text: civil engineer

text: Philippines

text: guerrilla

text: Japan

text: Mindanao

text: World War II

text: Corregidor

text: collaborators

text: coast watching

text: Colorado School of Mines

text: U.S. Special Forces

text: La Junta

text: Colorado School of Mines

text: Golden, Colorado

text: Samar

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: captain

text: Pacific theater

text: Bataan

text: Luzon

text: suffered terribly

text: Corregidor

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Mindanao

text: Edward P. King

text: William F. Sharp

text: They Fought Alone

text: General Wainwright

text: brigadier general

text: tuba

text: telegraph

text: amatol

text: International Correspondence Schools

text: vacuum tubes

text: Charles Willoughby

text: Captain Bligh

text: Charles Parsons

text: Canal Zone

text: numerous atrocities

text: Charles A. Willoughby

text: Courtney Whitney

text: Filipino

text: South West Pacific Area command

text: Colonel

text: Distinguished Service Cross

text: Quezon

text: Mitsubishi medium bomber

text: Robert "Jock" McLaren

text: Sandakan

text: Borneo

text: offensive against the Philippines

text: bolos

text: Battle of the Philippine Sea

text: Battle of Leyte Gulf

text: Robert Eichelberger

text: "USS Narwhal"

text: Stars and Stripes Forever

text: Battle of Mindanao

text: 6th Infantry Division

text: Philippine Army

text: Corps

text: Moro Muslim

text: Medal of Honor

text: William Manchester

text: American Caesar

text: Joint Chiefs of Staff

text: Luzon

text: Courtney Whitney

text: Distinguished Service Medal

text: ROTC

text: Korean War

text: John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School

text: U.S. Army Special Forces

text: Cagayan

text: Robert Towne

text: David Fincher

text: Brad Pitt

text: W.E.B. Griffin's

text: The Corps

text: Men at War

text: To Tell the Truth

text: List of American guerrillas in the Philippines

text: Ed Dyess

text: Iliff David Richardson

text: Ruperto Kangleon

text: Samuel Grashio

text: Donald Blackburn

text: Shuttle Camp Wendell Fertig

text: W.E.B. Griffin: The Official Site.

text: March 2009 newsletter

text: Wendell W. Fertig Award Citations

text: They Fought Alone (Fertig)

text: Commander Chick Parsons and the Japanese

text: "MacArthur: The Guerrilla War"

text: American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945.

text: "The Origin of Special Forces"

text: A Fertig Family Web page on Wendell Fertig with images of Col. Fertig during and after the war

text: Letter to all guerrilleros: unifying the Mindanao resistance movement and unconventional warfare (PDF, 60 p.)

text: School of Advanced Military Studies

text: Wendell Fertig’s Fictional “Autobiography”: a Critical Review of "They Fought Alone"

categories: Recipients of the Legion of Merit,American army personnel of World War II,American expatriates in the Philippines,Philippine resistance against Japanese occupation,United States Army officers,Colorado School of Mines alumni,1900 births,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States),American guerrillas of World War II,1975 deaths,American civil engineers,History of the Philippines (1898–1946),People from La Junta, Colorado,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

paragraph: Wendell Fertig

paragraph: Wendell Fertig (16 December 1900 – 24 March 1975) was an American civil engineer, in the American-administered Commonwealth of the Philippines, who organized and commanded an American-Filipino guerrilla force on the Japanese-occupied, southern Philippine island of Mindanao during World War II.

paragraph: Fertig held a U.S. Army reserve commission and was called into military service before the war in the Pacific began. Ordered from Corregidor before its surrender to the Japanese, he was sent to Mindanao to assume command of engineer activities there. Almost as soon as he arrived, the U.S. Army forces on Mindanao surrendered, but Fertig refused to do so. Fertig used his knowledge of the Filipino people to organize them into a guerrilla army and civilian government. He also used his engineering knowledge to solve problems in supply and construction.

paragraph: Fertig led the guerrillas against the Japanese and their collaborators, mostly in hit-and-run raids and vital coast watching activities. After making contact with U.S. forces in the Pacific, the guerrillas began to receive supplies, but never enough to stage large-scale attacks. More than once, the Japanese tried to destroy Fertig and his guerrilla army, committing large numbers of troops for this purpose. At these times, Fertig had his forces retreat before the Japanese until they were also dispersed, then counterattacked the Japanese with local superiority in numbers. This continued until American forces returned to the Philippines.

paragraph: After the war, Fertig returned to his civilian engineering career, but retained his reserve commission. He spent four years as commander of the ROTC detachment at the Colorado School of Mines, his Alma mater, and served in a U.S.-based psychological warfare unit during the Korean War. Leaving active duty in the mid-1950s, he ran a successful Colorado mining company until his death. During his post-war years he was widely regarded as a hero by the people of Mindanao, and was a highly respected figure among the U.S. Special Forces. One authority lists him among the top ten guerrilla leaders in history.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-war.

paragraph: Wendell Fertig was born in La Junta, Colorado, where he lived until he completed high school. He then studied engineering at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. After graduation from college, he married his wife Mary. In 1936, he and his family moved to the Philippines where he had a successful career as a civil engineer until the war broke out. Fertig was described as "tall, sandy-haired with an athletic build" and "being calm, genial, deliberate and possessing a remarkable memory and a great facility for remembering names." His experience as an engineer,

paragraph: ... and methods of attacking problems would serve him in the challenges he would face as the leader of the Mindanao guerrillas... It was due primarily to his personal leadership qualities that the Mindanao resistance movement was unified under one leader and became the most successful of all the guerrilla units in the Philippines.

paragraph: Early in 1941, Fertig was on leave in Manila from his job on Samar. Due to his military classes in college, he held a reserve commission in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. As a result, he was called to duty on 1 June 1941, as a captain (reserve) in the Army Engineers as the United States prepared for war in the Pacific theater. At that time, U.S. analysts believed that the Philippines might be one of the first areas Japan would attack. Fertig's first assignments were as Assistant Engineer, Bataan Field Area, then as Engineer, North Luzon Area. By November 1941, he was Chief of the Construction Section, General Headquarters, and spent most of his time overseeing preparation and improvement of airfields throughout the Philippines.

paragraph: In late 1941, the U.S. began evacuating the wives and children of military families. In January 1942, according to one of Fertig's daughters, Mary Fertig and their two children, Patricia (Hudson) and Jeannne, left on the last evacuation ship and returned to the United States. However, other sources have Fertig's family leaving the Philippines as early as the summer of 1941. This action was taken to relieve the concerns of officers and enlisted men, called to duty, about the welfare of their families. American civilian families (men, women and children) were not evacuated, so as not to lessen the morale of the citizens of the Philippines. The native people of the Philippines, who could not leave, suffered terribly under the Japanese occupation. It is estimated that at least one out of every 20 Filipinos died at the hands of the Japanese during the occupation.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Early war experiences.

paragraph: On 20 December 1941, Japanese troops invaded the Philippines. Among Fertig's duties during the retreat to Bataan and Corregidor was the destruction of supplies left behind by retreating American forces. His attention to detail was such that he even drove his new Dodge car off a pier and into Manila Bay.

paragraph: Promoted twice by April 1942, Fertig—by then a lieutenant colonel—was sent from Bataan (on Luzon) to Mindanao by General Edward P. King (Luzon Force Commander) to assist General William F. Sharp (Mindanao Force Commander) in the construction of airfields. In "They Fought Alone", the author states that Lt. Colonel Fertig was ordered off Corregidor to join General Douglas MacArthur's headquarters in Australia. However, since he was not known to members of MacArthur's headquarters in Australia, it is probably correct that he was ordered to Mindanao to assist American forces there. Fertig arrived on Mindanao on 30 April 1942, and was assigned to supervise the demolition of main roads and bridges to prevent their use by the Japanese.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Avoiding capture.

paragraph: After the U.S. forces in and around the island of Luzon surrendered in May 1942, Fertig decided not to give himself up to the Japanese. When another fleeing officer accompanying him asked what they were going to do, Fertig replied, "Any damn thing but surrender." During his movement from Corregidor to Mindanao, Fertig survived or avoided a number of airplane crashes. As a result, he felt that he was destined for something special. Later, after organizing the guerrilla forces on Mindanao, he wrote in this diary,

paragraph: I am called on to lead a resistance movement against an implacable enemy under conditions that make victory barely possible even under the best circumstances. But I feel that I am indeed a Man of Destiny, that my course is charted and that only success lies at the end of the trail. I do not envision failure; it is obvious that the odds are against us and we will not consistently win, but if we are to win only part of the time and gain a little each time, in the end we will be successful.

paragraph: Upon learning of the surrender of the American forces under General Wainwright, Fertig spent weeks crossing the mountains and jungles in an attempt to contact General Sharp. Upon learning that Sharp had surrendered his forces to the Japanese on 10 May 1942, Fertig then spent more weeks considering his options. Realizing that to gain face and authority, he had to wait until guerrillas contacted him. Fertig monitored the military and political situation in Mindanao, by means of the "jungle telegraph." Fertig also grew a red goatee, believing that it would make him look older and wiser among a people who believed that age brought wisdom. To the Filipinos, Fertig would become known simply as "Tatay" (Father).

paragraph: Many of the emerging guerrilla forces at that time were simply bandit groups pretending to fight the Japanese, but really using the collapse of the American-supported government to set themselves up as rulers of local areas. These groups competed with each other for territory and authority. On 12 September 1942, the leader of one strong group approached Fertig, hoping to use him as a front (i.e. representing American military forces) to assume authority over the entire island. Fertig consented, but then used his knowledge of the Filipino people and the current situation in Mindanao to eventually take over the command of that group and then others. Recognizing that he needed a higher rank, so he would be taken seriously by potential recruits to his struggle, including the leaders of other existing guerrilla bands, Fertig promoted himself to brigadier general. This self-promotion to "brigadier general" did not endear him to General MacArthur or his staff, but MacArthur did send logistical support to Fertig throughout 1943 and 1944.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Organizing the resistance.

paragraph: Japanese bombings, destruction by retreating American troops, deprivations by bandit "guerrilla" bands, and hoarding by civilians had significantly reduced available war supplies, as well as those items necessary to run an effective government. Fertig used his engineering skills and the skills of other escaped Americans and resisting Filipinos to create many supplies from scratch. For example, tuba was brewed from coconut palms to provide alcohol to fuel gasoline vehicles, batteries were recharged by soaking them in tuba, soda bottles and fence wire were used to create a telegraph to enhance communications, curtain rods were cut into pieces and shaped to provide ammunition for .30 caliber rifles, steel was shaved from automobile springs and curled to make recoiling springs for rifles, money was printed in both English and the local language using wooden blocks, and fishermen towed Japanese mines ashore to secure the explosive amatol so it could be used to make gunpowder. Soap was made from coconut oil and wood ashes. Then the soap was traded for sugar which was then used to make alcohol for fuel.

