text:
O.M.
mendicant
Order of Minims
patron saint
ordained
Paola
Italian
Province of Cosenza
Calabria
Franciscan
Francis of Assisi
habit
friary
Assisi
Rome
Minim friars
poverty, chastity and obedience
Archbishop of Cosenza
Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Alexander VI
third order
Louis XI of France
Château de Plessis-lez-Tours
La Riche
Pincian Hill
Jan Standonck
Collège de Montaigu
Holy Thursday
Good Friday
Vicar General
last rites
Passion
St. John
Constantinople
Turks
Constantine Palaeologus
Otranto
Ottoman
Theodoor van Thulden
Strait of Messina
Sicily
Franz Liszt
hermit
Pope Leo X
canonized
patron saint
Pope John XXIII
Calabria
Pope Julius II
Third Order
Francis de Sales
Huguenot
France
incorrupt
Pope Clement XII
FrancescoDiPaola.info
Catholic.org
Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square

categories: Italian Roman Catholic saints,1507 deaths,Medieval Italian saints,Minims (religious order),Incorrupt saints,16th-century Christian saints,1416 births,15th-century Italian people,16th-century Italian people,15th-century Christian saints,People from Paola, Calabria,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Francis of Paola

paragraph: Saint Francis of Paola, O.M. (or: Francesco di Paola or Saint Francis the Fire Handler; 27 March 1416 – 2 April 1507) was an Italian mendicant friar and the founder of the Roman Catholic Order of Minims. Unlike the majority of founders of men's religious orders, and like his patron saint, Francis was never ordained a priest.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francis was born in the town of Paola, which lies in the southern Italian Province of Cosenza, Calabria. In his youth he was educated by the Franciscan friars in Paola. His parents, having remained childless for some years after their marriage, had recourse to prayer and especially commended themselves to the intercession of St. Francis of Assisi, after whom they named their first-born son. Two other children were eventually born to them.

paragraph: When still in the cradle, Francis suffered from a swelling which endangered the sight of one of his eyes. His parents again had recourse to Francis of Assisi and made a vow that their son should pass an entire year wearing the "little habit" of St Francis in one of the friaries of his Order, a not-uncommon practice in the Middle Ages. The child subsequently recovered. At the age of 13, being admonished by a vision of a Franciscan friar, he entered a friary of the Franciscan Order to fulfill the vow made by his parents. At the completion of the year he went with his parents on a pilgrimage to Assisi, Rome, and other places of devotion. Returning to Paola, he selected a secluded cave on his father's estate and there lived in solitude; but later on he found an even-more secluded cave on the sea coast. Here he remained alone for about six years, giving himself to prayer and mortification.

paragraph: Section::::Minim Friars.

paragraph: In 1435 two companions joined him in his retreat, and to accommodate them Francis caused three cells and a chapel to be built: in this way the new order was begun. By 1436, he and two followers began a movement that would become the foundation of the Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, which would later be renamed as the Minim friars. Their name refers to their role as the "least of all the faithful". Humility was to be the hallmark of the brothers as it had been in Francis's personal life. Abstinence from meat and other animal products became a "fourth vow" of his religious order, along with the traditional vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Francis instituted the continual, year-round observance of this diet in an effort to revive the tradition of fasting during Lent, which many Roman Catholics had ceased to practice by the 15th century. The rule of life adopted by Francis and his religious was one of extraordinary severity. He felt that heroic mortification was necessary as a means for spiritual growth. They were to seek to live unknown and hidden from the world.

paragraph: The number of his disciples gradually increased, and about 1454, with the permission of Pyrrhus, Archbishop of Cosenza, Francis built a large monastery and church. The building of this monastery was the occasion of a great outburst of enthusiasm and devotion on the part of the people towards Francis: even the nobles carried stones and joined in the work. Their devotion was increased by the many miracles which the saint wrought in answer to their prayers.

paragraph: In 1474 Pope Sixtus IV gave him permission to write a rule for his community, and to assume the title of Hermits of St. Francis: this rule was formally approved by Pope Alexander VI, who, however, changed their title into that of "Minims". After the approbation of the order, Francis founded several new monasteries in Calabria and Sicily. He also established monasteries of nuns, and a third order for people living in the world, after the example of St. Francis of Assisi. He was no respecter of persons based solely on their worldly rank or position. He rebuked the King of Naples for his ill-doing and in consequence suffered persecution.

paragraph: Section::::France.

paragraph: When King Louis XI of France was in his last illness, he sent an embassy to Calabria to beg the saint to visit him. Francis refused to come until the pope ordered him to go. Embarking at Ostia, he landed in France, and cured many sick of the plague in Provence as he passed. He then went to the king at his residence, the Château de Plessis-lez-Tours (now within the village of La Riche), and was with him at his death. He became a tutor of the heir, Charles VIII, who kept him near the court and frequently consulted him.

paragraph: This king built a monastery for the Minims there near the chateau at Plessis and another at Rome on the Pincian Hill. Francis also influenced many in the French church, particularly Jan Standonck, who founded the Collège de Montaigu along what he thought were Minimist lines. The regard in which Charles VIII held the saint was shared by Louis XII, who succeeded to the French throne in 1498.

paragraph: Francis was now eager to return to Italy, but the king would not permit him, not wishing to lose his counsels and direction. Francis spent the last three months of his life in entire solitude, preparing for death. On Holy Thursday of 1507 he gathered his community around him and exhorted them especially to have mutual charity amongst themselves and to maintain the rigour of their life and in particular perpetual abstinence. The next day, Good Friday, he again called them together and gave them his last instructions and appointed a Vicar General. He then received the last rites and asked to have the Passion according to St. John read out to him, and whilst this was being read, he died on 2 April 1507, almost a week after his 91st birthday, in Plessis.

paragraph: Section::::Fasting.

paragraph: The two major movements in this order were humility and non-violence. The word "Minim" refers to living as the smallest or least, or embracing humility, simplicity, and plainness. The call to non-violence and absence of cruelty was expressed through not doing harm to any creature.

paragraph: He followed a diet not only free from animal flesh, but also from all animal-derived foods, such as eggs and dairy products. One of the vows of the order he founded was the abstinence from meat, fish, eggs, butter, cheese and milk.

paragraph: Section::::Gift of prophecy.

paragraph: It was believed that Francis was favored with the gift of prophecy. He apparently foretold to several persons, in the years 1447, 1448, and 1449, the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, which happened on 29 May 1453, under the command of Mahomet II, when Constantine Palaeologus, the last Christian emperor, was killed in battle. He also predicted the capture of Otranto by the Ottoman Turks in 1480, and its subsequent recovery by the King of Naples.

paragraph: Theodoor van Thulden painted a mystic episode that was said to have occurred over a century earlier. It depicts Francis of Paola, who was revered in France because he visited the country in 1482, at the bedside of Louise of Savoy to announce that she will give birth to the next king of France, the future Francis I. In 1515, King Louis XII died without a male heir and the throne went to Francis I, of the royal family's Valois-Angoulême branch. Louise of Savoy and her spouse, the Count of Angoulême, who is almost certainly the figure depicted to the left of the bed, decided to name the child Francis in honor of the saint.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: According to a famous story, in the year 1464, he was refused passage by a boatman while trying to cross the Strait of Messina to Sicily. He reportedly laid his cloak on the water, tied one end to his staff as a sail, and sailed across the strait with his companions following in the boat. The second of Franz Liszt's "Legendes" (for solo piano) describes this story in music.

paragraph: After his nephew died, the boy's mother—the saint's own sister—appealed to Francis for comfort, and filled his apartment with lamentations. After the Mass and divine office had been said for the repose of his soul, St. Francis ordered the corpse to be carried from the church into his cell, where he continued praying until, to her great astonishment, the boy's life was restored and Francis presented him to his mother in perfect health. The young man entered his order and is the celebrated Nicholas Alesso who afterwards followed his uncle into France, and was famous for sanctity and many great actions.

paragraph: There are several stories about his compassion for animals, and how he gave back life to animals that were killed to be eaten. For example, a biographer writes:

paragraph: "Francis had a favorite trout that he called ‘Antonella.’ One day, one of the priests, who provided religious services, saw the trout swimming about in his pool. To him it was just a delicious dish, so he caught it and took it home, tossing it into the frying pan. Francis missed ‘Antonella’ and realized what had happened. He asked one of his followers to go to the priest to get it back. The priest, annoyed by this great concern for a mere fish, threw the cooked trout on the ground, shattering it into several pieces. The hermit sent by Francis gathered up the broken pieces in his hands and brought them back to Francis. Francis placed the pieces back in the pool and, looking up to Heaven and praying, said: ‘Antonella, in the name of Charity, return to life.’ The trout immediately became whole and swam joyously around his pool as if nothing had happened. The friars and the workers who witnessed this miracle were deeply impressed at the saint's amazing powers."

paragraph: St. Francis also raised his pet lamb, Martinello, from the dead after it had been eaten by workmen. "Being in need of food, the workmen caught and slaughtered Francis’ pet lamb, Martinello, roasting it in their lime kiln. They were eating when the Saint approached them, looking for his lamb. They told him they had eaten it, having no other food. He asked what they had done with the fleece and the bones. They told him they had thrown them into the furnace. Francis walked over to the furnace, looked into the fire and called ‘Martinello, come out!’ The lamb jumped out, completely untouched, bleating happily on seeing his master."

paragraph: St. Francis Paola called the animals by their names even after their lives had ended. He apparently believed they continued to exist after their deaths.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and veneration.

paragraph: Pope Leo X canonized him in 1519. He is considered to be a patron saint of boatmen, mariners and naval officers. His liturgical feast day is celebrated by the universal Church on April 2nd, the day on which he died. In 1963, Pope John XXIII designated him as the patron saint of Calabria. Though his miracles were numerous, he was canonized for his humility and discernment in blending the contemplative life with the active one.

paragraph: The Order of Minims does not seem at any time to have been very extensive, but they had houses in many countries. The definitive rule was approved in 1506 by Pope Julius II, who also approved a rule for the nuns of the Order. A Third Order of their movement was also approved. The most noted member of this Order was the illustrious French bishop, St. Francis de Sales.Although the Minim order lost many of its monasteries in the 18th century during the French Revolution, it continues to exist, primarily in Italy.

paragraph: In 1562, a group of Protestant Huguenots in France broke open his tomb and found the saint's body incorrupt. They dragged it forth, burned it and scattered the bones, which were recovered by Catholic faithful and distributed as relics to various churches of his order.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and veneration.:Devotion of the Thirteen Fridays.

