text:
pharaoh
1189 BC
1186 BC
Twentieth Dynasty
New Kingdom of Egypt
Ramesses III
Twosret
Siptah
Seti II
Tiy-Merenese
Merneptah
Nineteenth Dynasty
Ramesses II
stela
Twosret
Al-Ahram
Zahi Hawass
Supreme Council of Antiquities
Shemu
Ahmose I
Atum
Temu
Per
Pithom
KV14
KV35
Amenhotep II
18th Dynasty
KV11
Valley of the Kings
Nineteenth Dynasty
Amenmesse
Twosret
KV14
Egyptologists
Ramesses II
Papyrus Harris I
James Henry Breasted
Chancellor Bay
Siptah
James H. Breasted
Erik Hornung
J. Von Beckerath

categories: Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,Year of birth unknown,12th-century BC Pharaohs,1186 BC deaths,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Setnakhte

paragraph: Userkhaure-setepenre Setnakhte (or Setnakht, Sethnakht) was the first pharaoh (1189 BC–1186 BC) of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt and the father of Ramesses III.

paragraph: Section::::Accession.

paragraph: Setnakhte was not the son, brother or a direct descendant of either Twosret or Merneptah Siptah—the immediately preceding two pharaohs—nor that of Siptah's predecessor Seti II, whom Setnakht formally considered the last legitimate ruler. It is possible that he was a usurper who seized the throne during a time of crisis and political unrest, or he could have been a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family who emerged as pharaoh. Senakhte married Tiy-Merenese, perhaps a daughter of Merneptah.

paragraph: A connection between Setnakhte's successors and the preceding Nineteenth Dynasty is suggested by the fact that one of Ramesses II's children also bore this name and that similar names are shared by Setnakhte's descendants such as Ramesses, Amun-her-khepshef, Seth-her-khepshef and Monthu-her-khepshef.

paragraph: Section::::Reign length.

paragraph: Setnakhte was originally believed to have enjoyed a reign of only two years based upon his Year 2 Elephantine stela but his third regnal year is now attested in Inscription No. 271 on Mount Sinai. If his theoretical accession date is assumed to be II Shemu 10, based on the date of his Elephantine stela, Setnakhte would have ruled Egypt for at least two years and 11 months before he died, or nearly three full years. This date is only three months removed from Twosret's highest known date of Year 8, III Peret 5, and is based upon a calculation of Ramesses III's known accession date of I Shemu 26. Peter Clayton also assigned Setnakhte a reign of three years in his 1994 book on the Egyptian pharaohs.

paragraph: In a mid-January 2007 issue of the Egyptian weekly Al-Ahram, however, Egyptian antiquity officials announced that a recently discovered and well-preserved quartz stela belonging to the High Priest of Amun Bakenkhunsu was explicitly dated to Year 4 of Setnakhte's reign. The Al-Ahram article notes that this data:

paragraph: Zahi Hawass, the former Secretary General of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, declared the discovery to be one of the most important finds of 2006 because "it adjusts the history of the 20th Dynasty and reveals more about the life of Bakenkhunsu." As Setnakhte's reign was short, he may have come to the throne fairly late in life.

paragraph: However, the Al-Ahram figure does not change the fact that Setnakhte likely truly ruled Egypt for only 3, rather than 4, full years since there are no Year 1 dates attested for him and his famous Year 2 Elephantine stela states that Setnakhte finally secured his kingship after defeating all his opponents and challengers to the throne in his second year. The date of the Elephantine stela in Year 2 II Shemu day 10 of Setnakhte's reign—the date of which is mentioned only halfway in the stela rather than at its start—is immediately followed by this proclamation: ""There were no opponents against His Majesty, l.p.h., in all the lands.""

paragraph: This reference to the defeat of Setnakhte's enemies implies that this specific date marked the termination of a conflict—presumably Setnakhte's struggle for the throne—which extended partly into his second year and means that Setnakhte's first year would have overlapped with Twosret's final year, if Twosret was his opponent. Therefore, he likely did not even rule Egypt in his theoretical first year and could only properly administer the country from sometime during his second year. In any event, there was an interregnum lasting at least a year in which no ruler controlled all of Egypt and Setnakhte's effective reign length should be reduced by a year from 4 to 3 years.

paragraph: Setnakhte's Elephantine stela touches on this chaotic period and refers explicitly to the expulsion of certain Asiatics, who fled Egypt, abandoning the gold which they had looted from Egyptian temples. It is uncertain the degree to which this inscription referred to contemporary events or rather repeated anti-Asiatic sentiment from the reign of Pharaoh Ahmose I. Setnakhte identified with the God Atum or Temu, and built a temple to this God at Per-Atum (Biblical Pithom).

paragraph: After his death, Setnakhte was buried in KV14 which was originally designed to be Twosret's royal tomb. His mummy has never been identified with certainty, although the so–called "mummy in the boat" found in KV35 was sometimes identified with him, an attribution rejected by Aidan Dodson who rather believes the body belonged to a royal family member of Amenhotep II of the 18th Dynasty. In any case the mummy was destroyed in a looting in 1901, thus preventing any analysis on it.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments.

paragraph: While Setnakhte's reign was still comparatively brief, it was just long enough for him to stabilize the political situation in Egypt and establish his son, Rameses III, as his successor to the throne of Egypt. The Bakenkhunsu stela reveals that it was Setnakhte who began the construction of a Temple of Amun-Re in Karnak which was eventually completed by his son, Ramesses III. Setnakhte also started work on a tomb, KV11, in the Valley of the Kings, but stopped it when the tombcarvers accidentally broke into the tomb of the Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaoh Amenmesse. Setnakhte then appropriated the tomb of Queen Twosret (KV14), his predecessor, for his own use. Setnakhte's origins are unknown, and he may have been a commoner, although many Egyptologists believe he was related to the previous dynasty, the Nineteenth, through his mother and may thus have been a grandson of Ramesses II. Setnakhte's son and successor, Ramesses III, is regarded as the last great king of the New Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Papyrus Harris.

paragraph: The beginning of the Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus Harris I, which documents the reign of Ramesses III, provides some details about Setnakhte's rise to power. An excerpt of James Henry Breasted's 1906 translation of this document is provided below:

paragraph: Until 2000, Chancellor Bay was considered the only plausible candidate for this Irsu. However, an IFAO Ostracon no. 1864 found at Deir el-Medina dated to Year 5 records that 'Pharaoh (Siptah) LPH has killed the great enemy, Bay'. Because Chancellor Bay died at least 3 years before this 'Irsu', he can no longer be considered a plausible candidate for this historical figure.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol No.4,(1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erik Hornung, "Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte des Neuen Reiches" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, Philip Von Zabern, (Mainz: 1997), pp. 94–98 and pp. 201–202

description: first pharaoh of the 20th dynasty

wikidata_label: Setnakhte

wikipedia_title: Setnakhte


text:
Pharaoh
Twentieth Dynasty
New Kingdom of Egypt
Ramesses III
maat
Ra
Amun
Medinet Habu
stele
Season of the Inundation
Valley of the Kings
Mentuherkhepshef
KV19
Ramesses IX
Zahi Hawass
ostracon
Valley of the Queens

categories: 12th-century BC rulers,Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt,1120s BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,12th-century BC Pharaohs,Ramesses III,12th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Ramesses VIII

paragraph: Usermare Akhenamun Ramesses VIII (also written Ramses and Rameses) or Ramesses Sethherkhepshef Meryamun ('Set is his Strength, beloved of Amun') (reigned 1130-1129 BC, or 1130 BC), was the seventh Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt and was one of the last surviving sons of Ramesses III.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Ramesses VIII is the most obscure ruler of this Dynasty and the current information from his brief kingship suggests that he lasted on the throne for one year at the most. Some scholars assign him a maximum reign of two years. The fact that he succeeded to power after the death of Ramesses VII—a son of Ramesses VI—may indicate a continuing problem in the royal succession. Ramesses VIII was probably a son of Ramesses III.

paragraph: Ramesses VIII's prenomen or royal name, Usermaatre Akhenamun, means "Powerful is the maat of Ra, Helpful to Amun." Monuments from his reign are scarce and consist primarily of an inscription at Medinet Habu, a mention of this ruler in one document—Berlin stele 2081 of Hori at Abydos—and one scarab. His only known date is a Year 1, I Peret day 2 graffito in the tomb of Kyenebu (Theban Tomb 113) at Thebes. According to Erik Hornung in a 2006 book, the accession date of Ramesses VIII has been established by Amin Amer to date to an eight-month interval between I Peret day 2 and I Season of the Inundation day 13.

paragraph: The tomb inscription notes that it took 3.5 months from Year 1, I Akhet day 13 of Ramesses VIII to start work and paint scenes on a tomb chapel in Kyenebu's tomb up until Year 1, I Peret day 2 to complete the work. Since no year change occurs in this time interval, the accession date for Ramesses VIII must fall outside this period of this text, "i.e., within I Peret 3 to I Akhet 12."

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: He is the sole pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been definitely identified in the Valley of the Kings, though some scholars have suggested that the tomb of Prince Mentuherkhepshef, KV19, the son of Ramesses IX, was originally started for Ramesses VIII but proved unsuitable when he became a king in his own right. An all-Egyptian team of researchers headed by Afifi Rohiem under the supervision of Dr. Zahi Hawass were looking for the pharaoh's tomb. Work on the tomb of Ramesses VIII might have started before he ascended the throne, when he was known as prince Sethherkhepshef, as suggested by an ostracon discovered in the Valley of the Queens.

paragraph: Before he became Pharaoh, the tomb QV43 in the Valley of the Queens was constructed for him, however, the tomb was never used.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Ramesses VIII

wikipedia_title: Ramesses VIII


text: sculptor

text: portrait

text: bust

text: clay

text: terra-cotta

text: bronze

text: marble

text: New York City

text: Hermon Atkins MacNeil

text: sculpture

text: Ecole des Beaux-Arts

text: Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney

text: E. W. Marland

text: Pioneer Woman

text: National Academy of Design

text: National Academy of Design

text: American Academy of Arts and Letters

text: retrospective

text: 3rd Sculpture International

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: badge

text: Government of France

text: Troupes de Marine

text: First World War

text: Allies

text: James Barrie

text: Nicholas Murray Butler

text: Getúlio Vargas

text: Charlie Chaplin

text: Madame Chiang Kai-shek

text: Joseph Conrad

text: Émile Coué

text: Clarence Darrow

text: Charles G. Dawes

text: bust

text: Arthur Conan Doyle

text: Albert Einstein

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: Ferdinand Foch

text: Anatole France

text: Mahatma Gandhi

text: André Gide

text: Emma Goldman

text: W. Averell Harriman

text: Frank Harris

text: Dolores Ibárruri

text: Robinson Jeffers

text: James Joyce

text: Otto Kahn

text: Helen Keller

text: Rudyard Kipling

text: Robert M. La Follette

text: Wisconsin

text: National Statuary Hall

text: United States Capitol

text: D. H. Lawrence

text: Edward Drummond Libbey

text: Toledo Museum of Art

text: Toledo, Ohio

text: Henry Luce

text: John Marin

text: E. W. Marland

text: Lydie Marland

text: Lowell Mellett

text: Andrew Mellon

text: John J. Pershing

text: John D. Rockefeller

text: Will Rogers

text: Will Rogers Memorial Hospital

text: Saranac Lake, New York

text: Will Rogers

text: Oklahoma

text: National Statuary Hall

text: United States Capitol

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

text: Ida Rubinstein

text: Carl Sandburg

text: E. W. Scripps

text: George Bernard Shaw

text: Lincoln Steffens

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Rabindranath Tagore

text: Marshal Tito

text: H. G. Wells

text: Henry A. Wallace

text: bust

text: Walt Whitman

text: Walt Whitman Bridge

text: Philadelphia

text: Bear Mountain State Park

text: New York

text: Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney

text: Walt Whitman statue

text: Evan Williams (Opera tenor)

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Israel Zangwill

text: National Gallery of Art

text: Henry D. Thoreau

text: Walden

text: Walden Pond State Reservation

text: Concord, Massachusetts

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: National Portrait Gallery

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Lincoln Steffens

text: Franklin Roosevelt

text: Progressive Citizens of America

text: Henry Wallace

text: Progressive Party

text: The Dial Press

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,American people of Russian-Jewish descent,American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts,New York (state) Democrats,1952 deaths,National Sculpture Society members,Artists from New York City,American male sculptors,1883 births

paragraph: Jo Davidson

paragraph: Jo Davidson (March 30, 1883 – January 2, 1952) was an American sculptor. Although he specialized in realistic, intense portrait busts, Davidson did not require his subjects to formally pose for him; rather, he observed and spoke with them. He worked primarily with clay, while the final products were typically cast in terra-cotta or bronze, or carved from marble.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Davidson was born in New York City, where he was educated before going to work in the atelier of Hermon Atkins MacNeil. He subsequently moved to Paris to study sculpture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1907. After returning to the United States, he was befriended by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, who purchased some of his work.

paragraph: In 1911 Davidson secured his first solo gallery shows. He was one of a dozen sculptors invited by the oilman E. W. Marland to compete in his competition for a "Pioneer Woman" statue in Ponca City in 1927. He did not win the commission.

paragraph: In 1934 Davidson won the National Academy of Design's Maynard Prize. In 1944, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. In 1947 the American Academy of Arts and Letters hosted a retrospective featuring nearly 200 of his works. In the summer of 1949, Davidson was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

paragraph: Among Davidson's commissions are a design for a United States War Industries badge, a collection of pieces for the Government of France to commemorate the first victory of the "Troupes de Marine," and bronze busts of the leaders of the First World War Allies. His portraits of world leaders and celebrated personalities gained him international acclaim. He created statues of E. W. Marland and his two adoptive grown children.

paragraph: Section::::Commissions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Barrie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Murray Butler

paragraph: BULLET::::- Getúlio Vargas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlie Chaplin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madame Chiang Kai-shek

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Conrad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Émile Coué (who was also a sculptor in his spare time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarence Darrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles G. Dawes - bust, part of the United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Conan Doyle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Einstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dwight D. Eisenhower

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshal Ferdinand Foch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatole France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahatma Gandhi

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Gide

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emma Goldman

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Averell Harriman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Harris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dolores Ibárruri ("La Pasionaria")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson Jeffers

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Joyce

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Kahn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Keller

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudyard Kipling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin contribution to National Statuary Hall, United States Capitol

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. H. Lawrence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Drummond Libbey, founder of the Libbey Glass Company and the Toledo Museum of Art in Toledo, Ohio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Luce

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Marin

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. W. Marland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lydie Marland and her brother George Roberts Marland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowell Mellett

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Mellon

paragraph: BULLET::::- General John J. Pershing

paragraph: BULLET::::- John D. Rockefeller

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will Rogers (posthumous) - the original statue donated to the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital in Saranac Lake, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will Rogers (posthumous) - bronze, Oklahoma contribution to National Statuary Hall, United States Capitol, erected in 1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franklin Delano Roosevelt installed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ida Rubinstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Sandburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. W. Scripps

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Bernard Shaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lincoln Steffens

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude Stein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabindranath Tagore

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshal Tito

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. G. Wells

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry A. Wallace - bust, part of the United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman (posthumous) - full-body bronze statue at the Walt Whitman Bridge in Philadelphia, and in Bear Mountain State Park, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman statue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evan Williams (Opera tenor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodrow Wilson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israel Zangwill

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Some of Davidson's work is in the National Gallery of Art.

paragraph: He also designed a statue of Henry D. Thoreau, the author of the book "Walden". The statue is located at Walden Pond State Reservation in Concord, Massachusetts.

paragraph: In 2006, The Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery opened a permanent exhibition, "Jo Davidson: Biographer in Bronze", showcasing fourteen Davidson works in terracotta and bronze, including portraits of Gertrude Stein and Lincoln Steffens.

paragraph: Section::::Political activity.

paragraph: Davidson was chairman of the Independent Citizens Committee of Artists, Scientists, and Professionals (ICCASP), a leftist-liberal group that supported the policies of President Franklin Roosevelt and his re-election. In 1946 this group merged with the National Citizens Political Action Committee (NCPAC) to become the Progressive Citizens of America (PCA); Davidson became co-chairman (the other chairman being Dr. Frank Kingdon). PCA struggled during tensions of the Cold War and fought for racial equality, economic justice and civil liberties. Important segments of the PCA became the base for Henry Wallace's candidacy for U.S. President in 1948 on the Progressive Party ticket.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armstrong, Craven et al., "220 Years of American Sculpture," Whitney Museum of Art & David R. Goodine, Publisher, NY 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol", Prepared by the Architect of the Capitol under the Direction of the Joint Committee on the Library, United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- Connor, Janis and Joel Rosenkranz, photographs by David Finn, "Rediscoveries in American Sculpture: Studio Works, 1893 - 1939", University of Texas Press, Austin TX 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Craven, Wayne, "Sculpture in America: From the Colonial Period to the Present", Thomas Y, Crowell Company, NY 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davidson, Jo, "Between Sittings: an informal autobiography", The Dial Press, NY 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homepage of the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC: Permanent Exhibitions.

alias:
Joseph Davidson
Joe Davidson
J.O. Davidson
Jo davidson
j.o. davidson

description: American sculptor

wikidata_label: Jo Davidson

wikipedia_title: Jo Davidson


text:
G"iudice" of Cagliari
medieval
Sardinia
giudici
military
Cagliari
Third Crusade
Visconti
civil war
Church
papacy
Provençal
troubadour
Peire de la Caravana
Peire Vidal
Constantine II of Cagliari
Obert, Margrave of Massa
William, Margrave of Massa
Obertenghi
Massa Lunense
Gonario II of Logudoro
Peter
Republic of Pisa
Republic of Genoa
Ubaldo, Archbishop of Pisa
Santa Igia
Pope Clement III
Constantine II of Logudoro
Arborea
Giudicato of Logudoro
Goceano
Catalan
Santa Igia
Pope Innocent III
Peter I of Arborea
Hugh I of Arborea
Giusto, Archbishop of Arborea
Rome
Oristano
Marmilla
Barison
Comita III
Marianus II
apostolic legate
Archbishop of Cagliari
Sorres
Bandino, Archbishop-Elect of Torres
Barison II of Gallura
Biagio, Archbishop of Torres
Gallura
Elena
William Malaspina
Moroello
Ittocorre de Gunale
Benedetta
Lamberto Visconti
Riccus, Archbishop of Cagliari
Bishop of Florence
Tuscan
Guido Guerra III
cathedral
San Vito
Pistoia
Visconti
Lucca
Ubaldo I
podestà
Goffredo Musto
Ritmo lucchese
rector
Malaspina
Benedetta

categories: 1214 deaths,1160s births,Judges (judikes) of Cagliari

paragraph: William I of Cagliari

paragraph: William I (c. 1160–1214), regnal name Salusio IV, was the G"iudice" of Cagliari, or high Judge, from 1188 to his death. His descendants and those of his immediate competitors intermarried to form the backbone of the Italian Aristocracy, and ultimately their descendants in the Medici clan are precursors to, and definers of later royalty and claims thereto.

paragraph: William was an infamous politician and warlord in medieval Sardina. A member in the medieval Sardinian "giudici", he consolidated his power through both military force and political intrigue. He was a soldier, a military man, and a merchant. He assisted his father in the conquest of Cagliari, and later accompanied his Archbishop (Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa) on the Third Crusade. He claims to have led the force defeating the Visconti in a civil war, only to later hand Pisa back to them while marrying into the Visconti family. A Catholic, he was a man of the Church. Being closely related to many high ranking clerics, he maintained close relations with the papacy until his death. Allegedly, he was a man of some culture, as he was in reportedly in contact with the Provençal troubadours Peire de la Caravana and Peire Vidal, likely to contract their services on behalf of his wealthy patrons.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power in Cagliari.

paragraph: He was the son of Giorgia, daughter of Constantine II of Cagliari, and Obert, Margrave of Massa. He was a brother of William, Margrave of Massa. His paternal relatives were a branch of the Obertenghi who ruled Massa Lunense from the 11th century. Constantine II's eldest daughter married a younger son of Gonario II of Logudoro. This man, Peter, ruled the "giudicato" on her behalf (as Torchitorio III) following the death of Constantine. While Constantine, like the Massa, had been a vassal of the Republic of Pisa, Peter transferred his allegiance to the Republic of Genoa. In 1187, open conflict raged over the whole island of Sardinia between the Genoese and their factions and the Pisans and theirs. The Pisans mercilessly assaulted Genoese merchants in Cagliari and despoiled their landed possessions, evicting them from the "giudicato". In 1188, Peter was captured and imprisoned, never to be heard of again. By 1190, William was judge in his place. Because of the interval between Peter's known arrest and William's first appearance as judge, some scholars have alleged that William's father, Obert, ruled the "giudicato" as judge in the intervening period, but this is unsupported by any documentary evidence and is based on arguments from silence. The period of silence may be explained by William's accompaniment on the Third Crusade with Ubaldo, Archbishop of Pisa, a pilgrimage which is referenced in a papal letter of early 1200.

paragraph: William established his court at Santa Igia and took the regnal name Salusio IV, continuing a tradition of alternation between the two regnal names (Torchitorio and Salusio) and also demolishing the theory that he had had any other predecessor than Torchitorio III. On 7 July 1188, the emissaries (cardinals) of Pope Clement III declared a general peace to be observed on the island. They affirmed Pisan supremacy over Genoese estates and over the "giudici". Nevertheless, in June 1191, Constantine II of Logudoro signed a treaty with Genoa. The treaty explicitly called for the maintenance of peace with William.

paragraph: Section::::War with Logudoro.

paragraph: In 1194, William was at war with Constantine over Arborea. He invaded the Giudicato of Logudoro and occupied the frontier castle of Goceano. There he imprisoned Prunisinda, Constantine's Catalan wife, and her entourage. She died the subsequent year at Santa Igia of malnourishment and mistreatment. William received a strong reproof from Pope Innocent III for "dishonouring" Prunisinda.

paragraph: In 1195, Constantine attacked Santa Igia without success. In March, Constantine induced a peace with William through Pisan mediation. A treaty was signed whereby Prunisinda was to be released and Constantine was reserved the right to pay for the return of Goceano or any castle of equal value. He then requested Pisan intervention to obtain a peace between himself and Peter I of Arborea, William's protégé. The war between the two rulers actually continued until Constantine's death in battle in December 1198. William meanwhile forced Constantine's ally, Hugh I of Arborea, Peter's co-judge, to accept terms and agree to marry Preciosa, his daughter and a relative through of Peter's through her mother.

paragraph: The Archbishop Ubaldo arrived on the island soon after William's accord with Hugh. Ubaldo confirmed William in his possession of Goceano and had to excommunicate Constantine when he subsequently retook it. William and archbishop intervened forcibly to remove Giusto, Archbishop of Arborea, from his see (because he was Genoese) and send him to Rome. In 1196, Ubaldo extracted an oath of fealty to Pisa out of William.

paragraph: In 1198, William attacked Arborea again and forced Peter to flee to Hugh. William advanced on Oristano, Arborea's chief port city, and demanded the cession of several frontier castles, including Marmilla, which he obtained. William then captured Peter and his son Barison and imprisoned them in order to control Arborea more directly. He entrusted the government of the "giudicato" to the bishops, the canons of Oristano, and the "majores" (major laymen).

paragraph: Constantine died not too long after his excommunication and was succeeded by Comita III. Comita quickly came to terms with William and Ubaldo, promising to marry his son Marianus II to William's daughter Agnes. Comita was forced by Ubaldo to make an oath recognising him as permanent apostolic legate to the island. It was about this time that Genoese ships landed near Cagliari, William was defeated, and S. Gilla razed. The war turned out to be a mere raid.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with Pope Innocent.

paragraph: On 11 August 1198, Pope Innocent asked the Archbishop of Cagliari, Bishop of Sorres, and the Pisan Bandino, Archbishop-Elect of Torres, to investigate the foundation of the accusations against Giusto. Giusto claimed that Arborea was a fief of the Holy See and that the canons of Oristano had no power to grant the judgeship to William, who had ousted Peter and imprisoned him. The pope put the whole investigation under the guidance and oversight of the clergy of the island.

paragraph: Around this time, Comita accused William to Pope Innocent of aggression and other breaches of the peace. Arborea came under papal protection. Early in 1200, William requested Peter's half of Arborea, which he already controlled, from the pope. Innocent refused. Unbeknownst to the pope, he had made a secret pact with Hugh whereby he retained control not only of Peter's half of Arborea, but also of all the fortresses in the realm. Innocent replied to William in November or December summoning both William and Comita to Rome to answer the various charges they had launched against one another. The Pisans refused to allow William, a citizen of theirs, to appear in a foreign court on civil charges against another Pisan citizen.

paragraph: When Barison II of Gallura died in 1203, he left his "giudicato" under the protection of Pope Innocent, who wrote a letter to Biagio, Archbishop of Torres, charging him with assuring a smooth succession in Gallura, which meant arranging a marriage for the young Elena. The prospect of interference from William of Cagliari, Comita of Logudoro, and Hugh and Peter of Arborea was great.

paragraph: William took the late judge's widow, Elena, and daughter, also Elena, into his protective custody. When William Malaspina, son of Moroello and brother of his wife Adalasia, entered Gallura with the intent of abducting and marrying the minor Elena, William removed him, much to the praise of the pope, who claimed the right to choose her husband according to the late Barison's will. Nonetheless, a papal letter of 15 September 1203 mentions that William had accorded Malaspina the administration of Gallura and protection of Elena's rights. In that same letter, Innocent admonished William to restrain a relative of his Malaspina and to get him out of Gallura. He was asked to guard Elena from making a poor match and especially to guard her from Ittocorre de Gunale, Comita's brother. Both William and Comita were warned a second time to follow Biagio in the matter. Innocent desired a husband that would not be "suspect" to any of the judges.

paragraph: Biagio tried to coax an oath of "fidelitas" to the pope out of William, but the latter claimed that his prior oath to Ubaldo prevented it, even though the earlier oath was made "save the honour of the Holy See." Eventually, in May or June 1205, Innocent asked the archbishop of Pisa to absolve William of his oath, but the archbishop ignored the request. Innocent pleaded again in May 1206.

paragraph: In July 1204, Innocent thanked William for releasing Barison of Arborea from prison in order for him to marry Benedetta, William's own daughter.

paragraph: In 1206, William turned his sights on obtaining Gallura by force, but the "giudicessa" Elena married Lamberto Visconti, who rebuffed his assaults (1207). On 30 October, William and Hugh renewed their pact and the latter finally married Preciosa. Both Hugh and William appear as judges in Arborea, though each with his own clearly delineated zone. In June, Innocent had approved the marriage, but by October 1207, he had reproved Riccus, Archbishop of Cagliari, for approving it.

paragraph: In September 1211, William asked the pope about the legitimacy of his second marriage, but it was not annulled. In 1213, despite that lack of a formal oath, Innocent considered William to hold his lands in fief from the Holy See. Innocent was in general a supporter and ally of William. He twice wrote favourable about William's economic policies to the Bishop of Florence.

paragraph: Section::::The Pisan citizen.

paragraph: William was a citizen of Pisa and alternatingly passed his time there and at Cagliari. Around 1207, he married his second wife Guisiana, daughter of a Tuscan count at odds with Pisa, Guido Guerra III.

paragraph: He was in Pisa on 9 November 1210 when his mother founded a hospital beside his own house, near the cathedral. However, even in Pisa he signed a document as "Salusio IV de Lacon" when granting immunities to San Vito, a Sardinian dependency, on 10 May 1211.

paragraph: In 1212, there was complete anarchy in Pisa. Various factions were at war. In mid-January 1213, William led the forces of Massa, Pistoia, the anti-Visconti faction in Pisa, and his father-in-law's militia to victory near Massa over the forces of Lucca supported by the Visconti under Ubaldo I, and by the deposed Pisan "podestà" Goffredo Musto. It was the greatest military accomplishment of William's career and is recounted in the "Ritmo lucchese". He assumed control of Massa, which thitherto been in the hands of relatives, and forced Pisa to accept four "rectors", one of which was a Visconti.

paragraph: Late 1213 or early 1214, William died. By May 1214, his daughter Benedetta was in power with her husband, Barison, who took the name Torchitorio IV.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: William's first wife was Adelasia (or Adalasia), of the Malaspina family. William's second wife was Guisiana. He left three daughters by her:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benedetta, married the aforementioned Barison of Arborea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, married the aforementioned Marianus of Logudoro (to seal a treaty returning Goceano to Logudoro)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preciosa (or Preziosa), married the aforementioned Hugh of Arborea

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caravale, Mario (ed). "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: XXVII Collenuccio – Confortini". Rome, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caravale, Mario (ed). "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: XXVII Guglielmo Gonzaga – Jacobini". Rome, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solmi, A. "Un nuovo documento per la storia di Guglielmo di Cagliari e l'Arborea." "Archivio storico sardi". VI. (1908), pp 193–212.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliva, A. M. "Guglielmo di Massa. «Al pro marques de Sardenha, qu'ab joi viu et ab sen renha»." "Gli Obertenghi di Massa e della Lunigiana ed i Regno della Sardegna, secoli 12.–14." pp 85–108. M. G. Armanini et al.: Pisa, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petrucci, S. "Re in Sardegna, a Pisa cittadini". Bologna, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baudi di Vesme, Benedetto. "Guglielmo di Cagliari e l'Arborea." "Archivio storico sardo". I. (1905), pp 12–51, 173–209.

description: Sardinian leader

wikidata_label: William I of Cagliari

wikipedia_title: William I of Cagliari


text: patron saint

text: Greek

text: monastic

text: Eusebius of Vercelli

text: cenobites

text: synod of Milan

text: bishop of Aosta

text: Eustasius

text: Pope Leo I the Great

text: Eutyches

text: bishop

text: relics

text: Theban Legion

text: Agaunum

text: Sion

text: Saint-Christophe

text: Church of Sant'Orso

text: feast day

text: Paleochristian

text: Sant'Orso

text: reliquary

text: liturgical

text: pagan

text: Middle Ages

text: flood

text: drought

text: hailstones

text: grasshopper

text: moles

text: thaumaturgus

text: witch

text: devil

text: Tarentaise

text: France

text: anachronistic

text: canon

text: Aosta Cathedral

text: Sparta

text: Athens

text: monk

text: Rome

text: Charlemagne

text: Pantheon

text: Holy Land

text: Saint John the Baptist

text: Herod

text: Jerusalem

text: churchbells

text: jawbone

text: hermitage

text: Caesar Baronius

text: Roman Martyrology

text: Piedmont

text: Lombardy

text: Switzerland

text: Savoy

text: Patron Saints: Gratus of Aosta

categories: Saints from Roman Italy,Bishops in Aosta Valley,5th-century bishops

paragraph: Gratus of Aosta

paragraph: Saint Gratus of Aosta (, ) (d. September 7, c. AD 470) was a bishop of Aosta and is the city's patron saint.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: It is thought that both Gratus and Eustasius were of Greek origin and that they received their education and ecclesiastical formation from the type of monastic foundation in Italy established by Eusebius of Vercelli, which was modeled on that of the Eastern cenobites. He is known to have signed the acts of the synod of Milan in AD 451 as a priest. Gratus represented the bishop of Aosta, Eustasius, at this council, signing the letter that the assembly sent to Pope Leo I the Great in order to affirm its condemnation of the heresy of Eutyches.

paragraph: Gratus became bishop of Aosta sometime after 451, and presided over the translation of various relics in the city around 470, including those of Saint Innocent, one of the martyrs of the Theban Legion. The bishops of Agaunum and Sion were present at this translation.

paragraph: The year of his death is not known, but the day is: his tomb in the parochial church of Saint-Christophe bears an inscription that reads "Hic requiescit in pace S. M. GRATUS EPS D P SUB D. VII ID. SEPTEMB". His relics are preserved in the Church of Sant'Orso in Aosta.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: His feast day is September 7. The diffusion of Gratus' cult occurred in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when his relics were translated from the Paleochristian St. Laurence church (in Aosta) to the collegiate church of Sant'Orso. Some of his relics lie there still, in a gold and silver reliquary.

paragraph: One March 27 of an uncertain year, a liturgical feast was introduced in the diocese of Aosta that honored the translation of Gratus' relics. An ancient ritual of pagan origin consisted of a blessing of the earth, the water, and the candles, coinciding with the coming of spring. During the Middle Ages, Gratus was invoked against a series of natural disasters: floods caused by the melting of the winter snows; drought; hailstones; fire; grasshoppers and moles that devastated the fields. As a thaumaturgus, he was invoked against witches and devils. In 1450, he was invoked against a plague of insects in the Tarentaise region of France.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: In 1285, the "Magna Legenda Sancti Grati", a fictitious and anachronistic account of his life, was composed by Jacques de Cours, canon of Aosta Cathedral, to celebrate the translation of the saint's relics.

paragraph: In this account, Gratus was said to have been born into a noble Spartan family. He studied at Athens and became a monk. In order to escape the persecutions in the East, he fled to Rome, where he was well received and was sent as an emissary to the court of Charlemagne.

paragraph: A vision experienced at the Pantheon sent him to Aosta. He converted many pagans there and Charlemagne aided him in his mission. By divine command, he was then sent to the Holy Land to find the head of Saint John the Baptist. For this reason, Gratus is sometimes depicted with John the Baptist's head in iconography. He was accompanied by ( or ). Gratus found the relic concealed in the palace of Herod. Smuggling it out of Jerusalem, Gratus returned to Rome, where churchbells played of their own accord in celebration. Gratus presented John's head to the Pope; in doing so, the jawbone remained in Gratus' hand. This was interpreted as a sign, and the Pope allowed him to carry that precious relic back to Aosta. Gratus continued to govern the diocese, while periodically withdrawing to a hermitage with Jucundus.

paragraph: This story was contested as early as the sixteenth century. Caesar Baronius, who drafted a new edition to the "Roman Martyrology" (1586), doubted the veracity of the tale. In the twentieth century, the historian Aimé Pierre Frutaz demonstrated that the "Magna Legenda Sancti Grati" was an invented tale. However, the tale had spurred the diffusion of Gratus' cult into Piedmont, Lombardy, Switzerland and Savoy, and provided the basis for the saint's attributes.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Béthaz, Pierre Joseph (1884). "Vie de saint Grat évêque et patron du diocèse d'Aoste" Aoste: Édouard Duc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron Saints: Gratus of Aosta

paragraph: BULLET::::- [requires subscription to login]

description: Italian bishop and saint

wikidata_label: Gratus of Aosta

wikipedia_title: Gratus of Aosta


text:
O.S.H.
Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala
Bishop of Nicaragua
Granada, Spain
Order of Saint Jerome
Pope Pius V
Bishop of Nicaragua
Pope Gregory XIII
Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala

categories: Bishops appointed by Pope Pius V,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Hieronymite bishops,1598 deaths,Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XIII

paragraph: Pedro Gómez de Córdoba

paragraph: Pedro Gómez de Córdoba, O.S.H. or Jerónimo Gómez Fernández de Córdoba or Pedro Gómez Fernández de Córdoba or Gómez Fernández de Córdoba y Santillán (died July 1598) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala (1574–1598)

paragraph: and Bishop of Nicaragua (1568–1574).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pedro Gómez de Córdoba was born in Granada, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Jerome. On 2 June 1568, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Nicaragua. On 18 June 1574, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Bishop of Santiago de Guatemala where he served until his death in July 1598.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Pedro Gómez de Córdoba

wikipedia_title: Pedro Gómez de Córdoba


text:
Linnaean Society
Siamese cats
Somerville College, Oxford
Edward Bagnall Poulton
Trinity College, Dublin
Linnean Society of London
lepidoptera
amoeba
Pelomyxa
Baddow Brewery Company
Edward
National Archives
Putney
Timeline of women in science

categories: Fellows of the Linnean Society of London,19th-century biologists,1861 births,1936 deaths,19th-century women scientists,Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford,20th-century British zoologists,British microbiologists,Alumni of Trinity College Dublin,19th-century British scientists,19th-century British zoologists,British women scientists,Cat fanciers,English zoologists,20th-century biologists,Women microbiologists,20th-century British scientists,Women zoologists

paragraph: Lilian Jane Gould

paragraph: Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), also known as Lilian J. Veley, was a British biologist mainly known for her studies of microorganisms in liquor. She was one of the first women admitted to the Linnaean Society. Apart from her scientific work, she was one of the first European breeders of Siamese cats.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lilian Jane Gould was born on 19 February 1861, to Katharine Emma Gould and the Rev. J. Nutcombe. She attended Somerville College, Oxford on a scholarship, where her adviser was the entomologist Edward Bagnall Poulton. In 1894 she obtained a First Class degree in Natural Sciences, with a specialisation in animal morphology. In 1895 she married Victor Herbert Veley (1856–1933), a scientist and businessman with whom she would later collaborate on several research projects. Like other Oxford University women scientists of the era who were barred from obtaining a doctorate at Oxford, she later received a D.Sc. degree from Trinity College, Dublin (1905).

paragraph: In 1904, she became one of the first women elected to the Linnean Society of London.

paragraph: During World War I, Gould served as the commandant of a London unit of the British Red Cross.

paragraph: Her husband died in 1933 and Gould died on 2 December 1936. An obituary was published in the "Proceedings of the Linnaean Society".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Research.

paragraph: Gould wrote her first two scientific papers while still at Oxford University; one was on colour in the larvae of lepidoptera, while the other was on an amoeba, "Pelomyxa palustris".

paragraph: Veley was a scientist and the director of the Baddow Brewery Company, and Gould worked with him on microorganisms found in liquors such as rum. With Veley, she published several brief papers on the subject in "Nature" and elsewhere, as well as a book entitled "The Micro-Organism of Faulty Rum" (1898). Her husband's obituary opined that the book had received less attention than it deserved.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cat breeding.

paragraph: Gould also played a part in the early history of the modern breed of Siamese cat, becoming one of the first western Siamese breeders. In 1884, her brother Edward, who was Consul-General in Bangkok, brought a breeding pair of the cats back home as a gift for his sister. Gould's pair, named Pho and Mia, produced three Siamese kittens, and all five attracted attention the following year at the annual cat show at London's Crystal Palace. Gould would go on to co-found the Siamese Cat Club in 1901.

paragraph: Some photographs of other types of cats owned by Gould are held in the UK National Archives. She also interviewed in 1910 a family in Putney who owned a cat claimed to have been stolen from a Japanese temple of which cats were traditional guards.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of women in science

description: British biologist

wikidata_label: Lilian Jane Gould

wikipedia_title: Lilian Jane Gould


text: ComB

text: Macau

text: Panyu

text: Pearl River Delta

text: China

text: Qing Dynasty

text: People's Republic of China

text: Estado Novo

text: Portugal

text: Edmund Ho

text: Chief Executive

text: Macau Special Administrative Region

text: Guangzhou

text: Shunde

text: Pearl River Delta

text: money changing

text: Guangzhou

text: Guangdong

text: Hong Kong

text: then British colony

text: Hang Seng Bank

text: occupied Hong Kong

text: Second World War

text: pataca

text: Banco Nacional Ultramarino

text: Second World War

text: Bretton Woods Agreement

text: troy ounce

text: US$

text: gold

text: Hong Kong

text: Stanley Ho

text: bus

text: Chinese language newspapers

text: Chinese triad

text: Commander of the Order of Volunteerism

text: Estado Novo

text: António Salazar

text: Nationalist

text: Chiang Kai-shek

text: Republic of China

text: Lisbon

text: Beijing

text: Central People's Government

text: Mao Zedong

text: Zhou Enlai

text: Portas do Cerco

text: Western allies

text: Overseas Minister

text: Sarmento Rodrigues

text: Portuguese administration

text: 12-3 incident

text: Taipa Island

text: Macau Police

text: Palácio do Governo

text: Little Red Book

text: Red Guards

text: Governor

text: Mao Zedong

text: Portuguese administration

text: Guangzhou

text: Legislative Council

text: Standing Committee

text: National People's Congress

text: Cold War

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Carnation Revolution

text: Far Eastern Economic Review

text: People's Republic of China

text: Queen Elizabeth Hospital

text: Jardim Comendador Ho Yin

text: University of Macau

text: Purple Mountain Observatory

text: Nanjing

categories: Economy of Macau,1908 births,History of Macau,People from Panyu District,Businesspeople from Guangzhou,Macau people,Members of the Legislative Assembly of Macau,1983 deaths,Politicians from Guangzhou,Members of the National People's Congress

paragraph: Ho Yin

paragraph: Ho Yin or He Xian (; 1908–1983) ComB was a businessman, politician and senior leader of the Chinese community in Macau.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ho Yin was born in Panyu, in the Pearl River Delta region, 100 kilometres north of Macau in 1908, when China was still ruled by the imperial family of the Qing Dynasty. He was an important diplomatic intermediary between the People's Republic of China and the anti-Communist "Estado Novo" regime in Portugal, which existed between 1933 and 1974. He died in Macau on December 6, 1983.

paragraph: His son, Edmund Ho, became the first Chief Executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.:In China and Hong Kong.

paragraph: His father, Ho Cheng-kai, was a small businessman, owning a small shop in Panyu. When Ho was only 13, he became an apprentice in a shop in Guangzhou, learning to manage it. At 16, he moved to Shunde, a traditional centre in the region of the Pearl River Delta, where he became an administrator of a grocer's shop. In 1930, he decided to invest in the money changing business, opening a store in Guangzhou. But in 1938, with the invasion of the Japanese to Guangdong, he was forced to move to Hong Kong, where he continued his business in the then British colony. His half-brother, Ho Tim, was already in business in Hong Kong, and would later become a director of the Hang Seng Bank.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.:In Macau.

paragraph: In 1941, the Japanese finally occupied Hong Kong and consequently Ho took refuge in Macau, then a colony of Portugal, who remained neutral during the Second World War. Shortly after his arrival, Ho, along with other entrepreneurs from Macau and Hong Kong, founded Tai Fung Money Changer Limited in 1942, which initially only carried out monetary transactions, but would later become Tai Fung Bank in 1972.

paragraph: It was during the Second World War that Ho became rich and famous due to his business in the area of monetary transactions and the lucrative trade in gold, particularly in its major contribution to the stabilisation of the value of the pataca, the local currency, as well advising the Banco Nacional Ultramarino, responsible for issuing the pataca, on financial matters. At that time, the gold trade in Macau, specifically the import of gold, was controlled by a small group of businessmen from Macau and Hong Kong, including Ho Sin Hang, Cheng Yu Tung, YC Liang, and Pedro José Lobo, as well as Ho Yin.

paragraph: After the Second World War, the gold trade was one of the most important economic activities in Macau, as Portugal was not then a signatory to the Bretton Woods Agreements, which had fixed exchange rates and restricted international trade in gold. These agreements also banned the import of gold for individual use and stipulated that each gold troy ounce cost US$35 legally.

paragraph: Due to the banning and restriction of imports of gold in Hong Kong, covered by the agreements, Macau became one of the international centres unofficial trade (or smuggling) of gold. Gold smuggling in Macau was monopolised and handled by the Ng Fuk Tong or "Five Good Fortunes Association", itself a subsidiary of Tai Hing Company, the gambling monopoly. Granted in 1934, this monopoly was later awarded to Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM) in 1962. STDM was owned by Stanley Ho, unrelated to Ho Yin.

paragraph: With the death of Pedro José Lobo in 1965, Ho Yin became the most important Macau businessman, holding controlling interests in Macau's only bus and taxi companies, two of its Chinese language newspapers, all ten of its cinemas, five hotels, four banks and a greyhound track, where, in May 1966, he was the target of a grenade attack. Although he was injured, he survived. Later, his mansion was watched over by security guards.

paragraph: In time, Ho would also gain greater prestige in Macau, especially within the Chinese community; in 1950, he became the President of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, a post which he held until his death in 1983. He was also able to resolve conflicts between the various rival Chinese triads in Macau, as he knew all of their leaders, despite never having joined any triad society.

paragraph: On August 3, 1971, Ho was made Commander of the Order of Volunteerism.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Ho began his political career in the early 50s, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and became one of the most important political figures and influential Macau. As the anti-communist and authoritarian "Estado Novo" regime of António Salazar only recognised Taiwan ruled by Nationalist General Chiang Kai-shek as the "Republic of China", Ho became an important diplomatic intermediary between Lisbon and Beijing.

paragraph: He kept in close contact with the Chinese Central People's Government and made numerous visits to Beijing, where he often exchanged views on Macau issues with Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and many major Chinese Communist Party officials. Ho was accorded the status of "special guest" at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from the second session of its National Committee, which was held in Beijing between January 30 and February 7, 1956.

paragraph: Ho participated in and contributed to the resolution of various disagreements between Portugal and China. The first major confrontation was the Sino-Portuguese military confrontation in 1952 at the Portas do Cerco border gate. This erupted following the sales embargo imposed on China by Portugal, under pressure from its Western allies, and a visit by the Portuguese Overseas Minister, Sarmento Rodrigues.

paragraph: Between July 25 and 31, a series of conflicts ensued, which left the Portuguese with one dead and twenty injured, and the Chinese with two dead and nine wounded. Ho formed part of a delegation to Beijing, which was able to secure a written apology and compensation from the Portuguese administration in Macau.

paragraph: The second conflict was the 12-3 incident in 1966, organised by pro-communist Chinese in Macau. Following the authorities unwillingness to grant permits for the building of a school on Taipa Island, violence broke out between local people and the Macau Police. This escalated into demonstrations outside the Palácio do Governo, the seat of government, in support of the Taipa residents, shouting slogans and reading aloud from the "Little Red Book".

paragraph: Finally, at 1pm on December 3, Red Guards began to riot, denouncing the Portuguese authorities for "fascist atrocities". Afterwards, the Chinese in Macau adopted a "Three No's" approach as a means to continue their struggle with the Government — no taxes, no service, no selling to the Portuguese, almost leading to the collapse of the Portuguese administration.

paragraph: On January 29, 1967, the Portuguese Governor, José Manuel de Sousa e Faro Nobre de Carvalho, signed a statement of apology at the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, under a portrait of Mao Zedong, with Ho, as the Chamber's President, presiding.

paragraph: Ho's involvement and commitment to resolve the crisis caused by the riot was crucial because at that time he was the only one who could contact directly and simultaneously with the Portuguese administration with Chinese officials in Guangzhou and Beijing, as he was the Chinese representative in the Legislative Council. In addition, Ho later became a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

paragraph: Internationally, Ho came to be regarded as Beijing's "unofficial representative" in Macau. This role was crucial to the survival of the Portuguese administration and Macau during the Cold War, the Cultural Revolution and later, the rapid and sudden process of decolonisation by Portugal carried out following Carnation Revolution in 1974. In an interview with the "Far Eastern Economic Review" that year, Ho remarked that "the Chinese and Portuguese people are living in harmony in Macao whereas the Portuguese and Africans are constantly in political and armed conflict."

paragraph: In 1975, Lisbon offered to return Macau to Beijing, but the offer was refused, with the Chinese telling the Portuguese that this could only happen when "the time and history were right". Instead, an Organic Statute was adopted in 1976, redefining Macau as "a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration".

paragraph: After constant negotiations leading to the Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau in 1987, administration of Macau was finally transferred to the People's Republic of China on December 20, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Ho Yin died on December 6, 1983 at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Hong Kong of lung cancer.

paragraph: In Macau, there is a street, Avenida Comendador Ho Yin, named in his honour. There is also a park, known as Jardim Comendador Ho Yin. The University of Macau also has a Ho Yin Convention Centre.

paragraph: An asteroid discovered by the Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanjing in 1978 was named "5045 Hoyin (1978 UL2)" in his honour in 2006.

description: Portuguese politician

wikidata_label: Ho Yin

wikipedia_title: Ho Yin


text: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: Constable of Jerusalem

text: Amadeus

text: Count of Montbéliard

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Walter III, Count of Brienne

text: Principality of Taranto

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Aimery

text: King of Cyprus

text: Jerusalem

text: constable of Jerusalem

text: Hugh I

text: Seljuks

text: Antalya

text: Asia Minor

text: Alice of Champagne

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Pope Innocent III

text: uncanonical

text: Balian of Beirut

paragraph: Walter of Montbéliard

paragraph: Walter of Montbéliard (died in 1212) was regent of the Kingdom of Cyprus from 1205 to 1210, and Constable of Jerusalem from around 1204 to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the second son of Amadeus, Count of Montbéliard. He took the cross after the Fourth Crusade was announced in 1199. Two years later he joined his cousin, Walter III, Count of Brienne, who had laid claim to the Principality of Taranto and other domains in the Kingdom of Sicily and invaded Southern Italy. Before long, Walter left Southern Italy for the Holy Land.

paragraph: Section::::Cyprus.

paragraph: Aimery, King of Cyprus and Jerusalem, gave his eldest daughter, Burgundia, in marriage to Walter and also made him constable of Jerusalem. Aimery died on 1 April 1205 and was succeeded in Cyprus by his ten-year-old son, Hugh I. The High Court elected Walter both guardian of the minor king and regent, violating the custom that prescribed that the two offices were to be separated.

paragraph: The Seljuks laid siege to Satalia (now Antalya in Turkey), an important port in Asia Minor, in 1207. Satalia was held by an Italian adventurer, Aldobrandino. On Aldobrandino's demand, Walter intervened in the conflict and forced the Seljuks to lift the siege. However, the Greek citizens turned against him and expelled the Cypriot troops from the town with Seljuk assistance.

paragraph: He arranged the marriage of Hugh I with Alice of Champagne, who was the eldest daughter of Henry, King of Jerusalem and Count of Champagne.

paragraph: Hugh I reached the age of majority in 1210. Walter surrendered his regency, but refused to render an account of his administration of the royal treasury. Instead, he and his family left Cyprus and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Before long, Walter accused Hugh I of confiscating his estates in Cyprus and expelling him from the island without a fair judgement. In his letter to Pope Innocent III, Walter also referred to an uncanonical election of a bishop in Cyprus, which brought Hugh I into a conflict with the Holy See.

paragraph: Section::::Holy Land.

paragraph: He married Burgundia, daughter of King Aimery of Cyprus, and had a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eschiva married first to Gerard of Montagu, next to Balian of Beirut.

wikidata_label: Wouter I van Montfaucon

wikipedia_title: Walter of Montbéliard


text:
statesman
Kalmar Union
Charles Canutesson
Lord High Constable of Sweden
Christian I
Sten Sture the Elder
Lawspeaker
Öland
Bielke
Ture Stensson (Bielke)
Margareta Eriksdotter Krummedige
Steward of the Realm
Erik Segebodsen Krummedige
Kristiern Nilsson (Vasa)
Charles Canutesson
Revelsta
Christopher of Bavaria
Vyborg
Charles Canutesson
Privy Councillor
Castellan
Axvall Castle
Skara
Kråkerum
Christian I of Denmark
Skåne
Halland
Karlskrönikan
Claus Rønnow
Västergötland
Småland
Jönköping
Bengt Gustavsson (Tre Rosor)
Vadstena
Lödöse
Varnhem Abbey
Rumlaborg Castle
Huskvarna
Eggert Krummedigge
Blekinge
Lord High Constable of Sweden
Stockholm Castle
Kalmar Castle
Jöns Bengtsson (Oxenstierna)
Archbishop of Uppsala
Uppland
Battle of Helgeandsholmen
Stockholm
Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
Bishop of Linköping
Småland
Östergötland
Battle of Haraker
Västerås
Lake Mälaren
Kvicksund
Danzig
Kalmar Castle
Småland
Erik Axelsson Tott
Sten Sture the Elder
Battle of Brunkeberg
Sten Sture the Elder
Lawspeaker
Öland
John of Denmark
Vadstena Abbey
Hospitaller
Kronobäck
Mönsterås
Torkö
Blekinge
Lawspeaker
Västmanland
Stäkeholm Castle
Erik Turesson (Bielke)
Vyborg Castle
Holy Grave
Jerusalem
Mourids Nielsen (Gyldenstierne)
Arvid Trolle
Ture Turesson (Bielke)
Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
Bielke. 4. Ture Turesson B.
Nordisk familjebok

categories: 1425 births,15th-century Swedish people,Date of death unknown,Swedish military leaders

paragraph: Ture Turesson (Bielke)

paragraph: Ture Turesson (Bielke) (1425–1489/1490) was a Swedish statesman and military commander and a prominent leader of the unionist party during the Kalmar Union period. He was a Privy Councillor and Castellan of Axvall Castle during the reign of separatist King Charles Canutesson, before defecting to the unionist side in 1452, spending several years in exile in Denmark. He was appointed Lord High Constable of Sweden, Castellan of Stockholm and Kalmar and Captain-General during the reign of King Christian I, and commanded the unionist forces during several major battles during the turbulent 1460s, before surrendering to Sten Sture the Elder's separatists in 1472. During his later years he was Lawspeaker of the province of Öland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Ture Turesson belonged to the Bielke noble family, one of the oldest and most influential noble families in Sweden. He was born in 1425, as the son of the recently deceased Lawspeaker and Privy Councillor Ture Stensson (Bielke) by his widow from his second marriage, Margareta Eriksdotter Krummedige, daughter of the Danish Steward of the Realm, Erik Segebodsen Krummedige. He was raised in the household of his stepfather Kristiern Nilsson (Vasa), Lord High Steward of Sweden and a leader of the unionist party in the high nobility. Although connected to the separatist leader, Charles Canutesson, by the marriage of his half-sister Birgitta Turesdotter to Charles, his family strongly opposed Charles' separatist movement. His stepfather's opposition caused Charles Canutesson's men to arrest Kristiern Nilsson in January 1439 at the family estate of Revelsta, injuring Ture Turesson's mother. Charles had the family holdings confiscated. Kristiern Nilsson was later reinstated in his offices by the Danish unionist King Christopher of Bavaria, but died in Vyborg in 1442 after a compromise had been negotiated.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under King Charles Canutesson.

paragraph: Ture Turesson was knighted at the coronation of Charles Canutesson as King of Sweden in 1448, and is mentioned as Privy Councillor in 1450. In the same year he was appointed Castellan of Axvall Castle by King Charles, a strategically important royal castle near Skara in western Sweden. A conflict arose over the inheritance of the family estate in Kråkerum after Erik Turesson (Bielke), Ture Turesson's half-brother, died without issue in 1450. Ture Turesson quickly acted to secure the estate for himself, but in 1451 King Charles ruled in favour of his own son-in-law Erik Eriksson (Gyllenstierna), another claimant through his marriage to Erik and Ture Turesson's niece. Erik Eriksson seized the estate, which caused Ture Turesson to accuse the King of ruling in the case despite having a strong conflict of interest.

paragraph: In 1452 war was declared between King Charles and King Christian I of Denmark, and Ture Turesson participated in the Swedish attack on Skåne and Halland. According to the contemporary rhyme chronicle "Karlskrönikan", which relates a pro-separatist version of events, Ture Turesson was reluctant to enter hostilities with the Danish army, keeping his actions to a minimum, and distrust reigned between him and King Charles. King Christian's Danish army, under the command of the Danish Marshal of the Realm, Claus Rønnow, entered Västergötland in May 1452, continuing to the east into Småland and capturing Jönköping in July. The Bishop of Skara, Bengt Gustavsson (Tre Rosor), publicly declared for the unionist King Christian with many of his influential family members, and Charles Canutesson feared further defections. Furthermore, the Danish commander Claus Rønnow was Ture Turesson's brother-in-law. Charles Canutesson made arrangements for his loyal relative Tord Bonde to relieve Ture Turesson of his command at Axvall Castle, ordering Ture Turesson to aid Tord Bonde during a meeting in Vadstena.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Defection.

paragraph: During a raid on Lödöse, Tord Bonde captured documents seen as evidence of Ture Turesson's correspondence with Per Stygge, one of the commanders in Christian I's army, leading Tord Bonde to confront Ture Turesson at Axvall Castle and to arrest Ture Turesson with his men for treason. Ture Turesson was imprisoned at Varnhem Abbey. Before the arrival of King Charles, Ture Turesson managed to escape to Rumlaborg Castle in present-day Huskvarna, where his relative Eggert Krummedigge was in command. Ture Turesson and Krummedigge left Rumlaborg to join with King Christian in Denmark, ordering the garrison to resist capture by Charles Canutesson.

paragraph: Rumlaborg was captured by the separatists in October, and on 15 September 1453 a court convened by King Charles condemned Ture Turesson and other unionist defectors as traitors, forfeiting their lands to the Crown and sentencing them to death in their absence. Meanwhile, Ture Turesson entered the war on the unionist side in late 1452, participating in Danish raids on Swedish-occupied Blekinge. For several years he lived in exile in Danish service.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under King Christian I.

paragraph: Charles Canutesson was deposed as King in 1457 and Christian I was crowned King of Sweden. As one of the leading Swedish nobles in Christian's service, Ture Turesson was amply rewarded for his unionist loyalties and was made Lord High Constable of Sweden, Captain-General and Castellan of Stockholm Castle and Kalmar Castle, with his Swedish possessions and inheritance claims restored to him.

paragraph: In 1463, during rising opposition to Christian I's taxation policies, the King arrived in Stockholm to repress the rebel sentiments and to prevent the return of Charles Canutesson from exile. The King replaced Ture Turesson with Jöns Bengtsson (Oxenstierna), Archbishop of Uppsala, as the King's highest-ranking representative and Castellan in Stockholm, in order to better appease the growing resentment. Ture Turesson accompanied the King to Finland in July. On their return in August, the Archbishop was imprisoned and brought to Denmark by the King, with Ture Turesson reinstated as Castellan of Stockholm. The King ruled that the Archbishop had exceeded the boundaries of his authority as regent by making large concessions to the opposition regarding the contended taxation policies.

paragraph: The resulting uprising among the Archbishop's relatives and the populace of the Archbishop's province of Uppland led to the Battle of Helgeandsholmen on 21 August. Ture Turesson's royal army crushed the Uppland militia before the northern gates of Stockholm, cutting down the militia almost to the last man, including those who had fled into sanctuary in the Church of the Holy Ghost. The battle earned Ture Turesson a reputation as a ruthless commander and "butcher of peasants" among his opponents.

paragraph: After the capture of the Archbishop, his relative Kettil Karlsson (Vasa), Bishop of Linköping, took up arms against the King, organising a major uprising in the provinces of Småland and Östergötland. Ture Turesson's garrison in Stockholm successfully resisted a siege by the rebels, who retreated upon the arrival of King Christian with reinforcements in the spring of 1464. However, King Christian's royal army was lured into an ambush at the Battle of Haraker north of Västerås on 17 April, suffering a decisive defeat. A subsequent attempt by Ture Turesson to land an army from Lake Mälaren was repelled by the separatists at Kvicksund. The royal army was forced to retreat to Stockholm Castle, and by Midsummer Stockholm was surrounded by the separatist army, making Bishop Kettil Karlsson the effective ruler of most of Sweden apart from the few remaining royal garrisons. King Christian left Stockholm Castle in Ture Turesson's command and returned to Denmark to raise additional reinforcements.

paragraph: In August 1464, the burghers of Stockholm opened the city gates for Charles Canutesson, who had returned from his exile in Danzig after receiving word of the uprising and was hailed as King. Ture Turesson's garrison remained in control of the strongly fortified Stockholm Castle. However, the return of Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson caused friction between the Bishops' party and King Charles Canutesson, eventually escalating into open warfare. Ture Turesson exploited the split by allying himself with the bishops which made Charles Canutesson's position in the city of Stockholm indefensible; Charles was forced to abdicate on 30 January 1465. Bishop Kettil Karlsson died in 1465, leaving the Archbishop as Regent of Sweden.

paragraph: Ture Turesson gave up control of Stockholm to the Archbishop, leaving for Kalmar Castle which he still held as Castellan. This brought him away from the centre of Swedish politics; he continued to fight Charles Canutesson's supporters in Småland and remained loyal to King Christian. In 1466 the Archbishop was replaced by Erik Axelsson Tott as Regent of Sweden, who openly aligned himself with Charles Canutesson's supporters, and in 1467 Charles Canutesson returned as King for a third time.

paragraph: The death of Charles Canutesson in 1470 did not bring an end to the conflict. The new separatist leader Sten Sture the Elder besieged Kalmar Castle briefly in 1471, but was forced to abandon the siege. Ture Turesson fought on Christian I's side and was defeated at the Battle of Brunkeberg in 1471. Many unionist nobles, including Ture Turesson and Claus Rønnow, were subsequently captured by Sten Sture the Elder's separatists. Ture Turesson was later released and organised the defence of Kalmar against the separatists. In 1472, he abandoned the unionist cause by surrendering Kalmar and acknowledged Sten Sture as Regent of Sweden, in return for being allowed to remain in possession of his lands and civil offices.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under the Sten Sture regency.

paragraph: Ture Turesson is repeatedly mentioned as Lawspeaker of the province of Öland during the 1470s and 1480s, but had likely already held the office for a long time during that period.

paragraph: During his later years, he was not given any new military commands or governorships, but as a member of the Privy Council he remained active in the affairs of the realm. In August 1489 he is mentioned as part of a Swedish noble delegation to King John of Denmark, and is subsequently mentioned as deceased on 1 March 1490.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ture Turesson made significant contributions to the Church, in particular to Vadstena Abbey and contributed to the foundation of the Hospitaller's abbey in Kronobäck near Mönsterås 1479—80. He was subsequently buried in Kronobäck Abbey. Shortly before his death he founded the Franciscan monastery of Saint Claire on Torkö Island in Blekinge, on land donated from his personal estates.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Around 1450 he married Ingegärd Pedersdotter Kyrning, (died 1504), daughter to the Scanian noble Peder Kjeldsen Kyrning and Karen Björnsdotter (Björn).

paragraph: Ture and Ingegärd's children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sten Turesson (Bielke), knight and Privy Councillor, Lawspeaker of Västmanland, died after 1520

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peder Turesson (Bielke), knight and Privy Councillor, Castellan of Stäkeholm Castle, died 1520

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erik Turesson (Bielke), knight and Privy Councillor, Castellan of Vyborg Castle, died 1511

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nils Turesson (Bielke)]], knighted at the Holy Grave in Jerusalem around 1490, died 1493

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olof Turesson (Bielke), died without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margareta Turesdotter (Bielke), married Mourids Nielsen (Gyldenstierne), died 1507.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Turesdotter (Bielke), died 21 October 1485

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birgitta Turesdotter (Bielke), died 8 October 1513, married Arvid Trolle (died 1505) at Lagnö on 23 September 1488

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Turesdotter (Bielke), died at Erikstad on 23 April 1513, married on 1 June 1488 at Toftaholm to Gustav Olsson (Stenbock).

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article is mainly based on: Carlsson, G. (1924), "Ture Turesson (Bielke)", in "Svenskt biografiskt lexikon", vol. 4, p. 153. (in Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bielke. 4. Ture Turesson B." in "Nordisk familjebok", 2nd ed., 1905, vol. 3., p. 323-324. (in Swedish)

wikidata_label: Ture Turesson

wikipedia_title: Ture Turesson (Bielke)


text:
King Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
King Abdul Aziz
Qunfudah

paragraph: Bandar bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Prince Bandar bin Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud ( 2 January 1926 – 17 March 2016) was the eighth son of King Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia. He was born on the same day his grandfather, King Abdul Aziz, entered and joined the city and province of Qunfudah to his realm. Prior to his death, he was the eldest surviving member of the ruling branch of the House of Saud.

paragraph: Section::::His life.

paragraph: Born in the city of Riyadh on 2 January 1926 (1346 AH), Bandar grew up under the care of his father, King Saud and his mother Nayla (Um Musaed) and studied at the School of princes and at other schools in Riyadh, finishing his complementary studies in 1944 (1364 AH) before graduating from high school in 1948 (1368 AH). He then went to university in Turkey, graduating in 1952 (1371 AH).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Prince Bandar bin Saud returned in early 1952 (1371 AH) to Saudi Arabia where his father, crown prince at the time, assigned him to the Interior Ministry. A few years later, in 1956 (1376 AH), his uncle and then Crown Prince Faisal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud appointed him as an adviser to the royal court; a position he held until his retirement in 1981 (1401 AH).

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Prince Bandar had three children: Prince Faisal, Princess Noura, and Princess Jawzaa.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Prince Bandar bin Saud bin Abdul Aziz died on the morning of 17 March 2016 at the age of 90 years.

wikidata_label: Prince Bandar bin Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Bandar bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
PAU
Soviet
Russia
cellist
cello
Gnessin School of Music
Moscow Conservatory
Semyon Kozolupov
Mstislav Rostropovich
International Tchaikovsky Competition
orchestra
conductors
Truls Mørk
master class
Escuela Superior de Música Reina Sofía
Madrid

categories: 1935 births,Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery,Gnessin School of Music alumni,Reina Sofía School of Music faculty,Women cellists,2017 deaths,Russian music educators,Russian classical cellists,Moscow Conservatory alumni

paragraph: Natalia Shakhovskaya

paragraph: Natalia Shakhovskaya (September 27, 1935 – May 20, 2017), PAU, was a Soviet and Russian cellist. She studied cello at the Gnessin School of Music and later at the Moscow Conservatory under the tutorship of Semyon Kozolupov. She finished her education at the aforementioned music conservatory with Mstislav Rostropovich.

paragraph: Shakovskaya won some of the most important cello competitions in Russia and abroad, including; the First Prize and Gold Medal at the International Tchaikovsky Competition in 1962. Shakhovskaya pursued an active career as a soloist in recitals and with the best orchestras and conductors worldwide.

paragraph: She taught at the Moscow Conservatory (as Head of the Cello Chair and Director of Double Bass Department) from 1974 to 1995, after Rostropovich relinquished the post upon his departure from Russia.

paragraph: More than forty of her students have won international competitions, e.g. Truls Mørk. Shakhovskaya gave master classes around the world and was a jury member at international competitions.

paragraph: She was a principal teacher at the Escuela Superior de Música Reina Sofía (Queen Sofía College of Music) in Madrid.

description: Russian musician

wikidata_label: Natalia Shakhovskaya

wikipedia_title: Natalia Shakhovskaya


text: Symbolist movement

text: Salon de la Rose + Croix

text: orientalist

text: Ecole des Beaux-Arts

text: Auguste Herst

text: Fernand Cormon

text: Numa Gillet

text: Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

text: Ruskin

text: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

text: Nabis

text: Sandro Botticelli's

text: Primavera

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: Philippe Berthelot

text: Philippe Jullian

text: Zola

text: Courbet

text: Rosicrucianism

text: "Sâr" Peladan

text: Edward Lucie-Smith

text: Moreau

text: Léonard Sarluis

text: Perseus

text: Gorgon

text: Medusa

text: Naturalism

text: femme fatale

text: lithograph

text: Golden Legend

text: L'Estampe Moderne

text: Alphonse Mucha

text: Henri Fantin-Latour

text: Edward Burne-Jones

text: Marlotte

text: Barbizon school

text: fine

text: decorative arts

text: William Morris

text: applied art

text: Middle Ages

text: medieval reliquary

text: Ophelia

text: Pre-Raphelites

text: bronze

text: cabochon

text: champlevé enamelling

text: cloisonné

text: ivory

text: Musée d'Orsay

text: Charles Virion

text: art nouveau

text: Oscar Wilde

text: La Plume

text: Armand Point and Islamic Architecture

text: Armand Point nudes

text: Armand Point ~ Pittore simbolista

categories: 1932 deaths,People from Algiers,19th-century French painters,Year of birth uncertain,Articles containing French-language text,French male painters,Rosicrucians,1860 births,French portrait painters,French Symbolist painters

paragraph: Armand Point

paragraph: Armand Point (23 March 1860 or 23 March 1861 – February 1932 or March 1932) was a French painter, engraver and designer who was associated with the Symbolist movement and was one of the founders of the Salon de la Rose + Croix. Later he formed his own "atelier". Sources differ over the details of his birth and death.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Point was born in Algiers, and died in either Naples, or Marlotte, Seine-et-Marne.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Point's earliest works were orientalist scenes of markets and musicians and the street life of his youth in Algeria. In 1888 he travelled to Paris where he studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts under Auguste Herst and Fernand Cormon. He was linked to Numa Gillet. From 1890 he exhibited at the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts.

paragraph: Section::::Move towards Idealism.

paragraph: Point was influenced by Ruskin and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and was a member of the first Nabis group. In 1894 he made a trip to Italy with Hélène Linder (1867-1955) (later Mme Berthelot) where he saw Sandro Botticelli's "Primavera" for the first time outside of an engraving. The experience made a deep impression on him and he wrote that his eyes "first opened up" on seeing it, leading soon after to attempts to establish a movement in France to resurrect the art of the 15th and 16th centuries. The influence of Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci became evident in his work, for instance in the c. 1895 "Eternal Chimera". Hélène Linder became an ideal female model for Point who often painted her in a Leonardesque style but dressed like a muse from Botticelli. Leonardo da Vinci's "Study for the head of Leda" (study for an original painting now lost) seems to have influenced the hair styles that he gave Hélène. Hélène married French diplomat Philippe Berthelot just before the start of the First World War. Philippe Jullian described Point as moving, at this time, from a "dreamy realism to a detailed idealism".

paragraph: Section::::Symbolism.

paragraph: Soon, Point was moving towards fully fledged Symbolism. He made a determined effort to reject the modern world and the realism of Zola and Courbet. He adopted Rosicrucianism and became a friend of "Sâr" Peladan. Edward Lucie-Smith described him as a "medievalizing painter ... whose style mingled the influence of Moreau with that of the Pre-Raphaelites". From 1892 to 1896, Point exhibited at the Salon de la Rose+Croix and with Léonard Sarluis he designed the poster for the fifth salon of that group. It depicted the Ideal in the form of Perseus holding the severed head of Émile Zola in reference to the Greek myth in which Perseus decapitated the Gorgon Medusa. For the Symbolists, Zola exemplified in literature the oppressive Naturalism they rejected.

paragraph: Subjects at this time were usually mythological, such as his 1897 "The Siren" which included a typical Symbolist "femme fatale" figure luring men to their doom. Also in 1897, Point contributed an original lithograph titled the "Golden Legend" (Fr. "Légende dorée") to the "L'Estampe Moderne". The journal included four original prints in each issue and Point's was issued in Number 5, September 1897. Other artists who contributed included Alphonse Mucha, Henri Fantin-Latour and Edward Burne-Jones.

paragraph: Section::::Atelier de Haute-Claire.

paragraph: From 1896 to 1901 Point lived in Marlotte, where he founded the Atelier de Haute-Claire not far from the home of the Barbizon school. Around the turn of the century, the distinction between the fine and decorative arts was beginning to break down and Point became increasingly interested in the latter. He sought to emulate William Morris in revolting against nineteenth-century materialism and produced applied art, including furniture, jewellery, fabrics, ceramics and wallpaper that harked back to the techniques and styles of the Middle Ages. Everything was hand-made to a very high standard of craftmanship in an effort to avoid the alienating effect of industrial mass production. As a result, however, the products of the "atelier" were luxury items that could only be purchased by an elite and the project therefore failed to meet one of its key objectives.

paragraph: The Symbolist journal "L'Ermitage" criticised the works of the Haute-Claire group for amounting to religious icons fit only for reverence in a case in a museum and having little to do with the France of today. One such ornate object was the "Coffret d'Ophélie" (Ophelia Box), a box in the form of a medieval reliquary, that referred to the Ophelia of Shakespeare much celebrated by the Pre-Raphelites. The box included bronze, cabochon, champlevé enamelling, cloisonné, ivory, gold and other expensive materials and techniques. A number of similar boxes exist from the "atelier", including an alternative Ophelia box (1903) and a "Coffret aux serpents" (1897–99), both in the Musée d'Orsay. The number of different materials and processes involved in making each box meant that production was complex and a number of different craftsmen were required to make each one, for instance, noted ceramicist Charles Virion. Philippe Jullian described the products of the "atelier" as more Neo-Byzantine than "art nouveau".

paragraph: A diverse group of people visited Haute-Claire, including Oscar Wilde just months before his death in 1900. Wilde was in exile in France following imprisonment in Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doré, Robert. (2010) "Armand Point: De l'Orientalisme au Symbolisme: 1861–1932". Paris: B. Giovanangeli.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fort, P., C. Mauclair, S. Merrill "et. al." "Armand Point et son oeuvre", "La Plume", special issue, Paris 1901.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jumeau-Lafond, Jean-David. (1999) "Les Peintres de L'âme, le Symbolisme idéaliste en France". Gent: Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armand Point and Islamic Architecture, MyLearning.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armand Point nudes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armand Point ~ Pittore simbolista

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue interministériel des Dépôts d'Oeuvres d'Art de l'Etat – Armand Point

paragraph: BULLET::::- Logis de Haute-Claire; Quelques Artistes et Visiteurs

alias:
A. Point
Point

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Armand Point

wikipedia_title: Armand Point


text:
Mexican
karting
2011
single-seaters
LATAM Challenge Series
2012
Motorsport Arena Oschersleben
Fortec Motorsport
2013 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season
Zandvoort
British Formula 3
FIA European Formula 3
Nürburgring
2014
GP3 Series
Status Grand Prix
Nick Yelloly
Richie Stanaway
ART Grand Prix
2015 season
Force India
Formula One
2016 season
Bahrain Grand Prix
Circuit de Catalunya
Juncos Racing
Indy Lights
2018

categories: British Formula Three Championship drivers,Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers,Indy Lights drivers,Mexican racing drivers,1996 births,Formula BMW drivers,Toyota Racing Series drivers,Formula 3.5 V8 drivers,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,Racing drivers from Mexico City,FIA Formula 2 Championship drivers,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: Alfonso Celis Jr.

paragraph: Alfonso Celis Enecoiz, known as Alfonso Celis Jr., (born 18 September 1996) is a Mexican racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Born in Mexico City, Celis entered karting in 2009 and raced till 2012 in the local Mexican karting championships.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: In 2011 Celis made his début in single-seaters, taking part in the LATAM Challenge Series with Megaracing. He finished sixteenth with three top ten finishes in five races.

paragraph: For 2012, he decided to move in Europe and switch to the Formula BMW Talent Cup. He finished eighth in the grand finale at Motorsport Arena Oschersleben with a podium in the third race of the weekend.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault.

paragraph: Celis signed with Fortec Motorsports for the 2013 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season. He had eleven point-scoring finishes, including podium in the closing race of the season at Zandvoort, finishing fourteenth in the series standings.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Three.

paragraph: During the 2013, Celis with Fortec had one-off entries to British Formula 3 and FIA European Formula 3 championships at Nürburgring and Zandvoort respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP3 Series.

paragraph: In 2014, Celis graduated to the GP3 Series with Status Grand Prix, joining Nick Yelloly and Richie Stanaway in the team. He will switch to ART Grand Prix for the 2015 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One.

paragraph: Celis was signed as a development and free practice driver by the Force India team in Formula One for the 2016 season. He made his first appearance during free practice at the Bahrain Grand Prix.

paragraph: He made his second appearance on 1 March 2017 on Day 3 of testing at Circuit de Catalunya.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Indy Lights.

paragraph: Celis signed with Juncos Racing to compete in Indy Lights in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete GP3 Series results.

paragraph: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete World Series Formula V8 3.5 results.

description: Mexican racing driver

wikidata_label: Alfonso Celis

wikipedia_title: Alfonso Celis Jr.