paragraph: Often, seemingly impossible problems were overcome simply through perseverance. For example, Gerardo Almendres, a Filipino high school student had sent away for an International Correspondence Schools course on radios shortly before the war started. Fertig assigned him the task of building a radio even though Almendres had never handled one. Almendres was assisted by a Filipino traveling salesman who had sold radios and by another Filipino who once had listened to a radio. Radio parts (vacuum tubes and other electrical parts) were scrounged from old radio receivers and sound equipment from an old movie projector and other electrical devices. Their makeshift radio eventually worked and they began to receive transmissions from other radios, including those of Roy Bell on Negros, who traveled to Fertig's camp and devised a new aerial. However, they had no way of knowing if their own transmissions were successful until, on 31 January 1943, the U.S. Navy radio monitoring station in San Francisco answered their call sign. Robert C. Ball, William F. Konko, and Stewart Willever, Jr., became Fertig's "signal corps."

paragraph: This was an extremely important accomplishment as American military commands in the Pacific had no idea that there was any effective armed resistance on Mindanao or even in the Philippines. General Charles Willoughby, MacArthur's intelligence chief, had assured him that there was no possibility of such. The American command in the Pacific first heard of Fertig when the Japanese announced that a bombing mission had killed "Major General Fertig," but the Americans simply dismissed it as propaganda. It took weeks before American intelligence was able to confirm who Fertig was, and that he was alive and not operating as an agent of the Japanese. Part of this investigative process involved Mary Fertig who was contacted for personal information on her husband's life. Mrs. Fertig was actually in receipt of a letter that her husband had sent on the last American plane leaving Mindanao. A phrase in the letter, "Pineapples for Breakfast", let Mrs. Fertig know that her husband was alive and well on Mindanao, as that is where they spent short vacations and, while there, he enjoyed having pineapples for breakfast. The latest American intelligence had placed Fertig on Corregidor at the time of the surrender, and so the U.S. Army assumed that he was either dead or a prisoner of the Japanese. In February 1943, with tenuous communication established, General MacArthur appointed Fertig as Commanding Officer of the 10th Military District on Mindanao. During the initial exchange of messages, MacArthur disallowed any promotion of American armed forces personnel in the Philippines to general rank. As a result, Fertig "reduced" himself in rank to colonel, but continued wearing the brigadier general stars fashioned for him by a Filipino metalsmith.

paragraph: Due to the difficulty in communicating with Fertig and his command, because of the makeshift radio Almendres had built, a submarine, loaded with military and medical supplies, was eventually sent to Mindanao, arriving on 5 March 1943. It also carried two Americans who had known Fertig in the Philippines. One was Charles Smith, who on 4 December 1942, had escaped with two other Americans and two Filipinos by sailing a small boat to Australia, perhaps, at that time, the longest open-boat voyage since Captain Bligh's. Smith was now a captain in U.S. Army Intelligence. The other was Charles Parsons, formerly a businessman but now serving as a lieutenant commander in U.S. Navy Intelligence. In addition to his other pre-war business interests in Manila, Parsons had represented Panama as its resident counsel. When the Japanese occupied Manila, Parsons was careful to speak only Spanish and convinced the Japanese he was a citizen of Panama. As a result, the Japanese eventually sent Parsons and his family on a long journey "back to Panama," but when the Swedish ship carrying them docked in New York, and before he could report to U.S. intelligence, FBI agents came aboard the ship and quietly asked Parsons who he was and quickly hustled him and his family ashore. However, another source states that Parsons reported to U.S. intelligence in the Canal Zone after the ship docked in Panama. It was simply a matter of diplomatic honor that no one in either the German, Italian or other legations, who knew Parsons' true citizenship status, exposed his masquerade to the Japanese. Their role, as Smith and Parsons immediately explained to Fertig, was to verify that he was actually leading a resistance movement and, if so, was it worth the risk of men and supplies to support him.

paragraph: At the same time, Parsons and Smith brought Fertig some unpleasant orders from MacArthur's headquarters. The American Army was willing to provide radios and other equipment for Fertig's command, but these were only to be used for passing information on Japanese activities, from coastwatchers and other sources, to Australia. The guerrillas were ordered not to engage in offensive activities against the Japanese. Fertig admitted that gathering intelligence was an important mission that he would support. However, due to the numerous atrocities that the Japanese were committing against the Philippine population, the only way that Fertig could continue to recruit and maintain a guerrilla force was to aggressively attack the Japanese when and where the guerrillas had a chance of winning, so as to provide the Filipinos an outlet for revenge against the Japanese. Fertig stated that if he ordered his men to stop killing the Japanese, then his men would follow other leaders who would probably not be willing to cooperate with MacArthur's headquarters and its directives. In addition, General Charles A. Willoughby, MacArthur's Chief of Intelligence, was convinced that providing the guerrillas with arms and ammunition was a waste of resources. If a regular U.S. Army had been defeated by the Japanese in the Philippines, then no irregular force could do better. The guerrillas' only purpose was to provide intelligence and later, if fully equipped prior to the return of American forces to the Philippines, to fight as regular forces under the command of American officers.

paragraph: The almost total lack of supplies was a serious problem, but it was not the most pressing problem Fertig faced. At the time of the Japanese invasion, most Philippine army units were of low quality. They were not only poorly trained, enough time not having passed to do so, but they were under-equipped and did not have the firepower to resist better armed Japanese troops, tanks and planes. Most of the soldiers were barefoot, and many of their World War I era weapons lacked replacement parts and did not operate properly. As a result, many Filipino units fled when attacked by the Japanese. This was symptomatic of Fertig's most pressing need—experienced leaders. He knew that eventually numerous leaders would emerge from the Filipinos, some 'guerrilla' bands already had strong leaders, but he needed them now. His best resource for this leadership cadre was American servicemen who had either not surrendered or had escaped from prisoner-of-war camps. Many were already fighting as guerrilla leaders or were eager to do so, others joined him after he explained the need for their services, but many others were not willing and demanded they be sent to Australia where they could rejoin regular units. Fertig's reaction was not always one of understanding. He told many that they would be returned when a means was found, but that they would never be allowed to return. Others he removed from duty when it was apparent they did not have the leadership skills required. Eventually, they were also returned to Australia by submarine, many with negative reports on their behavior. Some regular Army personnel resented being commanded by a 'civilian turned soldier,' even if he had been in the Philippines more years than they had. Many of the younger Americans had disobeyed the orders to surrender due to their individualism. Others had used their cunning to evade the Japanese or escape from the POW camps. These traits sometimes led to clashes with the older men who had lived in the Philippines for years and were now in command positions due to their reserve commissions or promotion by Fertig. As a result, those who departed did not always report favorably on Fertig once they reached MacArthur's headquarters in Australia. Those who stayed and fought received immediate commissions, or were promoted if they already were officers, in the U.S. Army, although they might be sailors, Marines, or even civilians. MacArthur eventually approved all of Fertig's promotions, even though advised not to do so by Lt. Colonel Courtney Whitney, his staff officer for Filipino civilian affairs.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Fighting the Japanese.

paragraph: Colonel Fertig slowly assumed control over more of the existing, rival 'guerrilla' units on Mindanao and turned them to harassing the Japanese. Over the next two and a half years, Fertig created and commanded the Mindanao segment of the "United States Forces in the Philippines" (USFIP), recruiting escaped prisoners-of-war, and soldiers and American civilians who had refused to surrender. However, his real strength came from the thousands of pro-American Filipinos, many of whom were enraged by Japanese atrocities, who now joined existing or formed new organizations under his command. The Japanese were not unaware of these activities, especially as they began to suffer losses in men and equipment and lose control of large areas.

paragraph: Between 1942 and 1944, USFIP conducted numerous raids against the Japanese Occupation Forces on Mindanao in order to both sustain Fertig's operation with captured supplies and to carry on harassing operations against the Japanese. This caused discord between Fertig and MacArthur's headquarters. The American South West Pacific Area command wanted Fertig to man coastwatcher units to report on Japanese movements, especially shipping, as its main effort. However, to retain the loyalty of his forces in the wake of Japanese atrocities, Fertig also had to wage an active campaign to kill Japanese and their collaborators, as well as disrupt activities aimed at civilians. Attacks against the Japanese often initiated terrible reprisals by the Japanese against local civilians, so Fertig issued orders that the guerrillas on Mindanao were to avoid situations that would result in such reprisals. However, due to the Japanese callousness toward the local populations, reprisals often still occurred.

paragraph: Initially, Fertig's forces were able to repel Japanese attempts to recapture territory held by the guerrillas. The Japanese could not take any major actions against USFIP on Mindanao as, not only were they dealing with other resistance movements in the Philippines, but most of their combat troops had been deployed to other areas of the Pacific. However, in late Spring 1943, the Japanese began military actions on a large scale on Mindanao. In those areas affected, USFIP forces had to retreat and give up land, established camps, and government infrastructure to the stronger Japanese forces.

paragraph: As the guerrilla units and government infrastructure fled before the Japanese forces, something occurred which Fertig had hoped for. He called it the "pillow effect." By providing no resistance to a stronger force, the guerrillas survived the Japanese blow. When the Japanese withdrew, the pillow expanded to its original shape. As the company-sized guerrilla units dissolved, the Japanese began breaking up their units into smaller groups—eventually into squads—to track down these smaller units. Then, without any orders from above, first two or three guerrillas, then 10 or more, then platoon and then company-sized units reorganized and struck back at the smaller Japanese units, causing the Japanese heavy casualties in hundreds of small fire fights. The Japanese responded by reforming into battalion-sized units that needed large towns to support them. Eventually, the Japanese, using 15,000 to 18,000 troops on Mindanao, held the large towns on the sea coast while the USFIP held the rest of the countryside, or approximately 95% of the island of Mindanao. The guerrillas were so effective in some areas, local Japanese commanders made separate truces with them. In exchange for the guerrillas not attacking Japanese troops, the Japanese agreed to stay out of those areas.

