text:
Prince of Smolensk
Prince of Novgorod
Mstislav Rostislavich Bezokii
Vsevolod The Big Nest
Rostislav Mstislavich
Prince of Toropets
Mstislav Iziaslavich
Andrey Bogolyubsky
battle
Roman Rostislavich
Rurik
Russkaya Pravda
Ilya
the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom
Novgorod the Great
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy
Battle of Kalka River
The Tale of Igor's Campaign
Russian Orthodox Church

categories: Princes of Novgorod,Princes of Smolensk,Rostislavichi family (Smolensk),Rurik dynasty,12th-century princes in Kievan Rus',1180 deaths,Princes of Belgrod,1140s births

paragraph: Mstislav Rostislavich

paragraph: Mstislav Rostislavich (ca. 1143? – 1180), known as "The Brave" (), was Prince of Smolensk and Prince of Novgorod. He should not be confused with another prince of the same name, Mstislav Rostislavich Bezokii ("The Eyeless" - so named because he and his brother, Iaropolk were blinded by Vsevolod The Big Nest in 1176), who was Prince of Rostov and also Prince of Novgorod and who died in 1178.

paragraph: Mstislav was the fourth of five sons (and the eighth of nine children) of Rostislav Mstislavich, who was briefly Grand Prince of Kiev in 1167. Mstislav himself married twice; his first wife was a daughter of Iaroslav Iziaslavich of Volynia (and later Grand Prince of Kiev), while his second wife, whom he married sometime before 1176, was a daughter of Gleb Rostislavich of Riazan.

paragraph: Mstislav was Prince of Belgorod in 1161 and again from 1171 to 1173, Prince of Toropets since 1167, and Prince of Smolensk from 1175 to 1177. In 1168, he was one of thirteen princes of Rus' who, under Grand Prince Mstislav Iziaslavich, defeated the Polovtsy in a major battle on the steppe. The following year, he and his brother Roman along with the son of Andrey Bogolyubsky, besieged Novgorod the Great but Bogolyubsky's army was defeated in battle. In 1171, Mstislav and his brothers helped place their uncle, Vladimir Mstislavich of Dorogobuzh, on the Kievan throne, although he was soon deposed. In 1172 and 1173, Mstislav also helped his brothers, Roman Rostislavich and then Rurik, take the throne in Kiev (indeed, Riurik sat on the Kievan throne seven times). In 1174, Andrey Bogolyubsky sent an ambassador to Kiev to demand that the Rostislavichi leave the city and return it to Andrey's branch of the family. In reply, Mstislav shaved the head and beard of an envoy and sent him back to Andrey, an act which was not only a sign of disrespect, but may also be seen as a forcible tonsure of the man. It was also in violation of the law as the Russkaya Pravda set a fine of 12 grivnas for shaving a man's beard. For this offense, Andrey attacked Mstislav and besieged him in the town of Vyshgorod for nine weeks but was unable to take him or the city.

paragraph: In 1179, Mstislav was elected prince of Novgorod (his older brothers, Roman, Sviatoslav, and David had also been chosen princes of Novgorod) and entered the city on 1 November 1179. He led the Novgorodians against the Chud (Finnic tribes in modern-day Russia or Estonia) during the winter of 1179–1180, but fell ill the following spring and died on 14 June 1180. He was buried following a divine liturgy presided over by Archbishop Ilya of Novgorod, the hegumens of the Novgorodian monasteries, and the Novgorodian clergy; his remains now lie in a gypsum sarcophagus along the south wall of the Chapel of the Nativity of the Mother of God in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Novgorod the Great across the chapel from Bishop St. Nikita. (Mstislav Rostislavich of Rostov is buried in the crypt below the cathedral.)

paragraph: The Hypatian (Ipatevskaia) Chronicle called Mstislav the "Jewel" (украшение) of the Russian princes, saying that he warred only for glory, despised gold and silver, gave all his booty to the church and was universally loved.

paragraph: Mstislav's son, Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy (The Daring), born by his first wife, was one of the most important princes of Rus' in the decades before the Mongol Invasion, and one of the few to escape from the Battle of Kalka River alive. Mstislav Rostislavich also had two sons by his second wife: Vladimir and David.

paragraph: In literature, Mstislav is addressed by the narrator in The Tale of Igor's Campaign along with his brother Roman, when the narrator calls on the great princes of Rus to band together to fight the nomadic invaders. Mstislav, however, had been dead six years before Igor's campaign took place, so the call to arms would have gone unheeded. Mstislav's brothers, Riurik and David are also addressed in an earlier stanza of the poem.

paragraph: Mstislav is, as Georgii (his baptismal name) a canonized saint of the Russian Orthodox Church. His feast day is 14 OS/27 June NS. His remains were uncovered in 1634 and found to be incorrupt.

wikidata_label: Mstislav Rostislavich

wikipedia_title: Mstislav Rostislavich


text:
VC
Irish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
County Monaghan
Ireland
sergeant
Royal Horse Artillery
British Army
World War I
Néry
France
Edward Kinder Bradbury
George Thomas Dorrell
major
Lillers
France
Imperial War Museum
London
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Ireland's VCs
Monuments to Courage
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross
Dictionary of Ulster Biography

categories: British military personnel killed in World War I,1886 births,Irish officers in the British Army,British Army personnel of World War I,Royal Artillery officers,People from County Monaghan,1918 deaths,Royal Horse Artillery soldiers,Irish World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: David Nelson (VC)

paragraph: Major David Nelson VC (3 April 1886 – 8 April 1918) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Nelson was born Deraghland, Stranooden, County Monaghan, Ireland. He was 28 years old, and a sergeant in 'L' Battery, Royal Horse Artillery (RHA), British Army during World War I when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 1 September 1914 at Néry, France, Sergeant Nelson helped to bring the guns into action - with an officer (Edward Kinder Bradbury) and a warrant officer (George Thomas Dorrell) - under heavy fire and in spite of being severely wounded. He remained with the guns until all the ammunition was expended, although he had been ordered to retire to cover.

paragraph: Nelson later achieved the rank of major. He was killed in action at Lillers, France, on 8 April 1918.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Imperial War Museum, London, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of Ulster Biography

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: David Nelson

wikipedia_title: David Nelson (VC)


text: Scottish

text: racing cyclist

text: hour record

text: bipolar disorder

text: depression

text: attempted suicide

text: The Flying Scotsman

text: Scottish Sports Hall of Fame

text: Nuneaton

text: Warwickshire

text: Scotland

text: individual time trial

text: Doc Marten

text: bipolar disorder

text: aspirin

text: velodrome

text: Francesco Moser

text: dropped handlebars

text: saddle

text: washing machine

text: bottom bracket

text: cranks

text: tread

text: top tube

text: chainstays

text: fork

text: Vikingskipet

text: velodrome

text: Chris Boardman

text: Bordeaux

text: Tour de France

text: triathlon handlebar

text: Mexico City

text: Miguel Induráin

text: Union Cycliste Internationale

text: Cycling Weekly

text: world championships

text: National Museum of Scotland

text: Riverside Transport Museum

text: Mercedes-Benz F1 team

text: drag coefficient

text: individual pursuit

text: individual time trial

text: RTTC

text: British Cycling Federation

text: The Times

text: Le Groupement

text: Les Carroz d'Arâches

text: Lille

text: L'Équipe

text: Kilmaurs

text: Ayrshire

text: cycling club

text: Nantwich

text: Scottish Sun

text: came out

text: British Cycling Hall of Fame

text: prone bike

text: Battle Mountain, Nevada

text: film based on the book

text: Edinburgh International Film Festival

text: Jonny Lee Miller

text: Billy Boyd

text: Metro-Goldwyn Mayer

text: Kickstarter

categories: People from Nuneaton,LGBT cyclists,British Cycling Hall of Fame inductees,Sportspeople from North Ayrshire,Scottish Sports Hall of Fame inductees,Scottish male cyclists,UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men),People with bipolar disorder,LGBT sportspeople from Scotland,1965 births,Living people,Gay sportsmen

paragraph: Graeme Obree

paragraph: Graeme Obree (born 11 September 1965), nicknamed The Flying Scotsman, is a Scottish racing cyclist who twice broke the world hour record, in July 1993 and April 1994, and was the individual pursuit world champion in 1993 and 1995. He was known for his unusual riding positions and for the "Old Faithful" bicycle he built which included parts from a washing machine. He joined a professional team in France but was fired before his first race.

paragraph: Obree has created some radical innovations in bicycle design and cycling position but has had problems with the cycling authorities banning the riding positions his designs required. Obree has been very open about living with bipolar disorder and depression, and the fact that he has attempted suicide three times in his life, using his experiences as a means of encouraging other sportspeople to talk about their own mental health. His life and exploits have been dramatised in the 2006 film "The Flying Scotsman" and more recently in the documentary film "Battle Mountain: Graeme Obree's Story", which follows his journey to Battle Mountain, Nevada to compete in the 2013 World Human Powered Speed Championships.

paragraph: In March 2010 he was inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origins.

paragraph: Obree was born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire but has lived almost all his life in Scotland and considers himself Scottish. An individual time triallist, his first race was a 10-mile time trial to which he turned up wearing shorts, anorak and Doc Marten boots. He thought the start and finish were at the same place and stopped where he had started, 100 metres short of the end. He had started to change his clothes when officials told him to continue. He still finished in "about 30 minutes."

paragraph: Obree suffers from bipolar disorder. He attempted suicide in his teens by gassing himself. He was saved by his father, who had returned early from work. In the 1990s he took an overdose of aspirin washed down by water from a puddle. He had personality problems, sniffed the gas he used to weld bicycles, and was being chased for £492 owed in college fees.

paragraph: The bike shop that he ran failed and he decided the way out of his problems was to attack the world hour velodrome record. It had been held for nine years by Francesco Moser, at 51.151 kilometres. Obree said:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The bike.

paragraph: Obree had built frames for his bike shop and made another for his record attempt. Instead of traditional dropped handlebars it had straight bars like those of a mountain bike. He placed them closer to the saddle than usual and rode with the bars under his chest, his elbows bent and tucked into his sides like those of a skier. Watching a washing machine spin at 1,200rpm led him to take the bearings, which he assumed must be of superior quality, and fit them to his bike. Obree later regretted admitting to the bearings experiment, because journalists referred to that before his achievements and other innovations.

