text:
Dalmatia
Western Roman Empire
pagan
soothsayer
Sallustius
Valentinian III
Flavius Aëtius
Majorian
Anthemius
Eastern Roman Empire
Aegidius
Julius Nepos
Sicily
Vandals
magister militum
Vandal Africa
Spain
Ricimer
Huns
Leo I
Libius Severus
Anthemius
patrician
magister peditum
Africa
Sardinia
Basiliscus
Egypt
Tripolitana
Battle of Cape Bon
Hunnic Empire
Sava River
lead
iron
Avitus
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire

categories: Western Roman Empire,Magistri militum,Ancient Roman murder victims,Year of birth unknown,468 deaths,Patricii,Ancient Roman generals,Roman Dalmatia,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Marcellinus (magister militum)

paragraph: Marcellinus (died August 468) was a Roman general and patrician who ruled over the region of Dalmatia in the Western Roman Empire and held sway with the army there from 454 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Origins.

paragraph: Marcellinus was said to have been of good birth and character and who had a good education, he was also a devout pagan, and is alleged to have been a skilled soothsayer. He was also a patron of culture and a friend of the philosopher Sallustius.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Marcellinus in his early life; records first mention his name in 454 when he rebelled against Western Emperor Valentinian III following his murder and assassination of Flavius Aëtius who was his friend. He was in Dalmatia at the time and it is believed to have held the title of "Comes rei militaris". He was powerful enough to seize control of Dalmatia for himself and was presumably able to do this because he was commander of the troops there. He appears to have remained ruler of Dalmatia down to 468 and to have preserved his independence except for briefly accepting the authority of the Emperors Majorian and Anthemius. Sources claim he ruled justly and well and kept Dalmatia independent of the emperor and of barbarian rulers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Military career.

paragraph: During the dying days of the western half of the empire there remained four main players which participated in the power games revolving around the throne; the Eastern Roman Empire as one continued to play a significant political role as did the western Roman military which made up the other three. The Gallic army was prominent, especially under Aegidius in the 460's, the Italian army was the main influence for Ricimer, and the forces of Dalmatia gave a solid base of power and support between 450 and 480 for Marcellinus and later his nephew Western Emperor Julius Nepos

paragraph: When Majorian took the throne in December 457 Marcellinus pledged his allegiance to the new emperor and was soon sent to guard Sicily against the Vandals; perhaps at this time he held the title of "magister militum". Marcellinus was to take part in a joint attack of Vandal Africa, with him coming from Sicily and Majorian invading from Spain, but before Majorian could begin his campaign the Vandals inflicted a severe defeat on the attack fleet and a year later in 461 the emperor was murdered by Ricimer, who soon after tried to bribe Marcellinus' troops who were mostly Huns, attempting to reduce the generals power. This forced Marcellinus to leave Sicily and return to Dalmatia where he would work closely with the Eastern Emperor Leo I. In 464 or 465 Marcellinus returned to Sicily to defend the island against the Vandals, this action posed a direct threat to the personal power and prestige of Ricimer who had already appealed to Leo to prevent Marcellinus from acting against him militarily. Leo recognized Marcellinus as magister militum but not by Ricimer and his new puppet emperor Libius Severus in the West. His title seems to have changed around this time to that of "magister militum Dalmatiae" though it is not for certain, only that his nephew who took over for him after held this title. During this time his power seems to have grown and it was possible he could attack Italy, but at the request of the Italians, the eastern court sent an envoy to him and he agreed not to attack.

paragraph: In the spring of 467 he was one of the "comites" who accompanied the new emperor of the West, Anthemius, to Italy with a large army. In 468 we see him with the title of patrician which was given to him by Anthemius. Some explaining needs to be said here, since at this time Ricimer still held the titles "magister utriusque militum" and patrician, and it appears Atheminus wished for Marcellinus to have the similar power held by Ricimer in order to be a counterbalance to him. In the East, it was established practice for both "magistri militum praesentales" to be equal but in the West it had become common for one magister, (usually the "magister peditum"), to be superior over the other and so this may have been an attempt by Anthemius to introduce the eastern structure and rule like an eastern emperor using the successful and trustworthy Marcellinus as his second commander.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: In 468, Leo organized a grand campaign against the Vandals in Africa in which the East and West would commit substantial forces. Marcellinus was given command of the forces from the western empire and the campaign was to be a three-pronged assault. Marcellinus by this time had expelled the Vandals from Sicily and had also retaken Sardinia and was to be taken by fleet to Africa. Basiliscus, Leo's brother-in-law, with the main army in an armada of over 1,000 ships would land at a distance from Carthage and link up with the "comes rei militis Heraclius" advancing from Egypt and Tripolitana. Marcellinus was supposed to have a command of some 10,000 to 20,000 troops. Marcellinus never sailed for Africa, perhaps due to Ricimer's veto; either he would not spare so many troops to become bogged in a campaign in Africa hoping the East would do the job for him, or he resented the military capabilities of Marcellinus who was obviously the favorite of Anthemius. Regardless of the reason, Marcellinus, not able to participate in the campaign and Basiliscus blundering in the Battle of Cape Bon, assured that the operation would result in failure and the West lost its only chance to regain Africa from the Vandals and possibly stave off its demise.

paragraph: Marcellinus was murdered in Sicily that same year, possibly by Ricimer's order. After his death, his nephew, Julius Nepos inherited his uncle's control over Dalmatia and was recorded as having the title "magister militum Dalmatiae". Dalmatia would serve Julius Nepos in the same fashion as it had Marcellinus and due to the prestige and ability of Julius Nepos, the Eastern Emperor Leo I would push for him to be the new Western Emperor in 474.

paragraph: Section::::Source of power.

paragraph: A topic of much debate concerns Marcellinus' source of power, mainly the forces under his command. This aspect becomes important in understanding his role as a player in the political and military theater of the Western Empire. A noteworthy comment on his army is that his troops were said to have always been well-equipped; to say that in an age when the armies in the west were declining this becomes especially important.

paragraph: As the "comes rei militaris Dalmatiae" Marcellinus had a substantial fleet at his disposal which was based at Salona, and which would become of great importance in his career. From giving him the necessary means to threaten Italy with invasion, his ability to invade and secure Sicily on two occasions and from whence he accompanied Anthemius with an army from the East as well as forces of his own to install Anthemius as Emperor.

paragraph: As for his land forces, we know for certain he had Hunnic troops. But it is not clear if these were federate forces or mercenaries. Regardless of which one they are, it not surprising he had Huns in his army since break up of the Hunnic Empire came in 454. He also had manpower to draw on from north of the Sava River and from traditional recruiting grounds in the Dalmatian interior. Perhaps most important of all, and the source of the "well-equipped" phrase is that Marcellinus had within his region the Imperial arms factory of Dalmatia and a naval arsenal at Salona and access to mining resources of lead in Domavia and iron in the Sava Valley. Due to the geography of Dalmatia which deterred approach from land (for the coastal cities), and his control of the Adriatic Marcellinus was quite unassailable which allowed him to become very active in major areas of the West.

paragraph: Section::::"Coniuratio Marcellana".

paragraph: Marcellinus may have been the individual of topic in the so-called "coniuratio Marcellana" in 457; this may have been a movement in Gaul after the death of Avitus in late 456/early 457 to put Marcellinus on the throne. Nothing; however, suggests that he himself favored the idea.

paragraph: There is controversy in the academic world though as to who is really the topic of the machinations of the Gallo-Romano Aristocracy after the death of Avitus who was of Gallic origin and from amongst their own ranks. Many scholars old and new have either read the name of the event "Marcellini", "Marcelliniana" instead of "Marcellana". This does not make much sense to place Marcellinus as the person in question for this action of the Gallic aristocracy since he is not Gallic and most likely comes from a wealthy Dalmatian family. The assumption to place Marcellinus as the person being spoken of has only led others to assume then that he is Gallic in origin when there is absolutely no evidence to support this. Mathisen has shown that Marcellinus cannot be the person in question and that Apollinaris Sidonius was speaking of a Marcellus, who was a Gallic aristocrat. He demonstrates why Marcellinus cannot logically be the person in question by comparing other names written by the same author and showing that Sidonius using the same style in writing the names thus giving the support it is Marcellus not Marcellinus he speaks of.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Martindale, John R. Morris "PLRE" II, (Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Vol. II A.D. 395-527)

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Flynn, John Michael. "Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Williams and Gerard Friell, "The Rome That Did Not Fall: The survival of the East in the fifth century."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, A.H.M., "The Later Roman Empire 284-602 Vol. I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacGeorge, Penny, "Late Roman Warlords". Oxford 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bury, J. B. "History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian". Vol. I. 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wozniak, Frank E. "East Rome, Ravenna and Western Illyricum", "Historia" 30, (1981) pp. 351–382.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathisen, R. W. "Resistance and Reconciliation; Majorian and the Gallic Aristocracy After the Fall of Avitus", "Francia" 7 pp. 597–627.

