text: Anglo-Irish

text: physicist

text: mathematician

text: County Sligo

text: Ireland

text: University of Cambridge

text: Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

text: solid mechanics

text: Navier-Stokes equation

text: physical optics

text: polarization

text: fluorescence

text: Stokes' theorem

text: vector calculus

text: asymptotic expansion

text: Felix Hoppe-Seyler

text: baronet

text: Royal Society

text: Copley Medal

text: British House of Commons

text: Tory

text: Master

text: Pembroke College, Cambridge

text: Church of Ireland

text: rector

text: Skreen

text: County Sligo

text: evangelical

text: Dublin

text: Bristol

text: Pembroke College, Cambridge

text: senior wrangler

text: Smith's prize

text: Mill Road cemetery

text: Lucasian professor

text: Hamo Thornycroft

text: Lord Kelvin

text: Cambridge University constituency

text: Royal Society

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: Lord Kelvin

text: Marie Alfred Cornu

text: Rede lecture

text: fluid

text: pendulum

text: fluid dynamics

text: viscosity

text: Stokes's law

text: drag force

text: Reynolds number

text: viscometer

text: terminal velocity

text: ball bearing

text: glycerine

text: hail

text: CGS

text: kinematic viscosity

text: stokes

text: optical

text: aberration of light

text: spectrum

text: diffraction

text: polarisation

text: George Airy's

text: rainbow

text: divergent series

text: wavelength

text: fluorescence

text: fluorspar

text: uranium glass

text: ultra-violet radiation

text: Stokes shift

text: Stokes line

text: Raman scattering

text: Royal Institution

text: reflection

text: light polarisation

text: British Association

text: double refraction

text: Iceland spar

text: calcite

text: absorption spectrum

text: organic

text: William Vernon Harcourt

text: transparency

text: achromatic

text: telescope

text: conduction of heat

text: crystal

text: Crookes radiometer

text: x-ray

text: Clairaut's theorem

text: gravity

text: integral

text: infinite series

text: differential equation

text: Dee bridge disaster

text: spectroscopy

text: British Association

text: Lord Kelvin

text: Glasgow

text: Kirchhoff

text: spectroscopy

text: Dee bridge disaster

text: Cast iron

text: brittle

text: tension

text: bending

text: Tay Bridge disaster

text: expert witness

text: Royal Commission

text: Britain

text: Victoria Institute

text: Darwinian

text: evolution

text: Gifford lecture

text: natural theology

text: British and Foreign Bible Society

text: St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh

text: Thomas Romney Robinson

text: Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

text: Royal Society

text: Rumford Medal

text: Copley Medal

text: Exeter

text: Aberdeen

text: Baronet

text: Baronetage of the United Kingdom

text: Gifford

text: Prussia

text: Order Pour le Mérite

text: honoris causa

text: Royal Frederick University

text: mathematician

text: Niels Henrik Abel

text: stokes

text: kinematic viscosity

text: Dublin City University

text: Joseph Larmor

text: volume 1

text: volume 2

text: Internet Archive

text: volumes 1 to 5

text: Life and work of Stokes

text: "Natural Theology"

text: Gifford Lectures

categories: British physicists,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the University of Cambridge,Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge,1903 deaths,Anglo-Irish people,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Optical physicists,People from County Sligo,Presidents of the Royal Society,Recipients of the Copley Medal,Fellows of the Royal Society,Irish physicists,UK MPs 1886–1892,Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge,1819 births,19th-century British mathematicians,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class),Fluid dynamicists,Lucasian Professors of Mathematics,Irish Anglicans,Irish mathematicians,Viscosity,Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge

paragraph: Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet, (; 13 August 1819 – 1 February 1903) was an Anglo-Irish physicist and mathematician. Born in County Sligo, Ireland, Stokes spent all of his career at the University of Cambridge, where he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1849 until his death in 1903. As a physicist, Stokes made seminal contributions to solid mechanics, including the Navier-Stokes equation, and to physical optics, with notable works on polarization and fluorescence. As a mathematician, he popularised "Stokes' theorem" in vector calculus and contributed to the theory of asymptotic expansions. Stokes, along with Felix Hoppe-Seyler, first demonstrated the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin and showed color changes produced by aeration of hemoglobin solutions.

paragraph: Stokes was made a baronet (hereditary knight) by the British monarch in 1889. In 1893 he received the Royal Society's Copley Medal, then the most prestigious scientific prize in the world, "for his researches and discoveries in physical science". He represented Cambridge University in the British House of Commons from 1887 to 1892, sitting as a Tory. Stokes also served as president of the Royal Society from 1885 to 1890 and was briefly the Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: George Stokes was the youngest son of the Reverend Gabriel Stokes, a clergyman in the Church of Ireland who served as rector of Skreen, in County Sligo. Stokes home life was strongly influenced by his father's evangelical Protestantism. After attending schools in Skreen, Dublin, and Bristol, in 1837 Stokes matriculated at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Four years later he graduated as senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, achievements that earned him election of a fellow of the college. In accordance with the college statutes, Stokes had to resign the fellowship when he married in 1857. Twelve years later, under new statutes, he was re-elected to the fellowship and he retained that place until 1902, when on the day before his 83rd birthday, he was elected as the college's Master. Stokes did not hold that position for long, for he died at Cambridge on 1 February the following year, and was buried in the Mill Road cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: In 1849, Stokes was appointed to the Lucasian professorship of mathematics at Cambridge, a position he held until his death in 1903. On 1 June 1899, the jubilee of this appointment was celebrated there in a ceremony, which was attended by numerous delegates from European and American universities. A commemorative gold medal was presented to Stokes by the chancellor of the university and marble busts of Stokes by Hamo Thornycroft were formally offered to Pembroke College and to the university by Lord Kelvin. Stokes, who was made a baronet in 1889, further served his university by representing it in parliament from 1887 to 1892 as one of the two members for the Cambridge University constituency. During a portion of this period (1885–1890) he also was president of the Royal Society, of which he had been one of the secretaries since 1854. Since he was also Lucasian Professor at this time, Stokes was the first person to hold all three positions simultaneously; Newton held the same three, although not at the same time.

paragraph: Stokes was the oldest of the trio of natural philosophers, James Clerk Maxwell and Lord Kelvin being the other two, who especially contributed to the fame of the Cambridge school of mathematical physics in the middle of the 19th century. Stokes's original work began about 1840, and from that date onwards the great extent of his output was only less remarkable than the brilliance of its quality. The Royal Society's catalogue of scientific papers gives the titles of over a hundred memoirs by him published down to 1883. Some of these are only brief notes, others are short controversial or corrective statements, but many are long and elaborate treatises.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.

paragraph: In scope, his work covered a wide range of physical inquiry but, as Marie Alfred Cornu remarked in his Rede lecture of 1899, the greater part of it was concerned with waves and the transformations imposed on them during their passage through various media.

paragraph: His first published papers, which appeared in 1842 and 1843, were on the steady motion of incompressible fluids and some cases of fluid motion. These were followed in 1845 by one on the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids, and in 1850 by another on the effects of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums. To the theory of sound he made several contributions, including a discussion of the effect of wind on the intensity of sound and an explanation of how the intensity is influenced by the nature of the gas in which the sound is produced. These inquiries together put the science of fluid dynamics on a new footing, and provided a key not only to the explanation of many natural phenomena, such as the suspension of clouds in air, and the subsidence of ripples and waves in water, but also to the solution of practical problems, such as the flow of water in rivers and channels, and the skin resistance of ships.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Fluid dynamics.:Creeping flow.

paragraph: His work on fluid motion and viscosity led to his calculating the terminal velocity for a sphere falling in a viscous medium. This became known as Stokes's law. He derived an expression for the frictional force (also called drag force) exerted on spherical objects with very small Reynolds numbers.

paragraph: His work is the basis of the falling sphere viscometer, in which the fluid is stationary in a vertical glass tube. A sphere of known size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches terminal velocity, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube. Electronic sensing can be used for opaque fluids. Knowing the terminal velocity, the size and density of the sphere, and the density of the liquid, Stokes's law can be used to calculate the viscosity of the fluid. A series of steel ball bearings of different diameter is normally used in the classic experiment to improve the accuracy of the calculation. The school experiment uses glycerine as the fluid, and the technique is used industrially to check the viscosity of fluids used in processes.

paragraph: The same theory explains why small water droplets (or ice crystals) can remain suspended in air (as clouds) until they grow to a critical size and start falling as rain (or snow and hail). Similar use of the equation can be made in the settlement of fine particles in water or other fluids.

paragraph: The CGS unit of kinematic viscosity was named "stokes" in recognition of his work.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Light.

paragraph: Perhaps his best-known researches are those which deal with the wave theory of light. His optical work began at an early period in his scientific career. His first papers on the aberration of light appeared in 1845 and 1846, and were followed in 1848 by one on the theory of certain bands seen in the spectrum.

paragraph: In 1849 he published a long paper on the dynamical theory of diffraction, in which he showed that the plane of polarisation must be perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Two years later he discussed the colours of thick plates.

paragraph: Stokes also investigated George Airy's mathematical description of rainbows. Airy's findings involved an integral that was awkward to evaluate. Stokes expressed the integral as a divergent series, which were little understood. However, by cleverly truncating the series (i.e., ignoring all except the first few terms of the series), Stokes obtained an accurate approximation to the integral that was far easier to evaluate than the integral itself. Stokes's research on asymptotic series led to fundamental insights about such series.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Fluorescence.

paragraph: In 1852, in his famous paper on the change of wavelength of light, he described the phenomenon of fluorescence, as exhibited by fluorspar and uranium glass, materials which he viewed as having the power to convert invisible ultra-violet radiation into radiation of longer wavelengths that are visible. The Stokes shift, which describes this conversion, is named in Stokes's honour. A mechanical model, illustrating the dynamical principle of Stokes's explanation was shown. The offshoot of this, Stokes line, is the basis of Raman scattering. In 1883, during a lecture at the Royal Institution, Lord Kelvin said he had heard an account of it from Stokes many years before, and had repeatedly but vainly begged him to publish it.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Polarization.

