text:
Oswiu of Northumbria
Eanflæd
Whitby Abbey
Hilda
Oswiu of Northumbria
Penda of Mercia
Battle of the Winwæd
Hartlepool Abbey
Whitby Abbey
Wilfrid
Osred
Aldfrith
Ecgfrith
Adolana
Bonifatian correspondence
Bede
Stephen of Ripon
hagiography
John Capgrave

categories: 8th-century English people,Northumbrian saints,7th-century English women,Female saints of medieval England,654 births,Anglo-Saxon nuns,7th-century English people,714 deaths,8th-century English women,Abbesses of Whitby,Royal House of Northumbria,8th-century Christian nuns,8th-century Latin writers,8th-century English writers,8th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Ælfflæd of Whitby

paragraph: Saint Ælfflæd (654–714) was the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria and Eanflæd. She was abbess of Whitby Abbey, an abbey of nuns that were known for their skills in medicine, from the death of her kinswoman Hilda in 680, first jointly with her mother, then alone.

paragraph: Ælfflæd was particularly known for her skills in surgery and her personal attention to patients, as was Hilda, who was known for her personalized medical care.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Most of Ælfflæd's life was spent as a nun. When she was about a year old, her father, King Oswiu of Northumbria, in thanksgiving for his victory over Penda of Mercia at the Battle of the Winwæd, handed her over to abbess Hilda to be brought up at Hartlepool Abbey. When Hilda left to found Whitby Abbey in 657 or 658, she brought Ælfflæd with her.

paragraph: Upon Hilda's death in 680, Oswiu's widow, Eanflæd and their daughter Ælfflæd became joint abbesses and later in the 680s, Ælfflæd was sole abbess until her death in 714. The Northumbrian church of Cuthbert's time was a wealthy and aristocratic institution. On at least one occasion princess Abbess Ælfflæd is found banqueting with St. Cuthbert of Lindisfarne.

paragraph: In the "Life of St. Cuthbert", the saint assures Ælfflæd, who is concerned over the succession, that she will find Ecgfrith's successor 'to be a brother no less than the other one' (Anon. V. Cuthberti 3.6). Cuthbert then tells the puzzled Ælfflæd that this brother is 'on some island beyond this sea', at which point she realises that he is talking of Aldfrith 'who was then on the island which is called Iona' (Anon. V. Cuthberti 3.6). Like her mother, Ælfflæd was associated with Bishop Wilfrid, and played a large part in the settlement which placed her nephew Osred son of Aldfrith on the throne in 705. She was an important political figure from the death of her brother Ecgfrith in 685 until her death.

paragraph: According to one account, Ælfflaed had been afflicted with a crippling disease for some time. One day she thought about Cuthbert and wished she had something belonging to him, for she was certain that would help her. Soon afterwards a messenger arrived with the gift of a linen girdle from Cuthbert. She put this on and within three days was restored to health.

paragraph: One letter of Ælfflaed, to Adolana, abbess of Pfalzel, survives in the Bonifatian correspondence, which provides rare evidence for interaction between female religious leaders in the Early Medieval period. In this letter Ælfflaed seeks advice and assistance for a fellow abbess, who wished to go on pilgrimage to Rome, shedding light on Whitby's Continental connections in the years after Hilda's death.

paragraph: Her piety was praised by contemporaries such as Bede and Stephen of Ripon. Bede refers to her high degree of holiness and devotion, while Stephen calls her the consoler of the whole kingdom and the best counsellor.

paragraph: Ælfflæd was considered a saint and her feast day was celebrated on 8 February. She was buried at Whitby. A late hagiography, the "Vita sanctae Elfledae", survives, collected in John Capgrave's "Nova Legenda Angliae" of 1516.

paragraph: Excavations in the 1920s by Radford and Peers found several building foundations and two inscribed memorial stones believed to record the deaths of St. Ælfflaed, Abbess of Whitby, and Cyneburgh, queen of King Oswald.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Retrieved 2007-09-22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bede, Life of Cuthbert

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lapidge, Michael, "Ælfflæd" in M. Lapidge, et al., (eds), "The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England". Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.

description: Abbess of Whitby

wikidata_label: Ælfflæd of Whitby

wikipedia_title: Ælfflæd of Whitby


text:
British
Betty Rea
Dartington Hall School
Belmont Hill School
Massachusetts
Dauntsey's School
Christ's College, Cambridge
Master of Arts
Bachelor of Medicine
Bachelor of Surgery
Doctor of Medicine
University College Hospital
DObst RCOG
Barony of Rea
Acting Sergeant
Suffolk Regiment
Ibadan
Lagos
Nigeria
social medicine
St Thomas's Hospital Medical School
London
general practitioner
North London
Amicus
Healthlink Worldwide
Mary Ward Centre
National Heart Forum
Royal Society of Medicine
hereditary peers
House of Lords
House of Lords Act 1999
Hereditary peer
Lord Rea Profile - Parliament.UK
UK Health Forum

categories: Suffolk Regiment soldiers,People educated at Dartington Hall School,Labour Party (UK) hereditary peers,1928 births,Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge,Hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act,British expatriates in Nigeria,People educated at Dauntsey's School,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Living people

paragraph: Nicolas Rea, 3rd Baron Rea

paragraph: John Nicolas Rea, 3rd Baron Rea (born 6 June 1928), commonly known as Nicolas Rea, is a British peer, doctor and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rea was born in 1928 to James Russell Rea and Betty Rea and attended Dartington Hall School in Devon, Belmont Hill School in Massachusetts and Dauntsey's School in Wiltshire. He was further educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in natural sciences, a Bachelor of Medicine, a Bachelor of Surgery in 1951, and became a Doctor of Medicine (MD) in 1969. At University College Hospital, London, he achieved a Diploma in Obstetrics (DObst RCOG), Diploma in Child Health and a Diploma in Public Health in the time from 1956 to 1965. In 1981, he succeeded to the Barony of Rea.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Rea served as Acting Sergeant in the Suffolk Regiment between 1946 and 1948, and held various Junior hospital posts between 1954 and 1957. He was research fellow in paediatrics in Ibadan and Lagos in Nigeria from 1962 to 1965, and lecturer in social medicine at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School in London from 1966 to 1968. From 1957 to 1962, and from 1968 to 1993, he also worked as general practitioner in North London.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Rea is a member of Amicus, Healthlink Worldwide and the Mary Ward Centre. He supports the Mother and Child Foundation, the Caroline Walker Trust and is Honourable Secretary of the National Heart Forum. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and one of the ninety elected hereditary peers to remain in the House of Lords after the House of Lords Act 1999. In the House of Lords he sits on the Hereditary peer benches.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1951, Rea married Elizabeth Robinson, with whom he had four sons, Matthew James, Daniel William, Quentin Thomas and John Silas Nathaniel. He later married Judith Mary Powell in 1981, the same year he divorced his first wife, which produced two daughters, Bess Connif and Ella ‘Rosy' Amy Benjamin.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Rea Profile - Parliament.UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- UK Health Forum

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: Nicolas Rea, 3rd Baron Rea

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Rea, 3rd Baron Rea


text: STD

text: JUD

text: Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Palermo

text: Sicily

text: the Mafia

text: omertà

text: Villafranca Sicula

text: Vatican

text: Secretariat of State

text: Privy Chamberlain

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Domestic Prelate

text: Archbishop of Miletus

text: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: Francesco Carpino

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santa Maria Odigitria dei Siciliani

text: Pope Paul VI

text: papabile

text: Pope John Paul I

text: "Time" magazine

text: Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa

text: Giovanni Falcone

text: Italian Jews

text: Pino Puglisi

text: Italian President

text: Sandro Pertini

text: Salvatore De Giorgi

text: Santa Cristina

text: Cathedral of Palermo

text: Obituary

text: The Independent

categories: Roman Catholic archbishops of Palermo,2006 deaths,People from the Province of Agrigento,Apostolic Nuncios to Indonesia,Italian cardinals,1918 births,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni

paragraph: Salvatore Pappalardo

paragraph: Salvatore Pappalardo STD JUD (23 September 1918 – 10 December 2006) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Palermo for over 25 years, from 1970 to 1996. He was the first senior clergyman from Sicily to speak out against the Mafia, breaking its code of omertà (vow of silence).

paragraph: He should not be confused with the still-living current Archbishop of Siracusa, Italy of the same first and last name, who is not a Cardinal but is, like this one, a metropolitan archbishop of an ecclesiastical province.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pappalardo was born in Villafranca Sicula in Sicily. He was ordained as a priest in Rome on 12 April 1941, and was a Counsellor of the Vatican Secretariat of State from 1947 to 1965, receiving in 1951 the title of Privy Chamberlain to Pope John XXIII, and in 1961 that of Domestic Prelate. He was appointed titular Archbishop of Miletus on 7 December 1965, and served as Apostolic Pro-Nuncio in Indonesia from 1965 to 1969. He was President of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome from 1969 to 1970. He succeeded Cardinal Francesco Carpino as Archbishop of Palermo on 17 October 1970. He was proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of "Santa Maria Odigitria dei Siciliani" by Pope Paul VI on 5 March 1973.

paragraph: He was considered "papabile" in the conclave in October 1978, after the death of Pope John Paul I: a cover story of "Time" magazine said that he could become the first Sicilian pope in 12 centuries.

paragraph: Pappalardo spoke out against the Mafia from the 1980s. At the funeral of Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa in 1982, who had been murdered along with his wife in Palermo, he criticised the Italian government for failing to guarantee security in Sicily, implicitly criticising the Mafia but avoiding mentioning the organisation by name. He became more explicit in the early 1990s, after other anti-Mafia lawyers, policemen and priests had been murdered. At the funeral of Giovanni Falcone in 1992, who was also murdered along with his wife near Palermo, he described the murderers as part of a "synagogue of Satan", leading to criticism from Italian Jews. He later apologised, having meant the word synagogue in its "old sense, as a gathering place". In 1993, at the funeral of murdered priest Pino Puglisi, he called for the people of Sicily to rise up against the Mafia. He was awarded the title of Knight of the Grand Cross of the Italian Republic by Italian President Sandro Pertini.

