text:
naturalised
sports car racing
British Army
World War II
Bugatti
Alfa Romeos
Alvises
Frazer-Nash
MG
James Dean
Porsche 356
Porsche 550
Cooper
Pete Lovely
24 Hours of Daytona
Lloyd Ruby
12 Hours of Sebring
1966 24 Hours of Le Mans
Ford
Bruce McLaren
Chris Amon
Carroll Shelby
Shelby Cobra
GT40
Mustang
Walt Hansgen
Kammback
Ford Mk IV
1967 24 Hours of Le Mans
Mario Andretti
Motorsports Hall of Fame of America
Ford v Ferrari
20th Century Fox
James Mangold
Christian Bale
Caitriona Balfe
Noah Jupe
Carroll Shelby
Matt Damon

categories: Sports deaths in California,English racing drivers,English expatriates in the United States,Racing drivers killed while racing,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,1918 births,1966 deaths,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Ken Miles

paragraph: Kenneth Henry Miles (1 November 1918 – 17 August 1966) was a British-born, naturalised American sports car racing engineer and driver best known for his motorsport career in the US, and with American teams on the international scene.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Miles raced motorcycles before he served as a tank commander in the British Army in World War II.

paragraph: After the war he raced Bugattis, Alfa Romeos and Alvises with the Vintage Sports Car Club. He then turned to a Ford V8 Frazer-Nash.

paragraph: Miles then moved from England to the Los Angeles, California area. In 1953 he won 14 straight victories in SCCA racing in an MG-based special of his own design and construction.

paragraph: For the 1955 season, he designed, constructed and campaigned a second special based on MG components that was known as the "Flying Shingle". It was very successful in the SCCA F modified class on the west coast. Miles raced the "Flying Shingle" at Palm Springs in late March, finishing first overall against veteran driver Cy Yedor, also in a MG Special, and novice driver, actor James Dean in a Porsche 356 Speedster. Miles was later disqualified on a technical infraction because his fenders were too wide, thus allowing Yedor and Dean to get 'bumped up' to first and second. During 1956, Miles raced Johnny von Neumann's Porsche 550 Spyder at most of the Cal Club and SCCA events.

paragraph: For the 1957 season (in co-operation with Otto Zipper), Miles engineered the installation of a Porsche 550S engine and transmission in a 1956 Cooper chassis and body. It was the second successful race car to be known on the West Coast as "the Pooper", the first being an early 1950s Cooper chassis and body powered by a Porsche 356 power train that was built and campaigned by Pete Lovely of Tacoma, WA. The resulting car dominated the F Modified class of SCCA on the west coast in the 1957 and 1958 seasons with Miles driving.

paragraph: Due to his great skill and talent, both as a driver and mechanic/engineer, Miles was a key member of the Shelby/Cobra race team in the early 1960s. With a very pronounced Brummy accent (from his hometown of Birmingham, renowned for car manufacturing) combined with a seemingly obscure and sardonic sense of humour, he was affectionately known by his American racing crew as "Teddy Teabag" (for his tea drinking) or "Sidebite" (as he talked out of the side of his mouth). He played a key role in the development and success of the racing versions of the Shelby Cobra 289 in SCCA, USRRC and FIA sports car racing between 1962 and 1965 as well as the Daytona Coupe and 427 versions of the Cobra and the Ford GT (GT40).

paragraph: In 1966 he won the 24 Hours of Daytona (pictured) with Lloyd Ruby, and then the 12 Hours of Sebring in the Ford GT Mk.II. Several months later, near the end of the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans Miles was in the lead, but Ford management, desiring a publicity photo of three of their cars crossing the finish line together, instructed Carroll Shelby to order him to slow down. Accordingly, the next car (Bruce McLaren/Chris Amon) and the third place car drew up, and they cruised to the line together. It is rumoured that Miles, with his considerable commitment to the Ford racing programme, registered a protest at this perceived slight by allowing Ford #2 car to cross the line first. A rather more plausible version, apparently admitted to by McLaren, is that despite the team orders he suddenly accelerated ahead just before the finish line, and crossed it first. Either way, Miles was denied the unique achievement of winning Sebring, Daytona, and Le Mans in the same year, as Bruce McLaren and Chris Amon were declared the winners.

paragraph: Section::::Test driver/car developer.

paragraph: His early career got Carroll Shelby's attention, who hired Miles as a test driver in the early 1960s. Miles helped Shelby develop the Shelby Cobra. Miles also developed the first Sunbeam Tiger prototype, in which he was approached by The Rootes Group, for the sum of $800 , which he completed in one week. He also is credited with helping Shelby develop the GT40 and the Mustang GT350.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The Ford J-car was intended to be the successor to the all-conquering Ford GT Mk.II and, despite reliability problems, showed potential in the springtime Le Mans trials. The dark spot that came of the springtime trials was the death of Walt Hansgen in a Mk.II. Ford management made the decision to shelve the J-car and focus on the proven Mk IIs, and little development was done for the rest of the 1966 World Sports Car Championship season. Finally, in August 1966, Shelby American resumed testing and development work with Miles serving as primary test driver. The J-car featured a breadvan-shaped rear section that experimented with Kammback aerodynamic theories, as well as a revolutionary (but untested) honeycomb panel design that was supposed to both lighten and stiffen the car, but the design remained unproven with high-speed prototype sports cars.

paragraph: After almost a day of testing at Riverside International Raceway in the brutally hot Southern California desert summer weather, Miles approached the end of the track's , downhill back straight at top speed (200-plus mph) when the car suddenly looped, flipped, crashed and caught fire. The car broke into pieces and ejected Miles, killing him instantly. The car had suffered precisely the sort of crash damage the honeycomb construction was designed to prevent. As a result, the aerodynamics of the J-car were heavily modified to correct the rear-end lift generated at race speeds. Ford officials, under pressure after the second of two fatal accidents in the programme in five months, also ordered a NASCAR-style steel tube rollover cage to be installed in future versions of the car. The death of 47 year old Miles, following that of 46 year old Hansgen, led Ford to favour younger drivers in subsequent race entries. The significantly revised J-car, renamed the Ford Mk IV, won the only two races in which it was entered: the 1967 Sebring (Fla.) 12 Hours, and the 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans. The steel roll cage in the Mk IV (mandated as a direct result of Miles's death) probably saved the life of Mario Andretti, who crashed violently during the 1967 24 Hours of Le Mans but escaped with minor injuries.

paragraph: Section::::Award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miles was posthumously inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Film adaptations.

paragraph: "Ford v Ferrari" is an upcoming film about the rivalry between Ford and Ferrari at Le Mans auto race. It is produced by 20th Century Fox and is being directed by James Mangold. In the movie Ken Miles will be portrayed by Christian Bale. His wife Mollie Miles and his son Peter Miles, both race car drivers in their own right, will be portrayed by Caitriona Balfe and Noah Jupe respectively. The movie began shooting in the summer of 2018 and is set for November 2019 release. His closest acquaintance Carroll Shelby will be played by Matt Damon.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: 8. Self published self financed "Ken Miles the Motoring Maverick "His Early Life Around Cars" a self published self financed book authored by Paul House in the UK 2017.

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Ken Miles

wikipedia_title: Ken Miles


text:
American
Wellesley College
Hanover, New Hampshire
Harvard Law School
Harvard University
Boston
lay preacher
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Wellesley College
Wellesley, Massachusetts
Bright's Disease

categories: Harvard University alumni,1881 deaths,American philanthropists,People from Hanover, New Hampshire,Wellesley College,1822 births,People from Wellesley, Massachusetts,Evangelists,19th-century philanthropists,Massachusetts lawyers

paragraph: Henry Fowle Durant

paragraph: Henry Fowle Durant (February 22, 1822 – October 3, 1881) was an American lawyer and philanthropist, as well as the founder of Wellesley College.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Durant was born in Hanover, New Hampshire as Henry Wells Smith. He changed his name to Henry Fowle Durant to avoid confusion with a local businessman.

paragraph: Durant completed his studies in Harvard Law School at Harvard University in 1841. He subsequently practiced in Boston.

paragraph: Durant married his cousin, Pauline Adeline Durant (née Fowle), in 1855. The couple went on to have two children, Henry “Harry” Fowle Durant and Pauline Cazenove Durant. Both children died in early childhood.

paragraph: After the death of his son, Harry, Durant underwent a religious conversion and became a lay preacher in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, practicing from 1864 to 1875.

paragraph: In 1870, Durant and Pauline contributed between one and two million dollars to found Wellesley College, in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Durant, a staunch believer in female education, famously said, “Women can do the work. I give them the chance.”

paragraph: He died from Bright's Disease at the age of 59.

description: American lawyer

wikidata_label: Henry Fowle Durant

wikipedia_title: Henry Fowle Durant


text:
Count
Clermont
Montferrand
troubadour
Robert IV, Count of Auvergne
William VII the Young of Auvergne
Count of Clermont
Guillemette de Comborn
Peirol
Perdigon
Peire de Maensac
Gaucelm Faidit
Uc de Saint Circ
Robert of Clermont
Richard Coeur de Lion
partimen
poetical debate
Guilhem de Saint-Leidier
Azalais de Porcairagues
Raimbaut of Orange
tensó
Guiraut de Bornelh
Alfonso II of Aragon

categories: French male poets,1150s births,1230s deaths,Dauphins of Auvergne,Patrons of literature,Troubadours

paragraph: Dalfi d'Alvernha

paragraph: Dalfi d'Alvernha () was the Count of Clermont and Montferrand, a troubadour and a patron of troubadours. He was born around 1150 and died in 1234 or 1235. He is sometimes called Robert IV, but there is no solid evidence for the name Robert, and the name can cause confusion, since his first cousin once removed was Robert IV, Count of Auvergne, who died in 1194.

paragraph: Dalfi d'Alvernha was the son of William VII the Young of Auvergne, Count of Clermont, and of Jeanne de . He married Guillemette de Comborn, Countess of Montferrand, daughter of Archambaud, Viscount of Comborn, and Jourdaine of Périgord. Their children were Aélis, Guillaume (William, later Count of Clermont), Blanche, and Alix.

