Girace and Duke of Terranuova in the Kingdom of Naples.

paragraph: Aubigny left one child, a daughter named Anne. Anne married her first cousin, Robert Stewart, a future Marshal of France.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contamine, Philippe, "Entre France et Écosse: Bérault Stuart, seigneur d'Aubigny (vers 1452–1508), chef de guerre, diplomate, écrivain militaire", in James Laidlaw (ed.) "The Auld Alliance: France and Scotland over 700 years." Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, 1999.

description: French general

wikidata_label: Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny

wikipedia_title: Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny


text:
French
pirate
Paris
Kingdom of France
Maracaibo
Gibraltar
Trujillo
La Guaira
Puerto Cabello
Cumana
Veracruz
suitor
Hispaniola
privateer
Dutch
reef
Tortuga
Franco-Dutch War
Dutch Republic
Comte d'Estrées
Curaçao
Las Aves Archipelago
Venezuela
Maracaibo
Gibraltar
Trujillo
La Guaira
buccaneer
Thomas Paine
Blanquilla Island
Cumana
Petit-Goâve
Nicholas van Hoorn
Laurens de Graaf
Yankey Willems
Jacob Evertson
sacked Veracruz
vanguard
St.Augustine
Mocama mission
Campeche
Nicolas Brigaut
Matanzas Inlet
HarperCollins

categories: Duellists,1640s births,French pirates,People from Paris,French nobility,People lost at sea,17th-century pirates,Privateers,17th-century French people,French military personnel of the Franco-Dutch War,1686 deaths

paragraph: Michel de Grammont

paragraph: Michel de Grammont (c. 1645 – 1686?) was a French pirate. He was born in Paris, Kingdom of France and was lost at sea in the north-east Caribbean, April 1686. His pirate career lasted from around 1670 to 1686 during which he commanded the flagship "Hardi". He primarily attacked Spanish holdings in Maracaibo, Gibraltar, Trujillo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Cumana and Veracruz.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Chevalier de Grammont was a nobleman who came into disfavour after killing his sister's suitor in a duel. Forced to leave France, he went to Hispaniola where he was given a French ship and served as a privateer. His first success was the capture of a Dutch convoy, valued at about 400,000 livres (US$4 million). On his next voyage he ran on a reef and sank. Grammont moved to Tortuga where he bought and outfitted a new ship which he used to attack Spanish shipping. When the Franco-Dutch War broke out between France and the Dutch Republic in 1678, he joined a fleet under the command of Comte d'Estrées for an abortive raid on the Dutch island of Curaçao; however, the entire fleet of 17 vessels was wrecked on the Las Aves Archipelago.

paragraph: In June 1678 he was made commander of the six ships and 700 men salvaged from the Las Aves Disaster. De Grammont landed his men in Spanish-held Venezuela and captured Maracaibo, as well as several smaller towns including Gibraltar, penetrating as far inland as Trujillo. For the next six months the pirates plundered the entire region. This was followed by another successful raid on the Venezuelan port of La Guaira, captured in a daring night attack, though the buccaneers only escaped with difficulty when attacked by a larger Spanish force.

paragraph: In June 1680, de Grammont joined forces with Thomas Paine and a captain named Wright at Blanquilla Island. Together with 50 men they successfully raided the town of Cumana although it was defended by 2,000 Spanish soldiers and 17 ships with 328 cannons. Grammont however was badly wounded by a sword and returned to Las Aves to recover.

paragraph: Following his recovery, de Grammont commanded eight ships but had no success until 1682 when, at the request of the governor of Petit-Goâve (actual Haiti), he joined Nicholas van Hoorn to harass Spanish shipping. During this period they attacked ships which unknown to them belonged to the Dutch pirate Laurens de Graaf. On meeting de Graaf on Bonaco Island they asked him to join them. De Graaf initially refused but later agreed.

paragraph: In May 17, 1683, de Grammont, van Hoorn, Yankey Willems, Jacob Evertson, and de Graaf sacked Veracruz in Mexico, taking 4,000 prisoners for ransom. Using two captured Spanish galleons in the vanguard, Yankey Willems and Laurens de Graaf were able to sneak into the Spanish harbor during the early morning hours and landed a small force on shore. The buccaneers caught the garrison off guard, many of the soldiers still sleeping, and took out the city's defenses allowing the rest of the fleet to enter the harbor. After three or four days, Willems and the others looted the town before retreating at the sight of the New Spain fleet. Later Grammont raided Spanish Florida settlements, including St.Augustine and the Mocama mission province, forcing further southward migrations.

