text:
East German
athlete
marathon
Halle an der Saale
Neugattersleben
Saxony-Anhalt
1976 Olympic
Frank Shorter
United States
Jürgen Croy
Poland
1980 Summer Olympics
Gerard Nijboer
Netherlands
Ethiopia
Abebe Bikila
1983 World Championships in Athletics
Eastern Bloc
1984 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles
Tit for tat
Moscow
Track & Field News
East Germany
performance-enhancing drugs
Werner Franke
Stasi
Leipzig
Frank Shorter
Don Kardong
East German doping program
Shirley Babashoff
Cierpinski's personal website

categories: East German male steeplechase runners,Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Saxony-Anhalt,East German male long-distance runners,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,1950 births,East German male marathon runners,World Championships in Athletics athletes for East Germany,Olympic athletes of East Germany,World Championships in Athletics medalists,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics,People from Nienburg, Saxony-Anhalt,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Waldemar Cierpinski

paragraph: Waldemar Cierpinski (born 3 August 1950) is a former East German athlete and two time Olympic Champion in the marathon. He lives in Halle an der Saale.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Neugattersleben (Saxony-Anhalt, former East Germany), Waldemar Cierpinski was originally a successful steeplechase runner but decided to switch to the marathon in 1974.

paragraph: He was virtually unknown when he entered the 1976 Olympic marathon. He ran with the lead pack until Frank Shorter of the United States broke free after the 25 km mark. Cierpinski chased Shorter down then took the lead, winning the race by 51 seconds.

paragraph: Cierpinski's victory was so unexpected that eventual East German gold medalist goalie Jürgen Croy rallied his football team by using him as an example, saying that if this "living example of mediocrity" could win a gold medal then they should be able to beat Poland (by a 3 to 1 score.)

paragraph: Cierpinski finished in fourth place at the 1978 European Championships. In the 1980 Summer Olympics, Cierpinski ran wisely and didn't match the suicidal pace the leaders had set. He caught up to the leaders at the 36 km mark and soon led by a healthy margin. Although Gerard Nijboer from the Netherlands narrowed the gap in the last kilometre, Cierpinski sprinted the last 200 m to win his second consecutive Olympic gold medal and duplicate the feat of legendary Ethiopian Abebe Bikila of winning two straight Olympic marathons.

paragraph: Cierpinski finished third in the marathon in the 1983 World Championships in Athletics. He was denied a chance of an unprecedented third Olympic marathon win by the Eastern Bloc boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, which was Tit for tat for the United States-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

paragraph: In "Track & Field News" World Rankings, Cierpinski was ranked first in the marathon in 1976 and 1980 and eighth in 1978 and 1983.

paragraph: Waldemar Cierpinski is now a member of the German Olympic Committee. Since 2007 Cierpinski has been an honorary member of the SG WiP Goettingen 06.

paragraph: Section::::Drug allegations.

paragraph: It is now well known that East Germany operated a state-sponsored system of providing performance-enhancing drugs to as many as 10,000 athletes from about 1968 to 1988. Cierpinski was implicated by East German track and field research files uncovered by Werner Franke at the Stasi headquarters in Leipzig in the late 1990s.

paragraph: As a result, 1976 silver medallist Frank Shorter has advocated the belief that Cierpinski cheated and has supported official review of past performances, i.e. considering stripping medals from athletes who are found later on to have cheated, as a deterrent to drug-cheats. Fourth-place finisher Don Kardong has also written that he believed Cierpinski was involved in the East German doping program. Shorter's allegations are very similar to those of Shirley Babashoff, who accused the East German women of drug cheating during the swimming events in the same Olympic Games, which was later substantiated by investigators in the PBS documentary, "Secrets of the Dead: Doping for Gold."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cierpinski's personal website

description: East German athlete

wikidata_label: Waldemar Cierpinski

wikipedia_title: Waldemar Cierpinski


text: Italian

text: photographer

text: model

text: actress

text: revolutionary political activist

text: Comintern

text: Udine

text: Friuli

text: United States

text: San Francisco, California

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: silent movies

text: Oregon

text: Los Angeles

text: femme fatale

text: bohemian

text: Edward Weston

text: Edward Weston

text: Margrethe Mather

text: Mexico

text: smallpox

text: Mexico City

text: avant-gardists

text: Frida Kahlo

text: Lupe Marín

text: Diego Rivera

text: Jean Charlot

text: Mexican mural movement

text: José Clemente Orozco

text: Diego Rivera

text: Secretariat of Public Education

text: Mexico City

text: Anita Brenner

text: International Red Aid

text: Communist

text: Mexican Communist Party

text: Xavier Guerrero

text: Julio Antonio Mella

text: Vittorio Vidali

text: German Communist Party

text: Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung

text: New Masses

text: Manuel Álvarez Bravo

text: one-woman

text: National Library

text: Moscow

text: Pascual Ortiz Rubio

text: Berlin

text: Workers International Relief

text: Comintern

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Dr. Norman Bethune

text: Málaga

text: Pablo Neruda

text: Mexico City

text: Diego Rivera

text: congestive heart failure

text: Panteón de Dolores

text: Pablo Neruda

text: Leopoldo Méndez

text: Chapingo

text: Secretaría de Educación Pública

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Madonna

text: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

text: KunstHausWien

text: Vienna

text: Austria

text: The Museum of Modern Art

text: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Ashley Judd

text: Frida

text: Frida Kahlo

text: Monica Bellucci

text: Lubin Studios

text: Fox Film Corporation

text: Pathe Exchange

text: Stein & Day

text: Tina Modotti's ballad and video

text: Sheroes of History; Tina Modotti

text: George Eastman House

text: Tina Modotti Books

text: 2010 Kunst Haus Wien Exhibit

categories: Italian silent film actresses,Italian photographers,Italian women in politics,1896 births,Italian emigrants to the United States,1942 deaths,Women in war 1900–1945,Mexican women artists,Women photographers,Italian people of the Spanish Civil War,20th-century Italian actresses,People from Udine,Mexican people of Italian descent,Women in war in Spain,Mexican artists' models,People of Friulian descent,Mexican communists,20th-century photographers

paragraph: Tina Modotti

paragraph: Tina Modotti (August 16 (or 17) 1896 – January 5, 1942) was an Italian photographer, model, actress, and revolutionary political activist for the Comintern. She left Italy in 1913 and moved to the USA, where she worked as a model and subsequently as a photographer. In 1922 she moved to Mexico, where she became an active Communist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Modotti was born Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini in Udine, Friuli, Italy. Her mother, Assunta, was a seamstress and her father, Giuseppe, was a mason. In 1913, at the age of 16, she immigrated to the United States to join her father in San Francisco, California.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Attracted to the performing arts supported by the Italian émigré community in the San Francisco Bay Area, Modotti experimented with acting. She appeared in several plays, operas, and silent movies in the late 1910s and early 1920s, and also worked as an artist's model.

paragraph: In 1917, she met Roubaix "Robo" de l'Abrie Richey. Originally a farm boy from Oregon named Ruby Ritchie, the artist and poet assumed the more bohemian name Roubaix. In 1918, Modotti began a romantic relationship with him and moved with him to Los Angeles in order to pursue a career in the motion picture industry. Although the couple cohabited and lived as a "married couple", they were not married. Often playing the femme fatale, Modotti's movie career culminated in the 1920 film "". She had minor parts in two other films.

paragraph: The couple entered into a bohemian circle of friends. One of these fellow bohemians was Ricardo Gómez Robelo. Another was the photographer, Edward Weston.

paragraph: Section::::Photography career.

paragraph: It is supposed that Modotti was introduced to photography as a young girl in Italy, where her uncle, Pietro Modotti, maintained a photography studio. Later in the U.S., her father briefly ran a similar studio in San Francisco. While in Los Angeles, she met the photographer Edward Weston and his creative partner Margrethe Mather. It was through her relationship with Edward Weston that Modotti developed as an important fine art photographer and documentarian. By 1921, Modotti was Weston's lover. Ricardo Gómez Robelo became the head of Mexico's Ministry of Education's Fine Arts Department, and persuaded Robo to come to Mexico with a promise of a job and a studio.

paragraph: Robo left for Mexico in December 1921. Perhaps unaware of his affair with Modotti, Robo took with him prints of Weston, hoping to mount an exhibition of his and Weston's work in Mexico. While she was on her way to be with Robo, Modotti received word of his death from smallpox on February 9, 1922. Devastated, she arrived two days after his death. In March 1922, determined to see Robo's vision realized, she mounted a two-week exhibition of Robo's and Weston's work at the National Academy of Fine Arts in Mexico City. She sustained a second loss with the death of her father, which forced her to return to San Francisco later in March 1922. In 1923, Modotti set sail for Mexico City with Weston and his son Chandler, leaving behind Weston's wife Flora and their youngest three children. She agreed to run Weston's studio free of charge in return for his mentoring her in photography.

paragraph: Together they opened a portrait studio in Mexico City. Modotti and Weston quickly gravitated toward the capital's bohemian scene, and used their connections to create an expanding portrait business. Together they found a community of cultural and political "avant-gardists", which included Frida Kahlo, Lupe Marín, Diego Rivera, and Jean Charlot. In general, Weston was moved by the landscape and folk art of Mexico to create abstract works, while Modotti was more captivated by the people of Mexico and blended this human interest with a modernist aesthetic. Modotti also became the photographer of choice for the blossoming Mexican mural movement, documenting the works of José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera. Between 1924-1928, Modotti took hundreds of photographs of Rivera's murals at the Secretariat of Public Education in Mexico City. Modotti's visual vocabulary matured during this period, such as her formal experiments with architectural interiors, flowers, and urban landscapes, and especially in her many lyrical images of peasants and workers. In 1926, Modotti and Weston were commissioned by Anita Brenner to travel around Mexico and take photographs for what would become her influential book "Idols Behind Altars". The relative contributions of Modotti and Weston to the project have been debated. Weston's son Brett, who accompanied the two on the project, indicated that the photographs were taken by Edward Weston.

paragraph: In 1925, Modotti joined International Red Aid, a Communist organization. In November 1926, Weston left Mexico and returned to living in California. During this time Modotti met several political radicals and Communists, including three Mexican Communist Party leaders who would all eventually become romantically linked with her: Xavier Guerrero, Julio Antonio Mella, and Vittorio Vidali.

