text: progressive

text: intellectual

text: social reformer

text: human sexuality

text: homosexuality

text: transgender

text: narcissism

text: autoeroticism

text: psychoanalysis

text: psychedelic drugs

text: mescaline

text: eugenics

text: Eugenics Society

text: Croydon

text: Surrey

text: Greater London

text: Sydney

text: Callao

text: Antwerp

text: Wimbledon

text: Mitcham

text: Carcoar

text: grammar school

text: Grafton

text: Sparkes Creek

text: Scone, New South Wales

text: Junction Creek

text: Liverpool Range

text: St Thomas's Hospital Medical School

text: King's College London

text: legacy

text: Mermaid Series

text: The Fellowship of the New Life

text: Eleanor Marx

text: Edward Carpenter

text: George Bernard Shaw

text: Sexual Inversion

text: John Addington Symonds

text: taboos

text: barbarously hybrid word

text: Karl-Maria Kertbeny

text: autoerotism

text: narcissism

text: Sigmund Freud

text: Radclyffe Hall

text: Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself

text: The Well of Loneliness

text: The Well of Loneliness

text: Norman Haire

text: transgender

text: Magnus Hirschfeld

text: sexology

text: transvestism

text: Chevalier d'Eon

text: sexual deviation

text: women's rights

text: Edith Lees

text: Paddington

text: open marriage

text: Margaret Sanger

text: impotence

text: aroused by the sight of a woman urinating

text: eugenics

text: Eugenics Education Society

text: G.V. Hamilton

text: auto-eroticism

text: psychedelic drug

text: mescaline

text: peyote

text: Good Friday

text: Temple, London

text: hallucination

text: The Contemporary Review

text: mind-altering substances

text: Les Paradis artificiels

text: French

text: Charles Baudelaire

text: opium

text: hashish

text: peyote

text: Irish

text: W. B. Yeats

text: Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

text: Aleister Crowley

text: sterilization

text: Hintlesham

text: Suffolk

text: Golders Green Crematorium

text: Germinal

text: Zola

text: J.A. Symons

text: A Study of British Genius

text: Eonism

text: Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7

text: Imaginary Conversations

text: Walter Savage Landor

text: John Gawsworth

categories: Alumni of King's College London,1939 deaths,People from Croydon,Alumni of St Thomas's Hospital Medical School,British sexologists,British social reformers,20th-century English writers,Sexual orientation and medicine,1859 births,19th-century English writers,Transgender and medicine,English psychologists,Relationships and sexuality writers,Psychedelic drug advocates,History of mental health in the United Kingdom,English eugenicists

paragraph: Havelock Ellis

paragraph: Henry Havelock Ellis, known as Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939), was an English physician, writer, progressive intellectual and social reformer who studied human sexuality. He co-wrote the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, as well as on transgender psychology. He is credited with introducing the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis. Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896. He supported eugenics and served as president of the Eugenics Society.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and teaching career.

paragraph: Ellis, son of Edward Peppen Ellis and Susannah Mary Wheatley, was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London). He had four sisters, none of whom married. His father was a sea captain, his mother the daughter of a sea captain, and many other relatives lived on or near the sea. When he was seven his father took him on one of his voyages, during which they called at Sydney, Callao and Antwerp. After his return, Ellis attended the French and German College near Wimbledon, and afterward attended a school in Mitcham.

paragraph: In April 1875, Ellis sailed on his father's ship for Australia; soon after his arrival in Sydney, he obtained a position as a master at a private school. After the discovery of his lack of training, he was fired and became a tutor for a family living a few miles from Carcoar. He spent a year there and then obtained a position as a master at a grammar school in Grafton. The headmaster had died and Ellis carried on the school for that year, but was unsuccessful.

paragraph: At the end of the year, he returned to Sydney and, after three months' training, was given charge of two government part-time elementary schools, one at Sparkes Creek, near Scone, New South Wales and the other at Junction Creek. He lived at the school house on Sparkes Creek for a year. He wrote in his autobiography, "In Australia, I gained health of body, I attained peace of soul, my life task was revealed to me, I was able to decide on a professional vocation, I became an artist in literature these five points covered the whole activity of my life in the world. Some of them I should doubtless have reached without the aid of the Australian environment, scarcely all, and most of them I could never have achieved so completely if chance had not cast me into the solitude of the Liverpool Range."

paragraph: Section::::Medicine and psychology.

paragraph: Ellis returned to England in April 1879. He had decided to take up the study of sex, and felt his first step must be to qualify as a physician. He studied at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School now part of King's College London, but never had a regular medical practice. His training was aided by a small legacy and also income earned from editing works in the Mermaid Series of lesser known Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. He joined The Fellowship of the New Life in 1883, meeting other social reformers Eleanor Marx, Edward Carpenter and George Bernard Shaw.

paragraph: The 1897 English translation of Ellis's book "Sexual Inversion", co-authored with John Addington Symonds and originally published in German in 1896, was the first English medical textbook on homosexuality. It describes the sexual relations of homosexual males, including men with boys. Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality, as he did not characterise it as a disease, immoral, or a crime. The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age taboos as well as gender taboos.

paragraph: In 1897 a bookseller was prosecuted for stocking Ellis's book. Although the term "homosexual" is attributed to Ellis, he wrote in 1897, "'Homosexual' is a barbarously hybrid word, and I claim no responsibility for it." In fact, the word "homosexual" was coined in 1868 by the Hungarian author Karl-Maria Kertbeny.

paragraph: Ellis may have developed psychological concepts of autoerotism and narcissism, both of which were later developed further by Sigmund Freud. Ellis's influence may have reached Radclyffe Hall, who would have been about 17 years old at the time "Sexual Inversion" was published. She later referred to herself as a sexual invert and wrote of female "sexual inverts" in "Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself" and "The Well of Loneliness". When Ellis bowed out as the star witness in the trial of "The Well of Loneliness" on 14 May 1928, Norman Haire was set to replace him but no witnesses were called.

paragraph: Section::::Medicine and psychology.:Eonism.

paragraph: Ellis studied what today are called transgender phenomena. Together with Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis is considered a major figure in the history of sexology to establish a new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality. Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of transvestism, but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term "sexo-aesthetic inversion" to describe the phenomenon. In 1920 he coined the term "eonism", which he derived from the name of a historical figure, Chevalier d'Eon. Ellis explained:

paragraph: Ellis found eonism to be "a remarkably common anomaly", and "next in frequency to homosexuality among sexual deviations", and categorized it as "among the transitional or intermediate forms of sexuality." As in the Freudian tradition, Ellis postulated that a "too close attachment to the mother" may encourage eonism, but also considered that it "probably invokes some defective endocrine balance".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In November 1891, at the age of 32, and reportedly still a virgin, Ellis married the English writer and proponent of women's rights, Edith Lees. From the beginning, their marriage was unconventional, as Edith Lees was openly lesbian. At the end of the honeymoon, Ellis went back to his bachelor rooms in Paddington. She lived at Fellowship House. Their "open marriage" was the central subject in Ellis's autobiography, "My Life". Ellis reportedly had an affair with Margaret Sanger.

paragraph: According to Ellis in "My Life", his friends were much amused at his being considered an expert on sex. Some knew that he reportedly suffered from impotence until the age of 60. He then discovered that he could become aroused by the sight of a woman urinating. Ellis named this "undinism". After his wife died, Ellis formed a relationship with a French woman, Françoise Lafitte.

paragraph: Section::::Eugenics.

paragraph: Ellis was a supporter of eugenics. He served as vice-president to the Eugenics Education Society and wrote on the subject, among others, in "The Task of Social Hygiene":

paragraph: In his early writings, it was clear that Ellis concurred with the notion that there was a system of racial hierarchies, and that non-western cultures were considered to be “lower races.” Before explicitly talking about eugenic topics, he used the prevalence of homosexuality in these ‘lower races’ to indicate the universality of the behavior. In his work, "Sexual Inversions", where Ellis presented numerous cases of homosexuality in Britain, he was always careful to mention the race of the subject and the health of the person’s 'stock', which included their neuropathic conditions and the health of their parents. However, Ellis was clear to assert that he did not feel that homosexuality was an issue that eugenics needed to actively deal with, as he felt that once the practice was accepted in society, those with homosexual tendencies would comfortably choose not to marry, and thus would cease to pass the ‘homosexual heredity’ along.

paragraph: In a debate the Sociological Society, Ellis corresponded with noted eugenicist Francis Galton, who was presenting a paper in support of marriage restrictions. While Galton analogized eugenics to breeding domesticated animals, Ellis felt that a greater sense of caution was needed before applying the eugenic regulations to populations, as “we have scarcely yet realized how subtle and far-reaching hereditary influences are.” Instead, because unlike domesticated animals, humans were in charge of who they mated with, Ellis argued that a greater emphasis was needed on public education about how vital this issue was. Ellis thus held much more moderate views than many contemporary eugenicists. In fact, Ellis also fundamentally disagreed with Galton’s leading ideas that procreation restrictions were the same as marriage restrictions. Ellis believed that those who should not procreate should still be able to gain all the other benefits of marriage, and to not allow that was an intolerable burden. This, in his mind, was what led to eugenics being “misunderstood, ridiculed, and regarded as a fad.”

paragraph: Throughout his life, Ellis was both a member and later a council member of the Eugenics Society. Moreover, he played a role on the General Committee of the First International Eugenics Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Sexual impulse in youth.

paragraph: Ellis' 1933 book, "Psychology of Sex", is one of the many manifestations of his interest in human sexuality. In this book, he goes into vivid detail of how children can experience sexuality differently in terms of time and intensity. He mentions that it was previously believed that, in childhood, humans had no sex impulse at all. “If it is possible to maintain that the sex impulse has no normal existence in early life, then every manifestation of it at that period must be ‘perverse,’” he adds. He continues by stating that, even in the early development and lower function levels of the genitalia, there is a wide range of variation in terms of sexual stimulation. He claims that the ability of some infants producing genital reactions, seen as “reflex signs of irritation” are typically not vividly remembered. Since the details of these manifestations are not remembered, there is no possible way to determine them as pleasurable. However, Ellis claims that many people of both sexes can recall having agreeable sensations with the genitalia as a child. “They are not (as is sometimes imagined) repressed.” They are, however, not usually mentioned to adults. Ellis argues that they typically stand out and are remembered for the sole contrast of the intense encounter to any other ordinary experience.

