text:
crusade
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Ibelin family
Peter W. Edbury
Italy
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Hugh of Le Puiset
Count of Jaffa
Montlhéry
Baldwin II of Jerusalem
constable
Council of Nablus
Hugh II
Helvis of Ramla
Baldwin I of Ramla
King Fulk
Jaffa
Fatimid
Egypt
Ascalon
Ramla
council convened at Acre
Second Crusade
attack Damascus
Manasses of Hierges
Constable of Jerusalem
Baldwin I of Ramla
Hugh of Ibelin
Lord of Ramla
Baldwin of Ibelin
Mirabel
Ramla
Barisan the Younger
Lord of Nablus
Lady of Tiberias
William I of Bures
William of Tyre
Columbia University Press
Peter W. Edbury
Jonathan Riley-Smith
Cambridge University Press

categories: Christians of the Crusades,1150 deaths,House of Ibelin,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Barisan of Ibelin

paragraph: Barisan of Ibelin (; died 1150) was an important figure in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was the founder of the Ibelin family. His name was later written as "Balian" and he is sometimes known as Balian the Elder, Barisan the Old or Balian I.

paragraph: Barisan's origins are obscure. The Ibelins later claimed to be descended from the viscounts of Chartres, but according to Peter W. Edbury, Barisan was probably from northern Italy. According to Jonathan Riley-Smith, however, he may have indeed been connected to Chartres, as the brother of Hugh of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa; he would then have also been a cousin to the Montlhéry family of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem.

paragraph: However, nothing certain is known of his life before 1115, when he appears as constable of Jaffa under Hugh. In 1120 he was present at the Council of Nablus, where the first laws of the kingdom were promulgated, perhaps representing the new, underaged Count of Jaffa, Hugh II. Around the same year, his services were rewarded with a marriage to Helvis of Ramla, daughter of Baldwin I of Ramla. In 1134, when Hugh II rebelled against King Fulk, Barisan supported the king, and soon became prominent at Fulk's court. In 1141, perhaps as a reward for his loyalty in 1134, he was granted the newly constructed castle of Ibelin, located in the County of Jaffa between Jaffa itself and the Fatimid Egyptian fortress of Ascalon. It was from this castle that the family took their name.

paragraph: In 1148 Barisan inherited the nearby lordship of Ramla, through his wife Helvis. That year, Barisan was also present at the council convened at Acre after the arrival of the Second Crusade, at which it was decided to attack Damascus. Barisan died in 1150 and Ibelin was inherited by Hugh. Helvis then married Manasses of Hierges, Constable of Jerusalem.

paragraph: With Helvis lady of Ramla (daughter of Baldwin I of Ramla), Barisan was the father of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh of Ibelin, Lord of Ramla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin of Ibelin, Lord of Mirabel and Ramla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barisan the Younger (known as Balian), Lord of Nablus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermengarde of Ibelin, Lady of Tiberias, married William I of Bures

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephanie of Ibelin (d. after 1167)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William of Tyre, "A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea", trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter W. Edbury, "John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Boydell Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Riley-Smith, "The First Crusaders, 1095-1131". Cambridge University Press, 1997, as Barisan the Old.

description: Christian Crusader

wikidata_label: Barisan of Ibelin

wikipedia_title: Barisan of Ibelin


text: crusade

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Barisan of Ibelin

text: Baldwin of Ibelin

text: Balian of Ibelin

text: Constable of Jerusalem

text: Manasses of Hierges

text: Queen Melisende

text: King Baldwin III

text: Siege of Ascalon

text: Banias

text: Principality of Antioch

text: Byzantine emperor

text: Manuel I Comnenus

text: Agnes of Courtenay

text: Lady of Toron

text: King Amalric I

text: Baldwin IV

text: expedition to Egypt

text: Nile

text: Shirkuh

text: Nur ad-Din Zangi

text: Cairo

text: Bilbeis

text: Philip of Milly

text: pilgrimage

text: Santiago de Compostela

text: Ibelin

text: Ramla

text: Baldwin

text: Hugh of Ibelin

text: John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut

text: William of Tyre

text: Joshua Prawer

text: Steven Runciman

categories: 1130 births,House of Ibelin,Nobility of the Kingdom of Jerusalem,12th-century deaths,Christians of the Crusades

paragraph: Hugh of Ibelin

paragraph: Hugh of Ibelin (c. 1130-1133 – 1169/1171) was an important noble in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Hugh was the eldest son of Barisan of Ibelin and Helvis of Ramla. He was old enough to witness charters in 1148, as was his younger brother Baldwin of Ibelin, which suggests he was born c. 1130-1133, as the male age of majority was fifteen. (H.E. Mayer has suggested a limited degree of competence may have been accepted from the age of eight, reducing his age, but the examples given of this are of males of the royal house, whose situation was somewhat different.) He was probably about ten years older than his youngest brother, Balian of Ibelin.

paragraph: After his father Barisan died in 1150, Helvis married the Constable of Jerusalem, Manasses of Hierges, who was one of the strongest supporters of Queen Melisende in the power struggle against her son King Baldwin III. Manasses was exiled in 1152 when Baldwin was victorious in this struggle, allowing Hugh to inherit Ramla from his mother. Hugh took part in the Siege of Ascalon in 1153, and in 1157 was captured in battle at Banias, being released probably the next year. In 1159 he visited the Principality of Antioch and met with Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, who had arrived to assert his suzerainty over the principality. In 1163 Hugh married Agnes of Courtenay (1133 – 1184/1185), Lady of Toron, the former wife of King Amalric I and mother of Baldwin IV, daughter of Joscelin II de Courtenay, Count of Edessa, by whom he had no issue. It is possible that Agnes had already been betrothed or married to him before 1157, date some say it was the one of the actual marriage but she married Amalric after Hugh was taken prisoner; Amalric was forced to divorce her before becoming King in 1163.

paragraph: Hugh participated Amalric's expedition to Egypt in 1167, and was responsible for building a bridge over the Nile. The crusaders allied with the sultan against Shirkuh, the general of Nur ad-Din Zangi who was also fighting for control of Egypt, and Hugh was sent to protect Cairo along with the sultan's son Kamil. Hugh was the first crusader ever to see the sultan's palace. At the siege of Bilbeis during the same Egyptian campaign, according to Ibelin family tradition, Hugh's life was saved by Philip of Milly after breaking his leg and falling under his horse. Hugh died around 1169 during a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. His territories of Ibelin and Ramla passed to his brother Baldwin.

paragraph: Another Hugh of Ibelin was the son of John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut, and the grand-nephew of this Hugh.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William of Tyre, "A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea". E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, trans. Columbia University Press, 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. E. Mayer, "Carving Up Crusaders: The Early Ibelins and Ramlas", in "Outremer: Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer". Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Runciman, "A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem". Cambridge University Press, 1952.

description: crusader

wikidata_label: Hugh of Ibelin

wikipedia_title: Hugh of Ibelin


text:
suo jure
Countess of Boulogne
Matthew of Alsace
Marie I, Countess of Boulogne
Stephen of England
Matilda I of Boulogne
Philip I, Count of Flanders
Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen
Lambert of Ardres
Renaud de Dammartin
Lorraine
Verdun
William, Archbishop of Reims
Matilda II of Boulogne

categories: 12th-century French women,12th-century French people,House of Metz,House of Zähringen,13th-century women rulers,Place of death missing,Year of birth uncertain,House of Wassenberg,12th-century women rulers,House of Dammartin,Place of birth missing,13th-century French people,1216 deaths,Counts of Boulogne

paragraph: Ida, Countess of Boulogne

paragraph: Ida of Boulogne (c. 1160–1216) was suo jure Countess of Boulogne from 1173 until her death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the eldest daughter of Matthew of Alsace by Marie I, Countess of Boulogne. Her maternal grandparents were King Stephen of England and Matilda I of Boulogne. Her mother, a nun, had been abducted from a convent and forced into marriage by Matthew. As a consequence, her parents' marriage was rather controversial, and was finally annulled in 1170.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Reign.

paragraph: Her father continued to rule until his death in 1173, when she succeeded. Upon the advice of her uncle, Philip I, Count of Flanders, she married first in 1181, to Gerard of Guelders, but he died the same year. She next married Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen, but he too died in 1186. According to the contemporary historian Lambert of Ardres:

paragraph: This relationship came to naught when Ida was abducted in 1190 by Count Renaud de Dammartin, who carried her off to Lorraine. This was a common enough fate for medieval heiresses. The situation became complicated when Arnold of Guînes received messages of enduring love from Ida. He promptly rode to her rescue, only to be captured and imprisoned by friends of Renaud in Verdun. Arnold was only freed due to the intervention of William, Archbishop of Reims. Ida was supposed to have purposely deceived him to lead Arnold into a trap. Whatever the truth, she remained with Renaud and produced a daughter, Matilda II of Boulogne (died 1258).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dom Paul Grammont, Ide de Lorraine, Saint-Benoit du Sault : éditions Bénédictines, 1978.

description: French countess

wikidata_label: Ida, Countess of Boulogne

wikipedia_title: Ida, Countess of Boulogne


text:
French
crusade
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Barisan of Ibelin
Hugh of Ibelin
Balian of Ibelin
Agnes of Courtenay
castle of Ibelin
Mirabel
Ramla
Lusignan
Amalric of Lusignan
Eschiva
Raymond III of Tripoli
Miles of Plancy
King Baldwin IV
Battle of Montgisard
Sibylla of Jerusalem
Maria Comnena
Ernoul
Old French
William of Tyre
battle at Marj Uyun
Odo de St Amand
Templars
Byzantine emperor
Manuel I Comnenus
Constantinople
Guy of Lusignan
Isabella of Jerusalem
Humphrey IV of Toron
Baldwin V
Principality of Antioch
Saladin
Lord of Ramla
Eschive d'Ibelin
Cyprus
Amalric of Lusignan
Hugh I of Cyprus
Constable of Tripoli
Baldwin of Ibelin
John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut
William of Tyre
Joshua Prawer
Steven Runciman

categories: 1130s births,Christians of the Crusades,1180s deaths,House of Ibelin

paragraph: Baldwin of Ibelin

paragraph: Baldwin of Ibelin, also known as Baldwin II of Ramla (French: "Baudouin d'Ibelin", early 1130s – c. 1187 or 1186/1188), was an important noble of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. He was the second son of Barisan of Ibelin, and was the younger brother of Hugh of Ibelin and older brother of Balian of Ibelin. He first appears in the historical record as a witness to charters in 1148.

paragraph: After the death of his eldest brother Hugh (third husband of Agnes of Courtenay) in 1169, the castle of Ibelin passed to Baldwin, who remained Lord of Mirabel and Ramla and passed Ibelin to his younger brother Balian. He introduced the Lusignan family to court in 1174, in the person of Amalric of Lusignan, who had married his daughter Eschiva. Baldwin and Balian supported Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy as regent for King Baldwin IV in 1174, and in 1177 the brothers were present at the Battle of Montgisard.

paragraph: It is suspected that, after the death of his second wife Isabella, in 1177, he became Raymond of Tripoli's favoured candidate to marry the widowed Princess Sibylla of Jerusalem. His brother Balian had recently married her stepmother, Dowager Queen Maria Comnena. The "Chronicle of Ernoul", or "Old French Continuation of William of Tyre", partly written by a former squire of Balian, but thirteenth-century in its current form, claims that Baldwin and Sibylla had been in love and exchanged letters during Baldwin's captivity, but this is highly questionable.

paragraph: Baldwin was captured in battle at Marj Uyun in 1179, along with Odo de St Amand, Grand Master of the Templars, and Raymond of Tripoli's stepson, Hugh of Tiberias. Baldwin was ransomed by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and later in 1180 he visited Constantinople. Supposedly, the emperor sat him in a chair and covered him up to his head in the gold coins that were to be used as his ransom money. During his stay in Constantinople, the emperor died. Baldwin was in Jerusalem at the time of Sibylla's wedding in 1180. Raymond of Tripoli seems to have been planning a coup to marry Sibylla to Baldwin, but the king needed to marry her to a non-native, in order gain support for another crusade from the west. She was married to Guy of Lusignan, younger brother of Baldwin of Ibelin's son-in-law Amalric. That same year, the king betrothed his younger half-sister Isabella of Jerusalem, Balian's stepdaughter, to Humphrey IV of Toron, to further reduce the Ibelins' influence.

paragraph: In 1183 he supported Raymond against Guy, who was by now regent for the ailing Baldwin IV. Lord Baldwin was among the barons who advised the king to crown Sibylla's son Baldwin V in 1183, while Baldwin IV was still alive; this was an attempt to prevent Guy from succeeding as king. Baldwin V became sole king while still a child in 1185, and when the young king died in 1186, Sibylla was crowned queen with Guy as her consort. The Ibelins and Raymond favoured the accession of Isabella, but Humphrey refused to be crowned and cause a civil war, and instead swore allegiance to Sibylla and Guy. All the other barons of the kingdom paid homage to Guy as well, except for Raymond and Baldwin. Baldwin placed his young son Thomas under the care of his brother Balian, and exiled himself to the Principality of Antioch, where he was welcomed with great fanfare.

paragraph: Baldwin considered Guy "a madman and a fool", and refused to pay homage because his father had not paid homage to Guy's father (i.e., regarding Guy as an upstart incomer, where Baldwin was a native baron). He refused to return to Jerusalem to assist Guy against Saladin, and probably died in his self-imposed exile in 1187.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Baldwin of Ibelin married three times. His wives were:

paragraph: 1. Richilde de Bethsan, before or in 1157, divorced and annulled 1174. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas d'Ibelin (before 1175 – in or c. 1188), Lord of Ramla, unmarried and without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephanie Eschive d'Ibelin (c. 1160 – Cyprus in Winter, 1196/1197), married Amalric of Lusignan before October 29, 1175; Queen-consort of Cyprus (1194-1196), mother of Hugh I of Cyprus. (After her death, Amalric married Isabella of Jerusalem and became King of Jerusalem.)

paragraph: 2. Isabelle or Elizabeth Gothman, married 1175, d. 1177 or 1178, no surviving issue.

paragraph: 3. Marie, daughter of Renier, Constable of Tripoli, m. after April, 1180, d. after 1228, no surviving issue.

paragraph: Another Baldwin of Ibelin was the son of this Baldwin's nephew John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter W. Edbury, "The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation". Ashgate, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard Hamilton, "The Leper King and his Heirs". Cambridge University Press, 2000.

description: noble

wikidata_label: Baldwin of Ibelin

wikipedia_title: Baldwin of Ibelin


text: crusader

text: noble

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Barisan of Ibelin

text: Hugh

text: Baldwin

text: County of Jaffa

text: lordship of Ibelin

text: Hugh II of Le Puiset

text: Helvis of Ramla

text: lordship of Ramla

text: Old French

text: Ramla

text: Nablus

text: Latin

text: charter

text: castle of Ibelin

text: vassal

text: rear-vassal

text: Raymond III of Tripoli

text: Miles of Plancy

text: King Baldwin IV

text: Battle of Montgisard

text: Maria Comnena

text: King Amalric I

text: Isabella

text: Nablus

text: dower

text: Saladin

text: Battle of Jacob's Ford

text: Byzantine emperor

text: Manuel I Comnenus

text: Guy of Lusignan

text: Sibylla

text: leprosy

text: Baldwin of Montferrat

text: Church of the Holy Sepulchre

text: Humphrey IV of Toron

text: Antioch

text: Saladin

text: Egypt

text: Damascus

text: Raynald of Châtillon

text: Lord of Oultrejordain

text: Tiberias

text: Nazareth

text: Easter

text: Gerard of Ridefort

text: Knights Templar

text: Roger de Moulins

text: Knights Hospitaller

text: Reginald of Sidon

text: Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre

text: al-Afdal

text: Battle of Cresson

text: Sebastea

text: feast day

text: Sephoria

text: Hattin

text: battle that followed

text: Joscelin III of Edessa

text: Levant

text: Tyre

text: Conrad of Montferrat

text: Patriarch Eraclius

text: burgess

text: Queen Sibylla

text: besiege the city

text: Ibn al-Athir

text: bezants

text: Tower of David

text: Tripoli

text: Siege of Acre

text: Conrad of Montferrat

text: Baldwin V

text: Ubaldo Lanfranchi

text: Archbishop of Pisa

text: Papal legate

text: Philip of Dreux

text: Bishop of Beauvais

text: Richard I of England

text: Philip II of France

text: Third Crusade

text: Ambroise

text: assassinated

text: assassins

text: Maria of Montferrat

text: Henry II of Champagne

text: Battle of Jaffa

text: Treaty of Ramla

text: Caymont

text: Maria

text: Helvis of Ibelin

text: Reginald of Sidon

text: Guy of Montfort

text: John of Ibelin

text: Lord of Beirut

text: constable of Jerusalem

text: Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem

text: Melisende of Arsuf

text: Hugh II of Saint Omer

text: Philip of Ibelin

text: Cyprus

text: squire

text: Ernoul

text: Old French

text: Latin

text: William of Tyre

text: Arsuf

text: Plaisance of Antioch

text: The Brethren

text: H. Rider Haggard

text: Ronald Welch

text: Knight Crusader

text: Graham Shelby

text: Outremer

text: Alan Gordon

text: Catherine Jinks

text: Jan Guillou

text: The Knight Templar

text: Crusades trilogy

text: 2005 film

text: Kingdom of Heaven

text: Orlando Bloom

text: Liam Neeson

text: blacksmith

text: Sibylla

text: Patriarch Eraclius

text: Richard I of England

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: James A. Brundage

text: William of Tyre

text: Columbia University Press

text: La Société de l'Histoire de France

text: Ambroise

text: Boydell Press

text: Amin Maalouf

text: H. E. Mayer

text: Joshua Prawer

text: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute

text: Steven Runciman

text: Cambridge University Press

categories: 1193 deaths,House of Ibelin,Lords of Ramla,Christians of the Third Crusade,1140s births

paragraph: Balian of Ibelin

paragraph: Balian of Ibelin (; 1143 – 1193), also known as Barisan the Younger, was a crusader noble of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Balian was the youngest son of Barisan of Ibelin, and brother of Hugh and Baldwin. His father, a knight in the County of Jaffa, had been rewarded with the lordship of Ibelin after the revolt of Hugh II of Le Puiset. Barisan married Helvis of Ramla, heiress of the wealthy lordship of Ramla. Balian's name was also Barisan, but he seems to have adapted the name to the Old French "Balian" c. 1175–76; he is sometimes known as Balian the Younger or Balian II when his father is also referred to as Balian. He is also called Balian of Ramla or Balian of Nablus. In Latin his name appears variously as Balian, Barisan, Barisanus, Balianus, Balisan, and Balisanus. Arabic sources call him "Balian ibn Barzan" which translates "Balian, son of Barzan (or Barisan). His precise year of birth is unknown, but he was of the age of majority (usually 15) by 1158, when he first appears in charters, having been described as under-age (""infra annos"") in 1156.

paragraph: After the death of Balian's eldest brother Hugh c. 1169, the castle of Ibelin passed to the next brother, Baldwin. Baldwin, preferring to remain lord of Ramla, gave it to Balian. Balian held Ibelin as a vassal of his brother, and indirectly as a rear-vassal of the king, from whom Baldwin held Ramla.

paragraph: Section::::Succession disputes.

paragraph: Baldwin supported Raymond III of Tripoli over Miles of Plancy as regent for King Baldwin IV in 1174, and in 1177 the brothers were present at the Battle of Montgisard, leading the vanguard victoriously against the strongest point of the Muslim line. That year Balian also married Maria Comnena, widow of King Amalric I, becoming stepfather to Amalric's younger daughter Isabella. He received the lordship of Nablus, which had been a dower gift to Maria following her marriage to Amalric. In 1179, Baldwin of Ramla was captured by Saladin after the Battle of Jacob's Ford, and Balian helped arrange for his ransom and release the next year; the ransom was eventually paid by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, Maria's great-uncle.

paragraph: In 1183 Balian and Baldwin supported Raymond against Guy of Lusignan, husband of Amalric's elder daughter Sibylla and by now regent for Baldwin IV, who was dying of leprosy. The king had his 5-year-old nephew Baldwin of Montferrat crowned as co-king in his own lifetime, in an attempt to prevent Guy from ascending. Shortly before his death in spring 1185, Baldwin IV ordered a formal crown-wearing by his nephew at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It was Balian himself—a notably tall man—who carried the child Baldwin V on his shoulder at the ceremony, signifying the support of Isabella's family for her nephew. Soon after, the eight-year-old boy became sole king. When he, too, died in 1186, Balian and Maria, with Raymond's support, put forward Maria's daughter Isabella, then about 14, as a candidate for the throne. However, her husband, Humphrey IV of Toron, refused the crown and swore fealty to Guy. Balian reluctantly also paid homage to Guy, while his brother refused to do so and exiled himself to Antioch. Baldwin placed Balian in charge of raising his son Thomas, the future lord of Ramla, who did not go with his father to Antioch.

paragraph: Section::::Dispute between Raymond and Guy.

paragraph: Balian remained in the kingdom, as an advisor to Guy. At the end of 1186, Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Damascus, threatened the borders of the kingdom after Guy's ally Raynald of Châtillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, had attacked a Muslim caravan. Saladin was allied with the garrison of Tiberias in the north of the kingdom, a territory held by Raymond III. Guy gathered his army at Nazareth, planning to besiege Tiberias, but Balian disagreed with this, and instead suggested that Guy send an emissary to Raymond in Tripoli, hoping the two could be reconciled before Guy made a foolish attack on Saladin's larger army. The first embassy was a failure and the situation remained unchanged throughout the early months of 1187. After Easter of that year, Balian, Gerard of Ridefort (Grand Master of the Knights Templar), Roger de Moulins (Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller), Reginald of Sidon, and Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre were sent on a new embassy to Tripoli. During the journey they stopped at Balian's fief of Nablus, and Balian planned to remain behind briefly while the others went ahead. On May 1, the Templars and Hospitallers were defeated by Saladin's son al-Afdal at the Battle of Cresson; Balian was still a day behind, and had also stopped at Sebastea to celebrate a feast day. After reaching the castle of La Fève, where the Templars and Hospitallers had camped, he found that the place was deserted, and soon heard news of the disastrous battle from the few survivors. Raymond heard about the battle as well and met the embassy at Tiberias, and agreed to accompany them back to Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Hattin.

paragraph: Since al-Afdal's army had been allowed to enter the kingdom through their alliance with Raymond, the count now regretted his actions and reconciled with Guy. Guy marched north and camped at Sephoria, but insisted on marching the army across a dry and barren plain to relieve Tiberias. The army had no water and was constantly harassed by Saladin's troops, and was finally surrounded at the Horns of Hattin outside Tiberias early in July. In the battle that followed on July 4, Balian and Joscelin III of Edessa commanded the rearguard, but the crusader army was completely defeated. The anonymous text, "De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum Libellus" claims that Balian, Raymond and Reginald of Sidon fled the field in the middle of the battle, trampling ""the Christians, the Turks and the Cross"" in the process—but this is not corroborated by other accounts, and likely reflects the author's hostility to the "Poleins" (a European born in the Levant).

paragraph: The defeat led to a changing of the guard in Jerusalem: King Guy was taken prisoner, and nearly every town and castle soon fell to Saladin. Balian, Raymond, Reginald, and Payen of Haifa were among the few leading nobles who managed to escape to Tyre. Raymond and Reginald soon left to attend to the defence of their own territories, and Tyre came under the leadership of Conrad of Montferrat, Baldwin V's paternal uncle, who had arrived not long after Hattin. Balian was to become one of his closest allies. Leaving Tyre, Balian asked Saladin for permission to return through the lines to Jerusalem to escort his wife and their children to Tripoli. Saladin allowed this, provided that Balian leave the city and take an oath to never raise arms against him.

paragraph: Section::::Defence of Jerusalem.

paragraph: When Balian and his small group of knights arrived in the city, the inhabitants begged them to stay, and Balian was absolved of his oath to Saladin by Patriarch Eraclius, who argued that the greater need of Christendom was stronger than his oath to a non-Christian. Balian was recruited to lead the defence of the city, but he found that there were under fourteen, possibly as few as two, other knights there, so he created 60 new knights from the ranks of the burgesses. Queen Sibylla seems to have played little part in the defence, and oaths were taken to Balian as lord. With Eraclius, he prepared for the inevitable siege by storing food and money. Saladin indeed arrived to besiege the city in September, after he had conquered almost all of the rest of the kingdom, including Ibelin, Nablus, Ramla, and Ascalon. The sultan felt no ill-will to Balian for breaking his oath, and arranged for an escort to accompany Maria and their children to Tripoli. As the highest ranking lord remaining in Jerusalem, Balian, as Ibn al-Athir wrote, was seen by the Muslims as holding a rank "more or less equal to that of a king."

paragraph: Saladin was able to knock down portions of the walls, but was unable to gain entrance to the city. Balian then rode out to meet with the sultan, to report to him that the defenders would rather kill each other and destroy the city than see it taken by force. After negotiations, it was decided that the city would be handed over peacefully, and that Saladin would free seven thousand men for 30,000 bezants; two women or ten children would be permitted to take the place of one man for the same price. Balian handed over the keys to the Tower of David (the citadel) on October 2. There was a 50-day period for the payment of ransoms. Those who could not pay for their freedom were forced into slavery; Saladin freed some of them, however, and allowed for an orderly march away from Jerusalem, preventing the sort of massacre that had occurred when the Crusaders captured the city in 1099. Balian and Patriarch Eraclius had offered themselves as hostages for the ransoming of the remaining Frankish citizens, but Saladin had refused. The ransomed inhabitants marched away in three columns. Balian and the Patriarch led the third, which was the last to leave the city, probably around November 20. Balian joined his wife and children in Tripoli.

paragraph: Section::::Balian as king-maker, and the Third Crusade.

paragraph: The fall of Jerusalem, and the death of Sibylla at the Siege of Acre in 1190, led to a dispute over the throne of the kingdom. Balian's stepdaughter Isabella was now rightful queen, but Guy refused to concede his title, and Isabella's husband Humphrey—who had let her cause down in 1186—remained loyal to him. If Isabella were to succeed, she needed a politically acceptable and militarily competent husband, the obvious candidate being Conrad of Montferrat, who also had some claim as Baldwin V's paternal uncle. Balian and Maria seized Isabella and talked her into agreeing to a divorce. There were precedents: the annulment of Amalric I's marriage to Agnes of Courtenay, and the unsuccessful attempts to force Sibylla to divorce Guy.

paragraph: Isabella's marriage was annulled by Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, who was Papal legate, and Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais. The Bishop of Beauvais then married her to Conrad (controversially, since his brother had been married to her half-sister and it was uncertain whether he had been divorced by his Byzantine wife). The succession dispute was prolonged by the arrival of Richard I of England and Philip II of France on the Third Crusade: Richard supported Guy, as a Poitevin vassal, while Philip supported Conrad, his late father's cousin.

paragraph: Balian and Maria's role in Isabella's divorce and their support for Conrad as king earned them the bitter hatred of Richard and his supporters. Ambroise, who wrote a poetic account of the crusade, called Balian "more false than a goblin" and said he "should be hunted with dogs". The anonymous author of the "Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi" wrote that Balian was a member of a "council of consummate iniquity" around Conrad, accused him of taking Conrad's bribes, and said of Maria and Balian as a couple:

paragraph: On 28 April 1192, only days after his kingship was confirmed by election, Conrad was assassinated in Tyre. It is said that one of the two assassins responsible had entered Balian's household in Tyre some months previously, pretending to be a servant, in order to stalk his victim; the other may have similarly infiltrated Reginald of Sidon's or Conrad's own household. Richard was widely suspected of involvement in the murder. Isabella, who was expecting her first child (Maria of Montferrat), married Henry II of Champagne only a week later.

paragraph: Balian became one of Henry's advisors, and later that year (along with William of Tiberias), he commanded the rearguard of Richard's army at the Battle of Jaffa. Later, he helped negotiate the Treaty of Ramla between Richard and Saladin, ending the crusade. Under this treaty, Ibelin remained under Saladin's control, but many sites along the coast which had been reconquered during the crusade were allowed to remain in Christian hands. After Richard departed, Saladin compensated Balian with the castle of Caymont and five other nearby sites, all outside Acre.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Balian died in 1193, in his early fifties. With Maria he had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helvis of Ibelin, who married (1) Reginald of Sidon; (2) Guy of Montfort.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut and constable of Jerusalem, and regent for his niece Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem. He married (1) Helvis of Nephin; (2) Melisende of Arsuf.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret, who married (1) Hugh II of Saint Omer (stepson of Raymond III of Tripoli); (2) Walter of Cæsarea.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip of Ibelin, Regent of Cyprus, who married Alice of Montbéliard, and sired John of Ibelin, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon

paragraph: Balian's squire Ernoul, who was with him on the embassy to Tripoli in 1187, wrote parts of the Old French continuation of the Latin chronicle of William of Tyre (William had died in 1186, before the fall of Jerusalem). Although this family of manuscripts now often bears his name, his account only survives in fragments within it, mainly for the period 1186–88, with a heavy bias in favour of the Ibelin family.

paragraph: "Balian" became a common name in the Ibelin family in the 13th century. Balian, lord of Beirut, son of John and grandson of the above Balian, succeeded his father as lord of Beirut in 1236. Balian of Beirut's brother, also named John, had a son named Balian; this Balian was lord of Arsuf and married Plaisance of Antioch.

paragraph: The name also passed into the family of the Greniers of Sidon, since Balian's daughter Helvis and Reginald of Sidon named their son Balian.

paragraph: Section::::Balian in Fiction and Games.

paragraph: One notable mention of Balian can be found in the 1904 novel "The Brethren" by H. Rider Haggard, in which he was portrayed as the defender of Jerusalem in a not so historically accurate scenario.

paragraph: Balian appears in Ronald Welch's children's novel "Knight Crusader" (1954) as a fat, middle-aged baron.

paragraph: He is a sympathetic major character in British author Graham Shelby's two novels of Outremer, "The Knights of Dark Renown" (1969) and its sequel "The Kings of Vain Intent" (1970). However, the first is based on now-outdated research. In the sequel, Balian and Maria are depicted as manipulated by Conrad, whom Shelby (without any historical evidence) portrays as an evil sadist, and they become his enemies. Shelby even depicts Balian telling Conrad he wishes he could kill him, although all the historical evidence indicates they were close friends and allies.

paragraph: Balian is also portrayed in Alan Gordon's fourth work in the Fool's Guild Mysteries, "The Widow of Jerusalem" (2003), as the wise adviser of Conrad and Isabella.

paragraph: In Catherine Jinks' book "Pagan's Crusade", Balian is portrayed a 'growing older' yet is admired as an efficient military commander and a sensible man.

paragraph: Balian d'Ibelin is the main character of a historical fiction trilogy by Helena P. Schrader, named "Knight of Jerusalem" (2014), "Defender of Jerusalem" (2015), and "Envoy of Jerusalem" (2016), respectively. The novels attempt to paint a more historically accurate vision of Balian.

paragraph: Balian also appears in Jan Guillou's book "The Knight Templar", the second book in the Crusades trilogy.

paragraph: A highly fictionalized version of Balian is the main character of the 2005 film "Kingdom of Heaven", played by Orlando Bloom as a young man with a questioning sensibility regarding religion and social attitudes. In the film, Balian's father, a fictional character named Godfrey the Baron of Ibelin (played by Liam Neeson), returns to Europe to find Balian, his long-lost illegitimate son, who is a blacksmith in France, and encourages him to come to the Holy Land as his heir. Balian is portrayed as having a love affair with Sibylla (this is possibly derived from the "Old French Continuation of William of Tyre"s claims about her and Baldwin). The film depicts Balian as the sole commander of the defence of Jerusalem, and instead of working in close alliance with Patriarch Eraclius, Balian is depicted as his rival. In the film's coda, Balian returns to France (with Sibylla) where he meets Richard I of England, who rides up to Balian and says to him that he is looking for Balian, the defender of Jerusalem, to which Balian replies that he is a blacksmith. After some time passes Balian and Sibylla are seen to be riding up the crossroads his father had used when returning from Jerusalem.

paragraph: "Balian" is also a general of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in ", Crusade Campaign".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum", translated by James A. Brundage, in "The Crusades: A Documentary Survey". Marquette University Press, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William of Tyre, "A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea". E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, trans. Columbia University Press, 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier", edited by M. L. de Mas Latrie. La Société de l'Histoire de France, 1871.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1192)", edited by Margaret Ruth Morgan. L'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ambroise, "The History of the Holy War", translated by Marianne Ailes. Boydell Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicle of the Third Crusade, a Translation of "Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi", translated by Helen J. Nicholson. Ashgate, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation". Ashgate, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter W. Edbury, "John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Boydell Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amin Maalouf, "The Crusades Through Arab Eyes". London, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. E. Mayer, "Carving Up Crusaders: The Early Ibelins and Ramlas", in "Outremer: Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer". Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Runciman, "A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem". Cambridge University Press, 1952.

description: Christian Crusader

wikidata_label: Balian of Ibelin

wikipedia_title: Balian of Ibelin


text:
Holmestrand
examen artium
University of Oslo
Dagbladet
Kringsjaa
National Theatre
Gustav Thomassen
Johanne Dybwad
David Knudsen
Ludvig Holberg
short stories
Morgenbladet
Verdens Gang
Aftenposten
Tidens Tegn
Samtiden
Sigurd Hoel

categories: 1870 births,Norwegian essayists,Norwegian theatre critics,Norwegian dramatists and playwrights,1924 deaths

paragraph: Nils Kjær

paragraph: Nils Kjær (11 September 1870 – 9 February 1924) was a Norwegian playwright, short story writer, essayist, literary critic and theatre critic.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kjær was born in Holmestrand as the son of Nils Henrik Kjær and Christine Smestad. He married translator and teacher Fredrikke Margrete ("Maggen") Dons in 1896.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kjær took his examen artium in 1890, and studied at the University of Oslo from 1890 to 1892. His first book was "Essays; fremmede forfattere" from 1895, a collection of articles published in "Dagbladet" and "Kringsjaa". He made his début as a playwright with the tragedy "Regnskabets dag" from 1902. His satirical comedy "Det lykkelige valg" from 1913 was successfully performed on several Scandinavian stages. The performance at the National Theatre in Oslo (premièred on 29 January 1914) was produced by Gustav Thomassen, and saw Johanne Dybwad playing the character "Lavinia" and David Knudsen as the politician "Celius". His other plays were "Mimosas hjemkomst" from 1907, "For træet er der haab" from 1917, and "Ønskekvisten". He issued an edition of Ludvig Holberg's comedies in 1898. His book "Det evige Savn" from 1907 contained two short stories.

paragraph: Kjær wrote travel letters and participated in public debates, as well as reviewing literature and theatre. He delivered articles to the newspapers "Morgenbladet" and "Verdens Gang", he was a theatre critic for "Aftenposten" from 1909 to 1921, and wrote for "Tidens Tegn" from 1922.

paragraph: In an obituary in the periodical "Samtiden" 1924, Sigurd Hoel characterized Kjær as being more critical and analytical than creative, and having more talent for ridicule than for enthusiasm.

description: Norwegian writer

wikidata_label: Nils Kjær

wikipedia_title: Nils Kjær


text: Tendai

text: Hiei-zan

text: Gion Monastery

text: Ōhara

text: imperial anthologies

text: Goshūi Wakashū

text: Fujiwara no Teika

text: Ogura Hyakunin Isshu

text: List of Egyō's poems

text: "Egyō-hōshi-shū"

text: Egyō

text: Kotobank

categories: People of Heian-period Japan,11th century in Japan,11th-century Japanese poets,Articles containing Japanese poems,Japanese Buddhist monks

paragraph: Ryōzen

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Although his exact birth and death dates are unknown, he flourished around 998 to 1064.

paragraph: A Tendai monk at Hiei-zan, he later became of the Gion Monastery. He lived as a hermit at Ōhara () and then, late in life, at .

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Thirty-one of his poems were included in imperial anthologies from the "Goshūi Wakashū" on.

paragraph: The following poem by him was included as No. 70 in Fujiwara no Teika's "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McMillan, Peter. 2010 (1st ed. 2008). "One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each". New York: Columbia University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suzuki Hideo, Yamaguchi Shin'ichi, Yoda Yasushi. 2009 (1st ed. 1997). "Genshoku: Ogura Hyakunin Isshu". Tokyo: Bun'eidō.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Egyō's poems in the International Research Center for Japanese Studies's online "waka" database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Egyō-hōshi-shū" in the same database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egyō on Kotobank.

alias:
Priest Ryozen
Ryozen
Ryouzen

description: Japanese waka poet

wikidata_label: Ryōzen

wikipedia_title: Ryōzen


text: imperial anthologies

text: Senzai Wakashū

text: Fujiwara no Teika

text: Ogura Hyakunin Isshu

text: private collections

text: List of Dōin's poems

text: Dōin

text: Fujiwara no Atsuyori

text: Kotobank

categories: People of Heian-period Japan,1090 births,1179 deaths,Hyakunin Isshu poets,Articles containing Japanese poems,Japanese Buddhist monks,12th century in Japan,12th-century Japanese poets

paragraph: Dōin

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in 1090. His given name was Fujiwara no Atsuyori.

paragraph: He served as Lieutenant of the Stables of the Left. He entered religion in 1172.

paragraph: He died in around 1179.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Forty-one of his poems were included in imperial anthologies from the "Senzai Wakashū" on.

paragraph: The following poem by him was included as No. 82 in Fujiwara no Teika's "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":

paragraph: His private collections have not survived.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Dōin's poems in the International Research Center for Japanese Studies's online "waka" database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dōin (also listed as Fujiwara no Atsuyori) on Kotobank.

alias:
Priest Doin
Doin
Douin

description: Japanese waka poet

wikidata_label: Dōin

wikipedia_title: Dōin


text: Tendai

text: waka

text: Heian period

text: Enryaku-ji

text: Kyoto

text: Ogura Hyakunin Isshu

text: imperial anthologies

text: private collection

text: Mii-dera

text: Shugendō

text: yamabushi

text: Enryaku-ji

text: Tendai Buddhism

text: Shirakawa

text: Toba

text: Byōdō-in

text: imperial anthologies

text: Kin'yō Wakashū

text: Fujiwara no Teika

text: Ogura Hyakunin Isshu

text: Saigyō

text: private collection

text: biwa

text: calligrapher

text: List of Gyōson's poems

text: Gyōson

text: Kotobank

categories: Japanese male poets,People of Heian-period Japan,11th century in Japan,Tendai,11th-century Japanese poets,Articles containing Japanese poems,Japanese Buddhist monks,1135 deaths,12th century in Japan,12th-century Japanese poets

paragraph: Gyōson

paragraph: , also known as the , was a Japanese Tendai monk and "waka" poet of the late-Heian period. He became chief prelate of the Enryaku-ji temple in Kyoto, and one of his poems was included in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu". Almost fifty of his poems were included in imperial anthologies, and he produced a private collection of poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gyōson was born in 1055 or 1057, the son of .

paragraph: At age twelve, he entered Mii-dera, eventually becoming , and practiced the Shugendō austerities of the "yamabushi" for many years and made pilgrimages to various provinces. At age 25, he received the from .

paragraph: Later, in 1123, he rose to become Superior General of Enryaku-ji — the highest prelate of Tendai Buddhism. He also served as Grand Almoner to emperors Shirakawa and Toba.

paragraph: He was known as the "Abbot of Byōdō-in".

paragraph: He died on 21 March 1135.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Forty-eight of his poems were included in imperial anthologies from the "Kin'yō Wakashū" on.

paragraph: The following poem by him was included as No. 66 in Fujiwara no Teika's "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":

paragraph: His poetry records his experiences on pilgrimage, and was in later ages celebrated as a spiritual precursor to the works of Saigyō.

paragraph: He also left a private collection, the .

paragraph: Section::::Other arts.

paragraph: In addition to his poetry, he was also known as a skilled "biwa" performer and calligrapher.

paragraph: Section::::In later literature.

paragraph: As a high-ranking monk of noble birth, he appeared in many later "setsuwa" tales of the genre.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Gyōson's poems in the International Research Center for Japanese Studies's online "waka" database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gyōson on Kotobank.

alias:
Prelate Gyoson
Gyoson
Gyouson

description: Japanese Tendai monk and waka poet

wikidata_label: Gyōson

wikipedia_title: Gyōson


text:
Brazilian
rapper
Facção Central
Cada Um Na Sua Função (Single)

categories: 1969 births,Brazilian rappers,Living people

paragraph: Dum-Dum (rapper)

paragraph: Washington Roberto Santana (born 25 March 1969), known professionally as Dum-Dum, is a Brazilian rapper.

paragraph: He is a member and one of the founders of the Facção Central group next to the Carlos Eduardo Taddeo who decided to pursue a solo career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Washington was born in São Paulo in 1969 and lived with a poor childhood. He started working early, at the age of eleven, delivering newspaper. As employment did not yield expected, he decided to become a fishmonger, profession where he served until 17, when he joined in a photolithographs company that went bankrupt.

paragraph: Washington – which at the time had received the Dum-Dum nickname, placed by his grandmother in a black character comic – then decided to enter the world of crime, as a dealer, as well as marijuana and cocaine user. He was first arrested at age 27. Dum-Dum spent three months in jail, during which his daughter was born, to be acquitted for lack of evidence.

paragraph: The first contact of Dum-Dum with rap happened in a show of Rational MCs group, the chief of Brazil in this style, and that's when the ex-con decided to turn singer. According to his own words, "If it was not rap I would not be alive." He joined the Central Faction in 1989, when the group had grown to three members, and remains the same to this day, with the production of eight jobs.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 – Movimento Rap Vol. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – Família Facção

paragraph: Section::::Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 – Juventude de Atitude

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – Estamos de Luto

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – Versos Sangrentos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – A Marcha Fúnebre Prossegue

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – Direto do Campo de Extermínio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – O Espetáculo do Circo dos Horrores

paragraph: Section::::Studio albums.:Live albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – Facção Central – Ao Vivo

paragraph: Section::::Studio albums.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – Cada Um Na Sua Função (Single)

description: singer and composer of Brazilian rap

wikidata_label: Washington Roberto Santana

wikipedia_title: Dum-Dum (rapper)


text: Belgian

text: 1935 Tour de France

text: yellow jersey

text: Digne

text: Nice

text: 1936 Paris–Roubaix

text: Georges Speicher

text: velodrome

text: Marcel Kint

text: Caen

text: Vire

text: Sylvère Maes

text: Brussels

categories: 1912 births,Belgian male cyclists,Sportspeople from West Flanders,Tour de France winners,Tour de France cyclists,Belgian Tour de France stage winners,1983 deaths

paragraph: Romain Maes

paragraph: Romain Maes (; 10 August 1912 – 22 February 1983) was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1935 Tour de France after wearing the yellow jersey of leadership from beginning to end.

paragraph: Maes was the 13th child in his family. He started racing when he was 17. He turned professional in 1933 and won the Omloop van het Westen (Tour of the West). The following year he started the Tour de France and twice finished stages in second place. He then crashed on the day from Digne to Nice and left the race in an ambulance.

paragraph: His win in 1935 ended a six-year run by French riders. He became a hero in Belgium.

paragraph: He won the 1936 Paris–Roubaix but wasn't given the victory. The judge said he had seen the Frenchman, Georges Speicher, win. In 1938 he was well on the way to winning Paris-Brussels, leading the race by 100m with only 500m to go. He rode into the velodrome on which the race finished, crossed the line and stopped. The chasers, who had remembered that there was a further lap to ride, swept by him. Maes realised his mistake too late and Marcel Kint won.

paragraph: Maes started the Tour de France in 1939 and won the stage from Caen to Vire, a time trial over 63 km. It gave him the lead. Then he crashed on the eighth stage and abandoned the race.

paragraph: Maes rode on the track for several years with his namesake, Sylvère Maes, to whom he wasn't related.

paragraph: Romain Maes stopped racing in 1944 and opened a bar, "In de Gele Trui" (In The Yellow Jersey), near the North station in Brussels.

paragraph: Section::::Career achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Career achievements.:Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Tour de France results for Romain Maes

description: Road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Romain Maes

wikipedia_title: Romain Maes


text:
realism
Paganica
Abruzzi
Italy
Naples
novella
Alessandro Blasetti
Gina Lollobrigida
Matilde Serao
Il Mattino
D'Annunzio
Africa
Aegean
Carlo Scarfoglio
Antonio Scarfoglio

categories: Italian male journalists,Italian newspaper editors,Italian male writers,1917 deaths,People from the Province of L'Aquila,1860 births

paragraph: Edoardo Scarfoglio

paragraph: Edoardo Scarfoglio (September 26, 1860 – October 6, 1917) was an Italian author and journalist, one of the early practitioners in Italian fiction of realism, a style of writing that embraced direct, colloquial language and rejected the more ornate style of earlier Italian literature.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Scarfoglio was born in Paganica, in the Abruzzi region of Italy, but lived and worked in Naples much of his life.

paragraph: As a writer of fiction, his early reputation rests on the novella "The Trial of Phryne", published in 1884, a retelling—set in contemporary small-town Italy- of the trial of Phryne, a Greek courtesan from the fourth century, BCE. In Scarfoglio's version, a young woman, Mariantonia, guilty of murder, is acquitted simply because she is beautiful. Scarfoglio's tale is well known even to Italians who have not actually read the novella, since it was the basis for an episode in Alessandro Blasetti's popular 1952 film "Altri tempi" ("Other Times"), starring Gina Lollobrigida as Phryne/Mariantonia.

paragraph: As a journalist, Scarfoglio and his wife, Matilde Serao, the best-known woman writer in Italy at the time, founded a number of newspapers: "Corriere di Roma", the "Corriere di Napoli", the "Ora" of Palermo, and, the most prominent, "Il Mattino" in Naples, still the largest daily newspaper in the city. His name is chiefly associated with the latter paper, which he owned and edited for many years.

paragraph: He and his wife were responsible for moving Naples into the mainstream of Italian journalism in the early twentieth century by serializing the works of writers such as D'Annunzio. As an editorialist in his own paper, Scarfoglio supported such policies as Italian expansionism in Africa and the Aegean in the 1890s. He is the father of journalists Carlo Scarfoglio and Antonio Scarfoglio.

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Edoardo Scarfoglio

wikipedia_title: Edoardo Scarfoglio


text: Burgos

text: Garci Lasso de la Vega "El Viejo"

text: Juana de Castañeda

text: Navarra

text: Battle of Río Salado

text: Fadrique Alfonso de Castilla

text: Order of Santiago

text: Alfonso XI of Castile

text: Adelantado

text: Castile

text: Juan Núñez de Lara

text: Pedro I

text: Pero López de Ayala

text: Udías

text: Cabuérniga

text: Carmona

text: Santibáñez de Carrejo

text: Bárcena de Puente de San Miguel

text: Valles-Helgueras

text: Torremormojón

text: Urraca Rodríguez de Rojas

text: Urraca Rodríguez de Rojas

text: Juan Rodríguez de Rojas

text: Leonor González de Cornado

text: Gonzalo Rodríguez de Cornado

text: Astudillo

text: Palencia

text: maravedíes

text: María de Padilla

text: Garci Lasso Ruiz de la Vega

text: Castrojeriz

categories: Year of birth missing,Spanish untitled nobility,Cantabrian nobility,1351 deaths,History of Cantabria

paragraph: Garci Lasso de la Vega II

paragraph: Garci Lasso de la Vega II, also known as “El Joven” ( ? - Burgos, 1351) was the son of Garci Lasso de la Vega "El Viejo" with his first wife, Juana de Castañeda. He commanded Castillian troops against Navarra in the Battle of Río Salado of 1334. After distinguishing his valor, he was appointed as the highest royal official to the court of Fadrique Alfonso de Castilla, master of the Order of Santiago and son of Alfonso XI of Castile. He was later appointed Adelantado of Castile through the patronage of Juan Núñez de Lara. After the death of his patron, he sought refuge in Burgos, fearing the wrath of . King Pedro I and his loyal men found him there where he suffered an atrocious death witnessed by the king in 1351, as reported by Pero López de Ayala in his chronicle on the reign of this monarch.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance.

paragraph: In divvying up his father's estate after his death in 1338, Lasso de la Vega inherited land across the Kingdom in the following areas; , including estates in Udías and in Cabuérniga which was accompanied by tenements in Carmona, properties in Santibáñez de Carrejo, Bárcena de Puente de San Miguel, Valles-Helgueras, tenements in , shared lands in Arenas and the family estates of Mercadal y Mijares, He also inherited lands given to his father by the King. These included the family estates of Cudón and the castle of Guardo with keep and towns except that of Torremormojón which went to Urraca Rodríguez de Rojas. As compensation, he received the castle of Lucio.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and Descendants.

paragraph: He married twice. The first time with Urraca Rodríguez de Rojas, daughter of Juan Rodríguez de Rojas, with whom he had no children.

paragraph: His second marriage was with Leonor González de Cornado (a surname which would later change to Coronado) daughter of Gonzalo Rodríguez de Cornado and Elvira Arias. The widow Leonor appears in the documentation of the Convent of Santa Clara in Astudillo, Palencia, where she sold a silver cross with precious stones for 10,000 maravedíes to María de Padilla. The children from this marriage are as follows.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garci Lasso Ruiz de la Vega (b. 1340 — d. 2 April 1367).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gonzalo Ruiz de la Vega

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancho Lasso de la Vega

paragraph: Section::::Will.

paragraph: He executed a will on 3 October 1349 before the siege of Gibraltar in which he asked to be buried at the Convent of Santa Clara and Castrojeriz and mentioned his two wives. He left some properties to his brother-in-law Diego Rodríguez de Rojas and refers to his mother-in-law, Sancha, the wife of Juan Rodríguez de Rojas, the father of his first wife.

paragraph: His second wife, Leonor, executed a will on 12 April 1378 also asking to be buried at the same convent as her husband and mentioning her children, Gonzalo and Sancho, and a grandson named Gonzalo.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Documentación Medieval de la Villa de Astudillo (Palencia)" Vaca Lorenzo, Ángel, Publicaciones de la Institución Tello Téllez de Meneses, issn 0210-7317, Nº. 48, 1983, pp. 29-100.

description: Spanish noble

wikidata_label: Garci Lasso de la Vega II

wikipedia_title: Garci Lasso de la Vega II


text:
Slovene
folktales
traditional stories
Ljubljana
Maribor
Štrekljevec
White Carniola
Kočevje
Second World War
National Liberation Struggle
Gornji Grad
Škofja Loka
Levstik Award

categories: Slovenian writers,People from Ljubljana,Slovenian children's writers,1973 deaths,Levstik Award laureates,1906 births

paragraph: Lojze Zupanc

paragraph: Lojze Zupanc (21 September 1906 – 2 June 1973) was a Slovene writer, poet, playwright and journalist best known for his short stories based on folktales and other traditional stories.

paragraph: Zupanc was born in Ljubljana in 1906. He trained as a teacher in Ljubljana and Maribor and worked as a teacher in Štrekljevec and numerous other places in White Carniola and the Kočevje area. During the Second World War he participated in the National Liberation Struggle and was imprisoned by the Italian Fascist authorities in 1943. His experiences of imprisonment are described in the autobiographical tale "Sonce je umrlo" (The Sun Had Died). After the war he worked in Gornji Grad and Škofja Loka where he retired in 1965 and lived until his death in 1973.

paragraph: He won the Levstik Award twice, in 1957 for his collection of stories "Povodni mož v Savinji" (The River Merman in the Savinja) and in 1971 for his collection of stories "Zlato pod Blegošem" (Gοld Under Mount Blegoš).

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Fairy tales and fables.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belokranjske pripovedke" (Tales form White Carniola), 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bili so trije velikani" (There Were Once Three Giants), 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dedek, povej" (Tell Me Grandpa), 1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Čudežni rog" (The Magic Horn), 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jezerka" (The River Maiden), 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Svirel povodnega moža in druge belokranjske pripovedke" (The River Neck and Other Tales from White Carniola), 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Velikan Nenasit" (Neverful the Giant), 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zaklad na Kučarju" (The Treasure on Kučar), 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Povodni mož v Savinji" (The River Merman in the Savinja), 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deklica in kač" (The Girl and the Snake, 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Čudežni studenec" (The Miraculous Spring), 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kamniti most" (The Stone Bridge), 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sto belokranjskih" (A Hundred from White Carniola), 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zlato pod Blegošem" (Gold under Mount Blegoš), 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinček palček" (The Tiny Son), 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deklica s tremi lešniki" (The Girl With Three Hazelnuts), 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pripovedke o Škofji Loki" (Tales of Škofja Loka), 2008

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pod križem" (Under the Cross), 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mlini stoje" (The Mills Stand Still), 1945

paragraph: Section::::Published works.:Other stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stari Hrk" (Old Hrk), 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tretji rod" (The Third Generation), 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turjačani" (Lords of Turjak), 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vklenjena mladost" (A Chained Youth), 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonce je umrlo" (The Sun Has Died), 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anka Mikoljeva" (Anka Mikol), 1979

wikidata_label: Lojze Zupanc

wikipedia_title: Lojze Zupanc


text:
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
Vinicius Magalhaes
Gracie Barra

wikipedia_title:
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Vinicius Magalhães (Draculino)
Gracie Barra

categories: Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu,Living people

paragraph: Romulo Barral

paragraph: Rômulo Barral (born May 3, 1983) is a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu competitor. He is a black belt under Vinicius Magalhaes and competes for Gracie Barra, where he has won numerous championships. Rômulo Barral is one of the top Brazilian Jiu Jitsu fighters in the “Meio Pesado” weight division. Rômulo Barral maintained this black belt status in the years that followed with consistent medals at the top BJJ tournaments in the world. In August, 2011, Rômulo established his own Gracie Barra academy in Northridge, California, proving that he is also a coach. Rômulo is a 5-time black belt world champion, 3-time silver medalist in the open weight division, and a NO GI world champion, and the 2013 ADCC champion.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bjj Heroes: Romulo Barral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romulo Barral career on MARanking

description: Jiu-Jitsu fighter

wikidata_label: Romulo Barral

wikipedia_title: Romulo Barral


text:
High Sheriff
Deputy Lieutenant
Staffordshire
Lichfield
Swinfen Hall
lieutenant-colonel
Militia
South Staffordshire Regiment
colonel
South Africa
Second Boer War
mentioned in despatches
Barcaglia
Benzoni
Sotheby's
freeman of the City and County
Guildhall, Lichfield

wikipedia_title:
High Sheriff of Staffordshire
Deputy lieutenant
Staffordshire
Lichfield
Swinfen Hall
Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)
Militia (United Kingdom)
South Staffordshire Regiment
Colonel (United Kingdom)
South Africa
Second Boer War
Mentioned in dispatches
Donato Barcaglia
Giovanni Maria Benzoni
Sotheby's
Freedom of the City
Guildhall, Lichfield

categories: South Staffordshire Regiment officers,Deputy Lieutenants of Staffordshire,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,1948 deaths,People from Lichfield,1858 births

paragraph: Michael Swinfen-Broun

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel Michael Alexander Wilsone Swinfen-Broun JP (1858-1948) was a soldier, magistrate, High Sheriff and Deputy Lieutenant of Staffordshire, and benefactor of the city of Lichfield, England, where he lived at Swinfen Hall.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Swinfen-Broun joined the army in 1876, and was lieutenant-colonel in command of the 3rd (Militia) Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment from 3 December 1898. He was also granted the honorary rank of colonel. The battalion was embodied in May 1901, and the following month left for service in South Africa during the Second Boer War. Following the end of hostilities, Broun returned with most of the battalion in July 1902. He was mentioned in despatches for his services during the war.

paragraph: He was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Among Swinfen-Broun's many acts of charity were donations to Lichfield's Victoria Hospital, where he was president of the management committee from 1913-27. He donated 12 acres of land that now forms part of the city's Beacon Park.

paragraph: His bequests to Lichfield include the statues by Barcaglia ("", "The Woman who Tries to Arrest Time") and Benzoni (a work known locally as 'the reading girl'). In 2008, the former was sold at auction at Sotheby's in London for £150,000, as the council was unable to provide a home for it with suitable conditions to prevent its deterioration.

paragraph: He also bequeathed his family home, the 1757 Swinfen Hall, to the Church and City of Lichfield. Most of the land was sold off and the hall stood unoccupied for many years until acquired in 1987 by the present owners and converted to an hotel.

paragraph: Other bequests included silver plate and sporting trophies to Lichfield City Council.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Swinfen-Broun was elected freeman of the City and County of Lichfield in 1936.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: He is commemorated by a memorial in Beacon Park, comprising two plaques on opposite sides of a block of sandstone, unveiled in 1972 by the then Mayor of Lichfield, Councillor W.J. Wilson J.P., who became the first chairman of The Swinfen Broun Charitable Trust.

paragraph: His family coat of arms is depicted in stained glass on the side of Guildhall, Lichfield.

description: English philanthropist and military officer

wikidata_label: Michael Swinfen-Broun

wikipedia_title: Michael Swinfen-Broun


text:
Stuttgart
Linz
Austria
University of Tübingen
Nicodemus Frischlin
Ljubljana
Padua
Malta
Graz
Dictionarium quatuor linguarum
Johannes Kepler
Frankfurt am Main
Klagenfurt
Deutsche Biographie

wikipedia_title:
Stuttgart
Linz
Austria
University of Tübingen
Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin
Ljubljana
Padua
Malta
Graz
Dictionarium quatuor linguarum
Johannes Kepler
Frankfurt
Klagenfurt
Deutsche Biographie

categories: Austrian historians,1550s births,1610s deaths,University of Tübingen alumni,University of Padua alumni,People from Stuttgart,Linguists from Austria

paragraph: Hieronymus Megiser

paragraph: Hieronymus Megiser (c.1554 in Stuttgart – 1618 or 1619 in Linz, Austria) was a German polymath, linguist and historian.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: From 1571 he studied at the University of Tübingen, and was a favourite student of the humanist and philologist Nicodemus Frischlin. In 1577 he graduated there with a master's degree. In 1581 he moved as a private tutor to Ljubljana (Laibach). From 1582 he studied jurisprudence in Padua and was then active as a private tutor of young noblemen from Croatia and Styria. In 1588/89 he travelled to Italy and Malta, and in 1591 to North Germany, the Netherlands and England. In 1590/91 he was granted the title of "Ordinarius Historiographus" by Archduke Charles in Graz. In 1592, still in Graz, he published his Dictionarium quatuor linguarum, the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene. He made the acquaintance of the young Johannes Kepler, and remained in learned correspondence with him. After further travels he settled in Frankfurt am Main and married the daughter of the printer Johann Spiess. From 1593 until 1601 he was the Rector of the evangelical "Collegium sapientiae et pietatis" in Klagenfurt, Carinthia. After returning to Frankfurt am Main he became Professor of History at the University of Leipzig. From 1610 the interest of the Upper Austrian dignitaries in history was so great that they required a historian to head up the provincial library, in a similar way to a court historian. Megiser was selected for this role in 1615, and was commissioned to write a chronicle of the province. In 1612 he published "Annales Carinthiae" or "Chronica des Loeblichen Ertzhertzogthumbs Khaerndten", which he signed as his own work, although it was mainly written by Carinthian pastor Michael Gothard Christalnick and only edited by Megiser on the request of the Carinthian Estates.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hubert Bergmann: "Beobachtungen zu Megisers 'Dictionarium quatuor linguarum' von 1592 bzw. 1744 aus Sicht der bairischen Dialektlexikografie", in: Fokus Dialekt. Analysieren – Dokumentieren – Kommunizieren. Festschrift für Ingeborg Geyer zum 60. Geburtstag. Hubert Bergmann, Manfred Michael Glauninger, Eveline Wandl-Vogt and Stefan Winterstein editors. Hildesheim 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Doblinger: "Hieronymus Megisers Leben und Werke", in: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Bd. XXVI, Innsbruck 1905, S. 431-478

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anton Kreuzer: "„Zweimal Kärnten“", Klagenfurt 1970, S. 24-27, Kreuzer-Buch Eigenverlag, Einigkeitsstraße 3, 9020 Klagenfurt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josef Pauser, Martin Scheutz and Thomas Winkelbauer (eds.): "Quellenkunde der Habsburgermonarchie (16.–18. Jahrhundert). Ein exemplarisches Handbuch(= Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Ergänzungsband 44)". Sonderdruck. Wien; München 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oskar Sakrausky: "Protestantische Sprachschöpfung bei den Slowenen im 16. Jahrhundert: Einführung zur lateinischen Vorrede der Grammatik des Adam Bohorič und den lateinischen Disticha des Wörterbuches in vier Sprachen von Hieronimus Megiser". In: "Jahrbuch für die Geschichte des Protestantismus in Österreich", Bd. 114, 1998 S. 5-24

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heidi Stein: "Der türkische Transkriptionstext des Hieronymus Megiser. Ein Beitrag zur Sprachgeschichte des Osmanisch-Türkischen." Phil. Diss. Leipzig 1975 (Masch. Ms.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arno Strohmeyer: "„Vom Licht des Krieges zur Geburt der Geschichte“. Die Geschichtskultur der österreichischen Stände im Werden der Habsburgermonarchie (1550–1650)." In: "Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse", Jg. 137, Wien 2002, S. 147–165.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arno Strohmeyer: "„Höfische“ und „ständische“ Geschichtsschreibung als historiographiegeschichtliche Kategorien: Die Erbländer im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert." In: ÖGL, Jg. 46, Wien 2002, S. 202–218.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieronymus Megiser at Deutsche Biographie (ADB & NDB)

description: Linguist and historian

wikidata_label: Hieronymus Megiser

wikipedia_title: Hieronymus Megiser


text:
Cardinal
Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Archbishop of Armagh
Primate of All Ireland
cardinalate
Claremorris
Land War
baptised
Blackrock College
Holy Cross College
Clonliffe
Royal University
Irish College
University of Oxford
University of Cambridge
National University
Éamon de Valera
ordained
Archdiocese of Dublin
Doctorate of Divinity
Latin
Greek
St. Patrick's College
Maynooth
Monsignor
Coadjutor bishop
Meath
Titular bishop
episcopal consecration
Joseph MacRory
William MacNeely
co-consecrators
Bishop of Meath
Archbishop of Armagh
Primate of All Ireland
Cardinal Priest
S. Agata dei Goti
Pope Pius XII
consistory
cardinal elector
1958 papal conclave
Central Preparatory Commission
Second Vatican Council
St. Patrick
ecumenical
Irish Free State
Queen's University, Belfast
St Patrick's Cathedral
auxiliary bishop
William Conway
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII,Alumni of Clonliffe College,Roman Catholic archbishops of Armagh,Roman Catholic bishops of Meath,19th-century Irish people,Alumni of University College Dublin,Alumni of the Royal University of Ireland,1882 births,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1963 deaths,Irish cardinals,Post-Reformation Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland,People educated at Blackrock College,People from County Mayo

paragraph: John D'Alton

paragraph: John Francis Cardinal D'Alton (11 October 1882 – 1 February 1963) was an Irish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Armagh and thus Primate of All Ireland from 1946 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: John D'Alton was born in Claremorris to Joseph D'Alton (d. 1 April 1883) and his wife Mary Brennan, at the height of the Land Wars in Ireland. He was baptised four days later, on 15 October 1882, with Michael and Mary Brennan acting as his godparents. D'Alton's mother had a daughter, Mollie Brennan, from a previous marriage; she remarried again after the Cardinal's father died in 1883.

paragraph: He obtained an extensive education at Blackrock College, Holy Cross College in Clonliffe, the Royal University in Dublin, Irish College in Rome, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, and National University in Dublin. He was a close friend of Éamon de Valera, whom he befriended at Blackrock College. In his first year in Blackrock, de Valera beat D'Alton in two subjects, Maths, which he would later go on to teach and Religion.

paragraph: Section::::Priestly Ministry.

paragraph: D'Alton was ordained to the priesthood on 18 April 1908 for service in the Archdiocese of Dublin. He undertook further postgraduate studies in Rome from 1908-1910, gaining a Doctorate of Divinity and was appointed to teach Ancient Classics, Latin, and Greek at St. Patrick's College in Maynooth.

paragraph: He occupied important roles at the National Seminary and was successively Professor of Ancient Classics (1912), Greek (1922), Vice-President (1934), and President 1936. He was raised to the rank of Monsignor on 27 June 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal Ministry.

paragraph: On 25 April 1942, he was appointed Coadjutor bishop of Meath and Titular bishop of "Binda". D'Alton received his episcopal consecration on the following 29 June from Cardinal Joseph MacRory, with Bishops Edward Mulhern and William MacNeely serving as co-consecrators, in the chapel of St. Patrick's College. He succeeded Thomas Mulvany as Bishop of Meath on 16 June 1943.

paragraph: D'Alton was named Archbishop of Armagh and thus Primate of All Ireland on 13 June 1946, and was created Cardinal Priest of "S. Agata dei Goti" by Pope Pius XII in the consistory of 12 January 1953. A cardinal elector in the 1958 papal conclave. He gave a hint of the difficulties involved in that papal conclave and achieving unanimity in the voting.

paragraph: He was a member of the Central Preparatory Commission of the Second Vatican Council but lived long enough to attend only the Council's first session in 1962.

paragraph: One highlight of his time in Armagh was the Patrician Year Celebrations in 1961, marked by the Irish Catholic hierarchy as the 1500th anniversary of the death of St. Patrick and as such a milestone date. D'Alton wrote a pastoral letter to mark the occasion.

paragraph: Cardinal D'Alton was seen to be more ecumenical in outlook than other members of the Irish hierarchy. He tried to broker talks between the Irish Free State and the United Kingdom to ease the tensions between both countries, even going so far as to address the situation regarding the Irish ports, but to little avail.

paragraph: In 1952 he became the first member of the Irish Hierarchy to receive an honorary degree from Queen's University, Belfast, when he was conferred with a Doctorate in Literature.

paragraph: He was also a historian, and authored such works as "Horace and His Age: A Study in Historical Background" (1917), "Roman Literary Theory and Criticism: A Study in Tendencies" (1931), and "Selections from St. John Chrysostom" (1940).

paragraph: He died from a heart attack in Dublin at age 80, and was buried on the grounds of St Patrick's Cathedral. He was succeeded by his auxiliary bishop, William Conway.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Irish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Armagh

wikidata_label: John D'Alton

wikipedia_title: John D'Alton


text: single

text: Caroline

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Good for You

text: Portland, Oregon

text: basketball

text: Benson Polytechnic

text: diss track

text: Grant High School

text: Lincoln High School

text: Portland State University

text: marketing

text: Complex

text: mixtape

text: extended play

text: single

text: Caroline

text: Vevo

text: YouTube

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: RIAA

text: Republic Records

text: The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

text: Missy Elliott

text: remix

text: AJ Tracey

text: iTunes

text: Kehlani

text: XXL's

text: Good for You

text: Offset

text: Billboard 200

text: Rejjie Snow

text: Injury Reserve

text: OnePointFive

text: Quentin Tarantino

text: U.S. President

text: Donald Trump

text: The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

text: Brad

text: Jolie

text: Good for You

text: OnePointFive

categories: American rappers,Singers from Oregon,Republic Records artists,West Coast hip hop musicians,21st-century American musicians,Musicians from Portland, Oregon,21st-century American rappers,Living people,African-American male rappers,American hip hop singers,21st-century male musicians,Portland State University alumni,Alternative hip hop musicians,1994 births,Benson Polytechnic High School alumni,American people of Eritrean descent,Rappers from Oregon,American people of Ethiopian descent

paragraph: Aminé (rapper)

paragraph: Adam Aminé Daniel (born April 18, 1994) is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. He is best known for his commercial debut single, "Caroline", which peaked at number 11 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Aminé released his debut studio album "Good for You", on July 28, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The son of Ethiopian and Eritrean immigrants who immigrated to the US in the early 1990s, Aminé's mother worked at a post office and his father was a teacher and translator part-time. Aminé was born and raised in Portland, Oregon. He grew up wanting to play basketball, but was cut from Benson Polytechnic's basketball team freshman and sophomore year. His rap career then began to come into fruition when he would make diss tracks about rival high schools, Grant High School and Lincoln High School.

paragraph: Aminé attended Portland State University and studied marketing. Aminé also worked as an intern at the hip-hop publication "Complex".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2014–15: Beginnings.

paragraph: Aminé began his career after the release of his debut mixtape, "Odyssey to Me", which was released on January 17, 2014. Aminé also went on to release his debut extended play (EP), "En Vogue", on September 4, 2014. Aminé followed up on his debut mixtape with his second mixtape, "Calling Brío", which was released on August 31, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2016–17: Breakthrough and "Good for You".

paragraph: On March 9, 2016, Aminé released his debut single titled, "Caroline". Aminé went on to release his self-directed music video for "Caroline" through his Vevo channel on YouTube on June 1, 2016. The song debuted at number 96 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and would later rise to number 11. In June 2017, the song was certified three-times platinum by the RIAA.

paragraph: In August 2016, Aminé partnered with Republic Records. Aminé went on to release his second single under Republic Records, titled "Baba" on November 4, 2016, following the success of "Caroline". On November 15, 2016, Aminé performed "Caroline" on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon".

paragraph: On March 9, 2017, Aminé released a new single titled, "REDMERCEDES". The music video for the song was released on April 7, 2017 through his Vevo channel on YouTube. The song had been praised for being influenced by early 2000s rap, such as songs by Missy Elliott. The official remix of the song features vocals from Missy Elliott and AJ Tracey. The remix was released to iTunes on May 26, 2017. Aminé went on to release another single on the same day titled, "Heebiejeebies" which features vocals from Kehlani.

paragraph: Aminé was named as one of the ten members of "XXL's" "2017 Freshman Class" on June 13, 2017. Aminé went on to release the single "Turf" three days later.

paragraph: On June 22, 2017, Aminé announced and revealed the album's title and cover of his debut studio album titled "Good for You". Leading up to the release of the album, Aminé released the singles "Blinds" and "Wedding Crashers" featuring vocals from rapper Offset. "Good for You" was released on July 28, 2017. The album debuted at number 31 on the US "Billboard 200" chart with first-week sales of 13,000 copies first week. Following the release of "Good for You", Aminé released the single "Squeeze" on October 21, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018–present: "OnePointFive".

paragraph: On January 16, 2018, Aminé was featured on Rejjie Snow's single titled "Egyptian Luvr". Aminé later released the single "Campfire" featuring Injury Reserve on April 6. After teasing a 2018 project release, the project, titled "OnePointFive", was announced on August 14, 2018, alongside the cover art, tracklist and its release date. The album was released to the public on August 15.

paragraph: Aminé also was featured in the soundtrack for the 2018 animated film, .

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Aminé currently lives in Los Angeles. Aminé has listed Quentin Tarantino as his favorite director and has said about him "Tarantino is just one of those guys who's in his own lane, which I admire immensely — I just really love the artist and the mind that creates the art." Aminé has stated before that he wants to branch out into directing film and fashion.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Politics.

paragraph: Aminé is an outspoken critic of U.S. President Donald Trump. During Aminé's television debut on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on November 15, 2016, Aminé performed a remixed version of the song "Caroline". At the end of the performance, Aminé performed a verse dedicated to the results of the 2016 United States presidential election saying the lines:

paragraph: 9/11, a day that we never forgetting, 11/9, a day that we all regrettin', If my president is Trump then it's relevant enough to talk 'bout it on TV and not give a... I'm black, and I'm proud my skin is brown and I'm loud, everybody love it when a rapper tells some lies well that ain't me, homie, I guess that's a surprise America wanna act all happy and holy but deep down inside they're like Brad and Jolie, Caroline divine and I won't get specific, Club Banana the illest and it's too terrific, You can never make America great again, all you ever did was make this country hate again.

paragraph: When speaking about Trump's immigration policy during the 2016 presidential campaign, Aminé said, "My parents are immigrants to this country, they came to this country for a better opportunity just like everyone else."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good for You" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "OnePointFive" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Tours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tour for You" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "TourPointFive" (2018)

description: American Rapper, Singer and Songwriter

wikidata_label: Aminé

wikipedia_title: Aminé (rapper)


text:
Count's Feud
Gerhard of Oldenburg
Christian I of Denmark
Cologne
Hermann of Wied
Archbishop-Elector of Cologne
second cousin
Christian II
Christian III
Scandinavia
Frederick I
Protestantism
Lübeck
Zealand
Scania
Funen
Albrecht VII of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Jutland
Funen
Copenhagen
Sweden
Schmalkaldic League

categories: 1566 deaths,German Lutherans,Counts of Oldenburg,1500s births,Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism,16th-century Danish politicians,House of Oldenburg,Regents of Denmark

paragraph: Christopher, Count of Oldenburg

paragraph: Christopher, Count of Oldenburg (German: "Christoph, Graf von Oldenburg") (c. 1504 – 4 August 1566) was German count and regent in eastern Denmark between 1534–36 during the Count's Feud (Danish: "Grevens Fejde") which was named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Christopher was the third son of Count Johan XIV of Oldenburg and Countess Anna of Anhalt-Zerbst. He was the grandson of Gerhard of Oldenburg who was a brother of King Christian I of Denmark. As a young man he was educated a clergyman but probably because of economic problems he later on chose a military career participating in wars in Germany. He stayed in Cologne from 1517 to 1524 with small interruptions, where he closely examined the Reformation leaning of Count Hermann of Wied, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne. He was described an "intellectual condottiere" possessing a classic Greek knowledge but apparently no great military talent.

paragraph: As a second cousin of both Christian II and Christian III he took interest in Scandinavian politics. When the civil war broke out in Denmark 1534 after the death of Frederick I Christopher, who had converted to Protestantism, was hired by Lübeck as the military leader of the alliance of Danish commoners, Lübeck and Protestants against Christian III and the Danish nobility. The formal purpose of this alliance was the restoration of Christian II. Christopher's own zeal seems to have been on behalf of the Danish crown.

paragraph: After a promising start in which he became the master of Zealand and Scania with the title of a regent and conquered Funen, he had severe setbacks and quarrelled with his allies. Furthermore, Lübeck involved Albrecht VII of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in the alliance offering him the Danish crown which created jealousy between the two war lords. Christian III's conquest of both Jutland and Funen and the defection of Scania meant the breakdown of Christopher's position and he was besieged in Copenhagen 1535–36 together with his rival Albrecht until their capitulation.

paragraph: After his defeat he returned to Oldenburg but several times he intervened into wars and struggles in Northern Germany. Among other things, he planned an invasion in Sweden and supported the military alliance of Lutheran princes known as the Schmalkaldic League. During his last years he lived in a monastery.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: Count of Oldenburg

wikidata_label: Christopher of Oldenburg

wikipedia_title: Christopher, Count of Oldenburg


text:
Norwegian
footballer
Odd
Norway
Norwegian Cup
1920 Olympics
England

categories: Norwegian expatriate footballers,1896 births,1962 deaths,Norway international footballers,Expatriate footballers in France,Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics,Olympic footballers of Norway,Norwegian footballers,Odds BK players

paragraph: Einar Gundersen

paragraph: Einar "Jeja" Gundersen (20 September 1896 – 29 October 1962) was a Norwegian footballer. He was a centre-forward for Odd, and is regarded as one of Norwegian football's first star players. He played 33 internationals for Norway, and his 26 international goals puts him second on the national team's all-time scoring list.

paragraph: His nickname Jeja means literally "Me Then", as that was what he wondered as a kid when he wasn't picked for the team.

paragraph: At club level, Gundersen scored more than 200 goals. He won the Norwegian Cup five times. He was also a member of the Norwegian team that played in the 1920 Olympics, and scored twice in the 3-1 win against England's amateur side.

description: Norwegian footballer

wikidata_label: Einar Gundersen

wikipedia_title: Einar Gundersen


text: cricket

text: batsman

text: fast-medium pace

text: Mansfield

text: Meden School

text: Test

text: against Pakistan

text: Bruce French

text: England

text: England Under-19s

text: Test

text: Sri Lanka Under-19s

text: County Ground, Northampton

text: North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough

text: One Day International

text: Fenner's, Cambridge

text: Twenty20 International

text: Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street

text: Nottinghamshire

text: List A

text: 2009 Pro40

text: Sussex

text: Dwayne Smith

text: 2010 season

text: 2010 Clydesdale Bank 40

text: Leicestershire

text: 2011 season

text: first-class

text: Champion County match

text: Marylebone Cricket Club

text: Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium

text: Abu Dhabi

text: overs

text: Hamid Hassan

text: unbeaten

text: average

text: batting average

text: not out

text: Lancashire

text: Friends Provident t20

text: Old Trafford

text: England national cricket team

text: Sri Lanka

text: Headingley

text: Twenty20 International

text: against India

categories: Living people,Nottinghamshire cricketers,English cricketers,England Test cricketers,People from Mansfield,1991 births,England One Day International cricketers,England Twenty20 International cricketers

paragraph: Jake Ball (cricketer)

paragraph: Jacob Timothy "Jake" Ball (born 14 March 1991) is an English cricketer. Ball is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm fast-medium pace. He was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England and educated at the Meden School in Market Warsop. On 14 July 2016 he made his Test debut for England against Pakistan. His uncle, Bruce French, also played Test cricket for England and was chosen to present Ball with his England cap before his Test debut in July 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Under-19s Career.

paragraph: Ball made his debut for England Under-19s in July 2010, playing two Youth Test matches against Sri Lanka Under-19s at the County Ground, Northampton and North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough. It was during this series that he made his only Youth One Day International appearance at Fenner's, Cambridge and his only Youth Twenty20 International appearance at the Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street.

paragraph: Section::::County career.

paragraph: Ball made his debut for Nottinghamshire in a List A match in the 2009 Pro40 against Sussex in what was his only appearance that season. He was notably West Indian Dwayne Smith's hat-trick wicket in this match. He next appeared for Nottinghamshire in the 2010 season in the 2010 Clydesdale Bank 40 against Leicestershire, again his only appearance in that season. In the 2011 season, he made his first-class debut in the season starting Champion County match against the Marylebone Cricket Club at the Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi. He bowled five wicketless overs in the Marylebone Cricket Club's first-innings, while in Nottinghamshire's first-innings he was dismissed for 4 by Hamid Hassan. In the Marylebone Cricket Club's second-innings, he ended with figures of 3/72 from 16 overs. He ended Nottinghamshire's second-innings unbeaten on zero, with Nottinghamshire losing the match by 174 runs.

paragraph: Though this was his only first-class appearance that season, he did make five further List A appearances for the county. To date, he has taken a total of 6 wickets in these matches, which have come at an average of 42.33, with best figures of 3/32, while with the bat he has scored 41 runs in five innings at a batting average of 20.50, with a high score of 19 not out. He also made a single Twenty20 appearance against Lancashire in the Friends Provident t20 at Old Trafford.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: In May 2016, he received his maiden call to play for England national cricket team against Sri Lanka for the opening match at Headingley. Ball was not selected for the final XI, but did make his Test debut two months later, in the first Test against Pakistan at Lord's. Ball took figures of 1-51 in Pakistan’s first innings, but failed to take a wicket in the second innings. Pakistan went on to win the match by 75 runs.

paragraph: In his debut ODI, Ball took figures of 5-51 to help England win the first match by 21 runs. In doing so he became the first English player to take a five wicket haul on their ODI debut. In the second ODI, he finished with 2-44, but England lost by 34 runs to leave the series tied at 1-1. In the final match of the series, Ball did not take a wicket a finished with 0-44, but England won the match by 4 wickets to win the series 2-1.

paragraph: Ball played in the fourth Test match against India, with England already 2-0 down in the series. He took 1-47 in India’s first innings, as England lost the match by an innings and 36 runs. He kept his place for the final Test of the series, and took figures of 0-93 as India scored 759/7 and won the match by an innings and 75 runs, losing the series 4-0.

paragraph: In the first ODI against India Ball took figures of 3-67 as England lost by three wickets. In the second match he took 0-80 as India posted 381/6 and England lost by 15 runs. In the third ODI he took 2-56 as England won by 5 runs.

paragraph: In June 2018, he was named in England's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the series against India. He made his T20I debut for England on 6 July 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player Profile: Jake Ball from http://www.skysports.com/cricket/player/19547/jake-ball

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Jake Ball

wikipedia_title: Jake Ball (cricketer)


text: Rudolf II of Hachberg-Sausenberg

text: Otto I

text: Rötteln Castle

text: Rötteln

text: Evangelical

text: Gothic art

text: Upper Rhine

text: Sausenberg

text: Weil am Rhein

text: Haltingen

text: Münch

text: Henman of Hauenstein

text: Breisgau

text: Schweigmatt

text: Freiburg

text: Neuchâtel

text: Istein Castle

text: plague

text: Bishop of Constance

text: Otto III of Hachberg

text: Council of Constance

text: burning at the stake

text: Jan Hus

text: William

text: Margraviate of Baden

text: Baden

text: List of rulers of Baden

text: online

categories: House of Zähringen,14th-century German people,Margraves of Baden-Hachberg,1428 deaths,1343 births

paragraph: Rudolf III, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg

paragraph: Margrave Rudolf III of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1343–1428) was the son of Margrave Rudolf II of Hachberg-Sausenberg and Catherine of Thierstein. He inherited Hachberg-Sausenberg when his father died in 1352. As he was a minor at the time, his uncle Otto I acted as regent. When Rudolf II came of age, he and Otto I ruled jointly, until Otto's death in 1384. Rudolf III is considered the most important of the Margraves of Hachberg-Sausenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Construction activities.

paragraph: Rudolf III initiated a number of construction projects. Two gatehouses, one large building and a tower were added to his residence Rötteln Castle in 1360. In 1387 and 1392, other large buildings were added. In 1401, he built a church in the village of Rötteln (now the Evangelical Church). In 1418, he expanded this church to the main church of his territory. Rudolf's tomb and the tomb of his second wife, Anna, both in this church, are considered major examples of Gothic art in the Upper Rhine.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Expansion of the country's sovereignty.

paragraph: During his long reign, Rudolf was able to extend his country's sovereignty significantly:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1365, he exchanged the village Huttinger against Höllstein (with the Bishop of Basel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1366, he received a share of Sausenberg from his uncle Otto I

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1368 he purchased the villages of Weil am Rhein, Wintersweiler, Welmlingen, plus some manors in Haltingen and the city and district of Otlikon from Knight Konrad of Münch. He also purchased Dossebach from William of Hauenstein and his son Henman of Hauenstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1394, Bishop Conrad of Münch, enfeoffed him with a fief in Breisgau

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1400, he purchased the Lordship of Neuenstein, including the villages of Gersbach, Schlechtbach, Raitbach, Kürnberg and Schweigmatt. Neuenstein Castle had been enfoeffed to the monastery of St. Blasien, but in 1401, the monastery renounced its rights on the castle.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Rudolf III first married Adelheid of Lichtenberg and later Anne of Freiburg-Neuchâtel. On 13 February 1387, Rudolf closed a marriage contract with Konrad of Freiburg and Else of Neuchâtel for Konrad's 13-year-old sister Anna. Her dowry would be , in the form of the city and district of Sennheim valued at 7500 florins, Istein Castle, valued at 3000 florins, 1500 florins in cash, on the condition that he would use it to create manors in the area between Hauenstein, the forest and the mountains on both sides of the river, within one year after the wedding. With Anne, he had seven sons and six daughters. One son and three daughters fell victim to the plague in 1420. His son Otto (1388–1451) was Bishop of Constance from 1411 to 1434 as Otto III of Hachberg and was the host of the Council of Constance in 1415. As such, he was involved in the burning at the stake of the Czech reformer Jan Hus. The only other son to survive him, was the youngest, William, who succeeded him in 1428.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margraviate of Baden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baden

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Baden

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fritz Schülin: "Rötteln-Haagen, Beiträge zur Orts-, Landschafts- und Siedlungsgeschichte", Lörrach 1965, p. 65.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fritz Schülin: "Binzen, Beiträge zur Orts-, Landschafts- und Siedlungsgeschichte", Schopfheim 1967, p. 523-524 (genealogical tables of the House of Hachberg-Sausenberg).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Seith: "Die Burg Rötteln im Wandel ihrer Herrengeschlechter, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Baugeschichte der Burg", Röttelbund e.V., Haagen, undated, p. 6, according to Schülin in: "Das Markgräflerland", vol. 3, issue 1, 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerhard Möhring: "Chronologie zu Markgraf Rudolf III. von Hachberg, Herr zu Sausenberg und Rötteln (1343-1428)", in: "Das Markgräflerland", vol. 1, p. 53-63, Schopfheim, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Regesten der Markgrafen von Baden und Hachberg 1050 – 1515", Baden Historical Commission, edited by Richard Fester, Innsbruck, 1892 online

paragraph: Section::::References.:Historical novel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elke Bader: "Anna von Rötteln — im Hagelsturm der Begierde", Jakobus-Verlag, Barsbüttel, 2008, (this Anna von Rötteln is Anne of Freiburg)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BrillOnline Reference Works; Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle

description: Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg