text:
Abbasid
Caliph
epithet
Islamic Golden Age
Bayt al-Hikma
Baghdad
Iraq
Barmakids
Raqqa
Syria
Frankish
Charlemagne
One Thousand and One Nights
Twelver
Shia Muslims
Musa ibn Ja'far
Rey
Jibal
Tehran Province
Iran
al-Mahdi
al-Khayzuran
Yemen
Eastern Roman Empire
Irene of Athens
latter expedition
Constantinople
al-Ma'mun
al-Amin
Zubaida
al-Mansur
architecture
arts
Raqqa
Euphrates
Palmyra
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
vizier
vizier
Yahya the Barmakid
Ja'far ibn Yahya
Barmakids
Persians
Balkh
Barmak
Buddhist
Nava Vihara
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi
Einhard
Notker the Stammerer
silk
brass
candelabra
perfume
balsam
ivory
elephant
Abul-Abbas
water clock
knights
Carolingian
Irene
Nikephoros I
Amir al-Mu'minin
campaigns in Asia Minor
Tang dynasty
Tang Annals
Tibetans
Syria
Idrisids
Aghlabids
Khorasan
Ali bin Isa bin Mahan
Rafi ibn al-Layth
Samarqand
Tus
Humayd ibn Qahtaba
Mashhad
Imam ar-Ridha
al-Qasim
civil war
Saadi
Gulistan
Al-Masudi
The Meadows of Gold
Abu al-Atahiya
Shinobu Ohtaka
Rex Stout
The League of Frightened Men
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
O. Henry
Alfred Tennyson
One Thousand and One Nights
James Joyce
Ulysses
Stephen Dedalus
W. B. Yeats
Italo Calvino
If on a winter's night a traveler
Charles Dickens'
travelogue
American Notes for General Circulation
Salman Rushdie
Haroun and the Sea of Stories
Sten
Allan Cole
Chris Bunch
Burton
Roald Dahl
The BFG
The Golden Blade
Rock Hudson
Piper Laurie
magic sword
fairy-tale
comic book
The Sandman
Haroun El Poussah
comic
Iznogoud
Quest for Glory II
the Hero
Civilization 5
Theodore Roosevelt
New York Police Department
The Master and Margarita
Mikhail Bulgakov
Waxworks
Emil Jannings
Variable Star
Robert Heinlein
Spider Robinson
Prince Otto
Robert Louis Stevenson
Crusader Kings II
Abbasid dynasty
Alexandre Dumas
The Count of Monte Cristo
Mampato
Themo Lobos
Frank Lloyd Wright
Baghdad, Iraq
The Power Broker
Robert Caro
New York City
mayor
Fiorello H. La Guardia
al-Masudi
The Meadows of Gold
al-Tabari
St John Philby
John H. Haaren
PDF version

categories: People from Rey, Iran,8th-century Arabs,763 births,9th-century Abbasid caliphs,8th-century Abbasid caliphs,Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,One Thousand and One Nights characters,Harun al-Rashid,809 deaths

paragraph: Harun al-Rashid

paragraph: Harun al-Rashid (; "Hārūn Ar-Rašīd"; "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided," 17 March 763 or February 766 – 24 March 809 (148–193 Hijri)) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox," "the Just," "the Upright," or "the Rightly-Guided." Al-Rashid ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade. During his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria.

paragraph: A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked. Portions of the fictional "One Thousand and One Nights" are set in Harun's court and some of its stories involve Harun himself. Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious.

paragraph: Some of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Harun Al Rashid's Early Life.

paragraph: Hārūn was born in Rey, then part of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran Province, Iran. He was the son of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (ruled 775 – 786), and al-Khayzuran, a former slave girl from Yemen, who was a woman of strong personality and who greatly influenced affairs of state in the reigns of her husband, mother and sons.

paragraph: Before becoming caliph, in 780 and again in 782, Hārūn had already nominally led campaigns against the Caliphate's traditional enemy, the Eastern Roman Empire, which was under the rule of empress Irene of Athens. The latter expedition was a huge undertaking, and even reached the Asian suburbs of Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Harun Al Rashid As Caliph.

paragraph: Hārūn became caliph in 786 when he was in his early twenties. On the day of accession, his son al-Ma'mun was born, and al-Amin some little time later: the latter was the son of Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder of the city of Baghdad); so he took precedence over the former, whose mother was a Persian. He began his reign by appointing very able ministers, who carried on the work of the government so well that they greatly improved the condition of the people.

paragraph: It was under Hārūn ar-Rashīd that Baghdad flourished into the most splendid city of its period. Tribute was paid by many rulers to the caliph, and these funds were used on architecture, the arts and a luxurious life at court.

paragraph: In 796, Hārūn decided to move his court and the government to Raqqa at the middle Euphrates. Here he spent 12 years, most of his reign. Only once did he return to Baghdad for a short visit. Several reasons might have influenced the decision to move to Raqqa. It was close to the Byzantine border. The communication lines via the Euphrates to Baghdad and via the Balikh river to the north and via Palmyra to Damascus were excellent. The agriculture was flourishing to support the new Imperial center. And from Raqqa any rebellion in Syria and the middle Euphrates area could be controlled. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani pictures in his anthology of poems the splendid life in his court. In Raqqa the Barmekids managed the fate of the empire, and there both heirs, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun grew up.

paragraph: For the administration of the whole empire, he fell back on his mentor and longtime associate Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak. Rashid appointed him as his vizier with full executive powers, and, for seventeen years, this man Yahya and his sons, served Rashid faithfully in whatever assignment he entrusted to them.

paragraph: Harun made pilgrimages to Mecca several times, e.g., 793, 795, 797, 802 and last in 803. Tabari concludes his account of Harun's reign with these words: "It has been said that when Harun ar-Rashid died, there were nine hundred million odd (dirhams) in the state treasury."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Advisors.

paragraph: Hārūn was influenced by the will of his His incredibly powerful mother in the governance of the empire until her death in 789. His vizier (chief minister) Yahya the Barmakid, Yahya's sons (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), and other Barmakids generally controlled the administration. The position of Persians in the Abbasid caliphal court reached its peak during al-Rashid's reign.

paragraph: The Barmakids were a Persian family (from Balkh) that dated back to the Barmak a hereditary Buddhist priest of Nava Vihara, who converted after the Islamic conquest of Balkh and became very powerful under al-Mahdi. Yahya had helped Hārūn in obtaining the caliphate, and he and his sons were in high favor until 798, when the caliph threw them in prison and confiscated their land. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari dates this in 803 and lists various accounts for the cause: Yahya's entering the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's opposition to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who later gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's release of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned.

paragraph: The fall of the Barmakids is far more likely due to their behaving in a manner that Harun found disrespectful (such as entering his court unannounced) and making decisions in matters of state without first consulting him. Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's chief minister.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Diplomacy.

paragraph: Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer refer to the envoys travelling between Harun's and Charlemagne's courts, amicable discussions concerning Christian access to the Holy Land and the exchange of gifts. Notker mentions Charlemagne sent Harun Spanish horses, colorful Frisian cloaks and impressive hunting dogs. In 802 Harun sent Charlemagne a present consisting of silks, brass candelabra, perfume, balsam, ivory chessmen, a colossal tent with many-colored curtains, an elephant named Abul-Abbas, and a water clock that marked the hours by dropping bronze balls into a bowl, as mechanical knights—one for each hour—emerged from little doors which shut behind them. The presents were unprecedented in Western Europe and may have influenced Carolingian art.

paragraph: When the Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in 802, Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to pay tribute to Harun, saying that Irene should have been receiving the tribute the whole time. News of this angered Harun, who wrote a message on the back of the Roman emperor's letter and said "In the name of God the most merciful, From Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, commander of the faithful, to Nikephoros, dog of the Romans. Thou shalt not hear, thou shalt behold my reply". After campaigns in Asia Minor, Nikephoros was forced to conclude a treaty, with humiliating terms.

paragraph: An alliance was established with the Chinese Tang dynasty by Ar-Rashid after he sent embassies to China. He was called "A-lun" in the Chinese Tang Annals. The alliance was aimed against the Tibetans.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rebellions.

paragraph: Because of the "Thousand and One Nights" tales, Harun ar-Rashid turned into a legendary figure obscuring his true historic personality. In fact, his reign initiated the political disintegration of the Abbasid caliphate. Syria was inhabited by tribes with Umayyad sympathies and remained the bitter enemy of the Abbasids, while Egypt witnessed uprisings against Abbasids due to maladministration and arbitrary taxation. The Umayyads had been established in Spain in 755, the Idrisids in Morocco in 788, and the Aghlabids in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in 800. Besides, unrest flared up in Yemen, and the Kharijites rose in rebellion in Daylam, Kerman, Fars and Sistan. Revolts also broke out in Khorasan, and ar-Rashid waged many campaigns against the Byzantines.

paragraph: Ar-Rashid appointed Ali bin Isa bin Mahan as the governor of Khorasan, who tried to bring to heel the princes and chieftains of the region, and to reimpose the full authority of the central government on them. This new policy met with fierce resistance and provoked numerous uprisings in the region.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: A major revolt led by Rafi ibn al-Layth was started in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan. He first removed and arrested Ali bin Isa bin Mahan but the revolt continued unchecked. Harun al-Rashid became ill and died very soon when he reached Sanabad village in Tus and was buried in Dar al-Imarah, the summer palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid governor of Khorasan. Due to this historical event, the Dar al-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. The location later became known as Mashhad ("The Place of Martyrdom") because of the martyrdom of Imam ar-Ridha in 818.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Legacy.

paragraph: Al-Rashid virtually dismembered the empire by apportioning it between his two sons al-Amin and al-Ma'mun (with his third son, al-Qasim, being belatedly added after them). Very soon it became clear that by dividing the empire, Rashid had actually helped to set the opposing parties against one another, and had provided them with sufficient resources to become independent of each other. After the death of Harun al-Rashid, civil war broke out in the empire between his two sons, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, which spiralled into a prolonged period of turmoil and warfare throughout the Caliphate, ending only with Ma'mun's final triumph in 827.

paragraph: Section::::Anecdotes.

paragraph: Many anecdotes attached themselves to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries following his rule. Saadi of Shiraz inserted a number of them into his Gulistan.

