text: South Riding

text: Rudston

text: East Riding County Council

text: Queen Margaret's School

text: Scarborough

text: Somerville College, Oxford

text: Women's Army Auxiliary Corps

text: First World War

text: University of Oxford

text: Vera Brittain

text: Testament of Youth

text: Hilda Reid

text: Margaret Kennedy

text: Sylvia Thompson

text: London

text: Doughty Street

text: Persephone Books

text: Time and Tide

text: Manchester Guardian

text: Virginia Woolf

text: League of Nations Union

text: Six Point Group

text: Independent Labour Party

text: Leonard Woolf

text: George Catlin

text: Glebe Place

text: Baroness Shirley Williams

text: high blood pressure

text: Bright's disease

text: South Riding

text: Dame Ethyl Smyth

text: Cicely Hamiltion

text: suffragist

text: The March of the Women

text: Women's Social and Political Union

text: Edward

text: James Tait Black Memorial Prize

text: film

text: Victor Saville

text: Stan Barstow

text: Yorkshire Television

text: BBC One

text: three-part dramatisation

text: Andrew Davies

text: BBC Radio Four

text: Vera Brittain

text: Hull

text: Hull History Centre

text: Bridlington

text: McMaster University

text: University of Cape Town

text: Rudston

text: Yorkshire

text: Virago

text: Royal Society of Literature

text: Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize

text: Ondaatje Prize

text: Winifred Holtby Academy

text: "Winifred Holtby's South Riding"

text: The Guardian

categories: 1898 births,People from the East Riding of Yorkshire,English women novelists,1935 deaths,20th-century English novelists,20th-century British women writers,Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford,People educated at Queen Margaret's School, York,The Guardian journalists,British suffragists,English journalists,Deaths from nephritis,James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients

paragraph: Winifred Holtby

paragraph: Winifred Holtby (23 June 1898 – 29 September 1935) was an English novelist and journalist, now best known for her novel South Riding, which was posthumously published in 1936.

paragraph: Section::::Life and writings.

paragraph: Holtby was born to a prosperous farming family in the village of Rudston, Yorkshire. Her father was David Holtby and her mother, Alice, was afterwards the first alderwoman on the East Riding County Council. Holtby was educated at home by a governess and then at Queen Margaret's School in Scarborough. Although she passed the entrance exam for Somerville College, Oxford in 1917, she chose to join the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in early 1918 but soon after she arrived in France, the First World War came to an end and she returned home.

paragraph: In 1919, she returned to study at the University of Oxford where she met Vera Brittain, a fellow student and later the author of "Testament of Youth", with whom she maintained a lifelong friendship. Other literary contemporaries at Somerville College included Hilda Reid, Margaret Kennedy and Sylvia Thompson. After graduating from Oxford, in 1921, Winifred and Vera moved to London, hoping to establish themselves as writers (the blue plaque at No. 82 Doughty Street refers).

paragraph: Holtby's early novels – "Anderby Wold" (1923), "The Crowded Street" (1924) (re-published by Persephone Books in 2008, having been broadcast the previous year as a ten-part BBC Radio 4 dramatisation by Diana Griffiths) and "The Land of Green Ginger" (1927) – met with moderate success.

paragraph: Holtby's fame was derived mainly from her journalism: she was prolific and over the next decade and a half she wrote for more than 20 newspapers and magazines, including the feminist journal "Time and Tide" (also serving on the board of directors) and the "Manchester Guardian" newspaper. She also wrote a regular weekly column for the trade union magazine "The Schoolmistress". Her books during this period included two novels, "Poor Caroline" (1931), "Mandoa! Mandoa!" (1933), a critical study of Virginia Woolf (1932) and a volume of short stories, "Truth is Not Sober" (1934).

paragraph: Holtby was, together with Brittain, an ardent feminist, socialist and pacifist. She lectured extensively for the League of Nations Union and was a member of the feminist Six Point Group. She was active in the Independent Labour Party and was a staunch campaigner for the unionisation of black workers in South Africa, during which she had considerable contact with Leonard Woolf.

paragraph: After Brittain's marriage in 1925 to George Catlin, Holtby shared her friend's homes in Nevern Place and subsequently at 19 Glebe Place, Chelsea; Catlin resented the arrangement and his wife's close friendship with Holtby, who nevertheless became an adoptive aunt to Brittain's two children, John and Shirley (Baroness Shirley Williams).

paragraph: Holtby began to suffer from high blood pressure, recurrent headaches and bouts of lassitude, and in 1931 she was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease. Her doctor gave her only two years to live. Aware of her impending death, Holtby put all her remaining energy into what became her most important book, "South Riding". Winifred Holtby died on 29 September 1935, aged 37. She never married, though she had an unsatisfactory relationship with a man named Harry Pearson, who proposed to her on her deathbed.

paragraph: As well as her journalism, Holtby wrote 14 books, including six novels; two volumes of short stories; the first critical study of Virginia Woolf (1932) and "Women and a Changing Civilization" (1934), a feminist survey with opinions that are still relevant. She dedicated the latter book to composer Dame Ethyl Smyth and actress and writer Cicely Hamiltion, both strong suffragists who "did more than write"The March of the Women", the song composed in 1910 for the Women's Social and Political Union. She also wrote poetry, including poems about Vera Brittain's dead brother, Edward.

paragraph: Holtby is best remembered for her novel "South Riding" edited by Vera Brittain and published posthumously in March 1936, which received high praise from the critics. The book won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for 1936 and has never been out of print. In 1938, it was made into a film directed by Victor Saville, in 1974 it was adapted by Stan Barstow for Yorkshire Television and in 2011, BBC One produced a three-part dramatisation by Andrew Davies. There have also been several radio adaptations, the most recent for BBC Radio Four in 2005.

paragraph: Vera Brittain wrote about her friendship with Holtby in her book "Testament of Friendship" (1940) and in 1960, published a censored edition of their correspondence. Their letters, along with many of Holtby's other papers, were donated in 1960 to Hull Central Library in Yorkshire and are now held at the Hull History Centre. Other papers are in Bridlington library in Yorkshire, in McMaster University Library in Canada and in the University of Cape Town library in South Africa. A biography by Marion Shaw of Holtby, entitled "The Clear Stream", was published in 1999 and draws on a broad range of sources.

paragraph: Holtby was buried in All Saints' churchyard in Rudston, East Yorkshire, just yards from the house in which she was born. Her epitaph in her words is "God give me work till my life shall end and life till my work is done".

paragraph: All her novels together with a collection of short stories and a collection of her journalism were reprinted by Virago in the Virago Modern Classics series in the 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1967, the Royal Society of Literature instituted the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize for the best regional novel of the year. In 2003 it was incorporated into the Ondaatje Prize. On her death she left a small legacy and her own collection of books to a library in Soweto which was opened in December 1940. It was named the Winifred Holtby Memorial Library. It was the first library to be built in Africa specifically for non Europeans.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winifred Holtby Academy

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize award winners

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An illustrated History of Johannesburg Anna H. Smith ed. 1956

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge, "Vera Brittain: A Life", Chatto & Windus 1995; Virago, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vera Brittain, "Testament of Friendship", Macmillan, 1940, and Virago Modern Classics, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marion Shaw, "The Clear Stream", Virago, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holtby biography in the Literary Encyclopedia website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Bostridge, "Winifred Holtby's South Riding", "The Guardian", 19 February 2011

description: British writer

wikidata_label: Winifred Holtby

wikipedia_title: Winifred Holtby


text: Moreton Corbet

text: landowner

text: knight of the shire

text: Shropshire

text: Parliaments of England

text: Sir John Ipstones

text: Staffordshire

text: in tail

text: Court of Common Pleas

text: Braunstone

text: jointure

text: Bletchley

text: court leet

text: Hopton Wafers

text: Shawbury

text: Habberley

text: Rowton

text: fine

text: Yockleton

text: Wentnor

text: per annum

text: knight service

text: Court of Chancery

text: Richard II's

text: escheat

text: Richard II

text: Robert Belknap

text: Robert Charleton

text: Dinas Mawddwy

text: John Darras

text: marks

text: Hugh Burgh

text: Lord High Treasurer of Ireland

text: demesne

text: tenancy at will

text: sharecropping

text: Black death

text: James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley

text: Staffordshire

text: Whittington Castle

text: Barons FitzWarin

text: farm

text: Justice of the Peace

text: House of Commons

text: abbot

text: Shrewsbury Abbey

text: Haughmond Abbey

text: godfather

text: Commissioner of Array

text: knight

text: Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March

text: wardship

text: Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester

text: Henry IV

text: Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel

text: Warwickshire

text: Internet Archive

text: John Paul Rylands

text: Somerset Herald

text: Augustine Vincent

text: Rouge Croix Pursuivant

text: William Camden

text: Clarenceux king of arms

text: Internet Archive

text: "History of Parliament Online"

categories: 1395 deaths,Date of birth unknown,English MPs 1391,English landowners

paragraph: Roger Corbet (died 1395)

paragraph: Sir Roger Corbet (died 1395), of Moreton Corbet, Shropshire was a landowner and politician who was a knight of the shire for Shropshire in three Parliaments of England. He was involved in a series of complex and sharply contested property disputes with members of his own family.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Roger Corbet was the third son of:

paragraph: Roger Corbet had two older brothers, Thomas and Fulk, as well as a younger brother, John, and a sister, Joan. He inherited most of the family estates only because of a complex series of arrangements made by his parents. As the eldest son, Thomas, predeceased his parents, they were concerned to keep the estates in the Corbet family by preventing their going to Elizabeth, Thomas's daughter, who had married Sir John Ipstones, later twice MP for Staffordshire. Hence they initiated a series of transactions, some involving their daughters, intended to put most of the estates in tail, and favouring in particular Fulk and Roger. However, some of the provisions were mutually-contradictory, generating the disputes Roger pursued in the 1380s and 1390s. In fact, litigation began even before the death of Sir Robert. In 1374 Elizabeth and Ipstones went to the Court of Common Pleas to try to get possession of the manor of Braunstone in Leicestershire, which had been given to Thomas Erdington, the son of Roger's sister, Margaret.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner and litigant.

