text:
Hellenistic
Seleucid
King of Syria
Antiochus VIII
Tryphaena
Antiochus IX
Damascus
Seleucus VI
Antioch
Antiochus X
Antiochus XI
Philip I
Judaea
Alexander Jannaeus
Semitic
Beroea
Parthians
Antiochus XII
Seleucid Empire
Egyptian
Antiochus VIII
Tryphaena
Seleucus VI
Antiochus XI
Philip I
Antiochus XII
Antiochus IX
Josephus
Porphyry
Seleucid year (SE)
Antioch
Cilicia
Knidos
obverse die
Pesher Nahum
Book of Nahum
Demeter
Antigonid dynasty
Macedonia
Hellenistic
regnal number
Seleucia Pieria
Demetrius II
Demetrius I
Ptolemaic
The Jewish War
Antiquities of the Jews
Thomas Martin
Ptolemy IX
Cleopatra III
Alexander Jannaeus
Judaea
Coele-Syria
Cyprus
Tyche
asylum
Semitic
Atargatis
Hadad
Antiochus IV
Hierapolis-Bambyce
Diana
Gadara
Judaean
Nabataeans
Antiochus X
Aradus
Mopsuestia
Pharisees
those who seek smooth things
Antiochus VII
Shechem
Nablus
Parthians
Beroea
phylarch
Parthia
Mithridates III
List of Syrian monarchs
Timeline of Syrian history

wikipedia_title:
Hellenistic period
Seleucid Empire
List of Syrian monarchs
Antiochus VIII Grypus
Tryphaena
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
Damascus
Seleucus VI Epiphanes
Antioch
Antiochus X Eusebes
Antiochus XI Epiphanes
Philip I Philadelphus
Judea
Alexander Jannaeus
Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
Aleppo
Parthian Empire
Antiochus XII Dionysus
Seleucid Empire
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Antiochus VIII Grypus
Tryphaena
Seleucus VI Epiphanes
Antiochus XI Epiphanes
Philip I Philadelphus
Antiochus XII Dionysus
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
Josephus
Porphyry (philosopher)
Seleucid era
Antioch
Cilicia
Knidos
Coining (mint)
Nahum Commentary
Book of Nahum
Demeter
Antigonid dynasty
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Hellenistic period
Regnal number
Seleucia Pieria
Demetrius II Nicator
Demetrius I Soter
Ptolemaic dynasty
The Jewish War
Antiquities of the Jews
Thomas R. Martin
Ptolemy IX Lathyros
Cleopatra III of Egypt
Alexander Jannaeus
Hasmonean dynasty
Coele-Syria
Cyprus
Tyche
Asylum (antiquity)
Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
Atargatis
Hadad
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Manbij
Diana (mythology)
Umm Qais
Judea
Nabataean Kingdom
Antiochus X Eusebes
Arwad
Mopsuestia
Pharisees
The Seekers after Smooth Things
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Shechem
Nablus
Parthian Empire
Aleppo
Phylarch
Parthia
Mithridates III of Parthia
List of Syrian monarchs
Timeline of Syrian history

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Seleucid rulers,Kings of Syria,Year of birth unknown,1st-century BC Seleucid rulers,Year of death unknown,2nd-century BC births

paragraph: Demetrius III Eucaerus

paragraph: Demetrius III Theos Philopator Soter Philometor Euergetes Callinicus (, surnamed Eucaerus; between 124 and 109 BC – after 87 BC) was a Hellenistic Seleucid monarch who reigned as the King of Syria between 96 and 87 BC. He was a son of Antiochus VIII and, most likely, his Egyptian wife Tryphaena. Demetrius III's early life was spent in a period of civil war between his father and his uncle Antiochus IX, which ended with the assassination of Antiochus VIII in 96 BC. After the death of their father, Demetrius III took control of Damascus while his brother Seleucus VI prepared for war against Antiochus IX, who occupied the Syrian capital Antioch.

paragraph: The civil war dragged on; Seleucus VI eliminated his uncle, whose heir Antiochus X counterattacked and drove Seleucus VI to his death. Then the twins Antiochus XI and Philip I, brothers of Demetrius III, attempted to avenge Seleucus VI; it ended with the death of Antiochus XI and the interference of Demetrius III on the side of Philip I in a war against Antiochus X that probably lasted until 88 BC. In 89 BC, Demetrius III invaded Judaea and crushed the forces of its king, Alexander Jannaeus; his near victory was cut short by the death of Antiochus X. Demetrius III rushed to Antioch before Philip I could take advantage of the power vacuum and strengthen his position relative to Demetrius III.

paragraph: By 87 BC, Demetrius III had most of Syria under his authority. He attempted to appease the public by promoting the importance of the local Semitic gods, and he might have given Damascus the dynastic name Demetrias. By late 87 BC, Demetrius III attacked Philip I in the city of Beroea, where Philip I's allies called on the Parthians for help. The allied forces routed Demetrius III and besieged him in his camp; he was forced to surrender and spent the rest of his life in exile in Parthia. Philip I took Antioch, while Antiochus XII, another brother of Demetrius III, took Damascus.

paragraph: Section::::Background, family and early life.

paragraph: The Seleucid Empire, based in Syria, disintegrated in the second century BC as a result of dynastic feuds and Egyptian interference. A long civil war caused Syria to fragment as pretenders from the royal family fought for the throne. This lasted until about 123 BC, when Antiochus VIII provided a degree of stability which lasted for a decade. To maintain a degree of peace, Egypt and Syria attempted dynastic marriages, which helped Egypt destabilise Syria by supporting one candidate to the throne over another. In 124 BC, the Egyptian princess Tryphaena was married to Antiochus VIII. Five sons were born to the couple: Seleucus VI, the twins Antiochus XI and Philip I, Demetrius III and Antiochus XII.

paragraph: In 113 BC, Antiochus VIII's half-brother Antiochus IX declared himself king; the siblings fought relentlessly for a decade and a half. Antiochus IX killed Tryphaena in 109 BC. Antiochus VIII was assassinated in 96 BC; this date is deduced from the statement of the first century historian Josephus, who wrote that Antiochus VIII, who assumed the throne in 125 BC, ruled for twenty-nine years, and is corroborated by the third century historian Porphyry, who gave the Seleucid year (SE) 216 (97/96 BC) for Antiochus VIII's death. Following the death of his brother, Antiochus IX took the Syrian capital, Antioch, while Seleucus VI, established in Cilicia, prepared for war against his uncle. In modern literature, Seleucus VI is considered the eldest son, and Demetrius III is considered younger than Antiochus XI and Philip I. However, almost nothing is known about the early life of Demetrius III, who might have been the eldest son himself. According to Josephus, before assuming the throne, Demetrius III lived in the city of Knidos.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Antiochus IX did not take Damascus following the death of his brother; he was probably focused on the threat of Seleucus VI and could not spare the resources for an occupation of Damascus. This eased Demetrius III's elevation to the throne; he took Damascus in 96 BC. The earliest coins struck in the name of Demetrius were produced in Damascus in 216 SE (97/96 BC); only one Damascene obverse die is known from 216 SE (97/96 BC), indicating that Demetrius's reign started late that year, giving him little time to produce more dies. The only ancient works of literature dealing with Demetrius III's career are those of Josephus and the Pesher Nahum, a sectarian commentary on the Book of Nahum. Historian Kay Ehling noted that Josephus's account is a condensed summary and that the actual course of events surrounding Demetrius III's seizure of power needs to be reconstructed. Thus, interpreting the numismatic evidence is instrumental for the problematic chronological reconstruction of Demetrius III's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Name and royal titulary.

paragraph: Demetrius ( ) is a Greek name that means "belonging to Demeter", the Greek goddess of fertility. Seleucid kings were mostly named Seleucus and Antiochus; "Demetrius" was used by the Antigonid dynasty of Macedonia as a royal name, and its use by the Seleucids, who had Antigonid descent, probably signified that they were heirs of the latter. Hellenistic kings did not use regnal numbers, which is a modern practice; instead, they used epithets to distinguish themselves from similarly named monarchs. Demetrius III's most used epithets are Theos (divine), Philopator (father loving) and Soter (saviour); the aforementioned epithets appear together on all of his Damascene and Antiochene coins. In Cilicia, two epithets were used in conjunction: Philometor (mother-loving) and Euergetes (benefactor). The coins from Seleucia Pieria bear three epithets together: the ones appearing on the coins of Cilicia, combined with the epithet Callinicus (nobly victorious). Theos Philopator Soter served to emphasise Demetrius III's descent from the line of his grandfather Demetrius II who bore the epithet Theos; Soter was an epithet of Demetrius III's great-grandfather Demetrius I, while Philopator represented his devotion to his deceased father Antiochus VIII. With Philometor, Demetrius III probably sought to emphasise his Ptolemaic royal Egyptian descent through his mother Tryphaena.

paragraph: Eucaerus is a popular nickname used by the majority of modern historians to denote Demetrius III, but it is a mistranscription of the nickname given by Josephus in his works "The Jewish War" and "Antiquities of the Jews". The earliest Greek manuscripts of Josephus's works contain the nickname Akairos in three places. Eucaerus appeared as a later development, and is attested in the Latin versions of the manuscripts. It was probably a copyist, thinking that Akairos was a mistake and trying to correct it, that led to the appearance of Eucaerus. Eucaerus translates to "well-timed", while Akairos means "the untimely one". Josephus did not explain the origin of Akairos. Such popular nicknames are never found on coins, but are handed down only through ancient literature; neither Eucaerus or Akairos was used by Demetrius III on his coinage. Josephus is the only source for the nickname; in the view of historians David Levenson and Thomas Martin, Eucaerus should not be used to refer to Demetrius; instead, Akairos, or one of his official epithets should be used.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Manner of succession.

