text:
Pali
Indo-Greek
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Indian Subcontinent
Sagala
Buddhism
Bactria
Punjab
Indian Subcontinent
Kabul River valley
Ravi River
Swat River valley
Arachosia
Helmand Province
Ancient Indian writers
Rajasthan
Ganges River Valley
Pataliputra
Patna
Greek
geographer
Strabo
Alexander the Great
coins
Buddhism
Nagasena
Milinda Panha
Pali
Agathokleia
Strato I
Plutarch
stupas
Alexandria of the Caucasus
Bagram
Sialkot
Pakistan
Bactria
ولایت بلخ or Bactria Province
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Punjab
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu
Sagala
Punjab
Sialkot
Pakistan
Patna
Eucratides I
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Bactria
Apollodorus of Artemita
Strabo
Alexander the Great
Demetrius
Pataliputra
Patna
Mathura
Panchala
Saketa
Pataliputra
Patanjali
Yuga Purana
Greco-Bactrian
Eucratides
Paropamisadae
Greco-Bactrian
Demetrius I
Apollodotus I
Strato II
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
Indo-Greeks
Athena Alkidemos
Pella
Macedon
Buddhist
Milinda Panha
Pali
Buddhist text
Nāgasena
Yonaka
Plutarch
stupa
Bharhut
Madhya Pradesh
Indian Museum
Calcutta
Bharhut Yavana
ivy
Dionysos
Triratana
Mahavamsa
Yona
Mahadhammarakkhita
Alexandria of the Caucasus
Alexander the Great
Kabul
stupa
Anuradhapura
Sri Lanka
Butkara stupa
Maurya empire
Kharoshthi
Bopearachchi
Athena
Antimachus II
Antigonid
Eucratides I
Plutarch
Dionysius
stupa
Zoilos I
Agathokleia
Strato I
Zoilos I
Thrason
Zoilos I
Lysias
Nicias
Strato I
Amyntas
Nicias
Peukolaos
Hermaeus
Hippostratos
gesture
mudra
Pali
Dharma
Ashoka
Strato I
Zoilos I
Heliokles II
Theophilos
Peukolaos
Archebios
Milinda Panha
Gandhara
Demetrius III
Kushan
Gandhara
Demetrius
Menander
Sanchi
headband
Greek coins
tunic
aulos
Carnyx
horn
Indo-Greeks
Buddha
Kushan Empire
Greco-Buddhist
Foucher
Emperor Wu of Han
Nagasena
Pataliputra
Emerald Buddha
Thailand
Hellenistic
Indo-Scythian
Yuezhi
Indo-Parthian
Naga Hills
Arakan
Ptolemy world map
Ptolemy
Kanishka
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Osmund Bopearachchi
Osmund Bopearachchi
Coins of King Menander
More coins of Menander
Kapisa coinage of Menander
The Debate of King Milinda
The Questions of King Milinda
Catalogue of the coins of Menander

categories: 2nd-century BC Indian monarchs,Buddhist monarchs,Converts to Buddhism,Buddhists,2nd-century BC Buddhists,Greek Buddhists,Indo-Greek kings,Converts from paganism

paragraph: Menander I

paragraph: Menander I Soter (, "Ménandros Aʹ ho Sōtḗr", "Menander I the Saviour"; known in Indian Pali sources as Milinda) was an Indo-Greek King of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (165/155 –130 BC) who administered a large empire in the Northwestern regions of the Indian Subcontinent from his capital at Sagala. Menander is noted for having become a patron of Buddhism.

paragraph: Menander was initially a king of Bactria. After conquering the Punjab he established an empire in the Indian Subcontinent stretching from the Kabul River valley in the west to the Ravi River in the east, and from the Swat River valley in the north to Arachosia (the Helmand Province). Ancient Indian writers indicate that he launched expeditions southward into Rajasthan and as far east down the Ganges River Valley as Pataliputra (Patna), and the Greek geographer Strabo wrote that he "conquered more tribes than Alexander the Great."

paragraph: Large numbers of Menander’s coins have been unearthed, attesting to both the flourishing commerce and duration of his realm. Menander was also a patron of Buddhism, and his conversations with the Buddhist sage Nagasena are recorded in the important Buddhist work, the Milinda Panha ("The Questions of King Milinda"; "panha" meaning "question" in Pali). After his death in 130 BC, he was succeeded by his wife Agathokleia who ruled as regent for his son Strato I. Buddhist tradition relates that he handed over his kingdom to his son and retired from the world, but Plutarch relates that he died in camp while on a military campaign, and that his remains were divided equally between the cities to be enshrined in monuments, probably stupas, across his realm.

paragraph: Section::::Indo-Greek ruler.

paragraph: Menander was born to a Greek family in a village called Kalasi adjacent to Alexandria of the Caucasus (present day Bagram, Afghanistan), although another source says he was born near Sagala (modern Sialkot in the Punjab, Pakistan). His territories covered the eastern dominions of the divided Greek empire of Bactria (modern day ولایت بلخ or Bactria Province) and extended to India (modern day regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab in Pakistan and Punjab, Haryana and parts of Himachal Pradesh and the Jammu region in present day India).

paragraph: His capital is supposed to have been Sagala, a prosperous city in northern Punjab (believed to be modern Sialkot), Pakistan. He subsequently travelled across northern India and visited the Maurayan capital of Patna. Any plans of conquering the capital were put aside as Eucratides I king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom began warring with the Indo-Greeks in the north-western frontier. He is one of the few Bactrian kings mentioned by Greek authors, among them Apollodorus of Artemita, quoted by Strabo, who claims that the Greeks from Bactria were even greater conquerors than Alexander the Great, and that Menander was one of the two Bactrian kings, with Demetrius, who extended their power farthest into India.

paragraph: Strabo also suggests that these Greek conquests went as far as the capital Pataliputra in northeastern India (today Patna):

paragraph: The Indian records also describe Greek attacks on Mathura, Panchala, Saketa, and Pataliputra. This is particularly the case of some mentions of the invasion by Patanjali around 150 BC, and of the Yuga Purana, which describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy:

paragraph: In the West, Menander seems to have repelled the invasion of the dynasty of Greco-Bactrian usurper Eucratides, and pushed them back as far as the Paropamisadae, thereby consolidating the rule of the Indo-Greek kings in the northern part of the Indian Subcontinent.

paragraph: The Milinda Panha gives some glimpses of his military methods:

paragraph: His reign was long and successful. Generous findings of coins testify to the prosperity and extension of his empire (with finds as far as Britain): the finds of his coins are the most numerous and the most widespread of all the Indo-Greek kings. Precise dates of his reign, as well as his origin, remain elusive however. Guesses among historians have been that Menander was either a nephew or a former general of the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius I, but the two kings are now thought to be separated by at least thirty years. Menander's predecessor in Punjab seems to have been the king Apollodotus I.

paragraph: Menander's empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last Greek king Strato II disappeared around 10 AD.

paragraph: The 1st-2nd century AD "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea" further testifies to the reign of Menander and the influence of the Indo-Greeks in India:

paragraph: Menander was the first Indo-Greek ruler to introduce the representation of Athena Alkidemos ("Athena, saviour of the people") on his coins, probably in reference to a similar statue of Athena Alkidemos in Pella, capital of Macedon. This type was subsequently used by most of the later Indo-Greek kings.

paragraph: Section::::Menander and Buddhism.

paragraph: Section::::Menander and Buddhism.:The Milinda Panha.

paragraph: According to tradition, Menander embraced the Buddhist faith, as described in the Milinda Panha, a classical Pali Buddhist text on the discussions between Milinda and the Buddhist sage Nāgasena. He is described as constantly accompanied by a guard of 500 Greek ("Yonaka") soldiers, and two of his counsellors are named Demetrius and Antiochus.

paragraph: In the Milindanpanha, Menander is introduced as

paragraph: Buddhist tradition relates that, following his discussions with Nāgasena, Menander adopted the Buddhist faith:

paragraph: He then handed over his kingdom to his son and retired from the world:

paragraph: There is however little besides this testament to indicate that Menander in fact abdicated his throne in favour of his son. Based on numismatic evidence, Sir William Tarn believes that he in fact died, leaving his wife Agathocleia to rule as a regent, until his son Strato could rule properly in his stead. Despite the success of his reign, it is clear that after his death, his "loosely hung" empire splintered into a variety of Indo-Greek successor kingdoms, of various size and stability.

paragraph: His legacy as a Buddhist arhat reached the Greco-Roman world and Plutarch (Moralia 28.6) writes:

paragraph: The above seems to collaborate the claim:

paragraph: Section::::Menander and Buddhism.:Other Indian accounts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A 2nd century BC relief from a Buddhist stupa in Bharhut, in eastern Madhya Pradesh (today at the Indian Museum in Calcutta), the Bharhut Yavana, represents a foreign soldier with the curly hair of a Greek and the royal headband with flowing ends of a Greek king, and may be a depiction of Menander. In his right hand, he holds a branch of ivy, symbol of Dionysos. Also parts of his dress, with rows of geometrical folds, are characteristically Hellenistic in style. On his sword appears the Buddhist symbol of the three jewels, or Triratana.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Buddhist reliquary found in Bajaur bears a dedicatory inscription referring to "the 14th day of the month of Kārttika" of a certain year in the reign of "Mahārāja Minadra" ("Great King Menander"):

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to an ancient Sri Lankan source, the Mahavamsa, Greek monks seem to have been active proselytizers of Buddhism during the time of Menander: the Yona (Greek) Mahadhammarakkhita () is said to have come from "Alasandra" (thought to be Alexandria of the Caucasus, the city founded by Alexander the Great, near today’s Kabul) with 30,000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa ("Great stupa") at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, during the 2nd century BC:

paragraph: Section::::Menander and Buddhism.:Buddhist constructions.

paragraph: A coin of Menander I was found in the second oldest stratum (GSt 2) of the Butkara stupa suggesting a period of additional constructions during the reign of Menander. It is thought that Menander was the builder of the second oldest layer of the Butkara stupa, following its initial construction during the Maurya empire.

paragraph: These elements tend to indicate the importance of Buddhism within Greek communities in northwestern India, and the prominent role Greek Buddhist monks played in them, probably under the sponsorship of Menander.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Menander.

paragraph: Menander has left behind an immense corpus of silver and bronze coins, more so than any other Indo-Greek king. During his reign, the fusion between Indian and Greek coin standards reached its apogee. The coins feature the legend (Greek: (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU)/ Kharoshthi: MAHARAJA TRATARASA MENADRASA).

