text:
French Army
counter-insurgency
Algerian War of Independence
Organisation armée secrète
French President
Charles de Gaulle
Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry
Argoud charged over de Gaulle plot
Obituary of Antoine Argoud

categories: People from Darney,Members of the Organisation armée secrète,French Army officers,French military personnel of the Algerian War,2004 deaths,French military personnel of World War II,1914 births

paragraph: Antoine Argoud

paragraph: Antoine Argoud (26 June 1914 – 10 June 2004) was a French Army officer specializing in counter-insurgency during the Algerian War of Independence. Argoud's opposition to Algerian independence from France resulted in his joining of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS) and support for its use of violence in opposition to this policy.

paragraph: Argoud was twice placed on trial and convicted (the first in absentia) of attempting to assassinate French President Charles de Gaulle. Following the second trial Argoud was sentenced to life imprisonment, but released as part of a general amnesty in 1968.

paragraph: On February 25, 1963, when Antoine Argoud was hiding in Munich after the failed August 22, 1962 assassination attempt on de Gaulle, he was kidnapped by French secret police CRS agents at the Eden-Wolff hotel, and smuggled to France à la Eichmann, where he was interrogated. His revelation allowed the secret service to arrest Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry and other assassins.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Cocastre-Zilgien "L'affaire Argoud. Considérations sur les arrestations internationalement irrégulières", Pédone, 1965

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Argoud charged over de Gaulle plot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary of Antoine Argoud

description: French Army officer

wikidata_label: Antoine Argoud

wikipedia_title: Antoine Argoud


text:
songwriter
record producer
recording engineer
Goo Goo Dolls
Green Day
Jewel
NOFX
Zebrahead
Gerard Way
tuba
Stan Freese
Josh Freese
The Vandals
American Idiot World Tour
21st Century Breakdown World Tour
99 Revolutions Tour
Revolution Radio Tour
Bullet in a Bible
Awesome as Fuck
saxophone
piano
keyboards
Lullaby
Death by Stereo
Death Is My Only Friend
Fullerton, California

paragraph: Jason Freese

paragraph: Jason Freese (born January 12, 1975) is an American musician, songwriter, record producer, and recording engineer. As a professional studio musician he has performed on over 50 albums by more than 35 different artists, including multiple albums by the Goo Goo Dolls, Green Day, Jewel, NOFX, Zebrahead, and singer Gerard Way. He is the son of tuba soloist Stan Freese and the younger brother of professional drummer Josh Freese, and has performed on his brother's solo albums as well as on albums by his band The Vandals. Jason has performed as a touring member of Green Day on their American Idiot World Tour, their 21st Century Breakdown World Tour, their 99 Revolutions Tour and their Revolution Radio Tour, and appeared on their live albums "Bullet in a Bible" and "Awesome as Fuck". His performing credits most often consist of saxophone, piano, and keyboards. His credits as a producer include Jewel's 2009 album "Lullaby" and Death by Stereo's 2009 album "Death Is My Only Friend".

paragraph: He is based in Fullerton, California.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jason Freese

wikipedia_title: Jason Freese


text: Hungarian

text: avant-garde

text: fluxus

text: Artpool Art Research Center

text: Communist Era of Hungary

text: mail art

text: Iron Curtain

text: Artpool

text: fluxus

text: visual poetry

text: artists' book

text: mail art

text: artistamp

text: Central Europe

text: avant-garde art

text: Balatonboglár

text: Life works

text: Artpool

text: Biography, in Hungarian

text: Biography, in English

categories: 1941 births,Modern artists,Living people,Hungarian sculptors

paragraph: György Galántai

paragraph: György Galántai (born June 17, 1941) is a Hungarian neo-avant-garde and fluxus artist, organizer of the events of the Chapel Studio in Balatonboglár which run from 1970 to 1973 and founder of the Artpool Art Research Center Budapest. During the Communist Era of Hungary, he organized illegal, underground avant-garde exhibitions and therefore he was considered to be a "dangerous element" by the Party for spreading western propaganda, and was monitored by secret police, who opened the file "Painter" solely documenting his activity. From the late seventies he started an intense correspondence with fellow artist all over the world, joining into the network of mail art even despite the Iron Curtain limited his access for information. In 1979 he created an archive for these correspondences and other documents which he collected on Hungarian neo-avantgarde movements and initiated Artpool which became the largest archive of new mediums such as fluxus, visual poetry, artists' book, mail art, artistamp etc. in Central Europe.

paragraph: Between 1970 and 1973, Galántai organized and ran the "Chapel Studio" of avant-garde art held all summer in the chapel in Balatonboglár. In all, there were some 35 exhibitions, concerts, poetry recitals, theatrical performances, and film showings were held over these four years, featuring the best of Hungary's (and then considered politically undesirable) avant-garde artists, and guest artists from abroad.

paragraph: In 1971, he started working on the problem of signs and their meanings. For a detailed account of the rest of his career, see the biography link below.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artpool

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, in Hungarian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Balatonboglár Chapel Studio 1970-1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artpool: The Experimental Art Archive of East-Central Europe

alias:
G. Galántai
G. Galantai

description: Hungarian artist

wikidata_label: György Galántai

wikipedia_title: György Galántai


text:
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Tsardom of Russia
Russian Empire
progenitor
Stroganov family
Fyodor Lukich Stroganov
Novgorod
Solvychegodsk
saltworks
Yakov
Grigory
Semyon
Kolskaya Guba
Perm
Tsar
Ivan the Terrible
Arkhangelsk
Moscow
obrok
indigenous tribes of Siberia
Kama
Chusovaya
oprichnina
fortress
druzhina
Urals

categories: Russian explorers,Russian businesspeople,1570 deaths,1488 births,Stroganov family

paragraph: Anikey Stroganov

paragraph: Anikey Fyodorovich Stroganov () (1488–1570) was an explorer, merchant and eventual monk who lived during the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia, the predecessors of the Russian Empire. He was an early progenitor of the Stroganov family, whose members were prominent Russian merchants, industrialists, landowners, noblemen, and statesmen through to the early 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Anikey Stroganov was the fourth and younger son of Fyodor Lukich Stroganov. He was born in Novgorod but soon after his birth, the Stroganovs migrated to Solvychegodsk. After the deaths of his childless brothers Stefan, Iosif and Vladimir, his father became a monk. All the family wealth, included several large estates and saltworks, were passed to Anikey.

paragraph: Anikey improved and expanded his salt business and when his sons Yakov, Grigory and Semyon became adults, Anikey founded new salterns in the Kolskaya Guba and Perm.

paragraph: In the beginning of the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Stroganov received the right to control the trade rules prescribed for English merchants, traveling from Arkhangelsk to Moscow. These rights were confirmed in documents signed in 1552, 1555 and 1560. Stroganov performed also other duties for the tsar, like collecting taxes from the "obrok" in Solvychegodsk.

paragraph: Stroganov established trade routes with the indigenous tribes of Siberia. On 4 April 1558, Ivan the Terrible granted Grigory and his successors large estates along the Kama and Chusovaya rivers, including tax income and other privileges for 20 years. Stroganov organized migration there and founded several settlements.

paragraph: On 16 August 1566, Anikey Stroganov received a new privilege; at his own request their lands were included in the "oprichnina". Seizing lands from the local population by conquest and colonizing them with incoming Russian peasants, the Stroganovs developed farming, hunting, saltworks, fishing, and ore mining in these areas. They built towns and fortresses and, at the same time, suppressed local unrest with the help of their druzhinas and annexed new lands in the Urals and Siberia in favor of Russia.

paragraph: Anikey Stroganov was married two times. His first wife, Mavra, died in 1544. After the death of the second wife in 1567, Stroganov moved in with his youngest son Semyon. Like his father, Anikey soon became a monk, going by the name Joasaphus (). He died in 1570 at the age of 80 years and 10 months.

description: Russian businessman

wikidata_label: Anikey Stroganov

wikipedia_title: Anikey Stroganov


text: de Burgh

text: Burke

text: Bourke

text: Ireland

text: Ireland

text: John

text: Henry II of England

text: Limerick

text: Leinster

text: Munster

text: Tibberaghny

text: County Kilkenny

text: Kilsheelan

text: Ardpatrick

text: Kilfeacle

text: Waterford

text: Lismore

text: Carrigogunnell

text: Castleconnell

text: Seneschal

text: King of Thomond

text: Domnall Mór Ua Briain

text: King of Thomond

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: Desmond

text: Amlaíb Ua Donnabáin

text: Kingdom of Connacht

text: Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair

text: King of Connacht

text: Munster

text: Tuam

text: Boyle

text: Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair

text: Iar Connacht

text: Cong

text: Easter

text: oath

text: Coarb

text: Augustinian Priory of Athassel

text: Golden

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: God

text: saint

text: Ulster

text: Clanricarde

text: Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh

text: Four Masters

text: Richard Mor de Burgh

text: Henry II of England

text: kinsman

text: Edward I of England

text: Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster

text: Hubert de Burgh, Bishop of Limerick

text: Richard Óge de Burgh

text: Sheriff

text: Connaught

text: Burgh Castle

text: Norfolk

text: Earl of Ulster

text: Burke Civil War 1333-38

text: Clanricarde

text: Earl of Mayo

text: John O'Donovan

text: Hubert T. Knox

text: Edward MacLysaght

text: Dublin

text: Eamonn de Burca

text: Dublin

text: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts

text: University College Cork

text: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts

text: University College Cork

text: Revised edition

text: Trinity College Dublin

categories: Anglo-Normans in Ireland,Anglo-Normans,12th-century Irish people,People from County Tipperary,1157 births,People from the Borough of Great Yarmouth,People from County Limerick,1206 deaths,House of Burke

paragraph: William de Burgh

paragraph: William de Burgh (c. 1160 – winter 1205/1206) was the founder of the de Burgh/Burke/Bourke dynasty in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::In Ireland.

paragraph: He arrived in Ireland in 1185 and was closely associated with Prince John.

paragraph: King Henry II of England appointed him Governor of Limerick and granted him vast estates in Leinster and Munster. De Burgh's castles at Tibberaghny (County Kilkenny), Kilsheelan, Ardpatrick and Kilfeacle were used to protect King John's northern borders of Waterford and Lismore and his castles at Carrigogunnell and Castleconnell were used to protect Limerick. He was Seneschal of Munster (Royal Governor) from 1201 to 1203.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and alliance.

