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categories: English slave traders,English folklore,English sailors,17th-century English criminals,1659 births,17th-century pirates,Mutineers,Royal Navy sailors,People from Devon,18th-century pirates,People of the Stuart period,1695 crimes,English pirates,1694 crimes,Every family

paragraph: Henry Every

paragraph: Henry Every, also Avery or Evory (20 August 1659 – time of death uncertain), sometimes erroneously given as Jack Avery or John Avery, was an English pirate who operated in the Atlantic and Indian oceans in the mid-1690s. He probably used several aliases throughout his career, including Benjamin Bridgeman, and was known as Long Ben to his crewmen and associates.

paragraph: Dubbed "The Arch Pirate" and "The King of Pirates" by contemporaries, Every was infamous for being one of few major pirate captains to escape with his loot without being arrested or killed in battle, and for being the perpetrator of what has been called the most profitable act of piracy in history. Although Every's career as a pirate lasted only two years, his exploits captured the public's imagination, inspired others to take up piracy, and spawned works of literature.

paragraph: Every began his pirate career while he was first mate aboard the warship "Charles II". As the ship lay anchored in the northern Spanish harbor of Corunna, the crew grew discontented as Spain failed to deliver a letter of marque and "Charles II"s owners failed to pay their wages, and they mutinied. "Charles II" was renamed the "Fancy" and Every elected as the new captain.

paragraph: His most famous raid was on a 25-ship convoy of Grand Mughal vessels making the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, including the treasure-laden Ghanjah dhow "Ganj-i-sawai" and its escort, the "Fateh Muhammed". Joining forces with several pirate vessels, Every found himself in command of a small pirate squadron, and they were able to capture up to £600,000 in precious metals and jewels, equivalent to around £ in 2020, making him the richest pirate in the world. This caused considerable damage to England's fragile relations with the Mughals, and a combined bounty of £1,000—an immense sum at the time—was offered by the Privy Council and the East India Company for his capture, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history.

paragraph: Although a number of his crew were subsequently arrested, Every himself eluded capture, vanishing from all records in 1696; his whereabouts and activities after this period are unknown. Unconfirmed accounts state he may have changed his name and retired, quietly living out the rest of his life in either Britain or an unidentified tropical island, while alternative accounts consider Every may have squandered his riches. He is considered to have died anywhere between 1699 and 1714; his treasure has never been recovered.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Background.

paragraph: Modern scholarship suggests Every was born on 20 August 1659 in the village of Newton Ferrers, about southeast of Plymouth, Devon. Parish records indicate that he may have been the son of John Avery and his wife, Anne (maiden name unknown); the Every family of Devonshire was quite established at the time, and it is likely he was a kinsman of the Everys of Wycroft Castle. According to the deposition of William Phillips, a member of Every's crew who gave a "voluntary confession" after his capture, in August 1696 Every was "aged about 40 years," his mother lived "near Plymouth," and his wife was a periwig seller who lived "in Ratcliffe Highway." Every was married and records indicate that he may have wed one Dorothy Arther at St James Duke's Place in London on 11 September 1690, though there is no evidence that he had any children.

paragraph: The earliest biographical account of the man, "The Life and Adventures of Capt. John Avery" (London: J. Baker, 1709), states that he was born in 1653 in Cattedown, Plymouth. Although this location and date are now known to be incorrect, they have been frequently cited in earlier literature. (Another suggested year for Every's birth is 1665, though this too is in error.) The memoir's Dutch author, who wrote his account a little over a decade after the pirate had vanished, uses the name Adrian van Broeck, but this is probably a pseudonym. The account tells of Van Broeck's short captivity by Every's crew aboard the "Fancy", and claims that Every's father was a trading captain who had served in the Royal Navy under Admiral Robert Blake. Several later accounts of Every's life, most prominently Daniel Defoe's "The King of Pirates" (1720), have made reference to the earlier work, but it is of questionable veracity and has been described by the "Dictionary of National Biography" as "fiction, with scarcely a substratum of fact."

paragraph: Although a theory existed that Every's birth name was actually Benjamin Bridgeman (especially in light of his nickname "Long Ben"), and that "Henry Every" was in fact an alias, modern scholarship has debunked it. It is accepted by historians that "Henry Every" was the pirate's real name, given that he used this name when he entered the Royal Navy. As this was prior to the onset of his piratical career, he would have had no need for an alias; that is, Every only used the name "Bridgeman" "after" committing piracy. Every may have been a cousin of the well-known Every baronets, though this has not been proven conclusively.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Royal Navy service.

paragraph: Every was probably a sailor from youth, serving on various Royal Navy ships. Popular accounts state that Every served aboard the English fleet bombarding Algiers in 1671, buccaneered in the Caribbean Sea, and even captained a logwood freighter in the Bay of Campeche, although these stories come from Adrian van Broeck's fictional memoir. The substantiated record picks up in March 1689, shortly after the breakout of the Nine Years' War.

paragraph: The Grand Alliance—Bavaria, England, the Dutch Republic, the Palatinate, Saxony, and Spain—were waging war against Louis XIV of France in an attempt to stop his expansions, and it was against this background that Every, now in his early thirties, was working as a midshipman aboard the sixty-four gun battleship HMS "Rupert", then under the command of Sir Francis Wheeler. Every's naval records suggest he was something of a dedicated family man, spending "little of his wages on extras such as tobacco and regularly consigned his pay to his family."

paragraph: In mid-1689, HMS "Rupert" helped capture a large enemy French convoy off Brest, France. This victory gave Every an opportunity to better his fortunes and by the end of July he was promoted to Master's mate, although he was probably the most junior of HMS "Rupert"s three Master's mates. In late June 1690, he was invited to join Captain Wheeler on a new ship, the ninety-gun HMS "Albemarle". He likely participated in the Battle of Beachy Head against the French two weeks later, although this engagement ended disastrously for the English. On 29 August of that year, Every was discharged from the Royal Navy.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Avery and the slave trade.

paragraph: After discharge from the navy, Every entered the Atlantic slave trade. According to the memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce, a West Indian merchant who wrote several decades after Every's disappearance, from 1690 to 1692 Every was illicitly slave trading under the protection of then-governor of the Bahamas, Cadwallader Jones. Between 1660 and 1698, the Royal African Company maintained a monopoly over all English slave trade, making it illegal to sell slaves without a license. To ensure compliance, the Royal Navy protected the Company's interests along the West African coast. Although illegal, unlicensed slaving could be a highly lucrative enterprise, as Every was certainly aware; the prospect of profits ensured that violations of the Company's monopoly by "interlopers" (unlicensed slavers) remained a fairly common crime.

paragraph: In 1693, Every is identified in a journal prepared by an agent of the Royal African Company, Captain Thomas Phillips of the "Hannibal", then on a slaving mission on the Guinea coast, who writes: "I have no where upon the coast met the negroes so shy as here, which makes me fancy they have had tricks play'd them by such blades as Long Ben, alias Avery, who have seiz'd them and carry'd them away." (Every was known to lure potential slave traders onto his ship by flying friendly English colors, then seize the slave traders themselves and chain them in his ship's hold alongside their former captives.) Captain Phillips, who according to his own writings had come across Every on more than one occasion—and may have even known him personally—also alluded to Every as slave trading under a commission from Issac Richier, the unpopular Bermudian governor who was later removed from his post for his carousing behavior. However, Every's slave trading employment is relatively undocumented.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:Spanish Expedition Shipping.

paragraph: In the spring of 1693, several London-based investors led by Sir James Houblon, a wealthy merchant hoping to reinvigorate the stagnating English economy, assembled an ambitious venture known as the Spanish Expedition Shipping. The venture consisted of four warships: a pink, the "Seventh Son", as well as the frigates "Dove" (of which famed navigator William Dampier was second mate), the "James" and the "Charles II" (sometimes erroneously given as "Duke").

paragraph: "Charles II" had been commissioned by England's ally, Charles II of Spain (the ship's namesake), to prey on French vessels in the West Indies. Under a trading and salvage license from the Spanish, the venture's mission was to sail to the Spanish West Indies, where the convoy would conduct trade, supply the Spanish with arms, and recover treasure from wrecked galleons while plundering the French possessions in the area. The investors promised to pay the sailors well: the contract stipulated a guaranteed monthly wage to be paid every six months throughout deployment, with the first month's pay paid in advance before the start of the mission. Houblon personally went aboard the ships and met the crew, reassuring them of their pay. Indeed, all wages up to 1 August 1693, not long before the start of the mission, were paid on that date.

paragraph: As a result of his previous experience in the navy, Every was promoted to first mate after joining the Spanish Expedition. The convoy's four ships were commanded by Admiral Sir Don Arturo O'Byrne, an Irish nobleman who had previously served in the Spanish Navy Marines. This was an odd occurrence at the time and many people thought it boded ill for an Irishman to control an English fleet. Indeed, the voyage was soon in trouble, as the flag captain, John Strong, a career mariner who had previously served with Sir William Phips, died while the ship was still in port. Although he was replaced by Captain Charles Gibson, this would not be the last of the venture's misfortunes.

