text:
Elagabalus
Roman Empire
Emesa
Syria
Royal family of Emesa
Severan dynasty
Ancient Rome
Julia Maesa
Julius Avitus
Julia Avita Mamaea
Julia Domna
Septimius Severus
Syrian
Equestrian
Sextus Varius Marcellus
Apamea
Severan dynasty
Rome
Roman emperor
Elagabalus
Roman governor
Numidia
Velletri
Greek
Caracalla
Macrinus
Elagabalus
The Gallic Third Legion
Cassius Dio
Emesa
rode to battle
Chalcedon
Cappadocia
sun worship
Septimius Severus
Roman pantheon
Deus Sol Invictus
Jupiter
Bithynia
Nicomedia
Cassius Dio
Victoria
Senate House
Astarte
Minerva
Urania
Praetorian Guard
Julia Avita Mamaea
Severus Alexander
Praetorian camp
Praetorian Guard
name erased from all records
Women in Ancient Rome
Severan dynasty family tree
Julius Capitolinus
Livius.org: Julia Soaemias
Livius.org: Sextus Varius Marcellus
Coinage of Julia Soaemias

categories: 3rd-century Romans,2nd-century Romans,Murdered Roman empresses,3rd-century women rulers,Severan dynasty,180 births,Executed Roman empresses,222 deaths,3rd-century executions,Julii,Royal Family of Emesa,People executed by the Roman Empire,Executed Syrian people

paragraph: Julia Soaemias

paragraph: Julia Soaemias Bassiana (180 – March 11, 222) was a Syrian noblewoman and the mother of Roman emperor Elagabalus who ruled over the Roman Empire from 218 to 222. She was born and raised in Emesa, Syria and through her mother was related to the Royal family of Emesa, and through marriage, to the Severan dynasty of Ancient Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She was the first daughter of the powerful Syrian Roman noblewoman Julia Maesa and Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus, sister of Julia Avita Mamaea, niece of Julia Domna, and a niece by marriage of Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus.

paragraph: At some point, she married Syrian Equestrian and Politician Sextus Varius Marcellus, a native of Apamea. As members of the imperial Roman family of the Severan dynasty, they resided in Rome, and Julia's husband rose to the Roman senate. Julia bore Marcellus two children: one son whose name is unknown and another son called Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, who became the Roman emperor Elagabalus. Her husband died in c.215, during his time as Roman governor in Numidia. The recently widowed Soaemias and her two sons later dedicated to him a tombstone which was found in Velletri, not far from Rome. The tombstone has two preserved bilingual inscriptions in Latin and Greek. The inscriptions reveal his political career, his various titles, designations and distinctions he received.

paragraph: Section::::As Empress.

paragraph: Section::::As Empress.:Background.

paragraph: In 217, her maternal cousin the Roman emperor Caracalla was killed and Macrinus ascended to the imperial throne. Her family was allowed to return to Syria with their enormous wealth, and they returned to Emesa. Back in Emesa, her son, Bassianus, ascended as the chief priest of the Syrian deity Elagabalus.

paragraph: Section::::As Empress.:Restoration of the Severan dynasty.

paragraph: Using her enormous wealth and the claim that Caracalla had slept with her daughter and that the boy was his bastard, Julia Maesa, Soaemias's mother, persuaded soldiers from The Gallic Third Legion stationed near Emesa and who would visit the city occasionally, to swear loyalty to Bassianus. Later, Bassianus was invited alongside his mother and her daughters to the military camp, clad in imperial purple and crowned as emperor by the soldiers.

paragraph: Cassius Dio records a different story, citing that "Gannys", a "youth who has not yet reached manhood" and the lover of Soaemias was the reason for the revolt. Since the boy's father was no longer alive, Gannys acted as the boy's protector and foster father, and late at night, he dressed him in Caracalla's clothing and smuggled him to camp, without either Maesa or Soaemias's knowledge, and persuaded the soldiers to swear loyalty to him. But nonetheless the story is likely a fabrication, seeing as it's unlikely that Maesa, who has much to gain if her grandson would become emperor, would be totally unaware of the coup, but Herodian's story, which tells that the coup was handled by Maesa and her family alone is also unlikely, seeing that Dio's story tells that the boy later had the support of many Equestrians and Senators from Emesa, which was most likely.

paragraph: Whatever the circumstances for Elagabalus's rise to the purple were, he later rode to battle against Macrinus, and entered the city of Antioch emerging as emperor, with Macrinus fleeing before being captured near Chalcedon and executed in Cappadocia.

paragraph: Section::::As Empress.:Reign of Elagabalus.

paragraph: Thus, Bassianus emerged as emperor and was styled "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus", with Soaemias, as his mother, styled as "Iulia Soaemias Augusta". Elagabalus as emperor was mainly concerned with religious matters, and as sun worship had increased throughout the Empire since the reign of his maternal great-uncle by marriage, Septimius Severus, Elagabalus and his mother saw this as an opportunity to install Elagabal as the chief deity of the Roman pantheon. The god was renamed "Deus Sol Invictus", meaning "God of the Undefeated Sun", and was honored even above Jupiter. Elagabalus and his entourage spent the winter of 218 in Bithynia at Nicomedia, where the emperor's religious beliefs first presented themselves as a problem. The contemporary historian Cassius Dio suggests that Gannys was in fact killed by the new emperor because he pressured Elagabalus to live "temperately and prudently". To help Romans adjust to having an oriental priest as emperor, Julia Maesa (Soaemias's mother) had a painting of Elagabalus in priestly robes sent to Rome and hung over a statue of the goddess Victoria in the Senate House. This placed senators in the awkward position of having to make offerings to Elagabalus whenever they made offerings to Victoria.

paragraph: The duo attempted to gain popularity with Roman religion, and as a token of respect, joined either Astarte, Minerva, or Urania to Elagabal as consort. But while her son was concerned in religion, Soaemias and her mother were busy administering Rome, and both are featured heavily in literary accounts of Elagabaus's reign, and were credited with much influence in Rome. She attended meetings of the senate, and even held a "Women's Senate" deciding on matters of fashion and protocol. She was honored with various titles, including 'Augusta, mater Augusti' (Augusta mother of Augustus) and 'Mater castorum et senatus et totius domus divinae' (Mother of camp and the senate and the divine house). Their rule was not popular, however, and soon discontent arose, mainly because of the strange sexual behaviour and the Eastern religious practices of Elagabalus, and Elagabalus lost favour from both the Praetorian guard and the senate, mainly because of his many eccentricities, particularly his relationship with Hierocles, which increasingly provoked the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard. When Elagabalus' grandmother Julia Maesa perceived that popular support for the emperor was waning, she decided that he and his mother, who had encouraged his religious practices, had to be replaced. As alternatives, she turned to her other daughter, Julia Avita Mamaea, and her grandson, the thirteen-year-old Severus Alexander.

paragraph: Section::::As Empress.:Controversy and transition of power.

paragraph: Maesa arranged for Elagabalus to appoint his cousin Severus Alexander as his heir and to give him the title of "Caesar". Alexander shared the consulship with the emperor that year. However, Elagabalus reconsidered this arrangement when he began to suspect that the Praetorian Guard preferred his cousin to himself.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After failing various attempts to slay his cousin, Elagabalus decided to strip his cousin of his titles, revoking his consulship, and invented the rumor that Alexander was near death, in order to see how the Praetorians would react. A riot ensued, and the Guard demanded to see Elagabalus and Alexander in the Praetorian camp. Julia entered the camp to protect her son, but was slain along with Elagabalus by the Praetorian Guard in 222. Their bodies were dragged through the streets and disposed of in the Tiber River, and Julia was later declared a public enemy and her name erased from all records.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in Ancient Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- Severan dynasty family tree

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "Scriptores Historiae Augustae", Julius Capitolinus, "Opellius Macrinus ix"; Aelius Lampridius, "Antoninus Heliogabalus i-ii, iv, xvii-xviii.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Julia Soaemias

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Sextus Varius Marcellus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Julia Soaemias

description: Syrian noblewoman and mother of Roman emperor Elagabalus

wikidata_label: Julia Soaemias

wikipedia_title: Julia Soaemias


text:
Severan dynasty
Roman Empire
Elagabalus
Severus Alexander
Augusta
Emesa
Syria
Homs
Emesa's Temple of the Sun
Julia Domna
Septimius Severus
Caracalla
Geta
Julius Avitus
Julia Soaemias
Julia Mamaea
Macrinus
Julius Bassianus
Emesa
Syria
Homs
Julia Domna
Septimius Severus
Arab
cognomen
Julius Avitus
Julia Soaemias
Julia Mamaea
Julius Avitus
Septimius Severus
Caracalla
Equestrian rank
Macrinus
Parthians
eldest daughter's husband
Varius Avitus Bassianus
Legio III Gallica
Cassius Dio
Gannys
Apamea
Legio II "Parthica"
Imperator
Syria Coele
Syria Phoenice
Antioch
Gannys
pitched battle
Cappadocia
Diadumenian
Zeugma
Legio III Gallica
Nicomedia
Rome
El-Gabal
Victoria
Alexander
El-Gabal
Jupiter
Feriale Duranum
Acta Fratrum Arvalium
Arval Brethren

categories: 3rd-century Romans,224 deaths,2nd-century Romans,150s births,3rd-century Roman women,Ancient Roman women,People from Homs,Roman empresses,2nd-century Roman women,Deified people,Royal Family of Emesa,Severan dynasty

paragraph: Julia Maesa

paragraph: Julia Maesa (7 May before 160 AD – AD) was a member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire who was the major power behind the throne in the reigns of her grandsons, Elagabalus and Severus Alexander, as Augusta of the Empire from 218 to her death. Born in Emesa, Syria (modern day Homs), Maesa was the daughter of the high priest of Emesa's Temple of the Sun, and the elder sister of Roman empress Julia Domna.

paragraph: Through her sister's marriage, Maesa became sister-in-law to Septimius Severus and aunt of Caracalla and Geta, who all became emperors. She herself married fellow Syrian Julius Avitus, who was of consular rank. She bore him two daughters, Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea, who became mothers of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander respectively.

paragraph: The Severan dynasty was dominated by powerful women, one of which was Maesa. Politically able and ruthless, she contended for political power after her sister's suicide. She is best known for her plotting and scheming which resulted in the restoration of the Severan dynasty to the Roman throne after the assassination of Caracalla and the usurpation of the throne by Macrinus. Afterwards she held power until she died in Rome. She was later deified in Syria along with her sister. The Severan dynasty ended in 235.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and marriage.

paragraph: Julia Maesa was born in 7 May before around 160AD, the elder daughter of the priest Julius Bassianus in Emesa, Syria, modern day Homs. She had a younger sister, Julia Domna who would later become Roman empress after her marriage to Septimius Severus who was by the time of their marriage a senator.

paragraph: As Maesa was an Arab, her cognomen, Maesa, is the feminine nomen agentis of the Arabic verb "masa" which signifies walking with a swinging gait. This would be an appropriate female name as the verb from which it was derived was used by Arab poets to describe the figures of the women that they write about. Although no written account describing her appearance survives, her sharp and formidable features, which contradict the soft and sensitive ones of her sister, are well displayed on the coins minted during the reign of her grandchildren.

paragraph: Maesa later married a fellow Syrian, Julius Avitus, a consul who also served as provincial governor in the empire. She bore him two daughters, her eldest daughter, Julia Soaemias, was born around 180 AD or some time before, and was followed by another daughter, Julia Mamaea not long after.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Rome.

paragraph: After her sister's arrival to Rome and the beginning of her tenure as empress consort, Maesa, accompanied by her family, traveled to Rome where they took up residence in the imperial court, although her husband, Julius Avitus who held several important posts did not stay in Rome for long and had to make many travels across the empire, which she did not accompany him on.

paragraph: During their stay in Rome, Maesa and her family amassed extreme wealth and fortune, and rose highly in the Roman government and court of Septimius Severus and later, his son and successor Caracalla. Her two daughters attained a prominent position in court while their Syrian husbands held important posts as provincial governors and consuls, with Maesa's own husband along with that of her daughter rising from the Equestrian rank to reach Senatorial rank.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Rome.:Return to Emesa.

paragraph: In 217 AD, after the murder of emperor Caracalla and the usurpation of the throne by Macrinus, Maesa's sister, Domna, now with none of the power or influence she held during the reigns of her husband and her son, suffering from breast cancer, and having lost both of her children, chose to commit suicide by starvation.

paragraph: Maesa and her family, who had resided in Rome for the last two decades, were spared and ordered by Macrinus to leave Rome and return to their home town of Emesa in Syria, likely because Macrinus wanted to avoid any action that would seem disloyal to Caracalla's memory to avoid any reprisals from the army. Macrinus made the crucial mistake of leaving Maesa's great wealth, amassed over a period of over 20 years intact, a decision which Macrinus would regret not long after.

paragraph: Maesa, who arrived in Emesa sometime between spring 217 and spring 218, vowed revenge, and Domna's suicide was still far off from ending the influence of the powerful women of the family.

paragraph: Macrinus was in a difficult position after Caracalla's assassination and was struggling to gain legitimacy and maintain loyalty to his rule, encouraging Maesa. Her location, Emesa, was close to a military base where many soldiers still held the Severans in high esteem and were loyal to the dynasty, aside from their discontent over Macrinus' peace with the Parthians, making it an excellent choice to launch a coup to restore her family to power.

paragraph: The first step was to choose a male candidate from within the family to replace the usurper. Maesa's husband died in Cyprus shortly before 217, as well as her eldest daughter's husband. Julia Soaemias had a 14-year-old son, Varius Avitus Bassianus, who was the hereditary priest of the Emesan sun god, and Maesa had a different future in mind for him. He had begun attracting the soldiers of the Legio III Gallica stationed near Emesa, who would visit the city's temple occasionally to view the extravagant yet amusing religious rituals of Bassianus.

paragraph: Now even further encouraged by the attention of the soldiers, Maesa proceeded with her plot by trying to challenge the legitimacy of the new emperor Macrinus, and she did so by claiming that the 14-year-old, who greatly resembled Caracalla, was indeed the former emperor's bastard son and that Caracalla slept with both her daughters. The claim that Bassianus was the love child of Caracalla and Soaemias, despite almost certainly being untrue, was not so easily refuted, as aside from the young boy's resemblance to the emperor, Soaemias had been living in the Roman court at the time of Caracalla's reign, and Maesa seemed not to mind that this claim would be sacrificing the honor and reputation of her daughters as it was, after all, an effective move to further her plan.

paragraph: Julia Maesa began offering to distribute her great wealth and fortune to the loyal soldiers in exchange for their support, news of which began to spread throughout the army camps. Maesa, her daughter and Bassianus were taken into the army camp at night where the 14-year-old boy was immediately acknowledged and hailed as emperor by the soldiers and clad in imperial purple.

paragraph: Historian Cassius Dio narrates a slightly different version of events; he mentions a certain Gannys, who is not mentioned as partaking in the plot at any other source, as the main instigator of the revolt. Allegedly a 'youth who has not yet reached manhood', Dio claims he was raised by Maesa and was Soaemias' lover and the protector of her son, and at a certain night, dressed Bassianus in clothes worn by Caracalla as a child, took him to the army camp and claimed he was the murdered emperor's son without the knowledge of either Soaemias or Maesa.

paragraph: It is unlikely that Maesa and Soaemias, with much to gain from Bassianus becoming emperor, would be completely unaware of the actions of Gannys. On the other hand, it is also unlikely that Maesa alone orchestrated the young boy's ascension. In her plan she probably had the support of many important figures from the city of Emesa and even some figures in Rome's ruling elite.

paragraph: With the support of an entire legion, other legionnaires, prompted by discontent over pay, deserted Macrinus and joined Elagabalus' ranks as well. In response to the growing threat, Macrinus sent out a cavalry force under the command of Ulpius Julianus to try and regain control of the rebel soldiers. Rather than capturing the rebel forces, the cavalry instead killed Ulpius and defected to Elagabalus.

paragraph: Following these events, Macrinus traveled to Apamea to ensure the loyalty of Legio II "Parthica" before setting off to march against Emesa. According to Dio, Macrinus appointed his son Diadumenian to the position of Imperator, and promised the soldiers 20,000 Sesterces each, with 4,000 of these to be paid on the spot. Dio further says that Macrinus hosted a dinner for the residents of Apamea in honour of Diadumenian. At the dinner, Macrinus was supposedly presented with the head of Ulpius Julianus who had been killed by his soldiers. In response, Macrinus left Apamea and headed south.

paragraph: Macrinus' and Elagabalus' troops met somewhere near the border of Syria Coele and Syria Phoenice. Despite Macrinus' efforts to quell the rebellion at this engagement, his whole legion defected to Elagabalus forcing Macrinus to retire to Antioch. Elagabus took to the offensive and marched on Antioch.

paragraph: Section::::Restoration of the Severan dynasty.:Reaction of Macrinus.:Battle of Antioch.

paragraph: Elagabalus' armies, commanded by the inexperienced but determined Gannys, engaged Macrinus' Praetorian Guard in a narrowly fought pitched battle. Gannys commanded at least two full legions and held numerical superiority over the fewer levies that Macrinus had been able to raise. Macrinus had ordered the Praetorian Guard to set aside their scaled armour breastplates and grooved shields in favour of lighter oval shields prior to the battle. This made them lighter and more manoeuvrable and negated any advantage light Parthian lancers had. The Praetorian Guards broke through the lines of Gannys' force, which turned to flee. During the retreat, however, Julia Maesa and Soaemias, in a surprising act of heroism joined the fray, leaping from their chariots to rally the retreating forces, while Gannys charged on horseback headlong into the enemy. These actions effectively ended the retreat; the troops resumed the assault with renewed morale, turning the tide of battle. Fearing defeat, Macrinus fled back to the city of Antioch, attempting escape before being executed in Cappadocia, while his son Diadumenian was captured en route in Zeugma, and executed as well.

paragraph: Elagablus entered Antioch as its emperor, refraining the soldiers from sacking the city and sending a message to the senate who were forced to accept the young boy as their new emperor. Upon ascension he took up the name "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus".

paragraph: Section::::Reign of Elagabalus.

paragraph: Although now declared emperor, Elagabalus' claim was not uncontested, however, as several others laid claim to the Roman Throne. These included Verus the commander of Legio III Gallica who ironically was the first to proclaim Elagabalus as emperor, and Gellius Maximus the commander of Legio IV Scythica. These rebellions were quashed and their instigators executed.

