text: c

text: prelate

text: Abbot of Gloucester

text: Bishop of Hereford

text: Bishop of London

text: Cluny Abbey

text: prior

text: Abbot

text: Gloucester Abbey

text: Miles of Gloucester

text: charter

text: Archbishops of York

text: Stephen

text: Empress Matilda

text: Theobald of Bec

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: papal council

text: Reims

text: Diocese of Hereford

text: Eugene III

text: Henry II

text: Chancellor

text: Thomas Becket

text: translated

text: Diocese of London

text: excommunicated

text: episcopal functions

text: David

text: Earl of Huntingdon

text: Robert de Chesney

text: Bishop of Lincoln

text: Abbot

text: Evesham Abbey

text: Robert Foliot

text: Richard de Beaumis the elder

text: Richard de Beaumis the younger

text: Richard of Ilchester

text: Bishop of Winchester

text: William de Chesney

text: Earl of Hereford

text: Abbeville

text: Bologna

text: Robert Pullen

text: Oxford

text: Exeter

text: rhetoric

text: liberal arts

text: biblical exegesis

text: Second Lateran Council

text: Innocent II

text: Henry I

text: Edith-Matilda

text: Anselm of Canterbury

text: Angevin

text: David I

text: Westminster

text: Brien FitzCount

text: Roger of Salisbury

text: Bishop of Salisbury

text: Alexander

text: Nigel, Bishop of Ely

text: feudal levy

text: Robert of Gloucester

text: Aelred of Rievaulx

text: Cerne Abbey

text: dependent priory

text: Hereford

text: Bishop of Llandaff

text: Goldcliff Priory

text: Llancarfan

text: Council of Reims

text: Robert de Bethune

text: Diocese of Hereford

text: Saint-Omer

text: Hilary of Chichester

text: Josceline de Bohon

text: Henry of Anjou

text: plurality

text: Henry of Blois

text: Diocese of Winchester

text: Abbot of Glastonbury

text: Roger de Pont L'Évêque

text: William de Turbeville

text: Bishop of Norwich

text: sanctuary

text: Roger

text: Roman law

text: Henry II

text: Alexander III

text: Victor IV

text: Edward the Confessor

text: Hereford Cathedral

text: Robert of Hereford

text: Stigand

text: Lanfranc

text: Benedictine Order

text: cathedral chapter

text: John of Salisbury

text: Welsh Marches

text: Ralph de Diceto

text: canon

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: Gregory I

text: Aubrey de Vere

text: Earl of Oxford

text: Agnes of Essex

text: Council of Westminster

text: Clarendon

text: Constitutions of Clarendon

text: Flanders

text: Bartholomew Iscanus

text: Bishop of Exeter

text: Roger of Worcester

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: William d'Aubigny

text: Earl of Arundel

text: Thierry

text: Count of Flanders

text: Louis VII

text: King of France

text: papal court

text: Peter's Pence

text: benefice

text: diocese of Canterbury

text: simony

text: Normandy

text: papal legate

text: Hugh, Earl of Norfolk

text: Ascension Day

text: Rotrou, Archbishop of Rouen

text: Rouen

text: Henry the Young King

text: interdict

text: Canterbury Cathedral

text: Frank Barlow

text: papal judge-delegate

text: archdeacon

text: deans

text: decretal

text: Bodleian Library

text: Christopher N. L. Brooke

text: Cambridge University Press

text: Rolls Series

text: Patres ecclesiae Anglicanae

text: David Knowles

text: Gregorian church reforms

text: Song of Songs

text: Lord's Prayer

text: Patrick Young

text: Patrologia Latina

text: Holy Trinity Priory

text: Aldgate

text: exegesis

text: Peter

text: Paul

text: Gilbert Universalis

text: Richard Sharpe

text: Bordesley

text: John Bale

text: John Pits

text: Thomas Tanner

text: John Leland

text: Forde Abbey

text: Walter Map

text: Ralph Foliot

text: Archdeacon of Hereford

text: Roger of Hereford

text: computus

text: Text of the Constitutions of Clarendon

text: Avalon Project

categories: People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1110 births,Abbots of Gloucester,12th-century English writers,Cluniacs,Bishops of Hereford,Bishops of London,1187 deaths

paragraph: Gilbert Foliot

paragraph: Gilbert Foliot (c. 1110 – 18 February 1187) was a medieval English monk and prelate, successively Abbot of Gloucester, Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London. Born to an ecclesiastical family, he became a monk at Cluny Abbey in France at about the age of twenty. After holding two posts as prior in the Cluniac order he was appointed Abbot of Gloucester Abbey in 1139, a promotion influenced by his kinsman Miles of Gloucester. During his tenure as abbot he acquired additional land for the abbey, and may have helped to fabricate some charters—legal deeds attesting property ownership—to gain advantage in a dispute with the Archbishops of York. Although Foliot recognised Stephen as the King of England, he may have also sympathised with the Empress Matilda's claim to the throne. He joined Matilda's supporters after her forces captured Stephen, and continued to write letters in support of Matilda even after Stephen's release.

paragraph: Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to a papal council at Reims in 1148. During his time there he was appointed to the Diocese of Hereford by Pope Eugene III. Despite a promise made in Reims not to recognise Stephen, Foliot on his return to England nevertheless swore fealty to the king, causing a temporary rift in his relationship with Henry of Anjou, Matilda's son, who eventually became King Henry II of England in 1154. When Theobald died in 1160, it was widely assumed that he would be replaced by Foliot, but King Henry nominated his Chancellor, Thomas Becket, instead. Foliot later claimed to have opposed this appointment, and supported Henry during the king's dispute with the new archbishop. Foliot was translated, or moved, to the Diocese of London in 1163, perhaps as consolation for not receiving Canterbury.

paragraph: During the great dispute between Becket and the king, Foliot was reviled by Becket and his supporters. He acted as an envoy for the king on a number of diplomatic missions related to this dispute and wrote a number of letters against Becket which were circulated widely in Europe. Becket excommunicated Foliot on two occasions, the second of which precipitated the archbishop's murder. For a short period following Becket's death the papacy kept Foliot excommunicate, but he was quickly absolved and allowed to resume his episcopal functions. In addition to his role in the Becket controversy, Foliot often served as a royal judge, and was an active administrator and bishop in his different dioceses. He was a prolific letter writer, and some of his correspondence was collected after his death. He also wrote sermons and biblical commentaries, two of which are extant.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Foliot was probably the son of Robert Foliot—steward to David, Earl of Huntingdon, heir to the Scottish throne—and Robert's wife Agnes, sister of Robert de Chesney, Bishop of Lincoln. Whatever his parentage, Gilbert was certainly Robert de Chesney's nephew; another of his uncles, Reginald, was a monk of Gloucester Abbey and Abbot of Evesham Abbey. Other ecclesiastics in his family included Robert Foliot, a later Bishop of Hereford perhaps from an Oxford branch of the family, and two earlier Bishops of London, Richard de Beaumis the elder and Richard de Beaumis the younger, Gilbert also referred to Richard of Ilchester, later Bishop of Winchester, as a kinsman, but the exact relationship is unknown. William de Chesney, a partisan of Stephen's and a leading Oxfordshire layman, was another of Foliot's uncles, and Miles of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, was a cousin. In about 1145 Foliot intervened to secure the release of a knight to whom he was related, Roger Foliot, but their precise relationship is unknown.

paragraph: Born about 1110, Foliot became a monk of Cluny, probably in about 1130. He became Prior of Cluny Abbey, then Prior of Abbeville, a Cluniac house. There are some indications that he studied law at Bologna, and he may have studied under Robert Pullen, the English theologian, either at Oxford or Exeter. He also acquired a knowledge of rhetoric as well as the liberal arts. The names of two of his early teachers are known, but nothing else of them. Foliot also learned biblical exegesis, probably from Pullen.

paragraph: Foliot attended the Second Lateran Council, called by Pope Innocent II. It opened on 4 April 1139, and among other matters heard an appeal from the Empress Matilda concerning her claim to the throne of England. Matilda was the daughter and only surviving legitimate child of King Henry I, but following her father's death in late 1135 her cousin Stephen, the son of Henry's sister, had seized the crown. By 1139 Matilda had gathered supporters and was contesting Stephen's right to the throne.

paragraph: In about 1143 Foliot wrote an account of the proceedings of the council in a letter to one of Matilda's supporters. No action was taken on her claim, and no conclusion was reached as to its validity. The papacy continued to accept Stephen as king, and the pope ordered the English Church to make no changes to the status quo. According to Foliot's letter the council's deliberations centred on the legitimacy of the marriage between Matilda's parents. Matilda's mother, Edith-Matilda, had been educated at a convent, and there was some uncertainty over whether she had taken vows before her marriage to Henry I. At the time of the council, the question caused some concern, although in time most were persuaded that the marriage was valid because Anselm of Canterbury had performed the ceremony. Foliot seems to have had some doubts in 1139, but before writing his letter of 1143 he had come to believe that Matilda was indeed the legitimate heiress, and he supported the Angevin cause, as Matilda's claim was known.

paragraph: Section::::Abbot.

paragraph: In 1139 Foliot was elected Abbot of Gloucester, blessed by the diocesan bishop on 11 June 1139. The appointment had been pushed through by Foliot's relative, Miles of Gloucester, who was by then the Earl of Hereford. Foliot was well connected at court in other respects, for his probable father had been steward to David I, before David became King of Scotland. David was the uncle of both the Empress and Stephen's wife. Following his elevation to abbot Foliot recognised Stephen as king, although he seems until then to have supported Matilda.

paragraph: King Stephen was captured by Matilda's forces on 2 February 1141, and Matilda called a council at Westminster to gather support for her assuming the throne. Foliot attended the council and was one of her main supporters in the following months as the Angevin cause tried to place her on the throne.