paragraph: By early August 1693, the four warships were sailing down the River Thames en route to Spain's northern city of Corunna. The journey to Corunna should have taken two weeks, but for some reason the ships did not arrive in Spain until five months later. Worse still, the necessary legal documents had apparently failed to arrive from Madrid, so the ships were forced to wait. As months passed and the documents still did not arrive, the sailors found themselves in an unenviable position: with no money to send home to support their families and unable to find alternative sources of employment, they had become virtual prisoners in Corunna.

paragraph: After a few months in port, the men petitioned their captain for the pay they should have received since their employment began. If this request had been granted, the men would no longer have been tied to the ship and could easily have left, so predictably their petition was denied. After a similar petition to James Houblon by the men's wives had also failed, many of the sailors became desperate, believing that they had been sold into slavery to the Spanish.

paragraph: On 1 May, as the fleet was finally preparing to leave Corunna, the men demanded their six months of pay or threatened to strike. Houblon refused to acquiesce to these demands, but Admiral O'Byrne, seeing the seriousness of the situation, wrote to England asking for the money owed to his men. However, on 6 May some of the sailors were involved in an argument with Admiral O'Byrne, and it was probably around this time that they conceived of a plan to mutiny and began recruiting others. One of the men recruiting others was Henry Every. As William Phillips, a mariner on the "Dove", would later testify, Every went "up & down from Ship to Ship & persuaded the men to come on board him, & he would carry them where they should get money enough." Since Every had a great deal of experience and was also born in a lower social rank, he was the natural choice to command the mutiny, as the crew believed he would have their best interests at heart.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:Mutiny and ascension to captaincy.

paragraph: On Monday, 7 May 1694, Admiral O'Byrne was scheduled to sleep ashore, which gave the men the opportunity they were looking for. At approximately 9:00 p.m., Every and about twenty-five other men rushed aboard the "Charles II" and surprised the crew on board. Captain Gibson was bedridden at the time, so the mutiny ended bloodlessly. One account states that the extra men from the "James" pulled up in a longboat beside the ship and gave the password, saying, "Is the drunken boatswain on board?" before joining in the mutiny. Captain Humphreys of the "James" is also said to have called out to Every that the men were deserting, to which Every calmly replied that he knew perfectly well. The "James" then fired on the "Charles II", alerting the Spanish Night Watch, and Every was forced to make a run to the open sea, quickly vanishing into the night.

paragraph: After sailing far enough for safety, Every gave the non-conspirators a chance to go ashore, even deferentially offering to let Captain Gibson command the ship if he would join their cause. According to Charles Ellms, Every's words to Gibson were, "if you have a mind to make one of us, we will receive you; and if you turn sober, and attend to business, perhaps in time I may make you up of my lieutenants; if not, here's a boat, and you shall be set on shore." The captain declined and was set ashore with several other sailors. The only man who was prevented from voluntarily leaving was the ship's surgeon, whose services were deemed too important to forgo. All of the men left on board the "Charles II" unanimously elected Every captain of the ship. Some reports say that Every was much ruder in his dealings with Captain Gibson, but agree that he at least offered him the position of second mate. In either case, Every exhibited an amount of gentility and generosity in his operation of the mutiny that indicates his motives were not mere adventure.

paragraph: Every was easily able to convince the men to sail to the Indian Ocean as pirates, since their original mission had greatly resembled piracy and Every was renowned for his powers of persuasion. He may have mentioned Thomas Tew's success capturing an enormous prize in the Red Sea only a year earlier. The crew quickly settled the subject of payment by deciding that each member would get one share of the treasure, and the captain would get two. Every then renamed the "Charles II" the "Fancy"—a name which reflected both the crew's renewed hope in their journey and the quality of the ship—and set a course for the Cape of Good Hope.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:The Pirate Round.

paragraph: At Maio, the easternmost of the Cape Verde's Sotavento islands, Every committed his first piracy, robbing three English merchantmen from Barbados of provisions and supplies. Nine of the men from these ships were quickly persuaded to join Every's crew, who now numbered about ninety-four men. Every then sailed to the Guinea coast, where he tricked a local chieftain into boarding the "Fancy" under the false pretense of trade, and forcibly took his and his men's wealth, leaving them slaves. Continuing to hug the African coastline, Every then stopped at Bioko in the Bight of Benin, where the "Fancy" was careened and razeed. By cutting away some of the superstructure to improve the ship's speed, the "Fancy" became one of the fastest vessels then sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. In October 1694, the "Fancy" captured two Danish privateers near the island of Príncipe, stripping the ships of ivory and gold and welcoming approximately seventeen defecting Danes aboard.

paragraph: In early 1695, the "Fancy" finally rounded the Cape of Good Hope, stopping in Madagascar where the crew restocked supplies, likely in the area of St. Augustine's Bay. The "Fancy" next stopped at the island of Johanna in the Comoros Islands. Here Every's crew rested and took on provisions, later capturing a passing French pirate ship, looting the vessel and recruiting some forty of the crew to join his own company. His total strength was now about 150 men.

paragraph: At Johanna, Every wrote a letter addressed to the English ship commanders in the Indian Ocean, falsely stating that he had not attacked any English ships. His letter describes a signal English skippers could use to identify themselves so he could avoid them, and warns them that he might not be able to restrain his crew from plundering their ships if they failed to use the signal. It is unclear whether this document was true, but it may have been a ploy by Every to avoid the attention of the East India Company, whose large and powerful ships were the only threat the "Fancy" faced in the Indian Ocean. Either way, the letter was unsuccessful in preventing the English from pursuing him.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:The Grand Mughal's fleet.

paragraph: In 1695, Every set sail for the volcanic island of Perim to wait for the Indian fleet that would be passing soon. (The fleet made annual pilgrimages to Mecca, so the knowledge of the approximate time the pilgrims would be returning home may have been readily available.) The fleet was easily the richest prize in Asia—perhaps in the entire world—and any pirates who managed to capture it would have been the perpetrators of the world's most profitable pirate raid. In August 1695, the "Fancy" reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he joined forces with five other pirate captains: Tew on the sloop-of-war "Amity", with a crew of about sixty men; Joseph Faro on the "Portsmouth Adventure", with sixty men; Richard Want on the "Dolphin", also with sixty men; William Mayes on the "Pearl", with thirty or forty men; and Thomas Wake on the "Susanna", with seventy men. All of these captains were carrying privateering commissions that implicated almost the entire Eastern Seaboard of North America. Every was elected admiral of the new six-ship pirate flotilla despite the fact that Captain Tew had arguably more experience, and now found himself in command of over 440 men while they lay in wait for the Indian fleet. A convoy of twenty-five Mughal ships, including the enormous 1,600-ton "Ganj-i-sawai" of eighty cannons, and its escort, the 600-ton "Fateh Muhammed", were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. Although the convoy had managed to elude the pirate fleet during the night, the pirates gave chase.

paragraph: The "Dolphin" proved to be far too slow, lagging behind the rest of the pirate ships, so it was burned and the crew joined Every on the "Fancy". The "Amity" and "Susanna" also proved to be poor ships: the "Amity" fell behind and never again rejoined the pirate squadron (Captain Tew having been killed in a battle with a Mughal ship), while the straggling "Susanna" eventually rejoined the group. The pirates caught up with the "Fateh Muhammed" four or five days later. Perhaps intimidated by the "Fancy"s forty-six guns or weakened by an earlier battle with Tew, the "Fateh Muhammed"s crew put up little resistance; Every's pirates then sacked the ship, which had belonged to one Abdul Ghaffar, reportedly Surat's wealthiest merchant. In fact, Ghaffar was so powerful and wealthy, one associate described him as follows: "Abdul Ghafur, a Mahometan that I was acquainted with, drove a trade equal to the English East-India Company, for I have known him to fit out in a year, above twenty sail of ships, between 300 and 800 tons." While the "Fateh Muhammed"s treasure of some £50,000 to £60,000 was enough to buy the "Fancy" fifty times over, once the treasure was shared out among the pirate fleet, Every's crew received only small shares.

paragraph: Every now sailed in pursuit of the second Mughal ship, the "Ganj-i-Sawai" (meaning "Exceeding Treasure," and often Anglicized as "Gunsway"), overtaking it a few days after the attack on the "Fateh Muhammed". With the "Amity" and "Dolphin" left behind, only the "Fancy", the "Pearl", and the "Portsmouth Adventure" were present for the actual battle.