description: Roman general (5th c.)

wikidata_label: Marcellinus

wikipedia_title: Marcellinus (magister militum)


text:
American
drummer
percussionist
CAKE
Sean Lennon
Primus
Les Claypool
Les Claypool's Fancy Band
Deadweight
Eric McFadden
world music
alternative rock
CAKE
No Phone
Carbon Monoxide
Pressure Chief
Showroom of Compassion
Ludwig drums
The Claypool Lennon Delirium
Lime and Limpid Green
Cake
Showroom of Compassion
Eric McFadden
Les Claypool's Fancy Band
Fancy
Eric McFadden Trio
Pressure Chief
Deadweight
Stroking the Moon
Paulo Baldi's Official Site

categories: Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade members,American percussionists,American rock drummers,Cake (band) members,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Paulo Baldi

paragraph: Paulo Baldi is an American drummer and percussionist best known as a former member of the band CAKE. Baldi currently plays with 'The Claypool Lennon Delirium' consisting of Sean Lennon and Primus' Les Claypool. Other bands Baldi has worked with include Les Claypool's Fancy Band, Deadweight, The Faraway Brothers, The Eric McFadden Trio and world music artist Ali Khan.

paragraph: Section::::CAKE.

paragraph: In 2004, Baldi drummed on two songs for the alternative rock band CAKE, "No Phone" and "Carbon Monoxide," both of which appeared on the band's fifth studio album, "Pressure Chief". Baldi formally joined shortly after and drummed on their B-Sides and Rarities album as well as 2011's "Showroom of Compassion". Baldi left the band in Fall 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Baldi endorses Ludwig drums, Evans drumheads, Istanbul Agop cymbals, and Promark drumsticks.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Claypool Lennon Delirium – "Lime and Limpid Green" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cake – "Showroom of Compassion" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric McFadden Trio – "Delicate Thing" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Claypool's Fancy Band – "Fancy" (DVD 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric McFadden Trio – "Joy of Suffering" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cake – "Pressure Chief" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deadweight – "Stroking the Moon" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alien Lovestock – "Planet of the Fish" (2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lumin – "Hadra" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deadweight – "Half Wit Anthems" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali Kahn – "Taswir" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- EM Experience – "Our Revels Now Are Ended" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faraway Brothers – "Start the Engine..." (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liar – "Gone Too Far" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alien Lovestock – "We Are Prepared To Offer You" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liar – "Devil Dog Road" (1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paulo Baldi's Official Site

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Paulo Baldi

wikipedia_title: Paulo Baldi


text:
Ceylon
artist
entomologist
lepidoptera
Ceylon
Haramanis de Alwis Seneviratne
botanical illustrator
Botanical Gardens
Kalutara
Peradeniya
George Thwaites
Botanical Garden
W H Gregory
Governor of Ceylon
George Morrison Reid Henry
L G O Woodhouse
Natural History Museum
"A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon"

categories: 19th-century Sri Lankan painters,Lepidopterists,1916 deaths,1842 births,Sri Lankan illustrators,Sinhalese academics,20th-century Sri Lankan painters,Sri Lankan entomologists,Botanical illustrators

paragraph: William de Alwis

paragraph: William de Alwis (1842–1916) was a Ceylonese artist and entomologist. With his brother George (dates unknown), William made a lasting contribution to the knowledge of the lepidoptera, (butterflies and moths) of Ceylon.

paragraph: The brothers' father, Haramanis de Alwis Seneviratne (1792–1894) was a botanical illustrator who worked at the Botanical Gardens in Ceylon at Kalutara between 1818–1822 and Peradeniya from 1822–1861. He illustrated over 2,000 plants. William was appointed to succeed him to continue the work as a botanical artist.

paragraph: George Thwaites, the Director of the Botanical Garden at Peradeniya between 1849 and 1879, who was impressed by the de Alwis brothers' botanical drawings, recommended to W H Gregory, the Governor of Ceylon, that they should draw from nature the butterflies and moths of Ceylon. Thwaites supervised the drawings, many of which were illustrations of specimens that he had collected himself. The drawings were accurate and later used by a number of authors publishing on the lepidoptera of Ceylon, notably by George Morrison Reid Henry and L G O Woodhouse. The De Alwis drawings are in the Natural History Museum, London.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon". Henry Trimen. London: Dulau, 1893-1931.

alias:
W de Alwis
Wm de Alwis
W. de Alwis

description: Sri Lankan artist and entomologist

wikidata_label: William de Alwis

wikipedia_title: William de Alwis


text:
Chanyu
Xiongnu Empire
Xulihu
Emperor Wu of Han
Shuofang
Su Wu
Li Guangli
Tian Shan
Li Ling
Lu Bode
Gongsun Ao
Hulugu Chanyu

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Chanyus,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Qiedihou

paragraph: Qiedihou (; r. 101–96 BCE), whose name was probably Qiedi, was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, and the successor to Xulihu. Reigned during the reign of the Han emperor Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC). he was the younger brother of Xulihu, who died after just one-year reign during a campaign against a newly built Chinese fort Shuofang in Ordos.

paragraph: Qiedihou reigned during one of the most aggressive periods in Chinese history, and one of the many troubled periods in Xiongnu history. In 101 BCE Qiedihou, wishing to establish relations with the Han, said immediately after accession to the throne: “I am a child. How can I view the Han Emperor as an enemy when I have a venerable old man in front of me?” He returned to the Han all detained ambassadors.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Qiedihou succeeded his brother Xulihu in 101 BC. In 101 BC, the Xiongnu raided Dingxiang, Yunzhong, Zhangye, and Jiuquan.

paragraph: Considering Qiedihou favorable for China, the Han Emperor decided to get his old goal, persuading chanyu to submit to China. The difficult economic situation in China, created by long struggle with the eastern, western, and southern neighbors, prompted Emperor Wu to try to settle relations with the Xiongnu through peaceful negotiations. In 101 BC an embassy headed by Su Wu left for the Xiongnu loaded with rich gifts. However, contrary to Chinese expectations, Qiedihou was very arrogant, and the question of allegiance was not even raised. In addition, a Su Wu deputy, a man called Zhang Sheng (張勝), established links with Chinese prisoners and conspired with them to revolt, kidnap Shanyu's mother, assassinate Shanyu's half-Chinese advisor Wei Lü (衛律), and flee home. Zhang Sheng also tried to bribe the Chanyu's Prince of Gou (緱王) and Yu Chang (虞常). The plot was uncovered, and one of its leaders pointed to Zhang Sheng. A furious chanyu executed conspirators, and urged the members of the embassy to admit their guilt and switch to the side of the Xiongnu. When Su Wu refused to betray his country, he was sent to Lake Baikal, where he spend 19 years before he could return.

paragraph: In the summer of 99 BC, Li Guangli and three other generals led a force of 35,000 against the Xiongnu in the Tian Shan range. Initially successful, Li Guangli defeated the Wise King (Tuqi) of the Right and killed some 10,000 Xiongnu, but was surrounded on the way back and had to fortify. They sortied out and managed to drive back the Xiongnu before making a run for it. The Xiongnu gave chase and dealt heavy casualties on the Han army. Li Guangli only returned with 40% of his forces. Li Ling and Lu Bode had been left further back earlier as a rear guard, but Lu Bode objected to serving under Li Ling and left. Li Ling decided to advance by himself with only 5,000 infantry, confident that his force of crossbowmen would be able to handle any force they encountered. He was confronted with a force of 30,000 Xiongnu and had to fortify behind a wagon laager between two hills. The Xiongnu made repeated charges on his position, but failed to overcome Li Ling's crossbow and shield/spear formation, suffering heavy casualties. When Li Ling's forces made a break for it, the Xiongnu chased after them, harassing them until nightfall. Only 400 men made it back and Li Ling was himself captured.

paragraph: In the spring of 97 BC, Li Guangli and two other generals led a force of over 160,000 against the Xiongnu. Li's forces were supposedly routed by only 10,000 Xiongnu and fought a running battle for ten days. Gongsun Ao fought an inconclusive battle with the Wise King (Tuqi) of the Left. Han Yue failed to encounter any Xiongnu.