paragraph: It was during his time as abbot that Foliot wrote his reply to Brien FitzCount, one of Matilda's earliest supporters, discussing the Second Council of the Lateran's deliberations on Matilda's cause. FitzCount, in a letter now lost, had presented his reasons for supporting Matilda, and Foliot's reply set forth a defence of Matilda's claim to the throne. Foliot also wrote that Stephen had "dishonoured the episcopate" with his behaviour in 1139, when the king arrested Roger of Salisbury, the Bishop of Salisbury, and Roger's nephew, Alexander, who was Bishop of Lincoln, as well as attempting to arrest another of Roger's nephews, Nigel, Bishop of Ely. After the arrest Stephen forced the bishops to surrender their castles and secular government offices. Most historians see Foliot's letter as firmly supporting Matilda's cause, although one of King Stephen's recent biographers, Donald Matthew, claims that Foliot's support was lukewarm at best, motivated by the location of his abbey in one of Matilda's strongholds. Matthew points out that Gloucester Abbey owed no military service in a feudal levy, which allowed Foliot to avoid choosing sides irrevocably. Matthew also points out that after 1141 Foliot is a signatory to just one of Matilda's charters. Foliot did though address Robert of Gloucester's defence of Matilda's rights, buttressing it with arguments of his own. Robert had argued that the Bible supported female succession, and quoted from Numbers, chapter 36, which allowed women to inherit, but prohibited them marrying outside their tribe. In his reply Foliot claimed that Robert had actually used Numbers, chapter 27, which had no restrictions on the marriage of heiresses.

paragraph: During his time as abbot Foliot became friendly with Aelred of Rievaulx, a writer and later saint, who dedicated a book of sermons to him. Another friend and ally from his abbacy was Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who during Stephen's reign was attempting to unite the English Church under his leadership. Foliot helped Theobald by forming a communication link to Matilda's side.

paragraph: Foliot took an interest in the Dorset monastery of Cerne Abbey, which in 1145 received the Prior of Gloucester Abbey, Bernard, as abbot. Bernard was an active reformer, and Foliot supported Bernard's efforts, but the monks objected to the new abbot, and drove him out of the monastery. Both abbot and monks appealed to the papacy, which supported the abbot. Although Matilda wrote to Foliot, and interceded on behalf of the monks, Foliot pointed out that he was unable to disobey a papal command.

paragraph: While abbot, Foliot supervised the acquisition of a dependent priory in the city of Hereford for the monastery. Most of the abbey buildings predate Foliot's time as abbot, and there is no sure evidence of any buildings he added to the monastery. During his abbacy, a dispute that had dragged on between Gloucester and the Archdiocese of York over some manors was finally settled in Gloucester's favour. This was done with a group of forged charters that Foliot may have helped to create. Forging charters was a common practice in English monasteries of the time. Foliot also had disputes with the Welsh bishop Uhtred, Bishop of Llandaff, over Goldcliff Priory and a church in Llancarfan, concerning tithes and new chapels that had been built without Gloucester Abbey's permission.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Hereford.

paragraph: In early 1148, Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec to the Council of Reims, even though the archbishop had been forbidden to attend by King Stephen; Foliot was presumably with Theobald when the archbishop used a small fishing boat in his escape from England to the continent. Robert de Bethune, the Bishop of Hereford, died at the Council of Reims, and Foliot was nominated by Pope Eugene III to fill the Diocese of Hereford, which was held by the Angevin cause. Theobald was behind the appointment, having urged it on the pope. It appears likely that before his consecration Foliot gave assurances that he would not swear fealty to Stephen. He was consecrated Bishop of Hereford on 5 September 1148 at Saint-Omer by Archbishop Theobald. The other English bishops present at Reims—Hilary of Chichester and Josceline de Bohon—refused to help with the consecration, claiming it was contrary to custom for an English bishop to be consecrated outside England. Another of the bishops' concerns was that the pope had infringed Stephen's right to a say in the election. After his consecration Foliot swore fealty to Henry of Anjou, the son of the Empress and the new head of the Angevin party.

paragraph: Foliot switched his allegiance on his return to England and swore fealty to Stephen, angering the Angevins. Theobald managed to secure peace between the parties, saying that Foliot could not refuse to swear homage "to the prince approved by the papacy". Foliot also attempted to hold Hereford in plurality, or at the same time, with the abbey of Gloucester, but the monks of Gloucester objected. Rather than accept a situation like that of Henry of Blois, who held the Diocese of Winchester as well as being Abbot of Glastonbury, the monks of Gloucester held an election three weeks after Foliot's selection as bishop, and chose their prior as the new abbot.

paragraph: Foliot supported his uncle Robert de Chesney's nomination to become Bishop of Lincoln, lobbying the pope on Robert's behalf, and maintaining a long correspondence with Robert after his elevation. The letters to this uncle are full of warm sentiments, more than would be expected of a dutiful correspondence. Other episcopal correspondents and friends included Roger de Pont L'Évêque, the Archbishop of York, Josceline de Bohon, the Bishop of Salisbury, and William de Turbeville, the Bishop of Norwich, who became a regular correspondent after Foliot was translated to London.

paragraph: During the later part of Stephen's reign Foliot was active in judicial affairs, including a case in 1150 involving sanctuary and his kinsman Roger, the Earl of Hereford, which ended up in the court of Archbishop Theobald. Foliot's participation in legal affairs led him in 1153 to employ a clerk specialising in Roman law.

paragraph: After Henry of Anjou's accession to the throne of England as Henry II in 1154, Foliot persuaded the Earl of Hereford to submit to the new king's demand that he return the custody of certain royal castles to the king. In the summer of 1160, Foliot wrote to Pope Alexander III, whom the king had just recognised as pope instead of Alexander's rival, Victor IV, intimating that the canonisation of King Edward the Confessor, which had been delayed by Alexander's predecessor Innocent II, might be warranted as a reward for Henry's recognition of Alexander.

paragraph: The art historian Hans J. Böker claims that Foliot began the construction of the Bishop's Chapel at Hereford Cathedral. Böker contends that the architectural style of the chapel (which was destroyed in 1737) resembled that of the German imperial chapels, and was deliberately chosen by Foliot to demonstrate his loyalty to King Henry. However most sources credit Robert of Hereford, bishop from 1079 to 1095, as the builder of the chapel.

paragraph: When Theobald died in 1160, most observers believed that Foliot was the leading candidate to become archbishop of Canterbury. Traditionally, the see of Canterbury had been held by a monk, at least since the replacement of Stigand by Lanfranc in 1070. Although Foliot was a Cluniac monk, they were a subset of the Benedictine Order and thus the cathedral chapter at Canterbury, which was Benedictine but not Cluniac, would have had no objections to him on that score. Foliot denied that he ever lobbied for the office, but John of Salisbury and Thomas Becket apparently believed that Foliot desired it.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of London.

paragraph: Foliot was Becket's rival for the Archbishopric of Canterbury. He objected to the king's choice on the grounds that Becket was too worldly, the only bishop or magnate known to have opposed the king's choice. When the newly elected archbishop was presented to the court before his consecration, Foliot remarked that the king had performed a miracle by turning a layman and a knight into an archbishop. Soon after Becket's consecration the king wrote to the pope asking for permission to make Foliot the royal confessor. This may have been a conciliatory move to appease Foliot after the loss of Canterbury, or it may have been that the king and the new archbishop were already having differences of opinion and the king wished Foliot to be a counter-weight to Becket's influence.

paragraph: After Becket's election as archbishop, Foliot was nominated to the Diocese of London, to which he was translated on 6 March 1163. His nomination had been put forward by the king, who wrote to the pope stating that Foliot would be more accessible as an adviser and confessor if he was in London, rather than in Hereford on the Welsh Marches. Becket wrote to Foliot urging him to accept the translation. His transfer was confirmed by Pope Alexander III on 19 March 1163 and Foliot was enthroned at London on 28 April 1163. Papal confirmation was required because the movement of bishops from one see to another was still frowned on at this time. The medieval chronicler Ralph de Diceto, who was a canon at London, states that the cathedral chapter at St Paul's Cathedral, London, the cathedral of the London diocese, approved of Foliot's selection. Becket was unable to attend Foliot's enthronement, and Foliot did not make a profession of obedience to the archbishop, arguing that he had already sworn an oath to Canterbury when he became Bishop of Hereford, and thus no further oath was required. The issue was sent to the papacy, but the pope refused to be pinned down to an answer. Foliot then attempted to make London independent of Canterbury by reviving Pope Gregory I's old plan for an archbishopric at London. Foliot proposed either to have London raised to an archdiocese along with Canterbury, or to have London replace Canterbury as the archiepiscopal seat for the southern province. Foliot did though support Becket in the latter's attempt to prevent the Archbishop of York having his archiepiscopal cross borne in procession before him when visiting the province of Canterbury.

paragraph: By 1166, Foliot had been presented with a petition for annulment of the marriage of Aubrey de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, and Agnes of Essex. On the couple's third appearance before the bishop in his episcopal court on 9 May 1166, Countess Agnes appealed to the pope to affirm the validity of her marriage. Foliot enclosed her appeal in his own surviving letter setting out the salient features of the case. While the case was under papal consideration, Foliot reprimanded the earl for his treatment of his wife, reminding him that until the pope had ruled otherwise, Agnes was to be considered his wife in bed and board. When Pope Alexander III wrote to the bishop concerning the countess's maltreatment, and requiring Foliot to threaten the earl with excommunication, he also chastised the bishop for his handling of the case.

paragraph: Section::::Henry's conflict with Becket.

paragraph: The king and Becket began quarrelling in July 1163, at first over financial matters and then over the marriage of Henry's younger brother to an heiress, which Becket forbade. The true spark to the quarrel was the matter of clergy who committed crimes, who the king wished to have prosecuted in secular courts; the archbishop refused, arguing that all clergy must be tried in church courts, even if the crime was non-ecclesiastical. At the Council of Westminster called by Henry in October 1163 to deal with the issue, Foliot at first sided with the other bishops, who supported Becket's position and opposed the king. However, after the council was dismissed, Foliot became the leader of those bishops who changed sides in support of the king. In December, Becket capitulated to the king.