paragraph: The "Ganj-i-sawai", captained by one Muhammad Ibrahim, was a fearsome opponent, mounting eighty guns and a musket-armed guard of four hundred, as well as six hundred other passengers. But the opening volley evened the odds, as Every's lucky broadside shot his enemy's mainmast by the board. With the "Ganj-i-sawai" unable to escape, the "Fancy" drew alongside. For a moment, a volley of Indian musket fire prevented the pirates from clambering aboard, but one of the "Ganj-i-sawai"s powerful cannons exploded, instantly killing many and demoralizing the Indian crew, who ran below deck or fought to put out the spreading fires. Every's men took advantage of the confusion, quickly scaling the "Ganj-i-sawai"s steep sides. The crew of the "Pearl", initially fearful of attacking the "Ganj-i-sawai", now took heart and joined Every's crew on Indian ship's deck. A ferocious hand-to-hand battle then ensued, lasting two to three hours.

paragraph: Muhammad Hashim Khafi Khan, a contemporary Indian historian who was in Surat at the time, wrote that, as Every's men boarded the ship, the "Ganj-i-sawai"s captain ran below decks where he armed the slave girls and sent them up to fight the pirates. Khafi Khan's account of the battle, appearing in his multivolume work "The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians", places blame squarely on Captain Ibrahim for the failure, writing: "The Christians are not bold in the use of the sword, and there were so many weapons on board the royal vessel that if the captain had made any resistance, they must have been defeated." In any case, after several hours of stubborn but leaderless resistance, the ship surrendered. In his defense, Captain Ibrahim would later report that "many of the enemy were sent to hell." Indeed, Every's outnumbered crew may have suffered anywhere from several to over a hundred casualties, although these figures are uncertain.

paragraph: According to Khafi Khan, the victorious pirates subjected their captives to an orgy of horror that lasted several days, raping and killing their terrified prisoners deck by deck. The pirates reportedly utilized torture to extract information from their prisoners, who had hidden the treasure in the ship's holds. Some of the Muslim women apparently committed suicide to avoid violation, while those women who did not kill themselves or die from the pirates' brutality were taken aboard the "Fancy".

paragraph: Although stories of brutality by the pirates have been dismissed by sympathizers as sensationalism, they are corroborated by the depositions Every's men provided following their capture. John Sparkes testified in his "Last Dying Words and Confession" that the "inhuman treatment and merciless tortures inflicted on the poor Indians and their women still affected his soul," and that, while apparently unremorseful for his acts of piracy, which were of "lesser concern," he was nevertheless repentant for the "horrid barbarities he had committed, though only on the bodies of the heathen." Philip Middleton testified that several of the Indian men were murdered, while they also "put several to the torture" and Every's men "lay with the women aboard, and there were several that, from their jewels and habits, seemed to be of better quality than the rest." Furthermore, on 12 October 1695, Sir John Gayer, then-governor of Bombay and president of the East India Company, sent a letter to the Lords of Trade, writing:It is certain the Pyrates, which these People affirm were all English, did do very barbarously by the People of the "Ganj-i-sawai" and Abdul Gofor's Ship, to make them confess where their Money was, and there happened to be a great Umbraws Wife (as Wee hear) related to the King, returning from her Pilgrimage to Mecha, in her old age. She they abused very much, and forced severall other Women, which Caused one person of Quality, his Wife and Nurse, to kill themselves to prevent the Husbands seing them (and their being) ravished.

paragraph: Later accounts would tell of how Every himself had found "something more pleasing than jewels" aboard, usually reported to be Emperor Aurangzeb's daughter or granddaughter. (According to contemporary East India Company sources, the "Ganj-i-sawai" was carrying a "relative" of the Emperor, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue.) However, this is at odds with the deposition of Philip Middleton, who testified that "all of the "Charles"s men, except Every, boarded [the "Fateh Muhammed" and "Ganj-i-sawai"] by Turns." At any rate, the survivors were left aboard their emptied ships, which the pirates set free to continue on their voyage back to India. The loot from the "Ganj-i-sawai", the greatest ship in the Muslim fleet, totaled somewhere between £200,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces. All told, it may have been the richest ship ever taken by pirates (see "Career wealth" below). All these things combined made Every the richest pirate in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:Sharing the spoils.

paragraph: The pirates now busied themselves dividing their treasure. Although it is sometimes reported that Every used his phenomenal skills of persuasion to convince the other captains to leave the Mughal loot in his care, quickly slipping away into the night with the entire haul, this comes from Charles Johnson's "A General History of the Pyrates", an unreliable account. More reliable sources indicate that there was an exchange of clipped coins between the crews of the "Pearl" and the "Fancy", with Every's outraged men confiscating the "Pearl"s treasure. (The "Portsmouth Adventure" observed but did not partake in the battle with the "Ganj-i-sawai", so Captain Faro's crew received none of its treasure.) Every's men then gave Captain Mayes 2,000 pieces of eight (presumably an approximate sum as the treasure captured would have been in Indian and Arabian coins of a different denomination) to buy supplies, and soon parted company.

paragraph: The "Fancy" sailed for Bourbon, arriving in November 1695. Here the crew shared out £1,000 (roughly £93,300 to £128,000 today) per man, more money than most sailors made in their lifetime. On top of this, each man received an additional share of gemstones. As Every had promised, his men now found themselves glutted with "gold enough to dazzle the eyes." However, this enormous victory had essentially made Every and his crew marked men, and there was a great deal of dispute among the crew about the best place to sail. The French and Danes decided to leave Every's crew, preferring to stay in Bourbon. The remaining men set course, after some dissension, for Nassau in the Bahamas, Every purchasing some ninety slaves shortly before sailing. Along the way, the slaves would be used for the ship's most difficult labor and, being "the most consistent item of trade," could later be traded for whatever the pirates wanted. In this way, Every's men avoided using their foreign currency, which might reveal their identities.

paragraph: Sailing from the Indian Ocean to the Bahamas was a journey halfway around the world, and the "Fancy" was forced to stop along the way at Ascension Island, located in the middle of the Atlantic. The barren island was uninhabited, but the men were able to catch fifty of the sea turtles that crawled ashore to lay their eggs on the beach, providing them enough food for the rest of the voyage. However, about seventeen of the Every's crew refused to go any further and were left behind on the island.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:Aftermath and manhunt.

paragraph: The plunder of Emperor Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English, coming at a time of crisis for the East India Company, whose profits were still recovering from the disastrous Child's War. The Company had seen its total annual imports drop from a peak of £800,000 in 1684, to just £30,000 in 1695, and Every's attack now threatened the very existence of English trade in India. When the damaged "Ganj-i-sawai" finally limped its way back to harbor in Surat, news of the pirates' attack on the pilgrims—a sacrilegious act that, like the raping of the Muslim women, was considered an unforgivable violation of the Hajj—spread quickly. The local Indian governor, Itimad Khan, immediately arrested the English subjects in Surat and kept them under close watch, partly as a punishment for their countrymen's depredations and partly for their own protection from the rioting locals. A livid Aurangzeb quickly closed four of the company's factories in India and imprisoned the officers, nearly ordering an armed attack against the English city of Bombay with the goal of forever expelling the English from India.

paragraph: To appease Aurangzeb, the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations, while Parliament declared the pirates "hostis humani generis" ("enemies of the human race"). In mid-1696, the government issued a £500 bounty on Every's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts. When the East India Company later doubled that reward, the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway. The Crown also promised to exempt Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates. As it was by now known that Every was sheltering somewhere in the Atlantic colonies, where he would likely find safety among corrupt colonial governors, Every was out of the jurisdiction of the East India Company. This made him a national problem. As such, the Board of Trade was tasked with coordinating the manhunt for Every and his crew.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:Escape to New Providence.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the "Fancy" had reached St. Thomas, where the pirates sold some of their treasure. In March 1696, the "Fancy" anchored at Royal Island off Eleuthera, some northeast of New Providence in the Bahamas. Four of Every's men took a small boat to Nassau, the island's largest city and capital, with a letter addressed to the island's governor, Sir Nicholas Trott. The letter explained that the men's warship of forty-six guns, the "Fancy", had just returned from the coast of Africa, and the ship's crew of 113 self-identified interlopers (unlicensed slavers) now needed some shore time. In return for letting the "Fancy" enter the harbor and for keeping the men's violation of the East India Company's slaving monopoly a secret, the crew would pay Trott a combined total of £860. Their captain, a man named "Henry Bridgeman," also promised the ship to the governor as a gift once his crew unloaded the cargo.

paragraph: For Governor Trott, this proved a tempting offer. The Nine Years' War had been raging for eight years, and the island, which the Royal Navy had not visited in several years, was perilously underpopulated. Trott knew that the French had recently captured Exuma, to the southeast, and were now headed for New Providence. With only sixty or seventy men living in the town, half of whom served guard duty at any one time, there was no practical way to keep Fort Nassau's twenty-eight cannons fully manned. However, if the "Fancy"s crew stayed in Nassau it would more than double the island's male population, while the very presence of the "Fancy" in the harbor might deter a French attack. On the other hand, turning away Captain Bridgeman might spell disaster if his intentions turned violent, as his crew of 113 (plus ninety slaves) would easily defeat the island's inhabitants. Lastly, there was also the bribe to consider, which was three times Trott's annual salary of £300.