paragraph: Obree called his bike "Old Faithful". It has a narrow bottom bracket, around which the cranks revolve, to bring his legs closer together, as he thought this is the "natural" position. As shown in the film, he thought a tread of "one banana" would be ideal. The bike has no top tube, so that his knees did not hit the frame. The chainstays are not horizontal to the ground. Thus the cranks can pass with a narrow bottom bracket. The fork had only one blade, carefully shaped to be as narrow as possible. A French writer who tried it said the narrow handlebars made it hard to accelerate the machine in a straight line but, once it was at speed, he could hold the bars and get into Obree's tucked style.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Taking the record.

paragraph: Obree attacked Moser's record, on 16 July 1993, at the Vikingskipet velodrome in Norway. He failed by nearly a kilometre. He had booked the track for 24 hours and decided to come back the next day. The writer Nicholas Roe said:

paragraph: Obree said:

paragraph: On 17 July 1993, Obree set a new record of 51.596 kilometres, beating Moser's record of 51.151 kilometres by 445 metres.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Losing the record.

paragraph: Obree's triumph lasted less than a week. On 23 July 1993, the British Olympic champion, Chris Boardman broke Obree's record by 674 metres, riding 52.270 km at Bordeaux during the rest day of the Tour de France. His bike had a carbon monocoque frame, carbon wheels, and a triathlon handlebar. Their rivalry grew: a few months later Obree knocked Boardman out of the world championship pursuit to take the title himself.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Regaining the record.

paragraph: Francesco Moser, whose record Obree had beaten, adopted Obree's riding position—adding a chest pad—and established not an outright world record but a veterans' record of 51.84 kilometres. He did it on 15 January 1994, riding in the thin air of Mexico City as he had for his outright record, whereas Obree and Boardman had ridden at close to sea level.

paragraph: Obree retook the record on 27 April 1994, using the track that Boardman had used at Bordeaux. He had bolted his shoes to his pedals, to avoid what had happened in the final of the national pursuit championship, when he pulled his foot off the pedal during his starting effort.

paragraph: He rode 52.713 kilometres, a distance beaten on 2 September 1994 by the Spanish Tour de France winner, Miguel Induráin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Old Faithful banned.

paragraph: The world governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale, grew concerned that changes to bicycles were making a disproportionate influence to track records. Among other measures, it banned his riding position: he did not find out until one hour before he began the world championship pursuit in Italy. Judges disqualified him when he refused to comply. The magazine "Cycling Weekly" blamed "petty-minded officialdom."

paragraph: Obree developed another riding position, the "Superman" style, his arms fully extended in front, and he won the individual pursuit at the world championships with this and Old Faithful in 1995. That position was also banned. However, in May 2014 the UCI relented, acknowledging that fixing the kind of equipment to be used was hindering technical progress. It restored previous banned world records, from 2000, now to be described as "Best hour performance".

paragraph: The original Old Faithful bike is on display at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, while two near-replicas built for use in the "Flying Scotsman" film are displayed in the Riverside Transport Museum in Glasgow. In March 2018, Obree tested another replica of Old Faithful in the Mercedes-Benz F1 team's wind tunnel to gauge the aerodynamic efficiency of his various riding positions on the bike, having never previously participated in wind-tunnel testing before. It was found that the (drag coefficient) of Obree's initial "tuck" or "crouch" position was 0.17, compared to a conventional 1990s bike position of 0.20 and a modern conventional position of 0.188, leading to an estimated gain in speed of about 2-2.5 km/h over his rivals in the nineties and a gain of 1.5 km/h over contemporary track cyclists: meanwhile the "Superman" position was found only to be marginally more efficient than the 1990s conventional position, and less efficient than the modern conventional position. Obree however noted that the discomfort of the "crouch" position takes a lot of energy out of the rider through holding the hands and shoulders in place, whilst the "Superman" position was much more manageable.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other achievements.

paragraph: Obree was individual pursuit world champion in 1993 and 1995. He broke the British 10-mile individual time trial record in 1993, won the RTTC 50-mile championship the same year (a record 1h 39m 1s), and won the 25-mile championship in 1996. In 1997 he joined forces with coach Joe Beer and clocked 18m 36s in a 10-mile time trial (V718 Hull) and next day won the British Cycling Federation 25-mile championship - this was part of building towards an hour record attempt that was to be eventually shelved.

paragraph: The writer Peter Bryan, of "The Times", said:

paragraph: "To see Obree in full flight, shoulders hunched and elbows tucked into his ribs, is a memorable sight. His face contorted with pain illustrates the effort he is putting in. And yet, not too many minutes after he has finished a ride the champion is sufficiently relaxed to talk with a queue of pressmen.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professional career.

paragraph: Obree rode his hour records as an amateur. He took a professional licence after winning his first world championship, telling Bryan: "I reckon I can make more money on the bike than I get from unemployment benefit."

paragraph: He joined Le Groupement, a French team but did not attend a meeting in Les Carroz d'Arâches () and was fired for "lack of professionalism." Obree had been racing in Florida when the team first met. But he was on holiday there when the team met again for publicity photographs. He got to the next get-together but flew to Paris instead of Lille, where the meeting was held.

paragraph: The team manager, Patrick Valcke, said:

paragraph: Obree said: "I was too ill to attend the get-together and had no success when I attempted to contact team officials on 1 January. My wife, Anne, who is a nurse, insisted I was not well enough to travel to France."

paragraph: The Le Groupement team fell apart after a short time, when the sponsoring company was involved in scandal, with accusations that it was nothing but a pyramid selling scheme. Some of the team members claimed that they were owed money, and their wages had not been paid.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Attitude to doping.

paragraph: Obree said of his short professional career:

paragraph: In 1996, he told the magazine "L'Équipe":

paragraph: His web site says:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Further suicide attempt.

paragraph: Obree's brother, Gordon, died in a car crash in October 1994, and Graeme Obree again slid in and out of depression. In 2001 he was found unconscious at Bellsland Farm in Kilmaurs, 12 km from his Ayrshire home. The Obree family horse was stabled there, and he was discovered by a woman checking a barn. He had tried to hang himself. His wife, Anne, said he had been diagnosed as having severe bipolar disorder three years earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Present day.

paragraph: Obree is divorced from his wife, with whom he has two children. He continues to race occasionally in individual time trials for Ayrshire-based Fullarton Wheelers cycling club. In May 2005, he crashed in the rain in the national 10-mile time trial championship near Nantwich in Cheshire. He was a member of the winning three-man club squad that took the team title in the Scottish 10-mile championship in May 2006. In December 2006, he competed in the track event, Revolution 15, in a four kilometre pursuit challenge.

paragraph: In January 2011, Obree disclosed in an interview with the "Scottish Sun" that he is gay and that his difficulty with coming to terms with his sexual orientation contributed to his earlier suicide attempts. "I was brought up by a war generation; they grew up when gay people were put in jail. Being homosexual was so unthinkable that you just wouldn't be gay. I'd no inkling about anything, I just closed down." He came out to his family in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:New Hour record attempt.

paragraph: In May 2009, Obree announced that he would make an attempt at the "Athlete's Hour" record on a bike he had built himself during 2009. Obree said in October 2009 that the attempt had been cancelled as the bike he'd built himself was not suitable for the conditions. He will not be attempting this again.

paragraph: In December 2009, he was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame while in March 2010, he was inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Human-Powered Vehicle land speed record.

paragraph: In December 2011, Obree announced that he would make an attempt at the human-powered vehicle (HPV) land speed record, hoping to hit 100 mph. In May 2012, he revealed that the bike he is building for this attempt is a prone bike.

paragraph: The attempt was originally to take place in Britain, and the record speed was then . However, he competed in the 2013 World Human Powered Speed Championships in Battle Mountain, Nevada, where the record was also set. He achieved a speed of on the morning of Friday, 13 September.

paragraph: While Obree did not break the HPV land speed record, he did set a new record for a rider in the prone position. The previous day, Obree had set a speed of , which was a record speed in the prone position on a two-wheeled HPV (the overall prone record being held by a trike).

paragraph: Section::::Book and films.

paragraph: He published his autobiography in 2003 titled "The Flying Scotsman". He said: "It started with the psychologist saying it would do me good and ended up as my life story." A film based on the book premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in 2006, starring Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Boyd. In November 2006 Metro-Goldwyn Mayer bought world distribution rights and the film was released in the US on 29 December 2006; it was given a UK release on 29 June 2007. The DVD was released in the UK on 5 November 2007.

paragraph: "Battle Mountain: Graeme Obree's Story", a documentary film about Obree's appearance at the 2013 World Human Powered Speed Championships in Battle Mountain, Nevada, premiered at the 2015 Edinburgh International Film Festival. The film, directed by David Street with music by Alun Woodward of Chemikal Underground, went on public release on 21 March 2016, with a tour of cinemas featuring a question-and-answer session with Obree following screenings. The film was crowdfunded through the Kickstarter website.

paragraph: Section::::Related media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Scotsman: Cycling to Triumph Through My Darkest Hours" Graeme Obree VeloPress 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Scotsman" Graeme Obree Birlinn Books 2003

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graeme Obree – Biography at CyclingInfo.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graeme Obree's home made bike photograph

description: Scottish racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Graeme Obree

wikipedia_title: Graeme Obree


text:
Catania
Sicily
Palermo
Benedictine
canonist
University of Bologna
Zabarella
Maniace
Messina
Abbas antiquus
Rota
referendary
Alfonso V of Aragon
Palermo
Pope Eugene IV
Council of Basel
antipope Felix V
Pius II
Nicholas of Cusa

categories: Italian Benedictines,15th-century Italian writers,Italian jurists,Canon law jurists,15th-century jurists,1445 deaths,1386 births

paragraph: Panormitanus

paragraph: Nicolò de' Tudeschi (Panormitanus) (b. at Catania, Sicily, in 1386; d. at Palermo, 24 February 1445) was an Italian Benedictine canonist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1400 he entered the Order of St. Benedict; he was sent (1405-6) to the University of Bologna to study under Zabarella; in 1411 he became a doctor of canon law, and taught successively at Parma (1412–18), Siena (1419–30), and Bologna (1431–32). Meanwhile, in 1425, he was made abbot of the monastery of Maniace, near Messina, whence his name "Abbas", to which has been added "modernus" or "recentior" (in order to distinguish him from "Abbas antiquus", a thirteenth-century canonist who died about 1288); he is also known as "Abbas Siculus" on account of his Sicilian origin.