paragraph: Starting in 1927, a much more politically active Modotti (she joined the Mexican Communist Party that year) found her focus shifting and more of her work becoming politically motivated. Around that time her photographs began appearing in publications such as "Mexican Folkways", "Forma", and the more radically motivated "El Machete", the German Communist Party's "Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung" (AIZ), and "New Masses".

paragraph: Mexican photographer Manuel Álvarez Bravo divided Modotti's career as a photographer into two distinct categories: "Romantic" and "Revolutionary", with the former period including her time spent as Weston's darkroom assistant, office manager and, finally, creative partner. Her later works were the focus of her one-woman retrospective exhibition at the National Library in December 1929, which was advertised as "The First Revolutionary Photographic Exhibition In Mexico".

paragraph: Section::::Life as an activist.

paragraph: Modotti began a relationship with Xavier Guerrero, who was a member of the Mexican Communist Party, in 1927. Guerrero was sent to Moscow for a year to take part in political party training, and by 1928 Modotti had met and began a relationship with the exiled Cuban activist Julio Antonio Mella. During this same period, economic and political conflicts within Mexico and indeed much of Central and South America were intensifying and this included increased repression of political dissidents. In 1929, Mella was assassinated while walking in the street with Modotti from the offices of Red Aid. Modotti was immediately arrested, but later released and cleared of his murder. Shortly thereafter, an attempt was made on the life of the Mexican President Pascual Ortiz Rubio. Modotti — who was a target of both the Mexican and Italian political police — was questioned about both crimes amidst a concerted anti-communist, anti-immigrant press campaign, that depicted "the fierce and bloody Tina Modotti" as the perpetrator (a Catholic zealot, Daniel Luis Flores, was later charged with shooting Rubio. José Magriñat was arrested for Mella's murder).

paragraph: As a result of the anti-communist campaign by the Mexican government, Modotti was exiled from Mexico in 1930. She first spent several months in Berlin, followed by several years in Moscow. Traveling on a restricted visa that mandated her final destination as Italy, Modotti initially stopped in Berlin and from there visited Switzerland. The Italian government made concerted efforts to extradite her as a subversive national, but with the assistance of International Red Aid activists, she evaded detention by the fascist police. She apparently intended to make her way into Italy to join the anti-fascist resistance there. In response to the deteriorating political situation in Germany and her own exhausted resources, however, she followed the advice of Vittorio Vidali and moved to Moscow in 1931. After 1931, Modotti no longer photographed. Reports of later photographs are unsubstantiated.

paragraph: During the next few years she engaged in various missions on behalf of the Workers International Relief organizations as a Comintern agent in Europe. When the Spanish Civil War erupted in 1936, Vidali (then known as "Comandante Carlos") and Modotti (using the pseudonym "Maria") left Moscow for Spain, where they stayed and worked until 1939. She worked with Canadian Dr. Norman Bethune during the disastrous retreat from Málaga in 1937. In 1939, following the collapse of the Republican movement in Spain, Modotti left Spain with Vidali and returned to Mexico under a pseudonym.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1942, at the age of 45, Modotti died from heart failure while on her way home in a taxi from a dinner at Pablo Neruda's home in Mexico City, under what are viewed by some as suspicious circumstances. After hearing about her death, Diego Rivera suggested that Vidali had orchestrated it. Modotti may have 'known too much' about Vidali's activities in Spain, which included a rumoured 400 executions. An autopsy showed that she died of natural causes, namely congestive heart failure. Her grave is located within the vast Panteón de Dolores in Mexico City. Poet Pablo Neruda composed Modotti's epitaph, part of which can also be found on her tombstone, which also includes a relief portrait of Modotti by engraver Leopoldo Méndez:

paragraph: Section::::Murals by Diego Rivera that include Modotti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Abundant Earth", The National Agricultural School, Chapingo, 1926

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Arsenal", Secretaría de Educación Pública Building, Mexico City, 1928

paragraph: Section::::Select photography exhibitions.

paragraph: In 1996 the Philadelphia Museum of Art organized a large-scale retrospective dedicated to the artist, entitled "Tina Modotti: Photographs". Martha Chahroudi, the museum's curator of photography, organized the exhibition. In order to raise funds for the show, the singer Madonna auctioned her 1963 Mercedes-Benz. Madonna has become a major collector of Modotti's work. In 2006, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art organized an exhibition entitled "Mexico as Muse: Tina Modotti and Edward Weston".

paragraph: Prior to the presentation of her work in the U.S., Modotti's photographs have been shown in Italy, Poland, Germany, Austria, and other countries. In 2010, the largest exhibition of her work, "Tina Modotti Photographer and Revolutionary" opened at the KunstHausWien in Vienna, Austria. It presented 250 photographs, many never shown before. The exhibition is based on the collections of Galerie Bilderwelt, Berlin and Spencer Throckmorton, NYC and curated by Reinhard Schultz. In 2015 the exhibition "Tina Modotti: Photographs of Mexican Murals" was organized at the Richard Norton Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: Modotti's photography can be found in a number of public art institutions, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Museum of Art

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Modotti was portrayed by Ashley Judd in the 2002 film "Frida", about fellow artist Frida Kahlo. 2018 announcement by AG Studios, England to make a TV mini-series titled "Radical Eye: The Life and Times of Tina Modotti" starring Monica Bellucci.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tiger's Coat" (Lubin Studios, 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riding With Death" (Fox Film Corporation, 1921) as "Tina Medotti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Can Explain" (Pathe Exchange, 1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tina Modotti" (Channel 4 1992 Documentary) 52 minutes, directed by Ceri Higgins and produced by Helen Kelsey

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books on Modotti:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albers, Patricia, "Shadows, Fire, Snow – The Life of Tina Modotti", Clarkson Potter, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Argenteri, Letizia. 2003."Tina Modotti: Between Art & Revolution" New Haven: Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cacucci, Pino, "Tina Modotti; A Life", St. Martin's Press, New York, NY 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantine, Mildred, "Tina Modotti – A Fragile Life", Chronicle Books, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hooks, Margaret, "Tina Modotti, Photographer and Revolutionary", Harper Collins, London 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hooks, Margaret, "Tina Modotti, Master of Photography", Aperture, NY 1999, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hooks, Margaret, "Tina Modotti", Phaidon Press, London 2006, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowe, Sarah, "Tina Modotti; Photographs", Harry Abrams, Inc., Publishers NY, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noble, Andrea, "Tina Modotti: Image, Texture, Photography", University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poniatowska, Elena, "Tinísima", Ediciones Era, Mexico. 1996. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stourdze, Sam (ed.), Patricia Albers, Karen Cordero Reiman, "Tina Modotti and the Mexican Renaissance", Jean Michel Place Editions, Paris. 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brenner, Anita," Idols Behind Altars – Modern Mexican Art and Its Cultural Roots," Dover Publications Inc. Mineola, NY 2002 [reprinted from 1929 edition] photographs by Modotti and Weston. (pbk.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herrera, Hayden, "Frida – A Biography of Frida Kahlo," Harper Colophon Books, New York, NY 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marnham, Patrick, "Dreaming With His Eyes Open – A Life of Diego Rivera", University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2000 (refers to 1998 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Throckmorton, et al. "Tina Modotti – Photographs", Robert Miller Galley, NY, NY 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naggar & Ritchin, "Mexico Through Foreign Eyes – Visto por ojos extranjeros 1850 – 1990", WW Norton and Co., NY, NY 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rochfort, Desmond, "Mexican Muralists", Chronicle Books, San Francisco 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warren, Beth Gates, "Margrethe Mather & Edward Weston – A Passionate Collaboration", WW Norton & Co. NY, NY 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfe, Bertram D. "The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera", Stein & Day Publishers, NY, NY 1963 k. ed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tina Modotti in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tina Modotti's ballad and video

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheroes of History; Tina Modotti

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Eastman House

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tina Modotti Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Kunst Haus Wien Exhibit

alias:
Assunta Adelaide Luigia
Assunta Luigia Modotti
Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti
Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini

description: Italian photographer and actress

wikidata_label: Tina Modotti

wikipedia_title: Tina Modotti


text:
Perugia
Rome
Italian
Romantic
Tommaso Minardi
Pinturicchio
Borgia Apartments
Kensington Museum
Battle of Solferino
Battle of Custoza (1866)
Via Margutta

categories: Italian male painters,1848 births,Italian battle painters,19th-century Italian painters,1926 deaths,19th-century war artists,People from Perugia

paragraph: Lemmo Rossi-Scotti

paragraph: Count Lemmo Cesare Rossi-Scotti (24 February 1848, Perugia - 23 December 1926, Rome) was an Italian painter, mainly of battle scenes, in a late-Romantic style.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He studied under Tommaso Minardi. Among his masterworks are: "Perrone a San Martino"; "Ultimi ora"; and "Una Ninfa nei boschi". The latter painting was awarded a silver medal all' International Exposition of Nice, and a gold medal at the Umbrian Exposition. He made copies of the Pinturicchio frescoes in the Borgia Apartments; these were commissioned by the Kensington Museum. In 1894, he made a reproduction of the frescoes in the "Sala del Cambio" in Perugia for that museum. In 1880 Exposition of Turin, in 1880, he sent: "Carica delle guide a Mazambano" (Battle of Solferino); "Saroia!"; "Last Hour, Ulans of Bavaria repelled at Villafranca" (Battle of Custoza)

paragraph: "Captain Roberto Perrone defends the Belvedere at the Battle of Custoza (1866)". His grandiose military paintings garnered him commissions from the Royal family.

