text: David

text: Empire of Trebizond

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Andronikos I

text: conquest

text: Constantinople

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Nicaean Empire

text: Komnenian dynasty

text: Anatolia

text: Trebizond

text: unsuccessful siege

text: Seljuk Turks

text: Sinope

text: Kaykaus I

text: Manuel Komnenos

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Andronikos I

text: George III of Georgia

text: Pontus

text: Manuel I Komnenos

text: blinded

text: Caesar

text: David

text: Byzantinist

text: Alexander Vasiliev

text: Tamar of Georgia

text: Fallmerayer

text: George Finlay

text: Isaac II Angelos

text: Michael Panaretos

text: Edward Gibbon

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Speculum

text: Rusudan

text: Cyril Toumanoff

text: Palaiologos

text: Doukas

text: Trebizond

text: Georgian

text: Alexios III Angelos

text: Sergey Karpov

text: strategos

text: sack of Constantinople

text: buffer state

text: Seljuk Turks

text: Komnenos

text: Theodore I Laskaris

text: Empire of Nicaea

text: Michael Komnenos Doukas

text: Despotate of Epirus

text: Paphlagonia

text: Imereti

text: Kerasous

text: Cide

text: Amasra

text: Heraclea Pontica

text: Limnia

text: Samsun

text: Sinope

text: Sultanate of Rum

text: Black Sea

text: Ali ibn al-Athir

text: Kastamone

text: Alexios

text: first siege of Trebizond

text: Kaykhusraw I

text: Nicetas Choniates

text: Hylas

text: Argonauts

text: Mysia

text: Naiads

text: Nicomedia

text: Soterioupolis

text: Crimea

text: Cherson

text: Kerch

text: Perateia

text: Basileus

text: Autokrator

text: Rhomaioi

text: Sabas Asidenos

text: Manuel Maurozomes

text: Theodore Mangaphas

text: Henry of Flanders

text: Latin Empire

text: Sangarios River

text: Sea of Marmara

text: Antioch on the Meander

text: Kaykaus I

text: Niketas Choniates

text: Mount Athos

text: Vatopedi monastery

text: Kayqubad

text: Sivas

text: capture Sinope

text: Iris

text: Thermodon

text: George IV Lasha

text: Kura River

text: Ahlat

text: Lake Van

text: John

text: Andronikos I Gidos

text: John Komnenos "the Fat"

text: protostrator

text: Alexios Axouch

text: John I

text: Manuel I

text: daughter

text: Andronikos Gidos

text: Alexios I Grand Komnenos

categories: 13th-century emperors of Trebizond,Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Seljuq Wars,Greek torture victims,1182 births,1222 deaths,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,Grand Komnenos dynasty

paragraph: Alexios I of Trebizond

paragraph: Alexios I Megas Komnenos or Alexius I Megas Comnenus (; c. 1182 – 1 February 1222) was, with his brother David, the founder of the Empire of Trebizond, which he ruled from 1204 until his death in 1222. The two brothers were the only male descendants of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I, who had been dethroned and killed in 1185, and thus claimed to represent the legitimate government of the Empire following the conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Although his rivals governing the Nicaean Empire succeeded in becoming the de facto successors, and rendered his dynastic claims to the imperial throne moot, Alexios' descendants continued to emphasize both their heritage and connection to the Komnenian dynasty by referring to themselves as Megas Komnenos or Grand Komnenos.

paragraph: While his brother David conquered a number of Byzantine provinces in northwestern Anatolia, Alexios defended his capital Trebizond from an unsuccessful siege by the Seljuk Turks around the year 1205. Further details of his reign are sparse. Muslim chroniclers record how, in 1214, Alexios was captured by the Turks in the field while defending Sinope; despite sending an envoy to seek their surrender the city refused to capitulate to Sultan Kaykaus I, and Alexios was tortured in sight of the Sinopians. The city submitted to Kaykaus and Alexios was freed after becoming Kaykaus' vassal. Alexios died at the age of forty.

paragraph: Section::::From Constantinople to Georgia.

paragraph: Alexios was the eldest son of Manuel Komnenos, and a grandson of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I (reigned 1183–1185). Andronikos had taken refuge at the court of King George III of Georgia in the 1170s, and was a governor in the Pontus when his cousin the emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180) died; upon hearing the news, he marched on Constantinople and seized the imperial throne. His reign was a turbulent one, and in 1185 Andronikos was dethroned and killed while his son Manuel was blinded and may have died from this mutilation.

paragraph: Manuel left two children, the "Caesars" Alexios and David. Their mother's name is not recorded in the primary sources; Byzantinist Alexander Vasiliev speculates that it is "possible" that their mother was a Georgian princess. Somehow the boys arrived at the court of their relative Queen Tamar of Georgia; scholars have speculated when and how they made their way there. One school of thought endorses the hypothesis of Fallmerayer, who believed the boys were taken from Constantinople during the chaos of their grandfather's fall from power in 1185, when Alexios was about three years old, and came to Georgia early in Tamar's reign. Another school of thought follows George Finlay's belief that the boys remained in Constantinople, and although educated in the capital, were somehow safe from Andronikos' successor, emperor Isaac II Angelos (r. 1185–1195 and 1203–1204); Finlay argued that they were not at risk from "a government which, like that of the Byzantine empire, was recognized to be elective, and in which their father had been excluded from the throne by the exercise of an acknowledged constitutional prerogative." Older writers who had no knowledge of the chronicle of the Trapezuntine chronicler Michael Panaretos nor access to Georgian records, such as Edward Gibbon, assumed the brothers were simply made governors of Trebizond, and when the Fourth Crusade conquered Constantinople, Alexios declared himself emperor there. Vasiliev discussed these opinions in a 1936 article published in "Speculum" and considered Fallmerayer's hypothesis as closer to the truth.

paragraph: Exactly how Alexios and Queen Tamar of Georgia were related is not clear. According to Michael Panaretos, Queen Tamar was Alexios' "paternal relative" (προς πατρός θεὶα), a phrase that has baffled scholars. As early as 1854 the Russian scholar Kunik proposed that this phrase meant that Alexios' mother was Rusudan a little-known sister of Tamar, a theory Vasiliev endorsed. Cyril Toumanoff argued that their grandfather Andronikos, while in Georgia, had married an unnamed sister of king George III. More recently Michel Kuršanskis has argued against Toumanoff's theory, producing evidence that Alexios' mother and/or grandmother were daughters of the houses of Palaiologos or Doukas, yet failing to offer an explanation why Panaretos describes Tamar as Alexios' paternal aunt.

paragraph: Despite the research of Vasiliev, Toumanoff, Kuršanskis and others, Alexios' life is a blank between 1185, when Andronikos was deposed and murdered, and 1204 when he and David arrived at Trebizond—although this lack of information has not prevented scholars from proposing various hypotheses. All authorities agree that Alexios and his brother found refuge at Tamar's court. Vasiliev even speculates that "Georgian became their native tongue" and that they "were thoroughly Georgian in language and education as well as in political ideals", but possibly "some Greeks were among their attendants in order that they might be familiar with the language of their own country". However, Kuršanskis notes that there are few traces of Georgian influence in the administration and culture of the Empire of Trebizond, and points out that its elite always looked towards Constantinople for their political and religious models.

paragraph: Section::::Return from Georgia.

paragraph: After marching from Georgia, and with the help of their paternal relative Queen Tamar, Alexios and David occupied Trebizond in April 1204. That same month Alexios was proclaimed emperor at the age of 22, an act considered by later writers as the moment the Empire of Trebizond was founded.

paragraph: Vasiliev was one of the first historians to suspect that Tamar assisted her young relatives for reasons beyond familial loyalty. "Religiously minded, Tamar had the habit of bestowing alms on monasteries and churches not only in her own country but also all over the Near East", Vasiliev wrote in 1936. One such gift she bestowed on a group of monks before they left for Jerusalem was taken from them by the Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203) as they sailed past Constantinople; although Tamar subsequently made up for the theft by giving the monks a much more lavish gift, Alexios' theft insulted the queen. She decided to avenge the insult by supporting her nephews in their invasion of Byzantine territories.

paragraph: The date Alexios entered Trebizond may be narrowed down even further. Sergey Karpov has identified a lead seal of Alexios, on one side "the image of a strategos in the peaked helmet leaded by hand by St. George" with the inscriptions Ἀλέξιος ὁ Κομνηνός [Alexios Komnenos] and Ὁ Ἅ(γιος) Γεώργιος [Saint George] on either side; on the obverse is a scene of Ἡ Ἁγία Ἀνάστασις [The Holy Resurrection] with the corresponding inscription. Karpov interprets the significance of this image and the inscription as portraying the most important achievement of his life, St. George inviting the victorious prince to enter Trebizond and opening the gates of the city with his left hand. The importance of St. George was that Easter—the date of the Resurrection—in 1204 fell on 25 April, while the memorial date of St. George was 23 April. "So I dared to assume," writes Karpov, "that the seal points out the date of the capture of Trebizond."