paragraph: Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in "The Meadows of Gold" illuminating the character of this caliph. For example, he recounts Harun's delight when his horse came in first, closely followed by al-Ma'mun's, at a race Harun held at Raqqa. Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun setting his poets a challenging task. When others failed to please him, Miskin of Medina succeeded superbly well. The poet then launched into a moving account of how much it had cost him to learn that song. Harun laughed saying he knew not which was more entertaining, the song or the story. He rewarded the poet.

paragraph: There is also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim to keep singing. The musician did until the caliph fell asleep. Then, strangely, a handsome young man appeared, snatched the musician's lute, sang a very moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it), and left. On awakening and being informed of this, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim had received a supernatural visitation.

paragraph: There is a street in Cairo, Egypt named after his name, located in Masr El-Gdida.

paragraph: Shortly before he died, Harun is said to have been reading some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature of the power and pleasures of this world, an anecdote related about other caliphs as well.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Shinobu Ohtaka's "", the former king of Balbadd is called Rashid Saluja. In the spin-off "Adventure of Sinbad", Rashid's alias is Harun.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rex Stout's "The League of Frightened Men", (1935) page 191, has Mr. Hibbard say, "[Harun-al-Rashid] was seeking entertainment [not life]."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem which started:

paragraph: BULLET::::- O. Henry uses the character in his story "The Caliph And The Cad". The theme of the story is "turning the tables on Haroun al Raschid".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Tennyson wrote a poem in his youth entitled "Recollections Of The Arabian Nights". Every stanza (except the last one) ends with "of good Haroun Alraschid".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harun al-Rashid was a main figure and character in several of the stories in some of the oldest versions of the "One Thousand and One Nights".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout James Joyce's "Ulysses", in a dream of Stephen Dedalus, one of the protagonists. Stephen's efforts to recall this dream continue throughout the novel, culminating in the novel's fifteenth episode, wherein some characters also take on the guise of Hārūn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In a 1923 poem by W. B. Yeats, "The Gift of Harun al-Rashid", Harun al-Rashid is celebrated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A story of one of Harun's wanderings provides the climax to the narrative game of titles at the end of Italo Calvino's "If on a winter's night a traveler" (1979). In Calvino's story, Harun wanders at night, only to be drawn into a conspiracy in which he is selected to assassinate the Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "Charles Dickens'" 1842 travelogue, "American Notes for General Circulation", he compares American supporters of slavery to the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid in his angry robe of scarlet".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The two protagonists of Salman Rushdie's 1990 novel "Haroun and the Sea of Stories" are Haroun and his father Rashid Khalifa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the Sten science fiction novels by Allan Cole and Chris Bunch, the character of the Eternal Emperor uses the name "H. E. Raschid" when incognito; this is confirmed, in the final book of the series, as a reference to the character from Burton's translation of "The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Roald Dahl's story "The BFG", the Sultan of Baghdad says he had an uncle called Caliph Harun al-Rashid who disappeared with his wife and ten children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The movie "The Golden Blade" (1952), starring Rock Hudson and Piper Laurie depicts the adventures of "Harun" who uses a magic sword to free a fairy-tale Baghdad from Jafar, the evil usurper of the throne. After he finally wins the hand of princess Khairuzan she awards him the title Al-Rashid ("the righteous").

paragraph: BULLET::::- The comic book "The Sandman" features a story (issue 50, "Ramadan") set in the world of the "One Thousand and One Nights", with Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the protagonist. It highlights his historical and mythical role as well as his discussion of the transitory nature of power. The story is included in the collection "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haroun El Poussah in the French comic strip "Iznogoud" is a satirical version of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "Quest for Glory II", the sultan who adopts the Hero as his son is named Hārūn ar-Rashīd. He is often seen prophesying on the streets of Shapeir as The Poet Omar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harun al-Rashid appears as the leader of Arabia in the video game "Civilization 5".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Future US President Theodore Roosevelt, when he was a New York Police Department Commissioner, was called in the local newspapers "Haroun-al-Roosevelt".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "The Master and Margarita", by novelist Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid is referenced by the character Korovyev in which he warns a door man not to judge him "by [his] suit," and to reference the story of "the famous caliph, Harun al-Rashid".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 1924 film "Waxworks", a poet is hired by a wax museum proprietor to write back-stories for three wax models. Among these wax models is Harun al-Rashid, played by Emil Jannings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 2006 novel "Variable Star" by Robert Heinlein and Spider Robinson, chapter 1 is prefaced with a quotation from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Recollections of the Arabian Nights" regarding "good Harun Alrashid," the relevance of which becomes apparent in chapter 2 when one character relates stories (probably apocryphal and presumably drawn from Tennyson) of Harun al-Rahsid to another character in order to use them as an analogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The second chapter in the novel "Prince Otto" by Robert Louis Stevenson has the title "In which the Prince Plays Haroun al-Raschid".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haroun al-Rashid has a character page in the video game "Crusader Kings II", and it is possible to play as his descendants of the Abbasid dynasty.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harun al-Rashid is mentioned in passing by the character Madame de Villefort in Alexandre Dumas's novel "The Count of Monte Cristo" as an example of how different cultures react to poisoners.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harun al-Rashid appears on the children's comic book "Mampato", in the stories "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean author "Themo Lobos". In this story, al-Rashid is shown at first as lazy and indolent, but after a series of adventures he decides to take the leading role against an evil Visir and help the main character, Mampato.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Lloyd Wright designed a monument to al-Rashid as part of his proposed 1957 urban renewal plan for Baghdad, Iraq.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In his book "The Power Broker", Robert Caro compares New York City mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia to Harun al-Rashid in the way each "roam[ed] his domain."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-Masudi, The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids, transl. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, Kegan paul, London and New York, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-Tabari "The History of al-Tabari" volume XXX "The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium" transl. C.E. Bosworth, SUNY, Albany, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St John Philby. Harun al Rashid (London: P. Davies) 1933.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, "Two Lives of Charlemagne," transl. Lewis Thorpe, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1977 (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John H. Haaren, "Famous Men of the Middle Ages"

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Muir, K.C.S.I., "The Caliphate, its rise, decline, and fall"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theophanes, "The Chronicle of Theophanes," transl. Harry Turtledove, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1982

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (PDF version)

alias:
Harun ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah
Abu Ja'far
Harun ar-Rashid

description: the fifth Abbasid Caliph

enwikiquote_title: Harun al-Rashid

wikidata_label: Harun al-Rashid

wikipedia_title: Harun al-Rashid


text: Deinomenes

text: Gelo

text: tyrant

text: Syracuse

text: Sicily

text: Naxos

text: Catana

text: Leontini

text: Aetna

text: Dorians

text: Agrigentum

text: Locrians

text: Anaxilas

text: Rhegium

text: Etruscans

text: Carthaginians

text: Battle of Cumae

text: Campania

text: British Museum

text: Olympia

text: Simonides

text: Pindar

text: Bacchylides

text: Aeschylus

text: Epicharmus

text: Xenophane

text: Delphi

text: Diodorus Siculus

text: Xenophon

text: E. Lübbert

text: Gelo

categories: 467 BC deaths,Ancient Olympic competitors,Ancient Greek chariot racers,Ancient Greek generals,Ancient Pythian athletes,5th-century BC Syracusans,Sicilian tyrants,Ancient Geloans,5th-century BC Greek people

paragraph: Hiero I of Syracuse

paragraph: Hieron I (; usually Latinized Hiero) was the son of Deinomenes, the brother of Gelon and tyrant of Syracuse in Sicily from 478 to 467 BC. In succeeding Gelon, he conspired against a third brother, Polyzelos.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: During his reign, he greatly increased the power of Syracuse. He removed the inhabitants of Naxos and Catana to Leontini, peopled Catana (which he renamed Aetna) with Dorians, concluded an alliance with Acragas (Agrigentum) and espoused the cause of the Locrians against Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium.

paragraph: His most important military achievement was the defeat of the Etruscans and Carthaginians at the Battle of Cumae (474 BC), by which he saved the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination. A bronze helmet (now in the British Museum), with an inscription commemorating the event, was dedicated at Olympia.

paragraph: Hieron's reign was marked by the creation of the believed first secret police in Greek history, and he was a liberal patron of literature and culture. The poets Simonides, Pindar, Bacchylides, Aeschylus, and Epicharmus were active at his court, as well the philosopher Xenophanes. He was an active participant in panhellenic athletic contests, winning several victories in the single horse race and also in the chariot race. He won the chariot race at Delphi in 470 (a victory celebrated in Pindar's first Pythian ode) and at Olympia in 468 (this, his greatest victory, was commemorated in Bacchylides' third victory ode). Other odes dedicated to him include Pindar's first Olympian Ode, his second and third Pythian odes, and Bacchylides' fourth and fifth victory odes.

paragraph: He died at Catana/Aetna in 467 and was buried there, but his grave was later destroyed when the former inhabitants of Catana returned to the city. The tyranny at Syracuse lasted only a year or so after his death.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diodorus Siculus XI 38, 48, 49, 51, 53, 66, 67; Xenophon, "Hiero", 6. 2; E. Lübbert, "Syrakus zur Zeit des Gelon und Hieron" (1875). N. Luraghi, Tirannidi archaiche in Sicilia e Magna Grecia (Florence, 1994)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Extant Odes of Pindar": "Pindar's Ode to Hieron", BiblioBazaar, 2008, p. 81.