paragraph: According to Josephus, Tryphaena's brother Ptolemy IX of Egypt installed Demetrius III in Damascus following the death of Antiochus XI Epiphanes in 93 BC; this statement cannot be correct as the date given by Josephus contradicts the numismatic evidence from Damascus. Despite the chronological error, several arguments justify the theory of a collaboration between Ptolemy IX and Demetrius III; according to Ehling, the assumption of the epithet Philometor (mother loving) was meant to highlight Demetrius III's relation to his uncle Ptolemy IX. Two main reconstructions of Demetrius III's rise to power exist:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demetrius III started his reign in Damascus: the numismatist Oliver Hoover viewed the ascendance of Demetrius III in the context of the war of sceptres, a military conflict between Ptolemy IX and his mother Cleopatra III, who was allied with Alexander Jannaeus of Judaea. This war took place in Coele-Syria and ended in 101 BC; Ptolemy IX was defeated and retreated to Cyprus. However, Hoover noted that Josephus synchronised the retreat of Ptolemy IX with the death of Antiochus VIII in 97/96 BC; such a synchronisation is perceived as imprecise by many scholars, but Hoover suggested that Josephus consciously associated the two events. According to Hoover, Josephus's account regarding Ptolemy IX's installation of Demetrius III in Damascus indicates that the Egyptian monarch did not evacuate Syria after the conclusion of his war with Cleopatra III, or that he perhaps invaded a second time to help Demetrius III following the death of his father. Ptolemy IX probably hoped to use his nephew as an agent in the region; if Demetrius III was installed by his uncle in Damascus in 216 SE (97/96 BC), then Josephus's synchronisation between Ptolemy IX's departure and the death of Antiochus VIII is correct.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demetrius III took Antioch before Damascus: Ehling proposed a different reconstruction of events; he contested the dating of Antiochus VIII's death to 96 BC based on Demetrius III's earliest dated coins and argued in favour of 215 SE (98/97 BC) for the former's death and the latter's succession. Ehling's argument agrees with the view of the numismatist Arthur Houghton, who noted that the volume of coins minted by Seleucus VI, the immediate successor of Antiochus VIII, before his takeover of Antioch in 95 BC, surpassed any other mint known from the late Seleucid period. This led Houghton to suggest 98 or 97 BC instead of 96 BC for the death of Antiochus VIII as one year was not enough for Seleucus VI to produce his coins. Hoover rejected the new dating, noting that it was not rare for a king to double his production in a single year during military campaigns, which was the case for Seleucus VI, who was preparing for war against his uncle Antiochus IX. The academic consensus prefers 96 BC for the death of Antiochus VIII.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Policy.

paragraph: Demetrius III seems to have been content with leaving the struggle against Antiochus IX and his heirs to his many brothers; he took advantage of the chaos in the north to consolidate his authority in Damascus. Drawing his legitimacy from his father, he appeared on his coinage with an exaggerated hawked nose in the likeness of Antiochus VIII. Coins from a city named Demetrias, bearing on their reverse a portrait of the Tyche of Damascus, are evidence that Demetrius III might have refounded Damascus and given it the dynastic name Demetrias. Damascene coins mention the city as "holy"; it must have been a privilege bestowed upon it by Demetrius III who possibly also conferred the right of asylum on his capital.

paragraph: Seleucid kings mostly depicted Greek gods on their coinage, but Demetrius III ruled a contracted realm, where the local cults gained more importance as the Seleucids no longer ruled a heterogeneous kingdom. Local cults came under royal patronage as Seleucid kings attempted to gain the support of their non-Greek subjects. On his royal silver coins from Damascus, the supreme Semitic goddess Atargatis appeared on the reverse, while municipal coins continued to use the portraits of traditional Greek deities. The radiate crown, a sign of divinity, was employed by Demetrius III on some of his coins; this can be an indication that he ritually married Atargatis. Marrying the supreme goddess indicated that the king considered himself the manifestation of Syria's supreme god and Atargatis' partner, Hadad. The practise was started at an unknown date by Antiochus IV (died 164 BC), the first king to employ the radiate crown, who chose Hierapolis-Bambyce, Atargatis's most important sanctuary, to ritually marry Diana, the manifestation of Atargatis in Syria.

paragraph: As was typical for a Seleucid king, Demetrius III aimed to acquire as much territory as possible and sought to expand his domains in Syria. The city of Gadara was conquered by Alexander Jannaeus in 100 BC, but the city freed itself and reverted to the Seleucids after the defeat of the Judaean king at the hands of the Nabataeans, an event that happened in 93 BC at the latest. Gadara was of great strategic importance for Demetrius III as a major military hub for operations in the south; controlling it was vital to the war effort against the Judaeans.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:The struggle against Antiochus X.

paragraph: In 95 BC, Seleucus VI entered Antioch after defeating and killing Antiochus IX, whose son Antiochus X fled to Aradus and declared himself king. In 94 BC, Seleucus VI was driven out of the capital by Antiochus X; the former escaped to the Cilician city of Mopsuestia where he perished during a local uprising. Antiochus XI and Philip I avenged Seleucus VI, and Antiochus XI drove Antiochus X out of the capital in 93 BC. Antiochus X was able to regain the city and kill Antiochus XI the same year. In the spring of 93 BC, Demetrius III marched in support of his brother Philip I; Demetrius III might have marched north earlier to support Antiochus XI in his final battle.

paragraph: According to Josephus, Demetrius III and Philip I waged a fierce war against Antiochus X; the language of Josephus indicates that Antiochus X was in a defensive position rather than planning massive campaigns against his cousins. In 220 SE (93/92 BC), no coins were produced for Demetrius III in Damascus; this could mean that he lost control over the city. It is possible that either the Judaeans or the Nabataeans took advantage of Demetrius III's departure to help his brother and occupied the city; the King regained Damascus in 221 SE (92/91 BC). Antiochus X's date of death is unknown; traditional scholarship, with no evidence, gives the year 92 BC, then has Demetrius taking control of Antioch and ruling it for five years until his downfall in 87 BC. Those traditional dates are hard to justify; using a methodology based on estimating the annual die usage average rate (the Esty formula), Hoover proposed the year 224 SE (89/88 BC) for the end of Antiochus X's reign. It is estimated that only one to three dies were used by Demetrius III for his Antiochene coins, a number too small to justify a five-year-long reign in Antioch; no literary sources specify the year 92 BC as the date of Demetrius III's occupation of Antioch, and none of his Antiochene coins bear a date.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Judaean campaign.

paragraph: Following the defeat of Alexander Jannaeus at the hands of the Nabataeans, Judaea was caught in a civil war between the king and a religious group called the Pharisees. According to Josephus, Alexander Jannaeus' opponents persuaded Demetrius III to invade Judaea as it would be conquered easily owing to the civil war. Josephus gave two accounts regarding the numerical strength of Demetrius III; in "Antiquities of the Jews", the Syrian king had 3,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry. In the Jewish War, Demetrius III commanded 3,000 cavalry and 14,000 infantry. The latter number is more logical; the number given in "Antiquities of the Jews" could be an error by a copyist.

paragraph: The date of the campaign is unclear in Josephus's account. 88 BC is traditionally considered the date of Demetrius III's Judaean campaign, but numismatic evidence shows that coin production increased massively in Damascus in 222 SE (91/90 BC) and 223 SE (90/89 BC). This increase indicates that Demetrius was securing the necessary funds for his campaign, making 89 BC more likely as the date of the invasion. The political situation in Syria in 89 BC helped Demetrius III initiate his invasion of Judaea; Antiochus X was in Antioch while Damascus was firmly in the hands of Demetrius III and there is no indication of a war with his brother Philip I.

paragraph: The motives of Demetrius III are not specified in Josephus's account; the historian gives the impression that Demetrius III helped the Pharisees free of charge, which is hard to accept. The Syrian king's help must have been conditioned on political concessions by the Jewish rebels. Evidence for Demetrius III's motives is provided by the Pesher Nahum, which reads: "[Interpreted, this concerns Deme]trius king of Greece who sought, on the counsel of those who seek smooth things, to enter Jerusalem"; the academic consensus identifies "Demetrius king of Greece" with Demetrius III. The motive leading Demetrius III to attack Judaea might not have had anything to do with the call of the Pharisees. If Alexander Jannaeus took advantage of Demetrius's absence in 93 BC to wrest control of Damascus, then the invasion was probably in retribution against Judaea. It is also possible that Demetrius wanted to take advantage of Judaea's human resources in the struggle against his rivals to the Syrian throne. Finally, the Syrian kings, including Demetrius III's father, never fully accepted the independence of Judaea and entertained plans to reconquer it; the campaign of Demetrius III can be seen in this context.

paragraph: Demetrius III was the first Seleucid king to set foot in Judaea since Antiochus VII (died 129 BC); according to Josephus, the Syrian king came with his army to the vicinity of Shechem (near Nablus), which he chose as the site for his camp. Alexander Jannaeus marched to meet his enemy; Demetrius III tried to persuade Alexander Jannaeus's mercenaries to defect as they were Greeks like him, but the troops did not answer his call. Following this failed attempt, the two kings engaged in battle; Demetrius III lost many troops but decimated Alexander Jannaeus's mercenaries and gained victory. The Judaean king fled to the nearby mountains and according to Josephus, when the 6,000 Judaean rebels in Demetrius III's ranks saw this, they felt pity for their king and deserted Demetrius to join Alexander Jannaeus. At this point, Demetrius III withdrew back to Syria.

paragraph: The account of Josephus indicates that Demetrius III ended his Judaean campaign because his Jewish allies deserted him, but this is hard to accept; Josephus probably inflated the numbers of Judaeans in the Syrian army, and Demetrius III still had enough soldiers to wage wars in Syria after he departed Judaea. It is more likely that events in Syria forced Demetrius III to conclude his invasion of Judaea. Probably in 88 BC, Antiochus X died while fighting the Parthians, and this must have forced Demetrius III to rush north and fill the power vacuum before Philip I. Demetrius III may have feared that his brother would turn on him and try to take Damascus for himself; if it was not for the death of Antiochus X, Demetrius III would probably have conquered Judaea.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Height of power and defeat.

paragraph: According to Josephus, following the conclusion of his Judaean campaign, Demetrius III marched on Philip I. During this conflict, which is datable to 225 SE (88/87 BC), soldiers from Antioch were mentioned for the first time in the ranks of Demetrius III, indicating that he took control of the Syrian capital in this year. No bronze coinage was minted in the name of Demetrius III in Antioch as the city began issuing its own civic bronze coins in 221 SE (92/91 BC); Demetrius III issued silver coins in the Syrian capital as silver coinage remained a royal prerogative. Most of the kingdom came under the authority of Demetrius III; his coins were minted in Antioch, Damascus, Seleucia Pieria and Tarsus.

paragraph: According to Josephus, Demetrius III attacked his brother in Beroea with an army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry. Philip I's ally, Straton, the tyrant of the city, called on Aziz, an Arab phylarch (tribal leader), and the Parthian governor Mithridates Sinaces for help; the allies' archery drove Demetrius III to take cover in his camp, where he was besieged and eventually surrendered after thirst took its toll on his men.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: The year of Demetrius III's defeat is most likely 87 BC; the date of Demetrius III's last coin from Damascus is 225 SE (88/87 BC). According to Josephus, Demetrius III was captured and sent to Parthia, where he was treated by the Parthian king with "great honour" until he died of illness. Josephus wrote that the Parthian king was named Mithradates, likely Mithridates III. Demetrius III was probably childless; in Damascus, he was succeeded by Antiochus XII, whose first coin was minted in 226 SE (87/86 BC), indicating an immediate succession. Philip I released any captive who was a citizen of Antioch, a step that must have eased his entry into Antioch, which took place soon after the capture of Demetrius III.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Syrian monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Syrian history

