text: lay theologian

text: American Revolutionary War

text: patriot

text: U.S. state

text: Vermont

text: capture of Fort Ticonderoga

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Benedict Arnold

text: Ira Allen

text: Frances Allen

text: Connecticut

text: New Hampshire Grants

text: Green Mountain Boys

text: Fort Ticonderoga

text: attempt on Montreal

text: British

text: Royal Navy

text: New York City

text: declared independence

text: Congress

text: controversial negotiations

text: Connecticut

text: Burlington, Vermont

text: Litchfield

text: Connecticut

text: English

text: Cornwall

text: Great Awakening

text: Puritan

text: Ira

text: Ira

text: Heman

text: selectman

text: Salisbury

text: Yale College

text: siege of Fort William Henry

text: French and Indian War

text: iron furnace

text: Roxbury

text: inoculating

text: smallpox

text: Thomas Young

text: New York

text: Deist

text: Northampton, Massachusetts

text: Michael Bellesiles

text: Sheffield, Massachusetts

text: New Hampshire Grants

text: Benning Wentworth

text: New Hampshire

text: Connecticut River

text: kicked back

text: King George

text: Remember Baker

text: Seth Warner

text: Jared Ingersoll

text: Colden

text: James Duane

text: Robert Livingston

text: Poultney

text: Castleton

text: Catamount Tavern

text: Green Mountain Boys

text: Rupert

text: William Tryon

text: Winooski River

text: Thomas Chittenden

text: Green Mountains

text: a small riot

text: shire town

text: Westminster

text: American Revolutionary War

text: battles of Lexington and Concord

text: capture Fort Ticonderoga

text: Shoreham

text: Benedict Arnold

text: Fort Crown Point

text: schooner

text: bateaux

text: Skenesboro

text: Fort St. John

text: Richelieu River

text: HMS "Royal George"

text: Second Continental Congress

text: Montreal

text: Continental Army

text: Philip Schuyler

text: Dorset

text: Jonathan Trumbull

text: Hubbardton

text: Bennington

text: Quebec

text: Île aux Noix

text: prepared to besiege

text: John Brown

text: habitant

text: Guy Carleton

text: Richard Montgomery

text: Canadien

text: Sorel

text: Saint Lawrence River

text: Longueuil

text: Laprairie

text: Battle of Longue-Pointe

text: brig

text: Richard Prescott

text: Brook Watson

text: Falmouth, England

text: Pendennis Castle

text: Cornwall

text: Cork, Ireland

text: Mercury

text: William Tryon

text: scurvy

text: smallpox

text: Vermont declared independence

text: John Burgoyne

text: campaign for the Hudson River

text: near Bennington

text: Staten Island

text: General John Campbell

text: field officer

text: Archibald Campbell

text: Elias Boudinot

text: commissary general

text: George Washington

text: Valley Forge

text: breveted

text: Vermont Republic

text: Arlington

text: Banishment Act

text: Tories

text: John Stark

text: George Clinton

text: West Point

text: Connecticut Courant

text: serial

text: Pennsylvania Packet

text: Continental Congress

text: state

text: Thomas Chittenden

text: negotiations

text: Frederick Haldimand

text: Quebec

text: province

text: 1783 Treaty of Paris

text: Articles of Confederation

text: consumption

text: Christianity

text: Bible

text: deism

text: Spinoza

text: Transcendentalism

text: Yale

text: Timothy Dwight

text: widow

text: Loyalist

text: Crean Brush

text: Siege of Boston

text: Fanny

text: Wyoming Valley

text: Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

text: Daniel Shays

text: Shays's Rebellion

text: South Hero, Vermont

text: apoplectic

text: Newark, New Jersey

text: Uzal Ogden

text: West Point

text: United States Army

text: Fanny

text: Roman Catholicism

text: Ethan Allen Hitchcock

text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Benson Lossing

text: granite

text: cenotaph

text: time capsule

text: Benson Lossing

text: Pierre Eugene du Simitiere

text: Ralph Earl

text: Ethan Allen Homestead and Museum

text: United States Navy

text: USS "Ethan Allen"

text: Civil War

text: fort

text: Arlington, Virginia

text: cavalry outpost

text: Colchester

text: Essex

text: Vermont Army National Guard

text: Jericho, Vermont

text: Camp Ethan Allen Training Site

text: National Statuary Hall

text: United States Capitol

text: Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve

text: trademark

text: furniture

text: manufacturer

text: Ethan Allen Inc.

text: Beecher Falls, Vermont

text: Ethan Allen Express

text: Amtrak

text: New York City

text: Rutland

text: Ethan Allen School

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Amazon

text: Part 1

text: Part 2

text: Part 3

text: Part 4

text: in JSTOR

text: in JSTOR

text: in JSTOR

text: Essay on natural religion by Allen: "Reason: The Only Oracle of Man", published 1784

text: Statue of Ethan Allen in the United States Capitol

text: Inventory of the Allen Family Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library

categories: Military history of Vermont,American people of English descent,1738 births,Militia generals in the American Revolution,Ethan Allen,Politicians from Litchfield, Connecticut,People of pre-statehood Vermont,Continental Army officers from Connecticut,Members of the Universalist Church of America,1789 deaths,18th-century Christian universalists,Vermont militiamen in the American Revolution,American deists,People of Vermont in the American Revolution,Lay theologians,American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain,British deists

paragraph: Ethan Allen

paragraph: Ethan Allen ( – February 12, 1789) was a farmer, businessman, land speculator, philosopher, writer, lay theologian, American Revolutionary War patriot, and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of the U.S. state of Vermont, and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga early in the American Revolutionary War along with Benedict Arnold. He was the brother of Ira Allen and the father of Frances Allen.

paragraph: Born in rural Connecticut, Allen had a frontier upbringing but also received an education that included some philosophical teachings. In the late 1760s he became interested in the New Hampshire Grants, buying land there and becoming embroiled in the legal disputes surrounding the territory. Legal setbacks led to the formation of the Green Mountain Boys, whom Allen led in a campaign of intimidation and property destruction to drive New York settlers from the Grants. When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Allen and the Boys seized the initiative and captured Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775. In September 1775 Allen led a failed attempt on Montreal that resulted in his capture by British authorities. First imprisoned aboard Royal Navy ships, he was paroled in New York City, and finally released in a prisoner exchange in 1778.

paragraph: Upon his release, Allen returned to the Grants, which had declared independence in 1777, and resumed political activity in the territory. In addition to continuing resistance to New York's attempts to assert control over the territory, Allen was active in efforts by Vermont's leadership for recognition by Congress, and he participated in controversial negotiations with the British over the possibility of Vermont becoming a separate British province.

paragraph: Allen wrote accounts of his exploits in the war that were widely read in the 19th century, as well as philosophical treatises and documents relating to the politics of Vermont's formation. His business dealings included successful farming operations, one of Connecticut's early iron works, and land speculation in the Vermont territory. Land purchased by Allen and his brothers included tracts of land that eventually became Burlington, Vermont. He was twice married, fathering eight children.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Childhood.

paragraph: Ethan Allen was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the first-born child of Joseph and Mary Baker Allen, both descended from English Puritans. The family moved to the town of Cornwall shortly after his birth. The move to Cornwall grew out of Allen's father's quest for freedom of religion during a time of turmoil: the Great Awakening, when Puritans were separating into churches with differing dogmas, in particular about the proper form of conversion: by works or by grace. His lifelong interest in philosophy and ideas emerged against the backdrop of his father's involvement in these Puritan debates and his father's refusal to convert to the covenant by grace. As a boy Allen already excelled at quoting the Bible and was known for disputing the meaning of passages.

paragraph: Seven siblings, all of whom survived to adulthood, joined the family between Allen's birth in 1738 and 1751. Allen had five brothers (Heman, Heber, Levi, Zimri, and Ira) and two sisters (Lydia and Lucy). His brothers Ira and Heman would also become prominent figures in the early history of Vermont.

paragraph: Although not very much is known about Allen's childhood, the town of Cornwall was frontier territory in the 1740s. By the time Allen reached his teens, the area, while still a difficult area in which to make a living, began to resemble a town, with wood-frame houses beginning to replace the rough cabins of the early settlers. Joseph Allen died in 1755; at the time of his death he was one of the wealthier landowners in the area, ran a successful farm, and had previously served as town selectman. Allen had, before his father's death, begun studies under a minister in the nearby town of Salisbury with the goal of gaining admission to Yale College. Allen's brother Ira recalled that, even at a young age, Allen was curious and interested in learning.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:First marriage and early adulthood.

paragraph: Allen was forced to end his studies upon his father's death. While he volunteered for militia service in 1757 in response to French movements resulting in the siege of Fort William Henry, his unit received word while en route that the fort had fallen, and turned back. Even though the French and Indian War continued over the next several years, Allen did not apparently participate in any further military activities, and is presumed to have tended his farm, at least until 1762. In that year, he became part owner of an iron furnace in Salisbury. He also married Mary Brownson, a woman five years his senior, from the nearby town of Roxbury, in July 1762. They first settled in Cornwall, but moved the following year to Salisbury with their infant daughter Loraine. Allen bought a small farm and proceeded to develop the iron works. The expansion of the iron works was apparently costly to Allen; he was forced to sell off portions of the Cornwall property to raise funds, and eventually sold half of his interest in the works to his brother Heman. The Allen brothers sold their interest in the iron works in October of 1765.

paragraph: By most accounts Allen's first marriage was an unhappy one. His wife was rigidly religious, prone to criticizing him, and barely able to read and write. In contrast, Allen's behavior was sometimes quite flamboyant; and he maintained an interest in learning. In spite of these differences the marriage survived until Mary's death in 1783. Allen and Mary had five children together (Loraine, Joseph, Lucy, Mary, and Pamela), only two of whom reached adulthood.

paragraph: Allen's exploits in those years introduced him to the wrong side of the justice system, which would become a recurring feature of his life. In one incident, he and his brother Heman went to the farm of a neighbor, some of whose pigs had escaped onto their land, and seized the pigs. The neighbor sued to have the animals returned to him; Allen pleaded his own case, and lost. Allen and Heman were fined ten shillings, and the neighbor was awarded another five shillings in damages. He was also called to court in Salisbury for inoculating himself against smallpox, a procedure that at the time required the sanction of the town selectmen.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Thomas Young.