paragraph: Troubadours who worked with Dalfi or sang at his court include Peirol, Perdigon, Peire de Maensac, Gaucelm Faidit, and Uc de Saint Circ; his cousin, bishop Robert of Clermont, exchanged satirical and erotic verses with him, as did Richard Coeur de Lion. One "partimen" between Dauphin and Perdigon marks a stage in the poetical debate, begun by Guilhem de Saint-Leidier and taken up by Azalais de Porcairagues and Raimbaut of Orange, as to whether a lady is dishonoured by taking a lover who is richer than herself. A "tensó" on the same subject was composed by Guiraut de Bornelh and king Alfonso II of Aragon.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biographies des troubadours" ed. J. Boutière, A.-H. Schutz (Paris: Nizet, 1964) pp. 284–298.

description: troubadour

wikidata_label: Dalfi d'Alvernha

wikipedia_title: Dalfi d'Alvernha


text:
Hermann II
Landgrave
Thuringia
Germany
anti-king
Conrad IV of Germany
Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia
Sixth Crusade
Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia
Elisabeth of Hungary
Wenceslaus I
Bohemia
Frederick II
Pope Innocent IV
anti-king
Nidda
Hesse
Wartburg Castle
Eisenach
Elisabeth
Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg
Gertrude
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
Beatrix
Henry II, Duke of Brabant
Henry III
Jutta

categories: Landgraves of Thuringia,Rulers of Thuringia,13th-century monarchs in Europe,Antikings,13th-century Kings of the Romans,13th-century Kings of Germany,1204 births,Ludovingians,1247 deaths,13th-century German people

paragraph: Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia

paragraph: Henry Raspe () (1204 – 16 February 1247) succeeded his nephew Hermann II as Landgrave of Thuringia in central Germany in 1241; he later was elected anti-king in 1246–1247 in opposition to Conrad IV of Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1226, Henry's brother Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, died en route to the Sixth Crusade, and Henry became regent for his under-age nephew Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia. He managed to expel his nephew and the boy's young mother, St. Elisabeth of Hungary, from the line of succession and ca. 1231 formally succeeded his brother as landgrave.

paragraph: In 1242 Henry, together with King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, was selected by Emperor Frederick II to be administrator of Germany for Frederick's under-age son Conrad.

paragraph: After the papal ban on Frederick imposed by Pope Innocent IV in 1245, Raspe changed sides, and on 22 May 1246 he was elected anti-king in opposition to Conrad. The strong papal prodding that led to his election earned Raspe the derogatory moniker of ""Pfaffenkönig"" (priests' king). Henry defeated Conrad in the Battle of Nidda in southern Hesse in August 1246, and laid siege to Ulm and Reutlingen. Having suffered a mortal wound, he died February 1247 in Wartburg Castle near Eisenach in Thuringia.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: In 1228, he married Elisabeth (1206-1231), the daughter of Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg. After her death, he married Gertrude ( – 1241), the daughter of Leopold VI, Duke of Austria. After her death, he married Beatrix (1225-1288), the daughter of Henry II, Duke of Brabant.

paragraph: All three of his marriages were childless. After his death, the Emperor enfeoffed Thuringia to Henry III, the son of his sister Jutta.

description: Landgrave of Thuringia and anti-king of Germany

wikidata_label: Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia

wikipedia_title: Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Austin, Texas

text: first lieutenant

text: 4th Cavalry Regiment

text: 25th Infantry Division

text: Tay Ninh Province

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: hand grenade

text: Restland Memorial Park

text: Dallas, Texas

text: platoon

text: ambush

text: small arms

text: automatic weapon

text: rocket-propelled grenade

categories: United States Army officers,1970 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,1946 births,People from Austin, Texas

paragraph: Russell A. Steindam

paragraph: Russell Albert Steindam (August 27, 1946 – February 1, 1970) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Russell grew up in Plano, where his family moved when he was five years old. He graduated at the top of his class from Plano High School before entering the University of Texas.The Collin County Courthouse in McKinney, Texas is named after Lieutenant Steindam.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Steindam joined the Army from his birth city of Austin, Texas in 1968. On October 1, 1969, he arrived in South Vietnam and by February 1, 1970 was serving as a first lieutenant in Troop B, 3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division. On that day, in Tay Ninh Province of the Republic of Vietnam, Steindam covered an enemy-thrown hand grenade with his body, protecting his fellow soldiers at the expense of his own life.

paragraph: Steindam, aged 23 at his death, was buried in Restland Memorial Park, Dallas, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: First Lieutenant Steindam's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. 1st Lt. Steindam, Troop B, while serving as a platoon leader, led members of his platoon on a night ambush operation. On the way to the ambush site, suspected enemy movement was detected on 1 flank and the platoon's temporary position was subjected to intense small arms and automatic weapons fire as well as a fusillade of hand and rocket-propelled grenades. After the initial barrage, 1st Lt. Steindam ordered fire placed on the enemy position and the wounded men to be moved to a shallow bomb crater. As he directed the return fire against the enemy from his exposed position, a fragmentation grenade was thrown into the site occupied by his command group. Instantly realizing the extreme gravity of the situation, 1st Lt. Steindam shouted a warning to alert his fellow soldiers in the immediate vicinity. Then, unhesitatingly and with complete disregard for his safety, 1st Lt. Steindam deliberately threw himself on the grenade, absorbing the full and fatal force of the explosion as it detonated. By his gallant action and self-sacrifice, he was able to save the lives of the nearby members of his command group. The extraordinary courage and selflessness displayed by 1st Lt. Steindam were an inspiration to his comrades and are in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Russell A. Steindam

wikipedia_title: Russell A. Steindam


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Bangor, Maine

text: Sergeant

text: 9th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Cavalry Division

text: Sông Bé

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: convoy

text: machine gun

text: Plymouth, Maine

text: reconnaissance

text: battalion

text: bunker

text: automatic weapon

text: rocket-propelled grenade

text: Newport

text: Maine

text: Paul LePage

text: Susan Collins

text: Mike Michaud

text: Olympia Snowe

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

categories: People from Caribou, Maine,1948 births,Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1969 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,United States Army soldiers

paragraph: Donald Sidney Skidgel

paragraph: Donald Sidney Skidgel (October 13, 1948–September 14, 1969) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Skidgel joined the Army from Bangor, Maine in 1968, and by September 14, 1969 was serving as a Sergeant in Troop D, 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division. On that day, near Sông Bé in the Republic of Vietnam, Skidgel's unit was guarding a convoy when it came under enemy attack. In an attempt to draw the enemy fire away from the convoy's command group, Skidgel manned a machine gun in his vehicle while his driver steered through intense fire toward the command element. Skidgel, mortally wounded during the effort, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions.

paragraph: Skidgel, aged 20 at his death, was buried in Sawyer Cemetery, Plymouth, Maine.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Sergeant Skidgel's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Skidgel distinguished himself while serving as a reconnaissance section leader in Troop D. On a road near Song Be in Binh Long Province, Sgt. Skidgel and his section with other elements of his troop were acting as a convoy security and screening force when contact occurred with an estimated enemy battalion concealed in tall grass and in bunkers bordering the road. Sgt. Skidgel maneuvered off the road and began placing effective machinegun fire on the enemy automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenade positions. After silencing at least 1 position, he ran with his machinegun across 60 meters of bullet-swept ground to another location from which he continued to rake the enemy positions. Running low on ammunition, he returned to his vehicle over the same terrain. Moments later he was alerted that the command element was receiving intense automatic weapons, rocket-propelled grenade and mortar fire. Although he knew the road was saturated with enemy fire, Sgt. Skidgel calmly mounted his vehicle and with his driver advanced toward the command group in an effort to draw the enemy fire onto himself. Despite the hostile fire concentrated on him, he succeeded in silencing several enemy positions with his machinegun. Moments later Sgt. Skidgel was knocked down onto the rear fender by the explosion of an enemy rocket-propelled grenade. Ignoring his extremely painful wounds, he staggered back to his feet and placed effective fire on several other enemy positions until he was mortally wounded by hostile small arms fire. His selfless actions enabled the command group to withdraw to a better position without casualties and inspired the rest of his fellow soldiers to gain fire superiority and defeat the enemy. Sgt. Skidgel's gallantry at the cost of his life were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::Donald Sidney Skidgel Memorial Bridge.

paragraph: In 2011, the bridge on Route 2 spanning the Sebasticook River in Newport Maine was replaced and the bridge was dedicated to Skidgel's memory bearing the name "The Donald Sidney Skidgel Memorial Bridge". The renaming of the bridge to honor the Medal of Honor recipient was signed into law on May 26, 2011 by Maine Governor Paul LePage and the bridge dedication ceremony took place October 15, 2011. Among the speakers present at the dedication were Senator Susan Collins, U.S. Representative Mike Michaud, General John Libby, State Representative Kenneth Fredette and Gail Kelly representing Senator Olympia Snowe's office.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: Donald Sidney Skidgel

wikipedia_title: Donald Sidney Skidgel


text:
Arundel Castle
William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel
William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel
Chief Butler of England
King Henry
Aquitaine
Wymondham Abbey
John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel
William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
Maud Marshal
Marham

categories: Earls of Sussex,1243 deaths,Earls of Arundel,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel

paragraph: Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel (died 7 May 1243) was the last in the Aubigny male line to hold the Arundel Castle.

paragraph: He was the son of William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel and younger brother of William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel. He inherited his title on the death of his elder brother in 1224. He also inherited the position of hereditary Chief Butler of England for life.

paragraph: In 1242 he was one of the seven Earls who accompanied the King Henry in his expedition to Aquitaine.

paragraph: On his death he was buried at Wymondham Abbey and his large estates divided amongst his four sisters and their issue. His title of Earl of Arundel was inherited by his nephew John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel, son of his sister Isabel d'Aubigny.

paragraph: He had married Isabel de Warenne (c. 1228–1282), daughter of William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey and Maud Marshal (1192–1248). They had no children. His widow never remarried but became an important countess who founded the Cistercian Abbey at Marham and may have been buried at Convent Church Marham.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel

wikipedia_title: Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel


text:
Byzantine
queen consort
Kingdom of Serbia
Serbian king
Stefan Milutin
Byzantine Emperor
Andronikos II Palaiologos
Irene of Montferrat
Medieval Serbia
Constantinople
Serbian
Eudokia
empress-dowager of Trebizond
Theodore Metochites
Ana Terter
Bulgarian
George Terter
Thessalonica
Ohrid
Prilep
Štip
nun
monastic habit
Constantine Palaiologos
Saint Andrew in Krisei
funeral
fresco
Gračanica monastery
Serbian art
Milan Rakić
lyric poem
Milutin Bojić
1675 Simonida
Milorad B. Protić
Kassia
Anna Komnene
Jefimija
Princess Milica of Serbia
Saint Angelina of Serbia
Mara Branković
Olivera Despina
Jelena Balšić
Helen of Anjou
Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina
Nicodemus of Tismana

categories: Medieval Serbian people of Greek descent,Medieval Serbian royal consorts,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Serbian queens consort,14th-century Byzantine people,Palaiologos dynasty,14th-century Serbian royalty,Eastern Orthodox nuns,Year of death unknown,1340s deaths,Nemanjić dynasty,14th-century Byzantine women,1294 births,Greek women of the Byzantine Empire,14th-century Christian nuns

paragraph: Simonida

paragraph: Simonida Nemanjić (; c. 1294 – after 1336), born Simonis Palaiologina (, sr. Симонида Палеолог, "Simonida Paleolog"), was a Byzantine princess and queen consort of the Kingdom of Serbia as the fourth wife of Serbian king Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321). She was a daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) and Irene of Montferrat. In Medieval Serbia Simonida is best remembered as a patron of the Arts, Music and Literature.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Simonida was born in Constantinople ca. 1294. In 1298, as a result of a Byzantine defeat, Emperor Andronikos II promised a marriage alliance to the Serbian ruler Milutin. Initially, Andronikos II intended to wed his sister Eudokia, the empress-dowager of Trebizond, but after she refused, Simonida was proposed instead. Church circles in Constantinople opposed the marriage, but the emperor was determined to push the deal through, and in late 1298 he sent his trusted minister Theodore Metochites to Serbia to conduct the negotiations. On his part, Milutin too was eager to accept, and even divorced his third wife, Ana Terter, the daughter of the Bulgarian tsar George Terter. Simonida was five years old, and Milutin was almost 50, was married three times, with adult children. The marriage was celebrated in Thessalonica in spring 1299, and the couple departed for Serbia in April. As a wedding present, Byzantines recognized Serbian rule north of the line Ohrid—Prilep—Štip.

paragraph: According to some Byzantine sources Milutin did not wait until Simonida reached maturity before consummating their relationship, causing damage to her uterus and preventing her from ever carrying children. When this became known, Empress Irene, who was Andronikos II's second wife and had hoped to use the Serbian marriage to advance her own progeny, then offered Milutin to adopt one of her own sons as his heir.

paragraph: Simonida showed great interest in theology and wanted to become a nun. After her mother Irene died in 1317, Simonida attended her funeral in Constantinople and decided not to return to Serbia. When Milutin's men came for her, she came to them in monastic habit. They were shocked, but her own half-brother Constantine Palaiologos took off her monastic habit and ordered her to take the civil dress. He then sent her to Serbia with Milutin's men, although she was reluctant to go. After Milutin threatened to start a war, Simonida came back to him. She was 22 years old. When Milutin fell ill, she was beside him all the time, much to the surprise of the rest of the court. Milutin died on 19 October 1321, and already on 29 October, Simonida returned to Constantinople, where she entered the monastery of Saint Andrew in Krisei as a nun.

paragraph: There is very little information about her later life. It is known that she order a funeral song for her father's funeral. Simonida was last mentioned in historical documents in 1336 as an attendee at an assembly of civil and religious dignitaries, who prosecuted the conspirators against the government. She died some time after 1345.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Her beauty was well known, and she was known as a figure of purity and beauty in Serbian tradition. A fresco of her in Gračanica monastery is regarded as one of the most valuable frescoes in Serbian art. Unfortunately, the fresco is partly ruined, so that Simonida has no eyes.

paragraph: She brought a large entourage to Serbia, and with her arrival, Serbia received a massive injection of Byzantine culture. Byzantine-style court ceremonials and dress were adopted, Byzantine functional and honorary titles appeared, court offices were renamed, and Byzantine administrative, fiscal and legal institutions were copied. Byzantinization was further expanded by Serbia´s newly won populous Greek-speaking regions, in which Milutin retained all former Byzantine political, social and cultural activities.

paragraph: Milan Rakić wrote a lyric poem about her named "Simonida", and Milutin Bojić wrote a psychological drama called "Kraljeva Jesen" ("King's autumn") about her. Asteroid 1675 Simonida discovered by Serbian astronomer Milorad B. Protić was named after her.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kassia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Komnene

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jefimija

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Milica of Serbia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Angelina of Serbia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mara Branković

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olivera Despina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jelena Balšić

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen of Anjou

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicodemus of Tismana

description: Serbian queen consort, Byzantine princess

wikidata_label: Simonida

wikipedia_title: Simonida


text:
Hakim
Unani
British India
Lucknow
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
Unani
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Delhi
Ibn Sìnà
anatomy
Punjab
Balochistan
Bukhara
Hejaz
widespread plague of 1902–03
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Bhopal
Sayajirao Gaekwad III
Baroda
Hajj
Indian independence movement
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
Hakim Syed Fazlur Rahman
Hakim Syed Karam Husain
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Unani medicine
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Jamia Hamdard
Avicenna
Mohammad Shakeel

wikipedia_title:
Hakim (title)
Unani medicine
Colonial India
Lucknow
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
Unani medicine
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Delhi
Avicenna
Anatomy
Punjab
Balochistan
Bukhara
Hejaz
List of epidemics
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Bhopal
Sayajirao Gaekwad III
Vadodara
Hajj
Indian independence movement
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
Hakim Syed Fazlur Rahman
Hakim Syed Karam Husain
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Unani medicine
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Jamia Hamdard
Avicenna
Mohammad Shakeel

categories: 20th-century Indian Muslims,19th-century Indian educational theorists,19th-century Indian Muslims,Unani practitioners,19th-century Indian medical doctors,1855 births,20th-century Indian medical doctors,Scientists from Lucknow,1911 deaths,20th-century Indian educational theorists

paragraph: Hakim Abdul Aziz

paragraph: Hakim Abdul Aziz ("Muhammad 'Abd al 'Aziz", 1855–1911) was a prominent Unani physician in British India.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hakim Abdul Aziz was born into a family of Kashmiri migrants, and is regarded as the founder of the Lucknow tradition in Unani medicine.

paragraph: He started practising medicine in 1877. In 1902, he founded the Takmil al Tibb School at Lucknow for research and excellence in Unani Medicine.

paragraph: The earliest biographical work on Hakim Abdul Aziz and his philosophical approach in Unani medicine was written by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman. He wrote memoirs and life history of ‘Azizi Family’, prescriptions and formulations of Hakim Abdul Waheed, Unani formularies used by Azizi Family of Lucknow.

paragraph: Section::::Epistemology.

paragraph: Abdul Aziz’s approach with regards to Unani medicine was that of a puritan and hence, significantly different from other notable practitioners like Hakim Ajmal Khan who advocated incorporation of concepts from alternative medical systems. Consequently, the Delhi and Lucknow schools of Unani medicine evolved in different directions.

paragraph: Hakim Abdul Aziz wished to systematise Unani instruction at the Lucknow Madrasa around the texts of Ibn Sìnà, supplemented by practical instruction in surgery and anatomy.

paragraph: Section::::Impact.

paragraph: Hakim's fame was so widespread that students and practitioners of Unani medicine used to come to study from him, from as far and wide as the Punjab, Afghanistan, Balochistan, Bukhara and the Hejaz. The Takmil al Tibb School established by him at Lucknow, was instrumental in combating the widespread plague of 1902–03.

paragraph: In 1910, coming to terms with the singular promotion of colonialism to allopathic medicine, Hakim Abdul Aziz, along with Hakim Ajmal Khan and Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya formed the All India Ayurvedic and Unani Tibb Conference to defend traditional forms of healing. In 1904, recognizing the Hakim's stringent attitude towards adulteration in medicine, British India invited him to serve on the board of the Committee for Regulation of Medical Formulations.

paragraph: Hakim Abdul Aziz did not charge from visiting patients. Though, it is recorded that he solicited fees of Rupees 16 for visits within the city, Rupees 500 for visits outside the city and Rupees 1000 for visits outside the state. Among his royal patients were Shahjahan Begum of Bhopal and the son of Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1910, shortly after returning from Hajj, the Hakim fell ill and died. His death was widely mourned by poets, journalists and commoners. After his death, his two eldest sons took over the maintenance of Takmil al Tibb. A road in Lucknow is named after him (Abdul Aziz Road), and the college is now maintained by the government. The Azizi family is still involved in practice of Unani medicine.

paragraph: The Azizi Family also played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.

paragraph: Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman published his "Tazkirah Khandan Azizi" in 1978. The work was

paragraph: widely received and reviewed.

paragraph: Similarly, his earlier "Bayaz Wahidi" (1974) and "Matab Murtaish" (1976) were also reviewed in many Urdu journals.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hakim Mohammed Said

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hakim Syed Fazlur Rahman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hakim Syed Karam Husain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hakim Ajmal Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Najm Rehan

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tazkirah Khandan Azizi" by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, (First edition 1978), Shifaul Mulk Memorial Committee, Aligarh, 472 pp; (Second revised edition 2009) , Ibn Sina Academy, Aligarh, 458 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Azizi Family of Physicians" by Tazimuddin Siddiqui and Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, (1983), Studies in History of Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 93 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bayaz Waheedi" by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, (1974), Shifaul Mulk Memorial Committee, Aligarh, 228pp, (Second edition 1991), Tibbi Academy, Aligarh, 224 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Matab Murtaish" by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, (1976), Shifaul Mulk Memorial Committee, Aligarh, 230 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maqalat Shifaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif" by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, (2002), Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, pp 324.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tajideed-i Tibb" by Shifa-al Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif, (1972), Tibbi Academy, Aligarh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shifaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif (Nuqush wa Tassurat)" by Hakim Mohammed Aslam Siddiqui (1985), Educational Book House, Aligarh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Listing at the Open Library Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shifa-al Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Daily Dawat, Delhi, 24 Jun 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shifa-al Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Fikr-o-Nazar, Namwaran-i Aligarh, Vol. 1, Jan. 1987-Jul. 1988, p. 361-70.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shifa-al Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif Falsafi by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Bazm-e-Wafa, Aligarh Muslim University Old Boys' Association, Lucknow Branch, 1998, p. 50-54.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unani medicine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hakim Ajmal Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jamia Hamdard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avicenna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mohammad Shakeel

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.unani.com/timeline.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.chowk.com/Views/Science/Science-in-India-During-The-Muslim-Rule

wikidata_label: Hakim Abdul Aziz

wikipedia_title: Hakim Abdul Aziz


text: Justice of the Peace

text: St. Peter's Episcopal Church

text: Zwaanendael Museum

text: 1st Delaware Regiment

text: John Haslet

text: Long Island

text: White Plains

text: Princeton

text: Battle of Brandywine

text: Battle of Germantown

text: Richard Bassett

text: Alien and Sedition Acts

text: Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours

text: Jacob Broom

text: Brandywine Creek

text: James M. Broom

text: Thomas Cooper

text: Sussex County

text: Court of Common Pleas

text: Lewes Presbyterian Church

text: Col. David Hall House

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Delaware’s Governors

text: The Political Graveyard

text: Website

text: Delaware Historical Society

text: Library website

text: University of Delaware

categories: Governors of Delaware,Delaware lawyers,Burials in Sussex County, Delaware,American Presbyterians,Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States,People of colonial Delaware,Delaware Democratic-Republicans,Continental Army officers from Delaware,1752 births,Delaware Court of Common Pleas judges,1817 deaths,People from Lewes, Delaware

paragraph: David Hall (Delaware governor)

paragraph: David Hall (January 4, 1752 – September 18, 1817) was an American lawyer and politician from Lewes, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Hall was born in Lewes, Delaware, son of David and Mary Kollock Hall. His grandfather was Nathaniel Hall, who known as "the Indian Fighter." He came to Delaware from Connecticut in 1700. His father, David Hall, Sr. was a well known farmer from around Lewes, who was a Justice of the Peace and a frequent member of the Colonial Assembly from 1753 until the American Revolution. In 1776, David Jr. married Catherine Tingley, daughter of Samuel Tingley, the Rector of St. Peter's Episcopal Church. They had six children: Elizabeth, Mary, Jane, Catherine, Lydia, and Martha. In time he built a home at 107 Kings Highway, across the road from the Zwaanendael Museum. They were members of the Lewes Presbyterian Church.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Hall studied law and was admitted to the bar in New Castle, Delaware, in 1773. Already a member of the Sussex County militia under General Dagworthy, he joined the 1st Delaware Regiment at the beginning of the War of Independence and served as captain under Colonel John Haslet at the battles of Long Island and White Plains. Following Haslet's death at Princeton in January 1777, he became the leader of the regiment, and was promoted to colonel in April 1777. He led the regiment at the Battle of Brandywine and again at the Battle of Germantown where he was wounded on October 4, 1777. The following year he spent recovering, recruiting new soldiers in Wilmington and serving on Courts Martial. He returned to active service in June 1779 at the Middlebrook encampment, spent the inactive summer with the regiment, but returned home in October 1779, complaining of his wound and lack of provisioning. When the Delaware Regiment went to South Carolina in April 1780, Hall did not go. Responding to his continuing requests, the General Assembly authorized some payment, but it was never enough, and finally, in April 1782, Hall resigned his commission.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Hall pursued his law practice in Lewes and entered politics. He was a Jeffersonian Democrat-Republican, like most Presbyterians, but in Anglican Lewes, he was in the minority. He was badly beaten by Federalist Richard Bassett, when he ran for governor in 1798. He ran again in 1801 against Episcopalian Nathaniel Mitchell, a professed "Deist," and a person openly critical of Methodists. Hall emphasized his Presbyterian faith, and in spite of losing Kent and Sussex Counties again badly, he won Presbyterians in New Castle County by such a large margin that he carried the state by 18 votes. The Federalists considered using the recently passed Alien and Sedition Acts to try to nullify some of the recent immigrant New Castle County vote, but with their continued control of the General Assembly, they grudgingly "allowed" him to take office.

paragraph: Hall served as governor from January 19, 1802 until January 15, 1805. During this time Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours bought the old Jacob Broom cotton mills on Brandywine Creek and began his gunpowder business. This was also the point of the greatest abolitionist sentiment in Delaware, when the General Assembly failed by one vote to enact a gradual emancipation bill.

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. House in 1805 against James M. Broom; and again in 1812 for the seat won by the Federalist candidate, Thomas Cooper. The next year he was named a judge of the Sussex County Court of Common Pleas.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Hall died at Lewes, and is buried there in the Lewes Presbyterian Church cemetery.

paragraph: The Col. David Hall House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Almanac.

paragraph: Elections were held the first Tuesday of October. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas were selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delaware’s Governors

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Political Graveyard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website of the Delaware Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library website of the University of Delaware

description: American lawyer and politician from Delaware

wikidata_label: David Hall

wikipedia_title: David Hall (Delaware governor)


text: Finnish

text: Grand Prix

text: road racer

text: Nations Grand Prix

text: world championship

text: F.I.M.

text: MotoGP Hall of Fame

text: Turku

text: Tunturi

text: Puch

text: Teuvo Länsivuori

text: grasstrack

text: ice racing

text: motorcycle speedway

text: Imatra

text: Finnish Grand Prix

text: Phil Read

text: Bill Ivy

text: Kenny Roberts

text: Ontario Motor Speedway

text: Turku Technical Institute

text: Giacomo Agostini

text: MV Agusta

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Spanish Grand Prix

text: Kreidler

text: Yamaha

text: Barry Sheene

text: Austria

text: 250cc World Championship

text: Renzo Pasolini

text: Rod Gould

text: German Grand Prix

text: Nürburgring

text: Mallory Park

text: Benelli

text: Modena

text: Pesaro

text: factory-backed

text: Daytona 200

text: Yamaha TZ 350

text: Imola 200

text: French Grand Prix

text: Salzburgring

text: 1973 Isle of Man TT

text: Monza Circuit

text: 1961 Italian Grand Prix

text: Wolfgang von Trips

text: Hideo Kanaya

text: Walter Villa

text: Victor Palomo

text: Börje Jansson

text: Chas Mortimer

text: John Dodds

text: Suzuki

text: MV Agusta

text: Harley Davidson

text: Yamaha

text: Yugoslavian Grand Prix

text: Opatija Circuit

text: Gilberto Parlotti

text: Isle of Man TT

text: street circuit

text: race track

text: run-off area

text: MotoGP

text: World Superbike

text: Ruissalo

text: Jarno Trulli

text: F.I.M.

text: Petrignano

text: Saarinen fan site

categories: 350cc World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Turku,50cc World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,1945 births,1973 deaths,Motorcycle racers killed while racing,Finnish motorcycle racers,125cc World Championship riders

paragraph: Jarno Saarinen

paragraph: Jarno Karl Keimo Saarinen (11 December 1945 – 20 May 1973) was a Finnish professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. In the early 1970s, he was considered one of the most promising and talented motorcycle racers of his era until he was killed during the 1973 Nations Grand Prix in Italy. Saarinen's death led to increased demands for better safety conditions for motorcycle racers competing in the world championships. He remains the only Finn to have won a motorcycle road racing world championship. Saarinen was inducted into the F.I.M. MotoGP Hall of Fame in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Jarno Saarinen was born and grew up in Turku, Southern Finland. At the age of 15 he worked as apprentice and test-rider for Tunturi-Puch, motorcycle factory in Turku where mopeds and motorcycles were assembled under licence from the Austrian Puch manufacturer. Saarinen made his racing debut in an ice race at Ylone in 1961, finishing in second place. He and his close friend Teuvo Länsivuori participated in ice racing and grasstrack racing as well as road racing.

paragraph: In 1965 Saarinen won the 250cc Finnish ice racing national championship. Saarinen was also an accomplished motorcycle speedway racer. On 4 August 1968 he made his Grand Prix debut at Imatra, riding a 125cc Puch to an 11th place in the Finnish Grand Prix, in which he was lapped three times by world champions Phil Read and Bill Ivy. In 1969 he won the 125cc and 250cc Finnish motorcycle national championships while acting as his own mechanic.

paragraph: Saarinen was noted for his riding style in which he kept his chest just above the motorcycle's gas tank, and for the way he negotiated curves by shifting his body towards the inside of a turn while extending his knee out. His riding style influenced future world champion, Kenny Roberts, when he witnessed Saarinen during a race at the Ontario Motor Speedway in 1973. Saarinen rode at the Ontario Champion Sparkplugs Classic in 1972, aboard a privately entered ex-works Al Godin Yamaha 350cc. Saarinen was also noted for the peculiar style in which he angled his handlebars in an almost vertical position.

paragraph: Saarinen competed in his first full year in the 1970 250cc championship while continuing to act as his own mechanic. He convinced three bank managers to fund his racing career under the mistaken belief that they were financing his education. He finished the season in fourth place despite missing the final three rounds of the championship to complete his education by graduating as an engineer from the Turku Technical Institute.

paragraph: In 1971, Giacomo Agostini was the reigning three-time 350cc world champion riding for MV Agusta however, Saarinen served notice by winning his first 350cc Grand Prix race in Czechoslovakia after Agostini's motorcycle had a mechanical failure. He then finished second to Agostini in the Finnish Grand Prix before winning the Nations Grand Prix in Italy. Saarinen competed in both 250cc and 350cc classes in 1971, finishing third in 250cc World Championship and second to Agostini in the 350cc class. He also showed his versatility at the Spanish Grand Prix by finishing second in the 50cc race aboard a Kreidler then winning the 250cc race on a Yamaha.

paragraph: Saarinen's success didn't go unnoticed as Yamaha contracted him to ride their 250cc and 350cc motorcycles for the 1972 season. The Yamaha factory gave him the second 250cc Yamaha TD-3 (YZ635) after Barry Sheene complained about its performance at the third round in Austria. Saarinen rewarded Yamaha's faith in him by winning the 250cc World Championship in a tight season-long battle with Renzo Pasolini and Rod Gould. He finished second in 350cc World Championship, giving defending champion Giacomo Agostini a strong challenge by winning three races, including a victory at the German Grand Prix held at the daunting Nürburgring race track, where Saarinen defeated Agostini for the first time in a head to head race. He also scored a double victory at the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix with victories in both the 250cc and 350cc classes. The threat from Saarinen's performance was so strong that the previously dominant MV Agusta factory was forced to produce a new 350cc motorcycle for Agostini. After the world championship season ended, Saarinen traveled to Great Britain where he won the "Race of the Year" invitational held at Mallory Park.

paragraph: At the end of the season, Saarinen negotiated with the Benelli factory about the possibility of riding 350cc and 500cc Benellis in the world championships. After a secret test ride at Modena, he rode Benellis to victories over Agostini in the 350cc and 500cc races at the Pesaro street circuit. The Yamaha factory reacted to the possibility of losing their star rider by signing Saarinen to a factory-backed sponsorship to compete on the newly developed YZR500 for the 1973 season. He would also defend his 250cc world championship for the Yamaha factory. The factory sponsorship also meant that he was provided with mechanics for his motorcycles, freeing him to concentrate on racing. With Saarinen signed to a contract, Yamaha was finally ready to challenge MV Agusta's sixteen-year reign in the 500cc class with competitive equipment.

paragraph: Saarinen's 1973 season started well, as he became the first European rider to win the prestigious Daytona 200 race in the United States on a Yamaha TZ 350 against much larger 750cc capacity opposition. He returned to Europe where, against an impressive field of competitors, he claimed a victory at the prestigious Imola 200 pre-season invitational race, once again defeating competitors on larger motorcycles with the TZ350.

paragraph: Saarinen jumped to an early lead in the 1973 world championships by scoring a double victory at the season-opening French Grand Prix. He won the 250cc race then beat Read by 16 seconds to win the 500cc race. He followed this with another double victory at the Austrian Grand Prix held at the fast Salzburgring circuit. He continued his winning streak by winning the 250cc German Grand Prix but, then failed to finish the 500cc race when his chain broke while challenging Read for the lead.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After sitting out the 1973 Isle of Man TT which most of the top racers boycotted due to safety concerns, Saarinen arrived at the Nations Grand Prix leading both the 250cc and 500cc championships. The Monza Circuit, first opened in 1922, was fast and lined with steel barriers which left no room for error for motorcycle racers. The steel guardrails lining the circuit were installed as a result of demands by automobile racers following an accident which occurred during the 1961 Italian Grand Prix when racing driver Wolfgang von Trips and 15 spectators were killed. Most auto racers believed steel barriers would improve safety for auto racers and spectators, but they had the opposite effect for motorcyclists. When he arrived at Monza, Saarinen had complained about the guardrails but, no action was taken. Despite the installation of two new chicanes for cars during the previous year's Formula One season (placed before the Curva Grande and at Vialone) they were not used for motorcycle racing at Monza.

paragraph: On the first lap of the 250cc race, tragedy struck when the second-placed rider, Renzo Pasolini's motorcycle lurched sideways and crashed into the guardrail, killing him instantly. Pasolini's motorcycle then bounced back onto the circuit and struck Saarinen on his head. The impact knocked off his helmet and he sustained fatal head injuries. The collision caused a chain reaction accident in which more than 14 riders were involved including; Hideo Kanaya, Walter Villa, Victor Palomo, Fosco Giansanti, Börje Jansson and Chas Mortimer with several of them suffering serious injuries. The race was stopped and the following 500cc race was cancelled in the aftermath of the accident.

paragraph: Over the years, the cause of the accident was the subject to significant controversy. The original cause of the crash was attributed to a spill left on the track during the 350cc race when Walter Villa's Benelli began smoking and leaking oil on the penultimate lap. Race officials failed to remove the spillage prior to the 250cc race, and one rider, John Dodds, made his concerns known to authorities, only to meet with threats of ejection from the circuit by police. However, some articles have appeared showing photos of Pasolini's bike consistent with engine seizure, locking the rear wheel and causing the crash. Further the official inquiry into the accident, issued in September 1973 found that the cause of the accident was the seizure of the engine in the motorcycle of Renzo Pasolini.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The tragedy at Monza was a shock to the motorcycle racing community. Two of the sports best riders had been lost and the factory racing teams of Suzuki, MV Agusta, Harley Davidson, and Yamaha joined together to demand safer conditions at race tracks. Only forty days later, three riders in an Italian Juniors race were killed in the same turn. One month after the Nations Grand Prix, race teams took a stand and boycotted the Yugoslavian Grand Prix held at the treacherous Opatija Circuit due to dangerous track conditions. The Yamaha factory went further by withdrawing from racing for the rest of the year to honor Saarinen's memory.

paragraph: The death Gilberto Parlotti at the 1972 Isle of Man TT and the deaths of Saarinen and Pasolini in 1973 highlighted the need for improved safety standards for motorcycle racers. At the time, many motorcycle Grand Prix races were still being held on street circuits with hazards such as telephone poles and railroad crossings. Dedicated race tracks of the time were also dangerous for motorcyclist due to the steel trackside barriers preferred by auto racers. Tensions over safety issues continued to simmer throughout the 1970s between the Grand Prix racers, race organizers and the FIM, as riders showed their increasing dissatisfaction with the safety standards and the way races were organized by boycotting several Grand Prix races.

paragraph: The situation reached a breaking point in 1979 when, the reigning 500cc world champion Kenny Roberts and journalist Barry Coleman attempted to break the FIM hegemony by organizing many of the top racers to begin the process of establishing a rival motorcycle championship called the "World Series". Although the competing series failed to take off due to difficulties in securing enough venues, it forced the FIM to take the riders' demands seriously and make changes regarding their safety. During the 1979 FIM Congress, new rules were passed increasing prize money substantially and in subsequent years, stricter safety regulations were imposed on race organizers. In the following years, dangerous racing circuits were removed from the Grand Prix schedule. Race circuits began replacing the steel guardrails that lined the tracks and creating safe run-off areas. This would mark the beginning of an era of increased professionalism and improving safety standards in the sport.

paragraph: In modern days, MotoGP and World Superbike racing are only held at closed-course circuits. Monza has three slow chicanes on the circuit, but is not present on either calendar. Fatal crashes have still occurred in the 21st century, but at a much reduced rate compared to TT racing.

paragraph: The Ruissalo People's Park in Turku has a road named after Saarinen.

paragraph: The street in front of the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Benelli's factory in Pesaro is named Via Jarno Saarinen.

paragraph: The name "Jarno" became very popular in Italy in the 1970s, one well-known bearer being former Formula-1 driver Jarno Trulli.

paragraph: In 2009, the F.I.M. inducted Saarinen into the MotoGP Hall of Fame.

paragraph: There is still an active Saarinen fan club in Italy, and on 7 June 2014 the fan club promoted the opening of Jarno Saarinen Park in Petrignano, Assisi, Italy. In August 2016, a bronze statue of Saarinen was unveiled in the park, and in July 2017, a duplicate of the statue was also revealed at Turku's Aurajoki Beach in Barker Park.

paragraph: Saarinen remains the only Finn to have won a motorcycle road racing world championship, winning 15 Grand Prix during his career. Saarinen was also a six time Finnish road racing national champion.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saarinen fan site

paragraph: br

description: Finnish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Jarno Saarinen

wikipedia_title: Jarno Saarinen


text:
All Japan Superbike
Yoshimura
Suzuki
Suzuki GSX-R1000
Yukio Kagayama
Suzuka 8 Hours
All Japan GP250 Championship
Suzuki RGV250
All Japan Superbike Championship
Honda CBR1000RR
Grands Prix
MotoGP
Japanese Grand Prix
Motegi
Rizla Suzuki
2007
Jerez
Casey Stoner
2008
2010 season
Hiroshi Aoyama
Interwetten Honda
Dutch TT
Assen
Catalan Grand Prix
Catalunya
San Marinese
Alex de Angelis
Gresini Racing
2011 Dutch TT
Dani Pedrosa
Repsol Honda
Japanese Grand Prix
LCR Honda
Shinichi Itoh
HRC Honda
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Kousuke Akiyoshi official website
Official MotoGP homepage

categories: Gresini Racing MotoGP riders,1975 births,Team LCR MotoGP riders,People from Kurume, Fukuoka,Suzuki factory MotoGP riders,Honda Racing Corporation MotoGP riders,Japanese motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Kousuke Akiyoshi

paragraph: He is known in his native Japan as a competitor in the MFJ All Japan Road Race GP250 Championship, and most notably the All Japan Superbike championship, where he has enjoyed success with the Yoshimura Suzuki team riding a Suzuki GSX-R1000. In July 2007 he, along with Yukio Kagayama, won the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race on a Yoshimura Suzuki bike.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:National racing.

paragraph: Akiyoski made his début in the All Japan GP250 Championship in 1995, riding a Suzuki RGV250. He finished in 24th in his first season, before improving to 10th the following season. In 1997, Akiyoshi moved into the All Japan Superbike Championship – later the All Japan JSB1000 Championship – where he has spent the majority of his career. He won the championship in 2010 and 2011, riding a Honda CBR1000RR.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Grand Prix appearances.

paragraph: Akiyoshi has also competed in a number of Grands Prix of the MotoGP series. These have included The Japanese Grand Prix at Motegi, where he finished 13th on his debut with the Rizla Suzuki team as a wildcard rider, as well as two races in 2007 at Jerez and Japan. He came 17th at the Spanish race, and had a good run in Japan where he was running 7th behind Casey Stoner, but retired four laps from the finish. In 2008, he competed in the Japanese Grand Prix for a third year running, again for Rizla Suzuki. He retired on lap 1 after going down at the first corner.

paragraph: In the 2010 season, Akiyoshi stood in for the injured Hiroshi Aoyama at the Interwetten Honda team. He competed in two races for the team, finishing 15th at the Dutch TT in Assen and 13th at the Catalan Grand Prix in Catalunya. He was then replaced by San Marinese rider Alex de Angelis. Akiyoshi replaced Aoyama once again at the Gresini Racing team for the 2011 Dutch TT, however not through injury, as Aoyama himself replaced the injured Dani Pedrosa at Repsol Honda. Akiyoshi also competed at the Japanese Grand Prix as a wildcard entry with LCR Honda – along with Shinichi Itoh, racing for HRC Honda – as a gesture of support for those affected by the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kousuke Akiyoshi official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MotoGP homepage

description: Japanese motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Kousuke Akiyoshi

wikipedia_title: Kousuke Akiyoshi


text: Nawab of Bengal

text: British East India Company

text: Mir Jafar

text: Battle of Plassey

text: Dutch East India Company

text: Chinsura

text: Battle of Buxar

text: Murshidabad

text: Munger

text: Bihar

text: Patna

text: Shuja-ud-Daula

text: Avadh

text: Shah Alam II

text: Mughal emperor

text: Battle of Buxar

text: Prithvi Narayan Shah

text: Siraj-ud-Daulah

text: Battle of Plassey

text: Battle of Murshidabad

text: Battle of Gherain

text: Battle of Udhwa nala

text: Shuja-ud-Daula

text: Rohilkhand

text: Allahabad

text: Gohad

text: Jodhpur

text: Delhi

text: shawls

text: Mughal Empire

text: Shia Islam in India

categories: 1777 deaths,Indian Shia Muslims,Nawabs of Bengal

paragraph: Mir Qasim

paragraph: Mir Qasim (; 8 May 1777) was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763. He was installed as Nawab with the support of the British East India Company, replacing Mir Jafar, his father-in-law, who had himself been supported earlier by the East India Company after his role in the Battle of Plassey. However, Mir Jafar was in conflict with the East India company over too many demands and tried to tie up with the Dutch East India Company. The British eventually overran the Dutch forces at Chinsura and played a major role in replacing Mir Jafar with Mir Qasim. Qasim later fell out with the British and fought them at the Battle of Buxar. His defeat has been suggested as the last real chance of preventing a gradual British expansion in large parts of North East India following Britain's victory in the Seven Years War.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with British.

paragraph: Upon ascending the throne, Mir Qasim repaid the British with lavish gifts. To please the British, Mir Qasim robbed everybody, confiscated lands, reduced Mir Jafar's purse and depleted the treasury. However, he was soon tired of British interference and endless avarice and like Mir Jafar before him, yearned to break free of the British influence. He shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger in present-day Bihar where he raised independent army, financing them by streamlining tax collection.

paragraph: He opposed the British East India Company's position that their imperial Mughal licence ("dastak") meant that they could trade without paying taxes (other local merchants with "dastaks" were required to pay up to 40% of their revenue as tax). Frustrated at the British refusal to pay these taxes, Mir Qasim abolished taxes on the local traders as well. This upset the advantage that the British traders had been enjoying so far, and hostilities built up. Mir Qasim overran the Company offices in Patna in 1763, killing several Europeans including the Resident. Mir Qasim allied with Shuja-ud-Daula of Avadh and Shah Alam II, the itinerant Mughal emperor, who were also threatened by the British. However, their combined forces were defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764.

paragraph: Mir Qasim had also attacked Nepal during the reign of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the King of Nepal. He was badly defeated as the Nepali soldiers had various advantages including terrain, climate and good leadership.

paragraph: The short campaign of Mir Qasim was significant as a direct fight against British outsiders. Unlike Siraj-ud-Daulah before him, Mir Qasim was an effective and popular ruler. The success at Buxar established the British East India company as a powerful force in the province of Bengal in a much more real sense than the Battle of Plassey seven years earlier and the Battle of Bedara five years earlier. By 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) and were completely in charge of this former Mughal province.

paragraph: Mir Qasim was defeated by during the Battle of Murshidabad, Battle of Gherain and the Battle of Udhwa nala.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Plundered of most of his treasures, placed on a lame elephant and expelled by Shuja-ud-Daula after he had been routed at the Battle of Buxar, 23 October 1764; he fled to Rohilkhand, Allahabad, Gohad and Jodhpur, eventually settling at Kotwal, near Delhi ca. 1774.

paragraph: Mir Qasim died in obscurity and abject poverty possibly from dropsy, at Kotwal, near Delhi on 8 May 1777. His two shawls, the only property left by him, had to be sold to pay for his funeral.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mughal Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shia Islam in India

description: Nawab of Bengal

wikidata_label: Mir Qasim

wikipedia_title: Mir Qasim


text: Mexican

text: professional wrestler

text: ring name

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: CMLL World Middleweight

text: CMLL World Trios Champion

text: NWA World Middleweight Champion

text: three–time

text: CMLL World Tag Team Champion

text: Hell

text: Lucha de Apuesta

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: Mexico City

text: professional wrestler

text: ring name

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Lucha de Apuestas

text: feud

text: Entre Torre Infernal

text: pay-per-view

text: El Hijo del Gladiador

text: El Satánico

text: Los Infernales

text: técnico

text: rudo

text: Mephisto

text: Último Guerrero

text: Rey Bucanero

text: Tarzan Boy

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: disqualified

text: low blow

text: Máscara Mágica

text: CMLL 68th Anniversary Show

text: steel cage match

text: Los Guerreros del Infierno

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: Guadalajara, Jalisco

text: La Familia de Tijuana

text: Nicho el Millonario

text: Halloween

text: Damián 666

text: CMLL World Trios Championship

text: Black Tiger III

text: Dr. Wagner Jr.

text: Universo 2000

text: turned

text: Zumbido

text: NWA World Middleweight Championship

text: foil

text: Místico

text: Atlantis

text: Blue Panther

text: Shinsuke Nakamura

text: Hiroshi Tanahashi

text: New Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Shigeo Okumura

text: CMLL 72nd Anniversary Show

text: Black Warrior

text: Los Hijos del Averno

text: Ephesto

text: CMLL World Middleweight Championship

text: Héctor Garza

text: La Sombra

text: Hijo del Fantasma

text: pareja incredibles

text: Olímpico

text: El Oriental

text: Histeria

text: El Alebrije

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: CMLL 77th Anniversary Show

text: La Máscara

text: WWE

text: Juicio Final

text: Máscara Dorada

text: Universal Championship tournament

text: CMLL World Super Lightweight Champion

text: Virus

text: El Bufete del Amor

text: Marco Corleone

text: Máximo

text: Rush

text: Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles

text: El Felino

text: Arena Mexico 57th Anniversary Show

text: Místico "La Nueva Era"

text: CMLL's 80th Anniversary Show

text: Titán

text: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

text: 2008 TNA World X Cup Tournament

text: Team Mexico

text: Victory Road

text: Team Japan

text: Masato Yoshino

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: La Sociedad

text: Chessman

text: Pentagón Jr.

text: Cibernético

text: Fénix

text: Psycho Clown

text: Charly Manson

text: Verano de Escándalo

text: AAA World Trios Championship

text: "Triplemanía " XXIII

text: Angélico

text: Jack Evans

text: Los Perros del Mal

text: El Hijo del Fantasma

text: El Texano Jr.

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: Mari Apache

text: Faby Apache

text: "Triplemanía" XXIV

text: Gran Apache

text: Ricky Marvin

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: CMLL World Middleweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: 3 times

text: Mephisto

text: CMLL World Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: Ephesto

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: 1 time

text: NWA World Middleweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: 1 time

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Chessman

text: AAA World Trios Championship

text: 3 times

text: Cibernético

text: Ricky Marvin

text: Super Fly

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

text: TNA World X Cup

text: Rey Bucanero

text: Último Guerrero

text: Volador Jr.

text: World Wrestling Association

text: WWA Middleweight Championship

text: 1 time, current

categories: Masked wrestlers,Mexican male professional wrestlers,1977 births,Living people

paragraph: Averno (wrestler)

paragraph: Renato Ruíz Cortes (born May 9, 1977) is a Mexican professional wrestler better known by the ring name Averno ("Hell"). Ruíz initially worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as Rencor Latino in 1995, but did not achieve any significant success until he adopted the ring name Averno in June 2001. Under his new ring name, Ruíz went on to become a one–time CMLL World Middleweight, CMLL World Trios Champion, NWA World Middleweight Champion and NWA World Historic Middleweight Champion and a three–time CMLL World Tag Team Champion. His ring name is most commonly translated as "Hell" in English.

paragraph: For many years Averno's real name was not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. However, in May 2011, Averno was booked in a "Lucha de Apuesta", where he lost his mask and was forced to reveal his true identity. Ruíz left CMLL in April 2014 and joined rival promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) the following month.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Renato Ruíz Cortes was born on May 9, 1977 in Mexico City, Mexico, son of then-professional wrestler Rodolfo Ruíz. He began training for a professional wrestling career himself at a young age, training under his father, who by then had retired from in ring competition and instead was working as a referee and trainer. He made his in-ring debut in 1995, around his eighteenth birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (1995-2014).:Rencor Latino (1995–2001).

paragraph: Ruíz began wrestling in 1995 under the ring name Rencor Latino ("Latin Hostility"). Working as Rencor Latino he soon started working in the lower ranks of "Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre" (CMLL; "World Wrestling Council"). He won his first "Lucha de Apuestas", or "bet match", 1998 unmasking Apolo Chino by defeating him after a midcard feud. On August 4, 2002 Rencor Latino was one of twelve wrestlers putting their mask on the line during CMLL's "Entre Torre Infernal" ("In the Infernal Tower") pay-per-view. The match came down to Rencor Latino and veteran wrestler El Hijo del Gladiador, and ended with Rencor Latino winning the match, taking El Hijo del Gladiador's mask in the process. He continued wrestling in the midcard until he was recruited by El Satánico in the summer of 2001 to be part of a new "Los Infernales" ("The Infernal Ones") group.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (1995-2014).:Averno (2001–2014).

paragraph: During a televised segment Satánico used his supposed "satanic powers" to turn técnico (good guy) Rencor Latino into one of his "minions", a rudo (bad guy) character known as "Averno" ("Hell"). Traditionally when a masked wrestler transitions from one identity to a new identity it is not publicly acknowledged, but in Ruíz' case it was actually part of the storyline. As a result of the transition Averno would on occasion wrestle wearing a special mask that was half Averno, half Rencor Latino. Satánico and Averno were joined by Mephisto who had previously wrestled as Astro Rey Jr. The trio feuded with Último Guerrero, Rey Bucanero, and Tarzan Boy throughout the year with Averno and El Satánico unsuccessfully challenging Guerrero and Bucanero for the CMLL World Tag Team Championship in August 2001. The team lost when Satánico was disqualified for using a low blow. When Tarzan Boy was injured and unable to wrestle Bucanero and Guerrero recruited Máscara Mágica to even the numbers. The storyline between the two factions reaches its high point at the CMLL 68th Anniversary Show where all seven wrestlers faced off in a steel cage match. The stipulation of the match was that the winning side would gain the rights to use the name "Los Infernales" while the loser on the opposite side would be forced to unmask or have their hair shaved off. In the end El Satánico pinned Máscara Mágica, forcing him to unmask. After losing the match Guerrero, Bucanero and Tarzan Boy became known collectively as "Los Guerreros del Infierno" ("The Infernal Soldiers"), while El Satánico, Averno and Mephisto continuing to work as "Los Infernales".