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The biography of Demetrius III in the website of the numismatist Petr Veselý.

description: king of Syria

wikidata_label: Demetrius III Eucaerus

wikipedia_title: Demetrius III Eucaerus


text: Peter de Montfort

text: Beaudesert Castle

text: Eleanor of Castile

text: Edward I of England

text: aristocracy

text: Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford

text: Christ Church Cathedral

text: Oxford University

text: chantry

text: mass

text: Reformation

text: William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu

text: Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer

text: Windsor Park

text: Berkshire

text: Lincoln Cathedral

text: William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: Simon Montagu

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: Bishop of Ely

text: Alice of Norfolk

text: Thomas of Brotherton

text: Edward I

text: Bampton, Devon

text: Halliwell

text: Barking

text: Barking

text: Baron Furnivall

categories: 14th-century women,Year of birth unknown,14th-century English people,1354 deaths,People from Warwickshire,De Montagu family

paragraph: Elizabeth de Montfort, Baroness Montagu

paragraph: Lady Elizabeth de Montfort (died August 1354) was an English noblewoman.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elizabeth Montfort was the daughter of Peter de Montfort, knight, of Beaudesert Castle, Warwickshire (d. before 4 March 1287) and Maud de la Mare. She was born at Beaudesert Castle in Warwickshire.

paragraph: Her marriage to William Montagu was arranged by Eleanor of Castile, the first wife of King Edward I of England. Edward was eager to make peace with the aristocracy after the battle, and things were fairly well patched up within a few years. His wife’s role in arranging the marriage was part of an elaborate system of arranged marriages designed to reinforce the power of the King and his aristocracy.

paragraph: Both Elizabeth and her husband came from wealthy families, and they donated some of their money to various causes. Elizabeth was a major benefactor of the Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford, now Christ Church Cathedral at Oxford University. Her tomb now lies between the Latin Chapel, whose construction she funded, and the Dean’s Chapel, where she was originally buried under its magnificent painted ceiling (now faded by time).

paragraph: She also donated a large piece of land to St. Frideswide in exchange for a chantry. This meant that two chantry priests would say daily mass in black robes bearing the Montacute and Montfort coats of arms. This continued until the Reformation. This piece of land, just south of the church is now called Christ Church Meadow. Later, the path through this was named Christ Church Walk and is now a very popular attraction in Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: She married firstly, about 1292, William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, by whom she had four sons and seven daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Montagu, eldest son and heir, who in 1317 married his father's ward, Joan de Verdun (d. 2 October 1334), daughter and heir of Theobald de Verdun by Maud Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer, in the royal chapel at Windsor Park, Berkshire, by whom he had no issue. He predeceased his father, and was buried at Lincoln Cathedral on 14 August 1317. His widow, Joan, married, on 24 February 1318, Sir Thomas Furnivall (d. October 1339), by whom she had three sons and two daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344), who succeeded as 3rd Baron Montagu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Montagu (d.1345), who was successively Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Ely.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Montagu (d. 14 July 1361), who married firstly, before 29 August 1338, Alice of Norfolk (d. before 30 January 1352), daughter and coheir of Thomas of Brotherton, and granddaughter of Edward I, by whom he had a son and four daughters. Alice of Norfolk is said to have died as the result of an assault by her husband and his retainers. He married secondly a wife named Joan, whose parentage is unknown, by whom he had a son and two daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Montagu, eldest daughter, who married, before 27 January 1333, as his first wife, Sir Ralph Daubeney (3 March 1305 – c.1378), by whom she was the mother of Sir Giles Daubeney (d. 24 June 1386).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine Montagu, who married Sir William Carrington.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Montagu, who married Sir Richard Cogan (d.1368) of Bampton, Devon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Montagu, Prioress of Halliwell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawise Montagu, who married Sir Roger Bavent (d. 23 April 1355), by whom she had a daughter, Joan, who married Sir John Dauntsey (d.1391).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud Montagu, Abbess of Barking from 1341-1352.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel Montagu, Abbess of Barking from 1352-1358.

paragraph: She married secondly Thomas Furnivall, 1st Baron Furnivall (d. before 18 April 1332), who was pardoned and fined £200 on 8 June 1322 for marrying her without royal licence.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Elizabeth De Montacute née Montfort', History of Henley Series Retrieved 22 October 2013

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Lady Elizabeth Montacute

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth de Montfort, Baroness Montagu


text: Congolese

text: revolutionary

text: Mobutu Sese Seko

text: Joseph

text: Luba people

text: Katanga Province

text: Moba

text: Tanganyika Province

text: Belgian Congo

text: Lunda

text: Paris

text: Tashkent

text: Belgrade

text: Dar es Salaam

text: Katanga seceded

text: Moïse Tshombe

text: Manono

text: North Katanga

text: Prosper Mwamba Ilunga

text: Conseil National de Libération

text: Kivu

text: Kigoma

text: Lake Tanganyika

text: Che Guevara

text: Fizi – Baraka

text: South Kivu

text: People's Revolutionary Party

text: Marxist

text: South Kivu

text: Lake Tanganyika

text: Kampala

text: Yoweri Museveni

text: president of Uganda

text: Julius Nyerere

text: Paul Kagame

text: president of Rwanda

text: Zaire

text: Tutsi

text: South Kivu

text: Hutu

text: First Congo War

text: Uganda

text: Rwanda

text: Burundi

text: SAS "Outeniqua"

text: Lubumbashi

text: president

text: socialism

text: Rally for Congolese Democracy

text: Second Congo War

text: Angola

text: Namibia

text: Zimbabwe

text: Leonard Mashako Mamba

text: Zimbabwe

text: Joseph Kabila

text: military tribunal

text: Emmanuel Dungia

text: Kabila Legacy

text: Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps

categories: Maoists,People of the Congo Crisis,Deaths by firearm in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Assassinated heads of state,Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Democratic Republic of the Congo rebels,Assassinated Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians,2001 crimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,2000s murders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Luba people,1939 births,People from Tanganyika Province,University of Dar es Salaam alumni,University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy alumni,2001 deaths,Che Guevara,African revolutionaries,2001 murders in Africa,People murdered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

paragraph: Laurent-Désiré Kabila

paragraph: Laurent-Désiré Kabila (French pronunciation: lo.ʁɑ̃ de.zi.ʁe ka.bi.la) (November 27, 1939 – January 16, 2001), or simply Laurent Kabila ( ), was a Congolese revolutionary and politician who served as the third President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from May 17, 1997, when he overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko, until his assassination by one of his bodyguards on January 16, 2001. He was succeeded eight days later by his 29-year-old son Joseph.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kabila was born to a member of the Luba people in Baudoinville, Katanga Province, (now Moba, Tanganyika Province) in the Belgian Congo. His father was a Luba and his mother was a Lunda. It is claimed that he studied abroad (political philosophy in Paris, got a PhD in Tashkent, in Belgrade and at last in Dar es Salaam) but no proof has been found or provided.

paragraph: Section::::Political activities.

paragraph: Section::::Political activities.:Congo crisis.

paragraph: Shortly after the Congo achieved independence in 1960, Katanga seceded under the leadership of Moïse Tshombe. Kabila organised the Baluba in an anti-secessionist rebellion in Manono. In September 1962 a new province, North Katanga, was established, and he became a member of the provincial assembly and served as chief of cabinet for Minister of Information Ferdinand Tumba. In September 1963 he and other young members of the assembly were forced to resign, facing allegations of communist sympathies.

paragraph: Kabila established himself as a supporter of hard-line Lumumbist Prosper Mwamba Ilunga. When the Lumumbists formed the Conseil National de Libération, he was sent to eastern Congo to help organize a revolution, in particular in the Kivu and North Katanga provinces. In 1965, Kabila set up a cross-border rebel operation from Kigoma, Tanzania, across Lake Tanganyika.

paragraph: Section::::Political activities.:Che Guevara.

paragraph: Che Guevara assisted Kabila for a short time in 1965. Guevara had appeared in the Congo with approximately 100 men who planned to bring about a Cuban-style revolution. Guevara judged Kabila (then 26) as "not the man of the hour" he had alluded to, being too distracted. This, in Guevara's opinion, accounted for Kabila showing up days late at times to provide supplies, aid, or backup to Guevara's men. The lack of cooperation between Kabila and Guevara contributed to the suppression of the revolt that same year.

paragraph: In Guevara's view, of all of the people he met during his campaign in Congo, only Kabila had "genuine qualities of a mass leader"; but Guevara castigated Kabila for a lack of "revolutionary seriousness". After the failure of the rebellion, Kabila turned to smuggling gold and timber on Lake Tanganyika. He also ran a bar and brothel in Tanzania.

paragraph: Section::::Political activities.:Marxist mini-state (1967–1988).

paragraph: In 1967, Kabila and his remnant of supporters moved their operation into the mountainous Fizi – Baraka area of South Kivu in the Congo, and founded the People's Revolutionary Party (PRP). With the support of the People's Republic of China, the PRP created a secessionist Marxist state in South Kivu province, west of Lake Tanganyika.

paragraph: The PRP state came to an end in 1988 and Kabila disappeared and was widely believed to be dead. While in Kampala, Kabila reportedly met Yoweri Museveni, the future president of Uganda. Museveni and former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere later introduced Kabila to Paul Kagame, who would become president of Rwanda. These personal contacts became vital in mid-1990s, when Uganda and Rwanda sought a Congolese face for their intervention in Zaire.

paragraph: Section::::First Congo War.

paragraph: Kabila returned in October 1996, leading ethnic Tutsis from South Kivu against Hutu forces, marking the beginning of the First Congo War. With support from Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi, Kabila pushed his forces into a full-scale rebellion against Mobutu as the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (ADFL).

paragraph: By mid-1997, the ADFL had almost completely overrun the country and the remains of Mobutu's army. Only the country's decrepit infrastructure slowed Kabila's forces down; in many areas, the only means of transit were irregularly used dirt paths. Following failed peace talks held on board of the South African ship SAS "Outeniqua", Mobutu fled into exile on 16 May.

paragraph: The next day, from his base in Lubumbashi, Kabila proclaimed himself president. Kabila suspended the Constitution, and changed the name of the country from Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo—the country's official name from 1964 to 1971. He made his grand entrance into Kinshasa on 20 May and was sworn in on 31 May, officially commencing his term as president.

paragraph: Section::::Presidency (1997–2001).

paragraph: Kabila had been a committed Marxist, but his policies at this point were a mix of capitalism and socialism. He declared that elections would not be held for two years, since it would take him at least that long to restore order. While some in the West hailed Kabila as representing a "new breed" of African leadership, critics charged that Kabila's policies differed little from his predecessor's, being characterised by authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights abuses. As early as late 1997, Kabila was being denounced as "another Mobutu".

paragraph: By 1998, Kabila's former allies in Uganda and Rwanda had turned against him and backed a new rebellion of the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), the Second Congo War. Kabila found new allies in Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, and managed to hold on in the south and west of the country and by July 1999, peace talks led to the withdrawal of most foreign forces.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: Kabila was shot and killed in his office on 16 January 2001.

paragraph: The DRC's authorities managed to keep power, despite Kabila's assassination. The exact circumstances are still disputed. Kabila reportedly died on the spot, according to DRC's then health minister Leonard Mashako Mamba, who was in the next door office when Kabila was shot and arrived immediately after the assassination. The government claimed that Kabila was still alive, however, when he was flown to a hospital in Zimbabwe after he was shot so that DRC authorities could organize the tense succession.

paragraph: The Congolese government announced that he had died of his wounds on 18 January. One week later, his body was returned to Congo for a state funeral and his son, Joseph Kabila, became president ten days later. By doing so, DRC officials were accomplishing the "verbal testimony" of the deceased President. Then Justice Minister Mwenze Kongolo and Kabila's aide-de-camp Eddy Kapend have reported that Kabila had told them that his son Joseph, then number two of the army, should take over, if he were to die in office.

paragraph: The investigation into Kabila's assassination led to 135 people – including four children – being tried before a special military tribunal. The alleged ringleader, Colonel Eddy Kapend (one of Kabila's cousins), and 25 others were sentenced to death in January 2003, but not executed. Of the other defendants 64 were jailed, with sentences from six months to life, and 45 were exonerated. Some individuals were also accused of being involved in a plot to overthrow his son. Among them was Kabila's special advisor Emmanuel Dungia, former ambassador to South Africa. Many people believe the trial was flawed and the convicted defendants innocent.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kabila Legacy by Human Rights Watch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps by "BBC News", November 25, 2004

description: former President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

wikidata_label: Laurent-Désiré Kabila

wikipedia_title: Laurent-Désiré Kabila


text: Chris Brown

text: 50 Cent

text: Lady Gaga

text: Ludacris

text: Nicki Minaj

text: Rihanna

text: Billboard Music Awards

text: American Music Awards

paragraph: Dencia

paragraph: Reprudencia Sonkey, known by her stage name Dencia, is a singer, an entrepreneur, fashion designer, and philanthropist. She was born in 26 March 1988 in Cameroon. She started in the industry being featured in music videos of artists, like Chris Brown, 50 Cent, Lady Gaga, and Ludacris. Dencia released her first single “Beri Beri” in 2011.

paragraph: In the U.S., Dencia studied at Santa Monica College, Pierce College, USC and the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising. As a designer, she has created looks for artists like Nicki Minaj, Rihanna, Christina Milian, and Lil’ Mama,

paragraph: and is known for her own fashion statements and appearances on red carpets at the Billboard Music Awards, the Grammys, and the American Music Awards.

paragraph: In 2014, Dencia launched her skincare line, Whitenicious, infamously including a skin bleaching cream.

wikidata_label: Dencia

wikipedia_title: Dencia


text:
rugby league
Wigan Warriors
Betfred Super League
Leigh Centurions
Wigan
Super League
Salford Red Devils
Wigan Warriors profile
SL profile

categories: People from Leigh, Greater Manchester,English rugby league players,1997 births,Rugby league five-eighths,Living people,Wigan Warriors players

paragraph: Josh Woods

paragraph: Josh Woods (born 13 December 1997) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a or for the Wigan Warriors in the Betfred Super League. He is to spend the 2019 season loan at the Leigh Centurions.

paragraph: In 2017 he made his Wigan Super League début against the Salford Red Devils.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wigan Warriors profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- SL profile

wikidata_label: Josh Woods

wikipedia_title: Josh Woods


text:
Native Hawaiian
Albert Pierce Taylor
women's suffrage movement
Territory of Hawaii
Nineteenth Amendment
Honolulu
George Charles Beckley
House of Kamehameha
Rose Compton
St. Andrew's Priory School
Church of Hawaii
Kamehameha IV
Queen Emma
Fort Street School
Kaʻiulani
Kalākaua
Mānoa Valley
Albert Pierce Taylor
"The Pacific Commercial Advertiser"
Bishop Museum
Kamehameha Schools
Samuel Kamakau
Hawaiian Historical Society
Pohukaina
ʻIolani Palace
Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla
Kamehameha V
Walter F. Frear
Paradise of the Pacific
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
women's suffrage
Emma Nakuina
Almira Hollander Pitman
Wilhelmina Widemann Dowsett
Territory of Hawaii
Nineteenth Amendment
World War I
Native Hawaiian
Honolulu Advertiser
Washington, DC
Kaʻahumanu
Kapiʻolani
aliʻi
League of Women Voters
Outdoor Circle
George S. Patton
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
Oahu Cemetery
Hawaii State Archives

categories: Burials at Oahu Cemetery,People from Honolulu,1937 deaths,Historians of Hawaii,Educators from Hawaii,Hawaiian nobility,Native Hawaiian writers,American suffragists,American people of British descent,Hawaiian people of English descent,1867 births

paragraph: Emma Ahuena Taylor

paragraph: Emma Ahuena Davison Taylor (November 13, 1867 – November 8, 1937) was a part-Native Hawaiian high chiefess during the 20th century. She was a cultural historian, a genealogist, and a repository of Hawaiian culture and history who wrote many articles and recollections about the past and influenced her husband, Albert Pierce Taylor, the author of the historical book "Under Hawaiian Skies". She was involved in local philanthropic, historical, and civic groups and participated in the women's suffrage movement in the Territory of Hawaii, campaigning for the rights of local women to vote prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Emma Ahuena Davison was born on November 13, 1867, although her gravestone says she was born in 1866. She was the eldest daughter and second child of American pharmacist Benoni Richmond Davison—who became the superintendent of the United States Marine Hospital in Honolulu—and British-Hawaiian chiefess Mary Jane Kekulani Fayerweather.

paragraph: On her mother's side, she was a great-granddaughter of the British Captain George Charles Beckley and Ahia, a distant relation of the reigning House of Kamehameha. Davison's siblings included William Compton Malulani, Rose Compton, Henry Fayerweather, and Marie Hope Kekulani. Her father died in 1875 and her mother later married photographer A. A. Montano in 1877.

paragraph: Davison attended St. Andrew's Priory School in Honolulu, where she was taught by the sisterhoods of the Anglican Church of Hawaii established by King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. She later transferred to Fort Street School and became a playmate of Princess Kaʻiulani, the niece of King Kalākaua. Beginning in 1890, after finishing her education, she worked as a schoolteacher with her sister Rose at the government school in the Mānoa Valley.

paragraph: She married Albert Pierce Taylor on November 5, 1902, at her mother's Mānoa residence, becoming Taylor's second wife. Taylor, originally from the United States, settled in Hawaii and worked for "The Pacific Commercial Advertiser" and later became the librarian for the Archives of Hawaii. He was also a writer of Hawaiian history whose most notable work is "Under Hawaiian Skies". They had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: Emma Ahuena Taylor was an authority on Hawaiian history, genealogy, and language. With her mother, she planned and directed many historical pageants. Her husband's later works were greatly influenced by Taylor and her mother. In the 1920s, Taylor received a government appointment to the Hawaiian Historical and Hawaiian Folklore Commissions. The trustees of Bishop Museum and Kamehameha Schools consulted her and other Hawaiian scholars in the translation of Samuel Kamakau's seminal work "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii" into English.

paragraph: Taylor and her husband became officers in the Hawaiian Historical Society. In September 1930, she wrote a paper and used it to address the society's annual meeting about the history and origin of the former Royal Tombs at Pohukaina. Located in the grounds of ʻIolani Palace, the site was abandoned when the bodies of the Hawaiian royal family were moved to the Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla during the reign of Kamehameha V, leaving behind many remains of the chiefs. Because of its importance Taylor argued; "...the site of the old royal tomb should be held in veneration, and that the historic mound should be cleared and exposed to public view, surrounded by an imposing guard fence, and an appropriate tablet set up to tell passersby its profound royal history". Following this meeting, the society submitted a resolution asking Governor Walter F. Frear to put a protective fence and plaque around the sacred site, which was done on October 17, 1930. Her other scholarly publications include; "Vengeance of Pele" (1930), the "Legend of Puahuula" (1930), and "Poki — Guardian Dog of Moanalua" (1935), all of which were written for "Paradise of the Pacific" magazine.

paragraph: The most notable characteristics of Taylor's writings were its personal touches and romantic depictions of the past, containing many vivid accounts drawn from her own life. In 1935, she wrote a series of eight weekly installments titled "Personal Recollections", in which she recounts life in Hawaii from her childhood in the 1870s until 1934, for the "Honolulu Star-Bulletin". Eleanor H. Williamson notes:

paragraph: Section::::Community involvement.

paragraph: In 1912, she became a supporter of the women's suffrage movement. Native Hawaiian women of high societal rank like Taylor were key early campaigners for this cause. In 1917, she attended a party hosted by Emma Nakuina to honor a visiting suffragist from the mainland United States, Almira Hollander Pitman, the wife of Taylor's cousin Benjamin F. Pitman. The presence of Taylor and other upper-class Honolulu suffragists—including Wilhelmina Widemann Dowsett, president of the National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawaii—and subsequent meetings with the club prompted Pitman to write to her political connections in the mainland, which helped push a bill authorizing the Territory of Hawaii with the power to legislate on the issue of women's suffrage through Congress. In 1919, a local bill to enfranchise the women of Hawaii was planned but it never passed because the following year Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, granting all women in the United States the right to vote. During World War I, Taylor and her friend Emilie Widemann Macfarlane organized knitting units on behalf of Native Hawaiian soldiers.

paragraph: On September 23, 1921, Taylor wrote an article published in the "Honolulu Advertiser" that argued for Hawaii's recognition in a proposed Hall of Remembrance to be erected by the Woman's National Foundation in Washington, DC, honoring women from each of the then-forty-eight states. Speaking on behalf of the women of Hawaii, she advocated for Hawaii's spot in the proposed memorial, suggesting "a pillar of laval stone chiselled from the laval flows of Kilauea, be placed within this Hall of Remembrance to symbolize Hawaii" and for the recognition of the early pioneering American missionary wives, Queen Kaʻahumanu and High Chiefess Kapiʻolani. The pillar representing Hawaii was never erected.

