text: Middle Persian

text: Husrō(y)

text: New Persian

text: Sasanian

text: shah

text: Iran

text: Hormizd IV

text: Khosrow I

text: Muslim conquest of Iran

text: Achaemenids

text: Roman provinces

text: Middle East

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Bahram Chobin

text: Vistahm

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

text: Asia Minor

text: besieging the Byzantine capital

text: Constantinople

text: Avar

text: Slavic

text: Heraclius

text: Levant

text: Caucasus

text: Egypt

text: Ctesiphon

text: True Cross

text: Persian literature

text: Shahnameh

text: Khosrow and Shirin

text: Nizami Ganjavi

text: Aramean

text: Roman

text: Shirin

text: Hormizd IV

text: House of Ispahbudhan

text: Seven Great Houses of Iran

text: Vinduyih

text: Vistahm

text: Khosrow I Anushirvan

text: khagan

text: Khazars

text: Partaw

text: Caucasian Albania

text: Kingdom of Iberia

text: Sasanian province

text: Arbela

text: Mesopotamia

text: responded by rebelling

text: Khorasan

text: Ctesiphon

text: carrot and stick

text: Nahrawan Canal

text: retinue

text: Ardashir I

text: Arsacids

text: Zoroastrian

text: apocalyptic

text: Zoroaster

text: Seleucids

text: Arsacid Empire

text: crenellation

text: fire altar

text: Maurice

text: Syria

text: Martyropolis

text: Amida

text: Carrhae

text: Dara

text: Martyropolis

text: Iberia

text: Armenia

text: Lazistan

text: Constantia

text: Adurbadagan

text: John Mystacon

text: Comentiolus

text: Nisibis

text: Mosil

text: Mardin

text: Mushegh II Mamikonian

text: Battle of Blarathon

text: Nishapur

text: Karenid

text: Qumis

text: Fergana

text: Vinduyih

text: Vistahm

text: spahbed

text: Tabaristan

text: Khorasan

text: Dinawari

text: Arsacid

text: Darius, son of Darius

text: Alexander

text: Gordiya

text: Oxus

text: Ardabil

text: Hephthalite

text: Transoxiana

text: Vahewuni

text: Media

text: Gilan

text: Smbat Bagratuni

text: Qumis

text: golden age

text: music

text: Khosrow I

text: Bahram Gur

text: Ardashir I

text: Barbad

text: Bamshad

text: Sarkash

text: Nagisa

text: Shirin

text: Mardanshah

text: Christianity

text: Yazdin

text: Monophysite

text: Nestorian

text: Monophysites

text: Gabriel of Sinjar

text: fire temples

text: Richard N. Frye

text: Al-Nu'man III

text: Lakhmid

text: Al-Hira

text: al-Ḥurqah

text: Caliph

text: Iraq

text: Byzantines

text: Phocas

text: Roman (Byzantine)

text: Byzantine

text: Shahrbaraz

text: Dara

text: Edessa

text: Bahram Chobin

text: Shahin Vahmanzadegan

text: Syria

text: Asia Minor

text: Chalcedon

text: Heraclius

text: Armenian

text: Phocas

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Damascus

text: Jerusalem

text: True Cross

text: Anatolia

text: Egypt

text: Avars

text: Slavs

text: Danube River

text: Rhodes

text: Aegean

text: Carthage

text: Smbat IV Bagratuni

text: Persian Armenia

text: Turko

text: Hephthalites

text: Spahan

text: eastern Khorasan

text: Varaztirots II Bagratuni

text: Sebeos

text: Aegean Sea

text: Heraclius

text: Adurbadagan

text: Farrukh Hormizd

text: Rostam Farrokhzad

text: Adur Gushnasp

text: Lazistan

text: Colchis

text: Shahrbaraz

text: Chalcedon

text: Bosphoros

text: Constantinople

text: Persia

text: Avar

text: Slavic

text: siege of Constantinople in 626

text: siege warfare

text: Bosphorus

text: Byzantine navy

text: walls of Constantinople

text: Anatolia

text: Third Perso-Turkic War

text: Battle of Nineveh

text: Ctesiphon

text: Sasanian Empire

text: Ispahbudhan

text: spahbed

text: Farrukh Hormizd

text: Rostam Farrokhzad

text: Farrukhzad

text: Shahrbaraz

text: Mihran

text: Varaztirots II Bagratuni

text: Kanadbak

text: Kanārangīyān family

text: Ctesiphon

text: coup d'état

text: Mihr Hormozd

text: Boran

text: Azarmidokht

text: Heraclius

text: war indemnity

text: True Cross

text: chaotic civil war

text: Parthia

text: Yazdegerd III

text: Arab conquest of Iran

text: Islamic

text: Muhammad

text: Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi

text: Badhan

text: Yemen

text: Hijaz

text: Piero della Francesca

text: History of the True Cross

text: San Francesco, Arezzo

text: Persian miniature

text: Hormizd IV

text: Ispahbudhan

text: Vistahm

text: Vinduyih

text: Mah-Adhur Gushnasp

text: Narsi

text: Hormuzan

text: seven Parthian clans

text: Muslim invasion of Persia

text: Byzantine

text: Maria

text: Maria

text: Byzantine

text: Maurice

text: Kavad II

text: Bahram Chobin

text: Javanshir

text: Shirin

text: Mardanshah

text: Borandukht

text: Azarmidokht

text: Shahriyar

text: Farrukhzad Khosrow V

text: Sasanian civil war of 628-632

text: spahbed

text: Shahrbaraz

text: Shapur-i Shahrvaraz

text: Khosrow III

text: Babai the Great

text: Behistun Inscription

text: Behistun Palace

text: Kisra legend

text: Leo Frobenius

text: Muqawqis

text: Shabdiz

text: Edward Walford

categories: Leaders ousted by a coup,Sasanian governors of Caucasian Albania,People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628,7th-century Sasanian monarchs,628 deaths,6th-century Sasanian monarchs,570s births,Khosrow II,One Thousand and One Nights characters

paragraph: Khosrow II

paragraph: Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: "Husrō(y)"), also known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: , "Khosrow the Victorious") was the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.

paragraph: He was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590) and the grandson of Khosrow I (reigned 531–579). Khosrow II was the last king of Persia to have a lengthy reign before the Muslim conquest of Iran, which began five years after his execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with Roman help, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the Achaemenids, conquering the rich Roman provinces of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the Byzantine Empire and struggling against usurpers such as Bahram Chobin and Vistahm.

paragraph: During the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Khosrow expanded deep into western Asia Minor, eventually besieging the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 626 alongside Avar and Slavic allies. Following the failure of the siege, Heraclius started a counterattack, undoing all territorial gains by Khosrow in the Levant, most of Anatolia, the western Caucasus, and Egypt, eventually marching into the Sassanian capital of Ctesiphon. The Byzantines also regained the True Cross, which Khosrow had captured following his conquest of the Levant during the same 602–628 war.

paragraph: In works of Persian literature such as the "Shahnameh" and "Khosrow and Shirin", a famous tragic romance by Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209), a highly elaborated fictional version of Khosrow's life made him one of the greatest heroes of the culture, as much as a lover as a king. "Khosrow and Shirin" tells the story of his love for the Aramean or Roman princess Shirin, who becomes his queen after a lengthy courtship strewn with mishaps and difficulties.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Khosrow II was born in ; he was the son of Hormizd IV and an unnamed noblewoman from the House of Ispahbudhan, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran. Her brothers, Vinduyih and Vistahm, were to have a profound influence in Khosrow II's early life. Khosrow's paternal grandfather was the famed Sasanian shah Khosrow I Anushirvan (), whilst his paternal grandmother was the daughter of the khagan of the Khazars. Khosrow is first mentioned in the 580s, when he was at Partaw, the capital of Caucasian Albania. During his stay there, he served as the governor of the kingdom, and managed to put an end to the Kingdom of Iberia and make it into a Sasanian province. Furthermore, Khosrow II also served as the governor of Arbela in Mesopotamia around this period.

paragraph: Section::::Accession.

paragraph: In 590, Hormizd IV had his prominent general Bahram Chobin disgraced and dismissed. Bahram, infuriated by Hormizd's actions, responded by rebelling, and due to his noble status and great military knowledge, was joined by his soldiers and many others. He then appointed a new governor for Khorasan, and afterwards set for the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon. Meanwhile, Hormizd tried to come to terms with his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih, "who equally hated Hormizd". Hormizd shortly had Vinduyih imprisoned, while Vistahm managed to flee from the court. After a short period of time, a palace coup under the two brothers occurred in Ctesiphon, which resulted in the blinding of Hormizd and the accession of Khosrow II. The two brothers shortly had Hormizd killed. Nevertheless, Bahram continued his march to Ctesiphon, now with the pretext of claiming to avenge Hormizd.

paragraph: Khosrow then took a carrot and stick attitude, and wrote a message to Bahram, stressing his rightful claim to the Sasanian kingship: "Khosrow, kings of kings, ruler over the ruling, lord of the peoples, prince of peace, salvation of men, among gods the good and eternally living man, among men the most esteemed god, the highly illustrious, the victor, the one who rises with the sun and who lends the night his eyesight, the one famed through his ancestors, the king who hates, the benefactor who engaged the Sasanians and saved the Iranians their kingship—to Bahram, the general of the Iranians, our friend... We have also taken over the royal throne in a lawful manner and have no upset Iranian customs... We have so firmly decided not to take off the diadem that we even expected to rule over other worlds, if this were possible... If you wish your welfare, think about what is to be done."

paragraph: Section::::Flight.

paragraph: Bahram, however, ignored his warning—a few days later, he reached the Nahrawan Canal near Ctesiphon, where he fought Khosrow's men, who were heavily outnumbered, but managed to hold Bahram's men back in several clashes. However, Khosrow's men eventually began losing their morale, and were in the end defeated by Bahram's forces. Khosrow, together with his two uncles, his wives, and a retinue of 30 nobles, thereafter fled to Byzantine territory, while Ctesiphon fell to Bahram. Bahram declared himself king of kings in the summer of 590, asserting that the first Sasanian king Ardashir I () had usurped the throne of the Arsacids, and that he now was restoring their rule.

paragraph: Bahram tried to support his cause with the Zoroastrian apocalyptic belief that by the end of Zoroaster's millennium, chaos and destructive wars with the Hephthalites/Huns and the Romans occurs and then a savior would appear. Indeed, the Sasanians had misidentified Zoroaster's era with that of the Seleucids (312 BC), which put Bahram's life almost at the end of Zoroaster's millennium, he was therefore hailed by many as the promised savior Kay Bahram Varjavand. Bahram was to re-establish the Arsacid Empire and commenced a new millennium of dynastic rule. He started minting coins, where he is on the front imitated as an exalted figure, bearded and wearing a crenellation-shaped crown with two crescents of the moon, whilst the reverse shows the traditional fire altar flanked by two attendants. Regardless, many nobles and priests still chose to side with the inexperienced and less dominant Khosrow II.

