text:
Strutele
Jaunpils parish
Latvia
Riga
daina
folk song
Latvju dainas
lat
Young Latvians
UNESCO
Memory of the World Register
Latvians
Henrijs Visendorfs
St. Petersburg
merchant
Gostinnij Dvor
Latvian culture
Jelgava
Lithuanian
Imperial Academy of Sciences
men of letters
parishes
minor planet
3233 Krišbarons
Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh
Latvju Dainas

categories: Latvian writers,19th-century Latvian people,People from Jaunpils Municipality,19th-century Russian writers,1835 births,1923 deaths,People from Courland Governorate,University of Tartu alumni

paragraph: Krišjānis Barons

paragraph: Krišjānis Barons (October 31, 1835 in Strutele, Jaunpils parish, Latvia – March 8, 1923 in Riga) is known as the "father of the dainas" () thanks largely to his systematization of the Latvian folk songs and his labour in preparing their texts for publication in "Latvju dainas". His portrait appeared on the 100-lat banknote prior to the Lat being replaced by the Euro in 2014, his being the only human face of an actual person on modern Latvian currency. Barons was very prominent among the Young Latvians, and also an important writer and editor.

paragraph: Section::::Latvju dainas.

paragraph: Section::::Latvju dainas.:Background and importance.

paragraph: Barons is well known as the creator of "Latvju dainas" (LD), published between 1894 and 1915 in six volumes, and including 217 996 folk songs. But Barons was not the author of the original idea, neither did he collect the texts, nor rewrite all of the received texts on the tiny paper slips of the famous "Cabinet of Folksongs" (""Dainu skapis""), though there is a significant number of the slips displaying Barons' own handwriting, as some may believe. Still his contribution is of no less importance. He elaborated the classification system of LD, arranging the texts and introducing the notion of song type or bush (choosing a text as the main one among a number of similar ones, and grouping the rest around it – this allows for easier perception of variation and saves space in the published edition, as only the differences are indicated in print). Barons had also edited some texts, in order to restore their possible older and better form. In recognition of the Barons' labors and the historical value of the "Dainu skapis," the work was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2001.

paragraph: Already at the time when Barons was working on the edition, the traditional singing had been lost to a great extent; Barons in his introduction to LD mentions that "the sources of nation's memory, as it seemed, filled up and having run dry long ago, started to flow amazingly." He also warns that "the old ladies, our purest source of folk songs, become more and more rare with each day". Barons also points at the Latvians themselves turning away from the singing of traditional songs when accepting Christianity for example.

paragraph: Section::::Latvju dainas.:Publication.

paragraph: On the title page of LD, Krišjānis Barons is not the only publisher indicated. Besides his name there is also that of Henrijs Visendorfs (1861–1916). Barons, in the same introduction to LD, wrote: "Then in the month of January 1892 I was surprised by a kind letter from St. Petersburg, from Mr. Wissendorff, in which he offered his support for the publication of the edition. We soon achieved our agreement on this." Visendorfs was a well-to-do Latvian merchant, with his own office at the famous St. Petersburg Gostinnij Dvor. He had gotten interested in Latvian culture before, supporting researchers and editions, and writing about Latvian mythology himself (although these writings were not met with enthusiasm by the academic scholars). Visendorfs later provided Barons with copies of collections from the Jelgava Latvian Society Department of Literature.

paragraph: By the publication of Volume 1 of LD, he had submitted to Barons 12,800 song texts, acquired "with the help of local collectors"; altogether his collection contains 28 406 texts. It is likely that based on the popular idea of that time, that of the Latvian-Lithuanian great nation, he suggested to Barons the word ""daina"", which is actually Lithuanian, and which became the title of the edition. The first volume was published in Jelgava, funded by Visendorfs himself. But it turned out to be rather costly, and Visendorfs, using his connections, organised the publication of the other volumes with the help of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In 1900 it was officially settled and from 1903 till 1915 the other volumes were published. These volumes, in addition to the previous two title pages in different languages (Latvian and French), received one more in Russian. Although Visendorfs took no part in editing and arranging the texts, his contribution performing organisational tasks, reading the preprints of the volumes published in St. Petersburg and providing his advice was significant enough to earn a place for his name on the title page, although Prof. Peteris Smits objected to it.

paragraph: In 1893 Krisjanis Barons returned to Latvia with his "Cabinet of Folksongs", at that time containing around 150,000 texts. The index to LD shows more than 900 contributors, among them 237 male informants, 137 female informants, while of collectors only 54 are laies, at least 150 were school teachers, 50 were men of letters and 20 were priests. Barons, without exact account, indicates the total number of texts used to be 217 996; this number is usually quoted as that of the songs published. Still, as LD was created based on collection by local people, it doesn't cover comprehensively the whole territory of Latvia. 218 Latvian civil parishes were not represented, not even with a single text. To collect from the mute parishes, 30 years after publication of LD was started, "Latviesu folkloras kratuve" began its activities.

paragraph: Whatever the other editions there are and will be in the future, LD has become the most quoted and referred to, as testified by two repeated editions – in 1922–1923 and 1989–1994.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A minor planet 3233 Krišbarons, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1977 is named after him.

paragraph: One of the main streets in Riga, Krišjāna Barona iela, is named after him.

paragraph: His descendants are currently residing in the United States, primarily located in a small town in western Pennsylvania called Grove City.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latvju Dainas

description: Latvian folklorist

wikidata_label: Krišjānis Barons

wikipedia_title: Krišjānis Barons


text: Cardinal

text: Sacred Congregation of the Council

text: Prefect

text: Apostolic Signatura

text: Sezzadio

text: Seminary

text: Acqui

text: philosophy

text: Doctor of Sacred Theology

text: Doctor of Canon and Civil Law

text: ordained

text: diocese

text: Privy chamberlain of His Holiness

text: Congregation of the Council

text: Protonotary apostolic

text: S. Eustachio

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: Giuseppe dell'Olmo

text: bishop of Acqui

text: Clemente Micara

text: Sacred College of Cardinals

text: pope

text: Campo Verano

categories: Members of the Sacred Congregation of the Council,Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII,1875 births,Italian cardinals,1954 deaths,Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura

paragraph: Giuseppe Bruno (cardinal)

paragraph: Giuseppe Bruno (30 June 1875 – 10 November 1954) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council and as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura. He was born in Sezzadio, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He was educated at the Seminary of Acqui and the Pontifical Athenaeum "S. Tommaso d'Aquino" where he earned a doctorate in philosophy. He continued his studied at the Pontifical Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" where he became a Doctor of Sacred Theology (S.T.D.)and a Doctor of Canon and Civil Law (J.U.D.).

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: He was ordained on 10 April 1898 in Acqui. He did pastoral work in the diocese Acqui. He served as Professor of law at the Pontifical Athenaeum "S. Apollinare" for many years. He was created Privy chamberlain of His Holiness on 4 March 1922 and was raised to the level of Domestic prelate of His Holiness on 3 January 1923. He was appointed Secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law on 14 February 1924. He was secretary of the Congregation of the Council from 3 July 1930 until 1946. He was raised to the rank of Protonotary apostolic on 25 July 1932.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinalate.

paragraph: He was created Cardinal-Deacon of "S. Eustachio" in the consistory of 18 February 1946 by Pope Pius XII. He was appointed Prefect of the Congregation of the Council on 16 November 1949, holding the post until 20 March 1954, when he became Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature on 20 March 1954.

paragraph: He died on 10 November 1954. The funeral took place on 13 November 1954 at the basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome with Giuseppe dell'Olmo, bishop of Acqui, celebrating the mass; fourteen cardinals were also present; at the end of the ceremony, Cardinal Clemente Micara, vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, imparted the absolution in the name of the pope. His body was buried in the Campo Verano cemetery.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Bruno

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Bruno (cardinal)


text: night fighter

text: flying ace

text: World War II

text: military aviator

text: Luftwaffe

text: Copenhagen

text: Wehrmacht

text: "Kampfgeschwader" 1

text: "Kampfgeschwader" 51

text: Battle of France

text: Battle of Britain

text: Operation Barbarossa

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2

text: killed in action

text: Copenhagen

text: Sayn-Wittgenstein

text: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn

text: Imperial Russian Army

text: German campaign

text: Battle of Leipzig

text: Lake Geneva

text: Neubeuern

text: Upper Bavaria

text: Davos

text: Montreux

text: Abitur

text: Realgymnasium

text: Freiburg im Breisgau

text: Hitler Youth

text: Freiburg

text: Bamberg

text: Braunschweig

text: officer

text: Leutnant

text: Junkers Ju 88

text: Heinkel He 111

text: "Kampfgeschwader" 54

text: Fritzlar

text: Western Front

text: Battle of France

text: Battle of Britain

text: "Kampfgeschwader" 1

text: Royal Air Force

text: Biggin Hill

text: Operation Barbarossa

text: Eichwalde

text: East Prussia

text: Heeresgruppe Nord

text: Liepāja

text: Jelgava

text: Riga

text: Iron Cross

text: Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe

text: Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe

text: Staffelkapitän

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2

text: Bristol Blenheim

text: Walcheren

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Josef Kammhuber

text: Hauptmann

text: Eastern Front

text: Gruppenkommandeur

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 5

text: Unteroffizier

text: Messerschmitt Bf 110

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3

text: Stade

text: high frequency

text: Telefunken

text: Rennes

text: U-boat

text: Gilze-Rijen

text: Avro Lancaster

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 100

text: Insterburg

text: East Prussia

text: Oryol

text: ace-in-a-day

text: Führerhauptquartier

text: East Prussia

text: 4th Fighter Division

text: Generalleutnant

text: Joachim-Friedrich Huth

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2

text: Geschwaderkommodore

text: four-engined bomber

text: Feldwebel

text: Erfurt

text: Zahme Sau

text: Lübars

text: Stendal

text: vertical stabiliser

text: posthumously

text: Western Front

text: Deelen Air Base

text: Egmont zur Lippe-Weißenfeld

text: Ysselsteyn German war cemetery

text: Netherlands

text: de Havilland Mosquito

text: Serrate

text: No. 141 Squadron RAF

text: No. 239 Squadron RAF

text: Magdeburg

text: Pilot Officer

text: Flying Officer

text: Brandenburg

text: position light

text: Wilhelm Johnen

text: Wolfgang Falck

text: Lent

text: Tatiana von Metternich

text: Hitler

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Eastern Front

text: Wound Badge

text: Front Flying Clasp of the "Luftwaffe"