paragraph: In August 1943, based upon favorable reports to MacArthur by Parsons and Smith, Fertig was promoted to full Colonel by MacArthur and received the Distinguished Service Cross for his efforts. On 23 August, Fertig received the following message:

paragraph: In recognition of your meritorious services as District Commander and extraordinary heroism in action during the period of 8 May 42 to 6 August 43, I have awarded you the Distinguished Service Cross, Announcement of your award is published in GO Hqs. USAFFE dtd 18 August. I congratulate you on the distinguished service to your country and to the Filipino people that has so well earned for you such recognition and hope that in it you will find inspiration for even greater future service. Quezon congratulates you on promotion.

paragraph: Fertig even created a 'navy' by arming several small merchant vessels, which he used to protect convoys of small vessels that helped distribute supplies brought in by submarine. These vessels also attacked Japanese shipping, primarily small inter-coastal vessels and patrol boats. The USFIP navy was armed with various machine guns salvaged off downed bombers, home-made cannons, and even mortars. Later, some used 20 mm cannons supplied by the U.S. Navy. One vessel was even 'armored' using large, circular forestry saws taken from abandoned plantations. Some of the actions these vessels participated in were heroic to the extreme, as when one small vessel deliberately engaged in a running battle with a large Japanese steamer, and another, a sailing ship armed with 20 mm cannon, fought off Japanese aircraft and actually shot one down, perhaps establishing a record for being the only sailing ship to shoot down an airplane—a Japanese Mitsubishi medium bomber. More importantly, the crew salvaged a new Japanese bomb sight from the wreckage and sent it out on the next submarine to Australia. One of Fertig's most audacious ship captains was Waldo Neveling, a German civilian, soldier of fortune, and an "enemy alien" Fertig had commissioned into the U.S. Army. Another ship, called "The Bastard", was actually a 26-foot whaleboat captained by Australian Robert "Jock" McLaren, an escaped prisoner-of-war from the Sandakan POW camp on Borneo. McLaren would sail his boat into Japanese controlled ports in broad daylight, shoot up the supply vessels and piers with machine guns and a mortar, then turn tail and run.

paragraph: To help prepare for the eventual invasion of American forces, Fertig even had airstrips prepared and disguised, one as long as 7,000 feet which took over a year to build. The airstrips were built and then covered with topsoil and planted with crops. All that was needed was a bulldozer to scrape off the topsoil and the airstrip would then be ready for planes. Some of these airstrips were later used by U.S. Marine Corps squadrons to provide close-air support during the invasion.

paragraph: Early in 1945, the Japanese army once again launched a major effort in an attempt to destroy the guerrillas on Mindanao. Although essentially a repeat of their previous failed efforts, they came close to destroying the guerrillas, not by eliminating them, but by cutting off their sources of supplies. This effort came to an abrupt end when the American army and navy launched their long-awaited offensive against the Philippines, with a landing, first on Leyte, and then, on 18 April 1945, on Mindanao. As the Japanese army pulled its troops out of Mindanao to defend other portions of the Philippines, American air and naval forces exacted a terrible toll on Japanese shipping, killing untold thousands of Japanese troops. When many of the survivors of the sinking ships swam ashore, they found Filipino guerrillas and civilians waiting for them on the beaches, armed with bolos. Exhausted from the swim, the Japanese were unable to fight back against the terrible retribution the Filipinos then exacted for the atrocities the Japanese had perpetrated against them during the years of occupation.

paragraph: The USFIP also contributed heavily to coastwatching activities as requested by MacArthur's headquarters. Fertig's coastwatchers provided information leading to the victories in the first Battle of the Philippine Sea (the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot") and the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Other intelligence gathered by Fertig's guerrillas was so accurate that aerial reconnaissance flights before attacks were often canceled so as not to warn the Japanese. The guerrillas often went to great risks to secure accurate information. For example, they would make pencil-and-paper rubbings of the serial numbers on enemy artillery to prove the accuracy of their information. However, estimates of enemy strength in an area were sometimes unreliable, as, with the American forces now in the Philippines, the Japanese were constantly moving their forces around to meet the threat. Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger, commanding the U.S. Eighth Army, often downplayed guerrilla intelligence, but this was throughout the Philippines as a whole. For the 10th Military District, commanded by Fertig, he had this to say:

paragraph: We did have considerable information about dispositions of enemy troops, since guerrilla forces on Mindanao were the most effective and best organized in the Philippines.

paragraph: However, probably the best estimate of the value of guerrilla intelligence came from the Japanese, when they released an official communique stating that the Americans had "perfected a new aerial bomb which was attracted by concentrations of ammunition and fuel." The 'bomb' was simply accurate information on Japanese installations supplied by the guerrillas.

paragraph: As first American carrier planes, and then long-distance land-based planes, began raids on the Philippines, the guerrillas became important for yet another reason. As American pilots bailed out when their planes were hit by Japanese anti-aircraft fire, they often found Filipino guerrillas waiting for them even before they hit the ground. Pilots who landed in the water were picked up quickly by Filipinos in small, swift boats. Often the pilots would be expressing their appreciation of the guerrillas to their ships' debriefing officers within a day or two. Fertig soon issued orders that pilots were not allowed to go on patrol with the guerrillas, as some of the more enthusiastic pilots were doing. He knew they were more important flying missions against Japanese targets. Besides, Colonel Fertig now had a good supply of experienced, battle-hardened American and Filipino leaders for his combat patrols.

paragraph: From its humble beginnings, USFIP became one of the best equipped and most effective irregular units operating in World War II. When the submarine "USS Narwhal" arrived at Mindanao in Nov. 1943 to deliver supplies, the crew was met by a uniformed band playing "Stars and Stripes Forever." Although submarines had already delivered supplies to Fertig and other guerrilla leaders, the Narwhal's large size enabled it to deliver 100 tons of supplies at a time, whereas other submarines could only deliver four tons or less. This greatly increased the ability of the guerrilla forces not only to inflict damage to the enemy, but also provide the necessary supplies to care for the medical health and well-being of the guerrilla forces and their civilian supporters. In addition, "USS Narwhal" had the room to evacuate guerrillas needing critical medical care, as well as American civilians, primarily women and children, who had been hiding out in the Philippines and were suffering from malnutrition and diseases. According to U.S. Navy records, 16 of 41 resupply missions to the Philippines were directed to Mindanao between 14 January 1943 and 1 January 1945. For all of the Philippines, a total of 1,325 tons of supplies were landed, with 331 people landed and another 472 evacuated.

paragraph: As an indicator of USFIP strength on Mindanao, during January and February 1945, in preparation for the return of regular American forces, the guerrillas seized the Dipolog airstrip in northern Zamboanga and held it while surrounded by the Japanese. With the arrival of regular American forces in March 1945, Fertig's guerrilla forces participated in the Battle of Mindanao that effectively ended organized Japanese resistance on that island. They then disbanded. On 15 September 1945, the 6th Infantry Division of the Philippine Army was reactivated, and its ranks were heavily seeded with Filipino veterans of the USFIP at all levels of command.

paragraph: By late 1944, Fertig commanded a force estimated at between 25,000 and 40,000 effectives, with most sources agreeing on 36,000—the equivalent of an Army Corps—with 16,500 of them armed. Officers with responsibility for corps command usually hold the rank of major general. In addition, Fertig created and helped administer the civilian government of Mindanao while at the same time conducting the guerrilla war against the Japanese. The USFIP killed at least 7,000 Japanese soldiers and, while a constant drain on Japanese resources, they also prevented the Japanese from fully utilizing Mindanao's resources in support of its war efforts. At one time, the Japanese committed approximately 60,000 troops in an attempt to crush guerrilla resistance on Mindanao, troops that were desperately needed elsewhere. Throughout the entire Philippines, the guerrillas managed to tie down a Japanese army of 288,000 troops, of which approximately 43,000–60,000 were on Mindanao, depending on the time period.

paragraph: After the war, examination of Japanese records indicated that the Japanese high command felt that 24 battalions of troops would be needed to guard rear areas against guerrillas once the American invasion of the Philippines began. Since seven divisions were slated to resist the invasion, this resulted in a ratio of one rear-area soldier to every three front-line troops. Ultimately, the Japanese concluded that, "It is impossible to fight the enemy and at the same time suppress the activities of the guerrillas."

paragraph: While summarizing Colonel Wendell Fertig's contributions to the American war effort and his leadership of the USFIP on Mindanao, Keats (1990) states:

paragraph: ...apart from his insistence on honesty and justice, and the idea that the guerrilla army be a process of a responsible civil government, his fundamental contribution to Mindanao was his concern that the reward for performance should always be increased responsibility. In his command, demonstrated competence was the sole means to promotion, and no man was denied an opportunity to prove himself. This concept built a nation in North America, and it built another on Mindanao... It was Fertig, more than any other man, who gave the Filipinos of Mindanao increasing reason to believe in themselves. This, rather than a military victory, was Fertig's triumph.

paragraph: The Moro Muslim Datu Pino sliced the ears off Japanese and cashed them in with Colonel Fertig at the exchange rate of a pair of ears for one bullet and 20 centavos.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war.

paragraph: Some scholars question why Fertig did not receive the Medal of Honor, despite his considerable military achievements at great risk of his life. Others question why, when Fertig commanded so large an army of irregular guerrillas, he was not promoted to brigadier general when other men, who were never in combat, received that rank as the U.S. Army grew in size. William Manchester, in his 1978 biography of MacArthur, "American Caesar", offers the opinion that MacArthur and his staff may have had their own agenda in minimizing the efforts of Fertig, other resistance leaders and the guerrillas themselves in liberating the Philippines. For example, The American Joint Chiefs of Staff authorized General MacArthur to liberate the island of Luzon, but none of the other Philippine islands. After capturing Luzon, MacArthur invaded numerous other islands without authorization, and his actions were followed by a retroactive endorsement from the Joint Chiefs. Manchester stated, "He [MacArthur] wanted to become the liberator of the Philippines." The Japanese Army's practice of referring to Fertig as "Major General Fertig, Commander in Chief in the Philippines" throughout the occupation period and its use of Japanese military notation in referring to the 10th Military District as the "10 Army Group" did not endear Fertig to MacArthur's headquarters.

paragraph: Manchester also relates that Lieutenant Colonel Courtney Whitney, an "ultraconservative Manila corporation lawyer" was assigned to MacArthur's staff, promoted, and assigned responsibility for Philippine civil affairs. Manchester wrote:

paragraph: By minimizing the efforts of the guerrilla movement in freeing the Philippines, Whitney also robbed it of political clout after the war to make any substantial liberal changes in Philippine government and society after the war.

paragraph: In May 1946, Colonel Fertig was awarded the U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal. The citation reads in part:

paragraph: After the war, Fertig spent four years as the officer-in-charge of ROTC at the Colorado School of Mines, a surprisingly low-level post after such a distinguished war time career.

