text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Wu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Sun Quan

text: Jing Province

text: Liu Bei

text: Lü Meng

text: an invasion

text: commandery

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Shu Han

text: Cao Wei

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Zhu Zhi

text: Yu Fan

text: ancestral home

text: Yinan County

text: Yishui County

text: Shandong

text: Ge

text: Zhucheng

text: Chen Sheng

text: Dazexiang uprising

text: Qin dynasty

text: Western Han dynasty

text: Emperor Wen

text: Emperor Yuan

text: courtesy name

text: Tai'an

text: Shandong

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Emperor Ling

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Pang Tong

text: Luoyang

text: Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry

text: Book of Documents

text: Zuo Zhuan

text: filial mourning

text: filial piety

text: end of the Eastern Han dynasty

text: Jiangdong

text: Bu Zhi

text: Yan Jun

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Ce

text: Hong Zi

text: Lu Su

text: Liu Bei

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Liang Province

text: commanderies

text: Guan Yu

text: Lü Meng

text: Xiang River

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Lü Meng

text: Jing Province

text: Guan Yu

text: Battle of Fancheng

text: the invasion

text: Jingzhou

text: Hubei

text: Gong'an County

text: Cao Pi

text: Emperor Xian

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei (or Wei)

text: Three Kingdoms

text: vassal

text: Jiangdong

text: Wu

text: Shu Han (or Shu)

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: annotations

text: Sanguozhi

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Lu Xun

text: Baidicheng

text: Fengjie County

text: Chongqing

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Pi

text: Eastern Wu

text: Gong'an County

text: Jing Province

text: Cao Zhen

text: Xiahou Shang

text: Jingzhou

text: Hubei

text: Zhu Ran

text: Yangtze River

text: Pan Zhang

text: pontoon bridge

text: Cao Rui

text: Xinzhou District

text: Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: Wen Ping

text: Xiangyang

text: Sima Yi

text: attack the Wei fortress of Xincheng

text: Hefei

text: Lu Xun

text: Xiangyang

text: Sun Shao

text: Zhang Cheng

text: Huai'an

text: Jiangsu

text: Man Chong

text: Sun Tai

text: Cao Rui

text: weiqi

text: Eastern Wu

text: Yu Province

text: Lü Yi

text: Bu Zhi

text: Zhu Ran

text: Lü Dai

text: Lu Xun

text: Pan Jun

text: East Asian age reckoning

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Liu Bei

text: Lu Xun

text: memorial

text: Zhu Zhi

text: xiaolian

text: Yan Hui

text: Yu Fan

text: Jiao Province

text: Zhou Yu

text: Ji'an

text: Jiangxi

text: Bu Zhi

text: memorial

text: Zhu Ran

text: Quan Cong

text: Wu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Shu

text: Zhuge Dan

text: Wei

text: Zhuge Ke

text: Zhuge Rong

text: Gong'an County

text: Sun Liang

text: Sun Jun

text: Zhuge Qiao

text: Zhang Cheng

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Sun He

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Sima, Qian

text: Records of the Grand Historian

text: Xi, Zuochi

categories: 174 births,Politicians from Linyi,241 deaths,Eastern Wu generals,Political office-holders in Hubei,Han dynasty politicians from Shandong,Eastern Wu politicians,Officials under Sun Quan

paragraph: Zhuge Jin

paragraph: Zhuge Jin (174 – July or August 241), courtesy name Ziyu, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Zhuge Jin started his career in the 200s as an official under the warlord Sun Quan, who later became the founding emperor of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. In 215, he served as Sun Quan's representative in a territorial dispute over southern Jing Province between Sun Quan and his ally, Liu Bei. In 219, he joined Sun Quan's general Lü Meng in an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province after Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance. He was subsequently appointed as a general and commandery administrator. Before the Battle of Xiaoting of 221–222, Zhuge Jin attempted to dissuade Liu Bei from going to war with Sun Quan but was unsuccessful. The battle ultimately concluded with victory for Sun Quan's side; both sides made peace later and reestablished an alliance between the Eastern Wu and Shu Han states against their rival state, Cao Wei. From 222 until his death in 241, despite being rather incompetent in military affairs, Zhuge Jin served as one of Eastern Wu's top generals and participated in some battles against Cao Wei forces.

paragraph: Although Zhuge Jin was not as brilliant in statecraft and military strategy as his more famous brother Zhuge Liang, he was known throughout his life for his virtuous character. He had a reputation for conducting himself with grace and decorum, and for being thoughtful, magnanimous and tactful. In return, he gained Sun Quan's trust, and Sun Quan never questioned his loyalty towards him. Zhuge Jin was also known for helping to mediate conflicts between Sun Quan and his subjects, including Zhu Zhi and Yu Fan.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Zhuge Jin's ancestral home (and probably birthplace too) was in Yangdu County (陽都縣), Langya Commandery (琅邪郡), which is located in present-day Yinan County or Yishui County, Shandong. There are two other accounts of his ancestral origins in the "Wu Shu" (吳書) and "Fengsu Tong" (風俗通).

paragraph: The "Wu Shu" recorded that his ancestral family name was actually "Ge" (葛) and his ancestors were originally from Zhu County (諸縣; southwest of present-day Zhucheng, Shandong) before they settled in Yangdu County. As there was already another "Ge" family in Yangdu County before they came, the locals referred to the newcomers as the "Zhuge" – combining "Zhu (County)" and "Ge" – to distinguish them from the other "Ge" family. Over time, Zhuge Liang's ancestors adopted "Zhuge" as their family name.

paragraph: The "Fengsu Tong" recorded that his ancestor was Ge Ying (葛嬰), a general who served under Chen Sheng, the rebel king who led the Dazexiang uprising against the Qin dynasty. Chen Sheng later executed Ge Ying. During the early Western Han dynasty, Emperor Wen considered that Ge Ying was unjustly put to death, so he enfeoffed Ge Ying's grandson as the Marquis of Zhu County to honour Ge Ying. Over time, Ge Ying's descendants adopted "Zhuge" as their family name by combining "Zhu (County)" and "Ge".

paragraph: The earliest known ancestor of Zhuge Jin who bore the family name "Zhuge" was Zhuge Feng (諸葛豐), a Western Han dynasty official who served as Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隷校尉) under Emperor Yuan ( 48–33 BCE). Zhuge Jin's father, Zhuge Gui (諸葛珪), whose courtesy name was Jungong (君貢), served as an assistant official in Taishan Commandery (泰山郡; around present-day Tai'an, Shandong) in the late Eastern Han dynasty under Emperor Ling ( 168–189 CE).

paragraph: Zhuge Jin had two younger brothers and two sisters. His brothers were Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Jun (諸葛均). One of their two sisters married Kuai Qi (蒯祺) while the other married Pang Shanmin (龐山民), a cousin of Pang Tong.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: In his youth, Zhuge Jin visited Luoyang, the imperial capital, where he studied classical texts such as the "Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry", "Book of Documents", and "Zuo Zhuan". When his mother died, he went home and dutifully performed filial mourning. He also treated his stepmother in a courteous and respectful manner, which earned him fame for his filial piety.

paragraph: When chaos broke out throughout China towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Zhuge Jin fled from home and headed south to the Jiangdong region for shelter. He travelled around the region with Bu Zhi and Yan Jun, and they earned themselves fine reputations as learned men. At the time ( 200s), Sun Quan had recently succeeded his deceased elder brother, Sun Ce, as the warlord ruling over the territories in Jiangdong. Hong Zi, a brother-in-law of Sun Quan, noticed and recognised Zhuge Jin's talent so he recommended Zhuge Jin to serve under Sun Quan. Sun Quan treated Zhuge Jin, Lu Su and other talents who came to join him like honoured guests. Zhuge Jin then started his career under Sun Quan as a Chief Clerk (長史). Later, he was reassigned to the position of a Central Major (中司馬).

paragraph: Section::::Sun–Liu territorial dispute.

paragraph: Sometime between June and August 215, Sun Quan sent Zhuge Jin as his representative to visit his ally, Liu Bei, who had recently seized control of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). Zhuge Jin's task was to ask Liu Bei to "return" the territories in southern Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to Sun Quan, according to an earlier agreement that Liu Bei would only use Jing Province as a temporary base and would return them to Sun Quan once he found another base. However, Liu Bei refused and said he would return the territories after he seized Liang Province.

paragraph: Sun Quan ignored Liu Bei and sent his officials to assume office in the three commanderies of Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵) and Guiyang (桂陽) in southern Jing Province. However, Guan Yu, Liu Bei's general in charge of defending those territories, drove Sun Quan's officials away. An enraged Sun Quan then ordered his general Lü Meng to lead 20,000 troops to seize the three commanderies by force. After a standoff between both sides and tense negotiations, Liu Bei agreed to divide southern Jing Province between his and Sun Quan's domains along the Xiang River: Liu Bei would keep Nan, Lingling and Wuling commanderies in the west, while Sun Quan would take Changsha, Jiangxia and Guiyang commanderies in the east.

paragraph: The territorial dispute was resolved by mid August to early September 215. Sun Quan then sent Zhuge Jin as his representative to visit Liu Bei again. During this trip, Zhuge Jin met his second brother Zhuge Liang, who was serving as an adviser to Liu Bei. They refrained from meeting each other in private to dispel any suspicions that either of them was secretly collaborating with his brother against his lord.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the Wu–Shu conflict.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the Wu–Shu conflict.:Wu invasion of Jing Province.

paragraph: In 219, Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance and ordered his general Lü Meng to lead troops to seize Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province, which were guarded by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was away at the Battle of Fancheng at the time. Zhuge Jin participated in the invasion, which turned out successful. Guan Yu was eventually captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces. Lü Meng died of illness a few months after the victory. In recognition of Zhuge Jin's contributions during the campaign, Sun Quan enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Xuancheng (宣城侯) and appointed him as General Who Pacifies the South (綏南將軍) to replace Lü Meng as the Administrator (太守) of Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), the former headquarters of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. Zhuge Jin was stationed at Gong'an County, one of the key counties in Nan Commandery.

paragraph: In 220, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the state of Cao Wei (or Wei) with himself as the new emperor. This event marked the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. Sun Quan pledged nominal allegiance to Cao Pi and became a vassal of Wei. In return, Cao Pi awarded Sun Quan the title "King of Wu" and granted him autonomous rule over the Jiangdong (or Wu) territories. A year later, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han (or Shu) to contest Cao Pi's legitimacy.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the Wu–Shu conflict.:Battle of Xiaoting.