paragraph: Ellis claims that sexual self-excitement is known to happen at an early age. He references authors like Marc, Fonssagrives, and Perez in France who published their findings in the nineteenth century. These early ages are not strictly limited to ages close to puberty as can be seen in their findings. These authors provide cases for children of both sexes who have masturbated from the age of three or four. Ellis references Robie’s findings that boys’ first sex feelings appear between the ages of five and fourteen. For girls, this age ranges from eight to nineteen. For both sexes, these first sexual experiences arise more frequently during the later years as opposed to the earlier years. Ellis then references G.V. Hamilton’s studies that found twenty percent of males and fourteen percent of females have pleasurable experiences with their sex organs before the age of six. This is only supplemented by Ellis’ reference to Katharine Davis’ studies, which found that twenty to twenty-nine percent of boys and forty-nine to fifty-one percent of girls were masturbating by the age of eleven. However, in the next three years after, boys’ percentages exceeded those of girls.

paragraph: Ellis also contributed to the idea of varying levels of sexual excitation. He asserts it is a mistake to assume all children are able to experience genital arousal or pleasurable erotic sensations. He proposes cases where an innocent child is led to believe that stimulation of the genitalia will result in a pleasurable erection. Some of these children may fail and not be able to experience this either pleasure or an erection until puberty. Ellis concludes, then, that children are capable of a “wide range of genital and sexual aptitude.” Ellis even considers ancestry as contributions to different sexual excitation levels, stating that children of “more unsound heredity” and/or hypersexual parents are “more precociously excitable.”

paragraph: Section::::Auto-eroticism.

paragraph: Ellis' views of auto-eroticism were very comprehensive, including much more than masturbation. Auto-eroticism, according to Ellis, includes a wide range of phenomena. Ellis states in his 1897 book "Studies in the Psychology of Sex", that auto-eroticism ranges from erotic day-dreams, marked by a passivity shown by the subject, to “unshamed efforts at sexual self-manipulation witnessed among the insane.”

paragraph: Ellis also argues that auto-erotic impulses can be heightened by bodily processes like menstrual flow. During this time, he says, women, who would otherwise not feel a strong propensity for auto-eroticism, increase their masturbation patterns. This trend is absent, however, in women without a conscious acceptance of their sexual feelings and in a small percentage of women suffering from a sexual or general ailment which result in a significant amount of “sexual anesthesia.”

paragraph: Ellis also raises social concern over how auto-erotic tendencies affect marriages. He goes on to tying auto-eroticism to declining marriage rates. As these rates decline, he concludes that auto-eroticism will only increase in both amount and intensity for both men and women. Therefore, he states, this is an important issue to both the moralist and physician to investigate psychological underpinnings of these experiences and determine an attitude toward them.

paragraph: Section::::Smell.

paragraph: Ellis believed that the sense of smell, although ineffective at long ranges, still contributes to sexual attraction, and therefore, to mate selection. In his 1905 book, Sexual selection in man, Ellis makes a claim for the sense of smell in the role of sexual selection. He asserts that while we have evolved out of a great necessity for the sense of smell, we still rely on our sense of smell with sexual selection. The contributions that smell makes in sexual attraction can even be heightened with certain climates. Ellis states that with warmer climes come a heightened sensitivity to sexual and other positive feelings of smell among normal populations. Because of this, he believes people are often delighted by odors in the East, particularly in India, in “Hebrew and Mohammedan lands.” Ellis then continues by describing the distinct odors in various races, noting that the Japanese race has the least intense of bodily odors. Ellis concludes his argument by stating, “On the whole, "it may be said that in the usual life of man odors play a not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest, but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection is comparatively small.”

paragraph: Ellis favoured feminism from a eugenic perspective, feeling that the enhanced social, economic, and sexual choices that feminism provided for women would result in women choosing partners who were more eugenically sound. In his view, intelligent women would not choose, nor be forced to marry and procreate with feeble-minded men.

paragraph: Ellis viewed birth control as merely the continuation of an evolutionary progression, noting that natural progress has always consisted of increasing impediments to reproduction, which lead to a lower quantity of offspring, but a much higher quality of them. From a eugenic perspective, birth control was an invaluable instrument for the elevation of the race. However, Ellis noted that birth control could not be used randomly in a way that could have a detrimental impact by reducing conception, but rather needed to be used in a targeted manner to improve the qualities of certain ‘stocks.’ He observed that it was unfortunately the ‘superior stocks’ who had knowledge of and used birth control while the ‘inferior stocks’ propagated without checks. Ellis’ solution to this was a focus on contraceptives in education, as this would disseminate the knowledge in the populations that he felt needed them the most. Ellis argued that birth control was the only available way of making eugenic selection practicable, as the only other option was wide-scale abstention from intercourse for those who were ‘unfit’.

paragraph: Section::::Views on women and birth control.:Views on sterilization.

paragraph: Ellis was strongly opposed to the idea of castration for eugenic purposes. In 1909, regulations were introduced at the Cantonal Asylum in Bern, which allowed those deemed ‘unfit’ and with strong sexual inclinations to be mandatorily sterilized. In a particular instance, several men and women, including epileptics and paedophiles were castrated, some of whom voluntarily requested it. While the results were positive, in that none of the subjects were found guilty of any more sexual offences, Ellis remained staunchly opposed to the practice. His view on the origin of these inclinations was that sexual impulses do not reside in the sexual organs, but rather they persist in the brain. Moreover, he posited that the sexual glands provided an important source of internal secretions vital for the functioning of the organism, and thus their removal could greatly injure the patient.

paragraph: However, already in his time, Ellis was witness to the rise of vasectomies and ligatures of the Fallopian tubes, which performed the same sterilization without removing the whole organ. In these cases, Ellis was much more favourable, yet still maintaining that “sterilization of the unfit, if it is to be a practical and humane measure commanding general approval, must be voluntary on the part of the person undergoing it, and never compulsory.” His opposition to such a system was not only rooted in morality. Rather, Ellis also considered the practicality of the situation, hypothesizing that if an already mentally unfit man is forced to undergo sterilization, he would only become more ill-balanced, and would end up committing more anti-social acts.

paragraph: Though Ellis was never at ease with the idea of forced sterilizations, he was willing to find ways to circumvent that restriction. His focus was on the social ends of eugenics, and as a means to it, Ellis was in no way against 'persuading' 'volunteers' to undergo sterilization by withdrawing Poor Relief from them. While he preferred to convince those he deemed unfit using education, Ellis supported coercion as a tool. Furthermore, he supported adding ideas about eugenics and birth control to the education system in order to restructure society, and to promote social hygiene. For Ellis, sterilization seemed to be the only eugenic instrument that could be used on the mentally unfit. In fact, in his publication "The Sterilization of the Unfit", Ellis argued that even institutionalization could not guarantee the complete prevention of procreation between the unfit, and thus, “the burdens of society, to say nothing of the race, are being multiplied. It is not possible to view sterilization with enthusiasm when applied to any class of people…but what, I ask myself, is the practical alternative?”

paragraph: Section::::Psychedelics.

paragraph: Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896. He consumed a brew made of 3 "Echinocacti" (peyote) in the afternoon of Good Friday alone in his apartment in Temple, London. During the experience, lasting for about 24 hours, he noted a plethora of extremely vivid, complex, colourful, pleasantly smelling hallucinations, consisting both of abstract geometrical patterns and definite objects such as butterflies and other insects. He published the account of the experience in "The Contemporary Review" in 1898 ("Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise"). The title of the article alludes to an earlier work on the effects of mind-altering substances, an 1860 book "Les Paradis artificiels" by French poet Charles Baudelaire (containing descriptions of experiments with opium and hashish).

paragraph: Ellis was so impressed with the aesthetic quality of the experience that he gave some specimens of peyote to an Irish poet W. B. Yeats, a member of Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, an organisation of which another mescaline researcher, Aleister Crowley, was also a member.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Ellis resigned from his position of Fellow of the Eugenics Society over their stance on sterilization in January 1931.

paragraph: Ellis spent the last year of his life at Hintlesham, Suffolk, where he died in July 1939. He is buried at Golders Green Crematorium, north London.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Criminal" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Spirit" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nationalisation of Health" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man and Woman: A Study of Secondary and Tertiary Sexual Characteristics" (1894) (revised 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- translator: "Germinal" (by Zola) (1895) (reissued 1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with J.A. Symons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897–1928) six volumes (listed below)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Affirmations" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nineteenth Century" (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Study of British Genius" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Soul of Spain" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Problem of Race-Regeneration" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World of Dreams" (1911) (new edition 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Task of Social Hygiene" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Philosophy of Conflict" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Life and Sex: Essays of Love and Virtue" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Essays of Love and Virtue" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonnets, with Folk Songs from the Spanish" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 7" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Life" (1929) (selected and arranged by Mrs. S. Herbert)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Essays of Love and Virtue" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ed.: "James Hinton: Life in Nature" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ed.: "Imaginary Conversations and Poems: A Selection", by Walter Savage Landor (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chapman" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Confessional" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Questions of Our Day" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Rousseau to Proust" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Essays" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems" (1937) (selected by John Gawsworth; pseudonym of T. Fytton Armstrong)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love and Marriage" (1938) (with others)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex Compatibility in Marriage" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Marlowe to Shaw" (1950) (ed. by J. Gawsworth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Genius of Europe" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex and Marriage" (1951) (ed. by J. Gawsworth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unpublished Letters of Havelock Ellis to Joseph Ishill" (1954)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (U.S. title)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Havelock Ellis papers from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society

alias:
Henry Havelock Ellis
H. Havelock Ellis

description: British physician, writer, and social reformer

enwikiquote_title: Havelock Ellis

wikidata_label: Havelock Ellis

wikipedia_title: Havelock Ellis


text:
Doge of Venice
Enrico Dandolo
Sebastian Ziani
Maria Baseggio
Constance of Sicily
Frederick Barbarossa
Fourth Crusade
sacking of Constantinople
Latin Empire
Crete
Corfu
despotate of Epirus
Michael I Komnenos Doukas
Jacopo Tiepolo
San Giorgio Maggiore

categories: 13th-century Doges of Venice,13th-century Italian people,1230 deaths

paragraph: Pietro Ziani

paragraph: Pietro Ziani (died 13 March 1230) was the 42nd Doge of Venice from 15 August 1205 to 1229, succeeding Enrico Dandolo. He was the son of Doge Sebastian Ziani of the very rich noble family. He was married to Maria Baseggio and Constance of Sicily.

paragraph: In his youth a sailor, he commanded a flotilla escorting the emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1177, took also part in the Fourth Crusade and sacking of Constantinople. After his election, Ziani is said to consider the transfer of the capital of the Republic to Constantinople, but eventually the Council decided against it. Instead, he organized the Venetian acquisitions in the territory of the Latin Empire: Crete, Corfu, other islands and the substantial part of Constantinople itself, demanding an oath from the Venetian colony in the city. Ziani established also commercial ties with the post-Byzantine states, signing in 1210 a treaty with the despotate of Epirus under Michael I Komnenos Doukas.

paragraph: Ziani abdicated in February 1229. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law, Jacopo Tiepolo, but Ziani refused to meet him and died a year later. He is buried in the church of San Giorgio Maggiore.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Pietro Ziani

wikipedia_title: Pietro Ziani


text: President

text: Guinea

text: Susu

text: Moussayah Loumbaya

text: Dubréka

text: Susu people

text: Quranic

text: Bingerville

text: Saint Louis

text: French Army

text: Algeria

text: war of independence

text: sergeant

text: Conakry

text: Kindia

text: Second Lieutenant

text: invaded the country

text: Portuguese Guinea

text: Guinea-Bissau

text: Ahmed Sékou Touré

text: PAIGC

text: Captain

text: Boké

text: guerrilla

text: Democratic Party of Guinea's

text: Mecca

text: Ahmed Sékou Touré

text: Louis Lansana Beavogui

text: military coup

text: political prisoner

text: Lomé

text: Susu people

text: Malinké

text: Diarra Traoré

text: currency devaluation

text: International Monetary Fund

text: multiparty

text: referendum

text: Party of Unity and Progress

text: Alpha Condé

text: Rally of the Guinean People

text: mutiny

text: presidential election

text: Conakry

text: François Lonseny Fall

text: Cellou Dalein Diallo

text: Guinéenews

text: Transparency International

text: bauxite

text: general nationwide strike

text: Eugène Camara

text: martial law

text: Lansana Kouyaté

text: Agence France-Presse

text: Justin Morel Junior

text: Ahmed Tidiane Souaré

text: Aboubacar Somparé

text: Tabaski

text: Lamine Sidimé

text: Diarra Camara

text: coup d'état

text: Moussa Dadis Camara

text: Lansanaya

text: Lansana Conté – webGuinée

text: The Guardian obituary

categories: French Army soldiers,2008 deaths,Leaders who took power by coup,1934 births,Presidents of Guinea,Guinean Muslims,People from Dubréka,Unity and Progress Party politicians,Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally politicians

paragraph: Lansana Conté

paragraph: Lansana Conté (30 November 1934 – 22 December 2008) was the second President of Guinea, serving from 3 April 1984 until his death in December 2008. He was a Muslim and a member of the Susu ethnic group.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Moussayah Loumbaya (Dubréka), a member of the Susu people, he estimated his birthdate to be 1934, although he never knew exactly. Conté was educated at a local Quranic school and attended Dubréka primary school. He then went on to study at military preparatory schools in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire and Saint Louis, Senegal.

paragraph: Section::::Military and government service.

paragraph: In 1955, he enlisted in the French Army and was posted to Algeria during the war of independence in 1957. After his service in the French Army, Conté returned to Guinea, which became independent from France on 2 October 1958, and was integrated into the new army with the rank of sergeant. In 1962, he attended the Camp Alpha officer's school in Conakry. Soon after, he was transferred to the 2nd Battalion artillery-training center in Kindia. On 1 July 1963, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant. This was followed two years later by another promotion from Second Lieutenant to Lieutenant. On 22 November 1970, Portuguese military together with Guinean dissidents invaded the country from Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) in an apparent attempt to overthrow the government of President Ahmed Sékou Touré and destroy PAIGC guerillas. For his service to the nation, he was promoted to the rank of Captain on 27 February 1971. In 1973, he was named commander of the Boké operational zone (in Northwestern Guinea) to assist the pro-independence guerrilla movement, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in neighboring Portuguese Guinea. On 10 May 1975, he was named assistant Chief of Staff of the army.

paragraph: In 1977, he was head of the Guinean delegation during negotiations that resolved a border dispute with Guinea-Bissau and was elected to the National Assembly in 1980. Later that year, he took part in the ruling Democratic Party of Guinea's (PDG) official pilgrimage to Mecca.

paragraph: Section::::Presidency.

paragraph: Section::::Presidency.:1984 coup and military rule.

paragraph: President Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinea's head of state since independence, died on 26 March 1984. Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui was named interim president, pending elections to be held within 45 days. On 3 April, however, hours before the PDG was to choose a new leader—who would have been the only candidate for president—Conté led a military coup that toppled the government. Conté denounced the Touré regime's human rights abuses and released 250 political prisoners. He also encouraged the return of approximately 200,000 Guineans from exile.

paragraph: The country's constitution was immediately suspended after the takeover, along with the National Assembly, and political activity was banned. A 25-member Military Committee of National Restoration (CMRN) was set up and led by Conté, who on 5 April was proclaimed President of the Republic.

paragraph: On 4 July 1985, soldiers loyal to Conté, who was attending an Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) summit in Lomé, Togo, thwarted a "coup d'état". Conté, a member of the Susu people (or Sousou), used the opportunity to eliminate rival soldiers from the Malinké ethnic group, including former Prime Minister Diarra Traoré.

paragraph: On 3 April 1990, Conté was promoted to the rank of Army General.

paragraph: Section::::Presidency.:Economic and political transition.

paragraph: Conté's economic reforms, including currency devaluation and reduction of government spending met with approval of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and realignment with western nations encouraged foreign investments.

paragraph: He initiated Guinea's transition to civilian, multiparty rule in the early 1990s. A new constitution was approved in a referendum held on 23 December 1990 and the CMRN was disbanded on 16 January 1991. It was replaced by the Transitional Committee for National Recovery (CTRN), a body composed of civilians and military officials. Political parties were legalized in 1992 in preparation for upcoming elections.

paragraph: Section::::Presidency.:Civilian rule.

paragraph: The first multi-party presidential election held since independence was conducted on 19 December 1993. Conté, candidate of the newly formed Party of Unity and Progress (PUP), won 51.7% of the vote—just barely enough to avoid a runoff. Alpha Condé of the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG) was second with 19.6% of the vote. The opposition alleged electoral fraud, especially after the Supreme Court discounted as invalid the results in two prefectures where Condé of the RPG had received a large majority of the vote.

paragraph: Despite Conté's stated commitment to democracy, his regime remained authoritarian. However, he had far less power than Touré, and for the most part his rule was much milder.

paragraph: Conté's government narrowly survived a 2 February 1996 coup attempt that stemmed from an army mutiny over payment of salaries. Several dozen civilians were killed and the presidential residence sustained significant damage.

paragraph: In Guinea's second multi party presidential election, held on 14 December 1998, Conté won another five-year term with 56.1% of the vote. The polls, although an improvement over the troubled 1993 election, were considered flawed by opposition parties and observers. A November 2001 referendum that lifted presidential term limits and would extend the term in office from five to seven years was supported by 98.4% of the voters. The results, however, were rejected by opposition parties who claimed that the outcome was rigged.

paragraph: He went on to win a third presidential election held on 21 December 2003 with 95.6% of the vote after all but one of the opposing candidates boycotted the race, expressing their belief that Conté would never allow a fair election. Conté had been in declining health, suffering from diabetes and heart problems, and his ability to serve and survive another full term in office was doubted by many. He was sworn in on 19 January 2004, and in a television broadcast on this occasion, he vowed to fight corruption.

paragraph: On 19 January 2005, shots were reportedly fired at his motorcade on its way into Conakry in what was apparently a failed assassination attempt. One bodyguard was reportedly wounded. Conté, who was unharmed, went on state radio and television that night to say that he had survived because God had not yet decided it was his time to die. He also mentioned "threats from those who do not wish to see the development of Guinea or those who obey orders given to them from abroad" and vowed that he would "not be manipulated". On the next morning, he made a public appearance to pray.

paragraph: While on a visit to France with his family in 2005, Prime Minister François Lonseny Fall resigned and sought asylum. He complained of corruption and increasing interference from Conté. Fall's successor, Cellou Dalein Diallo, endured until April 2006. Conté failed to appoint a new prime minister until the end of January 2007.

paragraph: In April 2006 he was flown to Morocco for medical treatment. Most people expected he would not return, but he did. Then in May 2006 riots in Conakry over the price of rice and fuel led to around twenty deaths as security forces savagely repressed the popular uprising. In August 2006 he was again flown to Switzerland for medical treatment. This time no crowds met him on his return to Guinea. Meanwhile, Henriette Conté, the President's first wife, was accused of flouting the rule of law and taking advantage of the President's physical and mental incapacity to abuse her power.

paragraph: In August 2006 Human Rights Watch produced a 30-page report condemning human rights abuses in Guinea, highlighting the power vacuum resulting from the President's ongoing illness, and expressing concern about the future.

paragraph: In an interview with journalists reported by Guinéenews in October 2006, Lansana Conté said that he intended to stay as President until 2010, which was the end of his seven-year term. Conté also said that he was looking for a replacement who "loves the country and will protect it against its enemies."

paragraph: In November 2006 Transparency International updated its annual corruption index. Guinea under Lansana Conté was then second equal as the most corrupt country in the world (pride of place for corruption going to Haiti). This is a matter of concern for foreign firms intending to invest in Guinea (for example to exploit its extensive bauxite reserves) as they are unable to operate in Guinea without paying huge bribes to highly placed government officials, but if caught doing so they may face legal action in their country of origin.

paragraph: In January 2007, a general nationwide strike was held protesting Conté's continued leadership of the country.  The strike continued for over two weeks, during which hundreds of thousands of protesters marched in the streets. Within the first two weeks, savage repression by red-caps (Presidential guards) and other security forces left at least twenty protesters dead. By the end of the strike on 27 January, it was reported that at least 90 protesters had died in violent clashes with police and at least 300 had been injured, according to a local human rights group.

paragraph: The strike ended following an agreement between Conté and the labor unions, according to which a new Prime Minister would be appointed as head of government; Conté also agreed to lower rice and fuel prices. On 9 February, Conté appointed Eugène Camara, who had been Minister of State for Presidential Affairs since January, as Prime Minister. This was rejected by the opposition, and widespread violence broke out after the appointment. The strike resumed on 12 February, and Conté declared martial law on the same day. On 25 February Conté agreed to a deal to end the strike, and on 26 February he appointed a new Prime Minister, Lansana Kouyaté, from a list of individuals chosen by the unions and representatives of civil society; people returned to work on 27 February. Kouyaté was sworn in on 1 March in a ceremony at which Conté was not present.

paragraph: In an interview with Agence France-Presse and TV5 on 14 June 2007, Conté asserted that he was still in charge of the country ("I'm the boss, others are my subordinates"), rejected the possibility of a transition, and said that his appointment of a prime minister was not due to pressure and that he was pleased with Kouyaté's performance.

paragraph: On 5 December 2007, a decree restructuring ministries increased the powers of the Secretary-General of the Presidency at the expense of those of the Prime Minister, and on 3 January 2008 Conté dismissed and replaced Justin Morel Junior, the Minister of Communication and Government Spokesman, without consulting Kouyaté. On 4 January, Kouyaté demanded that Morel be restored to his position, and labor unions announced plans to begin a new "unlimited general strike" on 10 January, demanding that Conté's agreement with the unions be properly implemented and that Morel be restored. On 9 January, the unions withdrew their call for a strike.

paragraph: In a surprise move, on 20 May 2008, Conté dismissed Kouyaté and replaced him with Ahmed Tidiane Souaré. Kouyaté was widely considered a disappointment in his role as Prime Minister, and his unpopularity meant that his dismissal was not greeted with any major unrest of the kind that led to his appointment a year earlier. Through this dismissal and the appointment of Souaré, who was considered close to Conté, Conté was considered to have strengthened his position.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the early hours of 23 December 2008, Aboubacar Somparé, the President of the National Assembly, announced on television that Conté had died at 6:45 pm local time on 22 December "after a long illness", without specifying the cause of death. According to Somparé, Conté "hid his physical suffering" for years "in order to give happiness to Guinea." Conté had left the country for medical treatment on numerous occasions in the years preceding his death, and speculation about his health had long been widespread. Contrary to his usual practice, Conté did not appear on television to mark Tabaski earlier in December 2008, and this sparked renewed speculation, as well as concern about the possibility of violence in the event of his death. At around the same time, a newspaper published a photograph suggesting that Conté was in poor physical condition and having difficulty standing up. The editor of that newspaper was arrested and the newspaper was required to print a photograph in which Conté looked healthy.

paragraph: According to the constitution, the President of the National Assembly was to assume the Presidency of the Republic in the event of a vacancy, and a new presidential election was to be held within 60 days. Somparé requested that the President of the Supreme Court, Lamine Sidimé, declare a vacancy in the Presidency and apply the constitution. Prime Minister Souaré and Diarra Camara, the head of the army, stood alongside Somparé during his announcement. Declaring 40 days of national mourning for Conté, Souaré urged "calm and restraint". He told the army to secure the borders and maintain calm within the country "in homage to the memory of the illustrious late leader".

paragraph: Six hours after Somparé announced Conté's death, a statement was read on television announcing a "coup d'état". This statement, read by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara on behalf of a group called the National Council for Democracy and Development (CNDD), said that "the government and the institutions of the Republic have been dissolved". The statement also announced the suspension of the constitution "as well as political and union activity".

paragraph: Conté's funeral was held in Conakry on 26 December. His body was put on display in the parliament building before being taken to the national stadium, where over 20,000 people were in attendance. Leaders of neighboring countries were present for the funeral. General Mamadou Ba Toto of the CNDD said at the funeral that "we pray God to give us the courage to continue [Conté's] work of tolerance and peace for the welfare of Guinea". Afterwards, his body was buried the village of Lansanaya in front of his mansion. It was taken out of its coffin and placed into the ground, then covered with handfuls of dirt tossed by mourners. The burial was marked by some disorder, as thousands of mourners tried to reach the grave and security forces formed a cordon around it.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lansana Conté – webGuinée

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Guardian obituary

description: second President of Guinea

wikidata_label: Lansana Conté

wikipedia_title: Lansana Conté


text: Grenadian

text: Spiritual Baptist

text: Trinidad and Tobago

text: Butler Party

text: St. George's, Grenada

text: Anglican School

text: British West Indies Regiment

text: World War I

text: British Army

text: Egypt

text: Marcus Garvey

text: Port of Spain

text: Trinidad Labour Party

text: Fyzabad

text: Labour riots of 1937

text: sugar

text: Adrian Cola Rienzi

text: World War II

text: Butler Home Rule Party

text: Legislative Council

text: Albert Gomes

text: Chief Minister

text: 1956 General Elections

text: Eric Williams

text: People's National Movement

text: Oilfields Workers' Trade Union

text: Trinity Cross

text: Oxford University Press

text: Uriah Butler Highway

categories: Trinidad and Tobago trade unionists,Trinidad and Tobago religious leaders,Members of the Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago,1897 births,People from St. George's, Grenada,Trinidad and Tobago activists,Trinidad and Tobago prisoners and detainees,Butler Party politicians,Recipients of the Trinity Cross,1977 deaths

paragraph: Tubal Uriah Butler

paragraph: Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler (21 January 1897 – 20 February 1977), was a Grenadian-born Spiritual Baptist preacher and labour leader in Trinidad and Tobago. He is best known for leading a series of labour riots between 19 June and 6 July 1937 and for forming a series of personalist political parties (the British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party, the Butler Home Rule Party, and finally the Butler Party) that focused its platform on the improvement of the working class.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Butler was born in St. George's, Grenada, where he attended the Anglican School. Unable to find work after completing his primary school education, at 17 he became a volunteer in the British West Indies Regiment in World War I, serving in the British Army from 1914 to 1918, stationed in Egypt. Returning from military service at the end of the war in 1918, he became active in political pressure groups and workers unions, establishing the Grenada Representative Government Movement, and the Grenada Union of Returned Soldiers. In 1921, aged 24, he went to south Trinidad and was employed at the Roodal Oilfields as a pipe-fitter. He became influenced by the philosophy of Marcus Garvey, according to Garvey's son Dr Julius Garvey.

paragraph: Butler first came to prominence in 1935 when he led a "hunger march" from the oilfields to Port of Spain. In 1936 he was expelled from the Trinidad Labour Party for his "extremist tendencies". He then formed the British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party. On 19 June 1937 a strike in protest of working conditions, wages, racism and exploitation began in the oilfields in the southern Trinidad. Police attempted to arrest Butler as he addressed a meeting in Fyzabad. His supporters prevented the police from doing so and Charlie King, a police officer was killed. The Labour riots of 1937 resulted in turmoil throughout the oilfields. When strikes spread to the sugar factories, the Colonial government responded by issuing an arrest warrant for Butler. Butler went into hiding and the colonial authorities were unable to locate him. He stayed in contact with the authorities through Adrian Cola Rienzi and although he was promised safe passage by the colonial authorities to testify at a commission of enquiry into the events of June 1937, he was arrested by the colonial government when he emerged to do so.

paragraph: Butler was imprisoned from 9 September 1937 to May 1939. With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, he was re-arrested and detained for the duration of the war. After release from prison he formed the Butler Home Rule Party, which later became the Butler Party. The Butler Party captured the largest block of seats in the Legislative Council, but the Governor chose to exclude Butler and instead Albert Gomes became the first Chief Minister.

paragraph: In the 1956 General Elections the Butler Party only won two seats. Butler, the fiery radical, was deemed too unstable and threatening to the nation's economic well-being by Eric Williams and the People's National Movement.

paragraph: Butler is looked upon as the founding father of the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union (OWTU) and the labour movement and is honoured with a statue in Fyzabad. He was awarded the Trinity Cross, the nation's highest honour, in 1970.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malik, Yogendra K. 1971. "East Indians in Trinidad". Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meighoo, Kirk. 2003. "Politics in a Half Made Society: Trinidad and Tobago, 1925-2002". Markus Wiener Publishing Inc.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uriah Butler Highway

description: Preacher and labour leader

wikidata_label: Tubal Uriah Butler

wikipedia_title: Tubal Uriah Butler


text:
King of Cyprus
King of Jerusalem
Henry of Antioch
Isabelle de Lusignan
Hugh I of Cyprus
Bohemund IV of Antioch
Robert Guiscard
Hugh II of Cyprus
Hugh of Brienne
Haute Cour of Jerusalem
proximity of blood
Santa Sophia
Nicosia
Conradin
Mary of Antioch
Tyre
Lusignan
Second House of Lusignan
bailiff
Balian of Ibelin, Lord of Arsuf
Roger of Sanseverino
Charles of Anjou
Santa Sophia
Nicosia
Isabella of Ibelin
John II & I
Tyre
Franciscan
Nicosia
Henry II of Cyprus
Amaury II, Prince of Tyre
Constable of Jerusalem
Mary
Tortosa
Barcelona
Santa Sophia
Nicosia
Girona
James II of Aragon
Constable of Cyprus
Guy
Nicosia
Constable of Cyprus
Eschiva of Ibelin
Lady of Beirut
Hugh IV of Poitiers, King of Cyprus
Constable of Jerusalem
Margaret
Armenia
Thoros III of Armenia
Kerynia
Prince of Galilee
Bethlehem
Philip of Ibelin (died 1304)
Hethum II of Armenia
Oshin Hethoumid of Armenia

categories: 13th century in the Kingdom of Jerusalem,Christians of the Ninth Crusade,Roman Catholic monarchs,Kings of Cyprus,13th-century rulers,1235 births,Kings of Jerusalem,Burials at Saint Sophia Cathedral, Nicosia,1284 deaths

paragraph: Hugh III of Cyprus

paragraph: Hugh III of Cyprus (1235 – 24 March 1284), born Hugues de Poitiers, later Hugues de Lusignan (he adopted his mother's surname "de Lusignan" in 1267), called the Great, was the King of Cyprus from 1267 and King of Jerusalem from 1268 (as Hugh I of Jerusalem). He was the son of Henry of Antioch and Isabelle de Lusignan, the daughter of king Hugh I of Cyprus. He was a grandson of Bohemund IV of Antioch and thus a descendant of Robert Guiscard.

paragraph: From 1261 he served as Regent for Hugh II of Cyprus in Cyprus, as the "Haute Cour" of Cyprus considered him, as a male, a better regent than his mother Isabella. She was, however, accepted as the Regent of Jerusalem in 1263. She died in 1264, and Hugh became the acting regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem as well as Cyprus. The regency was contested by his first cousin, Hugh of Brienne, who was the son of Mary of Cyprus, the eldest daughter of Hugh I and hence the senior heir to Cyprus, and heir to Jerusalem after Hugh II. However, the "Haute Cour of Jerusalem" declared Hugh of Antioch the next regent, as successor to Isabella in proximity of blood.

paragraph: Hugh II died in 1267 without heirs. As Hugh of Brienne did not advance his claim on the throne, Hugh of Antioch succeeded as uncontested King of Cyprus on 5 December and was crowned at Santa Sophia, in Nicosia, on 24 December. He claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem as well in 1267 or 1268 upon the execution of Conradin. However, the throne of Jerusalem was also claimed by Mary of Antioch by proximity of blood to Conradin. The "Haute Cour of Jerusalem" rejected her claim and Hugh was crowned King of Jerusalem at Tyre on 24 September 1269.

paragraph: Hugh and his descendants, the Kings of Cyprus, assumed his mother's surname of Lusignan in 1267, having inherited Cyprus through that family, thus establishing the Second House of Lusignan.

paragraph: Hugh disliked dealing with the various factions in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and left for Cyprus in 1276 in disgust at their defiance of his authority. The next year, his bailiff, Balian of Ibelin, Lord of Arsuf, was ejected by Roger of Sanseverino, the bailiff of Charles of Anjou, who had purchased the claim of Mary of Antioch. The kingdom remained under Angevin control for the rest of Hugh's reign.

paragraph: It is supposed that Thomas Aquinas' work "On Kingship" was written for Hugh III.

paragraph: He was buried at Santa Sophia, in Nicosia.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married after 23 January 1255 to Isabella of Ibelin (c. 1241 – 2 June 1324). He had eleven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John II & I (died 1285) who succeeded him as King of Jerusalem and Cyprus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohemond (c. 1268 – Tyre, 3 November 1281, buried at the Franciscan Church of Nicosia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry II of Cyprus (1271 – 31 August 1324) who succeeded John I as King

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amaury II, Prince of Tyre (died 5 June 1310), Constable of Jerusalem, who displaced Henry and became Regent of Cyprus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary (1273 – September, 1322 at Tortosa and buried at Barcelona) who married by proxy at Santa Sophia, Nicosia on 15 June 1315 and in person at Girona on 27 November 1315 James II of Aragon (10 August 1267 – 2 November 1327)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aimery (1274–1280 – soon before 9 April 1316), succeeded Guy as Constable of Cyprus in 1303, briefly succeeded Amalric as Regent of Cyprus and Governor of Cyprus on June 6, 1310

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy (1275-1280–1303, probably buried at Nicosia), Constable of Cyprus c. 1291, married on 7 December 1291 Eschiva of Ibelin, Lady of Beirut (1253–1312), parents of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh IV of Poitiers, King of Cyprus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella (1296–1300 – after 1340), married on 21 July 1322 Eudes de Dampierre, Titular Constable of Jerusalem (died 1330)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (c. 1276 – in Armenia, 1296), who married 9 January 1288 Thoros III of Armenia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice (1277–1280 – after March, 1324), married 1292–1295 or c. 1292/1294 Balian of Ibelin (died 1315/1316 in Kerynia, soon before 19 April 1316), Titular Prince of Galilee and Bethlehem, son of Philip of Ibelin (died 1304)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helvis (died after March, 1324), married Hethum II of Armenia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella (c. 1280–1319), married firstly in 1285/1290 Constantine Hethoumid of Neghir, Lord of Partzerpert (died 1308), and secondly c. 1310 King Oshin Hethoumid of Armenia, who divorced her before or in 1316

description: King of Cyprus

wikidata_label: Hugh III of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: Hugh III of Cyprus


text: Florentine

text: Servite

text: friar

text: comune

text: Vaglia

text: Florence

text: Michelangelo Buonarroti

text: Medici Chapel

text: Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana

text: Basilica of San Lorenzo

text: Raffaello da Montelupo

text: Servite Order

text: Pope Clement VII

text: Belvedere courtyard

text: Laocoön and his Sons

text: Belvedere Apollo

text: Messina

text: Vasari

text: Tribolo

text: Francesco Maurolico

text: Ovid

text: Donatello

text: Rustici

text: Benvenuto Cellini

text: Fontainebleau

text: Scylla and Charybdis

text: Ammanati

text: Neptune Fountain

text: Piazza della Signoria

text: Uffizi

text: earthquake of 1783

text: Genoa

text: San Matteo

text: Andrea Doria

text: Giovanni Angelo Lottini

text: Accademia delle Arti del Disegno

text: Santissima Annunziata

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: Michelangelo

text: Medici Chapel

categories: 1507 births,Servites,People from Florence,Italian male sculptors,1563 deaths,16th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli

paragraph: Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli (1507 – 31 August 1563), also known as Giovann'Agnolo Montorsoli, was a Florentine sculptor and Servite friar. He is today as often remembered for his restorations of famous classical works as his original creations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Giovanni Montorsoli was born in 1507 at Montorsoli, now in the comune of Vaglia, north of Florence, the son of Michele d'Angelo da Poggibonsi. From 1521 to 1534 he was employed as an assistant to Michelangelo Buonarroti at the Medici Chapel ("Sacrestia Nuova") and in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana at the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence. Montorsoli is known to have sculpted "St. Cosmas" with another of Michelangelo's assistants, Raffaello da Montelupo, after a model by the master. He became a friar of the Servite Order, but continued to work as a sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: In 1532-1533 he produced his "Drunken Satyr". This sculpture was probably intended for a wall fountain, possibly situated in a niche where the water would have flown from the open neck of the satyr's wineskin. This would have been in a style very popular at the time in Rome. Due to the large number of ancient sculptures in Rome, these tended to be utilised rather than commissioning a new figure. However, in Florence ancient statuary was much less common. Montorsoli's Satyr, with its classical theme and distinctly classical style, was intended to fill the void.

paragraph: In 1532 he was summoned by Pope Clement VII to the Belvedere courtyard to restore many of the antique sculptures there. This included the "Laocoön and his Sons" group and the "Belvedere Apollo". Restoration methods in that era entailed reworking sculptures in accordance with contemporary principles which often were at odds with the aesthetics of antiquity. For instance, Montorsoli included a new right arm in the central figure of the Laocoön group, upraised in a gesture of defiance, adding much to the fame of the sculpture and himself. However, when the original limb was found in 1905 in Rome and reattached to the Laocoön sculpture, replacing Montorsoli's work, the original was revealed to be folded at the elbow with considerably less flourish.

paragraph: In 1547 he left Florence, and went to Messina where he procured a commission for the "Fountain of Orion", the mythical founder of that city. When erected, the "Orion Fountain" was the tallest and largest of its day and was much admired by Vasari. It is a candelabrum type, like the fountains at the Medici villa at Castello by Tribolo, but it has evolved. The receiving basin is polygonal, contrasting with the circular basins above. The sculpted creatures supporting the second basin are carved in deep relief, but the female nudes above them appear to be carved in the round. They have become sculptures in their own right, and are not just there to decorate the shaft, or to draw the eye upwards to the figure at the summit. This is the candelabrum type at its pinnacle. On polygonal basin's rim are the statues of four river gods (Tiber, Nile, Camaro and Ebro) with latin inscriptions by the scientist-humanist Francesco Maurolico who, probably, was also the creator of most of the Neoplatonic-alchemical program for the fountain. On the perimeter are eight oval reliefs, all with subjects taken from Ovid's "Metamorphoses". In 1553 this fountain was finished, and he was commissioned for another fountain - the "Fountain of Neptune".

paragraph: This was a complete break with tradition with regards to fountain design. Previously fountains had mainly been either a basin with a small figure, such as Donatello's winged infant and Rustici's "Mercury" of 1515, or a wall fountain, or a candelabrum type. The "Fountain of Neptune" is completely different. It is a fountain type with one main raised central figure, and this type had never been done before. The only precedent for it was a design by Benvenuto Cellini for the French King at Fontainebleau. In the middle of the fountain Cellini wanted to erect a "pedestal, projecting somewhat above the margin of the basin, and upon this a nude male figure" which was to represent the King himself as Mars. This never came into being though, and therefore the Neptune at Messina is the first of its type.

paragraph: The "Fountain of Neptune" makes good use of contrasts. The God of the Sea is arranged in a classical, static pose. Yet below him the figures of the sea monsters Scylla and Charybdis writhe around and draw back in terror. Scylla and Charybdis were the names of rocks near the harbour of Messina; as they had wrecked so many ships, they came to be personified by sea monsters. Neptune's act of warding off these destructive forces demonstrates his power and his protection of the city. This work was especially influential in Florence, which had an affection of colossal statuary, and it likely influenced designs for Ammanati's "Neptune Fountain" in the Piazza della Signoria. Florentine fountains excelled in designing fountains with many small thin elegant jets of water, even when there was enough water to have a large geyser. Montorsoli carried this Florentine tradition of having smaller, elegant jets, and judging from a design of his in the Uffizi he used eight of them for his design for the Neptune fountain. The "Fountain of Neptune" was finished in 1557. In Messina he also realized the St Lorenzo Church (from 1552, destroyed in the earthquake of 1783), the "Lantern Tower" (1555) and the "Apostolate" within the Cathedral (completed in 1555, destroyed several time by fires and earthquakes, and rebuilt).

paragraph: Montorsoli left some works in Genoa in the church of San Matteo, commissioned by Andrea Doria for his tomb and some sculptures. One of his pupils was Giovanni Angelo Lottini.

paragraph: Section::::The Accademia delle Arti del Disegno.

paragraph: Montorsoli was instrumental in the foundation in 1562–63 of the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, which was the academy of art and of artists in Florence until 1784, and which at first met in the Servite church of the Santissima Annunziata where Montorsoli had worked on the decorations of the "Cappella dei Pittori", in which the order had given permission for artists to be buried. The Accademia was formed under the patronage of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and with the support of Giorgio Vasari. The first meeting was held on 13 January 1563. Montorsoli died on 31 August of the same year.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michelangelo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medici Chapel

alias: Angelo di Michele d' Angelo da Poggibonsi

alias: Angelo Di Michel D'Angelo Da Poggibonsi Giovanni Angelo Da Montorsoli

alias: Angelo Di Michele D' Angelo Da Poggibonsi Montorsi

alias: Angelo Di Michele D' Angelo Da Poggibonsi Montorsoli

alias: Angelo Di Michel D'Angelo Da Poggibonsi Montorsi

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli


href: Bossoroca Porto%20Alegre Brazil folk%20music poet composer payada Rio%20Grande%20do%20Sul Gaucho

text:
Bossoroca
Porto Alegre
Brazil
folk music
poet
composer
payador
Rio Grande do Sul
gaúcho culture

categories: Brazilian composers,1999 deaths,Brazilian male singers,People from Rio Grande do Sul,20th-century composers,20th-century Brazilian singers,Culture in Rio Grande do Sul,20th-century male singers,1924 births,Brazilian people of German descent

paragraph: Jaime Caetano Braun

paragraph: Jayme Guilherme Caetano Braun (Bossoroca, January 30, 1924 – Porto Alegre, July 8, 1999) is a Brazilian folk musician, poet and composer .

paragraph: Jayme was a most famous payador of Rio Grande do Sul and had great participation in the dissemination of the gaúcho culture for Brazil. Between 1973 and 1988, he had a weekly radio program on Radio Guaíba.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 - "Galpão de Estância"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 - "De Fogão em Fogão"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 - "Potreiro de Guaxos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 - "Bota de Garrão"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 - "Brasil Grande do Sul"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 - "Passagens Perdidas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - "Payador e Troveiro"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 - "50 Anos de Poesia"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - "Paisagens Perdidas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - "Poemas Gaúchos"

description: Brazilian composer

wikidata_label: Jayme Caetano Braun

wikipedia_title: Jaime Caetano Braun


text:
Glasgow
regimental sergeant major
Govan High School
Alhambra Theatre, Glasgow
Inspector Lestrade
Sherlock Holmes
Little John
The Adventures of Robin Hood
Rufus Cruikshank
Ring of Bright Water
London

categories: Scottish male television actors,1979 deaths,Male actors from Glasgow,1914 births,Scottish male film actors

paragraph: Archie Duncan (actor)

paragraph: Archie Duncan (26 May 1914 – 24 July 1979) was a Scottish actor born in Glasgow.

paragraph: Duncan's father was a regimental sergeant major in the army and his mother was a postmistress. He attended Glasgow's Govan High School and worked as a welder in Glasgow shipyards for a decade.

paragraph: He began his career in repertory theatre and West End plays. His professional acting debut was in "Juno and the Paycock" in May 1944 at the Alhambra Theatre, Glasgow.

paragraph: Although he appeared in over 50 television series and movie roles, he is best remembered for two: Inspector Lestrade in the 1954 series "Sherlock Holmes" and as Little John in "The Adventures of Robin Hood" from 1955 to 1960.

paragraph: Duncan was replaced in the Little John role by Rufus Cruikshank for 13 episodes after Duncan was injured when a horse bolted toward spectators, mostly children, watching the location filming of the episode "Checkmate" on 20 April 1955. He grabbed the bridle, stopping the horse, but the cart it was pulling ran him over, causing a fractured kneecap and cuts and bruises. He received the Queen's Commendation for Bravery Award and £1,360 in damages from Sapphire films.

paragraph: He also played the ditch digger in the 1969 film "Ring of Bright Water" who dispatched the star otter Mij with his spade, towards the end.

paragraph: On July 24, 1979, Duncan died at home in London. He was 65.

description: Scottish actor

wikidata_label: Archie Duncan

wikipedia_title: Archie Duncan (actor)


text:
Lower Saxony
West Germany
Berlin
experimental music
electroacoustic improvisation
Polwechsel
Keith Rowe
John Tilbury
Charlemagne Palestine
sound installation
Erstwhile Records
field recording
Official site

categories: 1964 births,Electroacoustic improvisation,German experimental musicians,Free improvisation,Living people

paragraph: Burkhard Beins

paragraph: Burkhard Beins (born 1964 in Lower Saxony, West Germany) is a German composer/performer who works with percussion, selected objects and electronics.

paragraph: Living in Berlin since 1995, Beins is active in experimental music and electroacoustic improvisation.

paragraph: Since the late 1980s he has appeared on international festivals, concerts and tours throughout Europe and overseas. He is a member of several ensembles like Perlonex, Activity Center, Polwechsel, Trio Sowari, Phosphor, The Sealed Knot, BBB and also works with Keith Rowe, Sven-Åke Johansson, John Tilbury, Charlemagne Palestine and many others. At the same time Beins is also active in the area of sound installation.

paragraph: He has released more than 30 CDs and LPs on labels like 2:13 Music, Zarek, Erstwhile Records, Hat Hut, Potlatch, Absinth or Confront. His first solo CD, "Disco Prova", was released in 2007, followed by "Structural Drift", both combining field recordings, percussion material and electronic devices with digital multitracking.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Activity Center: Lohn & Brot (Absinth CD, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beins, Capece, Davies, Nakamura: SLW (Org. Music from Thessaloniki CD, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkhard Beins: Structural Drift (Künstlerhäuser Worpswede CD, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phosphor II (Potlatch CD, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polwechsel & John Tilbury: Field (Hat Hut, CD 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perlonex & Charlemagne Palestine: It Ain't Necessarily So (Zarek 2CD, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio Sowari: shortcut (Potlatch, CD 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkhard Beins: Disco Prova (Absinth, CD 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perlonex.Tensions w/Keith Rowe + Charlemagne Palestine (Nexsound 2CD, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polwechsel: Archives of the North (Hat Hut, CD 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baghdassarians/Baltschun/Beins (Absinth Records, CD 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio Sowari: Three Dances (Potlatch CD 105, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Activity Center & Phil Minton (Absinth Records, CD 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keith Rowe/Burkhard Beins: Live at Amplify (ErstLive oo1, CD 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sealed Knot: Unwanted Object (Confront Collectors Series 1, CD 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berlin Drums - 4 Solos: Beins/Buck/Heather/Schaefer (4 x 3" CDR, Absinth, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beins/Marwedel/Vorfeld: Misiiki (Rossbin CD o13, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beins/Johansson: Santa Fé (...im Raumschiff Zitrone Berlin) (LP, Eventuell 02, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sealed Knot: Surface/Plane (Meniscus CD o12, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkhard Beins/Andrea Neumann: Lidingö (Erstwhile CD o26, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phosphor (Potlatch P501 CD, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perlonex: Peripherique (CD, Zarek 07, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkhard Beins/Keith Rowe: Grain (CD, Zarek 06, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkhard Beins/John Bisset: Chapel (2:13 Music CD o12, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Activity Center: Möwen & Moos (2:13 Music CD oo8/oo9, 1999, limited edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yarbles (Hatology 510, CD 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nunc (2:13 Music CD oo2, 1996)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Burkhard Beins

wikipedia_title: Burkhard Beins


text:
Vega Alta
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican
Rock en Español
Fiel a la Vega
songwriter
Ricky Laureano
Hato Rey, Puerto Rico
Vega Alta
Vega Baja
Universidad del Sagrado Corazón
San Juan
bachelor's degree
Communication
Vega Alta
Vega Baja
cover song
Bryan Adams
REO Speedwagon
English
guitarist
Ricky Laureano
latin rock
urban trova
Fiel a la Vega
Vieques
Roy Brown
American
folk musician
Tao Rodríguez-Seeger
The Mammals
Que Vaya Bien
Luis Rafael Sánchez
Boricua en la Luna
Music in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican rock
Fiel a la Vega Official site

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,People from Vega Alta, Puerto Rico,Puerto Rican guitarists,1968 births,Fiel a la Vega members,Living people

paragraph: Tito Auger

paragraph: Alfonso "Tito" Auger Vega (born March 3, 1968, in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican musician best known for being the lead singer of the Rock en Español band Fiel a la Vega. Auger is also the band's main songwriter, together with Ricky Laureano.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years and schooling.

paragraph: Auger was born in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, and grew up in the town of Vega Alta. He is the son of Alfonso Auger Cabrera and Olga Vega Colón. Auger studied in the "Nuestra Señora del Rosario" school in Vega Baja. He followed his studies at the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón in San Juan where he received a bachelor's degree in Communications in 1990. As a young man, he migrated to New Jersey in the hope of becoming a rock star/

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Interest in music.

paragraph: Auger started in music when he was 15 years old, playing the guitar. When he was 18, he was invited by some childhood friends (Emilio and Jorge Arraiza among them) to play in a band called "Crossroads". The band performed mostly in the local area of Vega Alta and Vega Baja playing mostly cover songs of popular American artists of the time like Bryan Adams, REO Speedwagon, and others.

paragraph: At that time, he also started writing. His first song was in English and was titled "Neverending Wait". Shortly after, Auger met guitarist Ricky Laureano. Together they formed another band called "Farenheitt". The band recorded a single with the first writing collaborations of Auger and Laureano. Their first songs were titled "Maryann" and "I'd Been Looking". His music and style have been termed latin rock and urban trova.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:With Fiel a la Vega.

paragraph: After returning to Puerto Rico, Auger and Laureano reunited with friends Jorge and Pedro Arraiza, with whom they had played before and formed Fiel a la Vega. The band quickly achieved great success in the island releasing several radio hits and winning several awards. As of 2007, the band has released four studio albums. In 2001, Auger and Laureano took time away from their band to create "Cancion para Vieques" (Song to Vieques), to protest the United States occupation of the Puerto Rican island of Vieques.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other collaborations.

paragraph: Aside of the band, Auger has contributed to other artists both performing and writing songs. Recently, he collaborated with popular Puerto Rican folk singer, Roy Brown, and American folk musician Tao Rodríguez-Seeger (from The Mammals), in an album called "Que Vaya Bien". The group toured the island together promoting a song called "El Banquete de los Sánchez" written by Brown, and based on a poem by Luis Rafael Sánchez. Brown is one of Fiel a la Vega's main influences and they had performed together previously. Brown's most famous song, "Boricua en la Luna", has been covered by the band and is a staple in the band's live set.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music in Puerto Rico

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puerto Rican rock

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiel a la Vega Official site

description: Puerto Rican musician

wikidata_label: Tito Auger

wikipedia_title: Tito Auger


text:
Governor of New Jersey
United States Senator
Auburn, Maine
New Jersey Senate
New Jersey General Assembly
Republican National Convention
Progressive
Portland, Maine
New York Bay Cemetery

categories: Burials at Bayview – New York Bay Cemetery,People from Auburn, Maine,New Jersey Republicans,1933 deaths,Politicians from Jersey City, New Jersey,1859 births

paragraph: George Lawrence Record

paragraph: George Lawrence Record (1859 - September 27, 1933) was an American lawyer and unsuccessful candidate for Governor of New Jersey and United States Senator.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Auburn, Maine in 1859. Republican candidate for the New Jersey Senate, 1901; Republican candidate for New Jersey General Assembly, 1908; Republican candidate for U.S. Representative from New Jersey, 1910; delegate to Republican National Convention from New Jersey, 1912; Presidential Elector for New Jersey, 1916; candidate for U.S. Senator from New Jersey, 1918 (Republican primary), 1924 (Progressive). He died from a cerebral hemorrhage on September 27, 1933 in the State Street Hospital in Portland, Maine. He was buried in New York Bay Cemetery.

description: American lawyer

wikidata_label: George Lawrence Record

wikipedia_title: George Lawrence Record


href: songwriter singer guitarist Johnossi guitarist H%C3%A5kan%20Hellstr%C3%B6m

text:
songwriter
singer
guitarist
Johnossi
guitarist
Håkan Hellström

categories: 21st-century Swedish singers,Living people,English-language singers from Sweden,1982 births

paragraph: John Engelbert

paragraph: John Engelbert (born John Henrik Lars Engelbert, May 19, 1982) is a Swedish songwriter, singer and guitarist in the rock duo Johnossi. He was formerly a tour guitarist in Håkan Hellström's band.

paragraph: Engelbert's guitar sound is based on running an acoustic guitar through effects pedals and electric guitar amplifiers.

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: John Engelbert

wikipedia_title: John Engelbert


text:
Canadian
fingerstyle
singer-songwriter
classical guitar
Acoustic Guitar
Calgary Stampede
Canadian Guitar Festival
Canada's Walk of Fame

categories: Canadian guitarists,Canadian singer-songwriters,1991 births,21st-century Canadian singers,Living people

paragraph: Calum Graham

paragraph: Calum Graham is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist and singer-songwriter. He has classical guitar training, but uses a percussive technique. He has released four albums. When he was 22 he was listed by "Acoustic Guitar" magazine as one of their 30 "great guitarists under 30".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2009 Graham won the Calgary Stampede Talent Search, and also the ensuing national-level talent contest.

paragraph: He came second in the fingerstyle guitar competition at the 2009 Canadian Guitar Festival, and won it in 2010.

paragraph: In 2011 he won the Canada's Walk of Fame "A Song For Canada" song contest. The prize included C$25,000 in cash, and time in a recording studio.

description: guitarist

wikidata_label: Calum Graham

wikipedia_title: Calum Graham


text:
Perthshire
Gilbert Primrose
James VI of Scotland
St. Andrews University
Reformed Church
Mirambeau
Bordeaux
John Cameron
John Welsh of Ayr
Andrew Melville
Tower of London
Henry IV of France
Saumur Academy
Louis XIII
French Protestant Church of London
in ordinary
canon of Windsor
Abraham Aurelius
Jacob Cool
James

categories: Alumni of the University of St Andrews,1580 births,Scottish Calvinist and Reformed Christians,1641 deaths

paragraph: Gilbert Primrose (minister)

paragraph: Gilbert Primrose D.D. (1580?–1641) was a Scottish Calvinist minister, a pastor in France and London.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born about 1580 into a Perthshire family, he was son of Gilbert Primrose, principal surgeon to James VI of Scotland, and Alison Graham, his wife. He was educated at St. Andrews University, where he took the degree of M.A. He then went to France, and was received as a minister of the Reformed Church there. His first charge was at Mirambeau, from which he was transferred in 1603 to the church of Bordeaux. His influence helped John Cameron become regent in the new college of Bergerac.

paragraph: The Synod of Rochelle (March 1607) of the French Reformed Church, sent Primrose to John Welsh of Ayr, and other banished Scots ministers who had been banished, to offer financial support. At the synod Primrose presented letters from King James and from the magistrates and ministers of Edinburgh, recalling him home to serve the church in that city; but he was induced to remain in Bordeaux. later in 1607 he visited Britain, and was commissioned by the Reformed congregation at Rochelle to ask King James to set at liberty Andrew Melville from the Tower of London, and to allow him to accept a professorship in their college. The request was refused, and the application gave offence to the French court. On his return Primrose was called before Henry IV of France, and the people of Rochelle were reprimanded for communicating with a foreign sovereign without the knowledge or consent of their own.

paragraph: In 1608 John Cameron became Primrose's colleague at Bordeaux, and they were on good terms for ten years, when Cameron left for a professorship at Saumur Academy. At the end of 1615 and beginning of 1616 the church at Bordeaux was closed by government pressure, and its ministers were sent away to insure their safety; they were recalled when matters became more settled. In 1623 an act was passed forbidding ministers of other nations to officiate in France, and at Synod of Charenton in September of that year the royal commissioner presented letters from the French king stating that Primrose and Cameron were no longer to be employed, for reasons of state. After deputies were sent to Louis XIII to intercede on their behalf, Primrose was obliged to leave the country.

paragraph: In London, Primrose was chosen one of the ministers of the French Protestant Church of London, an appointment which he held till his death; and he was also made chaplain in ordinary to James I. On 18 January 1625 he was incorporated in the University of Oxford, receiving the degree of D.D. on the same day on the recommendation of the king. Four years later he became a canon of Windsor.

paragraph: Primrose died in London in October or November 1642.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Primrose's published works were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le vœu de Jacob opposé aux vœux de Moines", 4 vols., Bergerac, 1610; translated into English by John Bultiel, London, 1617.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Trompette de Sion" (18 sermons), Bergerac, 1610; a Latin edition was published at Danzig in 1631.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Defense de la Religion Reformée", Bergerac, 1619.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panegyrique à très grand et très puissant Prince Charles, Prince de Galles", Paris, 1624.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Christian Man's Tears and Christ's Comforts", London, 1625.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nine Sermons", London, 1625.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Table of the Lord", London, 1626.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Primrose married three times, his first wife being Elizabeth Brenin who died in 1637, his second Jeanne Hersent, widow of Abraham Aurelius (died 1641), and the third Louise de Lobel, widow of Jacob Cool. He had four sons: James, David, Stephen, and John.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Scottish Calvinist minister in France and London

wikidata_label: Gilbert Primrose

wikipedia_title: Gilbert Primrose (minister)


text:
dr.juris
occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany
Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation
docent
University of Oslo

categories: University of Oslo alumni,1884 births,Norwegian legal scholars,1954 deaths,Norwegian collaborators with Nazi Germany,University of Oslo faculty

paragraph: Sigurd Østrem

paragraph: Sigurd Østrem (1884–1954) was a Norwegian jurist.

paragraph: He took the dr.juris degree in 1926 with the thesis "De kollektive arbeidskampe efter norsk ret". During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany he held more than thirty radio lectures in the Nazi-controlled Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, explaining new Nazi laws and reforms in a Norwegian historical context. He was also appointed as a docent in jurisprudence at the University of Oslo on 27 June 1941, but lost his job shortly after the war, on 15 May 1945. He died on 22 February 1954.

description: Norwegian jurist

wikidata_label: Sigurd Østrem

wikipedia_title: Sigurd Østrem


text:
Baroque
composer
Italy
Verona
Venice
La Clotilde
Museo Correr
Contarini family
counterpoint
opera buffa
Vivaldi
Gloria
Glorias
Tasso

categories: Italian male classical composers,Italian Baroque composers,Italian opera composers,Italian classical composers,Year of death unknown,People from Venice,Male opera composers

paragraph: Giovanni Maria Ruggieri

paragraph: Giovanni Maria Ruggieri or Ruggeri

paragraph: was a Baroque composer from Italy. His dates of birth and death are uncertain, but he may have been born about 1665 in Verona and died around 1725. He is known to have flourished from 1689–1720.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His major works were apparently composed in Venice. His first work, "La Clotilde", is extant, and on its title page he described himself as an amateur; the librettist for the same work described him as being distinguished among amateurs and the peer of the most celebrated scholars of music. Other than these fragments, very little is known about his personal life. Archives in the Museo Correr in Venice indicate that he owned several properties and he may have been in the service of the noble Contarini family, to whom he wrote a letter in 1695. His early musical career comprises four collections of trio sonatas, both "da camera" and "da chiesa", published at some time between 1689 and 1697, but these have since been lost. His surviving sonatas display considerable invention and ability with counterpoint. In 1696 Ruggieri began working full-time as a composer and presumably encountered considerable success, because his operas were often revived: "Armida abbandonata" was produced at least five times between 1707 and 1715. His Elisa (1711) was regarded by critics as a success, and it was the first ever "opera buffa" to be produced in the Republic of Venice.

paragraph: As a composer of sacred music, he is an important influence on Vivaldi, who would later borrow extensively from Ruggieri's Gloria in D for his own two Glorias. Vivaldi is also said to have revised a work by Ruggieri ("L'inganno trionfante in amore"); this may well be, but there is no documentary proof of it.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Operas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drammi per musica" in three acts, first performed in Venice, unless otherwise stated:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Clotilde" (libretto by Neri), given at San Cassiano during carnival, 1696; revived as "Amar per vendetta" at San Moisè in November 1702;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Mariamme" (libretto by Burlini), first performed at Santi Giovanni e Paolo in autumn 1696, only a few arias remain;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La saggia pazzia di Giunio Bruto" (libretto by Lotti), première at Santi Giovanni e Paolo on 26 November 1698;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milziade" (libretto by Lotti), Santi Giovanni e Paolo, carnival 1699, only a few arias remain;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Armida abbandonata" (libretto by Silvani, after Tasso), given at Sant'Angelo, 10 November 1707;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arrenione" (libretto by Silvani), given at Sant'Angelo at some time during the week before 10 November 1708. May involve work by other composers;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arato in Sparta" (libretto by Minato), Sant'Angelo, week before 11 January 1710;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’ingannator ingannato" (libretto by Marchi), San Samuele, autumn 1710;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le gare di politica e d’amore" (libretto by Salvi), San Samuele, week before 31 January 1711;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elisa" (a comedy, lyrics by Lalli), given at Sant'Angelo in autumn 1711;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arsinoe vendicata" (libretto by Braccioli), Sant'Angelo, carnival 1712;

paragraph: Sacred and vocal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twelve cantatas op.5, 1706;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Laudate Dominum", motet, 8 verses, date illegible;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jesu dulcis memoria", Rome, 1689;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gloria for soli et chorus

paragraph: Instrumental

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bizzarie armoniche esposte in dieci suonate da camera a due" for violin, lute/theorbo, viola/harpsichord op.1 (1689);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scherzi geniali ridotti a regola armonica in dieci suonate da camera a tre op.2, 1690 (lost);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suonate da chiesa" for two violins, viola/theorbo, organ op.3, 1693;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suonate da chiesa" for two violins, violoncello, and organ op.4, 1697

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Giovanni Maria Ruggieri

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Maria Ruggieri


text:
Iranian
Khurramites
Christianity
Byzantine
Theophilos
Abbasid Caliphate
Battle of Anzen
Michael III
Iranian
Khurramite
Iran
Abbasid Caliphate
al-Mu'tasim
Armenian highland
Byzantine Empire
Christianity
Byzantine army
tourma
baptized
patrikios
Theodora
exousiastes
Euphrates
Melitene
Battle of Anzen
Manuel the Armenian
Sinope
Constantinople
iconodule
iconoclast
Sasanian
themata
Petronas
Michael III

categories: 9th-century Byzantine people,Khurramites,Byzantine usurpers,Iranian defectors,Byzantine rebels,842 deaths,Converts to Christianity from Zoroastrianism,Year of birth unknown,Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate,Patricii,Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,9th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire,Byzantine generals,9th-century Iranian people,People executed by decapitation

paragraph: Theophobos

paragraph: Theophobos () or Theophobus, originally Nasir (), Nasr (), or Nusayr (), was an Iranian commander of the Khurramites who converted to Christianity and entered Byzantine service under Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–843). Raised to high rank and married into the imperial family, Theophobos was given command of his fellow Khurramites and served under Theophilos in his wars against the Abbasid Caliphate in 837–838. After the Byzantines' defeat at the Battle of Anzen, he was proclaimed emperor by his own men, but did not pursue this claim. Instead he peacefully submitted to Theophilos in the next year and was apparently pardoned, until he was executed by the dying emperor in 842 to prevent a challenge to the accession of Michael III.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Theophobos was born to a family originally belonging to the Iranian aristocracy. He was originally a member of the Khurramite sect in western Iran, which was being persecuted by the Abbasid Caliphate. In October/November 833, they were defeated by the armies of Caliph al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842) under Ishaq ibn Ibrahim. Thus, in 834, Nasr with some fourteen thousand other Khurramites, crossed the Armenian highland and fled to the Byzantine Empire. There, they converted to Christianity, were given widows from military families as wives, and enrolled into the Byzantine army in the so-called "Persian "tourma"". Nasr, now baptized Theophobos ("fearful/respectful of God"), was placed at the head of these troops, raised to the rank of "patrikios" and given the hand of either Theophilos's sister or a sister of Empress Theodora in marriage. The addition of the "Persian" corps greatly strengthened the Byzantine military: not only were its members implacable enemies of the Arabs, but they may have raised the number of effectives in the Byzantine army by as much as a sixth. A seal belonging to Theophobos affords him the style of ""exousiastes" of the Persians", indiciating that Theophilos intended him to install as a ruler of a Byzantine-allied principality, probably in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan.

paragraph: Already in 837, Theophobos and the new Khurramite corps campaigned with Theophilos in his campaign in the region of the Upper Euphrates around Melitene, where they brutally sacked the city of Zapetra. In September of the same year, some 16,000 more Khurramites fled into the Byzantine Empire, following the final suppression of their movement by the Abbasid army.

paragraph: Theophobos also participated in the campaign of 838 against al-Mu'tasim's retaliatory invasion. He was present at the catastrophic Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Anzen, where he according to some accounts saved the emperor's life (other accounts credit Manuel the Armenian with the feat). In the aftermath of the battle, however, the "Persian" troops assembled at Sinope and declared Theophobos emperor, most likely against his will. The exact reason behind this move or the exact sequence of events are unclear. However, after the defeat at Anzen, the rumour had spread to Constantinople that Theophilos had been killed, and it appears that Theophobos, who was possibly an iconodule (as opposed to the staunchly iconoclast Theophilos) was suggested by some among the Byzantine Empire's elite as the new emperor.

paragraph: Despite being proclaimed and crowned—probably according to Sasanian ritual—by his men, Theophobos made no move against Theophilos, and the "Persian" troops remained quiescent at Sinope. Instead, he quickly engaged in secret negotiations with the emperor, who in 839 led an army against the rebels. Theophobos agreed to surrender and was restored to his high offices, while his men, numbering some 30,000, were reportedly split up into regiments of 2000 men and divided among the "themata". Theophobos was restored to his previous high position in the army, but this was not to last. Islamic sources report that he died in battle in 839 or 840, but the Byzantine sources contain a different, and more likely, account: in 842, Theophilos, already in declining health and about to die, had Theophobos executed by his brother-in-law Petronas in order to secure the succession of his infant son and heir, Michael III (r. 842–867).

description: Byzantine general

wikidata_label: Theophobos

wikipedia_title: Theophobos


text: American

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Ogdensburg

text: Plattsburgh

text: New York

text: Mooers

text: Champlain

text: State University of New York at Albany

text: United States Navy

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Ogdensburg

text: East Aurora

text: Master of Divinity

text: ordained

text: diaconate

text: priesthood

text: Stanislaus J. Brzana

text: curate

text: Massena

text: Presbyteral Council

text: St. Paul's University

text: Ottawa, Ontario

text: Canada

text: Doctor of Canon Law

text: Hammond

text: Rossie

text: judicial vicar

text: episcopal vicar

text: chancellor

text: Diocese of Ogdensburg

text: pastor

text: Heuvelton

text: Gouverneur

text: rector

text: Robert J. Cunningham

text: apostolic administrator

text: Bishop of Syracuse

text: Bishop of Ogdensburg

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: episcopal

text: consecration

text: North Country

text: Joseph H. Conroy

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: St. Ann's Parish

text: Church of the Sacred Heart

text: St. Raphael Church

text: St. James Church

text: St. Mary's Cathedral

categories: University at Albany, SUNY alumni,American Roman Catholic bishops,1956 births,People from Plattsburgh, New York,Living people

paragraph: Terry R. LaValley

paragraph: Terry Ronald LaValley (born March 26, 1956) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the current Bishop of Ogdensburg.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: The second of six children, LaValley was born in Plattsburgh, New York, to Ronald and Doris LaValley. He was raised in St. Ann's Parish and received his early education at Mooers Central School in Mooers. He graduated from Northeastern Clinton Central High School in Champlain. He attended the State University of New York at Albany for two years before enlisting in the United States Navy, where he served from 1977 to 1983. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from SUNY Albany in 1980.

paragraph: In 1983, LaValley entered Wadhams Hall Seminary College in Ogdensburg, earning a Certificate of Studies in Philosophy the following year. He continued his studies at Christ the King Seminary in East Aurora. He received a Master of Divinity degree from Christ the King in 1988. He was ordained to the diaconate on February 27, 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: LaValley was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Stanislaus J. Brzana on September 24, 1988. His first assignment was as a curate at the Church of the Sacred Heart in Massena. During his time at Sacred Heart, he also served as associate secretary of the diocesan marriage tribunal and a member of the Presbyteral Council. He completed his graduate studies at St. Paul's University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, where he earned a Doctor of Canon Law degree in 1994.

paragraph: Upon his return to New York, LaValley was named administrator of both St. Peter's Church in Hammond and St. Patrick's Mission Church in Rossie, as well as adjutant judicial vicar. In 1996, he became episcopal vicar for diocesan services and chancellor of the Diocese of Ogdensburg. In addition to these responsibilities, he was appointed pastor of St. Raphael Church in Heuvelton (1998) and administrator of St. James Church in Gouverneur (1999). He returned to St. Raphael's in 2000, and became rector of St. Mary's Cathedral in 2003.

paragraph: In 2004, he was relieved of his duties as episcopal vicar and chancellor, and named the Bishop Robert J. Cunningham's delegate to implement and oversee compliance with the Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People. On May 28, 2009, he was elected the apostolic administrator of the diocese by the College of Consultors, following installation of Bishop Cunningham as Bishop of Syracuse.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Ogdensburg, New York.

paragraph: On February 23, 2010, LaValley was appointed the fourteenth Bishop of Ogdensburg by Pope Benedict XVI. His episcopal consecration and installation took place at St. Mary's Cathedral on April 30, 2010.

paragraph: As bishop, LaValley serves as the spiritual leader of the 150,000 Catholics in New York's North Country. He is the first native of the Ogdensburg Diocese to serve as its bishop since the appointment of Joseph H. Conroy in 1921.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Ogdensburg Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Ann's Parish

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of the Sacred Heart

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Raphael Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. James Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary's Cathedral

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Terry R. LaValley

wikipedia_title: Terry R. LaValley