text: Belgian

text: titular archbishop

text: cardinal of the Catholic Church

text: Arlon

text: ordained

text: priest

text: Diocese of Namur

text: licentiate

text: philology

text: Oriental history

text: Catholic University of Leuven

text: Université catholique de Louvain

text: anglophone

text: anthropologist

text: Harvard University

text: Hans Christian Andersen Award

text: paleontologist

text: Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)

text: Yves Coppens

text: Catholic University of Milan

text: cardinal

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Bellicastrum

text: episcopal consecration

text: parish church

text: Hainaut

text: consecrator

text: Giacinto Berloco

text: Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium

text: Rémy Victor Vancottem

text: Guy Harpigny

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: consistory

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Order of the Holy Sepulchre

text: Honorary Doctorate

text: Catholic University of Milan

text: Académie française

categories: 2013 deaths,Belgian Roman Catholic archbishops,1920 births,Belgian historians,Catholic University of Leuven alumni (pre-1968),Université catholique de Louvain faculty,Belgian cardinals,Roman Catholic titular archbishops,Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI,Belgian titular bishops

paragraph: Julien Ries

paragraph: Julien Ries (19 April 1920 – 23 February 2013) was a Belgian religious historian, titular archbishop and cardinal of the Catholic Church. Prior to his death, Ries was described as "the greatest living religions scholar".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Fouches, near Arlon, Belgium, he was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Namur on 12 August 1945. After graduating with a doctorate of Philosophy and receiving a licentiate in philology and Oriental history from the Catholic University of Leuven, Ries taught at the university from 1960 to 1968. After the university split in 1968, he taught at the French-speaking Université catholique de Louvain, where he founded the "Centre d'Histoire des Religions" (which has recently been named after him). During that period, he was also a member of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue from 1979 to 1985. In 1990, Ries retired from active work.

paragraph: Among the non-specialists in the anglophone world he was most known for his series for young people "Religions of Humanity" which he edited with American anthropologist Lawrence E. Sullivan (Head of the "Centre for the Study of World Religions" at Harvard University from 1990 to 2003). Ries and Sullivan received the "Hans Christian Andersen Award" for these series in 2000. Ries has developed a renewed religious anthropology in which the religious dimension of humankind is taken seriously. His conclusion was the same as that of the French paleontologist and co-discoverer of the Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) Yves Coppens, with whom he collaborated, i.e. that human beings have been religious right from the beginning.

paragraph: In 2009, Ries donated his library, all his manuscripts, notes and documents relating to courses, and the correspondences he had with religious historians across the globe, to the Catholic University of Milan.

paragraph: On 6 January 2012, it was announced that Ries would be created a cardinal the next month, and was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Bellicastrum" on 23 January 2012. He received episcopal consecration at the parish church of Notre-Dame de la Visitation, in Villers-Notre-Dame, Hainaut on 11 February 2012. The principal consecrator was Archbishop Giacinto Berloco, Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium, assisted by Bishop Rémy Victor Vancottem of Namur and Bishop Guy Harpigny of Tournai as principal co-consecrators.

paragraph: Ries was created Cardinal-Deacon of "Sant'Antonio di Padova a Circonvallazione Appia" by Pope Benedict XVI in the consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 18 February 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Orders.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Order of the Holy Sepulchre

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Academic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Doctorate of the Catholic University of Milan (27 October 2010) for works in philosophy and bio-ethics because of "the intricate value of his study" and his "tireless scientific and cultural activity"

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Fellowships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honorary Life Member" of the "International Association for the History of Religions"

paragraph: Section::::Distinctions.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dumas Millier prize" of the Académie française (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Furtado prize" (1987) of the Académie française

description: Belgian cardinal and historian

wikidata_label: Julien Ries

wikipedia_title: Julien Ries


text: Princess of Piombino

categories: 18th-century women rulers,Princesses of Piombino,1686 births,18th-century Italian people,1745 deaths

paragraph: Maria Eleonora I Boncompagni

paragraph: Maria Eleonora I Boncompagni (1686–1745) was the Princess of Piombino, Marchioness of Populonia, Princess of Venosa and Countess of Conza, Lady di Scarlino, Populonia, Vignale, Abbadia del Fango, Suvereto, Buriano, Isola d’Elba, Montecristo, Pianosa, Cerboli e Palmaiolan, from 1733 until her death.

paragraph: She was the oldest of six daughters to her mother Ippolita Ludovisi. She succeeded her mother as sovereign at her death in 1733. She was married to her uncle, Don Antonio I Boncompagni, who became Prince of Piombino by the right of his wife (1658–1721).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mauro Carrara, Signori e principi di Piombino, Bandecchi & Vivaldi, Pontedera 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower1700.htm

description: Princess of Piombino

wikidata_label: Maria Eleonora I Boncompagni

wikipedia_title: Maria Eleonora I Boncompagni


text: Duke of Mecklenburg

text: Stargard

text: Sternberg

text: Friedland

text: Fürstenberg

text: Lychen

text: John V, Duke of Mecklenburg

text: John II

text: Henry

text: Henry IV

text: Werle

text: Albert IV of Anhalt-Köthen

text: William of Werle

text: Sternberg

categories: 1389 births,House of Mecklenburg,15th-century German people,1438 deaths,Dukes of Mecklenburg-Stargard

paragraph: John III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard

paragraph: John III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1389 – after 11 November 1438) was from 1416 to 1438 Duke of Mecklenburg, Lord of Stargard, Sternberg, Friedland, Fürstenberg, and Lychen. To distinguish him from John V, Duke of Mecklenburg, he is sometimes called "John the Elder".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was the oldest child of Duke John II and his wife Catherine ("Wilheida") of Lithuania.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John III was probably born in 1389. In 1416, he took over the reign of Sternberg from his father. He was taken prisoner by Brandenburg, for unknown reasons. He was released on 28 June 1427, under the condition that he had to swear an oath of allegiance to the Margrave of Brandenburg.

paragraph: In 1436, he and his cousin Henry and his remote cousin Henry IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, jointly inherited the Lordship of Werle.

paragraph: He married Luttrud, the daughter of Albert IV of Anhalt-Köthen. She was probably a sister of Anna, the first wife of William of Werle, the last Lord of Werle. The marriage remained childless.

paragraph: John III died in 1438 and was probably buried in Sternberg. His cousin Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard inherited his possessions.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg

description: Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard

wikidata_label: John III

wikipedia_title: John III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard


text: HMS "Vigilant"

text: Trident ballistic missile

text: nuclear deterrent

text: Hamble Secondary School

text: Barton Peveril Sixth Form College

categories: Living people,Royal Navy officers,Alumni of the University of Southampton,Alumni of Keele University,People from Yeovil,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Daniel Martyn

paragraph: Commander Daniel "Dan" Martyn was the commanding officer of HMS "Vigilant", one of Britain's four Trident ballistic missile carrying submarines which form the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent.

paragraph: Martyn was born in Yeovil, Somerset. He received his school education at Hamble Secondary School and Barton Peveril Sixth Form College. He subsequently completed degrees at Southampton and Keele Universities. He joined the Royal Navy in 1999.

paragraph: Martyn retired from the Royal Navy and the end of 2017.

paragraph: He is married and lives with his wife and twin boys in Glasgow.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defence Secretary Reaffirms Nuclear Deterrent Commitment

wikidata_label: Daniel Martyn

wikipedia_title: Daniel Martyn


text:
Vicopisano
Pisa
Italian
Dominican order
ascetic
Latin
William Perault
Vitae Patrum
Pope Gregory I
Acts of the Apostles
Saint Jerome
Eustochium
Four Gospels
Passion

categories: Italian male writers,1342 deaths,14th-century Italian writers,13th-century_births

paragraph: Domenico Cavalca

paragraph: Domenico Cavalca (Vicopisano, c. 1270 – Pisa, October 1342) was an Italian writer.

paragraph: He was a friar of the Dominican order and lived a life, mostly spent in the monastery of Santa Caterina, of irreproachable morals, characterized by attention to the poor and the sick. Cavalca dedicated much time and care to nunneries in the province of Pisa and his activity led to the foundation in 1342, just before his death, of the Dominican nunnery of Santa Marta (today no longer existing) in Pisa.

paragraph: The works of Cavalca, of religious or ascetic subject, are in part original, in part derived from Latin texts. His treatises are strongly influenced by "Summae virtutum ac vitiorum", a treatise written in the thirteenth century by the French Dominican William Perault.

paragraph: Cavalca became a very famous writer and in the following centuries many works were attributed to him, but in many cases these were erroneous attributions.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vite dei santi Padri". Translation into the vernacular of the "Vitae Patrum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogo di San Gregorio". Translation into the vernacular of the "Dialogues" of Pope Gregory I

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atti degli Apostoli". Translation into the vernacular of the Acts of the Apostles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistola di San Girolamo a Eustochio". Translation into the vernacular of a letter of Saint Jerome to Eustochium

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Specchio di Croce". A treatise inspired by the image of Christ on the cross, with many reflections on the passages of the four Four Gospels about the Passion

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medicina del cuore ovvero trattato della Pazienza". A collection of two treatises dedicated to wrath and patience

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Specchio dei peccati" ("The mirror of sins"), 1333. A treatise with reflections on confession and penitence

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pungilingua". A treatrise on the dangers of the misuse of the language

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frutti della lingua". A treatise on preaching

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disciplina degli spirituali". A treatise about common wrong attitudes of people devoted to spiritual life

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trattato delle trenta stoltizie". A treatise about the errors made in the fight against the temptations of the evil

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Esposizione del Simbolo degli Apostoli".

alias:
Domenico Cavalcha
Domenico
Domenico da Pisa
Domenico Chavalcha
Dominicus Cavalca
Dominico
Dominique Cavalca
Dominicus
Domenico Chalvacha