paragraph: However, when the Korean War began, he spent two years at the Pentagon with a psychological warfare unit. From July 1951 to June 1952, he was the Special Forces Plans Officer in the Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare with Headquarters U.S. Army. Then from June 1952 to August 1953, he served as Deputy Chief of Psychological Warfare. It was during this time that he helped establish the Army's Psychological Warfare Center at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, which later became the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. Due to his wartime experiences and post-war work, Fertig is one of three men who "used their wartime experience to formulate the doctrine of unconventional warfare that became the cornerstone of SF [Special Forces]," and is considered one of the founding fathers of the U.S. Army Special Forces.

paragraph: Colonel Fertig was released from active duty in the mid-1950s.

paragraph: Fertig was widely regarded as a hero by the people of Mindanao. In June 1958, Wendell Fertig and his wife returned to Mindanao on a business trip. As the inter-island freighter pulled into Cagayan, the ship's captain approached Ferting and said, "Sir, I think friends await you." As numerous small craft full of shouting men surrounded the ship, Wendell and Mary Fertig saw:

paragraph: They then saw a huge banner over the pier:

paragraph: Wendell Fertig ran a successful mining company in Colorado until he died on 24 March 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: A movie on Wendell Fertig has been in the planning stages for several years. As of March 2009, "Robert Towne had finished the screenplay and it was presented to Sony Productions for final approval. David Fincher, the director, is eager to start production."

paragraph: Several movie Web sites now list the movie, but most state it is "in development." Brad Pitt, with whom Fincher has worked before, is listed in the role of "Fertig." The New York Times site lists Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group as the studio, Sony Pictures as the domestic theatrical distributor, and Red Wagon Entertainment as the production company.

paragraph: Wendell Fertig and some fictionalized actions of the U.S. Forces in the Philippines are featured in W.E.B. Griffin's 7th book of The Corps series, "Behind the Lines"; and also in the 4th book of his Men at War series, "The Fighting Agents". The books are based on the beginning phases of Fertig's operation and the top-level political maneuvering surrounding it.

paragraph: Wendell Fertig and 2 "imposters" appeared on an episode of the game show "To Tell the Truth" on September 9, 1963.

paragraph: Section::::Dates of rank.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Lieutenant - 23 July 1928

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Lieutenant - 6 January 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain - 29 January 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major - 25 June 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant Colonel - 19 December 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonel - 4 August 1943

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American guerrillas in the Philippines

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ed Dyess

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iliff David Richardson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruperto Kangleon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Grashio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donald Blackburn

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernay A. (2002). "Shuttle Camp Wendell Fertig." (PDF). "In" The Tribble Times. page 14. Retrieved 7 September 2009. (An interview with Fertig's daughter: Patricia Hudson, of Coeur D Alene, Idaho.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks, Evan. (2003). "Military History's Top 10 Lists". Gramercy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catanzaro, Francis. (2002). " With the 41st Division in the Southwest Pacific". Indiana University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dissette, Edward, and H.C. Adamson. (1972). "Guerrilla Submarines". Balantine Books, New York. SBN 345025970125

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grashio, Samuel, Bernard Norling. (1982). "Return to Freedom: The War Memoirs of Col. Samuel C. Grashio, USAF (Ret.)". University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffin, W.E.B. (2009). "W.E.B. Griffin: The Official Site." Retrieved 3 September 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haggerty, James. (1946). "Guerrilla Padre in Mindanao". Longmans, Green & Co. ASIN: B0007ITWWM OCLC 730169

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmes, Ginger. 2009. The American Guerrillas of Mindanao March 2009 newsletter. Retrieved 17 August 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawkins, Jack. (1961). "Never Say Die". Dorrance & Company, Philadelphia. OCLC 7661951

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmes, Virginia. (2009). "Guerrilla Daughter". The Kent State University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingham, Travis. (1945). "Rendezvous by Submarine: The Story of Charles Parsons and the Guerrilla-Soldiers in the Philippines". Doubleday, Doran and Company. ASIN: B000W7ACKE OCLC 1515912

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keats, John. (1965). "They Fought Alone". Pocket Books, Inc. OCLC 251563972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manchester, William. (1978). "American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964". Little, Brown and Company, Boston.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Times. (2010). Wendell W. Fertig Award Citations. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mills, Scott. (2009). "Stranded in the Philippines". Naval Institute Press, Annapolis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times Movies. (2010). They Fought Alone (Fertig). Retrieved 25 August 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parsons, Peter. Commander Chick Parsons and the Japanese. Retrieved 30 October 2009. (Narrative by Peter Parsons, son of Lt. Cmndr. Charles Parsons, about his and his father's experiences in the Philippines before, during, and after the war.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBS. 2009. "MacArthur: The Guerrilla War". Retrieved 17 August 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramsey, Edwin, and Stephen Rivele. (1990). "Lieutenant Ramsey's War". Knightsbridge Publishing Co., New York. ASIN: B000IC3PDE

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richardson, Hal. (1957). "One-Man War: The Jock McLaren Story". Angus & Robertson, Sydney. OCLC 2429425

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmidt, Larry. (1982). American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945. (PDF). M.S. Thesis. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. 274 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Special Forces Association. (2012). "The Origin of Special Forces". Retrieved 9 August 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volckmann, Russell. (1954). "We Remained: Three Years Behind the Enemy Lines in the Philippines". W. W. Norton & Company. ASIN: B0007E4DEI OCLC 123190337

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Fertig Family Web page on Wendell Fertig with images of Col. Fertig during and after the war

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter to all guerrilleros: unifying the Mindanao resistance movement and unconventional warfare (PDF, 60 p.) - published 2011 by School of Advanced Military Studies (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wendell Fertig’s Fictional “Autobiography”: a Critical Review of "They Fought Alone", By Clyde Childress (U.S.A. retired)

description: American civil engineer

wikidata_label: Wendell Fertig

wikipedia_title: Wendell Fertig


text:
stage
film actor
Delphine
On purge bébé
Fanfare of Love
The Lover of Madame Vidal
Hôtel du Nord
Mollenard
Thunder Over Paris
I Am with You
Madly in Love
The Island of Love
Not So Stupid
The Heart on the Sleeve

categories: 1951 deaths,French male stage actors,1884 births,French male film actors,People from Bordeaux

paragraph: Jacques Louvigny

paragraph: Jacques Louvigny (1884–1951) was a French stage and film actor.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delphine" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On purge bébé" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fanfare of Love" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lover of Madame Vidal" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hôtel du Nord" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mollenard" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thunder Over Paris" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Am with You" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madly in Love" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Island of Love" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Not So Stupid" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heart on the Sleeve" (1948)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayward, Susan. "Simone Signoret: The Star as Cultural Sign". Continuum, 2004.

alias:
Jacques Charles de Louvigny
Louvigny

description: French actor

wikidata_label: Jacques Louvigny

wikipedia_title: Jacques Louvigny


text:
recorder
Mentone, Victoria
Melbourne Technical College
Melbourne University
Churchill Fellowship
Frans Brüggen
Orchestra of the Eighteenth Century
Daylesford, Victoria
Rosenborg Castle
Mollenhauer

categories: 1999 deaths,Recorder makers,Australian recorder players,1940 births

paragraph: Frederick G. Morgan

paragraph: Frederick G. (Fred) Morgan (April 4, 1940 - April 16, 1999) was an Australian recorder maker.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Fred first played recorder at age 12 in the family's home in Mentone, Victoria, Australia. After studying commercial art at Melbourne Technical College in 1959, he went to work at the Pan Recorder factory where he became enamored with the recorder.

paragraph: The Frederick Morgan Recorder Consort performed between 1964 and 1969, often accompanied on keyboard by his first wife, Jan. He appeared in the Melbourne Bach Festival, with the Tudor Choristers and the Melbourne Chorale. With Carl Dolmetsch and the Paul McDermott String Quartet, he performed Bach's Fourth Brandenburg Concerto in 1966 at Wilson Hall, Melbourne University. He continued to perform into 1970s with his second wife Ann Murphy, a harpsichordist.

paragraph: He won a Churchill Fellowship to study Recorder Manufacture and Usage in Europe in 1970. There he studied instruments in museums and private collections and met the recorder virtuoso Frans Brüggen, who purchased a Morgan recorder in 1973. When Frans toured Australia with his Orchestra of the Eighteenth Century in 1985, they performed on original instruments from the 17th and 18th centuries, except for Frans who performed on his Morgan recorder.

paragraph: Fred set up a workshop in Amsterdam in 1978, but returned to Daylesford, Victoria in 1980. His instruments became much sought after and treasured by performers around the world. He is particularly noted for his role in developing the Ganassi recorder, and documenting the 17th century recorders found in the Rosenborg Castle in Denmark.

paragraph: Fred died in a car accident in 1999, but his workshop continues to produce partially finished bodies to be finished by other recorder makers, including Nikolaj Ronimus and Jacqueline Sorel. Mollenhauer has licensed the name to be used with their Morgan Denner series of altos.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Atherton, Michael, Australian made Australian played - handcrafted musical instruments from didjeridu to synthesiser, 1990, Published by New South Wales University Press, Kensington