paragraph: When Sir Robert died in 1375, most of the estates passed to his eldest remaining son, Sir Fulk. His widow held as jointure a number of properties: the double manor of Lawley, both parts of which had been Corbet property since the previous century; Bletchley, where Elizabeth established a court leet; and Hopton Wafers, in the south of Shropshire. When she died, in 1381, these passed to Roger. Sir Fulk himself died in 1382 and the entailed estates also passed to Roger: Shawbury, Moreton Corbet, Habberley, Rowton and three other Shropshire manors. The unentailed Corbet estates were to go to Fulk's daughter, another Elizabeth, who was still a minor.

paragraph: However, there were serious complications regarding four of the young Elizabeth's properties. Under a fine levied around 1363, Yockleton, Shelve, Wentnor and a fourth part of Caus Forest had been granted for life to Joan, Roger's sister, and her husband, Sir Robert de Harley. A year later, Joan and Harley had leased the properties to Sir Fulk for £60 "per annum" for the remainder of their lives, acknowledging that they were held of the king by knight service. By a third fine, around 1368, they had provided for the estates to pass to Roger in the event of Fulk's death. The death of Fulk exposed the inherent contradiction: Joan was still alive, so Fulk's heir could claim the estates under the second fine. However, Fulk's death raised Roger's expectation of gaining control, under the terms of the third fine. Worse still, Fulk's widow, yet another Elizabeth, claimed the properties as part of her jointure. Roger went to the Court of Chancery to try to vindicate his position, supported by Joan and Harley. Richard II's lawyers argued that the properties should escheat to the Crown while the young Elizabeth was still a minor. In 1384, Richard II commissioned an inquisition by Robert Belknap and Robert Charleton, which seems to have decided for the escheat. Roger Corbet then took legal action to recover the estates and gained them in 1385.

paragraph: This was not the end, as Elizabeth attained the age of majority in 1390. She was now married to John Mawddwy or de la Pole, lord of Dinas Mawddwy, who raised the issue of the four estates again. Joan was now married to John Darras, and they took Corbet's side. As "strife and debate" was threatening to turn into something worse, the disputants were summoned on 23 June to appear in person before King and Council in Chancery, all being required to provide security for good behaviour in the very considerable sum of 200 marks each. After further delays, the disputed estates passed to the Mawddwys, and later to their daughter Elizabeth, who married Hugh Burgh, a future MP for Shropshire and Lord High Treasurer of Ireland.

paragraph: By the late 14th century Shropshire's landowners had almost entirely withdrawn from actual cultivation of the land. Like most of their peers, the Corbets had rented out most of their demesne lands to tenants by the 1380s, under a variety of arrangements: tenancy at will, customary tenancies, sharecropping. The times were turbulent and uncertain and the Black death had made labour scarce, expensive, and hard to manage. Landed families were better off with a predictable income from rents than trying to exploit the land for themselves in the face of difficult conditions and volatile markets.

paragraph: Section::::Family tree.

paragraph: The family tree illustrates the main lines of descent involved in the property conflicts of the late 14th century.

paragraph: Section::::Political and military career.

paragraph: Apart from the property dispute with his own family, there were few occasions when Corbet's behaviour gave cause for concern to the authorities. In general he was accepted as a good guarantor of others' goodwill. In 1378 he and Sir Fulk stood surety for James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley, a Staffordshire magnate who took custody of Whittington Castle, seat of the Barons FitzWarin, during the minority of the 5th Baron, and he stood as guarantor for Sir Fulk when he took over the farm of a Fitzwarin manor. By 1382, he was married to Margaret Erdington – part of a double link between the families, as his sister Margaret married his brother-in-law, Sir Thomas Erdington. However, while Sir Fulk lived, he was head of the family and Roger was a minor, if respected, figure in the county.

paragraph: However, Roger Corbet was made a Justice of the Peace within a year of his brother's death and in the same year, 1383, was elected twice to the House of Commons in the Parliaments of February and August. Probably in the same year, the abbots of Shrewsbury Abbey and Haughmond Abbey acted as godfathers to his first son, Robert. Corbet was made Commissioner of Array in 1385 and by 1388 he had been knighted. It is possible he served overseas in the interim.

paragraph: In 1391 he was again elected to Parliament. He was second to Sir Hugh Cheyne, a close friend of Corbet, who had supported him and Darras before the king in the previous year. Cheyne was probably an older and certainly a more experienced man: a veteran of war in Ireland and of at least six previous parliaments, and a supporter of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, whose family the Cheynes had long served.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: However, Corbet's time as head of the family was fairly short. He died in September 1395 and his widow, Margaret, died only two months later. The heir, Robert, was below the age of majority and in 1397 his marriage and wardship were granted to Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester. However, Henry IV forced Worcester to relinquish the wardship to John Burley, a Shropshire MP and a retainer of Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Sir Roger Corbet married Margaret Erdington, daughter of Sir Giles Erdington of Erdington, Warwickshire. They seem to have had at least two sons and two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: G C Baugh, C R Elrington (Editors), A P Baggs, D C Cox, Jessie McFall, P A Stamper, A J L Winchester, "A History of the County of Shropshire: Volume 11: Telford", Institute of Historical Research, 1985, accessed 28 November 2013.

paragraph: G C Baugh, C R Elrington (Editors), D C Cox, J R Edwards, R C Hill, Ann J Kettle, R Perren, Trevor Rowley, P A Stamper, " A History of the County of Shropshire: Volume 4: Agriculture", Institute of Historical Research, 1989, accessed 28 November 2013.

paragraph: Augusta Elizabeth Brickdale Corbet, "The family of Corbet; its life and times, Volume 2", St. Catherine Press, London, no date, at Internet Archive, accessed 3 October 2013.

paragraph: George Grazebrook and John Paul Rylands (editors), 1889: "The visitation of Shropshire, taken in the year 1623: Part I" by Robert Tresswell, Somerset Herald, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant of arms; marshals and deputies to William Camden, Clarenceux king of arms. With additions from the pedigrees of Shropshire gentry taken by the heralds in the years 1569 and 1584, and other sources. Accessed 27 November 2013 at Internet Archive.

paragraph: J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe, "History of Parliament Online", Ref Volumes: 1386–1421, History of Parliament Trust, 1994, accessed 27 November 2013.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Roger Corbet

wikipedia_title: Roger Corbet (died 1395)


text: cabinetmaker of the Victorian Era

text: Frank Furness

text: Renaissance Revival

text: Neo-Grec

text: Modern Gothic

text: Colonial Revival

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Langenstein, Hesse

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: cameo-carving

text: intaglio

text: veneer

text: ebonized

text: Horace Howard Furness

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Museum of Fine Arts Boston

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Allentown Art Museum

text: Greek Revival

text: Detroit Institute of Arts

text: Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.

text: High Museum of Art

text: Sagamore Hill

text: Corinthian capitals

text: Louis Sullivan

text: diapered

text: tympanum

text: crocket

text: Chicago School of Architecture

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet

text: Furness's bank buildings of the late-1870s

text: Centennial Exposition

text: sideboard

text: black-walnut

text: Glenview

text: Hudson River Museum

text: relief-carved

text: Charles Eastlake

text: Wilson Brothers & Company

text: David Hayes Agnew

text: Thomas Eakins

text: The Agnew Clinic

text: Historic American Buildings Survey

text: WXPN

text: University of Pennsylvania Press

text: Henry Charles Lea

text: Van Pelt Library

text: Horace Tabor

text: Elizabeth "Baby Doe" McCourt

text: cockatoo

text: William Randolph Hearst

text: Hearst Castle

text: San Simeon, California

text: Silver Dollar

text: The Ballad of Baby Doe

text: eBay

text: History Colorado

text: John Christian Bullitt

text: Henry Disston

text: Horace Howard Furness

text: Charles Custis Harrison

text: John Wyeth

text: Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.

text: Pennsylvania Railroad

text: mahogany

text: German Society of Pennsylvania

text: West Laurel Hill Cemetery

text: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: Cleveland Museum of Art

text: Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute

text: Winterthur Museum

text: Modern Gothic

text: modern movement

text: Christopher Dresser

text: Bruce Talbert

text: Craftsman style

text: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

text: Sagamore Hill

text: Campeche-style chair

text: Glenview Mansion

text: Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet

text: Emlen Physick House

text: cartouche

text: "Baby Doe" Tabor

text: History Colorado Center

text: 1904 St. Louis World's Fair

text: Wilson Brothers & Company

text: Van Pelt Library

text: "Daniel Pabst Cabinet Maker" business card

text: Daniel Pabst

text: Daniel Pabst

categories: 1826 births,Furniture makers,American furniture designers,American woodworkers,Artists from Philadelphia,American cabinetmakers,Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery,1910 deaths,People from Kirchhain,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Daniel Pabst

paragraph: Daniel Pabst (June 11, 1826 – July 15, 1910) was a German-born American cabinetmaker of the Victorian Era. He is credited with some of the most extraordinary custom interiors and hand-crafted furniture in the United States. Sometimes working in collaboration with architect Frank Furness (1839–1912), he made pieces in the Renaissance Revival, Neo-Grec, Modern Gothic, and Colonial Revival styles. Examples of his work are in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in Langenstein, Hesse, Germany, Pabst immigrated to the U.S. in 1849 and settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he would make his professional career. The excellence of his craftsmanship elevated him above his peers, as did the strongly architectonic (building-like) quality of his furniture designs—often massively scaled, with columns, pilasters, rounded and Gothic arches, bold carving and polychromatic decoration. He was a master at cameo-carving (intaglio) in wood – veneering a light-colored wood over a darker, then carving through to create a vivid contrast. Some pieces were adorned with decorative tiles, others with painted glass panels backed with reflective foil. Elaborate strap hinges and hardware were commonly used, and sometimes the furniture was ebonized. His Philadelphia shop grew to employ up to 50 workmen, but the company's records do not survive. Of the presumably thousands of pieces produced by his shop over half a century, only two are signed, and very few are documented. Therefore, identification of his works must be done through attribution.