paragraph: In January 1164 the king summoned a council at Clarendon. The bishops were asked to approve the Constitutions of Clarendon, which proposed restrictions on the powers of the Church and limits to papal authority in England; Becket's refusal led to the great dispute between king and archbishop, into which Foliot and his fellow bishops were inevitably drawn. When Becket appeared before the court with his archiepiscopal cross borne before him, a studied insult to the king, Foliot told the archbishop that "If the king were to brandish his sword, as you now brandish yours, what hope can there be of peace between you?" The king refused to see Becket, and negotiations between the two camps soon revealed that Becket had ordered the bishops to refuse to pass judgement on him and threatened them with suspension from ecclesiastical office if they did. Becket also threatened to appeal the case to the papacy. Both of these actions by the archbishop breached the Constitutions of Clarendon. During the subsequent back and forth between the bishops and the king, as well as the bishops and the archbishop, Foliot was asked by one of his fellow bishops to try and persuade Becket to modify his behaviour. Foliot replied that Becket "was always a fool and always will be".

paragraph: After the bishops refused to pass judgment, the barons attempted to do so, but Becket refused to hear the court and left the council without the king's permission. Soon afterward, Foliot, along with Hilary of Chichester, went to Becket and suggested a compromise, which Becket refused. Becket went into exile after this last attempt at a settlement, and arrived in Flanders on 2 November 1164. Foliot was sent, along with Roger, the Archbishop of York, Hilary of Chichester, Bartholomew Iscanus, the Bishop of Exeter, Roger of Worcester, the Bishop of Worcester, William d'Aubigny, the Earl of Arundel, and a group of royal clerks, to Thierry the Count of Flanders, Louis VII the King of France, and Pope Alexander III. Their mission was to prevent the archbishop from being given refuge, but despite their efforts Louis of France agreed to grant Becket refuge. Foliot's delegation met with more success at the papal court; although they did not succeed in securing a decision in the king's favour, neither did the pope side with the archbishop.

paragraph: Section::::Becket's exile.

paragraph: During Becket's exile Foliot collected and sent to Rome Peter's Pence, the annual payment from England to the papacy. Foliot observed during the conflict that it was not a theological or moral dispute, merely one over church government. During Becket's exile, the king confiscated the archbishop's estates, and also confiscated the benefices of the clerks who had followed Becket into exile. Foliot was made custodian of those benefices in the diocese of Canterbury. Becket blamed both Foliot and Roger of York for the confiscations, but evidence appears to show that the confiscations were Henry's decision, and that Foliot, at least, was a conscientious custodian who made sure that little profit went to the king, and most of the revenues from the benefices went to religious purposes.

paragraph: In early summer 1165, Pope Alexander III wrote twice to Foliot, ordering him to intercede with the king and protest the royal injunction against appeals to the papacy. Foliot replied that the king respected the pope, heard his protests carefully, and that the archbishop had not been expelled, but had left of his own accord. Foliot wrote that the king had said Becket was free to return at any time, but would still have to answer to the charges he had faced at Northampton. Foliot then advised the pope not to impose any sentences of excommunication and to be patient and continue to negotiate. In 1166, Foliot accused Becket of simony, or the purchase of church offices, basing this on the alleged purchase Becket had made of the chancellorship, although there is no evidence that Becket bought the office. By 1166, the king had made Foliot the head of the English Church, in fact if not in law. The king and Foliot got along well, and it was probably Foliot's influence that kept the king from more violent measures against Becket.

paragraph: On 10 June 1166, Becket excommunicated a number of his opponents, some specifically by name, as well as any who opposed his cause. Henry's response was to order the English bishops to appeal to the pope, which they did at a council that Foliot organised and led in London on 24 June. The appeal was written by Foliot, and a separate letter from the bishops, also written by Foliot, was sent to the archbishop. The bishops rested their case on the fact that those excommunicated had not been warned or allowed to defend themselves. They pointed out to the pope that the king had not escalated the conflict and had behaved reasonably to the last papal overtures in the summer of 1165. Becket replied to these moves with a letter written to Foliot that was full of resentment and reproaches. Foliot's reply, in a letter that is usually titled "Multiplicem nobis", set forth his view of Becket's abilities as archbishop as well as giving reasons why Becket was wrong. He then suggested that the archbishop compromise and exercise some humility in order to reach his goals. By the end of 1166, Foliot managed to resign his custody of the confiscated Canterbury benefices, something he had been attempting to do for some time, thus removing one source of conflict between him and Becket.

paragraph: In November 1167 Foliot was summoned to Normandy, then ruled by Henry II, to meet with papal legates and the king. Roger of York, Hilary of Chichester, and Roger of Worcester were also summoned to attend. After some discussion and argument, Henry appears to have agreed that the legates could judge both the king's case against Becket as well as the bishops' case. Henry also offered a compromise on the subject of the Constitutions of Clarendon, that the legates accepted. However, when the legates met with Becket on 18 November, it quickly became apparent that Becket would not accept negotiations with the king nor accept the legates as judges of either case against him. As the legates had no mandate to compel Becket to accept them as judges, the negotiations came to an end with the king and bishops still appealing to the papacy.

paragraph: On 13 April 1169, Becket excommunicated Foliot, along with Hugh, Earl of Norfolk, Josceline de Bohun, and seven royal officials. Becket did this even though none of them had been warned, and despite the fact that the pope had asked that Becket not make any such sentences until after a pending embassy to King Henry had ended. Becket also warned a number of others that unless they made amends to him, they too would be excommunicated on 29 May, Ascension Day. In his excommunication, Becket called Foliot "that wolf in sheep's clothing". Although Foliot tried to enlist the help of his fellow bishops in an appeal, they were less than helpful. Foliot then prepared to appeal his sentence to the pope in person, and travelled to Normandy in late June or early July, where he met the king, but proceeded no further towards Rome, as the papacy was attempting once more to secure a negotiated settlement. In late August and early September serious but ultimately fruitless negotiations took place between the king and the archbishop.

paragraph: Foliot then proceeded to Rome, but at Milan he received word that his envoy at the papal court had secured the right for him to be absolved by Rotrou, Archbishop of Rouen. Foliot then returned to Rouen, where he was absolved on 5 April and reinstated in his see on 1 May. The only requirement of this absolution was that Foliot accept a penance to be imposed by the pope. Much of Foliot's objections to Becket's excommunication stemmed from the lack of warning that Foliot and the others had received, contrary to the customary and normal procedures. Becket and his supporters pointed out that there were some situations in which it was possible to excommunicate without warning, but Foliot claimed that the present situation was not one of them. According to Foliot, Becket's habit was "to condemn first, judge second". Foliot's example of appealing excommunications to the papacy was an important step in the setting up of an appeal process for excommunication during the 12th century.

paragraph: Section::::Death of Becket and aftermath.

paragraph: On 14 June 1170, Henry's son, Henry the Young King, was crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York, which infringed on the right of Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs. Although there is no definitive evidence that Foliot assisted in the coronation, it appears likely that he did so. The coronation drove the pope to allow Becket to lay an interdict, or decree prohibiting church rites, on England as punishment, and the threat of an interdict forced Henry to negotiate with Becket in July 1170. Becket and the king came to terms on 22 July 1170, allowing the archbishop to return to England, which he did in early December. However, shortly before he landed in England, he excommunicated Roger of York, Josceline of Salisbury, and Foliot. One possible reason for the excommunications was that the three ecclesiastics had electors from the various vacant bishoprics with them, and were escorting those electors to the king on the continent in order to reward a number of royal clerks with the long vacant bishoprics. Included among those royal clerks were some of Becket's most bitter foes during his exile. Although Becket offered to absolve Josceline and Foliot, he argued that only the pope could absolve Roger, as he was an archbishop. Roger persuaded the other two to appeal to the king, then in Normandy. When they did so, the royal anger at the timing of the excommunications was such that it led to Henry uttering the question often attributed to him "Will no one rid me of the turbulent priest". This inspired four knights to set off from the king's court in Normandy to Canterbury, where on 29 December 1170, they murdered Becket.

paragraph: After Becket's death his sentences of excommunication were confirmed, as well as the suspensions from ecclesiastical office. The pope in his confirmation referred to Roger of York, Foliot, and Josceline of Salisbury, as the "Gilbertine trinity". The excommunication was absolved for Foliot on 1 August 1171, but he remained suspended from office. He secured his restoration to office on 1 May 1172, after clearing himself of any involvement in Becket's murder. The king performed a public act of penance on 12 July 1174 at Canterbury, when he publicly confessed his sins, and then allowed each bishop present, including Foliot, to give him five blows from a rod, then each of the 80 monks of Canterbury Cathedral gave the king three blows. The king then offered gifts to Becket's shrine and spent a vigil at Becket's tomb.

paragraph: Foliot and Becket seem to have been on amicable terms until 1163, but their relationship seems to have soured after that date. Becket accused Foliot in 1167 with: "your aim has all along been to effect the downfall of the Church and ourself". After the pope absolved Foliot's excommunication in early 1170, Becket exclaimed to a cardinal that "Satan is unloosed for the destruction of the Church". A modern biographer of Becket, the historian Frank Barlow, feels that one reason for Becket's change in behaviour after his election as archbishop was due to his need to "out-bishop" the other bishops, and prevent Foliot from making any more jibes about his inadequacies as an ecclesiastic.

paragraph: Foliot was mainly a force for moderation in the quarrel between the king and the archbishop, urging restraint on Becket and curbing the king's attempts to impose the Constitutions more rigorously. Foliot's rhetoric against the archbishop was pointed and effective. Foliot also developed the novel legal filing of "ad cautelam", which was an appeal to the papacy against any future action by the archbishop. Although Foliot's tactic of "ad cautelam" was ridiculed by his opponents, the papacy did not challenge the technique.

paragraph: During his time as bishop Foliot served for many years as a papal judge-delegate, especially in his later years. He was active in both of his dioceses in supporting his cathedral chapters and other religious houses of the dioceses. He kept in constant contact with his archdeacons and deans about the administration of the dioceses. He also gathered about himself a group of clerks who compiled a collection of decretals known as the Belvoir collection. This collection mainly relates to Foliot's activities at London, and probably dates to before 1175.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Foliot was well known as a letter writer, and his letters were later collected as a book. The main manuscript for this collection, now held at the Bodleian Library, is supposed to have originated in Foliot's own writing office. About 250 to 300 examples of Foliot's letters have survived, which together with his surviving charters gives a total of almost 500 items. The collection was printed in a modern edition edited by Adrian Morey and Christopher N. L. Brooke and published by the Cambridge University Press in 1967, under the title of "The Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot". Some of the letters have appeared in volumes five through eight of "Materials for the History of Thomas Becket", from the Rolls Series, published from 1875–1885. Older editions appeared in the "Patres ecclesiae Anglicanae" series from the 1840s, and in Migne's "Patrologica" from 1854. The letters cover most of the period of Foliot's public life, and are one of the main sources for the history of that period. The historian David Knowles said of the collection that "owing to its wealth of personal and local detail [it] is of the greatest value for the church historian". According to Knowles, Foliot's letters paint a picture of an active bishop and ecclesiastical leader who supported the Gregorian church reforms but did not meddle in politics beyond those of the church. His letters are typical of the educated letter writer of his time, refined and polished to an art form.

paragraph: Foliot also wrote a number of sermons and commentaries on the Bible. Of the commentaries, only those on the "Song of Songs" and the "Lord's Prayer" still survive. The commentary on the "Song of Songs" was first printed in 1638, by Patrick Young, and again in the "Patrologia Latina" volume 202. The commentary on the Lord's Prayer was first published by David Bell in 1989. The commentary on the "Song of Songs" has been printed three times, the last in the middle of the 20th century. About 60 of his "acta", or decisions, as Bishop of Hereford still survive, and from his time at London a further 150 or so are extant. A contemporary, Peter, the prior of Holy Trinity Priory in Aldgate, London, heard Foliot preach a sermon at a synod, and praised the sermon as "adorned with flowers of words and sentences and supported by a copious array of authorities. It ran backwards and forwards on its path from its starting-point back to the same starting point." The sermon so inspired Peter that he wrote a work entitled "Pantheologus", which dealt with the "distinctio" method of exegesis, which was developing around this time. All of Foliot's surviving theological works are based on exegesis, and may include nine sermons on the subject of Saints Peter and Paul, which were dedicated to Aelred of Rivaulx. These sermons are dedicated to a "Gilbert, Bishop of London", which could mean either Foliot or an earlier bishop, Gilbert Universalis. However, the historian Richard Sharpe feels that the fact that the sermons are paired with a group of Aelred's sermons dedicated to Foliot makes their authorship by Foliot slightly more likely. These sermons survive in manuscript, now in the British Library as Royal 2 D.xxxii, but have not yet been printed. A further group of sermons which were dedicated to Haimo, the abbot of Bordesley, did not survive, but is known from the surviving dedication letter.

paragraph: The antiquarian John Bale in the 1550s listed six works of Foliot known to him, five of which were letters. The sixth work known to Bale was the commentary on the "Song of Songs", which survived in a single manuscript, now in the Bodleian Library. Young also recorded a "Lundinensis Ecclesiae" as being by Foliot. The scholar John Pits gave much the same list in 1619, adding one work, a "Vitas aliquot sanctorum Angliae, Librum unun", but this work never appears in a medieval book catalogue and has not survived under this name so it is unclear if Foliot wrote such a work. The antiquary Thomas Tanner, writing in the early 18th century, listed Foliot as the author of the seven works given by Bale and Pits, adding an eighth, the "Tractatus Gilberti, episcopi London: Super Istud "Sunt diuae olivae"", citing John Leland, the 16th-century antiquary, as his source. This apparently is the collection of nine sermons on Saints Peter and Paul that has yet to be published and is still in manuscript at the Bodleian Library. Leland also listed another work by Foliot, the "Omeliae Gileberti, episcopi Herefordensis", which he stated was held at Forde Abbey. This work, since lost, might have been the sermons mentioned above, or could have been a known collection of homilies, also lost. It is also possible that another Gilbert was the author. Lastly, Walter Map recorded that Foliot had begun work on a "the Old and the New Law" shortly before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Foliot died on 18 February 1187. The medieval chronicler Walter Map praised him as "a man most accomplished in the three languages, Latin, French and English, and eloquent and clear in each of them". The modern historian Frank Barlow says of him that "It was probably because he was so self-righteous that it could be suggested that his behaviour was sometimes devious." He went blind some time during the 1180s, but continued to work on his biblical writings.

paragraph: Foliot sent his nephew Richard Foliot and another clerk of his household to Bologna to study law in the 1160s, exemplifying the growing emphasis laid on Roman law among his countrymen. Another nephew was Ralph Foliot, Archdeacon of Hereford and a royal justice during the reign of Richard I. During his time at both dioceses, he did much to promote his relatives, and all of the archdeacons he appointed while at London were either nephews or other relatives. A member of his household at Hereford was the scholar Roger of Hereford, who dedicated his computus, or treatise on calculating dates, to Foliot. Another work, the "Ysagoge in Theologiam", was dedicated to him by a writer named Odo while Foliot was still a prior in France.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Text of the Constitutions of Clarendon Hosted at Yale University's Avalon Project

description: medieval English monk and Bishop of London

wikidata_label: Gilbert Foliot

wikipedia_title: Gilbert Foliot


text:
Bulgarian
Preslav Literary School
Boris I
Simeon I
Hexameron
Greek language
Byzantine Empire
Archbishop of Bulgaria
Chernorizets Hrabar
John of Rila
John of Damascus
Basil the Great
Simeon I
History of Bulgaria
Preslav Literary School
Simeon I of Bulgaria

categories: Medieval Bulgarian writers,People from Veliki Preslav,9th-century Bulgarian people,9th-century births,10th-century deaths,Bulgarian male writers,Bulgarian translators,10th-century Bulgarian people,Translators from Greek,Translators to Bulgarian

paragraph: John the Exarch

paragraph: John the Exarch (also transcribed Joan Ekzarh; ) was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and translator, one of the most important men of letters working at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. He was active during the reign of Boris I (852–889) and his son Simeon I (893–927). His most famous work is the compilation "Shestodnev" (Шестоднев – Hexameron) that consists of both translations of earlier Byzantine authors and original writings.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Evidence about his life is scarce but his literary legacy suggests an excellent knowledge of Greek language. It is therefore assumed that John the Exarch received his education in the Byzantine Empire. Some historians assume that his sobriquet "the Exarch" means that he was the Archbishop of Bulgaria. Others suggest that this was not an bishopric rank. There are also theories that identify John the Exarch with Chernorizets Hrabar or with John of Rila.

paragraph: Section::::Literary activities.

paragraph: John the Exarch’s literary work includes a number of translations of medieval Byzantine authors, the most important of which is the translation, around 895, of "On Orthodox Christianity" by the Byzantine theologian John of Damascus. He is also the author of several original works and compilations, the most important whereof is the compilation "Шестоднев" ("Shestodnev"). The compilation includes parts of the works of several Byzantine authors, most notably Basil the Great, as well as original parts which give valuable first-hand evidence about the Bulgarian Empire under Simeon I (893 – 927). John the Exarch describes the royal palace and the Bulgarian ruler that includes information about his attire, the boyars, the social stratification of the Bulgarian society and like matters.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Monographs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Калайдович, К. Иоанн ексарх болгарский. Москва (1824)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Архимандрит Панарет, Животът на Йоана Екзарха Български, Станимака (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Иванова-Мирчева, Д., Йоан Екзарх Български, Слова, т. 1, София (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Бонов, А. Възгледите за вселената на Йоан Екзарх български. София (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Чолова, Ц., Естественонаучните знания в средновековна България, София, изд. БАН (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Баранкова, Г. С., В. В. Мильков. Шестоднев Иоанна екзарха Болгарского. Санкт Петербург (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Трендафилов, Хр. Йоан Екзарх Български. София (2001)

paragraph: Section::::References.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vondrák, V., O mluvě Jana Exarcha bulharského, Praha, p. 40-92, p. 95-97 (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Трифонов, Ю., Сведения из старобългарския живот в "Шестоднева" на Йоан Екзарх, Списание на БАН, т. 35, с. 1-26 (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Мавродинов, Н., Описание на Преслав в Шестоднева на Йоан Екзарх, ИП, кн. 3, с. 66-76 (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Миятев, К., Два поетични фрагмента у Йоан Екзарх като исторически извори, Археология, кн. 1-2, с. 9-16 (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Хаджиолов, А., Йоан Екзарх Български като учен и философ, основоположник на българското естествознание, Проблеми на природата, кн. 8, с. 177 (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Боев, П., Йоан Екзарх Български - първият наш антрополог, Проблеми на природата, кн. 9 с. 317 (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Борисов, М., А. Ваврек, В. Кусев, "Йоан Екзарх – първият разпространител на знания в областта на физическите науки у нас", Физика, кн. 1, с. 14–28 (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Борисов, М., А. Ваврек, Г. Камишева, "Йоан Екзарх Български - пръв разпространител на физически знания у нас", Предшественици на разпространението и развитието на физическите знания в България, София, Народна просвета (1985) с. 5-65

paragraph: BULLET::::- Чолова, Ц., Върховната власт и управлението в средновековната българска държава по времето на Симеон, отразени в "Шестоднева" на Йоан Екзарх, Известия на Института по история, т. 27, с. 216-235 (1985)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Bulgaria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preslav Literary School

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simeon I of Bulgaria

description: Bulgarian writer

wikidata_label: John Exarch

wikipedia_title: John the Exarch


text:
swimmer
Mediterranean Games
Brasília
Distrito Federal

categories: Brazilian people of Spanish descent,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),1988 births,Spanish people of Brazilian descent,Sportspeople from Brasília,Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games,Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Brazilian emigrants to Spain,Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain,Spanish female swimmers,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Olympic swimmers of Spain,Competitors at the 2018 Mediterranean Games,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Spain,Living people,Universiade medalists in swimming

paragraph: Duane Da Rocha

paragraph: Duane Da Rocha Marcé (born 7 January 1988) is a Brazilian-born Spanish swimmer. She has received medals for the Mediterranean Games, World Championships and European Championships.

paragraph: She won the 200 metres backstroke gold medal in the 2014 European Swimming Championships in Berlin (Germany).

paragraph: She was born in Brasília, Distrito Federal, to a Brazilian mother (Soraia da Rocha) and a Spanish father (José María Marcé).

description: Spanish swimmer

wikidata_label: Duane Da Rocha

wikipedia_title: Duane Da Rocha


text: Venezuelan

text: professional baseball

text: outfielder

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Major League Baseball

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Los Angeles Angels

text: Miami Marlins

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Texas Rangers

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

text: San Diego Padres

text: Miami Marlins

text: Atlanta Braves

categories: Miami Marlins players,Tulsa Drillers players,Colorado Rockies players,Major League Baseball outfielders,1991 births,Tiburones de La Guaira players,Springfield Cardinals players,Casper Ghosts players,Major League Baseball players from Venezuela,Los Angeles Angels players,El Paso Chihuahuas players,Memphis Redbirds players,Gulf Coast Cardinals players,Asheville Tourists players,New Orleans Baby Cakes players,Caribbean Series players,Modesto Nuts players,Living people,Caribes de Anzoátegui players,Salt Lake Bees players,Dominican Summer League Rockies players

paragraph: Rafael Ortega (baseball)

paragraph: Rafael Ángel Ortega García (born May 15, 1991) is a Venezuelan professional baseball outfielder in the Atlanta Braves organization. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies, Los Angeles Angels, and Miami Marlins.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: Ortega was signed as an amateur free agent in 2008 by the Colorado Rockies. He debuted with the Rockies on September 30, 2012. In 2013, Ortega started the season in Double-A and was released after 42 games. He signed with a Venezuelan team for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: Ortega was claimed off waivers by the Texas Rangers on November 27, 2013. The Rangers designated Ortega for assignment on December 30.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:St. Louis Cardinals.

paragraph: The St. Louis Cardinals claimed Ortega on January 6, 2014. He played in the Cardinals minor league system for the 2014 and 2015 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Angels.

paragraph: The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim signed Ortega to a one-year contract on December 1, 2015. Ortega made the team out of spring training as a fourth outfielder. After injuries to their starting left fielders, Ortega was entrenched as the Angels left fielder. In 36 games, he hit .236 while displaying excellent defense and putting the ball in play, as he struck out just 16 times in 122 at bats. On June 11, Ortega was sent down to Triple-A. He elected free agency in November 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: On December 13, 2016, Ortega signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Miami Marlins.

paragraph: Ortega signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins on December 15, 2017. He elected free agency on October 17, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: On November 19, 2018, Ortega signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves with an invite to spring training.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

description: Major League Baseball outfielder in the Texas Rangers organization

wikidata_label: Rafael Ortega

wikipedia_title: Rafael Ortega (baseball)


text: fantasy fiction

text: Bram Stoker Award

text: Sigma Pi Sigma

text: Beta Gamma Sigma

text: Phi Kappa Phi

text: Black Metal

text: Bathory

categories: Living people,University of North Texas alumni,Northern Arizona University alumni,American male writers

paragraph: C. Dean Andersson

paragraph: C. Dean Andersson is an American writer of fantasy fiction and horror novels since 1981, both under his own name and under the pseudonym Asa Drake.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Best known as a writer of fiction in the science fiction, fantasy, and horror genres.

paragraph: Other work: television graphic artist, professional musician in United States Air Force bands, robotics computer programmer, and a technical writer specializing in software documentation for mainframe relational database management systems.

paragraph: Born in the United States of America, state of Kansas, his childhood in Kansas served as a setting for the novel, Buried Screams, and for several scenes in the novel, Raw Pain Max.

paragraph: A childhood encounter with Dracula in a small Kansas movie theater led to a fascination with the character and vampires in general that inspired research and spawned two novels, "Crimson Kisses" and "I Am Dracula."

paragraph: Having a Swedish-American father led to an interest in Scandinavian Mythology and Viking Age history, used for the Scandinavian Mythos "Bloodsong Saga Warrior Witch of Hel", "Death Riders of Hel", "Werebeasts of Hel", and "Valkyries of Hel" (in-progress).

paragraph: Familiarity with Dallas, Texas provided background for the "Dallas Horror Trilogy", "Torture Tomb", "Raw Pain Max", and "Fiend."

paragraph: Childhood fear of Witches caused by Disney's "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" led to studies of historical Witchcraft persecutions, modern NeoPagan religions, and Goddess Spirituality that influenced thematic elements in many novels.

paragraph: C. Dean Andersson is a veteran of the U.S. Air Force. He has a BS in Astrophysics and a BA in Art. He is a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and was a Bram Stoker Award nominee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Prizes, honors, awards, tributes.

paragraph: For academic achievement, elected to Sigma Pi Sigma (Physics Honor Society), Beta Gamma Sigma (Business Honor Society), Phi Kappa Phi (National Honor Society).

paragraph: Horror Writers Association (HWA) Bram Stoker Award 2007 Short Fiction Finalist for "The Death Wagon Rolls on By,” featuring a very close encounter with Hel, Norse Goddess of the Underworld.

paragraph: "One Rode to Asa Bay,” a song and music video from the Swedish Black Metal band Bathory's album, Hammerheart, was dedicated to Dean Andersson by Quorthon, Bathory's founder, as a tribute to Andersson's Scandinavian Mythos Bloodsong Saga, originally written under the pen name of "Asa Drake."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Hel Trilogy aka Bloodsong Saga.

paragraph: As C. Dean Andersson:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloodsong! HEL X 3" (2013) includes "Warrior Witch of Hel, Death Riders of Hel, Werebeasts of Hel"

paragraph: As C. Dean Andersson:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Warrior Witch" (2000), Russian language edition (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Warrior Rebel" (2000), Russian language edition (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Warrior Beast" (2000), Russian language edition (2002)

paragraph: As Asa Drake:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Warrior Witch of Hel" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Death Riders of Hel" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Werebeasts of Hel" (1986)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Single novels.

paragraph: As C. Dean Andersson:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torture Tomb" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raw Pain Max" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buried Screams" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Am Dracula" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fiend" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I am Frankenstein" (1996)

paragraph: Note: 2 novels set in the Mortal Kombat universe were written but never released by the publisher (1996)

paragraph: As Asa Drake:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crimson Kisses" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lair of Ancient Dreams" (1982)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short stories.

paragraph: As C. Dean Andersson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Watch" in SCARE CARE (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horror Heaven" in DARK SEDUCTIONS (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Small Brown Bags of Blood" in DARK DESTINY (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Greatest Fear" in SONS OF DARKNESS (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Troll Story" in THE SPLENDOUR FALLS (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blood of Othinn" in DARK DESTINY III: CHILDREN OF DRACULA (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The War Skull of Hel" in PAWN OF CHAOS: TALES OF THE ETERNAL CHAMPION (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barbed Wire Machete" in PERSONAL DEMONS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dust Bowl" in THE BOOK OF ALL FLESH (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hang Tuff," "Daddy's Dinner," and "Odin's Swallow" in SMALL BITES (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tomb of Fog and Flowers" in THE MANY FACES OF VAN HELSING (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slim and Swede and the Damned Dead Horse” in CROSS PLAINS UNIVERSE (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Death Wagon Rolls On By" in CEMETERY DANCE #57 (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mama Strangelove's Remedies for Afterlife Disorders or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Mother Death” in THE BRUTARIAN #52 (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Testament of Tuff” in WHAT SCARES THE BOOGEY MAN? horror anthology edited by John Manning (Perseid Publishing, 2013)

description: American writer

wikidata_label: C. Dean Andersson

wikipedia_title: C. Dean Andersson


text: Villarrobledo

text: Spain

text: Grand Prix

text: motorcycle

text: road racer

text: F.I.M.

text: 80cc world champion

text: Grand Prix motorcycle racing

text: Grand Prix world champion title

text: German motorcycle Grand Prix

text: 1987 season

text: San Marino GP

text: Nations motorcycle Grand Prix

text: Imola

text: UNICEF

text: John McGuinness

text: Phillip McCallen

text: Freddie Spencer

text: Phil Read

text: Michael Dunlop

text: Giacomo Agostini

text: 2013 Isle of Man TT

categories: 1963 births,People from the Province of Albacete,Spanish motorcycle racers,125cc World Championship riders,80cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Manuel Herreros

paragraph: Manuel Herreros Casas, also known as "Champi", (born on April 20, 1963 in Villarrobledo, Spain) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He was the 1989 F.I.M. 80cc world champion. He is the last 80 cc world champion, as the class was discontinued after the 1989 season. He was Spanish national champion ("") in the 80 cc class in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Herreros was a competitor in a total of 62 races in Grand Prix motorcycle racing between 1984 and 1991, and won the Grand Prix world champion title in the 80 cc class in 1989, without having won a race during the season. Herreros took the victory during the 1986 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season in the German motorcycle Grand Prix and during the 1987 season in the San Marino GP each in the 80 cc class. His only podium finish in the 125 cc occurred in the 1988 Nations motorcycle Grand Prix race at Imola.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: Herreros retired from competition in 1991 and since then has been engaged in directing his race team. Throughout his career, he has received several awards in recognition of his civic and sporting achievements, such as "Medalla al Mèrit Esportiu" (1989), the "Insígnia d'or de l'Ajuntament de Torrent" (March 4, 2002), and the "l'Homenatge de l'Associació de Veïns Nicolàs Andreu de Torrent" (August 15, 2006). He is an honorary member of UNICEF.

paragraph: Herreros was selected to participate in a "Lap Of Honor" with other famed riders (John McGuinness, Phillip McCallen, Freddie Spencer, Phil Read, Michael Dunlop, Giacomo Agostini and others) at the 2013 Isle of Man TT.

description: Spanish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Manuel Herreros

wikipedia_title: Manuel Herreros


text:
Gurus of Sikhism
Hindu
Lahore
Pakistan
Guru Amar Das
Guru Amar Das
Amritsar
Guru Arjan
Goindval
Punjab
Hargobind
Guru Hargobind
Tung
Guru Amar Das
gurdwara
Harmandir Sahib
hagiography
Guru Granth Sahib
poet
raga
Indian classical music
Nanakshahi calendar
Kirtan Sohila
Golden temple
Guru Amar Das
Sikhs.org
Sikh-History.com

categories: Indian city founders,1534 births,Sikh gurus,Punjabi people,1581 deaths

paragraph: Guru Ram Das

paragraph: Guru Ram Das (; 1534–1581) was the fourth of the ten Gurus of Sikhism. He was born on 24 September 1534 in a poor Hindu family based in Lahore, part of what is now Pakistan. His birth name was Jetha, he was orphaned at age 7, and thereafter grew up with his maternal grandmother in a village.

paragraph: At age 12, Bhai Jetha and his grandmother moved to Goindval, where they met Guru Amar Das. The boy thereafter accepted Guru Amar Das as his mentor and served him. The daughter of Guru Amar Das got married to Bhai Jetha, and he thus became part of Guru Amar Das's family. As with the first two Gurus of Sikhism, Guru Amar Das instead of choosing his own sons, chose Bhai Jetha as his successor and renamed him as Ram Das or "servant or slave of god."

paragraph: Ram Das became the Guru of Sikhism in 1574 and served as the Sikh leader until his death in 1581. He faced hostilities from the sons of Amar Das, shifted his official base to lands identified by Amar Das as "Guru-ka-Chak". This newly founded town was eponymous Ramdaspur, later to evolve and get renamed as Amritsar – the holiest city of Sikhism. He is also remembered in the Sikh tradition for expanding the "manji" organization for clerical appointments and donation collections to theologically and economically support the Sikh movement. He appointed his own son as his successor, and unlike the first four Gurus who were not related through descent, the fifth through tenth Sikh Gurus were the direct descendants of Ram Das.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Guru Ram Das was born in a Sodhi Khatri family in Chuna Mandi, Lahore (now part of Pakistan). His father was Hari Das and mother Daya Kaurboth of whom died when he was aged seven. He was brought up by his grandmother. He married Bibi Bhani, the younger daughter of Amar Das. They had three sons: Prithi Chand, Mahadev and Guru Arjan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and succession.

paragraph: Guru Ram Das died on 1 September 1581, in Goindval town of Punjab.

paragraph: Of his three sons, Ram Das chose Arjan, the youngest, to succeed him as the fifth Sikh Guru. The choice of successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh Guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs. The elder son of Ram Das named Prithi Chand is remembered in the Sikh tradition as vehemently opposing Arjan, creating a faction Sikh community which the Sikhs following Arjan called as "Minas" (literally, "scoundrels"), and is alleged to have attempted to assassinate young Hargobind. However, alternate competing texts written by the Prithi Chand led Sikh faction offer a different story, contradict this explanation on Hargobind's life, and present the elder son of Ram Das as devoted to his younger brother Arjan. The competing texts do acknowledge disagreement and describe Prithi Chand as having become the "Sahib Guru" after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev and disputing the succession of Guru Hargobind, the grandson of Ram Das.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Amritsar.

paragraph: Ram Das is credited with founding the holy city of Amritsar in the Sikh tradition. Two versions of stories exist regarding the land where Ram Das settled. In one based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased with Sikh donations, for 700 rupees from the owners of the village of Tung.

paragraph: According to the Sikh historical records, the site was chosen by Guru Amar Das and called Guru Da Chakk, after he had asked Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man made pool as its central point. After his coronation in 1574, and the hostile opposition he faced from the sons of Amar Das, Ram Das founded the town named after him as "Ramdaspur". He started by completing the pool, and building his new official Guru centre and home next to it. He invited merchants and artisans from other parts of India to settle into the new town with him. The town expanded during the time of Arjan financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the pool area grew into a temple complex after his son built the gurdwara Harmandir Sahib, and installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple in 1604.

paragraph: The construction activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in "Mahima Prakash Vartak", a semi-historical Sikh hagiography text likely composed in 1741, and the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Scripture hymns.

paragraph: Ram Das composed 638 hymns, or about ten percent of hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib. He was a celebrated poet, and composed his work in 30 ancient "ragas" of Indian classical music.

paragraph: These cover a range of topics:

paragraph: Guru's "Bani" is also part of Nanakshahi calendar and Kirtan Sohila, the daily prayers of Sikhs. His compositions continue to be sung daily in Harimandir Sahib (Golden temple) of Sikhism.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Wedding hymn.

paragraph: Ram Das, along with Amar Das, are credited with various parts of the "Anand" and "Laavan" composition in "Suhi" mode. It is a part of the ritual of four clockwise circumambulation of the Sikh scripture by the bride and groom to solemnize the marriage in Sikh tradition. This was intermittently used, and its use lapsed in late 18th century. However, sometime in 19th or 20th century by conflicting accounts, the composition of Ram Das came back in use along with Anand Karaj ceremony, replacing the Hindu ritual of circumambulation around the fire. The composition of Ram Das emerged to be one of the basis of British colonial era Anand Marriage Act of 1909.

paragraph: The wedding hymn was composed by Ram Das for his own daughter's wedding. The first stanza of the Laavan hymn by Ram Das refers to the duties of the householder's life to accept the Guru's word as guide, remember the Divine Name. The second verse and circle reminds the singular One is encountered everywhere and in the depths of the self. The third speaks of the Divine Love. The fourth reminds that the union of the two is the union of the individual with the Infinite.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Masand system.

paragraph: While Guru Amar Das introduced the "manji" system of religious organization, Ram Das extended it with adding the "masand" institution. The "masand" were Sikh community leaders who lived far from the Guru, but acted to lead the distant congregations, their mutual interactions and collect revenue for Sikh activities and temple building. This institutional organization famously helped grow Sikhism in the decades that followed, but became infamous in the era of later Gurus, for its corruption and its misuse in financing rival Sikh movements in times of succession disputes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sikhs.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sikh-History.com

description: The fourth Guru of Sikhism

wikidata_label: Guru Ram Das

wikipedia_title: Guru Ram Das


text:
Acland
Landkey
Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet
Acland family
Killerton
John Acland
[Acland] family
Sheriff of Devon
Potheridge
George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle
Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle
Edward IV
Woolleigh, Beaford
Sir John Acland
Sir Francis Vincent, 1st Baronet
Stoke d'Abernon
Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet
Sir John Acland
Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Arthur Acland (died 1610)

paragraph: Sir Arthur Acland (also recorded as Sir Arthure Akelane) (1573–1610) of Acland in the parish of Landkey, Devon, was a member of the Devonshire gentry, and was knighted in 1606. Little is known of his life and career, but his monumental inscription survives above his impressive monument in Landkey Church. His son was Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet (c. 1591 – 1647). He was ancestor to the prominent, wealthy and long-enduring Acland family of Killerton, which survives today in the direct male line.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Arthur Acland's grandfather was John Acland (died 1553), of Acland, described as "the first of the [Acland] family to emerge from the shadows of history as a visible human being". His father was Hugh Acland (c. 1543 – 1622) of Acland, Sheriff of Devon in 1611, and he was the eldest of his four sons. His mother was Margaret Monke (died 1619), who was a daughter of Thomas Monke (), of Potheridge, who came from an ancient Devonshire family and was great-grandfather of George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–1670). Thomas Monke's first wife and Margaret's mother was Frances Plantagenet, a daughter of Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle (died 1542) an illegitimate son of King Edward IV.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Acland married his step-first cousin Eleanor Mallet (1573–1645), a daughter and co-heiress of Robert Mallet of Woolleigh, Beaford. Her mother (or step-mother) was Elizabeth Rolle, who remarried to Sir John Acland (died 1620), Sir Arthur's uncle. Eleanor survived her husband and remarried to Sir Francis Vincent, 1st Baronet (c. 1568–1640) of Stoke d'Abernon, in Surrey.

paragraph: By Eleanor, Acland had a son and heir, Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet (c. 1591 – 1647) who married his step-sister Elizabeth Vincent (died 1671) and was buried at Stoke D'Abernon. They also had two daughters: Elizabeth, who married her step-relative Anthony Vincent of Stoke D'Abernon; and Anna who died childless.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Acland died aged 37 on 26 December 1610, and was buried 10 January 1611 in Landkey Church, where there is a large monument with effigies of himself and his wife. He left a widow and not only pre-deceased his wealthy and childless uncle Sir John Acland (died 1620), but also pre-deceased his own father, who died 12 years later in 1622.

paragraph: He thus never inherited the Acland paternal estates which passed in 1622 to his son Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet (c. 1591 – 1647), even though his three younger brothers were still living. The first baronet thus inherited his father's new estate of Killerton, his grandfather's ancient estate of Acland with several others and also his great-uncle's new estate of Columb John, where he made his home, leaving Acland to become a residence for younger branches of the family.

paragraph: Section::::Monument.

paragraph: Acland's impressive monument, said to have been erected by his grieving father, survives in Landkey Church. It shows Sir Arthur lying prostrate, in full armour, propped up on his left elbow. In front and below him lies his wife Eleanor Mallet. Above are two round headed black tablets inscribed with gilt lettering.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acland, Anne. "A Devon Family: The Story of the Aclands". London and Chichester: Phillimore, 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) "The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620", Exeter, 1895

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Arthur Acland

wikipedia_title: Arthur Acland (died 1610)


text: Charles Boarman

text: Pembina

text: Dakota Territory

text: Pembina County

text: Charles Town

text: Virginia

text: Charles Boarman

text: Charles Boarman

text: Amador County

text: War of 1812

text: Mexican–American War

text: Confederate Army

text: Ashby's Cavalry

text: American Civil War

text: Bloomery region

text: Jefferson County

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: College of Physicians and Surgeons

text: Martinsburg, West Virginia

text: Dakota Territory

text: Pembina, North Dakota

text: Fort Pembina

text: land agent

text: register of deeds

text: lumber

text: coal stove

text: hurricane lamp

text: general store

text: harsh winters of the Upper Midwest

text: Methodist

text: public park

text: Ancient Order of United Workmen

text: Degree of Honor

categories: 1857 births,1942 deaths,Physicians from West Virginia,People from Charles Town, West Virginia,School board members in North Dakota,American bank presidents,Boarman family,People from Pembina County, North Dakota

paragraph: Charles Boarman Harris

paragraph: Dr. Charles Boarman Harris (November 6, 1857 – January 2, 1942) was an American physician and surgeon. The grandson of Rear Admiral Charles Boarman, he was among the original settlers in Pembina, the first settlement in the Dakota Territory. Boarman was the first doctor to serve the general population in Pembina County, and to be medically licensed, serving as the county physician for nearly 60 years. At the time of his death in 1942, he was the longest serving physician and surgeon in the state of North Dakota.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Charles Boarman Harris was born in Charles Town, Virginia on November 6, 1857. He was the son of Susan Martha (née Boarman; 1830–1921), the daughter of Rear Admiral Charles Boarman, and Jeremiah Harris (1819–1881), a wealthy landowner and merchant. His maternal uncle, Dr. Charles Boarman (1828–1880), headed to California in the early 1850s and helped settle Amador County. Rear Admiral Boarman, a veteran of the War of 1812 and Mexican–American War, played a role in the secession of West Virginia from Virginia proper in 1861. Charles Harris' father, however, enlisted in the Confederate Army and served as a member of Ashby's Cavalry during the American Civil War.

paragraph: Harris grew up on a farm near the Bloomery region in Jefferson County. He was later educated in Charles Town, West Virginia, and then Baltimore, Maryland, where he studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Harris graduated from the institution on March 3, 1880, and spent the next eighteen months practicing medicine in Martinsburg, West Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Arrival in Pembina.

paragraph: After the death of his father in 1881, Harris moved to the Dakota Territory and was joined by his widowed mother and siblings the following year. On January 11, 1883, he arrived in present-day Pembina, North Dakota after a four-day journey "alone with only clothes and medical instruments". He stayed with another doctor at Fort Pembina for the first year. The fort's doctor provided medical care for the soldiers and its residents, however, there was no physician serving the 4,000 settlers living in Pembina-St. Vincent area at that time. He eventually set up his own practice and became the first doctor in the county.

paragraph: It was in Pembina that Harris met his future wife Catherine Jane Abrams, the daughter of Canadian-born land agent George Abrams, who was then working as register of deeds at the town courthouse. The two were married on September 29, 1886, and had eleven children together. Their first five children died with only five girls and one boy surviving into adulthood: Gladys, Kathryn J., Pauline, Janette, George, and Mary Margaret Harris.

paragraph: Section::::Frontier doctor.

paragraph: Boarman built his first home out of lumber and lived rough with his only luxuries being a coal stove and hurricane lamps he ordered though the local general store. As a young doctor traveling the countryside he faced many obstacles including severe weather conditions such as floods and thunderstorms, and especially the harsh winters of the Upper Midwest, as well as poor roads and no telegraph system. Harris made countless house calls and delivered over 3,000 babies in his near 60-year career.

paragraph: A member of the Grand Forks District Medical Society and the North Dakota State Medical Society, Harris was well-read on medical and scientific research and had "comprehensive knowledge of the science of medicine". In 1888, he was appointed Pembina Health Officer and remained in this position for nearly five decades; he also spent thirty years as a county medical commissioner examining cases of insanity.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: By the late-1890s, Harris had taken on other interests in addition to medicine. Starting in 1895, he spent twenty-five years as president of the Pembina school board. He owned several farms in Pembina County, which he personally managed, and a large wheat field contributing significantly to his income. His wife, a devout Methodist, was socially active in the community starting the public parks in South Pembina and the original Masonic park. In 1905, Harris opened a doctor's office in downtown Pembina. The office itself was twelve feet wide on the southside while a drug store occupied the north end of the building. The old doctor's office exists today as part of Pembina's "Spot Bar". In 1911, Harris became president of the Merchants Bank of Pembina and held this post for over 15 years. In addition, he belonged to the Ancient Order of United Workmen, Degree of Honor, Masons, and the Yeomen.

paragraph: On September 5, 1936, Charles and Catherine Harris celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary. The Saturday afternoon event was attended by hundreds of friends and family at the Harris residence. Among the family members were their children Gladys, Kathryn, Pauline, Jeanette, George, and Margaret Harris, as well as seven grandchildren Janet Holmquist, Mary Marcy Schave, Georgia, Mary and Harold Stratte, and Charles and John Wilkins. Charles Harris continued practicing medicine during his final years and was still performing his duties at 80 years old. He died at his home from a heart ailment on January 2, 1942. Harris was the oldest practicing physician in Pembina County at the time of his death.

paragraph: In 2007, the ten surviving grandchildren of Charles and Catherine Harris pooled together enough money for a silver level donation to the Pembina Community Center Renovation project in their memory. The civic contributions of the Harris' were subsequently recognized by local officials.

description: American frontier physician and surgeon

wikidata_label: Charles Boarman Harris

wikipedia_title: Charles Boarman Harris


text:
Parma
Bologna
Tancred
Durantis
University of Bologna
canonry
Pope Innocent IV
Pope Alexander IV
Decretals of Gregory IX
Mainz
Giovanni Andrea
Johann Friedrich von Schulte
Catholic Encyclopedia

wikipedia_title:
Parma
Bologna
Tancred of Bologna
Guillaume Durand
University of Bologna
Canon (priest)
Pope Innocent IV
Pope Alexander IV
Decretales Gregorii IX
Mainz
Giovanni d'Andrea
Johann Friedrich von Schulte
Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: 13th-century Italian people,Canon law jurists

paragraph: Bernard of Botone

paragraph: Bernard of Botone (date of birth unknown; d. 1263, or, according to Hurter, 24 March 1266) was a noted Italian canonist of the thirteenth century. He is generally called Bern(h)ardus Parmensis or Bernard of Parma, from his birthplace Parma.

paragraph: He studied in Bologna, under Tancred, where later he accepted the chair of canon law. Here Durantis was his disciple. According to the inscription on his tombstone he was Chancellor of the University of Bologna. Bernard obtained a canonry in the Cathedral of Bologna, and was also named chaplain to Pope Innocent IV and Pope Alexander IV, by whom he was employed in solving questions of weight.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Bernard found ample scope for his literary activity in his chosen branch, canon law. From glosses, summaries, and similar works, which had appeared on the "Decretals of Gregory IX" and other collections, he completed, just before his death, a work on the Gregorian Decretals. This, owing to his exact knowledge of former collections and thorough grasp of his subject, won for him the admiration of his contemporaries; so that he was styled "Glossator", and his work, commonly known as "Glossa Ordinaria", became the fruitful source of later glosses, which were printed with Gregory's collection.

paragraph: Bernard was careful to note what he had taken from others, while his own comments were signed "Bern."

paragraph: Another work, entitled "Summa super Titulis Decretalium", was based on similar writings of his master, Tancred, of Bernard of Pavia and others. It is a clear, concise treatise, found in the works of Nicolaus de Tudeschis (Milan, five volumes in folio).

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: The "Glossa Ordinaria" was given to the press in Mainz in 1472, 1473, and in Rome in 1474. In this Roman edition there are additions, especially from the "Novella Commentaria" of Giovanni Andrea (d. 1348).

paragraph: Bernard's "Casus Longi" on separate chapters of the same Gregorian Decretals was frequently edited: Paris, 1475; Venice, 1477; Bologna, 1487; Strasburg, 1488, 1493; Lyons, 1500.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugo von Hurter, "Nomenclator", IV, coll. 290, 291

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Laurin, "Introductio in Corpus Juris Canonici" (Freiburg, 1889), 149, 150

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Friedrich von Schulte, "Die Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des kanonischen Rechts" (Stuttgart, 1875-80), II, 114-117

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard of Botone - Catholic Encyclopedia article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberto Abbondanza: Bernardo da Parmo, in: Dizioniario Biografico degli Italiani 9 (1969)

alias:
Bernard of Parma
Bernardo di Botone
Bernardo di Parma
Bernardus Parmensis
Bernhardus Parmensis
Bernardo Bottoni

description: Italian jurist and medieval glossator

wikidata_label: Bernard of Botone

wikipedia_title: Bernard of Botone


text: Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

text: John Bowes

text: Thomas George Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis

text: John Walpole Willis

text: British Army

text: Marianna Cheape

categories: Earls of Strathmore and Kinghorne,1773 births,1846 deaths,Bowes-Lyon family,High Sheriffs of Leicestershire

paragraph: Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 11th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (3 May 1773 – 27 August 1846) was a Scottish nobleman and peer. He was the third son of John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and Mary Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. His mother was the author of the verse drama, "The Siege of Jerusalem" (1769). He is the great-great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

paragraph: The eldest brother was John Bowes, 10th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, who had a long affair with Mary Millner. Their only son John Bowes was only legitimized following the demise of his father. He inherited most of the real estate of his father, but none of his titles.

paragraph: The second brother was George Bowes-Lyon who had married Mary Thornhill, but died childless on 26 December 1806. Thomas was their only legitimate heir and became the new Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne on 3 July 1820.

paragraph: On 25 March 1800, Thomas married firstly Mary Elizabeth Louisa Rodney Carpenter (1 January 1783 – 1 June 1811), daughter of George Carpenter (21 October 1713 – 10 November 1782) and his wife Mary Elizabeth Walsh (bap. 18 May 1758, d. 27 November 1812). They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas George Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis (6 February 1801 – 27 January 1834). He was the father of both Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Isabella Lyon-Bowes (8 August 1802 – 11 September 1836). Married John Walpole Willis.