paragraph: Elagabalus spent the winter of 218–219 in Nicomedia before he set off to enter Rome. Maesa allegedly urged him to enter the capital draped in Roman clothes, but instead, he had a painting of him made as a priest making offerings to the Emesene deity El-Gabal. The painting was hanged right above the statue of Victoria in the senate, putting senators in the awkward position of having to make offerings to the Syrian deity whenever they wanted to make offerings to Victoria.

paragraph: Both Maesa and her daughter Soaemias are featured heavily in all literary accounts of his reign, and are credited with much influence over the young emperor. Julia Maesa was honored with the titles of 'Augusta, mater castrorum et senatus' (empress, mother of the camp and the senate) and 'avia Augusti' (grandmother of the emperor).

paragraph: Soon, the young emperor was no longer popular with the praetorians, who did not approve of his revolting behavior and his odd religious rituals, and considering how their support was crucial for his rule to survive, this was an extremely dangerous development. Julia Maesa decided to take measures to prevent things from getting too out of hand. She convinced her grandson to adopt his cousin, her grandson Alexander, and declare him caesar, with the argument that it would leave more time for Elagabalus to devote himself to religious matters. The adoption of the 12 years old Alexander provided a strategic shift for the supporters of Elagablus, as some of the supporters felt it was no longer wise to tie their fate with that of the priest-emperor and saw an alternative in his adopted son.

paragraph: Whatsoever, rivalry was soon increasing between the two boys and Elagabalus regretted adopting his more-popular cousin. The soldiers began to look more favorably upon Elagabalus' cousin, and the allies and supporters of the dynasty as well as the imperial family itself became divided, with Elagabalus and Soaemias on one side, and Mamaea, Maesa and Alexander on the other.

paragraph: By the beginning of 222, Alexander and Elagabalus became so estranged with each other that they no longer appeared together in public. An assassination attempt against Alexander by Elagabalus enraged the praetorian guards who demanded an assurance for Alexander's safety from Elagabalus and the dismissal of some certain officials. Elagablus broke his promise, prompting the praetorian guard to slay Elagabalus and his mother, cutting their heads off and throwing aside their bodies. Alexander was now proclaimed emperor.

paragraph: A traditionally held belief is that while the new emperor was mainly involved in religious matters, Julia Maesa and her daughter were the ones effectively running the state. This claim has been treated with caution by contemporary historians such as Barabara Levick, as in ancient Rome, politics and religion were intertwined together and the rule of Elagabalus and the supremacy of his deity broke this relationship. In any case it's certain that Maesa had influence over the young boy, but Elagabalus' disagreements and neglect of advice from Maesa, who can be presented as an advocate of Roman traditionalism, has been reported and it may well be the cause of his downfall.

paragraph: It is probable that Julia Maesa herself was responsible for the assassination of her daughter and grandson. This would certainly have been a painful sacrifice for Maesa to make but a necessary one to protect her family's grip on power and preserve the empire's stability.

paragraph: Section::::Reign of Severus Alexander.

paragraph: Alexander ascended the throne at the age of around 15, and he was kept in check by his mother and grandmother who were determined to erase the negative impression of Elagabalus. He was given the name Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander to emphasize his relationship to Septimius Severus, the founder of the dynasty.

paragraph: The epigraphical evidence during Severus Alexander's reign attests that the early years of his reign were dominated by his mother and grandmother, as inscriptions carrying the emperor's name referred to him as "Juliae Mamaeae Aug(ustae) filio Juliae Maesae Aug(ustae) nepote" (the son of Julia Mamaea and grandson of Julia Maesa).

paragraph: The changes introduced by Maesa and her daughter included selecting a council of sixteen chosen for their moderation and experience to advise the young emperor, and the two Julias tried to restore a moderate and dignified form of government. The eastern religious practices introduced by the former emperor were eradicated in Rome and his religious edicts were reversed, the sacred stone of El-Gabal was returned to Emesa and the vast temple which had been dedicated to him by Elagabalus was rededicated to Jupiter.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Maesa likely died between November 224 and 227. Her death deprived her daughter, Julia Mamaea, not only of a mother but also of a political mentor and colleague, and Julia Mamaea was now alone in charge of the imperial government.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Deification.

paragraph: Like her sister Julia Domna before her was, Julia Maesa was deified. In the "Feriale Duranum", the list of religious observances of the "Cohors XX Palmyrenorum", dating to AD, Maesa is made a supplication on her birthday which is the 7th of May. Coins commemorating her deification show her borne aloft on the back of a peacock. Unfortunately the coins are undated, but she also appears deified on the "Acta Fratrum Arvalium" of 7 November in 224, which lists the number of gods and goddesses the "Arval Brethren" made sacrifices to on that certain date.

description: Roman empress

wikidata_label: Julia Maesa

wikipedia_title: Julia Maesa


text: modernist

text: novelist

text: stream of consciousness

text: narrative technique

text: Abingdon

text: Worthing

text: Putney

text: John Ruskin

text: governess

text: finishing school

text: Hanover, Germany

text: governess

text: Bloomsbury

text: Harley Street

text: Bloomsbury Group

text: Bernese Oberland

text: H. G. Wells

text: Pevensey

text: Sussex

text: Sussex

text: Quakers

text: Cornwall

text: St John's Wood, London

text: Whitman

text: Nietzsche

text: Saturday Review

text: Pointed Roofs

text: J. D. Beresford

text: Alan Odle

text: Augustus John

text: Jacob Epstein

text: Wyndham Lewis

text: Close Up

text: Bryher

text: Beckenham

text: May Sinclair

text: William James

text: The Principles of Psychology

text: Sylvia Beach

text: Proust

text: James Joyce

text: Virginia Woolf

text: roman à clef

text: Virginia Woolf

text: John Cowper Powys

text: George Eliot

text: Virginia Woolf

text: London

text: William Wordsworth

text: Conrad Aiken

text: Ford Madox Ford

text: Virago Press

text: Arts and Humanities Research Council

text: blue plaque

text: Woburn Walk

text: W. B. Yeats

text: The Quakers Past and Present

text: Gleanings from the Works of George Fox

text: John Austen

text: Pilgrimage

text: [Woolf, V.

text: Dorothy Richardson Society

text: Dorothy Richardson Online Exhibition of Letters

text: Calendar of Letters

categories: British feminists,Modernist women writers,20th-century British women writers,1957 deaths,20th-century British novelists,British journalists,Modernist writers,1873 births,British women novelists

paragraph: Dorothy Richardson

paragraph: Dorothy Miller Richardson (17 May 1873 – 17 June 1957) was a British author and journalist. Author of "Pilgrimage", a sequence of 13 semi-autobiographical novels published between 1915 and 1967—though Richardson saw them as chapters of one work—she was one of the earliest modernist novelists to use stream of consciousness as a narrative technique. Richardson also emphasizes in "Pilgrimage" the importance and distinct nature of female experiences. The title "Pilgrimage" alludes not only to "the journey of the artist ... to self-realization but, more practically, to the discovery of a unique creative form and expression".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Richardson was born in Abingdon in 1873, the third of four daughters. After the fourth daughter was born her father began referring to Dorothy as his son. Richardson "also attributed this habit to her own boylike willfulness." Her family moved to Worthing, West Sussex in 1880 and then Putney, London in 1883. In London she "attended a progressive school influenced by the ideas of John Ruskin", and where "the pupils were encouraged to think for themselves". Here she "studied French, German, literature, logic and psychology". At seventeen, because of her father's financial difficulties she went to work as a governess and teacher, first in 1891 for six months at a finishing school in Hanover, Germany. In 1895 Richardson gave up work as a governess to take care of her severely depressed mother, but her mother committed suicide the same year. Richardson's father had become bankrupt at the end of 1893.

paragraph: Richardson subsequently moved in 1896 to an attic room, 7 Endesleigh Street, Bloomsbury, London, where she worked as a receptionist/secretary/assistant in a Harley Street dental surgery. While in Bloomsbury in the late 1890s and early 1900s, Richardson associated with writers and radicals, including the Bloomsbury Group. In 1904 she took a holiday in the Bernese Oberland, financed by one of the dentists, which was the source for her novel "Oberland". H. G. Wells (1866–1946) was a friend and they had a brief affair which led to a pregnancy and then miscarriage, in 1907. Wells was married to a former schoolmate of Richardson's. On leave from work she stayed in Pevensey, Sussex and went to Switzerland for the winter. Then she resigned from her Harley Street job and left London "to spend the next few years in Sussex ... on a farm run by a Quaker family". Richardson's interest in the Quakers led to her writing "The Quakers Past and Present" and editing an anthology "Gleanings from the Works of George Fox", which were both published in 1914. She spent much of 1912 in Cornwall, and then in 1913 rented a room in St John's Wood, London, though she also lived in Cornwall.

paragraph: While she had first published an article in 1902, Richardson's writing career, as a freelance journalist really began around 1906, with periodical articles on various topics, book reviews, short stories, and poems, and as well as she translated during her life eight books into English from French and German. The subjects of Richardson's book reviews and early essays range "for Whitman and Nietzsche to French philosophy and British politics" demonstrating both "the range of her interests and the sharpness of her mind".

paragraph: Starting in 1908 Richardson regularly wrote short prose essays, "sketches" for the "Saturday Review", and around 1912 "a reviewer urged her to try writing a novel". She began writing "Pointed Roofs", in the autumn of 1912, while staying with J. D. Beresford and his wife in Cornwall, and it was published in 1915.

paragraph: She married the artist Alan Odle (1888-1948) in 1917 – a distinctly bohemian figure, associated with an artistic circle that included Augustus John, Jacob Epstein, and Wyndham Lewis. He was fifteen years younger than her, tubercular and an alcoholic, and was not expected to live long. However, he stopped drinking and lived until 1948. Odle was very thin and "over six feet tall with waist-length hair wound around the outside of his head", which he never cut. He also rarely cut his finger nails. From 1917 until 1939, the couple spent their winters in Cornwall and their summers in London; and then stayed permanently in Cornwall until Odle’s death in 1948. She supported herself and her husband with freelance writing for periodicals for many years, as Alan made little money from his art.

paragraph: Between 1927 and 1933 she published 23 articles on film in the avant-garde little magazine, "Close Up", with which her close friend Bryher was involved.

paragraph: In 1954, she had to move into a nursing home in the London suburb of Beckenham, Kent, where she died in 1957.

paragraph: The last chapters (books) of "Pilgrimage", published during Richardson's lifetime, were "Clear Horizon" in 1935 and "Dimple Hill" with the 1938 Collected Edition. This Collected Edition was poorly received and Richardson only published, during the rest of her life, three chapters of another volume in 1946, as work in "Work in Progress," in "Life and Letters".

paragraph: The final chapter (13th book) of "Pilgrimage", "March Moonlight", was not published until 1967, where it forms the conclusion to Volume IV of the Collected Edition; though the first three chapters had appeared as "Work in Progress," "Life and Letters", 1946. This novel is incomplete. Apparently because of the poor sales and disappointing reception of the Collected Edition of 1938, she lost heart. She was 65 in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Stream of consciousness.

paragraph: In a review of "Pointed Roofs" ("The Egoist" April 1918), May Sinclair first applied the term "stream of consciousness" in her discussion of Richardson's stylistic innovations. "Pointed Roofs" was the first volume in a sequence of 13 novels titled "Pilgrimage", the first complete stream of consciousness novel published in English. The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his "The Principles of Psychology". In a letter to the bookseller and publisher Sylvia Beach in 1934, Richardson comments that "Proust, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf & D.R. ... were all using 'the new method', though very differently, simultaneously".

paragraph: Richardson hated the term, calling it in 1949 "that lamentably meaningless metaphor 'The "Shroud" of Consciousness' borrowed ... by May Sinclair from the epistemologists, ... to describe my work, & still, in Lit. criticism. pushing its inane career".

paragraph: Section::::"Pilgrimage".

paragraph: Miriam Henderson, the central character in the "Pilgrimage" novel sequence, is based on author's own life between 1891 and 1915. Richardson, however, saw "Pilgrimage" as one novel for which each of the individual volumes were "chapters". "Pilgrimage" was read as a work of fiction and "its critics did not suspect that its content was a reshaping of DMR's own experience", nor that it was a "roman à clef".

paragraph: Section::::Feminist writer.

paragraph: Richardson is also an important feminist writer, because of the way her work assumes the validity and importance of female experiences as a subject for literature. She records that when she began writing, "attempting to produce a feminine equivalent of the current masculine realism", and after setting aside "a considerable mass of manuscript" finding "a fresh pathway". Her wariness of the conventions of language, her bending of the normal rules of punctuation, sentence length, and so on, are used to create a feminine prose, which Richardson saw as necessary for the expression of female experience. Virginia Woolf in 1923 noted, that Richardson "has invented, or, if she has not invented, developed and applied to her own uses, a sentence which we might call the psychological sentence of the feminine gender." In her 1938 "Foreword" to the Collected Edition of "Pilgrimage" Richardson responded to criticism of her writing, "for being unpunctuated and therefore unreadable", arguing that "Feminine prose, as Charles Dickens and James Joyce show themselves to be aware, should properly be unpunctuated, moving from point to point without formal obstruction".

paragraph: John Cowper Powys, writing in 1931, saw Richardson as a "pioneer in a completely new direction" because she has created in her protagonist Miriam the first woman character who embodies the female "quest for the essence of human experience". Powys contrast Richardson with other women novelists, such as George Eliot and Virginia Woolf whom he sees as betraying their deepest feminine instincts by using "as their medium of research not these instincts but the rationalistic methods of men". Likewise in 1975 Sydney Janet Kaplan describes "Pilgrimage" as "conceived in revolt against the established tradition of fiction. ... [Richardson's] writing marks a revolution in perspective, a shift from a 'masculine' to a 'feminine' method of exposition".

paragraph: Section::::London novelist.

paragraph: After first working as a governess in Germany and then England, early in her life Richardson "lived in a Bloomsbury attic ... [and] London became her great adventure]]. And although "Pointed Roofs" focuses on Miriam's experience as a governess in Germany, much of "Pilgrimage" is set in London. London "is an ‘elastic’ material space that facilitates Miriam’s public life. London’s streets, cafés, restaurants and clubs figure largely in her explorations, which extend her knowledge of both the city and herself". John Cowper Powys in his 1931 study of Richardson, describes her as London's William Wordsworth, who instead of "the mystery of mountains and lakes" gives us "the mystery of roof-tops and pavements".

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Rebecca Bowler wrote in August 2015: "Given Richardson’s importance to the development of the English novel, her subsequent neglect is extraordinary". The first few of her novels books "were received with rapturous enthusiasm and occasional confusion", but by the 1930s interest had declined–despite John Cowper Powys championing her in his short critical study "Dorothy M. Richardson" (1931). In 1928 Conrad Aiken, in a review of ‘‘Oberland’’ had attempted to explain why she was so "curiously little known," and offered the following reasons: her "minute recording" which tires those who want action; her choice of a woman's mind as center; and her heroine's lack of "charm." By 1938 "she was sufficiently obscure for Ford Madox Ford to bewail the 'amazing phenomenon' of her 'complete world neglect' ".

paragraph: However, Richardson changed publishers and Dent & Cresset Press published a new Collected Edition of Pilgrimage in 1938. This was republished by Virago Press "in the late 1970s, in its admirable but temporary repopularisation of Richardson". in 1976 in America a 4 vols. Popular Library (New York), edition appeared. Now scholars are once again reclaiming her work and the Arts and Humanities Research Council in England is supporting the Dorothy Richardson Scholarly Editions Project, with the aim of publishing a collected edition of Richardson's works and letters. "Pointed Roofs" was translated into Japanese in 1934, French in 1965 and German in 1993. There were subsequent French translations of "Backwater", 1992 and "Deadlock", 1993.

paragraph: A blue plaque was unveiled, in May 2015, at Woburn Walk in Bloomsbury, where Richardson lived, in 1905 and 1906, opposite W. B. Yeats, and "The Guardian" comments that "people are starting to read her once more, again reasserting her place in the canon of experimental modernist prose writers".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: A much fuller bibliography can be found at The Dorothy Richardson Society's web site:

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Quakers Past and Present", London: Constable, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gleanings from the Works of George Fox", London: Headley Brothers, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Austen and the Inseparables", London: William Jackson, 1930 (about the artist John Austen).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey to Paradise: Short Stories and Autobiographical Sketches", London: Virago, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pilgrimage"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four-volume collected editions: 1938 (first 12 "chapters"; Dent and Cresset, London, and A.A. Knopf, New York), 1967 (J. M. Dent, London, and A.A. Knopf, New York), 1976 (Popular Library, New York), 1979 (Virago, London)

paragraph: See also the following feminist anthologies:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott, Bonnie Kime, "The Gender of Modernism". Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert, Sandra M & Gubar, Susan "Norton Anthology of Literature by Women". New York, N.Y.: Norton, c1985.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Early reviews.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sinclair, M., "The novels of Dorothy Richardson", "The Egoist", April 1918.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [Woolf, V.], review of "The Tunnel", ("Times Literary Supplement", 13 Feb 1919); [V. Woolf], review of "Revolving Lights", "The Nation and the Athenaeum", 19 May 1923); both repr. in "V. Woolf, Women and writing", ed. M. Barrett 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Richardson Society Bibliography: Reviews and Obituaries

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Obituaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Times", 18 June 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manchester Guardian", 18 June 1957.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Bibliographical studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buchanan, Averill, "Journal of Modern Literature", Vol. 24, No. 1, Autumn, 2000, 'Dorothy Miller Richardson: A Bibliography 1900 to 1999', pp. 135–160.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Biographies and letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fouli, Janet (ed.). "The Letters of John Cowper Powys and Dorothy Richardson". London: Cecil Wolf, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fromm, Gloria G. "Dorothy Richardson: A Biography". Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fromm, Gloria G. (ed.). "Windows on Modernism: Selected Letters of Dorothy Richardson". Athens, Georgia, U. of Georgia Press, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory, Horace. "Dorothy Richardson: An Adventure in Self-Discovery". New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenberg, John D. "Dorothy Richardson: The Genius They Forgot. A Critical Biography". London: Duckworth; New York: Knopf, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson, George H. "Dorothy Richardson: A Calendar of the Letters". ELT Press E-Book no.4, University of North Carolina at Greenboro.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Critical studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blake, Caesar R. "Dorothy M. Richardson". Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bluemel, Kristin. "Experimenting on the Borders of Modernism: Dorothy Richardson's 'Pilgrimage' ". Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eagleson, Harvey. "Pedestal for Statue: 'The Novels of Dorothy M. Richardson". Sewanee, Tenn.: The University Press, 1934.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fouli, Janet. "Structure and Identity: the Creative Imagination in Dorothy Richardson's Pilgrimage". Faculté des Lettres de la Manouba, Tunis, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanscombe, Gillian E. "The Art of Life: Dorothy Richardson and the Development of Feminist Consciousness". London: Owen, 1982; Athens: Ohio University Press, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Powys, John Cowper. "Dorothy M. Richardson". London: Joiner & Steele, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radford, Jean. "Dorothy Richardson". New York & London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Staley, Thomas F. "Dorothy Richardson". Boston: Twayne, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson, George H. "Notes on 'Pilgrimage': Dorothy Richardson Annotated". Greensboro, N.C.: ELT Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson, George H. with Thomson, Dorothy F. "The Editions of Dorothy Richardson's Pilgrimage: A Comparison of Texts". Greensboro, N.C.: ELT Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tucker, Eva. "Pilgrimage: The Enchanted Guest of Spring and Summer: Dorothy Richardson 1873-1954: a Reassessment of Her Life and Work". Penzance: Hypatia Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watts, Carol. "Dorothy Richardson". Plymouth: Northcote House in association with the British Council, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winning, Joanne. "The Pilgrimage of Dorothy Richardson". Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Works partially on Richardson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaplan, Sydney Janet. "Feminine Consciousness in the Modem British Novel". Urbana & London: University of Illinois Press, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linett, Maren Tova. "Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness". New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parsons, Deborah. "Theorists of the modernist novel: James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf". Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Main archives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beinecke Library, Yale University. A large collection of letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Library. Letters to E. B. C. Jones; letters to S. S. Koteliansky.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berg Collection, New York Public Library. Letters to P. P. Wadsworth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Ransom HRC, Austin, Texas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Pennsylvania State University

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Tulsa. Letters and mss.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Richardson Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Richardson Online Exhibition of Letters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calendar of Letters

description: writer

wikidata_label: Dorothy Richardson

wikipedia_title: Dorothy Richardson


text: Presbyterian

text: minister

text: newspaper editor

text: abolitionist

text: Alton, Illinois

text: Godfrey

text: Waterville College

text: Colby College

text: Maine

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: Jacksonian

text: St. Louis Observer

text: Princeton Theological Seminary

text: New Jersey

text: Presbyterian

text: slavery

text: free state

text: Alton Observer

text: gunfire

text: martyr

text: Owen Lovejoy

text: Albion, Maine

text: Congregational

text: Elijah Parish

text: Academy at Monmouth

text: China

text: Latin

text: mathematics

text: Waterville College

text: Waterville, Maine

text: Benjamin Tappan

text: Nathan A. Farwell

text: first-class honors

text: top of his class

text: South

text: Boston

text: New York City

text: Jeremiah Chaplin

text: Hillsboro

text: Montgomery County

text: Edward Bates

text: Hamilton R.

text: William Wells Brown

text: Christian revivalist movement

text: abolitionist

text: Princeton Theological Seminary

text: Presbyterian Church

text: Catholic Church

text: Francis McIntosh

text: freedom suits

text: steamboat

text: St. Charles

text: angry mob

text: Mississippi River

text: Missouri

text: Anti-Slavery Society

text: economic crisis in March 1837

text: partisan

text: martyr

text: Anti-Slavery Society

text: Constitution

text: John Glanville Gill

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: Lyceum address

text: John Brown

text: Elijah P. Lovejoy Monument

text: John Glanville Gill

text: Brooklyn, Illinois

text: East St. Louis

text: Lovejoy Library

text: Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award

text: Colby College

text: St. Louis Walk of Fame

text: Reed College

text: Presbytery

text: Presbyterian Church (USA)

text: Censorship in the United States

text: Biography from Spartacus Educational

text: St. Louis Walk of Fame

text: Biography from the Alton, Illinois web

categories: Free speech activists,Colby College alumni,Princeton Theological Seminary alumni,American male journalists,19th-century American newspaper editors,1837 crimes,People from Albion, Maine,19th-century American journalists,Writers from Illinois,Assassinated American activists,Writers from Missouri,Assassinated American journalists,Journalists killed in the United States,19th-century male writers,1802 births,Journalists from Maine,Lynching deaths in Illinois,Writers from Maine,19th-century Presbyterian ministers,Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) teaching elders,St. Louis Observer people,1837 deaths,People from Alton, Illinois,American abolitionists,People murdered in Illinois,Deaths by firearm in Illinois,Journalists killed by a mob

paragraph: Elijah Parish Lovejoy

paragraph: Elijah Parish Lovejoy (November 9, 1802 – November 7, 1837) was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor and abolitionist. He was shot and killed by a pro-slavery mob in Alton, Illinois, during their attack on Godfrey and Gillman's warehouse to destroy his press and abolitionist materials.

paragraph: He attended Waterville College (now Colby College) in his home state of Maine. From 1824 until his 1826 graduation, while still an undergraduate, he also served as headmaster of Colby’s associated high school, the Latin School (later Coburn Classical Institute). He traveled west and in 1827 he settled in St. Louis, Missouri. He worked as an editor of an anti-Jacksonian newspaper, the "St. Louis Observer" and ran a school. Five years later, he studied at the Princeton Theological Seminary in New Jersey and became an ordained Presbyterian preacher. Returning to St. Louis, he set up a church and resumed work as editor of the "Observer". His editorials criticized slavery and other church denominations.

paragraph: In May 1836, after anti-abolitionist opponents in St. Louis destroyed his printing press for the third time, Lovejoy left the city and moved across the river to Alton in the free state of Illinois. In 1837 he started the "Alton Observer", also an abolitionist paper. On November 7, 1837, a pro-slavery mob attacked the warehouse where Lovejoy had his fourth printing press. Lovejoy and his supporters exchanged gunfire with the mob, and he was fatally shot. He died on the spot and was soon hailed as a martyr by abolitionists across the country. After his death, his brother Owen Lovejoy entered politics and became the leader of the Illinois abolitionists.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Lovejoy was born at his grandfather's frontier farmhouse near Albion, Maine, as the first of the nine children of Elizabeth (Pattee) Lovejoy and Daniel Lovejoy. Lovejoy's father was a Congregational preacher and farmer, and his mother was a homemaker and a devout Christian. Daniel Lovejoy named his son "Elijah Parish" in honor of his close friend and mentor, Elijah Parish, a minister who was also involved in politics. Due to his own lack of an education, he encouraged his sons—Elijah, Daniel, Joseph Cammett, Owen, and John—to become educated men. As a result, Elijah was taught to read the Bible and other theological texts at an early age.

paragraph: After completing his early studies in public schools, Lovejoy attended the Academy at Monmouth and China Academy. After becoming proficient enough in Latin and mathematics, he enrolled at Waterville College (now Colby College) in Waterville, Maine, as a sophomore in 1823. He excelled in his studies, and upon faculty recommendation, he became a teacher in the college's preparatory division. Lovejoy received financial support from minister Benjamin Tappan to continue his attendance at Waterville College. His cousin Nathan A. Farwell later served as a U.S. Senator from Maine.

paragraph: In September 1826, Lovejoy graduated from Waterville College with first-class honors at the top of his class. During the winter and spring, he taught at China Academy. Dissatisfied with daily teaching, Lovejoy thought about moving to the South or Western United States. His former teachers at Waterville College advised him that he would best serve God in the West. Agreeing, Lovejoy in May 1827 moved to Boston to earn money for his journey, having settled on Illinois as his destination. Unsuccessful at finding work, he started to Illinois by foot. He stopped in New York City in mid-June, to try to find work. He eventually landed a position with the "Saturday Evening Gazette" as a newspaper subscription peddler. For nearly five weeks, he walked up and down streets, knocking on peoples' doors and wheedling passersby, in hopes of getting them to subscribe to the newspaper. Struggling with his finances, he wrote to Jeremiah Chaplin, the president of Waterville College, explaining his situation. Chaplin sent the money that his former student so needed. Lovejoy promptly embarked on his journey to Illinois, reaching Hillsboro, Montgomery County, in the fall of 1827. Lovejoy did not think he could do well in Illinois's scantly settled land, so he headed for St. Louis.

paragraph: In St. Louis, Lovejoy quickly became ill, but once recovered, he operated a school with a friend, modeled on high schools in the East. His interest in teaching waned, however, when local editors began accepting his poems in their newspapers. This led him to a partnership with T. J. Miller as an editor on the "St. Louis Times", a paper that supported Henry Clay for president. Working at the "Times" introduced him to like minded community leaders, many of whom were members of the American Colonization Society that supported the resettlement of American blacks in Africa. Among these new acquaintances were Edward Bates, Hamilton R. and Archibald Gamble. Lovejoy occasionally hired slaves to work with him at the paper, one of whom, William Wells Brown, later recounted his experience in a memoir. Brown credits working with Lovejoy at the paper "for what little learning I obtained while in slavery."

paragraph: Lovejoy struggled with his interest in religion, often writing his parents about his sinfulness and rebellion against God. He attended revival meetings in 1831 led by William S. Potts, pastor of First Presbyterian Church that rekindled his interest in religion for a time. However, Lovejoy admitted to his parents that "gradually these feelings all left me, and I returned to the world a more hardened sinner than ever." A year later, Lovejoy found the call to God he desired. In 1832, influenced by the Christian revivalist movement led by abolitionist David Nelson, he joined the First Presbyterian Church and decided to become a preacher. He sold his interest in the "Times," returned East to study at the Princeton Theological Seminary, and upon completion, went to Philadelphia, where he became an ordained minister of the Presbyterian Church in April 1833. Friends in St. Louis offered to finance a Presbyterian newspaper there if Lovejoy would agree to edit it. Lovejoy accepted and on November 22, 1833, the first issue of the "St. Louis Observer" was published.

paragraph: In spring 1834, Lovejoy penned a number of articles and editorials criticizing the Catholic Church. The large Catholic community of St. Louis was offended by these attacks, but Lovejoy did not back down. He continued his critical writings to include editorials on tobacco and liquor as well. That same year, Lovejoy began editorializing on slavery, perhaps the most controversial social issue of that time. His views were influenced by Nelson, an abolitionist. In 1835, the "Missouri Republican" began suggesting gradual emancipation in Missouri, and Lovejoy supported this endeavor through the "Observer." Lovejoy's views on slavery began to incite complaints and threats. By October 1835, there were rumors of mob action against the "Observer." A group of prominent St. Louisans, including many of Lovejoy's friends, wrote a letter pleading him to cease discussion of slavery in the newspaper. Lovejoy was away from the city at this time and the publishers declared that no further articles on slavery would appear during Lovejoy's absence and, when he returned, he would follow a more rigorous editorial policy. Lovejoy wrote a response to the letter, making it clear he did not agree with the publishers policy. As tensions over slavery escalated in St. Louis, Lovejoy would not back down from his convictions and had a sense he would become a martyr for the cause. He was asked to resign as editor of the "Observer", to which he agreed. However, the newspaper's owners released the "Observer" property to the moneylender who held the mortgage and the new owners asked Lovejoy to stay on as editor.

paragraph: Lovejoy and "The Observer" continued to be embroiled in controversy. In April 1836, a mulatto boatman, Francis McIntosh, was arrested by two policemen and, en route to the jail, McIntosh grabbed a knife and stabbed both men. One was killed and the other seriously injured. Although McIntosh attempted to escape, he was caught and a mob tied him up and burned him to death. Some of the mob were brought before a grand jury to face charges. However, the presiding judge, Judge Lawless, neglected to convict anyone and considered the crime a spontaneous mob action without any specific people to prosecute. The Judge made remarks insinuating that abolitionists, including Lovejoy and the "Observer," had incited McIntosh into stabbing the policemen. With already negative attention on him, Lawless' opinion did nothing to help Lovejoy and in May, Lovejoy decided to move the "Observer" to Alton, Illinois.

paragraph: A major port in a slave state surrounded by free ones, St. Louis was a center of abolitionist and pro-slavery factions. From 1814 to 1860, more than three hundred freedom suits were filed by slaves to gain freedom, often based on their having lived in free territory with their masters. At the same time, it was an area where both free blacks and slaves worked in the city, especially on the waterfront and steamboats.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: In 1835, Lovejoy married Celia Ann French, of St. Charles, and they had two children.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Alton.

paragraph: In May 1836, Lovejoy decided to move with his family across the Mississippi River to Alton, Illinois, where he founded the "Alton Observer" and served as pastor at Upper Alton Presbyterian Church (now College Avenue Presbyterian Church). Before he could move the press, an angry mob broke into the "Observer" office and vandalized it. Only Alderman Bryan Mullanphy attempted to stop the crime, and no policemen or city officials intervened. Lovejoy packed what remained of the office for shipment to Alton. It sat on the riverbank, unguarded, overnight and was destroyed and thrown into the Mississippi River. Although Illinois was a free state, Alton, Illinois was a center for slave catchers who were trying to capture escaped slaves and pro-slavery forces. Many escaped slaves crossed the Mississippi River from Missouri, a slave state. Alton had been settled by pro-slavery southerners who thought Alton should not become a haven for escaped slaves.

paragraph: Lovejoy's views on slavery became more extreme and he called for a convention to discuss the formation of a state Anti-Slavery Society. Many in Alton began questioning allowing Lovejoy to continue printing in their town. After an economic crisis in March 1837, Alton citizens wondered if Lovejoy's views were contributing to hard times. They felt Southern states, or even St. Louis, might not want to do business with their town if they continued to harbor an abolitionist.

paragraph: Lovejoy held the Illinois Antislavery Congress at the Presbyterian church in Upper Alton on October 26, 1837. The supporters in attendance were surprised to see two pro-slavery advocates in the crowd, John Hogan and Illinois Attorney General Usher Linder. The Lovejoy supporters were not happy to have his enemies at the convention, but relented as the meeting was open to all parties.

paragraph: On November 7, 1837, pro-slavery partisans approached Gilman's warehouse, where Lovejoy had hidden his printing press. According to the "Alton Observer", the mob fired shots into the warehouse. When Lovejoy and his men returned fire, they hit several people in the crowd, killing a man named Bishop.

paragraph: The leaders of the mob set up a ladder against the warehouse. They sent a boy up with a torch to set fire to the wooden roof. Lovejoy and his supporter Royal Weller went outside, surprised the pro-slavery partisans, pushed over the ladder and retreated back inside the warehouse. The mob put up the ladder again; when Lovejoy and Weller went out to overturn it, they were spotted and shot. Lovejoy was hit five times with slugs from a shotgun and died immediately; Weller was wounded. The mob destroyed the new printing press by carrying it to a window and throwing it out onto the riverbank. They broke it up and threw the pieces into the river.

paragraph: Francis Butter Murdoch, the district attorney of Alton, prosecuted Lovejoy's murder but no one was convicted. The jury foreman had been a member of the mob and was wounded in the attack. The presiding judge also doubled as a witness to the proceedings. These conflicts of interest resulted in a "not guilty" verdict.

paragraph: Lovejoy was considered a martyr by the abolition movement. In his name, his brother Owen became the leader of the Illinois abolitionists. Owen and his brother Joseph wrote a memoir about Elijah, which was published in 1838 by the Anti-Slavery Society in New York and distributed widely among abolitionists in the nation. With his murder symbolic of the rising tensions within the country, Lovejoy is called the "first casualty of the Civil War."

paragraph: Elijah Lovejoy was buried in Alton Cemetery in an unmarked grave. In 1860, Thomas Dimmock, editor of the "Alton Democrat", located the grave and arranged for a proper grave marker. Some of his supporters were later buried near him.

paragraph: On November 2, 1837, five days before his death, he gave an emotive speech in Alton on the abolition question. In it, he asserted his willingness to respect the views of his opponents, but claimed the right to challenge them, as guaranteed in the Constitution. He reminded the audience that he was a hardworking and God-fearing citizen who had broken no laws, and that the physical threats to him and his family were totally unjustified. He ended by declaring that he would not be driven away, but would continue his work in Alton.

paragraph: There was such fear at the time of Lovejoy's death that no service was held, and the town newspaper he had led did not even report his death, though many other newspapers around the country decried this murder. The 1837 mob killing of Elijah Lovejoy was finally commemorated by a monument in Alton's City Cemetery, installed sixty years later in 1897. Another sixty years passed before John Glanville Gill published the first full-length biography of the slain abolitionist minister and editor. Gill was himself a former Alton minister who, like Lovejoy, also suffered persecution for his commitment to human rights.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1838, his brothers Joseph C. and Owen Lovejoy wrote a memoir about him and his defense of the free press, which they published in New York, under the title: "Memoir of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy: Who was Murdered in Defence of the Liberty of the Press at Alton, Illinois, Nov. 7, 1837"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abraham Lincoln referenced Lovejoy's murder in his Lyceum address in January 1838.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Brown was inspired by Lovejoy's death, declaring in church, "Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1897, Alton citizens erected the 110-foot tall Elijah P. Lovejoy Monument at the cemetery where he was buried.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Glanville Gill completed his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1946 on "The Issues Involved in the Death of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, Alton, 1837". This thesis was later turned into a book, the first biography of Elijah Parish Lovejoy, entitled Tide Without Turning: Elijah P. Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press, Boston: Beacon Starr King Press 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The majority African-American village of Brooklyn, Illinois, located just north of East St. Louis, is popularly known as Lovejoy in his honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lovejoy Library at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville is named in his honor; some had proposed naming the university after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award was established by Colby College in his honor, and is awarded annually to a member of the newspaper profession who "has contributed to the nation's journalistic achievement." A major classroom building at Colby is also named for Lovejoy. Furthermore, an inscribed memorial rock from his birthplace occupies a prominent position in a grassy square at Colby.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elijah Lovejoy is recognized by a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2003, Reed College established the Elijah Parish and Owen Lovejoy Scholarship, which it awards annually.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His descendant, Martha Lovejoy, is a supervisor in the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, which coordinates the United States Government's efforts to combat modern forms of slavery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is a Lovejoy Elementary School in Alton, IL.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is a Lovejoy Health Center named for him in Albion, ME, the place of his birth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is a plaque honoring Elijah Parish Lovejoy on the external wall at the Mackay Campus Center at his alma mater, Princeton Theological Seminary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lovejoy School in Washington, DC was named in his honor in 1870. It closed in 1988 and became the Lovejoy Lofts condominiums in 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Presbytery of Giddings-Lovejoy, Presbyterian Church (USA), formed from the merger of Elijah Parish Lovejoy Presbytery and the Presbytery of Southeast Missouri on January 3, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorialized as the first name listed in the "Journalists Memorial" located at the Newseum, 555 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC. See http://www.newseum.org/exhibits/online/journalists-memorial/

paragraph: BULLET::::- College Avenue Presbyterian Church (formerly Upper Alton Presbyterian), which was founded by Elijah Lovejoy, merged with United Presbyterian Church in Wood River, IL in 2016. The church is now named LoveJoy United Presbyterian Church, after its founder.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of journalists killed in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Censorship in the United States

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography for middle-grade readers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from Spartacus Educational

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Walk of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the Alton, Illinois web

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reprint from the "Alton Observer" Nov. 7, 1837

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correspondence & manuscripts, 1804-1891, at Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University See also papers of nephew Austin Wiswall, officer with 9th US Colored Troops, captured and held at Andersonville.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frontenac, Missouri meetinghouse where Lovejoy once preached

description: American abolitionist

wikidata_label: Elijah Parish Lovejoy

wikipedia_title: Elijah Parish Lovejoy


text: UFO

text: Captain Blue

text: Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons

text: Philip Marlowe

text: Raymond Chandler

text: Brooklyn, New York

text: Peekskill High School

text: United States Army

text: disc jockey

text: Armed Forces Radio

text: St. John's

text: Newfoundland

text: Boston University

text: Fulbright Scholarship

text: Broadway

text: Jean Anouilh

text: Stanley Kubrick

text: Lolita

text: The Mouse on the Moon

text: The Bedford Incident

text: Battle Beneath the Earth

text: James Bond

text: You Only Live Twice

text: Diamonds Are Forever

text: Aries 1B

text: Gerry Anderson

text: Captain Blue

text: Supermarionation

text: Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons

text: Doppelgänger

text: Commander Ed Straker

text: science-fiction

text: UFO

text: Twilight's Last Gleaming

text: Saturn 3

text: Silver Dream Racer

text: The Lords of Discipline

text: World War II

text: Colditz

text: The Kenny Everett Television Show

text: Whoops Apocalypse

text: subsequent film

text: Chocky's Children

text: Philip Marlowe

text: Raymond Chandler

text: Farewell, My Lovely

text: Shane Rimmer

text: NASA

text: You Only Live Twice

text: United States Navy

text: The Bedford Incident

text: Harold Robbins

text: The Lonely Lady

text: Matt Zimmerman

text: BBC Radio 4

text: A Study In Scarlet

text: Death of a Salesman

text: Hiroshima

text: the new "Captain Scarlet" series

text: Doctor Who

text: Full Fathom Five

text: Big Finish Productions

text: Iraq War

text: military-industrial complex

text: Aldershot

text: Hampshire

text: Augusto Pinochet

text: Michael Billington

text: chest infection

text: leukemia

text: Napton

text: Warwickshire

text: peace symbol

text: Cumbria

text: epitaph

text: Red River Valley

text: Molesey

text: British Academy Television Awards

text: James Bond

text: Gerry Anderson

text: UFO

text: Lolita

text: The War Lover

text: The Cool Mikado

text: The Mouse on the Moon

text: Man in the Middle

text: The Saint

text: The Saint

text: The Saint

text: You Must Be Joking!

text: The Bedford Incident

text: You Only Live Twice

text: Battle Beneath the Earth

text: Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons

text: The Desperados

text: Doppelgänger

text: UFO

text: Diamonds Are Forever

text: Twilight's Last Gleaming

text: The French Woman

text: Brass Target

text: It Ain't Half Hot Mum

text: S.O.S. Titanic

text: Saturn 3

text: Silver Dream Racer

text: Oppenheimer

text: The Lords of Discipline

text: The Lonely Lady

text: Nutcracker

text: The Master of Ballantrae

text: Master of the Game

text: Restless Natives

text: The Fifth Missile

text: Whoops Apocalypse

text: Judgment in Berlin

text: Testimony

text: Born to Ride

text: Funny Man

text: Obituary in "The Independent"

categories: Male actors from New York City,1932 births,2005 deaths,People from Molesey,American expatriate male actors in the United Kingdom,American male television actors,American male film actors,American anti-war activists,American male radio actors,Fulbright Scholars,Activists from New York (state),American male voice actors,American male stage actors,Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni,United States Army soldiers,People from Brooklyn,Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art,People from Stratford-on-Avon District

paragraph: Ed Bishop

paragraph: George Victor Bishop (11 June 1932 – 8 June 2005), known professionally as Ed Bishop, was an American/British actor. He was known for playing Commander Ed Straker in "UFO", Captain Blue in "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons" and for voicing Philip Marlowe in a series of BBC Radio adaptations of the Marlowe novels by Raymond Chandler.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: George Victor Bishop was born on 11 June 1932, the son of a Manhattan banker, in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Peekskill High School before a brief spell at teacher training college. Bishop served in the United States Army as a disc jockey with the Armed Forces Radio at St. John's in Newfoundland where he was introduced to acting with the St John's Players.

paragraph: After leaving the army, Bishop enrolled at Boston University where he initially studied business administration but halfway through the course, transferred to drama, much against his parents' wishes. After graduating in Theatre Arts, he won a Fulbright Scholarship to study for two years at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, from which he graduated in 1959; he almost immediately found work in the British theatre and film industries. He adopted the stage name "Ed Bishop" at this time to distinguish himself from George Bishop, an established actor of the time. His first Broadway appearance was as Villebosse in David Merrick's production of Jean Anouilh's "The Rehearsal" in 1963, though he returned to Britain in 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bishop made his film acting debut as an ambulance driver in Stanley Kubrick's 1962 movie "Lolita". He played an American astronaut going to the Moon in the film "The Mouse on the Moon" (1963) and also appeared in "The Bedford Incident" (1965) and "Battle Beneath the Earth" (1967). He also had small speaking roles in the James Bond films "You Only Live Twice" (1967) and "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971), but neither was included in either film's credits. He appeared in a second Kubrick film, "" (1968), in which he played the Captain of the "Aries 1B" Moon shuttle. The role initially featured dialogue, though this was later cut from his scenes.

paragraph: Bishop appeared in various film and television projects created by producer Gerry Anderson. He provided narration, in addition to the voice of Captain Blue, for Anderson's Supermarionation puppet series, "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons" (1967) and appeared in Anderson's science-fiction film "Doppelgänger" (1969). Perhaps his most prominent screen role of all was as Commander Ed Straker in Anderson's science-fiction series "UFO" (1970–71). Bishop had his dark hair dyed blond for the role, though he eventually wore a blond wig instead.

paragraph: In later years, he appeared in films such as "Twilight's Last Gleaming", "Saturn 3", "Silver Dream Racer" and "The Lords of Discipline". Bishop also provided vocal work for the 1974 animated TV series of "" and appeared as Lieutenant Colonel Harrity in the final episode of the British World War II prisoner-of-war drama "Colditz". In the 1980s, he made several appearances on "The Kenny Everett Television Show", "Whoops Apocalypse" (he also appeared in the subsequent film) and had a role in the children's television series "Chocky's Children"..

paragraph: On radio, in 1977 and 1978 he played the private eye Philip Marlowe in "", adaptations of Raymond Chandler's stories for the BBC, the last of them, "Farewell, My Lovely", produced nearly a decade after the others, as the rights had previously been unavailable.

paragraph: Bishop continued to act on film, TV and radio, usually in British and other European productions, and was a frequent guest at science fiction conventions. Bishop and fellow Anderson actor Shane Rimmer (a Canadian actor who often worked in the UK) often joked about how often their professional paths crossed and termed themselves "Rent-a-yank". They appeared together as NASA operatives in the opening of "You Only Live Twice" and as United States Navy sailors in "The Bedford Incident", as well as the 1983 film of the Harold Robbins novel "The Lonely Lady". In 1989, Bishop was reunited with Rimmer and another Anderson actor, Matt Zimmerman, in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's "A Study In Scarlet". Bishop and Rimmer also toured together in theatre shows including "Death of a Salesman" in the 1990s and also appeared in the BBC drama-documentary "Hiroshima" (2005), one of Bishop's last TV projects.

paragraph: In 2000, Bishop briefly reprised the role of Captain Blue in a trailer for the new "Captain Scarlet" series. He did not, however, reprise the role for the actual series, which would not debut until five years later.

paragraph: In 2002, Bishop recorded a commentary for the DVD release of "UFO". In 2003, he performed in the "Doctor Who" audio drama, "Full Fathom Five", produced by Big Finish Productions.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: Bishop was politically active, participating in the March 2003 UK protest against the Iraq War. Bishop had already showed his disapproval of the military-industrial complex when, in 1993, he gatecrashed an arms-trade fair held in Aldershot, Hampshire whilst dressed to resemble Augusto Pinochet. During the Aldershot protest he met photographer Jane Skinner, who later became his third wife.

paragraph: Bishop was married three times; first to Jane Thwaites in 1955 before divorcing a few months later in the year. He then married Hilary Preen in 1962; they had four children, they remained married for thirty-four years before divorcing in 1996. He later married photographer Jane Skinner in 2001, the marriage lasted for only four years until his death in 2005.

paragraph: Bishop died on 8 June 2005 at the age of 72, just three days before his 73rd birthday, and five days after the death of one of his "UFO" co-stars, Michael Billington. He succumbed to a chest infection contracted while undergoing treatment for leukemia. He is buried in the churchyard of the Parish Church of Saint Lawrence in Napton, Warwickshire, having previously lived there for many years. His grey sandstone tombstone has a peace symbol prominently engraved on it. Its design is very similar to the one situated two metres on the right, which marks the grave of his son Daniel (16 May 1967 – 18 January 1988), who was killed in a car accident in Cumbria. Bishop's epitaph (from "Red River Valley") reads: "From This Valley They Say You Are Going. We Shall Miss Your Bright Eyes And Your Smile." He spent the last few years of his life living in West Molesey.

paragraph: His life and work was honoured at the British Academy Television Awards in May 2006. He is survived by his widow, by three daughters from his second marriage (Georgina, Jessica and Serina) and by his first son, Warren, from his first marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Quote.

paragraph: "Ed Bishop is one of the most talented people I've ever worked with, and my only sadness was that he didn't go on to become an international star. I would have loved him to have perhaps been James Bond." Gerry Anderson - "UFO" producer.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lolita" (1962) - Ambulance Attendant (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The War Lover" (1962) - Vogt

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cool Mikado" (1963) - Man in Boudoir (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mouse on the Moon" (1963) - American Astronaut

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man in the Middle" (1964) - Lieutenant. at Sikri

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saint" (1964) - Season 3, Episode 5, 'The Revolution Racket' - Sherm Inkler (credited as Edward Bishop)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saint" (1964) - Season 3, Episode 6, 'The Saint Steps In' - Cy Imberline (credited as Edward Bishop)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saint" (1965) - Season 4, Episode 7, 'The Saint Bids Diamonds' - George Felson (credited as Edward Bishop)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Must Be Joking!" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bedford Incident" (1965) - Lieutenant Hacker U.S.N. - Communications

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Only Live Twice" (1967) - Hawaii Radio Operator (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battle Beneath the Earth" (1967) - Lt. Cmdr. Vance Cassidy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons" (1967–1968) - Captain Blue (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1968) - Aries-1B Lunar Shuttle Captain

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Desperados" (1969) - Army Captain (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doppelgänger" (1969) - David Poulson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "UFO" (1970) - Commander Ed Straker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971) - Klaus Hergersheimer (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pets" (1973) - Vincent Stackman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex Play" (1974) - Stuart Beard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twilight's Last Gleaming" (1977) - Maj. Fox

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The French Woman" (1977) - Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brass Target" (1978) - Col. Stewart

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" (1978) - Colonel Sol Zimmerman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S.O.S. Titanic" (1979) - Henry Harris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saturn 3" (1980) - Harding (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silver Dream Racer" (1980) - Al Peterson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oppenheimer" (1980) - General Tom Farrell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lords of Discipline" (1983) - Commerce St. Croix

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lonely Lady" (1983) - Dr. Baker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nutcracker" (1983) - Sam Dozier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Master of Ballantrae" (1984) - Pinkerton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master of the Game" (1984) - Dr. Mattson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Restless Natives" (1985) - Reporter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fifth Missile" (1986) - Adm. Stewart Cullinare

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turnaround" (1987) - Gerald

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whoops Apocalypse" (1988) - Wink Persiman (TV interviewer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Judgment in Berlin" (1988) - Dyson Wilde

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Testimony" (1988) - American Commentator

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Serpent of Death" (1990) - Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Born to Ride" (1991) - Dr. Tate

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Funny Man" (1994) - Card Player

paragraph: BULLET::::- "500!" (2001) - Father Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiroshima" (2005, TV movie) - Stimson (final film role)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary in "The Independent"

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Ed Bishop

wikipedia_title: Ed Bishop


text: Holstein

text: Versailles

text: Eutin

text: Rostock

text: Leyden

text: Netherlands

text: University of Copenhagen

text: Paris

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Charles II

text: Palace of Versailles

text: Mercator series

text: 53 equal temperament

text: HathiTrust

text: Internet Archive

text: Google Books

text: Charles Hutton

text: Google Books

text: John Aubrey

categories: German mathematicians,17th-century mathematicians,1620s births,Music theorists,1687 deaths,People from Eutin

paragraph: Nicholas Mercator

paragraph: Nicholas ("Nikolaus") Mercator (c. 1620, Holstein – 1687, Versailles), also known by his Germanic name "Kauffmann", was a 17th-century mathematician.

paragraph: He was born in Eutin, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany and educated at Rostock and Leyden after which he lived from 1642 to 1648 in the Netherlands. He lectured at the University of Copenhagen during 1648–1654 and lived in Paris from 1655 to 1657. He was mathematics tutor to Joscelyne Percy, son of the 10th Earl of Northumberland, at Petworth, Sussex (1657). He taught mathematics in London (1658–1682). In 1666 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He designed a marine chronometer for Charles II.

paragraph: In 1682 Jean Colbert invited Mercator to assist in the design and construction the fountains at the Palace of Versailles, so he relocated there, but a falling out with Colbert followed.

paragraph: Mathematically, he is most well known for his treatise "Logarithmo-technia" on logarithms, published in 1668. In this treatise he described the Mercator series, also independently discovered by Gregory Saint-Vincent:

paragraph: To the field of music, Mercator contributed the first precise account of 53 equal temperament, which was of theoretical importance, but not widely practiced.

paragraph: He died at Versailles in 1687.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1676: "Institutionum astronomicarum", London (1685, Padua)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kinkhuysen (1661) "Algebra ofte Stelkonst", translated by N. Mercator, appears 1968 in "Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton" II: 295–364 with Newton commentary 364–446.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1664: "Hypothesis astronomica nova", London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1666: "Certain problems touching some points of navigation", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1: 215–18

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1668: Logarithmo-technia from HathiTrust or Logarithmtechnia from Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallis (1668) Review of "Logarithmotechnia", "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" 3: 753–9, followed by "Some further Illustration" by N. Mercator, pp 759–64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1670: "Some considerations … method of Cassini", "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" 5: 1168–75.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclid Speidel (1688) Logarithmotechnia: the making of numbers called logarithms from Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Maseres & Charles Hutton (1791) Scriptores Logarithmici, link from Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Wardhaugh (July 2010) A Plague of Ratios from Mathematics Association of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Aubrey (1813) "Letters and Lives of Eminent Men" II: 450,1, 473

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some Contemporaries of Descartes, Fermat, Pascal, and Huygens: N. Mercator

alias:
Nikolaus Mercator
Nicholas Kauffmann
Nikolaus Kauffman
Niklaus Kauffmann

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Nicholas Mercator

wikipedia_title: Nicholas Mercator


text:
General
Creedy Park
Sandford, Devon
Liberal
Member of Parliament
East Lothian
Scotland
Fife
73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot
The Black Watch
John
Grenadier Guards
Yelverton, Norfolk
Crediton
Devon

wikipedia_title:
General officer
Creedy, Sandford
Sandford, Devon
Liberal Party (UK)
Member of parliament
East Lothian
Scotland
Fife
73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot
Black Watch
Sir John Ferguson Davie, 2nd Baronet
Grenadier Guards
Yelverton, Norfolk
Crediton
Devon

categories: Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies,73rd Regiment of Foot officers,UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1859–1865,People from Crediton,1885 deaths,UK MPs 1865–1868,UK MPs 1857–1859,British Army generals,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,1797 births,UK MPs 1868–1874,UK MPs 1874–1880,Deputy Lieutenants of Devon,People associated with East Lothian,UK MPs 1852–1857,Grenadier Guards officers,9th Queen's Royal Lancers officers

paragraph: Henry Ferguson Davie

paragraph: General Sir Henry Robert Ferguson Davie, 1st Baronet (1797 – 30 November 1885), known as Henry Ferguson until 1846, of Creedy Park, Sandford, Devon, was Liberal Member of Parliament for Haddington in East Lothian, Scotland, 1847 to 1878 and an army officer.

paragraph: The son of Robert Ferguson, Fife, he joined the British army in 1818. He rose through the ranks as follows: Lieutenant (1819), Captain (1822), Major (1826), Lieutenant Colonel (1828), Colonel (1841), Major General (1854), Lieutenant General (1860) and General (1866).

paragraph: He was appointed Colonel of the 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot on 17 February 1865. The Regiment became the second Battalion, The Black Watch in 1881, and the General served as Colonel of the Battalion until his death.

paragraph: In 1823, he married Frances Juliana Davie, daughter of Sir John Davie, 9th Baronet, of Creedy, and niece and heiress of Sir Humphrey Davie, 10th and last Baronet, of Creedy. In 1846 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Davie and the following year the baronetcy held by his wife's family was revived when he was created a Baronet, of Creedy in the County of Devon.

paragraph: on 9 January 1847.

paragraph: He had six children, amongst whom John (born 1830), a Grenadier Guards officer, succeeded to the Baronetcy in 1885 and Charles Robert (born 1836) was Rector of Yelverton, Norfolk.

paragraph: He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Devonshire and Somerset and lived at Creedy Park in Crediton, Devon.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Debretts Illustrated Baronetage, with the Knightage, 1876", Dean & Son (London), 1876

alias:
Henry Ferguson Davie
Sir Henry Ferguson Davie

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Sir Henry Ferguson Davie, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Henry Ferguson Davie