text:
Australia
Member of Parliament
lawyer
Narrandera, New South Wales
Newington College
Sydney
Waverley Council
NSW Legislative Assembly
Freemason
Odd Fellow
United States of America
Friendly Societies
Old Newingtonians' Union
St Catherine's School, Waverley
Royal Sydney Golf Club
Rose Bay, New South Wales
Methodist
Crematorium

categories: Australian Methodists,People educated at Newington College,Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly,1954 deaths,1883 births,Old Newingtonians' Union presidents

paragraph: Carl Glasgow

paragraph: Carl Spencer Frederick Glasgow (2 April 1883 – 25 December 1954) was an Australian Member of Parliament and lawyer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Glasgow was born in Narrandera, New South Wales, the son of William Glasgow and Rebecca McGregor. He attended Newington College (1896–1899) and was articled in 1900.

paragraph: Section::::Legal career.

paragraph: From 1904 he was a legal clerk in Narrandera and after a period as a managing clerk in Sydney he was admitted as a solicitor in 1912. Glasgow worked with Kershaw, Matthews and Lane from 1913 until 1920 and after becoming a partner the firm was known as Kershaw, Matthews, Lane and Glasgow from 1920 until 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Political service.

paragraph: In local government, Glasgow served as an alderman on Waverley Council from 1914 until 1915. He was elected the National Party member for Waverley in the NSW Legislative Assembly on 8 October 1927 and served until 18 September 1930.

paragraph: Section::::Community activities.

paragraph: Glasgow was a Freemason and a prominent Odd Fellow, becoming Grand Sire of Australasia and representing Australia at a world conference in the United States of America in 1925. He was president of New South Wales Friendly Societies Association from 1913 until 1915.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He married Sara Maria McCracken in 1907 and had a daughter and two sons. Sara Glasgow died in 1918. In 1920 he married Elsa Marie Duval and had three daughters. Glasgow served as president of the Old Newingtonians' Union in 1929 and 1930. His second wife, Elsa, was president of the Ex-students’ Union of St Catherine's School, Waverley. Glasgow died at Royal Sydney Golf Club, Rose Bay, New South Wales, where he had been a member for many years. His funeral was held at Waverley Methodist Church and the Eastern Suburbs Crematorium.

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: Carl Glasgow

wikipedia_title: Carl Glasgow


text: Gedern

text: Oberhessen

text: Hesse-Darmstadt

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Ebersdorf

text: Queen Victoria

text: Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf

text: Thurnau

text: Bavaria

text: Ebersdorf

text: Thüringia

text: Landers Genealogy

categories: House of Erbach-Schönberg,1727 births,People from Gedern,German princesses,1796 deaths,House of Reuss

paragraph: Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg, born 20 August 1727 (20 July, according to other sources) at Gedern, Oberhessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, in the then Holy Roman Empire, was a daughter of George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg, and Ferdinande Henriette, Countess of Stolberg-Gedern. She died at Ebersdorf, Thuringia, on 22 April 1796, at age 68.

paragraph: Through her daughter Augusta, she was the great grandmother of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She married Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf, on 28 June 1754 at Thurnau, Bavaria, and had seven children, all of them born at Ebersdorf, Reuss-Jüngere-Linie, Thüringia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landers Genealogy

description: Countess of Erbach-Schönberg by birth and by marriage Princess of Reuss-Ebersdorf


text: King

text: Kingdom of Ashanti

text: Ashanti

text: Kwaku Dua I

text: Asantehene

text: Kumase

text: Wallace Collection

text: London

text: Afua Kobi

text: Ashanti people

text: Rulers of the Kingdom of Ashanti

text: Kingdom of Ashanti

categories: 1837 births,1884 deaths,19th-century monarchs in Africa

paragraph: Kofi Karikari

paragraph: Kofi Karikari (Karikari is pronounced: "kakari") ( – 1884) was the tenth King of the Kingdom of Ashanti (King of the Ashanti), grandnephew of Kwaku Dua I, whose sudden death in April 1867 sparked internal strife about the succession. Kofi Karikari was chosen by electoral majority, reigning from 28 May 1867 until his forced abdication on 26 October 1874. A notable achievement of King Asantehene Kofi Karikari was the intentional neglect of the armed forces, a step taken to avoid the escalation of war.

paragraph: A golden trophy head, owned by Kakari, was among many items "pillaged from the royal mausoleum in Kumase by a British 'expedition' in the 1880s, can be found at the Wallace Collection in London".

paragraph: Kofi Karikari was the son of Afua Kobi.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashanti people

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulers of the Kingdom of Ashanti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Ashanti

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Ashanti Kings And Queens Of Asante

description: King of Ashanti

wikidata_label: Kofi Karikari

wikipedia_title: Kofi Karikari


text:
The History of Apple Pie
Smalltown Supersound
Arthur Russell
Alexander McQueen
Jenny Hval
St. Vincent
Masseduction
Björk
Arisen My Senses
Utopia

categories: British electronic musicians,21st-century bass guitarists,21st-century Welsh singers,Welsh bass guitarists,21st-century women singers,Female bass guitarists,1980s births,21st-century Welsh women,Living people

paragraph: Kelly Lee Owens

paragraph: Kelly Lee Owens is a Welsh musician and producer. She released her first album in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kelly Lee Owens was born in Wales. Owens recalls writing poetry as a child and that being out in nature (in her mother's fields) gave her the time and the solitude to write. As a teenager, she sang in her school choir and played bass and drums.

paragraph: At age 19, Owens moved from Wales to Manchester to work at a cancer treatment hospital. While working as an auxiliary nurse, Owens would use her paid leave to help run local indie festivals. It was the patients who would ultimately urge her to pursue her music career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Owens left her career as an auxiliary nurse in a cancer ward in Manchester to pursue music in 2009. After moving to London, she interned at XL Recordings and worked at various record stores including Pure Groove. During that time, Owens played bass in the indie rock band The History of Apple Pie.

paragraph: It was during those early days in London that Owens met Daniel Avery, James Greenwood (aka “Ghost Culture”), and Erol Alkan. Avery and Greenwood, with whom she manned the counter at the now closed Pure Groove, brought her into the studio and introduced her to production software and Greenwood offered to be her sound engineer. Avery would later invite her to collaborate on his 2013 album "Drone Logic." Owens released Oleic EP a year later, in 2016.

paragraph: Her eponymous album "Kelly Lee Owens" was released in March 2017 by the Norwegian label Smalltown Supersound. Later in 2017, she released a bonus cut from her album titled "Spaces." The second track on "Kelly Lee Owens", "Arthur," is a tribute to the late Arthur Russell. Alexander McQueen used the track “Arthur” for his Fall 2016 runway show prior to the release of the studio album. Avery has a co-write credit on “Keep Walking" and Jenny Hval appears on “Anxi.”

paragraph: Owens has collaborated with St. Vincent, whose single, "New York" from her album "Masseduction" she remixed. She also collaborated with Björk on her EP dedicated to remixes of "Arisen My Senses" from her album "Utopia."

paragraph: Owens' music has been described as "dream pop," “techno pop” and “folk-pop.” She has expressed interest in the connection between healing and music. In 2017, she told Pitchfork that she was considering an exhibition on the “relationship between sound, healing, and resonant frequencies."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kelly Lee Owens" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oleic" (2016)

description: Welsh singer

wikidata_label: Kelly Lee Owens

wikipedia_title: Kelly Lee Owens


text: Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

text: St Paul's Walden Bury

text: Hertfordshire

text: Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck

text: Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

text: Elizabeth II

text: Princess Margaret

text: World War I

text: Black Watch

text: deputy lieutenant

text: Forfarshire

text: George Osborne, 10th Duke of Leeds

text: London

text: Angus, Scotland

categories: Earls of Strathmore and Kinghorne,People from North Hertfordshire District,Deputy Lieutenants of Forfarshire,1884 births,Deputy Lieutenants of Angus,1949 deaths,Bowes-Lyon family,Disease-related deaths in Scotland

paragraph: Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 15th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne

paragraph: Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 15th and 2nd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (22 September 1884 – 25 May 1949) was a British nobleman and peer. He was an uncle of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bowes-Lyon was born on 22 September 1884 at St Paul's Walden Bury, Hertfordshire to Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck. He was an older brother of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later The Queen Mother), and therefore an uncle of Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret. At the outbreak of World War I, he went into service with the Black Watch. On 19 June 1920, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Forfarshire.

paragraph: As a maternal uncle of the bride, he was a leading guest at the 1947 wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: The Earl married Lady Dorothy Beatrix Godolphin Osborne (3 December 1888 – 18 June 1946), daughter of George Osborne, 10th Duke of Leeds, on 21 November 1908 in London. The couple had four children and three grandchildren:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. John Patrick Bowes-Lyon, Master of Glamis (1 January 1910 – 19 September 1941), died in action, unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Cecilia Bowes-Lyon (28 February 1912 – 20 March 1947) she was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon on 3 May 1923. She married Major Kenneth Douglas Evelyn Herbert Harington on 8 March 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timothy Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 16th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (18 March 1918 – 13 September 1972) married Mary Bridget Brennan on 18 June 1958. They had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Frances Bowes-Lyon (8 December 1959 – 1 January 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Nancy Moira Bowes-Lyon (18 March 1918 – 11 February 1959) she married Lance Amigo Percy Burra Robinson on 25 April 1940; they were divorced in 1950. They have two sons. She remarried John Michael Matheson Blair in 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Patrick Burra-Robinson (6 August 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Lance Burra-Robinson (5 August 1945)

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne died on 18 June 1946, aged 57. Patrick Bowes-Lyon outlived her by almost three years and died on 25 May 1949 in Angus, Scotland, aged 64.

description: British Earl


text:
Villena
Peñafiel
Cuéllar
Escalona
Infante
Ferdinand III of Castile
Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen
Carrión de los Condes
Byzantium
Seigneury of Villena
Kingdom of Murcia
Pope Alexander IV
Alfonso X the Wise
Alférez
Majordomo
Monastery of Uclés
Juan Manuel
Ferdinand III of Castile
Soria
Constance of Aragon
James I of Aragon
Montpellier
Violante Manuel
Lisbon
Elche
Medellín
Afonso of Portugal
Afonso III of Portugal
Beatrice of Savoy
Amadeus IV of Savoy
Juan Manuel

categories: Anscarids,1283 deaths,Lords of Spain,Lords of Cuéllar,1234 births,Castilian infantes,People from the Province of Palencia

paragraph: Manuel of Castile

paragraph: Manuel of Castile (1234 – 25 December 1283, The first Lord of Villena and Peñafiel, Cuéllar, and Escalona, was an "Infante", son of Ferdinand III of Castile and his wife Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Carrión de los Condes, the name Manuel was given to him to commemorate his maternal grandmother's roots in Imperial Byzantium. He was granted the Seigneury of Villena in 1252, created for him to govern that lordship as "apanage" (a medieval micro-state that would return to the central crown if the minor lineage ends with no successor). This lordship would grow by receiving the cities around the Vinalopó River (Elda valley, Aspe, Crevillente, Elche). He also received the "Adelantamiento" of the Kingdom of Murcia.

paragraph: Manuel travelled to Italy in 1259 as part of the embassy sent by his father to Pope Alexander IV.Later, when his brother became king Alfonso X the Wise, served him as Alférez and Majordomo of the king.

paragraph: He died at Peñafiel in 1283 and was buried in the Monastery of Uclés. His son Juan Manuel, who succeeded him in Villena and Peñafiel among the others, and became prince of Villena, was a notable medieval writer.

paragraph: Manuel of Castile, as son of Ferdinand III of Castile, belonged to the royal House of Burgundy of Castile and León, but he was also the first of a new family branch, the House of Manuel of Villena.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married twice. His first wife, whom he married in 1260 in Soria was Constance of Aragon, daughter of James I of Aragon. Two children were born of this marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso Manuel (1260/1261–Montpellier, 1276), without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violante Manuel (1265–Lisbon, 1314), lady of Elche and Medellín. Married circa 1287 to Afonso of Portugal, son of Afonso III of Portugal.

paragraph: His second marriage after Constança's death was in 1274/1275 to Beatrice of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus IV of Savoy. One child was born of this marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Manuel (1282–1348), Prince of Villena, Duke of Penafiel and Lord of Escalona.

paragraph: Children from other women include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho Manuel (1283-after 1345), Lord of Infantado and Carrion. First married María Rodríguez de Castañeda, and then Inés Díaz de Toledo. With issues from both marriages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enrique Manuel (born circa 1272)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanca Manuel (born circa 1273)

description: Lord of Villena, Escalona and Peñafiel

wikidata_label: Manuel, Lord of Villena

wikipedia_title: Manuel of Castile


text:
The Soundtrack of Our Lives
Hederos & Hellberg
Mattias Hellberg
Esbjörn Svensson Trio
Dan Berglund
Tonbruket
Nino Ramsby
Jazzen

categories: Swedish male musicians,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Martin Hederos

paragraph: Martin Hederos is a founding member of Nymphet Noodlers and The Soundtrack of Our Lives. He is also a member of the duo Hederos & Hellberg together with Mattias Hellberg, as well as ex-Esbjörn Svensson Trio bassist Dan Berglund's Tonbruket collective. He has released two albums with Nino Ramsby; "Visorna" (2004) and "Jazzen" (2006).

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Martin Hederos

wikipedia_title: Martin Hederos


text:
Swedish
The Soundtrack of our Lives
Wayne Kramer
MC5
Dregen
The Hellacopters
Robert Dahlqvist
Nick Royale
Scott Morgan
The Solution
Thunder Express
progg
Nationalteatern
Totta Näslund
Stefan Sundström
The Hellacopters
Grande Rock
The Hellacopters
Cream of the Crap Vol. 1
Ossler
The Hellacopters
By the Grace of God
Marit Bergman
Stefan Sundström
The Solution
Communicate!
The Soundtrack of Our Lives
Nationalteatern
Nikola Sarcevic
Thunder Express
Jaqee
The Solution
Will Not Be Televised
Dunder Tåget
Official web site
Official MySpace

categories: Living people,Swedish male musicians,The Hellacopters members,1973 births

paragraph: Mattias Hellberg

paragraph: Mattias Hellberg (born 13 June 1973) is a Swedish musician. Hellberg has worked with a variety of Swedish bands and artists in different genres, both as a permanent member and as guest or session member.

paragraph: Section::::Recording career.

paragraph: Hellbergs career started when his band Nymphet Noodlers was discovered and later produced by Ebbot from The Soundtrack of our Lives. Wayne Kramer of the MC5 once said that the Nymphet Noddlers was one of his favorite bands. Nymphet Noodlers broke up in 1996, but was reunited for a concert at Way out West August 2011. Former Nymphet colleagues Hederos and Hellberg recorded 8 cover songs meant to be a demo to get gigs in bars in 1996. Old friend Niclas Stenholm released the songs on the album M. Hederos M. Hellberg in 2000. Hederos & Hellberg turned out to be a totally unexpected success. Ryan Adams discovered the duo when he was playing his first concert in Gothenburg, and he brought them with him on a European tour as Hederos & Hellberg's second album, "Together in the darkness" was released in 2001. January 2003 they did a last performance in a sold out Gothenburg Concert House. After Dregen's departure from The Hellacopters Hellberg was drafted as a live member before Robert Dahlqvist joined as a full-time guitarist. Hellberg later worked with Hellacopters front man Nick Royale and Scott Morgan's soul band The Solution and guitarist Robert Dahlqvist solo effort Thunder Express. When the legendary Swedish progg band Nationalteatern reunited in the 1990s Hellberg was brought on board as their new vocalist. He also performed live with the band's former vocalist Totta Näslund as a backup due to Näslund's health problems. In 2000 the band Kanzeon was formed the band release a self-titled album in 2007 with a number of guest vocalists. In 2004 he worked with singer/songwriter Stefan Sundströms album "Fula gubben Hitler" and also went on tour to support the album.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: Here is a list of albums Hellberg has written or played music on as a sessions musician or as a full-time member.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nymphet Noodlers – "Going Abroad" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allimony – "Bottomless" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hellacopters – "Grande Rock" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hederos & Hellberg – "Hederos & Hellberg" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hederos & Hellberg – "Together in the Darkness" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hellacopters – "Cream of the Crap Vol. 1" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ossler – "Den siste som kom ut" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hellacopters – "By the Grace of God" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marit Bergman – "3.00 am. Serenades" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solowork – "Mattias Hellberg" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Sundström – "Fula gubben Hitler" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Solution – "Communicate!" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Soundtrack of Our Lives – "Origin Vol. 1" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nationalteatern – "Nationalteatern Rockorkester LIVE" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikola Sarcevic – "Rock Roll And Flee" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thunder Express – "Republic Disgrace" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jaqee – "Nouvelle d'amour" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanzeon – "'Kanzeon" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mattias Hellberg & The White Moose – "Out of the frying pan, into the woods" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Solution – "Will Not Be Televised" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunder Tåget – "Skaffa ny frisyr" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MySpace

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Mattias Hellberg

wikipedia_title: Mattias Hellberg


text:
German
rococo
fresco
Mainburg
Cosmas Damian Asam
Jesuit Order
lay brother
Augsburg
St. Cäcilia
Heusenstamm
Balthasar Neumann
Schönborn-Heusenstamm
St. Paulinus' Church
Trier
Elector
Franz Georg von Schönborn
Deutschhaus
World War II
Website of St. Cäcilia

categories: German male painters,18th-century German painters,1756 deaths,Fresco painters,1699 births,People from Mainburg

paragraph: Christoph Thomas Scheffler

paragraph: Christoph Thomas Scheffler (sometimes written "Schäffler", December 20, 1699 – January 25, 1756) was a German painter of the rococo period. He is best known for his frescoes.

paragraph: Scheffler was born in Mainburg and learned the trade of a painter from his father Wolfgang Scheffler. Between 1719 and 1722, he worked as a journeyman for Cosmas Damian Asam. In 1722, he joined the Jesuit Order as a lay brother and painted several churches for the order. After he had left the order in 1728, he settled in Augsburg, where he died in 1756.

paragraph: Among his works are the frescoes of the St. Cäcilia church in Heusenstamm, which was built by Balthasar Neumann for the Schönborn-Heusenstamm family, and those of the St. Paulinus' Church in Trier, funded by Elector Franz Georg von Schönborn. The frescoes in the chapel of the Deutschhaus in Mainz, painted by Scheffler, were destroyed during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website of St. Cäcilia

alias:
Thomas Scheffler
Christoph Scheffler
Thomas Christian Schaefler
Thomas Christian Scheffler
Thomas Christian Schaeffler

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Christoph Thomas Scheffler

wikipedia_title: Christoph Thomas Scheffler


text:
duchess of Amalfi
Charles V
Victoria Colonna
Ludovico Domenichi
Santa Chiara a Napoli

categories: Italian women poets,Italian duchesses,Year of birth unknown,D'Avalos family,House of Piccolomini,1560 deaths

paragraph: Costanza d'Avalos Piccolomini

paragraph: Costanza d'Avalos Piccolomini (died 1560) was a duchess of Amalfi. A lady of great worth, she cultivated Italian poetry with great success. Charles V gave her the title of princess, as a mark of his esteem. Her poems have been published several times with those of Victoria Colonna, her cousin; there are several of her pieces also in the collection by Ludovico Domenichi (Lucca, 1559, 8vo; and Naples, 1595).

paragraph: In later years she moved to the convent of Santa Chiara a Napoli, where she died.

description: Duchess of Amalfi, poet

wikidata_label: Costanza d'Avalos Piccolomini

wikipedia_title: Costanza d'Avalos Piccolomini


text:
Malemort-du-Comtat
Avignon
Provençal poet
novelist
Saint Didier
law
notary
Li Carbounié
epic poem
Joseph Roumanille
Toloza
Albigenses
Simon de Montfort
Li Roumancero Provengal
La Paplino
Joseph Roumanille
Le Félibre Rouge
Frédéric Mistral
Provençal language
Li Rouge dou Miejour
French
British Prime Minister
Gladstone
French Revolution
La Terrour
La Terrour Blanco
Félix Gras, poète et écrivain provençal

categories: French poets,1901 deaths,People from Vaucluse,1844 births,Occitan-language writers

paragraph: Felix Gras

paragraph: Félix Gras (Malemort-du-Comtat, May 3, 1844 – Avignon, March 4, 1901) was a Provençal poet and novelist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gras was born into a farming family and went to secondary school at the college of Sainte Garde, in Saint Didier. He studied law as a clerk to the notary Jules Giéia in Avignon, later becoming a notary himself, but also enthusiastically attended poetry meetings where he read his first poems.

paragraph: Soon abandoning his law training, Gras published "Li Carbounié" ("The Charcoal-burners"), a rustic epic poem in twelve cantos, in 1876, noted for its "elemental passion" and scenic descriptions, for which he gained immediate recognition. In 1879, he married the niece of Joseph Roumanille, the husband of his sister Rose Anaïs. His next work, "Toloza", an epic poem about the invasion of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort, came in 1882, to further acclaim. He produced a volume of short poems, "Li Roumancero Provengal", in 1887, followed by a collection of prose stories, "La Paplino", in 1891.

paragraph: In 1891 (succeeding Joseph Roumanille), Gras was elected 3rd Capoulie (president) of Le Félibre Rouge, a literary and cultural association founded by Frédéric Mistral (1st Capoulie) and other Provençal writers to defend and promote the Provençal language and Provençal literature. He held this post until his death.

paragraph: Gras achieved popular success in 1896 with the novel "Li Rouge dou Miejour", which was translated into French as "Les Rouges du Midi" ("Reds of the South"). It was praised by former British Prime Minister Gladstone, and was subsequently published in several other languages. He then wrote a trilogy of tales dealing with the late period of the French Revolution with "La Terrour" ("The Terror") and "La Terrour Blanco" ("The White Terror"). This series is considered by some to be the most remarkable prose work in the Provençal language.

paragraph: The epitaph on his tomb, in his native town of Malemort, reads:

paragraph: Amo moun village maï que toun village, amo ma Provenço maï que ta province, amo la Franço maï que tout !