paragraph: Qiedihou had two sons; the elder was the Wise King (Tuqi) of the Left. Before his death Qiedihou bequeathed him the throne under the name of Hulugu Chanyu (rightful Lateral Succession). The next news in the annals was about Hulugu Shanuy.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bichurin N.Ya., ""Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taskin B.S., ""Materials on Sünnu history"", Science, Moscow, 1968, p. 31 (In Russian)

wikidata_label: Qiedihou

wikipedia_title: Qiedihou


text:
neoclassicist
Les Six
Ravel
Stravinsky
Prix de Rome
Joan of Arc
Lili Boulanger
Marguerite Canal
Jeanne Leleu
Orchestre de l’Opéra
Conservatoire de Paris
Paul Dukas
Yvonne Desportes
Maurice Duruflé
Claude Arrieu
Olivier Messiaen
Heinrich Heine
Paul Éluard
World War II
French Resistance
Front National des Musiciens
Le Chant du Monde
Ministry of Culture
Debussy
timbre
tonal
organ
gongs
xylorimba
serialism
"Tibetan Book of the Dead"
La Jeune France
André Jolivet
Daniel-Lesur
book
Colette
René Dumesnil
German Occupation
Roger Désormière
Louis Durey

categories: 20th-century classical composers,20th-century French composers,1999 deaths,Prix de Rome for composition,1910 births,Conservatoire de Paris alumni,20th-century women musicians,Academics of the Conservatoire de Paris,French classical composers,Musicians from Paris,Female classical composers

paragraph: Elsa Barraine

paragraph: Elsa Jacqueline Barraine (13 February 1910 in Paris – 20 March 1999 in Strasbourg) was a composer of French music in the time after the neoclassicist movement of Les Six, Ravel, and Stravinsky. Despite being considered “one of the outstanding French composers of the mid-20th century,” Barraine’s music is seldom performed today. She won the Prix de Rome in 1929 for "La vierge guerrière", a sacred trilogy named for Joan of Arc, and was the fourth woman ever to receive that prestigious award (after Lili Boulanger in 1913, Marguerite Canal in 1920, and Jeanne Leleu in 1923).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Paris to Alfred Barraine, the principal cellist of the Orchestre de l’Opéra, and Mme. Barraine, Elsa Barraine began studying piano at a young age. She attended the Conservatoire de Paris and studied composition with Paul Dukas, whose impressive list of students includes Yvonne Desportes, Maurice Duruflé, Claude Arrieu, and Olivier Messiaen. Barraine and Messiaen were good friends throughout their lives and kept in frequent contact. A talented pupil, Barraine won First Prize in harmony at the Conservatoire at age fifteen (1925) and then in fugue and accompaniment when she was seventeen (1927). In 1929 she won the Prix de Rome for her cantata "La vierge guerrière", making her the fourth female winner since the competition began in 1803. Her piece "Harald Harfagard" (1930), symphonic variations based on the poetry of Heinrich Heine, was the first composition of Barraine’s to gain public recognition. This was her first work of many to take inspiration from literature, such as the later "Avis" (1944) and "L’homme sur terre" (1949), both based on Paul Éluard texts.

paragraph: Barraine worked at the French National Radio from 1936 to 1940 as a pianist, sound recordist, and the head of singing, then after World War II as a sound mixer. During the war, Barraine was heavily involved in the French Resistance and was a member of the Front National des Musiciens. Between 1944 and 1947 she held the position of Recording Director at the well-established record label Le Chant du Monde. In 1953 Barraine was appointed to the faculty at the Paris Conservatoire, where she taught analysis and sight-reading until 1972. It was then that the Ministry of Culture named her Director of Music, giving her charge of all French national lyric theaters.

paragraph: Section::::Compositional style.

paragraph: According to James Briscoe in his New Historical Anthology of Music by Women, “The music of Elsa Barraine wins over its listeners by a contrapuntal independence of line, virtuosity, and expressive intensity through motivic and rhythmic drive.” It should also be noted that through her time studying with Dukas and the musical influence of Debussy, Barraine developed a keen and effective sense of instrumental timbre and color. She embraced classic forms while making them her own, and used an entirely tonal harmonic language with one notable exception. Her chamber work "Musique rituelle" (1967) for organ, gongs, and xylorimba features serialism and is inspired by the "Tibetan Book of the Dead".

paragraph: The authors of "The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers" observe the following:

paragraph: In all of Elsa Barraine’s works there is an ardent focus on the human condition. Like her contemporaries who formed La Jeune France, André Jolivet, Olivier Messiaen, Daniel-Lesur, and Yves Baudrier, she strove to reintroduce humanism to composition, an art becoming increasingly more abstract. While some of her pieces address specific social and political issues, others explore a particular emotion or psychological state. Examples of the former include "Claudine à l’école" (1950), her ballet based on a book by Colette which explores women’s sexuality, and her anti-fascist symphonic poem "Pogromes" (1933). An example of the latter is Barraine’s programmatic woodwind quintet "Ouvrage de Dame" (1931 - Ed. A.J.Andraud, 1939). The quintet has eight movements, the Theme and seven Variations which are named after fictional women with different personality types ("Angélique ; Berthe, aux sonorités dures ; Irène, sinueuse ; Barbe, fugato burlesque ; Sarah ; Isabeau de Bavière, avec son chapeau conique et son voile flottant ; Léocadie, vieille fille sentimentale du temps jadis"). She makes clear the differences in temperament of the seven women with her talent for characterization and skillful use of timbre. Once again in the words of James Briscoe, “Her contribution to music is significant, and Elsa Barraine is a major force awaiting full discovery by performers and critics.”

paragraph: Section::::Social and political issues.

paragraph: Section::::Social and political issues.:Criticism and sexism.

paragraph: Despite winning numerous prestigious awards, Elsa Barraine dealt with sexist attitudes in her professional career. Karin Pendle cites music critic René Dumesnil as an unfortunately common offender: “Like others of his time (and even today), Dumesnil voiced a kind of grudging respect for many of these composers as long as they were content to remain feminine in their music.” Dumesnil once described Barraine’s fellow Prix de Rome prizewinner Jeanne Leleu as having “a vigor that one rarely encounters in works by women.” As for Barraine, he referred to her as “the writer of prettily orchestrated melodies.”

paragraph: Section::::Social and political issues.:Involvement in the French Resistance.

paragraph: Elsa Barraine was an active member of the Front National des Musiciens, an organization of musicians involved in the French Resistance during the German Occupation between 1940 and 1944. The main goals of the organization were listed in their journal, "Musiciens d’Aujourd’hui", and were to organize concerts of new and banned French music, to support Jewish musicians by providing shelter or money, to arrange anti-German and anti-Collaborationist protests, and to engage in any and all forms of musical rebellion. The "résistant" French conductor Roger Désormière, Les Six member Louis Durey, and Barraine together released a “manifesto for ‘the defence of French music’ and against any collaboration with the Nazis.” Her heavy involvement in the Resistance was particularly brave, considering the fact that she seems to have had a Jewish background.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cited sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Briscoe, James R. "New Historical Anthology of Music by Women". Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Germain-David, Pierrette. “Une compositrices, actrice du XXème siècle, Elsa Barraine (1910-1999).” Association Femmes et Musique, Paris. http://www.femmesetmusique.com/actualite.html (accessed Nov. 9, 2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grove Music Online", S.v. “Barraine, Elsa,” by Françoise Andrieux and James R. Briscoe. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/02102 (accessed Nov. 9, 2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pendle, Karin. "Women and Music". 2nd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadie, Julie Anne, and Rhian Samuel. "The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers". New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simeone, Nigel. “Making Music in Occupied Paris.” "The Musical Times" 147, no. 1894 (Spring 2006), https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434357 (accessed Nov. 9, 2012).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Additional sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bourin, Odile, and Pierrette Germain-David. "Elsa Barraine (1910-1999): une compositrice au XXe siècle". Sampzon: Editions Delatour France, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moulder, Earline. “Jewish Themes in Elsa Barraine’s Second Prelude and Fugue for Organ.” "Women of Note Quarterly: The Magazine of Historical and Contemporary Women Composers" 3, no. 3 (Aug. 1995): 22-29, 31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moulder, Earline. “Rediscovering the Organ Works of Elsa Barraine.” "Women of Note Quarterly: The Magazine of Historical and Contemporary Women Composers" 3, no. 2 (May 1995): 21-29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ripley, Colette S. “Organ Music by French Women Composers.” "American Organist Magazine" 28 (Nov. 1994): 56-61.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works list from "Grove Music Online"

paragraph: BULLET::::- YouTube recording of "Symphony No. 2", performed by the ORTF Symphony Orchestra conducted by Manuel Rosenthal

description: French composer (b. 1910)

wikidata_label: Elsa Barraine

wikipedia_title: Elsa Barraine


text: Greek

text: Gradešnica

text: Ottoman Empire

text: North Macedonia

text: Bitola

text: elected in 1908

text: kaza

text: Ottoman Chamber of Deputies

text: Young Turk Revolution

text: Monastir Vilayet

text: 1912 elections

text: Members of the Meclis-I Mebusan, 1912

categories: People from Novaci Municipality,Politicians of the Ottoman Empire,Greek politicians,1874 births