paragraph: In order to get the attention of the Byzantine emperor Maurice (r. 582–602), Khosrow II went to Syria, and sent a message to the Sasanian occupied city of Martyropolis to stop their resistance against the Byzantines, but with no avail. He then sent a message to Maurice, and requested his help to regain the Sasanian throne, which the Byzantine emperor agreed with; in return, the Byzantines would re-gain sovereignty over the cities of Amida, Carrhae, Dara and Martyropolis. Furthermore, Iran was required to stop intervening in the affairs of Iberia and Armenia, effectively ceding control of Lazistan to the Byzantines.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Iran.

paragraph: In 591, Khosrow moved to Constantia and prepared to invade Bahram's territories in Mesopotamia, while Vistahm and Vinduyih were raising an army in Adurbadagan under the observation of the Byzantine commander John Mystacon, who was also raising an army in Armenia. After some time, Khosrow, along with the Byzantine commander of the south, Comentiolus, invaded Mesopotamia. During this invasion, Nisibis and Martyropolis quickly defected to them, and Bahram's commander Zatsparham was defeated and killed. One of Bahram's other commanders, Bryzacius, was captured in Mosil and had his nose and ears cut off, and was thereafter sent to Khosrow, where he was killed. Khosrow II and the Byzantine general Narses then penetrated deeper into Bahram's territory, seizing Dara and then Mardin in February, where Khosrow was re-proclaimed king. Shortly after this, Khosrow sent one of his Iranian supporters, Mahbodh, to capture Ctesiphon, which he managed to accomplish.

paragraph: At the same time a force of 8,000 Iranians under Vistahm and Vinduyih and 12,000 Armenians under Mushegh II Mamikonian invaded Adurbadagan. Bahram tried to disrupt the force by writing a letter to Mushegh II, the letter said: "As for you Armenians who demonstrate an unseasonable loyalty, did not the house of Sasan destroy your land and sovereignty? Why otherwise did your fathers rebel and extricate themselves from their service, fighting up until today for your country?" Bahram in his letter promised that the Armenians would become partners of the new Iranian empire ruled by a Parthian dynastic family if he accepted his proposal to betray Khosrow II. Mushegh, however, rejected the offer.

paragraph: Bahram was then defeated at the Battle of Blarathon, forcing him to flee with 4,000 men eastwards. He marched towards Nishapur, where he defeated a pursuing army as well as an army led by a Karenid nobleman at Qumis. Constantly troubled, he finally arrived in Fergana where he was received honorably by the Khagan of the Turks. Bahram entered his service, and was appointed as a commander in the army, achieving further military accomplishments there. Khosrow II, however, could not feel safe as long as Bahram lived, and succeeded in having him assassinated. The assassination was reportedly achieved out through distribution of presents and bribes between the members of the Turkic royal family, notably the queen.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Rebellion of Vistahm.

paragraph: After his victory, Khosrow rewarded his uncles with high positions: Vinduyih became treasurer and first minister and Vistahm received the post of "spahbed" of the East, encompassing Tabaristan and Khorasan, which was the traditional homeland of the Ispahbudhan. Soon, however, Khosrow changed his intentions: trying to disassociate himself from his father's murder, he decided to execute his uncles. The Sasanian monarchs' traditional mistrust of over-powerful magnates and Khosrow's personal resentment of Vinduyih's patronising manner certainly contributed to this decision. Vinduyih was soon put to death, according to a Syriac source captured while trying to flee to his brother in the East.

paragraph: At the news of his brother's murder, Vistahm rose in open revolt. According to Dinawari, Vistahm sent a letter to Khosrow announcing his claim to the throne through his Parthian (Arsacid) heritage: "You are not worthier to rule than I am. Indeed, I am more deserving on account of my descent from Darius, son of Darius, who fought Alexander. You Sasanians deceitfully gained superiority over us [the Arsacids] and usurped our right, and treated us with injustice. Your ancestor Sasan was no more than a shepherd." Vistahm's revolt, like Bahrams's shortly before, found support and spread quickly. Local magnates as well as the remnants of Bahram Chobin's armies flocked to him, especially after he married Bahram's sister Gordiya. Vistahm repelled several loyalist efforts to subdue him, and he soon held sway in the entire eastern and northern quadrants of the Persian realm, a domain stretching from the Oxus river to the region of Ardabil in the west. He even campaigned in the east, where he subdued two Hephthalite princes of Transoxiana, Shaug and Pariowk. The date of Vistahm's uprising is uncertain. From his coinage, it is known that his rebellion lasted for seven years. The commonly accepted dates are ca. 590–596, but some scholars like J.D. Howard–Johnston and P. Pourshariati push its outbreak later, in 594/5, to coincide with the Armenian Vahewuni rebellion.

paragraph: As Vistahm began to threaten Media, Khosrow sent several armies against his uncle, but failed to achieve a decisive result: Vistahm and his followers retreated to the mountainous region of Gilan, while several Armenian contingents of the royal army rebelled and defected to Vistahm. Finally, Khosrow called upon the services of the Armenian Smbat Bagratuni, who engaged Vistahm near Qumis. During the battle, Vistahm was murdered by Pariowk at Khosrow's urging (or, according to an alternative account, by his wife Gordiya). Nevertheless, Vistahm's troops managed to repel the royal army at Qumis, and it required another expedition by Smbat in the next year to finally end the rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Music during the reign of Khosrow II.

paragraph: Khosrow II's reign was considered a golden age in music. Before Khosrow II there were many other Sasanian kings that showed particular interest in music, like Khosrow I, Bahram Gur, and even Ardashir I. Notable musicians during the reign of Khosrow II were Barbad (Khosrow's favorite court musician), Bamshad, Sarkash, and Nagisa.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Religious policy.

paragraph: Khosrow II married a Christian named Shirin, whose son Mardanshah he wanted to succeed to the throne. Khosrow's relationship to Christianity was complicated: his wife Shirin was Christian, and so was Yazdin, his minister of finance. During his reign there was constant conflict between Monophysite and Nestorian Christians. Khosrow favored the Monophysites, and ordered all his subjects to adhere to Monophysitism, perhaps under the influence of Shirin and the royal physician Gabriel of Sinjar, who both supported this faith. Khosrow also dispensed money or gifts to Christian shrines. Khosrow's great tolerance to Christianity and friendship with the Christian Byzantines even made some Armenian writers think that Khosrow was a Christian. His positive policy toward Christians (which, however, was probably politically motivated) made him unpopular with the Zoroastrian priests, and also made Christianity greatly spread around the Sasanian Empire.

paragraph: However, Khosrow also paid attention to the Zoroastrians, and built various fire temples. But this did not help the Zoroastrian church, which was in a heavy decline during the reign of Khosrow, which, in the words of Richard N. Frye, "was noted for its devotion to luxury more than its devotion to thought."

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Deposition of the Lakhmid king.

paragraph: In 600, Khosrow II executed Al-Nu'man III, King of the Lakhmids of Al-Hira, presumably because of the Arab king's refusal to give him his daughter al-Ḥurqah in marriage and insulting Persian women. Afterwards the central government took over the defense of the western frontiers to the desert, and the buffer state of the Lakhmids vanished. This ultimately facilitated the Muslim Caliphs' invasion and conquest of Lower Iraq, less than a decade after Khosrow's death.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Invasion of the Byzantine Empire.

paragraph: Toward the beginning of his reign, Khosrow II had good relations with the Byzantines. However, when in 602 Maurice was murdered by his General Phocas (602–610), who usurped the Roman (Byzantine) throne, Khosrow launched an offensive against Constantinople: ostensibly to avenge Maurice's death, but his aim clearly included the annexation of as much Byzantine territory as was feasible. Khosrow II, along with Shahrbaraz and his other best generals, quickly captured Dara and Edessa in 604, and recaptured lost territory in the north, which made the Sasanian–Byzantine borders go back to the pre-591 frontier before Khosrow gave Maurice territory in return for military aid against Bahram Chobin. After having reclaimed lost territory, Khosrow withdrew from the battlefield and handed military operations to Shahrbaraz and Shahin Vahmanzadegan. The Sasanian armies then invaded and plundered Syria and Asia Minor, and in 608 advanced into Chalcedon.

paragraph: In 610, Heraclius, an Armenian, revolted against Phocas and killed him, crowning himself as Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He then tried to negotiate peace with Khosrow II by sending diplomats to his court. Khosrow, however, rejected their offer and said: "That kingdom belongs to me, and I shall enthrone Maurice's son, Theodosius, as emperor. [As for Heraclius], he went and took the rule without our order and now offers us our own treasure as gifts. But I shall not stop until I have him in my hands." Khosrow then had the diplomats executed.

paragraph: In 613 and 614, General Shahrbaraz besieged and captured Damascus and Jerusalem, and the True Cross was carried away in triumph. Soon afterwards, Shahin marched through Anatolia, defeating the Byzantines numerous times; he conquered Egypt in 618. The Byzantines could offer but little resistance, as they were torn apart by internal dissensions, and pressed by the Avars and Slavs, who were invading the Empire from across the Danube River. In 622/3, Rhodes and several other islands in the eastern Aegean fell to the Sasanians, threatening a naval assault on Constantinople. Such was the despair in Constantinople that Heraclius considered moving the government to Carthage in Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Turko-Hephthalite invasion.

paragraph: In ca. 606/607, Khosrow recalled Smbat IV Bagratuni from Persian Armenia and sent him to Iran to repel the Turko-Hephthalites, who had raided as far as Spahan in central Iran. Smbat, with the aid of a Persian prince named Datoyean, repelled the Turko-Hephthalites from Persia, and plundered their domains in eastern Khorasan, where Smbat is said to have killed their king in single combat. Khosrow then gave Smbat the honorific title "Khosrow Shun" ("the Joy or Satisfaction of Khosrow"), while his son Varaztirots II Bagratuni received the honorific name "Javitean Khosrow" ("Eternal Khosrow").

paragraph: Sebeos describes the event as:

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Invasion and defeat by the Byzantine Empire.

paragraph: In 622, despite the major progress the Sasanians were making in the area of the Aegean Sea, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius was able to take the field with a powerful force. In 624, he advanced into northern Adurbadagan, where he was welcomed by Farrukh Hormizd and his son Rostam Farrokhzad who had rebelled against Khosrow. Heraclius then began sacking several cities and temples, including the Adur Gushnasp temple.

paragraph: Several years later, in 626, he captured Lazistan (Colchis). Later that same year, Shahrbaraz advanced on Chalcedon on the Bosphoros and attempted to capture Constantinople with the help of Persia's Avar and Slavic allies. In this siege of Constantinople in 626, the combined Sassanid, Slavic and Avar forces failed to capture the Byzantine capital city. The Avars did not have the patience or technology to conquer the city. On top of that, the Persians, who were siege warfare experts, were unable to transport their troops and equipment to the other side of the Bosphorus where their Slavic and Avar allies were located, due to heavy guarding of the strait by the Byzantine navy. Furthermore, the walls of Constantinople easily defended against the siege towers and engines. Another reason was that the Persians and Slavs did not have a strong enough navy to ignore the sea walls and establish a channel of communication. The lack of supplies for the Avars eventually caused them to abandon the siege. As this maneuver failed, his forces were defeated, and he withdrew his army from Anatolia later in 628.