paragraph: When he moved to Salisbury, Allen met Thomas Young, a doctor living and practicing just across the provincial boundary in New York. The doctor, only five years older than Allen, taught the younger Allen a great deal about philosophy and political theory, while Allen was able to bring to Young his appreciation of nature and life on the frontier. Young and Allen eventually decided to collaborate on a book intended to be an attack on organized religion, as Young had convinced Allen to become a Deist. They worked on the manuscript until 1764, when Young moved away from the area, taking the manuscript with him.

paragraph: It was not until many years later, after Young's death, that Allen was able to recover the manuscript. He expanded and reworked the material, and eventually published it as "Reason: the Only Oracle of Man".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Moving around.

paragraph: While Heman remained in Salisbury, where he ran a general store until his death in 1778, Allen's movements over the next few years are poorly documented. He is known to have been living in Northampton, Massachusetts in the spring of 1766, where his son Joseph was born, and where he invested in a lead mine. He was asked to leave Northampton in July 1767 by the authorities; while no official reason is known, biographer Michael Bellesiles suggests that religious differences and Allen's tendency to be disruptive may have played a role in his departure. He then briefly returned to Salisbury before settling in nearby Sheffield, Massachusetts with his younger brother Zimri. It is likely that his first visits to the New Hampshire Grants occurred during these years. While Sheffield would be the family home for ten years, Allen was often absent for extended periods.

paragraph: Section::::The New Hampshire Grants.

paragraph: As early as 1749, Benning Wentworth, New Hampshire's governor, was selling land grants in the area west of the Connecticut River, to which New Hampshire had always laid somewhat dubious claim. Many of these grants were sold at relatively low prices to land speculators, with some land kicked back to Wentworth. In 1764, King George issued an order resolving the competing claims of New York and New Hampshire in favor of New York. New York, which had also issued land grants that overlapped some of those sold by Wentworth, insisted that holders of the Wentworth grants pay a fee to New York to have their grants validated. As this fee approached the original purchase price, and many of the holders were land-rich and cash-poor, there was a great deal of resistance to this demand. By 1769 the situation in the Grants had deteriorated to the point where surveyors and other figures of New York authority were being physically threatened and driven from the area.

paragraph: Section::::The New Hampshire Grants.:Allen asked for assistance.

paragraph: A few of the holders of Wentworth grants were originally from northwestern Connecticut; and some of them, including Remember Baker and Seth Warner, were relatives of Allen. In 1770, a group of Wentworth grant holders asked Allen to defend their case before New York's Supreme Court, a move that presented Allen with his first big stage. This move to leadership was not unusual; he was known among his contemporaries to be willing to step forward and take control. The trial, for which Allen hired Jared Ingersoll to represent the grantholder interest, began in July 1770, pitting Allen against politically powerful New York grant-holders, including New York's Lieutenant Governor Colden, James Duane (who was prosecuting the case), and Robert Livingston, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (who was presiding over the case). The trial was brief, and the outcome unsurprising, as the court, citing their fraudulently issued nature, refused to allow the introduction of Wentworth's grants as evidence. Before departing for Bennington with the news, Allen was visited by Duane, who offered Allen payments which Duane described in his diary as payment "for going among the people to quiet them". Allen denied taking any money; even if he did, none of his actions appeared to honor Duane's request. According to Allen's account he was outraged, and left his visitors with veiled threats, indicating that attempts to enforce the judgment would be met with resistance.

paragraph: While many historians have believed that Allen took these actions because he already held Wentworth grants of his own, there is no evidence that he was issued any such grants until after he had been asked to take up the defense of grants held by others. Between May 1770, when he first began working on the defense, and the trial in July, he acquired, for the price of $50, grants from Wentworth to about of land in Poultney and Castleton.

paragraph: Section::::The New Hampshire Grants.:Green Mountain Boys.

paragraph: On Allen's return to Bennington, the settlers met at the Catamount Tavern to discuss their options. These discussions resulted in the formation of the Green Mountain Boys in 1770, with local militia companies in each of the surrounding towns. Allen was named their Colonel Commandant, and cousins Seth Warner and Remember Baker were captains of two of the companies. Further meetings resulted in the creation of committees of safety, and laid down rules by which to resist attempts by the New York provincial government to establish its authority. These included denying surveyors sent by the province the ability to survey "any" land in the Grants, not just land owned through the Wentworth grants.

paragraph: While Allen participated in some of the actions to drive surveyors away, he also spent much time exploring the entire territory, probably ranging as far north as the site of Burlington in his wanderings. After selling off some of his Connecticut properties, he began buying wild lands farther north in the territory, which he sold at a profit as the southern settlements grew and people began to move farther north.

paragraph: Friction with the provincial government rose notably when, in October 1771, Allen and a company of Boys drove off a group of Scottish settlers near Rupert. Allen detained two of the settlers and forced them to watch the torching of their newly constructed cabins. He then ordered them to leave, saying, "Go your way now, and complain to that damned scoundrel your Governor, God damn your Governor, Laws, King, Council, and Assembly". When the settlers protested his language Allen continued the tirade, threatening to send any troops from New York to Hell. In response, New York's governor, William Tryon, issued warrants for the arrests of those responsible, and eventually put a price of £20 on the heads of six participants, including Allen. Allen and his comrades countered by issuing offers of their own.

paragraph: Over the next few years the situation deteriorated further. Governor Tryon and the Boys exchanged threats, truce offers, and other writings, which were frequently written by Allen in florid and didactic language, while the Boys continued to drive surveyors and incoming tenants on New York-granted lands away. Most of these incidents did not involve bloodshed, although individuals were at times manhandled, and the Boys sometimes did extensive property damage when driving tenants out. By March 1774, the harsh treatment of settlers and their property by Allen and the Boys prompted Tryon to increase some of the rewards to £100.

paragraph: Section::::The New Hampshire Grants.:Onion River Company.

paragraph: Allen persisted with actions against the New York-issued grantholders and their tenants even though a number of the Wentworth proprietors were tiring of the business. In 1772 he, his cousin Remember Baker; and his brothers Ira, Heman, and Zimri formed the Onion River Company, which was basically a land-speculation organization devoted to purchasing land in and around the Winooski River (known then as the Onion River). The success of this business depended on the successful defense of the Wentworth grants. Early purchases of the company included about of land from Edward Burling and his partners; land was sold at a profit to Thomas Chittenden among others, and the settlements on the company's land have grown to become the city of Burlington.

paragraph: The outrage of the Wentworth proprietors was renewed in 1774 when Governor Tryon passed a law containing harsh provisions clearly targeted at the actions of the "Bennington Mob". Vermont historian Samuel Williams called it "an act which for its savage barbarity is probably without parallel in the legislation of any civilized country". Its provisions included the penalty of death for interfering with a magistrate, and the criminalization of meetings of more than three people "for unlawful purposes" in the Grants. The Boys countered with rules of their own, forbidding anyone in the Grants from holding "any office of honor or profit under the colony of N. York".

paragraph: Allen spent much of the summer of 1774 writing a "pamphlet" entitled "A Brief Narrative of the Proceedings of the Government of New York Relative to Their Obtaining the Jurisdiction of that Large District of Land to the Westward of the Connecticut River". The length of the name was justified; it was a 200-page polemic arguing the position of the Wentworth proprietors. Allen had the work, which historian Charles Jellison describes as "rebellion in print", printed in Connecticut, and began selling and giving away copies in early 1775.

paragraph: Section::::The New Hampshire Grants.:Westminster massacre.

paragraph: Allen traveled into the northern parts of the Grants early in 1775, as was his custom, for solitude and to hunt for game and land opportunities. A few days after his return, news came that blood had finally been shed over the land disputes. Most of the resistance activity had until then taken place on the west side of the Green Mountains; on March 13, a small riot in the shire town of Westminster, on the east side of the mountains, resulted in the death of two men. Allen and a troop of Boys traveled to Westminster where, under Allen's influence, the town's convention adopted a strongly worded resolution authorizing the drafting of a plea to the King to remove them "out of so oppressive a jurisdiction". The preparation of the petition was assigned to a committee which included Allen. Less than a week after the Westminster convention ended, while Allen and the committee worked on their petition, the American Revolutionary War began.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary War.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary War.:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga.

paragraph: In late April, following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Allen received a message from members of an irregular Connecticut militia that they were planning to capture Fort Ticonderoga, requesting his assistance in the effort. Allen, whether motivated by patriotic impulses (as he describes in his account of the events), or by the realization that the action might improve the political position of his side in the grants disputes, agreed to help, and began rounding up the Green Mountain Boys. On May 2, 60 men from Massachusetts and Connecticut met with Allen in Bennington, where they discussed the logistics of the expedition. By May 7, these men joined Allen and 130 Boys at Castleton. The next morning, Allen was elected to lead the expedition, and a dawn raid was planned for May 10. Two small companies were detached to procure boats, and Allen took the main contingent north to Hand's Cove in Shoreham to prepare for the crossing.

paragraph: On the afternoon of May 9, Benedict Arnold quite unexpectedly arrived on the scene. Flourishing a commission from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, he asserted his right to command the expedition. The assembled men refused to acknowledge his authority, insisting they would follow only Allen's lead. In a private discussion, Allen and Arnold reached an accommodation, the essence of which was that Arnold and Allen would both be at the front of the troops when the attack on the fort was made.

paragraph: Around 2:00 a.m., a few boats were finally procured for the crossing. However, only 83 men made it to the other side of the lake before Allen and Arnold, concerned that dawn was approaching, decided to attack. In the early dawn, the small force marched on the fort, surprising the lone sentry. Allen went directly to the fort commander's quarters, seeking to force his surrender. Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham, the assistant to the fort's commander, Captain William Delaplace, was awakened by the noise, and called to wake the captain. Stalling for time, he demanded to know by what authority the fort was being entered. Allen, who later claimed that he said it to Captain Delaplace, said, "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!" Delaplace finally emerged from his chambers, fully dressed, and surrendered his sword. The rest of the fort's garrison surrendered without firing a shot. The only casualty had been a British soldier who became concussed after Allen hit the soldier with a cutlass, hitting the man's hair comb and saving his life.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary War.:Raids on St. John.

paragraph: On the following day, a detachment of the Boys under Seth Warner's command went to nearby Fort Crown Point and captured the small garrison there. On May 14, following the arrival of 100 men recruited by Arnold's captains, and the arrival of a schooner and some bateaux that had been taken at Skenesboro, Arnold and 50 of his men sailed north to raid Fort St. John, on the Richelieu River downstream from the lake, where a small British warship was reported by the prisoners to be anchored. Arnold's raid was a success; he seized the sloop HMS "Royal George", supplies, and a number of bateaux.

paragraph: Allen, shortly after Arnold's departure on the raid, decided, after his successes at the southern end of the lake, to take and hold Fort St. John himself. To that end, he and about 100 Boys climbed into four bateaux, and began rowing north. After two days without significant food (which they had forgotten to provision in the boats), Allen's small fleet met Arnold's on its way back to Ticonderoga near the foot of the lake. Arnold generously opened his stores to Allen's hungry men, and tried to dissuade Allen from his objective, noting that it was likely the alarm had been raised and troops were on their way to St. John. Allen, likely both stubborn in his determination, and envious of Arnold, persisted.

paragraph: When Allen and his men landed above St. John and scouted the situation, they learned that a column of 200 or more regulars was approaching. Rather than attempt an ambush on those troops, which significantly outnumbered his tired company, Allen withdrew to the other side of the river, where the men collapsed with exhaustion and slept without sentries through the night. They were awakened when British sentries discovered them and began firing grapeshot at them from across the river. The Boys, in a panic, piled into their bateaux and rowed with all speed upriver. When the expedition returned to Ticonderoga two days later, some of the men were greatly disappointed that they felt they had nothing to show for the effort and risks they took, but the capture of Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point proved to be important in the Revolutionary War because it secured protection from the British to the North and provided vital cannon for the colonial army.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary War.:Promoting an invasion.

paragraph: Following Allen's failed attempt on St. John, many of his men drifted away, presumably drawn by the needs of home and farm. Arnold then began asserting his authority over Allen for control of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Allen publicly announced that he was stepping down as commander, but remained hopeful that the Second Continental Congress was going to name "a commander for this department ... Undoubtedly, we shall be rewarded according to our merit". Congress, for its part, at first not really wanting any part of the affair, effectively voted to strip and then abandon the forts. Both Allen and Arnold protested these measures, pointing out that doing so would leave the northern border wide open. They both also made proposals to Congress and other provincial bodies for carrying out an invasion of Quebec. Allen, in one instance, wrote that "I will lay my life on it, that with fifteen hundred men, and a proper artillery, I will take Montreal". Allen also attempted correspondence with the people of Quebec and with the Indians living there in an attempt to sway their opinion toward the revolutionary cause.

paragraph: On June 22, Allen and Seth Warner appeared before Congress in Philadelphia, where they argued for the inclusion of the Green Mountain Boys in the Continental Army. After deliberation, Congress directed General Philip Schuyler, who had been appointed to lead the Army's Northern Department, to work with New York's provincial government to establish (and pay for) a regiment consisting of the Boys, and that they be paid Army rates for their service at Ticonderoga. On July 4, Allen and Warner made their case to New York's Provincial Congress, which, despite the fact that the Royal Governor had placed a price on their heads, agreed to the formation of a regiment. Following a brief visit to their families, they returned to Bennington to spread the news. Allen went to Ticonderoga to join Schuyler, while Warner and others raised the regiment.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary War.:Allen loses command of the Boys.

paragraph: When the regimental companies in the Grants had been raised, they held a vote in Dorset to determine who would command the regiment. By a wide margin, Seth Warner was elected to lead the regiment. Brothers Ira and Heman were also given command positions, but Allen was not given any position at all in the regiment. The thorough rejection stung; Allen wrote to Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull, "How the old men came to reject me I cannot conceive inasmuch as I saved them from the incroachments of New York."

paragraph: The rejection likely had several causes. The people of the Grants were tired of the disputes with New York, and they were tired of Allen's posturing and egotistic behavior, which the success at Ticonderoga had enhanced. Finally, the failure of the attempt on St. John's was widely seen as reckless and ill-advised, attributes they did not appreciate in a regimental leader. Warner was viewed as a more stable and quieter choice, and was someone that also commanded respect. The history of Warner's later actions in the revolution (notably at Hubbardton and Bennington) may be seen as a confirmation of the choice made by the Dorset meeting. In the end, Allen took the rejection in stride, and managed to convince Schuyler and Warner to permit him to accompany the regiment as a civilian scout.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary War.:Capture.

paragraph: The American invasion of Quebec departed from Ticonderoga on August 28. On September 4, the army had occupied the Île aux Noix in the Richelieu River, a few miles above Fort St. John, which they then prepared to besiege. On September 8, Schuyler sent Allen and Massachusetts Major John Brown, who had also been involved in the capture of Ticonderoga, into the countryside between St. John and Montreal to spread the word of their arrival to the habitants and the Indians. They were successful enough in gaining support from the habitants that Quebec's governor, General Guy Carleton, reported that "they have injured us very much".

paragraph: When he returned from that expedition eight days later, Brigadier General Richard Montgomery had assumed command of the invasion due to Schuyler's illness. Montgomery, likely not wanting the troublemaker in his camp, again sent him out, this time to raise a regiment of French-speaking Canadiens. Accompanied by a small number of Americans, he again set out, traveling through the countryside to Sorel, before turning to follow the Saint Lawrence River up toward Montreal, recruiting upwards of 200 men.

paragraph: On September 24, he and Brown, whose company was guarding the road between St. John's and Montreal, met at Longueuil, and, according to Allen's account of the events, came up with a plan in which both he and Brown would lead their forces to attack Montreal. Allen and about 100 men crossed the Saint Lawrence that night, but Brown and his men, who were to cross the river at Laprairie, did not. General Carleton, alerted to Allen's presence, mustered every man he could, and, in the Battle of Longue-Pointe, scattered most of Allen's force, and captured him and about 30 men. His capture ended his participation in the revolution until 1778, as he was imprisoned by the British. General Schuyler, upon learning of Allen's capture, wrote, "I am very apprehensive of disagreeable consequences arising from Mr. Allen's imprudence. I always dreaded his impatience and imprudence."

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment.

paragraph: Much of what is known of Allen's captivity is known only from his own account of the time; where contemporary records are available, they tend to confirm those aspects of his story.

paragraph: Allen was first placed aboard , a brig anchored at Montreal. He was kept in solitary confinement and chains, and General Richard Prescott had, according to Allen, ordered him to be treated "with much severity". In October 1775, the "Gaspée" went downriver, and her prisoners were transferred to the "Adamant", which then sailed for England. Allen wrote of the voyage that he "was put under the power of an English Merchant from London, whose name was Brook Watson: a man of malicious and cruel disposition".

paragraph: On arrival at Falmouth, England, after a crossing under filthy conditions, Allen and the other prisoners were imprisoned in Pendennis Castle, Cornwall. At first his treatment was poor, but Allen wrote a letter, ostensibly to the Continental Congress, describing his conditions and suggesting that Congress treat the prisoners it held the same way. Unknown to Allen, British prisoners now included General Prescott, captured trying to escape from Montreal, and the letter came into the hands of the British cabinet. Also faced with opposition within the British establishment to the treatment of captives taken in North America, King George decreed that the men should be sent back to America and treated as prisoners of war.

paragraph: In January 1776, Allen and his men were put on board HMS "Soledad", which sailed for Cork, Ireland. The people of Cork, when they learned that the famous Ethan Allen was in port, took up a collection to provide him and his men with clothing and other supplies. Much of the following year was spent on prison ships off the American coast. At one point, while aboard HMS "Mercury", she anchored off New York, where, among other visitors, the captain entertained William Tryon; Allen reports that Tryon glanced at him without any sign of recognition, although it is likely the New York governor knew who he was. In August 1776, Allen and other prisoners were temporarily put ashore in Halifax, owing to extremely poor conditions aboard ship; due to food scarcity, both crew and prisoners were on short rations, and scurvy was rampant. By the end of October, Allen was again off New York, where the British, having secured the city, moved the prisoners on-shore, and, as he was considered an officer, gave Allen limited parole. With the financial assistance of his brother Ira, he lived comfortably, if out of action, until August 1777. He then learned of the death of his young son Joseph due to smallpox.

paragraph: According to another prisoner's account, Allen wandered off after learning of his son's death. He was arrested for violating his parole, and placed in solitary confinement. There he remained while Vermont declared independence, and John Burgoyne's campaign for the Hudson River met a stumbling block near Bennington in August 1777. On May 3, 1778 he was transferred to Staten Island. He was admitted to General John Campbell's quarters, where he was invited to eat and drink with the general and several other British field officers. Allen stayed there for two days and was treated politely. On the third day Allen was exchanged for Colonel Archibald Campbell, who was conducted to the exchange by Colonel Elias Boudinot, the American commissary general of prisoners appointed by General George Washington. Following the exchange, Allen reported to Washington at Valley Forge. On May 14, he was breveted a colonel in the Continental Army in "reward of his fortitude, firmness and zeal in the cause of his country, manifested during his long and cruel captivity, as well as on former occasions," and given military pay of $75 per month. The brevet rank, however, meant that there was no active role, until called, for Allen. Allen's services were never requested, and eventually the payments stopped.

paragraph: Section::::Vermont Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Vermont Republic.:Return home.

paragraph: Following his visit to Valley Forge, Allen traveled to Salisbury, arriving on May 25, 1778. There he learned that his brother Heman had died just the previous week, and that his brother Zimri, who had been caring for Allen's family and farm, had died in the spring following his capture. The death of Heman, with whom Allen had been quite close, hit him quite hard.

paragraph: He then set out for Bennington, where news of his impending return preceded him, and he was met with all of the honor due a military war hero. There he learned that the Vermont Republic had declared independence in 1777, that a constitution had been drawn up, and that elections had been held. Allen wrote of this homecoming that "we passed the flowing bowl, and rural felicity, sweetened with friendship, glowed in every countenance". The next day he went to Arlington to see his family and his brother Ira, whose prominence in Vermont politics had risen considerably during Allen's captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Vermont Republic.:Politics.

paragraph: Allen spent the next several years involved in Vermont's political and military matters. While his family remained in Arlington, he spent most of his time either in Bennington or on the road, where he could avoid his wife's nagging. Shortly after his arrival, Vermont's Assembly passed the Banishment Act, a sweeping measure allowing for the confiscation and auction by the republic of property owned by known Tories. Allen was appointed to be one of the judges responsible for deciding whose property was subject to seizure under the law. (This law was so successful at collecting revenue that Vermont did not impose any taxes until 1781.) Allen personally escorted some of those convicted under the law to Albany, where he turned them over to General John Stark for transportation to the British lines. Some of these supposed Tories protested to New York Governor George Clinton that they were actually dispossessed Yorkers. Clinton, who considered Vermont to still be a part of New York, did not want to honor the actions of the Vermont tribunals; Stark, who had custody of the men, disagreed with Clinton. Eventually the dispute made its way to George Washington, who essentially agreed with Stark since he desperately needed the general's services. The prisoners were eventually transported to West Point, where they remained in "easy imprisonment".

paragraph: While Allen's service as a judge in Vermont was brief, he continued to ferret out Tories and report them to local Boards of Confiscation for action. He was so zealous in these efforts that they also included naming his own brother Levi, who was apparently trying to swindle Allen and Ira out of land at the time. This action was somewhat surprising, as Levi had not only attempted to purchase Allen's release while he was in Halifax, but he had also traveled to New York while Allen was on parole there and furnished him with goods and money. Allen and Levi engaged in a war of words, many of which were printed in the "Connecticut Courant", even after Levi crossed British lines. They would eventually reconcile in 1783.

paragraph: Early in 1779, Governor Clinton issued a proclamation stating that the state of New York would honor the Wentworth grants, if the settlers would recognize New York's political jurisdiction over the Vermont territory. Allen wrote another pamphlet in response, entitled "An Address to the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont; with Remarks on a Proclamation under the Hand of his Excellency George Clinton, Esq; Governor of the State of New York". In typical style, he castigated the governor for issuing "romantic proclamations ... calculated to deceive woods people", and for his "folly and stupidity". Clinton's response, once he recovered his temper, was to issue another proclamation little different from the first. Allen's pamphlet circulated widely, including among members of Congress, and was successful in casting the Vermonters' case in a positive light.

paragraph: In 1779 Allen published the account of his time in captivity, "A Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's Captivity ... Containing His Voyages and Travels, With the most remarkable Occurrences respecting him and many other Continental Prisoners of Observations. Written by Himself and now published for the Information of the Curious in all Nations". First published as a serial by the "Pennsylvania Packet", the book was an instant best-seller; it is still available today. While largely accurate, it notably omits Benedict Arnold from the capture of Ticonderoga, and Seth Warner as the leader of the Green Mountain Boys.

paragraph: Section::::Vermont Republic.:Negotiations with the British.

paragraph: Allen appeared before the Continental Congress as early as September 1778 on behalf of Vermont, seeking recognition as an independent state. He reported that due to Vermont's expansion to include border towns from New Hampshire, Congress was reluctant to grant independent statehood to Vermont. Between 1780 and 1783 Allen participated, along with his brother Ira, Vermont Governor Thomas Chittenden, and others, in negotiations with Frederick Haldimand, the governor of Quebec, that were ostensibly about prisoner exchanges, but were really about establishing Vermont as a new British province and gaining military protection for its residents. The negotiations, once details of them were published, were often described by opponents of Vermont statehood as treasonous, but no such formal charges were ever laid against anyone involved.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: As the war had ended with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, and the United States, operating under the Articles of Confederation, resisted any significant action with respect to Vermont, Allen's historic role as an agitator became less important, and his public role in Vermont's affairs declined. Vermont's government had also become more than a clique dominated by the Allen and Chittenden families due to the territory's rapid population growth.

paragraph: In 1782, Allen's brother Heber died at the relatively young age of 38. Allen's wife Mary died in June 1783 of consumption, to be followed several months later by their first-born daughter Loraine. While they had not always been close, and Allen's marriage had often been strained, Allen felt these losses deeply. A poem he wrote memorializing Mary was published in the "Bennington Gazette".

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Publication of "Reason".

paragraph: In these years, Allen recovered from Thomas Young's widow, who was living in Albany, the manuscript that he and Young had worked on in his youth and began to develop it into the work that was published in 1785 as "Reason: the Only Oracle of Man". The work was a typical Allen polemic, but its target was religious, not political. Specifically targeted against Christianity, it was an unbridled attack against the Bible, established churches, and the powers of the priesthood. As a replacement for organized religion, he espoused a mixture of deism, Spinoza's naturalist views, and precursors of Transcendentalism, with man acting as a free agent within the natural world. While historians disagree over the exact authorship of the work, the writing contains clear indications of Allen's style.

paragraph: The book was a complete financial and critical failure. Allen's publisher had forced him to pay the publication costs up front, and only 200 of the 1,500 volumes printed were sold. (The rest were eventually destroyed by a fire at the publisher's house.) The theologically conservative future president of Yale, Timothy Dwight, opined that "the style was crude and vulgar, and the sentiments were coarser than the style. The arguments were flimsy and unmeaning, and the conclusions were fastened upon the premises by mere force." Allen took the financial loss and the criticism in stride, observing that most of the critics were clergymen, whose livelihood he was attacking.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Second marriage.

paragraph: Allen met his second wife, a young widow named Frances "Fanny" Montresor Brush Buchanan, early in 1784; and after a brief courtship, they wed on February 16, 1784. Fanny came from a notably Loyalist background (including Crean Brush, notorious for acts during the Siege of Boston, from whom she inherited land in Vermont), but they were both smitten, and the marriage was a happy one. They had three children: Fanny (1784–1819), Hannibal Montresor (1786–1813), and Ethan Alphonso (1789–1855). Fanny had a settling effect on Allen; for the remainder of his years he did not embark on many great adventures.

paragraph: The notable exception to this was when land was claimed by the Connecticut-based owners of the Susquehanna Company, who had been granted titles to land claimed by Connecticut in the Wyoming Valley, in an area that is now Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The area was also claimed by Pennsylvania, which refused to recognize the Connecticut titles. Allen, after being promised land, traveled to the area and began stirring up not just Pennsylvania authorities but also his long-time nemesis, Governor Clinton of New York, by proposing that a new state be carved out of the disputed area and several counties of New York. The entire affair was more bluster than anything else, and was resolved amicably when Pennsylvania agreed to honor the Connecticut titles.

paragraph: Allen was also approached by Daniel Shays in 1786 for support in what became the Shays's Rebellion in western Massachusetts. He was unsupportive of the cause, in spite of Shays's offer to crown him "king of Massachusetts"; he felt that Shays was just trying to erase unpayable debts.

paragraph: In his later years, independent Vermont continued to experience rapid population growth, and Allen sold a great deal of his land, but also reinvested much the proceeds in more land. A lack of cash, complicated by Vermont's currency problems, placed a strain on Fanny's relatively free hand on spending, which was further exacerbated by the cost of publishing "Reason", and of the construction of a new home near the mouth of the Onion River. He was threatened with debtors' prison on at least one occasion, and was at times reduced to borrowing money and calling in old debts to make ends meet.

paragraph: Allen and his family moved to Burlington in 1787, which was no longer a small frontier settlement but a small town, and much more to Allen's liking than the larger community that Bennington had become. He frequented the tavern there, and began work on "An Essay on the Universal Plenitude of Being", which he characterized as an appendix to "Reason". This essay was less polemic than many of his earlier writings. He affirmed the perfection of God and His creation, and credited intuition as well as reason as a way to bring Man closer to the universe. The work was not published until long after his death, and is primarily of interest to students of Transcendentalism, a movement the work foreshadows.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Death.

paragraph: On February 11, 1789, Allen traveled to South Hero, Vermont with one of his workers to visit his cousin, Ebenezer Allen, and to collect a load of hay. After an evening spent with friends and acquaintances, he spent the night there and set out the next morning for home. While accounts of the return journey are not entirely consistent, Allen apparently suffered an apoplectic fit en route and was unconscious by the time they returned home. Allen died at home several hours later, without ever regaining consciousness. He was buried four days later in the Green Mount Cemetery in Burlington. The funeral was attended by dignitaries from the Vermont government and by large numbers of common folk who turned out to pay respects to a man many considered their champion.

paragraph: Allen's death made nationwide headlines. The "Bennington Gazette" wrote of the local hero, "the patriotism and strong attachment which ever appeared uniform in the breast of this "Great Man", was worth of his exalted character; the public have to lament the loss of a man who has rendered them great service". Although most obituaries were positive, a number of clergymen expressed different sentiments. "Allen was an ignorant and profane Deist, who died with a mind replete with horror and despair" was the opinion of Newark, New Jersey's Reverend Uzal Ogden. Yale's Timothy Dwight expressed satisfaction that the world no longer had to deal with a man of "peremptoriness and effrontery, rudeness and ribaldry". It is not recorded what New York Governor Clinton's reaction was to the news.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Allen's widow Fanny gave birth to a son, Ethan Alphonso, on October 24, 1789. She eventually remarried. Allen's two youngest sons went on to graduate from West Point and serve in the United States Army. H.M. Allen was the 7th graduate, a member of the Class of 1804, and served until 1813. E.A. Allen was the 22nd graduate, a member of the Class of 1806, and served until 1821. His daughter Fanny achieved notice when she converted to Roman Catholicism and entered a convent. His grandson, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, served as a Union Army general in the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance of his grave marker.