paragraph: Section::::With Furness.

paragraph: The most famous pieces attributed to Pabst are a Neo-Grec desk and chair made to the designs of Frank Furness. Created for the architect's brother Horace (and slightly altered from Frank's surviving drawings), they are now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Furness family papers document a set of bookcases created by the pair – ""These bookcases were placed in position this day—February 18th 1871. They were designed by Capt. Frank Furness, and made by Daniel Pabst …"" The bookcases are visible in a circa-1900 photograph of Horace Howard Furness's library. One of them is now at the University of Pennsylvania, others are now in the Barrie & Deedee Wigmore collection in New York City. A circa-1870 Neo-Grec armchair from Horace Howard Furness's city house, designed by Frank Furness and attributed to Pabst, was exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts Boston in 1987.

paragraph: The newly formed architectural firm of Furness & Hewitt won the design competition for the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1871–76). The Philadelphia art-museum-and-school's original furnishings included a lectern, bookcases, and set of Neo-Grec furniture for the boardroom. Armchairs from the set, attributed to Furness and Pabst, are in the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the Allentown Art Museum in Pennsylvania.

paragraph: A director of the Academy, liquor baron Henry C. Gibson, hired Furness & Hewitt to redecorate his Greek Revival city house. The eye-popping Moorish and Neo-Grec interiors are attributed to Furness, and may have been made by Pabst. Gibson appears to have used copies of the PAFA armchairs as seating in his picture gallery. His Neo-Grec library table – now at the Detroit Institute of Arts – is attributed to Furness and Pabst.

paragraph: Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (father of the future president) hired Furness to decorate his newly built townhouse at 6 West 57th Street, New York City (demolished). The ornate Neo-Grec paneling, bookcases, cabinetry and mantels are based on designs in Furness's sketchbook, and their manufacture is attributed to Pabst. The pair is also credited with individual pieces of Roosevelt furniture. The massive dining table – with a base featuring carved herons pinching frogs in their bills – is now in the collection of the High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia. The cameo-carved master bedroom suite is now at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, President Theodore Roosevelt's summer home in Oyster Bay, New York. The Neo-Grec case for the Roosevelts' upright piano (with cameo-carved panels) and their library table (with oversized Corinthian capitals) are unlocated. The late antiques expert/dealer Robert Edwards – who discovered the Pabst-attributed cabinets now at the Brooklyn Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art – identified a Neo-Grec side chair (now in the Barrie & Deedee Wigmore collection) as having come from the Roosevelt library.

paragraph: A 17-year-old architecture student visiting Philadelphia in June 1873, Louis Sullivan, closely examined a house nearing completion at 510 South Broad Street, and decided that he was going to work for the firm that designed it. The next day he presented himself to Frank Furness, and was hired as a draftsman at US$10 a week. The Bloomfield H. Moore House was the most ambitious Furness & Hewitt domestic commission to date, and Furness's interiors – manufacture attributed to Pabst – were his most perverse. The egrets from the Roosevelt dining table reappeared, this time supporting the dining room mantel, but the house is best remembered for the nightmarish chimneypiece in its library. The tall and massive walnut chimneypiece featured compressed columns supporting oversized piers incised with stylized sunflowers, twin "hounds of hell" grotesques snarling from behind shields, a diapered and gold-leafed tympanum bisected by a center column, a crocketed pediment rising to a finial, and twin owls staring down from the roof. The Moore house was demolished in the 1950s, but much of the chimneypiece, stripped of its grotesques and thus about 3 feet (0.91 m) shorter, survives. Sullivan went on to lead the Chicago School of Architecture, and become the mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright.

paragraph: An -tall Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art is attributed to Pabst, and was once attributed also to Furness. It features cameo-carved doors in maple and walnut, painted glass panels backed with foil, a shingled-roof top, and ornate brass hardware. This tour de force piece is reminiscent of Furness's bank buildings of the late-1870s, although recent scholarship discounts Furness's participation in its design.

paragraph: Section::::Without Furness.

paragraph: Pabst created masterworks without Furness. He received a medal for excellence at the 1876 Centennial Exposition for a large walnut sideboard (whereabouts unknown):

paragraph: The most prominent object of the class was a black-walnut sideboard designed and made by Daniel Pabst of Philadelphia. The treatment was rather architectural throughout, too much so for practical purposes. Such a heavy piece should be built in a house, and not be treated as movable furniture. The wood was filled and highly polished on shellac, as is the common practice of our cabinet-makers with their best work … The hinges and metallic mountings were of oxidized silver of the finest workmanship and spirited in design. All the panels were filled with relief-carving, animal and floral forms being introduced; but these were not all of original design. A noticeable feature was the central mirror surmounted by a crocketed gable, richly carved, with finial composed of two birds resembling pelicans. Four finials on the posts which defined the three main divisions were finished with carved cockatoos. The amount of rich carving far surpassed that on any other Gothic piece in the Exhibition...

paragraph: Pabst's "largest existing work" is thought to be the John Bond Trevor mansion, "Glenview" (1876–77), in Yonkers, New York—part of the Hudson River Museum complex. An 1877 newspaper article credits the mansion's mantels to Pabst; and the interior woodwork, ebonized library, and grand staircase are attributed to him. Although there is no evidence of Furness's involvement, Pabst used design elements that can also be found in Furness commissions—the parlor's mantel features the dog-faced beasts that flank fireplaces in several Furness houses, the entrance hall features door frames and a chimneypiece with shingled roofs (a frequent Furness motif). The 1877 article specifically credits the dining room's "very elaborate" buffet"" to Pabst, although only its base survives. Its relief-carved fox-and-crane panels, copied from a plate in Charles Eastlake’s book "Hints on Household Taste", are repeated on the sideboard at the Art Institute of Chicago, and on other attributed pieces.

paragraph: Pabst also worked with Furness's competitors. The firm of Collins & Autenrieth designed the Charles T. Parry House (1870–71) at 1921–27 Arch Street, Philadelphia, and its Renaissance Revival interior woodwork is attributed to Pabst. The paneled vestibule, while still attributed to Pabst, may date from a later renovation by another firm, Wilson Brothers & Company. The house's second owner was the renowned surgeon and teacher, Dr. David Hayes Agnew – subject of the 1889 Thomas Eakins painting, "The Agnew Clinic". Before it was demolished in 1968, the house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. The paneled vestibule, mirrors and other interior woodwork were salvaged and donated to the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

paragraph: Joseph M. Wilson (of Wilson Brothers) was hired by Col. Joseph D. Potts to remodel a circa-1850 suburban house at 3905 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. And remodel it Wilson did, designing numerous additions – including a 4-story tower – and unifying the exterior with polychromatic diamond-patterned brickwork. The Potts House (altered 1875–76) seems to have been strongly influenced by Furness's work, and has over-the-top Neo-Grec interiors that may be by Pabst. The dog-faced beasts appear again, flanking a fireplace, only this time they have wings! The Potts House barely escaped demolition in the late 1960s, when the University of Pennsylvania razed several city blocks to expand. From 1970 to 2005, it housed the university's radio station, WXPN. Now called "Wayne Hall," it houses the University of Pennsylvania Press.

paragraph: Several sets of glass-doored bookcases attributed to Pabst exist—including a Modern Gothic 10-bookcase set (with shingled roofs), matching mantel (with dog-faced beasts) and overmantel mirror, that may have been part of a Furness commission. Pabst is credited with the elaborate, two-story interior of medieval scholar Henry Charles Lea's private library (1881). This was removed from Lea's house at 2000 Walnut Street, Philadelphia in 1925, and installed at the University of Pennsylvania. When it was re-installed at Van Pelt Library in 1962, the fireplace was moved from one of the long walls to a short wall.

paragraph: The "Baby Doe" Tabor bedroom suite – a massive, intricately carved bed and bureau that once belonged to Senator Horace Tabor of Colorado – is attributed to Pabst. Tabor was sworn in as a U.S. senator on January 27, 1883, but was only a temporary placeholder, serving 37 days in office until the Colorado legislature could fill the vacancy. Three days before resigning he married his paramour, Elizabeth "Baby Doe" McCourt, in Washington, D.C. The bedroom suite was reputedly purchased just before or during their honeymoon, and returned with them to Colorado. The bed's 8-foot-8-inch (2.64 m)-tall headboard is carved with owls and bats, creatures of the night; the 8-foot-11-inch (2.72 m)-tall bureau-and-mirror is carved with cockatoos and songbirds, creatures of the day. The suite was later owned by publisher William Randolph Hearst, and was part of the furnishings of "Hearst Castle" in San Simeon, California. The Tabors' rags-to-riches-to-rags saga became the basis for the 1932 film "Silver Dollar" and the 1956 opera "The Ballad of Baby Doe". Following six years on the antiques market – including a stint on eBay – the "Baby Doe" Tabor bedroom suite was acquired by History Colorado, and is now part of the permanent collection of its museum in Denver.

paragraph: Section::::Business.

paragraph: Pabst formed a partnership with Franz Krausz (Krauss) about 1854. According to Philadelphia directories, Pabst was located at 222 South 4th Street, circa 1854–56; Pabst and Franz Krausz were listed as cabinetmakers at 90 Cherry Street, circa 1855–57; both were working at 600 Cherry Street and residing at 234 Stamper's Alley in Philadelphia, circa 1858; the shop moved to 120 Exchange Place, circa 1861; and the company was listed under the name "Pabst and Krauss," circa 1866.

paragraph: According to Philadelphia land records, Daniel Pabst and Franz Krauss, both cabinetmakers of the City of Philadelphia, purchased the property at 269 South Fifth Street on February 16, 1865 for the sum of US$4,500 ($ today).

paragraph: A company profile from 1886: Daniel Pabst, Designer and Manufacturer of Artistic Furniture, No. 269 South Fifth Street—One of the leading and most successful designers and manufacturers of artistic furniture in Philadelphia is Mr. Daniel Pabst, whose office and manufactory are located at No. 269 South Fifth Street. The business was established in 1854 by Pabst & Krauss, who were pioneers in the trade here. About 16 years ago Mr. Pabst became sole proprietor. The premises are very spacious, admirably arranged, and equipped throughout with every facility and convenience for the transaction of business, employment being given to 25 skilled workmen. Mr. Pabst designs and manufactures art and antique furniture of all kinds, which, for beauty and originality of design, superior and elaborate finish are unexcelled. The trade of the house extends through this and adjacent States. It is so well known and has retained its old customers for so long a time, that its reputation for honorable, straightforward dealing is established beyond the requirements of praise.

paragraph: Late in life, Pabst made a list from memory of his customers. It included prominent Philadelphians such as John Christian Bullitt, Henry Disston, John M. Doyle, Horace Howard Furness, Charles Custis Harrison, Thomas J. McKean, C. B. Newbold, Charles T. Parry, George B. Preston, John Lowber Welsh, Wistar [Caspar Wister?], John Wyeth; New Yorker Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.; and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

paragraph: On his business card – undated (no earlier than 1865, from the address) – Pabst listed "Gothic church furniture a specialty." So there may remain numerous as-yet-unidentified pulpits, pews and altars created by his shop.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: A year after his emigration to the United States, Pabst married Helena "Salina" Gross (1831–1912) in Philadelphia, on June 11, 1850. As a wedding gift, he made her an exquisite mahogany sewing box – its inscription, written in a mixture of German and English, concludes: ""Remember me Salina Gross 1850."" Of the couple's seven children, only three lived to adulthood: Emma, Laura and William. William Pabst worked in his father's shop, and was listed as a partner in 1894.

paragraph: Pabst was active in Philadelphia's large German-American community, and sponsored other emigrants, "taking them into his household while they were studying and learning their way in the new country." He was a member of the German Society of Pennsylvania, which published poems by him. He saw his heritage as integral to his success: ""I brought all of Germany here with me, in my inward eye. The tall towers of Cologne, the wonders of Frankfurt-on-Main, the old grey castles perched in mid-air along the Rhine—they were all part of my work.""

paragraph: He retired in 1896 at age 70, but continued making furniture for friends and family members into his 80s. In June 1910, he was honored by the University of Pennsylvania for 50 years of carving senior-class "Honor Men Awards."

paragraph: Pabst died in Philadelphia on July 15, 1910. He and his wife are buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, outside Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Scholarship on Daniel Pabst rests on the foundational research begun in the early 1930s by Philadelphia Museum of Art curator of decorative arts Calvin Hathaway. Utilizing the Pabst customer list, provided by the cabinetmaker's daughter Emma Pabst Reisser, Hathaway tracked down furniture still owned by the customers' descendants. The Lea dining room suite and music cabinet, the Ingersoll cabinets, and several other pieces were loaned to PMA for a 1933 exhibition on Victorian art and decorative arts. Some pieces were later donated to the museum.

paragraph: The largest collection of Pabst furniture is at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. In addition to the above museums, he is represented in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Brooklyn Museum, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York, the Winterthur Museum in Wilmington, Delaware, and elsewhere.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Museum of Art hosted a study day on Pabst in October 2008, and is preparing a comprehensive exhibition of his work. A great-grandson, Richard Pabst, is assembling a complete list of his known and attributed works.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Assessment.

paragraph: The mark of a great cabinetmaker is his combination of design and execution. It's how well they resolve the challenges of designing a piece coupled with their craftsmanship and technique. Pabst was the most distinguished cabinetmaker in Philadelphia in the last quarter of the 19th century. Clearly, the quality of his carving and cabinetmaking is of the highest order, and Philadelphia has a tradition of producing superior furniture since the 18th century, overshadowing Boston and New York.Daniel Pabst really did develop a unique and identifiable decorative vocabulary. He tended to envelop the object's architecture with a fine scale pattern; it was an invention of his own. He wasn't aping the European antecedent. While I think there are masterpieces of Pabst's not from Furness's pen, he certainly benefitted from his close association with the architect.Pabst's Modern Gothic work presents the very germ of the modern movement. Like Christopher Dresser and Bruce Talbert, he conventionalized design, departing from the realistic motifs of the mid-19th century. You can see where this reductivity evolves into the Craftsman style.br— Andrew Van Styn, furniture scholar & dealer.

paragraph: Section::::Examples of his work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaissance Revival sideboard (c. 1860s), deaccessioned from Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaissance Revival music cabinet (c. 1865–70), made for Beauveau Borie, deaccessioned from High Museum of Art, private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pair of Renaissance Revival sideboards (c. 1869), made for Henry Pratt McKean and Thomas J. McKean, private collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaissance Revival sideboard (c. 1870), Biggs Museum of American Art, Dover, Delaware.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec library table (c. 1870), design attributed to Frank Furness, made for Henry C. Gibson, Detroit Institute of Arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebonized pedestal (c. 1870), Cleveland Museum of Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fox and Crane" sideboard (c. 1870–80), Art Institute of Chicago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Furness-Pabst bookcases (1870–71), made for the city house of Horace Howard Furness, one bookcase is at the University of Pennsylvania, the rest are in private collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec armchair (c. 1871), made for the city house of Horace Howard Furness, private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec armchair (1871–76), made for the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, design attributed to Frank Furness, Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Another armchair from the set is at the Allentown Art Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec dining table (1873), designed by Frank Furness, made for Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec bedroom suite – bed, armoire, table, 2 chairs, settee – (1873), made for Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, Oyster Bay, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec side chair, (1873), made for the library of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic pedestal (c. 1875), design attributed to Frank Furness, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (c. 1875), Brooklyn Museum. It has a fragment of a handwritten label that may have originally read "Pabst" and "Philadelphia."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (c. 1875), Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, Utica, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic smokers cabinet (c. 1875), private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic Campeche-style chair (c. 1875–80), design attributed to Furness, private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebonized fire screen (c. 1875-95) – sold at Christie's New York, October 14, 1999 – private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic cabinetwork & furniture (1876–77), Glenview Mansion, Yonkers, New York:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entrance hall: paneling, ebonized columns, shingled-roof door frames, mantel. The shingled-roof overmantel is a re-creation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staircase.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library: ebonized chimneypiece & bookcases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sitting room: 2 cameo-carved maple exhibition cabinets.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parlor: mantel (with dog-faced beasts).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dining room: "Fox and Crane" buffet base. The black walnut mantel, described as "massive" in 1877, was removed in the 1930s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (c. 1877–80), Metropolitan Museum of Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Social Arts Club mantel & furniture – library table, console, chairs, map case – (1878), designed by Frank Furness. Renamed the Rittenhouse Club, it sold the clubhouse in the 1990s, and auctioned off the mantel and furniture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emlen Physick House (1878), Cape May, New Jersey. Furness designed (and Pabst likely made) the interior woodwork, and 2 bedroom suites original to the house. The cartouche on one bed's headboard is repeated in a stained glass window.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pair of Modern Gothic pedestals (c. 1880), deaccessioned from Newark Museum, private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebonized chair (c. 1880), Brooklyn Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic maple bedroom suite (c. 1880) – bed, bureau with mirror, nightstand, armchair – private collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baby Doe" Tabor bedroom suite (c. 1882–83) – bed, bureau with mirror – History Colorado Center, Denver.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonial Revival desk (1901), exhibited at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, whereabouts unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Examples of his work.:Philadelphia Museum of Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanging cabinet (1860–70).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pair of Renaissance Revival exhibition cabinets (1865–70), made for Edward Ingersoll.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaissance Revival mirror and console table (1866–76), made for Charles T. Parry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaissance Revival dining room suite – sideboard, table, 2 armchairs, 10 sidechairs – (1868–70), made for Henry Charles Lea.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaissance Revival music cabinet (1868–70), made for Henry Charles Lea.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pier mirror (1870–71), made for Charles T. Parry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles T. Parry House vestibule paneling. This either was original to the house and dates from 1870–71, or dates from a pre-1885 renovation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec desk and chair (1870–71), designed by Frank Furness, made for Horace Howard Furness.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec highchair (1870–80). The highchair's crest is related to the crest on the "Fox and Crane" sideboard at the Art Institute of Chicago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec partners desk (1870–90).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic bedroom suite – bed, bureau with mirror, nightstand – (1878), made for his daughter, Emma Pabst Reisser, two additional pieces are owned by her descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic tall case clock (1884). Signed and dated: "Daniel Pabst, Artist / 1884." One of only two known pieces signed by Pabst.

paragraph: Section::::Examples of his work.:University of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honor Men Awards (1861–1910). An ornate spoon is jokingly awarded each year to the most-popular member of the senior class. Pabst carved these spoons for fifty years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Furness-Pabst bookcase (1870–71), made for Horace Howard Furness. Other bookcases and a pair of cabinet doors from the set are in private collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph D. Potts House, interior woodwork (1876), Wilson Brothers & Company, architects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Charles Lea Library (1881). Removed from 2000 Walnut Street, Philadelphia in 1925; now installed in Van Pelt Library.

paragraph: Section::::Examples of his work.:Winterthur Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Grec D-shaped pedestal desk (c. 1870). The carving is similar to that on the Borie music cabinet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic bedroom suite (c. 1870) – bed, bureau, armoire, nightstand, 2 chairs – made for Henry Pratt McKean.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic vanity with mirror.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Gothic drop-front music portfolio.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daniel Pabst Cabinet Maker" business card, from Bryn Mawr College.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Pabst from Live Auctioneers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel Pabst from

description: American furniture designer

wikidata_label: Daniel Pabst

wikipedia_title: Daniel Pabst


text: People's Republic of China

text: State Council

text: Confucius Institute

text: Hanban

text: Shanxi

text: Fudan University

text: Shanghai

text: Beijing Normal University

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Changzhi

text: Shanxi University

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Vancouver

text: Hanban

text: honorary degree

text: University of Arizona

text: University of Antananarivo

text: Madagascar

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Middle Tennessee State University

text: Western Kentucky University

text: J.F. Oberlin University

text: Chulalongkorn University

text: Belarusian State University

text: Minsk

text: Belarus

text: Veliko Tarnovo University

text: claim to Taiwan

text: European Association of Chinese Studies

text: University of Minho

text: Braga

text: Confucius Institute

text: National Central Library

text: Inside Higher Ed

text: Marshall Sahlins

text: University of Chicago

text: Mainland Affairs Council

text: cross-strait relations

text: Wall Street Journal

text: summer reading program

text: The Asahi Shimbun

text: The Christian Science Monitor

text: University of Chicago

text: Jiefang Daily

text: Inside Higher Ed

text: China Post

text: The Economist

text: The Wall Street Journal

text: The Diplomat

text: People's Daily

text: Braga incident

text: Business Spectator

text: BBC

text: belongs to China

text: Aberystwyth University

text: The Wall Street Journal

categories: Living people,Communist Party of China politicians from Shanxi,People's Republic of China politicians from Shanxi,Fudan University alumni,1954 births,Beijing Normal University alumni

paragraph: Xu Lin (Hanban)

paragraph: Xu Lin (born September 1954) is vice-minister-level official of the People's Republic of China, serving on the State Council. She has held the post of Chief Executive and Director of the Confucius Institutes worldwide since 2004. She is Director General of the Hanban, or Chinese National Office for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language.

paragraph: Xu Lin was born in Shanxi province. She is a graduate of Fudan University in Shanghai with a degree in Chemistry and has a master's degree in Economics from Beijing Normal University. As a young woman during the Cultural Revolution, she was a worker at the Changzhi Bicycle Factory (长治自行车厂) in Shanxi. According to her resume, she then worked as a lecturer in the Chemistry Department at Shanxi University, staff at the Higher Education Bureau of Shanxi, and choreographer at the Central Educational Film Studio. Subsequently, she worked in the Finance Department of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. During this time she also held the post of Assistant Mayor of Xuchang, Henan province (October 1991-September 1993) and then Director of the Foreign Loans Office of the Ministry of Education. In 2000 Xu Lin became the Education Counsellor at the Chinese Consulate in Vancouver, Canada. She returned to China in 2004 and took her current post as head of Hanban, or the Chinese National Office for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language.

paragraph: She has received honorary degrees from the University of Arizona, the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar, the University of Edinburgh, Middle Tennessee State University, Western Kentucky University, J.F. Oberlin University in Japan, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand, Belarusian State University in Minsk, Belarus, and Veliko Tarnovo University in Bulgaria.

paragraph: Xu Lin serves as a member of the 12th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

paragraph: Section::::Braga incident.

paragraph: Xu Lin created an international incident in July 2014 when she ordered pages torn out from the main conference program of a major European Sinology association conference in Portugal, the night before the conference, to remove any reference to Taiwan institutions. The reason for the censorship was apparently concern that the publicity for independent Taiwan institutions cast doubt on China's claim to Taiwan. The association protested in the strongest terms and reprinted all the deleted materials to distribute to all conference members.

paragraph: The night before the 23–26 July 2014 conference of the European Association of Chinese Studies (EACS) at the University of Minho in Braga, Portugal, Hanban Vice-Minister Xu Lin (许琳), who is Director-General of the Confucius Institute Headquarters (CIH), ordered that pages to which she objected be torn out of the conference abstract and program. Roger Greatrex, President of the EACS, subsequently issued a Report on the deletion of pages from conference materials and a public Letter of Protest at Hanban interference at the conference. The report detailed the timeline of events concerning Xu Lin's censorship.

paragraph: Sun Lam, conference co-organizer at the University of Minho and director of the Confucius institute there, had applied for funding from the Confucius China Studies Program (CCSP), which is administered by the Confucius Institute, and had received €28,040. The Taiwanese Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange was another sponsor of the conference, as it has been for 20 years.

paragraph: The money from the CCSP included the €7,000 cost for printing 400 copies of the conference abstracts; it did not include the cost of printing the conference program, which was paid for by EACS members. The CCSP international conference funding application states, "The conference is regulated by the laws and decrees of both China and the host country, and will not carry out any activities which are deemed to be adverse to the social order." Dr. Lam submitted a draft copy of the program to the CCSP for approval on 4 July 2014, and was told that it looked "splendid" ("piaolang" 漂亮).

paragraph: Conference registration began on 22 July 2014, and about 100 participants received complete copies of the abstracts and program, which comprised 89 pages plus cover and front matter, printed double-sided on 48 pages. However, after Xu Lin arrived that evening, she "issued a mandatory request that mention of the CCSP sponsorship be removed from the Conference Abstracts", and ordered her entourage from Confucius Institute Headquarters to remove all conference materials and take them to the apartment of a local Confucius Institute employee. When the remaining 300 participants arrived for conference registration on 23 July, they did not receive the printed abstracts or programs but only a brief summarized schedule. After last-minute negotiations between Xu Lin and conference organizers to ensure conference members received the program, a compromise was made to allow the removal of one abstract page that mentioned the CCSP support of the conference.

paragraph: On the morning of 24 July, the remaining 300 conference participants received their materials, which were now missing four printed pages: the frontispiece mentioning CCSP sponsorship in the conference abstract, and three pages from the conference program. These expurgated pages contained information regarding:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanban's Confucius China Studies Program, and recommended restaurants in Braga (15/16)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the book exhibition and library donation organized by the Taiwan National Central Library as well as other publishers exhibiting books, and Dr. Sun Lam and Ambassador Joao de Deus Ramos, the keynote speaker (19/20, not removed from some copies)

paragraph: BULLET::::- self-presentation by the Taiwanese Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange, which has sponsored EACS conference for over twenty years, and conference activities (59/60).

paragraph: When Roger Greatrex, president of the EACS, learned of this censorship, he ordered that 500 copies of the original program immediately be printed and distributed to participants. He later wrote, "The seizure of the materials in such an unauthorized manner, after the conference had already begun, was extremely injudicious, and has promoted a negative view of the Confucius Institute Headquarters". The EACS letter of protest said this had been "the first occasion in the history of the EACS that its conference materials have been censored." It concluded, "Such interference in the internal organization of the international conference of an independent and democratically organized non-profitable academic organization is totally unacceptable."

paragraph: Tseng Shu-hsien (曾淑賢), director-general of the National Central Library, stated that EACS officials and members had spoken out against Xu during the opening ceremony.

paragraph: The U.S. online university site Inside Higher Ed quoted Marshall Sahlins, professor emeritus at the University of Chicago and a leading critic of the Confucius Institutes, who said that this incident illustrated the Confucius Institutes provision that programming they fund must abide by Chinese laws, including those restricting speech; "Moreover they’re going to enforce them the way they do in China, which is not so much by going to court... but simply by fiat." Taiwan's cabinet-level Mainland Affairs Council issued a reproach over the censorship incident, saying, "The mainland should deal with Taiwan's participation in activities on international occasions pragmatically. If there is no respect for each other, the development of cross-strait relations will be seriously hurt."

paragraph: Marshall Sahlins said the EACS censorship brings to light the CI's seriousness in enforcing its contractual provisions, and moreover, "they’re going to enforce them the way they do in China which is not so much by going to court ... but simply by fiat".

paragraph: The "Wall Street Journal" suggests that this EACS report about the Confucius Institute's "bullying approach to academic freedom" should be a summer reading program for the president of every American university that hosts a CI. "The Asahi Shimbun" said international scholars were in a "snit" over Xu Lin's attempted censorship, and "The Christian Science Monitor" reported that the censorship has made more academics in the US, UK, Canada, and Australia grow uneasy with Confucius Institutes.

paragraph: Section::::University of Chicago CI closure.

paragraph: On 25 September 2014, the University of Chicago stated that it had suspended negotiations to renew its CI contract because "recently published comments about UChicago in an article about the director-general of Hanban are incompatible with a continued equal partnership." This apparently referred to Xu Lin's interview with the "Jiefang Daily", the official newspaper of the Communist Party in Shanghai, published on 19 September 2014, in which Xu Lin, director of the Hanban, was reported to have intimidated the president of the University of Chicago "with a single sentence" after 100 professors signed a petition to ban the Confucius Institute.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 许琳直接一封信写给芝加哥大学校长、一个电话打给其驻京代表，只有一句话，“只要你们学校做决定退出，我就同意”。她的态度，让对方着了急，很快答复，校方决定继续办好孔子学院。[Xu Lin immediately sent a letter to the president of the University of Chicago, and made one phone call to its representative in Beijing. She said only one sentence: "The moment your school decides to withdraw, I will agree." Her attitude made the other side nervous, and the school quickly responded that they decided to continue to run the CI properly.]

paragraph: Compare these two published translations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xu Lin wrote a letter to Chicago's president and called the university representative in Beijing (where Chicago has a research center), "with only one line: 'If your school decides to withdraw, I will agree to it.' Her attitude made the other side anxious. The school quickly responded that it will continue to properly manage the Confucius Institute." ("Inside Higher Ed")

paragraph: BULLET::::- [Xu Lin] sent a letter to the university president saying, "If you want to end the relationship, it's fine with us." That, the article said, "brought panic to the other side, and a quick decision that the university would continue with its Confucius Institute". This demeaning depiction of the university convinced it that an equal partnership was impossible. ("China Post")

paragraph: And these three paraphrases:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "[Xu Lin] had told the university essentially to quit the partnership if it wanted, which could be construed as a boastful challenge. ("The Economist")

paragraph: BULLET::::- The school said in a statement Thursday that suspension of talks to renew a contract with its Confucius Institute was made in response to recent comments in a Chinese-language newspaper that implied the school had kowtowed to the Chinese government. ("The Wall Street Journal")

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to [the "Jiefang Daily"] story, University of Chicago administrators became "anxious" at the thought of shutting down the Confucius Institutes and reassured Xu that they wanted to keep it open. ("The Diplomat")

paragraph: In response to the University of Chicago CI closure, the official Chinese "People's Daily" published "Rejecting Confucius Institutes not helpful to understand China" on 28 September 2014, but with two factual errors. First, closing the Confucius Institute does not mean "Chinese language study in the university would cease soon"; it means the university's Center for East Asian Studies will resume teaching Chinese. Second, without reference either to UChicago's statement, which specifically blamed Xu Lin's remarks, nor to the widespread media coverage of her "Jiefang Daily" interview, "People's Daily" said, "Though the university did not detail the reasons behind the suspension, many believed it was linked to the American Association of University Professors' boycott of CI."

paragraph: Commenting on the "sinister" EACS/Braga incident as well, Gary Rawnsley, a British professor and expert on international diplomacy and communication, wrote, "Xu Lin could not have picked a worse time "to assert her imaginary authority". The Australian "Business Spectator", describing the EACS incident as "highly damaging" for China's international image, wrote, "Xu’s hardline behaviour highlights one of the biggest problems for Beijing’s charm offensive. It still relies on officials like Xu, who still think and act like party ideologues who like to assert their authority and bully people into submission...Xu Lin... has been a publicity disaster."

paragraph: In December 2014, the BBC interviewed Xu Lin in Beijing. When the interviewer brought up the Braga incident, Xu Lin objected and later asked for large portions of the interview to be deleted. One of the points she made in the interview is that Taiwan belongs to China, and therefore outsiders have no business interfering. The BBC did not agree to the censorship demand. "Xu Lin not only refused to answer difficult questions, she also politicised the Confucius Institutes and reinforced the idea that they are led by dogmatists," commented Gary Rawnsley, professor of Public Diplomacy at Aberystwyth University, Wales.

paragraph: "The Wall Street Journal" reported on Xu's BBC interview, and said, "Critics have argued that China’s Confucius Institutes pose a threat to academic freedom in the United States, Canada, Europe and beyond. Now the Beijing official in charge of them has confirmed it."

description: Chinese politician

wikidata_label: Xu Lin

wikipedia_title: Xu Lin (Hanban)


text:
British
Oxfordshire
Sibford Gower
Keble College, Oxford
London
Herbert Beerbohm Tree
Tercentenary of Canada
Quebec City
Iroquois
Union Parliament of South Africa
Cape Town
Coronation Durbar
Calcutta
British Army
British Empire Exhibition
Prince of Wales
Duke of Connaught
Earl Grey
Aga Khan
Earl of Darnley
Ivor Novello
"Keep the Home Fires Burning"

categories: British male stage actors,1875 births,19th-century British male actors,State ritual and ceremonies,People from Oxfordshire,Alumni of Keble College, Oxford,1934 deaths,20th-century British sculptors,19th-century British sculptors

paragraph: Frank Lascelles (pageant master)

paragraph: Frank William Thomas Charles Lascelles (30 July 1875 – 23 May 1934) was a British pageant master and artist, known as the "man who staged the Empire."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lascelles was born in the Oxfordshire village of Sibford Gower with the surname of Stevens, the son of Rev. Edward Thomas Stevens, the village priest. He was educated at the village school before attending Keble College, Oxford, where he became the most notable member of Oxford's dramatic society. After Oxford, he worked as an actor in London between 1904 and 1906 at Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree's His Majesty's theatre. It was during this time that he changed his name from Stevens to Lascelles.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lascelles staged his first pageant in 1907. The Oxford Historical was a success, despite initial reservations by the University authorities and a student riot. The following year he organised the celebrations for the Tercentenary of Canada at Quebec City. Lascelles enlisted the services of the Iroquois and was made an honorary chief under the name of Tehonikonraka, "the man of infinite resource". In 1909 he Master of Pageantry at the celebration of the opening of the Union Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town. The following year he organised the Pageant of London, performed by a cast of 15,000. In 1912 Lascelles was Master of the Pageant at the Coronation Durbar at Calcutta with the participation of over 300,000 Indians and British Army troops. In 1923 he was Master of the Harrow Pageant and the following year Master of the Bristol Pageant (Cradle of the Empire) and the Pageant of Empire at the British Empire Exhibition. Lascelles' imperial triumphs earned him the epithet "the man who staged the empire".

paragraph: He was also a sculptor, and among his subjects were the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Connaught, Earl Grey and the Aga Khan. Several of his sculptures are displayed in prominent positions across the former Empire. He sculpted a memorial to his mother in the church at Sibford Gower, as well as painting a Roll of Honour. He also contributed prose and verse to periodicals. In 1932 the Earl of Darnley compiled "Our Modern Orpheus", a volume of essays paying tribute to Lascelles.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lascelles had always been anxious to hide his humble origins, and built a new manor house for himself in Sibford Gower, modeled on a medieval design. He was well-connected, and regularly entertained guests such as Ivor Novello, who wrote the popular song "Keep the Home Fires Burning" while staying with Lascelles in Sibford.

paragraph: Towards the end of his life, ill health restricted Lascelles' finances and he died in poverty on 23 May 1934 in rented rooms in Brighton. He never married.

alias:
Frank William Thomas Charles Lascelles
The man who staged the Empire

description: British pageant master and artist

wikidata_label: Frank Lascelles

wikipedia_title: Frank Lascelles (pageant master)


text: Fitzroy Square

text: John Chase

text: John Constable

text: Richmond

text: Margaret Gillies

text: Royal Academy

text: Royal Society of British Artists

text: Dudley Gallery

text: Grosvenor Gallery

text: Royal Botanical Society

text: St. Pancras Cemetery

text: Leicester Galleries

text: Aberdeen Art Gallery

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

categories: 19th-century British women artists,British women painters,British watercolourists,Painters from London,1844 births,Women watercolorists,1905 deaths,19th-century British painters

paragraph: Marian Emma Chase

paragraph: Marian Emma Chase (1844–1905) was a British water colour artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Chase was born on 18 April 1844 in Fitzroy Square in London to John and his second wife, Georgiana Ann Chase (born Harris). His first wife, Mary Ann Rix, had been a water colour artist, had died in 1840. Chase's father, John Chase, was an established artist who had been trained in part by John Constable.

paragraph: She went to school in Richmond and she was taught life drawing by Margaret Gillies.

paragraph: Chase worked mostly in England and although she did exhibit at other galleries she sent the vast majority of her water colours to the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours.

paragraph: In early life she devoted a good deal of time to illuminating, but it was as a painter in water-colour of flowers, fruit, and still-life that she made her mark, by virtue of her truthful colouring and delicate treatment.

paragraph: She painted in the same medium interiors, a few landscapes, and, towards the close of her life, studies of flower-gardens; in her figure subjects she was less successful. She also occasionally worked in oil.

paragraph: She exhibited from 1866 to 1905 at the Royal Academy, the Royal Society of British Artists, the Royal Institute, the Dudley Gallery, the Grosvenor Gallery, the International Exhibition of 1871 and various provincial, colonial, and foreign exhibitions.

paragraph: On 22 March 1875, she was elected an associate of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours (now the Royal Institute), and in 1879 she became a full member.

paragraph: In 1888, the Royal Botanical Society awarded her a silver medal.

paragraph: Chase died in 1905 after a heart operation. She is buried in St. Pancras Cemetery.

paragraph: Her work is in the Leicester Galleries, Aberdeen Art Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum.

description: Water colour artist

wikidata_label: Marian Emma Chase

wikipedia_title: Marian Emma Chase


text:
Bayeux Tapestry
Enguerrand
Hugh II, Count of Ponthieu
Duke William
Normandy
Adelaide of Normandy
consanguinity
William of Talou
Richard II, Duke of Normandy
Arques
Ponthieu
King Henry
France
Angevin
Geoffrey of Anjou
Seine
Rouen
Mortemer
Eu
Guy of Amiens
Harold Godwinson
Wessex
Beaurain
River Canche
Bayeux Tapestry
Holy Relics
England
Bayeux Tapestry
Edward the Confessor
Norman Conquest
Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
Battle of Hastings
Agnes
Robert of Bellême
William III of Ponthieu
Bernard Hepton
BBC
Theatre 625

categories: 1120s births,1100 deaths,Counts of Ponthieu

paragraph: Guy I, Count of Ponthieu

paragraph: Guy I of Ponthieu (also known in the Bayeux Tapestry as Wido) was born sometime in the mid to late 1020s and died 13 October 1100. He succeeded his brother Enguerrand as Count of Ponthieu.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Guy was possibly a younger son of Hugh II, Count of Ponthieu and about 1053 succeeded his brother Enguerrand II, as Count of Ponthieu. However, a contemporary charter describes Guy as Enguerrand's son. The Ponthievin alliance with Duke William of Normandy had earlier been secured by the marriage of Enguerrand to Adelaide of Normandy, Duke William's sister. But the marriage was apparently annulled due to consanguinity c.1049/50. Enguerrand's and Guy's sister was married to William of Talou, son of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. William of Talou had built a strong castle at Arques, and from it (in 1053) he defied his nephew the youthful Duke of Normandy. As "family", the comital house of Ponthieu supported the rebellion.

paragraph: Duke William put Arques under siege, and then remained mobile with another force in the countryside nearby. He was aware that Normandy was being threatened by the armies of King Henry of France, who wanted to bring his young, former vassal to heel; and that Normandy's erstwhile allies from Ponthieu would also be coming to break the siege of Arques. Young Count Enguerrand led a Ponthievin army into the Talou to relieve Arques, and arrived first, but Duke William successfully ambushed them and Enguerrand was killed (legend says, within sight and sound of the walls of Arques, from which his sister witnessed the demise of her brother). Upon learning of this serious reverse, the vacillating Henry withdrew his forces at once back across the Norman border. William of Talou was compelled to surrender Arques and was banished for life. (Alternatively, the story goes that Henry reinforced Arques, and Duke William lured part of the French army, including Enguerrand and the Ponthievins, away by a feigned flight, then turned on them and won a battle: Henry then withdrew, forcing the surrender of Arques not long after.)