paragraph: In 221, when Liu Bei started the Battle of Xiaoting against Sun Quan to retake his lost territories in southern Jing Province, Sun Quan sent Zhuge Jin as his representative to meet Liu Bei and begin peace talks. Zhuge Jin told Liu Bei:

paragraph: In his annotations to Zhuge Jin's biography in the "Sanguozhi", the fifth-century historian Pei Songzhi rebutted Zhuge Jin's speech to Liu Bei. From Pei Songzhi's point of view, Liu Bei had good reason(s) to go to war with Sun Quan because Sun Quan thwarted his attempts to revive the Eastern Han dynasty when he broke the Sun–Liu alliance and seized Jing Province. Pei Songzhi also noted that Liu Bei's relationship with Guan Yu was so close that it could not be described in words. He remarked that if Liu Bei and Guan Yu's relationship were to be described in words in the "Sanguozhi", it would take up so much space that it becomes a waste of space.

paragraph: The Battle of Xiaoting ended in late 222 with victory for Sun Quan's forces, which were led by Sun Quan's general Lu Xun. Liu Bei retreated to Baidicheng (in present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing) after his disastrous defeat and died of illness in early 223.

paragraph: Section::::Battles against Wei.

paragraph: In late 222, Sun Quan, who was previously a vassal king under the Cao Wei state, broke ties with the Wei emperor Cao Pi and declared himself the independent ruler of his Eastern Wu state. He promoted Zhuge Jin to General of the Left (左將軍), granted him acting imperial authority, and ordered him to station at Gong'an County to oversee the Wu defences in southern Jing Province. He also enfeoffed Zhuge Jin as the Marquis of Wanling (宛陵侯).

paragraph: Section::::Battles against Wei.:Battle of Jiangling (223).

paragraph: Between 222 and 223, the Wei generals Cao Zhen and Xiahou Shang led their troops to attack the Wu-controlled Jiangling County (江陵縣; in present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), which was defended by the Wu general Zhu Ran. At the same time, another detachment of Wei troops occupied Zhongzhou (中州), an island in the Yangtze River near Jiangling County. When Zhuge Jin heard about it, he led Wu forces from Gong'an County to reinforce Zhu Ran. However, he turned out to be an incompetent military commander as he showed weak leadership, adopted a slow and reactive approach, and spent too much time on discussion and planning as opposed to actively seizing opportunities to attack the enemy. Due to his incompetence, the siege dragged on, and Sun Quan became rather unhappy with him. The siege on Jiangling County was eventually lifted after the Wu general Pan Zhang came up with a plan to burn down the Wei forces' pontoon bridges and drive them back. Although Zhuge Jin did not make any significant achievements in the battle, he received credit for contributing to the Wu forces' overall success in defending Jiangling County.

paragraph: Section::::Battles against Wei.:Battle of Xiangyang (226).

paragraph: Between September and early November 226, following Cao Pi's death and Cao Rui's accession to the Wei throne, Sun Quan personally led Wu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei), which was defended by the Wei general Wen Ping. At the same time, he ordered Zhuge Jin and Zhang Ba (張霸) to lead a separate Wu army to attack the Wei-controlled city of Xiangyang. However, Zhuge Jin lost the battle against Wei forces led by Sima Yi. Zhang Ba was killed in battle and the Wu army lost over 1,000 men. In the meantime, Sun Quan mistakenly believed that Wei reinforcements had arrived at Jiangxia Commandery, so he pulled back his troops and returned to Wu.

paragraph: Section::::Battles against Wei.:Battle of Xiangyang (234).

paragraph: Between mid June and early September 234, Sun Quan personally led a 100,000 strong Wu army to attack the Wei fortress of Xincheng at Hefei. At the same time, he ordered Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to lead another 10,000 troops to attack Xiangyang, and Sun Shao and Zhang Cheng to lead their troops to attack Huaiyin County (淮陰縣) in Guangling Commandery (廣陵郡; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu). The Wei general Man Chong, who oversaw Xincheng's defences, successfully repelled the Wu invaders and killed Sun Quan's nephew Sun Tai in battle. Sun Quan eventually ordered a retreat when a plague broke out in his army and after he heard that the Wei emperor Cao Rui was personally leading reinforcements to Hefei. Sun Shao and Zhang Cheng also pulled back from Guangling Commandery after learning of Sun Quan's retreat from Hefei.

paragraph: In the meantime, Lu Xun ordered a close aide, Han Bian (韓扁), to deliver a report to Sun Quan. On the journey back, Han Bian was captured by a Wei patrol. When Zhuge Jin learnt of Han Bian's capture, he became fearful so he wrote to Lu Xun and urged him to make a hasty retreat from Xiangyang. Lu Xun did not respond, and he instructed his men to plant turnips and peas while he played weiqi and other games with his officers as though nothing had happened. Zhuge Jin believed that Lu Xun knew what he was doing so he did not panic. He came to see Lu Xun, who told him: "The enemy knows that His Majesty (Sun Quan) has withdrawn his forces, so they have no worries and will concentrate their attacks on us. Besides, they have already stationed troops at critical positions and are poised to strike. Hence, we should remain composed and calm our men, after which we will have a change of plans and prepare to withdraw. If we display signs of retreat now, the enemy will think that we are afraid and will definitely attack us, resulting in defeat for us."

paragraph: Lu Xun then secretly conveyed his plan to Zhuge Jin and ordered him to supervise the fleet of vessels on which they would sail back to Wu, while he gathered his troops and headed towards Xiangyang. The Wei forces had been wary of Lu Xun all this while so they immediately retreated back into the city when they saw Lu Xun's army approaching. Lu Xun organised his men in an orderly manner and instructed them to pretend to prepare for an attack on Xiangyang. By then, Zhuge Jin and the fleet had shown up, so Lu Xun and his forces progressively retreated to the vessels and left. The Wei forces in Xiangyang did not dare to make any move.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: In 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor of Eastern Wu, he appointed Zhuge Jin as General-in-Chief (大將軍), Left Protector-General (左都護), and as the nominal Governor (牧) of Yu Province.

paragraph: After the Lü Yi scandal ended in 238, Sun Quan sent a personal representative to meet all his senior generals and apologise to them, as well as to seek their views on how he could reform the bureaucracy to prevent corrupt officials like Lü Yi from abusing their powers again. However, to his disappointment, Zhuge Jin and other generals such as Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran and Lü Dai gave the excuse that they were not in charge of civil affairs and said that civil affairs were best left to civil officials such as Lu Xun and Pan Jun. Sun Quan then wrote an emotional letter to them, blaming himself for the mistakes and urging them to give him honest advice and point out his mistakes. After receiving the letter, Zhuge Jin was so moved that he wrote a clear, detailed and well-reasoned response to the Lü Yi scandal and Sun Quan's queries.

paragraph: Zhuge Jin died in July or August 241 at the age of 68 (by East Asian age reckoning). Before his death, he expressed a desire to be dressed in plain clothes and to have a simple funeral.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Sun Quan.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Zhuge Jin was known for conducting himself with grace and decorum, and for being thoughtful and magnanimous. These traits earned him much admiration and respect from his contemporaries. Sun Quan also regarded him highly and often consulted him on important issues.

paragraph: Zhuge Jin was known for being tactful whenever he spoke to Sun Quan, be it giving advice or small talk. He spoke in a toned-down and indirect manner, gave only a brief outline of what he wanted to say, and stopped immediately once he sensed that Sun Quan got his point. When he realised that Sun Quan's views were at odds with his, he would subtly change the topic of the conversation and use other topics as analogies to persuade Sun Quan to see things from his point of view. He was successful as Sun Quan understood his views better and became more receptive of them.

paragraph: After the Battle of Xiaoting of 221–222, someone secretly reported to Sun Quan that Zhuge Jin had sent a close aide to speak with Liu Bei. Sun Quan did not suspect Zhuge Jin's loyalty towards him and instead remarked, "I have made an oath with Ziyu. As long as Ziyu doesn't let me down, I won't let him down."

paragraph: The "Jiang Biao Zhuan" (江表傳) recorded that when Zhuge Jin was serving as the Administrator of Nan Commandery, someone secretly reported to Sun Quan that Zhuge Jin had covert dealings with Liu Bei. When Lu Xun heard of such rumours, he wrote a memorial to Sun Quan to speak up for Zhuge Jin and reassure his lord that Zhuge Jin was loyal towards him. Sun Quan wrote a reply to Lu Xun as follows:

paragraph: Apart from being one of Sun Quan's most trusted subjects, Zhuge Jin was also known for helping to mediate conflicts between his lord and his subjects on a number of occasions as follows.

paragraph: Section::::Mediating conflicts between Sun Quan and his subjects.:Zhu Zhi.

paragraph: Zhu Zhi was the official who recommended Sun Quan as a "xiaolian" (civil service candidate) to serve in the government when Sun Quan was still in his youth. After Sun Quan became the warlord ruling over the Jiangdong territories, Zhu Zhi served under Sun Quan and was held in high regard. Later, for some reason, Sun Quan became unhappy with Zhu Zhi but he could not bring himself to scold the latter, out of respect for him. Zhuge Jin noticed Sun Quan's frustration and figured out why. However, he kept quiet and decided to use an indirect method to help Sun Quan resolve the problem. He set up a hypothetical scenario similar to the conundrum Sun Quan faced, asked Sun Quan questions and guided his thoughts, and wrote them down as Sun Quan spoke. Once they were done, he presented his writing to Sun Quan, who was so pleased after reading it that he remarked: "You have helped me resolve my frustration. Yan Hui spoke of promoting harmony among people as a virtue. Isn't this an example of that?"

paragraph: Section::::Mediating conflicts between Sun Quan and his subjects.:Yin Mo.

paragraph: On one occasion, Sun Quan got angry at Yin Mo (殷模), a colonel serving under him, and accused him of committing an offence so severe that Sun Quan's other subjects were shocked. When his subjects pleaded with him to spare Yin Mo, Sun Quan became even more furious and he started quarrelling with them. Only Zhuge Jin remained silent. Sun Quan noticed it and asked him: "Ziyu, why are you the only person who hasn't spoken?" Zhuge Jin then left his seat, stood up and said: Sun Quan felt deeply saddened after hearing Zhuge Jin's words. He then said: "I'll let him off because of you."

paragraph: Section::::Mediating conflicts between Sun Quan and his subjects.:Yu Fan.

paragraph: When Yu Fan, one of Sun Quan's advisers, was banished to the remote Jiao Province for his disrespectful and offensive behaviour, Zhuge Jin not only repeatedly tried to persuade Sun Quan to pardon Yu Fan, but was also the only one among Sun Quan's subjects who spoke up for Yu Fan.

paragraph: Later, Yu Fan wrote a letter to a relative as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Mediating conflicts between Sun Quan and his subjects.:Zhou Yin.

paragraph: Sometime between 229 and 239, Zhou Yin (周胤), a son of Zhou Yu, committed an offence and was exiled to Luling Commandery (廬陵郡; around present-day Ji'an, Jiangxi) as punishment. In 239, Zhuge Jin and Bu Zhi wrote a memorial to Sun Quan, requesting for Zhou Yin to be pardoned and restored of his titles on account of his father's contributions. Sun Quan was reluctant to do so, as he noted the severity of Zhou Yin's offence and said that Zhou Yin had not shown any sign of remorse. However, after much urging from Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi, Zhu Ran and Quan Cong, Sun Quan eventually agreed, but Zhou Yin had already died of illness in exile by then.

