text:
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Panjabi.net discussion forum

categories: 1737 deaths,Jathedars of Akal Takht,Executed Sikh people,1662 births,Sikh martyrs,People executed by the Mughal Empire

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh was an 18th-century Sikh scholar and martyr. He was a childhood companion of Guru Gobind Singh and took the vows of Sikhism when the Guru inaugurated the Khalsa in March 1699. Soon after that, the Guru sent him to Amritsar to take charge of Harmandir Sahib, which had been without a custodian since 1696. He took control and steered the course of Sikh destiny at a critical stage in Sikh history.

paragraph: The nature of his death in which he was dismembered joint by joint has become a part of the daily Sikh Ardas (prayer).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Ancestry.

paragraph: Mani Singh was originally called Mani Ram, and was the son of Mai Das of Alipur. He had He had two elder brothers: Jet (Bhai Jetha Singh) and Dayal Das.

paragraph: Mani Singh was one of the 12 sons of Mai Das. His grandfather was Rao Ballu, a reputable warrior, who was a general in Guru Hargobind's army. Mani Singh's family consisted of notable warriors, among them his cousin Bhagwant Singh Bangeshwar, who was a ruler in Aurangzeb time. His brother, Dayala was killed at Dehli with Guru Tegh Bahadur. Mani Singh spent a considerable part of his life in service at Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Marriages and children.

paragraph: At the age of 15, Mani Singh was married to Seeto Bai, daughter of Raav Lakhi Rai Jadhaun Jadovanshi Raav (King) of Khairpur Tamewali now in Pakistan.

paragraph: List of Bhai Mani Singh's sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Chitar Singh, killed with Mani Singh in Lahore in 1734.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Bachitar Singh, killed in the battle of Nihan near Anandpur Sahib in 1704.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Udai Singh, killed in Sahi Tibi near Anandpur Sahib in 1704.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Anaik Singh, killed in the battle of Chamkaur in 1704.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ajab Singh, killed in the battle of Chamkaur in 1704.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Ajaib Singh, killed in the battle of Chamkaur in 1704.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Gurbaksh Singh, killed with Mani Singh in Lahore in 1734.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Bhagwan Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Balram Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Desa Singh – the author of the Rehat Maryada (Code of conduct) of the Khalsa.

paragraph: Seven of Mani Singh's sons were from his first wife, Seeto Bai Ji and the remainder from his second wife Khemi Bai Ji .

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Service of Guru Har Rai.

paragraph: When Mani Singh was 13 years old, his father, Rao Mai Das, took him to Guru Har Rai at Kiratpur to pay homage. Mani Singh spent about two years at Kiratpur in the service of Guru Har Rai, scrubbing cooking pots and utensils. He also attended to other chores. When Mani Singh was 15 years old, his father applied to Guru Har Rai for leave to be granted to Mani Singh for a short period. Mani Singh and his father returned to their village Alipur where he was married to Bibi Seetobai. Subsequently, Mani Singh, accompanied by his elder brothers, Bhai Jetha Singh and Bhai Dial Das, went to Kiratpur and presented themselves before Guru Har Rai for service at his shrine.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Service of Guru Har Krishan.

paragraph: After the passing of Guru Har Rai, Mani Singh started serving Guru Har Krishan. When Guru Har Krishan proceeded to Delhi, Mani Singh was one of the Sikhs who accompanied him.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Service of Guru Tegh Bahadur.

paragraph: When Guru Har Krishan died on 30 March 1664 in Delhi, Mani Singh escorted the Guru Har Krishan Ji's mother, Mata Sulakhani, to Bakala and presented himself before Guru Teg Bahadur for service. Mani Singh's elder brothers, Bhai Jetha Singh and Bhai Dial Das, also arrived at Bakala for service with the guru. Mani Singh was at that time 20 years of age. After serving some time in the service of Guru Teg Bahahdur, Mani Singh took leave of the Guru and returned to his village in Alipur.

paragraph: Mani Singh later proceeded to Anandpur Sahib for the Vaisakhi festival, accompanied by his family. Guru Teg Bahadur had then just arrived at Anandpur Sahib after a preaching tour in the East. When Guru Teg Bahadur heeded the appeal of the Kashmiri Pandits and their request for help in saving the Hindu religion, Guru Teg Bahadur decided to proceed to Delhi. Bhai Jetha and Mani Singh and some other Sikhs remained at Anandpur with Guru Gobind Singh to look after him. Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dial Das accompanied Guru Teg Bahadur to Delhi. They were arrested together with Guru Teg Bahadur and taken to Delhi where all of them were put to death.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh was a childhood companion of Guru Gobind Singh. He was not of the same age as Guru Gobind Singh (at that time called Gobind Rai) but much older. Mani Singh remained in his company even after Gobind Rai had ascended the religious seat as Guru. Mani Singh accompanied the Guru to the seclusion of Paonta where Guru Gobind Singh spent some three years exclusively given to literary work.

paragraph: Mani Singh was not only a great scholar of Sikh sacred scripture and wrote books on Sikhi but was also a warrior who accompanied Guru Gobind Singh as one of his body guards on many occasions. The brave deeds of Mani Singh in so many battles earned him the reputation of a great warrior. In his position of being the Guru's Diwan (Minister) he had to attend to many matters in the Guru's establishment. Nevertheless, he had time to study the Sikh scripture under the Guru's guidance and became an accomplished theologian. He acquired so much knowledge and understanding of Gurbani, that he used to do Katha (Exposition) of the Granth Sahib to the Sangat (Congregation) both at Anandpur Sahib and later at the Harmandir Sahib.

paragraph: In 1685, when Guru Gobind Singh went to Nahan, on the invitation of Raja Medni Prakash, Bhai Mani Singh was one of the Sikhs who accompanied the Guru.

paragraph: In 1687, when the Guru received a request for help from the widow of Baba Ram Rai, because the Masands were ill treating her, Guru Gobind Singh accompanied by Mani Singh went to Derah Doon, taught the Masands a good lesson and put them in their proper place.

paragraph: In 1688, at the Barsi (Death anniversary) of Baba Ram Rai, Guru Gobind Singh sent Mani Singh at the head of a Jatha of 50 Sikhs to represent him at the Barsi.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh accompanied Guru Gobind Singh when he went across the banks of the Yamuna River to Paonta, Himachal. Bhai Mani Singh fought in the Battle of Bhangani in 1688 ca. to defend Paonta from the joint attack of all the hill rajas. Mani Singh showed his prowess with the sword. In this battle his younger brother Hati Chand was killed.

paragraph: In 1690, in the Battle of Nadaun, Mani Singh showed great bravery and prowess with the sword; so much so that after the victory of the Guru's forces, Guru Gobind Singh bestowed on Mani Singh the title of Diwan (Minister).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Service of Guru Gobind Singh.:Creation of the Khalsa.

paragraph: In 1699, on Vaisakhi day when Guru Gobind Singh established the Khalsa Panth and Bhai Mani Singh took Amrit at the hands of Guru Gobind Singh and from Mani Ram he became Mani Singh. On this day Bhai Mani Singh's brothers, Rai Singh, Roop Singh and Man Singh were initiated and five of Mani Singh's sons were also initiated as Khalsas. They were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Bachitar Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Udai Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Anaik Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Ajab Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ajaib Singh

paragraph: In 1699, after the Khalsa Panth was created with the famous Amrit ceremony and Rahit Maryada (Code of conduct of the Khalsa) was ordained, Guru Gobind Singh sent Bhai Mani Singh and five other Khalsas to Amritsar with instructions to take possession of the Harmandir Sahib. Bhai Mani Singh was appointed Granthi of the Harmandir Sahib and Jathedar of the Akal Takhat. Mani Singh thus became the third Granthi of the Harmandir Sahib, after Baba Buddha and Bhai Gurdas. Apart from Kirtan Singing of hymns from the Granth Sahib, Bhai Mani Singh used to do Katha (Exposition of Gurbani) which became a very popular daily feature. Rahit Maryada was propagated and arrangements were made for administering Pahul (initiation) to new converts to the Khalsa fold. As a result of Bhai Mani Singh's efforts, a large number of Jats (farmers) from northern Punjab were initiated as Khalsas, whose numbers increased day by day. Many of them, when they went back to their villages, persuaded others to take the pahul and become Khalsas. Periodically, Bhai Mani Singh used to go to Anandpur Sahib to pay homage to Guru Gobind Singh and keep him informed of the affairs and happenings at Amritsar.

paragraph: In the first battle fought by Guru Gobind Singh after the creation of the Khalsa Panth in 1699, against Raja Ajmer Chand and his Mughal supporters, Bhai Mani Singh and his sons were in the first line of the Guru's forces. The Guru was so pleased with the bravery and the performance of Mani Singh's sons that after the Khalsa victory, the Guru issued a special Hukumnama (Edict) in praise of them. Mani Singh's sons mentioned in the Hukumnama were : Bachitar Singh, Udai Singh, Anaik Singh, Ajab Singh, and Ajaib Singh.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh took an active role in the battle of Naduan in 1704. When Guru Gobind Singh Ji left Anandpur on the night of 20 December 1704, his family got separated at river Sirsa in the confusion created by the Mughal attack. Bhai Mani Singh took Mata Sunder Kaur and Mata Sahib Kaur to Delhi via Ambala.