paragraph: |width=25% align=center|Preceded by:Gelo

description: tyrant of Syracuse

wikidata_label: Hiero I of Syracuse

wikipedia_title: Hiero I of Syracuse


text: Latin

text: Rome

text: Athens

text: commonplace book

text: grammar

text: philosophy

text: history

text: antiquarianism

text: Africa

text: Rome

text: Pythian Games

text: Athens

text: Titus Castricius

text: Sulpicius Apollinaris

text: Calvisius Taurus

text: Peregrinus Proteus

text: Favorinus

text: Herodes Atticus

text: Fronto

text: praetor

text: Attica

text: grammar

text: geometry

text: philosophy

text: history

text: Androcles

text: Aesop

text: Leofranc Holford-Strevens

text: Apuleius

text: Lactantius

text: Nonius Marcellus

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Historia Augusta

text: Servius

text: Augustine

text: Macrobius

text: editio princeps

text: Rome

text: Giovanni Andrea Bussi

text: Aleria

text: Ludovicus Carrio

text: Henricus Stephanus

text: Johann Friedrich Gronovius

text: Jakob

text: Martin Hertz

text: John Carew Rolfe

text: Loeb Classical Library

text: Gellia (gens)

text: John Carew Rolfe

text: Vol. I

text: Vol. II

text: Vol. III

text: "Attic Nights"

text: "Attic Nights"

text: "Noctes atticae"

text: Somni

categories: 2nd-century deaths,2nd-century Romans,Grammarians of Latin,Roman-era students in Athens,Silver Age Latin writers,2nd-century writers,Ancient Roman antiquarians,Latin-language writers,Gellii,125 births

paragraph: Aulus Gellius

paragraph: Aulus Gellius (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Latin author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his "Attic Nights", a commonplace book, or compilation of notes on grammar, philosophy, history, antiquarianism, and other subjects, preserving fragments of the works of many authors who might otherwise be unknown today.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The only source for the life of Aulus Gellius is the details recorded in his writings. Internal evidence points to Gellius having been born between AD 125 and 128. He was of good family and connections, possibly of African origin, but he was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He attended the Pythian Games in the year 147, and resided for a considerable period in Athens. Gellius studied rhetoric under Titus Castricius and Sulpicius Apollinaris; philosophy under Calvisius Taurus and Peregrinus Proteus; and enjoyed also the friendship and instruction of Favorinus, Herodes Atticus, and Fronto.

paragraph: He returned to Rome, where he held a judicial office. He was appointed by the praetor to act as an umpire in civil causes, and much of the time which he would gladly have devoted to literary pursuits was consequently occupied by judicial duties.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: His only known work, the "Attic Nights" (), takes its name from having been begun during the long nights of a winter which he spent in Attica. He afterwards continued it in Rome. It is compiled out of an "Adversaria", or commonplace book, in which he had jotted down everything of unusual interest that he heard in conversation or read in books, and it comprises notes on grammar, geometry, philosophy, history and many other subjects. One story is the fable of Androcles, which is often included in compilations of Aesop's fables, but was not originally from that source. Internal evidence led Leofranc Holford-Strevens to date its publication in or after AD 177.

paragraph: The work, deliberately devoid of sequence or arrangement, is divided into twenty books. All these have come down to us except the eighth, of which nothing remains but the index. The "Attic Nights" are valuable for the insight they afford into the nature of the society and pursuits of those times, and for its many excerpts from works of lost ancient authors.

paragraph: The "Attic Nights" found many readers in Antiquity. Writers who used this compilation include Apuleius, Lactantius, Nonius Marcellus, Ammianus Marcellinus, the anonymous author of the "Historia Augusta", Servius, and Augustine; but most notable is how Gellius' work was mined by Macrobius, "who, without mentioning his name, quotes Gellius verbatim throughout the "Saturnalia", and is thus of the highest value for the text".

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: The "editio princeps" was published at Rome in 1469 by Giovanni Andrea Bussi, bishop-designate of Aleria. The earliest critical edition was by Ludovicus Carrio in 1585, published by Henricus Stephanus; however, the projected commentary fell victim to personal quarrels. Better known is the critical edition of Johann Friedrich Gronovius ; although he devoted his entire life to work on Gellius, he died in 1671 before his work could be completed. His son Jakob published most of his comments on Gellius in 1687, and brought out a revised text with all of his father's comments and other materials at Leyden in 1706; this later work became known as the "Gronoviana". According to Leofranc Holford-Strevens, the "Gronoviana" remained the standard text of Gellius for over a hundred years, until the edition of Martin Hertz (Berlin, 1883–85; there is also a smaller edition by the same author, Berlin, 1886), revised by C. Hosius, 1903, with bibliography. A volume of selections, with notes and vocabulary, was published by Nall (London, 1888). There is an English translation by W. Beloe (London, 1795), and a French translation (1896). A more recent English translation is by John Carew Rolfe (1927) for the Loeb Classical Library.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gellia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Carew Rolfe (1927), "The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius". Loeb Classical Library. 3 Volumes. , ,

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson, Graham. (1994). "Aulus Gellius: a Miscellanist and His World," in "Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt", vol. II.34.2. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beall, S. (1997). "Translation in Aulus Gellius." "The Classical Quarterly", 47(1), 215-226.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceaicovschi, K. (2009). "Cato the Elder in Aulus Gellius." "Illinois Classical Studies", (33-34), 25-39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lakmann, Marie-Luise. (1995). "Der Platoniker Tauros in der Darstellung des Aulus Gellius." Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garcea, Alessandro. (2003). "Paradoxes in Aulus Gellius." "Argumentation" 17:87–98.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gunderson, Eric. (2009). "Nox Philologiae: Aulus Gellius and the Fantasy of the Roman Library." Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. (2003). "Aulus Gellius: An Antonine Scholar and his Achievement." Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. (1982). "Fact and fiction in Aulus Gellius." "Liverpool Classical Monthly" 7:65–68.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holford-Strevens, Leofranc, and Amiel Vardi, eds. (2004). "The Worlds of Aulus Gellius." Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howley, Joseph A. (2013). "Why Read the Jurists ?: Aulus Gellius on Reading Across Disciplines." In "New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman World." Edited by Paul J. du Plessis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howley, Joseph A. (2018). "Aulus Gellius and Roman Reading Culture. Text, Presence, and Imperial Knowledge in the" Noctes Atticae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, William A. (2012). "Aulus Gellius: The Life of the "Litteratus"" In "Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities. Classical Culture and Society." Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ker, James (2004). "Nocturnal Writers in Imperial Rome: The Culture of Lucubratio." "Classical Philology", 99(3), 209-242.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keulen, Wytse. (2009). "Gellius the Satirist: Roman Cultural Authority in Attic Nights." Mnemosyne Supplements 297. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGinn, Thomas A.J. (2010). "Communication and the Capability Problem in Roman Law: Aulus Gellius as Iudex and the Jurists on Child-Custody." "RIDA" 57, 265-298.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell, Brigette. (2003). "Wine, Women, and the Polis: Gender and the Formation of the City-State in Archaic Rome." "Greece & Rome", 50(1), 77-84

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Aulus Gellius at Perseus Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius", 1795 translation, Vol. I, Vol. II, Vol. III.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attic Nights" (Latin text: complete; English translation: Preface thru Book 13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attic Nights" (Latin text: Books 1–11, 13, 20)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noctes atticae" at Somni

description: Latin author and grammarian

enwikiquote_title: Aulus Gellius

wikidata_label: Aulus Gellius

wikipedia_title: Aulus Gellius


text: Hiroshige

text: Kunisada

text: Hiroshige III

text: Utagawa school

text: List of Utagawa school members

text: Lane, Richard

text: OCLC 5246796

text: OCLC 61666175

text: Ukiyo-e Prints by Utagawa Hiroshige II

paragraph: Hiroshige II

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born Suzuki Chinpei () in 1826, it is said that he was born to a fireman, as was his master Hiroshige to whom he became apprenticed under the name Shigenobu at an unknown age. His earliest known work is the illustrations for a book called "Twenty-four Paragons of Japan and China" from 1849.

paragraph: Hiroshige II produced a large number of commissioned work in the 1850s in the style of the elder Hiroshige, and often signed his work "Ichiryūsai mon" ("student of Ichiryūsai", another art name of Hiroshige I's), and from to 1858 simply as Ichiryūsai. In 1858, he married Hiroshige I's daughter Otatsu after the master's death and inherited the Hiroshige name, as well as the names Ichiryūsai and Ryūsai.

paragraph: The artist moved from Edo to Yokohama in 1865 after dissolving his marriage and began using the name Kisai Risshō (喜斎立祥; alternate pronunciation: Ryūshō). During this decade he produced a number of collaborative print series, particularly with Kunisada, who had earlier worked with Hiroshige I. In his final years he turned mainly to decorating works intended for export, such as tea chests, kites, and lanterns. On 17 September 1869 he died at the age of 44.

paragraph: Hiroshige I took on few students; Hiroshige II was the most successful of these. His works have often been confounded with those of his master, which they resemble closely in style, subject, and signature. Early Western scholars did not even recognize him as a separate artist.

paragraph: Another pupil of the first Hiroshige, Shigemasa, later married the master's daughter, Otatsu, and also began using the name Hiroshige; this artist now is known as Hiroshige III.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utagawa school

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Utagawa school members

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Hiroshige II' in: Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014). "100 Famous Views of Edo". Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00HR3RHUY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lane, Richard. (1978). "Images from the Floating World, The Japanese Print." Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; OCLC 5246796

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newland, Amy Reigle. (2005). "Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints." Amsterdam: Hotei. ; OCLC 61666175

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Prints.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue Raisonné of the Work of Utagawa Hiroshige II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ukiyo-e Prints by Utagawa Hiroshige II

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Biographies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Utagawa Hiroshige II, British Museum

alias:
Rissho
Suzuki Chimpei
Hiroshige
Kisai
Shigenobu
Morita Hiroshige
Hirochika
Utagawa Chimpei
Ichiryusai
Morita Chimpei

description: Japanese painter

wikidata_label: Hiroshige II

wikipedia_title: Hiroshige II


text: Hiroshige II

text: Utagawa school

text: Ukiyo-e

text: Ukiyo-e Prints by Utagawa Hiroshige III

categories: 1894 deaths,Ukiyo-e artists,1842 births,19th-century Japanese painters,Utagawa school

paragraph: Hiroshige III

paragraph: Born , he was given the artistic name Shigemasa. In 1867, after Hiroshige II, a fellow pupil of the original Hiroshige, divorced the master's daughter Otatsu, Gotō married her and initially took on the name Hiroshige II as well, but by 1869 he began calling himself Hiroshige III.

paragraph: Hiroshige III worked in the same artistic style as his master, but did not achieve anywhere near the same level of success.

paragraph: Section::::Gallery.

paragraph: From "The most beautiful place in Tokyo" (東京名所第一の勝景, "Tōkyō meisho dai ichi no shōkei")