paragraph: He retired on 4 April 1996, succeeded by Salvatore De Giorgi. He died in Palermo and was buried in the chapel of Santa Cristina in the Cathedral of Palermo on 12 December 2006.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary, "The Independent, 14 December 2006

description: Italian cardinal

wikidata_label: Salvatore Pappalardo

wikipedia_title: Salvatore Pappalardo


text:
Long Island
ska punk
The Arrogant Sons of Bitches
Bomb the Music Industry!
indie rock
Kudrow
We Cool?
Worry
New Year's Day
POST-
Mustard Plug
The Bruce Lee Band
AJJ
Bomb the Music Industry!
Laura Stevenson
Quote Unquote Records
DIY
Mikey Erg
The Smith Street Band
Laura Stevenson
Dan Andriano
Antarctigo Vespucci
Fake Problems
Chris Farren
Cartoon Network
Craig of the Creek
We Cool?
Worry.
POST-
The Smith Street Band
Throw Me in the River
Dan Andriano in the Emergency Room
Laura Stevenson
Cocksure
Mikey Erg
Tentative Decisions
The Smith Street Band
More Scared of You Than You Are of Me

categories: People from Long Island,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Jeff Rosenstock

paragraph: Jeff Rosenstock (born September 7, 1982) is an American musician and songwriter from Long Island, United States. He was the lead singer of the ska punk band The Arrogant Sons of Bitches, the musical collective Bomb the Music Industry! and the indie rock band Kudrow. After the breakup of Bomb the Music Industry!, he began a solo career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Rosenstock began his solo career in 2012 by releasing his debut solo "mixtape" "I Look Like Shit" two months after Bomb the Music Industry! had announced their intention to break up. This was followed by the "Summer Seven Club" project in 2013, which granted purchasers of Rosenstock's 7-inch single "Summer" exclusive access to new songs periodically released over the following months. All the songs from "Summer Seven Club" were later collected and made available as the "Summer +" compilation album. Rosenstock's first studio album as a solo artist, "We Cool?", was released in 2015. His second solo album, entitled "Worry", was released on October 14, 2016. On New Year's Day 2018, Rosenstock's third studio album "POST-" with 10 tracks was released in January 2018.

paragraph: Rosenstock has performed with many other ska and punk rock bands, including Mustard Plug, The Bruce Lee Band, and AJJ. He has also performed with his Bomb the Music Industry! band-mates Laura Stevenson and Lee Hartney.

paragraph: Rosenstock also founded the independent record label Quote Unquote Records, which puts out all of its records for free (in keeping with Rosenstock's long time DIY ideology.)

paragraph: He has worked as a producer for other artists such as Mikey Erg, The Smith Street Band, Laura Stevenson, and Dan Andriano. He is also a member of Antarctigo Vespucci, a collaborative project between himself and Fake Problems front man Chris Farren.

paragraph: Rosenstock composes the music for the Cartoon Network series "Craig of the Creek".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Arrogant Sons of Bitches

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bomb the Music Industry!

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pegasuses-XL

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Midnight Aquarium" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "XL" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pegauses-XL" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Antiphon" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kudrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lando" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boo" (split with Hard Girls) (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antarctigo Vespucci

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soulmate Stuff" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm So Tethered" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leavin' La Vida Loca" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love in the Time of E-Mail" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo releases

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Look Like Shit" mixtape (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summer" 7" single (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hey Allison!" b/w "I'm So Gross" 7" single (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Cool?" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Worry." (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "POST-" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bruce Lee Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Community Support Group" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything Will Be Alright, My Friend" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Production Credits

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Smith Street Band: "Throw Me in the River" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan Andriano in the Emergency Room: "Party Adjacent" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Binary Heart: "Brighter Days" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Stevenson: "Cocksure" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikey Erg: "Tentative Decisions" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Smith Street Band: "More Scared of You Than You Are of Me" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Etc.: "Gloom Cruise" (2017)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jeff Rosenstock

wikipedia_title: Jeff Rosenstock


text:
abbot
bishop
confessor
Charlemagne
Murbach Abbey
Alsace
Benedictine
habit
bishop of Augsburg
Neuburg an der Donau
Staffelsee Abbey
Augsburg
Basilica of St. Afra
patron
cultus
Holweck, F. G.

categories: German Roman Catholic saints,History of Augsburg,Year of birth unknown,807 deaths,8th-century Christian saints,Roman Catholic bishops of Augsburg

paragraph: Simpert

paragraph: Saint Simpert (died 13 October 807) was an abbot, bishop, and confessor of the late-8th and early-9th centuries, and was supposedly the nephew of Charlemagne. He was educated at Murbach Abbey in Alsace, where he took the Benedictine habit and was elected abbot. In 778, he was appointed bishop of Augsburg by Charlemagne. He consolidated and strengthened the jurisdiction of his bishopric and lived alternately at Neuburg an der Donau, at Staffelsee Abbey, and at Augsburg.

paragraph: He rebuilt the Basilica of St. Afra and others. While he was bishop, he remained abbot of Murbach, ruling at the same time the diocese and the monastery. He died on 13 October 807, and was buried at St Afra's church. Since 1624, he has been a secondary patron of Augsburg, his cultus having been approved in 1468.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holweck, F. G., "A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints". 1924.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/74135

paragraph: BR

alias:
Simpertus
St. Simpert

description: German bishop and saint

wikidata_label: Simpert

wikipedia_title: Simpert


text:
Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee III
Robert E. Lee
Capt. Henry Lee I
Hon. Richard Bland, Sr.
Leesylvania
House of Burgesses
Revolution
Richard Bland
William Randolph
George Washington
Edmund Randolph
Morattico
Richmond County, Virginia
Leesylvania
Prince William County
Potomac River
Henry Lee III
Governor of Virginia
Philip Richard Fendall I
Charles Lee
Richard Henry Lee
Richard Bland Lee I
Sully
Philip Richard Fendall I
Edmund Jennings Lee I
Richard Henry Lee
Mann Page

categories: People of Virginia in the American Revolution,American people of English descent,1787 deaths,People from Westmoreland County, Virginia,House of Burgesses members,Lee family of Virginia,Bland family of Virginia,American planters,Randolph family of Virginia,1730 births

paragraph: Henry Lee II

paragraph: Col. Henry Lee II (1730–1787) of Alexandria, Westmoreland, Virginia Colony, was an American planter, soldier, and politician, the father of Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee III, and grandfather of Robert E. Lee.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lee was the third son of Capt. Henry Lee I (1691–1747) of "Lee Hall", Westmoreland County, and his wife, Mary Bland (1704–1764), the daughter of Hon. Richard Bland, Sr. (1665–1720) and his second wife, Elizabeth Randolph (1685–1719).

paragraph: Lee was born at "Lee Hall" in 1729, settled in Prince William County, living at "Leesylvania", near the town of Dumfries. He served as a justice of the peace in that county and first in commission. In addition he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1758, where he served on and off until 1772. He was a member of the Virginia Convention from 1774-1776. Lee served as County Lieutenant for Prince William, and was active in the duties of that office during the Revolution. Henry Lee II also served as a member of the State Senate in 1780. Henry's will was dated August 10, 1787, and was probated in Prince William County on October 1 of the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Family and marriage.

paragraph: Lee was the third son of Capt. Henry Lee I (1691–1747) of "Lee Hall", Westmoreland County, and his wife, Mary Bland (1704–1764), the daughter of Hon. Richard Bland (1665–1720) and his second wife, Elizabeth Randolph (1685–1719). Randolph was the daughter of William Randolph.

paragraph: Lee married Lucy Grymes (1734–1792), the daughter of Hon. Charles Grymes (1693–1743) (twice related to President George Washington) and Frances Jennings (great-aunt of Edmund Randolph). Charles Grimes was of the estate "Morattico", in Richmond County, Virginia. He was sheriff of Richmond County, and a member of the Council from 1724-1725.

paragraph: "Leesylvania" was located between Neabsco Creek and Powell Creek in Prince William County, Virginia with a magnificent view up the Potomac River. It was the ancestral home of Robert E. Lee's branch of the family where his grandparents, Henry Lee II and Lucy Grymes lie buried. The plantation home burned about 1790. The estate was sold to Henry Fairfax in 1825, whose family lived there in a home which may have pre-dated the Lee residence. The Fairfax home burned in 1910 and the ruins of the walls and a chimney are all that remain.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: All of Henry Lee II and Lucy Grymes Lee's children were born at Leesylvania:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Maj. Gen. Henry Lee III "Light Horse Harry" (1756–1818), Governor of Virginia. Lee III married:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Matilda Lee (1766–1790), daughter of Hon. Philip Ludwell Lee, Sr., Esq. (1727–1775) and Elizabeth Steptoe (1743–1789), who married secondly, Philip Richard Fendall I, Esq. (1734–1805).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Anne Hill Carter (1773–1829), daughter of Hon. Charles Carter, Sr. (1737–1802) of "Shirley", and his second wife, Anne Butler Moore (1756). Their son was Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Hon. Charles Lee (1758–1815), U.S. Attorney General. Charles married:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Anne Lee (1770–1804), daughter of Richard Henry Lee (1732–1794) and his second wife, Anne (Gaskins) Pinckard.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Margaret Christian (Scott) Peyton (1783–1843), widow of Yelverton Peyton (1771–1802). Margaret was the daughter of Rev. John Scott (1747–1785) and Elizabeth Gordon .

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Richard Bland Lee I (1761–1827) of "Sully", who married Elizabeth "Eliza" Collins (1768–1858), daughter of Stephen Collins and Mary Parish.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Mary "Mollie" Lee (1764–1827), who married Philip Richard Fendall I, Esq. (1734–1805), his third wife. Philip was the son of Benjamin Fendall, Esq. (1708–1764) and his first wife, Eleanor Lee (1710–1759).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Theodorick Lee (1766–1849) of "Eckington", who married Catherine Hite (1766–1849).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Edmund Jennings Lee I (1772–1843), who married Sally Lee (1775–1837), daughter of Richard Henry Lee (1732–1794) and Anne (Gaskins) Pinckard.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Lucy Lee (1774), who never married.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Anne Lee (1776–1857), who married William Byrd Page, Sr. (1768–1812), son of Mann Page (1742–1787) and Mary Mason Selden (1754–1787).