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to Bopearachchi, his silver coinage begins with a rare series of drachma depicting on the obverse Athena and on the reverse her attribute the owl. The weight and monograms of this series match those of earlier king Antimachus II, indicating that Menander succeeded Antimachus II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On the next series, Menander introduces his own portrait, a hitherto unknown custom among Indian rulers. The reverse features his dynastical trademark: the so-called Athena Alkidemos throwing a thunderbolt, an emblem used by many of Menander's successors and also the emblem of the Antigonid kings of Macedonia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In a further development, Menander changed the legends from circular orientation to the arrangement seen on coin 4 to the right. This modification ensured that the coins could be read without being rotated, and was used without exception by all later Indo-Greek kings.

paragraph: These alterations were possibly an adaption on Menander's part to the Indian coins of the Bactrian Eucratides I, who had conquered the westernmost parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, and are interpreted by Bopearachchi as an indication that Menander recaptured these western territories after the death of Eucratides.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Menander also struck very rare Attic standard coinage with monolingual inscriptions (coin 5), which were probably intended for use in Bactria (where they have been found), perhaps thought to demonstrate his victories against the Bactrian kings, as well as Menander's own claim to the kingdom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There exist bronze coins of Menander featuring a manifold variation of Olympic, Indian and other symbols. It seems as though Menander introduced a new weight standard for bronzes.

paragraph: Section::::Menander II, a separate Buddhist ruler.

paragraph: A second king named Menander with the epithet Dikaios, ""the Just"", ruled in the Punjab after 100 BC. Earlier scholars, such as A. Cunningham and W. W. Tarn, believed there was only one Menander, and assumed that the king had changed his epithet and/or was expelled from his western dominions. A number of coincidences led them to this assumption:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The portraits are relatively similar, and Menander II usually looks older than Menander I.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The coins of Menander II feature several Buddhist symbols, which were interpreted as proof of the conversion mentioned in the Milinda Panha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The epithet Dikaios of Menander II was translated into Kharosthi as "Dharmikasa" on the reverse of his coins, which means "Follower of the Dharma" and was interpreted likewise.

paragraph: However, modern numismatists as Bopearachchi and R.C. Senior have shown, by difference in coin findings, style and monograms, that there were indeed two distinct rulers. The second Menander could have been a descendant of the first, and his Buddhist symbols a means of alluding to his great ancestor's conversion. With this distinction, the numismatical evidence for the Milinda panha is all but gone. The first Menander only struck a rare bronze series with a Buddhist wheel (coin 3).

paragraph: Section::::Menander's death.

paragraph: Plutarch reports that Menander died in camp while on campaign, thereby differing with the version of the Milindapanha. Plutarch gives Menander as an example of benevolent rule, contrasting him with disliked tyrants such as Dionysius, and goes on to explain that his subject towns fought over the honour of his burial, ultimately sharing his ashes among them and placing them in "monuments" (possibly stupas), in a manner reminiscent of the funerals of the Buddha.

paragraph: Despite his many successes, Menander's last years may have been fraught with another civil war, this time against Zoilos I who reigned in Gandhara. This is indicated by the fact that Menander probably overstruck a coin of Zoilos.

paragraph: The Milinda Panha might give some support to the idea that Menander's position was precarious, since it describes him as being somewhat cornered by numerous enemies into a circumscribed territory:

paragraph: Section::::Menander's death.:Theories of Menander's successors.

paragraph: Menander was the last Indo-Greek king mentioned by ancient historians, and developments after his death are therefore difficult to trace.

paragraph: a) The traditional view, supported by W.W. Tarn and Bopearachchi, is that Menander was succeeded by his Queen Agathokleia, who acted as regent to their infant son Strato I until he became an adult and took over the crown. Strato I used the same reverse as Menander I, Athena hurling a thunderbolt, and also the title Soter.

paragraph: According to this scenario, Agathokleia and Strato I only managed to maintain themselves in the eastern parts of the kingdom, Punjab and at times Gandhara. Paropamisadae and Pushkalavati were taken over by Zoilos I, perhaps because some of Agathokleia's subjects may have been reluctant to accept an infant king with a queen regent.

paragraph: b) On the other hand, R.C. Senior and other numismatics such as David Bivar have suggested that Strato I ruled several decades after Menander: they point out that Strato's and Agathokleia's monograms are usually different from Menander's, and overstrikes and hoard findings also associates them with later kings.

paragraph: In this scenario, Menander was briefly succeeded by his son Thrason, of whom a single coin is known. After Thrason was murdered, competing kings such as Zoilos I or Lysias may have taken over Menander's kingdom. Menander's dynasty was thus dethroned and did not return to power until later, though his relative Nicias may have ruled a small principality in the Kabul valley.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Buddhism.

paragraph: After the reign of Menander I, Strato I and several subsequent Indo-Greek rulers, such as Amyntas, Nicias, Peukolaos, Hermaeus, and Hippostratos, depicted themselves or their Greek deities forming with the right hand a symbolic gesture identical to the Buddhist vitarka mudra (thumb and index joined together, with other fingers extended), which in Buddhism signifies the transmission of the Buddha's teaching. At the same time, right after the death of Menander, several Indo-Greek rulers also started to adopt on their coins the Pali title of "Dharmikasa", meaning "follower of the Dharma" (the title of the great Indian Buddhist king Ashoka was "Dharmaraja" "King of the Dharma"). This usage was adopted by Strato I, Zoilos I, Heliokles II, Theophilos, Peukolaos and Archebios.

paragraph: Altogether, the conversion of Menander to Buddhism suggested by the Milinda Panha seems to have triggered the use of Buddhist symbolism in one form or another on the coinage of close to half of the kings who succeeded him. Especially, all the kings after Menander who are recorded to have ruled in Gandhara (apart from the little-known Demetrius III) display Buddhist symbolism in one form or another.

paragraph: Both because of his conversion and because of his unequaled territorial expansion, Menander may have contributed to the expansion of Buddhism in Central Asia. Although the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and Northern Asia is usually associated with the Kushans, a century or two later, there is a possibility that it may have been introduced in those areas from Gandhara "even earlier, during the time of Demetrius and Menander" (Puri, "Buddhism in Central Asia").

paragraph: Around the time, or rather soon after the death of Menander, a frieze in Sanchi shows Buddhist devotees in Greek attire. The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a headband of the type commonly seen on Greek coins. The clothing too is Greek, complete with tunics, capes and sandals. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called aulos. Also visible are Carnyx-like horns. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa. These men would probably be nearby Indo-Greeks from northwest India visiting the Stupa.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Representation of the Buddha.

paragraph: The anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha is absent from Indo-Greek coinage, suggesting that the Indo-Greek kings may have respected the Indian an-iconic rule for depictions of the Buddha, limiting themselves to symbolic representation only. Consistently with this perspective, the actual depiction of the Buddha would be a later phenomenon, usually dated to the 1st century, emerging from the sponsorship of the syncretic Kushan Empire and executed by Greek, and, later, Indian and possibly Roman artists. Datation of Greco-Buddhist statues is generally uncertain, but they are at least firmly established from the 1st century.

paragraph: Another possibility is that just as the Indo-Greeks routinely represented philosophers in statues (but certainly not on coins) in Antiquity, the Indo-Greek may have initiated anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha in statuary only, possibly as soon as the 2nd-1st century BC, as advocated by Foucher and suggested by Chinese murals depicting Emperor Wu of Han worshipping Buddha statues brought from Central Asia in 120 BC (""). An Indo-Chinese tradition also explains that Nagasena, also known as Menander's Buddhist teacher, created in 43 BC in the city of Pataliputra a statue of the Buddha, the Emerald Buddha, which was later brought to Thailand.

paragraph: Stylistically, Indo-Greek coins generally display a very high level of Hellenistic artistic realism, which declined drastically around 50 BC with the invasions of the Indo-Scythians, Yuezhi and Indo-Parthians. The first known statues of the Buddha are also very realistic and Hellenistic in style and are more consistent with the pre-50 BC artistic level seen on coins.

paragraph: This would tend to suggest that the first statues were created between 130 BC (death of Menander) and 50 BC, precisely at the time when Buddhist symbolism appeared on Indo-Greek coinage. From that time, Menander and his successors may have been the key propagators of Buddhist ideas and representations: "the spread of Gandhari Buddhism may have been stimulated by Menander's royal patronage, as may have the development and spread of Gandharan sculpture, which seems to have accompanied it" (Mcevilley, "The Shape of Ancient Thought", p. 378).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Geography.

paragraph: In Classical Antiquity, from at least the 1st century, the "Menander Mons", or "Mountains of Menander", came to designate the mountain chain at the extreme east of the Indian subcontinent, today's Naga Hills and Arakan, as indicated in the Ptolemy world map of the 1st century geographer Ptolemy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanishka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Greek Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné", Osmund Bopearachchi, 1991, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies" by Thomas McEvilley (Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buddhism in Central Asia" by B.N. Puri (Motilal Banarsidass Pub, January 1, 2000) * "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of Buddhism", Damien Keown, Oxford University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale", Osmund Bopearachchi, Christine Sachs,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity" by John Boardman (Princeton University Press, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crossroads of Asia. Transformation in Image and symbol", 1992,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", Smithsonian Institution, Bopearachchi, 1993

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of King Menander

paragraph: BULLET::::- More coins of Menander

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kapisa coinage of Menander

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Debate of King Milinda

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Questions of King Milinda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of the coins of Menander

description: king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom who administered a large empire in the Northwestern regions of the Indian Subcontinent from his capital at Sagala; a patron of Buddhism

wikidata_label: Menander I

wikipedia_title: Menander I


text:
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Catholic Encyclopedia article

paragraph: Raffaello Sanzio Morghen

paragraph: Raffaello Sanzio Morghen (19 June 1758 – 8 April 1833) was an Italian engraver.