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utagawa school

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ukiyo-e

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Prints.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ukiyo-e Prints by Utagawa Hiroshige III

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Biographies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Utagawa Hiroshige III, British Museum

alias:
Hiroshige
Hiroshire Utagawa
Shigemasa Utagawa
Shigetora Utagawa

description: Japanese woodblock artist

wikidata_label: Hiroshige III

wikipedia_title: Hiroshige III


text: U.S.

text: mechanical engineer

text: lathe

text: Smithfield, Rhode Island

text: blacksmith

text: Pawtucket

text: Pawtucket

text: Blackstone River

text: Slater Mill Historic Site

text: Samuel Slater

text: Pawtucket

text: Mr. Slater

text: Slater Mill Historic Site

text: Zachariah Allen

text: Henry Maudslay's

text: Rhode Island

text: Cohoes, New York

text: Slater Mill Historic Site

text: Pawtucket, Rhode Island

text: watermill

text: water wheel

text: gear systems

text: pulley

text: drive shaft

text: Pawtucket, Rhode Island

text: The Experiment

categories: 1771 births,1852 deaths,Machinists,Industrial archaeology,Textile engineers,American inventors

paragraph: David Wilkinson (machinist)

paragraph: David Wilkinson (January 5, 1771 – February 3, 1852) was a U.S. mechanical engineer who invented a lathe for cutting screw threads, which was extremely important in the development of the machine tool industry in the early 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: David Wilkinson was born at Smithfield, Rhode Island in 1771, the son of Oziel Wilkinson, a skilled blacksmith who moved his family to Pawtucket in the 1780s.

paragraph: About 1784, his father, Oziel began making anchors in Pawtucket for the emerging shipbuilding industry. The shop was powered by water from the Blackstone River, and was located on the grounds of the present-day Slater Mill Historic Site.

paragraph: Section::::Industrial career.

paragraph: In 1790, Samuel Slater and his partners were interested in building a textile spinning mill in Pawtucket he sought the assistance of David Wilkinson and his father Oziel to produce the machinery for his new mill. They produced iron forgings and castings for Slater's carding and spinning machines.

paragraph: “all the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by Mr. Slater was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power”. David Wilkinson

paragraph: In 1793 Slater's operations were moved from a clothier's shop near the Pawtucket Falls to a new mill, which today is part of the Slater Mill Historic Site.

paragraph: In 1795 Oziel Wilkinson built a rolling and slitting mill just south of Slater's cotton mill. Both mills were powered with water from the same trench.

paragraph: Section::::Wilkinson lathe.

paragraph: Textile machinery manufacturer and scientific writer Zachariah Allen had the following to say about Wilkinson's lathe in 1861:

paragraph: “It has to this day proved the most effective tool placed within the control of mankind for shaping refractory metals and for accomplishing the triumph of mind over matter. The slide engine is employed in the great machine shops of America and Europe.”

paragraph: Ross Tompson (2009) on the importance of Wilkinson's lathe:

paragraph: "worth all the other tools in use, in any workshop in the world, for finishing [machining] brass and iron"

paragraph: On the versatility of his lathe Wilkinson said:

paragraph: "The weighted side, the joint made by gravity, applies to planing, turning, and boring of metals of every kind, and in every way."

paragraph: An 1848 report from the Committee on Military Affairs to the U.S. Senate highlighted the importance of Wilkinson's invention, for which the patent had expired in 1812:

paragraph: "Being left open to general use, an invention so vastly important in its character could not fail to be sought after, not only in the public at large, but also by agents of the government engaged in the fabrication of arms of various descriptions; and hence we find the gauge and sliding lathe was early introduced and made use of by all the arsenals and armories of the United States."

paragraph: The report went on to say 'Wilkinson was the "true and undisputed author" of the lathe, and that it was "indispensable" for making firearms, and that public armories used 200 lathes based on the invention. The report recommended a $10,000 reward, which he was given.

paragraph: Wilkinson failed to generate much income from his lathe. Records exist for the sale of one lathe and a few parts.

paragraph: David Wilkinson's lathe is often compared to Henry Maudslay's which is believed to have been invented a few years before Wilkinson's. Maudslay's lathe used change gears which allowed it to cut threads of various pitches, without which Wilkinson's could only cut a fixed pitch. Wilkinson's lathe could handle heavier work.

paragraph: Section::::Wilkinson Mill.

paragraph: In 1810, the present-day Wilkinson Mill was built near their existing rolling and slitting mill and Slater's cotton mill. Three and one-half stories tall and constructed from field stones, it contained a machine shop on the first floor and cotton spinning mill on the upper floors.

paragraph: In 1829, during a depression in the textile industry, David Wilkinson was forced to sell his mills. He left Rhode Island settling initially in Cohoes, New York. In 1831 the mill was sold to William Field and Thomas LeFavour. The mill would later be used to produce woolen and knitted textiles. Between 1873 and 1887 Lorenzo P. Bosworth operated a machine shop in the mill. He produced machinery and tools for the leather and jewelry industries. A braiding company would occupy the second and third floors between 1884 and 1901.

paragraph: The Wilkinson Mill was later sold to the Pawtucket Electric Lighting Company. It was also used as a furniture warehouse during the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Wilkinson Mill was restored in the early 1970s as part of the Slater Mill Historic Site in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The watermill site currently features a working 16,000-pound breastshot water wheel that powers, via gear systems and leather pulleys, various drive shafts to operate machinery.

paragraph: In 1977, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) designated the Wilkinson Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Experiment, a horse powered boat constructed by Wilkinson

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patent for David Wilkinson's 'Screw Threading Machine' (metal lathe)", patented December 14, 1798.

paragraph: This is incorrect Jacques de Vaucanson around 1751

description: American mechanical engineer

wikidata_label: David Wilkinson

wikipedia_title: David Wilkinson (machinist)


text:
shah
Sasanian Empire
Ardashir III
spahbed
Khosrow II
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Izad
Vahram
Inscriptional Pahlavi
Middle Persian
New Persian
Armenian
Georgian
al-Tabari
Tarikh
House of Mihran
Seven Parthian clans
Sasanian army
spahbed
Nēmrōz
Khosrow II
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Niketas the Persian
Byzantine–Sasanian wars
Dara
Edessa
pre-591 frontier
Kingdom of Iberia
Heraclius
Armenian
Arsacid
Phocas
Byzantine Emperor
Antioch
inflicted heavy losses
Mediterranean Sea
Theodore
General Nicetas
Syria
Damascus
Adhri'at
Quran
Palaestina
Jerusalem
Christians
Holy Cross
Egypt
Alexandria
Byzantine Egypt
Nile
province
Sahralanyozan
Anatolia
Caucasian Albania
Shahin
Shahraplakan
Tigranakert
Aliovit
harem
Lake Van
Mount Ararat
Arsanias River
Amida
Martyropolis
Tigris
Sarus river
Adana
Battle of Sarus
panegyrists
Trebizond
Chalcedon
Bosphorus
Constantinople
Khagan
Avars
Aqueduct of Valens
Byzantine navy
Sasanians
Slavs
Golden Horn
Balkan
Kardarigan
Ctesiphon
Galatia
Constantine III
Iran
Asuristan
Farrukhzad
House of Ispahbudhan
Farrukh Hormizd
Rostam Farrokhzad
Varaztirots II Bagratuni
Kanarang
Aspad Gushnasp
Kavadh II
Piruz Khosrow
Mardanshah
Mihr Hormozd
war indemnity
Ardashir III
besieged Ctesiphon
Mah-Adhur Gushnasp
shah
Niketas
Shamta
Yazdin
Margha
Boran
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Battle of Yarmouk
Arab–Byzantine wars
One Thousand and One Nights
Digenes Akritas

categories: Medieval rebels,Spahbeds,Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire,Iranian defectors,House of Mihran,Generals of Khosrow II,People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628,7th-century Sasanian monarchs,Deaths by javelin,Year of birth unknown,7th century in Byzantine Egypt,7th-century Iranian people,630 deaths,Sasanian governors of Egypt,Murdered Persian monarchs

paragraph: Shahrbaraz

paragraph: Shahrbaraz or Shahrvaraz (died 9 June 630) was king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630. He usurped the throne from Ardashir III, and was killed by Iranian nobles after forty days. Before usurping the Sasanian throne he was a general ("spahbed") under Khosrow II (590–628). He is furthermore noted for his important role during the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, and the events that followed afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: His name Shahrbaraz is actually an honorific title, and means "the Boar of the Empire", attesting to his dexterity in military command and his warlike personality, as the boar was the animal associated with the Zoroastrian Izad Vahram, the epitome of victory. "Shahrwarāz" (Inscriptional Pahlavi: ) is a Middle Persian word, with "shahr" meaning "country" and "warāz" meaning "boar". This word is rendered as "Shahrbarāz" () in New Persian and as "Sarbaros" (Greek: ; Latin: "") in Byzantine sources.

paragraph: In Armenian sources, he is often referred by the name "Khoream" (From Middle Persian "Farrukhān") and the title "Razmyozan" (also spelled "Razmiozan", "Erazmiozan", "Razmayuzan"). The title is also mentioned as "Rasmiozdan", "Rasmiozan" (Georgian), "rsmysa" (, reading uncertain), "Rōmēzān", "Rūmīzān", "Rumbūzān" (al-Tabari, "Tarikh").

