text: Infante

text: Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu

text: Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu

text: John, Duke of Viseu

text: Duke of Viseu

text: Duke of Beja

text: John II

text: Duke Fernando II of Braganza

text: Afonso V of Portugal

text: Isabella of Viseu

text: Évora

text: Eleanor of Viseu

text: Infante

text: Manuel of Viseu

text: Crown of Castile

text: Pedro I of Portugal

text: Constable of Portugal

text: Marquis of Vila Real

text: Duke of Beja

text: Duke of Viseu

text: List of Portuguese Dukedoms

categories: Medieval Portuguese nobility,1484 deaths,15th-century Portuguese people,Dukes of Viseu,Dukes of Beja,1450 births,House of Aviz,Donatários of the Azores,Portuguese infantes

paragraph: Diogo, Duke of Viseu

paragraph: Infante Diogo of Viseu (1450–1484) was the second son of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, and his wife Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: In 1472, when his older brother John, Duke of Viseu, died without issue, Diogo inherited his titles and estates as Duke of Viseu and Duke of Beja.

paragraph: Diogo was a popular personality at the court of his cousin King John II, and together with Duke Fernando II of Braganza, he was the main target of King John's centralization policies. John II sought to limit the power of the upper nobility, which had increased greatly during the reign of John's father Afonso V of Portugal.

paragraph: Duke Fernando II of Braganza, husband of Isabella of Viseu, the sister-in-law of King John II of Portugal and Diogo's sister, was the first victim of John's efforts against the Portuguese nobility. He was imprisoned, tried and executed in Évora. Once his sister Eleanor of Viseu was married to the king, Diogo thought he was protected from the king's anger.

paragraph: On two occasions, the king's life was in danger and as Diogo of Viseu remained the leader of the upper nobility against the King's policies, John II accused him of high treason and personally killed him.

paragraph: After the execution, King John II called the duke's younger brother, Infante Manuel of Viseu, and showed him his brother's body. He promised Manuel that he would consider him his own son. At that moment, Manuel inherited his brother Diogo's titles and estates.

paragraph: Duke Diogo never married, but when he was quite young he visited the Crown of Castile, where he had a love affair with "Doña" Leonor de Sotomaior y Portugal (great-granddaughter of King Pedro I of Portugal). With her he had a natural son, Afonso de Portugal. King Manuel I of Portugal granted this nephew, Afonso de Portugal, the position of 8th Constable of Portugal. Afonso's daughter and heir, Beatrice of Lara, married the 3rd Marquis of Vila Real.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Beja

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Viseu

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Portuguese Dukedoms

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil” – Vol. III, pages 544 and 545. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Diogo, 4th Duke of Viseu, in Portuguese

description: Infante Diogo of Viseu (1450–1484)

wikidata_label: Diogo I, Duke of Viseu

wikipedia_title: Diogo, Duke of Viseu


text:
Riga
Kokenhusen
Riga
Johann Schöning
University of Rostock
Reformation
Livonia
Order of Livonia
Albert of Prussia
Wilhelm von Brandenburg
Archbishopric of Riga
Livonian Order

categories: 1539 deaths,Prince-bishops in Livonia,Archbishops of Riga,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Thomas Schöning

paragraph: Thomas Schöning (* probably in Riga; † 11 August 1539 in Kokenhusen) was Archbishop of Riga. He was a member of a prominent Riga burgher family and son of Johann Schöning. He studied at the University of Rostock between 1499 and 1500. Schöning was notable for the dating of coins. During his reign from 1528 to 1539, mark, shilling, and pfenning coins from Riga bore the family shield of Thomas Schöning.

paragraph: With the growing strength of the Reformation centered in Livonia, his position was difficult. Schöning moved his residency to the archbishop's palace at Kokenhusen in 1528 because of the conflict with the city of Riga and the Order of Livonia. He found unusual support in Duke Albert of Prussia, who was part of the Protestant movement. Duke Albrecht recommended Schöning appoint the duke's brother, Wilhelm von Brandenburg, as his coadjutor (assistant) and eventual successor. His body was buried in the parish church of Kokenhusen.

paragraph: Eventually, the Archbishopric of Riga and the Livonian Order were dissolved in 1561 after the conversion of the territory from Catholicism to Lutheranism at the beginning of Swedish rule.

description: Archbishop of Riga

wikidata_label: Thomas Schöning

wikipedia_title: Thomas Schöning


text:
Zen
tea ceremony
Buddhism
neo-Confucianism
Joseon
Jeong Yak-yong
Kim Jeong-hui
Beompae
Jeong Yak-yong
Gangjin
I Ching
Confucian
Seohak
Seoul
China
Jeongjo
Kim Jeong-hui
samatha
vipaśyanā
Jirisan
Ming Dynasty
Zen
Diamond Mountains
Heonjong
Kim Jeong-hui

categories: 1866 deaths,Korean tea,1786 births,Korean Buddhist monks,Joseon Dynasty writers

paragraph: Uisun

paragraph: Cho-ui Seonsa (1786–1866) is often called "The Saint of Korean Tea" or the "Father of Korean Tea". He was a Korean Buddhist Seon (Zen) Master who in the first half of the 19th century introduced the Way of Tea (tea ceremony) and the practices of Buddhism to many aristocratic scholars who were dissatisfied with the rigid neo-Confucianism of the Joseon era. He was himself noted as a calligrapher and artist, as well as a poet, and he formed deep friendships with other famous figures of his time, especially Jeong Yak-yong and Kim Jeong-hui.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early life.

paragraph: He was born on the 5th day of the 4th lunar month, 1786, in Singi village, Samhyang District, Muan County, in what is now known as South Jeolla Province. His family name was Jang 張, his original name as a monk was Uisun 意洵 (later he wrote it as 意恂). In his 16th year he became a monk at Unheung-sa Temple 雲興寺 on the slopes of Deokyong-san Mountain in Dado District, Naju County, South Jeolla Province, under the Venerable Byeokbong Minseong 碧峰 敏性. In his 19th year, after an enlightenment experience on Wolchul-san Mountain in Yeong’am, he received ordination from his main master, the Seon (Zen) master Wanho Yunu 玩虎 倫佑 at the temple of Daedun-sa 大芚寺 (now known as Daeheung-sa 大興寺), receiving the name Cho-ui. In addition to scholarly learning, Cho-ui was a skilled painter in both scholarly and Buddhist styles, and a noted performer of Beompae 梵貝 Buddhist ritual song and dance.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Relationship with Jeong Yak-yong.

paragraph: In 1806, he may first have met Dasan Jeong Yak-yong 茶山 丁若鏞 (1763-1836) who was living in exile in his mother’s native country of Gangjin, only seven or eight miles away from Daedun-sa, and Dasan’s tea companion, the Venerable A’am Hyejang 兒庵 惠藏, the head monk of the nearby Baegnyeon-sa Temple 白蓮寺. In 1809, he spent several months in Gangjin, learning the "I Ching" 易經 ("Book of Changes") and classical Chinese poetry from Dasan. They became very close, despite Dasan being socially superior and a Confucian scholar who had been deeply influenced by the Seohak 西學 western learning that included Catholicism. Usually such men had little or no sympathy with Buddhism. It is a testimony to Choui’s qualities as a scholar that he won the admiration of Jeong Yak-Yong and other literati.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Meeting with famous scholars in Seoul.

paragraph: Cho-ui seems first to have visited Seoul in 1815, but it was during a visit late in 1830 that he became widely recognized and established strong relationships with a number of highly educated scholar-officials, several of whom had been to China, who became his friends and followers. These included the son-in-law of King Jeongjo 正祖 (r 1776- 1800), Haegeo-doin Hong Hyeon-Ju 海居 道人 洪顯周 (1793-1865) and his brother Yeoncheon Hong Seok- Ju 淵泉 洪奭周 (1774-1842), the son of Dasan, Unpo Jeong Hak-Yu 耘 逋 丁學游 (1786-1855), as well as the famous calligrapher Chusa Kim Jeong-hui 秋史 金正喜 (1786-1856) with his brothers Sanchon Kim Myeong-Hui 山泉 金命喜 (1788-1857) and Geummi Kim Sang-Hu 琴糜 金相喜 (1794-1861). It was most unusual for a Buddhist monk, who as such was assigned the lowest rank in society, together with "mudangs" 巫堂 (shaman) and "kisaengs" 妓生, to be recognized as a poet and thinker in this way by members of the Confucian establishment. As a monk, Cho-ui was not allowed to enter the city walls of Seoul and had to receive visits from these scholars while living in Cheongnyangsa temple 淸涼寺 outside the capital’s eastern gate or in a hermitage in the hills to the north.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Life in Ilchi-am.

paragraph: Once he was in his forties, he withdrew to the mountain above Daedun-sa, in the far south-west region of Korea, built a hermitage known as Ilchi-am 一枝庵 in 1824, and lived there alone for the next forty years, practicing meditation in a manner he developed and wrote about, provoking a methodological dispute that lasted long after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Practice of and writings about Seon meditation.

paragraph: In the late Joseon period, Korean meditation practice was generally limited to the practice of "samatha". Cho-ui’s method was known as Chigwan 止觀 “stopping and seeing”, a dichotomy of two concepts: "samatha" and "vipaśyanā", concentration and insight. "Samatha", often translated as “calm abiding”, comprised a style of practices promoting concentration, culminating in a tranquil awareness that can be effortlessly sustained for hours on end. "Vipaśyanā" was the ensuing practice of insight into the nature of illusion and reality. Thus, "samatha" was a focusing, strengthening and pacifying concentration used in preparation for "vipaśyanā" to enhance the revelatory work of insight.

paragraph: Cho-ui composed a treatise, "Seonmun sapyeonmaneo" (禪門四辯漫語 Four Defenses and Random Words), to warn monks of a crucial dimension of insight missing from their practice. In the treatise, Choui criticized the contemporary meditation master Baekpa Geungseon 白坡 亘璇 (1767-1852) who wrote the "Seonmun sugyeong" 禪文手鏡 Hand Glass of Seon Literature.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Writings about tea.

paragraph: In 1828, during a visit to Chilbul-am Hermitage 七佛庵 in Jirisan Mountain, Cho-ui transcribed a Ming Dynasty Chinese text on tea. Two years later on his return to Ilchi-am, he produced the "ChaSinJeon" (or "Dasinjeon") (茶神傳 "Chronicle of the Spirit of Tea") as a simple guide to the basic principles involved in making and drinking tea. In 1830, he published a now lost collection of his own poems with prefaces and postscripts by four leading scholar-administrators in which they show their personal interest in Seon 禪 Zen practice and the drinking of tea. He then returned to his hermitage, where he wrote and painted. In 1837, he composed the "DongChaSong" (or "DongDaSong") (東茶頌 "Hymn in Praise of Korean Tea"), at the request of Hong Hyeon-Ju. This is the work for which he is most celebrated among lovers of tea in Korea.