paragraph: Pope Clement XII, in the brief "Coelestium Munerum Dispensatio" of 2 December 1738, promulgated an indulgence to all the faithful who, upon 13 Fridays continuously preceding the Feast of St. Francis of Paola (2 April), or at any other time of the year, shall, in honor of this Saint, visit a church of the Minims and pray there for the Church. In this brief, mention is made of a devotion which originated with St. Francis himself, who, on each of 13 Fridays, used to recite 13 Pater Nosters (Our Fathers) and as many Ave Marias (Hail Marys), and this devotion he promulgated by word of mouth and by letter to his own devout followers, as an efficacious means of obtaining from God the graces they desired, provided they were for the greater good of their souls.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and external links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FrancescoDiPaola.info , Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic.org, Online entry for Francis of Paola

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert Thurston, "The Physical Phenomena of Mysticism," pp. 174–75

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square

alias:
de Paola, Saint Francesco
de Paule, Saint François
von Paula, Saint Franz
San Francesco di Paola
of Paola, Saint Francis
Saint Francis of Paola
de Paola, Saint Francis
de Paula,Saint Franciscus
di Paola, Saint Francesco
de Paula, Saint Francisco

description: Italian mendicant friar

wikidata_label: Francis of Paola

wikipedia_title: Francis of Paola


text: thief

text: jail

text: London

text: apprentice

text: escaped four times from prison

text: hanged

text: Tyburn

text: Jonathan Wild

text: Joseph "Blueskin" Blake

text: autobiographical

text: ghostwritten

text: Daniel Defoe

text: Macheath

text: John Gay

text: The Beggar's Opera

text: William Harrison Ainsworth

text: Jack Sheppard

text: George Cruikshank

text: license

text: London

text: Spitalfields

text: St Dunstan's, Stepney

text: infant mortality

text: carpenter

text: workhouse

text: St Helen's Bishopsgate

text: shilling

text: draper

text: Strand

text: apprentice

text: Wych Street

text: Drury Lane

text: Covent Garden

text: indenture

text: stutter

text: tavern

text: Joseph "Blueskin" Blake

text: Jonathan Wild

text: prostitute

text: Edgeworth

text: Middlesex

text: Levelling

text: shoplifting

text: Charing Cross

text: journeyman

text: burglary

text: Fulham

text: Parsons Green

text: Piccadilly

text: St Giles's Roundhouse

text: beadle

text: Clare Market

text: burned in the hand

text: warrant

text: fenced

text: William Field

text: James Sykes

text: skittles

text: Seven Dials

text: constable

text: St Giles

text: felon

text: St Giles's Roundhouse

text: picking a pocket

text: Leicester Square

text: St Ann's Roundhouse

text: Soho

text: New Prison

text: Clerkenwell

text: Whitsun

text: Bridewell

text: foot

text: Joseph "Blueskin" Blake

text: highwaymen

text: Temple Bar

text: Rosemary Lane

text: Tower of London

text: Royal Mint Street

text: Quilt Arnold

text: Newgate Prison

text: Assize

text: oyer and terminer

text: Old Bailey

text: death warrant

text: Windsor

text: Blackfriars Stairs

text: River Thames

text: Westminster

text: working class

text: cockney

text: Chipping Warden

text: Northamptonshire

text: Finchley Common

text: leg irons

text: handcuffed

text: transported

text: Jacobite

text: Battle of Preston

text: Tottenham

text: Tottenham Court Road

text: Bridewell Prison

text: shilling

text: Daniel Defoe

text: journalist

text: pawnbroker

text: carnelian

text: Light Tye Peruke

text: pounds

text: James Thornhill

text: George I

text: transportation

text: Court of King's Bench

text: Westminster Hall

text: gallows

text: Tyburn

text: hanged

text: pen-knife

text: Holborn

text: Oxford Street

text: City Marshal

text: liveried

text: Javelin Men

text: sack

text: strangulation

text: hangman's noose

text: dissection

text: St Martin-in-the-Fields

text: pantomime

text: John Thurmond

text: Theatre Royal, Drury Lane

text: Newgate Calendar

text: The Quaker's Opera

text: Bartholomew Fair

text: Julius Caesar

text: British Journal

text: John Gay

text: The Beggar's Opera

text: Macheath

text: South Sea Bubble

text: Bartholomew Fair

text: The Threepenny Opera

text: Bertolt Brecht

text: Kurt Weill

text: William Hogarth

text: engraving

text: Industry and Idleness

text: Dick Whittington

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: melodrama

text: W. T. Moncrieff

text: William Harrison Ainsworth

text: Bentley's Miscellany

text: George Cruikshank

text: Charles Dickens

text: Oliver Twist

text: Newgate novel

text: Thackeray

text: John Buckstone

text: Adelphi Theatre

text: Mary Anne Keeley

text: tableaux

text: George du Maurier

text: Trilby

text: cant

text: Lord Chamberlain

text: licensing

text: Lord William Russell

text: Frank

text: Jesse James

text: burlesques

text: Gaiety Theatre, London

text: Little Jack Sheppard

text: Henry Pottinger Stephens

text: Nellie Farren

text: Where's Jack?

text: James Clavell

text: Tommy Steele

text: Jake Arnott

text: queer narrative

text: glam rock

text: Chicory Tip

text: B-side

text: I Love Onions

text: courtroom

text: Michel Foucault

text: Folie et déraison

text: Charles Mackay

text: "Jack Sheppard, Jail-Breaker"

text: Sugden, Philip

text: OUP

text: Ordinary's Account of 4 September 1724

text: Jack Sheppard

text: Newgate Calendar

text: Project Gutenberg etext

text: William Harrison Ainsworth

categories: People executed for robbery,1702 births,English criminals,Crime in London,Escapees from England and Wales detention,English escapees,People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain,People from Spitalfields,People executed by England and Wales by hanging,1724 deaths,Executed people from London,1723 crimes

paragraph: Jack Sheppard

paragraph: Jack Sheppard (4 March 1702 – 16 November 1724) was a notorious English thief and jail-breaker of early 18th-century London. Born into a poor family, he was apprenticed as a carpenter but took to theft and burglary in 1723, with little more than a year of his training to complete. He was arrested and imprisoned five times in 1724 but escaped four times from prison, making him a notorious public figure, and wildly popular with the poorer classes. Ultimately, he was caught, convicted, and hanged at Tyburn, ending his brief criminal career after less than two years. The inability of the notorious "Thief-Taker General" Jonathan Wild to control Sheppard, and injuries suffered by Wild at the hands of Sheppard's colleague, Joseph "Blueskin" Blake, led to Wild's downfall.

paragraph: Sheppard was as renowned for his attempts to escape from prison as he was for his crimes. An autobiographical "Narrative", thought to have been ghostwritten by Daniel Defoe, was sold at his execution, quickly followed by popular plays. The character of Macheath in John Gay's "The Beggar's Opera" (1728) was based on Sheppard, keeping him in the limelight for over 100 years. He returned to the public consciousness around 1840, when William Harrison Ainsworth wrote a novel entitled "Jack Sheppard", with illustrations by George Cruikshank. The popularity of his tale, and the fear that others would be drawn to emulate his behaviour, led the authorities to refuse to license any plays in London with "Jack Sheppard" in the title for forty years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sheppard was born in White's Row, in London's Spitalfields. He was baptised on 5 March, the day after he was born, at St Dunstan's, Stepney, suggesting a fear of infant mortality by his parents, perhaps because the newborn was weak or sickly. His parents named him after an older brother, John, who had died before his birth. In life, he was better known as Jack, or even "Gentleman Jack" or "Jack the Lad". He had a second brother, Thomas, and a younger sister, Mary. Their father, a carpenter, died while Sheppard was young, and his sister died two years later.

paragraph: Unable to support her family without her husband's income, Jack's mother sent him to Mr Garrett's School, a workhouse near St Helen's Bishopsgate, when he was six years old. Sheppard was sent out as a parish apprentice to a cane-chair maker, taking a settlement of 20 shillings, but his new master soon died. He was sent out to a second cane-chair maker, but Sheppard was treated badly. Finally, when Sheppard was 10, he went to work as a shop-boy for William Kneebone, a wool draper with a shop on the Strand. Sheppard's mother had been working for Kneebone since her husband's death. Kneebone taught Sheppard to read and write and apprenticed him to a carpenter, Owen Wood, in Wych Street, off Drury Lane in Covent Garden. Sheppard signed his seven-year indenture on 2 April 1717.

paragraph: By 1722, Sheppard was showing great promise as a carpenter. Aged 20, he was a small man, only 5'4" (1.63 m) and lightly built, but deceptively strong. He had a pale face with large, dark eyes, a wide mouth and a quick smile. Despite a slight stutter, his wit made him popular in the taverns of Drury Lane. He served five unblemished years of his apprenticeship but then began to be led into crime.

paragraph: Joseph Hayne, a button-moulder who owned a shop nearby, also ran a tavern named the Black Lion off Drury Lane, which he encouraged the local apprentices to frequent. The Black Lion was visited by criminals such as Joseph "Blueskin" Blake, Sheppard's future partner in crime, and self-proclaimed "Thief-Taker General" Jonathan Wild, secretly the linchpin of a criminal empire across London and later Sheppard's implacable enemy.

paragraph: According to Sheppard's autobiography, he had been an innocent until going to Hayne's tavern, but there began an attachment to strong drink and the affections of Elizabeth Lyon, a prostitute also known as Edgworth Bess (or Edgeworth Bess) from her place of birth at Edgeworth in Middlesex. In his "History", Defoe records that Bess was "a main lodestone in attracting of him up to this Eminence of Guilt." Such, Sheppard claimed, was the source of his later ruin. Peter Linebaugh offers a different view: that Sheppard's sudden transformation was a liberation from the dull drudgery of indentured labour and that he progressed from pious servitude to self-confident rebellion and Levelling.

paragraph: Section::::Criminal career.

paragraph: Sheppard threw himself into a hedonistic whirl of drinking and whoring. Inevitably, his carpentry suffered, and he became disobedient to his master. With Lyon's encouragement, Sheppard took to crime in order to augment his legitimate wages. His first recorded theft was in Spring 1723, when he engaged in petty shoplifting, stealing two silver spoons while on an errand for his master to Rummer Tavern in Charing Cross. Sheppard's misdeeds went undetected, and he moved on to larger crimes, often stealing goods from the houses where he was working. Finally, he quit the employ of his master on 2 August 1723, with less than two years of his apprenticeship left, although he continued to work as a journeyman carpenter. He was not suspected of the crimes, and progressed to burglary, falling in with criminals in Jonathan Wild's gang.

paragraph: He moved to Fulham, living as husband and wife with Lyon at Parsons Green, before moving to Piccadilly. When Lyon was arrested and imprisoned at St Giles's Roundhouse, the beadle, a Mr Brown, refused to let Sheppard visit, so he broke in and took her away.

paragraph: Section::::Criminal career.:Arrested and escaped twice.

paragraph: Sheppard was first arrested after a burglary he committed with his brother, Tom, and his mistress, Lyon, in Clare Market on 5 February 1724. Tom, also a carpenter, had already been convicted once for stealing tools from his master the previous autumn and burned in the hand. Tom was arrested again on 24 April 1724. Afraid that he would be hanged this time, Tom informed on Jack, and a warrant was issued for Jack's arrest.

paragraph: Jonathan Wild was aware of Sheppard's thefts, as Sheppard had fenced some stolen goods through one of Wild's men, William Field. Wild asked another of his men, James Sykes (known as "Hell and Fury") to challenge Sheppard to a game of skittles at Redgate's public house near Seven Dials. Sykes betrayed Sheppard to a Mr Price, a constable from the parish of St Giles, to gather the usual £40 reward for giving information leading to the conviction of a felon. The magistrate, Justice Parry, had Sheppard imprisoned overnight on the top floor of St Giles's Roundhouse pending further questioning, but Sheppard escaped within three hours by breaking through the timber ceiling and lowering himself to the ground with a rope fashioned from bedclothes. Still wearing irons, Sheppard coolly joined the crowd that had been attracted by the sounds of him breaking out. He distracted their attention by pointing to the shadows on the roof and shouting that he could see the escapee, and then swiftly departed.

paragraph: On 19 May 1724, Sheppard was arrested for a second time, caught in the act of picking a pocket in Leicester Fields (near present-day Leicester Square). He was detained overnight in St Ann's Roundhouse in Soho and visited there the next day by Lyon; she was recognised as his wife and locked in a cell with him. They appeared before Justice Walters, who sent them to the New Prison in Clerkenwell, but they escaped from their cell, known as the Newgate Ward, within a matter of days. By 25 May, Whitsun Monday, Sheppard and Lyon had filed through their manacles; they removed a bar from the window and used their knotted bed-clothes to descend to ground level. Finding themselves in the yard of the neighbouring Bridewell, they clambered over the 22-foot-high (6.7 m) prison gate to freedom. This feat was widely publicised, not least because Sheppard was only a small man, and Lyon was a large, buxom woman.

paragraph: Section::::Criminal career.:Third arrest, trial, and third escape.

paragraph: Sheppard's thieving abilities were admired by Jonathan Wild. Wild demanded that Sheppard surrender his stolen goods for Wild to fence, and so take the greater profits, but Sheppard refused. He began to work with Joseph "Blueskin" Blake, and they burgled Sheppard's former master, William Kneebone, on Sunday 12 July 1724. Wild could not permit Sheppard to continue outside his control and began to seek Sheppard's arrest. Unfortunately for Sheppard, his fence, William Field, was one of Wild's men. After Sheppard had a brief foray with Blueskin as highwaymen on the Hampstead Road on Sunday 19 July and Monday 20 July, Field informed on Sheppard to Wild. Wild believed Lyon would know Sheppard's whereabouts, so he plied her with drinks at a brandy shop near Temple Bar until she betrayed him. Sheppard was arrested a third time at Blueskin's mother's brandy shop in Rosemary Lane, east of the Tower of London (later renamed Royal Mint Street), on 23 July by Wild's henchman, Quilt Arnold.

paragraph: Sheppard was imprisoned in Newgate Prison pending his trial at the next Assize of "oyer and terminer". He was prosecuted on three charges of theft at the Old Bailey, but was acquitted on the first two due to lack of evidence. Kneebone, Wild and Field gave evidence against him on the third charge, the burglary of Kneebone's house. He was convicted on 12 August, the case "being plainly prov'd", and sentenced to death. On Monday 31 August, the very day when the death warrant arrived from the court in Windsor setting Friday 4 September as the date for his execution, Sheppard escaped. Having loosened an iron bar in a window used when talking to visitors, he was visited by Lyon and Poll Maggott, who distracted the guards while he removed the bar. His slight build enabled him to climb through the resulting gap in the grille, and he was smuggled out of Newgate in women's clothing that his visitors had brought him. He took a coach to Blackfriars Stairs, a boat up the River Thames to the horse ferry in Westminster, near the warehouse where he hid his stolen goods, and made good his escape.

paragraph: Section::::Criminal career.:Fourth arrest and final escape.

paragraph: By this point, Sheppard was a working class hero, being a cockney, non-violent, handsome and seemingly able to escape punishment for his crimes at will. He spent a few days out of London, visiting a friend's family in Chipping Warden in Northamptonshire, but was soon back in town. He evaded capture by Wild and his men but was arrested again on 9 September by a posse from Newgate as he hid out on Finchley Common, and returned to the condemned cell at Newgate. His fame had increased with each escape, and he was visited in prison by the great, the good and the curious. His plans to escape in September were thwarted twice when the guards found files and other tools in his cell, and he was transferred to a strong-room in Newgate known as the "Castle", clapped in leg irons, and chained to two metal staples in the floor to prevent further escape attempts. After demonstrating to his gaolers that these measures were insufficient, by showing them how he could use a small nail to unlock the horse padlock at will, he was bound more tightly and handcuffed. In his "History", Defoe reports that Sheppard made light of his predicament, joking that "I am the Sheppard, and all the Gaolers in the Town are my Flock, and I cannot stir into the Country, but they are all at my Heels "Baughing" after me".

paragraph: Meanwhile, "Blueskin" Blake was arrested by Wild and his men on Friday 9 October, and Tom, Jack's brother, was transported for robbery on Saturday 10 October 1724. New court sessions began on Wednesday 14 October, and Blueskin was tried on Thursday 15 October, with Field and Wild again giving evidence. Their accounts were not consistent with the evidence that they gave at Sheppard's trial, but Blueskin was convicted anyway. Enraged, Blueskin attacked Wild in the courtroom, slashing his throat with a pocket-knife and causing an uproar. Wild was lucky to survive, and his grip over his criminal empire started to slip while he recuperated.

paragraph: Taking advantage of the disturbance, which spread to Newgate Prison next door and continued into the night, Sheppard escaped for the fourth time. He unlocked his handcuffs and removed the chains. Still encumbered by his leg irons, he attempted to climb up the chimney, but his path was blocked by an iron bar set into the brickwork. He removed the bar and used it to break through the ceiling into the "Red Room" above the "Castle", a room which had last been used some seven years before to confine aristocratic Jacobite prisoners after the Battle of Preston. Still wearing his leg irons as night fell, he then broke through six barred doors into the prison chapel, then to the roof of Newgate, 60 feet (20 m) above the ground. He went back down to his cell to get a blanket, then back to the roof of the prison, and used the blanket to reach the roof of an adjacent house, owned by William Bird, a turner. He broke into Bird's house, and went down the stairs and out into the street at around midnight without disturbing the occupants. Escaping through the streets to the north and west, Sheppard hid in a cowshed in Tottenham (near modern Tottenham Court Road). Spotted by the barn's owner, Sheppard told him that he had escaped from Bridewell Prison, having been imprisoned there for failing to support a (nonexistent) bastard son. His leg irons remained in place for several days until he persuaded a passing shoemaker to accept the considerable sum of 20 shillings to bring a blacksmith's tools and help him remove them, telling him the same tale. His manacles and leg irons were later recovered in the rooms of Kate Cook, one of Sheppard's mistresses. This escape astonished everyone. Daniel Defoe, working as a journalist, wrote an account for John Applebee, "The History of the Remarkable Life of John Sheppard". In his "History", Defoe reports the belief in Newgate that the Devil came in person to assist Sheppard's escape.

paragraph: Section::::Criminal career.:Final capture.

paragraph: Sheppard's final period of liberty lasted just two weeks. He disguised himself as a beggar and returned to the city. He broke into the Rawlins brothers' pawnbroker's shop in Drury Lane on the night of 29 October 1724, taking a black silk suit, a silver sword, rings, watches, a wig, and other items. He dressed himself as a dandy gentleman and used the proceeds to spend a day and the following evening on the tiles with two mistresses. He was arrested a final time in the early morning on 1 November, blind drunk, "in a handsome Suit of Black, with a Diamond Ring and a carnelian ring on his Finger, and a fine Light Tye Peruke".

paragraph: This time, Sheppard was placed in the Middle Stone Room, in the centre of Newgate next to the "Castle", where he could be observed at all times. He was also loaded with 300 pounds of iron weights. He was so celebrated that the gaolers charged high society visitors four shillings to see him, and the King's painter James Thornhill painted his portrait. Several prominent people sent a petition to King George I, begging for his sentence of death to be commuted to transportation. "The Concourse of People of tolerable Fashion to see him was exceeding Great, he was always Chearful and Pleasant to a Degree, as turning almost everything as was said onto a Jest and Banter." To a Reverend Wagstaffe who visited him, he said, according to Defoe, "One file's worth all the Bibles in the World".

paragraph: Sheppard came before Mr Justice Powis in the Court of King's Bench at Westminster Hall on 10 November. He was offered the chance to have his sentence reduced by informing on his associates, but he scorned the offer, and the death sentence was confirmed. The next day, Blueskin was hanged, and Sheppard was moved to the condemned cell.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: The following Monday, 16 November, Sheppard was taken to the gallows at Tyburn to be hanged. He planned one more escape, but his pen-knife, intended to cut the ropes binding him on the way to the gallows, was found by a prison warder shortly before he left Newgate for the last time.