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: During Zhuge Jin's lifetime, his family was one of the most illustrious families in China. While he was serving as General-in-Chief in Wu, his second brother Zhuge Liang served as the Imperial Chancellor of Wu's ally state, Shu, and their cousin Zhuge Dan served as a general in Wu and Shu's rival state, Wei. Two of Zhuge Jin's sons, Zhuge Ke and Zhuge Rong, also served as generals in Wu.

paragraph: Although Zhuge Jin was not as talented and brilliant as his better known brother Zhuge Liang, he was noted for his exemplary conduct and virtuous character. After his wife died, he did not promote his favourite concubine to the status of his formal spouse to replace his deceased wife. He also did not show any favouritism towards his son(s) born to his concubine.

paragraph: Zhuge Jin's eldest son, Zhuge Ke, was not only famous in Wu, but also highly regarded by Sun Quan. However, Zhuge Jin disapproved of Zhuge Ke's behaviour, treated him coldly, and constantly worried that his eldest son would bring doom to their family. After Zhuge Jin died, his third son Zhuge Rong inherited his peerage as the Marquis of Wanling (宛陵侯); Zhuge Ke did not inherit his father's peerage because he had already received a peerage of his own. Zhuge Rong also took control of the troops previously under his father's command at Gong'an County.

paragraph: In 253, Zhuge Ke, who briefly served as a regent for Sun Quan's successor Sun Liang, was overthrown and assassinated in a "coup d'état" by Sun Jun, a distant relative of Sun Liang. Zhuge Ke's two surviving sons, along with Zhuge Rong and Zhuge Rong's three sons, as well as other members of Zhuge Ke's extended family, were rounded up and executed.

paragraph: Zhuge Jin's second son, Zhuge Qiao, was adopted by his uncle Zhuge Liang because Zhuge Liang initially had no son and needed a male heir. Zhuge Qiao came to serve in Shu and died in 223. His son, Zhuge Pan (諸葛攀), also served as an official in Shu. However, after Zhuge Jin's descendants were purged in 253, Zhuge Pan reverted to his original lineage and moved to Wu to continue Zhuge Jin's bloodline there.

paragraph: Zhang Cheng, a general serving under Sun Quan, was a friend of Zhuge Jin. When his wife died, his father Zhang Zhao suggested that he marry Zhuge Jin's daughter. Zhang Cheng initially felt awkward about becoming his friend's son-in-law, but eventually agreed after Sun Quan persuaded him to do so. Zhang Cheng and Zhuge Jin's daughter had a daughter, Consort Zhang (張妃), who married Sun Quan's third son Sun He.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations from the "Sanguozhi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations from the "Sanguozhi zhu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Qian (1st century BC). "Records of the Grand Historian" ("Shi Ji").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xi, Zuochi ( 4th century). "Xiangyang Qijiu Ji" (襄陽耆舊記).

description: Eastern Wu official

wikidata_label: Zhuge Jin

wikipedia_title: Zhuge Jin


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categories: 21st-century Canadian sculptors,21st-century Canadian women artists,People from Oakville, Ontario,21st-century Canadian painters,University of British Columbia alumni,1961 births,Concordia University alumni,20th-century Canadian women artists,Artists from London, Ontario,Artists from Vancouver,Emily Carr University of Art and Design faculty,20th-century Canadian sculptors,20th-century Canadian painters,Living people,University of British Columbia faculty

paragraph: Myfanwy Macleod

paragraph: Myfanwy MacLeod (born 1961) is a Canadian artist who currently lives, and works, in Vancouver, British Columbia. She has exhibited work in Canada, the United States of America, and Europe. MacLeod received an award from La Fondation André Piolat (1995), and a VIVA award from the Doris and Jack Shadbolt Foundation (1999). She has work in public, and private collections, including at the National Art Gallery of Canada, and the Vancouver Art Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: MacLeod grew up between Oakville, Ontario, and London, Ontario. Upon completing high school, she traveled throughout Europe. Coming back to Canada, MacLeod attended Concordia University, in Montreal, Quebec, where she studied film before changing her major to visual arts.

paragraph: MacLeod uses humor, satire, allusions to pop culture, and often references various folklore traditions in her work. She takes interest in how an image or object can be transformed to change its meaning. Since the 1990s, MacLeod has become known for creating art that extends across, and links together, high culture with mass entertainment. In recent work, MacLeod directs focus towards how popular culture has portrayed masculinity through the lens of modernist art history. Artistic mediums that MacLeod works in are sculpture, drawing, painting, and photography, performance video, and sound installation. MacLeod has also written works, including published essays, and an artist book titled “Whole Lotta Love” (2012). MacLeod is represented by the Catriona Jeffries Gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: MacLeod attended Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, where she earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1990. In 1994, MacLeod completed an independent study at École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France. MacLeod completed her Master of Fine Arts at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Teaching appointments.

paragraph: MacLeod has taught in Vancouver, at the University of British Columbia in 1995, Emily Carr University of Art and Design from 2001 to 2006, as well as teaching as an assistant professor at the University of Western Ontario, in London, Ontario, from 2007 to 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Group exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Group exhibitions.:Bounce (2002).

paragraph: MacLeod was part of "Bounce", an exhibition showcasing three Vancouver-based emerging artists, held at the Power Plant Contemporary Art Gallery in Toronto, Ontario. Curated by Philip Monk, Bounce included works by Myfanwy MacLeod, Brian Jungen, and Damian Moppett. Bounce was an exhibition primarily based on sculpture, and included sketches and drawings. Works by MacLeod included in Bounce were: "The Tiny Kingdom" (2001), "Wood For The People", (2002), and "A Shady Place" (2002). Placed with one another, these works reference to the ‘hillbilly’ portrayed through pop culture.

paragraph: Section::::Group exhibitions.:Hammertown (2002-2004).

paragraph: Hammertown was a touring exhibition curated by Reid Shier and co-presented by the Fruitmarket Gallery in Edinburgh, Scotland (2002), Contemporary Art Gallery in Vancouver (2002), and the Winnipeg Art Gallery, Manitoba (2004). MacLeod's work was presented alongside Geoffrey Farmer, Brian Jungen, Euan Macdonald, Luane Martineau, Damian Moppett, Shannon Oksanen, and Kevin Schmidt.

paragraph: MacLeod's use of enormous scale, weight, and minimalism is conveyed through the inclusion of "Our Mutual Friend" (2002), a wooden carved sculpture that measures nineteen inches long, and has a circumference of ten inches. "Our Mutual Friend" refers to a Charles Dicken's Novel, and is a visual example of MacLeod's interest with satire, and disembodied parts.

paragraph: Section::::Work in Scotland.

paragraph: In the spring of 2005, MacLeod was part of the three-month-long Glenfiddich Distilleries artist-in-residence program. During the residency, MacLeod documented her experience through photography, sculpture, and drawing. She recorded specific aspects of the area surrounding the distilleries, and notably- the deterioration of buildings on the land that Glenfiddich Distilleries inhabits. MacLeod was the first Canadian artist to be invited to this residency, and was one of seven international artists attending the residency. The collection of work created through the Glenfiddich Distilleries artist in residence program was shown at the Contemporary Art Gallery in 2006, in an exhibition titled "Where I Have Lived and What I Have Lived For".

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.:"Myfanwy MacLeod: A Brief Overview of Personology" (2000).

paragraph: MacLeod's exhibition, "A Brief Overview of Personology", was created for the Charles H. Scott Gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia, and was curated by Cate Rimmer "A Brief Overview of Personology" contained several works by MacLeod that were under the themes surrounding the use of self-help books, consumerism, and comedy, creating a dynamic setting of satire. MacLeod pulls inspiration from Tracy Cabot's "How To Make a Man Fall in Love With You", a self-help book and appropriates illustrations from the book, putting them into the realm of fine art for public viewing. Works by MacLeod include four silkscreen prints titled "How To Make a Man Fall in Love With You" (2000), a wood sculpture called "One Week" (2000), twelve ink drawings on vellum paper based on film stills (2000), and "The Greeter" (2000), a video projection where MacLeod poses as a greeter that can be found in big box department stores.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.:"The Tiny Kingdom" (2001).

paragraph: "The Tiny Kingdom" (2000) is a wood and mixed media based sculpture, measuring fourteen feet high, four feet long, and four feet wide. "The Tiny Kingdom" is a full-size scale of an outhouse, inspired by the one used in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang(1968). It was first shown in 2001 at the Or Gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia. "The Tiny Kingdom" is “intended to function as a place of reflection and solitude”, and “foregrounds the anxious relations between art and society, country and city, colony and imperialist nation”. MacLeod alludes to the idea of Marcel Dumchamp's 'Ready Made,' and combines it with references to pop culture, and folklore. "The Tiny Kingdom" is now in the permanent collection at the National Art Gallery of Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.:"Where I Lived and What I Lived For" (2006).