paragraph: Vasiliev points out that the brothers occupied Trebizond too early to have done so in response to the Crusaders capturing Constantinople; Alexios and David began their march on Trebizond before news of the sack of Constantinople on 13 April 1204 could reach either Trebizond or Georgia. According to Vasiliev, however, their original intention was not to seize a base from which they could recover the capital of the Byzantine Empire, but rather to carve out of the Byzantine Empire a buffer state to protect Georgia from the Seljuk Turks. Kuršanskis, while agreeing with Vasiliev that Tamar was motivated by revenge for Alexios Angelos's insult, proposed a more obvious motivation for the brother's return to Byzantine territory: they had decided to raise the banner of revolt, depose Alexios Angelos, and return the imperial throne to the Komnenos dynasty. However, not long after they had gained control of Trebizond and the neighboring territories, news of the Latin conquest of Constantinople reached them, and the brothers entered the competition for recovery of the imperial city against Theodore I Laskaris in western Anatolia (ruler of the "Empire of Nicaea") and Michael Komnenos Doukas in mainland Greece (ruler of the "Despotate of Epirus").

paragraph: Over the following months, David marched westward making himself master of the rest of the Pontus and of Paphlagonia. Anthony Bryer suggests the account in the Georgian Royal Annals of the invasion could be separated into the two routes the individual brothers took. Both started in Imereti and reached Trebizond; David proceeded along the coast, perhaps leading a fleet, capturing Kerasous, Cide, Amasra and Heraclea Pontica; meanwhile Alexios took possession of Limnia, Samsun and Sinope. Although a minor port, Samsun was the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum's doorway to the Black Sea, and Alexios' occupation blocked the Sultanate from the trade and the opportunities of expansion Samsun represented; in the words of the Muslim historian Ali ibn al-Athir, he "closed the sea" to the Seljuks. Gaining Paphlagonia gave the brothers access to an important base of support. The Komnenos family was popular in Paphlagonia, with which they had long-established ties, as it was their home province: Kastamone was said to be the ancestral castle of the Komnenoi; during the reign of Isaac II Angelos a pretender to the throne had appeared in Paphlagonia, calling himself Alexios, and he succeeded in uniting several districts behind him.

paragraph: While David was in Paphlagonia, Alexios was forced to remain in the neighborhood of Trebizond, defending the eastern part of their domain from the attacks of the Seljuk Turks. These attacks culminated in the first siege of Trebizond by Sultan Kaykhusraw I. In a panegyric to his master, the Nicaean emperor Theodore Laskaris, Nicetas Choniates compared Alexios to Hylas, a member of the expedition of the Argonauts who landed on the coast of Mysia to obtain water, but was kidnapped by the Naiads and never seen again.

paragraph: Although Theodore Laskaris pushed back the Komnenos brothers' western frontier by defeating an attempt to seize Nicomedia, by 1207 the grandsons of Andronikos Komnenos ruled over the largest of the three Byzantine successor states. From Heraclea Pontica their domain extended east to Trebizond and past it to Soterioupolis on the Georgian frontier. Alexios also made parts of the Crimea a tributary to Trebizond. Cherson, Kerch, and their hinterlands were governed as an overseas province called Perateia ("beyond the sea"). It appeared that it was only a matter of time before one of the Komnenos brothers seized Constantinople to rule as ""Basileus" and "Autokrator" of the "Rhomaioi"". Unfortunately, this proved to be the high-water mark of their conquests.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns in Paphlagonia.

paragraph: Their adversary, Theodore Laskaris, had not been idle. He had neutralized rivals along his southern marches—Sabas Asidenos, Manuel Maurozomes, and Theodore Mangaphas; he had been crowned Emperor in March or April 1206; all the while Theodore had frustrated attempts of Henry of Flanders to expand the newly founded Latin Empire into Anatolia. In 1208 Theodore decided to strike against the Paphlagonian possessions of Alexios' brother David by crossing the Sangarios River and investing Heraclea Pontica. In response, David sent a deputation to Henry of Flanders, which reached the Latin Emperor in September 1208 with their request for help. Henry led his troops across the Sea of Marmara and occupied Nicomedia, threatening Laskaris' rear, and forcing the latter to lift his siege and return to his own territory. Theodore's withdraw was costly, for he lost about 1000 men in crossing the Sangarios, which was in flood.

paragraph: Despite this setback, Theodore did not abandon his attempts on Paphlagonia. Following the Seljuk defeat at Antioch on the Meander, he concluded a treaty with the new Seljuk Sultan, Kaykaus I, and together they encroached on the Trapezuntine territory. According to the panegyric of Niketas Choniates, there was no resistance to Theodore's incursions, and Theodore eventually captured Heraclea Pontica and Amastris.

paragraph: It was during this period that David Komnenos vanishes from the scene. We know of his ultimate fate from a note in a manuscript written at Mount Athos that tells us David died as a monk of Vatopedi monastery on 13 December 1212. How he went from trusted ally of Alexios to a monastic life—likely an enforced change—has not been documented. Shukurov believes this silence was intentional and therefore significant, that David somehow disgraced himself and was confined to Vatopedi by Alexios. A clue to his offence may be that at one point, faced with another attack from Theodore Laskaris with insufficient men to draw on, David had become a vassal of the enemy of the Byzantine successor realms, the Latin Empire, since, as William Miller explains, "It was his interest to prefer a nominal Latin suzerainty to annexation by the Nicene Emperor".

paragraph: Kuršanskis suggests that Alexios also intrigued in the internal politics of the Seljuk Sultanate, supporting Kaykaus' brother Kayqubad against him. This is his interpretation of a puzzling passage in the account of Ibn Bibi, where he states that Sultan Kaykawus was at Sivas when messengers arrived with the report that Alexis had crossed the border and seized territory belonging to the Sultan—when there was no point to this action. If Kuršanskis' has correctly interpreted what lies behind this passage, this would provide Kaykaus with an even stronger reason to ally with Theodore.

paragraph: Kaykaus' role in this alliance was to capture Sinope, the most important port on the Black Sea, and controlling it would once again open the sea to the Seljuks. It was while besieging the port city that Alexios was captured in a skirmish; according to Ibn Bibi, he was hunting outside the city with an escort of 500 cavalry, which Kuršanskis dryly observes was overkill for a simple hunt. This fortunate incident provided Kaykaus with the leverage he needed to take the city, which lies on an isthmus and protected by formidable walls. Alexios was shown to the defenders of the city. At the Sultan's command, Ibn Bibi writes, he sent a confidante into the city to negotiate a surrender; the inhabitants told Alexios' man, "Suppose Alexius has been captured. None the less he has grown sons in Trebizond who are capable of governing. We will elect one of them as our ruler and will not surrender the country to the Turks." Shukurov suggests that the Sinopians' lack of concern for Alexios was out of spite for the deposition of his brother.

paragraph: Infuriated by their response, Sultan Kaykaus had the unfortunate Alexios tortured in sight of the city walls several times, until the defenders changed their minds. Negotiations began, and on 1 November 1214 the inhabitants surrendered their city to the Seljuks on terms. Alexios was freed, and after pledging his loyalty to the Sultan, and promising to pay tribute, he was allowed to return to Trebizond.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: The loss of Sinope pushed the western frontier of Komnenine territories, which had been at Heraclea a few years earlier, back to the Iris and Thermodon rivers, only from their base at Trebizond. This loss isolated Trebizond from direct contact with the Empire of Nicaea and the other Greek lands. Cut off from the rest of the Byzantine world, the Trapezuntine rulers for the next two generations turned their immediate attention to Asian affairs.

paragraph: Nothing certain is known of the remainder of Alexios' life. Vasiliev has suggested that when George IV Lasha of Georgia was campaigning near the Kura River, Alexios was amongst the "tributaries [who] arrived from Khlar and Greece with presents", in the phrasing of the Georgian chronicles. He identifies "Khlar" with Ahlat near Lake Van, and states that by "Greece" the chronicler meant the Trapezuntine Empire. Kuršanskis, however, is not convinced by Vasiliev's arguments, pointing out that Alexios would have travelled too far from Trebizond to pay homage and emphasizes that Trebizond was always referred to in the "Georgian Chronicle" as "Pontus" and never as "Greece".

paragraph: Alexios died at the age of forty on 1 February 1222 after a reign of eighteen years. His eldest son John was passed over in favor of his son-in-law, Andronikos I Gidos.

paragraph: Section::::Family and succession.