paragraph: In July 1685, de Grammont and de Graaf sacked the Mexican city of Campeche: however, after two months of plundering the city with little result, de Grammont sent a demand for ransom to the governor, who refused. De Grammont then commenced to execute prisoners as retaliation, but de Graaf stopped the executions and de Grammont parted company from his allies.

paragraph: De Grammont was last seen in April 1686 heading northeast to sail off of St. Augustine, Florida, planning a raid alongside French buccaneer Nicolas Brigaut. Spanish soldiers captured and executed Brigaut when his ship was grounded near Matanzas Inlet as Brigaut waited for Grammont to rescue him and his sailors. The rescue never came: Grammont's ship was caught in the same storm that wrecked Brigaut's vessel and was lost with all hands.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pickering, David (2006) "Pirates". CollinsGem. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY. pp-59.

description: French pirate

wikidata_label: Michel de Grammont

wikipedia_title: Michel de Grammont


text:
Anglo-Irish
Irish nationalist
Irish
Liverpool
Richard Chenevix Trench
Kent
Unionist
Henry Butcher
Irish
Malvern
Irish Home Rule
Folkestone
Achill Island
Ella Young
Lily Williams
Agnes O’Farrelly
"Ulysses"
Home Rule
Gaelic League
An Claidheamh Soluis
Patrick Pearse
Irish Literary Revival
Irish Volunteers
Cumann na mBan
Bachelor's Walk massacre
King's Own Scottish Borderers
Howth gun-running
Lusk
Dublin Metropolitan School of Art
World War I
Sherwood Foresters
Easter Rising
St Stephen's Green
GPO
Killiney Hill
Thomas MacDonagh
Thomas Clarke
National Museum
Brian Boru
Carrigaholt Irish College
Sinn Féin
Lily Yeats
Dun Emer Press
Saint Patrick's Day
Western Front
Lily Yeats
Gaeltacht
Spanish flu

categories: 20th-century women artists,Irish people of French descent,1881 births,Irish caricaturists,1918 deaths,Trench family,Irish editorial cartoonists,20th-century Irish painters

paragraph: Cesca Chenevix Trench

paragraph: Cesca Chenevix Trench (3 February 1891 – 30 October 1918) was an Anglo-Irish woman who became an Irish nationalist illustrator. She adopted the Irish identity and took the Irish name Sadhbh Trinseach.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francesca Georgina Chenevix Trench was born in the vicarage of St John the Baptist Church, Tuebrook, Liverpool. She was the granddaughter of Richard Chenevix Trench, the Archbishop of Dublin. She grew up in a vicarage in Kent. Her mother was a Unionist; like many of her generation, Cesca became an Irish nationalist. Her uncle Henry Butcher was a Unionist MP for Cambridge; they drew apart after 1910 when he did not support the move to make Irish compulsory in the new National University.

paragraph: Trench studied at a boarding school in Malvern from 1906 to 1908, where she began to support Irish Home Rule in public. In 1908–1913 she lived in Folkestone but spent each summer in Ireland and attended summer school in 1909–1913, notably the influential Scoil Acla on Achill Island. There she met Diarmid Coffey, her future husband, as well as others influential in Conradh na Gaeilge, Claud Chavasse, Ella Young, Lily Williams and Agnes O’Farrelly.

paragraph: Trench's older cousin Dermot Chenevix Trench, the model for Haines in "Ulysses" and her sister Margot were also Irish nationalists. Dermot first taught her to speak Irish, and influenced her entry into the Irish-Ireland movement, whose members bought Irish-made goods for preference, and fostered Irish literature, art and culture. Cesca opened an account at Gleason's, a shop in Dublin that sold only Irish products, and swore off drink and tobacco unless they were produced in Ireland. When a new campaign for Home Rule begun in 1912, Cesca and Margot collected signatures for a petition that all Irish taxes should be lodged in an Irish treasury. They collected Irish folklore, customs and traditions.

paragraph: Dermot took his own life in 1909. "He might have done so much with such ability," she wrote to her brother Herbert after Dermot shot himself.

paragraph: In October 1913 Trench moved to Paris to study art. There she began to draw political cartoons in support of Irish Home Rule. She also made an Irish 'national dress' costume, and poster designs for the Gaelic League paper "An Claidheamh Soluis", edited by Patrick Pearse, and painted Irish scenes. She returned to Dublin in June 1914.

paragraph: Trench supported the Irish Literary Revival, was involved in the import of guns for the Irish Volunteers and joined their women's auxiliary branch "Cumann na mBan", where she learned first aid. In July 1914 she witnessed the Bachelor's Walk massacre, when soldiers of the King's Own Scottish Borderers fired on civilians, killing three and wounding 32 after the Howth gun-running. In Lusk village in north Dublin she founded a new branch of Cumann na mBan. In July 1914 she took up work at the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art, where she worked until April 1916.

