text: Conservative Party

text: Home Secretary

text: de facto

text: Prime Minister

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party

text: Nairn

text: Scotland

text: landed gentry

text: Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

text: First World War

text: William Whitelaw

text: Old Harrovian

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Prime Minister

text: Benjamin Disraeli

text: Wixenford School

text: Winchester College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: blue

text: Officer Training Corps

text: Second World War

text: commission

text: British Army

text: Scots Guards

text: 6th Guards Tank Brigade

text: Guards Armoured Division

text: Churchill tank

text: Normandy

text: Operation Bluecoat

text: Jagdpanther

text: Netherlands

text: Military Cross

text: Field-Marshal

text: Bernard Montgomery

text: Pacific War

text: Palestine

text: Lanarkshire

text: East Dunbartonshire

text: Penrith and the Border

text: 1955 general election

text: Harold Macmillan

text: Lord of the Treasury

text: Alec Douglas-Home

text: Chief Whip

text: Privy Council

text: Edward Heath

text: Lord President of the Council

text: Leader of the House of Commons

text: Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

text: Special Category Status

text: Provisional Irish Republican Army

text: Seán MacStiofáin

text: Sunningdale Agreement

text: Secretary of State for Employment

text: National Union of Mineworkers

text: February 1974 general election

text: Companion of Honour

text: Harold Wilson

text: October 1974 general election

text: leadership election in 1975

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: 1979 general election

text: Home Secretary

text: Deputy Prime Minister

text: short, sharp shock

text: Iranian Embassy siege

text: Wolverhampton

text: National Front

text: Inner city

text: ethnic minorities

text: sus law

text: major riots

text: Provisional IRA

text: 1983 general election

text: hereditary peer

text: Lord President of the Council

text: Leader of the House of Lords

text: House of Lords

text: Greater London Council

text: star chamber

text: Leeds

text: Yorkshire Ripper

text: Nicholas Ridley

text: St Bees School

text: Knight of the Thistle

text: Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party

text: Celia, Viscountess Whitelaw

text: ATS

text: Second World War

text: Ennim

text: Great Blencow

text: Penrith, Cumbria

text: St. Andrew's Parish Church

text: Dacre, Cumbria

text: freemason

text: The Right Honourable

text: John Standing

text: BBC

text: The Falklands Play

text: Ian Curteis

text: Margaret

text: Michael Heseltine

text: Robert Hardy

text: Short, sharp shock

text: Gerry Rafferty

text: Snakes and Ladders

text: St Anne's Cathedral

text: Ulster Unionist

text: Sir Edward Carson

text: Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

text: Burke's Peerage

text: Obituary in "The Guardian

categories: Deputy Lieutenants of Dunbartonshire,People educated at Wixenford School,People from Nairn,Anglo-Scots,UK MPs 1974,Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom,People educated at Winchester College,Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1999 deaths,Peers nominated by Margaret Thatcher,UK MPs 1959–1964,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland,UK MPs 1970–1974,Chairmen of the Conservative Party (UK),UK MPs 1964–1966,Scots Guards officers,Cumbria MPs,Recipients of the Military Cross,People from Penrith, Cumbria,Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom,Secretaries of State for the Home Department,British Secretaries of State for Employment,Lord Presidents of the Council,UK MPs 1966–1970,UK MPs 1974–1979,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,UK MPs 1979–1983,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1983–1987,Scottish Freemasons,Burials in Cumbria,1918 births,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Leaders of the House of Lords,Knights of the Thistle,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw

paragraph: William Stephen Ian Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, (28 June 1918 – 1 July 1999), often known as Willie Whitelaw, was a British Conservative Party politician who served in a wide number of Cabinet positions, most notably as Home Secretary and "de facto" deputy to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. He was Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Whitelaw was born at the family home, "Monklands", on Thurlow Road in Nairn in northeast Scotland. He never knew his father, William Alexander Whitelaw, born 1892, a member of a Scottish family of the landed gentry. He died in 1919 after service in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in the First World War, when his son was still a baby. Whitelaw was raised by his mother, Helen (daughter of Major-General Francis Russell, of Aden), a local councillor in Nairn, and paternal grandfather, William Whitelaw (1868–1946), of Gartshore, Dunbartonshire, an Old Harrovian and alumnus of Trinity College, Cambridge, landowner, MP for Perth 1892–1895, and chairman of the London and North-Eastern Railway Company. His great-aunt by marriage, Dorothy, was the niece of former Prime Minister and author Benjamin Disraeli.

paragraph: Whitelaw was educated first at Wixenford School, Wokingham, before passing the entrance exam to Winchester College. From there he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won a blue for golf and joined the Officer Training Corps. By chance he was in a summer camp in 1939 on the outbreak of the Second World War and was granted a regular, not wartime, commission in the British Army, in the Scots Guards, later serving in the 6th Guards Tank Brigade, a separate unit from the Guards Armoured Division. He commanded Churchill tanks in Normandy during the Second World War and during Operation Bluecoat in late July 1944. His was the first Allied unit to encounter German "Jagdpanther" tank destroyers, being attacked by three out of the twelve Jagdpanthers which were in Normandy.

paragraph: The battalion's second-in-command was killed when his tank was hit in front of Whitelaw's eyes; Whitelaw succeeded to this position, holding it, with the rank of major, throughout the advance through the Netherlands into Germany and until the end of the war. He was awarded the Military Cross for his actions at Caumont; a photograph of Field-Marshal Bernard Montgomery pinning the medal to his chest appears in his memoirs. After the end of the war in Europe, Whitelaw's unit was to have taken part in the invasion of Japan, but the Pacific War ended before this. Instead he was posted to Palestine, before leaving the army in 1946 to take care of the family estates of Gartshore and Woodhall in Lanarkshire, which he inherited on the death of his grandfather.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: After early defeats as a candidate for the constituency of East Dunbartonshire in 1950 and 1951, he became Member of Parliament (MP) for Penrith and the Border at the 1955 general election, and represented that constituency for 28 years. He held his first government posts under Harold Macmillan as a Lord of the Treasury (government whip) between 1961 and 1962 and under Macmillan and then Sir Alec Douglas-Home as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour between 1962 and 1964. In 1964 Douglas-Home appointed him as Opposition Chief Whip. He was sworn of the Privy Council in January 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Heath government, 1970–1974.

paragraph: When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 under Edward Heath, Whitelaw was made Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons, with a seat in the cabinet. Upon the imposition of direct rule in March 1972, he became the first Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, serving in that capacity until November 1973. During his time in Northern Ireland he introduced Special Category Status for paramilitary prisoners. He attempted to negotiate with the Provisional Irish Republican Army, meeting its then PIRA Chief of Staff Seán MacStiofáin in July 1972. The talks ended in an agreement to change from a seven-day truce to an open-ended truce; however, this did not last long. As a briefing for prime minister Heath later noted, Whitelaw "found the experience of meeting and talking to Mr MacStíofáin very unpleasant". MacStiofáin in his memoir complimented Whitelaw, saying he was the only Englishman ever to pronounce his name in Irish correctly.

paragraph: In 1973, Whitelaw left Northern Ireland—shortly before the Sunningdale Agreement was reached—to become Secretary of State for Employment, and confronted the National Union of Mineworkers over its pay demands. This dispute was followed by the Conservative Party losing the February 1974 general election. Also in 1974, Whitelaw became a Companion of Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:In opposition, 1974–1979.

paragraph: Soon after Harold Wilson's Labour Party returned to government, Heath appointed Whitelaw as Deputy Leader of the Opposition and Chairman of the Conservative Party. After a second defeat in the October 1974 general election, during which Whitelaw had accused Wilson of going "round and round the country stirring up apathy", Heath was forced to call a leadership election in 1975. Whitelaw loyally refused to run against Heath; however, and to widespread surprise, Margaret Thatcher narrowly defeated Heath in the first round. Whitelaw stood in his place and lost convincingly against Thatcher in the second round. The vote polarised along right–left lines, with in addition the region, experience and education of the MP having their effects.

paragraph: Whitelaw managed to maintain his position as Deputy Leader until the 1979 general election, when he was appointed Home Secretary. He was widely considered to be the "de facto" Deputy Prime Minister in Thatcher's new government.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Home Secretary, 1979–1983.

paragraph: Thatcher admired Whitelaw and appointed him Home Secretary in her first Cabinet, later writing of him "Willie is a big man in character as well as physically. He wanted the success of the Government which from the first he accepted would be guided by my general philosophy. Once he had pledged his loyalty, he never withdrew it".

paragraph: As Home Secretary, Whitelaw adopted a hard-line approach to law and order. He improved police pay and embarked upon a programme of extensive prison building. His four-year tenure in office, however, was generally perceived as a troubled one. His much vaunted "short, sharp shock" policy, whereby convicted young offenders were detained in secure units and subjected to quasi-military discipline won approval from the public but proved expensive to implement. He was Home Secretary during the six-day Iranian Embassy siege in April–May 1980.

paragraph: In March 1981, he approved Wolverhampton council's 14-day ban on political marches in the borough in response to a planned National Front demonstration there.

paragraph: Inner city decay, unemployment and what was perceived at the time as heavy-handed policing of ethnic minorities (notably the application of what some called the "notorious" sus law) sparked major riots in London, Liverpool, Birmingham and Leeds, and a spate of disturbances elsewhere. The Provisional IRA escalated its bombing campaign in England.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Leader of the House of Lords, 1983–1988.

paragraph: Two days after the 1983 general election, Whitelaw received a hereditary peerage (the first created for 18 years) as Viscount Whitelaw, of Penrith in the County of Cumbria. Thatcher appointed him Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords. Lord Whitelaw faced many challenges in attempting to manage the House of Lords, facing a major defeat over abolition of the Greater London Council within a year of taking over. However, his patrician and moderate style appealed to Conservative peers and his tenure is considered a success.

paragraph: During his period as her deputy and as Leader of the Lords, Thatcher relied on Whitelaw heavily; she famously announced that "every Prime Minister needs a Willie". He chaired the "star chamber" committee that settled the annual disputes between the limited resources made available by Treasury and the spending demands of other government departments. It was Whitelaw, in November 1980, who managed to dissuade Thatcher from going to Leeds to take charge of the Yorkshire Ripper investigation personally.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Resignation.

paragraph: After a stroke in December 1987, he felt he had no choice but to resign. Nicholas Ridley argued that Whitelaw's retirement marked the beginning of the end of the Thatcher premiership, as he was no longer around as often to give sensible advice and to moderate her stance on issues, or to maintain a consensus of support in her own Cabinet and parliamentary party.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: During his retirement and until his death, Lord Whitelaw was the chairman of the board of Governors at St Bees School, Cumbria. He was appointed a Knight of the Thistle in 1990. He formally resigned as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party in 1991; a farewell dinner was held in his honour on 7 August 1991.

paragraph: He died of natural causes, aged 81, in July 1999, survived by his wife of 56 years, Celia, Viscountess Whitelaw (1 January 1917 – 5 December 2011), a philanthropist/charity worker and horticulturist who had been an ATS volunteer during the Second World War. The couple had four daughters. Although Whitelaw was given a hereditary peerage, the title became extinct on his death as his daughters were unable to inherit. His eldest daughter married Nicholas Cunliffe-Lister, 3rd Earl of Swinton. His home for many years was the mansion of Ennim, just outside the village of Great Blencow near Penrith, Cumbria. He was buried at St. Andrew's Parish Church, Dacre, Cumbria. Whitelaw was an active freemason.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918–1944: "Mr" William Whitelaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944–1952: "Mr" William Whitelaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952–1955: "Mr" William Whitelaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955–1967: "Mr" William Whitelaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967–1974: "The Right Honourable" William Whitelaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974–1983: "The Right Honourable" William Whitelaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983–1990: "The Right Honourable" The Viscount Whitelaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990–1999: "The Right Honourable" The Viscount Whitelaw

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitelaw was portrayed by John Standing in the BBC production of "The Falklands Play" (2002) by Ian Curteis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The character of Whitelaw appeared in a smaller role in "Margaret", where he was portrayed as a moderating influence on Thatcher and Michael Heseltine in Cabinet. Whitelaw was played by Robert Hardy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Part of a speech detailing the "Short, sharp shock" concept of juvenile offender incarceration given by Whitelaw during 1979 is excerpted in the fadeout at the end of Gerry Rafferty's song "The Garden of England" (1980), from the album "Snakes and Ladders":

paragraph: BULLET::::- The folk album "England's Vietnam – Irish Songs of Resistance" by the Men of No Property (Folkways Records, 1977) contains a track called "Tuten Carson's Tomb". The song portrays a tour guide supposedly guiding visitors through the St Anne's Cathedral tomb of Ulster Unionist leader Sir Edward Carson and pointing out artifacts. Referring to Whitelaw's period as the first Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, it contains the line, "A flak vest made of solid jade/A gift that Whitelaw made."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore, Charles. "Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitelaw, William. "The Whitelaw Memoirs" (1989), a primary source

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Peerage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary in "The Guardian"/a, 2 July 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Whitelaw, "The Whitelaw Memoirs", Aurum Press, London, 1989.

alias:
William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw
William Stephen Ian Whitelaw
William Whitelaw

description: British Conservative politician, former Home Secretary and Leader of the House of Lords

enwikiquote_title: William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw

wikidata_label: Willie Whitelaw

wikipedia_title: William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw


text: Magdeburg

text: Braunschweig University of Technology

text: Berlin Institute of Technology

text: Charlottenburg

text: Paul Emmerich

text: Prussian Academy of Arts

text: Städtischer Friedhof Berlin-Zehlendorf.

text: Zehlendorf, Berlin

text: Leipzig

text: Friedrichsfelde

paragraph: Paul Mebes

paragraph: Paul Louis Adolf Mebes (23 January 1872 – 9 April 1938) was a German architect, architectural theorist and university professor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Paul Mebes was born on 23 January 1872 in Magdeburg.

paragraph: He completed practical training as a carpenter and then studied at the Braunschweig University of Technology and the Berlin Institute of Technology in Charlottenburg.

paragraph: After graduating he worked as a government architect (assessor) in the public works department.

paragraph: By 1906 (according to some sources as early as 1902) Mebes was working for the Berlin Civil Servants Dwelling Association.

paragraph: From 1909 to 1919, he served as a part-time member of its technical board.

paragraph: From 1911, he and Paul Emmerich ran the architectural firm of "Mebes and Emmerich", which was devoted mainly to the Dwelling Association's buildings.

paragraph: The firm also created designs for other buildings, including schools and administrative buildings.

paragraph: On 19 November 1920 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Braunschweig University of Technology.

paragraph: In 1931 Mebes became a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts.

paragraph: He resigned this membership on 15 May 1933.

paragraph: Mebes died on 9 April 1938 in Berlin. His memorial grave is located in the Städtischer Friedhof Berlin-Zehlendorf..

paragraph: The "Paul Mebes Park" on Potsdamer Strasse at the corner of Fischer-Dieskau-way in Zehlendorf, Berlin was named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Mebes' designs were innovative and won him recognition in Europe.

paragraph: He was one of the pioneers of housing estates before the First World War.

paragraph: His apartment building designs for the Berlin Civil Servants Dwelling Association and the Kroch village in Leipzig were particularly notable.

paragraph: The activity of Mebes can be divided into three periods: the early phase (1909–1918), an expressive phase (1918–1924) and the substantive phase that continued until his death (1925–1938).

paragraph: The early phase was characterized by work within the traditional architecture of Berlin's early days, with elaborate stucco facades and indiscriminate eclecticism. Here, Mebes worked entirely within existing styles: particularly often using classical details, but various forms of North German or Baroque Dutch details, and even early Gothic forms, occur.

paragraph: In the expressive phase, residential buildings were created with expressive, but sparingly used elements, such as contrasting colors of alternating brick and plaster, jagged protruding stairways and pointed windows. From the second half of the 1920s he created buildings in a classical modernism style.

paragraph: Mebes was less concerned about the details than before, but still designed aesthetically coherent works. He continued to emphasize color effects.

paragraph: He made carefully considered floor plans, with bright and well ventilated apartments.

paragraph: Section::::Buildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906–1907: housing development at Planufer in Berlin-Kreuzberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906–1907: Residential Development in Berlin-Schöneberg, just north of the Rudolph Wilde Square (now John F. Kennedy Platz )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907–1908: Condominium Steglitz II Fritschweg / Grillparzerstraße / Rückertstraße, officials Dwellings Association, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907–1910: Condominium Charlottenburg IIa and b, Horstweg / Danckelmannstraße / Wundtstraße / Vereinsweg, officials Dwellings Association, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908–1909: Residential Development in Berlin Niederschönhausen, Grabbeallee / Paul Franke Road, officials Dwellings Association, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909–1910: houses for the housing association officials in Berlin-Zehlendorf, Clayallee 289–303

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909-1914/1921-1923: development "Reichshof" (now the "family farm") for the apartment association officials to Bochum in Bochum Grumme: 210 residential units in four stages along the streets Herder avenue Wielandstraße, family farm and at the family farm

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910–1912: Garden City Zehlendorf in Berlin-Zehlendorf, 1st Phase: elf house groups along the Camphausen, Dallwitz, Berlepsch and Thürstraße, and in Stieg Rother

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912: Villa Fahrenholtz, Jean-Burger-Straße 2 in Magdeburg district Leipziger Straße

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913–1929: so-called " brass housing settlement "with water tower in Finow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914: Schadow Gymnasium in Berlin-Zehlendorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918–1922: Condominium "Rechener Busch" in Bochum Wiemelhausen, Else-deer-road 13–21, 18–20, 32–40, Ottilie Schoenewald-road 16–24, 21–27, Dr. David Moritz -Straße 1–3

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1919–1921: Garden City Zehlendorf 2nd, Phase: eleven groups along the house-door, and Dallwitz Radtkestraße

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1921–1923: Garden City Zehlendorf 3rd, Phase: 108 apartments between Schrock, Berlepsch and Camp Street house

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1921–1927: Housing in Bochum Wiemelhausen, Grolmannstraße 4–14, 11–17, Kampmann street 4–22, 17–23, 1–13 Mulderpaßstraße, Brinkmann Straße 5–9, Friedrich-Strasse 21 Harkort

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923: Semi-detached house in Bochum Wiemelhausen, Ostermann Straße 5–7

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923–1925: development "On Heidehof" in Berlin-Schlachtensee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924–1926: Residential Building "Werra block" in Berlin-Neukölln

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925–1930: Residential Development in Berlin-Pankow

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926: houses in Bochum-Hamme, Overdycker 8–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926–1927: Housing Development Lincoln, Zachert, Bietzke, Eggersdorfer and Einbecker street in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926–1927: houses in Bochum Wiemelhausen, Königsallee 160–164, 36 units

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926–1929: Housing in Bochum Grumme, Heckertstraße 108–110, Starenweg 7–9

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926–1929: Housing in Bochum Wiemelhausen, Danziger Strasse 1–11, 2–14, Thorner Road 20–28, Druze mountain road 138, 130 apartments

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927: Group of houses in the village bear, Bochum-Weitmar, Graff ring 39–49

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927–1928: residential development in central Berlin, Oslo Road 94–98

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926–1928: residential development of the SPD in Berlin-Schöneberg, Rubens / Otzen / Traeger / Eisackstraße

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928–1930: Mountain School in Apolda

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929–1930: Housing in Bochum Grumme, Alexandrinenstraße 6–24, 18–25 Teylestraße

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930–1932: residential development, called " Kroch settlement ", in Gohlis (Leipzig)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930–1934: "fire-and smoke-free settlement" in Berlin-Steglitz, Steglitz dam

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932–1934: residential development, so-called "Flußpferdhof" in Berlin-Alt-Hohenschoenhausen, Große-Leege Road 60–82

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934–1935: Administration Building Feuersozietät the Province of Brandenburg in Berlin-Tiergarten, at Carlsbad

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Mebes (Hrsg.): "Um 1800." (2 Bände) 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Mebes (Hrsg.), Walter Curt Behrendt (Bearb.): "Um 1800. Architektur und Handwerk im letzten Jahrhundert ihrer traditionellen Entwicklung." F. Bruckmann, München 1918. (als 2. Auflage bezeichnet)

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Further reading

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edina Meyer: "Paul Mebes. Miethausbau in Berlin 1906–1938." Verlag Richard Seitz & Co., Berlin 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Bahr: "Paul Mebes. Architekt der Apoldaer Bergschule." In: "Apoldaer Heimat", Band 18 (2000), S. 7–10.

paragraph: BULLET::::- José-Manuel García Roig: "Tres arquitectos del período guillermino: Hermann Muthesius – Paul Schultze-Naumburg – Paul Mebes." Universidad de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones, Valladolid (Spain) 2006.