paragraph: Sometime in the 1190s, William allied with the King of Thomond, either Domnall Mór Ua Briain, King of Thomond (died 1194) or his son Murtogh, and married one of his daughters. This alliance probably took place during the reign of Murtough, as up to the time of his death Donal had been at war with the Normans. At any rate no more wars are recorded between the two sides for the rest of the decade. According to the Annals of Inisfallen, in 1201 William and the sons of Domnall Mór led a major joint military expedition into Desmond, slaying Amlaíb Ua Donnabáin among others.

paragraph: From 1199 to 1202 de Burgh led military campaigns in Desmond with the aid of the Ó Briain. Success in the west and south allowed de Burgh to conquer the Kingdom of Connacht, which although he had been granted probably before 1195, he had never occupied. Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, fought a successful counter-attack against the Anglo-Norman castles in Munster, including de Burgh's castle of Castleconnell. Further fighting led to loss of three castles and property, all of which was eventually retrieved with the exception of much of Connacht.

paragraph: Section::::Connacht.

paragraph: In 1200, ""Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair went into Munster, to the son of Mac Carthy and William de Burgh to solicit their aid."" This marked the start of de Burgh's interest in the province. King Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair (reigned 1190–1224) faced much opposition, mainly from within his own family and wished to engage de Burgh's aid to help secure his position. The following year William and Ua Conchobair led an army from Limerick to Tuam and finally to Boyle. Ua Conchobair's rival, Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair marched at the head of his army to give them battle but was killed in a combined Burke/Ua Conchobair onslaught after a week of skirmishing between the two sides.

paragraph: William and Ua Conchobair then travelled to Iar Connacht and stayed at Cong for Easter. Here, William and the sons of Rory O'Flaherty conspired to kill Ua Conchobair but the plot was foiled, apparently by holy oaths they were made to swear by the local Coarb family. However, when de Burgh demanded payment for himself and his retinue, battle finally broke out with over seven hundred of de Burgh's followers said to have been killed. William, however, managed to return to Limerick.

paragraph: The following year in 1202, William returned and took revenge for his army that was destroyed a year early. He took the title “Lord of Connacht” in 1203.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died in winter 1205/1206 and was interred at the Augustinian Priory of Athassel in Golden which he had founded c. 1200.

paragraph: The Annals of the Four Masters recorded his passing thus:

paragraph: ""William Burke plundered Connacht, as well churches as territories; but God and the saints took vengeance on him for that; for he died of a singular disease, too shameful to be described.""

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The identity of William's wife is uncertain. A late medieval genealogy records his marriage to an unnamed daughter of Donmal Mor mac Turlough O'Brien, and the descent of the Earls of Ulster and Clanricarde from their son Richard. A book of genealogies recorded in the 15th century by Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh, one of the Four Masters (published in "Annalecta Hibernica" 18), indicates that the mother of Richard Mor de Burgh, William's son and successor, was the "daughter of the Saxon [Angevin] king", an illegitimate daughter of Henry II of England via~ the house of Normandy. Such a connection would explain the use of the term "consanguineus" kinsman by Edward I of England to describe Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster.

paragraph: William had three known children (with the spelling Connaught being used in titles of English nobility):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught, Lord of Connaught.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hubert de Burgh, Bishop of Limerick.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Óge de Burgh, (illegitimate), Sheriff of Connaught.

paragraph: Section::::Family tree.

paragraph: Walter de Burgh of Burgh Castle, Norfolk.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl of Ulster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke Civil War 1333-38

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clanricarde

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl of Mayo

paragraph: Section::::References (family tree).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A New History of Ireland", volume IX, Oxford, 1984;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earls of Ulster and Lords of Connacht, 1205–1460 (De Burgh, De Lacy and Mortimer)", p. 170;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mac William Burkes: Mac William Iochtar (de Burgh), Lords of Lower Connacht and Viscounts of Mayo, 1332–1649", p. 171;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burke of Clanricard: Mac William Uachtar (de Burgh), Lords of Upper Connacht and Earls of Clanricard, 1332–1722.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tribes and customs of Hy-Many", John O'Donovan, 1843

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Mayo", Hubert T. Knox. 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Surnames of Ireland", Edward MacLysaght, Dublin, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lower Mac William and Viscounts of Mayo, 1332–1649", in "A New History of Ireland" IX, pp.235-36, Oxford, 1984 (reprinted 2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Anglo-Normans in Co. Galway: the process of colonization", Patrick Holland, "Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, vol. 41, (1987–88)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burke:People and Places", Eamonn de Burca, Dublin, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Anglo-Norman landscape in County Galway; land-holdings, castles and settlements", Patrick Holland, J.G.A.& H.S., vol. 49 (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of Ulster" at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of Tigernach" at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revised edition of McCarthy's synchronisms at Trinity College Dublin.

description: Irish noble

wikidata_label: William de Burgh

wikipedia_title: William de Burgh


text: French

text: painter

text: Bard-lès-Époisses

text: Semur-en-Auxois

text: Semur-en-Auxois

text: Galleries

categories: 1862 deaths,1780 births,19th-century French painters,French male painters

paragraph: Étienne Bouhot

paragraph: Étienne Bouhot (8 August 1780 – 17 July 1862) was a French painter and art teacher.

paragraph: Bouhot was born in Bard-lès-Époisses. He was the director of the "École de Dessin" ("School of Drawing") in Semur-en-Auxois. He died in Semur-en-Auxois.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galleries

paragraph: BULLET::::- "French painting 1774-1830: the Age of Revolution", fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries

alias:
Etienne Bouhot
Etienne Bonhot
M^Tr^R Bouhot
M. Bouhot
Bouhot

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Étienne Bouhot

wikipedia_title: Étienne Bouhot


href: Germany Protestant%20Reformation physician scholar Sorbs Bautzen mathematics astronomy medicine University%20of%20Wittenberg Wittenberg Humanism Philipp%20Melanchthon mathematics University%20of%20Wittenberg dean%20%28education%29 Rector%20%28academia%29 prince-elector Saxony Protestant Crypto-Calvinism Lutheran Pleissenburg Duchy Anhalt Councillor Dessau

text:
German
reformer
physician
scholar
Sorbian
Bautzen
mathematics
astronomy
medicine
University of Wittenberg
Wittenberg
humanist
Philipp Melanchthon
mathematics
University of Wittenberg
dean
rector
Elector
Saxony
Protestant
Crypto-Calvinism
Lutheran
Pleissenburg Fortress
Duchy
Anhalt
Councillor
Dessau

categories: 1525 births,16th-century German writers,People from Bautzen,1602 deaths,German Renaissance humanists,University of Wittenberg faculty,German classical scholars,16th-century German physicians,Philippists

paragraph: Caspar Peucer

paragraph: Caspar Peucer (pronounced , ; January 6, 1525 – September 25, 1602) was a German reformer, physician, and scholar of Sorbian origin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Bautzen, Peucer studied mathematics, astronomy, and medicine at the University of Wittenberg from 1540. In 1543, he became a lodger in the house of one of the most famous professors in Wittenberg, the theologian and humanist Philipp Melanchthon, whose daughter Magdalena he married in 1550. In 1554, he became professor of mathematics at the University of Wittenberg, and in 1560 professor of medicine, leading the Wittenberg faculty in that field. Until 1574, he also served several times as dean and rector. In spite of his medical profession — in 1570, he became even personal physician to the Elector of Saxony — he was, after the death of Melanchthon, one of the leading Protestants in Saxony.

paragraph: In 1574 Peucer was officially charged with Crypto-Calvinism in an inter-Lutheran fight for power and put in jail in the famed Pleissenburg Fortress in Leipzig for twelve years. Released in 1586, he went to the Duchy of Anhalt, where he became Councillor and personal physician to the Prince of Anhalt.

paragraph: He died in the capital of Dessau in 1602.

paragraph: Section::::Works (incomplete).

paragraph: He wrote on astronomy, geometry, and medicine, and edited some of Melanchthon's letters (1565 and 1570):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus historicus de Ph. Melanchthonis sententia de controversia coenae Domini", 1553 (printed 1596)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentarius de praecipuis divinationum generibus", 1553

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Corpus Doctrinae Philippicum", 1560

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opera Melan", 1562–65

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistolae", 1565

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hypotyposes orbium coelestium", 1568

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Idyllion de Lusatia", 1583 (printed 1594)

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caspar Peucer 1525–1602", Hans-Peter Hasse und Günther Wartenberg,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zwischen Katheder, Thron und Kerker", Stadtmuseum Bautzen, Domowina Verlag,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Klose, "Das Wittenberger Gelehrtenstammbuch: das Stammbuch von Abraham Ulrich (1549–1577) und David Ulrich (1580–1623)", Halle: Mitteldt. Verl., 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claudia Brosseder, "Im Bann der Sterne: Caspar Peucer, Philipp Melanchthon und andere"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henke, "Kaspar Peucer und Nikolaus Crell" (Marburg, 1865)

description: German physician

wikidata_label: Caspar Peucer

wikipedia_title: Caspar Peucer


text: Berber

text: Berber

text: religious

text: Morocco

text: Almohad

text: Masmuda

text: Berbers

text: Atlas Mountains

text: Almoravids

text: hagiographers

text: Almohad

text: Igiliz

text: Sous

text: Morocco

text: Berber

text: Anti-Atlas

text: Masmuda

text: Berber

text: Al-Baydhaq

text: Berber language

text: Saad

text: Ahmed Toufiq

text: Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili

text: Idriss I

text: Muhammad

text: Ibn Khaldun

text: Sharif

text: al-Andalus

text: Maghreb

text: Almoravids

text: Maliki

text: Saharan Sanhaja

text: Marrakesh

text: West Africa

text: Qortoba

text: at-Turtushi

text: al-Ghazali

text: Baghdad

text: Ash'ari

text: Zahiri

text: Ibn Hazm

text: Taqlid

text: Sufi

text: al-Ghazali

text: tawhid

text: attributes of God

text: a polytheistic idea

text: anthropomorphism

text: Maliki

text: Sunnah

text: Hadith

text: ijma

text: Zahiri

text: bid‘ah

text: Qur'an

text: full of reforms

text: Mecca

text: hajj

text: Cairo

text: Alexandria

text: Maghreb

text: Tripoli

text: Mahdia

text: Tunis

text: Bejaia

text: Sanhaja

text: Sahara Desert

text: Bejaia

text: Mellala

text: Abd al-Mu'min

text: Zenata

text: Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Baydhaq

text: Morocco

text: Fez

text: ulama

text: Bou Regreg

text: Marrakesh

text: Ali ibn Yusuf

text: tagelmust

text: Kharijite

text: flogging

text: Aghmat

text: Hira

text: faith healer

text: holy man

text: Berber

text: Ramadan

text: descendant

text: Muhammad

text: Mahdi

text: apostasy

text: Waqafite Shi'iism

text: Fatimid

text: Idrisid

text: Hintata

text: Hafsid

text: Masmuda

text: High Atlas

text: hijra

text: Almoravid

text: ribat

text: Tinmel

text: Masmuda

text: Anti-Atlas

text: High Atlas

text: Sous

text: Ourika

text: Tizi n'Tichka

text: Draa

text: Sijilmassa

text: trans-Saharan trade

text: Tasghimout

text: Aghmat

text: Aghmat

text: Marrakesh

text: Battle of al-Buhayra

text: sheikh

text: Masmuda

text: Mallala

text: Abd al-Mu'min

text: caliph

text: Prophet Muhammad

text: Zenata

text: Ignác Goldziher

text: Algiers

text: full text online

text: introduction (Fr)

text: Évariste Lévi-Provençal

text: Paris

text: Cornell, Vincent J.

