text: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

text: alliterative poem

text: Middle English

text: Pearl

text: Patience

text: Cleanness

text: Saint Erkenwald

text: British Library

text: Cotton

text: landed gentry

text: Cheshire

text: Geoffrey Chaucer

text: John Gower

text: William Langland

text: Ricardian Poets

text: Richard II of England

text: Staffordshire

text: Cheshire

text: English Midlands

text: Piers Plowman

text: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: E.V. Gordon

text: Virgil

text: Ovid

text: Seneca the Younger

text: Alliterative Revival

text: John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke

text: Huchoun

text: Andrew of Wyntoun

text: Dunham Massey

text: Sale

text: John Massey

text: Cotton

text: Thomas Hoccleve

text: Sir John Stanley

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Honi soit qui mal y pense

text: Pearl text & modern translation online

text: William Graham Stanton

categories: People from Staffordshire,Writers of Arthurian literature,14th-century English writers,Medieval poets,14th-century English poets,British poets,Middle English poets,People from the Borough of Cheshire East

paragraph: Gawain Poet

paragraph: The "Gawain Poet", or less commonly the "Pearl Poet", is the name given to the author of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", an alliterative poem written in 14th-century Middle English. Its author appears also to have written the poems "Pearl", "Patience", and "Cleanness"; some scholars suggest the author may also have composed "Saint Erkenwald". Save for the last (found in BL-MS "Harley 2250"), all these works are known from a single surviving manuscript, the British Library holding "Cotton Nero A.x". This body of work includes some of the most well-regarded poetry written in Middle English.

paragraph: The Gawain Poet remains unidentified. Some scholarship has argued to assign the poem to one John Massey, a member of the landed gentry from Cheshire. This attribution of the poems of Cotton Nero A.x is not widely accepted, however, reflected in the ongoing use of the labels "Pearl Poet" or "Gawain Poet".

paragraph: Section::::Conjectured biography.

paragraph: The language of the poems shows that the poet was a contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and William Langland, who are sometimes (following the suggestion of academic John Burrow) collectively called the Ricardian Poets in reference to the reign of Richard II of England. All four poems of the Cotton Nero A.x manuscript are in the same Middle English dialect, localised to the area of north-western Staffordshire and south-eastern Cheshire, in the English Midlands. This may merely indicate the dialect of the scribe responsible for copying the poems, but there is good evidence that the dialect of poet and scribe were very similar. It is, therefore, thought most likely that the poet was a native of east Cheshire or west Staffordshire and was writing in the latter part of the 14th century: based particularly on the narrative voice of "Pearl", the poet is thought to have been male. Internal evidence indicates that all four works were probably written by the same author, though their similar dialect and presence in the same manuscript have usually been taken as the strongest evidence of common authorship.

paragraph: Any other information must be deduced from the poems' themes, as there is neither a definite authorial attribution within them nor any 'tradition' as to the author's identity (as with Langland and "Piers Plowman"). The poet would seem to be well-educated, shows a deep knowledge of technical vocabulary about hunting such as with the clear description of the horn signals in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" as well as with the court, vividly describes the landscape of the region, and has an interest in poverty as a Christian virtue. However, the writer of the Cotton Nero A.x poems never refers to contemporary scholarship as Chaucer, for example, does; the poems show much more of a tendency to refer to materials from the past (the Arthurian legends, stories from the Bible) than any new learning, so it is perhaps less possible to associate the poet with the universities, monasteries, or the court in London. Despite this, the Gawain Poet must have been educated and probably of a certain social standing, perhaps a member of a family of landed gentry. J. R. R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon, after reviewing the allusions, style, and themes of "Gawain and the Green Knight", concluded in 1925:

paragraph: The author began writing during a time of rapid change and development in English literature. The poet's language was arguably also influenced by 14th-century social developments, particularly the movement toward a more anglicised ruling class and political identity, and by changes in the English language, primarily driven by exposure to dialects of French. The sophistication of the author's literary style, and their references to pursuits such as heraldry and hunting, suggests a cultured audience.

paragraph: In their use of Latin, "Purity", "Patience", and "Pearl" show the poet's knowledge of the Vulgate Bible. In Pearl, the poet shows clear knowledge of not only the Apocalypse of St. John, but also many other parts of the Bible. It is possible that the poet consulted Latin commentaries on the Apocalypse and Genesis. The work makes use of major traditional elements in the Bible, such as treating Jonah's descent into the whale as a form of Christ's descent into Hell, and using Abraham's three angels as a type of the Trinity. What most interested the poet, however, was the literal sense of Biblical sources as opposed to their typological or allegorical significance.

paragraph: "Pearl" also shows the poet's understanding of mystical theology. It is pointed out that the Dreamer's definition of his vision as a 'gostly drem' (Line 790) indicates the poet's familiarity with the classification of visions used by mystical theologians and the mystics themselves. There is no need to suggest any extraordinary learning on the poet's part; most of the devotional writings were widely and easily understood.

paragraph: It is difficult to find evidence that the poet shared knowledge of classical poets, such as Virgil and Ovid, with the likes of Chaucer. However, there have been claims that certain small debts can be detected in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to Virgil and to Seneca the Younger, and it is highly likely that the poet was familiar with a wide range of Latin literature that was current among the educated class in the Middle Ages.

paragraph: The chronology of the "Alliterative Revival" of which these works are a significant part, cannot be established with any precision. It is assumed that the revival began in the south-west midlands and fully flowered in the late fourteenth century. While Cheshire monasteries were not as well endowed as those in the south-west midlands, they would have included the main Latin works used as sources by the alliterative poets. Dating the works written by the Gawain-poet is most problematic because the works could have been written as early as the 1360s or as late as the manuscript itself, which dates around 1400. It is assumed that the poet was alive during the mid-1370s to mid-1380s. The British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x. is the only surviving Middle English manuscript collection consisting solely of alliterative poems. There is firm consensus that the dialect of the scribe and the author localises the poem to the north-west Midlands, centring Cheshire. To present the historical background of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and associated poems is ultimately a quest to find the anonymous poet. The notion that the Gawain-poet was attached to a provincial noble household, perhaps like that of Sir Bertilak, remains attractive to a number of critics. The quest for the Green Chapel brings Sir Gawain into Cheshire from Wales. Sir Robert Grosvenor, Sheriff of Chester was born circa 1342 at Hulme, Cheshire, England and is an appropriate reference-point in the investigation for the world of the poet. Grosvenor's manor house at Hulme is only a few miles north of the area pin-pointed by dialectologists, on the uplands associated with the Green Chapel mentioned in the poem.

paragraph: Section::::Theories as to possible identity.:John Prat, John Donne.

paragraph: A number of scholars have proposed that "Pearl" was written to commemorate the daughter of John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, and two of his clerks, John Prat and John Donne, have been advanced as possible candidates for authorship.

paragraph: Section::::Theories as to possible identity.:"Huchoun".

paragraph: A theory current in the early part of the 20th century held that a man called Huchoun ("little Hugh") may have authored the poems, having been credited with several works, including at least one known to be in the alliterative form, in the Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun. As Cotton Nero A.x contains the words "Hugo de" added in a later hand, its contents were identified with some of the works mentioned by Wyntoun.

paragraph: This argument, made in greatest detail by a Scottish antiquarian, George Neilson (who claimed that Hugh was a Scottish knight, Hugh of Eglington) is nowadays disregarded, mainly because the poems attributed to Hugh seem to have been composed in widely varying dialects.

paragraph: Section::::Theories as to possible identity.:John (or Hugh) Massey.

paragraph: The surname of Massey, that of a prominent Cheshire family, is associated with "St Erkenwald", a poem occasionally claimed to be another of the Pearl poet's works; the names of Thomas Massey and Elizabeth Booth (a member of the Booth family of Dunham Massey) are written in "St Erkenwald"'s manuscript.

paragraph: In 1956 Ormerod Greenwood, working on a translation of "Gawain", made the suggestion that the author of "Pearl" and "Gawain" was one of the Masseys of Sale. He suggested Hugh Massey, based on a number of puns he found incorporated in "Pearl" (in addition to the "Hugo de" inscription in Cotton Nero A.x) Given the obvious link through the name "Hugh", Hugh Massey has been conflated with Huchoun by some academics.

paragraph: A later suggestion is John Massey of Cotton; this was first put forward by Nolan and Farley-Hills in 1971. John Massey's authorship is further supported, according to Nolan, by one of Thomas Hoccleve's poems, in which the Hoccleve mentions "my maister Massy", indicating him to be a fearsome critic of poetic metre. The attribution to John Massey is not, however, widely supported by modern critics of the poem.

paragraph: Section::::Theories as to possible identity.:John Stanley.

paragraph: Sir John Stanley (c. 1350–1414) has been suggested as a possible identity for the poet. He was a Knight of the Garter, and the presence of the Garter motto, "Honi soit qui mal y pense" is put forward in support. He was also familiar with hunting and armoury, as described in "Gawain", and came from the appropriate part of England.

paragraph: Section::::Theories as to possible identity.:Richard Newton.

paragraph: Bennett (1979) suggested that "Sir Gawain" was written by an ancestor of the north-western landowner Humphrey Newton, who appears to have been familiar with the poem in the 16th century. Richard Newton, who wrote some surviving occasional verse in the late fourteenth century, was suggested as a candidate based on perceived stylistic similarities of his work to parts of "Sir Gawain". The theory was not widely accepted.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bowers, John M. 2012. "An Introduction to the Gawain Poet." University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearl text & modern translation online William Graham Stanton – contains original text, literal translation, and poetic translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scholarly Introduction to Pearl, Sarah Stanbury

description: Author of Pearl, an alliterative poem written in 14th-century Middle English

enwikiquote_title: Pearl Poet

wikidata_label: Pearl Poet

wikipedia_title: Gawain Poet


text:
American football
guard
center
Oakland Raiders
2006 NFL Draft
college football
Michigan State
Carolina Panthers
New England Patriots
Detroit Lions
Tennessee Titans
high school football
Bedford High School
Temperance, Michigan
Detroit Lions
Tennessee Titans
Oakland Raiders bio
Michigan State Spartans bio

categories: American football offensive guards,Detroit Lions players,American football centers,Tennessee Titans players,Oakland Raiders players,Players of American football from Michigan,Carolina Panthers players,1983 births,New England Patriots players,Living people,Michigan State Spartans football players

paragraph: Chris Morris (American football)

paragraph: Chris Morris (born February 22, 1983) is a former American football guard and center. He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the seventh round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Michigan State.