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shahrbaraz belonged to the House of Mihran, one of the Seven Parthian clans; he was the son of a certain Ardashir. During Shahrbaraz's later life, he joined the Sasanian army, where he rose to high offices, and was appointed as "spahbed" of Nēmrōz. He was married to the sister of the Sasanian king Khosrow II, Mirhran, with whom Shahrbaraz had one boy named Shapur-i Shahrvaraz. Shahrbaraz also had another son named Niketas the Persian, who may be from the same woman or from another.

paragraph: Shahrbaraz is first mentioned when Khosrow II started the last and most devastating of the Byzantine–Sasanian wars, which was going to last 26 years. Khosrow II, along with Shahrbaraz and his other best generals, conquered Dara and Edessa in 604, and in the north, the Byzantines were driven back to the old, pre-591 frontier before Khosrow II gave them most of Sasanian Armenia, parts of Mesopotamia and western half of the Kingdom of Iberia. After reconquering lost territory, Khosrow II withdrew from the battlefield and handed military operations to his best generals. Shahrbaraz was one of them. In 610, Heraclius, an Armenian of probable Arsacid descent, revolted against the Byzantine Emperor Phocas and killed him, crowning himself as Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. After becoming Byzantine Emperor, he prepared a major counter-attack against the Sasanians outside Antioch in 613, but was decisively defeated by Shahrbaraz, who inflicted heavy losses on the Byzantine army and then captured the city, giving the Sasanians naval access to the Mediterranean Sea.

paragraph: After the Byzantine defeat outside Antioch, Heraclius and his brother Theodore, along with General Nicetas, combined their armies in Syria, but were defeated by Shahrbaraz and his forces who besieged Damascus and captured it along with a large number of Byzantine troops as prisoners. Furthermore, Shahrbaraz also defeated a Byzantine army near Adhri'at, which is mentioned in the Quran.

paragraph: One of most important events during his career was when he led the Sasanian army towards Palaestina, and after a bloody siege captured Jerusalem, a city sacred to the Christians. After his conquest of Jerusalem the Holy Cross was carried away in triumph. In 618, Shahrbaraz was ordered by Khosrow II to invade Egypt, and by 619, Alexandria, the capital of Byzantine Egypt, was in Sasanian hands.

paragraph: After the fall of Alexandria, Shahrbaraz and his forces extended Sasanian rule southwards along the Nile. By 621, the province was securely in Sasanian hands, and a certain Sahralanyozan was appointed as its governor. In 622, Heraclius counter-attacked against the Sasanian Empire in Anatolia. Shahrbaraz was sent over there to deal with him, but was eventually defeated by him.

paragraph: After Heraclius' victory, he marched towards Caucasian Albania and wintered there. Shahrbaraz, along with Shahin and Shahraplakan were later sent by the orders of Khosrow II to trap the forces of Heraclius. Shahin managed to rout the Byzantine army. Due to jealousy between the Sasanian commanders, Shahrbaraz hurried with his army to take part in the glory of the victory. Heraclius met them at Tigranakert and routed the forces of Shahraplakan and Shahin one after the other. After this victory, Heraclius crossed the Araxes and camped in the plains on the other side. Shahin, with the remnants of both his and Shahraplakan's armies joined Shahrbaraz in the pursuit of Heraclius, but marshes slowed them down. At Aliovit, Shahrbaraz split his forces, sending some 6,000 troops to ambush Heraclius while the remainder of the troops stayed at Aliovit. Heraclius launched a surprise night attack on the Sasanian main camp in February 625, destroying it. Shahrbaraz only barely escaped, naked and alone, having lost his harem, baggage, and men.

paragraph: Heraclius spent the rest of winter to the north of Lake Van. In 625, his forces attempted to push back towards the Euphrates. In a mere seven days, he bypassed Mount Ararat and the 200 miles along the Arsanias River to capture Amida and Martyropolis, important fortresses on the upper Tigris. Heraclius then carried on towards the Euphrates, pursued by Shahrbaraz. According to Arab sources, he was stopped at the Satidama or Batman Su River and defeated; Byzantine sources, however, do not mention this incident. Another minor skirmish between Heraclius and Shahrbaraz took place at the Sarus river near Adana. Shahrbaraz stationed his forces across the river from the Byzantines. A bridge spanned the river, and the Byzantines immediately charged across. Shahrbaraz feigned retreat to lead the Byzantines into an ambush, and the vanguard of Heraclius' army was destroyed within minutes. The Sasanians, however, had neglected to cover the bridge, and Heraclius charged across with the rearguard, unafraid of the arrows that the Sasanians fired, turning the tide of battle against the Sasanians. Shahrbaraz expressed his admiration at Heraclius to a renegade Greek: "See your Emperor! He fears these arrows and spears no more than would an anvil!" The Battle of Sarus was a successful retreat for the Byzantines that panegyrists magnified. In the aftermath of the battle, the Byzantine army wintered at Trebizond.

paragraph: Section::::War against the Byzantine Empire.:Siege of Constantinople.

paragraph: Shahrbaraz, along with a smaller army, later managed to slip through Heraclius' flanks and bee-lined for Chalcedon, the Sasanian base across the Bosphorus from Constantinople. Khosrow II coordinated with the Khagan of the Avars so as to launch a coordinated attack on Constantinople from both European and Asiatic sides. The army of Shahrbaraz stationed themselves at Chalcedon, while the Avars placed themselves on the European side of Constantinople and destroyed the Aqueduct of Valens. Because of the Byzantine navy's control of the Bosphorus strait, however, the Sasanians could not send troops to the European side to aid their ally. This reduced the effectiveness of the siege, because the Sasanians were experts in siege warfare. Furthermore, the Sasanians and Avars had difficulties communicating across the guarded Bosphorus—though undoubtedly, there was some communication between the two forces.

paragraph: On 7 August, a fleet of Sasanian rafts ferrying troops across the Bosphorus was surrounded and destroyed by Byzantine ships. The Slavs under the Avars attempted to attack the sea walls from across the Golden Horn, while the main Avar host attacked the land walls. Patrician Bonus' galleys rammed and destroyed the Slavic boats; the Avar land assault from 6 to 7 August also failed. With the news that Theodore had decisively triumphed over Shahin (supposedly leading Shahin to die from depression), the Avars retreated to the Balkan hinterland within two days, never to threaten Constantinople seriously again. Even though the army of Shahrbaraz was still encamped at Chalcedon, the threat to Constantinople was over.

paragraph: Disappointed by Shahrbaraz's failure, Khosrow II sent a messenger bearing a letter to Kardarigan, who was the second-in-command of the Sasanian army. The letter said that Kardarigan should kill Shahrbaraz and take his army back to Ctesiphon, but the bearers of the letter were intercepted in Galatia by Byzantine soldiers, who gave the letter to Constantine III who in turn gave it to Heraclius. After reading the letter, he offered to show the letter to Shahrbaraz in a meeting at Constantinople. Shahrbaraz accepted his proposal and met Heraclius at Constantinople, where he read the letter and switched over to Heraclius' side. Shahrbaraz then changed the contents of the letter, making it state that Khosrow II wanted 400 officers killed, ensuring that Kardarigan and the rest of the army remained loyal to him.

paragraph: Shahrbaraz then moved his army to northern Syria, where he could easily decide to support either Khosrow or Heraclius at a moment's notice. Still, with the neutralization of Khosrow's most skilled general, Heraclius deprived his enemy of some of his best and most experienced troops, while securing his flanks prior to his invasion of Iran.

paragraph: Section::::Overthrow of Khosrow II.

paragraph: In 627, Khosrow sent Shahrbaraz a letter, which said that he should send his army to Ctesiphon. Shahrbaraz, however, disobeyed, and moved to Asuristan, where he set up a camp in Ardashir Khurrah. Khosrow then sent Farrukhzad to negotiate with him. However, Farrukhzad made a secret conspiracy against Khosrow and joined Shahrbaraz.

paragraph: One year later, the feudal families of the Sasanian Empire, who were tired of war against the Byzantines and Khosrow's oppressive policies, freed Khosrow's son Sheroe, who had been imprisoned by his own father. The feudal families included: Shahrbaraz himself, who represented the Mihran family; the House of Ispahbudhan represented by "spahbed" Farrukh Hormizd and his two sons Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad; the Armenian faction represented by Varaztirots II Bagratuni; and finally the Kanarang. In February, Sheroe, along with Aspad Gushnasp, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow II. Sheroe then proclaimed himself as king of the Sasanian Empire on 25 February, assuming the regnal name of Kavadh II. With the aid of Piruz Khosrow, he executed all his brothers and half-brothers, including Khosrow II's favorite son Mardanshah. Three days later, he ordered Mihr Hormozd to execute his father. With the agreement of the nobles of the Sasanian empire, Kavad II then made peace with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius; under the terms of this peace, the Byzantines regained all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, along with the True Cross and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614.

paragraph: Following the loss of territory required for the peace treaty, the embittered aristocracy started forming independent states within the Sasanian Empire. This divided the resources of the country. Furthermore, dams and canals became derelict, and a devastating plague erupted in the western provinces of Iran, killing half of the population along with Kavad II, who was succeeded by Ardashir III.

paragraph: Section::::Usurping the throne.

paragraph: After the death of Kavad II, Heraclius sent Shahrbaraz a letter saying:

paragraph: On 27 April 630 Shahrbaraz besieged Ctesiphon with a force of 6,000 men. He was, however, unable to capture the city, and then made an alliance with Piruz Khosrow, the leader of the "Parsig" (Persian) faction, and the previous minister of the Empire during the reign of Ardashir's father, Kavad II. He also made an alliance with Namdar Gushnasp, who had succeeded him as the "spahbed" of Nēmrōz in 626. Shahrbaraz, with the aid of these two powerful figures, captured Ctesiphon, and executed Ardashir III along with many Sasanian nobles, including Ardashir's minister Mah-Adhur Gushnasp. Shahrbaraz then became the new "shah" (king) of the Sasanian Empire, and killed Kardarigan, who opposed Shahrbaraz after his usurpation of the Sasanian throne.

paragraph: Heraclius also acknowledged Shahrbaraz's Christian son Niketas, as his heir. An Iranian Christian as the heir of the Sasanian Empire opened the chances of the Christianization of Iran. After some time, Shahrbaraz had Shamta, the son of the former financial minister Yazdin, crucified on a church in Margha. The reason of this execution was reportedly because the latter had insulted Shahrbaraz during the reign of Khosrow II. Forty days later, 9 June 630, during a ceremony, Shahrbaraz was killed by a spear thrown by Farrukh Hormizd, who then helped Boran, the daughter of Khosrow II, to ascend the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Shahrbaraz had played an important role in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, and the events that occurred after the war; his mutiny against Khosrow II caused the Sasanian Empire to fall into a civil war. After the death of Shahrbaraz, his son Shapur-i Shahrvaraz deposed Boran and became king of the Sasanian Empire. His reign, however, did not last long, and he was shortly deposed by the Sasanian nobles. During the same period, Niketas entered in the service of the Byzantines, and would later appear as one of the Byzantine generals at the Battle of Yarmouk during the Arab–Byzantine wars.