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Félix Gras, poète et écrivain provençal

description: French poet, notary and magistrate

wikidata_label: Felix Gras

wikipedia_title: Felix Gras


text: feminism

text: Nebula Award for Best Short Story

text: The Bone Flute

text: BSFA Award for Short Fiction

text: The Kinkaid School

text: Piney Point Village, Texas

text: Mirabeau B. Lamar Senior High School

text: science fiction fandom

text: fanzine

text: Syracuse University

text: alternative newspaper

text: Clarion Writer's Workshop

text: Tulane University

text: Robin Wilson

text: Austin, Texas

text: Austin American-Statesman

text: Howard Waldrop

text: Steven Utley

text: Bruce Sterling

text: Turkey City Writer's Workshop

text: Spider Robinson

text: George R. R. Martin

text: Hugo Award

text: Windhaven

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: James Tiptree, Jr. Award

text: young adult fiction

text: pen names

text: Casualty

text: Ben M. Baglio

text: Dolphin Diaries

text: genderbending

text: David V. Barrett

text: feminist science fiction

text: The Sunday Times

text: BSFA Award for Short Fiction

text: Replacements

text: The Hunger

text: Nebula Award

text: The Bone Flute

text: Nebula Award for Best Short Story

text: George Guthridge

text: SFWA

text: Frank Catalano

text: Pocket Books

text: George R. R. Martin

text: Windhaven

text: George R.R. Martin

text: Windhaven

text: Steven Utley

text: Christopher Priest

text: Torinturk

text: Windhaven

text: George R. R. Martin

text: Locus Award

text: Casualty

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: James Tiptree, Jr. Award

text: urban fantasy

text: Down These Strange Streets

text: George R. R. Martin

text: Gardner Dozois

text: Rogues

text: Clute, John

text: Nicholls, Peter

text: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

text: St. Martin's Griffin

text: Random House profile

text: Fantastic Fiction

text: Texas A&M University

text: Lucy Daniels

text: Ben M. Baglio

categories: People from Houston,American women novelists,John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer winners,20th-century American non-fiction writers,21st-century American women writers,American women short story writers,1952 births,Gothic fiction,Women science fiction and fantasy writers,20th-century American novelists,21st-century American short story writers,21st-century American novelists,Novelists from Texas,American fantasy writers,Living people,Writers from Austin, Texas,20th-century American women writers,American women journalists,American science fiction writers,Austin American-Statesman people,Syracuse University alumni,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Lisa Tuttle

paragraph: Lisa Gracia Tuttle (born September 16, 1952) is an American-born science fiction, fantasy, and horror author. She has published more than a dozen novels, seven short story collections, and several non-fiction titles, including a reference book on feminism, "Encyclopedia of Feminism" (1986). She has also edited several anthologies and reviewed books for various publications. She has been living in the United Kingdom since 1981.

paragraph: Tuttle won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in 1974, received the 1982 Nebula Award for Best Short Story for "The Bone Flute", which she refused, and the 1989 BSFA Award for Short Fiction for "In Translation".

paragraph: Section::::Writing career.

paragraph: Lisa Tuttle began writing when she attended The Kinkaid School in Piney Point Village, Texas. At the Mirabeau B. Lamar Senior High School in Houston she was active in science fiction fandom, and founded and edited the Houston Science Fiction Society's fanzine, "Mathom". At Syracuse University in New York, she wrote for the university's fanzine "Tomorrow And…", plus several alternative newspapers. In 1971 Tuttle attended the Clarion Writer's Workshop, running that year at Tulane University in New Orleans, after which she sold her first short story, "Stranger in the House", which appeared in 1972 in "Clarion II", an anthology edited by Robin Wilson. In 1974 Tuttle received a BA degree in English Literature and moved to Austin, Texas where she worked as a journalist for five years at the "Austin American-Statesman", a daily newspaper.

paragraph: In 1973 Tuttle and several other science fiction writers, including Howard Waldrop, Steven Utley and Bruce Sterling, founded the Turkey City Writer's Workshop in Austin, Texas, and in 1974 she was joint winner of the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer with Spider Robinson. Tuttle collaborated with author and screenwriter George R. R. Martin on a novella, "The Storms of Windhaven" that was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1976. Tuttle and Martin later expanded the novella into a novel, "Windhaven", which was published in 1981.

paragraph: Over the next 25 years Tuttle wrote a number science fiction and fantasy novels, including "Lost Futures" (1992), which was nominated for the Arthur C. Clarke and James Tiptree, Jr. Awards. She has also written young adult fiction and published several titles, including "Catwitch" (with illustrator Una Woodruff) (1983), "Panther in Argyll" (1996) and "Love-on-Line" (1998).

paragraph: She has written under different shared house pen names with other authors for series of books. In 1987 she wrote the Casualty novelization "Megan's Story" under the name Laura Waring, "Virgo: Snake Inside" for a series of twelve young-adult books called "Horrorscopes" (1995) under the house pseudonym of Maria Palmer (although it was later reissued under her own name), and was a contributing author to Ben M. Baglio's "Dolphin Diaries" (2000–2002), a young-adult series of books, writing the first 8 books in the series, which were published as by Ben M. Baglio in the US and as by Lucy Daniels in the UK.

paragraph: In addition to fiction, Tuttle has written non-fiction, including the "Encyclopedia of Feminism" (1986) and "Writing Fantasy and Science Fiction" (2002). As editor she has compiled several anthologies, including "Skin of the Soul: New Horror Stories by Women" (1990), and "Crossing the Border: Tales of Erotic Ambiguity" (1998), the latter covering the topic of genderbending.

paragraph: Tuttle's fiction often focuses on gender issues and includes "strong-willed women" who question their identities. British author David V. Barrett wrote that her stories are "emotionally uncomfortable", and that "they not only make you think, they make you feel". Her science fiction works have been associated with feminist science fiction, and "The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English" said that many of her stories use elements of science fiction and horror to "dramatize aspects of the human, and specifically the female, condition". It described "The Pillow Friend" as her "most satisfactory" novel, saying that it "trades more on ambiguities in its use of imaginary friends, phantom pregnancies and edible boyfriends".

paragraph: Tuttle has taught writing at several institutions, including Clarion West and the Citylit College in London. She has also reviewed books for "The Sunday Times". In 1989 Tuttle received the BSFA Award for Short Fiction for "In Translation". Her short story, "Replacements" was adapted for an episode of the Canadian horror TV series, "The Hunger" in 1999, and another story of hers, "Community Property" was the subject of a 2005 French short film, "Propriété commune".

paragraph: Section::::Writing career.:Nebula Awards controversy.

paragraph: In 1982, Tuttle became the first and only person to refuse a Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Nebula Award. Her short story, "The Bone Flute", which had been published in May 1981 in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction", was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Short Story in early 1982. She had objected to another nominee in this category, George Guthridge, sending his story "The Quiet", to SFWA members. Although this practice is now generally accepted, at that time it was seldom considered. SFWA had no rules about it. Tuttle wrote a letter to the Awards director Frank Catalano requesting that her story be withdrawn, saying, "I don't approve of this kind of campaigning". But "The Bone Flute" was chosen as the best short story before Catalano received Tuttle's letter, and when she was notified that she was the winner, she responded saying that she would not be accepting the award because she had withdrawn the story from the competition. Tuttle said that she would not be attending the awards ceremony on April 24, 1982, and requested that the reason for her refusal be given at the event. However, on April 29, 1982, Tuttle was contacted by "Pocket Books" editor John Douglas, who told her that he had received her award on her behalf. No mention had been made at the ceremony of her refusal to accept the award.

paragraph: Later, George R. R. Martin, with whom Tuttle had collaborated on "Windhaven", wrote an open letter to the SFWA in which he said that, while he did not necessarily agree with Tuttle's decision to refuse the award, he objected to the way the organization handled her refusal. Martin wrote: "She has made a difficult and considerable sacrifice on grounds of principle, and [...] I feel very strongly that she had a right to be heard." In the wake of the controversy, Guthridge stopped writing for a decade, and stopped writing science fiction entirely. When asked in an interview in 2003 whether she regretted declining the Nebula Award, Tuttle said, "I think my main regret is that people may assume that I object to awards on principle, and never nominate anything by me for anything again! I would love to win some awards, especially ones with money attached ..."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In the early 1970s, Tuttle was in a relationship with fellow science-fiction/fantasy author George R.R. Martin, with whom she co-wrote "Windhaven".

paragraph: Tuttle lived with Steven Utley for several years before moving in January 1981 from the United States to London, England, where she married British writer Christopher Priest. After the marriage ended in 1987, she relocated to Torinturk in rural Scotland in 1990, where she currently lives with her second husband, editor Colin Murray, and their daughter, Emily.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Windhaven" (1981) (with George R. R. Martin) — Locus Award nominee, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Familiar Spirit" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catwitch" (1983) (with Una Woodruff) — young-adult fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angela's Rainbow" (1983) (with Michael Johnson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gabriel" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Megan's Story" (1987) (as Laura Waring) — book tie-in of the "Casualty" TV series