paragraph: Her three brothers, Arthur, Charles Reginald (Reggie) and Herbert Chenevix Trench, joined the British Army in 1914 on the outbreak of World War I, Reginald (Reggie), to whom she was particularly close, as an officer in the Sherwood Foresters.

paragraph: When the Easter Rising began on April 24, 1916, she left home to join the other auxiliaries in St Stephen's Green. She delivered first aid supplies to the headquarters garrison at the GPO, then withdrew to Killiney Hill and later returned home. In her diary, which was written in Irish, with parts later published in translation by Hilary Pyle as "Cesca's Diary", she wrote of the Easter Rising as a tragic mistake. The British soldiers who were shipped into Ireland to combat the Rising and who formed the firing squads that executed the leaders, were from the 2/5th and 2/6th battalion of her brother's regiment, the Sherwood Foresters.

paragraph: She and her mother feared that she would be arrested for her involvement with the movement, but nothing happened, despite thousands of nationalist men and women being arrested and deported to English and Welsh jails. Cesca’s brother Reggie had arrived in Dublin around 3 May, the day of the executions of the first three leaders Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke after the Rising; he was an officer in the 2/5th battalion.

paragraph: After the Rising, Trench continued to attend Cumann na mBan meetings, and to study Irish art in the National Museum. She organised a play about Brian Boru and painted murals at Carrigaholt Irish College. She made sketches of Sinn Féin and Gaelic League meetings and created Christmas cards. She befriended Lily Yeats of Dun Emer Press.

paragraph: On Saint Patrick's Day 1917, 17 March, Trench agreed to marry Diarmid Coffey — despite earlier writing that, torn between Coffey and the glamorous Claud Chavasse, her love for Claud was "the real thing". Her brother Reggie, Acting Major with the 2/5th 59th, was killed on the Western Front three days after Coffey's proposal, in a German offensive that all but wiped out his regiment, the 59th, known as the Sherwood Foresters or Notts and Derby. He left a wife, Clare, and a baby daughter, Delle. The couple decided – as many did in wartime – not to postpone their wedding despite her brother's death. Lily Yeats helped Cesca with her wedding gown. Cesca and Diarmid married on 17 April 1918, and had their honeymoon in the Kerry Gaeltacht.

paragraph: That October, Cesca caught the virulent Spanish flu. She died on 30 October 1918, a major loss to Irish art. She was mourned as Sadhbh Trinseach by the Gaelic League.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Fletcher - "Cesca: A Young Nationalist in the Easter Rising" ("History Today" April 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hilary Pyle - "Cesca's Diary 1913-1916: Where art and Nationalism Meet" (The Woodfield Press 2005)

description: Irish artist

wikidata_label: Cesca Chenevix Trench

wikipedia_title: Cesca Chenevix Trench


text:
Scottish
The Fratellis
Codeine Velvet Club
Costello Music
Here We Stand
We Need Medicine
Costello Music
Eyes Wide, Tongue Tied
Here We Stand
debut album
Will Foster
MySpace
Psycho Jukebox
Tony Hoffer
Costello Music
Fender Telecaster
Gibson Les Paul
Gibson ES-335
Here We Stand
Fender Telecaster
Fender Stratocaster
Gibson Firebird
Rickenbacker
Gibson Hummingbird
Gibson J-45
Gibson Les Paul Black Beauty
Costello Music
Here We Stand
We Need Medicine
Eyes Wide, Tongue Tied
In Your Own Sweet Time
Codeine Velvet Club
Codeine Velvet Club
Psycho Jukebox
Bright Night Flowers

categories: Living people,People from Cumbernauld,1979 births,Scottish male singers,Scottish rock musicians,Scottish people of Italian descent,21st-century male singers,21st-century Scottish singers

paragraph: Jon Fratelli

paragraph: Jon Fratelli (born John Paul Lawler; 4 March 1979) is a Scottish musician and songwriter best known for his work with the band The Fratellis. He has also played in a band called Codeine Velvet Club, and also performed as a solo artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Little is known about Lawler's life before he joined the Fratellis. He attended St. Maurice's High School and went to college before dropping out within three hours. Before joining the Fratellis, he played in an Oasis and Blur cover band. He was born to a Scottish mother and father.

paragraph: Section::::Bands.

paragraph: Section::::Bands.:The Fratellis (2005–2009;2012–present).

paragraph: In 2005, Lawler responded to an advert placed in a music shop by drummer Gordon McRory, which stated "Opportunity of a lifetime ... seeks band to make our mark on the music industry". On this advert he put his name as "Graeme" to avoid detection of his then current band mates finding out he was seeking a new band. After calling the number, asking for "Graeme" he got told repeatedly that he had the wrong number, he nearly gave up but tried one more time and got a hold of McRory and the band started to form, with Barry Wallace joining the band on bass.