paragraph: A detailed saga of heroism and romance evolved around Shahrbaraz later. In the Islamic period, it was transferred into the legend of Umar ibn al-Numan and his sons which became included in the "One Thousand and One Nights", itself influencing the late Byzantine epic of Digenes Akritas.

alias: Shahrwaraz Shahrvaraz

description: general and briefly king in Persia

wikidata_label: Shahrbaraz

wikipedia_title: Shahrbaraz


text: Louis II, Prince of Monaco

text: Rainier III, Prince of Monaco

text: Hereditary Princess of Monaco

text: Constantine

text: French Algeria

text: Marie Juliette Louvet

text: cabaret

text: singer

text: Louis Grimaldi

text: Albert I

text: succession crisis

text: Wilhelm

text: Duke of Urach

text: Monte Carlo

text: Princess Florestine of Monaco

text: patrilineal

text: kings of Württemberg

text: dynastic

text: Paris

text: Duchess of Valentinois

text: heir presumptive

text: Pierre de Polignac

text: Hennebont

text: Morbihan

text: Brittany

text: France

text: Grimaldi

text: Rainier III, Prince of Monaco

text: social work

text: Château de Marchais

text: Paris

text: René Girier

text: Paris

text: Order of Saint-Charles

text: Order of the Crown

text: Order of Grimaldi

text: Order of the Legion of Honour

text: Order of Social Merit, 1st Class

text: Medal of French Gratitude

text: Military Health Service Honour Medal

text: Red Cross Medal

text: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

text: Decoration of Honour

text: Order of Queen Maria Luisa

text: Princess Caroline of Monaco

text: Charlotte Casiraghi

text: Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois

categories: Monegasque people of Scottish descent,Recipients of the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice,People from Constantine, Algeria,Polignac family,1977 deaths,Duchesses of Valentinois,Dukes of Valentinois,Hereditary Princesses of Monaco,Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles,Dames of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa,Commanders of the Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco),Monegasque people of German descent,Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,1898 births,Monegasque people of English descent,Illegitimate children of Monegasque monarchs,House of Grimaldi,Monegasque people of Italian descent,Monegasque princesses,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Grimaldi

paragraph: Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois

paragraph: Princess Charlotte of Monaco, Duchess of Valentinois (Charlotte Louise Juliette Grimaldi; 30 September 1898 – 15 November 1977), was the daughter of Louis II, Prince of Monaco, and the mother of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco. From 1922 until 1944, she was the Hereditary Princess of Monaco, heir presumptive to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and adoption.

paragraph: Born Charlotte Louise Juliette de Monaco in Constantine, French Algeria, she was the illegitimate daughter of Marie Juliette Louvet, a cabaret singer, and Louis Grimaldi, then Hereditary Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois, son and heir of Monaco's reigning prince, Albert I. Louis had no legitimate children or siblings, so even before he succeeded his father as Prince Louis II the principality sought to forestall a succession crisis, anticipating that its neighbor, the Republic of France, might take it amiss if the throne fell someday to Louis's legal next of kin. That heir was his cousin Wilhelm, 2nd Duke of Urach who, although born and raised in Monte Carlo as the son of Princess Florestine of Monaco, was a German subject, property owner and patrilineal relative of the kings of Württemberg. On 15 May 1911 a law was passed recognizing Charlotte as Louis's daughter, and declaring her to be a dynastic member of the sovereign family. Though this act was later held to be invalid under the 1882 statutes, an Ordinance of 30 October 1918 was passed to allow her to be adopted into the dynasty instead. Louis adopted Charlotte in Paris on 16 May 1919, thereby entitling her to the surname Grimaldi, while her grandfather bestowed upon her the traditional title of the princedom's heir, Duchess of Valentinois, for life. Charlotte became heir presumptive to the throne as Hereditary Princess when her grandfather died and her father inherited the princely crown in 1922.

paragraph: Section::::Legality of adoption.

paragraph: A shadow of doubt existed over the legality of this adoption. The Monegasque Civil Code (Articles 240 and 243) required that the adopting party be at least of age fifty and the adoptee twenty-one. The 1918 Ordinance changed the age limit to eighteen (Charlotte was twenty at the time) but not the other age limit; Louis was then only 48.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In Monaco civilly on 18 March and religiously on 19 March 1920, Louis arranged Charlotte's marriage to Count Pierre de Polignac of Hennebont, Morbihan, Brittany, France who, by the Prince's ordinance, took the surname Grimaldi and became a Prince of Monaco. The couple had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Antoinette Louise Alberte Suzanne (28 December 1920 – 18 March 2011).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005).

paragraph: Their marriage was not, however, a happy one; they separated on 20 March 1930 due to his homosexuality, and Charlotte left him to live with her doctor and Italian lover, Dalmazzo. The couple were divorced on 18 February 1933 by ordinance of Prince Louis II.

paragraph: Section::::Late life.

paragraph: On 30 May 1944, the day before her son's 21st birthday and in full agreement with her father, Charlotte renounced and ceded her rights to the throne to her son Rainier, subject to the stipulation that he did not predecease her. From this date she was no longer Hereditary Princess of Monaco, though she retained the title Princess Charlotte of Monaco.

paragraph: Late in life she went to college, obtaining a degree in social work. After her son assumed the throne (in 1949), Princess Charlotte moved to live at Château de Marchais, the Grimaldi estate outside Paris. Despite the objections of her children who feared for her safety, she turned the estate into a rehabilitation centre for ex-convicts. She lived at the estate with her lover, a noted French former jewel thief named René Girier and nicknamed "René la Canne" (René the Cane).

paragraph: She died in 1977 in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and honours.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and honours.:Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30 September 1898 – 18 July 1911: Charlotte Louise Juliette de Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18 July 1911 – 15 November 1911: Charlotte Louise Juliette Grimaldi de Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15 November 1911 – 16 May 1919: Charlotte Louise Juliette Grimaldi de Monaco, Mademoiselle de Valentinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16 May 1919 – 1 August 1922: "Her Serene Highness" The Duchess of Valentinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 August 1922 – 30 May 1944: "Her Serene Highness" The Hereditary Princess of Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30 May 1944 – 15 November 1977: "Her Serene Highness" Princess Charlotte of Monaco

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and honours.:Honours.:National honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight Commander of the Order of Grimaldi

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and honours.:Honours.:Foreign honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Commander of the Order of Social Merit, 1st Class

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Recipient of the Medal of French Gratitude

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Recipient of the Military Health Service Honour Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Recipient of the Penitentiary Administration Honour Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Recipient of the Red Cross Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Recipient of the Recipient of the World War I Commemorative Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight of the Decoration of Honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- : 1,098th Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Charlotte owned one of the largest jewel collections, which was passed on and is still worn by her granddaughter, Princess Caroline of Monaco.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Her great granddaughter Charlotte Casiraghi, daughter of Princess Caroline, was named after her.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "thepeerage.com": Charlotte Grimaldi, Duchess of Valentinois - details of her parents, marriage, children, and titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois - Picture

alias:
Charlotte Louvet
Charlotte Grimaldi

description: hereditary princess of Monaco


text: Sark

categories: Carteret family,1679 births,1715 deaths,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,People from Sark

paragraph: Sir Charles Carteret, 3rd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Charles Carteret, 3rd Baronet (4 June 1679 – 6 June May 1715) was Seigneur of Sark from 1693 to 1715.

description: Seigneur of Sark

wikidata_label: Sir Charles Carteret, 3rd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Charles Carteret, 3rd Baronet


text:
Sark
Sir Philip Carteret, 1st Baronet
Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod
Sir Charles Carteret, 3rd Baronet
godfather
Gentleman of the Privy Chamber
High Bailiff of Jersey
Charles de Carteret
Westminster Abbey
Lord John Thynne
country house
Haynes Park

categories: Carteret family,Bailiffs of Jersey,1693 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,People from Sark

paragraph: Sir Philip Carteret, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Philip Carteret, 2nd Baronet (c. 1650 – 1693), also known as Philippe de Carteret IV, was the 5th Seigneur of Sark from 1663 to 1693.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was born in about 1650, the eldest son of Sir Philip Carteret, 1st Baronet (1620-1675) (Philippe de Carteret III), the 4th Seigneur of Sark, by his wife Anne des Augres (1566–1644), daughter of Abraham Dumaresq Seig des Augres. His father died before he came of age (aged 21) in 1671.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As the Sark court refused to allow an Anglican to preside, in 1675 Philippe requested the British crown to dissolve the court, which having been achieved by an Order in Council in 1675, he instituted in its place a jurisdiction composed of a Seneschal, Greffier and Prevot.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Carteret married Elizabeth Carteret (1663–1717), a daughter of Sir Edward De Carteret, Seigneur De Trinity, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod during the reign of King Charles II and First Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter in Ordinary to the King, by his wife Elizabeth Johnson.

paragraph: By his wife he had one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Charles Carteret, 3rd Baronet (1679-1715), eldest son and heir, who died aged 34 and was the last in the male line of the senior line of the Carteret family. He was baptised at St Margaret's Church, Westminster on 4 June 1679, when King Charles II was one of his godfathers. He was Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Queen Anne and High Bailiff of Jersey. He married Mary Carteret, a daughter of Amias Carteret, by whom he had a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Carteret, who predeceased his father and died without surviving issue.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Upon his death in 1693 Charles de Carteret, his eldest son, inherited his titles and lands.

paragraph: Section::::Monument to wife.