paragraph: Alexios married at some point in his life, but contemporary writers fail to record any information about his wife. Theodora Axuchina is supposed by some to have been her name, which appears in the "Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten" (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke. It has since found its place in several modern genealogies.

paragraph: Michel Kuršankis has argued, on the strength of John I Axouchos’s surname and Alexios I’s known political affiliations, that he had married, probably about 1201, a daughter of John Komnenos "the Fat" (d.1200), son of the "protostrator" Alexios Axouch. Alexios is known to have had two sons, the future emperors John I and Manuel I, and a daughter who married Andronikos Gidos. The Russian Byzantinist Rustam Shukurov has argued that Alexios had at least one more son, and speculated that one may have been the Ioannikios who was tonsured and confined to a monastery when Manuel became emperor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexios I Grand Komnenos, Vougiouklaki Penelope, "Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor"

description: Emperor of Trebizond

wikidata_label: Alexios I of Trebizond

wikipedia_title: Alexios I of Trebizond


text:
Hungary
Saint Stephen of Hungary
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
beatified
Henry II, Duke of Bavaria
Gisela of Burgundy
Stephen I of Hungary
Saint Emeric
Western culture
Edward Atheling
Passau
Passau
canonisation
Blessed
Veszprém

categories: 11th-century German people,985 births,10th-century German people,Hungarian Roman Catholic saints,German beatified people,Queens consort,11th-century deaths,Hungarian people of German descent,11th-century venerated Christians,Medieval Hungarian nobility,10th-century Hungarian women,11th-century Hungarian people,Hungarian queens consort,11th-century German women,10th-century German women,10th-century Hungarian people

paragraph: Gisela of Hungary

paragraph: Blessed Gisela of Hungary (or Gisele, Gizella and of Bavaria; 985 – 7 May 1065) was the first queen consort of Hungary by marriage to Saint Stephen of Hungary, and the sister of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. She has been beatified by the Roman Catholic church.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gisela was a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and Gisela of Burgundy. Gisela was raised very devout, most likely with bishop Wolfgang of Regensburg as her mentor and governor. She married King Stephen I of Hungary in 996 as a part of Hungary's policy of opening up to the West. The couple had a son, Saint Emeric, who died on 2 September 1031, while hunting boar. The wedding of Stephen and Gisela marked a turning point in Hungary's history.

paragraph: Queen Gisela played a fundamental role in spreading the Christian faith and Western culture in Hungary.

paragraph: When Edmund Ironside of England died, he was succeeded by Cnut. Edmund’s infant sons were sent abroad and ended up under the protection of King Stephen of Hungary. One of the twins died young, but the other, Edward Atheling, was brought up as a protégé of Queen Gisela, and regarded in that foreign court as the heir to the Anglo-Saxon throne.

paragraph: King Stephen died in 1038. In 1046 Gisela, her attendants, and a number of many Bavarian settlers left Hungary to return to Bavaria, where she joined Niederburg convent in Passau and became the abbess.

paragraph: She lived in the nunnery of Niedernburg in Passau, where she died.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Her canonisation was attempted in the 18th century but failed. She was declared Blessed in 1975. Her memorial days are May 7 and February 1.

paragraph: Gisela and her husband were not buried together. On May 4, 1996, the remains of King Stephen’s right hand was preserved, and it was brought back together with a bone taken from the arm of Gisela. Both are now safely protected in glass and gold cases, and are displayed in the basilica in the western Hungarian town of Veszprém, where Gisela once lived. Her grave is a well-known, and regarded as a holy place. The cross was commissioned by Queen Gisela for the tomb of her mother, who died in 1006 and was buried in the Niedermünster in Regensburg.

paragraph: Blessed Gisela is depicted on a white limestone panel by Hungarian artist Sandor Kiss on the wall of the Chapel of Our Lady – Queen of Hungary in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.

description: Hungarian queen consort

wikidata_label: Gisela of Hungary

wikipedia_title: Gisela of Hungary


text:
German
Ottonian dynasty
Duke of Bavaria
Duke of Carinthia
Henry I of Bavaria
Otto I of Germany
Judith
Burchard III of Swabia
Gisela of Burgundy
Adelaide
Swabia
Bavaria
Kingdom of Burgundy
Henry
Bishop of Augsburg
investiture
Otto II
Otto of Swabia
Saxon
Boleslaus II of Bohemia
Mieszko I of Poland
Ingelheim
County of Hainaut
Bishopric of Cambrai
Harald Bluetooth
Holstein
Regensburg
Duchy of Carinthia
Margraviate of Austria
Henry the Younger
Leopold of Babenberg
War of the Three Henries
Folcmar of Utrecht
malaria
Rome
Otto III
Thietmar of Merseburg
King of the Romans
Henry the Fowler
Magdeburg
Quedlinburg
Willigis of Mainz
Theophanu
Hoftag
Rohr
Gisela of Burgundy
Henry IV of Bavaria
Duke of Bavaria
King of the Romans
Holy Roman Emperor
Bruno
Bishop of Augsburg
Gisela of Bavaria
Stephen I of Hungary

categories: Medieval child rulers,951 births,Ottonian dynasty,Dukes of Bavaria,995 deaths

paragraph: Henry II, Duke of Bavaria

paragraph: Henry II (951 – 28 August 995), called the Wrangler or the Quarrelsome (), a member of the German royal Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Bavaria from 955 to 976 and again from 985 to 995, as well as Duke of Carinthia from 989 to 995.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of Duke Henry I of Bavaria, younger brother of King Otto I of Germany (Emperor from 962), and his wife Judith. Henry succeeded his father at the age of four, under the guardianship of his mother. His sister Hadwig was married to Duke Burchard III of Swabia in 954. In 972 Henry married Princess Gisela of Burgundy, herself a niece of Empress Adelaide.

paragraph: Upon Emperor Otto's death in 973, Henry could rely on his ties to the South German duchies of Swabia and Bavaria as well as to the adjacent Kingdom of Burgundy. He installed his cousin Henry as Bishop of Augsburg, denying the investiture rights of Emperor Otto's son and successor Otto II. When his brother-in-law Duke Burchard III died without heirs, he raised claims to his Swabian duchy. However, Otto II enfeoffed his nephew Otto of Swabia; against the tenacious opposition of Burchard's widow Hadwig.

paragraph: In 974 Duke Henry resolved to oust Otto II from the throne. With support of his sister Hadwig, he forged alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles, and also with Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia and Duke Mieszko I of Poland. Otto II was able to take Henry captive in Ingelheim - though he also had to deal with rebellious nobles in the County of Hainaut and the Bishopric of Cambrai as well as with the raids of the Danish king Harald Bluetooth in Holstein.

paragraph: In 976 Henry managed to escape and instigated a revolt in Bavaria, but was defeated when Otto II occupied Regensburg and stripped Henry of his duchy. He severed the Duchy of Carinthia and the Margraviate of Austria from the Bavarian lands and enfeoffed them to his supporters Henry the Younger (who changed sides shortly afterwards) and Leopold of Babenberg. The smaller Bavarian duchy was ceded to Henry's rival Duke Otto of Swabia. Following the War of the Three Henries in 977/78, the deposed duke was placed under the custody of Bishop Folcmar of Utrecht.

paragraph: When in 983 Otto II suddenly died from malaria in Rome, Henry was released from captivity. He once again tried to usurp the German throne, when he abducted the infant Otto III and, according to the medieval chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg, had himself proclaimed King of the Romans at the graves of Emperor Otto I and King Henry the Fowler in Magdeburg and Quedlinburg. However, it turned out that he had lost the support of the German dukes and also was not able to oust Duke Henry the Younger from Bavaria.

paragraph: Through the agency of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, Henry in 985 finally submitted to Empress Theophanu and her mother-in-law Adelaide at an "Hoftag" assembly in Rohr. Although he failed in his attempt to gain control of Germany, he did regain Bavaria and in 989 also received the Carinthian duchy.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Henry and his wife Gisela of Burgundy had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry IV of Bavaria (973/78–1024), succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995, fulfilled his father's ambitions when he was elected King of the Romans (as Henry II) in 1002 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruno (d. 1029), Bishop of Augsburg from 1006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gisela of Bavaria (984/85–1060), married King Stephen I of Hungary.