text: Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe

text: Combined Pilots-Observation Badge

text: Iron Cross

text: German Cross

text: Oberleutnant

text: Hauptmann

text: Staffelkapitän

text: Gruppenkommandeur

text: Major

text: Geschwaderkommodore

categories: Luftwaffe pilots,German military personnel killed in World War II,1944 deaths,German World War II flying aces,Nobility from Copenhagen,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Aviators killed by being shot down,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords,1916 births,House of Sayn-Wittgenstein

paragraph: Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein

paragraph: Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (14 August 1916 – 21 January 1944) was a German night fighter pilot and flying ace during World War II. An ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft in aerial combat. At the time of his death, Sayn-Wittgenstein was the highest-scoring night fighter pilot in the "Luftwaffe" and still the third highest by the end of World War II, with 83 aerial victories to his credit.

paragraph: Born on 14 August 1916 in Copenhagen, Denmark, Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn joined the cavalry of the German Wehrmacht in spring of 1937. He was accepted for flight training and transferred to the emerging Luftwaffe. He initially served as an observer and then as a pilot in "Kampfgeschwader" 1 (KG 1) and "Kampfgeschwader" 51 (KG 51). He saw action with these units in the Battle of France, Battle of Britain, and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, before he transferred to the night fighter force. He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 6/7 May 1942. By October 1942, he had accumulated 22 aerial victories for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 7 October 1942. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 31 August 1943, for 54 aerial victories.

paragraph: Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein was appointed to command "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2 (NJG 2) in January 1944, and was killed in action on the night of 21 January 1944. Posthumously he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn was born on 14 August 1916 in Copenhagen, Denmark, as a member of the aristocratic family Sayn-Wittgenstein. He was the second of three sons of Gustav Alexander Prince zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (1880–1953), a diplomat at the German embassy in Copenhagen, and his wife, Walburga, Baroness von Friesen (1885–1970). His brother Ludwig was older and Alexander younger. Sayn-Wittgenstein was a descendant of German officer and Russian Field Marshal Prince Ludwig Adolph Peter, Prince Wittgenstein, a prominent commander in the Imperial Russian Army during the German campaign at the Battle of Leipzig.

paragraph: Sayn-Wittgenstein attended numerous schools in various locations, including a private tutor at Lake Geneva, a boarding school in Neubeuern in Upper Bavaria, a brief stay at Davos in Switzerland, and a private school in Montreux. He received his "Abitur" from the "Realgymnasium", a higher education facility, in Freiburg im Breisgau on 17 December 1935. He joined the Hitler Youth on 12 April 1932 in Freiburg. On 15 January 1933, he became a "Kameradschaftsführer" (group leader). From Easter 1933 until fall of 1933 he led the group's military-sports activities as a "Wehrsportleiter". He then became head of the instruction unit until May 1934. From June 1934 he led the work unit 2/1/113 and received further pre-military sports training at the different camps of the unit 113 and at the Regional Leaders' School.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: In April 1937, Sayn-Wittgenstein decided on a military career and joined the 17th Cavalry Regiment in Bamberg. He transferred to the "Luftwaffe" in the summer of 1937 and, in October, he was accepted at the flight training school in Braunschweig. He received his officer's commission and was promoted to "Leutnant" (second lieutenant) in June 1938. Sayn-Wittgenstein served on various air bases from where he flew the Junkers Ju 88 and the Heinkel He 111. In the winter of 1938–39 he served as a "Kampfbeobachter" (combat observer or navigator) in "Kampfgeschwader" 54 (KG 54—54th Bomber Wing) based at Fritzlar.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:With the bomber arm.

paragraph: After the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, Sayn-Wittgenstein experienced his first combat action on the Western Front in the Battle of France and, later, during the Battle of Britain. Initially he served as an observer on the He 111 H-3 from "Kampfgeschwader" 1 "Hindenburg," piloted by Gerhard Baeker, with whom he flew high-altitude missions against the Royal Air Force (RAF) airfield at Biggin Hill.

paragraph: In the winter of 1940–41, Sayn-Wittgenstein returned to pilot school and took his "Luftwaffe" Advanced Pilot's Certificate 2 ("Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein 2"), also known as 'C2'-Certificate, confirming proficiency for blind-flying, a prerequisite for night duty, and returned to a combat unit in March 1941. In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, his unit moved to Eichwalde in East Prussia. In support of Heeresgruppe Nord (Army Group North), KG 1 flew its first missions against Liepāja and then Jelgava and Riga, targeting the heavily-occupied enemy airfields.

paragraph: In August 1941, Sayn-Wittgenstein transferred to the night fighter force. By this time, he had flown 150 combat missions and was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross, Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe and the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for bomber crews in Gold.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Night fighter operations.

paragraph: Sayn-Wittgenstein had left KG 51 by January 1942, after he had volunteered for the night fighter force and been appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) of the 9./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2 (9./NJG 2—9th Squadron of the 2nd Night Fighter Wing) on 1 November 1941. He claimed his first nocturnal victory—a Bristol Blenheim west of Walcheren—on the night of 6 May 1942, while serving with the "Ergänzungsgruppe" (Supplementary Group) of NJG 2. He shot down three aircraft in both the nights of 31 July 1942 (victories 15–17) and 10 September 1942 (victories 19–21). Sayn-Wittgenstein received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 7 October 1942, after 22 aerial victories. The award was presented by General Josef Kammhuber, after which they both inspected the personnel of 9./NJG 2.

paragraph: "Hauptmann" (captain) Sayn-Wittgenstein was moved to the Eastern Front in February 1943 after he had been appointed "Gruppenkommandeur" (group commander) of the IV./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 5 (IV./NJG 5—4th Squadron of the 5th Night Fighter Wing) on 1 December 1942. Here "Unteroffizier" Herbert Kümmritz joined Sayn-Wittgenstein's crew as his radio and wireless operator ("Bordfunker"). Kümmritz at this time already had six months of operation experience on board a Messerschmitt Bf 110 serving with the II./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 3 (II./NJG 3—2nd Squadron of the 3rd Night Fighter Wing) stationed at Stade. Kümmeritz had studied high frequency technology at the Telefunken Company in Berlin before World War II. Prior to Kümmeritz, Sayn-Wittgenstein had rejected all his previous radio operators after only a few missions. In March and April 1943, Kammhuber ordered IV./NJG 5 to relocate to Rennes, France in defense of the German U-boat bases.

paragraph: Stationed at Gilze-Rijen the order was issued to convert to the Bf 110 night fighter. Sayn-Wittgenstein flew the Bf 110 for one short flight only, but on the night of 24 June 1943, the aircraft had technical problems and was considered unserviceable. Kümmeritz and Sayn-Wittgenstein took off in their usual Ju 88 C and shot down four Avro Lancaster bombers (victories 32–35). Sayn-Wittgenstein never flew another Bf 110 again, preferring his Ju 88 to the Bf 110. The group was relocated to the Eastern Front again and redesignated as I./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 100 (I./NJG 100—1st Squadron of the 100th Night Fighter Wing) on 1 August 1943. While stationed at Insterburg, East Prussia, Sayn-Wittgenstein shot down seven aircraft on one day, six of them within 47 minutes (victories 36–41), in the area north-east of Oryol on 20 July 1943, making him an "ace-in-a-day".

paragraph: Sayn-Wittgenstein claimed three more victories on 1 August 1943 (victories 44–46) and three more on the night of 3 August 1943 (victories 48–50). He was appointed "Gruppenkommandeur" of the II./NJG 3 on 15 August 1943. Sayn-Wittgenstein became the 290th recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves after 54 aerial victories on 31 August 1943. The award was presented at the Führerhauptquartier in East Prussia on 22 September 1943. For these achievements he also received a letter from the commanding general of the 4th Fighter Division "Generalleutnant" (lieutenant general) Joachim-Friedrich Huth.

paragraph: On 1 December 1943, Sayn-Wittgenstein was ordered to take over command of the II./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2 (II./NJG 2—2nd Groupe of the 2nd Night Fighter Wing). He was appointed "Geschwaderkommodore" (wing commander) of NJG 2 on 1 January 1944; he had already reached 68 aerial victories. He claimed six four-engined bombers shot down on the same night (victories 69–74). In late 1943, his wireless operator Kümmeritz went on study leave and was replaced by "Feldwebel" (warrant officer) Friedrich Ostheimer, who flew with Sayn-Wittgenstein from October 1943 until January 1944.

paragraph: On the night of 20 January 1944 Sayn-Wittgenstein claimed three enemy aircraft shot down in the Berlin area (victories 76–78). He almost collided with the third burning Lancaster which went into a dive and came very close to his own Ju 88. The Ju 88 went out of control and Sayn-Wittgenstein regained control of his just-flyable aircraft. His radio operator on this mission, "Feldwebel" Friedrich Ostheimer, established contact with the airfield at Erfurt. Since the aircraft began stalling after the wheels and flaps went down the crew decided to belly-land the aircraft. They discovered that about of the wing had been cut off by the Lancaster's propeller.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Death.

