text:
Wadham College, Oxford
John Roysse
Free School
Abingdon
Abingdon School
Doctor of Divinity
Monks Risborough
List of Old Abingdonians
List of Wadham College, Oxford people

categories: Wardens of Wadham College, Oxford,1789 deaths,People educated at Abingdon School

paragraph: James Gerard (warden)

paragraph: James Gerard (c.1740 – 1789) was a Clergyman and Warden of Wadham College, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon, (now Abingdon School) from 1751-1757.

paragraph: He was Artium Magister (A.M) (13 July 1765), B.D (17 June 1777) and Doctor of Divinity (20 June 1777)

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was the Warden of Wadham College, Oxford from 5 May 1777 until 1783. The warden was the term used by Wadham for the head of the college.

paragraph: He gained an ecclesiastical preferment as rector of Monks Risborough in 1783. He started his appointment at Monks Risborough on 9 July 1783 on his father's (Joseph Gerard) cession.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married and had one child and his mother was Elizabeth Reynolds.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Old Abingdonians

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Wadham College, Oxford people

wikidata_label: James Gerard

wikipedia_title: James Gerard (warden)


text: New Inn Hall

text: St John's College, Oxford

text: John Roysse

text: Free School

text: Abingdon

text: Abingdon School

text: Bachelor of Civil Law

text: Doctor of Canon Law

text: Barnsley, Gloucestershire

text: Tackley

text: Old Abingdonian Club

text: List of Old Abingdonians

categories: 1704 births,1761 deaths,Presidents of St John's College, Oxford

paragraph: William Walker (principal)

paragraph: William Walker (1704 – 1761) was the Principal of New Inn Hall and the President of St John's College, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon, (now Abingdon School) until c.1719.

paragraph: Matriculation at St John's College, Oxford (3 July 1719), Bachelor of Civil Law (1726), Doctor of Canon Law (1736).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was the Principal of New Inn Hall from 1745 until 1761 and the President of St. John's College, Oxford from 26 July 1757 until 30 November 1757 when he resigned and returned to New Inn Hall. Both positions (Principal and President) were the positions of Head of the College.

paragraph: He was rector of Barnsley, Gloucestershire (1744-1761) and Tackley (1743-1761). Walker was a Steward of the Old Abingdonian Club in 1749.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Old Abingdonians

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Presidents of St John's College, Oxford

wikidata_label: William Walker

wikipedia_title: William Walker (principal)


text:
Catholic Church
Bishop of Iquique
Iquique
University of Tarapacá
Juan Barros Madrid
Military Ordinariate of Chile
Pope Benedict XVI
Bishop of Iquique
Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa
Tarapacá Region
Ivo Scapolo
Pope Francis
laicized
Catholic Church in Chile
Diócesis de Iquique

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1964 births,Living people,Clergy removed from office

paragraph: Marco Antonio Órdenes Fernández

paragraph: Marco Antonio Órdenes Fernández (born 29 October 1964) is a native of Chile and a former prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Bishop of Iquique from 2006 to 2012. When appointed at the age of 42, he was the youngest bishop in the history of Chile. Accusations that he had sexually abused minors forced his resignation in 2012. Civil procedures concluded when prosecutors could not establish a case against him, but church proceedings ended with his removal from the clerical state in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Órdenes was born in Iquique on 29 October 1964. After obtaining a degree in obstetrics and childcare at the University of Tarapacá, he entered the Pontifical Major Seminary of Santiago de Chile, where he completed his philosophical and theological studies, earning a bachelor's degree in theology.

paragraph: On 14 December 1996 he was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Iquique. There he was Rector of the Marian Shrine of "La Tirana", Director of the Lay School of Formation and Diocesan Secretary for the Pastoral Coordination. After Iquique's Bishop Juan Barros Madrid was transferred the Military Ordinariate of Chile, Órdenes became Diocesan Administrator on 17 November 2004.

paragraph: On 23 October 2006, Pope Benedict XVI named him Bishop of Iquique. When made a bishop at the age of 42 he was the youngest bishop ever appointed in Chile.

paragraph: He received his episcopal consecration on 18 November from Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa. While bishop he supported the reconstruction of churches and parish buildings that were destroyed by the earthquake that hit the Tarapacá Region in June 2005.

paragraph: On 2 October 2012, Rodrigo Pino charged publicly that Ordenes had repeatedly abused him sexually when he was as young as 15 and an acolyte at the Iquique cathedral. Pino asked only that Ordenes be removed from the priesthood. By then the Apostolic Nuncio to Chile, Archbishop Ivo Scapolo, had conducted a four-month-long church investigation and sent his findings to the Vatican.

paragraph: On 3 October Scapolo asked Ordenes to resign and to avoid publicity while his case was reviewed. Instead Ordenes gave a newspaper interview that appeared three days later. He said that whatever he did with Pino he had done nothing "not with a minor" ("no con un menor de edad"). On 8 October 2012, Órdenes submitted his resignation as Bishop of Iquique citing health problems and Pope Francis accepted it the next day. Órdenes was not seen in public in Iquique on 14 November 2013 when he presided at his mother's funeral in the La Tirana shrine. As of 2018, he was reported to be living "a life of penitence and prayer" in Peru.

paragraph: On 26 January 2018, civil prosecutors dismissed their case against Ordenes after determining they could not verify the charges against him. Ordenes never complied with a subpoena requiring him to submit to questioning.

paragraph: On 11 October 2018, Pope Francis laicized Órdenes "as a consequence manifest abuse of minors". He is no longer a priest and cannot appeal that decision.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Chile

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diócesis de Iquique

alias:
Marco A. Ordenes Fernandez
Marco Antonio Ordenes Fernandez

description: Chilean priest

wikidata_label: Marco A. Órdenes Fernández

wikipedia_title: Marco Antonio Órdenes Fernández


text:
Christina Bourbou
2018 Summer Youth Olympics

categories: Rowers at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics,2001 births,Living people,Greek female rowers

paragraph: Maria Kyridou

paragraph: Maria Kyridou (born 26 April 2001 is a Greek rower. Among with Christina Bourbou, she won four gold medals for Greece in less than a month. The last one, was the gold medal at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.

description: Greek rower

wikidata_label: Maria Kyridou

wikipedia_title: Maria Kyridou


text:
Maria Kyridou
2018 Summer Youth Olympics

categories: 2000 births,Rowers at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics,Living people,Greek female rowers

paragraph: Christina Bourbou

paragraph: Christina Bourmpou is a Greek rower. Among with Maria Kyridou, she won four gold medals for Greece in less than a month. The last one, was the gold medal at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics .

description: Greek rower

wikidata_label: Christina Bourbou

wikipedia_title: Christina Bourbou


text:
Dutch Golden Age
Haarlem
Hans Goderis
Theodorus Schrevelius
Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom
National Gallery of Art
Johannes van der Beeck

categories: Dutch Golden Age painters,1630s deaths,Dutch male painters,Dutch marine artists,Artists from Haarlem,1580s births

paragraph: Cornelis Verbeeck

paragraph: Cornelis Verbeeck (1585/1591 – after 1637), also known as Cornelis Verbeecq, was a Dutch Golden Age painter from Haarlem.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He is first mentioned along with Hans Goderis in the book "Harlemias" by Theodorus Schrevelius as choosing marine painting.

paragraph: Verbeeck painted primarily marine and seascape works. He was directly influenced by Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom. Verbeeck died in 1637. Some of his works are displayed at the National Gallery of Art. He is not to be confused with the father of the seascape painter Pieter Cornelisz. Verbeeck.

paragraph: According to the RKD, he was related to Johannes van der Beeck and was known as "Smit" for his temperamental similarity to a smith in several fights and brawls. He was married in the Dutch Reformed church in 1609 to Anna Pietersdr and they had 4 children; 3 daughters and a son. Though the son was registered as a painter, nothing is known today of him.

alias:
Corn. Verbeeck
Smitge
Smitgen
Cornelius Verbeck
Cornelis Verbeecq
Verbeeck
C. Verbeeck

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Cornelis Verbeeck

wikipedia_title: Cornelis Verbeeck


text:
tennis
Wimbledon Championships
Raymond Casey
Sune Malmström
Swedish Davis Cup team
1925 Davis Cup
clay court
Noordwijk
Henk Timmer
Arthur Diemer-Kool
Marcus Wallenberg
singles
doubles
1920 Summer Olympics
Antwerp
Albert Lammens
Jean Washer
Albert Lammens

categories: Olympic tennis players of Sweden,1896 births,1981 deaths,Swedish male tennis players

paragraph: Carl-Erik von Braun

paragraph: Carl-Erik von Braun (14 November 1896 – 2 November 1981) was a Swedish tennis player who was active in the 1920s.

paragraph: Von Braun competed at the Wimbledon Championships between 1920 and 1925. Hist best singles result was reaching the third round in 1922 (lost to H.R. Fussell) and 1925 (lost to Raymond Casey). His best doubles result was at his first appearance in 1920 when he reached the third round partnering compatriot Sune Malmström.

paragraph: Von Braun was a member of the Swedish Davis Cup team who played against The Netherlands during the 1925 Davis Cup competition. The match was played on clay courts in Noordwijk, Netherlands and Von Braun lost his singles matches, against Henk Timmer and Arthur Diemer-Kool, in straight sets as well as his doubles match partnering Marcus Wallenberg.

paragraph: He competed in the singles and doubles events at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. In the singles event he reached the second round in which he was defeated by Albert Lammens. With compatriot Sune Malmström he lost in the first round of the doubles event against Jean Washer and Albert Lammens.

description: Swedish tennis player

wikidata_label: Carl-Erik von Braun

wikipedia_title: Carl-Erik von Braun


text:
Finnish
surf rock
Laika & the Cosmonauts
instrumental rock
The Potatoes
progressive metal
Scenery Channel

categories: Finnish male musicians,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Mikko Lankinen

paragraph: Mikko Lankinen is a Finnish musician. He plays lead guitar for the Finnish surf rock group Laika & the Cosmonauts and instrumental rock group The Potatoes. The lead singer for the Finnish progressive metal group Scenery Channel is also called Mikko Lankinen but they are not the same person.

