text: French-Canadian

text: Louisiana (New France)

text: Spanish Texas

text: Fort de la Boulaye

text: Fort St Jean Baptiste de Natchitoches

text: La Louisiane

text: Beauport

text: New France

text: Seigneur

text: Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies

text: Sovereign Council of New France

text: Noël Juchereau des Chatelets

text: Robert Giffard de Moncel

text: Sieur

text: Autheuil

text: Seigneur

text: Beauport, Quebec

text: Marquis

text: France

text: La Rochelle

text: Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville

text: Louisiana

text: Fort de La Boulaye

text: Mississippi River

text: Biloxi Bay

text: Red River

text: Karankawa

text: Caddo

text: Mobile

text: Los Adaes

text: Robeline, LA

text: Natchitoches

text: Red River

text: Cane River

text: Hasinai Confederacy

text: Caddoan language

text: Spanish outposts

text: Rio Grande

text: San Juan Bautista, Coahuila

text: house arrest

text: Mexico City

text: Spanish missions in east Texas

text: missions

text: presidio

text: Louis XIV

text: War of Spanish Succession

text: La Louisiane

text: Spain

text: Le Poste des Cadodaquious

text: Spanish Texas

text: contraband

text: Versailles

text: Jefferson J. DeBlanc

text: Alcibiades DeBlanc

text: Knights of the White Camellia

text: insurgent

categories: People from Natchitoches, Louisiana,French explorers of North America,1744 deaths,People of Colonial French Louisiana,Explorers of Canada,People of New France,1676 births

paragraph: Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

paragraph: Louis Antoine Juchereau de St. Denis (September 17, 1676 – June 11, 1744) was a French-Canadian soldier and explorer best known for his exploration and development of the Louisiana (New France) and Spanish Texas regions. He commanded a small garrison at Fort de la Boulaye on the lower Mississippi River, built in 1700, and founded Fort St Jean Baptiste de Natchitoches in northern "La Louisiane", as they called the French colony.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: St. Denis was born at Beauport, New France (Quebec), the eleventh of the twelve children of Nicolas Juchereau (1627-1692), Seigneur du Chesnay and Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies; member of the Sovereign Council of New France. His paternal grandfather was the elder brother of Noël Juchereau des Chatelets. His mother, Marie Thérèse Giffard de Beauport, was the daughter of Robert Giffard de Moncel, Sieur de Moncel à Autheuil, and the 1st Seigneur of Beauport, Quebec. His brother was the grandfather of Louis Barbe Juchereau de Saint-Denys (1740-1833), 1st Marquis de Saint-Denys, ancestor of Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys.

paragraph: St. Denis' parents apparently were able to send him to France to further his education. In late 1699, St. Denis sailed from La Rochelle with the second expedition of Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville (his first cousin), arriving in Louisiana. St. Denis commanded a small garrison at Fort de La Boulaye, named for a commune in the Bourgogne region of France. The fort was constructed in 1700 on the Mississippi River about 20 kilometers below the future development of New Orleans; it was designed to protect French interests against the Spanish and English in the region. St. Denis also commanded a fort at Biloxi Bay, where the French founded another settlement. St. Denis also explored to the west of the bay and up the Mississippi River, where he journeyed to the lower Red River. These expeditions to the northern areas brought St. Denis into contact with the Karankawa and Caddo tribes and taught him invaluable wilderness skills specific to the area.

paragraph: Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac sent St. Denis and a company of French marines from Mobile in September 1713 to travel up the Red River and establish a French outpost and fort. The intent was to protect the territorial boundaries of French-Louisiana and halt the eastward expansion of the Spaniards, whose local government was based on the Rio Grande in south Texas. The Spaniards were building Fort Los Adaes about 15 miles west of Natchitoches, near the present town of Robeline, LA. St. Denis arrived in central Louisiana at what is now Natchitoches later in 1713 and built Fort St. Jean Baptiste de Natchitoches as a trading post along the banks of the Red River, whose course later changed and the result became the Cane River. He traded with the Caddo Nation there and freely sold them guns; additionally, St. Denis developed a somewhat friendly relationship with the nearby Spaniards, despite the objections of the French governship. St. Denis and his men learned many hunting and trapping skills from the Caddo Indians, who were welcoming and friendly.

paragraph: Soon after founding Natchitoches in 1714, St. Denis traveled to the lands of the Hasinai Confederacy, a group of Caddoan language tribes, and from there to Spanish outposts on the Rio Grande. At San Juan Bautista, Coahuila, Commander Diego Ramón placed St. Denis under house arrest. He confiscated his goods while awaiting instructions from Mexico City on what to do with the foreigner charged with violating Spanish trade restrictions. In the meantime, St. Denis courted and won the promise of marriage from Ramón's step-granddaughter, Manuela Sanchez-Navarro a descendant of the conquistadors of the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Nuevo León, Mexico. St. Denis was ordered to Mexico City and defended himself well enough to be appointed the commissary officer of the Ramón expedition charged with founding Spanish missions in east Texas.

paragraph: St. Denis returned to San Juan Bautista and married Manuela in early 1716. In the years 1716-1717 he traveled to eastern Texas to participate in the founding of six missions and a presidio. He returned to San Juan Bautista in April 1717. The death of Louis XIV and the conclusion of the War of Spanish Succession resulted in ending French-Spanish cooperation, and St. Denis returned to La Louisiane. The French sent St. Denis to Mexico City for a second time, but he escaped before being hauled to Spain as a prisoner. St. Denis made his way to Natchitoches by February 1719. Spanish officials permitted Manuela to join him in 1721, and the couple spent their remaining years at the French outpost, Le Poste des Cadodaquious, on the Red River.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: From his command at Natchitoches, St. Denis was a troublesome thorn in the side of Spanish Texas. Controversy surrounds his motives to this day. St. Denis insisted that he wanted to become a Spanish subject, and his Spanish wife was proof. Suspicious Spaniards saw him as a covert agent of France. St. Denis contributed greatly to the geographical knowledge of both imperial France and imperial Spain, as well as bringing Spanish and French settlements into closer proximity and contact. His contraband trade became a way of life on the frontier and borders of Spanish Texas and French Louisiana.

paragraph: On 10 January 1743, St. Denis wrote to Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de Maurepas, at Versailles, indicating that he could no longer perform his duties as commandant of Natchitoches. He also asked permission to retire to New Spain with his wife and children, but he was forbidden to do so. St. Denis died at Natchitoches on 11 June 1744. He was survived by his wife and five children, one of whom was married briefly to Athanase de Mézières. After the time of his death, it was rumored that his wife became the richest woman west of the Mississippi River.

paragraph: As St. Denis' two sons did not father any children of their own, his daughters carried his posterity. His descendants include Jefferson J. DeBlanc (1921-2007) and Alcibiades DeBlanc (1821-1883), who founded the Knights of the White Camellia, a post-Civil War white insurgent group in Louisiana. Its goal was to suppress voting by freedmen and regain political power for white men.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at "the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

description: Explorer of Canada

wikidata_label: Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

wikipedia_title: Louis Juchereau de St. Denis


text:
House of Saud
King Abdulaziz
Second Saudi State
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
King Abdulaziz
Saudi Arabia
Ikhwan
Ikhwan Revolt
Winston Churchill
Franklin D. Roosevelt
King Saud
King Faisal
King Khalid
Khalid bin Abdullah
Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz
Sudairi Seven
Saud bin Faisal

paragraph: Abdullah bin Abdul-Rahman

paragraph: Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (1893 – 4 December 1976) was a senior member of House of Saud. He was a prominent advisor and member of the inner council of his elder brother, King Abdulaziz, who ruled until 1953. He continued to be involved in state affairs until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman was born in 1893. He was the seventh son of the Emir of the Second Saudi State, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman was prominent in the military campaigns of his elder brother King Abdulaziz as he laid the foundations of the future state of Saudi Arabia. He was responsible for the capture and destruction of the Ikhwan centre of Ghatghat during the Ikhwan Revolt of 1929. He became a frequent participant in the political committee formed by the King in 1932 following the establishment of Saudi Arabia. He was the key counsellor of the King, the member of the privy council, and one of the king's official advisors until the King's death in 1953. He was a participant at the meeting with the British prime minister Winston Churchill in 1945, and was given a left-hand side Rolls-Royce. He also accompanied King Abdulaziz to the meeting with Franklin D. Roosevelt on 14 February 1945.

paragraph: Later, he enjoyed the role of elder statesman to his nephews, King Saud, King Faisal, and King Khalid. During the rivalry between King Saud and Crown Prince Faisal, Abdullah endorsed the actions of the latter, facilitating Faisal's attempts to be successful. Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman was among five senior princes who met immediately after the assassination of King Faisal and proclaimed then Crown Prince Khalid the king of Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman's son, Khalid bin Abdullah (born 1937), married to Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz, full sister of the Sudairi Seven. One of his daughters, Jawhara bint Abdullah, is married to Saud bin Faisal. Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman died on 4 December 1976.

description: Saudi royal; younger brother of King Abdulaziz

wikidata_label: Abdullah bin Abdul-Rahman

wikipedia_title: Abdullah bin Abdul-Rahman


text:
bishop of Évreux
archbishop of Rouen
Archbishop Hugh IV
Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick
Geoffrey II of Perche
justiciar
steward
Normandy
Empress Matilda
Henry I
Henry II
Kingdom of Sicily
Margaret of Navarre
Stephen du Perche
Palermo
Walter of the Mill
William II of Sicily
London
Joanna
Henry II of England
Gautier de Coutances
Richard the Lionheart
Oxford
Norwich, John Julius
London

categories: Anglo-Normans,1180s deaths,Archbishops of Rouen,12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops of Évreux

paragraph: Rotrou (archbishop of Rouen)

paragraph: Rotrou or Rotrodus or Rotrode or Rothrud (died c. 27 November 1183) was the bishop of Évreux from 1140 and twenty-fifth archbishop of Rouen from 1165, a year after the death of Archbishop Hugh IV, until his own death in either 1183 or 1184. He was the fourth son of Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick, and Margaret, daughter of Geoffrey II of Perche. He was also the chief justiciar and steward of Normandy.

paragraph: In 1167 he led the funeral service of Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I and mother of Henry II.

paragraph: He has a place in the history of the Kingdom of Sicily through his cousin, the queen regent Margaret of Navarre, who was the daughter of Marguerite de l'Aigle, daughter of Julienne, another daughter of Geoffrey of Perche. Margaret wrote him a letter beseeching him to send a relative of theirs to Sicily to assist her in the government. The man Rotrou sent was Stephen du Perche, later archbishop of Palermo. Rotrou also later sent Walter of the Mill, also later an archbishop of Palermo, to Sicily to be a tutor to William II of Sicily. Rotrou also escorted an embassy of William's to London and back to France with Joanna, daughter of Henry II of England, betrothed to William.

paragraph: His successor was Gautier de Coutances, the companion of Richard the Lionheart.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beaumont, Edward T. "The Beaumonts in History. AD 850-1850". Oxford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. "The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194". Longman: London, 1970.

description: Archbishop of Rouen

wikidata_label: Rotrou

wikipedia_title: Rotrou (archbishop of Rouen)


text: King of Alt Clut

text: Kingdom of Alt Clut

text: Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch, King of Alt Clut

text: Pictish

text: Dunblane

text: Alt Clut

text: Amlaíb

text: Ímar

text: Vikings

text: British

text: Pictish

text: English

text: Govan

text: Partick

text: Kingdom of Strathclyde

text: Rhun

text: King of Strathclyde

text: Harleian genealogies

text: kings of Alt Clut

text: Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch, King of Alt Clut

text: Chronicle of the Kings of Alba

text: Dunblane

text: Pictish

text: Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts

text: Kingdom of Alt Clut

text: kings of Alt Clut

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Fragmentary Annals of Ireland

text: Amlaíb

text: Ímar

text: succeeded in capturing the fortress

text: Annales Cambriæ

text: Brenhinedd y Saesson

text: Brut y Tywysogyon

text: well

text: Chronicon Scotorum

text: English

text: British

text: Pictish

text: Annales Xantenses

text: Dublin slave market

text: Lothian

text: Dublin

text: York

text: portage

text: Firth of Clyde

text: Firth of Forth

text: Rhun

text: River Clyde

text: Govan

text: Partick

text: Kingdom of Strathclyde

text: Prophecy of Berchán

text: Glasgow

text: puppet king

text: Northumbria

text: East Anglia

categories: 872 deaths,9th-century Scottish monarchs

paragraph: Arthgal ap Dyfnwal

paragraph: Arthgal ap Dyfnwal (died 872) was a ninth-century King of Alt Clut. He descended from a long line of rulers of the British Kingdom of Alt Clut. Either he or his father, Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch, King of Alt Clut, may have reigned when the Britons are recorded to have burned Pictish ecclesiastical site of Dunblane in 849.

paragraph: In 870, the seat of Arthgal's realm—the island fortress of Alt Clut—was besieged by the Viking kings Amlaíb and Ímar. After four months, the fortress fell to the Vikings, who are recorded to have transported a vast prey of British, Pictish, and English captives back to Ireland. The fall of Alt Clut marked a watershed in the history of Arthgal's realm. Afterwards, the capital of the kingdom appears to have relocated up the River Clyde to the vicinity of Govan and Partick, and became known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde.

paragraph: Two years after the fall of Alt Clut, Arthgal is recorded to have been assassinated at the behest of Causantín mac Cináeda, King of the Picts. The circumstances surrounding Arthgal's death or uncertain. Whilst it is possible he was captured by the Vikings in 870 and slain whilst still in captivity, it is also possible that he was reigning as king when he died. The fact that Arthgal's succeeding son, Rhun, was Causantín's brother-in-law could be evidence that Arthgal was killed to make way for Rhun. Another possibility is that, following the destruction of Alt Clut, Arthgal ruled as a puppet king under Vikings. If so, this could also account for Causantín's actions. On the other hand, Causantín may have merely acted out of sheer opportunism, and Rhun may have succeeded to the throne without his assistance. In any event, either Arthgal or Rhun could have been the first kings to rule as King of Strathclyde.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: According to a pedigree preserved within a collection of tenth-century Welsh genealogical material known as the "Harleian genealogies", Arthgal descended from a long line of kings of Alt Clut. The genealogy specifies that Arthgal was the son of Dyfnwal ap Rhydderch, King of Alt Clut, an otherwise unknown ruler.

paragraph: In about 849, the ninth- to twelfth-century "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba" reports that Britons burned Dunblane, a Pictish ecclesiastical centre seated on the southern Pictish border. This attack took place during the reign of Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts, and may have been overseen by either Arthgal or Dyfnwal. This notice of penetration into Pictish territory is the first record of British activity since the midpoint of the eighth century. The razing of Dunblane could be evidence that the British Kingdom of Alt Clut was in the process of extending its authority at the expense of the Pictish regime. If so, the kings of Alt Clut would appear to have seized upon the chaos wrought by contemporaneous Viking attacks upon the Picts.

paragraph: Section::::King of Alt Clut.

paragraph: In 870, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster", and the eleventh-century "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" reveal that the insular Scandinavian kings Amlaíb and Ímar laid siege to Alt Clut, and succeeded in capturing the fortress after a blockade of four months. The destruction of Alt Clut is also documented by Welsh sources such as the eleventh- to thirteenth-century "Annales Cambriæ", and the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts "Brenhinedd y Saesson" and "Brut y Tywysogyon". The fact that such far-off sources make note of the event may exemplify the alarm caused by the Vikings' successes throughout Britain. According to "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland", Alt Clut only fell to attacks after the well went dry. One possibility is that the Vikings had successfully secured control of the well that saddles Dumbarton Rock, thereby denying the Britons access to fresh water.

paragraph: The following year, the twelfth-century "Chronicon Scotorum", the "Annals of Ulster", and the "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" reveal that Amlaíb and Ímar returned to Ireland with a fleet of two hundred ships, and a mass of captives identified as English, British, and Pictish. The exportation of these people to Ireland is also attested by "Annales Xantenses", a ninth-century German source. The captives could have been meant for ransom, or may have been intended for the Dublin slave market. It is possible that Arthgal and his family were amongst those imprisoned.

paragraph: The reasons behind the attack are uncertain. On one hand, it is possible that Alt Clut was targeted because it was regarded as a rich target. On the other hand, the remarkable duration of the siege could indicate that, instead of merely plundering Arthgal's realm, Amlaíb and Ímar specifically sought and succeeded in capturing the capital. It could be that Amlaíb and Ímar regarded the kings of Alt Clut as an active threat to their maritime interests, and that the fortress of Alt Clut served the Britons much like how "" were utilised as naval bases by the Vikings in Ireland. The destruction of the citadel may have allowed the Vikings to gain unrestricted access into central Scotland. On one hand, the recorded ethnicity of the Vikings' captives could reveal that the Britons of Alt Clut possessed many English and Pictish slaves or subjects. On the other hand, the recorded ethnicities may be evidence that Alt Clut's fall was the only recorded incident in what may have been a series of coeval Viking campaigns in the region, and may indicate that Amlaíb and Ímar not only established overlordship over the Strathclyde British, but that they also asserted power not only over the English of Lothian but throughout the Pictish realm. Although it is possible that the Scandinavians sought a connecting route between Dublin and York, the fact that there are no waterways or suitable portages that bridge the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth may well be evidence against this. The fact that the "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" seems to show that Amlaíb promptly returned to Britain in about 872 could be evidence that the assault on Alt Clut was undertaken in the context of territorial conquest/control rather than the mere acquisition of portable wealth.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Arthgal died in 872. The "Annals of Ulster", and "Chronicon Scotorum" reveal that he was slain at the behest of Causantín mac Cináeda, King of the Picts. Rhun, Arthgal's only known son, is the last king to be listed in the Harleian pedigree that pertains to Arthgal.

paragraph: If Rhun succeeded Arthgal—as seems likely—it is uncertain how long he outlived him. Despite Causantín's part in Arthgal's demise, Rhun is otherwise known to have married a sister of Causantín at some point. Although the circumstances surrounding Arthgal's assassination are unknown, the familial relationship between Causantín and Rhun could be evidence that Arthgal's demise was orchestrated to allow Rhun gain the throne. One possibility is that Rhun had been exiled from his father's realm, and had been living in exile at the Pictish royal court when Amlaíb and Ímar commenced their campaign. This could mean that Causantín acted to offset any rival Rhun had in regard to the British kingship. Conversely, if there was no strife between Rhun and Arthgal, Causantín's actions against the latter could have been carried out in the context of an intrusive and aggressive neighbour.

paragraph: Arthgal's elimination may have been carried out in the context of an attempt by Causantín to capitalise upon the political turmoil wrought by the Viking onslaught. The destruction of Alt Clut marks the last time the fortress appears on record until the thirteenth century. Although the site could have served as a Viking military base following the British defeat, there is no archaeological evidence evincing its use as a seat of lordship until later centuries. Perhaps the site was discredited, and came to be regarded as unsuitable to the ruling dynasty thereafter. Certainly, the British capital appears to have shifted up the River Clyde to the vicinity of Govan and Partick. Whilst the former site—on the north bank of the River Clyde—appears to have utilised by Arthgal's eighth-century predecessors, the latter site—on the south bank—could well have been used at least a century earlier.

paragraph: This relocation of the capital seems to be borne out by surviving documentary sources. Until the fall of Alt Clut, for example, the rulers of the realm were styled after the fortress. After the loss of this site, the Kingdom of Alt Clut came to be known as the Kingdom of Strathclyde in consequence of its reorientation towards Ystrat Clut (Strathclyde), the valley of the River Clyde. Arthgal himself is styled King of the Strathclyde Britons upon his death in 872—the first use of this terminology by Irish sources. Whilst it is possible that Arthgal met his end in Ireland at the hands of his Viking captors, the title accorded to him on his death could be evidence that had instead been ruling the new Kingdom of Strathclyde. In fact, it is possible that he or Rhun was the first monarch to rule this realm.

