text:
State of Zhao
Warring States period
Hu
Marquess Su of Zhao
posthumous name
Donghu
Beidi
Han
Wei
Yan
Zhongshan
Zhongshan
Dai
Zhongshan
Yellow River
Hu
Hezong
Xiu
Yunzhong
Jiuyuan
Yan
Loufan
Linhu
abdicated
King Huiwen of Zhao
Qin
Records of the Grand Historian

categories: Zhou dynasty nobility,Monarchs who abdicated,Year of birth missing,295 BC deaths,Deaths by starvation,Zhao (state)

paragraph: King Wuling of Zhao

paragraph: King Wuling of Zhao (Traditional Chinese: 趙武靈王, Simplified Chinese: 赵武灵王) (died 295 BCE, reigned 325 BCE – 299 BCE) reigned in the State of Zhao during the Warring States period of Chinese history. His reign was famous for one important event: the reforms consisting of "Wearing the Hu (styled) Attire and Shooting from Horseback (in battle)" (Simplified Chinese: 胡服骑射, Traditional Chinese: 胡服騎射) He was credited for the implementation of protective outfit during military events and proceedings.

paragraph: Probably the son of Zhao Suhou (Marquess Su of Zhao, Simplified Chinese: 赵肃侯), King Wuling of Zhao ascended to the throne at 325 BCE, about halfway into the Warring States Period. His reign coincided with the appearance of several other notable figures in the Warring States. He was also the first ruler of Zhao to style himself "king" (王), but later reversed the decision. He would later receive the title as part of his posthumous name.

paragraph: Section::::Rule and reforms.

paragraph: During the early years of his reign, the Kingdom of Zhao was constantly harassed by the Donghu, the Linhu (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 林胡), the Loufan (Simplified Chinese: 楼烦) and the Beidi, all nomadic animal husbandry tribes. This might have been the inspiration for his later reforms. On another level, Wuling himself had been humbled after a great defeat by Qin. Previously, during 325-323 BC, he, along with the rulers of Han, Wei, Yan and Zhongshan, had declared himself king. However, in 318 BC, Zhao suffered a great defeat in the hands of Qin, causing Wuling to muse that since he did not have the power of a king, he should not use the title.

paragraph: In 307 BCE, Wuling started his reforms. Mostly military, they concentrated on making the military more suited to fighting battles. Up to that time, Zhao commanders riding on horseback still wore robes and normal court attire. Wuling ordered all commanders, including the whole court and military, to adopt the Hu style of dress: pants, belt, boots, fur caps and fur clothes. He created a cavalry division in the army and trained them not only in the ways of a cavalry charge, but also in horse archery.

paragraph: While many reformists and officials supported the reforms, seeing it as a way to greatness and power, conservative members of the royal family such as Zhao Wuling's uncle Lord Cheng (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 公子成) disliked it, claiming that there should not be any "Copying of barbaric clothing and changing of old rules" (Simplified Chinese: 不该 "袭远方之服, 变古之教"). Lord Cheng even went so far as to be absent from court.

paragraph: Wuling did much to check the opposition. He said, "There is not only one way to rule the world, nor is there any need to copy the old to benefit the country" (Simplified Chinese: "理世不必一道, 便国不必法古") and "Those who use the old to define the new do not achieve change" (Simplified Chinese: "以古制今者, 不达于事之变"). He wore the "barbaric" clothes on court and persuaded others to do the same. He even visited Lord Cheng and gave him a suit of the Hu people's clothing. Finally, Lord Cheng relented, and the controversy stopped.

paragraph: Wuling's reforms greatly improved the fighting capability of the Zhao military. The same year, the Zhao attacked the Hu people's state of Zhongshan and took several cities. In 306 BCE the Zhao military launched expeditions into Wuhu territories in the north. The northern expedition was highly successful: the kings of the Loufan and Linhu surrendered and their territories became administered by a governor of Dai. In the next year, parts of Zhongshan were annexed. In 304 BCE the upper reaches of the Yellow River were invaded and taken from the Hu tribes like the Hezong (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 河宗氏) and the Xiu (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 休). In the conquered areas King Wuling created two prefectures in 302 BCE - Yunzhong (Simplified Chinese: 云中) and Jiuyuan. In a little over five years Zhao Wuling had expanded his country to the border with the Yan, the upper reaches of the Yellow River and into the north, and had forced two tribal leaders, the Loufan and Linhu kings, to surrender. King Wuling took control of their armies and added them to his military, creating extra divisions made up entirely of indigenous and hardy nomadic warriors.

paragraph: Section::::Abdication and death.

paragraph: In 299 BCE, Zhao Wuling, perhaps tired out from all he had done and wishing to become more involved with military instead of political affairs, abdicated and gave the throne of Zhao to his younger son, Zhao He (Simplified Chinese: 赵何) who was to become King Huiwen of Zhao (Simplified Chinese: 赵惠文王). He called himself the "Lord Father" (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 主父), using his new title to visit neighbouring countries, especially the Qin, which he visited secretly. He lived long enough to see the annexation of the Zhongshan by the Zhao in 296 BCE.

paragraph: In 295 BCE, Wuling's older son Zhao Zhang (Simplified Chinese: 赵章) rebelled against King Huiwen and lost. He escaped to the palace in Shaqiu (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 沙丘), where Zhao Wuling took pity on him and kept him in his palace.

paragraph: Prime Minister Lord Anping (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 安平君), who was Lord Cheng, the uncle of Wuling, and his subordinate Lord Fengyang (Simplified Chinese: 奉阳君), also known as Li Yu (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 李兌) laid siege to the palace, allowing no food or water to be provided to the inhabitants inside. In desperation, King Wuling ordered Zhang to be killed, but still the besiegers did not retreat. Thus, after 100 days, King Wuling starved to death. When the siege was finally lifted, King Wuling's body was already rotting and full of worms, a pitiful ending for such a king.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhanguoshi (History of the Warring Kingdoms), Yang Huan, Commercial Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Records of the Grand Historian",

description: Zhou Dynasty King

wikidata_label: King Wuling of Zhao

wikipedia_title: King Wuling of Zhao


text: Switzerland

text: Zullichau

text: Prussia

text: Zürich

text: Murray

text: Glarus

text: Appenzell

text: Heinrich Keller

text: Conrad Escher von der Linth

categories: German travel writers,1830 deaths,People from Sulechów,German Protestants,German male non-fiction writers,People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg,1764 births

paragraph: Johann Gottfried Ebel

paragraph: Johann Gottfried Ebel (6 October 1764 – 8 October 1830) was the author of the first real guidebook to Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Zullichau (Prussia). He became a medical man, visited Switzerland for the first time in 1790, and became so enamoured of it that he spent three years exploring the country and collecting all kinds of information relating to it. The result was the publication (Zürich, 1793) of his "Anleitung, auf die nützlichste und genussvollste Art in der Schweitz zu reisen" (2 vols), in which he gave a complete account of the country, the General Information sections being followed by an alphabetically arranged list of places, with descriptions. It at once superseded all other works of the kind, and was the best Swiss guidebook until the appearance of Murray (1838).

paragraph: It was particularly strong on the geological and historical sides. The second (1804–1805) and third (1809–1810) editions filled four volumes, but the following (the 8th appeared in 1843) were in a single volume. The work was translated into French in 1795 (many later editions) and into English (by 1818).

paragraph: Ebel also published a work (2 vols, Leipzig, 1798 1802) entitled "Schilderungen der Gebirgsvölker der Schweiz", which deals mainly with the pastoral cantons of Glarus and Appenzell. In 1801 he was naturalized a Swiss citizen, and settled down in Zürich. In 1808 he issued his chief geological work, "Über den Bau der Erde im Alpengebirge" (Zürich, 2 vols). He took an active share in promoting all that could make his adopted country better known, e.g. Heinrich Keller's map (1813), the building of a hotel on the Rigi (1816), and the preparation of a panorama from that point (1823). From 1810 onwards he lived at Zürich, with the family of his friend, Conrad Escher von der Linth (1767–1823), a celebrated engineer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures and texts of "Instructions pour un voyageur qui se propose de parcourir la Suisse" by Johann Gottfried Ebel can be found in the database VIATIMAGES.

description: Swiss guidebook author

wikidata_label: Johann Gottfried Ebel

wikipedia_title: Johann Gottfried Ebel


text:
sexual inequality
feminist
Kira Cochrane
The Guardian
Fawcett Society
Faber and Faber

categories: British feminists,British women writers,Living people,British human rights activists,British feminist writers,British women activists,1982 births

paragraph: Kat Banyard

paragraph: Kat Banyard (born 1982) is a British author and activist against sexual inequality. She is the co-founder and director of UK Feminista, a UK feminist pressure group.

paragraph: In 2010, Kira Cochrane, writing for "The Guardian", called Banyard "the UK's most influential young feminist".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: While at university in Sheffield, in 2004 Baynard set up FEM Conferences, a conference designed to bring together a range of campaign groups and activists working on gender equality to build communications, as well as educate people about gender discrimination. In a profile with the Observer, Baynard said she set up the conference because "I wanted to be able to go somewhere to be inspired and there wasn't anything like it"

paragraph: Baynard also worked at the Fawcett Society until 2010 as Campaigns Officer

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Equality Illusion: The Truth about Women and Men Today." London: Faber and Faber, 2010. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pimp State: Sex, Money and the Future of Equality." London: Faber and Faber, 2016. .

wikidata_label: Kat Banyard

wikipedia_title: Kat Banyard


text:
Mayor
Pichilemu
government junta
Augusto Pinochet
province of Cardenal Caro
Paredones
Cardenal Caro Province
Region of O'Higgins
Chile
La Estrella
Mayor
Pichilemu
government junta
Augusto Pinochet
Mario Urrutia Carrasco
province of Cardenal Caro
José Lino Vargas
El Expreso de la Costa
Marchigüe
Santa Cruz
Governor
Julio Ibarra Maldonado

paragraph: Eduardo Parraguez

paragraph: Víctor Eduardo Parraguez Galarce (born 21 October 1935) was the 32nd Mayor of the commune of Pichilemu, office which he held between 1975 and 1979, after being appointed by the government junta presided by General Augusto Pinochet. Parraguez Galarce is also an agricultural entrepreneur, and had an important role in the committee that prompted the creation of the province of Cardenal Caro, in his home region.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Eduardo Parraguez was born on 21 October 1935 in the commune of Paredones, in current Cardenal Caro Province, Region of O'Higgins, Chile. His parents were Víctor Luis Parraguez and Enedina del Carmen Galarce de Parraguez. Parraguez Galarce married María Mirta Lidia Cáceres González (born 28 July 1945) in La Estrella, on 24 December 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Political career.

paragraph: Parraguez was appointed Mayor of Pichilemu, by decree of the government junta presided by General Augusto Pinochet, in 1975. He succeeded Mario Urrutia Carrasco. Parraguez remained in the office until 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Creation of Cardenal Caro Province.

paragraph: Parraguez, along with Osvaldo Vidal Vidal —president of the organization—, Flavio Álvarez Jorquera —former regidor of Pichilemu—, Rafael Álvarez Maturana, Enrique Romero Lorca, and Antonio Molfino Chiorrini, were members of the Comité Pro-Provincia (Pro-Province Committee), a private organization that worked in 1979 for the creation of the province of Cardenal Caro. By the time of the province's creation, on 3 October 1979, Parraguez Galarce had quit the mayor office, but his successor, José Lino Vargas, took over his role. In a November 2009 interview with "El Expreso de la Costa", Parraguez recalled "fighting against Marchigüe and Santa Cruz mayors" for Pichilemu to become the capital of the yet to-be-created province; "battle" which the committee Pro-Provincia won. All of the committee's member were awarded by Governor Julio Ibarra Maldonado in 2013, thirty-four years after the creation of the province.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other work.

paragraph: Parraguez was a founding member of the Club Aéreo de Pichilemu (Aerial Club of Pichilemu), whose founding took place on 2 November 1964.

description: Chilean politician

wikidata_label: Eduardo Parraguez

wikipedia_title: Eduardo Parraguez


text: Indian

text: dancer

text: choreographer

text: Odissi

text: Kelucharan Mohapatra

text: Kolkata

text: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

text: Sangeet Natak Akademi

text: abhinaya

text: Kalanidhi Narayanan

text: Elephanta

text: Khajuraho Dance Festival

text: Konark Dance Festival

text: Mahari dance

text: Orissa

text: East

text: North East India

text: devdasi

text: Puri

text: Government of West Bengal

text: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

text: Sangeet Natak Akademi

text: Dona Ganguly

categories: Artists from Kolkata,Educators from West Bengal,Indian classical choreographers,Dancers from West Bengal,Women educators from West Bengal,Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award,20th-century Indian dancers,20th-century Indian women artists,Women artists from West Bengal,Indian choreographers,20th-century Indian educators,Performers of Indian classical dance,Odissi dancers,Teachers of Indian classical dance,Indian women choreographers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Sharmila Biswas

paragraph: Sharmila Biswas is a noted Indian classical dancer and choreographer in the Odissi, and a disciple of guru Kelucharan Mohapatra. In 1995, she established Odissi Vision and Movement Center in Kolkata, where she is the Artistic Director, the centre also has OVM Repertory.

paragraph: In 2012, Biswas was awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, conferred by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Biswas was born and brought up in Kolkata, where she started learning dance from the age of eight. When she was sixteen years old, she started training in Odissi under Muralidharan Majhi, and then trained under Kelucharan Mohapatra.

paragraph: Subsequently, she learnt "abhinaya" from Kalanidhi Narayanan.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sharmila married Swapan Kumar Biswas in 1987, who is a doctor specialising in health management. The couple lives in Kolkata and have a son Shoumik Biswas.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Over the years, Biswas participated in performing arts festivals at Elephanta, Khajuraho Dance Festival and Konark Dance Festival and in UK, the USA, Germany, Russia, Dubai and Bangladesh. She performs both classical Odissi as well as her experimental choreographic works.

paragraph: She has also done extensive research on the ancient Mahari dance performed by temple dancers of Orissa. In 1995, she established Odissi Vision and Movement Center (OVM) in Kolkata, where is the Artistic Director, and trains young dancer, the institute also run the OVM Repertory.

paragraph: In 2009, she started "Poorva Dhara", an annual festival of traditional dances of East and North East India.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: She was conferred the "Best Choreography Award" from the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, for her dance production, "Sampurna" based on the devdasis of Puri. In 1998, Uday Shankar Award for Best Choreography in 1998 from the Department of Information and Broadcasting, Government of West Bengal. In 2010, Biswas was conferred the Mahari Awards. In 2012, she was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, the highest award for performing artists, conferred by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dona Ganguly

description: Indian classical dancer

wikidata_label: Sharmila Biswas

wikipedia_title: Sharmila Biswas


text: Scottish

text: snooker

text: 2013/14 snooker seasons

text: World Open Qualifying

text: Michael Wasley

text: Thepchaiya Un-Nooh

text: Dechawat Poomjaeng

text: World Championship Qualifying

text: 2013/2014 season

text: UK Championship

text: Jack Lisowski

text: Liang Wenbo

text: Christopher Keogan

text: World Championship

text: Q School

text: Eden Sharav

text: 2014 Australian Goldfields Open

text: Hammad Miah

text: Sam Baird

text: Marcus Campbell

text: Mark Allen

text: China Open

text: Mark Williams

text: UK Championship

text: Welsh Open

text: Gerard Greene

text: Judd Trump

paragraph: Michael Leslie

paragraph: Michael Leslie (born 28 January 1993) is a former Scottish professional snooker player.

paragraph: Leslie turned professional in 2012 after winning the 2012 EBSA European Under-21 Snooker Championships and gained a two year tour card for the 2012/13 and 2013/14 snooker seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Debut season.

paragraph: Leslie lost his first sixteen matches as a professional, picking up his first and only victory in the first round of World Open Qualifying by beating Michael Wasley 5-3, before losing 1-5 to Thepchaiya Un-Nooh. Leslie's season ended when he was beaten 4–10 by Dechawat Poomjaeng in the first round of World Championship Qualifying. He finished his first year on tour ranked world number 94.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2013/2014 season.

paragraph: Leslie could not win more than one match in any event during the 2013/2014 season. He did reach the second round of a ranking event for the first time in his career at the UK Championship by coming back from 4–0 down against Jack Lisowski to win 6–4, a performance he described as the best of his career so far, but he then lost 6–3 against Liang Wenbo in the next round. Leslie was beaten 10–6 by amateur player Christopher Keogan in the opening round of World Championship qualifying. He was relegated from the main tour as he ended the season ranked world number 101, well outside of the top 64 who remain. Leslie played in Q School to try and win his spot back and succeeded in the second event by defeating Eden Sharav in his final match to earn a new two-year tour card for the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2014/2015 season.

paragraph: In the qualifying rounds of the 2014 Australian Goldfields Open, Leslie beat Hammad Miah 5–4 and Sam Baird 5–3 to play in the final round, but was narrowly eliminated 5–4 by Marcus Campbell. Later in the season after losing eight matches in a row, Leslie recorded the result of his career to date by defeating Mark Allen, a player ranked 106 places above him in the rankings, 5–1 to qualify for the China Open. There, he reached the last 32 of a ranking event for the first time with a 5–1 victory over Joe O'Connor, but was thrashed 5–0 by Mark Williams.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015/2016 season.

paragraph: A disappointing season saw Leslie fail to qualify for any ranking event other than the UK Championship and Welsh Open, for which he gained automatic entry and he failed to pick up a frame in either of those as he lost in the first round to Gerard Greene and Judd Trump. He finished the season 94th in the world rankings and therefore fell off the snooker tour.

description: Scottish snooker player

wikidata_label: Michael Leslie

wikipedia_title: Michael Leslie


text: speedskater

text: 2015 Pan American Games

text: Toronto

text: inline speed skating

text: Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: ISU profile

text: Speed Skating Canada profile

categories: Pan American Games medalists in roller skating,Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Olympic speed skaters of Canada,Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada,Canadian male speed skaters,1989 births,Inline speed skaters,Living people,Roller speed skaters at the 2015 Pan American Games

paragraph: Jordan Belchos

paragraph: Jordan Belchos (born June 22, 1989) is a Canadian speedskater. He primarily skates in the long distances of 1500 m, 5000 m and 10 000 m, as well as the mass start event. He won medals at the World Cup level and finished third at the 2012–13 ISU Speed Skating Mass Start World Cup.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015 Pan American Games.

paragraph: At the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Canada, Belchos won a bronze medal in inline speed skating.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Belchos qualified to compete for Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ISU profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speed Skating Canada profile

description: Canadian speed skater and roller speed skater

wikidata_label: Jordan Belchos

wikipedia_title: Jordan Belchos


text: Puerto Rican

text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: New York Mets

text: Major League Baseball

text: pitching coach

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Florida International University

text: NCAA Division I Baseball Championship

text: Atlanta Braves

text: 2001 Major League Baseball draft

text: Los Angeles Angels

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Vancouver Canadians

text: Lansing Lugnuts

categories: Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico,Salt Lake Stingers players,1979 births,New York Mets players,Tiburones de La Guaira players,Norfolk Tides players,Jamestown Jammers players,New Orleans Zephyrs players,New Hampshire Fisher Cats players,Kirkwood Community College alumni,Gigantes de Carolina players,FIU Panthers baseball coaches,Myrtle Beach Pelicans players,Macon Braves players,Caribbean Series players,Greenville Braves players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,2006 World Baseball Classic players,FIU Panthers baseball players,Dunedin Blue Jays players,Binghamton Mets players,Las Vegas 51s players,Arkansas Travelers players,People from Carolina, Puerto Rico,Gulf Coast Blue Jays players

paragraph: Willie Collazo

paragraph: William Collazo (born November 7, 1979) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball pitcher. During the 2007 season, he appeared in six games for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). Since 2016, Collazo has worked as a minor league pitching coach in the Toronto Blue Jays organization.

paragraph: Collazo graduated from Florida International University, where he went 13–1 as a senior and helped his team to the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship tournament. He was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 10th round of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. Collazo played for the Braves, Los Angeles Angels, and New York Mets organizations. He was called up to the Mets on September 1, , and made his major league debut on September 5, 2007, against the Cincinnati Reds. He became a free agent at the end of the season and signed a minor league contract with the Florida Marlins.

paragraph: He last played in the Toronto Blue Jays organization from 2010 to 2012. Collazo was the pitching coach for the Short Season-A Vancouver Canadians in 2016. On January 19, 2017, he was promoted to be the pitching coach for the Class-A Lansing Lugnuts.