text: Studia Islamica

text: Numen

text: Fromherz, Allen J.

text: Ufahamu

text: Ibn Khallikan

text: Julien, Charles-André

text: Praeger

text: New York

text: I.B. Tauris

text: Profile on Ibn Tumart

categories: Asharis,Moroccan religious leaders,Berber writers,Moroccan scholars,Moroccan Islamic religious leaders,Berber Moroccans,11th-century Moroccan people,People from Souss-Massa,1080 births,1130 deaths,Berber rulers,People from the Almohad Caliphate,12th-century Berber people,12th-century Moroccan people,11th-century Berber people,Berber scholars,People from Tinmel,Zahiris,Mahdiism,Moroccan writers

paragraph: Ibn Tumart

paragraph: Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Tumart (Berber: "Amghar ibn Tumert", , ca. 1080–1130 or 1128), a Muslim Berber religious scholar, teacher and political leader, came from southern Morocco. He founded and served as the spiritual and first military leader of the Almohad movement, a puritanical reform movement launched among the Masmuda Berbers of the Atlas Mountains. Ibn Tumart launched an open revolt against the ruling Almoravids during the 1120s. After his death his followers, the Almohads, went on to conquer much of North Africa and part of Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Many of the details of Ibn Tumart's life were recorded by hagiographers, whose accounts probably mix legendary elements from the Almohad doctrine of their founding figure and spiritual leader. Ibn Tumart was born sometime between 1078 and 1082 in the small village of Igiliz (exact location uncertain) in the Sous valley of southern Morocco. He was a member of the Hargha, a Berber tribe of the Anti-Atlas range, part of the Masmuda (Berber: "imesmuden") tribal confederation. His father belonged to the Hargha and his mother to the Masakkala, both of which are divisions of the Masmuda tribal confederation.

paragraph: His name is given alternatively as Muhammad ibn Abdallah or Muhammad ibn Tumart. Al-Baydhaq reported that "Tumart" was actually his father Abdallah's nickname ("Tumart" or "Tunart" comes from the Berber language and means "good fortune", "delight" or "happiness", and makes it an equivalent of the Arabic name "Saad". As it was noted by Ahmed Toufiq in his research about Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili's famous book "at-Tashawof", many early Sufi saints held this name in Morocco). Ibn Khaldun reports that Muhammad ibn Tumart himself was very pious as a child, and that he was nicknamed "Asafu" (Berber for "firebrand" or "lover of light") for his habit of lighting candles at mosques.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart came from a humble family and his father was a lamp-lighter at the mosque. By his own declaration and that of his followers, he claimed to be descendant of Idriss I, a descendant of Hassan, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, who took refuge in Morocco in the 8th-century. However, and despite being supported by Ibn Khaldun, this ascendency is today largely disputed. At the time, it was common for Berber leaders and tribes to claim a Sharif lineage in order to gain religious authority.

paragraph: At the time, Morocco, al-Andalus and large parts of Maghreb, were ruled by the Almoravids, a Maliki puritanical Saharan Sanhaja Berber movements, who founded the city of Marrakesh and are credited with spreading Islam to much of West Africa. To pursue his education, Ibn Tumart went as a young man (c. 1106) to Qortoba, which was at the time the biggest centre of learning in the Almoravids dominion, where he was a disciple of at-Turtushi. Thereafter, Ibn Tumart went east to deepen his studies where he came under the influence al-Ghazali's ideas (Almohad historians support that he met and studied under al-Ghazali, but modern historians maintain that it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened). He appears in Baghdad soon after, and there he attached himself to the Ash'arite school of theology and the Zahirite school of jurisprudence, but with the creed of Ibn Hazm which differed significantly from early Zahirites in its rejection of Taqlid and reliance on reason.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Doctrines.

paragraph: It was probably while in Baghdad that Ibn Tumart began to develop a system of his own by combining the teachings of his Ash'arite masters with parts of the doctrines of others, with a touch of Sufi mysticism imbibed from the great teacher al-Ghazali. Hagiographers report that Ibn Tumart was in al-Ghazali's presence when news arrived that the Almoravids had proscribed and publicly burned his recent great work, "Ihya' Ulum al-Din", upon which al-Ghazali is said to have turned to Ibn Tumart and charged him, as a native of those lands, with the mission of setting the Almoravids right.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart's main principle was a rigid unitarianism ("tawhid") which denied the existence of the attributes of God as incompatible with his unity and therefore a polytheistic idea. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as anthropomorphism in the Muslim orthodoxy, but he was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law. He laid the blame for the "theological flaws" of the nation upon the ruling dynasty of the Almoravids. Ibn Thumart strongly opposed their sponsorship of the Maliki school of jurisprudence, whom he accused of neglecting the Sunnah and Hadith (traditions and sayings of the Prophet and his companions) and relying too much on "ijma" (consensus of jurists) and other sources, an anathema to the stricter Zahirism favored by Ibn Tumart. Ibn Tumart condemned the subtle reasoning of Maliki scholars as "innovations" ("bid‘ah"), obscurantist, perverse and possibly heretical (a charge previously made by Ibn Hazm and al-Ghazali, and the main reason why their works were proscribed by Almoravid authorities.). Ibn Tumart also blamed the Almoravid governance for the latitude he found in Maghrebi society, notably the public sale of wine and pork in the markets, something the Qur'an forbids. Another reform was the destruction or hiding of any type of religious art in mosques. His rule and the rule of the Almohads after were full of reforms that attempted to turn the area under his control into a place where his doctrines held sway.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart's followers took up the name ""al-Muwwahidun"", meaning those who affirm the unity of God. Spanish authors wrote that down as ""Almohades"", by which "Almohads" entered other languages.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to the Maghreb.

paragraph: After his studies in Baghdad, Ibn Tumart is claimed in one account to have proceeded on pilgrimage to Mecca ("hajj"), but was so bubbling with Ash'arite doctrines and a one-minded zeal to 'correct' the mores of the people he came across that he quickly made a nuisance of himself and was expelled from the city. He proceeded to Cairo, and thereon to Alexandria, where he took a ship back to the Maghreb in 1117/18. The journey was not without incident - Ibn Tumart took it upon himself to toss the ship's flasks of wine overboard and set about lecturing (or harassing) the sailors to ensure they adhered to correct prayer times and number of genuflections; in some reports, the sailors got fed up and threw Ibn Tumart overboard, only to find him still bobbing a half-day later and fished him back (he is also reported in different chronicles of having either caused or calmed a storm at sea).

paragraph: After touching at Tripoli, Ibn Tumart landed in Mahdia and proceed on to Tunis and then Bejaia, preaching a puritan, simplistic Islam along the way. Waving his puritan's staff among crowds of listeners, Ibn Tumart complained of the mixing of sexes in public, the production of wine and music, and the fashion of veiling men unveiling women (a custom among the Sanhaja Berbers of the Sahara Desert, that had spread to urban centers with the Almoravids). Setting himself up on the steps of mosques and schools, Ibn Tumart challenged everyone who came close to debate – unwary Maliki jurists and scholars frequently got an earful.

paragraph: His antics and fiery preaching prompted fed-up authorities to hustle him along from town to town. After being expelled from Bejaia, Ibn Tumart set himself up c.1119 at an encampment in Mellala (a few miles south of the city), where he began receiving his first followers and adherents. Among these were al-Bashir (a scholar, who would become his chief strategist), Abd al-Mu'min (a Zenata Berber who would become his eventual successor) and Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Baydhaq (who would later write the "Kitab al-Ansab", the chronicle of the Almohads.) It was at Mellala that Ibn Tumart and his close companions began forging a plan of political action.

paragraph: In 1120, Ibn Tumart and his small band of followers headed west into Morocco. He stopped by Fez, the intellectual capital of Morocco, and engaged in polemical debates with the leading Malikite scholars of the city. Having exhausted them, the "ulama" of Fez decided they had enough and expelled him from the city. He proceeded south, hurried along from town to town like a vagabond (reportedly, he and his companions had to swim across the Bou Regreg, as they could not afford the ferry passage). Shortly after his arrival in Marrakesh, Ibn Tumart is said to have successfully sought out the Almoravid ruler Ali ibn Yusuf at a local mosque. In the famous encounter, when ordered to acknowledge the presence of the emir, Ibn Tumart reportedly replied "Where is the emir? I see only women here!" - an insulting reference to the tagelmust veil worn by the Almoravid ruling class. (According to one source, Ibn Tumart attacked the emir's own sister for going unveiled).

paragraph: Charged with fomenting rebellion, Ibn Tumart defended himself before the emir and his leading advisors. Presenting himself as a mere scholar, a voice for reform, Ibn Tumart set about lecturing the emir and his leading advisors about the dangers of innovations and the centrality of the Sunnah. When the emir's own scholars reminded him the Almoravids too embraed puritanical ideals, and were committed to the Sunnah, Ibn Tumart pointed out that the Almoravids professed puritanism had been clouded and deviated by "obscurantists", drawing attention to the ample evidence of laxity and impiety that prevailed in their dominions. When countered that at least on points of doctrine, there was little difference between them, Ibn Tumart brought out more emphasis on his own peculiar doctrines on the "tawhid" and the attributes. After a lengthy examination, the Almoravid jurists of Marrakesh concluded Ibn Tumart, however learned, was blasphemous and dangerous, insinuating he was probably a Kharijite agitator, and recommended he should be executed or imprisoned. The Almoravid emir, however, decided to merely expel him from the city, after a flogging of fourteen lashes.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart proceeded to Aghmat and immediately resumed his old behavior - destroying every jug of wine in sight, haranguing passers-by for impious behavior or dress, engaging locals in controversial debate. The ulama of Aghmat complained to the emir, who changed his mind and decided to have Ibn Tumart arrested after all. He was saved by the timely intervention of Abu Ibrahim Ismail Ibn Yasallali al-Hazraji ("Ismail Igig"), a prominent chieftain of the Hazraja tribe of the Masmuda, who helped him escape the city. Ibn Tumart took the road towards the Sous valley, to hide among his own people, the Haghra.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cave of Igiliz.

paragraph: Before the end of 1120, Ibn Tumart arrived at his home village of Igiliz in the Sous valley (exact location uncertain). Almost immediately, Ibn Tumart set himself up in a nearby mountain cave (a conscious echo of the Prophet Muhammad's withdraw to the cave of Hira). His bizarre retreat, his ascetic lifestyle, probably combined with rumors of his being a faith healer and small miracle-worker, gave the local people the initial impression that he was a holy man with supernatural powers (a point de-emphasized by later hagiographers). But he soon set about spreading his principal message of puritanical reform. He preached in vernacular Berber. His oratory skill and crowd-moving eloquence are frequently referred to in the chronicles.

paragraph: Towards the end of Ramadan in late 1121, in a particularly moving sermon, Ibn Tumart reviewed his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument. After the sermon, having already claimed to be a descendant of Muhammad, Ibn Tumart suddenly 'revealed' himself as the true Mahdi, the expected divinely guided justicer. He was promptly recognized as such by his audience. This was effectively a declaration of war on the Almoravid state. For to reject or resist the Mahdi's interpretations was equivalent to resisting God, and thus punishable with death as apostasy.

paragraph: (Notions of "mahdism" were not unfamiliar in this part of Morocco - not long before, the Sous valley had been a hotbed of Waqafite Shi'iism, a remnant of Fatimid influence, and descendance from the Prophet had been the principle recommendation of the fondly remembered Idrisids).

paragraph: At some point he was visited by Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati ("Umar Hintati"), a prominent Hintata chieftain (and stem of the future Hafsids). Omar Hintati was immediately impressed and invited Ibn Tumart to take refuge among the Masmuda tribes of the High Atlas, where he would be better protected from the Almoravid authorities. In 1122, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave and climbed up the High Atlas.

paragraph: In later years, Ibn Tumart's path from the cave of Igiliz to mountain fort of Tinmel - another conscious echo of the Prophet's life (the "hijra" from Mecca to Medina) - would become a popular pilgrimage route for the Almohad faithful. The cave itself was preserved as a shrine for many years, where apparently Almohad partisans, regardless of their origin or background, would ceremonially reject their past affiliations and be "adopted" into Ibn Tumart's Hargha tribe).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tinmel and the Almohad rebellion.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart urged his followers to arms in open revolt against the Almoravids, to fulfill the mission of purifying the Almoravid state. In 1122, or shortly thereafter (c. 1124) he founded a ribat at Tinmel (or 'Tin Mal', meaning "(she who is) white"), in a small valley of the Nfis in the middle of the High Atlas. Tinmel was an impregnable fortified complex, which would serve both as spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad rebellion. It is during this period that he wrote a series of monographs on various doctrines for the instruction of his men. These disparate works were later collected and compiled in 1183–84, on the order of the Almohad caliph Yusuf ibn Abd al-Ma'mun (later translated in French in 1903, under the title "Livre d'Ibn Toumert".)

paragraph: Six principal Masmuda tribes adhered to the Almohad rebellion: Ibn Tumart's own Hargha tribe (from the Anti-Atlas) and the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura and the Hazraja (roughly from west to east, along the High Atlas range).

paragraph: For the next eight years, the Almohad revolt was largely confined to an irresolute guerilla war through the ravines and peaks of the Atlas range. The principal damage done by the Almohads at this stage was the disruption of Almoravid tax-collection, and rendering insecure (or altogether impassable) the roads and mountain passes south of Marrakesh. The Sous valley, surrounded on three sides by Almohadist Masmuda mountaineers, was nearly cut off and isolated. Of more particular concern to the Almoravids was their threat to the Ourika and Tizi n'Tichka passes, that connected Marrakesh to the Draa valley on the other side of the High Atlas. These were the principal routes to the all-important city of Sijilmassa, gateway of the trans-Saharan trade, by which gold came from west Africa to Morocco. But the Almoravids were unable to send enough manpower through the narrow passes to dislodge the Almohad rebels from their easily defended mountain strongpoints. The Almoravid authorities reconciled themselves to setting up strongpoints to confine them (most famously the fortress of Tasghimout that protected the approach to Aghmat), while exploring alternative routes through more easterly passes.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart's closest companion and chief strategist, al-Bashir, took upon himself the role of political commissar, enforcing doctrinal discipline among the Masmuda tribesmen, often with a heavy head. This culminated in an infamous purge ("tamyiz") conducted by al-Bashir in the winter of 1129–30, with mass executions of disloyal partisans, which has been characterized as a brief "reign of terror".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Battle of al-Buhayra.

paragraph: In early 1130, the Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack on the Almoravids in the lowlands. It was a disaster. Al-Bashir (others report Abd al-Mu'min) led the Almohad armies first against Aghmat. They quickly defeated the Almoravid force that came out the meet them, and then chased their fleeing remnant back to Marrakesh. The Almohads set up a siege camp before Marrakesh, the first recorded siege of the Almoravid capital, whose walls had only recently been erected. The Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf immediately called upon reinforcements from other parts of Morocco. After forty days of siege, in May (others date April 14, 1130), heartened by news of the approach of a relief column from Sijilmassa, the Almoravids sallied from Marrakesh in force and crushed the Almohads in the bloody Battle of al-Buhayra (named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were routed, suffering huge human losses - 12,000 men from the Hargha alone. Al-Bashir and several other leading figures were killed in action. If not for a sudden torrential rain that broke up the fighting and allowed the remnant to escape back to the mountains, the Almohads might have been finished off then and there.

paragraph: In a bizarre and chilling footnote in the aftermath, it is said that Ibn Tumart returned to the battlefield at night with some of his followers, and ordered them to bury themselves in the field with a small straw to breathe by. Then, to invigorate the rest of the demoralized Almohads, he challenged those who doubted the righteousness of their cause, to go to the battlefield and ask the dead themselves if they were enjoying the blisses of heaven after falling in the fight for God's cause. When they heard the positive reply from the buried men, they were assuaged. To prevent the ruse from being revealed, it is said Ibn Thumart left them buried there, filling their straws so they would suffocate.

paragraph: Section::::Almohads after Ibn Tumart.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart died in August 1130, only a few months after the disastrous defeat at al-Buhayra. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse by the combined blows of the crushing defeat and large losses at the walls of Marrakesh, and the deaths of not only their spiritual leader, but also their chief military commanders, is testament to the careful organization that Ibn Tumart had built up at Tinmel.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart had set up the Almohad commune as a minutely detailed pyramidical hierarchy with fourteen grades. At the top was the "Ahl ad-Dar" (the Mahdi's family), supplemented by a privy council known as the Council of Ten ("Ahl al-jamāʿā") which included the Ifriqiyan migrants who had first joined Ibn Tumart in Mellala. There was also a wider consultative "Council of Fifty", composed of the "sheikhs" of the major Masmuda Berber tribes - the Hargha (Ibn Tumart's tribe, which had primacy in the hierarchy among the tribes), the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura and the Hazraja. The Almohad military had been organized as arranged "units" named by tribe, with sub-units and internal hierarchies carefully and exactly spelled out. There were also organized groups of "Talba" and "Huffaz", the preachers that had been the original missionaries and spreaders of Ibn Tumart's message.

paragraph: Section::::Almohads after Ibn Tumart.:The Council of Ten.

paragraph: Ibn Tumart organized the inner 'Council of Ten' ("Ahl al-jamāʿā"), composed of the ten who had first borne witness to Ibn Tumart as "Mahdi". Several of them were drawn from the core of followers that Ibn Tumart had picked up in Ifriqiya (esp. while holding camp at Mallala, outside of Bejaia, in 1119-20); others were local leaders drawn from the local Masmuda Berbers who had proven early adherents. Although the list has some variations and there is some dispute in names, the Council of Ten is frequently identified as follows:

paragraph: Of the Council of Ten, five were killed at al-Buhayra in 1130, two died in subsequent years, and only three survived well into the height of the Almohad empire - Abd al-Mu'min, Omar Hintata and Ismail al-Hazraji.

paragraph: Section::::Almohads after Ibn Tumart.:Succession.

paragraph: The Almohad hagiographer al-Baydhaq claims that Ibn Tumart had already designated Abd al-Mu'min as his successor back in Bejaia. But it seems more probable (although passed over in the chronicles) that there was an intense power struggle for succession in the aftermath of Ibn Tumart's death. With half the Council of Ten killed at al-Buhayra, Abd al-Mu'min laid claim as the "successor" of the Ibn Tumart (the term "caliph", as "successor" of the Mahdi emerged only later, in conscious imitation of the term's original use for the "successors" of the Prophet Muhammad.) Abd al-Mu'min's claim was challenged by Ibn Malwiya (another survivor of the Ten) as well as by the Ahl al-Dar (Ibn Tumart's brothers).

paragraph: Exactly how Abd al-Mu'min imposed himself is uncertain. As a Zenata Berber, Abd al-Mu'min was an alien among the Masmuda. But that foreignness itself might have recommended him as a neutral choice to the Masmuda "sheikhs", as it would avoid the appearance of favoritism towards any particular tribe. Nonetheless it is reported that the more easterly Masmuda tribes, the Haskura and the Harzaja, rejected Abd al-Mu'min's leadership and broke away from the Almohad coalition at this stage. Abd al-Mu'min would have to force them back to the fold. (Ibn Khaldun reports (improbably) that Abd al-Ma'mun managed to conceal the death of Ibn Tumart for nearly two years, in order to gather allies and marry the daughter of Omar Hintati, who would become his principal ally.) His principal rival Ibn Malwiya was captured, condemned and executed by 1132, and Ibn Tumart's own family soon disappears from significance, their roles eclipsed by Abd al-Mu'min's own family, the future dynasty of Almohad caliphs. Whatever doubts lingered about Abd al-Mu'min's leadership certainly dissipated a decade later, when Abd al-Mu'min led the renewed Almohads down from the mountains on a seven-year campaign of conquest of Morocco, culminating in the fall of Marrakesh in 1147.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Written by Ibn Tumart.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le livre de Mohammed Ibn Toumert, mahdi des Almohades", 1903 edition, Ignác Goldziher, editor, Algiers: P. Fontana. full text online; introduction (Fr)

paragraph: BULLET::::- & Évariste Lévi-Provençal (1928), editor, "Documents inédits d'histoire almohade: fragments manuscrits du "Legajo" 1919 du fonds arabe de l'Escurial". Paris: Geuthner.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Written about Ibn Tumart.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bourouiba, Rachid (1966) "A propos de la date de naissance d’Ibn Tumart", "Revue d'Histoire et de Civilisation du Maghreb", January, pp. 19– 25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornell, Vincent J. (1987) "Understanding Is the Mother of Ability: Responsibility and action in the doctrine of Ibn Tumart", Studia Islamica, No. 66 (1987), pp. 71–103, JSTOR:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cushing, Dana (2016) "Ibn Tumart" in: Curta and Holt, eds. Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fletcher, Madelaine (1991) "The Almohad Tawhid: Theology which relies on logic", Numen, Volume 38, Number 1, 1991, pp. 110–127.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fromherz, Allen J. (2005) "The Almohad Mecca: locating Igli and the cave of Ibn Tumart", "Al-Qantara", ISSN 0211-3589, vol. 26, no1, pp. 175–190

paragraph: BULLET::::- García, Senén A. (1990) "The Masmuda Berbers and Ibn Tumart : an ethnographic interpretation of the rise of the Almohad movement" in Ufahamu, ISSN 0041-5715, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 3-24

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huici, Miranda, A. (1953–54, 1963) "Colección de crónicas árabes de la Reconquista", 3 vols, Tetouan. Editora Marroqui.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huici, Miranda, A. (1956–57) "Historia politica delimperio Almohade", 2 vols., Tetouan. Editora Marroqui.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Khallikan, "Biographical Dictionary", 1843 M. de Slane trans., Paris, vol. 3, p.205)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julien, Charles-André (1931), "Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830", 1961 ed., Paris: Payot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennedy, Hugh (1996) "Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus". London: Addison-Wesley-Longman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laoust, H., "Une fetwā d’Ibn Taimīya sur Ibn Tūmart", in "Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, LIX" (Cairo, 1960), p. 158–184.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Messier, R.A. (2010) "Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad" Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millet, René (1923) "Les Almohades: Histoire d'une dynastie berbère". Paris:, Soc. d'éditions géographiques.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wasserstein, D.J. (2003) "A Jonah theme in the biography of Ibn Tumart", in F. Daftary and J.W. Meri, editors, "Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam: Essays in honour of Wilfred Madelung". New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 232-49.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography on 'Muslim philosophy':

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comparative notes (in English) on sources of Moroccan history by French historian Lagadère.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Ibn Tumart at Dar-Sirr.com

description: King of the amazigh almohad empire

wikidata_label: Muhammad Ibn Tumart

wikipedia_title: Ibn Tumart


text:
lady of Milan
Matteo II Visconti

categories: 1325 births,House of Gonzaga,1377 deaths

paragraph: Egidiola Gonzaga

paragraph: Gigliola Gonzaga, also called "Egidiola Gonzaga" (1325-1377), was lady of Milan by marriage to Matteo II Visconti, lord of Milan, between 1349 and 1355.

wikidata_label: Egidiola Gonzaga

wikipedia_title: Egidiola Gonzaga


text:
Ancient Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
Hyksos
Apepi
15th Dynasty
Theban
Tomb ANB
Howard Carter
Amenhotep I
17th Dynasty
Avaris
Ahmose I
cartouche
Metropolitan Museum of Art

categories: Ancient Egyptian princesses,16th-century BC women

paragraph: Herit

paragraph: Herit was an Ancient Egyptian princess of the Second Intermediate Period. She was most likely the daughter of the Hyksos-ruler Apepi who was the most important king of the 15th Dynasty.

paragraph: The names of the king and of Herit appear on the fragment of a stone vessel found in a Theban tomb (Tomb ANB) excavated by Howard Carter sometimes regarded as the one of king Amenhotep I. This finding led to speculation that Herit may have been married to a Theban king of the 17th Dynasty. The vase, however, may just as well have been an item which was looted from Avaris after the eventual victory over the Hyksos by Ahmose I.

paragraph: On the vessel Herit bears the title "king's daughter". Her name is written in a cartouche, a privilege not granted to all members of the royal family. Nothing else is known about her. The fragment of the stone vessel is today in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (21.7.7) .

description: ancient Egyptian princess

wikidata_label: Herit

wikipedia_title: Herit


text:
Finnish
ice hockey
forward
Jokerit
Kontinental Hockey League
Florida Panthers
National Hockey League
Tappara
2011–12 season
2012–13 season
Ville Nieminen
Aleksander Barkov
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
Veli-Pekka Ketola trophy
Tappara
Florida Panthers
2017–18
Springfield Thunderbirds
American Hockey League
Toronto Maple Leafs
Nick Bjugstad
Liiga
2018–19
Jokerit

categories: HC Lugano players,People from Lempäälä,Lempäälän Kisa players,Florida Panthers players,Springfield Thunderbirds players,1994 births,Tappara players,Finnish ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Henrik Haapala

paragraph: Henrik Haapala (born 28 February 1994) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for Jokerit in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has previously played with the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: He is a skilled offensive forward whose biggest asset is his ability to change his skating direction very rapidly alongside with his clever passes. He is rather small for a professional hockey player which might be an issue when the play gets physical, though.

paragraph: Haapala first played as a 14-year old youth within the Tappara system in 2008. He played his first professional game with Tappara in the 2011–12 season. Early in the 2012–13 season he formed a great line with NHL-veteran Ville Nieminen and Aleksander Barkov as his linemates. Haapala had 13 points in 12 games counting from the start of the season, but after an injury, he lost the pace. He played most of spring 2013 for Tappara's junior team.

paragraph: In the 2013–14, 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons, he was a regular in Tappara's professional squad, but injuries were holding his development back. There was notable progress in each season however. Haapala agreed to his third contract extension to remain in Tappara by signing a 3-year deal on 12 May 2016.

paragraph: In the 2016–17 season, Haapala finally made his breakthrough to international level. He scored 15 goals and had 45 assists in 51 regular season games and was awarded the Veli-Pekka Ketola trophy for leading the league in total points at the end of the regular season. In the postseason, he had 2 goals and 7 assists in 16 games as Haapala's team Tappara marched to their second consecutive championship. Haapala represented the men's national team in six games in which he had two goals and an assist.

paragraph: On 1 June 2017, Haapala was signed as a free agent by the Florida Panthers to a two-year, entry-level contract. He began the 2017–18 season with the Springfield Thunderbirds of the American Hockey League, but was later called up by the Panthers and made his NHL debut on November 22, 2017 against the Toronto Maple Leafs, assisting on a goal by Nick Bjugstad in a 2–1 victory. Haapala appeared in 5 games with the Panthers before returning to Springfield. On February 16, 2018, the Panthers assigned Haapala on loan to his former team, Tappara of the Finnish Liiga.

paragraph: After returning to attend the Panthers 2018 training camp, Haapala upon failing to make the opening night roster for the 2018–19 season, was re-assigned to Europe on loan, joining Swiss outfit, HC Lugano of the NL, on October 5, 2018. In 21 regular season appearances with Lugano, Haapala posted 3 goals and 15 points adding a further 5 points in 3 playoff contests.

paragraph: As an impending restricted free agent from the Panthers, Haapala opted to continue his career in Europe, signing a two-year contract with Finnish club, Jokerit of the KHL, on 17 May 2019.

description: Finnish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Henrik Haapala

wikipedia_title: Henrik Haapala


text: Major League Baseball

text: infielder

text: Cleveland Indians

text: batting average

text: Lion Oil

text: Native American

text: Oklahoma

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Decatur Commodores

text: Monsanto Chemical Company

text: stroke

text: Retrosheet

categories: Boston Red Sox players,Baseball players from Louisiana,Cleveland Indians players,Major League Baseball third basemen,1908 births,1980 deaths,Major League Baseball second basemen

paragraph: Odell Hale

paragraph: Arvel Odell Hale (August 10, 1908 – June 9, 1980) was a Major League Baseball infielder in the 1930s and early 1940s, primarily for the Cleveland Indians. Though he was born "Arvel Odell Hale", baseball encyclopedias listed him simply as "Odell Hale", which stuck with him as well as the nickname "Bad News". Hale had a 10-year career, including four seasons with a batting average over .300. He finished his career with a .289 batting average with 73 home runs and 573 RBI.

paragraph: Hale was born in Hosston, Louisiana, and his parents were farmers. Hale attended 11 years of elementary and high school, and took a job working at an oil refinery in El Dorado at the age of 17. By 1930, he was working as a tank car loader for Lion Oil, and had also been playing semipro baseball. Also in 1930, Hale married Mabel Jane Rainwater, a Native American from Oklahoma.

paragraph: Hale first played professional baseball for the 1929 Alexandria Reds. After batting .324 with 23 home runs, Hale's contract was purchased by the Chicago Cubs, and Hale played the 1931 season for the minor league Decatur Commodores. Hale made his debut with the Cleveland Indians later that year.

paragraph: Hale played in the major leagues until 1941, and the minor leagues until 1942, before retiring after the 1942 season. After retiring, Hale took a job with a defense plant in El Dorado, Arkansas, a firm that was later bought up by Monsanto Chemical Company. Hale worked as a senior operator there until his retirement. He suffered a stroke at age 71 and was admitted to a nursing home, where he died two weeks later.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Retrosheet

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Odell Hale

wikipedia_title: Odell Hale


text: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

text: Wilhelmsthal

text: Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen

text: German revolution

text: Schienen

text: Michael

text: Wartburg Castle

text: Tübingen

text: Munich

text: Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

categories: 1912 births,Hereditary Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,Heirs apparent who never acceded,House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,Princes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,People from Eisenach,1988 deaths

paragraph: Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1912–1988)

paragraph: Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach ("Carl August Wilhelm Ernst Friedrich Georg Johann Albrecht"; 28 July 1912 – 14 October 1988), was a German prince and head of the grand ducal house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Schloss Wilhelmsthal as the eldest son and heir of Wilhelm Ernst, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and his second wife, Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen. His father's reign came to an end on 9 November 1918, as a result of the German revolution.

paragraph: When his father died on 24 April 1923, Charles Augustus succeeded him as head of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Until 1922, Charles Augustus was third in line to the throne of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

paragraph: Charles Augustus died at Schienen and was succeeded as head of the grand ducal house by his son, Michael.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Charles Augustus was married at the Wartburg Castle on 5 October 1944 to Baroness Elisabeth of Wangenheim-Winterstein (Tübingen, 16 January 1912 - Munich, 15 March 2010), daughter of Othmar Baron von Wangenheim-Winterstein and wife, Maud von Truetzschler. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (22 July 1945) she married Mindert Diderik de Kant on 10 July 1981 and they were divorced in 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (15 November 1946) he married Renate Henkel on 4 July 1970 and they were divorced in 1974. He remarried Dagmar Hennings in 1980. They have one daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Beatrice-Maria of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (11 March 1948) she married Martin Davidson on 9 December 1977. They have one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bettina Davidson (1979)

description: Titular Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach


text: prenatal care

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: Augustus Lowell

text: Brahmin

text: Lowell family

text: Percival Lowell

text: Abbott Lawrence Lowell

text: Amy Lowell

text: John Lowell

text: Abbott Lawrence

text: William Putnam, Senior

text: Mathematical Association of America

text: McGeorge Bundy

text: William Putnam Bundy

text: Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Papers.

text: Schlesinger Library

categories: American philanthropists,1862 births,1935 deaths

paragraph: Elizabeth Lowell Putnam

paragraph: Elizabeth Lowell Putnam (2 February 1862-1935) was an American activist for prenatal care and philanthropist. She was born (as Bessie Lowell) in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Augustus Lowell and Katherine Bigelow Lowell. A member of the Brahmin Lowell family, her siblings included the astronomer Percival Lowell, the educator and legal scholar Abbott Lawrence Lowell, and the poet Amy Lowell. They were the great-grandchildren of John Lowell and, on their mother's side, the grandchildren of Abbott Lawrence.

paragraph: Elizabeth grew up on her family's estate, which later be called Sevenels for the seven Lowells that comprised her family. In 1888, Elizabeth married her third cousin and family lawyer William Putnam, Senior.

paragraph: In 1927, after her husband's death, Elizabeth Lowell Putnam established the William Lowell Putnam Intercollegiate Memorial Fund in order to begin a college-level mathematics competition. This contest, which continues to this day, began in 1935 under the direction of the Mathematical Association of America. Since 1992, the competition has awarded the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize for outstanding performance by a female contestant.

paragraph: She was the maternal grandmother of McGeorge Bundy and William Putnam Bundy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Papers.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

description: American phianthopist

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Lowell Putnam

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Lowell Putnam


text:
Mandeville
Jamaica
track and field
sprinter
200 metres
2001 World Championships
Jamaica Sportsman of the Year
Olympic Games
2000
2004
2008
4 x 400 metre relay
2007 World Championships
Jamaica at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Beijing
200 metres
Brian Dzingai
Christian Malcolm
Walter Dix
List of doping cases in athletics

categories: People from Manchester Parish,Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games,Pan American Games silver medalists for Jamaica,Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica,Doping cases in athletics,Jamaican sportspeople in doping cases,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Jamaica,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,Pan American Games competitors for Jamaica,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica,Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of Jamaica,1972 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games,Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field),World Championships in Athletics medalists,Living people,Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field),Jamaican male sprinters,Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

paragraph: Christopher Williams (sprinter)

paragraph: Christopher Williams (born 15 March 1972 in Mandeville) is a Jamaican track and field sprinter.

paragraph: Williams is best known for winning the silver medal in the 200 metres at the 2001 World Championships. In 2001 he was named Jamaica Sportsman of the Year. Williams has competed in the Olympic Games three times, in 2000, 2004 and 2008, reaching the semi-finals of the 200m on all occasions. He was on the bronze medal-winning 4 x 400 metre relay team at the 2000 Olympics. He finished seventh in the 200m final at the 2007 World Championships.

paragraph: Williams represented Jamaica at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He competed at the 200 metres and placed third in his first round heat after Brian Dzingai and Christian Malcolm in a time of 20.53 seconds. He improved his time in the second round to 20.28 seconds and placed third again, this time after Dzingai and Walter Dix. He ran his semi final race in 20.45 seconds and placed sixth, which was not enough to make it to the Olympic final.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of doping cases in athletics

description: Jamaican sprint athlete

wikidata_label: Christopher Williams

wikipedia_title: Christopher Williams (sprinter)


text: courtesy name

text: Jin dynasty

text: Eastern Wu

text: Emperor Wu

text: Chen Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Han dynasty

text: Cai Yong

text: Yang Huiyu

text: Sima Shi

text: empress dowager

text: Xiahou Wei

text: Xiahou Ba

text: Shu Han

text: Sima Yi

text: Cao Shuang

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Mao

text: Cao Huan

text: Sima Zhao

text: Zhong Hui

text: Xiangyang

text: Hubei

text: Bu Chan

text: Yichang

text: Hubei

text: détente

text: Lu Kang

text: Du Yu

text: campaign against Eastern Wu

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fang, Xuanling

text: Book of Jin

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Jin dynasty (265–420) generals,Jin dynasty (265–420) politicians,Cao Wei politicians,278 deaths,Jin Dynasty (265–420) people related to the Three Kingdoms,221 births

paragraph: Yang Hu

paragraph: Yang Hu (221 – 27 December 278), courtesy name Shuzi, was a military general, government official, and scholar who lived during the Jin dynasty of China. His advocacy for plans to conquer the rival state of Eastern Wu finally persuaded Emperor Wu to carry them out, but he did not live to see the plans implemented. He was known for his humility and foresight. Chen Shou, who wrote the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", described him as a man of medium height with fine eyebrows and a beautiful beard.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Both Yang Hu's grandfather Yang Xu (羊續) and father Yang Dao (羊衜) were commandery administrators, and his mother was a daughter of the Han dynasty historian and musician Cai Yong. His sister Yang Huiyu was Sima Shi's third wife, subsequently honoured as an empress dowager after Emperor Wu established the Jin dynasty in 266.

paragraph: Yang Hu lost his father at age 11. He was raised by his uncle Yang Chen (羊耽) and served his uncle faithfully. As he matured, he became known for his intelligence, knowledge, and physical beauty. The general Xiahou Wei became impressed with him and married his niece (Xiahou Ba's daughter) to Yang Hu. After his father-in-law defected to Shu Han in 249 in light of Sima Yi's coup against Cao Shuang, Yang Hu was one of the few who were related by marriage who still dared to associate with the Xiahou clan. He served as a low level official during the reigns of the Cao Wei emperors Cao Mao and Cao Huan. Because he warned Sima Zhao of Zhong Hui's intentions, Sima Zhao trusted his judgment greatly after Zhong Hui rebelled (as he predicted) in 264. After this, he went on to serve as an executive secretary for Sima Zhao.

paragraph: After Sima Zhao's death in 265, his son Sima Yan succeeded him, and in the following year forced Cao Huan to abdicate in favour of him, ending Cao Wei and establishing the Jin dynasty (as Emperor Wu). Emperor Wu wanted to make Yang Hu a duke, but the latter declined.

paragraph: Throughout the early part of Emperor Wu's reign, Yang Hu was one of the few key officials who strenuously advocated for the conquest of the rival state Eastern Wu. Emperor Wu, who liked the strategies that Yang Hu submitted, had him take charge of the western border with Eastern Wu and stationed him at Xiangyang (襄陽; present-day Xiangyang, Hubei). In 272, Yang Hu participated in a failed mission to rescue the Eastern Wu defector Bu Chan from Xiling (西陵; in present-day Yichang, Hubei), and was temporarily demoted, but was soon restored to his rank. After that defeat he set up a "détente" with the Eastern Wu general Lu Kang and treated the Eastern Wu border residents with kindness, with intent to win over their loyalty. His efforts succeeded, though Lu Kang attempted to counter with his own gestures of goodwill. After Lu Kang's death in 274, the Eastern Wu border residents became increasingly impressed with the Jin dynasty in light of Yang Hu's kindness.

paragraph: By 277, Yang Hu had fallen ill. While his plans of conquest had already been submitted and accepted by Emperor Wu, they were not ready for implementation. He performed his final act in the service of the empire – by recommending the capable Du Yu to succeed him. Du Yu would eventually go on to be a major part of the campaign against Eastern Wu. He died in 278. The people of Xiangyang built a monument for Yang Hu on Mount Xian (峴山), and ever after Yang Hu's death, visitors to the monument often wept in memory of his benevolent governance, and so the monument became known as the "Monument of Tears" (墮淚碑). After the Jin dynasty conquered Eastern Wu in 280, Emperor Wu had the declaration of victory read at Yang Hu's shrine, and awarded his wife, Lady Xiahou, an estate of over 5,000 taxable households in appreciation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). "Book of Jin" ("Jin Shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Chinese general of the Jin dynasty

wikidata_label: Yang Hu

wikipedia_title: Yang Hu


text: O. de M.

text: Gipuzkoa

text: Basque

text: Mercedarian

text: friar

text: Spanish conquest of the Americas

text: New Spain

text: Curahuasi Valley

text: Viceroyalty of Peru

text: Lake Titicaca

text: Cuzco

text: Inca Empire

text: St. John Lateran

text: Arequipa

text: Quechua language

text: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

text: Amazon Forest

text: Andes

text: La Plata

text: Potosí

text: Tucumán region

text: Córdoba

text: Buenos Aires

text: pre-Columbian

text: Spanish colonial

text: Amazons

text: Getty Research Institute

text: Los Angeles

text: Getty Center

text: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

text: Alcalá de Henares

text: Poyanne

text: Ignatius of Loyola

text: Jesuit Order

text: County Meath

text: Salamanca

text: Charles IV of Spain

text: Peninsular War

text: Cologne

text: Guaman Poma

text: Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno

text: Rolena Adorno

text: Guaman Poma

text: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

text: Diego Fernandez

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic priests,Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy,Peruvian historians,1520s births,Spanish chroniclers,17th-century historians,1610s deaths,People from Gipuzkoa,Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain,Incan scholars,16th-century Roman Catholic priests,Basque Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Martín de Murúa

paragraph: Martín de Murúa, O. de M., (c. 1525 in Gipuzkoa, Spain – c. 1618 in Spain) was a Basque Mercedarian friar and chronicler of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. He is primarily known for his work "Historia general del Piru" (written c.1580-1616), which is considered the earliest illustrated history of Peru.

paragraph: Section::::Murúa's career in Peru.

paragraph: Murúa volunteered to serve in the missions of New Spain, where he was sent by his superiors and arrived in Peru in the early 1580s. He is known to have lived in the Curahuasi Valley around that period. He later traveled throughout the Viceroyalty of Peru as a missionary, serving in the proximities of Lake Titicaca and Cuzco, where he came to know some features of the inhabitants of the former Inca Empire well. From about 1595 to 1601 his residence was at the Mercedarian Monastery of St. John Lateran in Arequipa.

paragraph: In addition to his missionary work, Murúa gathered data to write a history of the Andean past. He was assisted in his translation of the date from the Quechua language by a native Inca nobleman Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (also known as Guaman Poma), who provided over 100 illustrations of great historical significance for the work, but who was later highly critical of Murúa's depiction of Inca history in his own writings.

paragraph: In 1611, Murúa made the decision to return to Spain. He chose, however, not to take the usual route, by way of Panama. Instead, he traveled across the Amazon Forest, crossing the Andes, arriving in La Plata. After a lengthy stay, from there he went on to Potosí and then to the Tucumán region. All along the way, he took the opportunity to have the local religious and government authorities review his work for comment and correction. He eventually passed through Córdoba and arrived in Buenos Aires, from which he set sail for Spain in 1615.

paragraph: The following year, while living in Madrid, Murúa received the necessary authorizations from both his Order and the king to publish his chronicle, entitled "Historia general del Piru". The work covers Peru's pre-Columbian and early Spanish colonial history. In his "Historia", Murúa wrote of the presence of a number of mythological creatures in South America, such as Amazons and giants, which gave rise to the names of many geographical landmarks of the continent.

paragraph: Section::::The Galvin and Getty manuscripts.

paragraph: There exist two versions of the "Historia general del Piru": the Galvin Murúa (also known as the "Loyola Murúa") and the Getty Murúa (also known as the "Wellington Murúa"). The former is kept in a private collection in Ireland while the latter is at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, California. The original as well as a facsimile of the Galvin Murúa are available at the Getty Center for consultation by qualified scholars.

paragraph: The Galvin Murúa dates from the 1580s and was completed around 1600. This first version of the chronicle was compiled in Peru by Murúa with the assistance of local scribes and Indigenous artists (one of whom was Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala). By the 18th century, the Galvin Murúa ended up in the possession of the Jesuit College in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. Between 1879-1900, the manuscript was housed in a Jesuit enclave in Poyanne, France. Its association with the Jesuits gave the manuscript its title the "Loyola Murúa" (after St. Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuit Order). In the 1950s, the manuscript was bought by a rare bookseller in San Francisco, California and resold to the late John Galvin (d. 1996), a European aristocrat and private collector. The text remains in the hands of the Galvin family in County Meath, Ireland.

paragraph: The Getty Murúa dates from 1615–16 and was the second version of the chronicle. Most of the text was compiled in Peru and present-day Bolivia, although it was most likely re-edited in Spain. This version received the final approbation for printing, however for unknown reasons it remained unpublished during the seventeenth century. Once in Spain, the manuscript was somehow acquired by Castilian statesman and bibliophile Lorenzo Ramirez de Prado. After Ramirez's death in 1658, it was incorporated into the library of the Colegio Mayor de Cuenca in Salamanca and finally the private library of King Charles IV of Spain in 1802. As a result of the Peninsular War, it came into the possession of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Thus the manuscript acquired the title the "Wellington Murúa." It was later sold at auction to a collector in Cologne, Germany, changing hands once more before its "rediscovery" by Manuel Ballesteros Gaibrois in the early 1950s. Ballesteros Gaibrois published a two volume edition of "Historia general del Piru" in 1962 and 1964. In 1983, the manuscript was sold to the Getty Research Institute. Since then it has been known as the "Getty Murúa."

paragraph: Research has proven that several images (including two by Guaman Poma) from the Galvin Murúa were removed and pasted into the Getty Murúa, although overall the Galvin Murúa contains more images than its counterpart. The images in both manuscripts were colored using paints, dyes, and silver from the Americas and Europe. An exhaustive study of both manuscripts was funded by the Getty Research Institute in 2007-2008.

paragraph: Section::::Murúa's "Historia general del Piru" (1616).

paragraph: Murúa's chronicle is divided into three books. The following is the complete title of the work:

paragraph: The first book is divided into 92 chapters and contains the following:

paragraph: The second book has 40 chapters and includes the following:

paragraph: Finally, the third book contains the following in 31 chapters:

paragraph: Murúa worked closely with indigenous peoples in compiling his text, incorporating their testimonies and oral accounts of Inca culture and political history into "Historia general del Piru". The most striking feature of the chronicle is its numerous illustrations, which include portraits of Inca nobility and depictions of traditional ceremonies. These images blend European and indigenous artistic traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Murúa and Guaman Poma.

paragraph: Twentieth-century scholars had often speculated that there existed some relationship between Guaman Poma's Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno and Fray Martín de Murúa's "Historia general del Piru" (1616), assuming that Guaman Poma served as an informant or coauthor to Murúa. In 1967, Condarco Morales performed a comparative study of the texts and concluded that Guaman Poma followed Murúa's work. A direct relationship between Guaman Poma and Murúa was confirmed by the Getty research project (2007–2008). The project's principal scholars included Juan de Ossio, Thomas Cummins, and Barbara Anderson, with collaboration by Rolena Adorno and Ivan Boserup. After comparing the Getty Murúa and Galvin Murúa, these scholars proved that the chronicle does in fact include illustrations by Guaman Poma. They concluded that Guaman Poma was one of a team of scribes and artists that worked for Murúa while he was in Peru. While Murúa's project began sometime in the 1580s, Guaman Poma became involved only as an illustrator and only shortly before 1600. These findings were the basis of an exhibition and symposium at the Getty Center in October 2008.

paragraph: Guaman Poma notably attacks Murúa in his "Corónica", even depicting the friar striking and kicking an indigenous woman seated at a loom. This image is entitled "The Mercedarian friar Martín de Murúa abuses his parishioners and takes justice into his own hands." According to Rolena Adorno, "... when he became an author after 1600, [Guaman Poma] was highly critical of a work by Murúa that he had recently illustrated. Guaman Poma was prompted to write his own account against what he understood to be Murúa's limited perspective, which he had encountered in the Galvin Murúa. Guaman Poma extended Andean history back in time of the era predating the Inca, and he also elaborated a long and highly critical survey of colonial society such as no other chronicle of his time produced. Guaman Poma's artistic repertoire, which was displayed in his own work in the creation of nearly four hundred drawings, drew upon the formative experience he had gained while working with Murúa, but it also developed in new directions to reveal a strong polemical and satirical bent that was directed against the abuses perpetrated under colonial rule ... Although the evidence suggests that they worked independently after 1600, the efforts of Murúa and Guaman Poma can never be separated, and their talents, individually and together, produced three distinctive testimonies to the interaction between missionary author and indigenous artist-cum-author in early colonial Peru." [1]

paragraph: Section::::Citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. Rolena Adorno and Ivan Boserup, "The Making of Murúa's "Historia General del Piru"" in "The Getty Murúa: Essays on the Making of Martin de Murúa's 'Historia General del Piru,' J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16". [Edited by Thomas Cummins and Barbara Anderson] (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2008)

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia de los Incas. Reyes del Perú ...". Crónica del siglo XVI. Anotaciones y Concordancias con las crónicas de Indias. ed. por Horacio H. Urteaga y C. A. Romero. Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del Perú. ser. 2, t. 4. Lima 1922-1925. (Historia del origen y genealogía real de los Reyes Incas del Perú. Introducción, notas y arreglos por Constantino Bayle. Biblioteca "Missionalia hispanica", vol. 2. Madrid 1946. Los Orígenes de los Inkas. Crónica sobre el Antiguo Perú escrita en el año 1590 por el padre mercedario Fray ... Estudio bio-bibliográfico sobre el autor por Raúl Porras Barrenechea. Los pequeños grandes libros de historia americana. ser. 1, t. 11. Lima 1946).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fábulas y Ritos de los Incas" (1573). Pequeños Grandes Libros de Historia Americana, Serie 1, t. 4. Lima 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fray Martín de Murúa: Historia general del Perú. Origen y descendencia de los Incas (1611)". Introducción y notas de Manuel Ballesteros Gaibrois. Bibliotheca Americana vetus. Con prólogo del Duque de Wellington. 2 vols. Madrid 1962-64.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A facsimile of the manuscript at the Getty Museum Virtual Library

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guaman Poma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diego Fernandez

description: Spanish Mercedarian friar and missionary

wikidata_label: Fray Martín de Murúa

wikipedia_title: Martín de Murúa


text:
soul
singer-songwriter
Venlo
Netherlands
Netherlands
Dutch
Alternative Music
Maya Jane Coles
drum and bass
Calibre
vinyl
Chase & Status
Brand New Machine
EP
Bo Saris Official Website
Facebook

categories: 1980 births,Dutch pop singers,Dutch soul singers,Living people,People from Venlo

paragraph: Boris Titulaer

paragraph: Bo Saris, also known as Boris, (born 3 October 1980) is a Dutch contemporary soul singer-songwriter. In 2004 he won the Dutch talent show Idols.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bo was born in Venlo, Netherlands. He was the winner of the second edition of the Dutch talent show Idols. Following a series of successful albums in the Netherlands, he moved to London.

paragraph: His first release under the moniker Bo Saris, "She's On Fire", peaked at number 5 in the Dutch Alternative Music charts in August 2012.

paragraph: The EP release included remixes by house music producer Maya Jane Coles and drum and bass producer Calibre. Both had a limited vinyl release.

paragraph: He is also featured on the Chase & Status song "Breathing" from their 2013 album "Brand New Machine".

paragraph: Bo has released two EPs - "The Addict" and "Little Bit More - Remixes". His album, "GOLD", was released in May 2014. The single "She's On Fire" was featured in the movie "Fifty Shades Of Grey".

paragraph: In 2016 he released a new EP, called "Best Of Me". Just before that he experienced difficulties in his life which had to do with his band and company "Bo-Rush Productions". He incorporated his emotions and experiences in the lyrics of these songs for this EP. In 2017 he released an EP again, called "B-Funk". With this EP Bo expresses his love for funk, and influences of Prince and Barry White are noticeable.

paragraph: With the help of a crowdfunding Bo released his latest album in April 2018, called "NEON". The single, also called "NEON", is released shortly before. The second single "All Night" is released on July 13, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Boris.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Boris.:As featuring artist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "No Sunrise" - Relax (#20, NL)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bo Saris Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://www.facebook.com/iamborismusic Bo Saris on Facebook

wikipedia_title: Boris Titulaer


text: Indian Army

text: Birkenhead

text: Wirral

text: Cheshire

text: Brazil

text: British subject

text: Cartagena, Colombia

text: Claughton

text: Dundreary whiskers

text: Croquet

text: apprentice

text: Laird Brothers

text: shipbuilding

text: Liverpool

text: Red Star Line

text: SS "Noordland"

text: Bihar

text: British India

text: Bihar Light Horse

text: Bidston

text: S. H. Hamer

text: Cassell & Co.

text: Beatrix Potter

text: Harry Rountree

text: Benjamin Rabier

text: Blankney Hunt

text: Lincolnshire

text: pheasant

text: going to ground

text: chromolithograph

text: Penny Illustrated Paper

text: Country Life

text: test match

text: William Boyle

text: Sir Francis Burnand

text: fox hunting

text: West Kirby

text: Charles E. Young Research Library

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: Arthur Rackham

text: S. H. Hamer

text: Francis T. Buckland

text: Lewis Baumer

text: Sabine Baring-Gould

text: William Boyle

text: F. C. Burnand

text: Louis Wain

text: Cecil Aldin

text: Harry B. Neilson

text: Artnet

text: Charles E. Young Research Library

categories: 20th-century British artists,1861 births,British children's book illustrators,Foxes in popular culture,Postcard artists,19th-century British artists,Magazine illustrators,Fox hunting writers,Military personnel of British India,1941 deaths

paragraph: Harry B. Neilson

paragraph: Henry Bingham Neilson (1861 – 13 October 1941), who signed his work and was usually credited as Harry B. Neilson, less often as H. B. Neilson, was a British illustrator, mostly of children’s books.

paragraph: His first career was as an engineer and electrician, working for a Liverpool shipbuilder, at sea, and in India, where he was a part-time Indian Army cavalryman, but by the 1890s his career as an illustrator was established and he lived his last 37 years in an English village.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Born at Birkenhead, in an area called the Wirral, which was then in Cheshire, Neilson was the son of Andrew and Isabel Anne Neilson and had seven older brothers and sisters. His father was a Scottish merchant who for some years had lived and worked in Brazil, while his mother was a British subject born in Cartagena, Colombia. The family moved to England in the 1850s and was settled in Birkenhead by the time of young Harry's birth in 1861, at 39, Westbourne Road, Birkenhead, a house then set among open fields which stretched into Claughton.

paragraph: In 1863 the growing Neilson family moved to a new house called Airliewood which Andrew Neilson had had built on an acre of land in Forest Road, Claughton. Neilson later recalled "My father still wore half-Wellington top boots and the old fashioned stocks. The ladies wore poke bonnets, crinolines, Paisley shawls, and many-flounced, voluminous skirts, while young men of fashion affected peg-top trousers, little pork-pie hats with fluttering ribbons, and Dundreary whiskers. Policemen still wore top hats. Croquet was practically the only outdoor game played by ladies."

paragraph: In 1879 Neilson was apprenticed as an engineer with Laird Brothers, a major shipbuilding firm in Liverpool. After completing this training in 1884, he worked as an electrician on the new Red Star Line transatlantic steamer SS "Noordland" until 1886. In August of that year, his unmarried sister Isabel Anne died, aged 36, and in administering her estate their father was named as "Andrew Neilson, Gentleman".

paragraph: Neilson had a cousin in Bihar in British India who was in charge of an indigo plantation there, and in 1887 he went out to join him. While there, he enlisted in the Bihar Light Horse as a part-time trooper. In 1889, his first illustrated book, "The Adventures of Sam Pippins, Esq., with the Kilkenny Hunt", was published by Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. Meanwhile, at home in Birkenhead, in 1890 his father died, aged 73, followed in 1893 by his mother, aged 66. His father left property valued at £3,896, with his mother and brother John Robertson Neilson, a cotton broker, appointed as Executors.

paragraph: During the 1890s, Neilson became active as a book illustrator, and by 1903 had returned to England to live with a sister at a house called Meadowbank, at 36 School Lane, Bidston, a village in his native Wirral. He stayed at Meadowbank for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Neilson illustrated many children's books, several of them for the children's writer S. H. Hamer, who conveniently was also an editor with Cassell & Co. Neilson also worked as an illustrator of magazines and designed postcards and Christmas cards. In much of his work he depicted animals dressed as people, like his contemporaries Beatrix Potter and Harry Rountree, but often showing them in more vigorous activities. In France he has been compared with Benjamin Rabier. His best-known work, "Mr Fox's Hunt Breakfast on Xmas Day" "(pictured)" is said to represent five members of the Blankney Hunt, in Lincolnshire and has been widely reproduced. Dressed for hunting, the breakfast party is eating pheasant and drinking Renard (French for "fox") champagne. Pictures on the wall behind are of hunting scenes, but with foxes in pursuit of men, one of whom is going to ground. The original, a large chromolithograph, was a free gift to readers with the Christmas issue of the "Penny Illustrated Paper" in December 1897. One hundred years later, in December 1997, it was used as the cover art for the Christmas-week issue of the British magazine "Country Life".

paragraph: "Games and Gambols" (1902) includes Neilson's notable picture of "The great test match between the Lions and the Kangaroos".

paragraph: In 1903 and 1904, Neilson worked with the Irish dramatist William Boyle, illustrating two books of comic verse, "Comic Capers" and "Christmas at the Zoo".

paragraph: Neilson returned to the theme of "Mr Fox's Hunt Breakfast" in "The Fox's Frolic; or, A Day with the Topsy Turvy Hunt" (1917), illustrating a long narrative poem by Sir Francis Burnand in which the usual fox hunting roles are reversed, with the foxes riding hounds and becoming the hunters, with "the brush" pursued being a farmer's broom. An American edition appeared in 1935.

paragraph: Neilson was a keen rider, keeping his own horse, which he groomed himself. In 1935 he published "Auld-lang-syne", a book of memoirs and reminiscences of Claughton, Birkenhead, and Bidston, arranging to have it printed by a local firm, Willmer Brothers. One of the brothers, Wrayford Willmer, later remembered the arrival of a "persistent, eccentric little man" with his manuscript.

paragraph: Neilson died in a nursing home at West Kirby, Cheshire, on 13 October 1941, with his home address given as Meadowbank, School Lane, Bidston, leaving an estate valued at £1070.

paragraph: An archive of 325 items, including drawings, watercolours, and manuscripts by Neilson is held in the Manuscripts Division of the Charles E. Young Research Library, at the University of California, Los Angeles.

paragraph: A new edition of "The Fox's Frolic" was published by Applewood Books in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: In his book on Arthur Rackham, Fred Gettings says

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. B. Neilson, "The Adventures of Sam Pippins, Esq., with the Kilkenny Hunt" (Simpkin, Marshall & Co., London, and John Heywood, Manchester, undated, 1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, "Micky Magee's Menagerie, or, Strange animals and their doings", illustrated by Harry B. Neilson (Cassell & Company, London, Paris, New York & Melbourne, 1897),

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, "Whys and Other Whys, or, Curious Creatures and Their Tales", illustrated by Harry B. Neilson (London: Cassell, 1898),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson & the Cockiolly Bird, "Droll Doings, Illustrations by Harry B. Neilson, with Verses by the Cockiolly Bird" (London: Blackie & Son, 1900),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson, "An Animal A B C" (London: Blackie & Son, 1900),

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, Harry B. Neilson, "Topsy-Turvy Tales, or The Exception Proves the Rule" (London: Cassell, 1901),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis T. Buckland, "Curiosities of Natural History, Illustrated by H. B. Neilson" (London: Methuen, new edition, 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, "The Jungle School; or Dr. Jibber-Jabber Burchall's Academy, With Illustrations by H. B. Neilson" (London: Cassell, 1900),

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, "Peter Piper's Peepshow", with Illustrations by H. B. Neilson and Lewis Baumer (London: Cassell & Company, 1900),

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, "The Ten Travellers, and other tales in prose and verse", illustrated by H. B. Neilson (Cassell & Company, London, Paris, New York & Melbourne, 1902),

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. B. Neilson & John Brymer, "Games and Gambols Illustrated by Harry B. Neilson; with Verses by John Brymer" (Blackie and Son, 1902),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabine Baring-Gould, "Amazing Adventures Drawn by H. B. Neilson and Written by S. Baring Gould" (London: Skeffington & Son, 1903),

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Boyle, "Comic Capers, Pictures by H. B. Neilson, Verses by William Boyle" (1903),

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Boyle, "Christmas at the Zoo: Described in Verse by William Boyle, with Coloured Illustrations by H. B. Neilson" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clifton Bingham, "The Animals' Academy", illustrated by Harry B. Neilson (London: Blackie & Son, 1904),

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, "Topsy Turvy Tales", with 4 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations by Harry B. Neilson (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson, E. A. Cubitt, Jane M. Dealy et al., "Arm Chair Stories" (London: Blackie and Son, undated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. C. Burnand, "The Fox's Frolic; or, A Day with the Topsy Turvy Hunt", illustrated by Harry B. Neilson (London & Glasgow: Wm. Collins, Sons & Co., 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fox's Frolic" (New York: William Collins, 1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fox's Frolic" (New edition, Applewood Books, 2009, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson, "Jolly Jaunts" (Collins, London & Glasgow, undated),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birdie's Picture Book", with stories and illustrations by Harry B Neilson, H. G. C. Lambert, and others (London: S. W. Partridge & Co., undated, c. 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Partridges Children's Annual - Fourth Year of Issue" with Illustrations by Louis Wain, Cecil Aldin, H G C Marsh Lambert, Harry B. Nielson, Frank Hart, M. Bowley etc. (London: S. W. Partridge & Co Ltd, c. 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson, "A Little Pickle" (undated, c. 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson, "Mr. Jumbo at Home" (Blackie, October 1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Krakemsides, "The Careless chicken, Illus. by Harry B. Neilson" (London: Frederick Warne, 1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edith E. Millard, "Mr Skiddleywinks", Illustrated by Harry B. Neilson (London: W. & R. Chambers, undated, but advertised in "The Publisher" 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edith E. Millard, "Mr Skiddleywinks", Illustrated by Harry B. Neilson" (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson, "Auld-lang-syne: recollections and rural records of old Claughton, Birkenhead and Bidston with other reminiscences" (Willmer Brothers, 1935, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. H. Hamer, "Escuela de Animales, illustrado por Harry B. Neilson" (Barcelona: Ramon Sopena, 1942),

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry B. Neilson on Artnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding Aid for the Harry B. Neilson Papers at the Charles E. Young Research Library

description: British illustrator

wikidata_label: Harry B. Neilson

wikipedia_title: Harry B. Neilson