text: American football

text: linebacker

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: John Carroll

text: St. Louis Rams

text: undrafted free agent

text: Buffalo Bills

text: Washington Redskins

text: consecutive games started

text: Alan Page

text: Ronde Barber

text: Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School

text: Cleveland, Ohio

text: football

text: John Carroll University

text: Saint Francis University

text: NFL Scouting Combine

text: 1998 NFL Draft

text: St. Louis Rams

text: undrafted free agent

text: St. Louis Rams’

text: New Orleans Saints

text: Eric Hill

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: Rams Rookie of the Year Award

text: Charlie Clemons

text: Lorenzo Styles

text: Dick Vermeil

text: Todd Collins

text: Mike Jones

text: Cincinnati Bengals

text: Jeff Blake

text: Detroit Lions

text: Greg Hill

text: Roman Phifer

text: St. Louis Rams

text: NFC West

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: Super Bowl XXXIV

text: Tennessee Titans

text: Mike Martz

text: St. Louis Rams’

text: Denver Broncos

text: New York Giants

text: Kerry Collins

text: Ike Hilliard

text: New Orleans Saints

text: Aaron Brooks

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Jim Collins

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: New England Patriots

text: Tom Brady

text: Super Bowl XXXVI

text: Adam Vinatieri

text: Buffalo Bills

text: contract

text: signing bonus

text: Chris Spielman

text: Pro Bowl

text: Tom Brady

text: 2007 Pro Bowl

text: Washington Redskins

text: middle linebacker

text: Jason Campbell

text: defensive co-captain

text: 2008 season

text: Walter Payton Man of the Year Award

text: 2010 Pro Bowl

text: Jonathan Vilma

text: New Orleans Saints

text: Super Bowl XLIV

text: Walter Payton Man of the Year Award

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Brian Waters

text: 3–4 defensive scheme

text: middle linebacker

text: inside linebacker

text: 2010 season

text: Pro Bowl

text: 2012 Pro Bowl

text: 2011 season

text: Brian Orakpo

text: Lorenzo Alexander

text: Brian Urlacher

text: Bart Starr Award

text: St. Louis Rams

text: 2012 season

text: Sam Bradford

text: Daryl Richardson

text: DeAngelo Hall

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: Brian Urlacher

text: Ray Lewis

text: Joe Flacco

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: Brandon Weeden

text: Cleveland Browns

text: 2013 season

text: Derrick Brooks

text: played in 256 consecutive games

text: Super Bowl

text: XXXIV

text: Pro Bowl

text: All-Pro

text: NFL

text: combined tackles leader

text: Bart Starr Man of the Year Award

text: Christian

text: Christ

text: Pro Bowl

text: 2010 Pro Bowl

text: Jonathan Vilma

text: Susan Lucci

text: Daytime Emmy

text: Washington Redskins bio

text: ESPN Profile

categories: African-American players of American football,St. Louis Rams players,American football middle linebackers,Washington Redskins players,Living people,Players of American football from Ohio,1975 births,Saint Francis University alumni,American football linebackers,John Carroll Blue Streaks football players,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Buffalo Bills players,Sportspeople from Cleveland

paragraph: London Fletcher

paragraph: London Levi Fletcher (born May 19, 1975) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at John Carroll, and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 1998. Fletcher also played for the Buffalo Bills and Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Fletcher was well known for never missing a game in his career, being one of only five players in NFL history to play in over 250 consecutive games. Fletcher also holds the record for consecutive starts at the linebacker position. He eventually finished his career with 215 consecutive games started, which ties him for 6th all time along with Alan Page and Ronde Barber.

paragraph: Section::::High school years.

paragraph: Fletcher attended Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School in Cleveland, Ohio, and won varsity letters in football and basketball. He played on two state championship basketball teams.

paragraph: Section::::College years.

paragraph: While attending John Carroll University, Fletcher played both basketball and football for the John Carroll Blue Streaks. As a senior, he had 202 tackles (a school-record) and was named the Division III National Linebacker of the Year. Fletcher also attended Saint Francis University of Pennsylvania before transferring to John Carroll University. He was on the men's basketball team while at Saint Francis.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Fletcher attended the NFL Scouting Combine and ran a 4.38 in the 40-yard dash. He worked out for several NFL teams and was expected to be a day 2 selection, but was not one of the 30 linebackers drafted during the 1998 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.:1998.

paragraph: On April 28, 1998, the St. Louis Rams signed Fletcher to a one-year, $158,000 contract as an undrafted free agent.

paragraph: He made his professional regular season debut in the St. Louis Rams’ season-opening 24-17 loss against the New Orleans Saints. On December 27, 1998, Fletcher earned his first career start after Eric Hill sustained an injury. He made eight solo tackles on defense and seven special teams tackles as the Rams lost 38-19 at the San Francisco 49ers in a Week 17. Fletcher earned the Rams Rookie of the Year Award. He finished the season with 14 combined tackles (11 solo) in 16 games and one start.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.:1999.

paragraph: Throughout training camp, Fletcher competed against Charlie Clemons and Lorenzo Styles to be the starting middle linebacker after the Rams chose not to re-sign Eric Hill. Head coach Dick Vermeil named Fletcher the starting middle linebacker to begin the regular season, alongside outside linebacker Todd Collins and Mike Jones.

paragraph: On October 3, 1999, Fletcher collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo) and made his first career sack during a 38-10 win at the Cincinnati Bengals in Week 3. Fletcher sacked Bengals’ quarterback Jeff Blake for a ten-yard loss during the third quarter. In Week 9, Fletcher recorded five combined tackles and earned his first career safety during a 31-27 loss at the Detroit Lions. Fletcher earner his safety after tackling running back Greg Hill in the endzone for a one-yard loss during the first quarter. Fletcher started in all 16 games in 1999 and recorded a total of 138 tackles on defense and special teams combined. His 138 tackles were the most by a Ram since Roman Phifer collected 149 tackles in the 1995. Fletcher recorded 90 combined tackles (66 solo), with three sacks, and one safety on defense.

paragraph: The St. Louis Rams finished first in the NFC West with a 13–3 record and earned a first round bye. On January 16, 2000, Fletcher started in his first career playoff game and recorded 11 combined tackles (eight solo) and made one sack during a 49-37 victory against the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Divisional Round. The following week, he made nine combined tackles as the Rams defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 11-6 in the NFC Championship Game. On January 30, 2000, Fletcher started in Super Bowl XXXIV and recorded 11 combined tackles (nine solo) as he Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 23-16. He also was named to the All-Madden team and as a second alternate to the Pro Bowl for the first time.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.:2000.

paragraph: On February 2, 2000, St. Louis Rams’ head coach Dick Vermeil announced his decision to retire. The St. Louis Rams prompted offensive coordinator Mike Martz to head coach. Martz retained Fletcher, Collins, and Jones as the starting linebackers. He started in the St. Louis Rams’ against the Denver Broncos and collected a season-high 14 combined tackles (nine solo) and made two sacks during their 41-36 victory. On November 12, 2000, Fletcher made six solo tackles, forced a fumble, and made his first career interception during a 38-24 at the New York Giants in Week 11. Fletcher intercepted a pass by Giants’ Kerry Collins, that was intended for wide receiver Ike Hilliard, and returned it for a 12-yard gain during the third quarter. In Week 13, Fletcher recorded seven combined tackles, was credited with half a sack, and made a season-high two interceptions during a 31-24 loss against the New Orleans Saints. He made both interceptions off pass attempts by Saints’ quarterback Aaron Brooks. In Week 15, he recorded ten combined tackles (nine solo) and two sacks during a 40-29 victory against the Minnesota Vikings. His performance earned him NFC Defensive Player is the Week honors. He led the team with 193 tackles on defense and special teams, eclipsing the old franchise mark of 185 set by LB Jim Collins in 1984. Fletcher recorded 132 combined tackles (105 solo) solely on defense and made four interceptions and 5.5 sacks in 16 games and 15 starts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.:2001.

paragraph: In 2001, Fletcher earned NFC Defensive Player of the Week honors twice and was an alternate to the pro bowl for the third straight season. In a game against the San Francisco 49ers on September 23, he led the team with a career-high 21 tackles, 15 solo. The second time was after his big performance against the New England Patriots on November 18 as he led the team with 17 tackles with one pass deflection. He forced a fumble on the Rams’ three-yard line that led to a 97-yard scoring drive to end the first half and intercepted a Tom Brady pass with 5:18 left in the third quarter for an 18-yard return. This season, the Rams made the Super Bowl XXXVI but were defeated by the Patriots 20–17, after kicker Adam Vinatieri made a game-winning 48-yard field goal as time expired.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On March 6, 2002, the Buffalo Bills signed Fletcher to a five-year, $17.12 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $4 million.

paragraph: In the 2002 season, his first season with the Bills, Fletcher set a career-high for himself as well as a franchise record with 209 tackles, which broke the old mark of 206 set by Chris Spielman in 1996. He also was selected as a Pro Bowl alternate eight times though he never was actually a Pro Bowler as a Bill even though in 2002 he was a second alternate to the game. Since 2002, Fletcher started all 16 regular season games for the Bills until his last season in 2006, when he recorded a team-high 157 tackles, including nine for loss, set a career-high with 14 deflections and tied a career-high with four interceptions. On September 10, in the first regular season game, Fletcher scored his first career touchdown after recovering a fumble by the Patriots' Tom Brady and returning it five yards for a touchdown only 12 seconds into the game. Fletcher was named a 2007 Pro Bowl alternate in his last season as a member of the Bills.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On March 2, 2007, Fletcher signed with the Washington Redskins to a five-year, $25 million contract. He immediately became the team's starting middle linebacker. With his first season on the team, he was named co-winner of the B.J. Blanchard Award, an honor given annually to a Redskins player who best helps the local media do their jobs, along with quarterback Jason Campbell. Fletcher continued his Pro Bowl-caliber run with the Redskins in 2008.

paragraph: He was the Redskins' defensive co-captain for the team from 2008 season until he retired. Also in 2008, the Redskins nominated Fletcher as their Walter Payton Man of the Year Award representative.

paragraph: Fletcher was named to the NFC squad in the 2010 Pro Bowl after Jonathan Vilma's New Orleans Saints qualified for Super Bowl XLIV, the first Pro Bowl selection in his career. Fletcher was also one of three candidates for the 2009 Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, which was ultimately won by the Kansas City Chiefs's Brian Waters.

paragraph: After the Redskins' switch to a 3–4 defensive scheme, Fletcher moved from the middle linebacker position to the left inside linebacker for the 2010 season. He made the Pro Bowl for the second consecutive time in 2010, where he had an interception which set up a touchdown for the NFC.

paragraph: Despite not making the 2012 Pro Bowl starting roster, Fletcher led the entire league in tackles with 166 tackles by the end of the 2011 season. He started all 16 games of the 2011 season and recorded 166 combined tackles, 1.5 sacks, two interceptions, and eight pass breakups. Fletcher, however, did make it as alternate for the 2012 Pro Bowl along with teammates, Brian Orakpo and Lorenzo Alexander. On January 9, 2012, Fletcher was added to the NFC 2012 Pro Bowl roster after Brian Urlacher confirmed that he would not be participating.

paragraph: On January 11, 2012, it was announced that Fletcher won the Bart Starr Award. He was also named the Redskins' 2011 Defensive Player of the Year.

paragraph: On April 13, 2012, Fletcher was re-signed by the Redskins to a two-year contract worth $10.75 million with $5.25 million guaranteed. He was given the 87th ranking in the NFL Network's Top 100 Players of 2012 list. Despite the Redskins' 31-28 loss to the St. Louis Rams in Week 2 of the 2012 season, Fletcher had a stellar performance. In the game, he intercepted quarterback Sam Bradford in the endzone and forced running back Daryl Richardson to fumble in the fourth quarter and the ball was recovered by DeAngelo Hall, which gave the Redskins one last attempt to tie or win the game. In the Week 12 win against the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving, he recorded his second interception for the season making him one of three active NFL players, at that time, to have recorded 20 interceptions and 30 sacks, the other two being Brian Urlacher and Ray Lewis.

paragraph: Fletcher intercepted Joe Flacco in Week 14 against the Baltimore Ravens. He had another interception, against Brandon Weeden, in the Redskins' win over the Cleveland Browns. He finished the season with 139 tackles, three sacks, and a career-high five interceptions.

paragraph: There was doubt over whether Fletcher would return for the 2013 season until it was announced that he had surgery on his left ankle and was scheduled for elbow surgery to prepare for another season with the Redskins on March 6, 2013. On November 7, Fletcher started his 208th consecutive game, tying the league's all-time record of most starts by a linebacker last held by retired linebacker Derrick Brooks.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: On December 18, 2013, Fletcher announced that he was "99 percent" sure that he was going to retire from professional football after the 2013 season. Fletcher finished his career having played in 256 consecutive games and starting 215 consecutive games, which is the NFL all-time record of consecutive starts at the linebacker position.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Career awards and highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Super Bowl champion (XXXIV)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4× Pro Bowl selection (2009–2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2× Second-team All-Pro selection (2011, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL combined tackles leader (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bart Starr Man of the Year Award (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Fletcher and his wife Charne have three children, two daughters, Paige and Brooke, and a son, Cortland Steele.

paragraph: Fletcher is a Christian. Fletcher spoke about his conversion to Christianity saying, "I spent years chasing things I thought would bring me everlasting joy and happiness: chasing Super Bowl rings or a multi-million dollar contract; or a new house, cars and jewelry. None of those things did for me what Christ did in an instant."

paragraph: Fletcher was named a Pro Bowl alternate eleven times during his career and did not play in his first one until the 2010 Pro Bowl via replacing Jonathan Vilma. As a result, Fletcher called himself the NFL version of Susan Lucci, who won a Daytime Emmy in 1999 after 19 nominations.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career statistics.

paragraph: Playoffs

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- ESPN Profile

description: American football player, linebacker

wikidata_label: London Fletcher

wikipedia_title: London Fletcher


text: Percy Main

text: Tynemouth

text: affray

text: special constable

text: Choppington

text: Sunderland

text: Watlington

text: Norfolk

text: Durham

text: James Thomas Clephan

text: Gateshead

text: Hawks, Crawshay and Sons

text: Gateshead

text: Newcastle

text: Backworth

text: Stratford-upon-Avon

text: Shakespeare's Birthplace

text: Henry James

text: Tyneside

text: Low Fell

text: Gateshead

text: Burns

text: Shelley

text: J. W. Swanston

text: Tyneside Songster

text: William Blake

text: Percy Shelley

text: Edgar Allan Poe

text: Samuel Taylor Coleridge

text: Robert Burns

text: Memoir

text: R. Spence Watson

text: Geordie dialect words

text: J. W. Swanston

text: The Tyneside Songster by J. W. Swanston

categories: English male poets,English songwriters,1832 births,1903 deaths,English male writers,Working-class writers,English miners,Geordie songwriters,People from Newcastle upon Tyne (district)

paragraph: Joseph Skipsey

paragraph: He was known as "The Pitman Poet".

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.

paragraph: Joseph Skipsey was born in Percy Village (generally known after the name of the colliery Percy Main), in the Parish of Tynemouth on 17 March 1832. His father Cuthbert, an overman at Percy Main Colliery, and mother, Isabella, had many children, of whom Joseph was the eighth.

paragraph: Joseph Skipsey faced an early tragedy when his father, Cuthbert, was shot dead on 8 July 1832 in the wake of a long and bitter miners' strike. On the Sunday evening, an affray occurred between a group of miners and special constables. Cuthbert Skipsey, an overman and someone who the pitmen would look up to, stepped forward in an attempt to defuse the situation. One of the specials, George Weddell, pushed him away and shot him with his pistol. Weddell was arrested, tried, found guilty of manslaughter, and sentenced to six months hard labour.

paragraph: Like many children of that era, Joseph Skipsey started work in the local pit. He started at the age of seven as a trapper, teaching himself to read and write using pieces of discarded newspaper, adverts etc. progressing to some of the classical British authors and then to write his own stories, poems and later songs.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: In 1852 he walked to London in his search for work and found employment there on the railways. It was here that he met his future bride-to-be. They returned North and he found a job at Choppington, and then Pembroke Colliery, near Sunderland.

paragraph: Joseph Skipsey married Sarah Ann (née Fendley - born ca1829) from Watlington, Norfolk in December 1868 and she bore him five sons (including Joseph b1869 and Cuthbert b1872) and three daughters (including Elizabeth Ann b1860 and who was living at Harraton at the time of her father’s death). The three named children were the only ones to outlive their father.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: His first volume of his own works was published in Durham in 1858, a copy of which came to the attention of James Thomas Clephan, at that time editor of the "Gateshead Observer", a relatively new newspaper and the first in Gateshead. When told by Skipsey of his dire situation, Clephan obtained a job for him at Hawks, Crawshay and Sons ironworks in Gateshead.

paragraph: Following the death of one of his children, Skipsey moved to Newcastle in 1863 and became an assistant Librarian at the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne for a short time. The job did not seem to suit him and, as the pay was poor, he returned to working in the pits, eventually settling at Backworth, where he remained until 1882.

paragraph: On the death of three of his children within the space of a month, he wrote in the family bible: "On October 16th my son Cuthbert died in his fourteenth year, on the 24th of the same month so did my little Emma 1 year and 9 months old and the 30th our dear Harriet in her seventh year leaving us with our Elizabeth Ann Pringle only. The children died from scarletina. Let me say that three more lovely and affectionate children were never born in this world. Their loss has bowed their parents head down to dust of our reflections and their deaths have enlikened the belief that the dear jewels were wrongly treated. Joseph Skipsey. March 8th 1869. Also William - he was killed by a waggon on the Tyne Main Way near Gateshead on 7 September 1860."

paragraph: By 1882 he was 50 years old and starting to feel his age, and so when a position of caretaker became vacant at a new Board School at Mill Lane, Newcastle, he applied for, and won the post. This school was very successful and grew in size, until the workload became too much for him and his wife.

paragraph: In September 1888 he moved to the position of Porter at the newly extended Armstrong College, but even this was hardly the job for a man of letters.

paragraph: He moved to Stratford-upon-Avon in 1889 when he and his wife were appointed joint custodians of Shakespeare's Birthplace, being chosen from a list of 132 applicants. After less than two years he became disenchanted with his job which (he confided in a letter not to be opened until after his death) involved dealing with relics which had "no definite history" and having to "perpetuate error and fraud" on the visitors and general public. Skipsey's experience probably inspired Henry James' story "The Birthplace".

paragraph: He and his wife returned to Tyneside, where they lived off his pension, residing, in turns, at the homes of their surviving children.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sarah Skipsey died 9 August 1902 age 73.

paragraph: Joseph Skipsey died in the house of his son Cuthbert at 5 Kells Gardens, Low Fell, Gateshead, on 3 September 1903, aged seventy-one. He was interred in Gateshead Cemetery. Two of his five sons and the eldest of three daughters survived him.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Prose.

paragraph: Skipsey wrote many articles including several in the form of biographies on other authors including Burns and Shelley

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyrics (1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyrics (1859)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems, Songs, and Ballads (1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Collier Lad and other songs and ballads (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Book of Miscellaneous Lyrics (1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Book of Lyrics (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carols from the Coalfields (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carols, Songs, and Ballads (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songs and Lyrics (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected Poems [of] Joseph Skipsey

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poems.

paragraph: Among the dozens of poems written by him are :-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Get Up!