paragraph: He was born in Naples, apparently to a German family of engravers. He received his earliest instructions from his father, himself an engraver; but, to obtain more advanced training, he was placed as a pupil under the celebrated Giovanni Volpato. He assisted this master in engraving the famous pictures of Raphael in the Vatican City, and the print which represents the "miracle of Bolsena" is inscribed with his name. He married Volpato's daughter, and, being invited to Florence to engrave the masterpieces of the Florentine Gallery, he removed thither with his wife in 1782. His reputation now became so great as to induce the artists of Florence to recommend him to the grand duke as a fit person to engrave the "Last Supper" of Leonardo da Vinci; apart, however, from the dilapidated state of the picture itself, the drawing made for Morghen was unworthy of the original, and the print, in consequence, although an admirable production, fails to convey a correct idea of the style and merit of Leonardo. Morghen's fame, however, soon extended over Europe; and the Institute of France, as a mark of their admiration of his talents, elected him an associate in 1803. In 1812 Napoleon invited him to Paris and paid him the most flattering attentions. He died in Florence.

paragraph: A list of the artist's works, published at Florence in 1810, comprised 200 compositions; the number was afterwards considerably increased. Amongst the most remarkable, besides those already mentioned, may be noticed the "Transfiguration" from Raphael, a "Magdalen" from Murillo, a "Head of the Saviour" from da Vinci, the "Car of Aurora" from Guido, the "Hours and the Repose in Egypt" from Poussin, the "Prize of Diana" from Domenichino, the "Monument of Clement XIII." from Canova, "Theseus vanquishing the Minotaur", Francesco de Moncada after Van Dyck, portraits of Dante, Petrarch, Leonardo, Ariosto, Tasso, and a number of other eminent men. His prints have hardly maintained the reputation which they enjoyed during the artists lifetime. Though carefully and delicately executed, they are somewhat mechanical and wanting in force and spirit. A pupil of Volpato, then of Morghen himself, was Giovanni Folo of Bassano. Giovacchino Cantini was also a pupil of Morghen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iscrizioni e memorie della città di Firenze By Francesco Bigazzi (googlebooks) pages 178-179.

alias:
Raffaelle Morghen
Raphael Morghen
Raffaele Morghen
Rafaello Morghen
Raffaello Morghen

description: Italian engraver

wikidata_label: Raffaello Sanzio Morghen

wikipedia_title: Raffaello Sanzio Morghen


text:
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categories: Businesspeople from Texas,1854 births,1893 deaths,Duellists,Cowboys,Saloonkeepers,People from Polk County, Arkansas,Gunslingers of the American Old West,Cochise County conflict,Drinking establishment owners,American Old West articles needing attention,Deaths from edema,American folklore

paragraph: Luke Short

paragraph: Luke L. Short (January22, 1854September8, 1893) was an American Old West gunfighter, cowboy, U.S. Army scout, dispatch rider, gambler, boxing promoter and saloon owner. He survived numerous gunfights, the most famous of which were against Charlie Storms in Tombstone, Arizona Territory and against Jim Courtright in Fort Worth, Texas. Short had business interests in three of the best known saloons in the Old West: the Oriental in Tombstone, the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City, and the White Elephant in Fort Worth.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Short was born in Polk County, Arkansas in January 1854. He was the fifth child of Josiah Washington Short (February2, 1812February8, 1890) and his wife Hetty Brumley (February2, 1826November30, 1908). Short had nine siblings. The family soon moved to Montague County, Texas.

paragraph: In 1862, Luke Short witnessed first hand his father being ambushed and attacked by Comanches in their yard. His father was surrounded by the Indians who wounded him with arrows and lances. Inside the house, Luke, who was a little boy at that time, helped the elder Short by dragging a large rifle to his brother, who then ran and handed it to his father. At the age of 13, Luke was said to have carved the face of a bully when he was still at school, which was a reason why he and his father moved to Forth Worth, Texas.

paragraph: In 1869, at age 15, Short started work as a cowboy, which he continued through 1875 and during which he made several trips to the Kansas railheads.

paragraph: Short was reported by Bat Masterson to have killed six drunken Sioux Indians at various times. Later writers have relied on Masterson's story as truthful and added to it, but no documentation of these killings has been found. Nonetheless, Short had been in over thirty engagements fighting Indians while working for the government. His first Indian fight was in 1869. Whilst working as a scout for General George Crook in 1876, he was stationed in the Black Hills during the Sioux insurrection. While conducting one of his usual scouting expeditions for the army a band of fifteen Indians suddenly ambushed and fired at him with rifles. Short managed to draw his pistols and fired back, killing three of them in quick succession. Some of the Indians gave chase on horseback, and Short killed two of them before finally reaching safety.

paragraph: From October6 to8, 1878, Short worked as a dispatch courier from Ogallala for Major Thomas Tipton Thornburgh; Short earned $30 (about $ in 2019). He then served as a civilian scout for Thornburgh until October20. He enlisted at Sidney, Nebraska to be paid $100 a month (around $ today) but he only served for 12days, for which he was paid $40. The "Fort Worth Daily Gazette" later described him as "the bravest scout in the government employ."

paragraph: In an interview later in his life, Short told researcher George H. Morrison that he moved to the Black Hills in 1876 and to Ogallala, Nebraska the next year. Accounts written in Short's later years stated that he was an outlaw during his time in Nebraska. It was around this time that Short was said to have traded whiskey with Indians around Camp Robinson, Nebraska. According to his nephew Wayne Short, Luke was arrested by the army. They put him to a train destined for Omaha, but Luke managed to escape the army escort and went to the makeshift mining and cowtown of Denver, Colorado, taking up gambling as a profession. He is said to have killed two men on separate occasions due to altercations during their card games.

paragraph: Section::::Gambling days.

paragraph: Short moved to Leadville, Colorado in 1879 where he continued gambling. Bat Masterson later wrote that Short seriously wounded a man during a gambling dispute in Leadville. He was accused of swindling Texan John Jones "out of $280 on Three Card Monte" and jailed on October 5 for six days in Kansas City.

paragraph: Section::::Gambling days.:Gunfight with Charlie Storms.

paragraph: Short first met Wyatt Earp, William H. Harris and Bat Masterson in Tombstone. Based on their previous friendship, Harris had no problem convincing his partners to engage Earp as a faro dealer at their Oriental Saloon in Tombstone. On Friday, February25, 1881, Short was serving as the lookout, seated next to the dealer at a faro game in the Oriental, when he was involved in what became a well-known gunfight. His opponent was Charlie Storms. Bat Masterson, who was in Tombstone at the time, described what happened in a magazine article he wrote in 1907:

paragraph: Storms' body was taken to the undertaker, where the coroner's jury was convened and testimony was heard. The jury reached a verdict that Storms died from three pistol wounds at the hands of Short, and that Short's actions were justifiable. Short was free to go as no further legal action was taken.

paragraph: Five days after Storms died, the "Leadville Democrat" wrote about the shooting. It said that Storms approached Short and "catching him by the ear", demanded an apology. According to the account, Storms grabbed Short's ear with his left hand and his right hand contained a pistol aimed at Short. Short drew his weapon and shot Storms, who returned fire but missed. Short then put two more bullets into "the sinking soul of Storms."

paragraph: Section::::Dodge City.

paragraph: Short left Tombstone in early 1881, arriving in Dodge City in April 1881. He remained in Dodge City until the final months of 1883, although he made frequent trips to pursue gambling opportunities. During February 1883, Chalk Beeson sold his interest in the Long Branch to Short. In March, Harris was nominated to run for mayor of Dodge City. Within a few days, on March19, a "law and order" group nominated Lawrence E. Deger to run against Harris. Deger defeated Harris by214 votes to 43 in the election of April3. All five of the city council candidates running with Deger were also elected.

paragraph: On April23, the Dodge City Council posted two ordinances that were immediately approved by Mayor Deger. Ordinance No.70 was "An Ordinance for the Suppression of Vice and Immorality Within the City of Dodge City." Ordinance No.71 was "An Ordinance to Define and Punish Vagrancy." Reports of that time recorded an event where Short beat a man with a pistol which resulted with the man being bedridden and "in despair" for several days. On April 28, three prostitutes employed at the Long Branch were arrested by City Marshal Jack Bridges and policeman Louis C. Hartman. Soon afterward Short and Hartman exchanged gunfire. Neither man was hurt. Short was quickly arrested and released on $2,000 bond. His preliminary examination was set for May2.

paragraph: Section::::Dodge City.:Forced out of town.

paragraph: On April30, Short was again arrested (along with five other gamblers) and placed in jail. The following day Short and the five others were escorted to the train depot and given their choice of east or west-bound trains. Short went east to Kansas City, Missouri, where he looked up Charles E. Bassett at the Marble Hall Saloon. Bassett and Short had a lot in common, and both had at different times owned an interest in the Long Branch Saloon.

paragraph: Short and Bassett, along with William F. Petillon, began conceiving a plan to get Short back to Dodge City. Short went to Topeka, the capital on May 10, where he presented a petition to Governor George W. Glick. Short returned to Kansas City and was joined there by Bat Masterson. Wyatt Earp arrived in Dodge City, along with several gunfighters on May31. Short, Earp and Petillon met in Kinsley, Kansas on June3, 1883, and took the afternoon train to Dodge City. Deger issued a proclamation the following day ordering the closing of all gambling places in Dodge City.

paragraph: Section::::Dodge City.:Dodge City Peace Commission.

paragraph: Deger's action came during the cattle season and promised ruin for the seasonal boom, and it was economics rather than bloodshed that resolved the "Dodge City War." Additional pressure to resolve the issue had come from the governor as well as the Santa Fe Railroad, which did considerable business in the town. The gambling halls, dance halls and saloons, including the Long Branch, were ordered to be reopened. On June9, both sides met in a dance hall that opened that night and resolved their differences. The following day eight men gathered and posed for a widely reproduced Wild West history photo. The group was dubbed the Dodge City Peace Commission. The men in the historic photo were William H. Harris, Luke Short, Bat Masterson, William F. Petillon, Charles E. Bassett, Wyatt Earp, Michael Francis "Frank" McLean and Cornelius "Neil" Brown. Shortly after the photo was taken, Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp departed on a westbound train for Colorado.

paragraph: The Long Branch Saloon had reopened, and the "Dodge City War" had ended without a shot being fired, but Short decided to move on. On November19, 1883, Short and Harris sold the Long Branch to Roy Drake and Frank Warren. Short moved to San Antonio, Texas, for a brief time before relocating to Fort Worth.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Worth.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Worth.:Partnership in White Elephant Saloon.

paragraph: In December 1884, Jacob Christopher "Jake" Johnson, Short, and James A. "Alex" Reddick became the new owners of the Fort Worth White Elephant Saloon. Jake Johnson was one of the wealthiest men in Texas, and his part ownership of the White Elephant was just one of his many business and real estate enterprises. As a co-owner, Short did not deal cards but had card dealers working for him. On May9, 1885, in what became a routine element of doing business, Short, Jake Johnson, and M.F. "Frank" McLean and three others pleaded guilty and were each fined $25 for "gaming."

paragraph: It was also around this time in Forth Worth when Short did one of his amazing acts of marksmanship. While dining in a restaurant, the waiter handed him a glass of milk that had a small fly on the surface. Short calmly threw his milk in the air, jerked his gun out and shot the fly.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Worth.:Sporting pursuits.

paragraph: Bat Masterson was a boxing enthusiast and tried to interest Short in the sport. At first Short was indifferent, but by June28, 1885, he found himself acting as the "third man in the ring" when he was called upon to referee a match fought near Weatherford, Texas between the 6-foot-2-inch "Kid Bridges" and the 5-foot-8-inch "St. Joe Kid." The decision of referee Short was that the "St. Joe Kid" won on a foul.

paragraph: Jake Johnson was responsible for making horse racing a major part of Short's sporting agenda. Johnson and two partners opened the Fort Worth Driving Park in January 1885. Short bought his own race horse named "Tobe," along with some jockey silks for himself, and drove his two-wheeled sulky in a race held on November13, 1886. Short and "Tobe" came in last in a field of five.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Worth.:Selling his interest in the White Elephant.

paragraph: 1887 began with Short's younger brother, Henry Jenkins Short, killing a man named Charles T. Schuyler at San Angelo, Texas on January23. San Angelo, 200miles south-west of Fort Worth, was the town where Short's parents and other family members lived. Initial reports indicated that Schuyler was shot twice, the bullets entering his back and coming out at the front, either one of which would have been fatal. Henry Short fled to Fort Worth, before he could be arrested, to enlist the aid and funds that his brother Luke could provide for his defense. Luke and Henry returned to San Angelo on January29, and Henry voluntarily surrendered to the sheriff and gave bond for his appearance in the district court.

paragraph: The money that would be needed to defend Henry Short would have to be provided by Luke, who had already put up the money for Henry's bond. In addition, Luke had at the time some unrelated but very expensive legal problems of his own looming in the Dallas court. The amount that would be needed to handle all of these legal issues was more than Luke had on hand. In order to raise the needed funds, Johnson agreed to purchase Luke Short's one-third interest in the White Elephant on February7, 1887. Jake Johnson was an assured source for the kind of cash Short needed and had no interest in again being a partner in the White Elephant, but Short needed help so Johnson agreed to buy Short's share. The press informed the public that Short had no intention of leaving town "but will continue to call Fort Worth home."

paragraph: Section::::Fort Worth.:Duel with Jim Courtright.

paragraph: On the night of February8, 1887, another argument broke out between Luke Short and Jim Courtright about the latter's persistence in demanding money from Luke's establishment for 'protection'. An infuriated Courtright stormed from the saloon, but later returned with two pistols visibly holstered in his pockets. He yelled for Luke Short to come out but Jake Johnson, a friend of both men, tried to calm Courtright down. Short met with the two men outside and talked about their dispute as they walked through the street. The group however, suddenly stopped at Ella Blackwell's Shooting Gallery. Luke Short was facing Courtright three to four feet away when the latter suddenly went for his pistol, making the former draw his own in return. In the celebrated gunfight that followed, Short was the last man standing. In his own words, Short described what happened:

paragraph: The showdown was also witnessed by Bat Masterson who was with Luke Short at the time. In 1907, Masterson published his own account of the events where he stated that it was Jim Courtright, carrying a "brace of pistols", who challenged Luke Short to a duel:

paragraph: Investigations of the gunfight concluded that while it was Courtright who went for his pistol first, it was Short who ultimately outdrew and killed him. Courtright's inability to fire off a shot was due to a number of possible reasons; one was that his pistol broke when one of Short's bullets struck it and his thumb, or that his pistol got caught on his watch chain for a second as he drew it, which Western historian DeArment considered to be unlikely or a "feeble excuse".

paragraph: The gunfight became well known due to the notoriety of both men. Courtright's funeral was attended by hundreds of Fort Worth residents. Short was arrested for the shooting and though he was almost lynched after the shootout, he was never brought to trial. Finally, Short was able to settle his legal problems with the court in Dallas. All of the cases against him were dismissed with no explanation.

paragraph: Section::::Fort Worth.:Marriage to Hattie Buck.

paragraph: Following the resolution of his legal problems, Short was now financially stable. He traveled to Kansas, where he married Hattie Buck (born October5, 1863) in Oswego, Kansas, on March15, 1887. Harriet Beatrice Buck was born in Coles County, Illinois on October5, 1863. She was the fourth of eight children born between 1858 and 1878. Buck's family later moved to Emporia, Kansas, where her father died a few years prior to her marriage. Short and his wife went to Fort Worth, Texas shortly after their wedding but soon boarded a train "for a brief stay in Hot Springs." A.G. Arkwright later recalled, "Luke Short came there, to the hotel where I was staying, with his wife, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of an Emporia banker, whom he married under romantic circumstances."

paragraph: Section::::Fort Worth.:Horse racing and the Palais Royal.

paragraph: "Doing the racing circuit" was a large part of Short's career as a sporting man. He and his friend, Jake Johnson, along with their wives, attended the inaugural running of the Futurity Stakes on Labor Day 1888. That event was held in New York at the Sheepshead Bay Race Track on Coney Island. By October 1888, Short and Johnson were back in Fort Worth. Short was no longer connected with the White Elephant, and Johnson had decided to open what the local paper headlined as a "super resort" called the Palais Royal, which was designed to rival the White Elephant. Short may have been part owner but if so remained a silent partner.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago.:Boxing promoter.

paragraph: Short spent part of each year, from 1889 until 1893, in Chicago. He usually went there during the summer months to get relief from the Texas heat as well as to attend thoroughbred horse races. Hattie always went with him. By the end of 1889 Chicago was well aware of who Short was. The "Daily Inter Ocean" reported that Short, "who is numbered as one of the prominent figures of the Richburg battle" had cabled Charles E. "Parson" Davies offering $20,000 to have John L. Sullivan defend his title in a championship fight at Fort Worth.

paragraph: On February8, 1890, Short's father, Josiah Washington Short, died in San Angelo, Texas, "at the ripe age of 78years", although Short only learned of his father's death after the burial. Soon thereafter, Short's youngest brother, William B. Short, was killed at the age of twenty-two "by a herd of stampeding cattle on the Tankersly ranch."

paragraph: Section::::Chicago.:Robbed.

paragraph: The Shorts were on the move during most of what remained of 1890. Short, Johnson, and a gambler named Charles M. Wright, along with other sporting men, were partners in some Memphis faro games. The partners won significant amounts of cash, reported as "thousands of dollars," which were entrusted to Wright. He was designated as the banker for the group and was supposed to place the winnings in a hotel safe where the group stayed. For some reason, Wright decided to keep the cash in his hotel room and was robbed of the entire amount. Wright wanted Short and his other partners to bear an equal share of the loss but they refused and turned the matter over to the authorities, who decided against Wright. According to a later report, Wright was never satisfied with that decision and had "hard words with several of his ex-partners on the subject since that time, particularly with Short."

paragraph: Section::::Chicago.:The racing circuit.

paragraph: Following the racing circuit occupied much of Short's time during the late spring and early summer of 1890. The presence of the Shorts at Saratoga Springs, New York, was reported in the local press. While he had enormous success at racetracks across the country, boxing promotion remained an unattainable goal for Short. He was destined to be remembered for gunfights rather than prize fights.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago.:The last gunfight.

paragraph: The long-simmering feud between Short and Wright finally reached the boiling point in Fort Worth on December23, 1890. The gunfight took place at the Bank Saloon on Main Street that was owned by Wright. In testimonies presented by eyewitnesses, Wright was conducting gambling in his house and Short went there to close it down. After Short got all the patrons evicted at gunpoint, Wright suddenly ambushed him with a shotgun, wounding Short in the left hip and leg as well as injuring his left hand. Short retaliated by drawing his pistol and shooting Wright in the right wrist, disarming him. Both men then sluggishly separated ways, with Short going out to meet his friends, while Wright stayed in the building clutching his wound.

paragraph: In describing Short's leg wound, the local paper said, "the full charge of buckshot passed through the flesh, making a tunnel, the muscles on the outside were torn out." The wound on his left hand resulted in his thumb being "taken off at the joint." Reports of the shooting, along with updates on Short's condition, were published in newspapers in several states. A paper in Hutchinson, Kansas observed that "his wounds are enough to kill a common man but Luke may get well." Short would remain bedridden for months. In 1891, a Chicago newspaper published a lengthy profile of Short. When discussing the gunfight with Wright, the paper reported: "It was supposed at the time that Short was fatally wounded, and his recovery was wholly due to the careful nursing of his wife, who for three months hardly left his bed side." Both Short and Wright were indicted and charged with assault with intent to murder. Both men made bonds without trouble in the sum of $1,000. The trial date was changed more than once, and a final decision was not reached until March1, 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago.:Nearly killing a man by mistake in Chicago.