paragraph: Trott called a meeting of Nassau's governing council, likely arguing that interloping was a fairly common crime and not a sufficient reason for turning away the men, whose presence now aided Nassau's security. The council agreed to allow the "Fancy" to enter the harbor, apparently having never been told of the private bribe. Trott sent a letter to Captain Bridgeman instructing him that his crew "were welcome to come and to go as they pleased." Soon after, Trott met Every personally on land in what must have been a closed-door meeting. The "Fancy" was then handed over to the governor, who found that extra bribes—fifty tons of ivory tusks, one hundred barrels of gunpowder, several chests of firearms and ammunition, and an assortment of ship anchors—had been left in the hold for him.

paragraph: The wealth of foreign-minted coins could not have escaped Trott. He must have known that the ship's crew were not merely unlicensed slavers, likely noting the patched-up battle damage on the "Fancy". When word eventually reached that the Royal Navy and East India Company were hunting for the "Fancy" and that "Captain Bridgeman" was Every himself, Trott denied ever knowing anything about the pirates' history other than what they told him, adamant that the island's population "saw no reason to disbelieve them." This he argued despite the fact that the proclamation for the pirates' capture specifically warned that Every's crew could "probably be known and discovered by the great quantities of Gold and Silver of forreign Coines which they have with them." In the meantime, however, Every's men were free to frequent the town's pubs. Nevertheless, the crew soon found themselves disappointed with the Bahamas; the islands were sparsely populated, meaning that there was virtually no place to spend the money they had pirated. For the next several months the pirates spent most of their time living in relative boredom. By now Trott had stripped the "Fancy" of everything valuable, and it was lost after being violently driven against some rocks, perhaps deliberately on the orders of Trott who was eager to rid himself of a key piece of evidence.

paragraph: Section::::Piratical career.:Vanishing act.

paragraph: When the proclamation for the apprehension of Every and his crew reached Trott, he was forced to either put a warrant out for Every's arrest or, failing to do so, effectively disclose his association with the pirate. Preferring the former choice for the sake of his reputation, he alerted the authorities as to pirates' whereabouts, but was able to tip off Every and his crew before the authorities arrived. Every's 113-person crew then fashioned their hasty escape, vanishing from the island with only twenty-four men ever captured, five of whom were executed. Every himself was never seen again. His last words to his men were a litany of conflicting stories of where he planned to go, likely intended to throw pursuers off his trail.

paragraph: It has been suggested that because Every was unable to buy a pardon from Trott or from the governor of Jamaica, Every's crew split up, some remaining in the West Indies, the majority heading to North America, and the rest, including Every, returned to Britain. Of these, some sailed aboard the sloop "Isaac", while Every and about twenty other men sailed in the sloop "Sea Flower" (captained by Joseph Faro) to Ireland towards the end of June 1696. They aroused suspicions while unloading their treasure, and two of the men were subsequently caught. Every, however, was able to escape once again.

paragraph: Section::::Fate.

paragraph: British author and pirate biographer Charles Johnson suggested that, after attempting to sell his diamonds, Every died in poverty in Devon after being cheated out of his wealth by Bristol merchants. It is, however, unclear how Johnson could have discovered this. If Every was known to be living in poverty, it is most likely that he would have been apprehended and the large bounty on his head collected. As such, ascribing this fate to Every may have been a type of moral propagandizing on Johnson's part. Others have suggested that after Every changed his name, he settled in Devon and lived out the rest of his life peacefully, dying on 10 June 1714; however, the source for this information is "The History and Lives of All the Most Notorious Pirates and their Crews" (London: Edw. Midwinter, 1732), considered an unreliable (and slightly expanded) reprint of Johnson's "General History". In October 1781 John Knill the Collector of Customs at St Ives, Cornwall held a meeting with a descendant of Every who stated that his ″father had told him that Captain Every, after wandering about in great poverty and distress, had died in Barnstaple, and was buried as a pauper ...″

paragraph: As the manhunt for Every continued in the decade following his disappearance, sightings were frequently reported, but none proved reliable. After the publication of a fictional memoir in 1709, which claimed Every was a king ruling a pirate utopia in Madagascar, popular accounts increasingly took on a more legendary, romantic flavor (see "In contemporary literature"). Although such stories were widely believed to be true by the public, they had no basis in reality. No reliable information about Every's whereabouts or activities emerged after June 1696.

paragraph: Section::::Fate of Every's crew.

paragraph: Section::::Fate of Every's crew.:North American colonies.

paragraph: About seventy-five of Every's crew sailed to North America in hopes of escaping the transcontinental manhunt. His crew members were sighted in the Carolinas, New England, and in Pennsylvania, where some even bribed Governor William Markham for £100 per man. This was enough to buy the governor's allegiance, who was aware of their identity and reportedly even allowed one to marry his daughter. Although other local officials, notably magistrate Captain Robert Snead, tried to have the pirates arrested, the governor's protection ensured that the pirates remained audacious enough to boast of their exploits "publicly over their cups." When Captain Snead's persistence started to irritate the governor, the magistrate was reprehended:He [Markham] called me rascal and dared me to issue my warrants against these men, saying that he had a good mind to commit me. I told him that were he not Governor I would not endure such language, and that it was hard to be so treated for doing my duty. He then ordered the constables not to serve any more of my warrants; moreover being greatly incensed he wrote a warrant with his own hand to the Sheriff to disarm me.

paragraph: Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, and other colonies published the proclamation for Every's capture, but rarely went beyond this. Although harboring pirates became more dangerous for the colonial governors over time, only seven of Every's crew were tried between 1697–1705, and all of these were acquitted.

paragraph: Section::::Fate of Every's crew.:British Isles.

paragraph: John Dann (Every's coxswain) born in East Hoathly, Sussex, was arrested on 30 July 1696 for suspected piracy at the Bull Hotel, a coaching Inn in the High Street, Rochester, Kent. He had sewn £1,045 in gold sequins and ten English guineas into his waistcoat, which was discovered by his chambermaid, who subsequently reported the discovery to the town's mayor, collecting a reward in the process. In order to avoid the possibility of execution, on 3 August Dann agreed to testify against other captured members of Every's crew, joining Phillip Middleton who had given himself up to authorities a few weeks prior. Soon after, twenty-four of Every's men had been rounded up, some having been reported to authorities by jewelers and goldsmiths after trying to sell their treasure. In the next several months fifteen of the pirates were brought to trial and six were convicted. As piracy was a capital crime, and the death penalty could only be handed down if there were eyewitnesses, the testimony of Dann and Middleton was crucial.

paragraph: The six defendants—Joseph Dawson, 39 years old, from Yarmouth; Edward Forseith, 45, Newcastle upon Tyne; William May, 48, London; William Bishop, 20, Devon; James Lewis, 25, London; and John Sparkes, 19, London—were indicted on charges of committing piracy on the "Gunsway", with the trial commencing on 19 October 1696 at the Old Bailey. The government assembled the most prominent judges in the country to attend the trial, consisting of presiding judge Sir Charles Hedges, Lieutenant of the High Court of Admiralty, Sir John Holt, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Sir George Treby, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and six other prominent judges. Other than Joseph Dawson, all the pirates pleaded not guilty.

paragraph: One of the accused mutineers was David Creagh, second officer of the "Charles II". He testified that after refusing to participate in the mutiny—the only officer to do so—he was ordered to return below deck. On the way to his cabin, Creagh encountered William May, Captain Gibson's former steward. May, described by Every as one of the "true cocks of the game, and old sportsmen," was zealously supportive of the mutiny, and Creagh testified of their bone-chilling exchange:I met with "W. May", the Prisoner at the Bar. What do you say here? says he. I made him no Answer, but went down to my Cabin; and he said, God damn you, you deserve to be shot through the Head; and he then held a Pistol to my Head. Then I went to my Cabin, and presently came orders from "Every", that those that would go ashore, should prepare to be gone. And when the Captain was got out of Bed, who was then very ill of a Feaver, "Every" came and said, I am a Man of Fortune, and must seek my Fortune.

paragraph: Despite considerable pressure on the jury to find the defendants guilty, with Judge Advocate of the Admiralty Sir Dr Thomas Newton reminding the jury that the consequences of an acquittal would be "the total loss of the Indian trade, and thereby the impoverishment of this kingdom," the jury passed a verdict of not guilty.

paragraph: The shocked court rushed through another indictment, and twelve days later the pirates were tried on a different set of charges, this time on account of conspiring to steal the "Charles II" with piratical intent. Although legally dubious today, the 17th century court assumed the defendants had the legal burden of proving themselves innocent of mutiny, having been found aboard "a ship...run away with." As before, the court continually impressed the need for the pirates' conviction. Judge Hedges condemned the "dishonorable" former jury and instructed their successors to act with "a true English spirit" by passing a conviction, repeatedly reminding them to "support...the navigation, trade, wealth, strength, reputation, and glory of this nation." When the guilty verdict was read aloud in court soon after, no one could have been surprised.