paragraph: External links

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website über den von Mebes gebauten expressionistischen Wasserturm in Finow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ausführliche Biografie von Paul Mebes durch das Bezirksamt Steglitz-Zehlendorf (PDF-Datei; 53 kB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bauten von Paul Mebes in Bochum auf "www.ruhr-bauten.de

description: German architect

wikidata_label: Paul Mebes

wikipedia_title: Paul Mebes


text:
Győr
Gyula Gózon
The Yellow Foal
White Nights
Struggling Hearts
Tales of the Typewriter
Miska the Magnate
Man of Gold
Pardon, tévedtem
The New Relative
Márciusi mese
Romance of Ida
The Dream Car
Villa for Sale
Modern Girls
Duel for Nothing
Sarajevo
Rózsafabot
Seven Plum Trees
Kerek Ferkó
A Tanítónő
Különös házasság

categories: Disease-related deaths in Hungary,Austro-Hungarian people,1886 births,20th-century Hungarian actresses,Hungarian silent film actresses,Hungarian film actresses,1958 deaths,People from Győr

paragraph: Lili Berky

paragraph: Lili Berky was a Hungarian actress. She was born on 15 March 1886 in Győr, Austria-Hungary, and died on 5 February 1958. She was married to Gyula Gózon.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Yellow Foal" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "White Nights" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Struggling Hearts" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of the Typewriter" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miska the Magnate" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man of Gold" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pardon, tévedtem" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Relative" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Márciusi mese" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romance of Ida" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dream Car" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Villa for Sale" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern Girls" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duel for Nothing" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sarajevo" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rózsafabot" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Plum Trees" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kerek Ferkó" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Tanítónő" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Különös házasság" (1951)

description: Hungarian actress

wikidata_label: Lili Berky

wikipedia_title: Lili Berky


text:
Gnostic Dualism
Cathars
Languedoc
Counts of Toulouse
Occitania
Medieval warfare
Medieval Inquisition
Sunday Express
Zoroastrianism
Alexander the Great
Robert Byron
Eric Newby
Medjugorje
Herzegovina
Bogomil
Mountains of Ararat
Towers of Silence
Chak Chak
Zoroastrian
Parsee
Syrian Churches of Kerala
Roza Bal
Lumbini
Karakorum Highway
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
University College, Oxford
Oxford University
Sussex University
Nottingham University
Royal Geographical Society
Humanists UK
châtelain
Monument Historique
comparative philology
Constable & Robinson
Franklin Watts
Little, Brown and Company
McGraw Hill
Voltaire

categories: English sceptics,Alumni of the University of Nottingham,English mathematicians,English atheists,1953 births,Critics of religions,Rationalists,English translators,English theologians,Writers from London,British sceptics,English male journalists,British writers,Alumni of University College, Oxford,Philologists,Etymologists,Atheist writers,English writers,Living people,British historians of religion,English humanists,English non-fiction writers,Historians of Christianity,Alumni of the University of Sussex,Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society

paragraph: James McDonald (writer)

paragraph: James McDonald is a British mathematician, historian, theologian and non-fiction writer.

paragraph: He writes on a range of topics including Gnostic Dualism, the Cathars of the Languedoc and their theology, the Counts of Toulouse, Occitania, Medieval warfare and the Medieval Inquisition. His work is characterised by combining serious scholarship with an entertaining style. Something of a polymath, he has also written on subjects as diverse as computer simulation, mathematical problems, philosophy, etymology and comparative philology. For several years he wrote a weekly column on English word origins for the Sunday Express, a national newspaper in the UK.

paragraph: He has travelled extensively in Central Asia and Southern Asia, researching Zoroastrianism and other ancient religions. According to his publishers his book "Beyond Belief" took over 20 years of research, including an overland expedition from Europe to South and Central Asia[specific?], retracing the journeys of Alexander the Great, Robert Byron and Eric Newby. This research took him to sites including Medjugorje in Herzegovina; traditional Bogomil sites in the Balkans, early Christian sites across Turkey, the Mountains of Ararat near the border with Iran, Zoroastrian Towers of Silence, Chak Chak and other Zoroastrian centres in Iran, Christian churches in Pakistan, Parsee temples in Mumbi, the Syrian Churches of Kerala, the Roza Bal shrine at Srinagar in Kashmir; Lumbini in the Rupandehi district of Nepal; early Buddhist sites along the Karakorum Highway, and historic religious sites of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

paragraph: He was educated in the UK at University College, Oxford, and at Sussex and Nottingham Universities. He holds an MA in mathematics from Oxford University, an MSc in Operational Research from Sussex University and an MA in history and theology from the Nottingham University. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in London in 1990. He is a life member of Humanists UK. His biography in the 5th edition of his book "Voltaire on the Cathars" notes that he is one of a small but growing number of atheist theologians.

paragraph: He is the châtelain of a late Medieval castle[specific?] in the South of France, listed as a Monument Historique by the French Government.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wordly Wise", on comparative philology, published by Constable (now Constable & Robinson) (UK) and Franklin Watts (USA),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dictionary of Obscenity and Taboo", on etymology, published by Sphere (Little, Brown and Company) and reprinted by Wordsworth (UK & USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solving Business Problems using Simulation", published by McGraw Hill (UK & USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond Belief", on the History of Christianity, Published by Garnet Publishers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voltaire on the Cathars", an annotated translation of Voltaire's "Essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des nations", ch LXII, (1756), , the 5th Edition of "On The Crusade against the people of the Languedoc",

description: Non-fiction writer (21st century)

wikidata_label: James McDonald

wikipedia_title: James McDonald (writer)


text:
Hungarian
St. Peter's Umbrella
Bors István
Deadly Spring
Duel for Nothing
People of the Mountains
Song of the Cornfields
Különös házasság
Under the City
Egyiptomi történet
Twenty Hours
The Upthrown Stone
Sons of Fire
Magyarok
Cserepek

categories: 1901 births,20th-century Hungarian male actors,People from Covasna County,1981 deaths,Hungarian male film actors

paragraph: József Bihari

paragraph: József Bihari (1901–1981) was a Hungarian actor.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Peter's Umbrella" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bors István" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deadly Spring" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duel for Nothing" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People of the Mountains" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song of the Cornfields" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Különös házasság" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the City" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Egyiptomi történet" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twenty Hours" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Upthrown Stone" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sons of Fire" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magyarok" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cserepek" (1980)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon, Andrew L. "Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture". Simon Publications, 1998.

description: Hungarian actor

wikidata_label: József Bihari

wikipedia_title: József Bihari


text: Khartoum

text: Sudan

text: Al Jazeera

text: Afghanistan

text: United States

text: Guantanamo Bay detainment camp

text: Cuba

text: George W. Bush

text: Prisoner 345

text: Pakistan

text: Al Jazeera

text: enemy combatant

text: Guantanamo Bay detainment camp

text: Internment Serial Number

text: human rights

text: Clive Stafford Smith

text: Quran

text: al-Qaeda

text: passport

text: identity thieves

text: Reporters Without Borders

text: hunger strike

text: force-fed

text: Minister of Justice

text: Mohammad Ali Al-Marazi

text: Alan Johnston

text: UK

text: The Guardian

text: hunger strike

text: Reprieve

text: Reporters Without Borders

text: WikiLeaks

text: Al-Qaida

text: al-Haramayn

text: Taleban

text: Stafford Smith

text: Osama bin Laden

text: Prisoner 345

text: Administrative Review Board

text: Lamis Andoni

text: Joint Intelligence Group

text: Paul Rester

text: Mamdouh Mahmud Salim

text: U.S. Department of State

text: Ali Sadiq

text: Sudanese Foreign Ministry

text: Khartoum

text: Hunger strike

text: Guantanamo force feeding

text: From Guantánamo to Desk at Al Jazeera

text: The New York Times

text: Amnesty International case sheet

text: Aljazeera Guantanamo inmate 'abused'

text: Al Jazeera

text: Al Jazeera

text: Robert Fisk interview about Sami

text: Sami al-Haj: "Torture is terrorism"

categories: Journalists held in extrajudicial detention in the War on Terror,Sudanese journalists,1969 births,People from Khartoum,Sudanese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States,American people of Sudanese descent,Al Jazeera people,Living people,Guantanamo detainees known to have been released

paragraph: Sami al-Hajj

paragraph: Sami Mohy El Din Muhammed Al Hajj (), aka Sami Al-Haj (Khartoum, Sudan, February 15, 1969) is a Sudanese journalist for the Al Jazeera network. In 2001, while on his way to do camera work for the network in Afghanistan, he was arrested by the Pakistani army and held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camp in Cuba for over six years. After his release, al-Hajj write a book name 'Prisoner 345'. He was released without charge on May 1, 2008. He intends to launch legal action against George W. Bush.

paragraph: Al Hajj's case was portrayed in a documentary titled "Prisoner 345" by Al Jazeera producer Ahmad Ibrahim.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Al Hajj was arrested in Pakistan on December 15, 2001.

paragraph: He was on his way to work in Afghanistan as a cameraman for Al Jazeera and had a legitimate visa. He was held as an "enemy combatant" at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, with Guantanamo Internment Serial Number 345, and was the only journalist to be held in Guantanamo.

paragraph: British human rights lawyer Clive Stafford Smith represented al-Hajj, and was able to visit him in 2005. According to Stafford Smith, Al Hajj had "endured horrendous abuse - sexual abuse and religious persecution" and that he had been beaten, leaving a "huge scar" on his face. Stafford Smith also said that Al Hajj had witnessed "the Quran being flushed down the toilet by US soldiers in Afghanistan" and "expletives being written on the Muslim holy book".

paragraph: On 23 November 2005, Stafford Smith said that, during (125 of 130) interviews, U.S. officials had questioned Al Hajj as to whether Al Jazeera was a front for al-Qaeda.

paragraph: Stafford Smith stated of his client that:

paragraph: Al Jazeera responded that Al Hajj reported his passport stolen in Sudan in 1999, and that anything done with the passport after that date was likely the work of identity thieves.

paragraph: During Al Hajj's time in captivity, Reporters Without Borders repeatedly expressed concern over his detention, mentioning Al Hajj in its annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index, and launched a petition for his release.

paragraph: In January 2007, Al Hajj and several other inmates went on hunger strike in protest of their treatment in Guantanamo, during which Al Hajj lost over 55 pounds. In response to the hunger strike, Al Hajj and the other inmates were force-fed. Al Hajj's hunger strike lasted 438 days until he was set free on 1 May 2008.

paragraph: On 18 April 2007, the Sudanese Minister of Justice, Mohammad Ali Al-Marazi, condemned the United States' detention of Al Hajj.

paragraph: Al-Marazi called Al Hajj's detention an "illegal act", which ran counter to human rights.

paragraph: He claimed it exposed American claims of supporting human rights as "false".

paragraph: When Alan Johnston, former Gaza Correspondent for the BBC, was abducted on 12 March 2007 in Gaza City by gunmen from the Army of Islam and held for 113 days, Sami Al Hajj made a plea to Johnston's captors to let the journalist go. Following his release, Johnston made a similar plea for the release of Al Hajj, being held by the United States Government in Guantanamo.

paragraph: Section::::Interrogation and treatment.

paragraph: On 20 April 2007, the UK newspaper, "The Guardian", started publishing excerpts from Clive Stafford Smith's book, "Bad Men: Guantanamo Bay and the Secret Prisons". According to Stafford Smith:

paragraph: Section::::Health and hunger strike.

paragraph: In 1998, Al Hajj was treated for throat cancer and prescribed a course of anti-cancer drugs that he was to take every day for the rest of his life. In letters from the detention camp, he claimed that he was being denied these medications by the authorities.

paragraph: The authorities were also reported to have "refused to provide him with a support for his knee as this contains metal and is classified as

paragraph: a security threat."

paragraph: On 7 January 2007, Al Hajj went on a hunger strike. Al Jazeera's website published his demands which included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The right for detainees to practice their religion freely and without duress.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Applying the Geneva Convention to the treatment of Guantanamo detainees.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Releasing a number of prisoners from isolation confinement, and in particular one Shakir Amer that has been in continued isolation since September 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conducting a full and fair investigation into the deaths of three prisoners who died in June 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His release or trial by a federal US court.

paragraph: Zachary Katznelson, senior counsel of Reprieve, a London-based human rights group representing Al Hajj, visited the cameraman at Guantanamo Bay on February 1. U.S. military officials declined to confirm whether Al Hajj was among the 12 detainees on hunger strike at the time.

paragraph: On 22 August 2007, Clive Stafford Smith told Reporters Without Borders that he had found Al Hajj's health had seriously deteriorated since his last visit.

paragraph: He said that Al Hajj looked more frail, and visibly had trouble concentrating.

paragraph: On 10 September 2007, Clive Stafford said that Al Hajj was focussed on the worry that he would be the next captive to die and losing his ability to speak English.

paragraph: On 11 September 2007, Al Jazeera reported that Al Hajj was suffering from depression and losing the will to live.

paragraph: By 19 October 2007, Al Hajj had lost over 55 pounds since beginning his hunger strike in January.

paragraph: Section::::Guantanamo detainee file.

paragraph: On 26 April 2011, a classified file from Guantanamo on Al Hajj's detention was released by WikiLeaks. The file, dated 4 April 2008, describes Al Hajj as a high risk detainee with "direct ties to Al-Qaida, al-Haramayn non-governmental organization (NGO) and Taleban leadership."

paragraph: According to the file, Al Hajj "admitted shipping supplies and carrying funds to Chechnya" but had "not been forthcoming regarding his activities in support of terrorist organizations as reported by other sources." The file said that he had been "careful not to implicate himself as a member of an extremist organization, or to have had any dealings with extremists beyond performing interviews as a journalist."

paragraph: Among the reasons for Al Hajj's transfer to the facility, the file listed:

paragraph: Section::::Reviews by U.S. authorities.

paragraph: Section::::Reviews by U.S. authorities.:Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

paragraph: Stafford Smith summarized the allegations from Al Hajj's Combatant Status Review Tribunal:

paragraph: According to Al Jazeera, the U.S. authorities labelled Al Hajj an "enemy combatant" and announced a number of charges against him, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- That he travelled to the middle East, the Balkans, and the Caucasus for clandestine purposes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- That he had an internet site that supports terrorists.

paragraph: BULLET::::- That he was involved in selling Stinger missiles to Chechen rebels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- That he was caught entering Afghanistan illegally.

paragraph: BULLET::::- That he interviewed Osama bin Laden (a charge that was later dropped).

paragraph: Ahmad Ibrahim, a colleague of Al Hajj who documented his case in the documentary "Prisoner 345", denied each these charges.

paragraph: Section::::Reviews by U.S. authorities.:Subsequent Administrative Review Boards.

paragraph: On 23 February 2007, it was reported that Al Hajj's continued detention had been reviewed by a subsequent Administrative Review Board. Al Hajj was not one of the eighty captives who that round of Administrative Review Boards had recommended for release or transfer.

paragraph: His colleagues at Al Jazeera said "his detention is American harassment of an Arabic TV network whose coverage has long angered U.S. officials." Lamis Andoni, a Middle East analyst for Al Jazeera, said in reference to the November 2001 and April 2003 bombings of Al Jazeera's offices: "When you are targeted once, it could be a mistake, but when you are bombed twice, it's something else."

paragraph: The director of the Joint Intelligence Group, Paul Rester, said: "I consider the information that we obtained from him to be useful", though he declined to offer any substantiation for this claim.

paragraph: During his first Administrative Review Board hearing, Al Hajj said he was going to decline to reply to the charges, on legal advice. However, Al Hajj's lawyer, Clive Stafford Smith, said that:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Hajj was not a clandestine financial courier, but: "...he and his wife once carried $220,000 from Qatar to Azerbaijan for his boss at the beverage company - and ... he even declared the cash to customs."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Hajj did meet Mamdouh Mahmud Salim once "while working for the beverage company ... when he was sent to pick him up at the airport in Qatar in 1998. During the drive, the two discussed schools and housing."

paragraph: Section::::Release negotiation and release.

paragraph: On 15 August 2007, a spokesperson for the U.S. Department of State stated of Al Hajj's case:

paragraph: On the same day, Ali Sadiq, an official of the Sudanese Foreign Ministry, stated:

paragraph: Sami Al Hajj was released on 1 May 2008 from Guantanamo Bay and flown to Sudan. He arrived in the Sudanese capital Khartoum on a US military plane in the early hours of Friday, May 2. Al Jazeera showed footage of him being carried into the hospital on a stretcher, looking frail but smiling and surrounded by well-wishers.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunger strike

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guantanamo force feeding

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From Guantánamo to Desk at Al Jazeera, "The New York Times", December 22, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amnesty International case sheet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aljazeera Guantanamo inmate 'abused', "Al Jazeera", June 22, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aljazeera interview with lawyer Clive Stafford-Smith, "Al Jazeera", October 26, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Fisk interview about Sami mp3 download

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sami al-Haj: the banned torture pictures of a journalist in Guantánamo Andy Worthington

paragraph: BULLET::::- An interview with Sami al-Haj, former Guantánamo prisoner and al-Jazeera journalist Andy Worthington

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sami al-Haj: "Torture is terrorism" Andy Worthington

description: Sudanese Guantanamo detainee

wikidata_label: Sami al-Hajj

wikipedia_title: Sami al-Hajj


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Cao

text: second cousin

text: Qichun County

text: Hubei

text: Cao Cao

text: second cousin

text: campaign

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Xu Rong

text: Battle of Xingyang

text: Bian River

text: Bozhou

text: Anhui

text: Chen Wen

text: Yang Province

text: Zhou Xin

text: Huaiyuan County

text: Cao Cao

text: a campaign

text: Xu Province

text: Zhang Miao

text: Chen Gong

text: Yan Province

text: Lü Bu

text: Puyang County

text: Henan

text: Battle of Yan Province

text: Xun Yu

text: Cheng Yu

text: Cao Cao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Dong Cheng

text: Yuan Shu

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Man Chong

text: retainers

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Wancheng

text: Zhang Xiu

text: Sheqi County

text: Henan

text: Ye County

text: Liu Biao

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Cao Cao

text: Yuan Shao

text: Xu You

text: Yanjin County

text: Chunyu Qiong

text: Zhang He

text: Xun You

text: Liu Biao

text: Jing Province

text: Liu Bei

text: Zhang Fei

text: Ma Chao

text: Cheng County

text: Gansu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhang Lu

text: Battle of Yangping

text: Cao Xiu

text: Di

text: Yang Fu

text: Cao Cao

text: Cao Pi

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Minister of Works

text: heir apparent

text: retainer

text: Cao Zhen

text: Wu Zhi

text: Wang Zhong

text: Empress Dowager Bian

text: Guo Nüwang

text: Cao Rui

text: posthumous title

text: Xun Can

text: Xun Yu

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Cao Cao

text: Ma Chao

text: Han Sui

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Yi Zhou Shu

categories: 2nd-century births,232 deaths,Generals under Cao Cao

paragraph: Cao Hong

paragraph: Cao Hong (died 232), courtesy name Zilian, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao, who was his older second cousin.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Cao Hong's uncle, Cao Ding (曹鼎), served as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令) in the Han central government. Because of this connection, Cao Hong gained an official appointment as the Chief (長) of Qichun County (蘄春縣; northwest of present-day Qichun County, Hubei).

paragraph: Around 190, the warlord Cao Cao, an older second cousin of Cao Hong, raised an army to participate in the campaign against the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo, who controlled the Han central government. Cao Hong joined Cao Cao around this time and served as an officer in his army. Cao Cao engaged Dong Zhuo's general Xu Rong at the Battle of Xingyang, but was defeated and forced to retreat. While fleeing from the enemy, Cao Cao lost his horse so Cao Hong got off his own horse and offered it to him. When Cao Cao declined, Cao Hong said, "The world can do without (Cao) Hong, but it can't do without you." He then escorted Cao Cao on foot to the bank of the Bian River. As the river was too deep for them to wade across, Cao Hong swam around in search of a boat and finally found one. They crossed the river and returned to Cao Cao's hometown in Qiao County (譙縣; present-day Bozhou, Anhui) safely.

paragraph: Chen Wen (陳溫), the Inspector of Yang Province, was on friendly terms with Cao Hong. At the time, Cao Hong had about 1,000 men from his own militia. He asked for troops from Chen Wen, who provided him with 2,000 of his best soldiers. Cao Hong then went to Danyang Commandery (丹楊郡) and managed to recruit about another 1,000 men with help from the commandery's Administrator, Zhou Xin. He brought along his 4,000 troops to meet Cao Cao at Longkang (龍亢; in present-day Huaiyuan County, Anhui) and became one of Cao Cao's most loyal followers since then.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Battles against Lü Bu in Yan Province.

paragraph: In 194, when Cao Cao was away on a campaign in Xu Province, his subordinates Zhang Miao and Chen Gong started a rebellion in his base, Yan Province, and defected to a rival warlord, Lü Bu. Around the time, a famine had broken out in Yan Province. Cao Hong led a vanguard force to retake Dongping (東平) and Fan (范) counties from Lü Bu and stockpile grain to feed the troops. After that, Cao Cao attacked Lü Bu at Puyang County (濮陽縣; west of present-day Puyang County, Henan) and defeated him. Cao Cao subsequently attacked and retook Dong'e (東阿), Jiyin (濟陰), Shanyang (山陽), Zhongmu (中牟), Yangwu (陽武), Jing (京), Mi (密) and other counties from Lü Bu. For his contributions in the Battle of Yan Province against Lü Bu, Cao Hong was first commissioned as Soaring Eagle Colonel (鷹揚校尉) and later promoted to General of the Household Who Spreads Martial Might (揚武中郎將).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Joining Cao Cao in receiving Emperor Xian.

paragraph: In February 196, acting on the advice of Xun Yu and Cheng Yu, Cao Cao sent Cao Hong west to fetch Emperor Xian but was blocked by Dong Cheng and Yuan Shu's subordinate Chang Nu (萇奴). In August 196, Cao Cao led his forces into Luoyang and received Emperor Xian. Two months later, he relocated the emperor to his own base in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), where the new imperial capital was established. Emperor Xian appointed Cao Hong as a Counsellor Remonstrant (諫議大夫).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Incident with Man Chong.

paragraph: When Man Chong was serving as the Prefect (令) of Xu County (許縣; present-day Xuchang, Henan), he arrested some of Cao Hong's retainers who broke the law. When Cao Hong heard about it, he wrote to Man Chong, asking for their release, but Man Chong refused. Cao Hong then brought up the issue to Cao Cao, who summoned the official who was overall in charge to come and see him. Man Chong thought that Cao Cao wanted to pardon Cao Hong's retainers, so he immediately ordered their execution. Cao Cao was pleased and he remarked, "Isn't this what an officeholder should do?"

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Battles against Zhang Xiu.

paragraph: In 197, Cao Cao lost the Battle of Wancheng against a rival warlord Zhang Xiu and retreated to Wuyin County (舞陰縣; southeast of present-day Sheqi County, Henan). After Cao Cao left Wuyin County and returned to Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan), the officials in Nanyang (南陽), Zhangling (章陵) and other counties who had surrendered to him earlier rebelled and defected to Zhang Xiu's side. Cao Cao sent Cao Hong to lead troops to recapture those counties but Cao Hong failed and was forced to retreat to a garrison at Ye County (葉縣; southwest of present-day Ye County, Henan). The garrison came under multiple attacks by Zhang Xiu and his ally Liu Biao.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Battle of Guandu.

paragraph: In the year 200, Cao Hong participated in the Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and the northern warlord Yuan Shao. When both sides were locked in a stalemate around winter, Cao Cao heeded the advice of Xu You, a defector from Yuan Shao's side, and personally led 5,000 riders to raid Yuan's supply depot at Wuchao (烏巢; southeast of present-day Yanjin County, Henan), which was guarded by Chunyu Qiong. Cao Hong was ordered to remain behind to guard Cao Cao's main camp during the raid. Cao Cao succeeded in destroying Yuan Shao's supplies in the raid and killed Chunyu Qiong in battle.

paragraph: When Yuan Shao heard that Wuchao was under attack, he sent his generals Zhang He and Gao Lan (高覽) to attack Cao Cao's main camp in the hope of diverting Cao's attention away from Wuchao. However, Zhang He and Gao Lan, already frustrated with Yuan Shao, ended up defecting to Cao Cao's side instead. They destroyed their own camps and led their men to Cao Cao's main camp to surrender. Cao Hong was initially suspicious about Zhang He and Gao Lan, but Xun You managed to convince him to accept their surrender.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Battles against Liu Biao and promotions.

paragraph: Cao Hong participated in the campaign against the warlord Liu Biao in Jing Province and defeated Liu's subordinates in battles at Wuyang (舞陽), Yinye (陰葉), Duyang (堵陽) and Bowang (博望). For his achievements, he was promoted to General of Sharp Edge (厲鋒將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Guoming Village (國明亭侯). Later, as he made more contributions in battles, he was further promoted to Protector-General (都護將軍).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Hanzhong Campaign.

paragraph: In the winter of 217, the warlord Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Wu Lan (吳蘭) and others to garrison at Xiabian County (下辯縣; northwest of present-day Cheng County, Gansu) in preparation for an invasion of Hanzhong Commandery, which Cao Cao had seized from the warlord Zhang Lu after the Battle of Yangping in 215. Cao Cao ordered Cao Hong to lead forces to resist the enemy, with Cao Xiu serving as Cao Hong's adviser. Cao Cao had told Cao Xiu, "You may be an adviser, but you're actually the commander." When Cao Hong received the order, he delegated his command to Cao Xiu. Cao Hong heeded Cao Xiu's advice and defeated Wu Lan in the spring of 218 and killed Wu's deputy, Ren Kui (任夔). Wu Lan was slain by Qiangduan (強端), a Di chieftain from Yinping (陰平). Zhang Fei was forced to retreat.

paragraph: Cao Hong then threw a party to celebrate his victory. He ordered some prostitutes to dress scantily and dance on drums to entertain everyone. Yang Fu, one of Cao Cao's advisers, openly reprimanded Cao Hong for the indecency of the performance, and then stormed out. Cao Hong immediately called off the performance and invited Yang Fu to return to his seat.

paragraph: Cao Cao died in 220. Later that year, his son and successor Cao Pi ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. Cao Pi appointed Cao Hong as General of the Guards (衞將軍) and promoted him to General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍). He also made Cao Hong the Marquis of Yewang (野王侯) and gave him an additional 1,000 taxable households for his marquisate, making it 2,100 households in total. Cao Hong's marquis title was later renamed to "Marquis of Duyang" (都陽侯).

paragraph: Cao Hong was wealthy but was also known for being stingy with his wealth. When Cao Cao was still the Minister of Works, he set an example by getting the county offices to keep records of the accounts of officials, including his. When he heard that his personal wealth was equivalent to Cao Hong's, he remarked, "How can my personal wealth be the same as Zilian's?"

paragraph: Section::::Service in the state of Cao Wei.:Fall from grace.

paragraph: In the past, when Cao Pi was still a youth, he once asked Cao Hong for a loan, but the stingy Cao Hong rejected him. Later, when Cao Pi was Cao Cao's heir apparent, he once asked Cao Hong to donate 100 rolls of silk but Cao Hong refused. Cao Pi bore a grudge against Cao Hong because of this. After Cao Pi became emperor, he found an opportunity to take revenge against Cao Hong. In one incident, when Cao Hong's retainers committed crimes, Cao Pi used the incident as an excuse to accuse Cao Hong of negligence and had him imprisoned to await execution. When his ministers tried to persuade him to spare Cao Hong, Cao Pi refused to listen.

paragraph: Apparently, Cao Hong had previously offended Cao Zhen, another relative of Cao Cao who also served as a general in Wei. In 224, when Cao Zhen returned from a campaign, Cao Pi ordered Wu Zhi to host a banquet in his residence in Cao Zhen's honour. During the banquet, Wu Zhi instructed actors to put up a skit to make fun of Cao Zhen and Zhu Shuo (朱鑠), who were fat and thin respectively. Cao Zhen was enraged and he shouted at Wu Zhi, "Are you and your men seeking a fight with me and my men?" Cao Hong and Wang Zhong egged Wu Zhi on by saying, "If you want to make the General (Cao Zhen) admit that he is fat, you have to show that you're thin." Cao Zhen drew his sword, glared at them and said, "I'll kill whoever dares to mock me." When Cao Hong got into trouble later, Cao Zhen told Cao Pi, "If Cao Hong is to be executed, he'll definitely say something nasty about me." Cao Pi replied, "I'll deal with him myself. Why do you need to worry?"

paragraph: Cao Pi's mother, Empress Dowager Bian, intervened and scolded her son, "If not for what Zilian did at Liang (梁) and Pei (沛), you wouldn't have made it to where you are today." She also told Cao Pi's empress, Guo Nüwang, "If Cao Hong dies today, tomorrow I'll make the Emperor remove you from your position as Empress." The empress then tearfully pleaded with Cao Pi several times to spare Cao Hong. Cao Pi finally agreed to spare Cao Hong, but stripped him of his appointments and titles and confiscated his properties. After Empress Dowager Bian intervened again, Cao Pi reluctantly returned Cao Hong his properties but did not restore him to his former positions. Upon learning that Cao Pi had pardoned him, Cao Hong was so overjoyed that he wrote a memorial to the emperor to express his remorse and said he would spend the rest of his life behind the walls of his home.

paragraph: Section::::Service in the state of Cao Wei.:Rehabilitation and death.

paragraph: As Cao Hong was highly regarded for having made great contributions in the past, many people were upset over his demotion and fall from grace. Cao Pi died in 226 and was succeeded by his son, Cao Rui, as the emperor of Wei. Cao Rui rehabilitated Cao Hong by appointing him as General of the Rear (後將軍) and enfeoffing him as the Marquis of Lecheng (樂城侯) with 1,000 taxable households as his marquisate. Later, he promoted Cao Hong to General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍).

paragraph: Cao Hong died in 232 and was given the posthumous title "Marquis Gong" (恭侯), which means "humble(d) marquis". His title, Marquis of Lecheng (樂城侯), was passed on to his son, Cao Fu (曹馥). Cao Zhen (曹震), another son of Cao Hong, had already previously been enfeoffed as a marquis. Cao Yu (曹瑜), an older relative of Cao Hong, was known for being conscientious and respectful, and had served as General of the Guards (衞將軍) and been enfeoffed as a marquis as well. Cao Hong's daughter, who was known for her beautiful looks, married Xun Can, a son of Xun Yu. She died a few years after their marriage, and Xun Can was so grieved by her death that he also died a few years later.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Cao Hong appears as a minor character in the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In chapter 58, Cao Hong had a rather prominent role at the Battle of Tong Pass between Cao Cao and a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui. Cao Cao had instructed Cao Hong to guard Tong Pass for ten days at all costs and not leave his post. However, after hearing taunts from the enemy for nine days, Cao Hong finally gave in to his anger and led his troops out of the pass to engage the enemy. He not only lost the battle but also lost the pass as well. Cao Cao was so angry with Cao Hong that he wanted to execute him for disobeying orders, but his subordinates stopped him. Later on, Cao Hong redeemed himself by risking his life to save Cao Cao, who was fleeing from the battlefield after being defeated by Ma Chao. Cao Hong blocked Ma Chao from chasing Cao Cao and duelled with him for about 100 rounds until Ma gave up and retreated. Cao Cao pardoned Cao Hong for his earlier mistake after taking into consideration how Cao Hong saved his life. There is no mention of these incidents in historical records.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yi Zhou Shu".

description: Ming dynasty person CBDB = 367398

wikidata_label: Cao Hong

wikipedia_title: Cao Hong


text:
Bishop of Orléans
France
Roman
Flavius Aetius
Attila the Hun
canonized
Church of Saint Aignan
Orléans

categories: 453 deaths,358 births,Bishops of Orléans,5th-century Christian saints,Gallo-Roman saints,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Aignan of Orleans

paragraph: Aignan or Agnan () (358–453), Bishop of Orléans, France, assisted Roman general Flavius Aetius in the defence of the city against Attila the Hun in 451. He was canonized and is known as Saint Aignan. His remains are buried in the Church of Saint Aignan in Orléans.

paragraph: Feast day: 17 November

description: French priest

wikidata_label: Aignan of Orleans

wikipedia_title: Aignan of Orleans


text:
DL
Conservative
Belvoir Park
Jerusalem
Thomas
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Baron Deramore
George

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Londonderry constituencies (1801–1922),1782 births,UK MPs 1835–1837,Deputy Lieutenants of Down,UK MPs 1837–1841,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1830–1831,1863 deaths,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet DL (13 March 1782 – 21 April 1863) was an Irish baronet, landowner and Conservative politician.

paragraph: He was the only son of Thomas Bateson and his wife Elizabeth, youngest daughter of George Lloyd.

paragraph: On 18 December 1818, he was created a Baronet, of Belvoir Park, in the County of Down.

paragraph: He married Catherine, the youngest daughter of Samuel Dickinson on 27 April 1811, and had by her two daughters and four sons. In 1863, Bateson died aged 81 at his seat Belvoir Park and his son Robert having predeceased him at Jerusalem twenty years before, he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his second son Thomas, later raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Deramore. Bateson's youngest son George was per a special remainder heir to his brother's barony.

description: Irish politician

wikidata_label: Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet


text:
Egypt
Cleopatra II
Ptolemy VIII
Ptolemy IX
Ptolemy X
Strabo
Ptolemy VIII
Cleopatra II
Ptolemy VI
Ptolemy Eupator
Cleopatra Thea
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Alexander Balas
Berenice III
Ptolemy IX
Tryphaena
Antiochus VIII Grypus
Ptolemy X
Ptolemy IX
Cleopatra Selene
Cleopatra IV
Cleopatra Selene
Ptolemy IX
Ptolemy X
Antiochus VIII Grypus
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
Antiochus X Eusebes

categories: Ancient women regents,2nd-century BC rulers in Africa,2nd-century BC women rulers,101 BC deaths,Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty,Egyptian queens regnant,2nd-century BC Egyptian people,Murdered royalty,2nd-century BC Pharaohs,161 BC births

paragraph: Cleopatra III of Egypt

paragraph: Cleopatra III (; c.160–101 BC) was a queen of Egypt. She ruled at first with her mother Cleopatra II and husband Ptolemy VIII from 142 to 131 BC and again from 127 to 116 BC. She then ruled with her sons Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy X from 116 to 101 BC.

paragraph: Cleopatra III was also known as Cleopatra Euergetis while associated with her husband Ptolemy VIII or her son Ptolemy X. She is attested as Cleopatra Philometor Soteira while associated with her eldest son Ptolemy IX. According to Strabo, she was sometimes known as Kokke when discussed in relation to her son Ptolemy X.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cleopatra III's uncle Ptolemy VIII ruled together with her parents from ca 170 BC to 164 BC, at which point he expelled Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI. However, he was soon forced to abdicate in 163 BC.

paragraph: Cleopatra III's parents retook the throne and remained in power for almost 20 years until 145 BC. Cleopatra III was born between 160 and 155 BC. She was a sister to Ptolemy Eupator, Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator, and possibly Berenice.

paragraph: Ptolemy VI died in 145 BC from injuries sustained when falling from his horse during the battle of Oinoparas against Alexander Balas. Cleopatra III’s uncle Ptolemy VIII became the King of Egypt again.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Joint rule with her mother and husband.

paragraph: Ptolemy VIII first married Cleopatra III’s mother Cleopatra II in 145 BC, and married Cleopatra III in c. 139 BC.

paragraph: Cleopatra II rebelled against Ptolemy VIII in c. 132 BC and Cleopatra III fled to Cyprus in 130 BC with her husband, but was able to return to Alexandria in 127 BC. In c. 124 BC Cleopatra III and her husband were joined again by her mother Cleopatra II as a joint ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Joint rule with her sons.

paragraph: After the death of Ptolemy VIII in 116 BC Cleopatra III ruled jointly with her mother Cleopatra II and her son Ptolemy IX. Her mother died late into the same year or early into the next year (115 BC).

paragraph: Cleopatra III expelled Ptolemy IX from Alexandria in 107 BC and replaced him as co-regent with her second son Ptolemy X. After 6 years of joint rule Ptolemy X had his mother Cleopatra III murdered in 101 BC. Cleopatra III was succeeded by Ptolemy X, possibly in joint rule with his wife Berenice III, who was Cleopatra III's granddaughter.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy IX, born c. 143 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tryphaena, born c. 141 BC. Married Antiochus VIII Grypus, king of Syria in 124 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy X, born c. 140 or 139 BC. Married his niece Berenice (daughter of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra Selene)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleopatra IV, born between 138 and 135 BC. Married first her brother Ptolemy IX and then Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, king of Syria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleopatra Selene, born between 135 and 130 BC. Married first to her brother Ptolemy IX, and later to her brother Ptolemy X. Later married to Antiochus VIII Grypus, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, and Antiochus X Eusebes, kings of Syria

alias:
Cleopatra III
Cleopatra Euergetis
Cleopatra Philometor Soteira
Cleopatra Kokke

description: queen of Egypt

wikidata_label: Cleopatra III of Egypt

wikipedia_title: Cleopatra III of Egypt


text:
American football
defensive tackle
University of Maryland
Dallas Cowboys
College Football Hall of Fame
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame
Thomas McKean High School
Wilmington, Delaware
University of Delaware stadium
recruited
University of Maryland
fullback
head coach
Jerry Claiborne
defensive end
Outland Trophy
Lombardi Award
Atlantic Coast Conference
Liberty Bowl
Tennessee
ABC
All-America
middle linebacker
Lee Roy Jordan
special teams
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl X
Bob Breunig
defensive tackle
Bob Lilly
Larry Cole
Ed "Too Tall" Jones
Harvey Martin
Jethro Pugh
All-Pro
Pro Bowl
MVP
Super Bowl XII
Harvey Martin
Tom Landry
Super Bowl
NFC Championship Game
sacks
Super Bowl XLVII
New Orleans, Louisiana
Thai Boxing
Chai Sirisute
round kick
psi
Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor bio

categories: Sportspeople from Pittsburgh,Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees,Dallas Cowboys players,Sportspeople from Wilmington, Delaware,Players of American football from Delaware,American football defensive ends,American football defensive tackles,College Football Hall of Fame inductees,Maryland Terrapins football players,American football linebackers,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Super Bowl MVPs,1953 births,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Randy White (American football)

paragraph: Randall Lee White (born January 15, 1953) is a former American football defensive tackle. He attended the University of Maryland from 1971 to 1974, and played professionally for the Dallas Cowboys from 1975 to 1988. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame (1994), the Pro Football Hall of Fame (1994) and the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Playing both defensive end and linebacker at Thomas McKean High School in Wilmington, Delaware, Randy is considered to this day the "Best All-Time Player" in the history of Delaware high school football. Graduating in 1971, he was a star player in the state's 15th annual Blue-Gold All-Star high school football game played each year since 1956 at the University of Delaware stadium to benefit DFRC and its programs to provide services to Delawareans with intellectual disabilities.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: White was recruited by the University of Maryland and played as a fullback during his freshman year. While Maryland finished the year with only 2 wins, White did little worth noting during that year. During his sophomore season, new head coach Jerry Claiborne moved Randy to defensive end, noting that he had the skill to be "one of the best five linemen in the U.S." The move was a natural fit, as by his senior year, he was, as Claiborne put it, "as fast as some of the offensive backs I had coached." In that senior year (1974), he won numerous awards and honors, including the Outland Trophy, the Lombardi Award, and the Atlantic Coast Conference Player of the Year. Though Maryland lost in the Liberty Bowl that season to Tennessee, Randy was named the game's Most Valuable Player. In 1994, he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame and in 2000 was named to ABC sports All-time All-America Team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: White was the Dallas Cowboys' first pick and the second player selected in the 1975 National Football League Draft, and was moved to middle linebacker, where he was a backup to Cowboy legend Lee Roy Jordan, playing mostly on special teams his first two seasons, including his rookie season when Dallas lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl X. Jordan retired following the 1976 season, and his slot was filled by Bob Breunig, who held the position the next nine seasons. During his third season (1977), White was moved to right defensive tackle, the same position formerly occupied by "Mr. Cowboy", Bob Lilly, from 1961 through 1974, a move which in turn moved veteran Larry Cole back to his natural defensive end position (backing up Ed "Too Tall" Jones and Harvey Martin, though he did play left defensive tackle after the retirement of Jethro Pugh.

paragraph: That year would prove to be his breakout year; he was named to his first All-Pro team, his first Pro Bowl, and (on his 25th birthday) was named co-MVP of Super Bowl XII with teammate Harvey Martin, making him one of ten defensive players to win that honor. In 1978, White was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Year, and would be named to nine consecutive All-Pro and Pro Bowl teams. He would retire in 1988 (coincidentally, also the last season on the sidelines for original Cowboys coach Tom Landry), having played 209 games in 14 seasons, only missing one game during that span. At the time of his retirement, he had played the second most of any Dallas Cowboy in history. During those 14 years, he played in three Super Bowls, six NFC Championship Games, and accumulated 1,104 tackles (701 solo) and 111 sacks. His highest single season sack total was 16 in 1978. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1994. On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the naming of the only co-MVPs in Super Bowl history, Super Bowl XLVII, which like Super Bowl XII was played in New Orleans, Louisiana, was dedicated to White. Harvey Martin had died in 2001.

paragraph: Gradually, the accumulation of injuries began to limit White's effectiveness. He was credited with only 64 tackles in the 1987 season; this followed shoulder surgery the previous year and a bulging disc in his neck that worsened. In 1988, he played in a backup role, not assuming a three-point stance because of the disability. White openly and honestly acknowledged his frustration that he could no longer play at the level at which he was accustomed, and he decided to retire after the 1988 season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: White married Dallas model Vicci Haney, in 1978. They have one child together, daughter Jordan.

paragraph: White is nicknamed "The Manster" (half man, half monster). He studied Thai Boxing under Chai Sirisute, the founder of the Thai Boxing Association of the USA. White's round kick reportedly registered 400 psi on a gauge after two months of training.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Randy White

wikipedia_title: Randy White (American football)


text: Castabala

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Papias

text: Syria

text: Mesopotamia

text: Equals-to-the-Apostles

text: feast day

text: Julian Calendar

text: Gregorian Calendar

text: Baronius

text: Inscription of Abercius

text: Vatican Museum

text: Pamukkale

text: Pentapolis

text: Hieropolis

text: Holweck, F. G.

text: icon

text: synaxarion

text: Saint Abercius, Equal to the Apostles

text: Nikolai Velimirovich

text: Bishop Abercius Marcellus

categories: 2nd-century bishops,Year of birth missing,2nd-century Christian saints,167 deaths

paragraph: Abercius of Hieropolis

paragraph: Abercius of Hieropolis (Greek , died c. 167) was a bishop of Hierapolis (modern Castabala) at the time of Marcus Aurelius, also known as Abercius Marcellus. He was supposedly the successor to Papias.

paragraph: Abercius is said to have evangelized Syria and Mesopotamia, and is on that basis referred to as one of the Equals-to-the-Apostles. He was imprisoned under Marcus Aurelius, and died about 167.

paragraph: Abercius' feast day is celebrated on October 22 (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, October 22 occurs on the Gregorian Calendar date of November 4).

paragraph: Several works are ascribed to Abercius:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "An Epistle to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius", of which Baronius speaks as extant, but he does not produce it

paragraph: BULLET::::2. A "Book of Discipline" (Greek ) addressed to his clergy; this too is lost.

paragraph: Abercius is also the subject, and probable author, of the Inscription of Abercius, preserved in the Vatican Museum.

paragraph: In 1881 Scottish classical scientist William Ramsey, established that in Phrygia in ancient times there were two cities, called the Hieropolis. One of them, modern Pamukkale, was further to the northeast, near the modern village of Kochhisar (this region in ancient times was called Pentapolis - 'five cities,' one of which was Hieropolis). This Ramsey discovered the remnants of an ancient tomb that is said to be made by Abercius before his death with inscriptions on it. The fragment of this tomb can be found at the Vatican museum.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holweck, F. G., "A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints". St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1924.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles Orthodox icon and synaxarion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Abercius, Equal to the Apostles from the "Prologue from Ochrid" by Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop Abercius Marcellus

paragraph: br

alias:
Abercius Marcellus
Avircius
Aberkios

description: bishop of Hierapolis

wikidata_label: Abercius of Hieropolis

wikipedia_title: Abercius of Hieropolis


text: Anglo-Irish

text: peer

text: Member of Parliament

text: William Ormsby-Gore

text: Eton College

text: Ensigncy

text: 53rd Foot

text: Lieutenancy

text: 13th Light Dragoons

text: Captain

text: Major

text: 1841 general election

text: Conservative Party

text: County Sligo

text: 1852 general election

text: Leitrim

text: Dromod

text: County Leitrim

text: High Sheriff

text: Lord Lieutenant of County Leitrim

text: John

text: Baron Harlech

text: Lord Lieutenant

text: Shropshire

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: George Francis Seymour

text: Colonel

text: Alfred Mordaunt Egerton

text: KCVO

text: CB

text: Earl of Bridgewater

text: Lady-in-Waiting

text: The Duchess of Connaught

text: Princess Patricia of Connaught

text: Major

text: Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue

text: Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue

text: Denzil Fortescue, 6th Earl Fortescue

text: Seymour Fitzroy Ormsby-Gore

text: FRGS

text: Conservative

text: Gainsborough

text: George

categories: King's Shropshire Light Infantry officers,UK MPs 1859–1865,Gore family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy),People educated at Eton College,UK MPs 1865–1868,High Sheriffs of Leitrim,UK MPs 1874–1880,1819 births,1904 deaths,13th Hussars officers,Irish Conservative Party MPs,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1841–1847,Politicians from County Leitrim,People from County Leitrim,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Sligo constituencies (1801–1922),UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1868–1874,Lord-Lieutenants of Leitrim

paragraph: William Ormsby-Gore, 2nd Baron Harlech

paragraph: William Richard Ormsby-Gore, 2nd Baron Harlech (3 March 1819 – 26 June 1904), was an Anglo-Irish peer and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lord Harlech was the younger son of William Ormsby-Gore and Mary Jane Ormsby. He was educated at Eton College and later purchased an Ensigncy in the 53rd Foot. He purchased a Lieutenancy in 1839 and exchanged into the 13th Light Dragoons in 1841, purchasing a Captaincy in 1846 and a Majority in 1852.

paragraph: In the 1841 general election Ormsby-Gore was elected unopposed as a Conservative Party MP for County Sligo. In 1852 general election there was a contest for the seat and he was defeated by a nationalist-inclined Liberal candidate. He returned to Parliament in a by-election on 17 May 1858 as MP for Leitrim, a seat he held until 1876.

paragraph: Ormsby-Gore bought an estate at Derrycarne near Dromod in County Leitrim and went on to rise to high office in the county: he became High Sheriff there for 1857, and was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of County Leitrim in 1878, which he remained until his death.

paragraph: On 14 January 1876, Ormsby-Gore's elder brother John was created Baron Harlech. As he had no sons, the peerage was created with a special remainder to his younger brother, meaning that he was made heir presumptive of the peerage should the first Baron die without legitimate male heirs. This was an unusual procedure and it was determined at the time that the last such case had been 45 years before. As it happened, the first Baron died on 15 June 1876 and Ormsby-Gore became the second Baron Harlech.

paragraph: Harlech was appointed by the Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire to be a Deputy Lieutenant of the county on 22 February 1882.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & Children.

paragraph: Lord Harlech married Lady Emily Charlotte Seymour, daughter of Admiral Sir George Francis Seymour and sister of Francis Hugh George Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford, in 1850. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Georgina Ormsby-Gore (born 1851, died 28 August 1937), married in 1878 Colonel Sir Alfred Mordaunt Egerton, KCVO, CB (a descendant of the 2nd Earl of Bridgewater) and had issue. She was Lady-in-Waiting to The Duchess of Connaught and to Princess Patricia of Connaught

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Seymour Ormsby-Gore (born 27 December 1852, died May 1853)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Ralph Charles Ormsby-Gore, 3rd Baron Harlech (born 21 January 1855, died 8 May 1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Henry Arthur Ormsby-Gore (born 18 March 1857, died 12 March 1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emily Ormsby-Gore (born 1859, died 12 Jul 1929), married in 1886 Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue and was the mother of Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue and Denzil Fortescue, 6th Earl Fortescue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain Seymour Fitzroy Ormsby-Gore, FRGS (born 18 January 1863, died 10 November 1950), unmarried, Conservative Member of Parliament for Gainsborough between 1900 and 1906.

paragraph: Lord Harlech died on 26 June 1904, aged 85, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest surviving son George.

paragraph: Section::::Styles and arms.

paragraph: Section::::Styles and arms.:Styles of address.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18191841: Mr William Ormsby-Gore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18411852: Mr William Ormsby-Gore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18521858: Mr William Ormsby-Gore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18581876: Mr William Ormsby-Gore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18761882: The Rt Hon. The Lord Harlech

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18821904: The Rt Hon. The Lord Harlech

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.thepeerage.com

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Ormsby-Gore, 2nd Baron Harlech

wikipedia_title: William Ormsby-Gore, 2nd Baron Harlech


text: Worth School

text: Baron Harlech

text: Conservative

text: House of Lords

text: removal

text: Brogyntyn

text: Oswestry

text: Penrhyndeudraeth

text: Talsarnau

text: Amanda Jane Grieve

text: Baron Harlech

text: Central St Martins

text: Hon

text: New York Film Academy

text: Francis Ormsby-Gore, 6th Baron Harlech

categories: British people of Scottish descent,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,British people of Irish descent,2016 deaths,British people of English descent,People educated at Worth School,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1954 births

paragraph: Francis Ormsby-Gore, 6th Baron Harlech

paragraph: Francis David Ormsby-Gore, 6th Baron Harlech (13 March 1954 – 1 February 2016), was a peer in the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lord Harlech was born in 1954, the fifth child and second son of William David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech and his wife Sylvia Thomas. He was educated at Worth School. He succeeded his father as 6th Baron Harlech in 1985 and sat as a Conservative member of the House of Lords until the removal of the hereditary peers in 1999.

paragraph: Harlech lived at Brogyntyn near Oswestry.

paragraph: In May 2011, Lord Harlech and his daughter were involved in a dangerous driving incident in Penrhyndeudraeth, north Wales.

paragraph: He died of natural causes on 1February 2016. A North Wales Police spokesman said, "North Wales Police were called to an address at Talsarnau near Harlech at 11.40am on Monday, following reports of the sudden death of a man in his 60s."

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Children.

paragraph: Harlech married Amanda Jane Grieve in 1986 and they had a son and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jasset David Cody Ormsby-Gore, 7th Baron Harlech (born 1 July 1986), currently studying at Central St Martins

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon Tallulah Sylvia Maria Ormsby-Gore (born 16 May 1988), who has studied at the New York Film Academy

paragraph: Lord and Lady Harlech were divorced on 31 August 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Styles and arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19541964: Mr Francis Ormsby-Gore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19641985: The Hon. Francis Ormsby-Gore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19852016: The Rt Hon. The Lord Harlech

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Ormsby-Gore, 6th Baron Harlech

description: British peer

wikidata_label: Francis Ormsby-Gore, 6th Baron Harlech

wikipedia_title: Francis Ormsby-Gore, 6th Baron Harlech


text:
Naarden
Haarlem
Dutch Golden Age
Jacob van Ruisdael
Arnold Houbraken
ebony
Haarlem Guild of St. Luke
Netherlands Institute for Art History
Isaack van Ruisdael
Jacob van Gooyer
Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael
Jacob Salomonsz. van Ruysdael
Haarlem Guild of St. Luke
Jan Porcellis
Esaias van de Velde
Leiden
Utrecht
Amersfoort
Alkmaar
Rhenen
Dordrecht
Ferry near Gorinchem
Ferry on a River
Works and literature
Salomon van Ruysdael
Artnet

categories: 1670 deaths,1600s births,Members of the Haarlem Guild of Saint Luke,Dutch male painters,People from Naarden,Dutch Golden Age painters,Dutch landscape painters

paragraph: Salomon van Ruysdael

paragraph: Salomon van Ruysdael (c. 1602, Naarden – buried November 3, 1670, Haarlem) was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter. He was the uncle of Jacob van Ruisdael.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to Arnold Houbraken he was the son of a woodworker who specialized in making fancy ebony frames for mirrors and paintings. His father sent his sons Jacob and Salomon to learn Latin and medicine, and they both became landscape painters, specializing in "ruis-daal", or trickling water through a dale, after their name. Jacob was registered with the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke and signed his paintings, while Salomon signed them much less often and was not a member for several years. Houbraken wrote that Salomon invented a way of creating sculpted ornaments that when they were polished, looked like polished marble. These were quite popular as a decoration on chests and picture frames, until the secret of their manufacture was discovered and widely copied.

paragraph: Houbraken confused the members of the Ruysdael family. According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Dutch abbreviation, RKD), Salomon was the brother of Isaack van Ruisdael, who before they moved to Haarlem, were called Gooyer or Gooier and they were sons of Jacob van Gooyer the Elder, who was a furniture and frame maker in Naarden. Both sons had sons they named after their father. Thus Salomon was the uncle, not the brother of Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael, and he was the father of Jacob Salomonsz. van Ruysdael. Salomon joined the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1623 (as Salomon de Gooyer), and he became a follower of Jan Porcellis and Esaias van de Velde. He travelled from Haarlem to Leiden, Utrecht, Amersfoort, Alkmaar, Rhenen, and Dordrecht, painting landscapes and stately homes. Of the four painters, Jacob Isaakszoon is the most famous today.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Salomon was known for his landscapes and river scenes, and there are a few fish still life paintings known.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ferry near Gorinchem", 1646

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ferry Boat with cattle on the River Vecht near Nijenrode", 1649

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ferry on a River", 1649

paragraph: BULLET::::- "View of Deventer Seen from the North-West", 1657

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works and literature on PubHist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salomon van Ruysdael on Artnet

alias:
Salomon van Ruisdael
Salomon Jacobsz van Ruysdael
Ruysdael
Salomon Ruysdael
Salomon van Ruyesdael
Salomon Jacobsz. De Goyer Ruysdael
Salomon Ruijsdael
Salomon Jacobsz. Van Ruyesdael
Salomon Ruysdaal
Solomon van Ruysdael
Sol. Rysdael
Salomon van de Gooyer
Solomon Ruysdael
Salomon Jacobsz. Van Ruijsdael
Salomon Van Ruysdael
Jacobsz. Ruyesdael
Salomon Ruysdale
Gooyer Ruijsdael
Jacobsz. de Goyer
Salomon van Ruijsdael
Solomon Ruysdale
Gooyer Ruyesdael
Gooyer Ruisdael
Jacobsz. Ruysdael
Salomon Jacobsz. van Ruysdael
Solomon Rysdael
Salomon Rusdael
Salomon Jacobsz. van Ruisdael
Salomon Jacobsz. de Goyer
Salomon Ruysdal
Jacobsz. Ruijsdael
Salomon Jacobsz. De Goyer Ruisdael
Salomon Jacobsz. De Goyer Ruyesdael
Salomon Jacobsz. Van Ruysdael
Salomon Jacobsz. de Gooyer
Salomon Ryusdael
Salomon van de Goyer
Salomon Ruysdeal
Salomon Jacobsz. van Ruyesdael
Gooyer Ruysdael
Salomon Jacobsz. Van Ruisdael
Salomon Ruisdael
Sol. Ruysdael
Salomon Jacobsz. van Ruijsdael
Salomon Jacobsz. De Goyer Ruijsdael
Jacobsz. de Gooyer
S.J. van Ruysdael
Salomon de Gooyer
Salomon de Goyer
Monogrammist SVR (Salomon van Ruysdael)
Salomon van Rayesdael
Salomon Jacobs van Ruysdael
S. Ruysdall
Sol. Ruysdale
S. Ruysdale
Salomon Rhuisdal
Salomon van Ruisdaal
S. Ruisdaal
Salamone
Salomon Rhuysdaad
ruysdael s.v.
Solomon Ruisdael
Salamon van Ruysdael
Salemon Ruysdal
Salemon Ruysdael
Salomon Ruisdäl
Sal. Ruysdael
salmon ruisdael
S. Ruydaal
S. Ruysdael
S Ruysdael
S. Ruy sdael
salomon van ruisdael
Salomon Roesdael
S: Ruisdaal
ruysdael s.
S. van Ruysdaal
Ruijsdael
S. Ruijsdaal
S. Rusdael
s. v. ruysdael
salomon v. ruijsdael
Sol Ruysdael
Solomon, Holl. Ruysdael
Salomon Ruisdaal
Sol: Ruysdale
S. Ruisdal
salomon von ruisdael
Sal. Ruisdael
S. Ruisdael
Salomon Ruysdall
Salomon Rysdaal
Solomon Ruysdall
S. Ruysdeal
s. v. ruisdael
S. Rysdael
Salamon Ruisdal
Solomon Rusdael
ruisdael s. van
ruysdael s. van
S. Ruysdaal
salomon van ruysdael
S. Rugsdael
Sali. Rugsdael
Solomon Ruysdaal
salom. v. ruijsdael
salom. ruisdael
Salmon Ruysdael
S. Ruydael
salomon v. ruysdael
salomon von ruysdael
Sol. Ruysdaal
S. van Ruysdael
Salomon Ruisdaël
Rijsdael
Sal. Ruysdal

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Salomon van Ruysdael

wikipedia_title: Salomon van Ruysdael


text:
Bagrationi
Georgia
kingdom of Imereti
Rusudan
Ghias ad-din
Kutaisi
David VII Ulu
Kaykhusraw II
Mongol court
heir apparent
Güyük Khan
Mongol yoke
Kutaisi
Imereti
Tbilisi
Georgia
Hulagu Khan
Ilkhans
Golden Horde
Bahri dynasty
Egypt
Teguder
Chagatai
Baraq Khan
Abaqa Khan
Shiramun Noyan
Racha
Kakhaber Kakhaberisdze
Empire of Trebizond
Trebizond
John II Comnenus
Constantinople
failed to take the city
Theodora
Manuel I of Trebizond
Rusudan
Kutaisi
Constantine I
eukterion
Gelati
Amanelisdze
Byzantine
Michael VIII Palaeologus
Konstantine I
Mikael I
Vakhtang II of Georgia
History of Georgia – XIII-XV centuries

categories: 1225 births,1293 deaths,Kings of Georgia,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century people from Georgia (country),Burials at Svetitskhoveli Cathedral

paragraph: David VI of Georgia

paragraph: David VI Narin () (also called "the Clever") (1225–1293), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was king of Georgia in 1245–1293. From 1259 to 1293, he ruled the kingdom of Imereti under the name David I as a vassal state of Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of Queen Rusudan by her husband, Ghias ad-din, David was crowned at Kutaisi, as joint sovereign by his mother in 1230. Fearing that her nephew David VII Ulu would claim the throne at her death, Rusudan held the latter prisoner at the court of her son-in-law, the sultan Kaykhusraw II, and sent her son David to the Mongol court to get official recognition as heir apparent. She died in 1245, still waiting for her son to return. Since David was believed by the Georgian nobles to have disappeared, two years later, they proclaimed his cousin David VII Ulu, who had been freed on the death of Kaykhusraw, as king of Georgia. In 1248, David, son of Rusudan, was recognized by Güyük Khan as junior co-king to his cousin David. Thereafter known as David VI Narin (i.e. “the junior”) and David VII Ulu (i.e. “the senior”), the cousins ruled jointly until 1259, when the former rose, unsuccessfully, against the Mongol yoke and, then, fled to Kutaisi, from whence he reigned over western Georgia (Imereti) as a separate ruler. In 1261, he gave shelter to David VII Ulu, who in his turn had attempted to end the Mongol dominance. David Ulu made peace with the Mongols and returned to Tbilisi, eastern Georgia in 1262. Thus, Georgia split into two parts and both rulers continued to be titled king of Georgia. However, David Narin surrendered to Hulagu Khan thus becoming a nominal vassal of the Ilkhans in 1262.

paragraph: He developed friendly relations with the Golden Horde and the Bahri dynasty of Egypt, and repulsed the Ilkhanate attacks. In 1269, David gave shelter to Teguder, relative of the Chagatai Baraq Khan, who had rebelled against the Ilkhan ruler Abaqa Khan. When Teguder’s force began terrorizing the Georgian population, David sided with Abaqa’s general Shiramun Noyan. Despite this, Abaqa attempted to overthrow David with the help of the renegade lord of Racha Kakhaber Kakhaberisdze, and sent two expeditions against Imereti in the 1270s. Nevertheless, David VI Narin succeeded in retaining his independence and attempted to restore Georgian influence in the Empire of Trebizond. For this purpose, he marched to Trebizond during Emperor John II Comnenus’ absence at Constantinople in April 1282; and although he failed to take the city, the Georgians occupied several provinces and helped John’s half-sister Theodora, daughter of Manuel I of Trebizond by his Georgian wife, Rusudan, seize the throne in 1285, only to be put suddenly to flight.

paragraph: He died at Kutaisi in 1293. David was succeeded by his elder son, Constantine I. David is buried within the chapel ("eukterion") of St. Andrew at the Cathedral of Nativity of the Theotokos of Gelati, east of the southern entrance to the church.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: He was married to Tamar, daughter of the Georgian noble Amanelisdze. In 1254, he married Theodora, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konstantine I (by Tamar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikael I (by Tamar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vakhtang II of Georgia (by Tamar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aleksandre (by Theodora)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Georgia – XIII-XV centuries

description: King of Georgia

wikidata_label: David VI of Georgia

wikipedia_title: David VI of Georgia


text:
Peter IV of Aragon
Eleanor of Sicily
House of Aragon
Queen of Castile
John I of Aragon
Martin of Aragon
Constance, Queen of Sicily
Joanna, Countess of Ampurias
Isabella, Countess of Urgell
Soria
John I of Castile
Aragon
Castile
Almazán
Lérida
Henry
King of Castile
Ferdinand
King of Aragon

categories: Galician queens consort,14th-century Spanish women,Aragonese infantas,Leonese queen consorts,14th-century Castilians,1382 deaths,Castilian queen consorts,House of Trastámara,Deaths in childbirth,1358 births

paragraph: Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile

paragraph: Eleanor of Aragon (20 February 1358 – 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. She was a member of the House of Aragon and Queen of Castile by her marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Eleanor was the youngest child and only daughter of her father by his third marriage. Eleanor was a sister of John I of Aragon and Martin of Aragon. She was a half-sister of Constance, Queen of Sicily, Joanna, Countess of Ampurias and Isabella, Countess of Urgell.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: At Soria on the 18 June 1375, Eleanor married John I of Castile. Her marriage was arranged as part of the arrangements for peace between Aragon and Castile agreed at Almazán on the 12 April 1374 and at Lérida on the 10 May 1375.

paragraph: Eleanor and John were married for seven years, in which time they had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Henry (4 October 1379 – 25 December 1406), succeeded his father as King of Castile

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Ferdinand (27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416), became King of Aragon in 1412

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Eleanor (b. 13 August 1382), died young

paragraph: After seven years of marriage on 13 August 1382, Eleanor died giving birth to her daughter and namesake Eleanor, who died young. Eleanor's son Ferdinand later claimed his mother's rights on the Kingdom of Aragon when both of Eleanor's brothers died without surviving sons.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- cites:

description: Queen consort of Castile

wikidata_label: Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile

wikipedia_title: Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile