text: Polish

text: writer

text: historian

text: journalist

text: painter

text: novel

text: novella

text: short stories

text: history of Poland

text: University of Vilna

text: Congress Poland

text: Dresden

text: An Ancient Tale

text: realist

text: Henryk Sienkiewicz

text: Pruzhany

text: Warsaw

text: Napoleon's

text: Moscow

text: Romanów

text: Podlasie

text: Biała Podlaska

text: Lublin

text: Świsłocz

text: Wilno

text: Warsaw Uprising in November 1830

text: Vilna

text: Vilna

text: Żytomierz

text: Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg

text: Polish-Jewish

text: anti-Semites

text: January Uprising

text: persona non grata

text: Petersburg

text: Dresden

text: Romanticism

text: First Vatican Council

text: orthodox church

text: Kraków

text: Berlin

text: French military intelligence

text: Magdeburg

text: Geneva

text: pneumonia

text: Kraków

text: Polish writers

text: Wołyń

text: Wilno

text: landscapes

text: oil painting

text: mimesis

text: European literature

text: Balzac

text: Dickens

text: Gogol

text: Adam Mickiewicz

text: Victor Hugo

text: magnates

text: romance

text: Dresden

text: W. Scott

text: Saxon

text: Stara baśń

text: Piast dynasty

text: Jagiellonians

text: aristocracy

text: peasants

text: "Positivist" period

text: Bolesław Prus

text: Henryk Sienkiewicz

text: Jerzy Hoffman

text: Bohdan Stupka

text: Michał Żebrowski

text: Daniel Olbrychski

text: Całe życie biedna

text: The Cottage outside the Village

text: Dziecię Starego Miasta

text: Dziennik Serafiny

text: Jana Sobieskiego

text: Hrabina Cosel

text: e-book

text: Latarnia czarnoksięska

text: Milion posagu

text: Ostap Bondarczuk

text: Poeta i świat

text: Półdiablę weneckie

text: Grodno

text: Sieroce dole

text: Sprawa kryminalna

text: Stara baśń

text: Stańczykowa kronika od roku 1503 do 1508

text: Sto Diabłów

text: Szalona

text: Ulana

text: Wielki nieznajomy

text: 22 czerwca

text: 11 września

text: Wspomnienia Wołynia, Polesia i Litwy

text: Z chłopa król

text: Złote jabłko

text: Infantka

text: Stara baśń

text: List of Poles

text: Kajetan Kraszewski

text: Polish Literature in English Translation

text: biographical note

text: Kraszewski's Museum

categories: Polish opinion journalists,1812 births,Polish male novelists,19th-century Polish novelists,Polish historical novelists,Male journalists,19th-century journalists,Writers from Warsaw,1887 deaths

paragraph: Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

paragraph: Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (28 July 1812 – 19 March 1887) was a Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, painter and author who produced more than 200 novels and 150 novellas, short stories, and art reviews. He is best known for his epic series on the history of Poland, comprising twenty-nine novels in seventy-nine parts.

paragraph: The son of a nobleman, Kraszewski studied at the University of Vilna between 1829 and 1830. He was imprisoned from 1830 to 1832 for participating in a secret patriotic organization. Banished from Congress Poland in 1863, he settled in Dresden, where he remained until 1884. Throughout his life he was active in publishing and journalism. He began publishing in 1830, gradually evolving from a romantic to a realist writer. His literary legacy consists of about 600 volumes of prose, poetry, drama, literary criticism and works on history and philosophy. A major Polish novelist, Kraszewski is known for his cycle of novels on the history of Poland (29 novels in 78 volumes), written between 1876 and 1887, of which the best from an artistic standpoint are "The Countess Cosel" (1874), "Brühl" (1875), and "An Ancient Tale" (1876). Kraszewski's "peasant" novels, including "Ulana" (1843) and "Ostap Bondarczuk" (1847), deal with the painful problems of the serf society and community. Outstanding among his social novels on contemporary themes are "The Magic Lantern" (1843–44) and "Morituri" (1874–75). The classic Polish realist writers regarded Kraszewski as their forerunner and mentor, however as a novelist writing about the history of Poland, Kraszewski is generally regarded as second only to the Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz.

paragraph: Kraszewski was considered a real cultural institution uplifting the Polish spirit during the country's partition.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and studies.

paragraph: Kraszewski was born on 28 July 1812 as the oldest son of Jan Kraszewski and Zofia Kraszewska née Malska. He was born to a noble family whose manor was located in Dołhe near the town of Pruzhany, however, he was born in Warsaw because of his mother who came there in 1812 in fear of the military activities of Napoleon's army heading for Moscow. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's mansion in Romanów in the Podlasie region, where he would come back eagerly when he was young (nowadays the J. I. Kraszewski Museum is located there). From 1822 he went to schools in Biała Podlaska, Lublin and Świsłocz, and in 1829 he commenced studies in Wilno: first he studied medicine, then – despite his father's disapproval – literature. After the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising in November 1830, he and a group of his friends were arrested and he was kept in a Russian prison for more than a year, and, once released, he stayed in Vilna under strict police surveillance. When he was finally allowed to come back to Dołhe, Kraszewski continued the literary work he had started in Vilna and completed his education (as the Russian authorities had closed down the local University). The habit of avid but careful reading of literature and reviews from all around Europe would not leave him till his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Adulthood and literary career.

paragraph: In 1838 he married Zofia Woroniczówna, related to the late primate and poet J. P. Woronicz. He did this against the will of his father, who thought his son wanted to reach too high. Once married, the couple settled in Wołyń. In 1853 – already parents to four children – they moved to Żytomierz. From now on Kraszewski concentrated on his literary work, though he did not avoid other activities (he became the superintendent of a high school, the director of a theatre and the Charity Association). As a result of his dispute with conservative public opinion on his critical assessment of the gentry's attitude towards peasants, in 1859 he accepted the proposal of Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg, a wealthy Polish banker of Polish-Jewish origin from Warsaw, to become the editor of the ""Gazeta Warszawska"" and he moved with his family to Warsaw. Owing to his editorial skills, the number of the "Gazeta" subscribers within half a year rose from 500 to 8000, but at the same time he had to stand the vicious remarks of anti-Semites. Just before the outbreak of the January Uprising, he was politically active and thus, when the military activities began, he was announced "persona non grata" in Warsaw by the Petersburg-submissive local authorities and was forced to emigrate, leaving his family in Warsaw. He went to Dresden, where he lived till 1884.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile, later life and death.

paragraph: In Dresden he became a one-person Polish institution helping the political refugees, and organising literary life and information about Poland. With the death of many great poets of Romanticism, he became the unquestionable literary authority and the favourite of the public. In 1870 as the editor of "Tydzień" he expressed his skepticism about the dogma, approved at the First Vatican Council, that the pope is infallible as far as questions regarding the faith are concerned. That made him unpopular among the national orthodox church authorities, but he did not lose popularity among his readers. In 1879 in Kraków week-long celebrations on the 50th anniversary of the beginning of his literary career were held. In 1883 he was arrested in Berlin and charged with collaboration with French military intelligence, and a year later he was sentenced by the tribunal in Leipzig to three and a half years of imprisonment in a fortress. He served the sentence in the Magdeburg Fortress. As a result of his illness he was temporarily released on bail and went to Italy to improve his health, and after the earthquake there he sought refuge in Geneva in 1886. There, already suffering from cancer, he contracted pneumonia, which was the direct cause of his death on 19 March 1887. His body was brought to Kraków and placed in the vault where the meritorious were buried in the Church of St. Michael the Archangel and St Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr and Pauline Fathers Monastery.

paragraph: Section::::Character and style.

paragraph: Kraszewski was one of the most prolific Polish writers of all times. His works comprise more than 220 novels (in the nineteenth century published in about 400 volumes), around 150 novellas, short stories and literary pictures, some 20 theatre plays, more than 20 volumes of historical studies (including the 3-volume "Historia Wilna" ["History of Vilnius"] and the 3-volume "Polska w czasie trzech rozbiorów 1772–1799" ["Poland during the Three Partitions 1772–1799]), a few volumes on his travels, more than 10 volumes of social, political and literary journalism [including 5 volumes of "Rachunki" (1866–69)], more than 6 volumes of poetry, including a 3-volume epos on the history of Lithuania, more than 20 volumes of his translations from 5 languages (English, French, German, Latin and Italian), several thousand columns, press articles and reviews, which, when printed as books, would have to be collected in more than 100 volumes. He wrote many letters – their number is estimated to reach tens of thousands; just a little part of them have been published so far. He was an editor and a publisher. He prepared for publication and published over 40 volumes of historic documents and works of other writers. In the years 1841–51 he edited in Wołyń, and published in Wilno the bimonthly "Athenaeum" (66 volumes), in the years 1859–63 after he moved, Kraszewski was the editor of the daily ""Gazeta Warszawska"" (from 1861 ""Gazeta Polska""), and in 1870–71 in Dresden he edited ""Tydzień"".

paragraph: Despite all that, he was not a man who would be interested just in covering paper with print or writing. He was deeply interested in drawing landscapes and architecture (he illustrated his reports from his travels himself; more than 1600 of his pictures have survived until the present day), took up amateur oil painting, collected old prints (there were more than 6000 works in his collection). Kraszewski loved music. He considered playing the piano for one hour every day to be an extraordinary pleasure for him, and his reviews of concerts or opera performances are characterised by solid professionalism. He travelled widely: he visited the whole of pre-partition Poland and almost the whole of Europe. Throughout his adult life he took an active part in political activities, which resulted in him being sent to prison twice. He participated in dozens of social events, and more than once he had to stand up against public opinion.