paragraph: A monument to his wife Elizabeth Carteret (1663–1717) was in Westminster Abbey until 1847 when having become dilapidated it was removed (all but the inscription) by Lord John Thynne, Sub-Dean of the Abbey and representative of the Carteret family, who re-erected it at his country house of Haynes Park in Bedfordshire. The inscription (which still survives in Westminster Abbey) is as follows:

description: 5th Seigneur of Sark

wikidata_label: Sir Philip Carteret, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Philip Carteret, 2nd Baronet


text: Major League Baseball

text: designated hitter

text: first baseman

text: Kansas City Royals

text: catcher

text: first base

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Kansas City Royals Hall of Fame

text: catcher

text: Ontario High School

text: Ontario, California

text: 1991 MLB draft

text: base hit

text: Cleveland Indians

text: pitcher

text: Paul Assenmacher

text: Jacobs Field

text: home run

text: Seattle Mariners

text: pitcher

text: Jamie Moyer

text: Mike Macfarlane

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Doug Brocail

text: Opening Day

text: Oakland A's

text: hitting for the cycle

text: second base

text: triple

text: Kansas City Royals

text: spring training

text: Jeff King

text: Jeremy Giambi

text: fielding percentage

text: batting average

text: RBI

text: hitting streak

text: George Brett

text: José Offerman

text: All-Star

text: Jermaine Dye

text: Bo Jackson

text: Mark Gubicza

text: Edgar Martínez

text: Hal McRae

text: slugging percentage

text: American League

text: Player of the Month

text: Jeff Weaver

text: home plate

text: umpire

text: bench-clearing brawl

text: Paul Byrd

text: Boston

text: Manny Ramírez

text: steal

text: Fred Patek

text: Minnesota

text: New York Yankees

text: Andy Pettitte

text: left-hander

text: Aaron Guiel

text: disabled list

text: closer

text: Mike MacDougal

text: grand slam

text: doubles

text: pinch-hit

text: Minnesota Twins

text: pitcher

text: Scott Baker

text: no-hitter

text: perfect

text: walked

text: catcher

text: John Buck

text: manager

text: Buddy Bell

text: Tony Peña Jr.

text: Hutch Award

text: Fred Hutchinson

text: Oakland Athletics

text: arthroscopic

text: manager

text: Don Wakamatsu

text: Opening Day

text: Safeco Field

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Kauffman Stadium

text: Ryan Garko

text: Ken Griffey Jr.

text: Ryan Howard

text: 2011 season

text: Irish American Baseball Hall of Fame

text: National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text: 2016 election

text: MLB Network

text: MLB Tonight

text: The Kansas City Star

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Kauffman Stadium

text: Kansas City

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Surprise, Arizona

text: Jim Nettles

text: Graig Nettles

text: San Diego

text: Rancho Santa Fe

text: Ontario, California

text: Pope Benedict

text: Roberto Clemente

text: Boys and Girls Club

text: Kansas City

text: Sporting News

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: running back

text: Tony Richardson

text: Catholic

text: EWTN

text: embryonic stem cell research

text: Missouri

text: Michael J. Fox

text: James Caviezel

text: Patricia Heaton

text: Jeff Suppan

text: Kurt Warner

text: Catholic Athletes for Christ

text: Life Teen

text: youth ministry

text: Kansas City

text: National Catholic Register

text: Lose My Soul

text: Toby Mac

text: Citizens Bank Park

text: DC Talk

text: List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

text: The Mike and Shara Sweeney Family Foundation

categories: Activists from California,People from Ontario, California,Burlington Bees players,Philadelphia Phillies players,American Roman Catholics,1973 births,Major League Baseball first basemen,Omaha Royals players,Baseball players from California,Sportspeople from Orange, California,Wilmington Blue Rocks players,Kansas City Royals players,Major League Baseball designated hitters,Wichita Wranglers players,Gulf Coast Royals players,American people of Irish descent,Major League Baseball catchers,Seattle Mariners players,Eugene Emeralds players,American League All-Stars,Living people,Tacoma Rainiers players,MLB Network personalities,Rockford Royals players,American anti-abortion activists,Sacramento River Cats players,Oakland Athletics players

paragraph: Mike Sweeney

paragraph: Michael John Sweeney (born July 22, 1973) is a former Major League Baseball designated hitter and first baseman. Sweeney played his first 13 seasons in the majors with the Kansas City Royals, first as a catcher, then at first base and designated hitter. Sweeney also played for the Oakland Athletics, Seattle Mariners, and Philadelphia Phillies. On March 25, 2011, Sweeney retired from baseball. He now works as a special assistant for the Kansas City Royals. Sweeney was inducted into the Kansas City Royals Hall of Fame on August 15, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Career with Royals.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Career with Royals.:1991-97.

paragraph: Sweeney was drafted by the Royals as a catcher out of Ontario High School (Ontario, California) in the 10th round (262nd overall) of the 1991 MLB draft. He signed with the Royals in May 1991;a month before his graduation from Ontario High School. He had just led his Varsity baseball team as the team captain to a CIF victory with an undefeated record of 26-0 for the 1991 season.

paragraph: Sweeney made his major league debut on September 14, 1995 as a catcher. He got his first major league base hit against Cleveland Indians' pitcher Paul Assenmacher at Jacobs Field in the final game of the season. While his ability with the bat impressed the Royals, they were less than enamored with his skills behind the plate.

paragraph: He hit his first home run off Seattle Mariners' pitcher Jamie Moyer on August 12, 1996. It was a three-run shot.

paragraph: Sweeney split catching duties with Mike Macfarlane in 1997. He belted a two-run ninth inning game-winning home run off then Detroit Tigers's pitcher Doug Brocail on May 15, 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Career with Royals.:1998.

paragraph: In 1998, Sweeney played in his first Opening Day game. He tied a club record with two hits in an inning versus the Oakland A's on May 31, 1998. He missed hitting for the cycle by about 40 feet, when he retreated to second base on what appeared to be a sure triple in the eighth inning with the Kansas City Royals leading by a 12-6 score.

paragraph: His big break came in 1999, when the Royals tried unsuccessfully to trade him during spring training. Riddled with injuries and with no other viable options, the Royals started using Sweeney as their regular designated hitter. After the sudden retirement of Jeff King, the Royals offered the first base job to rookie Jeremy Giambi. When Giambi showed reluctance, they gave the job to Sweeney, who responded by posting the highest fielding percentage by a regular first baseman in more than 20 years. His .322 batting average led the team and his 22 home runs and 102 RBI were second and third on the team, respectively. From July 18 to August 13, Sweeney had a hit in 25 consecutive games, collecting 42 hits total. The 25-game hitting streak is tied for third longest in Royals history with George Brett's 25-game streak in 1983, trailing only Brett's 30-game streak in 1980 and José Offerman's 27-game streak in 1998.

paragraph: In 2000, Sweeney was selected to his first of five All-Star games. He joined Jermaine Dye to become the first pair of Royals to go to the Mid-Summer Classic since 1989 (Bo Jackson and Mark Gubicza). He passed the 100 RBI mark for the second straight year on August 13, 2000, reaching the century mark faster than any player in Royals history. He finished second in the league with a club record 144 RBI, behind only Seattle's Edgar Martínez's 145 RBI, and breaking Hal McRae's 1982 team mark of 133.

paragraph: In June 2001, Sweeney hit .392 with 11 home runs and 29 RBI with a .794 slugging percentage and was named the American League Player of the Month for the only time in his career.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Career with Royals.:1999–2001.:Sweeney vs. Weaver.

paragraph: Sweeney was ejected in a game versus the Detroit Tigers on August 10 (1st career ejection) after charging pitcher Jeff Weaver in the sixth inning. Weaver, who was a member of the Tigers at the time, was pitching to Sweeney. In between pitches, Sweeney asked the home plate umpire if Weaver could be asked to move the rosin bag from the top of the mound. After that, Weaver put his glove over his mouth and appeared to say something "Webster never put in his dictionary" to Sweeney. Sweeney was offended and launched his batting helmet at Weaver while charging the pitcher's mound. He eventually tackled Weaver, igniting a bench-clearing brawl. Sweeney said afterwards that Weaver had been criticizing the Royals' younger players and Sweeney's faith. Sweeney's teammates did not deny his comments. Paul Byrd was one of the first to aid Sweeney as he held back the Tigers catcher so that Sweeney could reach Weaver. Sweeney missed the next 15 games, five due to a "bruised hand" and the next ten to serve a suspension, his first career suspension (prior to that, he had played in 171 consecutive games).

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Career with Royals.:2002–2004.

paragraph: Sweeney had one of the best seasons of his career in 2002, hitting .340 for the second-highest batting average in the American League and the second-highest in club history only to George Brett's .390 in 1980. He had a chance of winning the A.L. batting crown through the season's final weekend, before falling short of Boston's Manny Ramírez who hit a league-best .349. Sweeney was hitting .347 on September 24 before going 2-for-16 in his final four games.

paragraph: On August 14, 2002, he became the fifth Royal in club history to record a straight steal of home and the first since Fred Patek versus Minnesota on June 18, 1977, with a stolen base off the New York Yankees' Andy Pettitte. His stolen base came on a 1-2 count with left-hander Aaron Guiel at the plate and gave the Royals a 2–1 lead, but KC lost the game, 3–2, in 14 innings.

paragraph: Sweeney was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career on July 26, 2002 (retroactive to July 14) with a lower back and hip strain. He would continue to have injury problems throughout the rest of his career, including a lengthy DL stint during the 2003 season with the Royals seeking their first winning season since the strike-shortened 1994 season where they went 64–51.

paragraph: During the 2003 season, he was named to his fourth consecutive Major League All-Star Game, joining closer Mike MacDougal at the Mid-Summer Classic, marking the first time since 2000 (Sweeney and Jermaine Dye) that KC had two representatives and just the second time since 1989 (Bo Jackson and Mark Gubicza).

paragraph: On July 22, 2004, Sweeney hit a grand slam and later hit an insurance three-run home run in a 13–7 Kansas City win. The seven RBI would be a career-high for Sweeney. He would go on to bat .287 with 22 home runs and 79 RBI during the 2004 season.

paragraph: Through the 2004 season, Sweeney compiled a .305 average with 161 home runs and 683 RBI in 1,026 games.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Career with Royals.:2005–2007.

paragraph: In 2005, Sweeney was named the Royals player of the year for the third time in his career. He led the team in average (.300) for the 6th time in his career, doubles (39) and home runs (21), despite playing in just 122 games. He was named the Players Choice Marvin Miller Man of the Year and was also named to the All-Star team for the fifth time in six seasons and the final time in his career.

paragraph: Sweeney was restricted to designated hitter and was able to play just 60 games because of back problems in 2006. After returning from the disabled list on August 8, Sweeney hit .293 with six homers and 26 RBI, but missed another five games with a sore side.