paragraph: A joyous procession passed through the streets of London, with Sheppard's cart drawn along Holborn and Oxford Street accompanied by a mounted City Marshal and liveried Javelin Men. The occasion was as much as anything a celebration of Sheppard's life, attended by crowds of up to 200,000 (one third of London's population). The procession halted at the City of Oxford tavern on Oxford Street, where Sheppard drank a pint of sack. A carnival atmosphere pervaded Tyburn, where his "official" autobiography, published by Applebee and probably ghostwritten by Defoe, was on sale. Sheppard handed "a paper to someone as he mounted the scaffold", perhaps as a symbolic endorsement of the account in the "Narrative". His slight build had aided his previous prison escapes, but it condemned him to a slow death by strangulation from the hangman's noose. After hanging for the prescribed 15 minutes, his body was cut down. The crowd pressed forward to stop his body from being removed, fearing dissection; their actions inadvertently prevented Sheppard's friends from implementing a plan to take his body to a doctor in an attempt to revive him. His badly mauled remains were recovered later and buried in the churchyard of St Martin-in-the-Fields that evening.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: There was a spectacular public reaction to Sheppard's deeds. He was even cited (favourably) as an example in newspapers, pamphlets, broadsheets, and ballads were all devoted to his amazing exploits, and his story was adapted for the stage almost immediately. "Harlequin Sheppard", a pantomime by one John Thurmond (subtitled "A night scene in grotesque characters"), opened at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on Saturday 28 November, only two weeks after Sheppard's hanging. In a famous contemporary sermon, a London preacher drew on Sheppard's popular escapes as a way of holding his congregation's attention:

paragraph: The account of his life remained well-known through the "Newgate Calendar", and a three-act farce was published but never produced, but, mixed with songs, it became "The Quaker's Opera", later performed at Bartholomew Fair. An imagined dialogue between Jack Sheppard and Julius Caesar was published in the "British Journal" on 4 December 1724, in which Sheppard favourably compares his virtues and exploits to those of Caesar.

paragraph: Perhaps the most prominent play based on Sheppard's life is John Gay's "The Beggar's Opera" (1728). Sheppard was the inspiration for the figure of Macheath; his nemesis, Peachum, is based on Jonathan Wild. The play was spectacularly popular, restoring the fortune that Gay had lost in the South Sea Bubble, and was produced regularly for over 100 years. An unperformed but published play "The Prison-Breaker" was turned into "The Quaker's Opera" (in imitation of "The Beggar's Opera") and performed at Bartholomew Fair in 1725 and 1728. Two centuries later "The Beggar's Opera" was the basis for "The Threepenny Opera" of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill (1928).

paragraph: Sheppard's tale may have been an inspiration for William Hogarth's 1747 series of 12 engravings, "Industry and Idleness", which shows the parallel descent of an apprentice, Tom Idle, into crime and eventually to the gallows, beside the rise of his fellow apprentice, Francis Goodchild, who marries his master's daughter and takes over his business, becoming wealthy as a result, eventually emulating Dick Whittington to become Lord Mayor of London.

paragraph: Sheppard's tale was revived in the first half of the 19th century. A melodrama, "Jack Sheppard, The Housebreaker, or London in 1724", by W. T. Moncrieff was published in 1825. More successful was William Harrison Ainsworth's third novel, entitled "Jack Sheppard", which was originally published in "Bentley's Miscellany" from January 1839 with illustrations by George Cruikshank, overlapping with the final episodes of Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist". An archetypal Newgate novel, it generally remains close to the facts of Sheppard's life, but portrays him as a swashbuckling hero. Like Hogarth's prints, the novel pairs the descent of the "idle" apprentice into crime with the rise of a typical melodramatic character, Thames Darrell, a foundling of aristocratic birth who defeats his evil uncle to recover his fortune. Cruikshank's images perfectly complemented Ainsworth's tale—Thackeray wrote that "...Mr Cruickshank really created the tale, and that Mr Ainsworth, as it were, only put words to it." The novel quickly became very popular: it was published in book form later that year, before the serialised version was completed, and even outsold early editions of "Oliver Twist". Ainsworth's novel was adapted into a successful play by John Buckstone in October 1839 at the Adelphi Theatre starring (strangely enough) Mary Anne Keeley; indeed, it seems likely that Cruikshank's illustrations were deliberately created in a form that were informed by, and would be easy to repeat as, tableaux on stage. It has been described as the "exemplary climax" of "the pictorial novel dramatized pictorially".

paragraph: The story generated a form of cultural mania, embellished by pamphlets, prints, cartoons, plays and souvenirs, not repeated until George du Maurier's "Trilby" in 1895. By early 1840, a cant song from Buckstone's play, "Nix My Dolly, Pals, Fake Away" was reported to be "deafening us in the streets". Public alarm at the possibility that young people would emulate Sheppard's behaviour led the Lord Chamberlain to ban, at least in London, the licensing of any plays with "Jack Sheppard" in the title for forty years. The fear may not have been entirely unfounded: Courvousier, the valet of Lord William Russell, claimed in one of his several confessions that the book had inspired him to murder his master. Frank and Jesse James wrote letters to the "Kansas City Star" signed "Jack Sheppard". Nevertheless, burlesques of the story were written after the ban was lifted, including a popular Gaiety Theatre, London piece called "Little Jack Sheppard" (1886) by Henry Pottinger Stephens and William Yardley, which starred Nellie Farren as Jack.

paragraph: The Sheppard story has been revived three times on film in the 20th century: "The Hairbreadth Escape of Jack Sheppard" (1900), "Jack Sheppard" (1923), and "Where's Jack?" (1969), a British costume drama directed by James Clavell with Tommy Steele in the title role. Jake Arnott features him in his 2017 novel "The Fatal Tree". In "Confessions of the Fox", a 2018 novel by Jordy Rosenberg, the Sheppard story was recontextualized as a queer narrative.

paragraph: In 1971 British glam rock band Chicory Tip paid tribute to Sheppard in "Don't Hang Jack", the B-side to "I Love Onions". The song, apparently sung from the viewpoint of a witness in the courtroom, describes Jack's daring exploits as a thief, and futilely begs the judge to spare Sheppard because he was loved by the women of the town, and idolised by the lads who "made him their king."

paragraph: The reasons for the lasting legacy of Jack Sheppard's exploits in the popular imagination have been addressed by Peter Linebaugh, who suggests that Sheppard's legend was rooted in the prospect of excarceration, of escape from what Michel Foucault in "Folie et déraison" called the "grand renfermement" ("Great Confinement"), in which "unreasonable" members of the population were locked away and institutionalised. The laws levelled at Sheppard and similar working class criminals were a means of disciplining a potentially rebellious multitude into accepting increasingly harsh property laws. A nineteenth-century view on the Jack Sheppard phenomenon was offered by Charles Mackay in "Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds":

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anon. "The Bloody Register" vol. II London, 1764.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buckley, Matthew. "Sensations of Celebrity: Jack Sheppard and the Mass Audience", "Victorian Studies", Volume 44, Number 3, Spring 2002, pp. 423–463

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defoe, Daniel. "The History of the Remarkable Life of John Sheppard". London: 1724. Retrieved 5 February 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howson, Gerald. "Thief-Taker General: Jonathan Wild and the Emergence of Crime and Corruption as a Way of Life in Eighteenth-Century England." New Brunswick, NJ and Oxford, UK: 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linebaugh, Peter. "The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century." Verso, 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lynch, Jack (editor). Jack Sheppard, from "The Complete Newgate Calendar". Retrieved 5 February 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mackay, Charles. "Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds". Wordsworth Editions, (1841) 1999 edition. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore, Lucy. "The Thieves' Opera." Viking, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mullan, John, and Christopher Reid. "Eighteenth-Century Popular Culture: A Selection". Oxford University Press, 2000. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton, Rictor. "Early Eighteenth-Century Newspaper Reports: A Sourcebook", "Jack Sheppard, Jail-Breaker". Retrieved 5 February 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sugden, Philip. "John Sheppard" in Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography." vol. 50, 261–263. London: OUP, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proceedings from the Old Bailey". Ordinary's Account of 4 September 1724. Reference (docket) t17240812-52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anon (often attributed to Defoe). "A Narrative of All the Robberies, Escapes, Etc. of John Sheppard". 1724.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bleackley, Horace. "Trial of Jack Sheppard". Wm Gaunt & Sons, (1933) 1996 edition. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.E. "Authentick Memoirs of the Life and Surprising Adventures of John Sheppard by Way of Familiar Letters from a Gentleman in Town." 1724.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gatrell, V.A. "The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868". Oxford University Press, 1996. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hibbert, Christopher. "The Road to Tyburn: The story of Jack Sheppard and the Eighteenth-Century London Underworld". New York: The World Publishing Company, 1957. (2001 Penguin reprint: )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linnane, Fergus. "The Encyclopedia of London Crime". Sutton Publishing, 2003. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meisel, Martin. (1983) "Realizations: Narrative, Pictorial and Theatrical Arts in Nineteenth-Century England". Princeton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rawlings, Philip. "Drunks, Whores, and Idle Apprentices: Criminal Biographies of the Eighteenth Century". Routledge (UK), 1992. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rogers, Pat. "Daniel Defoe: The Critical Heritage". Routledge (UK), 1995. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Sheppard, from the Newgate Calendar, including contemporary sermon. Retrieved 5 February 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project Gutenberg etext of William Harrison Ainsworth's novel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thief-Taker Hangings: How Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard Captivated London and Created the Celebrity Criminal" by Aaron Skirboll

description: English thief and jail-breaker

wikidata_label: Jack Sheppard

wikipedia_title: Jack Sheppard


text:
Swedish
High Constable of Sweden
Tofta
Adelsö
Uppland
Veckholm
Coat of Arms
chevron ('spar')
Sparre
Ulv branch
Folkunge (Bjelbo)
Swedish earl
Niels Abjörnson of Salsta
High Seneschal of Sweden
Abjörn Sixtenson, Lord of Engso
Duke Eric
Paris
High Council of Sweden
lawspeaker
Uppland
Erengisle Sunason of Hultboda
Earl of Orkney
Eric's
Magnus IV of Sweden
Ingeborg Ulfsdotter of Engso
Nordhankaer
Benedict, Duke of Halland
Magnus IV of Sweden
Scania
castle of Rönneholm
Albert III of Mecklenburg
king of Sweden
riksmarsk
queen Margaret
Viipuri
margrave of Viipuri
justiciar
Södermanland
Finsta
Israel Birgersson
Boberg lords
Margareta Karlsdotter of Tofta
Charles VIII of Sweden
Steen Sture the Old
Gustav I of Sweden

categories: People of medieval Finland,Swedish nobility,Year of birth missing,1407 deaths,15th-century Swedish people,14th-century Swedish people,People from Vyborg

paragraph: Charles Ulvsson, Lord of Tofta

paragraph: Charles of Tofta, a.k.a. "Karl Ulfson" (died 1407) was a 14th-century Swedish magnate and High Constable of Sweden.