paragraph: In 1838, he climbed to the topmost peak of the Diamond Mountains, Biro Peak, before visiting the hills around Seoul. In his fifty-fifth year, he received the title Daegakdeunggyebojejonja Cho-ui DaeJongSa (大覺登階普濟尊者 草衣 大宗 師 the Great Monk Cho-ui, Master of Supreme Enlightenment), from King Heonjong 憲宗 (r 1834-1849). In his 58th year he visited his childhood home and saw his parents’ graves covered with weeds, an evocative event he marked in a poem.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Visits to Kim Jeong-hui in exile.

paragraph: From 1840 until 1848, Chusa Kim Jeong-hui was exiled to the southern island of Cheju and during those years, Cho-ui visited him no less than five times, once staying for six months, teaching him about tea and Buddhism. When Chusa was freed, he visited Choui at Ilchi-am as soon as he arrived on the mainland on his way back to Seoul.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:The last years.

paragraph: Kim Jeong-Hui died in the 10th month of 1856, and a little later, Cho-ui, already 71, visited his friend’s grave near Asan, to the south-west of Seoul. Cho-ui remained vigorous and healthy to the end, all the time practicing Seon meditation. Early in the morning of the second day of the seventh lunar month of 1866 he called his attendant to help him get up, sat in the lotus position and "entered Nirvana" (the term used for the death of a monk.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Korean Tea Classics" ed./trans. Brother Anthony of Taizé, Hong Keong-Hee, Steven D. Owyoung. Seoul: Seoul Selection. 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Ho Lee. "Ch'oui Uisun: The Liberal Son Master and Engaged Artist in Late Choson Korea" Jain Publishing Company. 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.koreanbuddhism.net/master/priest_view.asp?cat_seq=10&priest_seq=3&page=1

description: Buddhist monk and Seon master

wikidata_label: Uisun

wikipedia_title: Uisun


text:
The Heights
Jersey City, New Jersey
Glasgow
Baby Mine
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm
Booth Theatre
Booth Theatre
Amélie Rives
Mark Twain
The Prince and the Pauper
The Land Is Bright
Music Box Theatre
Owen Johnson
William Gillette
William Farnum
Eugene Obrien
Lionel Barrymore
William Faversham
George S. Kaufman
Edna Ferber
New York City

categories: Actresses from Jersey City, New Jersey,20th-century American actresses,1896 births,1949 deaths,American stage actresses,American silent film actresses

paragraph: Ruth Findlay

paragraph: Ruth Findlay (September 19, 1896 – July 13, 1949) was an American stage actress active over the early decades of the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Findlay was born on September 19, 1896, in The Heights, a neighborhood of Jersey City, New Jersey. Her parents were John and Margaret Findlay, both originally from Scotland. Her father, a character actor known for his portrayal of butlers and priests, was born in Glasgow with the surname Macpherson.

paragraph: Findlay was raised in New York City where she attended private schools and first appeared on stage at around the age of 12 in "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch" and later "Baby Mine" at Daly’s Theatre. Her first major role came a few years later in a road production of "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm" and in 1917 she found success playing Marguerite in "A Successful Calamity" at Broadway’s Booth Theatre.

paragraph: In November 1920 the diminutive 5'2" actress began a seven-month run at the Booth Theatre playing the dual roles of Tom Canty and Prince Edward in Amélie Rives' stage adaptation of Mark Twain's "The Prince and the Pauper".

paragraph: Findlay’s last Broadway performances were playing Deborah Hawks in the 1941 production of "The Land Is Bright" at the Music Box Theatre.

paragraph: During the early years of her acting career Findlay appeared in at least six silent films, all produced before 1920. Her most notable film performance may have been as Dora Baxter in "The Salamander" (1916), a film based on the 1913 novel by Owen Johnson. A short list of artists she worked with over her career would include William Gillette, William Farnum, Eugene Obrien, Lionel Barrymore and William Faversham.

paragraph: Findlay left the stage within a year or so of her marriage to investment banker Donald W. Lamb in 1927. In 1941 she came out of retirement to appear in "The Land Is Bright", a play written by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber.

paragraph: Ruth Findlay Lamb died in New York City on July 13, 1949. She was survived by her husband, three sisters and a brother.

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Ruth Findlay

wikipedia_title: Ruth Findlay


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Gaylord

text: Archbishop of Detroit

text: cardinalate

text: Grand Rapids, Michigan

text: Polish

text: immigrants

text: Muskegon

text: primary studies

text: priest

text: Sacred Heart Major Seminary

text: Detroit

text: Plymouth, Michigan

text: theology

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Bishop Thomas Noa

text: pastoral

text: Manistique

text: secretary

text: Second Vatican Council

text: chaplain

text: K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base

text: canon law

text: Pontifical Urbaniana University

text: Pontifical Lateran University

text: Rome

text: United States

text: curial

text: Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

text: Bishop of Gaylord

text: episcopal consecration

text: John Francis Dearden

text: Charles Salatka

text: co-consecrators

text: Metropolitan Archbishop of Detroit

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Plymouth, Michigan

text: SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary

text: Orchard Lake Village, Michigan

text: The Catholic University of America

text: Immaculate Conception

text: Agnes Mary Mansour

text: Michigan Department of Community Health

text: Medicaid

text: Sisters of Mercy

text: Anthony Bevilacqua

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio

text: consistory

text: Roman Curia

text: Secretariat of State

text: Causes of Saints

text: Bishops

text: Evangelization of Peoples

text: Clergy

text: cardinal electors

text: 2005 papal conclave

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Secretary of State

text: Angelo Sodano

text: Camerlengo

text: Eduardo Martínez Somalo

text: Domus Sanctae Marthae

text: curial

text: Church Fathers

text: Northville, Michigan

text: Providence Park Hospital

text: Novi, Michigan

categories: Roman Catholic Archbishops of Detroit,People from Muskegon, Michigan,1927 births,Clergy from Grand Rapids, Michigan,Members of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life,Members of the Congregation for Bishops,Members of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints,Economic history of the Holy See,People from Schoolcraft County, Michigan,American people of Polish descent,Catholic University of America people,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Roman Catholic bishops of Gaylord,2014 deaths,Members of the Congregation for the Clergy,Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni,Presidents of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State,Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,American cardinals

paragraph: Edmund Szoka

paragraph: Edmund Casimir Szoka (September 14, 1927 – August 20, 2014) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President Emeritus of the Governatorate of Vatican City State, having previously served as Bishop of Gaylord from 1971 to 1981 and Archbishop of Detroit from 1981 to 1990. Szoka was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Edmund Casimir Szoka was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to Casimir and Mary (née Wolgat) Szoka, Polish immigrants. He has an older sister, Irene, and moved with his family in the early 1930s to Muskegon, where he did his primary studies at St. Michael School. Attracted to life as a priest at an early age, Szoka attended St. Joseph's Seminary in Grand Rapids, Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit for his junior and senior years, and then St. John's Provincial Seminary in Plymouth, Michigan to study theology.

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: On June 5, 1954, he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Thomas Noa in St. Peter's Cathedral in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. He did pastoral work in Manistique but soon thereafter became secretary to Bishop Noa of Marquette, whom he accompanied to the first session of the Second Vatican Council in 1962. During this period he also served as chaplain at St. Mary’s Hospital and K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base. From 1957 to 1959, he studied canon law at the Pontifical Urbaniana University or the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome. Upon returning to the United States, Szoka did pastoral and curial work, including serving as an official of the matrimonial tribunal, in Marquette until 1971. He was raised to the rank of Honorary Prelate of His Holiness on November 14, 1963, by Pope Paul VI.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal ministry.

paragraph: Szoka was appointed the first Bishop of Gaylord on June 11, 1971. He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 20 from Cardinal John Francis Dearden, with Bishops Charles Salatka and Joseph McKinney serving as co-consecrators. A year later, the Bishops of the 4th pastoral region of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) elected him president for the period of 1972-77. At the same time, he was treasurer and secretary of the Episcopal Conference of Michigan. As Bishop of Gaylord, Szoka improved the annulment consideration process, drawing from his experience in the matrimonial tribunal in Marquette.

paragraph: On March 21, 1981, he was promoted to the third Metropolitan Archbishop of Detroit (eighth bishop) by Pope John Paul II. Since 1981, he also served as president of the Administration Council of the provincial seminary of St. John in Plymouth, Michigan and SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary near Orchard Lake Village, Michigan. He was also a president of the board of directors of the Episcopal Conference of Michigan, member of the executive committee of The Catholic University of America, president of the Committee for University Relations, Administrator of the National Sanctuary of the Immaculate Conception, treasurer of the NCCB, and served on committees within the Conference for: human values, bishops, dioceses and provinces, and economic affairs. He faced challenges of finance and enforcing Church discipline, and welcomed John Paul II to Detroit in 1987 during his tenure as Archbishop.

paragraph: In 1983, he dealt with the case of Agnes Mary Mansour, a nun and the director of the Michigan Department of Community Health who worked to continue abortion services in Michigan. Szoka had given his permission for Mansour to serve the state but said she must oppose publicly funded abortion. Mansour believed abortion was tragic but should be legal, and she continued disbursing Medicaid abortion funds. Szoka appealed to Mansour's superiors in the Sisters of Mercy but the order supported her stance. Szoka referred the case to the Vatican, and Bishop Anthony Bevilacqua resolved it by ordering Mansour to resign either her government post or her orders. Mansour left the sisterhood.

paragraph: He was created Cardinal-Priest of "Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio" by John Paul II in the consistory of June 28, 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Roman Curia.

paragraph: Resigning as Archbishop of Detroit on April 28, 1990, Szoka had been named President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See on January 22, 1990, and served as such to October 14, 1997. In this position, he helped manage the Vatican's financial affairs

paragraph: On October 14, 1997, Cardinal Szoka was named President of the Governorate of Vatican City State, and on February 22, 2001, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Within the Roman Curia his membership includes: Secretariat of State (second section), and Causes of Saints, Bishops, Evangelization of Peoples ("Congregatio de Propaganda Fide"), Clergy, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (congregations). He submitted his resignation to John Paul II in 2002, at the Church's mandatory retirement age of 75, but was requested to continue working. During his rare spare time, Szoka enjoyed walking through the Vatican Gardens.

paragraph: Szoka was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. As Governor of the Vatican, it fell to Szoka, along with Secretary of State Angelo Sodano and Camerlengo Eduardo Martínez Somalo, to prepare for the cardinal electors' housing at the "Domus Sanctae Marthae".