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Domenico Cavalca

wikipedia_title: Domenico Cavalca


text:
Italian
aeronautical engineer
seaplane
flying boats
trainers
fighters
Cosenza
Kingdom of Italy
Turin
Domenico Santoni
Milan
SIAI
Italian
Sesto Calende
Lake Maggiore
Blériot
Maurice Farman
Henri Farman
FBA
SIAI S.8
Saint-Ouen
Paris
CAMS
French
Seine
CAMS 30T
CAMS 36
CNT
Trieste
Monfalcone
Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino
Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico
Società Aerea Mediterranea
Caproni
Giovanni Pegna
Caproni Ca.164
Ca.165
Ca.603

categories: 1889 births,1946 deaths,Aircraft designers

paragraph: Raffaele Conflenti

paragraph: Raffaele Conflenti (4 December 1889 – 16 July 1946) was an Italian aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer. During his career, he worked for some of the most important seaplane manufacturers in Italy and designed a large number of aircraft including civil and military flying boats, record-breaking seaplanes and land trainers and fighters.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Conflenti was born in Cosenza, then part of the Kingdom of Italy, on 4 December 1889. He graduated in engineering and in 1912 he started working for Società Italiana Transaerea (Italian Trans-Aeronautical Company, or SIT) in Turin. He then worked for Domenico Santoni's Società Costruzioni Aeronautiche Savoia (Savoia Aeronautical Works Company) in Milan and later he became the technical director of SIAI (Società Idrovolanti Alta Italia, Italian for Seaplane Company of Northern Italy), the company Santoni had founded in 1914 together with businessman Luigi Capè. SIAI was headquartered in Sesto Calende, on Lake Maggiore.

paragraph: Conflenti, who had initially supervised the production of license-built Blériot, Maurice Farman and Henri Farman aircraft, now turned to FBA types. In 1917, however, his first original design—the SIAI S.8—made its maiden flight. Conflenti designed several other aircraft for SIAI before Santoni suddenly left SIAI and moved to Saint-Ouen, in the suburbs of Paris, where in 1921 he founded a new company named CAMS (Chantiers Aéro-Maritimes de la Seine, French for Aircraft and Shipping Yards of the Seine); Conflenti followed Santoni a few months later and became the technical director of CAMS. CAMS initially built SIAI aircraft under license, but Conflenti soon started designing new types of seaplanes, including record-breaking CAMS 30T and CAMS 36.

paragraph: Conflenti left CAMS in 1923 and he went back to Italy, where he became the head designer of the newly founded aeronautical section of CNT (Cantiere Navale Triestino, Italian for Shipyard of Trieste), headquartered in Monfalcone. He held that position until 1932 (in the meantime, CNT had merged with Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino giving birth to Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, or CRDA).

paragraph: Between late 1932 and 1935 Conflenti worked for the Società Aerea Mediterranea (SAM) airline. In 1936 he started working for the Caproni group, where he collaborated with Giovanni Pegna; among his last designs were the Caproni Ca.164, Ca.165 and Ca.603.

paragraph: Conflenti died in Cosenza on 16 July 1946.

description: Italian aircraft designer

wikidata_label: Raffaele Conflenti

wikipedia_title: Raffaele Conflenti


text: West Africa

text: Boston

text: George Washington

text: Jupiter Hammon

text: emancipated

text: West Africa

text: Gambia

text: Senegal

text: Timothy Fitch

text: slaves

text: Alexander Pope

text: John Milton

text: Homer

text: Horace

text: Virgil

text: George III

text: Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon

text: Samson Occom

text: John Thornton

text: John Newton

text: Cambridge

text: Thomas Paine

text: Pennsylvania Gazette

text: free black

text: scullery maid

text: King George III

text: Stamp Act

text: American Revolution

text: George Whitefield

text: elegies

text: John Erving

text: Charles Chauncey

text: John Hancock

text: Thomas Hutchinson

text: Andrew Oliver

text: attestation

text: Selina, Countess of Huntingdon

text: Earl of Dartmouth

text: The London Magazine

text: Jupiter Hammon

text: ode

text: Hartford, Connecticut

text: pagan

text: Isaac Knapp

text: George Moses Horton

text: iambic tetrameter

text: iambic pentameter

text: rhyme scheme

text: Voltaire

text: John Paul Jones

text: African-American literature

text: Molefi Kete Asante

text: 100 Greatest African Americans

text: Abigail Adams

text: Lucy Stone

text: Commonwealth Avenue

text: Robert Morris University

text: UMass Boston

text: Boston Women's Heritage Trail

text: Phyllis Wheatley YWCA

text: Phyllis Wheatly High School

text: Jensen Beach, Florida

text: Nubian Jak Community Trust

text: Ade Solanke

text: African American literature

text: AALBC.com

text: Elijah McCoy

text: Jupiter Hammon

text: Phillis Wheatley Club

text: Slave narrative

text: List of slaves

text: "Phillis Wheatley"

categories: African-American Christians,1753 births,People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution,18th-century American poets,American slaves,American people of Senegalese descent,18th-century American women writers,African-American women writers,African-American poets,Cultural history of Boston,People of colonial Massachusetts,People from colonial Boston,Writers from Boston,1784 deaths,American people of Gambian descent,American Congregationalists,Phillis Wheatley,American women poets,Colonial American poets,Deaths in childbirth

paragraph: Phillis Wheatley

paragraph: Phillis Wheatley, also spelled Phyllis and Wheatly (c. 1753 – December 5, 1784) was the first African-American woman to publish a book of poetry. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven or eight and transported to North America. She was purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston, who taught her to read and write and encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent.

paragraph: The publication of her "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral" on September 1, 1773, brought her fame both in England and the American colonies. Figures such as George Washington praised her work. During Wheatley's visit to England with her master's son, African-American poet Jupiter Hammon praised her work in his own poem. Wheatley was emancipated (set free) shortly after the publication of her book. She married in about 1778. Two of her children died as infants. After her husband was imprisoned for debt in 1784, Wheatley fell into poverty and died of illness, quickly followed by the death of her surviving infant son.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Although the date and place of her birth are not documented, scholars believe that Phillis Wheatley was born in 1753 in West Africa, most likely in present-day Gambia or Senegal. Wheatley was sold by a local chief to a visiting trader, who took her to Boston in the British colony of Massachusetts, on July 11, 1761, on a ship called "The Phillis". It was owned by Timothy Fitch and captained by Peter Gwinn.

paragraph: On arrival she was re-sold to the wealthy Boston merchant and tailor John Wheatley, who bought the young girl as a servant for his wife Susanna. John and Susanna Wheatley named the young girl Phillis, after the ship that had brought her to America. She was given their last name of Wheatley, as was a common custom if any surname was used for slaves.

paragraph: The Wheatleys' 18-year-old daughter, Mary, first tutored Phillis in reading and writing. Their son Nathaniel also helped her. John Wheatley was known as a progressive throughout New England; his family gave Phillis an unprecedented education for an enslaved person, and for a female of any race. By the age of 12, she was reading Greek and Latin classics and difficult passages from the Bible. At the age of 14, she wrote her first poem, "To the University of Cambridge, in New England." Recognizing her literary ability, the Wheatley family supported Phillis's education and left the household labor to their other domestic slaves. The Wheatleys often showed off her abilities to friends and family. Strongly influenced by her studies of the works of Alexander Pope, John Milton, Homer, Horace and Virgil, Phillis began to write poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1773, at the age of 20, Phillis accompanied Nathaniel Wheatley to London in part for her health, but also because Susanna believed she would have a better chance publishing her book of poems there. She had an audience with the Lord Mayor of London (an audience with George III was arranged, but Phillis returned home beforehand), as well as with other significant members of British society. She was also never able to personally meet Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, who served as the patron of Wheatley's volume of poems, which was published in the summer of 1773.

paragraph: Phillis Wheatley wrote a letter to Reverend Samson Occom, commending him on his ideas and beliefs of how the slaves should be given their natural born rights in America. Wheatley also exchanged letters with the British philanthropist John Thornton, who in turn discussed Wheatley and her poetry in his correspondence with John Newton. Along with her poetry, she was able to express her thoughts, comments and concerns to others.

paragraph: In 1775, she sent a copy of a poem entitled, "To His Excellency, George Washington" to him. In 1776, Washington invited Wheatley to visit him at his headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which she did in March 1776. Thomas Paine republished the poem in the "Pennsylvania Gazette" in April 1776.

paragraph: In 1773, sometime between July and October, Wheatley was emancipated by the Wheatley family shortly after her book, "Poems on Subjects Religious and Moral", was published in London. Susanna Wheatley died in the spring of 1774. John Wheatley's death followed in 1778. Shortly after, Phillis Wheatley met and married John Peters, a free black grocer. They struggled with poor living conditions and the deaths of two babies.

paragraph: In 1779, Wheatley submitted a proposal for a second volume of poems, but was unable to publish it because of her financial circumstances, the loss of patrons after her emancipation (often publication of books was based on gaining subscriptions for guaranteed sales beforehand), and the Revolutionary War. However, some of her poems that were to be published in that volume were later published in pamphlets and newspapers.

paragraph: Her husband John Peters was improvident, and imprisoned for debt in 1784, leaving an impoverished Wheatley with a sickly infant son. She went to work as a scullery maid at a boarding house to support them, a kind of domestic labor that she had not been accustomed to, even before becoming a free person. Wheatley died on December 5, 1784, at the age of 31.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: In 1768, Wheatley wrote "To the King's Most Excellent Majesty", in which she praised King George III for repealing the Stamp Act. As the American Revolution gained strength, Wheatley's writing turned to themes that expressed ideas of the rebellious colonists.

paragraph: In 1770 Wheatley wrote a poetic tribute to the evangelist George Whitefield, which received widespread acclaim. Her poetry expressed Christian themes, and many poems were dedicated to famous figures. Over one-third consist of elegies, the remainder being on religious, classical, and abstract themes. She seldom referred to her own life in her poems. One example of a poem on slavery is "On being brought from Africa to America":

paragraph: Historians have commented on her reluctance to write about slavery. Perhaps it was because she had conflicting feelings about the institution. In the poem above, critics have said that she praises slavery because it brought her to Christianity. But, in another poem, she wrote that slavery was a cruel fate.