paragraph: In 1881 at Milan, he exhibited: "Ricordi militari"; and at the same exhibition in 1883: "Silvia e Satiro", "Tasso, Aminta"; and "La Ninfa dei boschi". In the 1883 Mostra of Rome, he displayed: "Il colonnello Bolegno ferito nel caricare alla testa del 14° reggimento fanteria nella giornata di San Martino, e che trasportato dal suo cavallo cadde morto su un'altura di Roccoletto". Rossi-Scotti was named to many National Academies. He had been a member since the late 1880s of the Artists' society, based in Rome, of "In Artes Libertas"

paragraph: As a young painter in Rome, he had his studio on Via Margutta, but once he had gained prominence and success, he was granted the title of Count of Montepetriolo, and bought a medieval castle outside Perugia, and it was transformed into a villa.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Lemmo Rossi-Scotti

wikipedia_title: Lemmo Rossi-Scotti


text: Greystoke

text: Cumbria

text: English peer

text: landowner

text: Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke

text: ward

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Kingdom of England

text: Kingdom of France

text: Siege of Calais

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: France

text: Northern Crusades

text: Prussia

text: David II of Scotland

text: Battle of Neville's Cross

text: Berwick-upon-Tweed

text: France

text: Scots

text: licence to crenellate

text: Greystoke Castle

text: Morpeth Castle

text: Thomas de Lucy, 2nd Baron Lucy

text: Baron Fitzhugh

text: Ralph de Greystoke, 3rd Baron Greystoke

text: Robert Harington, 3rd Baron Harington

text: Gleaston Castle

text: Aldingham

text: Furness

text: Lancashire

text: Brancepeth Castle

text: Greystoke, Cumbria

text: Gilbert de Welton

text: Bishop of Carlisle

text: Thomas, Baron Musgrave

text: Holmcultram Abbey

text: Shap Abbey

paragraph: William de Greystoke, 2nd Baron Greystoke, (6 January 1321 – 10 July 1359) of Greystoke in Cumbria, was an English peer and landowner.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Greystoke was the son of Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke, and his wife Alice, daughter of Hugh, Lord Audley.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was born at the family home in Grimthorpe, on 6 January 1321. Greystoke's father died while he was still a child and he became a ward of his mother's second husband, Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby, until he reached his majority in 1342. During the next ten years he was involved, on the English side, in the Hundred Years' War between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France and was present at the Siege of Calais in 1346. He served under Edward, the Black Prince, in France. He participated in the Northern Crusades of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster to Prussia in 1351–2. In the early 1350s he was involved in the negotiations to secure the release of King David II of Scotland, who had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346. Greystoke was made a captain of Berwick-upon-Tweed, but due to his service in France, he was not present when the town fell to the Scots in August 1355. In October 1353 Greystoke received a royal licence to crenellate "his dwelling place", later known as Greystoke Castle. He was also responsible for renovations on Morpeth Castle which he also owned.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: He married twice and had children by his second wife only:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly to Lucy de Lucie, daughter of Thomas de Lucy, 2nd Baron Lucy (died 1365), but the marriage was childless, and they divorced. During this time, his stepfather, Ralph Neville, unsuccessfully proposed that Greystoke should name his half-brothers, Ralph, Robert, and William Neville, as his heirs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly he married Joane FitzHugh, daughter of Baron Fitzhugh, by whom he had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph de Greystoke, 3rd Baron Greystoke, eldest son and heir.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert de Greystoke;

paragraph: BULLET::::- William de Greystoke "alias" Adamson;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice de Greystoke, the first wife of Robert Harington, 3rd Baron Harington (1356–1406) of Gleaston Castle in the manor of Aldingham in Furness, Lancashire.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Greystoke died on 10 July 1359, at Brancepeth Castle, the seat of his step-father Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby, and was buried in the parish church of St. Andrew's in Greystoke, Cumbria, with a mass conducted by Gilbert de Welton, Bishop of Carlisle. His funeral took place with "great pomp and solemnity", and was attended by great personages including: Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford, Henry Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Masham, Thomas, Baron Musgrave, the Abbot of Holmcultram Abbey and the Abbot of Shap Abbey.

alias:
William de Greystoke
William Greystoke
William Greystoke, 2nd Lord Greystoke

description: English peer and landowner


text:
Philippines
Crawfordsville
Indiana
Methodist Episcopal Church
Manila, Philippines
missionary
Indianapolis
Wesley Hospital
Philippine Revolution
Roman Catholic
Spain
Philippine-American War
Emilio Aguinaldo
famine
drinking water
tropical climate
leprosy
cholera
smallpox
malaria
dysentery
Taft Commission
Santa Cruz
communion
Tondo
Madame Schumann-Heink
Japan
invaded the Philippines
Elpidio Quirino
Malayan
Chinese
Japanese
Hindi
Filipino
anemia

categories: American expatriates in the Philippines,American Methodist missionaries,Christian medical missionaries,American humanitarians,1952 deaths,1869 births,American women physicians,Methodist missionaries in the Philippines

paragraph: Rebecca Parrish

paragraph: Sarah Rebecca Parish (November 1, 1869 – August 22, 1952) known as Rebecca Parrish, was an American medical missionary and physician in the Philippines.

paragraph: Born in Crawfordsville, Indiana, Parrish attended the Medical College of Indiana. After working as an assistant physician, she joined the Women's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church which sent her to work in Manila, Philippines. She spent 30 years in the Philippines, becoming the first female doctor to practice in the country and greatly improving health in the area. She is widely credited for being the driving force behind the Mary Johnston Hospital, which provided maternal care and services to impoverished people and for establishing the first nurses training institute in the country.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life: 1869-1906.

paragraph: Parrish was born to Jesse Mallow Parrish and Mary Catherine Mitchell in 1869, raised as the eldest of nine children. She was raised in a small frontier cabin on a farm in Logansport, Indiana. A very religious family, The Parrishes would attend the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church. As a child she was described as "earnest, thoughtful, always solicitous and serious". She decided she wanted to be a missionary doctor at a young age after hearing stories from a missionary magazine called The Heathen Women's Friend. Her plans were interrupted when her parents died, and she moved her family to Indianapolis to care for her siblings while attending school at Clinton County Normal School.

paragraph: After graduating she started teaching at grammar schools in order to support her eight siblings. After attending Chicago Training School for one year, she decided to enroll in medical school at the Medical College of Indiana. Despite suffering frequent illnesses due to stress and overwork she graduated fourth in her class of 47 students in 1901. After interning at Wesley Hospital for a year she applied to be a missionary physician but she was denied because of her ill health, so instead she worked as an assistant physician at North Indiana Hospital for the Insane from 1902 to 1906. In 1906 when she was in the hospital recovering from another illness, she received a letter from the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church informing her that she was appointed to work in Manila, Philippines, to which she immediately agreed.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Career: 1906-1933.:Arrival in Manila.

paragraph: When Parrish arrived in Manila she encountered a country reeling from the Philippine Revolution that ended three centuries of Roman Catholic rule under Spain. She arrived immediately following the Philippine-American War, during which the United States fought from 1899-1902 to suppress the nationalist forces of Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than American occupation. During this time United States forces burned villages, tortured suspected guerrillas, and employed civilian reconstruction policies that were seen as imperialist. The conflict resulted in widespread violence, famine and disease, as well as prevalent hatred for the American government. The country was suffering from a lack of sanitation, clean drinking water, and proper nutrition. Because of the tropical climate of the Philippines, leprosy was widespread. She later described the health situation:

paragraph: "Health is always a problem in the tropics; water is not safe, unless artesian wells are drilled. In the old days, with decaying fruits and vegetables, insects, especially mosquitoes, insufficient fresh milk for the babies, and the prevalence of cholera, smallpox, malaria, leprosy, dysentery, and tropical ulcers and eruptions, there was a serious health question."

paragraph: Health care in the Philippines was still in the early stages of development, although was starting to improve thanks to the efforts by Taft Commission to promote development and prepare the Philippines for eventual independence. (Country Studies 29, 37) The area subsequently became a hub for religious and medical missions. However, many people were distrustful of hospitals because of local religious beliefs and practices. The Methodist Episcopal Church had sent several medical missionaries and teachers, but Parrish was the first female missionary physician, and became the first female doctor to practice in the Philippines.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Career: 1906-1933.:Dispensaria Betania: 1906-1908.

paragraph: Within two months she started seeing patients in a small free dispensary in December 1906. When it first opened, the dispensary had only "a few drugs, an enameled bowl, a pitcher with most of the enamel peeled off, and chair with one leg awry." The dispensary was located inside of the Harris Memorial Training School (now known as Memorial College) in Santa Cruz, a neighborhood in the northern part of Manila. The church had commissioned the school three years earlier to train young Filipina girls in Manila as deaconesses. She called her clinic the Dispensaria Betania or Bethany Dispensary and quickly acquired a small stock of drugs and medical tools. She operated under the rule that no patient was ever turned away. The clinic received so many patients that it was soon converted into a small hospital with the acquisition of ten cots. The Training School opened up a Nurses' Training School to accommodate her needs. Three students from the Harris Memorial Training School became her first student nurses, and the following year she was assisted by several American nurses as well. She made many house calls during her time at the clinic as an opportunity to follow up with her patients, as well as to tell them about Christianity. She started to develop sympathy for her patients, writing, "It is nonsense to say 'East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet', for 'In Christ there is no East or West, in Him no North or South.'". Death rates among children dropped as she provided medicine, treatment and milk to hundreds of mothers. Her work increased as more and more people traveled by foot, by horse and even by boat to visit the clinic. Her work was made easier in 1911 when the first class of 6 Filipina women graduated from nurse's training. She became devoted to her role as both a physician and a missionary, even writing an article asking for donations in the Michigan Christian Advocate. In it she described her trip to a village across Manila Bay during which she witnessed a communion service in which there was no place to kneel because the dirt floors had turned to mud from a rainstorm.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Career: 1906-1933.:The Mary Johnston Hospital: 1908-present.:Establishment of the Hospital.

paragraph: In 1908 it became clear that the Dispensaria Betania was not sufficient to meet the needs of the community. The local Filipinos in Manila raised between $5,000 and $10,000 to expand the clinic, but the efforts were greatly aided by the assistance of Daniel B.R. Johnston, an American real estate broker. Johnston was seeking to build a memorial to his recently deceased wife Mary, who had been active in promoting missionary work. The Women's Foreign Missionary Society, hearing this, sought him out told him about Parrish's work in Manila, asked him to build a hospital there as a memorial. He donated $12,500 to build the hospital, with the request that it be named after his wife. Parrish decided to build the hospital in Tondo, an impoverished district in western Manila. In 1908 the Mary Johnston Hospital for Women in Children, a two-story building with a fifty-five patient capacity was opened. The hospital included departments for medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pre-natal care, pediatrics, orthopedics and public health.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Career: 1906-1933.:The Mary Johnston Hospital: 1908-present.:Hospital Practices.

paragraph: Parrish left the clinic to work at the new hospital, which specialized in maternity and child care and stood as the only Protestant hospital in the region. It still operated under the original principle that no patient ever be turned away, often meaning that Parrish worked 20-hour days. She maintained high medical standards for the hospital, and required all workers to be involved in the hospital's evangelistic program. She held daily Bible lessons at the clinic and nightly prayer services at the hospital. Despite donations, the hospital still struggled financially. It got by on local and overseas donations, many brought in by Parrish who was frequently invited to speak about her work at gatherings and events. Some donors like the Masonic Lodge donated outright gifts, like an entire ward to house crippled children. Her work became more than a hospital, but rather a fixture in the community, so much so that new generation of children came to be known as "Dr. Parrish's children". She was known to inspire former patients to return and volunteers to devote their lives to medical missionary work.