paragraph: While awaiting his trial date, Short was free to come and go as he pleased. He was feeling well enough by May21, 1891 to board a train for Chicago with Johnson, accompanied by his wife. The racing season was about to begin and Johnson and Short both owned a string of horses that would be running at Washington Park Race Track in Chicago.

paragraph: Short was accosted in the lobby of the Leland Hotel by a drunken attorney named JamesJ. Singleton during late October 1891. According to the report, Short did not have his pistol, but managed to give Singleton a few kicks which knocked him down, and then Short picked him up, and pushed him out "into the frosty night air." Short went upstairs for his gun in case Singleton decided to return. While Short was gone, an actor named WilliamF. Hoey (1854–1897) walked into the hotel lobby. The actor turned out to resemble closely the lawyer Short had just kicked out. Short saw Hoey, thought he was Singleton, and charged at him with his pistol. A quick-thinking hotel clerk named Ed Kennedy jumped between the two men and prevented a homicide. When Short realized his mistake, he apologized to the actor and treated him to drinks and a late supper.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago.:Guilty of assault.

paragraph: On March1, 1892, a decision was reached in the "Statev Luke Short". Short was found guilty of aggravated assault against Charles Wright, and a fine of $150 was assessed against him.

paragraph: Section::::Final days.

paragraph: Section::::Final days.:Bright's disease.

paragraph: By the start of 1893 it had become apparent that something was seriously wrong with Short's health. Doctors determined that he was suffering from one of the kidney diseases that then went under the now obsolete classification of Bright's disease. These diseases would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. Edema, then called "dropsy", would have contributed to a slight puffiness in his face, as well as the accumulation of fluids in his lower legs that would have made it difficult for Short to stand for prolonged periods of time. Short was in Fort Worth when a Kansas newspaper reported that he was "lying at death's door." Short and a number of friends, and with Hattie beside him, took the north-bound Santa Fe train for Geuda Springs, Kansas. The place offered a change of climate as well as the medicinal qualities of the famous waters, which, it was hoped, would "prolong his life." The move did not have the desired effect.

paragraph: Section::::Final days.:Death.

paragraph: Short died at the Gilbert House in Geuda Springs on September8, 1893. The local paper reported that: "Luke Short died at the Gilbert this morning of dropsy." Just two days before Short's death, while Hattie sat at his bedside in Kansas, word arrived that her mother had died in Fort Worth. A Dodge City newspaper belatedly printed a dispatch from Fort Worth which stated that "two days ago his mother-in-law died and the two funerals will take place here at the same time." Hattie found herself a widow at29 years old. Short was39 years old at the time of his death.

paragraph: Short's funeral took place in Fort Worth on September10, 1893. line of carriages more than a mile long followed Short's body to Oakwood Cemetery in Fort Worth. Short had purchased a grave stone shortly before his death. It is a plain, upright marker simply inscribed: "L. L. SHORT 1854– 1893".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: On February22, 1955, Short was played by actor Wally Cassell in an episode of the syndicated western TV series "Stories of the Century". The part of Jim Courtright was portrayed by actor Robert Knapp (1924–2001).

paragraph: On February25, 1958, Grant Richards played Short in the episode "Wyatt Fights" of the ABC/Desilu western series "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp". In the story line, deputy Wyatt Earp (Hugh O'Brian) is caught in the middle when two saloon owners want to take over a third establishment, the Long Branch Saloon. Paul Brinegar played the role of James H. "Dog " Kelley, the mayor of Dodge City.

paragraph: On January7, 1960, an episode called "The Pied Piper of Dodge City" (Season2, episode13) was broadcast on the "Bat Masterson" TV series which starred Gene Barry as Masterson. In that episode an actor named Donald "Red" Barry, who was no relation to Gene Barry, portrayed Short. That episode concluded with Gene Barry, Don Barry, and other actors posing for the television version of the Dodge City Peace Commission photo.

paragraph: Guy Madison portrayed Short as the operator of the Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City in the 1960 episode "Extra Guns" on the syndicated anthology series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Stanley Andrews.

paragraph: On January5, 1960, Bob Steele played Short in the episode "The Terrified Town" on the CBS western television series "The Texan", starring Rory Calhoun.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cox, William R. "Luke Short and His Era: A Biography of One of the Old West's Most Famous Gamblers", Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeMattos, Jack. "Gunfighters of the Real West: Luke Short," "Real West", December 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeMattos, Jack. "The Dodge City Peace Commission Revealed," "Wild West History Association Journal", (Vol. VI, No. 2), April 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeMattos, Jack and Parsons, Chuck. "The Notorious Luke Short: Sporting Man of the Wild West", Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masterson, W.B. (Bat). "Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier: Luke Short," "Human Life Magazine" (Vol. 5, No. 1), April 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masterson, W.B. (Bat) "The 75th Anniversary Edition of Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier" (Annotated and Illustrated by Jack DeMattos), Monroe, WA: Weatherford Press, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Nyle H., and Snell, Joseph W. "Why the West Was Wild". Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryall, William. "The Luck of Luke," "True Western Adventures", April 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short, Wayne. "Luke Short: A Biography of one of the Old West's Most Colorful Gamblers and Gunfighters", Tombstone, AZ: Devil's Thumb Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walker, Wayne T. "Killer in Fancy Pants," "True West", October 1956.

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Luke Short

wikipedia_title: Luke Short


text: middle-distance runner

text: Bahrain

text: Kenya

text: 3000 metres steeplechase

text: Bahraini national record

text: Athens Grand Prix Tsiklitiria

text: 2005 World Cross Country Championships

text: 2005 World Youth Championships

text: Marrakech, Morocco

text: 2000 metres steeplechase

text: István Gyulai

text: East African Standard

text: Eliud Kipchoge

text: 2005 World Championships

text: 2006 World Indoor Championships

text: 3000 metres

text: 2006 World Cross Country Championships

text: 2006 World Junior Championships

text: Willy Komen

text: Lamine Diack

text: Maina Kamanda

text: Belal Mansoor Ali

text: Aadam Ismaeel Khamis

text: Thomas Pkemei Longosiwa

text: 2006 World Athletics Final

text: 2006 World Cup

text: 2006 Asian Games

text: Saif Saaeed Shaheen

text: Qatar

text: 2007 World Cross Country Championships

text: Abdelghani Aït Bahmad

text: 1500 metres

text: 3000 metres

text: 3000 metres steeplechase

categories: Bahraini people of Kenyan descent,Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games,Naturalized citizens of Bahrain,Asian Games gold medalists for Bahrain,Olympic athletes of Bahrain,Kenyan emigrants to Bahrain,Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics,1986 births,Kenyan male middle-distance runners,Kenyan male steeplechase runners,Asian Games silver medalists for Bahrain,Bahraini male middle-distance runners,Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Living people,Bahraini male steeplechase runners,Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games

paragraph: Tareq Mubarak Taher

paragraph: Tareq Mubarak Taher, born as Dennis Kipkurui Sang (, born 1 December 1986), is a middle-distance runner who represents Bahrain after changing nationality from Kenya. His speciality is the 3000 metres steeplechase. His personal best time of 8:06.13 minutes is also the Bahraini national record, set on 13 July 2009 at the Athens Grand Prix Tsiklitiria.

paragraph: Section::::Ascent in international athletics.

paragraph: The allegiance transfer from Kenya to Bahrain took place on 1 January 2005. Taher emerged on the international athletics scene at the 2005 World Cross Country Championships, where he finished ninth in the junior race.

paragraph: He later competed at the 2005 World Youth Championships in Marrakech, Morocco where he won the 2000 metres steeplechase event. Reportedly, Taher "made it look easy" as he let other runners lead the race until he broke away at the final water jump. With the time 5:23.95 minutes he set a new world youth's best performance. The previous best performance belonged to Kenyan Ronald Kipchumba Rutto with 5:27.64 minutes.

paragraph: Section::::Identity controversy.

paragraph: Not soon after, however, questions arose over the identity of Taher. István Gyulai, then-Secretary General of the International Association of Athletics Federations, asked Isaiah Kiplagat, president of Athletics Kenya, to help shed light on the issue. Born in Kenya under a different name, it was claimed that the identity of Taher was altered upon his switch to Bahrain, to qualify for international junior and youth events. According to the "East African Standard", Taher had supposedly beaten Eliud Kipchoge in a junior cross-country race in 2001. Kiplagat was quoted as saying that "I have already told IAAF that the two runners are cheats and we have the proof".

paragraph: Both his former name, substituted with an Arabic name upon arrival in Bahrain, and his reported birth date were subjects of investigation for the following two years. According to the official Bahraini papers, Taher was born 1 December 1989 and named "Dennis Sang". This purported birthdate would make him eligible to compete at the 2005 World Youth Championships which is open to athletes aged seventeen and less. However, both Kenya and the IAAF claim that Taher was indeed formerly named "Dennis Kipkurui Keter" and born on 24 March 1984. If this were the case, Taher would be 21 years old at the time of the World Youth Championships and ineligible to compete.

paragraph: Section::::Career continues.

paragraph: While age investigations were ongoing, Taher was allowed to continue his career both in international junior and senior meets. Three weeks after the World Youth Championships he finished fifteenth in 3000 m steeplechase at the 2005 World Championships. During the 2005–2006 indoor season he won a silver medal at the 2006 Asian Athletics Championships in Pattaya and finished eleventh at the 2006 World Indoor Championships in Moscow, both in the 3000 metres distance as the 3000 metres steeplechase is not contested on indoor arenas. He opened the 2006 outdoor season by finishing nineteenth in the junior race at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships, helping the Bahraini team to a fifth place in the team competition.

paragraph: At the 2006 World Junior Championships in Beijing, Taher won the silver medal in the steeplechase race. Having crossed the last water jump aside Willy Komen of Kenya, Komen sprinted away on the last stretch to take the gold medal in a new championship record of 8:14.00 minutes. Taher finished in 8:16.64.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in the same city, the age manipulation case was brought forth at the IAAF Council meeting. The investigation had not yet concluded, but it was reported that there was "strong suspicion of age manipulation". The case had been brought to government level in Kenya as IAAF president Lamine Diack had discussed the issue the previous month with Maina Kamanda, Kenyan Minister for Gender, Sports, Culture and Social Services. Cases had also been opened for two other Bahraini athletes born in Kenya, Belal Mansoor Ali and Aadam Ismaeel Khamis. In addition the Council meeting reported on a similar case, involving Kenyan long-distance runner Thomas Pkemei Longosiwa, who was found to compete with a falsified age in the junior race at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships, the same thing for which Taher was investigated.

paragraph: Towards the end of the season he finished tenth in 3000 m steeplechase at the 2006 World Athletics Final in Stuttgart, in which he was entitled to run after collecting points during certain designated meets throughout the season. He was then selected to represent Asia at the 2006 World Cup, a meet which gathers one competitor from each continent in each event, and finished eighth in the 3000 metres. His position in Asian steeplechase was consolidated as he won the gold medal at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha. The reigning world champion Saif Saaeed Shaheen, another Kenyan who changed nationality to Qatar, was absent from the Asian Games due to injury.

paragraph: Section::::Age investigations conclude.

paragraph: As the IAAF investigations concluded in 2007, the outcome was reported at the IAAF Council Meeting held in conjunction with the 2007 World Cross Country Championships in Mombasa.

paragraph: Taher was found guilty of falsifying his age; according to IAAF, it had "emerged that the athlete falsified a birth certificate in order to obtain a Kenyan passport listing his birthday as 1 December 1989, when his real date of birth was 1 December 1986." In addition, his former name was found to be "Dennis Kipkurui Sang". Meanwhile Belal Mansoor Ali was cleared of the same allegations, while the case of Aadam Ismaeel Khamis has not yet concluded. Reportedly, Taher "remained unfazed by the stories of being stripped of his gold medal".

paragraph: The sanctions pertaining to Taher's over-age in competitions were finally announced in August 2007. His performances at the 2005 World Youth Championships, the 2007 World Cross Country Championships and the 2006 World Junior Championships were annulled, meaning that Taher lost his medals and the world youth best performance. He was not disqualified from senior meets such as the World Championships or the Asian Games or the 2005 World Cross Country Championships because he was found to hold junior age at that time. The disqualifications of Taher were particularly beneficial for Moroccan runner Abdelghani Aït Bahmad, who moved up from fourth place to bronze medal position at both the 2005 World Youth and the 2006 World Junior Championships.

paragraph: It was still unknown whether the identity was forged by Taher himself or by someone else. If he is found to have forged his identity himself, Taher could face a two-year ban from the sport, similar to the suspension imposed upon first time doping offenders.

paragraph: Section::::Personal best times.

paragraph: His current personal best times are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1500 metres – 3:42.8 minutes (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3000 metres – 7:50.31 minutes (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3000 metres steeplechase – 8:06.13 minutes (2009) – also the Bahraini record.

alias:
Dennis Kipkurui Sang
Tareq Taher
Tareq Mubarek Salem Taher
Dennis Sang

description: Controversial Kenyan-Bahraini athlete

wikidata_label: Tareq Mubarak Taher

wikipedia_title: Tareq Mubarak Taher


text:
Venice
doge
Andrea Vendramin
church of San Giovanni e Paolo
Tullio Lombardo
Andrea Verrocchio
Verrocchio
Bartolomeo Colleoni
Cardinal Zeno
St. Mark's
Antonio Lombardo
Tullio Lombardo
Piazza San Marco
Leonardo Loredan
Scarpagnino
Alessandro Leopardi

categories: Italian male sculptors,People from Venice,15th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Alessandro Leopardi

paragraph: Alessandro Leopardi (sometimes called Leopardo) (1466 – 1512) was a Venetian sculptor, bronze founder and architect.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Leopardi was born and died in Venice. He is first heard of in 1482 and is said to have worked at the mint. He was once reputed to have designed the sepulchral monument of doge Andrea Vendramin, now in the church of San Giovanni e Paolo, but this is generally now thought to have been the work of Tullio Lombardo, though Leopardi may have contributed some figures.

paragraph: In 1479 he submitted a model for the competition initiated by the Signoria in Venice to find a sculptor for an equestrian monument to Bartolomeo Colleoni. Three sculptors submitted models including Andrea Verrocchio to whom the contract was awarded.

paragraph: Leopardi was exiled for 5 years on a charge of fraud in 1487, and recalled in 1490 by the senate to finish Verrocchio's impressive statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni, which the Venetians had commissioned him to make in accordance with the provisions of Colleoni's will.

paragraph: Verocchio, having made the clay model in Venice, had died in 1488, before it had been cast in bronze. He asked in his will that his pupil, Lorenzo di Credi, should be engaged to arrange for it to be cast, but after much delay the Venetians in 1490 selected Leopardi to cast it and he also made the pedestal on which it stands. His name (in Latin) is inscribed on the horse's girth: "ALEXANDER . LEOPARDUS . V . P . OPUS", so that early authorities thought that the work was entirely his. The work is universally admired, though John Pope-Hennessy thought that, if Verrrochio had finished it himself, it would have been even finer.

paragraph: When Colleoni bequeathed the money for his statue, he stipulated that it should be erected in the Piazza San Marco, but the Venetian state could not allow this and compromised by having it installed near the "Scuola" San Marco outside the church of SS Giovanni è Paolo, where it stands today.

paragraph: Leopardi worked between 1503 and 1505 on the chapel of Cardinal Zeno at St. Mark's, which was finished by 1515 by Antonio Lombardo and Tullio Lombardo.

paragraph: In 1505 he designed and cast the bronze bases, decorated in high relief, for the three great mast-like flagpoles in the Piazza San Marco. Each base is different and that in the centre has on a medallion a profile of the doge, Leonardo Loredan.

paragraph: His model for the rebuilding of the Scuola Vecchia della Misericordia in Venice was provisionally accepted by the Scuola in 1507, but little progress was made with the project and in 1531, after Leopardi's death, it was superseded by Sansovino's model, although this also was never completed.

paragraph: Later, he was engaged on the new church of Santa Giustina in Padua.

paragraph: After the disastrous fire at the Rialto in January 1514 he was one of the four architects who submitted models for the rebuilding of the area, but the contract was given to Scarpagnino.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Books mentioned in the notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howard, Deborah: Jacopo Sansovino Architecture and Patronage in Renaissance Venice (Yale University.Press. 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzetti, Giulio: Venice and its Lagoon (1926. 2nd edn 1956) translated by John Guthrie (Lint, Trieste. 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perocco, Guido & Antonio Salvadori: Civiltà di Venezia. Vol.2: Il Rinascimento. (3rd edition, revised and corrected. Venice. 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope-Hennessy, John: Italian Renaissance Sculpture (London 1958)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessandro Leopardi in Enciclopedie on line bei treccani.it

wikidata_label: Alessandro Leopardi

wikipedia_title: Alessandro Leopardi


text:
country music
Spirit Lake, Iowa
Corn Fed
Billboard
Deborah Allen
Happy, Texas
Nashville, Tennessee
Shaun Silva
Arista Nashville
Billboard
Hot Country Songs
Happy, Texas
BNA
Deborah Allen
Warner Bros. Records
Corn Fed
John Rich
Big & Rich
^
RPM

categories: People from Spirit Lake, Iowa,Singers from Iowa,Warner Bros. Records artists,Arista Nashville artists,Songwriters from Iowa,American country singer-songwriters,21st-century American singers,American female country singers,BNA Records artists,Country Musicians from Iowa,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Shannon Brown (singer)

paragraph: Shannon Leigh Brown (born July 23, 1973) is an American country music singer from Spirit Lake, Iowa. Although she has recorded three albums on various labels, only one of these — 2006's "Corn Fed" — was released. In her career, she has charted four singles on the "Billboard" country charts, with her highest-charting single being a 2002 cover of Deborah Allen's "Baby I Lied," at number 40. She also contributed the song "Half a Man" to the soundtrack for the 1998 film "Happy, Texas".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After several years of touring the Midwest with her father running the soundboard and her mom running lights, Shannon decided to make the move to Nashville, Tennessee. She paid the bills singing songwriters' demo sessions and managed to maintain her touring schedule of 160 dates a year. Her vocal stylings and industrious approach did not go unnoticed. She is married to video director Shaun Silva who directed the video for "Corn Fed."

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Shannon's first recording contract was with Arista Nashville in 1997. A year later, she began work on her debut album "A Tour of My Heart". Although the album's lead-off single (titled "I Won't Lie") entered the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, "A Tour of My Heart" was ultimately unreleased. Brown also contributed the song "Half a Man" to the soundtrack of the film "Happy, Texas" in 1998

paragraph: In late 2001, she left for the BNA label. While on BNA, she began work on a second album, from which two singles were released. The first of these, a song titled "Baby I Lied," was a cover of Deborah Allen's Top 5 hit single from 1983. Brown's cover became her only Top 40 hit upon its release. A second single from her BNA album, titled "Untangle My Heart," also charted. Brown's second album also remained unreleased, however, and she exited BNA not long afterward.