paragraph: The next day, 21 January 1944, Sayn-Wittgenstein, wireless operator Ostheimer and board mechanic "Unteroffizier" Kurt Matzuleit took off on a "Zahme Sau" (Tame Boar), a combination of ground controlled and airborne radar, night fighter intercept mission flying the Ju 88 R4+XM ("Werknummer" 750 467—factory number), which normally was assigned to the Technical Officer of NJG 2. At 22:00 contact with the first of five Lancasters was established and shot down which was observed to explode at 22:05. Between 22:10 and 22:15 the second Lancaster was shot down. Observers reported the third Lancaster exploded at approximately 22:30, followed shortly by number four, which hit the ground at 22:40. During the fifth and final attack, the four-engined bomber was burning when their Ju 88 came under attack, presumably from British fighter escorts. In the attack, their left wing caught fire. Sayn-Wittgenstein ordered his crew to jump, and Ostheimer and Matzuleit parachuted to safety from the damaged aircraft.

paragraph: The next day, Sayn-Wittgenstein's body was found near the wreckage of the Ju 88 in a forest area belonging to the municipality of Lübars by Stendal. His parachute was discovered unopened and it was deduced that he may have hit his head on the vertical stabiliser of his aircraft when trying to escape. The death certificate listed "closed fracture of the skull and facial bone" as his cause of death. He was posthumously awarded the 44th Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 23 January 1944. Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein had flown 320 combat missions, 150 of which as a bomber pilot or observer. At the time of his death he was the leading night fighter pilot with 83 aerial victories, with 33 of them claimed on the Eastern and 50 on the Western Front.

paragraph: He was buried on 29 January 1944 in the "Geschwader" cemetery at the Deelen Air Base. His remains were re-interred in 1948. He is now resting next to Prinz Egmont zur Lippe-Weißenfeld at the Ysselsteyn German war cemetery in the Netherlands.

paragraph: The question of who shot down Sayn-Wittgenstein is unanswered. Friedrich Ostheimer remained convinced that they were shot down by a long range intruder de Havilland Mosquito night fighter. However, no Mosquito pilot claimed an aerial victory that night. A closer analysis reveals that three Mosquitos, two Serrate-equipped aircraft from No. 141 Squadron RAF and one from No. 239 Squadron RAF, participated in the attacks on Magdeburg. Only one Mosquito had enemy contact: No. 141's squadron Mosquito F.II, "DZ303", piloted by Pilot Officer Desmon Snape with Flying Officer L. Fowler as his radar operator reported radar contact at 23:15 south of Brandenburg. After three to four minutes of pursuit they encountered a Ju 88 with its position lights on. They attacked the Ju 88 and believed to have damaged it behind its cockpit, but they did not claim a victory. This encounter exactly matches the time and area in which Sayn-Wittgenstein was killed.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Night fighter pilot Wilhelm Johnen commented on the arrival of Sayn-Wittgenstein at his unit: "... A madman, I thought, as I took my leave. Once outside I got into conversation with the Prince's crew. Among other things they told me that their princely coachman had recently made his radio operator stand to attention in the plane and confined him to his quarters for three days because he (the radio operator) had lost his screen [radar contact with the enemy] during a mission."

paragraph: Herbert Kümmeritz recalled that Sayn-Wittgenstein often used his seniority and rank to ensure that he would get the best initial contact with the incoming bombers. He would often wait on the ground until the best contact was established. If another fighter had already engaged the enemy before Wittgentein arrived, the prince would announce on the radio ""Hier Wittgenstein—geh weg!"" (Wittgenstein here, clear off!)

paragraph: Wolfgang Falck felt that Sayn-Wittgenstein was not officer-material. Falck described him as: "...not the type to be a leader of a unit. He was not a teacher, educator or instructor. But he was an outstanding personality, magnificent fighter and great operational pilot. He had an astonishing sixth sense—an intuition that permitted him to see and even feel where other aircraft were. It was like a personal radar system. He was an excellent air-to-air shot."

paragraph: His mother, Princess Walburga, commented that: "... he was boundlessly disillusioned and boundlessly disappointed. In 1943 he contemplated the thought of shooting Hitler. It was only out of sense of honor and duty that Heinrich went on fighting, carried along by the ambition to overtake "Major" Lent in his score of enemy aircraft shot down". In her memoirs, Tatiana von Metternich reported that Wittgenstein planned to kill Hitler after the ceremony at which he received his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in 1943. He said, "I am not married, I have no children—I am expendable. He will receive me personally. Who else among us can ever get as near to him?"

paragraph: Section::::Aerial victory claims.

paragraph: Sayn-Wittgenstein was credited with 83 nocturnal aerial victories, claimed in 320 combat missions, including 150 with bomber arm. His 83 aerial victories include 33 shot down on the Eastern Front. Foreman, Matthews and Parry, authors of "Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945", list 79 nocturnal victory claims, numerically ranging from 1 to 75, 81, 82, and 79.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wound Badge in Black

paragraph: BULLET::::- Front Flying Clasp of the "Luftwaffe" for Bomber Pilots in Gold

paragraph: BULLET::::- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighter Pilots in Gold

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe (15 September 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Combined Pilots-Observation Badge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (5 June 1940) & 1st Class (26 June 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 21 August 1942 as "Oberleutnant" in the 6./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 2 October 1942 as "Hauptmann" and "Staffelkapitän" of the 9./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oak Leaves on 31 August 1943 and "Hauptmann" and "Gruppenkommandeur" of the I./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 100

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swords on 23 January 1944 (posthumously) as "Major" and "Geschwaderkommodore" of "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2

description: German officer and fighter pilot during World War II

wikidata_label: Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein


text:
OAM
Tripoli
Lebanon
Lebanese Australian
Australia
soap opera
Number 96
National Institute of Dramatic Art
Crawford Productions
John Orcsik
The Young Doctors
Malaysia
Medal of the Order of Australia
Chard Hayward
Number 96
Where Are They Now
John Orcsik
The Actors Studio
about Joe Hasham
The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre
Living Arts Malaysia

categories: 1948 births,Lebanese emigrants to Australia,Australian male television actors,Australian people of Lebanese descent,Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia,Living people

paragraph: Joe Hasham

paragraph: Joseph Christopher Hasham (OAM) () (born 4 September 1948 Tripoli, Lebanon) is a Lebanese Australian actor who became famous in Australia in the 1970s through his long running role of dependable and decent gay lawyer Don Finlayson in soap opera "Number 96".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Hasham graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1968 and subsequently made several appearances in television series produced by Crawford Productions.

paragraph: Section::::Number 96.

paragraph: When "Number 96" began in 1972 it was an instant hit and original cast member Hasham became one of the most popular cast members, regarded as a sex symbol by many fans. He reprised the role in the feature film version of the serial in which his character engaged in a gay kiss with the closeted Simon Carr (John Orcsik), although the shot was later cut from the film. Hasham continued to play the role until "Number 96" ended in 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: During the run of the series Hasham released a pop-music album, although he was not able to successfully launch a career as a singer. Later in the show's run a spin-off series focusing on Hasham's character switching to a career as a private investigator also failed to pan-out. After "Number 96" ended Hasham continued his career with acting roles where he was part of a television series ensemble. Probably his most widely seen post-"Number 96" acting performance in Australia was an ongoing role as villain, Ken Hansen, in soap opera "The Young Doctors" in 1979. Through the early 1980s he presented a series of television advertisements for a television rental company called Electronic Sales and Rentals.

paragraph: Section::::Emigration to Malaysia.

paragraph: He emigrated to Malaysia in 1984. There, together with his actor wife Faridah Merican, he set up "The Actors Studio" actor training and theatre company in 1989. He is currently the Artistic Director of the company.

paragraph: He and Merican are also responsible for the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPac) along with Living Arts Malaysia which aims to introduce theatre to young Malaysians. Hasham's production company JHA Productions is responsible for many of the commercials screened on Malaysian television.

paragraph: Section::::Order of Australia.

paragraph: In 2009, Hasham was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) "for service to performing arts through The Actors Studio, Malaysia, and as an actor, writer, producer and director".

paragraph: Section::::'Number 96' cast reunion.

paragraph: In 2007, he and Chard Hayward were surprise guests for a "Number 96" cast reunion on Australia's "Where Are They Now". In a previous version of this show (late 90s?), Hasham had been flown back to Australia to surprise John Orcsik.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Actors Studio

paragraph: BULLET::::- about Joe Hasham

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Living Arts Malaysia

description: Australian actor

wikidata_label: Joe Hasham

wikipedia_title: Joe Hasham


text: Welsh

text: patron saint

text: Brychan Brycheiniog

text: Rigrawst

text: Anglesey

text: Llanddwyn

text: Wales

text: Advent, Cornwall

text: Ynys Llanddwyn

text: Anglesey

text: hermit

text: Maelgwn Gwynedd

text: church at Llanddwyn

text: Middle Ages

text: pilgrimage

text: Reformation

text: Saint Elian

text: Anglican Church

text: Oxford Movement

text: Queen Victoria

text: Celtic cross

text: Lord Newborough

text: University College, Bangor

text: Valentine's Day

text: Gwynedd County Council

text: Roman Catholic

text: Anglican Church

text: Roman Martyrology

text: Church in Wales

text: Saint Adwen

text: St Dwynwen's Day

text: St. Dwynwen

categories: Welsh Roman Catholic saints,Children of Brychan,Angelic visionaries,Welsh mythology,5th-century Welsh people,5th-century Christian saints,Welsh feminine given names

paragraph: Dwynwen

paragraph: Saint Dwynwen (;  5th century), sometimes known as Dwyn or Donwen, is the Welsh patron saint of lovers. She is celebrated throughout Wales on 25 January.

paragraph: Section::::History and Legend.

paragraph: Dwynwen is believed to have been a daughter of King Brychan Brycheiniog, who lived in the 5th century. Her mother may have been Rigrawst. Dwynwen lived in Anglesey, and her name is still recalled in place names such as Llanddwyn and Porthddwyn in Wales and the church of "Sen Adhwynn" in Advent, Cornwall.

paragraph: In the tale told of her, Dwynwen falls in love with a young man named Maelon, but rejects his advances. Stories differ substantially on the events that follow but the outcome remains the same. Either she is raped by Maelon and prays for assistance, or she is unable to marry him due to her father's refusal and prays to forget her love for him. An angel provides her with a potion. Maelon drinks it and turns into ice. Dwynwen then prays for three requests (either given as a result of drinking the potion, or prayed for when she sees what happens to Maelon). These three requests are that Maelon be released; that, through her, God look after all true lovers; and that she remain unmarried. She then retreats to the solitude of Ynys Llanddwyn off the west coast of Anglesey to become a hermit until she dies, in about AD 460; although it has been written in some texts that she had fled there because of her fear of Maelgwn Gwynedd

paragraph: Section::::Feast Day and Commemoration.

paragraph: Her church at Llanddwyn became an important shrine during the Middle Ages. The holy well became a site of pilgrimage, at which the movement of fish within its waters was believed to indicate lovers' destinies.

paragraph: Following the Reformation, devotions at her shrine were suppressed, and the site itself quickly fell into disrepair through the effects of numerous sandstorms. Those pilgrims who still came to pray in the area visited Saint Elian's Well instead. During the nineteenth century, the Anglican Church had rediscovered traditional devotions (e.g. through the Oxford Movement). In the 'sixtieth year of Queen Victoria', probably 1879, a plain cross about fourteen feet (4.2m) high was erected in memory of St Dwynwen. In 1903, a Celtic cross was erected near the ruins of the church by the Hon. F. G. Wynn of Glynllivon, son of the 3rd Lord Newborough, also in memory of its patroness. The site is now part of a nature reserve.

paragraph: Calendars from the fifteenth century and later give 25 January as the day commemorating St Dwynwen in Wales. Nicolas Roscarrok, however, gives as her day 13 July, and opines that 'St Dwin' is the same as 'Dwinwen'. In his Calendar he gives 25 January as the day of 'Dwinwent' or 'Damwent'.

paragraph: During the 1960s, a student at University College, Bangor, Vera Williams, sought to revive the observance of St Dwynwen's Day by commissioning four designs for St Dwynwen's Day cards, in the style of a "Welsh Valentine's Day". Another local press adopted the idea, and by 2004 the celebration of 25 January as a festival for Welsh lovers was so well established that even Gwynedd County Council was promoting it.

paragraph: St Dwynwen is not officially commemorated in the liturgies of the Roman Catholic or Anglican Churches; she does not appear in the 2004 edition of the Roman Martyrology, nor the Roman Catholic calendar for Wales, nor the 1995 revision of the Church in Wales calendar.

paragraph: She is also the patron saint of sick animals.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Adwen, the related Cornish saint

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diwrnod Santes Dwynwen - St. Dwynwen's Day

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Fagans National History Museum page on St Dwynwen's Day

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celebrating Diwrnod Santes Dwynwen with your loved one

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Dwynwen's Day

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Dwynwen at catholic.org

description: 5c Welsh saint

wikidata_label: Dwynwen

wikipedia_title: Dwynwen


text: Dona

text: Brazilian Imperial Family

text: Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia

text: Petrópolis

text: Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza

text: Juan Carlos I of Spain

text: Villamanrique de la Condesa

text: Seville

text: Peter, Hereditary Prince of Serbia

text: Prince Philip of Serbia

text: Belgrade

text: Serbia

text: Prince Alexander of Serbia

text: Dynastically

text: Emperor Pedro II of Brazil

text: Patrilineally

text: matrilineal

text: Marie Leszczyńska

text: Queen consort

text: Louis XV of France

text: Bourbon

text: Marie Leszczyńska

text: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Isabella of Spain

wikipedia_title: Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (born 1982)

wikipedia_title: Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier

wikipedia_title: Princess María de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

categories: Yugoslav princesses,1946 births,Living people,House of Orléans-Braganza

paragraph: Princess Maria da Glória, Duchess of Segorbe

paragraph: Princess "Dona" Maria da Glória Henriqueta Dolores Lúcia Miguela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga of Orléans-Braganza, Duchess of Segorbe, Countess of Rivadavia (; ; born 13 December 1946) is a descendant of the Brazilian Imperial Family and the second wife of the Duke of Segorbe. She is also the former wife of Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: Section::::Life and marriages.

paragraph: Born at Petrópolis, Brazil, she is the daughter of Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza (1913–2007) and Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1914–2005). She is the first cousin of Juan Carlos I of Spain.

paragraph: On 1 July 1972, she married Alexander, former Crown Prince of Yugoslavia at Villamanrique de la Condesa, near Seville, Spain. They divorced on 19 February 1985. She has three sons from her first marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter, Hereditary Prince of Serbia (born 1980).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Philip of Serbia (born 1982). He married Danica Marinković (born 1986) on 7 October 2017 at the Cathedral Church of Saint Michael the Archangel in Belgrade, Serbia. They have a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Stefan of Serbia (born on 25 February 2018 in Belgrade).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Alexander of Serbia (born 1982).

paragraph: On 24 October 1985, she married Ignacio de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba, 19th Duke of Segorbe (in 2003 20th Count of Rivadavia), son of Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba, 18th Duchess of Medinaceli at Seville. With him, she has two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sol María de la Blanca de Medina y Orléans-Braganza, 54th Countess of Ampurias (born 1986), heiress apparent to the Segorbe dukedom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ana Luna de Medina y Orléans-Braganza, 17th Countess of Ricla (born 1988).

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946–1972: "Her Royal Highness" Princess Maria da Glória of Orléans-Braganza

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972–1985: "Her Royal Highness" The Crown Princess of Yugoslavia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985–2003: "Her Royal Highness" The Duchess of Segorbe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003–present: "Her Royal Highness" The Duchess of Segorbe, Countess of Rivadavia

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Dynastically, the Duchess of Segorbe is a great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Patrilineally, she is a great-great-great-granddaughter of Louis Philippe, King of the French. She is also a matrilineal 9th-generation descendant of Marie Leszczyńska, Queen consort of Louis XV of France, through an almost-three-century-long unbroken line of eight Bourbon princesses, each of whom married into their own dynasty, as follows:

paragraph: Marie Leszczyńska, Queen of France → Louise Élisabeth of France, Duchess of Parma → Maria Luisa of Parma, Queen of Spain → Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen of the Two Sicilies → Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Queen Regent of Spain → Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier → Princess Marie Isabelle d'Orléans, Infanta of Spain, Countess of Paris → Princess Louise d'Orléans, Princess of the Two Sicilies → Princess Maria de la Esperanza of the Two Sicilies, Princess of Orléans-Braganza → Princess Maria da Glória of Orléans-Braganza, sometime Crown Princess of Yugoslavia, Duchess of Segorbe.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dona Maria da Glória de Orléans-Bragança e Borbon – website thePeerage.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria da Gloria de Orleáns y Bragança – website of the Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation "(Spanish)"

description: Brazilian princess


text:
Greek
Indo-Greek
Menander I
Punjab
diadem
Athena
Strato I
Philoxenus
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire
Coins of Epander
Le Roi Epandre le Victorieux

paragraph: Epander

paragraph: Epander (Greek: ) was one of the Indo-Greek kings. He may have been a relative of Menander I, and the findplaces of his coins seem to indicate that he ruled in the area of Punjab.

paragraph: Section::::Time of reign.

paragraph: Bopearachchi dates Epander to c. 95–90 BC and R. C. Senior to c. 80 BC. The scarcity of his coins indicate that his reign was short and/or his territory limited.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Epander.

paragraph: Epander's silver drachms portray the king in diadem with a reverse of Athena fighting which was the type of Menander I. Epander probably claimed ancestry from this important king, but his epithet "Nikephoros" (Victorious) was unique to kings using this reverse: their title was usually "Soter" (Saviour). He struck no Attic (monolingual) coins.

paragraph: Section::::Overstrikes.

paragraph: Epander overstruck coins of Strato I and Philoxenus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W.W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Epander

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Roi Epandre le Victorieux

wikidata_label: Epander

wikipedia_title: Epander


text:
Greek
epithet
Indo-Greek
Paropamisadae
Philoxenus
Menander I
Bopearachchi
Dioscuri
Eucratides I
Greco-Bactrian
Kharoshthi
Strato
Agathokleia
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Indo-Scythians
Kushan Empire
Seleucid Empire
Coins of Diomedes
Other coins of Diomedes
Le roi Diomède

paragraph: Diomedes Soter

paragraph: Diomedes Soter (Greek: ; epithet means "the Saviour") was an Indo-Greek king. The places where his coins have been found seem to indicate that his rule was based in the area of the Paropamisadae, possibly with temporary dominions further east. Judging from their similar portraits and many overlapping monograms, the young Diomedes seems to have been the heir (and probably a relative) of Philoxenus, the last king to rule before the kingdom of Menander I finally fragmented.