paragraph: On February 25, 1911, only three years after it was erected, the hospital burned down and was closed for four months. It was able to reopen, thanks to gifts and donations. The hospital always struggled financially and often benefitted from philanthropic assistance, once receiving a donation when it was down to its last 65 cents. The famed opera singer Madame Schumann-Heink once visited and was so impressed that she gave a special performance to benefit the hospital. By 1941 her hospital had grown big enough to hold 120 patients, 60 nurses and in addition to student nurses, and continued to uphold the policy of never turning away a patient.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Career: 1906-1933.:The Mary Johnston Hospital: 1908-present.:World War II.

paragraph: After Japan declared war on the United States in 1942, they invaded the Philippines soon after, as a U.S.-controlled territory. The Mary Johnston Hospital was quickly transformed from a women's and children's hospital into an emergency hospital where patients who were injured during air raids could be treated. Many other hospitals in the city were destroyed or taken over, so Mary Johnston experienced an influx of patients while simultaneously seeing a reduction in many of its sources of income. Many of the personnel worked without pay in order to keep it running.

paragraph: The hospital was destroyed again in a fire on February 5, 1945 when the Japanese finally retreated from the Philippines. Five years later the hospital reopened, thanks to generous gifts from American donors, one individual donation was approximately $28,000. It was rebuilt yet again, this time more extensive and spacious. As years went by the hospital added a maternity ward, a clinic and a station to provide milk to malnourished infants and toddlers.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Career: 1906-1933.:The Mary Johnston Hospital: 1908-present.:Later Years 1950-1958.

paragraph: The Filipino government expressed its gratitude for the services provided by the hospital on several occasions. A bill was passed by the Philippines Legislature giving the hospital financial assistance and extending the hospital's lease to allow it to continue operating.

paragraph: In 1950, at the age of 80 Parrish was honored with a gold medal from the Civic Assembly of Women in Manila, awarded by the President Elpidio Quirino of the Republic of the Philippines, although she was unable to be in Manila at the time due to her failing health. The medal read: The blessings of health and social welfare which the Philippines enjoy today have been inspired by the pioneering effort of this sincere and determined American missionary doctor, who came a long way across the sea, bringing Christian love, healing, and enlightenment, and a better way of life.

paragraph: The hospital reopened the following year on August 26, 1950 and was inaugurated by the President, who said in his speech "I wish there were more hospitals in the country that could render as much service as this hospital has rendered." This time the hospital remained a general hospital. At the time of Parrish's death the hospital was planning to open a new maternity wing in 1958 to celebrate the upcoming 50-year anniversary of the opening of the Dispensaria Betania. Upon hearing the news of her death, all activities were halted in order to hold a Thanksgiving service in her honor. When the time of the anniversary came, the maternity ward was dedicated as the "Rebecca Parrish Pavilion" with a plaque reading

paragraph: Section::::Missionary Career: 1906-1933.:The Mary Johnston Hospital: 1908-present.:Modern Day.

paragraph: The Mary Johnston Hospital is credited with drastically reducing infant mortality by providing advice on proper nutrition, care and sanitation. Today the hospital still stands as one of the primary hospitals in Manila and is distinguished for its commitment to Christian care and to serving primarily impoverished patients. It stands as the only Methodist Hospital in the Philippines. On December 8, 2006, the National Historical Institute of the Philippines recognized it as a historical site.

paragraph: The structure, which was once a small clinic, is now a general hospital which serves as a training center for doctors, nurses and other medical professionals. It offers free medical care for Tondo, one of Manila's poorest districts.

paragraph: As part of the hospital's community outreach, it adopts neighborhood communities to focus on livelihood education, health, cleanliness and Christian education. It also provides a milk-feeding program, and conducts semimonthly clinics to administer immunization shots.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Personal Beliefs.

paragraph: Parrish was always regarded as the leading figure guiding the Mary Johnston Hospital, combining its medical duties with her religious mission. A Born Missionary Recounts

paragraph: "…she saw to it that the hospital and its environs maintained a high moral standard in a district not noted for propriety. No money raised through bridge-teas, dancing, or theatricals was accepted as a contribution to the hospital. She lectured on ethics, morals and religion in local high schools and universities; taught sociology for ten years; wrote a health page and health articles for newspapers. Often she found herself being interviews by young people for advice, even marital counseling."

paragraph: She was also noted for her activism, campaigning against the practice of white slavery and the mistreatment of lepers. She devoted herself to women's issues in Manila as well, she recounts encountering sexism upon her initial arrival

paragraph: "They asked me point blank, "Can a woman know enough to be a doctor?" and I, as frankly, answered "yes". All were curious. But, thro 27 years, I was to prove it…and DID a million times." This determination led her to establish the Philippines' first Woman's Club, which later expanded to 800 clubs and was incorporated into the General Federation of Women's Clubs.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Travels.

paragraph: When she would go back to the United States, she would often travel through Asia, making three complete trips around the world. She managed to learn Malayan, Chinese, Japanese and Hindi in addition to Filipino. She wrote about her travels in her memoir, "Orient Seas and Lands Afar".

paragraph: Section::::Return to the United States.

paragraph: In 1933, after 27 years in the Philippines Parrish's health gave out and she was forced to return to the United States. But by the time she left, her hospital had expanded to include 500 Filipino nurses, and had reduced the infant mortality rate from 66% to 8%. She continued to lecture about her mission work, as well as write articles and letters. She detailed her experiences in a memoir titled "Orient Seas and Lands Afar". Although Parrish longed to visit the hospital once more, her anemia prevented her from traveling and in 1952 she died in her sleep before she was able to return. She died on August 23, 1952 at the age of 82 in Indianapolis, Indiana.

description: Medical Missionary

wikidata_label: Rebecca Parrish

wikipedia_title: Rebecca Parrish


text:
Carthusian
Reims
Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims
Gervais de Château-du-Loir
Manasses de Gournai
Autun
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Pope Gregory VII
Robert of Molesme
Molesme
Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres
hermit
Cistercians
Hugh of Châteauneuf
Dauphiné
Chartreuse
Grenoble
lay brother
Antipope Clement III
Lateran
Reggio Calabria
Benedictine
Salerno
Dauphiné
Council of Clermont
First Crusade
Council of Benevento
Roman Catholic Diocese of Squillace
Roger I of Sicily
Sicily
Calabria
Mileto
Roger
Grande Chartreuse
Serra San Bruno
Our Lady Della Torre
San Bruno Creek
California
canonized
Tridentine Calendar
Pope Gregory XV
General Roman Calendar
patron saint
Calabria
Germany
Psalms
Epistle
Paul the Apostle
Church Fathers
Augustine of Hippo
Ambrose
skull
halo
star
device
Spatiamentum
Cologne Charterhouse
"International Fellowship of St. Bruno"
"Quies"
Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
Sito sull'universo certosino
Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square

categories: Medieval German theologians,1101 deaths,12th-century Christian saints,1030s births,German Christian monks,German Roman Catholic saints,12th-century Christian mystics,Carthusians,German hermits,Roman Catholic mystics,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Bruno of Cologne

paragraph: Bruno of Cologne (c. 1030 – 6 October 1101) was the founder of the Carthusian Order, he personally founded the order's first two communities. He was a celebrated teacher at Reims, and a close advisor of his former pupil, Pope Urban II. His feast day is October 6.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bruno was born in Cologne about the year 1030. According to tradition, he belonged to the family of Hartenfaust, or Hardebüst, one of the principal families of the city. Little is known of his early years, except that he studied theology in the present-day French city of Reims before returning to his native land. His Feast day was announced to be October 6th.

paragraph: His education completed, Bruno returned to Cologne, where he was most likely ordained a priest around 1055, and provided with a canonry at St. Cunibert's. In 1056 Bishop Gervais recalled him to Reims, where the following year he found himself head of the Episcopal school, which at the time included the direction of the schools and the oversight of all the educational establishments of the diocese. For eighteen years, from 1057 to 1075, he maintained the prestige which the school of Reims attained under its former masters, Remi of Auxerre, and others.

paragraph: Bruno led the school for nearly two decades, acquiring an excellent reputation as a philosopher and theologian. Among his students were Eudes of Châtillon, afterwards Pope Urban II, Rangier, Cardinal and Bishop of Reggio, Robert, Bishop of Langres, and a large number of prelates and abbots.

paragraph: Section::::Chancellor of the Diocese of Reims.

paragraph: In 1075, Bruno was appointed chancellor of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims, which involved him in the daily administration of the diocese. Meanwhile, the pious Bishop Gervais de Château-du-Loir, a friend to Bruno, had been succeeded by Manasses de Gournai, a violent aristocrat with no real vocation for the Church. In 1077, at the urging of Bruno and the clergy at Reims, de Gournai was suspended at a council at Autun. He responded, in typical eleventh century fashion, by having his retainers pull down the houses of his accusers.

paragraph: He confiscated their goods, sold their benefices, and even appealed to the pope. Bruno discreetly avoided the cathedral city until in 1080 a definite sentence, confirmed by popular riot, compelled Manasses to withdraw and take refuge with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, the fierce opponent of Pope Gregory VII.

paragraph: Section::::Refusal to become a Bishop.

paragraph: On the verge of being made bishop himself, Bruno instead followed a vow he had made to renounce secular concerns and withdrew, along with two of his friends, Raoul and Fulcius, also canons of Reims.

paragraph: Bruno's first thought on leaving Reims seems to have been to place himself and his companions under the direction of an eminent solitary, Robert of Molesme, who had recently (1075) settled at Sèche-Fontaine, near Molesme in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres, together with a band of other hermits, who were later on (in 1098) to form the Cistercians. But he soon found that this was not his vocation. After a short stay he went with six of his companions to Hugh of Châteauneuf, Bishop of Grenoble. The bishop, according to the pious legend, had recently had a vision of these men, under a chaplet of seven stars, and he installed them himself in 1084 in a mountainous and uninhabited spot in the lower Alps of the Dauphiné, in a place named Chartreuse, not far from Grenoble. With St. Bruno were: Landuin, Stephen of Bourg, Stephen of Die (canons of St. Rufus), Hugh the Chaplain and two laymen, Andrew and Guerin, who afterwards became the first lay brothers.

paragraph: They built an oratory with small individual cells at a distance from each other where they lived isolated and in poverty, entirely occupied in prayer and study, for these men had a reputation for learning, and were frequently honored by the visits of St. Hugh who became like one of themselves.

paragraph: At the time, Bruno's pupil, Eudes of Châtillon, had become pope as Urban II (1088). Resolved to continue the work of reform commenced by Gregory VII, and being obliged to struggle against Antipope Clement III and Emperor Henry IV, he was in dire need of competent and devoted allies and called his former master to Rome in 1090.

paragraph: It is difficult to assign the place which Bruno occupied in Rome, or his influence in contemporary events, because it remained entirely hidden and confidential. Lodged in the Lateran with the pope himself, privy to his most private councils, he worked as an advisor but wisely kept in the background, apart from the fiercely partisan rivalries in Rome and within the curia. Shortly after his arrival in Rome, the papal party was forced to evacuate to the south by the arrival of Henry IV with his own antipope in tow.

paragraph: Bruno resisted efforts to name him Archbishop of Reggio Calabria, deferring instead in favor of one of his former pupils nearby in a Benedictine abbey near Salerno. Instead Bruno begged to return again to his solitary life. His intention was to rejoin his brethren in Dauphiné, as a letter addressed to them makes clear. But the will of Urban II kept him in Italy, near the papal court, to which he could be called at need.

paragraph: Bruno did not attend the Council of Clermont, where Urban preached the First Crusade, but seems to have been present at the Council of Benevento (March, 1091). His part in history is effaced.

paragraph: The place for his new retreat, chosen in 1091 by Bruno and some followers who had joined him, was in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Squillace, in a small forested high valley, where the band constructed a little wooden chapel and cabins. His patron there was Roger I of Sicily, Count of Sicily and Calabria and uncle of the Duke of Apulia, who granted them the lands they occupied, and a close friendship developed. Bruno went to the Guiscard court at Mileto to visit the count in his sickness (1098 and 1101), and to baptize his son, Roger (1097), the future King of Sicily. But more often Roger went into retreat with his friends, where he erected a simple house for himself. Through his generosity, the monastery of St. Stephen was built in 1095, near the original hermitage dedicated to the Virgin.

paragraph: At the turn of the new century, the friends of St. Bruno died one after the other: Urban II in 1099; Landuin, the prior of the Grande Chartreuse, his first companion, in 1100; Count Roger in 1101. Bruno followed on 6 October 1101 in Serra San Bruno.

paragraph: Section::::Bruno's legacy.

paragraph: After his death, the Carthusians of Calabria, following a frequent custom of the Middle Ages, dispatched a roll-bearer, a servant of the community laden with a long roll of parchment, hung round his neck, who travelled through Italy, France, Germany, and England, stopping to announce the death of Bruno, and in return, the churches, communities, or chapters inscribed upon his roll, in prose or verse, the expression of their regrets, with promises of prayers. Many of these rolls have been preserved, but few are so extensive or so full of praise as that about St. Bruno. A hundred and seventy-eight witnesses, of whom many had known the deceased, celebrated the extent of his knowledge and the fruitfulness of his instruction. Strangers to him were above all struck by his great knowledge and talents. But his disciples praised his three chief virtues — his great spirit of prayer, extreme mortification, and devotion to the Blessed Virgin.

paragraph: Both the churches built by him in the desert were dedicated to the Blessed Virgin: Our Lady of Casalibus in Dauphiné and Our Lady Della Torre in Calabria; faithful to his inspirations, the Carthusian Statutes proclaim the Mother of God the first and chief patron of all the houses of the order, whoever may be their particular patron. He is also the eponym for San Bruno Creek in California.

paragraph: Section::::Inscription in the Roman Calendar.

paragraph: Bruno was buried in the little cemetery of the hermitage of Santa Maria. In 1513, his bones were discovered with the epitaph ""Haec sunt ossa magistri Brunonis"" (these are the bones of the master Bruno) over them. Since the Carthusian Order maintains a strict observance of humility, Saint Bruno was never formally canonized. He was not included in the Tridentine Calendar, but in the year 1623 Pope Gregory XV included him in the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 6 October.

paragraph: Saint Bruno has long been regarded the patron saint of Calabria and one of the patron saints of Germany.

paragraph: A writer as well as founder of his order, Saint Bruno composed commentaries on the Psalms and on the Epistles of Paul the Apostle. Two letters of his also remain, his profession of faith, and a short elegy on contempt for the world which shows that he cultivated poetry. St Bruno's "Commentaries" reveal that he knew a little Hebrew and Greek; he was familiar with the Church Fathers, especially Augustine of Hippo and Ambrose. "His style," said Dom Rivet, "is concise, clear, nervous and simple, and his Latin as good as could be expected of that century: it would be difficult to find a composition of this kind at once more solid and more luminous, more concise and more clear."

paragraph: In Catholic art, Saint Bruno can be recognized by a skull that he holds and contemplates, with a book and a cross. He may be crowned with a halo of seven stars; or with a roll bearing the device "O Bonitas."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spatiamentum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cologne Charterhouse

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "International Fellowship of St. Bruno"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sito sull'universo certosino

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square

description: Founder of the Carthusian Order

wikidata_label: Bruno of Cologne

wikipedia_title: Bruno of Cologne


href: Ebla%23Third%20kingdom Syria basalt Tell%20Mardikh Aleppo Ishtar acropolis Ebla Amorite

text:
Third kingdom of Ebla
Syria
basalt
Tell Mardikh
Aleppo
Ishtar
acropolis
Ebla
Amorite

paragraph: Ibbit-Lim

paragraph: Ibbit-Lim was the earliest known ruler of the Third kingdom of Ebla, in modern Syria, reigning most likely shortly before 1950 BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Ibbit-Lim is only known by a fragmentary basalt torso found in 1968 at Tell Mardikh and now in Aleppo, which was part of a votive statue for Ishtar, once placed in this goddess' temple in the acropolis of Ebla. A cuneiform inscription on it bears the name of the "meki" (king) of Ebla Ibbit-Lim, son of Igrish-Kheb, and claims that the statue was made "eight years after Ishtar's apparition in Ebla". It is believed that this text passage refers to the election of Ishtar as the poliadic goddess of Ebla, an action most likely brought by Ibbit-Lim himself, eight years before making the statue.br

paragraph: Ibbit-Lim's torso was the first evidence permitting the identification of Tell Mardikh with the ancient city of Ebla, whose location had been lost.

paragraph: As one of the earliest rulers – if not the very first one – of the Third kingdom of Ebla, Ibbit-Lim may have been the king who ordered the city walls. The names of Ibbit-Lim and his father Igrish-Kheb – who is not known to have been a king – are Amorite, suggesting that the inhabitants of Third kingdom of Ebla were predominantly Amorites, as were most of the inhabitants of Syria at that time.

wikidata_label: Ibbit-Lim

wikipedia_title: Ibbit-Lim


text: Col

text: USMCR

text: astronaut

text: Lunar Module

text: Apollo 7

text: Neil Armstrong

text: Elliot See

text: fighter pilot

text: physicist

text: entrepreneur

text: venture capitalist

text: Creston, Iowa

text: Venice High School

text: Venice, California

text: U.S. Navy

text: flight training

text: active duty

text: U.S. Marine Corps

text: Korea

text: Marine Corps Reserve

text: colonel

text: B.A.

text: M.A.

text: physics

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: Ph.D.

text: RAND Corporation

text: third group of astronauts

text: NASA

text: Apollo 7

text: Lunar Module

text: Schirra

text: jet aircraft

text: space

text: Harvard Business School

text: Advanced Management Program

text: businessman

text: investor

text: In the Shadow of the Moon

text: NASA Distinguished Service Medal

text: Houston Chronicle

text: global warming debate

text: carbon dioxide

text: fellow

text: American Astronautical Society

text: Society of Experimental Test Pilots

text: American Geophysical Union

text: Explorers Club

text: Sigma Pi Sigma

text: Sigma Xi

text: Association of Space Explorers

text: NASA Distinguished Service Medal

text: NASA Exceptional Service Medal

text: AIAA

text: Emmy Award

text: Medal of Valor

text: American Legion

text: American Conservative Union

text: Houston

text: International Space Hall of Fame

text: U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame

text: Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame

text: International Air & Space Hall of Fame

text: San Diego Air and Space Museum

text: Official website of Walter Cunningham

text: Cunningham at Encyclopedia of Science

categories: American investors,Military personnel from Iowa,United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees,People from Creston, Iowa,Apollo program astronauts,American astronauts,1968 in spaceflight,20th-century American businesspeople,Santa Monica College alumni,Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal,Apollo 7,1932 births,Aviators from Iowa,Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal,Living people,United States Marine Corps officers,NASA people,NASA civilian astronauts,Emmy Award winners,21st-century American physicists,University of California, Los Angeles alumni

paragraph: Walter Cunningham

paragraph: Ronnie Walter Cunningham (born March 16, 1932), (Col, USMCR, Ret.) is a retired American astronaut. In 1968, he was a Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 7 mission. He was NASA's third civilian astronaut (after Neil Armstrong and Elliot See), and has also been a fighter pilot, physicist, entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and author of "The All-American Boys".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life, education and military career.

paragraph: Cunningham was born in Creston, Iowa, on March 16, 1932. He graduated from Venice High School in Venice, California.

paragraph: After high school, Cunningham joined the U.S. Navy in 1951, and began flight training in 1952. He served on active duty as a fighter pilot with the U.S. Marine Corps from 1953 until 1956, flying 54 missions as a night fighter pilot in Korea. Armistice discussions were still on-going when Cunningham initially left for Korea, and the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed just before he arrived. From 1956 to 1975, he served in the Marine Corps Reserve, ultimately retiring at the rank of colonel.

paragraph: Cunningham received his B.A. with honors in 1960, and his M.A. with distinction in 1961, both in physics, from the University of California, Los Angeles. He completed all requirements save for the dissertation for a Ph.D. in physics at UCLA during his time at RAND Corporation, where he spent three years prior his NASA selection.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.

paragraph: In October 1963, Cunningham was one of the third group of astronauts selected by NASA. On October 11, 1968, he occupied the Lunar Module Pilot seat for the eleven-day flight of Apollo 7, the first launch of a manned Apollo mission. The flight carried no Lunar Module and Cunningham was responsible for all spacecraft systems except launch and navigation. The crew kept busy with myriad system tests and successfully completed test firing of the service-module-engine ignition and measuring the accuracy of the spacecraft systems. Schirra, with a cold, ran afoul of NASA management during the flight, but Cunningham went on to head up the Skylab Branch of the Astronaut Office and left NASA in 1971.

paragraph: He has accumulated more than 4,500 hours of flying time, including more than 3,400 in jet aircraft and 263 hours in space.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post-NASA career.

paragraph: In 1974, Cunningham attended Harvard Business School's six-week Advanced Management Program and later worked as a businessman and investor in a number of private ventures. In 1977, he published "The All-American Boys", a reminiscence of his astronaut days. He was also a major contributor and foreword-writer for the 2007 space history book "In the Shadow of the Moon". In 2018, Cunningham joined the Back to Space organization as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring the next generation to go to Mars.

paragraph: In 2008, NASA awarded Cunningham the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his Apollo 7 mission. He is currently a radio talk show host and public speaker. Cunningham also works as a consultant to start-up technology companies and is chairman of the Texas Aerospace Commission.

paragraph: Section::::Global warming views.

paragraph: Cunningham rejects the scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic global warming (AGW). In 2010, he published a pamphlet titled "Global Warming: Facts versus Faith" in which he states: "The current debate is not unlike Galileo's historic disagreement with the Catholic Church or the battle over evolution versus creationism. In all three cases, facts are pitted against faith and science against religion. The conflict over global warming has deteriorated into a religious war between true believers in AGW and non-believers, the so-called 'skeptics.'"

paragraph: In an editorial published in the "Houston Chronicle" on August 15, 2010, Cunningham argued that the empirical evidence does not support the claims of global warming. The editorial, titled "Climate change alarmists ignore scientific methods", stated his opinion that the global warming debate hinged on four key points. "About 20 years ago," he stated, "a small group of scientists became concerned that temperatures around the Earth were unreasonably high and a threat to humanity. In their infinite wisdom, they decided: 1) that CO2 (carbon dioxide) levels were abnormally high, 2) that higher levels of CO2 were bad for humanity, 3) that warmer temperatures would be worse for the world, and 4) that we are capable of overriding natural forces to control the Earth's temperature. Not one of these presumptions (opinions) has proven to be valid."

paragraph: Section::::Organizations.

paragraph: Cunningham is a member of numerous organizations. He is an associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, fellow of the American Astronautical Society, member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, American Geophysical Union, Explorers Club, Sigma Pi Sigma and Sigma Xi, Association of Space Explorers, Houston American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, Aviation Subcommittee, Houston Chamber of Commerce, Earth Awareness Foundation, National Association of Small Business Investment Companies.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Cunningham is a recipient of numerous national and international honors, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Distinguished Service Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Exceptional Service Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- AIAA Haley Astronautics Award, 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- UCLA Professional Achievement Award, 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Special Trustees Award, National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (Emmy Award), 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of Valor, American Legion, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outstanding American Award, American Conservative Union, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Listed in Who's Who

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Haddaway Award, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Space Hall of Fame, inducted in 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame, inducted in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Air & Space Hall of Fame, San Diego Air and Space Museum, inducted in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Walter Cunningham

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astronautix biography of Walter Cunningham

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cunningham at Encyclopedia of Science

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Cunningham on The George Jarkesy Show

description: American astronaut

wikidata_label: Walter Cunningham

wikipedia_title: Walter Cunningham


text: Liége

text: Paris Opéra

text: Auguste-Athanase Chéron

text: École royale de musique

text: Atala Thérèse Adrien

text: Pierre-François Wartel

text: Marie Magdeleine Real del Sarte

text: Thérèse Geraldy

text: Maxime Réal del Sarte

categories: French opera singers,French basses,Operatic basses,1766 births,18th-century French opera singers,1823 deaths,19th-century French opera singers

paragraph: Martin-Joseph Adrien

paragraph: Martin-Joseph Adrien (also "Andrien dit la Neuville"; May 26, 1766 – November 19, 1822) was a French operatic bass.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Liége, Belgium on May 26, 1766. He was the premier bass singer at the Paris Opéra from 1785 to 1804 and took alternative operatic roles with another great singer, Auguste-Athanase Chéron (1760-1829); afterwards he became choirmaster at the opera. In March 1822 Martin-Joseph succeeded Lainé as professor of declamation at the École royale de musique. Unfortunately, he did not live long to enjoy his new position. Martin-Joseph died November 1822.

paragraph: Some critics considered Martin-Joseph's voice to be too harsh. However, he was an excellent actor. Martin-Joseph's musical talents did not stop with signing. He was also a composer. There are two surviving songs which deal with the aftermath of the French Revolution and foreign invasion. The first was entitled "Hymne à la Victoire" (1795) and the second hymn to the martyrs for liberty.

paragraph: In 1813, Martin-Joseph married the Baroness Gabrielle-Constance de Philippy de Bucelly d'Estrées (1782-1854), daughter of Albert Philippi de Bucelly du Tronquoy, Baron d' Estrées (1745-1808) and Catherine Georgia (1753-1810). Martin-Joseph and Gabrielle-Constance issued two equally talented musicians: Atala Thérèse Adrien (1814-1865), wife of the French composer Pierre-François Wartel (1806-1882) and Rosine-Charlotte Adrien, the wife of renowned music teacher François Alexandre Nicolas Chéri Delsarte (1811-1871). The artistic legacy of the Adrien brothers continued on to the next generations. In particular, the children of Delsarte become involved in painting and sculpting and so did his grand-children. Among DelSarte's notable descendants stands out the painters Marie Magdeleine Real del Sarte,née DelSarte, (1853-1927) and Thérèse Geraldy (1884-1865), and the sculptor Maxime Réal del Sarte .

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Martin-Joseph came from an artistic family. He was the son of Martin-Joseph Adrien and Marie-Thérèse Cantillon. In total, he had five siblings, many of them musicians. Martin-Joseph's two other brothers Arnold-Michel Adrien dit "Adrien l'Ainé" (1756-1814) and Jacques-François-Ferdinand Adrien (1760-1830) were also involved in the Paris musical world. They composed music for the revolutionary government in Paris.

wikidata_label: Martin-Joseph Adrien

wikipedia_title: Martin-Joseph Adrien


text:
Zhetisay
Kazakhstan
Almaty
Kurmangazy
University of New Orleans
Louisiana State University
Astana
Gaziza Zhubanova
Emanuel Borok
Steinway
University of Mobile

categories: 1972 births,Kazakhstani composers,Living people,Kazakhstani pianists

paragraph: Kadisha Onalbayeva

paragraph: Kadisha Onalbayeva (born 1972 in Zhetisay, Kazakhstan) is a pianist and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: She began her musical training at age five, when she was recruited to attend the exclusive Zhubanov School for Talented Children in Almaty, Kazakhstan. While at the Zhubanov School, she excelled in piano and composition, garnering awards including prizes from the Soviet Union's New Talent competitions, Kazakhstan national piano competitions and other competitions and festivals in Central Asia, Germany, Turkey, Russia, and Uzbekistan. After graduating from the Zhubanov School, Kadisha entered the Kurmangazy National Conservatory of Music.

paragraph: In 1988, Onalbayeva was presented the President's Award for Young Artists and Chevron Award for Talented Students in piano and composition. After immigrating to the United States in 2003, she earned dual M.M degrees in composition and piano performance at the University of New Orleans, Louisiana (2005, 2006), followed by a DMA in piano performance in 2010 from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Throughout her career, Onalbayeva has participated in festivals of new and classical music as composer, performer and festival organizer throughout Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, Costa Rica, Austria, and England. She was commissioned by the Kazakhstan National Philharmonic Orchestra in 2013 to write a symphonic poem, which she titled "Zherym" (My Motherland). This new work premiered in May 2014 and was performed by the Kazakhstan National Philharmonic Orchestra. She has performed with the University of Mobile Orchestra, the Mobile Symphonic Band, the Pensacola Civic Band, the Albany Symphony Orchestra (Georgia), Kazakhstan National Philharmonic Orchestra as well as the Astana Philharmonic Orchestra. Chamber performances include collaborations with the Gaziza Zhubanova String Quartet in Kazakhstan, the Emerald Coast Trio, Gulf Coast Virtuosi, and violinist Emanuel Borok, among others. She is also an international piano performance adjudicator, clinician, and lecturer.

paragraph: In 2013, Onalbayeva became Kazakhstan's first Steinway Artist. She currently serves on the faculty as Professor of Music at the University of Mobile, in addition to being President and Founder of the Gulf Coast Steinway Society.

paragraph: The Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan recently filmed a full-length documentary on her life and musical career titled "Independent National’s Heritage." This video was released in 2015 in both Kazakh and Russian.

wikidata_label: Kadisha Onalbayeva

wikipedia_title: Kadisha Onalbayeva


text:
Count of Castile
King of León
Emperor of Spain
Sancho III of Navarre
Muniadona of Castile
García Sánchez III of Navarre
Jiménez dynasty
Sancha
Ramiro
García
Gonzalo
Cathedral of Pamplona
San Juan de la Peña
Jimena Fernández
San Salvador de Leire
Santa María la Real de Irache
Crónica de Alaón renovada
García Sánchez
León
Sancha
Bermudo III
Burgos
San Pedro de Cardeña
San Pedro de Arlanza
Cea
Pisuerga
Battle of Tamarón
Battle of Atapuerca
Sancho García IV
Álava
La Rioja
Bureba
Historia silense
"taifa" of Zaragoza
Soria
San Esteban de Gormaz
Berlanga
Vadorrey
Santiuste
Huermeces
Santamara
Roman road
Toledo
Zaragoza
Ahmad al-Muqtadir
"taifa" of Tortosa
Ramiro I of Aragon
Raymond Berengar I of Barcelona
parias
Yahya ibn Ismail al-Mamun
emir of Toledo
Mozarabic Christian
Pascual
Talamanca
Alcalá de Henares
razzia
taifa
Seville
Badajoz
Reconquista
Duero
Lamego
Mondego
Viseu
Coimbra
a six-month siege
"taifa" of Valencia
the city itself
Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar
Ramiro I of Aragon
Siege of Valencia
Battle of Paterna
Basilica of San Isidoro
Sancho
Alfonso
Galicia
García
Elvira
Toro
Urraca
Zamora
Chronicon complutense
Pope
Holy Roman Emperor
King of France
Urban I
Urban II
Victor II
El Cid
Juan de Mariana
Florence
Emperor Henry III
Ernst Steindorff
romancero

categories: Galician monarchs,1065 deaths,House of Jiménez,11th-century monarchs in Europe,11th-century people from the Kingdom of León,Leonese monarchs,1010s births,Burials in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro

paragraph: Ferdinand I of León

paragraph: Ferdinand I ("c". 1015 – 24 December 1065), called the Great ("el Magno"), was the Count of Castile from his uncle's death in 1029 and the King of León after defeating his brother-in-law in 1037. According to tradition, he was the first to have himself crowned Emperor of Spain (1056), and his heirs carried on the tradition. He was a younger son of Sancho III of Navarre and Muniadona of Castile, and by his father's will recognised the supremacy of his eldest brother, García Sánchez III of Navarre. While Ferdinand inaugurated the rule of the Navarrese Jiménez dynasty over western Spain, his rise to preeminence among the Christian rulers of the peninsula shifted the locus of power and culture westward after more than a century of Leonese decline. Nevertheless, "[t]he internal consolidation of the realm of León–Castilla under Fernando el Magno and [his queen] Sancha (1037–1065) is a history that remains to be researched and written."

paragraph: Section::::Date and order of birth.

paragraph: There is some disagreement concerning the order of birth of Sancho III's sons, and of Ferdinand's place among them. He was certainly a younger son, and he was probably born later than 1011, by which date his parents are known to have married. Most, and the most reliable, charters name Sancho's sons in the order Ramiro, García, Gonzalo, then Ferdinand. Three documents from the Cathedral of Pamplona list them in this way, as well as four from the monastery of San Juan de la Peña. One charter from Pamplona, dated 29 September 1023, is witnessed by Sancho's mother, Jimena Fernández, his wife Muniadona, her children, listed García, Ferdinand then Gonzalo, and their brother, the illegitimate Ramiro.

paragraph: In five documents of the monastery of San Salvador de Leire, Ferdinand is listed after Gonzalo. Two of these are dated to 17 April 1014. If authentic, they place Ferdinand's birth before that date. Three further documents from Leire are among the only ones to place Ferdinand second among the legitimate sons, but they suffer from various anachronisms and interpolations. Two preserved diplomas of Santa María la Real de Irache also put Gonzalo ahead of him. On the basis of these documents, Gonzalo Martínez Díez places Ferdinand third of the known legitimate sons of Sancho III (Ramiro being a bastard born before Sancho's marriage to Muniadona), and his birth no earlier than 1015. The "Crónica de Alaón renovada", which Martínez Díez dates to 1154, but which other scholars dismiss as a late medieval concoction, lists García, Ferdinand and Gonzalo as Sancho III's sons by Muniadona in that order, but in the same passage mistakenly places Gonzalo's death before his father's.

paragraph: Section::::Count of Castile (1029–37).

paragraph: Ferdinand was barely in his teens when García Sánchez, Count of Castile, was assassinated by a party of exiled Castilian noblemen as he was entering the church of John the Baptist in León, where he had gone to marry Sancha, sister of Bermudo III, King of León. In his role as feudal overlord, Sancho III of Navarre nominated his younger son Ferdinand, born to the deceased count's sister Muniadona, as count of Castile. Although Sancho was recognised as the ruler of Castile until his death, Ferdinand was granted the title "count" ("comes") and was prepared to succeed in Castile. On 7 July 1029, before a council in Burgos, the capital of Castile, Óneca, aunt of the late García and queen Muniadona, formally adopted Sancho and Muniadona, making them her heirs. The record of the council is the first recorded instance of Ferdinand bearing the title of count. A later charter from the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña, dated 1 January 1030, explicits lists Sancho as king in León (the overlord of Castile) and Ferdinand as count in Castile. The first indication that Ferdinand was independently reigning over Castile, or was at least recognised as count in his own right, is a charter of 1 November 1032 from the monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza, which does not mention his father, but dates it to the time of "Fernando Sánchez bearing the county". Sancho's decision to name his son as count in Castile preserved its high degree of autonomy, although no Castilian document after 1028 is dated by the reign of Bermudo III nor is he ever named as king of León. The only sovereign whose regnal year was used was Sancho III, making Ferdinand the first count of Castile not to recognise the suzerainty of the king of León.

paragraph: Sancho III arranged for Ferdinand to marry García of Castile's intended bride, Sancha of León, in 1032. The lands between the Cea and Pisuerga rivers went to Castile as her dowry. After his father's death on 18 October 1035, Ferdinand continued to rule in Castile, but he was not, as many later authors have it, king of Castile. Contemporary documents stress his status as count and his relationship of vassalage to the king of León. A document issued by his brother Ramiro on 22 August 1036 at San Juan de la Peña was drawn while "emperor Bermudo [was] reigning in León and count Ferdinand in Castile, king García in Pamplona, king Ramiro in Aragon, and king Gonzalo in Ribagorza." Two private Castilian documents dated 1 January 1037 both express Ferdinand's continuing vassalage to the Leonese monarch explicitly, dating themselves by the reign of "king Bermudo and Ferdinand, count in his realms".

paragraph: In a dispute over the territory between the Cea and Pisuerga, Ferdinand, nominally a vassal of Bermudo III, defeated and killed his suzerain at the Battle of Tamarón on 4 September 1037. Ferdinand took possession of León by right of his wife, and on 22 June 1038 had himself crowned and anointed king in León.

paragraph: Section::::King of León (1037–65).

paragraph: Section::::King of León (1037–65).:Relations with Navarre.

paragraph: On 15 September 1054, Ferdinand defeated his elder brother García at the Battle of Atapuerca and reduced Navarre to a vassal state under his late brother's young son, Sancho García IV. Although Navarre at that time included the traditionally Castilian lands of Álava and La Rioja, Ferdinand demanded the cession only of Bureba. Over the next decade, he gradually extended his control over more of the western territory of Navarre at the expense of Sancho IV, although this was accomplished peacefully and is only detectable in the documentary record.

paragraph: Section::::King of León (1037–65).:Relations with al-Andalus.:War with Zaragoza.

paragraph: In 1060, according to the "Historia silense", Ferdinand invaded the "taifa" of Zaragoza through the upland valley of the eastern Duero in the highlands around Soria. He captured the fortresses of San Esteban de Gormaz, Berlanga and Vadorrey, and afterwards proceeded through Santiuste, Huermeces and Santamara as far as the Roman road that lay between Toledo and Zaragoza. The success of the campaign was made possible by the preoccupation of the Zaragozan emir, Ahmad al-Muqtadir, with attacking the neighboring "taifa" of Tortosa and defending his northeastern frontier from Ramiro I of Aragon and Raymond Berengar I of Barcelona. The emir, up until then paying tribute to Sancho IV of Navarre, submitted to Ferdinand and agreed to pay "parias". Although probably originally meant to be temporary, Ferdinand managed to enforce the tribute until his death.

paragraph: Section::::King of León (1037–65).:Relations with al-Andalus.:War with Toledo.

paragraph: With al-Muqtadir sidelined as a threat, Ferdinand turned his attention to Yahya ibn Ismail al-Mamun, emir of Toledo. It is probable that Ferdinand already maintained close relations with the Toledan court, and was perhaps protector of the Mozarabic Christian community in Toledo. In 1058, the last known Mozarabic bishop of Toledo, Pascual, was consecrated in León. In 1062, Ferdinand invaded the east of al-Mamun's "taifa", taking Talamanca and besieging Alcalá de Henares. After seeing his country plundered, al-Mamun agreed to pay "parias" and Ferdinand left.

paragraph: Section::::King of León (1037–65).:Relations with al-Andalus.:Great raid on Badajoz and Seville.

paragraph: In 1063, using the new income from his "parias", Ferdinand organised a "great raid, or "razzia"" into the "taifas" of Seville and Badajoz. Seville, and probably Badajoz also, paid a ransom for his withdrawal. This attack was probably also designed to remove Badajoz as a threat during his siege of Coimbra the next year.

paragraph: Section::::King of León (1037–65).:Relations with al-Andalus.:Reconquests in Portugal.

paragraph: Although the sources are unclear, it is possible that as early as 1055 Ferdinand attacked the "taifa" of Badajoz. His first serious campaign of "Reconquista" was an invasion of the lower basin of the Duero between the coast, which had long been held by León, and the mountains. On 29 November 1057 his army conquered Lamego and its valleys. Having secured the Duero, Ferdinand began to bring the valley of the Mondego under his control, first taking Viseu in its middle stretch on 25 July 1058 and then moving down towards the sea. It was "a long and grueling battle" before Coimbra, at the mouth of the Mondego, was taken on 25 July 1064 after a six-month siege.

paragraph: Section::::King of León (1037–65).:Relations with al-Andalus.:War with Valencia.

paragraph: In 1065, Ferdinand embarked on his last military campaign. He invaded the "taifa" of Valencia and got as far as the vicinity of the city itself, where he defeated the emir Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar late in the autumn. The emir's father-in-law, al-Mamun of Toledo, seized control of Valencia, and the frightened emir of Zaragoza renewed his tribute payments to León. Ferdinand fell ill in November and returned to his kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor of Spain.

paragraph: Ferdinand was first titled "emperor" not by himself or his own scribes, but by the notaries of his half-brother, the petty king Ramiro I of Aragon, whose notaries were also calling Ferdinand's predecessor as king of León by the same title. In a royal Aragonese charter of 1036, before the Battle of Tamarón, Ramiro refers to his brother as "emperor in Castile and in León and in Astorga". A similarly-worded charter was issued in 1041 and again in 1061, where the order of kingdoms is reversed and Astorga ignored: "emperor in León and in Castile". The first use of the imperial style in a charter of his own, preserved in the cartulary of Arlanza, dates to the year 1056: "under the rule of the emperor King Ferdinand and the empress Queen Sancha ruling the kingdom in León and in Galicia as well as in Castile". On this basis, Ferdinand is sometimes said to have had himself crowned emperor in 1056.

paragraph: The imperial title was only used on one other occasion during his reign. A document of 1058 dates itself "in the time of the most serene prince Lord Ferdinand and his consort Queen Sancha" and later qualifies him as "this emperor, the aforesaid Ferdinand".

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: After becoming ill during the Siege of Valencia and the Battle of Paterna, Ferdinand died on 24 December 1065, in León, with many manifestations of ardent piety, having laid aside his crown and royal mantle, dressed in the robe of a monk and lying on a bier covered with ashes, which was placed before the altar of the Basilica of San Isidoro. By his will, Ferdinand divided his kingdom among his three sons: the eldest, Sancho, received Castile; the second, Alfonso, León; and from the latter the region of Galicia was carved off to create a separate state for García. Ferdinand's two daughters each received cities: Elvira that of Toro and Urraca that of Zamora. In giving them these territories, he expressed his desire that they respect his wishes and abide by the split. However, soon after Fernando's death, Sancho and Alfonso turned on García and defeated him. They then fought each other, the victorious Sancho reuniting their father's possessions under his control in 1072. However, Sancho was killed that same year and the territories passed to Alfonso.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous reputation.

paragraph: The "Chronicon complutense", probably written shortly after Ferdinand's death, extols him as the "exceedingly strong emperor" ("imperator fortissimus") when mentioning the siege of Coimbra. After his death, Ferdinand's children took to calling him "emperor" and "the great" ("magnus"). In 1072, Alfonso, Fedinand's second son, referred to himself as "offspring of the Emperor Ferdinand". Two years later (1074), Urraca and Elvira referred to themselves as "daughters of the Emperor Ferdinand the Great [or, the great emperor Ferdinand]". In a later charter of 1087, Ferdinand is referred to first as "king", then as "great emperor", and finally just as "emperor" alongside his consort, who is first called "queen" then "empress".

paragraph: In the fourteenth century a legend appeared in various chronicles according to which the Pope, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the King of France demanded a tribute from Ferdinand. In certain versions the Pope is named Urban (although it could not have been either Urban I or Urban II) and in other versions Victor (which is plausibly identifiable with Victor II). Ferdinand was prepared to pay, but one of his vassals, later known as El Cid, who in reality was a youth during Ferdinand's reign, declared a war on the Pope, the Emperor and the Frank, and the latter rescinded their demand. For this reason "Don Fernando was afterwards called ‘the Great’: the peer of an emperor". In the sixteenth century this account re-appeared, extended and elaborated, in Juan de Mariana, who wrote that in 1055, at a synod in Florence, the Emperor Henry III urged Victor II to prohibit under severe penalties the use of the imperial title by Ferdinand of León.

paragraph: This story is generally regarded as apocryphal, although some modern authors have accepted it uncritically or seen a kernel of historical truth in it. Spanish historian A. Ballesteros argued that Ferdinand adopted the title in opposition to Henry III's imperial pretensions. German historian E. E. Stengel believed the version found in Mariana on the grounds that the latter probably used the now lost acts of the Council of Florence. Juan Beneyto Pérez was willing to accept it as based on tradition and Ernst Steindorff, the nineteenth-century student of the reign of Henry III, as being authentically transmitted via the "romancero". Menéndez Pidal accepted the account of Mariana, but placed it in the year 1065.

description: King of Leon and Count of Castile

wikidata_label: Ferdinand I of León and Castile

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand I of León


text:
Petoskey, Michigan
Modern Drummer
Billy Dec
W Hotel
Victor Drai
The Cool Kids
Kanye West
Jay-Z
Travie McCoy
M.I.A.
Lady Gaga's
Born This Way
Matthew Santos
Malik Yusef
Rockie Fresh
GLC
Vic Mensa
WME
David Geffen
BucketFeet
Reverb.com

categories: People from Petoskey, Michigan,American drummers,Living people,1987 births

paragraph: Nathan Bauman

paragraph: Nathaniel Robert Bauman (born June 22, 1987 in Petoskey, Michigan) is an American born entertainment consultant and drummer. Currently, he is the drummer for The Band Royale and a monthly contributor for the music publication Modern Drummer. Aside from drumming, he is also known for his development of various start-ups, brands, venues, musicians and athletes.

paragraph: Section::::Food & Beverage.

paragraph: Alongside celebrity nightlife operator Billy Dec and Arturo Gomez at Rockit Ranch Productions, he supported the company in opening and marketing over 5 award winning restaurants & nightclubs while serving as the company's Nightlife Director. Bauman also collaborated with the W Hotel Hollywood and Victor Drai, handling all public relations for rooftop hotspot, Drai's Hollywood.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: In 2012, he formed The Band Royale with his brother, Joel Bauman, a well known guitarist for his popular product demos on YouTube. Bauman endorses C&C Drums. His youngest brother and amateur skateboarder, Zach Bauman, would join the group in 2014. He has worked with various other musicians, such as The Cool Kids, DJ Million $ Mano (Kanye West/Jay-Z/Travie McCoy/M.I.A.), DJ White Shadow (Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" producer), Matthew Santos, Malik Yusef, Rockie Fresh, GLC, Vic Mensa, John West and Midnight Conspiracy (Autograf). Bauman comes from the entertainment agency heavyweight WME Agent Training Program in Beverly Hills, called "The Harvard School of Show Business" by past graduate David Geffen.

paragraph: Section::::Startup involvement.

paragraph: Bauman has been involved with multiple startups from the beginning stages as the Head of Business Development. He is noted for being one of the first employees of shoe retailer BucketFeet and online music gear marketplace Reverb.com.

paragraph: Section::::Viral content.

paragraph: Alongside fellow The Band Royale member, he and bassist Marc Najjar performed together in YouTube video "100 Bass Riffs: A Brief History of Groove on Bass and Drums", which features the two seamlessly playing 100 popular songs in succession without stopping. It was recorded in just one take, tallying a total of 18 minutes. The video has been featured in numerous blogs and magazines and has over 3 million views to date.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Nathan Bauman

wikipedia_title: Nathan Bauman


text:
American football
punter
Houston Texans
National Football League
Jacksonville Jaguars
2012 NFL Draft
college football
California
2012 NFL Draft
Todd Sauerbrun
1995
Nick Harris
Spencer Lanning
California
CBS Sports
ESPN
Pro Football Weekly
2012 All-Pro Team
Associated Press
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Jake Schum
Houston Texans
NFL Network
Rich Eisen
podcast
Super Bowl
Russell Wilson
Blaine Gabbert
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
Jacksonville Jaguars bio
California Golden Bears bio
NFL Combine profile

categories: American football punters,Players of American football from California,1988 births,California Golden Bears football players,People from Camarillo, California,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Sportspeople from Ventura County, California,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Living people

paragraph: Bryan Anger

paragraph: Bryan Corey Anger (born October 6, 1988) is an American football punter for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He played college football at California.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Anger attended and played college football at California. In four years with the Golden Bears, he totaled 255 punts for 11,094 net yards for a 43.5 average.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Anger was selected in the third round, 70th overall, in the 2012 NFL Draft, becoming the highest drafted punter since Todd Sauerbrun was drafted 56th overall in 1995, and the first punter drafted by the Jaguars since 2007. A day later on April 29, the Jaguars cut punters Nick Harris and Spencer Lanning. Like Anger, Harris also played collegiately at California.

paragraph: Following his rookie year, he was named to All-Rookie teams by "CBS Sports", "ESPN", "Pro Football Weekly" and many other media outlets. Anger also received a vote for the 2012 All-Pro Team as voted on by the Associated Press.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: On March 22, 2016, Anger signed a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Anger won the starting punting job after the team released Jake Schum.

paragraph: On December 31, 2016, Anger signed a five-year, $17 million contract extension with the Buccaneers through the 2021 season. In the 2018 season, Anger had 57 punts for 2,567 for a 45.04 average.

paragraph: On March 13, 2019, Anger was released by the Buccaneers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: On July 23, 2019, Anger signed with the Houston Texans.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Shortly after Anger was selected by the Jaguars, NFL Network host Rich Eisen exclaimed that "Punters are people too!". Eisen had Anger as a guest on his podcast and presented him with a shirt containing that exclamation. Nevertheless, the Jaguars have received much criticism from fans and football experts for drafting a punter ahead of future Super Bowl winning quarterback Russell Wilson, although the Jaguars publicly said that they never considered drafting Wilson due to having 2011 first-round pick Blaine Gabbert.

paragraph: Due to his powerful leg, Anger's Jacksonville teammates gave him the nickname "Banger".

paragraph: He married Allison Martin on February 8, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacksonville Jaguars bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- California Golden Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL Combine profile

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Bryan Anger

wikipedia_title: Bryan Anger


text:
American football
center
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
National Football League
Washington Redskins
2012 NFL Draft
college football
Southern Methodist University
2012 NFL Draft
Washington Redskins
Richard Crawford
Aldrick Robinson
Mike Shanahan
center
Erik Cook
Maurice Hurt
Kory Lichtensteiger
Carolina Panthers
2013 season
New Orleans Saints
Andrus Peat
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Washington Redskins bio

categories: Sportspeople from the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex,Philadelphia Eagles players,Living people,People from Richardson, Texas,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,American football centers,1989 births,SMU Mustangs football players,New Orleans Saints players,American football offensive guards

paragraph: Josh LeRibeus

paragraph: Joshua James LeRibeus (born July 2, 1989) is an American football center for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in third round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He played college football for Southern Methodist University.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: LeRibeus was selected 71st overall in the 2012 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. While at SMU, he was a teammate of future Redskins teammates Richard Crawford, who the Redskins would later draft in the seventh round, and Aldrick Robinson, who was the Redskins' sixth round pick in 2011. After the Redskins' rookie mini-camp, head coach Mike Shanahan announced that LeRibeus will primarily be playing guard and will be a backup center, providing competition for Erik Cook. On July 18, 2012, he officially signed with the Redskins to a four-year contract. During training camp, he split snaps at the left guard position with Maurice Hurt after Kory Lichtensteiger had arthroscopic surgery on his right knee. He made his NFL debut against the Carolina Panthers in Week 9. Despite playing only five games, Redskins coaching staff believed LeRibeus had a chance to compete for a starting position in the next season.

paragraph: During the 2013 offseason training camp, LeRibeus came 30 pounds overweight and out of shape. He was listed as inactive for the entire 2013 season.

paragraph: On March 16, 2016, LeRibeus re-signed with the Redskins. He was released on September 3, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On January 11, 2017, LeRibeus signed a reserve/future contract with the Eagles. On May 4, 2017, he was released by the Eagles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On May 15, 2017, LeRibeus signed with the New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: On May 18, 2018, LeRibeus re-signed with the Saints. He played in six games, starting three at left guard in place of the injured Andrus Peat, before suffering an ankle injury in Week 7. He was placed on injured reserve on October 24, 2018.

paragraph: On June 28, 2019, LeRibeus signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Josh LeRibeus

wikipedia_title: Josh LeRibeus