paragraph: Taylor also supported many local organizations and was the premier of "Māmakakaua" (the Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors), a group composed of the descendants of the high chiefs (aliʻi) from the deposed monarchy. The group hosted pageants celebrating the history and traditions of Hawaii. Other organizations she became involved include the League of Women Voters, the Outdoor Circle, and the Native Daughters of Hawaii—which she helped organized. She was also elected the first female vice-president of the Manoa Percent Republican Club.

paragraph: In later life, Taylor befriended writer Beatrice Ayer Patton—the wife of General George S. Patton—who wrote "The Blood of the Shark: A Romance of Early Hawaii", which was published in 1936 and loosely influenced by the exploits of Taylor's Hawaiian and British ancestors.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Richard Weinberg described her in a 1936 interview about the art and craft of Ancient Hawaii in the "Honolulu Star-Bulletin": "Mrs. Emma Ahuena Taylor impresses one as a person who has carried a strikingly handsome, youthful appearance into maturity. Although her hair is gray and her old fashioned, black holoku sweeps the floor, her limpid brown eyes retain all the charm and fire of youth. Her carefully modulated voice recalls a day when conversation was not an neglected art."

paragraph: Taylor died on November 7, 1937, and was buried next to her husband at the Oahu Cemetery. Her private notes, diaries, letters, and manuscript drafts, and those of her mother Mary Jane Montano, are now in the Hawaii State Archives.

wikidata_label: Emma Ahuena Taylor

wikipedia_title: Emma Ahuena Taylor


text:
Polish
General
Polish Army
Katyń massacre
Imperial Russian Army
Polish-Bolshevik War
Polish 13th Infantry Brigade
Generał brygady
Peace of Riga
Brześć Fortified Area
Invasion of Poland
NKVD
Soviet Union
Starobielsk
Kharkov
Katyń massacre
Bronisław Bohatyrewicz
Xawery Czernicki
Stanisław Haller
Henryk Minkiewicz
Kazimierz Orlik-Łukoski
Konstanty Plisowski
Rudolf Prich
Lviv
Leonard Skierski
Piotr Skuratowicz
Mieczysław Smorawiński
Alojzy Wir-Konas

categories: 1870 births,Polish Army officers,Polish people of World War II,People from Turiisk Raion,Prisoners who died in Soviet detention,Polish prisoners of war,People from Volhynian Governorate,World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union,Polish prisoners and detainees,Polish military personnel of World War II,Katyn massacre victims,Belarusian people executed by the Soviet Union,Polish people who died in prison custody,Polish generals,1940 deaths,Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War,Imperial Russian Army personnel

paragraph: Leon Billewicz

paragraph: Leon Billewicz (April 25, 1870 in Werbiczna – April 1940) was a Polish officer and a General of the Polish Army. He was murdered during the Katyń massacre.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Service.

paragraph: Initially serving with the Imperial Russian Army, in November 1918 he joined the Polish forces. In the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919-1920 he commanded the Polish 13th Infantry Brigade. In 1919 he was promoted to the rank of "Generał brygady" (Brigadier general). After the Peace of Riga he remained in active service and, until 1927, served as a commanding officer of the Brześć Fortified Area. In April 1927, he retired from active service.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Katyń massacre.

paragraph: After the Invasion of Poland in 1939 he was arrested by the NKVD and imprisoned in Soviet Union. Interned in the Starobielsk concentration camp, he was murdered in Kharkov in April 1940, at the age of seventy, during the Katyń massacre. Among the Katyn victims were 14 Polish generals including Bronisław Bohatyrewicz, Xawery Czernicki (admiral), Stanisław Haller, Aleksander Kowalewski, Henryk Minkiewicz, Kazimierz Orlik-Łukoski, Konstanty Plisowski, Rudolf Prich (murdered in Lviv), Franciszek Sikorski, Leonard Skierski, Piotr Skuratowicz, Mieczysław Smorawiński and Alojzy Wir-Konas (promoted posthumously).

description: Polish general

wikidata_label: Leon Billewicz

wikipedia_title: Leon Billewicz


text: convict

text: transported

text: ex-convict school teachers

text: education reform

text: Kirkby on Bain

text: rector

text: Worcester College

text: Oxford

text: Oxford Movement

text: Church of England

text: Catholic

text: Anglican

text: holy orders

text: Old Bailey

text: forging

text: money order

text: penal labour

text: Rica Erickson

text: penal colony

text: York

text: ticket of leave

text: York

text: Fremantle

text: Bishop Hale

text: Guildford

text: Greenough

text: Geraldton

text: Hayes Laurence

text: Fremantle Herald

text: Elementary Education Act 1871

text: parliament

text: sandalwood

text: Henry Gray

text: Perth

text: James Pearce

text: William Beresford

text: Inquirer

text: market garden

text: Patrick Stone

text: Joseph Walton

text: Herman Moll

categories: Australian auctioneers,People from East Lindsey District,1897 deaths,Australian journalists,Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford,1818 births,Australian schoolteachers,Male journalists,Convicts transported to Western Australia,19th-century journalists

paragraph: James Elphinstone Roe

paragraph: James Elphinstone Roe (c. 18 October 1818 – May 1897) was a convict transported to Western Australia. After serving his sentence he became one of the colony's ex-convict school teachers. Through his agitation for education reform, he played an important role in "shaping the education system and political policies in the colony". He later distinguished himself as a journalist.

paragraph: James Elphinstone Roe was born in Kirkby on Bain, Lincolnshire, and baptised there on 18 October 1818. His father was Rev. Thomas Roe, the town's rector, and his mother was Catherine Sarah née Elphinstone. Nothing is known of his childhood, but in June 1836 he began studies at Worcester College, Oxford. During his university years he was a member of the Oxford Movement, an organisation that aimed to return the Church of England to its Catholic roots, and which later collapsed after one of its leaders renounced the Church of England and converted to Catholicism. Although Roe himself remained an Anglican throughout his life, he was often sympathetic to and supportive of Catholic causes, and had a number of Catholic friends.

paragraph: Roe graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1841, and is thought to have taken his holy orders shortly afterwards. In August 1843, he married Susannah Moore. They would have fourteen children, of which nine survived beyond childhood.

paragraph: In 1861, James Roe was convicted in the Old Bailey of forging a money order. Apparently Roe had expected to be left money by an uncle, Edward Roe, but a cousin had induced the uncle to make a will in the cousin's favour only a week before the uncle's death. After the uncle's death, Roe had produced a money order for £6000 apparently made out to him from the uncle. The cousin challenged the authenticity of the order, and Roe was charged with forgery. The prosecution's case mainly hinged upon evidence suggesting that the date stamp on the envelope in which the money order was claimed to have been sent had been faked. Roe was found guilty and sentenced to ten years' penal labour. According to Rica Erickson, his family always believed in his innocence.

paragraph: Roe was transported to what was then the British penal colony of Western Australia on board the "York", arriving in December 1862. He received his ticket of leave in August 1864, and took work as a privately employed schoolmaster at York. Four months later his family arrived in Western Australia on board the "Hastings". Roe met his family at Fremantle and immediately escorted them back to York. It is said that Roe's wife refused an offer of hospitality from Bishop Hale's wife Sabina at Fremantle, because the offer did not include her husband. During their time at York, the financial needs of the large family kept Roe and his wife separated. Susannah Roe found work teaching a class in the town, and James Roe worked at the Seven Mile Spring on the road to Guildford, probably also as a teacher.

paragraph: Roe was probably more highly qualified to teach than anyone else in the colony at the time, but his convict status, especially the fact that he had not yet received his conditional pardon, would normally have precluded him from being offered an official teaching position. However Bishop Hale, who was also chairman of the Board of Education, sympathised with the family's plight, and in 1866 he tried to secure for Roe and his wife a joint appointment to a new school at Greenough. Unable to organise accommodation for Roe's large family, the Board of Education eventually appointed only James Roe to the position, but arranged for Susannah Roe to be offered a position at a private school in Geraldton.

paragraph: James Roe started at Greenough early in 1867, and by April the local Education Board reported positively on his progress. Susannah Roe was then transferred to his school, and the couple were finally able to live under the same roof. This arrangement was to last only nine months, however, as in January 1868, Susannah Roe was transferred to a new school at South Greenough.

paragraph: Roe's relationship with his local Education Board began to sour in 1870, after the appointment of Hayes Laurence as its chairman. Roe and Laurence immediately found themselves on opposing sides of one of the most controversial issues of the day: the question of whether Catholic schools should receive a government grant. Laurence and other Protestants on the Board interpreted Roe's support for the measure as "a sign of pro-Popery". It is also thought that Roe contributed to his disfavour with the Board by voicing his strong views on school management. These issues were cited in a list of complaints sent to Roe in the middle of the year. A few months later he was late to school one day, and the local Board unanimously asked the General Board to dismiss him. The parents of forty-two of the forty-six school children signed a memorial to the General Board stating that Roe had their full confidence, but the request of the local Board was endorsed nonetheless, and Roe was dismissed.

paragraph: Having been dismissed from his post, Roe was now able to speak freely on the education system in which he had worked. On 28 January 1871, he wrote a long letter to the "Fremantle Herald", outlining a series of recommendations for education reform. He proposed:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. That attendance should be made compulsory;

paragraph: BULLET::::2. That the ages of attendance should be raised;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. That good books and teaching aids should be provided, instead of the current "execrable rubbish... bad grammar, bad English, bad taste and unutterable tediousness";

paragraph: BULLET::::4. That salaries should be raised substantially to attract decent teachers;

paragraph: BULLET::::5. That qualified inspectors should be appointed to assess the quality of teaching;

paragraph: BULLET::::6. That teaching should be secular only;

paragraph: BULLET::::7. That control of the education system should be in the hands of a secular board or minister of education.

paragraph: Later that year, the Elementary Education Act 1871 was passed, and some of Roe's proposals were adopted. Attendance of children who lived within three miles of a school was made compulsory, the ages of attendance was raised, and a system of inspection was introduced. Within his lifetime, Roe would see more of his measures introduced: salaries were raised and large numbers of trained teachers recruited; and responsibility for administration of government schools was passed to a minister of education responsible to parliament.