paragraph: In the same year, 1852, there appeared the paper on the composition and resolution of streams of polarised light from different sources, and in 1853 an investigation of the metallic reflection exhibited by certain non-metallic substances. The research was to highlight the phenomenon of light polarisation. About 1860 he was engaged in an inquiry on the intensity of light reflected from, or transmitted through, a pile of plates; and in 1862 he prepared for the British Association a valuable report on double refraction, a phenomenon where certain crystals show different refractive indices along different axes. Perhaps the best known crystal is Iceland spar, transparent calcite crystals.

paragraph: A paper on the long spectrum of the electric light bears the same date, and was followed by an inquiry into the absorption spectrum of blood.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Chemical analysis.

paragraph: The chemical identification of organic bodies by their optical properties was treated in 1864; and later, in conjunction with the Rev. William Vernon Harcourt, he investigated the relation between the chemical composition and the optical properties of various glasses, with reference to the conditions of transparency and the improvement of achromatic telescopes. A still later paper connected with the construction of optical instruments discussed the theoretical limits to the aperture of microscope objectives.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Other work.

paragraph: In other departments of physics may be mentioned his paper on the conduction of heat in crystals (1851) and his inquiries in connection with Crookes radiometer; his explanation of the light border frequently noticed in photographs just outside the outline of a dark body seen against the sky (1882); and, still later, his theory of the x-rays, which he suggested might be transverse waves travelling as innumerable solitary waves, not in regular trains. Two long papers published in 1849 – one on attractions and Clairaut's theorem, and the other on the variation of gravity at the surface of the earth (1849)—also demand notice, as do his mathematical memoirs on the critical values of sums of periodic series (1847) and on the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series (1850) and his discussion of a differential equation relating to the breaking of railway bridges (1849), research related to his evidence given to the "Royal Commission on the Use of Iron in Railway structures" after the Dee bridge disaster of 1847.

paragraph: Many of Stokes' discoveries were not published, or were only touched upon in the course of his oral lectures. One such example is his work in the theory of spectroscopy.

paragraph: In his presidential address to the British Association in 1871, Lord Kelvin stated his belief that the application of the prismatic analysis of light to solar and stellar chemistry had never been suggested directly or indirectly by anyone else when Stokes taught it to him at Cambridge University some time prior to the summer of 1852, and he set forth the conclusions, theoretical and practical, which he learnt from Stokes at that time, and which he afterwards gave regularly in his public lectures at Glasgow. These statements, containing as they do the physical basis on which spectroscopy rests, and the way in which it is applicable to the identification of substances existing in the sun and stars, make it appear that Stokes anticipated Kirchhoff by at least seven or eight years. Stokes, however, in a letter published some years after the delivery of this address, stated that he had failed to take one essential step in the argument—not perceiving that emission of light of definite wavelength not merely permitted, but necessitated, absorption of light of the same wavelength. He modestly disclaimed "any part of Kirchhoff's admirable discovery," adding that he felt some of his friends had been over-zealous in his cause. It must be said, however, that English men of science have not accepted this disclaimer in all its fullness, and still attribute to Stokes the credit of having first enunciated the fundamental principles of spectroscopy.

paragraph: In another way, too, Stokes did much for the progress of mathematical physics. Soon after he was elected to the Lucasian chair he announced that he regarded it as part of his professional duties to help any member of the university in difficulties he might encounter in his mathematical studies, and the assistance rendered was so real that pupils were glad to consult him, even after they had become colleagues, on mathematical and physical problems in which they found themselves at a loss. Then during the thirty years he acted as secretary of the Royal Society he exercised an enormous if inconspicuous influence on the advancement of mathematical and physical science, not only directly by his own investigations, but indirectly by suggesting problems for inquiry and inciting men to attack them, and by his readiness to give encouragement and help.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Unpublished research.:Contributions to engineering.

paragraph: Stokes was involved in several investigations into railway accidents, especially the Dee bridge disaster in May 1847, and he served as a member of the subsequent Royal Commission into the use of cast iron in railway structures. He contributed to the calculation of the forces exerted by moving engines on bridges. The bridge failed because a cast iron beam was used to support the loads of passing trains. Cast iron is brittle in tension or bending, and many other similar bridges had to be demolished or reinforced.

paragraph: He appeared as an expert witness at the Tay Bridge disaster, where he gave evidence about the effects of wind loads on the bridge. The centre section of the bridge (known as the High Girders) was completely destroyed during a storm on 28 December 1879, while an express train was in the section, and everyone aboard died (more than 75 victims). The Board of Inquiry listened to many expert witnesses, and concluded that the bridge was "badly designed, badly built and badly maintained".

paragraph: As a result of his evidence, he was appointed a member of the subsequent Royal Commission into the effect of wind pressure on structures. The effects of high winds on large structures had been neglected at that time, and the commission conducted a series of measurements across Britain to gain an appreciation of wind speeds during storms, and the pressures they exerted on exposed surfaces.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to science.:Unpublished research.:Work on religion.

paragraph: Stokes held conservative religious values and beliefs. In 1886, he became president of the Victoria Institute, which had been founded to defend evangelical Christian principles against challenges from the new sciences, especially the Darwinian theory of biological evolution. He gave the 1891 Gifford lecture on natural theology. He was also the vice-president of the British and Foreign Bible Society and was actively involved in doctrinal debates concerning missionary work.

paragraph: As President of the Victoria Institute, Stokes wrote: ""We all admit that the book of Nature and the book of Revelation come alike from God, and that consequently there can be no real discrepancy between the two if rightly interpreted. The provisions of Science and Revelation are, for the most part, so distinct that there is little chance of collision. But if an apparent discrepancy should arise, we have no right on principle, to exclude either in favour of the other. For however firmly convinced we may be of the truth of revelation, we must admit our liability to err as to the extent or interpretation of what is revealed; and however strong the scientific evidence in favour of a theory may be, we must remember that we are dealing with evidence which, in its nature, is probable only, and it is conceivable that wider scientific knowledge might lead us to alter our opinion"."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married, on 4 July 1857 at St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Mary Susanna Robinson, daughter of the astronomer Rev Thomas Romney Robinson. They had five children: Arthur Romney, who inherited the baronetcy; Susanna Elizabeth, who died in infancy; Isabella Lucy (Mrs Laurence Humphry) who contributed the personal memoir of her father in "Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the Late George Gabriel Stokes, Bart"; Dr William George Gabriel, physician, a troubled man who committed suicide aged 30 whilst temporarily insane; and Dora Susanna, who died in infancy. His male line and hence his baronetcy is extinct but through the female line he is survived by one great great grandson, one great great granddaughter, and three great great great grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University

paragraph: BULLET::::- From the Royal Society, of which he became a fellow in 1851, he received the Rumford Medal in 1852 in recognition of his inquiries into the wavelength of light, and later, in 1893, the Copley Medal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1869 he presided over the Exeter meeting of the British Association.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1883 to 1885 he was Burnett lecturer at Aberdeen, his lectures on light, which were published in 1884–1887, dealing with its nature, its use as a means of investigation, and its beneficial effects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 18 April 1888 he was admitted as a Freeman of the City of London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 6 July 1889 Queen Victoria created him the Baronet Stokes of Lensfield Cottage in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom; the title became extinct in 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1891, as Gifford lecturer, he published a volume on Natural Theology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite

paragraph: BULLET::::- His academic distinctions included honorary degrees from many universities, including

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa)" from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The stokes, a unit of kinematic viscosity, is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In July 2017, Dublin City University named a building after Stokes in recognition of his contributions to physics and mathematics.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Stokes's mathematical and physical papers (see external links) were published in a collected form in five volumes; the first three (Cambridge, 1880, 1883, and 1901) under his own editorship, and the two last (Cambridge, 1904 and 1905) under that of Sir Joseph Larmor, who also selected and arranged the "Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of Stokes" published at Cambridge in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, David B., "Kelvin and Stokes A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics", (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter R Lewis, "Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879", Tempus (2004).

paragraph: BULLET::::- PR Lewis and Colin Gagg,

paragraph: BULLET::::- PR Lewis, "Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847", Tempus Publishing (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George Gabriel Stokes: Life, Science and Faith" Edited by Mark McCartney, Andrew Whitaker, and Alastair Wood, Oxford University Press, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography on Dublin City University Web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1907), ed. by J. Larmor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathematical and physical papers volume 1 and volume 2 from the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathematical and physical papers, volumes 1 to 5 from the University of Michigan Digital Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life and work of Stokes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natural Theology" (1891), Adam and Charles Black. (1891–93 Gifford Lectures)

alias:
George Gabriel Stokes
George Stokes
Sir George Gabriel Stokes
Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet
Sir George Stokes

description: British mathematician and physicist

enwikiquote_title: Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet

wikidata_label: Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet


text: British

text: Angers, France

text: George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers

text: Sir Henry Atkins, 4th Baronet

text: Naples

text: Sir William Hamilton

text: Member of Parliament

text: Dorset

text: 1774 election

text: 1780 election

text: Shelburne

text: Fox-North Coalition

text: William Pitt

text: 1790 election

text: Baron Rivers

text: Lord of the Bedchamber

text: Jacques-Laurent Agasse

text: Stratfield Saye House

text: Napoleon

text: Grosvenor Place

text: Horace Beckford

text: Maj Gen George Dean Pitt

categories: 1828 deaths,British MPs 1784–1790,1751 births,Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain,British MPs 1774–1780,British Militia officers,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,British MPs 1780–1784

paragraph: George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers

paragraph: George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers (19 September 1751 – 20 July 1828) was a British nobleman and politician.