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Henry Lee II

wikipedia_title: Henry Lee II


text:
Le Miracle des loups
Le Joueur d'échecs
Les Croix de bois
Les Misérables
Tristan Bernard
Jean-Jacques Bernard
Sarah Bernhardt
Jacques Feyder
Max Linder
Charles Dullin
Le Miracle des loups
Louis XI
Le Joueur d'échecs
Tarakanova
Les Croix de bois
Les Misérables
Legion of Honour
Jacques Feyder
Le Petit Café
Le Secret de Rosette Lambert
Le Miracle des loups
Le Joueur d'échecs
Tarakanova
Faubourg Montmartre
Les Croix de bois
Les Misérables
Le Coupable
J'étais une aventurière
Cavalcade d'amour
Un ami viendra ce soir
Adieu chérie
Le Cap de l'espérance
Le Jugement de Dieu
La Belle de Cadix

paragraph: Raymond Bernard

paragraph: Raymond Bernard (10 October 1891 – 12 December 1977) was a French film director and screenwriter whose career spanned more than forty years. He is best remembered for several large-scale historical productions, including the silent films "Le Miracle des loups" ("The Miracle of the Wolves") and "Le Joueur d'échecs" ("The Chess Player") and in the 1930s "Les Croix de bois" ("Wooden Crosses") and a highly regarded adaptation of "Les Misérables".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Raymond Bernard was born in Paris in 1891, the son of the author and humorist Tristan Bernard and younger brother of the playwright Jean-Jacques Bernard. He began his career as an actor appearing on stage in plays written by his father, including "Jeanne Doré" (1913) alongside Sarah Bernhardt (also filmed in 1916). In 1917 Bernard began to work behind the camera as assistant to Jacques Feyder at Gaumont and then continued as a director, principally adapting plays by his father. In these popular entertainments, he soon gained experience of working with leading performers such as Max Linder and Charles Dullin.

paragraph: In 1924 Bernard embarked upon a new style of film, the historical spectacle, with "Le Miracle des loups" set in 15th century France in the reign of Louis XI. This proved to be not only the most expensive film of its day but also one of the most profitable. Bernard's ability to combine dramatic narrative with spacious settings and large numbers of performers was utilised in the two remaining productions of his silent film career, "Le Joueur d'échecs" (1927) and "Tarakanova" (1930).

paragraph: Bernard's film-making in the sound era continued for nearly three decades. Further large-scale productions included his film about the First World War, "Les Croix de bois" (1932), and a three-part adaptation of Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables" (1934) which was nearly five hours in length. In his later films he returned to more modest projects and budgets including a number of sophisticated comedies. During the wartime Occupation of France, Bernard as a Jew was obliged to remain in hiding and his film-making ceased until the end of the war.

paragraph: He retired from film-making in 1958, but in the 1970s, when he was in his 80s, he was able to supervise the reconstruction of "Les Misérables" which had been severely truncated in the 1940s for easier distribution. In 1977, shortly after the broadcast of a nearly complete version on French television, Bernard died aged 86.

paragraph: Raymond Bernard was an Officer of the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography (as director).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Ravin sans fond" (1917) (co-directed with Jacques Feyder)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Traitement du hoquet" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Gentilhomme commerçant" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Petit Café" (1919) ("The Little Café")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Secret de Rosette Lambert" (1920) ("The Secret of Rosette Lambert")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Maison vide" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Triplepatte" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Homme inusable" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grandeur et Décadence" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Costaud des Épinettes" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Miracle des loups" (1924) ("The Miracle of the Wolves")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Joueur d'échecs" (1927) ("The Chess Player")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tarakanova" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faubourg Montmartre" (1931) ("Montmartre")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Croix de bois" (1932) ("Wooden Crosses")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Misérables" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tartarin de Tarascon" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amants et Voleurs" (1935) ("Lovers and Thieves")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anne-Marie" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Coupable" (1937) ("Culprit")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marthe Richard au service de la France" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "J'étais une aventurière" (1938) ("I Was an Adventuress")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Otages" (1939) ("The Mayor's Dilemma")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cavalcade d'amour" (1940) ("Love Cavalcade")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un ami viendra ce soir" (1946) ("A Friend Will Come Tonight")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adieu chérie" (1946) ("Goodbye Darling")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maya" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Cap de l'espérance" (1951) ("The Cape of Hope")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Jugement de Dieu" (1952) ("Judgement of God")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1953) ("Lady of the Camelias")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Belle de Cadix" (1953) ("The Beauty of Cadiz")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Fruits de l'été" (1955) ("Fruits of Summer")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Septième Commandement" (1957) ("The Seventh Commandment")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Septième Ciel" (1958) ("Seventh Heaven")

description: French film director

wikidata_label: Raymond Bernard

wikipedia_title: Raymond Bernard


text:
Spanish
singer-songwriter
Cecilia
Simon and Garfunkel
diplomat
Madrid
American
existentialist
feminist
Nacho Sáez de Tejada
Julio Seijas
CBS-Spain
Madrilenian
Simon and Garfunkel
Spain
fourth edition
OTI Festival
San Juan
Puerto Rico
Ramón del Valle-Inclán
Benavente
Cementerio de la Almudena
Mari Trini
Joan Manuel Serrat
The Beatles
Paul Simon
Bob Dylan
Joan Baez
The Boxer
Lennon
McCartney
Dear Prudence
Juan Carlos Calderón
Julio Iglesias
Massiel
Mocedades
General Franco
government
Spanish Civil War
gatefold
Merche Corisco
Miguel Bosé
Ana Belén
Manolo Tena
Julio Iglesias
Rocío Dúrcal
David Broza
Manzanita
Natalia Oreiro
Fangoria
Amaral
Pablo Milanés
Nuestro Pequeño Mundo

categories: Writers from Madrid,1948 births,Burials at Cementerio de la Almudena,Singers from Madrid,Spanish female singers,1976 deaths,Road incident deaths in Spain,20th-century Spanish singers

paragraph: Cecilia (Spanish singer)

paragraph: Evangelina Sobredo Galanes, known as Cecilia, (October 11, 1948 – August 2, 1976) was a Spanish singer-songwriter. She took her stage name from the song "Cecilia" by Simon and Garfunkel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The daughter of diplomats, she was born in Madrid, spent her childhood in several countries (Spain, The United Kingdom, The United States, Jordan, Portugal) and was raised by an American nun. She attained a bachelor's degree in law in Spain before deciding to dedicate herself to music and composition. Her ironic and lyrical songs, sung in a tiny voice, contributed to the existentialist and feminist movements of Spanish "canción protesta" ("protest songs") of the 1960s and 1970s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Her first steps in the music field were with the group Expresión, featuring Nacho Sáez de Tejada and Julio Seijas. She wrote and sang in English. This band only published a single in 1970. In 1971 she signed up a contract as a solo artist with CBS-Spain. Julio Seijas remained as a collaborative musician on Cecilia´s band. She tried to launch her career as 'Eva' but that name was already registered and in use by another Madrilenian artist. In those days, the CBS-Spain label had release Simon and Garfunkel´s hit "Cecilia" and Evangelina took on that stage name.

paragraph: During her musical career as Cecilia, she released 3 LPs and 9 singles that were very well received by Spanish public. Cecilia was also a successful artist in Latin America. Her recordings were released in most Latin-speaking countries. She performed live in Colombia, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. She represented Spain in the fourth edition of the OTI Festival in 1975, which was held in San Juan, Puerto Rico with the song "Amor de medianoche" (Midnight Love). She ended up first runner-up. In 1976 she was working on several artistic projects, such as a tribute to poet Ramón del Valle-Inclán and launching her music career in the U.S. She was also developing some work as a musical producer.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 2 August 1976, Cecilia and the musicians of her band drove back to Madrid after a concert in Vigo, Galicia. Early in the morning, they were involved a car accident near Benavente. She, along with musician José Luis González, died. She was buried in the Madrilenian Cementerio de la Almudena.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Style and influences.

paragraph: While Spanish singer songwriters such as Mari Trini or Joan Manuel Serrat followed French influences, Cecilia introduced a new style in the 1970s. She brought and combined into her music her American and Middle East experiences and also looked into Spanish folk tradition and literature. She sang in English and Spanish. Cecilia was influenced by The Beatles, Paul Simon, Bob Dylan and Joan Baez as she said in several press interviews. She performed and recorded songs of these artists. Her first single as "Cecilia" featured the song "Reuníos" asking to The Beatles to get back together as a group. The front cover of her first album "Cecilia" shows Evangelina wearing a boxing glove, a clear reference to Paul Simon´s song "The Boxer".

paragraph: Cecilia wrote and recorded her own compositions in her studio recordings. The only exceptions are "Lost little thing", cover of Lennon and McCartney´s "Dear Prudence" and "Amor de Medianoche" by Juan Carlos Calderón and Evangelina Sobredo. She composed about 70 songs. The exact number is unknown because some materials remain unpublished. She also wrote several songs for other Spanish artists such as Julio Iglesias, Massiel, Simone or Mocedades. She cultivated other artistic fields beside music: poetry, painting and potteryware.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Censorship.

paragraph: Like many other artists in Spain, Cecilia had to deal with the censorship of General Franco´s government. Some lyrics and photographs from the albums had to be slightly altered or even removed to be approved. Those elements with references to feminism or to the Spanish Civil War were specially conflictuous. The song "Un millón de muertos" ("A million dead") after being altered and presented as "Un millón de sueños" ("A million dreams") was not approved to be played on the radio ("No radiable"). "Cecilia 2" was the name that replaced "Me quedaré soltera" ("I will remain single") as the album title due to the feminism behind that statement. The front cover of the record, originally showing a pregnant Cecilia, was promptly removed by the record company. The super-hit "Mi querida España" had some words deleted on the final version to minimize subtle references to the Civil War and the end of the dictatorship. However, the authentic lyrics made it to print and came out in the inner side of the gatefold cover of the album.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Legacy.