alias:
Henry II
the Wrangler
the Quarrelsome

description: 951–995, son of Henry I and Judith of Bavaria

wikidata_label: Henry II, Duke of Bavaria

wikipedia_title: Henry II, Duke of Bavaria


text:
Serbia
despot
Đurađ Branković
Eirene Kantakouzene
Stefan III Branković
Murad II
Mehmed II
Angelos
George Sphrantzes
Vatican Library
Angelo Massarelli
Council of Trent
Đurađ Branković
Eirene Kantakouzene
John IV of Trebizond
Esphigmenou Monastery
Mount Athos
Grgur Branković
Despot
Serbia
House of Branković
Murad II
Ottoman Empire
Amasya
Franz Miklosich
Republic of Ragusa
Rascia
Vuk Grgurević
Mara Branković
Stefan Branković
Ulrich II of Celje
Helena Palaiologina of Morea
Thomas Palaiologos
Ruler of Morea
Catherine Zaccaria
Principality of Achaea
Helen (Mary)
Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia
Milica
Leonardo III Tocco
of Epirus
Jerina
Gjon Kastrioti II
List of Serbian monarchs

categories: 1420s births,1458 deaths,Branković dynasty,15th-century Serbian monarchs,Eastern Orthodox monarchs

paragraph: Lazar Branković

paragraph: Lazar Branković (; c. 1421 – 20 February 1458) was a Serbian despot, prince of Rascia from 1456 to 1458. He was the third son of Đurađ Branković and his wife Eirene Kantakouzene. He was succeeded by his elder brother, despot Stefan III Branković.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Both Grgur and Stefan, his older brothers, were blinded by orders of Murad II in 1441. Lazar apparently became the heir to their father as the only son not to be handicapped. Đurađ died on 24 December 1456. Lazar succeeded him as planned.

paragraph: According to Fine, his brief reign mostly included family quarrels with his mother and siblings. In 1457, Lazar gave an oath of subservience to Mehmed II, son and successor of Murad II. Fine considers this to be an attempt to prevent an Ottoman invasion. His only other decision of consequence was to appoint Mihailo Anđelović, a member of the Angelos family, as his chief official. Mihailo would briefly serve as head of a regency council following the death of his lord.

paragraph: Lazar died on 20 February 1458. George Sphrantzes recorded the date but not the cause.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lazar and his relations are named in "Dell'Imperadori Constantinopolitani", a manuscript held in the Vatican Library. The document is also known as the "Massarelli manuscript" because it was found in the papers of Angelo Massarelli (1510–1566). Masarelli is better known as the general secretary of the Council of Trent, who recorded the daily occurrings of the council.

paragraph: The Massarelli manuscript names him as a son of Đurađ Branković and Eirene Kantakouzene. "The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits 1250-1500" (1994) by D. M. Nicol questioned his maternity, suggesting Đurađ had a prior marriage to a daughter of John IV of Trebizond. However his theory presented no sources and failed to take into account that John IV was born between 1395 and 1417. He would be unlikely to be a grandparent by the 1410s.

paragraph: On 11 September 1429, Đurađ made a donation to Esphigmenou Monastery at Mount Athos.

paragraph: The charter for the document names his wife Irene and five children. The Masarelli manuscript also names the same five children of Đurađ and Eirene. Other genealogies mention a sixth child, Todor Branković. He could be a child who died young and thus not listed with his siblings.

paragraph: The oldest sibling listed in the Massarelli document was Grgur Branković. The 1429 document mentions him with the title of Despot. According to "The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest" (1994) by J. V. A. Fine, Grgur was appointed governor of territories of southern Serbia associated to the House of Branković. He was reportedly appointed by Murad II of the Ottoman Empire in 1439. In April 1441, Grgur was accused of plotting against Murad and his governorship terminated. He was imprisoned in Amasya and blinded on 8 May 1441. According to "Monumenta Serbica Spectantia Historiam Serbiae, Bosniae, Ragusii" (1858) by Franz Miklosich, Grgur and his brothers co-signed a charter by which Đurađ confirmed the privileges of the Republic of Ragusa. The charted was dated to 17 September 1445. According to the """" (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke, Grgur retired to a monastery under the monastic name "German". According to Fine, Grgur resurfaced in 1458, claiming the succession of the vacant throne of Rascia for himself or his son. The Massarelli manuscript mentioned Grgur as unwed. Later genealogies name his wife as "Jelisaveta". Vuk Grgurević, a son of Grgur, was later a titular Serbian despot (1471–1485). He was possibly an illegitimate.

paragraph: The Massarelli manuscript next names an older sister of Lazar, Mara Branković. She was one of the wives of Murad II. Then are listed Stefan Branković and "Cantacuzina", a sister with the Latinized version of their mother's last name. Later genealogies give her name as Katarina. She married Ulrich II of Celje. Lazar is listed fifth and last, the youngest child of the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In 1446, Lazar married Helena Palaiologina of Morea. She was a daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, Ruler of Morea, and Catherine Zaccaria of the Principality of Achaea. They would have three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen (Mary), wife of King Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milica, wife of Leonardo III Tocco of Epirus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerina, wife of Gjon Kastrioti II

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Serbian monarchs

description: Despot of Serbia

wikidata_label: Lazar Branković

wikipedia_title: Lazar Branković


text:
despot
Serbian Despotate
Branković dynasty
Angelo Massarelli
Council of Trent
Vatican Library
Đurađ Branković
Eirene Kantakouzene
John IV of Trebizond
Esphigmenou Monastery
Mount Athos
Grgur Branković
Despot
Serbia
House of Branković
Murad II
Ottoman Empire
Amasya
Republic of Ragusa
Rascia
Vuk Grgurević
Mara Branković
Ulrich II of Celje
Lazar Branković
Republic of Venice
Helena Palaiologina
Thomas Palaiologos
Despot of the Morea
Catherine Zaccaria
Principality of Achaea
Stjepan Tomašević
Bosnia
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
Stjepan Tomaš Kotromanić
Angelina Arianit Komneni
Donika
Skanderbeg
Jovan
Kingdom of Hungary
Raitzen
Angjelina Arianit Komneni
Shkodër
Durrës
Gjergj Arianit Komneni
Jovan
Kingdom of Hungary
Đorđe
Kingdom of Hungary
Nardò
Metropolitan of Ungro-Wallachia
Belgrade
Marija
Boniface III
Marquess of Montferrat
Neagoe Basarab
Prince of Wallachia
Serbian Orthodox Church
List of Serbian monarchs

categories: Medieval Serbian people of Greek descent,Serbian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,Blind royalty and nobility,Branković dynasty,Regents of Serbia,1476 deaths,15th-century Serbian monarchs,15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,1417 births

paragraph: Stefan Branković

paragraph: Stefan Branković (; c. 1417 – 9 October 1476), also known in historiography as Stefan the Blind (Стефан Слепи), was briefly the despot (ruler) of the Serbian Despotate between 1458 and 1459, member of the Branković dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Stefan and his relations are named in "Dell'Imperadori Constantinopolitani" (also known as the "Massarelli manuscript" after the work was found in papers of Angelo Massarelli, the general secretary of the Council of Trent), a manuscript held in the Vatican Library. This manuscript names him a son of Đurađ Branković and Eirene Kantakouzene. D. M. Nicol (1994) questioned his maternity, suggesting Đurađ had a prior marriage to a daughter of John IV of Trebizond. However his theory presented no sources and failed to take into account that John IV was born between 1395 and 1417. He would be unlikely to be a grandparent by the 1410s.

paragraph: On 11 September 1429, Đurađ made a donation to Esphigmenou Monastery at Mount Athos. The charter for the document names his wife Irene and five children. The Masarelli manuscript also names the same five children of Đurađ and Eirene. Other genealogies mention a sixth child, Todor Branković. He could be a child who died young and thus not listed with his siblings. The oldest sibling listed in the Massarelli document was Grgur Branković. The 1429 document mentions him with the title of Despot. Grgur was appointed governor of territories of southern Serbia associated to the House of Branković. He was reportedly appointed by Murad II of the Ottoman Empire in 1439. In April 1441, Grgur was accused of plotting against Murad and his governorship terminated. He was imprisoned in Amasya and blinded on 8 May 1441. Grgur and his brothers co-signed a charter by which Đurađ confirmed the privileges to the Republic of Ragusa Grgur retired to a monastery under the monastic name "German". According to Fine, Grgur resurfaced in 1458, claiming the succession of the vacant throne of Rascia for himself or his son. The Massarelli manuscript mentioned Grgur as unwed. Later genealogies name his wife as "Jelisaveta". Vuk Grgurević, a son of Grgur, was later a titular Serbian despot (1471–1485). He was possibly an illegitimate.

paragraph: The Massarelli next names an older sister of Stefan, Mara Branković. She was one of the wives of Murad II. Stefan himself is listed third. His younger sister is listed as Cantacuzina, the Latinized version of their mother's last name. Later genealogies give her name as Katarina. She married Ulrich II of Celje. The last and youngest sibling listed was Lazar Branković, successor to their father.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: According to Nicol, Stefan had become a citizen of the Republic of Venice. He was blinded alongside his brother Grgur in 1441. Both blind brothers seem to have been omitted from considerations as possible heirs to their father. They could only claim the throne in 1458, since the death of Lazar left them the only male representatives of the Branković.