paragraph: Born in Angers, France, he was the only son of George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers and his wife Penelope, daughter of Sir Henry Atkins, 4th Baronet of Clapham, Surrey. After completing his schooling, he spent several years on the Continent. He lived in Naples during Sir William Hamilton's tenure as ambassador, and later became a member of the Neapolitan Club.

paragraph: He succeeded his father as Member of Parliament for Dorset in the 1774 election, and like him, was consistently pro-administration. He came under fire at the county meeting before the 1780 election from supporters of the "economical reform" campaign, but was returned unopposed. After the fall of the North ministry, he voted in favor of Shelburne's peace proposals in 1783. He did not vote on the East India Bill which brought down the Fox-North Coalition, and was considered a supporter of his kinsman William Pitt's ministry in 1784. He did not stand in the 1790 election.

paragraph: Pitt was commissioned into the Dorset Militia, of which his father was colonel from 1757 to 1798. He was promoted from captain to major on 25 April 1790, second lieutenant-colonel on 25 June 1798, and first lieutenant-colonel shortly thereafter. He resigned his commission in late 1799.

paragraph: In 1803, he succeeded his father as Baron Rivers. He was a Lord of the Bedchamber from 1804 to 1819.

paragraph: In his younger years, he was a dandy and an avid huntsman, keeping an excellent pack of greyhounds until 1825, when failing health forced him to abandon the sport. In 1800 he became the patron of the Swiss painter Jacques-Laurent Agasse, who made paintings of his greyhounds and horses.

paragraph: He sold part of the family estates, those around Stratfield Saye House to the nation in about 1814, so that it could be given to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington as the gift of a grateful nation following his defeat of Napoleon. He died on 20 July 1828 in Grosvenor Place. Upon his death, the Barony of Rivers, of Stratfield Saye, created in 1776, became extinct, while the Barony of Rivers, of Sudeley Castle, created in 1802, passed by special remainder to his nephew Horace Beckford, who adopted the surname of Pitt-Rivers.

paragraph: It seems probable that Pitt had a son by a woman known as 'Mrs Dean' (Patianse Dean born 1749). Maj Gen George Dean Pitt became Commander of the Military Forces in New Zealand and the Lieut.-Governor New Ulster (the North Island).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. F. R. Barker, ‘Pitt, George, first Baron Rivers (1721–1803)’, rev. R. D. E. Eagles, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", (Oxford University Press, 2004) , accessed 24 Aug 2008

description: British Baron and politician

wikidata_label: George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers

wikipedia_title: George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers


text: Italian

text: Catholic

text: Cardinal

text: Sarteano

text: Marquis

text: Castiglioncello del Trinoro

text: utroque iure

text: Sarteano

text: Diocese of Chiusi

text: Rome

text: legal advocate

text: Bishop of Amelia

text: Apostolic Penitentiary

text: consecrated

text: Giovanni Garzia Mellini

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santi Quattro Coronati

text: Alessandro Ludovisi

text: Archbishop of Bologna

text: Lorenzo Landi

text: Bishop of Fossombrone

text: co-consecrators

text: Nuncio

text: Spain

text: Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem

text: Papal conclave that year

text: conclave of 1623

text: Pope Urban VIII

text: Bishop of Faenza

text: Papal conclave of 1644

text: Pope Innocent X

text: Congregation for the Clergy

text: Cardinal-Priest of Porto e Santa Rufina

text: Pope Pius V

text: Cappella Paolina

text: principal co-consecrator

text: Mario Sassi

text: Archbishop of Rossano

text: Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Apostolic Nuncio to Flanders

text: Domenico Bonzi

text: Titular Bishop

text: Coadjutor

text: Bishop of Béziers

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: College of Cardinals

text: List of living cardinals

text: Politics of Vatican City

text: Roman Curia

categories: Italian cardinals,1566 births,1645 deaths

paragraph: Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri

paragraph: Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri (21 November 1566 – 2 October 1645) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cennini de' Salamandri was born 21 November 1566 in Sarteano into a noble family of Marquises of Castiglioncello del Trinoro. He received a Doctorate "utroque iure" and was ordained a priest in 1591 at age 24.

paragraph: He was named the parish priest of Sarteano, and Archpriest and Vicar-General of the Diocese of Chiusi before going to Rome to work as a legal advocate. In 1612, he was elected the Bishop of Amelia and became a "Signatory" of the Apostolic Penitentiary and served as "Governor of Rome" for eight years. On 21 October 1612, he was consecrated bishop by Giovanni Garzia Mellini, Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati, with Alessandro Ludovisi, Archbishop of Bologna, and Lorenzo Landi, Bishop of Fossombrone, serving as co-consecrators. In 1618, he was named Nuncio to Spain and remained there until 1621 and the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem - a title he retained until 1645.

paragraph: Cennini de' Salamandri was elevated to Cardinal in 1621 but did not participate in the Papal conclave that year. He did participate in the conclave of 1623 that elected Pope Urban VIII and was made Bishop of Faenza later that year where he served for 18 years.

paragraph: He was appointed the Cardinal-Priest of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto in 1641, resigned as Bishop of Faenza in 1643 and participated in the Papal conclave of 1644 that elected Pope Innocent X. He was named Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy and Vice-Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals later in 1644.

paragraph: The following year, 1645, he was appointed Cardinal-Priest of Porto e Santa Rufina but he died on 2 October, only six months later. He was buried at the foot of the tomb of Pope Pius V in the Cappella Paolina.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Mario Sassi, Archbishop of Rossano (1612); Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno, Titular Archbishop of "Patrae" and Apostolic Nuncio to Flanders (1614); and Domenico Bonzi, Titular Bishop of "Caesarea in Cappadocia" and Coadjutor Bishop of Béziers (1616).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- College of Cardinals

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of living cardinals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Politics of Vatican City

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Curia

description: Roman Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri

wikipedia_title: Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri


text:
British
inventor
rocket
Colchester
England
Royal Society of Arts
Paris
International Space Hall of Fame
Congreve rocket
United States Army
Mexican–American War
British Army
Crimean War
Frank H. Winter

categories: English inventors,1797 births,Early rocketry,1870 deaths

paragraph: William Hale (British inventor)

paragraph: William Hale (21 October 1797 – 30 March 1870), was a British inventor and rocket pioneer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hale was born in Colchester, England in 1797. He was self-taught although his grandfather, the educator William Cole, is believed to have tutored him. By 1827 he had obtained his first patent; he also won a first class Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in Paris for his paper on ship propulsion using an early form of jet propulsion.

paragraph: Hale was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Rocketry.

paragraph: In 1844, Hale patented a new form of rotary rocket that improved on the earlier Congreve rocket design. Hale removed the guidestick from the design, instead vectoring part of the thrust through canted exhaust holes to provide rotation of the rocket, which improved its stability in flight.

paragraph: These rockets could weigh up to 60 pounds and were noted for their noise and glare on ignition.

paragraph: Hale rockets were first used by the United States Army in the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. Although the British Army experimented with Hale rockets during the Crimean War they did not officially adopt them until 1867.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank H. Winter"The First Golden Age of Rocketry: Congreve and Hale Rockets of the Nineteenth Century" (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990), 321p. illus.

description: British rocket pioneer (1797-1870)

wikidata_label: William Hale

wikipedia_title: William Hale (British inventor)


text: Mary of Guise

text: James V

text: valets

text: François Quesnel

text: Jacques Androuet du Cerceau

text: Sées

text: Abbé de Marolles

text: Henri II

text: Catherine de Medici

text: tapestries

text: Antoinette de Bourbon

text: Biography of François Quesnel

categories: 16th century in Scotland,16th-century French painters,Court of James V of Scotland,Year of birth uncertain,Scottish male painters,French male painters,16th-century Scottish painters,Year of death unknown,French Renaissance painters,Scottish portrait painters,French portrait painters,Renaissance artists

paragraph: Pierre Quesnel

paragraph: Pierre Quesnel (c. 1502 – c. 1580) was a 16th-century French artist who worked in Scotland.

paragraph: Pierre worked in Scotland for Mary of Guise and James V. He is listed as an Usher in Guise's household and is identified as the queen's painter in the Scottish "Treasurer's Accounts". (Artists at the French court were also given positions as ushers or valets.) Pierre, "Perys the uscher", was given £10 at the time of Mary of Guise's coronation. According to an inscription on the back of a portrait of his son Nicholas, he married Madeleine Digby in Scotland, and his eldest son the painter François Quesnel was born in Edinburgh. Quesnel must have returned to France with his family around 1544. His sons Nicolas and Jacques were also artists, and a number of chalk portraits by François and Nicolas survive. Jacques's work is known only through a single drawing, "Time slaying Youth".

paragraph: Pierre's work is also mostly lost, excepting an "Architectural Study" after Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, preserved at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and another drawing, a view called "Château of Sées". The Abbé de Marolles, a seventeenth-century French writer, recorded Pierre in verse as the designer of a stained-glass window for the Eglise des Augustins in Paris in 1557, with subject, "Ascension of Christ with Portraits of Henri II and Catherine de Medici", now destroyed. Marolles also stated that Pierre and his son François designed tapestries. Although these works are destroyed, there is a portrait of Pierre himself made by Nicolas or François in 1574. The historian Andrea Thomas argued from Pierre's small salary as an usher in Scotland that he was a decorative painter rather a portrait artist. Pierre and François are recorded painting panelling and chimneypieces in Paris in 1570. However, in November 1541, Mary of Guise's mother, Antoinette de Bourbon, wrote to thank her daughter for the portrait miniature James V had sent, which she called a "diamond", and was presumably painted from life.