paragraph: There have been posthumous compilations and a re-edition of her songs sung by famous artists like Merche Corisco, Miguel Bosé, Ana Belén, Manolo Tena, and Julio Iglesias in 1996. Some of her songs such as "Un ramito de violetas" and "Dama, dama" have been covered by many artists worldwide: Rocío Dúrcal, David Broza, Manzanita, Natalia Oreiro, Fangoria, Amaral and Pablo Milanés among many others.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: A total of 11 singles were published during Cecilia's life. 6 of her songs hit the number 1 on Spanish best-selling and radio charts: "Dama, Dama", "Nada de nada", "Andar", "Un ramito de violetas", "Mi querida España" and "Amor de Medianoche". After her death, 3 more singles and a CD-single were released.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Try catch the sun" / "Have you ever had a blue day?", "Expresión", featuring Nacho Sáez de Tejada (Nuestro Pequeño Mundo) and Julio Seijas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mañana" / "Reuníos", 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fui"/" Dama, Dama", 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nada de nada" / "Mi gata Luna",1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Andar" / "Me quedaré soltera", 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canción de amor" / "Un millón de sueños", 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un ramito de violetas" / "La primera comunión", 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mi querida España" / "Nuestra tierra", 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amor de medianoche" / "Decir adiós", 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tu y yo" / "Una guerra", 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A million reasons" / "Come the wind", 1976 (Only released in the USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El viaje" / "Lluvia", 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doña Estefaldina" / "Nana del prisionero", 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El juego de la vida" / "Lady in the limousine",1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desde que tú te has ido", 1996 (only CD-single)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:LPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cecilia", 1972. Track list: "Fui", "Dama, Dama", "Señor y dueño", "Mi gata Luna", "Llora", "Portraits and Pictures", "Al son del clarín", "Canción de desamor", "Fauna", "Mama don´t you cry", "Nada de nada", "Lost little thing".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cecilia 2", 1973. Track list: "Andar", "Me quedaré soltera", "Si no fuera porque...", "Con los ojos en paz", "Canción de amor", "Un millón de sueños", "Cuando yo era pequeña", "Me iré de aquí", "Mi ciudad", "Equilibrista".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un ramito de violetas" 1975. Track list: "Mi querida España", "Decir adiós", "Sevilla", "La primera comunión", "Nuestro cuarto", "Esta tierra", "Mi pobre piano", "Un ramito de violetas", "Don Roque", "Tu retrato".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amor de Medianoche", 1975. A greatest hits collection, released because of the OTI Festival. The voice was newly recorded in all songs except "Un ramito de violetas". All songs were remixed. "Llora" was taken half step lower, so the song sounds slower and has longer timing than the original mix. Track list: "Amor de medianoche", "Andar", "Un ramito de violetas", "Nada de nada", "Un millón de sueños", "Mi querida España", "Fui", "Señor y dueño", "Llora", "Dama, dama".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Later collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canciones inéditas", 1983. Posthumous album that includes unpublished songs and discarded materials from previous recordings. Track list: "El juego de la vida", "Doña Estefaldina", "Lady in the limousine", "Tocan a muerto", "Nana del prisionero", "Perdimos algo", "El Testamento", "Como puede vivir", "Sister of the sand", "Quiero vivir palabras", "Soldadito de plomo", "Between the blinds".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "20 Grandes canciones", 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desde que tu te has ido", 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un millón de sueños", 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cecilia inédita en concierto", 2011. 2 CD´s/ 2 LP´s set featuring live radio performances of Cecilia, unpublished for 35 years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mi Muñeca", 2013. Posthumous album that includes unpublished songs and uncensored versions of her greatest hits.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madrid, José: Equilibrista, la vida de Cecilia. Madrid, Ocho y medio, 2011

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.cecilianet.com

alias:
Evangelina Sobredo Galanes
00054103518 IPI

description: singer-songwriter from Spain

wikidata_label: Cecilia

wikipedia_title: Cecilia (Spanish singer)


text:
House of Gorizia
Count of Gorizia
Albert II of Gorizia
Henry I of Hesse
Friuli
Istria
John Henry IV
County of Gorizia
Henry V
Meinhard VI
count palatine
Carinthia
Mitterburg
Windic March
White Carniola
Celje
Habsburg
Rudolf IV of Austria
Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
Charles IV
Genealogy of the Meinhardiner

categories: 14th-century births,Counts of Gorizia,Year of birth uncertain,1360s deaths

paragraph: Albert III, Count of Gorizia

paragraph: Albert III (died: ), a member of the House of Gorizia ("Meinhardiner" dynasty), ruled as Count of Gorizia from 1338 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Albert III was a son of Count Albert II of Gorizia (1261–1325) and his first wife Elizabeth, a daughter of Landgrave Henry I of Hesse. From 1329 to 1338, he served as governor of Gorizia, Friuli, and Istria for his minor nephew Count John Henry IV.

paragraph: In 1338, he inherited the County of Gorizia ("Görz") upon the early death of John Henry IV. Albert ruled jointly with his younger half-brothers Henry V and Meinhard VI. In 1339, they agreed that Albert would be the sole count palatine of Carinthia. Three years later, he waived his rights to Gorizia and went on to rule in Istria (Mitterburg), the adjacent Windic March, and White Carniola.

paragraph: Albert III married a noblewomen named Helen and later, in 1353, with Catherine (born between 1284 and 1308), a daughter of Count Frederick I of Celje. Both marriages were childless. Shortly before his death about 1365, Albert bequested his vast Istrian and Carniolan possessions to the Habsburg duke Rudolf IV of Austria. The remaining Gorizia estates were inherited by his surviving half-brother Meinhard IV, who was elevated to a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Charles IV.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of the Meinhardiner

description: Count of Gorizia, Count Palatine of Carinthia

wikidata_label: Albert III, Count of Gorizia

wikipedia_title: Albert III, Count of Gorizia


text: Margrave

text: Brandenburg

text: Otto III "the Pious"

text: Ascania

text: Teltow

text: Barnim

text: Uckermark

text: Stargard

text: Lubusz Land

text: Neumark

text: Oder

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: King of the Germans

text: Cölln

text: Berlin

text: Spandau

text: Lehnin Abbey

text: Cistercian

text: Waldemar

text: Albert II

text: Conrad II of Lusatia

text: House of Wettin

text: Otto III

text: Frederick II

text: Albert I

text: Henry I of Anhalt

text: Albert I

text: Bernhard III

text: Mark

text: Henry V

text: Brandenburg an der Havel

text: Otto the Child

text: Public Peace of Mainz

text: Conrad IV

text: Henry Raspe

text: William II of Holland

text: Alfonso X of Castile

text: Albert the Bear

text: King of the Germans

text: Spandau

text: Cölln

text: Prenzlau

text: Frankfurt an der Oder

text: Barnim

text: Uckermark

text: Welse

text: Stargard

text: Beseritz

text: Wustrow

text: Treaty of Kremmen

text: Wartislaw III

text: Stargard Castle

text: Teltow War

text: Margraves of Meissen

text: House of Wettin

text: Slavic

text: Köpenick

text: Spree

text: Dahme

text: Berlin

text: Barnim

text: Teltow

text: Mittenwalde

text: Lubusz Land

text: Oder

text: Treaty of Landin

text: Randow

text: Wolgast

text: dowry

text: Waldemar II of Denmark

text: Leszek I the White

text: Neumark

text: Oder

text: Drawa

text: Persante

text: Landsberg

text: Warta

text: Santok

text: Berlin

text: Köpenick

text: Myślibórz

text: Knights Templar

text: Cistercian

text: Paradies Monastery

text: Międzyrzecz

text: Cedynia

text: West Pomerania

text: Baltic Sea

text: Albert the Bear

text: Cölln

text: Berlin

text: Spandau

text: Köpenick

text: Slavic

text: Spandau

text: Hevelli

text: Pribislav

text: Pribislav

text: Albert the Bear

text: Plauer See

text: Brandenburg an der Havel

text: Tangermünde

text: Altmark

text: Jaxa of Köpenick

text: Spandau Citadel

text: Benedictine

text: nunnery

text: trade route

text: ford

text: Wettin (dynasty)

text: Halle

text: Templar

text: Marienfelde

text: Mariendorf

text: Tempelhof

text: Teltow War

text: High Middle Ages

text: market towns

text: St. Nicholas Church

text: staple right

text: confessor

text: Franciscan

text: Albert I of Saxony-Wittenberg

text: Parsteiner See

text: Barnim

text: Lehnin Abbey

text: Chorin Abbey

text: Parstein

text: circular rampart

text: Stendal

text: Altmark

text: Havelland

text: Uckermark

text: Spandau

text: Salzwedel

text: Barnim

text: Lubusz Land

text: Stargard

text: vassal

text: Margraves of Brandenburg

text: Otto IV "with the Arrow"

text: Waldemar "the Great"

text: Henry II "the Child"

text: John II

text: Conrad

text: John V

text: Rathenow

text: Valdemar II of Denmark

text: Berengaria of Portugal

text: John II of Brandenburg

text: Otto IV of Brandenburg

text: Conrad I of Brandenburg

text: Waldemar

text: Eric of Brandenburg

text: Archbishop of Magdeburg

text: Dietrich of Landsberg

text: Bishop of Havelberg

text: Albert I, Duke of Saxony

text: Agnes of Brandenburg

text: Erik V of Denmark

text: Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön

text: Henry I of Brandenburg

text: Landsberg

text: Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania

text: Siegesallee

text: Großer Tiergarten

text: Wilhelm II

text: Reinhold Begas

text: provost

text: Marsilius de Berlin

text: Reinhold Koser

text: Max Baumbach

text: romanticistic

text: Jugendstil

text: "Can. Brandenburg., Tractatus de urbe Brandenburg"

text: Online

text: Otto Tschirch

categories: Margraves of Brandenburg,Year of birth uncertain,1266 deaths,House of Ascania,13th-century births

paragraph: John I, Margrave of Brandenburg

paragraph: John I, Margrave of Brandenburg ( – 4 April 1266) was from 1220 until his death Margrave of Brandenburg, jointly with his brother Otto III "the Pious".

paragraph: The reign of these two Ascanian Margraves was characterized by an expansion of the Margraviate, which annexed the remaining parts of Teltow and Barnim, the Uckermark, the Lordship of Stargard, the Lubusz Land and parts of the Neumark east of the Oder. They consolidated the position of Brandenburg within the Holy Roman Empire, which was reflected in the fact that in 1256, Otto III was a candidate to be elected King of the Germans. They founded several cities and developed the twin cities of Cölln and Berlin. They expanded the Ascanian castle in nearby Spandau and made it their preferred residence.

paragraph: Before their death, they divided the Margraviate in a "Johannine" and an "Ottonian" part. The Ascanians were traditionally buried in the Lehnin Abbey in the Ottonian part of the country. In 1258, they founded a Cistercian monastery named "Mariensee", where members of the Johannine line could be buried. In 1266, they changed their mind and founded a second monastery, named "Chorin", 8 km southwest of Mariensee. John was initially buried at Mariensee; his body was moved to Chorin in 1273.

paragraph: After the Ottonian line died out in 1317, John I's grandson Waldemar reunited the Margraviate.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Regency and guardianship.

paragraph: John was the elder son of Albert II of the Brandenburg line of the House of Ascania and Mechthild (Matilda), the daughter of Margrave Conrad II of Lusatia, a junior line of the House of Wettin. Since both John and his two years younger brother Otto III were minors when their father died in 1220, Emperor Frederick II transferred the regency to Archbishop Albert I of Magdeburg. The guardianship was taken up by the children's first cousin once removed, Count Henry I of Anhalt, the older brother of Duke Albert I of Saxony, a cousin of Albert II. As the sons of Duke Bernhard III of Saxony, they were the closest relatives, and Henry had the older rights.

paragraph: In 1221, their mother, Countess Matilda, purchased the regency from the Archbishop of Magdeburg for 1900 silver Marks and then ruled jointly with Henry I. The Archbishop of Magdeburg then travelled to Italy, to visit Emperor Frederick II and Duke Albert I of Saxony attempted to grab power in Brandenburg, causing a rift with his brother Henry I. The Saxon attack presented an opportunity for Count Palatine Henry V to get involved. Emperor Frederick II managed to prevent a feud, urging them to keep the peace.

paragraph: After Matilda died in 1225, the brothers ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg jointly. John I was about twelve years old at the time, and Otto III was ten. They were knighted on 11 May 1231 in Brandenburg an der Havel and this is generally taken as the beginning of their reign.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Domestic policies.

paragraph: After the death of Count Henry of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1227, the brothers supported his nephew, their brother-in-law Otto the Child, who was only able to prevail against Hohenstaufen claims and its vassals by force of arms. In 1229, there was a feud with former regent Archbishop Albert, which ended peacefully. Like their former opponents and defenders, they appeared at the Diet of Mainz in 1235, where the Public Peace of Mainz was proclaimed.

paragraph: After the dispute over the kingship between Conrad IV and Henry Raspe the brothers recognized William II of Holland as king in 1251. They first exercised Brandenburg's electoral privilege in 1257, when they voted for king Alfonso X of Castile. Although Alfonso was not elected, the fact that they were able to vote illustrates the growing importance of Brandenburg, which had been founded only a century earlier, in 1157, by Albert the Bear. When John and Otto came to power, Brandenburg was considered an insignificant little principality on the eastern border. By the 1230s, the Margraves of Brandenburg had definitely gained the heritable post of Imperial Chamberlain and the indisputable right to vote in the election of the King of the Germans.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Developing the country.

paragraph: John I and his brother Otto III developed the territory of their margraviate and expanded market towns and castles, including Spandau, Cölln and Prenzlau into towns and centers of commerce. They also expanded Frankfurt an der Oder and John I awarded it city status in 1253.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Developing the country.:The Teltow War and the Treaty of Landin.

paragraph: Between 1230 and 1245, Brandenburg acquired the remaining part of Barnim and the southern Uckermark up to the Welse river. On 20 June 1236, the Margraviate acquired the Lordships of Stargard, Beseritz and Wustrow by the Treaty of Kremmen from Duke Wartislaw III of Pomerania. Later that year, the brothers initiated the construction of Stargard Castle, to secure the northernmost part of their territory.

paragraph: From 1239 to 1245, the brothers fought the Teltow War against the Margraves of Meissen of the House of Wettin. At stake was a Slavic castle at Köpenick, a former headquarters of the Sprewanen tribe, located at the confluence of the Spree and Dahme rivers, at the time, it was just east of Berlin; today it is part of the city. It dominated the Barnim and Teltow areas. In 1245, the brothers managed to take both castle a Köpenick and a fortress at Mittenwalde. From this base, they could expand further to the east. In 1249, they acquired the Lubusz Land and reached the river Oder.

paragraph: In 1250, the brothers closed the Treaty of Landin with the Dukes of Pomerania. Under this treaty, they received the northern part of the Uckermark (), north of the Welse river and the districts of Randow and Löcknitz, in exchange for the half of the Lordship of Wolgast that John I had received as dowry from King Waldemar II of Denmark when he married his first wife, Sophia. This treaty is considered the birth of the Uckermark as a part of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Developing the country.:Policies to stabilize the Neumark.

paragraph: During the first third of the 13th century German settlers were recruited by Duke Leszek I the White to settle the Neumark. After he died in 1227, the Polish central government collapsed, allowing the Margraves of Brandenburg to expand eastwards. They acquired land east of the Oder and expanded their domain further east to the river Drawa and north to the river Persante. In 1257, John I founded the town of Landsberg (now called ) as an alternative river crossing across the Warta, competing with the crossing in the Polish town of Santok, detracting from the considerable revenues Santok made from foreign trade (custom duties, fees from the market operation and storage fees), similar to the way Berlin had been founded to compete with Köpenick. In 1261, the Margraves purchased Myślibórz () from the Knights Templar and began developing the town to their power center in the Neumark.

paragraph: To stabilize their new possessions, the Margraves used the tried and tested Ascanian policy of founding monastreies and settlements. As early as 1230, they supported the Polish Count Dionysius Bronisius when he founded the Cistercian Paradies Monastery near Międzyrzecz () as a "filiation" of the monastery at Lehnin. Their cooperation with the Polish count provided border security against Pomerania and prepared the economy of the area for integration into the Neumark. Among the settlers in the Neumark was the "von Sydow" family, who were later ennobled. the small town of Cedynia (; today in the Polish Voivodeship of West Pomerania) was enfoeffed to the noble "von Jagow" family.

paragraph: The historian Stefan Warnatsch has summarized this development and the attempts of the Ascanians to gain access to the Baltic Sea from the middle Oder and the Uckermark as follows: "The great success of the territorial expansion in the 13th century was largely due to the great-grandsons of Albert the Bear [...]. The design of their reign reached much further spatially and conceptually then that of their predecessors". According to Lutz Partenheimer: "[around 1250], the Ascanians had pushed back their competitors from Magdeburg, Wettin, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Poland and the smaller competitors on all fronts". However, John I and Otto III failed to produce the strategically important connection to the Baltic Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Development in the Berlin area.

paragraph: The development of the Berlin area is closely related to the other policies of the two Margraves. The two founding cities of Berlin (Cölln and Berlin) were founded relatively late. The settlements began around 1170 and achieved city status around 1240. Other settlement in the area, such as Spandau and Köpenick, date back to the Slavic period (from about 720) and these naturally had a greater strateigc and political importance than the young merchant towns Cölln and Berlin. For a long time the border between the territories of the Slavic tribes Hevelli and Sprewanen crossed straight through the area of today's Berlin. Around 1130, Spandau was an eastern outpost of the Hevelli under Pribislav. When Pribilav died in 1150, Spandau fell to Brandenburg under the terms of an inheritance treaty between Pribislav and Albert the Bear. Brandenburg did not acquire Köpenick until 1245.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Development in the Berlin area.:Residence at Spandau.

paragraph: In 1229, the Margraves of Brandenburg lost a battle against their former guardian, the archbishop of Magdeburg at the Plauer See, close to their residence in Brandenburg an der Havel. The escaped to the fortress at Spandau. In the following years, the brothers made Spandau their preferred residence, next to Tangermünde in the Altmark. Between 1232 and 1266, seventeen stays at Spandau have been documented, more than at any other town.

paragraph: Albert the Bear probably expanded the fortress island at Spandau eastwards before or shortly after his victory against a certain "Jaxa" (this was probably Jaxa of Köpenick) in 1157. Towards the end of the 12th century, the Ascanians moved the fortress about a kilometer to the North, to the location of today's Spandau Citadel, probably because of a rising ground water table. The presence of an Ascanian fortress on this site in 1197 has been established. John I and Otto III expanded the fortress and promoted the "civitas" in the adjacent settlement. They gave it city rights in 1232 or earlier. They founded the Benedictine nunnery of St. Mary in 1239. The "Nonnendammallee", one of the oldest streets in Berlin and as "Nonnendamm" part of a trade route as early as the 13th century, is still a reminder of the former nunnery

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Development in the Berlin area.:Expansion of Cölln and Berlin.

paragraph: According to the current state of research, no evidence has been found that a Slavic settlement existed in the area around the twin towns of Berlin and Cölln. The ford across the largely swampy Berlin Glacial Valley gained importance during the Slavic-German transition period, when John I and Otto III settled the sparsely populated plateaus of Teltow and Barnim with local Slavs and German immigrants.

paragraph: According to Adriaan von Müller, the strategic importance of Cölln and Berlin, and the reason for the foundation was probably to form a couterweight to Köpenick, a secure trading hub held by the Wettin (dynasty)s with its own trade roues to the north and east. The broad ford across two or even three river arms away could best be protected by fortified settlements on both river banks. The Margraves protected the route to Halle across the northwestern Teltow plateau by a chain of Templar villages: Marienfelde, Mariendorf, Rixdorf and Tempelhof. After the Ascanians defeated the Wettins in the Teltow War of 1245, the importance of Köpenick decreased, took an increasingly central position in the developing trading network.

paragraph: According to Winfried Schich, we can assume the "Berlin and Cölln owe their development as urban settlements to the structural changes in this area due to the expansion during the High Middle Ages, which led both to a denser population and a reorganization of long-distance trade routes. [...] The dilluvial plateaus of Teltow and Barnim with their heavy and relatively fertile soils, were systematically settled and put under the plow during the reign of Margraves John I and Otto III. During the first phase of settlement, the lowland areas along the river with their lighter soils seem to have been the preferred places of settlement.

paragraph: According to the of 1280, Berlin and other places were "built' () by John I and Otto III. Since their reign had started in 1225, the period around 1230 is considered the founding period of Berlin. Recent archeological research has uncovered evidence of late 12th century market towns in both Cölln and Berlin. Ninety graves were excavated in the St. Nicholas Church, the oldest building in Berlin, with foundations dated 1220-1230 and some of these graves could also be from the late 12th century. This implies that the two Margraves did not actually found the cities of Cölln and Berlin, although they did play a decisive rôle in the early expansion of the cities.

paragraph: Among the privileges granted to the two cities by the Margraves were Brandenburg Law (including absence of tolls, free exercise of trade and commerce, hereditary property rights) and in particular the staple right, which gave Cölln and Berlin an economic advantage of Spandau and Köpenick. The Margraves gave the "Mirica", the Cölln Moor, with all usage rights to the citizens of Cölln. The connection of the Margraves with Berlin is also evidenced by their choice of Hermann von Langele as their confessor. This Hermann von Langele was the first known member of the Franciscan convent at Berlin. He is mentioned as a witness in a deed issued by the Margrave in Spandau in 1257.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.

paragraph: The joint rule of the Margraves ended in 1258 with a division of their territory. A cleverly managed division and continued consensual policy prevented the Margraviate from falling apart. The preparations for the reorganization may have begun in 1250, when the Uckermark was acquired, but no later than 1255, when John I married Jutta (Brigitte), the daughter of Duke Albert I of Saxony-Wittenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Johannine and Ottonian line.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Johannine and Ottonian line.:Chorin Abbey - Grave laying and power politics.

paragraph: The politics of marriage and 1258 consummated division of the state government led to the joint foundation of the monastery of "Mariensee" on a former island in the Parsteiner See lake on the northeastern edge of today's Barnim. Until then, deceased Margraves of Brandenburg had been buried at Lehnin Abbey, in the Ottonian part of the Margraviate. The monastery of Mariensee was meant to provide the Johannine line with a burial place of their own. Construction of the monastery began in 1258 with monks from Lehnin. Even before Marinesee was completed in 1273, a decision was made to move to a new location approximately five miles to the southwest with the new name Chorin Abbey. When John I died in 1266, he was initially buried at Mariensee. In 1273, his body was moved to Chorin Abbey. It appears that in 1266, John I arranged for the monastery to move and that he donated rich gifts to the new Chorin Abbey, including the village of Parstein. His sons later confirmed these donations for the benefit of their father's soul and their own.

paragraph: As with all monastery founded by the Ascanians, political and economic considerations played an important rôle, alongside the pastoral aspects. A Slavic circular rampart existed on the island, to the west of the monastery. John I and Otto III probably used this rampart as a castle against their Pomeranian competitors. The monastery was meant to provide central and administrative functions. ""Both the foundation itself and the location in a regional centre 'across' the trade route [...] in a populated area are to be interpreted as the result of political calculations"".

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Johannine and Ottonian line.:Dividing the Margraviate.

paragraph: When the Margraviate was divided, John I received Stendal and the Altmark, which was considered the "cradle" of Brandenburg, and would remain a part until 1806. He also received the Havelland and the Uckermark. His brother Otto III received Spandau, Salzwedel, Barnim, the Lubusz Land and Stargard. The most important factors in this division were revenue and the number of vassals; geographical factors played only a subordinate rôle. Their successors as Margraves of Brandenburg, Otto IV "with the Arrow", Waldemar "the Great" and Henry II "the Child" all stem from the Johannine line. Otto's sons and grandsons and John's younger sons also styled themselves "Margrave of Brandenburg" and as such co-signed official document — for example, John's sons John II and Conrad so-signed in 1273 the decision to move Mariensee monastery to Chorin — however, they remained "co-regents".

paragraph: The Ottonian line died out in 1317 with the death of Margrave John V in Spandau, so that Brandenburg was reunited under Waldemar the Great. The Johannine line died out only three years later, with the death of Henry the Child in 1320, ending Ascanian rule in Brandenburg. In 1290, nineteen Margraves of the two lines had gathered on a hill near Rathenow; in 1318 only two Margraves were left alive: Waldemar and Henry the Child. The last Ascanian in Brandenburg, the eleven-year-old Henry the Child, only played a minor rôle and was already at the mercy of the various houses trying to grab power in the upcoming power vacuum.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1230, John I married Sophie of Denmark (1217–1247), daughter of King Valdemar II of Denmark and Berengaria of Portugal. With her, he had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John II of Brandenburg (1237(?)–1281), Margrave of Brandenburg as co-ruler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto IV of Brandenburg (), Margrave of Brandenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad I of Brandenburg (–1304), Margrave of Brandenburg as co-regent, the father of Waldemar, the last Ascanian Margrave of Brandenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric of Brandenburg (–1295), Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1283 to 1295.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helene of Brandenburg (1241 or 1242 – 1304), married in 1258 to Margrave Dietrich of Landsberg (1242–1285).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann of Brandenburg (died: probably 1291), Bishop of Havelberg from 1290 onward.

paragraph: In 1255, John I married Brigitte Jutta of Saxony, the daughter of Albert I, Duke of Saxony and Agnes of Austria (1206–1226). With her, he had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes of Brandenburg (after 1255 – 1304), married firstly in 1273 to King Erik V of Denmark (1249–1286), and secondly in 1293 to Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön (1254–1312).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry I of Brandenburg, "Lackland" (1256–1318), Margrave of Brandenburg and Landsberg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda of Brandenburg (died: before 1309), married to Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania (1258–1309).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert of Brandenburg (–1290)

paragraph: John I held King Eric V prisoner from 1262 to 1264. In 1273, the King of Denmark married John's daughter, Agnes of Brandenburg.

paragraph: After John's death in 1266, his brother Otto III ruled Brandenburg alone. After Otto's death in 1267, John's son, Otto IV, took over as the senior Margrave.

paragraph: Section::::Double statue of the brothers at the Siegesallee.

paragraph: The double statue depicted on the left stood in the Siegesallee in the Großer Tiergarten in Berlin. The "Siegesallee" was a "grand boulevard" commissioned by Emperor Wilhelm II in 1895 with statues illustrating the history of Brandenburg and Prussia. Between 1895 and 1901, 27 sculptors led by Reinhold Begas created 32 statues of Prussian and Brandenburg rulers, each 2.75  high. Each statue was flanked by two smaller busts representing people who had played an important rôle in the life of the historic ruler.

paragraph: The central statue in group 5 was the double statue of John and Otto. On the left was a bust of provost Simeon of Cölln, who was a witness, on 28 October 1237, together with bishop Gernand of Brandenburg, of the oldest deed in which Cölln is mentioned. On the right was a bust of Marsilius de Berlin, the first recorded mayor () of Berlin. He was simultaneously mayor of Cölln.

paragraph: The choice of the secular and ecclesiastical leaders of Berlin and Cölln as flanking characters for John and Otto underscores the pivotal rôle the city of Berlin played in the lives of the Margraves in the opinion of Reinhold Koser, the historian who did the research for the "Siegesallee". Koser regarded the founding and development of the city as the Margrave's most important policy, more so than the expansion the principality and the founding of the monastery. he was also impressed by the consensus which characterised their joint rule, as presented in the Chronicle of 1280. According to Koser, the sculptor Max Baumbach was responsible for the decision to make the founding of Berlin the central theme of the double statue, rather than the expansion or the founding of the monastery.

paragraph: John I depicted sitting on a stone, with the city charter of Berlin and Cölln spread across his knees. The younger Otto III stand beside him, pointing to the deed with one hand, while his other arm rests on a spear. "The outstretched arms and bowed head suggest the brothers' protection and promotion of the twin cities. The fact that the two young men are depicted as mature men was seen by Koser as legitimized by the right of artistic freedom". Two adolescents would not have been able to adequately express the founding of a future world city, from the perspective of the late 19th century interpretation of history.

paragraph: The overall architecture of the statue group maintains a romanticistic style. According to Uta Lehnert, the two eagles show characteristics of the Jugendstil.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrici de Antwerpe: "Can. Brandenburg., Tractatus de urbe Brandenburg", edited and elucidated by Georg Sello, in: "22. Jahresbericht des Altmärkischen Vereins für vaterländische Geschichte und Industrie zu Salzwedel", Magdeburg, 1888, issue 1, p. 3-35, internet version by Tilo Köhn with transcriptions and translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronica Marchionum Brandenburgensium", ed. G. Sello, "FBPrG I", 1888.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schreckenbach, "Bibliogr. zur Gesch. der Mark Brandenburg", vols. 1–5, Publications of the State Archive at Potsdam, vol. 8 ff, Böhlau, Cologne, 1970–1986

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tilo Köhn (publisher): "Brandenburg, Anhalt und Thüringen im Mittelalter. Askanier und Ludowinger beim Aufbau fürstlicher Territorialherrschaften", Böhlau, Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helmut Assing: "Die frühen Askanier und ihre Frauen", Kulturstiftung Bernburg, 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Erdmann: "Zisterzienser-Abtei Chorin. Geschichte, Architektur, Kult und Frömmigkeit, Fürsten-Anspruch und -Selbstdarstellung, klösterliches Wirtschaften sowie Wechselwirkungen zur mittelalterlichen Umwelt", with contributions by Gisela Gooß, Manfred Krause and Gunther Nisch, with extensive bibliography, in the series "Die Blauen Bücher", Königstein im Taunus, 1994,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix Escher: "Der Wandel der Residenzfunktion. Zum Verhältnis Spandau – Berlin. Das markgräfliche Hoflager in askanischer Zeit", in: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): "Slawenburg, Landesfestung, Industriezentrum. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Stadt und Bezirk Spandau", Colloqium-Verlag, Berlin, 1983,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uta Lehnert: "Der Kaiser und die Siegesallee. Réclame Royale", Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, 1998,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uwe Michas: "Die Eroberung und Besiedlung Nordostbrandenburgs", in the series: "Entdeckungen entlang der Märkischen Eiszeitstraße", vol. 7, Gesellschaft zur Erforschung und Förderung der märkischen Eiszeitstraße (ed.), Eberswalde, 2003, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adriaan von Müller: "Gesicherte Spuren. Aus der frühen Vergangenheit der Mark Brandenburg", Bruno Hessling Verlag, Berlin, 1972,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lutz Partenheimer: "Albrecht der Bär – Gründer der Mark Brandenburg und des Fürstentums Anhalt", Böhlau Verlag, Cologne, 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jörg Rogge: "Die Wettiner", Thorbecke Verlag, Stuttgart, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winfried Schich: "Das mittelalterliche Berlin (1237–1411)", in: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): "Veröffentlichung der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin: Geschichte Berlins", vol. 1, Verlag C.H. Beck, Munich, 1987,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winfried Schich: "Die Entstehung der mittelalterlichen Stadt Spandau", in: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): "Slawenburg, Landesfestung, Industriezentrum. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Stadt und Bezirk Spandau", Colloqium-Verlag, Berlin, 1983,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oskar Schwebel: "Die Markgrafen Johann I. und Otto III.", in: Richard George (ed.): "Hie gut Brandenburg alleweg! Geschichts- und Kulturbilder aus der Vergangenheit der Mark und aus Alt-Berlin bis zum Tode des Großen Kurfürsten", Verlag von W. Pauli’s Nachfolger, Berlin, 1900 Online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harald Schwillus and Stefan Beier: "Zisterzienser zwischen Ordensideal und Landesherren", Morus-Verlag, Berlin, 1998,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Tschirch: "Geschichte der Chur- und Hauptstadt Brandenburg a. d. Havel. Festschrift zur Tausendjahrfeier der Stadt 1928/29", 2 vols, Brandenburg an der Havel, 1928; reprinted: 1936, 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephan Warnatsch: "Geschichte des Klosters Lehnin 1180–1542", in the series "Studien zur Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Zisterzienser", vol. 12.1, Lukas Verlag, Berlin, 2000 (also: thesis, Free University, Berlin, 1999),

description: Margrave of Brandenburg

wikidata_label: John I, Margrave of Brandenburg

wikipedia_title: John I, Margrave of Brandenburg


text: Australian

text: rock

text: Augie March

text: Fremantle, Western Australia

text: Augie March

text: APRA Awards

text: Sunset Studies

text: Strange Bird

text: EP

text: Moo, You Bloody Choir

text: Watch Me Disappear

text: Glimjack

text: Official Augie March Website

text: Official Augie March Forum

categories: Australian indie rock musicians,1972 births,APRA Award winners,Australian rock singers,Living people,Australian indie pop musicians

paragraph: Glenn Richards

paragraph: Glenn Anthony Richards Glenn Richards is an Australian musician, best known as the mainstay guitarist singer-songwriter for the Australian rock band Augie March.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Richards was born in Shepparton, Victoria. Richards saved up enough money to buy his first guitar by working long hours on the docks in Fremantle, Western Australia.

