text: CSI

text: Krishna-Godavari

text: Protestant

text: Church of South India

text: Cathedra

text: CSI

text: Vijayawada

text: Bishopric

text: Church of South India

text: Krishna-Godavari

text: Christian missions

text: London Missionary Society

text: Church Missionary Society

text: CMS

text: Christian missions

text: India

text: Church of South India

text: CSI

text: St. George's Cathedral, Madras

text: Bible Society of India

text: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia

text: Novum Testamentum Graece

text: The Rev.

text: C. Arangaden

text: Old Testament

text: Biblical Aramaic

text: Biblical Hebrew

text: New Testament

text: Biblical Greek

text: M. P. John

text: John Philipose

text: Basil Rebera

text: Nitoy Achumi

text: Telugu language

text: Bandlaguda Jagir

text: T. George Cornelious

text: Diocese of Medak

text: Diocese of Krishna Godavari

text: CSI

text: Garrison Wesley Church

text: Bandlaguda Jagir

text: Medak Diocese

text: Church Historian

text: AELC

text: AELC

text: Andhra Christian College

text: Guntur

text: Rao Sahab

text: B.A.

text: English literature

text: Andhra University

text: Visakhapatnam

text: Rajahmundry

text: B.Ed.

text: Andhra University

text: Osmania University

text: Hyderabad

text: M.A.

text: Philosophy

text: B.A.

text: priesthood

text: Priest

text: Protestant

text: Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church

text: G. Devasahayam

text: seminary

text: Chennai

text: spirituality

text: Gurukul Lutheran Theological College

text: Chennai

text: University Grants Commission

text: Government of West Bengal

text: spirituality

text: The Rev.

text: Ecumenism

text: The Rev.

text: Religions

text: The Rev.

text: Greek language

text: New Testament

text: AELC

text: M. Victor Paul

text: AELC

text: TELC

text: Kambar Manickam

text: Bachelor of Divinity

text: C. Devasahayam

text: CBCNC

text: Chennai

text: Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church

text: The Reverend Sister

text: B. V. Subbamma

text: Rajahmundry

text: Andhra Christian Theological College

text: Rajahmundry

text: Bachelor of Divinity

text: ecclesiastical

text: Anglicanism

text: Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church

text: K. Devasahayam

text: excardinated

text: incardination

text: Church of South India

text: N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel

text: incardination

text: Church of South India

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: Diocese

text: Visakhapatnam district

text: Guntur district

text: Bible Society of India

text: Bangalore

text: Bible

text: ecumenical

text: Roman Catholics

text: Orthodox

text: Protestants

text: BSI Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary

text: A. E. Inbanathan

text: Bible Society of India

text: clergy

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: Church of South India

text: N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel

text: Bible Society of India

text: ecumenical

text: E. Prakasam

text: AELC

text: A. B. Masilamani

text: CBCNC

text: B. G. Prasada Rao

text: CSI

text: Secunderabad

text: ecumenical

text: Church of South India

text: ecclesiastical

text: L. Prakasam

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: Church of South India

text: Church of South India

text: St. George's Cathedral, Chennai

text: Diocese

text: Y. Muthyalu

text: A. B. Eliott

text: N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel

text: incardinated

text: Church of South India

text: N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel

text: Cathedra

text: Eluru

text: ecclesiastical

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: Church of South India Synod

text: Solomon Doraiswamy

text: clergy

text: H. D. L. Abraham

text: Victor Premasagar

text: ecclesiastical

text: Diocese

text: Church of South India Synod

text: Chennai

text: Solomon Doraiswamy

text: I. Jesudason

text: Church of South India Synod

text: ecclesiastical

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: CSI

text: Krishna-Godavari

text: CSI

text: Vijayawada

text: Solomon Doraiswamy

text: I. Jesudason

text: clergy

text: Victor Premasagar

text: Church of South India

text: Vijayawada

text: ecclesiastical

text: Sociologists

text: Clergy

text: Narsapur

text: Old Testament

text: S. John Theodore

text: Karimnagar

text: CSI

text: Karimnagar

text: Bird Ryder Devapriam

text: Victor Premasagar

text: Bobbili Prabhudass

text: Gone B. Devasahayam

text: Kalepalli E. Swamidass

text: clergy

text: Vijayawada

text: Old Testament

text: Victor Premasagar

text: Systematic theologian

text: G. Dyvasirvadam

text: Cathedra

text: sede vacante

text: Church of South India Synod

text: Systematic theologian

text: G. Dyvasirvadam

text: G. D. V. Prasad

text: G. Dyvasirvadam

text: Bishop

text: precedent

text: Bishop

text: Church of South India

text: decennial

text: Lambeth Conferences

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: thirteenth

text: Lambeth Conferences

text: Robert Runcie

text: George Carey

text: Bishopric

text: Church of South India Synod

text: Diocese of Vellore

text: Vellore

text: I. Jesudason

text: Diocese of Medak

text: Secunderabad

text: I. Jesudason

text: South Kerala Diocese

text: Trivandrum

text: I. Jesudason

text: P. Victor Premasagar

text: Madurai-Ramnad Diocese

text: Madurai

text: P. Victor Premasagar

text: Karnataka North

text: Dharwad

text: P. Victor Premasagar

text: Tirunelveli Diocese

text: Palayamkottai

text: B. Ryder Devapriyam

text: Trichy-Tanjore Diocese

text: Trichy

text: Diocese of Coimbatore

text: Coimbatore

text: Diocese of Rayalaseema

text: Madanapalle

text: Diocese of Medak

text: Secunderabad

text: B. P. Sugandhar

text: ex officio

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: ecumenical

text: Andhra Christian Theological College

text: Hyderabad

text: Church of South India

text: Anglicans

text: Congregationalists

text: Wesleyans

text: Baptists

text: Lutherans

text: Methodists

text: CBCNC

text: Suppogu Joseph

text: STBC

text: M. Victor Paul

text: AELC

text: R. Yesurathnam

text: CSI

text: CBCNC

text: Seminary

text: Systematic theologian

text: G. Dyvasirvadam

text: Krishna-Godavari Diocese

text: academic year

text: Systematic theologian

text: The Rev.

text: R. Yesurathnam

text: CSI

text: Church of South India

text: Andhra University

text: Waltair

text: Krishna-Godavari

text: CSI

text: Garrison Wesley Church

categories: Telugu people,Indian priests,Osmania University alumni,Anglican Bishops of Krishna-Godavari,Converts to Anglicanism,20th-century bishops,Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh,2018 deaths,Andhra University alumni,1939 births,Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni

paragraph: T. B. D. Prakasa Rao

paragraph: Bishop T. B. D. Prakasa Rao (born 17 December 1939; died 30 May 2018) was the fourth CSI-Bishop - in - Krishna-Godavari of the Protestant Church of South India who occupied the "Cathedra" placed at CSI-St. Paul's Cathedral, Vijayawada. The Bishopric of Prakasa Rao lasted for two decades from 1981 through 2001, one of the longest in the history of the Church of South India Society. Prakasa Rao led the bishopric of Krishna-Godavari that comprised the Christian missions established by the London Missionary Society (LMS) and the Church Missionary Society (CMS) which merged its South India Christian missions in India into the Church of South India Society which was inaugurated in 1947 at the CSI-St. George's Cathedral, Madras.

paragraph: Prakasa Rao earlier led the Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary from 1976 through 1981 especially during the period when common language translations into vernacular languages were being undertaken by the Bible Society of India throughout the country from the original sources comprising the "Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia" and the "Novum Testamentum Graece" under the direction of The Rev. C. Arangaden through its translation team comprising Old Testament Scholars well-versed in Biblical Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew and New Testament Scholars with expertise in Biblical Greek comprising M. P. John, John Philipose, G. Babu Rao, Basil Rebera, and Nitoy Achumi. During Rao's stint with the Auxiliary, common language translation of the scriptures into modern Telugu language were already being undertaken by G. Babu Rao together with his graduate companion S. Israel.