paragraph: The pirates were given their last chance to show why they should be spared execution, with most simply claiming ignorance and pleading for mercy. May argued that, being "a very sickly man," he had "never acted in all the voyage," while Bishop reminded the court that he was "forced away," and, being only eighteen years of age during the 1694 mutiny, desired mercy. Joseph Dawson, the only defendant to plead guilty, was granted a reprieve. The remainder of the death sentences were upheld. Sparkes was the only pirate to publicly express some regret, but not for piracy, which was of "lesser concern"—instead, he was repentant for the "horrid barbarities he had committed, though only on the bodies of the heathen," implying that he had participated in the violation of the women aboard the Mughal ships. His "Last Dying Words and Confession" declared that his eyes were "now open to his crimes," and he "justly suffered death for such inhumanity."

paragraph: On 25 November 1696, the five prisoners were taken to the gallows at Execution Dock. Here they solemnly gave their dying speeches before a gathered crowd, which included Newgate Prison ordinary Paul Lorrain. As they faced the River Thames, the place where the Spanish Expedition voyage began only three years earlier, the pirates were hanged.

paragraph: John Dann escaped the hangman by turning King's witness. However, he remained in England, having received on 9 August 1698 an "Order for one Dann, lately Every's mate but pardoned, to attend the Board to-morrow." This he did on 11 August at the East India House, giving details of his voyage and plunder on board the "Fancy". In 1699, Dann married Eliza Noble and the following year became a partner to John Coggs, a well-established goldsmith banker, creating Coggs & Dann at the sign of the King's Head in the Strand, London. The bankers (particularly Dann) were duped by Thomas Brerewood, one of their clients, and in 1710 the bank became insolvent. Dann died in 1722.

paragraph: Section::::Career wealth.

paragraph: Section::::Career wealth.:The "Gunsway".

paragraph: The value of the "Gunsway"s cargo is not known with certainty. Contemporary estimates differed by as much as £300,000, with £325,000 and £600,000 being the traditionally cited numbers. The latter estimate was the value provided by the Mughal authorities, while the East India Company estimated the loss at approximately £325,000, nevertheless filing a £600,000 insurance claim.

paragraph: It has been suggested that the East India Company argued for the lowest estimate when paying reparations for Every's raid, with the Company's president naturally wanting the most conservative estimate in order to pay as little for the damages as possible. Others contend that the Mughal authorities' figure of £600,000 was a deliberate overestimate aimed at improving their compensation from the English. While some historians have argued that £325,000 was probably closer to the true value, partly because this agreed with the estimate provided by contemporary Scottish merchant Alexander Hamilton, then stationed in Surat, and partly for the above reasons, others have criticized this position as being largely unsubstantiated.

paragraph: Although Every's capture of the "Gunsway" has been cited as piracy's greatest exploit, it is possible that other pirates have perpetrated even more profitable raids. In April 1721, John Taylor and Olivier Levasseur captured the 700-ton Portuguese galleon "Nossa Senhora do Cabo" ("Our Lady of the Cape"), bound to Lisbon from the Portuguese colony of Goa. It had been damaged in an Indian Ocean storm and was undergoing repairs at the French island of Réunion when the pirates struck. Reportedly carrying the retiring Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal, the galleon was laden with silver, gold, diamonds, gems, as well as pearls, silks, spices, works of art, and church regalia belonging to the Patriarch of the East Indies. The total value of the treasure on board has been estimated as being anywhere from £100,000 to £875,000 (£500,000 in diamonds and £375,000 in other cargo), all of which was divided among the crews of the "Cassandra" and the "Victory", captained by Taylor and Levasseur respectively. If the latter number is correct, it would far eclipse Every's haul.

paragraph: Historian Jan Rogoziński has called the "Cabo" "the richest plunder ever captured by any pirate," estimating its reported treasure of £875,000 to be worth "more than $400 million." In comparison, the East India Company's estimate of £325,000 for the "Gunsway"s goods equals "at least $200 million." If the larger estimate of £600,000 is taken, this would be equivalent to $400 million, approximately rivaling the raid committed by Taylor and Levasseur. In any case, if one accepts the East India Company's estimate of £325,000, Rogoziński writes that even then "only two or three times in history did criminals take more valuable loot."

paragraph: Section::::Career wealth.:Other ships.

paragraph: The "Fateh Muhammed"s cargo was valued to £50,000–60,000 according to the estimate provided by John Dann at his trial; this amount is worth some $30 million in modern currency. Every is known to have captured at least eleven vessels by September 1695, including the "Gunsway". Aside from Emperor Aurangzeb's fleet, one of the more fruitful prizes was the "Rampura", a Cambay trader that produced the "surprising haul of 1,700,000 rupees."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Influence among pirates.

paragraph: Every's exploits immediately captivated the public's imagination, and some considered him a sort of gallant maritime Robin Hood who exemplified the working class idea that rebellion and piracy were acceptable ways to fight back against unfair captains and societies. By joining the pantheon of other "noble pirates," including Francis Drake and Henry Morgan, Every doubtlessly inspired many others to take up piracy. In particular, Every accomplished his feats while many infamous pirates of the post-Spanish-Succession period—Blackbeard, Bartholomew Roberts, Calico Jack, Samuel Bellamy, Edward Low, Stede Bonnet, and others—were still children, and his exploits had become legendary by the time they were young men.

paragraph: Irish pirate Walter Kennedy, who was born the same year the "Gunsway" was plundered, had learned of Every's story at a young age and committed it to memory. When he retired from piracy, he returned to London to spend his riches, even opening a brothel in Deptford. However, his crimes caught up with him and in 1721 he was arrested and sentenced to death. While awaiting his execution, Kennedy's favorite pastime was recounting tales of Every's adventures.

paragraph: Another Irishman, Edward England, one-time quartermaster to Charles Vane, spent most of his career in the Indian Ocean raiding Mughal ships in much the same way Every had done two decades earlier. After parting ways with Vane, England raided slaving ships off the coast of West Africa. In 1720, he captured a 300-ton Dutch East Indiaman of thirty-four guns off the Malabar Coast, and renamed his new flagship to "Fancy". Unfortunately for England, he was subsequently marooned on Mauritius by his mutinous crew after refusing to grant them permission to torture their captives. After fashioning a makeshift raft, he drifted to the very island believed to be ruled of the King of Pirates himself. No pirate utopia awaited him, however, and he died an alcoholic beggar. Ironically, this was the fictional but moralized fate Charles Johnson ascribed to Every in his "General History". It has been suggested that, like Every before him, Edward England had a "brief, yet spectacular career," and he may have come "closest to living out the Avery legend."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In contemporary literature.

paragraph: A number of fictional and semi-biographical accounts of Every were published in the decades following his disappearance. In 1709, the first such account appeared as a sixteen-page pamphlet entitled "The Life and Adventures of Capt. John Avery; the Famous English Pirate, Now in Possession of Madagascar" (London: J. Baker, 1709). It was written by an anonymous author using the pseudonym Adrian van Broeck, who claimed to be a Dutchman who endured captivity by Every's crew. In the account, Every is depicted as both a treacherous pirate and a romantic lover; after he raids the Mughal's ship, he runs off with—and later marries—the Emperor's daughter. The couple then flee the Mughal's army to Saint Mary's Island, where Every sets up a pirate utopia similar to the fictional pirate state of Libertalia. Every even has several children with the princess and establishes a new monarchy. The King of Madagascar soon commands an army of 15,000 pirates and a fleet of forty warships, and is said to be living in fantastic luxury in an impregnable fortress beyond the reach of his English and Mughal adversaries. Furthermore, Every mints his own currency: gold coins engraved in his royal likeness.

paragraph: Although wild rumors of Every's fate had been circulating for years, Adrian van Broeck's fictionalized biography provided the popular legend of Every that was to be borrowed by subsequent publications. Over time, much of the English public came to believe the memoir's sensationalist claims. European governments were soon receiving people who claimed to be Every's ambassadors from Saint Mary's, and as the legend grew even heads of state started to believe the astonishing stories. At one point, "English and Scottish officials at the highest level gave serious attention to the proposals of these 'pirate diplomats'," while Peter the Great "tried to hire the Saint Mary's pirates to help build a Russian colony on Madagascar." The idea of a pirate haven on Saint Mary's had become a household idea.

paragraph: Owing to his notoriety, Every was, along with Blackbeard, one of the few pirates whose life was dramatized on stage. In 1712, playwright Charles Johnson published his highly romanticized tragicomedy "The Successful Pyrate". It proved to be at once both controversial and successful, and was performed to regaled audiences at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, appearing in print in London the following year. The play was not without its detractors, however. Dramatist and critic John Dennis wrote a letter to the Master of the Revels criticizing him for licensing the play, which he blasted as "a prostitution of the stage, an encouragement to villainy, and a disgrace to the theater." Nevertheless, the play ran into several editions.

