text: courtesy name

text: Shu Han

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Deng Yu

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Liu Bei

text: Pi County

text: county prefect

text: commandery

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Sun Quan

text: Wu

text: Wei

text: first Shu invasion of Wei

text: Zhao Yun

text: Cao Zhen

text: Chongqing

text: Chengdu

text: Pengshui County

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Xinye County

text: Henan

text: Deng Yu

text: Emperor Guangwu

text: end

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Zhang Yu

text: Pang Xi

text: Langzhong

text: Sichuan

text: retainers

text: Liu Bei

text: seized control

text: Yi Province

text: Liu Zhang

text: Pi County

text: Guanghan

text: Sichuan

text: Shu

text: Wei

text: Chengdu

text: Sun Quan

text: seizing Liu Bei's territories

text: Jing Province

text: Guan Yu

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Fei Yi

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Liu Shan

text: Wu

text: memorial

text: Wei

text: Zhang Wen

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Shu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: a large-scale military campaign

text: Wei

text: Zhao Yun

text: Fufeng County

text: Shaanxi

text: Li County, Gansu

text: Cao Rui

text: Zhang He

text: Cao Zhen

text: Ma Su

text: Qin'an County

text: commanderies

text: Yan Province

text: Chongqing

text: Sun Quan

text: Pengshui County

text: Chongqing

text: vassal

text: "li"

text: Zitong County

text: Sichuan

text: Chronicles of Huayang

text: Liu Shan

text: fall of Shu

text: Jin dynasty

text: Guanghan

text: Sichuan

text: Jiang Wei

text: Fei Yi

text: Zong Yu

text: Chengdu

text: Jiangzhou

text: rules of propriety

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Wu

text: Shu

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Sun Quan

text: King of Qi

text: Li Yiji

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Wei

text: Zhang Wen

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Tao, Hongjing

text: Zhen'gao

categories: 251 deaths,Three Kingdoms diplomats,Shu Han politicians,Year of birth unknown,Shu Han generals,Political office-holders in Sichuan,Politicians from Nanyang, Henan

paragraph: Deng Zhi

paragraph: Deng Zhi (died 251), courtesy name Bomiao, was a government official, diplomat and military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. A descendant of Deng Yu, Deng Zhi started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Liu Bei as a low-level officer in Pi County. After Liu Bei discovered his talent, Deng Zhi steadily rose through the ranks to become a county prefect and later a commandery administrator and imperial secretary. In 223, the Shu regent Zhuge Liang sent him as Shu's envoy to meet Sun Quan, the ruler of Shu's ally state Wu, and reestablish the Wu–Shu alliance against their common rival state Wei. Deng Zhi succeeded in his mission and earned praise from Sun Quan for strengthening Wu–Shu ties. In 227, Deng Zhi became a military general and he participated in the first Shu invasion of Wei by leading a decoy force with Zhao Yun to distract the Wei general Cao Zhen. Although they lost the battle, Deng Zhi and Zhao Yun managed to rally their troops to put up a firm defence during their retreat and minimise their losses. Following Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Deng Zhi rose to higher general ranks and was stationed in present-day Chongqing for about 10 years before he was recalled back to the Shu capital Chengdu in his 70s to serve as General of Chariots and Cavalry. In 248, he suppressed a rebellion in Fuling (around present-day Pengshui County, Chongqing). He died in 251.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Deng Zhi was born in the late Eastern Han dynasty in Xinye County (新野縣), Yiyang Commandery (義陽郡), which is present-day Xinye County, Henan. He was a descendant of Deng Yu, a general who served under Emperor Guangwu in the early Eastern Han dynasty.

paragraph: Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Deng Zhi migrated to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), where he did not receive as much recognition from the locals as he expected. He then decided to consult Zhang Yu, a low-ranking official in Yi Province who was also a famous fortune teller. Zhang Yu told him: "Sir, once you are above the age of 70, you will rise to the position of General-in-Chief and will receive a peerage as a marquis."

paragraph: Deng Zhi later heard that Pang Xi, the Administrator of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan), had a reputation for hosting retainers, so he travelled there and became one of Pang Xi's retainers.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.

paragraph: In 214, after the warlord Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from the provincial governor Liu Zhang, Deng Zhi was appointed as a low-level officer in charge of the granary in Pi County. One day, when Liu Bei visited Pi County, he spoke to Deng Zhi and discovered his talent. He was so impressed with Deng Zhi that he appointed Deng Zhi as the Prefect of Pi County, and later promoted him to the position of Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan).

paragraph: After the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220, Liu Bei declared himself emperor in May 221 and established the state of Shu to challenge the legitimacy of the state of Wei, which replaced the Eastern Han dynasty. Around this time, due to his good performance in office, Deng Zhi was reassigned from Guanghan Commandery to the Shu capital, Chengdu, to serve as a Master of Writing (尚書) in the imperial secretariat.

paragraph: Section::::As Shu's envoy to Wu.

paragraph: Between August 221 and October 222, Liu Bei went to war with his former ally Sun Quan, who broke their alliance in 219 by seizing Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province and executing Guan Yu, one of Liu Bei's top generals. However, he ended up suffering a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting against Sun Quan's forces.

paragraph: Before Liu Bei died in June 223, Sun Quan sought to make peace with him after the Battle of Xiaoting. In response, Liu Bei had sent Song Wei (宋瑋) and Fei Yi as his representatives to meet Sun Quan and agree on a truce. Following Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, became regent to Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan as Liu Shan was still underage at the time.

paragraph: Just when Zhuge Liang feared that Sun Quan would break the truce and was unsure of what to do, Deng Zhi came to see him and told him: "His Majesty is still young and vulnerable. He has only recently ascended the throne. We should send an emissary to Wu to reestablish friendly ties with them." Zhuge Liang replied: "I have thought about this for a long time but I haven't found a suitable person to do this. Now I have found the right person." When Deng Zhi asked him who he had in mind, Zhuge Liang replied: "You, Sir." He then sent Deng Zhi as Shu's envoy to Wu to meet Sun Quan.

paragraph: Section::::As Shu's envoy to Wu.:First trip to Wu.

paragraph: When Deng Zhi showed up in Wu, Sun Quan refused to meet him so he wrote a memorial to Sun Quan as follows: "I came here today not just for the sake of Shu, but also for the sake of Wu." Sun Quan then granted Deng Zhi an audience and told him: "I genuinely wish to form an alliance with Shu. However, I am worried that the ruler of Shu is still young and vulnerable, and that Shu is so small and weak that it can't save itself from being conquered by Wei. That's why I am having second thoughts."

paragraph: Deng Zhi replied:

paragraph: Sun Quan thought for a long time before replying: "Sir, you are right." He then decided to break ties with Wei, form an alliance with Shu, and then appointed Zhang Wen as his envoy to follow Deng Zhi back to Shu.

paragraph: Section::::As Shu's envoy to Wu.:Second trip to Wu.

paragraph: In Shu, after Zhang Wen reaffirmed the Wu–Shu alliance against Wei, Deng Zhi accompanied him on his journey home and paid another diplomatic visit to Wu. During this time, Sun Quan told Deng Zhi: "How wonderful it would be if two rulers can rule the Empire together in peacetime!" Deng Zhi replied: Sun Quan laughed and told Deng Zhi: "You are truly an honest person!"

paragraph: Sun Quan later wrote a letter to Zhuge Liang as follows: "Ding Gong does it superficially while Yin Hua does it incompletely. Only Deng Zhi does well in bridging ties between our two states."

paragraph: Section::::First Shu invasion of Wei.

paragraph: In 227, Zhuge Liang ordered troops from throughout Shu to mobilise and assemble in Hanzhong Commandery in preparation for a large-scale military campaign against Shu's rival state, Wei. During this time, he commissioned Deng Zhi as General Who Spreads Martial Might (揚武將軍) and appointed him as Central Supervisor of the Army (中監軍).

paragraph: In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a detachment of troops to Ji Valley (箕谷) and pretend to attack Mei County (郿縣; southeast of present-day Fufeng County, Shaanxi) via Xie Valley (斜谷). Their mission was to distract and hold the Wei forces' attention, while Zhuge Liang led the Shu main army to attack Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu). In response to the Shu invasion, the Wei emperor Cao Rui sent Zhang He to attack Zhuge Liang at Mount Qi, and Cao Zhen to attack Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi at Ji Valley.

paragraph: Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi lost to Cao Zhen at the battle in Ji Valley because Zhuge Liang had given them command of the weaker soldiers while he led the better troops to attack Mount Qi. Nevertheless, Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi managed to rally their men into putting up a firm defence as they retreated, thus minimising their losses.

paragraph: In the meantime, the Shu vanguard led by Ma Su suffered a disastrous defeat at Jieting (街亭; or Jie Village, located east of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu) against Wei forces under Zhang He's command. Zhang He then seized the opportunity to attack and recapture three Wei commanderies which defected to the Shu side. Upon learning of the Shu defeats at Ji Valley and Jieting, Zhuge Liang pulled back the Shu forces and retreated to Hanzhong Commandery by the late spring of 228.

paragraph: Section::::Guarding Jiangzhou and pacifying Fuling.

paragraph: After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Deng Zhi rose to the positions of Vanguard Military Adviser (前軍師) and General of the Vanguard (前將軍). He was also appointed as the nominal Inspector of Yan Province as Yan Province was not Shu territory. In addition, he was enfeoffed as a village marquis under the title "Marquis of Yangwu Village" (陽武亭侯). Shortly after, he was put in charge of guarding Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Chongqing) near the eastern border of Shu.

paragraph: When he was at Jiangzhou, Deng Zhi had several exchanges with the Wu emperor Sun Quan, who also sent him expensive gifts on numerous occasions.

paragraph: In 243, Deng Zhi was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and granted acting imperial authority.

paragraph: In 248, the people in Fuling (涪陵; around present-day Pengshui County, Chongqing), a small vassal state under Shu, killed their Commandant and started a rebellion. In response, Deng Zhi led troops to attack the rebels, defeated them and executed their leaders. Peace was restored in Fuling.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Deng Zhi died in 251. He was buried in a location about five "li" southwest of present-day Zitong County, Sichuan.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Encounter with the ape.

paragraph: The "Chronicles of Huayang" recorded that when Deng Zhi led Shu imperial forces to suppress the rebellion in Fuling in 248, he encountered a black ape in the hills. As he enjoyed firing crossbows, he decided to use the ape for target practice and fired a bolt at it. The ape pulled out the bolt from its wound and used twigs and leaves to nurse the wound. When Deng Zhi saw that, he said: "Alas! I have violated the laws of nature. I will die soon!"

paragraph: Another account says that Deng Zhi saw a female ape carrying its child on a tree. He fired a crossbow bolt at them and hit the female ape. The baby ape pulled out the bolt from its mother's wound and used twigs and leaves to nurse the wound. After seeing that, Deng Zhi sighed, threw his crossbow into the water, and knew that he was going to die soon.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Deng Zhi's mother was Zheng Tiansheng (鄭天生).

paragraph: Deng Zhi's son, Deng Liang (鄧良), inherited his father's peerage and became the next Marquis of Yangwu Village (陽武亭侯). He served as an official in the selection bureau of the imperial secretariat during the Jingyao era (258–263) of Liu Shan's reign. After the fall of Shu, he served under the Jin dynasty as the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan).