paragraph: In 1433 he went to Rome where he exercised the functions of auditor of the Rota and Apostolic referendary. The following year he relinquished these offices and placed himself at the service of Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Sicily, obtaining the See of Palermo in 1435, whence his Latin name "Panormitanus" (Palermo in Latin is "Panormus").

paragraph: During the troubles that marred the pontificate of Pope Eugene IV, Nicolò at first followed the party of this pontiff, whom he represented briefly at the Council of Basel; but subsequently he allied himself with the antipope Felix V who, in 1440, named him cardinal. Pius II, in an early work, depicts Panormitanus as lamenting that instructions from Alfonso made him oppose quick action to depose Eugene. Panormitanus represented the Council of Basel at imperial diets that discussed the fight between Eugene and the council.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In his "Tractatus de concilio Basileensi" he upheld the doctrine of the superiority of a general council to the pope. This was written for the 1442 Diet of Frankfurt, at which he was opposed by Nicholas of Cusa. It was his canonical works, especially his "Lectura in Decretales" "In Sextum", and "In Clementinas", that won him the title of "lucerna juris" (lamp of the law) and insured him great authority; he also wrote "Consilia", "Quaestiones", "Repetitiones", "Disputationes, disceptationes et allegationes", and "Flores utriusque juris". A fine edition of his works appeared at Venice in 1477; among later, frequent editions, that published in 1617-18 (Venice) in 10 folio volumes is especially notable. There also is a Lyon 1521-1522 edition of the Decretals commentary.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knut Wolfgang Norr, "Kirche und Konzil bei Nicolaus de Tudeschis (Panormitanus)" (Cologne, 1964).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schulte, "Die Gesch. der Quellen u. Lit. des canonischen Rechtes", II (Stuttgart, 1877), 312-313

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sabbadini, "Storia documentata della Reale Universita di Catania" (Catania, 1898), 10 sq.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brandileone, "Notizie su Graziano e su Niccolo de Tudeschis tratte da una cronaca inedita. Studi e memorie per la storia dell' Universita di Bologna", I (Bologna, 1909), i, 18-21.

description: Italian Benedictine canonist, jurist, archbishop of Palermo

wikidata_label: Panormitanus

wikipedia_title: Panormitanus


text:
Italian
Baroque
Cassano Magnago
Lombardy
Rome
Foggini
Florence
Camillo Rusconi
bassorilievo
Jesuit
Madrid
stucco
stucco
Santi Luca e Martina
Sant'Agnese in Agone
Innocent X
St. Peter’s Basilica
Pietro Bianchi
Michelangelo Slodtz
Mafra
Portugal
Clement XII
Corsini
San Giovanni in Laterano
Bernini
Urban VIII
Carlo Monaldi
Santa Maria Maggiore
Fontana di Trevi
Nicola Salvi
Pietro Bracci
Siena
Chigi
Cathedral of Siena
John V of Portugal
Giuseppe Gagliardi
silver-gilt
Benedict XIV
Patriarch
Ribeira Palace
1755 Lisbon earthquake
Grove encyclopedia biography

categories: 1690 births,18th-century Italian sculptors,1752 deaths,Baroque sculptors,Italian male sculptors

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Maini

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Maini (6 February 1690 – 29 July 1752) was an Italian sculptor of the Late-Baroque period, active mainly in Rome.

paragraph: He was born in Cassano Magnago in Lombardy, and died in Rome. He may have had contacts with Foggini in Florence. By 1708, he had moved to Rome where he joined the large studio of Camillo Rusconi, where he worked for over twenty years. Among his first commission was the execution in bassorilievo (relief) of the "Glory of San Francesco" for a Jesuit church of Madrid; however, the bassorilievo in stucco, likely originally a design by Rusconi, was never sculpted in marble. Like Rusconi, Maini always modelled his projects in stucco first.

paragraph: Maini collaborated in the decoration of the spandrels of the cupola of the Santi Luca e Martina. He worked in Sant'Agnese in Agone, where he executed the papal funerary monument to Innocent X (1729), likely based on Rusconi’s designs. For St. Peter’s Basilica, Maini carved large marble statues of "St Francis of Paola" (1732; designed by Pietro Bianchi) and "St Philip Neri" (c. 1735). This was part of a series of sculptures on the founders of orders and included Michelangelo Slodtz's "St Bruno". He completed the Archangels "Michael" and "Gabriel" statues (c. 1737) for the basilica of Mafra, commissioned by king of Portugal.

paragraph: Between 1732-1735, Maini was involved in the prominent commissions by Clement XII for his family chapel, the Corsini chapel in San Giovanni in Laterano. The benedictory bronze statue of Clemente XII, by Maini, is inspired by Bernini’s Urban VIII in St. Peter’s, and replaced an earlier statue by Carlo Monaldi. He also sculpted figures for his monument to cardinal Neri Corsini" (1733–34), who was the pope’s nephew. In 1741-43, he worked on the portico relief of "Madonna of St Luke" for Santa Maria Maggiore. Another contemporary relief of "St John Preaching" was placed in San Giovanni in Laterano. Starting in 1734 Maini was involved in the design work of Fontana di Trevi, but failed to obtain the choice commission from the main architect Nicola Salvi for the final sculpting of the statue of "Neptune and Oceanus" group, which instead was given to Pietro Bracci (1743–59). He also sent some reliefs to Siena, for the Chigi chapel in the Cathedral of Siena.

paragraph: In 1744 he was again working for the John V of Portugal, one of the greatest patrons of arts in the 18th century. He designed for the king a magnificent statue of the Immaculate Conception cast by Giuseppe Gagliardi. This huge silver-gilt image was nine "palmi" high. It was Blessed by Pope Benedict XIV himself in 1749 before being dispatched to Lisbon where it was destined to the Patriarchal Royal Chapel of the Ribeira Palace. It was for a few days the talk of Rome and was to be destroyed just a few years later by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grove encyclopedia biography

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Giovanni Battista Maini

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Battista Maini


text: U-boat

text: World War II

text: Bundesmarine

text: Federal Republic of Germany

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Nazi Germany

text: Wilhelmshaven

text: exclave

text: Province of Hanover

text: province

text: Kingdom of Prussia

text: Vizeadmiral

text: Bernhard Rösing

text: Reichsmarine

text: Baltic Sea

text: Stralsund

text: Seekadett

text: training ship

text: "Niobe"

text: Naval Academy at Mürwik

text: gunboat

text: Fähnrich zur See

text: Flensburg

text: Mürwik

text: Kiel

text: naval infantry

text: naval artillery

text: Leutnant zur See

text: anti-aircraft artillery

text: Wilhelmshaven

text: Oberleutnant zur See

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: Swedish Navy

text: sailing yacht

text: Schnellboot

text: Spanish language

text: interpreter

text: Kapitänleutnant

text: 5th U-boat Flotilla

text: Korvettenkapitän

text: Befehlshaber der U-Boote

text: 7th U-boat Flotilla

text: Herbert Schultze

text: Reinhard Suhren

text: Otto Ites

text: Erich Zürn

text: wolfpack

text: Rösing's wolfpack

text: U-Boat War Badge

text: Iron Cross

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Bordeaux

text: 3rd U-boat Flotilla

text: Führer der Unterseeboote West

text: Château de Pignerolle

text: Fregattenkapitän

text: Kapitän zur See

text: Naval Historical Team

text: Konteradmiral

text: Bundesverdienstkreuz

text: Iron Cross

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Croce di Guerra

text: Order of the Crown of Italy

categories: Naval Historical Team members,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Bundesmarine admirals,1905 births,2004 deaths,U-boat commanders (Kriegsmarine),Reichsmarine personnel,People from the Province of Hanover

paragraph: Hans-Rudolf Rösing

paragraph: Hans-Rudolf Rösing (28 September 1905 – 16 December 2004) was a German U-boat commander in World War II and later served in the Bundesmarine of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, awarded by Nazi Germany to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and pre-war service.

paragraph: Rösing was born on 28 September 1905 in Wilhelmshaven, at the time an exclave of the Province of Hanover, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the son of "Vizeadmiral" Bernhard Rösing (1869–1947) and his wife Elfriede, née Wünsche (1882–1961). He had three brothers, Wilhelm, Kurt-Wolf and Bernhard, all killed during World War II, and a sister named Elfriede.

paragraph: He joined the "Reichsmarine" on 31 March 1924 as a member of "Crew 1924" (the incoming class of 1924). He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund (4 April 1924 – 27 September 1928). Rösing was then transferred to the (28 September 1924 – 31 March 1925), attaining the rank of "Seekadett" (midshipman) on 1 April 1925. Rösing was then transferred to the training ship "Niobe" (1 April 1925 – 11 July 1925) before continuing his training on board (12 July 1925 – 30 March 1926). He then underwent a number of cadet training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik (31 March 1926 – 23 March 1927). These were interrupted by two navigational training cruises on the tender "Nordsee" (23 July 1926 – 27 July 1926) and the gunboat (18 October 1926 – 22 October 1926). During this training period he advanced in rank to "Fähnrich zur See" (officer cadet) on 1 April 1926.

paragraph: Rösing then attended more training courses, including a torpedo course (24 March 1927 – 28 May 1927), a communication course (29 May 1927 – 3 July 1927), both held at Flensburg-Mürwik. He then attended a pathfinder course (4 July 1927 – 31 July 1927) at Kiel-Wik. He then attended another naval infantry training course (1 August 1927 – 26 September 1927) with the 2nd department of the standing ship division in Strasund before taking a naval artillery course (27 September 1927 – 8 January 1928) at Kiel-Wik. Following these land based trainings he was stationed on for 13 months (9 January 1928 – 10 March 1929). While stationed on "Nymphe" he was commissioned as officer and attained the rank "Leutnant zur See" (Second Lieutenant) on 1 October 1928. He then participated in the training course (11 March 1929 – 27 March 1929) for naval anti-aircraft artillery at Wilhelmshaven before again boarding "Nymphe" for three weeks (28 March 1929 – 16 April 1929).

paragraph: Rösing was then stationed on (17 April 1929 – 31 October 1929) before he was appointed company officer with the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea on 1 November 1929. During this assignment he was promoted to "Oberleutnant zur See" (First Lieutenant) on 1 April 1930. Germany was forbidden to operate submarines under the Treaty of Versailles and Rösing was one of a small number of chosen personnel who were detached to foreign navies to gain experience in submarines. On 6 February 1931 he was officially assigned to the special task force of the naval command and put on an exchange program with the Swedish Navy. After this special assignment on 10 July 1931 he was transferred back to the 2nd department of the standing ship division (11 July 1931 – 21 September 1931). During this posting he also spent one month on board the sailing yacht "Asta" (1 August 1931 – 30 August 1931).

paragraph: His next assignment (22 September 1931 – 22 December 1931) placed him on the Admiral's staff at the Baltic Naval Station, while in parallel he attended a technical officers training course at the Naval Academy at Mürwik. Rösing was then transferred to the 1st Schnellboot-Demi-Flotilla (23 December 1931 – 1 October 1933) where he commanded his first boat, Schnellboot "S-15". During this command he attended two more training courses, anti-gas defence (4 February 1932 – 17 February 1932) and a Spanish language interpreter training vacation (5 May 1932 – 15 June 1932). He passed his Spanish interpreter test on 26 October 1932. From 4 November 1932 the end of his assignment with the 1st Schnellboot-Demi-Flotilla on 1 October 1933 he commanded "S-3".

paragraph: After spending two years at the "Unterseebootsabwehrschule", Rösing, recently promoted "Kapitänleutnant", was given his first submarine command when he commissioned the new . After two years in this small Type IIB coastal submarine, he took command of , a larger Type VIIA ocean-going boat. In 1937 Rösing was given command of another Type IIB, , and assigned to the "Torpedoerprobungskommando", responsible for the testing of new torpedo types. After a year in this post he was appointed commander of 5th U-boat Flotilla - Flotille Emsmann - at Kiel.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: July 1939 saw Rösing promoted to "Korvettenkapitän". Following a short spell of duty on the staff of the "Befehlshaber der U-Boote" (Dönitz, q.v.), Rösing was posted to command 7th U-boat Flotilla at Kiel. This command lasted until 21 May 1940, at which time he took over the Type VIIB boat from her highly successful previous commander, Herbert Schultze. His crew, among others, included the highly experienced 1st Watch Officer Reinhard Suhren, 2nd Watch Officer Otto Ites and chief engineer Erich Zürn. In the course of his two war patrols with "U-48", Rösing sank 12 ships totaling over 60,000 tons and led a wolfpack dubbed Rösing's wolfpack. These achievements and earning himself the U-Boat War Badge, Iron Cross First Class and Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

paragraph: Rösing left "U-48" in December 1940, and was appointed liaison officer to the Italian submarine force operating out of Bordeaux in occupied France. After some months he was given command of 3rd U-boat Flotilla, but in August 1941 returned to the staff of the Befehlshaber der U-boote. In July 1942, Rösing was appointed as FdU West ("Führer der Unterseeboote West"), with headquarters in both Paris and at Château de Pignerolle near Angers; he was responsible for all boats committed to the Battle of the Atlantic, and thus a great majority of the entire U-boat fleet. In February 1943 he was promoted to "Fregattenkapitän", and one month later to "Kapitän zur See". He remained as FdU West until autumn 1944, when the Allied liberation of France forced the Kriegsmarine to transfer the remaining boats of 2nd and 7th U-boat flotillas to bases in Norway, Denmark, and northern Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After the German surrender in May 1945, Rösing spent about a year in British captivity before being released. Serving as a member of the Naval Historical Team he subsequently joined the post-war Navy, and was given command of German naval units operating in the North Sea (Marine-Abschnittskommando Nordsee), and later Military District I, rising to the rank of Konteradmiral. He retired from active service in 1965, having added the Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Service Cross) to his wartime decorations. He died on 16 December 2004, at the age of 99.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Ships attacked.

paragraph: As commander of Hans-Rudolf Rösing is credited with the sinking of twelve ships for a total of , further damaging one ship of .

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Class (13 February 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Class (3 July 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 August 1940 as chief of the 7th U-boat Flotilla and commander of "U-48"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italian Croce di Guerra with Swords (1 November 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander Cross of Order of the Crown of Italy (1 November 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (8 March 1966)

description: German Navy Officer and World War II U-boat commander

wikidata_label: Hans-Rudolf Rösing

wikipedia_title: Hans-Rudolf Rösing


text:
Ancona
Italian
Franciscan
Minister general of the Friars Minor
cardinal
Bologna
Pope Leo X
Sacred College
Bishop of Alatri
Bishop of Isernia
Bishop of Riez
Provence
Apostolic legate
Apostolic nuncio
Vatican Basilica
Bertinoro
Sack of Rome (1527)
Duke of Bourbon
Pope Clement VII
Francis I of France
Henry VIII of England
Church of Ara Coeli
Luke Wadding
Luke Wadding
Sbaralea
Picconi

categories: Italian Friars Minor,1528 deaths,Italian cardinals,Year of birth unknown,Bishops of Riez

paragraph: Christopher Numar of Forli

paragraph: Christopher Numar of Forli (date of birth uncertain; d. at Ancona, 23 March 1528) was an Italian Franciscan, who became Minister general of the Friars Minor and cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In his youth he studied at Bologna and, after joining the Friars Minor, was sent to complete his studies at Paris. In 1507 he was elected vicar provincial of his order at Bologna, in 1514 vicar general of the Cismontane Franciscan families, and in 1517 he became minister general of the whole order of Friars Minor. Less than a month later he was raised, in spite of his protests, to the cardinalate by Pope Leo X, who in presence of the Sacred College paid a splendid tribute to Christopher's great learning and prudence and to his still greater holiness of life.

paragraph: In 1520 he became Bishop of Alatri and Bishop of Isernia in Italy, and in 1526 Bishop of Riez in Provence. He subsequently fulfilled the office of Apostolic legate to the King of France, and later became Apostolic nuncio and commissary for the construction of the Vatican Basilica, being then invested with the temporal dominion of Bertinoro.

paragraph: During the Sack of Rome (1527) by the soldiers of the Duke of Bourbon, Christopher suffered many hardships and insults, on account of which he received letters of condolence from Pope Clement VII, Francis I of France, and Henry VIII of England. He took refuge in Ancona, but died the next year as a consequence of the inflicted injuries. His remains were transferred back from Ancona to Rome, and placed in the Church of Ara Coeli.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Besides an "Exhortatio ad Galliarum regem Franciscum I in Turcas" and a number of letters addressed to that king and the other rulers concerning the liberation of Clement VII, Christopher is said by Luke Wadding and others to have written several treatises on theological and ascetical questions, all of which appear to have perished during the sacking of Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luke Wadding, Annales Minorum ad annum 1517, XVI, nn. xxiv and xxxv

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sbaralea, Supplementum, Pt. I (1908), 207

paragraph: BULLET::::- Picconi, Cenni biografice sugli uomini illustri della francescana provincia di Bologna, I (1894), 380.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Christopher Numar of Forli

wikipedia_title: Christopher Numar of Forli


text: boxer

text: Algeria

text: 2004 Summer Olympics

text: North Africa

text: welterweight (– 69 kg) division

text: U.S.

text: Vanes Martirosyan

text: Casablanca, Morocco

text: Ait Hammi Miloud

text: All-Africa Games

text: Abuja, Nigeria

text: sports-reference

categories: Olympic boxers of Algeria,Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Welterweight boxers,Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing,Algerian male boxers,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Algeria,African Games medalists in boxing,Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games,African Games bronze medalists for Algeria,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Benamar Meskine

paragraph: Benamar Meskine (born June 6, 1973) is a boxer from Algeria.

paragraph: He participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native North African country. he was participate in the first tour welterweight (– 69 kg) division by U.S.'s Vanes Martirosyan https://vk.com/video-1654002_162034791?list=1cea079851dfd97cd1 .

paragraph: Meskine qualified for the Athens Games by winning the gold medal at the 1st AIBA African 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Casablanca, Morocco. In the final of the event he defeated home fighter Ait Hammi Miloud. Meskine won the bronze medal in the same division one year earlier, at the All-Africa Games in Abuja, Nigeria.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- sports-reference

description: Algerian boxer

wikidata_label: Benamar Meskine

wikipedia_title: Benamar Meskine


text:
Sumner, Oklahoma
American football
running back
National Football League
Buffalo Bills
New England Patriots
Philadelphia Eagles
New Jersey Generals
United States Football League
Wichita High School North
Kansas State University
drafted
1974 NFL Draft

categories: New Jersey Generals players,Philadelphia Eagles players,Living people,People from Noble County, Oklahoma,1952 births,New England Patriots players,American football running backs,Buffalo Bills players,Kansas State Wildcats football players

paragraph: Don Calhoun

paragraph: Donald Clevester Calhoun (born April 29, 1952 in Sumner, Oklahoma) is a former professional American football running back who played for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills, the New England Patriots. and the Philadelphia Eagles. He later played for the New Jersey Generals of the United States Football League.

paragraph: Prior to playing NFL, Calhoun played football at Wichita High School North and Kansas State University. He was drafted in the tenth round of the 1974 NFL Draft by Buffalo. In 2009, he was inducted into both the Wichita Sports Hall of Fame and the Kansas Sports Hall of Fame; and in 2010, was chosen and awarded entry into the Wichita North High School Hall of Fame.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Don Calhoun

wikipedia_title: Don Calhoun


text:
Gharbîya el-Saqriya
Al-Wadi Al-Jadid
boxer
Egypt
1999 All-Africa Games
Olympics 2000
Im Jung-Bin
All-Africa Games
Abuja, Nigeria
2004 Summer Olympics
North Africa
middleweight (– 75 kg) division
Gennady Golovkin
2007 AIBA World Boxing Championships
Chicago
Eleider Alvarez
Daugirdas Semiotas
2008 Summer Olympics
Abdelhafid Benchabla
2007 results
sports-reference

categories: 1980 births,Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing,Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Middleweight boxers,Olympic boxers of Egypt,Competitors at the 2003 All-Africa Games,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Egypt,Competitors at the 1999 All-Africa Games,African Games medalists in boxing,Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games,Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Egyptian male boxers,Living people,African Games gold medalists for Egypt

paragraph: Ramadan Yasser

paragraph: Ramadan Yasser Abdel Ghaffar (; born July 19, 1980 in Gharbîya el-Saqriya, Al-Wadi Al-Jadid) is a boxer from Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Yasser won the gold medal in the men's middleweight division at the 1999 All-Africa Games and went to the Olympics 2000 where he lost his first match 7:8 to Korea's Im Jung-Bin. In 2003, he repeated his win at the All-Africa Games in Abuja, Nigeria.

paragraph: Yasser also participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native North African country. There, he was beaten in the quarterfinals of the middleweight (– 75 kg) division by Kazakhstan's world champion and eventual runner-up Gennady Golovkin.

paragraph: In 2007, he won the All Africa Games as a light heavyweight. Yasser reached the quarterfinals of the 2007 AIBA World Boxing Championships in Chicago, fighting in the Light Heavyweight (81 kg) division. After having a bye in the first round, Yasser then defeated Jack Badou of Sweden (PTS 18:9) in the Preliminaries, and PanAm champion Eleider Alvarez of Colombia (KO R4 1:10) in the Round of 16, both of whom also had a bye in the first round before losing to Daugirdas Semiotas on points 9:18.

paragraph: At the 2008 Summer Olympics he was upset by Abdelhafid Benchabla: 6:13.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 results

paragraph: BULLET::::- sports-reference

paragraph: br

description: egyptian boxer

wikidata_label: Ramadan Yasser

wikipedia_title: Ramadan Yasser


text:
Discworld
Clarecraft
Unseen University
Paul Kidby
Wincanton
Somerset
Terry Pratchett
Biography of Bernard Pearson

categories: People associated with the Discworld series,1946 births,British male sculptors,People from Wincanton,Place of birth missing (living people),British sculptors

paragraph: Bernard Pearson

paragraph: Bernard Stanley Pearson (born 13 September 1946) is a British artist and author best known for sculptures of Discworld characters and buildings. He initially produced figurines at Clarecraft, which he co-founded, and upon leaving began a series of highly detailed Discworld buildings, most notably a multiple-piece Unseen University.

paragraph: He currently spends less time sculpting, focusing more on designing and producing a large range of other merchandise including the highly collectible Discworld stamps with a team of designers and illustrators. He frequently collaborates on work with the official Discworld artist Paul Kidby.

paragraph: He owns and runs The Discworld Emporium (formally named The Cunning Artificer), a shop in Wincanton, Somerset. The shop mainly sells "Discworld" books and related merchandise, including the stamps, figures, games, tie in publications and various artifacts and artwork, as well as pieces created by various other companies and artists. He lives in Wincanton and manages the shop with his wife, Isobel.

paragraph: The nickname "The Cunning Artificer" was given to him by Terry Pratchett, based on the Street of Cunning Artificers, Ankh-Morpork, often mentioned in the novels.

paragraph: In May 2018 his first solo novel titled Dovetail was published.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Bernard Pearson at Discworld Emporium

description: British artist known best as Discworld fantasy illustrator

wikidata_label: Bernard Pearson

wikipedia_title: Bernard Pearson


text: British

text: Liberal

text: Thomas Agar-Robartes

text: First World War

text: Eton

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Lanhydrock House

text: House of Lords

text: Lord-in-waiting

text: Winston Churchill

text: coalition government

text: National Trust

text: Arthur

text: Profile

categories: People educated at Eton College,People from Lanhydrock,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1966 deaths,Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland,1883 births

paragraph: Francis Agar-Robartes, 7th Viscount Clifden

paragraph: Francis Gerald Agar-Robartes, 7th Viscount Clifden (14 April 1883 – 15 July 1966), was a British Liberal politician.

paragraph: Clifden was the second but eldest surviving son (his elder brother Captain the Hon. Thomas Agar-Robartes having been killed in the First World War) of Thomas Agar-Robartes, 6th Viscount Clifden, and his wife Mary (née Dickenson), and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1930 he succeeded his father in the viscountcy and to Lanhydrock House and took his seat on the Liberal benches in the House of Lords.

paragraph: From 1940 to 1945 he served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) in Winston Churchill's coalition government.

paragraph: In 1953 he donated the Lanhydrock House and approximately 160 hectares (400 acres) of parkland to the National Trust.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lord Clifden died in July 1966, aged 83. He never married and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his younger brother Arthur.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile, thepeerage.com; accessed 3 April 2016.

description: British politician


text:
CBE
CB
DSO
Darjeeling
India
Indian Postal Service
England
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Royal Engineers
World War I
Distinguished Service Order
Croix de guerre with Palm
Military Intelligence Corps
George Macdonogh
Paris Peace Conference
Zionist Organization
Chaim Arlosoroff
Zionist Commission
Jerusalem
Mandatory Palestine
Sharif Hussein of Mecca
Abdullah I of Jordan
Order of Wen-Hu
Republic of China
World War II
brigadier
British Eighth Army
North African Campaign
Tunisia
Battle of Wadi Akarit
moshav
Kfar Kisch
Yoav
Knesset

categories: Companions of the Order of the Bath,Recipients of the Order of Wen-Hu,British military personnel killed in World War II,1943 deaths,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,British Army personnel of World War I,People from Darjeeling,British Jews,Heads of the Jewish Agency for Israel,Zionists,British military personnel of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine,Royal Engineers officers,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,1888 births,Jews in Mandatory Palestine,British Army generals of World War II,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)

paragraph: Frederick Kisch

paragraph: Frederick Hermann Kisch CBE, CB, DSO (23 August 1888 – 7 April 1943) was a decorated British Army officer and Zionist leader. A Brigadier, he was the highest ranking Jew to serve in the British Army.

paragraph: Section::::Early military service.

paragraph: Frederick Kisch was born to a British-Jewish family in the town of Darjeeling, India on 23 August 1888, where his father Michael was head of the Indian Postal Service. After some time, Kisch family moved back to England, where Frederick attended the Clifton College and subsequently the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He joined the Royal Engineers in 1909 and served with them in World War I in France and the Middle East theatres.

paragraph: During his war service, he was wounded three times, and decorated with Distinguished Service Order for gallantry in action. He was also decorated by the government of France with the Croix de guerre with Palm. Due to his wounds, he was declared temporarily unfit for frontline service and was subsequently transferred to the Military Intelligence Corps, where he served for the rest of the war. He also served as general staff officer to General Sir George Macdonogh. During the war, he reached the rank of lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: He was appointed a member of the British delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.

paragraph: Section::::Interwar period.

paragraph: He joined the Zionist Organization in 1922, where he headed the political department until being succeeded by Chaim Arlosoroff. He also served as Zionist Commission head for the Jerusalem region between 1923 and 1931. His British military background allowed him to cultivate excellent relations with the British administration of Mandatory Palestine as well as Arab leaders including Sharif Hussein of Mecca and his son King Abdullah I of Jordan. Kisch was awarded the Order of Wen-Hu (4th Class) by the Republic of China in 1921.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Kisch was recalled to active service in 1939 at the outbreak of the World War II. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier and assigned to the British Eighth Army, where he became commanding officer of the Royal Engineers in the North African Campaign.

paragraph: Kisch was killed in Tunisia on 7 April 1943 when he stepped on a landmine during the Battle of Wadi Akarit. He had been organising reconstruction of bridge, essential to the Allied advance. He is buried at in Tunisia.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Israeli moshav Kfar Kisch was named after him.

paragraph: In 2015, his grandson Yoav was elected to the Knesset.

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Frederick Kisch

wikipedia_title: Frederick Kisch


text:
Montmagny
Canada East
Séminaire de Québec
Regiopolis College
Université Laval
Switzerland
Édouard Richard
Benjamin Sulte
Alfred Duclos
Alphonse Lusignan
Marie-Louise Marmette

categories: 19th-century historians,Canadian historians,Canadian male non-fiction writers,19th-century Canadian male writers,19th-century Canadian novelists,1844 births,1895 deaths,Canadian male novelists

paragraph: Joseph Marmette

paragraph: Joseph-Étienne-Eugène Marmette (October 25, 1844 – May 7, 1895) was a Canadian novelist and historian.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Montmagny, Canada East, Marmette was educated at the Séminaire de Québec and Regiopolis College. He started studying law at the Université Laval but did not complete his studies. Instead he became a clerk in the office of the Treasury of the provincial government. In 1882, he moved to Europe when he was appointed a special agent for immigration for Switzerland and France. While in Europe, he was appointed Canadian archivist in France. He was succeeded by Édouard Richard.

paragraph: He was one of the founders of the "Cercle des Dix", a group where literature, history, science, and geography were discussed. Other members were Benjamin Sulte, Alfred Duclos, and Alphonse Lusignan.

paragraph: His daughter Marie-Louise Marmette was an author and lecturer.

paragraph: He died in Ottawa, Ontario in 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Thematic and aesthetic.

paragraph: Joseph Marmette wrote mainly historical novels, covering the period of New France and immediately after the War of the Conquest. His works provides a detailed historical framework and are inspired by the romantic school and the characters are shared between good and evil.

paragraph: His first historical novel Charles and Eva, written at the age of 20, appeared in The Canadian Journal from December 1866 to May 1867. It happened during the expedition of New France against Corlar (Schenectady) in the colony of New York in 1689. Canadians showed their courage and endurance. The hero of the novel Charles Couillard-Dupuis falls in love with the orphan Eva Frantova and brings her back to Quebec. The book marks a novelty in the novelistic genre of Quebec literature, placing fictitious action in a real event and compelling an important historiographical research.

paragraph: A posthumous edition is made in 1945 by Éditions Lumen. The novel "François de Bienville" (1870), scenes from Canadian life in the seventeenth century, focuses on the historical figure of François Le Moyne de Bienville.

paragraph: "L'Intendant Bigot" (1872) is a novel centered on the historical figure of François Bigot, a dishonest steward of New France.

paragraph: The book "Heroism and Treason - Canadian Stories" (1879) contains an addition on the heroic deeds of Madeleine de Verchères against Iroquois.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles and Eva" (1868)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Francois de Bienville" (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Intendant bigot" (1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Chevalier de Momac" (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fiancée du rebelle" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Machabdes de la Nouvelle France" (1878)

description: Canadian writer

wikidata_label: Joseph Marmette

wikipedia_title: Joseph Marmette


text:
Pakistani
politician
British India
All India Muslim League
Chunar
United Provinces
Uttar Pradesh
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
British India
Pakistan
independence of Pakistan
Constituent Assembly of India
Jawaharlal Nehru
Rajendra Prasad
Radhakrishnan
Muslim League (Pakistan)
Muslim League (Pakistan)
East Pakistan
Ambassador
Indonesia
Philippines
Pakistan Movement
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Jinnah
Lahore Resolution
Pakistan Post

categories: All India Muslim League members,Pakistani Sunni Muslims,Muhajir people,Leaders of the Pakistan Movement,Governors of East Bengal,1889 births,1973 deaths,Indian people of World War II

paragraph: Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman

paragraph: Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman () (25 December 1889 – 1973) was a Pakistani politician and a very important Muslim figure during British India. He was one of the top leaders of the All India Muslim League.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: He was born in Chunar, an ancient town in UP's Mirzapur district in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). At the time, his father, Chaudhry Muhammad Zaman, was a "naib tehsildar" (revenue officer) there. His younger brother, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1897 – 1994) was an eminent scientist and researcher in both British India and later in Pakistan.

paragraph: Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman himself was not only a prominent Muslim League leader, but also one of the founding fathers of Pakistan. At the time of independence of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, he was still serving as the Muslim League member of the "Constituent Assembly of India" and stayed behind to address that Indian Assembly. He was one of the four individuals who addressed the Constituent Assembly of India in the central hall of Parliament during the moment of Indian independence at midnight of August 14, 1947. The other three were Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Dr. Radhakrishnan. He migrated to newly-created Pakistan in November 1947, when Jinnah expressed his displeasure over his policy. He did not agree with the government of Pakistan that the Indian government was behind Muslms' killings. He was appointed the chief organizer of Muslim League (Pakistan). Later he served as the first president of the Muslim League (Pakistan).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.:Career positions in Pakistan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of Muslim League (Pakistan) (1948 – 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Governor of East Pakistan (April 1953 – May 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ambassador of Pakistan to Indonesia and the Philippines (1954)

paragraph: In 1961, he published his memoirs entitled "Pathway to Pakistan". The Urdu version of the autobiography came out in 1967. It is entitled "Shahrahay Pakistan". This book is considered by many as a rare 'treasure house' of information on the Pakistan Movement. In this book, he wrote: "The two-nation theory, which we had used in the fight for Pakistan had created not only bad blood against the Muslims of the minority provinces, but also an ideological wedge between them and the Hindus of India." He further wrote: “Mr Jinnah himself realized the grave dangers to Muslims who after the partition were to be left in India. I remember that on 1 August 1947, a few days before his final departure for Karachi, Mr Jinnah called the Muslim members of the Constituent Assembly of India to his house at 10 Aurangzeb Road to bid farewell to them.

paragraph: "Mr. Rizwanullah put some awkward questions concerning the position of Muslims, who would be left over in India, their status and their future. I had never before found Mr. Jinnah so disconcerted as on that occasion, probably because he was realizing then quite vividly what was immediately in store for the Muslims. Finding the situation awkward, I asked my friends and colleagues to the end the discussion. I believe as a result of our farewell meeting, Mr. Jinnah took the earliest opportunity to bid goodbye to his two-nation theory in his speech on 11 August 1947 as the governor general-designate and President of the constituent assembly of Pakistan."

paragraph: "He (Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy) doubted the utility of the two-nation theory, which to my mind also had never paid any dividends to us. But after the partition, it proved positively injurious to the Muslims of India, and on a long-view basis for Muslims everywhere." According to him, Jinnah bade farewell to it in his famous speech of August 11, 1947.

paragraph: He was one of the most active leaders of Pakistan movement. He seconded the Lahore Resolution, which was presented by Sher-i-Bengal Fazlul Haq in March 1940 to create Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Commemorative postage stamp.

paragraph: In 1990, Pakistan Post office issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series.

description: Pakistani politician

wikidata_label: Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman

wikipedia_title: Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman


text: Jean Baillairgé

text: Pierre-Florent

text: Lower Canada

text: Thomas

categories: 19th-century Canadian architects,1759 births,1830 deaths

paragraph: François Baillairgé

paragraph: François Baillairgé (21 January 1759 – 15 September 1830) was an architect who also pursued painting and wood sculpture.

paragraph: The son of Jean Baillairgé, François began an apprenticeship in his father's shop at the age of 14. There he studied and practised woodworking, wood-carving, and architecture. His brother, Pierre-Florent, was also active as a carver and joiner in the business. He also studied at the "Petit Séminaire de Québec" and then studied in Paris for three years, returning to Lower Canada in 1781. His training in Paris, although not completed, gave him a strong foundation in painting, sculpture, and architecture.

paragraph: A great deal of his work was in the field of painting and he was very productive although he did not achieve a level of success that matched his ambition. He had a high level of achievement as a wood-carver in architectural projects working through his father's workshop.

paragraph: By 1815, he had introduced his son, Thomas, into the family business and they produced some substantial work together. François also produced many plans for a variety of clients in his work as an architect.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at "the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

description: Quebec architect

wikidata_label: François Baillairgé

wikipedia_title: François Baillairgé


text:
Porsche
bodies
VW Beetle
sports car
Erwin Komenda Porsche Designer
Erwin Komenda, from SuperBeetles.Com
History of 356 by the Porsche Club
Erwin Komenda Webseite

categories: 1966 deaths,Austrian automobile designers,People from Steyr-Land District,1904 births

paragraph: Erwin Komenda

paragraph: Erwin Komenda (6 April 1904 - 22 August 1966) was a Porsche employee, and a lead contributor to the design of the bodies for the VW Beetle and various Porsche sports cars.

paragraph: Erwin Komenda was born on April 6, 1904 in Jauern am Semmering. His father, Franz Komenda, was the technical director of the first power station on the Semmering and in Weyer / Enns, where the family relocated in 1913.

paragraph: From 1916 to 1920 he attended a higher technical institute for iron processing in Steyr.

paragraph: From 1920 to 1926 he worked as an automotive designer in the "Wiener Karosseriefabrik" and completed the bodywork design course at Josef Feldwabel in the Vienna Technological Museum of Commerce.

paragraph: From 1926 to 1929 he was a designer in the Steyr works. Here he met Ferdinand Porsche for the first time, who came to Steyr as Technical Director after leaving the Daimler-Benz AG.

paragraph: From 1929 to 1931 he was chief designer of the experimental and body development department of Daimler-Benz AG in Sindelfingen. During this time, cars such as the Mercedes-Benz Mannheim 370 K were built in a remarkably weight-saving design with a new design, equipped with Steyr technology from the Steyr XXX: "swinging-axle suspension, independent suspension, braking systems". Also a streamlined small car with rear engine was developed.

paragraph: In November 1931 Komenda joined the engineering office newly founded by Ferdinand Porsche as head of the bodywork design department, which he headed until 1966.

paragraph: Among other things, he developed the body of the VW beetle.

paragraph: With more than 21.5 million copies, VW Beetle became the best-selling automobile of the 20th century. With a graduate engineer Josef Mickl, a Porsche employee specializing in aircraft construction and aerodynamics, Komenda developed the bodywork of the P-Auto Union racing car and Cisitalia racing car.

paragraph: As early as 1946 Komenda began work on the body of the first Porsche sports car. He developed the body of the 356, various following types and the Porsche 550 Spyder.

paragraph: As a responsible Porsche engineer, he led the Stuttgart-based company into the next generation, accompanying and supervising the bodywork production of the Porsche 356, 901, which was further developed for the 911. One of his latest projects was the development of the plastic body of the 904 race car.

paragraph: Komendas last phase of life was marked by in-house difficulties with Porsche family members during the development of the Porsche 911.

paragraph: Erwin Komenda died on 22 August 1966. He was an active employee at Porsche until his early, sudden death. His life ended with the development of the Porsche 911.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erwin Komenda Porsche Designer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erwin Komenda, from SuperBeetles.Com

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of 356 by the Porsche Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erwin Komenda Webseite

description: Austrian automobile designer

wikidata_label: Erwin Komenda

wikipedia_title: Erwin Komenda


text:
individual pursuit
Curacao

categories: 1946 births,Living people,People from Voorst,Dutch male cyclists

paragraph: Gert Bongers

paragraph: Gert Bongers (born 22 August 1946) is a retired cyclist from the Netherlands. He won the individual pursuit event at the 1967 World championships in 1967 in the Amateurs category. Next year he turned professional and finished second in the individual pursuit in the national championships; he won the national title in this event 1969.

paragraph: He retired soon and later regretted becoming a professional and thus missing the Olympics. He became a successful businessman and was living in Curacao.

description: Dutch cyclist

wikidata_label: Gert Bongers

wikipedia_title: Gert Bongers


text: Hungarian National Gallery

categories: 20th-century Hungarian painters,1885 births,1944 deaths,Suicides in Hungary,People from Budapest,Alumni of the Académie Julian,Painters who committed suicide

paragraph: Andor Basch

paragraph: Andor Basch (Budapest, 1885 - Budapest, 1944) was a Hungarian painter whose works have been featured in the Hungarian National Gallery.

description: Hungarian artist

wikidata_label: Andor Basch

wikipedia_title: Andor Basch


text:
Turkish
Mughal
prince
Babur
Mughal Empire
Mughal emperor
Gulbadan Begum
Humayun
Akbar
viceroy
Badakshan
Mughal throne
council
Kamran Mirza
Ruqaiya Sultan Begum
Kabul
Babur
Turkish
India
Baburnama
Gulbadan Begum
Maham Begum
Gulrang Begum
Gulchehra Begum
Agra
Kabul
Khanzada Begum
amirs
dowry
Hamida Banu Begum
preceptor
Badakshan
Afghanistan
Qandahar
Alwar
Malwa
Ghazni
Mewat
jagir
Qandahar
Sher Shah Suri
Behar
Ganges
Bilgram
Kannauj
Juanpur
Kara-Manikpur
Oudh
Mandu
Kuch-Behar
Juanpur
Bengal
Gour
Agra
Sher Shah Suri
Ganges
Benaras
Juanpur
Chughtai
India
Jamna
Doab
Kalpi
Karra
Juanpur
Kanauj
Amir
jagir
khutba
Delhi
Punjab
Kandahar
Afghanistan
Alwar
Sehwan
Sindh
Pater
Indus
Nangarhar
Pashtun
martyr
cuirass
Gardens of Babur
Ghazni
jagir
Alex Rutherford
Empire of the Moghul: Brothers at War
Timurid dynasty
Erksine, William
Wheeler, Mortimer
Begum, Gulbadan

categories: People from Kabul,People killed in action,Mughal princes,1551 deaths,1519 births

paragraph: Hindal Mirza

paragraph: Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad (4 March 1519 – 20 November 1551), better known by the sobriquet Hindal (Turkish: "Taker of India"), was a Mughal prince and the youngest son of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire and the first Mughal emperor. He was also the older brother of Gulbadan Begum (the author of "Humayun-nama"), the younger half-brother of the second Mughal emperor Humayun, as well as the paternal uncle and father-in-law of the third Mughal emperor Akbar.