paragraph: In 2002, "Los Infernales" won the Mexican National Trios Championship in Guadalajara, Jalisco and began feuding with "La Familia de Tijuana" (Nicho el Millonario, Halloween, and Damián 666). The trio lost the championship to "La Familia" in September 2002 but continued feuding with the group into 2003. Over the summer of 2003 "Los Infernales" won a tournament to become the number one contenders for the CMLL World Trios Championship but lost champions Black Tiger III, Dr. Wagner Jr., and Universo 2000 on August 1. At the end of the year, Averno and Mephisto turned on El Satánico, but there was no major storyline feud between the three afterwards. In September 2004, Averno defeated Zumbido to win the vacant NWA World Middleweight Championship. Shortly after the championship win Averno was positioned as a rival or foil to the up-and-coming "tecnico" Místico. Averno and Mephisto also became de facto members of "Los Guerreros del Infierno", joining forces with their former rivals. In February 2005, Averno lost the NWA World Middleweight Championship to Místico as part of their long running storyline. Two months later Averno and Mephisto defeated Atlantis and Blue Panther to win the CMLL World Tag Team Championship. When Shinsuke Nakamura and Hiroshi Tanahashi from New Japan Pro Wrestling came to CMLL, Averno initially teamed up with them, the two turned on him. This led to a trios match with Averno, Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero defeating Nakamura, Tanahashi, and Shigeo Okumura in one of the featured bouts on the CMLL 72nd Anniversary Show. In early 2006 Averno and Mephisto were the catalyst for one of CMLL's big storylines as they defended their titles against Místico and Black Warrior twice. In the first match, they won by disqualification when Black Warrior interfered in the match after already being eliminated and in the second match Black Warrior turned on Místico, attacking his partner to end the match. In April 2006, they lost the tag team championship to Místico and Negro Casas, ending their 377-day-long reign.

paragraph: In 2008 Averno formed the group "Los Hijos del Averno" ("The Sons of Hell") alongside Mephisto and Ephesto, followed by Averno and Mephisto defeating Atlantis and Último Guerrero to win the CMLL World Tag Team Championship for a second time. On September 17, 2008 Averno defeated Negro Casas to win the CMLL World Middleweight Championship, becoming a double middleweight champion as he still held the NWA World Middleweight Championship. Their reign lasted only 38 days before Místico and Héctor Garza won the championship from them. The duo became three-time tag team champions by the end of the year as Averno and Mephisto defeated Místico and Garza on December 7, 2008. The duo's third run with the CMLL World Tag Teams Championship ended on January 16, 2009 when they lost to La Sombra and Volador Jr. On July 22, Averno lost one of his middleweight championships, the CMLL World Middleweight Championship, to Hijo del Fantasma. On July 12, 2010, at the Promociones Gutiérrez 1st Anniversary Show Averno participated in a match where 10 men put their mask on the line in a match that featured five "pareja incredibles" teams, with the losing team being forced to wrestle each other with their mask on the line. His partner in the match was Último Guerrero, facing off against the teams of Atlantis and Olímpico, Místico and El Oriental, Histeria and La Sombra, Volado Jr. and El Alebrije. Averno and Último Guerrero was the third team to escape the match. In mid 2010 CMLL abandoned the NWA World Middleweight Championship after repeated complaints from the National Wrestling Alliance, instead they created the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship and made Averno the first champion. Averno was one of 14 men putting their masks on the line in a "Lucha de Apuestas" steel cage match, the main event of the CMLL 77th Anniversary Show. Averno was the first man to leave the steel cage with all three members of "Los Hijos del Averno" quickly leaving the cage, keeping their masks safe.

paragraph: In April 2011, Averno began feuding with La Máscara, building a storyline that led to a Mask vs. Mask "Lucha de Apuesta" on June 17. The match announcement came on the heels of a report that Averno had signed a contract with WWE, supposedly following long time in-ring rival Místico who had already signed with WWE. On June 17 at CMLL's "Juicio Final" ("Final Judgement") show, Averno was defeated by La Máscara two falls to one and thus was forced to unmask. Upon unmasking, Averno revealed that his real name was Renato Ruíz Cortes, that he was 34 years old originally from Mexico City and had been wrestling for 16 years. Afterward, Ruíz and La Máscara continued their rivalry, building up to another singles match on July 4, where Ruíz successfully defended the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship. Despite rumors Averno never began working for WWE, opting at the time to stay with CMLL. On July 15, "Los Hijos del Averno" defeated "La Generación Dorada" (La Máscara, Máscara Dorada and La Sombra) to win the CMLL World Trios Championship. On September 9, 2011 Averno entered CMLL's annual tournament of champions, the Universal Championship tournament. After defeating CMLL World Super Lightweight Champion Virus and old rival, Mexican National Light Heavyweight Champion La Máscara, in his first two matches, Averno defeated CMLL World Tag Team Champion Último Guerrero in the semi-finals. On September 16, Averno was defeated in the Universal Championship finals by La Sombra. On November 22, Averno lost the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship to La Máscara.

paragraph: On February 19, 2012, "Los Hijos del Averno" lost the CMLL World Trios Championship to "El Bufete del Amor" ("The Law of Love"; Marco Corleone, Máximo, and Rush). Averno was forced to team up with constant rival La Mascara, for the 2013 "Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles", just like he was for the 2012 tournament. The team worked together without too many problems in the first round as they defeated the team of El Hijo de Fantasma and El Felino, but stumbled in the second round as they lost to eventual tournament winners La Sombra and Volador Jr. On April 26, 2013, at the Arena Mexico 57th Anniversary Show Averno defeated Místico "La Nueva Era" to win the vacant Mexican National Welterweight Championship. On September 13 at CMLL's 80th Anniversary Show, Averno defeated Blue Panther in a submission only "Lucha de Apuestas" match, which forced Blue Panther to have all his hair shaved off as a result. On December 1, Averno lost the Mexican National Welterweight Championship to Titán. On April 28, 2014, CMLL announced that Averno had parted ways with the company.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2008).

paragraph: In 2008 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) invited Averno, along with Volador Jr.,Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero to compete in the 2008 TNA World X Cup Tournament, making them that year's "Team Mexico" entrants, with Guerrero serving as the team captain. Averno only wrestled one match in the tournament, participating in a twelve-man three tag team elimination match, at the Victory Road pay-per-view. Averno was the fourth man eliminated from the match at the hands of Team Japan's Masato Yoshino. Later during the same show Volador Jr. won an Ultimate X match, earning enough points for Team Mexico to win the entire tournament, becoming the 2008 World X Cup holders. Volador Jr. would work more matches for TNA, but Averno, Último Guerrero and Rey Bucanero did not.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2014–present).

paragraph: On May 17, 2014, Averno made his debut for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), joining the "rudo" stable "La Sociedad". In a main event six-man tag team match, Averno teamed with Chessman and Pentagón Jr. to defeat Cibernético, Fénix and Psycho Clown, pinning Fénix for the win. After the match, Averno was attacked by an unnamed "mysterious wrestler", portrayed by his old rival Místico. On September 26, Averno and Chessman came together with Cibernético to reform the "Los Hell Brothers" stable, with Averno replacing former member Charly Manson for this incarnation of "Los Hell Brothers". In February 2015, "Los Hell Brothers" officially joined "La Sociedad". On June 14, 2015, at Verano de Escándalo, Averno won his first title in AAA, when "Los Hell Brothers" captured the AAA World Trios Championship. At "Triplemanía " XXIII "Los Hell Brothers" successfully defended the AAA World Trios Championship in a Steel Cage match, defeating the trios of Fénix and "Los Güeros del Cielo" (Angélico and Jack Evans) and "Los Perros del Mal" (El Hijo del Fantasma, Pentagón Jr., El Texano Jr.) In late 2015 Cibernético left AAA, which forced AAA to strip "Los Hell Brothers" the trios championship on January 6, 2016. On January 22 at "Guerra de Titanes", Averno and Chessman won the vacant AAA World Tag Team Championship. However, immediately afterwards, "La Sociedad" turned on the two and expelled them from the group. "Los Hell Brothers" subsequently made several successful title defenses and began bragging about how there were no challengers left for them to deal with, that "no man" could defeat them. In the spring of 2016 sisters-turned-rivals Mari Apache and Faby Apache reunited as Mari returned to the "tecnico" side and started to team up with her sister on a regular basis. At that point in time the Apaches challenged "Los Hell Brothers", demanding that they put the tag team championship on the line, a challenge that Averno and Chessman turned down, acting very dismissing and sexist in the process. During the July 8 AAA Television taping Averno and Chessman dressed up as a pair of frumpy women as they mocked "Los Apaches". At the subsequent taping "Los Apaches" distracted Averno and Chessman during a title defense against Jack Evans and Angélico, which lead to Averno and Chessman losing the tag team championship. Afterwards it was announced that Averno and Chessman had finally agree to face "Los Apaches" at "Triplemanía" XXIV. The match at "Triplemanía" XXIV ended in a no-contest after Chessman and Averno hit the Apaches with fluorescent light tubes, causing Gran Apache to come to their aid. Averno and Chessman then paired up with Ricky Marvin to form a new trio named OGT, winning the AAA World Trios Championship on November 4. They lost the title to El Apache, Faby Apache and Mary Apache on March 5, 2017, when Marvin was defeated by Faby in a singles match.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Middleweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mephisto

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Ephesto and Mephisto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – with Satánico and Mephisto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Middleweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chessman

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Trios Championship (3 times) – with Cibernético and Chessman (1), Chessman and Ricky Marvin (1), and Chessman and Super Fly (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him 48 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- TNA World X Cup (2008) – with Rey Bucanero, Último Guerrero and Volador Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA Middleweight Championship (1 time, current)

alias:
Renato Ruíz
Renato Ruíz Cortes

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Averno

wikipedia_title: Averno (wrestler)


text:
Amsterdam
Kayak
Ton Scherpenzeel
Pim Koopman
Max Werner
Rob Winter
Circus Custers
Bolland & Bolland
Ekseption
Plus Doreen
Max Werner
Edward Reekers
Michel van Dijk
Alquin
Rolling Stones
Bob Dylan
The Band

categories: Dutch rock guitarists,Dutch male guitarists,Kayak (band) members,Earth and Fire members,1946 births,Musicians from Amsterdam,Living people

paragraph: Johan Slager

paragraph: Johan Slager (born 8 Juni 1946, Amsterdam) is the original guitar player of the Dutch Progressive Rock band Kayak. He co-founded the band along with Ton Scherpenzeel, Pim Koopman and Max Werner in 1972. He left the band in 1982 after 9 albums, and returned briefly for a couple of performances in the 1990s. When Kayak reunited in 1999, Johan was replaced by Rob Winter.

paragraph: During and after his time with Kayak, Johan played with many Dutch artists. He played on albums by Circus Custers, Bolland & Bolland and Ekseption, and he formed his own band called Plus Doreen. His guitar sounds can also be heard on albums by his ex-Kayak mates Max Werner and Edward Reekers. In recent years, he has joined singer Michel van Dijk (Alquin). Together with befriended musicians they play in Dutch pubs, doing mostly covers (Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, The Band, etc.)

description: Dutch musician

wikidata_label: Johan Slager

wikipedia_title: Johan Slager


text:
silent era
Manhattan, New York City
Los Angeles, California
chloroform
gas
Oakland Tribune
Wallace Reid
The Battle of Frenchman's Run
Destruction
The Moonshiners
The Crucial Test
Ashes of Embers
Darkest Russia
The Iron Ring
The End of the Tour
The Secret of the Storm Country
The Brand of Satan
Scandal
Dodging a Million
Good-Bye, Bill
The Sheriff's Oath
April Folly
The Silver Lining
Winners of the West
In the Days of Buffalo Bill
Abraham Lincoln
Up and at 'Em
Jazzmania
Your Friend and Mine

categories: American male silent film actors,1885 births,Deaths from chloroform,Drug-related suicides in California,Male actors from New York (state),American male actors who committed suicide,American male film actors,1926 deaths,20th-century American male actors

paragraph: J. Herbert Frank

paragraph: J. Herbert Frank (May 12, 1885 – March 7, 1926) was an American actor of the silent era. He appeared in 52 films between 1914 and 1924.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Frank was born on May 12, 1885 in Manhattan, New York City. He died on March 7, 1926 in Los Angeles, California by committing suicide in his apartment using chloroform and gas. According to the Oakland Tribune, Frank was involved in narcotic investigations surrounding the death of Wallace Reid, and killed himself to avoid charges.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle of Frenchman's Run" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destruction" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moonshiners" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crucial Test" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ashes of Embers" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Darkest Russia" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Iron Ring" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The End of the Tour" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Secret of the Storm Country" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brand of Satan" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scandal" (1917) as Sutherland Yorke

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dodging a Million" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good-Bye, Bill" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sheriff's Oath" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "April Folly" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Silver Lining" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winners of the West" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Days of Buffalo Bill" (1922) as Abraham Lincoln

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Up and at 'Em" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazzmania" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Your Friend and Mine" (1923)

description: American actor

wikidata_label: J. Herbert Frank

wikipedia_title: J. Herbert Frank


text:
Royal Academy
Society of Engravers
stipple
Richard
Maria Cosway
Edward Francis Burney
Rudolf Ackermann
Richard Payne Knight
Nicholas Penny
National Portrait Gallery Profile

categories: English male painters,1773 births,18th-century English painters,19th-century English painters,1858 deaths,English portrait painters,English engravers

paragraph: John Samuel Agar

paragraph: John Samuel Agar (1773–1858), was an English portrait painter and engraver, who exhibited his works at the Royal Academy from 1796 to 1806 and at the British Institution until 1811. He did not exhibit again until 1836. He had been declared bankrupt in February of the previous year.

paragraph: He was at one time president of the Society of Engravers. His engravings were chiefly in stipple. They include works after Richard and Maria Cosway, and a series of allegories of the months after Edward Francis Burney, published by Rudolf Ackermann in 1807-9. His illustrations for Richard Payne Knight's "Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, Aegyptian, Etruscan, Greek and Roman: Selected from different collections in Great Britain" (1809), have been described by Nicholas Penny as "the finest ever made of sculpture".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Portrait Gallery Profile

description: English painter and engraver

wikidata_label: John Samuel Agar

wikipedia_title: John Samuel Agar


href: sharia Umm%20al-Qura%20University Taif Mecca manchester sharia Umm%20al-Qura%20University Mecca Saudi%20Arabia

text:
sharia
Umm al-Qura
Taif
Mecca
manchester
sharia
Umm al-Qura
Mecca
Saudi Arabia

categories: 1995 deaths,1937 births,Saudi Arabian poets,20th-century poets,Saudi Arabian writers

paragraph: Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi

paragraph: Mutlaq Hamid Al-Thubeiti Al-Otaibi () (September 9, 1937 – July 31, 1995) was a Saudi Arabian writer and poet., and he was a member of the faculty of sharia at the University of Umm al-Qura. and he was the President of the Scientific Research Ministry of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia, he is considered by many as one of the greatest Saudi poets of all times.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Al-Thubeiti was born Mutlaq Hamid Al-Thubeiti Al-Otaibi in Taif On September 9, 1937, in 1965 he graduated from the faculty of Sharia Islamic Studies in Mecca, in 1967 he traveled to the United Kingdom where he studied English at the university of manchester, He returned to Saudi Arabia in the 1970s where he got many jobs including member of the faculty of sharia at the University of Umm al-Qura in Mecca. Al-Thubeiti died on July 31, 1995 during his treatment in United States.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- () ("The wounds of yesterday")

paragraph: Section::::His Jobs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of Faculty of Shari'a at the University of Umm Al-Qura,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secretary of Al-Dayra Magazine issued by the King Abdul Aziz in Riyadh

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of the Educational Supplement, Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Sudan

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of the Scientific Research Ministry of Higher Education

description: Poet and writer

wikidata_label: Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi

wikipedia_title: Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi


text:
Philadelphia
The Delta 72
The Delta 72
James Brown
Philadelphia
Los Angeles
soul music
post-punk
girl group
psychedelic
Cat Power
Pink Mountaintops
Stephen McBean
Black Mountain
psychedelic
post punk
The Black Ryder
James Williamson
The Stooges
Alison Mosshart
The Kills
Jello Biafra
Dead Kennedys
Alan Vega
Suicide
Anton Newcombe
The Brian Jonestown Massacre
Genesis P-Orridge
Psychic TV
no wave
Lydia Lunch
Philadelphia
Valley Forge
Conestoga High School

categories: Living people,Musicians from Philadelphia,Year of birth missing (living people),American DJs

paragraph: Gregg Foreman

paragraph: Gregg Foreman is an American musician and DJ born in Philadelphia. Foreman gained recognition originally as the front man of The Delta 72, a band that created a frenetic and honest style channeling post-punk rock sensibilities with 1960s British Invasion R&B. The live gigs of The Delta 72 have been characterized by Gregg's energetic stage performances and James Brown-like moves.

paragraph: Foreman who had been djing since 1995, also established a career as a popular deejay in his hometown, Philadelphia, and still spins in his resident city, Los Angeles. Foreman's sets span a range from soul music to post-punk, girl group sounds and psychedelic.

paragraph: He joined Cat Power in 2006, now elevated to musical director. He was also in Pink Mountaintops, founded by Stephen McBean from Black Mountain ; psychedelic, post punk band The Meek, and a part-time member of the slow-burning, psyche rock band The Black Ryder.

paragraph: In 2015, Foreman worked on Re-licked, a project of James Williamson of The Stooges, including Alison Mosshart from The Kills and Jello Biafra from the Dead Kennedys.

paragraph: Gregg also hosts The Pharmacy, a radio show focusing on the architects of underground music, interviewing artists like Alan Vega of Suicide, Anton Newcombe of The Brian Jonestown Massacre, Genesis P-Orridge from Psychic TV and a pioneer of no wave, Lydia Lunch.

paragraph: Gregg has one sister — Abbe Foreman, a photographer in Philadelphia — and mother, Vicki Foreman, who was a school teacher. He was raised in Valley Forge and went to Conestoga High School.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZIJ-mxuntg

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://theundergroundecho.blogspot.com/2011/02/gregg-foreman-interview.html

description: American DJ

wikidata_label: Gregg Foreman

wikipedia_title: Gregg Foreman


text:
graphic artist
Symbolism
New Objectivity
magical realism
Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe
Ferdinand Keller
Gustav Schönleber
Leopold von Kalckreuth
Frankfurt
Dresden
Dresden Academy of Fine Arts
Wendt & Kühn
Hans Grundig
Willy Wolff
Oscar Cahén
Deutscher Künstlerbund
First World War
Bad Harzburg
Art Nouveau
New Objectivity
Magic realism
List of German painters
full text online
Max Frey (1874–1944)

categories: German male painters,1874 births,1944 deaths,German artists,20th-century German painters,People from Dresden,People from the Kingdom of Saxony

paragraph: Max Frey

paragraph: Max Frey (April 16, 1874 – March 11, 1944) was a German painter and graphic artist associated with the Symbolism and New Objectivity movements. Some of his works contained elements of magical realism

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born to a family of merchants and began his education at the Arts and Crafts school in Karlsruhe. For a short time, he worked as a theater painter in Berlin then, from 1893–1903 studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Karlsruhe under Ferdinand Keller, Gustav Schönleber and Leopold von Kalckreuth. While there, he participated in the activities of numerous art associations.

paragraph: Max Frey moved to Frankfurt in 1904 and married the daughter of a manufacturer. Later, in 1906, they moved to Dresden. In 1907, he became a teacher in graphic design and painting at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and taught a newly created class especially for women. Among his students were Margarete Wendt and Margarete Kühn, who went on to create the firm of Wendt & Kühn. He was appointed a Professor in 1910. His other students included Hans Grundig, Willy Wolff and Oscar Cahén.

paragraph: Max Frey was a member of the Deutscher Künstlerbund and the Dresden Art Cooperative. He also was a founding member of the artists' group Grün-Weiß and the Dresdner Künstlergruppe 1913.

paragraph: He was called up during the First World War and returned to Dresden after being mustered out of service. He stayed at the Academy until 1934, then retired to Bad Harzburg. Four years later, his marriage ended in divorce. The following year he married a former pupil, Editha von Froebel, who was considerably younger. They had one son. Max Frey died at home on 11 March 1944. He was buried at a cemetery in the Tolkewitz district of Dresden.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Graphic works.

paragraph: His graphic work was inspired by the Art Nouveau movement.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Paintings.

paragraph: His paintings during the late 1920s and 1930s were influenced by the New Objectivity movement under the style of Magic realism.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German painters

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holger Schlegel: "Die vergessene Welt des Malers Max Frey". In: "Goslarsche Zeitung. Ausgabe Bad Harzburg", 231 (2015) No. 171, pp. 18 (full text online).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gernot Klatte: "Frey, Max". In: "Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL)", 44 (2005) pp. 521,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph August Beringer: "Frey, Max". In: Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker: "Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart", 12 (1916) pp. 442

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph August Beringer: "Badische Malerei im neunzehnten Jahrhundert" (1913) pp. 128–129

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Jansa: "Frey, Max Adolf Peter". In: Deutsche Bildende Künstler in Wort und Bild (1912) pp. 169

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gernot Klatte: "Max Frey (1874–1944)". In: Sächsische Biografie (German)

description: German painter (1874-1944)

wikidata_label: Max Frey

wikipedia_title: Max Frey