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Throughout his career of over 20 years as a general, Deng Zhi was known for showing wisdom and fairness in giving out rewards and punishments, as well as for treating his soldiers very well. He also led a frugal and simple life as he relied solely on his official salary and government-issued items for his basic needs. As he owned no private property throughout his life, his family often struggled to make ends meet and they had no excess wealth at the time of his death.

paragraph: Deng Zhi was also known for being firm and candid, and direct when he expressed his thoughts and feelings. As a result, he neither got along well with the scholar-elite and literati nor gained much respect and prestige among his contemporaries. Jiang Wei was one of the few who regarded Deng Zhi highly.

paragraph: Despite his positive traits, Deng Zhi was known for being arrogant and condescending. Many of his colleagues, including his superior Fei Yi, tended to give in to him. However, there was one Zong Yu who stood up to Deng Zhi. In 243, when Deng Zhi returned to the Shu capital Chengdu from his previous post at Jiangzhou to serve as General of Chariots and Cavalry, he met Zong Yu and asked him: "According to the rules of propriety, a man in his 60s should no longer serve in the military. Why do you still want to receive command of troops at this age?" Zong Yu rebuked him: "You are already in your 70s but you haven't relinquished your command of troops. So why can't I receive command of troops when I am in my 60s?"

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Deng Zhi is a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period of China. His first trip to Wu as Shu's envoy in the year 223 is dramatised and exaggerated in Chapter 86.

paragraph: When Deng Zhi shows up in Wu, Zhang Zhao suggests to the Wu king Sun Quan to intimidate Deng Zhi and boil him alive (in the same way the King of Qi executed Li Yiji) if he tries to lobby them to make peace with Shu. Sun Quan heeds Zhang Zhao's suggestion by setting up a large cauldron filled with boiling oil outside the meeting hall, and ordering heavily armed guards to line the path leading to the hall.

paragraph: Upon his arrival outside the hall, Deng Zhi sees the display and understands Sun Quan's intentions. He shows no sign of fear and calmly walks into the hall, smiling at the heavily armed guards who glare at him. After entering the hall, he does not kneel when he pays respect to Sun Quan, who shouts at him: "Why are you not kneeling?" Deng Zhi confidently replies: "An emissary of a great kingdom does not bow to the lord of a lesser state." An enraged Sun Quan says: "You don't know your place. Are you trying to use that tongue of yours to convince me in the same way Li Yiji tried to lobby the King of Qi? You can throw yourself into that cauldron now!" Deng Zhi laughs and replies: "People all say Eastern Wu has many talents. Who would expect that they fear a scholar?" An angry Sun Quan asks: "Why should I be afraid of a common man?" Deng Zhi replies: "If you don't fear Deng Bomiao, then why are you worried that I am here to lobby you?" Sun Quan asks: "You are here on Zhuge Liang's behalf to lobby me to reject Wei and join Shu. Is that true?" Deng Zhi replies: "I am but a scholar from Shu. I came here specially in the interests of Wu, yet you try to intimidate me with heavily armed guards and an oil cauldron. Doesn't that show how narrow-minded and intolerant you are?"

paragraph: Sun Quan feels anxious and ashamed after hearing Deng Zhi's words, so he orders the guards to leave and offers Deng Zhi a seat in the hall. He then asks Deng Zhi: "Sir, can you tell me what are the interests of Wu and Wei?" Deng Zhi asks him back: "Your Majesty wants to make peace with Shu or Wei?" Sun Quan replies: "I wish to make peace with Shu, but I am afraid that the ruler of Shu is too young and inexperienced that he cannot ensure Shu's survival." Deng Zhi says: "While Your Majesty is a dynastic hero, Zhuge Liang is also a hero of his time. Shu has high mountains as its natural defences while Wu has the rivers as natural barriers. If we combine our geographical advantages and form an alliance, we can conquer the Empire if we advance, and we can still maintain our positions if we recede. This is the natural course of things. If Your Majesty agrees to send your son as a hostage to Wei, they will eventually summon you to their imperial court or make your crown prince serve them. If you refuse, they will take it as treason and attack you. When that happens, Shu will follow the flow and take whatever it can from you. The lands in Jiangnan will then no longer belong to Your Majesty. If Your Majesty disagrees with what I have just said, then I will die immediately in front of Your Majesty to rid myself of being labelled a lobbyist."

paragraph: After finishing his speech, Deng Zhi leaves his seat, dashes out of the hall and prepares to throw himself into the cauldron. Sun Quan immediately stops him, invites him back to the hall, and treats him like an honoured guest. He then tells Deng Zhi: "Sir, what you just said is in line with my thoughts. I desire to make peace and ally with Shu. Sir, are you willing to help me?" Deng Zhi replies: "Just now Your Majesty wanted to boil me alive. Now Your Majesty wants me to help you with diplomacy. If Your Majesty can't make up your mind, how can you gain people's trust?" Sun Quan replied: "I have made up my mind. Sir, you can be sure about that."

paragraph: Sun Quan then sends Zhang Wen as his envoy to accompany Deng Zhi back to Shu to meet Zhuge Liang and reestablish the Wu–Shu alliance against Wei.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tao, Hongjing (499). "Zhen'gao".

description: Shu Han official

wikidata_label: Deng Zhi

wikipedia_title: Deng Zhi


text: professor

text: agronomy

text: United States

text: Dodge Center, Minnesota

text: Michigan Agricultural College

text: Michigan State University

text: M.S.

text: Iowa State University

text: dean

text: Iowa

text: Republican

text: Michigan

text: International Harvester

text: Michigan State College

text: Michigan State University

text: History

text: Brief biographical data

text: 1948 Radio transcript

text: Iowa State University

categories: 1959 deaths,Michigan State University alumni,1865 births,People from Dodge Center, Minnesota,Iowa State University faculty

paragraph: Perry Greeley Holden

paragraph: Perry Greeley Holden (October 13, 1865 – October 8, 1959) was the first professor of agronomy in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Holden was born in Dodge Center, Minnesota to Dennison Franklin Holden and Mary Helen Wilson. He graduated from Michigan Agricultural College in 1889 and taught at M. A. C. from 1889 to 1893. On November 11, 1892, he married Carrie Amalia Burnett (b. April 7, 1864). They had four children; one of them died as an infant. He studied at the Michigan State University where he was awarded an M.S. in 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Subsequently, Holden went to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he became assistant professor for soil physics and the first professor of agronomy of the U.S. from 1896 until 1900. For the next two years, he served as a manager at the Funk Brothers Seed Company, promoting the improvement,selection and better management of corn seeds.

paragraph: In 1902, Holden joined the Iowa State University, first as vice dean of agriculture and then, as of 1906, as head of the ISU Extension Service. Through his various outreach programs to promote the better selection and management of corn seeds he soon became known as the "corn evangelist". In 1912, he ran for governor of Iowa in the Republican primary.

paragraph: After his defeat, Holden moved to Michigan again where he became director of International Harvester's Agricultural Extension department. He was especially interested in the boll weevil infestation in the South and in encouraging farmers to diversify to try to prevent such disasters. He retired in 1932 and helped his wife with her egg business on their Michigan farm.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Holden died on October 8, 1959. Personal and business papers were donated to the Michigan State College Library and are held in the Michigan State University's Archives and Historical Collections Department.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Iowa State University Extension Service.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief biographical data.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948 Radio transcript of a show on P. G. Holden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iowa State University

description: American argonomist

wikidata_label: Perry Greeley Holden

wikipedia_title: Perry Greeley Holden


text: British

text: peer

text: Villiers family

text: producer

text: actor

text: writer

text: Handmade Films

text: Tavistock

text: Devon

text: Canford School

text: Birmingham School of Speech and Drama

text: House of Lords

text: reformation of the House

text: Jersey

text: actor

text: Bart Ruspoli

text: Jack Says

text: Executive Producer

text: TV

text: Four

text: Writer

text: Producer

text: The Long Night

text: V

text: Executive Producer

categories: 1976 births,Earls of Jersey,People connected with Tavistock,Villiers family,Jersey male actors,British male television actors,Living people

paragraph: George Francis William Child-Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey (born 5 February 1976), known professionally as William Villiers, is a British nobleman and peer of the Villiers family. He is a former producer, actor and writer. He is currently Director of Intellectual Property for Handmade Films.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Jersey is the eldest son of guitarist George Child-Villiers, Viscount Villiers and his second wife, Sacha (née Valpy), and was educated at St. Michael's School, Jersey, until the age of 8, then Mount House School, Tavistock, Devon; Canford School, Wimborne, Dorset; Nene College (now Northampton University); and Birmingham School of Speech and Drama. On the death of his father on 19 March 1998, he was briefly styled Viscount Grandison (in accordance with the family's tradition whereby each heir is alternately styled Viscount Villiers and then Viscount Grandison). He succeeded his grandfather as 10th Earl of Jersey in August of that year and took his seat in the House of Lords in 1999, shortly before the reformation of the House.

paragraph: Section::::Family seat.

paragraph: In 2007, the Earl of Jersey put up for sale the family home, Radier Manor, along with several properties and around of land on Jersey with an asking price of £12.5 million. However, the property was later withdrawn from the agents' listings.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 16 August 2003, the Earl of Jersey married Marianne Simonne de Guelle, daughter of Peter and Jeannette de Guelle, in St Martin de Grouville, Jersey. They have four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Lady Mia Adriana Marie Rose Child-Villiers (b. 28 December 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Lady Amelie Natasha Sophia Child-Villiers (b. 14 April 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lady Evangeline Antonia Adela Child-Villiers (b. 9 February 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. George Henry William Child-Villiers, Viscount Villiers (b. 1 September 2015).

paragraph: He is a second cousin of actor Bart Ruspoli.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack Says" (2008) Executive Producer (completed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2004) (TV) ... Ben Johnsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four" (2002) (TV) ... Brett and also Writer and Producer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Long Night" (2002) (V) ... Geoffrey and also Executive Producer

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: William Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey


text: Spanish

text: rally racing

text: Dakar Rally

text: KTM

text: motorcycle

text: Avià

text: Spanish Motocross Championship

text: enduro

text: Suzuki

text: Repsol

text: KTM

text: Cyril Despres

text: Argentina

text: Egypt

text: Rallye des Pharaons

text: 2007 Dakar Rally

text: Central Europe Rally

text: Dakar Series

text: following year's contest

text: 2013 Dakar Rally

categories: Enduro riders,Dakar Rally motorcyclists,1976 births,Off-road motorcycle racers,Spanish motorcycle racers,Living people,Catalan motorcycle racers

paragraph: Marc Coma

paragraph: Marc Coma i Camps (born 7 October 1976) is a Spanish rally racing motorcycle rider. He won the Dakar Rally in 2006, 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015 riding a KTM motorcycle, and is also a six-time winner of the FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship. Since 2015 he has been a race director of the Dakar Rally.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born on 7 October 1976 in Avià, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. He started to be interested in motorcycling since childhood. His father, Ricard, became fifth in the Spanish Motocross Championship in the senior category. The first motorcycle he climbed was A Montesa Cota 348 when he was 8 years old. When he got his own motorcycle, he began taking part in regional, provincial and national championships.

paragraph: Section::::Sport career.

paragraph: Coma started off his professional career as an enduro rider, tasting his first success in the Spanish Junior championships in 1995. The following year, he joined the Spanish national enduro team, which took silver in the World Cup for Nations, before Coma added the under-23 world championship crown to his résumé in 1998. The same year, he helped Spain to win the World Cup for Nations, also contributing to third-place finishes in 2000 and 2001.

paragraph: 2002 marked Coma's first Dakar Rally participation, aboard an unproven Suzuki-CSV backed by compatriot Carlos Sotelo. Coma climbed as high as seventh in the overall classification before retiring halfway through the rally, but his performance caught the eye of the factory Repsol-backed KTM team, which he joined in 2003. He finished third in four stages, but could finish no higher than 18th overall, and would retire from the rally in 2004 after suffering head injuries in a crash. The same year, he won the Baja España Aragón en route to seventh place in the Cross-Country Rallies World Championship.

paragraph: 2005 saw Coma take his first stage win in the Dakar and finish a close runner-up to KTM teammate Cyril Despres by a margin of under 10 minutes. He also contested four of that year's World Championships rounds, and victory in the Argentina-based Rally Por Las Pampas and Egyptian Rallye des Pharaons was enough for him to clinch the title. Despite failing to win any stages, Coma took his first overall Dakar victory in 2006, after which he successfully defended his Cross-Country Rallies title with five successive victories.

paragraph: Coma dominated the 2007 Dakar Rally, winning three stages to build up a lead of almost an hour over his closest rival, Despres, before a navigational error and a crash with two stages remaining forced him to retire. He nonetheless was able to take a third Cross-Country Rallies title with another five victories that year. The Dakar was cancelled in 2008, Coma retiring early on from its replacement, the Central Europe Rally, after fracturing his knee in the second stage. That year, he finished third in the PAX Rally, the second Dakar Series event, and won the Baja España Aragón for a second time.

paragraph: The Dakar moved to South America in 2009, Coma winning three of the first four stages and securing a comfortable second victory in the event, nearly 90 minutes clear of runner-up Despres. His 2010 challenge was ruined early on by a six-hour penalty for an illegal tyre change, although he still won five stage wins, but he made amends by winning all five Cross-Country Rallies Championship rounds that year to take an emphatic fourth title. This was followed by a third Dakar victory in 2011, during which Coma took another five stage wins to beat Despres by only 15 minutes. The following year's contest was even closer, with Coma and Despres separated by less than two minutes before Coma was forced to concede defeat when he lost 45 minutes due to an engine change penalty.

paragraph: After winning the FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship in 2012, Coma was forced to withdraw from the 2013 Dakar Rally owing to a shoulder injury sustained in the Moroccan Rally. He recovered from this to finish runner-up in the World Championship with three wins, before taking a fourth Dakar victory on his return to the event in 2014 with a further two stage wins. He clinched a sixth world title the same year with victory in Morocco.

paragraph: Section::::Present time.

paragraph: He is currently taking a position of a Dakar’s Sporting Director, which he got in 2015 by Etienne Lavigne. He commented upon it that: ""My first reaction was ‘wow’… I was in shock! Winning the Dakar 5 times was already a dream for me, but now I realise just how lucky I am: being part of the organising team, with this level of responsibility is an opportunity for me to put back into the rally everything that the Dakar has given me"."

description: Spanish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Marc Coma

wikipedia_title: Marc Coma


text:
Mewar
Sisodia
Rajputs
Mokal Singh
Paramara
Marwar
Alauddin Khalji
Rana Hammira
Chittor
Rathore
Mandore
Mahmud Khalji
Malwa
Mandu
Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas
Vijay Stambha
Khandela
Sirohi
Kumbhalmer
Champaner
Mewar
Rana Kumbha
Ahmedabad
Ajmer
Mandalgarh
Rao Jodha
Mandore
Ahmad Shah II
Mahmud Begada
Mahmud Khalji
Gujarat Sultanate
Nagaur
Rao Jodha
Marwar
Kumbhalgarh
Kumbalgarh
Vastu Shashtra
Bhoja
Vijay Stambha
Vishnu
Ramayana
Mahabharata
Sumeru
Mleccha
Nagaur
Mleccha
Udai Singh I
Ajmer
Sakambhari
Raimal
Sultan of Delhi
Prithviraj
Jaimal
Sangram Singh
Sangram Singh
Rana Sanga
List of Rajputs
Dasharatha Sharma

categories: 15th-century Indian people,1468 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Rajput rulers,Mewar dynasty

paragraph: Kumbha of Mewar

paragraph: Kumbhakarna (r. 1433-1468 CE), popularly known as Rana Kumbha, was the ruler of Mewar kingdom of western India. He belonged to the Sisodia clan of Rajputs. Kumbha was a son of Rana Mokal Singh of Mewar by his wife "Sobhagya Devi", a daughter of "Jaitmal Sankhla", the Paramara fief-holder of Runkot in the state of Marwar.

paragraph: Section::::Early period.

paragraph: After being overrun by the armies of Alauddin Khalji at the turn of the 13th century, Mewar had become relatively insignificant. Rana Hammira is credited with casting off the Muslim yoke and establishing the second Guhila dynasty of Chittor in 1335. The title "Rana", and later "Maharana", was used by rulers of this dynasty.

paragraph: Rana Hammira's grandson, Maharana Mokal was assassinated by two brothers (Chacha and Mera) in 1433. Lack of support, however, caused Chacha and Mera to flee and Rana Kumbha ascended the throne of Mewar. Initially, Rana Kumbha was ably assisted by Ranmal (Ranamalla) Rathore of Mandore. In November 1442, Mahmud Khalji, Sultan of Malwa, commenced a series of attacks on Mewar. After capturing Machhindargarh, Pangarh and Chaumuha, the Sultan camped for the rainy season.

paragraph: On April 26, 1443, Rana Kumbha attacked the Sultan's encampment, following an indecisive battle the Sultan returned to Mandu. The Sultan attacked again in November 1443, capturing Gagraun and adjoining forts but the capture of Chittor eluded him. The sultan then fought and lost in the Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas. Bloodied by these engagements, the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years. In order to commemorate his resounding victory over the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat in 1440 AD, Rana Kumbha got the famed 37 meter, 9 storey high Vijay Stambha erected at Chittorgarh which was completed in 1448 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Capture of Nagaur and reaction of the sultans.

paragraph: The ruler of Nagaur, Firuz (Firoz) Khan died around 1453-1454. This set into motion a series of events which tested Kumbha's mettle as a warrior. Shams Khan (the son of Firuz Khan) initially sought the help of Rana Kumbha against his uncle Mujahid Khan, who had occupied the throne. After becoming the ruler, Shams Khan, refused to weaken his defenses, and sought the help of Qutbuddin, the Sultan of Gujarat (Ahmad Shah died in 1442). Angered by this, Kumbha captured Nagaur in 1456, and also Kasili, Khandela and Sakambhari.

paragraph: In reaction to this, Qutbuddin captured Sirohi and attacked Kumbhalmer. Mahmud Khalji and Qutbuddin then reached an agreement (treaty of Champaner) to attack Mewar and divide the spoils. Qutbuddin captured Abu, but was unable to capture Kumbhalmer, and his advance towards Chittor was also blocked. Rana Kumbha allowed the army to approach Nagaur, when he came out, and after a severe engagement, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Gujarat army, annihilating it. Only remnants of it reached Ahmedabad, to carry the news of the disaster to the Sultan.

paragraph: Mahmud Khalji captured Ajmer and in December 1456, conquered Mandalgarh. Taking advantage of Kumbha's preoccupation, Rao Jodha (the son of Ranmal Rathore) captured Mandore. It is a tribute to Rana Kumbha's skills that he was able to defend his kingdom against this multi-directional attack. The death of Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II in 1458, and hostilities between Mahmud Begada (the new ruler of Gujarat) and Mahmud Khalji allowed Rana Kumbha to recapture his lost territories.

paragraph: Rana Kumbha successfully defended Mewar and expanded his territory at a time when he was surrounded by enemies like Mahmud Khalji of Malwa, Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II of Gujarat Sultanate, Shams Khan of Nagaur and Rao Jodha of Marwar.

paragraph: Section::::Construction of forts.

paragraph: Kumbha is credited with having worked assiduously to build up the state again. Of 84 fortresses that form the defense of Mewar, 32 were erected by Kumbha. Inferior only to Chittor, the chief citadel of Mewar, is the fort of Kumbhalgarh, built by Kumbha. It is the highest fort in Rajasthan (MRL 1075m). The building of Kumbalgarh was a great change done in the ancient rules of Vastu Shashtra.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural achievements.

paragraph: Amongst Rajput rulers, the flowering of arts and culture during Kumbha's reign is exceeded only by Bhoja Paramara (Bhoja I). Maharana Kumbha is credited with writing the "Samgita-raja", the "Rasika-priya" commentary on the "Gitagovinda", the "Sudaprabandha", and the " Kamaraja-ratisara". No copies of the "Sangita-ratnakara" and "Sangita-krama-dipaka" (two books on music by Rana Kumbha) have survived. During Rana Kumbha's reign, the scholar Atri and his son Mahesa wrote the "prashasti" (edict) of the Chittor "Kirti-stambha" and Kahana Vyasa wrote the "Ekalinga-mahamatya".

paragraph: Section::::Vijay Stambha.

paragraph: Rana Kumbha commissioned the construction of an imposing, 37 meter high, 9 story Victory Tower at Chittor. The tower called " Vijay Stambha " (Victory Tower) was completed in 1458. It is also referred to as Vishnu Stambha - "Tower of Vishnu" in other texts. The tower is covered with exquisite sculptures of Hindu Gods and Goddesses and depicts episodes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

paragraph: There are many inscriptions on the Stambha from the time of Maharana Kumbha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verse 17: Kumbha is like the mountain Sumeru for the churning of the sea of Malwa. He humbled its king Muhammad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verse 20: He also destroyed other lowly Mleccha rulers (of the neighborhood). He uprooted Nagaur.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verse 21: He rescued twelve lakh cows from the Muslim possession and converted Nagaur into a safe pasture for them. He brought Nagaur under the control of the Brahmanas and secured cows and Brahmanas in this land.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verse 22: Nagaur was centre of the Mleccha. Kumbha uprooted this tree of evil. Its branches and leaves were automatically destroyed.

paragraph: Section::::Architecture.

paragraph: In addition to the "Vijay Stambha" of Chittor, the Ranakpur "Trailokya-dipaka" Jain temple with its adornments, the "Kumbhasvami" and "Adivarsha" temples of Chittor and the Shantinatha Jain temple are some (of many) structures built during Rana Kumbha's rule.

paragraph: Maharana Kumbha Create in his life 32 Ghar (forts) in Rajasthan

paragraph: Section::::Death of Rana Kumbha and aftermath.

paragraph: In a patricide, Rana Kumbha was killed by his son Udaysimha (Udai Singh I). His achievements, however, continue to inspire successive generations of Indians.

paragraph: Udai Singh I did not live long and was killed by a lightning strike in Delhi after he went to offer his daughter in marriage to the Delhi Sultan in return for his support for regaining Mewar which was captured by his brother Raimal. In five years of his reign, he lost much of Mewar territory and made Abu Deora Chief independent and gave Ajmer, Sakambhari to Marwar's Rathore king Jodha as a token of friendship(they were cousins). Udai Singh was succeeded not by his son but another brother, Raimal of Mewar. Raimal sought the help of Sultan of Delhi and a battle ensued at Ghasa in which Sahasmall and Surajmall, the rebel brothers were defeated by Prithviraj, second son of Raimal.

paragraph: However, Prithviraj could not ascend the throne immediately because Raimal was still alive. Nevertheless, he was chosen as the crown prince, as his younger brother Jaimal was killed earlier, and his elder brother Sangram Singh was absconding since the fight between the three brothers.

paragraph: Prithviraj was ultimately poisoned and killed by his brother-in-law, whom Prithviraj had beaten up for maltreating his sister. Raimal died of grief a few days later, thus paving way for Sangram Singh to occupy the throne. Sangram Singh, who had, meanwhile, returned from self-exile, ascended the throne of Mewar and became famous as Rana Sanga.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Rajputs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Source material (excluding introduction, construction of forts and "Vijay Stambha")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lectures on Rajput history and culture" by Dr. Dasharatha Sharma. Publisher: Motilal Banarsidass, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 1970. .

description: Ruler of Mewar, a state in western India

wikidata_label: Kumbha of Mewar

wikipedia_title: Kumbha of Mewar


text: Hangul

text: Hanja

text: Seoul

text: South Korea

text: Boston Red Sox

text: 2000 MLB season

text: Korea Baseball Organization

text: Lee Sang-hoon Fancafe

text: Daum

categories: Sportspeople from Seoul,South Korean expatriate baseball players in Japan,21st-century South Korean singers,Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea,Doosan Bears coaches,KBO League pitchers,Baseball players at the 2002 Asian Games,Asian Games medalists in baseball,Chunichi Dragons players,Seoul High School alumni,Boston Red Sox players,LG Twins players,Korea University alumni,Major League Baseball players from South Korea,South Korean baseball players,South Korean rock singers,1971 births,LG Twins coaches,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,SK Wyverns players,Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games

paragraph: Lee Sang-hoon (baseball)

paragraph: Lee Sang-hoon (Hangul: 이상훈, Hanja: 李尙勳; ; born March 11, 1971 in Seoul, South Korea), nicknamed "Samson", is a retired professional baseball player formerly with the Boston Red Sox. He pitched in 9 games for the Red Sox in the 2000 MLB season, recording no decisions and a 3.09 ERA in 11.2 innings pitched.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee Sang-hoon Fancafe at Daum

description: South Korean baseball player

wikidata_label: Lee Sang-hoon

wikipedia_title: Lee Sang-hoon (baseball)


text:
Isis
Thutmose II
Thutmose III
Karnak
Great Royal Wife
Hatshepsut
Neferure
God's Wife
Neferure
Satiah
Hatshepsut-Meryetre

wikipedia_title:
Isis
Thutmose II
Thutmose III
Karnak
Great Royal Wife
Hatshepsut
Neferure
God's Wife
Neferure
Satiah
Merytre-Hatshepsut

categories: Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Iset (queen)

paragraph: Iset (or "Isis)" was a queen of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, and she was named after goddess Isis. She was a secondary wife or concubine of Thutmose II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Iset was the mother of Thutmose III, the only son of Thutmose II. Her son died on 11 March 1425 BC and her name is mentioned on his mummy bandages and a statue found in Karnak.

paragraph: Although in these later instances Iset is referred to as Great Royal Wife, during the reign of Thutmose II the great royal wife was Hatshepsut. Thutmose II died in 1479 BC and, after his death, Hatshepsut became regent for the young king Thutmose III. Thutmose III became the head of the armies of Egypt as he grew up.

paragraph: Hatshepsut ruled as pharaoh until her death in 1458 BC when her co-regent, Thutmose III, became pharaoh. At that time Iset received the title of ""King's Mother"" (since her son had become pharaoh) and she may then have been designated as a royal wife if she had not been previously when he was the co-regent.

paragraph: At the time Thutmose III became pharaoh Neferure, the daughter of Hatshepsut and Thutmose II, was the God's Wife. She had served in this role throughout the reign of her mother as pharaoh. Neferure may have married Tuthmosis III but the sole evidence for this marriage is a stela showing Queen Satiah whose name may have been carved over that of another queen. The great royal wife, Hatshepsut-Meryetre, became the mother of his successor.

paragraph: Her son Tuthmosis III depicts his mother several times in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. In KV34 there are depictions of the king with several female family members on one of the pillars. His mother Queen Isis is prominently featured.

paragraph: Queen Isis is depicted behind her son on the boat. She is labeled as the King's Mother Isis. In the register below the boat Tuthmosis III is shown approaching a tree which is a representation of his mother Isis. Behind the king we see three of his wives: Queens Merytre, Sitiah, Nebtu and his daughter Nefertari.

paragraph: It is not certain whether Iset was a concubine or a secondary wife of Thutmose II. She also received the title ""God's Wife"", but probably only posthumously.

wikidata_label: Iset

wikipedia_title: Iset (queen)


text:
German
International Formula Master
Formula 3 Euro Series
2003 Formula BMW ADAC season

categories: Blancpain Endurance Series drivers,German racing drivers,People from Ochsenfurt,24 Hours of Spa drivers,Formula BMW ADAC drivers,1986 births,ADAC GT Masters drivers,International Formula Master drivers,Formula 3 Euro Series drivers,Racing drivers from Bavaria,Living people

paragraph: Maximilian Götz

paragraph: Maximilian Götz (born 4 February 1986) is a German racing driver. He has competed in such series as International Formula Master and the Formula 3 Euro Series. He won the 2003 Formula BMW ADAC season, taking six victories.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete Formula 3 Euro Series record.

paragraph: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.br

description: German racing driver

wikidata_label: Maximilian Götz

wikipedia_title: Maximilian Götz


text:
Valencia
Spanish
European F3 Open Championship
2010 Indy Lights season
Kentucky Speedway
Jean-Karl Vernay
Career statistics from Driver Database

categories: 1988 births,Indy Lights drivers,Spanish racing drivers,Euroformula Open Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Adrián Campos Jr.

paragraph: Adrián Campos Jr. (born 5 October 1988 in Valencia) is a Spanish racing driver. He has competed in such series as the European F3 Open Championship (formerly the Spanish Formula Three Championship). He signed to compete in the 2010 Indy Lights season in the United States. Campos finished 6th in points with a best finish of 4th three times, including back-to-back oval races to close out the season, and had the fastest lap of the race at Kentucky Speedway. He placed second among rookie competitors, only behind series champion Jean-Karl Vernay.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career statistics from Driver Database

description: Spanish racing driver

wikidata_label: Adrián Campos, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Adrián Campos Jr.


text:
Edward I of England
Eleanor of Castile
Amesbury Priory
papal travel prohibition
Eleanor of Provence
Amesbury Priory
Wiltshire
Fontevrault
Eleanor of Brittany
Benedictine
nun
Amesbury
noble
Southampton
Edward
Elizabeth
vicegerent
abbess
Wilton
gambling
papal bull
Periculoso
Canterbury
Dominican
Nicholas Trevet
John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey
Mary's niece Joan

categories: 1332 deaths,1279 births,English princesses,13th-century English people,14th-century English women,14th-century English people,Benedictine nuns,House of Plantagenet,13th-century English women

paragraph: Mary of Woodstock

paragraph: Mary of Woodstock (11 or 12 March 1279 – c. 1332) was the seventh named daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. She was a nun at Amesbury Priory, but lived very comfortably thanks to a generous allowance from her parents. Despite a papal travel prohibition in 1303, she travelled widely around the country.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mary's grandmother, Eleanor of Provence, had decided to retire to Amesbury Priory in Wiltshire, a daughter house of Fontevrault. She lobbied for Mary and another granddaughter, Eleanor of Brittany, to become Benedictine nuns at the priory. Despite resistance from Eleanor of Castile, Mary was dedicated at Amesbury on Assumption Day 1285, at the age of seven, alongside thirteen daughters of nobles. She was not formally veiled as a nun until December 1291, when she had reached the age of twelve. Eleanor of Brittany had been veiled in March, while Eleanor of Provence did not arrive until June 1286.

paragraph: Mary's parents granted her £100 per year for life (approximately £ in 2020); she also received double the usual allowance for clothing and a special entitlement to wine from the stores, and lived in comfort in private quarters. Her father visited her and Eleanor at the priory repeatedly: twice in 1286 and in 1289, and again in 1290 and 1291. Eleanor of Provence died in 1291, and it was expected that Mary would move to Fontevrault. Certainly the prioress of Fontevrault wrote frequently to Edward I asking that his daughter be allowed to live there. Probably to prevent his daughter falling into French hands in the event of war with England, Edward refused, and Mary remained at Amesbury, while her allowance was doubled to £200 per year. In 1292, she was also given the right to forty oaks per year from royal forests and twenty tuns of wine per year from Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Representative of the order.

paragraph: Despite being a resident at the priory, Mary began to travel the country. She visited her brother Edward in 1293, and regularly attended court, spending five weeks there in 1297, in the run-up to her sister Elizabeth's departure to Holland. By the end of the century, she held the post of vicegerent and visitatrix for the abbess, with the right to authorise the transfer of nuns between convents. In 1302, her £200 per year was replaced by the rights to several manors and the borough of Wilton, all held on condition that she remain in England. However, she ran up considerable dice gambling debts while visiting her father's court, and in 1305 was given £200 to pay them off. She was also given Grove Priory in Bedfordshire to manage, holding this until her death.

paragraph: Mary was unsuccessful in obtaining high office in the order, whereas Eleanor of Brittany became abbess at Fontevrault in 1304. The papal bull "Periculoso" was read at Amesbury in 1303, requiring nuns to remain within their religious establishments, but Mary's travels do not appear to have been affected. She went on numerous pilgrimages, including one to Canterbury, and continued to visit court, with a retinue of up to twenty-four horses, sometimes with fellow nuns. Soon after 1313, her role as visitor was removed. In 1317, Mary's brother Edward, by now King Edward II, asked Eleanor to restore her to the post, but his request was refused. But Mary persevered and obtained a papal mandate requiring her reinstatement, which Eleanor appears to have obeyed.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Despite her apparent conflict with Eleanor, Mary continued to live comfortably. In 1316, she was able to borrow more than £2 from abbey funds (approximately £ in 2020), and sent a clerk to London on personal errands, at the priory's expense.

paragraph: It was effectively as a princess, not a nun, that Mary received the homage of the English Dominican friar Nicholas Trevet, a prolific and versatile university scholar and author, who in 1328–1334 dedicated to her his "Cronicles", which she may even have commissioned him to write. Intended as an amusing history of the world, it later became an important source for several popular works of the period. In part it is an account of Mary's own Plantagenet clan, and she herself is given a flattering mention there:

paragraph: Trevet here quotes from Jesus' words in the "Gospel of Luke" (10:42), where Jesus good-humouredly defends Mary to her sister Martha. It is a somewhat daring use of the Gospel text, which was traditionally often applied the Virgin Mary.

paragraph: Likewise because of Mary's status, several nobles who wished their daughters to take vows placed them into her custody.

paragraph: Mary died in about 1332, and was probably buried in Amesbury. After her death, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, attempting to divorce Mary's niece Joan, claimed to have had an affair with Mary before he married Joan. If John's claim was valid, his marriage to Mary's niece would have been rendered null and void, but despite papal mandates for inquests to be made into the matter, the truth was never established.

description: English princess

wikidata_label: Mary of Woodstock

wikipedia_title: Mary of Woodstock


text: Old Norse

text: Norwegian

text: King of Norway

text: Harald Fairhair

text: civil war era

text: Skule Bårdsson

text: regent

text: birkebeiner

text: bagler

text: Sigurd Ribbung

text: co-regent

text: pope

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Irish high kingship

text: Old Norse

text: Iceland

text: Greenland

text: Great Britain

text: Scottish kingdom

text: Saga of Haakon Haakonsson

text: Magnus

text: Iceland

text: Sturla Þórðarson

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: skald

text: House of Sverre

text: Folkenborg

text: Eidsberg

text: Inga of Varteig

text: Haakon Sverresson

text: birkebeiner

text: civil war

text: bagler

text: Sarpsborg

text: Inge Bårdson

text: Nidaros

text: Trondheim

text: skiers

text: Lillehammer

text: Østerdalen

text: Birkebeinerrennet

text: Olaf Tryggvasson

text: Christianity

text: gospel

text: Child Jesus

text: Philip Simonsson

text: Haakon the Crazy

text: God

text: Saint Olaf

text: literate

text: Bergen

text: Bergen Cathedral School

text: Trondheim Cathedral School

text: Skule Bårdsson

text: hird

text: Archbishop of Nidaros

text: Knut Haakonsson

text: Trøndelag

text: Western Norway

text: Øyrating

text: Gulating

text: Haugating

text: Borgarting

text: things

text: Elven

text: regent

text: trial by ordeal

text: Sverre Bagge

text: Sigurd Ribbung

text: Viken

text: Oppland

text: Värmland

text: Margrete

text: syssels

text: pope

text: Catholic

text: legitimacy

text: Mongol

text: invasion of Europe

text: Karelians

text: Malangen

text: Louis IX of France

text: Pope Gregory IX

text: Pope Innocent IV

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Frederick II

text: Cardinal William of Sabina

text: royal estate

text: gyrfalcon

text: Tunis

text: chansons de geste

text: Charlemagne

text: Matter of France

text: King Arthur

text: Matter of Britain

text: Old Norse

text: Tristan and Iseult

text: chivalric sagas

text: Visio Tnugdali

text: psalter

text: King's Mirror

text: Sweden

text: Denmark

text: Valdemar II of Denmark

text: Guelphs

text: Novgorod

text: Sami people

text: Alexander Nevsky

text: Troms

text: Finnmark

text: Christina

text: Sweden

text: Baltic Sea

text: Lübeck

text: Hanseatic League

text: Halland

text: Earl Birger

text: Scania

text: Treaty of Lödöse

text: Christopher I of Denmark

text: Ingeborg

text: Eric Ploughpenny

text: Kalmar Union

text: Alfonso X of Castile

text: England

text: Morocco

text: Iberian

text: Moors

text: Castile

text: Henry III of England

text: Hebrides

text: Man

text: Kingdom of Mann and the Isles

text: Shetland

text: Orkney

text: Earldom of Orkney

text: Faroe Islands

text: Greenland

text: Iceland

text: Nidaros ecclesiastical province

text: Magnus Barefoot

text: Alexander II

text: Alexander III

text: dispute with the Scottish king

text: leidang

text: Battle of Largs

text: Ireland

text: English settlers

text: High King of Ireland

text: Bishop's Palace

text: Kirkwall

text: St Magnus Cathedral

text: Bergenhus

text: Eske Bille

text: Protestant Reformation

text: P. A. Munch

text: Henrik Ibsen

text: The Pretenders

text: Hans E. Kinck

text: Halvdan Koht

text: Edvard Bull, Sr.

text: Narve Bjørgo

text: Per Sveaas Andersen

text: Knut Helle

text: Svein Haga

text: Kåre Lunden

text: Norsk biografisk leksikon

text: lendmann

text: Harald Olafsson

text: King of Mann and the Isles

text: Margrete Skulesdatter

text: Skule Bårdsson

text: Haakon the Young

text: Rikissa Birgersdotter

text: Christina

text: Infante Philip of Castile

text: Magnus VI of Norway

text: Håkon and Kristin

text: 1994 Winter Olympics

text: Christina of Norway

text: The Last King

categories: Medieval child rulers,13th-century Norwegian people,People from Østfold,Roman Catholic monarchs,Burials at Christ Church, Bergen,Norwegian monarchs,House of Sverre,Norwegian Roman Catholics,1204 births,Fairhair dynasty,Burials at St Magnus Cathedral,People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School,1263 deaths,Norwegian civil wars

paragraph: Haakon IV of Norway

paragraph: Haakon IV Haakonsson (ca. March/April 1204 – 16 December 1263) (Old Norse: "Hákon Hákonarson"; Norwegian: "Håkon Håkonsson"), sometimes called Haakon the Old in contrast to his son with the same name, was King of Norway from 1217 to 1263. His reign lasted for 46 years, longer than any Norwegian king since Harald Fairhair. Haakon was born into the troubled civil war era in Norway, but his reign eventually managed to put an end to the internal conflicts. At the start of his reign, during his minority, his later rival Earl Skule Bårdsson served as regent. As a king of the birkebeiner faction, Haakon defeated the uprising of the final bagler royal pretender, Sigurd Ribbung, in 1227. He put a definitive end to the civil war era when he had Skule Bårdsson killed in 1240, a year after he had himself proclaimed king in opposition to Haakon. Haakon thereafter formally appointed his own son as his co-regent.

paragraph: Under Haakon's rule, medieval Norway is considered to have reached its zenith or golden age. His reputation and formidable naval fleet allowed him to maintain friendships with both the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, despite their conflict. He was at different points offered the imperial crown by the pope, the Irish high kingship by a delegation of Irish kings, and the command of the French crusader fleet by the French king. He amplified the influence of European culture in Norway by importing and translating contemporary European literature into Old Norse, and by constructing monumental European-style stone buildings. In conjunction with this he employed an active and aggressive foreign policy, and at the end of his rule added Iceland and the Norse Greenland community to his kingdom, leaving Norway at its territorial height. Although he for the moment managed to secure Norwegian control of the islands off the northern and western shores of Great Britain, he fell ill and died when wintering in Orkney following some military engagements with the expanding Scottish kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Historical sources.

paragraph: The main source of information concerning Haakon is the "Saga of Haakon Haakonsson", which was written in the immediate years following his death. Commissioned by his son Magnus, it was written by the Icelandic writer and politician Sturla Þórðarson (nephew of the famous historian Snorri Sturluson). Having come into conflict with the royal representative in Iceland, Sturla came to Norway in 1263 in an attempt to reconcile with Haakon. When he arrived, he learned that Haakon was in Scotland, and that Magnus ruled Norway in his place. While Magnus initially took an unfriendly attitude towards Sturla, his talents as a story-teller and skald eventually won him the favour of Magnus and his men. The saga is considered the most detailed and reliable of all sagas concerning Norwegian kings, building on both written archive material and oral information from individuals who had been close to Haakon. It is nonetheless written openly in support of the political program of the House of Sverre, and the legitimacy of Haakon's kingship.

paragraph: Section::::Background and childhood.

paragraph: Haakon was born in Folkenborg (now in Eidsberg) to Inga of Varteig in the summer of 1204, probably in March or April. The father was widely regarded to have been King Haakon Sverresson, the leader of the birkebeiner faction in the ongoing civil war against the bagler, as Inga had been with Haakon in his hostel in Borg (now Sarpsborg) in late 1203. Haakon Sverresson was dead by the time his son Haakon was born, but Inga's claim was supported by several of Haakon Sverresson's followers. Haakon was born in bagler-controlled territory, and his mother's claim placed them in a dangerous position. While the bagler started hunting Haakon, a group of birkebeiner warriors fled with the child in the winter of 1205/06, heading for King Inge Bårdson, the new birkebeiner king in Nidaros (now Trondheim). As the party was struck by a blizzard, two of the best birkebeiner skiers, Torstein Skevla and Skjervald Skrukka, carried on with the child over the mountain from Lillehammer to Østerdalen. They eventually managed to bring Haakon to safety with King Inge; this particular event is commemorated in modern-day Norway by the popular annual skiing event "Birkebeinerrennet". Haakon's dramatic childhood was often parallelled with that of former king Olaf Tryggvasson (who introduced Christianity to Norway), as well as with the gospels and Child Jesus, which served as an important ideological function for his kingship.

paragraph: In the saga, Haakon is described as bright and witty, and as being small for his age. When he was three years old, Haakon was captured by the bagler but refused to call the bagler king Philip Simonsson his lord (he nonetheless came from the capture unharmed). When he learned at the age of eight that King Inge and his brother Earl Haakon the Crazy had made an agreement of the succession to the throne that excluded himself, he pointed out that the agreement was invalid due to his attorney not having been present. He subsequently identified his attorney as "God and Saint Olaf." Haakon was notably the first Norwegian king to receive formal education at a school. From the late civil war era, the government administration relied increasingly on written communication, which in turn demanded literate leaders. When Haakon was in Bergen under the care of Haakon the Crazy, he started receiving education from the age of seven, likely at the Bergen Cathedral School. He continued his education under King Inge at the Trondheim Cathedral School after the Earl's death in 1214. Haakon was brought up alongside Inge's son Guttorm, and they were treated as the same. When he was eleven, some of Haakon's friends provoked the king by asking him to give Haakon a region to govern. When Haakon was approached by the men and was urged to take up arms against Inge, he rejected it in part because of his young age and its bad prospects, as well as because he believed it would be morally wrong to fight Inge and thus split the birkebeiner. He instead said that he prayed that God would give him his share of his father's inheritance when the time was right.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Succession struggle.

paragraph: After King Inge's death in 1217, a dispute erupted over who was to become his successor. In addition to Haakon who gained the support of the majority of the birkebeiners including the veterans who had served under his father and grandfather, candidates included Inge's illegitimate son Guttorm (who dropped out very soon), Inge's half-brother Earl Skule Bårdsson who had been appointed leader of the king's "hird" at Inge's deathbed and was supported by the Archbishop of Nidaros as well as part of the birkebeiners, and Haakon the Crazy's son Knut Haakonsson. With his widespread popular support in Trøndelag and in Western Norway, Haakon was proclaimed king at Øyrating in June 1217. He was later the same year hailed as king at Gulating in Bergen, and at Haugating, Borgarting and local things east of Elven (Göta Älv). While Skule's supporters initially had attempted to cast doubt about Haakon's royal ancestry, they eventually suspended open resistance to his candidacy. As the dispute could have threatened to split the birkebeiners in two, Skule settled on becoming regent for Haakon during his minority.

paragraph: In connection with the dispute over the royal election, Haakon's mother Inga had to prove his parentage through a trial by ordeal in Bergen in 1218. The result of the trial strengthened the legal basis for his kingship, and improved his relationship with the church. The saga's claim that Haakon already had been generally accepted as king in 1217/18 has however been contested by modern historians such as Sverre Bagge. Skule and Haakon increasingly drifted apart in their administration, and Skule focused mainly on governing Eastern Norway after 1220, which he had gained the right to rule in 1218 as his third of the Norwegian kingdom. From 1221 to 1223, Haakon and Skule separately issued letters as rulers of Norway, and maintained official contacts abroad. In 1223 a great meeting of bishops, clergy, secular nobles and other high-ranking figures from all across the country was held in Bergen to finally decide on Haakon's right to the throne. Other candidates to the throne were present either personally or through attorneys, but Haakon was in the end unanimously confirmed as King of Norway by the court.

paragraph: The last bagler king Philip Simonsson died in 1217. Speedy political and military manoeuvering by Skule led to a reconciliation between the birkebeiner and bagler, and thus the reunification of the kingdom. However, some discontented elements among the bagler found a new royal pretender, Sigurd Ribbung, and launched a new rising from 1219. The rising only gained support in parts of Eastern Norway, and were unable to gain control of Viken and Opplandene as the bagler formerly had done. In the summer of 1223 Skule eventually managed to force the Ribbungar to surrender. The great meeting in Bergen soon after however renewed the division of the Norwegian kingdom with Skule, who thereafter gained control of the northern third of the country instead of the east, in what marked a setback despite his military victory. In 1224, Ribbung who had been in Skule's custody escaped, and Haakon was left to fight him alone as the new ruler of Eastern Norway. Skule remained passive throughout the rest of the war, and his support for Haakon was lukewarm at best. Assuming the military lead in the fight, Haakon nevertheless defeated Ribbung through comprehensive and organisationally demanding warfare over the next years. As part of the campaign, Haakon additionally led a large army into Värmland, Sweden in 1225 in order to punish the inhabitants for their support of Ribbung. While Ribbung died in 1226, the revolt was finally quashed in 1227 after the surrender of the last leader of the uprising, Haakon the Crazy's son Knut Haakonsson. This left Haakon more or less uncontested monarch.

paragraph: Haakon's councillors had sought to reconcile Haakon and Skule by proposing marriage between Haakon and Skule's daughter Margrete in 1219. Haakon accepted the proposal (although he did not think it would change much politically), but the marriage between Haakon and Margrete did not take place before 1225, partly due to the conflict with Ribbung. The relationship between Haakon and Skule nevertheless deteriorated further during the 1230s, and attempts of settlements at meetings in 1233 and 1236 only distanced them more from each other. Periodically, the two nonetheless reconciled and spent a great amount of time together, only to have their friendship destroyed, according to the saga by intrigues derived from rumours and slander by men who played the two against each other. Skule was the first person ever in Norway to be titled Duke ("hertug") in 1237, but instead of control over a region gained the rights to the incomes from a third of the "syssels" scattered across the whole of Norway. This was part of an attempt by Haakon to limit Skule's power. In 1239 the conflict between the two erupted into open warfare when Skule had himself proclaimed king. Although he had some support in Trøndelag, Opplandene and in eastern Viken, he could not stand up to Haakon's forces. The rebellion ended when Skule was killed in 1240, leaving Haakon the undisputed king of Norway. This revolt is generally taken to mark the final end of Norway's civil war era.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Recognition by the Pope.

paragraph: While the church in Norway initially had refused to recognise Haakon as King of Norway, it had largely turned to support his claim to the throne by the 1223 meeting, although later disagreements occurred. Despite additionally having become the undisputed ruler of Norway after 1240, Haakon had still not been approved as king by the pope due to his illegitimate birth. He nonetheless had a strong personal desire to be approved fully as a European king. Several papal commissions were appointed to investigate the matter, and Haakon declared his legitimate son Haakon the Young his successor instead of an older living illegitimate son. Although Haakon had children with his mistress Kanga the Young prior to his marriage with Margrete, it was his children with Margrete who were designated as his successors in accordance with a papal recognition. The Catholic principle of legitimacy was thus established in the Norwegian order of succession, although Haakon's new law still maintained that illegitimate children could be designated as successor in the absence of any legitimate children or grandchildren—contrary to Catholic principles. While his strong position allowed him to set boundaries to the church's political influence, he was on the other hand prepared to give the church much autonomy in internal affairs and relations with the rural society.

paragraph: Haakon also attempted to strengthen his ties with the papacy by issuing a vow of crusade. In 1241 he however converted this into a vow of engaging in warfare against pagan peoples in the north in light of the Mongol invasion of Europe. When a group of Karelians ("Bjarmians") had been forced westwards by the Mongols, Haakon allowed them to stay in Malangen and had them Christianized—something that would please the papacy. Later, in 1248, Louis IX of France proposed (by Matthew Paris as messenger) to Haakon to join him for a crusade, with Haakon as commander of the fleet, but Haakon turned the offer down. While Haakon had been unsuccessful in gaining the recognition of Pope Gregory IX, he quickly gained the support from Pope Innocent IV who sought alliances in his struggle with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Haakon finally achieved royal recognition by Pope Innocent in 1246, and Cardinal William of Sabina was sent to Bergen and crowned Haakon in 1247.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Cultural influence and legal reforms.

paragraph: After consolidating his position in 1240, Haakon focused on displaying the supremacy of the kingship, influenced by the increasingly closer contact with European culture. He started constructing several monumental royal buildings, primarily in the royal estate in Bergen where he built a European-style stone palace. He used a grand fleet with stately royal ships when meeting with other Scandinavian rulers, and actively sent letters and gifts to other European rulers; his most far-reaching contact was achieved when he sent gyrfalcons with an embassy to the Sultan of Tunis.

paragraph: The royal court in Bergen also started importing and translating the first true European literature that became available to a wider Norwegian audience. The literature which was popular then was heroic-romantic literature derived from the French and in turn English courts, notably "chansons de geste" around Charlemagne (the Matter of France) and tales of King Arthur (the Matter of Britain). The first work that was translated into Old Norse was reportedly the Arthurian romantic story "Tristan and Iseult", which was finished in 1226 after orders from the young and newly-wed Haakon. Hákon's programme seems to have been the spark for the emergence of a new Norse genre of chivalric sagas.

paragraph: Haakon also had the popular religious text "Visio Tnugdali" translated into Old Norse as "Duggals leiðsla". The literature also appealed to women, and both Haakon's wife Margrete and his daughter Kristina owned richly illustrated psalters.

paragraph: Haakon also initiated legal reforms which were crucial for the development of justice in Norway. Haakon's "New Law" written around 1260 was a breakthrough for both the idea and practice of public justice, as opposed to the traditional Norwegian customs for feuds and revenge. The influence of the reforms is also apparent in Haakon's "King's Mirror" ("Konungs skuggsjá"), an educational text intended for his son Magnus, which was probably written in cooperation with the royal court in the mid-1250s.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Involvements abroad.

paragraph: Relations were hostile with both Sweden and Denmark from the start. During his rivalry with Earl Skule, Skule attempted to gain the support of Valdemar II of Denmark, but any aid was made impossible after Valdemar's capture by one of his vassals. Since the Danes wanted overlordship of Norway and supported the Guelphs (those supporting the Pope over the Holy Roman Emperor), Haakon in turn sought closer ties with the Ghibelline Emperor Frederick II, who sent ambassadors to Norway. As Haakon had gained a powerful reputation due to the strength of his fleet, other European rulers wanted to benefit from his friendship. Despite the struggle between the Pope and the Emperor, Haakon was able to maintain friendships with both. According to an English chronicler, the Pope wanted Haakon to become Holy Roman Emperor. It has been suggested that Haakon hesitated to leave Norway due to the Mongol threat.

paragraph: Haakon pursued a foreign policy that was active in all directions (although foremost to the west and south-east). In the north-east, the relationship with Novgorod had been tense due to a dispute over the right to tax the Sami people, as well as raiding from both Norwegian and Karelian sides. Eventually, the Mongol threat drove Prince Alexander Nevsky to negotiations with Haakon that likely strengthened Norwegian control of Troms and Finnmark. An embassy from Novgorod one time asked for Haakon's daughter Christina for a marriage, but Haakon refused due to the Mongol threat. Due to the Elven-based Norwegian presence in the seas around the south of Sweden and into the Baltic Sea, Norway increasingly relied on Baltic grain from Lübeck. The import was however halted in the late 1240s due to the plundering of Norwegian ships in Danish seas by ships from Lübeck. In 1250, Haakon made a peace and trade agreement with Lübeck, which eventually also opened the city of Bergen to the Hanseatic League. During the conflict, Haakon had reportedly been offered control over the city by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. In any case, Haakon's policy regarding Northern German ports largely derived from his strategy of attempting to exploit the internal turmoil that had erupted in Denmark following the death of King Valdemar II in 1241.

paragraph: In Scandinavia, Haakon regularly met with neighbouring rulers in the border-area around Elven from the late 1240s through the 1250s. Using grand fleets as envoys, Haakon's fleet at most reportedly counted over 300 ships. Haakon sought to expand his kingdom southwards of Elven into the Danish province of Halland. He thus looked for alliance with the Swedes, as well as ties with opponents of the ruling line of monarchs of Denmark. Haakon made a deal with Swedish leader Earl Birger in 1249 about a joint Swedish-Norwegian invasion into Halland and Scania, but the agreement was eventually abandoned by the Swedes ("see" Treaty of Lödöse). Haakon claimed Halland in 1253, and finally invaded the province on his own in 1256, demanding it as compensation for the looting of Norwegian ships in Danish seas. He was however forced to renounce his claims in 1257 after a peace agreement was made with Christopher I of Denmark. Haakon thereafter negotiated a marriage between his only remaining son Magnus and Ingeborg, daughter of former Danish king Eric Ploughpenny. Haakon had also reconciled with the Swedes when he had his son Haakon the Young marry a daughter of Earl Birger. Haakon's Nordic policies initiated the build-up to the later personal unions (called the Kalmar Union), that in the end had dire consequences for Norway as it did not have the economic and military resources to persevere and maintain Haakon's aggressive policies.

paragraph: More distantly, Haakon sought an alliance with Alfonso X of Castile, a potential next Holy Roman Emperor—chiefly as it would guarantee new supplies of grain in light of rising prices in England, and possibly giving access to Baltic grain through Norwegian control of Lübeck. Alfonso in turn sought to expand his influence in Northern Europe, as well as to gain Norwegian naval assistance for the campaign or crusade he had proposed in Morocco (seeing that the Iberian Moors received backing overseas from North Africa). Haakon could thus potentially also fulfill his papal vow of crusade, although he likely did not intend to. He sent an embassy to Castile in 1255, and the accompanying Castilian ambassador on the return to Norway proposed to establish the "strongest ties of friendship" with Haakon. At the request of Alfonso, Haakon gave his consent that his daughter Christina could go to Castile and marry one of Alfonso's brothers. Christina's death four years after the childless marriage, however, marked an effective end of the short-lived "alliance", and the proposed crusade fell into the blue.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:The Scottish expedition and death.

paragraph: Haakon employed an active and aggressive foreign policy towards strengthening Norwegian ties in the west. His policy relied on friendship and trade with the English king; the first known Norwegian trade agreements were made with England in the years 1217–23 (England's first commercial treaties were also made with Norway), and the friendship with Henry III of England was a cornerstone in Haakon's foreign policy. As they had become kings around the same time, Haakon wrote to Henry in 1224 that he wished they could maintain the friendship that had existed between their fathers. Haakon sought to defend the Norwegian sovereignty over the islands in the west, namely the Hebrides and Man (under the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles), Shetland and Orkney (under the Earldom of Orkney), and the Faroe Islands. Further, the Norse community in Greenland agreed to submit to the Norwegian king in 1261, and in 1262 Haakon achieved one of his long-standing ambitions when he managed to incorporate Iceland into his kingdom by utilising the island's internal conflicts in his favour. The dependency on Norwegian maritime trade and their subordination to the Nidaros ecclesiastical province were some of the key reasons which allowed Haakon to assert sovereignty over the islands. The Norwegian kingdom was at the largest it has ever been by the end of Haakon's reign.

paragraph: Norwegian control over the Faroe Islands and Shetland was strong due to the importance of Bergen as a trading centre, while Orkney, the Hebrides and Man had more natural ties with the Scottish mainland. Although traditionally having had ties with the community of Norse settlers in northern Scotland, Scottish rulers had increasingly asserted their sovereignty over the entire mainland. Haakon had at the same time gained stronger control of the Hebrides and Man than any Norwegian ruler since Magnus Barefoot. As part of a new development the Scottish king Alexander II claimed the Hebrides and requested to buy the islands from Norway, but Haakon staunchly rejected the proposals. Following Alexander II's death, his son Alexander III continued and stepped up his father's policy by sending an embassy to Norway in 1261, and thereafter attacking the Hebrides.

paragraph: In 1263 the dispute with the Scottish king over the Hebrides induced Haakon to undertake an expedition to the islands. Having learned in 1262 that Scottish nobles had raided the Hebrides and that Alexander III planned to conquer the islands, Haakon went on an expedition with his formidable "leidang" fleet of at least 120 ships in 1263, having become accustomed to negotiating backed by an intimidating fleet. The fleet left Bergen in July, and reached Shetland and Orkney in August where they were joined by chieftains from the Hebrides and Man. Negotiations were started by Alexander following Norwegian landings on the Scottish mainland, but were purposely prolonged by the Scots. Having waited until September/October for weather that caused trouble for Haakon's fleet, a clash occurred between a smaller Norwegian force and a Scottish division at the Battle of Largs. Although inconclusive and of a limited impact, Haakon withdrew to Orkney for the winter. A delegation of Irish kings invited Haakon to help them rid Ireland of English settlers as High King of Ireland, but this was apparently rejected against Haakon's wish.

paragraph: Haakon over-wintered at the Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, Orkney, with plans to resume his campaign the next year. During his stay in Kirkwall he however fell ill, and died in the early hours of 16 December 1263. Haakon was buried in the St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall for the winter, and when spring came he was exhumed and his body taken back to Norway, where he was buried in the Old Cathedral in his capital Bergen. Centuries later, in 1531, the cathedral was demolished by the commander of Bergenhus, Eske Bille for military purposes in connection with the Protestant Reformation, and the graves of Haakon and other Norwegian kings buried there might have been destroyed in the process or moved to another location.

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation.

paragraph: Norwegian historians have held differing views on Haakon's reign. In the 19th century, P. A. Munch portrayed Haakon as a mighty, almost flawless ruler, which in turn influenced Henrik Ibsen in his 1863 play "The Pretenders". In the early 20th century, poet Hans E. Kinck countered and viewed Haakon as an insignificant king subordinated to forces outside of his control, a view which influenced historians such as Halvdan Koht and Edvard Bull, Sr.. Haakon has often been compared with Skule Bårdsson, and historians have taken sides in the old conflict. While Munch saw Skule as a traitor to the rightful Norwegian king, Koht viewed Skule as a heroic figure. On more sketchy grounds, Kinck praised Skule as representing the original and dying Norse culture, and Haakon as a superficial emulator of foreign culture. Since the 1960s, historians including Narve Bjørgo, Per Sveaas Andersen, Knut Helle, Svein Haga and Kåre Lunden have in turn professed a reaction against Koht's view. According to Sverre Bagge, modern historians tend to follow Koht when it comes to see Skule's rebellion as a last desperate attempt to stop Haakon from enroaching his power, but lean closer to Munch's overall evaluation of the two men.

paragraph: Knut Helle interprets the saga to leave an impression of Skule as a skilled warrior and politician, while noting that the author of the saga purposely created a diffuse image of his role in the conflict with Haakon. On the other hand, Helle notes that Skule was outmaneuvered with relative ease by Haakon's supporters in the immediate years after 1217, and that this may suggest some limited abilities. While neither giving a clear picture of Haakon, Helle maintains that Haakon "obviously" learned to master the political game in his early years. He interprets Haakon as an independent and willstrong ruler whom he assigns a "significant personal responsibility" for the policies pursued during his reign—notably regarding the internal consolidation of the kingship, the orientation towards European culture and the aggressive foreign policy. In his article in "Norsk biografisk leksikon", Knut Helle acknowledges that Haakon was empowered by the strong institutional position of the kingship at the end of his reign (which he had developed himself), and that his policies were not always successful. It nonetheless recognises the substantial political abilities and powerful determination Haakon must have had in order to progress from the difficult position in which he started his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Children and marriage.

paragraph: Haakon had two illegitimate children with his mistress Kanga the Younger av Folkindberg (who is only known by name) (1198 - 1225), before 1225. They were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigurd (died 1252).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecilia (died 1248). Married "lendmann" Gregorius Andresson, a nephew of the last bagler king Philip Simonsson in 1241. Widowed in 1246, she married Harald Olafsson, King of Mann and the Isles in 1248. They both drowned the same year on the return voyage to Great Britain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kone (c. 1225 -), married Toralde Gunnarsson Hvite, til Gulsvik (Buskerud, c. 1220 - Gulsvik, Flå, Buskerud, d. 1260), mentioned on a 1258 document, and had issue

paragraph: Haakon married Margrete Skulesdatter on 25 May 1225, daughter of his rival Earl Skule Bårdsson. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Olav (born 1226). Died in infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Haakon the Young (1232–1257). Married Rikissa Birgersdotter, daughter of the Swedish statesman Earl Birger in 1251. He was appointed king and co-ruler by his father in 1240, but predeceased his father.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Christina (1234–1262). Married Infante Philip of Castile, brother of Alfonso X of Castile in 1258. She died childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Magnus VI of Norway (1238–1280). Married Ingeborg, daughter of Eric IV of Denmark in 1261. Was appointed king and co-ruler following the death of Haakon the Young. Succeeded his father as King of Norway following his father's death.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Håkon and Kristin were the mascots of the 1994 Winter Olympics. Håkon is named after Haakon IV of Norway and Kristin after Christina of Norway.

paragraph: In "The Last King" (2016), the infant Håkon IV is portrayed by Jonathan Oskar Dahlgren.

description: King of Norway

wikidata_label: Haakon IV of Norway

wikipedia_title: Haakon IV of Norway


text:
medallist
Stockholm
Arvid Karlsteen
Louis XIV
Vienna

paragraph: Bengt Richter

paragraph: Bengt Richter (also Benedikt) (1670–18 April 1735) was a Swedish medallist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born at Stockholm, he was a pupil and son-in-law of the medal engraver Arvid Karlsteen.

paragraph: After leaving Sweden Richter worked for some time in Paris, where he was employed at the

paragraph: Medal Mint to engrave medals for Louis XIV. In 1703 he spent time in England, but quite soon returned to Stockholm, having a post as engraver at the Royal Mint there.

paragraph: In 1712 Richter was called to Vienna to fill the post of Chief Medallist ("Obermedailleur") to the Imperial Mint, and on 15.January 1715 he was named Inspector of the Coinage ("K. Münipräginspector"). There is documentary evidence that he also spent a period at Berlin, about 1710 to 1712. He died at Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Swedish medallist

wikidata_label: Bengt Richter

wikipedia_title: Bengt Richter


text:
Devon
Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet
Charles George Tripp
Canterbury
Mount Peel
Anglican
Emily Weddell Harper
Bishop Harper
South Canterbury
New Zealand Historic Places Trust
Legislative Council
Hugh Acland
2010 Canterbury earthquake
Devon
Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet
Harrow
University of Oxford
Master of Arts
Charles George Tripp
Canterbury Association
Canterbury
Anglican
James FitzGerald
John Robert Godley
Lyttelton
Henry Tancred
Canterbury Plains
runholders
Mount Somers
Mount Possession
Mount Peel
Orari Gorge
Hakatere
Mesopotamia
William Sefton Moorhouse
Rangitata River
family property in England
New Zealand Historic Places Trust
2010 Canterbury earthquake
Bishop Harper
St Michael's Church
Charles Blakiston
Justice of the Peace
Somerset
Henry Dyke Acland
Canterbury College
Christchurch
Hugh Acland
Jack Acland
Arthur Mills
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Thomas
Henry
John Parkin Taylor
Arthur Seymour
James Crowe Richmond
James Rolland
James Prendergast
Henry Miller
Henry Joseph Coote
Alfred Rowland Chetham-Strode
Legislative Council
Canterbury College
Anglican Church
synod
2010 Canterbury earthquake
New Zealand Historic Places Trust
Christchurch
public domain
Acland's enrolment as a barrister
Close up of three light window
2010 Canterbury earthquake
The Church of the Holy Innocents

categories: 1904 deaths,1823 births,People from Devon,People from South Canterbury,Acland family,Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council,English emigrants to New Zealand,New Zealand farmers

paragraph: John Acland (politician)

paragraph: John Barton Arundel Acland (25 November 1823 – 18 May 1904), often referred to as JBA Acland or J.B.A. Acland, was born in Devon, England as the youngest child of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet. He followed his father’s path of education and became a barrister in London. With his colleague and friend Charles George Tripp, he formed the plan to emigrate to Canterbury, New Zealand, to take up sheep farming. They were the first to take up land in the Canterbury high country for this purpose. When they divided their land into separate holdings, Acland kept the that made up the Mount Peel station.

paragraph: Acland was a committed Anglican and married Emily Weddell Harper, who was one of the daughters of Bishop Harper. He gave the land for a church, which they called the Church of the Holy Innocents with reference to four children buried there, including two of the Aclands. They had a homestead built for themselves, which was probably the first large building in South Canterbury constructed from permanent materials. Both the church and the homestead are registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Acland took on many public roles, including serving on the Legislative Council for a third of a century.

paragraph: John Acland and his wife Emily died in 1904 and 1905, respectively. They were survived by eight of their children, including the prominent surgeon Hugh Acland. The homestead is still owned by the Acland family, who take care of the restoration of the church, as it was damaged in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Acland was born in 1823 in Devon, England, the ninth and youngest child of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet and his wife, Lydia Elizabeth Acland (née Hoare). Like his father, he was educated at Harrow and the University of Oxford, from where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1845. He practised as a barrister in London from 1848. His friend, Charles George Tripp, introduced him to members of the Canterbury Association, who proposed the organised settlement of Canterbury in New Zealand with Anglican ideals; introductions included those to James FitzGerald and John Robert Godley. Tripp also worked in law.

paragraph: Section::::Sheep farming.

paragraph: Acland and Tripp gave up their profession and emigrated to New Zealand in 1854 in the "Royal Stuart" to become sheep farmers. They arrived in Lyttelton on 4 January 1855. Both needed to obtain experience first and thus worked as cadets on established runs; Acland gained experience under Henry Tancred, whilst Tripp worked in Halswell and for one of the Brittan brothers. On 30 July 1855, they applied for land in the foothills in an area that was unexplored and their choice was guesswork; whilst they arrived only four years after organised settlement of Canterbury began, all the suitable land on the Canterbury Plains had been taken up already. Established runholders did not take them seriously, and some laughed at them for wanting to take up high country land, but Acland's attitude was that "in the Colonies you always like to see for yourself, and the worse account you hear of unoccupied country, the greater the reason for going to look at it." In the spring and summer of 1855/56, they started exploring the area. Both had £2,000 of capital, which was insufficient to buy an established station. They took up land including Mount Somers, Mount Possession, Mount Peel, Orari Gorge and parts of Hakatere and Mesopotamia, and were the first who put sheep in the high country. The first station they worked on was Mount Peel from May 1856, and while they prepared the run, they left their sheep with Dr Moorhouse, a brother of William Sefton Moorhouse, on the other side of the Rangitata River. Their partnership was dissolved in 1862, and Acland retained Mount Peel, which then comprised over .

paragraph: Between 1865 and 1867, Acland had the Mount Peel homestead built from locally fired bricks. It was probably the first large house in South Canterbury built of permanent materials. The architecture is unusual and it is assumed that Acland brought the plans with him on the return from a visit to England in 1861. Acland's intention was for the house to form the nucleus of a village, but this did not happen. Acland called the house 'Holnicote', after the family property in England. In September 1984, the homestead was registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage item, with registration number 313. In 2010, a recent restoration and structural upgrade won the Canterbury prize of the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA) in the category 'Heritage and Conservation'. The earthquake strengthening was timely, as it was carried out just prior to the 2010 Canterbury earthquake.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 17 January 1860, Acland married Emily Weddell Harper, the eldest daughter of Bishop Harper, at St Michael's Church. The Bishop's fifth daughter, Sarah Shephard Harper, was married at the same ceremony. In 1858, Charles Tripp had married Ellen Shephard Harper, the third daughter of Bishop Harper. With Acland's marriage, the friends became brothers in law. In the same ceremony as Tripp, the Bishop's second daughter, Mary Anna Harper, married Charles Blakiston.

paragraph: The Aclands had eleven children. Two of them, Barton Dyke (d. 1863) and Emily Dyke (d. 1864), died in infancy. Five daughters (Harriet Dyke, Lucy Alice Dyke, Elizabeth "Bessie" Dyke, Emily Rosa Dyke, Agnes Dyke and Mary Emily Dyke) lived to adulthood. John Dyke Acland returned to live in England and was a Justice of the Peace in Somerset. Henry Dyke Acland was Chairmen of the Board of Governors of Canterbury College (1918–1928) and became the Danish consul to Christchurch in 1926. Hugh Acland, later to become a prominent surgeon, was their eleventh and youngest child. Hugh Acland's son Jack Acland became MP for .

paragraph: JBA Acland's sister Agnes married Arthur Mills, who later became MP in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. His father's baronetcy was passed onto his brother Thomas. Another brother, Henry, was a physician and educator.

paragraph: Section::::Public roles.

paragraph: Acland, John Parkin Taylor, Arthur Seymour, James Crowe Richmond, James Rolland, James Prendergast, Henry Miller, Henry Joseph Coote and Alfred Rowland Chetham-Strode were all appointed to the Legislative Council on 8 July 1865. Acland remained a member for over 30 years until his resignation on 1 June 1899. He was chairman of the Mount Peel Road Board from its inception in 1870. From 1873 to 1878, he was on the Board of Governors of Canterbury College.

paragraph: Section::::Church of the Holy Innocents.

paragraph: Acland was active in the Anglican Church, a member of the synod for many years and licensed as a lay reader. In 1866, he donated land for a church where four children who died in infancy were buried, including two of the Acland children. Emily Acland laid the foundation stone in December 1868 and the first service was held in the church on 30 May 1869 by his father in law. The church, which has capacity for 80 people, was consecrated on 12 December 1869. Its name, the Church of the Holy Innocents, was chosen in reflection of the four infants buried in the location. The stained glass window in the wall behind the altar was destroyed in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, only months before the church was due to be earthquake strengthened. John and Rosemary Acland, descendants of JBA Acland who still live at Mount Peel, pulled every splinter of stained glass out of the rubble that they could find. This will allow a stained-glass artist, Graham Stewart, to restore the window.

paragraph: In December 2003, the church was registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category II heritage item, with registration number 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Acland died in Christchurch on 18 May 1904. He was buried at the Mount Peel Church Cemetery. Emily Acland died at her Christchurch residence on 23 July 1905. Survived by three sons and five daughters, she was buried at Mount Peel Church Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acland's enrolment as a barrister

paragraph: BULLET::::- Close up of three light window destroyed in 2010 Canterbury earthquake

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Church of the Holy Innocents on Rootsweb

description: New Zealand farmer

wikidata_label: John Acland

wikipedia_title: John Acland (politician)