paragraph: In July 2019, Collazo was named the pitching coach at FIU.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Willie Collazo

wikipedia_title: Willie Collazo


text:
French
rally
Renault
Citroën
Jesús Puras
Citroën Total World Rally Team
World Rally Championship
Sébastien Loeb
Tour de Corse
Rallye Sanremo
Monte Carlo Rally
Seine-et-Marne

wikipedia_title:
France
Rallying
Renault
Citroën
Jesús Puras
Citroën World Rally Team
World Rally Championship
Sébastien Loeb
Tour de Corse
Rallye Sanremo
Monte Carlo Rally
Seine-et-Marne

categories: Accidental deaths from falls,2012 deaths,1963 births,Sportspeople from Allier,French rally drivers,Accidental deaths in France,French people of Polish descent

paragraph: Philippe Bugalski

paragraph: Philippe Bugalski (12 June 1963 – 10 August 2012) was a French rally driver.

paragraph: Bugalski became a works Renault driver in the French Rally Championship in 1994. In 1998, he joined the works Citroën team, with whom he won the French national title three years in a row, from 1998 to 2000.

paragraph: By the mid 1990s he had become a regular choice as tarmac specialist for Citroën, along with team mate Jesús Puras. However, as the Citroën Total World Rally Team entered the World Rally Championship full-time, employing such drivers as Sébastien Loeb, he was frequently entered as Citroën's 3rd driver for tarmac rallies. His top performances have been on home soil on the Tour de Corse, but he has also shown potential in the Rallye Sanremo, Monte Carlo Rally, and Rallye Catalunya.

paragraph: After his breakthrough, he has struggled to secure a firm place in Citroen's WRC team but has always been a solid reserve driver and only really used as a tarmac specialist. By 2003, he had stopped rallying professionally.

paragraph: Bugalski died on 10 August 2012, aged 49, from injuries sustained when he fell out of a tree at his home in Seine-et-Marne.

description: French rally driver

wikidata_label: Philippe Bugalski

wikipedia_title: Philippe Bugalski


text:
Andretti Autosport
Indy Lights
Formula Two
karting
Hywel Lloyd
McLaren Autosport BRDC Award
FIA Formula Two Championship
Williams F1
Daniel Ricciardo
ISR Racing
powerboat racing
Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain
Koiranen GP
2013 GP3 Series season
Koiranen GP
Carmen Jordá
DAMS
Red Bull Junior Team
Carlin
2015
Indy Lights
Andretti Autosport
Dallara IR12
Strakka Racing
McLaren 650 GT3
Andrew Watson
Jazeman Jaafar
2017 Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup
Wyvern College, Eastleigh

wikipedia_title: FIA Formula Two Championship (2009–2012)

categories: FIA Formula Two Championship drivers,English racing drivers,British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,People from Croydon,Indy Lights drivers,British motorboat racers,GP2 Series drivers,McLaren Autosport BRDC Award nominees,Formula Renault BARC drivers,1990 births,Formula 3.5 V8 drivers,Testicular cancer survivors,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: Dean Stoneman

paragraph: Dean Colin Stoneman (born July 24, 1990) is a British racing driver from England who is currently driving for Andretti Autosport in Indy Lights. Stoneman was the 2010 Formula Two champion.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Like many drivers, Stoneman began his career in karting. He made his first steps in single-seaters in 2006 when he competed in selected rounds of the Formula Renault BARC. He raced in the series full-time in 2007, finishing as runner-up to Hywel Lloyd. He also finished sixth in the Formula Renault 2.0 UK Winter Series.

paragraph: Stoneman moved to the main Formula Renault 2.0 UK championship in 2008 and took three wins on his way to fourth in the standings. He was also nominated for the McLaren Autosport BRDC Award. Stoneman finished fourth again in the standings in 2009, this time with just one race win.

paragraph: Stoneman won the FIA Formula Two Championship in 2010, securing a test drive with the Williams F1 team at the end of the season. On the first day of the young drivers test in Abu Dhabi he set the fifth fastest time, just under two seconds slower than pacesetter Daniel Ricciardo.

paragraph: In 2011 Stoneman had been planning to progress to the Formula Renault 3.5 series, joining fellow young driver tester Ricciardo at ISR Racing, but he was forced to skip the season after he was diagnosed with testicular cancer.

paragraph: Stoneman spent 2012 competing in powerboat racing (his father, Colin, was a previous champion) as he regained fitness, winning the P1 SuperStock UK powerboat title in 2012. He returned to car racing in the 2013 Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain season after recovering from his illness, winning both races on his debut weekend along with pole position in qualifying. Later in the season, Stoneman had accumulated too many points on his licence and was given a two race ban, which he served at the Rockingham race weekend. Stoneman returned to single-seater racing in late 2013 driving for Koiranen GP in the last two races of the 2013 GP3 Series season. Stoneman signed with Marussia Manor Racing for 2014 GP3 season. Stoneman drove for Manor in the first seven race weekends. Following Manor's folding four races before season's ending, Stoneman switched to Koiranen GP replacing Carmen Jordá. Stoneman finished second in the drivers championship.

paragraph: In 2015, Stoneman moved to the Formula Renault 3.5 Series with DAMS having picked up the backing of the Red Bull Junior Team. Stoneman finished sixth overall in the Formula Renault 3.5 scoring 130 points. Stoneman joined GP2 series with Carlin for the last three events of the 2015 season. Stoneman finished GP2 season 24th overall with one point.

paragraph: In 2016 Stoneman moved to Indy Lights driving for Andretti Autosport. He finished fifth in the Indy Lights championship. In addition to competing in Indy Lights, Stoneman tested an Andretti Dallara IR12 Indycar in August of that year.

paragraph: In March 2017 Strakka Racing announced that Stoneman would race for them in 2017, sharing a McLaren 650 GT3 with Andrew Watson and Jazeman Jaafar in the 2017 Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He went to school at Wyvern College, Eastleigh.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete GP3 Series results.

paragraph: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Dean Stoneman

wikipedia_title: Dean Stoneman


text:
Irish
saint
Twelve Apostles of Ireland
Lough Erne
Knockninny
County Fermanagh
Northern Ireland
Brigid of Kildare
County Donegal
Laoghaire
St. Finian
Clonard
Ciarán of Clonmacnoise
Inishmacsaint
532
Lent
Enniskillen Castle
Knockninny

wikipedia_title:
Ireland
Saint
Twelve Apostles of Ireland
Lough Erne
Knockninny
County Fermanagh
Northern Ireland
Brigid of Kildare
County Donegal
Lóegaire
Finnian of Clonard
Clonard Abbey
Ciarán of Clonmacnoise
Inishmacsaint
6th century in Ireland
Lent
Enniskillen Castle
Knockninny

categories: Medieval Irish saints,People from County Donegal,6th-century Irish people

paragraph: Ninnidh

paragraph: Ninnidh (alias Ninnidh the Pious, , meaning one eyed Ninnidh) was a 6th-century Irish Christian saint. St. Ninnidh is regarded as one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland. He is associated with shores of Lough Erne and particularly the island of Inishmacsaint and the parish of Knockninny, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland (derived from the , meaning the Hill of Ninnidh). His feast day is January 18.

paragraph: Ninnidh of Inismacsaint is often confused with Saint Ninnidh of the Pure Hand who attended Brigid of Kildare on her deathbed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ninnidh was born in County Donegal, a grandson of Laoghaire, the High King of Ireland. He was educated under St. Finian at Clonard, where his fellow students included Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, St. Molaise of Devenish and St. Aidan of Ferns. St. Ninnidh preached along the South shore of Lough Erne making the island of Inishmacsaint (Island of the Sorrel Plain) his headquarters around 532. Ciarán visited Inishmacsaint in 534.

paragraph: He likely journeyed up and down the Southern portion of Lower Lough Erne in a hollowed-out boat, coming ashore and making his way inland to meet people and spread the gospel. After St. Patrick’s time, the Celtic Church was divided into many territories and ruled by Abbots of Monasteries, only some of whom were Bishops. St. Ninnidh built a monastery on Inishmacsaint Isle (near Devenish) circa 530A.D. and using the waterways of the time cared for the people from the Erne as far as the sea, sending his priests and monks to the local Churches. In 530 AD Ninnidh held a 40-day fast on Knockninny Hill, during the period of Lent.

paragraph: St. Ninnidh's feast day is 18 January. St. Ninnidh's well is situated at Knockninny Quay on the shores of Upper Lough Erne and is reputed to have curative properties for eye ailments. In William Henry's "Upper Lough Erne in 1739" the well was described as a chief curiosity, "being a plentiful foundation of pure water, having a clearance and coolness scarce to be met with. It was at that time a popular spot for boatspeople to retire to for their entertainments for which and around it are arranged benches of sod and over it a shade of aquatic trees".

paragraph: St. Ninnidh's bell, traditionally presented to Ninnidh by St. Senach of Derrybrusk, was kept in Knockninny parish in the 17th century. It was at Castle Caldwell (now incorporated into the Enniskillen Castle Museum in County Fermanagh until 1877, when it was sold at auction to Robert Day of Cork (who sketched the drawing to right). When Day’s collection was sold in 1913, this bell was not part of the sale. Although for some time it was identified with a bell in the National Museum of Edinburgh (probably St. Ninian’s Bell, formerly from the collection of John Bell), the location of St. Ninnidh’s Bell is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knockninny

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Ninnidh Stained Glass Window

description: 6th-century bishop and founder of the monastic site at Inishmacsaint

wikidata_label: Ninnidh Láimhdhearg

wikipedia_title: Ninnidh


text:
Scotland
rugby league
Hull Kingston Rovers
Super League
Bradford Bulls
Super League
Championship
Pontefract
West Yorkshire
Bradford Bulls
Bradford Bulls
rugby league
Bradford Bulls
Bradford Bulls
Bradford Bulls
Odsal Stadium
Bradford Bulls
Championship
Million Pound Game
Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
Bradford Bulls
Super League
Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
Super League
Championship
Belle Vue
Bradford Bulls
Hull Kingston Rovers
Dewsbury Rams
rugby league
Bradford Bulls
Bradford Bulls
liquidation
Hull Kingston Rovers
Hull Kingston Rovers
Bradford Bulls
rugby league
Hull Kingston Rovers
Championship
Tim Sheens
Hull Kingston Rovers
Super League
Hull Kingston Rovers
Super League
ACL
Hull F.C.
Tim Sheens
Super League
Hull Kingston Rovers
Widnes Vikings
Scotland
2013 Rugby League World Cup
Scotland
Papua New Guinea
2013 Rugby League World Cup
Kumuls
Tonga
Italy
USA
New Zealand
Scotland
2014 European Cup
Wales
Ireland
France
Scotland
2015 European Cup
Danny Brough
Wales
France
Scotland
2017 Rugby League World Cup
Tonga
New Zealand
Samoa
Tonga
New Zealand
Samoa
Scotland
ACL
rugby league
Scotland
Hull Kingston Rovers
rugby league
Scotland
Scotland
Scotland
Bravehearts
Scotland
Hull Kingston Rovers
Hull KR profile
Bradford Bulls profile
2017 RLWC profile
SL profile

categories: Rugby league halfbacks,English rugby league players,Scotland national rugby league team players,Bradford Bulls players,English people of Scottish descent,1991 births,Living people

paragraph: Danny Addy

paragraph: Daniel "Danny" Addy (born 15 January 1991) is a Scotland international rugby league footballer who plays as a for Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League.

paragraph: He has previously played for the Bradford Bulls in the Super League and the Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Addy was born in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Early career.

paragraph: Addy is a product of the Bradford Bulls' Academy System.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Playing positions.

paragraph: He primarily plays as a , but he can also play as a , and .

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2010.

paragraph: After his impressive début season with the Bradford Bulls in 2010, at the end of that same 2010 rugby league season, Danny Addy signed a new two-year contract at the Bradford Bulls.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2012.

paragraph: In 2012, Addy signed a one-year extension to his current Bradford Bulls' contract.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2013.

paragraph: At the end of the 2013 season he signed another two-year contract extension, to stay with the Bradford Bulls and remain 'part of the furniture' at Odsal Stadium.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2014.

paragraph: Addy signed a new two-year deal with the Bradford Bulls at the end of their 2014 campaign, despite their relegation to the Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2015.

paragraph: In 2015, Danny played in the Million Pound Game against the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, as the Bradford Bulls made a bid to return to the Super League following their relegation the season prior.

paragraph: Their efforts came up short, as the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats retained their position in the Super League, by beating their Championship challengers 24-16 at Belle Vue.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2016.

paragraph: The 2016 season proved to be the last year that Addy would represent the Bradford Bulls, before he joined Hull Kingston Rovers.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2010.

paragraph: Danny appeared for the Dewsbury Rams in the 2010 rugby league season, as part of the Bradford Bulls' dual-registration partnership with the club.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2017.

paragraph: Following the Bradford Bulls's liquidation, Addy signed for Hull Kingston Rovers on a 2-year deal.

paragraph: Danny made his Hull Kingston Rovers' début on 5 February 2017, in a 54-24 victory over his former club the Bradford Bulls on the opening day of the 2017 rugby league season.

paragraph: Addy was one of Hull Kingston Rovers' standout players in their 2017 Championship campaign, playing in numerous creative positions under Head Coach, Tim Sheens.

paragraph: Danny was part of the Hull Kingston Rovers' side that won promotion back to the Super League, at the first time of asking following relegation the season prior.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2018.

paragraph: Following Hull Kingston Rovers' promotion back to the Super League for the 2018 season, Addy unfortunately suffered a season-ending ACL injury, in a pre-season friendly against cross-city rivals Hull F.C..

paragraph: Ruling him out of the entire year before it had even begun, much to everyone's disappointment at the club.

paragraph: Including Head Coach Tim Sheens who said, “It was one of the hardest phone calls I’ve ever had to make. Having to call Danny to say we have to go without your services this year was truly heartbreaking.”

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2019.

paragraph: On 13 January 2019, after missing the entire 2018 Super League season, Addy made his long awaited return to the Hull Kingston Rovers' fold in a pre-season friendly against the Widnes Vikings, Addy claimed a 30–16 victory in his return to the side.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2013.

paragraph: Addy was named as part of the Scotland squad for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup.

paragraph: He is a current Scotland International and he scored a try and kicked a goal on his début against Papua New Guinea, in a 2013 Rugby League World Cup warm-up match on 19 October 2013, which ended in a 20-38 loss to the Kumuls.

paragraph: Danny featured in the group games against Tonga, Italy (in which he scored a try) and the USA. Addy also played in the Quarter-Final against New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2014.

paragraph: Addy was also selected in the Scotland squad for the 2014 European Cup. He played at , in the tournaments opening game against Wales. He then featured against Ireland (in which he scored a try) and France.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2015.

paragraph: Danny was selected in the Scotland squad for the 2015 European Cup.

paragraph: He started at , alongside Danny Brough for the opening match against Wales and then at against France, (in which he scored a brace of tries).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2017.

paragraph: Addy was selected in the Scotland side for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.

paragraph: He featured against Tonga, New Zealand and Samoa. His scoring record against those particular teams during the tournament was as followed, Tonga (1 try), New Zealand (1 goal) and Samoa (3 goals).

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:2018.

paragraph: It was revealed on 18 April 2018, that Addy had taken over the leadership of Scotland's under-19's programme for the rest of 2018.

paragraph: The offer made to Danny, was to keep him busy during his long recovery from his season ending ACL injury. That he sustained in the pre-season of the 2018 rugby league campaign.

paragraph: Following the announcement of the news, Danny had this to say, “I am incredibly proud to represent and support Scotland. I have been on at the Chairman, Keith Hogg, for some time to find a way for me to get involved in coaching. Obviously, I didn't want to get seriously injured but it has given me the chance to take-up this great opportunity.

paragraph: Furthermore he added, “I am very grateful to my club, (Hull Kingston Rovers) for releasing me to do this. To get the chance to develop my rugby league coaching experience within the Scotland set-up and help some of Scotland's younger players to develop is very exciting.”

paragraph: Scotland's Chairman, Keith Hogg, added, “Danny is one of a large group of players whose commitment to the Bravehearts is outstanding and who want to put something back into the development of the sport in Scotland.

paragraph: “We did not want to see him get injured, but with great support from Hull Kingston Rovers we are really pleased to have him leading our under-19's programme for the rest of 2018.”

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hull KR profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bradford Bulls profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 RLWC profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- SL profile

description: rugby league player

wikidata_label: Danny Addy

wikipedia_title: Danny Addy


text:
Archbishop of Milan
saint
Catholic Church
synod
suffragan bishops
Monothelite
Paul the Deacon
Damian
Constantine IV
Pope Agatho
Third Council of Constantinople
Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
translated
Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore
transept
Milan Cathedral
Roman Rite
Ambrosian Rite
Savelli

categories: Year of birth unknown,Archbishops of Milan,685 deaths,Italian saints,Burials at Milan Cathedral,7th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Mansuetus (bishop of Milan)

paragraph: Mansuetus (, ) was Archbishop of Milan from 676 to 685. He is honoured as a saint in the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Among the scant information about his life, it is known that in 679 he organized and held a synod with his suffragan bishops in Milan in order to condemn the Monothelite doctrine. According to Paul the Deacon this synod issued a letter, written by a Damian later bishop of Pavia, directly to Emperor Constantine IV. A year later Mansuetus and his suffragan bishops participated in Rome to a synod opened by Pope Agatho on 27 march 680 and subscribed the acts there issued. This 680 Rome synod was held in preparation of the Third Council of Constantinople, which a few months later condemned the Monothelitism.

paragraph: Mansuetus died on 19 February probably of 685. His remains were buried in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, but were later translated to the Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore and again in 1987 to South transept of the Milan Cathedral.

paragraph: His feast day is February 19 in the Roman Rite and September 2 in the Ambrosian Rite. A late tradition, with no historical basis, associates Mansuetus with the Roman family of the Savelli.

description: Saint Archbishop Of Milan

wikidata_label: Mansuetus

wikipedia_title: Mansuetus (bishop of Milan)


text: KG

text: Robert Bourchier, 1st Baron Bourchier

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Battle of Auray

text: Knight of the Garter

categories: 1400 deaths,Year of birth missing,Barons Bourchier

paragraph: John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier

paragraph: John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier KG (died 21 May 1400), was a soldier and diplomat in the service of the crown

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: John was the eldest son of Robert Bourchier, 1st Baron Bourchier and his wife Margaret Prayers. He inherited the title when his father died in 1349, along with estates and property focused around Essex.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John followed his father in pursuing a military career, serving with Edward, the Black Prince in Gascony in 1355 and was at the Battle of Auray in 1364. Other known engagements include being one of the Council to the King's Lieutenant in France in 1370 and being part of the 1379 fleet that was unsuccessful in its attempt to support the Breton Army. In 1384, he was sent as Governor in Chief to Flanders, remaining for 18 months in Ghent.

paragraph: He was summoned to Parliament regularly between 1381 and 1399 before being excused due to age and infirmities. He was made Knight of the Garter in 1392. He died 21 May 1400.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Issue.

paragraph: He married, before 1374, Maud Coggeshall, daughter of Sir John Coggeshall. They had one known son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartholomew Bourchier, 3rd Baron Bourchier b. 1374, d. 18 May 1409

wikidata_label: John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier

wikipedia_title: John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Bourchier


text: Foggia

text: Naples

text: physician

text: politician

text: professor

text: Foggia

text: Roseto Valfortore

text: Ariano

text: Naples

text: Domenico Cotugno

text: Ospedale degli Incurabili

text: Ospedale della Pace

text: Physiology

text: inflammation

text: fever

text: Regia Università di Napoli

text: cholera

text: Pathology

text: clinician

text: Rome

text: Capua

text: Genoa

text: Caserta

text: Ferdinando II

text: Apulia

text: apoplexy

paragraph: Vincenzo Lanza

paragraph: Vincenzo Lanza (8 May 1784 in Foggia – 3 April 1860 in Naples) was an Italian physician, politician and professor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vincenzo Lanza, or Vincenzio (as he preferred to be called) was born in Foggia from a humble couple coming form Roseto Valfortore working as service personnel in Mr Saggese's estates. He spent the first years of his life in the province of Foggia, attending the Seminary of Ariano until he was 16, when he moved to Naples to study medicine. Very important for him was the figure of Domenico Cotugno, holder of the Chair of Protomedicato of the Reign (a sort of general management of Public Healthcare), even if he was also student of lots of important physicians of the time at the Ospedale degli Incurabili.

paragraph: On 20 October 1808 Lanza inaugurated a private clinic in the Ospedale della Pace, the first one in a Neapolitan hospital. In the same year he published a first book of Physiology, that can be considered as his graduation thesis. The following years were of great importance for his medical career, letting him reach prestigious positions in the scientific and educational environment. In 1811 Lanza received the licence to practice the medical profession and in 1817 his private clinic become a public one with the name of “Clinica dei nuovi sperimenti”. In 1820 he wrote a letter to Giacomo Tommasini, about inflammation and fever (two important problems of the time), and five years later he published "Gli elementi di medicina pratica analitica", dedicated to the same Tommasini.

paragraph: In 1831 he became full professor and holder of the second Chair of Medicina Pratica at Regia Università di Napoli. Between 1836 and 1837 an epidemic of cholera broke out and lots of physicians left Naples but Lanza, who stayed there with some others to study and try to contain this phenomenon. In 1841 Lanza published "Nosoloigia Positiva", the first Italian book of Pathology written by a clinician for clinicians. In 1846 he became Dean of the Medicine Department of the University and in 1848 was elected member of the Parliament of the Province of Naples. But during the night of 14 May the revolution broke out: the Parliament was prorogued and Lanza, as lots of other patriots, was exiled.

paragraph: In the years of his exile he was in Rome, Capua, Genoa and Caserta until 1855, when he was able to come back to Naples. In 1859 Lanza was called to the sickbed of Ferdinando II (come back seriously ill from a journey in Apulia) who died soon after. One year later, in 1860, Lanza died of apoplexy in his house in Via Toledo 413 in Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lezioni di clinica medica" (1809)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Istituzioni di clinica medica" (1811)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aforismi di clinica" (1814)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giornale clinico del tifo Petecchiale, e Sperimenti sulla petecchiale corrente in Napoli" (1817)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patologico Clinica – sulla natura dell’infiammazione e della febbre –" (letter to G. Tommasini) (1820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gli elementi di medicina pratica analitica" (1825)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ragionamento sul retto uso dell'analisi e della critica nello studio della medicina" (1832)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Provvedimenti curativi nella colera" (1836)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nosologia Positiva" (1841/45)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domenico Pace, "[http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/iccuviewer/iccu.jsp?id=oai%3Awww.internetculturale.sbn.it%2FTeca%3A20%3ANT0000%3AFOG0206555&mode=all&teca=MagTeca+-+ICCU&fulltext=1 Vincenzo Lanza e i suoi tempi [1784-1860]]" (excerpted from Studium - Rivista di scienza medica - anno XXI, n° 5), Napoli, 1931, pp. 24

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessandro Porro, “Vincenzo Lanza”, "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", Treccani, 2004, vol. 63

description: Italian physician and politician

wikidata_label: Vincenzo Lanza

wikipedia_title: Vincenzo Lanza


text:
American football
defensive tackle
Cleveland Browns
National Football League
Ragsdale High School
Jamestown, North Carolina
college football
Charlotte
science
biology
CBSSports.com
2017 Senior Bowl
Senior Bowl
ESPN
Mike Mayock
Sports Illustrated
Cleveland Browns
2017 NFL Draft
Charlotte 49ers bio
Cleveland Browns bio

categories: Charlotte 49ers football players,Cleveland Browns players,Living people,Sportspeople from Greensboro, North Carolina,American people of Nigerian descent,American football defensive tackles,Players of American football from New Jersey,1994 births,Players of American football from North Carolina,Sportspeople from Essex County, New Jersey,People from Livingston, New Jersey

paragraph: Larry Ogunjobi

paragraph: Olumide Larry Ogunjobi (born June 3, 1994) is an American football defensive tackle for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL).

paragraph: Section::::Background and College Career.

paragraph: Ogunjobi attended Ragsdale High School in Jamestown, North Carolina. From 2013 to 2016 he played college football at Charlotte, recording 217 tackles and 13 sacks. At Charlotte he double-majored in computer science and biology,

paragraph: graduating with a degree in computer science in December 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Coming out of college, Ogunjobi was ranked as the 15th best defensive tackle in the draft by CBSSports.com and was projected to be a fifth or sixth round pick. He received an invitation to the 2017 Senior Bowl, practiced well throughout the week, and played defensive tackle for the North who lost 16–15 to the South. Ogunjobi raised his draft stock after showcasing his talent in the Senior Bowl. He participated at the NFL Combine and completed all the required combine and positional drills. About a dozen or more scouts and representatives attended Charlotte's Pro Day to scout Ogunjobi as the feature prospect and two other teammates. NFL draft experts and analysts projected him to be a second or third round pick. He was ranked as the third best defensive tackle in the draft by ESPN, was ranked the fourth best defensive tackle by NFLDraftScout.com, was ranked the fifth best defensive tackle by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and was ranked the sixth best defensive tackle by "Sports Illustrated".

paragraph: The Cleveland Browns selected Ogunjobi in the third round (65th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. Ogunjobi signed his contract with the Browns on May 17, 2017, a deal which totaled $3.9 million.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte 49ers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Browns bio

description: American football defensive tackle

wikidata_label: Larry Ogunjobi

wikipedia_title: Larry Ogunjobi


text: Sheikh

text: Saudi Arabian

text: Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs

text: King Saud

text: Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

text: Saudi royal family

text: Council of Ministers

text: Unaizah

text: Al-Qassim Province

text: imam

text: mosque

text: Cairo University

text: Najdi

text: Mecca

text: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

text: King Saud

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to Iraq

text: Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

text: Saudi royal family

text: Saudi Minister of Agriculture

text: Faisal

text: King of Saudi Arabia

text: Saudi Ambassador to the United States

text: Faisal's assassination

text: Khalid

text: Riyadh

text: Council of Ministers

text: emphysema

categories: Government ministers of Saudi Arabia,Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States,Saudi Arabian diplomats,Agriculture ministers,Saudi Arabian Muslims,Advisors,Cairo University alumni,Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iraq,People from Unaizah,Saudi Arabian educators,1977 deaths,1916 births

paragraph: Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel

paragraph: Sheikh Ibrahim bin Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah Al Sowayel (; 1916 – 22 January 1977) was a Saudi Arabian statesman and diplomat who most notably served as the Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1960 to 1962. Appointed on 22 December 1960 by King Saud, he succeeded the future king, Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and was succeeded by him again in on 16 March 1961. He was noted for being the first non-member of the Saudi royal family to hold the position of foreign minister. He also served as the Saudi Arabian ambassador to both the United States and Iraq, as the Saudi Minister of Agriculture, and later as a member of the Council of Ministers and an advisor to the Royal Court.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Al-Sowayel was born in Unaizah, Al-Qassim Province. His father was Sheik Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Sowayel, an imam at a Unaizah mosque. He graduated from Cairo University, and he was the first Najdi person to attend university.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Al Sowayel began his career teaching at a mission school in Mecca, before joining the diplomatic corps of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He later served as a political advisor to King Saud, and a diplomat at the Saudi Embassy in Cairo, Egypt. From 1958 to 1960, before being appointed foreign minister, he was the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to Iraq.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Minister of Foreign Affairs.

paragraph: Al Sowayel was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs by a royal decree of King Saud, and took office on 22 December 1960. His predecessor was Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (later King Faisal), and a close friend. With Faisal having held the office since its creation in 1930, Al Sowayel became the country's second foreign minister, and the first minister not a member of the Saudi royal family.

paragraph: Al Sowayel held the office of foreign minister briefly, for less than two years, before returning it back to Faisal, whom he had asked to succeed him. He left office on 16 March 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Later career.

paragraph: On 31 October 1962, Al Sowayel took office as the Saudi Minister of Agriculture, serving until 29 August 1964. When Faisal became King of Saudi Arabia, Al Sowayel was appointed Saudi Ambassador to the United States, serving until Faisal's assassination in 1975. Faisal's half-brother, Khalid, became king, and Al Sowayel left his ambassadorship and returned to the capital of Riyadh to help aide the new monarch. From 1975 until his death in 1977, he served as an advisor to the Saudi Royal Court and as a member of the Council of Ministers.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Al Sowayel died of complications from emphysema at dawn on 21 May 1977 in Riyadh.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C.

wikidata_label: Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel

wikipedia_title: Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel


text:
American football
defensive back
Sioux Falls Storm
Indoor Football League
college football
University of South Alabama
Inkster High School
Inkster, Michigan
Kansas City Chiefs
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Rattlers
Iowa Barnstormers
Tampa Bay Storm
Inkster High School
American football
Western Michigan Broncos
South Alabama
cornerback
BC Lions
Kansas City Chiefs
Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Rattlers
Indoor Football League
Salt Lake Screaming Eagles
Iowa Barnstormers
Tampa Bay Storm
Arena Football League
Cleveland Gladiators
Maine Mammoths
Sioux Falls Storm
South Alabama Jaguars bio

categories: Kansas City Chiefs players,Iowa Barnstormers players,Living people,Maine Mammoths players,Cleveland Gladiators players,Canadian football defensive backs,Salt Lake Screaming Eagles players,Western Michigan Broncos football players,Tampa Bay Storm players,BC Lions players,American football defensive backs,South Alabama Jaguars football players,1991 births,Arizona Rattlers players,Arizona Cardinals players,American players of Canadian football,Players of American football from Michigan

paragraph: Damond Smith

paragraph: Damond Earl Smith II (born July 8, 1991) is an American football defensive back for the Sioux Falls Storm of the Indoor Football League (IFL). He played college football at the University of South Alabama and attended Inkster High School in Inkster, Michigan. Smith has also been a member of the Kansas City Chiefs, Arizona Cardinals, Arizona Rattlers, Iowa Barnstormers and Tampa Bay Storm.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Smith attended Inkster High School where he played American football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Smith played for the Western Michigan Broncos from 2009 to 2010. He played in 18 games over two years and helped the Broncos to 11 wins. He transferred to South Alabama where he played from 2011 to 2012. He was the team's starter his final two years and helped the Jaguars to 8 wins. He played in 4 games during his career including 0 starts at cornerback. Smith was suspended after just 4 games for a violation of team and departmental rules.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:BC Lions.

paragraph: In October 2013, Smith signed with the BC Lions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: On July 28, 2014, Smith signed with the Kansas City Chiefs. On August 26, 2014, Smith was released by the Chiefs.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: In February 2015, Smith signed with the Arizona Cardinals. On August 4, 2015, Smith was cut by the Cardinals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Rattlers.

paragraph: On October 25, 2016, Smith signed with the Arizona Rattlers of the Indoor Football League. He was released on February 15, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Salt Lake Screaming Eagles.

paragraph: On March 2, 2017, Smith signed with the Salt Lake Screaming Eagles. He was released just 4 days later.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Iowa Barnstormers.

paragraph: On March 9, 2017, Smith signed with the Iowa Barnstormers. On March 28, 2017, the Barnstormers placed Smith on the transfer list.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Storm.

paragraph: On March 17, 2017, Smith was assigned to the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League. On May 2, 2017, Smith was placed on reassignment.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Gladiators.

paragraph: On May 3, 2017, Smith was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Gladiators. On May 18, Smith was placed on recallable reassignment. On May 23, 2017, Smith was assigned to the Gladiators once again. On June 5, 2017, Smith was placed on reassignment.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Maine Mammoths.

paragraph: On January 23, 2018, Smith signed with the Maine Mammoths. He was released on April 5, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Sioux Falls Storm.

paragraph: On April 19, 2018, Smith signed with the Sioux Falls Storm.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- South Alabama Jaguars bio

wikidata_label: Damond Smith

wikipedia_title: Damond Smith


text:
AH
Maliki
Khalil ibn Ishaq

categories: 1006 births,1085 deaths,11th-century Tunisian people,11th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,11th-century jurists,Malikis,Tunisian Maliki scholars,11th-century scholars

paragraph: Al-Lakhmi

paragraph: Ali ibn Muhammad Al-Qayrawani Al-Lakhmi (1006 – 1085 CE) (390 AH – 478 AH ), also known as Imam al-Lakhmi was a famous Tunisian jurist in the Maliki school of Sunni Islamic Law. He was one of the most important figures in the school and his opinions are still well known and respected to this day. Al-Lakhmi was one of four jurists whose positions were held as authoritative by Khalil ibn Ishaq in his Mukhtassar (one of the most important of the later texts in the relied upon positions of the school).

paragraph: Section::::Known works.

paragraph: At-Tabsirah is one of the founding books in the Madhhab, it is a commentary to the most famous of them al-Moudawanah, by Imam al-Lakhmi, one of the imams of the prestigious Tunisian school of the time.

paragraph: This book is a reference that takes up the great books that preceded it as al-Wadiha of ibn Habib and which will then be taken up by the Malikite scholars later as ibn Ruchd or al-Khalil in his Mukhtasar.

paragraph: He broadly develops questions and opinions and with much detail.

description: 11th-century Islamic jurist

wikidata_label: Al-Lakhmi

wikipedia_title: Al-Lakhmi


text:
Chur
Canton Grisons
Aussig
Bohemia
War of Austrian Succession
Seven Years' War
Chur
Davos
Halle
Lombardy
Maria Theresa
Siege of Genoa
Como
lieutenant field marshal
Seven Years' War
Siege of Prague
Battle of Rossbach
Battle of Schweidnitz
Battle of Breslau
Breslau
Battle of Leuthen
besieged
Frederick the Great
field marshal
Prague
Aussig
"Diarium"
Solomon von Sprecher

categories: 1697 births,Austrian military personnel of the Seven Years' War,1758 deaths,People from Chur

paragraph: Soloman Sprecher von Bernegg

paragraph: Soloman Sprecher von Bernegg, born in Chur, Canton Grisons, 14 December 1697 – 14 September 1758 Aussig, Bohemia (today known as Ústí nad Labem, in the Czech Republic) was a Habsburg military commander in the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was born in Chur, on 14 December 1697, the son of Johann Andreas, Landmann, und his wife Maria Terz. He was descended from the Davos line of the noble Sprecher von Bernegg family. He married first to Dorothea Maria Sprecher von Bernegg, daughter of Johann, a fellow lieutenant in Spanish service, and second, in 1738, to Elisabeth Ursula Buol, daughter of Stephan Buol.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early military service.

paragraph: He attended the Gymnasium in Halle and in 1717 entered into Spanish military service. In 1728 he was appointed as the Military commissioner in Lombardy. In 1736 he entered the Regiment von Schauenstein, and, in 1743, he received command of his own regiment in the service of Maria Theresa. After the Siege of Genoa, he was sent to Como, where he commanded the garrison from 1751–1757.

paragraph: In 1754 he was appointed lieutenant field marshal. In the Seven Years' War, Sprecher was distinguished during the Siege of Prague, by leading an assault on thePrussian line whereupon he was appointed general of the artillery in 1757.

paragraph: Prior to the Battle of Rossbach, Sprecher commanded a small force of grenadiers near Schoenau, part of the game of cat and mouse that the Austrians, French, and Prussians played prior to the battle. Prior to the Battle of Schweidnitz, Sprecher commanded the Austrian right wing; in consequence of an artillery dual, the Duke of Bevern moved his forces away from the Austrians, abandoning about 200,000 rations in the process. At the Battle of Breslau, Specher led the first wave across the Gross Moecherbern bridge, including some infantry units, 35 full companies of grenadiers, mounted grenadiers. At about 1:30 pm, Sprecher had pushed out the battalions of Caspar Ernst von schultze's battalion; Schultze himself was wounded (and died later); the Austrian attack also pushed out the Prussians holding the great battery. Eventually, once the Prussian garrison at Breslau was isolated, they were offered, and accepted, the opportunity to withdraw.

paragraph: Subsequently, Sprecher commanded the Austrian garrison at Breslau in 1757. Shortly after the Battle of Leuthen, the garrison was augmented with Austrian troops, and subsequently besieged by Frederick the Great and his army on 7 December 1757. After approximately two weeks of bombardment, resulting in enormous hardship on the Allied troops within, the garrison surrendered to the Prussians. A court assembled to consider the terms of his capitulation ended with complete exoneration for his actions, and the Empress promoted to him field marshal. On the way to take command of the Austrian army corps destined to fight in Saxony, he became ill on his way to Prague, and died in Aussig.

paragraph: His name is sometimes spelled Salmon or Saloman. Some sources mis-identify the commander of Breslau as Johann Andreas Sprecher von Bernegg (1702–1765), but this was his younger brother.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Behr, Andreas Behr. "Diplomatie als Familiengeschäft: Die Casati als spanisch-mailändische Gesandte in Luzern und Chur (1660–1700)," Chronos Verlag, 2016,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leu, Hans Jacob. "Allgemeines Helvetisches, Eydgenößisches, Oder Schweitzerisches ..., Volume 5", Hans Ulrich Denzler, 1751

paragraph: BULLET::::- Redman, Herbert. "Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763," McFarland, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sprecher, Daniel, "Sprecher", Neue Deutsche Biographie 24 (2010), S. 745–746.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sprecher, Salomon von Bernegg, "Diarium" "der Belagerung von Breslau; und Capitulations-Puncte von der Uebergabe an Se. Königl. Majestät in Preussen: Nebst einem Verzeichniß mit Nahmen, derer Generals, Staabs-Officiers und andern Officiers, dann vom Feldwebel an summariter derer Kayserl. Königl. Trouppen, so den 21ten December ..." Berlin, 1758.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tucker, Spencer, "Battles that Changed History: an Encyclopedia of World Conflict." ABC-CLIO, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wanner, Kurt. Solomon von Sprecher, "Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz,"10 January 2013 version.

wikidata_label: Salomon Sprecher von Bernegg

wikipedia_title: Soloman Sprecher von Bernegg


text: German Jewish

text: Zionist youth movement

text: German occupation of Czechoslovakia

text: Prague

text: Theresienstadt concentration camp

text: Auschwitz

text: Theresienstadt family camp

text: Aachener Couven-Gymnasium

text: antisemitism

text: Nazi Party

text: scouting

text: Düsseldorf

text: Zionist

text: Maccabee Hatziar

text: Zionist sporting association

text: Jewish state

text: Palestine

text: militarized

text: Frankfurt

text: German College of Physical Education

text: Nuremberg Laws

text: Prague

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Brno

text: Olomouc

text: Czech language

text: Zionist World Federation

text: Maccabee Games

text: Žilina

text: Hebrew

text: Reform

text: Buenos Aires

text: Egon Redlich

text: hakhshara

text: immigrate to Israel

text: kibbutz

text: horticulture

text: Munich Agreement

text: Sudetenland

text: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia

text: Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

text: closure of the Czech universities

text: Prague Jewish Newspaper

text: Star of David

text: Strašnice

text: Łódź Ghetto

text: Theresienstadt concentration camp

text: Jakob Edelstein

text: Auschwitz

text: SS guards

text: Yehuda Bacon

text: extermination camps

text: single transport of 1,200 children

text: Białystok Ghetto

text: gas chambers

text: Theresienstadt family camp

text: tattooed

text: selection

text: lagerälteste

text: Arno Böhm

text: Dina Gottliebová

text: Josef Mengele

text: Gypsy camp

text: semolina

text: Oberscharführer

text: Reich Main Security Office

text: German Red Cross

text: Adolf Eichmann

text: Auschwitz resistance movement

text: Sonderbehandlung

text: Heydebreck

text: Rudolf Vrba

text: barbiturate

text: tzadik

text: communist Czechoslovakia

text: Terezín Initiative

text: Primary source material on Hirsch

text: Jewish Museum in Prague

categories: German Zionists,German resistance members,LGBT Jews,German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp,German Jews who died in the Holocaust,People from Aachen,1944 deaths,Jewish sportspeople,LGBT sportspeople from Germany,German emigrants to Czechoslovakia,Jews in the German resistance,Victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes,Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners,1916 births,Czech resistance members

paragraph: Fredy Hirsch

paragraph: Alfred Hirsch () ( – ) was a German Jewish athlete, sports teacher and Zionist youth movement leader, notable for helping thousands of Jewish children during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in Prague, Theresienstadt concentration camp, and Auschwitz. Hirsch was the deputy supervisor of children at Theresienstadt and the supervisor of the children's block at the Theresienstadt family camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau.

paragraph: Because of his German extraction, charisma, and careful appearance, he was able to convince SS guards to grant privileges to the children, including exemptions from deportation and extra rations, which saved their lives at least temporarily. Hirsch and his assistants maintained clandestine education under the difficult circumstances. Hirsch's insistence on exercise, discipline, and strict hygiene reduced death rates among the children.

paragraph: The family camp was due to be liquidated on 8 March 1944; Hirsch's popularity made him a natural leader for an uprising. According to some accounts, he committed suicide in order not to have to witness the deaths of his charges; alternately, he was poisoned by Jewish doctors who would have been killed if an uprising had broken out.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Germany.

paragraph: Hirsch was born in Aachen to Heinrich and Olga Hirsch on ; his father, who ran a butcher shop, died when he was ten years old. According to Fredy's niece, Raquel Masel, his brother, Paul Hirsch (1914–1979), was not close to their mother because of her bitterness. Their poor relationship encouraged Fredy and Paul to join youth organizations. Both brothers attended the Aachener Couven-Gymnasium, which was not a Jewish school. Fredy left in March 1931 when his mother moved, but there is no evidence that he attended another school, and apparently he continued to live in Aachen. The Jewish community of Aachen was well-integrated; there was little antisemitism in Aachen before the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. Hirsch was already giving lectures at the age of 15.

paragraph: Hirsch took over the leadership of the scouting branch of the local Aachen Jewish youth association in 1931, and participated in founding the Aachen branch of the "Jüdischer Pfadfinderbund Deutschland" (Jewish Scouting Association of Germany, JPD), a German Jewish scouting organization, in 1932. Later that year, Hirsch moved to Düsseldorf for a job with the JPD. The JPD had Zionist tendencies and a close affiliaton with Maccabee Hatziar, a Zionist sporting association. Although Paul joined the JPD, he, like many in the Aachen Jewish community, believed in assimilating into the non-Jewish community. Fredy became an ardent Zionist, supporting the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

paragraph: Under the background of rising, state-sponsored antisemitism, the JPD training became increasingly militarized, emphasizing drills, marching with heavy loads, and first-aid training. In 1933, the JPD merged into Maccabee Hatzair. Hirsch moved to Frankfurt, where he shared a flat with leading JPD officials and led a scouting group. His time in Frankfurt was cut short by rumors that he was gay, based on his lack of a girlfriend and behavior towards some of the boys under his supervision, although he was not accused of inappropriate behavior or misconduct. He moved to Dresden in 1934, where he worked as a sports instructor for Maccabee Hatziar and probably attended lectures at the German College of Physical Education in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Czechoslovakia.

paragraph: After the passage of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, Hirsch moved to Prague, Czechoslovakia, probably illegally. According to German historian , the author of the first biography of Hirsch, he may have also been motivated to escape the increasing persecution of gay men in Germany. He continued to work for Maccabee Hatzair. The Czech branch of the organization was initially concerned about his reputation, but Hirsch was able to persuade Arthur Herzog, chairman of Maccabee Hatziar in the Czech lands, that his homosexuality did not affect his work.

paragraph: Between October 1936 and April 1939, Hirsch lived in Brno with his lover Jan Mautner, four years his senior and a medical student from Olomouc. Their relationship was well known in the city, according to Holocaust survivor Ruth Kopečková. Mautner and Hirsch published the Maccabee newspaper, Mautner translating Hirsch's articles into the Czech language, which Hirsch never mastered. Funded by the Zionist World Federation, Hirsch organized local Maccabee Games and set up youth and adult groups for physical education. He organized the 1937 Maccabee Games for Czechoslovakia held in Žilina, Slovakia, with 1,600 participants. Until 1940, Hirsch organized an annual youth camp at , where children and teenagers exercised and learned Hebrew. Paul, a Reform rabbinical student, emigrated with their mother and her second husband to Bolivia in 1938; Paul eventually became a rabbi in Buenos Aires. Fredy could have accompanied them, but did not; Paul later said that Fredy's Zionist convictions had prevented him.

paragraph: After Brno refused him a residence permit and threatened to expel him, Hirsch returned to Prague. Working at the Zionist Youth Aliyah School run by Egon Redlich, he organized hakhshara (preparation farms) for young Jews seeking to immigrate to Israel and live on a kibbutz, training youth in horticulture, agriculture, and basic military training. In late 1938, the Munich Agreement ceded the Sudetenland (German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia) to Germany; on 15 March 1939, Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, creating the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Assimilation of the Czech Jews was so high that many children were not even aware that they were Jews. Eighteen boys trained by Hirsch were able to escape to Denmark in October 1939, and immigrated to Palestine the following year. He drew lots with another Zionist youth leader as to which of them would go to Palestine with the boys; Hirsch lost and remained in Prague. In 1940, he was joined by Mautner, who was prevented from continuing his studies by the closure of the Czech universities. The same year, Hirsch published an article in the Prague Jewish Newspaper laying out his views on Jewish youth education; Hirsch viewed physical education as essential to promoting well-being and a Zionist consciousness.

paragraph: Over time, the Germans applied more and more restrictions to Czech Jews; they were fired from their jobs, forced to move, property confiscated, forbidden from certain shops and streets, and eventually forced to wear the Star of David. After the Nazis banned Jews from public spaces, Hirsch organized a playground at Hagibor, in the Strašnice district of Prague, for Jewish children to exercise. Hirsch and Mautner held soccer matches, athletic competitions, study groups, and theatrical performances there. Although there were other carers, Hirsch's charisma made him the natural leader. Since he could not speak Czech well, he gave instructions in Hebrew and taught the children to speak that language. Survivors reported that Czech songs were written about him. In late 1941, the Nazis began deporting Czech Jews, first to the Łódź Ghetto. Hirsch helped prepare the deportees with the of luggage they were allowed to bring.

paragraph: Section::::The Holocaust.

paragraph: Section::::The Holocaust.:Theresienstadt.

paragraph: Hirsch was one of the first Jews to be transported to Theresienstadt concentration camp on 4 December 1941, where he helped to construct the concentration camp. His friendship with Jakob Edelstein lead to an appointment with the housing department. Later, Hirsch became the deputy to Egon Redlich, the leader of the Youth Services Department; Redlich personally disliked Hirsch, but respected his competence and leadership ability. Mautner was also deported to Theresienstadt in early 1942. At Theresienstadt, the children lived separately from the adults. Based on the teachings of Zionist youth movements, Hirsch insisted on maintaining self-esteem, discipline, regular exercise and strict hygiene—even holding cleanliness competitions—in order to maximize their chances of survival. The youth leaders tried to maintain the children's education despite this being prohibited, teaching a wide range of subjects including Hebrew, English, mathematics, history, and geography. However, the Germans did not actively oppose his activities because they felt that it helped maintain order. Children 14 and older had to work; Hirsch tried to get them jobs working in the vegetable gardens because he believed that this work would improve their health and prepare them for life in Palestine.

paragraph: Survivors often remarked on Hirsch's self-confident attitude, good looks, and careful appearance, which had a salutary effect on other prisoners. He paid attention to his posture and appearance, keeping his hair combed and boots polished, and reportedly continuing to pomade his hair at Auschwitz. Hirsch was able to establish a good relationship with SS guards even though he was Jewish and openly gay. According to Yehuda Bacon, "he spoke German as well as the Nazis, he had charm and a tip-top look. He knew how to talk to the SS. He was dressed like a soldier." Pavel Stránský, who had been an educator on the children's block at Auschwitz, testified that "[t]he SS treated him almost like a human being".

paragraph: Redlich and Hirsch used their influence to arrange separate barracks and slightly better conditions for the children. Sometimes they were able to remove children from transports to extermination camps, although they were ultimately unable to save them from this fate; more than 99% of the children at Theresienstadt were eventually deported. Hirsch persuaded the Germans to allocate space for a play area inside the concentration camp, where he frequently oversaw athletic activities. In 1943, Maccabee Games were held and observed by thousands of spectators.

paragraph: On 24 August 1943, a single transport of 1,200 children from the Białystok Ghetto arrived at Theresienstadt. These children were frightened of the showers because they believed that they were gas chambers. The Białystok children were housed in the western barracks, separated from the rest of the camp by a barbed-wire fence. Czech gendarmes guarded the perimeter and kept the children strictly segregated from the rest of the camp under threat of severe punishment. According to Kämper, Hirsch wanted to confirm the rumors that Jews deported from Theresienstadt were murdered in gas chambers. In any event, he managed to jump over the wire fence separating the Białystok children from the rest of the Theresienstadt prisoners, but he was caught and arrested by a Czech guard. Peter Erben believes that Hirsch could have avoided punishment if he had been able to speak Czech. Instead, he was brought to the commandant's office and beaten. Allegedly for this violation, he was deported to Auschwitz on 8 September.

paragraph: Section::::The Holocaust.:Auschwitz.

paragraph: The Jews from Theresienstadt encountered unprecedented privileged treatment upon their arrival, where they were established in a separate block (BIIb), known as the Theresienstadt family camp. They were tattooed, but were not subject to selection upon arrival, were allowed to retain their civilian clothes, and were not forced to shave their heads. Families stayed together and were also allowed to write to their relatives at Theresienstadt, to those not yet deported, and even to friends in neutral countries, in order to convey the impression that deportation to the east did not necessarily mean death.

paragraph: Hirsch was appointed the lagerälteste of the family camp, because of the respect that the SS had for his leadership. He refused to use violence against other prisoners, as the Germans demanded. As a result, he was relieved of his position a month later and replaced by the German criminal Arno Böhm. However, he persuaded Böhm to allocate a barracks, Block 31, for children younger than fourteen, and became the overseer of this barracks. In this arrangement, the children lived with their parents at night and spent the day at the special barracks. Hirsch recruited adult prisoners who had been involved in education at Theresienstadt and persuaded the guards that it would be in their interest to have the children learn German. In fact, the teachers taught other subjects, including history, music, and Judaism, in Czech, as well as a few German phrases to recite at inspections. Because there were only twelve books and almost no supplies, the teachers had to recite lessons from memory. The children's lack of education—they had been excluded from school even before their deportation—made their task more difficult. A chorus rehearsed regularly, a children's opera was performed, and the walls of the barracks were painted with Disney characters by Dina Gottliebová. Because the block was so orderly, it was shown off to SS men who worked in other parts of the camp. SS men who directly participated in the extermination process, especially Dr. Josef Mengele, visited frequently and helped organize better food for the children.

paragraph: Using his influence with the Germans, Hirsch obtained better food for the children and food parcels addressed to prisoners who had died. The soup for the children was thicker than for other prisoners; allegedly it was from the Gypsy camp and contained semolina. The children's barracks also received additional coal and was slightly better heated. Hirsch also convinced the Germans to hold roll call inside the barracks, so the children were spared the hours-long ordeal of standing outside in all weather. After another transport arrived in December 1943, there were about 700 children in the family camp; Mautner was also on this transport. Zuzana Růžičková, who had also arrived in December, entered into the children's barracks without authorization in order to obtain work as a carer, but was caught by an SS man. To distract him, Hirsch reportedly said "Herr Oberscharführer, who have you killed and looted today?" Instead of beating Hirsch, the SS man offered him a cigarette, which Hirsch declined. Nevertheless, Hirsch was not excepted from the brutal treatment of the guards, being badly beaten when a boy slept through the roll call.

paragraph: Hirsch persuaded Böhm to allocate a second barracks for children aged three to eight so that the older children could prepare a performance of "Snow White", which the SS had requested. The play was performed on 23 January 1944 with many SS men in attendance. By imposing strict discipline on the children, Hirsch made sure that there were no acts of violence or theft, otherwise common in concentration camps. He was extremely strict about the children's hygiene, insisting that they wash daily even in the frigid winter of 1943–44 and carrying out regular inspections for lice. Due to Hirsch's efforts, the mortality rate for the children was nearly zero, compared to the overall mortality of about 25% of the residents of the family camp in the first six months. The children appreciated Hirsch's efforts on their behalf, and threw a surprise party for him on 11 February 1944, his 28th birthday. In February 1944, a delegation from the Reich Main Security Office and the German Red Cross visited the family camp. The visitors were most interested in the children's barracks, which was the only attempt to organize education at Auschwitz. The most notable visitor, Adolf Eichmann, commented favorably about the cultural activity of the children at Birkenau.

paragraph: Section::::The Holocaust.:Death.

paragraph: Arrivals to the family camp were marked "SB6"—a cryptic abbreviation that the Auschwitz resistance movement eventually decoded as referring to "Sonderbehandlung" ("special treatment"). This meant that the arrivals were to be murdered 6 months after their arrival, or 8 March 1944 for the transport that Hirsch was on. Hirsch and other leaders from Theresienstadt were informed in advance by the resistance movement at Auschwitz. By this time, it was evident to the prisoners that the Germans were going to lose the war and some hoped for a swift Allied victory before their six months had elapsed. Although there was no possibility of success, many Jews wanted to set the compound on fire as a symbolic act of resistance. Hirsch was the natural leader for an uprising, because he was respected by opposing factions in the family camp. On 5 March, the September arrivals were told that they were soon to be transported to a labor camp at Heydebreck and instructed to write postcards dated 25 March for their relatives in Theresienstadt. On 7 March, they were moved to the quarantine block (BIIa); although warned in advance that the Nazis were planning to murder all of these Jews, Hirsch went with them.

paragraph: What happened after this is unclear. Rudolf Vrba, the clerk of BIIa, visited Hirsch on 8 March to inform him about the preparations for the liquidation of the family camp and to urge him to lead an uprising. Apparently Hirsch was uncertain whether to believe the warnings about imminent death and skeptical of the value of resistance. He thought it was unreasonable that the Nazis would give them such favored treatment only to murder them later. Hirsch asked for an hour to think, and when Vrba returned, Hirsch was in a coma. A Jewish doctor told Vrba that Hirsch had committed suicide by a barbiturate overdose. If he did commit suicide, it is unclear how he could have obtained a lethal dose without the cooperation of the doctors.

paragraph: According to some survivors, Hirsch requested a small dose of a tranquilizer to help him calm down, but the Jewish doctors poisoned him to prevent him from leading an uprising, which they feared would compromise their own chances of survival. Mengele had promised them that they would not be killed. The latter explanation is favored by Kämper. A few people, including doctors and the artist Dina Gottliebová, were spared from death by their special talents which were useful to the SS. According to survivor testimonies, Hirsch was to be spared, but he was unwilling to save himself without the children. On the night of 8 March, a strict curfew was imposed and the Jews in the quarantine blocks were loaded in trucks and driven to the gas chambers. Still unconscious, Hirsch was carried with them and died along with many of the children under his supervision.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: According to postwar testimonies, Hirsch was "a man of extraordinary courage" and "for the children a God", although some of his adult colleagues dismissed him as arrogant, shallow, dictatorial, or vain. The gymnasium in Aachen that he attended renamed the cafeteria the "Fredy-Hirsch-AG" in 2016. At a commemoration ceremony in the Aachen synagogue on the one hundredth anniversary of Hirsch's birth, Lord Mayor Marcel Philipp stated that Hirsch was "one of the most important sons of the city, if not the best known". Nina Weilová, who survived the Theresienstadt family camp as a young teenager, said that "There was no one who was so self-sacrificing and devoted himself to the children as much as he did." Czech Jewish harpsichordist Zuzana Růžičková worked as a teacher's assistant at the children's barracks at Auschwitz and credited Hirsch for saving her life. Many years later, she helped organize a monument for him. At the dedication, she said, "We Jews have no saints, but we have 'tzadikim'—the word could be translated as 'righteous' or 'decent'. Fredy Hirsch was a man, he had his faults, he was not a saint, but he was righteous—a tzadik—and so we hope that when the last of us who knew him have passed away, future generations will stand before this tablet and say: 'He must have been a good, brave and beautiful person'."

paragraph: Hirsch was the subject of the 2016 documentary "Heaven in Auschwitz", which featured the accounts of thirteen survivors of Theresienstadt and Auschwitz. He was also featured in the 2017 Israeli documentary "Dear Fredy" by Rubi Gat.

paragraph: According to Dirk Kämper, Hirsch's role was marginalized after the war because of his homosexuality. In communist Czechoslovakia, his German ethnicity and Zionism made him an unacceptable hero. Historian , investigating the relationship between Hirsch and Mautner, writes that theirs was "one of the rare queer life stories that can be reconstructed for the Nazi era". Hirsch is the rare exception to the absent or anonymous gay Holocaust victim because he worked with children and teenagers, who lived long enough to tell the truth about him. She also noted the lingering homophobia in the Terezín Initiative, the Czech association of Holocaust survivors, which refused to print an inquiry from her regarding their relationship. According to Hájková, "It is disturbing that even in 2018 the homosexuality of a Holocaust victim is considered to be offensive".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary source material on Hirsch in the collections of the Jewish Museum in Prague

description: German educationist

wikidata_label: Fredy Hirsch

wikipedia_title: Fredy Hirsch


text:
Val Gardena
Ortisei
Val Gardena
Ferdinand Demetz
Vienna
Academy of Fine Arts
Innsbruck
Saint Anne
Mary
Pieve di Livinallongo
Bolzano
Paris
world exposition
Pietà
Bressanone
Ortisei
Johann Baptist Moroder-Lusenberg
Rudolf Moroder
Ludwig Moroder
Valentin Gallmetzer
Bressanone
Bolzano
Saint Joseph
Colma
Campodazzo
Renon
Termeno
San Felice
Tires
Bressanone
Casies
Vipiteno
Ladinia
Pieve di Livinallongo
Badia
La Val
La Val
Badia
La Villa
Pieve di Marebbe
Ampezzo
Castelnuovo
Borgo Valsugana
Sovere
Brazil
Brandenburg

categories: 20th-century sculptors,1931 deaths,1844 births,Austrian male sculptors

paragraph: Franz Tavella

paragraph: Franz Tavella (La Val, 10 October 1844 – Bressanone, 12 Dicember 1931) was an Austrian master wood sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Franz Tavella was the son of Marianna Spisser and Filipp Tavella, who was a renowned wood sculptor as well. Franz during his youth worked under his father as a regular carpenter. At a later time he moved to Val Gardena, where the founder of the school of art of Ortisei in Val Gardena, Ferdinand Demetz, noticed his artistic talent and decided to take him as a pupil teaching him the art wood carving. After a few years Tavarella moved to Vienna, where for two years he attended the Academy of Fine Arts, his main mentor was Professor König.

paragraph: In 1895 in Innsbruck he was given an award for his statue representing Saint Anne and the holy virgin Mary, which is now kept in the church of Pieve di Livinallongo. In 1897 he was given an award in Bolzano and in 1900 in Paris at the world exposition for his Pietà, nowadays kept in the chapel of the public cemetery of Bressanone.

paragraph: In his workshop in Ortisei he tutored many renowned sculptors including Johann Baptist Moroder-Lusenberg, Rudolf Moroder, Ludwig Moroder from Ortisei and Valentin Gallmetzer from Chiusa.

paragraph: In 1905 Tavella moved to Bressanone, where he died in poverty and sickness.

paragraph: Section::::Renowned works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolzano, church of Francescani, Saint Joseph.

paragraph: he sculpted a wooden statue of Saint Magdalen for the Ca'de Bezzi Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colma, Parochial Church, several statues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campodazzo, Saint Joseph's parochial church, the group of the rosary 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longostagno Renon, parochial church, saints on the altars 1885; queen of the rosary, procession.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Termeno - Soell, the church of S. Maurizio, Virgin with baby Jesus on the altar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Felice parochial church.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tires, parochial church of San Giorgio, San Giorgio, Saint Elizabeth and Sant'Agnese 1906 (facade)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bressanone, graveyard, Pietà.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casies, the church of Santa Maddalena, Pietà.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vipiteno, Iron soldier- his shield was designed by Prof. H. Lach.

paragraph: Section::::Renowned works.:In the province of Bolzano.:Ladinia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pieve di Livinallongo, Sant'Anna and the holy virgin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Badia, Sant'Anna.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Val, the heart of Jesus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Val, Pidrô, chapel, virgin and Bernadetta in the cave.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Badia, S. Croce sanctuary: two medallions with the Pietà and the Getsemani.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Villa, parochial church, virgin with the holy child.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pieve di Marebbe parochial church, San Giuseppe, Sant'Anna and Mary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cadin-Ampezzo, chapel of the virgin of well being, sculpture in granite.

paragraph: Section::::Renowned works.:Other regions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castelnuovo, the church of Santa Margherita, statue of Santa Margherita on the main altar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parrocchiale of San Leonardo, Virgin of the Rosary 1894.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borgo Valsugana, the nativity, virgin of the rosary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovere church of San Martino vescovo: redeeming christ 1901

paragraph: Section::::Renowned works.:Abroad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brazil, Chácara Nazareth: Sagrado Coração de Jesus - Igreja dos Frades. several works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brandenburg church of Teltow. Altar with cross.

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Franz Tavella

wikipedia_title: Franz Tavella