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hartley Calamity (1862) recounts the tragedy of the 204 men and boys (most of the male population of the village) who suffocated in the colliery after a six-day struggle to dig them out

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willy to Jinny

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kit never went down

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Collier Lad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother wept

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary of Crofton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jemmy stops lang at the fair – appears on page 12 of J. W. Swanston’s Tyneside Songster

paragraph: He also edited volumes of poetry by William Blake, Percy Shelley, Edgar Allan Poe, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Burns for the "Canterbury Poets" series published by Walter Scott Publishing Co. "Memoir" by R. Spence Watson (1908).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geordie dialect words

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. W. Swanston

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tyneside Songster by J. W. Swanston

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joseph Skipsey, His life and work" by the Rt Hon Robert Spence Watson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joseph Skipsey, the ‘peasant poet’, and an unpublished letter from W. B. Yeats", Gordon Tait, "Literature & History", November 2016, pp. 134-49.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Poems of Joseph Skipsey", William Daniel McCumiskey & R K R Thornton (ed.)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Skipsey (1832-1903): the 'Pitman Poet' at gerald-massey.org,uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farne archives - enter "Skipsey, Joseph" and click

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allan’s Illustrated Edition of Tyneside songs and readings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English miner, author and poet

wikidata_label: Joseph Skipsey

wikipedia_title: Joseph Skipsey


text: Keir, Dumfries and Galloway

text: blacksmith

text: bicycle

text: Gorbals

text: plaque

text: velocipede

text: Thomas McCall

text: Stanley show

text: David V. Herlihy

text: Michaux

text: human-powered vehicle

text: tricycles

text: quadracycle

text: David Gordon Wilson

text: Treadle bicycle

categories: 1812 births,Scottish inventors,People from Dumfries and Galloway,1878 deaths

paragraph: Kirkpatrick Macmillan

paragraph: Kirkpatrick Macmillan (2 September 1812 in Keir, Dumfries and Galloway – 26 January 1878 in Keir) was a Scottish blacksmith. He is generally credited with inventing the pedal driven bicycle.

paragraph: According to the research of his relative James Johnston in the 1890s, Macmillan was the first to invent the pedal-driven bicycle. Johnston, a corn trader and tricyclist, had the firm aim, in his own words "to prove that to my native country of Dumfries belongs the honour of being the birthplace of the invention of the bicycle".

paragraph: Macmillan allegedly completed construction of a pedal driven bicycle of wood in 1839 that included iron-rimmed wooden wheels, a steerable wheel in the front and a larger wheel in the rear which was connected to pedals via connecting rods.

paragraph: A Glasgow newspaper reported in 1842 an accident in which an anonymous "gentleman from Dumfries-shire... bestride a velocipede... of ingenious design" knocked over a pedestrian in the Gorbals and was fined five British shillings. Johnston identified Macmillan as that gentleman.

paragraph: A 1939 plaque on the family smithy in Courthill reads "He builded better than he knew." Yet MacMillan lived in Glasgow and worked at the Vulcan Foundry during the relevant period around 1840, not in Courthill.

paragraph: Section::::Invention of pedal driven bicycle.:Scepticism.

paragraph: The Johnston doctrine of the bright, modest and industrious tradesman, achieving what others would only do decades later, captured the public imagination, especially in Scotland. It was also well accepted among historians, at least British ones, in the early 20th century.

paragraph: Johnston did not present conclusive proofs, though he wrote that he had them. Sceptics allege that MacMillan design which he presented was a composite of two 1869 velocipedes by Thomas McCall. At the behest of Johnston, Thomas McCall built a replica to be presented as MacMillan's at the 1896 Stanley show (and now at Dumfries Museum) perhaps for financial reasons.

paragraph: The identification of MacMillan as recipient of an early speeding ticket for his bicycling is doubted by Alastair Dodds on grounds that its application would require an early Victorian newspaper to call a blacksmith a "gentleman". However, that fails to explain what the velocipede of ingenious design was. Misgivings did not deter popular retelling with interesting details from sources unknown, including the detail that, after the accident, his niece, Mary Marchbank, had an illicit ride on the machine, thereby becoming the first female cyclist.

paragraph: However, it is said that Gavin Dalzell of Lesmahagow copied the Macmillan machine in 1846 and passed on the details to so many people that for more than 50 years he was generally regarded as the inventor of the bicycle.

paragraph: Section::::Invention of pedal driven bicycle.:Other claims to invention.

paragraph: Some historians who have studied the invention of the pedal-driven bicycle, including David V. Herlihy, state that Macmillan was not the first inventor. Herlihy states there is no contemporary documentary evidence that a pedal-crank design was applied to a 2-wheeled vehicle and that letters from customers in Scotland to the Michaux company in 1868 state that all of the human-powered vehicles there are tricycles and quadracycles. A similar claim is made by David Gordon Wilson.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Treadle bicycle

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodds, Alastair (1992). "Kirkpatrick MacMillan - Inventor of the bicycle: fact or hearsay?" Proceedings of 3rd International Cycling History Conference, Neckarsulm, pp. 1–25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oddy, Nicholas (1990). "Kirkpatrick MacMillan, the inventor of the pedal cycle or the invention of cycle history?" Proceedings of 1st International Cycling History Conference, Glasgow 1990, pp. 24–32.

description: Scottish inventor

wikidata_label: Kirkpatrick Macmillan

wikipedia_title: Kirkpatrick Macmillan


text:
Santo Domingo
Dominican Republic
Official site

categories: School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts alumni,Living people,20th-century women artists,1951 births,People from Santo Domingo,20th-century Dominican Republic painters,21st-century painters,Dominican Republic women artists

paragraph: Amaya Salazar

paragraph: Amaya Salazar (born 1951, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a Dominican artist known for her faceless personas that inhabit mystical and magical environments where light and the Antillean flora are present.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Amaya Salazar studied at the Academia Artium, Madrid, Spain and at the School of Fine Arts, Boston, U.S.A.

paragraph: Salazar is mostly inspired by the female form and by mother and child images. She captures those intimate moments where women are escaping the reality of life and entering the warm of the Caribbean light.

paragraph: Light and flora play an important role in Salazar's work. In her work, the rays of the sun and moon create kaleidoscope of tones throughout the landscape. In the nightscapes the palette turns dark almost black, but there is always an internal light that shines. Her brighter works give us the different tonalities that the sun create as it warms the landscape. The flora is an integral part of Salazar’s work. The banana leaves, the palm trees, the bamboo trunks are part of the environment that surround the characters; in some cases they are the only element of the piece.

paragraph: Salazar also works in bronze, steel, and marble as well as creates charcoal on paper drawings and water color and Chinese ink on paper.

paragraph: Her work can be found in important collections worldwide. There are two monographs about the artist’s work and a third one is being produced.

paragraph: Section::::Collections holding Salazar works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ABN/AMOR, Miami, Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- Admiral Club American Airlines, Santo Domingo, DR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banco Popular, Santo Domingo, DR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bilbao Biscay, Kutxa, Bilbao, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- BPD International Bank, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caja de Ahorros de Vitoria, Vitoria, Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compañía Dominicana de Teléfonos, (CODETEL), Santo Domingo, DR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo de Arte Moderno, Santo Domingo, DR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo Hermanas Mirabal, Salcedo, DR.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voluntariado del Museo de las Casas Reales, Santo Domingo, DR

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conference: Landscapes and Mother and Child Images in the Work of Amaya Salazar, conference by Marianne de Tolentino in celebration for the 60 years of the State of Israel., Santo Domingo, DR (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merrill Lynch Arteamericas, Miami, Fl. (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illuminated Forests, Arte Berri, Santo Domingo, DR (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antillean Colors, Sociedad Renovación, Puerto Plata, DR (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chromatic Fusion for the opening of Arte Berri (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galería Imagen, Panamá. (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlas Art, San Juan, PR. (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition and book signing Amaya Salazar Atmospheres of Light, SD. (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galería Imagen, Panamá. (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galería Imagen, Panamá. (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Galería Santander, Miami. (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galería de Arte Nader, retrospective exhibition and book signing, Amaya SD. (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galleria d’Arte La Torre, Milan, Italy and itinerary exhibition in the Basque Country. (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Itinerary exhibition with Caja Madrid en Barcelona, Madrid and other cities. (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group exhibitions

paragraph: BULLET::::- The National Museum of Catholic Art and History, New York, NY this exhibition will travel to Washington DC in October (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlas Galleries, Chicago. (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conference organized by the Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiative. (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maison de l’Amerique Latin, Paris. (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cagnes-Sur-Mer, France. (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Invited artist to give the speech for the opening of the II Biennial of Caribbean and Central American Painting, Museo de Arte Moderno, SD, DR, (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montecampione, Italy, Musée de Luxembourg, Paris. (1990)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- - Latin Art Museum in Spanish

description: Dominican Republic artist

wikidata_label: Amaya Salazar

wikipedia_title: Amaya Salazar


text:
née
Edgar Allan Poe
first cousins
tuberculosis
the family's cottage
New York City
Baltimore
Philadelphia
New York
Frances Sargent Osgood
Elizabeth F. Ellet
Westminster Hall and Burying Ground
Maryland
Annabel Lee
The Raven
Ligeia
quartermaster
3 North Amity Street
William Henry Leonard Poe
Richmond, Virginia
Southern Literary Messenger
Baltimore
Maryland
marriage license
affidavit
boarding house
honeymoon
Petersburg, Virginia
Kenneth Silverman
first-cousin marriage
Marie Bonaparte
virgin
Annabel Lee
George Rex Graham
acrostic
Frances Sargent Osgood
Elizabeth F. Ellet
Sarah Helen Whitman
Broadway Journal
Margaret Fuller
Anne Lynch Botta
Thomas Dunn English
Dr. Brigham
Insane Retreat
consumption
Philadelphia
Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
Spring Garden
Elizabeth Oakes Smith
cottage
Fordham
home which is still standing today
Nathaniel Parker Willis
Eliza Poe
Saturday Evening Post
Hiram Fuller
libel
William Gowans
houri
Canova
comforter
cloak
Ann S. Stephens
George Pope Morris
Westminster Hall and Burying Ground
vault
watercolor
Boston Herald
sexton
Lowell, Massachusetts
Sarah Helen Whitman
Providence, Rhode Island
Sarah Elmira Royster
Poe's works
Annabel Lee
Ulalume
Lenore
George Gilfillan
The Raven
short story
Eleonora
The Oblong Box
Ligeia
Metzengerstein
Le Pop
Katzenjammer
The Raven
Poe Family Tree

categories: Edgar Allan Poe,1847 deaths,19th-century deaths from tuberculosis,1822 births,Infectious disease deaths in New York (state),19th-century American women,Burials at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground

paragraph: Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe

paragraph: Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe (née Clemm; August 15, 1822 – January 30, 1847) was the wife of American writer Edgar Allan Poe. The couple were first cousins and publicly married when Virginia Clemm was 13 and Poe was 27. Biographers disagree as to the nature of the couple's relationship. Though their marriage was loving, some biographers suggest they viewed one another more like a brother and sister. In January 1842, she contracted tuberculosis, growing worse for five years until she died of the disease at the age of 24 in the family's cottage, at that time outside New York City.