paragraph: On Wednesday, May 30, 2018, Prakasa Rao breathed his last while at his quarter in Bandlaguda Jagir and his funeral mass was held on Friday, June 1, 2018 led by the present Bishop - in - Krishna Godavari, The Right Reverend T. George Cornelious and other clergy hailing from both the Diocese of Medak and the Diocese of Krishna Godavari at the CSI-Garrison Wesley Church Cemetery at Karkhana, Secunderabad. Later, the same evening, a well-attended Memorial Thanksgiving was held at his erstwhile quarter at Bandlaguda Jagir led by The Rev. U. Daniel, CSI, Ministerial Secretary of the Medak Diocese, where the Church Historian B. C. Paul, AELC and others reminisced about their association with and the contribution of Prakasa Rao to the ministries of the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.:General studies.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.:General studies.:Andhra Pradesh.

paragraph: After schooling and collegiate studies, Prakasa Rao enrolled at the AELC-Andhra Christian College, Guntur during the Principalship of Rao Sahab T. S. Paulus where he studied for a degree in B.A. specializing in English literature which was later awarded by the Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.

paragraph: Rao also studied for a graduate degree in education at the Government Training College, Rajahmundry where he was awarded a B.Ed. degree by the Andhra University after completion of his studies.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.:General studies.:Telangana.

paragraph: During the academic year 1963-1964, Rao enrolled at the State-run Osmania University, Hyderabad for a postgraduate programme in M.A. specializing in Philosophy.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.:Spiritual studies.

paragraph: In 1959, after graduate studies leading to B.A., Prakasa Rao discerned his avocation towards priesthood and chose to become a Priest and enrolled as a ministerial candidate of the Protestant Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church Society, under the incumbency of President G. Devasahayam, which then sent him to a seminary in Chennai for studies in spirituality. Prakasa Rao enrolled at the Gurukul Lutheran Theological College, Chennai affiliated to India's first University, the Senate of Serampore College (University)" {a University under Section 2 (f) of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956}"with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the Government of West Bengal where he underwent ministerial formation in spirituality under notable faculty comprising The Rev. Sigfrid Estborn, who was teaching Ecumenism, The Rev. P. David teaching Religions, and The Rev. R. A. Martin who was teaching Greek language and the New Testament. Prakasa Rao's companions at the seminary included G. D. Melanchton, AELC, M. Victor Paul, AELC, , TELC, Kambar Manickam, TELC and others. After the three-year course in spirituality, Rao was awarded a Bachelor of Divinity degree by the Senate of Serampore College (University) in the ensuing convocation of 1963 led by its Registrar, C. Devasahayam, CBCNC.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Pastoral.:Lutheran.

paragraph: After returning from Chennai, Rao began pastoring parishes within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church Society. It was during this period that he privately tutored The Reverend Sister B. V. Subbamma, then Principal of the Charlotte Swenson Memorial Bible Training School in Rajahmundry who had enrolled at the Andhra Christian Theological College, then located in Rajahmundry for graduate studies in Bachelor of Divinity.

paragraph: After a period of ecclesiastical ministry, Prakasa Rao expressed his views on Anglicanism to the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church Society led by President K. Devasahayam who willingly excardinated Rao from the Society enabling his incardination into the Church of South India by the Moderator N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Pastoral.:Anglican.

paragraph: Upon the incardination of Rao into the Church of South India, he was assigned the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Krishna-Godavari Diocese where he began pastoring parishes falling under the purview of the Diocese from Visakhapatnam district through Guntur district.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Fully-ecumenical.

paragraph: The Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary is one of the Auxiliaries of the Bible Society of India headquartered in Bangalore and works for the cause of the Bible in an ecumenical environment with the Roman Catholics, the Orthodox and the Protestants. In 1976, Prakasa Rao was appointed as the Auxiliary Secretary of the BSI Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary by the rural Pastor A. E. Inbanathan, then General Secretary of the Bible Society of India who had much understanding of the Church in India and more so with fellow clergy. Subsequently, the Krishna-Godavari Diocese of the Church of South India led by N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel loaned the services of Prakasa Rao to the Bible Society of India enabling Rao to take up the ecumenical work at the Auxiliary which was led by notable predecessors beginning with E. Prakasam, AELC, A. B. Masilamani, CBCNC and B. G. Prasada Rao, CSI. During his administrative stint with the Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary, Prakasa Rao resided in the Bible House, a prominent landmark in Secunderabad.

paragraph: After a six-year ecumenical ministry which began in 1976, Prakasa Rao was recalled in 1981 by the Church of South India to resume his ecclesiastical ministry. Rao was succeeded as Auxiliary Secretary by L. Prakasam of the Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Bishopric.:Election and Appointment.

paragraph: The Krishna-Godavari Diocese of the Church of South India was formed in 1947, the very year of the formation of the Church of South India at the St. George's Cathedral, Chennai. The Diocese was led by pioneer Bishops Y. Muthyalu, A. B. Eliott and N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel.

paragraph: Prakasa Rao was incardinated into the Church of South India during the Bishopric of N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel who occupied the Cathedra at Eluru from 1961 to 1978. Due to an ecclesiastical event that took place in 1978, the Krishna-Godavari Diocese came under the purview of the Church of South India Synod led by Deputy Moderator Solomon Doraiswamy who oversaw the administration of the Diocese through clergy consisting of H. D. L. Abraham followed by Victor Premasagar to perform the ecclesiastical responsibilities in the Diocese.

paragraph: During the seventeenth Church of South India Synod held at Chennai in 1980, the Synod elected Solomon Doraiswamy and I. Jesudason as the Moderator and Deputy Moderator for the biennium 1980-1982. It was during this period that the Church of South India Synod pursued the ecclesiastical matters in the Krishna-Godavari Diocese leading to the election of T. B. D. Prakasa Rao as the fourth CSI-Bishop - in - Krishna-Godavari.

paragraph: Rao was consecrated on 18 November 1981 at the CSI-St. Paul's Centenary Church, Vijayawada by Solomon Doraiswamy and I. Jesudason in the presence of other clergy consisting of Victor Premasagar, the General Secretary of the Church of South India. Rao led the Diocese from Vijayawada throughout his bishopric from 1981 through 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Bishopric.:The two-decades of bishopric.

paragraph: In matters of ecclesiastical administration, Prakasa Rao involved Sociologists for the Clergy retreats as early as 1995 itself. It was Prakasa Rao who dedicated the J. Sikile School in 1984 at Narsapur.

paragraph: In 1992, Prakasa Rao took part in the consecration of the Old Testament Scholar, S. John Theodore as the fourth Bishop - in - Karimnagar held at the CSI-Wesley Cathedral in Karimnagar in the presence of Moderator Bird Ryder Devapriam and Deputy Moderator Jason Dharmaraj, Bishop Victor Premasagar, Bishops Emeriti Bobbili Prabhudass, Gone B. Devasahayam, and Kalepalli E. Swamidass and other clergy. In 2000, Prakasa Rao led the Diocese in its Mission Festival in Vijayawada in the presence of the Old Testament Scholar Victor Premasagar and the Systematic theologian G. Dyvasirvadam.

paragraph: After nearly two decades of Bishopric, Rao sought voluntary retirement and vacated the "Cathedra" in 2001 leading to "sede vacante" following which the Church of South India Synod huddled and conducted elections resulting in the unanimous election and appointment of the Systematic theologian G. Dyvasirvadam as G. D. V. Prasad, a companion of Dyvasirvadam, refrained from contesting in order to facilitate G. Dyvasirvadam to be appointed as Bishop setting an unparalleled precedent.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Bishopric.:Decennial Lambeth Conferences.

paragraph: As a Bishop of the Church of South India, part of the Anglican Consultative Council, Rao was entitled to attend the decennial Lambeth Conferences presided by the Archbishop of Canterbury. During the bishopric of Rao from 1981 through 2001 as Bishop - in - Krishna-Godavari Diocese, he had attended the twelfth and the thirteenth Lambeth Conferences in 1988 and 1998 presided by Robert Runcie and George Carey respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Bishopric.:Biennial Synods.

paragraph: During the Bishopric of Rao from 1981 through 2001, he had attended nearly ten biennial synods of the Church of South India Synod crisscrossing the geography of South India,

paragraph: BULLET::::- XVIII session of the Synod of 1982 hosted by the Diocese of Vellore at Vellore

paragraph: BULLET::::- which elected I. Jesudason and Sundar Clarke as the Moderator and Deputy Moderator respectively

paragraph: BULLET::::- XIX session of the Synod of 1984 hosted by the Diocese of Medak at Secunderabad

paragraph: BULLET::::- reelecting I. Jesudason and Sundar Clarke as the Moderator and Deputy Moderator respectively

paragraph: BULLET::::- XX session of the Synod of 1986 hosted by the South Kerala Diocese at Trivandrum

paragraph: BULLET::::- which again reelected I. Jesudason as Moderator and P. Victor Premasagar as the Deputy Moderator,

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXI session of the Synod of 1988 hosted by the Madurai-Ramnad Diocese at Madurai

paragraph: BULLET::::- electing P. Victor Premasagar as the Moderator and The Right Rev. D. Pothirajulu Deputy Moderator

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXII session of the Synod of 1990 hosted by the Karnataka North at Dharwad

paragraph: BULLET::::- reelecting P. Victor Premasagar as Moderator and Vasant P. Dandin as the Deputy Moderator

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXIII session of the Synod of 1992 hosted by the Tirunelveli Diocese at Palayamkottai

paragraph: BULLET::::- electing The Most Rev. B. Ryder Devapriyam and Jason S. Dharmaraj as the Moderator and Deputy Moderator respectively

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXIV session of the Synod of 1994 hosted by the Trichy-Tanjore Diocese at Trichy

paragraph: BULLET::::- electing Vasant P. Dandin and R. Paul Raj as the Moderator and Deputy Moderator respectively

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXV session of the Synod of 1996 hosted by the Diocese of Coimbatore at Coimbatore

paragraph: BULLET::::- reelecting Vasant P. Dandin as Moderator and William Moses as Deputy Moderator

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXVI session of the Synod of 1998 hosted by the Diocese of Rayalaseema at Madanapalle

paragraph: BULLET::::- electing William Moses and K. J. Samuel as the Moderator and Deputy Moderator respectively

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXVII session of the Synod of 2000 hosted by the Diocese of Medak at Secunderabad

paragraph: BULLET::::- electing K. J. Samuel and B. P. Sugandhar as the Moderator and Deputy Moderator respectively

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical ministry.:Governor.

paragraph: During the Bishopric of Prakasa Rao from 1981 to 2001, he was "ex officio" member of the Board of Governors representing the Krishna-Godavari Diocese at the near-ecumenical Andhra Christian Theological College, Hyderabad comprising the Church of South India (Anglicans, Congregationalists, Wesleyans), Baptists, Lutherans, and the Methodists. Prakasa Rao's term as Governor began during the principalship of K. David, CBCNC and continued for over two decades during the ensuing terms of Suppogu Joseph, STBC, M. Victor Paul, AELC, R. Yesurathnam, CSI, and K. D. G. Prakasa Rao, CBCNC. As Governor of the College, Prakasa Rao provided the required management skills enabling the administration of the Seminary making it a notable institution under the Senate of Serampore College (University). Incidentally, the Systematic theologian G. Dyvasirvadam, also hailing from the Krishna-Godavari Diocese was a member of the Faculty of the College coinciding with the Governorship of Rao.

paragraph: During the academic year 1995-1996, Prakasa Rao was elected as Chairperson of the Board of Governors of the College during the Principalship of the Systematic theologian The Rev. R. Yesurathnam, CSI. After two decades of governorship at the College, Rao resigned from the Board of Governors in 2001 due to his voluntary retirement from the Church of South India.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and eternal rest.

paragraph: In 2001, the Centre for Religious Studies at the State-run Andhra University, Waltair felicitated Prakasa Rao in his capacity as Bishop - in - Krishna-Godavari.

paragraph: Prakasa Rao passed away on May 30, 2018, in Hyderabad and was laid to rest with full ecclesiastical honours on June 1, 2018 at the CSI-Garrison Wesley Church Cemetery at Karkhana, Secunderabad.

description: Indian bishop

wikidata_label: T. B. D. Prakasa Rao

wikipedia_title: T. B. D. Prakasa Rao


text:
Trappes
Martinican
Team Wellington
ISPS Handa Premiership
Yvelines
La Garenne-Colombes
Barnet
League Two
Lawrie Sanchez
Hyde United
Rhyl FC
Greg Strong
Welsh football league
Welsh Premier League
Martinique national football team
Martinique national football team
Caribbean Cup
CONCACAF Gold Cup

categories: People from Trappes,Rhyl F.C. players,Expatriate association footballers in New Zealand,Martiniquais expatriate footballers,1986 births,Martiniquais footballers,Association football forwards,Martinique international footballers,New Zealand Football Championship players,Living people,French people of Martiniquais descent

paragraph: Steven Lecefel

paragraph: Steven Lecefel (born 16 April 1986 in Trappes, France) is a Martinican international footballer who currently plays as a forward for Team Wellington in the ISPS Handa Premiership..

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:First years.

paragraph: During his youth, Steven Lecefel played for the Guyancourt in Yvelines, France. He then played for two years with La Garenne-Colombes in the French seventh tier.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Club play.

paragraph: In 2011, Lecefel left Paris for Barnet in London, who play in the English League Two, but he only stayed a few months after Lawrie Sanchez decided not to sign him. Lecefel then went to Hyde United where he was spotted by Rhyl FC manager Greg Strong signing for the club following their relegation to the second tier of the Welsh football league due to financial problems. With Rhyl, Lecefel helped the team earn promotion back to the Welsh Premier League, and got called up to the Martinique national football team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:International play.

paragraph: In December 2012, Lecefel was called up to play for the Martinique national football team, being eligible through his father's ancestry. Lecefel played in the Caribbean Cup and helped the team qualify for the CONCACAF Gold Cup. He played five games and scored two goals.

description: French footballer

wikidata_label: Steven Lecefel

wikipedia_title: Steven Lecefel


text:
pharaoh
20th dynasty
Ancient Egypt
Ramesses VI
Deir El-Medina
Ramesses IX
Ramesses IX
prenomen
Ramesses IX
Peret
Jürgen von Beckerath
Akhet
KV1
DB320
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

categories: 12th-century BC rulers,Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,Ramesses VII,1120s BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,12th-century BC Pharaohs,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Ramesses VII

paragraph: Usermaatre Setepenre Meryamun Ramesses VII (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the sixth pharaoh of the 20th dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He reigned from about 1136 to 1129 BC and was the son of Ramesses VI. Other dates for his reign are 1138-1131 BC. The Turin Accounting Papyrus 1907+1908 is dated to Year 7 III Shemu day 26 of his reign and has been reconstructed to show that 11 full years passed from Year 5 of Ramesses VI to Year 7 of his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign length.

paragraph: Ramesses VII's seventh year is also attested in Ostraca O. Strasbourg h 84, which is dated to II Shemu day 16 of his 7th Regnal Year. In 1980, C.J. Eyre demonstrated that a Year 8 papyrus belonged to the reign of Ramesses VII. This papyrus, P. Turin Cat. 1883 + 2095, dated to "Year 8 IV Shemu day 25" (most likely Ramesses VII), details the record of the commissioning of some copper work and mentions two foremen at Deir El-Medina: Nekhemmut and Hor[mose]. The foreman Hormose was previously attested in office only during the reign of Ramesses IX while his father and predecessor in this post—a certain Ankherkhau—served in office from the second decade of the reign of Ramesses III through to Year 4 of Ramesses VII, where he is shown acting with Nekhemmut and the scribe Horisheri. The new Year 8 papyrus proves that Hormose succeeded to his father's office as foreman by Year 8 of Ramesses VII. Dominique Valbelle regards C.J. Eyre's attribution of this document to Ramesses VII as uncertain since the chief workman Hormose was previously only securely attested in office in Years 6 and 7 of Ramesses IX instead. However, this papyrus clearly bears the cartouche of Usermaatre Setepenre—the prenomen of Ramesses VII—at its beginning whereas the royal name of Ramesses IX was Neferkare—which rules out Ramesses IX as the king whose Year 8 is recorded in the P. Turin 1883 + 2095 document. The presence of Hormose's contemporary—the foreman Nekhemmut—also establishes that this papyrus dates to the mid-20th dynasty--most probably to the reign of Ramesses VII, since Nekhemmut is attested in office "from the second year of Ramesses IV until the seventeenth year of Ramesses IX."

paragraph: Since Ramesses VII's accession is known to have occurred around the end of III Peret, the king would have ruled Egypt for a minimum period of 7 years and 5 months when this document was drawn up provided that it belonged to his reign as seems probable from the royal name given in the papyrus. The respected German Egyptologist Jürgen von Beckerath also accepts C.J. Eyre's evidence that Year 8 IV Shemu day 25 was Ramesses VII's highest known date. However, the accession date of his successor, Ramesses VIII, has been fixed by Amin Amer to an 8-month period between I Peret day 2 and I Akhet day 13, or 5 months after the Year 8 IV Shemu day 25 date of Ramesses VII. Therefore, if Ramesses VII did not die between the short 2 week period between IV Shemu day 29 to I Akhet 13, this pharaoh would have been on the throne for at least another 4 more months until I Peret day 2 and ruled Egypt for 7 years and 9 months when he died (perhaps slightly longer if he died after I Peret day 2). Therefore, it is possible that Ramesses VII could have ruled Egypt for almost 8 years; at present, his certain reign length is 7 years and 5 months.

paragraph: Very little is known about his reign, though it was evidently a period of some turmoil as grain prices soared to the highest level.

paragraph: Section::::Ramesses VII's tomb and funerary equipment.

paragraph: Ramesses VII was buried in Tomb KV1 upon his death. His mummy has never been found, though four cups inscribed with the pharaoh's name were found in the "royal cache" in DB320 along with the remains of other pharaohs.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. A. Kitchen, Ramses VII and the Twentieth Dynasty, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 58 (1972), 182-194

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benoît Lurson, A Monument of Ramses VII in the area of the Ramesseum?, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 98 (2012), 297-304

description: Ancient Egyptian sixth pharaoh of the 20th dynasty

wikidata_label: Ramesses VII

wikipedia_title: Ramesses VII


text: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

text: 12th century BC

text: Ramesses III

text: Iset Ta-Hemdjert

text: Ramesses VII Itamun

text: Nubkhesbed

text: Ramesses V

text: Ramesses IV

text: coronation

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Tutankhamun's tomb

text: Valley of the Queens

text: Canaan

text: Nubia

text: Iset

text: God's Wife of Amun

text: high-priest of Amun

text: Ramessesnakht

text: Pi-Ramesses

text: Lower Egypt

text: Pinedjem I

text: Ramesses III

text: New Kingdom period

text: Medinet Habu temple

text: sidelock of youth

text: royal cartouches

text: crown prince

text: uraeus

text: Pentawer

text: murder of Ramesses III

text: Iset Ta-Hemdjert

text: Great Royal Wife

text: her tomb

text: Valley of the Queens

text: Nubkhesbed

text: Aidan Dodson

text: Amenherkhepshef

text: Ramesses VII

text: Iset

text: Divine Adoratrice of Amun

text: stela

text: Koptos

text: Chancellor Bay

text: Nineteenth Dynasty

text: Twosret

text: Edward F. Wente

text: Kenneth Kitchen

text: Ramesses IX

text: Montuherkhopshef

text: lady

text: 12th century BC

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Jürgen von Beckerath

text: Erik Hornung

text: Nicolas Grimal

text: Isin

text: Ian Shaw

text: ostracon

text: graffito

text: High Priest of Amun

text: Ramessesnakht

text: Ramesses VIII

text: Thebes

text: Beautiful Festival of the Valley

text: Opet Festival

text: Deir el-Bahari

text: Medjay

text: Libyan Meshwesh

text: Libu

text: Jaroslav Černý

text: Karnak temple

text: Siamun

text: Shoshenq I

text: God's Wife of Amun

text: vizier

text: Twenty-first Dynasty

text: Deir el-Medina

text: Iunu

text: Turin Papyrus Map

text: lapis-lazuli

text: electrum

text: incense

text: sphinx

text: Tanis

text: Bubastis

text: Nubia

text: Viceroy of Kush

text: Heliopolis

text: Thutmose I

text: damnatio memoriae

text: Memphis

text: temple of Ptah

text: Anîba

text: Temple of Horus at Derr

text: Dra' Abu el-Naga'

text: Seventeenth

text: Eighteenth Dynasty

text: Upper Egypt

text: Pi-Ramesses

text: Lower Egypt

text: Herihor

text: Pinedjem I

text: Serabit el-Khadim

text: Sinai

text: Megiddo

text: Canaan

text: scarab

text: Alalakh

text: Anatolia

text: Red Sea

text: terminus post quem

text: Jaffa

text: Sea People

text: Sehel Island

text: Aswan

text: Wadi es-Sebua

text: Third Cataract of the Nile

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Tutankhamun

text: debens

text: Book of Gates

text: Book of Caverns

text: Ramesses XI

text: Papyrus Mayer B

text: Amenhotep II

text: Victor Loret

text: Georges Émile Jules Daressy

text: mummiform

text: British Museum

text: Zahi Hawass

text: Supreme Council of Antiquities

text: mortuary temple

text: El-Assasif

text: Wilbour Papyrus

categories: 12th-century BC rulers,Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,Ramesses VI,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Year of birth unknown,12th-century BC Pharaohs,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Ramesses VI

paragraph: Ramesses VI Nebmaatre-Meryamun (sometimes written Ramses or Rameses, also known under his princely name of Amenherkhepshef C) was the fifth pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. He reigned for about eight years in the mid-to-late 12th century BC and was a son of Ramesses III and queen Iset Ta-Hemdjert. As a prince, he was known as Ramesses Amunherkhepeshef and held the titles of royal scribe and cavalry general. He was succeeded by his son, Ramesses VII Itamun, whom he had fathered with queen Nubkhesbed.

paragraph: After the death of the ruling pharaoh, Ramesses V, who was the son of Ramesses VI's older brother, Ramesses IV, Ramesses VI ascended the throne. In the first two years after his coronation, Ramesses VI stopped frequent raids by Libyan or Egyptian marauders in Upper Egypt and buried his predecessor in what is now an unknown tomb of the Theban necropolis. Ramesses VI usurped KV9, a tomb in the Valley of the Kings planned by and for Ramesses V, and had it enlarged and redecorated for himself. The craftsmen's huts near the entrance of KV9 covered up the entrance to Tutankhamun's tomb, saving it from a wave of tomb robberies that occurred within 20 years of Ramesses VI's death. Ramesses VI may have planned and made six more tombs in the Valley of the Queens, none which are known today.

paragraph: Egypt lost control of its last strongholds in Canaan around the time of Ramesses VI's reign. Though Egyptian occupation in Nubia continued, the loss of the Asiatic territories strained Egypt's weakening economy and increased prices. With construction projects increasingly hard to fund, Ramesses VI usurped the monuments of his forefathers by engraving his cartouches over theirs. Yet he boasted of having "[covered] all the land with great monuments in my name [...] built in honour of my fathers the gods". He was fond of cult statues of himself; more are known to portray him than any Twentieth-Dynasty king after Ramesses III. The Egyptologist Amin Amer characterises Ramesses VI as "a king who wished to pose as a great pharaoh in an age of unrest and decline".

paragraph: The pharaoh's power waned in Upper Egypt during Ramesses VI's rule. Though his daughter Iset was named God's Wife of Amun, the high-priest of Amun, Ramessesnakht, turned Thebes into Egypt's religious capital and a second center of power on par with Pi-Ramesses in Lower Egypt, where the pharaoh resided. In spite of these developments, there is no evidence that Ramessesnakht's dynasty worked against royal interests, which suggests that the Ramesside kings may have approved of these evolutions.

paragraph: Ramesses VI died in his forties, in his eighth or ninth year of rule. His mummy lay untouched in his tomb for fewer than 20 years before pillagers damaged it. The body was moved to KV35 during the reign of Pinedjem I, and was discovered in 1898.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Parents and early life.

paragraph: Ramesses VI was a son of Ramesses III, the latter being considered the last great pharaoh of the New Kingdom period. This filiation is established beyond doubt by a large relief found in the portico of the Medinet Habu temple of Ramesses III known as the "Procession of the Princes". The relief shows ten princes including Ramesses VI, worshipping their father. Ramesses III's sculptors seem to have left the relief incomplete; only the figures of the king and princes appear and no names are written in the spaces next to them. The relief seems to have originally been executed when Ramesses VI was still a young prince, as he is shown wearing the sidelock of youth used to denote childhood.

paragraph: When Ramesses VI became king, he added his princely names "Ramesses Amunherkhepeshef" inside royal cartouches as well as the titles he held before ascending the throne as "king's son of his body, his beloved, crown prince, royal scribe [and] cavalry general". He altered his youthful figure on the "Procession of the Princes" with an uraeus underscoring his royal status and further completed the relief with the names of all his brothers and sons, with the exception of Ramesses IV, who had already written his royal name on the relief.

paragraph: Speculation in Egyptology during the 1960s and 1970s concerning the chronology and genealogy of the Twentieth Dynasty as well as uncertainties affecting the identity of the king shown on the "Procession of princes" relief led some scholars to propose that Ramesses VI was a grandson of Ramesses III and the son either of an unknown prince or of the infamous Pentawer involved in the murder of Ramesses III. Such hypotheses have now been conclusively rejected and the relief is understood to mean exactly what it shows: that Ramesses VI was the son of Ramesses III. Ramesses VI's mother was probably Iset Ta-Hemdjert, Ramesses III's Great Royal Wife, as suggested by the presence of Ramesses VI's cartouches on a door-jamb of her tomb in the Valley of the Queens.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Consort and children.

paragraph: Ramesses VI's Great Royal Wife was queen Nubkhesbed. The Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton believe that she bore Ramesses VI a total of four children: the princes Amenherkhepshef, Panebenkemyt and Ramesses Itamun—the future pharaoh Ramesses VII who succeeded his father for a short while on the throne—and princess Iset who was appointed to the priestly role of "Divine Adoratrice of Amun". A stela recounting this appointment was discovered in Koptos and demonstrates that Nubkhesbed was indeed Iset's mother.

paragraph: Prince Amenherkhepshef died before his father and was buried in tomb KV13 in the Valley of the Kings, originally built for Chancellor Bay, an important official of the late Nineteenth Dynasty. The tomb decoration was updated in consequence, some reliefs notably mentioning Nubkhesbed. Amenherkhepshef's sarcophagus was usurped from queen Twosret.

paragraph: The filiation of Ramesses VII is established by an inscription on a doorjamb from Deir el-Medinaeh which reads "the good god, lord of the two lands, Usimaare-meryamun-setepenre, Son of Re, lord of epiphanies, Ramesses [VII], (It)-Amun, god, ruler of Heliopolis—he has made as his monument for his father, (may) live the good god, lord of the two lands, Nebmaare-meryamun, Son of Re, [Ramesses VI]".

paragraph: The Egyptologists James Harris, Edward F. Wente and Kenneth Kitchen have also proposed, based on circumstantial evidence, that Ramesses IX was a son of Ramesses VI and thus a brother to Ramesses VII. They note that Ramesses IX honoured Ramesses VII on two offering stands, suggesting that they were close kin. Ramesses IX named one of his sons Nebmaatre, which is Ramesses VI's prenomen, possibly as a means to honour his father. This hypothesis is contested by other scholars including Dodson and Hilton, who believe that Ramesses IX was instead a son of prince Montuherkhopshef and thus a nephew to Ramesses VI. They base their conclusion on other circumstantial evidence: first is a depiction of Montuherkhopshef in KV19 on which Ramesses IX's prenomen had been added. Second is the fact that Ramesses IX's mother was named Takhat and Montuherkhopshef's spouse might have been a lady of the same name, hence possibly the same person.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Reign length.

paragraph: The scholarly consensus is now that Ramesses VI reigned in the mid 12th century BC over a period of eight full years and lived for two months into his brief last regnal year. More precisely, the Egyptologist Steve Vinson proposed that he reigned between 1156 BC and 1149 BC, while the Encyclopædia Britannica reports 1145–1137 BC, Jürgen von Beckerath gives 1142–1134 BC, Erik Hornung 1145–1139 BC, Nicolas Grimal 1144–1136 BC making him a contemporary of Nebuchadrezzar I of Isin, Ian Shaw, Jacobus van Dijk and Michael Rice 1143–1136 BC, and 1132–1125 BC in a 2017 study.

paragraph: In 1977, the Egyptologists Wente and Charles van Siclen were the first to propose, upon reviewing the chronology of the New Kingdom period, that Ramesses VI lived into his eighth year of reign. This hypothesis was vindicated the next year by the Egyptologist Jac Janssen, who published an analysis of an ostracon which mentions the loan of an ox in the seventh and eighth years of an unnamed king who can only have been Ramesses VI. Two years later, Lanny Bell reported further evidence that Ramesses VI not only reigned into his eighth regnal year but most likely completed it and lived into his ninth.

paragraph: Ramesses VI's eighth year on the throne may also be mentioned in Theban graffito 1860a, which names the then serving High Priest of Amun, Ramessesnakht. This graffito has also been ascribed to Ramesses X, but this interpretation has been contested and its ascription to Ramesses VI has been proposed as an alternative. The subject remains debated.

paragraph: An important piece of evidence first recognised by Jansen in 1978 but fully exploited only five years later by the Egyptologist Raphael Ventura is found on the Turin Papyrus 1907+1908, which covers the time period from Ramesses VI's fifth year until Ramesses VII's seventh year on the throne.

paragraph: The reconstruction of the document proposed by Ventura shows that the simplest solution available to explain the chronology of the period covered by the papyrus is that Ramesses VI enjoyed a reign of eight full years, died in his ninth, and was succeeded by Ramesses VII rather than Ramesses VIII, as had been debated until then.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities and situation in Egypt.:Early reign: strife in the Theban region.

paragraph: Immediately after his accession to the throne, Ramesses VI and his court may have visited Thebes on the occasion of the Beautiful Festival of the Valley or the Opet Festival, concomitant with the preparations for Ramesses V's burial. Ramesses VI visited the city on at least another occasion during his reign, when he installed his daughter as Divine Adoratrice of Amun. The situation in the south of Egypt at the time of Ramesses VI's accession was not entirely stable, as attested by records showing that the workmen of Deir el-Bahari could not work on the king's tomb owing to the presence of "the enemy" in the vicinity, a situation which occurred over a period of at least fifteen days during Ramesses VI's first year on the throne. This "enemy" was rumoured to have pillaged and burned the locality of Per-Nebyt and the chief of the Medjay of Thebes—essentially the police—ordered the workmen to remain idle and watch the king's tomb. It is unclear who these enemies were, the term could designate parties of Libyan Meshwesh, Libu and Egyptian bandits, or as the Egyptologist Jaroslav Černý conjectured, a full blown civil war between followers of Ramesses V and Ramesses VI, a hypothesis supported by Rice but which has been strongly rejected by Kitchen and, to a lesser extend, by Grimal and van Dijk.

paragraph: A short military campaign might have ensued and from Ramesses VI's second year on the throne onwards these troubles seem to have stopped. This campaign could be connected with an unusual statue of Ramesses VI showing him holding a bound Libyan captive, as well as with a depiction of Ramesses VI triumphing over foreign soldiers on the second pylon of the Karnak temple. This triumph scene was the last one to be made in Egypt until the later reigns of Siamun (986–967 BC) and Shoshenq I (943–922 BC).

paragraph: Other indications in favour of strife and military activities early in Ramesses VI's reign are the names he adopted upon ascending the throne, his Horus name meaning "Strong bull, great of victories, keeping alive the two lands" as well as his Nebty name "Powerful of arms, attacking the myriads".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities and situation in Egypt.:Later reign.

paragraph: Following these events, on his second year of rule, Ramesses VI finally buried Ramesses V in a yet unidentified tomb in the Valley of the Kings, having usurped the tomb originally prepared for his predecessor. On the occasion of this visit to Thebes, Ramesses VI installed his daughter Iset as God's Wife of Amun and Divine Adoratice of Amun, in the presence of his mother, the acting vizier Nehy and other court officials. That same year, he ordered the reduction of the gang of workmen working on the king's tomb from 120 members to its former number of 60, which had been changed under Ramesses IV. Following this, the community of workers at Deir el-Medina went into gradual decline, the settlement being finally abandoned in the subsequent Twenty-first Dynasty.

paragraph: In spite of the reduction, the Turin papyrus indicates that Ramesses VI ordered the construction of six tombs in the Valley of the Queens, a number which might include the hasty completion of the tomb of Iset Ta-Hemdjert, Ramesses' mother.

paragraph: It is unknown whether these tombs were finished and in any case, they are now unidentifiable.

paragraph: At some point in his reign, a cult statue of Ramesses VI was installed in a shrine of Ramesses II in the temple of Hathor of Deir el-Medina. The statue was called "Lord of the Two Lands, Nebmaatre Meryamun, Son of Re, Lord of Crowns, Ramesses Amunherkhepeshef Divine Ruler of Iunu, Beloved like Amun".

paragraph: A complete description of it is given on the verso of the Turin Papyrus Map, celebrated for being the oldest surviving topographical map. The papyrus indicates that the statue was made of two essences of painted wood and clay, showing pharaoh wearing a golden loincloth, a crown of lapis-lazuli and precious stones, a uraeus of gold and sandals of electrum. The statue is said to receive three services of incense and libations everyday. The text of the papyrus is a letter directly addressed to Ramesses VI asking that a certain man be put in charge of the offerings. The letter seems to have been received favourably by the king, as the author's grandson is known to have held the title of "High Priest of Nebmaatre [Ramesses VI], Beloved of Amun".

paragraph: Ramesses VI was apparently fond of such cult statues and no less than ten statues and a sphinx have been discovered in Tanis, Bubastis and Karnak, more than any other Ramesside king of the Twentieth Dynasty following the reign of Ramesses III. The tomb of Penne, an Egyptian high-official in Nubia reports that Penne made a donation of lands to generate revenue towards the upkeep of yet another cult statue of Ramesses VI. Ramesses VI was so satisfied with this deed that he commanded his Viceroy of Kush "Give the two silver vessels of ointment of gums, to the deputy [Penne]".

paragraph: While few of Ramesses VI's activities are known in details, he is well attested by numerous reliefs, inscriptions, statues and minor finds from Karnak, Koptos and Heliopolis.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Activities and situation in Egypt.:Economic decline.

paragraph: Over the period spanning the reigns of Ramesses VI, VII and VIII, prices of basic commodities, in particular grain, rose sharply.

paragraph: With Egypt's economy getting weaker, Ramesses VI turned to usurping the statues and monuments of his forebears, frequently plastering and then carving his cartouches over theirs, in particular those of Ramesses IV which figured prominently along the processional routes in Karnak and Luxor. In other examples, he usurped a statue of Ramesses IV, columns of texts inscribed by Ramesses IV on an obelisk of Thutmose I in Karnak, and the tomb of Ramesses V. Kitchen warns not to over-interpret these usurpations as signs of antagonism on behalf of Ramesses VI with respect to his older brother and nephew. The usurpations were not thorough but were rather targeted to the most prominent places, where Ramesses VI's cartouches would be most visible. Besides, Ramesses VI did leave cartouches of Ramesses IV intact in many places, including in places where both his name and that of his brother feature close to one another such as in the Medinet Habu temple of Ramesses III, so that the hypothesis of a damnatio memoriae—whereby all references to someone are systematically eliminated so as to remove this person from memory and history—can be eliminated.

paragraph: A possible evidence for genuine architectural works on Ramesses VI's behalf is found in Memphis, where an inscription on a granite gateway cornice of the temple of Ptah claims that he erected a great pylon of fine stone. Ramesses VI then boasts of "covering all the land with great monuments in my name [...] built in honour of my fathers the gods".

paragraph: Overall, the Egyptologist Amin Amer characterises Ramesses VI as "a king who wished to pose as a great pharaoh in an age of unrest and decline".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Dilution of power.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Dilution of power.:High officials.

paragraph: Some high officials of Ramesses VI are known, such as his finance minister and overseer of the treasury Montuemtawy who was in office since the end of Ramesses III's reign; the vizier Neferronpe in office since Ramesses IV's time on the throne; his son the vizier Nehy; Amenmose the mayor of Thebes and the king's butler Qedren. To the south, the troop commander of Kush was Nebmarenakhte and the administrator of Wawat—the land between the first and second cataracts of the Nile—mayor of Anîba and controller of the Temple of Horus at Derr was Penne.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Dilution of power.:The dynasty of Ramessesnakht.

paragraph: In Thebes, the high-priesthood came under the control of Ramessesnakht and his family at the time of Ramesses IV, possibly owing to Ramessesnakht's father Merybaste's high control over the country's financial institutions. Ramessesnakht was officially Ramesses VI's Vizier of the South and his power grew at the expense of that of the pharaoh in spite of the fact that Iset was connected to the Amun priesthood as well "in her role as God's Wife of Amun or Divine Adoratice". If fact, Ramessesnakht most likely oversaw the construction of the funerary building of Iset in the tomb

paragraph: complex K93.12, and while, as the Egyptologist Daniel Polz puts it, "he and his relatives were the most powerful individuals in Egypt at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty", his activities were not directed against royal interests. Ramessesnakht often attended the distribution of supplies to workmen and controlled much of the activity connected with the construction of the king's tomb, possibly because the treasury of the high-priest of Amun was now at least partially funding these works. Ramessesnakht's son Usermarenakhte was made into the Steward of Amun and became administrator of large swaths of land in Middle Egypt. He also inherited the role of Merybaste as controller of the country's taxes, ensuring that Ramessesnakht's family was in full control of both the royal treasury and the treasury of Amun. Further high offices such as those of the second and third priests and of "god's father of Amun" were given to people who entered Ramesesnakht's family by marriage.

paragraph: Ramessesnakht was powerful enough to build for himself one of the largest funerary establishments of the entire Theban necropolis at the end of the New Kingdom, when royal building projects including Ramesses VI's usurped mortuary temple had been abandoned. Ramessesnakht's monument, in Dra' Abu el-Naga', reused an earlier building dating back to the Seventeenth or Eighteenth Dynasty and was refurbished to show the political and economic standing of its owner. Overall, Egyptologists now estimate that Ramessesnakht and his dynasty essentially established a second centre of power in Upper Egypt, seemingly on the behalf of the Twentieth Dynasty kings who ruled from Memphis and Pi-Ramesses in Lower Egypt. This effectively made Thebes into the religious capital of Egypt as well as an administrative one on a par with its northern counterpart, laying the foundations for the rise of the Twenty-first Dynasty under Herihor and Pinedjem I, 50 to 70 years later.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Situation in Egypt's empire abroad.:Final decline in Canaan.

paragraph: Egypt's political and economic decline continued unabated during Ramesses VI's reign. He is the last king of the New Kingdom period whose name is attested on inscribed wall fragments as well as two pillars of the temple of Hathor of the Serabit el-Khadim in Sinai, where he sent expeditions to mine copper ore.

paragraph: Egypt may nonetheless still have wielded some sort of influence or at least still had some connections with the remnants of its empire in the Levant, as suggested by the base of a fragmented bronze statue of Ramesses VI discovered in Megiddo in Canaan, and a scarab of his from Alalakh on the coast in southern Anatolia.

paragraph: Egyptian presence in Canaan was terminated during or soon after Ramesses VI's rule, with the last garrisons leaving southern and western Palestine around the time, and the frontier between Egypt and abroad returning to a fortified line joining the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. A 2017 archaeological study reached the same conclusion, namely that Ramesses VI's reign is the terminus post quem for the presence of the Egyptian military in Jaffa, which was twice destroyed around this time period. Opponents of the Egyptian authority were of local extraction, probably originating in Canaanite cities of the Levantine coastal plain, an opposition to Egyptian hegemony ultimately resulting from the arrival of the Sea People in the region during the reign of Ramesses III. The loss of all Asiatic territories further strained the redistributive economy of Egypt's New Kingdom society, depriving the subsequent kings of much of their legitimacy.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Situation in Egypt's empire abroad.:Continuing presence in Nubia.

paragraph: The Egyptian control of Nubia seems to have been much firmer at the time, owing either to the advanced Egyptianisation of the local population or to the economic importance of this region. Ramesses VI's cartouches have been uncovered on Sehel Island near Aswan and in Ramesses II's temple in Wadi es-Sebua. Ramesses VI is mentioned in the tomb of Penne in Anîba, not far from the Third Cataract of the Nile. Penne also recounts punitive military raids further south, from which he claims to have brought back loot to pharaoh.

paragraph: Section::::Funerary monuments.

paragraph: Section::::Funerary monuments.:Tomb.

paragraph: Ramesses VI was buried in the Valley of the Kings, in a tomb now known as KV9. The tomb was first built for Ramesses V, who may have been buried in it for the short period of time necessary for another, likely undecorated tomb, to be cut for him somewhere else in the Valley of Kings and which remains to be discovered. In any case, Ramesses VI commanded that KV9 be entirely refurbished for himself with no space left for Ramesses V's permanent burial, who was finally led to rest in Ramesses VI's second year on the throne, possibly because stability had returned to Thebes at the time. The usurpation of Ramesses V's tomb may be a sign that Ramesses VI did not hold his predecessor in high regard, which would explain why he had Ramesses V's name obliterated and replaced by his own on more than one occasion. Alternatively it may reflect the king's pragmatic concern for economical measures.

paragraph: The renewed works on KV9 are responsible for the preservation of that of Tutankhamun, the entrance of which was buried beneath huts built for the craftsmen working on Ramesses VI's tomb. These works seem to have been completed during Ramesses VI's sixth year of reign, at which point Ramessesnakht received 600 debens of blunted copper tools in the great forecourt of Amun in Karnak, probably indicating the end of the construction works on the tomb. Furthermore, if the Theban ostracon 1860a does refer to Ramesses VI and not Ramesses X, then it indicates that the tomb was finally ready for the king in his eighth year on the throne, at which point he might have been ill and nearing death. Once finished, the tomb was -long and included one of only three complete renditions of the Book of Gates known from royal funerary context, as well as a complete version of the Book of Caverns.

paragraph: Within 20 years of Ramesses VI's burial, the tomb was most probably desecrated and ransacked by grave robbers, who hacked away at the hands and feet of Ramesses' mummy to gain access to his jewelry. These events, occurring during the reign of Ramesses XI, are described in the Papyrus Mayer B although the identification of the tomb mentioned in this source is not entirely certain. Ramesses VI's mummy was subsequently moved to the tomb KV35 of Amenhotep II during the reign of Pinedjem of the early Twenty-First Dynasty, where it was discovered in 1898 by Victor Loret.

paragraph: A medical examination of the mummy revealed that Ramesses VI died aged around forty, and showed severe damage to his body, the head and torso being broken into several pieces by an axe used by the tomb robbers.

paragraph: In 1898, Georges Émile Jules Daressy cleared KV9, which had remained opened since antiquity, uncovering fragments of a large granite box as well as numerous pieces of Ramesses VI's mummiform stone sarcophagus, the face of which is now in the British Museum. The sarcophagus was restored in 2004 following two years of work on over 250 fragments recovered in the tomb, where it is now on display. Zahi Hawass, then head of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, unsuccessfully requested the return of the sarcophagus' face from the British Museum to Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Funerary monuments.:Mortuary temple.

paragraph: Ramesses VI seems to have usurped the large mortuary temple in El-Assasif from Ramesses V, who had himself likely taken it from his father Ramesses IV. The temple was planned to be nearly half the size of that of Medinet Habu and was only in its foundation stages at the death of Ramesses IV. It is unclear whether it was ever completed, but the temple is mentioned as a land-owning institution in the Wilbour Papyrus dating to Ramesses V's reign. Archaeological excavations show much of its surviving decoration was made under Ramesses VI.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramesses VI Nebmaatre-meryamun on Digital Egypt

description: fifth ruler of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt

wikidata_label: Ramesses VI

wikipedia_title: Ramesses VI


text: Belgium

text: Thonon

text: Antwerp

text: Belgium

text: Brussels Academy

text: James Ensor

text: Henri Matisse

text: Anecdotes

text: Cagnes

text: Belgian Congo

text: Belgium

text: The New Group

text: Cape Town

text: Michaelis School of Fine Art

text: University of Cape Town

text: Anecdotes

text: Thonon

text: Cape Town

text: Henri Matisse

text: Cagnes

text: Le Corbusier

text: Le Corbusier

text: University of Cape Town

text: William Leonard Thornton WHITE

text: The New Group

text: The Michaelis School of Fine Art

text: Thornton-White

categories: 1906 births,1977 deaths,South African artists

paragraph: Maurice van Essche

paragraph: Maurice van Essche (4 October 1906, Antwerp, Belgium – 12 June 1977, Thonon, France) was a Belgian-born South African artist and art teacher who achieved national and international recognition in his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Maurice van Essche was born 1906, in Antwerp, Belgium, the seventh of eleven children, of whom only eight survived infancy. The family was French-speaking despite its Flemish roots; his mother's maiden name was De Ridder. He studied art at the Brussels Academy in 1924 under James Ensor, but halted his studies in 1925 for lack of funding, first working in a stained glass studio, then designing wallpaper – both of which experiences are actively reflected in many of his works. He also worked as a freelance cartoonist, but painted all the while. In 1933 he studied briefly under Henri Matisse in France (see Anecdotes), having met him by chance in an artist's supply shop in Cagnes, France. Thereafter he continued to paint and study full-time thanks to the sponsorship of his elder brother, Joseph Charles, and a group of friends.

paragraph: His break came in July 1939 when he won a scholarship in a competition organised by the Belgian Government, who commissioned him to undertake a painting expedition to the Belgian Congo. His travels and experiences there influenced him profoundly, and the visions and emotions of that period echoed through his work for the rest of his life. In 1940 his wife Lucette (née Josz, 1908–1997) and son Ludovic (1935 – ) fled German occupation of Belgium and joined him in the Congo. Lucette could not cope with tropical conditions and they moved to the relatively milder climate of the South African Cape rather than return to war-torn Europe.

paragraph: Early days in South Africa were difficult, and on occasion van Essche traded paintings and drawings for food and other essentials. But he soon became a prominent member of the South African art community, exhibiting locally and later in Europe as well. As an active member of The New Group he contributed strongly to contemporary art in South Africa. He had a solid knowledge of both modern art trends and the history of European painting which he imparted in his role as teacher, a profession he regarded as equally important as creating. He taught at the Technical Art School from 1943 to 1945. In 1948 he founded the Continental School of Art in Cape Town, leaving in 1951 to become a lecturer at the Michaelis School of Fine Art at the University of Cape Town. He was appointed Professor of Fine Art in 1962 (see Anecdotes) and his success as a teacher is attested to by the number of his former pupils who have become prominent artists themselves.

paragraph: Van Essche retired from academia in 1971, but continued to paint prolifically, despite poor health, including several heart attacks. He travelled in Europe and eventually settled near Thonon, France, at his wife's behest. His health continued to deteriorate, and he could not travel to attend his own retrospective exhibition in Cape Town in 1974. He missed Africa terribly, painting African scenes while searching in vain for local inspiration. His new themes included hippies and musicians, but he destroyed much of this work. His European landscapes from this period are dark and depressed, in stark contrast to the vibrant African scenes that flowed nonetheless. His oils continued to sell well in South Africa, and his reputation grew. He succumbed to a heart attack in June 1977 following a fall, and poor medical care.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological summary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906 Born in Antwerp, Belgium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911 Family moved to Brussels; educated there

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 Interrupted his studies to earn a living working in stained glass studio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 Became a member of the group 'La Jeune Peinture Belge'; won silver medal at the International Exhibition, Antwerp

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 Married Lucie Josz; studied under Matisse in South of France; group and one-man exhibitions in Paris and Belgian centres

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 Government sponsored painting expedition to Belgian Congo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 Moved to South Africa; stayed temporarily in Cape Town; began exhibiting in South Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 to 1945 Lectured at Wits Tech Art School, member of New Group

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 Founded Continental School of Art, Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948–65 Regularly represented South Africa at international art exhibitions

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 Foundation member of International Art Club; exhibited with fellow members in Turin, later elected chairman

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Awarded the title of Chevalier de Leopold II by King Baudouin of Belgium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 Appointed lecturer in Fine Art, Michaelis School, Cape Town; reputation in South Africa grown considerably; continued to exhibit at intervals in Europe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962 Appointed Professor of Fine Art, Michaelis School, University of Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Awarded Medal of Honour for Painting by South African Akademie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 Subject of monograph 'Van Essche', by Carl Buchner

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 Retired from Michaelis School.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Departed for Europe; settled in Thonon-les-Bains, France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Awarded the title Officer of Order of Leopold II by King Baudouin of Belgium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 Unable to attend Prestige Retrospective Exhibition of his work, South African National Art Gallery and Pretoria Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Deceased 12 June, Thonon, France.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: Van Essche's work exhibits contrasting influences, both artistic and environmental. From delicate renditions of the diffused tones of Flanders, to powerful depictions of Africa's landscapes, people and light, van Essche conveys unmistakable moods and a realism that is both beautifully poetic and strikingly honest. "There must be blood in my painting... I must remain human at all costs," he wrote to his friend Baron Robert d'Huart in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 Brussels Academy under James Ensor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 Lessons with Henri Matisse, Paris, France.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 Silver medal, International Exhibition, Antwerp

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Chevalier de Leopold II, King Baudouin of Belgium (Knighthood)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Medal of Honour, South African Academy for Science and Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Officer of Order of Leopold II, King Baudouin of Belgium

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.

paragraph: Relationship with Henri Matisse: Maurice van Essche met Henri Matisse when buying paint in an artists' supply shop in 1933 in Cagnes, in the south of France. van Essche had just purchased the last tube of Lemon Yellow when Matisse entered the store and asked the clerk for the same article. On recognising the famous man, van Essche offered him the tube of paint. Matisse declined, but touched by the gesture invited van Essche to visit his studio. They formed a strong friendship and Matisse coached the young artist while in Cagnes, and later again in Paris.

paragraph: Resemblance to Le Corbusier: On his visits to Paris before and after the war, van Essche frequented many well-known contemporary artists and architects of the time. Due to some similarities in appearance, and especially the style of glasses both men wore, he was often mistaken for Le Corbusier, much to his delight and amusement. It is unknown whether the two ever met.

paragraph: As Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cape Town van Essche shared the position of Dean of Art and Architecture on an annual rotating basis with William Leonard Thornton WHITE, referred to by colleagues and friends as Thornton-White, until Thornton-White's death in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 First one-man exhibition, Brussels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930 and 1935 La Jeune Peinture Belge, Brussels and Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 Ghent Salon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 One-man art exhibitions, Elizabethville, Leopoldville.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 First South African one-man art exhibition, Cape Town.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 Overseas Exhibition of South African Art, Tate Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 to 1952 Exhibitions of International Art Club, South Africa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Venice Bienalle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 Van Riebeeck Tercent Exhibition, Cape Town; Venice Bienalle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Rhodes Centenary Exhibition, Bulawayo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Venice Bienalle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 First Quad of South African Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 São Paulo Bienalle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 Second Quad of South African Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 São Paulo Bienalle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 São Paulo Bienalle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 São Paulo Bienalle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Republic Fest Exhibition, Pretoria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 Group Exhibition, 'Le Petit Palais', Geneva.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Republic Fest Exhibition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974/5 Prestige Retrospective Exhibition, South African National Art Gallery and Pretoria Art Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Public Collections.

paragraph: South African National Art Gallery; Johannesburg Art Gallery; Pretoria Art museum; Durban Art Gallery; William Humphreys Art Gallery; AC White Gallery, Bloemfontein; Hester Rupert Museum; Rembrandt Foundation; King George VI Gallery; University of Wits Art Gallery, UNISA.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- van Essche, by Carl Buchner, 1967, Tafelberg, Cape Town, South Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art & Artists of South Africa by E. Berman, 1994, Southern Book Publishers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New Group

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Michaelis School of Fine Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thornton-White

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Belgian-born South African painter

wikidata_label: Maurice van Essche

wikipedia_title: Maurice van Essche


text:
Visigoth
Battle of Vouillé
bishop of Clermont
Sidonius Apollinaris
Papianilla
Avitus
Vienne
Ruricius
Limoges
comes
Alaric II
Gregory of Tours
Avitus of Vienne
Theuderic I

categories: 6th-century bishops,Bishops in Gaul,6th-century Gallo-Roman people,Bishops of Clermont,515 deaths

paragraph: Apollinaris of Clermont

paragraph: Apollinaris (died 515) was a count of Auvergne who led a auvergnat army for the Visigoths in the Battle of Vouillé, and was bishop of Clermont for four months before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Apollinaris was the son of the aristocrat and poet Sidonius Apollinaris and Papianilla. A number of contemporary Romano-Gallic aristocrats were his cousins, including bishops Avitus of Vienne and Ruricius of Limoges.

paragraph: Our earliest records of Apollinaris are in the letters of his father Sidonius. Although Apollinaris is the recipient of one letter ("Epistulae" III.13), E.H. Warmington considers it a "show-piece" which was never actually sent to him. Sidonius mentions Apollinaris in several of his letters: two allude to his youth (in V.11, he describes Apollinaris as "in these budding years of manhood", and in V.9 hopes that Apollinaris would have children), another mentions Apollinaris' love of hunting, and in the last laments his disinterest in literature. Despite his father's opinion, Apollinaris did at least once display an interest in literature: according to a letter of Ruricius, he helped to distribute his father's writings.

paragraph: After the Visigothic capture of Clermont, Apollinaris fled the town with "comes" Victorius to Italy; there Victorius was killed, and Apollinaris was taken captive, but managed to escape with his servant and return home.

paragraph: Apollinaris apparently got along with king Alaric II far better than Alaric's predecessor, for Gregory of Tours records that Apollinaris led a militia raised in Clermont on the Visigothic side of the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Although several letters written to him from his other cousin, bishop Avitus of Vienne, are dated to the years after that battle, Apollinaris' activities until 515 are unknown. In that year, with the help of his sister Alcima and his wife Placidana, he was appointed bishop of Clermont by the Frankish king Theuderic I. However, he held the office only four months before he died.

paragraph: He was survived by a son, Arcadius, of whom Gregory of Tours tells several unflattering stories.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, and John Morris, "Apollinaris 3", "Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1992, , vol. II p. 114

description: Count of Auvergne and after bishop of Clermont

wikidata_label: Apollinaris of Clermont

wikipedia_title: Apollinaris of Clermont