paragraph: Many colonists found it difficult to believe that an African slave was writing "excellent" poetry. Wheatley had to defend her authorship of her poetry in court in 1772. She was examined by a group of Boston luminaries, including John Erving, Reverend Charles Chauncey, John Hancock, Thomas Hutchinson, the governor of Massachusetts, and his lieutenant governor Andrew Oliver. They concluded she had written the poems ascribed to her and signed an attestation, which was included in the preface of her book of collected works: "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral," published in London in 1773. Publishers in Boston had declined to publish it, but her work was of great interest in London. There, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon and the Earl of Dartmouth acted as patrons to help Wheatley gain publication. Her poetry received comment in "The London Magazine" in 1773, which published as a "specimen" of her work her poem 'Hymn to the Morning', and said: "these poems display no astonishing works of genius, but when we consider them as the productions of a young, untutored African, who wrote them after six months careful study of the English language, we cannot but suppress our admiration for talents so vigorous and lively." "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral" would go through 11 editions until 1816.

paragraph: In 1778, the African-American poet Jupiter Hammon wrote an ode to Wheatley ("An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley"), while his owner, Lloyd, had temporarily moved himself and the slaves he owned to Hartford, Connecticut, during the Revolutionary War. Hammon saw Wheatley as having succumbed to what he believed were pagan influences in her writing, and so the "Address" consisted of 21 rhyming quatrains, each accompanied by a related Bible verse, that he thought would compel Wheatley to return to a Christian path in life.

paragraph: Boston-based publisher and abolitionist Isaac Knapp collected Wheatley's poetry along with that of enslaved North Carolina poet George Moses Horton in 1838 under the title "Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave. Also, Poems by a Slave". The memoir was earlier published in 1834 by Geo W. Light, but did not include poems by Horton.

paragraph: Section::::Style, structure, and influences on poetry.

paragraph: Wheatley believed that the power of poetry is immeasurable. John C. Shields, noting that her poetry did not simply reflect the literature she read but was based on her personal ideas and beliefs. writes,:

paragraph: "Wheatley had more in mind than simple conformity. It will be shown later that her allusions to the sun god and to the goddess of the morn, always appearing as they do here in close association with her quest for poetic inspiration, are of central importance to her." This poem is arranged into three stanzas of four lines in iambic tetrameter followed by a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme is ABABCC.

paragraph: She used three primary elements: Christianity, classicism, and hierophantic solar worship. The hierophantic solar worship is what she brought with her from Africa; the worship of sun gods is expressed as part of her African culture, which may be why she used so many different words for the sun. For instance, she uses Aurora eight times, "Apollo seven, Phoebus twelve, and Sol twice." Shields believes that the word "light" is significant to her as it marks her African history, a past that she has left physically behind.

paragraph: He notes that Sun is a homonym for Son, and that Wheatley intended a double reference to Christ. Wheatley also refers to "heav'nly muse" in two of her poems: "To a Clergy Man on the Death of his Lady" and "Isaiah LXIII," signifying her idea of the Christian deity.

paragraph: Shields believes that her use of classicism set her work apart from that of her contemporaries: "Wheatley's use of classicism distinguishes her work as original and unique and deserves extended treatment." Shields sums up her writing as being "contemplative and reflective rather than brilliant and shimmering."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: With the 1773 publication of Wheatley's book "Poems on Various Subjects," she "became the most famous African on the face of the earth." Voltaire stated in a letter to a friend that Wheatley had proved that black people could write poetry. John Paul Jones asked a fellow officer to deliver some of his personal writings to "Phillis the African favorite of the Nine (muses) and Apollo." She was honored by many of America's founding fathers, including George Washington, who told her that "the style and manner [of your poetry] exhibit a striking proof of your great poetical Talents."

paragraph: Critics consider her work fundamental to the genre of African-American literature, and she is honored as the first African-American woman to publish a book of poetry and the first to make a living from her writing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2002, the scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Phillis Wheatley as one of his "100 Greatest African Americans".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheatley is featured, along with Abigail Adams and Lucy Stone, in the , a 2003 sculpture on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2012, Robert Morris University named the new building for their School of Communications and Information Sciences after Phillis Wheatley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheatley Hall at UMass Boston is named for Phyllis Wheatley.

paragraph: She is commemorated on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail. The Phyllis Wheatley YWCA in Washington, D.C. and the Phyllis Wheatly High School in Houston, Texas, are named for her, as was the historic Phyllis Wheatley School in Jensen Beach, Florida, now the oldest building on the campus of American Legion Post 126, (Jensen Beach, Florida). A branch of the Richland County Library in Columbia, SC, which offered the first library services to black citizens, is named for her.

paragraph: On July 16, 2019, at the London site where A. Bell Booksellers published Wheatley's first book in September 1773 (8 Aldgate, now the site of the Dorsett City Hotel), the unveiling took place of a blue plaque honoring her, organized by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and Black History Walks was unveiled in London.

paragraph: Wheatley is the subject of a project and play by Ade Solanke entitled "Phillis in London".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- African American literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- AALBC.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elijah McCoy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jupiter Hammon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillis Wheatley Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slave narrative

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of slaves

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary materials

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheatley, Phillis (1988). John C. Shields, ed. "The Collected Works of Phillis Wheatley". New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheatley, Phillis (2001). Vincent Carretta, ed. "Complete Writings". New York: Penguin Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borland, (1968). "Phillis Wheatley: Young Colonial Poet". Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carretta, Vincent (2011). "Phillis Wheatley: Biography of A Genius in Bondage" Athens: University of Georgia Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2003). "The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters With the Founding Fathers," New York: Basic Civitas Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richmond, M. A. (1988). "Phillis Wheatley". New York: Chelsea House Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary materials

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abcarian, Richard and Marvin Klotz. "Phillis Wheatley," In "Literature: The Human Experience", 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006: 1606.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bassard, Katherine Clay (1999). "Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women's Writing". Princeton: Princeton University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engberg, Kathrynn Seidler, "The Right to Write: The Literary Politics of Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley". Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Langley, April C. E. (2008). "The Black Aesthetic Unbound: Theorizing the Dilemma of Eighteenth-century African American Literature". Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ogude, S. E. (1983). "Genius in Bondage: A Study of the Origins of African Literature in English". Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reising, Russel J. (1996). "Loose Ends: Closure and Crisis in the American Social Text". Durham: Duke University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, William Henry (1981). "Phillis Wheatley: A Bio-bibliography". Boston: GK Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, William Henry (1982). "Critical Essays on Phillis Wheatley". Boston: GK Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, William Henry (1984). "Phillis Wheatley and Her Writings". New York: Garland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shockley, Ann Allen (1988). "Afro-American Women Writers, 1746-1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide". Boston: GK Hall.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phillis Wheatley" National Women's History Museum

description: American poet

enwikiquote_title: Phillis Wheatley

wikidata_label: Phillis Wheatley

wikipedia_title: Phillis Wheatley


text: Jesuit

text: numismatist

text: Enzersfeld

text: Lower Austria

text: order

text: numismatics

text: rhetoric

text: Steyer

text: Vienna

text: Italy

text: Florence

text: Maria Theresa of Austria

text: University of Vienna

text: Steinbuchel

text: Joseph Pellerin

categories: University of Vienna faculty,1798 deaths,People from Baden District, Austria,Austrian Jesuits,1737 births,Austrian antiquarians,Austrian numismatists

paragraph: Joseph Hilarius Eckhel

paragraph: Joseph Hilarius Eckhel (13 January 1737 – 16 May 1798) was an Austrian Jesuit priest and numismatist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Eckhel was born at Enzersfeld, in Lower Austria.

paragraph: His father was farm-steward to Count Zinzendorf, and he received his early education at the Jesuits' College, Vienna, where at the age of fourteen he was admitted into the order. He devoted himself to antiquities and numismatics. After being engaged as professor of poetry and rhetoric, first at Steyer and afterwards at Vienna, he was appointed in 1772 keeper of the cabinet of coins at the Jesuits' College, and in the same year he went to Italy for the purpose of personal inspection and study of antiquities and coins. At Florence he was employed to arrange the collection of the grand duke of Tuscany; and the first-fruits of his study of this and other collections appeared in his "Numi veteres anecdoti", published in 1775.

paragraph: On the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773, Eckhel was appointed by the empress Maria Theresa of Austria professor of antiquities and numismatics at the University of Vienna, and this post he held for twenty-four years. He was in the following year made keeper of the imperial cabinet of coins, and in 1779 appeared his "Catalogus Vindobonensis numorum veterum".

paragraph: Eckhel's main work is the "Doctrina numorum veterum", in 8 vols, the first of which was published in 1792, and the last in 1798.

paragraph: According to the 1911 edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica":

paragraph: A volume of "Addenda", prepared by Steinbuchel from Eckhel's papers after his death, was published in 1826.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Among his other works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Choix de pierres gravées du Cabinet Imperial des Antiques" (1788)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A school-book on coins entitled "Kurzgefasste Anfangsgrunde zur alten Numismatik" (1787)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Pellerin

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Williams, Bernhard Woytek "The scholarly correspondence of Joseph Eckhel (1737-1798): a new source for the history of numismatics", Beiträge zum 6. Österreichischen Numismatikertag 2014 (Hall in Tirol, 14.-16. Mai 2014), Haller Münz-Blätter 8 (2015), pp. 45–56.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Williams, Bernhard Woytek "Zoëga studente di numismatica. Il soggiorno a Vienna (1782) e i contatti con Joseph Eckhel", in K. Ascani, P. Buzi, D. Picchi (eds), The Forgotten Scholar: Georg Zoëga (1755‒1809). At the Dawn of Egyptology and Coptic Studies, Leiden ‒ Boston 2015, pp. 101‒110

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Williams, "Gaetano Marini e Joseph Eckhel tra numismatica ed epigrafia", in M. Buonocore (ed.) Gaetano Marini (1742-1815) protagonista della cultura europea. Scritti per il bicentenario della morte, (Studi e Testi 492-493) Città del Vaticano 2015, pp. 785-796.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Williams, "Reflections on the history of numismatic research: exploring the life and work of Joseph Eckhel (1737-1798) through the lens of FINA (Fontes Inediti Numismaticae Antiquae)", in International Numismatic Council INC Compte Rendu 62 (2015), pp. 73‒78.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Williams, "Joseph Eckhel and his correspondents from Sicily and the south of Italy: the Prince of Torremuzza (Palermo) and Michele Vargas Macciucca (Naples)", in M. Caccamo Caltabiano et alii XV International Numismatic Congress. Taormina 2015. Proceedings, Roma-Messina 2017, vol. 1, pp. 291-295.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Williams, "Charlotte Sophie Bentinck, Joseph Eckhel and numismatics" Virtus. Journal of Nobility Studies 25 (2018), pp. 127-143.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniela Williams, "Joseph Eckhel (1737-1798) and the coin collection of Queen Christina of Sweden in Rome", Journal of the History of Collections 31 (2019).

description: Austrian Jesuit priest and numismatist

wikidata_label: Joseph Hilarius Eckhel

wikipedia_title: Joseph Hilarius Eckhel


text:
right-handed
relief pitcher
Detroit Tigers
Oakland Athletics
New York Yankees
first baseman
Carlos Peña
Jeremy Bonderman
Jeff Weaver
Ted Lilly
John-Ford Griffin
mound
Mike Maroth
Major League
American League
Philadelphia Athletics
Toledo Mud Hens
waiver wire
Toledo
Florida Marlins
free agent
Texas Rangers
Seattle Mariners
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chicago White Sox
Chicago White Sox
Diablos Rojos del Mexico
Mexican League
PITCHf/x
four-seam fastball
changeup
Palenque, Dominican Republic
Leones del Escogido
Dominican Winter Baseball League
All-Star Futures Game

categories: 1980 births,Toledo Mud Hens players,Arizona League Athletics players,Albuquerque Isotopes players,Indianapolis Indians players,Texas Rangers players,Oklahoma RedHawks players,Detroit Tigers players,Southern Oregon Timberjacks players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Navegantes del Magallanes players,Charlotte Knights players,Águilas Cibaeñas players,Dominican Republic people of African descent,Major League Baseball pitchers,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada,Modesto A's players,Living people,Jupiter Hammerheads players,People from San Cristóbal Province,Florida Marlins players,Vancouver Canadians players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Gulf Coast Marlins players,All-Star Futures Game players

paragraph: Franklyn Germán

paragraph: Franklyn Miguel Germán Madé (born January 20, 1980) is a right-handed former relief pitcher.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Germán was acquired by the Detroit Tigers on July 5, , in a three-team trade between the Tigers, Oakland Athletics, and New York Yankees. Germán, first baseman Carlos Peña, and pitcher Jeremy Bonderman were traded by Oakland to Detroit in exchange for pitcher Jeff Weaver, whom Oakland then traded to New York for pitcher Ted Lilly, outfielder John-Ford Griffin, and minor league pitcher Jason Arnold. Germán never played for Oakland, though he did spend –2002 in their rookie league, Single-A, and Double-A minor league affiliates before being traded.

paragraph: During his rookie season (), he was known for his questionable ability to get batters out and as a result was generally unpopular with Detroit Tigers fans. Accordingly, he was subject to large amounts of criticism from the long-suffering Tigers fans, who at the time had not seen their team finish with a winning record since .

paragraph: Germán's inconsistency on the mound was in contrast to the Tigers' two primary starters at the time, Bonderman and lefty Mike Maroth, who were regarded to possess Major League talent, but frequently suffered from insufficient run support on a team in the midst of having the worst season in American League history — that year, the Tigers set a new record for total losses (119), eclipsing the previous record (117) held by the Philadelphia Athletics. After spending much of the season on the Tigers' Triple-A minor league team, the Toledo Mud Hens, his form on the mound improved greatly, and he made the Tigers' opening day roster.

paragraph: After a mediocre spring training in , the Tigers left Germán unprotected on the waiver wire by designating him for another assignment to Toledo. He did not clear waivers, however, and on April 4, 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the Florida Marlins, and earned a spot on their opening day roster.

paragraph: Germán became a free agent after the 2006 season, and on November 17, 2006, signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers.

paragraph: Germán pitched in the Rangers season opener against the Seattle Mariners on March 31, 2008. It was the first time Germán had pitched outside the minors since 2006. He was designated for assignment by the Rangers on May 21, 2008, and on May 30 declined a minor-league assignment and became a free agent.

paragraph: On June 4, 2008, Germán signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was traded to the Chicago White Sox on August 11, and assigned to Triple-A Charlotte. He became a free agent at the end of the season and re-signed with the Chicago White Sox. On July 10, 2009, Germán was released by the Chicago White Sox.

paragraph: In 2011 Germán pitched for Diablos Rojos del Mexico of the Mexican League, posting a 4.15 ERA in seven appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Scouting report.

paragraph: He is a particularly large man for a pitcher, standing 6 ft 7 in (2.04 m) tall and weighing , which lends him a degree of batter intimidation, like most taller-than-average pitchers possess. He works mostly in middle relief and sometimes as a set-up man for the team's closer.

paragraph: PITCHf/x data from 2008 records Germán throwing a four-seam fastball averaging about 94 mph and a changeup averaging 85 mph.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Germán is married and has one child with his wife, Luisa. They spend their off-seasons residing in Palenque, Dominican Republic.

paragraph: Germán usually plays for Leones del Escogido in the Dominican Winter Baseball League, and played for the World Team during the 2002 All-Star Futures Game, which was won, 5–1, by the World Team.

description: Dominican Republic baseball player

wikidata_label: Franklyn Germán

wikipedia_title: Franklyn Germán


text:
general
Golden Horde
Genghis Khan
Jochi
Islam
Mongolian language
Mongolian script
appanage
Mongol invasion of Europe
Batu Khan
Moldavia
Romania
Berke
Orda Khan
Talabuga
Burundai
Mongol raid against Poland
Sandomierz
Kraków
Hulegu
civil war
Ilkhanate
Hulegu
Terek River
Azerbaijan
Kublai Khan
Abaqa Khan
Danube
Byzantine
Thrace
Michael VIII Palaeologus
Euphrosyne Palaiologina
Mengu-Timur
Ukrainia
Galicia-Volhynia
Ossetians
Vlach
Mamluk Sultanate
Constantinople
Thessaly
Andronikos II
Michael VIII
popular movement
Ivaylo of Bulgaria
Silistra
Battle of Devina
Ivan Asen III
Michael VIII
George Terter
Smilets
Talabuga
Hungary
Cuman
Subutai
forty years earlier
Transylvania
Pest
Ladislaus IV of Hungary
Pest
Székelys
Tuda-Mengu
third raid against Poland
Circassia
Nikolay Karamzin
Tokhta
Mengu-Timur
Tuda-Mengu
Tokhta
Golden Horde
Tengrist
al-Malik az-Zahir
Staryy Krym
Chaka
Encona
Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
Saunders, J.J.

categories: Converts to Islam,Khans of the Golden Horde,13th-century rulers,Royalty and nobility with disabilities,Year of birth missing,Generals of the Mongol Empire,Military personnel killed in action,Mongol Empire Muslims,1299 deaths

paragraph: Nogai Khan

paragraph: Nogai (died 1299/1300), also called Nohai, Nokhai, Nogay, Noqai, Kara Nokhai, and Isa Nogai, was a general and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Bo'al/Baul/Teval Khan, the 7th son of Jochi. Nogai Khan was also a notable convert to Islam.

paragraph: Though he never formally ruled the Golden Horde himself, he was effectively the co-ruler of the state alongside whatever Khan was in power at the time, and had unrestricted control over the portions west of the Dnieper. At his height, Nogai was one of the most powerful men in Europe, and widely thought of as the Horde's true head. The Russian chroniclers gave him the title of Tsar, and the Franciscan missionaries in the Crimea spoke of him as a co-emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: His name is also spelled "Nohai" and "Nogaj".

paragraph: Pelliot wrote that Nokhai meant a "dog." Although in the Mongolian language, "nokhoi" (in Mongolian script: , "nokhai") literally means a "dog", it does not necessarily mean a particularly negative and insulting name in its context, since people were called "dogs" among the Mongols at the time and sometimes presently as "nokhduud" as in "you dogs (guys/men/people)." Genghis Khan also called his capable generals "dogs of war" or "men of war." This probably came about because Mongols had a lot of dogs, and dogs were very useful for people's lives in hunting and warnings. According to the historian J. J. Saunders, the name "Dog" was used to distract the attention of evil spirits (presumably, they would not be interested in a canine). The Mongols sometimes referred to the wolf as a "steppe dog".

paragraph: Nogai was born to Tatar (Tutar), a son of Terval who was a son of Jochi. He would rule his grandfather's appanage after his father died. After the Mongol invasion of Europe, Batu Khan left Nogai with a tumen (10,000 warriors) in modern-day Moldavia and Romania as a frontier guard. He was a nephew of Berke Khan as well as Batu Khan and Orda Khan, and under his uncle, he became a powerful and ambitious warlord.

paragraph: Section::::Early life under Batu and Berke.:Second Mongol invasion of Poland.

paragraph: In his later years, Berke began to delegate more and more responsibility to his promising nephew. Nogai's leading role first appears, along with Talabuga, under famous Mongol general Burundai as a battle commander in 1259/1260. He was a young sub-commander during the second major Mongol raid against Poland, undertaken to pay for Berke's war against Hulegu. Here Nogai distinguished himself and plundered Sandomierz, Kraków and other cities.

paragraph: Nogai's father Tatar died when he was serving under Hulegu.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power in Golden Horde and Europe: 1262–1266.:Berke–Hulagu War.

paragraph: In 1262, a civil war broke out between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate, with Berke and Hulegu supporting separate claimants for the title of khagan. Nogai Khan was given a high role in the army of the Golden Horde; Rashid Al-Din describes him as Berke's "commander-in-chief." He had a command of 30,000 men. He was first charged with raiding along the frontier into the territory of the Ilkhanate; Nogai made multiple reconnaissances in force into the Caucasus region, drawing Hulegu north with the bulk of his forces. He annihilated an advance guard under Shiramun, and raided as far as the Kur, but was himself repulsed near Shabran in December 1262, and forced to retreat. Nogai then took on the task of repelling Hulegu's attempted invasion, as the latter was emboldened; Hulegu marched north with his army to invade Berke's territory, attempting to envelope Nogai's army at the Terek, but found only an abandoned camp. While Hulegu's men were looting the camp, Nogai's troops surprised Hulegu's at the Terek River, cutting down a great many of them in an ambush. Hulegu rallied his men and a day-long battle ensued; the fighting was fierce, but the Golden Horde's initial advantage was too great. The Ilkhanate army was routed and many thousands of them were drowned while trying to flee, and the survivors fled back into Azerbaijan. This victory greatly enhanced Nogai's reputation in the Horde, and he was already a trusted lieutenant of Berke.

paragraph: In August 1264, the war effectively ended when Kublai Khan was crowned khagan with the acknowledgement of Berke, Hulegu, and Chagatai. However the war was renewed between the Golden Horde and Ilkhanate in 1265. Nogai was given the task of leading an invasion of the Ilkhanate, now ruled by Hulegu's successor Abaqa Khan. He invaded Persia and plundered some areas before being met in battle by Abaqa on the Aksu. A fierce and severe battle ensued in which Nogai was personally injured (losing an eye) and his army was forced to retreat. Abaqa pursued Nogai's army across the Kur, hoping to wipe it out, but Abaqa was forced to withdraw when Berke arrived with reinforcements.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power in Golden Horde and Europe: 1262–1266.:War against the Byzantines.

paragraph: In 1265, Nogai led his army across the Danube, leading 20,000 men into Roman territory. He routed the Byzantine forces before him, and devastated the cities of Thrace. In 1266, the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, anxious to make an alliance, gave his daughter Euphrosyne Palaiologina to Nogai as a wife. He gave much valuable fabric to the Golden Horde as tribute, and became an ally of the Horde, principally dealing with it through Nogai instead of the official khan. He also gifted Nogai pearls, jewels, and valuable garments, temporarily causing Nogai to abandon the animal skins he usually wore outside of battle. Nogai did however slyly ask if the jewels and clothes could ward off lightning bolts, prevent headache, or promote good health, before praising the practicality of the dog skins his people wore.

paragraph: Section::::De facto rule: 1266–1294.

paragraph: Berke died sometime in 1266. Despite his influence, Nogai did not try to seize rulership of the Golden Horde, settling for serving Mengu-Timur Khan. However he managed to exercised de facto control, with near-total control over the lands west of the Dnieper. In addition to his Turkic subjects he ruled the Ukrainians of Galicia-Volhynia, the Ossetians and part of the Vlachs directly. He also undertook his own foreign policy, sending envoys to the Mamluk Sultanate, forming marriage alliances with Byzantium and the Il-Khanate, and raiding various European kingdoms.

paragraph: In 1282 Nogai sent 4,000 Mongol soldiers to Constantinople, to help his father in law Emperor Michael suppress the rebels headed by John I Doukas of Thessaly. But Michael died and Andronikos II used the allied troops to fight against Serbia.

paragraph: Section::::De facto rule: 1266–1294.:Invasions of Bulgaria and of Eastern Roman Empire.

paragraph: In 1271 and 1274, Nogai led raids against Bulgaria and Byzantium. In the first raid, the East Roman Emperor Michael VIII avoided the battle and offered his daughter as wife for Nogai In 1277, a popular movement led by Ivaylo of Bulgaria gained the support of many soldiers and nobles and defeated a column of Mongols raiding into their territory. In 1278-79 Nogai, annoyed by the uprising, personally led a force into Bulgaria. He defeated the Bulgarians, raided the country, and besieged Ivaylo in Silistra, however he withdrew after three months. Ivaylo subsequently escaped the Mongol blockade and led a Bulgarian force to victory over Nogai's Byzantine allies at the Battle of Devina. In 1280 Ivaylo began to lose support among his followers, who were not interested in unending wars with the Byzantines, sections of the Bulgarian nobility, and Mongol raiding parties. The nobles subsequently elected George Terter I as emperor. Ivaylo decided to appeal to Nogai, personally appearing before him with a small group of followers asking the khan to make Ivaylo emperor again; Nogai at first received him warmly and invited him to a feast. But at the feast, with Ivaylo and Ivan Asen III seated to his sides, Nogai pointed at Ivaylo and said "He is an enemy of my father, the Emperor Michael VIII, and does not deserve to live." Ivaylo was executed on the spot by Nogai's guards.

paragraph: Nogai considered executing Ivan as well, the second pretender to the Bulgarian throne, but his wife Euphrosyne requested he spare Ivan, and Nogai relented. Ivan was allowed to flee to Asia Minor. Nogai made the new Bulgarian Emperor George Terter his vassal. After George's flight to Constantinople, Nogai set his close associate Smilets on the Bulgarian throne, keeping Bulgaria a vassal of the Golden Horde.

paragraph: Section::::De facto rule: 1266–1294.:Second Mongol invasion of Hungary.

paragraph: In the winter of 1285, Nogai and Talabuga Khan invaded Hungary with Mongol and Cuman troops, but unlike Subutai forty years earlier, they were defeated. They invaded on two fronts with a considerable army. Nogai had been told of the perilous political situation in Hungary by fleeing Cuman warriors (King Ladislaus IV's nobles were practically rebelling against him, and Hungary had just been weakened by a Cuman rebellion they had recently defeated), and planned to capitalize on it by launching a vast campaign against the apparently weakened kingdom.

paragraph: The invasion plan was devised by Nogai, with two columns led by him and Talabuga. Talabuga's troops devastated Transylvania and raided as far as Pest, but the Hungarians' newly-constructed fortification network gave them much trouble. The Mongol forces were unable to take any major stone castles or fortified cities, and suffered from supply shortages, sallies by local Hungarian forces, and stiff resistance in any castle or town they assaulted. Eventually they were beaten by the Hungarian royal army under Ladislaus IV of Hungary near Pest, and the retreating Mongol forces were ambushed by the Székelys, losing much of their invading force.

paragraph: Nogai was more successful than Talabuga, staying in Hungary into spring and retaining the bulk of his army, but still suffered several serious reverses at the hands of local Hungarian troops (primary Szekelys, Saxons, and Vlachs). He also failed to capture any major fortifications, with the exception of the Saxon castle of Ban Mikod. Nogai's column never came into contact with the royal army, as his losses to the local Hungarian forces in the areas he operated in were sufficiently serious to convince him to retreat prematurely. His column was also ambushed by the Szekelys on the return.

paragraph: Overall the campaign was a severe defeat for the Golden Horde and one of Nogai's biggest setbacks; there would be no major incursions into Hungary after it, only raiding along the frontier.

paragraph: Section::::De facto rule: 1266–1294.:Ascension of Talabuga.

paragraph: Upon returning from their disastrous campaign in Hungary to the Horde's heartland in 1287, they found Tuda-Mengu Khan sunk in religious torpor. Later in the year,

paragraph: he relinquished the throne to his nephew, Talabuga. Eager to prove himself as a capable ruler and not a puppet of Nogai, and probably wanting to make up for his part of the loss in Hungary, Talabuga immediately launched an invasion against the Ilkhanate, attempting to seize the disputed territory of Azerbaijan. He failed, discrediting him and playing into the hands of his rival Nogai, who was still respected despite his own defeats in Transylvania. Nogai would remain a powerful ruler during Talabuga's brief term as khan of the Golden Horde.

paragraph: Section::::De facto rule: 1266–1294.:Third Mongol invasion of Poland.

paragraph: Nogai and Talabuga made a third raid against Poland in 1287/1288 but were defeated by a contingency of Eastern European armies.

paragraph: Section::::De facto rule: 1266–1294.:Raid on Circassia.

paragraph: Following the unsuccessful raid on Poland, Nogai and Talabuga made another expedition, this time into Circassia. There they pillaged and killed at will, seemingly with little resistance. However, heavy snows forced them to retreat early. Nogai's army made their way to winter quarters safe and sound. Talabuga's army, on the other hand,

paragraph: got lost on the return and suffered greatly. Talabuga blamed this on Nogai.

paragraph: Section::::De facto rule: 1266–1294.:Conflict with Talabuga.

paragraph: Nogai and Talabuga had never gotten along, and their quarreling during the invasions of Poland and Circassia are held by 19th century Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin to be major reasons for the heavy losses taken in those expeditions. In autumn of 1290 Talabuga, thinking Nogai was conspiring against him, decided to muster an army and march against his general. Nogai decided to feign ignorance, though he knew full well Talabuga's distaste for him; he also sent letters to Talabuga's mother, saying he had personal advice to give to the khan that he could only do alone, essentially requesting a formal meeting of princes. Talabuga's mother advised him to trust Nogai, and subsequently Talabuga disbanded most of his forces and showed up for a meeting with Nogai with only a small retinue. According to Rashid Al-Din, Nogai received Talabuga warmly and feigned illness to appear more harmless.

paragraph: However Nogai was duplicitous; he had arrived at the designated meeting spot accompanied by a large group of soldiers and Tokhta, as well as three sons of Mengu-Timur. While Nogai and Talabuga met, Nogai's men sprung out in an ambush, quickly capturing Talabuga and his supporters; Nogai, with the help of protégés, then strangled Talabuga to death. After this he turned to the young Tokhta and said: "Talabuga has usurped the throne of your father, and your brothers who are with him have agreed to arrest you and put you to death. I deliver them up to you, and you may do with them as you will." Tokhta subsequently had them killed. For his role in placing Tokhta on the throne, Nogai received the revenues of the Crimean trade cities. Nogai then beheaded many of the Mongol nobles who were supporters of Talabuga, in order to consolidate the rule of his supposed puppet khan. Tokhta was declared khan in early 1291.

paragraph: However, Tokhta would prove a more headstrong ruler than either Tuda-Mengur or Talabuga. Nogai and Tokhta soon found themselves embroiled in a deadly rivalry; while they cooperated in raids against rebellious Rus' principalities, they remained in competition. Tokhta's father-in-law and wife often complained that Nogai seemed to consider himself superior to Tokhta, and Nogai repeatedly rejected any demands Tokhta made of him to attend his court. They also disagreed over the policy of trading rights for the Genoese and Venetian cities in Crimea. Two years after Nogai installed Tokhta, their rivalry came to a head and Tokhta set out to gather his supporters for a war against Nogai.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Tokhta and death: 1294–1300.:Battle of Nerghi Plains.

paragraph: Tokhta, with more control over the eastern portions of the empire, managed to gather a massive force, larger than Nogai's but reportedly less able at arms owing to the experience of Nogai's men in their wars in Europe. Marco Polo, drawing from Mongol sources, states that Nogai assembled 15 tumens (150,000 men) and Tokhta assembled 20 tumens (200,000 men), but these numbers are likely exaggerated. The two khans made camp ten miles from each other on the plain of Nerghi in 1297, halfway between Nogai's lands and Tokhta's. One day's rest later, a hard battle ensued lasting most of the day, in which Nogai and Tokhta both personally distinguished themselves in battle (despite the former's age). In the end Nogai was victorious in spite of his numerical disadvantage. Reportedly 60,000 of Tokhta's men were killed (nearly a third of his army), but Tokhta himself managed to escape.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Tokhta and death: 1294–1300.:Battle of Kagamlik.

paragraph: However, Tokhta was not yet finished. After a few years he managed to reform his army and raise a larger host with which he confronted Nogai deep within Nogai's own territory, at Kagamilk, near the Dnieper. Here in 1299 or 1300, Tokhta finally prevailed, with his army defeating Nogai's. Nogai's sons escaped the battle with 1,000 horsemen, while Nogai was found fleeing with 17 when he was wounded by a Russian soldier in the service of Tokhta. He said: "I am Noqai. Take me to Toqta, who is the Khan." The soldier killed Nogai and brought his head to Tokhta; the enraged Tokhta, angered that a Mongol prince's blood had been shed (he planned to execute Nogai in a bloodless manner in keeping with tradition), had the soldier put to death. Nogai's sons were hunted down and executed soon after.

paragraph: Despite his power and prowess in battle, Nogai never attempted to seize the Golden Horde khanate for himself, preferring to act as a sort of kingmaker. He served under several Golden Horde Khans: Berke, Mengu-Timur, Tuda-Mengu, Talabuga, and Tokhta. This last khan proved to be more headstrong than the others, and he and Nogai began a deadly rivalry. By this time, Nogai effectively had control of the western-most sections of the Golden Horde. He overthrew Tuda-Mengu and killed Tulabuga. He was unable to enthrone himself because his great grandmother was a concubine. Another theory states that he was not allowed to take the throne due to his missing eye, as a physically imperfect man was not allowed to be khan .

paragraph: Section::::Personality and character.

paragraph: Rashid Al-Din presents Nogai as both a capable general and as a wily old politician. He was content to remain a kingmaker and the power behind the throne, rather than seizing direct control of the Horde himself. Nogai self-consciously promoted Mongol ways, and took pride in his lineage. Despite this, his religious beliefs apparently followed his diplomatic needs; initially he was a devout Tengrist, like most of the Golden Horde, and remained one even after Berke's conversion to Islam. Later on, in a letter to Egypt in 1271, he claimed to have converted to Islam, and his name was included on a list of converts sent by Berke to the Mamluk Sultan al-Malik az-Zahir in 1263. Yet in 1288 he presented Buddhist relics to the Il-Khan Arghun. One of Nogai's wives, Yailaq, regularly visited a Franciscan convent in Qirim (Staryy Krym) and was baptized a Catholic. After Toqto’a ascended the throne, Nogai married his daughter Qiyat to Yailaq (no relation to Nogai's wife), a Buddhist and son of the tribe commander Salji’udai. Nogai's daughter Qiyat, after her marriage, converted to Islam (Nogai had evidently not raised her as a Muslim).

paragraph: Nogai's first wife was named Chubei, and his second was named Yailaq, on top of Euphrosyne. Chubei was described by Rashid Al-Din as "clever and competent." Nogai had two sons by Chubei: Joge (the eldest) and Tige. He had one son named Torai by Yailaq. He also had a daughter named Quiyaq. He had another wife named Alaka with which he had another son, Chaka, who ruled as the tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. He was also close friends with Mankus, a Byzantine merchant from Crimea, He arranged and held the marriage ceremony of Mankus's daughter Encona to Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria at his court, and his wife Euphrosyne became her god-mother.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saunders, J.J. "The History of the Mongol Conquests", 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ж.Бор "Монгол хийгээд евроазийн дипломат шаштир" Боть 2, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howorth, H.H. "History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Division 1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vernadsky, G. "Mongols and Russia", Yale University Press, Dec 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- István Vásáry, "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press 2005

description: General and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde

wikidata_label: Nogai Khan

wikipedia_title: Nogai Khan


text: outfielder

text: Major League Baseball

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Frankford High School

text: Temple University

text: 1992 MLB Draft

text: Gold Glove

text: Justin Verlander

text: Miguel Cabrera

text: Travis Fryman

text: Cecil Fielder

text: Alan Trammell

text: Lou Whitaker

text: Kirk Gibson

text: Ron LeFlore

text: Denny McLain

text: no-hitter

text: Toronto

text: Roy Halladay

categories: Toledo Mud Hens players,Detroit Tigers players,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,1970 births,Major League Baseball outfielders,Living people,Temple Owls baseball players

paragraph: Bobby Higginson

paragraph: Robert Leigh Higginson (born August 18, 1970) is a former outfielder in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Detroit Tigers where he wore the number 4. He attended Frankford High School and Temple University.

paragraph: Higginson was drafted by the Tigers in the 12th round of the 1992 MLB Draft. His rookie year was 1995 when he played 130 games for the Tigers. Higginson batted .320 in 1996 and .300 in 2000, scored over 100 runs in 2000 and drove in over 100 runs in 1997 and 2000. His career high of 30 home-runs came also in 2000. He twice led the Majors in outfield assists, and also led all American League left fielders in putouts in 2000 (305) and 2001 (321), although he never won a Gold Glove for his fielding. He was never named to an All-Star team.

paragraph: On June 30 and July 1, 1997, Higginson tied a major league record by hitting four home runs in four consecutive at bats (note, there were some walks interspersed) -- three on the first day, and then another in the first inning of the second day.

paragraph: Higginson was named "Tiger of the Year" by the Detroit chapter of the BBWAA in 1997 and 2000. Since the award's inception in 1965, ten players have been named "Tiger of the Year" on multiple occasions: Higginson, Justin Verlander, Miguel Cabrera, Travis Fryman, Cecil Fielder, Alan Trammell, Lou Whitaker, Kirk Gibson, Ron LeFlore, and Denny McLain.

paragraph: An elbow injury limited Higginson to 10 games in 2005, which ended up being his final season. He was granted free agency on October 31, and he retired at the age of 35. He ended his career never having played on a team that had a winning season.

paragraph: Higginson is also known for breaking up a no-hitter in the ninth inning and two out on a game in Toronto on September 27, 1998, with a pinch-hit home run. The pitcher, future All-Star Roy Halladay, was making his second ever appearance, and ended up winning his first career game, 2–1.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bobby Higginson

wikipedia_title: Bobby Higginson


text: professional baseball

text: Major League Baseball

text: left fielder

text: first baseman

text: designated hitter

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Washington Nationals

text: All-Star

text: Delmon Young

text: Rio Mesa High School

text: Oxnard, California

text: batted

text: home run

text: RBI

text: runs

text: doubles

text: USA Today

text: college baseball

text: Miami Hurricanes

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: 1991 Major League Baseball draft

text: Texas League

text: Triple-A

text: Louisville

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Jeff Brantley

text: Tampa Bay Devil Rays

text: expansion draft

text: Mike Kelly

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Luis Pineda

text: Juan Encarnación

text: triples

text: MLB All-Star Game

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: single

text: cycle

text: Buddy Groom

text: George Bell

text: Tuffy Rhodes

text: Opening Day

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Miguel Cabrera

text: Comerica Park

text: World Wrestling Entertainment

text: Survivor Series 2005

text: Edge

text: Lita

text: Birmingham, Michigan

text: Detroit Free Press

text: misdemeanor

text: domestic violence

text: bench warrant

text: no contest

text: alcohol

text: Alcoholics Anonymous

text: Oakland Athletics

text: designated hitter

text: hits

text: FSN Detroit

text: American League Championship season

text: Thanksgiving

text: diabetes

text: dLife

text: Washington Nationals

text: Nick Johnson

text: at-bat

text: Alfonso Soriano

text: RFK Stadium

text: grand slam

text: Chicago Cubs

text: National League

text: retirement

text: Oakland County Cruisers

text: baseball cards

text: Danny Graves

text: Pete Rose

text: rookie card

text: Robert Fick

text: mint condition

text: auction

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text: Topps

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text: World War II

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text: first overall draft pick

text: 2003 Major League Baseball Draft

text: college softball

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categories: Johnson City Cardinals players,Louisville Redbirds players,Sportspeople from Vicksburg, Mississippi,Toledo Mud Hens players,Erie SeaWolves players,Harrisburg Senators players,Gulf Coast Nationals players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Cincinnati Reds players,Springfield Cardinals players,1973 births,Washington Nationals players,National League All-Stars,Major League Baseball first basemen,Detroit Tigers players,Lakeland Tigers players,St. Petersburg Cardinals players,St. Louis Cardinals players,Major League Baseball designated hitters,African-American baseball players,Potomac Nationals players,People from the Greater Los Angeles Area,Vermont Lake Monsters players,Baseball players from Mississippi,Sportspeople from Oxnard, California,American League All-Stars,Living people,American collectors,Arkansas Travelers players

paragraph: Dmitri Young

paragraph: Dmitri Dell Young (born October 11, 1973) is an American retired professional baseball player. He played all or part of thirteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a left fielder, first baseman, and designated hitter, for the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers, and Washington Nationals from 1996 through 2008. He is a two-time All-Star and winner of the National League Comeback Player of the Year Award. His younger brother, Delmon Young, also played in MLB.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Young attended Rio Mesa High School in Oxnard, California. As a senior, he batted .425 with 11 home runs, 31 RBI, 37 runs, and 8 doubles, and earned USA Today High School All-American honors.

paragraph: Young initially committed to play college baseball for the Miami Hurricanes.

paragraph: Section::::Minor leagues.

paragraph: The St. Louis Cardinals selected Young in the first round, with the fourth overall selection, in the 1991 Major League Baseball draft. In 1995, Young punched a fan who had been heckling him, which earned him a suspension from the Texas League. Finally, in 1996, he had a big year at Triple-A Louisville, batting .333, being chosen as a Triple-A All-Star first baseman and the St. Louis Cardinals Minor League Player of the Year. He was called up at the end of the season and played a few games with St. Louis in the majors.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Cardinals and Reds: 1996–2001.

paragraph: Young's first full season in Major League Baseball was with the Cardinals in 1997, in which he hit .258. After the season, he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for Jeff Brantley. Eight days later, he was selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the expansion draft, then traded back to the Reds for Mike Kelly. While with the Reds, Young hit over .300 in each year (finishing second in doubles in 1998, and hitting 21 home runs in 2001). During those years, he played primarily the outfield and at first base.

paragraph: After the 2001 season, he was traded by the Reds to the Detroit Tigers for Luis Pineda and Juan Encarnación. In 2003, he hit .297, with 29 home runs, and 7 triples (10th in the league). He was the Tigers' lone representative at the 2003 MLB All-Star Game, although he didn't make an appearance on the field or in the batter's box.

paragraph: On May 6, 2003, Young went 5-5 against the Baltimore Orioles hitting two homers and two triples, and a single. When he came up to bat in the ninth, he was a double short of the cycle. Instead, he hit his second triple of the night off Buddy Groom. "It crossed my mind, but since the game was close, my individual accomplishment took a back seat," Young said. "The run is the important thing."

paragraph: On April 4, 2005, Young joined George Bell and Tuffy Rhodes as the only players to hit three home runs on Opening Day in Detroit's 11-2 win over the visiting Kansas City Royals. Young and Tigers first baseman Miguel Cabrera are the only players to hit three home runs in one game at Comerica Park—one of the more statistically difficult home run stadiums. He was also known as "Da Meat Hook" and "The Big D" to Tigers fans.

paragraph: Young appeared at World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)'s Survivor Series 2005 in an interview segment with Edge and Lita. Edge made fun of the Detroit Tigers, saying that they sucked, while Young cracked jokes at Edge concerning his failures on capturing a World Title.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Tigers: 2002–06.:2006.

paragraph: In 2006, Young went through a divorce, and was treated for alcohol and substance abuse and depression. He pleaded guilty to assault after an argument in Birmingham, Michigan.

paragraph: On May 17, 2006, the "Detroit Free Press" reported that Young faced a misdemeanor domestic violence charge. Young subsequently voluntarily spent 30 days in a rehabilitation facility, Promises Malibu, and three weeks working out with minor league teams. On June 13, 2006, Young failed to appear for a pretrial hearing on this matter and a bench warrant was issued for his arrest. Ten days later, he pleaded no contest to the domestic violence charges.

paragraph: On June 30, 2006, Young revealed that he had been battling several illnesses that resulted in him self-medicating with alcohol, which limited his physical fitness and kept him from appearing in all but a small fraction of Tigers games during the season. He made a statement to the press in which he asserted that he had been making progress overcoming it with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous, whose logo has been tattooed on his hand as a gesture of thanks. He returned to action on July 21, 2006, versus the Oakland Athletics, starting at designated hitter and ending the game with two hits and 2 RBI in the Tigers' 7–4 win. Before the game started, FSN Detroit aired a video of Young apologizing to the fans and saying how he will continue to struggle against alcohol and drugs for the rest of his life.

paragraph: On September 6, 2006, with less than a month to go in their American League Championship season, the Tigers gave Young his unconditional release in a move that surprised both teammates and fans alike.

paragraph: The day after Thanksgiving, an ambulance took him to a hospital, where he endured a three-day stay in the intensive care unit as his doctors diagnosed diabetes. Since then, Young has taken steps to get his diabetes in control and is encouraging others to do so. He has recently appeared on dLife to talk to people about how he has lived with diabetes.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Nationals: 2006–07.

paragraph: In late 2006, the Washington Nationals lost their first baseman Nick Johnson for nearly a year due to a broken leg. The following spring, the Nationals invited a number of first basemen to camp, including Young, who won the starting role. In his first game with the Nationals, on opening day, he hit 2 doubles. He went on to have a sizzling first half, reaching the All-Star break batting .340, third in the league, and he was selected to his second All-Star game—the Nationals' only representative. He singled in his only at-bat with two outs in the bottom of the ninth and scored on an Alfonso Soriano home run.

paragraph: Young received his Detroit Tigers 2006 American League Championship ring when the Tigers played the Nationals in an interleague series at RFK Stadium in June 2007.

paragraph: On July 4, Young hit a grand slam against the visiting Chicago Cubs. It was his sixth career grand slam. He finished the year batting .320, the highest of his career, and ninth in the National League. Towards the end of the month, Young signed a two-year, $10 million extension with a vesting option. Upon the season's close, Young won the Player's Choice National League Comeback Player of the Year award.

paragraph: On March 29, 2008, the Nationals confirmed that Johnson would open the season as their starting first baseman over Young, although on June 24, 2008, the Nationals announced that Johnson would have season-ending wrist surgery and named Young as the starting first baseman. On September 17, Young was declared officially out for the season due to his diabetes.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:2010–Retirement.

paragraph: After spending the 2009 season in the minor leagues, Young officially announced his retirement on March 18, 2010. On the same day, he was introduced as the Vice President and Senior Advisor of Baseball Operations and Special Hitting and Fielding Instructor of the Oakland County Cruisers minor league baseball team. After the 2011 season, Young announced he was attempting a comeback, but was not signed by any team.

paragraph: Section::::Post-retirement life.

paragraph: Young began collecting baseball cards in 2000 when he and Reds teammate Danny Graves were offered $2,000 to appear at a card show. Young saw a Pete Rose rookie card and asked for it in lieu of the cash payment. In 2002, Tigers teammate Robert Fick introduced Young to Dave Bailey, a memorabilia collector, and the two eventually amassed perhaps the greatest collection of rookie cards in the world. He estimated that he spent $5 million of the $52 million he earned as a baseball player on his card collection.

paragraph: In 2010-11, Young co-hosted "Card Corner Club Radio", a weekly sports card and collectibles show.

paragraph: In 2012, Young put nearly 500 of the mint condition rookie cards up for auction with plans to use the proceeds to open a baseball school and nonprofit foundation in Ventura County, California. The cards were auctioned individually and the collection ultimately fetched $2.4 million in total. His 1955 Topps Roberto Clemente card fetched the highest price, setting a post-World War II record by selling for $432,690. Overall, six different cards in the collection sold for six figures.

paragraph: Dmitri is currently the President of The Dmitri D. Young Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization providing baseball and life choices camps for student athletes in Southern California, in particular in Ventura County and with this alma mater, Rio Mesa High School. His foundation is awaiting IRS section 501(c)(3) status.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dmitri's younger brother is Delmon Young, the first overall draft pick in the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft and runner-up for the 2007 American League Rookie of the Year Award. Delmon made his Major League debut on August 29, 2006, exactly ten years after his older brother.

paragraph: Young's sister, DeAnn, played college softball for the Oregon State Beavers.

paragraph: Dmitri and Delmon's father, Larry Young, from Mississippi, was one of the United States Navy's first African American F-14 fighter pilots. He later worked as a pilot for Delta Air Lines.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sportsnet player stats

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dmitri Young

wikipedia_title: Dmitri Young


text: 20th century

text: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst

text: Harrow School

text: Evelyn Waugh

text: Francis Cyril Rose

text: Cecil Beaton

text: University of Bordeaux

text: Samuel Insull

text: milliner

text: Long Island

text: Pierce Arrow

text: Murray Hill, Queens

text: Mayfair

text: Baba Beaton

text: Salvador Dalí

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: anorak

text: Pavlovian

text: Lord & Taylor

text: Bergdorf Goodman

text: New York

text: Second World War

text: Elizabeth Arden

text: Millicent Rogers

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: Cecil Beaton

text: Vogue

text: Madison Avenue

text: Coty Awards

text: Neiman Marcus

text: Austine Hearst

text: Arnold Scaasi

text: John

text: Dominique de Menil

text: Kansas

text: Hotel Chelsea

text: Harold Koda

text: The Costume Institute

text: Christian Dior

text: The New Look

text: Chicago History Museum

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Anna Wintour Costume Center

text: Elettra Wiedemann

text: R. Couri Hay

text: New York Magazine

text: The Weinstein Company

text: Luvanis company

text: Zac Posen

text: Luvanis

text: "Charles James (1906–1978)."

categories: Deaths from bronchopneumonia,English fashion designers,English emigrants to the United States,People educated at Harrow School,People from Camberley,1906 births,1978 deaths

paragraph: Charles James (designer)

paragraph: Charles Wilson Brega James (18 July 1906 – 23 September 1978) was an English-American fashion designer. He is best known for his ballgowns and highly structured aesthetic. James is one of the most influential fashion designers of the 20th century and continues to influence new generations of designers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: James' father, Ralph Ernest Haweis James, was a British army officer and instructor at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. His mother, Louise Enders Brega, came from a wealthy Chicago family. In 1919, he attended Harrow School where he met Evelyn Waugh, Francis Cyril Rose, and Cecil Beaton, with whom he formed a longstanding friendship. He was expelled from Harrow for a "sexual escapade".

paragraph: After that, James briefly studied music at the University of Bordeaux in France before he went to Chicago to work. The utilities magnate Samuel Insull, a friend of the family, found him a position in the architectural design department where he acquired the mathematical skills that later enabled him to create his gowns.

paragraph: At the age of nineteen, James opened his first milliner shop in Chicago, using the name of "Charles Boucheron", as his father forbade him to use that of James.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:From Charles Boucheron to Charles James.

paragraph: In 1928, James left Chicago for Long Island with 70 cents, a Pierce Arrow, and a number of hats as his only possessions. He later opened a millinery shop above a garage in Murray Hill, Queens, New York, beginning his first dress designs. At the time, he presented himself as a "sartorial structural architect". By 1930, he had designed the spiral zipped dress and the taxi dress ("so easy to wear it could be slipped on in the backseat of a taxi").

paragraph: From New York James moved to London, setting up shop in Mayfair. He designed the wedding dress for Baba Beaton, Cecil Beaton's sister, for her marriage to on November 6, 1934. James created a modern interpretation of the white wedding dress, with a raised neckline and divided train. In 1936, he established the company Charles James (London) Ltd., using his own name officially for the first time.

paragraph: James also spent time in Paris in the early 1930s, working from the Hôtel Lancaster. He showed his first collection in the French capital in 1937. That same year, he created a one-of-a-kind white satin quilted jacket described by Salvador Dalí as "the first soft sculpture" and now in the Victoria and Albert Museum collections. This jacket has been considered the starting point for "anoraks, space man and even fur jackets". In the 1930s, he also invented the Pavlovian waistband that expands after a meal.

paragraph: Meanwhile, he licensed his fashion designs with American department stores such as Lord & Taylor and Bergdorf Goodman.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:New York career.

paragraph: James moved permanently to New York in 1939 where he established Charles James, Inc. At the end of the Second World War, he designed a clothing line for Elizabeth Arden.

paragraph: In 1947, James showed a collection in Paris. The following year, Millicent Rogers organized an exhibition of the outfits he made for her at the Brooklyn Museum, entitled "A Decade of Design for Mrs Millicent H. Rogers by Charles James". Also in 1948, Cecil Beaton famously photographed eight of James creations for "Vogue".

paragraph: In the early 1950s, James spent most of his time in New York City at his Madison Avenue workshop. He won two Coty Awards, in 1950 and 1954, and one Neiman Marcus Award in 1953. That year he conceived the "Four-Leaf Clover" or "Abstract" ballgown for the journalist Austine Hearst. It was the dress James ranked as his best creation. This dress weighed no less than 12 pounds and had to be supported by a rigid structure.

paragraph: James is best known for his sculpted ball gowns made of lavish fabrics and to exacting tailoring standards, but is also remembered for his capes and coats, often trimmed with fur and embroidery.

paragraph: Arnold Scaasi worked for James for two years. Scaasi was notably in charge of the ready-to-wear line. After he left, James dropped the line and returned to licensing special designs to American departments, which would produce and distribute them.

paragraph: He designed the interior and several pieces of furniture for the Houston home of John and Dominique de Menil.

paragraph: James retired in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1954, James married Nancy Lee Gregory from Kansas, 20 years his junior. They had a son and daughter. After the birth of their son, James produced a children's collection. The marriage dissolved in 1961.

paragraph: In 1964, he moved to the Hotel Chelsea where he had three sixth-floor rooms for his work space, office, and apartment. James died in 1978 of bronchial pneumonia.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Influence on fashion designers.

paragraph: According to Harold Koda, The Costume Institute curator in charge, James "transformed fashion design". James inspired many fashion personalities, including Christian Dior, who said he was "the greatest talent of my generation". Dior credited James with inspiring The New Look.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Museum exhibitions.

paragraph: The Brooklyn Museum presented "The Genius of Charles James" from October 1982 to January 1983.

paragraph: The Chicago History Museum exhibited "Charles James: Genius Deconstructed" between October 2011 and April 2012.

paragraph: In 2014, James's work was the subject of the opening exhibition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Anna Wintour Costume Center entitled "Charles James: Beyond Fashion". At a preview of the exhibit, Elettra Wiedemann modeled a replica of the "Four-Leaf Clover" ballgown.

paragraph: In July 2014, longtime friend R. Couri Hay shared sketches by James, along with stories and anecdotes about the late designer with "New York Magazine".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:James without Charles James.

paragraph: In May 2014, concomitantly to the James retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum, The Weinstein Company (TWC) announced it had signed a license agreement with James's heirs, Charles Jr. and Louise James, to produce new collections, and thus contribute to the brand revival. Two years of legal battle followed, opposing the heirs, who sought to file the brand to the name of their father, against the Luvanis company, which had already registered the brand in an array of jurisdictions worldwide.

paragraph: At the time, Zac Posen was rumored to be the next artistic designer of the brand.

paragraph: In June 2016, TWC withdrew, Luvanis thereafter partnered with James' heirs to revive the Charles James brand. In September 2018, they revealed a new visual identity for Charles James, and put up for sale all the brands rights, which have been consolidated in the previous years.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coleman, Elizabeth Ann. "Abstracting the 'Abstract' Gown." "Dress: The Journal of the Costume Society of America" 8, no.1 (January 1982), pp. 27-31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerber Klein, Michele, "Charles James: Portrait of an Unreasonable Man: Fame, Fashion, Art", New York, Rizzoli, 2018, 256 p. ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koda, Harold "et al." (préf. Ralph Rucci), "Charles James : Beyond Fashion", New Haven, Yale University Press, coll. « Metropolitan Museum of Art », 2014, 300 p. ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long, Timothy, "Charles James: Designer in Detail", Londres, V&A Publishing, 2015, 160 p. ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin, Richard, "Charles James", London, Assouline, 2006, 79 p. ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reeder, Jan Glier. "Charles James (1906–1978)." In "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (March 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles James in the Chicago History Museum Costume Collection

alias:
Charles Wilson Brega James
America's First Couturier

description: British-born fashion designer

wikidata_label: Charles James

wikipedia_title: Charles James (designer)


text:
Major League Baseball
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Detroit Tigers
Chicago Cubs
Minnesota Twins
Pittsburgh Pirates
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home run
grand slam
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that season
a World Series appearance
designated Monroe for assignment
Chicago Cubs
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designated for assignment
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color analyst
late actress
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categories: Charleston RiverDogs players,Toledo Mud Hens players,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Detroit Tigers broadcasters,Texas Rangers players,Hudson Valley Renegades players,Oklahoma RedHawks players,Detroit Tigers players,Sportspeople from Dallas,Baseball players from Texas,1977 births,Minnesota Twins players,Major League Baseball broadcasters,African-American baseball players,Chicago Cubs players,Major League Baseball left fielders,Living people,People from Texarkana, Texas,Sportspeople from Arlington, Texas

paragraph: Craig Monroe

paragraph: Craig Keystone Monroe (nicknamed "C. Mo") (born February 27, 1977) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He played for the Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers, Chicago Cubs, Minnesota Twins and Pittsburgh Pirates and is currently a studio analyst and field reporter for Detroit Tigers TV broadcasts on Fox Sports Detroit.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: On July 29, 2001, at Arlington, Texas, Monroe hit a home run in his first major league game for the Texas Rangers, contributing to a 2-0 victory over the visiting Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

paragraph: Monroe then joined the Detroit Tigers organization on February 1, 2002, when he was selected off waivers from the Rangers. Playing his first full season in 2003, Monroe hit 23 home runs.

paragraph: On July 19, 2006, Monroe hit a grand slam home run off Javier Vázquez of the Chicago White Sox which was decisive in the Tigers 5–2 win. At the time, the teams were locked in a struggle for the American League Central division lead. Monroe called it "by far the biggest one I've ever hit." Monroe led Detroit with 28 home runs that season, as the Tigers turned around more than a decade of losing with 95 wins, and he was second on the team with 92 RBIs. He also hit five home runs in the 2006 postseason, which culminated in a World Series appearance.

paragraph: On August 17, 2007, the Tigers designated Monroe for assignment. On August 23, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs for a player to be named later. Monroe played with the Cubs for the remainder of the 2007 season. The Tigers received Clay Rapada to complete the trade. On November 13, Monroe was traded to the Minnesota Twins for a player to be named later. On August 1, 2008, Monroe was designated for assignment by the Twins and released on August 8.

paragraph: Monroe signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates on January 13, 2009. Monroe was added to the Major League roster at the end of spring training. Monroe was designated for assignment on June 20 to make room on the roster for Steve Pearce. Monroe was released on July 1, after which he retired as an active player.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement activities.

paragraph: Monroe became a studio analyst for the Detroit Tigers on Fox Sports Detroit in 2012 and also serves as an occasional color analyst on game broadcasts.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Monroe's mother's name is Marilyn Monroe, the same as that of the late actress. She was on hand to watch her son hit a go-ahead home run against the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium on August 30, 2006. After the game, he told the media, "Marilyn Monroe is here in New York, and I'm thrilled." Monroe and his wife, Kasey, have three children.

description: American baseball player, fashion designer

wikidata_label: Craig Monroe

wikipedia_title: Craig Monroe