paragraph: The work that MacLeod created at Glenfiddich Distilleries was presented in 2006 at the Contemporary Art Gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia. With the inclusion of photography, this exhibition featured work of MacLeod's that stood out from her previous pieces, as photography is not a medium MacLeod used often in her practice before this residency. Works included in "Where I Lived and What I Lived For" range from large-scale photographs, drawings, to sculpture, and installations. This exhibition showcases the influence Scotland had on her. MacLeod has described her experience as a “voyage of discovery”, and said that “Scotland offered [her] the chance to approach [her] work in a different way”.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.:"Myfanwy MacLeod, or There and Back Again" (2013-2014).

paragraph: "Myfanwy MacLeod, or There And Back Again" is a retrospective art exhibition that includes work by MacLeod made within the previous decade. It explores 1970s pop-culture, both in real and imagined ways, following a theme that references minimalism. The name of the exhibition alludes to JRR Tolkien's literary piece The Hobbit, and 1970s cultural references, including Led Zeppelin. "Myfanwy MacLeod, or There and Back Again" also hints at the idea of the Bildungsroman.

paragraph: "Myfanwy MacLeod, or There And Back Again" took place in two separate sites- in 2013, it was exhibited at Museum London, Ontario. In 2014, the exhibit was shown at the Vancouver Art Gallery, in British Columbia. The exhibition was curated by Cassandra Getty, curator for the Museum London, and Grant Arnold, Audain curator for British Columbia Art at The Vancouver Art Gallery.

paragraph: Having been born in London, Ontario in 1961, MacLeod spent her “formative years” immersed in the “cool-culture” of rock and roll, muscle cars, and feathered hair. "Myfanwy MacLeod, or There And Back Again" showcases the nostalgia that MacLeod has for the past. Hosting the exhibition in two specific locations, MacLeod bridges the gap between then and now by exhibiting the work in both her childhood hometown of London Ontario, and in Vancouver, British Columbia, the current city where she resides.

paragraph: The show contains a collection of work that MacLeod had made over ten years preceding "Myfanwy MacLeod, or There And Back Again", and includes rock band and movie posters, soft porn magazines, snap shot photographs, origami, folk crafts, and children's crafts.

paragraph: At the exhibition held at the Vancouver Art Gallery, MacLeod adopted the role of the curator, alongside Grant Arnold, and curated "Artist’s Choice Cock and Bull" (2014). This component of the exhibition was based on hybridity, combining the works by MacLeod exhibited at Museum London with chosen pieces from the Vancouver Art Gallery's permanent collection, following the theme of a "Cock and Bull story". By only including work created by men in "Artist’s Choice Cock and Bull", MacLeod surmises how different means of displaying artwork can draw attention to the ambiguity of working as a feminist within the realm of contemporary art. In "Artist’s Choice Cock and Bull", the exhibition was reorganized from the traditional layout presented at Museum London, to one that plays even more on the idea of “Sex, Drugs, and Rock and Roll”.

paragraph: The exhibition held in Vancouver British Columbia contained three additional pieces by MacLeod that were not shown in London, Ontario. These pieces were "Albert Walker" (2014)", Dragon" (2014)"," and "Presence" (2013). "Presence", a small sculpture placed on a dolly referencing an album by Led Zeppelin, creates a link between heavy metal music of the 1970s, and minimalism. "Dragon", is a photomural on paper paralleling MacLeod's "Albert Walker", which is a sculptural installation piece that takes form as an entertainment center- furniture that one could find housing a television in a middle-class home. This entertainment center holds twelve enlarged buds of marijuana, which were duplicated through three-dimensional print and cast in nylon. The buds used in "Albert Walker" were painted using chameleon paint, a paint that, once applied, changes colour depending on the direction and lighting one is looking at the object in. Through the use of three dimensional printing technologies, MacLeod alludes to the fact that the rarely found strain of marijuana known as ‘Albert Walker’ can only be “reproduced through cloning”. Albert Walker is also the name of a Canadian-born man that committed major fraud, and murder.

paragraph: MacLeod has included references to music, particularly the heavy metal genre of the 1970s, showcasing her connection to and nostalgia of the genre. MacLeod alludes to the band Led Zeppelin in some of her work, including "Whole Lotta Love", an artist publication created in 2012. Stack, 2013, is an installation of screen prints on canvas that resembles a stack of three by six “larger than life” Marshall speakers. Some pieces within "Myfanwy MacLeod, or There And Back Again" are named after Led Zeppelin songs, including "Ramble On", 2013- a 1977 Camaro Rally Sport presented on a steel stand and a sculpture made up of a mannequin, Led Zeppelin T-shirt, and beer cans titled "Living, Loving Maid (She’s Just a Woman)" (2013).

paragraph: Through the art of origami, MacLeod adds geometry to images of women found in playboy magazines. MacLeod uses the center-folds of the magazines, and contorts the image by folding it directly, playing on the humour in the taboo within the forms. MacLeod touched on a more serious topic by including images of British Columbia born Dorothy Stratten, an actress and playboy model from the 1970s with a shocking and grim story. The geometry in the origami forms is reflected throughout the exhibition, in pieces such like “Don’t Stop Dreaming”, 2004, made up of two three dimensional geometric shaped speakers, compact discs, carpet, and a wallpaper mural, bridging rock and roll with the origami presented. "Don’t Stop Dreaming" also reflects on previous work relating to the theme of self-help books.

paragraph: Macleod has explored topics of folklore traditions in "Hex series" (2009). Exhibited at the Catriona Jeffries gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia in 2009, and in "Myfanwy MacLeod, or There And Back Again" in 2013 and 2014, "Hex Series" is a collection of hand painted signs based on patterns found in Dutch culture in Eastern Pennsylvania. "Hex Series" contains symbols that have distinct meanings. The series is inspired by traditional Hex signs, and are commonly found on barn doors. By recreating these symbols, and placing them in the unusual setting of an art exhibition, MacLeod creates a parallel meaning by showcasing them through a conceptual standpoint.

paragraph: Section::::Commissioned pieces.

paragraph: Section::::Commissioned pieces.:The Birds (2010).

paragraph: The Birds was MacLeod's first major public art commission, and is situated in Vancouver British Columbia. Partially inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's film The Birds (1963), "The Birds" is a large sculpture of two house sparrows, birds that are not indigenous to British Columbia. This sculpture challenges the idea of place and impossibility.

paragraph: Section::::Commissioned pieces.:Playtime (2016).

paragraph: "Playtime" is a site specific public art piece situated in Vancouver at the British Columbia (BC) Women's and Children's Hospital. Created by MacLeod, and Vancouver-based artist Shannon Oksanen, this piece was commissioned by the BC Children's and BC Women's Redevelopment Project.

paragraph: Using the idea of playground design as a starting point, MacLeod and Oksanen created five “modernist play” sculptures that are painted black and white, and are made out of glass fibre, and concrete. The individual names of each piece are: "Two Figures in Oribit," "The Family Man, Dryad, The Magic Stones, and The Musician." Grouped together, they are collectively titled "Playtime".

paragraph: "Playtime" is an interactive art piece integrated into the Wellness Walkway of the BC Women's and Children's hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Published writing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Just Kidding: Kyla Mallett”, Canadian Art (Summer 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “WWJD (What Would Judd Do)” CJ Press (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Whole Lotta Love”- Publication Studio, Vancouver. (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Master Rabbit I Saw, Capilano Review

paragraph: Section::::References.

wikidata_label: Myfanwy Macleod

wikipedia_title: Myfanwy Macleod


text: Saverne

text: bishop of Strasbourg

text: house of Wittelsbach

text: Otto I, Count Palatine of Mosbach

text: Rupert, King of Germany

text: Louis III

text: Joanna of Bavaria-Landshut

text: Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria

text: Rupert

text: bishop of Regensburg

text: John

text: canon

text: Strasbourg Cathedral

text: provost

text: Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern

text: prince-bishopric

text: Bundschuh movement

text: Alsace

text: Schlettstadt

text: synod

text: visitation

text: papal indulgences

text: Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg

text: Jakob Wimpfeling

text: pope Julius II

text: Notre-Dame-de-la-Nativité

text: Saverne

text: secularization

text: French Revolution

text: Neue Deutsche Biographie

categories: Bishops of Strasbourg,1440 births,1506 deaths

paragraph: Albert of Palatinate-Mosbach

paragraph: Albert of Palatinate-Mosbach or Albert of Bavaria (German: "Albrecht von Pfalz-Mosbach" or "Albrecht von Bayern") (6 September 1440 – 20 August 1506 in Saverne) was a Roman Catholic clergyman who was bishop of Strasbourg from 1478 to 1506.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was descended from the house of Wittelsbach. His parents were Otto I, Count Palatine of Mosbach (son of Rupert, King of Germany and younger brother of Louis III) and his wife Joanna of Bavaria-Landshut (eldest daughter of Henry XVI, Duke of Bavaria). Albert's brother Rupert became bishop of Regensburg, whilst his other brother John became a canon and went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Albert initially served as a canon in the chapter of Strasbourg Cathedral, then as its provost. He was a cousin of his predecessor as bishop Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern but pursued a less confrontational policy than Rupert, making Strasbourg a more uniformly managed territory with clearer, securer borders, fortifying towns and cities and buying back territories. To pay off the high cost of getting his election confirmed by the pope, he put a tax on eating butter during Lent, which was also partly used to fund the casting of cannon - the tax caused some resentment among his prince-bishopric's population but this and other measures improved its financial position.

paragraph: The Bundschuh movement coincided with this term as bishop and in 1502 he warned his officers, the Unterlandvogt in Alsace and other cities about the movement's resurgence. He wished to set up a common defence network for the cities and rural areas within the prince-bishopric and he put in place surveillance measures. At a meeting in Schlettstadt he also established an alliance.

paragraph: His relationship with the cathedral chapter was generally good and he involved himself in reform in the diocese, particularly fighting abuses in its monasteries, to which end he convened a diocesan synod in 1482 and carried out visitations in 1492. However, he did not oppose papal indulgences.

paragraph: He was strongly influenced by Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, who was a preacher at Strasbourg Cathedral from 1478 and urged Albert to reform the church, and by Jakob Wimpfeling, who lived in Strasbourg from 1501 onwards. In 1506 Albert defended Wimpfeling against pope Julius II, but Albert and Geiler's joint hopes of reform foundered - for example, their plan to dissolve the discredited order of St Stefan (a group of penitential canons) and replace it with a community of clergy failed after a visitation of it had to be abandoned due to the cathedral chapter's opposition.

paragraph: In 1493 he built an aisle alongside the main nave of the church of Notre-Dame-de-la-Nativité in Saverne as his burial chapel - his gravestone still survives and the aisle has become a chapel dedicated to the Mother of God, but the aisle's tombs were desecrated and destroyed during secularization during the French Revolutionary era.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Wilhelm Ebeling: "Die deutschen Bischöfe bis zum Ende des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts." Volume 2, Leipzig, 1858 S. 479f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Gerber: "Albrecht (von Bayern), Bischof von Straßburg." In: "Neue Deutsche Biographie" (NDB). Voume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, , S. 175

description: French canon

wikidata_label: Albrecht von Pfalz-Mosbach

wikipedia_title: Albert of Palatinate-Mosbach


text: Constance

text: armorial

text: travelogue

text: pilgrimage

text: Jerusalem

text: Baden State Library

text: Frederick III

text: Ritter

text: Knight of the Holy Sepulchre

text: Order of the Jar

text: Order of Saint George

text: Venice

text: Rheineck

text: Sterzing

text: Tyrol

text: Trento

text: galley

text: Poreč

text: Zadar

text: Šibenik

text: Lesina

text: Korčula

text: Ragusa

text: Corfu

text: Modon

text: Morea

text: Candia

text: Rhodes

text: Famagusta

text: Jaffa

text: donkey

text: Lydda

text: Ramla

text: Emmaus

text: Imwas

text: Jerusalem

text: Bethlehem

text: Saint Othmar

text: Ritter Conrad, mein Vater und ich

categories: Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre,People from Konstanz,Holy Land travellers,Travelogues,1494 deaths

paragraph: Conrad Grünenberg

paragraph: Conrad Grünenberg (also "Konrad Grünemberg"; d. 1494) was an inhabitant of Constance known for his armorial (1483), a chronicle containg coats-of-arms ("Österreichische Wappenchronik", 1492?) and for the illustrated travelogue of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1486 (extant in several manuscripts including Cod. St. Peter pap. 32 in Baden State Library).

paragraph: Grünenberg was perhaps born in the 1420s, as the son of the mayor of Constance. He is first mentioned in 1441 in the list of eldermen. By 1465, he had been in the service of emperor Frederick III for some time, and from 1485 or 1486 held the rank of "Ritter".

paragraph: In Jerusalem, he apparently was made a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre. He was furthermore a member of the Order of the Jar and of the Austrian Order of Saint George.

paragraph: His pilgrimage to the Holy Land lasted 33 weeks, from April to early December 1486.

paragraph: Starting out in Constance on 22 April, he travelled to Venice via Rheineck, Sterzing in Tyrol and Trento, and (31 May) from Venice by galley via Poreč, Zadar, Šibenik, Lesina, Korčula, Ragusa, Corfu, Modon in Morea, Candia in Crete, Rhodes, Famagusta in Cyprus, arriving in Jaffa on 24 July.

paragraph: Travelling by donkey he visited Lydda, Ramla, Emmaus (i.e. Imwas), Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and took a ship back from Jaffa on 1 September, reaching Venice on 16 November (Saint Othmar's day), returning home in early December.

paragraph: The two earliest illustrated manuscripts describing the pilgrimage were completed very soon after his return to Constance and are claimed to be autograph.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Klußmann, "In Gottes Namen fahren wir. Die spätmittelalterlichen Pilgerberichte von Felix Fabri, Bernhard von Breydenbach und Konrad Grünemberg im Vergleich" (2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christof Rolker, "Konrad Grünenbergs Wappenbuch: acta et agenda", in: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins 162 (2014), 191–207.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philipp Ruppert, "Ritter Konrad Grünenberg", in: Konstanzer geschichtliche Beiträge. Zweites Heft, Konstanz 1890, 34–3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claudia Zrenner, "Die Berichte der europäischen Jerusalempilger (1475-1500): ein literarischer Vergleich im historischen Kontext" (1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stillfried-Alcantara, Hildebrandt, "Des Conrad Grünenberg, Ritters und Burgers zu Costenz, Wappenbuch. Volbracht am nünden Tag des Abrellen do man zalt tusend vierhundert drü und achtzig jar." Görlitz 1875–1884, (new facsimile edition 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Goldfriedrich, Walter Fränzel (eds.). "Ritter Grünembergs Pilgerfahrt ins Heilige Land 1486", Leipzig 1912, ("Voigtländers Quellenbücher" 18), (new facsimile edition 2009).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kristian Aercke (ed.), "The story of Sir Konrad Grünemberg's pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1486" (2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrea Denke, "Konrad Grünembergs Pilgerreise ins Heilige Land 1486. Untersuchung, Edition und Kommentar" (2010).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reginald Grünenberg: Ritter Conrad, mein Vater und ich (PDF; 225 kB), ^"Die Welt" 25 August 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christof Rolker, "The baron who became an architect: (mis-)remembering Konrad Grünenberg (d. 1494)", 2017.

wikidata_label: Konrad Grünenberg

wikipedia_title: Conrad Grünenberg


text: Saverne

text: Palatinate-Simmern

text: bishop of Strasbourg

text: Rupert, King of Germany

text: canon

text: bishopric of Trier

text: Mainz

text: provost

text: Speyer

text: bishopric of Cologne

text: university of Heidelberg

text: Strasbourg Cathedral

text: Conrad of Bussnang

text: coadjutor

text: Felix V

text: pope Eugene IV

text: Electoral Palatinate

text: Frederick I

text: Rupert

text: Neue Deutsche Biographie

categories: Bishops of Strasbourg,Heidelberg University alumni,1478 deaths,House of Palatinate-Simmern,Canons (priests),1420 births

paragraph: Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern (1420-1478)

paragraph: Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern (1420-17 October 1478, Saverne) was a Roman Catholic clergyman and member of the Palatinate-Simmern family. From 1440 to 1478 he was bishop of Strasbourg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the second son of Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken and was named after his father's father Rupert, King of Germany. From 1432 to 1436 he was a canon of the bishopric of Trier and in 1436 a canon in Mainz. In 1436 he became provost of St Guido's church in Speyer and then in 1437 a canon of the bishopric of Cologne. From 1438 to 1439 he studied at the university of Heidelberg and in 1440 he became a canon at Strasbourg Cathedral. Conrad of Bussnang, bishop of Strasbourg, made Rupert his coadjutor in 1439 and granted him a lifelong pension in 1440. Felix V appointed Rupert bishop of Strasbourg and this was confirmed by pope Eugene IV, but Rupert was only able to move to Strasbourg in 1449. Politically he favoured the Electoral Palatinate and concluded an alliance with Frederick I. His reform of the clergy in his diocese was only partially successful. He modernized his prince-bishopric along the lines of contemporary secular states but his high demands for control met with resistance.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rupert on Neue Deutsche Biographie

description: German bishop

wikidata_label: Ruprecht von Pfalz-Simmern


text: Rufach

text: prince-bishop of Strasbourg

text: Albert II of Germany

text: pope Eugene IV

text: metropolitan bishop

paragraph: Conrad IV of Bussnang

paragraph: Conrad IV of Bussnang or of Bußlingen (died 12 March 1471, Rufach) was a 15th-century Roman Catholic clergyman. He was prince-bishop of Strasbourg from 1439, under emperor Albert II of Germany, pope Eugene IV and his metropolitan bishop Dietrich Schenk von Erbach, bishop of Mainz.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig Gabriel Glöckler: "Geschichte des Bistums Straßburg." Druck Le Roux, Straßburg 1879, S. 319–321

wikidata_label: Conrad IV de Bussnang

wikipedia_title: Conrad IV of Bussnang


text:
Dornhausen
Franconia
House of Absberg
bishop of Regensburg
Rumberg
Seiboldsdorf
Rupert of Palatinate-Mosbach
Wirsberg
Regensburg
Duke of Bavaria
Frederick III
coadjutor
Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern
Regensburg cathedral

categories: 1409 births,1492 deaths,Roman Catholic bishops of Regensburg

paragraph: Henry IV of Absberg

paragraph: Henry IV of Asberg (19 March 1409, Dornhausen - 26 July 1492) was a nobleman of the Franconian House of Absberg and clergyman. From 1465 to his death he was bishop of Regensburg.

paragraph: According to Biedermann (1748), he was the son of Henry of Absberg, Rumberg, Reicheneck and Dornhausen and of Magdalena Seiboldsdorf.

paragraph: He was elected bishop in 1457, but the election was annulled, and Rupert of Palatinate-Mosbach became bishop in his stead.

paragraph: Ruprecht died in 1465, at the age of 32, and Henry became his successor.

paragraph: As bishop, Henry campaigned against the apocalyptic heresies of the Wirsberg brothers in 1466.

paragraph: The city of Regensburg fell under the control of the Duke of Bavaria in 1486, and the powers of the prince-bishop were curtailed.

paragraph: Regensburg passed back to the prince-bishop in 1492, following an intervention of Frederick III.

paragraph: After his death, Henry was succeeded by his coadjutor, Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern.

paragraph: His tomb is located in the side-aisle of Regensburg cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Gottfried Biedermann: "Geschlechtsregister Der Reichsfrey unmittelbaren Ritterschaft Landes zu Franken Löblichen Orts an der Altmühl...". Bayreuth 1748. Tafel CLXVIII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josef Staber: "Kirchengeschichte des Bistums Regensburg". Regensburg 1966, 88–94.

description: German coadjutor bishop

wikidata_label: Heinrich IV. von Absberg

wikipedia_title: Henry IV of Absberg


text:
Palatinate-Simmern
bishop of Regensburg
Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern
Margaret of Guelders
university of Cologne
syphilis
yaws
War of the Succession of Landshut
Palatinate-Neuburg
inquisitor
Heinrich Kramer
Abensberg

paragraph: Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern (1461–1507)

paragraph: Rupert of Palatinate-Simmern (16 October 1461 – 19 April 1507) was a German nobleman and clergyman of the house of Palatinate-Simmern. From 1492 until his death he was the forty-fifth bishop of Regensburg as Rupert II.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern and Margaret of Guelders. He and his brothers Stephen and Frederick matriculated in the juristic faculty of the 'Universitas Studii Coloniensis' (the old university of Cologne).

paragraph: He suffered from a severe illness known as the "Franzosenkrankheit" or the "French Disease", a term covering both syphilis and yaws - it prevented him from exercising his office and eventually proved fatal. His bishopric was devastated by the War of the Succession of Landshut and its territories were altered by the creation of the dukedom of Palatinate-Neuburg. One of those to whom he delegated his authority was the inquisitor Heinrich Kramer, to compensate for the lower clergy's lack of energy in prosecuting witches and wizards in Abensberg.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Buchberger (ed.): "1200 Jahre Bistum Regensburg". Regensburg 1939, S.44f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josef Staber: "Kirchengeschichte des Bistums Regensburg". Regensburg 1966, S. 94f.

alias: Ruprecht Pfalzgraf Simmer von Bayern de Rhein

description: German inquisitor


text: German

text: East German

text: Breslau (since 1945 known as Wroclaw)

text: Shoah

text: Breslau

text: Berlin

text: Berlin Arts Academy

text: Academy of "Arts and Crafts"

text: Vienna

text: Austria

text: Karl-Heinz Gerstner

text: War

text: had broken out

text: spinal paralysis

text: Nazi Party

text: French Resistance

text: Haute couture

text: Christian Dior

text: Jacques Fath

text: Jacques Fath

text: Berlin-Wilmersdorf

text: War

text: the London Protocol

text: Allies of World War II

text: Berlin

text: Soviet forces

text: Wilmersdorf

text: Carl Hofer

text: Max Pechstein

text: Gustav Seitz

text: French Resistance

text: Berlin-Hohenschönhausen

text: Zeuthen

text: Soviet occupation zone

text: Soviet sponsored

text: DEFA

text: Wolfgang Staudte

text: Kleinmachnow

text: Paris

text: Milan

text: Prague

text: Warsaw

text: Moscow

text: "Wolf Among Wolves"

text: "Little Man, What Now?"

text: "The Fiancée"

text: Daniela Dahn

text: German Democratic Republic

text: unified Germany

text: Sonja Gerstner

text: psychosis

text: Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen

categories: German writers,1920 births,People from Wrocław,2016 deaths,German magazine editors,German costume designers,East German journalists,German people of Jewish descent

paragraph: Sibylle Boden-Gerstner

paragraph: Sibylle Boden-Gerstner (17 August 1920 – 25 December 2016) was a German costume designer, artist and fashion writer. In 1956 she founded the East German arts and fashion magazine which bore her name, "", working with the publication as its editor in chief till 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: Sibylle Boden was born in Breslau (since 1945 known as Wroclaw) into a German-Jewish family. Her father was a furrier and merchant who probably later died in a Silesian prison during the Shoah. Her mother was a businesswoman. Her grandfather, Moritz Boden, was Jewish and his wife converted to Judaism for her husband's sake. In the 1930s this meant Sibylle Boden was classified as a "jüdischer Mischling" (sometimes translated, loosely, as ""Jewish mongrel""). Between 1926 and 1936 she was educated first at a private school and then at the in Breslau. In 1936 she moved to Berlin where she studied at the Textiles and Fashion Academy. Her teachers included and . She briefly attended the Berlin Arts Academy where she studied painting and illustration. However, the Nazi government came to power at the start of 1933. In 1936 it became impossible for Boden to progress with her studies due to her Jewish background. She was able briefly to pursue her studies at the Academy of "Arts and Crafts" in Vienna, where her studies focused on painting, graphic art and theatre costume design, until Austria was merged into an enlarged Nazi state in March 1938, and she left.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:War years.

paragraph: Boden first met the government lawyer (and, later, journalist) Karl-Heinz Gerstner at a ski resort in the Riesengebirge (literally ""Giant Mountains) in southern Silesia. War had broken out a few months earlier, but Gerstner was excused military service due to the effects of his childhood spinal paralysis. The couple fell in love and eventually married after the war, in 1945.

paragraph: Gerstner had joined the Nazi Party in 1933. By 1945 it is apparent from his active support for the French Resistance and rescuing of Jewish families ahead of scheduled deportation that he was no longer a Nazi supporter, but in 1940 he was seen as a member of the Nazi establishment. The son of a diplomat, and already fluent in French, since July 1940 he had been working as a legal and economic assistant at the German embassy in Paris, and through his intervention Boden was able to escape, illegally, to Paris in autumn of 1940. In Paris she was able to resume her study of painting, now at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, where her attendance is described in one source as "undercover". Nevertheless, when in 1942 she took part in an exhibition produced by the Beaux-Arts academy, two of her works won a first and a third prize.

paragraph: She shared much of her life in Paris with Gerstner; together they attended Parisian Haute couture fashion shows, at which Boden-Gerstner was able to sketch the latest designs of fashion designers such as Christian Dior and Jacques Fath, sending her drawings to an agent in the Netherlands. She and Gerstner also visited socially the high-profile fashion designer Jacques Fath. In the summer of 1944 most German diplomats were recalled to Berlin. Boden returned with Gerstner, who was given a job in the capital with the Foreign Ministry. They participated in political actions against the Nazi régime in Berlin-Wilmersdorf.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:After the war.

paragraph: War ended in May 1945. Under the terms of the London Protocol, signed in September 1944, the principal Allies of World War II had agreed to a postwar partition of Berlin between themselves into four separately administered zones of occupation; but directly after the war the entire city was occupied by Soviet forces. In the Wilmersdorf quarter of Berlin the Soviet commander appointed Gerstner deputy mayor. In May of that year, the couple were able, finally, to marry. Boden-Gerstner took a teaching job at a private fashion academy and contributed the fashion pages for a newspaper, also designing clothes. Shortly after this, an exhibition was held in the city under the title "Befreite Schwingen" (loosely: ""Swing free"") at which her paintings were exhibited alongside those of Carl Hofer, Max Pechstein and Gustav Seitz.

paragraph: In 1946, British military police arrived in Wilmersdorf and arrested Gerstner, believing that his job in Paris meant that he must have been a senior Nazi official. The British handed him over to the Soviet forces. Boden-Gerstner was able to obtain statements from former resistance members in France attesting to his secret wartime work with the French Resistance and his contribution to saving Jewish families scheduled for deportation to the death camps. These documents were enough to secure Gerstner's release from the Soviet "special camp" at Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. In Gerstner's 1999 memoirs he referred to the evidence Boden-Gerstner gathered to secure his release, stating "I owe her my life" (""Ich verdanke ihr mein Leben"").

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Soviet occupation zone/German Democratic Republic.

paragraph: The couple's Wilmersdorf home was in the British occupation zone of Berlin, but they later moved to Zeuthen on the south eastern edge of the city, which was administered as part of the Soviet occupation zone till October 1949, when the entire Soviet zone was relaunched as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

paragraph: Gerstner-Boden remained at the Berlin private fashion academy she had joined in 1945, serving as its head until 1949. After 1949 she concentrated on costume design, but also continued to produced paintings under her maiden name, Sibylle Boden. Although sources describe her costume design work as "free-lance", it is clear that in or around 1949 she was talent spotted by the DEFA, the East German national film company, working for them in collaboration with the film director Wolfgang Staudte. After 1951 she had a permanent contract for costume design work with the DEFA. She also undertook costume design work for East German television. In 1953 the family relocated again, moving to a house in the prestigious suburb of Kleinmachnow on the north eastern edge of Berlin.

paragraph: In July 1956 she founded the arts and fashion magazine and became its arts chief. Calling it by her own name was originally intended as a "test", but the name stuck. When it was decided that it needed an editor in chief, between 1958 and 1961 Gerstner-Boden took the position. She developed regular features such as "Wir sahen in Paris" (""What we saw in Paris"") and "Sibylle fragt" (""Sibylle asks""). The magazine presented clothes, drapes and accessories. The managing director was required and permitted to travel frequently to destinations such as Paris, Milan, Prague, Warsaw and Moscow.

paragraph: After 1961 Boden-Gerstner returned to her work as a free-lance costume designer for the DEFA film studio and East German television. Some of the most successful films on which she worked included "Wolf Among Wolves", subsequently a television series, and significant as the first East German movie also screened for West German audiences. Others were a "remake" of "Little Man, What Now?", "Abschied vom Frieden" (""Leaving Peace behind"") and "The Fiancée". She also worked during this period as a simultaneous translator between German, French and English.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Boden-Gerstner had two daughters: Daniela Dahn (born 1949), a writer, journalist and controversialist. She considered herself a dissident as a young woman in the German Democratic Republic, and continues to be an establishment critic of the unified Germany. Sonja Gerstner (1952–1971) was a writer and painter who first showed signs of psychosis when she was 16 and committed suicide three years later.

paragraph: Published under the pseudonym Sibylle Muthesius, Boden-Gerstner's book, "Flucht in die Wolken" appeared in 1981 in East Germany. By 1992 it had reached seven editions. It first appeared in West Germany in 1982, complete with a substantial epilogue by Margarete Mitscherlich-Nielsen. The book provides a narrative of her daughter Sonja's illness, treatments and suicide.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sibylle Boden-Gerstner died on 25 December 2016 at the age of 96.

description: German journalist

wikidata_label: Sibylle Boden-Gerstner

wikipedia_title: Sibylle Boden-Gerstner


text:
Macon, Georgia
Atlanta, Georgia
Philadelphia Saturday Night
Greenville, Missouri

categories: Writers from Macon, Georgia,American women novelists,19th-century American women writers,1869 births,19th-century American novelists,Year of death missing,Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)

paragraph: Ozella Shields Head

paragraph: M. Ozella Shields Head (born October 19, 1869) was an American author.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: M. Ozella Shields Head was born in Macon, Georgia, on October 19, 1869. She was educated in Atlanta, Georgia.

paragraph: Her taste for literature and her talent for production were shown in childhood, when she wrote a number of love stories. Her first published work, a sensational love story of thirty chapters, was "Sundered Hearts." published in the "Philadelphia Saturday Night", when Shields was eighteen years old. Her next works were "Verona's Mistake" and "A Sinless Crime," published in the same journal. Other stories followed in quick succession. In 1889 she brought out her "Izma, or Sunshine and Shadow" through a New York house.

paragraph: In November 1889, she married Daliel B. Head, of Greenville, Missouri, and had one son, Dan.