paragraph: Warner Bros. Records signed Brown to her third recording contract in late 2005. That year, she made her fourth chart entry with the song "Corn Fed." Reaching a peak of 47 on the country music charts, it served as the lead-off single to her first album for Warner Bros., also titled "Corn Fed". Her third album overall, "Corn Fed" was also Brown's first album to be released commercially. The album was produced by John Rich, one half of country music duo Big & Rich. After its second single, "Pearls," failed to chart, Brown and Warner Bros. parted ways.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- A^ "I Won't Lie" also peaked at number 67 on the "RPM" Country Tracks chart in Canada.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Shannon Brown

wikipedia_title: Shannon Brown (singer)


text: American

text: baseball

text: Major League Baseball

text: outfielder

text: coach

text: Nippon Professional Baseball

text: home run

text: batted

text: switch-hitter

text: International League

text: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: Boston Red Sox

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: San Francisco Giants

text: World Series

text: season

text: Don Sutton

text: Steve Garvey

text: Giants

text: Candlestick Park

text: free agent

text: Yomiuri Giants

text: batting average

text: hits

text: runs

text: doubles

text: triples

text: home runs

text: RBI

text: stolen bases

text: base on balls

text: strikeouts

text: on-base percentage

text: slugging percentage

text: fielding percentage

text: coach

text: Tommy Lasorda

text: minor league

text: Pan American Games

text: Winnipeg

text: Olympic

text: Olympic Games

text: Sydney

text: Baseball World Cup

text: Taiwan

text: World Baseball Classic

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Beijing

text: Encino, California

text: Austin Wilson

categories: Baseball players from Louisiana,American expatriate baseball players in Japan,Reading Red Sox players,Waterloo Hawks (baseball) players,San Francisco Giants players,National League All-Stars,Baseball players from California,Los Angeles Dodgers players,St. Louis Cardinals players,African-American baseball players,Boston Red Sox players,Major League Baseball right fielders,Pittsfield Red Sox players,Sportspeople from Los Angeles,American League All-Stars,Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players,Living people,Gold Glove Award winners,Los Angeles Dodgers coaches,Wytheville Twins players,Major League Baseball center fielders,African-American baseball coaches,Florida Instructional League Red Sox players,1945 births,Yomiuri Giants players

paragraph: Reggie Smith

paragraph: Carl Reginald Smith (born April 2, 1945) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder and afterwards served as a coach and front office executive. He also played in the Nippon Professional Baseball league for two seasons at the end of his playing career. During a seventeen-year major league career (1966–1982), Smith appeared in 1,987 games, hit 314 home runs and batted .287. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed. In his prime, he had one of the strongest throwing arms of any outfielder in the big leagues. Smith played at least 70 games in 13 different seasons, and in every one of those 13 seasons, his team had a winning record.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Smith grew up in Los Angeles. He won the International League batting title in 1966 with a .320 average while playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was called up to the major leagues late in that season and played for the Boston Red Sox (1966–73), St. Louis Cardinals (1974–76), Los Angeles Dodgers (1976–81) and San Francisco Giants (1982). Smith appeared in four World Series, including during his rookie 1967 season for the Red Sox, and three (1977, 1978 and 1981) for the Dodgers. He hit three home runs in the 1977 series.

paragraph: In the 1978 season, Dodger pitcher Don Sutton went public with comments that Smith was a more valuable player to the Dodgers than the more-celebrated Steve Garvey. This led to an infamous clubhouse wrestling match between Sutton and Garvey.

paragraph: In the 1981 season as a member of the Dodgers, Smith was taunted by Giants fan Michael Dooley, who then threw a batting helmet at him. Smith then jumped into the stands at Candlestick Park and started punching him. He was ejected from the game, and Dooley was arrested. Five months later, Smith joined the Giants as a free agent. He spent one season in San Francisco, then moved on to Japan with the Yomiuri Giants for two seasons before retiring in .

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: In 1987 games over 17 seasons, Smith posted a .287 batting average (2020-for-7033) with 2,020 hits, 1,123 runs, 363 doubles, 57 triples, 314 home runs, 1,092 RBI, 137 stolen bases, 890 base on balls, 1,030 strikeouts, a .366 on-base percentage, and a .489 slugging percentage. He recorded a career .978 fielding percentage. In four World Series and four playoff series covering 32 games, he hit .234 (25-for-107) with 17 runs, 6 home runs, and 17 RBI.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: After his playing career ended, Smith rejoined the Dodgers, where he served as a coach under Tommy Lasorda, a minor league instructor and a player development official.

paragraph: Smith became involved with USA Baseball in 1999 as hitting coach on the 1999 Professional Team at the Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Canada (Silver, Olympic qualifiers). Smith again served as USA hitting coach in the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia where the US Team took home Gold. He also served as hitting coach for the 2007IBAF Baseball World Cup in Taiwan (Gold). Smith also served as hitting coach for Team USA during the 2006 World Baseball Classic, and served as hitting coach for the Bronze medal winning USA Baseball Olympic team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

paragraph: Smith runs a baseball academy in Encino, California, where he trains youth players, including Austin Wilson.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders

description: American baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: Reggie Smith

wikipedia_title: Reggie Smith


text: English

text: Sir James Long, 5th Baronet

text: St Martin in the Fields

text: Westminster

text: London

text: Balliol College

text: Oxford

text: Draycot

text: Athelhampton

text: Member of Parliament

text: rotten borough

text: Wootton Bassett

text: Wiltshire

text: Woodford

text: Essex

text: Richard Tylney, 1st Earl Tylney

text: Wanstead

text: Sir James Tylney-Long, 7th Baronet

text: Wanstead

text: John Tylney, 2nd Earl Tylney

text: George Julius Poulett Scrope

categories: People from Wiltshire,British MPs 1734–1741,British MPs 1754–1761,British MPs 1741–1747,Long family of Wiltshire,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,British MPs 1747–1754,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,1767 deaths,Tory MPs (pre-1834),1705 births

paragraph: Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet

paragraph: Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet (1705 – 10 February 1767) was an English politician.

paragraph: The only surviving son of Sir James Long, 5th Baronet and his wife Henrietta Greville, Long was baptised on 8 November 1705 at St Martin in the Fields, Westminster, London. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he succeeded his father as 6th Baronet on 16 March 1729, and inherited the family estates, including the manors of Draycot and Athelhampton.

paragraph: He was elected Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Wootton Bassett in 1734, and for Wiltshire in 1741.

paragraph: He married on 29 May 1735 at Woodford, Essex, Emma Child, the daughter of Richard Tylney, 1st Earl Tylney, of Wanstead (said to be possessed of 'almost revolting wealth'), and his wife Dorothy Glynn.

paragraph: Sir Robert and Emma had two daughters and four sons including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Tylney-Long, 7th Baronet, inherited Wanstead from his uncle, John Tylney, 2nd Earl Tylney

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Long, whose granddaughter Emma married George Julius Poulett Scrope

paragraph: Many letters written by Sir Robert to his wife are held in the Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, and furnish a picture of a happy marriage in the eighteenth century, illustrating a genuine affection for his wife, and fatherly love for his children, with nicknames such as 'Jemmy' and 'Dolly'. He had good-natured relationships with his dependants, even going so far as choosing material for a new dress for Lady Emma's companion.

paragraph: Sir Robert Long died on 10 February 1767 and was buried at Draycot. His wife died on 8 March 1758.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inheriting the Earth: The Long Family's 500 Year Reign in Wiltshire; Cheryl Nicol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hand of Fate. The History of the Longs, Wellesleys and the Draycot Estate in Wiltshire. Tim Couzens 2001

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lion and the Rose - Ethel M. Richardson, 1922

description: politician

wikidata_label: Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet


text: Chinese art

text: Guangzhou

text: Paris

text: Wuhan

text: Hubei Province

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Mao Zedong

text: Guangzhou Institute of Fine Arts

text: Western art

text: Ministry of the Interior

text: Jeffrey Deitch

text: foreshortening

text: Cities on the Move

text: Great Wall of China

text: Jacques Chirac

text: Jiang Zemin

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

text: Vancouver Art Gallery

text: Yerba Buena Center for the Arts

text: Kestnergesellschaft

text: Viersen sculpture collection

text: MoMA PS1

text: Venice Biennale

text: Kiasma

text: Kunsthalle Wien

text: Musée National d'Art Moderne

text: Art Basel

text: Grand Palais

text: Wang Du, Hadrien de Montferrand

categories: Artists from Wuhan,Painters from Hubei,1956 births,Living people

paragraph: Wang Du (artist)

paragraph: Wang Du (, born 1956) is a contemporary Chinese artist who focuses on three-dimensional painted objects. Traditionally trained in Guangzhou, he now lives and has his studio in Paris. His works show strong influences of contemporary Western art and culture, and represent his own notions of modernity and development, and his personal relationship with both China and the West.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Wuhan, in Hubei Province, the son of a factory manager, Wang sketched and painted from a very young age, beginning to work for the Cultural Revolution government at the age of sixteen. He produced posters and painted interiors while working in mines and a steel company, while exercising his creative skills and ideas privately. He had his first exhibition in 1976, at the age of 20, the year that Mao Zedong died. Moving to Guangzhou, Wang took the entrance exams for university and failed them in 1977, but succeeded in 1981 and enrolled at the Guangzhou Institute of Fine Arts.

paragraph: Though offered a diverse program in both traditional Chinese and Western art, Wang desired to broaden his horizons further. His experience, like that of many artists, during the Cultural Revolution was one of copying and producing propaganda, not of expressing or exercising creativity, and this mode of artistic education was simply too traditional for him. As China continued to open to public expression and greater freedoms for artists, Wang left university in 1985, without graduating.

paragraph: Amidst a growing, burgeoning artistic community, Wang founded a group called "Southern," along with a number of other artists and intellectuals, to share in one another's work, and to engage in intellectual discussion. Together, they organized performances, and a wide variety of other artistic and intellectual works. He also organized talks at the local library, inviting a variety of speakers to lecture on a monthly basis, until, in late 1987, an agent of the Ministry of the Interior who had been attending his lectures warned him to stop. He complied, fearing that if he did not, he could be imprisoned.

paragraph: Two years later, after speaking out against corruption, he was arrested and imprisoned for nine months, after which he left for Paris, having married a French journalist he met in Guangzhou. He began to produce and exhibit art there, and gained a number of connections in the French art world through his wife. In 1992, at an exhibition in Switzerland, he was strongly influenced by the work of Jeffrey Deitch, and wrote about it in the first issue of a self-titled magazine, describing the intriguing notions Deitch's work evoked about humanity's artificial and rapid evolution, modern-day science having far more of an effect on society than history and traditional culture.

paragraph: One of his major exhibitions which came shortly afterwards reflected his difficulties in adjusting to French (and European and Western) society and culture, and involved three-dimensional painted objects drawn from images of his daily life in Paris. The influence of Deitch's "Post Human" exhibition was revealed in an exhibition by Wang in 1997, which featured sculptures or statues of nude figures who represented, Wang said, the people of the future, who enjoy the ability, through biotechnology, to redesign their bodies as they choose.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: These would be the first of many similar pieces created by Wang, human figures which represent gender play, and a more general play with the human form as a whole. Some of his figures are genderless, some decidedly female with grossly enlarged breasts, or highly muscular male figures. Many, whether sitting on the ground or suspended in the air, are cut off at the legs, or at the torso. One of his more famous pieces, perhaps, is of a young Chinese boy, only his upper half, pulling back on a slingshot, his forward hand greatly enlarged so as to indicate a play with foreshortening and perspective.