paragraph: In 1704, Bhai Mani Singh escorted Guru Sahib's wife and Mata Sahib Devan to Talwandi Sabo where the Guru was staying after defeating the Mughal army at Muktsar. Here Guru Gobind Singh from memory recited the current version of the Guru Granth Sahib while Bhai Mani Singh transcribed it.

paragraph: When Guru Sahib left Agra with Emperor Bahadur Shah for Nanded in 1707, Mata Sahib Devan and Bhai Mani Singh accompanied him. Afterwards Bhai Mani Singh escorted Mata Sahib Devan back to Delhi where she lived with Mata Sundri for the rest of her life.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Post Guru Gobind Singh.

paragraph: After Banda Singh Bahadurs execution in 1716 The Khalsa abandoned their homes and escaped to the jungles of the Punjab, mountains of Sivalik Hills and deserts of Rajputana.

paragraph: Section::::Role in Sikh history.

paragraph: Section::::Role in Sikh history.:A scholar.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh acted as scribe when Guru Gobind Singh Ji dictated Sri Guru Granth Sahib.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Sahib collected the Gurbani (Literally "Word of the Guru") of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and compiled it in the guru granth

paragraph: Sahib (Sikhs living guru). The writings included in the Dasam Granth were composed at different times by the Guru himself.

paragraph: He expanded the first of Bhai Gurdas's Vaars into a life of Guru Nanak which is called "Gyan Ratnavali". Mani Singh wrote another work, the "Bhagat Ratnawali" (sometimes called "Sikhan di Baghat Mala"), an expansion of Bhai Gurdas's eleventh Vaar, which contains a list of famous Sikhs up to the time of Guru Har Gobind.

paragraph: In his capacity as a Granthi of Darbar Sahib at the Golden Temple, Bhai Mani Singh is also stated to have composed the Ardas (Supplication) in its current format; he also started the tradition of mentioning deeds of various Gursikhs with the supplication.

paragraph: He also transcribed many copies of the sacred Sikh scriptures which were sent to different preaching centres in India. He also taught the reading of Gurbani and its philosophy to the Sikhs.

paragraph: Section::::Role in Sikh history.:Leadership at Harmandir Sahib.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh who was under the presence of Guru Gobind Singh in 1690s had taken over the Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar in mid-1699 from Minas. After initiating the people of Majha to the Khalsa Panth Bhai Mani Singh came back to Anandpur Sahib. Bhai Mani Singh actively taught the reading of Gurbani and its philosophy to the Sikhs.

paragraph: According to some Hukamnamas, Bhai Mani Singh was heading the shrine in 1716. He spent the period of worst persecution in post 1716 at the village of Baganwala in Jhang district.

paragraph: In 1720, Mata Sunder Kaur came to know of the trouble that was brewing between the "Tat Khalsa" (A sect of Khalsa who were strict followers of Guru Gobind Singh) and "Bandai Khalsa" (A sect of Khalsa who regarded Banda Singh Bahadur as the Guru) military factions of the Sikhs. She appointed Bhai Mani Singh as the Granthi of Harmandir Sahib and sent him to Amritsar with Mama Kirpal Singh (Chand), the maternal uncle of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. On his arrival at Amritsar in 1721. Bhai Mani Singh restored peace among the Khalsa, by casting lots and the "Tat Khalsa" was declared to have won, and put the affairs of Harmandir Sahib in order.

paragraph: After Bhai Mani Singh's execution the next prominent Sikh leader was Nawab Kapur Singh (1697–1753)

paragraph: Section::::Role in Sikh history.:Execution.

paragraph: in 1737 ca., Bhai Mani Singh asked to Governor of Lahore, Zakaria Khan, for permission to hold the Diwali festival to celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas at the Harmandir Sahib. The permission was granted for a tribute of Rs. 5,000. He hoped that he would be able to pay the sum out of the offerings to be made by the Sikhs who were invited to come. He issued initiations to the Sikhs of all places. The Governor alongside Diwan Lakhpat Rai had different intentions and he sent secret orders to his forces to make a surprise attack on the Sikhs during the festival. Bhai Mani Singh came to know of this plan and sent messages to tell the Sikhs not to come. The Sikhs that did come had to leave because of the presence of an unnecessary big military force and suspicious movement of the officers. Thus no money could be collected or paid to the government and Bhai Mani Singh was ordered to be executed.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh was taken to Lahore in chains. When Bhai Mani Singh could not pay the fine the dues he had agreed to pay the Mughals (to legally hold the event) he was ordered to convert to Islam. Refusing to give up his beliefs he was ordered death by dismemberment. When the executioner started to begin with his wrists, Bhai Mani Singh sincerely reminded the executioner of the sentence, reminding the executioner of his punishment and to start at the joints in his hands.

paragraph: Bhai Mani Singh was executed at Nakhaas Chowk, Lahore in December 1738 ca. The Nakhaas Chowk has since been known as Shaheed Ganj – the place of martyrdom. Another commemorative shrine built in the late 1900s at a Gurdwara near Longowal in the ruins of village Kaimbowal marks Bhai Mani Singh's hometown and place of birth. By 1737, the Mughal government of Lahore had strictly prohibited the Sikhs to visit Amritsar and bathe in the holy tank. Zakaria Khan died in 1745

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhai Nand Lal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banda Singh Bahadur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhai Tara Singh Wan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarbat Khalsa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhagwant Singh Bangeshwar

paragraph: Section::::Books and articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sikh Gurus retold :1606–1708 CE by S.Surjit Singh Gandhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaheed Bilas : Bhai Mani Singh by Giani Garja Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prachin Panth Parkash, (ed) Bhai Vir Singh, New Delhi Edition, p 222-223, Rattan Singh Bhangu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopaedia of Sikh Literature, Mahan Kosh, 1974, foot note, p 951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gurmat Sudhakar, Bhasha Vibhag, 1970, p 221, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panjabi.net discussion forum

description: Sikh religious leader

wikidata_label: Bhai Mani Singh

wikipedia_title: Bhai Mani Singh


text: Sir

text: Sinhala

text: British

text: lawyer

text: academic

text: educator

text: Vice Chancellor

text: University of Cambridge

text: University of Ceylon

text: Queen Elizabeth's Hospital

text: Bristol

text: Bristol Grammar School

text: St Catharine's College, Cambridge

text: University of Leeds

text: Gray’s Inn

text: London School of Economics

text: Ceylon

text: British Government

text: University of London

text: University of Ceylon

text: Colombo

text: Peradeniya

text: World War II

text: knighted

text: Queen's Counsel

text: KBE

text: University of Ceylon

text: Trinity Hall, Cambridge

text: University of Cambridge

text: MS "Lakonia"

text: Madeira

text: constitutional law

text: British constitution

text: D. S. Senanayake

text: Dominion of Ceylon

text: Reid Commission

text: Malaysia

text: University of Ceylon

text: Archives of Sir Ivor Jennings

categories: Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge,Academics of the University of Leeds,People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,Sri Lankan people of English descent,Knights Bachelor,Vice-Chancellors of the University of Ceylon,Academics of the London School of Economics,British academics,Queen's Counsel 1901–2000,20th-century English historians,Masters of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,People of British Ceylon,People associated with the Ceylon University College,People educated at Bristol Grammar School,Members of Gray's Inn,1965 deaths,Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge,1903 births,English constitutionalists,Academics of the University of Cambridge,20th-century British lawyers

paragraph: Ivor Jennings

paragraph: Sir William Ivor Jennings, (Sinhala: ශ්‍රීමත් අයිවර් ජෙන්නින්ග්ස්) (16 May 1903 – 19 December 1965) was a British lawyer and academic. He was a prominent educator who served as the Vice Chancellor of University of Cambridge (1961–63) and University of Ceylon (1942–55).

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Sir Ivor was educated at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol (a boarding school), at Bristol Grammar School, and at St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Jennings joined the University of Leeds as a Lecturer in Law in 1925 and became a Holt Scholar of Gray’s Inn and was called to the bar in 1928. The following year he joined the London School of Economics as Lecturer in Law.

paragraph: Jennings was sent to Ceylon by the British Government in 1942, as the Principal of the University College, Colombo with a mandate to create a university for that land, then a Crown colony. The institution, on the model of University of London, was dubbed the University of Ceylon and was first established in Colombo, the capital city, then partially transferred in 1952 to a purpose-built campus in Peradeniya. During World War II he served as the Deputy Civil Defense Commissioner.

paragraph: He was knighted in 1948, made a Queen's Counsel in 1949, and awarded the KBE in 1955. In 1955, Jennings received an honorary doctorate by vote of the senate of the University of Ceylon to recognize his work in creating and building the institution. A hall of residence at the University of Peradeniya is named in his honour.

paragraph: In the same year (1955) he returned to Britain to take up the post of Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He subsequently served a term as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, a position which at that time rotated among the heads of the colleges.

paragraph: Jennings married Helen Emily Konsalik in 1928 and had two daughters, Shirley (Jennings) Watson and Claire (Jennings) Dewing. Together with his wife and daughter Claire, he was aboard the MS "Lakonia", a Greek-owned cruise ship, when it caught fire and sank north of Madeira on 22 December 1963, with the loss of 128 lives.

paragraph: Section::::Constitutional law.

paragraph: Jennings was an authority on constitutional law and is author of a definitive book on the workings of the then British constitution. He advised D. S. Senanayake in drafting the Constitution of Ceylon to form the Dominion of Ceylon.