paragraph: In 1720 Every appeared as the primary character of Daniel Defoe's "The King of Pirates" and as a minor character in his novel "Captain Singleton". Both tales acknowledged the widely believed stories of Every's pirate republic. It was Charles Johnson's influential "General History" (1724) that established the competing account of Every. Arriving over a decade after Adrian van Broeck's memoir, Johnson's "historical" account revealed that Every was cheated of his wealth after attempting to sell his ill-gotten goods, in the end "not being worth as much as would buy him a coffin." Yet another account appeared in "The Famous Adventures of Captain John Avery of Plymouth, a Notorious Pirate" (London: T. Johnston, 1809), although this is likely a retelling of earlier publications.

paragraph: In addition to the play and books written about Henry Every, a successful ballad was also printed in England during his career. Titled "," it was first published as a broadside sometime between May and July 1694 by the London printer Theophilus Lewis, and was reportedly written by Every himself. Consisting of thirteen stanzas set to the tune of the 1686 ballad "The Success of Two English Travellers; Newly Arrived in London," it was subsequently collected by Samuel Pepys and added to the Pepys Library. At least nine different reprints of the ballad, of varying similarity to the original published by Lewis, were printed between 1694 and 1907. More recently, the ballad has been featured in Roy Palmer's "Oxford Book of Sea Songs" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

paragraph: "A Copy of Verses" contains a few statements, such as Every's declaration to have been "part-owner" of land near Plymouth, that were later corroborated by William Philips, the captured crew member with whom Every had once shared information. Despite this, it is unlikely Every wrote the verses. A more likely scenario is that one of the approximately fifteen or twenty loyal sailors who refused to join the mutiny had shared their knowledge of Every upon returning to England, where it was quickly turned into a ballad. A slightly modified copy was delivered to the Privy Council of England by Sir James Houblon on 10 August 1694, where it was used as evidence during the inquiry on the mutiny. By announcing Every's supposed intentions of turning pirate even before the mutiny was carried out, the ballad may have served to strengthen the Council's convictions that the mutinous crew harbored piratical intentions from the onset. It is possible, therefore, that the ballad may have actually been written and distributed as a way to convict Every. In any case, the strength of the ballad likely played a role in the government's outlawing of Every nearly two years before he had become known as the most infamous pirate of his time.

paragraph: During Every's career, the government used the media to portray him as a notorious criminal in an effort to sway public opinion on piracy, but the result has been described as a "near-total failure." Much of the public continued to remain sympathetic to the pirate's cause.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Every's flag.

paragraph: There are no reliable contemporary accounts of Every's flag. According to the ballad "A Copy of Verses," Henry Every's pirate flag was red with four gold chevrons. Although red was a popular color for pirate flags of the time, the meaning of the four chevrons is not certain; it may be an attempt (justified or not) to link Every with the West-Country gentry clan of Every whose coats-of-arms showed varying numbers of chevrons, red on gold or vice versa. However, there is no reliable evidence that Every actually flew such a flag.

paragraph: At some point long after Every's disappearance, another flag was ascribed to him: a white skull in profile wearing a kerchief and an earring, above a saltire of two white crossed bones, on a black field. The original source in which this flag first appears is not known, but it does not appear in publications until the 1920s or early 1930s. If the flag is genuine, it contradicts the generally accepted belief that French pirate Emanuel Wynn was the first to use the skull and crossbones motif, in 1700. Furthermore, earrings and bandanas were generally not associated with pirates until the artwork of Howard Pyle in the 1880s, so it is almost certain that this flag is a 20th-century invention.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A pirate captain named "Avery" is repeatedly mentioned in the 1966 "Doctor Who" serial "The Smugglers"; the plot centres on the search for Avery's treasure.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the manga and anime series "One Piece", his title, King of the Pirates, is given to Gol D. Roger. Also, there's a character in the series named Ben Beckman, which is an obvious homage to Henry Every's alias Benjamin Bridgman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain Jack Sparrow's flag is the same as Avery's, his flag is shown in almost every movie in "Pirates of the Caribbean" film series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 2011 "Doctor Who" episode "The Curse of the Black Spot," also features a pirate captain named Henry Avery, played by Hugh Bonneville. Although the programme itself does not explicitly connect the character with his historical namesake, a reviewer for "SFX" did. The fictional Avery is depicted as having started his career in the Royal Navy before turning pirate, being dedicated to his wife and children, and having captured a great treasure from an Indian Mughal. It also provides a fictional aetiology for his disappearance. In a "prequel" released by the BBC prior to the episode, the fictional Avery names his vessel as "the good ship "Fancy"." Four episodes later, in "A Good Man Goes to War," the Doctor recruits Avery and son in their new capacity as space pirates to assist him at the Battle of Demon's Run.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Every is mentioned repeatedly in the TV series "Black Sails", prequel to the "Treasure Island". He is credited with inventing the Black Spot and finding the Treasure Island.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Avery is featured in the video game "," in which protagonist Nathan Drake hunts for Avery's treasure. Avery is said to have created the pirate country of Libertalia along with a league of other pirates which included Anne Bonny, Christopher Condent, Edward England, Tariq Bin Malik, Yazid Al-Basra and Thomas Tew.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Age of Piracy

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pirates

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piracy Act 1698

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pirate utopia

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fox, E.T., (2008) King of Pirates -The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every, The History Press, Stroud, Glos.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://lccn.loc.gov/19011844 "The Tryals of Joseph Dawson" [et al.]] – the 1696 government-sanctioned report on the trial of Henry Every's crew, available in page view and PDF at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notable Pirates: Henry Every – a short biography of Henry Every at the Pirate Soul Museum

alias:
Henry Evory
Henry Avery
John Avery
Henry Bridgeman
Long Ben
Big Ben
The Arch Pirate
The King of Pirates

description: English captain and pirate

wikidata_label: Henry Every

wikipedia_title: Henry Every


text:
Tractarianism
Liverpool
Macclesfield grammar school
Trinity College, Cambridge
Wrangler
Smith's Prize
Henry Coddington
Burghfield
Reading, Berkshire
Thomas Babington Macaulay
Llanrwst
Sulhamstead
Fawley
Henley-on-Thames
Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
Lincoln Cathedral
parable of the sower
cholera
Riseholme
Christian Observer
George Stanley Faber
justification by faith
episcopacy
Calvinism
Tracts for the Times
Henry Budd
Sir Claudius Hunter, 1st Baronet
Gate-Burton
Alfred Ollivant
British Critic
John Jewel
Frederick Oakeley
Robert Wilberforce
Edward Reynolds
Linnean Society
Entomological Magazine
Lepidocera birdella
John Curtis
Bowdon, Cheshire

categories: 19th-century English poets,English entomologists,1795 births,19th-century English Anglican priests,1862 deaths,English male poets,Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge

paragraph: Charles Smith Bird

paragraph: Charles Smith Bird (1795–1862) was an English academic, cleric and tutor, known as a theological author and writer of devotional verse, and described as a High Church Evangelical. He was the author of several significant books against Tractarianism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His father was William Bird (died 1814), a West Indies merchant; of a religious character, he objected, for instance, to his children reading Shakespeare. Charles Smith Bird was the fifth of six children, born in Union Street, Liverpool, 28 May 1795. After attending private schools, he was articled to a firm of conveyancing solicitors at Liverpool in 1812.

paragraph: Bird went back in 1815 to Macclesfield grammar school, under David Davies (1755–1828). He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became a scholar in 1818. He was third Wrangler in 1820, was awarded a Smith's Prize behind Henry Coddington, and elected a Fellow of his college.

paragraph: Bird was then ordained and became curate of Burghfield, six miles from Reading, Berkshire, and lived in a house at Culverlands, near Burghfield, in 1823. His marriage in that year meant he had to give up his Trinity fellowship. He took pupils for twenty years, an early one being Thomas Babington Macaulay who joined a reading party at Llanrwst in 1821.

paragraph: In 1840 Bird became a sort of part-time curate to Rev. Alan Briscoe (died 1845) at Sulhamstead. Having given up his house at Burghfield, he took the curacy of Fawley near Henley-on-Thames. In 1843 he was given the vicarage of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, with a prebendal stall of Lincoln Cathedral. There he led a quiet life, occasionally lecturing at the Gainsborough Literary and Mechanics' Institute on natural history, English literature, and other subjects. In the summer of 1844 he went to Scotland, and in the next year preached before Cambridge University four sermons on the parable of the sower.

paragraph: In 1849 cholera ravaged Gainsborough, and Bird ministered to his parishioners. In 1852 Bird suffered himself a severe illness. In 1859 he was appointed chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral, and left Gainsborough. He died at the Chancery, aged 67, and was buried in the churchyard at Riseholme. A painted window to his memory was added to Gainsborough Church.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Bird sent contributions to the "Christian Observer". Against the Irish educational measures for Catholics, he wrote "Call to the Protestants of England", later inserted among his poems. "For Ever, and other Devotional Poems" appeared in 1833.