paragraph: He has also been a member of the Carolina Panthers, New England Patriots, Detroit Lions and Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Morris played high school football at Bedford High School in Temperance, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Drafted in the seventh round by the Oakland Raiders in 2006. Waived in 2009

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: Morris signed with the New England Patriots on August 3, 2011, but was released on August 13.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On August 24, 2011, Morris signed with the Detroit Lions. He was released on September 4.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: Morris was signed by the Tennessee Titans on August 4, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Raiders bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michigan State Spartans bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Chris Morris

wikipedia_title: Chris Morris (American football)


text:
Marinid dynasty
Morocco
Gibraltar
Tarifa
Tlemcen
Ifriqiya
Algeria
Tunisia
Maghreb
Almohad Caliphate
Abu Inan Faris
Fez
High Atlas
Marinid
Abu Sa'id Uthman II
Abu Sa'id Uthman II
Hafsid
Abu Bakr
Ifriqiya
Marinids
Hafsids
Zayyanid dynasty
Tlemcen
Ferdinand IV
Emirate of Granada
Nasrid
Muhammad IV
Granada
Algeciras
Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid
Strait of Gibraltar
Muhammad IV of Granada
Algeciras
Alfonso XI
siege to Gibraltar
Ibn Marzuq
Tlemcen
Yusuf I
Granada
Béjaïa
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II
Constantine
Zayyanids
Tunis
Zayyanids
Tlemcen
Sijilmassa
Sultanate of Tlemcen
Nasrid
Yusuf I
Granada
Castilians
Alfonso XI
Afonso IV
Alonso Jofre Tenorio
Ceuta
Gibraltar
Algeciras
Yusuf I
Tarifa
Alfonso XI
Afonso IV
Afonso IV of Portugal
Alfonso XI of Castile
Seville
Battle of Río Salado
Iberian Peninsula
Algeciras
Tunis
Almohad
Maghreb
Kairouan
Abu Inan Faris
Bougie
Algiers
Abdalwadid
Chelif River
Sijilmassa
Marrakesh
Oum er-Rebia
Atlas Mountains
Hintata
Abu Inan
Marinid
Chellah
Béjaïa
Tunis

categories: Sultans of Morocco,1351 deaths,13th-century Moroccan people,14th-century Berber people,1297 births,14th-century monarchs in Africa,People from Fez, Morocco,14th-century Moroccan people,13th-century Berber people,Marinid dynasty

paragraph: Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman

paragraph: Abu Al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Othman (c. 1297 – May 24, 1351) () was a sultan of the Marinid dynasty who reigned in Morocco between 1331 and 1348. In 1333 he captured Gibraltar from the Castilians, although a later attempt to take Tarifa in 1339 ended in fiasco. In North Africa he extended his rule over Tlemcen and Ifriqiya, which together covered the north of what is now Algeria and Tunisia. Under him the Marinid realms in the Maghreb briefly covered an area that rivaled that of the preceding Almohad Caliphate. However, he was forced to retreat due to a revolt of the Arab tribes, was shipwrecked, and lost many of his supporters. His son Abu Inan Faris seized power in Fez. Abu Al-Hasan died in exile in the High Atlas mountains.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Abu al-Hassan was the son of Marinid ruler Abu Sa'id Uthman II and an Abyssinian mother.

paragraph: He had a dark complexion, and was known as the 'Black Sultan' of Morocco.

paragraph: He succeeded his father Abu Sa'id Uthman II in 1331. Abu al-Hassan married Fatima, daughter of the Hafsid ruler Abu Bakr of Ifriqiya, sealing an alliance between the Marinids and Hafsids against the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.:Gibraltar.

paragraph: In 1309, Castillian troops under Ferdinand IV captured Gibraltar, then known as the "Medinat al-Fath" (City of Victory), from the Muslim-ruled Emirate of Granada.

paragraph: In 1333, responding to the appeal of Nasrid ruler Muhammad IV of Granada, Abu al-Hassan sent a Moroccan army to Algeciras under the command of his son Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid. A force of 7,000 men was transported across the Strait of Gibraltar to rendezvous with the forces of Muhammad IV of Granada at Algeciras in February 1333. The Castillians were distracted by the coronation of King Alfonso XI and were slow to respond to the invasion force, which was able to lay siege to Gibraltar before much of a response could be organised.

paragraph: The situation in Gibraltar was desperate by mid-June. The food had run out and the townspeople and garrison had been reduced to eating their own shields, belts and shoes in an attempt to gain sustenance from the leather from which they were made.

paragraph: On 17 June 1333, Vasco Perez surrendered Gibraltar after agreeing terms with Abd al-Malik. The defenders were allowed to leave with honour as a mark of respect for their courage in defending the town for so long. The fall of Gibraltar was rapturously received back in Morocco; the Moorish chronicler Ibn Marzuq recorded that while he was studying in Tlemcen, his teacher announced to his class: "Rejoice, community of the faithful, because God has had the goodness to restore Gibraltar to us!" According to Ibn Marzuq, the jubilant students burst out into cries of praise, gave thanks and shed tears of joy.

paragraph: The success of the Gibraltar campaign stoked fears in the Granadan court that the Marinids would become too influential, and provoked the assassination of Muhammad IV by resentful Granadan nobles only a few months later.

paragraph: However, Abu al-Hasan was not ready to invade the Iberian peninsula since he was engaged in hostilities with Tlemcen.

paragraph: Muhammad IV's brother and successor, Yusuf I of Granada maintained the alliance with the Marinid ruler.

paragraph: A peace treaty was signed at Fez on 26 February 1334 between Castile, Granada and Morocco with a four-year duration.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.:Tlemcen.

paragraph: The ruler of Tlemcen, Ibn Tashufin (r. 1318-1337), initiated hostilities against Ifriqiya, besieged Béjaïa, and sent an army into Tunisia that defeated the Hafsid king Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II, who fled to Constantine while the Zayyanids occupied Tunis.

paragraph: Abu al-Hassan was married to a Hafsid princess, and in 1334 the Hafsids appealed to him for help, giving him a welcome excuse for invading his neighbor.

paragraph: In early 1335, Marinid forces under Abu al-Hassan invaded Tlemcen from the west and dispatched a naval force to assist the Hafsids from the east. The Zayyanids were rolled back into the city of Tlemcen. The Marinid sultan Abu al-Hassan laid a three-year siege of Tlemcen, turning his siege camp into a veritable adjoining city.

paragraph: In 1336 or 1337, Abu al-Hassan suspended the siege of Tlemcen to campaign in southern Morocco, where his troublesome brother, Abu Ali, who ruled an appanage at Sijilmassa, was threatening to divide the Marinid dominions.

paragraph: In May 1337, after a two-year siege, Tlemcen finally fell to a Marinid assault.

paragraph: Ibn Tashufin died during the fighting.

paragraph: His brothers were captured and killed and the Sultanate of Tlemcen (covering roughly modern western half of Algeria) was annexed by the Marinids.

paragraph: Abu al-Hasan received delegates from Egypt, Granada, Tunis and Mali congratulating him on his victory, by which he had gained complete control of the trans-Saharan trade.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.:Tarifa.

paragraph: Flush from these victories, in 1339, Abu al-Hassan received an appeal from the Nasrid ruler Yusuf I of Granada to help drive back the Castilians. The assembly of a large Marinid invasion force in Morocco prompted the Castilian king Alfonso XI to bring to an end his quarrel with Afonso IV of Portugal.

paragraph: In April 1340, a Castilian fleet of some 32 galleys under admiral Alonso Jofre Tenorio set out against the Marinid invasion fleet being outfitted at Ceuta. The Marinid fleet, under the command of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Azafi, destroyed the Castilian fleet in the naval battle of Gibraltar on 5 April 1340. The Castilian admiral Tenorio was killed during the engagement and only five Castilian galleys managed to make it safely out.

paragraph: With the sea now clear for an invasion, Abu al-Hassan spent the rest of the summer calmly ferrying his troops and supplies across the straits to Algeciras. Abu al-Hassan crossed with the bulk of the Marinid forces in August 1340. The Marinid invasion force joined up with Granadan forces under Yusuf I in September, and together proceeded to lay siege to Tarifa.

paragraph: A desperate Alfonso XI appealed to his father-in-law, the Portuguese king Afonso IV for assistance. In October 1340, a Portuguese fleet under Manuel Pessanha, supplemented by a leased Genoese fleet, managed to move into position off Tarifa and cut off the besiegers' supply line to Morocco. In the meantime, Afonso IV of Portugal led an army overland to join Alfonso XI of Castile near Seville, and together they moved against the besiegers at Tarifa. The Marinid-Nasrid forces were defeated at the Battle of Río Salado in October, 1340, and Abu al-Hassan was forced to retreat back to Algeciras. After this defeat, Al-Hasan ended his campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula. A few years later, Alfonso XI of Castile had little difficulty taking Algeciras in March 1344.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns.:Ifriqiya.

paragraph: In 1346 the Hafsid Sultan, Abu Bakr, died and a dispute over the succession ensued.

paragraph: Several Ifriqiyan parties appealed to the Marinid ruler for assistance. In a campaign in early 1347, Abu al-Hassan's Moroccan army swept through Ifriqiya and entered Tunis in September, 1347. By uniting Morocco, Tlemcen and Ifriqiya, the Marinid ruler Abu al-Hassan effectively accomplished the conquest of dominions as great as the Almohad empire of the Maghreb, and the comparison was not lost on contemporaries.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt and death.

paragraph: However, Abu al-Hassan went too far in attempting to impose more authority over the Arab tribes. They revolted and in April 1348 defeated his army near Kairouan. His son, Abu Inan Faris, who had been serving as governor of Tlemcen, returned to Fez and declared that he was the sultan. Tlemcen and the central Maghreb revolted. The Zayyanid Abu Sa'id Uthman II was proclaimed king of Tlemcen.

paragraph: Abu al-Hassan's fleet was wrecked on its homeward journey by a tempest off Bougie, and the once mighty sultan was left stranded in the heart of enemy territory. Abu al-Hassan escaped capture and made his way to join his partisans in Algiers. He managed to gather enough forces to attempt a march to recover Tlemcen, but was defeated by the resurgent Abdalwadid princes near the Chelif River.

paragraph: As many of his former supporters defected, Abu al-Hassan was forced to proceed to Sijilmassa, in southern Morocco, which he hoped to use as a base to recover his sultanate. But Abu Inan's armies descended on the area, forcing Abu al-Hassan to flee with what remained of his supporters to Marrakesh. In May 1350, Abu Inan defeated Abu al-Hassan on the banks of the Oum er-Rebia. With Abu Inan on his heels, Abu al-Hassan fled into the high Atlas Mountains, taking refuge among the Hintata tribes. Broken, ill and without resources, the once-mighty Abu al-Hassan, finally agreed to abdicate in favour of Abu Inan in late 1350 or early 1351.

paragraph: Abu al-Hassan died in May, 1351, still in his Atlas mountain hideout. His body was transferred by Abu Inan, allegedly with great public mourning, to the Marinid necropolis at Chellah.

paragraph: In 1352 Abu Inan Faris recaptured Tlemcen. He also reconquered the central Maghreb. He took Béjaïa in 1353 and Tunis in 1357, becoming master of Ifriqiya. In 1358 he was forced to return to Fez due to Arab opposition, where he was strangled to death by his vizier.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

description: Moroccan Sultan

wikidata_label: Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman

wikipedia_title: Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman


text: American

text: sportscaster

text: play-by-play

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Major League Baseball

text: college football

text: college basketball

text: Monday Night Baseball

text: ESPN

text: Jon Miller

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Duane Kuiper

text: Mike Krukow

text: KNBR

text: Giants Radio Network

text: St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School

text: classics

text: Stanford University

text: Syracuse University

text: Stanford Cardinal

text: KZSU

text: Visalia Oaks

text: Pawtucket Red Sox

text: PawSox Radio Network

text: Triple-A

text: Jon Miller

text: Barry Bonds

text: home run

text: Babe Ruth

text: Duane Kuiper

text: Fox Sports Net

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Miller Park

text: Chris Capuano

text: Hank Aaron

text: National League

text: American League

text: San Diego Padres

text: NBC Sports Bay Area

text: KNTV

text: Greg Maddux

text: Randy Johnson

text: Jonathan Sánchez

text: San Diego Padres

text: World Series

text: Rangers Ballpark

text: Matt Cain

text: 2012 World Series

text: Stanford Cardinal

text: Andrew Luck

text: Rose Bowl

text: College Basketball on ESPN

text: Big 10

text: Dan Dakich

text: ESPN

text: ESPN Radio

text: Pac-12 Network

text: College Football on ESPN

text: NBA

text: ESPN Radio

text: Little League World Series

text: ABC

text: LLWS

text: NFL games for ESPN Radio

text: Monday Night Baseball

text: College Football Thursday Primetime

text: identical twin

text: Bonds Call Gone in a Glitch

text: "The great home run call that wasn't"

categories: Stanford University alumni,College basketball announcers in the United States,1976 births,Stanford Cardinal football broadcasters,People from Alexandria, Virginia,People with alopecia universalis,Living people,American radio sports announcers,Pawtucket Red Sox,American television sports announcers,San Francisco Giants broadcasters,College football announcers,Major League Baseball broadcasters,Syracuse University alumni,National Basketball Association broadcasters,National Football League announcers

paragraph: Dave Flemming

paragraph: David Braxton Flemming (born May 31, 1976) is an American sportscaster, currently working as a play-by-play announcer for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball as well as college football, college basketball, and "Monday Night Baseball" on ESPN.

paragraph: Flemming grew up in Alexandria, Virginia, listening to current Giants partner Jon Miller call Baltimore Orioles games. In 2004, Flemming began his first full year as an announcer for the team, working with Miller, Duane Kuiper and Mike Krukow on San Francisco station KNBR and the Giants Radio Network. He currently splits time between the Giants' radio and television broadcasts.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: After graduating from St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School in 1994, Flemming received bachelor's and master's degrees in classics from Stanford University and a master's degree in broadcast journalism from the S.I. Newhouse School of Communications at Syracuse University. While at Stanford, Flemming broadcast Stanford Cardinal baseball, men's and women's basketball, and football and served as Sports Director at KZSU. In 2000, he broadcast play-by-play for the Visalia Oaks and served as the assistant General Manager, before moving on to the Pawtucket Red Sox.

paragraph: Flemming called games for three seasons on the eight-station PawSox Radio Network. His rise in the baseball broadcasting industry was fast, as he went from Class-A ball (Visalia) in 2000 to Triple-A from 2001–2003 (Pawtucket) and finally the Giants.

paragraph: Section::::Career with the San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: In seventeen seasons calling Giants games, Flemming has been a part of many memorable on-air moments.

paragraph: On April 27, 2003, in his second ever major league broadcast, working as a fill-in for Jon Miller, Flemming broadcast the Phillies' Kevin Millwood's no-hitter against the Giants. In some ways it was an indication of the moments to come.

paragraph: Barry Bonds provided several of those. On May 28, 2006, Flemming had the chance for his voice to go into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum when he was set to call Barry Bonds' 715th home run, passing Babe Ruth for second place on the all-time home run list. However, as he was making the call, his microphone went dead:

paragraph: Flemming, unaware of the problem, continued to make the call, but all listeners heard was about ten seconds of dead air. Only Duane Kuiper's call on Fox Sports Net's broadcast was sent to the Hall of Fame. On September 23 of the same year, during Flemming's third-inning call of a game against the Milwaukee Brewers at Miller Park, Bonds hit a home run off left-hander Chris Capuano. This was Bonds' 734th career homer (26th for the season), which broke Hank Aaron's record for National League home runs. (Aaron hit his last 21 homers as an American League player.) Eventually on August 4, 2007, Flemming was able to call Bonds' record-tying 755th home run in San Diego on the radio against the San Diego Padres.

paragraph: That call of #755 proved to be a notable one in a weekend of milestone moments for Bonds and Alex Rodriguez. Later that week, the New York Times sports media critic Richard Sandomir wrote of the collection of broadcasts that past weekend,

paragraph: "But the best one on radio or TV came from Dave Flemming, the Giants’ radio announcer, who said clearly and excitedly on KNBR: "Bonds swings, 2-1 pitch. He drives one to left. Going back on the ball is Hairston. It's gone. Off the facing of the second deck. And Barry Bonds has equaled baseball's all-time home run record: 755 for Bonds."

paragraph: On July 14, 2006, for a Friday night home game, Flemming made his television broadcast debut for the Giants. Since then, he has appeared both on NBC Sports Bay Area and KNTV during the baseball season.

paragraph: Other milestone broadcasts Flemming contributed to include the calls of Greg Maddux and Randy Johnson's 300th pitching victories, and the Giants' Jonathan Sánchez's no hitter against the San Diego Padres on July 11, 2009.

paragraph: On November 1, 2010, during the seventh inning in Game 5 of the World Series at Rangers Ballpark, Flemming made the winning home run call that eventually sealed the Giants' win, and thus the World Series:

paragraph: On June 13, 2012, Flemming made the radio call of the final out of Matt Cain's perfect game, the first in the history of the Giants. In 2013 Flemming (along with Kuiper and Miller) won an Emmy for his coverage of the perfect game.

paragraph: Later that season, on October 28, 2012, Flemming made the call for the final out of the 2012 World Series.

paragraph: Flemming was again a part of the broadcasts for the 2014 postseason, and the Giants' third World Series win of the decade. In his time in San Francisco, he has won three Northern California Emmys for sports play-by-play.

paragraph: Section::::Stanford football and basketball.

paragraph: Starting in 2008, Flemming began broadcasting Stanford Cardinal football and basketball. He spent three years as the voice of Stanford basketball on the radio, and six years in that capacity with Stanford football before leaving the Stanford broadcasts to concentrate on his network work.

paragraph: The period Flemming served as the voice of Stanford football coincided with perhaps the most successful stretch in the school's football history. Flemming's first broadcast on the Stanford radio network was the epic upset of #1 ranked USC on October 6, 2007. Over the next six seasons, Flemming was behind the microphone for the record performances of Toby Gerhart and Andrew Luck, and for three BCS bowl appearances, including a Rose Bowl victory over Wisconsin on January 1, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::National work.

paragraph: Flemming became a regular "College Basketball on ESPN" announcer in 2010, after having called a couple of games for the network the previous season. He primarily works Big 10 games for ESPN, teaming with Dan Dakich and other analysts.

paragraph: He also calls baseball for ESPN and ESPN Radio, including MLB playoffs every year since 2013. He worked a season calling college football games for the Pac-12 Network in 2012 before shifting to "College Football on ESPN" in 2013. Also in 2013, Flemming began calling NBA games on ESPN Radio and contributing to Little League World Series coverage on ESPN and ABC. His LLWS work continues to this day. In 2015, Flemming began calling NFL games for ESPN Radio as well. In 2016, he began calling select "Monday Night Baseball" games for ESPN, as well as "College Football Thursday Primetime" games.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Flemming and his wife, Jessica, live in San Francisco with their identical twin daughters Katie and Carter and their son David Henry.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who's on First; Dave Flemming’s straightforward style—and smooth-as-silk voice—have made him a Giant hit "Stanford Magazine" article, July-August 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonds Call Gone in a Glitch

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The great home run call that wasn't" "San Francisco Metblogs", 05/28/2006

description: American sportscaster

wikidata_label: Dave Flemming

wikipedia_title: Dave Flemming


text: medical practitioner

text: bubonic plague

text: Bombay

text: Bombay Municipal Corporation

text: Arpora

text: Goa

text: St Xavier's High School, Bombay

text: Grant Medical College

text: First Class

text: L.M. & S.

text: Mandvi

text: Christian

text: Bombay University

text: Portuguese

text: epidemic

text: bubonic plague

text: W M Haffkine

text: cholera

text: Cowasji Jehangir Hall

text: Metro Cinema

text: Bombay Presidency

text: Harekrushna Mahtab

text: Dhobitalao

text: Dr Acacio Viegas

text: Archived

categories: Medical doctors from Mumbai,University of Mumbai alumni,1933 deaths,People from North Goa district,19th-century Indian medical doctors,1856 births,20th-century Indian medical doctors,Indian Roman Catholics,Goans in science and technology

paragraph: Acacio Gabriel Viegas

paragraph: Acacio Gabriel Viegas (1 April 1856—1933) was a medical practitioner who was credited with the discovery of the outbreak of bubonic plague in Bombay, India in 1896. His timely discovery helped saved many lives in the city and was credited with the inoculation of 18,000 residents. He was also the president of the Bombay Municipal Corporation.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Acacio Viegas was born on 1 April 1856 in Arpora, Goa. After the completion of his primary education, he joined St Xavier's High School, Bombay, where he completed his matriculation in 1874 with a distinction. He then enrolled in the Grant Medical College, securing a First Class at the L.M. & S. degree examination held in 1880. Viegas then set up practice at Mandvi in the south Bombay area.

paragraph: Section::::As president.

paragraph: Not satisfied with serving the public only through medicine, he successfully contested the civic election from 1888 till 1907. In 1906 he became the President of the Municipal Corporation, enjoying the distinction of being the first native Christian to do so.

paragraph: He was an active member of the Standing Committee and the Improvement Trust. He then focused his attention to improving the living conditions of the city's poor and down-trodden. He also tried to minimise the increases of public utility costs. As president, Viegas promoted medical relief and introduced compulsory free education.

paragraph: Viegas was also a member of the Bombay University Syndicate, and was the pioneer of the Faculty of Scientific Technology. He also introduced Portuguese into the syllabus and supported the creation of special colleges for women. He was also an examiner in Medicine at the degree level and Foundation-Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.

paragraph: Section::::Plague.

paragraph: In 1896, a mysterious disease hit the city in the Nowroji Hill slums. The disease spread rapidly affecting many city residents and became an epidemic. Those in the medical field were puzzled by this disease which saw a mass exodus from the city. The city's commerce was badly hit, and the flourishing textile industry was grounded.

paragraph: Viegas correctly diagnosed the disease as bubonic plague and tended to patients at great personal risk. He then launched a vociferous campaign to clean up slums and exterminate rats, the carriers of the plague.

paragraph: To confirm Viegas' findings, four teams of independent experts were brought in. With his diagnosis proving to be correct, the Governor of Bombay invited W M Haffkine, who had earlier formulated a vaccine for cholera, do the same for the epidemic. Haffkine's vaccine saved thousands of lives with Viegas personally inoculating around eighteen thousand residents.

paragraph: After his death in 1933, a life-size statue of him was erected in the Cowasji Jehangir Hall opposite Metro Cinema on his birth centenary in 1956, by the Governor of Bombay Presidency, Harekrushna Mahtab, as a tribute to the services rendered to the city. A street in the Dhobitalao area is also named after him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dr Acacio Viegas", Goan Achievers in Bombay, Dr Teresa Albuquerque, Goacom: Goanow – Looking Back (Nov 2000 issue)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goans are all over the world, doing all kinds of things" (Archived 2009-10-24), Frederick Noronha

description: Indian doctor

wikidata_label: Acacio Gabriel Viegas

wikipedia_title: Acacio Gabriel Viegas


text: Bosnian Croat

text: fascist

text: Ustaše

text: Independent State of Croatia

text: World War II

text: Serbs

text: genocide

text: Jews

text: Roma

text: Ante Pavelić

text: Yugoslavia

text: Axis

text: invasion of Yugoslavia

text: Lika

text: casus belli

text: Srb uprising

text: Jasenovac

text: Croatian Home Guard

text: house arrest

text: de facto

text: Lorković–Vokić plot

text: Sarajevo

text: General

text: Greater Croatia

text: Greater Serbia

text: Croatian National Resistance

text: secret police

text: Humac

text: Ljubuški

text: Bosnian Croat

text: Roman Catholic

text: died of blood loss

text: Serbs

text: Serbian monarchy

text: Trebižat

text: tobacco

text: primary education

text: Mostar

text: high school

text: truanted

text: vagrancy

text: stock exchange

text: Greater Croatia

text: embezzlement

text: Subotica

text: Budapest

text: Janka Puszta

text: Ante Pavelić

text: pseudo

text: Alexander

text: Marseilles

text: Nagykanizsa

text: Anschluss

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Third Reich

text: Axis powers

text: invaded

text: Albania

text: neutrality

text: Hungary

text: Romania

text: Tripartite Pact

text: invaded Greece

text: Bulgaria

text: impending attack

text: Soviet Union

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Serbian nationalist

text: Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force

text: regent

text: Prince Paul

text: coup d'état

text: Peter

text: Dušan Simović

text: invasion

text: Independent State of Croatia

text: Slavko Kvaternik

text: Austro-Hungarian Army

text: Croatian Peasant Party

text: Vladko Maček

text: Šibenik

text: Zadar

text: Jewish question

text: interwar period

text: Milan Šufflay

text: Velebit Uprising

text: Gola

text: Main Ustaša Headquarters

text: Vjekoslav Servatzy

text: Veljun

text: Slunj

text: Blagaj

text: water well

text: Gornja Suvaja

text: Donja Suvaja

text: Slavko Goldstein

text: Croatian Home Guard

text: Osredci

text: Nebljusi

text: horse-drawn cart

text: Boričevac

text: barracks

text: karst

text: Josip Broz Tito

text: Partisans

text: Colonel

text: Draža Mihailović

text: Chetniks

text: casus belli

text: Srb uprising

text: Kerestinec prison

text: Ustaše Surveillance Service

text: Dido

text: Siegfried Kasche

text: Jasenovac concentration camp

text: Oranienburg

text: Sachsenhausen

text: Stara Gradiška

text: Dinko Šakić

text: typhus

text: gas van

text: gas chamber

text: sulphur dioxide

text: Zyklon B

text: Red Cross

text: Prkosi

text: Bosanski Petrovac

text: sic

text: Draksenić

text: short film

text: Kozara Offensive

text: Kozara

text: Edmund Glaise-Horstenau

text: janissaries

text: devşirme

text: Lord's Prayer

text: Diana Budisavljević

text: Major

text: Travnik

text: Franjo Šimić

text: house arrest

text: de facto

text: Miroslav Filipović

text: Croatian Orthodox Church

text: Šumec

text: Lepoglava

text: Gestapo

text: Lorković–Vokić plot

text: Mladen Lorković

text: Ante Vokić

text: Croatian Armed Forces

text: Serbian Volunteer Corps

text: fifth column

text: Festung

text: kangaroo court

text: Bolshevism

text: Yalta Conference

text: Marindvor

text: Landrum Bolling

text: Borongaj

text: Archbishop of Zagreb

text: Aloysius Stepinac

text: British Army

text: handed back to the Partisans

text: Crusaders

text: Yugoslav People's Army

text: Bilogora

text: Fruška Gora

text: Drava

text: Rafael Boban

text: pseudonym

text: Agustín Muñoz Grandes

text: Blue Division

text: Benigànim

text: Buenos Aires

text: Guy Walters

text: Hamburg

text: Greater Serbia

text: Drina

text: Sandžak

text: Croatian National Resistance

text: Croatian Liberation Movement

text: Carcaixent

text: Valencia

text: poultry

text: Buenos Aires

text: State Security Administration

text: secret service

text: autopsy

text: weekly

text: Globus

text: Vladimir Rolović

text: Miro Barešić

text: Christian name

text: Zvonko Bušić

text: Gojko Šušak

text: Mladen Naletilić

text: TWA Flight 355

text: Minister of Defence

text: Bosnian War

text: Croatian War of Independence

text: Croatian Army

text: Ante Luburić

text: Battle of Vukovar

text: Mirko Norac

text: Franjo Tuđman

text: Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara

text: Darko Hudelist

text: Croatian diaspora

text: Croatian Democratic Union

text: Ivo Goldstein

text: Francisco Franco

text: Republicans

text: Nationalists

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Dobrinja

text: Socialist Workers' Party

text: Split

text: Dario Kordić

text: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia

text: Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing

text: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

text: Nuremberg trials

text: genocide

text: Hermann Neubacher

text: Government of Serbia

text: sadist

text: Uki Goñi

text: Jozo Tomasevich

categories: Croatian collaborators with Fascist Italy,1969 murders in Europe,1914 births,Assassinated Yugoslav people,Assassinations in Spain,Croatian fascists,Assassinated Croatian people,Croatian collaborators with Nazi Germany,Nazi concentration camp commandants,1969 deaths,People from Ljubuški,People from the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Ustaša Militia personnel,Holocaust perpetrators in Yugoslavia,Assassinated military personnel,Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina,1960s murders in Spain,Ustaše concentration camp personnel

paragraph: Vjekoslav Luburić

paragraph: Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić (6 March 1914 – 20 April 1969) was a Bosnian Croat member of the fascist Ustaše movement who headed the system of concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during much of World War II. Luburić also personally oversaw multiple massacres of Serbs, and spearheaded the contemporaneous genocides of Jews and Roma in the NDH.

paragraph: Luburić joined Ante Pavelić's Ustaše movement in 1931, left Yugoslavia the following year and relocated to Hungary. Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and the establishment of the NDH with Pavelić at its head, Luburić returned to the Balkans. In late June 1941, Luburić was dispatched to the Lika region, where he oversaw a series of massacres of Serbs, which served as the "casus belli" for the Srb uprising. Around this time, he was appointed head of Bureau III, a department of the Ustaše Surveillance Service tasked with overseeing the NDH's sprawling network of concentration camps, most notably Jasenovac, where approximately 100,000 were killed over the course of the war. In late 1942, Luburić was appointed commander of the Croatian Home Guard's 9th Infantry Regiment, but was stripped of his command after shooting and killing one of his subordinates. Under German pressure, he was placed under house arrest, but retained "de facto" control of the Ustaše concentration camps. In August 1944, he played a leading role in the disruption of the Lorković–Vokić plot, which sought to overthrow Pavelić and replace him with a pro-Allied government. In February 1945, Pavelić dispatched Luburić to Sarajevo, where over the next two months, he oversaw the torture and killing of hundreds of known and suspected communists. Luburić flew back to Zagreb in early April and was promoted to the rank of General.

paragraph: The NDH collapsed in May 1945 and Croatia was reintegrated into Yugoslavia. Luburić stayed behind to conduct a guerrilla warfare campaign against the communists, during which he was seriously wounded. In 1949, he emigrated to Spain and became active in Ustaše émigré circles. In 1955, Luburić broke with Pavelić over the latter's professed support for a future division of Bosnia between Greater Croatia and Greater Serbia, and formed a rival Croatian nationalist organization known as the Croatian National Resistance. The spat resulted in great mutual acrimony between the two men, and when Pavelić died in 1959, Luburić was forbidden from attending his funeral. In April 1969, Luburić was found murdered in his home, a victim of either the Yugoslav secret police or rivals in the Croatian émigré community.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vjekoslav Luburić was born in the village of Humac, near Ljubuški, on 6 March 1914. He was the third child of Ljubomir, a bank clerk, and Marija Luburić (), a homemaker. The couple had another son, Dragutin, and two daughters, Mira and Olga. Theirs was a Bosnian Croat family. Luburić was a devout and practicing Roman Catholic. In December 1918, his father was shot by a police officer while smuggling tobacco and died of blood loss. Following his father's death, Luburić came to "detest and resent Serbs and the Serbian monarchy", the historian Cathie Carmichael writes. Shortly thereafter, Luburić's sister Olga committed suicide by jumping into the Trebižat River after their mother forbade her from marrying a Muslim. Following the deaths of Luburić's father and sister, his mother found work in a tobacco factory to provide for her remaining children. She soon married a man named Jozo Tambić, with whom she had three more children. Luburić's half-siblings, borne of his mother's second marriage, were named Zora, Nada and Tomislav.

paragraph: Luburić completed his primary education in Ljubuški, before relocating to Mostar to attend high school. There, he began associating with Croatian nationalist youths. He became increasingly aggressive towards his teachers and peers, and often truanted. Luburić’s first encounter with law enforcement occurred on 7 September 1929, when he was arrested for vagrancy and sentenced to two days’ imprisonment by a Mostar court. In his senior year, Luburić dropped out of high school to work in the Mostar public stock exchange. In 1931, he joined the Ustaše, a Croatian fascist and ultra-nationalist movement committed to the destruction of Yugoslavia and the establishment of Greater Croatia. The same year, he was arrested for the embezzlement of funds belonging to the exchange. On 5 December, Luburić was sentenced to five months in prison for embezzlement. Shortly thereafter, he escaped captivity and made it as far as the Albanian–Yugoslav border before being recaptured. Upon release, Luburić relocated to northern Croatia, and then to Subotica, where he surreptitiously crossed the Hungarian–Yugoslav border. Luburić first rendezvoused with the Croatian émigré community in Budapest before relocating to an Ustaše training camp called Janka Puszta. Situated close to the Yugoslav frontier, Janka Puszta was one of several Ustaše training camps established in Hungary and Italy, whose governments were sympathetic to the Ustaše cause and had territorial aspirations in Yugoslavia. It housed several hundred Croat émigrés, mostly manual labourers returning from Western Europe and North America. The recruits swore an oath of loyalty to the leader of the Ustaše, Ante Pavelić, took part in pseudo-military exercises, and produced anti-Serb propaganda material. It was at Janka Puszta that Luburić earned the nickname Maks, which he was to use for the remainder of his life.

paragraph: In October 1934, Yugoslavia's King Alexander was assassinated while on a diplomatic visit to Marseilles, in a joint conspiracy between the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and the Ustaše. Following the assassination, most of the Ustaše residing in Hungary were evicted by the country's government, with the exception of Luburić and several others. For a short time, Luburić resided in Nagykanizsa, where after a brief love affair, a local woman bore him a son.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Creation of the NDH.

paragraph: Following the 1938 "Anschluss" between Germany and Austria, Yugoslavia came to share its northwestern border with the Third Reich and fell under increasing pressure as its neighbours aligned themselves with the Axis powers. In April 1939, Italy opened a second frontier with Yugoslavia when it invaded and occupied neighbouring Albania. Following the outbreak of World War II, the Yugoslav government declared its neutrality. Between September and November 1940, Hungary and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact, aligning themselves with the Axis, and Italy invaded Greece. Yugoslavia was by then almost completely surrounded by the Axis powers and their satellites, and its neutral stance toward the war became strained. In late February 1941, Bulgaria joined the Pact. The following day, German troops entered Bulgaria from Romania, closing the ring around Yugoslavia. Intending to secure his southern flank for the impending attack on the Soviet Union, German dictator Adolf Hitler began placing heavy pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Axis. On 25 March 1941, after some delay, the Yugoslav government conditionally signed the Pact. Two days later, a group of pro-Western, Serbian nationalist Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force officers deposed the country's regent, Prince Paul, in a bloodless coup d'état. They placed his teenage nephew Peter on the throne and brought to power a "government of national unity" led by the head of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force, General Dušan Simović. The coup enraged Hitler, who immediately ordered the country's invasion, which commenced on 6 April 1941.

paragraph: On 10 April, the creation of the Independent State of Croatia (; NDH) was announced over the radio by Slavko Kvaternik, a former Austro-Hungarian Army officer who had been in contact with Croatian nationalists abroad. Pavelić arrived in Zagreb on 15 April and proclaimed himself leader () of the NDH, having assured the Germans that the NDH would be loyal to the Axis cause. Disenchanted with more than 20 years of Serb hegemony, the majority of Croats enthusiastically welcomed the NDH's creation. The Axis invasion of Yugoslavia had transformed the Ustaše from a small and relatively obscure Croatian nationalist organization into a popular movement almost overnight. The Germans initially wanted to install Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladko Maček as the head of the Croatian puppet state, but Maček refused, citing his democratic convictions and his firm belief that the Axis powers would not win the war. The NDH was divided into German and Italian areas of influence. The Italian area of influence was divided into three operational zones. Zone I consisted of the area surrounding the cities of Šibenik and Zadar. Zone II encompassed much of Dalmatia and the Dalmatian Hinterland. Zone III extended as far as western and central Bosnia, a sliver of eastern Bosnia, and all of Herzegovina.

paragraph: On 17 April, the Ustaše instituted the Legal Provision for the Defence of the People and State, a law legitimizing the establishment of concentration camps and the mass shooting of hostages across the NDH. The Jewish question was only of secondary concern to the Ustaše. Their foremost goal was to rid the NDH of its 1.9 million Serbs, who made up about 30 percent of the fledgling puppet state's total population. Senior Ustaše officials openly stated that they sought to kill one-third of Serbs living in the NDH, expel one-third and convert one-third to Roman Catholicism. The Ustaše movement's grievances centred around the perceived injustices inflicted upon the Croats in Serb-dominated Yugoslavia during the interwar period. Senior Ustaše officials cited the shooting of five Croatian parliamentary deputies in June 1928, the murder of the Croatian nationalist anthropologist and historian Milan Šufflay in 1931, the suppression of the Velebit Uprising in 1932, the murder of the Croatian Peasant Party vice-president Josip Predavec in 1933, and the arrest and incarceration of dozens of other Croatian political figures.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Initial cleansing operations.

paragraph: In early April 1941, Luburić had illegally crossed the Yugoslav border near the town of Gola. By mid-April, he arrived in Zagreb and was appointed to the Economic Bureau of the Main Ustaša Headquarters (; GUS), the Ustaše ruling body, serving as an adjutant to Vjekoslav Servatzy. On 6 May, Luburić was dispatched to the village of Veljun, near Slunj, to lead the round-up of 400 Serb males from the village in retaliation for the murder of a Croat family in neighbouring Blagaj the night before. Although the identity of the perpetrators remained a mystery, the Ustaše announced that the Serbs of Veljun were responsible and decided that the village's male inhabitants were to be collectively punished. Luburić had a total of 50 men at his disposal, many of them longtime Ustaše who had lived in exile in Italy in the 1930s. On the evening of 9 May, the Serb males of Veljun were brought to Blagaj, and killed with knives and blunt objects in the backyard of a local elementary school. The murders lasted all night. The following morning, Luburić was seen emerging from the school covered in blood, washing his hands and sleeves by a water well.

paragraph: In late June, Ustaše officials driving through the villages of Gornja Suvaja and Donja Suvaja, in the Lika region, reported being shot at, prompting the regional authorities to order a "cleansing" action against the villages. On the morning of 1 July, Luburić led a group of Ustaše into the two villages. The historian Max Bergholz writes that up to 300 Ustaše took part in the operation. According to the journalist and Holocaust survivor Slavko Goldstein, Luburić had about 150 members of the Ustaše Auxiliary Force at his disposal, in addition to 250 members of the Croatian Home Guard. Many of Gornja and Donja Suvaja's male inhabitants had fled into the wilderness before the Ustaše arrived. Their female relatives stayed behind and were subjected to rape and sexual mutiliation. The massacre lasted about two hours; the Ustaše relied primarily on knives and clubs to kill their victims. At least 173 villagers were killed, mostly women, children and the elderly.

paragraph: On 2 July, 130–150 Ustaše attacked the nearby village of Osredci. Most of the village's inhabitants had fled in anticipation of a massacre, having heard of what happened in Gornja and Donja Suvaja the day before. Over the course of the following two days, the Ustaše massacred about 30 of the village's inhabitants, mostly the elderly and infirm, who had been unable to flee along with the others. Concurrently, Luburić and his followers massacred the inhabitants of the nearby village of Bubanj. According to their own internal documents, the Ustaše killed 152 Serb civilians in Bubanj, and burned down 20 homes. In some households, not a single person was left alive. Survivor accounts suggest that the number of fatalities was about 270. On 3 July, one of Luburić's units detained 53 inhabitants of the village of Nebljusi, including ten children under the age of 12. They were transported by horse-drawn cart to the nearby village of Boričevac, which contained a barracks and a karst pit. The residents of Nebljusi were detained inside the barracks until nightfall, alongside twelve adult males who had been arrested earlier. That evening, they were marched to the karst pit in groups of eight and pushed inside to their deaths. Two of the victims managed to survive the ordeal. By the end of July, the Ustaše had killed at least 1,800 Serbs in and around Lika. The Ustaše atrocities against the NDH's Serb population prompted thousands of Serbs to join Josip Broz Tito's Partisans and Colonel Draža Mihailović's Chetniks. The Lika massacres in particular served as the "casus belli" for the Srb uprising, which commenced on 27 July. The revolt led to the Italian military occupations of Zone II and Zone III. "Luburić and his superiors had wrongly calculated that the brutal killings of an innocent population would quash any embryonic resistance to their plan for the creation of an 'ethnically pure area'," Goldstein remarked. "Their actions ... provoked the completely opposite effect." In mid-July 1941, Luburić was tasked with recapturing dozens of inmates who had escaped from the Kerestinec prison. Almost all the fugitives were captured or killed, and several Ustaše also lost their lives.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Ustaše Surveillance Service, Bureau III.:Jasenovac, I–III.

paragraph: The NDH's security sector was made up of two agencies, the Directorate for Security and Public Order (; RAVSIGUR) and the Ustaše Surveillance Service (; UNS). Both the RAVSIGUR and the UNS were led by Kvaternik's son, Dido. The RAVSIGUR was established on 4 May 1941. The UNS was established in August. The latter was divided into three bureaus: Bureau I, Bureau III and Bureau IV. Bureau III, also known as the Ustaše Defense, was tasked with administering the NDH's concentration camps. There were about 30 in total stretching across the NDH. From April to August 1941, the RAVSIGUR had been responsible for the camps' administration. For much of the war, Bureau III was headed by Luburić. According to Siegfried Kasche, the German ambassador to the NDH, Luburić had envisaged creating a network of concentration camps during his time in exile.

paragraph: In May 1941, Kvaternik had ordered the construction of two detention centers in the villages of Krapje (Jasenovac I) and Bročice (Jasenovac II), the first two sub-camps of what was to become the Jasenovac concentration camp. Krapje and Bročice opened on 23 August. The same day, faced with the Italian military occupation of Zone II, Bureau III ordered the dissolution of all concentration camps situated in the NDH's coastal areas. In the first months of the Jasenovac concentration camp system's operation, Luburić rarely ordered mass executions without the consent of his superiors. Ante Moškov, a leading Ustaše official, remarked: "He was more fond of the "Poglavnik" than he was even of his own mother and brothers, and loyalty and obedience to him was the meaning of his life." Luburić's loyalty and dedication eventually paid off, and as the war progressed, he became a trusted member of Pavelić's inner circle. In late September 1941, the government of the NDH dispatched Luburić to the Third Reich to study German methods of creating and maintaining concentration camps. Luburić's tour of the camps lasted ten days. Subsequent Ustaše camps were modelled on Oranienburg and Sachsenhausen. The Jasenovac camp system was situated in a heavily Serb-populated area. On Luburić's orders, between September and October 1941, all Serb villages in the vicinity of the two sub-camps were razed, their inhabitants rounded up and deported to Krapje and Bročice. Between 14 and 16 November 1941, Krapje and Bročice were dissolved. Able-bodied prisoners were forced to construct a third sub-camp, Jasenovac III, which came to be known as the Brickyard (). The sick and infirm were either killed or left to die in the abandoned campgrounds. Of the 3,000–4,000 prisoners detained in Krapje and Bročice at the time of their dissolution, only 1,500 lived to see the Brickyard.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Ustaše Surveillance Service, Bureau III.:Jasenovac, IV–V.

paragraph: Armed with the information he had gathered in Germany, Luburić was able to organize the Brickyard more efficiently than Krapje and Bročice had been. In January 1942, Bureau III ordered the establishment of Jasenovac IV, a sub-camp dedicated to leather production, which became known as the Tannery (). A fifth and final sub-camp, Jasenovac V, was established around the same time. Known as Stara Gradiška, after the village in which it was located, it was overseen by both male and female guards. Among them were Luburić's half-sisters, Nada and Zora. The former participated extensively in the tortures and executions that took place at Stara Gradiška. She went on to marry Dinko Šakić. During the war, Šakić served as the deputy commander of Stara Gradiška, and later, as the commander of the Brickyard. Luburić also recruited his cousin Ljubo Miloš. Miloš served as the labour service commandant at the Brickyard. Like Luburić, who was in his late twenties when he was appointed head of Bureau III, most of the Ustaše tasked with administering the Jasenovac camp system were extremely young. Šakić was 20 in 1941 and Miloš was 22.

paragraph: The Jasenovac camp system was guarded by more than 1,500 Ustaše. The Brickyard, the Tannery and Stara Gradiška were capable of holding 7,000 inmates, although the number of inmates never exceeded 4,000 at any given time. Luburić visited the Jasenovac camp system two or three times per month. He insisted on personally killing at least one inmate on each of his visits. Luburić enjoyed taunting prisoners as to the date and method of their execution. He would "amuse himself by placing his revolver up against the heads of the prisoners," the Tito biographer Jasper Godwin Ridley writes. "Sometimes he pulled the trigger; sometimes he did not." Luburić's cruelty also extended to the other Ustaše camps. In one instance, he deliberately dispatched hundreds of typhus-ridden inmates from Stara Gradiška to Đakovo so as to expedite the spread of the disease among its prisoners. "Luburić created such an atmosphere," Miloš recalled, "that every Ustaša actually felt himself called upon to kill a prisoner, believing that this would be an act of patriotism." After unsuccessfully experimenting with gas vans, Luburić ordered that a gas chamber be constructed at Stara Gradiška, which used a combination of sulphur dioxide and Zyklon B. The gas chamber was poorly constructed and this method of killing was abandoned after three months. Over the course of the war, unlike in the German camps, most inmates were killed with knives or blunt objects.

paragraph: In early 1942, conditions at Jasenovac improved somewhat in anticipation of a visit by a Red Cross delegation. Healthier inmates, who were provided with new beds and bedclothes, were allowed to speak to the delegation, while sick and emaciated ones were killed. After the delegation left, camp conditions reverted to their prior state. Whenever he was pressed for information by the families of those detained at Jasenovac, Luburić remained equivocal. When a Croatian Jewish civil servant named Dragutin Rosenberg attempted to persuade him to allow food and clothing to be delivered to Jasenovac on a name-by-name basis, Luburić only agreed to bulk consignments, so as not to reveal which detainees were still alive. Luburić also proved impervious to bribes, as exemplified by the case of Julius Schmidlin, a Red Cross representative, who attempted to bribe Luburić into treating the inmates at Jasenovac more humanely, but was angrily rebuffed. In addition, Luburić did not tolerate the mishandling of goods seized from camp inmates, as exemplified by his response to the so-called Gold Affair, in which camp guards were caught attempting to smuggle confiscated jewellery out of Jasenovac. Luburić ordered that the culprits be killed. Among those killed was the brother of Luburić's deputy Ivica Matković, who was beaten to death.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Kozara Offensive.

paragraph: On 21 December 1941, Ustaše units under the command of Luburić, Rukavina and Moškov marched into Prkosi, near Bosanski Petrovac. Luburić declared: "We have to kill everyone, in Prkos ["sic"] and in all of their villages, to the last man, even children." The Ustaše proceeded to round up more than 400 Serb civilians, mostly women, children and the elderly. Shortly thereafter, they were led to a nearby forest and killed. On 14 January 1942, Luburić led a group of Ustaše into the village of Draksenić, in northern Bosnia, and ordered the killing of its inhabitants. More than 200 villagers were killed in the ensuing massacre, mostly women, children and the elderly. In mid-1942, the State Intelligence and Propaganda Bureau (; DIPU) issued a stern warning to all newspapers in the NDH, forbidding them from reporting on Luburić, Bureau III and the NDH's so-called "collection centers". Despite the DIPU's warning, Luburić was featured in a 1942 propaganda short film titled "Guard on the Drina" (, ).

paragraph: In June 1942, the "Wehrmacht", Home Guard and Ustaše Militia launched the Kozara Offensive, aimed at dislodging Partisan formations around Mount Kozara, in northwestern Bosnia, which threatened Germany's access to the Belgrade–Zagreb railway line. Although the Partisans did suffer a humiliating defeat, the area's civilian population bore the brunt of the offensive. Between 10 June and 30 July 1942, 60,000 civilians living in the vicinity of Mount Kozara, mostly Serbs, were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. "Kozara was cleared to the last man," "Wehrmacht" Plenipotentiary General Edmund Glaise-Horstenau wrote, "and likewise, the last woman and last child."

paragraph: Following Kozara's depopulation, Luburić envisaged creating an annual "tax", whereby Serb boys would be taken from their families, conditioned to renounce their Serb national identity, and inducted into the Ustaše fold. In late 1942, he "adopted" 450 boys who had been displaced during the fighting around Mount Kozara. Dressed in black Ustaše robes, Luburić dubbed the boys his "little janissaries", an allusion to the Ottoman Empire's "devşirme" system, which saw tens of thousands of boys taken from Christian families across the Balkans and inducted into the Ottoman military. Each morning, Luburić's "janissaries" were forced to take part in military drills and say the Lord's Prayer. The experiment failed and the majority of the boys refused to become Ustaše. Most subsequently died of malnutrition, dysentery and other diseases. Hundreds of other children abducted by the Ustaše in the aftermath of the Kozara Offensive were saved by a group of Red Cross volunteers from Zagreb, led by Diana Budisavljević. In her diary, Budisavljević recalled an encounter she had with Luburić at Stara Gradiška, in which the latter chastised her and her colleagues for "caring only about Serb children", while there were Croat and Bosnian Muslim children across the NDH who were suffering as well. According to Budisavljević, Luburić threatened to have her and her colleagues detained, ominously warning that, "no one would know what had happened to them or their whereabouts."

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:House arrest and disruption of the Lorković–Vokić plot.

paragraph: In August 1942, Luburić was promoted to the rank of "Bojnik" (Major). Glaise-Horstenau complained to Pavelić that Luburić was interfering with German operations. The Germans distrusted Luburić, with one of their internal memorandums describing him as "a neurotic, pathological personality". Seeking to appease the Germans, Pavelić reassigned Luburić to Travnik. He appointed him commander of the Croatian Home Guard's 9th Infantry Regiment (), whose purpose would be to secure the NDH's border with Italian-occupied Montenegro in eastern Herzegovina, which had a heavy Chetnik presence.

paragraph: As the 9th Infantry Regiment was preparing to leave for Herzegovina, Luburić shot and killed one of the Home Guards under his command. The killing sparked an outcry among the Home Guards. Luburić was immediately stripped of his command, which went to Colonel Franjo Šimić. In late November, at the urging of the Germans, Luburić was placed under house arrest, which he spent in a Zagreb apartment together with his mother and half-sisters. Stanko Šarc was appointed to oversee operations at Jasenovac in Luburić's absence. Luburić's deputy Ivica Matković was replaced by Ivica Brkljačić. The terms of Luburić's house arrest were very lenient and he was allowed to leave his apartment for strolls. Luburić exercised "de facto" control over the operations at Jasenovac, despite his officially having been replaced. For example, in late 1942, he arranged for the release of Miroslav Filipović, who had been jailed for committing a series of atrocities against the Serb population of northern Bosnia. Filipović was subsequently appointed commander of Stara Gradiška. For a period of two months, Maček and his wife lived alongside Luburić and his family. According to Maček, Luburić's mother tearfully told Maček's wife that she would regret having given birth to Luburić if her son had been responsible for the atrocities that he was rumoured to have committed.

paragraph: By late 1942, the growing unrest in the NDH was beginning to harm German interests in Southeastern Europe. The Germans began placing pressure on Pavelić to bring stability to the NDH. To this end, they encouraged him to halt the Ustaše atrocities against the Serbs. In response, the Ustaše established the so-called Croatian Orthodox Church, whose purpose was to assimilate the NDH's Serb population, designating them as "Croats of the Orthodox faith". Pavelić singled out Slavko and Dido Kvaternik as scapegoats for all the NDH's troubles. He blamed the former for the Home Guard and Ustaše Militia's inability to bring the Partisans and Chetniks to heel, and the latter for the massacres of Serbs, even though the atrocities had been committed with Pavelić's knowledge. In October 1942, the father-and-son duo were exiled to Slovakia. On 21 January 1943, the UNS was dissolved and amalgamated into the Main Directorate for Security and Public Order (; GRAVSIGUR), which had been established to replace the RAVSIGUR earlier that month. The GRAVSIGUR then assumed responsibility for the administration of the NDH's concentration camps.

paragraph: Still officially under house arrest, Luburić relocated to the village of Šumec, near Lepoglava, in mid-1943. Around this time, he also began planning guerrilla operations against the Partisans with Gestapo officer Kurt Koppel in the event of Germany's defeat. The number of Partisans in the NDH continued to grow, from a mere 7,000 in 1941, to 25,000 in 1942, and 100,000 in late 1943. On 8 September 1943, the Italians capitulated to the Allies. Countless Italian units surrendered to the Partisans, who disarmed them and thus acquired a significant amount of modern weaponry. Luburić remained sidelined for much of 1944, but his fortunes changed after the Lorković–Vokić plot came to light in August 1944. On 30 August, Luburić personally oversaw the arrests of government ministers Mladen Lorković and Ante Vokić. Lorković, the Minister of Defense, and Vokić, the Minister of Internal Affairs, were accused of conspiring to overthrow Pavelić and install a pro-Allied government. Following their arrests, Luburić was tasked with interrogating Lorković and Vokić, as well as other suspected conspirators. That October, Luburić was promoted to the rank of "Pukovnik" (Colonel). In December 1944, the Croatian Home Guard and the Ustaše Militia were unified to create the Croatian Armed Forces. On 7 December, Luburić forced more than 30 members of the collaborationist Serbian Volunteer Corps off a train passing through Zagreb's main railway station and ordered that they be shot. Destined for Slovenia, they had received Pavelić's approval to pass through Zagreb unmolested, but Luburić showed no regard.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Terror in Sarajevo.

paragraph: In early 1945, Pavelić dispatched Luburić to Sarajevo to undermine the communist fifth column there. Luburić arrived in the city on 15 February. Five days later, Hitler declared Sarajevo a "Festung" (or "fortress"), insisting that it be defended at all costs. Hitler appointed General Heinz Kathner to organize the city's defenses in anticipation of a Partisan attack. On 24 February, Kathner organized a banquet in Luburić's honour. At the banquet, Luburić announced his intention to the destroy the communist resistance in Sarajevo. Luburić soon appointed nine Ustaše officers to a special task force for carrying out executions of known and suspected communists. His headquarters was located inside a villa in downtown Sarajevo, which came to be known as the "house of terror" among the city's residents.

paragraph: On 1 March, the Partisans launched Operation Sarajevo, which aimed to wrest the city from the Germans and the Ustaše. By early March, Sarajevo had been encircled and cut off from the rest of the NDH. Luburić established a kangaroo court that he dubbed the Criminal War Court of Commander Luburić, which dealt with cases of alleged treason. The court also dealt with more gratuitous charges such as price fixing. The first batch of prisoners to be tried was a group of 17 Muslim refugees from Mostar. Over the course of the month, dozens of suspected communists were executed. The arrests and subsequent executions were of an alarmingly arbitrary nature, which only served to exacerbate the terror felt by Sarajevans. According to survivors, the torture method most commonly used by Luburić's agents involved tying prisoners' hands behind their backs, pulling their hands between their legs, placing a rod between their knees, hanging them upside down and then beating them. These torture sessions, which the Ustaše euphemistically referred to as interrogations, were usually followed by the prisoner's execution or deportation to a concentration camp. Luburić is said to have revelled in inviting the family members of his victims to the villa and then describing in great detail how their loved ones had been tortured and killed. As the killings progressed, some Sarajevans took to bomb shelters in fear for their lives, though the city had not been bombed in weeks.

paragraph: On 16 March, Luburić convened a meeting of over 1,000 Ustaše political and military figures, and in the presence of senior German officials, issued a declaration denouncing Bolshevism, the Yalta Conference, and the new communist government in Belgrade. On 21 March, the Ustaše uncovered a plot to assassinate Luburić. His would-be assassin was a communist youth named Halid Nazečić, who was betrayed by one of his accomplices. Four Ustaše were subsequently killed in Partisan attacks within the city. On the night of 27–28 March, the Ustaše hanged fifty-five Sarajevans from trees and street lamps in Sarajevo's Marindvor neighbourhood. Signs bearing the phrase, "Long live the "Poglavnik"!" were placed around their necks. Their bodies were left to hang as an example to others. Those attempting to retrieve the bodies were fired upon. On 4 April, Luburić and his entourage left Sarajevo. About 350 Ustaše policemen and 400 Ustaše soldiers stayed behind to defend the city. Luburić's reign of terror in Sarajevo claimed 323 lives, according to a post-war war crimes commission. Several hundred others were deported to concentration camps. The Partisans entered Sarajevo on 6 April and proclaimed its liberation. The city's capture coincided with the fourth anniversary of the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia. The exhumumation of bodies from the backyard of Luburić's villa, many of which belonged to children, was documented by a Soviet film crew. Another witness to the aftermath of Luburić's crimes was the American journalist Landrum Bolling, who recalled seeing a roomful of bodies "stacked like cordwood on top of one another." Many of the cadavers showed signs of torture and mutilation. Among the corpses was that of Halid Nazečić, whose head had been mutilated, eyes gouged out and genitals burned with boiling water.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Destruction of the NDH.

paragraph: Upon leaving Sarajevo, Luburić boarded a plane for Zagreb. While attempting to land at the Borongaj airfield, Luburić's plane crashed on a bomb-damaged runway. Luburić sustained a head injury and had to be hospitalized. Pavelić visited Luburić while he was convalescing and found his subordinate jaded and disillusioned, accusing the Germans of betraying Croatia. Shortly thereafter, Luburić was promoted to the rank of General. In early April, he ordered that Jasenovac's remaining prisoners be killed. He also ordered that documents pertaining to the camp's operation be destroyed, and the corpses from surrounding mass graves exhumed and cremated. Several individuals who possessed incriminating information pertaining to Luburić's wartime activities, such as the Gestapo agent Koppel, were killed at his behest. In late April, Luburić approved the executions of Lorković and Vokić, as well as others who had been implicated in the Lorković–Vokić plot.

paragraph: As the Partisans neared, Luburić suggested that the Ustaše make their last stand in Zagreb, but Pavelić refused. The Ustaše were divided as to what to do. Some proposed retreating towards Austria as quickly as possible. Others, Luburić foremost among them, advocated establishing irregular formations in the countryside that would carry out guerrilla attacks following the NDH's demise. In early May, Luburić met with the Archbishop of Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac, who implored him not to put up armed resistance against the Partisans. On 5 May, the government of the NDH left Zagreb, followed by Pavelić. By 15 May, the NDH had completely collapsed. Tens of thousands of Ustaše surrendered to the British Army but were handed back to the Partisans. An untold number were killed in subsequent Partisan reprisal killings, together with several thousand Serbian and Slovenian collaborationists. Some Ustaše, who came to be known as Crusaders (), remained in Yugoslavia and carried out guerrilla attacks against the communists. Among these was a small group of fighters led by Luburić, which remained in the forests of southern Slovenia and northern Slavonia, skirmishing with the newly formed Yugoslav People's Army (; JNA). Luburić evaded capture and probable execution by placing his identification papers next to the body of a dead soldier. Through Matković and Moškov, Luburić sent a letter to Pavelić, who had escaped to Austria, in which he signalled his intention to keep fighting. Three different accounts exist of Luburić's activities in post-war Yugoslavia. According to one, Luburić then headed south towards the Bilogora mountain range, where he rendevouzed with a group of more than fifty Crusaders under the leadership of Branko Bačić. They headed west, establishing a base at Fruška Gora. In November 1945, Luburić and about a dozen Crusaders crossed the Hungarian–Yugoslav border and escaped Yugoslavia. The second version holds that Luburić was wounded in a gunfight with the JNA, and carried across the Drava River to Hungary by General Rafael Boban, who subsequently returned to Yugoslavia and was never heard from again. The third version, espoused by Luburić himself, is that Luburić fought with the Crusaders until late 1947, when he was seriously wounded and forced to leave the country.

paragraph: Luburić's half-sister Nada and her husband Dinko Šakić escaped to Argentina. Some of Luburić's remaining kin were not as fortunate. Miloš was captured by the Yugoslav authorities in July 1947, together with several other Crusaders, after sneaking back into the country as part of the Crusaders' insurgency efforts. He was subsequently put on trial for the atrocities that he was alleged to have committed during the war. During his trial, he confessed in graphic detail to his role in the killings that took place at Jasenovac. He was convicted on all counts and executed in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Exile.

paragraph: In 1949, Luburić relocated to Spain. The country was viewed as a favourable destination by many Ustaše exiles, as it had been the only one outside the Axis to recognize the NDH. Luburić entered Spain under the pseudonym Maximilian Soldo. Upon arrival, Luburić was imprisoned by the Spanish authorities, but released shortly thereafter. With support from Agustín Muñoz Grandes, the former commander of the Blue Division, he was able to settle in the country. He took up residence in Benigànim.

paragraph: Pavelić, in the meantime, had settled in Buenos Aires with his family and started a construction business. He became the unofficial leader of the Croatian émigré community in South America. Pavelić's exile in distant and remote Argentina rendered him virtually irrelevant in the eyes of increasing numbers of Croatian émigrés elsewhere, particularly in Europe. Faced with open rebellion, in July 1950, Pavelić dispatched Luburić to Rome as a warning to anyone wishing to challenge his authority in Western Europe's Croatian émigré communities. Given his wartime record, Luburić arrived "with a fearsome reputation," the historian Guy Walters writes. In August, Pavelić issued a declaration in a Chicago-based Croatian diaspora newspaper, warning Croats against joining foreign militaries. While Luburić is not thought to have killed any of Pavelić's political opponents in the post-war period, the mere invocation of his name drastically reduced the size of the anti-Pavelić faction among the émigrés. When the grumblings of discontent against Pavelić subsided, Luburić returned to Spain. In 1951, he appeared in Hamburg and set up a recruiting centre for the pro-Pavelić faction. That same year, he established a newspaper called "Drina". In November 1953, Luburić married a Spanish woman named Isabela Hernaiz. The couple went on to have four children, two boys and two girls.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Rift with Pavelić.

paragraph: In 1955, Pavelić entered discussions with Chetnik émigrés over the future division of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Greater Croatia and Greater Serbia in the event of Yugoslavia's collapse. Luburić was incensed. In his writings, Luburić argued that Croatia, much like the NDH, should extend as far as the Drina River, but also include areas of Serbia, such as the Sandžak, which had never been part of the wartime puppet state. Luburić vehemently denounced Pavelić and his followers. Shortly thereafter, he founded the Friends of the Drina Society () and the Croatian National Resistance (; HNO). In June 1956, Pavelić founded a rival organization, the Croatian Liberation Movement (; HOP).

paragraph: In 1957, Luburić's wife received an anonymous letter detailing her husband's wartime atrocities, with great emphasis placed on his role in the killing of children. She filed for divorce shortly thereafter. During the divorce proceedings, Luburić was granted joint custody of the couple's children, as well as possession of their home. The same year, he sold the home and moved to the town of Carcaixent, near Valencia, where he opened a poultry farm. The farm quickly went out of business and Luburić soon became a traveling salesman. Upon moving to Carcaixent, he founded Drina Press, an amateur publishing house, which was situated in his home. Luburić's neighbours, who knew him by the name Vicente Perez Garcia, were apparently unaware of his wartime past. He wrote articles under the pseudonyms General Drinjanin and "Bojnik" Dizdar (Colonel Dizdar). In his writings, Luburić conceded that he had made certain mistakes during the war, but never admitted to or expressed remorse for the atrocities that had been attributed to him. He advocated "national reconciliation" between the pro-Ustaše and pro-communist Croats. Luburić also claimed to have made contact with the Soviet Union's intelligence services. He argued that Croatia should become a neutral state in the event of Yugoslavia's disintegration, which was received particularly poorly in some fiercely anti-communist Croatian émigré circles.

paragraph: On 10 April 1957, while returning from a celebratory gathering marking the anniversary of the NDH's establishment in Buenos Aires, Pavelić was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt by the State Security Administration (; UDBA), the Yugoslav secret service. He died in Madrid in December 1959 of complications related to his wounds. Owing to the mutual resentment between the two men, Luburić was barred from attending his funeral. Following Pavelić's death, Luburić unsuccessfully attempted to take control of the HOP, citing his role as the last commander of the Croatian Armed Forces. After the HOP's senior leadership rebuffed him, Luburić went down an increasingly militarist path, establishing neo-Ustaše training camps in several European countries and publishing articles relating to military tactics and guerrilla techniques. In 1963, he established a paper called "Obrana" ("Defense").

paragraph: Section::::Later years.:Death.

paragraph: On the morning of 21 April 1969, Luburić's teenage son discovered his father's bloody corpse in one of the bedrooms in his home. Luburić had been killed the day before. Blood stains on the floor indicated that he had been dragged by his feet from the kitchen and crudely stuffed under a bed. He had been bludgeoned over the head multiple times with a blunt instrument. An autopsy determined that the blows to his head were not fatal; Luburić had choked on his own blood. Luburić was buried in Madrid. His funeral was attended by hundreds of Croatian nationalists in Ustaše uniform, who chanted Ustaše slogans and delivered fascist salutes. Luburić's death spelt the end of "Drina" and "Obrana".

paragraph: Luburić's murder came at a time when the UDBA was carrying out assassinations of leading Croatian nationalist figures across Europe and suspicion inevitably fell on them. In 1967, Luburić had employed his godson, Ilija Stanić, to work at his publishing firm. Stanić's father, Vinko, had served alongside Luburić during the war. He was captured by the Yugoslav authorities while fighting with the Crusaders and died in captivity. Stanić, who lived and worked in Luburić's home, returned to Yugoslavia in the immediate aftermath of Luburić's death. Declassified Yugoslav intelligence documents show that Stanić was an UDBA agent, codenamed Mongoose. According to the minutes of his May 1969 debriefing, Stanić told his handlers that he first placed poison in Luburić's coffee, which had been given to him by another UDBA agent. After the poision failed to kill Luburić, Stanić began to panic, and went to his room to retrieve a hammer. When he returned to the kitchen, Luburić complained that he was not feeling well. As Luburić went to vomit in the sink, Stanić struck him over the head several times. Luburić fell to the floor, motionless. Stanić then left the kitchen to make sure the front door was locked. When he returned, he saw Luburić standing over the sink and wincing in pain. Stanić struck him over the head once again, fracturing his skull. He then wrapped Luburić's body in blankets and dragged it to a nearby bedroom. Stanić claimed that he initially wanted to hide the body in the print shop, but that Luburić was too heavy. Upon entering the bedroom, Stanić hid the body under the bed and calmly left the house.

paragraph: In a July 2009 interview with the Croatian weekly "Globus", Stanić changed his story, claiming that Luburić had been killed by two HOP members. Aggrieved by a disparaging comment that Luburić had allegedly made about Stanić's father and his post-war guerrilla activities, Stanić claims that he sought out the two men, who assured him that they merely wished to administer a beating. The day that Luburić was murdered, Stanić alleged that he allowed the men inside Luburić's home, and the two proceeded to kill Luburić with a single blow to the head from a heavy metal bar. In 2012, Stanić changed his story once more, this time accusing two different men of killing Luburić.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Influence on Croatian nationalism.

paragraph: Following Luburić's death, the leadership of the HNO went to several of his close associates, eventually splitting into rival leaderships in North America, Australia, Sweden and Argentina. Leadership of the HNO's Argentine faction was delegated to Luburić's brother-in-law Dinko Šakić. In April 1971, two HNO affiliates entered the Yugoslav embassy in Stockholm and killed Yugoslavia's ambassador to Sweden, Vladimir Rolović. The two men were arrested, but set free the following year after a group of Croatian nationalists hijacked a Swedish domestic flight demanding their release. One of Rolović's killers, Miro Barešić, underwent a baptism while in prison and adopted the Christian name Vjekoslav in Luburić's honour. The HNO boasted several thousand members at its height. Notable members included Zvonko Bušić, Gojko Šušak and Mladen Naletilić, among others. Bušić masterminded the hijacking of TWA Flight 355 in September 1976. Šušak became Croatia's Minister of Defence in 1991. Naletilić was convicted of committing war crimes against Bosniak civilians during the Bosnian War by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He was sentenced to 20 years in prison.

paragraph: During the Croatian War of Independence, open admiration for Luburić could be found in the Croatian Army's officer corps. Ante Luburić (no relation), who served as a senior officer during the Battle of Vukovar, was nicknamed Maks by his confederates because of his battlefield ferocity. Luburić "seemed please with his sobriquet", the journalist Robert Fox remarked. In early 1992, General Mirko Norac expressed admiration for Luburić after being relieved of his duties on the orders of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman. "Fuck all the Croatian generals with Tuđman at the top," Norac remarked. "The only general for me is ... Maks Luburić." Luburić is referenced in the opening lines of the Croatian nationalist song "Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara", which read as follows:

paragraph: Darko Hudelist, a journalist and Tuđman biographer, considers Luburić one of the three most important Croatian political figures of the post-war period, alongside Tito and Tuđman. Hudelist argues that Tuđman was influenced by Luburić's writings, which called for the unification of the ideologically disparate factions that made up the Croatian diaspora. This became a key policy priority of Tuđman's Croatian Democratic Union during his presidency. The historian Ivo Goldstein concurs with Hudelist's hypothesis and surmises that Luburić in turn was influenced by Francisco Franco's calls for reconciliation between Republicans and Nationalists in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War. Hudelist's hypothesis has been challenged by the journalist Ivan Bekavac, who accuses Hudelist of attempting to cast Tuđman in a pro-fascist light.

paragraph: In 2017, flyers containing excerpts from a speech delivered by Luburić appeared in Sarajevo's Dobrinja neighborhood. In July 2018, Spain's ruling Socialist Workers' Party proposed a law against the memorization of fascist figures. It was speculated that if the law was passed, the Spanish authorities would be able to usurp Pavelić and Luburić's tombs, under the pretext that they had become places of pilgrimage for neo-fascists, and move them to less prominent locations or transfer them to Bosnia. On 29 September 2018, the historian Vlado Vladić held an event at a Roman Catholic priory in Split promoting his book "Hrvatski vitez Vjekoslav Maks Luburić" ("The Croatian Knight Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić"). The event was condemned by the Croatian left, who accused Vladić of glorifying Luburić and the Catholic Church of facilitating historical revisionism. Among those in attendance was Dario Kordić, who served as the vice-president of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia during the Bosnian War. Kordić was later found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the ICTY for his role in the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, and was sentenced to 25 years in prison.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Assessment.

paragraph: Contemporary German accounts place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaše at about 350,000. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, between 320,000 and 340,000 Serbs were killed by the Ustaše over the course of the war. Most modern historians agree that the Ustaše killed over 300,000 Serbs, or about 17 percent of all Serbs living in the NDH. At the Nuremberg trials, these killings were judged to have constituted genocide. The Ustaše were also responsible for the deaths of 26,000 Jews and 20,000 Roma. The historian Emily Greble estimates that approximately 200,000 wartime deaths can be attributed to Luburić. During the war, Luburić boasted that the Ustaše had killed more Serbs in Jasenovac, "than the Ottoman Empire was able to do during its occupation of Europe." He also confided in Hermann Neubacher, the Reich Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Plenipotentiary for Southeastern Europe, that he believed about 225,000 Serbs had been killed at Jasenovac. An incomplete list of victims compiled by the Jasenovac Memorial Site contains the names of 83,145 individuals, including 47,627 Serbs, 16,173 Roma and 13,116 Jews. Most historians agree that around 100,000 people were killed at Jasenovac.

paragraph: In 1998, Šakić was arrested in Argentina. The following year, he was extradited to Croatia to face charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Šakić was convicted on all counts and sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment. He died in July 2008. Luburić's half-sister Nada was arrested around the same time as her husband but was released due to lack of evidence. She died in February 2011. In July 2011, the Government of Serbia issued a warrant for her arrest, apparently unaware that she had died earlier that year. When the Serbian authorities learned of her death, the warrant was revoked. Šakić described his brother-in-law as a "humanitarian" and "a protector of the Jews". Several of Luburić's contemporaries, as well as numerous scholars, have offered a starkly different assessment. Arthur Häffner, an "Abwehr" officer, denounced Luburić as one of Pavelić's "fiercest bloodhounds." In academic literature, Luburić is frequently described as a sadist. The Holocaust scholar Uki Goñi characterizes him as "a bloodthirsty madman." "Of all the "Poglavnik"'s thugs," Walters writes, "Luburić was the worst." Jozo Tomasevich, a historian specializing in the Balkans, described Luburić as one of the "most brutal and bloodthirsty" members of the Ustaše movement. Carmichael refers to Luburić as "one of the most notorious war criminals of the Second World War." The historians Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat describe Luburić as "one of the most feared and most hated" Ustaše leaders.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Journals

paragraph: BULLET::::- News reports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online resources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography on the Jasenovac Memorial Site

description: Croatian general

wikidata_label: Vjekoslav Luburić

wikipedia_title: Vjekoslav Luburić