paragraph: Hindal's long military career started at the age of ten, with his first appointment as a viceroy being in Badakshan, Afghanistan. The young prince subsequently proved himself to be a successful and courageous general. Thus, by the age of 19, Hindal was considered to be a strong and favourable contender for the Mughal throne as Humayun's successor by the imperial council, which despised his older brother. However, unlike his rebellious half-brother, Kamran Mirza, Hindal eventually pledged allegiance to Humayun and remained faithful to him till his untimely death in 1551, when he died fighting valorously for the Mughals in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. He was survived by his wife and his only daughter, the princess Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who married his nephew, Akbar, and became Mughal empress in 1556.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad was born on 4 March 1519 in Kabul to the first Mughal emperor Babur and his wife Dildar Begum. Upon hearing the news of his birth, Babur named his youngest son, Hindal (Turkish: "Taker of India"), since the prince was born while he was on his way to conquer "Hind" (India) which he felt was a good omen. Babur further commemorated the birth of his son in his memoir: the "Baburnama". Two years after his birth, the prince and his sister, Gulbadan Begum, were placed in Maham Begum's care; Babur's chief wife and the mother of Hindal's older half-brother, Humayun. Maham Begum had recently lost four children of her own in infancy, and wished to raise Hindal and his sister Gulbadan Begum in her own care.

paragraph: Hindal's other siblings included his two sisters Gulrang Begum and Gulchehra Begum and a younger brother, Alwar Mirza, who died in his childhood. Among his siblings, Hindal was very close to his sister Gulbadan Begum.

paragraph: Hindal had also been his father's favourite when Humayun lost favour with him at the time of his death in 1530. On his deathbed in Agra, Babur desperately asked for his youngest son, Hindal (who was fighting a campaign in Kabul at the time), instead of Humayun. This incident, hinted at the depth of the older prince's imperial disfavour.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Marriage and private life.

paragraph: In 1537, Hindal married his cousin Sultanam Begum in Agra. She was the daughter of Muhammad Musa Khwaja and the younger sister of Mahdi Khwaja, who was Babur's brother-in-law, being the husband of his sister, Khanzada Begum. Sultanam had been lovingly brought up by Hindal's childless aunt, Khanzada Begum, since she was a child and had been reared to become Hindal's wife in future.

paragraph: In honour of their marriage, Khanzada Begum organized a grand feast, which is described in great detail in the "Humayun-nama". The feast, known as the 'Mystic Feast' was a grand affair and in the words of Gulbadan Begum was "most splendid and entertaining" being attended by innumerable imperial and royal guests as well as high-ranking court "amirs". Gulbadan further stated that such a wedding feast had not been organized previously for any other children of Babur. Mahdi Khwaja had presented his brother-in-law, Hindal, with a large amount of dowry and Khanzada Begum also gave extravagant gifts.

paragraph: In 1541, when negotiations for Humayun's marriage with Hamida Banu Begum were going on, both Hindal and Hamida bitterly opposed the marriage proposal, possibly because they were involved with each other. It seems probable that Hamida was in love with Hindal, though there is only circumstantial evidence for it. In her book, the "Humayun-nama", Hindal's sister and Hamida's close friend, Gulbadan Begum, pointed out that Hamida was frequently seen in her brother's palace during those days, and even in the palace of their mother, Dildar Begum. Hamida's father, Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, had also been one of Hindal's preceptors.

paragraph: Section::::Vice-royalty.

paragraph: Hindal's first appointment as a viceroy was in Badakshan, Afghanistan, when the prince was merely ten years old. Hindal's older half-brothers Humayun and Kamran Mirza conferred and persuaded the young prince to take up the government of Badakshan. Upon invading India in 1525-6, Hindal was briefly awarded Badakshan again in 1529 by Babur. At the time of his father's death in 1530, the eleven-year-old Hindal was serving as the viceroy of Kabul, and was also the viceroy of Qandahar at a later time.

paragraph: Upon Humayun's accession to the throne in the same year, Hindal was granted Babur's favourite retreat of Alwar, in addition to the governorship of Malwa. Further, Humayun granted the province of Ghazni and Mewat (among others) as Hindal's "jagir", while Kamran was granted Qandahar. Hindal, however, attempted to withdraw into seclusion in Badakshan, seemingly in repudiation of Kamran Mirza's rebellion. When the Mughals conquered India again in 1541, one third portion of it was owned by Hindal.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Kannauj.

paragraph: In 1537, Sher Shah Suri had gradually overrun all the countries on the southern or Behar side of the Ganges; and Muhammad Sultan Mirza, had raised the standard of revolt in the upper provinces. The long absence of the Emperor Humayun had latterly encouraged them to act with greater boldness and security. Muhammad Sultan, having gained possession of a great portion of the countries on the left bank of the Ganges, had fixed the seat of his government at Bilgram, opposite to Kannauj, and had gained sufficient strength to send his son, Ulugh Mirza, with a large force to besiege Juanpur; while Shah Mirza, another of his sons, reduced Kara-Manikpur. Kannauj too had fallen into his hands.

paragraph: Hindal Mirza, whom Humayun had left in command at Agra, marched to quell this revolt, and soon retook Kannauj. As soon as Muhammad Sultan Mirza heard of his approach, he called in all his detachments, and was joined by Shah Mirza, while Ulugh Mirza wrote to say, that he would hasten with all possible speed to meet him; at the same time urging him not to hazard a battle till his arrival. Muhammad Sultan and Shah Mirza, encamping on the left bank of the river, used every exertion to obstruct the passage of the imperial army. Hindal, however, eager to engage the enemy before Ulugh Mirza could join them, having discovered a fort ten miles above Kannauj, left his camp standing, and effected a passage, unobserved, with all his troops.

paragraph: The two armies soon met face-to-face; but when they were on the point of engaging, a strong north-wester rising, blew such clouds of dust right in the eyes of the insurgents that they could not keep their position. The imperial army, who had the wind on their backs, availing themselves of their advantage, pressed hard upon their enemy, whose retreat was soon converted into a flight. Hindal, after taking possession of Belgram and the surrounding country, pursued the remainder of their army, as they marched to form a junction with Ulugh Mirza. He overtook them at Oudh where Muhammad Sultan and his sons, having concentrated all their forces, halted to check his advance. The two armies lay opposite to each other for nearly two months, when news arrived that Humayun had left Mandu, and was on his way back to Agra. This decided Muhammad Sultan to bring on an action, as his only chance of safety. He marched out of his trenches; and engagement ensued, in which the imperial troops had the advantage. The insurgents, dispirited by their continued want of success, began to despair, and soon after dispersed. Muhammad Sultan Mirza, and three of his sons, fled to Kuch-Behar; while Hindal Mirza, following up on his advantage went on to Juanpur. Having soon after heard of Humayun's arrival at the capital, he left the army and joined his brother there.

paragraph: In 1538, Humayun received reports from Agra that his younger half-brother, Hindal, had put to death Sheikh Bhul, soon after his arrival, had thrown of his allegiance, had assumed all the ensigns of sovereignty; and caused himself to be proclaimed Emperor.

paragraph: At first, the Emperor did not believe the news and found it unfounded and impossible, but he soon found out that it was no time to linger on. Humayun entered Bengal and proceeded to Gour, Hindal Mirza, instead of remaining to keep the rebels in check, and maintain the communications with grand army, taking advantage of the season, abandoned his post and set out for Agra, without leave. His absence, and the death of Hindu Beg, had encouraged and enabled Sher Shah Suri to pass the Ganges and take Benaras, defeat Yusuf Beg, and lay siege to Juanpur; besides cutting off all the communications of Humayun's army. Hindal, who was now twenty years old, misled by the counselors who so often surround an aspiring prince, and incite him to sacrifice every duty for his own ambitions, on his arrival to Agra, entered the city, took possession of the Emperor's palace, issued his orders as if vested with absolute power, and seemed to direct his views to the throne itself.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt at Agra and proclamation as Emperor.:Siege of Juanpur.

paragraph: Alarmed at the course which Hindal was pursuing, Humayun hastened down to Agra to meet the prince and represented to him in the strongest terms the danger to which he was exposing the power and the very existence of the Chughtai race in India. He pointed out that it was a moment when, instead of destroying everything by discord and disunion, it was essential that every friend of the House of Timur, should exert himself, to break the rapidly increasing power of Sher Khan and the Pashtuns. By such remonstrances, he prevailed upon Hindal to leave the city to cross over the Jamna into the Doab, and there collect whatever forces could be brought together, to march and raise the siege of Juanpur. The Emperor's cousin and brother-in-law, Yadgir Nasir Mirza, who commanded Kalpi, was induced by Mir Fakhir Ali to put his troops in motion so as to form a junction with those of Hindal in the territory of Karra, so that they might thence proceed in concert to Juanpur.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt at Agra and proclamation as Emperor.:Possibility of accession.

paragraph: At this time, Zahid Beg, Khusrau Beg Kokiltash, Haji Muhammad Baba Khushke, and other discontented and turbulent nobles, who had fled from Bengal, arrived, and had secret communications with Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza, the governor of Kanauj, who had married Gulrang Begum, Hindal's sister, and who seems to have been privy to his designs. Nur-ud-din wrote to Hindal Mirza, announcing the arrival of these noblemen, and at the same time forwarded to him a petition from them, asking his favour and protection, and proffering their own duties and services. To this address the Mirza, who, in spite of his change of conduct, had still a strong leaning to his treasonable purposes, returned a gracious answer, which he gave to Muhammad Ghazi Taghai, one of his trusty adherents, by whom he at the same time wrote to inform Yadgar Nasir Mirza, and Mir Fakhir Ali, of the arrival of the Amirs.

paragraph: The Amirs did not wait at Kanauj for his answer, but proceeded to Kol, a "jagir" of Zahid Beg's. Hindal's envoy, hearing of this movement, instead of first going to Yadgar, went straight to meet them. The conspirators, finding that Hindal was irresolute or insincere, and being themselves desperate, told the envoy, explicitly, that their mind was made up; that they had forever shaken off their allegiance to the Emperor; that, if Hindal would assume the imperial dignity, and read the "khutba" in his own name, they were to be his most faithful subjects. But if not, that they would straightway repair to Kamran Mirza, and make him the same offer, which would not be refused. The envoy, returning to Hindal, reported what had passed, and added in his own opinion; that the Mirza was so far committed as to have only one of two measures to adopt. He must either at once call in the Amirs, accede to their advice, and declare himself Emperor; or get them into his power, cast them into prison, and treat them as rebels. Hindal, whose mind was misled by high and dazzling projects, was not long of coming to a decision on this alternative. He agreed to accept to the proposal of the fugitive nobles and to raise the standard of rebellion.

paragraph: It was at this very juncture that Sheikh Bhul or Behlul, who had been sent by Humayun from Gour, on a mission to the Mirza, arrived near Agra. Sheikh Bhul was revered by Humayun, as his religious teacher and spiritual guide, and had acted as a councillor to Hindal himself. Hindal, on hearing of his approach, went out and received him with much honour. Bhul had been sent from Bengal by the Emperor, when he had first heard of the Mirza's defection, to reason with him on the folly of his proceedings. Bhul brought assurances from Humayun, not only of forgiveness for his past misconduct, but of every favour and exaltation for the future, that the affection and generosity of a prince and brother could bestow. The weak and wavering mind of Hindal was shaken by these remonstrances of duty and wisdom. He had not yet made any irrevocable manifestation of his rebellious intentions, and was once more persuaded to return to his allegiance, and to join in an active effort to drive the common enemy out of the field, free his sovereign from distress and peril. The very next day, he sent to make fresh requisitions from Muhammad Bakshi, the governor, of such a quantity of warlike stores and equipments, arms, cattle, money etc. as would enable him to put his army instantly in motion and to proceed to the relief of Juanpur.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt at Agra and proclamation as Emperor.:Siege of Delhi.

paragraph: Unfortunately Nur-ud-din arrived while these measures were being expedited and he was able to destroy the whole effect of Sheikh Bhul's mission, and Hindal was persuaded once more to accept the support of the rebel nobles, for which they demanded the sacrifice of Sheikh Bhul as he had caused Hindal to break his former promises to them. They hoped that Hindal, involved in such a disgraceful crime, would irretrievably be separated from Humayun, whom they hated and despised. A frivolous charge of conspiracy with Sher Khan was laid and the Sheikh was executed under the orders of Nur-ud-din. Such a crime revolted the ladies of the harem and all the officers who had remained faithful to Humayun. It marked the destruction of Hindal's ambitious designs, for when he advanced on Delhi instead of marching to assist the Emperor, Yadgar Nasir and Fakhir Ali forestalled him by hasty marches and reached the city before he arrived. While Hindal was unsuccessfully besieging Delhi, his step-brother, Kamran Mirza, arrived from Punjab. After successfully capturing Kandahar, Kamran completed his domination over all of Afghanistan and Punjab. Now, in 1539, he moved towards Humayun's territory and Hindal, uncertain of his intentions, abandoned the siege of Delhi and withdrew to Agra.

paragraph: Although Kamran was persuaded to leave Delhi untouched and to follow Hindal to Agra, his intentions were completely selfish. On Kamran's approach, Hindal withdrew to his own government at Alwar, but soon was persuaded to offer his submission, together with the rebel officers who were almost his sole adherents. The brothers set out as if to help march to Humayun's help, but the ambition of Kamran and the weakness of Hindal made them yield to the suggestion of nobles that if Sher Khan defeated Humayun, the Empire would fall to his brother and that if the Emperor won he could be persuaded to forgive them. So after a few marches they turned back to Agra just as Humayun's affairs reached a crisis.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Sehwan.

paragraph: In the summer of 1541, Hindal had repeatedly asked for the Emperor's permission to attack and occupy the rich province of Sehwan in Sindh, but was not allowed, due to an ongoing negotiation between the Emperor and Shah Hussein regarding some procurement of resources. However, as soon as the negotiations were made, Hindal was at length authorized to reduce the district, and informed that the Emperor himself would soon visit the prince's camp. Shah Hussein had fortified the town of Sehwan, and now ordered the surrounding country to be laid waste. Humayun, alarmed by some intimations that had reached to him, of Hindal's having a design to desert from him and march to Qandahar, quitted for a short time the gardens of Baberlu and proceeded to Hindal's camp. Five days later, he reached Pater, which lies about twenty miles west of Indus and was met by Hindal.

paragraph: Here, negotiations for Humayun's marriage with Hamida Banu Begum began, and Hindal was so furious at the prospect of his brother's marriage with Hamida that he subsequently threatened to quit the Emperor's service. Hindal was much offended by his brother's conduct as he felt that Humayun had come to Pater to "do him honour and not to look out for a young bride". Hindal's mother, Dildar Begum, who overheard this altercation, interposed, reproved her son and attempted to settle the dispute. But, as Hindal refused to apologize for the unseemly language he had used, Humayun left the house in high displeasure. Hindal, on the other hand, soon left for Afghanistan just as the Emperor's men began to increasingly desert him.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On the eve of 20 November 1551, Hindal and Humayun had set camp in the province of Nangarhar, Afghanistan, the brothers learned that Kamran Mirza was intending to attack the imperial camp that night with a body of Khalil and Pashtun soldiers. Despite various security measures, about the end of the first watch of the night, an attack was made accordingly. The Emperor was on the rising ground; Hindal in the camp below. The onset of the attack was furious and continued hot for some time, each offer defending his own portions of work, some part of which, however, the enemy succeeded in scaling, and entered the enclosure. Some men of note were slain; all was confusion and uncertainty, friend and foes being mixed together and covered by the darkness of the night, but soon the imperialists recovered their superiority.

paragraph: The assailants took to flight, but Hindal had fallen in the fray. "When the affair was over" says Jouher, "and his Majesty (Humayun) inquired for his brother Hindal, no one had the courage to tell him." Humayun then called out aloud from the height; but, although surrounded by three hundred persons, none answered. The Emperor ordered Abdal Wahab to go and bring news of the prince. Wahab went in search of the prince, but was shot by one of the imperial army's own match-lock men, who mistook him for an Afghan. Mir Abdal Hai was next sent, and brought back the melancholy intelligence, which he communicated by two verses of a poet. The Emperor instantly retreated to his pavilion, where he was overwhelmed with grief, till his "Amirs" came and consoled him, saying that his brother was blest, in having thus fallen a martyr in the service of the Emperor.

paragraph: It appears that Hindal, on hearing the news of the intended night-attack, had carefully visited all his trenches, after which he retired to his tent for some rest, when he was roused by the uproar and alarm occasioned by the onset of the Pashtuns. They had attacked the works on every side on foot, and a body had succeeded in getting over the prince's trenches in the dark night. Hindal started up, and hastened to meet and repel the assailants, having only his bow and arrow in hand. His men had hurried away in confusion, to protect their horses from being plundered, therefore none of Hindal's immediate servants were with him. He soon met a Pashtun face to face, and so near that it was necessary to get close with him. By main strength he had gained the upper hand, when his enemy's brother, Tirenda, a Mehmend Pashtun, came to his assistance, and slew the prince without knowing him.

paragraph: When the battle was over, the Pashtuns brought Hindal's ornamented quiver and arrows, unknowing to him it belonged, and presented them to his brother, Kamran, as the spoils of a man of rank. Kamran no sooner saw the quiver, than he recognized it as his brother's, and dashed his turban on the ground in an agony of grief. Hindal's body was left for some time unnoticed, where it fell. After the first confusion, when the troops began to collect, and were returning to assail the Pashtuns, Khwaja Ibrahim, one of Hindal's servants when passing the prince's tent, saw, in the darkness of the night, a man in black armour lying on the ground. He did not stop at first, but pushed on towards the Pashtuns, till he recollected that Hindal had that evening put on a black cuirass. Turning back, he examined the body, and found that it was the prince's. His right hand had been cut off, and some fingers on his left, apparently in his attempt to defend his head; and a cross blow, that had fallen on his mouth, had nearly separated the head from the one ear to the other. With great presence of mind, Ibrahim carried the body to the prince's pavilion, where he laid it down and covered it with a cloak, ordering the porters to admit no one as the prince was fatigued with his exertions, and had received a trifling wound; and desired that no noise or bustle should be allowed, that could disturb him. When the enemy was finally repulsed, Ibrahim, mounted a rising ground, and in the prince's name returned thanks to the troops for their exertions which had secured the victory of the Mughals. His conduct was warmly applauded by the Emperor. Hindal's death bears testimony to the young prince's courage and pluck.

paragraph: Hindal's remains were conveyed first to Jui-Shahi and after a time, to the Gardens of Babur in Kabul, where they were interred at the feet of his father, Emperor Babur. He was thirty-two years of age at the time of his death. Ghazni, which was one of Hindal's "jagir", was given to his nephew, Akbar, to whom were also transferred Hindal's army, adherents and wealth and his daughter, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, was betrothed to Akbar.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindal Mirza is a principal character in Alex Rutherford's historical novel "Empire of the Moghul: Brothers at War" (2010).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timurid dynasty

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erksine, William (1854). "A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun, Volume 2". Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eraly, Abraham (2000). "Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals". Penguin Books. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheeler, Mortimer (1953). "The Cambridge History of India: The Indus civilization. Supplementary volume". Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Begum, Gulbadan (1902). "The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama)". Royal Asiatic Society. .

description: Mughal Empire emperor

wikidata_label: Mirza Hindal

wikipedia_title: Hindal Mirza