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: It was announced on June 22, 2006, that his resignation had been accepted by Pope Benedict and that he would officially step down on September 15, 2006; he maintained all curial memberships until age 80. On what he would do after retirement, Szoka said he was interested in travel, writing, studying the Church Fathers, and continuing to provide priestly assistance to Detroit.

paragraph: Cardinal Szoka has fond memories of Pope John Paul II, especially in regard to his travels to Poland and to the United States: Cardinal Szoka lived in Northville, Michigan.

paragraph: Szoka died on August 20, 2014, of natural causes, at Providence Park Hospital in Novi, Michigan.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Edmund Szoka

wikipedia_title: Edmund Szoka


text:
Italian
Macchiaioli
Verona
Adriano Cecioni
Cristiano Banti
Telemaco Signorini
Caffè Michelangiolo
Macchiaioli
genre
en plein air
Viareggio
Giudecca
Ciociaria
Anacapri
Rocca di Papa
Symbolists
Pre-Raphaelites
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
Rome
Brooklyn Museum

categories: Italian landscape painters,Italian male painters,1827 births,20th-century Italian painters,19th-century Italian painters,1902 deaths

paragraph: Vincenzo Cabianca

paragraph: Vincenzo Cabianca (June 21, 1827 – March 21, 1902) was an Italian painter of the Macchiaioli group.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Verona. He began his artistic training at the Verona Academy, and then studied at the Venice Academy from 1845–47. During the 1850s Cabianca became acquainted with the artists, including Adriano Cecioni, Cristiano Banti, and Telemaco Signorini, who frequented the Caffè Michelangiolo in Florence, who would be known as the Macchiaioli.

paragraph: He became a friend of Telemaco Signorini, and travelled with Signorini and Banti to Paris, his friend's influence led Cabianca to turn away from genre paintings towards a bolder realism, beginning in 1858. De Gubernatis terms the Macchiaioli "enemies of all conventionalism and accurate researchers of effects", and describes Cabianca as principally interested in the effects of sunlight. Garollo in his "Dizionario Biografico" describes Cabianca as a painter of the "effects of the Sun".

paragraph: Like the other Macchiaioli, he painted landscapes "en plein air", but he was more reluctant than his friends were to abandon historical and literary subjects.

paragraph: Among his works are "La Mandriana" and "il Porcile al sole" (1860). Returning from travels to Tuscany and Paris in 1864, he domiciled in Parma from 1864-1868, then moved to Rome. He also painted in watercolors, including "La neve a Venice", "Il fait sa cour", and "Sulla marina di Viareggio".

paragraph: Among his other works are "Il bagno fra gli scogli"; "Sant'Angelo all' Isola di Giudecca"; "Reminiscenze del mare"; "Gondola bruna"; "La neve in Ciociaria"; "Le mura del convento"; and "Sotto il portico dei barattieri a Venice". At Naples in 1877, he exhibited "Piccola via presso Perugia"; "La neve"; "Una casa ad Anacapri"; and "Reminiscenze d'Amalfi". At Rome in 1883 he displayed "Rocca di Papa"; "Il caligo a Venice"; "Sul far del giorno"; "La pace del Chiostro"; and "Una sera sulla laguna".

paragraph: Many of his paintings depict nuns; a well-known example is "Le monachine" (The nuns; 1861–62, Turin exhibition). The works of Cabianca's later years show the influence of the Symbolists and the Pre-Raphaelites. He died in Rome on March 21, 1902.

paragraph: Collections holding works by Vincenzo Cabianca include the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, and the Brooklyn Museum.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broude, Norma (1987). "The Macchiaioli: Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century". New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steingräber, E., & Matteucci, G. (1984). "The Macchiaioli: Tuscan Painters of the Sunlight : March 14-April 20, 1984". New York: Stair Sainty Matthiesen in association with Matthiesen, London.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Vincenzo Cabianca

wikipedia_title: Vincenzo Cabianca


text:
King
Mercia
Midlands
England
Mercia's supremacy
Anglo-Saxon
Heptarchy
Coenwulf
Ceolwulf
Ellandun
Wroughton
Swindon
Wiltshire
Mercian Supremacy
Ecgberht's
Æthelwulf
Kent
Baldred
Essex
Sussex
Gloucester Cathedral
Clofesho
Wulfred
Canterbury
Kings of Mercia family tree

categories: 9th-century English monarchs,Anglo-Saxon warriors,826 deaths,Anglo-Saxons killed in battle,Mercian monarchs

paragraph: Beornwulf of Mercia

paragraph: Beornwulf (died 826) was King of Mercia (roughly the Midlands of England) from 823 to 826. His short reign saw the collapse of Mercia's supremacy over the other kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A man named Beornwulf is mentioned as having witnessed a charter of King Coenwulf in 812 and another of King Ceolwulf in 823, but his position on each of these charters suggests that he was not of an exceptionally high rank. Beornwulf deposed Ceolwulf I in 823.

paragraph: In 825 Beornwulf marched against the West Saxons. Beornwulf's army met them at Ellandun (now Wroughton near Swindon in Wiltshire). The battle ended in a disastrous defeat for the Mercians, and is seen by historians as the end of the so-called Mercian Supremacy. In 826 Ecgberht's son Æthelwulf invaded Kent and drove out its pro-Mercian king, Baldred.

paragraph: In the wake of these events, Mercia's dominance in southern England rapidly unravelled. Essex and Sussex switched their loyalty to Ecgberht; and the East Anglians asked for Ecgberht's protection against the Mercians in the same year. Beornwulf was killed by the East Anglians in battle while attempting to put down a rebellion.

paragraph: Beornwulf rebuilt the Abbey of St. Peter (later Gloucester Cathedral) and he presided over two synods at Clofesho (an unknown location believed to be near London) with Archbishop Wulfred of Canterbury, in 824 and 825. A Kentish charter shows that Beornwulf still had authority in Kent on 27 March 826 – S1267, issued on that date, is said to be in the third year of Beornwulf's reign. Coins minted during Beornwulf's reign are very rare, with only around 25 known examples.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Mercia family tree

description: 9th-century English monarch

wikidata_label: Beornwulf of Mercia

wikipedia_title: Beornwulf of Mercia


text: Roman Empress

text: Roman emperor

text: Caligula

text: Roman Empire

text: plebeian

text: gens Lollia

text: Marcus Lollius

text: Volusia Saturnina

text: Lollia Saturnina

text: Roman Politician

text: Marcus Lollius

text: Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus

text: Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus

text: Publius Lollius Maximus

text: Senatorial family

text: Praetor

text: eques status

text: prefect, Quintus Volusius

text: Cicero

text: Cilicia

text: oratory

text: Pompey

text: Drusus Claudius Nero

text: praetor, Tiberius Claudius Nero

text: Roman emperor

text: Tiberius

text: Nero Claudius Drusus

text: Rome

text: Publius Memmius Regulus

text: Tacitus

text: Gaius Memmius Regulus

text: Agrippina the Younger

text: Claudius

text: Messalina

text: sorcery

text: her gardens

text: sepulchre

text: Nero

text: Pliny the Elder

text: sesterces

text: Ancient Tamil Nadu's

text: I, Claudius

text: Robert Graves

text: Suetonius

text: The Twelve Caesars

text: Tacitus

text: Annales

text: Lollia Gens article at ancient library

text: A bit of History – Lollia Paullina

text: Marcus Lollius’ article at Livius.org

text: Lollius by D.C. O’Driscoll

text: Memmius Regulus by D.C. O’Driscoll

text: Pliny the Elder’ article at Livius.org

categories: Ancient Romans who committed suicide,Roman empresses,15 births,1st-century Roman women,1st-century Romans,Female suicides,49 deaths,Lollii

paragraph: Lollia Paulina

paragraph: Lollia Paulina, also known as Lollia Paullina (15-49) was a Roman Empress for six months in 38 as the third wife and consort of the Roman emperor Caligula. Outside of her term as a Roman Empress, she was a noble Roman woman who lived in the Roman Empire of the 1st century.

paragraph: Section::::Family Background & Early Life.

paragraph: Paulina was a member of the plebeian gens Lollia. Paulina was the second daughter of Marcus Lollius with Volusia Saturnina, while her elder sister was Lollia Saturnina.

paragraph: Her father, Marcus Lollius was the son born to the Roman Politician and Military Officer Marcus Lollius from his wife Valeria. Valeria was one of the daughters of the literary patron, consul Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus and a sister to the Roman Senators Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus. Her possible paternal uncle may have been Publius Lollius Maximus, however this is unclear and he was at least was a close relation.

paragraph: Her mother Volusia Saturnina, came from an ancient and distinguished Senatorial family, that never rose above the Praetorship which was of eques status. She was the daughter of the prefect, Quintus Volusius from his wife Claudia. Her father served under Cicero in 51 BC to 50 BC in Cilicia and was a pupil of his in oratory. Claudia was a daughter of Pompey’s officer Drusus Claudius Nero and a sister of praetor, Tiberius Claudius Nero, as Volusia Saturnina was a first cousin to Roman emperor Tiberius and his brother, the General Nero Claudius Drusus.

paragraph: Paulina was born and raised in Rome and became very wealthy after inheriting the estates of her relatives. She inherited the large fortune from her paternal grandfather, thus was the heiress of Marcus Lollius.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages & Rivals.

paragraph: The first husband of Paulina was Publius Memmius Regulus, a man of consular rank, who served as a suffect consul in 31 and later, as a Roman Governor. Tacitus describes him as a man of 'dignity, who was a person of influence and good name', who died in 62. Paulina bore a son called Gaius Memmius Regulus.

paragraph: In 38, Paulina was with Regulus at the province he was governing when Caligula ordered her to leave her husband upon overhearing a remark about the beauty of her grandmother. She was forced to divorce Regulus and marry Caligula, becoming his third wife and Roman Empress that same year. Caligula divorced her after six months of marriage, ostensibly because she was infertile, and forbade her to sleep with or associate with another man.

paragraph: In 48, Paulina became a rival to the sister of Caligula, Agrippina the Younger. Paulina was considered as a choice as the fourth wife of the paternal uncle of Caligula, the Roman emperor Claudius, following the death of the third wife of Claudius, the Roman empress Valeria Messalina. In 49, Agrippina the Younger married Claudius. Sometime after, Agrippina the Younger had Paulina charged with sorcery, accused of having entered into forbidden consultations with astrologers. Without a hearing, the property of Paulina (including her gardens) was confiscated and she was sent into exile. Tacitus reported that Paulina was forced to commit suicide under the watch of a colonel of the Guards and implied that this was done under the orders of Agrippina the Younger. A sepulchre was not erected in her honor until the reign of the Roman emperor Nero.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Paulina is mentioned in Natural History by Pliny the Elder. Pliny the Elder mentions Paulina as an example of Roman ostentation for wearing a large share of her inheritance to a dinner party in the form of jewellery worth to the value of 50 million sesterces. She would wear her jewels in her hair, round her neck, arms and fingers. The complaint of Pliny the Elder was made in the context of Rome spending enormous amounts for importing Ancient Tamil Nadu's 'useless' pepper and pearls, as worn by Paulina even around her shoes.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Paulina is a character in the novel series, "I, Claudius" written by Robert Graves.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, "Annales"

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Groag, A. Stein & L. Petersen - e.a. (edd.), "Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III", Berlin, 1933-x, L 308. ("PIR")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horace - Edited by O.A.W Dilke, Horace: Epistles Book I, Taylor & Francis

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Highet, The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, Oxford University Press, 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- S.J. Harrison, Homage to Horace: A Bimillenary Celebration, Oxford University Press, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Rickman, Roman Granaries and Store Buildings, CUP Archive, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Hazel, Who's Who in the Roman World, Routledge, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::-  & articles of Lollia Paullina at ancient library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lollia Gens article at ancient library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcus Lollius no. 5 article at ancient library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quintus Volusius no.2 article at ancient library

paragraph: BULLET::::- A bit of History – Lollia Paullina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcus Lollius’ article at Livius.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lollius by D.C. O’Driscoll

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Volusius Saturninus by D.C. O’Driscoll

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memmius Regulus by D.C. O’Driscoll

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pliny the Elder’ article at Livius.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romeins Imperium – Lucius Quintus Volusius Saturninus translated from Dutch to English

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romeins Imperium – Lollia Paulina translated from Dutch to English

paragraph: BULLET::::- After Actium: Two Caesars Are Not Enough: Chapter LXXXVII: The Trials of Livia Valeria

description: Roman empress

wikidata_label: Lollia Paulina

wikipedia_title: Lollia Paulina


text:
French and Indian War
James Clinton
George Clinton
DeWitt Clinton
County Longford
James Clinton
née
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
Cape Cod
Ulster County, New York
Orange County
Little Britain
Hudson River
New York City
memoir
Indians
palisade
farm
literature
library
education
surveyor
mathematical
knowledge
Justice of the peace
Judge of the Common Pleas
colonial governor
Charles Hardy
Fort Frontenac
Kingston
Colonel Bradstreet
James
George
James Clinton
George Clinton
Vice President of the United States
revolution
Clinton Family Tree

categories: People from New Windsor, New York,17th-century Irish people,People of colonial New York,People from County Longford,Irish soldiers,1690 births,Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,1773 deaths,18th-century Irish people

paragraph: Charles Clinton

paragraph: Col. Charles Clinton (1690 – 19 November 1773) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and politician in colonial America. A colonel of the French and Indian War, he was the father of General James Clinton and George Clinton, and the grandfather of DeWitt Clinton.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charles Clinton was born in Corboy, County Longford, Ireland. He was the son of James Clinton (d. 1718) and Elizabeth (née Smith) Clinton (d. 1728).

paragraph: Section::::Life in America.

paragraph: In May 1729, Charles, his wife Elizabeth, with two daughters and one son, chartered a ship from Dublin called the "George and Anne" and sailed for Philadelphia with a group of neighbors and friends from County Longford intending to settle in Pennsylvania. According to his papers, he paid for ninety four of the passengers. The captain of the ship intentionally starved the passengers, possibly as a way to steal their belongings. Ninety-six of the passengers died, including Clinton's son and a daughter. In October 1729, they arrived at Cape Cod, and after paying a large ransom for their lives, the survivors were allowed to disembark.

paragraph: In the spring of 1731, the group moved to Ulster County, New York (now Orange County), where they settled in an area called Little Britain about eight miles from the Hudson River and sixty miles north of New York City. The farm was a little more than 312 acres. Charles Clinton's life there is described in this selection from DeWitt Clinton's memoir:

paragraph: ... these hardy pioneers were at that period so exposed to the incursions of the Indians, then inhabiting the vicinity of their residence, that it was found necessary to erect a palisade work around his house, for the security of himself and his neighbours. In this retreat Mr. Clinton spent his time in the improvement of his farm, in the cultivation of literature, in the enjoyment of his library, the education of his children, and occasionally acting as a surveyor of land, for which he was well qualified by his education, and particularly his mathematical knowledge, in which he eminently excelled. Possessed of a well selected library, and endowed with extraordinary talents, he made continual accessions to his store of useful knowledge.

paragraph: His first appointment was that of a Justice of the peace; he was afterwards promoted to the station of a Judge of the Common Pleas for the county of Ulster. In 1756 he was appointed by colonial governor Sir Charles Hardy, a Lt. Colonel of the militia of the province, and commanded a regiment at the capture of Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, by Colonel Bradstreet. His sons James and George served with him at Frontenac.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Charles Clinton married Elizabeth Denniston. Together, they had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine Clinton (1723-1762) married Col. James McClaughry

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Clinon (1726-1729) died at sea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Clinton (1728-1729) died at sea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Clinton (b. 1732) became a physician

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Clinton (1734-1791) became a surgeon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major-General James Clinton (1736-1812)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Governor George Clinton (1739-1812), who served as the 4th Vice President of the United States.

paragraph: Clinton died on his farm on 19 November 1773 at the age of 83, just before the revolution in which his sons would play a part. His widow, Elizabeth, died at the residence of their son James in 1779.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clinton Family Tree

wikidata_label: Charles Clinton

wikipedia_title: Charles Clinton


text:
Karviná
Třinec
Polish
Zaolzie
Cieszyn Silesia
coal miner's
Orlová
Prague
Jablunkov
Głos Ludu
PZKO
Czech
Slovak
Sorbian
Polish
Polish poetry
Czech
Prague Spring
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
Poland
Zwrot

categories: Polish journalists,20th-century Polish poets,Polish people from Zaolzie,People from Karviná,20th-century translators,2006 deaths,Polish male poets,Polish translators,1936 births

paragraph: Wilhelm Przeczek

paragraph: Wilhelm Przeczek (7 April 1936 in Karviná - 10 July 2006 in Třinec) was a Polish teacher, poet, writer, and activist from Zaolzie region of Cieszyn Silesia. He is considered one of the most important Polish writers of his generation from Zaolzie.

paragraph: Przeczek was born to a coal miner's family. He studied at a teachers' seminary in Orlová and then at a college in Prague. He worked as a teacher in Polish schools in Zaolzie, e.g. in Jablunkov. Przeczek was later briefly a journalist for the "Głos Ludu" newspaper. He was also an activist within the PZKO (Polish Cultural and Educational Union) and member of many Polish literary organizations. Przeczek also translated Czech, Slovak and Sorbian poetry to Polish and Polish poetry into Czech.

paragraph: During the Prague Spring of 1968, Przeczek supported the reformist wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. His stances led to ban of his works from 1969 to 1989 in Czechoslovakia. His books were therefore published mainly in Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Czarna calizna" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wpisane w Beskid" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Śmierć pomysłu poetyckiego" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szumne podszepty" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Księga Urodzaju" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nauka wierności" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tercet" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Przeczucie kształtu" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notatnik liryczny" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rękopisy nie płoną" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Promlčený počet štěstí" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dym za paznokciami" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na ubitej ziemi" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mapa białych plam" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Małe nocne modlitwy" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intimní bedeker" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smak wyciszenia" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stoletý kalendář" (2001)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skrzyżowanie" (1969) (together with Władysław Sikora)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Břečťan a jiné strašidelné povídky" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kazinkowe granie" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bienále pivní pěny" (1996)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Wilhelm Przeczek in "Zwrot" 7/2007: 42-43.

description: Polish writer

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Przeczek

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Przeczek


text: OIS

text: South Africa

text: wheelchair racer

text: handcyclist

text: Boston Marathon

text: Laureus World Sports Awards

text: 2000 Summer Paralympics

text: Sydney

text: 2004 Summer Paralympics

text: Athens

text: 2008 Summer Paralympics

text: Beijing

text: handcycling road race

text: Elizabeth Conradie School

text: Kimberley

text: swimmer

text: Stellenbosch University

text: Barcelona Paralympics

text: Order of Ikhamanga

text: Paarl, Western Cape

categories: Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics,Wheelchair racers at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics,Paralympic athletes of South Africa,Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics,Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics,1973 births,South African wheelchair racers,Paralympic bronze medalists for South Africa,Male wheelchair racers,Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,Paralympic silver medalists for South Africa,Laureus World Sports Awards winners,Paralympic wheelchair racers,Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga,Paralympic gold medalists for South Africa,Boston Marathon winners,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics,People from Ceres, Western Cape,Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics,Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics

paragraph: Ernst van Dyk

paragraph: Ernst Francois van Dyk OIS (born 4 April 1973) is a South African wheelchair racer and handcyclist. He has won a record 10 wheelchair titles in the Boston Marathon. He was also awarded the Laureus World Sports Awards for "Sportsperson with a Disability of the year" for 2006. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, he won a bronze medal in the 400 metres. At the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, he won a silver medal in the 800 metre race, another silver in the 1500 metres, and a bronze in the 5000 metres. At the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing van Dyk won gold in the handcycling road race as well as bronze in the wheelchair marathon. Other handcycling achievements include: Obtaining a silver and bronze medal at the 2009 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships held in Italy and taking double gold (road race and time trial) at the 2007 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships held in Bordeaux.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Van Dyk was born with congenital absence of both legs. His parents, two provincial-level athletes, recognized his athletic abilities and encouraged sports participation. At first he went to school in Graaff-Reinet, but the school couldn't cater for him. He then attended the Elizabeth Conradie School for disabled children in Kimberley. He competed as a swimmer nationally in his teens. In 1992 he enrolled in Stellenbosch University and competed in the Barcelona Paralympics as a swimmer and wheelchair athlete. Thereafter, he concentrated on wheelchair athletics.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Major results.

paragraph: His ninth win in the 2010 Boston Marathon was a record for that event in any class. As of 21 April 2014 he has won ten. On 20 April 2010 the South African government announced that van Dyk will be awarded the Order of Ikhamanga in silver for his achievements in sport.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Van Dyk's company, Enabled Sport, deals in equipment for athletes with disabilities. He lives in Paarl, Western Cape with his wife and daughter.

description: South African wheelchair racer

wikidata_label: Ernst van Dyk

wikipedia_title: Ernst van Dyk


text: Juventus

text: Fiumana

text: Palermo

text: Italy national football team

text: Mario Varglien

text: World Cup

text: Serie A

text: Coppa Italia

text: Serie B

categories: Serie B players,HNK Rijeka players,Atalanta B.C. managers,Sportspeople from Rijeka,L.R. Vicenza Virtus managers,U.S. Fiumana players,Serie A players,Italian footballers,People from Rijeka,1990 deaths,Italian football managers,U.S. Città di Palermo managers,1911 births,Italy international footballers,U.S. Città di Palermo players,People from Fiume,Association football midfielders,Juventus F.C. players

paragraph: Giovanni Varglien

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Varglien played the majority of his club football for Juventus in Italy, also playing one season with his hometown club Fiumana, as well as Palermo.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Varglien represented the Italy national football team on three different occasions between 1936 and 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Giovanni's older brother Mario Varglien, also played for Juventus at the same time and was a World Cup winner with Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Juventus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serie A: 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coppa Italia: 1937–38, 1941–42

paragraph: Palermo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serie B: 1947–48

description: Italian footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Giovanni Varglien

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Varglien


text: Belgian

text: geologist

text: petrographer

text: Ronse

text: East Flanders

text: church of Rome

text: Namur

text: Jesuit

text: Maria Laach

text: Eifel

text: philosophy

text: science

text: volcanic rock

text: chemistry

text: mineralogy

text: Leuven

text: Brussels

text: University of Ghent

text: mineral

text: igneous

text: sedimentary rock

text: metamorphism

text: Bigsby Medal

text: Geological Society of London

text: Challenger Expedition

text: Sir John Murray

text: cosmic dust

text: zeolitic crystals

text: manganese nodule

text: phosphatic

text: glauconite

text: Ixelles

text: renardite

categories: 1842 births,Belgian scientists,1903 deaths,Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,Belgian geologists,Former Jesuits,Ghent University faculty,Mineralogists,People from Ronse

paragraph: Alphonse François Renard

paragraph: Alphonse Francois Renard (27 September 18429 July 1903), Belgian geologist and petrographer, was born at Ronse, in East Flanders, on 27 September 1842. He was educated for the church of Rome, and from 1866 to 1869 he was superintendent at the College de la Paix, Namur.

paragraph: In 1870 he entered the Jesuit Training College at the old abbey of Maria Laach in the Eifel, and there, while engaged in studying philosophy and science, he became interested in the geology of the district, and especially in the volcanic rocks. Thenceforth he worked at chemistry and mineralogy, and qualified himself for those petrographical researches for which he was distinguished.

paragraph: In 1874 he became professor of chemistry and geology in the college of the Belgian Jesuits at Leuven, a few years later he was appointed one of the curators of the Royal Natural History Museum at Brussels, and in 1882 he relinquished his post at Louvain. In 1888 he was chosen professor of geology at the University of Ghent, and retained the post until the close of his life. Meanwhile, he had been ordained priest in 1877, and had intended to enter the Society of Jesus. He was known as the Abbé Renard; but, as remarked by Sir A. Geikie, as years passed, the longing for mental freedom grew ever stronger, until at last it overmastered all the traditions and associations of a lifetime, and he finally separated himself from the church of Rome.

paragraph: His first work, written in conjunction with Charles-Louis-Joseph-Xavier de la Vallée-Poussin (1827–1904), was the "Mémoire sur les caractères minéralogiques et stratigraphiques des roches dues plutoniennes de la Belgique et de l'Ardenne française" (1876). In later essays and papers he dealt with the structure and mineral composition of many igneous and sedimentary rocks, and with the phenomena of metamorphism in Belgium and other countries. In acknowledgment of his work, the Bigsby Medal was awarded to him in 1885 by the Geological Society of London. Still more important were his later researches connected with the Challenger Expedition. The various rock specimens and oceanic deposits were submitted to him for examination in association with Sir John Murray, and their detailed observations were embodied in the "Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of" H.M.S. Challenger "Deep Sea Deposits" (1891). The more striking additions to our knowledge included the detection and description of cosmic dust, which as fine rain slowly accumulates on the ocean floor; the development of zeolitic crystals on the sea-bottom at temperatures of 32 °F (0 °C) and under; and the distribution and mode of occurrence of manganese nodules and of phosphatic and glauconite deposits on the bed of the ocean. Renard died at Brussels on 9 July 1903.

paragraph: Rue Alphonse Renard, in western Ixelles, is named in his honor. In addition, the mineral renardite was named in his honor in 1928.

description: geologist, petrographer

wikidata_label: Alphonse Francois Renard

wikipedia_title: Alphonse François Renard


text:
Anglo-Indian
County Down
Northern Ireland
Addiscombe Military Seminary
Bombay Artillery
Henry Pottinger
Afghanistan
Herat
Persia
earl of Auckland
C.B.
Kohistan
Shah Shuja
Gurkha
Charikar
Kabul
Sir William Macnaghten
British
Akbar Khan
Jelalabad
George Pollock
Siege of Herat (1838)

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,British diplomats,People of the First Anglo-Afghan War,Anglo-Irish people,Bombay Artillery officers,British people of colonial India,British people of the First Anglo-Afghan War,1843 deaths,Alumni of Addiscombe Military Seminary,British East India Company Army officers,1811 births

paragraph: Eldred Pottinger

paragraph: Eldred Pottinger (12 August 1811 – 15 November 1843) was an Anglo-Indian army officer and diplomat. He happened to be in Herat to gather intelligence on the area when the Persian army, supported by Russians, laid siege to Herat. He helped the Afghan commander repulse the Persians and was subsequently made the "Hero of Herat" by British propaganda.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Pottinger was the son of Thomas Pottinger of Mountpottinger, County Down (now in Northern Ireland), and Charlotte Moore. He was educated at Addiscombe Military Seminary, and entered the Bombay Artillery in 1827. After some years of regimental duty he was appointed to the political department under his uncle, Colonel (afterwards Sir) Henry Pottinger.

paragraph: In 1837 he made a journey through Afghanistan in disguise. Arriving at Herat, he found it threatened by a Persian army (with whom were some Russian officers) and immediately made himself known to the Afghan commander, offering his services. The attack which soon followed was conducted with the greatest vigour, but the defense, inspired by Pottinger, was ultimately successful, and after a year the siege was lifted.

paragraph: For this great service Pottinger was thanked by the governor-general, the earl of Auckland, made brevet-major, and also received the C.B. He was also appointed Political Officer at Herat. In 1841 he was political officer in Kohistan when the revolt against Shah Shuja broke out there. Taking refuge with the Gurkha garrison of Charikar, Major Pottinger withstood a siege of fourteen days, and then made an adventurous retreat to Kabul. Less than a fortnight after his arrival Sir William Macnaghten was murdered, and Pottinger succeeded to his position as envoy to the Afghan court. The apathy of the military leaders made resistance hopeless, and it only remained to negotiate for the withdrawal of the British army. Pottinger himself was one of the hostages handed over to Akbar Khan, and thus escaped the near-total massacre of the retreating British and Sepoy troops in the evacuation from Kabul to Jelalabad in January, 1842. Released, after some months in captivity, by Sir George Pollock's army, he returned to India, and a year later died while visiting Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.

paragraph: Pottinger's role in the siege of Harat was picked up by the 19th century British historiography, which described him as a genius of defensive sieges, and called him "Hero of Herat", as part of the propaganda campaign aiming to show the power of the British military, and to secure British domination in Middle East and Asia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Herat (1838)

description: British diplomat

wikidata_label: Eldred Pottinger

wikipedia_title: Eldred Pottinger


text: Krośniewice

text: Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp

text: General brygady

text: Polish Army

text: Second Polish Republic

text: January Uprising

text: Krakow

text: Jagiellonian University

text: Partitions of Poland

text: Revolution of 1905

text: Warsaw

text: Congress Poland

text: Galicia

text: Union of Active Struggle

text: Riflemen's Association

text: Polish Legions in World War I

text: Battle of Kostiuchnowka

text: 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment

text: Oath Crisis

text: Beniaminow

text: Rastatt

text: Holzminden

text: Werl

text: Chelm

text: Polish-Soviet War

text: 9th Infantry Division

text: Stanislaw Wojciechowski

text: Wladyslaw Sikorski

text: General brygady

text: Ignacy Moscicki

text: Military District Nr 9

text: Brzesc nad Bugiem

text: Invasion of Poland

text: Prusy Army

text: Warszawa Army

text: Lublin Army

text: Lesser Poland

text: Podlasie

text: Mazovia

text: Soviet invasion of Poland

text: Hungary

text: Home Army

text: Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp

text: Lieutenant colonel

text: General brygady

text: Virtuti Militari

text: Order of Polonia Restituta

text: Cross of Independence

text: Cross of Merit

categories: 1945 deaths,Polish legionnaires (World War I),Polish prisoners of war,Polish military personnel of World War II,1881 births,People from Warsaw Governorate,Commanders of the Virtuti Militari,Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta,Polish generals,World War II prisoners of war held by Germany,Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War,People from Krośniewice

paragraph: Mieczyslaw Rys-Trojanowski

paragraph: Mieczyslaw Rys-Trojanowski (October 21, 1881 in Krośniewice – April 4, 1945 in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp) was a General brygady of Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

paragraph: Rys-Trojanowski was born in a patriotic Polish family: his father Szymon fought in the January Uprising. After high school, Mieczyslaw went to Krakow, to study at Jagiellonian University. There he got in touch with patriotic organizations, which fought for the independence of the nation (see Partitions of Poland). Rys-Trojanowski participated in the Revolution of 1905, during which he was arrested on suspicion of attempting to kill Russian governor of Warsaw (see Congress Poland). In 1908 he moved to Austrian Galicia, where he became one of key members of the Union of Active Struggle, and organizer of local branches of the Riflemen's Association.

paragraph: Promoted to the rank of officer, Rys-Trojanowski fought in the Polish Legions in World War I, participating in all major battles of the unit, including the Battle of Kostiuchnowka. On November 1, 1916, he was named commandant of the 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment. In July 1917, after the so-called Oath Crisis, Rys-Trojanowski was imprisoned in Beniaminow. Later, he was kept in German camps at Rastatt, Holzminden and Werl.

paragraph: In early November 1918, Rys-Trojanowski became commandant of Chelm Military District and Chelm Infantry Regiment (later renamed into 35th Infantry Regiment), with which he fought in the Polish-Soviet War. On May 20, 1920, Rys-Trojanowski was transferred to the 17th Infantry Brigade, and on September 2 of that year he was named commandant of the 9th Infantry Division, remaining in this post until late July 1926.

paragraph: On December 1, 1924, President Stanislaw Wojciechowski upon request of Minister of Military Affairs Wladyslaw Sikorski, promoted Rys-Trojanowski to the rank of General brygady. On July 31, 1926, President Ignacy Moscicki named Rys-Trojanowski commandant of Military District Nr 9 in Brzesc nad Bugiem. In 1935, he was transferred to Warsaw, becoming commandant of Military District Nr 1.

paragraph: Rys-Trojanowski remained in this post until the Invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939). On September 4 he left Polish capital, tasked with creation of Prusy Army. Due to rapid German advance, this army was not created: Rys-Trojanowski involved himself with creation of Warszawa Army. He personally visited checkpoints on roads east of Warsaw, controlling the evacuation of civil servants, police officers and army personnel.

paragraph: In mid-September, he helped with creation of Lublin Army, gathering soldiers scattered in northern Lesser Poland, Podlasie and eastern Mazovia. On September 20, after Soviet invasion of Poland, Rys-Trojanowski fled to Hungary, where he remained until March 1944. He was a very active member of Polish organizations in Hungary, cooperating both with Home Army and Hungarian headquarters.

paragraph: On March 19, 1944, upon the invasion and occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany, Rys-Trojanowski was arrested and sent to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. He was murdered there on April 4, 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Promotions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain: September 29, 1914,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major: June 15, 1915,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant colonel: 1918,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonel: May 22, 1920,

paragraph: BULLET::::- General brygady: December 1, 1924.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Independence with Swords.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Cross of Merit.

description: Polish general

wikidata_label: Mieczyslaw Rys-Trojanowski

wikipedia_title: Mieczyslaw Rys-Trojanowski


text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Bishop of Csanád

text: Archbishop of Kalocsa

text: Archbishop of Esztergom

text: Ladislaus III of Hungary

text: Andrew II of Hungary

text: Coloman of Halych

text: Gertrude of Merania

text: Adam Franz Kollár

text: Pope Innocent III

text: papal bull

text: Emeric of Hungary

text: Szentgotthárd Abbey

text: Crispin

text: Mihályi

text: Ugrin Csák

text: Bishop of Győr

text: clerical celibacy

text: Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác

text: Zirc Abbey

text: Kalán Bár-Kalán

text: Bishop of Pécs

text: Roman Curia

text: Elvin, Bishop of Várad

text: simony

text: right of patronage

text: "gens" Becsegergely

text: Várad

text: crusade

text: Saul Győr

text: Serbia

text: Stephen Nemanjić

text: Vukan

text: King of Serbia

text: Bosnian Church

text: Bogomils

text: Patarenes

text: Ban Kulin

text: Csepel Island

text: church union

text: Ras

text: knez

text: József Udvardy

text: Beloš

text: autocephalous

text: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Stefan the First-Crowned

text: Saint Sava

text: Job, Archbishop of Esztergom

text: episcopal blessing

text: pallium

text: archiepiscopal cross

text: Masses

text: apostolic legate

text: Palestrina

text: bulls

text: sacrament

text: tithe

text: Holy Land

text: Ladislaus

text: de facto

text: Constance of Aragon

text: excommunicate

text: Székesfehérvár

text: postulatio

text: canon law

text: papal decretal

text: Kalanda

text: St. Stephen

text: Katapán

text: Bishop of Eger

text: Diocese of Győr

text: sede vacante

text: translation

text: Pressburg

text: Bakonybél

text: Anonymus

text: Peter, Bishop-elect of Győr

text: Berthold

text: Liber extra

text: Thomas Arundel

text: York

text: Canterbury

text: Robert, Bishop of Veszprém

text: coinage

text: Szeben

text: William, Bishop of Transylvania

text: Patriarch of Aquileia

text: Pope Honorius III

text: Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa

text: Óbuda

text: Yolanda de Courtenay

text: Székesfehérvár

text: Pelagio Galvani

text: Desiderius

text: Jews

text: Muslims

text: Gerla

text: Slovakia

text: Tardos

text: Esztergom County

text: Štúrovo

text: Szepesség

text: Spiš

text: Ban of Croatia

text: Dalmatia

text: Halych

text: Pilis Hills

text: Boncompagno da Signa

text: Alberic of Trois-Fontaines

text: Matthew of Paris

text: Chronica Majora

text: Annales iuvavenses

text: anoint

text: Fourth Council of the Lateran

text: his father

text: Fifth Crusade

text: Pográny

text: Gamás

text: Kapoly

text: Lulla

text: Somogy County

text: Alvinc

text: udvornici

text: Bartholomew le Gros

text: Thomas of Eger

text: Cosmas

text: Thomas Becket

text: Henry III

text: Pandulf Verraccio

text: Stephen Langton

text: Guillaume de Joinville

text: Archbishop of Reims

text: Walter of Coventry

text: Pavia

text: Golden Bull of 1222

text: Béla

categories: 12th-century Hungarian people,13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Archbishops of Esztergom,Archbishops of Kalocsa,Bishops of Csanád,1223 deaths

paragraph: John, Archbishop of Esztergom

paragraph: John (; died November 1223) was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 12th and 13th centuries. He was Bishop of Csanád (now Cenad in Romania) between 1198 and 1201, Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1202 to 1205 and Archbishop of Esztergom between 1205 and 1223. He crowned Ladislaus III of Hungary, Andrew II of Hungary and Coloman of Halych king. Andrew II appointed him to govern the kingdom during his crusade between 1217 and 1218.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: His origin is uncertain; some 19th-century historiographical works consider John was the brother of Queen Gertrude of Merania, King Andrew's consort. This supposition is based on Adam Franz Kollár's 1762 work, the "Historiae diplomaticae juris patronatus apostolicorum Hungariae regum libri tres". However Pope Innocent III clearly stated that John was of Hungarian origin ("[...] "quae de regno Hungariae originem duceret" [...]"), when transferred him from Kalocsa to Esztergom in his papal bull of 6 October 1205, as Nándor Knauz's "Monumenta ecclesiae Strigoniensis" published the letter.

paragraph: John first appeared in contemporary records in 1198, when a royal document — a charter of grant of Emeric of Hungary to the Szentgotthárd Abbey — referred to him as Bishop-elect of Csanád. Thus it is presumable that he was elected to the dignity not long before (his immediate predecessor Crispin, however, was last mentioned in 1193). Later in 1198, still he was styled as bishop-elect, when Emeric donated the village of Mihályi to his loyal partisan Ugrin Csák, Bishop of Győr. By the end of the year, his election was confirmed by the newly-elected Pope Innocent, who had cordial and cooperative relationship with John. They corresponded with each other in numerous canonical and administrative affairs, which affected the daily operation of the Diocese of Csanád. For instance, John reported that several clergymen and deacons violated the law of clerical celibacy in his bishopric. On 30 January 1199, the pope commissioned Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, John and an unidentified abbot of Zirc Abbey to investigate a legal dispute between Kalán Bár-Kalán, Bishop of Pécs and the Földvár Abbey after its abbot turned to the Roman Curia, whereafter Kalán questioned the abbey's autonomy, acquired its alleged founding charters by force and imprisoned the abbot. In the same year, John was a member of that papal committee, which investigated the charges against Elvin, Bishop of Várad, who was accused of simony and act of offense by the local chapter. This dissension was a chapter of a wider conflict between the partisans of Emeric and his rebellious brother Duke Andrew.

paragraph: John was mentioned as bishop in 1199 too, when Emeric transferred the right of patronage of Dénesmonostora (lit. "Denis' monastery") within the "gens" Becsegergely. The family monastery located at the border of the dioceses of Csanád and Várad. When Emeric prepared a crusade under the pressure of Innocent in the spring of 1201, the pope sent a letter to Duke Andrew, Saul Győr, Archbishop of Kalocsa and John to "put aside the hostility and keep the peace of the realm" (i.e. govern the kingdom under the king's absence). Innocent's instruction reflects John's growing political influence during the last regnal years of Emeric.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Kalocsa.

paragraph: The elderly Saul Győr of Kalocsa died either in 1201 or 1202. He was succeeded by John, who was considered the king's loyal supporter by then. In the same time, Emeric invaded Serbia and helped Stephen Nemanjić's brother Vukan seize the throne, while Emeric himself adopted the title of King of Serbia. This act has increased the ecclesiastical significance of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa, which located along the southern border of the Hungarian kingdom. Pope Innocent had urged the king to take measures to liquidate the Bosnian Church (often called Bogomils or Patarenes), whom the Catholic Church considered to be heretics. To avert the Hungarian attack, Ban Kulin of Bosnia held a public assembly on 8 April 1203 and affirmed his loyalty to Rome in the presence of papal legate John de Casamaris, while the faithful abjured their mistakes and committed to following the Roman Catholic doctrine. Following that King Emeric and Archbishop John held talks with Ban Kulin's unidentified son, the "heretic" envoys (priests Ljubin and Dragota) and the papal representative at Csepel Island. On 30 April, the envoys and Kulin's son confirmed their oath of allegiance before John and Kalán Bár-Kalán.

paragraph: In the same time, John participated in the intention of prepare the church union between the Serbian Church (then still subordinated to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople) and the Roman Catholic Church. After Emeric's successful military campaign, Pope Innocent assigned the territory of Serbia as a suffragan diocese to the Archbishopric of Kalocsa. On 22 March 1203, the pope appointed John as the papal representative of the issue and sent to the court of the Hungarian vassal Vukan, Grand Prince of Serbia. John was mandated to negotiate in Ras and convert Vukan, the Serbian courtiers, noblemen and clergy, releasing them from obedience to the Patriarch. Pope Innocent simultaneously sent a letter to Vukan, where he declared that the arriving John negotiates on his behalf and represents the interests of the Roman Curia. In this assignment, John has not achieved substantial success; the pope expressed his disappointment that did not hear of any positive developments in his letter to Emeric in the next year. On 25 February 1204, Innocent entrusted his Bulgarian legate Cardinal Leo Brancaleoni to extend his operation over Serbia too. In 1205, John sought to merge the "heretic" diocese in the "land of the sons of "knez" Belo" to the Roman Catholic Church, which laid south of the archbishopric (possibly in Serbia at the border). Theologian József Udvardy considered that this "Belo" is identical with the late Ban Beloš. On 3 May, Innocent approved the intention. Nevertheless, the papal policy remained inefficient, and later the autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church emerged by 1219, under the influence of Stefan the First-Crowned and his brother Saint Sava, its first archbishop.

paragraph: During the short episcopate of John, the tension between the sees Esztergom and Kalocsa over the diverging views in the question of primacy jurisdiction reached its peak. It appears that John tried to take advantage of the situation that Emeric's relationship with Job, Archbishop of Esztergom has deteriorated drastically, most likely because he remained neutral in the power struggle between the king and his younger brother, and stayed away from the secular affairs. Meanwhile, John was considered a loyal partisan of Emeric. Some scholars argue Job pronouncedly turned against the monarch and joined Duke Andrew's court, as Emeric referred to Job as his "enemy" in his letter to Pope Innocent around 1202, when offered the royal provostries and abbeys under the supervision of Esztergom to Rome directly. Under these conditions, the rivalry between Esztergom and Kalocsa became part of a wider secular power struggle in Hungary. An episode of this conflict was recorded, when Job's episcopal blessing in a royal church, which laid in the territory of the Archdiocese of Esztergom, was interrupted by John "with noiseness", who marched into the cathedral with his entourage and blessed the people himself. On another occasion, John entrusted his two suffragan bishops to consecrate churches which belonged to Esztergom. John unduly wore pallium and used archiepiscopal cross during Masses. Under the pretext of Bogomilism along the southern boundary, Job requested Pope Innocent to receive a mandate of apostolic legate regarding the territory of the whole kingdom (i.e. also the Archdiocese of Kalocsa), when personally visited the Roman Curia in Palestrina (or Praeneste). Upon receiving Emeric's letter, Innocent refused this, but issued three bulls on 5 May 1203, which confirmed the privileges of the Archdiocese of Esztergom, including the right of coronation, delivering sacraments to the monarch and the royal family, the superintendence over the royal provostries and churches, ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the royal officials and the collection and reallocation of the tithe from the royal treasury. Beside that Innocent appointed a court (with the participation of Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, for instance) to investigate John's "indecent behavior" during the conflict. The judgment of the body is unknown.

paragraph: Archbishop Job died on 1 February 1204. Emeric, who intended to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, did not want to leave his country in uncertainty. Having fallen seriously ill, Emeric wanted to ensure the succession of his four-year-old son, Ladislaus. However Job's successor, archbishop-elect Ugrin Csák died before the coronation. As a result, the event was performed by John of Kalocsa on 26 August 1204. The dying king set his brother free and made him regent for the period of Ladislaus's minority. On 30 November 1204, King Emeric died, and Ladislaus III succeeded him. Pope Innocent sent a letter to Duke Andrew, warning him to respect the child king's interests. In April 1205, the pope sent a letter to John, who became "de facto" head of the Church in Hungary, and other prelates to support Ladislaus and his mother Queen Constance of Aragon. John was also commissioned to excommunicate the minor Ladislaus' enemies. Considering her son's position to be insecure, Constance fled to Austria, taking Ladislaus with her. The young king suddenly died there on 7 May 1205. Following that John crowned Andrew king in Székesfehérvár on 29 May 1205.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Controversial election.

paragraph: After the death of Ugrin Csák, the Cathedral Chapter of Esztergom requested ("postulatio") Pope Innocent to appoint John as their new archbishop in the summer of 1204. The dying Emeric also supported their choice. In accordance with the canon law ("jus canonicum"), the canons' procedure was necessary as John was already consecrated as bishop. In this case, the pope had the right to transfer the prelate from a diocese to another one. The dispute over the fill the position of Archbishop of Esztergom became a precedential event in the legal history of the Church, as the case and the following papal decretal (""Bone Memorie"") appears among the glosses in English canonist Lawrence Somercotes' "Tractatus".

paragraph: The cathedral chapter refused to invite the bishops of the suffragan dioceses of the Archbishopric of Esztergom to participate in the election process, referring to the canon law. According to the chapter's narration, the bishops were invited by the provost to ensure uniform approval, but they refused to attend and write an approval letter to Pope Innocent. Thus the canons did not recognize the bishops' right to vote, but their subsequent approval rights. In response, four suffragan bishops – Kalán of Pécs, Boleslaus of Vác, Kalanda of Veszprém and John of Nyitra (Nitra) – wrote a letter to the pope, where they claimed the archbishops were elected jointly by the chapter and the bishops in accordance with the spirit of customary law since King St. Stephen (the Archdiocese of Esztergom had six suffragan dioceses during that time; Katapán, Bishop of Eger kept himself away from the conflict, while the Diocese of Győr was in the status of "sede vacante" since early 1204). The four bishops, in addition of his origin outside the ecclesiastical province of Esztergom, also recalled John's activity as Archbishop of Kalocsa, when he had repeatedly attacked the privileges and acquired rights of Esztergom, causing unrest and destabilization. They argued John was inadequate to protect these prerogatives and they were afraid of possible revenge for previous grievances. In the same time, the canons sent their delegation to Rome to request the confirmation of John's nomination (as the canon law has forbidden the translation of bishops). The delegation consisted of the provost of Pressburg, the treasurer of Esztergom and two royal envoys – the abbot of Bakonybél and "magister" Peter (possibly identical with chronicler Anonymus), to strengthen John's position and emphasize the friendly relationship between him and Emeric.

paragraph: However the political situation changed when Emeric died on 30 November 1204. Duke Andrew, who governed the kingdom as his nephew's regent, had a tense relationship with Innocent, who has always been opposed to his rebellions against his brother. Andrew immediately sent a letter with discourteous tone to the pope to inform him about developments and to promise that he will continue Emeric's launched measures, including the support of John's candidacy. He urged the pope to transfer John "without delay". By that time, on 22 November 1204, Pope Innocent III ordered both sides to send their representatives to Rome to deadline of 7 February 1205. The pope was infuriated by the fact that John had celebrated the coronation of Ladislaus III, violating the privileges of Esztergom (which also strengthened the arguments of the canons' representatives). Innocent postponed the decision to February 1205 and encouraged the parties to conclude a compromise, thus the pope refused to confirm John's nomination for the time being.

paragraph: Upon hearing of the pope's decision, some members of the Cathedral Chapter of Esztergom gathered and withdrew their support from John, who also lost his strongest promoter, King Emeric. Around December 1204 or January 1205, they elected Kalán Bár-Kalán for the position of Archbishop of Esztergom. His candidacy was also supported by Duke Andrew, but the majority of the canons and the suffragan bishops (excepting John of Nyitra) did not recognize the legitimacy of the election. Andrew sent a letter around February 1205 to Innocent to request the confirmation of Kalán, who was considered Andrew's loyal partisan during his struggles against the late Emeric. Formerly Kalán had numerous scandals; for instance, he was accused of incestuous relationship with his niece, but the investigation conducted by his six fellow bishops cleared him. Nevertheless, Innocent refused to confirm Kalán's election, because of shortcomings in the election process. In his letter to the chapter (22 June 1205), Innocent ordered the canons to elect or unanimously nominate their archbishop within a month, and obtain the support of the suffragan bishops too, "if it is required" in Hungary. If they fail to do it, the pope himself will appoint an archbishop to administer the province, as the letter wrote. In June 1205 (before receiving the pope's order), the chapter summoned and nominated John as archbishop again, in accordance with the 22 November 1204 instructions. Three suffragan bishops, Boleslaus, Kalanda and Peter, Bishop-elect of Győr expressed to support John without reservations, while John of Nyitra was forced to write a letter to Innocent, in which he stated that he will withdraw his support from Kalán if the pope does not accept his protegee's nomination. Among the prelates, only Kalán contested the outcome of the election, even Andrew (now as king) acquiesced in that decision. Following that the chapter sent their five-member delegation to the Roman Curia, also delivering the king's support message. However Kalán's supporters again nominated their patron, excluding the rivals from the controversial procedure. They referred to Innocent's second letter (it has since arrived to the realm), which provided for the holding of new election. John's supporters lost their eligibility for election, when rejected to attend, they argued.

paragraph: Pope Innocent III listened to both candidates' representatives and issued a papal decretal on 6 October 1205, called "Bone Memorie". He decided the conflict over the archbishopric of Esztergom in favor of John and confirmed his election. The pope argued there was no "one undoubtedly suitable candidate", but John was supported with convincing proportions both times during the assemblies. The pope also emphasized that he did not intend to appoint a foreign prelate. John was allowed to relocate his pallium from Kalocsa to Esztergom. On 14 October, Innocent sent a letter for reassurance of the Chapter of Kalocsa. He assured the canons that the archdiocese' dignity and rights will not undermined. John was succeeded as Archbishop of Kalocsa by Berthold, Queen Gertrude's brother in the following year. The case of John's election became part of the 13th-century decretal collections through "Compilatio tertia" (contains the documents of the first twelve years of the pontificate of Innocent III) and "Liber extra". The next time when an archbishop was transferred to an equal archdiocese occurred in 1396, when English prelate Thomas Arundel was translated from York to Canterbury.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Conflicts of jurisdiction.

paragraph: Ironically, John became a dedicated defender of the church privileges of Esztergom after his election, when he confronted with the influential Berthold in numerous occasions. The queen's brother was tacitly supported by his brother-in-law King Andrew II in his efforts. Upon John's request, Pope Innocent confirmed his dignity's right of the coronation of the Hungarian monarch in 1209. However Berthold used his family relationships and influence in the royal court to put John under pressure. Amidst these circumstances, John was inclined to reach agreement in 1211: the two archbishops entrusted Robert, Bishop of Veszprém and Peter, Bishop of Győr to prepare a convention draft and submit to the Roman Curia. The proposal contained that the right of coronation should belong to the role of archbishop Esztergom, except in case of deliberate rejection, obstacle, deteriorated health condition or "sede vacante", when the process must be performed by the archbishop of Kalocsa. The so-called "second coronations" (during festive events) must be celebrated jointly. In addition, the document attached the collection of tithe after the coinage to Esztergom, but John had to waive his all right (i.e. superintendence over the royal churches, abbeys and provostries, ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the royal officials) in the territory of the church province of Kalocsa, in accordance with the proposal. The theses of the document was promoted by Andrew II himself too.

paragraph: However the canons of Esztergom sharply protested against the agreement. They sent their legation to Rome to ask the pope to refuse to confirm the document. On 12 February 1212, Innocent issued a bull dedicated to Andrew, John and the chapter, in which he refused to countersign the document, referring to its "harmful consequences" for the Kingdom of Hungary. The pope also rejected the intention of Andrew to create a suffragan diocese of Szeben (today Sibiu, Romania) under the supervision of Berthold to the place of the eponymous provostry, which administratively affiliated to the Archdiocese of Esztergom. This purpose was strongly opposed by John and William, Bishop of Transylvania. Nevertheless, John had several conflicts of jurisdiction with Berthold in the following years (for instance, in 1215, according to a letter from Pope Innocent), who left Hungary only in 1218, when he was appointed as Patriarch of Aquileia. In 1219, Pope Honorius III rebuked John, because he unduly exercised jurisdiction over royal churches in the archdiocese of Kalocsa, in violation of the privilege of the newly elected Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa. Honorius emphasized in his rescript that "the equal [archbishop] can not have power over the equal [archbishop]".

paragraph: John also had a tense relationship with Robert of Veszprém since the 1210s. Robert was the main preparer and submitter to the draft, which sought to reduce the privileges of Esztergom, despite that John was his metropolitan archbishop. They had conflicts in the subject of superintendence over the provostry of Óbuda, and the jurisdiction over the clerical staff in the royal court (mostly resided in Óbuda), in addition to the right of coronation of the queen consorts. The debate has been intensified during the marriage of Andrew II and his second spouse Yolanda de Courtenay in February 1215. Their wedding was celebrated in Székesfehérvár and John crowned Yolanda queen consort. In response, Robert sent a complaint to Pope Innocent III, because the coronation of the queens consort in Hungary had been traditionally the privilege of his see, according to his narration. After Robert's personal visit in Rome, the pope sent two legates, cardinals Pelagio Galvani and Stefano di Ceccano to Hungary in order to investigate the complaint and confirmed the privilege of the See of Veszprém in April 1216. The decision was confirmed by Honorius in 1220 too. John had disagreement in 1221 with Desiderius, his successor in the post of Bishop of Csanád, over the collection of tithe after the coinage in the diocese. Honorius ruled in favor of John.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Secular affairs.

paragraph: John's relationship with Andrew II and his courtiers was ambiguous and fluctuating due to his former pro-Emeric standpoint and the confrontation against Berthold of Merania. After his accession to the throne, Andrew introduced a new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters. He distributed large portions of the royal domainroyal castles and all estates attached to themas inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable". In addition to the Hungarian lords, his "new institutions" altered the relations between the royal court and the prelacy, whose secular influence has decreased due to the increasingly enormous wealth of the laic power sphere. Furthermore, the employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led Andrew into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates. John "deeply dissaproved" Andrew's policy, according to the narration of a royal charter. Despite that his archdiocese was granted the village of Gerla (today Gerlachov, Slovakia) in 1206, which belonged to Bars Castle before that. However, around the same time, Andrew confiscated the estate of Tardos in Esztergom County from the chapter due to John's behaviour. The controversial relationship between the royal court and the archdiocese is well represented by that royal donation, when Andrew gifted annually 100 silver denari to the chapter to commemorate his coronation since 1206. As another example, the king granted the port tariff of Kakat (present-day Štúrovo, Slovakia) to the archdiocese in 1215.

paragraph: Queen Gertrude has gained considerable influence in the royal court. Andrew granted large domains to her brother Bishop Egbert in the Szepesség region (now Spiš, Slovakia), while Berthold was made Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1209. Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords. When the king departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213, taking advantage of his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in the Pilis Hills on 28 September. John's participation in the assassination is unclear. His involvement in the murder is mentioned by Italian scholar Boncompagno da Signa's tractate "Rhetorica novissima", Alberic of Trois-Fontaines' "Chronica" and Matthew of Paris' "Chronica Majora" and "Historia Anglorum". These works unanimously note John's famous phrase in his letter to Hungarian nobles planning the assassination of Gertrude: ""Reginam occidere nolite timere bonum est si omnes consentiunt ego non contradico"", can be roughly translated into "Kill Queen you must not fear will be good if all agree I do not oppose". The meaning is highly dependent on punctuation: either the speaker wishes a queen killed ("Kill Queen, you must not fear, will be good if all agree, I do not oppose") or not ("Kill Queen you must not, fear will be good, if all agree I do not, oppose"). Historian László Veszprémy considers the anecdote first appeared in the "Annales iuvavenses" (or "Annals of Salzburg") after an oral spread among the lower clergymen. On the other hand, Tamás Körmendi argues the ambiguous letter was subscribed as a result of a subsequent insertion. It is possible that Boncompagno heard the story in the Roman Curia and incorporated it into his rhetoric dissertation and textbook (published in 1235, the first written source of John's alleged letter). Both Boncompagno and Alberic mention that Andrew accused John of participating in the murder before the Holy See. However Pope Innocent, pointing out the correct use of commas, acquitted the archbishop from the charges. These references emphasize the letter's unintended ambiguity and, thus, John's approval of murder. Körmendi emphasizes the historiographical doubts regarding the authenticity of the letter, as John retained his influence in the upcoming years after the assassination. It is also unlikely that John's proverb was revealed after his active political role, as the anecdote's other protagonist Pope Innocent III died on 16 July 1216. Furthermore, Körmendi argues the preservation of the letter would have been irrational step, moreover the majority of the Hungarian nobility were illiterate during that time. Already 19th-century historian László Nogáll doubted the authenticity of the anecdote.

paragraph: Andrew sent a letter in 1214 to Pope Innocent, requesting him to authorize John to anoint his younger son Coloman as king of Halych. Coloman was crowned by John with the pope's authorization possibly in early 1216. Pope Honorius mentioned in a letter in 1222 that John had crowned Coloman "with the blessing of the Holy See", but the circumstances of the ceremony are unknown. Around the same time Andrew II requested Innocent to exempt John from the obligation to participate in the Fourth Council of the Lateran as he intended to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade and wished to leave his family and the realm in the care of Archbishop John. Innocent refused that as John took part in the ecumenical council in 1215, along with Berthold, six Hungarian and three Dalmatian bishops. When Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade in July 1216, the king, who had postponed the crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed. Departing from Hungary in July 1217, Andrew II appointed John as regent to govern the kingdom during the Fifth Crusade. The land of Tardos was returned to the Archdiocese of Esztergom on this occasion. However John proved to be incapable to prevent the spread of anarchic conditions. When he returned to Hungary by late 1218, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues." A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary. According to Andrew's letter, John was obedient to morality rather than rebelled lords' demands and "wickedness", thus he was imprisoned and exiled "in the midst of great injustice and shame", while his wealth was confiscated by "these tyrants". John spent months of exile until Andrew's return. The king emphasized John and his canons' steadfast fidelity and bravery. As compensation, Andrew donated the vineyards of Pográny (today Pohranice, Slovakia) and other landholdings (for instance, Gamás, Kapoly and Lulla) in Somogy County to John in 1218. The Chapter of Esztergom was granted the land of Alvinc (today Vințu de Jos, Romania) and its "udvornici" in the next year.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Last years.

paragraph: John consecrated Bartholomew le Gros, who arrived to Hungary with Queen Yolanda, as Bishop of Pécs in 1219. The canons of the cathedral chapter of Pécs attempted to prevent Bartholomew's installation by stating that he was too young for this position. Pope Honorius punished John with sanctions because of his involvement in the appointment, prohibiting the free use of the archdiocese's income and his right of consecration in the Diocese of Pécs. Accordingly, John had to ask for permission to cover the necessary expenses from the pope's two appointed trustees, bishops Thomas of Eger and his old antipode Robert of Veszprém. However an official inquiry ordered by the Holy See ascertained that the new bishop had already attained 30 years, the age required by canon law. After that John was acquitted of the charges and regained the right to financial supervision. In the same year, the consecration of Cosmas, Bishop of Győr also proved to be problematic, as Honorius withdrew John's right to appoint the next bishop in Győr.

paragraph: It is possible that John was present in England on 7 July 1220, when Thomas Becket's remains were moved from his first tomb to a shrine, in the recently completed Trinity Chapel. The event was attended by King Henry III, the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio, the Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton and large numbers of dignitaries and magnates secular and ecclesiastical throughout from Europe. Alongside Langton and Guillaume de Joinville, Archbishop of Reims, an unidentified Hungarian archbishop among the guests is referred by Walter of Coventry in his work "Memoriale", when described the events. This archbishop may have been John, at whose seat in Esztergom there was a provostry erected in the honour of Thomas Becket. Due to John's advanced age, historian Gábor Thoroczkay considers Walter's narration refers to Ugrin Csák of Kalocsa, who was much younger than John. Beside John or Ugrin, Desiderius of Csanád also attended the celebration, who was robbed by burghers of Pavia on his way back.

paragraph: John gradually retired from public life since the early 1220s, while Ugrin Csák, also a former chancellor, has gained influence in the royal court. During the resistant movement which led to the issue of the Golden Bull of 1222 by Andrew II, John remained passive, even when Pope Honorius urged the Hungarian prelates to apply ecclesiastical censures against those who had claimed that they did not owe loyalty to Andrew, but to Béla, the king's eldest son and heir. John died in November 1223.

description: diocesan (arch)bishop of the Roman Catholic (Arch)Dioceses of Csanád, Kalocsa and Esztergom

wikidata_label: John, Archbishop of Esztergom

wikipedia_title: John, Archbishop of Esztergom


text:
pre-congregational saint
Wales
Caw of Strathclyde
AD
church
Rhosbeirio
Anglesey
North Wales
Harry Longueville Jones

categories: Christian female saints of the Middle Ages,Welsh Roman Catholic saints,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,Medieval Welsh saints,5th-century Welsh people,Year of death unknown,Roman Catholic monks,5th-century births

paragraph: Saint Peirio

paragraph: Saint Peirio was a 6th-century pre-congregational saint of Wales and a child of King Caw of Strathclyde.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 605AD he founded a church at Rhosbeirio on Anglesey Island, North Wales. Writing in 1861, Harry Longueville Jones said of St Peirio's church that it was "one of the humblest ecclesiastical buildings in Anglesey" and that there were "no architectural features in this church worthy of delineation."

description: Welsh saint

wikidata_label: Saint Peirio

wikipedia_title: Saint Peirio