paragraph: In 1839 Bird edited a monthly periodical of his own, the "Reading Church Guardian", which lasted for a year. The proposal for the admission of Jews into parliament aroused Bird's indignation. His "Call to Britain to remember the Fate of Jerusalem" is one of his longer poems. An autobiography in the third person, "Sketches from the life of the Rev. —", appeared posthumously in 1864.

paragraph: The views Bird held were related to those of George Stanley Faber, combining justification by faith with support of episcopacy, and some sympathy with Calvinism, for a "moderate evangelicalism". Bird was reticent by nature, publishing his 1838 work against the "Tracts for the Times" at the urging of Henry Budd. Among his other friends were Sir Claudius Hunter, 1st Baronet, George Thomas Hutton the rector of Gate-Burton, Alfred Ollivant, and the Rev. Joseph Jones of Repton. As an opponent of the Tractarians, he wrote:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Tract System considered with reference to the principle of Reserve in Preaching", 1838.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transubstantiation tried by Scripture and Reason, addressed to the Protestant inhabitants of Reading, in consequence of the attempts recently made to introduce Romanism amongst them", 1839.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Plea for the Reformed Church, or Observations on a plain and most important declaration of the Tractarians in the "British Critic" for July," 1841. This work took issue with an anonymous article in the "British Critic", on John Jewel. There was a reply on behalf of the Tractarians by Frederick Oakeley, who had written the article.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Baptismal Privileges, the Baptismal Vow, and the Means of Grace, as they are set forth in the Church Catechism, considered in six Lent Lectures preached at Sulhamstead, Berks", 1841; 2nd ed. 1843.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Defence of the Principles of the English Reformation from the Attacks of the Tractarians; or a Second Plea for the Reformed Church", 1843.

paragraph: Other works were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Parable of the Sower, four Sermons preached before the University of Cambridge in May 1845".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dangers attending an immediate Revival of Convocation detailed in a letter to the Rev. G. Hutton, rector of Gate-Burton", 1852.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sacramental and Priestly System examined; or Strictures on Archdeacon Wilberforce's Works on the Incarnation and Eucharist", 1854. Against Robert Wilberforce, whose "The Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist" (1853) Bird criticised, with reference to the views of Edward Reynolds.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eve of the Crucifixion", 1858.

paragraph: Bird was also an entomologist, and became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1828, publishing in the "Entomological Magazine". A moth "Lepidocera birdella" was named for him by John Curtis.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 24 June 1823 Bird married Margaret Wrangham, of Bowdon, Cheshire. Three sons (William, Claude Smith, and Charles James) were Cambridge graduates, all going into the church. A daughter married H. C. Barker, who had been Bird's curate, in 1849. Claude Smith Bird published "Sketches from the Life of the Rev. Charles Smith Bird" (1864).

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British poet

wikidata_label: Charles Smith Bird

wikipedia_title: Charles Smith Bird


text:
Mistinguett
Ziegfeld Follies
Broadway
Anatole Litvak
Julien Duvivier
Henri-Georges Clouzot
Opéra-Comique
Conservatoire de Paris
Louis Diemer
Xavier Leroux
Casino de Monte Carlo
Cabaret des Quat'z'Arts
Vincent Scotto
Henri Christiné
Maurice Chevalier
Albert Willemetz
Mistinguett
My Man
Barbra Streisand
Funny Girl
Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens
Ziegfeld Follies
Broadway
MGM
Academy Award
The Great Ziegfeld
Anatole Litvak
Julien Duvivier
Henri-Georges Clouzot
Suresnes
Les deux gamines
Marseilles
Maurice Yvain
data.bnf.fr

categories: Musicians from Paris,1965 deaths,French operetta composers,1891 births

paragraph: Maurice Yvain

paragraph: Maurice Yvain (12 February 1891 – 27 July 1965) was a French composer, noted for his operettas of the 1920s and 1930s, some of which were written for Mistinguett, at one time the best-paid female entertainer in the world. In the 1930s and 1940s he became a major success in the United States and several of his pieces appeared in the famous "Ziegfeld Follies" on Broadway. He also composed music for several films of notable directors such as Anatole Litvak, Julien Duvivier and Henri-Georges Clouzot and his music blended with the then "spirit of Paris".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Maurice Yvain was born in 1891 into a musical family in Paris. He was educated by his father, who played the trumpet in the Orchestre de l'Opéra-Comique. From 1903, he studied at the Conservatoire de Paris where he was a pupil of Louis Diemer and Xavier Leroux. An excellent pianist, he first played as an accompanying pianist at the Casino d'Évian. He went on to play with the orchestra at the Casino de Monte Carlo and in the Parisien Cabaret des Quat'z'Arts.

paragraph: After military service from 1912 to 1919, he returned to Paris where he started to compose songs for light music, operettas, musicals, for films such as Vincent Scotto and Henri Christiné. One of his early successes was "Dansez-vous le foxtrot" in 1919. Maurice Chevalier, whom he had met in the army, introduced him to Albert Willemetz and to the popular Mistinguett who sang one of his best-known songs "Mon Homme" ("My Man") (1920). In 1968, it was sung by Barbra Streisand in the film "Funny Girl". He composed several other pieces for Mistinguett, including "En douce" (1920), "La Java" (1922), "J'en ai marre" (1922) and "La Belote" (1925). In the 1920s, he began to compose operettas, 18 in all; his satirical “Ta Bouche” (Your Mouth, 1922) of 1922 was a particular success. The sequels which followed were the "Pas sur la Bouche" (Not on the Mouth, 1925) and the "Bouche a Bouche" (Mouth to Mouth, 1925) and both further established the musical virtuosity of Yvain; the former song rendered by Regine Flory made her also a celebrity. Thereafter, he also wrote great sentimental operettas such as "Chanson gitane" ("Gypsy Song"), many of which were performed at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens. His pieces are characterized by rhythmic precision, imagination and flexibility of musical phrases. A. Willemetz, Jacques-Charles, H. Varna and H. Heanson were his lyricists and librettists. Occasionally he also wrote the lyrics.

paragraph: In the 1930s, his operettas were almost immediately translated and performed in Germany, Hungary and Austria as well as on Broadway where "Ta Bouche" was presented over a hundred times. Thanks to his success in the United States, several of his pieces appeared in the famous "Ziegfeld Follies" on Broadway. His "Mon Homme" featured in the 1936 MGM Academy Award-winning film "The Great Ziegfeld". He composed music for several films of notable directors such as Anatole Litvak, Julien Duvivier and Henri-Georges Clouzot. Yvain died in 1965 in Suresnes, near Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Maurice Yvain's "Catalog of Works" consisted of 25 soundtracks, 21 titles as composer, one title of Indochine (composer: song "La môme Caoutchouc" 1992). Some of these works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1919 – "Pour être heureux", sung by Polaire

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "En douce", song created for Mistinguett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "Rien qu'un baiser" sung by Félix Mayol et Dalbret

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "Mon homme", song created for Mistinguett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "Si tu ne veux pas payer d'impôts", song created for Dréan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "J'n'ose pas", song created for Maurice Chevalier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "Cach' ton piano", song created for Dréan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "Tout en dansant le fox-trot", song created for Maurice Chevalier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 – "L'un dans l'autre", song created for Maurice Chevalier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1921 – Ta Bouche, libretto by Yves Mirande and A. Silent

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1921 – "Avec le sourire", song created for Maurice Chevalier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923 – Là-Haut, opéra bouffe, libretto by Yves Mirande and Albert Willemetz with Maurice Chevalier and Dranem

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 – "La Java", song created for Mistinguett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 – "J'en ai marre", song created for Mistinguett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 – Gosse de Riche (Rich Kid), musical comedy, libretto by J. Bousquet and H. Falk

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 – La Dame en décolleté (The Lady in cleavage), libretto by Yves Mirande and Lucien Boyer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 – "La Belote", song created for Mistinguett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 – Un bon garcon, combining music and theatre, music and lyrics by Yvain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927 – "Dites-moi ma mère", song created for Maurice Chevalier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 – Les Ailes (Wings), musical revue, libretto by Albert Willemetz, A. Mouézy-Eon and Saint-Granier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 – Yes, libretto by P. Soulaine, R. Pujol and Albert Willemetz

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 – "Je t'emmène à la campagne", song created for Georges Milton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 – "Charmantes choses", sung by Florelle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 – Elle est à vous, libretto by André Barde

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 – "Pouêt-Pouêt", song created for Georges Milton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 – Paris qui brille, libretto by H. Varna with Mistinguett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 – "J'ai pas su y faire", sung by Yvonne George

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 – "La môme caoutchouc", sung by Jean Gabin then in 1935 by Fréhel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 – Oh! Papa, libretto by André Barde