paragraph: For the next two years Roe and his family remained at Greenough. Susannah Roe continued in her teaching post at South Greenough, and Roe leased a small farm and cut sandalwood. He also acted as agent, auctioneer and clerk for Henry Gray. He also began to work as a local correspondent for the "Fremantle Herald", and in 1873 this resulted in an offer of full-time work as a reporter on the newspaper. At the end of the year, Susannah Roe resigned her job as a teacher, and the family moved to Perth, where Roe took up his position with the "Herald". Shortly afterwards he joined James Pearce and William Beresford as co-editors. He worked at the paper for the rest of his life, by which time Beresford had died, and Pearce had sold the "Herald" to the "Inquirer".

paragraph: Susannah Roe died in 1887. James Roe found it increasingly difficult thereafter to live on the money he made from the "Herald", so from 1890 he also worked in his daughter's market garden. He died in May 1897.

paragraph: James Roe's daughter Helen married Patrick Stone, who later became a Member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. His daughter Georgina married Joseph Walton, and another daughter Agnes married Herman Moll.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contains a transcript and newspaper report of Roe's trial, and a lengthy letter to his brother describing his incarceration, trial and transportation to Western Australia.

description: convict, journalist

wikidata_label: James Elphinstone Roe

wikipedia_title: James Elphinstone Roe


text: Ford Trimotor

text: Ford Motor Company

text: Quincy, Illinois

text: St. Paul, Minnesota

text: Hamline University

text: University of Minnesota

text: Chicago Tribune

text: Scripps-Booth

text: Packard Motor Car Company

text: Dearborn, Michigan

text: Stout Scarab

text: John Tjaarda

text: streamlined

text: Andrei Tupolev

text: Hugo Junkers

text: Walter Lees

text: Stout Metal Airplane Company

text: "Batwing Plane"

text: "Torpedo Plane"

text: Stout 2-AT

text: Stout 3-AT

text: Stout Air Services

text: Wichita, Kansas

text: Buckley Aircraft Company

text: Buckley LC-4

text: Colonel Lindbergh

text: Convair

text: Spratt

text: "Skycar"

text: automobile/airplane hybrid

text: Phoenix, Arizona

text: Colin Chapman

text: Lotus Cars

text: Gordon Hooton

text: Mechanix Illustrated Nov. 1943

text: Popular Mechanics May 1936

categories: Ford executives,University of Minnesota alumni,1880 births,1956 deaths

paragraph: William Bushnell Stout

paragraph: William Bushnell Stout (March 16, 1880 – March 20, 1956) was a pioneering American inventor, engineer, developer and designer whose works in the automotive and aviation fields were groundbreaking. Stout designed an aircraft that eventually became the Ford Trimotor and was an executive at the Ford Motor Company.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: William Bushnell Stout was born March 16, 1880 in Quincy, Illinois. He graduated from the Mechanic Arts High School, in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1898. He then attended Hamline University, and transferred in his second year to the University of Minnesota, being forced to quit due to extreme eye problems. He married Alma Raymond in 1906. Stout was interested in mechanics, especially aeronautics, founding the Model Aero Club of Illinois. In 1907 he became Chief Engineer for the Schurmeir Motor Truck Company and in 1912, he became automobile and aviation editor for the "Chicago Tribune". In the same year he founded "Aerial Age", the first aviation magazine ever published in the United States. He was also a contributor to the "Minneapolis Times" under the pen name, "Jack Knieff."

paragraph: Section::::Automotive career.

paragraph: In 1914, Stout became Chief Engineer of the Scripps-Booth Automobile Company. His "Cyclecar" had caught the attention of Alvan MacCauley who subsequently brought Stout to Packard Motors in Detroit. He had become General Sales Manager of the Packard Motor Car Company and in 1916, when they started an aviation division, they asked Stout to become its first Chief Engineer. In 1919 he started the Stout Engineering Company in Dearborn, Michigan, complete with a research section and later built the prototype Stout Scarab car in 1932. In 1934 he founded the Stout Motor Car Company. The "beetle-like" Scarab featured an all-aluminum tubular airframe covered with aluminum skin, with the engine compartment at the rear, a sealed storage compartment in front of a passenger compartment with reclining aircraft-type seats. The front or nose of the vehicle contained the spare tire. Only nine Scarabs were ever built and although advanced, the public never appreciated the innovative features of the vehicles.

paragraph: In the mid-1930s, Stout in co-operation with L.B. Kalb of Continental Motors, a major manufacture of lightweight air cooled aircraft engines, and did some extensive research and pre-production development into rear engine drive automobiles which were powered by aircraft engines. Stout even commissioned the well known Dutch auto designer John Tjaarda to design some streamlined car bodies, although none of the car designs ever reached production.

paragraph: In the last years of World War II, Stout, in co-operation with Owen-Corning, began what was called "Project Y" to build a one-off car for evaluation of ideas like a frame-less fiberglass body, belt drive rear wheel drive, a suspension which kept the vehicle from leaning into turns by adjusting the suspension using compressed air, and push button electric doors. When the vehicle was made public in 1946, Stout picked the name "Forty-Six" for that year. Some firms considered producing the Forty-Six, but as Stout stated he doubted there would be much of a market for a $10,000 dollar car, the estimated price if it had been mass-produced.

paragraph: Section::::Aviation career.

paragraph: Stout's aviation career began as a result of his success in his automotive efforts. He began to build a number of all-metal aircraft designs, which, like the earliest aircraft designs of Andrei Tupolev in the Soviet Union, was based on the pioneering work of Hugo Junkers. In February 1923, newspapers carried stories of the test flights of the "Stout Air Sedan" with Walter Lees as the pilot. In 1924 his company, the Stout Metal Airplane Company, was bought by the Ford Motor Company.

paragraph: Stout developed a thick-wing monoplane, and his design of an internally braced cantilevered wing improved the efficiency of aircraft. This led to the development of the famous "Batwing Plane" and the all-metal "Torpedo Plane". After his career at Packard Motors, he left for Washington to serve as the advisor to the United States Aircraft Board.

paragraph: Stout developed an all-metal transport aircraft for mail use, the Stout 2-AT. His three engine follow-on, the Stout 3-AT, was underpowered, and did not perform as well, leaving Stout out of the engineering role in his company newly acquired by Ford. The redesigned 3-AT did form the basis for the popular Ford Trimotor aircraft.

paragraph: In August 1925, Stout inaugurated Stout Air Services, which operated the first regularly scheduled airline in the United States. Stout also built the Liberty-powered all-metal monoplanes to initiate this service. Later, between 1928 and 1932, the airline flew passengers and Ford cargo between Dearborn, Chicago and Cleveland. In 1929, Stout sold Stout Air Services to United Airlines.

paragraph: After the Great Depression in 1929 reduced sales of the Trimotor aircraft, Stout left Ford in 1930. Although no longer with Ford, he continued to operate his Stout Engineering Laboratory. Stout also invested in the short-lived Wichita, Kansas based Buckley Aircraft Company, developing the all-aluminum Buckley LC-4.

paragraph: In 1930 Stout said: "Aviation in the U.S. has been stagnating for two years. We are all copying. Aviation has shown no progress ... comparable to that made in radio and talking pictures. Think how many copies have been made of the plane Colonel Lindbergh used on his flight across the Atlantic ... of other famous planes. None of us are building the plane that the public wants to buy, and that proves we are standing still."

paragraph: In 1943 Stout sold the Stout engineering laboratory to Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation becoming the Stout Research Division of Consolidated. He was named the director of Convair's research division through World War II. While at Consolidated, Stout promoted three designs for postwar production, including a flying car using a Spratt wing.

paragraph: Stout's other innovations included the "Skycar", an automobile/airplane hybrid and a Pullman Railplane and Club Car. He is also known as the originator of prefab housing and the sliding car seat. All of these innovations were modern in design, incorporating many features new in both appearance and function, features not yet available in vehicle design.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Stout retired to Phoenix, Arizona and died on March 20, 1956, four days after his 76th birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Stout self-published a small booklet (15 pp.) of poems, circa 1936. Two of the poems were in the form of letters: "On Receiving Word that Stan Knauss Was Joining the Air Corps" (September 18, 1918) and "On Stan Becoming a Father" (December 4, 1930). His autobiography, "So Away I Went!", was published in 1951.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Stout is remembered for his engineering credo, "Simplicate and add more lightness." This would later become best known as the adopted maxim of Colin Chapman of Lotus Cars. It actually originated with Stout's designer Gordon Hooton.

paragraph: William B. Stout Middle School in Dearborn, Michigan bears his name.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ford, R. Bryan. "Henry's Lieutenants." Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1993. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludvigsen, Karl. "Colin Chapman: Inside the Innovator." Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2010. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stout, William Bushnell. "So Away I Went!" Indianapolis, Indiana: Boobs-Merrill, 1951.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mechanix Illustrated Nov. 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- Popular Mechanics May 1936

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: William Bushnell Stout

wikipedia_title: William Bushnell Stout


text:
painter
Tilburg
Cornelis van Spaendonck
Willem Jacob Herreyns
Antwerp
Paris
miniature painter
Louis XVI
Madeleine Françoise Basseporte
Jardin des Plantes
Académie des beaux-arts
Pierre-Joseph Redouté
Henriette Vincent
oil
watercolors
botanical
floral art
Institut de France
Légion d'honneur
Napoleon Bonaparte
Paris
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Arader Galleries

categories: People from Tilburg,19th-century Dutch painters,1746 births,Flower artists,Dutch male painters,18th-century Dutch painters,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,1822 deaths,Members of the Académie des beaux-arts

paragraph: Gerard van Spaendonck

paragraph: Gerard van Spaendonck (22 March 1746 – 11 May 1822) was a Dutch painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gerard was born in Tilburg, an older brother of Cornelis van Spaendonck (1756–1840), who was also an accomplished artist. In the 1760s he studied with decorative painter Willem Jacob Herreyns (also known as Guillaume-Jacques Herreyns) (1743–1827) in Antwerp. In 1769 he moved to Paris, where in 1774 he was appointed miniature painter in the court of Louis XVI. In 1780 he succeeded Madeleine Françoise Basseporte (1701–1780) as professor of floral painting at the Jardin des Plantes, and shortly afterwards was elected as a member of the Académie des beaux-arts. Among his pupils were Pierre-Joseph Redouté and Henriette Vincent.

paragraph: Gerard van Spaendonck painted with both oil and watercolors. He contributed over fifty works to the "Vélins du Roi", a famous collection of botanical watercolors possessed by French royalty. From 1799 to 1801 he published twenty-four plates of "Fleurs Dessinees d'apres Nature" (Flowers Drawn from Life), which were high-quality engravings for students of floral painting. Today, Spaendonck's "Fleurs Dessinées d'après Nature" is a highly treasured book on floral art.