paragraph: His first wife died on 1 June 1811. He married secondly Eliza Northcote, daughter to a Colonel of the British Army. They had a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Bowes-Lyon (8 August 1813 – 6 June 1847). Married first George Augustus Campbell and secondly Charles Philip Ainslie.

paragraph: On 8 December 1817, Thomas married his third wife Marianna Cheape, daughter of John Cheape. This marriage was childless but lasted until his death.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his grandson Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne.

description: British earl


text:
Mozarab
Reconquista
Tentúgal
Coimbra
El Cid
Iberia
Abbadid
chancery
Córdoba
Muslims
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid
Seville
Ferdinand I of León
Galicia
Guimarães
Coimbra
Moors
countship of the region
Douro
Lamego
vizier
Alfonso VI
Oviedo
bishop of Oviedo
Vela Ovéquiz
San Salvador de Tol
Granada
taifa
Zaragoza
Abdallah ibn Buluggin
Zirid
Granada
re-conquest
Toledo
Mudéjar
al-Qadir of Toledo
Almoravid
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
empire
Constance of Burgundy
Bernard de Sedirac
archbishop elect of Toledo
Ibn Bassam
the new cathedral
Pedro Ansúrez
County of Portugal
Lousã
Montemor-o-Velho
Penacova
Penela
al-Andalus
Mondego River
Paternus
Bishop of Tortosa
Santiago de Compostela
Moctadir
Council of Husillos
Martim
Mozarabic rite
Roman rite
Julian
John
Holy Land
Cresconius
Tui
Ourense
Raymond of Burgundy
Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Old Cathedral of Coimbra
Martim Moniz de Montemor
Second County of Portugal
Henry of Burgundy

categories: History of Coimbra,1091 deaths,Military history of Spain,People from Montemor-o-Velho,County of Coimbra,Year of birth unknown,Mozarabic people,Military history of Portugal,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Sisnando Davides

paragraph: Sisnando (or Sesnando) Davides (also Davídez, Davídiz, or Davidiz, and sometimes just David; died 25 August 1091) was a Mozarab nobleman and military leader of the Reconquista, born in Tentúgal, near Coimbra. He was a contemporary and acquaintance of El Cid, but his sphere of activity was in Iberia's southwest.

paragraph: Much information can be gleaned about Sisnando's life from the detailed narratives that begin the diplomas issued by his Abbadid-influenced Mozarabic chancery at Coimbra, though the authenticity of these has lately come to be doubted.

paragraph: Section::::Service with Seville and León.

paragraph: He was educated in Córdoba by Muslims. He was captured during a raid by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid of Seville and taken into the service of the latter. To the Arabs he was known as "Shishnando". He served al-Mu'tadid as an administrator and ambassador, but he left Seville and entered the service of Ferdinand I of León in an identical capacity.

paragraph: In the following years the towns of Galicia from Guimarães down to Coimbra were captured from the Moors, the latter on Sisnando's advice in 1064 or 1069, with Sisnando leading the siege and being granted the countship of the region south of the Douro from Lamego to the sea after his success. He took the title "aluazir" (vizier) "de Coimbra".

paragraph: Sisnando continued in the service of Ferdinand's successor, Alfonso VI. In March 1075 Sisnando was at Oviedo with the king—his first appearance at court—and El Cid for the opening of the Arca Santa. Later that same month he was one of many judges in a case between the bishop of Oviedo and count Vela Ovéquiz concerning the property of the monastery of San Salvador de Tol, though only he and El Cid signed the decision. Later in the year Sisnando was the principal leader of Alfonso's expedition against Seville and Granada. He took part in the expedition against Granada in 1080 as well.

paragraph: Sisnando thrice (1076, 1080, and 1088) acted as an envoy from Alfonso to the "taifa" of Zaragoza, and on another occasion to Abdallah ibn Buluggin, the last Zirid king of Granada. To the latter Sisnando explained that the "parias" (tributes) that Alfonso exacted from him were intended to weaken him as a prelude to re-conquest.

paragraph: Section::::Rule of Toledo.

paragraph: Sisnando was appointed the first governor ("amil") of Toledo after its fall in 1085 and he implemented the Alfonsine policy of tolerance to the Mozarabs and Mudéjars (Muslims) of the region. His appointment was probably related to his Mozarabic roots.

paragraph: Sisnando counselled Alfonso to maintain good relations with al-Qadir of Toledo by acting as the taifa's governor and protector (instead of foreign overlord interfering in its internal affairs), but when this advice was ignored the way was opened for the Almoravid conquest of Toledo, which Alfonso had treated as a tributary state; following that success the Almoravids made several gains against the Castilians. According to Ramón Menéndez Pidal, if Sisnando's far-sighted advice had been heeded, the disaster of the Almoravids and the failure of Alfonso's empire to survive his death could have been averted.

paragraph: Within a short time of the conquest of Toledo Sisnando fell into disfavour with Constance of Burgundy, Alfonso's second wife, and her French court, including Bernard de Sedirac, the archbishop elect of Toledo. Ibn Bassam records that Sisnando sought to convince Alfonso to spare the mosque of Toledo, though he did not. This, however, is false, as it was not King Alfonso, but Queen Constance and the new Archbishop Bernard who reconsecrated the mosque as a Christian church.

paragraph: Within six months of the conquest of Toledo, Sisnando was back in Coimbra, but he was in Toledo for the consecration of the new cathedral in December. As "Sisnandus Conimbriensis consul" ("consul of Coimbra") his signature appears seventh on the document of reconsecration. He had been replaced as governor of Toledo by Pedro Ansúrez ("Petrus Ansuriz").

paragraph: Section::::Rule of Portugal.

paragraph: The primary reason for the re-creation of a county around Coimbra, separate from the northern County of Portugal, ruled by Sisnando, who had not attachments in northern Iberia, was to weaken the independence of the Portuguese magnates and expand central royal Leonese administration into newly conquered territories. Sisnando is first recorded ruling in Coimbra only on 1 May 1070, in a document that has come under suspicion. It is possible that his appointment to the countship was not made by Ferdinand in 1064 but rather was connected with his first appearance at Alfonso VI's court in 1075. In Portugal Sisnando built or rebuilt the castles of Coimbra, Lousã, Montemor-o-Velho, Penacova, and Penela. He also played some role in the foundation of a diocese in central Portugal, precisely at Coimbra.

paragraph: A judicial document of 1077, in the name of Pelagio Gunsaluizi, an enemy of Sisnando's, refers to Sisnando as "domno de tota Sancta Maria et Colimbria" ("lord of all Santa Maria and Coimbra"). In a document dated 25 April 1085, Sisnando made a grant to Pedro, an abbot who had recently fled to Portugal from al-Andalus. The document refers to Sisnando as "magnum ducem et consulem fidelem domnum Sisenandum" ("great duke and faithful consul, lord Sisnando").

paragraph: Section::::Formation of the diocese of Coimbra.

paragraph: The appearance of a second ecclesiastical center on the Mondego River at Coimbra seems to have been a result of the operation of local forces rather than Sisnando's initiative, as an interpolated document of 13 April 1086 suggests. According to a diploma of 1086, when Paternus, Mozarab Bishop of Tortosa, came to Ferdinand I at Santiago de Compostela in 1064 on a mission from Moctadir of Zaragoza, he was approached by Sisnando, who offered him the see of Coimbra.

paragraph: Between 1076 and 1080, while he was at Zaragoza, Sisnando is said to have finally convinced Paterno to come west and take up the see of Coimbra. But the document of 1 March 1088 on which this claim is made is not trustworthy and the notion that the king sent Sisnando to Zaragoza for just such a purpose as recruiting a bishop is false. A Paternus was bishop of Coimbra as early as 20 November 1078. He is last mentioned as bishop on 1 March 1088 and never appears as a confirmant of a royal document.

paragraph: Apparently part of the royal agenda for the Council of Husillos of 1088 was the enhancing of royal control over Coimbra and its environs. The sole preserved document of the council was confirmed by a Martim, bishop-elect of Coimbra. Later in the same year a private document of Coimbra cited him, although still just as bishop-elect. Pierre David identified him as prior of the cathedral chapter of Coimbra and as the protégé of Sisnando Davides, who opposed the substitution of the Mozarabic rite (also known as Visigothic or Hispanic rite) for the Roman rite. But if Sisnando had proposed him and Alfonso had accepted him it is difficult to see why he was never consecrated. This obscure dispute continued for in the following year (1089) one Julian appears as bishop and in 1091 a John. They are probably the same person. In the 1091 document the bishop was given permission to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

paragraph: Alfonso VI seems to have lost patience with the state of diocesan affairs in Coimbra and had secured the election of a new bishop at Eastertime of 1091. The new bishop, Cresconius, was the former abbot of Saint Bartholomew of Tui and was essentially a royal choice. He was consecrated by the archbishop of Toledo with the assistance of the bishops of Tui and Ourense. The participation of these latter, as well as later events, suggests that Cresconius would have been acceptable to Raymond of Burgundy also. But the consecration and installation of the royal candidate at Coimbra may have had to wait on the death of Sisnando.

paragraph: Section::::Last campaign and death.

paragraph: On 15 March 1087 Sisnando dictated a testament "in procinctu" on the occasion of his leaving for a campaign with Alfonso against Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the Almoravid general. Sisnando died on 25 August 1091, after more than twenty years of semi-independent rule at Coimbra. He was buried in the Old Cathedral of Coimbra and was succeeded by his son-in-law Martim Moniz de Montemor.

paragraph: The County of Coimbra disappeared as an autonomous fief in 1093, having been integrated into the Second County of Portugal at the moment of its restoration in 1095 under Henry of Burgundy.

description: Mozarab noble

wikidata_label: Sisnando Davides

wikipedia_title: Sisnando Davides