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 – La Belle histoire, libretto by Henri-Georges Clouzot based on Perrault's "Le Chat Botté" (Puss in Boots)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 – Au Soleil du Mexique, operetta, libretto bye Albert Willemetz and A. Mouézy-Eon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 – "C'est toujours ça de pris", song created for Marie Dubas

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 – Aux portes de Paris, film music

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 – Sans famille, film music

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 – Vacances, operetta, libretto by H. Duvernois and André Barde

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 – Les deux gamines, film musique

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 – Vents (Winds), ballet for the Universal Exposition

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 – Chanson gitane (Gypsy song), libretto by Louis Poterat

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 – "Le chant des étoiles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 - Snowhite

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 – Toutes les femmes (All Women), libretto by Albert Willemetz

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 – Le Corsaire Noir (The Black Corsair), libretto by J. Valmy, created in Marseilles

paragraph: BULLET::::- He also rendered 100 dance and dance songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 60 songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book - My beautiful operetta [memories]. Paris, The Round Table 1962

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Yvain on data.bnf.fr

description: French composer

wikidata_label: Maurice Yvain

wikipedia_title: Maurice Yvain


text: Dominican

text: professional baseball

text: center fielder

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Seattle Mariners

text: San Diego Padres

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Kansas City Royals

text: New York Yankees

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Shawn Kelley

text: Santo Domingo

text: Dominican Republic

text: New York Yankees

text: Dominican Summer League

text: DSL Yankees

text: second baseman

text: Gulf Coast League

text: Charleston RiverDogs

text: Class A

text: South Atlantic League

text: Tampa Yankees

text: Class A-Advanced

text: Florida State League

text: Trenton Thunder

text: Class AA

text: Eastern League

text: Seattle Mariners

text: relief pitcher

text: Shawn Kelley

text: Jackson Generals

text: Southern League

text: Tacoma Rainers

text: MLB

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Astros

text: Houston Astros

text: Chia Jen Lo

text: Lloyd McClendon

text: spring training

text: Ron Leflore

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Montreal Expos

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Lloyd McClendon

text: MLB

text: strikeout

text: Stephen Kohlscheen

text: San Diego Padres

text: Chris Denorfia

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Marc Rzepczynski

text: Columbus Clippers

text: boldenone

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: alcohol

text: second baseman

text: God

text: church

text: sobriety

text: baseball

text: The News Tribune

categories: Charleston RiverDogs players,Cleveland Indians players,Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses,Dominican Republic Christians,Tampa Yankees players,Gulf Coast Yankees players,El Paso Chihuahuas players,Jackson Generals (Southern League) players,Kansas City Royals players,Columbus Clippers players,Sportspeople from Santo Domingo,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Leones del Escogido players,Seattle Mariners players,Living people,Reno Aces players,Tacoma Rainiers players,Major League Baseball center fielders,San Diego Padres players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,1989 births,Dominican Summer League Yankees players,Baseball players suspended for drug offenses

paragraph: Abraham Almonte

paragraph: Abraham Almonte (born June 27, 1989) is a Dominican professional baseball center fielder in the Arizona Diamondbacks organization. He has previously played in MLB for the Seattle Mariners, San Diego Padres, Cleveland Indians and Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: The New York Yankees signed Almonte as a free agent. Before the 2013 season, the Yankees traded Almonte to the Seattle Mariners for Shawn Kelley. He was called up to the Major Leagues on August 30, 2013. The Mariners traded Almonte to the Padres during the 2014 season, and the Padres traded him to the Indians during the 2015 season.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Almonte was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. When he was 16, his professional career began with the New York Yankees, as they signed him and brought him to the United States to play baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:New York Yankees.

paragraph: After being signed in 2005, was designated to play in the Dominican Summer League (DSL) for the DSL Yankees. Almonte started his professional career as a second baseman, but was transitioned to outfield due to his speed and the organization's need for young outfielders. In 63 DSL games, he batted .254 with 26 RBIs, eight home runs, and a .409 OBP, .450 SLG, and .859 OPS. The following season in 2007, Almonte was promoted to the Yankees' Gulf Coast League team, where he excelled with a .288 batting average in 49 games. Over the next two seasons (2008-2009), Almonte played for the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League. In 2009, Almonte batted .288 with 56 RBIs in 115 games. In 2010, shortly after being promoted to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, played only 15 games before undergoing surgery to repair a torn right labrum. He came back healthy in 2011 for Tampa, and reached a 34-game hit streak midseason. Almonte's performance earned him a promotion to the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League. In 78 games, he batted .276 with four home runs and 25 RBIs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Seattle Mariners.:2013 season.

paragraph: On February 13, 2013, the Yankees traded Almonte to the Seattle Mariners for relief pitcher Shawn Kelley. Once becoming a Mariner, Almonte was first sent to the Jackson Generals of the Class AA Southern League. While there, he hit .255 with 18 RBIs and 4 home runs in 29 games before impressing the organization enough to be called up to AAA-Tacoma. Almonte spent the majority of the 2013 campaign with the Tacoma Rainers, playing in 94 games and batting .314 with 50 RBIs, 11 home runs, and a. 403 OBP, .491 SLG and an .894 OPS. These numbers were good enough to give Almonte a shot at the MLB level, as he was called up on August 30, 2013 and made his debut for the Seattle Mariners against the Astros on the road in Houston, Texas.

paragraph: On September 9, Almonte hit his first major league home run against the Houston Astros' relief pitcher Chia Jen Lo.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Seattle Mariners.:2014 season.

paragraph: Almonte impressed new manager Lloyd McClendon in spring training, and began the regular season as the starting center fielder and leadoff hitter for the Mariners. McClendon compared Almonte to Ron Leflore, an outfielder for the Detroit Tigers, Montreal Expos and Chicago White Sox in the 1970s and 1980s who was widely considered to be an energy player. Leflore slapped 16 homers and 30 doubles one season, and had 97 stolen bases in another. "He was a very powerful runner, good power to all fields, a slashing kind of guy that could create runs, produce runs."I think (Almonte) is going to be that type of guy," Mariners skipper Lloyd McClendon said.

paragraph: Almonte played in 27 games early in the 2014 campaign, and struggled to produce at the major league level, only batting a mere .198 with eight RBIs, 40 strikeouts and a .248 OBP and .292 SLG. To halt the skid and rejuvenate the Mariners lineup, Almonte was optioned to AAA-Tacoma on May 5, 2014 to work on his game at the plate, and get his confidence back at a lower level of competition. Advanced statistics in baseball are vast, and can help pin down where a player is struggling. For Almonte, these numbers have shown that his 39.5 percent swing rate is considerably below the MLB average. On the occasions that he did swing, putting the ball in play didn't come easily. A 35.4 percent strikeout rate also raised a red flag for the Mariners brass, which contributed to being sent down.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: On July 31, 2014, the Mariners traded Almonte and Stephen Kohlscheen to the San Diego Padres for Chris Denorfia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Cleveland Indians.

paragraph: On July 31, 2015, Almonte was traded to the Cleveland Indians for Marc Rzepczynski. On August 8, 2015, Almonte was called up from the Columbus Clippers to start in center field. Almonte was suspended for 80 games on February 26, 2016, after testing positive for boldenone. Almonte was injured through portions of the 2017 season with the Indians, finishing with a .233 batting average and 3 home runs.

paragraph: Almonte was designated for assignment on March 29, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: Almonte was claimed by the Kansas City Royals on April 2, 2018. On July 16 he was designated for assignment and released a few days later.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: On November 6, 2018, Almonte signed a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Alcohol abuse and sobriety.

paragraph: In 2007 after the passing of his father, Almonte began drinking alcohol on a daily basis to cope with his grief. As a teenager living in New York, Almonte would regularly go out to clubs on weekdays and drink all night prior to his training the next day. His alcohol addiction remained somewhat harmless until 2010. During the start of the Yankees' 2010 Campaign, Almonte was the team's starting second baseman for his minor league club. 15 games into the season Almonte tore his labrum in his right shoulder which would require surgery. With more time away from baseball than ever before, Almonte found more time to drink, which he would do even more frequently. The addiction became something that Almonte was aware of and wanted to put an end to, but the cravings were too strong and he didn't know how to stop them.

paragraph: It wasn't until 2011 that Almonte was able to address and overcome his addiction. He credits the power of God as the thing that was able to make him realize alcohol was ruining his life. Almonte started regularly attending church and was able to make more time for family and friends. After only a month of sobriety, Almonte lost 30 pounds and rejuvenated his baseball career.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Faith.

paragraph: Almonte has openly claimed that his faith holds the key to his success. "God has something bigger," Almonte said in an interview with "The News Tribune". "He is going to keep using me up here in the big leagues. No matter where they send me – big leagues, minor leagues, home, wherever they send me – I know I'm going to do whatever God wants me to do. Baseball or no baseball, if I do it to glorify God's name, I think I'll be OK."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players suspended for performance-enhancing drugs

wikidata_label: Abraham Almonte

wikipedia_title: Abraham Almonte