alias:
M. Ozella Shields Head
Ozella Shields

description: American author

wikidata_label: Ozella Shields Head

wikipedia_title: Ozella Shields Head


text:
Grand Duchy of Baden
Kingdom of Prussia
Donaueschingen
Charles Egon II, Prince of Fürstenberg
Amalie of Baden
House of Fürstenberg
Prussian House of Lords
Estates of Württemberg
Standesherren
Charles Egon IV
Kurt von Priesdorff
Soldatisches Führertum

paragraph: Charles Egon III, Prince of Fürstenberg

paragraph: Charles Egon III of Fürstenberg (German – "Karl Egon III. Leopold Maria Wilhelm Maximilian Fürst zu Fürstenberg";4 March 1820 – 15 March 1892) was an officer in the armies of the Grand Duchy of Baden and the Kingdom of Prussia, rising to Cavalry General. He was born in Donaueschingen, the son of Charles Egon II, Prince of Fürstenberg and Amalie of Baden. From 1854 to 1892 he was also the senior member of the Swabian line of the House of Fürstenberg. Due to his extensive estates he was a member of the Prussian House of Lords, the upper chamber of Baden and the upper chamber of the Estates of Württemberg. From 1864 to 1892 he was president of the Association of German Standesherren. He died in Paris and was succeeded by his son Charles Egon IV.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurt von Priesdorff: "Soldatisches Führertum." Band 8, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, ohne Jahr, S. 151.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. F. Gutmann: "Carl Egon III Fürst zu Fürstenberg." in: "Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte und Naturgeschichte der Baar und der angrenzenden Landesteile in Donaueschingen." VIII. Heft 1893, Tübingen 1893. S. 1–44. online (PDF; 22,9 MB)

description: German officer (1820-1892)

wikidata_label: Karl Egon Fürstenberg

wikipedia_title: Charles Egon III, Prince of Fürstenberg


text:
Italian renaissance
Padua
Donatello
Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
terracotta
Pope Paul II
Perugia
Andrea Riccio
Bartolomeo Bellano in ArtCyclopedia
Bellano in the Web Gallery of Art

categories: Italian Renaissance sculptors,1490s deaths,Year of birth unknown,15th-century Italian sculptors,People from Padua,Donatello

paragraph: Bartolomeo Bellano

paragraph: Bartolomeo Bellano, also known as Bartolomeo Vellano, was an Italian renaissance sculptor and architect who was born in Padua in 1437 or 1438. He was the son of a goldsmith and became a student of the sculptor Donatello, with whom he worked on many projects, including in the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua.

paragraph: Bartolomeo Bellano’s earliest documented works are four terracotta relief sculptures of boys, which were commissioned about 1460. One of which is held by the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Lyon. He created a statue of Pope Paul II in Perugia in 1467.

paragraph: Among his students was the sculptor and architect Andrea Riccio. Riccio imitated Bellano's "Europa and the Bull" sculpture.

paragraph: Bartolomeo died in Padua in 1496 or 1497.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, Rome, Istituto della enciclopedia italiana, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thieme, Ulrich and Felix Becker, editors, "Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart", Reprint of 1907 edition, Leipzig, Veb E.A. Seemann Verlag, 1980-1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasari, Giorgio, "Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori", many editions and translations.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartolomeo Bellano in ArtCyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellano in the Web Gallery of Art

alias:
Bartolomeo Vellano
bartolommeo bellano
bartolomeo bellano

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Bartolomeo Bellano

wikipedia_title: Bartolomeo Bellano


text:
Muslim
Volga Bulgar
Tatar literature
Yusuf
Turki literary language
Tatarstan
Khwarezm
madrassah
Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
Tatars
Bashkirs
Chuvash
Qur'an
Joseph
Tatars
Utız İmäni
Räxmätulla Ämirxanov

categories: Tatar poets,Volga Bulgaria,Bashkir people

paragraph: Qol Ghali

paragraph: Qol Ghali or Qul Ali (, , ; circa 1183-1236) was a famous Muslim Volga Bulgar poet, the founder of medieval Tatar literature. His most famous poem is "Qíssa-i Yosıf" ("قصه یوسف," "Tale of Yusuf"), written in the Turki literary language, which is not mutually intelligible with the modern Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash languages.

paragraph: It is believed that he was born in what is today Eastern Tatarstan. He studied in the Khwarezmean madrassah. He wrote his immortal poem in 1233. He was probably killed in 1236 during the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: His poems are celebrated by the Tatars, the Bashkirs and the Chuvash.

paragraph: "Qíssa-i Yosıf" ("قصه یوسف") was inspired by Qur'anic stories of Joseph. The poem is devoted to the struggle against evil and for human happiness. The poem played a major role in the Muslim Volga Bulgar culture and later the Tatar culture. More than 200 manuscripts have been found among the Tatars. The poem was prepared for publishing for the first time by the poet Utız İmäni and printed in 1839 by Räxmätulla Ämirxanov. Since then it has been republished 80 times.

paragraph: Section::::Qol Ghali award.

paragraph: The "Qol Ghali International Award" is named after Qol Ghali. It is awarded to recognize excellence in literature and poetry. The award was established in 1992.

wikidata_label: Qol Ghali

wikipedia_title: Qol Ghali


text:
Puritan
Moulsham
Richard Rogers
Emmanuel College, Cambridge
vice
Honingham
Norfolk
Samuel Fairclough
Haverhill
Suffolk
Dedham
Essex
muniment
Cotton Mather
Ralph Brownrig
Giles Firmin
surplice
John Knowles
Matthew Newcomen
Nathaniel Rogers
Benjamin Brook
Francis Bunny
‘Rogers, John (c.1570–1636)’

categories: 1636 deaths,16th-century English Anglican priests,1570 births,Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge,English Caroline nonconforming clergy

paragraph: John Rogers (c. 1570–1636)

paragraph: John Rogers (c. 1570–1636), sometimes referred to as "Roaring" John Rogers, for his fiery preaching style, was a well-known English Puritan clergyman and preacher. Described as a "grave and judicious divine" and considered one of the most awakened preaches of his era, according to the book, Lives of The Puritans.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His parents were John Rogers (died 1601), a shoemaker from Moulsham in Essex, and his wife, Mary (died 1579). Richard Rogers, his uncle, provided for his education at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. On two separate occasions John Rogers sold his books as he was "so addicted to vice", if not for the persuasion of Richard Rogers wife, John Rogers may have been cast off totally. Despite his early mistakes John Rogers became "an illustrious ornament" to his college and was of the most "exemplary piety". It appears he graduated in 1591/2. In 1592 he became vicar of Honingham, Norfolk, and in 1603 he succeeded Lawrence Fairclough, father of Samuel Fairclough, as vicar of Haverhill, Suffolk.

paragraph: In 1605 he became lecturer, not vicar as some scholars believe, of Dedham, Essex, where for over thirty years he had the repute of being "one of the most awakening preachers of the age." The vicars and lecturers are listed inside the church by the north door. On his lecture days his church overflowed. On one occasion, according to John Howe based on a report by Thomas Goodwin, Rogers rebuked the congregation for their woeful neglect of the Bible. His eloquence, some would say anointed preaching, moved many to tears and loud weeping. On market days he preached to hundreds of people from the tower by the muniment room above the north porch. This muniment room holds some early editions of his works. Cotton Mather reports a saying of Ralph Brownrig that Rogers would "do more good with his wild notes than we with our set music." His lecture was suppressed from 1629 till 1631, on the ground of his nonconformity. His subsequent compliance was not strict. Giles Firmin, one of his converts, never saw him wear a surplice, and he only occasionally used the prayer-book, and then repeated portions of it from memory.

paragraph: He died on 18 October 1636, and was buried in the churchyard at Dedham. There is a tombstone to his memory, and also a mural monument in the church on the north wall of the sanctuary. His funeral sermon was preached by John Knowles. His engraved portrait exhibits a worn face, and depicts him in nightcap, ruff, and full beard. Matthew Newcomen succeeded him at Dedham. Nathaniel Rogers was his second son.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He published:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Doctrine of Faith", 1627; 6th edit. 1634, 12mo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Treatise of Love", 1629; 3rd edit. 1637.

paragraph: Posthumous was "A Godly and Fruitful Exposition upon ... the First Epistle of Peter", 1650. Benjamin Brook assigns to him, without date, "Sixty Memorials of a Godly Life". He prefaced "Gods Treasurie displayed", 1630, by F. B. (Francis Bunny?).

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jason Yiannikkou, ‘Rogers, John (c.1570–1636)’, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004

alias:
Roaring John Rogers
"Roaring" John Rogers

description: preacher and clergyman from England born in 1570

wikidata_label: John Rogers

wikipedia_title: John Rogers (c. 1570–1636)


text: Anthony Perkins

text: September 11 attacks

text: American Airlines Flight 11

text: Murray Hill, Manhattan

text: Gogo Schiaparelli

text: Italian

text: Swiss

text: French

text: Egyptian

text: Lithuanian Jewish

text: Elsa Schiaparelli

text: Theosophist

text: psychic medium

text: Marisa Berenson

text: Giovanni Schiaparelli

text: canals of Mars

text: Bernard Berenson

text: Senda Berenson

text: Basketball Hall of Fame

text: Life

text: Glamour

text: Vogue

text: Newsweek

text: The American Place Theatre

text: Wynn Handman

text: Richard Gere

text: Philip Anglim

text: Penelope Milford

text: Robert Ozn

text: Anthony Perkins

text: Alan Rudolph

text: Remember My Name

text: Jeff Bridges

text: Winter Kills

text: Malcolm McDowell

text: Cat People

text: Cape Cod

text: Massachusetts

text: Anthony Perkins

text: Oz Perkins

text: Elvis Perkins

text: AIDS

text: September 11 attacks

text: American Airlines Flight 11

text: California

text: Cape Cod

text: National September 11 Memorial & Museum

categories: 1948 births,20th-century American actresses,American terrorism victims,American people of French descent,American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent,Murdered entertainers,Filmed deaths of entertainers,Victims of the September 11 attacks,Murdered models,Actresses from New York City,American people of Swiss descent,American film actresses,Women photographers,Murdered American actors,People murdered in New York (state),Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States,American people of Italian descent,Models from New York City,People from Wellfleet, Massachusetts,Actresses of Italian descent,American people of Egyptian descent,Terrorism deaths in New York (state),2001 deaths,Female models from New York (state),Murdered actresses

paragraph: Berry Berenson

paragraph: Berinthia "Berry" Berenson-Perkins (April 14, 1948 – September 11, 2001) was an American photographer, actress, and model. Perkins, who was the wife of actor Anthony Perkins, died in the September 11 attacks as a passenger on American Airlines Flight 11.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Berenson was born in Murray Hill, Manhattan. Her mother was born Maria-Luisa Yvonne Radha de Wendt de Kerlor, better known as Gogo Schiaparelli, a socialite of Italian, Swiss, French, and Egyptian ancestry. Her father, Robert Lawrence Berenson, was an American career diplomat turned shipping executive; he was of Lithuanian Jewish descent, and his family's original surname was Valvrojenski.

paragraph: Berenson's maternal grandmother was the Italian-born fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli, and her maternal grandfather was Wilhelm de Wendt de Kerlor, a Theosophist and psychic medium. Her elder sister, Marisa Berenson, became a well-known model and actress. She also was a great-grandniece of Giovanni Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer who believed he had discovered the supposed canals of Mars, and a second cousin, once removed, of art expert Bernard Berenson (1865–1959) and his sister Senda Berenson (1868–1954), an athlete and educator who was one of the first two women elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Following a brief modeling career in the late 1960s, Berenson became a freelance photographer. By 1973, her photographs had been published in "Life", "Glamour", "Vogue" and "Newsweek".

paragraph: Berenson studied acting at New York's The American Place Theatre with Wynn Handman along with Richard Gere, Philip Anglim, Penelope Milford, Robert Ozn, Ingrid Bolting and her sister Marisa.

paragraph: Berenson also appeared in several motion pictures. She starred opposite Anthony Perkins in the 1978 Alan Rudolph film "Remember My Name", and appeared with Jeff Bridges in the 1979 film "Winter Kills" and Malcolm McDowell in "Cat People" (1982).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: On August 9, 1973, in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Berenson married her future "Remember My Name" costar Anthony Perkins. The couple raised two sons: actor-musician Oz Perkins (born February 2, 1974) and folk/rock recording artist Elvis Perkins (born February 9, 1976). They remained married until Perkins's death from AIDS-related complications on September 12, 1992.

paragraph: Berenson died at age 53 in the September 11 attacks aboard American Airlines Flight 11, one day before the ninth anniversary of Perkins's death. She was returning to her California home following a holiday on Cape Cod.

paragraph: At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Berenson is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-76.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several news stories about Berry Berenson

description: American actor, model and photographer

wikidata_label: Berry Berenson

wikipedia_title: Berry Berenson


text:
Roman Catholic
Protestantism
Protestant reformer
Siena
Franciscan
Perugia
Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Juan de Valdés
Pietro Bembo
Vittoria Colonna
Pietro Martire
Carnesecchi
Venice
sermon
justification by faith
Inquisition
Rome
Giovanni Pietro Carafa
Rome
Cardinal Contarini
Bologna
poison
Florence
Alps
Geneva
John Calvin
religion
Vittoria Colonna
Claudio Tolomei
Roman Catholic Church
Augsburg
Caspar Schwenckfeld
Diet of Augsburg
prebendary
Canterbury Cathedral
pension
Edward VI's
Latin
John Ponet
Lucifer
Jesus
pope
antichrist
Phocas
Heaven
Henry VIII of England
Anna Cooke
Mary I
Lelio Sozzini
Martino Muralto
Zürich
Locarno
orthodoxy
freedom of the will
Calvinistic
predestination
polygamy
divorce
Trinity
dissident
plague
Pińczów
Slavkov
Moravia
Thomas Browne
De tribus Impostoribus
Karl Benrath
evangelist
Girolamo Muzio
John Ponet
Helen Zimmern

categories: Capuchins,1487 births,1564 deaths,Italian Calvinist and Reformed theologians,People from Siena,General Vicars and Ministers General of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

paragraph: Bernardino Ochino

paragraph: Bernardino Ochino (1487–1564) was an Italian, who was raised a Roman Catholic and later turned to Protestantism and became a Protestant reformer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bernardino Ochino was born in Siena, the son of the barber Domenico Ochino, and at the age of 7 or 8, in around 1504, was entrusted to the order of Franciscan Friars. From 1510 he studied medicine at Perugia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Transfer to the Capuchins.

paragraph: At the age of 38, Ochino transferred himself in 1534 to the newly founded Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. By then he was the close friend of Juan de Valdés, Pietro Bembo, Vittoria Colonna, Pietro Martire, Carnesecchi. In 1538 he was elected vicar-general of his order. In 1539, urged by Bembo, he visited Venice and delivered a course of sermons showing a sympathy with justification by faith, which appeared more clearly in his "Dialogues" published the same year. He was suspected and denounced, but nothing ensued until the establishment of the Inquisition in Rome in June 1542, at the instigation of Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Carafa. Ochino received a citation to Rome, and set out to obey it about the middle of August. According to his own statement, he was deterred from presenting himself at Rome by the warnings of Cardinal Contarini, whom he found at Bologna, dying of poison administered by the reactionary party.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Escape to Geneva.

paragraph: Ochino turned aside to Florence, and after some hesitation went across the Alps to Geneva. He was cordially received by John Calvin, and published within two years several volumes of "Prediche", controversial tracts rationalizing his change of religion. He also addressed replies to marchioness Vittoria Colonna, Claudio Tolomei, and other Italian sympathizers who were reluctant to go to the same length as himself. His own breach with the Roman Catholic Church was final.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Augsburg and England.

paragraph: In 1545 Ochino became minister of the Italian Protestant congregation at Augsburg. From this time dates his contact with Caspar Schwenckfeld. He was compelled to flee when, in January 1547, the city was occupied by the imperial forces for the Diet of Augsburg.

paragraph: Ochino found asylum in England, where he was made a prebendary of Canterbury Cathedral, received a pension from Edward VI's privy purse, and composed his major work, the "Tragoedie or Dialoge of the unjuste usurped primacie of the Bishop of Rome". This text, originally written in Latin, is extant only in the 1549 translation of Bishop John Ponet. The form is a series of dialogues. Lucifer, enraged at the spread of Jesus's kingdom, convokes the fiends in council, and resolves to set up the pope as antichrist. The state, represented by the emperor Phocas, is persuaded to connive at the pope's assumption of spiritual authority; the other churches are intimidated into acquiescence; Lucifer's projects seem fully accomplished, when Heaven raises up Henry VIII of England and his son for their overthrow.

paragraph: Several of Ochino's "Prediche" were translated into English by Anna Cooke; and he published numerous controversial treatises on the Continent. Ochino’s "Che Cosa è Christo" was translated into Latin and English by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1547.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Zürich.

paragraph: In 1553 the accession of Mary I drove Ochino from England. He went to Basel, where Lelio Sozzini and the lawyer Martino Muralto were sent to secure Ochino as pastor of the Italian church at Zürich, which Ochino accepted. The Italian congregation there was composed mainly of refugees from Locarno. There for 10 years Ochino wrote books which gave increasing evidence of his alienation from the orthodoxy around him. The most important of these was the "Labyrinth", a discussion of the freedom of the will, covertly undermining the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination.

paragraph: In 1563 a long simmering storm burst on Ochino with the publication of his "Thirty Dialogues", in one of which his adversaries maintained that he had justified polygamy under the disguise of a pretended refutation. His dialogues on divorce and against the Trinity were also considered heretical.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Poland, and death.

paragraph: Ochino was not given opportunity to defend himself, and was banished from Zürich. After being refused admission by other Protestant cities, he directed his steps towards Poland, at that time the most tolerant state in Europe. He had not resided there long when an edict appeared (August 8, 1564) banishing all foreign dissidents. Fleeing the country, he encountered the plague at Pińczów; three of his four children were carried off; and he himself, worn out by misfortune, died in solitude and obscurity at Slavkov in Moravia, about the end of 1564.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ochino's reputation among Protestants was low. He was charged by Thomas Browne in 1643 with the authorship of the legendary-apocryphal heretical treatise "De tribus Impostoribus", as well as with having carried his alleged approval of polygamy into practice.

paragraph: His biographer Karl Benrath justified him, representing him as a fervent evangelist and at the same time as a speculative thinker with a passion for free inquiry. The picture is of Ochino always learning and unlearning and arguing out difficult questions with himself in his dialogues, frequently without attaining to any absolute conviction.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prediche" (1542)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistola alli Signori di Balia della città di Siena" (1543)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Responsio ad Marcum Brixiensem Abbatem Ordinis S. Benedicti" (Geneva, 1543)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Responsio ad Mutium Justinopolitanum" to Girolamo Muzio (1496-1576)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tragoedie or Dialoge of the unjuste usurped primacie of the Bishop of Rome". 1549 translation of Bishop John Ponet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disputa intorno alla presenza del corpo di Cristo nel Sacramento della Cena"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Labyrinth" - "Laberinti del libero arbitrio" (1563) dedicated to Elisabeth I

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogi XXX" (1563)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prediche"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Benrath's German biography, translated into English by Helen Zimmern, with a preface by the Rev. W. Arthur, London, 1876.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Italian theologian

wikidata_label: Bernardino Ochino

wikipedia_title: Bernardino Ochino


text:
Czech
Paul Wegener
The Student of Prague
The Golem
Rübezahl's Wedding
The Yogi
Hans Trutz in the Land of Plenty
The Pied Piper of Hamelin
The Foreign Prince
The Galley Slave
Malaria
The Dancer Barberina
The Hunchback and the Dancer
Burning Country
Wandering Souls
Monna Vanna
Lucrezia Borgia
The Loves of Pharaoh
The Love Nest
The Island of Tears

categories: Czech silent film actresses,1889 births,1968 deaths,Actresses from Prague,Czech film actresses,20th-century Czech actresses

paragraph: Lyda Salmonova

paragraph: Lyda Salmonova (14 July 1889 – 18 November 1968) was a Czech stage and film actress. She was married to the actor Paul Wegener and appeared alongside him in a number of films.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Student of Prague" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golem" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rübezahl's Wedding" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Yogi" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hans Trutz in the Land of Plenty" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pied Piper of Hamelin" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Foreign Prince" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Galley Slave" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Malaria" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dancer Barberina" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hunchback and the Dancer" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burning Country" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wandering Souls" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monna Vanna" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucrezia Borgia" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Loves of Pharaoh" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Love Nest" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Island of Tears" (1923)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prawer, S.S. "Between Two Worlds: The Jewish Presence in German and Austrian Film, 1910–1933". Berghahn Books, 2007.

description: Czech actress

wikidata_label: Lyda Salmonova

wikipedia_title: Lyda Salmonova