paragraph: Lawler's role in the band is songwriter, lead vocalist and lead guitarist. He was initially accompanied on guitar by Mince Fratelli (Gordon McRory), but Mince switched to drums after the initial drummer did not work out. Writing credits for "Costello Music" are for The Fratellis, however, for "Here We Stand" and "We Need Medicine", they are solely credited to him.

paragraph: After playing the Coachella festival in California in 2007, during promotion of Fratellis' debut album "Costello Music", Lawler decided to flee from the US tour and return to Glasgow, stating that he was too tired to continue the rest of the tour. He later saw this as a mistake, but it allowed him to be even more grateful for the success of the band. The band spent much of 2008 touring and after playing a few dates in 2009, the band parted ways for the foreseeable future. During this time, Jon started and finished Codeine Velvet Club and a stint as a solo artist.

paragraph: On 4 June 2012, The Fratellis announced they had reformed to raise money for The Eilidh Brown Memorial Fund on 15 June 2012, marking nearly 3 years since they last shared a stage together. After a couple of initial gigs, to see how playing together again felt and to test audience interest, they recorded and released their third studio album before embarking on an extensive tour of the UK, the USA and Europe, with more dates coming in 2014.

paragraph: News of a new The Fratellis album was announced on 1 June 2015, to be called "Eyes Wide, Tongue Tied" and released through Cooking Vinyl on 21 August 2015. The band gave away the first song from the album, "Me and the Devil", through their website. The band also announced 3 small gigs in London, Birmingham and Glasgow for August 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Bands.:Codeine Velvet Club (2009–2010).

paragraph: During promotion of "Here We Stand", Lawler stated that he wished to create a solo album to keep himself busy once the band were done touring the album, with the band scheduled to take a break. It later emerged that he planned on teaming up with singer-songwriter Lou Hickey, whom he met through her friendship with Lawler's wife, and creating an album. "NME" reported in an article that the band was set to be called Codeine Breakfast Club; however, on 23 August 2009, it was confirmed that the band had changed its name to Codeine Velvet Club.

paragraph: While playing in this band Lawler reverted to using his proper surname. The band's debut album was to be released on 16 November 2009 (however, this was later pushed back to 28 December 2009). Lawler shares songwriting duties with Hickey for about half the tracks on the album, penning the other half by himself (one track, "Nevada" was co-written by Lawler and Will Foster). The duo took a live band (consisting of Ross MacFarlane on drums, Will Foster on keys and guitar, Lewis Gordon on bass and various horn players known as 'The Velvet Horns') for a tour of the UK in 2009 and the US in 2010, playing UK dates in 2010 also. However, Lawler decided that he could not commit to the band anymore and called an end to the band, finishing off what live dates they had and announcing his solo career, with Hickey returning to her solo career also.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.

paragraph: Lawler started hinting towards a solo career when he set up a new MySpace page, with the track "Bonnie & Clyde" streaming on it, it was also noted that he began using the name Jon Fratelli again. While discussing the end of Codeine Velvet Club, Lawler confirmed his intentions of going solo, taking the backing musicians with him due to them playing well together. Since announcing he is going solo, Lawler has given away some tracks in demo form, including "Dead Street Affair", "She's My Shaker" and "Sometimes You Just Can't Win". For live shows in 2011, Lawler announced that Mince Fratelli would be joining him on the tour, sharing drumming duties with Ross McFarlane.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.:Psycho Jukebox (2010–2011).

paragraph: Lawler played some solo shows before heading to Los Angeles in late 2010 to record his debut solo album, "Psycho Jukebox" with Tony Hoffer, who produced the first Fratellis' album. The title is a reference to the Fratellis' song "Nina", which is featured on the "Whistle for the Choir" single. During February 2011, Lawler released a free track via his website called "Rhythm Doesn't Make You a Dancer" which was to be on the album, and also gave away a free EP called "The Magic Hour EP". Lawler stated that these songs couldn't fit on the album but he "still had a lot of time for them". The first single from the album was "Santo Domingo" which was released on 28 February 2011. The second single, "Baby We're Refugees!", was released on 12 June 2011.

paragraph: After embarking on a Scottish tour in March/April 2011, Lawler added two new tracks to "Psycho Jukebox", which pushed its release date back to late July 2011. He stated in a live podcast that he was no longer able to add any more tracks to the album, owing to the label's schedule, but added that they were worth adding to the album.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career.:Bright Night Flowers (2011–2012; 2017–2019).

paragraph: Pictures were posted onto Lawler's Facebook page, showing him in the studio with his band. Lawler used his Twitter to inform people that he was in the studio, but didn't say what these sessions were for. It eventually emerged on 13 January 2012 that it was for a second solo album, as posted on Lawler's website. The post also gave a small 3 track peek at the album, the last song in the preview being "Dead Radio", a song that Lawler tried to add to "Psycho Jukebox" but the label had already locked down the release dates and track listing. On 24 February 2012, Lawler announced on his website and Facebook that he had almost completed the album and that it was going to be titled "Bright Night Flowers". He asked that his fans record sounds of their city during the morning and night so that they could be used on the album, and whoever helped would be mentioned on the album sleeve. It was later announced that he had completed the album, but it would be put to one side for the time being as he was recording a new album and focusing on with the Fratellis.

paragraph: In the intervening years, when asked about it while promoting records by the Fratellis, Jon normally had this to say about it: "I actually made another record that will probably never see the light of day. I’m really happy with it, but as soon as I finished it I stuck it in a drawer and said: ‘Right, no one else is ever going to hear that’. It’s quite perverse to not release it, but I like that. I was only making it for me. It just needed to be done. I listen to it every so often and really enjoy it – I don’t want to spoil that."

paragraph: In a March 2018 interview with Wired Noise, Jon revealed that he had re-recorded "Bright Night Flowers" and had possibly changed his stance on releasing it. "Yeah, I did that over the summer. [It] still needs to be mixed, and then I guess at some point, if somebody wants to release it, it’ll find its way out there." During October 2018, fans had noticed that his own website had been changed to a "Coming Soon" holding page. The Fratellis tweeted out on 23 October 2018 with a reactivated account for Jon Fratelli, with a date of 30 October, hinting to an announcement of "Bright Night Flowers" is coming soon. On 30 October it was announced that "Bright Night Flowers" would release on 15 February 2019. Jon also released the album's title track & accompanying video.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: For The Fratellis' debut album, "Costello Music", Lawler mainly used a Fender Telecaster, with the exception of a few songs in which he used a Gibson Les Paul and a Gibson ES-335. With their second album "Here We Stand", he used a Fender Telecaster, Fender Stratocaster, Gibson Firebird, Rickenbacker 12 string, Gibson Les Paul, and an ES-335 for his electrics. For the acoustic performances, he used a Gibson SJ-200, a Gibson Hummingbird, and a Gibson J-45. During promotional performances of the album, Lawler was mainly using a Gibson Les Paul Black Beauty with Bareknuckle Mississippi Queen pickups (humbucker sized P-90's)

paragraph: While playing with Codeine Velvet Club, live performances tended to use a red Fender Stratocaster and a rosewood Fender Telecaster. During his solo career and his third run with the Fratellis, his preferred guitars were still Stratocasters and Telecasters. For the Fratellis' tour he exclusively used a red Telecaster.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: Lawler likes to keep his personal life private and not many details of what he does outside of music are known. He resides in the town of Cumbernauld, north-east of Glasgow with his wife, Heather, whose burlesque name "Chelsea" he used for the Fratellis' hit single, "Chelsea Dagger". Lawler has a son named Jamie, born in 1997 to a girl Lawler was seeing when he was 18. Lawler is also an avid supporter of Scottish Premiership side Celtic.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With The Fratellis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Costello Music" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Here We Stand" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Need Medicine" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eyes Wide, Tongue Tied" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Your Own Sweet Time" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo and others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Codeine Velvet Club", Codeine Velvet Club (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psycho Jukebox", solo (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bright Night Flowers", solo (2019)

description: British singer

wikidata_label: Jon Fratelli

wikipedia_title: Jon Fratelli


text:
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Magazine
Alexander Graham Bell
Mount Everest
Jacques Cousteau
Washington, D.C.
Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
née
Alexander Graham Bell
Admiral Arleigh Burke
ensign
United States Navy
Joseph Judge
Thomas Nebbia
Bruce Dale
Jacques-Yves Cousteau
Louis S.B.
Mary Leakey
Jane Goodall
California redwood
Lyndon B. Johnson
Alexander Graham Bell Grosvenor
Gilbert Melville Grosvenor
Edwin S. Grosvenor
American Heritage Magazine
"The New York Times", April 24, 1982

categories: 1901 births,National Geographic Society,1982 deaths,Gardiner family,George Washington University trustees,Alexander Graham Bell,American magazine editors

paragraph: Melville Bell Grosvenor

paragraph: Melville Bell Grosvenor (November 26, 1901 – April 22, 1982) was the president of the National Geographic Society and editor of "The National Geographic Magazine" from 1957 to 1967. He was the grandson of telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell.

paragraph: A photography enthusiast, he increased the size of printed photographs in the magazine, and initiated the practice, that continues to this day, of opening articles with a two-page photo feature. He reduced the name of the publication from "The National Geographic Magazine" to "National Geographic". Under Grosvenor's tenure, "National Geographic" also began to branch out from land expeditions to cover investigations into space and the deep sea.

paragraph: Grosvenor expanded the scope of the society's operations, branching into the production of documentaries bearing the National Geographic name, which began airing on television. Four of these were produced per year. Among the features produced during Grosvenor's presidency were documentaries covering the first American expedition to Mount Everest and Jacques Cousteau's underwater exploits.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Grosvenor was born in Washington, D.C., on November 26, 1901. His parents were Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, the first editor of "The National Geographic Magazine", and Elsie May (née Bell) Grosvenor, the daughter of Alexander Graham Bell. The year following his birth, he helped to lay the cornerstone of the National Geographic Society's first building, Hubbard Hall, while in his grandfather's arms.

paragraph: In 1919, Grosvenor enrolled in the U.S. Naval Academy. On June 8, 1923, he graduated from the Academy with the Class of 1923, which included his lifelong friend, Admiral Arleigh Burke.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After his graduation from the Naval Academy in 1923, Grosvenor was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy.

paragraph: In 1924, Grosvenor resigned from the Navy and joined the staff of the National Geographic Society as a picture editor. Grosvenor is credited with taking the first color aerial photograph when he took a shot of the Statue of Liberty by circling the monument in a Navy Airship ZM C2. The photograph was published in the September 1930 issue, leading the Society to adopt the Finlay process, then the newest method for producing color photographs. He also took early aerial color photographs of Washington, D.C., which appeared in the magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Accomplishments.

paragraph: After he became President of the Society and Editor of "The National Geographic Magazine" in 1957, Melville Grosvenor initiated major changes which are credited with resuscitating the organization and increasing membership from 2.1 million to 5.5 million. He added or promoted new editorial staff including Wilbur Garrett and Joseph Judge, and photographers such as Thomas Nebbia and Bruce Dale.

paragraph: "Under his editorship, the magazine added full-color photographs to its black-white-yellow cover and installed new presses and equipment to enhance its high-quality color picture spreads," commented Robert McFadden about Melville Grosvenor in "The New York Times". "Dr. Grosvenor did not dramatically modify the magazine's traditional tone of gentlemanly detachment from the ugliness, misery and strife in the world."

paragraph: Grosvenor pushed the Society to create new products including television documentaries, books, globes, and its first "Atlas of the World", and published articles on exotic African, Asian and South American locations; wildlife, insects,and other natural splendors and anthropological studies on primitive tribal societies. He also commissioned articles on space, polar and undersea research and other subjects.

paragraph: Grosvenor sharply increased grants for research and exploration. The Society gave one of the first grants to oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, and supported anthropologists Louis S.B. and Mary Leakey, primatologist Jane Goodall, and other modern pioneers. Grosvenor also campaigned to save the California redwoods before conservation became a popular cause.

paragraph: Grosvenor oversaw construction of the Society's new headquarters in Washington in 1963, dedicated by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Shortly after he received his commission in the Navy, he married Helen North Rowland (1902–1985) of Washington, D.C. in 1924. Together, they were the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Rowland Grosvenor (1925–1988), who was engaged to Robert Barry Dunigan in 1944. In 1947, she was engaged to Robert Clement Watson, Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Graham Bell Grosvenor (1927–1978), a naval officer Captain who was married to Marcia Braman (1930–2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert Melville Grosvenor (born 1931), who was editor of "National Geographic" from 1970 to 1980 before becoming president of the National Geographic Society, which he served until 1996. He was married to Mary Helen Wiley Jarman in 1979.

paragraph: Grosvenor's second wife, Anne Elizabeth Revis, whom he married in 1950, was a longtime photographer for "National Geographic". Together, they were the parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwin S. Grosvenor (born September 17, 1951), who is the President and Editor-in-Chief of American Heritage Magazine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sara Grosvenor, president of The Alexander and Mabel Bell Legacy Foundation.

paragraph: Grosvenor died on April 22, 1982, at his winter home in Miami.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McDowell, Bart, "Melville Bell Grosvenor, a Decade of Innovation, a Lifetime of Service". "National Geographic", August 1982, pp. 270–278

paragraph: BULLET::::- McFadden, Robert D., "Melville B. Grosvenor Dies at 80-Led National Geographic Society," "The New York Times", April 24, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poole, Robert M. "Explorers House: National Geographic and the World it Made". New York: Penguin, 2004.

description: American magazine editor

wikidata_label: Melville Bell Grosvenor

wikipedia_title: Melville Bell Grosvenor


text: Graeco

text: Italian

text: Oria, Apulia

text: Arabs

text: Fatimite

text: Abu Ahmad Ja'far ibn 'Ubaid

text: Otranto

text: Palermo

text: North Africa

text: Italy

text: Baghdad

text: Nilus the Younger

text: Rossano

text: Byzantine

text: Abraham Firkovich

text: Crimea

text: medicine

text: Southern Italy

text: Moritz Steinschneider

text: Medicean Library

text: Florence

text: Arabic

text: Asaph the Jew

text: Sefer Yetzirah

text: astrology

text: Second Book of Samuel

text: Elul

text: Adolf Neubauer

text: Book of Genesis

text: Orchot Tzaddikim

text: Elijah ben Solomon Abraham ha-Kohen

text: Jellinek

text: Book of Proverbs

text: Midrash Tehillim

text: Saadia

text: Baraita of Samuel

text: Abraham Epstein

text: Eleazar of Worms

text: Rashi

text: Er.

text: Samuel of Acco

text: Solomon ben Judah of Lunel

text: Judah Halevi

text: Kuzari

text: Abraham Geiger

text: D. Castelli

text: Leopold Zunz

text: Moritz Steinschneider

text: A. Epstein

text: Heinrich Graetz

text: Buber

text: Isaac Hirsch Weiss

text: Richard Gottheil

categories: 10th-century Italian people,10th-century Byzantine scientists,Byzantine Jews,People from the Province of Brindisi,913 births,Medieval Italian physicians,Byzantine physicians,Medieval Jewish physicians of Italy,982 deaths,Medieval Jewish astronomers,10th-century physicians

paragraph: Shabbethai Donnolo

paragraph: Shabbethai Donnolo (913 – c. 982, ) was a Graeco-Italian Jewish physician, and writer on medicine and astrology born at Oria, Apulia. When twelve years of age he was made prisoner by the Arabs under the leadership of the Fatimite Abu Ahmad Ja'far ibn 'Ubaid, but was ransomed by his relatives at Otranto, while the rest of his family was carried to Palermo and North Africa. He turned to medicine and astrology for a livelihood, studying the sciences of "the Greeks, Arabs, Babylonians, and Indians." As no Jews at that time busied themselves with these subjects, he traveled in Italy in search of learned non-Jews. His special teacher was an Arab from Baghdad. According to the biography of Nilus the Younger, abbot of Rossano, he practiced medicine for some time in that city. Later he would become the Byzantine court physician. The alleged gravestone of Donnolo, found by Abraham Firkovich in the Crimea, is evidently spurious.

paragraph: Donnolo is one of the earliest Jewish writers on medicine, and one of the few Jewish scholars of Southern Italy at this early time. What remains of his medical work, "Sefer ha-Yaḳar" (Precious Book), was published by Moritz Steinschneider in 1867, from MS. 37, Plut. 88, in the Medicean Library at Florence, and contains an "antidotarium," or book of practical directions for preparing medicinal roots. Donnolo's medical science is based upon Greco-Latin sources; only one Arabic plant-name occurs. He cites Asaph the Jew.

paragraph: In addition, he wrote a commentary to the "Sefer Yetzirah", dealing almost wholly with astrology, and called "Ḥakhmoni" (in one manuscript, "Taḥkemoni"; see II Second Book of Samuel xxiii.8; I Chron. xi.11). At the end of the preface is a table giving the position of the heavenly bodies in Elul 946. The treatise published by Adolf Neubauer ("Rev. Et. Juives," xxii.214) is part of a religio-astrological commentary on the Book of Genesis i.26 (written in 982), which probably formed a sort of introduction to the "Ḥakhmoni", in which the idea that man is a microcosm is worked out. Parts of this introduction are found word for word in the anonymous "Orchot Tzaddikim" (or "Sefer Middot") and the "Shebeṭ Musar" of Elijah ben Solomon Abraham ha-Kohen. It was published separately by Jellinek ("Der Mensch als Ebenbild Gottes," Leipzig, 1845).

paragraph: The style of Donnolo is worthy of note; many Hebrew forms and words are here found for the first time. He uses the acrostic freely, giving his own name not only in the poetic mosaic of passages from the Book of Proverbs in the Bodleian fragment, but also in the rimed prose introduction to the "Ḥakemani." He is also the first to cite the Midrash Tehillim. In the Pseudo-Saadia commentary to the "Sefer Yetzirah" there are many citations from Donnolo, notably from a lost commentary of his on the Baraita of Samuel. Abraham Epstein has shown that extensive extracts from Donnolo are also to be found in Eleazar of Worms' "Sefer Yetzirah" commentary (ed. Przemysl, 1889), even to the extent of the tables and illustrations. He is also mentioned by Rashi (to Er. 56a), by Samuel of Acco (who calls the "Ḥakemani" the "Sefer ha-Mazzalot"), and by Solomon ben Judah of Lunel (1424) in his "Ḥesheḳ Shelomoh" to Judah Halevi's "Kuzari."

paragraph: Section::::Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preface to "Ḥakemani", published by Abraham Geiger, in "Melo Chofnajim", p. 29 (p. 95 of German text), the whole by D. Castelli;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Commenti di Sabb. Donnolo sul Libro della Creazione", Florence, 1880 (reprinted in "Sefer Yeẓirah", pp. 121–148, Warsaw, 1884).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Text of medical fragments, edited by M. Steinschneider — "Donnolo, Fragment des Aeltesten Med. Werkes", etc., 1867;

paragraph: BULLET::::- translation in idem, Donnolo (Berlin, 1868; from "Archiv für Pathologische Anatomic", vols. xxxviii-xlii)

paragraph: BULLET::::- See, also, Biography of Nilus, in "Acta Sanctorum", vii.313;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leopold Zunz, "G.V." 2d ed., p. 375;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moritz Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." col. 2231 et seq.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem, "Hebr. Uebers." p. 446;

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem, in "Monatsschrift," xlii.121;

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Epstein, in ib. xxxix.75 et seq.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Graetz, Gesch. 3d ed., v.292;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buber, "Lekah Tob," p. 22;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Berliner's Magazin," 1892, p. 79;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaac Hirsch Weiss, Dor, iv.227, Vienna, 1887.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia article on Shabbethai Donnolo, by Richard Gottheil.

description: Italian physician.

wikidata_label: Shabbethai Donnolo

wikipedia_title: Shabbethai Donnolo


text:
historian
Lichtenau
cameralist
Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer
Philippine Engelhard
Göttingen School of History
theology
Altdorf
geography
Nuremberg
natural history
University of Göttingen
universal history
Göttingen
August Ludwig von Schlözer
hermeneutical
genealogy
heraldry
diplomatics
physical geography
birth of Christ
chronology
Kant in the Classroom

categories: People from Ansbach (district),German historians,1727 births,1799 deaths,University of Göttingen faculty

paragraph: Johann Christoph Gatterer

paragraph: Johann Christoph Gatterer (July 13, 1727 – April 5, 1799) was a German historian who was a native of Lichtenau. He was the father of cameralist Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer (1759–1838) and poet Magdalena Philippine Engelhard (1756–1831). He was a member of the Göttingen School of History.

paragraph: From 1747 he studied theology at Altdorf, where his interest later changed to history. In 1752 he became a school teacher of history and geography in Nuremberg, and in 1756 gained his professorship in natural history. In 1759 he was appointed professor of history at the University of Göttingen, where he remained for the next forty years.

paragraph: Gatterer was a pioneer of "universal history", and with fellow Göttingen historian August Ludwig von Schlözer (1735–1809), he was instrumental in developing a modern, hermeneutical approach to history. He believed that historical events needed to be systematically arranged by describing their causal relationships, rather than simply providing a chronology of events. Gatterer used the phrase "nexus rerum universalis" to represent "a universal connection of things in the world".

paragraph: His focus dealt largely with ancillary disciplines such as genealogy, heraldry, diplomatics, and physical geography, and he treated these subjects from a modern scientific viewpoint. Gatterer promoted his ideas on these subjects in the journals "Allgemeine historische Bibliothek" (1767–1771) and "Historisches Journal" (1772–1781). Since 1954 the "Johann Christoph-Gatterer Medal" is awarded by the "Genealogisch-Heraldische Gesellschaft Göttingen" (GHGG) for scientific achievements in the field of genealogy and heraldry.

paragraph: In 1785 Gatterer estimated that the time span from Creation to the birth of Christ to be 4181 years.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handbuch der neuesten Genealogie und Heraldik", 1750 – Handbook on the latest genealogy and heraldry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johann Christoph Gatterers ... Abriss der Heraldik", 1766 – Outline on heraldry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johann Christoph Gatterers Abriss der Chronologie", 1777 – Outline on chronology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abriss der Genealogie", 1788 – Outline on genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johann Christoph Gatterer's Abriss der Diplomatik", 1798 – Outline on diplomatics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johann Christoph Gatterer's Praktische Diplomatik", 1799 – Practical diplomatics.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kant in the Classroom (biography of Johann Christoph Gatterer)

description: German historian

wikidata_label: Johann Christoph Gatterer

wikipedia_title: Johann Christoph Gatterer