paragraph: King Charles always signed himself as "of Tofta", which has given his whole ancestral lineage its later genealogical name, although his paternal grandfather for example did not possess Tofta manor. The manor of Tofta, in Adelsö, Uppland, was his main seat, and his other remarkable manor was Ekholmen, in Veckholm, same province.

paragraph: He was born as the son of the first marriage of knight Ulf Abjörnson of Engso, justiciar of Tiohärad (d 1347) with Kristina Sigmundsdotter of the family of "Tre Klöverblad". His and his father's Coat of Arms was a chevron ('spar') wherefore this family is regarded as one of numerous medieval Scandinavian families retrospectively named Sparre - probably this family was the most prominent of them all. Through his paternal grandmother, Charles was a descendant of the Ulv branch of the Folkunge (Bjelbo) clan and thus numbered some ancient Swedish earls among his ancestors. His birth year is unknown to us, but scholarly estimates point to 1320s or early 1330s at latest.

paragraph: His uncle was Niels Abjörnson of Salsta, High Seneschal of Sweden. And Charles' grandfather and Niels' father knight Abjörn Sixtenson, Lord of Engso, also High Seneschal, had been Duke Eric's important ally.

paragraph: As young, Charles studied in Paris, quite rare for a secular noble of his era. He was advertised as one of learned men in Sweden during his later caree. It is clear that he was literate. Charles was knighted between 1354–58, possibly Summer 1355.

paragraph: He was summoned to the membership of the High Council of Sweden from 1356 at latest. He also acted as lawspeaker of Uppland.

paragraph: Charles' stepmother Märta Sunadotter of Hultboda, heiress of Fogelvik, was sister of Erengisle Sunason of Hultboda, Earl of Orkney, with whom Charles generally was in same party in Swedish high politics. From 1356, they supported young king Eric's attempts to rise to equal rulership with, or to depose, his father king Magnus IV of Sweden.

paragraph: Charles' half-sister Ingeborg Ulfsdotter of Engso was in early 1350s married to a young nobleman of the Nordhankaer family who were of the lion clan, Benedict, Duke of Halland and Finland, the favorite of king Magnus IV of Sweden. For some years, things went relatively cordially, but the royal favorite was under increasing attacks and dissatisfaction from the party of high nobility. Duke Benedict repudiated Duchess Ingeborg sometime in c 1356, which made Charles his enemy. In 1360, Charles was with troops in Scania guarding against the former favorite's attempts. Duke Benedict was besieged at the castle of Rönneholm, and according to tales, Charles personally took part in killing him.

paragraph: Lord Charles supported Albert III of Mecklenburg to become king of Sweden. In Albert's reign, lord Charles was the High Constable ("riksmarsk") of Sweden 1364-71. He however accepted queen Margaret's rule when she had deposed Albert in 1388-89.

paragraph: Apparently Albert had appointed him as the castellan of Viipuri (see margrave of Viipuri) sometime in the 1380s. He continued in this responsible and very autonomous position over the change of ruler, up until 1399.

paragraph: He was married several times, possibly as many as five, but had lousy success in siring surviving children.

paragraph: With his first wife (wed 6 May 1352) Ingrid Eriksdotter of Boberg, daughter of Erik of Boberg (Erik Larsson), PC, and his wife Birgitta Knutsdotter who was a daughter of knight Knut Folkason of the Algotssöner, himself son of Ingrid Svantepolksdotter, the one with royal descent, Charles had son Knut Karlson of Tofta, the only son who survived to adulthood. Knut also was knighted, served as PC, and was from 1376 justiciar of Södermanland, but predeceased his father, dying probably in 1389 (possibly fell in battle), and was childless and apparently unmarried.

paragraph: Charles' second wife, from 1363, was Helena Israelsdotter of Finsta, who died 1375 at latest, daughter of Israel Birgersson of Finsta, PC, last male of Finsta family, justiciar of Uppland, and Helena was sister of Charles' first cousin Philip Nielson of Salsta's wife Ramborg Israelsdotter of Finsta. There are no indications of any surviving children of either marriage.

paragraph: His third wife was a Cecilia. The fourth, and the possible fifth, wife's names are unknown to us, but one of them bore him a daughter, Margaret, sometime around the 1380s or early 1390s.

paragraph: Marshal Charles inherited in c 1389 his childless son who had inherited a sizable property from his maternal kin, the Boberg lords. Also in c 1389, Charles inherited his remaining half-sister, the childless Kristina Ulvsdotter, heiress of Fogelvik, widow of lord Peder Ribbing and of Niels of Rickeby, heiress of her sister Duchess Ingeborg of Halland and Finland, and her mother Märta Sunadotter, a daughter of Sune Jonsson, justiciar of Tiohärad, one of the first margraves of Viipuri.

paragraph: When old, Charles had only one remaining issue, his young daughter Margareta Karlsdotter of Tofta (c 1380s - 1429), who presumably only after Charles' death was given to marriage, and in turn married twice, first knight Knut Tordsson Bonde from Penningby and secondly 1414 Steen Tureson, lord of Vik and Örby. Through his daughter Margaret, Charles became grandfather of Charles VIII of Sweden and Birgitta Steensdotter of Vik, heiress of Örby and Ekholmen, who made him great-grandfather of the long-time Regent Steen Sture the Old and Birgitta Gustavsdotter of Revsnes, who became grandmother of Gustav I of Sweden.

paragraph: The retired Lord High Constable Charles died in November 1407, at a great age, narrated as 90, but likely not so high in truth. Chronological reasons do not easily allow his birth as early as in 1317, rather it had been something like a century

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Äldre svenska frälsesläkter, by Folke Wernstedt, 1957

description: Swedish noble

wikidata_label: Charles Ulvsson, Lord of Tofta

wikipedia_title: Charles Ulvsson, Lord of Tofta


text: Croatia

text: Frankopan

text: Fran Krsto Frankopan

text: Ogulin

text: née

text: Ivan Lenković

text: Uskoks

text: Ljubljana

text: Italy

text: Military Frontier

text: Tržan Castle in Modruš

text: Ogulin

text: Senj

text: Karlovac generalate

text: Franciscan

text: Trsat

text: Rijeka

categories: 1580s births,17th-century Croatian military personnel,Frankopan family,Croatian Roman Catholics,1652 deaths,Habsburg Croats,Croatian nobility,16th-century Croatian people,Croatian soldiers,17th-century Croatian people,Military commanders of Croatian kingdoms,16th-century Croatian military personnel

paragraph: Vuk II Krsto Frankopan

paragraph: Vuk II Krsto Frankopan Tržački () was a Croatian nobleman and soldier of the Frankopan family, father of noted poet and politician Fran Krsto Frankopan. He was born about 1588.

paragraph: He was the son of Gašpar I Frankopan Tržački, captain of Ogulin, and his wife Katarina née Lenković, daughter of Ivan Lenković, Uskoks leader. Educated in Ljubljana and in Italy, he started his military career as officer on the Croatian Military Frontier, later becoming a commander of Tržan Castle in Modruš (1612), captain of Ogulin (1618) and lieutenant colonel of Senj (1620).

paragraph: Vuk is most well known as head of the Karlovac generalate. During his reign, many fortresses were constructed and some expanded. Same thing happened in the area with many churches, some of which have survived to this day. He died in 1652. Vuk Krsto Frankopan is buried in the Franciscan church at Trsat, now a part of Croatian city Rijeka.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vuk Krsto Frankopan - general of the Croatian military frontier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ogulin fortress - the ownership of V. K. Frankopan

description: Croatian noble

wikidata_label: Vuk Krsto Frankopan

wikipedia_title: Vuk II Krsto Frankopan


text: Bishop of Oxford

text: theologians

text: biblical criticism

text: Anglican bishop

text: Community of the Resurrection

text: Christian Social Union

text: Queen Victoria

text: King Edward VII

text: Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran

text: Spencer

text: Wimbledon Championships

text: low-church

text: Anglican

text: confirmed

text: high-church

text: ritualism

text: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Grace Kennedy

text: anti-Catholic

text: Protestantism

text: Harrow School

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: first-class degree

text: literae humaniores

text: Trinity College, Oxford

text: Cuddesdon Theological College

text: Honorary Doctor of Divinity

text: University of Athens

text: University of Birmingham

text: University of Oxford

text: Durham University

text: University of Edinburgh

text: Pusey House

text: Oxford Movement

text: Tractarian

text: apostolic succession

text: Presbyterians

text: Anglicanism

text: Lux Mundi

text: Bampton Lectures

text: Old Testament

text: religious principle of accommodation

text: Paul the Apostle

text: Philippians 2

text: kenosis

text: Godhead

text: omniscience

text: Radley

text: Oxford

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Chaplain-in-Ordinary

text: King Edward VII

text: Benedictine

text: House of the Resurrection

text: Mirfield

text: Huddersfield

text: Christian Social Union

text: College of the Resurrection

text: Johannesburg

text: J. J. S. Perowne

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: Lord Salisbury

text: Church Association

text: Lambeth Palace

text: Worcester Cathedral

text: Doctor of Divinity

text: University of Oxford

text: Honorary Fellow

text: Bishop of Birmingham

text: St Philip

text: Christian socialists

text: Christian Social Union

text: sweating system

text: Macedonia

text: Francis Paget

text: Bishop of Oxford

text: Chancellor of the Order of the Garter

text: lay reader

text: Bessie Bangay

text: All Saints, Margaret Street

text: Grosvenor Chapel

text: St George's, Hanover Square

text: Community of the Resurrection

text: Gifford Lectures

text: University of St Andrews

text: Kensington

text: Birmingham Crematorium

text: Lord Halifax

text: Mirfield

text: Grosvenor Chapel

text: "Lux Mundi"

text: "The Incarnation of the Son of God"

text: "Roman Catholic Claims"

text: "The Creed of the Christian"

text: "The Sermon on the Mount"

text: "Leo the Great"

text: "Leo the Great (AD 400–461( BTM format"

text: "The Epistle to the Ephesians"

text: "Prayer, and the Lord's Prayer"

text: "The Church and the Ministry"

text: "The Body of Christ"

text: "The New Theology and the Old Religion"

text: "Orders and Unity"

text: "The Religion of the Church"

text: "The Epistles of St John"

text: "Christian Moral Principles"