paragraph: There is also reason to suspect that Arthgal's death occurred in the context of conflict with the Picts. For example, the twelfth-century "Prophecy of Berchán" attributes four victories to Causantín, with the fourth described as that of ""—a location possibly identical to Glasgow—where he overcame the "king of the Britons of the green mantles". This source, coupled with Arthgal's obituaries, could indicate that Causantín had Arthgal executed or assassinated after defeating him in battle. Such an event may account for the specific records of Causantín's role in Arthgal's demise. Another possibility is that, following the conquest of Alt Clut, Arthgal ruled as a puppet king under Amlaíb and Ímar. Certainly, the Vikings utilised royal puppets in the conquered English kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia. A similar relationship between Arthgal and Viking power could explain Causantín's role in Arthgal's demise, and could explain how Rhun succeeded to the throne. There is also reason to suspect that, as a result of Rhun's assumption of power, Causantín gained overlordship over the kingdom. In any event, Arthgal's apparent elimination at Causantín's instigation would appear to have removed the Picts of a neighbouring adversary, and would have served to increase Causantín's authority and reputation.

alias:
Artgal
Arthal
Arthgal
Arthal ap Dyfnwal
Arthgal map Dumnagual

description: King of Alt Clut

wikidata_label: Arthgal ap Dyfnwal

wikipedia_title: Arthgal ap Dyfnwal


text:
Johnny Run Away
Dance Monkey
The Kids Are Coming
Mornington Peninsula
Bourke Street
Melbourne city centre
Byron Bay
Johnny Run Away
Dance Monkey
Network Ten
Toasted TV
Dance Monkey
Never Seen the Rain
extended play
The Kids Are Coming

categories: 21st-century women singers,21st-century Australian singers,Living people,Australian female pop singers

paragraph: Tones and I

paragraph: Toni Watson, known professionally as Tones and I is an Australian pop singer-songwriter. She released her debut single, "Johnny Run Away", on 1 March 2019. Her follow-up single, "Dance Monkey", was released on 10 May 2019. She will release her debut EP, "The Kids Are Coming", on 30 August 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Watson is originally from the Mornington Peninsula, and learned how to play the keyboard and drum pad at high school. In 2018, Tones and I received a busking permit for Bourke Street, in the Melbourne city centre. At the same time, she took a trip to Byron Bay and began busking there and quickly became a popular busker; this led to quitting her retail job and making Byron Bay her new home. Later in 2018, Tones and I won Battle of the Buskers at Buskers By the Creek.

paragraph: On 1 March 2019, Tones and I officially released the debut single, "Johnny Run Away" which was recorded with Konstantin Kersting. On 10 May 2019, Tones and I released "Dance Monkey" Johnny Run Away was a song dedicated to one of her friends who came out to a disapproving father.

paragraph: In 2019, Tones and I appeared on Network Ten's children's TV show, Toasted TV and performed her song "Dance Monkey". In May 2019, she also performed at the Big Pineapple Music Festival, as well as opening Splendour In The Grass 2019, where she broke the record for the biggest crowd of an opening set at Splendour. In July 2019, Tones and I released "Never Seen the Rain" and announced the release of her debut extended play "The Kids Are Coming".

description: Australian musician

wikidata_label: Tones And I

wikipedia_title: Tones and I


text:
entrepreneur
musician
guitar
US$
Santa Monica, California
Ernest Ball
When Irish Eyes Are Smiling
Hawaiian
steel guitar
Musicians Union
South Central Los Angeles
Tommy Duncan
pedal steel guitar
Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys
Southwestern United States
Korean War
United States Air Force
Los Angeles
KTLA
television
Los Angeles
Tarzana, California
drumsticks
Fender
strings
Hollywood
The Beach Boys
Merle Travis
The Ventures
Gibson
Jimmy Page
Paul McCartney
Angus Young
Keith Richards
Joe Bonamassa
Disney Imagineer
Rolly Crump
Europe
Asia
Jimi Hendrix
Eric Clapton
Pete Townshend
Music Man Company
guitar
basses
amplifier
Leo Fender
George Fullerton
acoustic bass guitar
Earthwood
San Luis Obispo
Riverside County
Battle of the Bands
Warped Tour
Buddy Guy
Mike Ness
Social Distortion
Billy Duffy
The Cult
Tom Delonge
Blink-182
Box Car Racer
Angels and Airwaves
James Valentine
Maroon 5
Hunter Hayes
Kirk Hammett
Metallica
Justin Chancellor
TOOL
Joe Bonamassa
Courtney Barnett
Paul Gilbert
Mr. Big
Racer X
Kenny Wayne Shepherd
Mike Herrera
MxPx
Steve Stevens
Billy Idol
Butch Walker
Bobb Bruno
Best Coast
Dustin Kensrue
Thrice
Joe Don Rooney
Rascal Flatts
Ilan Rubin
Nine Inch Nails
The White Buffalo
surfing
flying
airplanes
Sterling Ball
Hannah Marks
San Luis Obispo, California
Michael DeTemple
Ernie Ball/Music Man Company
Ernie Ball Battle of the Bands
Guitar Player story

categories: Businesspeople from California,20th-century classical musicians,20th-century American guitarists,1930 births,2004 deaths,Pedal steel guitarists,American classical guitarists,American male guitarists

paragraph: Ernie Ball

paragraph: Ernie Ball (born Roland Sherwood Ball; August 30, 1930 – September 9, 2004) was an American entrepreneur and musician, best known in the development of guitar-related products. Ball began as a club and local television musician and entrepreneur, building an international business in guitars and accessories that would eventually gross US$40 million a year. "Ernie Ball" is also the eponymous corporation Ball started to market guitar accessories.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Ball was born Roland Sherwood Ball in Santa Monica, California, and grew up in a musical family, the son of Frances (née Shankland) and Roland Adelbert Ball. His paternal grandfather, Ernest Ball, wrote the standard "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" and his father was a car salesman who taught Hawaiian steel guitar on the side. Although Ball initially started to play steel guitar at age nine to please his father, he became bored and gave it up. In his early teens he began to take a renewed interest in the instrument, practicing as many as three hours a day. Within a year he was a member of the Musicians Union.

paragraph: Section::::Musician.

paragraph: While still in his early teens, Ball began playing professionally in South Central Los Angeles beer bars. By age 19 he joined the Tommy Duncan Band playing pedal steel guitar. Duncan, the former lead singer with Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys, took the band on tour through the Southwestern United States. During the Korean War, he did a tour of duty in the United States Air Force Band, playing guitar and bass drum. After the military he returned to Los Angeles and continued playing in barrooms and lounges, until landing a job on the 1950s "Western Varieties" program at KTLA television. The position soon gained him wider recognition in the Los Angeles music scene and led to studio work and teaching jobs.

paragraph: Section::::Entrepreneur.

paragraph: Sometime in 1957 or 1958, Ball opened what was arguably the first music store in the United States to sell guitars exclusively, in Tarzana, California. When music sales representatives criticized him for refusing to sell drumsticks and other musical equipment, Ball replied, "I just want to sell guitars." He was repeatedly told that a guitar store would never be a success, but the words rang hollow as people began to come from miles around to visit the shop. Eventually, the products spawned from his company would sell in more than 5,500 stores and be exported to more than 70 countries of the world.

paragraph: Section::::"Slinkys".

paragraph: With the guitar-based rock revival of the 1960s, Ball noticed that beginning students were having difficulty playing the bestselling Fender #10 medium gauge strings, particularly in holding down or bending the stiff .028" third ("G") string. At the time, it was common for a set of strings to have a "wound" third string. He approached the Fender company

paragraph: with the problem, suggesting a lighter gauge but was rebuffed. Ball convinced a string manufacturer to make him custom sets with a 24-gauge third string which he sold in his store. It was the beginning of the Ernie Ball brand. Located not far from Hollywood, the store began to attract a large patronage of professional musicians, including The Beach Boys, Merle Travis, and The Ventures.

paragraph: Ball also began to notice the practice of "slack stringing" among players who discarded the bottom sixth string and added a banjo first string on top. This resulted in an overall lighter gauge set with a plain third string. Again, he contacted Fender with a suggestion for a lighter set and was turned down. He then approached Gibson, who also turned him down. So, once again he ordered from the manufacturer naming the product the "Ernie Ball Slinky." "Slinky" strings traveled the country with the pro musicians who used them and before long, Ball was receiving mail orders from individuals and stores. Still not a string company, he ordered separate strings in various sizes and displayed them in a makeshift case allowing musicians to experiment in creating their own sets. It took off, and in 1967 he sold the store and moved his string business to Newport Beach, California.

paragraph: Today Ernie Ball Slinkys are used by many world-famous guitar players including Jimmy Page, Paul McCartney, Angus Young, Keith Richards, and Joe Bonamassa.

paragraph: The characteristic packaging of Ball's guitar strings was designed by Disney Imagineer, Rolly Crump.

paragraph: Section::::Marketing innovation.

paragraph: Ernie Ball did not create anything new — he simply saw a demand and improved upon existing products and found ways to better fulfill market demands. By the early 1970s he took the company global by establishing distributors in Europe and Asia. Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Pete Townshend, and other rock icons were stringing up Slinkys, a trend that continues into the present, making Ernie Ball the second biggest string manufacturer in the country. He was unorthodox in his management methods, disregarding market surveys, preferring instead to test products in the marketplace to see if they would succeed. He regarded profit-and-loss as necessary evils and trusted his instincts. In the early eighties the company bought the Music Man Company, expanding into the production of high quality guitars, basses, and amplifiers with Leo Fender making the instruments and Tom Walker building amps. Ball, along with former Fender employee, George Fullerton, was instrumental in the development of the first modern acoustic bass guitar, introduced under the Earthwood brand in 1972. Although unsuccessful, surviving models are highly collectable.

paragraph: In 1985, the company was moved to a new facility in San Luis Obispo and remained there with all of it operations until early 2003, when the company relocated its string manufacturing to Southern California’s Riverside County. Under his leadership it grossed more than $40 million per annum. The company established an annual Battle of the Bands contest and participated in other trade events nationwide.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of the Bands.

paragraph: In 1997, the very first Ernie Ball Battle of the Bands kicked off at the San Francisco date of the Warped Tour. The Battle of The Bands 1 had 18 stops in its first year and developed into a long-lasting relationship with Kevin Lyman and the Warped Tour. In 2016, the Ernie Ball Battle of the Bands was rebranded to Ernie Ball: PLAY Warped. 2016 marked the 20th anniversary of the Ernie Ball/Warped Tour Battle of the Bands relationship.

paragraph: Section::::Ernie Ball: The Pursuit of Tone.

paragraph: In 2016, Ernie Ball launched "Ernie Ball: The Pursuit of Tone", an AT&T Audience Network documentary series that focuses on the sonic journeys of some of today’s most interesting and compelling guitarists, including Buddy Guy, Mike Ness (Social Distortion), Billy Duffy (The Cult), Tom Delonge (Blink-182, Box Car Racer, Angels and Airwaves), James Valentine (Maroon 5) and Hunter Hayes. Created and produced by Ernie Ball, the documentary series profiles the world’s greatest guitar players and their lifelong search for their own unique sound.

paragraph: Section::::Ernie Ball: String Theory.

paragraph: In 2016, Ernie Ball launched "Ernie Ball: String Theory", a web series that focuses on how today's top guitarists and bassists came to play the specific alloy(s) and gauge(s) of guitar strings that help them achieve their signature sounds. Artists have included Kirk Hammett (Metallica), Justin Chancellor (TOOL), Joe Bonamassa, Courtney Barnett, Paul Gilbert (Mr. Big, Racer X), Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Mike Herrera (MxPx), Steve Stevens (Billy Idol), Butch Walker, Bobb Bruno (Best Coast), Dustin Kensrue (Thrice), Joe Don Rooney (Rascal Flatts), Ilan Rubin (Nine Inch Nails, Angels and Airwaves, The New Regime), The White Buffalo, and more.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ball had diverse interests including collecting cars, surfing and flying airplanes. He also authored a series of books and manuals on guitar playing. He was married to Nova Gail (Conley), and had three sons, Sherwood, David, and Sterling Ball, and a daughter, Nova. His granddaughter is actress Hannah Marks.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ball remained active in his company until his death 42 years after its founding. He died from an ongoing, undisclosed illness on September 9, 2004, leaving the business to his sons and other family members. He was buried near his home at San Luis Cemetery in San Luis Obispo, California.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael DeTemple

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernie Ball/Music Man Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernie Ball Battle of the Bands

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guitar Player story Captured 7 April 2007

description: American entrepreneur

wikidata_label: Ernie Ball

wikipedia_title: Ernie Ball


text:
South Africa
English
cricket
Derbyshire County Cricket Club
Henry Fotheringham
first-class cricket
KwaZulu-Natal cricket team
England

categories: South African emigrants to the United Kingdom,South African cricketers,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,1984 births,Derbyshire cricket captains,English cricketers,KwaZulu-Natal cricketers,Sportspeople from Durban,Living people,Peshawar Zalmi cricketers

paragraph: Wayne Madsen (cricketer)

paragraph: Wayne Lee Madsen (born 2 January 1984) is a South African-born English cricketer who plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club.

paragraph: Hailing from a strong cricketing family, with uncles Henry Fotheringham, Michael Madsen, Trevor Madsen and cousin Greg Fotheringham all playing first-class cricket in South Africa, Madsen made his debut in 2003 for KwaZulu-Natal cricket team. In August 2009 he signed his contract with Derbyshire, following a strong run of form with two centuries in four games.

paragraph: After gaining UK citizenship in February 2015, Madsen announced that he hoped to represent England in the future.

paragraph: He captained Derbyshire between 2012 and 2016.

description: South African cricketer

wikidata_label: Wayne Madsen

wikipedia_title: Wayne Madsen (cricketer)


text:
Flemish
Antwerp
Balthazar Besohey
Guild
Stadel Gallery
Frankfort
Balthasar Paul Ommeganck

categories: 18th-century Flemish painters,18th-century painters from the Southern Netherlands,Flemish painters,1794 deaths,1737 births,People from Antwerp,Members of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke,Flemish landscape painters

paragraph: Hendrik-Jozef Antonissen

paragraph: Hendrik-Jozef Antonissen (9 June 1737 – 4 April 1794) was a Flemish painter of landscapes and cattle.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Antonissen was born at Antwerp in 1737. He entered the studio of Balthazar Besohey in 1752-53, and three years later he was free of the Guild at Antwerp of which he was twice Dean. His works are mostly in private collections on the Continent. In the Stadel Gallery at Frankfort there is a "Landscape with Cattle" by him, signed and dated 1792. He died at Antwerp, in 1794. He had many pupils,including Balthasar Paul Ommeganck.

alias:
Henricus Josephus Antonissen
Henricus Josephus Antonines
Henricus Josephus Antoinesses
Hendrick Anthonis
Hendrick van Anthonisz.
Henri-Joseph Antonissen
Antonines
Antoniessen
A.J. Antonissen
H. J. Antonissen
Antonisens
Antonisn
Antheunissen
Antonissens
Antonison
Antoinesses
d'Anvers H. J. Anthonissen
A. J. Antonissen
Antonessin
Antonysens
Atonison of Antwerp
S. J. Antonissen
Autonissens
d'Anvers Antonissen
Anthonissen
Antoinessen
Antonissen d'Anvers
H. Antonissen
henry joseph antonissen
J. Antonissen
Antonissens d'Anvers
Anthonissens
A. Antonissen
Antonisson
hendrik josef antonissen
H.J. Antonissen
d'Anvers Anthonissen
Antonisses
Anteunissen
H J. Antonissen
Antonisents
Antonisen
Anthonnissen
J. H. Antonissen
Antonissen

description: Flemish painter

wikidata_label: Hendrik-Jozef Antonissen

wikipedia_title: Hendrik-Jozef Antonissen


text: contrabass

text: Pandacan

text: Regional Exposition in Hanoi

text: Sandugong Panaguinip

text: Hanoi exhibition

text: Hanoi

text: Vietnam

text: Maria Clara

text: Jose Riza

text: Noli me Tangere

categories: 1854 births,1908 deaths,Musicians from Manila,People from Pandacan,Filipino composers,Filipino film score composers,Filipino classical violinists

paragraph: Ladislao Bonus

paragraph: Ladislao Bonus was a composer, conductor, contrabass player, and teacher. His pioneering work on musical drama earned him the title of "Father of the Filipino opera".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The eldest son of Pedro Bonus and Maria Mariano, he was born in Pandacan on June 27, 1854. He acquired his first lessons in music from Gregorio de Luna and Guillermo de Luna. Motivated by a strong desire to learn, he became so proficient with the violin, cello and viola that he could easily substitute for a player of any of those stringed instruments. He mastered the contrabass and served in the orchestra every time a foreign opera company visited Manila.

paragraph: In 1887, Bonus organized a complete opera company in Pandacan. It was composed entirely of Tagalog musicians and singers, to wit: Teodora San Luis and Josefa Tiongson, sopranos; Victoria Madina, mezzo soprano; Andres Ciria Cruz and Jose Conseco, basses; and Carmen Mendoza, Juana Natividad, Remegio Natividad, Rufina Bonus, Agustin Natividad, Marcela Barroga, Simon Natividad, Valentin Natividad, and Mariano Natividad, chorus members. Bonus served in the company as director and conductor of the orchestra. Jose Canseco was the stage director.

paragraph: The group’s maiden performance, which was held at the town’s cockpit was a success. There followed invitations for it to perform in Manila. In the capital city, the "segundo cabo" of the colonial government, Antonio Morto, became one of the opera’s zealous supporters. The Manila performances of the group won the hearts of the city folks and established Bonus’ reputation in the field of music.

paragraph: In 1888, Bonus joined the Manila Cathedral orchestra. He was the “soul and life” of the Women’s Orchestra organized by Raymundo Fermin in Pandacan sometime in 1890. He gave private piano lessons to members of the rich and prominent families not only in Manila but also in the provinces. He conducted the Marikina Orchestra, the Pasig Band, and the Arevalo Band of Quiapo. Under his direction, the Arevalo Band won first prize during the Regional Exposition in Hanoi in 1902. This band served the Revolutionary Government in Malolos in 1898-1899.

paragraph: Bonus married Rosalia Guanzon, by whom he had eight children, namely, Rufina, Petronila, Angel, Leonisa, Benilda, Amado, Eloisa and Alfredo. He was at the height of his illustrious career when he died on March 28, 1908 at the age of 54.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.:Operas and sarswelas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sandugong Panaguinip (1902), opera in 1 act and 5 scenes. It was the first Philippine opera in the Tagalog Language.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unang Pagibig", sarswela, words by Eliseo Mendoza

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ang Buhay", sarswela, words by Miguel Masilungan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buhay ng Lasing", sarswela

paragraph: BULLET::::- several other tagalog sarswelas

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.:for Marching Band.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pasa-doble Hanoi" (1902), composed for the Hanoi exhibition at Hanoi, Vietnam

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Triumphal March", composed for the First Philippine Assembly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los Dipotados"

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.:Songs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recuerdos a la Patria," or the song of Maria Clara from Jose Rizal's Noli me Tangere. Rizal himself requested Bonus to write the music for Maria Clara's song.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Commission for Culture and the Arts

description: Filipino composer

wikidata_label: Ladislao Bonus

wikipedia_title: Ladislao Bonus


text:
hydrox
Swedish Navy
hydrogen
breathing gas
HSwMS Belos
decompression sickness
hypoxia
Photos of Arne Zetterström

categories: History of underwater diving,Underwater diving deaths,Underwater diving pioneers,1917 births,1945 deaths

paragraph: Arne Zetterström

paragraph: Arne Zetterström (1917 – 7 August 1945) is best known for his research with the breathing mixture hydrox for the Swedish Navy.

paragraph: Zetterström first described the use of hydrogen as a breathing gas in 1943. From 1943 to 1944, a total of six ocean dives were made utilising this mixture with the deepest to 160 metres (96% hydrogen and 4% oxygen).

paragraph: On 7 August 1945 Zetterström experienced technical problems diving from HSwMS Belos. His support divers misread his signals and this was followed by a rapid ascent that resulted in severe decompression sickness and hypoxia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Arne Zetterström

description: Underwater diver

wikidata_label: Arne Zetterström

wikipedia_title: Arne Zetterström


text:
Vigo
Concepcion, Chile
Royal Governor of Chile
Cristóbal de la Cerda y Sotomayor
Francisco de Álava y Nureña
Order of Alcántara

categories: Knights of the Order of Alcántara,1624 deaths,Royal Governors of Chile,Spanish military personnel,1554 births,Spanish generals,People from Vigo

paragraph: Pedro Osores de Ulloa

paragraph: Pedro Osores de Ulloa (Saa, Vigo, 1554 – Concepcion, Chile, September 18, 1624) was Royal Governor of Chile from November 1621 to September 1624. He replaced Cristóbal de la Cerda y Sotomayor. On his death bed Osores appointed his brother-in-law Francisco de Álava y Nureña as temporary governor in September 1624. Was a knight of the Order of Alcántara

description: Royal Governor of Chile

wikidata_label: Pedro Osores de Ulloa

wikipedia_title: Pedro Osores de Ulloa


text: Royal Governor of Chile

text: Pedro Osores de Ulloa

text: Captaincy General of Chile

text: Viceroy of Peru

text: Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce

text: War of Arauco

categories: Royal Governors of Chile,1560s births,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Francisco de Álava y Nureña

paragraph: Francisco de Alava y Nureña, (born ca. 1567) was the brother-in-law of the Royal Governor of Chile, Pedro Osores de Ulloa. He was designated as temporary governor of the Captaincy General of Chile by Osores on his death bed in September 1624. Upon hearing of the death of Osores and the temporary appointment of Álava, the Viceroy of Peru, Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar decided to replace him with his nephew Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce, hoping that he would have occasion to display his military skills in the War of Arauco. Córdoba replaced Álava in May 1625.

description: designated temporary governor by Pedro Osores de Ulloa, Governor of Chile, on his death bed on September 1624

wikidata_label: Francisco de Álava y Nureña

wikipedia_title: Francisco de Álava y Nureña


text:
oidor
Real Audiencia of Chile
Lope de Ulloa y Lemos

categories: 1585 births,Royal Governors of Chile,17th-century deaths

paragraph: Cristóbal de la Cerda y Sotomayor

paragraph: Cristóbal de la Cerda y Sotomayor, (México 1585? – † ? ); Spanish oidor, lawyer of the Real Audiencia of Chile. After the death of governor Lope de Ulloa y Lemos he assumed the temporary governance of Chile for eleven months, between December 1620 and November 1621.

description: Royal Governor of Chile

wikidata_label: Cristóbal de la Cerda y Sotomayor

wikipedia_title: Cristóbal de la Cerda y Sotomayor


text:
Vienna
Zürich
Austrian
journalist
Vienna coffeehouses
Leopoldstadt
Hollywood
drama critic
Zurich
The Virtuous Sinner
The Golden Anchor
The Burning Secret
Biography at washington.edu
"AEIOU" biography
Biography
"Slate" essay
Clive James

categories: Austrian Jews,Austrian male writers,People from Leopoldstadt,Austrian critics,American people of Austrian-Jewish descent,1955 deaths,Austrian journalists,Austrian theatre critics,Austrian expatriates in the United States,1873 births,Austrian translators,Austrian expatriates in Switzerland,Austrian expatriates in Germany

paragraph: Alfred Polgar

paragraph: Alfred Polgar (originally: "Alfred Polak", pseudonyms: "Archibald Douglas", "L. A. Terne"; 17 October 1873, Vienna – 24 April 1955, Zürich) was an Austrian-born journalist, born into an assimilated Jewish family, one of the most renowned intellectuals of the Vienna coffeehouses.

paragraph: He was born in Leopoldstadt. He left Austria in 1938, and later worked in Hollywood.

paragraph: He was known as a drama critic (in Berlin from 1925 to 1933) and as an essayist. He died in Zurich.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Virtuous Sinner" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Anchor" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Burning Secret" (1933)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at washington.edu

paragraph: BULLET::::- "AEIOU" biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slate" essay, by Clive James

description: Austrian writer

wikidata_label: Alfred Polgar

wikipedia_title: Alfred Polgar


text: Dutch

text: type designer

text: book cover

text: artist

text: Drachten

text: Amsterdam

text: lithographer

text: Rijksakademie

text: Arts and Crafts Movement

text: Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis

text: Amsterdam Type foundry

text: type face

text: University of Amsterdam

text: Haarlem

text: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

text: Frans Hals Museum

text: Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland

text: Cultuurwijzer.nl

text: Koninklijke Bibliotheek

text: Koosje Sierman

text: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

text: Postage stamps by S.H. de Roos

categories: Dutch graphic designers,1962 deaths,1877 births,Dutch typographers

paragraph: S.H. de Roos

paragraph: Sjoerd Hendrik de Roos (14 September 1877 - 3 April 1962), better known as "S.H. de Roos", was a Dutch type designer, book cover designer and artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: De Roos was born in Drachten to a cobbler, but moved to Amsterdam at an early age. It was here that, between the ages of twelve and fourteen, he trained to be a lithographer.

paragraph: Later he studied at the "Teekenschool voor Kunstambachten" (The School of Drawing for the Arts and Crafts), part of the Rijksakademie. In his early years De Roos was inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement. An example of this can be found in his edition of "Kunst en Maatschappij" ("Art and Society" (1903)). As a supporter of Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, De Roos attempted to create the ideal of ‘Art to the People’.

paragraph: Between 1907 and 1947 he was employed by the Amsterdam Type foundry (known previously as "N. Tetterode"), where he further developed his lithographic skills. During this period he designed, a new type face, the "Hollandsche Mediæval", the first Dutch made typeface for 150 years. In total De Roos designed twelve type faces, the most successful being the "Hollandsche mediæval", the "Egmont", the "Libra" and the "De Roos Roman and Italic".

paragraph: Archive material, as well as the "Tetterode Collection" both attributed to De Roos, are available at the Library of the University of Amsterdam. Further archives are available at the City Library of Haarlem, the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem and the "Museum Smallingerland" in Drachten.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fonts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erasmus (c. 1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Roos Inline

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holland Medieval (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Roos Romein and Cursief (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hollandse™ Mediaeval (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simplex (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Libra Uncial (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meidoorn (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egmont (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ella Cursief (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zilvertype (1914-1916, with Jean-François van Royen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nieuw Javaansch No. 1 (1909)

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.A.M. Stols, "Het werk van S. H. de Roos: een bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van de herleving der Nederlandsche boekdrukkunst" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick Dooijes, "Sjoerd H. de Roos zoals ik mij hem herinner" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sjoerd H. de Roos, "Typografische geschriften 1907-1920" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathieu Lommen, "De grote vijf: S.H. de Roos, J.F. van Royen, J. van Krimpen, C. Nypels en A.A.M. Stols" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sari de Haan ... [et al.], "typiScH de Roos: oeuvre-overzicht" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland Biografie S.H. de Roos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cultuurwijzer.nl Over S.H. de Roos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliotheek van de Universiteit van Amsterdam Catalogus (o.a. letterproeven)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koninklijke Bibliotheek Honderd hoogtepunten (Over S.H. de Roos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koosje Sierman: De Libra van S.H. de Roos: een Uitmiddelpuntige

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen: Typograaf Sjoerd de Roos maakte zijn kunst dienstbaar aan het volk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postage stamps by S.H. de Roos

alias:
Sjord Hendrik de Roos
Sjörd Hendrik De Roos
Sjörd Hendrik de Roos
Sjord Hendrik De Roos
Sjoerd H. de Roos
Sjoerd Hendrik de Roos

description: Dutch typographer

wikidata_label: S.H. de Roos

wikipedia_title: S.H. de Roos


text:
Abu Bakr
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
Asma bint Umays
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
Ali
Imam
Shiite Muslims
Asma bint Umays
Ali bin Abi Talib
Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr
Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr
Battle of Siffin
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Egypt
Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
'Amr ibn al-'As
Malik al-Ashtar
Wilferd Madelung
Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj
Umayyad
mosque
Cairo
Rightly Guided Caliph
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Egypt
Uthman ibn Affan
Marwan ibn al-Hakam
Madinah
Siege of Uthman
Imam
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Fatima "(Umm Farwah)"
Muhammad al-Baqir
Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr
Abdullah ibn Umar
Asmā' bint Abu Bakr
Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr
Hussein ibn Ali
Kufa
Ibn Zeyad
Yazid
Walid ibn Utbah
Iraq
Arabia
Syria
Egypt
Hejaz
Battle of al-Harrah
Umayyad
Marwan I
Kharijite
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
Umayyad
Muhammad (name)
Ali
Abu Bakr (name)
Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr
Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr
Aisha
Asmā' bint Abu Bakr
Siddiqui
Bodla
Qallu
Sheekhaal
Wilferd Madelung
The Succession to Muhammad
Cambridge University Press
Biography

categories: 7th-century Arabs,Rashidun governors of Egypt,631 births,7th-century Egyptian people,Assassinated politicians,658 deaths,Sahabah favored by Shias,Abu Bakr family

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr () was the son of Abu Bakr and a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. His mother was Asma bint Umays, who was a widow of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib prior to her second marriage with Abu Bakr. He became the adopted son of Ali, the first Imam of Shiite Muslims, and became one of his generals.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a son of Abū Bakr aṣ-Ṣiddīq from his marriage with Asma bint Umays. When Abu Bakr died, Asma bint Umays married Ali bin Abi Talib. Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr had a son named, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's wife was called Asma and she was the daughter of Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr who was Abu Bakr's other son. The daughter of Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr and Asma was called Fitima (Umm Farwah)..

paragraph: After the Battle of Siffin, Ali ibn Abi Talib appointed Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr as the Governor of Egypt, then a newly conquered province of the Islamic empire.In 658 CE (38 A.H.), Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the then Governor of Syria, sent his general 'Amr ibn al-'As and six thousand soldiers against Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. He hadn't proved himself to be a good governer ,Lazley hazleton writes "Muhammad AbuBakr - Aisha's half brother-had proved a weak governer.Ali himself ruefully acknowledged that he was "an inexperienced young man".Muhammad asked Imam Ali for help. Ali is said to have instructed his foster son to hand the governorship over to his best general and childhood friend, Malik al-Ashtar, whom he judged better capable of resisting Amr ibn al-As. However, Malik died on his way to Egypt. The Shi'a and Institute for Shia Ismaili Studies in London's Shia'ism researcher Wilferd Madelung believe that Malik was poisoned by Muawiyah I.

paragraph: Ibn Abu Bakr was eventually defeated by 'Amr ibn al-'As. 'Amr's soldiers were ordered to capture him and bring him alive, to Muawiyah I. However, a soldier named Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj is said to have quarreled with the prisoner and killed him out of hand. Ibn Hudayj was so incensed at Ibn Abu Bakr that he put his body into the skin of a dead donkey and burned both corpses together, so that nothing should survive of his enemy. However, Shi'a accounts say that the Muawiyah I who later became the first Umayyad Caliph was the actual killer of Ibn Abu Bakr. His grave is located in a mosque in Cairo, Egypt.

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was a pious Muslim who supported the Rightly Guided Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib. He had spent considerable time in Egypt and was part of the delegation that complained about the activities of the governor of Egypt to the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan. The Caliph promised to immediately dismiss the Egyptian governor and replace him with Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. However, after sensing betrayal from Uthman ibn Affan (but actually perpetrated by Marwan ibn al-Hakam) against the Muslim petitioners from Egypt, Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr rushed back with the petitioners to Madinah where he initially took part in the uprising against Uthman ibn Affan. After realizing his error in getting involved in the Siege of Uthman, he repented and withdrew from the uprising, although he had already led the group of rebels inside Uthman ibn Affan's residence.

paragraph: The history is related as follows:

paragraph: A group of seven hundred Egyptians came to complain to Caliph Uthman ibn Affan about their governor Ibn Abi Sarh's tyranny, so Uthman ibn Affan said: "Choose someone to govern you." They chose Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, so Uthman ibn Affan wrote credentials for him and they returned. On their way back, at three days' distance from Madinah, a messenger caught up with them with the news that he carried orders from Uthman ibn Affan to the governor of Egypt. They searched him and found a message from Uthman ibn Affan to ibn Abu Sarh ordering the death of Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr and some of his friends. They returned to Madinah and besieged Uthman ibn Affan. Uthman ibn Affan acknowledged that the camel, the servant, and the seal on the letter belonged to him, but he swore that he had never written nor ordered the letter to be written. It was discovered that the letter had been hand-written by Marwan ibn al-Hakam.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Shia Muslim view.

paragraph: The Shi'a highly praise Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr for his devotion to `Ali and his resistance to the other rulers who were usurpers. Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was a pious Muslim who supported the Imam of his time, Ali ibn Abi Talib, even though his sister Aisha opposed `Ali in the battle of Jamal, Ibn Abu Bakr was faithful to his stepfather. And he was in Ali's army in the Battle of Jamal and later it was Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr who escorted Aisha back to Madina. His grand daughter Fatima "(Umm Farwah)" was wife of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. Shia Imam after Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin were his descendants.

paragraph: According to a Shia Muslim author:

paragraph: `Ali loved Muhammad Ibn Abu Bakr as his own son and his death was felt as another terrible shock. `Ali prayed for him, and invoked God's blessings and mercy upon his soul.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Openly opposed Muawiya.

paragraph: Both of Abu Bakr's sons Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr and Mohammed ibn Abu Bakr openly opposed Muawiya

paragraph: The appointment of Yazid was unpopular in Madina. Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 352, Narrated by Yusuf bin Mahak:

paragraph: Marwan had been appointed as the governor of Hijaz by Muawiya. He delivered a sermon and mentioned Yazid bin Muawiya so that the people might take the oath of allegiance to him as the successor of his father (Muawiya). Then 'Abdur Rahman bin Abu Bakr told him something whereupon Marwan ordered that he be arrested. But 'Abdur-Rahman entered 'Aisha's house and they could not arrest him. Marwan said, "It is he ('AbdurRahman) about whom Allah revealed this Verse: 'And the one who says to his parents: 'Fie on you! Do you hold out the promise to me..?'" On that, 'Aisha said from behind a screen, "Allah did not reveal anything from the Qur'an about us except what was connected with the declaration of my innocence (of the slander)."

paragraph: Ibn Katheer wrote in his book the Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah

paragraph: that "in the year 56 AH Muawiyah called on the people including those within the outlying territories to pledge allegiance to his son, Yazeed, to be his heir to the Caliphate after him. Almost all the subjects offered their allegiance, with the exception of Abdur Rahman bin Abu Bakr (the son of Abu Bakr), Abdullah ibn Umar (the son of Umar), al-Husain bin Ali (the son of Ali), Abdullah bin Az-Zubair (The grandson of Abu Bakr) and Abdullah ibn Abbas (Ali's cousin). Because of this Muawiyah passed through al-Madinah on his way back from Makkah upon completion of his Umrah Pilgrimage where he summoned each one of the five aforementioned individuals and threatened them. The speaker who addressed Muawiyah sharply with the greatest firmness amongst them was Abdurrahman bin Abu Bakr as-Siddeeq, while Abdullah bin Umar bin al-Khattab was the most soft-spoken amongst them.

paragraph: Their sister Asmā' bint Abu Bakr was just as out spoken. Asma's son, Abdullah, and his cousin, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, were both grandsons of Abu Bakr and nephews of Aisha. When Hussein ibn Ali was killed in Karbala, Abdullah, who had been Hussein's friend, collected the people of Mecca and made the following speech:

paragraph: O people! No other people are worse than Iraqis and among the Iraqis, the people of Kufa are the worst. They repeatedly wrote letters and called Imam Hussein to them and took "bay'at" (allegiance) for his caliphate. But when Ibn Zeyad arrived in Kufa, they rallied around him and killed Imam Hussein who was pious, observed the fast, read the Quran and deserved the caliphate in all respects.

paragraph: After his speech, the people of Mecca also joined Abdullah to take on Yazid. When he heard about this, Yazid had a silver chain made and sent to Mecca with the intention of having Walid ibn Utbah arrest Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr with it. In Mecca and Medina Hussein's family had a strong support base, and the people were willing to stand up for them. Hussein's remaining family moved back to Madina. Eventually Abdullah consolidated his power by sending a governor to Kufa. Soon Abdullah established his power in Iraq, southern Arabia, the greater part of Syria and parts of Egypt.

paragraph: Yazid tried to end Abdullah's rebellion by invading the Hejaz, and he took Medina after the bloody Battle of al-Harrah followed by the siege of Mecca. But his sudden death ended the campaign and threw the Umayyads into disarray, with civil war eventually breaking out. This essentially split the Islamic empire into two spheres. After the Umayyad civil war ended, Abdullah lost Egypt and whatever he had of Syria to Marwan I. This, coupled with the Kharijite rebellions in Iraq, reduced his domain to only the Hejaz.

paragraph: Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr was finally defeated by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who sent Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. Hajjaj was from Ta'if, as were those who had killed Hussein. In his last hour, Abdullah asked his mother Asma what he should do. Asma replied to her son:

paragraph: You know better in your own self that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you were killed and have been killed, and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are, you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say what you say, that you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others then you will not truly be free, for this is not the statement of someone who is free... How long will you live in this world, death is more beloved to me than this state you are on, this state of weakness.

paragraph: Then Abdullah said to his mother after she had told him to go forth and fight: "I am afraid I will be mutilated by the people of Sham. I am afraid that they will cut up my body after they have killed me." She said: "After someone has died, it won't make any difference what they do to you if you have been killed." Abdullah said to his mother:

paragraph: I did not come to you except to increase myself in knowledge. Look and pay attention to this day, for verily, I am a dead man. Your son never drank wine, nor was he fornicator, nor did he wrong any Muslim or non-Muslim, nor was he unjust. I am not saying this to you to show off or show how pure I am but rather as an honour to you.

paragraph: Abdullah then left by himself on his horse to take on Hajjaj. Hajjaj's army defeated and Abdullah on the battlefield in 692. He beheaded him and crucified his body. He said, "No one must take down his body except Asma. She must come to me and ask my permission, and only then will his body be taken down." Asma refused to go and ask permission to take down her son's body. It was said to her, "If you don't go, his body will remain like that." She said, "Then let it be." Eventually Hajjaj came to her and asked, "What do you say about this matter?" She replied, "Verily, you have destroyed him and you have ruined his life, and with that you have ruined your hereafter."

paragraph: The defeat of Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr re-established Umayyad control over the Empire.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad (name)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu Bakr (name)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aisha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asmā' bint Abu Bakr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siddiqui

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qallu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheekhaal

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilferd Madelung, "The Succession to Muhammad", Cambridge University Press, 1997.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.livingislam.org/n/shb_e.html - "Nevertheless, he brought in those who killed [Uthman]!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.hermetic.com/sabazius/mohammed.htm -"Uthman became quite unpopular, and he was murdered by insurgents led by the son of Abu Bakr, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, in 656 e.v

alias: محمد بن أبي بكر

description: Muslim general

wikidata_label: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr

wikipedia_title: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr


text:
American
rapper
Central Islip, New York
Redman
EPMD
Das EFX
Keith Murray
Hit Squad
DMX
Death Row East
DMX
Get At Me Dog
Beef II
Tito Ortiz
Chuck Lidell
UFC
cigarette
Keith Murray
Hit Squad
J. Prince
Beef II
2fast2real
Yahoo! Music Profile

categories: 21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,Entertainers from the Bronx,1968 births,Rappers from New York City,Living people

paragraph: K-Solo

paragraph: K-Solo (born Kevin Madison on April 17, 1968) is an American rapper from Central Islip, New York who, along with Redman, EPMD, Das EFX, and Keith Murray, was part of the Hit Squad in the 1990s.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: K-Solo's two biggest hits were "Your Mom's in My Business" and "Spellbound." The rapper later accused DMX of stealing this style from him when the two were incarcerated, serving jail time together. But before this all came about K-Solo spent 16 months in Riverhead Correctional Facility after being wrongfully convicted of assault in the 1980s. In Suffolk jail is where K-Solo came up with the Spellbound flow. Mr. Myles was there to see him write it.That was before he transferred to the city jail.

paragraph: In the mid-1990s he signed with Death Row Records and almost signed to Death Row East after hooking up with them in a Pittsburgh concert show. The only track ever released was a bootleg of Kurupt and him freestyling over Snoop's "Gin and Juice". It can be found on YouTube.

paragraph: In 2003 he toured the world with PMD and DJ Honda and vowed never again citing PMD "flipping over nearly everything but his ticket and record sales."

paragraph: In 2004 he was working on a new album for his Waste Management Records tentatively titled "There Will Be Hell to Pay" which has yet to be released.

paragraph: Section::::Feuds.

paragraph: Section::::Feuds.:DMX.

paragraph: During the mid-1990s through the early 2000s (decade), DMX and K-Solo, who first met as inmates in prison during the course of K-Solo's three-year prison stint, disputed over who was the first to write "Spellbound". Despite that K-Solo released his version in 1990, DMX, who released his version in 1994, claimed that he was the first to write "Spellbound". In his 1998 hit single "Get At Me Dog", DMX told K-Solo to "suck [his] dick". K-Solo later responded to DMX on a track named "The Answer Back", in which K-Solo claimed to be DMX's real father, and alleged that the legitimate reason for DMX's disgruntlement was because K-Solo had given DMX's mother a sexually transmitted infection. As the track continues, K-Solo went on to vindicate himself by saying that it was in fact DMX's mother that had "burned" him first. On Beef II, K-Solo took a lie detector test to prove that he was the first to write "Spellbound". The results were inconclusive.

paragraph: In an August 2006 interview with  he had this to say:

paragraph: "The truth of the matter is that being in L.A., I have people that I never would in LA, like Tito Ortiz, Chuck Lidell, true beat-that-ass-niggas. I have personally talked to the UFC folks and they would love to see us fight, I would love to see us fight. I mean we are forever going to be linked in the beef shit because there has not been a clear winner. I feel that I destroyed him, I assume he feels the same. It’s obvious we both don’t like each other and I think it’s the only way to settle this beef, but let’s face it, I saw dude do 50 push-ups and almost fall down afterwards. It took like 10 minutes to catch his breath to smoke another cigarette. Obviously he is not ready for that. It would be the biggest deal in hip-hop in 20 years."

paragraph: In a January 2007 interview with  was asked why DMX has continued to fan the flames such as his recent appearance on Hot 97 and stated:

paragraph: "He knows what it is. I told him to get into the cage with me. Five rounds, homie, fight me! He wouldn't do it. I am asking Keith Murray to do the same. I’ll break his ass down in two. He’s a five dollar dude. Sign the papers, we’ll set it up, and can handle it. That goes for any ma’fucka who has problems with me. We’ll get in the cage. If you can beat me, you get the money and I’ll get my ass beat. Let people do what they got to do. I’m in war mode. I’m more ready now than I've ever been. People aren't getting away with that dumb shit. DMX can’t fight."

paragraph: Section::::Feuds.:Keith Murray.

paragraph: In a January 2007 interview  responded to claims that he [Keith] knocked him out:

paragraph: "I was in the hood watching these guys. I ran with one of these guys who was in the hood. A while back, my boy – Ralph Mann got jumped by a few of the L.O.D. cats Keith Murray’s crew]. They were disrespecting Ralph! I put Murray and Redman in the game! So, I put they asses on blast on a mixtape! Murray’s men jumped me on stage and threw me off the bitch. They’re now in court because of the shit. But let me ask you -- how do I get jumped in your club on Christmas Eve and walk out still alright? I could’ve respected it if Murray ran up on me and did his thing. But he didn’t. He thinks that the world is against him. If there was no Kevin Madison there wouldn’t be no Keith Murray, because no one would’ve respected him. Why fight someone that put you on? The only thing that I can think is that Reggie and Erick put him on to doing it. These cats are crazy, though. People were hurt when the Hit Squad broke up. I know people who can call on J. Prince and really cause some problems. Cats are just stupid. That’s the only thing that aggravates me. What else do I have to do to show people that I’m the “original rap criminal”? People don’t know what they’re playing with."

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beef II" (2004)

paragraph: 2Fast2real3 (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2fast2real" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yahoo! Music Profile

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: K-Solo

wikipedia_title: K-Solo


text: Sami el-Solh

text: Camille Chamoun

text: Lebanon Crisis of 1958

text: Rashid Karami

text: List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon

categories: Government ministers of Lebanon,Members of the Parliament of Lebanon,Prime Ministers of Lebanon,People from Beirut

paragraph: Khalil al-Hibri

paragraph: Khalil al-Hibri () was a Lebanese politician and businessman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Al-Hibri served in parliament in 1957 and as Minister of Public Works in the government of Sami el-Solh during the presidency of Camille Chamoun. In 1952, he joined the board of Beirut's Water Company in the Municipality of Beirut, and later became the Chairman of the Board until 1972. He was instrumental in the development and modernization of Beirut's water facilities. Hibri is best known for agreeing to head a transitional government during the Lebanon Crisis of 1958. He was followed by Rashid Karami who headed a government of national reconciliation.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anti-U.S.manship (link to Time Magazine) - 19 May 1958

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon

description: Lebanese politician

wikidata_label: Khalil al-Hibri

wikipedia_title: Khalil al-Hibri


text:
Canadian
prelate
Roman Catholic Church
Archbishop of Toronto
cardinalate
Montreal
Quebec
Irish Catholic
typesetter
The Montreal Star
Alexander
Bishop of Sault-Sainte-Marie
nun
Collège de Montréal
Seminary
Université de Montréal
Licentiate in Theology
ordained
priesthood
Auxiliary Bishop of Montreal
Alphonse-Emmanuel Deschamps
pastoral
Archdiocese of Montreal
director
English
Normal school
chaplain
McGill University
Newman Centre of McGill University
Catholic Action
president
Thomas More Institute
doctorate in theology
Bishop of London, Ontario
Archbishop of Toronto
Aloysius Ambrozic
Concordia University
Order of Canada
King's University College
University of Western Ontario
Cardinal Carter Catholic High School
Aurora, Ontario
Cardinal Carter Academy for the Arts
Toronto, Ontario
Leamington, Ontario
Toronto
Toronto

categories: Archbishops of Toronto,1912 births,2003 deaths,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Clergy from Montreal,Companions of the Order of Canada,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Canadian cardinals,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: Gerald Emmett Carter

paragraph: Gerald Emmett Carter, (March 1, 1912 – April 6, 2003) was a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Toronto from 1978 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth and ordination.

paragraph: The youngest of eight children, Emmett Carter was born in Montreal, Quebec, to an Irish Catholic family. His father was a typesetter for "The Montreal Star", his brother, Alexander, would become Bishop of Sault-Sainte-Marie, and two of his sisters would become nuns.

paragraph: Carter attended the Collège de Montréal before studying at the Grand Seminary and the Université de Montréal, where he obtained his Licentiate in Theology in 1936. He was ordained to the priesthood by the Auxiliary Bishop of Montreal Alphonse-Emmanuel Deschamps on May 22, 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Parish work.

paragraph: Carter then did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Montreal until 1939, when he became the first director of the English section of Jacques-Cartier Normal school.

paragraph: During his tenure as chaplain to the Catholic students at McGill University from 1942 to 1956, where he played a key role in establishing the Newman Centre of McGill University, he was also named director of the English section of Catholic Action (1944) and president of the Thomas More Institute (1946), and earned his doctorate in theology in 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archbishop of Toronto.

paragraph: He was Bishop of London, Ontario from 1964 to 1978, when he was appointed Archbishop of Toronto. He retired in 1990 and was succeeded by Aloysius Ambrozic.

paragraph: In 1976, he received an honorary doctorate from Concordia University. In 1982 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. The library at King's University College at the University of Western Ontario in London is named after him, as are Cardinal Carter Catholic High School in Aurora, Ontario, Cardinal Carter Academy for the Arts in Toronto, Ontario and Cardinal Carter Catholic Secondary School in Leamington, Ontario.

paragraph: An important figure in Montreal’s education system, founding St. Joseph’s Teachers College for English-speaking Catholics, Cardinal Carter was a member of the Montreal Catholic School Commission for 15 years, and active at McGill University’s Newman Club and the St. Thomas More Institute.

paragraph: Section::::Pastoral programs.

paragraph: In Toronto, Cardinal Carter was responsible for expanding the Archdiocese’s pastoral programs, Catholic education and social services as well as implementing the reforms of Vatican II. He was involved with the opening of Covenant House for street youth and worked with the Province of Ontario to provide affordable housing to the elderly and disabled.

paragraph: Cardinal Carter died in Toronto and is buried at the Bishops’ Mausoleum at Holy Cross Cemetery north of Toronto.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Gerald Emmett Carter

wikipedia_title: Gerald Emmett Carter


text: Gavin Frew

text: Ginny Tapley Takemori

text: Ellery Queen

text: Edogawa Rampo Prize

text: Mystery Writers of Japan Award

categories: Japanese mystery writers,Edogawa Rampo Prize winners,Mystery Writers of Japan Award winners,Japanese writers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Kyotaro Nishimura

paragraph: Spouse is Mizue Yajima.

paragraph: Section::::Works in English translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Novel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mystery Train Disappears" (original title: Misuterī Ressha ga Kieta), trans. Gavin Frew (New York: Dembner Books, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short story collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Isle of South Kamui and Other Stories" (original title: Minami Kamuito), trans. Ginny Tapley Takemori (Thames River Press, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short story

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kindly Blackmailer" (original title: Yasashii Kyōhakusha) ("Ellery Queen's Japanese Golden Dozen: The Detective Story World in Japan" anthology. Edited by Ellery Queen. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co. Inc. 1978. pp 147–165)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 – Edogawa Rampo Prize: "Tenshi no Shōkon" (A Scar of an Angel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 – Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Novel: "Tāminaru Satsujin Jiken" (The Terminal Murder Case)

paragraph: Section::::TV.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kyotaro Nishimura Travel Mystery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kyotaro Nishimura Suspense -Susumu Samonji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inspector Totsugawa Series

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J'Lit | Authors : Kyotaro Nishimura | Books from Japan

alias:
Kyotaro Nishimura
Nishimura Kyōtarō
Nishimura Kyotaro
Kyoutarou Nishimura

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Kyōtarō Nishimura

wikipedia_title: Kyotaro Nishimura


text:
Italian
Sicilian Mafia
Corleonesi
Corleone
homicide
farm
Corleone
Michele Navarra
Salvatore Riina
manslaughter
Calogero Bagarella
Bernardo Provenzano
trade unionist
Placido Rizzotto
in absentia
pentiti
Tommaso Buscetta
Palermo
Gaetano Badalamenti
Italian
Sicilian
illiterate
cigar
bullets
Sicilian Mafia Commission
Ciaculli massacre
heroin
fiancée
Trial of the 114
Salvatore Riina
Alfa Romeo
magistrate
Cesare Terranova
life imprisonment
indictment
health clinic
Pott's disease
Pietro Scaglione
Antonino Lo Russo
Pentiti
Salvatore Contorno
Milan
kidnapping
tapping his telephone
Corleonesi
Leonardo Vitale
Maxi Trial
Lenin Mancuso
lawyer
cross examining
pentiti
Badu 'e Carros
Nuoro
Sardinia
painting
landscapes
heart attack
Review
Stille, Alexander
Luciano Leggio, l'ex «primula rossa»
Report of Leggio's funeral

categories: Sicilian Mafiosi who died in prison custody,Sicilian Mafiosi,Corleonesi,Sicilian Mafia Commission,Prisoners who died in Italian detention,Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy,1993 deaths,1925 births,Italian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment

paragraph: Luciano Leggio

paragraph: Luciano Leggio (; 6 January 1925 – 15 November 1993) was an Italian criminal and leading figure of the Sicilian Mafia. He was the head of the Corleonesi, the Mafia faction that originated in the town of Corleone. He is universally known with the surname Liggio, a result of a misspelling in court documents in the 1960s.

paragraph: As well as setting the Corleonesi on track to become the dominant Mafia clan in Sicily, he became infamous for avoiding convictions for a multitude of crimes, including homicide, before he was finally imprisoned for life in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Leggio was one of ten children raised in extreme poverty on a small farm. He turned to crime in his teens. His first conviction was when he was aged 18 for stealing corn; as soon as he completed a six-month sentence for this crime, he murdered the man who had reported him to the police. In 1945 he was recruited by the Mafia boss of Corleone, Michele Navarra, to work as an enforcer and hitman. That same year Leggio shot dead a farm-hand in order to take his job, then immediately took over the farm by demanding the owner sign it over to him at gunpoint.

paragraph: While behind bars in the late 1940s he met Salvatore Riina, who was then aged 19 and starting a six-year sentence for manslaughter. The two eventually became accomplices in crime after Riina's release, as did two other young local criminals, Calogero Bagarella and Bernardo Provenzano.

paragraph: On 10 March 1948, trade unionist Placido Rizzotto was kidnapped by three men in broad daylight, with a number of witnesses claiming Leggio was one of them. The following year two men confessed to helping Leggio kidnap Rizzotto, who shot the victim and dumped him in a cavern. The police recovered Rizzotto's body and two others, Leggio was arrested on suspicion of murder, but after spending almost two years behind bars he was released and the charges dropped when witnesses refused to testify. The two alleged accomplices were eventually killed. Leggio went into hiding, although reportedly did not have to try hard to hide because no one in Corleone seemed brave enough to alert the police as to his whereabouts, after he was indicted once again for the Rizzotto slaying. He was tried twice "in absentia" of the trade unionist's murder but acquitted due to insufficient evidence on both occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Manner.

paragraph: Many pentiti have described Leggio as being highly volatile and violent, as well as possessing a streak of vanity. According to Tommaso Buscetta, during meetings with Mafia bosses from Palermo, Leggio insisted on correcting grammatical errors made by Gaetano Badalamenti when Badalamenti tried to speak Italian rather than his native Sicilian. Leggio apparently liked to be called "The Professor", as if he were an intellectual, even though, like many of his fellow Corleonesi, he was poorly educated. Leggio left school at the age of nine and was illiterate until well into adulthood. He also tended to wear expensively tailored suits at his repeated court appearances, often along with sunglasses, and grandly puffed on a cigar.

paragraph: Section::::Ascent to power.

paragraph: Leggio soon began to build his own faction of mobsters loyal to him alone, including Riina and Provenzano, and in 1956 the Leggio faction went to war with Navarra and his followers. One evening in June 1958 Leggio was walking across a field when some of Navarra's men opened fire on him. He escaped with just a slight injury to his hand.

paragraph: A couple of months later, on 2 August Leggio, Riina, Provenzano and a number of other gunmen set up an ambush just outside Corleone. Michele Navarra soon drove round the corner and the gunmen opened fire, riddling the car with two hundred bullets. Navarra died instantly along with a friend (unconnected with the Mafia); he was giving a lift to another doctor, Giovanni Russo. Leggio proclaimed himself boss of Corleone and over the next five years he and his men hunted down and killed around fifty more of Navarra's remaining supporters.

paragraph: Leggio and his faction emerged victorious, and he eventually took his place on the Sicilian Mafia Commission. However, the increase in violence in Corleone, coupled with the Ciaculli massacre in Palermo relating to a separate Mafia War, had inspired a crackdown against the Mafia in 1963, meaning Leggio and his associates had to go into hiding.

paragraph: Section::::Repeated acquittals.

paragraph: Leggio spent the 1960s and early 1970s increasing the strength of the Corleonesi, murdering anyone who got in its way. In particular, he wanted control of the refining and trafficking of heroin that soon provided a huge source of income to the Sicilian Mafia.

paragraph: He was captured in Corleone in May 1964 (curiously, he was lodging with Leoluchina Sorisi, the former fiancée of Placido Rizzotto, whom he had once been accused of murdering) and was hauled off into custody, complaining loudly about his ill-health, old age (he was only thirty-nine) and how he was being persecuted and knew nothing of any Mafia. First off he was tried for murdering Navarra and Navarra's companion back in 1958. The trial ended with him being acquitted due to insufficient evidence. He stood trial in late 1968 with 113 defendants relating to the Mafia War that resulted in the Ciaculli massacre. However, what became known as Trial of the 114 ended with only ten convictions. The rest, including Leggio, were acquitted.

paragraph: He was not yet released, however, as he had to stand trial in 1969 on charges of murdering nine of Navarra's men. This time he was tried alongside over sixty of his fellow Corleonesi, including Salvatore Riina, who was one of almost two-thousand Mafiosi rounded up in the mid-1960s in the aftermath of the violence in the early years of that decade.

paragraph: The trial was regarded as farcical, with reports of blatant witness intimidation and evidence tampering. For example, fragments of a broken car light found at the Navarra murder scene which had been identified as belonging to an Alfa Romeo car owned by Leggio had, by the time of the trial, been replaced by bits of a broken light from a completely different make of car. The judges and prosecutors were sent anonymous letters threatening them with death.

paragraph: In the end, all the defendants were acquitted.

paragraph: Section::::Fugitive on the Italian mainland.

paragraph: Immediately after the trial, which ended in July 1969, a determined Italian magistrate named Cesare Terranova appealed against Leggio's acquittal for the Navarra slaying. In December 1970 Leggio was finally convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for this murder, but it was "in absentia" because, once more, he had gone underground. In July 1969, after hearing of his indictment to stand trial once more, Leggio checked into a private health clinic in Rome to have treatment for Pott's disease, which he had suffered from most of his life and for which he had to wear a brace. When the police finally came to arrest him in January 1970 he had checked out and vanished. The fact that he had not been arrested during his seven-month stay in the clinic was a scandal in Italy, as were his repeated acquittals.

paragraph: There were many suspicions that corrupt figures in authority had helped Leggio avoid justice, with plenty of suspicion falling on the General Attorney of Sicily, Pietro Scaglione, who was shot dead on 5 May 1971 with his police bodyguard Antonino Lo Russo. "Pentiti" Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno later said Leggio personally shot Scaglione dead because he either did not want him to help deliver an acquittal for one of the Corleonesi boss's rivals or he did not want to leave someone who knew a lot of his secrets alive. Leggio would later be tried twice for killing Scaglione but was acquitted for insufficient evidence.

paragraph: He eventually hid out in Milan where he ran a profitable kidnapping ring. In early 1973 he ran into a mobster named Damiano Caruso whom he blamed for killing one of his friends years before. Caruso vanished, as did his girlfriend and her fifteen-year-old daughter not long afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Life imprisonment.

paragraph: He was finally captured in Milan on 16 May 1974, local police having tracked him down by tapping his telephone. Leggio was finally sent off to serve his life sentence for the Navarra slaying.

paragraph: He is believed to have retained significant influence from behind bars, as have many other mobsters after imprisonment. However, by the end of the 1970s, his lieutenant Salvatore Riina was in control of the Corleonesi clan.

paragraph: Raised in poverty, Leggio was a multi-millionaire (in US Dollars) by the time of his arrest. At the time of his capture, Italian law did not yet allow authorities to confiscate criminals' illicit fortunes, although this has since changed.

paragraph: He was tried with a number of others in 1977 for previous crimes on the testimony of Leonardo Vitale; he was acquitted with all but one of the others (Vitale's uncle) when Leonardo Vitale's mental state was called into question.

paragraph: In the Maxi Trial of 1986/1987, Leggio faced charges of helping to run the Corleonesi from behind bars, including the accusation that he ordered the murder of prosecutor Cesare Terranova, who was shot dead on 25 September 1979 along with his police bodyguard Lenin Mancuso. He acted as his own lawyer and defended himself, cross examining Tommaso Buscetta and other pentiti. He claimed he had been framed for political reasons. He was eventually acquitted of all charges due to lack of evidence, although he still had his life-sentence to serve and was returned to the Badu 'e Carros maximum security prison in Nuoro, Sardinia, where he indulged in his hobby of painting, in particular landscapes.

paragraph: On 16 November 1993, he died in prison from a heart attack, aged 68. He is buried in Corleone.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dickie, John (2004). "Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia", London: Coronet, (Review in the Observer, February 15, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sterling, Claire (1990). "Octopus. How the long reach of the Sicilian Mafia controls the global narcotics trade", New York: Simon & Schuster,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stille, Alexander (1995). "Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic", New York: Vintage

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luciano Leggio, l'ex «primula rossa», La Sicilia, August 21, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Report of Leggio's funeral

description: Italian criminal with murder conviction

wikidata_label: Luciano Leggio

wikipedia_title: Luciano Leggio


text:
Royal Academy
Regensberg
Munich
Academy of Fine Arts

categories: 19th-century German sculptors,1881 deaths,German male sculptors,1839 births

paragraph: Michael Wagmüller

paragraph: Michael Wagmüller (1839–1881) was a German sculptor who completed a number of commissions in London and exhibited at the Royal Academy.

paragraph: Wagmuller was born in Regensberg, Germany, and studied at the industrial school in Munich, then at the Academy of Fine Arts there. After returning from London to Munich he worked as a Professor at the Academy.

description: German sculptor

wikidata_label: Michael Wagmüller

wikipedia_title: Michael Wagmüller