description: Australian recorder maker

wikidata_label: Frederick G. Morgan

wikipedia_title: Frederick G. Morgan


text:
Francized
Moldavia
Romania
Radu R. Rosetti
Rosetti family
traditionalist conservatism
Căiuți
Conservative Party
National Liberal
prefect
Roman
Brăila
Bacău
Assembly of Deputies
Nicolae Filipescu
Titu Maiorescu
Lascăr Catargiu
Petre P. Carp
Foreign Affairs Ministry
Jewish emancipation
manorialism
Poporanism
land reform
peasants' revolt of 1907
Romania maintaining neutrality
Central Powers
Russian Empire
Pan-Slavism
Bessarabia
sided with Russia
Bucharest
Ephor of the Civilian Hospitals
Greater Romania
adapted for the screen
Victor Beldiman
Iași
Grigore Alexandru Ghica
Prince of Moldavia
boyar
Rosetti family
Antonie Ruset
Cupar
Logothete
Russian invasion of 1806
Ivan Liprandi
Covasna
Greek War of Independence
Gavril Istrati
Sacred Band
Moruzi family
Alexandru Constantin Moruzi
University of Munich
Romanian nationalist
corvée
Costache Negri
Mihail Sturdza
abortive revolution of 1848
Danube Vilayet
Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Vornic
Wallachia
United Principalities
National Party
Căiuți
Slănic-Moldova
Old Church Slavonic
Baccalauréat
fall of France
Armée de l'Est
Legitimist
Navarre
Third Carlist War
State Socialism
Junimea
Kingdom of Romania
Dimitrie Ghica-Comănești
Dimitrie A. Grecianu
Dimitrie Rosetti Tescanu
Anghel Saligny
Alexandru B. Știrbei
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manorialism
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Nicolae Dimache
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Grigore Sturdza
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Urdești
George Diamandy
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Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
prefect
Roman County
Prime Minister
Lascăr Catargiu
anti-obesity pills
Jean-Martin Charcot
was elected
Assembly of Deputies
Fălciu County
in 1892
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Nicolae Filipescu
Dimitrie Sturdza
cholera pandemic
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feuilleton
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economic protection
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Zionism
unassimilable
Jewish emancipation
Uitlander
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pogrom
Standard Oil
insurance investigator
hail
Vlach law
obști
serfdom
Michael the Brave
Uradel
knyaz
Phanariotes
Ștefan Ștefănescu
Z. Ornea
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origin of the Romanians
South Slavs
Diocese of Dacia
Dimitrie Onciul
Poporanist
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rural sociology
Titu Maiorescu
Duiliu Zamfirescu
Ioan Kalinderu
Romanian Academy
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Hârlău
corvée
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Henri H. Stahl
Junckerism
King
Carol I
Regulamentul Organic
Grigore Alexandru Ghica
Mehmed Fuad Pasha
Viața Românească
George Panu
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Sămănătorul
Alexandru B. Știrbei
Eliza
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Victor Beldiman
Alexandru Al. Beldiman
Petre P. Carp
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tragically flawed
droit du seigneur
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Francophilia
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Ferdinand I
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declared war on the Central Powers
attack on Austria-Hungary
at Turtucaia
at Bucharest
at Răzoare-Mărășești
Lupu Kostaki
Ephor of the Civilian Hospitals
Alexandru Marghiloman
sued for peace
his royal house
Queen Marie
Dimitrie S. Nenițescu
Macedonian Front
French Army
Army of the Orient
German Armistice on November 11
November 18 election
General Berthelot
Greater Romania
included Bessarabia
Peasants' Party
National Peasants' Party
classical economics
cultural relativism
Iorgu Iordan
toponymy
oral history
pogrom
Ottomans
Costache Conachi
George Călinescu
Eugen Lovinescu
Gheorghe Sion
Dumitru C. Moruzi
Felix Aderca
Romanian cinema
Alfred Halm
The Gypsy Girl at the Alcove
lost film
Elvira Popescu
Ion Finteșteanu
Lațcu
Alexander I
Bellu cemetery
Păstorel Teodoreanu
Academy Library
Education Minister
Ion Antonescu
Soviet occupation of 1944–1958
collective responsibility
Romanian People's Tribunals
Văcărești prison
communist persecution
Constantin Noica
fall of communism
Neagu Djuvara

categories: Romanian agrarianists,Romanian people of World War I,Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania),1853 births,Agrarian theorists,19th-century novelists,Historians of Jews and Judaism,Romanian prison officials,Romanian archivists,Economic sociologists,Romanian essayists,Romanian male novelists,Romanian smugglers,Historians of slavery,Romanian propagandists,Romanian agriculturalists,Romani history in Romania,Romanian medievalists,Romanian male short story writers,Romanian hospital administrators,Oral historians,Romanian sociologists,Prefects of Romania,Romanian short story writers,Romanian historical novelists,19th-century essayists,19th-century male writers,Censorship in Romania,Historians of agriculture,Historians of Russia,Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church,Mayors of places in Romania,20th-century Romanian novelists,Romanian surveyors,Rosetti family,Romanian memoirists,Romanian opinion journalists,Legal historians,People from Iași,Poporanists,Romanian genealogists,20th-century essayists,Romanian writers in French,Romanian civil servants,20th-century Romanian historians,19th-century Romanian historians,1926 deaths,Male essayists,Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians,20th-century short story writers

paragraph: Radu Rosetti

paragraph: Radu Rosetti (Francized "Rodolphe Rosetti"; September 14, 1853 – February 12, 1926) was a Moldavian, later Romanian politician, historian and novelist, father of General Radu R. Rosetti and a prominent member of the Rosetti family. From beginnings in traditionalist conservatism, he adopted progressive agrarian stances, and experimented with modernizing his estate in Căiuți. A Moldavian regionalist sitting on the left of the Conservative Party, he collaborated more or less formally with the National Liberal opposition during his tenure as prefect of Roman, Brăila, and Bacău. Also serving two terms in the Assembly of Deputies and briefly employed as general director of prisons, Rosetti adopted an anti-elitist and reformist discourse. This pitted him against Conservative chiefs such as Nicolae Filipescu and Titu Maiorescu, but he was protected by Lascăr Catargiu and, later, by Petre P. Carp.

paragraph: Rosetti was financially ruined by his poor investments in the grain trade, and, from 1898, withdrew to secondary jobs in the Foreign Affairs Ministry. Although he lacked a formal training, he was a treasured polyglot, and achieved his notoriety as a scholar and social critic. His early studies focused on Moldavia's legal and social history, but later took up more politically charged themes. A mild antisemite and adversary of Jewish emancipation, Rosetti then turned to criticizing his own class and its manorialism, constructing an influential paradigm in progressive historiography. Welcomed into the ranks of left-wing Poporanism by 1906, he proposed a radical land reform and prophesied the peasants' revolt of 1907.

paragraph: The early stages of World War I, with Romania maintaining neutrality, saw Rosetti campaigning for the Central Powers. He advised against any alliance with the Russian Empire, being fearful of Pan-Slavism and supportive of the Romanian claims in Bessarabia. He was disappointed when the country sided with Russia, and remained behind in Bucharest when it was occupied by the Central Powers; with Carp and other Conservatives, he organized a collaborationist bureaucracy, and served in it as Ephor of the Civilian Hospitals. Such choices contrasted those of his son, who became a war hero. Reunited with him in postwar Greater Romania, Rosetti still pursued his literary career, receiving accolades for his final works as a memoirist and raconteur. One of his "Moldavian tales" was adapted for the screen by his son-in-law, Victor Beldiman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth and early affiliations.

paragraph: The future historian was born in Iași, in the since-demolished palace built by Grigore Alexandru Ghica—Prince of Moldavia in 1854–1856, and Radu's maternal grandfather. On his paternal side, he belonged to the boyar Rosetti family, which included Antonie Ruset, who was Moldavian Prince-regnant from 1675 to 1678. Contrary to family legend, he was not descended directly from Prince Antonie, but rather from Antonie's brother, "Cupar" Constantin. The scholar's great-grandfather was Lascarache Ruset and his grandfather was Logothete Răducanu Ruset (1762–1838).

paragraph: The latter's career had peaked during the Russian invasion of 1806, when, according to Ivan Liprandi, he showed himself to be "simple but honest [and] beloved by all". In 1809, he produced a legal defense against the settlement of Russians in Moldavia, and on this basis secured his own deed to Covasna. During the Greek War of Independence, which was partly fought on Moldavian soil, he helped Gavril Istrati organize a guerilla movement against the Sacred Band. Upon the war's end, he also took over land owned by the proscribed Moruzi family, but sent them a share of the revenue; Alexandru Constantin Moruzi became his son-in-law.

paragraph: Rosetti's father, the administrator Răducanu Ruset the Younger, studied philosophy at the University of Munich. His mother Aglae Ghica was Ruset's second wife. Famous for her physical beauty, she had trained as an artist in Vienna, and, upon her return, became an ardent Romanian nationalist. Her husband, although generally conservative, felt solidarity with his tenant farmers and demanded the abolition of corvées. Răducanu Jr was a close friend and sponsor of Costache Negri, with whom he organized an 1847 protest against Prince Mihail Sturdza; that year, he also adhered to a boyar project for the creation of a commercial bank. Răducanu and his brother Lascăr then took part in the abortive revolution of 1848, and were briefly deported to Danube Vilayet—alongside Alexandru Ioan Cuza and their brother-in-law Moruzi. Răducanu served as Moldavian "Vornic" in 1852, when he oversaw the early stages of a project to publish a full corpus of the stately archives. During Moldavia's merger with neighboring Wallachia into the United Principalities, Lascăr endorsed the progressive National Party, while Răducanu became one of the leaders of a conservative faction in Moldavia's assembly, caucusing with former separatists.

paragraph: The family owned the large estate of Căiuți, nearby the spas of Slănic-Moldova, which was the childhood home of Radu and his siblings (a brother and several sisters, including Ana and Margot Rosetti). A native speaker of Romanian, Radu learned Greek from his paternal grandmother; he later achieved fluency in French (his favorite language of expression), English, German, Italian and Spanish, and had a working knowledge of Latin and, from 1888, Old Church Slavonic. He studied at Iași, Geneva, Toulouse (where he finished high school) and Paris, his only diploma being a "Baccalauréat" degree. During his time in Switzerland, he indirectly witnessed the fall of France, with the surrender of the Armée de l'Est; he then became passionate about conservative and Legitimist politics, smuggling weapons into Navarre during the Third Carlist War.

paragraph: Upon returning home, he moderated his reactionary stance. As Radu Jr noted, his father became a "progressive conservative" who admired "State Socialism". Against traditionalists and elitists such as those from the "Junimea" school, Radu Sr reportedly believed that boyar privilege was a bane, and insisted that aristocrats too should work for a living. While he endorsed the United Principalities (and, from 1881, the Kingdom of Romania), he maintained a conservative dislike for the Wallachians, viewing Moldavians as structurally superior.

paragraph: Radu inherited Căiuți upon Răducanu's death in June 1872, and used its forest for hunting, which he generally did on horseback. He played host to important figures in Romanian public life, including Dimitrie Ghica-Comănești, Dimitrie A. Grecianu, Dimitrie Rosetti Tescanu, Anghel Saligny, and Alexandru B. Știrbei—thus, he cultivated both members of the National Liberal Party (PNL) and of the opposition Conservative Party. Sacrificing his dreams of becoming an engineer in order to supervise his inheritance, Rosetti entertained hopes of modernizing Căiuți during the transition from manorialism to full capitalism. Unable to adapt his lifestyle, he eventually succumbed to market pressures.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Prefect and writer.

paragraph: In June 1876, at Saint Spyridon Orthodox church in Iași, Rosetti married Henrieta Bogdan, the ultra-conservative granddaughter of poet Nicolae Dimache. Her father, the Moldavian artillery officer Lascăr Bogdan, had died years before, and she was chaperoned by a relative, Grigore Sturdza; her sister, Elena, was married to the "Uhlan" officer Mișa Sturdza. Well loved by his tenant farmers and passionate about advancing their causes, Rosetti served terms as a mayor of Căiuți. It was there that Henrieta gave birth to their children: Radu (in 1877), Henri (1879), Eugène (1881) and Magdalena (1882).

paragraph: In 1888, however, Rosetti and his entire family moved out of the manor, taking up residence in Târgu Ocna. Their new home was a townhouse once owned by Negri. This move followed a long dispute over land between Rosetti and his sisters, with Radu taking over ownership of Răducăneni, and conceding his manor to Ana; both estates were running debts and were eventually resold, leaving Rosetti inconsolable to his death. He continued to pursue his agriculturalist dream, investing his settlement money (against Henrieta's advice) to take up tenant farming in Urdești, on land owned by George Diamandy.

paragraph: From December 1888, encouraged by historians Ioan Bianu and Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Rosetti published his first works of genealogy and agrarian history in the periodical "Revista Nouă". Formally joining the Conservatives, his first important public post was as prefect of Roman County in August 1889. This followed the ascendancy of Prime Minister Lascăr Catargiu, who appointed Rosetti in hopes of curbing socialist agitation in the area. He resigned after a fairly short interval, following Catargiu's deposition. During most of 1890, he was severely ill after medicating himself on anti-obesity pills, and received treatment from Jean-Martin Charcot in Paris. He returned in 1891 and was elected to the Assembly of Deputies for a Fălciu County seat, in the 3rd Electoral College—then reelected in 1892. These were intense campaigns, pitting Rosetti against the opposition's Radu Ralea.

paragraph: In October, he was named prefect of Brăila County, a job which he took because his wife's declining health required advanced medical services. As an outsider, he was asked by Catargiu to audit the local Conservative chapter, to the annoyance of a junior party leader, Nicolae Filipescu. Filipescu turned to sabotaging Rosetti's work; the latter contacted Bianu and, through him, PNL chairman Dimitrie Sturdza, to help him appoint a bipartisan council of reputable men. When news of this attempted partnership broke nationally, the Conservatives were irritated. After another series of challenges, including the cholera pandemic (eventually handled by Iacob Felix), Danube floods, and dockers' strikes, Rosetti moved on to a similar position in Bacău County in October 1893. He inaugurated an anti-corruption campaign and various public works, but also appealed to nepotism, such as when he ensured the victory of his protege, G. I. Donici, in the by-election for the Assembly. By April 1894, PNL agitators instigated the peasants against Conservative tax reforms, causing riots in Ardeoani and Răcăciuni. Voices in his own party called Rosetti responsible for the 17 wounded Gendarmes and the unknown of number of peasants brutalized during retaliations.

paragraph: During his stay in Bacău, Rosetti made another enemy: his own nephew, the local Conservative boss Eugen Ghica-Comănești, who objected strongly to the program of reforms. In January 1895, with Catargiu still Prime Minister, Rosetti applied for a vacated government job, that of general director of prisons. He received his appointment and together with Vasilică Rosetti (a relative working for the Romanian Police), attempted to reform the prison bureaucracy and clamp down on petty corruption. At the time, the PNL newspaper "Voința Națională" ran a story according to which he had abusively chained the inmates of Mărgineni; Rosetti denied the accusations.

paragraph: That October, when the government fell to a PNL one led by Sturdza, Rosetti was fired according to a tradition that a change in power brought about a wholesale replacement of civil servants with supporters of the new leadership. By then, his Urdești project had proved a failure, with Rosetti losing most of his investment to declining grain prices. Without a stable domicile, Rosetti lived with his Bogdan in-laws in Grădinți, then at a retreat in Agapia, while his sons were studying in Iași and Bucharest. It was here that he began work on his first historical novel, "Cu paloșul" ("With the Longsword"), fictionalizing the life and adventures of Bogdan I. It first appeared as a "feuilleton" in the Conservative daily "Epoca".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archivist, surveyor, and antisemitic polemicist.

paragraph: In trouble because he lacked the means to live decently, and because his lack of a university degree meant he could not become a lawyer or a professor, Rosetti sought a professional job relatively safe from the vicissitudes of politics. At the time, the Foreign Affairs Ministry formed one such oasis. He applied there, and in April 1898, when Sturdza was both Prime and Foreign Minister, he was hired as the archivist's assistant, again helped by Bianu. His other supporter was Gheorghe Văsescu, a friend of the PNL factional leader Ion I. C. Brătianu. Although this new job was low in the ministerial hierarchy, his fluent knowledge of several languages (itself a precondition for working in the ministry) and his penchant for historical exegesis helped Rosetti advance. Nevertheless, the promotions came with a humiliating slowness and, with a wife, three sons and a daughter to support, he found the salary insufficient. Although the Conservatives returned to power in 1899, their new leader was Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino—Rosetti's patron, Catargiu, died suddenly the same year, leaving him virtually without friends in the party.

paragraph: Rosetti was living in Bucharest, where he first rented rooms in Olbricht House, Sfântul Ionică Street, then moved in with his wife and daughter on Mihai Vodă Street, in Lipscani, and finally, in 1903, on Schitu Măgureanu Boulevard. By 1899, he was transferred from the archives to the special projects department, and also worked on the review commission for surveying the border between Romania and Austria-Hungary (dispatched to Vatra Dornei during summer 1900). He was made head of special projects in April 1902, when he also began surveying the border between Northern Dobruja and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

paragraph: Rosetti returned to his studies of history, with a genealogy of the Ghica family, published in 1902 by "Convorbiri Literare". It became the topic of controversy, proving that the Ghica-Comănești branch, including his rival Eugen, were usurpers of the princely name, and descended from the Suldjaroglu family. By 1905 he had issued "Cu paloșul", which enjoyed considerable success, as a volume, alongside other historical sketches: monographs of Răducăneni–Bohotin and Vascani, a review of Moldavian Catholicism and the Csangos, and a genealogy of the Răducăneni Rosettis. For a while, his research concentrated on Bessarabia, a former Moldavian province ceded to the Russian Empire. In 1903, he authored a polemic with the local "Zemstvo", which had demanded cession over Romanian monastery estates in that region.

paragraph: On orders from Ioan Lahovary, he also began researching a tract on the history of the Jews in Romania. Published in French as "La Roumanie et les Juifs", under the pen name "Verax", then translated by Rosetti himself into English, it doubled as a polemic with the Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU), and specifically with publicist Edmond Sincerus. According to Radu Jr, who helped his father with statistics, the work responded to "the Jewish campaign against Romania" and "upset Jews both local and foreign." He argues that the "utterly objective" brochure defended Romanian antisemitism as economic protection rather than racial prejudice. A review in "Journal des Débats" highlighted the same core argument, but was cautious about Verax's neutrality. It describes Rosetti's text as "more of a profusely cited plea than the result of disengaged inquiry." On the AIU side, polemicists argued that "La Roumanie et les Juifs" amounted to propaganda or deflection. A 1904 reaction, published by "The Jewish Chronicle", noted that "in Romania, the words 'verax' and 'liar' are synonymous". According to "L'Univers Israélite", Verax's "venomous pen" produced "almost an official response by the Romanian government".

paragraph: Rosetti expressed sympathy for Zionism, but mainly because he viewed it as a validation that Jews were unassimilable. The essay therefore insisted that Jewish emancipation was not an option, "focus[ing] attention on the direct contact between Jews and the Romanian peasantry". According to Rosetti, Jews prevented Romanians from becoming an entrepreneurial middle class. However, as argued by economist H. Bouët, he contradicted his assumption by noting that Romanians needed to be "pushed" by government expenditure into "trades, commerce and industry". Comparing Jewish immigrants to the "Uitlanders" of Transvaal, Rosetti acknowledged the history of pogroms, but argued that these were equivalent to other violence sparked by economic competition. The book also included respectful tributes to perceived Jewish talents, noting that it was "impossible to speak ill of the craftsman of this race", "a tireless worker [who] leaves no room for criticism"; Radu Jr notes that his family viewed Jews overall as a danger, but that they welcomed assimilated Jews and frowned upon violent antisemitism.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Agrarian historian and 1907 revolt.

paragraph: Rosetti was a widower from September 1905, but enjoyed the moral and material support of his grown sons: Radu Jr was an officer and Henri a jurist, while Eugène had quit school and was prospecting for Standard Oil. He himself supplemented his income as an insurance investigator, assessing damages caused by hail. During this time, he became preoccupied with a looming social crisis. The first of his works to openly deal with the issue of agrarian inequalities and tensions over land was "Despre originea și transformările clasei stăpânitoare din Moldova" ("On the Origins and Transformations of the Moldavian Ruling Class"). His thesis looked back on the sources of Vlach law, suggesting that ancient Romanians were all free men organized into "obști", that latifundia were imposed through boyar theft, and that serfdom was only cemented by the will of Michael the Brave in the late 16th century. Dealing more specifically with the genealogical claims of the Romanian nobles, Rosetti distinguished between an "Uradel" of "knyazes" and a later stratum of Phanariotes, with the latter including his own lineage.

paragraph: As noted by medievalist Ștefan Ștefănescu, this account was fundamentally inaccurate, but Rosetti still had the "merit [...] of breaking away from traditional Romanian historiography, which idealized the past." Cultural historian Z. Ornea also underlines that Rosetti's "harshness", although "not entirely unique", set him aside from other boyar literati. His "vituperation", Ornea argues, "has its bitter source in his own biography." In passing, Rosetti also touched controversial topics of the more distant past, offering his take on Roman Dacia and the origin of the Romanians. He viewed initial Roman colonization as weak, and believed that the nation was created by the invading South Slavs and captives from the Diocese of Dacia. This theory was immediately challenged by Dimitrie Onciul, who cited early sources which appeared to contradict Rosetti.

paragraph: Although Rosetti had kept his post under another Sturdza cabinet, Cantacuzino's return in 1904 signaled his downfall. His prophecy of an impending disaster clashed with the Conservatives' optimism, and he was pressured into resigning before April 1906. Without joining the PNL, Rosetti now sympathized with its left-wing and, beyond, with the emerging Poporanist movement, declaring himself disgusted with the Conservatives' National Exhibit of 1906. In December, he put out the tract "Pământul, sătenii și stăpânii în Moldova" ("Land, Villagers and Masters in Moldavia"). In the 1940s, Traian Herseni reviewed it as "one of the most precious works" of the period, a pioneering contribution to rural sociology. As noted by Rosetti's son, the work was much praised by Sturdza, but constituted an attack on the "sacrosanct principles" of Conservative theoreticians, above all Titu Maiorescu and Duiliu Zamfirescu, but also Filipescu, the "unrepentant reactionary"; Ornea also notes that Maiorescu was vexed and vengeful. However, in 1907, dismissing objections from Maiorescu and Ioan Kalinderu, the Romanian Academy voted to grant Rosetti its Năsturel Herescu Award.

paragraph: The peasants' uprising of February, which seemed to confirm Rosetti's foretelling, had erupted outside Hârlău, but soon spread throughout the land, prompting Sturdza's return as Prime Minister. During these events, Radu Jr was tasked with protecting Jewish property in Bucharest against antisemitic backlashes. Rosetti put out his other key work of history later in 1907. Titled "Pentru ce s-au răsculat țăranii?" ("Why Did the Peasants Rebel?"), it argued that the uprising marked a reaction against the latifundia and tenancies. Building on earlier observations, he documented the survival of serf-like obligations under the guise of a new regime. As he noted, peasants being forced to pay for fodder and informally pressured or terrorized into reimbursing corvées, and often reduced to lassitude and alcoholism. With this tract, Rosetti also emerged as a supporter of radical land reform, arguing that capitalism was remaking the village into a "plutocratic assemblage". His became the orthodox interpretation in Romanian historiography, with Rosetti being recognized by scholar Lucian Boia as a "rejuvenator" who "gave Poporanism a historical grounding."

paragraph: Philosopher Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, who coined the term "neo-serfdom" to describe Romanian labor relations, saw the work as "remarkable", "illuminating", and fundamentally compatible with his own Marxist sociology. According to sociologist Henri H. Stahl, Rosetti had an overwhelming influence on Gherea, and this was unjustified: "[Rosetti] never properly understood the issue, as one cannot really claim to understand rural life only from documents and personal experience; one needs assiduous and rigorously scientific fieldwork." However, Gherea also had qualms about Rosetti's bias. He asserted that Rosetti had remained a boyar at heart, who dreamed of a Romanian "Junckerism" and rejected the notion of helping the peasants with affordable credits. Moreover, Gherea argued that Rosetti had not highlighted the conflict of values and morals between landowners and peasants, with each class having its own notions of justice and retribution. Instead, Rosetti blamed socialist agitators for the peasants' recourse to terror and vandalism. Similarly, Ornea notes that Rosetti kept the "vain hope" that the land issue would be solved by King Carol I, and that he partly subscribed to the discredited theory according to which Jewish tenants, alongside socialists, were largely responsible for the "crisis".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Anti-Russian campaigner.

paragraph: Throughout the year of the revolt, Rosetti also put out monographs on censorship in early 19th-century Moldavia, including the clampdown on Jewish literature during the "Regulamentul Organic" regime, as well as the tacit support for nationalist propaganda under Grigore Alexandru Ghica and its repression by Mehmed Fuad Pasha. His contributions to this narrow field remain recognized as the most relevant in over a century of research, although scholars have since noted their numerous errors of citation and chronology. He had been co-opted by the Poporanists at "Viața Românească", which hosted his responses to critics, in particular George Panu. This was also the terrain for clashes with the right-wing populist historian Nicolae Iorga, against whom Rosetti was invoked as an authority, causing Iorga to withdraw his articles for "Viața Românească". As Iorga recalled in 1934, Rosetti was a man of "unmatched conceit" and an "intelligent dilettante in matters of history".

paragraph: He resumed his literary activity by 1909, contributing to the weekly "Minerva" and then to Iorga's "Sămănătorul". When his eldest son married Ioana Știrbey (orphaned daughter of Alexandru B. Știrbei and sister of the more famous Eliza), Rosetti became in-laws with Ion I. C. Brătianu, who was now leader of the PNL, replacing Sturdza as head of government. Ioana died in 1914, leaving Radu Jr in charge of her sizable estates. Magdalena Rosetti also got married, to actor Victor Beldiman—brother of diplomat Alexandru Al. Beldiman.

paragraph: Readmitted into the Foreign Affairs Ministry in 1909, Radu Sr became department director under the Conservative Petre P. Carp, but resigned again in 1912, when his rival Maiorescu took over as Prime Minister. He remained active as a scholar, publishing in 1909 two books on the 1806 war in Bessarabia and the Moldavian diplomatic efforts, as well as two other monographs on Moldavia and Wallachia during the same interval. He also looked into the microhistory of property disputes, publishing his ancestors' ledger of land claims and, in 1910, a two-volume account of the 1850s conflict between the Moldavian government and Neamț Monastery. Returning as "Verax", he detailed the conflict between Romania and the Kingdom of Greece in the brochure "Grèce et Roumanie", printed in Paris; under his real name, he also revisited the "Jewish Question", putting out a tract on developments to 1909. The issue was also touched in the article "Un proces de sacrilegiu la 1836 în Moldova" ("A Trial over Sacrilege in 1836 Moldavia"), where he suggested that Romanians were naturally tolerant and Jews generally fanatical. The novel "Păcatele sulgeriului" ("The Sins of the "Sluger""), came out in 1912 and sought to illustrate Rosetti's theories on the land question. It showed the brave but tragically flawed Mihalache, and 18th-century boyar who accumulates land stolen from yeomen and is punished by fate. The work is one of several in which Rosetti describes an "utterly despicable" "droit du seigneur", allegedly exercised by boyars against nubile Roma slaves.

paragraph: Although he still professed his Francophilia, Rosetti distrusted Russia, pined for Bessarabia, and, from the 1870s, wanted Romania to stand by the Triple Alliance and the Central Powers. He maintained this stance during the early stages of World War I, when Romania kept neutral. His 1914 brochure, "Nici într-un chip cu Rusia" ("Never but Never with Russia") highlighted the threat of Pan-Slavism and informed the public that an alliance with Russia would soon turn into a currency union, a protectorate, and eventually an annexation of Romania. Rosetti rooted in particular for the German Empire, since he could discern in its policies "nothing that would be detrimental to our own interests", but rather "our own salvation from the Russian peril."

paragraph: The same ideology was taken up in three later tracts: in 1914, "Atitudinea politicii rusești în țările române povestită de organele oficiale franceze" ("The Russian Political Stance toward the Romanian Lands, as Recounted by French Official Channels"); in 1915, "Adevărații provocatori" ("The Actual Instigators") and "Atitudinea României în războiul actual" ("Romania's Stance in the Current War"). Here, he theorized that the conflict was the result of Russian intrigues and British imperialism, while accusing the Romanians of being poorly informed about their choices, "indifferent to the plight of Bessarabia and the Bessarabians." These Romanians included Radu Jr, who openly supported the Entente. All such works were published in cooperation with "Viața Românească", which, in 1916, also put out Rosetti's answer to scholar Vasile Pârvan, wherein he reasserted his views on the origin of the Romanians. Rosetti was also a contributor to Carp's gazette, "Moldova", a tribune for anti-Russian and Germanophile Moldavians.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Wartime collaboration.

paragraph: Reportedly, King Ferdinand I read "Nici într-un chip cu Rusia" and approved of its content, although he found it somewhat "excessive". However, even in 1915 Rosetti could clearly read that both he and Prime Minister Brătianu leaned toward the Entente Powers. Eventually, in mid 1916, Romania declared war on the Central Powers. Following an abortive attack on Austria-Hungary, Romania was invaded by the Central Powers, suffering major defeats at Turtucaia and at Bucharest. King Ferdinand and the army, alongside a mass of refugees, withdrew to Iași; Romania, directly supported by the Russians, only held on to Rosetti's native Moldavia. As a loyalist soldier, Radu Jr fought with distinction and was severely wounded at Răzoare-Mărășești, earning the rank of Colonel.

paragraph: Rosetti the elder remained behind in occupied Bucharest, where he rejoined a cell of Conservatives that included former Prime Ministers Carp and Maiorescu, as well as the Beldimans. His most controversial career move was open collaboration with the Germans and Germanophiles: in June 1917, he was nominated as minister in a putative Carp government. He ended up accepting a more minor position under Lupu Kostaki, becoming Ephor of the Civilian Hospitals. According to his son-in-law Victor Beldiman and his friend Bianu, Rosetti proved himself a staunch and dignified administrator, refusing to bow down to the Germans. Nonetheless, he was also involved in the intrigues dividing the Bucharest Conservatives. He supported Carp against Kostaki and Alexandru Marghiloman, and, the latter claims, promoted to high office favorites such as Jan Zaplachta. Meanwhile, with Beldiman, he also began collecting proof for a "Brătianu file", to be used for denouncing the PNL chief.

paragraph: In May 1918, with Marghiloman appointed head of a Conservative-and-Germanophile cabinet, Ferdinand I conceded defeat, and Romania sued for peace. Rosetti disliked Marghiloman, and immediately resigned from his administrative position, but nonetheless viewed this moment as a confirmation of his predictions, calling for Carp to replace Marghiloman and bring Romania into Germany's orbit. In an open letter, while confessing his rekindled "hatred for the Germans", he demanded the ouster of King Ferdinand and his royal house. As noted by the monarchist Iorga, this document, the product of "bad fashion", caused great distress to Queen Marie. During the interval, Rosetti also began writing opinion pieces in Dimitrie S. Nenițescu's newspaper, "Renașterea", where he issued reprimands against his erstwhile friend Brătianu and other PNL politicos. His other venue was "Izbânda", the "independent democratic paper", which was heavily censored by the Marghiloman administration.

paragraph: By September, the Central Powers were defeated on the Macedonian Front, rekindling Romanian hopes for an Entente victory. Re-enrolled by the French Army as an adamant anti-German, Radu Jr mediated between Ferdinand and the Army of the Orient. Romania's situation improved greatly with the German Armistice on November 11, which signaled Marghiloman's downfall. Rosetti ran unsuccessfully for an Assembly seat in the November 18 election. According to Iorga, he still enjoyed sizable support from the Bucharest populace. At the time, "Renașterea" published his designs for land reform. Criticizing Marghiloman for his concessions to the peasants, these went back on his earlier radicalism, proposing the preservation of some large estates, in hopes that these would ensure competitiveness and the modernization of agriculture.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Memoirs and final years.

paragraph: In December, Radu Jr returned to Romania with General Berthelot and the Entente mission, before spending two years as a military attaché in London. His father then lived to see the creation of Greater Romania, which confirmed the expectations of the pro-Entente side but, thanks to Marghiloman, also included Bessarabia. As Radu Jr notes, he was "thankful" and felt no bitterness toward the PNL, being in this set apart from other Conservatives. Meanwhile his ideas on agrarian issues had a lasting an influence on late Poporanism, which, during the interwar, became the official doctrine of the Peasants' Party and then the National Peasants' Party. According to political economist Ion Veverca, Rosetti, Iorga and Dobrogeanu-Gherea were also exponents of a stage in Romanian economic theory, between classical economics and cultural relativism. Moreover, Rosetti's work on Moldavian village history became a source for Iorgu Iordan's research into regional toponymy.

paragraph: Rosetti returned to publishing in 1920–1921, with two selections of "Moldavian tales" ("Povești moldovenești"). He followed up with a 1922 memoir, "Amintiri", which Iorga recognized as a "precious" source. Part of it doubled as oral history, collecting testimonies from Rosetti's elders, including details of Jewish toleration and pogroms, as well as on the looting and raping by marauding Ottomans and the intermingling between Romanians and Roma slaves. In its polemical fragments, it showed glimpses of the author's Russophobia and critique of manorialism, with jibes against landowners such as Costache Conachi.

paragraph: As noted by literary historian George Călinescu, overall the series showed the boyar class being "unbelievably obsolete", "dazzled" by "the new liberal society"; Rosetti's style was "always agreeable." Similarly, Ornea concludes that the "sympathetic reconstruction [they offer] can be considered entirely reliable as a document", but also "veritable literature." Critic Eugen Lovinescu praises Rosetti as one of the great and distinctly Moldavian raconteurs, placing him alongside Gheorghe Sion and Dumitru C. Moruzi. The "Tales", fictionalizing Moldavia's more distant past, were noticeably more daring in subject matter and conflict. Praised by Călinescu for their accomplished narratives, they included episodes of double-dealing over land property, vengeful castration, and forceful religious conversion.

paragraph: By April 1923, he was again frequenting "Viața Românească", at the Poporanists' new club in Bucharest. The modernist Felix Aderca, who also paid a visit, recalls that "lily-white" Rosetti was showing signs of senility, for describing medieval genealogies to a bindery foreman. Also that year, Rosetti indirectly contributed to the history of Romanian cinema, as one of his novellas became the basis for Alfred Halm's "The Gypsy Girl at the Alcove". A lost film adapted by Beldiman (who also appears in it as Taverner Ștrul), it is noted for starring both Elvira Popescu and Ion Finteșteanu, as well as for its depiction of sexual abuse by the boyars on their female slaves. Rosetti's final scholarly work was a 1923 piece on medieval Moldavia from Lațcu to Alexander I, followed in 1924 by a third edition of "Cu paloșul".

paragraph: Rosetti died on February 12, 1926 in Bucharest and was buried in Bellu cemetery, Plot 97. A second and final installment of "Amintiri" came out in 1927, with the "Moldavian tales" parodied in "Viața Românească" by Păstorel Teodoreanu. The historian's eldest son, from 1924 Brigadier General Rosetti, continued his scholarly work and, in 1927, joined the Romanian Academy, presiding over the Academy Library in succession to Bianu. Although he detested fascism, he agreed to serve as Education Minister for Ion Antonescu during 1941. According to Boia, Rosetti's 1914 warning about Russia was inaccurate for its day, but "terribly close to facts" when contemplated in relation to the Soviet occupation of 1944–1958. Implicated in the Antonescu trial through the doctrine of collective responsibility, Rosetti Jr was sentenced by the Romanian People's Tribunals. He died in Văcărești prison, and shares his father's grave at Bellu.

paragraph: Magdalena Rosetti-Beldiman survived communist persecution, sheltering Brătianu's widow in her own apartment. Her brother the general had left three daughters and one son, also named Radu, who spent time in prison and under surveillance for his contacts with the dissident philosopher Constantin Noica. At the time, while still cited as an authority on agrarian mattes, Rosetti Sr was formally designated "a historian of the bourgeoisie and landowners". His inclusion in to Constantin C. Angelescu's 1964 overview of Romanian historical writing gave his birth date as unknown, and omitted mention of "La Roumanie et le Juifs"—errors which were signaled by the official magazine, "Studii". Following the fall of communism, the Rosettis' contribution was revisited, and their works republished—including a 2011 reissue of "Amintiri" with a preface by Neagu Djuvara.

wikidata_label: Radu Rosetti

wikipedia_title: Radu Rosetti


text:
Castilian
privateer
Henry III the Sufferer
Mediterranean
Atlantic
John II
Tunis
English settlements
Bordeaux
Jersey
Poole Harbour
Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
Ferdinand
Henry III
Ronda
Setenil

paragraph: Pero Niño

paragraph: Pero Niño (1378–1453) was a Castilian privateer at the service of Henry III the Sufferer active in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic during the first decade of the 15th century. He later served John II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in 1378. After fighting in the , he took part in the Castilian-Portuguese war between 1396 and 1399. He led a Mediterranean naval expedition in 1404–1405, getting to attack Tunis. Later in 1405–1406, he led an Atlantic campaign, raiding English settlements close to Bordeaux, Jersey, and Poole Harbour.

paragraph: He took part in a military campaign against the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, fighting for the then regent of Castile Ferdinand, brother of Henry III, in Ronda and Setenil.

paragraph: He died on 17 January 1453.

paragraph: "El Victorial", a biographical chronicle on Pero Niño, was written by Gutierre Díaz de Games circa 1435–1448.

wikidata_label: Pero Niño

wikipedia_title: Pero Niño


text:
India
Mahatma Gandhi
Satara
Sawantwadi
Maharashtra
Fergusson College
Pune
Baroda
Acharya Kripalani
Burma
Myanmar
Mahatma Gandhi
Sabarmati Ashram
Gujarat Vidyapith
Ahmedabad
Indian independence movement
Hindi
Hindustani
Rajya Sabha
Backward Classes Commission
Gujarati Sahitya Parishad
Gujarati
Marathi
Hindi
Sahitya Akademi Award
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Padma Vibhushan
Bharat Ratna

categories: 1885 births,Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati,Gujarati people,Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni,Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education,Indian independence activists from Maharashtra,Indian travel writers,Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha,Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship,Gujarati-language writers,1981 deaths,Marathi-language writers,Gandhians,People from Satara,20th-century Indian journalists,20th-century Indian educational theorists

paragraph: Kaka Kalelkar

paragraph: Dattatreya Balkrushna Kalelkar (1 December 1885 – 21 August 1981), popularly known as Kaka Kalelkar, was an Indian independence activist, social reformer and journalist. He was a major follower of the philosophy and methods of Mahatma Gandhi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kalelkar was born in Satara on 1 December 1885. He was native of Kaleli village near Sawantwadi in Maharashtra which gave his surname Kalelkar. He matriculated in 1903 and completed B. A. in Philosophy from Fergusson College, Pune in 1907. He appeared in the first year examination of LL.B. and joined Ganesh Vidyalaya in Belgaum in 1908. He worked for a while on the editorial staff of a nationalistic Marathi daily named "Rashtramat", and then as a teacher at a school named Ganganath Vidyalaya in Baroda in 1910. Within a few years, the British government forcibly closed down the school because of its nationalistic spirit in 1912. He traveled to Himalaya on foot and later joined Acharya Kripalani in visit to Burma (Myanmar) in 1913. He met Mahatma Gandhi in 1915.

paragraph: Influence by Gandhi, he became member of Sabarmati Ashram. He taught at Rashtriya Shala of Sabarmati Ashram. For some time, he served as the editor of "Sarwodaya" periodical which was run from the premises of the Ashram. With Gandhi's encouragement, he played an active role in establishing Gujarat Vidyapith at Ahmedabad, and became its vice-chancellor in 1928. He was imprisoned several times due to his participation in Indian independence movement. He retired from Gujarat Vidyapith in 1939.

paragraph: In 1935, Kalelkar became member of "Rashtabhasha Samiti", a committee whose objective was to popularize Hindi-Hindustani language as the national language of India. He was active with Gandhi Smarak Nidhi from 1948 to his death.

paragraph: He was appointed as a member of Rajya Sabha from 1952 to 1964 and later appointed as a president of Backward Classes Commission in 1953. He presided Gujarati Sahitya Parishad in 1959. He established Gandhi Vidyapith, Vedchhi in 1967 and served as its vice chancellor.

paragraph: He died on 21 August 1981.

paragraph: Mahatma Gandhi called him "Savai Gujarati", a quarter more than a Gujarati.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: He then went on writing remarkable, voluminous travelogues in Gujarati, Marathi, and Hindi.

paragraph: The following is a partial list of Kalelkar's books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quintessence of Gandhian Thought (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profiles in Inspiration (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stray Glimpses of Bapu (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahatma Gandhi's Gospel of Swadeshi (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahatma Gandhi Ka Swadeshi Dharma (Hindi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashtriya Shiksha Ka Adarsha (Hindi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smaran Yatra (Marathi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uttarekadil Bhinti (Marathi) (also translated into English as "Even behind the Bars")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindalgyacha Prasad (Marathi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lok-Mata (Marathi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latanche Tandav (Marathi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Himalayatil Pravas (Marathi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Himalayano Pravas (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeevan-Vyavastha (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purva Africaman (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jivavano Anand (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jivata Tehvaro (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mara Sansmarano (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ugamano Desh (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otterati Divaro (Gujarati) (also translated into English as "Even behind the Bars")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brahmadeshano Pravas (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rakhadvano Anand (Gujarati)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multi-Part Kaka Kalelkar Granthawali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 5: Atmacharitra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 6: Charitra Kirtan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 7: Geeta darshan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 8: Dharma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 9: Sahitya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 10: Diary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part 11: Patra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahijan ka ped

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Kalelkar received a Sahitya Akademi Award in 1965 for his "Jeevan-Vyavastha", a collection of essays in Gujarati. He was honored with Sahitya Akademi Fellowship in 1971 for his literary achievements.

paragraph: The Government of India conferred on him Padma Vibhushan (India's second-highest civilian award after the Bharat Ratna) in 1964. It also issued a commemorative stamp in his honor in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gandhian Patriarch: A Political and Spiritual Biography of Kaka Kalelkar" (book) by Madho Prasad

paragraph: BULLET::::-

alias:
Dattatreya Balkrushna Kalelkar
Kakasaheb Kalelkar

description: Indian social reformer, historian, educationist, and journalist

wikidata_label: Kaka Kalelkar

wikipedia_title: Kaka Kalelkar