paragraph: With the death of his older brother (who was without male issue or heirs), Guy assumed the comital duties: this is the first mention of Guy in the historical record.

paragraph: In February 1054, Henry was again ready to chastise Duke William: he reentered the duchy with a large army of his own liegemen and an Angevin army led by Count Geoffrey of Anjou. This combined force moved down the Seine toward Rouen, while Henry's brother Eudes "led" a second army, along with Guy and Count Rainald of Clairmont. The Franco-Ponthievin army was undisciplined, and fragmented out of control to plunder and pillage the countryside around Mortemer. They were attacked suddenly by Normans from Eu and other districts of northeastern Normandy. In the Battle of Mortemer, Guy's younger brother Waleran was mortally wounded, and Guy himself was captured. He spent two years as a prisoner in Normandy, while his uncle, Bishop Guy of Amiens, ruled Ponthieu as regent.

paragraph: Evidently, from this point on, Count Guy was a vassal of Duke William of Normandy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Harold Godwinson and the Battle of Hastings.

paragraph: In 1064, Harold Godwinson, the Earl of Wessex, was shipwrecked on the shores of Ponthieu and captured by Count Guy who took him to his castle of Beaurain on the River Canche, as the Bayeux Tapestry relates: "hic apprehendit wido Haroldum et duxit em ad Belrem et ibi eum tenuit" ("Here Guy seized Harold and led him to Beaurain and held him there"). Duke William demanded the release of the earl, and Count Guy delivered Harold Godwinson up after being paid a ransom for him. Harold was not released from Normandy until he too had sworn on the Holy Relics to be Duke William's vassal, and to aid him to the throne of England. (This story is pictured prominently in the Bayeux Tapestry where he is called Wido.)

paragraph: In 1066, Harold accepted the crown of England upon the death of Edward the Confessor, thus precipitating the war that resulted in the Norman Conquest.

paragraph: According to a very convincing interpretation of "The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio", Hugh, another of Guy's brothers, was a participant in the Battle of Hastings, and had a hand in the slaying of Harold. Guy I had a son, Enguerrand, who must have died before the "Carmen" was composed (no later than 1068): when the "Carmen" refers to Hugh, Guy's brother, as "the noble heir of Ponthieu", we must assume Enguerrand's death as a fact, either at the time of the Conquest, or shortly before.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: His daughter, Agnes, married Robert of Bellême. Their son, William III of Ponthieu, assumed the comital title upon the death of his mother, sometime before 1111.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Guy was portrayed by Bernard Hepton in the two-part BBC TV play "Conquest" (1966), part of the series "Theatre 625".

wikidata_label: Guy I, Count of Ponthieu

wikipedia_title: Guy I, Count of Ponthieu


href: Voortrekker Weenen%20massacre impi assegai Rouxville ox-wagon Great%20Trek South%20African%20Navy submarine

text:
Voortrekker
Weenen massacre
impi
assegai
Rouxville
ox-wagon
Great Trek
South African Navy
submarine

categories: Afrikaner people,1825 births,White South African people,South African people of Dutch descent,1888 deaths

paragraph: Johanna van der Merwe

paragraph: Johanna Cornelia van der Merwe (7 March 1825 – 15 January 1888) was a Voortrekker heroine who survived the Weenen massacre, an impi attack on her trekking party on 17 February 1838, despite suffering more than twenty assegai wounds.

paragraph: She later married Hendrik Fredercik Delport with whom she had seven sons (despite being permanently crippled by the attack). She died aged 62 and was buried in Rouxville.

paragraph: An ox-wagon in the historic 1938 Great Trek Centenary commemoration trek as well as a South African Navy submarine were named in her honour.

description: Voortrekker heroine

wikidata_label: Johanna van der Merwe

wikipedia_title: Johanna van der Merwe


text:
German
Reformed
Protestant
theologian
Frankenstein in Schlesien
Christoph Schilling
Hirschberg
Amberg
Collegium Sapientiae
Heidelberg
Zacharias Ursinus
Niederschlettenbach
Hemsbach
Frederick III, Elector Palatine
Count Palatine
Johann Casimir
Oggersheim
Winzingen
Casimirianum
Neustadt
Ludwig VI
Collegium Sapientiae
Annweiler
Frederick V, Elector Palatine
Jakob Andrea
Johann Georg Siegwart
Egidius Hunnius
irenic
Hutter
James I of England
Oxford

categories: People from Ząbkowice Śląskie,17th-century German Protestant theologians,16th-century German writers,16th-century male writers,1622 deaths,People from Austrian Silesia,German male non-fiction writers,German Calvinist and Reformed theologians,1548 births,Collegium Sapientiae (Heidelberg) faculty,17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians

paragraph: David Pareus

paragraph: David Pareus (30 December 1548 – 15 June 1622) was a German Reformed Protestant theologian and reformer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Frankenstein in Schlesien on 30 December 1548. He was apprenticed to an apothecary and again to a shoemaker. In 1564 he entered the school of Christoph Schilling at Hirschberg, whom he accompanied to Amberg, in 1566; but immediately entered the Collegium Sapientiae, at Heidelberg. His father disinherited him because of the opinions that David formed during his studies, under Zacharias Ursinus. On 13 May 1571 he became pastor at Niederschlettenbach and six months later a teacher in the Paedagogium at Heidelberg. On 24 August 1573 he resumed the pastorate in the previously Roman Catholic village of Hemsbach; where, with the consent of the congregation, he reconstructed the church along Reformed lines.

paragraph: Dismissed from his office after the death of Frederick III, Elector Palatine, Pareus was appointed, in 1577, by Count Palatine Johann Casimir, pastor at Oggersheim. Transferred to Winzingen in 1580, he cultivated acquaintance with the teachers at the Casimirianum, in the neighboring Neustadt. After the death of Ludwig VI, Johann Casimir, acting as regent of the Palatinate, called Pareus as teacher to the Collegium Sapientiae in September 1584. Pareus became the director of the Collegium in 1591. In 1598, he entered the theological faculty as teacher of the Old Testament and from 1602 until his death he taught the New Testament. He attracted many students from far and wide. From 1592, he belonged to the Palatine church council. In September 1621, as the Spanish troops approached the Palatinate, Pareus fled to Annweiler, and later to Neustadt. Then, when Frederick V, Elector Palatine returned temporarily to the Palatinate, Pareus returned to Heidelberg, in May 1622, where he died on 15 June 1622.

paragraph: He was survived only by his son Philipp (1576-1648), who issued his father's writings, to which he pre fixed a life (Frankfort, 1647).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Pareus began his literary activity with a tract against the doctrine of ubiquity, "Methodus ubitquitariae controversiae" (Neustadt, 1586). Polemical matter accompanied his issue of the "Neustadter Bibel", 1587, an edition of Luther's translation, with appended table of contents and superscriptions. Jakob Andrea, in his Christliche Erinnerung (Tabingen, 1589), styled this publication an "arrant piece of knavery"; while Pareus, in "Rettung der Neustadter Bibel" (Neustadt, 1589), answered in a more moderate tone.

paragraph: Pareus further contended against Johann Georg Siegwart in "Sieg der Neustädtischen Bibel" (Neustadt, 1591), and with Egidius Hunnius, in 1593-99, who accused him of the judaizing error of the Reformed party, with "Clypeus veritatis catholicae de sacrosancta trinitate" and "Orthodoxus Calvinus". He also issued various tracts against the papacy (1604–17).

paragraph: Despite these many literary battles, Pareus was by nature irenic. In constructive activity were the many editions, after 1593, of his "Summarische Erklärung der Katholischen in der Churpfalz geübten Lehre"; and his numerous commentaries on the Old and New Testament Scriptures (published 1605-1618). In the "Irenicum sive de unione et synodo evangelicorum liber votivus" (Heidelberg, 1614-1615), he proposed a general synod of all Evangelicals to unite the Lutherans and the Calvinists, who, he represents, were surely at one in every essential. On only one point, however, not affecting the foundation of belief, was there divergence. This appeal of Pareus brought little response from his contemporaries, and his overture for peace was rejected by the Lutheran theologians Hutter and Siegwart.

paragraph: Pareus advocated calling rulers to account for their actions. These opinions were viewed with suspicion by the absolute monarchy of James I of England. In 1622, authorities in Oxford were ordered to search libraries and bookshops and to burn every copy of his work.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08/Page_353.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: David Pareus

wikipedia_title: David Pareus


text: Conservative Party

text: DSO

text: Liberal

text: Felsted School

text: diplomat

text: LLB

text: University of London

text: Essex Yeomanry

text: World War II

text: invasion of France

text: Military Cross

text: lieutenant-colonel

text: preselected

text: Parliamentary

text: Southend

text: Harold Macmillan

text: knight

text: 1954 Birthday Honours

text: Oliver Poole

text: party conference

text: maiden speech

text: House of Lords

text: The Earl of Home

text: Quintin Hogg

text: Rab Butler

text: board of directors

text: sailing

text: catamaran

categories: Recipients of the Military Cross,Alumni of the University of London,People educated at Alleyn Court School,Royal Artillery officers,People from Essex,1997 deaths,Knights Bachelor,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,People educated at Felsted School,English solicitors,1914 births,20th-century British lawyers,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Eric Edwards, Baron Chelmer

paragraph: Eric Cyril Boyd Edwards, Baron Chelmer , previously styled Sir Eric Edwards, (9 October 1914 – 3 March 1997) was an English solicitor and organiser for the Conservative Party. He was Chairman of the National Executive Committee of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations from 1957 to 1965, and Joint Treasurer of the party from 1965 to 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Eric Edwards was the eldest son of Colonel C E Edwards DSO, a solicitor and Liberal councillor. He attended Felsted School, and gave up his early hope of becoming a diplomat to enter his father's firm of solicitors, after taking an LLB at the University of London. He joined the Essex Yeomanry, which in World War II became 147th (Essex Yeomanry) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery. He fought in the invasion of France, winning a Military Cross in 1944, and gaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was commanding officer of the Essex Yeomanry in 1945–6.

paragraph: Section::::Conservative Party.

paragraph: After the war, he and his father joined the Conservative Party. Having failed to be preselected as Parliamentary candidate for Southend, he thereafter served the party in a voluntary capacity, at the same time adding insurance and property interests to his legal career. With the support of Harold Macmillan, he rose to become deputy party chairman. He was knighted in the 1954 Birthday Honours. and had the honour conferred on him by the Queen on 6 July.

paragraph: With Oliver Poole, he transformed party funding by setting a quota for subscription revenue from each constituency branch, with the results published at the annual party conference.

paragraph: Section::::House of Lords.

paragraph: In 1963 he was created Baron Chelmer, of Margaretting in the County of Essex, but never gave a maiden speech in the House of Lords, in keeping with the custom for party fund-raisers. He made 13 speeches in all. When Macmillan retired that year, he got The Lord Chelmer to sound out The Earl of Home as his successor, with the party split between Quintin Hogg and Rab Butler.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, Styles & Arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19141944: Mr Eric Edwards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19441954: Mr Eric Edwards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19541963: Sir Eric Edwards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19631997: The Rt Hon. The Lord Chelmer

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married Enid Harvey in 1939; they had one son.

paragraph: Section::::Other interests.

paragraph: He was on the board of directors of several companies. He enjoyed sailing, especially catamarans, and was involved with music charities.

description: British lawyer

wikidata_label: Eric Edwards, Baron Chelmer

wikipedia_title: Eric Edwards, Baron Chelmer


text:
Alzi
Corsica
Paris
Corsican
gangster
French resistance
bank robber
writer
World War II
Toulon
Vichy France
Stevan Marković
Paris
François Marcantoni

categories: Corsican Resistance members,French gangsters,French bank robbers,2010 deaths,1920 births,20th-century French writers,French mob bosses,20th-century French male writers,Place of death missing

paragraph: François Marcantoni

paragraph: François Marcantoni (28 May 1920 in Alzi, Corsica – 17 August 2010 in Paris) was a Corsican gangster, member of French resistance, a bank robber and a writer.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: In 1942, during World War II, Marcantoni participated in a sabotage operation in Toulon. He refused to collaborate with the regime of Vichy France. In the 1950s, he was involved in a series of bank robberies.

paragraph: Section::::Markovic affair.

paragraph: Marcantoni was under investigation in 1968 for the killing of Stevan Marković, a bodyguard for Alain Delon. One of the factors pointing in his direction was a letter Markovic sent to his brother Aleksandar wherein he wrote: "If I get killed, it's 100% the fault of Alain Delon and his godfather François Marcantoni". Marcantoni spent 11 months in custody but was released in December 1969 because the prosecutor could not prove his guilt.

paragraph: Section::::Writer.

paragraph: Marcantoni wrote two books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Markovic affair" - 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who killed Markovic?" - 1985

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on 17 August 2010, aged 90 in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Marcantoni

description: Corsican gangster and mob boss

wikidata_label: François Marcantoni

wikipedia_title: François Marcantoni


text:
German
artist
mathematician
cartographer
etching
Danube School
Bavaria
Austria
Nuremberg
stained glass
Protestant Reformation
Oswald Reinhart
Hanns Nickel
Ljubljana
Slovenia
Turkish
Austria
Ferdinand I
armorial
Imperial Court of Vienna
Vienna
bastion
Siege of Vienna
triangulation
surveying
Prague
Charles V
Augsburg
gulden
portrait
cartography
Sigismund von Herberstein
Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii
Péter Perényi
Paracelsus
Wolf Huber
Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Altdorfer
Sebald Beham
Hans Burgkmair
Agostino del Musi
Grove Art Online

categories: German printmakers,16th-century German writers,1503 births,16th-century German mathematicians,People from Nuremberg,German cartographers,1553 deaths

paragraph: Augustin Hirschvogel

paragraph: Augustin Hirschvogel (1503 – February 1553) was a German artist, mathematician, and cartographer known primarily for his etchings. His thirty-five small landscape etchings, made between 1545 and 1549, assured him a place in the Danube School, a circle of artists in sixteenth-century Bavaria and Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He began work in his birthplace, Nuremberg, where he was trained in glass painting by his father, Veit Hirschvogel the elder (1461–1525), who was the city's official stained glass painter. In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation, putting an end to lavish stained glass commissions. Veit the elder's workshop was then being run by Augustin's elder brother Veit; their father died the same year. The younger Hirschvogel had his own workshop by 1530, and soon formed a partnership with the potters Oswald Reinhart and Hanns Nickel.

paragraph: Hirschvogel left in 1536 for Laibach (the German name for Ljubljana in present-day Slovenia), returning to Nuremberg in 1543. During this period he produced his earliest known work as a cartographer: maps of Turkish borders (1539) and of Austria (1542), the latter made for Ferdinand I. His commissions for armorials (for Franz Igelshofer and Christoph Khevenhüller) show that he had been in contact with the Imperial Court of Vienna by 1543.

paragraph: With his move to Vienna in 1544, he rendered his services to the city, court, and citizenry. The city employed him in 1547 to develop designs for bastions, to create etched views of Vienna, and to produce a plan for the city following the Siege of Vienna. These views were the first ever rendered according to scale, and the circular city plan was the first ever produced by triangulation, a system of surveying that Hirschvogel developed. Vienna's council sent him to explain his work to Ferdinand I in Prague and to Charles V in Augsburg; Ferdinand granted him a pension of 100 "gulden" for it.

paragraph: He died in Vienna in 1553.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Hirschvogel took up etching late in his career, and almost all of his prints date from the last decade of his life, when he resided in Vienna. His etchings, numbering about 300, "reflect his concern with Italianate problems of space, form, and ornament", and include portraiture, cartography, and book ornamentation. He was among the first etchers to use copper rather than iron plates. He contributed 23 etchings to Sigismund von Herberstein's 1549 edition of "Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii" ("Notes on Muscovite Affairs"), and more than 100 Old and New Testament illustrations for the verses of Hungarian reformer Péter Perényi (1502–48). A series of 53 hunting scenes for stained glass are of questionable authorship, but Peters asserts that they are by Hirschvogel. Hirschvogel is credited with the single authentic portrait of the Swiss physician Paracelsus, but this attribution is not certain.

paragraph: His pen-and-ink landscapes have been described as "strong but light, sure but delicate". The lack of shadow in his landscapes contributes to a tranquil, idyllic mood. Almost 100 drawings are attributed to him; some are likely not his own, but are similar in style to his or Wolf Huber's work. His art shows the influence of Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht Altdorfer, Sebald Beham, Hans Burgkmair, and Agostino del Musi—some of whom had provided his father's workshop with designs.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koch, Robert A. (1963). "'Original or Copy?': Two Renaissance Landscape Drawings". "Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University", 22 (1): pp. 2–7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peters, Jane S. "Augustin Hirschvogel." Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 10, 2007.

alias:
Augstin Hirschvogel
Augustin Hirsvogel
Augustin Hirsfogel
August. Hirschvogel
augustin hirschvogel

description: 16th century German artist, mathematician, and cartographer

wikidata_label: Augustin Hirschvogel

wikipedia_title: Augustin Hirschvogel


text:
United States Representative
South Carolina
Kingdom of Ireland
College of Saint Omer
New Orleans
West Indies
Charles Town, South Carolina
American Revolutionary War
circuit court
South Carolina House of Representatives
Society of the Cincinnati
Constitution of the United States
Anti-Administration
First United States Congress
chancellor
courts of equity
Jacksonboro, South Carolina

categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina,1743 births,Burials in South Carolina,1802 deaths,People of South Carolina in the American Revolution,Anti-Federalists,Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives

paragraph: Aedanus Burke

paragraph: Aedanus Burke (16 June 1743 – 30 March 1802) was a soldier, judge, and United States Representative from South Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Tiaquin, Co Galway, Kingdom of Ireland, he attended the theological College of Saint Omer, visited New Orleans, visited the West Indies, and moved back to the American Colonies, settling in Charles Town, South Carolina (now Charleston.) He served in the militia forces of South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War and was appointed a judge of the State circuit court in 1778, serving until the enemy overran the state. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1778 to 1779, and again served in the Revolutionary Army from 1780 to 1782.

paragraph: In 1783 he published two pamphlets, "An Address to the Freemen of South Carolina" (January 1783) and "Considerations on the Society or Order of Cincinnati" (October 1783), under the pseudonym "Cassius" where he criticized the nascent Society of the Cincinnati for being an attempt at reestablishing a hereditary nobility in the new republic.

paragraph: When the courts were reestablished, Burke resumed his seat on the bench, and in 1785 was appointed one of three commissioners to prepare a digest of the State laws. He was a member of the convention in 1788 called to consider ratification of the Constitution of the United States, which he opposed; he was elected as an Anti-Administration candidate to the First United States Congress (March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791). He declined to be a candidate for reelection in 1790 to the Second Congress, the legislature having passed a law prohibiting a State judge from leaving the State; he was elected a chancellor of the courts of equity in 1799 and served until his death in Charleston in 1802. As the senior member of the South Carolina appellate courts from 1796 to 1799, Burke was the Chief Justice of South Carolina. Interment was in the cemetery of the Chapel of Ease of St. Bartholomew's Parish, near Jacksonboro, South Carolina.

description: Irish-born American soldier, judge, and congressman (1743–1802)

wikidata_label: Aedanus Burke

wikipedia_title: Aedanus Burke