paragraph: In his novels he would emphasise loyalty to the real world, thus he would use mimesis, but combined it with his fascination with romanticism. Very well-educated in the field of European literature and aesthetics, he regarded highly not only Balzac, Dickens, Gogol, and later Zola, but also Stendhal, even before he came to be appreciated in his own country, but his heart was always with Adam Mickiewicz. His first works would be influenced by English sentimentalism, especially that of L. Sterne and the French frenetic romantics in the style of the young Victor Hugo or German fantasy in the style of E.T.A. Hoffmann. The group of works closest to the ideals of Romanticism were his novels on the conflict of an artist with reality and on the life of folk people. In some of his works he would concentrate on women's matters ("Całe życie biedna" 1840, "Szalona" 1880, "Sama jedna" 1881), and in dozens – the issues regarding the gentry or the magnates ("Latarnia czarnoksięska" 1843-4, "Interesa familijne" 1852, "Dwa światy" 1854, "Morituri" 1873). He refers to the 1863 Uprising in a series of political novels written under the name of B. Bolesławita ("Dziecię Starego Miasta" 1863, "Moskal" 1865, "Żyd" 1866 and others). Kraszewski would extend the subject matter of his works, diversify the plot conventions (biography, travel, romance, sensation, etc.) and stylistic forms (realistic way of expression, purpose narration, parable, diary, tale, journal).He also appreciated small literary prose forms, such as, for example, pictures, philosophical sketches and novellas. His works would discuss all the major social and moral issues of his times and would include all the literary motifs favoured by the readers.

paragraph: Until 1863 he would concentrate on topical issues, during his stay in Dresden – on historical ones. Before he left the country he had written 20 historical novels, while in exile – more than 80. Unlike W. Scott he would give priority to the historical truth over fiction, and opted for criticism against the past. In this spirit he wrote "Zygmuntowskie czasy" (1846) and "Diabła" (1855), and in Dresden the so-called Saxon series ("Hrabina Cosel" 1873, "Brühl" 1874 and others) as well as a group of over 20 other novels on the eighteenth century (including "Bezimienna" 1869, "Sto diabłów" 1870 and "Bratankowie" 1871). He was successful in using tale narration in many of his works. His most famous enterprise within the genre of historical novels, was the series of 29 novels on the history of Poland. He started it with "Stara baśń" (1876) – which referred to the legendary epoch. From the very beginning the novel enjoyed great popularity, and was later his most often republished work (up to 2000 it was published more than 60 times). Next he wrote about the Piast dynasty (among others "Boleszczyce" 1877, "Król chłopów" 1881), the Jagiellonians ("Semko" 1882, "Matka królów" 1883 and others) and the oriental rulers (i.e. "Boży gniew" 1886). The series was completed with the posthumously published "Saskie ostatki" (1889).

paragraph: Kraszewski's literary activities were characterised by patriotic intentions, tinged with antipathy toward the aristocracy, affinity with the gentry (whose vices he would castigate, but whom he considered to be the mainstay of national awareness) and a tendency to idealise the peasants. The realist writers of Poland's "Positivist" period, notably including Bolesław Prus, regarded him as their teacher. Single-handedly he created a whole library of novels, which in the second half of the 19th century were appreciated not only in Poland—where he was popular even in the twentieth century—but in the majority of European countries. Over a hundred of his novels have been translated into foreign languages. Before Henryk Sienkiewicz, he was the most often translated Polish author.

paragraph: Section::::Adaptation.

paragraph: In 2003 the first book in the series, "Stara Baśń" (An Ancient Tale, 1876), was made into a successful directed by Jerzy Hoffman starring Bohdan Stupka, Michał Żebrowski and Daniel Olbrychski.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sceny i charaktery z życia powszedniego" (1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barani Kożuszek" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biografia Sokalskiego organisty Kotlety"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boża czekoladka" (1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boża opieka. Powieść osnuta na opowiadaniach XVIII wieku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bracia rywale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bratanki"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brühl" (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Budnik" (1847)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Całe życie biedna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caprea i Roma" (1859)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cet czy licho?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chata za wsią" ("The Cottage outside the Village", 1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Czarna Perełka" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Czasy kościuszkowskie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Czercza mogiła"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cześnikówny "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cztery wesela"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diabeł" (1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dola i niedola. Powieść z ostatnich lat XVIII wieku" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dwa światy" (1856)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dziad i baba"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dziadunio" (1868)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dzieci wieku" (1857)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dziecię Starego Miasta" (1863)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dziennik Serafiny" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dziwadła"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emisariusz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ewunia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Głupi Maciuś"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grzechy hetmańskie. Obrazy z końca XVIII wieku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herod baba"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia kołka w płocie" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia o bladej dziewczynie spod Ostrej Bramy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia o Janaszu Korczaku i o pięknej miecznikównie: powieść z czasów Jana Sobieskiego" (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Sawki" (1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hołota"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hrabina Cosel" (1873, e-book)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interesa familijne"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jak się pan Paweł żenił i jak się ożenił"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jaryna" (1850)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jermoła" (Iermola, 1857)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jesienią"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kamienica w Długim Rynku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kartki z podróży"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kawał literata" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klasztor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klin klinem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Komedianci"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kopciuszek"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kordecki"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kościół Świętomichalski w Wilnie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Król i Bondarywna. Powieść historyczna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Krzyż na rozstajnych drogach"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Krzyżacy 1410"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kunigas" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kwiat paproci"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lalki: sceny przedślubne"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latarnia czarnoksięska" (1843–1844)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Listy do rodziny"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lublana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ładny chłopiec"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ładowa Pieczara" (1852)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macocha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maleparta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Męczennicy. Marynka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Męczennicy. Na wysokościach"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milion posagu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mistrz Twardowski" (1840)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mogilna. Obrazek współczesny"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morituri" (1874–1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moskal: obrazek współczesny narysowany z natury" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na bialskim zamku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na cmentarzu – na wulkanie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na tułactwie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na wschodzie. Obrazek współczesny" (1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nad modrym Dunajem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nad Sprewą"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Niebieskie migdały"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noc majowa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ongi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orbeka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ostap Bondarczuk" (1847)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ostatni z Siekierzyńskich" (1851)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ostrożnie z ogniem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pałac i folwark"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pamiętnik Mroczka" (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pamiętnik panicza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pamiętniki"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pan i szewc"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pan Karol"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pan Major"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pan na czterech chłopach" (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pan Walery"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panie kochanku: anegdota dramatyczna w trzech aktach"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Papiery po Glince"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pod Blachą: powieść z końca XVIII wieku" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poeta i świat" (1839)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polska w czasie trzech rozbiorów 1772–1799"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pomywaczka: obrazek z końca XVIII wieku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Powieść bez tytułu" (1854)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Powrót do gniazda" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Półdiablę weneckie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Profesor Milczek"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Przed burzą"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Przygody pana Marka Hinczy. Rzecz z podań życia staroszlacheckiego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pułkownikówna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ramułtowie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raptularz pana Mateusza Jasienickeigo. Z oryginału przepisany mutatis mutandis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resurrecturi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resztki życia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roboty i prace: sceny i charaktery współczesne"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rzym za Nerona" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sąsiedzi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sceny sejmowe. Grodno 1793" (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sekret pana Czuryły. Historia jednego rezydenta wedle podań współczesnych opowiedziana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serce i ręka" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sfinks" (1847)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sieroce dole"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skrypt Fleminga"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sprawa kryminalna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stara baśń" (An Ancient Tale)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stańczykowa kronika od roku 1503 do 1508" (1841)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stara Panna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Staropolska miłość"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Starosta warszawski: obrazy historyczne z XVIII wieku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Starościna Bełska: opowiadanie historyczne 1770–1774"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stary sługa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sto Diabłów"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Syn marnotrawny" (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szalona" (1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szaławiła"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szpieg" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Śniehotowie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomko Prawdzic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trapezologion"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tryumf wiary. Obrazek historyczny z czasów Mieczysława I-go"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tułacze" (1868)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "U babuni"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ulana" (1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W baśń oblekły się dzieje"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W pocie czoła. Z dziennika dorobkiewicza" (1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W starym piecu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Warszawa 1794" (1873)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wielki nieznajomy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wielki świat małego miasteczka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wilczek i wilczkowa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wspomnienia Odessy, Jedysanu i Budżaku: dziennik przejażki w roku 1843 od 22 czerwca do 11 września"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wspomnienia Wołynia, Polesia i Litwy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Z chłopa król"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Z siedmioletniej wojny" (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Z życia awanturnika"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zadora"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zaklęta księżniczka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zemsta Czokołdowa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Złote jabłko"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Złoty Jasieńko"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zygmuntowskie czasy. Powieść z roku 1572" (1846)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zygzaki"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Żacy krakowscy w roku 1549" (Kraków Students in 1549)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Żeliga"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Żyd: obrazy współczesne" (The Jew: Contemporary Pictures, 1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Żywot i przygody hrabi Gozdzkiego. Pan starosta Kaniowski"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Żywot i sprawy Imć pana Medarda z Gołczwi Pełki z notat familijnych spisane" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Series ""Dzieje Polski"" ("The History of Poland") — 29 novels about Poland's history, in chronological order (1876–90)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adama Polanowskiego dworzanina króla Jegomości Jana III notatki"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajbuza: czasy Zygmunta III"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Banita: czasy Stefana Batorego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biały książę: czasy Ludwika Węgierskiego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boleszczyce: powieść z czasów Bolesława Szczodrego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boży gniew: czasy Jana Kazimierza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bracia Zmartwychwstańcy: powieść z czasów Chrobrego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dwie królowe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia prawdziwa o Petrku Właście palatynie, którego zwano Duninem: opowiadanie historyczne z XII wieku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Infantka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jaszka Orfanem zwanego żywota i spraw pamiętnik: Jagiełłowie do Zygmunta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jelita: powieść herbowa z r. 1331"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kraków za Łokietka: powieść historyczna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Król Chłopów: powieść historyczna z czasów Kazimierza Wielkiego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Król Piast: (Michał książę Wiśniowiecki)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Królewscy synowie: powieść z czasów Władysława Hermana i Krzywoustego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masław"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Matka królów: czasy Jagiełłowe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Na królewskim dworze: czasy Władysława IV"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pogrobek: powieść z czasów przemysławowskich"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saskie ostatki: August III"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Semko: czasy bezkrólewia po Ludwiku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jagiełło i Jadwiga"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stach z Konar: powieść historyczna z czasów Kazimierza Sprawiedliwego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stara baśń" (An Ancient Tale, 1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strzemieńczyk: czasy Władysława Warneńczyka"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Syn Jazdona: powieść historyczna z czasów Bolesława Wstydliwego i Leszka Czarnego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waligóra: powieść historyczna z czasów Leszka Białego"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Za Sasów"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kajetan Kraszewski

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish Literature in English Translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- biographical note