paragraph: Traianos Nallis

paragraph: Traianos Nallis (, ) was an important Greek notable and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nallis was born in 1874 in Gradešnica, then in the Ottoman Empire (now in North Macedonia). He grew up in Monastir (now Bitola), where his family had moved for security. His brother Stavros was one of the three founders of the "Interior Organization of Monastir" in 1904. Nallis was a notable of the Greek community and was elected in 1908 as a representative of the Greek community of the kaza of Monastir to the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies following the Young Turk Revolution. His election was a tremendous success for the local Greeks, as the election period was characterized by unprecedented violence as the Young Turks were trying to make as many Greeks as they could not to vote. Traianos Nallis was one of the three Greek deputies who were elected in the Monastir Vilayet and re-elected in the 1912 elections.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Θέματα Ελληνικής Ιστορίας, Η Νεοτουρκική Επανάσταση, ο τερματισμός του Μακεδονικού Αγώνα και οι πρώτες εκλογές στην Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία

paragraph: BULLET::::- Γεώργιος Γκλιάτης, Η Ελλάδα 100 χρόνια πριν

paragraph: BULLET::::- Κωσταραζινό, Ο Μακεδονικός Αγώνας (μέρος 3ο): Η ένοπλη φάση (1904-1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aykut Kansu, The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey, publications Brill, 1955, p. 228, 250

paragraph: BULLET::::- Members of the Meclis-I Mebusan, 1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- "μηνιαία Εφημερίδα Άργους Ορεστικού:" Ορεστίς, April 2012, στήλη: "Πριν από 100 χρόνια, Απρίλιος 1912," p. 4

description: Greek politician

wikidata_label: Traianos Nallis

wikipedia_title: Traianos Nallis


text:
Sengoku period
Katakura Kagetsuna
wet nurse
Date Masamune
Katakura clan
Date Terumune
Tōhoku region
Date Masamune
Mogami clan
Date clan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Kyoto
Megohime
Toyotomi clan
Siege of Odawara
Shiroishi Castle
Shiroishi City
Date Tadamune

wikipedia_title:
Sengoku period
Katakura Kagetsuna
Wet nurse
Date Masamune
Katakura clan
Date Terumune
Tōhoku region
Date Masamune
Mogami clan
Date clan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Kyoto
Megohime
Toyotomi clan
Siege of Odawara (1590)
Shiroishi Castle
Shiroishi, Miyagi
Date Tadamune

categories: People of Sengoku-period Japan,Samurai,1610 deaths,Katakura clan,Japanese women in warfare,1538 births,16th-century Japanese women,Women of medieval Japan,17th-century Japanese women,16th-century Japanese people,Women in 16th-century warfare

paragraph: Katakura Kita

paragraph: Katakura Kita (片倉喜多, 1538 - July, 1610) was a Japanese woman from the Sengoku period. She was the daughter of Oniniwa Yoshinao and Lady Naoko. She was the half-sister of Katakura Kagetsuna and Oniniwa Tsunamoto. Katakura Kita had knowledge in several areas, she was strategic and had great fighting skills. She was the wet nurse of Date Masamune and mentor of Kagetsuna and Masamune.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Katakura Kita came from the Oniniwa and Katakura clan, who served local lord Date Terumune in Tōhoku region (northern Japan). When Naoko gave birth to her, her father's concubine gave birth to a boy (Oniniwa Tsunamoto). The concubine becomes the official wife of Oniniwa Yoshinao and Naoko was divorced. After that, Naoko took Kita again with Katakura Kagenaga, and in 1557 she gave birth to Kita's half-brother, Katakura Kagetsuna.

paragraph: Because of the turbulent circumstances of Kita's life, she was very interested in, and had an aptitude for, both martial arts and military skills. She became the teacher of her younger half-brother, Katakura Kagetsuna, who would succeed the leadership of the Katakura clan later. After the birth of Date Masamune, Date Terumune offered to Kita to be the wet nurse and mentor of Masamune. Yoshihime (Masamune's biological mother) did not want to take care of her own son, it is said that she tried to assassinate him for the political interests of her family, the Mogami clan. However, since Kita was single, she was really a caretaker for children, she had a strong influence on personality formation and Masamune's success

paragraph: Katakura Kita was present in many of the political matters of the clan Katakura and Date clan. She who was the main supporter for Date Masamune succeed the clan's leadership. Yoshihime was against Masamune's succession and gave preference to her other son. This crisis in the Date family ended with Yoshihime's exile and the death of Masamune's brother.

paragraph: In 1584, Masamune succeded the leadership of the Date clan. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered all his vassals to send their families to the Kyoto palace as hostages, Kita went with Megohime (Masamune's wife). Hideyoshi was impressed by Kita's intelligence and cunning. He called Kita as "Shonagon" (title that refers to one of the emperor's high councilors).

paragraph: In 1590s, after Japan was unified under the name of the Toyotomi clan, Kita acted unilaterally on issues that affected the future of the Date family. Hideyoshi had a bad relation to the Date clan since the Siege of Odawara, Hideyoshi asked Masamune to take his concubine for him, but Masamune refused. Kita worried about Hideyoshi's wrath with Masamune, she convinced the concubine and took her to Hideyoshi. One source reports that, when an angry Masamune confronted Kita, she calmly replied:"I'll gladly die for being so presumptuous as to have done this. Take my head if it will satisfy you."Date Masamune sent her north to his domain, placing her under exile. Though she wasn't pardoned for several years, Masamune didn’t undo Kita’s actions. She lived with Katakura Kagetsuna in near Shiroishi Castle. She continued to be active in the policies of the Katakura clan, her expertise in engineering helped reinforce the castle's defenses. Kita have suggested that the Katakura clan use a particularly valuable temple bells that her family possessed as a motif for its battle flag. The black bell flag remained a Katakura banner through 1871, and it remains the Shiroishi City emblem today.

paragraph: Katakura Kita died in 1610, at age 72, in Shiroishi Castle. After a few decades, Date Tadamune (Masamune's son) summoned a distant relative of Kita to take over the leadership of the Katakura clan.

alias:
Lady Kita
Kita

description: Japanese Samurai woman

wikidata_label: Katakura Kita

wikipedia_title: Katakura Kita


text:
French Army
World War I
World War II
Dole, Jura
Jura Mountains
Saint-Cyr military academy
platoon
World War I
Royal Yugoslav Army
High Mountain Military School
Colonel
brevet
Brigadier
Major General
Lieutenant General
General
Norwegian campaign
Narvik
Morocco
Vichy French
Armée B
I Corps
de Lattre's
Armée B
Austria
senateur
Fréjus
Rue
Innsbruck
Antoine Béthouart
Ordre de la Libération
Page at generals.dk

categories: People from Dole, Jura,French Senators of the Fourth Republic,French Senators of the Fifth Republic,Companions of the Liberation,French military personnel of World War I,1982 deaths,1889 births,French generals,French military personnel of World War II

paragraph: Antoine Béthouart

paragraph: Marie Émile Antoine Béthouart (17 December 1889 – 17 October 1982) was a French Army general who served during World War I and World War II.

paragraph: Born in Dole, Jura in the Jura Mountains, Béthouart graduated from Saint-Cyr military academy and served as a platoon leader in the 159th Alpine Infantry Regiment during World War I. After the First World War, he served as an advisor to the Royal Yugoslav Army and was named an instructor at the French High Mountain Military School.

paragraph: Promoted to Colonel in 1937, Béthouart was made a brevet Brigadier in January 1940. This promotion was made permanent in April 1941 and was followed by promotion to Major General in December 1942. Béthouart was promoted again to Lieutenant General in November 1943, and then to General in 1948.

paragraph: Béthouart commanded the French 1st Division of "Chasseurs" (elite light infantry) in the Norwegian campaign in 1940, serving in the area of Narvik.

paragraph: Subsequently, Béthouart commanded the Casablanca Division of French forces in Morocco and assisted the Allies in rallying the French troops in Morocco to the Allied cause in November 1942. Arrested by Vichy French officials on 10 November 1942, Béthouart was liberated by the Allies on 14 November. Later, Béthouart served as the chief of the French military mission in Washington from December 1942 until November 1943 and as the Chief of Staff of the (French) Committee for National Defense from April 1944 until August 1944. In August 1944, Béthouart briefly served as the Chief of Staff of Armée B, later known as the French First Army.

paragraph: On 1 September 1944, Béthouart took command of the French I Corps in General de Lattre's Armée B. Béthouart commanded the corps with distinction for the remainder of the war in Europe. He fought with 140,000 men in Alsace but became famous for his part in the offensive in Germany with his corps becoming the first Allied troops to reach the Danube and enter Austria. His corps is credited with taking 101,556 Germans prisoner during the campaigns to liberate France and invade Germany.

paragraph: During the postwar period, Béthouart served first as the chief of French occupation forces in Austria, and then as the High Commissioner for France in Austria between 1946 and 1950.

paragraph: Béthouart subsequently served as a senateur for overseas French citizens from 1955 until 1971. He died in Fréjus on the 17 October 1982, and was buried in Rue.

paragraph: In June 2003, amid pomp and ceremony, a bridge was named for him in Innsbruck.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antoine Béthouart, biography on the website of the "Ordre de la Libération"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page at generals.dk

description: French general

wikidata_label: Antoine Béthouart

wikipedia_title: Antoine Béthouart


text:
Count of Geneva
Genevois
Geneva
William III
Amadeus V of Savoy
House of Savoy
feudal
Duchy of Aosta
Annecy
La Roche
Guigues VIII of Viennois
Edward of Savoy
Battle of Varey
Charles IV of France
Flanders
Count Aymon of Savoy
Duingt
Faverges
Vésenaz
Bellerive
Amadeus VI of Savoy
Chambéry
Louis II of Vaud
Philip, Duke of Orléans
Pope Clement VI
livres tournois
Avignonese "curia"
Piedmont
Lombardy
Jehan Servion
Jean Cabaret d'Oronville
Guillaume de la Baume
Alamand de Saint-Jeoire
Bishop of Geneva
Dauphin Charles
Cirié
Galeazzo II of Milan
James of Piedmont
Bianca
Order of the Black Swan
Saint-Genix
Edward III of England
Avignon
Valais
Bishop of Sion
Guichard Tavel
John II of Montferrat
Peter IV of Gruyère
Saint-Maurice
La Baume
Faucigny
John II of France
Franciscan
Emperor Charles IV
Palais de l'Isle
Jean de Bertrand
Archbishop of Tarentaise
viva voce
Clermont
Thônes
Gruffy
Arlod
Châtel
La Bâtie
Gaillard
"sub-fiefs"
Order of the Collar
Aymon III
Aymon III
Amadeus IV
John
Peter
Antipope Clement VII
Jean II de Chalon-Arlay
Humbert VII de Thoire
Raymond V of Baux
Prince of Orange
Frontenay
Hugh II of Chalon-Arlay
Amadeo, Prince of Achaea
Aimery VI of Narbonne

categories: Counts of Geneva,1311 births,1367 deaths,Regents of Savoy

paragraph: Amadeus III of Geneva

paragraph: Amadeus III (29 March 1311 – 18 January 1367) was the Count of Geneva from 1320 until his death. He ruled the Genevois, but not the city of Geneva proper, and it was during his time that the term "Genevois" came to be used as it is today. He was the eldest son and successor of William III and Agnes, daughter of Amadeus V of Savoy. He played a major rôle in the politics of the House of Savoy, serving consecutively as regent and president of the council, and also sitting on the feudal tribunal—one of three tribunals of the "Audiences générales"—of the Duchy of Aosta.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Savoy.

paragraph: After the city and castle of Annecy were devastated in a fire in 1320, Amadeus moved his court to La Roche, which had been the seat of the counts of Geneva between 1124 and 1219. In 1325 Amadeus joined the coalition formed by Guigues VIII of Viennois against Edward of Savoy. On 7 August he fought in the victory of the Battle of Varey over the Savoyards. In 1326 the envoys of Charles IV of France negotiated a truce so that both counts, of Geneva and of Savoy, could join the king's expedition against Flanders in 1327–28. In January 1329 the new Count Aymon of Savoy came to terms with Amadeus, and the two established a commission to investigate the disputed territory between the Duingt and the Faverges. Ultimately Amadeus became a vassal of Aymon for at least a part of his territories. In 1338 another commission was established to deal with further boundary issues. The relationship between the peaceable and unambitious counts of Geneva and Savoy were, after 1337, always friendly.

paragraph: In 1336 Amadeus donated the village of Vésenaz to the monastery of Bellerive.

paragraph: Section::::Regency of Savoy.

paragraph: On 11 January 1334 Amadeus stood godfather to his first cousin Amadeus VI of Savoy in the Sainte-Chapelle, then under construction, at Chambéry. He and Louis II of Vaud were designated by Aymon as regents for the young Amadeus, which roles they assumed on Aymon's death on 22 June 1343. On 26 June, after Aymon's funeral, the young Amadeus was crowned as Count of Savoy and Amadeus of Geneva was the first to swear the oath of fealty. The count of Geneva and the lord of Vaud moved into the and signed a written agreement, still preserved, whereby neither could act without the consent of the other, and all acts were to be committed to writing for purposes of review. In the details of this agreement considerable mutual suspicion can be detected. The lord of Vaud was the senior statesman of the House of Savoy, while Amadeus III was the head of its chief rival.

paragraph: The first concern of the regents of Savoy after 1343 was securing the succession against the claims of Joan, daughter of Edward of Savoy, who died on 29 June 1344, but not before ceding her claims to Philip, Duke of Orléans. Amadeus and Louis sent an embassy to Pope Clement VI, seeking his support against Joan and Philip. In 1345 Philip signed a treaty relinquishing his claims in return for an annual stipend of 5,000 "livres tournois". The treaty was finalised at Paris and ratified at Chambéry on 25 February 1346.

paragraph: Section::::President of the council of Savoy.

paragraph: In 1347–48 Amadeus spent a long stay at the Avignonese "curia" of Clement VI, who was then concerned with settling disputes in the Piedmont and Lombardy. On 4 January 1348 the count of Savoy came of age and the regency ended, although it continued in practice, as Amadeus VI was only fourteen years old. Later that year the lord of Vaud died and Amadeus III was left as sole regent, overseeing the "council of Savoy" or "count's council", as the former regency council was then known. The Savoyard historians Jehan Servion and Jean Cabaret d'Oronville record that the council elected one of its members, Guillaume de la Baume, to co-rule with the count of Geneva, who was still not trusted by the Savoyards. Guillaume's election may have been due to French influence.

paragraph: In 1348, Alamand de Saint-Jeoire, the Bishop of Geneva, placed two of his castles under the protection of the Dauphin Charles, future king of France, in an effort to stem the influence of the counts both of Geneva and of Savoy. Amadeus III's officials took reprisals against the diocese, bringing down the condemnation of Clement VI, who nonetheless maintained his good relations with the counts. Amadeus was not deterred. He seized the two castles and removed the Dauphin's banners, replacing them with his own. On 8 October 1349 an alliance was sealed at Cirié between Amadeus III of Geneva, Amadeus VI of Savoy, Galeazzo II of Milan, and James of Piedmont. This alliance was sealed by the marriage of the count of Savoy's sister Bianca to Galeazzo on 28 September 1350, which was followed by the creation of the Order of the Black Swan, of which Amadeus of Geneva was named one of the three "grans seignours" (along with the count of Savoy and Galeazzo).

paragraph: By 9 July 1351, Amadeus had fallen out with the rest of the council of Savoy and its anti-French policy. On that day, presiding over a meeting of the council at Saint-Genix, he ordered that his opposition to hearing some ambassadors from Edward III of England be recorded. Amadeus and the Savoyard chancellor, Georges de Solerio, were largely responsible for the subsequent treaty signed with France on 27 October at Avignon.

paragraph: In 1351 the peasantry of the Valais rebelled against the lordship of the Bishop of Sion, then Guichard Tavel, of Genevan family and Savoyard allegiance. On 7 January 1352 the rebels were excommunicated by Clement VI. In March an army, led by Amadeus of Savoy, Amadeus of Geneva, John II of Montferrat, and Peter IV of Gruyère was gathering at Saint-Maurice to crush the rebels. The inhabitants of the Valais were so intimidated, however, that they surrendered without a fight.

paragraph: Section::::Disputes with Savoy.

paragraph: In May 1352 Amadeus VI of Savoy nullified the treaty of Avignon negotiated by Amadeus III, maligning (probably without basis) the count of Geneva's integrity. In July Amadeus formally withdrew from the council of Savoy and challenged the lords of La Baume, whom he considered his archenemies at the Savoyard court, to war. In 1355, after the conclusion of a war between the count of Savoy and the Dauphin Charles, Amadeus III refused to do homage to his cousin for those fiefs he held of the Dauphin. Amadeus also interfered with the count of Savoy's attempts to militarily occupy the barony of Faucigny that year, although he did not actively intervene. Despite his attempts he was unable to induce John II of France to intervene in the Faucignerans' favour. On 20 July in the Franciscan monastery at Geneva, Amadeus III did homage to his former ward the count of Savoy. The issues in dispute had by this time been brought before the Emperor Charles IV, the overlord of the entire region. On 21 August he ordered the count of Savoy not to interfere in the Faucigny or the County of Geneva and put both under his direct protection pending an investigation.

paragraph: In May 1358 the Emperor exempted Amadeus III of the jurisdiction of Savoy and granted him the right to appeal to the Emperor all decisions by any other court, whether French or Savoyard. Amadeus, but not his successors, was granted the right to coin money (at the Palais de l'Isle), legitimise bastards, and create notaries. The bishop of Geneva immediately opposed the count's right of coinage to the pope. Amadeus of Savoy ordered Amadeus III to renew his oath of homage, but the latter instead asked for the arbitration of Jean de Bertrand, the Archbishop of Tarentaise. On 2 August the archbishop ruled that Amadeus had the right to mint coins, but not to refuse to renew the oath of homage nor to appeal outside of the courts of the count of Savoy. The count of Geneva refused to accept the result, accusing the archbishop of an "unjust and iniquitous" verdict and vowing to appeal to the Emperor personally ("viva voce"). The two counts came to terms by 21 December. Amadeus III agreed to render homage at Geneva for his fiefs Duingt, Annecy, La Roche, Clermont, Thônes, Gruffy, Arlod, Châtel, La Bâtie, and Gaillard, and for the "sub-fiefs" of his own vassals Thomas de Menthon, Guillaume de Compey, and Aymon de Pontverre. In return Amadeus VI declared the archiepiscopal decision void.

paragraph: Section::::Order of the Collar and the crusade.

paragraph: In January 1364 Amadeus III was named the second knight of the newly founded Order of the Collar. While the formation of the Order was connected with the launch of , Amadeus III did not accompany the crusaders. He sent his eldest son, Aymon III, in his place, and he himself died only months after the crusaders departed, which suggests that he was in poor health at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1334 Amadeus married Mathilde or Mahaut d'Auvergne, also called "de Boulogne", with whom he had numerous offspring, four of whom were counts of Geneva in succession:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aymon III, successor as Count of Geneva

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amadeus IV, succeeded his brother as Count of Geneva

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, succeeded his brother as Count of Geneva

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter, succeeded his brother as Count of Geneva

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert, later the Antipope Clement VII, succeeded his brother as Count of Geneva

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary, who married first (1361) Jean II de Chalon-Arlay (died 1362), then (1366) Humbert VII de Thoire, to whose son, Humbert VIII de Thoire (died 1400), the county of Geneva passed after the death of Robert

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan (died 1389), married (1358) Raymond V of Baux, Prince of Orange

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanche (died 1420), lady of Frontenay, married (1363) Hugh II of Chalon-Arlay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (died 1407), married (1380) Amadeo, Prince of Achaea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolanda, married Aimery VI of Narbonne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, became a nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise, married Guillaume III le Sage, lord of Saint-Georges

description: Count of Geneva

wikidata_label: Amadeus III of Geneva

wikipedia_title: Amadeus III of Geneva


text: Italian-American

text: Mafia

text: gangster

text: crime boss

text: organized crime

text: Luciano crime family

text: Genovese crime family

text: Five Families

text: New York City

text: Lauropoli

text: frazione

text: Cassano allo Ionio

text: Cosenza

text: Italy

text: United States

text: New York City

text: East Harlem

text: petty crime

text: assault

text: robbery

text: carrying a concealed weapon

text: Charlie "Lucky" Luciano

text: Sicilian

text: Manhattan

text: Lower East Side

text: mafiosi

text: Calabria

text: Vito Genovese

text: Tommy "Three-Finger Brown" Lucchese

text: Meyer Lansky

text: Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel

text: theft

text: extortion

text: gambling

text: narcotics

text: Prohibition

text: bootlegging

text: Arnold "the Brain" Rothstein

text: Jewish

text: Irish criminal

text: Dutch Schultz

text: Owney "the Killer" Madden

text: William "Big Bill" Dwyer

text: Joe "the Boss" Masseria

text: crime boss

text: Hell's Kitchen

text: rum-running

text: U.S. Coast Guardsmen

text: New York Harbor

text: Charles "Vannie" Higgins

text: Jack "Legs" Diamond

text: Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll

text: punchboard

text: slot machine

text: bookmaking

text: floating casino

text: Mafia

text: Tammany Hall

text: Democratic

text: political machine

text: John "Johnny the Fox" Torrio

text: South Jersey

text: Enoch "Nucky" Johnson

text: Atlantic City

text: New Jersey

text: National Crime Syndicate

text: Salvatore Maranzano

text: Castellammare del Golfo

text: boss of all bosses

text: Brooklyn

text: Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila

text: Castellammarese Clan

text: New York families

text: Nicolo "Cola" Schirò

text: Joe Adonis

text: Albert "The Mad Hatter" Anastasia

text: Carlo Gambino

text: Frank Scalice

text: Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno

text: Stefano Magaddino

text: Joseph Profaci

text: Joseph Magliocco

text: Gaetano "Tom" Riena

text: Tommaso "Tommy" Gagliano

text: Mustache Pete

text: Coney Island

text: consigliere

text: Upstate New York

text: Helmsley Building

text: Internal Revenue Service

text: Abraham "Bo" Weinberg

text: Murder, Inc.

text: Samuel "Red" Levine

text: underboss

text: Mayor

text: Fiorello La Guardia

text: Louisiana

text: governor

text: Huey Long

text: New Orleans

text: Carlos "Little Man" Marcello

text: prostitution

text: caporegime

text: Anthony Strollo

text: Anthony Carfano

text: Michael "Trigger Mike" Coppola

text: illegal gambling

text: Florida

text: Cuba

text: race wire

text: Los Angeles

text: drug trafficking

text: poultry meat

text: commuted

text: deported

text: soldiers

text: Commission

text: Guarino "Willie Moore" Moretti

text: U.S. Senate

text: Kefauver Hearings

text: Senator

text: Estes Kefauver

text: Tennessee

text: psychiatrist

text: de facto

text: Fifth Amendment

text: tax evasion

text: appeal

text: Morello crime family

text: Philip Mangano

text: The Majestic

text: Vincent "Chin" Gigante

text: Apalachin meeting

text: Cosa Nostra

text: Waldorf Astoria

text: penthouse

text: United States Supreme Court

text: heart attack

text: Doctors Hospital

text: Saint Michael

text: East Elmhurst, Queens

text: Feodor Chaliapin, Jr.

text: My Brother Anastasia

text: Gangster Wars

text: Carmine Caridi

text: Bugsy

text: Costas Mandylor

text: Mobsters

text: Kirk Baltz

text: Vito Corleone

text: The Godfather

text: Marlon Brando

text: godfather

text: CBS News

text: Federal Bureau of Investigation

text: John Miller

text: Allen Ginsberg

text: Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox

text: J. Edgar Hoover

text: Rage Against The Machine

text: Live & Rare

text: The Departed

text: Jack Nicholson

text: "Whitey" Bulger

text: Infernal Affairs

text: Hong Kong

text: AMC

text: Frank Costello

text: Rotten.com

text: Seize The Night: Frank Costello

categories: American mobsters of Italian descent,Italian mobsters,American mob bosses,Italian emigrants to the United States,Consiglieri,Italian mob bosses,1891 births,Bosses of the Genovese crime family,People of Calabrian descent,1973 deaths,Genovese crime family,American people convicted of tax crimes,Capo dei capi,People from East Harlem,People from the Province of Cosenza

paragraph: Frank Costello

paragraph: Frank "the Prime Minister" Costello (; born Francesco Castiglia ; January 26, 1891 – February 18, 1973) was an Italian-American Mafia gangster and crime boss. Costello rose to the top of American organized crime, controlled a vast gambling empire, and enjoyed political influence.

paragraph: Nicknamed "The Prime Minister of the Underworld," he became one of the most powerful and influential mafia bosses in American history, eventually leading the Luciano crime family (later called the Genovese crime family), one of the Five Families that operate in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Costello was born Francesco Castiglia on January 26, 1891 in Lauropoli, a "frazione" of the town of Cassano allo Ionio in the province of Cosenza in Italy. In 1895, he boarded a ship to the United States with his mother and his brother Edward to join their father, who had moved to New York City's East Harlem several years earlier and opened a small neighborhood Italian grocery store.

paragraph: While Costello was still a boy, his brother introduced him to gang activities. At 13, he had become a member of a local gang and started using the name Frankie. Costello committed petty crimes and went to jail for assault and robbery in 1908, 1912, and 1917. In 1918, he married Lauretta Giegerman, a Jewish woman who was the sister of a close friend. That same year, Costello served ten months in jail for carrying a concealed weapon. After his release, he decided to avoid street rackets and use his brain to make money as a criminal. Forgoing the use of violence as a road to success and wealth, Costello claimed that he never again carried a gun. He did not return to jail for 37 years.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with Luciano.

paragraph: While working for the Morello gang, Costello met Charlie "Lucky" Luciano, the Sicilian leader of Manhattan's Lower East Side gang. The two Italians immediately became friends and partners. Several older members of Luciano's family disapproved of this growing partnership; they were mostly old-school "mafiosi" who were unwilling to work with anyone who was not Sicilian. To Luciano's shock, they warned him against working with Costello, whom they called "the dirty Calabrian."

paragraph: Along with Italian-American associates Vito Genovese and Tommy "Three-Finger Brown" Lucchese, and Jewish associates Meyer Lansky and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, the gang became involved in robbery, theft, extortion, gambling and narcotics. The Luciano-Costello-Lansky-Siegel alliance prospered even further with the passage of Prohibition in 1920. The gang went into bootlegging, backed by criminal financier Arnold "the Brain" Rothstein.

paragraph: The young Italians' success let them make business deals with the leading Jewish and Irish criminals of the era, including Dutch Schultz, Owney "the Killer" Madden and William "Big Bill" Dwyer. Rothstein became a mentor to Costello, Luciano, Lansky and Siegel while they conducted bootlegging business with Bronx beer baron Schultz. In 1922, Costello, Luciano, and their closest Italian associates joined the Sicilian crime family led by Joe "the Boss" Masseria, a top Italian underworld crime boss. By 1924, Costello had become a close associate of Hell's Kitchen's Irish crime bosses Dwyer and Madden. He became deeply involved in their rum-running operations, known as "The Combine"; this might have prompted him to change his last name to the Irish "Costello."

paragraph: On November 19, 1926, Costello and Dwyer were indicted on federal bootlegging charges. They were accused of bribing two U.S. Coast Guardsmen, presumably so that they would not disturb the unloading of liquor from boats in New York Harbor. The largest boat in the Combine fleet could carry 20,000 cases of liquor. In January 1927, the jury deadlocked on the bootlegging charges for Dwyer and Costello.

paragraph: In 1926, Dwyer was convicted of bribing a Coast Guard official and sentenced to two years in jail. After Dwyer was imprisoned, Costello took over the Combine's operations with Madden. This caused friction between Madden and a top Dwyer lieutenant, Charles "Vannie" Higgins, who believed he should have been running the Combine instead of Costello. Thus, the "Manhattan Beer Wars" began between Higgins on one side, and Costello, Madden, and Schultz on the other. At this time, Schultz was also having problems with gangsters Jack "Legs" Diamond and Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll, who had begun to rival Schultz and his partners with Higgins's help. Eventually, the Costello-Madden-Schultz alliance was destroyed by New York's underworld.

paragraph: Costello continued to be a very influential gangster throughout the 1920s. He kept close associates Luciano, Lansky and Siegel involved in most of his gambling rackets, which included punchboards, slot machines, bookmaking and floating casinos. Costello eventually became known as the "Prime Minister of the Underworld" for his cultivation of associations and business relationships with New York's criminals, politicians, businessmen, judges, and police officials. As he followed the "Big Three" ideology of mixing crime, business and politics, Costello's underworld influence grew. His fellow gangsters considered him an important link between the Mafia and Tammany Hall, New York's Democratic political machine. This relationship gave Costello and his associates, including Luciano, the opportunity to buy the favors of politicians, judges, district attorneys, cops, city officials and anyone else they needed to bribe in order to freely run their criminal operations.

paragraph: In 1927, Costello, Luciano, and former Chicago gangster John "Johnny the Fox" Torrio organized a group of top East Coast rum-runners into a large bootlegging operation. This gang was able to pool their Canadian and European liquor sources, maximize profits, minimize overhead, and gain an advantage over their competition. The operation was known as the "Big Seven Group", the first concrete move in organizing the American underworld into a national crime syndicate. In May 1929, Costello, Luciano, Torrio, Lansky, and South Jersey crime boss Enoch "Nucky" Johnson hosted a meeting in Atlantic City, New Jersey. This convention included the Big Seven Group and top crime leaders from across the nation. It was the first true underworld meeting and the biggest step in forming a National Crime Syndicate that would control criminal operations, dictate policy, enforce rules, and maintain authority in the national underworld. Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano were not invited because their Old World ideas ran counter to the convention's goals.

paragraph: Section::::Castellammarese War.

paragraph: By 1928, Costello and Luciano were considered ambitious, powerful and fearsome gangsters on the rise. But an internal conflict in the Italian underworld sidetracked Costello and his associates. Masseria was facing a challenge from Maranzano, a recent arrival who was born in Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. When Maranzano arrived in New York in 1925, his access to money and power let him quickly set up rum-running, bootlegging, extortion and gambling operations that directly competed with Masseria, Costello's boss. On October 10, 1928, Masseria eliminated his top rival for the coveted "boss of all bosses" title, Brooklyn boss Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila. But Masseria still had to deal with the powerful and influential Maranzano and his Castellammarese Clan.

paragraph: Masseria became an underworld dictator, requiring absolute loyalty and obedience from the other four New York families. In 1930, he demanded and received a $10,000 tribute () from the leader of Maranzano's crime family. The Castellammarese leader, Nicolo "Cola" Schirò, fled New York in fear, leaving Maranzano as the new leader. By 1931, a series of killings in New York, Detroit, and Chicago involving Castellammarese members and associates led Maranzano and his family to declare war against Masseria and his allies, including Costello, Luciano, Genovese and Joe Adonis. Another Masseria ally was the large Mineo crime family, whose members included Costello associates Albert "The Mad Hatter" Anastasia, Carlo Gambino, and Frank Scalice. The Castellammarese clan included Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno and Stefano Magaddino; the Profaci crime family, which included Joseph Profaci and Joseph Magliocco, along with former Masseria allies; and the Riena family, which included Gaetano "Tom" Riena, Tommaso "Tommy" Gagliano and Gaetano Lucchese.

paragraph: The Castellammarese War between the Masseria and Maranzano factions raged on for almost two years, devastating the Prohibition-era operations and rackets that the New York families controlled with the Irish crime groups. The breach was inevitable because of a fundamental philosophical difference between the Old World crime bosses and their younger underlings. Masseria and Maranzano, who had begun their careers in Italy, were known as "Mustache Petes" because they were unwilling to work with non-Italians and skeptical of dealing with non-Sicilians; Costello, Luciano and their group of "Young Turks" believed that as long as there was money to be made, they should deal with anyone. The war cut into gang profits and completely destroyed some crime family members' rackets. Several of the younger gangsters on both sides realized that if the war did not stop soon, the Italian families would lose influence to the Irish. The Young Turks decided to end the war and secretly planned to eliminate one "Mustache Pete" immediately, then bide their time and kill the other one.

paragraph: Luciano and Costello set their plan in motion by secretly agreeing to betray Masseria if Maranzano would end the war. On April 15, 1931, Masseria was gunned down in a Coney Island restaurant by Anastasia, Genovese, Adonis and Siegel. Luciano then took over Masseria's family, with Costello as his "consigliere". That brought an end to the Castellammarese War, which had led, according to some estimates, to about 60 deaths among gangsters. Then, at a secret meeting in Upstate New York, Maranzano surprised everyone by naming himself "boss of all bosses." Although they had planned to get rid of Maranzano anyway, Costello and Luciano came to believe that Maranzano was even more power-hungry than Masseria and moved up their timetable. Maranzano served as boss of bosses until September 10, 1931, when he was killed in his 9th floor Helmsley Building office in Manhattan by gunmen posing as Internal Revenue Service agents. Hired by Lansky and Luciano, the shooters allegedly included Schultz lieutenant Abraham "Bo" Weinberg and Murder, Inc. gunman Samuel "Red" Levine.

paragraph: Section::::Years as consigliere.

paragraph: In 1931, after the Masseria and Maranzano murders, Luciano became the leader of the new Luciano crime family, with Genovese as underboss and Costello as "consigliere". Costello quickly became one of the biggest earners for the Luciano family and began to carve his own niche in the underworld. He controlled the slot machine and bookmaking operations for the family with associate Philip "Dandy Phil" Kastel. Costello placed approximately 25,000 slot machines in bars, restaurants, cafes, drugstores, gas stations, and bus stops throughout New York. In 1934, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia confiscated thousands of Costello's slot machines, loaded them on a barge, and dumped them into the river. Costello's next move was to accept Louisiana governor Huey Long's proposal to put slot machines throughout Louisiana for 10% of the take. Costello made Kastel overseer of the Louisiana slot operation. Kastel had the assistance of New Orleans "mafioso" Carlos "Little Man" Marcello. Costello brought in millions of dollars in profit from slot machines and bookmaking to the Luciano family.

paragraph: In 1936, Luciano was convicted of running a prostitution ring and sentenced to 30 to 50 years in state prison. He attempted to rule the crime family from prison with the help of Costello and Lansky, but found it too difficult. Luciano finally named Genovese as acting boss. In 1937, Genovese was indicted for a 1934 murder and fled to Italy to avoid prosecution. Luciano then appointed Costello as acting boss.

paragraph: Section::::Boss.

paragraph: Genovese's departure left Costello in firm control of the Luciano family. With the help of his top "caporegimes" Adonis, Anthony Strollo, Anthony Carfano and Michael "Trigger Mike" Coppola, the family ran smoothly and undeterred. Costello's rule was very profitable, with slot machines in New Orleans with Marcello, illegal gambling in Florida and Cuba with Lansky, and illegal race wires with Siegel in Los Angeles. Costello also enjoyed more political influence than any other mobster in the country. But unlike Luciano, he did not believe in drug trafficking. This aversion to selling drugs was not shared by Genovese, a known drug dealer.

paragraph: Costello was a popular boss within the crime family; he equitably shared the profits from family operations and did not demand a large cut of his underlings' criminal earnings. He apparently was the owner of New York's third biggest poultry meat supply firm and a chain of MeatMarts. By 1946, Luciano's prison sentence was commuted and he was deported to Italy. With Genovese also exiled to Italy, Costello remained boss of the Luciano family.

paragraph: Section::::Genovese and Kefauver.

paragraph: After Genovese's return to the U.S. and the dismissal of the 1936 murder charge, he began a campaign to regain the family leadership from Costello. Genovese started building loyalty among Luciano soldiers by lending them money or by doing them favors that they someday would have to reciprocate. The resentment Genovese felt for Costello was multiplied by the fact that Genovese was no longer a top boss in the family; he was just a "capo" in charge of a crew of soldiers. However, Genovese was treated as a "don" by the "capos" and soldiers who committed most of the violent crimes. In contrast, Costello had the support of the "capos" and soldiers who ran the white collar rackets and the family's many legitimate investments.

paragraph: Costello's position as a Commission member and his popularity as boss kept him safe from any assassination attempt or power move by Genovese. To unseat Costello, Genovese needed more support from the Luciano family and the other Commission members. He was also dissuaded from a direct attack on Costello by the strength of underboss Guarino "Willie Moore" Moretti, a Costello cousin and staunch ally who commanded a small army of soldiers in New Jersey.

paragraph: From May 1950 to May 1951, the U.S. Senate conducted a large scale investigation of organized crime, commonly known as the Kefauver Hearings, chaired by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. The entire country was transfixed by the parade of over 600 gangsters, pimps, bookmakers, politicians and mob lawyers testifying before Congress, showcased on television. By this time, Costello had become a powerful and respected underworld figure; however, he still craved the respectability of high society. Costello allegedly consulted a psychiatrist on achieving this goal, but ultimately failed to gain legitimate respectability. During the hearings, Costello became the star attraction, being billed as America's #1 gangster and the "de facto" leader of Tammany Hall. As the underworld grapevine put it, "Nobody in New York City can be made a judge without Costello's consent."

paragraph: Costello agreed to testify at the hearings and not take the Fifth Amendment, in contrast to all the previous underworld figures to take the stand. The Special Committee and the television networks had agreed not to broadcast Costello's face, only his hands. During the questioning, Costello nervously refused to answer certain questions and skirted around others. When asked by the committee, "What have you done for your country, Mr. Costello?", the raspy-voiced Costello's reply evoked a rare laugh at the hearings: "Paid my tax!" Costello eventually walked out of the hearings.

paragraph: Costello found the 1950s to be very trying, as the high visibility he received during the Kefauver Hearings brought additional law enforcement and media scrutiny. However, his greatest troubles began with the assassination of Moretti, whose mental condition had caused him to reveal some embarrassing details at the hearings. As a result, the Commission ordered Moretti's elimination, which happened October 4, 1951, in a New Jersey restaurant. In addition to Moretti's death, Costello was convicted on contempt of Senate charges in August 1952 for walking out of the hearings and went to jail for 18 months. Released after 14 months, he was charged with tax evasion in 1954 and sentenced to five years imprisonment. Costello served 11 months of this sentence before it was overturned on appeal. In 1956, Costello was again convicted and sent to prison. In early 1957, he was again released on appeal.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination attempt.

paragraph: Genovese finally made his move on the embattled Costello. It started in 1956 when Adonis, a powerful Costello ally, chose deportation to Italy over a long prison sentence. His departure left Costello weakened, but Genovese still had to neutralize one more powerful Costello ally, Anastasia, who had taken over the Morello crime family after the disappearance of boss Vincent Mangano and the murder of brother Philip Mangano on April 14, 1951. With the addition of Anastasia to the Commission in 1951, the so-called "Liberal faction," which included Costello, began to get stronger. In 1953, another Liberal ally, boss Tommy Lucchese, was added to the Commission. As a result, the "Conservative faction" that had controlled the Commission from 1936 through 1953 was now rivaled by the Costello-Anastasia-Lucchese alliance. However, Genovese converted this reversal into an opportunity for conflict by approaching Lucchese and Anastasia underboss Carlo Gambino about switching sides. The potential reward in eliminating Costello and Anastasia was control of their crime families by Genovese and Gambino.

paragraph: Genovese had patiently waited ten years after his deportation to Italy to make his final move against Costello, and the time had finally arrived. On May 2, 1957, soon after Costello's release from prison, as he was walking to the elevator in the lobby of The Majestic, his Manhattan apartment building, he was shot in the head by Genovese driver and protege Vincent "Chin" Gigante. Before taking the shot, Gigante called out, "This is for you, Frank!" On hearing this, Costello turned his head. Gigante fled the scene thinking the fallen Costello was dead. But Gigante's outburst had saved Costello and left him with only a scalp wound. After the abortive hit, Gigante went into hiding. He finally turned himself in to face a mob trial, but Costello refused to identify Gigante as the shooter, resulting in his acquittal.

paragraph: Genovese now ordered all Luciano family members loyal to him to show their support by attending a meeting at his New Jersey mansion. All the family's "capos" showed up except Carfano (who was murdered for this insult on September 25, 1959). Even though the attempt on Costello's life had failed, Genovese went on to appoint himself boss of the Luciano family. He then called for a national Commission meeting to discuss Mafia affairs in New York and other important issues. Genovese was now in charge of what would be called the Genovese crime family; exiled in Italy, Luciano was powerless to stop him.

paragraph: After Costello recovered from the assassination attempt, he and Genovese made peace before the 1957 Apalachin meeting. Costello agreed to abdicate as boss in favor of Genovese. In return, Genovese agreed that Costello would keep his gambling operations in Louisiana and Florida and his legitimate business interests. Though Costello was officially demoted to the rank of soldier within the family, he was never looked at as less than a top-level boss.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: During his retirement, Costello was still known as "The Prime Minister of the Underworld." He still retained power and influence in New York's Mafia and remained busy throughout his final years. "Cosa Nostra" bosses and old associates such as Gambino and Lucchese still paid visits to Costello at his Waldorf Astoria penthouse, seeking advice on important Mafia affairs. Costello's old friend Meyer Lansky also kept in touch. Costello occupied himself with gardening and displayed some of his flowers at local horticultural shows.

paragraph: On February 20, 1961, the United States Supreme Court upheld a lower court order that stripped Costello of his U.S. citizenship. But on February 17, 1964, the same court set aside a deportation order for Costello, citing a legal technicality.

paragraph: In early February 1973, Costello suffered a heart attack at his Manhattan home and was rushed to Doctors Hospital in Manhattan, where he died on February 18. Costello's sedate memorial service at a Manhattan funeral home was attended by 50 relatives, friends, and law enforcement agents. Costello is buried in a Mausoleum at Saint Michael's Cemetery in East Elmhurst, Queens.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Costello has been portrayed in several movies, including by actors Feodor Chaliapin, Jr. in "My Brother Anastasia" (1973), James Andronica in "Gangster Wars" (1981), Carmine Caridi in "Bugsy" (1991), Costas Mandylor in "Mobsters" (1991), and by Kirk Baltz in the television movie "" (1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The character of Vito Corleone in the book and 1972 film "The Godfather" is based on a composite of mid-20th Century New York Mafia figures, perhaps chief among them Costello. The Corleone character featured similar mannerisms (including a raspy voice) and political connections, as well as many events from his real life. (Like Costello, Don Corleone voices disapproval of the drug traffic, which he labels a "dirty business.") Marlon Brando, who played Corleone, apparently used tapes of Costello from the Kefauver Hearings as the basis for the character's accent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Costello was the godfather to CBS News reporter and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Assistant Director for the Office of Public Affairs John Miller. Miller's father and Costello were close friends.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Referenced in Allen Ginsberg's poem, "Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox." The line is written, "It had to be FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover / and Frank Costello syndicate mouthpiece / meeting in Central Park, New York weekends, / reported Time magazine". The poem was later performed live (with music) by the band Rage Against The Machine on the album "Live & Rare".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The film "The Departed" features an Irish mob boss named Frank Costello (played by Jack Nicholson) in present-day Boston. Nicholson's character is not related to the real-life Costello except in name; the character was based on Boston mobster "Whitey" Bulger, with the film plot based on "Infernal Affairs", a 2002 Hong Kong thriller film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Costello is portrayed by Anthony DiCarlo in AMC's docudrama series "".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Costello at Rotten.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seize The Night: Frank Costello

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Free Information Society: Frank Costello Biography

description: American mobster

enwikiquote_title: Frank Costello

wikidata_label: Frank Costello

wikipedia_title: Frank Costello