paragraph: Following the Third Perso-Turkic War in 627, Heraclius defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Nineveh and advanced towards Ctesiphon. Khosrow II fled from his favourite residence, Dastagird (near Ctesiphon), without offering resistance. Heraclius then captured Dastagird and plundered it.

paragraph: Section::::Second reign.:Overthrow and death.

paragraph: After the capture of Dastagird, the son of Khosrow, Sheroe, was released by the feudal families of the Sasanian Empire, which included: The Ispahbudhan "spahbed" Farrukh Hormizd and his two sons Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad. Shahrbaraz of Mihran family, the Armenian faction represented by Varaztirots II Bagratuni, and finally Kanadbak of the Kanārangīyān family. On the night of 25 February, the night-watch of the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon, which would usually shout the name of the reigning shah, shouted the name of Sheroe instead, which indicated a "coup d'état" was taking place. Sheroe, with Aspad Gushnasp leading his army, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow II in the house of a certain Mehr-Sepand (also known as Maraspand). Sheroe, who had now assumed the dynastic name of Kavad II, then ordered Aspad Gushnasp to lead the charge of accusations against the deposed shah. Khosrow, however, dismissed all accusations one by one.

paragraph: Kavad shortly proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including the heir Mardanshah, who was Khosrow's favourite son. The murder of all his brothers, "all well-educated, valiant, and chivalrous men", stripped the Sasanian dynasty of a future competent ruler, and has been described as a "mad rampage" and "reckless". Three days later he ordered Mihr Hormozd to execute Khosrow. However, after the regicide of his father, Kavad also proceeded to have Mihr Hormozd killed. Khosrow's daughters Boran and Azarmidokht reportedly criticized and scolded Kavad for his barbaric actions, which made him filled with remorse. With the support of the Iranian nobles, Kavad then made peace with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, which made the Byzantines regain all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, along with the True Cross and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614.

paragraph: Due to Kavad's actions, his reign is seen as a turning point in Sasanian history, and has been argued by some scholars as playing a key role in the fall of the Sasanian Empire. The overthrow and death of Khosrow culminated in a chaotic civil war, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian ("Parsig") and Parthian ("Pahlav") noble-families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation. The civil war finally ended when Khosrow's eight year old grandson, Yazdegerd III, ascended the throne. The young king, however, inherited a disintegrating empire, which was dealt its last blow in 651 during the Arab conquest of Iran.

paragraph: Section::::Khosrow II in Islamic tradition.

paragraph: Islamic tradition tells a story in which Khosrow II (in Transliteration: Kisra) was a Persian king to whom Muhammad had sent a messenger, Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi, along with a letter in which Khosrow was asked to preach the religion of Islam. The account as transmitted by Muslim tradition reads:

paragraph: Islamic tradition further states that Khosrow II tore up Muhammed's letter saying, "A pitiful slave among my subjects dares writes his name before mine" and commanded Badhan, his vassal ruler of Yemen, to dispatch two valiant men to identify, seize and bring this man from Hijaz (Muhammad) to him. When Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi told Muhammad how Khosrow had torn his letter to pieces, Muhammad promised the destruction of Khosrow II stating, "Even so, Allah shall destroy his kingdom."

paragraph: Section::::In art.

paragraph: The battles between Heraclius and Khosrow are depicted in a famous early Renaissance fresco by Piero della Francesca, part of the "History of the True Cross" cycle in the church of San Francesco, Arezzo. Many Persian miniature paintings depict events in his life, like his battles or his assassination.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Khosrow was the son of Hormizd IV, and an unnamed Ispahbudhan noblewoman who was the sister of Vistahm and Vinduyih. Khosrow also had two cousins from the Ispahbudhan family whom were named Mah-Adhur Gushnasp and Narsi. He had a brother-in-law named Hormuzan, a Sasanian nobleman from one of the seven Parthian clans, who later fought against the Arabs during the Muslim invasion of Persia. However, this is most likely wrong since Kavad's mother was a Byzantine princess named Maria.

paragraph: Khosrow married three times: first to Maria, a daughter of the Byzantine emperor Maurice, who bore him Kavad II. Then to Gordiya, the sister of Bahram Chobin, who bore him Javanshir. Then to Shirin, who bore him Mardanshah. Khosrow also had other children whom were named: Borandukht, Azarmidokht, Shahriyar and Farrukhzad Khosrow V. All these persons except Shahriyar would later become the monarch of Persia during the Sasanian civil war of 628-632. Khosrow had a brother named Kavad and a sister named Mirhran, who was married to the Sasanian "spahbed" Shahrbaraz, and later bore him Shapur-i Shahrvaraz, while Kavad married an unnamed woman who bore him Khosrow III.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babai the Great

paragraph: BULLET::::- Behistun Inscription

paragraph: BULLET::::- Behistun Palace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kisra legend, an African migration myth that historian Leo Frobenius argued was based on Khosrow II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muqawqis, Ruler of Alexandria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shabdiz "Khosrow's highly admired horse"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baca, Winters, Keenan. "He Did Not Fear: Xusro Parviz, King of Kings of the Sasanian Empire". Gorgias Press, 2019.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baca-Winters, Keenan. "From Rome to Iran: Identity and Xusro II." PhD. diss., University of California, Irvine, 2015. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rp8c11b

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Walford, translator, "The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594", 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, .  — a primary source containing detailed information about the early reign of Khosrow II and his relationship with the Romans.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daryaee, Touraj. Sasanian Iran: the Portrait of a Late Antique Empire, Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2008.

description: Sassanian king

wikidata_label: Khosrau II

wikipedia_title: Khosrow II


text: Epirote

text: Richard Orsini

text: Principality of Achaea

text: infante

text: Ferdinand of Majorca

text: Matilda of Hainaut

text: Latin

text: Nicholas Orsini

text: Richard Orsini

text: Matthew Orsini

text: sebastokrator

text: John Komnenos Doukas

text: Thessalonica

text: Despot

text: Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas

text: Epirus

text: Latin

text: Principality of Achaea

text: Byzantine

text: Ioannina

text: Leucas

text: Ithaca

text: Margaret of Villehardouin

text: Katochi

text: hyperpyra

text: Philip of Savoy

text: Nicholas III of Saint Omer

text: Chronicle of the Morea

text: Charles II of Naples

text: Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene

text: Thomas I Komnenos Doukas

text: Arta

text: Morea

text: Corinth

text: Philip of Taranto

text: infante

text: Ferdinand of Majorca

text: Isabella of Sabran

text: Matilda of Hainaut

text: Louis of Burgundy

text: Battle of Manolada

text: Nicholas Orsini

text: John II Orsini

text: Guglielmo Tocco

categories: Counts palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos,Barons of the Principality of Achaea,14th-century rulers in Europe,1317 deaths,13th-century births

paragraph: John I Orsini

paragraph: John I Orsini () was the count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from 1303 or 1304 to his death in 1317. Married to an Epirote princess, John spent a decade at the Epirote court before succeeding his father, Richard Orsini, as count palatine. As a vassal of the Principality of Achaea, he was involved in its domestic affairs and especially the dynastic dispute between the "infante" Ferdinand of Majorca and Princess Matilda of Hainaut in 1315–16, and participated in a number of Latin campaigns against Epirus, which he aspired to rule. A year after his death, his son and heir Nicholas Orsini seized Epirus and brought it under the Orsini family's rule.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John was the only son of Richard Orsini, Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, who in turn was the son of Count Matthew Orsini and a daughter of the "sebastokrator" John Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Thessalonica.

paragraph: In 1292, he was wed to Maria, the daughter of Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus. Maria had been sent as a hostage to Cephalonia to ensure Nikephoros' loyalty to the Latin princes when Richard and forces from the Principality of Achaea campaigned in Epirus to help raise the Byzantine siege of Ioannina. After the Byzantines were repelled, Richard, without consulting Nikephoros, arranged for John's marriage to Maria. This aroused the indignation of Nikephoros, who was not mollified until 1295, when the young couple came to live at his court. There John won his father-in-law's affection, to the extent that he granted him possession of the island of Leucas—Richard had promised to, but probably never did, cede the nearby island of Ithaca to the couple as well. John and Maria remained at the Epirote court until the murder of Richard in 1303 or 1304.

paragraph: After Richard's death, John was immediately engaged in a legal battle with his stepmother, Richard's second wife Margaret of Villehardouin, over his inheritance: Margaret claimed the fief of Katochi in Epirus, as well as mobile property to the sum of 100,000 gold "hyperpyra" from Richard's possessions. Initially, John's suzerain, the Prince of Achaea Philip of Savoy, found in his favour, especially after John paid him a "gift" of 3,656 pounds when he swore fealty to him on 7 April 1304. Margaret then sought the assistance of the powerful Marshal of Achaea, Nicholas III of Saint Omer, who was always ready to oppose the authoritarian government of Philip. In the end, after a violent quarrel between Nicholas and the Prince's supporters, a compromise was reached whereby John paid Margaret the sum of 20,000 "hyperpyra". The "Chronicle of the Morea" also reports another episode of quarrel between Saint Omer and John: Saint Omer was married to John's sister, Guillerme, but neglected her and kept her confined to her castle, until John arranged for one of his relatives, William Orsini, to abduct her by night and bring her to Cephalonia.

paragraph: Soon after his accession, in summer 1304, John and Philip of Savoy were ordered by King Charles II of Naples to attack Epirus, where the Byzantine princess Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene, mother and regent of the under-age Despot Thomas I Komnenos Doukas, had refused to re-affirm Epirote vassalage to Naples and made common cause with the Byzantine Empire. John campaigned in Epirus alongside a large Achaean contingent, but their siege of the Epirote capital, Arta, failed and the allies withdrew. While Charles II remained determined to repeat the offensive next year, Anna managed to bribe Philip into staying in the Morea. Philip refused to campaign on the pretext of holding a grand parliament at Corinth, where all the barons and vassals of the Principality, including John, were assembled. As a result, Charles II deposed Philip of Savoy and transferred the Principality directly to his own son, Philip of Taranto. The new Prince launched another invasion of Epirus in 1307, which failed due to the outbreak of a disease among the Latin troops, but managed to wring some territorial concessions from Anna. According to the Aragonese version of the "Chronicle of the Morea", John not only participated in this second expedition but actively instigated it, perhaps in hopes of replacing Thomas as ruler of Epirus.

paragraph: In 1315, the "infante" Ferdinand of Majorca invaded the Morea and tried to seize the vacant princely throne in right of his wife, Isabella of Sabran. Like most of the barons and vassals of Achaea, John supported him at first but switched back to the legitimate heir, Princess Matilda of Hainaut, and her husband Louis of Burgundy, when they arrived in the Morea in early 1316. In the decisive Battle of Manolada on 5 July 1316, John led the first line of the loyalist army. Driven by rage over John's betrayal as well as his past mistreatment of Margaret of Villehardouin—Ferdinand's mother-in-law—the "infante" launched a furious assault that broke through John's line, but was held by the second line under Louis. In the resulting mêlée, Ferdinand was killed and his supporters routed. Barely a month later, Louis of Burgundy died at the age of 18, apparently of a disease. However, a pro-Catalan source asserts that Louis was poisoned by John.

paragraph: John died in 1317, and was succeeded by his eldest son Nicholas, who in the very next year managed to turn his father's Epirote ambitions a reality: he murdered his uncle, the Despot Thomas, and assumed his place, bringing Epirus under Orsini rule.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: From his marriage with Maria Komnene Doukaina, John had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Orsini

paragraph: BULLET::::- John II Orsini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy Orsini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret, lady of one half of Zakynthos, married Guglielmo Tocco

wikidata_label: John I Orsini

wikipedia_title: John I Orsini


text:
Galeazzo Maria Sforza
Duchy of Milan
Pandino
Arcisate
Archbishop of Milan

categories: 1497 deaths,1428 births,People from Parma,Archbishops of Milan

paragraph: Guido Antonio Arcimboldi

paragraph: Guido Antonio Arcimboldi (1428–1497) was a nobleman and a Roman Catholic prelate.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Parma, son of Nicolò and Orsina Canossa, he studied law and since young age he was in friendship with Galeazzo Maria Sforza. In his young age Arcimboldi married an unknown woman that give him four child. In his career Arcimboldi was a loyal diplomats in behalf of the house of Sfroza the rulers of the Duchy of Milan. In 1469 he was named lord of Pandino and in 1484 lord of Arcisate. In 1488 after the death of his brother the archbishop Giovanni he was selected as Archbishop of Milan. At the time of his elevation to archbishop Guido Antonio's wife was dead. During his tenure as archbishop Guido Antonio left many of his pastoral duties as archbishop to the auxiliary bishops Giacomo de Bydgoszcza and Paolo da San Ginesio anyway there are evidence that Arcimboldi did some pastoral works in his archdiocese.

paragraph: Guido Antonio Arcimboldi died in 1497.

description: Italian priest

wikidata_label: Guido Antonio Arcimboldi

wikipedia_title: Guido Antonio Arcimboldi


text: Norwegian

text: Norsktoppen

text: Halvdan Sivertsen

text: Tungtvann

text: Nordland Musikkfestuke

text: Runar Berg

text: Ørjan Berg

text: Arild Berg

text: Eva Trones

text: Spellemannsprisen

text: Eva Trones

text: Blixprisen

text: Bodø

text: Gammlengprisen

categories: 20th-century Norwegian singers,Norwegian-language singers,Norwegian songwriters,1951 births,Musicians from Bodø,20th-century male singers,2019 deaths,21st-century Norwegian singers,21st-century male singers,Spellemannprisen winners

paragraph: Terje Nilsen

paragraph: Terje Nilsen (26 November 1951 – 20 March 2019) was a Norwegian singer and songwriter.

paragraph: Nilsen's greatest hit is the song "Mjelle", written in 1974, and appearing on the album "Æ" released in 1977. It later appeared on the album "Kanskje", released in 1990, and had a spell on Norsktoppen.

paragraph: In addition to his own recordings, Nilsen has collaborated with several well-known Norwegian artists. For instance, he has performed together with Halvdan Sivertsen on numerous occasions. He also sings the chorus on "Pøbla" by north Norwegian hip-hop group Tungtvann, which was a big hit in Norway around 2002.

paragraph: He was the profile of the year in Nordland Musikkfestuke in 2003.

paragraph: Nilsen was the uncle of former professional footballers Runar Berg, Ørjan Berg and Arild Berg.

paragraph: He died on 20 March 2019, aged 67.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jean/Nytt og mitt" (Jean/New and mine, 7" vinyl single 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Æ" (Me, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pop" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sørpolnissen" (Only on Music Cassette, for Norsk Rikskringkasting) (South pole Santa, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kanskje" (Maybe, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frie fugler..." (for Nord-Norsk Lederutvikling) (Free birds..., 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sånn" (Like that, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "N'te gang" (Nth time, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sommernatt" promotionsingle (Summers night, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vi gjør det" promotionsingle (Lets do it, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrett" (portrait, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Møte" med Bodø Symfonietta (Meeting, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gledeståra" (Tears of joy, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nye låta" (New songs, 2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lille Bille" (Small beatle, 2003), performed by Eva Trones, written by Terje Nilsen. Won Spellemannsprisen 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tango for en" (Tango for one, 2011), performed by Eva Trones, written by Terje Nilsen.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blixprisen 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Bodø culture award 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gammlengprisen 2002

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in "Norsk pop- og rockleksikon" (Norwegian encyclopedia for pop and rock) from 2005

description: Norwegian singer

wikidata_label: Terje Nilsen

wikipedia_title: Terje Nilsen


text:
Israel
peace
Peace Now
Jerusalem
Cluj
Transylvania
Romania
Nazi
Auschwitz
France
Brazil
Haifa
Hebrew Reali High School
Israel Defense Forces
Nahal
Kibbutz
Revivim
Negev
paratrooper
Six-Day War
War of Attrition
Yom Kippur War
1982 Lebanon War
mathematics
philosophy
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Magen
role-playing game
Master's degree
Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
grenade
Avraham Burg
Yuval Steinitz
Ezer Weizmann

categories: Israeli anti-war activists,Children of Holocaust survivors,People from Cluj-Napoca,Romanian Jews,1947 births,Israeli murder victims,Romanian emigrants to Israel,Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent,1983 deaths

paragraph: Emil Grunzweig

paragraph: Emil Grünzweig () (December 1, 1947 – February 10, 1983) was an Israeli teacher and peace activist affiliated with the Peace Now movement. He became an icon of the Israeli left after he was killed by a grenade thrown at a peace rally in Jerusalem in 1983. In 1987, a nonprofit educational organization in Jerusalem was established in his name, called the Adam Institute for Democracy and Peace in Memory of Emil Greenzweig.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Emil Grunzweig was born in Cluj in Transylvania, Romania, to Olga and Shmuel Grunzweig. His mother was a survivor of the Nazi extermination camp Auschwitz. He had one brother, Eliezer. The family lived in France and Brazil for a time. After Shmuel Grunzweig died in France in 1963, the family immigrated to Israel. In Israel, the family settled in Haifa, where Emil attended the Hebrew Reali High School. After graduation, he was conscripted into the Israel Defense Forces, and joined a Nahal unit based on Kibbutz Revivim in the Negev. As a paratrooper in the IDF, he fought in the Six-Day War. He served as a reserve officer in the War of Attrition, the Yom Kippur War, and the 1982 Lebanon War

paragraph: After his discharge from the army, he settled at Revivim, where he worked in the orchards. He studied mathematics and philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He taught mathematics and coordinated social activities at Maaleh haBesor high school at kibbutz Magen. He was involved in many educational projects including role-playing games with the students on issues such as the Arab–Israeli conflict, labor relations, and the relationship between religious cults and the state.

paragraph: He moved to Jerusalem to complete a Master's degree in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and worked in educational projects at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute. In this capacity, he organized joint Jewish–Arab summer camps to promote understanding between Jewish and Arab youths.

paragraph: Grunzweig was married to Einat Ornan, and the couple had a daughter, Niva, who was four years old when he was killed. Grunzweig later divorced Einat, and at the time of his death, had a girlfriend, Ada Oren.

paragraph: Grunzweig was killed during Peace Now rally on February 10, 1983, when right-wing activist Yonah Avrushmi lobbed a grenade into the crowd. Nine other protesters were injured, among them future politicians Avraham Burg and Yuval Steinitz.

paragraph: Avrushmi was arrested in 1984, convicted of murder in 1985, and sentenced to life in prison. In 1995, President Ezer Weizmann commuted the sentence to 27 years in prison. In 2005, Avrushmi was denied early release. Avrushmi was granted parole and released from Rimonim Prison on January 26, 2011.

description: Israeli teacher and peace activist

wikidata_label: Emil Grunzweig

wikipedia_title: Emil Grunzweig


text:
Paris Foreign Missions Society
Pierre Brigot
Louis-Charles-Auguste Hébert
diocese of Reims
Chaourse
Paris Foreign Missions Society
Pierre Brigot
Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School
Cathedral
Hébert
Catholic Church in India

categories: 18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Roman Catholic archbishops of Pondicherry and Cuddalore,French Roman Catholic missionaries,1734 births,1811 deaths,Paris Foreign Missions Society missionaries,19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,French Roman Catholic bishops in Asia,Roman Catholic missionaries in India

paragraph: Nicolas Champenois

paragraph: Nicolas Champenois (April 1734 – 30 October 1811) was a missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society and was the Superior of Karnatic Mission after Pierre Brigot from 8 November 1791 until his death. He was succeeded by Louis-Charles-Auguste Hébert.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nicolas Champenois was born in the month of April 1734. He belonged to the diocese of Reims where he served the ministry, especially Chaourse parish. He was probably priest even before he entered the Paris Foreign Missions Society Seminary on July 13, 1776.

paragraph: He was sent to the Malabar Mission (Pondicherry) and reached there on January 13, 1777. He had been first in-charge of an inland mission. Towards the end of the same year, became procurator of the Mission. Later he became the Superior of the Major Seminary. Papal brief dated June 14, 1785 made him the Coadjutor Superior of Karnatic Mission with Doliche as his titular see. He was consecrated by Pierre Brigot on November 5, 1786 in Pondicherry. Because of the ill health of his predecessor, he was in charge of the diocese immediately.

paragraph: Section::::As a Bishop.

paragraph: One of his first acts was to prevent Karaikal in Malabar mission to be entrusted to the Apostolic Prefecture run by the Capuchins.

paragraph: He obtained from Rome by decree of 19 July 1788, the power over all the Catholics of the diocese of Mylapore inhabiting the lands where the bishop of Mylapore could not carry out his jurisdiction. He also received greater powers than before regarding marriage dispensations, various indulgences and permission to recite some offices. An agreement signed on 17 September 1793, the Capuchins Apostolic Prefect, Fr. Benjamin and Bishop Champagne agreed to iron out the then existing jurisdictional difficulties by mutually transmitting their powers.

paragraph: Customs of India sometimes raising doubts that left no worry of some missionaries, the bishop gave them advice marked mindedness and based on experience.

paragraph: He built in Pondicherry, close to the cathedral, a new seminar and a small college. This later became the Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School. He also completed the construction work of the Cathedral which was begun by the Jesuits in 1770 on the same place in which it was destroyed in 1736. He consecrated it on 20 June 1791.