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kraszewski's Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20090417072736/http://univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/kraszew.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- The novel, "The Countess Cosel: A Romance of History of the Times of Augustus the Strong" is available at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37623/37623-h/37623-h.htm

description: Polish novelist

wikidata_label: Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

wikipedia_title: Józef Ignacy Kraszewski


text:
Date Tsunamune
genpuku
shōgun
Tokugawa Ietsuna
courtesy title
Court rank
Date Munekatsu
Ichinoseki Domain
Tamura Muneyoshi
Iwanuma Domain
Date Sōdō
bunraku
kabuki
rōjū
Tairō
Sakai Tadakiyo
windbreaks
flood control
Confucianism
Shinto shrine
Nikkō Tōshō-gū
Ii Naooki
Hikone Domain
paper currency
inflation
Date Yoshimura
Inaba Masanori
Date Tsunamune
Date Yoshimura
Date Sōdō
Papinot, Edmond
Sendai Domain on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: 1659 births,Tozama daimyo,1719 deaths,Date clan

paragraph: Date Tsunamura

paragraph: Tsunamura was the eldest son of Date Tsunamune by a concubine. His childhood name was Kamechiyo-maru (亀千代丸). He was later styled , but his name was changed to Date Tsunamura during his "genpuku" ceremony, which was held by "shōgun" Tokugawa Ietsuna. In later life, his courtesy title was "Sakonoe-gon-shōshō" (General of the Left Guards) and "Mutsu-no-kami" and his Court rank was Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.

paragraph: Tsunamura became "daimyō" at the age of 2, when his father was relieved of his position due to political manipulations by his uncles, Date Munekatsu, "daimyō" of Ichinoseki Domain and Date Masamune’s 10th son, and Tamura Muneyoshi, "daimyō" of Iwanuma Domain. From 1660 to 1671, the two uncles acted as guardians for the infant Tsunamura, usurping his authority and becoming notorious for their greed, corruption and misgovernment. The domain was beset by constant peasant rebellions and (according to popular history) Tsumanura narrowly avoided assassination by his uncles on several occasions.

paragraph: Events came to a head with the Date Sōdō, which also became a favorite theme of popular fiction, including "bunraku" and "kabuki". Aki Muneshige, a relative of the Date and retainer of Date Tsunamune managed to register a complaint to the shogunate officials about the mismanagement of the domain. Aki and various domain officials were summoned before the " rōjū" and the "Tairō" Sakai Tadakiyo. Testimony between Aki and the retainers of Munekatsu and Muneyoshi did not agree, and the testimony of Munekatsu’s retainer Harada Munesuke made a particularly poor impression. Harada then murdered Aki before further testimony could be given, before being killed himself by the guards.The court ruled in favor of Aki. Tsunamura was allowed to remain "daimyō"; however, his uncles Munekatsu and Muneyoshi were removed from office.

paragraph: Once Tsunamura actually was able to exercise his own authority, one of his first actions was to order the construction of windbreaks and irrigation and flood control works on rivers. He also emphasized the study of Confucianism, bringing several noted scholars to Sendai, as well as sponsoring the construction of numerous Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines. From 1689 to 1690 he assisted in the repair of the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along with Ii Naooki of Hikone Domain. Through these efforts, he gained the reputation of being a good ruler; however, the fiscal burden of all of these public works and temple building drove the domain into debt. In 1683, the domain issued a paper currency; however, with rampant inflation, the domain money was not well received. In 1693, his senior retainers had enough, and through senior clan members issued a petition to Tsunamura warning against rule by tyranny. Tsunamura was reportedly rendered speechless with rage, but was unable to gather support. In Autumn 1697, with no sign that he would voluntarily reign from office, his retainers plotted to have him forcibly placed into retirement, but no agreement could be reached. Tsunamura remained in office until 1703, when he resigned in favor of his cousin, Date Yoshimura, as he had no son by his wife (the daughter of Inaba Masanori).

paragraph: Tsunamura died in 1719, and his grave is at Dainenjiyama in Sendai, rather than the Date clan mausoleum. In 1924, he was posthumously elevated to Senior Third Rank.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Date Tsunamune

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Misawa Hatsuko (1640–1686)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Senhime (1659–1706)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takahime by Senhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ogichiyo by Senhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hakuhime by Senhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adopted Son: Date Yoshimura

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Date Sōdō

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond. (1948). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan". New York: Overbeck Co.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sendai Domain on "Edo 300 HTML" (3 November 2007)

description: daimyo who was at the center of the Date Sōdō

wikidata_label: Date Tsunamura

wikipedia_title: Date Tsunamura


text:
Dutch
pipe organ
Leeuwarden
Province Friesland
Basilica of San Petronio
Bologna
Friesland
's-Hertogenbosch
Netherlands
Hanseatic
alloy
lead
tin
antimony
copper
bismuth
John Brombaugh
organ at Central Lutheran Church,
Eugene, Oregon
Breda
Franeker
Schoonhoven
Marcussen
Groote / Laurenskerk in Rotterdam.
Amsterdam
Oude Kerk
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
Delft
Oude Kerk
Amsterdam
Oude Kerk
new organ
Zierikzee
Delft
Nieuwe Kerk
Enkhuizen
Westerkerk
Hamburg
Petrikirche
Hamburg
Lüneburg
Johanniskirche
Georg Böhm
Christoph Wolff
Johann Sebastian Bach
Böhm
Arp Schnitger
Matthias Dropa
Schiedam
new instrument
Flentrop
Bergen op Zoom
Gouda
Abcoude
Brouwershaven
St.-Nicolaas
Van Vulpen
Brouwershaven
Lüneburg

categories: 1561 deaths,People from Leeuwarden,1495 births,Dutch musicians

paragraph: Hendrik Niehoff

paragraph: Hendrik Niehoff (also "Heinrich"; 1495 – c. 1561) was a Dutch pipe organ builder, who learned with noted builder, Jan van Covelen (c. 1470-1532). According to Liuwe Tamminga, Niehoff was born in Leeuwarden, the capital of Province Friesland. (Tamminga has been organist since the 1980s on the ancient organ {1471-75} of Lorenzo da Prato at the Basilica of San Petronio in Bologna and also was born in a nearby Friesland village.) Following Jan van Covelen's death in 1532, Hendrik Niehoff established his shop in 's-Hertogenbosch to continue building new and upgrading organs throughout the Netherlands and in major Hanseatic cities and, thus, can be considered the most significant organbuilder in northwestern Europe in the middle third of the 16th century due both to the fabulous visual architectural quality of the cases and the exquisite sounds these instruments make for the eye and ear.

paragraph: The pipes in Niehoff's organs are remarkable in that they use an alloy of over 98% lead, with only about 1.3% tin and minimal amounts of antimony, copper and bismuth - the latter probably due to the not highly refined ores available to the builders of that time. (The use of lead plate to make organ pipes probably stems from its use to fabricate the roofs of European churches of the time.) Pipes made of this alloy are noted for producing sounds with the "vocale" characteristic of the organs of the high Renaissance/early Baroque period. To enhance their appearance, the façade pipes usually were covered with thin, bright tin foil that was held to the underlying lead pipe with a glue made of duck egg white.

paragraph: American organbuilder John Brombaugh (b. 1937, retired 2005) used several surviving examples of pipes from the 1539 Schoonhoven Niehoff organ given to him in 1971 by Dr. Maarten A. Vente as models for many instruments his firm made after their first new examples were made and used in the organ at Central Lutheran Church, Eugene, Oregon, that was dedicated in 1976. (Respected Belgian organologist, Koos van der Linde, disputes Vente's assertion that Niehoff made Brombaugh's sample Dutch pipes; he contends they were made by the hand of Peter Janz. de Swart, who built the Leiden Hoogslandskerk organ ca. 1565. Could de Swart have been an apprentice with Niehoff when the Schoonhoven pipes were being made?) This instrument also uses vertical pallets in its Ruckpositive windchest, a method that was normal in Niehoff's organs but seldom found anytime since. It gives a remarkable light touch to the keys - like a harpsichord.

paragraph: Section::::Major Niehoff projects - "BOLD entried organs still extant in 2006".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1534 Breda - Groote / The positive case on the current organ survives from 1534; information on the 1534 case is taken from a book about the organs in this church which was published in 1989. Jan van Biezen states this organ was built by Jan Graurock; whether or not Niehoff helped is debatable.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1528 Franeker - St.-Maarten. Van Biezen and Vente say this instrument was a Jan van Covelen project but, upon his death in 1532 and at the request of van Covelen's widow, Niehoff brought it to completion in 1534. This project is likely the beginning of Hendrik Niehoff's career as an independent organbuilder.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1539-1540 Schoonhoven - St.-Bartholomeüs. The case of this organ since 1958 houses the Marcussen organ located in the south transept of the Groote / Laurenskerk in Rotterdam. (Dr. Vente recovered the case when the Schoonhoven congregation abandoned this historic organ in the 1930s to purchase a new organ. He gave it to the war desecrated Rotterdam congregation to use in its new replacement organ as the demolished church was being restored.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1539-1545 Amsterdam - St.-Nicolaas / Oude Kerk. The renowned Dutch musician, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, was organist here from 1580 till 1621.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1545 Delft - St.-Hippolytus / Oude Kerk

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1544-1545 Amsterdam - St.-Nicolaas / Oude Kerk. A second, smaller organ was made for the north transept. Some pipes of that organ are still extant in the new organ that built ca. 1658 and restored in 1964-65.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1545-1549 Zierikzee - St.-Lievensmonster. An interesting description of this organ is written in ""Beschrijving van het oude en nieuwe orgel in de Groote of St. Lievens Monsterkerk der stad Zierikzee"" by Willem Lootens, 1771.

paragraph: BULLET::::- -1548 Delft - St.-Ursula / Nieuwe Kerk

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1548 Enkhuizen - St.-Gommarus / Westerkerk. Niehoff's organ case remains, but the organ was rebuilt by the van Hagerbeer and families ca. 1645 and 1679-83. Some of its pipes are still extant in the organ at the St.-Pancras / Zuiderkerk church in Enkhuizen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1548-1550 Hamburg - an upgrading rebuild of the existing organ at the Petrikirche. Following the terrible Hamburg fire of 1842, nothing remains of this organ.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1551-1553 Lüneburg - Johanniskirche, built together with Jasper Johansen. In 1699, Georg Böhm became organist here and, beginning soon after (according to Christoph Wolff) gave Johann Sebastian Bach lessons on this instrument during Bach's student tenure at the Michaeliskirche from 1700 through 1702. Böhm had the Niehoff organ considerably rebuilt and upgraded in 1714 by Arp Schnitger's student, Matthias Dropa. It has been restored on several occasions by Rudolf von Beckerath's shop (Hamburg); it probably has the most of Niehoff's work remaining in any of his large organs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- before 1553 Schiedam - The center case and some pipes from Niehoff are still extant in a new instrument the Flentrop firm built in 1975 and upgraded in 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1555 Bergen op Zoom - St.-Geertruida Kerk

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1556-1558 Gouda - The drastically altered remnants of this organ's case were placed in the 19th century Roman Catholic parish church in Abcoude.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1557 Brouwershaven - St.-Nicolaas , built together with his son, Nicolaas Niehoff. The historic case and upper case façade pipes were used when the Van Vulpen firm built a new organ in 1968 and 1980. Note the similarity between the Brouwershaven and Lüneburg Ruckpositive cases!

paragraph: Section::::Published References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gives another valuable description of work by the Niehoff family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Provides valuable information, especially on the Lüneburg Johanniskirche organ

paragraph: BULLET::::- A comprehensive handbook on the organs encountered by Bach

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lootens, Willem. "Beschryving van het oude en nieuwe orgel, in de Groote- of St. Lievens Monsterkerk der stad Zierikzee, beneffens ... "; Baarn, "De Praestantpers" (1966).

description: Dutch musician

wikidata_label: Hendrik Niehoff

wikipedia_title: Hendrik Niehoff


text: Kempsey, New South Wales

text: motorcycle racer

text: Peel

text: Isle of Man

text: Superbike

text: Supersport World Championship

text: Kawasaki

text: MotoGP

text: MotoGP

text: Garry McCoy

text: Yamaha

text: Supersport World Championship

text: Superbike World Championship

text: Noriyuki Haga

text: Misano Circuit

text: Superbike World Champion

text: Troy Corser

text: MotoGP

text: Ilmor

text: Qatar

text: Supersport World Championship

text: Sébastien Charpentier

text: Kenan Sofuoğlu

text: Jonathan Rea

text: Eugene Laverty

text: Vallelunga

text: Magny-Cours

text: Robbin Harms

text: Brands Hatch

text: Craig Jones

text: Michele Pirro

text: Roland Resch

text: BMW S1000RR

text: Rob McElnea

text: Neil Hodgson

text: Brands Hatch

text: Gary Mason

text: British Superbike Championship

text: motorcycle racing

text: andrewpitt.com

categories: Kawasaki Motors Racing MotoGP riders,1976 births,Australian motorcycle racers,People from New South Wales,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,Living people,British Superbike Championship riders

paragraph: Andrew Pitt

paragraph: Andrew Pitt (born in Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia) is a retired motorcycle racer. He is a double World Supersport Champion, and has also won a World Superbike race and competed in MotoGP. He lives in Peel on the Isle of Man.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early days.

paragraph: Pitt began racing in the NSW State 250 Production Series in 1995, winning it in 1997. He was Australian Supersport Champion and Superbike runner-up in 1999, before entering the Supersport World Championship in riding for Kawasaki. He finished 10th in his debut season and won the title in , without winning a race. For he continued in Supersport with Kawasaki finishing the season 5th and gaining his first two victories.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:MotoGP and Superbikes.

paragraph: At the end of 2002 he was given a ride on Kawasaki's first MotoGP bike for the final 3 races of the season. He took his and Kawasaki's first MotoGP points at the final race of the season. His promising results in 2002 made Kawasaki offer him a full-time MotoGP ride for the 2003 season. He matched experienced teammate Garry McCoy, but neither was retained after an uncompetitive year. He made occasional appearances for Moriwaki in 2004 as part of their development programme.

paragraph: In 2004 Yamaha signed him. After three Supersport World Championship races at the end of the year, he was a Superbike World Championship factory rider for . He finished the season 8th overall, behind teammate Noriyuki Haga who was third. Things improved in as he was 5th overall, and scored his maiden Superbike World Championship win at the Misano Circuit in Italy in June 2006. At the end of the season, he lost his seat to fellow Australian and Superbike World Champion Troy Corser.

paragraph: For 2007, he signed to race in MotoGP for the Ilmor team. He was forced to retire with mechanical problems from the first race of the season in Qatar. On 15 March 2007, Ilmor announced that they were taking a break from MotoGP as a result of funding issues. This left Pitt without a ride.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Supersport Part 2.

paragraph: Later in 2007 he made two substitute appearances in the Supersport World Championship for Ten Kate replacing the injured Sébastien Charpentier, taking two second places behind dominant teammate Kenan Sofuoğlu.

paragraph: In 2008 he races in World Supersport for Ten Kate full-time, replacing Sofuoglu. In his first race he collided with the crashed bike of teammate Jonathan Rea. He won three of the first six races to establish a championship lead. A collision with Eugene Laverty at Vallelunga threatened to derail his championship challenge, but he clinched the 2008 World Supersport championship in the penultimate round at Magny-Cours after closest rival Rea was taken out by Robbin Harms. During the Brands Hatch race in 2008, Pitt was involved in an accident that claimed the life of Craig Jones. The British rider fell in front of Pitt at Clark Curve, and Pitt's bike unavoidably struck the head of Jones, who died from his injuries on 4 August.

paragraph: He remained with the team for 2009, despite originally targeting a return to WSBK. He opened the season with two second places on the 2008 bike, but struggled once the 2009 model was introduced. He was replaced by Michele Pirro for 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Return to World Superbikes.

paragraph: On 16 December 2009, it was announced that Pitt had agreed a contract with the Reitwagen Motorsport team to ride in the 2010 Superbike World Championship season. Pitt partnered teammate Roland Resch in riding a satellite version of the BMW S1000RR. However, the team pulled out after only three races due to a lack of funds.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:British Superbikes.

paragraph: Pitt again changed direction following the demise of Reitwagen, joining Rob McElnea's team midway through the 2010 British Superbike Championship season as a replacement for Neil Hodgson, but he was injured in a crash at Brands Hatch and missed the rest of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Retirement.

paragraph: In June 2011 Pitt, who was still recovering, became Gary Mason's crew chief at MSS Colchester Kawasaki in British Superbike Championship.

paragraph: In January 2012, Pitt, having struggled with the shoulder injury suffered in 2010, announced his retirement from motorcycle racing.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- andrewpitt.com Official website

description: Australian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Andrew Pitt

wikipedia_title: Andrew Pitt


text: American football

text: wide receiver

text: National Football League

text: New Orleans Saints

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: college football

text: Xavier University

text: Bellingham, WA

text: Xavier University

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: Miami University

text: Texas Western

text: 1967 NFL Draft

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: NFL

text: receptions

text: yards

text: touchdown

text: All-Pro

text: Sporting News

text: Associated Press

text: Lance Alworth

text: New Orleans

text: radio

text: Chicago Bears

text: Mike Ditka

text: special teams

text: offensive coordinator

text: Roman Catholic

text: philanthropic

text: Catholic

text: EWTN

text: "Crossing the Goal" website

categories: Sportspeople from Steubenville, Ohio,Catholics from Ohio,Xavier Musketeers football players,San Francisco 49ers players,Living people,American football wide receivers,New Orleans Saints broadcasters,Players of American football from Ohio,Chicago Bears coaches,American philanthropists,1945 births,Sportspeople from Bellingham, Washington,American people of Polish descent,New Orleans Saints players,National Football League announcers

paragraph: Danny Abramowicz

paragraph: Daniel Stanley Abramowicz (born July 13, 1945) is a former American football player and coach. He played wide receiver in the National Football League for the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers and college football at Xavier University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Bellingham, WA, Abramowicz is of Polish descent. He went to Steubenville Catholic Central High School. When he was a 5-10, 155-pound senior at Catholic Central, Abramowicz didn’t attract much attention from college coaches. The only school that offered him a football scholarship was Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio.

paragraph: He went to Xavier and, as a sophomore, caught 18 passes for 257 yards in his first varsity season.

paragraph: His junior year, he finished with 50 catches for 738 yards and eight touchdowns, helping Xavier to an 8-2 season. That year Xavier knocked off Miami University, 29-28, Cincinnati, 14-3, and Dayton, 10-0. The Musketeers were all but bowl-bound until they dropped a 57-33 decision to Texas Western on the final day of the season despite a 53-yard touchdown reception by Abramowicz. At the conclusion of his junior year he was named to the All-Catholic All-America team (The Brooklyn Tablet).

paragraph: During his senior season, he continued as the favorite receiver of quarterback Carroll Williams, catching 34 passes for 585 yards and three touchdowns despite facing constant double coverage.

paragraph: Abramowicz holds the XU records for passes caught in a season (50 in 1965) and in a career (102), yards gained through passes caught in a career (1,470), as well as touchdown passes caught in a season (eight in 1965) and in a career (13)

paragraph: He graduated with a bachelor of science degree in Economics and Education in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.

paragraph: By his senior year, he had grown to 6-0, 190 pounds, but he still didn't attract much attention from pro scouts due to his lack of speed. Abramowicz was drafted by the Saints in the 17th round of the 1967 NFL Draft.

paragraph: His career lasted from 1967 through 1974. Abramowicz broke into the starting lineup in the seventh game of the Saints’ first season with 12 catches for 156 yards in a 14-10 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Abramowicz had his most productive years while with the Saints. In 1968, 1969, and 1970, he ranked in the Top 10 in the NFL in two categories: receptions and receiving yards.

paragraph: Additionally, in 1968 and 1972 he was Top 10 in receiving touchdowns. His best season is generally considered to be 1969, when he caught 73 passes for 1,015 yards to go along with seven touchdowns. For his efforts, he was voted as an All-Pro by the Sporting News and Associated Press. The 1972 season would turn out to be Abramowicz's last full season with the Saints.

paragraph: Two games into the 1973 season, he was traded to the 49ers, playing two sub-par seasons. Abramowicz attempted to catch on in 1975, reporting to camp with George Allen's "Over the Hill Gang", the Washington Redskins. However, he did not make the final roster.

paragraph: Over his career, he played 111 games, caught 369 passes for 5,686 yards and 39 touchdowns.

paragraph: Upon his retirement, he held the NFL record for catching at least one pass in consecutive games: 105. The previous record was 96 by Hall-of-Famer Lance Alworth.

paragraph: Section::::After retirement.

paragraph: After his playing career, Abramowicz worked in private business in New Orleans. He also spent five years as an analyst for Saints games broadcast on radio. In 1992, he was hired by Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka to serve as special teams coach. He served in this capacity from 1992 to 1996. In 1997, when Ditka was hired as head coach for the Saints, Abramowicz came back to the Saints as offensive coordinator. He has been out of the NFL since Ditka was fired in 1999.

paragraph: Abramowicz is a devout Roman Catholic, and is active with various organizations and foundations dedicated to philanthropic causes. He is also a writer, author of "Spiritual Workout of a Former Saint."

paragraph: Since September 2008, Abramowicz has been hosting his own television show "Crossing the Goal" on the Catholic television network EWTN. Promotional materials from the network indicate the program uses "a sports show format to encourage men to get into spiritual shape." He also serves on the Board of Directors of EWTN. He serves in an advisory capacity to the board of directors of National Fellowship of Catholic Men. He travels throughout the United States speaking at Catholic men's conferences.

paragraph: He and his wife, Claudia, have been married since 1970 and have three children and four grandsons.

paragraph: Xavier University has presented him with the two most prestigious awards bestowed on a student athlete—Legion of Honor and Athletic Hall of Fame (1981).

paragraph: Abramowicz was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 1992. Also in 1992, he was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crossing the Goal" website

description: American football player and coach

wikidata_label: Danny Abramowicz

wikipedia_title: Danny Abramowicz


text:
Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia
icon
Pereslavl-Zalessky
archpriest
Cathedral of the Annunciation
Moscow Kremlin
Ivan the Terrible
tsar
Kazan
sobor
icon
fresco
Nikolai Velikoretsky
Metropolitan Macarius
Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir
The Belligerent Church
Book of Generations
Chudov Monastery
oprichnina

categories: Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow,1570s deaths

paragraph: Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow

paragraph: Athanasius (; real name – "Андрей", or Andrei) (early 16th century – 1570s) was Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia from March 1564 to May 1566, writer, and icon painter.

paragraph: In 1530s–1540s, Athanasius served as a priest in Pereslavl-Zalessky. In 1549–1550, he was appointed archpriest of the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin and became Ivan the Terrible's personal confessor. Athanasius accompanied the tsar during his military campaign against Kazan in 1552 and held a service during the laying of the foundation stone of the Annunciation Cathedral in that city. Athanasius participated in the church sobors of 1553 and 1554 as a witness with regards to the restoration of icons and frescos in the Kremlin cathedrals after the fire of 1547. In 1555–1556, Athanasius was engaged in restoring the Icon of Nikolai Velikoretsky together with Metropolitan Macarius. In 1567, he participated in the restoration of the Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir. It is believed that Athanasius is the author of the icon called "The Belligerent Church" ("Церковь воинствующая"). Also, he wrote the "Life of Daniel of Pereyaslavl" (Житие Даниила Переяславского; 1556–1562) and (supposedly) the "Book of Generations" (Степенная книга; between 1560 and 1563). In 1562, Athanasius was admitted to the Chudov Monastery. In 1564, he was elected Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia, replacing the deceased Metropolitan Macarius. It was Metropolitan Athanasius to whom Ivan the Terrible would address his message on the introduction of the oprichnina in 1565. Athanasius would often talk to the tsar and express his concern about the disgraced.

paragraph: Officially, Metropolitan Athanasius left his post due to a "grave sickness", but some Russian historians believe that it was his rejection of oprichnina that would cost him his post. Athanasius moved to the Chudov Monastery and lived there until his death.

description: Metropolitan of Russia

wikidata_label: Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow

wikipedia_title: Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow


text:
pharaoh
Egypt
Twenty-first dynasty
Lower Egypt
Third Intermediate Period
21st Dynasty
Psusennes I
Ra
Amun
Karimala
Semna
Osorkon the Elder
Manetho
Psusennes II
Viceroy of Kush
Neskhons
Manetho's
Karnak
Tutkheperre Shoshenq
Osorkon the Elder
Ptah
Memphis
pharaoh
Psusennes II
Shoshenq I
Osorkon I
Egyptologist
Horus
Mesen
Heliopolis
Piramesse
Thebes
Pinedjem II
New Kingdom
Valley of the Kings
Deir El-Bahari
DB320
Kenneth Kitchen
On the Reliability of the Old Testament
Aegean
Sea Peoples
Gezer
Tanis
Psusennes I
ushabti
Nile
his daughter
Solomon
Gezer
Edward Lipiński
22nd Dynasty

categories: Pharaohs of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt,967 BC deaths,10th-century BC Pharaohs,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Siamun

paragraph: Neterkheperre or Netjerkheperre-Setepenamun Siamun was the sixth pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty. He built extensively in Lower Egypt for a king of the Third Intermediate Period and is regarded as one of the most powerful rulers of the 21st Dynasty after Psusennes I. Siamun's prenomen, Netjerkheperre-Setepenamun, means "Divine is The Manifestation of Ra, Chosen of Amun" while his name means 'son of Amun.'

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Very little is known of the family relationships of Siamun. In 1999, Chris Bennett made a case for a Queen Karimala known from an inscription in the temple of Semna being the daughter of Osorkon the Elder. She is called both 'King's Daughter" and "King's Wife". Her name suggests she may have been Libyan, which would fit in with her being the daughter of Osorkon the Elder (Manetho's Osochor). Given the date of the inscription (a year 14), she might have been the queen of either king Siamun or king Psusennes II. Bennett prefers a marriage to Siamun, because in that case she could have taken over the position of Viceroy of Kush Neskhons as a religious figurehead in Nubia after the death of the latter in year 5 of king Siamun. What is more, a marriage to her might explain how Siamun, an Egyptian, judging by his nomen, came to succeed a clearly Libyan Osochor.

paragraph: Section::::Manetho.

paragraph: Siamun is often identified with the last king of Manetho's 21st Dynasty, "Psinaches". This king is credited with a reign of only 9 Years, which subsequently had to be amended to [1]9 Years on the basis of an inscription from the Karnak Priestly Annals mentioning a "Year 17" of king Siamun. However, there is no real basis for interpreting the name "Psinaches" as a corruption of the name Netjerkheperre-setepenamun Siamun.

paragraph: Recently, it has been suggested that Manetho's "Psinaches" might rather be a reference to king Tutkheperre Shoshenq as the direct successor of Manetho's Osorkon the Elder.

paragraph: Section::::Reign Length.

paragraph: The highest attested year for Siamun is a "Year 17 the first month of Shemu day [lost]", mentioned in fragment 3B, lines 3-5 from the Karnak Priestly Annals. It records the induction of Hori, son of Nespaneferhor into the Priesthood at Karnak. This date was a lunar Tepi Shemu feast day. Based on the calculation of this lunar "Tepi Shemu" feast, Year 17 of Siamun has been shown by the German Egyptologist Rolf Krauss to be equivalent to 970 BC. Hence, Siamun would have taken the throne about 16 years earlier in 986 BC. A stela dated to Siamun's Year 16 records a land-sale between some minor priests of Ptah at Memphis.

paragraph: The Year 17 inscription is an important palaeographical development because it is the first time in Egyptian recorded history that the word pharaoh was employed as a title and linked directly to a king's royal name: as in Pharaoh Siamun here. Henceforth, references to Pharaoh Psusennes II (Siamun's successor), Pharaoh Shoshenq I, Pharaoh Osorkon I, and so forth become commonplace. Prior to Siamun's reign and all throughout the Middle and New Kingdom, the word pharaoh referred only to the office of the king.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments.

paragraph: According to the French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal, Siamun doubled the size of the Temple of Amun at Tanis and initiated various works at the Temple of Horus at Mesen. He also built at Heliopolis and at Piramesse where a surviving stone block bears his name. Siamun constructed and dedicated a new temple to Amun at Memphis with 6 stone columns and doorways which bears his royal name. Finally, he bestowed numerous favours onto the Memphite Priests of Ptah. In Upper Egypt, he generally appears eponymously on a few Theban monuments although Siamun's High Priest of Amun at Thebes, Pinedjem II, organised the removal and re-burial of the New Kingdom royal mummies from the Valley of the Kings in several hidden mummy caches at Deir El-Bahari Tomb DB320 for protection from looting. These activities are dated from Year 1 to Year 10 of Siamun's reign.

paragraph: One fragmentary but well known surviving triumphal relief scene from the Temple of Amun at Tanis depicts an Egyptian pharaoh smiting his enemies with a mace. The king's name is explicitly given as [(Neterkheperre Setepenamun) Siamun, beloved of Am(un)] in the relief and there can be no doubt that this person was Siamun as the eminent British Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen stresses in his book, "On the Reliability of the Old Testament". Siamun appears here "in typical pose brandishing a mace to strike down prisoners(?) now lost at the right except for two arms and hands, one of which grasps a remarkable double-bladed ax by its socket." The writer observes that this double bladed axe or 'halberd' has a flared crescent shaped blade which is close in form to the Aegean influenced double axe but is quite distinct from the Palestinian/Canaanite double headed axe which has a different shape that resembles an X. Thus, Kitchen concludes Siamun's foes were the Philistines who were descendants of the Aegean-based Sea Peoples and that Siamun was commemorating his recent victory over them at Gezer by depicting himself in a formal battle scene relief at the Temple in Tanis. More recently Paul S. Ash has put forward a detailed argument that Siamun's relief portrays a fictitious battle. He points out that in Egyptian reliefs Philistines are never shown holding an axe, and that there is no archaeological evidence for Philistines using axes. He also argues that there is nothing in the relief to connect it with Philistia or the Levant.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Although Siamun's original royal tomb has never been located, it has been proposed that he is one of "two completely decayed mummies in the antechamber of NRT-III (Psusennes I's tomb)" on the basis of ushabtis found on them which bore this king's name. Siamun's original tomb may have been inundated by the Nile which compelled a reburial of this king in Psusennes I's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Siamun and Solomon.

paragraph: It has been suggested that Siamun was the unnamed pharaoh of the Bible who gave in marriage his daughter to king Solomon in order to seal an alliance between the two (), and later conquered Gezer and gave it to Solomon as well (). This identification is nowadays still supported by Kitchen, but has been challenged by other scholars such as Paul S. Ash and Mark W. Chavalas, with the latter stating that "it is impossible to conclude which Egyptian monarch ruled concurrently with David and Solomon".br

paragraph: Edward Lipiński suggested that "The attempt at relating the destruction of Gezer to the hypothetical relationship between Siamun and Solomon cannot be justified factually, since Siamun's death precedes Solomon's accession." Lipiński also argued that the then-unfortified Gezer was destroyed late in the 10th century, and that its taker was most likely pharaoh Shoshenq I of the 22nd Dynasty.

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Siamun

wikipedia_title: Siamun


text: Steinhorst

text: German Football Association

text: Lüneburger Heide

text: Münster

text: Gottfried Hinze

text: Otto Nerz

text: Sepp Herberger

text: Reichsliga

text: Second World War

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Sports office of the Reich

text: Berlin

text: FIFA

text: Kriminalpolizei

text: Hanover

text: SS

text: kicker Sportmagazin

categories: 1948 deaths,1882 births,German football chairmen and investors

paragraph: Felix Linnemann

paragraph: Felix Linnemann (Born October 20, 1882 in Steinhorst, died March 21, 1948 in Steinhorst) was the fourth president of the German Football Association, the Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB), serving from 1925 to 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Felix Linnemann was born and grew up at the edge of the Lüneburger Heide and went to the University of Münster, where he was a student of all four faculties. In 1919, Linnemann was appointed vice-president of the DFB.

paragraph: The upper government and "Kriminalrat" exerted influence on the DFB, so that Linneman replaced Gottfried Hinze as DFB president in 1925. The move was considered as more penetration, and wanted a more honest, pragmatic, professional soccer in Germany. However, the political reversal made a line for it in 1933 by the calculation. The political sport leaders often wanted to present the football players at the ball in international matches as demonstration of national strength, making sport become an instrument of propaganda. Otto Nerz was discovered and appointed by Linnemann as the national team coach. After his resignation, the DFB president appointed Sepp Herberger, to become the new coach. The systematic training of Egidius Braunhe began to be used to train both players and coaches at this time. Both Linnemann and Herberger carried the idea of a "Reichsliga", but the Second World War prevented the implementation of a football league in Germany. Linnemann had proposed the league to the regional football associations in 1932 but it had been vetoed.

paragraph: Felix Linnemann announced the end of the DFB under the rule of Adolf Hitler. Already on 9 July 1933, he authorized the chairman Linnemann to make all personnel and material measures to the integration of the football haven in the program of the Sports office of the Reich (DRL) and the transformation of the DFB. The DFB was dissolved to be integrated into the recently created federation of the Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (NSRL).

paragraph: DFB president Linnemann was active as a curator at the University of Leibesübungen in Berlin and as a member of the amateur commission of FIFA. Throughout 1937, Linnemann was transferred as a commander of the "Kriminalpolizei" from Berlin to Stettin, and was also attached to Hanover. After the end of the war, he spent six months in the internment camp with Englishmen in Lüneburger Heide; the Nazis had transferred the entire police with appropriate service ranks of the officials during the war to the SS. Linnemann died in 1948 in his home village Steinhorst near Hannover, where he is buried.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "30 Jahre Bundesliga" 30th anniversary special, publisher: "kicker Sportmagazin", published: 1993

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen

description: fourth president of the German football association

wikidata_label: Felix Linnemann

wikipedia_title: Felix Linnemann


text:
Starkville, Mississippi
Valdosta, Georgia
Major League Baseball
pitcher
Washington Senators

categories: 1901 births,Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players,1976 deaths,Baseball players from Mississippi,Major League Baseball pitchers,Washington Senators (1901–60) players

paragraph: Monroe Mitchell

paragraph: Monroe Barr Mitchell (September 11, 1901 in Starkville, Mississippi – September 4, 1976 in Valdosta, Georgia), was Major League Baseball pitcher. He appeared in 10 games for the Washington Senators in .

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Monroe Mitchell

wikipedia_title: Monroe Mitchell


text:
courtesy name
Chinese
scholar
statesman
political theorist
philosopher
Jiaqing Emperor
Yili
Xinjiang
Malthus
England
Changzhou
jinshi
Jiaqing Emperor
Heshen
New Text
Confucian
population control
geography
Chinese classics
government corruption
New World
Qianlong Emperor
social safety net
Ts'ui-jung Liu

categories: 18th-century Chinese writers,Qing dynasty historians,Philosophers from Jiangsu,Politicians from Changzhou,Qing dynasty poets,Qing dynasty politicians from Jiangsu,18th-century Chinese historians,Qing dynasty philosophers,1746 births,Historians from Jiangsu,1809 deaths,Poets from Jiangsu,Writers from Changzhou,Chinese Confucianists,Qing dynasty essayists,19th-century Chinese historians

paragraph: Hong Liangji

paragraph: Hong Liangji (, 1746–1809), courtesy names Junzhi (君直) and Zhicun (稚存), was a Chinese scholar, statesman, political theorist, and philosopher. He was most famous for his critical essay to the Jiaqing Emperor, which resulted in his banishment to Yili in Xinjiang. In modern times, he is best remembered for his essay "Zhi Ping Pian" (, "On Governance and Well-being of the Empire") on population growth and its sociopolitical consequence, in which he raised many of the same issues that were raised by Malthus writing during the same period in England.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hong was born in Changzhou and was relatively slow in his accomplishment of the rank of jinshi, which he finally attained at the age of 44. He held minor government posts up until his criticism of the Jiaqing Emperor in the early nineteenth century which focused on the emperor's failure to weed out corrupt officials like Heshen or reform the bureaucracy that had allowed Heshen to secure power. Although well-intentioned and meant to serve as a call to action, the punishment for his transgression was originally decapitation, and subsequently lessened to banishment. Later, the emperor once more commuted Hong's sentence and pardoned him completely in hopes of ending a drought.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Hong was a proponent of the New Text scholarship, and felt that political remonstrance was part of his Confucian duty, as many other philosophers of his time did. He was concerned with such issues as population control, geography, the Chinese classics, and government corruption. He critically re-evaluated the common Chinese assumption that a growing population was the sign of a good government.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:"Zhi Ping Pian" and Theory on Population Growth.

paragraph: Hong's time experienced one of the fastest expansions of population in Chinese history. With the promotion of New World crops such as corn, Chinese population tripled from 100 million (1651–1661) to 300 million (1790). The population boom resulted in a series of socioeconomic problems, and caused concerns among the Mandarins. In 1791, Qianlong Emperor expressed his worry to the court officials that the resources might not be able to support the growing population. Two years later, Hong published "Zhi Ping Pian", the 26th essay of his anthology "Opinions" ().

paragraph: In "Zhi Ping Pian", Hong points to the tension between the growth of the means of subsistence and the growing population. He writes that the tension would be relieved by disasters, famine, and plagues.

paragraph: Hong points out that government can mediate the problem by policies like adjusting tax, encouraging colonization, and enhancing the social safety net. However, he expresses his concern about the limits of human policy in addressing such an inherent structural dilemma.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Hong was a prolific writer, with more than 20 books published, including multiple volumes of essays, prose works and poems. In addition to his philosophical works, Hong was also a noted historian, known for his study of historical geography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letter to Prince Cheng Earnestly Discussing the Political Affairs of the Time", 1799

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opinions", 1793

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Bary, William Theodore and Irene Bloom, eds. "Sources of Chinese Tradition".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kuhn, Philip A. "Origins of the Modern Chinese State"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madeleine Zelin, The Magistrate's Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth-Century Ch'ing China (Berkely, 1984), pp. 294–297.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Dunstan, “Official Thinking on Environmental Issues and the State’s Environmental Roles in Eighteenth-Century China” in Mark Elvin and Ts'ui-jung Liu eds. Sediments of Time (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 585-616.

description: Qing dynasty person CBDB=30731

wikidata_label: Hong Liangji

wikipedia_title: Hong Liangji


text:
Middle Egyptian
hellenized
Twelfth Dynasty
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
1991 BC to 1962 BC
Wadi Hammamat
Mentuhotep IV
Prophecy of Neferti
Instructions of Amenemhat
pyramid
6th dynasty
Thebes
Itjtawy
el-Lisht
Khnumhotep I
Beni Hasan
Khnumhotep III
sebayt
Instructions of Amenemhat
Horus name
Old Kingdom
First Intermediate Period
vizier
Ipi
Intefiqer
treasurers
Rehuerdjersen
Meketre
Sobeknakht
Senusret I
Instructions of Amenemhat
Story of Sinuhe
coregency
Senusret I
Abydos
Cairo Museum
Naguib Mahfouz
Nobel Prize
Raymond Stock
Story of Sinuhe
Mena
Anwar Sadat
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of megalithic sites
Ancient-Egypt.org
"Amenemhet"
Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh

categories: 20th-century BC rulers,20th-century BC Pharaohs,20th century BC in Egypt,Viziers of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt,Pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt,Amenemhat I

paragraph: Amenemhat I

paragraph: Amenemhat I (Middle Egyptian: ; /jaˈmaːnumaˌħuːʀiʔ/) also Amenemhet I and the hellenized form Ammenemes, was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, the dynasty considered to be the golden-age of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. He ruled from 1991 BC to 1962 BC (1939 BC to 1910 BC).

paragraph: Amenemhat I was probably the same as the vizier named Amenemhat who led an expedition to Wadi Hammamat under his predecessor Mentuhotep IV, and possibly overthrew him from power. Scholars differ as to whether Mentuhotep IV was killed by Amenemhat I, but there is no independent evidence to suggest this and there may even have been a period of co-regency between their reigns.

paragraph: Amenemhet I was not of royal lineage, and the composition of some literary works (the "Prophecy of Neferti", the "Instructions of Amenemhat") and, in architecture, the reversion to the pyramid-style complexes of the 6th dynasty rulers are often considered to have been attempts at legitimizing his rule. Amenemhat I moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy and was buried in el-Lisht.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: There's some evidence that the early reign of Amenemhat I was beset with political turmoil, as indicated by the inscriptions of Nehri, a local governor. There were some naval battles where an associate of Amenemhat I by the name of Khnumhotep I was involved, and helped to procure victory. Later, Khnumhotep was appointed as an important local governor at Beni Hasan, and he founded a dynasty of local governors there. His grandson was Khnumhotep III.

paragraph: In the inscriptions by Khnumhotep, mention is also made of military campaigns against the Asiatics and the Nubians.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Amenemhat I's name is associated with one of only two "sebayt" or ethical "teachings" attributed to Egyptian monarchs, entitled the "Instructions of Amenemhat", though it is generally thought today that it was composed by a scribe at the behest of the king.

paragraph: Amenemhat I's Horus name, "Wehemmesu", which means renaissance or rebirth, is an allusion to the Old Kingdom period, whose cultural icons and models (such as pyramidal tombs and Old Kingdom artistic motifs) were emulated by the Twelfth Dynasty kings after the end of the First Intermediate Period. The cult of the king was also promoted during this period, which witnessed a steady return to a more centralized government.

paragraph: Section::::The royal court.

paragraph: The vizier at the beginning of the reign was Ipi, at the end of the reign Intefiqer was in charge. Two treasurers can be placed under this king: another Ipi and Rehuerdjersen. Two high stewards, Meketre and Sobeknakht, have also been identified.

paragraph: Section::::His pyramid.

paragraph: His pyramid was made in the same fashion as 5th and 6th dynasty pyramids by having a rough core clad with a fine mantle of smooth limestone.

paragraph: "The core of the pyramid was made up of small rough blocks of limestone with a loose fill of sand, debris and mudbrick. Perhaps the most remarkable feature is that it included fragments of relief-decorated blocks from Old Kingdom monuments – many from pyramid causeways and temples, including Khufu's. Granite blocks from Khafre's complex went into the lining and blocking of Amenemhat I's descending passage. We can only conclude that they were picked up at Saqqara and Giza and brought to Lisht to be incorporated into the pyramid for their spiritual efficacy".

paragraph: When the limestone outer layer was taken, the core slumped. The pyramid and temple have been used as a source of material for lime burners so only a small amount remains today.

paragraph: The Middle Kingdom pyramids were built closer to the Nile and Amenemhet I's burial chamber is now underwater because the River Nile has shifted course. The complex has an inner wall of limestone and an outer wall of mudbrick; members of the Royal family were buried between these two walls. There are a number of mastaba tombs between the walls and 22 burial shafts on the western side of the pyramid.

paragraph: His son Senusret I followed in his footsteps, building his pyramid – a closer reflection of the 6th dynasty pyramids than that of Amenemhat I – at Lisht as well, but his grandson, Amenemhat II, broke with this tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: Two literary works dating from the end of the reign give a picture about Amenemhat I's death. The "Instructions of Amenemhat" were supposedly counsels that the deceased king gave to his son during a dream. In the passage where he warns Senusret I against too great intimacy with his subjects, he tells the story of his own death as a reinforcement:

paragraph: This passage refers to a conspiracy in which Amenemhat was killed by his own guards, when his son and co-regent Senusret I was leading a campaign in Libya. Another account of the following events is given in the "Story of Sinuhe", a famous text of Egyptian literature:

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Amenemhat I is considered to be the first king of Egypt to have had a coregency with his son, Senusret I. A double dated stela from Abydos and now in the Cairo Museum (CG 20516) is dated to the Year 30 of Amenemhat I and to the Year 10 of Senusret I, which establishes that Senusret was made co-regent in Amenemhat's Year 20.

paragraph: Section::::Modern adaptation.

paragraph: Naguib Mahfouz, the Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian writer, includes Amenemhat I in one of his stories published in 1941 entitled "Awdat Sinuhi". The story appeared in an English translation by Raymond Stock in 2003 as "The Return of Sinuhe" in the collection of Mahfouz's short stories entitled "Voices from the Other World". The story is based directly on the "Story of Sinuhe", although adding details of a lovers' triangle romance involving Amenemhat I and Sinuhe that does not appear in the original. Mahfouz also includes the pharaoh in his account of Egypt's rulers "Facing the Throne". In this work, the Nobel laureate has the Ancient Egyptian gods judge the country's rulers from Pharaoh Mena to President Anwar Sadat.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Egyptian pyramids

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of megalithic sites

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society, Duckworth, London 2006 , 28-35

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahfouz, Naguib. The Return of Sinuhe in Voices from the Other World (translated by Robert Stock), Random House, 2003.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient-Egypt.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amenemhet", Similarities between The Testament of Amenemhet and Machiavelli's Prince

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Amenemhat I (see index)

description: ruler of Egypt

wikidata_label: Amenemhat I

wikipedia_title: Amenemhat I


text: U.S. Army

text: Third Army

text: George S. Patton

text: World War II

text: John J. Pershing

text: World War I

text: regular army

text: invasion of French Morocco

text: II Corps

text: I Armored Corps

text: Seventh Army

text: Ardennes

text: Courtney Hodges

text: Korean War

text: 25th Infantry Division

text: Military Intelligence Hall of Fame

categories: United States Army generals,Legion of Honour recipients,American army personnel of World War II,Recipients of the Legion of Merit,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),1897 births,1970 deaths,Guggenheim Fellows,American military personnel of World War I,United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni,United States Army War College alumni,Order of the Oak Crown recipients,Military personnel from Milwaukee,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)

paragraph: Oscar Koch

paragraph: Oscar W. Koch (January 10, 1897, Milwaukee, Wisconsin – May 16, 1970, Carbondale, Illinois) was a brigadier general in the U.S. Army and the Third Army intelligence officer (G-2) while the army was commanded by General George S. Patton in World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Koch began his military career in 1915 with Troop A, First Wisconsin Cavalry and thereafter served on the Mexican border with General John J. Pershing. Koch subsequently served in World War I in France, and, in 1920, was commissioned an officer in the regular army cavalry.

paragraph: Koch was an instructor at the Cavalry School at Fort Riley in the 1930s. It was at that post that he first met George S. Patton. In 1940, he was assigned to the staff of the newly formed 2d Armored Division by Gen Patton. Koch was called by Patton to be his chief of staff during the invasion of French Morocco in November 1942. Subsequently, Koch served as the senior intelligence officer for Patton as he successively commanded the II Corps, I Armored Corps, Seventh Army, and finally Third Army.

paragraph: On the 9th day of December 1944, Col. Koch, serving as G-2 for the 3rd Army, famously warned Patton that intelligence indicators pointed to an imminent large-scale German offensive against the U.S. VIII Corps in the Ardennes. This warning compelled Patton to incorporate emergency measures to rescue General Courtney Hodges and his First Army, in addition to drawing up final plans of "Operation Tink"—Patton's thrust into "Das Dritten Reich", rapidly executed when the Germans attacked on December 16, 1944.

paragraph: During the Korean War, Koch commanded the 25th Infantry Division. Koch retired from military service in 1954. In 1970, shortly before his death, he completed a book coauthored with Robert G. Hays, "G2: Intelligence for Patton".

paragraph: General Koch was made a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. Army article series "Masters of the Intelligence Art": "Oscar Koch and the Confidence of the Commander"

description: United States general

wikidata_label: Oscar Koch

wikipedia_title: Oscar Koch


text:
German
Spalt
Saint-Quentin, Aisne
France
World War I
bronze medal
men's 800 metres
1908 Summer Olympics
London
Mel Sheppard
silver medal
Arthur Hoffmann
Hans Eicke
Otto Trieloff
Dutch
Hungarian
Ödön Bodor
1500 metres
List of Olympians killed in World War I

categories: Olympic athletes of Germany,German World War I pilots,Military personnel of Bavaria,Olympic bronze medalists for Germany,Luftstreitkräfte personnel,German military personnel killed in World War I,People from Munich,Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,1886 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field),Olympic silver medalists for Germany,Athletes (track and field) at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in France,1918 deaths,German male middle-distance runners,Germany's Sports Hall of Fame inductees,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Hanns Braun

paragraph: Hanns Braun (26 October 1886 – 9 October 1918) was a German athlete.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in "Wernfels" (today Spalt) and died near Saint-Quentin, Aisne, France as fighter-pilot in an airplane-crash in World War I.

paragraph: He won the bronze medal in the men's 800 metres race at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London with a time of 1:55.2, which was .8 seconds faster than the previous Olympic record but 3 seconds slower than the time of Mel Sheppard, the winner of the race. His semifinal time had been 1:58.0.

paragraph: Braun was also a member of the silver medal German medley relay team. He ran the final 800 metres of the 1600 metre race, following Arthur Hoffmann, Hans Eicke, and Otto Trieloff. The team had an easy time defeating the Dutch squad in the first round, finishing in a time of 3:43.2. The final was a more difficult race, however, and the Germans never had a chance of catching the Americans. The first three runners found themselves in third place, and Braun began his leg five yards behind the Hungarian runner. He was able to catch up and pass Ödön Bodor, however, giving the Germans a second-place victory of a tenth of a second at 3:32.4.

paragraph: Braun also ran in the 1500 metres. He placed third in his first round (semifinal) heat with a time of 4:18.2 and did not advance to the final.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympians killed in World War I

description: German athlete

wikidata_label: Hanns Braun

wikipedia_title: Hanns Braun


text:
Kush
Nubia
Alara
Piye
ancient Egypt
Twenty-Fifth dynasty
Pebatjma
Piye
Shabaka
Khensa
Peksater
Abydos
God's Wife of Amun
Amenirdis I
Napata
Khartoum
Sudan
Upper Egypt
Thebes
Osorkon III
Thebaid
László Török
Lower Egypt
Takelot III
Rudamun
stela
Elephantine
Aswan
Khnum
25th dynasty
Cataracts of the Nile
el-Kurru
Tanutamani
Naparaye
Khensa
Qalhata
Arty

categories: Kings of Kush,Egyptian people of Nubian descent

paragraph: Kashta

paragraph: Kashta was an 8th century BC king of the Kushite Dynasty in ancient Nubia and the successor of Alara. His nomen "k3š-t3" (transcribed as Kashta, possibly pronounced /kuʔʃi-taʔ/) "of the land of Kush" is often translated directly as "The Kushite". He was succeeded by Piye, who would go on to conquer ancient Egypt and establish the Twenty-Fifth dynasty there.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Kashta is thought to be a brother of his predecessor Alara. Both Alara and Kashta were thought to have married their sisters. These theories date back to the work of Dunham and Macadam, but Morkot points out that there is no clear evidence to support these assumptions.

paragraph: Kashta's only known wife was Pebatjma. Several children and possible children are recorded:

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Piye - Thought to be a son of Kashta. Possibly a son of Pebatjma

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Shabaka - Mentioned as a brother of Amenirdis I, and hence a son of Kashta and Pebatjma.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Khensa - Wife of Piye, thought to be a daughter of Kashta and possibly Pebatjma.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Peksater (or Pekareslo) - She was married to Piye and was buried in Abydos. She may have died while accompanying Piye on a campaign to Egypt. Laming and Macadam suggest she was an adopted daughter of Pebatjma.

paragraph: BULLET::::- God's Wife of Amun Amenirdis I. A statue of Amenirdis mentions she is the daughter of Kashta and Pebatjma.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neferukakashta - Thought to be a daughter of Kashta and possibly Pebatjma.

paragraph: Section::::Kushite rule of Upper Egypt under Kashta.

paragraph: While Kashta ruled Nubia from Napata, which is 400 km north of Khartoum, the modern capital of Sudan, he also exercised a strong degree of control over Upper Egypt by managing to install his daughter, Amenirdis I, as the presumptive God's Wife of Amun in Thebes in line to succeed the serving Divine Adoratrice of Amun, Shepenupet I, Osorkon III's daughter. This development was "the key moment in the process of the extension of Kushite power over Egyptian territories" under Kashta's rule since it officially legitimized the Kushite takeover of the Thebaid region. The Hungarian Kushite scholar, László Török, notes that there were probably already Kushite garrisons stationed in Thebes itself during Kashta's reign both to protect this king's authority over Upper Egypt and to thwart a possible future invasion of this region from Lower Egypt.

paragraph: Török observes that Kashta's appearance as King of Upper and Lower Egypt and peaceful takeover of Upper Egypt is suggested both "by the fact that the descendants of Osorkon III, Takelot III and Rudamun continued to enjoy a high social status in Thebes in the second half of the 8th and in the first half of the 7th century" [BCE] as is shown by their burials in this city as well as the joint activity between the Divine Adoratrice Shepenupet I and the god's Wife of Amun Elect Amenirdis I, Kashta's daughter. A stela from Kashta's reign has been found in Elephantine (modern day Aswan)--at the local temple dedicated to the god Khnum—which attests to his control of this region. It bears his royal name or prenomen: Nimaatre. Egyptologists today believe that either he or more likely Piye was the Year 12 Nubian king mentioned in a well-known inscription at Wadi Gasus which associates the Adopted god's Adoratice of Amun, Amenirdis, Kashta's daughter together with Year 19 of the serving God's Wife of Amun, Shepenupet. Kashta's reign length is unknown. Some sources credit Kashta as the founder of the 25th dynasty since he was the first Kushite king known to have expanded his kingdom's influence into Upper Egypt. Under Kashta's reign, the native Kushite population of his kingdom, situated between the third and fourth Cataracts of the Nile, became rapidly 'Egyptianized' and adopted Egyptian traditions, religion and culture. Kashta's successor was Piye.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: The pyramids of el-Kurru contain the tombs of Kashta and several of his successors. The highest part of the cemetery contains 4 tumulus tombs (Tum.1,2,4 and 5). To the east of the tumulus tombs we find a row of at least eight pyramids. One of them partially intrudes on a tumulus tomb (Tum.19). The southernmost of this row of pyramids belong to Kashta (presumably to) his wife Pebatjma. Before this row is another row of pyramids which includes those of Piye, Shabaka and Tanutamani.br

paragraph: To the south of the (presumed) pyramid of Pebatjma one has to cross the southern wadi to reach the southern pyramids. These are the pyramids of the Queens: Naparaye (K.3), Khensa (K.4), Qalhata (K.5), and Arty (K.6).

description: King of Nubia (0800-0745)

wikidata_label: Kashta

wikipedia_title: Kashta


text:
King of Cyprus
House of Lusignan
Peter I of Cyprus
Eleanor of Aragon
Count of Tripoli
King of Jerusalem
Milan
Santa Sophia
Nicosia
Valentina Visconti
Milan
Bernabò Visconti
Milan
Nicosia
Nicosia
John V Palaiologos
Roman Catholic
James I of Cyprus
Asia Minor
Cyprus
Genoese
major towns of Cyprus
John of Lusignan, Prince of Antioch
Genoese
Nicosia
Cathedral of St. Sophia
King of Cyprus
Cathedral of St. Nicholas
Famagusta
king of Jerusalem
Peter di Campofregoso
Doge
Antalya
Limassol
Paphos
St. Hilarion Castle
Kyrenia
Potamia
Nicosia
Nicosia

categories: Medieval child rulers,House of Lusignan,Claimant Kings of Jerusalem,Roman Catholic monarchs,Kings of Cyprus,1350s births,Burials in Cyprus,14th-century rulers,14th century in Cyprus,1382 deaths

paragraph: Peter II of Cyprus

paragraph: Peter II (1354 or 1357 – 13 October 1382), called the Fat (French "Pierre le Gros"), was the eleventh King of Cyprus of the House of Lusignan from 17 January 1369 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Peter I of Cyprus and Eleanor of Aragon. He succeeded to the throne while he was still underage, following the assassination of his father in 1369. He was also titular Count of Tripoli and King of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: He was married by proxy in Milan on 2 April 1376, and in person at Santa Sophia, Nicosia, in July or August 1378. His wife was Valenza or Valentina Visconti (Milan, 1360/1362 – in Italy, ca. 1393 before September, 1393), a daughter of Bernabò Visconti, co-lord of Milan, and his wife Beatrice della Scala. Peter II had one daughter by Valentina in 1379 or 1380, but the child died as an infant in Nicosia sometime not long before 3 October 1382 and was buried at St. Dominic's, Nicosia. After Peter's death, Valentina remarried in 1383; her new husband was Galeazzo, Conte di Virtú.

paragraph: Before Peter's marriage had been arranged, it had been suggested that he marry a daughter of the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos. The suggestion was rejected for political and perhaps religious reasons; Roman Catholics did not approve of the idea of Peter marrying a Greek princess. The explanation given the Palaiologos messengers was that the king was too busy with the dangers that threatened Cyprus because of the Genoese invasion of the island to consider remarriage at the time.

paragraph: Peter II was succeeded not by his surviving sister Marie called Mariette, nor by their oldest living uncle and also her father-in-law John of Lusignan but by his younger uncle, who became James I of Cyprus, since he had no surviving children.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: The period of his reign was characterised by decline in the condition of the kingdom of Cyprus, in marked contrast to his father's relatively successful reign. He lost his father's Cypriot possessions in Asia Minor. Even worse, Cyprus was invaded, disastrously, by the Genoese in 1373–4. This led to the capture of Famagusta, the most important harbour town, which thereafter began to decline. There were also major changes in the condition of other major towns of Cyprus as a result of the war with the Genoese.

paragraph: Peter II was declared King of Cyprus after his father's murder in January 1369; however, at fifteen, he was still a minor, so his uncle John of Lusignan, Prince of Antioch ruled the Kingdom as regent until Peter came of age. John's appointment as regent provoked strong opposition, especially from queen Eleanor, who believed that he had been involved in her husband's murder. Vowing revenge, Eleanor secretly sent messages to European powers asking for military aid to punish those whom she believed to be Peter I's murderers. The Genoese responded positively, seeing it as a chance to gain power in the politics of Cyprus and possibly even seize control of the island kingdom. Eleanor invited them to invade the island in exchange for her vengeance.

paragraph: On 6 January, 1372, Peter II was crowned in Nicosia at the Cathedral of St. Sophia as King of Cyprus, and on 10 October at the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Famagusta as king of Jerusalem. It was here that the Genoese found their opportunity for intervention in Cyprus. During the crowning ceremony at Famagusta, according to custom, the leaders of the Genoese and Venetian communities at Famagusta had the honour of holding the two reins of the royal horse. There was a conflict over who would hold the right rein and who would hold the left which grew and continued into the celebration dinner and afterward, and expanded into the streets of Famagusta, where the Venetians and the Genoese fought each other, resulting in a great deal of damage and many victims (innocent and otherwise). Genoese traders were considered responsible for the fighting and were arrested. The other Genoese organised an expedition, financed by the wealthy people of Genoa, headed by Peter di Campofregoso, brother of the Doge.

paragraph: King Peter and his councillors in Cyprus believed that all available military forces should be brought together to face the Genoese threat. Peter therefore made a treaty with Emir Teke forfeiting Antalya (which had been captured by his father, Peter I) to him. The Cypriots withdrew their forces in 1373. Peter did not lead the resistance against the Genoese, but left it to his uncles, John and James. The young king, who was with his mother Eleanor on Famagusta, only managed to lose a very important city-harbour and get himself taken captive. Famagusta, which was excellently fortified, was captured by the Genoese when the city allowed them to enter, supposedly for negotiations. The Genoese proved themselves somewhat less than trustworthy in this regard.

paragraph: Peter and Eleanor the Dowager Queen were held captive by the Genoese, who also attacked Limassol and Paphos, and entered the kingdom's capital, Nicosia. Peter's uncles John and James resisted successfully against the Genoese from the St. Hilarion Castle and from the town of Kyrenia. The following year (1374), Peter was forced to come to a humiliating agreement with the Genoese declaring that Kyrenia and what remained of Famagusta under would fall under Genoese sovereignty, that he would pay huge compensations to the Genoese, and that James would leave Cyprus. James obeyed and departed from Kyrenia Europe, but on the way he was arrested by the Genoese, despite the fact that they had told him they would give him time to leave. He returned only when he became King of Cyprus, following his nephew's death.

paragraph: The operation in Cyprus brought the Genoese many benefits. Before they left, they executed those who were allegedly involved in Peter I's murder, as they had promised Eleanor, who, after the end of the war with the Genoese, had the Prince John killed.

paragraph: The powerful Eleanor had already come into conflict with Valentina Visconti not long after she was wedded to Peter II. Eleanor was involved in numerous court scandals and other issues, so Peter decided to send his mother away. Despite her protests, Eleanor returned to Castile in September 1378.

paragraph: Peter successfully negotiated a peace treaty with the Sultan of Egypt. He also built and improved the fortifications of Nicosia, as well as building a royal villa in the village of Potamia and other building projects. Like his father, he created his own similar currencies. He died on 13 October 1382 at the Palace of La Cava, Nicosia, and was buried at St. Dominic's, Nicosia.

alias:
Pierre II de Lusignan
Peter II

description: King of Cyprus

wikidata_label: Peter II of Cyprus

wikipedia_title: Peter II of Cyprus