paragraph: According to Fine, Stefan secured the throne by co-operating with his sister-in-law Helena Palaiologina, widow of Lazar. She was a daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, and Catherine Zaccaria of the Principality of Achaea. Helena however arranged the marriage of one of her daughters to Stjepan Tomašević, prince of Bosnia. She thus managed to secure the throne for her new son-in-law. Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Stjepan Tomaš Kotromanić, King of Bosnia and father of Tomašević, dethroned Stefan on April 8, 1459. They enthroned Stjepan Tomašević as his replacement. At the end of 1459 Stefan decided to travel to Albania, where he had relatives. In mid-1460 he travelled to Albania where he married Angelina Arianit Komneni in November 1460. Angelina was the sister of Donika, who married Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg gave to Stefan Branković an unknown estate as appanage. At the beginning of 1461 Stefan Branković went to Italy with Skanderbeg's written recommendation.

paragraph: When Serbian Despotate had been lost to Ottomans, Stefan's son Jovan led Serbian refugees to the Kingdom of Hungary. There Jovan was finally recognized as Serbian Despot, with a principality called Raitzen.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In 1461, Stefan married Angjelina Arianit Komneni, daughter of Albanian "voivode" of Shkodër and Durrës, Gjergj Arianit Komneni. They had four or five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jovan (d. 10 December 1502). Mentioned first in the Massarelli manuscript. Titular despot of the area of Raitzen, Kingdom of Hungary. Married Jelena Jaksić. She is mentioned as “Helena, Serbiæ despotissa” in a charted dated to 1502.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Đorđe (d. 18 January 1516). Mentioned second in the Massarelli manuscript. Titular despot of the area of Raitzen, Kingdom of Hungary. Married Isabella del Balzo, daughter of Agilberto, Duke of Nardò. Later retired as a monk under the monastic name "Maxim". Resurfaced as Metropolitan of Ungro-Wallachia from 1508 to 1521. He also held the title of Archbishop of Belgrade.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irene. Mentioned third in the Massarelli manuscript. Considered to have died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marija (died 27 August 1495). Mentioned fourth and last in the Massarelli manuscript. Married Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat (1424–1494, reign 1483–1494).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milica (died 30 January 1554). Not listed in the Massarelli manuscript, only later genealogies. Married Neagoe Basarab, Prince of Wallachia.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He is venerated as a Saint Stefan the Blind by the Serbian Orthodox Church.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Serbian monarchs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porčić, Nebojša. "Документи Лазара и Стефана Бранковића о подизању поклада деспота Ђурђа." Иницијал. Часопис за средњовековне студије 2 (2014): 215-239.

paragraph: BR

description: Despot of Serbia

wikidata_label: Stefan Branković

wikipedia_title: Stefan Branković


text: Franciscan

text: Las Californias

text: Majorca

text: New Spain

text: Francisco Palóu

text: Junípero Serra

text: Baja California Peninsula

text: expedition

text: Gaspar de Portolá

text: Junípero Serra

text: Timeline of the Portolá expedition

text: Fernando Rivera y Moncada

text: missions

text: Alta California

text: San Francisco Bay

text: California

text: San Diego

text: Orange

text: Los Angeles

text: Ventura

text: Santa Barbara

text: San Luis Obispo

text: Monterey

text: Santa Cruz

text: San Mateo

text: San Francisco

text: Pedro Fages

text: Sacramento River

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: Juan José Pérez Hernández

text: Landa

categories: 1721 births,Roman Catholic missionaries in Mexico,History of Baja California,Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest,History of Catholicism in the United States,18th-century Spanish people,1782 deaths,People of New Spain,Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States,18th-century Roman Catholic priests,Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain,18th-century explorers,Spanish Franciscans,Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries,Priests of the Spanish missions in California,People of the Californias,Spanish explorers of North America,Burials at Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo,Explorers of the United States

paragraph: Joan Crespí

paragraph: Joan Crespí or Juan Crespí (March 1, 1721 – January 1, 1782) was a Franciscan missionary and explorer of Las Californias.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A native of Majorca, Crespí entered the Franciscan order at the age of seventeen. He came to New Spain in 1749, and accompanied explorers Francisco Palóu and Junípero Serra. In 1767 he went to the Baja California Peninsula and was placed in charge of the Misión La Purísima Concepción de Cadegomó.

paragraph: In 1769, Crespí joined the expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá and Junípero Serra (see Timeline of the Portolá expedition). He traveled in the vanguard of the land expedition to San Diego, led by Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, where a presidio and mission were established. Crespí then continued north with Portolá and Rivera to identify the port of Monterey. Because he was the only one of the Franciscans to make the entire journey by land, Crespí became the first official diarist for the missions. He was one of three diarists to document the first exploration by Europeans of interior areas of Alta California.

paragraph: After reaching Monterey in October 1769, Crespí continued with the expedition that explored as far north as present-day San Francisco, and became one of the first Europeans to see San Francisco Bay. All told, the expedition traveled in the future state of California through the present-day coastal counties of San Diego, Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, Santa Cruz, San Mateo, and San Francisco.

paragraph: In 1772, Crespí accompanied Captain Pedro Fages on an exploration of areas to the east of San Francisco Bay. The Fages expedition members were the first Europeans to see the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin Valley.

paragraph: In 1774, Crespí was chaplain of the expedition to the North Pacific conducted by Juan José Pérez Hernández. His diaries, first published in H. E. Bolton's "Fray Juan Crespi" (1927, repr. 1971), and published in the original Spanish with facing page translations as "A Description of Distant Roads: Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1769-1770" (2001) provided valuable records of these expeditions. One chapel he built, at the Misión San Francisco del Valle de Tilaco in Landa, is reported as still standing.

alias:
Juan Crespí
Father Juan Crespí
Joan Crespí Fiol
Joan Crespi
Juan Crespi
Father Juan Crespi
Joan Crespi Fiol

wikidata_label: Joan Crespí

wikipedia_title: Joan Crespí


text:
Governor-General
Swedish Estonia
Finland
Baltic German
cornet
Swedish Army
Swedish Pomerania
lieutenant colonel
major general
lieutenant general
Great Northern War
Battle of Warsaw (1705)
Vyborg was lost
Pernå
friherre
count
article Nieroth, Karl
Nordisk Familjebok
article Nieroth, Carl
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon

categories: 18th-century Finnish people,18th-century Swedish military personnel,Swedish nobility,Swedish Governors-General of Finland,1712 deaths,Caroleans,18th-century Estonian people,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Carl Nieroth

paragraph: Carl Gustaf von Nieroth (died 1712) was a Swedish officer and Governor-General of Swedish Estonia 1709–1710 (though not formally installed) and of Finland 1710–1712.

paragraph: The exact date and location of his birth are unknown, but believed to be in Finland. He was a son of the Baltic German Otto Nieroth and Gertrud Baranoff. He was first recorded in 1671 as a cornet of the Swedish Army in Swedish Pomerania. In 1692 he had risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel, in 1700 to major general and in 1704 to lieutenant general.

paragraph: During the Great Northern War Nieroth was involved in several successful battles, the Battle of Warsaw (1705) being his greatest success.

paragraph: After Vyborg was lost in 1710, Nieroth was sent to try to reclaim it. He assembled 10,000 men, who besieged the city in 1711 but lacked equipment to enter it, and had to retreat. He died suddenly during a temporary halt in Sarvlax manor () in Pernå parish, on 25 January 1712.

paragraph: He was married on 7 January 1686 in Stockholm to Christina Margareta Horn (d. 17 September 1703).

paragraph: He was elevated to friherre and count on 26 June 1706.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- article Nieroth, Karl in Nordisk Familjebok (1913).

paragraph: BULLET::::- article Nieroth, Carl in Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (1906).

description: Swedish noble

wikidata_label: Carl Nieroth

wikipedia_title: Carl Nieroth


text:
Welsh
saint
Catholic
Anglican
Helig ap Glanawg
Bardsey Island
Llanaber
Brothen
Celynin
Rhichwyn
Gwynedd
Conwy
Gwynedd
Wales
St Mary and St Bodfan Church
Abergwyngregyn
Helig ap Glanawg
Llanaber

paragraph: Bodfan

paragraph: Bodfan (or "Bodfaen") is a Welsh saint in the Catholic and Anglican churches.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Helig ap Glanawg and died in the 7th century. Supposedly, he saw his family's land inundated by the sea and became a religious. Bodfan then became a monk on Bardsey Island and later established the first church at Llanaber. His brothers Brothen, Celynin and Rhichwyn are also regarded as saints and also have churches dedicated to them around Gwynedd and Conwy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: He is the patron saint of many churches in Gwynedd in north-west Wales, such as St Mary and St Bodfan Church in Llanaber and St Bodfan church in Abergwyngregyn. Also, in Llanaber are the "Llanaber Stones", they are two very large rocks with 5th- and 6th-century Latin carvings, 1 km from the local church, they are known in the area as "St Bodfan's Stones".

paragraph: His feast day is on 2 June.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helig ap Glanawg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Llanaber

description: Welsh saint

wikidata_label: Bodfan

wikipedia_title: Bodfan


text: conventional chronology

text: Pharaoh

text: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt

text: Manetho

text: Siptah

text: Re

text: Takhat

text: Amenmesse

text: Seti II

text: Seti II

text: Theodore Davis

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Rameses II

text: Siptah

text: Chancellor Bay

text: Chancellor Bay

text: hieratic

text: ostracon

text: potshard

text: Deir El-Medina

text: Irsu

text: Papyrus Harris I

text: Setnakhte

text: Seti II

text: Great Royal Wife

text: God's Wife

text: turquoise

text: Sinai

text: Israel

text: Mortuary temple

text: Ramesseum

text: Flinders Petrie

text: Richard H. Wilkinson

text: Pearce Paul Creasman

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Siptah

text: Siptah

text: Seti II

text: Setnakht

text: sarcophagus

text: Amenherkhepeshef

text: Seti II

text: mummy

categories: 1189 BC deaths,13th century BC in Egypt,Female pharaohs,13th-century BC births,Pharaohs of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt,13th-century BC women,12th-century BC clergy,12th-century BC Pharaohs,12th-century BC women rulers,Queens consort of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt,12th century BC in Egypt,13th-century BC clergy

paragraph: Twosret

paragraph: Twosret ("Tawosret, Tausret", d. 1189 BC conventional chronology) was the last known ruler and the final Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt.

paragraph: She is recorded in Manetho's Epitome as a certain "Thuoris, who in Homer is called Polybus, husband of Alcandra, and in whose time Troy was taken". She was said to have ruled Egypt for seven years, but this figure included the nearly six-year reign of Siptah, her predecessor. Twosret simply assumed Siptah's regnal years as her own. While her sole independent reign would have lasted for perhaps one to one-and a half full years from 1191 to 1189 BC, this number now appears more likely to be two full years instead, possibly longer. Excavation work by the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition  on her memorial temple ("temple of millions of years") at Gournah strongly suggests that it was completed and functional during her reign and that Twosret started a regnal year 9, which means that she had two and possibly three independent years of rule, once one deducts the nearly six-year reign of Siptah. Her royal name, Sitre Meryamun, means "Daughter of Re, beloved of Amun."

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Twosret or Tausret's birth date is unknown. Twosret is thought to have been a daughter of Merenptah, possibly a daughter of Takhat, thereby making her sister to Amenmesse. She was thought to be the second royal wife of Seti II. There are no known children for Twosret and Seti II, unless tomb KV56 represents the burial of their daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Queen, regent and pharaoh.

paragraph: Theodore Davis identified Twosret and her husband in a cache of jewelry found in tomb KV56 in the Valley of the Kings. This tomb also contained objects bearing the name of Rameses II. There is no consensus about the nature of this tomb. Some (Aldred) thought this was the tomb of a daughter of Seti II and Tawosret, but others (Maspero) thought this was a cache of objects originally belonging with the tomb of Tawosret herself.

paragraph: After her husband's death, she became first regent to Seti's heir Siptah jointly with Chancellor Bay. Siptah was likely a stepson of Twosret since his mother is now known to be a certain Sutailja or Shoteraja from Louvre Relief E 26901. When Siptah died, Twosret officially assumed the throne for herself, as the ""Daughter of Re, Lady of Ta-merit, Twosret of Mut"", and assumed the role of a Pharaoh.

paragraph: While it was commonly believed that she ruled Egypt with the aid of Chancellor Bay, a recently published document by Pierre Grandet in a BIFAO 100 (2000) paper shows that Bay was executed on Siptah's orders during Year 5 of this king's reign. The document is a hieratic ostracon or inscribed potshard and contains an announcement to the workmen of Deir El-Medina of the king's actions. No immediate reason was given to show what caused Siptah to turn against "the great enemy Bay," as the ostracon states. The recto of the document reads thus:

paragraph: This date accords well with Bay's last known public appearance in Year 4 of Siptah. The ostracon's information was essentially a royal order for the workmen to stop all further work on Bay's tomb since the latter had now been deemed a traitor to the state.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Egyptian territories in Canaan seem to have become effectively independent under the overlordship of a man called Irsu. Papyrus Harris I, the main source on these events, seems to claim that Irsu and Twosret had allied themselves, leaving Irsu free to plunder and neglect the land.

paragraph: Section::::End of Twosret's reign.

paragraph: Twosret's reign ended in a civil war, which is documented in the Elephantine stela of her successor Setnakhte, who became the founder of the Twentieth dynasty. It is not known if she was overthrown by Setnakhte or whether she died peacefully in her own reign; if the latter is the case, then a struggle may have ensued among various factions at court for the throne in which Setnakhte emerged victorious. However, Setnakhte and his son Ramesses III described the late 19th dynasty as a time of chaos. Setnakhte usurped the joint KV14 tomb of Seti II and Twosret but reburied Seti II in tomb KV15, while deliberately replastering and redrawing all images of Twosret in tomb KV14 with those of himself. Setnakhte's decisions here may demonstrate his dislike and presumably hatred for Twosret since he chose to reinter Seti II but not Twosret.

paragraph: Setnakhte's son, Ramesses III, later excluded Twosret and even Siptah of the 19th dynasty from his Medinet Habu list of Egyptian kings thereby delegitimizing them in the eyes of the citizenry. It appears more likely that Setnakhte overthrew Twosret from power in a civil war.

paragraph: Twosret's highest known date is a Year 8 II Shemu day 29 hieratic inscription found on one of the foundation blocks (FB 2) of her mortuary temple at Gournah in 2011 by the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition. Since this was only a foundation inscription and Twosret's temple, although never finished as planned, was at least partially completed, it is logical to assume that some time must have passed before her downfall and the termination of work on her temple project. Richard Wilkinson stressed that Twosret's mortuary temple was "largely structurally completed," although bearing minimal decoration; therefore, she would have ruled for several more months beyond II Shemu 29 of her 8th Year for her temple to reach completion. Further study by Pearce Paul Creasman has concluded that the temple was "functionally complete." She could, hence, have possibly ruled for 6 to 20 more months after the inscription date to achieve these levels of completion, thus starting her 9th regnal year around the interval of IV Akhet/I Peret—when her husband died (since she assumed Siptah's reign as her own) or perhaps longer—before Setnakhte's rule began. Or she could have had a nearly full 9th year reign, including the 6-year reign of Siptah.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments and inscriptions.

paragraph: It is believed that expeditions were conducted during her reign to the turquoise mines in Sinai and in Palestine and statues have been found of her at Heliopolis and Thebes. Her name is also found at Abydos, Hermopolis, Memphis, and in Nubia.

paragraph: Inscriptions with Twosret's name appear in several locations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bilgai Stela belonged to Twosret. It records the erection of a monument in the area of Sebennytos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A pair statue of Tawosret and Siptah is now in the Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst Munich (no 122). Siptah is shown seated on Twosret's lap.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the temple at Amada, Twosret is depicted as a Great Royal Wife and God's Wife.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A statue from Heliopolis depicts Twosret and her names are inscribed with a mixture of male and female epithets. Twosret herself is depicted as a woman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A cartouche of hers believed to come from Qantir in the Delta has been found

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twosret and Siptah's names have been found associated with the turquoise mines at Serabit el Khadim and Timna (in the Sinai & Israel).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A faience vase bearing a cartouche of Twosret was found at Tell Deir Alla in Jordan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twosret constructed a Mortuary temple next to the Ramesseum, but it was never finished and was only partially excavated (by Flinders Petrie in 1897), although recent re-excavation by Richard H. Wilkinson and Pearce Paul Creasman shows it is more complex than first thought. The temple is being excavated by the Tausert Temple Project (2004 to present).

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Twosret's KV14 tomb in the Valley of the Kings has a complicated history; it was started in the reign of Seti II. Scenes show Tawosret accompanying Siptah, but Siptah's name had later been replaced by that of Seti II. The tomb was then usurped by Setnakht, and extended to become the deepest royal tomb in the valley while Tawosret's sarcophagus was reused by Amenherkhepeshef in KV13. Altenmuller believes that Seti II was buried in one of the rooms in KV14 and later reburied in KV15. Others question this scenario.

paragraph: A mummy found in KV35 and known as Unknown Woman D has been identified by some scholars as possibly belonging to Twosret, but there is no other evidence for this other than the correct Nineteenth Dynasty period of mummification.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gae Callender, The Cripple, the Queen & the Man from the North, KMT, Vol:17 No.1, Spring 2006, pp. 49–63

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard H. Lesko, A Little More Evidence for the End of the Nineteenth Dynasty, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 5, (1966), pp. 29–32 (accessible through JSTOR)

alias: Tausret Tauseretsetepenmut Tawosret

description: final pharaoh of the 19th dynasty

wikidata_label: Twosret

wikipedia_title: Twosret


text:
India
Swadeshi Movement
Partition of Bengal
Calcutta University
Jadavpur University
Kolkata
Hooghly district
West Bengal
Hindu School, Kolkata
Assam
civilian
National Council of Education
Bengal Technical Institute
Swadeshi Movement
Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandy
Bhupendra Nath Bose
Nilratan Sircar
Rashbihari Ghosh
Jadavpur University
deed
Calcutta University
Rs
knighted
British Government

categories: Indian knights,19th-century Indian educational theorists,1831 births,Hindu School, Kolkata alumni,Indian philanthropists,20th-century Indian educational theorists,1914 deaths

paragraph: Taraknath Palit

paragraph: Sir Taraknath Palit (1831–1914) was an Indian lawyer from West Bengal and a philanthropist. He was associated with the Swadeshi Movement during the Partition of Bengal and was one of the key figures behind the establishment of Calcutta University and Jadavpur University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Taraknath was born in 1831 in Kolkata, the only son of millionaire, Kalisankar Palit. He was brought up in Amarpur in Hooghly district, West Bengal.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Taraknath graduated from college at the Hindu School, Kolkata and then he studied law in England. During his stay in England, he came in contact with the first Assamese graduate and civilian Anundoram Borooah.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1871, Taraknath returned to India and established a legal practice.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Taraknath Palit was instrumental in the founding of the National Council of Education (NCE) of India, "a stout supporter of nationalism and national development and attempted to nationalize education." He was one of the main figures behind the foundation of Bengal Technical Institute at the height of Swadeshi Movement, along with Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandy, Bhupendra Nath Bose, Nilratan Sircar and Rashbihari Ghosh. It was established on 25 July 1906 and was the direct predecessor of Jadavpur University.

paragraph: In June and October 1912, he executed two trust deeds for Calcutta University, donating Rs 1.5 million. His donations helped fund the 27 March 1914 creation of the University College of Science and Technology.

paragraph: He was knighted by the British Government on 1 January 1913.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on 3 October 1914.

description: Indian lawyer and philanthropist

wikidata_label: Taraknath Palit

wikipedia_title: Taraknath Palit


text:
Tōtōmi
Imagawa Yoshimoto
Ii Naomitsu
Ii Naochika
Imagawa clan
seppuku
Shinano
Imagawa Ujizane
Ono Michiyoshi
Tokugawa clan
Ii Naomasa
Ko Shibasaki
NHK
Taiga drama
Capcom
Sengoku Basara 4
Maaya Sakamoto
Koei Tecmo
Samurai Warriors 4
Warriors Orochi 4
Dead or Alive 5 Last Round
Warriors All-Stars
Yuka Saitō
List of female castellans in Japan

categories: 16th-century women rulers,Samurai,1582 deaths,Japanese women in warfare,16th-century Japanese women,Ii clan,Women in 16th-century warfare

paragraph: Ii Naotora

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ii Naotora was a daughter of Ii Naomori, a leader of Iinoya-is a part of Tōtōmi, who had been defeated by Imagawa Yoshimoto and became a vassal of Imagawa. The Ii family had no male heir, so Natora's uncle Ii Naomitsu tried to betrothe Ii Naochika his son to her so that he could inherit the clan. However, Naomitsu planned to rebel against Imagawa. Unidentified Imagawa clan retainers carried a report of the plans to Imagawa, who ordered Naomitsu and his son Naochika to commit seppuku. Naomitsu died, but Naochika, who was very young, was protected by a buddhist priest named Nankei. Naochika managed to flee to Shinano. He returned to Iinoya about ten years later, but he had already married another woman while in exile. Naotora became a priestess, and was named Jiro Houshi by Nankei.

paragraph: Naochika momentarily ruled the clan but, like his father, he planned a rebellion against Imagawa. Again, anonymous traitors carried news of the plans to Imagawa and Naochika was killed by Imagawa Ujizane in 1560. It is said that he was killed because of an anonymous report of Ono Michiyoshi. Following his death and many obstacles, Naotora returned to secular life and became the nominal head of the clan. She fought in various battles alongside the Tokugawa clan. Naochika's son, the famed Ii Naomasa whom she adopted, succeeded her after her demise in 1582.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ko Shibasaki portrayed her in the 2017 NHK Taiga drama .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ii Naotora appears in the Capcom video games "Sengoku Basara 4" and "Sengoku Basara: Sanada Yukimura-Den", voiced by Maaya Sakamoto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She appears in the Koei Tecmo video games "Samurai Warriors 4", "Warriors Orochi 4", "Dead or Alive 5 Last Round" and "Warriors All-Stars", voiced by Yuka Saitō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ii Naotora is featured in episode 27 of Meow Meow Japanese History.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of female castellans in Japan

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Daimyō

wikidata_label: Ii Naotora

wikipedia_title: Ii Naotora


text:
Danish
Skagen
Frederiksberg
Julius Henrik Lange
Royal Danish Academy
Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler
P.S. Krøyer
Naturalistic
Little Belt
Odsherred
Skagen
Skagen Painters
Christian X of Denmark
Eckersberg Medaillen

categories: Danish male painters,1871 births,People from Frederiksberg,19th-century Danish painters,Skagen Painters,20th-century Danish painters,Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni,1941 deaths

paragraph: Frederik Lange

paragraph: Frederik Lange (31 July 1870-30 June 1941) was a Danish painter.

paragraph: Initially he specialized in portrait work but in later life, after he had settled in Skagen, he turned to landscapes, often depicting the sand dunes in the evening light.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lange was born in Frederiksberg, Denmark. He was the son of art historian Julius Henrik Lange and

paragraph: Louise Aagaard. After taking an interest in painting from an early age, he studied at the Royal Danish Academy from 1893 to 1896 and then went on to the Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler where he was a student of P.S. Krøyer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lange developed a Naturalistic style which can be considered moderate for the period. Throughout his life, he painted landscapes, still lifes and above all portraits which display energy, precision, and character. His landscapes show scenes of the Little Belt, Odsherred and Skagen where he became a permanent resident in 1924. Here he made friends with the older members of the Skagen Painters colony, some of whom had been taught by his father. He settled in Skagen Vesterby near the sprawling moors where he painted and went hunting, often in the company of King Christian X of Denmark. After a nervous breakdown in 1931, he became more withdrawn. In later years, he preferred painting in the open air, turning to landscapes rather than portraits. Among his more notable works are scenes of the sand dunes in the bright evening light. Lange received the Eckersberg Medaillen in 1907 and 1910.

description: Danish painter

wikidata_label: Frederik Lange

wikipedia_title: Frederik Lange


text: Lake Charles, Louisiana

text: opera

text: tenor

text: Richard Tucker Award

text: opera house

text: Boston Lyric Opera

text: La Scala

text: Los Angeles Opera

text: Lyric Opera of Chicago

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: Paris Opera

text: Salzburg Festival

text: San Francisco Opera

text: Santa Fe Opera

text: Vienna State Opera

text: Washington National Opera

text: Welsh National Opera

categories: 21st-century opera singers,1964 births,Musicians from Lake Charles, Louisiana,American operatic tenors,20th-century opera singers,Living people,Richard Tucker Award winners,21st-century American singers,20th-century male singers,20th-century American singers,Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions,Singers from Louisiana,21st-century male singers

paragraph: Paul Groves (tenor)

paragraph: Paul Groves (born November 24, 1964 in Lake Charles, Louisiana) is an American operatic tenor. In 1991 he won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions and in 1995 he won the prestigious Richard Tucker Award. He has sung leading roles with major opera houses throughout the world, including the Boston Lyric Opera, De Nederlandse Opera, La Scala, the Los Angeles Opera, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Metropolitan Opera, the Paris Opera, the Salzburg Festival, the San Francisco Opera, the Santa Fe Opera, the Vienna State Opera, the Washington National Opera, the Grand Theatre Genève and the Welsh National Opera among others.

description: American opera singer

wikidata_label: Paul Groves

wikipedia_title: Paul Groves (tenor)


text:
Hawaii
Waipi'o Valley
Hākau
ʻUmi-a-Līloa
Liloa's Kāʻei
ʻEwa
Oahu
Abraham Fornander
ali'i
mana
Kingdom of Hawaii
King Kalākaua
royal sash or cordon
crown jewels

categories: Royalty of Hawaii (island),People from Hawaii (island),House of Līloa,15th-century people

paragraph: Liloa

paragraph: Līloa was a legendary ruler of the island of Hawaii in the late 15th century. He kept his royal compound in Waipi'o Valley . Līloa had two sons; his first born Hākau from his wife, Pinea, (his mother's sister), and his second son, ʻUmi-a-Līloa from his lesser ranking wife, Akahi a Kuleana.

paragraph: Liloa's Kāʻei is the sacred feathered sash.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.

paragraph: Līloa was the first born son of Kiha-nui-lulu-moku, one of the "noho aliʻi" (ruling elite). He descended from Hāna-laʻa-nui. Līloa's mother, Waioloa, his grandmother, Neʻula and great grandmother, Laʻa-kapu were of the ʻEwa aliʻi lines of Oahu. Liloa's father ruled Hawaii as "aliʻi nui" and upon his death would leave the rule of the island to Līloa. Kiha had had four other sons, brothers to Līloa. Their names were Kaunuamoa, Makaoku, Kepailiula and a later son named Hoolana, whose descendants are the Kaiakea family of Molokai, distant relatives of Abraham Fornander's daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: In his book, David Malo describes how Liloa originated the practice of "moe āikane", the sexual relationship between males. The relationships had no social stigma and were accepted practice beginning with the alii and then copied by the other classes. Warriors would engage in the practice and then fight along with their counterparts without issue. The relationships cannot be defined using modern concepts of bisexuality. In many cases the men involved felt it an honor and responsibility to honor their "hana lawelawe".

paragraph: Section::::House of Līloa.

paragraph: Līloa was to be the common progenitor of royal dynasties from whom many of the pre- and post-unification ruling ali'i would derive their genealogy and mana: all of the kings and queens of the Kingdom of Hawaii could point to him as their ancestor and source of paramountcy. During the reign of King Kalākaua, his royal sash or cordon would become part of the regalia associated with the crown jewels: the possession of this sash would lend legitimacy to the elected King, by way of association with the ancestor's military prowess and divine power. "Kalākaua valued the sash as a symbol of his inherited kapu status and the legitimacy of his royal accession. The feather cordon was a rightful possession of the reigning king of Hawai‘i even in the late nineteenth century."

description: Hawaiian royal

wikidata_label: Liloa

wikipedia_title: Liloa


text:
baseball
outfielder
Toronto Blue Jays
Major League Baseball
San Diego Padres
Cincinnati Reds
Arizona Diamondbacks
college baseball
college football
Rutgers University
Rutgers
defensive back
interception
Rutgers baseball
home run
runs batted in
stolen base
Big East
Seattle Mariners
2012 Major League Baseball Draft
Everett AquaSox
Clinton LumberKings
High Desert Mavericks
Arizona Fall League
Jackson Generals
Texas Rangers
player to be named later
Leonys Martín
Anthony Bass
Tom Wilhelmsen
James Jones
Justin De Fratus
San Diego Padres
Robbie Ray
Cincinnati Reds
Opening Day
New York Mets
Arizona Diamondbacks
Triple-A
Pittsburgh Pirates
Toronto Blue Jays

categories: Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States,Indianapolis Indians players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Cincinnati Reds players,Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games,New Hampshire Fisher Cats players,El Paso Chihuahuas players,Clinton LumberKings players,Jackson Generals (Southern League) players,High Desert Mavericks players,Louisville Bats players,Surprise Saguaros players,Baseball players from New York (state),Living people,Rutgers Scarlet Knights football players,Tacoma Rainiers players,Pan American Games medalists in baseball,Saint Joseph Regional High School alumni,Las Vegas 51s players,Players of American football from New York (state),Sportspeople from the New York metropolitan area,San Diego Padres players,Arizona Diamondbacks players,1989 births,Everett AquaSox players,Round Rock Express players,Rutgers Scarlet Knights baseball players,American football defensive backs

paragraph: Patrick Kivlehan

paragraph: Patrick Anthony Kivlehan (born December 22, 1989) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Toronto Blue Jays organization. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Cincinnati Reds, and Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kivlehan played both college baseball and college football at Rutgers University. In his four years of football at Rutgers, he played in 43 games as a backup defensive back, recording 40 tackles and one interception. After his college football career ended after his senior season, he joined Rutgers baseball team. In his one season of baseball, he hit .392/.480/.693 with 14 home runs, 50 runs batted in (RBI) and 24 stolen bases in 51 games. For his play he was named the Big East Player of the Year.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: Kivlehan was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the fourth round of the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his professional debut that season for the Everett AquaSox. In 72 games, he hit .301/.373/.511 with 12 home runs and 52 RBI. Kivlehan started the 2013 season with the Clinton LumberKings. After hitting .283/.344/.386 and three home runs in 60 games with Clinton, he was promoted to the High Desert Mavericks. In 68 games with High Desert he hit .320/.384/.530 with 13 home runs in 68 games. Overall, he hit .303/.366/.464 and 16 home runs. After the season, he played in the Arizona Fall League. Kivlehan returned to High Desert to start 2014. After hitting nine home runs in 32 games, he was promoted to the Jackson Generals. The Mariners added him to their 40-man roster after the 2015 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: The Texas Rangers acquired Kivlehan from the Mariners on December 2, 2015 as a player to be named later from an earlier trade that sent Leonys Martín and Anthony Bass to the Mariners and Tom Wilhelmsen and James Jones to the Rangers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Return to Seattle.

paragraph: On May 29, 2016, Kivlehan was traded back to the Mariners for a player to be named later or cash considerations (later specified as pitcher Justin De Fratus).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: On August 4, 2016, the San Diego Padres claimed Kivlehan off waivers. The Padres promoted him to the major leagues on August 20, he hit his first career home run off Robbie Ray in his second big league at bat.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: On September 28, 2016, Kivlehan was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Reds. He was designated for assignment on October 6. Kivlehan made the Reds' Opening Day roster in 2017. He was outrighted to Triple-A on November 3, 2017, and elected free agency on November 6. On November 18, Kivlehan signed a minor league contract with the Reds that included an invitation to spring training. He was released from the organization in early May 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:New York Mets.

paragraph: On May 9, 2018, Kivlehan signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: On September 6, 2018, the Arizona Diamondbacks acquired Kivlehan from the Mets for cash considerations. He appeared in 9 games for the Diamondbacks before he was outrighted to Triple-A on October 10. The following day, he elected free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: On October 31, 2018, he signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Toronto Blue Jays.

paragraph: On May 10, 2019, Kivlehan was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays.

alias:
Patrick Anthony Kivlehan
Patrick A. Kivlehan

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Patrick Kivlehan

wikipedia_title: Patrick Kivlehan


text:
professional baseball
catcher
Major League Baseball
Colorado Rockies
San Francisco Giants
San Francisco Giants
2007 Major League Baseball Draft
University of Oklahoma
Colorado Rockies
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Pittsburgh Pirates
Oklahoma Sooners bio

categories: San Jose Giants players,Connecticut Defenders players,Albuquerque Isotopes players,Colorado Rockies players,Indianapolis Indians players,Sportspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma,San Francisco Giants players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,1986 births,Richmond Flying Squirrels players,Baseball players from Oklahoma,Major League Baseball catchers,Hartford Yard Goats players,Oklahoma Sooners baseball players,Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players,Fresno Grizzlies players,Living people,Altoona Curve players,Augusta GreenJackets players

paragraph: Jackson Williams

paragraph: Jackson Thomas Williams (born May 14, 1986) is an American professional baseball catcher who is a free agent. He has also played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies and San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: Williams was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the first round of the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of Oklahoma. He played in the Giants organization until 2013 without making the majors.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: He signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies before the 2014 season.

paragraph: Williams was called up to the majors for the first time on June 22, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

paragraph: Williams was claimed off waivers by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on October 22, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Second Stint with Giants.

paragraph: He never appeared in an MLB game for the Angels, and was purchased by the San Francisco Giants (the team who originally drafted him in the first round in 2007) on March 17, 2015. As a September callup, Williams appeared in 7 games for the Giants, with 2 hits and 4 walks in 14 plate appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Second Stint with Rockies.

paragraph: On November 10, 2015, Williams signed as a free agent with the Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: He elected free agency on November 6, 2017. On December 24, 2017, Williams resigned a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He became a free agent after the 2018 season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oklahoma Sooners bio

alias:
Jackson Thomas Williams
Williams, Jackson Thomas

description: Major League Baseball catcher

wikidata_label: Jackson Williams

wikipedia_title: Jackson Williams