paragraph: Another exhibition, created in the same year and toured around the world, was called "Cities on the Move". In this, Wang experimented with concepts related to modern advertising and subliminal experiences. The exhibition included sculpture statues of prostitutes hidden around unexpected corners of the gallery, and watchtowers in the style of the Great Wall of China which emitted a myriad of background soundtracks, conversations and the like recorded by Wang in restaurants, karaoke bars, trains, and various other places around China.

paragraph: Much of his work since then has focused on the relationship between the media and the public consciousness, and on the artificial controls and manipulation imposed by the media. He has been quoted as saying "I organize my projects just like the media do with reality." An exhibition called "Disposable Reality" and presented in 2000 features a number of his three-dimensional creations, derived directly out of magazine images also displayed in the gallery. These range from an American father and son at a shooting gallery to a nude blonde in front of a computer tuned to a porn website to snow leopards, Jacques Chirac, Jiang Zemin, and a Lebanese soldier bearing an AK-47.

paragraph: His latest works have turned to large-scale sculptures representing crumpled up newspaper, either en masse in trash cans, buildings or other repositories, or individually, in giant exploded versions of ordinary, everyday trash.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Vancouver Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (San Francisco)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Kestnergesellschaft (Hannover)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (Beijing)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Viersen sculpture collection

paragraph: Section::::Group exhibitions (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: MoMA PS1 (New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: Venice Biennale

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Kiasma (Helsinki)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Kunsthalle Wien

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Musée National d'Art Moderne (Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Art Basel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Grand Palais (Paris)

paragraph: Section::::Secondary literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uta Grosenick, Caspar Schübbe (Editor): "China Art" (English / German / Chinese). Dumont, Köln 2007,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim Peter Kastner (Editor): "Wang Du. China Daily, Services top task for Games". Skulpturensammlung Viersen. Viersen 2010,

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nuridsany, Michel. China Art Now. Paris: Editions Flammarion, 2004. pp62–73.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Du at 88MoCCA - The Museum of Chinese contemporary art on the web(bad link)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Du, Hadrien de Montferrand Gallery/a(bad link)

description: Chinese visual artist

wikidata_label: Wang Du

wikipedia_title: Wang Du (artist)


paragraph: Anayama Nobutomo

paragraph: Nobutomo's grave can be found at Enzō-in Temple.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobutomo's biography in a database of Takeda retainer data

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Anayama Nobutomo

wikipedia_title: Anayama Nobutomo


text:
mayor
Portland, Oregon
Oregon Territory
Washington Territory
Franklin County, Georgia
Cherokee Indians
Arkansas
Oregon Country
Oregon City, Oregon
Willamette River
Portland, Oregon
Cayuse War
Whitman massacre
Oregon Riflemen
Provisional Government of Oregon
Joseph Showalter Smith
fire engine
Salem
Roseburg
Oregon Territory’s legislature
Walla Walla
Washington Territory
Merced County, California
O'Bryant Square
List of mayors of Portland, Oregon
Lansing, Jewel

categories: Politicians from Walla Walla, Washington,Mayors of Portland, Oregon,People from Franklin County, Georgia,1883 deaths,1813 births,Washington (state) Democrats,Members of the Washington House of Representatives,Oregon Democrats,Members of the Oregon Territorial Legislature

paragraph: Hugh O'Bryant

paragraph: Hugh Donaldson O'Bryant (1813–1883) was the first mayor of Portland, Oregon, United States, serving from 1851–1852. He later served as the President of the Oregon Territory’ Council chamber of the legislature, and was a member of Washington Territory’s legislature.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh O’Bryant was born in 1813 in Franklin County, Georgia to a missionary father. There he was raised among the Cherokee Indians due to his father’s missionary work. Hugh later moved to Arkansas where in early 1843 he set out for the Oregon Country. He arrived at Oregon City, Oregon, in October 1843 and set up shop as a merchant.

paragraph: Section::::Oregon.

paragraph: After two years in Oregon City O’Bryant moved across the Willamette River to Portland, Oregon, where he remained until 1852. In 1847, he volunteered to fight in the Cayuse War after the Whitman massacre. During 1848 he served in Second Company of the Oregon Riflemen for the Provisional Government of Oregon as a first lieutenant.

paragraph: In 1851, he won Portland's first mayoral election by a mere four votes over challenger Joseph Showalter Smith, O'Bryant's one-year reign was known for the failure of Portland's first government to effectively govern the city, leading to a new city charter in 1852.

paragraph: In O'Bryant's only year as mayor, he missed seven out of thirty-one council meetings. Although the council passed resolutions to build roads, build a jail, and purchase a fire engine, none of these materialized under O'Bryant's leadership. Funds for the fire engine were authorized by citywide vote on May 26, 1851, but it was only a week before his term ended, the following March, that O'Bryant notified the council that the bills authorizing this purchase were sitting on his desk, "unsigned". Later he performed justice of the peace duties, and was a gold prospector. However, perhaps his greatest assets in Portland were his carpentry skills, which were in great demand with new immigrants flooding Portland.

paragraph: In 1852, he moved to Salem, then to Roseburg, where he married his wife, Matilda, and had seven children. While in Southern Oregon O'Bryant served in the Oregon Territory’s legislature beginning in 1855. The following session he returned, again serving as a Democrat representing Douglas, Coos, Umpqua, and Curry counties in the upper chamber Council. Then in 1857 he became the President of that chamber. Lastly in 1858 he was a member of Oregon's last Territorial Legislature as Oregon awaited statehood.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In 1860, O'Bryant moved on to Walla Walla, of the Washington Territory, where he served in the territorial legislature. Later he moved to Merced County, California, where he died in 1883. O'Bryant Square in Portland is named after O'Bryant.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of mayors of Portland, Oregon

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lansing, Jewel. (2003). "Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851–2001".

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Hugh O'Bryant

wikipedia_title: Hugh O'Bryant


text:
Amari family information
Short biography of Masatada

paragraph: Amari Masatada

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amari family information (in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography of Masatada (in Japanese)

description: Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period of Feudal Japan

wikidata_label: Amari Masatada

wikipedia_title: Amari Masatada


text:
outfielder
Atlanta Braves
Detroit Tigers
Major League Baseball
Plano East Senior High School
University of New Mexico
University of New Mexico
Rome Braves
Myrtle Beach Pelicans
Mississippi Braves
Gwinnett Braves
Atlanta Braves
Chipper Jones
Detroit Tigers
Detroit Tigers
St. Louis Cardinals
free agency
St. Louis Cardinals
free agent
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

categories: Piratas de Campeche players,Detroit Tigers players,Gwinnett Braves players,1982 births,Mississippi Braves players,American expatriate baseball players in Mexico,New Mexico Lobos baseball players,Atlanta Braves players,Salt Lake Bees players,Mexican League baseball center fielders,Baseball players from Texas,Major League Baseball outfielders,Memphis Redbirds players,Plano East Senior High School alumni,Living people,Myrtle Beach Pelicans players,Rome Braves players

paragraph: Matt Young (outfielder)

paragraph: Matthew E. Young (born October 3, 1982) is a former professional outfielder. He played for the Atlanta Braves and the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB).

paragraph: Prior to playing professionally, Young attended Plano East Senior High School and the University of New Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:University of New Mexico.

paragraph: In 2002, as a freshman at the University of New Mexico, Young hit .385 with 17 stolen bases in 55 games, and was named the school's 2002 Male Athlete of the Year. In 2003, he hit .327 with 10 stolen bases in 56 games. In 2004, he hit .381 with 16 stolen bases in 56 games. Before he could return to UNM for his senior year, Young was signed by the Braves.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: In his first professional season, Young played for the Rome Braves and hit .312 with six home runs, 52 RBIs and 10 stolen bases in 114 games. The following season, he hit .274 with two home runs, 58 RBIs, and 22 stolen bases in 131 games between the Myrtle Beach Pelicans and Mississippi Braves. He played for the Pelicans and Mississippi Braves again in , hitting a combined .269 with one home runs, 33 RBIs, and 14 stolen bases in 98 games.

paragraph: With Mississippi again in , Young hit .289 with three home runs, 50 RBIs and 30 stolen bases in 135 games. On June 27, 2008, he went 4-5, and set a new Southern League record of 11 consecutive hits. The previous mark of 10 consecutive hits had stood for 32 years. The Mississippi Braves won the Southern League Championship in 2008, and Young followed that by hitting .370 (40-for-108) with 10 doubles, three triples, one home run, and 24 RBIs in 29 games for the Mesa Solar Sox of the Arizona Fall League.

paragraph: Young split between Mississippi and the Gwinnett Braves, hitting a combined .284 with five home runs, 36 RBIs, and 43 stolen bases in 137 games. He also earned his 2nd consecutive Southern League "Best Hustler" award.

paragraph: With Gwinnett in , Young hit .300 with three home runs, 35 RBIs and 39 stolen bases in 134 games.

paragraph: On March 27, after performing well in the Atlanta Braves Spring Training camp, Young was informed that he had made one of the final bench spots on the major league club, placing him on the 25-man roster. In the third game of the season, Young made his Major-league debut, pinch-running for Chipper Jones and scoring a run.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: On January 22, , Young signed a minor league deal with the Detroit Tigers with an invitation to Spring Training. Young was released by Detroit on August 10, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:St. Louis Cardinals.

paragraph: On August 17, 2012, one week after being released by the Detroit Tigers, the St. Louis Cardinals signed Young to a minor league contract.

paragraph: He was granted free agency by the St. Louis Cardinals on November 3, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

paragraph: On November 20, 2012, he signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

description: American baseball player (1982-)

wikidata_label: Matt Young

wikipedia_title: Matt Young (outfielder)