paragraph: Along with other family members, Virginia Clemm and Edgar Allan Poe lived together off and on for several years before their marriage. The couple often moved to accommodate Poe's employment, living intermittently in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. A few years after their wedding, Poe was involved in a substantial scandal involving Frances Sargent Osgood and Elizabeth F. Ellet. Rumors about amorous improprieties on her husband's part affected Virginia Poe so much that on her deathbed she claimed that Ellet had murdered her. After her death, her body was eventually placed under the same memorial marker as her husband's in Westminster Hall and Burying Ground in Baltimore, Maryland. Only one image of Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe has been authenticated: a watercolor portrait painted several hours after her death.

paragraph: The disease and eventual death of his wife had a substantial effect on Edgar Allan Poe, who became despondent and turned to alcohol to cope. Her struggles with illness and death are believed to have affected his poetry and prose, where dying young women appear as a frequent motif, as in "Annabel Lee", "The Raven", and "Ligeia".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Virginia Eliza Clemm was born in 1822 and named after an older sister who had died at age two only ten days earlier. Her father William Clemm, Jr. was a hardware merchant in Baltimore. He had married Maria Poe, Virginia's mother, on July 12, 1817, after the death of his first wife, Maria's first cousin Harriet. Clemm had five children from his previous marriage and went on to have three more with Maria. After his death in 1826, he left very little to the family and relatives offered no financial support because they had opposed the marriage. Maria supported the family by sewing and taking in boarders, aided with an annual $240 pension granted to her mother Elizabeth Cairnes, who was paralyzed and bedridden. Elizabeth received this pension on behalf of her late husband, "General" David Poe, a former quartermaster in Maryland who had loaned money to the state.

paragraph: Edgar Poe first met his cousin Virginia in August 1829, four months after his discharge from the Army. She was seven at the time. In 1832, the family – made up of Elizabeth, Maria, Virginia, and Virginia's brother Henry – was able to use Elizabeth's pension to rent a home at what was then 3 North Amity Street in Baltimore. Poe's older brother William Henry Leonard Poe, who had been living with the family, had recently died on August 1, 1831. Poe joined the household in 1833 and was soon smitten by a neighbor named Mary Devereaux. The young Virginia served as a messenger between the two, at one point retrieving a lock of Devereaux's hair to give to Poe. Elizabeth Cairnes Poe died on July 7, 1835, effectively ending the family's income and making their financial situation even more difficult. Henry died around this time, sometime before 1836, leaving Virginia as Maria Clemm's only surviving child.

paragraph: In August 1835, Poe left the destitute family behind and moved to Richmond, Virginia to take a job at the "Southern Literary Messenger". While Poe was away from Baltimore, another cousin, Neilson Poe, the husband of Virginia's half-sister Josephine Clemm, heard that Edgar was considering marrying Virginia. Neilson offered to take her in and have her educated in an attempt to prevent the girl's marriage to Edgar at such a young age, though suggesting that the option could be reconsidered later. Edgar called Neilson, the owner of a newspaper in Baltimore, Maryland, his "bitterest enemy" and interpreted his cousin's actions as an attempt at breaking his connection with Virginia. On August 29, 1835, Edgar wrote an emotional letter to Maria, declaring that he was "blinded with tears while writing", and pleading that she allow Virginia to make her own decision. Encouraged by his employment at the "Southern Literary Messenger", Poe offered to provide financially for Maria, Virginia and Henry if they moved to Richmond.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage.

paragraph: Marriage plans were confirmed and Poe returned to Baltimore to file for a marriage license on September 22, 1835. The couple might have been quietly married as well, though accounts are unclear. Their only public ceremony was in Richmond on May 16, 1836, when they were married by a Presbyterian minister named Rev. Amasa Converse. Poe was 27 and Virginia was 13, though her age was listed as 21. This marriage bond was filed in Richmond and included an affidavit from Thomas W. Cleland confirming the bride's alleged age. The ceremony was held in the evening at the home of a Mrs. James Yarrington, the owner of the boarding house in which Poe, Virginia, and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm were staying. Yarrington helped Maria Clemm bake the wedding cake and prepared a wedding meal. The couple then had a short honeymoon in Petersburg, Virginia.

paragraph: Debate has raged regarding how unusual this pairing was based on the couple's age and blood relationship. Noted Poe biographer Arthur Hobson Quinn argues it was not particularly unusual, nor was Poe's nicknaming his wife "Sissy" or "Sis". Another Poe biographer, Kenneth Silverman, contends that though their first-cousin marriage was not unusual, her young age was. It has been suggested that Clemm and Poe had a relationship more like that between brother and sister than between husband and wife. Biographer Arthur Hobson Quinn disagreed with this view, citing a fervent love letter to argue that Poe "loved his little cousin not only with the affection of a brother, but also with the passionate devotion of a lover and prospective husband." Some scholars, including Marie Bonaparte, have read many of Poe's works as autobiographical and have concluded that Virginia died a virgin. It has been speculated that she and her husband never consummated their marriage, although no evidence is given. This interpretation often assumes that Virginia is represented by the title character in the poem "Annabel Lee": a "maiden... by the name of Annabel Lee". Poe biographer Joseph Wood Krutch suggests that Poe did not need women "in the way that normal men need them", but only as a source of inspiration and care, and that Poe was never interested in women sexually. Friends of Poe suggested that the couple did not share a bed for at least the first two years of their marriage but that, from the time she turned 16, they had a "normal" married life until the onset of her illness.

paragraph: Virginia and Poe were by all accounts a happy and devoted couple. Poe's one-time employer George Rex Graham wrote of their relationship: "His love for his wife was a sort of rapturous worship of the spirit of beauty." Poe once wrote to a friend, "I see no one among the living as beautiful as my little wife." She, in turn, by many contemporary accounts, nearly idolized her husband. She often sat close to him while he wrote, kept his pens in order, and folded and addressed his manuscripts. She showed her love for Poe in an acrostic poem she composed when she was 23, dated February 14, 1846:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Osgood/Ellet scandal.

paragraph: The "tattling of many tongues" in Virginia's Valentine poem was a reference to actual incidents. In 1845, Poe had begun a flirtation with Frances Sargent Osgood, a married 34-year-old poet. Virginia was aware of the friendship and might even have encouraged it. She often invited Osgood to visit them at home, believing that the older woman had a "restraining" effect on Poe, who had made a promise to "give up the use of stimulants" and was never drunk in Osgood's presence.

paragraph: At the same time, another poet, Elizabeth F. Ellet, became enamored of Poe and jealous of Osgood. Though, in a letter to Sarah Helen Whitman, Poe called her love for him "loathsome" and wrote that he "could do nothing but repel [it] with scorn", he printed many of her poems to him in the "Broadway Journal" while he was its editor. Ellet was known for being meddlesome and vindictive, and, while visiting the Poe household in late January 1846, she saw one of Osgood's personal letters to Poe. According to Ellet, Virginia pointed out "fearful paragraphs" in Osgood's letter. Ellet contacted Osgood and suggested she should beware of her indiscretions and asked Poe to return her letters, motivated either by jealousy or by a desire to cause scandal. Osgood then sent Margaret Fuller and Anne Lynch Botta to ask Poe on her behalf to return the letters. Angered by their interference, Poe called them "Busy-bodies" and said that Ellet had better "look after her "own" letters", suggesting indiscretion on her part. He then gathered up these letters from Ellet and left them at her house.

paragraph: Though these letters had already been returned to her, Ellet asked her brother "to "demand of me the letters"". Her brother, Colonel William Lummis, did not believe that Poe had already returned them and threatened to kill him. In order to defend himself, Poe requested a pistol from Thomas Dunn English. English, Poe's friend and a minor writer who was also a trained doctor and lawyer, likewise did not believe that Poe had already returned the letters and even questioned their existence. The easiest way out of the predicament, he said, "was a retraction of unfounded charges". Angered at being called a liar, Poe pushed English into a fistfight. Poe later claimed he was triumphant in the fight, though English claimed otherwise, and Poe's face was badly cut by one of English's rings. In Poe's version, he said, "I gave E. a flogging which he will remember to the day of his death." Either way, the fight further sparked gossip over the Osgood affair.

paragraph: Osgood's husband stepped in and threatened to sue Ellet unless she formally apologized for her insinuations. She retracted her statements in a letter to Osgood saying, "The letter shown me by Mrs Poe "must have been a forgery"" created by Poe himself. She put all the blame on Poe, suggesting the incident was because Poe was "intemperate and subject to acts of lunacy". Ellet spread the rumor of Poe's insanity, which was taken up by other enemies of Poe and reported in newspapers. The St. Louis "Reveille" reported: "A rumor is in circulation in New York, to the effect that Mr. Edgar A. Poe, the poet and author, has been deranged, and his friends are about to place him under the charge of Dr. Brigham of the Insane Retreat at Utica." The scandal eventually died down only when Osgood reunited with her husband. Virginia, however, had been very affected by the whole affair. She had received anonymous letters about her husband's alleged indiscretions as early as July 1845. It is presumed that Ellet was involved with these letters, and they so disturbed Virginia that she allegedly declared on her deathbed that "Mrs. E. had been her murderer."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Illness.

paragraph: By this time, Virginia had developed consumption, first seen sometime in the middle of January 1842. While singing and playing the piano, Virginia began to bleed from the mouth, though Poe said she merely "ruptured a blood-vessel". Her health declined and she became an invalid, which drove Poe into a deep depression, especially as she occasionally showed signs of improvement. In a letter to a friend, Poe described his resulting mental state: "Each time I felt all the agonies of her death—and at each accession of the disorder I loved her more dearly & clung to her life with more desperate pertinacity. But I am constitutionally sensitive—nervous in a very unusual degree. I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity."