paragraph: He was a member of the Reid Commission from June 1956 to 1957, which was responsible for drafting the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia).

paragraph: Section::::Partial bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Road to Peradeniya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constitutional Laws of the British Empire (1938), later reissued as Constitutional Laws of the Commonwealth (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parliament (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Federation for Western Europe (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Party Politics (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Law and the Constitution (5th Edition) (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Principles of Local Government Law (4th Edition) (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The British Commonwealth of Nations (4th Revised Edition) (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cabinet Government (3rd Edition) (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The British Constitution (5th Edition) (1966)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Ceylon

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Ivor: First Vice Chancellor of University of Ceylon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives of Sir Ivor Jennings

description: British lawyer

wikidata_label: Ivor Jennings

wikipedia_title: Ivor Jennings


text: Freddie Hubbard

text: Joe Henderson

text: Dave Liebman

text: Fred Hersch

text: Attila Zoller

text: Greg Osby

text: Mark Feldman

text: Wayne Krantz

text: Jeff Hirshfield

text: Tim Berne

text: Dave Douglas

text: Marty Ehrlich

text: Kuumba Frank Lacy

text: Marvin Smith

text: Enja Records

text: Steve Swell

text: Jim Black

text: Gerry Hemingway

text: Peter Erskine

text: Dave Ballou

text: Henrik Frisk

text: session musician

text: Jane Ira Bloom

text: Uri Caine

text: James Emery

text: Lee Konitz

text: Kevin Mahogany

text: Mingus Big Band

text: Scott Fields

text: Jack Walrath

text: Lafayette Gilchrist

text: Enja

text: Soul Note

text: Tim Berne

text: Screwgun

text: ECM

text: Craig Taborn

text: Tim Berne

text: Gerald Cleaver

text: Franco Ambrosetti

text: Movies

text: Movies Too

text: Tim Berne

text: JMT

text: Unwound

text: Saturation Point

text: Discretion

text: Seconds

text: Jane Ira Bloom

text: Art and Aviation

text: Uri Caine

text: Urlicht / Primal Light

text: Winter & Winter

text: Gustav Mahler in Toblach

text: Tony Malaby

text: Arabesque

text: Art Pepper

text: San Francisco Samba

text: Contemporary

text: Gary Thomas

text: Pariah's Pariah

text: Jack Walrath

text: Serious Hang

text: Allmusic

text: Michael Formanek

text: Peabody Institute

categories: The Tony Williams Lifetime members,Living people,21st-century double-bassists,Jazz musicians from San Francisco,1958 births,American jazz double-bassists,Male double-bassists,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Michael Formanek

paragraph: Michael Formanek (born May 7, 1958) is an American jazz bassist born in San Francisco, California and associated with the jazz scene in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In the 1980s, Formanek worked as a sideman with Freddie Hubbard, Joe Henderson, Dave Liebman, Fred Hersch, and Attila Zoller. His debut album as a leader was 1990's "Wide Open Spaces", featuring saxophonist Greg Osby, violinist Mark Feldman, guitarist Wayne Krantz, and drummer Jeff Hirshfield. In 1992 he released "Extended Animation" with the same ensemble, except with Tim Berne replacing Osby on sax.

paragraph: In 1993 Formanek, Berne and Hirshfield recorded as a trio on the album "Loose Cannon". Following this, Formanek led the septet of himself, Berne, trumpeter Dave Douglas, reed player Marty Ehrlich, trombonist Kuumba Frank Lacy, drummer Marvin Smith and pianist Salvatore Bonafede. That same year, Formanek began playing with Berne's ensemble Bloodcount through the end of the decade, on the albums "Lowlife", "Poisoned Minds", "Memory Select", "Discretion", and "Saturation Point". His fourth album for Enja Records followed in 1996, with Douglas, trombonist Steve Swell, and drummer Jim Black.

paragraph: In 1998 Berne and Formanek released "Ornery People" as a duo, and Formanek issued a solo album, "Am I Bothering You?". He toured with Gerry Hemingway that same year. In 1999, Formanek worked in a trio with Ehrlich and Peter Erskine on drums. In 2000 he played in the quartet Northern Exposure with Black, Dave Ballou on trumpet, and Henrik Frisk on sax.

paragraph: Formanek has done extensive work as a session musician, appearing on albums by Jane Ira Bloom, Uri Caine, James Emery, Lee Konitz, Kevin Mahogany, the Mingus Big Band, Scott Fields, the New York Jazz Collective, Daniel Schnyder, and Jack Walrath. Formanek is also a member of Lafayette Gilchrist's trio Inside Out.

paragraph: Formanek is the director of the Peabody Jazz Orchestra and the jazz bass instructor at the Peabody Conservatory of Music in Baltimore, Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wide Open Spaces" (Enja, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Extended Animation" (Enja, 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loose Cannon" (Soul Note, 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Low Profile" (Enja, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nature of the Beast" (Enja, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ornery People" with Tim Berne (Little Brother, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Am I Bothering You?" (Screwgun, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relativity" (Enja, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rub and Spare Change" (2010, ECM) w/ Craig Taborn, Tim Berne and Gerald Cleaver

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Small Places" (ECM, 2012) with Craig Taborn, Tim Berne and Gerald Cleaver

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Distance" (ECM, 2016) witn Ensemble Kolossus

paragraph: With Franco Ambrosetti

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Movies" (Enja, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Movies Too" (Enja, 1988)

paragraph: With Tim Berne's Bloodcount

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (JMT, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (JMT, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (JMT, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unwound" (Screwgun, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturation Point" (Screwgun, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discretion" (Screwgun, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seconds" (Screwgun, 2007)

paragraph: With Jane Ira Bloom

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art and Aviation" (Arabesque, 1992)

paragraph: With Uri Caine

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Urlicht / Primal Light" (Winter & Winter, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gustav Mahler in Toblach" (Winter & Winter, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (Winter & Winter, 2003)

paragraph: With Tony Malaby

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sabino" (Arabesque, 2000)

paragraph: With Art Pepper

paragraph: BULLET::::- "San Francisco Samba" (Contemporary, 1977)

paragraph: With Gary Thomas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pariah's Pariah" (Winter & Winter, 1998)

paragraph: With Jack Walrath

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serious Hang" (Muse, 1992 [1994])

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ Michael Formanek] at Allmusic

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Formanek at Peabody Institute

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Michael Formanek

wikipedia_title: Michael Formanek


text:
Bavaria
House of Wittelsbach
Nymphenburg Palace
Munich
Kingdom of Bavaria
Prince Franz of Bavaria
Princess Isabella Antonie of Croÿ
Schwabing
Munich
Hungary
Gebirgsjäger
Prinzenerlass
Sarvar
Leutstetten
Starnberg
Princess Irmingard of Bavaria
Berchtesgaden
Leutstetten
Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria
Princess Antonia of Luxembourg
Schloss Nymphenburg
Munich
Prince Luitpold of Bavaria
Starnberg
Order of the Golden Fleece

categories: House of Wittelsbach,Princes of Bavaria,Knights of the Golden Fleece,1913 births,People from Munich,Knights of the Order of Saint Hubert,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (1913–2008)

paragraph: Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (22 June 1913 – 17 October 2008) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prince Ludwig was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. He was the eldest son of Prince Franz of Bavaria, and his wife Princess Isabella Antonie of Croÿ. After graduating from the Maximilians-Gymnasium (located in Schwabing, Munich), Ludwig studied forestry at the university in Hungary. In 1939, as most young German men of his age, he was drafted into the military, serving as a Gebirgsjäger. However, his career in the German Army was short lived. In early 1941, Ludwig was relieved from all combat duties as a result of the "Prinzenerlass" which prohibited members of Germany's royal houses from participating in military operations. He spent the rest of the war at Sarvar in Hungary where his family owned a castle. In 1945, his family fled Hungary and settled at Leutstetten near Starnberg in Bavaria.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: On 19 July 1950, Ludwig married his first cousin Princess Irmingard of Bavaria (29 May 1923 in Berchtesgaden – 23 October 2010 in Leutstetten), daughter of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria and Princess Antonia of Luxembourg. The civil wedding took place at Leutstetten, and the religious ceremony followed a day later at Schloss Nymphenburg in Munich.The couple had three children, five grandchildren and four great-grandchildren:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Luitpold of Bavaria (born 14 April 1951 in Leutstetten), married on 25 June 1979 in Starnberg, Katrin Beatrix Wiegand (born 19 September 1951 in Munich), daughter of and Ellen Schumacher. They have five children and four grandchildren.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Maria of Bavaria (born and died 3 January 1953 in Leutstetten)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Philippa of Bavaria (born and died 26 June 1954 in Leutstetten)

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After the death of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria in 1955, Ludwig and Irmingard moved into Schloss Leutstetten, where Irmingard continued to live. Ludwig was a Grand Prior of the Bavarian Order of Saint George, a Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert, and from 1960 a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

paragraph: Ludwig died of pneumonia at Schloss Leutstetten, 17 October 2008, at the aged 95.

paragraph: On Wednesday, 22 October at 10:00 a.m., a Funeral Liturgy was held in the abbey church at Andechs. After the Mass, his body was buried in the Wittelsbach cemetery on the abbey grounds.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adalbert Prinz von Bayern. "Die Wittelsbacher: Geschichte unserer Familie". München: Prestel Verlag, 1979.

description: Bavarian prince

wikidata_label: Prince Ludwig of Bavaria

wikipedia_title: Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (1913–2008)


text: Sigmaringen

text: Sigmaringen

text: House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

text: Prince Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg

text: House of Saxe-Altenburg

text: Joachim Murat

text: King of the Two Sicilies

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: Caroline Bonaparte

text: Marie Antoinette Murat

text: Prince Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg

text: Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen

text: Sigmaringen

text: Prince August of Sweden

text: Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt

categories: House of Saxe-Altenburg,1815 births,People from Sigmaringen,1841 deaths,Princesses of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,Princesses of Saxe-Altenburg

paragraph: Princess "Amalie" Antoinette Karoline Adrienne of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (; 30 April 1815, Sigmaringen, Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen – 14 January 1841, Sigmaringen, Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) was a member of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and a Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen by birth. Through her marriage to Prince Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg, Amalie was also a member of the House of Saxe-Altenburg and Princess of Saxe-Altenburg. Amalie was a grand-niece of Joachim Murat, King of the Two Sicilies from 1808 to 1815 and a brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte, through marriage to Napoleon's youngest sister, Caroline Bonaparte.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Amalie was the fourth and youngest child of Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and his first wife Marie Antoinette Murat.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Amalie married Prince Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg, seventh but fourth surviving son of Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (of Saxe-Altenburg from 1826) and Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, on 25 July 1835 in Sigmaringen. Amalie and Eduard had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Therese Amalie Karoline Josephine Antoinette (b. Ansbach, 21 December 1836 - d. Stockholm, 9 November 1914), married on 16 April 1864 to Prince August of Sweden.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Antoinette Charlotte Marie Josephine Karoline Frida (b. Bamberg, 17 April 1838 - d. Berchtesgaden, 13 October 1908), married on 22 April 1854 to Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Ludwig Joseph Karl Georg Friedrich (b. Bamberg, 24 September 1839 - d. Munich, 13 February 1844).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Johann Friedrich Joseph Karl (b. Sigmaringen, 8 January 1841 - d. Munich, 25 February 1844).

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30 April 1815 – 25 July 1835: "Her Serene Highness" Princess Amalie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25 July 1835 – 14 January 1841: "Her Serene Highness" Princess Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg

description: Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen


text: bouzouki

text: De Dannan

text: Frankie Gavin

text: Ringo MacDonagh

text: Charlie Piggott

text: Tigh Hughes

text: An Spidéal

text: Co. Galway

text: bouzouki

text: Frankie Gavin

text: Mary Bergin

text: Noel Hill

text: De Dannan

text: De Danann

text: De Dannan

text: Eleanor Shanley

text: Gervase Phinn

text: Rotherham

text: West Riding

text: Interview (1991) + discography

text: Rough Guides

text: Galway Advertiser

text: Hot Press

categories: 1944 births,People from Rotherham,Bouzouki players,2018 deaths,De Dannan members

paragraph: Alec Finn

paragraph: Alexander J. Phinn (4 June 1944 – 16 November 2018), known professionally as Alec Finn, was a British-born traditional musician who is famous for his unique style of accompaniment on the bouzouki. He was best known for founding De Dannan with Frankie Gavin, Ringo MacDonagh and Charlie Piggott after a series of music sessions at Tigh Hughes, An Spidéal, Co. Galway in 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Finn took up the bouzouki in the 1970s. In contrast to most Irish players, he played a round-backed Greek bouzouki, one of the older-style trichordo three course (six string) instruments tuned DAD. The Greek tuning gave him a versatile modal rhythmic background on which to create counterpoint to the melody. In the late 1970s and early 80s, he accompanied several prominent Irish instrumentalists including Frankie Gavin, Mary Bergin and Noel Hill. He performed with De Dannan up to its dissolution in 2003.

paragraph: After the dissolution of the group, Finn copyrighted the name De Danann (note the slightly different spelling). Ironically, a dispute arose in July 2009 with his former colleague Frankie Gavin for using the name De Dannan for the Frankie Gavin Quartet, a group which had been in existence parallel to De Dannan since 1991.

paragraph: Finn, along with fellow original De Danann member Johnny "Ringo" McDonagh, had recently reformed De Danann with banjoist/keyboardist Brian McGrath, accordionist Derek Hickey, fiddler Mick Conneely, and singer Eleanor Shanley.

paragraph: Section::::Family and name.

paragraph: Alec Finn was the older brother of the author Gervase Phinn. He changed the spelling of his surname from Phinn to Finn upon moving to Ireland from his childhood home in Rotherham, West Riding.

paragraph: Section::::Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview (1991) + discography, by Paul Magnussen

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long, Harry. (2005). "The Waltons Guide to Irish Music: A Comprehensive A-Z Guide to Irish and Celtic Music in All Its Forms", Waltons Publishing, Dublin, Ireland, p. 136-7, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phinn, Gervase. (2010) "Road to the Dales. The Story of a Yorkshire Lad". Michael Joseph Ltd.,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallis, Geoff & Sue Wilson. (2001). "The Rough Guide to Irish Music", Rough Guides, London, England, p. 377-9, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alec Finn on De Dannan, Phil Lynott, and bouzoukis by Kevin Mcguire, "Galway Advertiser" June 11, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alec Finn says De Dannan are not coming out of retirement Hot Press July 23, 2009.

description: Traditional Irish musician

wikidata_label: Alec Finn

wikipedia_title: Alec Finn


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Wu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Sun He

text: heir apparent

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Xiu (Emperor Jing)

text: Shu Han

text: conquered

text: Jin dynasty

text: Sun He

text: crown prince

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Deng

text: Consort He

text: Sun Ba

text: Huzhou

text: Zhejiang

text: Changsha

text: Sun Liang

text: Zhuge Ke

text: Sun Jun

text: Hangzhou

text: Zhejiang

text: Sun Chen

text: Sun Xiu

text: Huzhou

text: Zhejiang

text: Wan Yu

text: chancellor

text: Puyang Xing

text: Zhang Bu

text: fall

text: Shu Han

text: Empress Dowager Zhu

text: Consort He

text: Puyang Xing

text: Zhang Bu

text: Lady Teng

text: Yang Province

text: Zhejiang

text: Jiangxi

text: Jiangsu

text: Anhui

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Jianye

text: Ezhou

text: Lu Kai

text: Lu Xun

text: Wan Yu

text: Jin dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Sima Yan

text: Zhuge Jing

text: Xiaogan

text: Hubei

text: Xiangyang

text: Hefei

text: Nanping

text: Fujian

text: Lu Kang

text: Wan Yu

text: Ding Feng

text: Vietnam

text: Wang Jun

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Sima Yan

text: Yangtze River

text: Bu Chan

text: Yichang

text: Hubei

text: Sima Yan

text: Wang Jun

text: Du Yu

text: Sima Zhou

text: Wang Hun

text: Wang Rong

text: Hu Fen

text: imperial chancellor

text: Zhang Ti

text: Luoyang

text: Jia Chong

text: Cao Mao

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: List of Chinese monarchs

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fang, Xuanling

text: Book of Jin

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 243 births,Emperors from Nanjing,Jin Dynasty (265–420) people related to the Three Kingdoms,284 deaths,Eastern Wu emperors

paragraph: Sun Hao

paragraph: Sun Hao (243 – January or February 284), courtesy name Yuanzong, originally named Sun Pengzu with the courtesy name Haozong, was the fourth and last emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the son of Sun He, a one-time heir apparent of the founding emperor Sun Quan. He ascended the throne in 264 after the death of his uncle, Sun Xiu (Emperor Jing), in light of the desire of the people to have an older emperor, considering the recent destruction of Wu's ally state Shu Han. However, he turned out to be a most unfortunate choice, as his cruelty, extravagance and inability to handle domestic matters doomed Wu, which was eventually conquered by the Jin dynasty in 280, ending the Three Kingdoms period.

paragraph: Sun Hao is also known by other titles: Marquis of Wucheng (烏程侯), which he held before he became emperor; Marquis Guiming (歸命侯; literally "the Marquis who resigns to his fate"), the title given to him by the Jin dynasty after his surrender; Later Lord of Wu (吳後主) and Last Emperor of Wu (吳末帝), which were used by historians to refer to him.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sun Hao was born in 243 as Sun He's eldest son. Sun He was named crown prince either shortly before or after the death of Sun Quan's eldest son and first crown prince, Sun Deng, in 241. Sun Hao's mother, Consort He, was a concubine of Sun He.

paragraph: In 250, after Sun Quan grew tired of the constant disputes between his sons Sun He and Sun Ba, he forced Sun Ba to commit suicide and exiled Sun He to Guzhang (故鄣; in present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang), presumably along with his family and reduced to commoner status. Sun Hao went from the status of eventual presumed heir to being the son of a commoner, albeit the grandson of the emperor.

paragraph: In 252, Sun He's status was elevated from commoner status as Sun Quan just before his death that year instated Sun He as the Prince of Nanyang and a princedom at Changsha. Indeed, there were rumours, even after Sun He's younger brother Sun Liang took the throne after Sun Quan's death that the regent Zhuge Ke, an uncle of Sun He's wife Princess Zhang, was interested in restoring Sun He and making Sun He emperor instead. After Zhuge Ke's assassination and replacement by Sun Jun in 253, Sun He fell into danger as Sun Jun had been instrumental in having Sun He deposed in the first place and wanted to eliminate any chance of a Sun He comeback. Sun Jun used the rumours as an excuse to have Sun He demoted back to commoner status and exiled to Xindu (新都; in present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and then sent messengers to force Sun He to commit suicide. Princess Zhang also committed suicide. When offered the chance to also commit suicide, Consort He refused stating that if she died as well no one would be left to care for Sun He's sons, thus she raised Sun Hao and his three brothers born to other consorts — Sun De (孫德), Sun Qian (孫謙), and Sun Jun (孫俊, not the same person as the regent).

paragraph: After Sun Liang was deposed by Sun Jun's cousin and successor Sun Chen in 258, Sun Xiu, another son of Sun Quan, became emperor and that year Sun Xiu created Sun Hao and his brothers, Sun De and Sun Qian, marquises. Sun Hao's title was the Marquis of Wucheng and he was sent to his marquisate in present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang. At some point, he befriended a magistrate of Wucheng County, Wan Yu, who appraised him as intelligent and studious.

paragraph: In summer 264, Sun Xiu fell ill and was unable to speak but still could write so he wrote an edict summoning the chancellor Puyang Xing to the palace, where he pointed and entrusted his son, crown prince Sun Wan, to Puyang Xing. Sun Xiu died soon thereafter. However, Puyang Xing did not follow Sun Xiu's wishes. Rather, after consulting with general Zhang Bu, they believed that the people were, in light of the recent fall of their ally state Shu Han in 263, yearning for a mature emperor. (It is not known how old Sun Wan was at this point, but Sun Xiu himself died at age 29, so it was unlikely that Sun Wan was even a teenager.) At the recommendation of Wan Yu, who was by this point a general, Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu enthroned Sun Hao instead.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: At first, the people of Wu were impressed with the new emperor as he reduced taxes, gave relief to the poor, and released a large number of ladies in waiting from the palace to let them marry. However, soon that hopefulness was shattered as Sun Hao started to be cruel in his punishments, superstitious, and indulging himself in wine and women. He also demoted Sun Xiu's widow, Empress Dowager Zhu, to the title of "Empress Jing." He honoured his mother Consort He as the empress dowager instead, while posthumously honouring his father Sun He with the title "Emperor Wen". Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu were shocked and disappointed; their disappointment was reported to the emperor who had them arrested and executed along with their clans in late 264. In 264, he also instated his wife Lady Teng as the empress.

paragraph: In 265, Sun Hao forced the former Empress Dowager Zhu to commit suicide and exiled Sun Xiu's four sons. He soon executed the two eldest, Sun Wan (the former crown prince) and Sun Gong. He then also, believing in a prophecy that the imperial aura had moved from Yang Province (covering present-day Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and southern Jiangsu and Anhui) to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) and that Jing Province forces would defeat Yang Province forces, undertook a costly move of the capital from Jianye to Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei). He also started executing officials who showed disapproval of his wasteful ways regularly. The only major official who was able to speak freely without consequences was Lu Kai, a nephew of Lu Xun and one of the chancellors serving in tandem with Wan Yu, because of the great respect the people had for Lu Kai.

paragraph: In 266, the Jin dynasty, which newly established itself as the successor to Wu's rival state Cao Wei, after its first emperor, Sima Yan, usurped the Wei throne, sought to establish peace with Wu. Sun Hao instead considered attacking the Jin dynasty, but while he did not do so at that moment, he also did not make peace with the Jin dynasty.

paragraph: In 266, commoners in present-day Zhejiang unable to withstand Sun Hao's heavy levies (to support his luxuries) rebelled and kidnapped Sun Hao's brother, Sun Qian, as figurehead. They reached Jianye but were eventually defeated by Ding Gu (丁固) and Zhuge Jing (諸葛靚), who were responsible for Jianye's defences. Although there was no evidence that Sun Qian was actually involved in the rebellion, Sun Hao not only had Sun Qian but also mother and younger brother, Sun Jun, by the same mother, executed. Sun Hao believed this was a fulfillment of the prophecy that prompted his move of the capital to Wuchang; and later that year, he moved the capital back to Jianye.

paragraph: In 268, Sun Hao began a policy of periodically attacking Jin border regions; he had his general Zhu Ji (朱繼) attack Jiangxia (江夏; around present-day Xiaogan, Hubei) and Wan Yu attack Xiangyang, while he himself postured to attack Hefei. This attack was repelled by Jin forces, as were several later attacks.

paragraph: In 269, Lu Kai died and soon there was no one left in the administration who dared to speak out anymore. After Lu Kai's death, Sun Hao exiled Lu Kai's clan to Jian'an (建安; around present-day Nanping, Fujian). Lu Xun's son Lu Kang, a general who was in charge of defending Wu's western borders, did periodically submit petitions requesting reforms, but Sun Hao generally ignored them, although he did not punish Lu Kang.

paragraph: Section::::Late reign.

paragraph: In early 271, in the middle of winter, Sun Hao personally launched a major attack against the Jin dynasty and he brought his mother Empress Dowager He, his wife Empress Teng, and thousands of women in his harem along which necessitated heavy labour – from soldiers to drag their wagons – causing the soldiers to murmur about possible defection. Only after Sun Hao heard this possibility did he make the decision to withdraw and return to Jianye. Wan Yu and the senior generals Ding Feng and Liu Ping (留平) had already considered returning to Jianye themselves before Sun Hao chose to withdraw and when Sun Hao heard about this he bore grudges against them as generals who might leave him.

paragraph: Later that year, Wu forces finally recovered Jiao Province (交州; parts of present-day northern Vietnam) from rebels paying allegiance to the Jin dynasty, who had held out ever since 264 (during Sun Xiu's reign). This gave Sun Hao encouragement and he continued to plan military actions against the Jin dynasty in earnest — although, to his credit, he put his general Tao Huang (陶璜) in charge of Jiao Province and Tao Huang managed the province effectively; the province would not rebel again for the duration of Sun Hao's reign.

paragraph: In 272, Wang Jun, the Jin governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), with Sima Yan's support began building a massive fleet with the plan to eventually use the fleet in conquering Wu. As the wood shavings from the building project floated down the Yangtze River, the Wu general Wu Yan (吾彥) realised what was happening and requested that the northwestern border be fortified, but Sun Hao refused.

paragraph: Later in 272, Sun Hao would carry out an action that would lead to a major rebellion — summoning Bu Chan, the general in charge of Xiling (in present-day Yichang, Hubei), back to the capital back to Jianye. Fearful that he was about to be punished somehow, Bu Chan rebelled and defected to the Jin dynasty. While Lu Kang was eventually able to defeat Bu Chan and recover Xiling for Wu, the distrust the Wu generals had for their emperor had been thoroughly exposed and Jin generals became emboldened in proposing plans of conquest to their emperor.

paragraph: In the same year, Sun Hao, still holding grudges against Wan Yu and Liu Ping for their plan to abandon him and return to Jianye on their own, tried to poison the two of them. Neither died, but when they found out that Sun Hao was behind the poisoning they knew they could not do anything about it; Wan Yu committed suicide while Liu Ping died in distress.

paragraph: Lu Kang died in 274. In his final petition, he requested Sun Hao to strengthen the defences on Wu's western border, but Sun Hao did not do so. Further, he divided Lu Kang's forces into six different commands, although each was led by one of Lu Kang's sons.

paragraph: In 275, the senior Wu minister He Shao (賀邵) suffered a stroke and was paralysed. Sun Hao suspected that he was pretending and had him arrested and tortured by whipping and by subjecting him to saws and fires. He died under torture and his clan was exiled.

paragraph: For the next several years, people wishing to flatter Sun Hao often offered him miraculous items (real or manufactured) that purportedly suggest that he would eventually destroy the Jin dynasty and unite China. Sun Hao's superstitious nature became even more aroused and he spent all of his efforts on plans to conquer the Jin dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Eastern Wu.

paragraph: In 279, after Sima Yan accepted the advice of Wang Jun and Du Yu, the Jin dynasty finally launched a major attack aiming to conquer Eastern Wu. The attack was in six prongs: with the forces led by Sima Yan's uncle, Sima Zhou; Wang Hun (王渾); Wang Rong; Hu Fen (胡奮); Du; and Wang Jun, with the largest forces under Wang Hun and Wang Jun's command. Each of the Jin forces advanced quickly and captured the border cities that they were targeting with Wang Jun's fleet heading east down the Yangtze and clearing the river of Wu fleets. The Wu imperial chancellor Zhang Ti made a last-ditch attempt to defeat Wang Hun's force, but was defeated and killed. Wang Hun, Wang Jun, and Sima Zhou each headed for Jianye. Sun Hao was forced to surrender in the spring of 280.

paragraph: Sun Hao and his clan were escorted to the Jin capital Luoyang. Sun Hao, now a captive, humiliated himself by covering himself with mud and having himself bound behind his back. Sima Yan had Sun Hao unbound and had him seated next to him at the next imperial gathering. He remarked, "I have set this seat for you for a long time." Sun Hao responded, "I also had a seat for your imperial majesty in Jianye." When the Jin official Jia Chong, seeking to humiliate Sun Hao, asked, "I heard that you had such cruel punishments as poking out people's eyes and peeling the facial skin off people. What kind of punishment is this?" Sun Hao replied, "If a subordinate planned to murder his emperor or was treacherous, I would use those punishments on him." Jia Chong, who was instrumental in the Wei emperor Cao Mao's death, felt humiliated and did not respond.

paragraph: Sima Yan pardoned Sun Hao and further granted the latter the title "Marquis Guiming" (literally "the marquis who resigns to his fate"). Sun Hao's sons were made junior officials in the Jin government. Sun Hao died in 284.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese monarchs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang, Xuanling (648). "Book of Jin" ("Jin Shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

alias:
Mo Di
Yuanzong
Suen Ho

description: Eastern Wu emperor

wikidata_label: Sun Hao

wikipedia_title: Sun Hao


text:
Antique
Hellenistic
Gonzaga
Andrea Riccio
Ludovico Ariosto
Bernardo Tasso
Matteo Bandello
Baldassare Castiglione
Pico della Mirandola
Isabella d'Este
Francesco II Gonzaga
Andrea Mantegna
Dioscuri
Quirinal
Rome
Apollo Belvedere
Victoria and Albert Museum
Pope Julius II
Fitzwilliam Museum
Ca' d'Oro

wikipedia_title: Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua

categories: 1528 deaths,People from the Province of Mantua,15th-century Italian sculptors,Renaissance sculptors,Italian male sculptors,1460s births

paragraph: Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi

paragraph: Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi (c. 1460–1528), called L'Antico by his contemporaries for the refined interpretation of the Antique they recognized in his work, was a 16th-century North Italian sculptor, known for his finely detailed small bronzes "all'Antica"—coolly classicizing, often with gilded details, and silver-inlaid eyes, a refinement that is found in some classical and Hellenistic Greek bronzes.

paragraph: There is very little documentation of Bonacolsi, in spite of the aristocratic name he bore, that of the "signori" of Mantua who preceded the Gonzaga until 1328. Born probably in Gazzuolo, near Mantua, he may have been trained as a goldsmith, like his only rival in Mantua, Andrea Riccio. He found patronage among the Gonzaga, at first in the court that gathered at Gazzuolo around the natural son and favorite of the marquis of Mantua, Ludovico Gonzaga, Gianfrancesco, and his wife Antonia del Balzo, whose wedding in 1479 was commemorated in a pair of medallions by Bonacolsi. Gianfrancesco had recently come into possession of the fief, and a refined court gathered round the young couple, of personalities both intellectual and artistic: Ludovico Ariosto, Bernardo Tasso, Matteo Bandello, Baldassare Castiglione and l'Antico. At Gazzuolo the parish church became the burial place of the Gonzaga: there Pico della Mirandola is also interred.

paragraph: Bonacolsi found patrons after 1490 above all in the brilliant court at Mantua of Isabella d'Este, who married Francesco II Gonzaga in that year. In Mantua one of Renaissance Italy's finest collections of Roman sculptures and antiquities was to be found. Bonacolsi made many small reductions of Roman sculptures as well as improvising upon the themes and styles of Antiquity. His well-knit cleanly defined torsos recall the art of Andrea Mantegna, the giant artistic personality of contemporary Mantua.

paragraph: His bronzes were remarkable for their extremely fine facture, meticulously cast and finely cleaned and finished. His black patination is characteristic.. He was the first sculptor to realize the value of casting replicas of his bronzes by preserving his refined wax originals. His cool, refined, slightly precious works were designed for close appreciation in the privacy of a courtly "studiolo".

paragraph: Bonacolsi also worked as a restorer. On one of the marble horses of the Dioscuri on the Quirinal in Rome his signature is discreetly inscribed. His trip to Rome, where he was able to study the Apollo Belvedere at firsthand, is his only known venture outside Mantua.

paragraph: He died at Gazzuolo in 1528.

paragraph: Section::::Representative works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Gallery, Washington, "Medallions" of Gianfrancesco Gonzaga and of Antonia del Balzo his wife, 1479.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galleria Estense, Modena: The "Gonzaga Vase", 1481

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bargello Museum: Part-gilded bronze medallion of "Hercules and the Lernaean Hydra", one of a series celebrating Hercules, probably to flatter Ercole d'Este (died 1505). Five more from the sequence are in Vienna, and two at the Victoria and Albert Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bargello, "Eros", 1490, if, as has been supposed, it was made as a wedding gift to Isabella d'Este

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justus Liebighaus, Frankfurt, "Apollo Belvedere". Bronze, part gilded. The "Apollo Belvedere" was moved to the "Cortile del Belvedere" in the Vatican in 1509. Before that time it was in the personal collection of Pope Julius II, where l'Antico may have had access to it. There are other examples of this sculpture in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge and in the Ca' d'Oro, Venice.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, "Venus Felix" ca 1495. A reinterpretation rather than a reproduction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frick Museum, New York: "Hercules", probably 1499. bronze part-gilded, silver inlays

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum: "Seated Paris" ca 1500

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louvre Museum: "Young Hercules"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria and Albert Museum, "Meleager" bronze, part gilded. The complementary figure of the boar is missing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rijksmuseum: "Cupid, firing an arrow". ca 1519

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Paul Getty Museum: "Bust of a Young Man", c. 1520

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manfred Leithe-Jasper, 1986. "Renaissance Master Bronzes from the Collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna" (London: Scala Publications) General background to Renaissance bronzes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web Gallery of Art: L'Antico

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gazzuolo

alias:
Antico
Pier Jacopo Ilario Bonacolsi
Pier Giacomo Ilario Bonacolsi
Pier Jacomo Ilario
L'Antico Bonacolsi
Pier Jacopo di Antonio Alari-Bonacolsi
Pier Jacopo Alari-Bonacosli
Alari Bonacolsi
L'Antico
Pier Jacomo Ilario Bonacolsi
L'Antique

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi

wikipedia_title: Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi


text:
OS
Rebbe
Chabad Lubavitch
Chasidic
Lyubavichi
Belarus
Yiddish
Liozna
Belarus
Shneur Zalman of Liadi
Lithuania
Dov Ber of Mezeritch
Baal Shem Tov
bilingual tautological name
Talmud
Zohar
Mashpia
Kremenchug
Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch
Czar Alexander I
Czar Nicholas I
Pale of Settlement
Franco-Russian war
trade school
agriculture
Holy Land
Hebron
Vitebsk
Nizhyn
Menachem Mendel Schneersohn
Chabad philosophy
Kabbalah
Zohar
Schneur Zalman of Liadi
Torah
Zohar
Teshuvah
Derech Chaim
Toras Chaim
Bereshis
Shemos
Seder hishtalshelus
Purim
Imrei Binah
Shema
Tefillin
Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye

wikipedia_title: Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast

categories: Philosophers of Judaism,1827 deaths,1773 births,Hasidic rabbis in Europe,Kabbalists,19th-century rabbis,Rebbes of Lubavitch,People from Liozna District,Russian Orthodox rabbis,Belarusian Orthodox rabbis

paragraph: Dovber Schneuri

paragraph: Dovber Schneuri (13 November 1773 – 16 November 1827 OS) was the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Chasidic movement. Rabbi Dovber was the first Chabad rebbe to live in the town of Lyubavichi (in present-day Belarus), the town for which this Hasidic dynasty is named. He is also known as the Mitteler Rebbe ("Middle Rebbe" in Yiddish), being the second of the first three generations of Chabad leaders.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rabbi Schneuri was born in Liozna, modern day Belarus, on 9 Kislev 5534. His father, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, was Rebbe of the community there, and of many Chassidim in White Russia and Lithuania, and other parts of Russia. His father named him after his own teacher, Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch, the disciple and successor of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of the Chassidic movement. The Yiddish first name דוב-בער "Dov-Ber" literally means "bear-bear", traceable back to the Hebrew word דב "dov" "bear" and the German word "Bär" "bear". It is thus an example of a bilingual tautological name.

paragraph: Rabbi Schneuri was a prodigious student, and had begun to study Talmud at the age of seven. His father taught him Zohar, and transmitted to him the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov. Rabbi Schneuri adopted the family name of "Schneuri," after his father, but succeeding generations changed it to "Schneersohn," or "Schneerson."

paragraph: In 1788 he married Rebbetzin Sheina, the daughter of a local Rabbi. In 1790 Rabbi Dovber was appointed the Mashpia (spiritual guide) of the Hasidim who would come to visit his father. At the age of 39, while studying in the city of Kremenchug, his father died.

paragraph: He then moved to the small border-town of Lubavichi, from which the movement would take its name. His accession was disputed by one of his father's prime students, Rabbi Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye, however the majority of Rabbi Shneur Zalman's followers stayed with Rabbi Schneuri, and moved to Lubavichi. Thus Chabad had now split into two branches, each taking the name of their location to differentiate themselves from each other.

paragraph: He established a Yeshivah in Lubavitch, which attracted gifted young scholars. His son-in-law, who later became his successor, Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch, headed the Yeshivah.

paragraph: Like his father, Rabbi Schneuri considered it his sacred task to help the Jews of Russia, whether they were Chassidim or not, not only spiritually but also economically. The position of the Jews under the Czars was never easy, but it became much worse when Czar Alexander I was succeeded by Czar Nicholas I in 1825. The restrictions against the Jews increased in number and severity and the Jews continued to be confined to the Pale of Settlement. They had no right to live, work or do business outside the Pale, where conditions had become very difficult in the wake of the Franco-Russian war.

paragraph: Rabbi Schneuri thus launched a campaign (in 1822, or 1823) to urge Jews to learn trades and skilled factory work. He urged communities to organize trade schools. He also encouraged the study of agriculture, dairy farming, and the like, reminding them that once upon a time, when the Jewish people lived in their own land, they were a people of farmers, fruit growers and herdsmen. He urged that boys who did not show promise of becoming Torah scholars, should, after the age of thirteen, devote part of their time to the learning of a trade, or work in the fields, to help support the family.

paragraph: In 1815, with government permission and sponsorship, he set up Jewish agricultural colonies. He took to the road to raise funds for this purpose, and he personally visited the Jewish farmers and encouraged them in their pioneer work, also seeing that their spiritual needs and the education of the farmers' children should not be neglected.

paragraph: He was active in the collection and distribution of financial aid from Russia to the Jewish population in the Holy Land.

paragraph: He intended to settle in Hebron himself, believing that this was the "gate of heaven," and prayers to be particularly effective there. He instructed Chabad followers living in the Holy Land to move to the city for this reason.

paragraph: Like his father, he was informed upon by his enemies, accused of being a danger to the Russian government. He was arrested on charges of having sent 200-300 rubles to the Sultan, and was ordered to appear for a trial in Vitebsk; however, due to the efforts of several non-Jewish friends he was later released before the trial. The day of his release, 10 Kislev 5587, is celebrated joyously to this day by Chabad Chassidim. He died in Nizhyn a year later, on 9 Kislev − his birthday − 5588, the very day he was born 54 years earlier.

paragraph: He had two sons, Menachem Nahum and Baruch, and seven daughters. The oldest of his daughters, Rebbetzin Chaya Mushka, was married to her cousin Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, another grandchild of Schneur Zalman of Liadi. Menachem Mendel succeeded his father-in-law/uncle as Rebbe. Another of his daughters was Menucha Rachel Slonim.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Rabbi Schneuri wrote many works on Chabad philosophy and Kabbalah. He was a brilliant thinker and a prolific writer. His Chassidic works tend to be very long and intricate. It is said that when he finished writing the bottom line on a sheet of paper, the ink of the top line had not yet dried. Nineteen of his works have been published so far, a good many of them during his lifetime.

paragraph: He wrote a commentary on the Zohar, ""Bi'urei HaZohar"". Chasidic philosophy is based on Kabbalah, but interprets it in light of Chasidic thought. It seeks to uncover the inner "soul" of Kabbalah, by relating it to the inner consciousness of man. This can then allow Jewish mysticism to be grasped inwardly. The mystical revival and popularisation of Chasidism allowed the Jewish mystical tradition to be expressed outside of the language of Kabbalah, by uniting and spiritualising other dimensions of Judaism. Nonetheless, the more involved Chasidic texts interpret Kabbalistic ideas extensively, and relate them to personal spirituality.

paragraph: The different schools in Chasidic thought gave alternative articulations of Chasidic mysticism. Schneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of Chabad, differed with general Chasidism, by seeing the mind as the route to the heart. Many of the historic works of Chasidic thought across the movement comprise collected teachings and explanations of Torah, often delivered orally, and compiled by the disciples. As Chabad sought to express Chasidus in systematic philosophy, its writings are usually more structured than other schools'.

paragraph: Rabbi Schneuri greatly expanded on the elucidation of Chabad philosophy, so that his followers could understand and internalise its spirituality. The path of Chabad demanded and valued inner depth and refinement over external emotional fervour. In the devotion of Chabad, the service of prayer became the central time for self transformation, through the unique Chabad approach of profound intellectual meditation (Hisbonenus) on Chasidic philosophy during prayer. While businessmen could fulfil their weekday prayer obligations in the regular way, in the early generations of Chabad, it was expected that the Sabbath could offer individuals time to extend their prayers in mystical rapture. In Chabad lore, stories are related of legendary Chasidim who would spend hours devoted to personal prayer, through meditation accompanied by Chasidic melody (Niggun). In his ""Kuntres HaHispaalus"" (Tract on Ecstasy), now translated into English, Rabbi Schneuri writes a remarkable document in Jewish thought. While personal accounts of the mystical life are rare in Judaism, in this work Rabbi Dovber guides the devotee through the many intellectual and emotional levels of Chabad meditation. It differentiates between the external emotional fervor of general Chasidism, with the Chabad ideal of inner ecstasy in prayer. It is related that Rabbi Schneur Zalman's prayers were so ecstatic that he could not contain their outer emotional expression, and without self-awareness, would roll on the floor or end up in a different location. His son Rabbi Schneuri, meanwhile, would pray for hours in static ecstasy, until all his clothes would be soaked in perspiration.

paragraph: One of his most famous works, entitled ""Sha'ar HaYichud"" (The Gate of Unity), now translated to English , describes the creation and entire make-up of the world according to Kabbalah. The work begins with the "Essence of G-d," and traces the creation of the universe down to the physical world itself, using complicated parables to illustrate difficult points. The book also describes, in its first ten chapters, the proper way to meditate on these Kabbalistic ideas.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maamarei Admur Ha'emtza'i" - Chassidic discourses on the Torah and festivals - 20 vols.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bi'urei HaZohar" - explanation of the Zohar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pirush HaMilos" - Chassidic explanation of the liturgy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kuntres HaHispaalus" - on meditation and ecstasy in prayer; also known as "Kuntres HaHisbonenus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shaarei Teshuvah" - on "Teshuvah", repentance

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derech Chaim" - continuation of "Shaarei Teshuvah"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toras Chaim" - Chassidic discourses on the books of "Bereshis" and "Shemos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ateres Rosh" - Chassidic discourses for the Days of Awe

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shaar HaEmunah" - explanation of the Mitzvah of faith and the festival of Pesach

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shaar HaYichud" - explanation of "Seder hishtalshelus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shaarei Orah" - on the festivals of Chanukah and Purim

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imrei Binah" - explanation of the Mitzvah of reading the "Shema" and donning the Tefillin

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Communicating the Infinite: The Emergence of the Habad School", Naftali Loewenthal, University Of Chicago Press, 1990. Academic survey of the formation of Chabad in its first two generations, describing the divergent spiritual interpretations of DovBer Schneuri and Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hasidic Prayer" by Louis Jacobs. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. New edition 1993 (Paperback). Full overview and explanation of forms of prayer across the whole Hasidic movement. Gives detailed explanation of the unique Chabad approach, and its differences from other ways.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tract on Ecstasy" by Dobh Baer of Lubavitch. Translated into English and introduced by Louis Jacobs. Vallentine Mitchell, London 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Schocken Book of Jewish Mystical Testimonies". Compiled and with commentary by Louis Jacobs. Random House. New edition 1998 (Paperback). Puts the "Tract on Ecstasy" into historical context in Judaism.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A brief biography of Rabbi Dovber, the "Mitteler Rebbe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A translation of "Sha'ar HaYichud" - The Gate of Unity by Rabbi Dovber, the "Mitteler Rebbe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A translation of "Kuntres HaHispaalus" - A Tract on Divine Inspiration by the "Mitteler Rebbe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A translation of "Derech Chayim" - The Gate of Return by Rabbi Dovber, the "Mitteler Rebbe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A translation of the introduction to "Shaar HaEmunah" - The Gate of Faith by the "Mitteler Rebbe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Many of the published works of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri - in Hebrew

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family Tree

description: second Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch Chasidic movement

wikidata_label: Dovber Schneuri

wikipedia_title: Dovber Schneuri


text:
Norman
medieval
bishop of Salisbury
Lord Chancellor
England
Caen
Normandy
Henry I
Chancellor
Old Sarum Cathedral
Anselm
Canterbury
Investitures controversy
exchequer
Normandy
William de Corbeil
Tinchebrai
Matilda
Angevin
Stephen
Ely
Lincoln
Roger le Poer
Devizes Castle
Henry of Huntingdon
Henry of Winchester
Alexander
bishop of Lincoln
Adelelm
archdeacon
dean
diocese of Lincoln
Nigel of Ely
bishop of Ely
Roger le Poer

categories: Anglo-Normans,11th-century births,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Justiciars of England,Bishops of Salisbury,Lord Chancellors of England,1139 deaths,12th-century deaths,History of Wiltshire

paragraph: Roger of Salisbury

paragraph: Roger of Salisbury (died 1139), also known as Roger le Poer, was a Norman medieval bishop of Salisbury and the seventh Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper of England.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Roger was originally priest of a small chapel near Caen in Normandy. He was called "Roger, priest of the church of Avranches", in his notification of election to the bishopric. The future King Henry I, who happened to hear mass there one day, was impressed by the speed with which Roger read the service and enrolled him in his own service.

paragraph: Roger, though uneducated, showed great talent for business. On coming to the throne, Henry almost immediately made him Chancellor in 1101. He held that office until late 1102. On 29 September 1102 Roger received the bishopric of Salisbury at Old Sarum Cathedral, but he was not consecrated until 11 August 1107 owing to the dispute between Henry and Archbishop Anselm. He was consecrated at Canterbury. During the Investitures controversy, he skillfully managed to keep the favour of both the king and Anselm. Roger devoted himself to administrative business, and remodelled it completely. He created the exchequer system, which was managed by him and his family for more than a century, and he used his position to heap up power and riches. He became the first man in England after the King, and was in office, if not in title, justiciar. He was never called Justiciar during Henry's reign.

paragraph: Roger ruled England while Henry was in Normandy, and succeeded in obtaining the see of Canterbury for his nominee, William de Corbeil. Duke Robert seems to have been put into his custody after Tinchebrai. Though Roger had sworn allegiance to Matilda, he disliked the Angevin connection, and went over to Stephen, carrying with him the royal treasure and administrative system upon Stephen's accession in 1135. Stephen placed great reliance on him, on his nephews, the bishops of Ely and Lincoln, and on his son Roger le Poer, who was treasurer.

paragraph: The king declared that if Roger demanded half of the kingdom he should have it, but chafed against the overwhelming influence of the official clique whom Roger represented. Roger had built Devizes Castle, described by Henry of Huntingdon as "the most splendid castle in Europe". He and his nephews seem to have secured a number of castles outside their own dioceses, and the old bishop behaved as if he were an equal of the King. At a council held in June 1139, Stephen found a pretext for demanding a surrender of their castles, and on their refusal they were arrested. After a short struggle all Roger's great castles were sequestrated. However, Henry of Winchester demanded the restoration of the bishop.

paragraph: The king was considered to have committed an almost unpardonable crime in offering violence to members of the church, in defiance of the scriptural command, "Touch not mine anointed". Stephen took up a defiant attitude, and the question remained unsettled. This quarrel with the church, which immediately preceded the landing of the Empress, had a serious effect on Stephen's fortunes. The moment that the fortune of war turned against him, the clergy acknowledged Matilda. Bishop Roger, however, did not live to see the resolution of these troubles; he died on 11 December 1139. He was a great bureaucrat, and a builder whose taste was in advance of his age. However, his contemporaries were probably justified in regarding him as the type of the bishop immersed in worldly affairs, ambitious, avaricious, unfettered by any high standard of personal morality.

paragraph: Roger had a nephew Alexander (d. 1148), who became bishop of Lincoln in 1123. Other nephews included Adelelm, archdeacon of Dorset and later dean of the diocese of Lincoln, and Nigel of Ely, bishop of Ely. Roger's son Roger le Poer was Lord Chancellor for King Stephen.

description: Norman medieval Bishop of Salisbury and the seventh Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper of England

wikidata_label: Roger of Salisbury

wikipedia_title: Roger of Salisbury


text: English chronicler

text: monk

text: Durham Priory

text: Benedictine

text: Jarrow

text: William of Saint-Calais

text: precentor

text: priory

text: Liber Vitae

text: Libellus de Exordio

text: Lindisfarne

text: Viking invasions

text: Norman Conquest

text: Benedictine

text: Saint Cuthbert

text: miracle

text: Ranulf Flambard

text: Cambridge University Library

text: manuscript

text: British Library

text: Cotton Faustina

text: Libellus de Exordio

text: Historia regum Anglorum et Dacorum

text: Bede

text: John of Worcester

text: copyist

text: archbishops of York

text: Origen

text: Roger Twysden

text: Thomas Arnold

text: Rolls series

text: William Stubbs

text: Roger of Hoveden

categories: 12th-century Latin writers,1129 deaths,12th-century English people,Year of birth unknown,English Christian monks,History of Durham, England,12th-century historians,English chroniclers

paragraph: Symeon of Durham

paragraph: Symeon (or Simeon) of Durham (died after 1129) was an English chronicler and a monk of Durham Priory.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Symeon entered the Benedictine monastery at Jarrow as a youth. It moved to Durham in 1074, and he was professed in 1085 or 1086.

paragraph: When William of Saint-Calais returned from his Norman exile in 1091, Symeon was probably in his company. Symeon eventually became precentor of the priory, and examples of his handwriting appear to survive in several Durham books, including the "Liber Vitae", the so-called Cantor's Book (whose text he would have had to keep up to date as part of his duties as precentor), and in copies of his own historical works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Symeon was author of two historical works which are particularly valuable for northern affairs, the "Libellus de Exordio atque Procursu istius, hoc est Dunelmensis, Ecclesie" ("The Little Book on the Origins and Progress of this Church, that is of Durham") and a historical compilation "Historia regum Anglorum et Dacorum". The "Libellus de Exordio", a history of the community of Durham (originally settled at Lindisfarne) from its inception to the year 1096, is by far his most important work. Composed between 1104 and 1107, Symeon's task (imposed on him by his monastic superiors) was to demonstrate the continuity of Durham's history despite the notable disruptions the community weathered during the Viking invasions and even more recently in the Norman Conquest. Symeon sought furthermore to justify William of Saint-Calais's expulsion of Durham's clerical community in 1083, in order to replace it with a group of Benedictine monks drawn from Wearmouth and Jarrow. Like earlier Durham writers, Symeon finds historical continuity between the major phases of the community's development in the constant presence of their patron, Saint Cuthbert. The miracles worked in Cuthbert's name during the late Anglo-Saxon period were particularly flamboyant, and the "Libellus" contains engaging accounts of some of these, including the miracle of the three waves (when Cuthbert turned a portion of the Irish Sea into blood in order to prevent his followers from taking his relics out of England, see "Libellus" ii.11), the foundation of Durham (when Cuthbert's body, being moved across England on a cart, refused to be moved, signalling his desire to remain at Durham, see "Libellus" iii.1), and several picturesque deaths visited upon the enemies of Cuthbert's devotees.

paragraph: Several versions of the "Libellus" survive from the Middle Ages. Symeon's own revised copy can be found in Durham, University Library, Cosin V.II.6. It is this text which has been most often published. The Durham manuscript also contains two anonymous continuations of Symeon's work. The first carries the history from 1096 to the death of Ranulf Flambard (1129); the second extends from 1133 to 1144. A Cambridge manuscript (Cambridge University Library, Ff. i.27) contains a third continuation covering the years 1145-1154. Another manuscript (London, British Library, Cotton Faustina A.V) seems to represent the text of the "Libellus" before the revisions found in the Durham manuscript. A full list of manuscripts can be found on the "Libellus de Exordio" page.

paragraph: About 1129 Symeon undertook to write a "Historia regum Anglorum et Dacorum". This begins at the point where the "Ecclesiastical History" of Bede ends. Up to 957 Simeon merely copies some old Durham annals, not otherwise preserved, which are of value for northern history; from that point to 1119 he copies John of Worcester with certain interpolations. The section dealing with the years 1119-1129 is, however, an independent and practically contemporaneous narrative. Symeon writes, for his time, with ease and perspicuity; but his chief merit is that of a diligent collector and copyist.

paragraph: Symeon also wrote brief biographies of the archbishops of York and a letter on the errors of Origen. Other writings have been attributed to his pen, but on no good authority. They are printed in the "Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores Decem" of Roger Twysden (1652). The most complete modern edition is that of Thomas Arnold (Rolls series, 2 vols., 1882–1885). For the "Libellus", now see Rollason's 2000 edition.

paragraph: The value of the "Northumbrian Annals", which Symeon used for the "Historia regum", has been discussed by John Hodgson-Hinde in the preface to his "Symeonis Dunelmensis opera", vol. i. pp. xiv. ff. (1868); by R. Pauli in "Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte", xii. pp. 137 sqq. (Göttingen, 1872); and by William Stubbs in the introduction to Roger of Hoveden, vol. i. p. x. (“Rolls” series).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ISSN (electronic) 14740532

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries: Simeon of Durham from "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature", Volume I, 1907–21.

description: English chronicler

wikidata_label: Symeon of Durham

wikipedia_title: Symeon of Durham


text:
Toulon
Montparnasse
Théodore Botrel
Phonoscène
Maurice Chevalier
Folies Bergère
RC Toulonnais
Stade Mayol
rugby
Charles Mayol
To the Polls, Citizens
La dame de chez Maxim's

categories: French male silent film actors,French male stage actors,French male film actors,1872 births,20th-century French male actors,French male singers,People from Toulon,1941 deaths

paragraph: Félix Mayol

paragraph: Félix Mayol (18 November 1872 – 26 October 1941) was a French singer and entertainer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Mayol was born in Toulon, France. His parents were both amateur singers and actors, who arranged for Felix to make his debut stage at six years of age.

paragraph: In 1895 he went to Paris and the Montparnasse Quarter where he began a career in entertainment that spanned more than forty years. He adopted a camp and effeminate manner on stage as part of his theatrical persona.

paragraph: He sang the famous song "Viens poupoule, viens poupoule, viens...", and performed many songs by Théodore Botrel.

paragraph: In the early years of the 20th century some of Mayol's performances were captured by an early form of talking picture. He would record his voice, then the motion picture camera would film him as he lip-synced to the record. Several of his Phonoscènes exist.

paragraph: Section::::Other activities.

paragraph: The teenage Maurice Chevalier took a risk by impersonating Mayol in small-time cafe entertainments, Mayol recognised the young man's talent and gave him his blessing. It led Chevalier to the Casino de Paris and the Folies Bergère.

paragraph: Shortly after World War I, he purchased a plot of land in Toulon and donated it to the local sports club, RC Toulonnais, for the building of a stadium. The facility, named Stade Mayol in his honor, remains in use today (after several renovations) as the home ground for the Toulon rugby team.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Mayol never married, and many stories circulated of his homosexual liaisons, including an attempt to seduce Maurice Chevalier. His brother Charles Mayol founded a music publishing company to print his works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To the Polls, Citizens" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La dame de chez Maxim's" (1933)

description: French actor and singer

wikidata_label: Félix Mayol

wikipedia_title: Félix Mayol