paragraph: In 1792 Mgr.Champenois was forced by the British soldiers to sing "Te Deum" in the "Place d'Armes", where they had to plant a tree of liberty, but he refused. The soldiers threatened him, but he replied: "My body is in your hands, my heart is in God's". He was forced to leave French territory and retire to San Thome. He returned to Pondicherry few months later, when the English had taken this city.

paragraph: In September 1794 he went to visit places of his mission. He stopped at length at Trichinopoly and in Madurai. The Goans accused him and caused him many trouble; eventually he was forced to leave the place. The English Government, at their request, said not to recognize other jurisdiction in the country, than that of the Bishop of Mylapour. In order to end this situation, he tried unsuccessfully to get the title of Vicar Apostolic: the Holy See maintained the status quo. At that time, the English had such distrust of the French priests, whom they refused Mgr. Champenois necessary passport to visit the two missions that Rome entrusted to him by the brief of 23 August 1796: one with the Capuchins of Patna, the other among the missionaries of Madras in order to bring harmony among these apostolic workers, and to put an end to the administrative difficulties.

paragraph: Even while governing the mission, he administered a few parishes in Pondicherry, especially Ariancoupam where we can frequently find his name on the parish registers from 23 December 1798 to the year 1809.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Around 1805, his health began to deteriorate. He asked for a coadjutor. Mgr. Hébert was named as his coadjutor. Because of falling down on April 27, 1810 his health became even worse. He died in Pondicherry on 30 October 1811.

paragraph: It was worn out with mortification and was exhausted. He insisted on continuing his austerities; He continued to fast even when the Roman Pontiff granted him special dispensation. His official biography at MEP archives end as follows: "His administration was wise, prudent, and with very limited resources, he managed to deal with the most pressing needs".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in India

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: French bishop

wikidata_label: Nicolas Champenois

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Champenois


text:
basketball
Promitheas Patras
Greek Basket League
point guard
Cecil College
Dayton
2010 NBA draft
McDonough High School
Pomfret, Maryland
Cecil College
University of Dayton
Dayton Flyers
NIT
German Second Division
Saar-Pfalz Braves
Levharti Chomutov
Czech NBL
Turkish Second Division
Best Balikesir Basketbol Kulubu
Eurobasket.com
Italian Second Division
Lighthouse Trapani
A1
ASA Koroivos Amaliadas
VEF Rīga
Denizli Basket
Nea Kifissia
first division
Alba Berlin
Promitheas Patras
Greek Basket League

categories: 1987 births,American expatriate basketball people in Poland,American expatriate basketball people in Greece,Basketball players from Maryland,American expatriate basketball people in Kazakhstan,Alba Berlin players,BC Astana players,American expatriate basketball people in Germany,Sportspeople from the Washington metropolitan area,Junior college men's basketball players in the United States,Koroivos B.C. players,Dayton Flyers men's basketball players,American expatriate basketball people in the Czech Republic,American expatriate basketball people in Turkey,People from Forestville, Maryland,American expatriate basketball people in Italy,BK VEF Rīga players,Pallacanestro Trapani players,Nea Kifissia B.C. players,Living people,Levharti Chomutov players,American men's basketball players,Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi players,Best Balıkesir B.K. players,American expatriate basketball people in Latvia,Point guards

paragraph: Robert Lowery (basketball)

paragraph: Robert Lowery Jr. (born December 23, 1987) is an American professional basketball player for Promitheas Patras of the Greek Basket League. Standing at 1.88 m (6'2"), he plays the point guard position. After two years at Cecil College and two years at Dayton, Lowery entered the 2010 NBA draft but was not selected in the draft's two rounds.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Lowery played high school basketball at McDonough High School, in Pomfret, Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Lowery spent his college career at Cecil College and at the University of Dayton. At Cecil, he earned First Team Division II Junior College All-American honors, and was selected to compete in the 2008 national junior college all-star game in Phoenix, Arizona. In his senior season, he helped the Dayton Flyers capture the NIT championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Lowery started his professional career in the German Second Division with the Saar-Pfalz Braves in the 2010–11 season.

paragraph: Lowery signed with Levharti Chomutov of the Czech Republic for the 2011–12 season and was chosen to play at the Czech NBL Allstar Game in 2012. He averaged 17.6 points a game for Chomutov on the season.

paragraph: He then continued his pro career in Turkey, turning out for Turkish Second Division team Best Balikesir Basketbol Kulubu in 2012–13. He earned the Eurobasket.com website's All-Turkish TB2L Honorable Mention status that season.

paragraph: Lowery headed to Italy for the 2013–14 campaign, joining the Italian Second Division club Lighthouse Trapani, before landing a deal in one of the major leagues in Europe, the A1 in Greece. He signed with ASA Koroivos Amaliadas for the 2014–15 campaign. In eight games, he averaged 16.8 points, as well as 5 rebounds, 2.4 assists, and 2.4 steals, before moving to Latvian powerhouse VEF Rīga. on December 7, 2014.

paragraph: In July 2015, he signed with Denizli Basket of Turkey. But due to health problems, Denizli and Lowery parted ways in September 2015. After starting the 2015–16 season with Nea Kifissia in Greece, Lowery moved to Germany's first division club Alba Berlin on January 19, 2016.

paragraph: On July 11, 2019, Lowery returned to Greece and signed a deal with Promitheas Patras of the Greek Basket League.

alias:
Robert Lowery, Jr.
Robert Lowery Jr.

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Robert Lowery

wikipedia_title: Robert Lowery (basketball)


text:
Irish
Roman Catholic
Bishop of Killala
Ardpatrick
County Limerick
St Patrick's College, Maynooth
ordained
priest
Diocese of Limerick
Canon Law
Irish College
Bishop
Diocese of Killala
Pope John Paul II
consecration
Episcopate
consecrator
Michael Neary
Seán Baptist Brady
Thomas Anthony Finnegan

categories: 1948 births,People educated at St Munchin's College,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from County Limerick,Living people

paragraph: John Fleming (bishop)

paragraph: John Fleming, DD, DCL, (born 16 February 1948) is an Irish Roman Catholic clergyman who has been the Bishop of Killala since 2002.

paragraph: Born in Ardpatrick, County Limerick, Ireland on 16 February 1948, educated at St Munchin's College (1960-1965) he went on to study at St Patrick's College, Maynooth and The Irish College, Rome, he was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Limerick on 18 June 1972.

paragraph: Fleming undertook postgraduate studies in Canon Law at the Gregorian University, Rome qualifying with a Licentiate in 1981. He returned to Rome to study for his Doctorate in Canon Law, and was appointed Vice Rector of the Irish College in 1986, and Rector in 1993.

paragraph: He was appointed the Bishop of the Diocese of Killala by Pope John Paul II on 19 February 2002. His consecration to the Episcopate took place on 7 April 2002, the principal consecrator was Michael Neary (Archbishop of Tuam), with Seán Baptist Brady (Archbishop (later Cardinal) of Armagh), and Thomas Anthony Finnegan (Bishop Emeritus of Killala) serving as co-consecrators.

description: Bishop of Killala

wikidata_label: John Fleming

wikipedia_title: John Fleming (bishop)


text:
Korea
Dutch East India Company
Hendrik Hamel
De Rijp
Vlaardingen
Dutch East Indies
Jakarta
junk
Tainan
Joseon Dynasty
raid of the Manchu
Taiwan
Hendrick Hamel
Seoul
Hendrick Hamel
Dutch East India Company
Hermit Kingdom
Dutch East Indies
Dutch Formosa
Dejima

categories: Joseon Dynasty people,1595 births,History of De Rijp,Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company,Netherlands–South Korea relations,People from Graft-De Rijp,Year of death unknown,17th-century Dutch explorers,Dutch expatriates in Korea

paragraph: Jan Jansz Weltevree

paragraph: Jan Janse de Weltevree (1595 – not known) was a Dutch sailor and probably the first Dutchman to visit Korea. His adventures were recorded in the report by Dutch East India Company accountant Hendrik Hamel. Hamel stayed in Korea from 1653 to 1666.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jan Janse de Weltevree was born around 1595, according to Hendrik Hamel in De Rijp, though other sources speak of Vlaardingen. He signed on the ship 'Hollandia' and went on March 17, 1626 to Dutch East Indies. He arrived in 1627 from Jakarta on the ship 'Ouwerkerck'.

paragraph: On July 16, 1627, the 'Ouwerkerck' with its captain Jan Janse de Weltevree captured a Chinese junk and its 150-man crew bound for the port of Amoy, China. Seventy Chinese were brought aboard the Ouwerkerck. Jan Janse de Weltevree, Dirk Gijsbertsz from De Rijp, and Jan Pieterse Verbaest from Amsterdam, all from Holland, along with thirteen other Dutch crewmen went aboard the junk to sail the vessel to Tainan, Formosa. The Ouwerkerck reached safe harbor after battling a fierce summer storm that swept the area.

paragraph: The storm-tossed Chinese junk carrying the hapless Dutch and Chinese ended up on the shores of an island off Korea's west coast, during the reign of the Joseon Dynasty. Although the details of what happened next are unclear, the Chinese, with a five-to-one advantage, overpowered the Dutch survivors, captured Jan Janse de Weltevree, Dirk Gijsbertsz and Jan Verbaest, and handed them over to the Korean Joseon authorities.

paragraph: The Joseon Dynasty of that time enforced an isolation policy so the captured privateers could not leave the country. Jan Janse de Weltevree took the name Pak Yǒn (박연, Pak is a Korean surname.) and became an important government official. He married a Korean woman with whom he had two children.

paragraph: According to Jan Janse de Weltevree, the two other captives from the Ouwerkerck were killed in 1636 during a raid of the Manchu. They would have fought in the Korean army.

paragraph: In 1653 the ship 'De Sperwer' was wrecked en route from Jakarta to Taiwan, with Hendrick Hamel on board, and Jan Janse de Weltevree acted as a translator and adviser. This group of 36 Dutchmen stayed in Korea for 13 years, working as military advisors to the Joseon Army, until 8 of them escaped to Nagasaki in 1666. Hendrick Hamel authored the accounts of his stay in Korea, from which we hear about Jan Janse de Weltevree.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Besides the Great Church in De Rijp is a statue of Jan Jansz. A replica of this was erected in 1991 in Seoul.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendrick Hamel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch East India Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermit Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch East Indies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch Formosa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dejima

description: Dutch sailor

wikidata_label: Jan Jansz. Weltevree

wikipedia_title: Jan Jansz Weltevree


text:
Kajū-ji
Emperor Meiji
Tokyo
Kyoto
Prince Kuni Asahiko
Prince Yamashina Akira
Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito
Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa
Prince Fushimi Sadanaru
Prince Kan'in Kotohito
Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
Empress Kōjun
Emperor Akihito
Ōke
Takatsukasa Masahiro
Emperor Ninkō
Tokugawa Mochitsugu
Prince Fushimi Sadanaru
Prince Yamashina Akira
Prince Kuni Asahiko
Nijō Nariyuki
Zenkō-ji
Prince Komatsu Akihito
Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa
Prince Kachō Hirotsune
Prince Kitashirakawa Satonari
Matsudaira Tadataka
Prince Kan'in Kotohito
Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito
Shinnōke

paragraph: Prince Fushimi Kuniie

paragraph: Prince Kuniie succeeded Fushimi-no-miya after his death of his father in 1841. But soon, in 1842, his eldest (natural) son, Zaihan (later Prince Yamashina Akira) ran away with his aunt Princess Takako, by the time Zaihan was a monk in Kajū-ji. Because of this scandal, the prince soon had to abdicate in favor of the only son of his wife, Prince Sadanori; Sadanori was alternatively the sixth out 17 sons of his father. Prince Kuniie took the name Zengaku (禪樂) as a monk afterwards. In 1864, Kuniie succeed as Prince Fushimi-no-miya again; after Emperor Meiji moved the capital of Japan to Tokyo, Prince Kuniie left Kyoto and moved to Tokyo with his family as well in 1872. He abdicated again to his second son (or 14th), Prince Sadanaru, lived in seclusion, and died at the same year.

paragraph: He was the father of 17 princes and 14 princesses (9 of which were born before his marriage to in 1836), including Prince Kuni Asahiko, Prince Yamashina Akira, Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito, Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa, Prince Fushimi Sadanaru, Prince Kan'in Kotohito, the grandfather of Japan's first Post World War II Prime Minister Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, the great-grandfather of Empress Kōjun, and the great-great grandfather of Emperor Akihito. He was the common ancestor of Ōke.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Children.

paragraph: In January 9, 1836, Prince Kuniie married Karatsukasa Hiroko (1814-1892), daughter of Takatsukasa Masahiro (also, a second cousin of Emperor Ninkō paternally). They had 7 children, with 2 sons and 1 daughter lived to adulthood:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Prince Sadanori (伏見宮貞教親王 "Fushimi-no-miya Sadanori shinnō"), 26 October 1836 – 16 December 1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Princess Fumiko (碌子女王), (1839 – 1853)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. A son (喜久宮 "Kikumura-no-miya"), (1842 – 1851)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Princess Noriko (則子女王), (16 May 1850 – 14 November 1874), wife of Marquis Tokugawa Mochitsugu.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. A daughter (嘉世宮 "Kayo-no-miya"), (1852 – 1853)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. A daughter (利宮 "Tashi-no-miya"), (1856 – 1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Prince Fushimi Sadanaru (伏見宮貞愛親王 "Fushimi-no-miya Sadanaru shinnō"), (9 June 1858 – 4 February 1923)

paragraph: In addition, Kuniie had additional 24 children by nine of his concubines, with 10 sons and 7 daughters lived to adulthood:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Prince Yamashina Akira (山階宮晃親王 "Yamashina-no-miya Akira shinnō"), (22 October 1816 – 29 October 1891), by Fujiki Toshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Prince Yoshikoto (聖護院宮嘉言親王 "Shōgoin-no-miya Yoshikoto shinnō"), (28 February 1821 – 26 September 1868), by Fujiki Toshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Prince Jonin (曼殊院宮譲仁親王 "Manshuin-no-miya Jonin shinnō"), (1824 – 1842), by Fujiki Toshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Prince Kuni Asahiko (久邇宮朝彦親王 "Kuni-no-miya Asahiko shinnō"), (27 February 1824 – 25 October 1891), by Torikoji Nobuko.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Princess Hisako (恒子女王), (26 February 1826 – 1916), by Ueno Juno. Wife of Nijō Nariyuki.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Princess Yoriko (順子女王), (1827 – 1908), by Nakamura Soma.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Koga Sei'en (久我誓円), (1828 – 1910), by Nakamura Soma. Born "Maki-no-miya" (萬喜宮). She became a Buddhist nun of Zenkō-ji in 1835; she titularly became an adopted daughter of Koga Michiaki (1780-1855) in 1875.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Princess Tomoko (和子女王), (19 January 1830 – 4 June 1884), by Furuyama Chie.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. A stillborn son (微妙院 "Bimyō-in"), (1832 – 1832)

paragraph: BULLET::::10. A stillborn daughter (菩提院 "Bodai-in"), (1840 -1840), by Horiuchi Nobuko.

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Prince Komatsu Akihito (小松宮彰仁親王 "Komatsu-no-miya Akihito shinnō"), (11 February 1846 – 18 February 1903), by Horiuchi Nobuko.

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa (北白川宮能久親王 "Kitashirakawa-no-miya Yoshihisa-shinn"ō), (1 April 1847 – 5 November 1895), by Horiuchi Nobuko.

paragraph: BULLET::::13. A son (誠宮 "Aki-no-miya"), (1848 – 1853), by Horiuchi Nobuko.

paragraph: BULLET::::14. A son (愛宮 "Naru-no-miya"), (1849 – 1851), by Horiuchi Nobuko.

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Prince Kachō Hirotsune (華頂宮博経親王 "Kachō-no-miya Hirotsune shinnō"), (19 April 1851 – 24 May 1876), by Horiuchi Nobuko

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Prince Kitashirakawa Satonari (北白川宮智成親王 "Kitashirakawa-no-miya Satonari shinnō"), (22 July 1850 – 10 February 1872), by Itami Yoshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Murakumo Nichi'ei (村雲日栄), (3 April 1855 – 1920), by Itami Yoshiko. Born "Masa-no-miya" (萬佐宮) and later became a Buddhist nun.

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Princess Takako (貴子女王), (4 January 1858 – 1919),by Itami Yoshiko. Wife of Matsudaira Tadataka.

paragraph: BULLET::::19. A stillborn daughter (歡樂院 "Kanraku-in"), (1859 – 1859), by Itami Yoshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::20. A daughter (多明宮 "Tame-no-miya"), (1860 –1864), by Itami Yoshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::21. Kiyosu Ienori (清棲家教伯爵), (19 June 1862 – 13 July 1923), (adopted by Takatsukasa Masamichi, and reduced from Imperial status to nobility), by Itami Yoshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::22. Prince Kan'in Kotohito (閑院宮載仁親王 "Kan'in-no-miya Kotohito shinnō"), (10 November 1865 – 21 May 1945), by Itami Yoshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::23. Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito (東伏見宮依仁親王 "Higashifushimi-no-miya Yorihito shinnō"), (19 September 1867 – 27 June 1922), by Itami Yoshiko.

paragraph: BULLET::::24. A daughter (萬千宮 "Masa-no-miya"), (1869 –1872), by Itami Yoshiko.

paragraph: Among 12 surviving sons of Prince Kuniie, 2 of them succeeded Fushimi-no-miya, other 9 were granted with Shinnōke and the other one became a count.

alias:
伏見宮邦家親王
Fushimi Kuniie
Kuniie-shinnō
Fushimi-no-miya Kuniie-shinnō

description: Japanese prince

wikidata_label: Prince Fushimi Kuniie

wikipedia_title: Prince Fushimi Kuniie


text:
Uruguay international
footballer
Glasgow
Scotland
railway engineer
Springburn
Río de la Plata
Bahía Blanca and North Western Railway
Buenos Aires Western Railway
Ferro Carril Oeste
Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club
Peñarol
Ferro Carril Oeste
Uruguay
style of football
long ball
Peñarol
Rampla Juniors
Estadio Centenario
The British Cemetery

categories: Scottish emigrants to Uruguay,Scottish footballers,Uruguayan footballers,1886 births,Uruguayan football managers,Expatriate footballers in Argentina,Peñarol players,Peñarol managers,British expatriates in Uruguay,Association football forwards,Uruguay international footballers,Expatriate footballers in Uruguay,1960 deaths

paragraph: John Harley (footballer)

paragraph: John Harley (also known as Juan Harley) (5 May 1886 – 15 May 1960) was a Uruguay international footballer of Scottish background.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Harley was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1886. By 1906 he had become a railway engineer working in Springburn, near Glasgow. In that year he moved to South America to work on railways along the Río de la Plata. Initially he worked in Argentina where he worked for the Bahía Blanca and North Western Railway and the Buenos Aires Western Railway.

paragraph: On arriving in Uruguay in 1909 Harley worked for the Central Uruguay Railway. He worked for the railway for 37 years until his retirement.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club career.

paragraph: In Argentina Harley played for Ferro Carril Oeste before being recruited by Uruguayan club Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club (later Peñarol). Harley was spotted by C.U.R.C.C. when they played a friendly match against Ferro Carril Oeste in 1908.

paragraph: Harley played with C.U.R.C.C./Peñarol from 1909 until his retirement from football in 1920. He captained C.U.R.C.C./Peñarol for ten seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International career.

paragraph: Harley played his first match for Uruguay in September 1909. He played the last of his 17 matches for the national team in October 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Management career.

paragraph: Harley acted as a player/manager of the Uruguay national team from 1909 until at least 1910.

paragraph: After retiring as a player Harley managed Peñarol.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Harley's time with Peñarol as a player and manager is considered significant for the fact that he changed the Uruguayan style of football from a focus on long ball to a game that featured short passing. This style of play is considered to have contributed to Peñarol and Uruguay achieving significant success up to the 1920s.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: In 1951 Harley was honoured with a match between Peñarol and Rampla Juniors at the Estadio Centenario. Over 40,000 spectators, including many former colleagues and members of successful Uruguayan teams, turned out to honour Harley's contribution to Uruguayan football.

paragraph: Harley died in 1960 in Uruguay, and was buried in The British Cemetery in Montevideo.

description: Scottish footballer

wikidata_label: John Harley

wikipedia_title: John Harley (footballer)


text: CBE

text: KC

text: RN

text: Ashwell Thorpe

text: Norfolk

text: John Hendry Anderson

text: Tooting Graveney

text: Wandsworth

text: Norwich

text: Portsmouth Grammar School

text: Royal Navy

text: midshipman

text: Navigating Lieutenant

text: Australia Station

text: royal yacht

text: George V

text: Queen Mary

text: Wellington

text: New Zealand

text: Active list

text: Commander

text: HMS Hermes

text: Simonstown

text: Cape Station

text: Admiralty

text: barrister

text: counsel

text: Admiralty

text: prize law

text: prize money

text: bounty

text: prize bounty

text: salvage

text: Prize Court

text: High Court of Justice

text: Samuel Evans

text: Crown counsel

text: SMS Cap Trafalgar

text: SMS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse

text: Siege of Tsingtao

text: Army

text: Bellone

text: Battle of the Falkland Islands

text: SMS Blücher

text: Battle of Dogger Bank

text: Battle for Lake Tanganyika

text: Rufiji River

text: RNAS

text: SMS Breslau

text: Battle of Imbros

text: Royal Air Force

text: Air Marshal

text: Ralph Sorley

text: Grotius Society

text: Zoological Society of London

text: OBE

text: taken silk

text: Captain (retd.)

text: CBE

text: Colonial Service

text: Attorney General of Gibraltar

text: Freemason

text: Malta

text: Ta' Xbiex

text: United Service Club

text: Siege of Malta

text: Paola

text: VE Day

text: Trans Nzoia District

text: Rift Valley Province

text: Kenya

text: Gwardamangia

categories: Chief Judicial Commissioners for the Western Pacific,Chief Justices of Fiji,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,People educated at Portsmouth Grammar School,Royal Navy officers,Colony of Fiji judges,British expatriates in Kenya,British barristers,People from Ashwellthorpe and Fundenhall,Attorneys-General of Gibraltar

paragraph: Maxwell Hendry Maxwell-Anderson

paragraph: Captain Sir Maxwell Hendry Maxwell-Anderson CBE, KC, RN (retd.) (23 March 1879 – 9 June 1951) (also Maxwell Hendry Anderson) was a British naval officer, barrister and judge who was Chief Justice of Fiji and Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: He was born Maxwell Hendry Anderson in Ashwell Thorpe, Norfolk. His father was John Hendry Anderson (1853–1913), a curate in Norfolk who was later Rector of Tooting Graveney and Mayor of Wandsworth. His mother was Alice Hornor, born in Norwich.

paragraph: Soon after his birth the family moved to the south coast when his father was appointed assistant master at Portsmouth Grammar School. Anderson probably attended the school which had (and still retains) naval links; he subsequently joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman aged 14, on 15 July 1893.

paragraph: He passed his first-class navigating exams and was promoted Navigating Lieutenant (acting). In 1900 he sailed on the "Redbreast" class gunboat for a three-year posting to the Australia Station. "Sparrow" joined , and at their base in Sydney. "Sparrow" escorted the royal yacht around the New Zealand coast during the visit by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (the future George V and Queen Mary) in June 1901, receiving his promotion to Lieutenant at the end of the cruise on 30 June.

paragraph: The "Sparrow" made two three-month visits to the Solomon Islands, one in 1901 and one in 1902. During the second of these a Fijian woman was murdered, and "Sparrow" engaged in some gunboat diplomacy by firing a few blank shells into implicated villages. Anderson wrote an extensive and interesting report on the 1902 cruise of the "Sparrow", which was printed in the "Sydney Morning Herald". He was in Wellington, New Zealand in March 1903. "Sparrow"'s commission ran out while she was still in the Pacific, and Anderson probably returned to Britain in 1904 with the other officers and crew by mail steamer.

paragraph: He left the Active list on 30 June 1909 on his promotion to acting Commander (retd.) According to the 1911 census he was on HMS Hermes, stationed in Simonstown, South Africa, serving at the Cape Station.

paragraph: In 1913 both his father and his young sister died. The same year he married Mildred Florence Hughes-Jones (b. Pembrokeshire c1878–5 June 1945); they had one daughter, Meriol.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:World War I and the Prize Court.

paragraph: On the outbreak of war Anderson was attached to for "Special Service at the Admiralty". In 1916 he was nominally attached to the Trade Division of the Admiralty Staff. Having qualified as a barrister, from March 1916 onwards he acted as counsel for the Admiralty in the many prize law claims arising from the capture or sinking of enemy vessels by British ships during the war.

paragraph: Although many countries (including Germany and the USA) had abjured the use of prize money by 1914, Britain and France signed an agreement that November establishing government jurisdiction over prizes captured singly or jointly by the signatories. Russia and Italy acceded in March 1915 and January 1917 respectively.

paragraph: In Britain, until the passing of the Navy Prize Act 1918 a bounty was paid to all ships present at an enemy vessel's actual destruction; each man on board the victorious ship(s), without distinction of rank, shared the money awarded by the court, based on the sum of £5 ($25) for each man on board the enemy ship. For example, a captured or sunk battleship with a complement of 453 officers and men (confirmed as soon as possible by affidavit) was worth £2,265.

paragraph: Anderson published his preparatory research into the legal questions surrounding the subject in his book "Navy and prize: an essay" . This concise volume reviewed the state of maritime law regarding prize bounty, salvage, and recapture.

paragraph: The war-time claims were heard in the Prize Court, part of the Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice; its President at the time was Sir Samuel Evans. The Admiralty's counsel appeared on behalf of the ships' officers and crew, and the Crown counsel's job (according to Anderson) was partly to ensure that the court was not over-generous in its awards.

paragraph: Anderson appeared for the Admiralty in the first of these cases, which involved the sinking of SMS Cap Trafalgar by in September 1914 (case heard 27 March 1916). The court upheld the claim, and many others. Anderson's later cases in the Prize Court include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first actual engagement of the war, the sinking of the auxiliary cruiser SMS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse in August 1914 (case heard 3 July 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Tsingtao, October–November 1914: seven German warships (case heard 23 April 1917). The motion revolved around a point of law: whether the involvement of the Army in the combined action took the claim outside the provisions of the Navy Prize Act 1864. Anderson, with a sense of history, drily noted that the last time this type of claim had been heard in the Court was a hundred years earlier, regarding La "Bellone". Judgement was reserved.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of the Falkland Islands, December 1914, in which the armoured cruisers and were sunk, along with the light cruisers , and . This was the first fleet action prize claim of the war.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battleship SMS Blücher sunk in the Battle of Dogger Bank January 1915 (case heard 15 January 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle for Lake Tanganyika Christmas 1915, in which and captured the German "Kingani", renamed

paragraph: In addition to the purely Naval cases, Anderson successfully presented the claims of British airmen involved in the sinking or destruction of enemy ships. Among these were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- , scuttled July 1915 in the Rufiji River in east Africa: the first RNAS claim. Motion upheld.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The sinking in January 1918 of the "Midilli" (the former "SMS Breslau") during the Battle of Imbros, when several aircraft from took part in the action. This was the first prize claim (worth £2,750) involving the newly formed Royal Air Force. Among the air observers and pilots involved was the future Air Marshal Ralph Sorley. The court upheld the claim.

paragraph: These cases established a precedent relating to the application in the air of the principles of maritime prize law: it eventually found its way into UK legislation in the Prize Act 1939, replacing the Naval Prize Acts of 1864 and 1918.

paragraph: He was a member of the Grotius Society, and Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, 1917–1919.

paragraph: His book, "The Elements of Pilotage and Navigation" was re-published in 1917. He was awarded the OBE in January 1918, and by January 1919 he had taken silk, been promoted Captain (retd.) and been awarded the rank's attendant CBE.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Colonial service.

paragraph: After the war Anderson served in the judiciary of the Colonial Service. From 1919–1929 he was Attorney General of Gibraltar. He was known as Maxwell Maxwell-Anderson from 1919, although he didn't officially change his name until 1932. Anderson was a Freemason, and he was appointed District Grand Master of the Western Mediterranean in 1926. Anderson was appointed Chief Justice of Fiji and Chief Judicial Commissioner of the Western Pacific, 5 September 1929 He officially changed his name by deed poll to Maxwell Hendry Maxwell-Anderson in December 1932. He was knighted in 1934 and retired from the Navy in February 1936.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life and death.

paragraph: He retired with his wife Mildred to Malta, where they lived at "Villa Gloria", Ta' Xbiex. He was a member of the United Service Club and Union Club (Malta). He was involved with several Masonic lodges:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 Member of the Thirty-First Degree

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938-1939 Sovereign of the Wignacourt Conclave No.141

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 Sovereign of the Ancient and Accepted (Scottish?) Rite Rose of Sharon Chapter No.35

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 Eminent Preceptor of the Knights Templar, and Knights of Malta Melita Preceptory No.37

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 Member of the Thirty-Second Degree (Sublime Prince of The Royal Secret)

paragraph: During the Siege of Malta the Temple of his Masonic lodge (Villa Blye, Paola) was destroyed; its rebuilding in 1944 was largely due to his efforts.

paragraph: His wife Mildred died in Malta on 5 June 1945, a month after VE Day. In August 1947, aged 68, he returned to the colonial judiciary: he was appointed 2nd Class Magistrate in a 2nd Class Court in Trans Nzoia District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya.

paragraph: He possibly died in Kenya, and was buried in Ta' Braxia cemetery, Gwardamangia, Malta, 12 June 1951.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

wikidata_label: Maxwell Hendry Maxwell-Anderson

wikipedia_title: Maxwell Hendry Maxwell-Anderson


text:
Marschlins
Swiss
naturalist
botany
entomology
conchology
count
Holy Roman Empire
Jena
Dijon
Jurist
War of the Second Coalition
Salins-les-Bains
St. Gallen
Kingdom of Naples
Monoplex parthenopeus
Gibbula ardens
Patella tarentina
Conus jaspis
Euphorbia gayi
Johann Coaz
Larix
hybrid name

wikipedia_title:
Marschlins Castle
Switzerland
Natural history
Botany
Entomology
Conchology
De Salis
Holy Roman Empire
Jena
Dijon
Jurist
War of the Second Coalition
Salins-les-Bains
St. Gallen
Kingdom of Naples
Monoplex parthenopeus
Gibbula ardens
Patella ulyssiponensis
Conus ventricosus mediterraneus
Euphorbia
Johann Coaz
Larch
Hybrid name

categories: 1818 deaths,Swiss entomologists,Swiss nobility,Swiss malacologists,1762 births

paragraph: Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins

paragraph: Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins or Karl or Charles (28 September 1762 in Marschlins – 16 January 1818) was a Swiss naturalist interested in botany, entomology, and conchology.

paragraph: He was a count of the Holy Roman Empire. His first studies were in Jena then at the Academy in Dijon.He was a Jurist. During the War of the Second Coalition he was held hostage in Salins-les-Bains 1799-1800 and later in St. Gallen (1801).

paragraph: Aside from Natural Sciences von Salis was also interested in agriculture, history and education and maintained contacts with researchers from abroad.He traveled often and wrote about his trip to Sicily and Naples in 1788-89. He described in detail the specifics of irrigation of the French Jura mountains.

paragraph: He wrote "Reisen in verscheidene Provinzen des Königreichs Neapel, Travels through various provinces of the Kingdom of Naples" (Zürich & Leipzig, 1793), "Beitrage zur natürliche und ökonomie Kenntniss des Königreichs beeder Sicilien, 1790 and Streifereyen durch den franzische Jura während den Jahren 1799 und 1800", 1805. He edited and wrote for three journals :"Der Sammler" (Collector), "Der neue Sammler" (New Collector) (1806-09) and "Zeitschrift "Alpina"".

paragraph: Species described by von Salis include: "Monoplex parthenopeus","Gibbula ardens", "Patella tarentina", "Conus jaspis" and "Euphorbia gayi".

paragraph: Johann Coaz honoured his name in "Larix × marschlinsii" Coaz (1917) - a hybrid name.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historisches Lexicon der Schweiz

alias:
Karl Ulysses von Salis
Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins
Carl Ulysses von Salis
Karl Ulysses von Salis-Marschlins
Charles Ulysses of Salis Marschlins
Salis

description: Swiss entomologist

wikidata_label: Carl Ulysses von Salis-Marschlins

wikipedia_title: Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins


text: ARICS

text: DL

text: British

text: hereditary peer

text: House of Lords

text: House of Lords Act 1999

text: crossbencher

text: 4th Baron Hylton

text: Katharine

text: Raymond Asquith

text: H.H. Asquith

text: Eton College

text: Berkshire

text: Trinity College, Oxford

text: Master of Arts

text: Coldstream Guards

text: Governor-General of Canada

text: Abbeyfield Society

text: Mencap

text: L'Arche Ltd

text: House of Lords

text: Ammerdown House, Kilmersdon

text: Bath

text: University of Southampton

text: Earl of Mexborough

text: heir apparent

categories: People educated at Eton College,1932 births,Crossbench hereditary peers,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Deputy Lieutenants of Somerset,Coldstream Guards officers,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford,Living people

paragraph: Raymond Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton

paragraph: Raymond Hervey Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton, ARICS, DL (born 13 June 1932) is a British peer and landowner. He is one of 92 hereditary peers elected to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, sitting as a crossbencher. He is currently the longest serving Crossbench member of the House of Lords.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He is the elder son of the 4th Baron Hylton and Lady Perdita Rose Mary Asquith (d. 1996; daughter of Katharine and Raymond Asquith, and sister of Julian Asquith, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith and thus the granddaughter of former Prime Minister H.H. Asquith). He was educated at Eton College in Berkshire and Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in History in 1955. In 1951 and 1952, he served in the Coldstream Guards, and in 1967, he succeeded to his father's title.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Jolliffe was Assistant Private Secretary to the Governor-General of Canada between 1960 and 1962. Since 1962, he was member of the Abbeyfield Society, the Catholic Housing Aid Society, the London Housing Aid Centre, the National Federation of Housing Associations, Mencap, the Foundation for Alternatives, the Hugh of Witham Foundation, and the Action around Bethlehem Children with Disability (ABCD). He has worked for Age Concern, L'Arche Ltd as well as the Mendip Wansdyke Local Enterprise Group. Since 1988, he is further president of the Northern Ireland Association for Care and Resettlement of Offenders. He is a member of the Housing Associations Charitable Trust and of Forward Thinking.

paragraph: As a member of the House of Lords, he has worked to promote peace talks in the Middle East and Ireland amongst other work. He once stated that he regretted "very much that the fine old English and French word ‘gay’ has, in my lifetime, been appropriated by a small but vocal minority of the population. The result is that it can no longer be used in its original and rather delightful meaning."

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Hylton is a trustee of the Acorn Christian Healing Trust and vice-chairman of Partners in Hope. From 1993-2001, he was chairman of the St Francis and St Sergius Trust Fund. He is also a trustee and governor of the Ammerdown Study Centre at Ammerdown House, Kilmersdon, near Bath, which remains the family seat. In 1960 he was appointed an Associate of Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and in 1994, he received an honorary doctorate of the University of Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Since 1966, he has been married to Joanna de Bertodano, granddaughter of the 6th Earl of Mexborough. They have a daughter and four sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. William Henry Martin Jolliffe (b.1967), "heir apparent"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Andrew Thomas Peter Jolliffe (b.1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Alexander John Charles Martin Jolliffe (b.1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Emily Sylvia Rose Elizabeth Jolliffe (b.1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. John Edward Arthur Jolliffe (b.1977)

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: Raymond Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton

wikipedia_title: Raymond Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton


text:
Swedish
speed skater
1968 Winter Olympics
Grenoble
France
Fred Anton Maier
1972 Winter Olympics
was murdered
New Zealand
Profile at SkateResults.com

categories: 1943 births,Swedish male speed skaters,Speed skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for Sweden,Olympic speed skaters of Sweden,Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics,People from Filipstad Municipality,Living people,Olympic medalists in speed skating

paragraph: Johnny Höglin

paragraph: Hans Johnny Höglin (born 26 February 1943) is a Swedish speed skater whose greatest moment was to win a gold medal in the 10000-meter event at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.

paragraph: Höglin was a surprise winner, having never placed higher than 10th in the European or World Championships, and having finished fifth in the 1500 and 5000-meter races at the 1968 Olympics. He nevertheless edged favorite Fred Anton Maier by 0.3 seconds to win the 10000 meters.

paragraph: At the 1972 Winter Olympics Höglin finished 9th in the 1500 meters and 12th in the 5000 meters.

paragraph: Höglin's younger brother Urban, along with Urban's fiancée Heidi Paakkonen, was murdered while touring New Zealand in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at SkateResults.com

description: Swedish speed skater

wikidata_label: Johnny Höglin

wikipedia_title: Johnny Höglin


text: American

text: lawyer

text: Democratic Party

text: politician

text: New Jersey

text: 3rd congressional district

text: United States House of Representatives

text: New York City

text: Columbia College

text: master of arts

text: Yale Law School

text: New York University

text: bachelor of arts

text: University of Berlin

text: Havemeyer family

text: Fifty-first

text: Fifty-second

text: Fifty-third

text: Committee on Naval Affairs

text: Mount Pocono, Pennsylvania

text: West Laurel Hill Cemetery

text: Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania

text: Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer

text: The Political Graveyard

categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Columbia College (New York) alumni,1917 deaths,1839 births,Lawyers from New York City,Burials in Pennsylvania,19th-century American politicians,New York University School of Law alumni,New York (state) lawyers,Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery,New Jersey Democrats

paragraph: Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer

paragraph: Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer, (August 28, 1839 – July 20, 1917) was an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1889 to 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Geissenhainer was born in New York City and attended private schools. He graduated from Columbia College in New York City (master of arts, 1858), and went on to study law at Yale Law School, and New York University (bachelor of arts, 1860). He also attended the University of Berlin. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar, and he commenced practice in New York City. Geissenhainer married Susan Havemeyer Burkhalter, a member of the Havemeyer family.

paragraph: He was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-first, Fifty-second and Fifty-third Congresses where he served from March 4, 1889 until March 3, 1895. He also served as chairman of the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization (Fifty-third Congress), and on the Committee on Naval Affairs (Fifty-third Congress). Geissenhainer was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1894 to the Fifty-fourth Congress. After this, he resumed the practice of law.

paragraph: He died at Mount Pocono, Pennsylvania, and was interred in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer at The Political Graveyard

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer

wikipedia_title: Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer


text:
Representative
New York
Port Richmond, Staten Island
clerk
newspaper
New York University
real estate
bank
New York City Board of Education
delegate
1924 Democratic National Convention
Democrat
Daniel J. Riordan
Federal Communications Commission
Boothbay Harbor, Maine
Moravian Cemetery
New Dorp
Intermediate school
Anning Smith Prall entry
The Political Graveyard

categories: 1870 births,1937 deaths,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,People from Staten Island,Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state),Stern School of Business alumni,New York (state) Democrats,Chairpersons of the FCC

paragraph: Anning Smith Prall

paragraph: Anning Smith Prall (September 17, 1870 – July 23, 1937) was a Representative from New York, born in Port Richmond, Staten Island.

paragraph: In his early years Prall was employed as a clerk in a New York newspaper office. Prall attended New York University, studying business. From 1908 until 1918 he was in charge of a real estate department of a bank, while serving as the first president of the Staten Island Board of Realtors from 1915 to 1916.

paragraph: In 1918 Prall began a public service career when he was appointed Clerk of New York City's First District Municipal Court. He was appointed a member of the New York City Board of Education on January 1, 1918, and served until December 31, 1921, and was elected the board's president. He was New York City's commissioner of taxes and assessment from 1922 to 1923.

paragraph: He was a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention and was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel J. Riordan. He was reelected to the sixty-ninth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from November 6, 1923, to January 3, 1935. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1934.

paragraph: Prall served as a member and chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from January 15, 1935, until his death in 1937 at his summer home in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. He is interred at Moravian Cemetery in New Dorp, Staten Island.

paragraph: Intermediate school (I.S.) 27 on Staten Island is also known as the Anning S. Prall School. He also served as Chairman of the FCC from March 9, 1935 to June 23, 1937.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anning Smith Prall entry at The Political Graveyard

description: American congressman for New York

wikidata_label: Anning Smith Prall

wikipedia_title: Anning Smith Prall


text:
Persian
Sassanid era
Khosrau I
Panchatantra
Sanskrit
Pahlavi (Middle Persian)
Arabic
Ibn al-Muqaffa
Kalila and Dimna
Bozorgmehr
Academy of Gundishapur

categories: Translators from Sanskrit,6th-century Iranian people,Medieval Persian physicians

paragraph: Borzuya

paragraph: Borzuya (or Burzōē or Burzōy) was a Persian physician in the late Sassanid era, at the time of Khosrau I. He translated the Indian "Panchatantra" from Sanskrit into Pahlavi (Middle Persian). But both his translation and the original Sanskrit version he worked from are lost. Before their loss, however, his Pahlavi version was translated into Arabic by Ibn al-Muqaffa under the title of "Kalila and Dimna" or "The Fables of Bidpai" and became the greatest prose of Classical Arabic. The book contains fables in which animals interact in complex ways to convey teachings to princes in policy.

paragraph: The introduction to "The Fables of Bidpai" or "Kalila and Dimna" presents an autobiography by Borzūya. Beside his ideas, cognitions and inner development leading to a practice of medicine based on philanthropic motivations, Borzuya's search for truth, his skepticism towards established religious thought and his later asceticism are some features lucidly depicted in the text. Borzuya originally came to India in 570 CE to find an elixir that would revive the dead. He later found out from a philosopher that the elixir was a metaphor for the "Panchatantra". He would later get permission to read the book from the King of India, however he could not copy it. Disobeying these instructions, Borzuya would read a chapter of the book a day and make a journal entry of what he read; effectively making a copy of the "Panchatantra". He would later send this out to India to have it translated.

paragraph: There is considerable discussion whether Borzūya is the same as Bozorgmehr. While sources indicate they are different people, the word "Borzūya" "can" sometimes be a shortened form of Bozorgmehr.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Academy of Gundishapur

description: Iranian scientist

wikidata_label: Borzūya

wikipedia_title: Borzuya


text: London, England

text: Irish

text: Pennsylvania State Senate

text: U.S. Representative

text: Pennsylvania

text: United States Republican Party

text: Callery

text: Butler County

categories: Politicians from Pittsburgh,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania,Pennsylvania Republicans,Pennsylvania state senators,1862 births,British emigrants to the United States,Burials at Calvary Catholic Cemetery (Pittsburgh),1925 deaths

paragraph: William J. Burke

paragraph: William Joseph Burke (September 25, 1862 – November 7, 1925) was an American politician and businessman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in London, England, of Irish parents. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1915 to 1918. He was a U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania from 1919 to 1923, as a member of the United States Republican Party. In 1922, he ran for the United States Senate from Pennsylvania as a member of the Progressive Party and came in third place, receiving 8% of the vote. In the early 1900s he became interested in the development of oil near Callery, Butler County. He was involved with organized labor as a chairman of the Order of Railroad Conductors. He was interred in the Roman Catholic Calvary Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: William J. Burke

wikipedia_title: William J. Burke