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lost Futures" (1992) — Arthur C. Clarke and James Tiptree, Jr. Award nominees, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virgo: Snake Inside" (1995) (as Maria Palmer, later issued under her own name) — young-adult fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panther in Argyll" (1996) — young-adult fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pillow Friend" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love On-line" (1998) — young-adult fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mad House" (1998) — young-adult fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Death" (2004) (novella)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mysteries" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Silver Bough" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Curious Affair of the Somnambulist and the Psychic Thief" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Curious Affair of the Witch at Wayside Cross" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:"Dolphin Diaries".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Into the Blue" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Touching the Waves" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riding the Storm" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Stars" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chasing the Dream" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Racing the Wind" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Following the Rainbow" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancing the Seas" (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Story collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Nest of Nightmares" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Spaceship Built of Stone and Other Stories" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memories of the Body: Tales of Desire and Transformation" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghosts and Other Lovers" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Pathology" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Objects in Dreams "(2012)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Curious Affair of the Deodand” (2011), in the urban fantasy anthology "Down These Strange Streets", edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Curious Affair of the Dead Wives” (2014), in the cross-genre anthology "Rogues", edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Children's Literary Houses" (1984) (with Rosalind Ashe)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedia of Feminism" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heroines: Women Inspired by Women" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Writing Fantasy and Science Fiction" (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:As editor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skin of the Soul: New Horror Stories by Women" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crossing the Border: Tales of Erotic Ambiguity" (1998)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clute, John and Nicholls, Peter. "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction". New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1993 (2nd edition 1995). .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Random House profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fantastic Fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inventory of the Lisa Tuttle Collection: ca. 1975-2004. Cushing Memorial Library, Texas A&M University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucy Daniels (shared pseudonym) at LC Authorities, with 20 records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ben M. Baglio (shared pseudonym) at LC Authorities, with 42 records (may be primarily by the real Ben Baglio)

alias:
Laura Waring
Maria Palmer
Ben M. Baglio
Lucy Daniels
Lisa Gracia Tuttle

description: American British writer

wikidata_label: Lisa Tuttle

wikipedia_title: Lisa Tuttle


text:
Milan, Italy
Brera Academy
Giosuè Argenti
The Veiled Virgin

wikipedia_title:
Milan
Brera Academy
Giosuè Argenti
The Veiled Virgin

categories: People from Milan,19th-century Italian sculptors,1875 deaths,1818 births,Italian male sculptors,Brera Academy faculty

paragraph: Giovanni Strazza

paragraph: Giovanni Strazza (1818–1875) was an Italian sculptor who was born in Milan, Italy. He studied at Brera Academy in Milan and then worked in Rome between 1840 and 1858. He returned to in Milan where he taught at his alma mater from 1860 to 1875, passing the "Sculpture Chair" to Giosuè Argenti.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strazza’s most well known work is "The Veiled Virgin".

paragraph: BULLET::::- A replica (2005) of Strazza's "" stands on the Janiculum Hill in Roma; the original (1851) is in the in Milano

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Giovanni Strazza

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Strazza


text:
March of Istria
Krain
Kamnik
Agnes of Rochlitz
Dedi III, Margrave of Lusatia
House of Wettin
Danube
Republic of Venice
Enrico Dandolo
Weichselburg
Slovenia
Windic March
King Philip of Swabia
Otto I, Duke of Merania
Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy
Bamberg
House of Wittelsbach
Gertrude, Queen of Hungary
Hungary
Aquileia
Berthold
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
Windischgraz

wikipedia_title:
March of Istria
March of Carniola
Kamnik
Agnes of Rochlitz
Dedi III, Margrave of Lusatia
House of Wettin
Danube
Republic of Venice
Enrico Dandolo
Višnja Gora
Slovenia
Windic March
Philip of Swabia
Otto I, Duke of Merania
Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy
Bamberg
House of Wittelsbach
Gertrude of Merania
Hungary
Aquileia
Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia)
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
Slovenj Gradec

categories: 1228 deaths,1175 births,Margraves of Istria

paragraph: Henry II, Margrave of Istria

paragraph: Henry II, Margrave of Istria ("sometimes called Henry IV"), born c.1175 and died 18 July 1228 in Windischgraz, was a noble from the House of Andechs who ruled the March of Istria-Krain and the County of Stein (Kamnik in Oberkrain) from 1204 to 1228.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the second son of Berthold IV, Duke of Merania and Agnes of Rochlitz, daughter of Dedi III, Margrave of Lusatia of the House of Wettin.

paragraph: After the death of his father in 1204, Henry took over the dignity of Margrave of Istria-Krain and the possessions situated south of the Danube. In Istria itself, the Republic of Venice made life so hard, they virtually dominated the peninsula. The policies of their Doge, Enrico Dandolo, had left a powerful mark on the region. And as trade and influence spread towards Venice, Istria grew weaker.

paragraph: Earlier in 1207, Henry II married Sophie, daughter and heir of Count Albert of Weichselburg (died 1209) in modern Slovenia, in which the Andechs spent huge wealth in the Windic March. The marriage would remain childless.

paragraph: Then, in 1208, he had the misfortune of being in the wrong place at the wrong time: he became complicit in the murder of King Philip of Swabia, after the wedding of his oldest brother, Otto I, Duke of Merania and his bride Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy at Bamberg, the seat of his second eldest brother, Ekbert, Bishop of Bamberg and the one who presided over the wedding. Today this incident is regarded a disgrace on the part of the House of Wittelsbach, but the rapid decline in support of the house of Andechs saw Henry II and Bishop Ekbert lose all rights, properties, dignities and revenues and had to flee to their sister, Gertrude, Queen of Hungary, in Hungary in 1209 for safety.

paragraph: In 1211, Ekbert could return to his possessions, but Henry II could only regain the Windic March; while his Tyrolean and Bavarian possessions remained lost to him. Although he had a connection with Aquileia – his younger brother Berthold was Patriarch there from 1218 to 1251 – and Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, he was mainly limited as a privateer on his and Sophie's possessions in later Lower Styria and Krain. In 1220, he was "allowed" participation as a witness in the confirmation of the grant of his former Mark to Berthold.

paragraph: In May 1228, an agreement between Henry II and Ludwig I, Duke of Bavaria, whom had taken his most of his possessions, was made. Some of his lands and rights were returned, but then in July, death suddenly overtook him in Windischgraz. He was buried in Dießen Abbey. His old Bavarian possessions were probably inherited by his brother Otto, while the Weichselburg lands remained shortly with Sophie.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- translated from the German Wikipedia

alias:
Enric II d'Ístria
Hendrik II van Istrië

wikidata_label: Henry II, Margrave of Istria

wikipedia_title: Henry II, Margrave of Istria


text:
film actress
In the Times of Don Porfirio
The Two Orphans
Michael Strogoff
My Memories of Mexico
The Moorish Queen

wikipedia_title:
Actor
In the Times of Don Porfirio
The Two Orphans (1944 film)
Michael Strogoff (1944 film)
My Memories of Mexico
The Moorish Queen (1955 film)

categories: Year of death unknown,Mexican film actresses,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Victoria Argota

paragraph: Victoria Argota was a Mexican film actress.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Times of Don Porfirio" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Two Orphans" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michael Strogoff" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Memories of Mexico" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moorish Queen" (1955)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pancho Kohner. "Lupita Tovar The Sweetheart of Mexico". Xlibris Corporation, 2011.

description: actress

wikidata_label: Victoria Argota

wikipedia_title: Victoria Argota


text: Indigenous Australian

text: Noongar

text: early resistance

text: British colonial settlement

text: Perth, Western Australia

text: bounty

text: anthropological

text: Liverpool

text: exhumed the head

text: repatriated

text: Swan Valley

text: Whadjuk

text: tribe

text: Robert Lyon

text: Beeliar

text: clan

text: Daisy Bates

text: Swan

text: Canning

text: Mangles Bay

text: Lake Monger

text: Helena River

text: Midgegooroo

text: elder

text: Noongar classification

text: Perth Gazette

text: British

text: Swan River Colony

text: firestick farming

text: firing

text: the bush

text: Kelmscott

text: Round House

text: Fremantle

text: Robert Lyon

text: prisoner of war

text: John Septimus Roe

text: Surveyor-General of Western Australia

text: Carnac Island

text: dinghy

text: Woodman Point

text: King George Sound

text: corroboree

text: kangaroo

text: The Perth Gazette

text: handkerchief

text: Preston Point

text: Bull Creek

text: Alexandra Hasluck

text: Frederick Irwin

text: firing squad

text: George Fletcher Moore

text: pidgin

text: Guildford

text: Henry Bull

text: Daisy Bates

text: Governor Irwin

text: Robert Dale

text: anatomists

text: phrenologists

text: Thomas Pettigrew

text: autopsied

text: Egyptian

text: mummies

text: panoramic view of King George Sound

text: red-tailed black cockatoo

text: fracture

text: souvenir

text: aquatint

text: George Cruikshank

text: Liverpool

text: Liverpool Royal Institution

text: Liverpool Museum

text: Peru

text: Māori

text: Everton Cemetery

text: stillborn

text: Ken Colbung

text: University of London

text: archaeologist

text: Peter Ucko

text: Burial Act 1857

text: Home Office

text: next of kin

text: Liverpool City Council

text: The West Australian

text: Prime Minister of Australia

text: John Howard

text: gate crashing

text: geophysical

text: electromagnetic

text: ground penetrating radar

text: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission

text: exhumation of Yagan's head

text: forensic

text: palaeontologist

text: University of Bradford

text: skull

text: Robert Bropho

text: Supreme Court of Western Australia

text: Liverpool Town Hall

text: death of Diana, Princess of Wales

text: US News & World Report

text: Belhus

text: remote sensing

text: Dreamtime

text: Department of Aboriginal Affairs

text: mortuary

text: Yagan Memorial Park

text: Department of Indigenous Affairs

text: City of Swan

text: Noongar

text: NAIDOC Week

text: Belhus

text: State Premier

text: Colin Barnett

text: female Coolamon

text: Australian Dictionary of Biography

text: curriculum

text: Gallipoli

text: unknown soldier

text: Great Northern Highway

text: Belhus

text: Perth central business district

text: Perth City Link

text: Yagan Square

text: Horseshoe Bridge

text: The West Australian

text: Dean Alston

text: cartoon

text: Alas Poor Yagan

text: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission

text: Racial Discrimination Act 1975

text: Federal Court of Australia

text: statue

text: WAY 1979

text: Premier of Western Australia

text: Sir Charles Court

text: Captain James Stirling

text: Robert Hitchcock

text: bronze

text: Heirisson Island

text: Swan River

text: angle grinder

text: Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Western Australia Police

text: mimesis

text: Janet Woollard

text: genitalia

text: Mary Durack

text: Archie Weller

text: AFI Awards

text: Western Australian Premier's Book Awards

text: John Mateer

text: Jack Davis

text: barley

text: Jandamarra

text: Pemulwuy

text: Windradyne

categories: 1833 deaths,Australian murderers,History of Western Australia,Noongar people,Escapees from Western Australian detention,1795 births,Deaths by firearm in Western Australia,People from Perth, Western Australia,Art and cultural repatriation,Australian outlaws

paragraph: Yagan

paragraph: Yagan (; c. 1795 – 11 July 1833) was an Indigenous Australian warrior from the Noongar people. He played a key part in early resistance to British colonial settlement and rule in the area surrounding what is now Perth, Western Australia. Yagan was pursued by the local authorities after he killed Erin Entwhistle, a servant of farmer Archibald Butler. It was an act of retaliation after Thomas Smedley, another of Butler's servants, shot at a group of Noongar people stealing potatoes and fowls, killing one of them. The government offered a bounty for Yagan's capture, dead or alive, and a young settler, William Keats, shot and killed him. Yagan's execution figures in Australian history as a symbol of the unjust and sometimes brutal treatment of the indigenous peoples of Australia by colonial settlers. He is considered a hero by the Noongar.

paragraph: After his shooting, settlers removed Yagan's head to claim the bounty. Later, an official sent it to London, where it was exhibited as an "anthropological curiosity" and eventually given to a museum in Liverpool. It held the head in storage for more than a century before burying it with other remains in an unmarked grave in Liverpool in 1964. Over the years, the Noongar asked for repatriation of the head, both for religious reasons and because of Yagan's traditional stature. The burial site was identified in 1993; officials exhumed the head four years later and repatriated it to Australia. After years of debate within the Noongar community on the appropriate final resting place, Yagan's head was buried in a traditional ceremony in the Swan Valley in July 2010, 177 years after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: A member of the Whadjuk Noongar people, Yagan belonged to a tribe of around 60 people whose name, according to Robert Lyon, was "Beeliar". Scholars now believe that the Beeliar people may have been a family subgroup (or clan) of a larger tribe whom Daisy Bates called "Beelgar". According to Lyon, the Beeliar people occupied the land south of the Swan and Canning rivers, as far south as Mangles Bay. The group had customary land usage rights over a much larger area than this, extending north as far as Lake Monger and northeast to the Helena River. The group also had an unusual degree of freedom to move over their neighbours' land, possibly due to kinship and marriage ties with neighbouring groups.

paragraph: Yagan is thought to have been born around 1795. His father was Midgegooroo, an elder of the Beeliar people; his mother was presumably one of Midgegooroo's two wives. Yagan was probably a "Ballaroke" in the Noongar classification.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: According to the historian Neville Green, Yagan had a wife and two children. A report in the "Perth Gazette" in 1833 gives the names of his children as "Naral", age 9, and "Willim", age 11; but most other sources state that the warrior was unmarried and childless. Described as taller than average with an impressive burly physique, Yagan had a distinctive tribal tattoo on his right shoulder, which identified him as "a man of high degree in tribal law." He was generally acknowledged to be the most physically powerful of his tribe.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.:Relations with settlers.

paragraph: Yagan would have been about 35 years old in 1829 when British settlers landed in the area and established the Swan River Colony. For the first two years of the colony, relations between settlers and Noongar were generally amicable, as there was little competition for resources. The Noongar welcomed the white settlers as "Djanga", the returned spirits of their dead. Historical reports noted the two groups shared fish. As time passed, conflicts between the two cultures gradually became more frequent. The settlers incorrectly thought that the Noongar were nomads who had no claim to the land over which they roamed. Colonists fenced off land for grazing and farming according to their traditional practices of land use.

paragraph: As the colonists fenced off more land, the Noongar were increasingly denied access to their traditional hunting grounds and sacred sites. In search of food, the Noongar raided the settlers' crops and killed their cattle. They also developed a taste for the settlers' supplies, and began to take flour and other food, which became a serious problem for the colony. In addition, the Noongar practice of firestick farming, or firing the bush to flush out game and encourage germination of undergrowth for sustainability, threatened the settlers' crops and houses.

paragraph: In December 1831 Yagan and his father led the first significant Aboriginal resistance to white settlement in Western Australia. Thomas Smedley, a servant of farmer Archibald Butler, ambushed some natives who were raiding a potato patch, and killed one of Yagan's family group. A few days later, Yagan, Midgegooroo and others stormed the farmhouse and, finding the door locked, began to break through the mud-brick walls. Inside were Butler's servant Erin Entwhistle and his two sons Enion and Ralph. After hiding his sons under the bed, Entwhistle opened the door to parley and was killed by Yagan and Midgegooroo. Noongar tribal law required that murders be avenged by the killing of a member of the murderer's tribal group, not necessarily the murderer. The Noongar considered servants and employees to be part of the settlers' groups. Historians believe the Noongar attack on Entwhistle was retribution under their tribal law. Not understanding tribal law (and unlikely to agree with its concepts), the white settlers took the killing to be an unprovoked murder and dispatched a force to arrest Yagan's group, without success.

paragraph: In June 1832 Yagan led a party of Aborigines in attacking two labourers sowing a field of wheat alongside the Canning River near Kelmscott. One of the men, John Thomas, escaped, but the other, William Gaze, was wounded and later died as a result. The settlement declared Yagan an outlaw and offered a reward of £20 for his capture. He avoided capture until early October 1832. A group of fishermen enticed Yagan and two companions into their boat, then pushed off into deep water. The fishermen took the three Noongar men to the Perth guardhouse, from which they were transferred to the Round House at Fremantle. Yagan was sentenced to death, but he was saved by the intercession of settler Robert Lyon. Arguing that Yagan was defending his land against invasion, Lyon said Yagan should not be considered a criminal but a prisoner of war and suggested he should be treated as such. At the recommendation of John Septimus Roe, the Surveyor-General of Western Australia, Yagan and his men were exiled on Carnac Island under the supervision of Lyon and two soldiers.

paragraph: Lyon thought he could teach Yagan British ways and convert him to Christianity. He hoped to gain his cooperation and use his tribal stature to persuade the Noongar to accept colonial authority. Lyon spent many hours with Yagan learning his language and customs. After a month, Yagan and his companions escaped by stealing an unattended dinghy and rowing to Woodman Point on the mainland. The Government did not pursue them; apparently its officials considered they had been sufficiently punished.

paragraph: In January 1833 two Noongar, Gyallipert and Manyat, visited Perth from King George Sound, where relations between settlers and natives were amicable. Two settlers, Richard [Robert?] Dale and George Smythe, arranged for the men to meet a party of local Noongar to encourage friendly relations in the Swan River Colony. On 26 January Yagan led a group of ten formally armed Noongars in greeting the two men near Lake Monger. The men exchanged weapons and held a "corroboree", though the groups did not appear to share a language. Yagan and Gyallipert competed at spear throwing. As an example of his prowess, Yagan struck a walking stick from a distance of 25 metres.

paragraph: Gyallipert and Manyat remained in Perth for some time. On 3 March, Yagan obtained permission to hold another corroboree, this time in the Post Office garden in Perth. The Perth and King George Sound men met at dusk, chalked their bodies, and performed a number of dances including a kangaroo hunt dance. "The Perth Gazette" wrote that Yagan "was master of ceremonies and acquitted himself with infinite grace and dignity."

paragraph: During February and March, Yagan was involved in a series of minor conflicts with settlers. In February William Watson complained that Yagan had pushed open his door, demanded a gun, and taken handkerchiefs. Watson had to give him and his companions flour and bread. The following month, Yagan was among a group who received biscuits from a military contingent under Lieutenant Norcott; when Norcott tried to restrict his supply, Yagan threatened him with his spear. Later that month, Yagan was with a group of Noongar who entered Watson's house while he was away. The group left after Watson's wife called on neighbours for help. The next day Captain Ellis lectured the Noongar about their behaviour. The frequent incidents prompted "The Perth Gazette" to remark on "the reckless daring of this desperado who sets his life at a pin's fee ... For the most trivial offence  ... he would take the life of any man who provoked him. He is at the head and front of any mischief."

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.:Wanted dead or alive.

paragraph: On the night of 29 April, a party of Noongar broke into a Fremantle store to steal flour and they were shot at by the caretaker Peter Chidlow. Domjum, a brother of Yagan, was badly injured and died in jail a few days later. The rest of the party moved from Fremantle to Preston Point, where Yagan reportedly vowed vengeance for the death. Between 50 and 60 Noongar gathered at Bull Creek, where they met a party of settlers who were loading carts with provisions. Later that day, the group ambushed the lead cart, killing two settlers, Tom and John Velvick. Tribal law required only a single death for vengeance. Some historians have speculated that the Velvicks were targeted because they had previously been convicted for assaulting Aboriginal people and coloured seamen. Alexandra Hasluck has also argued that stealing provisions was an important motive in the attack, but this has been refuted elsewhere.

paragraph: For the killing of the Velvicks, the Lieutenant-Governor Frederick Irwin declared Yagan, Midgegooroo and Munday to be outlaws, offering rewards of £20 each for the capture of Midgegooroo and Munday, and a reward of £30 for Yagan's capture, dead or alive. Munday successfully appealed against his proscription. Midgegooroo, Yagan and their group immediately moved from their territory north towards the Helena Valley. On 17 May, Midgegooroo was captured on the Helena River. After a brief, informal trial, he was executed by firing squad. Yagan remained at large for over two months.

paragraph: Late in May, George Fletcher Moore reported seeing Yagan on his property and talking with him in pidgin English. Moore wrote in the "Perth Gazette":

paragraph: Yagan asked Moore whether Midgegooroo was dead or alive. Moore gave no reply, but a servant answered that Midgegooroo was a prisoner on Carnac Island. Yagan warned, "White man shoot Midgegooroo, Yagan kill three." Moore reported the encounter but made no attempt to restrain Yagan. He later wrote, "The truth is, every one wishes him taken, but no one likes to be the captor ... there is something in his daring which one is forced to admire."

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.:Death.

paragraph: On 11 July 1833, two teenage brothers named William and James Keates were herding cattle along the Swan River north of Guildford when a group of Noongar approached while en route to collect flour rations from Henry Bull's house. The Keates brothers suggested Yagan remain with them to avoid arrest. While he was staying with them during the morning, the brothers decided to kill the warrior and claim the reward. When the natives were ready to depart, the Keateses took their last opportunity. William Keates shot Yagan, and James shot Heegan, another native, in the act of throwing his spear. The brothers ran away, but other Noongar overtook William and speared him to death. James escaped by swimming the river. Shortly afterward he returned with a party of armed settlers from Bull's estate.

paragraph: When the party of settlers arrived, they found Yagan dead and Heegan dying. Heegan "was groaning and his brains were partly out when the party came, and whether humanity or brutality, a man put a gun to his head and blew it to pieces." The settlers cut Yagan's head from his body, and skinned his back to obtain his tribal markings as a trophy. They buried the bodies a short distance away.

paragraph: James Keates claimed the reward, but his conduct was widely criticised. "The Perth Gazette" referred to Yagan's killing as "a wild and treacherous act ... it is revolting to hear this lauded as a meritorious deed." However, Daisy Bates understood that "he was killed in self-defence by the young lad." Keates left the colony the following month; it is possible that he left from fear of being murdered in tribal retaliation.

paragraph: Section::::Yagan's head.

paragraph: Section::::Yagan's head.:Exhibition and burial.

paragraph: Yagan's head was initially taken to Henry Bull's house. Moore saw it there and sketched the head a number of times in his unpublished, handwritten diary, commenting that "possibly it may yet figure in some museum at home." The head was preserved by smoking.

paragraph: In September 1833, Governor Irwin sailed for London, partly to give his own account of the events leading up to the killing. This was an unusual measure, especially given his regiment was about to leave for a tour of duty in India. The Colonial Office indicated satisfaction with Irwin's administration of the colony.

paragraph: Travelling with Irwin was Ensign Robert Dale, who had somehow acquired Yagan's head. According to the historian Paul Turnbull, Dale appears to have persuaded Irwin to let him have the head as an "anthropological curiosity". After arriving in London, Dale tried to sell the head to scientists, approaching a number of anatomists and phrenologists. His price of ₤20 failed to find a buyer, so he made an agreement with Thomas Pettigrew for the exclusive use of the head for 18 months. Pettigrew, a surgeon and antiquarian, was well known in the London social scene for holding private parties at which he unrolled and autopsied Egyptian mummies. He displayed the head on a table in front of a panoramic view of King George Sound reproduced from Dale's sketches. For effect, the head was adorned with a fresh corded headband and feathers of the red-tailed black cockatoo.

paragraph: Pettigrew had the head examined by a phrenologist. Examination was considered difficult because of the large fracture across the back of the head caused by the gunshot. His conclusions were consistent with contemporary European opinion of Indigenous Australians. Dale published these in a pamphlet entitled "Descriptive Account of the Panoramic View &c. of King George's Sound and the Adjacent Country", which Pettigrew encouraged his guests to buy as a souvenir of their evening. The frontispiece of the pamphlet was a hand-coloured aquatint print of Yagan's head by the artist George Cruikshank.

paragraph: Early in October 1835, Yagan's head and the panoramic view were returned to Dale, then living in Liverpool. On 12 October he presented them to the Liverpool Royal Institution, where the head may have been displayed in a case along with some other preserved heads and wax models illustrating cranial anatomy. In 1894 the Institution's collections were dispersed, and Yagan's head was lent to the Liverpool Museum; it is thought not to have been put on display there. By the 1960s Yagan's head was badly deteriorated. In April 1964 the museum decided to dispose of it. It arranged burial of the head on 10 April 1964, together with a Peruvian mummy and a Māori head. They were buried in Everton Cemetery's General Section 16, grave number 296. In later years a number of burials were made around the grave. For example, in 1968 a local hospital buried directly over the box, 20 stillborn babies and two infants who died soon after birth.

paragraph: Section::::Yagan's head.:Lobbying for repatriation.

paragraph: For many years beginning in the early 1980s, a number of Noongar groups sought the return of Yagan's head to Australia.

paragraph: At the time, there was no historical trail for the head after Pettigrew passed it on. Tribal elders entrusted the Aboriginal leader Ken Colbung with the search. In the early 1990s, Colbung enlisted the aid of University of London archaeologist Peter Ucko. One of Ucko's researchers, Cressida Fforde, conducted a literature search for information on the head. Fforde successfully traced the head in December 1993. The following April, Colbung applied to exhume the remains under Section 25 of the Burial Act 1857. Home Office regulations required next of kin consent before disturbing the remains of the 22 infants. Colbung's solicitors requested waiver of this condition on grounds that the exhumation would be of great personal significance to Yagan's living relatives, and great national importance to Australia.

paragraph: Meanwhile, divisions in the Noongar community in Perth began to develop. Some elders questioned Colbung's role and one Noongar registered a complaint with the Liverpool City Council over his involvement. Media reports indicated acrimonious debate within the Noongar community about who had the best cultural qualifications to take possession of the head. The academic Hannah McGlade claims that these divisions were largely manufactured by the media, particularly "The West Australian", which "aimed to and successfully represented the Nyungar community in terms of disharmony and dissent". She alleges that one "West" reporter contacted Noongar who were known to be in disagreement, and quoted one to the other, so as to elicit provocative responses. The disputes were "trumpeted" by "The West", allowing it to "preach" against the infighting.

paragraph: On 25 July a public meeting was held in Perth. All parties agreed to put aside their differences and co-operate to ensure that the repatriation was a "national success". A Yagan Steering Committee was established to co-ordinate the repatriation, and Colbung's application was allowed to proceed. In January 1995 the Home Office advised Colbung that it was unable to waive the requirement to obtain next of kin consent for the exhumation. It contacted the five relatives whose addresses were known, and received unconditional consent from only one. Accordingly, on 30 June 1995, Colbung and the other interested parties were advised that the application for exhumation had been rejected.

paragraph: Meeting on 21 September, the Yagan Steering Committee decided to lobby Australian and British politicians for support. In 1997 Colbung was invited to visit the United Kingdom at the British government's expense and he arrived on 20 May. His visit attracted substantial media coverage, and increased the political pressure on the British Government. He secured the support of the Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, after gate crashing the Prime Minister's June visit to the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Yagan's head.:Exhumation.

paragraph: While Colbung was in the United Kingdom, Martin and Richard Bates were engaged to undertake a geophysical survey of the grave site. Using electromagnetic and ground penetrating radar techniques, they identified an approximate position of the box that suggested it could be accessed from the side via the adjacent plot. A report of the survey was passed to the Home Office, prompting further discussions between the British and Australian Governments.

paragraph: Of concern to the Home Office were an undisclosed number of letters that it had received objecting to Colbung's involvement in the repatriation process; it therefore sought assurances from the Australian Government that Colbung was a correct applicant. In response Colbung asked his elders to ask the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) to tell the British Home Office that he was the correct applicant. ATSIC then convened a meeting in Perth at which it was again resolved that Colbung's application could proceed.

paragraph: Colbung continued to press for the exhumation, asking that it be performed before the 164th anniversary of Yagan's death on 11 July, so that the anniversary could be the occasion of a celebration. His request was not met, and on the anniversary of Yagan's death, Colbung conducted a short memorial service at the burial plot in Everton. He returned to Australia empty-handed on 15 July.

paragraph: The exhumation of Yagan's head eventually proceeded, without Colbung's knowledge, by excavating six feet down the side of the grave, then tunnelling horizontally to the location of the box. Thus the exhumation was performed without disturbing any other remains. The following day, a forensic palaeontologist from the University of Bradford positively identified the skull as Yagan's by correlating the fractures with those described in Pettigrew's report. The skull was then kept at the museum until 29 August, when it was handed over to the Liverpool City Council.

paragraph: Section::::Yagan's head.:Repatriation.

paragraph: On 27 August 1997, a delegation of Noongars consisting of Ken Colbung, Robert Bropho, Richard Wilkes and Mingli Wanjurri-Nungala arrived in the UK to collect Yagan's head. The delegation was to have been larger, but Commonwealth funding was withdrawn at the last minute. The handover of Yagan's skull was further delayed when a Noongar named Corrie Bodney applied to the Supreme Court of Western Australia for an injunction against the handover. Claiming that his family group has sole responsibility for Yagan's remains, Bodney declared the exhumation illegal and denied the existence of any tradition or belief necessitating the head's exhumation and removal to Australia. On 29 August, Justice Henry Wallwork rejected the injunction application, on the grounds that Bodney had previously agreed to the current arrangements, and on the evidence of another Noongar elder (Albert Corunna, who claimed to be a closer relation of Yagan) and anthropologist Pat Baines, both of whom refuted Bodney's claim to sole responsibility.

paragraph: Yagan's skull was handed over to the Noongar delegation at a ceremony at Liverpool Town Hall on 31 August 1997. In accepting the skull, Colbung made comments that were interpreted as linking Yagan's death with the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, earlier that day: That is how nature goes ... Nature is a carrier of all good things and all bad things. And because the Poms did the wrong thing, they now have to suffer. Colbung's comments prompted a media furore throughout Australia, with newspapers receiving many letters from the public expressing shock and anger at the comments. Colbung later claimed that his comments had been misinterpreted.

paragraph: Throughout the repatriation process, many sections of the international media treated the story as a joke. For example, the "US News & World Report" ran a story under the headline "Raiders of the Lost Conk", in which Yagan's head was referred to as a "pickled curio", and Colbung's actions were treated as a publicity stunt.

paragraph: Section::::Yagan's head.:Preparations for reburial.

paragraph: On its return to Perth, Yagan's head continued to be a source of controversy and conflict. Responsibility for reburial of the head was given to a "Committee for the Reburial of Yagan's Kaat", headed by Richard Wilkes. The reburial was delayed by disputes between elders over the burial location, mainly due to uncertainty of the whereabouts of the rest of his body, and disagreement about the importance of burying the head with the body.

paragraph: A number of attempts were made to locate the remains of Yagan's body, which were believed to be on Lot 39 West Swan Road in the outer Perth suburb of Belhus. A remote sensing survey of the site was carried out in 1998, but no remains were found. An archaeological survey of the area was undertaken two years later, but this also was unsuccessful. Disputes then arose over whether the head could be buried separately from the body. Wilkes has claimed that it can, so long as it is placed where Yagan was killed, so that Dreamtime spirits can reunite the remains.

paragraph: In 1998 the Western Australian Planning Commission and the Department of Aboriginal Affairs jointly published a document entitled "Yagan's Gravesite Master Plan", which discussed "matters of ownership, management, development and future use" of the property on which Yagan's remains are believed to be buried. Under consideration was the possibility of turning the site into an Indigenous burial site, to be managed by the Metropolitan Cemeteries Board.

paragraph: Yagan's head spent some time in storage in a bank vault before being handed over to forensics experts who reconstructed a model from it. After that it was held in storage at Western Australia's state mortuary. Plans to re-bury the head were repeatedly deferred, causing ongoing conflict between Noongar groups. In September 2008 it was reported that Yagan's head would be reburied in November, and a Yagan Memorial Park created as a projected cost of A$996,000; but in November it was announced that the reburial had been rescheduled for July 2009 because of logistical problems. In March 2009, it was announced that the Department of Indigenous Affairs had given the City of Swan more than A$500,000 to develop the park.

paragraph: Section::::Yagan's head.:Reburial.

paragraph: The head was finally buried in a private ceremony attended only by invited Noongar elders, on 10 July 2010, the anniversary of the last full day he lived and one day before the end of NAIDOC Week 2010. The site in Belhus was chosen as it is believed to be near to where the rest of Yagan's body was buried. The burial coincided with a ceremony to mark the opening of the Yagan Memorial Park which was attended by around 300 people, including Noongar elders and State government representatives. State Premier Colin Barnett described the occasion as "a wonderful day for all West Australians."

paragraph: The art works for the Yagan Memorial Park were designed by Peter Farmer, Sandra Hill, Jenny Dawson and Kylie Ricks. Dawson and Hill created an entry wall of Yagan's story; Farmer designed the park entry statements and Ricks the female Coolamon.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The repatriation of Yagan's head increased the Aboriginal leader's notability. He is considered a famous historical figure throughout Australia, with material about him appearing in such publications as the "Australian Dictionary of Biography", and Western Australia's school curriculum. He is of greatest significance to the Noongar people, for whom he is "a revered, cherished and heroic individual ... patriot and visionary hero of WA's South-West". The return of his head was likened by some Indigenous Australians to the November 1993 ceremonial repatriation from Gallipoli of Australia's unknown soldier.

paragraph: The former Upper Swan Bridge, which carries the Great Northern Highway over the Swan River at Belhus, was renamed the Yagan Bridge in 2010. Also, an open plaza in the Perth central business district, constructed as part of the Perth City Link urban renewal project, was named Yagan Square. The plaza, located adjacent to the Horseshoe Bridge, was opened on 3 March 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.:"Alas Poor Yagan".

paragraph: On 6 September 1997 "The West Australian" published a Dean Alston cartoon entitled "Alas Poor Yagan", which was critical of the fact that the return of Yagan's head had become a source of conflict between Noongars instead of fostering unity. The cartoon was interpreted by some as insulting aspects of Noongar culture, and casting aspersions on the motives and legitimacy of Indigenous Australians with mixed racial heritage. The content of the cartoon offended many Indigenous Australians, and a group of Noongar elders complained about the cartoon to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. The commission ruled that the cartoon made inappropriate references to Noongar beliefs but was not in breach of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 because it was "an artistic work" that was published "reasonably and in good faith", and was therefore exempt. This ruling was upheld on appeal by the Federal Court of Australia. Some academic commentators have since expressed concern that the protections offered under the act have been undermined by the ruling's broad interpretation of the exemptions.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.:Statue.

paragraph: From the mid-1970s, members of the Noongar community lobbied for the erection of a statue of Yagan as part of the WAY 1979 sesquicentennial celebrations. Their requests were refused, however, after then Premier of Western Australia Sir Charles Court was advised by one prominent historian that Yagan was not important enough to warrant a statue. Colbung claims "Court was more interested in spending tax payers' money on refurbishing the badly neglected burial place of Captain James Stirling, WA's first governor." Despite this setback, the Noongar community persisted, establishing a Yagan Committee and running a number of fund-raising drives. Eventually, sufficient funds were collected to allow the commissioning of Australian sculptor Robert Hitchcock to create a statue. The result was a life-size statue in bronze, depicting Yagan standing naked with a spear held across his shoulders. Hitchcock's statue of Yagan was officially opened by Yagan Committee chairperson Elizabeth Hanson on 11 September 1984. It stands on Heirisson Island in the Swan River near Perth.

paragraph: In 1997, within a week of the return of Yagan's head to Perth, vandals beheaded the statue using an angle grinder. Soon after a replacement head was installed and it too was detached and stolen. Credit for the act was anonymously claimed by a "British loyalist" as an act of retaliation for Colbung's comments about Diana, Princess of Wales. The Western Australia Police did not succeed in identifying the vandals, nor in recovering the heads, and deemed it infeasible to have the statue fenced off or placed under guard.

paragraph: Commentary on the beheadings varied widely. One column in "The West Australia" found humour in them, referring to the head as a "bonce" and a "noggin", and finished with a pun on "skullduggery". Stephen Muecke calls this the "satirical trivialising of Aboriginal concerns"; and Adam Shoemaker writes "This is the stuff of light humour and comic relief. There is no sense of the decapitation as being an act of vandalism, even less that it could have been motivated by malevolence ... [T]he piece has a definite authorising function". On the other hand, academic analysis has treated the act with much more gravity. In 2007, for example, David Martin described the decapitation as "an act which speaks not only to the continuance of white settler racism, but also to the power of mimesis to invigorate our modern memorials and monuments with a life of their own."

paragraph: In 2002, Member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly Janet Woollard called for the statue's genitalia to be covered up, but nothing was done. In November 2005 Richard Wilkes again called for the statue's groin to be covered, on the grounds that such a depiction would be more historically accurate, as Yagan would have worn a covering for most of the year. Also under consideration is the creation of a new statue with a head shape that accords better with the forensic reconstruction of Yagan's head.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.:Literature and film.

paragraph: Mary Durack published a fictionalised account of Yagan's life in her 1964 children's novel "The Courteous Savage: Yagan of the Swan River", which was renamed "Yagan of the Bibbulmun" on reissue in 1976.

paragraph: The repeated beheading of Yagan's statue in 1997 prompted Aboriginal writer Archie Weller to write a short story entitled "Confessions of a Headhunter". Weller later worked with film director Sally Riley to adapt the story into a script, and in 2000 a 35-minute movie, also named "Confessions of a Headhunter", was released. Directed by Sally Riley, the movie won Best Short Fiction Film at the 2000 AFI Awards. The following year the script won the Script Award in the 2001 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards.

paragraph: In 2002, the South African-born Australian poet John Mateer published his fourth collection of poems, entitled "Loanwords". The collection is divided into four sections, of which the third, "In the Presence of a Severed Head", has Yagan as its subject.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.:Other cultural references.

paragraph: A section of "Kullark", a play by Jack Davis, explores the deteriorating relationship between Yagan and a settler couple.

paragraph: In September 1989 an early maturing cultivar of barley, bred by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture for performance on sandy soils, was released under the name ""Hordeum vulgare" (Barley) c.v. Yagan". Commonly referred to simply as "Yagan", the cultivar is named for Yagan, continuing a tradition of labelling Western Australian grain cultivars after historic people of Western Australia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jandamarra, and the Bunuba War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pemulwuy, an Australian Aboriginal whose severed head was sent to England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Windradyne, a warrior and resistance leader of the Wiradjuri nation, in what is now central-western New South Wales

description: Noongar warrior

enwikiquote_title: Yagan

wikidata_label: Yagan

wikipedia_title: Yagan


text:
Han dynasty
Macedonian Empire
diadochi
Partition of Triparadisus
Parthian Empire
Persia
India
Central Asia
Han dynasty
Emperor Wu of Han
Xinjiang
Central Asia
Hindu Kush
Protectorate of the Western Regions
Silk Road
Sima Qian
Central Asia
Hanzhong
Shaanxi
China
Xi'an
Emperor Wu
Han dynasty
Xiongnu
Inner Mongolia
Western Regions
Western Regions
Yuezhi
Yuezhi
Tajikistan
Lop Nor
Tarim Basin
Kunlun Mountains
Xinjiang
Dayuan
alfalfa
fodder
Bactria
Wusun
Persia
northern India
Sichuan
Wusun
Shiji
Sima Qian
Dayuan
Fergana
Yuezhi
Transoxiana
Bactria
Daxia
Greco-Bactrian
Kangju
Arsacid
Seleucid Empire
Mesopotamia
Pakistan
Wusun
Dayuan
Fergana
Tarim Basin
Yona
Ferghana horse
punitive campaigns
Han dynasty
War of the Heavenly Horses
Yuezhi
Tarim Basin
Caucasoid mummies of the Tarim
Tocharians
Qiang
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Anxi
Sichuan
India
Sanskrit
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Arshak
Arsaces
Arsacid Empire
Tedzhen river
Tigris
Aria
Parthia
Media
Mesopotamia
Seleucid Empire
Sogdiana
Kangju
Silk Road
Guangzhou
Persian
Zhao Mo
Nanyue
Mogao Caves
Dunhuang
Han Wudi
Anxi
Florus
Seres
Augustus
Ban Chao
Rome
Gan Ying
Roman embassies to China
Shiji
alfalfa
fodder
Silk Road
Seres
Ban Chao
Faxian
Xuanzang
Chen Cheng
Zheng He
Yi Jing
Rabban Bar Sauma
Tianzhu (India)
The Opening of the Silk Road

categories: 200 BC births,Ancient explorers,Han dynasty diplomats,Han dynasty politicians from Shaanxi,Chinese explorers,113 BC deaths,Politicians from Hanzhong,Horse in Chinese mythology,190s BC births

paragraph: Zhang Qian

paragraph: Zhang Qian (; died c. 114) was a Chinese official and diplomat who served as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the late 2nd century BC during the Han dynasty. He was one of the first official diplomats to bring back valuable information about the West, including what remained of the Macedonian Empire (see diadochi, Partition of Triparadisus) the Parthian Empire, Persia, India, Central Asia to the Han dynasty imperial court, then ruled by Emperor Wu of Han.

paragraph: He played an important pioneering role for the future Chinese conquest of lands west of Xinjiang, including swaths of Central Asia and even lands south of the Hindu Kush (see Protectorate of the Western Regions).

paragraph: Today, Zhang Qian's travels are associated with the major route of transcontinental trade, the Silk Road. His missions opened trade routes between East and West and exposed different products and kingdoms to each other through trade. Zhang's accounts were compiled by Sima Qian in the 1st century BC. The Central Asian parts of the Silk Road routes were expanded around 114 BC largely through the missions of and exploration by Zhang Qian. Today, Zhang is considered a Chinese national hero and revered for the key role he played in opening China to the wider world of commercial trade.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's Missions.

paragraph: Zhang Qian was born in Chenggu district just east of Hanzhong in the north central province of Shaanxi, China. He entered the capital, Chang'an, today's Xi'an, between 140 BC and 134 BC as a Gentleman (郎), serving Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty. At the time the nomadic Xiongnu tribes controlled what is now Inner Mongolia and dominated the Western Regions, Xiyu (西域), the areas neighbouring the territory of the Han Dynasty. The Han emperor was interested in establishing commercial ties with distant lands but outside contact was prevented by the hostile Xiongnu.

paragraph: The Han court dispatched Zhang Qian, a military officer who was familiar with the Xiongnu, to the Western Regions in 138 BC with a group of ninety-nine members to make contact and build an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu. He was accompanied by a guide named Ganfu (甘父), a Xiongnu who had been captured in war. The objective of Zhang Qian's first mission was to seek a military alliance with the Yuezhi, in modern Tajikistan. However to get to the territory of the Yuezhi he was forced to pass through land controlled by the Xiongnu who captured him (as well as Ganfu) and enslaved him for ten years. During this time he married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.

paragraph: Zhang and Ganfu (as well as Zhang's Xiongnu wife and son) were eventually able to escape and, passing Lop Nor and following the northern edge of the Tarim Basin, around the Kunlun Mountains and through small fortified areas in the middle of oases in what is now Xinjiang until they made their way to Dayuan and eventually to the land of the Yuezhi. The Yuezhi were agricultural people who produced strong horses and many unknown crops including alfalfa for animal fodder. However, the Yuezhi were too settled to desire war against the Xiongnu. Zhang spent a year in Yuezhi and the adjacent Bactrian territory, documenting their cultures, lifestyles and economy, before beginning his return trip to China, this time following the southern edge of the Tarim Basin.

paragraph: On his return trip he was again captured by the Xiongnu who again spared his life because they valued his sense of duty and composure in the face of death. Two years later the Xiongnu leader died and in the midst of chaos and infighting Zhang Qian escaped. Of the original mission of just over a hundred men, only Zhang Qian and Ganfu managed to return to China.

paragraph: Zhang Qian returned in 125 BC with detailed news for the Emperor, showing that sophisticated civilizations existed to the West, with which China could advantageously develop relations. The Shiji relates that "the Emperor learned of the Dayuan (大宛), Daxia (大夏), Anxi (安息), and the others, all great states rich in unusual products whose people cultivated the land and made their living in much the same way as the Chinese. All these states, he was told, were militarily weak and prized Han goods and wealth". Upon Zhang Qian's return to China he was honoured with a position of palace counsellor. Although he was unable to develop commercial ties between China and these far-off lands, his efforts did eventually result in trade mission to the Wusun people in 119 BC which led to trade between China and Persia.

paragraph: On his mission Zhang Qian had noticed products from an area now known as northern India. However, the task remained to find a trade route not obstructed by the Xiongnu to India. Zhang Qian set out on a second mission to forge a route from China to India via Sichuan, but after many attempts this effort proved unsuccessful. In 119–115 BC Zhang Qian was sent on a third mission by the emperor, to develop ties with the Wusun (烏孫) people.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.

paragraph: The reports of Zhang Qian's travels are quoted extensively in the 1st century BC Chinese historic chronicles "Records of the Great Historian" (Shiji) by Sima Qian. Zhang Qian visited directly the kingdom of Dayuan (大宛) in Fergana, the territories of the Yuezhi (月氏) in Transoxiana, the Bactrian country of Daxia (大夏) with its remnants of Greco-Bactrian rule, and Kangju (康居). He also made reports on neighbouring countries that he did not visit, such as Anxi (安息) (Arsacid territories), Tiaozhi (條支/条支) (Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia), Shendu (身毒) (Pakistan) and the Wusun (烏孫).

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.:Dayuan (大宛, Ferghana).

paragraph: After being released from captivity by Xiongnu, Zhang Qian visited Dayuan, located in the Fergana region west of the Tarim Basin. The people of Dayuan were being portrayed as sophisticated urban dwellers similar to the Parthians and the Bactrians. The name Dayuan is thought to be a transliteration of the word "Yona", the Greek descendants that occupied the region from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE. It was during this stay that Zhang reported the famous tall and powerful "blood-sweating" Ferghana horse. The refusal by Dayuan to offer these horses to Emperor Wu of Han resulted in two punitive campaigns launched by the Han Dynasty to acquire these horses by force.

paragraph: Later the Han dynasty conquered the region in the War of the Heavenly Horses.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.:Rouzhi (月氏, Yuezhi).

paragraph: After obtaining the help of the king of Dayuan, Zhang Qian went south-west to the territory of the Yuezhi, with whom he was supposed to obtain a military alliance against the Xiongnu.

paragraph: Zhang Qian also describes the origins of the Yuezhi, explaining they came from the eastern part of the Tarim Basin. This has encouraged some historians to connect them to the Caucasoid mummies of the Tarim. (The question of links between the Yuezhi and the Tocharians of the Tarim is more controversial.)

paragraph: A smaller group of Yuezhi, the "Little Yuezhi", were not able to follow the exodus and reportedly found refuge among the "Qiang barbarians".

paragraph: Zhang was the first Chinese to write about one humped dromedary camels which he saw in this region.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.:Daxia (大夏, Bactria).

paragraph: Zhang Qian probably witnessed the last period of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, as it was being subjugated by the nomadic Yuezhi. Only small powerless chiefs remained, who were apparently vassals to the Yuezhi horde. Their civilization was urban, almost identical to the civilizations of Anxi and Dayuan, and the population was numerous.

paragraph: Cloth from Shu (Sichuan) was found there.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.:Shendu (身毒, India).

paragraph: Zhang Qian also reports about the existence of India south-east of Bactria. The name "Shendu" (身毒) comes from the Sanskrit word "Sindhu", meaning the Indus river of Pakistan. Sindh was one of the richest regions of India at the time, ruled by Indo-Greek Kingdoms, which explains the reported cultural similarity between Bactria and India:

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.:Anxi (安息, Parthia).

paragraph: Zhang Qian identifies "Anxi" () as an advanced urban civilization, like Dayuan (Ferghana) and Daxia (Bactria). The name "Anxi" is a transcription of "Arshak" (Arsaces), the name of the founder of Arsacid Empire that ruled the regions along the silk road between the Tedzhen river in the east and the Tigris in the west, and running through Aria, Parthia proper, and Media proper.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.:Tiaozhi (条支, Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia).

paragraph: Zhang Qian's reports on Mesopotamia and the Seleucid Empire, or Tiaozhi (条支), are in tenuous terms. He did not himself visit the region, and was only able to report what others told him.

paragraph: Section::::Zhang Qian's reports.:Kangju (康居) northwest of Sogdiana (粟特).

paragraph: Zhang Qian also visited directly the area of Sogdiana (Kangju), home to the Sogdian nomads:

paragraph: Section::::Development of East-West contacts.

paragraph: Following Zhang Qian's embassy and report, commercial relations between China and Central as well as Western Asia flourished, as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the end of the 2nd century BC and the 1st century BC, initiating the development of the Silk Road:

paragraph: Many objects were soon exchanged, and travelled as far as Guangzhou in the East, as suggested by the discovery of a Persian box and various artefacts from Central Asia in the 122 BC tomb of King Zhao Mo of Nanyue.

paragraph: Murals in Mogao Caves in Dunhuang describe the Emperor Han Wudi (156–87 BC) worshipping Buddhist statues, explaining them as "golden men brought in 120 BC by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads", although there is no other mention of Han Wudi worshipping the Buddha in Chinese historical literature.

paragraph: China also sent a mission to Anxi, which were followed up by reciprocal missions from Parthian envoys around 100 BC:

paragraph: The Roman historian Florus describes the visit of numerous envoys, including "Seres" (Chinese or central Asians), to the first Roman Emperor Augustus, who reigned between 27 BC and 14:

paragraph: In 97 the Chinese general Ban Chao dispatched an envoy to Rome in the person of Gan Ying.

paragraph: Several Roman embassies to China followed from 166, and are officially recorded in Chinese historical chronicles.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The "Shiji" reports that Zhang Qian returned from his final expedition to the Wusun in 115 BC. After his return he "was honoured with the post of grand messenger, making him among the nine highest ministers of the government. A year or so later he died."

paragraph: "The indications regarding the year of his death differ, but Shih Chih-mien (1961), p. 268 shows beyond doubt that he died in 113 B.C. His tomb is situated in Chang-chia ts'un 張家村 near Ch'eng-ku . . . ; during repairs carried out in 1945 a clay mold with the inscription 博望家造 [Home of the Bowang (Marquis)] was found, as reported by Ch'en Chih (1959), p. 162." Hulsewé and Loewe (1979), p. 218, note 819.

paragraph: Section::::Other achievements.

paragraph: From his missions he brought back many important products, the most important being alfalfa seeds (for growing horse fodder), strong horses with hard hooves, and knowledge of the extensive existence of new products, peoples and technologies of the outside world. He died "c". 114 BC after spending twenty-five years travelling on these dangerous and strategic missions. Although at a time in his life he was regarded with disgrace for being defeated by the Xiongnu, by the time of his death he had been bestowed with great honours by the emperor.

paragraph: Zhang Qian's journeys had promoted a great variety of economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions. Because silk became the dominant product traded from China, this great trade route later became known as the Silk Road.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seres

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ban Chao

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faxian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xuanzang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Cheng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng He

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Jing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabban Bar Sauma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tianzhu (India)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N., (1979). "China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty". Leiden: E. J. Brill.

paragraph: Further Readings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Opening of the Silk Road

description: imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the 2nd century BC

wikidata_label: Zhang Qian

wikipedia_title: Zhang Qian


text:
Norwegian Constitutional Assembly
Sogndal
Sogn og Fjordane
Bergenhus Regiment
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Ole Elias Holck

categories: Norwegian Army personnel,Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,1848 deaths,People from Sogndal,Fathers of the Constitution of Norway,Norwegian farmers,1789 births

paragraph: Niels Johannesen Loftesnæs

paragraph: Niels Johannesen Loftesnæs (1 March 1789 – 31 May 1848) was a Norwegian farmer and soldier. He served as a representative at the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly.

paragraph: Niels Johannesen Loftesnæs was born on the Loftesnes farm at Sogndal in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. He was the oldest of seven siblings. In 1818, he moved to the Stenehjem farm in Sogndal parish where he spent the remainder of his life. He was married during 1814 to Berthe Olsdatter with whom he had eight children.

paragraph: In 1814, Loftesnæs was in the military serving with the Musketeers in Sogndal Company ("sogndalske kompani") division of the Bergenhus Infantry Regiment.

paragraph: He represented Bergenhus Regiment at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, together with Ole Elias Holck. At the Assembly, he belonged to the independence party.

description: Norwegian politician

wikidata_label: Niels Johannesen Loftesnæs

wikipedia_title: Niels Johannesen Loftesnæs