paragraph: Virginia's condition might have been what prompted the Poe family to move, in the hopes of finding a healthier environment for her. They moved several times within Philadelphia in the early 1840s and their last home in that city is now preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site in Spring Garden. In this home, Virginia was well enough to tend the flower garden and entertain visitors by playing the harp or the piano and singing. The family then moved to New York sometime in early April 1844, traveling by train and steamboat. Virginia waited on board the ship while her husband secured space at a boarding house on Greenwich Street. By early 1846, family friend Elizabeth Oakes Smith said that Virginia admitted, "I know I shall die soon; I know I can't get well; but I want to be as happy as possible, and make Edgar happy." She promised her husband that after her death she would be his guardian angel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Move to Fordham.

paragraph: In May 1846, the family (Poe, Virginia, and her mother, Maria) moved to a small cottage in Fordham, about fourteen miles outside the city, a home which is still standing today. In what is the only surviving letter from Poe to Virginia, dated June 12, 1846, he urged her to remain optimistic: "Keep up your heart in all hopelessness, and trust yet a little longer." Of his recent loss of the "Broadway Journal", the only magazine Poe ever owned, he said, "I should have lost my courage "but for you"—my darling little wife you are my "greatest" and "only" stimulus now to battle with this uncongenial, unsatisfactory and ungrateful life." But by November of that year, Virginia's condition was hopeless. Her symptoms included irregular appetite, flushed cheeks, unstable pulse, night sweats, high fever, sudden chills, shortness of breath, chest pains, coughing and spitting up blood.

paragraph: Nathaniel Parker Willis, a friend of Poe's and an influential editor, published an announcement on December 30, 1846, requesting help for the family, though his facts were not entirely correct:

paragraph: Willis, who had not corresponded with Poe for two years and had since lost his own wife, was one of his greatest supporters in this period. He sent Poe and his wife an inspirational Christmas book, "The Marriage Ring; or How to Make a Home Happy".

paragraph: The announcement was similar to one made for Poe's mother, Eliza Poe, during her last stages of tuberculosis. Other newspapers picked up on the story: "Great God!", said one, "is it possible, that the literary people of the Union, will let poor Poe perish by starvation and lean faced beggary in New York? For so we are led to believe, from frequent notices in the papers, stating that Poe and his wife are both down upon a bed of misery, death, and disease, with not a ducat in the world." The "Saturday Evening Post" asserted that Virginia was in a hopeless condition and that Poe was bereft: "It is said that Edgar A. Poe is lying dangerously with brain fever, and that his wife is in the last stages of consumption—they are without money and without friends." Even editor Hiram Fuller, whom Poe had previously sued for libel, attempted in the "New York Mirror" to garner support for Poe and his wife: "We, whom he has quarrelled with, will take the lead", he wrote.

paragraph: Virginia was described as having dark hair and violet eyes, with skin so pale it was called "pure white", causing a "bad complexion that spoiled her looks". One visitor to the Poe family noted that "the rose-tint upon her cheek was too bright", possibly a symptom of her illness. Another visitor in Fordham wrote, "Mrs. Poe looked very young; she had large black eyes, and a pearly whiteness of complexion, which was a perfect pallor. Her pale face, her brilliant eyes, and her raven hair gave her an unearthly look." That unearthly look was mentioned by others who suggested it made her look not quite human. William Gowans, who once lodged with the family, described Virginia as a woman of "matchless beauty and loveliness, her eye could match that of any houri, and her face defy the genius of a Canova to imitate". She might have been a little plump. Many contemporary accounts as well as modern biographers remark on her childlike appearance even in the last years of her life.

paragraph: While dying, Virginia asked her mother: "Darling... will you console and take care of my poor Eddy—you will "never never" leave him?" Her mother stayed with Poe until his own death in 1849. As Virginia was dying, the family received many visitors, including an old friend named Mary Starr. At one point Virginia put Starr's hand in Poe's and asked her to "be a friend to Eddy, and don't forsake him". Virginia was tended to by 25-year-old Marie Louise Shew. Shew, who served as a nurse, knew medical care from her father and her husband, both doctors. She provided Virginia with a comforter as her only other cover was Poe's old military cloak, as well as bottles of wine, which the invalid drank "smiling, even when difficult to get it down". Virginia also showed Poe a letter from Louisa Patterson, second wife of Poe's foster-father John Allan, which she had kept for years and which suggested that Patterson had purposely caused the break between Allan and Poe.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: On January 29, 1847, Poe wrote to Marie Louise Shew: "My poor Virginia still lives, although failing fast and now suffering much pain."

paragraph: Virginia died the following day, January 30, after five years of illness. Shew helped in organizing her funeral, even purchasing the coffin. Death notices appeared in several newspapers. On February 1, The New York "Daily Tribune" and the "Herald" carried the simple obituary: "On Saturday, the 30th ult., of pulmonary consumption, in the 25th year of her age, VIRGINIA ELIZA, wife of EDGAR A. POE." The funeral was February 2, 1847. Attendees included Nathaniel Parker Willis, Ann S. Stephens, and publisher George Pope Morris. Poe refused to look at his dead wife's face, saying he preferred to remember her living. Though now buried at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground, Virginia was originally buried in a vault owned by the Valentine family, from whom the Poes rented their Fordham cottage.

paragraph: Only one image of Virginia is known to exist, for which the painter had to take her corpse as model. A few hours after her death, Poe realized he had no image of Virginia and so commissioned a portrait in watercolor. She is shown wearing "beautiful linen" that Shew said she had dressed her in; Shew might have been the portrait's artist, though this is uncertain. The image depicts her with a slight double chin and with hazel eyes. The image was passed down to the family of Virginia's half-sister Josephine, wife of Neilson Poe.

paragraph: In 1875, the same year in which her husband's body was reburied, the cemetery in which she lay was destroyed and her remains were almost forgotten. An early Poe biographer, William Gill, gathered the bones and stored them in a box he hid under his bed. Gill's story was reported in the "Boston Herald" twenty-seven years after the event: he says that he had visited the Fordham cemetery in 1883 at exactly the moment that the sexton Dennis Valentine held Virginia's bones in his shovel, ready to throw them away as unclaimed. Poe himself had died in 1849, and so Gill took Virginia's remains and, after corresponding with Neilson Poe and John Prentiss Poe in Baltimore, arranged to bring the box down to be laid on Poe's left side in a small bronze casket. Virginia's remains were finally buried with her husband's on January 19, 1885—the seventy-sixth anniversary of her husband's birth and nearly ten years after his current monument was erected. The same man who served as sexton during Poe's original burial and his exhumations and reburials was also present at the rites which brought his body to rest with Virginia and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm.

paragraph: Section::::Effect and influence on Poe.

paragraph: Virginia's death had a significant effect on Poe. After her death, Poe was deeply saddened for several months. A friend said of him, "the loss of his wife was a sad blow to him. He did not seem to care, after she was gone, whether he lived an hour, a day, a week or a year; she was his all." A year after her death, he wrote to a friend that he had experienced the greatest evil a man can suffer when, he said, "a wife, whom I loved as no man ever loved before", had fallen ill. While Virginia was still struggling to recover, Poe turned to alcohol after abstaining for quite some time. How often and how much he drank is a controversial issue, debated in Poe's lifetime and also by modern biographers. Poe referred to his emotional response to his wife's sickness as his own illness, and that he found the cure to it "in the "death" of my wife. This I can & do endure as becomes a man—it was the horrible never-ending oscillation between hope & despair which I could "not" longer have endured without the total loss of reason".

paragraph: Poe regularly visited Virginia's grave. As his friend Charles Chauncey Burr wrote, "Many times, after the death of his beloved wife, was he found at the dead hour of a winter night, sitting beside her tomb almost frozen in the snow". Shortly after Virginia's death, Poe courted several other women, including Nancy Richmond of Lowell, Massachusetts, Sarah Helen Whitman of Providence, Rhode Island, and childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster in Richmond. Even so, Frances Sargent Osgood, whom Poe also attempted to woo, believed "that [Virginia] was the only woman whom he ever loved".

paragraph: Section::::Effect and influence on Poe.:References in literature.

paragraph: Many of Poe's works are interpreted autobiographically, with much of his work believed to reflect Virginia's long struggle with tuberculosis and her eventual death. The most discussed example is "Annabel Lee". This poem, which depicts a dead young bride and her mourning lover, is often assumed to have been inspired by Virginia, though other women in Poe's life are potential candidates including Frances Sargent Osgood and Sarah Helen Whitman. A similar poem, "Ulalume", is also believed to be a memorial tribute to Virginia, as is "Lenore", whose title character is described as "the most lovely dead that ever died so young!" After Poe's death, George Gilfillan of the London-based "Critic" said Poe was responsible for his wife's death, "hurrying her to a premature grave, that he might write 'Annabel Lee' and 'The Raven'". However, "The Raven" was written and published two years before Virginia's death.

paragraph: Virginia is also seen in Poe's prose. The short story "Eleonora" (1842)—which features a narrator preparing to marry his cousin, with whom he lives alongside her mother—may also refer to Virginia's illness. When Poe wrote it, his wife had just begun to show signs of her illness. It was shortly thereafter that the couple moved to New York City by boat and Poe published "The Oblong Box" (1844). This story, which shows a man mourning his young wife while transporting her corpse by boat, seems to suggest Poe's feelings about Virginia's impending death. As the ship sinks, the husband would rather die than be separated from his wife's corpse. The short story "Ligeia", whose title character suffers a slow and lingering death, may also be inspired by Virginia. After his wife's death, Poe edited his first published story, "Metzengerstein", to remove the narrator's line, "I would wish all I love to perish of that gentle disease", a reference to tuberculosis.

paragraph: Section::::Effect and influence on Poe.:References in music.

paragraph: In track 9 of their 2008 debut album "Le Pop", Norwegian band Katzenjammer performed a song entitled "Virginia Clemm". Set to the tune of a musical clock, the song's lyrics refer to Virginia's early marriage at 13 years of age ("He was a child I was a child / Sentimental and wild"), to her husband's alleged affairs ("The other woman to explain / Her letters I deplore"), to her untimely death ("For twelve short years / We lived out of health"), to the band's perceived obsessions of Poe's subsequent obsession with his wife's death ("Heir of my illness / Writer of all the stories and the words / That I'm haunting / That I'm haunting") as well as alluding, in the last verse ("And I'll leave you nevermore"), to the poem "The Raven".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoffman, Daniel. "Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe". Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krutch, Joseph Wood. "Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius". New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moss, Sidney P. "Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu". Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyers, Jeffrey. "Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy". Cooper Square Press, 1992. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. "The Literary History of Philadelphia". Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillips, Mary E. "Edgar Allan Poe: The Man". Chicago: The John C. Winston Company, 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quinn, Arthur Hobson. "Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography". Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silverman, Kenneth. "Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance". New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sova, Dawn B. "Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work". New York: Checkmark Books, 2001. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poe Family Tree at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online

description: Wife of Edgar Allan Poe

wikidata_label: Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe

wikipedia_title: Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe


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categories: American football punters,21st-century American bass guitarists,Activists from California,American male bloggers,Sportspeople from Philadelphia,21st-century American writers,Radio personalities from Minnesota,Players of American football from California,Seattle Seahawks players,1981 births,Sportspeople from Orange County, California,People from Los Alamitos, California,Writers from California,Guitarists from Minnesota,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,UCLA Bruins football players,American agnostics,American bloggers,American sportsmen,American libertarians,Living people,Alternative rock bass guitarists,Progressive rock guitarists,Minnesota Vikings players,American male bass guitarists,LGBT rights activists from the United States,Oakland Raiders players,American talk radio hosts,American rock bass guitarists,American alternative rock musicians,American male writers

paragraph: Chris Kluwe

paragraph: Christopher James Kluwe (; born December 24, 1981) is a former American football punter and writer. Kluwe played at Los Alamitos High School in Los Alamitos, California, where he was a 1999 "USA Today" High School All-American, and then attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he played college football for the UCLA Bruins. He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2005 and played professionally in the National Football League for the Seattle Seahawks, Minnesota Vikings, and Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Kluwe is widely known for his eight seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, where he set eight individual team records. During this period, Kluwe became an outspoken advocate on social issues, including same sex marriage and gay rights—which ultimately led to tension between Kluwe and coaching staff.

paragraph: Kluwe was released by the Vikings after the 2012 season, signed with the Oakland Raiders prior to the 2013 season, and was subsequently released. Kluwe was unable to find another NFL team with which to sign and retired from professional football in 2013. Following his departure from football, he has pursued a writing career and is a humor columnist for the sports website "Deadspin".

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:High school.

paragraph: Kluwe played three years of varsity football for coach John Barnes at Los Alamitos High School in Los Alamitos, California and was selected to play in both the California-Texas Shrine game (where he kicked a 57-yard game-winning field goal with no time left) and the CaliFlorida Bowl. He also made the "USA Today" first-team All-American as a punter. He kicked an Orange County and CIF Playoff record 60-yard field goal vs. Loyola to force overtime in an eventual 30–23 victory. Averaging 46.6 yards as a punter, he had 10 punts of at least 60 yards and placed six kicks inside the 10-yard line. As a placekicker, he made 16 of 22 field goal attempts and 39 of 41 PATs. Prior to his senior year, he won the punting competition at the National Kicking Invitational with a 63-yard punt that had 4.98 seconds of hang time. Kluwe also played one year of baseball as a pitcher.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:College.

paragraph: Kluwe enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he developed into one of the top punters in the Pac-10 Conference. He graduated in 2005 with a double major in political science and history. He set school records for both total punt yardage and total number of punts in a season in 2003. In his senior year, he ranked 3rd in the Pac-10 and 12th in the NCAA in yards per punt (43.4). He was selected as special teams player of the game in the Silicon Valley Football Classic against Fresno State after averaging 44.3 yards on nine kicks. He also tied the bowl record with his nine punts and placed three kicks inside the 20-yard line. Kluwe was a finalist in his senior year for the Ray Guy Award that annually recognizes the best collegiate punter.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: Kluwe was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Seattle Seahawks in 2005. Kluwe had been notified by both the Seahawks and St. Louis Rams that either team might draft him in the late rounds. As soon as the draft ended, Kluwe signed a free agent contract with Seattle. Kluwe had an excellent training camp with Seattle, to the point where Donnie Jones was released after the first week of Organized Team Activities, and Kluwe and Tom Rouen split time during the pre-season games for punting duties. Kluwe was told by the Seahawks prior to the final pre-season game they were going to take him to the practice squad as Rouen had a history over the prior three seasons of going on injured reserve during the season and the Seahawks wanted Kluwe both as a potential back-up and for developmental reasons. Due to NFL rules, the Seahawks had to place Kluwe on the waiver wire for 24 hours prior to signing him to a practice squad contract. The Seahawks waited until the last minute to place Kluwe on the waiver wire as they knew three teams had been scouting Kluwe as a potential punter for their team. The Seahawks concerns were well founded as Kluwe was claimed off the waiver wire early the next day by the Vikings.

paragraph: Kluwe became one of the most surprising pickups for the Vikings, finishing his first season with an average of 44.1 yards per punt, ranking second in the NFC and sixth in the league. He punted 71 times during his first season. Kluwe was also named NFC special teams player of the month for September 2005 – a first for any Vikings special teams rookie.

paragraph: During a Week-13 game in Detroit, Lions safety Vernon Fox dove towards Kluwe during a punt and collided with Kluwe's plant foot. Although initial concerns were that Kluwe had a broken ankle, tests showed Kluwe had a sprained ankle. What the tests did also show was that earlier in the game when the ball was snapped over Kluwe's head and he had to make a running and jumping rugby style kick to avoid being blocked, he tore his right ACL when he landed after the kick. Kicker Paul Edinger was the punter for the remainder of the game, but a few days later the Vikings signed 42-year-old veteran Darren Bennett for 1 week. Kluwe then returned to play the final 3 games of the 2005 season with a torn ACL in his kicking leg, which prompted his then coach Mike Tice to reply to a reporter's question about Kluwe's injury that "My punter is a tough guy." As Tice was not known to be sympathetic towards punters and kickers, this showed the amount of respect he had for Kluwe's willingness to play with a serious injury. During the 2006 off-season Kluwe had arthroscopic surgery on his right knee to repair the ACL. The operation was successful and Kluwe returned to the Vikings in full health for the 2006 season.

paragraph: On October 25, 2007, Kluwe signed an $8.3-million contract extension through 2013. The deal made Kluwe, who would have been a restricted free agent in the 2008 offseason, one of the 10 highest-paid punters in the NFL.

paragraph: On December 20, 2010, Kluwe had the dubious distinction of punting the ball that the Chicago Bears' Devin Hester would return for a touchdown, breaking the all-time NFL record for combined punt and kickoff returns for touchdowns. Previously in the game, Kluwe had successfully kept the ball out of Hester's hands on four punts.

paragraph: In 2011, Kluwe changed his jersey number when the Vikings acquired quarterback Donovan McNabb. McNabb previously wore #5 for the Washington Redskins and Philadelphia Eagles, and requested the same number when he arrived in Minnesota, which was then being worn by Kluwe. Kluwe agreed on the condition that McNabb make a $5,000 donation to charity, to mention Kluwe's band Tripping Icarus a total of 5 times during McNabb's press conferences, and to buy Kluwe an ice cream cone. Kluwe took up #4 which had been worn by quarterback Brett Favre in 2009 and 2010. Following McNabb's departure from the team, Kluwe reclaimed his old #5 for the 2012 season. McNabb did mention Kluwe's band 3 times and did write the check for the donation, but didn't buy Kluwe the ice cream cone until 5 years later.

paragraph: After a poor performance in an October 25, 2012 game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Vikings brought in several punters for workouts to potentially replace Kluwe. Kluwe had been playing since 2007 with a torn meniscus. His discomfort caused by the condition late in 2012 led to him deciding to have surgery during the offseason. In January 2013, the team signed punter T.J. Conley to a futures contract. Kluwe finished the 2012 season with an average of 45.0 yards per punt, ranking tenth in the NFC and twenty-second in the league.

paragraph: Kluwe had arthroscopic surgery on his left knee to repair a torn meniscus in early 2013. Recovery was uneventful and Kluwe was back to full health in a matter of weeks. During the 2013 NFL draft, the Vikings drafted Jeff Locke (UCLA) in the 5th round of the draft as a punter. Speculation immediately surfaced that Kluwe's days were numbered with the Vikings due to the use of a relatively high draft round pick for a punter. On May 6, 2013, Kluwe was released by the Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:Minnesota Vikings.:Vikings team records.

paragraph: Kluwe holds a number of team punt records for the Minnesota Vikings (see list below).

paragraph: BULLET::::1. #1 Career Punt Avg., 44.4, 2005–2012

paragraph: BULLET::::2. #1 Game Punt Avg., 54.3, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::3. #1 Rookie Game Punt Avg., 54.3, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::4. #1 Career Playoff Punt Avg., 45.2, 2005–2012

paragraph: BULLET::::5. #1 Average Punts per Season, 78, 2005–2012

paragraph: BULLET::::6. #1 Career Punts Inside 20, 198, 2005–2012

paragraph: BULLET::::7. #1, #2, #5 Season Punts Inside 20, 34 / 32 / 28, 2007 / 2010 / 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::8. #1 Game Punts Inside 20, 5, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::9. #8 (tied) Career Blocked Punts, 1, 2005–2012

paragraph: BULLET::::10. #2 Career Punts, 623, 2005–2012

paragraph: BULLET::::11. #2 Rookie Season Punts, 71, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::12. #2 Season Fewest Touchbacks, 2, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::13. #2 Career Net Yds. Avg., 37.2, 2005–2012

paragraph: BULLET::::14. #2, #4 Season Net Yds. Avg., 39.7 / 38.9, 2012 / 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::15. #3 Game Net Avg., 47.5, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::16. #3 Punts in a Game, 8, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::17. #3 Most Punts in a Season, 71, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::18. #3 Season Punt Avg., 44.1, 2005

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Kluwe signed with the Oakland Raiders on May 15, 2013, less than two weeks after being released by the Vikings. Kluwe signed for a veteran minimum contract for one year. Kluwe was given his old number (#5) by the Raiders and competed with Marquette King for the position of punter. Kluwe expressed thanks to the Raiders for picking him up and stated that "I am glad to be a Raider and playing back in California, where I grew up." On September 1, Kluwe tweeted that he had been released by the Raiders.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.:Retirement.

paragraph: On January 3, 2014, Kluwe retired from football. After a year of not playing, he did not want to attempt playing in the NFL again, and believed his chances were slim given his outspoken views of same-sex marriage and criticism of the Vikings.

paragraph: Section::::Activism.

paragraph: Section::::Activism.:2011 NFL lockout.

paragraph: During the 2011 NFL lockout, the "Boston Globe" reported that an agreement between owners and the players' union was being held up by special considerations for a few top employees, Peyton Manning, Drew Brees, Vincent Jackson, and Logan Mankins. Kluwe tweeted his frustration at this impasse, assailing their greed and calling them "douchebags."

paragraph: After Nate Jackson wrote an article for the sport website Deadspin, excoriating Kluwe for talking "out of turn," Kluwe responded with his own article, highlighting the contrast between his own fruitful career and Jackson's lack of statistics, while reiterating his opinion that four people endangering the livelihoods of the 1,900 affected by the dispute was "pretty much the definition of greed."

paragraph: Section::::Activism.:Same-sex marriage.

paragraph: Kluwe publicly released a letter on September 7, 2012, via sports website Deadspin he had sent to Maryland state assembly delegate Emmett Burns, defending the opinions of Baltimore Ravens linebacker Brendon Ayanbadejo and condemning Burns on his attempt to stifle Ayanbadejo's free speech. Ayanbadejo has been a vocal supporter of same-sex marriage and Burns had sent a letter requesting that the Ravens ownership "inhibit such expressions" by their employee. On October 1, 2012, Kluwe published a letter to the editor that responded to a video statement released by former Viking Matt Birk in supporting a ban on same-sex marriage. In the letter, Kluwe outlined six primary reasons why he disagreed with Birk's statement. Kluwe was also featured in a documentary called "The Last Barrier" which aired on NBC Bay Area on December 8, 2012. During this interview he spoke about his feelings towards equality.

paragraph: Kluwe and Ayanbadejo filed an amicus brief to the United States Supreme Court on February 28, 2013, regarding "Hollingsworth v. Perry", in which they expressed their support of the challenge to California Proposition 8. Kluwe appeared on the January 18, 2013, episode of "The Ellen DeGeneres Show," to discuss his support of same-sex marriage. Ellen DeGeneres inducted Kluwe as the first inductee in her Hall of Fame, since NFL punters are unlikely to be voted into the league's hall of fame. On April 16, 2013, in recognition of his steadfast support of same-sex marriage and for starting a conversation about LGBT issues in athletics, Kluwe was named the Grand Marshal of the 41st annual Twin Cities Pride festival in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

paragraph: On January 2, 2014, Kluwe alleged that he was released from the Vikings due to his support of same-sex marriage. He stated that the Vikings requested that he "deliberately sacrifice my own numbers to help the team, a request with which I always complied." The team stated it was not previously made aware of Kluwe's allegations, and countered that he "was released strictly based on his football performance." Kluwe said that special teams coach Mike Priefer in 2012 made homophobic remarks and criticized the player for his views on same-sex marriage. Preifer responded with a statement saying that "I do not tolerate discrimination of any type and am respectful of all individuals. I personally have gay family members who I love and support just as I do any family member.” Kluwe called the coach's acts "inexcusable", and hoped he prevented Preifer from ever coaching again. He also alleged that head coach Leslie Frazier told him to stop speaking out on same-sex marriage. Kluwe later said his comments on Preifer were "a little too harsh originally", and stated that he preferred that the coach get therapy and counseling and return to the league as a role model.

paragraph: On January 3, 2014, the Vikings announced that an investigation of the allegations would be performed by former Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court Eric Magnuson and former U.S. Department of Justice Trial Attorney Chris Madel. On January 26, Kluwe's lawyer stated that at least two witnesses confirmed the homophobic remarks were made and that a Vikings official was aware of those remarks prior to the team's releasing Kluwe. In May, Madel said the completion of the investigation could be delayed until June due to an uncooperative unnamed key witness. In August 2014, Kluwe and the Vikings settled for an undisclosed donation to organizations serving LGBT causes.

paragraph: Section::::Activism.:Pro Football Hall of Fame.

paragraph: During a December 2012 game against Chicago Bears, Kluwe covered the Pro Football Hall of Fame patch on his uniform with a post-it note with a message "Vote Ray Guy" as a protest against the Hall's 50th Anniversary celebrations due to the lack of pure punters in the Hall. Kluwe was fined $5,250 for a uniform violation by the NFL. In 2014, Guy was voted into the Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kluwe and his wife Isabel had their first daughter in July 2008, and their second in 2010. He also wrote a blog named "Out of Bounds," which appeared on the website of the "St. Paul Pioneer Press" until 2012. He quit the column in protest after the paper published an editorial in support of the Minnesota Marriage Amendment which would have amended the state constitution to ban same-sex marriage: Kluwe was not surprised at the paper's position itself, but felt that the editorial was derogatory to amendment opponents while feigning neutrality.

paragraph: Kluwe is an avid "Guitar Hero 2" player, having once made an appearance on Minnesota's 93X radio station while playing the game with Andy McNamara from "Game Informer" magazine. He is also a frequent guest on Minnesota sports station KFAN for "Video Games Weekly" on Wednesday nights. During a KFAN interview on the PA and Dubay show, he admitted he was not very good at sports games.

paragraph: Kluwe at one time immersed himself in the MMORPG "World of Warcraft", playing a troll rogue named Loate and has been a member of one of the formerly top-ranked US guilds, The Flying Hellfish, for over four years.

paragraph: Kluwe appeared in a video promoting the MOBA "League of Legends", stating that he plays the AD Carry position, and that his favorite champion to play in the game is Vayne. He described how he believes that eSports is a "burgeoning culture of actual sports," and believes it will only continue to grow into a legitimate sports scene, based on low barrier to entry, entertainment value of watching professional players, team-based engagement, and continued social acceptance.

paragraph: He has a Sniper class, hero level character named in his honor in "", an expansion to "". He won this honor after defeating Firaxis producer and designer Garth DeAngelis in a best-of-three series of online matches of "XCOM".

paragraph: Kluwe describes himself as "cheerfully agnostic." Despite stating he is "confused" by atheism, Kluwe agreed to speak at the 2014 American Atheists Convention.

paragraph: Kluwe created the unique weapon The Poet's Pen Carved Wand for the game "Path of Exile".

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Music.

paragraph: In addition to being a punter in the NFL, Kluwe is the bassist for the local Minneapolis alternative/progressive metal band, Tripping Icarus. Kluwe formed the band in 2009 with friends Andrew Reiner (guitar) and Matthew Marshall (drums), and later recruited Jesse Revel to join on lead vocals. Tripping Icarus recorded their debut EP, "The Sideshow Sessions", in the summer of 2009. A year later, they recorded their first full-length LP, "Perfect Citizen", which was slated for an early 2011 release. Their producer Andrew Lindberg was killed in a car accident May 2010. Tripping Icarus threw a memorial concert at Minneapolis’ First Avenue. When Donovan McNabb was traded to Minnesota before the 2011 season, Kluwe offered McNabb the number 5 jersey in exchange for mentioning Tripping Icarus in at least five press conferences, as well as donating $5,000 to Kluwe's charity, and an ice cream cone. McNabb didn't mention the band in five separate press conferences, but Kluwe concedes that "in his very first press conference, he mentioned it like twelve times".

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Writing.

paragraph: Kluwe has written a book, "Beautifully Unique Sparkleponies" (Little Brown & Co.), that was released on June 25, 2013. The book is a collection of essays on various topics and the book title comes from the public consumption version of Kluwe's Deadspin letter to state assembly delegate Emmett Burns. Kluwe also wrote a book with Andrew Reiner, entitled "Prime: A Genesis Series Event (Volume 1)". The book is the first in a planned science-fiction trilogy.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Tabletop gaming.

paragraph: Kluwe released his first tabletop game called "Twilight of the Gods" on August 31, 2017, published by Victory Point Games.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Raiders bio

wikidata_label: Chris Kluwe

wikipedia_title: Chris Kluwe


text: Anglican

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Bishop of St Albans

text: Birkenhead

text: Cheshire

text: Great Crosby

text: Lancashire

text: St Luke's Church, Crosby

text: Anglo-Catholic

text: St Faith

text: Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby

text: Brasenose College, Oxford

text: Second World War

text: commission

text: second lieutenant

text: Scots Guards

text: 6th Guards Tank Brigade

text: tank commander

text: Operation Overlord

text: D-Day landings

text: North West Europe Campaign

text: Victory in Europe Day

text: Military Cross

text: anti-tank gun

text: Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

text: Nazi Germany

text: Cologne

text: Free Territory of Trieste

text: first-class honours

text: Greats

text: Conservative

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: ordination

text: Westcott House, Cambridge

text: bachelor's degree

text: theology

text: Diocese of Newcastle

text: curate

text: Newcastle upon Tyne

text: Gosforth

text: Trinity Hall, Cambridge

text: Cuddesdon College

text: Church of All Saints, Cuddesdon

text: Anglo-Catholic

text: liberal Catholic

text: Bishop of St Albans

text: Michael Ramsey

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Diocese of St Albans

text: broadcasters

text: Orthodox

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Crown Appointments Commission

text: Hugh Montefiore

text: Conservative Party

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Charles, Prince of Wales

text: Lady Diana Spencer

text: Basil Hume

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Canterbury Cathedral

text: United Kingdom

text: London Weekend Television

text: Norman Tebbit

text: Faith in the City

text: disestablishment

text: Gareth Bennett

text: Terry Waite

text: Church of Rome

text: ordination of women

text: homosexuality

text: Issues in Human Sexuality

text: life peer

text: Cuddesdon

text: Oxfordshire

text: House of Lords

text: Lord Spiritual

text: St Albans

text: St Albans Cathedral

text: Rosalind

text: James Runcie

text: Humphrey Carpenter

text: Richard Chartres

text: Bishop of London

text: A Bishop Who Rocked the Boat

text: Portrait

text: National Portrait Gallery

categories: People from Crosby, Merseyside,Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award,Ordained peers,Operation Overlord people,2000 deaths,Alumni of Westcott House, Cambridge,Crossbench life peers,Archbishops of Canterbury,People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby,Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford,20th-century Anglican archbishops,Staff of Westcott House, Cambridge,English people of Scottish descent,Scots Guards officers,Churchpeople from Liverpool,Recipients of the Military Cross,Deans of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,Bishops of St Albans,1921 births,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,British Army personnel of World War II,20th-century English Anglican priests,English Anglo-Catholics,Tank personnel,Anglo-Catholic bishops,Deaths from cancer in England,Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain,Burials at St Albans Cathedral,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Robert Runcie

paragraph: Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie, Baron Runcie, (2 October 1921 – 11 July 2000) was a British Anglican bishop. He was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1980 to 1991, having previously been the Bishop of St Albans.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Runcie was born on 2 October 1921 in Birkenhead, Cheshire, and spent his early life in Great Crosby, Lancashire, to middle-class and rather non-religious parents. He initially attended St Luke's Church, Crosby (where he was confirmed in 1936), before switching to the Anglo-Catholic St Faith's Church about a mile down the road. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby, before going up to Brasenose College, Oxford.

paragraph: During the Second World War he earned a commission as a second lieutenant in the Scots Guards on 21 November 1942, and was given the service number of 251985. He served with the regiment's 3rd (Tank) Battalion, then part of the 6th Guards Tank Brigade, as a tank commander, with which he landed in Normandy as part of Operation Overlord in July 1944, a few weeks after the D-Day landings on 6 June, and fought with the battalion throughout the entire North West Europe Campaign until Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) in May 1945. Towards the end of the war, he earned the Military Cross (MC) for two feats of bravery in March 1945: he rescued one of his men from a crippled tank under heavy enemy fire, and the next day took his own tank into an exceptionally exposed position in order to knock out three anti-tank guns. As a result, he is unique among modern Archbishops of Canterbury, in having killed fellow human beings. In May 1945, he was among the first British soldiers to enter the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

paragraph: After the surrender of Nazi Germany, Runcie served with the occupying forces in Cologne and then with the boundary commission dealing with the future status of the Free Territory of Trieste.

paragraph: On his return to Oxford, he surprised many by taking first-class honours in Greats. He was a member of both Conservative and socialist societies at Oxford, and through that he had his first dealings with the young Margaret Thatcher (then Margaret Roberts), a relationship which was to prove pivotal during his archiepiscopate.

paragraph: Section::::Ordained ministry.

paragraph: Runcie studied for ordination at Westcott House, Cambridge, where he received a diploma, rather than a second bachelor's degree in theology. He was ordained in the Diocese of Newcastle in 1950 to serve as a curate in the parish of All Saints in the wealthy Newcastle upon Tyne suburb of Gosforth, then a rapidly growing suburban area. Rather than the conventional minimum three-year curacy, after only two years Runcie was invited to return to Westcott House as Chaplain and, later, Vice-Principal. In 1956 he was Dean of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he would meet his future wife, Rosalind, the daughter of the college bursar.

paragraph: In 1960, he returned to the world of the theological college, becoming Principal of Cuddesdon College, near Oxford, and vicar of the local parish church (Church of All Saints, Cuddesdon). He spent ten years and transformed what had been a rather monastic and traditionally Anglo-Catholic institution into a stronghold of the liberal Catholic wing of the Church of England. In this period, his name became more and more strongly spoken of as a future bishop, and speculation was confirmed when he was appointed Bishop of St Albans in 1970. He was duly consecrated a bishop on 24 February 1970, by Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey.

paragraph: Like Gosforth in the 1950s, the Diocese of St Albans was a booming suburban area, popular with families moving out of a depopulating London. As well as diocesan work, he worked with broadcasters as Chairman of the Central Religious Advisory Committee, and was appointed Chairman of the joint Anglican–Orthodox Commission.

paragraph: Section::::Ordained ministry.:Archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: Runcie was selected as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1979. There is evidence that Runcie was the second choice of the Crown Appointments Commission, the first choice, Hugh Montefiore, having proven politically unacceptable to the then newly elected Conservative government. He was installed as archbishop on 25 March 1980.

paragraph: During his time as Archbishop of Canterbury he witnessed a breaking down of traditionally convivial relations between the Conservative Party and the Church of England, which was habitually described as "the Tory party at prayer". The breakdown was due mainly to the church's pronouncements on political matters and Margaret Thatcher's support for the ethos of individualism and wealth creation as well as her claim that "there is no such thing as society", which some Anglicans thought was uncaring and anti-Christian.

paragraph: In 1981, Runcie officiated at the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales, to Lady Diana Spencer, despite suspecting privately that they were ill-suited and that their marriage would not last.

paragraph: On 11 March 1982, Runcie attempted to give a speech in St Nicholas's Parish Church in Liverpool but was shouted at by people upset about the Pope's prospective visit to Britain. They shouted that Runcie was a traitor, a liar and was a traitor to the Church of England. After interruptions of the service, Runcie asked the congregation to heed chapter five of St Matthew's Gospel (the Sermon on the Mount), telling them "For they are the words of Jesus himself". The crowd replied: "You had better read your Bible yourself. You are a traitor and a Judas." Outside, demonstrators held placards with the inscriptions "Rome Rules Runcie", "Our Faith Our Bible", "Revive Reformation", "Calvary not Popery" and "Jesus What More". Afterwards, Runcie said: "I am trying my best to find forgiveness for them, but it is very upsetting." Cardinal Basil Hume called the demonstration "particularly abhorrent and a scandal".

paragraph: On 17 March 1982, Runcie gave a speech to the National Society for the Promotion of Christianity in which he said that Christianity should play a crucial part in the religious education of all pupils, even if they were non-Christian: "While recognising that a truly pluralistic society should not merely tolerate diversity but value and nurture it, I must also express the fear that at times we seem tempted to sacrifice too much of our native Christian tradition on the altar of multi-culturalism."

paragraph: In a gesture of goodwill, he knelt in prayer with Pope John Paul II in Canterbury Cathedral during John Paul's visit to the United Kingdom in 1982.

paragraph: On 18 April 1982, Runcie said in an interview with London Weekend Television that he hoped the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church would be unified by the year 2000: "I dream of unity with Rome, and with the great Reform tradition and with the orthodox, by the end of the century, but we will have to get a move on, certainly, if that is our target. I don't see why we should not have that target." Runcie said of the office of Pope: "There is advantage in having a central focus of affection, even a central spokesman to articulate what the churches in different parts of the world are thinking. I think Anglicans recognise that there is value in that sort of concept". He also played down the Queen's role as Supreme Governor of the Church of England:

paragraph: In 1985, there was friction between the Church of England and members of the Conservative government, in particular Norman Tebbit, over a church report, "Faith in the City", which criticised the government's handling of social problems in British inner-city areas. Tebbit became a strong supporter of the disestablishment of the Church of England, claiming that institutions affiliated to the British state should not express what he saw as overtly partisan political views.

paragraph: Much of the middle period of Runcie's archiepiscopate was taken up with the tribulations of two men who had been close to him: the suicide of Gareth Bennett and the kidnapping of Terry Waite.

paragraph: When Runcie visited Pope John Paul II in 1989, he set out to reconcile the Church of England with the Church of Rome. Runcie advocated the Papacy as having a "primacy of honour" rather than "primacy of jurisdiction" over the Anglican churches, a proposal consistent with the report of the Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission. The Pope did not go along with this, however, claiming that the Papacy already has primacy of jurisdiction over all other churches regardless of whether or not this is officially recognised and also that the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church would not change to accommodate Runcie's proposals.

paragraph: In internal Anglican matters, much of Runcie's time as archbishop was taken up with the debate over whether to proceed with the ordination of women in the Church of England as well as the fallout from the ordination of women as priests and bishops in other parts of the Anglican Communion. Runcie's position on the matter had been described as "nailing his colours firmly to the fence" – his liberal theology conflicting with his instinctive conservatism.

paragraph: The church's attitude to homosexuality was also a divisive issue during this period, although it did not assume the crisis proportions it would in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In public Runcie stuck to official Church of England policy as set out in the publication "Issues in Human Sexuality", that homosexual practice was not ideal for lay people and unacceptable for clergy.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: Runcie retired as Archbishop of Canterbury effective 31 January 1991. On 1 February, he was created a life peer – gazetted on 7 February as Baron Runcie, "of Cuddesdon in the County of Oxfordshire" – enabling him to immediately re-enter the House of Lords where he had previously sat as a Lord Spiritual. He died of cancer in St Albans in 2000, and is buried in the grounds of St Albans Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Runcie's wife, Rosalind, whom he married on 5 September 1957, was well known as a pianist. They had two children: James Runcie, a novelist, and Rebecca Runcie, as well as four grandchildren: Rosie, Charlotte, Matthew and Edward. Rosalind Runcie died on 12 January 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Quotation.

paragraph: In the postscript of Humphrey Carpenter's biography:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Chartres, Bishop of London from 1995 to 2017, who was Runcie's chaplain in the 1970s and 1980s at both St Albans and subsequently Canterbury.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Bishop Who Rocked the Boat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archbishop Runcie's papers at Lambeth Palace Library

alias:
Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie
Robert A. K. Runcie
Robert Alexander Runcie
Robert Kennedy Runcie
Robert A. Kennedy Runcie
Robert Alexander K. Runcie

description: Archbishop of Canterbury

wikidata_label: Robert Runcie

wikipedia_title: Robert Runcie