paragraph: Sometime in the early 1850s, the original plaque marking Allen's grave disappeared; its original text was preserved by early war historian Benson Lossing in the 1840s. The inscription read:

paragraph: In 1858, the Vermont Legislature authorized the placement of a 42-foot (13 m) column of Vermont granite in the cemetery, with the following inscription:

paragraph: The exact location within the cemetery of his remains is unknown. While there is a vault beneath the 1858 cenotaph, it contains a time capsule from the time of the monument's erection. According to the official 1858 report on the Ethan Allen monument, the funeral of Ethan Allen had taken place within Green Mount Cemetery; however the reason his remains had not been found at his memorial plaque {tablet} was because "...by the fact that some twenty years since, the dead of the Allen family had been arranged in a square enclosed by stone posts and chains, by Herman Allen, the nephew of Ethan Allen, and this tablet, then "lying upon a dilapidated wall of brick work", was "reconstructed with cut stone work", and it is presumed that, as a matter of convenience in giving a regular form to the enclosure, was "removed some feet from its original position"..." It was thus apparent it was actually a cenotaph tomb reconstruction that Benson Lossing sketched and presumed to be the actual tomb of Ethan Allen in his 1850 "The Pictorial Field-book of the Revolution".

paragraph: Section::::Likenesses.

paragraph: No likenesses of Allen made from life have been found, in spite of numerous attempts to locate them. Efforts by members of the Vermont Historical Society and other historical groups through the years have followed up on rumored likenesses, only to come up empty. Photographs of his grandson, General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, are extant, and, Hitchcock's mother said that he bore a strong resemblance to her father. The nearest potential images included one claimed to be by noted Revolutionary War era engraver Pierre Eugene du Simitiere that turned out to be a forgery, and a reference to a portrait possibly by Ralph Earl that has not been found (as of Stewart Holbrook's writing in 1940). Alexander Graydon, with whom Allen was paroled during his captivity in New York, described him like this:

paragraph: "His figure was that of a robust, large-framed man, worn down by confinement and hard fare; but he was now recovering his flesh and spirits; and a suit of blue clothes, with a gold laced hat that had been presented to him by the gentlement of Cork, enabled him to make a very passable appearance for a rebel colonel ... I have seldom met with a man, possessing, in my opinion, a stronger mind, or whose mode of expression was more vehement and oratorical. Notwithstanding that Allen might have had something of the insubordinate, lawless frontier spirit in his composition ... he appeared to me to be a man of generosity and honor."

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: Allen's final home, on the Onion River (now called the Winooski River), is a part of the Ethan Allen Homestead and Museum. Situated in Burlington, Allen's homestead is open for viewing via guided tours.

paragraph: Two ships of the United States Navy were named USS "Ethan Allen" in his honor, as were two 19th-century fortifications: a Civil War fort in Arlington, Virginia and a cavalry outpost in Colchester and Essex, Vermont. The Vermont Army National Guard's facility in Jericho, Vermont is called the Camp Ethan Allen Training Site. A statue of Allen represents Vermont in National Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol. A city park in the Montreal borough of Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve commemorating his capture bears his name.

paragraph: The "Spirit of Ethan Allen III" is a tour boat operating on Lake Champlain. Allen's name is the trademark of the furniture and housewares manufacturer, Ethan Allen Inc., which was founded in 1932 in Beecher Falls, Vermont. The Ethan Allen Express, an Amtrak train line running from New York City to Rutland, Vermont, is also named after him.

paragraph: The Ethan Allen School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Allen is known to have written the following publications:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1779 edition of Allen's "Narrative"

paragraph: BULLET::::- An 1849 edition of Allen's "Narrative".

paragraph: BULLET::::- A 2000 edition of Allen's "Narrative" available at Amazon in March 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- The essay is reprinted in four sections in this bound edition of "The Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries": Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellesiles, Michael A. "Revolutionary Outlaws: Ethan Allen and the Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier" (University of Virginia Press, 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duffy, John J., and H. Nicholas Muller III. "Inventing Ethan Allen" (University Press of New England, 2014) 285 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jellison, Charles Albert. "Ethan Allen: frontier rebel" (Countryman Press, 1974), popular biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- McWilliams, John. "The Faces of Ethan Allen: 1760–1860." "New England Quarterly" (1976): 257–282. in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- 331pp

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rife, Clarence W. "Ethan Allen, an Interpretation." "New England Quarterly" (1929) 2#4 pp: 561–584. in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shapiro, Darline. "Ethan Allen: Philosopher-Theologian to a Generation of American Revolutionaries." "William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History" (1964): 236–255. in JSTOR

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essay on natural religion by Allen: "Reason: The Only Oracle of Man", published 1784

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Ethan Allen in the United States Capitol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inventory of the Allen Family Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library

description: American general

enwikiquote_title: Ethan Allen

wikidata_label: Ethan Allen

wikipedia_title: Ethan Allen


text:
Portuguese
rally
Production World Rally Championship
2009 season
2010 season
Citroën Saxo
Group N
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII
Production World Rally Championship
Rally de Portugal

categories: Portuguese rally drivers,1977 births,Living people

paragraph: Armindo Araújo

paragraph: Armindo Araújo (born 1 September 1977) is a Portuguese rally driver. He won the Production World Rally Championship in the 2009 season, repeating the accomplishment in the next year (2010 season), to become the first pilot to ever win this cup twice in a row since its creation back in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Araújo began rallying in 2000, having raced motorcycles since 1994. Between 2000 and 2004 he used a Citroën Saxo on Portuguese national events, winning the National Championship in 2003 and 2004, before winning the title again in 2005 and 2006 using a Group N Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII.

paragraph: In 2007 he began competing in the Production World Rally Championship (P-WRC), finishing 14th in the standings. In 2008 he finished eighth in the P-WRC standings. In 2009 he won the P-WRC class on Rally de Portugal, and two other podium finishes led to him winning the P-WRC.

paragraph: Araújo is co-driven by Miguel Ramalho.

description: Portuguese rally driver

wikidata_label: Armindo Araújo

wikipedia_title: Armindo Araújo


text:
snowboarder
Andorra
Andorra at the 2010 Winter Olympics
snowboard cross
2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

categories: Andorran male snowboarders,Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,1988 births,Olympic snowboarders of Andorra,Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Lluís Marin Tarroch

paragraph: Lluís Marin Tarroch (born October 12, 1988) is a snowboarder from Andorra. He competed for Andorra at the 2010 Winter Olympics in snowboard cross. Marin was Andorra's flag bearer during the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony. Tarroch failed to qualify for the head-to-head rounds of his event after falling in one of his runs and ended up in 34th place.

description: Andorran snowboarder

wikidata_label: Lluis Marin Tarroch

wikipedia_title: Lluís Marin Tarroch


text: American

text: British

text: cross-country skier

text: Bermuda

text: 2010 Winter Olympics

text: Vancouver, British Columbia

text: Merton College, Oxford

text: Spain

categories: Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,1981 births,Sportspeople from Dallas,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Triathletes at the 2014 Commonwealth Games,Commonwealth Games competitors for Bermuda,Bermudian people of American descent,Alumni of Merton College, Oxford,Olympic cross-country skiers of Bermuda,Bermudian male cross-country skiers,Living people,Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics

image: 512px-Таккер_Мёрфи.JPG

paragraph: Tucker Murphy

paragraph: Tucker Murphy (born October 21, 1981) is an American-born British cross-country skier who represents the British Overseas territory of Bermuda and has competed since 2006. He finished 88th in the 15 km event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia. He studied at Merton College, Oxford.

paragraph: Murphy's best career finish was 11th in a lesser known event at Spain in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernews: Tucker Murphy Bio, Photo Gallery, Video

description: Bermudian cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Tucker Murphy

wikipedia_title: Tucker Murphy


text:
English
drummer
alternative rock
Hole
psychedelic rock
Ozric Tentacles
Isle of Wight
Somerset
London
Los Angeles
Courtney Love
Hello!
Strangeitude
XFM
guitar
Micko Larkin
bassist
piano
keyboards
United States
Europe
Paris, France
Roxy Theatre
West Hollywood
California
Nobody's Daughter
Burbank, California
Los Angeles
Henson Recording Studios
Hole
Eric Erlandson
Melissa Auf der Maur
Electric Lady Studios
Letter to God
Jack Irons
Friday Night with Jonathan Ross
Samantha

wikipedia_title:
English people
Drum kit
Alternative rock
Hole (band)
Psychedelic rock
Ozric Tentacles
Isle of Wight
Somerset
London
Los Angeles
Courtney Love
Hello
Strangeitude
Radio X (United Kingdom)
Guitar
Micko Larkin
Bass guitar
Piano
Keyboard instrument
United States
Europe
Paris
Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood)
West Hollywood, California
California
Nobody's Daughter
Burbank, California
Los Angeles
Jim Henson Company Lot
Hole (band)
Eric Erlandson
Melissa Auf der Maur
Electric Lady Studios
Letter to God (song)
Jack Irons
Friday Night with Jonathan Ross
Samantha (Hole song)

categories: English rock drummers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Musicians from London

paragraph: Stu Fisher

paragraph: Stuart Fisher is an English musician, notable for being drummer of alternative rock band Hole between 2009 and 2011. Prior to becoming a member of Hole, Fisher was also the drummer of English psychedelic rock band Ozric Tentacles and also Fingermonster. He was raised on the Isle of Wight, later relocating to Somerset while in Ozric Tentacles, London and later Los Angeles while playing with Courtney Love and is now based in the Isle of Wight. Love revealed he had once worked for "Hello!" magazine in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Ozric Tentacles (2002-2003).

paragraph: Fisher was the drummer for Ozric Tentacles from 2002 until 2003 and is featured on the 2010 reissue of the band's third studio album, "Strangeitude" on the live track "Sploosh!", recorded for XFM in London, United Kingdom in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::The Courtney Love Band and Hole (2007-2011).

paragraph: Fisher was recruited, alongside lead guitarist Micko Larkin, at London auditions held by Courtney Love in 2007. After a period of rehearsal in Los Angeles, Fisher and Larkin played as part of Love's new band alongside bassist Patricia "Pato" Vidal, Bethia Beadman on piano and keyboards and rhythm guitarist Liam Wade. In July 2007, the band began a short four-date tour of the United States and Europe, performing at Givenchy Salon in Paris, France on 4 July; Bush Hall in London, United Kingdom on 9 July; the Hiro Ballroom in New York on 12 July and the Roxy Theatre in West Hollywood, California on 17 July.

paragraph: During January 2009, recording sessions for Love's long-in-preparation studio album, "Nobody's Daughter", began in Burbank, California with Fisher playing drums and percussion. At a second recording session, in Los Angeles' Henson Recording Studios, Love also performed drums and it was during this session, on 17 June 2009, that Love announced that the album would be released under the name of Hole. In the following months, former lead guitarist Eric Erlandson and former bassist Melissa Auf der Maur disputed Love's right to use the name of her former band, due to a contract Love and Erlandson signed in 2002 after the band's initial split. Despite ongoing disputes, Hole's reunion proceeded with Fisher on drums. The final recording sessions for the album were held at Electric Lady Studios in New York and although Fisher was the main drummer on all of the album's songs (except "Letter to God"), Jack Irons was also an additional drummer. On 23 April 2010, "Nobody's Daughter" was released as Hole's fourth studio album and the band also embarked on a worldwide tour. Fisher's first official appearance as Hole's drummer was on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" on 12 February 2010, performing "Samantha."

paragraph: Section::::Skinny Mammoth Studios.

paragraph: Since 2011, Fisher and long-time collaborator Dave Waight have been running their own recording studio on the Isle of Wight. Called Skinny Mammoth, it is situated in Newport, I.O.W.

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Stu Fisher

wikipedia_title: Stu Fisher


text:
NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
Chevrolet
PK Carsport
2014
2016
24 Hours of Zolder
kart racing
Belcar
24 Hours of Zolder
FIA GT Championship
Paul Belmondo
24 Hours of Daytona
24 Hours of Le Mans
NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
PK Carsport
Holden VF Commodore
Ander Vilariño
Nexteer Automotive
Xfinity Series
Iowa Speedway
Homestead-Miami Speedway
Xfinity Series
Daytona
Precision Performance Motorsports
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course
Rick Ware Racing
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
24 Hours of Zolder
Rallycross
PK Carsport
Ridley Bikes
Hasselt
Max Verstappen
Dancing with the Stars
vtm

wikipedia_title:
NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
Chevrolet
PK Carsport
2014 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
2016 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
24 Hours of Zolder
Kart racing
Belcar
24 Hours of Zolder
FIA GT Championship
Paul Belmondo
24 Hours of Daytona
24 Hours of Le Mans
NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
PK Carsport
Holden Commodore (VF)
Ander Vilariño
Nexteer Automotive
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Iowa Speedway
Homestead–Miami Speedway
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Daytona International Speedway
Precision Performance Motorsports
Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course
Rick Ware Racing
NASCAR Cup Series
24 Hours of Zolder
Rallycross
PK Carsport
Ridley Bikes
Hasselt
Max Verstappen
Dancing with the Stars
VTM

categories: 1978 births,NASCAR drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Belgian racing drivers,Living people,Sportspeople from Hasselt

paragraph: Anthony Kumpen

paragraph: Anthony Kumpen (born 3 November 1978) is a Belgian professional racing driver. He previously competed full-time in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series, driving the No. 24 Chevrolet for PK Carsport in the Elite 1 class, winning the championship twice in 2014 and 2016. He also joint-held the record of the most 24 Hours of Zolder wins with six.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: In 1988, Kumpen started kart racing. He moved on to Belcar, the Belgian Racing Car Championship, in 1998, winning the GT2 championship in his first year, and the GT championship in 1999. He won several more Belgian GT and GTA championships over the next decade. In 2000, he won the overall classification at the 24 Hours of Zolder, a feat he would repeat in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2010 and 2012 for a record total of 6 victories.

paragraph: In 2000, he started competing in the FIA GT Championship for the Paul Belmondo Racing team. His first victory in a race in this championship followed in 2002. More victories followed in 2005 (2), 2006, 2008 and 2009 (2).

paragraph: He also competed in the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

paragraph: In 2014, he competed in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series for the PK Carsport team, driving a Holden VF Commodore. He won one race in the championship, and ended the season in first place, one point ahead of defending champion Ander Vilariño.

paragraph: His win gave him a license to compete in the 2015 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East, racing for Bill McAnally. On 7 June, as part of the Nexteer Automotive Road To Daytona program, he announced his intentions to compete in the Xfinity Series, running three races at Iowa Speedway, Phoenix International Raceway and Homestead-Miami Speedway. In 2016, he announced that he would run the Xfinity Series season opener at Daytona for Precision Performance Motorsports, driving the No. 46 Chevy. He continued his part-time slate in the Xfinity Series in 2017, adding two races at Daytona and Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, driving the No. 46 Chevy for PPM. Kumpen was also in discussions with Rick Ware Racing to make his Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series debut with the team in 2018, but it never materialised.

paragraph: Kumpen is currently suspended for four years by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium after he failed a drug test during the 2018 24 Hours of Zolder.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kumpen is the son of Paul Kumpen, a former race pilot, Belgian Rallycross Champion 1987 with Porsche 911 BiTurbo 4x4, director of the building company Kumpen, president of VOKA Limburg, and founder of PK Carsport. Paul Kumpen owned 50% of the shares of Ridley Bikes, and Anthony worked as a commercial director for the company, which became the largest bike manufacturer in Belgium. Anthony stayed on at the company after his father sold his share in 2013.

paragraph: Kumpen lives in Hasselt and is married to Griet Vanhees. They have one child, a son named Henri-Constant. Kumpen has a daughter, Laura, and a stepson, Thibeau, from his and his wife's previous relationships. He is the second cousin of F1 driver Max Verstappen.

paragraph: In 2010, Kumpen participated in "Sterren op de Dansvloer" (the Belgian version of "Dancing with the Stars") on vtm. He was voted out of the show in the third episode and finished as 8th out of 10 contestants.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:K&N Pro Series East.

paragraph: Season still in progressbr

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Belgian racing driver

wikidata_label: Anthony Kumpen

wikipedia_title: Anthony Kumpen


text:
Christian
virgin
saint
Brychan
Brycheiniog
Wales
Cornish
Saint Nectan
Robert Hunt
parish
Advent
Cornwall
St Adwen's Church, Advent

wikipedia_title:
Celtic Christianity
Consecrated virgin
List of Welsh saints
Brychan
Brycheiniog
Wales
Cornwall
Nectan of Hartland
Robert Hunt (scientist)
Parish
Advent, Cornwall
Cornwall
St Adwen's Church, Advent

categories: Medieval Cornish saints,Children of Brychan,Female saints of medieval Wales,5th-century Welsh women,Medieval Welsh saints,5th-century Welsh people,5th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Adwen

paragraph: Saint Adwen or Adwenna was a 5th-century Christian virgin and saint. She is recorded as a daughter of Brychan, king of Brycheiniog in south Wales, in the Cornish "Life of Saint Nectan" and in Robert Hunt's collection of Cornish legends. These sources associate her with the establishment of the parish of Advent in Cornwall.

paragraph: The saint's feast day is unknown. In Cornwall Adwen was traditionally the patron saint of sweethearts.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Dwynwen, the related Welsh saint

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Adwen's Church, Advent

description: Welsh saint

wikidata_label: Adwen

wikipedia_title: Adwen


text:
American
actress
Somerville
New Jersey
stage
Chicago
Lotta Crabtree
Augustin Daly's Fifth Avenue Theatre
New York
A. M. Palmer's Union Square Theatre
The Two Orphans
Brooklyn Theatre in New York
cerebral hemorrhage
New York City
Green-Wood Cemetery
Claxton, Georgia
Kate photo

categories: Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery,Actresses from New Jersey,People from Somerville, New Jersey,1848 births,19th-century American actresses,American stage actresses,1924 deaths

paragraph: Kate Claxton

paragraph: Kate Claxton (August 24, 1848 – May 5, 1924) was an American actress.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kate Elizabeth Cone was born at Somerville, New Jersey, to Spencer Wallace Cone and Josephine Martinez. She made her first appearance on the stage in Chicago with Lotta Crabtree in 1870, and in the same year joined Augustin Daly's Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York. In 1872 she became a member of A. M. Palmer's Union Square Theatre, playing largely comedy roles. She created the part of Louise in "The Two Orphans" and then became known as one of the best emotional actresses of her time. Her first starring tour was in 1876.

paragraph: She was performing the play "The Two Orphans" on December 5, 1876, at the Brooklyn Theatre in New York, when a fire broke out and killed 278 people.

paragraph: Claxton married twice, first in 1865 to Isadore Lyon; they later divorced. On March 3, 1878, she married Charles A. Stevenson, and in 1911 they divorced. Her son Harold Stevenson committed suicide in 1904.

paragraph: Claxton died due to a cerebral hemorrhage in her apartment in New York City, and was buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery.

paragraph: Claxton, Georgia, is said by some local historians to be named for her.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryan, Pat M. "Claxton, Kate" "Notable American Women." Vol. 1, 4th ed., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kate photo(Wayback Machine)

alias:
Kate Elizabeth Cone
Kate Cone
Kate Elizabeth Claxton

description: actress

wikidata_label: Kate Claxton

wikipedia_title: Kate Claxton


text: Major League Baseball

text: outfielder

text: first baseman

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Detroit Tigers

text: San Francisco Giants

text: San Diego Padres

text: Bremerton, Washington

text: United States Army

text: Vietnam War

text: free agent

text: prizefighter

text: United States Navy

text: bowler

text: Joe Louis

text: SIUE

text: minors

text: pinch hitter

text: Sparky Anderson

text: OPS

text: Enos Cabell

text: Atlanta

text: Pascual Pérez

text: Alan Wiggins

text: Ed Whitson

text: Craig Lefferts

text: Bob Horner

text: 1984 World Series

text: Ocala, Florida

text: Florida National Cemetery

text: Bushnell, Florida

text: SABR Biography Project

categories: Coos Bay-North Bend A's players,Burials at Florida National Cemetery,Sportspeople from Ocala, Florida,New York Yankees coaches,Minor league baseball managers,People from Bremerton, Washington,SIU Edwardsville Cougars baseball players,Indianapolis Indians players,Burlington Bees players,Major League Baseball outfielders,San Francisco Giants players,Cincinnati Reds players,Major League Baseball coaches,American Association (20th century) MVP Award winners,Nicholls Colonels baseball players,Detroit Tigers players,2012 deaths,Baseball players from Washington (state),1946 births,Nicholls State University alumni,Deaths from cancer in Florida,Tucson Toros players,Chicago Cubs players,Fort Myers Sun Sox players,SIU Edwardsville Cougars men's basketball players,United States Army soldiers,San Diego Padres players,Deaths from kidney cancer,Oakland Athletics players

paragraph: Champ Summers

paragraph: John Junior "Champ" Summers (June 15, 1946 – October 11, 2012) was a Major League Baseball outfielder and first baseman for six teams during his eleven-year career that spanned from 1974 to 1984. Summers played with the Oakland Athletics, Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers, San Francisco Giants and San Diego Padres.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Summers was born in Bremerton, Washington, served in the United States Army in the Vietnam War and did not play his first Major League Baseball game until he was 28 years old. He was signed by the Oakland Athletics as an amateur free agent in 1971, after being discovered in a men's softball league following his service in Vietnam.

paragraph: Summers came from a family of athletes, with a father who was a prizefighter in the United States Navy and a mother who was a pro bowler. Summers received his nickname "Champ" from his father: "Dad took one look at me when I was born and said, 'He looks like he's just gone 10 rounds with Joe Louis.'"

paragraph: Summers played two years of basketball and one of baseball at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville before leaving for his professional baseball career. He is a member of the SIUE's Athletics Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Summers bounced between the minors and majors, mostly as a pinch hitter, until Sparky Anderson brought him to Detroit as a designated hitter.

paragraph: Champ's best seasons were 1979 and 1980, when he hit 38 of his 54 career home runs and 121 of his 218 career RBIs. In 1979, he hit a career high 21 home runs, batted .291 with a .401 on-base percentage and a .556 slugging percentage for a .956 OPS. Summers had five RBIs in a single game in May 1979. In 1980, he had another big year, batting .297 with a .393 on-base percentage, .504 slugging percentage and .897 OPS. Summers performance dropped off substantially in 1981, batting .255 with only 3 home runs.

paragraph: On March 4, 1982, the Tigers traded Champ to the San Francisco Giants for Enos Cabell and cash. After two seasons with the Giants, he was traded to the San Diego Padres, where he played his final season in 1984. Summers only hit .185 for the 1984 National League Champion San Diego Padres, mostly as a pinch hitter (36 of his 54 at bats came off the bench). But Summers' biggest hit of the season was a pinch-hit grand slam on April 10, 1984 off of St. Louis Cardinals right-hander Bob Forsch propelling the Padres to a 7-3 victory en route to a sizzling 10-2 start and runaway capture of club's first division title.

paragraph: While with the Padres, Summers was one of the central figures in a series of bench-clearing brawls in a game at Atlanta on August 12. At one point, Summers charged toward the Braves dugout looking to take on pitcher Pascual Pérez, who had hit the Padres' Alan Wiggins in the first inning, although Perez had been brushed back by San Diego pitchers Ed Whitson and Craig Lefferts while at bat. Summers was intercepted by injured Atlanta slugger Bob Horner and tackled by Horner and two fans that claimed Champ had made indecent remarks to them in the parking lot.

paragraph: Summers ended his career playing for the Padres in the 1984 World Series against his former skipper, Sparky Anderson, and his former Detroit Tigers teammates. Summers struck out in his only at bat in the 1984 World Series, which also wound up being his last major league at bat.

paragraph: Over his eleven-year career, Summers hit for a .255 batting average with 54 home runs and 218 RBIs.

paragraph: Summers died in Ocala, Florida at age 66 of kidney cancer. He was buried at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell, Florida.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , or SABR Biography Project

description: American baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: Champ Summers

wikipedia_title: Champ Summers


text:
Count of Hainaut
Reginar II, Count of Hainaut
Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
Otto the Great
King Louis IV of France
Hermann of Swabia
Conrad the Red
Gerberga of Saxony
Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne
Bohemia
Reginar IV, Count of Mons
Lambert I of Leuven
American Pictures.com link

categories: 920s births,House of Reginar,Counts of Hainaut,973 deaths

paragraph: Reginar III, Count of Hainaut

paragraph: Reginar III (c. 920 – 973) was a Count of Hainaut from approximately 940 until his exile in 958.

paragraph: He was the son of Reginar II, Count of Hainaut.

paragraph: He took part in the rebellion of his uncle Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. When Gilbert was killed in 939, Regnier had to pledge fealty to King Otto the Great.

paragraph: He then allied himself with King Louis IV of France, but King Otto sent duke Hermann of Swabia to quell the rebels in 944.

paragraph: Otto appointed Conrad the Red as duke of Lotharingia, who tried to diminish the power of Reginar. However, when Conrad rose against Otto, Reginar supported him. In an anarchic situation, Reginar appropriated the dowry of Gerberga of Saxony, Otto's sister and mother of the French king, and also church property.

paragraph: In 953, Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne, who had also been appointed duke of Lotharingia, restored order and defeated Reginar.

paragraph: As Reginar refused to submit, he was exiled to Bohemia, where he died.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He fathered two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reginar IV, Count of Mons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lambert I of Leuven

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Pictures.com link

description: Count of Hainaut

wikidata_label: Reginar III, Count of Hainaut

wikipedia_title: Reginar III, Count of Hainaut


text:
Plymouth Dockyard
William Gadsby's
A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship
Charles Spurgeon
Our Own Hymn Book

categories: English hymnwriters,1766 births,1843 deaths

paragraph: John Kent (hymnist)

paragraph: John Kent (December 1766 – November 15, 1843) was an English Calvinist Baptist writer of hymns.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kent was born of poor, religious parents in Devonshire, and was apprenticed to his father, a shipwright. He began to write verse in his youth, and worked hard to educate himself despite limited opportunities. His hymns are first known to have been published in 1799 in Samuel Reece's "A Selection of Evangelical Hymns", compiled for the Barrack-Street Baptist congregation near Plymouth Dockyard, where he and his father worked.

paragraph: The first collection composed entirely of John Kent's hymns was his "Original Gospel Hymns", published in 1803; though he gained a reputation as a hymnist, he continued as a shipbuilder, writing hymns as his work allowed. His collection passed through ten editions between 1803 and 1861, being expanded with new material as it became available.

paragraph: Kent became blind by 60 years of age, and mostly ceased authoring new hymns until his death seventeen years later in 1843. His last words were "I am accepted."

paragraph: Section::::Character of his works.

paragraph: The simplicity and force of Kent's hymns' expression of Calvinism has limited their adoption outside a narrow segment of Christian churches, but they have been fairly broadly employed in various Predestinarian Baptist churches, with 51 of them contained in William Gadsby's "A Selection of Hymns for Public Worship" and twelve in Charles Spurgeon's "Our Own Hymn Book".

paragraph: His most frequently-printed hymns include "What Cheering Words Are These", "O Thou, Before Whose Gracious Throne", "On Zion's Glorious Summit Stood", and "Where Two or Three Together Meet".

description: Hymnist

wikidata_label: John Kent

wikipedia_title: John Kent (hymnist)


text:
27th mayor
Columbus, Ohio
Charles C. Walcutt
George Silas Peters
Political Graveyard

categories: Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio,Ohio Democrats,1928 deaths,People from Pickaway County, Ohio,Mayors of Columbus, Ohio,1846 births

paragraph: George Silas Peters

paragraph: George Silas Peters (October 11, 1846 – August 27, 1928) was the 27th mayor of Columbus, Ohio and the 24th person to serve in that office. He served Columbus for one term. His successor, Charles C. Walcutt, took office in 1883. He died on August 27, 1928.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Silas Peters at Political Graveyard

description: American politician

wikidata_label: George Silas Peters

wikipedia_title: George Silas Peters


text:
Austria
cinematographer
Arnold Fanck
Leni Riefenstahl
The Great Leap
Wien-Film
The Holy Mountain
Melody of the Heart
The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna
The White Hell of Pitz Palu
The Blue Light
Conquest of the Air
Forget Me Not
Farewell Again
The Tiger of Eschnapur
The Indian Tomb
Comrades at Sea
Target in the Clouds
Linen from Ireland
A Mother's Love
Immortal Waltz
Operetta
Destiny
Vienna 1910
The Queen of the Landstrasse
Mysterious Shadows
Cordula
The Lie
Jonny Saves Nebrador
A Musical War of Love
The Witch
It Was Always So Nice With You
Fruit Without Love
Melody of the Heath
The Elephant in a China Shop
Mandolins and Moonlight
William Tell
Hans Schneeberger as Michael Treuherz

categories: Austrian male silent film actors,1895 births,20th-century Austrian male actors,Austrian cinematographers,Austrian male film actors,People from Tyrol (state),1971 deaths

paragraph: Hans Schneeberger

paragraph: Hans Schneeberger (7 April 1895 – 19 November 1971) was an Austrian cinematographer who worked on over eighty films during his career. During the 1920s and early 1930s Schneeberger worked frequently with the director Arnold Fanck, including films starring Leni Riefenstahl.

paragraph: Schneeberger also made a handful of acting appearances, including playing opposite Riefenstahl in "The Great Leap" (1927). Schneeberger was later employed by the largest Austrian company Wien-Film for a number of productions.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.:Cinematographer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Holy Mountain" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Melody of the Heart" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Hell of Pitz Palu" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blue Light" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conquest of the Air" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forget Me Not" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Farewell Again" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tiger of Eschnapur" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Indian Tomb" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comrades at Sea" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Target in the Clouds" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Linen from Ireland" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Mother's Love" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortal Waltz" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Operetta" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destiny" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vienna 1910" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Queen of the Landstrasse" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mysterious Shadows" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cordula" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lie" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jonny Saves Nebrador" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Musical War of Love" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Witch" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Was Always So Nice With You" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fruit Without Love" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Melody of the Heath" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Elephant in a China Shop" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mandolins and Moonlight" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William Tell" (1960)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hinton, David B. "The Films of Leni Riefenstahl". Scarecrow Press, 2000.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Schneeberger as Michael Treuherz

description: Austrian cinematographer

wikidata_label: Hans Schneeberger

wikipedia_title: Hans Schneeberger


text:
Sanskrit
Digambara
Jainism
Aptamimamsa
Acharya Samantabhadra
Rashtrakuta
Krishna I
Tattvartha Sutra
Anekantavada
Digambara
Svetambara
Acharya Shri Akalanka Educational Trust
Karanthai

categories: 8th-century Indian mathematicians,8th-century Jain monks,720 births,8th-century Indian monks,8th-century Indian Jains,Jain acharyas,Indian logicians,Indian Jain monks,Digambara,780 deaths,8th-century Indian philosophers

paragraph: Akalanka

paragraph: Akalanka (also known as "Akalank Deva" and "Bhatta Akalanka") was a Jain logician whose Sanskrit-language works are seen as landmarks in Indian logic. He lived from 720-780 A.D. and belonged to the Digambara sect of Jainism. His work "Astasati", a commentary on "Aptamimamsa" of Acharya Samantabhadra deals mainly with "jaina" logic. He was a contemporary of Rashtrakuta king Krishna I. He is the author of Tattvārtharājavārtika, a commentary on major Jain text "Tattvartha Sutra". He greatly contributed to the development of the philosophy of "Anekantavada" and is therefore called the "Master of Jain logic".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Akalanka was aware of the contents of the "Angas", although it cannot be said whether they represent an idea rather than a reality for him, and he also seems to have been the first Digambara to have introduced as a valid form of scriptural classification the division into "kalika" and "utkalika" texts which was also employed by the Svetambaras.

paragraph: The samadhi of Acharya Akalanka is located between Thurupammor and Karanthai villages, 19 KM from Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The following Sanskrit-language works are attributed to Akalanka. Some of these are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laghiyastraya"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pramānasangraha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nyāyaviniscaya-vivarana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Siddhiviniscaya-vivarana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astasati"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tattvārtharājavārtika"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acharya Shri Akalanka Educational Trust

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karanthai Samadhi of Acharya Akalanka at Thurupammor-Karanthai, Tamilnadu

description: Indian Jain monk

wikidata_label: Akalanka

wikipedia_title: Akalanka


text:
Slovak
classical music
Slovakia
Herder Prize
IMC-UNESCO International Music Prize
Austria-Hungary
Banská Bystrica
Viliam Figuš-Bystrý
Prague Conservatory
Jaroslav Křička
Prague
Vítězslav Novák
Vienna
Felix Weingartner
Bratislava
Slovak National Theatre
communist
VŠMÚ
Bratislava
Štefan Hoza
Charles Dickens
A Christmas Carol
Vzkriesenie
Tolstoy
novel
Romain Rolland
Shakespeare
play
Bystrica
Kálmán Mikszáth
Karel Čapek
Josef Čapek
Pictures from the Insects' Life
Sophocles
play
Oxford Music Online

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Herder Prize recipients,Slovak composers,People from Banská Bystrica,Slovak opera composers,Male classical composers,1911 births,1989 deaths

paragraph: Ján Cikker

paragraph: Ján Cikker (29 July 1911 – 21 December 1989) was a Slovak composer, a leading exponent of modern Slovak classical music. He was awarded the title "National Artist" in Slovakia, the Herder Prize (1966) and the IMC-UNESCO International Music Prize (1979).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cikker was born in former Austria-Hungary, today Slovakia, in Banská Bystrica. His first music teachers were his mother, Mária Psotková, and Viliam Figuš-Bystrý. After he graduated from the high school, he studied at the Prague Conservatory from 1930 to 1935, where he attended courses of composition of Jaroslav Křička, of conducting and organ. He then studied at the Master's School of the Prague Conservatory from 1935 to 1936, where he was a student of Vítězslav Novák. Later on, he moved to Vienna, where he studied with Felix Weingartner from 1936-1937.

paragraph: From 1939 to 1949, he taught at the Bratislava Conservatory. At the same time he was a repertory advisor of the opera of the Slovak National Theatre from 1945 to 1948. He was forced to leave this post after the communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948. Finally, he worked as professor for composition at the "Bratislava Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts" (VŠMÚ), where he was the teacher of many Slovak composers. He died in Bratislava, where a museum in his name has opened.

paragraph: Section::::Characteristics.

paragraph: His pronounced style is characterized by a typical richness of contrasting moods and characters (dance, expressive, lyrical pronunciation), and by the emphasis on humane and ethical conduct. His first creative works were prevailingly instrumental, from the 1950s he added opera pieces.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- cycle of symphonic poems "O živote – Leto, Vojak a matka, Ráno" (About life – Summer, Soldier and Mother, Morning; 1941-1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- operas: "Juro Jánošík" (1950-1953, libretto by Štefan Hoza), "Beg Bajazid" (1955-1956, libretto by Štefan Hoza), "Mister Scrooge" (1958-1959, alternative name "Tiene" /Shadows/, after Charles Dickens's "A Christmas Carol"), "Vzkriesenie" (1960; Resurrection, after Tolstoy's novel), "Hra o láske a smrti" (Play of Love and Death, after Romain Rolland), "Coriolanus" (1970–72; after Shakespeare's play), "Obliehanie Bystrice" (1969-1971; The Siege of Bystrica after Kálmán Mikszáth), "Zo života hmyzu" (1983–86; after Karel Čapek's and Josef Čapek's play "Pictures from the Insects' Life"), "Antigona" (1987–89, unfinished; after Sophocles's play))

paragraph: BULLET::::- chamber and orchestral pieces: "String quartet no. 1 op. 13" (1935), "String quartet no. 2 op. 14" (1936), "Spring Symphony" (1937), "Slovenská suita" (1943; Slovak suite), "Spomienky" (1947; Memories), cMeditácie na Schützovu tému" (1964; Meditations about the Schütz theme), "Štúdie k činohre" (1944; Studies for a theatre play)

paragraph: BULLET::::- piano music: "Sonatina op. 12, no. 1" (1933), "Tatra brooks" (1954), "Piano Variations on a Slovak Folksong" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- song cycle: "O mamičke" (1940; About Dear Mum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- adaptations of folk songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- theatre and film music ("Varúj!")

paragraph: BULLET::::- music for folk dance groups, e.g. for SĽUK (Slovak Folk Art Collective), Lúčnica and VÚS.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Oxford Music Online, "Cikker, Ján"

description: Czechoslovak music educator, composer and university educator

wikidata_label: Ján Cikker

wikipedia_title: Ján Cikker


text:
Grand Chamberlain of France
Charles VII of France
Philip, Duke of Burgundy
Hundred Years' War
Arthur de Richemont
Jeanne d'Arc
Agincourt
Joan II of Auvergne
Armagnac
favourite
Rheims
Charles VII
Paris
Rodrigo de Villandrando
routiers
Les Ponts-de-Cé
Jean de Bueil
Bertrand VI of Auvergne
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany
John III, Count of Auvergne

categories: 1382 births,Counts of Ligny,Medieval French diplomats,1446 deaths,Joan of Arc,Grand Chamberlains of France,French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War,French diplomats,House of La Trémoille,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Georges de La Trémoille

paragraph: Georges de la Trémoille (c. 1382 –6 May 1446) was Count de Guînes from 1398 to 1446 and Grand Chamberlain of France to King Charles VII of France. He sought reconciliation between Philip, Duke of Burgundy and Charles VII during their estrangement in the latter part of the Hundred Years' War. De la Trémoille was a political opponent of Arthur de Richemont within the French court. Most historians take a poor view of his career, assessing that he placed personal advancement before the public interest, though the traditional historical interpretation of the Grand Chamberlain as Jeanne d'Arc's opponent has been revised.

paragraph: La Trémoille was captured at Agincourt in 1415. He regained his freedom shortly afterward and dedicated the rest of his career to court life and diplomacy. He made an advantageous marriage to Joan II of Auvergne (1378 –1424), Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne (1404 –1424). De la Trémoille served the Burgundian court for several years, then joined the Armagnac court of Charles VII.

paragraph: La Trémoille became a royal favourite in 1427. He gained the title of Grand Chamberlain and was instrumental in Constable de Richemont's expulsion from the court that same year. Following Joan of Arc's successful campaign to Rheims for the coronation of Charles VII, la Trémoille delayed a march on Paris with fruitless peace negotiations. He

paragraph: may have been responsible for the lack of royal support that doomed her military actions thereafter. The historical consensus is that personal jealousies led him to undermine France's two best military commanders during a low point in the war. In September 1432 he paid for Rodrigo de Villandrando and his routiers to hold Les Ponts-de-Cé against the assaults of Jean de Bueil. That year de Richemont returned to court and imprisoned la Trémoille the following year. Charles VII did not intervene.

paragraph: His daughter Louise de la Trémoille (1432 –10 April 1474), Dame de Boussac, married Bertrand VI of Auvergne and had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne de la Tour d'Auvergne, second wife of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany

paragraph: BULLET::::- John III, Count of Auvergne

paragraph: He also had descents by his two mistresses; by Marie Guypaude, a daughter Marguerite (x

paragraph: and a son Jean the "bastard of La Tremoïlle", (legitimated and ennobled in 1445), a large number of descendants); and by Marie La Championne, Jacques, the other "bastard of La Tremoïlle", legitimized in 1466. [ref.http://corpus.enc.sorbonne.fr/actesroyauxdupoitou/tome11/1426]

description: French diplomat

wikidata_label: Georges de la Trémoille

wikipedia_title: Georges de La Trémoille