paragraph: On September 1, his first day back off the DL, Sweeney pinch-hit in the bottom of the 9th and hit a bloop base hit that broke up Minnesota Twins starting pitcher Scott Baker's no-hitter. Baker had gone eight perfect innings before he walked Royals catcher John Buck at the beginning of the ninth. With two outs to go, Royals manager Buddy Bell pinch-hit Sweeney for Tony Peña Jr. and Sweeney ended the no-hitter.

paragraph: Sweeney won the Hutch Award, which honors players who exemplify a fighting spirit, honoring Fred Hutchinson, who died of cancer in 1964. It is awarded annually in Seattle in January.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Athletics, Mariners, and Phillies.:2008.

paragraph: On February 10, 2008, Sweeney signed a minor league contract, with an invitation to spring training, with the Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: After a strong spring in which he hit .308 with a home run, Sweeney's contract was purchased on March 25, 2008. Sweeney underwent arthroscopic surgery on his troublesome left knee on June 11, and was expected to miss four to six weeks. After a brief return from the disabled list, Sweeney was released by the A's on September 9.

paragraph: After considering retirement, Sweeney said he would like to play one more year before retiring.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Athletics, Mariners, and Phillies.:2009.

paragraph: On January 29, 2009, Sweeney signed a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training with the Seattle Mariners, citing his desire to play for Mariners' manager Don Wakamatsu who was Sweeney's bench coach in Oakland. Sweeney made the major-league club Opening Day roster as a bench player. On April 22, 2009, Sweeney left the game during his first at-bat due to back spasms.

paragraph: On May 3, 2009, Sweeney hit his first home run as a Mariner and 200th of his career in the 4th inning at Safeco Field against the Oakland Athletics. On August 6, in a return to Kansas City, Sweeney hit his 100th home run in Kauffman Stadium in an 8-2 loss to the Royals.

paragraph: On November 5, 2009, Sweeney declared free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Major league career.:Athletics, Mariners, and Phillies.:2010.

paragraph: On February 12, 2010, Sweeney re-signed with the Mariners to a minor league deal.

paragraph: On March 30 the Mariners placed reserve 1st baseman/corner outfielder Ryan Garko on waivers, clearing room on the 25-man roster for Sweeney. Sweeney was not expected to make the team at the start of spring training but hit over .500 in exhibition games to beat out Garko. Sweeney would hit .263 with 6 home runs and 18 RBI during his time with the Mariners in 2010.

paragraph: In May 2010, Sweeney was involved in an interesting situation. Teammate Ken Griffey Jr. was accused of napping during a pinch hitting opportunity, also known as "Napgate". Sweeney said he challenged anyone who said Griffey was asleep "to stand up and fight me", however, Griffey did not deny it.

paragraph: On August 4, Sweeney was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies to replace injured first baseman Ryan Howard for a player to be named later and/or cash considerations.

paragraph: Sweeney hit his first home run as a Phillie on August 29, 2010 in a 5 to 0 win over the San Diego Padres. With the Phillies, he also made the first postseason appearance of his career, going one for one at the plate in the NLDS.

paragraph: On March 25, 2011 Sweeney signed a one-day contract with the Kansas City Royals and retired. He threw out the first pitch of the 2011 season for the Kansas City Royals on opening day.

paragraph: On Tuesday, May 26, 2015, Mike Sweeney was inducted into the Irish American Baseball Hall of Fame, along with former Marlins manager Jack McKeon, broadcaster Dave O'Brien, New York Mets p.r. executive Shannon Forde, and Bill Murray, the comedic actor and owner of several minor league baseball teams.

paragraph: He appeared on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 2016 election and earned three votes.

paragraph: Section::::MLB Network.

paragraph: In March 2012, Sweeney joined the MLB Network as a studio analyst. He would leave the network shortly after making his first few appearances on MLB Tonight.

paragraph: Section::::Last days as a Royal.

paragraph: On September 29, 2007, the day before his final game, Sweeney took out a full page ad in the sports section of "The Kansas City Star".

paragraph: The following day, September 30, Sweeney took the field against the Cleveland Indians in front of 19,104 fans at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City. Sweeney's first at bat was interrupted by a standing ovation. His second at bat was delayed as well due to applause. Sweeney was removed from first base in the 7th inning and was given a third standing ovation. Sweeney entered the dugout, and upon still hearing fans roaring, he exited the dugout towards the field and bowed, waved, and said "Thank you." After the game, Sweeney and his two children rounded the bases as part of a Sunday home game tradition at Kauffman Stadium called "Sunday Fan Fun Run." Then he spent time talking to reporters, and as always, signed autographs for fans before he left the parking lot. Since leaving the Kansas City Royals his Number 29 has been left out of circulation leading some to believe the Royals might end up retiring his number one day. After leaving the Royals, Sweeney ended up wearing #5 for the rest of his career with the Oakland Athletics, Seattle Mariners, and Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Royals.

paragraph: In February 2014, the Kansas City Royals announced that they had hired Sweeney as a special assistant to baseball operations. Sweeney's response to receiving the new job: "The only thing I was unable to accomplish during my playing days was to bring October baseball back to Kansas City. With this new position, my goal is do as much as I can to help the Royals get back to being one of the prized organizations in baseball, as it was in the 1980s." Sweeney settled into the role quite quickly, attending the Royals' spring training in Surprise, Arizona as a guest instructor that same month. That year, the Royals made the postseason for the first time in 29 years.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On November 9, 2002, Mike married Shara Nettles, the daughter of former major leaguer Jim Nettles, niece of Graig Nettles. They have two sons and three daughters, Michael, Donovan, McKara, Fiona, and Quinn.

paragraph: Due to fires in San Diego and the surrounding areas, Sweeney's family was forced to evacuate their home in Rancho Santa Fe and stay with his parents, who live in Ontario, California. He stated in a report on MLB.com that the few possessions that they took for safekeeping were their marriage certificate, three wedding photographs, birth certificates, and two pictures of his children with Pope Benedict, taken while they were in Rome last year. It was later reported that their house was still standing, although damaged by smoke and water.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Community involvement.

paragraph: A fluent speaker of Spanish, Sweeney was very active in the K.C. community while a member of the Royals. He has been a nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award, and has continued to support the community through various programs, including the Kansas City FCA chapter, Children's Mercy Hospital and the Boys and Girls Club of Kansas City.

paragraph: Sweeney has also purchased a dirt field in a poorer section of downtown Kansas City. The baseball field, once used to sell drugs, is now called Sweeney Family Field.

paragraph: He was named the 2003 and 2004 Good Guy in Sports by the "Sporting News". He teams up annually with former Kansas City Chiefs' running back Tony Richardson to host the Sweeney-Richardson Golf Classic, which benefits a faith-based outreach program and

paragraph: invites area charity and non-profit groups to attend Royals games as part of the "Sween Team".

paragraph: Sweeney is known all around Kansas City for being very polite and friendly towards all fans. He always signs autographs for all the fans who ask for one before and after games whether on the field or in the parking lot.

paragraph: Before the 2009 season, the Royals organization created the Mike Sweeney Award which recognizes a player best representing the organization on and off the field.

paragraph: Sweeney was presented with the Mr. Baseball Award—the top honor at the Royals Awards dinner in January 2009. The award is named for Ewing Kauffman, founder of the Royals and the team for which Sweeney played 13 years and served as captain.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Religion and activism.

paragraph: Sweeney is a devout Catholic and has appeared on EWTN's "Life on the Rock", a program targeted towards young Christians. On October 24, 2006, he was featured in a political advertisement opposing an embryonic stem cell research bill in Missouri. It was in response to a pro-embryonic research advertisement featuring actor Michael J. Fox. Sweeney appeared with James Caviezel, Patricia Heaton, Jeff Suppan, and Kurt Warner.

paragraph: Sweeney is also the advisory chairman of the Catholic Athletes for Christ and spokesman for Life Teen, the largest Catholic youth ministry program in the United States.

paragraph: On June 13, 2007, Mike and his wife Shara hosted the Lunch for Life and raised $60,000 for the crisis pregnancy centers throughout Kansas City. They also honored a 19-year-old mother who was going to have an abortion but instead chose to have her baby. The Sweeneys gave the girl the first Life Award, which included gift certificates to salons and massage parlors and a grocery store, a baby stroller, a baby crib and clothes for the baby. She also received a $5,000 check to purchase a new automobile.

paragraph: In 2010, Sweeney spoke to the "National Catholic Register" about his Catholic faith.

paragraph: Sweeney had "Lose My Soul" by Toby Mac played over the stadium sound system at Citizens Bank Park when he came up to bat. Mac used to be with the group DC Talk.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mike and Shara Sweeney Family Foundation

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Mike Sweeney

wikipedia_title: Mike Sweeney


text:
jazz
Gunther Schuller
New York City
Boston
New England Conservatory of Music
Herb Pomeroy
Ran Blake
George Garzone
Jaki Byard
Orange Then Blue
GM Records
Brooklyn
Schulldogs
Jiggle
Joe Lovano
Dave Douglas
Lee Konitz
Nnenna Freelon
record producer
Joe Lovano
Rush Hour
Allmusic
New England Jazz History Database

categories: Living people,1958 births,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,American jazz drummers,Male jazz musicians,20th-century male musicians,CIMP artists

paragraph: George Schuller

paragraph: George Schuller (born December 29, 1958) is an American jazz drummer. He is the son of composer Gunther Schuller.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in New York City and raised in Boston, graduating from the New England Conservatory of Music with a BA in jazz performance in 1982. He then played locally with Herb Pomeroy, Ran Blake, George Garzone, and Jaki Byard. In 1984 he put together the group Orange Then Blue, who released several albums on GM Records. In 1994 he moved to Brooklyn, leading the ensembles Chump Change, Schulldogs, and Jiggle. He played with Joe Lovano, Dave Douglas, Lee Konitz, Nnenna Freelon, and others. He is also active as a record producer.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lookin' Up from Down Below" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenor Tantrums" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hellbent" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Round 'Bout Now" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "JigSaw" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Listen Both Ways" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Joe Lovano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rush Hour" (Blue Note, 1994)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ George Schuller] at Allmusic

paragraph: External Links

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Jazz History Database

description: American drummer

wikidata_label: George Schuller

wikipedia_title: George Schuller