paragraph: Section::::With Augie March.

paragraph: Richards joined Augie March in August 1995, playing his first gig with them five years later.

paragraph: To date they have released two EPs and four LPs, while Richards has released one solo EP. Richards has released one additional solo EP as G.A. Richards and the Dark Satanic Mills Bros.

paragraph: Glenn now lives with his family in Tasmania in West Hobart, a suburb of Hobart with views of the city, the Derwent Estuary and the surrounding suburbs.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.:APRA Awards.

paragraph: The APRA Awards are presented annually by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sunset Studies" (BMG Australia), 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strange Bird" (BMG Australia), 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closed Off, Cold & Bitter - Life As a Can of Beer" (Solo EP), 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moo, You Bloody Choir" (BMG Australia), 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watch Me Disappear" (Sony BMG Australia), 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glimjack" (Sony BMG Australia), 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Augie March Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Augie March Forum

description: Australian musician

wikidata_label: Glenn Richards

wikipedia_title: Glenn Richards


text:
Scotland
rugby league
St. George Illawarra Dragons
NRL
Country New South Wales
Pambula, New South Wales
Merimbula-Pambula Bulldogs
Shellharbour Sharks
St. George Illawarra Dragons
NYC
Australian Schoolboys
New South Wales
Queensland
Junior Kangaroos
Junior Kiwis
New South Wales Cup
Illawarra Cutters
2015 NRL Auckland Nines
2015 NRL season
NRL
Canberra Raiders
Canberra Stadium
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
ANZ Stadium
Prime Minister's XIII
Papua New Guinea
Port Moresby
2016 NRL Auckland Nines
New South Wales Country
New South Wales City
Jack Wighton
2017 World Cup
Brisbane Broncos
South Sydney
St. George Illawarra Dragons profile
Dragons profile
NRL profile

categories: Scottish people of Polish descent,Rugby league wingers,Junior Kangaroos players,Scottish people of European descent,People of Latvian descent,Australian people of Latvian descent,Rugby league centres,Scotland national rugby league team players,Australian rugby league players,St. George Illawarra Dragons players,Prime Minister's XIII players,Country New South Wales Origin rugby league team players,1995 births,Australian people of Polish descent,Illawarra Cutters players,Australian people of Scottish descent,British people of Latvian descent

paragraph: Euan Aitken

paragraph: Euan Aitken (born 16 June 1995) is a Scotland international rugby league footballer who plays as a for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL. A Country New South Wales representative centre, he has played his entire NRL career to date with St. George Illawarra.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Aitken was born in Pambula, New South Wales, Australia. He is of Scottish descent through his paternal grandfather, Andrew, Latvian descent through his paternal grandmother, Regina, and Polish descent through his paternal grandmother's mother. He played his junior rugby league for the Merimbula-Pambula Bulldogs and Shellharbour Sharks. He was then signed by the St. George Illawarra Dragons.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Early career.

paragraph: In 2013 and 2014, Aitken played for the St. George Illawarra Dragons' NYC team. In September and October 2013, he played for the Australian Schoolboys. On 28 April 2014, he was named to play for the New South Wales under-20s team to play Queensland, but had to pull out due to injury. On 18 October 2014, he played for the Junior Kangaroos against the Junior Kiwis. At the end of 2014, he was named the Dragons' NYC Player of the Year. In 2015, he moved on to the Dragons' New South Wales Cup team, Illawarra Cutters.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2015.

paragraph: On 31 January and 1 February, Aitken played for the Dragons in the 2015 NRL Auckland Nines. In Round 3 of the 2015 NRL season, he made his NRL début for the Dragons against the Canberra Raiders, playing at centre in the Dragons' 22–20 win at Canberra Stadium. On 23 March, he re-signed with the Dragons on a two-year contract. In Round 6 against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, he scored his first NRL career try in the Dragons' 31–6 win at ANZ Stadium. He finished off his début year in the NRL having played in 23 matches and scoring six tries for the Dragons. On 26 September, he played for the Prime Minister's XIII against Papua New Guinea, playing off the interchange bench and scoring a try in his team's 40-12 win at Port Moresby.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2016.

paragraph: In February, Aitken played for the Dragons in the 2016 NRL Auckland Nines. On 8 May, he played for New South Wales Country against New South Wales City, where he played at centre and scored a try. In Round 10 against the Canberra Raiders, he scored a try off a wayward pass from Raiders fullback Jack Wighton, just on the halfway siren in golden-point extra-time to win the match for the Dragons 16–12.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2017.

paragraph: Aitken was forced to miss Scotland's 2017 World Cup campaign due to injury.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:2018.

paragraph: Aitken made 23 appearances and scored 10 tries for St George as the club finished 7th on the table at the end of the regular season. St George had led the competition after 16 rounds before losing 6 of their last 9 games which was reminiscent to their 2017 season. Aitken missed out on playing in the club's finals campaign which saw them upset the Brisbane Broncos in week one of the finals before being eliminated the following week by South Sydney 13-12.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. George Illawarra Dragons profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dragons profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- NRL profile

description: Australian rugby league player

wikidata_label: Euan Aitken

wikipedia_title: Euan Aitken


text:
Serbian Chetnik Organization
Valjevo
Principality of Serbia
First Belgrade Gymnasium
University of Vienna
Luka Ćelović
Vasa Jovanović
Žika Rafailović
Nikola Spasić
Ljuba Kovačević
Serb revolutionary organizations

categories: 20th-century Serbian people,Serbian diplomats,Serbian nationalists,1933 deaths,People from Valjevo,1860 births,People from the Kingdom of Serbia

paragraph: Milorad Gođevac

paragraph: Milorad Gođevac (, 1 March 1860 – 21 September 1933) was the organizer of the Serbian Chetnik Organization, a doctor by profession.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Valjevo, Principality of Serbia, he finished the First Belgrade Gymnasium and finished medicine at the University of Vienna in 1889. He was the organizer of the Serbian armed action in South Serbia and Macedonia and founder of the first Volunteer Board.

paragraph: The Chief Staff of the Chetnik Organization (the Serbian Committee) was established in 1902. The members were, among others, Gođevac, Luka Ćelović, Vasa Jovanović, Žika Rafailović, Nikola Spasić and Ljuba Kovačević.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serb revolutionary organizations

wikidata_label: Milorad Gođevac

wikipedia_title: Milorad Gođevac


text: Tamil

text: Vanniar

text: Vanni Nadu

text: Tamil

text: Sri Lanka

text: British Ceylon empire

text: Dutch Ceylon empire

text: National Hero of Sri Lanka

text: Vanniar

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Nuwara Wewa

text: Vanniar Chieftain

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Nuwara Wewa

text: Vanni

text: Mullaitivu District

text: Vanniar chieftain

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Vanni

text: Sri Lanka

text: Vanni

text: Mannar

text: Vavuniya

text: Trincomalee

text: Polonnaruwa

text: Batticaloa

text: Ampara

text: Puttalam

text: Sanskrit

text: Tamil

text: Vanniyar

text: North Arcot

text: South India

text: Vanni

text: Vanniar Chieftains

text: Madurai

text: South India

text: Anuradhapura

text: Jaffna Kingdom

text: Portuguese

text: Vanni

text: Vanni

text: Portuguese

text: Dutch

text: Sri Lanka

text: Dutch

text: Fort of Colombo

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: British

text: British

text: Mannar

text: Trincomalee

text: Jaffna peninsula

text: British

text: Kandy

text: Vanniyan

text: British

text: Vanniyan

text: Mullaitheevu

text: Mullaitheevu

text: He

text: British

text: Vanni

text: Elephant Pass

text: Jaffna Peninsula

text: he

text: Lt. von Driberg

text: British

text: Jaffna

text: Mannar

text: Trincomalee

text: British

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Sri Wickrema Rajasinghe

text: Lt. von Driberg

text: Vanni

text: Vanniar (Chieftains)

text: Lt. von Driberg

text: Dutch

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: British

text: Dutch

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Lt. von Driberg

text: Vanni

text: Lt. von Driberg

text: Tamil

text: Sinhalese

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Prime Minister,

text: Ranasinghe Premadasa

text: Vavuniya

text: A-9 Highway

text: Jaffna

text: Kandy

text: Colombo

text: Mannar

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Tamils

text: Sinhalese

text: North Central

text: North Western

text: Sri Lanka

text: Vanni

text: Sinhalese

text: Tamil nationalists

text: Vellupillai Prabhakaran

text: LTTE

text: Minister Muthuvel Karunanidhi

text: Tamil

text: patriotism

text: transnationalism

text: LTTE

text: Veerapandiya Kattabomman

text: Wanni

text: British

text: V. Gopalsamy MP

text: Vaiko

text: Vellupillai Prabhakaran

text: LTTE

text: Wanni

text: Pandara Vanniyan

text: Ellalan

text: Jaffna Clock Tower

text: Closer look at Southern part of Vanni

text: Lord of the Vanni Forests

text: Vanni narratives

categories: British Empire,Sri Lankan Tamil history,Sri Lankan Tamil rebels,Tamil monarchs,Sri Lankan Hindus,Hindu warriors,1803 deaths

paragraph: Pandara Vanniyan

paragraph: Pandara Vanniyan ( , ) was a Tamil Vanniar who ruled in Vanni Nadu in 18th century AD. He is referred to by some as the last Tamil king in Sri Lanka, who also rose to revolt against the British Ceylon empire and Dutch Ceylon empire, who died battling the British colonial rule on the island. He was officially declared a National Hero of Sri Lanka in 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kulasegaram Vairamuthu Pandara Vanniyan was a Vanniar of Vanni. Much remains unclear about his family, but reports state that he had one sister, Nallanachal Vanniyan, and two younger brothers called Kayilaya Vanniyan (Minister) and Periya Meynaar (Commander of the State). Pandara Vanniyan married Kumarasinghe Maha Vanniya’s family of present day Nuwara Wewa, who held the office of residential Governor and Custodian of the formerly Tamil area. Marriages between Vanniar Chieftain families in the northern and southern regions helped to unite and strengthen rule. Thus, when Pandara Vanniyan married into the Nuwara Wewa family, he gained political power in the south Vanni as well as in the north. It is said that he lived in Kumulamunai, which is today in Mullaitivu District.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Vanniar chieftain, Pandara Vanniyan, appeared to have paid some tribute to the more powerful rulers in the region at that time, who had an independent spirit and a distinct culture and dialect of their own. Vanni functioned as a buffer zone between the north and the south of Sri Lanka. Historically, the Vanni encompassed Mannar, Vavuniya, Trincomalee, Polonnaruwa, Batticaloa, Ampara and Puttalam hinterlands. The name Vanni is said to be derived from the Sanskrit and Tamil word for forest (vannam) or fire (vahni), but there is also some historical evidence in Kalvettus(Stone Inscriptions) and classical songs that the Vanniar could have originally come from the large Vanniyar clan/ caste from North Arcot in South India.

paragraph: The beginnings of the people of the Vanni (Vanniar), who were ruled over by Vanniar Chieftains, has not been clearly established, but there is evidence of settlements in the region dating back 2000 years. Furthermore, there is information on the Konesar Kalvettu and in the old 'Vya' song of sixty Vanniar coming from Madurai in South India, accompanying the royal bride for the king at Anuradhapura in the first century BC.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with colonial rule.

paragraph: When the Jaffna Kingdom was captured by the Portuguese in 1621, the Vanni was under their nominal control and it is thought that 'Parangichetticulam' of the Vanni is the former fort of the Portuguese.

paragraph: Around 1782, the continued conflicts came to an end when the Dutch, who had by then arrived in Sri Lanka, once and for all defeated the Vanniars. It has been noted that "The Dutch met nowhere a more determined resistance than from one of the native princesses, the Vannichi (widow) Maria Sembatte, whom they [carried] away as prisoner, and [detained] in captivity in the Fort of Colombo."

paragraph: Pandara Vanniyan fought against the British colonial powers. The Vanniars commenced to live a wild and marauding life and carried on a predatory warfare against the British in Mannar and Trincomalee, and even penetrated to the Jaffna peninsula. The British had to build forts along the river to keep them at bay. In alliance with the Kandy Kingdom, Vanniyan started a revolt to expel the British from his district. On 25 August 1803, Vanniyan attacked the Government House in Mullaitheevu and drove out the garrison from Mullaitheevu, which was under the command of Captain Edward Mudge of the 19th Regiment, before finally seizing the fort.

paragraph: He captured the British cannons and overran the whole of the northern districts (Vanni), highlighting his boldness and ability to penetrate as far as Elephant Pass and into the Jaffna Peninsula. From conventional warfare, he resorted to guerrilla tactics, but was finally defeated by Lt. von Driberg when the (recently arrived) British organized a three-pronged attack from Jaffna, Mannar and Trincomalee in 1803. In that battle, the British also captured the cannon given to Pandara Vanniyan by Sri Wickrema Rajasinghe. The British presented the village of Pandara Kulam to Lt. von Driberg as a prize for defeating Pandara Vanniyan.

paragraph: This was followed by the "burning of all his houses, [whereby Pandara Vanniyan's] people ... dispersed into the jungle, and eventually out of the Vanni to the districts of Hanwella. The power of the Vanniar (Chieftains) was thus finally and effectually extinguished." Alternative histories have it that Lt. von Driberg of the Dutch forces felt humiliated by Pandara Vanniyan for having been defeated by him several times, including in a personal combat situation; despite being permitted by senior officials to withdraw, he stayed on even after the British ousted the Dutch.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pandara Vanniyan fell in battle at the hands of Lt. von Driberg, on 31 October 1803 at Oddusuddan, Katsilaimadu. A granite stone monument commemorating Vanniyan's defeat was erected in the village Katsilaimadu in Vanni; it was placed in tribute by Lt. von Driberg, who had fought him in battle. The monument bears the inscription: “Here abouts Captain von Driberg Defeated Pandara Vawniyan Oct 31 st 1803.” In 2010 it was found broken; some Tamil media outlets reported that it had been damaged by Sinhalese soldiers in light of recent ethnic tensions and criticized it as an act of destruction of Tamil heritage and culture.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Pandara Vanniyan was declared a national hero by the Prime Minister, Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1982 and a statue of him was opened with much fanfare in Vavuniya at the main junction on the A-9 Highway, where the Jaffna and Kandy (and Colombo) road meets the road to Mannar. The Pandara Vanniyan Memorial Day falls on 25 August each year.

paragraph: Present-day Tamils and Sinhalese of North Central and North Western provinces in Sri Lanka, which were once part of Vanni, revere Pandara Vanniyan highly. The Sinhalese are known to summon the protection of Vanni Bandara Deio when they pass through jungles.

paragraph: Tamil nationalists valourise Vanniyan as an epic hero, and his character has recently been appropriated and measured against Vellupillai Prabhakaran, the leader of the now dismantled LTTE. Minister Muthuvel Karunanidhi, an Indian politician and writer, in his novel 'Payum Puli Pandara Vanniyan' ('The Leaping Tiger Pandara Vanniyan' in English), uses Vanniyan to typify Tamil patriotism and transnationalism. According to Vijaya Ramaswamy in "Historical Dictionary of the Tamils", "the course of the novel is ... connected to ... developments in Sri Lanka related to moves by the LTTE." The novel describes the mission of a friend of Veerapandiya Kattabomman (the last Poligar who resisted British rule in Tamil Nadu) to the Wanni jungles in Sri Lanka. His mission was to meet Pandara Vanniyan who was also resisting the British. This part of the novel echoes the meeting of V. Gopalsamy MP (popularly known as Vaiko) and Vellupillai Prabhakaran (leader of the defunct LTTE) in the dense jungles of Wanni."

paragraph: Pandara Vanniyan is also the subject of the eponymous play by Mullaimaṇi Ve Cuppiramaṇiyam, 'Pantara Vanniyan.' The play was awarded a prize by the Ceylon Art Council in 1964, and was published thereafter in 1970.

paragraph: On 10 August 2014, three statues of former Tamil kings including Pandara Vanniyan, Ellalan, and Pararaja Sekaran were installed by Jaffna Clock Tower.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Closer look at Southern part of Vanni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details of Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Friedrich Wilhelm von Driberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Ceylon: PANDARA VANNIYAN, THE LAST TAMIL KING OF VANNI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord of the Vanni Forests

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vanni and the Vanniyas by C. S.Navaratnam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vanni narratives

wikidata_label: Pandara Vannian

wikipedia_title: Pandara Vanniyan


text:
cricket
slow left-arm orthodox
bowler
batsman
first-class
List A
Victoria
Twenty20
Sheffield Shield
Australia A
Pakistan A
Australia under-19
Test
against Sri Lanka
Stephen O'Keefe
baggy green
Merv Hughes
Dhananjaya de Silva
Cricket Victoria profile
Australian Institute of Sport profile

categories: Sportspeople from Melbourne,Melbourne Renegades cricketers,1987 births,Living people,Australian cricketers,Australia Test cricketers,Adelaide Strikers cricketers,Victoria cricketers,Cricketers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Jon Holland

paragraph: Jonathan Mark "Jon" Holland (born 29 May 1987) is an Australian cricketer. He is a slow left-arm orthodox bowler and a right-handed tail-end batsman.

paragraph: Holland made his first-class and List A debuts for Victoria in October 2008, before playing his first Twenty20 match in January 2009. Although his figures from four Sheffield Shield matches, five one-day games and two Twenty20s were moderate, he showed enough potential to earn a place in the Australia A team that beat Pakistan A in Queensland in mid-2009. His solid performances in that series led to Holland being named in Australia's 30-man preliminary squad for the Champions Trophy. Though he didn't make the final cut then, his chance to represent the senior Australian team came soon after, when he was included in the 15-man squad for the seven-ODI tour to India.

paragraph: It was a major vote of confidence in Holland, who missed most of 2007–08 with a shoulder problem. A former Australia under-19s player who has also spent time at the Centre of Excellence, Holland is a naturally attacking spinner who has subtle changes of pace and can turn the ball sharply. A former sports science student, he was upgraded to a full Victoria contract for 2009–10 after three years on the rookie list.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: In July 2016, he was added to Australia's Test squad for their series against Sri Lanka as a replacement for the injured Stephen O'Keefe. He made his debut on 4 August 2016 in the second Test and had his baggy green cap presented to him by Merv Hughes. The first Test wicket that he took was of Dhananjaya de Silva in the same match.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cricket Victoria profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Institute of Sport profile

description: Australian cricketer

wikidata_label: Jon Holland

wikipedia_title: Jon Holland


text:
Welsh
Capel Curig
Snowdonia
Bangor
Babs
J. G. Parry-Thomas
land speed record
Pendine Sands
RAF Valley
Anglesey
Capel Curig
Pendine Museum of Speed
Tom Pryce trophy

categories: Welsh engineers,Welsh craftspeople,People from Caernarfonshire,2012 deaths,British automotive engineers,1925 births

paragraph: Owen Wyn Owen

paragraph: Owen Wyn Owen (1925 – 13 March 2012) was a Welsh automobile restorer and mechanic. He lived in Capel Curig, Snowdonia. His working life was spent as a lecturer in engineering at Caernarfonshire Technical College in Bangor, but he is best known for his outside achievements. He died in March 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Restoration of "Babs".

paragraph: His most famous restoration project, which received worldwide attention, was to excavate and restore "Babs", after 40 years buried on a tidal beach. "Babs" was the car that in 1927, driven by J. G. Parry-Thomas, whilst attempting the land speed record at the time (180 mph or 290 km/h), crashed and killed the driver. The car was buried where the accident occurred on Pendine Sands.

paragraph: In 1967 Wyn Owen decided to excavate and restore "Babs". The car was first successfully tested on The Helyg straight in the early 1970s and was later successfully demonstrated in front of the world press and television on an air field near RAF Valley, Anglesey.

paragraph: The restoration work took place in Owen's garage in Capel Curig, and "Babs" is now displayed in the Pendine Museum of Speed during the summer months.

paragraph: In 1999, Owen was awarded the Tom Pryce trophy, engraved with the words "Atgyfodwr Babs" ().

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Owen Wyn Owen

wikipedia_title: Owen Wyn Owen