description: Finnish musician

wikidata_label: Mikko Lankinen

wikipedia_title: Mikko Lankinen


text:
Istanbul
Impressionist
Rhodes
Turkish Military Academy
Istanbul Technical University
Jean-Léon Gérôme
Exposition Universelle
Pasha
Second Constitutional Era
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University
Turkish War of Independence
Abbās Ḥilmī Pasha
Khedive
Sakıp Sabancı Museum
Istanbul
"Halil Paşa"
ArtNet: More paintings by Halil Pasha

categories: 19th-century painters of the Ottoman Empire,1857 births,Impressionism,People from Istanbul,1939 deaths

paragraph: Halil Pasha (painter)

paragraph: Halil Pasha (c.1857, Istanbul - August, 1939, Istanbul), was a Turkish painter and art teacher. He was one of Turkey's first Impressionists.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His family was originally from Rhodes and his father, Selim, was one of the founders of the Turkish Military Academy.

paragraph: Like many early Western-style Turkish artists, he received his training in technical drawing and painting at the "Mühendishane-i Berrî-i Hümâyûn" (Military School of Engineering, now known as the Istanbul Technical University). Upon graduating, students were normally commissioned to become teachers at military schools, but he insisted on being allowed to continue his studies in Paris. In 1880, his father finally agreed, and he spent eight years working in the studios of Jean-Léon Gérôme. He had his first showing at the Exposition Universelle in 1889 and won a medal. As it turned out, when he went back to Turkey, he still became a teacher at a military school.

paragraph: In 1906, he was granted the title "Pasha". Two years later, however, at the beginning of the Second Constitutional Era, he chose to retire with the rank of Colonel and become a private art teacher. Later, he taught at the "Sanayi-i Nefise Mekteb-i Alisi" (School of Fine Arts and Crafts, now the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University) and served as its Director from 1917 to 1918.

paragraph: During the Turkish War of Independence, he went to Egypt at the invitation of Abbās Ḥilmī Pasha, the former (and last) Khedive. Later, he was a long-term guest at the Khedive's largely unused mansion in Istanbul and had a studio there.

paragraph: Section::::Selected paintings.

paragraph: From the Sakıp Sabancı Museum, Istanbul

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Halil Paşa", by Taha Toros, from "Antik Dekor Dergisi" @ Antikalar. An appreciation of his life, especially his time in Paris, with numerous paintings and photographs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtNet: More paintings by Halil Pasha

description: Turkish painter

wikidata_label: Halil Pasha

wikipedia_title: Halil Pasha (painter)


text:
U.S. Representative
Texas
Newnan, Georgia
Rusk County, Texas
Civil War
Confederate States Army
admitted to the bar
Rusk County, Texas
Justice of the Peace
Democrat
Fiftieth
Thomas Brackett Reed#Rules
Wills Point, Texas

categories: Confederate States Army officers,1897 deaths,People from Newnan, Georgia,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,American justices of the peace,1835 births,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas,People from Rusk County, Texas,19th-century American politicians,Texas Democrats

paragraph: Constantine B. Kilgore

paragraph: Constantine Buckley Kilgore (February 20, 1835 – September 23, 1897) was a U.S. Representative from Texas.

paragraph: Born in Newnan, Georgia, Kilgore moved with his parents to Rusk County, Texas, in 1846.

paragraph: He received a common-school and academic training.

paragraph: He studied law.

paragraph: During the Civil War Kilgore entered the Confederate States Army as a private and by 1862 had attained the rank of adjutant general of Ector's brigade, Army of the Tennessee.

paragraph: He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Rusk County, Texas.

paragraph: Kilgore was elected Justice of the Peace in 1869.

paragraph: He served as a member of the State constitutional convention in 1875.

paragraph: Kilgore was elected to the State senate in 1884 for a term of four years.

paragraph: He was chosen president of that body in 1885 for two years.

paragraph: He resigned from the State senate in 1886, having been elected to Congress.

paragraph: Kilgore was elected as a Democrat to the Fiftieth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1895). At one point he kicked his way through a locked door of the House of Representatives in order to escape a quorum call (see Thomas Brackett Reed#Rules for context).

paragraph: He was appointed by President Cleveland United States judge for the southern district of Indian Territory March 20, 1895, and served until his death in Ardmore, Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), September 23, 1897.

paragraph: He was interred in White Rose Cemetery, Wills Point, Texas.

alias:
Constantine Buckley Kilgore
Kicking Buck Kilgore

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Constantine B. Kilgore

wikipedia_title: Constantine B. Kilgore


text:
U.S. Representative
Virginia
King William County, Virginia
admitted to the bar
Virginia House of Delegates
Thirty-seventh Congress
Thirty-eighth Congress
United States Senator
Lemuel J. Bowden
Forty-first Congress
West Virginia
Forty-fifth Congress
Norfolk, Virginia
Hampton, Virginia

categories: Unionist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia,19th-century American lawyers,Virginia Republicans,Members of the Virginia House of Delegates,Virginia lawyers,1880 deaths,People from King William County, Virginia,1804 births

paragraph: Joseph Segar

paragraph: Joseph Eggleston Segar (June 1, 1804 – April 30, 1880) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in King William County, Virginia, Segar attended the common schools. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced law. He held several local offices, and served as member of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1836–1838, 1848–1852, and 1855-1861.

paragraph: Section::::Congressional career.

paragraph: Segar presented credentials as a Unionist Member-elect to the Thirty-seventh Congress from an election held on October 24, 1861, but the House on February 11, 1862, decided he was not entitled to the seat. Segar was subsequently elected to the same Congress and served from March 15, 1862, to March 3, 1863.

paragraph: In the Thirty-eighth Congress (1863–1865), no Virginia representatives were seated. Segar presented credentials, but was declared not entitled to the seat by resolution of May 17, 1864, though he was paid for mileage and pro-rated salary.

paragraph: Segar presented credentials on February 17, 1865, as a United States Senator-elect to fill the vacancy in the term commencing March 4, 1863, caused by the death of Lemuel J. Bowden, but was not permitted to take his seat.

paragraph: On January 25, 1870, in the Forty-first Congress, Segar claimed an at-large ninth seat for Virginia in the U.S. House, but was not seated. The recent Virginia constitutional convention had asserted the ninth seat, but Congress only allowed eight seats to Virginia, since its apportionment of eleven seats had been reduced by the three seats assigned to the new state of West Virginia in 1863.

paragraph: Segar was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for election in 1876 to the Forty-fifth Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Segar served as member of the Spanish Claims Commission from 1877 to 1880.

paragraph: He died on a steamer while en route from Norfolk, Virginia, to Washington, D.C., on April 30, 1880. He was interred in St. John's Cemetery, Hampton, Virginia.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Joseph Segar

wikipedia_title: Joseph Segar


text:
U.S. Representative
Virginia
Thomas Nelson Jr.
Yorktown, Virginia
College of William and Mary
Williamsburg, Virginia
Senate of Virginia
Virginia House of Delegates
Speaker
Democratic-Republican
Twelfth
Fourteenth
Fifteenth
Seventeenth
United States Minister to Spain
Albemarle County, Virginia
Cismont, Virginia

categories: Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates,People from Albemarle County, Virginia,Ambassadors of the United States to Spain,19th-century American diplomats,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia,Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,College of William & Mary alumni,19th-century American politicians,1836 deaths,People from Yorktown, Virginia,Virginia Democratic-Republicans,Nelson family of Virginia,Virginia state senators,1768 births

paragraph: Hugh Nelson (congressman)

paragraph: Hugh Nelson (September 30, 1768 – March 18, 1836) was an American politician and U.S. Representative from Virginia. He was the son of Thomas Nelson Jr.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Yorktown, Virginia, Nelson graduated from the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1780. He served in the Senate of Virginia 1786-1791, and in the Virginia House of Delegates 1805-1809 and 1828-1829. He was Speaker of the latter house 1807-1809. Nelson also served as judge of the general court.

paragraph: Nelson was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Twelfth and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1811, until his resignation on January 14, 1823, having received an appointment in the diplomatic service. He served as chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary (Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Seventeenth Congresses). Nelson was appointed by President James Monroe as United States Minister to Spain on January 15, 1823, and served until November 23, 1824.

paragraph: Nelson died at his home, "Belvoir," Albemarle County, Virginia, March 18, 1836. He was interred in Belvoir Cemetery, Cismont, Virginia.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Hugh Nelson

wikipedia_title: Hugh Nelson (congressman)


text:
Argentine tango
bandoneon
bandleader
composer
Punta Alta
Buenos Aires Province
Carlos Gardel
José Razzano
a cappella
¡Tango!
Canillita
Fueye querido
bandoneon
Aníbal Troilo
Pedro Maffia
Pedro Maffia

categories: Tango musicians,Argentine people of Italian descent,1899 births,Male tango film actors,20th-century Argentine male actors,Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery,Argentine musicians,People from Buenos Aires,1967 deaths

paragraph: Pedro Maffia

paragraph: Pedro Mario Maffia (August 28, 1899 – October 16, 1967) was an Argentine tango bandoneonist, bandleader, composer and teacher, as well as starring in several tango films.

paragraph: Maffia had a hard upbringing, he was beaten with a chain by his father and lived in dire poverty. He eventually ran away from home to live in the town of Punta Alta in Buenos Aires Province, where he was discovered by Carlos Gardel and José Razzano.

paragraph: Maffia is remembered as a pioneer of the bandoneon and a great stylist. He was one of the first to play the instrument a cappella. He had a relaxed playing style and an inventiveness for misplaced accents and nuances.

paragraph: Maffia starred in a number of tango films including "¡Tango!" (1933), "Canillita" (1936) and "Fueye querido" (1966). He also worked as a music teacher, and wrote an important method of teaching the bandoneon.

paragraph: The bandoneonist Aníbal Troilo dedicated a song to him entitled "A Pedro Maffia".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Maffia at todotango.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Maffia at tango.info

description: Argentine musician

wikidata_label: Pedro Maffia

wikipedia_title: Pedro Maffia


text:
U.S. Representative
Virginia
Amelia (now Nottoway) County
Hampden–Sydney College
Jefferson Medical College
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
medicine
University of Edinburgh Medical School
Scotland
Virginia House of Delegates
War of 1812
Fifteenth Congress
Peterson Goodwyn
Democratic-Republican
Sixteenth
Seventeenth Congresses
Mountain Hall
Nottoway, Virginia

categories: 1848 deaths,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia,Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the Virginia House of Delegates,1772 births,People from Virginia in the War of 1812,People from Nottoway County, Virginia,Virginia Democratic-Republicans,Hampden–Sydney College alumni,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: James Jones (Virginia)

paragraph: James Jones (December 11, 1772 – April 25, 1848) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Nottoway Parish, Amelia (now Nottoway) County, Virginia, Jones graduated from Hampden–Sydney College in 1791, and the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He earned a degree in medicine from the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland in 1796. He returned to Amelia County, where he practiced medicine and also engaged in agricultural pursuits.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Jones served as member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1804 to 1809, and as privy councilor of Virginia from 1809 to 1811, when he resigned. He served in the War of 1812 as director general of hospital and medical stores. He returned to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1818.

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Fifteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Peterson Goodwyn, but was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congresses (March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1823).

paragraph: Jones again became a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1827 to 1829, and subsequently resumed agricultural pursuits. He died at his home, "Mountain Hall," near Nottoway, Virginia, April 25, 1848. He was interred in the family burying ground on his estate.

description: U.S. Representative from Virginia

wikidata_label: James Jones

wikipedia_title: James Jones (Virginia)


text:
Ostend
Belgium
Gobron-Brillié
Pierre de Caters
Grand Prix motor racing
Land speed record

categories: 1876 births,1958 deaths,Land speed record people

paragraph: Louis Rigolly

paragraph: Louis Rigolly (1876 - 1958), a Frenchman, was the first man to drive a car at over .

paragraph: He set a record of on a beach at Ostend in Belgium on 21 July 1904, driving a 13.5 litre Gobron-Brillié racing car. He covered a 1 kilometre course in 21.6 seconds, beating Belgian Pierre de Caters mark of , set the previous May over the same 1 kilometre course in Ostend. The record stood for just three months. Rigolly also participated in early Grand Prix motor racing.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Land speed record

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Louis Rigolly

wikipedia_title: Louis Rigolly


text: Sir Humphrey Appleby

text: Yes Minister

text: BAFTA TV Awards

text: Best Light Entertainment Performance

text: Academy Award for Best Actor

text: King George III

text: The Madness of King George

text: Best Actor

text: The Fragile Heart

text: Olivier Award

text: Tony Award

text: Coventry

text: Warwickshire

text: South Africa

text: Gardens

text: Camps Bay

text: St George's Grammar School

text: Cape Town

text: Christian Brothers College

text: University of Cape Town

text: Theo Aronson

text: Cape Town

text: Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play

text: Mackeson Stout

text: Humphrey Appleby

text: television series

text: Yes Minister

text: King George III

text: Alan Bennett

text: The Madness of George III

text: The Madness of King George

text: Academy Award

text: voice actor

text: Disney

text: Fflewddur Fflam

text: The Black Cauldron

text: Tarzan

text: Watership Down

text: outed

text: gay

text: Academy Awards

text: Trevor Bentham

text: Royal Court Theatre

text: Radwell

text: Baldock

text: Thundridge

text: Hertfordshire

text: hospice

text: pancreatic cancer

text: heart attack

text: Thundridge

text: Ware, Hertfordshire

text: Derek Fowlds

text: Maureen Lipman

text: Charles Dance

text: Loretta Swit

text: Frederick Forsyth

text: Christopher Herbert

text: Bishop of St Albans

text: pallbearer

text: Alan Bennett

text: Olivier's

text: Alec Guinness

text: knighted

categories: English male voice actors,Critics' Circle Theatre Award winners,Laurence Olivier Award winners,Royal Shakespeare Company members,1929 births,University of Cape Town alumni,Burials in Hertfordshire,Actors awarded British knighthoods,20th-century English male actors,Best Actor Empire Award winners,Best Actor BAFTA Award winners,English male television actors,Knights Bachelor,Gay actors,English male film actors,LGBT entertainers from England,Male actors from Warwickshire,Deaths from cancer in England,BAFTA winners (people),English male stage actors,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,2001 deaths,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,People from Coventry,English male Shakespearean actors

paragraph: Nigel Hawthorne

paragraph: Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor. He portrayed Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary in the 1980s sitcom "Yes Minister" and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, "Yes, Prime Minister". For this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance. He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying King George III in "The Madness of King George" (1994). He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series "The Fragile Heart". He was also an Olivier Award and Tony Award winner for his work in theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, the second of four children of Agnes Rosemary (née Rice) and Charles Barnard Hawthorne, a physician. When Nigel was three years old, the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where his father had bought a practice. Initially they lived in the Gardens and then moved to a newly built house near Camps Bay. He was educated at St George's Grammar School, Cape Town and, when the family moved, the now defunct Christian Brothers College, where he played on the rugby team. He described his time at the latter as not being a particularly happy experience. He enrolled at the University of Cape Town, where he met and sometimes acted in plays with Theo Aronson, later a well-known biographer, but withdrew and returned to the United Kingdom in the 1950s to pursue a career in acting.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Hawthorne made his professional stage debut in 1950, playing Archie Fellows in a Cape Town production of "The Shop at Sly Corner". He made his Broadway debut in 1974 in "As You Like It". He returned to the New York stage in 1990 in "Shadowlands" and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.

paragraph: In a long and varied career in film, which began with an advertisement for Mackeson Stout and smaller roles in various British television series since the late 1950s, his most famous roles were as Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary of the fictional Department of Administrative Affairs in the television series "Yes Minister" (and Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, "Yes, Prime Minister"), for which he won four BAFTA awards during the 1980s, and as King George III in Alan Bennett's stage play "The Madness of George III" (for which he won a Best Actor Olivier Award) and the film version entitled "The Madness of King George", for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and won the BAFTA Film Award for Best Actor. He won a sixth BAFTA for the 1996 TV mini-series "The Fragile Heart".

paragraph: Hawthorne was also a voice actor, and lent his voice to two Disney films: Fflewddur Fflam in "The Black Cauldron" (1985), and Professor Porter in "Tarzan" (1999). He also voiced Captain Campion in the cartoon film "Watership Down" (1978).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: An intensely private person, he was upset at having been involuntarily outed as gay in 1995 in the publicity surrounding the Academy Awards, but he did attend the ceremony with his long-time partner Trevor Bentham, speaking openly about being gay in interviews and his autobiography, "Straight Face", which was published posthumously.

paragraph: They met in 1968 when Bentham was stage-managing the Royal Court Theatre. From 1979 until Hawthorne's death in 2001, they lived together in Radwell near Baldock and latterly at Thundridge, both in Hertfordshire, England. The two of them became fund raisers for the North Hertfordshire hospice and other local charities.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hawthorne had several operations for pancreatic cancer, although his immediate cause of death was from a heart attack, aged 72. He was survived by Bentham, and his funeral service was held at St Mary's, the Parish Church of Thundridge near Ware, Hertfordshire, following which he was cremated at Stevenage Crematorium. His funeral was attended by Derek Fowlds, Maureen Lipman, Charles Dance, Loretta Swit and Frederick Forsyth along with friends and local people. The service was led by the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert, the Bishop of St Albans. The coffin had a wreath of white lilies and orchids and Bentham was one of the pallbearers.

paragraph: On hearing of Hawthorne's death, Alan Bennett described him in his diary, "Courteous, grand, a man of the world and superb at what he did, with his technique never so obvious as to become familiar as, say, Olivier's did or Alec Guinness's."

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1987 New Year Honours, and was knighted in the 1999 New Year Honours.

description: English actor

wikidata_label: Nigel Hawthorne

wikipedia_title: Nigel Hawthorne


text:
Carthaginian
Barcid
Hannibal
Hasdrubal
Mago
Hasdrubal the Fair
Sicily
First Punic War
guerrilla war
Mercenary War
Hannibal
Second Punic War
Roman Republic
Hamilcar
latinization
hellenized
Semitic
masculine
given name
Melqart
thunderbolt
Arabic name
Maltese
Hebrew name
Barak
Greek
landed aristocracy
Battle of Drepanum
Lilybaeum
Drepanum
Hanno "The Great
Numidians
mercenary
combined arms
Alexander
Pyrrhus
Quintus Fabius Maximus
Second Punic War
Hannibal
L. Caelius Metellus
Lilybaeum
Drepanum
Drepanum
Locri
Brindisi
Monte Pellegrino
Palermo
Catana
Cumae
Italy
Panormus
Marcus Fabius Bueto
Mt. Eryx
Trapani
Lilybaeum
Roman Republic
Quinqueremes
siege works
Battle of the Aegates Islands
Gaius Lutatius Catulus
Lilybaeum
Peace of Lutatius
Syracuse
Euobean
Comitia Centuriata
Aeolian Islands
Malta
Pantelleria
Sardinia
Corsica
Polybius
Tunis
Mercenary War
Matho
Utica
Hippo
Hippo Acra
Battle of Macar River
Bagradas
Utica
Autaritus
Fabian tactics
Naravas
a hard-fought battle
The Gorge of the Saw
Leptis Minor
Utica
Second Punic War
Hasdrubal the Fair
Celts
Hasdrubal the Fair
Hanno the Great
Numidia
Pillars of Hercules
Gades
Hispania
Sardinia
Straits of Gibraltar
Gades
Hannibal
Massalia
Phocaean
Catalonia
Málaga
Alalia
Corsica
Cape Nao
Sierra Morena
Tartessian
Turdetani
Seville
Córdoba
Celtiberian
Guadalquiver
Guadalete
Hasdrubal the Fair
Turdetania
Bastetani
Alicante
Elche
Toledo
Oretani
Appian
Bomilcar
suffete
Hanno
Hannibal
Hasdrubal the Fair
Naravas
Hannibal
Hasdrubal
Mago
Hannibal
Rome
First Punic War
Second Punic War
Salammbô
Gustave Flaubert
Pride of Carthage
David Anthony Durham
Roger Casement
Barcid
Battle of the Bagradas
Other Hamilcars
Livius.org: Hamilcar Barca

categories: Barcids,Carthaginian commanders of the First Punic War,Mercenary War,228 BC deaths,270s BC births

paragraph: Hamilcar Barca

paragraph: Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (–228BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair.

paragraph: Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247BC to 241BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. He kept his army intact and led a successful guerrilla war against the Romans in Sicily. Hamilcar retired to Carthage after the peace treaty in 241BC, following the defeat of Carthage. When the Mercenary War burst out in 240BC, Hamilcar was recalled to command and was instrumental in concluding that conflict successfully. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian expedition to Spain in 237BC, and for eight years expanded the territory of Carthage in Spain before dying in battle in 228 BC. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Hamilcar is the latinization of "Hamílkas" (), the hellenized form of the common Semitic Phoenician-Carthaginian masculine given name () or (), meaning "Melqart is Gracious".