paragraph: In 1788 he was appointed adviser to the Académie, and in 1795 became a founding member of the Institut de France. In 1804 he received the Légion d'honneur and soon afterwards was ennobled by Napoleon Bonaparte.

paragraph: Spaendonck died in Paris in 1822 and is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arader Galleries Gerard van Spaendonck biography

alias:
Gerardus van Spaendonck
Gerard de Spaendonck
Gerard Van Spaendonck
Gerardus Spaendonck
Gerrit van Spaendonck
J. Van Sepaendonck
Jan van Spaendonk
J. V. Spandonck
Spandonck
Spaendouck
Van Spandouck
Spaendonk
M. G. Van Shaedonck
Van Spaendonc
G. Van Spaendonck
M. van Spaendonck
M. G. van Spaendonck
van Spaandonck
Gérard Van Spaendonch
M. Van Spandonck
Vanpansdonk
van Spaendonck
G. Van Spandonk

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Gerard van Spaendonck

wikipedia_title: Gerard van Spaendonck


text: Freiburg im Breisgau

text: Duke of Zähringen

text: Berthold IV

text: Berthold IV

text: Burgundian

text: Bernese Oberland

text: Lucerne

text: Thun

text: Bern

text: battle of Ulrichen

text: Valais

text: Savoyard

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Henry VI

text: Imperial election

text: Cologne

text: Trier

text: Hohenstaufen

text: Philip of Swabia

text: antiking

text: Welf

text: Otto IV of Brunswick

text: southern Germany

text: Switzerland

text: Ortenau

text: Breisgau

text: Schaffhausen

text: Breisach

text: All Saints' Abbey

text: Konrad von Urach

text: Freiburg Minster

text: imperial immediacy

text: Urach

text: counts of Freiburg

text: Kyburg

text: Fürstenberg

categories: 1160 births,History of Bern,1218 deaths,House of Zähringen

paragraph: Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen

paragraph: Berthold V (1160 – 18 February 1218 in Freiburg im Breisgau), also known as Bertold V or Berchtold V, was Duke of Zähringen until his death. He was the son of Berthold IV and Heilwig of Frohburg.

paragraph: Section::::History and legacy.

paragraph: Berthold succeeded his father Berthold IV in 1186. At the beginning of his reign, he reduced the power of the Burgundian nobles and settled the Bernese Oberland and the area of Lucerne. As a result, he enlarged Thun and founded Bern in 1191, which became the focus of his expansionism. At the battle of Ulrichen in 1211, however, he failed to gain access to the Valais. The resulting treaty, signed at Hautcret Abbey on 19 October 1211, forced Berthold to accept Savoyard suzerainty over the upper Valais.

paragraph: Following the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI in 1198, he was one of the candidates in the Imperial election. He offered his nephews as hostages to the Archbishops of Cologne and Trier to gain their support. However, when he discovered that a majority had elected the Hohenstaufen Philip of Swabia (antiking to Welf Emperor Otto IV of Brunswick) he renounced his claim. In exchange for this renunciation, Berthold gained territorial concessions in what is now southern Germany and northern Switzerland, consolidating Zähringer hold over the Ortenau, the Breisgau, Schaffhausen, Breisach and All Saints' Abbey. In 1198 Philip also paid Berthold 3,000 silver Marks for renouncing his claims. His nephew Konrad von Urach who would eventually decline the papacy was put under the tutelage of Berthold's uncle.

paragraph: In the same year Berthold crushed an uprising of the Burgundian nobles, an event that is recorded on the gate in Freiburg.

paragraph: In 1200, Berthold began rebuilding Freiburg's city-parish church in Romanesque style. Around 1240 the building was continued in Gothic style. The church was finished in 1360 except for the choir that took another 150 years to complete. The church admired for its steeple is known as Freiburg Minster.

paragraph: Berthold married Clementia, daughter of Stephen III of Auxonne.

paragraph: Their son Berthold died before his father, in 1216.

paragraph: Therefore, with the death of Berthold V in 1218, the Zähringer dynasty became extinct in the male line.

paragraph: The Zähringer lands partly reverted to the crown, were granted imperial immediacy, or were divided between the houses of Urach (the counts of Freiburg), Kyburg and Fürstenberg.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berthold V., Herzog von Zähringen (1186–1218) on "Genealogie Mittelalter"

description: Duke of Zähringen

wikidata_label: Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen

wikipedia_title: Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen


text:
British Museum
Victoria and Albert Museum
Staffordshire County Museum
William Salt Library
Great Haywood
Staffordshire
Dominic Charles Colnaghi
Sir Francis Chantrey
Manley Hall
Royal Academy
William Salt
Samuel Peploe Wood
Colwich

categories: 1845 deaths,1817 births,19th-century deaths from tuberculosis,People from the Borough of Stafford,British landscape painters,19th-century British painters

paragraph: Thomas Peploe Wood

paragraph: Thomas Peploe Wood (1 January 1817 – 4 April 1845) was an English landscape painter. A number of his pictures are at the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, Staffordshire County Museum and the William Salt Library, Stafford.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Thomas Peploe Wood was born in Great Haywood, Staffordshire the son of Joseph and Alethea Wood. Joseph Wood was a toll gate keeper and shoemaker. He was largely self-taught, but was encouraged by local architect Thomas Trubshaw (1801-1842). In 1836 Trubshaw took Wood to London and introduced him to the print dealer and connoisseur, Dominic Charles Colnaghi, and the sculptor, Sir Francis Chantrey. Wood spent most of his life in his native Staffordshire, but made further visits to London in 1839, 1840 and 1843, and undertook a tour of England, Ireland and Scotland in 1838.

paragraph: In 1844 Wood exhibited a painting of Manley Hall at the Royal Academy. He also exhibited one picture at the British Institution and 19 at the Birmingham Society of Arts. Wood specialised in watercolour sketches and oil paintings of landscape, buildings and animals. His chief patron was William Salt, banker and antiquary, who commissioned Wood to paint landscapes and buildings for his collections for a history of Staffordshire.

paragraph: Thomas Peploe Wood suffered from ill health throughout his life, and succumbed to tuberculosis at the young age of 28. His youngest brother was the sculptor and painter Samuel Peploe Wood (1827-1873).

paragraph: A large and elaborate memorial cross to Thomas and other members of the family, carved by Samuel in 1866, still stands in the churchyard of St. Michael and All Angels Church, Colwich.

description: English landscape painter

wikidata_label: Thomas Peploe Wood

wikipedia_title: Thomas Peploe Wood


text:
Canadian
sculptor
Charles Marion Russell
Banff
Alberta
Calgary Stampede
Norman Luxton
Order of Canada
Canada Medal
University of Alberta
Cowboy Artists of America
bronze casting
watercolour
oil
pen and ink
etchings
bronze statues
clay
woodcarving
Buckingham Palace
Charlie Beil fonds

categories: Members of the Order of Canada,1894 births,1976 deaths

paragraph: Charles Beil

paragraph: Charles A. Beil, (1894 – July 29, 1976) was a Canadian sculptor best known for his sculptures of cowboys and the plain Indians of the early West. He was a protégé and friend of artist Charles Marion Russell. He was born in Germany and left at the age of 11. He worked for some time in South America before making his way to North America, where he discovered his love of the Wild West and the Frontier. It was Russell who encouraged him to start creating art, and inspired him to start working with pencil and clay. Beil moved to Banff, Alberta in the 1930s, where he began to take an interest in casting clay into bronze.

paragraph: His studio was established on Bear Street in Banff above a bakery, and it was there that Beil continued to further his reputation as a Western artist. In fact, his main form of work was to create trophies for the Calgary Stampede, which he did for over 20 years. In 1940, he married a Banff girl by the name Olive Luxton, the niece of famed Banff businessman Norman Luxton, and they moved into a house on Cave Avenue in Banff. Together they had three children; Charles, Lois, and Carol.

paragraph: Charlie Beil was a recipient of many honours and awards over the years, including being made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1973. He also received the Canada Medal, an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Alberta, the Alberta Achievement Award in 1974. He was also made an Honorary Associate Director of the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede and an Honorary Member of the Cowboy Artists of America.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: Charlie Beil's main form of work was with bronze casting, but the artist was well-versed in watercolour, oil, pen and ink, and etchings as well. He cast not only bronze statues, but also sculpted in clay, did woodcarving, and cast in cement. His art focused on the theme of Western life, such as packhorses, First Nations, and cowboys.

paragraph: Today, his work sits scattered in various museums and galleries across the globe. He has murals in the Stampede offices in Calgary, the Luxton Museum in Banff, and a statue even sits in the entrance of Buckingham Palace. As well, the many trophies he created throughout his lifetime sit on the mantels of many North Americans to date.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlie Beil fonds

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

alias:
Charles A. Beil
Charles A. Biel

description: Canadian artist

wikidata_label: Charles Beil

wikipedia_title: Charles Beil


text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: British peer

text: 4th Marquess of Abergavenny

text: Eton

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Life Guards

text: Second World War

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: (Mary) Patricia Harrison

text: Kent Yeomanry

text: East Sussex County Council

text: Alderman

text: Lord Lieutenant of East Sussex

text: Massey-Ferguson

text: Lloyds Bank

text: Whitbread Investment

text: Knight of St John

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Chancellor of that Order

text: Doctorate of Laws

text: University of Sussex

text: horse racing

text: steeplechase

text: National Hunt

text: Jockey Club

text: Cheltenham

text: Fontwell Racecourse

text: Queen

text: Ascot

text: racing colours

categories: People educated at Eton College,Lord-Lieutenants of East Sussex,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,British Life Guards officers,Marquesses of Abergavenny,Knights of the Garter,Knights of the Order of St John,Chancellors of the Order of the Garter,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Councillors in East Sussex,Deputy Lieutenants of Sussex,Neville family,1914 births,2000 deaths,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: John Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny

paragraph: Lieutenant Colonel John Henry Guy Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny, (8 November 1914 – 23 February 2000) was a British peer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The eldest son of the 4th Marquess of Abergavenny, Lord Abergavenny was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.

paragraph: In 1936, he became an officer in the service of the Life Guards and fought in the Second World War, was invested as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1945, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1946.

paragraph: On 4 January 1938, he married (Mary) Patricia Harrison, by whom he had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Anne Patricia Nevill (b. 25 October 1938), married Captain Martin Whiteley and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Vivienne Margaret Nevill (15 February 1941 – 10 September 2018), married Alan Lillingston and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jane Elizabeth Nevill (1944–1946), died in infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry John Montague Nevill, Earl of Lewes (1948–1965), educated at Eton, died without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Rose Nevill (b. 15 July 1950), married George Clowes and had issue.

paragraph: Lord Abergavenny was an Honorary Colonel of the Kent Yeomanry 1949–1961, and of the Kent and County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) 1961–1962. He was a member of East Sussex County Council between 1947 and 1954 and County Alderman for East Sussex between 1954 and 1962. He was also Deputy Lieutenant of Sussex in 1955, Vice-Lieutenant of Sussex between 1970 and 1974 and later the first Lord Lieutenant of East Sussex from 1974 to 1989.

paragraph: Aside from his army and political career, Lord Abergavenny was also a Director of Massey-Ferguson between 1955 and 1985; a Director of Lloyds Bank between 1962 and 1985; Chairman of Lloyds Bank South-East Regional Board between 1962 and 1985; and a Director of Whitbread Investment.

paragraph: Lord Abergavenny became a Knight of St John in 1976, a Knight of the Garter in 1974, and was Chancellor of that Order between 1977 and 1994. In 1986, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Sussex.

paragraph: Abergavenny was also involved in horse racing. He rode in steeplechases between 1935 and 1939, and was elected to the National Hunt Committee in 1942, acting as a steward from 1948–50, 1952–54 and 1960-62. He became a member of the Jockey Club in 1950 and Vice-Chairman of the Turf Board in 1967. He was also a director of both Cheltenham and Fontwell Racecourses. He served as a Trustee to the Ascot Authority in 1952 and became the Queen's representative at Ascot. His racing colours were scarlet with white cross-belts.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lord Abergavenny died in 2000, aged 85. As he had no surviving male children, he was succeeded by his nephew, Christopher Nevill, 6th Marquess of Abergavenny.

alias:
John Nevill
John Henry Guy Nevill

description: British peer


text:
Hempstead, New York
Royal Academy of Fine Arts
Mihály Munkácsy
draughtsman
portrait
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Académie Julian
Carolus Duran
Sargent
Whistler
fencing
boxing
automobile racing
surrealistic
Monte Carlo

categories: 20th-century American painters,American male painters,1853 births,1929 deaths,19th-century American painters

paragraph: William Turner Dannat

paragraph: William Turner Dannat (July 9, 1853 – March 12, 1929) was an American artist known especially for paintings of Spanish subject matter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: William T. Dannat was born in 1853 at Hempstead, New York the younger of two boys raised by William H. and Susan (née Jones) Dannat. His father was a successful lumber dealer who, with Charles E. Pell, founded the firm Dannat and Pell. Later William’s older brother David would succeed their father as a partner in the firm.

paragraph: When Dannat was around the age of twelve his parents decided to send him to Germany to further his education. He would later study architecture at Hanover and Stuttgart before choosing instead to become an artist. Dannat attended art classes at the Munich Royal Academy of Fine Arts and later under Mihály Munkácsy in Paris. Dannat became an accomplished draughtsman and a distinguished figure and portrait painter. He early attracted attention with sketches and pictures made in Spain. A large composition, The "Quatuor Espagnol", that was displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was one of the successes of the Paris Salon of 1884. Dannat later settled in Paris, where he taught at the Académie Julian. He was influenced by a number of masters including Carolus Duran and Munkácsy, though more by the latter as can be observed in his paintings "Contrebandier Aragonais" and "Quatuor Espagnol".

paragraph: Though at one time his name was mentioned alongside other great American painters such as Sargent and Whistler, Dannat’s popularity was more in Europe than his homeland. As he approached middle age the financially secure artist began to devote more and more of his time to other interests: fencing, boxing and later automobile racing. For nearly twenty years Dannat ceased painting and when he resumed around 1913 his art had adopted a more surrealistic style with illusionary landscapes and bizarre themes. During his hiatus from painting Dannat spent much of his time touring Europe studying the techniques of the great masters while remaining active in artistic circles in Paris where he served at one time as the president of the Society of American Painters.

paragraph: William Turner Dannat died in 1929, aged 75, while at Monte Carlo.

alias:
William Turner Dannatt
William T. Dannat
William Dannat
Dannat

description: American artist

wikidata_label: William Turner Dannat

wikipedia_title: William Turner Dannat


text: KT

text: FRS

text: Scottish peer

text: Schuyler family

text: Stephanus Van Cortlandt

text: British North America

text: courtesy title

text: House of Lords

text: Scottish Representative Peer

text: County of Ayr

text: Peerage of the United Kingdom

text: Royal Society

text: Reform Bill

text: Margaret Erskine

text: Dun

text: Forfarshire

text: Jonathan Peel

text: Archibald Kennedy, Earl of Cassilis

text: Sir David Baird of Newbyth, 2nd Baronet

text: Richard Alexander Oswald

text: Auchencruive

text: Lady Augusta FitzClarence

text: King William IV

text: Dorothy Jordan

text: Violet Jacob

text: House of Dun

text: Archibald Kennedy

text: Twickenham

text: Richard Brinsley Sheridan

text: St Margaret's

categories: Schuyler family,Marquesses of Ailsa,Van Cortlandt family,1846 deaths,Scottish representative peers,Fellows of the Royal Society,Scottish people of Dutch descent,Clan Kennedy,Knights of the Thistle,1770 births

paragraph: Archibald Kennedy, 1st Marquess of Ailsa

paragraph: Sir Archibald Kennedy III, 1st Marquess of Ailsa KT, FRS (February 1770 – 8 September 1846), styled Lord Kennedy between 1792 and 1794 and known as The 12th Earl of Cassilis between 1794 and 1831, was a Scottish peer.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Kennedy was the eldest son of Archibald Kennedy, 11th Earl of Cassilis, by Anne, daughter of John Watts and descendant of the Schuyler family, the Van Cortlandt family (including Stephanus Van Cortlandt), and the Delancey family of British North America. He became known by the courtesy title Lord Kennedy when his father succeeded to the earldom of Cassilis in 1792.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kennedy succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father 30 December 1794. He sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer between 1796 and 1806. In the latter year he was created Baron Ailsa, of Ailsa in the County of Ayr, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which entitled him to an automatic seat in the House of Lords. He was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society on 18 February 1819. In 1831 he was created Marquess of Ailsa, of the Isle of Ailsa in the County of Ayr. He voted for the Reform Bill in 1832. In 1820, King George IV made Archibald. a knight of the Order of the Thistle. This was an achievement that Sir Archibald had coveted for some time.

paragraph: He had a taste for gambling. He owned racehorses and raced many that won cups in 1801 and 1802. He owned "Clementina, Scaramouche, Pegasus, Chancellor", and "Trimmer". He and 13 others established the Ayr Gold Cup held annually with only Scottish-trained horses that raced over a 2-mile run.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Ailsa married Margaret Erskine, the second daughter of John Erskine of Dun, Forfarshire, on 1 June 1793. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Alicia Jane Kennedy (d. 1887), married Jonathan Peel and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archibald Kennedy, Earl of Cassilis (1794–1832), married Eleanor Allardyce and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Anne Kennedy (1798–1877), married Sir David Baird of Newbyth, 2nd Baronet and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Margaret Kennedy (1800–1889), married Thomas Radclyffe-Livingstone-Eyre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Kennedy (1800–1886), married Richard Oswald, son of Richard Alexander Oswald, M.P. for Ayr of Auchencruive Estate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. John Kennedy-Erskine (1802–1831), married Lady Augusta FitzClarence, an illegitimate daughter of King William IV and Dorothy Jordan and had issue (their granddaughter was the writer and poet Violet Jacob). John Kennedy-Erskine assumed the additional name of Erskine on being named heir to the House of Dun.

paragraph: Lord Ailsa died in 1846 and was succeeded by his grandson, Archibald Kennedy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lord Ailsa bought a house near Twickenham in London that had previously belonged to the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan. He named it "St Margaret's" and the name of the house has now been applied to the whole adjacent area. Ailsa Road and Ailsa Avenue in the area are also named after him.

description: Scottish representative peer


text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: New York City

text: New York

text: jazz

text: saxophonist

text: Bernie Robinson

text: Charlie Skeets

text: John Kirby

text: Frankie Newton

text: session musician

text: Willie "The Lion" Smith

text: Jimmie Noone

text: Buster Bailey

text: Leonard Feather

text: Joe Marsala

text: Maxine Sullivan

text: 52nd Street

text: sideman

text: Slim Gaillard

text: bandleader

text: Allen Eager

text: Joe Wilder

text: Big Joe Turner

text: Sammy Price

text: Champion Jack Dupree

text: Newport Jazz Festival

text: Coleman Hawkins

text: Roy Eldridge

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Cecil Payne

text: Scott Yanow

text: Pete Brown

text: AllMusic

categories: American jazz bandleaders,20th-century saxophonists,Musicians from Baltimore,African-American jazz musicians,1906 births,20th-century American musicians,Jazz musicians from Maryland,1963 deaths,American jazz saxophonists,American male saxophonists,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Pete Brown (jazz musician)

paragraph: James Ostend "Pete" Brown (November 9, 1906, Baltimore, Maryland – September 20, 1963, New York City, New York) was an American jazz alto saxophonist and bandleader.

paragraph: Brown learned to play piano, trumpet, and saxophone while young. He played in New York with Bernie Robinson's orchestra in 1928, and played from 1928 to 1934 with Charlie Skeets. In 1937 he worked in the band of John Kirby; for several years in the 1930s he worked with Frankie Newton, who was also a member of Kirby's band. Brown and Newton recorded often. In addition to recording under his own name, Brown also recorded as a session musician with Willie "The Lion" Smith, Jimmie Noone, Buster Bailey, Leonard Feather, Joe Marsala, and Maxine Sullivan in the 1930s. He worked on 52nd Street in New York in the 1940s, both as a sideman (with Slim Gaillard, among others) and as a bandleader; he was in Allen Eager's 52nd Street All-Stars in 1946.

paragraph: In the 1950s Brown's health began to fail, and he receded from full-time performance. He played with Joe Wilder (1954), Big Joe Turner (1956), Sammy Price, and Champion Jack Dupree, and appeared at the 1957 Newport Jazz Festival with Coleman Hawkins and Roy Eldridge. His last appearance was in 1960 with Dizzy Gillespie.

paragraph: Brown was the teacher of Cecil Payne.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Coleman Hawkins, Roy Eldridge, Pete Brown, Jo Jones All Stars at Newport" (Verve, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alto Altitude featuring Pete Brown, Johnny Hodges, Hilton Jefferson, Murray McEachern. Marshall Royal and Willie Smith" (EmArcy MG-36018, 1955)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott Yanow, Pete Brown at AllMusic

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Pete Brown

wikipedia_title: Pete Brown (jazz musician)