paragraph: Section::::Time of reign.

paragraph: Bopearachchi dates Diomedes to c. 95–90 BCE and R. C. Senior dates him to c. 115–105 BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Diomedes.

paragraph: Diomedes depicted the Dioscuri on his coins, either on horseback or standing; both types were previously used by Eucratides I. It is however uncertain how the two were related, since Eucratides I died long before Diomedes.

paragraph: Diomedes minted both Attic-type coins (Greco-Bactrian style, with Greek legend only), and bilingual coins (with Greek and Kharoshthi), indicating that he was ruling in the western part of the Indo-Greek territory.

paragraph: One overstrike is known, of a coin of Strato and Agathokleia over a coin of Diomedes. This overstrike could indicate that Diomedes fought over the central areas of the Indo-Greek territories with Strato and Agathokleia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Diomedes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other coins of Diomedes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le roi Diomède

wikidata_label: Diomedes Soter

wikipedia_title: Diomedes Soter


text: Safavid

text: Persia

text: Iran

text: Sultan Husayn

text: Shah

text: Afghans

text: besieged

text: Isfahan

text: Tabriz

text: Sunni Muslims

text: Caucasus

text: Lezgins

text: Qizilbash

text: Nader Shah

text: Peter the Great

text: tsar

text: Russian Empire

text: Caspian

text: Caucasus

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Northern

text: Southern Caucasus

text: Derbent

text: Dagestan

text: Baku

text: Gilan

text: Shirvan

text: Mazandaran

text: Astrabad

text: Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Russia

text: foolhardy Ottoman campaign of 1731

text: Nader Shah

text: Abbas III

text: Sabzevar

text: Reza-qoli Mirza

text: Tahmasp's campaign of 1731

text: Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35)

text: Armen Ayvazyan

categories: 1704 births,18th-century monarchs in the Middle East,1740 deaths,Khans of Erivan,Safavid monarchs,Monarchs of Persia,People of the Russo-Persian Wars,18th-century Iranian people,Safavid dynasty

paragraph: Tahmasp II

paragraph: Tahmasp II (1704? – 11 February 1740) was one of the last Safavid rulers of Persia (Iran).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tahmasp was the son of Sultan Husayn, the Shah of Iran at the time. When Husayn was forced to abdicate by the Afghans in 1722, Prince Tahmasp wished to claim the throne. From the besieged Safavid capital, Isfahan, he fled to Tabriz where he established a government. He gained the support of the Sunni Muslims of the Caucasus (even that of the previously rebellious Lezgins), as well as several Qizilbash tribes (including the Afshars, under the control of Iran's future ruler, Nader Shah).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Russo-Persian War.

paragraph: In June 1722, Peter the Great, the then tsar of the neighbouring Russian Empire, declared war on Safavid Iran in an attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran.

paragraph: The Russian victory ratified for Safavid Irans' cession of their territories in the Northern, Southern Caucasus and contemporary mainland Northern Iran, comprising the cities of Derbent (southern Dagestan) and Baku and their nearby surrounding lands, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Shirvan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad to Russia per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723).

paragraph: Tahmasp also eventually gained the recognition of both the Ottoman Empire and Russia, each worried about the other gaining too much influence in Iran.

paragraph: By 1729, Tahmasp had control of most of the country. Quickly after his foolhardy Ottoman campaign of 1731, he was deposed by the future Nader Shah in 1732 in favor of his son, Abbas III; both were murdered at Sabzevar in 1740 by Nader Shah's eldest son Reza-qoli Mirza.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tahmasp's campaign of 1731

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawrence Lockhart, "Nadir Shah" (London, 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720s and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal, Armen Ayvazyan, Yerevan 1997

description: Shah of Iran

wikidata_label: Tahmasp II

wikipedia_title: Tahmasp II


text: Paris

text: Saint-Cloud

text: essay

text: philosopher

text: epistolary novel

text: Obermann

text: curé

text: Ermenonville

text: Collège de la Marche

text: Contrôleur des Rentes

text: Conseil du Roi

text: Saint-Sulpice

text: priest

text: Eulalie

text: Fribourg

text: Revolution

text: émigrés

text: romantic movement

text: De l'amour

text: Mercure de France

text: Louis-Sébastien Mercier

text: Charles Nodier

text: Jesus

text: Rousseau

text: Sainte-Beuve

text: George Sand

text: Jura

text: Wertherian

text: Byronic

text: Georg Brandes

text: Chateaubriand

text: novella

text: "René"

text: philosophe

text: Catholic

text: Thiers

text: Villemain

text: Louis Philippe

text: Valombré

text: Isabelle

text: Matthew Arnold

text: A. E. Waite

text: Franz Liszt

text: Années de pèlerinage

categories: University of Paris alumni,French male novelists,18th-century French writers,1846 deaths,18th-century male writers,19th-century French novelists,Writers from Paris,1770 births

paragraph: Étienne Pivert de Senancour

paragraph: Étienne-Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Ignace Pivert de Senancour (; Paris, 16 November 1770 – Saint-Cloud, 10 January 1846) was a French essayist and philosopher, remembered primarily for his epistolary novel "Obermann".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Much of Senancour's childhood was spent in a state of ill-health. He began his education with a curé in the vicinity of Ermenonville before being sent to the Collège de la Marche. His father, Claude-Laurent Pivert, a Contrôleur des Rentes and Conseil du Roi, wanted him to enter the seminary of Saint-Sulpice to become a priest. To avoid a profession for which he had no vocation, Senancour, with the help of his mother, fled to Switzerland in 1789. On 11 September 1790, he married Marie-Françoise Daguet with whom he had two children: a daughter Eulalie (1791) who would later follow in her father's footsteps and become a writer, and a son, Florian-Julien (1793), who went on to pursue a career in the military. The marriage was not a happy one; his wife refused to accompany him to the Alpine solitude he desired, and they settled in Fribourg.

paragraph: His absence from France at the outbreak of the Revolution was interpreted as hostility to the new government, and his name was included in the list of émigrés. He visited France from time to time by stealth, but he only succeeded in saving the remnants of a considerable fortune. In 1799 he published in Paris his "Rêveries sur la nature primitive de l'homme", a book containing impassioned descriptive passages which mark him out as a precursor of the romantic movement. His parents and his wife died before the close of the century, and Senancour was in Paris in 1801 when he began "Obermann", which was finished in Switzerland two years later, and printed in 1804. This singular book, which has never lost its popularity with a limited class of readers, was followed in the next year by a treatise "De l'amour", in which he attacked the accepted social conventions. During this period, he worked at the magazine "Mercure de France" where he made the acquaintance of Louis-Sébastien Mercier and Charles Nodier.

paragraph: Senancour might have spent his life writing in complete obscurity were it not for a charge leveled against him by a public prosecutor for slandering religion in the second edition of his "Résumé de l’histoire des traditions morales et religieuses" (1827) wherein he described Jesus as a "youthful sage." He was initially found guilty and sentenced to nine months in prison and fined 300 francs, but the penalties were dropped on appeal. Attention to the case from the liberal press increased Senancour's standing, and many of his works were rediscovered and republished. The author revised and expanded "Obermann" for the 1833 edition.

paragraph: "Obermann", which is to a great extent inspired by Rousseau, was edited and praised successively by Sainte-Beuve and by George Sand, and had a considerable influence both in France and England. It is a series of letters supposed to be written by a solitary and melancholy person, whose headquarters are placed in a lonely valley of the Jura. The idiosyncrasy of the book in the large class of Wertherian-Byronic literature consists in the fact that the hero, instead of feeling the vanity of things, recognizes his own inability to be and do what he wishes. Danish literary critic Georg Brandes has pointed out that while Chateaubriand's novella "René" was appreciated by some of the ruling spirits of the century, "Obermann" was understood only by the highly gifted, sensitive temperaments, usually strangers to success.

paragraph: Senancour was tinged to some extent with the older philosophe form of free-thinking, and had no sympathy with the Catholic reaction. Having no resources but his pen, Senancour was driven to hack-work during the period which elapsed between his return to France (1803) and his death at Saint-Cloud; but some of the charm of "Obermann" is to be found in the "Libres Méditations d'un solitaire inconnu". Thiers and Villemain successively obtained for Senancour from Louis Philippe pensions which enabled him to pass his last days in comfort. Senancour also authored the comedic drama "Valombré" (1807), and late in life wrote a second novel in letters entitled "Isabelle" (1833). He composed his own epitaph, ""Eternité, sois mon asile"".

paragraph: Senancour is immortalized for English readers in two poems by Matthew Arnold entitled "Stanzas in Memory of the Author of Obermann" and "Obermann Once More."

paragraph: "Obermann" has been translated into English three times: in its entirety by A. E. Waite (1903) and J. Anthony Barnes (1910), and in selections by Jessie Peabody Frothingham (1901).

paragraph: Section::::In music.

paragraph: Between 1848 and 1854, Franz Liszt composed "Vallée d'Obermann", one of the pieces for piano of the suite "Première année: Suisse", from the œuvre "Années de pèlerinage", inspired by Senancour's most famous novel.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1792) "Les Premiers Ages. Incertitudes humaines"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1793) "Sur les Générations actuelles, absurdités humaines"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1795) "Aldomen ou le bonheur dans l’obscurité"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1799) "Rêveries sur la nature primitive de l’homme"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1804) "Oberman" (changed to "Obermann" in subsequent editions)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1806) "De l’amour"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1807) "Valombré"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1814) "Lettre d’un habitant des Vosges sur MM. Buonaparte, de Chateaubriand, Grégoire, Barruel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1815) "De Napoléon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1815) "Quatorze juillet 1815"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1816) "Observations critiques sur l’ouvrage intitulé "Génie du christianisme", suivies de réflexions sur les écrits de Monsieur de Bonald"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1819) "Libres Méditations d'un solitaire inconnu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1824) "Résumé de l’histoire de la Chine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1825) "Résumé de l’histoire des traditions morales et religieuses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1833) "Petit vocabulaire de simple vérité"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1833) "Isabelle"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France, Peter (Ed.) (1995). "The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French". Oxford: Clarendon Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gonthier, Albert (1999). "Montreux et ses hôtes illustres". Saint-Gingolph: Editions Cabédita. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schenk, H. G. (1966). "The Mind of the European Romantics: an Essay in Cultural History". London: Constable.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Célébrations nationales 2004: Senancour publie Oberman

alias:
Etienne Pivert de Senancour
Etienne Privert de Senancour
Sénancour
Senancour
Etienne de Senancour
Étienne Senancour
Etienne Senancour

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Étienne Pivert de Senancour

wikipedia_title: Étienne Pivert de Senancour


text:
Russian
infant
Emperor
Alexander III
Russia
Alexander II
Marie Fyodorovna
Nicholas II
meningitis
Queen Louise of Denmark
Picture of Alexander in his coffin

categories: Russian grand dukes,Deaths from meningitis,1870 deaths,19th-century Russian people,1869 births,House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov

paragraph: Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Великий Князь Александр Александрович Романов; 7 June 1869 – 2 May 1870) was the infant son of Emperor Alexander III–the heir apparent, styled "Tsesarevich", to the Russian throne as the eldest living son of Emperor Alexander II–and his consort, Marie Fyodorovna of Russia. He was Alexander and Marie's second child, second son, and the younger brother of the future Emperor Nicholas II. He died of meningitis in 1870, one month before his first birthday. "The doctors maintain he did not suffer, but we suffered terribly to see and hear him," his mother wrote to her own mother, Queen Louise of Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Picture of Alexander in his coffin

description: Grand Duke of Russia


text: Klarów

text: Warsaw

text: Polish

text: Positive disintegration

text: Lublin

text: Russian sector

text: Poland

text: meningitis

text: World War I

text: University of Lublin

text: Warsaw University

text: University of Poznan

text: University of Geneva

text: Edouard Claparede

text: Jean Piaget

text: self-harm

text: asceticism

text: sadomasochism

text: tuberculosis

text: Rockefeller Foundation

text: Institute for Mental Hygiene

text: Warsaw

text: Gestapo

text: Pawiak prison

text: Montelupich Prison

text: Kraków

text: University of Wrocław

text: Stalin

text: Canada

text: University of Alberta

text: Positive Disintegration

text: essence

text: existential

text: Kierkegaard

text: Heksis

text: Be Greeted; a poem written by Dąbrowski

text: Edgar Morin

text: Emergence

categories: Epistemologists,Clinical psychologists,Transdisciplinarity,Child development,Developmental psychologists,History of mental health,Structuralists,Positive psychologists,1980 deaths,Motivation theorists,Constructivism (psychological school),20th-century psychologists,1902 births,Child psychologists,20th-century Polish physicians,Polish psychologists,Cognitive scientists,Polish psychiatrists

paragraph: Kazimierz Dąbrowski

paragraph: Kazimierz Dąbrowski (September 1, 1902 in Klarów – November 26, 1980 in Warsaw) was a Polish psychologist, psychiatrist, and physician. He is best known for his theory of "Positive disintegration", as a stage in personality development. He was also a poet and used the pen name of "Paul Cienin/Paweł Cienin".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kazimierz Dąbrowski was born into a Catholic family on a country estate near Lublin, in the Russian sector of Poland, the third son of four children to Antoni, an estate administrator, and his wife. When he was six, the youngest child, a daughter aged three, died of meningitis. Kazimierz was initially schooled at home. Later he attended "Stefan Batory" secondary school in Lublin. During World War I he was deeply shocked by the sight of the bodies of fallen soldiers strewn across a battlefield. At 16, having falsified his age, he gained access to the newly opened University of Lublin, where he attended the Polish language programme. At 18, he was admitted to Warsaw University to study Medicine. After two years he transferred to the University of Poznan where he attained a medical degree and had begun studies in psychology. He next moved on to the University of Geneva where he worked with Edouard Claparede and Jean Piaget and where in 1929 he gained a Phd with a thesis on suicide, under professor F. Naville. He gained a second Phd in psychology at the University of Poznan in 1931 as a broader development on the theme of self-harm, including asceticism and sadomasochism.

paragraph: Around 1930 he had married for the first time. The marriage was short-lived as his wife died of tuberculosis in the mid-1930s. With help from the Rockefeller Foundation he was able to travel for post-doctoral studies in North America and Europe. In 1937 when he returned to Poland he opened an "Institute for Mental Hygiene" inspired by the movement in the USA and offered courses in the field. In 1940 Dąbrowski married for a second time. With his wife, Eugenia also a psychologist, he had two daughters. The marriage lasted to his death in Warsaw in 1980.

paragraph: In 1942 Dąbrowski was arrested by the Gestapo and briefly held in Warsaw's Pawiak prison. From there he was taken to the Montelupich Prison in Kraków for several months until his release was negotiated by colleagues and he returned to Warsaw. He continued his clinical work as a sanatorium superintendent. The Germans restricted his work under close supervision. After the war, he resumed his psychiatric work and was able to travel once more to the USA.

paragraph: On his return in 1949 he was accredited as a clinical psychologist by the University of Wrocław. However the Stalinist authorities closed down his Institute of Mental Hygiene that year on the grounds that it was the product of dangerous Western ideology. He and his wife were brought to trial and sentenced to a two year prison term. After the death of Stalin they were released and he returned to more modest clinical work and teaching. With a partial thaw in Soviet-Western relations, in 1964 he travelled to Canada with his family on a one year visiting professorship at the University of Alberta. He continued publishing and travelling abroad until forced to stop through ill-health in his late 70s.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Dąbrowski developed the theory of Positive Disintegration, which attempts to describe how personality development can progress as a result of accumulated difficult experiences. "Disintegration" refers to the abandonment of clusters of prior sensitivities and attitudes, based on learning from these events and perceptions. The resulting shift, if there is one, may be regarded as positive when the process has moved the personality to an increased capacity to contain such experiences and gain new perspectives.

paragraph: Dąbrowski had a lifelong dedication to the field of psychology. He established a rehabilitation centre in Zagórze (near Warsaw) for patients who suffered mental disorders after experiencing difficult life situations. Research at the facility supplied him with observations and data that helped shape his concepts.

paragraph: Section::::Concepts.

paragraph: Dąbrowski developed the theory of Positive Disintegration from a number of assumptions and concepts. His approach is philosophically based on Plato, reflecting his bias towards essence — an individual's essence is a critical determinant of his or her developmental course in life.

paragraph: Dąbrowski was also influenced by the existential belief that one depends upon anxieties felt and the manner of resolving day to day challenges. One's essence needs to be realized through an existential and experiential process of development. Dąbrowski's idea of the "autonomous individual" may be compared to the characterization advanced by Kierkegaard of his "Knights of faith".

paragraph: Section::::Concepts.:Observations on giftedness.

paragraph: In an appendix to Dąbrowski (1967), results of investigations conducted in 1962 with Polish youth are reported. Specifically, "a group of gifted children and young people aged 8 to 23" were examined (p. 251). Of the 80 young people studied, 30 were "intellectually gifted" and 50 were from "drama, ballet, or art schools" (p. 251). Dąbrowski found that every one of the children displayed what he called his factor of "overexcitability", OE, "which constituted the foundation for the emergence of neurotic and psychoneurotic sets. Moreover it turned out that these children also showed sets of nervousness, neurosis, and psychoneurosis of various kinds and intensities, from light vegetative symptoms, or anxiety symptoms, to distinctly and highly intensive psychasthenic or hysterical sets" (p. 253). Dąbrowski asked why these children should display such "states of nervousness or psychoneurosis" and suggested that it was due to the presence of OE (p. 255). "Probably the cause is more than average sensitivity which not only permits one to achieve outstanding results in learning and work, but at the same time increases the number of points sensitive to all experiences that may accelerate anomalous reactions revealing themselves in psychoneurotic sets" (p. 255).

paragraph: Dąbrowski's posited association between OE and "giftedness" appears to be supported in other research. It appears that at the least OE is a marker of potential for giftedness/creativity. OEs can help teachers and others spot a gifted person. Dąbrowski's basic message is that giftedness might be disproportionately associated with a process of positive disintegration and personality growth.

paragraph: Section::::Main works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nerwowość dzieci i młodzieży" (1935) ("Nervousness of children and adolescents")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Społeczno-wychowawcza psychiatria dziecięca" (1959) ("Socio-educational child psychiatry")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O dezintegracji pozytywnej" (1964) ("About positive disintegration")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Positive Disintegration" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Personality-Shaping through Positive Disintegration" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mental Growth through Positive Disintegration" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psychoneurosis Is Not an Illness" (1970) poem

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Existential Thoughts and Aphorisms" (1972) (as Paul Cienin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fragments from the Diary of a Madman" (1972) (as Pawel Cienin ) poetry collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Myśli i aforyzmy egzystencjalne" (1972) (as Paweł Cienin) ("Thoughts and existential aphorisms")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dynamics of Concepts" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trud istnienia" (1975) ("The Effort to exist")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dezintegracja pozytywna" (1979) ("Positive Disintegration")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W poszukiwaniu zdrowia psychicznego" (1989) ("In Search of Mental Health")

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Zaborowski, "Kazimierz Dąbrowski – l’homme et son œuvre" in: "Annales du Centre Scientifique à Paris de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences" 9, 2006, pp. 105–122

paragraph: BULLET::::- DEZINTEGRACJA.PL - the Polish website dedicated to Kazimierz Dąbrowski and his Theory of Positive Disintegration

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quarterly Heksis, Issue 1/2010 dedicated Kazimierz Dąbrowski's Theory of Positive Disintegration - http://www.heksis.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Be Greeted; a poem written by Dąbrowski.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. A. Zych, Higiena psychiczna w Polsce. Słownik biograficzny. (Mental Hygiene in Poland. Biographical Dictionary), Wrocław: Wyd. Nauk. DSW, 2013, pp. 60–67.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dąbrowski, K. (1964). "Positive Disintegration". Maurice Bassett, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tillier, William. "Personality Development through Positive Disintegration: The Work of Kazimierz Dabrowski". Maurice Bassett, 2018

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Fordham#De-integration and re-integration

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edgar Morin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emergence

description: Polish physician and psychologist

wikidata_label: Kazimierz Dąbrowski

wikipedia_title: Kazimierz Dąbrowski


text:
PC
Conservative
European Commission
Secretary of State for Trade
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
European Commission
Single Market
Horsham
Battle of the Somme
Dover Grammar School
London School of Economics
Inland Revenue
bar
Inner Temple
Boots
Selwyn Lloyd
National Economic Development Council
Iain Macleod
Royal Statistical Society
Anthony Barber
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Price Commission
knighthood
1973 New Years Honours List
Kent
Margaret Thatcher
Minister of State
the Treasury
Privy Council
Secretary of State for Trade
Department of Industry
1983 general election
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
European Commission
Jacques Delors
Delors Commission
Margaret Thatcher
eurosceptic
Single European Market
Leon Brittan
Peat, Marwick, McLintock
Order of Leopold II
Isle of Man
Obituary
The Times
Obituary
The Guardian
Obituary
The Daily Telegraph
Obituary
The Independent

categories: Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster,People from Horsham,British Secretaries of State,People educated at Dover Grammar School for Boys,Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society,Knights Bachelor,Civil servants in the Board of Inland Revenue,2007 deaths,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,Alumni of the London School of Economics,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II,People from Dover, Kent,British European Commissioners,1916 births

paragraph: Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield

paragraph: Francis Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield, PC (surname pronounced "Co-feeld"; 28 September 1916 – 8 January 2007) was by turns a civil servant, a company director, a Conservative politician, and a European Commissioner. He served as Minister of State at the Treasury from 1979 to 1982, as Secretary of State for Trade from 1982 until 1983, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1983 until 1984, a member of the European Commission from 1984 to 1988 and known as 'The Father of the Single Market'.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cockfield was born in Horsham, a month after his father, Lieutenant C.F. Cockfield, died at the Battle of the Somme. He was educated at Dover Grammar School, then read for an LLB and a BSc (Econ) at the London School of Economics.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cockfield joined the Inland Revenue in 1938, and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1942. He progressed rapidly within the Inland Revenue, serving as Director of Statistics from 1945 to 1952 and as a Commissioner from 1951 to 1952, before joining Boots as its finance director. He was its managing director and chairman from 1961 to 1967. He was also a member of Selwyn Lloyd's National Economic Development Council from 1962 to 1964.

paragraph: Cockfield was known by his first name, Frank, for most of his life but hated it. When he married his first wife, Ruth Simonis, his granddaughter, Emma, recalls how he told her he wished to use his middle name instead: "All my life I've been called Frank but I've hated it- you're to call me Arthur."

paragraph: Cockfield left Boots to become an adviser to the Conservative politician Iain Macleod on taxation and economic matters, and was president of the Royal Statistical Society from 1968 to 1969. Macleod died shortly after the Conservatives took power in 1970, but Cockfield went on to advise Anthony Barber, Macleod's successor as Chancellor of the Exchequer, until 1973. He then served as chairman of the Price Commission from 1973 to 1977, receiving a knighthood in 1973 New Years Honours List.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Political career.

paragraph: Cockfield was created Baron Cockfield, of Dover in the County of Kent, in April 1978. On the election of Margaret Thatcher to office in May 1979, he became a Minister of State at the Treasury, a post he held until April 1982. He became a member of the Privy Council in 1982, and was the last Secretary of State for Trade from 1982, before it was merged with the Department of Industry in 1983.

paragraph: After the 1983 general election, Cockfield became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In this role he had no specific departmental responsibilities, so he effectively became an advisor and a sort of one-man think-tank to the Prime Minister. Lord Cockfield resigned from the cabinet in September 1984 to join the European Commission as commissioner for Internal Market, Tax Law and Customs under Jacques Delors, and a Vice-President of the first Delors Commission. He was expected to follow Margaret Thatcher's eurosceptic line, but became a driving force in laying the groundwork for the creation of the Single European Market in 1992. Only a few months after he arrived in Brussels, he produced a mammoth white paper listing 300 barriers to trade, with a timetable for them to be abolished. He was not selected to serve a second term, and was replaced by Leon Brittan.

paragraph: After leaving the Commission in 1988, Cockfield became a consultant for accountants Peat, Marwick, McLintock. He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium in 1990, and honorary doctorates and fellowships from a number of British and American universities.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married twice. He married his first wife, Ruth Helen Simonis, in 1943, but they divorced in the early 1960s. They had two children: a daughter, Hilary Ann Cockfield, born June 1944; and a son, Roger Edmund Cockfield, born 21 November 1947. He had five grandchildren by his 1st wife; daughter Hilary had daughter Juliet and sons Christopher (Known as Kit) and Patrick Williams; Roger had two girls Catherine Rosemary, born 31 December 1977, (named after his wife's mother Catherine May Vineall, née Lambert) and Emma Anne Alexandra Cockfield born 5 July 1981. He later married choreographer Monica Mudie, in 1970; she died in 1992. He was survived by his son Roger and daughter Hilary and five grandchildren from his first marriage.

paragraph: Lord Cockfield is buried, along with his wife Monica, on the Isle of Man.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary, "The Times", 10 January 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary, "The Guardian", 11 January 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary, "The Daily Telegraph", 11 January 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary, "The Independent", 22 January 2007

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield

wikipedia_title: Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield


text:
Tripoli
Lebanese
orientalist
Oriental languages
Rome
Lebanese
Maronites
Giuseppe Simone Assemani
Pope
Sapienza
Benedict XIV
Patriarchs of the Church of the East
Cardinal Mai
Giuseppe Simone Assemani
Stefano Evodio Assemani
Simone Assemani

categories: 1710 births,Maronites of the Ottoman Empire,Ottoman emigrants to Italy,Orientalists of the Ottoman Empire,1782 deaths,Lebanese people of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: Giuseppe Luigi Assemani

paragraph: Giuseppe Luigi Assemani (1710 on Mount Lebanon TripoliFebruary 9, 1782 in Rome) was a Lebanese Catholic priest, an orientalist and a Professor of Oriental languages in Rome.

paragraph: Assemani came from a well known family of Lebanese Maronites that included several notable Orientalists. His uncle was Archbishop Giuseppe Simone Assemani whom he helped with his writings; besides assisting his uncle he also studied in Rome and was appointed by the Pope, firstly as the Professor of Syriac at the Sapienza and later as the Professor of liturgy by Pope Benedict XIV. The Pope also made Assemani a member of the Academy for Historic Research which had just been established.

paragraph: Assemani and his uncle between them laid the foundations of modern historical research with their work on publishing the correct editions of various early and Middle Age writers as well as their work on the decrees of the various general, national, and provincial councils. They were also influential by the examples they set in their own works on how historical materials should be used.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Codex liturgicus ecclesiae universae / Joseph Aloysius Assemanus ... recensuit, latine vertit, Praefationibus, Commentariis, et variantibus Lectionibus illustravit". Rom 1749-66, 13 Vols.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missale Alexandrinum Sancti in quo eucharistiae liturgiae omnes antiquae ac recentes ecclesiarum Aegypti, Graece, Coptice, Arabice, et Syriace exhibentur". Rome 1754.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reprint, Editor Hubert Welter, Paris 19XX.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentarius theologico-canonico-criticus de ecclesiis earum reverentia, et asylo atque concordia sacerdotii et imperii". Rom 1766.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Sacris ritibus Dissertatio". Rome 1757.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentarius theologico-canonicus criticus de ecclesiis, earum reverentia et asylo atque concordia Sacerdotii et Imperii". Rome 1766.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertatio de unione et communione ecclesiastica". Rome 1770.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertatio de canonibus poenitentialibus". Rome 1770.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico-chronologicus". Rome 1775.This work remains the major reference work on the history of the Patriarchs of the Church of the East.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reprint Westmead [etc.] : Gregg International Publ., 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Synodo Diocesana Dissertatio". Rome 1776.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Latin version of Ebedjesus's "Collectio Canonum" published by Cardinal Mai in his "Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio"

paragraph: Section::::Other family members.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archbishop Giuseppe Simone Assemani (Uncle)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefano Evodio Assemani (1709–1782) (Brother)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simone Assemani (1752–1820) (Nephew)

description: lebanese orientalist

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Luigi Assemani

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Luigi Assemani


text: novelist

text: short story

text: John Henry Wright

text: Austin Tappan Wright

text: John Kirtland Wright

text: Steubenville

text: Ohio

text: Eli Todd Tappan

text: Kenyon College

text: John Henry Wright

text: Dartmouth College

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Harvard University

text: Hanover

text: New Hampshire

text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: Cambridge

text: Massachusetts

text: The Youth's Companion

text: Scribner's Magazine

text: A Truce, and Other Stories

text: Aliens

text: Charles Scribner's Sons

text: D. Appleton & Company

text: Houghton Mifflin Company

text: Christian Union

text: The Outlook

text: The Independent

text: Harper's Magazine

text: Harper's Weekly

text: North American Review

text: Book Search

text: commonplace book

text: Aliens

text: Google e-text

text: The Test

text: Google e-text

text: Google e-text

text: Google e-text

text: A Truce, and Other Stories

text: e-text

text: e-text

text: e-text

text: e-text

text: e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: e-text

text: e-text

text: "Making of America" e-text

text: another e-text

text: e-text

text: "Making of America" e-text

text: another e-text

text: "Making of America" e-text

text: another e-text

text: e-text

text: e-text

text: e-text

text: "Making of America" e-text

text: another e-text

text: "Making of America" e-text

text: another e-text

text: e-text

text: "Making of America" e-text

text: another e-text

text: e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: "Making of America" e-text

text: another e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: Google e-text

text: another e-text

text: Margaret Deland

text: e-text

text: The Works of Mary Tappan Wright Online

categories: 20th-century American women writers,People from Steubenville, Ohio,American women novelists,Novelists from Ohio,19th-century American women writers,American women short story writers,Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts,1916 deaths,19th-century American short story writers,20th-century American novelists,1851 births,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Mary Tappan Wright

paragraph: Mary Tappan Wright (1851–1916) was an American novelist and short story writer best known for her acute characterizations and depictions of academic life. She was the wife of classical scholar John Henry Wright and the mother of legal scholar and utopian novelist Austin Tappan Wright and geographer John Kirtland Wright.

paragraph: Section::::Life and family.

paragraph: Wright was born Mary Tappan December 14, 1851, in Steubenville, Ohio, or December 18 of the same year, the daughter of Eli Todd Tappan, president of Kenyon College, and Lydia (McDowell) Tappan. She was educated at Auburn Young Ladies' Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio. She married, April 2, 1878, John Henry Wright, then an associate professor of Greek at Dartmouth College and later professor of classical philology and dean of the Collegiate Board of Johns Hopkins University, professor of Greek at Harvard University, and dean of Harvard's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The couple had three children, Elizabeth Tappan Wright (who died young), Austin Tappan Wright, and John Kirtland Wright. They lived successively in Hanover, New Hampshire, Baltimore, Maryland and Cambridge, Massachusetts, aside from one period during which John was a professor at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, when they resided in Greece. Wright was a founding member of the Boston Authors Club in 1900. Her husband died November 25, 1908, and she herself died August 25, 1916 in Cambridge. She was survived by her two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Works.

paragraph: Wright and her husband are said to have "worked together on their literary activities." Wright's first known published story was "How They Cured Him," which appeared in "The Youth's Companion" (March 24, 1887), one of several written for that periodical. Some of the "Youth's Companion" tales form a loose series centering on holidays and featuring recurring characters; some of the early Dulwich tales were also published in that magazine. However, Wright's tales for "Scribner's Magazine", beginning with "As Haggards of the Rock" (May 1890), attracted more notice, and the initial six of them, including also "A Truce," "A Portion of the Tempest," "From Macedonia," "Deep as First Love," and "A Fragment of a Play, With a Chorus," were collected in her first book, "A Truce, and Other Stories" (1895). None of her other short stories were gathered into book form in her lifetime.

paragraph: Much of her fiction dealt with American university life, often set in the fictional college town she called Dulwich in her short stories and "The Test", and Great Dulwich in her other novels, which combines elements of both Kenyon College and Harvard University. Her novels are all set in college towns, the third and fourth in Dulwich itself (the first and second also mention it peripherally). Her first novel, "Aliens" (1902), attracted much attention when it appeared for its portrait of contemporary northerners in the racially tense Southern town of Tallawara. The next, "The Test" (1904), the story of a wronged young woman, received mixed reviews for what some perceived as its unpleasant subject matter and unsympathetic characters, though it was generally praised as well written. "The Tower" (1906) was described as "a love story placed against the life of a college community taken from the faculty side and told with deep understanding and the most delicate art" and "The Charioteers" (1912) as "a story of the social life and environment of college professors and their families."

paragraph: Wright's first four books were published by Charles Scribner's Sons, the fifth being issued by D. Appleton & Company after having been rejected by the Houghton Mifflin Company. Close to half of her short pieces appeared in "Scribner's Magazine"; others appeared in "The Youth's Companion", "Christian Union" and its successor "The Outlook", "The Independent", "Harper's Magazine", "Harper's Weekly", and an anthology of works by various authors. She also contributed a book review to the "North American Review".

paragraph: All of Wright's novels are currently available in e-editions on Book Search. "Aliens" was reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, in June, 2007; "The Tower" was reprinted by Kessinger in December, 2008. Wright's previously uncollected short stories were issued in new collections by Fleabonnet Press from December, 2007-November 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Critical reception.

paragraph: In her writing Wright was praised as having "a keen sense of humor, good descriptive powers, a good working knowledge of human nature, an effective style" and the ability to "tell a story well." Her skill at characterization was also noted.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Papers.

paragraph: Wright's papers, including correspondence and original manuscripts and fragments, are found in various archival collections at the Harvard University Library and the Houghton Library at Harvard College. An early commonplace book from 1870–77, containing mostly poetry, is in the Stone-Wright family papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aliens" (1902) (Google e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Test" (1904) (Google e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tower" (1906) (Dulwich series) (Google e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Charioteers" (1912) (Dulwich series) (Google e-text)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Truce, and Other Stories" (1895) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pro Tempore, and Other Stories" (2007) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead Letters, and Other Pieces" (2008) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beginning Alone, and Other Stories" (2008) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uncollected Works" (2008) (e-text)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How They Cured Him" (Mar. 1887) (Holiday series) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alice's Christmas" (Dec. 1889) (Holiday series) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Numbered With Thy Saints" (Apr. 1890) (Dulwich series) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As Haggards of the Rock" (May 1890) ("Making of America" e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beginning Alone" (Sep.-Oct. 1890) (Dulwich series) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Truce" (Jan. 1891) ("Making of America" e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Fragment of a Play, With a Chorus" (May 1891) ("Making of America" e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divided Allegiances" (Feb. 1892) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Lad—Dismissed" (Jul.-Aug. 1893) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gray Fur Rug" (Nov. 1893) (Holiday series) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep as First Love" (Feb. 1894) ("Making of America" e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Portion of the Tempest" (Jun. 1894) (Jackson series) ("Making of America" e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Last" (Jun. 1894; reprinted as "His Last Offence, A Story of College Life", 1900) (Dulwich series) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Macedonia" (Oct. 1894) (Jackson series) ("Making of America" e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Fires at Redmont" (Jun. 1895) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cunliffe" (Sep. 1896) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Key of the Fields" (Feb. 1898) ("Making of America" e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Exception" (Jan. 1899) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ethel's Christmas Brother" (Jan. 20 1900) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best Laid Plans" (ca.1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Day Together" (Jan. 1901) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead Letters" (Sep. 1901) (Dulwich series) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Sacred Concert" (Jul. 1903) (Dulwich series) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vox" (Oct. 1903) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pro Tempore" (Jun. 1906) (Dulwich series) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mountain" (Feb. 1907) (e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asphodel" (Oct. 1909) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Children and Books" (article) (Mar. 3 1900) (Google e-text) (another e-text)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Iron Woman"" (review of the novel by Margaret Deland) (Dec. 1911) (e-text)

paragraph: Section::::General references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coyle, William, ed. "Ohio Authors and Their Books. Biographical data and selective bibliographies for Ohio authors, native and resident, 1796-1950". Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1962.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Works of Mary Tappan Wright Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry for Wright on Frank Parlato Jr.'s Swami Vivekananda site

description: United States novelist

wikidata_label: Mary Tappan Wright

wikipedia_title: Mary Tappan Wright


text:
DL
British
Conservative
Royal Naval College, Dartmouth
Royal Scots Greys
Lieutenant
House of Lords
Edward Heath
Lord-in-waiting
Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard
Margaret Thatcher
Deputy Lieutenant
Worcestershire
Ombersley Court

categories: Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting,Royal Scots Greys officers,2013 deaths,1931 births,Hill family,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Deputy Lieutenants of Worcestershire

paragraph: Richard Hill, 7th Baron Sandys

paragraph: Richard Michael Oliver Hill, 7th Baron Sandys DL (21 July 1931 – 11 February 2013), was a British landowner and Conservative politician.

paragraph: Sandys was the only son of Arthur Fitzgerald Sandys Hill, 6th Baron Sandys, and his wife Cynthia Mary (née Gascoigne), and was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. He served with the Royal Scots Greys from 1950 to 1955, achieving the rank of Lieutenant. In 1961 he succeeded his father in the barony and took his seat on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords.

paragraph: He served under Edward Heath as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) in 1974 and was an Opposition Whip in the House of Lords from 1974-79. Between 1979-82, he was Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard (Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords) in the first Conservative administration of Margaret Thatcher. Apart from his political career he was also a Deputy Lieutenant of Worcestershire in 1968.

paragraph: Lord Sandys married Patricia, daughter of Captain Lionel Hall, in 1961. They had no children. Following the death of both Lord Sandys and his wife, the family seat of Ombersley Court has been put up for sale.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who 2007: An Annual Biographical Dictionary". London: A & C Black, 2007.

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: Richard Hill, 7th Baron Sandys

wikipedia_title: Richard Hill, 7th Baron Sandys