paragraph: The cognomen or epithet  () means "thunderbolt" or "shining". It is cognate with the Arabic name Barq, Maltese word Berqa and the Hebrew name Barak and equivalent to the Greek "Keraunos", which was borne by many commanders contemporary with Hamilcar and his son Hannibal.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known about the origins or history of the Barca family prior to the Punic Wars. Quoting Tony Bath, "The Barca family, which originally came from Cyrene, was a powerful one but not at that time among the first families of Carthage". (Cyrene was in modern Libya). Unfortunately Tony Bath omits references. Lance Serge states that Hamilcar's family was part of the landed aristocracy of Carthage. Hamilcar was a young man of 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC. By this time he had three daughters, and his son Hannibal was born during the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Situation in Sicily.

paragraph: The Carthaginians had gained command of the sea after their victory in the Battle of Drepanum in 249 BC, but they only held two cities in Sicily: Lilybaeum and Drepanum by the time Hamilcar took up command. The Carthaginian state was led by the landed aristocracy at the time, and they preferred to expand across northern Africa instead of pursuing an aggressive policy in Sicily. Hanno "The Great" was in charge of operations in Africa since 248 BC and had conquered considerable territory by 241 BC.

paragraph: Carthage at this time was feeling the strain of the prolonged conflict. In addition to maintaining a fleet and soldiers in Sicily, they were also fighting the Libyans and Numidians in northern Africa. As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn so that, by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar in Sicily.

paragraph: The Carthaginian leadership probably thought Rome had been defeated and invested little manpower in Sicily. With a small force and no money to hire new troops, Hamilcar's strategic goal probably was to maintain a stalemate, as he had neither the resources to win the war nor the authority to peacefully settle it Hamilcar was in command of a mercenary army composed of multiple nationalities and his ability to successfully lead this force demonstrates his skill as field commander. He employed combined arms tactics, like Alexander and Pyrrhus, and his strategy was similar to the one employed by Quintus Fabius Maximus in the Second Punic War, ironically against Hannibal, the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca, in Italy during 217 BC. The difference was that Fabius commanded a numerically superior army to his opponent, had no supply problems, and had room to manoeuvre, while Hamilcar was mostly static, had a far smaller army than the Romans and was dependent on seaborne supplies from Carthage.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar in Sicily.:Panormus 247 BC – 244 BC.

paragraph: Hamilcar, upon taking command in the summer of 247 BC, punished the rebellious mercenaries (who had revolted because of overdue payments) by murdering some of them at night and drowning the rest at sea, and dismissing many to different part of northern Africa. With a reduced army and fleet, Hamilcar commenced his operations. Romans had divided their forces, Consul L. Caelius Metellus was near Lilybaeum, while Numerius Fabius Buteo was besieging Drepanum at that time. Hamilcar probably fought an inconclusive battle at Drepanum, but there is cause to doubt this.

paragraph: Hamilcar next raided Locri in Bruttium and the area around Brindisi in 247 BC, and on his return he seized a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, just north of Palermo or Mt. Castellacio, 7 miles north-west of Palermo), and not only maintained himself against all attacks, but carried on with his seaborne raids ranging from Catana in Sicily to far as Cumae in central Italy. He also set about improving the spirit of the army, and succeeded in creating a highly disciplined and versatile force. While Hamilcar won no large-scale battle or recaptured any cities lost to the Romans, he waged a relentless campaign against the enemy, and caused a constant drain on Roman resources. However, if Hamilcar had hoped to recapture Panormus, he failed in his strategy. Roman forces led by the consuls Marcus Otacilius Crassus and Marcaus Fabius Licinus achieved little against Hamilcar in 246 BC, and the consuls of 245 BC, Marcus Fabius Bueto and Atilius Bulbus, fared no better.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar in Sicily.:Eryx 244 BC – 241 BC.

paragraph: In 244 BC, Hamilcar transferred his army at night by sea to a similar position on the slopes of Mt. Eryx (Monte San Giuliano), from which he was able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town of Drepanum (Trapani). Hamilcar seized the town of Eryx, captured by the Romans in 249 BC, after destroying the Roman garrison, and positioned his army between the Roman forces stationed at the summit and their camp at the base of the mountain. Hamilcar removed the population to Drepana. Hamilcar continued his activities unhindered from his position for another two years, being supplied by road from Drepana, although Carthaginian ships had been withdrawn from Sicily by this time and no naval raids were launched. During one of the raids, when troops under a subordinate commander named “Boaster” engaged in plunder against the orders of Hamilcar and suffered severe casualties when the Romans caught up to them, Hamilcar requested a truce to bury his dead. Roman consul Fundanius (243/2 BC) arrogantly replied that Hamilcar should request a truce to save his living and denied the request. Hamilcar managed to inflict severe casualties on the Romans soon after, and when the Roman consul requested a truce to bury his dead, Hamilcar replied that his quarrel was with the living only and the dead had already settled their dues, and granted the truce.

paragraph: The actions of Hamilcar, and his immunity to defeat, plus the stalemate at the siege of Lilybaeum caused the Romans to start building a fleet in 243 BC to seek a decision at sea. However, the constant skirmishing without ultimate victory may have caused the morale of some of Hamilcar's troops to crack and 1,000 Celtic mercenaries tried to betray the Punic camp to the Romans, which was foiled. Hamilcar had to promise considerable rewards to keep the morale of his army up, which was to produce near fatal problems for Carthage later on.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar in Sicily.:Eryx 244 BC – 241 BC.:Roman response: privately funded fleet.

paragraph: The Roman Republic was nearly bankrupt and had to borrow money from wealthy citizens to fund the construction of a fleet of 200 Quinqueremes, which blockaded Carthaginian positions in Sicily in 242 BC by seizing the harbour of Drepana and anchorages at Lilybaeum, while Roman soldiers built siege works around Drepanum. The better-trained Roman fleet defeated a hastily raised, undermanned and ill-trained Punic fleet at Battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, cutting Sicily off from Carthage. Carthaginian leadership requested terms to the victorious Roman commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus and authorised Hamilcar Barca to open negotiations, probably to avoid the responsibility of the defeat. Hamilcar in turn nominated Gisco, the Carthaginian commander of Lilybaeum, to conduct the talks. Carthage often hauled defeated generals and admirals before the Tribunal of 100 and had them crucified, so Hamilcar probably distanced himself from the possibility of prosecution if the Roman terms turned out to be harsh enough for Carthaginian authorities to seek a scapegoat.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar in Sicily.:Peace of Lutatius: terms of the treaty.

paragraph: This treaty replaced all previous treaties between the two powers. The initial conditions laid out by Lutatius to Gisco were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Carthaginians will evacuate all Sicily.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carthage should not make war on Syracuse and their allies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carthage would pay Rome 2,200 Euobean silver talents (56 tons) over a 20-year period as reparations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Carthaginian army would surrender their weapons and all Roman deserters immediately.

paragraph: Hamilcar Barca refused the demand to surrender Roman deserters or disarm Carthaginian soldiers, despite being threatened by Lutatius to have the Punic army pass under the yoke. Lutatius did not press the issue further, and the Carthaginian soldiers were later allowed to leave Sicily under arms with their honor intact, and without any token of submission – a rare gesture granted by the Romans to a defeated enemy. Roman deserters may have been surrendered on a later date.

paragraph: Lutatius did not have the authority to ratify the agreement he made with Hamilcar, so he forwarded them to the Comitia Centuriata in Rome. The Romans rejected these terms and appointed ten commissioners, led by Quantius Lutatius Cerco, brother of the consul and himself consul in 240 BC, to reexamine the conditions. They added some conditions and amended some of the ones given by Lutatius:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carthage would evacuate all islands between Italy and Sicily – probably the Aegates Islands in addition to the Aeolian Islands. This meant Roman acknowledgement of Carthaginian control over Malta, Pantelleria, Sardinia and Corsica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carthage would pay 2,200 silver talents in 10 year installments, and 1,000 talents immediately; a total of 3,200 talents as war reparations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carthage will ransom all Punic prisoners, while all Roman prisoners would be freed without payment of ransom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carthaginian warships were forbidden to sail along Italian shore or those of their allies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neither side should make war against on the other's allies, or seek to change their allegiance by allying with them directly or interfering with their internal affairs. Neither side would seek to recruit soldiers, levy tribute or build public building on the other powers' territories.

paragraph: The last condition is mentioned by Polybius in place of the one regarding not making war on Syracuse. It is possible that Hamilcar Barca secured the last clause after the initial conditions, which were more favorable to Carthage, was altered by Rome with a harsher one. Hamilcar Barca gathered the Carthaginian soldiers from Drepana and Eryx at Lilybaeum, surrendered his command, returned to Carthage and retired to private life, leaving Gisco and the Carthaginian government to pay off his soldiers. Whatever was the motivation behind this act, it was resented by the mercenaries left behind in Sicily.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.

paragraph: The “Undefeated” army now created a unique problem for Carthage. Had Hamilcar suffered a decisive defeat, casualties and prisoners would have diminished their numbers and Carthage would have had an excuse not to pay anything. But now the 20,000 man army had to be paid their full due.

paragraph: Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between so the government could pay them off without trouble. However, the Carthaginian authorities waited until the whole army had gathered at Carthage, probably by the summer of 241 BC. As the strain on the Punic population increased, Carthaginian authorities then sent them off to Sicca, planning to plead with the whole army to forgo their unpaid wages by pointing out the dire financial situation of Carthage. Hamilcar's former soldiers, who had been kept together only by his personal authority and by the promise of good pay, broke out into open mutiny once Hanno the Great tried to impose this, and marched on Carthage and encamped at Tunis. The soldiers refused to accept Hamilcar as an arbitrator, angered by his refusal to accompany his army from Sicily and retiring to Carthage as soon the treaty with Rome was formalized, and although Carthage at this point conceded all their demands, things soon boiled over and started the conflict known as the Mercenary War. The rebels, under Spendius and Matho, were joined by 70,000 African subjects of Carthage. The rebels divided their forces, detachments were sent to besiege Utica and Hippo, while others cut Carthage off from the mainland, probably in the winter of 241 BC or spring of 240 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Hamilcar recalled.

paragraph: Hanno the Great was given command of the Punic army, which was raised from Carthaginian citizens and mercenaries recruited from abroad, plus cavalry squadrons and 100 elephants. Hanno sailed to Utica in the spring of 241 BC, obtained siege equipment from the city and overran the rebel camp, the rebels fleeing before the charging Punic elephants. Hanno, accustomed to fighting Libyans and Numidians, did not anticipate any further trouble and left his army for Utica. However, the rebels regrouped, and observing lax discipline among the Punic troops, launched a surprise sortie and routed the Punic army while Hanno was absent, driving the survivors to Utica and capturing all the baggage. Hanno marshaled his soldiers, but twice failed to engage the rebels under favorable conditions and twice failed to surprise them on other occasions. The Carthaginian government then raised an army of 10,000 soldiers and 70 elephants and put Hamilcar Barca in command. Hanno posted his army near Hippo Acra, where Matho's army was besieging the town.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Hamilcar recalled.:Battle of Macar River.

paragraph: The rebels held the hills to the west of Carthage and the only bridge across the Bagradas river leading to Utica. Hamilcar observed that wind blowing from a certain direction uncovered a sandbar at the river mouth that was fordable and, under cover of night, the Punic army left Carthage and crossed the river. Hamilcar aimed to attack the small rebel band holding the bridge, but Spendius led the rebel force besieging Utica to confront Hamilcar. The Carthaginian army was caught in a pincer movement, he pretended to retreat, and when the rebel formation became disordered, Hamilcar, by brilliant maneuvering, heavily defeated their forces, killing 8,000 mercenaries and capturing 2,000 men. Hamilcar occupied the bridge, then established control over the surrounding region while part of the surviving rebels fled towards Utica and others, after being driven from their camp near the bridge, fled to Tunis.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Hamilcar trapped.

paragraph: Hamilcar's victory opened communication with Utica, and gave Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control by force or negotiations. He made no attempt to join Hanno near Utica. Spendius rallied his forces, was reinforced by a detachment largely made of Gauls under Autaritus and shadowed Hamilcar as he advanced south east, keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry and harassing their enemy at every possible opportunity. These "Fabian tactics" continued until Hamilcar encamped in a valley, probably near Nepheris, and the rebels trapped his army, with the Libyans blocking the exit, Spendius and his troops camping near the Punic army and the Numidians covering Hamilcar's rear. Hamilcar's army was saved by pure luck – a Numidian chieftain, Naravas, who would later marry Hamilcar's third daughter, defected with 2,000 horsemen. Hamilcar exited the valley and, after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of Spendius. The rebel loss was 8,000 dead with 4,000 captured. Hamilcar offered the prisoners a choice – to join his army, or leave Africa with the condition never to take up arms against Carthage. The new joiners were armed with equipment captured from the rebels. By winter of 240 BC, the situation had improved for Carthage.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Hamilcar trapped.:Beginning of atrocities.

paragraph: Rebel leaders feared mass desertions might result because of Hamilcar's policy towards prisoners. To forestall any such event, rebels committed an act of cruelty unpardonable by Carthage. Autaritus spread the rumor that Carthaginian prisoners led by Gisco were plotting to escape. Rebels opposing this were stoned and Gisco and his fellow prisoners were tortured to death. Autaritus announced that he would do the same with all Punic prisoners that fell into rebel hands in future. Hamilcar killed his prisoners and announced a policy of equal measure toward future rebel prisoners, thus ending any chance of desertion from the rebel army and the truceless war began in earnest.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Triple trouble and revival.

paragraph: Carthage was hit by a series of disasters in 239 BC: her fleet and supply flotilla bringing supplies from Empoia was sunk in a storm, the mercenaries in Sardinia rebelled and the cities of Utica and Hippo Acra killed their Punic garrisons and defected to the rebels. Carthage sent an expedition to Sardinia under Hanno, but this force killed their officers and joined the rebels. Furthermore, Hamilcar had invited Hanno the Great to join forces and try to end the rebellion as quickly as possible, but the generals failed to cooperate.

paragraph: The gloomy situation changed when first Syracuse and then Rome came to the aid of Carthage. Syracuse redoubled the volume of supplies sent to Carthage. Rome forbade Italian traders to trade with rebels and encouraged trade with Carthage, freed Punic prisoners without ransom, and allowed Carthage to recruit mercenaries from Roman territories and flatly refused the invitation from Utica, Hippo and Sardinia to occupy these areas. Finally, when the Carthaginian Senate was unable to decide between Hamilcar and Hanno, the people's assembly left it to the army to decide on their Commander in Chief, and Hamilcar Barca was elected to sole command. The people's assembly chose Hannibal of Paropos, son of another Hamilcar and a veteran of the First Punic War as Hamilcar's deputy.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Carthage blockaded.

paragraph: While Carthage was busy settling state affairs, Spendius and Matho decided to blockade the city from the landward side. However, as the rebels had no navy, Carthage could draw supplies from the sea and so did not face the threat of starvation. But the rebels would sally out from their camp at Tunis and approach the city walls to cause terror inside the city. In response, Hamilcar began to harass the rebel supply lines and soon the rebels were placed in a state of siege. Spendius and Matho were joined by a force commanded by a Libyan chief named Zarzas, and the 50,000 strong army under Spendius moved away from Carthage. Using tactics later made famous by Q. Fabius against Hannibal Barca, Hamilcar's eldest son, the rebels shadowed Hamilcar's army, while moving south, harassing his soldiers and keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry. After weeks of maneuvering, Hamilcar finally managed to trap about 40,000 rebels in a valley surrounded on three sides by mountains.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Carthage blockaded.:The Gorge of the Saw.

paragraph: The exact location of this valley has never been conclusively identified. It was probably some distance from Carthage because, while Hamilcar blockaded the valley exits and waited for the rebels to starve, Matho's army at Tunis did not intervene although the trapped rebels held out awaiting his arrival. After the trapped rebels ran out of food, pack animals and cavalry horses and finally resorted to cannibalism, Spendius, Autaritus and Zarzas, accompanied by seven others, went to Hamilcar's camp to seek terms. Hamilcar offered to allow all the rebels to depart freely with a single garment, but retained the right to detain 10 persons. When the rebel leaders agreed to the terms, Hamilcar detained the rebel delegation. Deprived of leadership, and unaware of the pact, the mercenaries suspected treachery; the Libyans were the first to attack Hamilcar's positions. The rebel army was slaughtered, with the elephants trampling most to death.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Setback in Tunis.

paragraph: Hamilcar next moved to confront the army of Matho at Tunis. He divided his army, Hannibal took half of the soldiers and camped to the north of Tunis, Hamilcar camped to the south, thus hemming in Matho's army in Tunis. Hamilcar crucified Spendius and other rebel hostages outside Tunis to terrorize Matho, but this backfired when the rebels were able to surprise and defeat Hannibal's army due to their lax discipline. Punic survivors fled, all their baggage was captured along with Hannibal and thirty Carthaginian senators. Hamilcar retreated north near the mouth of Bagrades river, while Matho crucified his prisoners on the same crosses Hamilcar had used to crucify the rebel leaders, then retreated out of Tunis and moved south.

paragraph: At this point, the Carthaginian senate reinstated Hanno and forced Hamilcar to share command. The Punic generals pursued Matho's army and won several small-scale engagements. After mustering their forces, a decisive battle was fought probably near the town of Leptis Minor. The Carthaginians destroyed the rebel army, after which the Libyan towns submitted to Carthage. When Utica and Hippo Acra held out, Hanno and Hamilcar besieged them, eventually receiving their surrender on terms. By the winter of 238 BC, the Mercenary revolt was over. Hanno and Hamilcar unleashed reprisals against the Numidian tribes that had sided with the rebels, and the generals probably extended Carthaginian territory in Africa at the same time. Carthage now began to fit out an expedition to recover Sardinia, with Hamilcar commanding Punic forces.

paragraph: Section::::Truceless War.:Setback in Tunis.:"Rape of Sardinia".

paragraph: Punic Mercenaries stationed in Sardinia had rebelled in 239 BC, besieged Boaster and all Carthaginians in a citadel and later executed them after the fort fell. They managed to take over all Punic territories in Sardinia. Carthage sent a mercenary force under Hanno to retake the island in 239 BC, but this group also rebelled, killed Hanno and their Carthaginian officers and joined the rebels in Sardinia. The rebels requested Rome to take over Sardinia, which was turned down. Their heavy handedness with Sardinian natives caused native Sardinians to attack and expel the mercenaries by 237 BC. The expelled mercenaries took refuge in Italy and again requested Rome to take over Sardinia.

paragraph: Rome, which had dealt with Carthage with all due honor and courtesy during the crisis, going as far as to release all Punic prisoners without ransom and refuse to accept offers from Utica and Rebels mercenaries based in Sardinia to incorporate these territories into the Roman domain, seized Sardinia and Corsica and forced Carthage to pay 1,200 talents for her initial refusal to renounce her claim over the islands. This probably dealt a fatal blow to any chance of permanent peace between Rome and Carthage and is one of the causes of the Second Punic War and held as the motivation of the subsequent military and political activities of Hamilcar.

paragraph: Section::::Punic politics.

paragraph: The aristocratic party had dominated Carthaginian politics since 248 BC. Hanno the Great was aligned with them and they espoused peaceful relations with Rome, even at the cost of abandoning overseas territories. Their choice to minimize the Sicilian operations while Hamilcar was in command, reduce the navy and support Hanno the Great's conquests in Africa, all of which were causes for the ultimate defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. They had remained in power throughout the Mercenary War and had advocated Hanno's position over Hamilcar's more than once.

paragraph: Their opponents probably had the support of people who had wanted to continue the war even after the defeat at Aegates Island. The Mercantile Class, whose interests were hurt by the war, and would be marginalized by the abandonment of overseas operations, also supported this faction. People disenfranchised by the ruin of the navy and disruption of trade might have thrown in their lot with this group and eventually Hasdrubal the Fair emerged as the leader. Hamilcar, furious that Sicily had been given up too soon, while he had been undefeated, could rely on support from this party.

paragraph: There is no clear record of the political activity in Carthage at this time. The political clout of the incumbent leaders was probably weakened by the defeat in the First Punic War, their mismanagement of the Mercenary troops and finally the Sardinia Affair. In an effort to reestablish their position, they decided to make a scapegoat of Hamilcar Barca.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar supreme in Carthage.

paragraph: Hamilcar Barca was blamed by the Carthaginian Leaders for causing the Mercenary War by making unrealistic promises to his soldiers, especially the Celts, during his command in Sicily. This event may have taken place as early as 241 BC or more likely in 237 BC. The influence Hamilcar enjoyed among the people and the opposition party enabled him to avoid standing trial. Furthermore, Hamilcar allied with Hasdrubal the Fair, his future son in law, to restrict the power of the aristocracy, which was led by Hanno the Great, as well as gain immunity from prosecution. Hamilcar's faction gained enough clout, if not supreme power in Carthage, for Hamilcar to implement his next agenda. Hamilcar's first priority, probably, was to ensure that the war indemnity was paid regularly so the Romans had no excuse to interfere in Carthaginian affairs. His second was to implement his strategy for preparing Carthage for any future conflict with Rome, or enable Carthage to defend itself against any aggression.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar supreme in Carthage.:Operations in North Africa.

paragraph: Hamilcar obtained permission from the Carthaginian Senate for recruiting and training a new army, with the immediate goal of securing the African domain of Carthage. As this was in line with the goal of the "Peace Party" of Hanno the Great, probably no serious opposition was offered. Training for the army was obtained in some Numidian forays, then Hamilcar marched the army westwards to the Pillars of Hercules. Hasdrubal the Fair commanded the fleet carrying supplies and elephants along the coast, keeping pace with the army.

paragraph: Hamilcar, on his own responsibility and without the consent of the Carthaginian government, ferried the army across to Gades to start an expedition into Hispania (236 BC), where he hoped to gain a new empire to compensate Carthage for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. Iberia would also serve as a base for any future conflicts against the Romans which would be independent of political interference from Carthage, and the campaigns would enhance the reputation of Hamilcar Barca. Hamilcar's political clout in Carthage may have been enough to stifle any opposition in Carthage against his Iberian venture, or he did face stiff opposition and had used the booty from his Iberian campaigns to buy his way out. Whatever the case, Hamilcar enjoyed uninterrupted command in Iberia during his stay there.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.

paragraph: Hamilcar's army either crossed the Straits of Gibraltar into Iberia from West Africa or, having returned to Carthage after the African activities, sailed along the African coast to Gades. Hasdrubal the Fair and Hannibal, then a child of nine, accompanied Hamilcar; it is not known who led Hamilcar's supporters in Carthage in the absence of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal. Prior to his departure from Carthage, Hamilcar made sacrifices to obtain favorable omens and Hannibal swore never to be a “Friend of Rome” or “Never to show goodwill to the Romans. Several modern historians has interpreted this as Hannibal swearing to be a lifelong enemy of Rome bent on revenge while others hold that this interpretation is a distortion.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Iberian political situation.

paragraph: Hamilcar probably landed at Gades in the summer of 237 BC. Whatever direct territorial control Carthage had had in the past in Iberia, this had been mostly lost by this time as Hamilcar was "re-establishing Carthaginian authority in Iberia". Phoenician colonies were strung along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of southwestern Spain and exercised some degree of control over their immediate areas, but only had trading contacts, not direct control, over the tribes of Iberia at that time. Iberian and Celtiberian tribes were not under any unified leadership at this time and were warlike, although some had absorbed varying degrees of Greek and Punic cultural influence.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Iberian political situation.:Ancient rivals: Punics and Phocaeans.

paragraph: Carthage's failure to prevent the establishment of Massalia by Phocaean Greeks in 600 BC had created a rival that eventually came to dominate trade in Gaul and to plant colonies in Catalonia, at Mainke near Málaga, three colonies near the mouth of Sucro, and at Alalia in Corsica. Greek piracy had forced Carthage to team up with the Etruscans to drive the Greeks from Corsica, and destroy the colony at Mainke in Iberia. By 490 BC, Massalia had managed to defeat Carthage twice, and a boundary along Cape Nao in Iberia was agreed upon, while Carthage had closed the Straits of Gibraltar to foreign shipping. Massalia had become friendly with Rome over the years, if not an outright ally by 237 BC, and this connection would become a significant factor in the power politics of the region.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Securing the silver supply.

paragraph: Hamilcar's immediate objective was to secure access to the gold and silver mines of Sierra Morena, either by direct and indirect control. Negotiations with the "Tartessian" tribes were successfully concluded, but Hamilcar faced hostility from the Turdetani or Turduli tribe, near the foothills of modern Seville and Córdoba. The Iberians had support from Celtiberian tribes and were under the command of two chieftains, Istolatios and his brother. Hamilcar defeated the confederates, killed the leaders and several of their soldiers, while he released a number of prisoners and incorporated 3,000 of the enemy into his army. The Turdetani surrendered. Hamilcar then fought a 50,000 strong army under a chieftain named Indortes. The Iberian army fled before the battle was joined. Hamilcar besieged Indortes, tortured and crucified him after his surrender but allowed 10,000 of the captured enemy soldiers to go home.

paragraph: Having secured control over the mines, and the river routes of Guadalquiver and Guadalete giving access to the mining area, Gades began to mint silver coins from 237 BC. Carthaginians may have taken control of the mining operations and introduced new technologies to increase production. Hamilcar now had the means to pay for his mercenary army and also to ship silver ore to Carthage to help pay off the war indemnity. Hamilcar was in a secure enough position in Iberia to send Hasdrubal the Fair with an army to Africa to quell a Numidian rebellion in 236 BC. Hasdrubal defeated the rebels, killing 8,000 and taking 2,000 prisoners before returning to Iberia.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Expanding eastward 235 BC – 231 BC.

paragraph: Hamilcar, after subduing Turdetania next moved east from Gades towards Cape Nao. He met fierce resistance from the Iberia tribes, even the friendly Bastetani offered battle. Four years of constant campaigns, details of which are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue the area between Gades and Cape Nao. In the process, Hamilcar created a professional army of Iberians, Africans, Numidians and other mercenaries that Hasdrubal the Fair would inherit and Hannibal would later lead across the Alps to immortality. By 231 BC, Hamilcar Barca had consolidated his Iberian territorial gains and established the city of Akra Leuke (Alicante), probably in 235 BC, to guard Punic holdings, and possibly took over the area of Massalian colonies near the mouth of Sucro River. Massalia, probably alarmed by the Carthaginian advance towards their area of influence, mentioned this expansion to the Romans, who decided to investigate the matter.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Rome takes a look.

paragraph: While Hamilcar campaigned in Iberia, Rome was entangled in Sardinia, Corsica and Liguria, where the natives had put up stiff resistance against Roman occupation – campaigns had been fought in these areas between 236 – 231 BC to retain and expand Roman dominion. Rome suspected Carthage of aiding the natives, and had sent embassies to Carthage in 236, 235, 233 and 230 BC to accuse and threaten the Punic state. Nothing had come of these supposed episodes and some scholars doubt their authenticity. In 231 BC, a Roman embassy visited Hamilcar in Spain to inquire about his activities. Hamilcar simply replied that he was fighting to gather enough booty to pay off the war indemnity. The Romans withdrew and did not bother the Carthaginians in Spain until 226 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Final campaigns 231 BC – 228 BC.

paragraph: After the establishment of Akra Leuke, Hamilcar began to move northwest; alas, no records of his campaigns exist. Hamilcar had split his forces in the winter of 228 BC, Hasdrubal the Fair was sent on a separate campaign, while Hamilcar besieged an Iberian town, then sent the bulk of his troops to winter quarters at Akra Leuke. Hamilcar's sons, Hannibal and Hasdrubal, had accompanied him. The town, called Helike, is commonly identified with Elche, but given that it is situated close to Hamilcar's base at Akra Leuke from which he could readily draw reinforcement, it cannot be the place where the following events unfolded. It is possible that Hamilcar died battling the Vettoni, who lived across the Tagus west of Toledo and to the north of Turduli and northwest of Oretani territory.

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Final campaigns 231 BC – 228 BC.:Death of Hamilcar.

paragraph: Orissus, chieftain of the Oretani tribe, came to the assistance of the besieged town. There are several versions to what happened next: Orissus offered to aid Hamilcar, then attacked the Punic army, and Hamilcar drowned during a retreat across the Jucar river; the Oretani sent ox-driven carts to the Carthaginian position, then set them on fire and Hamilcar died in the resulting melee; Hamilcar accepted an offer to parley, then led the enemy in one direction while Hannibal and Hasdrubal Barca fled in the opposite direction. According to Appian, Hamilcar was thrown from his horse and drowned in a river, but Polybius says he fell in battle in an unknown corner of Iberia against an unnamed tribe.

paragraph: In eight years, Hamilcar had secured an extensive territory in Hispania by force of arms and diplomacy, but his premature death in battle (228 BC) denied Carthage a complete conquest. Legend tells that he founded the port of Barcino (deriving its name from the Barca family), which was later adopted and used by the Roman Empire and is, today, the city of Barcelona. Despite the similarities between the name of the Barcid family and that of the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name "Barcelona" is the Iberian "Barkeno".

paragraph: Section::::Barcid Spain.:Family.

paragraph: Hamilcar had at least three daughters and at least three sons.

paragraph: His first daughter was married to Bomilcar, who was a suffete of Carthage and may have commanded the Punic fleet in the Second Punic war. His grandson, Hanno, was an important commander in the army of his son Hannibal.

paragraph: The second daughter was married to Hasdrubal the Fair.

paragraph: His third daughter married the Berber ally Naravas, a Numidian chieftain whose defection had saved Hamilcar and his army during the mercenary war.

paragraph: Hamilcar had three sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago, who were all to have distinguished military careers. An unnamed fourth son is often referred to, but details are lacking.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar's legacy: The Grand Strategy.

paragraph: Hamilcar stood out far above the Carthaginians of his age in military and diplomatic skill and in strength of patriotism; in these qualities he was surpassed only by his son Hannibal, whom he may have imbued with his own deep suspicion of Rome and trained to be his successor in the conflict. One historian commented that had he not been the father of Hannibal, Hamilcar's Sicilian front might have received scant notice. Hamilcar is thought to be the best commander of the First Punic War and as a man, Cato placed Hamilcar a cut above most leaders, including most Romans. By the power of his personal influence among the mercenaries and the surrounding African peoples, superior strategy and some luck, as well as cooperation, if unenthusiastic, from Hanno the Great, Hamilcar crushed the revolt by 237 BC amid a war marked with cruel atrocities from both sides.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar's legacy: The Grand Strategy.:Enemy of Rome.

paragraph: The milder terms Rome had given to Carthage in the aftermath of the First Punic War, and the friendly conduct of Rome during the mercenary war might have raised the possibility of a long period of peace between the two powers, but the seizure of Sardinia destroyed any real chance of peace among equals. According to Polybius, the causes of the Second Punic war were as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilcar felt that Carthage had given up on Sicily too soon in the First Punic War. Hamilcar had been undefeated and was forced to make peace. The subsequent Mercenary War showed that Carthage was capable of further military effort.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman occupation of Sardinia, and then Corsica, indicated the untrustworthiness of Romans and their willingness to meddle when they saw fit regardless of treaties between the powers. This is the second and most important cause of the Second Punic War. This had aroused resentment among many Punic citizens, and Carthage had no hope of resisting Rome at their weakened condition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The success of Hamilcar and his family in Spain, which rebuilt Carthaginian finances and created a standing army, giving Carthage the means to resist Rome.

paragraph: Based on this, and Hannibal's oath, some historians infer that Hamilcar's post-Mercenary War activities were aimed at eventual war with Rome, which was inherited by his sons, and some further suggested that Hamilcar devised the strategy of invading Italy by crossing the Alps as well as Hannibal's battle tactics. Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain mere supposition.

paragraph: Section::::Hamilcar in literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salammbô", by Gustave Flaubert

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pride of Carthage", by David Anthony Durham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hamilcar Barca," a poem by Roger Casement

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barcids, Hamilcar's dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of the Bagradas

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other Hamilcars in Carthaginian history

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- or Patrick Stephens, Cambridge, England 1981. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Hamilcar Barca

description: Carthaginian general

wikidata_label: Barca Hamilcar

wikipedia_title: Hamilcar Barca


text: jazz

text: Ramsey Lewis

text: Oscar Peterson

text: McCoy Tyner

text: hard bop

text: Betty Carter

text: Woody Shaw

text: Art Blakey

text: Tony Williams

text: William Paterson University

text: stroke

text: Greenwood

text: Mississippi

text: by ear

text: blues

text: rhythm and blues

text: gospel music

text: Ramsey Lewis

text: Oscar Peterson

text: The Joey Bishop Show

text: Art Tatum

text: Erroll Garner

text: Memphis State University

text: euphonium

text: Donald Brown

text: James Williams

text: Wynton Kelly

text: Bud Powell

text: McCoy Tyner

text: Woody Shaw

text: Ricky Ford

text: Bill Pierce

text: Mercer Ellington

text: Betty Carter

text: Carmen Lundy

text: Johnny Griffin

text: Art Blakey

text: Terence Blanchard

text: Donald Harrison

text: rhythm section

text: Keys to the City

text: Landmark Records

text: Work!

text: Jon Pareles

text: Tony Williams

text: Charlie Parker

text: Reggie Workman

text: Freddie Waits

text: the album of the same name

text: Wallace Roney

text: Steve Nelson

text: Donald Byrd

text: Frank Morgan

text: Benny Golson

text: Palmer Township

text: Lehigh Valley

text: Pennsylvania

text: Phineas Newborn, Jr.

text: Soviet Union

text: Jon Faddis

text: Tom Harrell

text: Lew Tabackin

text: Bobby Watson

text: Ray Drummond

text: Carl Allen

text: Dianne Reeves

text: Cassandra Wilson

text: Joe Lovano

text: Hand in Hand

text: Novus Records

text: Kenny Garrett

text: Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen

text: duets

text: Duke Ellington

text: Jimmy Blanton

text: Alvin Queen

text: Maxjazz

text: Derrick Hodge

text: Karriem Riggins

text: Ron Carter

text: Russell Malone

text: Dayton Contemporary Dance Company

text: Ronald K. Brown

text: Dave Holland

text: William Paterson University

text: Lafayette College

text: Solo

text: John Scofield

text: stroke

text: Klüvers Big Band

text: Kenny Barron

text: Yusef Lateef

text: Archie Shepp

text: Allentown

text: Christian McBride

text: Ted Panken

text: John Fordham

text: hard bop

text: Down Beat

text: Geoffrey Keezer

text: Warren Wolf

text: Robert Glasper

text: standards

text: Discography as leader

text: Ethan Iverson

categories: Mainstream jazz pianists,1955 births,Musicians from Easton, Pennsylvania,2013 deaths,The Jazz Messengers members,American jazz pianists,Landmark Records artists,Jazz musicians from Mississippi,Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania,Modal jazz pianists,Novus Records artists,Post-bop pianists,American male pianists,Hard bop pianists,Male jazz musicians,People from Greenwood, Mississippi

paragraph: Mulgrew Miller

paragraph: Mulgrew Miller (August 13, 1955 – May 29, 2013) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and educator. As a child he played in churches and was influenced on piano by Ramsey Lewis and then Oscar Peterson. Aspects of their styles remained in his playing, but he added the greater harmonic freedom of McCoy Tyner and others in developing as a hard bop player and then in creating his own style, which influenced others from the 1980s on.

paragraph: Miller's style evolved through playing with a series of major jazz figures. After leaving university he was pianist with the Duke Ellington Orchestra for three years, then accompanied vocalist Betty Carter. Three-year stints with trumpeter Woody Shaw and with drummer Art Blakey's high-profile Jazz Messengers followed, by the end of which Miller had formed his own bands and begun recording under his own name. He was then part of drummer Tony Williams' quintet from its foundation, while continuing to play and record with numerous other leaders, mostly in small groups. Miller was Director of Jazz Studies at William Paterson University from 2005, and continued to play and tour internationally with other high-profile figures in the music until his death from a stroke at the age of 57.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mulgrew Miller was born in Greenwood, Mississippi, to parents who had been raised on plantations. He had three brothers and four sisters. His family was not musical, but they had a piano, which no one in the house could play. Miller, however, played tunes on the piano from the age of six, playing by ear. He had piano lessons from the age of eight. As a child, he played blues and rhythm and blues for dances, and gospel music in a church. His family was Methodist, but he played in churches of various denominations. His principal influence on piano at this stage was Ramsey Lewis.

paragraph: While at high school, Miller formed a trio that played at cocktail parties. His elder brother recommended that he listen to pianist Oscar Peterson, but there was no way of doing this in Greenwood until Peterson appeared on "The Joey Bishop Show" on television when Miller was about 14. After watching Peterson's performance, Miller decided to become a pianist: "It was a life changing event. I knew right then that I would be a jazz pianist". Miller later mentioned Art Tatum and Erroll Garner as piano influences during his teenage years. Miller reported years later that he always found that playing fast was easy, so playing slowly and with more control were what he had to work hardest on.

paragraph: After graduating from Greenwood High School, Miller became a student at Memphis State University in 1973, attending with a band scholarship. He played euphonium, but, during his two years at the university, Miller met pianists Donald Brown and James Williams, who introduced him to the music of well-known players such as Wynton Kelly, Bud Powell, and McCoy Tyner. Still at Memphis State, Miller attended a jazz workshop, where one of the tutors was his future bandleader, Woody Shaw, who stated that they would meet again in two years. They did meet again two years later, and Shaw remembered the young pianist. After leaving university in 1975, Miller took lessons privately in Boston with Madame Margaret Chaloff, who had taught many of the pianists that Miller admired. He later commented that, "I should have stayed with her longer, [...] but at that time I was so restless, constantly on the move." Miller played with saxophonists Ricky Ford and Bill Pierce in Boston. That winter, Miller was invited to Los Angeles by a school friend and decided to go, to escape the northern cold. He stayed on the West Coast for a year, playing locally in clubs and a church.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.:1976–86.

paragraph: Towards the end of 1976 Miller was invited to substitute for the regular pianist in the Duke Ellington Orchestra (led by the late bandleader's son, Mercer Ellington). Miller had performed the same role for one weekend around a year earlier, and the new work was to be for only three weeks, but he ultimately toured with the orchestra for almost three years. His membership of the orchestra helped him, in the words of a piano magazine, to get "respect as a powerful, two-fisted pianist adept at delivering entrancingly lyrical and gracefully introspective runs as well as dazzling and buoyant passages." He left in January 1980, after being recruited by vocalist Betty Carter, with whom he toured for eight months that year. He was then part of Shaw's band from 1981 to 1983, thereby, in Miller's view, fulfilling his destiny from their earlier meetings. In 1981 he made his studio recording debut, on Shaw's "United". During the early 1980s he also accompanied vocalist Carmen Lundy, and played and recorded with saxophonist Johnny Griffin.

paragraph: Miller was recommended for Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers by Blakey members Terence Blanchard and Donald Harrison, and he joined the drummer's band in 1983. Initially, he struggled to fit in with Blakey dominating the rhythm section, but Miller stated that, over his period with the band, "My playing just generally matured. I don't think one single characteristic changed, but the experience certainly boosted my confidence". At times during concert performances he was allotted a solo piano spot, which Miller used to play medleys. His presence in the Jazz Messengers cemented his reputation within jazz. His recording career as a leader began in 1985, with "Keys to the City", the first of Miller's several recordings for Landmark Records, which continued with "Work!" the following year. Jon Pareles' review of a solo concert in 1986 noted that Miller's playing showed the influence of Powell on some numbers and Kelly on others, but that, overall, he was developing "his own, authoritative style".

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.:Later 1986–94.

paragraph: After leaving Blakey in 1986, Miller was pianist in drummer Tony Williams' quintet from its foundation that year until it disbanded around 1993. Miller remained busy between tours with Williams' band, in part by touring with his own groups. The first of these was formed in 1987 and named Wingspan, as, Miller explained, "sort of a dedication to the legacy of Charlie Parker – Bird, you know." It became one of Miller's main bands, enduring through changes of personnel, and featured a lot of his compositions in its performances. Another band was known as Trio Transition, which contained bassist Reggie Workman and drummer Freddie Waits. They released the album of the same name in 1987.

paragraph: Miller also played on Williams bandmate Wallace Roney's first three recordings (1987–89), and a large number of albums recorded by other leaders in the late 1980s. These included an album with long-term collaborator Steve Nelson, a recording by trumpeter Donald Byrd, comeback albums from alto saxophonist Frank Morgan, and the first of a series of releases with tenor saxophonist Benny Golson.

paragraph: Miller and his family moved to Palmer Township, Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania in 1989. In that year he joined three other pianists in recording a CD tribute to Memphis pianist Phineas Newborn, Jr. This group, the Contemporary Piano Ensemble, performed intermittently until 1996, often playing together on four separate pianos. In 1990, Miller traveled to the Soviet Union to appear as pianist in Golson's band at the first Moscow International Jazz Festival. In 1992 Miller also toured domestically and internationally with the New York Jazz Giants, a septet containing Jon Faddis, Tom Harrell, Lew Tabackin, Bobby Watson, Ray Drummond, and Carl Allen. Miller continued to accompany vocalists, including on recordings with Dianne Reeves and Cassandra Wilson. Starting in 1993, he also played and recorded with saxophonist Joe Lovano.

paragraph: The influence of Williams continued into Miller's own projects, including their compositions and arrangements: "The Guardian" reviewer of Miller's 1992 "Hand in Hand", his first for Novus Records, commented that "it's his occasional boss, drummer Tony Williams, who has made the strongest impression on the way he organises the material. The opening 'Grew's Tune' and the bluesier numbers would slot unnoticed into the Williams library."

paragraph: Section::::Later life and career.:1995–2013.

paragraph: For several years after he had turned 40, Miller concentrated on composing and playing his own music. He therefore reduced his recording and club appearances, as well as one-day associations. The stimulus for this change had built gradually from Miller's first studio recording in 1981: "my recording activity increased and by the time that it got into 1986–87 I was on so many records it was unbelievable until eventually it became rather overwhelming and stressful, so I had to cut back." He did continue to record, often with musicians he had established relationships with: in 1996 he reunited with Williams to appear on what became the drummer's final recording, "Young at Heart"; further albums led by Kenny Garrett, Nelson, Reeves, and others were made in the period 1997–99.

paragraph: In 1997, Miller went on tour in Japan with 100 Golden Fingers, a troupe of 10 pianists. He joined bassist Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen in 1999 to record duets based on 1940s performances by Duke Ellington and Jimmy Blanton. The pair toured Europe the following year, with drummer Alvin Queen added for some concerts.

paragraph: In 2002, Miller's discography as leader began to expand again, as Maxjazz started to release recordings. A series of four concert recordings were released over the following years: "Live at The Kennedy Center Vol. 1" and "Live at The Kennedy Center Vol. 2" (recorded in 2002), with Derrick Hodge (bass) and Rodney Green (drums); and "Live at Yoshi's Vol. 1" and "Live at Yoshi's Vol. 2" (recorded in 2003), with Hodge and Karriem Riggins (drums). In 2002 Miller joined bassist Ron Carter's Golden Striker Trio, with guitarist Russell Malone. The trio occasionally toured internationally for the next decade. In 2003 Miller was commissioned to write a score for the Dayton Contemporary Dance Company; after writing "The Clearing in the Woods" and having it choreographed by Ronald K. Brown, Miller and his band played the piece for performances by the company.

paragraph: In the mid-2000s Miller joined bassist Dave Holland's band, changing it from a quintet to a sextet, and adding gospel and soul elements to the group's sound. Around this time, Miller had two regular bands of his own: a piano trio, and a quintet featuring saxophone and vibraphone. He also became heavily involved in music education: Miller was the Director of Jazz Studies at William Paterson University from 2005, and was the Artist in Residence at Lafayette College in 2008, which was two years after it had awarded him an honorary doctorate in Performing Arts.

paragraph: Miller's only solo album, a 2000 concert recording entitled "Solo", was released in 2010 and was well received by critics for the imagination and harmonic development in Miller's playing. Also in 2010, Miller joined guitarist John Scofield's new band. That year, Miller had a minor stroke. After this, he took medicine, changed his diet and lost weight; he also reduced his touring and recording. In February 2012 he traveled to Denmark to play with Klüvers Big Band; selections from one of the five concerts were released under Miller's co-leadership as "Grew's Tune". In autumn 2012 he performed as a piano duo with Kenny Barron, continuing an association that had begun some years earlier. In the winter of that year he toured Europe as part of a quintet led by reeds players Yusef Lateef and Archie Shepp.

paragraph: On May 24, 2013, Miller was admitted to Lehigh Valley Hospital, near Allentown, Pennsylvania, having suffered another stroke. He died there on May 29. Miller made more than 15 albums under his own name during his career, and appeared on more than 400 for other leaders. His last working trio consisted of Ivan Taylor on bass and Green on drums. Bassist Christian McBride commented on the loss to jazz on the day of Miller's death: "I sincerely hope every self-respecting jazz musician takes this day to reflect on all the music Mulgrew left us."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and personality.

paragraph: Miller was survived by his wife, son, daughter, and grandson. Miller married on August 14, 1982. He was quiet and gentle, and was "a modest man, with a self-deprecating sense of humour". Miller described his own attitude towards music in a 2005 interview: I worked hard to maintain a certain mental and emotional equilibrium. It's mostly due to my faith in the Creator. I don't put all my eggs in that basket of being a rich and famous jazz guy. That allows me a certain amount of freedom, because I don't have to play music for money. I play music because I love it.

paragraph: Section::::Style and influence.

paragraph: Ben Ratliff, writing for "The New York Times", commented that, "As a composer, Mr. Miller is difficult to peg; like his piano playing, he's a bit of everything." Critic Ted Panken observed in 2004 that Miller the pianist "finds ways to conjure beauty from pentatonics and odd intervals, infusing his lines with church and blues strains and propelling them with a joyous, incessant beat." John Fordham commented that Miller's "melodic fluency and percussive chordwork [...] recalled Oscar Peterson [...but] with glimpses of the harmonically freer methods of McCoy Tyner", and that Miller was much more than the hard bop player that he was often stereotyped as being. The obituary writer for "Down Beat" observed that "Miller could swing hard but maintained grace and precision with a touch and facility that influenced generations of musicians."

paragraph: Miller had a strong reputation with fellow musicians. Pianist Geoffrey Keezer was convinced that he wanted to be a pianist after attending a performance by Miller in 1986. Vibraphonist Warren Wolf stated that Miller helped him early in his career, including by being a link to jazz history: "you're getting that experience of playing with Art Blakey, that attitude of 'Yes, it's my band, but you have to give other people a chance to shine.'" Robert Glasper also cited Miller as an influence, and wrote and recorded "One for 'Grew" as a tribute.

paragraph: Speaking in 2010, Miller commented on his approach to playing standards, which was more conservative than that of many others: "I believe in giving due respect to the melody, playing it as true as possible, [...] a solo is a creative process that improves the melody." He almost never transcribed recordings (something that jazz musicians are typically taught to do); Miller credited this with slowing his learning process, but also with allowing him to express himself more freely, as he reached his own understanding of the compositions he played.

paragraph: Miller explained the lack of critical attention he received as follows: "Guys who do what I am doing are viewed as passé." He also contrasted his own approach with that of performers who produced "interview music": "something that's obviously different, and you get the interviews and a certain amount of attention."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography as leader, by Michael Fitzgerald.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Folk Element Is Intact: (Four Mulgrew Miller Solos)" by Ethan Iverson.

description: American pianist

wikidata_label: Mulgrew Miller

wikipedia_title: Mulgrew Miller


text:
St Paul's, Covent Garden
Peter Angelis
Covent Garden
Ellis Waterhouse
Hogarth
Leicester Fields
Hartwell House
Thomas Coram
Foundling Hospital
William Hunter
Studley Royal
Fountains Abbey

categories: People from Covent Garden,18th-century English painters,English male painters

paragraph: Balthazar Nebot

paragraph: Balthazar or Balthasar Nebot, was a painter active in England between 1729 and 1765.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nebot is first recorded in London in 1729-30. He is generally assumed to have been be of Spanish birth or descent, but the details of his life are obscure. He married in London in 1729 or 1730, and there are various records of members of his family in the registers of St Paul's, Covent Garden. They include the burials of five of his children between 1731 and 1739, and of his wife Mary in 1742.

paragraph: He was a painter of urban scenes and topographical landscapes, whose paintings of markets are considered to be close in style to those of the Dutch painter Peter Angelis who had also worked in Covent Garden. He painted several versions of a picture of the Piazza at Covent Garden, seen from the south-east: a version in the collection of the Tate Gallery is dated 1737. In them he included genre scenes featuring familiar local characters of the time. Ellis Waterhouse wrote that Nebot's figures "owe something to Hogarth, but are wholly lacking in satirical overtones". Nebot also made an etching of "Foolish Sam", a mentally handicapped man well known in Leicester Fields.

paragraph: In the 1730s he painted a set of eight scenes recording the new formal gardens at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire, for Sir Thomas Lee (1687-1749). A unique record of a country estate and garden of the period, they include detailed depictions of the Lee family, their guests and employees.They are now in the collection of the Buckinghamshire County Museum.

paragraph: In 1741 he painted a portrait of Thomas Coram, the founder of the Foundling Hospital, who is shown coming across an abandoned baby in a basket by the roadside, with the hospital in the background. Engravings after it were made in 1751 and 1817.

paragraph: He made some anatomical drawings; the University of Glasgow owns some sketches and finished drawings of the female pelvis, as dissected by Robert Nesbitt in 1746. Two of the drawings were engraved by G. Van de Gucht, and all were later acquired by the surgeon William Hunter. Nesbitt was one of the governors of the Foundling Hospital, and is recorded as the owner of Nebot's portrait of Thomas Coram on the engraving of 1751.

paragraph: He painted fourteen views of Studley Royal and Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, one of which is dated 1762.

alias:
Balthasar Nebot
Balthasar Nebott
Nebot

wikidata_label: Balthazar Nebot

wikipedia_title: Balthazar Nebot


text:
Wied
County of Wied
Frederick the Elder
Altwied Castle
Isenburg
Ernest Louis
Rittmeister
Simon Henry
Genealogy

categories: 1706 deaths,Counts of Wied,House of Wied,18th-century German people,17th-century German people,1681 births

paragraph: Maximilian Henry, Count of Wied-Runkel

paragraph: Maximilian Henry, Count of Wied-Runkel (1 May 1681 – 19 December 1706) was a German nobleman. He was the ruling Count of Wied-Runkel from 1692 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a son of George Herman of Wied (1640-1690) and his second wife Johanna Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg (1659-1708). He was the founder of the younger Wied-Runkel line.

paragraph: On 27 August 1692, he received the Upper part of the County of Wied from his paternal grandfather Frederick the Elder, initially under guardianship. His part of the county included Altwied Castle, the village of Isenburg, the parish of Maysheid and the Lordship of Meud (which had previously been part of Lower Wied).

paragraph: He served in the army of Landgrave Ernest Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, where he climbed to the rank of Rittmeister.

paragraph: He was killed in a duel on 19 December 1706. His underage son John Louis Adolph succeeded him as Count of Wied-Runkel.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 29 August 1704 in Detmold, he married Sophia Florentina (8 September 1683 – 23 April 1758), a daughter of Count Simon Henry of Lippe-Detmold. Together, they had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Louis Adolph (30 May 1705 – 18 May 1762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles William Emil Alexander (19 June 1706 – 30 November 1771)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy at dilibri.de

description: Count of Wied-Runkel

wikidata_label: Maximilian Henry, Count of Wied-Runkel

wikipedia_title: Maximilian Henry, Count of Wied-Runkel