paragraph: poempour bien faire mes tres humbles mersimens au Roy du dyament quy luy a pleu m'envoyer. Je vous repons se m'a este present bien agreable et que j'ayme aultant qu'yl est possible; il sera garde toute ma vye pour l'onneur de luy. Je l'ay trouve sy beau sa painture que sy savyes combien je l'ayme j'e peur vous en series jallouse.

paragraph: [And to make my very humble thanks to the King for the "diamond" he sent me. I tell you it is most agreeable and I hold it in highest esteem, it will be kept carefully all my life for his honour. I find his picture so beautiful that if it was known how much, you would be jealous.]/poem

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of François Quesnel

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Pierre Quesnel

wikipedia_title: Pierre Quesnel


text:
installation artist
Mexico
Israel
New Zealand
land art
Mexico City
Sander Roth
Lener Quartet
Mexico City College
Germán Cueto
John Skeaping
Royal College of Art
Frank Dobson
Henry Moore
Jacob Epstein
Leon Underwood
Ossip Zadkine
Royal College of Art
Museo de Arte Moderno
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Galeria de Arte Mexicano
Galería de Arte Mexicano
Mathias Goeritz
1968 Summer Olympics
Willoughby Sharp
Prague
Barcelona
Chapultepec Park
Wakefield
UNAM
Guggenheim Fellowship
FONCA
Paolo Gori
Graciela Schmilchuk
Dore Ashton
Sweden
Hamburg
Berlin

categories: Directors of museums in Mexico,People from Mexico City,2010 deaths,20th-century women artists,Guggenheim Fellows,Mexican expatriates in Germany,1934 births,People from Frankfurt,German people of Latin American descent,Alumni of the Royal College of Art,Mexican women artists,Mexican sculptors

paragraph: Helen Escobedo

paragraph: Helen "Elena" Escobedo (July 28, 1934 – September 16, 2010) was a Mexican sculptor and installation artist who has had work displayed all over the world from Mexico, Latin America, the United States, and Canada to the United Kingdom, (Germany), as well Israel and New Zealand.

paragraph: Her career as an artist spanned more than fifty years and explores ecological and urban problems through land art. Her works are site-oriented and ephemeral.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Escobedo was born on July 28, 1934 to a Mexican lawyer father and an English mother in Mexico City. She was educated in her home in a small neighborhood setting with her younger brother Miguel, taught by a French governess until the age of ten. At a young age, she learned ballet until she outgrew it. She was taught violin by Sander Roth, who at the time was a member of the world-famous Lener Quartet. Even though she became proficient with her violin skills, Escobedo eventually decided to switch to art.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: At the age of 15 in 1949, she decided to enroll at the Mexico City College and attended art classes in the afternoon twice a week. At Motolinia University, she took art classes under an abstract sculptor, Germán Cueto where she experimented with many different materials. Impressed by her work, Professor John Skeaping, a British sculptor from the Royal College of Art, encouraged her to pursue sculpture. He offered her a one-year grant to study in London at his institution, where she attended eventually with a three-year scholarship. She studied under the guidance of Frank Dobson, Henry Moore, Jacob Epstein, Leon Underwood, and for a short time, Ossip Zadkine. In her second year, she wrote her thesis: "Renoir and Degas: Two Impressionists in Sculpture".

paragraph: She got her bachelor's degree in Humanities at Motolinia University in Mexico and her master's degree in Sculpture from the Royal College of Art in London, U.K. by 1954 at the age of 20.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Aside from sculpture, Escobedo was a talented painter, printmaker, installation artist, writer, performance artist, lecturer, curator, and museum director in her lifetime.

paragraph: Escobedo accepted the position be the head and served as director of the Museo de Arte Moderno and the Department of Museums and Galleries at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) in 1960, where she worked until 1978, organizing exhibitions. As she worked as director, she continued her craft and completed commissions as well as exhibitions of her own work. She would go on to serve as the Director of the Museum of Modern art between 1982 and 1984. From 1985 to 1989, she worked as an art curator of the Museum of the UNAM, specializing in international exhibitions. Having left her directorial role in art administration, Escobedo decided to concentrate on her own work.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Exhibitions.

paragraph: Her first solo exhibition was held in 1956 at the Galeria de Arte Mexicano in Mexico City. It included her works made of bronze, drawings, and paintings. After getting married to a Norwegian man by the name of Fredrik Kirsebom, they moved to Sweden where Escobedo spent two years learning about her new home and making some religious sculptures that would be shown in her second solo exhibition at the Galería de Arte Mexicano when she returned to Mexico two years later.

paragraph: In 1968, Mathias Goeritz invited her to participate in the "Ruta de la Amistad (Route of Friendship)" for the XIX 1968 Summer Olympics Games in Mexico City, for which she made the sculpture called "Puertas al Viento (Gateway to the Wind)". The Route of Friendship was constructed to be an Olympic highway consisting of monumental sculptures made by selected artists. It was her first large-scale sculpture piece. In the same year, Escobedo set up an exhibition, self-produced and curated by Willoughby Sharp featuring fifteen large-scale environments made by many individual international artists.

paragraph: When Escobedo mounted her "Dynamic Walls" exhibition, it traveled to different cities starting in Prague but eventually became lost on its journey to Rome. It reappeared in 1971 in poor condition that resulted in her method of creating temporary or ephemeral works at the location for a one-time installation rather than let her work travel and become ruined again. This would become her signature, known internationally, to create site-oriented ephemeral sculptures using materials that are available at or near the site.

paragraph: Escobedo created a paper mural at the Galería Pecanins in Barcelona in 1973. The following year, she held another exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art and at this point, was also the director of the Department of Museums and Galleries.

paragraph: In 1978, Escobedo created "Coatl", at the University Cultural Center of UNAM in Mexico City, out of steel girders painted yellow to orange to red measuring to 15 meters.

paragraph: As a statement, her exhibit called "Negro basura, negro mañana (Black garbage, black tomorrow)"" "in 1991 was made up of painted black garbage, three meters wide stretching at one hundred feet inside Chapultepec Park in Mexico City that lasted three days. As the years go by, she participated in many other exhibitions throughout the world."

paragraph: Her next solo exhibition show was called "Estar y no estar" and was displayed at the University Museum in 2000. Two years later, she did three exhibitions, one in Mexico City called "Salón Bancomer" and the other two in Germany called "Die Fluctlinge: The Refugees" and "Bicycle Taxi". The following year she returned to her home of Mexico City for her "escasr Ríos Perenes" exhibit.

paragraph: Through 2007 to 2008, Escobedo continued her exhibitions in various locations with another in Germany as well as another four in Mexico. At Wakefield in the United Kingdom, she had a solo exhibition called "Summer Field". In 2010, she would have her last solo exhibition in her home of Mexico City under her own name.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Awards.

paragraph: Escobedo competed in the UNAM sculpture competition and was awarded a prize in 1976. Entering with a small team of two other architects to design a building in 1980, they received the outstanding achievement Reaseguradora Patria for winning.

paragraph: She was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts, Latin America & Caribbean in 1991. In 1999, she was awarded the FONCA creators’ grant.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Publications.

paragraph: Escobedo was also a writer whose works were published in public collections. She even conceived and coordinated a book in 1989 called "Mexican Monuments: Strange Encounters" that was printed in both Spanish and English that was met with equal success. It was her way of recording her Mexican heritage with the help of Paolo Gori. In 1999, she contributed an article entitled, “Work as process or work as product: a conceptual dilemma” to the compilation of "Mortality Immortality?: The Legacy of 20th-century".

paragraph: In 2004, Graciela Schmilchuk wrote a book filled with Escobedo's s installations called "Helen Escobedo: Steps on the Sand" with a prologue written by Dore Ashton.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Escobedo had two children with Fredrik Kirsebom, Andrea in 1962 and a son, Michael in 1964. She obtained a divorce in 1977. Her mother died following the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. By 1987, Escobedo decided to split her year, six months at a time between living in Mexico and in Germany with her partner Hans-Jürgen Rabe whom she married in 1995. In 2003, Escobedo had a hip-bone replacement due to a sudden fall. Her first granddaughter was born as she celebrated her seventieth birthday in 2004. She lived in Mexico City, Sweden, Germany, Hamburg, and Berlin

paragraph: On September 16, 2010, Helen Escobedo died in her hometown of Mexico City at the age of 76.

description: Mexican sculptor

wikidata_label: Helen Escobedo

wikipedia_title: Helen Escobedo


text:
German
Schwabach
Bavaria
rabbi
Rixheim
chief rabbi
Upper Alsace
Nieder-Ehenheim
Lower Alsace
Fürth
Talmudists
Hungary
Italy
Verona
Netherlands
Amsterdam
Switzerland
Yeshaye Pick
Eleazar Kalir
Saadia
responsa
Pentateuch
Baba Batra
Moritz Steinschneider
Eliakim Carmoly

categories: 1720s births,German Orthodox rabbis,1776 deaths

image: 512px-זכרון_יוסף_-_שער_לשות.jpg

paragraph: Joseph Steinhardt

paragraph: Joseph ben Menahem Mendel Steinhardt (ca. 1720–1776) was a German rabbi who lived in his early year in Schwabach, Bavaria. His first position as rabbi was as the rabbi of Rixheim, and shortly afterward he was elected chief rabbi of Upper Alsace. ln 1755 he was chosen chief rabbi of Nieder-Ehenheim in Lower Alsace, and eight years later was called as rabbi to Fürth, where he officiated until his death.

paragraph: Steinhardt was one of the foremost Talmudists of his time, and questions were addressed to him from Hungary, Italy (Verona), the Netherlands (Amsterdam), and Switzerland. He was very pious, and induced the lord of the manor of Nieder-Ehenheim to forbid men and women dancing together. His attitude in his controversy with rabbi Yeshaye Pick regarding Eleazar Kalir is also noteworthy, since he maintained that the word "Be-Rabbi" was not a second name, but merely an honorary title of Kalir's, who he claimed was a contemporary of Saadia.

paragraph: Steinhardt was the author of the following works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zikron Yosef" (Fürth, 1773), a work in four parts, containing responsa and decisions modeled on the ritual codices

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mashbir Bar" (Prague, 1827), comprising notes on the Pentateuch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Koaḥ Shor" (ib. 1827), containing novellæ on the treatise Baba Batra, with notes by his grandson Akiba

paragraph: Section::::Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1533;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliakim Carmoly, in Revue Orientale, iii. 307;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frankel, in Orient, Lit. viii. 246.

description: German rabbi

wikidata_label: Joseph Steinhardt

wikipedia_title: Joseph Steinhardt


text:
Saint Benedict of Nursia
Saint Gregory the Great
oblate
Roman
Saint Placidus
Renaissance
bishop of Le Mans
Monte Cassino
Rule of St. Benedict
Glanfeuil Abbey
Loire
Angers
nave
vineyards
abbot
Saint Scholastica
Gregory the Great
King Theudebert
Glanfeuil Abbey
Saint-Maur-des-Fossés
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
French Revolution
Saint Placidus
Benedictine
monasteries
Congregation of St. Maur
monk
spade
Saint-Maur-des-Fossés
crutch
rheumatism
epilepsy
gout
scale
Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Maurus
Saint Maurus
St. Benedict's Abbey
The Holy Rule of St. Benedict
Benedictine College
Maur Hill - Mount Academy

categories: Italian Roman Catholic saints,Italian Benedictines,Benedictine saints,6th-century Christian saints,Benedictine spirituality,6th-century deaths

paragraph: Saint Maurus

paragraph: Saint Maurus, O.S.B. (or Maur), was the first disciple of Saint Benedict of Nursia (512–584). He is mentioned in Saint Gregory the Great's biography of the latter as the first oblate; offered to the monastery by his noble Roman parents as a young boy to be brought up in the monastic life.

paragraph: Four stories involving Maurus recounted by Gregory formed a pattern for the ideal formation of a Benedictine monk. The most famous of these involved Saint Maurus's rescue of Saint Placidus, a younger boy offered to Saint Benedict at the same time as Saint Maurus. The incident has been reproduced in many medieval and Renaissance paintings.

paragraph: Saints Maurus and Placidus are venerated together on 5 October.

paragraph: Section::::The Legendary Life of Saint Maurus.

paragraph: A long "Life of St. Maurus" appeared in the late 9th century, supposedly composed by one of Saint Maurus's 6th-century contemporaries. According to this account, the bishop of Le Mans, in western France, sent a delegation asking Benedict for a group of monks to travel from Benedict's new abbey of Monte Cassino to establish monastic life in France according to the Rule of St. Benedict. The Life recounts the long journey of Saint Maurus and his companions from Italy to France, accompanied by many adventures and miracles as Maurus is transformed from the youthful disciple of Benedict into a powerful, miracle-working holy man in his own right. According to this account, after the great pilgrimage to Francia, Saint Maurus founded Glanfeuil Abbey as the first Benedictine monastery in Gaul. It was located on the south bank of the Loire river, a few miles east of Angers. The nave of its thirteenth-century church and some vineyards remain today (according to tradition, the "chenin" grape was first cultivated at this monastery.)

paragraph: Scholars now believe that this "Life of Maurus" is a forgery by the late-9th-century abbot of Glanfeuil, Odo. It was composed, as were many such saints' lives in Carolingian France, to popularize local saints' cults. The bones of Saint Maurus were 'discovered' at Glanfeuil by one of Abbot Odo's immediate predecessors, Abbot Gauzlin, in 845. Gauzlin likely invented or at least strongly promoted the cult of Benedict's disciple, taking advantage of Glanfeuil's proximity to two famous and prosperous Benedictine culture centers of the Loire region: the cult of Saint Benedict's bones at Fleury and that of Saint Scholastica's relics at Le Mans.

paragraph: Section::::Benedictine tradition.

paragraph: Maurus was born c. 510, the son of Equitius, a nobleman of Rome. At the age of about twelve, Maurus was sent to the care of St. Benedict at Subiaco to be educated. Gregory the Great in the "Dialogues" relates an account wherein the young oblate Placidus, when sent to fetch water from the lake, was carried away by the current. Back at the monastery, Benedict realized this and directed Maurus to run and save the boy. Maurus did not realize that, in his haste to reach Placidus, he had run out upon the water. After bringing Placidus back to shore, Maurus attributed the miracle to the prayers of St. Benedict; the abbot, to his disciple's obedience.

paragraph: Maurus was ordained a deacon, and subsequently, Benedict, prior to leaving for Monte Cassino, appointed him coadjutor at Subiaco. During his tenure, various miraculous cures were attributed to his prayers. Around 528, Benedict summoned Maurus to join him at Monte Cassino.

paragraph: Around 543, Innocentius, the Bishop of Mans, sent his vicar, Adenard, to Monte Cassino to request Benedict to send some monks to Gaul. Maurus was dispatched and, during the journey, obtained a number of cures for the sick and injured encountered along the way. Through the generosity of King Theudebert, he founded Glanfeuil Abbey, which he governed for many years. He resigned the abbacy in 581 to spend the remainder of his life in solitude and prayer. The abbey of Glanfeuil, was later called St. Maur-sur-Loire. Maurus died at Glanfeuil Abbey 15 January 584.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Maurus was originally buried in the abbey church at Glanfeuil. When, in 868, Odo and the monks of Glanfeuil were obliged to flee to Paris in the face of Vikings maurauding along the Loire, the remains of St. Maurus were translated to the abbey of Saint-Pierre-des-Fossés, later renamed Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. In 1750 the relics were relocated to Saint-Germain-des-Prés, where they remained until dispersed by a Parisian mob during the French Revolution. Saint Maurus is still venerated by Benedictine congregations today, many monks adopting his name and dedicating monasteries to his patronage.

paragraph: The cult of Saint Maurus slowly spread to monasteries throughout France and by the 11th century had been adopted by Monte Cassino in Italy, along with a revived cult of Saint Placidus. By the late Middle Ages, the cult of Saint Maurus, often associated with that of Saint Placidus, had spread to all Benedictine monasteries.

paragraph: The Congregation of St. Maur took its name from him. The surname "Seymour" is derived from "Saint Maur".

paragraph: In art, he is depicted as a young man in the garb of a monk, usually holding an abbot's cross or sometimes with a spade (an allusion to the monastery of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, literally "Saint Maurus of the Ditches").

paragraph: Another of Saint Maurus' attributes is a crutch, in reference to his patronage of cripples. He was invoked especially against fever, and also against rheumatism, epilepsy, and gout. He is also sometimes depicted with a scale, a reference to the implement used to measure a monk's daily ration of bread, given to him by Benedict when he left Montecassino for France. The monks of Fossés near Paris (whence the community of Glanfeuil had fled from the Vikings in 868) exhibited this implement throughout the Middle Ages.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Maurus

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosa Giorgi; Stefano Zuffi (ed.), "Saints in Art" (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2003), 272.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John B. Wickstrom: "Text and Image in the Making of a Holy Man: An Illustrated Life of Saint Maurus of Glanfeuil (MS Vat. Lat. 1202)," "Studies in Iconography" 14(1994), 53-85.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibid. "The Life and Miracles of St. Maurus: Disciple of Benedict, Apostle to France" (Kalamazoo, Cistercian Publications, 2008).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Maurus - Biography at Catholic Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Benedict's Abbey - Benedictine Brothers and Fathers in America's Heartland

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Holy Rule of St. Benedict - Online translation by Rev. Boniface Verheyen, OSB, of St. Benedict's Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benedictine College - Dynamically Catholic, Benedictine, Liberal Arts, and Residential

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maur Hill - Mount Academy - Catholic, college prep boarding school since 1863 for grades 9th-12th.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: first disciple of St. Benedict of Nursia

wikidata_label: Saint Maurus

wikipedia_title: Saint Maurus


text: pretender

text: English crown

text: Yorkist

text: Louis XII of France

text: War of the League of Cambrai

text: Henry VIII

text: Brittany

text: St. Malo

text: Francis I

text: Battle of Pavia

text: John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk

text: Elizabeth of York

text: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

text: Cecily Neville

text: Edward IV of England

text: Edmund, Earl of Rutland

text: Margaret of York

text: Richard III of England

text: William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Alice Chaucer

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Lord Chamberlain

text: William Shakespeare

text: Henry VI, Part 1

text: Henry VI, Part 2

text: Thomas Chaucer

text: Maud Burghersh

text: Speaker of the English House of Commons

text: Chief Butler of England

text: Geoffrey Chaucer

text: Philippa (de) Roet

text: English

text: author

text: poet

text: bureaucrat

text: courtier

text: The Canterbury Tales

text: vernacular

text: English language

text: Latin

text: John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln

text: Lady Margaret Beaufort

text: Henry VII

text: Battle of Bosworth Field

text: Lambert Simnel

text: Battle of Stoke

text: Edmund

text: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Tyrol

text: William

text: York

text: James Tyrrell

text: Philip I of Castile

text: Namur

text: Aix-la-Chapelle

text: Buda

text: Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary

text: Henry VIII

text: Louis XII of France

text: Kingdom of England

text: Earl of Suffolk

text: Brittany

text: St. Malo

text: Metz

text: Lorraine

text: St. Simphorien

text: Pierre Alamire

text: Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

text: Francis I of France

text: John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany

text: regent

text: Battle of Pavia

text: Marguerite de la Pole

text: Marguerite of Angoulême

text: Queen of Navarre

text: Gabriel, Marquis of Saluzzo

text: J. Gairdner

text: Rolls Series

categories: 16th-century English people,De la Pole family,Pretenders to the English throne,Military leaders of the Italian Wars,1525 deaths,Younger sons of dukes,English military personnel killed in action,People of the Tudor period,1480 births

paragraph: Richard de la Pole

paragraph: Richard de la Pole (148024 February 1525) was a pretender to the English crown. Commonly nicknamed "White Rose", he was the last Yorkist claimant to actively and openly seek the crown of England. He lived in exile after many of his relatives were executed, becoming allied with Louis XII of France in the War of the League of Cambrai. Louis saw him as a more favourable ally and prospect for an English king than Henry VIII.

paragraph: During 1514, the stage was set for a Yorkist reclaiming of England under Richard. He was in Brittany with 12,000 mercenaries set for the invasion, leading his army to St. Malo; however, France and England made peace just as they were about to embark and it was thus called off. Later, with Francis I as king, Richard struck up an alliance in 1523 and planned a Yorkist invasion of England once again. However, this never came to fruition, as Richard died fighting alongside Francis I at the Battle of Pavia two years later.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was the seventh and youngest son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and his wife Elizabeth of York. His mother was the second surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. She was also a younger sister to Edward IV of England and Edmund, Earl of Rutland as well as an older sister to Margaret of York, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Richard III of England.

paragraph: His paternal grandparents were William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Alice Chaucer. Suffolk was an important English soldier and commander in the Hundred Years' War, and later Lord Chamberlain of England. He also appears prominently in William Shakespeare's "Henry VI, Part 1" and "Henry VI, Part 2".

paragraph: Alice Chaucer was a daughter of Thomas Chaucer and Maud Burghersh. Thomas was the Speaker of the English House of Commons on three occasions, Chief Butler of England for almost thirty years, attended fifteen parliaments and was Speaker of the House five times, a feat not surpassed until the 18th century.

paragraph: Thomas was a son of Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife Philippa (de) Roet. Geoffrey was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat (courtier) and diplomat. He is sometimes called the father of English literature. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative "The Canterbury Tales". He is also credited by some scholars with being the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.

paragraph: Section::::Yorkist heir.

paragraph: His eldest brother John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (c. 14641487), may have been named heir to the throne by his maternal uncle, Richard III of England, who gave him a pension and the reversion of the estates of Lady Margaret Beaufort. However, on the accession of Henry VII following the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, Lincoln took the oath of allegiance instead of claiming the throne for himself.

paragraph: In 1487, Lincoln joined the rebellion of Lambert Simnel and was killed at the Battle of Stoke. The second brother, Edmund (c. 14711513), succeeded his father while still in his minority. His estates suffered under the attainder of his brother, and he was compelled to pay large sums to Henry VII for the recovery of part of the forfeited lands, and also to exchange his title of duke for that of earl. In 1501 he sought out Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, in Tyrol and received from him a promise of substantial assistance in case of an attempt on the English crown.

paragraph: In consequence of these treasonable proceedings Henry VII seized Edmund's brother William, with four other Yorkist noblemen. Two of them, Sir James Tyrrell and Sir John Wyndham, were executed; William de la Pole was imprisoned; and Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, was outlawed. Then in July 1502 Henry VII concluded a treaty with Maximilian by which the Emperor bound himself not to countenance English rebels. Presently Suffolk fell into the hands of Philip I of Castile, who imprisoned him at Namur and in 1506 surrendered him to Henry VII, on condition that his life was spared. He remained a prisoner until 1513, when he was beheaded by Henry VIII at the time his brother Richard took up arms with the French king.

paragraph: Richard de la Pole joined Edmund abroad in 1504, and remained at Aix-la-Chapelle as surety for his elder brother's debts. The creditors threatened to surrender him to Henry VII but, more fortunate than his brother, he found a safe refuge at Buda with King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.

paragraph: He was excluded from the general pardon proclaimed at the accession of Henry VIII, and when Louis XII of France went to war with the Kingdom of England in 1512, he recognised Edmund's pretensions to the English crown and gave Richard a command in the French army. In 1513, after the execution of Edmund, he assumed the title of Earl of Suffolk. In 1514 he was given 12,000 German mercenaries, ostensibly for the defence of Brittany, but really for an invasion of England. These he led to St. Malo, but the conclusion of peace with England prevented their embarcation. Richard was required to leave France, and he established himself at Metz, in Lorraine, and built a palace at La Haute Pierre, near St. Simphorien.

paragraph: While at Metz, he was visited by Pierre Alamire, the German-Netherlandish composer and music copyist, who was a spy for Henry VIII. However, Richard employed Alamire as a counter-spy against Henry, and Alamire, on being suspected of unreliability by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Henry VIII, never returned to England.

paragraph: Richard de la Pole had numerous interviews with King Francis I of France, and in 1523 he was permitted, in concert with John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, the Scottish regent, to arrange an invasion of England, which was never carried out.

paragraph: He was with Francis I at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525, where he was killed. In a picture of the battle, preserved at the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, his lifeless body is represented in the thick of the combat with the inscription "Le Duc de Susfoc dit Blance Rose" (The Duke of Suffolk, known as White Rose).

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Richard de la Pole was never known to have married, but he is known to have had a daughter by a mistress. It has been suggested that she may have been Marie of Sicily.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marguerite de la Pole who was lady of honour to Marguerite of Angoulême, Queen of Navarre. On 21 May 1539, Marguerite de la Pole signed a marriage contract to Sibeud de Tivoley, seigneur de Brenieu, in the presence of the Queen and her kinsman Gabriel, Marquis of Saluzzo. Tivoley was esquire ordinaire of Queen Eleanore of Austria. Tivoley was still living in 1547, but died before 1568.

paragraph: Marguerite and her husband had three sons and five daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean, Seigneur of Brenieu in Vivarais.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre, became a priest and Canon of Saint Denis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claude, who also became a priest and Canon of Évry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine, wife of Gilbert de Colomb.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanore, wife of Jean de Secondat de Montesquieu, seigneur of Roques.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marguerite, wife of Claude d'Orgeoise, seigneur of Montferrier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise, wife of Jean de Montchenu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sebastienne, wife of Andre Berenger du Gua.

paragraph: Marguerite de la Pole's will was dated 1599.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III. and Henry VII., edited by J. Gairdner (2 vols., Rolls Series, 24, 1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII.; and Sir William Dugdale, The Baronage of England (London, 1675)

description: Pretender to the English crown

wikidata_label: Richard de la Pole

wikipedia_title: Richard de la Pole


text:
British
Governor of Hong Kong
Hexham
Northumberland
England
Boston Spa
Yorkshire
Silcoates School
Queens' College, Cambridge
cadet
Nibong Tebal
Bukit Mertajam
Province Wellesley
Singapore
Penang
Federated Malay States
Selangor
Straits Settlements
Kedah
Hong Kong
China
Governor's Retreat
Fanling
New Territories
Peel Rise
Peel Avenue
Violet Peel Health Centre
King George V School
Kanpur
List of heads of Hong Kong by education
Genealogy

categories: Governors of Hong Kong,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,1875 births,Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,20th-century Hong Kong people,Governors of Penang,People from Hexham,1945 deaths,Colonial Administrative Service officers,People educated at Silcoates School

paragraph: William Peel (colonial administrator)

paragraph: Sir William Peel (Chinese name: 貝璐; 27 February 1875 – 24 February 1945) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Peel was born in Hexham, Northumberland, England. He was the son of Rev. W. E. Peel of Boston Spa in Yorkshire. He attended Silcoates School and later Queens' College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Early Colonial Services.

paragraph: He became a cadet in the Colonial Service in 1897 and was soon promoted to Acting District Officer of Nibong Tebal in 1898 and Bukit Mertajam in 1899 and Province Wellesley until 1901. His next appointment as Acting Second Colonial Secretary took him to Singapore in 1902 until his return to Penang in 1905 to serve as Acting Second Magistrate and Coroner. After serving as Acting Auditor in 1908 in Penang, he continued his service in various capacities in the Federated Malay States such as Acting Secretary to the Resident of Selangor in 1909 and Acting District Officer Lower Perak in 1910, before returning to Penang as President of the Municipal Commissioners Penang in 1911. He became Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (26 February - 5 October 1917). Later, he became president of the municipal commissioners of Singapore in 1918. In 1919, he was appointed as joint passage controller of labour for the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements in 1920; and chairman of European Unemployment Committee in 1921. In 1922, he became British Adviser for the Government of Kedah. He became Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from 10 May to 9 July 1925. In 1927, he acted as officer administering the government and High Commissioner for the Malay States, having been promoted to be Chief Secretary to Government in 1926.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Hong Kong.

paragraph: On 9 May 1930, Peel was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong. During his tenure, the telephone system in Hong Kong was automated, and the first permanent flight between China and Hong Kong was established. Also, Peel presided over the construction of a Governor's Retreat in Fanling, in the New Territories.

paragraph: Peel retired in May 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Peel married to Violet Mary Drake, daughter of the late W. D. Laing by whom he had two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Places named after him.

paragraph: Peel Rise in Hong Kong and Peel Avenue in Penang were named after him. In addition, the Violet Peel Health Centre was named after his wife. The Peel Block of King George V School is named after him. Jalan Peel (Peel Road) in Kuala Lumpur was named after him too. Peel Road in Kanpur is also named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heads of Hong Kong by education

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy

description: British colonial administrator

wikidata_label: William Peel

wikipedia_title: William Peel (colonial administrator)


text: professional baseball

text: outfielder

text: Sugar Land Skeeters

text: Major League Baseball

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Ronald Belisario

text: Dominican Professional Baseball League

text: Estrellas Orientales

text: Leones del Escogido

text: 2012 Caribbean Series

text: Charlotte Knights

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Broncos de Reynosa

text: Mexican League

text: Laredo Lemurs

text: American Association

text: Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League

text: Gigantes de Rivas

text: Caribes de Anzoátegui

text: Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

text: Acereros de Monclova

text: Águilas del Zulia

text: 2017 Caribbean Series

text: Laredo Lemurs

text: Texas Airhogs

text: Texas AirHogs

text: Sugar Land Skeeters

text: Sugar Land Skeeters

categories: Broncos de Reynosa players,1985 births,Dayton Dragons players,Sarasota Reds players,Cincinnati Reds players,Carolina Mudcats players,Arizona League Reds players,Mexican League baseball right fielders,People from San Pedro de Macorís,Acereros de Monclova players,Sugar Land Skeeters players,Louisville Bats players,Lynchburg Hillcats players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Charlotte Knights players,Gulf Coast Reds players,Major League Baseball right fielders,Estrellas Orientales players,Laredo Lemurs players,Living people,Major League Baseball center fielders,Caribes de Anzoátegui players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Mexican League baseball left fielders,Billings Mustangs players

paragraph: Denis Phipps

paragraph: Denis Phipps (born July 22, 1985) is a professional baseball outfielder for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was called up to the majors for the first time on September 1, 2012. Phipps hit the first homer of his Major League career, a two-run shot against the Los Angeles Dodgers' Ronald Belisario on September 23, 2012.

paragraph: He played in the Dominican Professional Baseball League six seasons with Estrellas Orientales before joining Leones del Escogido for the 2013/14 season, after posting in 17 games an average of .220. He won the 2012 Caribbean Series with Leones del Escogido, playing as a reinforcement and on loan from Estrellas Orientales.

paragraph: Phipps started the 2014 season with the Triple-A Charlotte Knights. He was released by the Chicago White Sox on May 9. He then joined the Broncos de Reynosa of the Mexican League to play the second half of the 2014 Mexican season. He then joined the Laredo Lemurs from the 2014 season of the American Association accumulating a .335 with 15 home runs and 15 doubles but being unable to reach the championship series, losing to Wichita in the semifinal round.

paragraph: He played the 2015 season with Laredo Lemurs from the American Association ending with a .336 batting average after 17 home runs, 24 doubles, with 76 RBI'sand a league tied leading 127 hits. He was selected to the league's post season all-star team.

paragraph: For the 2015/16 season of the Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League he joined Gigantes de Rivas in October but he then signed with Caribes de Anzoátegui from the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in November 2015 after posting a .205 batting average in 11 games. He debuted on 21 November 2015 and contributed with his team until losing in the playoffs. He finished the season batting .316 with 6 home runs and 4 doubles.

paragraph: He then joined the Acereros de Monclova for the 2016 season. Before being released on May 24, 2016, he played 44 games with 8 homers.

paragraph: He played his third season with the American Association team Laredo Lemurs, being chosen to play the 2016 American Association All-Star Game as Designate Hitter. Phipps played 92 games and with 24 home runs was league leader, also having 21 stolen bases, 62 RBI's and batted .280. He was the second player in the league who achieve having 20-plus home runs and 20-plus stolen bases.

paragraph: He returned to the Venezuelan league with Caribes de Anzoátegui for the 2016/17 season, winning the Producer of the Year award and was third in the Most Valuable Player voting, when he batted .327 with 11 home runs, 40 runs batted ins and 46 scored.

paragraph: He then was unsuccessful with Caribes in the playoffs besides his 3 home runs and 12 RBI's that made him being chosen best player and later played the league's finals with Cardenales de Lara, but lost to Águilas del Zulia the championship. He was chosen to play the 2017 Caribbean Series with Zulia.

paragraph: On April 20, 2017, Phipps signed with the Laredo Lemurs of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball for his fourth season, but he became a free agent on May 8, 2017 when the Laredo Lemurs folded, with Phipps

paragraph: On May 17, 2017, Phipps signed with the Texas Airhogs of the American Association, finishing the season after 86 games with 18 doubles and lead the team in batting average with .314, 10 home runs and 58 runs batted in. He later started the 2017/18 Venezuelan Season with Anzoátegui, but was released in early November 2017 after only batting .123 and returned to the Nicaraguan league with Gigantes de Rivas.

paragraph: On January 16, 2018, Phipps was traded by the Texas AirHogs of the American Association to the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He officially signed with the team on May 14, 2018. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.

paragraph: Phipps helped the Gigantes de Rivas to reach the Nicaraguan league final series, but they lost to the Tigres de Chinandega 2-3.

paragraph: On April 15, 2019, Phipps re-signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Denis Phipps

wikipedia_title: Denis Phipps


text: Jiquipilas

text: Chiapas

text: Mexico

text: Mexican

text: football

text: midfielder

text: Toluca

text: Liga MX

text: Primera División

text: Club Leon

text: Leonel Lopez

text: Richard Ruiz

categories: Footballers from Chiapas,Association football defenders,1986 births,Club Tijuana footballers,Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz footballers,Liga MX players,Living people,Cruz Azul footballers

paragraph: Richard Ruíz

paragraph: Richard Ruíz (born January 14, 1986 in Jiquipilas, Chiapas, Mexico) is a Mexican football midfielder, who plays for Toluca in Liga MX

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Club Tijuana.

paragraph: In 2009, Ruíz started playing for the Club Tijuana Xoloitzcuintles De Caliente. In 2010, he helped Tijuana obtain the Apertura 2010 champions. Then on May 21, 2011, his team advanced to the Primera División.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Cruz Azul.

paragraph: On June 10, 2015 it was confirmed Ruiz would join the club from Tijuana on a definite purchase.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz.

paragraph: On June 7, 2017 it was confirmed Richard Ruiz would join the club from Cruz Azul on a definite purchase.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Toluca.

paragraph: On June 7, 2018, After Toluca failed to come to an agreement with Club Leon for Leonel Lopez, Richard Ruiz was signed as a replacement for Lopez.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Ruiz at Xolo transfer to Cruz Azul

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Richard Ruiz

wikipedia_title: Richard Ruíz


text:
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Cincinnati Reds

categories: 1891 births,Baseball players from Ohio,People from Georgetown, Ohio,Major League Baseball pitchers,Cincinnati Reds players,1941 deaths

paragraph: Jack Theis

paragraph: John Louis Theis (July 23, 1891 – July 6, 1941) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Cincinnati Reds.

description: Major League Baseball pitcher

wikidata_label: Jack Theis

wikipedia_title: Jack Theis


text: Diocese of the Isles

text: Old Norse

text: bishops of Orkney

text: Dúnán

text: Dublin

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Dublin

text: Maughold

text: St Patrick's Isle

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: Uí Ímair

text: imperium

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Old Norse

text: bishops of Orkney

text: Thorulf

text: Orcadian

text: Dúnán

text: Bishop of Dublin

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Gilla Pátraic

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Archbishop of York

text: St Patrick's Isle

text: episcopal see

text: St Maughold

text: William

text: Anglo-Norman

text: French

text: Anglo-Norman

categories: 11th-century bishops,11th-century Scottish clergy,Bishops of the Isles,11th-century Scottish people

paragraph: Roolwer

paragraph: Roolwer, also known as Hrólfr, was an eleventh-century ecclesiast. He is the first named bishop of a jurisdiction which later became the Diocese of the Isles, and appears to have served at his post before, and perhaps during, the reign of Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles. Roolwer's name appears to correspond to the Old Norse "Hrólfr", which could mean that he is identical to either of two contemporary like-named bishops of Orkney. Roolwer's predecessor in the Isles may have been Dúnán, whose death in 1074 during the Dublin overlordship of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster, may have enabled the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles. The site of Roolwer's cathedral is unknown, although Maughold and St Patrick's Isle are possibilities.

paragraph: Section::::Attestation.

paragraph: The ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Kingdom of the Isles, from the mid twelfth century at least, was the Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of the early history of the diocese, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair "imperium". The episcopal succession of the Isles, as recorded in the "Chronicle of Mann", starts its chronology at about the time of the reign of Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles. The first bishop to be named in the chronicle is Roolwer himself, and the form of his name preserved by this source suggests that his name is a garbled form of the Old Norse "Hrólfr". The chronicle states that Roolwer was the bishop before Gofraid Crobán's reign, which could either mean that he died before the beginning of Gofraid Crobán's rule, or that Roolwer merely occupied the position at the time of Gofraid Crobán's accession.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporaries.

paragraph: Roolwer's recorded name may be evidence that he is identical to one of the earliest bishops of Orkney. Specifically, either Thorulf (fl. 1050) or Radulf (fl. 1073). Considering the early eleventh-century Orcadian influence in the Isles, it is not inconceivable that the near contemporaneous Church in the region was then under the authority of an Orcadian appointee.

paragraph: Another noted contemporary of Roolwer was Dúnán, an ecclesiast generally assumed to have been the first Bishop of Dublin. In fact, the "Annals of Ulster" instead accords him the title ""ardespoc Gall"" ("high-bishop of the Foreigners"), and the first Bishop of Dublin solely associated with Dublin is Gilla Pátraic, a man elected to the position by the Dubliners during the regime of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King of Dublin. It is unknown if Dúnán or Roolwer himself were consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, although Radulf apparently received consecration from the Archbishop of York in about 1073. The site of Roolwer's cathedral is also unknown, although it may have been seated on St Patrick's Isle. In fact, the surviving stone tower on this island appears to date to the mid eleventh century, and made have been erected by Roolwer himself.

paragraph: Section::::Separation and succession.

paragraph: There is reason to suspect that Dúnán was Roolwer's antecessor in the Isles. This would mean that when Dúnán died in 1074—only a few years after the takeover of Dublin by Toirdelbach—the latter oversaw the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles through the creation of a new episcopal see in Dublin. Therefore, like Gilla Pátraic in Dublin, Roolwer's episcopacy in the Isles may well have begun in 1074 after Dúnán's death, and perhaps ended at some point during Gofraid Crobán's reign. The chronicle records that Roolwer was buried at the "church of St Maughold". His successor, according to the chronicle, was a certain William, a man whose Anglo-Norman or French name may cast light on his origins, and may in turn reveal Gofraid Crobán's links with the wider Anglo-Norman world. Indeed, such connections would seem to parallel those between Dublin and the Archbishop of Canterbury, forged by Gofraid Crobán's aforesaid contemporaries in Dublin, Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill.

description: Bishop of the Isles

wikidata_label: Roolwer

wikipedia_title: Roolwer


text:
Ming Dynasty
Jiajing Emperor
Nanjing
Empress Zhang
Renyin palace rebellion
Consort Duan
Consort Duan

categories: Ming dynasty empresses,1547 deaths,1516 births

paragraph: Empress Fang

paragraph: Empress Fang (1516-1547) was a Chinese Empress consort of the Ming Dynasty, third empress to the Jiajing Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Concubine.

paragraph: Fang originated from the area of Nanjing. She was selected for palace service in 1531, and chosen as a concubine for the emperor.

paragraph: She was described as beautiful and talented. However, she refused to use bribes to improve her chances of being selected to share the bed of the emperor, and as the emperor did not wish to have sexual intercourse with women over the age of fifteen, her chance to experience a sexual encounter with the emperor was therefore past, which reportedly caused her great sorrow and emotional loss.

paragraph: Section::::Empress.

paragraph: In 28 January 1534, nine days after the deposition of Empress Zhang, Fang was nevertheless chosen by the emperor to succeed as empress consort of the imperial court. The choice was made upon her because she supported him in his feud with his officials concerning the rituals of the imperial ancestors.

paragraph: Section::::Empress.:Renyin palace rebellion.

paragraph: Empress Fang was described as the favorite spouse of the emperor, and was known for having saved his life during the Renyin palace rebellion. Emperor Jiajing, who was described as a strict and liable to violent outbursts, was known for his cruelty toward his female staff and palace women, reportedly having had 200 women of the palace staff beaten to death during his reign. In October 1542, sixteen palace maids formed a conspiracy to assassinate the emperor; not for political reasons, but as retaliation for his abuse. One night when the emperor was in bed with his favorite concubine, Consort Duan, the sixteen maids attacked him in his bed and tried to strangle him. They stuffed his mouth, jabbed at his penis, tied a silk cord around his neck and pulled until he lost consciousness. At this moment, however, one of them, Golden Lotus Zhang, lost her nerve and left them to alert the empress, who rushed in, untied the knot and saved the life of the emperor.

paragraph: The emperor could not speak after the attack and was in a state of shock. Therefore, the empress acted on his behalf and had all the sixteen women executed, including Consort Duan. When he recuperated, the emperor could not believe that Duan had been involved as Duan had been his favorite. However, the personal relationship to empress Fang was damaged, despite the fact that she had saved his life.

paragraph: Although he was grateful to her for saving his life, and granted her official honors for this, he blamed her for the loss of Duan, and their personal relationship did not improve, which was said to have caused Fang a depression.

paragraph: Section::::Empress.:Death.

paragraph: Empress Fang died in a fire in 1547. When an eunuch asked the emperor if the trapped empress should be saved, the emperor refused to answer, and she was therefore burnt to death. He did nevertheless grant her all the honor after her death.

description: Ming Dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Empress Xiaolie

wikipedia_title: Empress Fang


text:
Ming dynasty
Zhengde Emperor

categories: 1535 deaths,1492 births,Ming dynasty empresses,15th-century Chinese women

paragraph: Empress Xia (Ming dynasty)

paragraph: Empress Xiaojingyi (1492–1535), was a Chinese Empress consort of the Ming dynasty, married to the Zhengde Emperor.

paragraph: She was from the district Sang-yuan (in present Nanking). In 1506, she was selected to become the first consort and empress of the emperor. She had no issue. When her spouse died childless in 1521, he was succeeded by his cousin Jiangjing. She was given the title Empress Chuang-su.

description: Ming dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Empress Xiaojingyi

wikipedia_title: Empress Xia (Ming dynasty)


text:
Ming Dynasty
Hongzhi Emperor
Zhengde Emperor
dowager
Jiajing Emperor
handscroll
San Diego Museum of Art
Wu Wei
Zhang Lu
Zhu Houzhao, Zhengde Emperor

categories: 1471 births,Ming dynasty empresses dowager,15th-century Chinese women,Ming dynasty empresses,1541 deaths

paragraph: Empress Zhang (Hongzhi)

paragraph: Empress Xiaochengjing (1471 – 1541), was a Chinese Empress consort of the Ming Dynasty, married to the Hongzhi Emperor and mother of the Zhengde Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Empress.

paragraph: Empress Xiaochengjing née Zhang was the daughter of Zhang Luan (張巒). She was born and in Xingji (nowadays Qing county, Hebei province). In 1487, she married then-Crown Prince Youcheng and was thus give the title of crown princess. She was created empress when her husband succeeded the throne later that year. She remains the only empress to an adult emperor who had no concubines in Chinese history. The emperor did not want other wives or concubines because he is said to have loved her sincerely.

paragraph: Empress Zhang was described as a "foolish and demanding woman, capable of no more than petty faults", but those included a constant desire for expensive objects, credulity about the teachings of the most specious Buddhist and Taoïst clerics, and limitless favour for her family, especially her two unrestrainedly venal brothers. This pair, Zhang Heling (張鶴齡) and Zhang Yanling (張延齡), with the support of their sister the Empress and her mother, Lady Gin, made careers of misusing their high position.

paragraph: In 1505, the Hongzhi Emperor died and her son ascended the throne as the Zhengde Emperor. Being his mother she was created empress dowager. In 1510 she was bestowed upon the titles of Cishou (慈寿皇太后).

paragraph: In 1521, the childless Zhengde Emperor died and his cousin, Zhu Houcong, ascended the throne as the Jiajing Emperor. It was thought that he would continue the line of succession in the role of the deceased emperor's adoptive younger brother and treat his aunt, Empress Zhang, and deceased uncle as father and mother. A crisis developed when Jiajing's mother, Lady Chiang, arrived at Tongzhou. She heard that she was to be received as a princess rather than as an empress and that her son was pressured to refer her as his aunt. She threatened to return to Anlu with her son, who informed Empress Zhang he intended to abdicate. An edict was issued under Empress Zhang's seal giving her an imperial title.

paragraph: Empress Zhang, however, continued to regard Lady Chiang as an unimportant princess, receiving her with the courtesies proper for an imperial princess, her title of empress dowager notwithstanding. Her behaviour infuriated the emperor no less than it did his mother; henceforth, he used every means at his disposal to humiliate and intimidate Empress Zhang and her family.

paragraph: In 1522, Jiajing married Lady Chen, who was chosen by Empress Zhang as his Empress. Jiajing did not warm to his new bride and had little to do with her. In the spring of 1524, the Jiajing emperor refused her a formal audience on the occasion of her birthday, whereas several weeks earlier he had arranged elaborate ceremonies in honor of his mother's birthday. The officials who protested were arrested, and the emperor let it be known that he would not tolerate further criticism of his private life. He clearly intended to honor his mother at his aunt's expense in this and court ceremonies.

paragraph: The following year, April 15, 1525, a fire destroyed Empress Zhang's residential palace. She and her entourage had to move to a smaller palace while the old palace was rebuilt. At first the emperor approved a suggestion to rebuild the palace on a smaller scale, since materials were needed for his fathers temple, which was then under construction. But in late August, he suggested that work on the palace be stopped, ostensibly to ease the burden on his subjects. Grand secretary Fei Hung noted that Empress Zhang was not at ease in her quarters, but the emperor was unmoved. In October, when the minister of works suggested that several of the emperor's building projects be halted, he agreed on one condition: that work on Empress Zhang's palace be halted as well.

paragraph: Empress Zhang died in 1541 and was buried, with the least possible ceremony, with her husband.

paragraph: Section::::Patronage of Art.

paragraph: The art during the Ming dynasty reflected the power acquired by Empress Zhang and other courtly women during her reign. The most famous and arguably most important piece attributed to Empress Zhang is a handscroll known as the "Ordination Scroll", which depicts her ordination as a Taoist priestess in 1493. The original artist seems to be unknown, and it is currently located at the San Diego Museum of Art. The exhibition "Taoism and the Arts of China" mentions that in addition to the empress, the scroll includes a group of divine women called "jade maidens" as well as the Taoist priest who ordained her and several deities.

paragraph: The "Ordination Scroll" is not the only artwork associated with the empress. She was an influence on numerous artworks by Wu Wei and possibly his colleagues and paintings attributed to Zhang Lu. Another painting known as "Su Shi Returning to Court", a handscroll commonly attributed to Zhang Lu, seems to pertain to Empress Zhang as well. It does not depict the empress herself, yet Jennifer Purtle argues that Empress Zhang used this painting to compare herself to historical empresses.

paragraph: Empress Zhang understood the influence of art and how it could validate her own power. Purtle describes Empress Zhang's power as “dominated,” defining it as a power that is subtle and indirect, which is reflected in her patronage of the arts. Her influence also cleared the way for other court women to gain power during the Ming dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Zhu Houzhao, Zhengde Emperor (26 October 1491 – 20 April 1521).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Zhu Houwei, Prince Dao of Wei (1 January 1495 – 9 March 1496).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Zhu Xiurong, Princess Taikang (15 February 1497 – 1 October 1498).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cambridge history of China: volume 7, the Ming dynasty, 1368-1644 by Frederick W. Mote, Denis Twitchett

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical dictionary of Chinese women, Tang through Ming 618-1644. edited by: Lily Xiao Honglee, Sue Willes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ming dynasty history of empresses and concubines (明史后妃传)

description: Ming Dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Empress Xiaochengjing

wikipedia_title: Empress Zhang (Hongzhi)