text: "Belief in God"

text: "Belief in Christ"

text: "The Holy Spirit and the Church"

text: "Dogma in the Early Church"

text: The Philosophy of the Good Life

text: Charles Gore

text: Charles Gore and the Lux Mundi School

text: Project Canterbury: Charles Gore

categories: Gifford Lectures,Canons of Westminster,1853 births,Anglican saints,Gore family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy),Anglo-Catholic socialists,Honorary Chaplains to the Queen,Chancellors of the Order of the Garter,Bishops of Birmingham,Clergy of Pusey House, Oxford,Bishops of Oxford,English Christian socialists,1932 deaths,Anglo-Catholic theologians,People educated at Harrow School,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Fellows of King's College London,Christian socialist theologians,20th-century Anglican bishops,Anglo-Catholic bishops,English Anglican theologians,Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford,Bishops of Worcester,Members of Anglican religious orders,People from Wimbledon, London

paragraph: Charles Gore

paragraph: Charles Gore (1853–1932) was the Bishop of Oxford. He was one of the most influential Anglican theologians of the 19th century, helping reconcile the church to some aspects of biblical criticism and scientific discovery, while remaining Catholic in his interpretation of the faith and sacraments. Also known for his social action, Gore became an Anglican bishop and founded the monastic Community of the Resurrection as well as co-founded the Christian Social Union. He was the chaplain to Queen Victoria and King Edward VII.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Charles Gore was born on 22 January 1853 into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family as the third son of Hon. Charles Alexander Gore (1811-1897), son of Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran, and Lady Augusta Lavinia Priscilla, a daughter of John William Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough. His brother Spencer was the first winner of the Wimbledon Championships.

paragraph: Gore was raised in a low-church Anglican family and was confirmed by the church at the age of eight years. He was attracted to the high-church sacramental tradition and ritualism of Anglo-Catholicism at a young age, later writing "I have since my childhood been what I may call a Catholic by mental constitution". Around the age of nine years, he read Grace Kennedy's anti-Catholic novel "Father Clement". The book served as his introduction to the high-church tradition and, instead of having his Protestantism reinforced as the author had intended, he found himself entranced by the Catholic tradition. He would later write of it:

paragraph: In his evidence given before the Ecclesiastical Discipline Commission in 1905 he said:

paragraph: In his adolescence, he began attending churches "that offered a richer sacramental ceremonial."

paragraph: Gore's parents sent him to Harrow School, London, in 1866, where he excelled academically. He then went to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1871, where he supported the trade-union movement. He graduated from Oxford in 1875 with a first-class degree in "literae humaniores".

paragraph: In 1875, Gore was elected a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and he lectured there from 1876 to 1880. Gore was ordained to the Anglican diaconate in December 1876 and to the priesthood in December 1878. From 1880 to 1883, he served as vice-principal of Cuddesdon Theological College. He received Honorary Doctor of Divinity from various universities, including University of Athens, University of Birmingham, University of Oxford, Durham University, and University of Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Theologian at Pusey House.

paragraph: When, in 1884, Pusey House was founded at Oxford, in part as a memorial to Edward Bouverie Pusey, and as a home for Pusey's library, Gore was appointed as principal, a position he held until 1893. As Principal of Pusey House, he exercised wide influence over undergraduates and the younger clergy and it was largely under this influence that the Oxford Movement underwent a change which to surviving Tractarians seemed to involve a break with its basic principles. Puseyism had been in the highest degree conservative, basing itself on authority and tradition and repudiating compromise with the modern critical and liberalising spirit. Gore, starting from the same basis of faith and authority, found from experience in dealing with the doubts and difficulties of the younger generation that this uncompromising attitude was untenable and set himself the task of reconciling the principle of authority in religion with that of scientific authority, by attempting to define the boundaries of their respective spheres of influence. To him the divine authority of the Catholic Church was an axiom.

paragraph: In 1889, he published two works, the larger of which, "The Church and the Ministry", is a learned vindication of the principle of apostolic succession in the episcopate against the Presbyterians and other Reformed church bodies, while the second, "Roman Catholic Claims", is a defence, in more popular form, of Anglicanism and Anglican ordinations and sacraments against the criticisms of Roman Catholic authorities.

paragraph: So far Gore's published views had been in consonance with those of the older Tractarians, but in 1890 a stir was created by the publication, under his editorship, of "Lux Mundi", a series of essays by different writers attempting to bring the Christian creed into a harmonious relation to the modern growth of knowledge, scientific, historic, critical, and to modern problems of politics and ethics. Gore himself contributed an essay on "The Holy Spirit and Inspiration" and, from the tenth edition, one of Gore's sermons, "On the Christian Doctrine of Sin", was included as an appendix. The book, which ran through twelve editions in little over a year, met with a mixed reception. Traditional clerics, both Evangelicals and Tractarians, were alarmed by views on the incarnate nature of Christ which seemed to them to impugn his divinity and, by concessions to the higher criticism in the matter of the inspiration of scripture, appeared to them to convert the "impregnable rock" (as Gladstone had called it) into a foundation of sand. Sceptics, however, were not impressed by a system of defence which seemed to draw an artificial line beyond which criticism was not to advance. The book nonetheless produced a profound effect far beyond the borders of the Anglican churches and it is largely due to its influence, and to that of the school it represents, that the Anglican high church movement developed on Modernist rather than Tractarian lines from then on.

paragraph: Section::::Bampton Lectures, Radley parish, and Westminster Abbey.

paragraph: In 1891 Gore was chosen to deliver the Bampton Lectures, and he took for his subject the "Incarnation of Christ". In these published lectures, Gore developed the theology of "Lux Mundi", attempting to explain how Christ, though incarnate God, could err (for example, in his citations from the Old Testament). The orthodox explanation had been based on the religious principle of accommodation. This, however, had not solved the difficulty that if Christ on earth was not subject to human limitations, especially of knowledge, he was not as other men, not subject to their trials and temptations. Gore addressed this through revisiting the Kenotic Theory of the Incarnation. Theologians had attempted to explain what Paul the Apostle meant when he wrote of Christ (Philippians 2:7) that he emptied himself ("kenosis") and took upon him the form of a servant. According to Gore this means that Christ on his incarnation, although sinless, became subject to all human limitations and stripped himself of all attributes of Godhead, including omniscience, the divine nature being hidden under the human.

paragraph: The Bampton Lectures led to a tense situation, which Gore relieved in 1893 by resigning his principalship of Pusey House and accepting the position of vicar of Radley parish near Oxford.

paragraph: In 1894 Gore became a canon of Westminster Abbey. Here he gained commanding influence as a preacher and in 1898 was appointed one of the court chaplains. In July 1901 he was appointed a Chaplain-in-Ordinary to King Edward VII, though he resigned as such on elevation as bishop in January 1902.

paragraph: Section::::Community of the Resurrection.

paragraph: In 1892, while Principal of Pusey House, Gore founded a clerical fraternity, known as the Society of the Resurrection. The society became a religious community and he became its first superior, only resigning when appointed as Bishop of Worcester in 1902. Its members were Anglican priests bound by the obligation of celibacy, living under a common Benedictine rule and with a common purse. Their work was pastoral, evangelistic, literary and educational. The community followed Gore to Radley in 1893, most of them remaining there when he moved to London in 1894. In 1898 the House of the Resurrection in Mirfield, near Huddersfield, became the centre of the community. The Community later also admitted lay brothers, and its monastic character became more central, moving closer to the Benedictine tradition.

paragraph: Although the community followed a liturgical day familiar to Roman Catholic monks, Gore and the other founders wanted it to engage in social action. Five of the six founding members belonged to the Christian Social Union, hence the decision to settle in the industrial north, between Wakefield and Huddersfield.

paragraph: In 1903 a college for training candidates for the Anglican priesthood, the College of the Resurrection, was established in Mirfield and, in the same year, a branch house for missionary work was set up in Johannesburg in South Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop in Worcester, Birmingham, and Oxford.

paragraph: In November 1901 Gore was nominated to succeed J. J. S. Perowne as Bishop of Worcester. The appointment caused some controversy, due to his teachings and relationship to the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury (he was a cousin of Lord Salisbury's daughter-in-law). The Church Association and the Liverpool Laymen's League were among societies lodging formal protests before his confirmation. After subsequent legal hearings, Gore was consecrated as Bishop at Lambeth Palace on 23 February 1902, and enthroned at Worcester Cathedral two days later on 25 February.

paragraph: He received the degree Doctor of Divinity from the University of Oxford in December 1901, and was elected an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, in May 1902.

paragraph: In 1905 Gore was installed as the first Bishop of Birmingham, a new see, which he had helped to create by dividing his see of Worcester. The second parish church of Birmingham, St Philip, became the cathedral. While adhering to his views on the divine institution of episcopacy as essential to the Christian Church, Gore from the first cultivated friendly relations with the ministers of other Christian denominations and advocated co-operation with them in all matters when agreement was possible.

paragraph: In social questions Gore became a leader of the group of high Anglicans known loosely as Christian socialists. In 1889 at Pusey House Gore had helped found the Christian Social Union. He worked actively against the sweating system, pleaded for European intervention in Macedonia, and was a keen supporter of the Licensing Bill.

paragraph: In 1911 he succeeded Francis Paget as Bishop of Oxford and Chancellor of the Order of the Garter.

paragraph: On 28 September 1917 Gore licensed 21 women as lay readers called the "Diocesan Band of Women Messengers". These were possibly the first female lay readers in the Church of England. The last one, Bessie Bangay, died in 1987 aged 98.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement in London.

paragraph: Gore resigned in 1919 and retired to London, where he lived at 6 Margaret Street as a tenant of the parochial authorities of All Saints, Margaret Street. There he remained for several years, celebrating regularly in the church and in the sisters' chapel close by, and taking his usual keen interest in the affairs of the church and parish. At the same time Gore attached himself to Grosvenor Chapel, South Audley Street, and was licensed to the Rector of St George's, Hanover Square, in whose parish that chapel stands, thus becoming for the first time in his life a licensed curate.

paragraph: Gore was a bundle of contradictions, an Anglo-Catholic in the Church of England whose questioning of the Old Testament produced in the 1890s a crisis for many believers. In the judgment of his biographer, Gore was a loner who thought he had a vocation to community life. He chose to be buried at Mirfield, in the church of the Community of the Resurrection, though he had never managed to be more than a visitor there.

paragraph: In 1929-1930, he delivered the prestigious Gifford Lectures on the topic "The Philosophy of the Good Life" at the University of St Andrews.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Gore died on 17 January 1932 in Kensington, London. He left instructions for his body to be cremated, a practice seen by some at the time as unacceptable for a Christian. Nearly three decades earlier, in a letter read at the 1903 opening ceremony of the Birmingham Crematorium, Gore had written:

paragraph: Gore's wishes provoked the Anglo-Catholic leader and politician Lord Halifax to exclaim, belatedly, "I could shake the life out of him with my own hands." The ashes were taken to Mirfield in Yorkshire for burial. His cope and mitre remain at the Grosvenor Chapel.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lux Mundi" (editor) (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Incarnation of the Son of God" (The Bampton Lectures 1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roman Catholic Claims" (1892, revised 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertations on Subjects connected with the Incarnation" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Creed of the Christian" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sermon on the Mount" (1896, revised 1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leo the Great" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leo the Great (AD 400–461( BTM format" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Epistle to the Ephesians" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prayer, and the Lord's Prayer" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romans" (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Church and the Ministry" (1899, revised 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Body of Christ" (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Theology and the Old Religion" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orders and Unity" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Religion of the Church" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dominant Ideas and Corrective Principles" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Epistles of St John" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christian Moral Principles" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belief in God" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belief in Christ" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Holy Spirit and the Church" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Doctrine of the Infallible Book" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ and Society (Halley Stewart Lectures, 1927)" (pub. 1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A New Commentary on Holy Scripture" (contributor and co-editor) (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dogma in the Early Church" a Lecture (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""'Jesus of Nazareth"" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Philosophy of the Good Life" (1930)

paragraph: "Belief in God", "Belief in Christ" and "The Holy Spirit and the Church" were reissued in a single volume as "The Reconstruction of Belief" in 1926.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Gore – from the Diocese of Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Gore and the Lux Mundi School from Anglo-Catholic Socialism website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project Canterbury: Charles Gore

description: Anglican bishop

wikidata_label: Charles Gore

wikipedia_title: Charles Gore


text:
Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia
Time of Troubles
Russian Orthodox Church
Holy Synod
Moscow
Metropolitan
Kazan
Volga Tatars
Eastern Orthodoxy
False Dmitry I
Senate
Moscow
Roman Catholic
Marina Mniszech
Patriarch Ignatius
Vasily IV
Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus'
Moscow's Dormition cathedral
panagia
donkey
Ivan Bolotnikov
Moscow Kremlin
Wladyslaw IV
Prokopy Lyapunov
Roman Catholics
Chudov Monastery
Kuzma Minin
Prince Pozharsky
crypt
Chudov Monastery
Romanov
canonized
hieromartyr
Dormition Cathedral

categories: Eastern Orthodox missionaries,Burials at Dormition Cathedral, Moscow,1612 deaths,Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow,16th-century births,Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,Deaths by starvation,17th-century Christian saints,17th-century Eastern Orthodox martyrs

paragraph: Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow

paragraph: Hermogenes, or Germogen () (secular name Yermolay) (before 1530 – February 17, 1612) was the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia from 1606. It was he who inspired the popular uprising that put an end to the Time of Troubles. Hermogenes was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1913.

paragraph: At the Holy Synod of 1589, which established the patriarchy in Moscow, Hermogenes was appointed Metropolitan of the newly conquered city of Kazan. During the following two decades, he gained renown for a number of Muslim Volga Tatars converted to Eastern Orthodoxy.

paragraph: In 1606, Hermogenes was summoned by False Dmitry I to take part in the Senate recently instituted in Moscow. There he learnt about the tsar's design to marry a Roman Catholic woman, Marina Mniszech, and firmly declared against such an alliance. At that he was exiled from the capital, only to return with great honours several months later, when the false tsar had been deposed, and Patriarch Ignatius followed suit.

paragraph: Section::::Patriarch of Moscow.

paragraph: The new tsar, Vasily IV, helped Hermogenes to become Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus': Metropolitan Hermogenes was elected to the primatial See, and on July 3, 1606 he was installed as Patriarch by the assembly of the holy hierarchs at Moscow's Dormition cathedral. Metropolitan Isidore handed the Patriarch the staff of the holy hierarch Peter, and the Tsar gave as a gift to the new Patriarch a panagia, embellished with precious stones, a white klobuk and staff. In the ancient manner, Patriarch Hermogenes made his entrance riding upon a donkey. During Vasily's reign, Hermogenes generally supported the tsar's efforts to pacify the country and anathemized Ivan Bolotnikov and his army.

paragraph: Section::::Patriarch of Moscow.:Time of Troubles.

paragraph: When Vasily was dethroned and the Poles took hold of the Moscow Kremlin, Hermogenes staunchly opposed their plans to put Wladyslaw IV on the Russian throne, unless he converted to Orthodoxy. Despite knife threats from some of the boyars, he refused to sign any petitions to the Polish king, thus preventing Wladyslaw from coronation.

paragraph: In December 1610 Hermogenes distributed letters to various Russian towns, urging the populace to rise against the Poles. When the volunteer army under Prokopy Lyapunov finally approached Moscow, he defied the Polish exhortations to anathemize the army. Despite being threatened with death penalty, he cursed the Roman Catholics and showed support for Lyapunov. After that, he was arrested and thrown into the Chudov Monastery. There he heard about the new volunteer army, mustered by Kuzma Minin and commanded by Prince Pozharsky, and blessed them both. Thereupon the patriarch was beaten and starved to death.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: The body of Hermogenes was buried in the Chudov monastery, but in 1654 was transferred to the Moscow Dormition cathedral. The purported relics of Patriarch Germogen were accidentally found in one of the crypts of the Chudov Monastery during the 1913 repair works. In connection with the Romanov Dynasty Tercentenary, celebrated that same year, he was canonized as a hieromartyr and transferred to the nearby Dormition Cathedral.

paragraph: The Russian Orthodox Church commemorates him on February 17, the day of his death, and May 12, the day of his recognized glorification.

description: Russian bishop

wikidata_label: Hermogenes of Moscow

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow


text: American football

text: quarterback

text: Central Michigan

text: Cleveland Browns

text: 2005 NFL Draft

text: college football

text: Akron

text: Willard High School

text: Willard, Ohio

text: University of Akron

text: red-shirting

text: MVP

text: Senior Bowl

text: Mobile, Alabama

text: 2005 NFL Draft

text: Jacksonville Jaguars

text: Braylon Edwards

text: Derek Anderson

text: Brady Quinn

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Pro Bowl

text: Seattle Seahawks

text: Matt Hasselbeck

text: Seneca Wallace

text: Green Bay Packers

text: unrestricted free agent

text: Oakland Raiders

text: Tom Cable

text: Bruce Gradkowski

text: JaMarcus Russell

text: Washington Redskins

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: Kenard Lang

text: Jones High School

text: Wekiva High School

text: Central Michigan

text: Jim McElwain

text: Don Plusquellic

text: Oakland Raiders profile

categories: Akron Zips football players,High school football coaches in the United States,Seattle Seahawks players,Cleveland Browns players,1981 births,American football quarterbacks,Oakland Raiders players,People from Willard, Ohio,Living people

paragraph: Charlie Frye

paragraph: Charles Thomas Frye (born August 28, 1981) is a former American football quarterback and current quarterbacks coach at Central Michigan. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Akron.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Frye graduated from Willard High School in Willard, Ohio, and was a football standout at quarterback under coach Chris Hawkins. He broke 17 of the school's all-time football records. In his senior season, Frye led the Crimson Flashes to a 10-2 record, earning the Northwest District Player of the Year award and First-Team All-Ohio Division III team honors. Frye excelled in basketball; during his senior season he earned First-Team All-Northwest District and Honorable Mention All-Ohio Honors and helped lead the Crimson Flashes to a 22-3 record, a Northern Ohio League Championship and a Sweet 16 berth.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Frye broke 54 football records during his college career at the University of Akron. After red-shirting in freshman year, Frye was named starting quarterback in just the second game of his freshman season. Frye won the MVP award at the 2005 Senior Bowl in Mobile, Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Statistics.

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Numbers in Bold are Akron school records

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Frye was selected in the third round (67th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Browns. His first NFL start came against the Jacksonville Jaguars in week 13. He passed for 226 yards with two touchdowns, both to fellow rookie Braylon Edwards, and set a Browns rookie record for a single game with a 136.7 passer rating. Frye started the final five games of the 2005 season for the Browns, compiling a record of 2-3.

paragraph: Frye was named starting quarterback for the 2006 NFL season.

paragraph: After a battle in the preseason with Derek Anderson and rookie Brady Quinn, Frye won the starting quarterback job for the 2007 season. In the first game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Frye struggled during the first few minutes. Anderson replaced him for the remainder of the game. Anderson remained the starter for the rest of the year and made the Pro Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: On September 11, Frye was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for a sixth-round draft pick. He was the Seahawks' third-string quarterback behind Matt Hasselbeck and Seneca Wallace. Frye made his first start of the 2008 season against the Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: An unrestricted free agent following the 2008 season, Frye signed with the Oakland Raiders on June 8, 2009.

paragraph: On December 16, 2009, Raiders Head Coach Tom Cable named Frye the starting quarterback of the Oakland Raiders after Bruce Gradkowski was injured with two torn MCL's. Frye surpassed former starter and number one overall draft pick JaMarcus Russell after Russell was sacked six times in relief of Gradkowski the previous week in a game against the Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On December 20, 2009, Frye made his first start against the Denver Broncos, but was injured early in the fourth quarter and JaMarcus Russell came in to win the game.

paragraph: Frye came back from his injury to play the next two weeks against the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens. Frye threw 3 interceptions but came back against the Ravens to throw a touchdown and no interceptions. Frye finished the season with 581 yards passing, 1 TD, and 4 INT with a 65.3 passer rating.

paragraph: Frye signed a 1-year, $1.2 million contract with a third-round tender on March 15, 2010. During training camp later that year, Frye injured his wrist and had to undergo surgery. Oakland placed him on injured reserve on August 19, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: After injuries and surgeries ended his career early, Frye turned to coaching. Former teammate Kenard Lang, who was by then the head football coach at Jones High School in Orlando, hired Frye as offensive coordinator.

paragraph: Before the 2013 season, Lang and Frye were hired for the same positions at Wekiva High School in Apopka, Florida.

paragraph: In January 2019 it was announced that Frye would be joining the staff of new Central Michigan Head Coach Jim McElwain as quarterbacks coach.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In honor of his high school career, The Crimson Flashes retired his #3 jersey and is on display in the Commons and on the field.

paragraph: In honor of his #5 jersey and last name, Akron Mayor Don Plusquellic declared Friday, November 5, 2007 "Frye-day"..

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Division I FBS passing yardage leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Raiders profile

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Charlie Frye

wikipedia_title: Charlie Frye


text:
Meuse
Paris
artillery
engineering
tank
Les Hauts-de-Chée
Meuse
École Polytechnique
Antiquity
ballistics
Académie des Sciences
indirect fire
telemetric
Bourges
Paris
telephonic
Pascal's theorem
Grenoble
Reims
Lyon
Vincennes
First World War
Philippe Pétain
Battle of Charleroi
machine gun
trench warfare
mobile personnel shield
indirect fire
close support
field gun
Eugène Brillié
Schneider Company
Joseph Joffre
GQG (the French GHQ)
Schneider CA
Louis Renault
Jean-Louis Bréton
Emile Rimailho
75 mm field gun
Saint-Chamond
Renault FT
London
Mark I
General Mourret
Char 2C
Robert Nivelle
Berry-au-Bac
Tukhachevsky
Brussels
Paul Reynaud
Compagnie Générale Transsaharienne
Gaston Gradis
Georges
Adrar, Algeria
Gao
Musée des Blindés
Saumur

categories: French military personnel of World War I,1936 deaths,People from Meuse (department),French generals,École Polytechnique alumni,1860 births

paragraph: Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne

paragraph: Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne (7 November 1860 in Condé-en-Barrois, Meuse – 2 April 1936 in Paris) was a general of artillery and a specialist in military engineering, one of the founders of modern French artillery and French military aviation, and the creator of the French tank arm. He is considered by many in France to be the "Père des Chars" (Father of the Tank).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Estienne was born at Condé en Barrois (now Les Hauts-de-Chée) in the Meuse valley. He was admitted to the "École Polytechnique" (the French Military Academy) at the age of nineteen. He graduated 131st of his year in 1882, the same year he won first prize in the national mathematics competition. He would for the rest of his life be interested in mathematical and philosophical problems, but his real passion was Greek Antiquity.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Modern artillery.

paragraph: He joined the French army as a second lieutenant in 1883, serving with the artillery from 1884. Studying ballistics, he presented his first major work in 1890, "Erreurs d'Observation", to the "Académie des Sciences"; this stimulated the introduction of modern indirect fire methods.

paragraph: Promoted to Captain with the 1st Artillery Regiment in 1891, he began to develop telemetric instruments at the Bourges arsenal to put his theories into practice. He was made squadron commander with the 19th Artillery Regiment in 1902, but his real work was done as head of the workshop building precision instruments for the technical artillery section in Paris, and promoting the use of telephonic connections to enable the artillery to switch targets quickly. This work did not keep him from publishing a paper on Pascal's theorem in 1906. He became head of the artillery school at Grenoble in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Military Aviation.

paragraph: At that time Estienne was already reputed to be one of the most competent and progressive officers in France, and one of the founders of modern artillery. When General Brun created the French aviation service at Reims in 1909, the logical candidate to command this new unit was Estienne. Since the main task of aircraft was seen as directing artillery fire, he seemed to be best qualified to solve the technological difficulties involved. So Estienne, now promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel, also became one of the founders of French military aviation. After establishing the proper organisation, training and production of aircraft while developing communication methods, he commanded the 5th Aviation Group at Lyon for a short time. But he was recalled to the arsenal of Vincennes to continue his technical work — although he could not resist founding a new artillery aviation section there.

paragraph: Section::::First World War.

paragraph: At the outbreak of the First World War Estienne was made commander of the 22nd Artillery Regiment serving with Philippe Pétain's division. At the Battle of Charleroi he shocked his German opponents by the precision of his artillery fire, which was well directed due to close cooperation with aircraft. But even Estienne's competence could not save the French infantry from being destroyed by machine gun fire. In order to protect soldiers in trench warfare, he imagined mobile personnel shields to assist them.

paragraph: Having long been an advocate of indirect fire methods, Estienne now began to search for viable ways to provide close support with field guns. On 23 August he made his famous statement "Messieurs, la victoire appartiendra dans cette guerre à celui des deux belligérants qui parviendra le premier à placer un canon de 75 sur une voiture capable de se mouvoir en tout terrain" ("Gentlemen, the victory in this war will belong to which of the two belligerents which will be the first to place a gun of 75 [mm] on a vehicle able to be driven on all terrain"). However, as suitable vehicles were lacking at the time, nothing more could be done.

paragraph: In the summer of 1915 he learned that Eugène Brillié of the Schneider Company and Jules-Louis Bréton (then a member of parliament) were developing a barbed wire-cutter on a tracked Holt-type chassis. He wrote several letters during the autumn of 1915 to Joseph Joffre at GQG (the French GHQ) with his ideas about using such tracked vehicles. These letters never got further than Joffre's staff.

paragraph: On 1 December 1915 Estienne wrote a personal letter to Joffre, in which he proposed that the French army undertake a similar project. In particular, he advocated the creation of a force of all-terrain armoured vehicles large enough to assist 20,000 infantrymen to break through the full depth of a German defensive position. Armed with light artillery, the vehicles would also serve to transport men, equipment and supplies across the 40 km or so that separated French assembly areas from the open terrain behind the German defensive positions.

paragraph: He was invited to explain his ideas further to Joffre's Deputy Chief of Staff, General Jules Janin, during a personal visit on 12 December. Three days earlier, he and Pétain had attended a demonstration of the chassis of the Schneider CA tank. He realized that unknown to him Schneider had been constructing an armoured tracked vehicle since May, and immediately understood that the existence of such a prototype, even though incomplete, might well prove a decisive argument for the creation of an armoured force. He was proven right on 20 December when an official plan was conceived to produce the Schneider CA. The same day he contacted Louis Renault to convince him to build tanks, but the industrialist refused. During a personal visit to Joffre on 18 January 1916 he convinced the supreme commander that the plan was sound.

paragraph: Estienne himself was not at first personally involved in the development of the new tanks. He suggested some ideas that were duly taken notice of, but otherwise had no effect on the preparations for construction and production. Two of his personal enemies, Undersecretary Jean-Louis Bréton (who resented that Estienne had taken over his project) and Colonel Emile Rimailho (the co-inventor, with Deport and General St. Claire Deville, of the famous French 75 mm field gun), cooperated to build the ill-fated Saint-Chamond tank.

paragraph: During a chance meeting on 16 July, Renault informed him that his company was developing a light tank (the Renault FT), but Estienne was not in a position to make any promises. In August he and Bréton traveled together to London, where they tried to convince the British government to postpone the first use of tanks until the French tanks were ready. They were unsuccessful, but the British action had a beneficial side effect in that the first use of the British Mark I tanks on 15 September created a euphoria that accelerated developments and on 30 September Estienne was appointed Commander of the "Artillerie Spéciale": the French army's tank arm. He was duly promoted on 17 October.

paragraph: At the time there was a lack of personnel and materiel and Estienne spent many months creating the new force from scratch: first recruiting personnel, then constructing training grounds and waiting till 1 December for the first Schneider CA tank to be delivered so that training could begin in earnest. During these months he cooperated with Renault in developing the Renault FT, and tried to block efforts by General Mourret to mass-produce superheavy tanks (the later Char 2C), which threatened to swallow the available production capacity.

paragraph: On 16 April 1917 he was forced by the new supreme commander, Robert Nivelle, to commit his armoured force prematurely near Berry-au-Bac, leading to a complete failure. The officer commanding the attack, "Commandant" Louis Bossut, was killed; a large monument there commemorates all French tank crewmen who died in World War I. This disaster nearly led to the abolition of the tank force; Estienne was only saved by the appointment of his friend Pétain as Commander-in-Chief.

paragraph: Estienne now directed his mind to the creation of appropriate tactics for the use of tanks. He considered that the tanks most important role was to act as mobile artillery, capable of moving over the ravaged battlefields and breaking through enemy lines, without any "softening up" artillery support. Heavier tanks might be useful for this but a more efficient effort could be made by a "swarm" of lighter and faster vehicles. Estienne paid little attention to exploitation.

paragraph: A large number of Renault FTs was finally made available in 1918. This allowed the French to counterattack effectively for the first time since 1914. The FT subsequently became the "Char de la Victoire" and the necessity for a strong tank force became firmly established.

paragraph: Section::::Post war.

paragraph: Estienne submitted to Pétain a proposal in 1919 titled "Study of the Missions of Tanks in the Field". This stressed the need for armoured, tracked support vehicles to carry infantry, artillery and recovery teams alongside the tanks, and also for the need for aircraft to conduct an in-depth bombardment of the enemy. This was somewhat advanced for the time, and presaged Tukhachevsky's ideas of the 1930s.

paragraph: After the war Estienne held command of French tank forces until 1927, first as "Artillerie Spéciale", then as commander of the "Chars" when in 1920 all tanks were made part of the Infantry by law. At a conference in Brussels in 1921 he called for a 100,000 man force equipped with 4,000 tanks and 8,000 transport vehicles that could break an enemy's front and advance 80 km in a single night. However, the military establishment in France believed in rigid infantry-oriented warfare and his appeal went unheeded.

paragraph: Although politician Paul Reynaud supported progressive ideas like those of Estienne and called for a mobile army that could take the offensive as early as 1924, he represented a minority position in the French parliament. French military doctrine still relegated tanks to the role of supporting the infantry, a situation that did not change until Weygand took command. Indeed, Estienne criticized the idea of tanks supporting infantry until his death in 1936.

paragraph: Section::::Post war.:The Compagnie Générale Transsaharienne.

paragraph: In May 1923 he was made president of the Compagnie Générale Transsaharienne (CGT), formed by Gaston Gradis to promote travel across the Sahara by car and airplane.

paragraph: His sons Georges and René participated in several exploratory expeditions sponsored by this company from Adrar, Algeria to Gao, Niger and further south.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Estienne is revered in France as the "Father of the Tanks". Rue du Général Estienne in the 15th Arrondissement in Paris is named after him. Several military stations and posts have also borne his name and the largest tank museum in the world, the Musée des Blindés in Saumur, is called "Musée Général Estienne".

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

description: French general

wikidata_label: Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne

wikipedia_title: Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne