text: Ilchester

text: Somerset

text: Limington

text: New England

text: Hingham

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Narragansett Bay

text: Roger Williams

text: Pawtuxet River

text: Samuel Gorton

text: Newport

text: freeman

text: Royal Charter of 1663

text: King Philip's War

text: Arnold Burying Ground

text: "stone built wind mill"

text: Benedict Arnold

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Stephen Arnold Douglas

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: 1860 presidential election

text: Ilchester

text: Somerset

text: William Arnold

text: Thomas Wolsey

text: New England

text: Dartmouth

text: Devon

text: Stukeley Westcott

text: Yeovil

text: Hingham

text: Norfolk

text: Hingham

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Roger Williams

text: Narragansett Bay

text: one of 13 settlers

text: William Carpenter

text: Robert Coles

text: Pawtuxet River

text: Cranston, Rhode Island

text: with 38 other Providence residents

text: Samuel Gorton

text: Roger Williams

text: Narragansett

text: Wampanoag

text: Miantonomi

text: sachem

text: Governor Winthrop

text: Warwick

text: Narragansett people

text: Mohegans

text: Governor Winthrop

text: Newport

text: Aquidneck Island

text: William Coddington

text: Roger Williams

text: Dr. John Clarke

text: William Dyer

text: John Sanford

text: freeman

text: William Baulston

text: Oliver Cromwell

text: Charles I

text: restoration

text: Charles II

text: William Brenton

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Connecticut Colony

text: United Colonies

text: Quakers

text: Simon Bradstreet

text: Royal Charter of 1663

text: Thomas Bicknell

text: William Brenton

text: Governor Winthrop

text: Westerly

text: Wickford

text: Washington County, Rhode Island

text: William Brenton

text: Westerly

text: Quakers

text: Nicholas Easton

text: Samuel Gorton

text: West Indies

text: Barbados

text: Somerset

text: Conanicut Island

text: Jamestown

text: John Greene

text: and six others

text: South Kingstown

text: King Philip's War

text: Metacomet

text: Wampanoag

text: Long Island

text: and 15 others

text: Walter Clarke

text: John Cranston

text: Arnold Burying Ground

text: Samuel G. Arnold

text: Fox

text: Williams

text: Coddington

text: John Clarke

text: Stukeley Westcott

text: Samuel Wilbur, Jr.

text: Samuel Wilbore

text: John Porter

text: compact

text: Anne Hutchinson

text: Benedict Arnold

text: American Revolutionary War

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text: Matthew C. Perry

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text: Stephen Arnold Douglas

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: 1860 presidential election

text: George Hazard

text: Newport Tower (Rhode Island)

text: List of early settlers of Rhode Island

text: Rhode Island History

text: Will of Governor Benedict Arnold

categories: Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,Colonial governors of Rhode Island,People from South Somerset (district),Interpreters,Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island,1678 deaths,Politicians from Newport, Rhode Island,1615 births

paragraph: Benedict Arnold (governor)

paragraph: Benedict Arnold (21 December 1615 – 19 June 1678) was president and then governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, serving for a total of 11 years in these roles. He was born and raised in the town of Ilchester, Somerset, England, likely attending school in Limington nearby. In 1635 at age 19, he accompanied his parents, siblings, and other family members on a voyage from England to New England where they first settled in Hingham in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In less than a year, they moved to Providence Plantation at the head of the Narragansett Bay at the request of Roger Williams. In about 1638, they moved once again about south to the Pawtuxet River, settling on the north side at a place commonly called Pawtuxet. Here they had serious disputes with their neighbors, particularly Samuel Gorton, and they put themselves and their lands under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, a situation which lasted for 16 years.

paragraph: Arnold learned the Indian languages at an early age and became one of the two leading interpreters in the Rhode Island colony, Roger Williams being the other. He was frequently called upon to interpret during negotiations with the Indians, but they accused him of misrepresentation on one occasion.

paragraph: In 1651, Arnold left Providence and Pawtuxet with his family, settling in Newport where he began his public service, which lasted continuously until his death. He became a freeman, Commissioner, and Assistant, and he succeeded Roger Williams as president of the colony in 1657, serving for three years. In 1662, he was once again elected President, and the Royal Charter of 1663 was delivered from England in the second year of this term, naming him as the first governor of the colony and offering broad freedoms and self-determination to the colony.

paragraph: Arnold was a bold and decisive leader. He was elected for two additional terms as governor, the last time following the devastation of King Philip's War. He died on 19 June 1678 while still in office and was buried in the Arnold Burying Ground located on Pelham Street in Newport. In his will, he left his "stone built wind mill" to his wife, which still stands as an important Newport landmark. His many descendants include General Benedict Arnold, notorious for his treason during the American Revolutionary War, and Senator Stephen Arnold Douglas who debated Abraham Lincoln in 1858, and lost to him during the 1860 presidential election.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Arnold was born 21 December 1615 in Ilchester, Somerset, England, the second child and oldest son of William Arnold and Christian Peak. He was likely educated at the Free Grammar School associated with the parish church in Limington, slightly more than to the east of Ilchester. This ancient school is where Thomas Wolsey was the curate and schoolmaster from 1500 to 1509. Wolsey became the Lord Cardinal and Primate of England.

paragraph: The Arnold family emigrated to New England when he was 19 in the spring of 1635 and made the trip from Ilchester to Dartmouth on the coast of Devon. He wrote in a family record, "Memorandom my father and his family Sett Sayle from Dartmouth in Old England, the first of May, friday &c. Arrived in New England June 24o Ano 1635." It is possible that Stukeley Westcott of Yeovil was on the same ship with his family, including his daughter Damaris, age 15 and Arnold's future wife.

paragraph: Upon their arrival in New England, the Arnolds joined a group of settlers from Hingham, Norfolk, England, where they established the town of Hingham in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. William Arnold received title to a house lot in September 1635, but Roger Williams persuaded him and others the following spring to join him in establishing a new settlement on the Narragansett Bay named Providence Plantation. The younger Arnold wrote in the family record that they "came to Providence to Dwell the 20th of April, 1636." Arnold received a house lot on what is now North Main Street in Providence, and his father was granted the second lot south of his.

paragraph: Section::::Providence and Pawtuxet.

paragraph: In 1637, Arnold was one of 13 settlers who signed a compact agreeing to subject themselves to any agreements made by a majority of the masters of families. About 1638, he accompanied his father, his brother-in-law William Carpenter, and Robert Coles in a move about south to the Pawtuxet River. The settlement was called Pawtuxet and was still within the jurisdiction of Providence Plantation; it later became a part of Cranston, Rhode Island. On 17 July 1640, Arnold signed an agreement with 38 other Providence residents to form a more compact government "to preserve the peace and insure the prosperity of a growing community." It did neither, especially after the arrival of Samuel Gorton, who Roger Williams wrote was "bewitching and bemadding poor Providence." In one incident, "Upon the attempt to enforce the execution of an award against Francis Weston made by eight men orderly chosen, Gorton, with many of his followers, assailed the representatives of law and order making a tumultuous hubbub." Arnold wrote a petition with 12 others dated 17 November 1641 in which they formally applied to Massachusetts for help, asking the government there to "lend us a neighborlike helping hand." Massachusetts replied that they could not help unless the complainants fell under their jurisdiction.

paragraph: The Arnolds, Coles, and Carpenter were highly offended by Gorton, who had moved with some of his adherents to Pawtuxet. They went to Boston and submitted themselves to the government and jurisdiction of Massachusetts on 2 September 1642. They were received by the General Court there and appointed justices of the peace. In doing this, these settlers allowed a foreign jurisdiction into the midst of the Providence government, a condition that lasted for 16 years. Gorton was unhappy about being under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts and moved with his followers another farther south, settling beyond the limits of Massachusetts' jurisdiction at a place called Shawomet.

paragraph: Arnold and his father had already become proficient in the Narragansett and Wampanoag languages, and both harbored an intense dislike of Gorton. They devised a scheme to undermine their adversary and to simultaneously obtain extensive lands from the local Indians. Gorton had purchased Shawomet from Miantonomi, the chief sachem of the Narragansett people. Minor sachems Ponham and Sacononoco had some control of the lands at Pawtuxet and Shawomet, and Arnold, acting as interpreter, took these chieftains to Governor Winthrop in Boston and had them submit themselves and their lands to Massachusetts, claiming that the sale of Shawomet to Gorton was done "under duress." Now with a claim to Shawomet, Massachusetts directed Gorton and his followers to appear in Boston to answer "complaints" made by the two minor sachems. When Gorton refused, Massachusetts sent a party to Shawomet to arrest him and his neighbors. The ensuing trial had nothing to do with the land claims, but instead focused on the writings and beliefs of Gorton, for which he and others in his group were imprisoned. Ultimately, Gorton was released and went to England where he was given legal title to his lands from the Earl of Warwick and, in his honor, the settlement of Shawomet was renamed Warwick.

paragraph: Arnold was the only member of the colony besides Roger Williams who was highly proficient in the Narragansett and Wampanoag tongues, and he was often called upon to interpret during negotiations. In June 1645, he was sent by the General Court of Massachusetts to the Narragansett people to urge them to desist from engaging in a war with the Mohegans. On 28 July, Arnold and two others were sent to get the hostile tribes to send deputies to Boston to talk and make peace. This attempt failed and, a month later, Arnold would not go back again, as he had been charged with misrepresenting the reply of the tribes, and Roger Williams went as interpreter in his place.

paragraph: The issue of the Pawtuxet settlers remaining under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts was a constant irritant to Roger Williams, Gorton, and the other Providence and Warwick settlers. The General Court of Rhode Island met at Warwick on 22 May 1649 and ordered that letters be sent to Arnold and the other Pawtuxet settlers in reference to their subjecting themselves to the Rhode Island colony. This did not happen, and the Pawtuxet settlers continued under Massachusetts for another nine years. Arnold and his father did not specifically lay claim to the Shawomet lands; nevertheless, they had extensive land holdings, and Arnold paid a tax of five pounds in 1650, the highest in the colony, and his father paid three and a half pounds, the second highest amount.

paragraph: In June 1650, Roger Williams wrote to Governor Winthrop in Massachusetts saying that Arnold had bought a house and land at Newport with the intention to move there. His reasons for moving were not revealed in his own writings, but some historians have suggested that mercantile interests compelled the move, while others have suggested political interests or a desire to get away from the hostile atmosphere of Providence and Pawtuxet.

paragraph: Section::::Newport and politics.

paragraph: In 1651, Arnold left Providence and Pawtuxet for Aquidneck Island (which was officially called Rhode Island at the time), settling in Newport. He recorded in the family record, "Memorandum. We came from Providence with our family to Dwell at Newport in Rhode Island the 19th of November, Thursday in afternoon, & arrived ye same night Ano. Domina 1651". With only a few exceptions, men from Newport held the reins of power for the first century of Rhode Island history. When the first English settlers came to Aquidneck Island in 1638, they organized a quarterly court and English-style jury trial. In 1640, Newport established monthly courts, rights of appeal, and trial by jury, whereas in Providence there was no court, no judge, and no jury.

paragraph: Significant political events were taking place upon Arnold's arrival in Newport. William Coddington had been successful in separating the island towns of Newport and Portsmouth from the two mainland towns of Providence and Warwick (called Shawhomett at the time), under a commission which he obtained earlier in England; he was appointed as governor for life of the two island towns in 1651. Providence sent Roger Williams to England, feeling that the Patent of 1643 had been abandoned, and those on the island opposed to Coddington sent Dr. John Clarke and William Dyer to have Coddington's charter annulled. Williams and Dyer returned to New England after finding success, while Clarke remained in England for the next decade, acting as a diplomat to protect the colony's interests. In February 1653, Dyer brought letters revoking Coddington's commission, with the authority of the government to proceed under the Patent of 1643 and the status quo of 1647. John Sanford succeeded Coddington in 1653, and with the change of administration came the work leading to the reunification of the four towns under one government.

paragraph: In 1653, Arnold became a freeman of Newport and, from that point forward, served in some public capacity every year until his death in 1678. In 1654, he was selected as one of the commissioners from Newport (each of the four towns had six), and he was an Assistant from 1655 to 1656. He was very active as a member of the Court of Commissioners and a member of the most important committees. In 1655, Arnold, Roger Williams, Samuel Gorton, and William Baulston were appointed by the court to frame a letter of thanksgiving to the English Lord President of the Council on colonial affairs, and to present humble acknowledgments and submission of the colony to His Highness, the Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell. The letter of reply from Cromwell was placed in the custody of Arnold.

paragraph: Arnold was elected as the President of the colony in 1657, at the age of 41, succeeding Roger Williams in this capacity.

paragraph: Section::::Newport and politics.:Terms as president.

paragraph: Arnold became President at a crucial time in Rhode Island's history. Tremendous political change was occurring in England, and this resulted in significant changes and opportunities for the little Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which was constantly being harassed by its larger neighbors Massachusetts and Connecticut. Oliver Cromwell had been ruling in England since the overthrow and execution of King Charles I in 1649, but his death in 1658 marked the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles II ascended to the throne. The Colony of Rhode Island was quick to adjust to the new political reality, and the General Court of Commissioners met at Warwick on 18 October 1660 where two letters were read, one from Dr. Clarke telling of the Restoration, and one from His Majesty, containing the royal declaration and proclamation. Leaders in the colony set aside a special day of proclamation so that the colonists could recognize the new king.

paragraph: Arnold was succeeded as President in 1660 by William Brenton, but continued for many years as a Commissioner, as well as an Assistant from 1660 to 1661. In these roles, he headed a committee to draft and send a new commission to Dr. Clarke, giving due credit to the King's father Charles I for the Patent of 1643 which gave the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations its official existence. Reference was made to "sundry obstructions" stemming from "claims of neighbors about us," referring to interests that both the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Connecticut Colony had on the greater Narragansett Bay area. The document went on to include Dr. Clarke as the agent and attorney for the colony, and used deferential language toward "his most gracious and regall Majesty, Charles the Second, by the Grace of God, the most mighty and potent King of England."

paragraph: In this commission, the four towns of the Rhode Island colony declared their "unfayned affection" for the new king. The commission also armed Dr. Clarke, the able diplomat, with what he needed to fulfill his mission. He wrote a well-crafted letter on behalf of the colony asking for an experiment in liberty where the colony would become "a Republic of Liberty under Law, in which every man is king and no man subject."

paragraph: Section::::Newport and politics.:Dealings with the Quakers.

paragraph: A 1658 letter from the United Colonies (Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut) announced the arrival of the Quakers, calling them notorious heretics and calling for their speedy removal from the colonies. The United Colonies wanted the Quakers removed from Newport, and used the threat of withholding trade as leverage for their position. Arnold was no friend of the Quakers, but his reply demonstrated a firm adherence to the Rhode Island doctrine of religious tolerance and was endorsed by the four Assistants (one from each town). He wrote, "Concerning these Quakers (so-called), which are now among us, we have no law among us, whereby to punish any for only declaring by words, &c., theire mindes and understandings concerning the things and days of God, as to salvation and an eternal condition." He went on to say that the Quakers find a "delight to be persecuted by civill powers," thus gaining more adherents to their cause. He felt that their doctrines tended to be very absolute, "cutting down and overturning relations and civil government among men."

paragraph: President Arnold promised Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet that the Quakers' "extravagent outgoinges" would be considered at the next session of the General Assembly, and he hoped that some action would be taken to prevent the "bad effects of their doctrines and endeavors." At the March 1658 session of the Assembly, the Rhode Island doctrine of "freedom of different consciences" was reaffirmed, and a letter was sent to the Commissioners stating that the matter would be presented to the supreme authority of England if troubles arose from harboring Quakers. Following this, no further complaints came from the other colonies.

paragraph: Section::::Newport and politics.:Terms as governor.

paragraph: In 1662, Arnold was once again elected president of the colony, and Clarke's earlier diplomacy came to fruition in the second year of this term with the Royal Charter of 1663, which historian Thomas Bicknell described as "the grandest instrument of human liberty ever constructed." Under this instrument, Arnold became the first governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, with William Brenton as his Deputy. The earlier governing body, the Court of Commissioners, was replaced with a legislature of ten Assistants and a House of Deputies, with six from Newport and four each from Providence, Portsmouth, and Warwick. One of the first acts performed by Arnold as governor was to address a letter to Governor Winthrop of Connecticut about running a line between the two colonies as provided by the Charter.

paragraph: In 1664, the King's Commissioners came to Rhode Island to settle claims of jurisdiction over the Narragansett country, specifically addressing rival claims between the Rhode Island and Connecticut colonies over land at Westerly and the settlement at Wickford. The commissioners were able to forestall a major confrontation, but no substantial changes were made, and the disputes between the two colonies continued for the next 50 years. The King's Commissioners also appointed Arnold as a justice of the peace and a magistrate of the "King's Province" (later Washington County, Rhode Island).

paragraph: In the election of 1666, Arnold retired from office and was succeeded once again by William Brenton. Nevertheless, he and others were compelled to sit in the Assembly as deputies "as the Court due desire their assistance." In 1669, Arnold was again chosen as governor, and he was re-elected in 1670 when the controversy became acute with Connecticut over disputed lands in King's Province and Westerly. On 11 July 1670, Arnold sent a strong letter to Connecticut's Governor Winthrop informing him of Rhode Island's determination to appeal to King Charles concerning "invasions and intrusions upon the lands and government of this Colony." There is no record, however, of this threat being carried through.

paragraph: During this administration, the Quakers were finding the religious tolerance of Rhode Island to be a fertile ground for their missionaries, and they also found a safe haven from other colonies here. They found success in the spread of their religion and became a strong political force, as well. Arnold was once again elected governor in 1671 but, in 1672, the governorship went to Quaker Nicholas Easton, and the Quakers held the reins of power for three of the next five years. Arnold, however, had left a positive mark on the colony and, after more than ten years of his leadership, the disorganized and fragmentary governments of the four towns were united and put in order, with courts established and an organized society put into motion.

paragraph: Section::::Newport and politics.:Business and land interests.

paragraph: Arnold's usefulness had been in great demand for the welfare of the colony, and his successful political career was mirrored by equally successful agricultural and mercantile pursuits. While living at Pawtuxet, he became an agent for arms, ammunition, and liquors, and he had an establishment on the Warwick side of the river offering Boston goods and provisions in demand at the time. In his book "Simplicities Defense", Samuel Gorton complained that Arnold constantly traded with the Indians on the Sabbath day and was too liberal in providing them with powder. He further complained that Arnold would not sell items to the Warwick settlers unless they submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. The Warwick settlers also complained that he furnished the Indians with strong drink and wine, which was forbidden by the Warwick town council.

paragraph: After leaving the governorship in 1672, Arnold likely attended to his commercial interests, and he was said to be the wealthiest person in the colony. He had a wharf and warehouse mentioned in his will, and he had commercial interests in the West Indies, evident from a 1674 letter that he wrote to his son-in-law Roger Goulding, urging him to complete his (Arnold's) business in the Barbados.

paragraph: Arnold held several parcels of land in and around Newport, one of which he called his "Lemmington Farm," which was named after the village of Limington in his native Somerset, England. In 1657, he was one of about a hundred individuals who purchased Conanicut Island, the second largest island in the Narragansett Bay where the town of Jamestown is now located. He and John Greene also acquired Goat Island and Coaster's Harbor Island, which later became the property of the town of Newport.

paragraph: Sometime after January 1658, he and six others held equal shares of interest in a company that bought a large tract of land in the Narragansett country known as the Pettaquamscutt Purchase, a tract that became South Kingstown, Rhode Island. He held this until his death, when the property was bequeathed to his three sons Benedict, Josiah, and Oliver. He also owned two parcels of land in Newport, one where his wharf and warehouse were located, and the other the site of his mansion house.

paragraph: Section::::Newport and politics.:King Philip's War.

paragraph: King Philip's War (1675–76) left the mainland towns of Rhode Island in ruins, "the most disastrous conflict to ever devastate New England." This confrontation between several tribes and the Colonists was named for Metacomet, sachem of the Wampanoags, who was also called King Philip. The Rhode Island colony was much more at peace with the Indians than the other colonies, yet it bore the brunt of damage because of its location at the geographical center of conflict; the settlements of Warwick and Pawtuxet were totally destroyed, with much of Providence destroyed, as well. Several of Arnold's relatives lived in these areas and fled to Long Island, and his aged father had been moved from Pawtuxet to his brother's garrison house but did not survive the conflict.

paragraph: In April 1676, it was voted by the Assembly "that in these troublesome times and straits in this Colony, this Assembly desiring to have the advice and concurrence of the most judicious inhabitants, if it may be had for the good of the whole, do desire at their next sitting the company and counsel of Mr. Benedict Arnold" and 15 others. Quakers were noted for their pacifism, and Quaker Governor Walter Clarke was in office during the conflict. Even though the war had ended, the so-called "war party" was successful in the election of 1677, and Arnold was voted back into office as governor.

paragraph: During this term, Arnold's health began to fail, but he was still re-elected in May 1678. He was too ill to leave his house, and his deputy governor John Cranston transacted the colony's business, along with two assistants and a recorder, by visiting him at home. His health did not improve, and he died within a month of his last election to governor.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Arnold wrote his will on 24 December 1677, during his last full term as governor. A codicil to the will was written the following February, and the governor died in June while still in office. On 29 June, Samuel Hubbard of Newport wrote to Dr. Edward Stennett of London, "Our Governor died the 19th day of June, 1678, buried 20th day, all this island was invited, many others was there, judged near a thousand people, brother Hiscox spoke there excellently led forth, I praise God." In his will, Governor Arnold gave land to his wife with mansion house and ""stone built wind mill"." There are romantic legends of early norsemen coming to Newport and building the stone structure that continues to stand in the city, but the strongest evidence suggests that the structure was the base of Arnold's windmill mentioned in his will.

paragraph: Benedict Arnold, his wife, and many of his family are buried in the Arnold Burying Ground located on Pelham Street in Newport. For many years, the cemetery was buried under a garden in the back yard of a residence, but a major renovation began in 1949 whereby all the stones were unearthed, cleaned, and returned to their original positions. There is no inscription on the slabs covering the graves of the governor and his wife, but his grave is marked with a governor's medallion.

paragraph: Lieutenant Governor and Rhode Island historian Samuel G. Arnold wrote of him:

paragraph: That he was no friend of the doctrines, or advocate of the conduct of the followers of Fox [Quakers] is evident from his writings; but that like Williams, he recognized the distinction between persecution and opposition, between legal force and moral suasion as applied to matters of opinion, is equally apparent. In politics and in theology he was alike the opponent of Coddington and the friend of John Clarke and throughout his long and useful life he displayed talents of a brilliant order which were ever employed for the welfare of his fellow men.

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: Arnold was married on 17 December 1640 to Damaris, the daughter of Stukeley Westcott and Julianna Marchante. They had nine children: Benedict, Caleb, Josiah, Damaris, William, Penelope, Oliver, Godsgift, and Freelove. All but William grew to adulthood, married, and had children. His son Caleb, a physician, married Abigail Wilbur, who was the daughter of Samuel Wilbur, Jr. and the granddaughter of both Samuel Wilbore [Sr.] and John Porter, two signers of the compact establishing the town of Portsmouth with Anne Hutchinson.

paragraph: Notable descendants of Benedict Arnold through his son Benedict include his great-grandson, also named Benedict Arnold, the general of the American Revolutionary War who is remembered primarily for his treason to America when he switched sides to fight with the British. Descendants through his son Caleb Arnold include Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, American hero of the Great Lakes during the War of 1812, and his younger brother Commodore Matthew C. Perry, who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Senator Stephen Arnold Douglas is also descended through this line, who debated Abraham Lincoln in 1858 before a senate race and later lost to him in the 1860 presidential election. Rhode Island colonial Deputy Governor George Hazard is another descendant.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of colonial governors of Rhode Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newport Tower (Rhode Island)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of early settlers of Rhode Island

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: "Online sources"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhode Island History from the State of Rhode Island General Assembly website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Governor Benedict Arnold on a personal website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders

description: Rhode Island colonial governor

wikidata_label: Benedict Arnold

wikipedia_title: Benedict Arnold (governor)


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text: Rip Hawk And The Fear Of Flying

categories: 2012 deaths,Professional wrestlers from Indiana,1930 births,American male professional wrestlers

paragraph: Rip Hawk

paragraph: Harvey Maurice Evers (June 6, 1930 – December 22, 2012) was an American professional wrestler best known by his ring name, Rip Hawk. He began his wrestling career in the Mid-Western United States before joining Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) in the early 1960s. In the company, he teamed with fellow wrestler Swede Hanson as the "Blond Bombers," and the duo held several championships. In the 1970s, he worked as a booker in JCP.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Evers was born on June 6, 1930 in Indiana. He was raised in Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Early career.

paragraph: Hawk made his wrestling debut in 1949. He began as an amateur in Ohio and was discovered by professional boxer Jack Dempsey, who convinced him to wrestle professionally. His ring name came from a variety of sources: his sister called him "Rip" as a nickname, while a promoter gave him the last name "Hawk" due to his nose and his movements in the wrestling ring. His nickname, "The Profile", was taken from actor John Barrymore. He began wrestling professionally in Ohio around his 18th birthday, and later moved to Chicago, where he trained for a year with Karl Pojello. He also briefly wrestled in New York City.

paragraph: Hawk was soon drafted to serve in the Korean War. He joined the United States Marine Corps and continued to wrestle during his service. He was discharged from the Marine Corps in 1954, believing he could make a better living from wrestling. He competed in several territories after returning to the United States, including Tennessee and Atlanta, Georgia, Iowa. He later moved to Missouri, where he competed in St. Joseph and St. Louis. In St. Joseph, he had a scripted feud with Sonny Myers and Larry Hamilton. He continued to move around and held his first championship, the NWA Rocky Mountain Heavyweight Championship, while wrestling for NWA Western States Sports in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Jim Crockett Promotions.

paragraph: Hawk moved to North Carolina in the early 1960s, where he began competing for Jim Crockett Promotions, an organization run by Jim Crockett, Sr. that promoted events in the Carolinas. He met fellow wrestler Swede Hanson and approached Crockett about forming a tag team with Hanson. Crockett agreed to the idea, and Hawk and Hanson began competing as the "Blond Bombers", named after their matching blond hair and their strength in the ring. While competing in Australia, Hawk met manager Gary Hart. He approached Crockett and convinced him to bring Hart to the Carolinas to manage Hawk and Hanson.

paragraph: The team competed as heels (villains) and was unique for wearing suits to their matches, as most wrestlers did not worry about dressing like professionals outside of the ring. They aroused anger from many spectators, some of whom threw acid or threatened the team with knives and guns. They also had a following among some fans, and a fan club was formed for them at one point. During interviews, Hawk spoke for the team while Hanson stood silently; Hawk occasionally insulted Hanson in the interviews, but Hanson did not respond. The team competed in the Carolinas and Virginia, as well as touring overseas in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.

paragraph: Hawk wrestled in other territories, including Texas, where he held the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship and the Texas version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship (the latter while teaming with Rock Hunter). Nine of his championships came as a member of the Blond Bombers, however. Hawk and Hanson were booked in an angle to win their first title together, the Florida version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship, on August 3, 1965. They combined to hold the NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship on four occasions, which was the center of their feud with Johnny Weaver and George Becker. They were also booked to win the IWA World Tag Team Championship on a wrestling tour of Tasmania.

paragraph: The Blond Bombers were involved in a series of unusual matches in Jim Crockett Promotions; they faced other heel tag teams, which was a rarity at the time because most promoters stuck to good versus evil storylines. They competed against such teams as Aldo Bogni and Bronko Lubich, Gene and Ole Anderson, and Skull Murphy and Brute Bernard. Hawk, along with Johnny Weaver, was also involved in booking, or scheduling, events in Jim Crockett Promotions, a task he took on in the early 1970s. He also collaborated with Johnny Ringo to design the National Wrestling Alliance logo.

paragraph: In 1971, Hanson suffered a heart attack and had to take time off of wrestling. Hawk competed as a singles wrestler and feuded with the Brisco brothers (Jack and Jerry). During this rivalry, Hawk held the NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship four times. He was then paired with Ric Flair, who was billed as his nephew. On July 4, 1974, Hawk and Flair were booked the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship.

paragraph: Hanson returned to wrestling but soon became a face (fan favorite) and feuded with Hawk. The former partners faced each other in tag team matches in which Hanson teamed with Tiger Conway, Jr. and Hawk teamed with Flair. Eventually, the partners were dropped and the two faced each other in a series of singles matches. Hawk left Jim Crockett Promotions permanently in 1975 due to differences with booker George Scott.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Later career.

paragraph: Hawk then took on a new partner, Roger Kirby, with whom he held the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship twice over the next two years. Hawk and Hanson reunited as a tag team in Texas, where they competed for NWA Western States Sports. In 1976 and 1977, they were booked to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship three times. After their final title reign, Hanson left to wrestle elsewhere while Hawk continued to wrestle in Texas.

paragraph: Hawk and Hanson were inducted into the NWA Legends Hall of Heroes in 2007. Hawk returned in 2008 to posthumously induct long-time rival and real-life friend Johnny Weaver.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: After retiring from wrestling, he moved to Hereford, Texas, where he lived with his wife, Kitty. They have 2 daughters. He worked as a personal trainer and wrestling coach at the YMCA in Hereford until 2011. Several of his trainees went to the Junior Olympics and received athletic scholarships to college.

paragraph: Evers died on December 22, 2012. He had suffered from cardiac problems prior to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Championship Wrestling from Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Roger Kirby

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship "(Florida version)" (1 time) - with Swede Hanson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Swede Hanson

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship (4 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ric Flair

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southern Tag Team Championship "(Mid-Atlantic version)" (1 time) - with Swede Hanson

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Rocky Mountain Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Swede Hanson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southwest Sports Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship "(Texas version)" (1 time) - with Rock Hunter

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class of 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Championship Wrestling (Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Swede Hanson

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online World of Wrestling profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rip Hawk And The Fear Of Flying

alias:
Rip "The Profile" Hawk
Harvey Maurice Evers

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Rip Hawk

wikipedia_title: Rip Hawk


text:
Viking
Dane
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Noirmoutier
Frankish Empire
Dudo of St. Quentin
Björn Ironside
Loire
Asturians
Caliphate of Córdoba
Niebla
Algeciras
Idrisid Caliphate
Orihuela
Balearic Islands
Roussillon
Nekor
Camargue
Rhone
Narbonne
Nîmes
Arles
Valence
Luna
Pisa
Arno
Fiesole
Byzantine Empire
West Africa
Tuaregs
Straits of Gibraltar
Medina-Sidonia
Pamplona
Salomon, King of Brittany
Breton
Robert the Strong
Battle of Brissarthe
Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe
Bourges
Orléans
Angers
Charles the Bald
Franks
Picardy
Boulogne
Milton
Kent
Appledore
Alfred the Great
West Saxon
Essex
Farnham
Prince Edward
Mersea Island
Mercia
Thorney
fortified camp
Benfleet
bolstered militia
East Anglia
York
Aethelred of Mercia
Thames valley
River Severn
Welshpool
Powys
Battle of Buttington
Chester
Brycheiniog
Gwent
Glywysing
Northumbria
Five Burghs
East Anglia
River Lea
Bridgnorth
Dudo of Saint-Quentin
Jarl
Channel Islands
Hastings area of Sussex
England
Bernard Cornwell
The Saxon Stories
Uhtred of Bebbanburg
The Last Kingdom
Jeppe Beck Laursen
Crusader Kings II
Magnus Magnusson
Guernsey
Cindy Vallar's Viking Page
Vikings in the Channel Islands

categories: Viking Age in France,Viking warriors,Viking Age in Italy

paragraph: Hastein

paragraph: Hastein (Icelandic: "Hásteinn' - The Horse") (also recorded as "Anstign", "Haesten", "Hæsten", "Hæstenn" or "Hæsting" and alias "Alsting") was a notable Viking chieftain of the late 9th century who made several raiding voyages.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known of Hastein's early life. He is described as a Dane in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle".

paragraph: He is said to have participated in raids on the island of Noirmoutier during 834–835.

paragraph: Hastein is credited with being involved with various raids on the Frankish Empire but is probably most famous for jointly leading a great raid into the Mediterranean in 859.

paragraph: For indeed the Frankish nation, which was crushed by the avenger Anstign [Hastein], was very full of filthy uncleanness. Treasonous and oath-breaking, they were deservedly condemned; unbelievers and faithless, they were justly punished ... "Dudo of St. Quentin's. Gesta Normannorum. Book 1. Chapter 3."

paragraph: Section::::Spain and the Mediterranean.

paragraph: During 859–862, Hastein jointly led an expedition with Björn Ironside. A fleet of 62 ships sailed from the Loire to raid countries in the Mediterranean.

paragraph: At first the raiding did not go well, with Hastein being defeated by the Asturians and later the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba at Niebla in 859. Success followed with the sacking of Algeciras, where the mosque was burned, and then the ravaging of Mazimma in the Idrisid Caliphate on the north coast of Africa, followed by further raids into the Umayyad Caliphate at Orihuela, the Balearic Islands and Roussillon. They occupied Nekor for 8 days.

paragraph: Hastein and Björn wintered at Camargue island on the mouth of the Rhone before ravaging Narbonne, Nîmes and Arles, then as far north as Valence, before moving onto Italy. There they attacked the city of Luna. Believing it to be Rome, Hastein had his men carry him to the gate and tell the guards he was dying and wished to convert to Christianity. Once inside, he was taken to the town's church where he received the sacraments, before jumping from his stretcher and leading his men in a sack of the town. Another account has him claiming to want to convert before he died, and then feigning death on the following day. Luna then allowed his body and 50 of his men clad in robes enter for his burial. Hastein's men had concealed swords under their robes, and once inside Hastein leaped from his coffin, decapitated the priest and sacked the city. However, the veracity of this is much debated. He sailed down the coast and sacked Pisa and, sailing on the River Arno, ravaged Fiesole. The fleet then possibly raided Byzantine Empire sites in the eastern Mediterranean.

paragraph: On the way back to the Loire, he stopped off in North Africa where he bought several African slaves (known to the Vikings as 'blámenn', "blue men", possibly West Africans or Tuaregs) who he later sold in Ireland. They were presumed to have lost 40 ships in a storm, and lost 2 more at the Straits of Gibraltar on their way home, near Medina-Sidonia, but still managed to ravage Pamplona before returning home to the Loire with 20 ships.

paragraph: Section::::Loire and Seine.

paragraph: Settled back in Brittany, Hastein allied himself with Salomon, King of Brittany against the Franks in 866, and as part of a Viking-Breton army he killed Robert the Strong at the Battle of Brissarthe near Châteauneuf-sur-Sarthe. In 867 he went on to ravage Bourges and a year later attacked Orléans. Peace lasted until spring 872 when the Viking fleet sailed up the Maine and occupied Angers, which led to a siege by the Frankish king Charles the Bald and a peace being agreed in October 873.

paragraph: Hastein remained in the Loire country until 882, when he was finally expelled by the Charles and then relocated his army north to the Seine. There he stayed until the Franks besieged Paris and his territory in the Picardy was threatened. It was at this point he became one of many experienced Vikings to look to England for riches and plunder.

paragraph: Section::::"Hastein" in England.

paragraph: It may have been a different Viking named Hastein who landed in England in 892. The Hastein of the Noirmoutier raids (834–835) would have been at least 71 years old by this time – extremely old for any European during the 9th century, and an unlikely age for a Viking warrior.

paragraph: The Hastein who crossed to England from Boulogne in 892 leading one of two great companies. His army, the smaller of the two, landed in 80 ships and occupied the royal village of Milton in Kent, whilst his allies landed at Appledore with 250 ships. Alfred the Great positioned the West Saxon army between them to keep them from uniting, the result of which was that Hastein agreed terms, including allowing his two sons to be baptised, and left Kent for Essex. The larger army attempted to reunite with Hastein after raiding Hampshire and Berkshire in the late spring of 893, but was defeated at Farnham by an army under Prince Edward, Alfred's son. The survivors eventually reached Hastein's army at Mersea Island, after a combined West Saxon and Mercian army failed to dislodge them from their fortress at Thorney.

paragraph: As a result, Hastein combined his forces from Appledore and Milton and withdrew them to a fortified camp at Benfleet, Essex. He used this camp as a base to raid Mercia. However, while his main force was out raiding those left in the fort were defeated by the bolstered militia of eastern Wessex. The West Saxons captured the fort, along with the ships, booty, women and children. This included Hastein's own wife and sons. Hastein re-established his combined force at a new fort at Shoebury further north in Essex, and received reinforcements from the settled Danes of East Anglia and York. Shortly after, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Hastein held talks with Alfred, possibly to discuss terms for the release of his family.

paragraph: Whatever the discussion, it seems Hastein had his two sons returned to him. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us that it was because

paragraph: Alfred and Alfred's son-in-law Aethelred of Mercia, had stood sponsor to Hastein's sons at their baptism in early 893, before Hastein had arrived at Benfleet. Thus Alfred was godfather to one boy and Aethelred godfather to the other

paragraph: If Alfred's strategy was to create peace then it was a failure as shortly after, Hastein launched a second raid along the Thames valley and from there along the River Severn. Hastein was pursued all the way by Aethelred and a combined Mercian and West Saxon army, reinforced by a contingent of warriors from the Welsh kingdoms. Eventually the Viking army was trapped at Buttington, this was possibly the island of Buttington on the Severn near Welshpool, Powys, then at the resulting Battle of Buttington several weeks later they fought their way out, and lost many men, and returned to the fortress at Shoebury. According to the annals:

paragraph: ..after many weeks had passed, some of the heathen [Vikings] died of hunger, but some, having by then eaten their horses, broke out of the fortress, and joined battle with those who were on the east bank of the river. But, when many thousands of pagans had been slain, and all the others had been put to flight, the Christians [English] were masters of the place of death. In that battle the most noble Ordheah and many of the king's thegns were killed ...

paragraph: In late summer 893, Hastein's men struck out again. They moved all their booty, women and ships, from East Anglia, to a ruined Roman fortress at Chester. The plan was to rebuild the fortifications and use it as a base for raiding northern Mercia. However, the Mercians had other ideas, they laid siege to the fortress and attempted to starve the Danes out by removing or retrieving any livestock and destroying any crops in the area.

paragraph: In the autumn the besieged army left Chester, marched down to the south of Wales and devastated the Welsh kingdoms of Brycheiniog, Gwent and Glywysing until the summer of 894. They return via Northumbria, the Danish held midlands of the Five Burghs, and East Anglia to return to the fort at Mersea Island. In the autumn of 894, the army towed their ships up the Thames to a new fort on the River Lea. In the summer of 895 Alfred arrived with the West Saxon army, and obstructed the course of the Lea with a fort either side of the river. The Danes abandoned their camp, returned their women to East Anglia and made another great march across the Midlands to a site on the Severn (where Bridgnorth now stands), followed all the way by hostile forces. There they stayed until the spring of 896 when the army finally dispersed into East Anglia, Northumbria and according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", those that were penniless found themselves ships and went south across the sea to the Seine.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hastein disappeared from history in around 896, by then an old man having already been described as "the lusty and terrifying old warrior of the Loire and the Somme", when he arrived in England several years earlier. He was one of the most notorious and successful Vikings of all time, having raided dozens of cities across many kingdoms in Europe and North Africa.

paragraph: The Norman monk Dudo of Saint-Quentin  was very critical of Hastein:

paragraph: This was a man accursed: fierce, mightily cruel, and savage, pestilent, hostile, sombre, truculent, given to outrage, pestilent and untrustworthy, fickle and lawless. Death-dealing, uncouth, fertile in ruses, warmonger general, traitor, fomenter of evil, and double-dyeded dissimulator ... "Dudo of St. Quentin's. Gesta Normannorum. Book 1. Chapter 3."

paragraph: He is identified with the Jarl Hasting who held the Channel Islands for a while.

paragraph: Some scholars have suggested that the Hastings area of Sussex in England may have been founded by a forebear of Hastein.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional representations.

paragraph: Jarl Hastein is a recurring character in Bernard Cornwell's "The Saxon Stories", as a former ally and then opponent of Uhtred of Bebbanburg. In the television adaptation "The Last Kingdom" he is played by Norwegian actor Jeppe Beck Laursen.

paragraph: Jarl Hastein also appears in the fictional series "The Strongbow Saga" written by Judson Roberts.

paragraph: The Old Gods expansion pack for 2012's Crusader Kings II makes it possible to play as Hastein.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vikings" by Magnus Magnusson, (December 1, 2003) Tempus Publishing Ltd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Bailiwick of Guernsey" by James Marr (July 16, 1982) Phillimore & Co Ltd

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cindy Vallar's Viking Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vikings in the Channel Islands

alias:
Haesten
Hæstenn
Hæsting
Hasting
Alsting
Aflingus
Afflengo
Hastein Ragnarsson
Hastein

description: Viking chieftain

wikidata_label: Hastein

wikipedia_title: Hastein


text:
FRS
FRSE
atomic weight
atomic theory
Clarendon
Jamaica
Bath
University of Edinburgh Medical School
Spanish Town
Paris
Göttingen University
Friedrich Stromeyer
University College, London
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Thomas Allan
Royal Society of London
Camden
Kensal Green Cemetery
manganese
Prout's hypothesis
Thomas Thomson
Philosophical Transactions
Berzelius
Edward Turner
Elements of Chemistry, 1837 edition

categories: 1798 births,People from Clarendon Parish,1837 deaths,British chemists,Fellows of the Royal Society,Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery,Academics of University College London,University of Göttingen alumni,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: Edward Turner (chemist)

paragraph: Prof Edward Turner MD FRS FRSE FRCPE (24 June 1796 – 12 February 1837) was a Jamaican-born, British physician and chemist, known for his work on atomic weights, and as a populariser of the atomic theory of Dalton. He was the author of a popular Chemistry textbook that was the first to incorporate chemical symbols and formulae as well as organic chemistry.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Teak Pen in Clarendon, Jamaica, the eldest of nine children of Dutton Smith Turner (1755-1816) and Mary Gale Redwar (1776-1822), who were themselves children of Jamaican plantation owners.

paragraph: While he was still young his parents relocated to Bath, where he received his early education at Bath Grammar School.

paragraph: Together with his younger brother, William Dutton Turner (28 June 1798 - June 1858), he attended the University of Edinburgh Medical School where they graduated M.D. in 1819 and 1820.

paragraph: William returned to Jamaica as a Doctor in Spanish Town while Edward established a practice in Bath. After spending some time in Paris he decided to change from Medicine to experimental science and, starting in June 1821, he studied for two years at Göttingen University under Friedrich Stromeyer, working on inorganic chemistry and mineralogy.

paragraph: In 1823 he returned to Edinburgh as a lecturer, where he instituted a course of lectures and laboratory sessions on chemistry; and in 1827, with the opening of University College, London, he was appointed to the new Chair of Chemistry and as a lecturer in Geology, which he continued to occupy until his death.

paragraph: Turner was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1825, his proposer being Thomas Allan. In 1830 he was further elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.

paragraph: He died on 12 February 1837 at his London home at 38 Upper Gower St (renumbered to 117), now Camden, and was buried on 18 February 1837 at Kensal Green Cemetery (KGC 883/86/IR).

paragraph: Section::::Artistic Recognition.

paragraph: A marble bust of him by Timothy Butler was placed in the University College by his pupils and is now in the Turner Laboratory.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He died unmarried and left no children.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Turner was the author of a concise "Introduction to the Study of the Laws of Chemical Combination and the Atomic Theory" (1825), developed into "Elements of Chemistry" (1827), a work which ran through eight editions. As an investigator he published about forty papers and memoirs, a list of which was given in the Royal Society's "Catalogue of Scientific Papers".

paragraph: Turner succeeded in throwing light on the ores and oxides of manganese. His major work, however, was that on the atomic weights of the elements. Stimulated by Prout's hypothesis, and by the experimental work by which Thomas Thomson in 1825 sought to confirm it, Turner examined the question for himself. In two papers published in the "Philosophical Transactions" (1829 p. 291, and 1833 p. 523) he pointed out sources of error in Thomson's work, and obtained results which agreed with those of Berzelius. His conclusion was that Prout's hypothesis as advocated by Thomson (that all atomic weights are integer multiples of that of hydrogen) was untenable.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Turner Dictionary of Scientific Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elements of Chemistry, 1837 edition Google eBook

description: British chemist

wikidata_label: Edward Turner

wikipedia_title: Edward Turner (chemist)


text:
Chancellor of Norway
Hannibal Sehested
Åge Bjelke
Austrått
Rostock
Leipzig
Leiden
Danish Chancery
Horsens
Sweden
Nordland
Finnmark
Austrått
Elingård
Smaalenene
Hedemarken
Nordmøre
Nordmøre
Rosendal
Sunnhordland
Skredshol
Hedemarken
Christiania
Rein Monastery
Rissa
Trondheim fjord
Reformation
Trondelag
Jämtland
Bergen
Stavanger
Elingård
Governor-general of Norway
Christian V of Denmark-Norway
Norwegian law revision
Thirty Years' War
Gregers Krabbe
Østfold
Ove Bjelke
Henrik Bjelke
Jørgen Bjelke
pdf
Yngvar Nielsen

categories: 17th-century Norwegian people,1659 deaths,Norwegian nobility,1580 births

paragraph: Jens Bjelke

paragraph: Jens Ågessøn Bjelke (2 February 1580 – 7 November 1659) was a Norwegian nobleman, who was Chancellor of Norway from 1614 to 1648, when he was succeeded by Hannibal Sehested. He was the son of Åge Bjelke and Margrethe Thott. At the time of his death, he was Norway's largest land owner. After his tenure as Chancellor, the office largely lost its influence and was abolished in 1679.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early career.

paragraph: Bjelke was born at Austrått. At 20 years of age, he was sent abroad to study, studying in Rostock, of Leipzig, Leiden and elsewhere. He studied medicine, among other things. On his return on 20 February 1605 he was employed at the Danish Chancery and remained there as a secretary until 20 January 1609. During this time he was assigned the prosecution of the case against Jørgen Dybvad in 1607. He also continued his pursuit of literary works and wrote "Regarding Greenland" on the occasion of expeditions to rediscover that country.

paragraph: When he terminated work at the chancery and was proceeding to Norway, he accompanied Christian Friis to the Danish Council meeting in Horsens, in late January 1609, addressing Sweden's continuing attempts to penetrate into Northern Norway Nordland and Finnmark. From Horsens, he served as courier to convey the letters directing the men governing these northern Norwegian territories.

paragraph: Section::::Norway's largest landowner.

paragraph: Upon his return to Norway, he resided at Austrått, which he had inherited from his father, who died in 1603. Austrått was a "setegård" or noble-seat farm, which was therefore exempt from taxes and tithe.

paragraph: In 1610 he married Sophie Brockenhuus (who died 1656). She brought substantial land to the marriage, including Elingård and Sande farms in Smaalenene, Hovinsholm farm in Hedemarken and Kanestrøm farm at Nordmøre, as well as the allodial rights to Evje farm in Smaalenene. With this marriage, he became one of the wealthiest nobles in Norway. Later he bought Storfosna farm (another "setegård") and Tøndel farms near Austrått, Holden farm in Nordmøre, Mel and Hatteberg farms (now Rosendal) in Sunnhordland, Skredshol farm in Hedemarken, Toyen farm near Christiania, and Kjølberg, Veden and Herrebrøden farms in Smaalenene. By the time of his death, he was the largest landowner in Norway.

paragraph: In 1611 he received his first fief, Rein Monastery in Rissa, near Trondheim fjord's northern shores, which fell under the crown following the Reformation.

paragraph: Section::::Kalmar War.

paragraph: In April, 1611 King Christian IV declared war on Sweden. Jens Bjelke and Sten Bille, then Governor of Trondelag, were directed to assemble 2,000 men and muster them in Jämtland. Their movement of Norwegian troops into Sweden from Jämtland was rebuffed and then-Catholic Sweden took control of then-Catholic Jämtland, with a notable welcome from the natives. Jämtland was returned to Norway in the peace treaty and Jens did not suffer seriously for the failed invasion of Sweden as he went on the become Chancellor of Norway. Jens Bjelke held the office of Chancellor from 1614, was feudal overlord to Bergen from 1633, in Stavanger from 1641 and later on Elingård as well.

paragraph: Section::::Norway's Chancellor.

paragraph: On December 8, 1614 he became Chancellor of Norway and was awarded lay canon status in Oslo, together with the fief of Onsøy in Smaalenene and the Nonneseter monastic properties. In the position as chancellor he was the senior authority in the national judicial system and was routinely a member of the investigative and judicial commissions. In 1623 and 1624, along with Jeens Juel, he studied the state of forests in Norway and performed the same service again in 1631, working with the Governor-general of Norway Christopher Knudsson Urne. From April to August 1632 he traveled throughout Norway to adjudicate matters between common people and sheriffs. Bjelke developed an interpretation of the ancient Norwegian laws, along with a recommendation that the older laws be revised. His interpretation was used until Christian V of Denmark-Norway’s Norwegian law revision was developed by a commission and approved in 1687.

paragraph: In June 1633 he was invested with the fief of Bergen, which he exchanged for the fief of Stavanger on May 1, 1641. In 1643, Denmark made preparations to intervene for a second time in the Thirty Years' War. During this war, from 1643 to 1645, he served as war commissioner. Chancellor Jens Bjelke collaborated with Governor General Gregers Krabbe on several initiatives, including the construction of municipal granaries, fortifications along the border with Sweden and the fortification of Fredrikstad. He resigned from public service in 1646 and received the Mariekirkens rectory in Stavanger. He died, aged 79, at Sande, Østfold.

paragraph: Section::::Norwegian dictionary.

paragraph: In 1634 Bjelke published the first Norwegian dictionary. The book was intended to serve as an aid for Danish individuals who served in Norway. The Norwegian language had, at that time, begun to be blended with the Danish.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He had a total of 14 children, of whom 8 lived to maturity and survived him. His three sons Ove Bjelke (1611-1674), Henrik Bjelke (1615-1683) and Jørgen Bjelke (1621-1696) held prominent positions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O. J. Johansen. "Norge i det 17de århundre og slekten Bjelke til Østråt". 1928 (pdf)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yngvar Nielsen. "Jens Bjelke til Østråt, Norges riges kantsler". Christiania, 1872

description: Norwegian noble

wikidata_label: Jens Bjelke

wikipedia_title: Jens Bjelke


text: Countess

text: Holzappel

text: Schaumburg

text: field marshal

text: Thirty Years' War

text: bailiwick

text: John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar

text: Emperor Ferdinand III

text: County of Holzappel

text: Battle of Zusmarshausen

text: Castle

text: Lordship of Schaumburg

text: Balduinstein

text: Adolph

text: House of Nassau

text: Huguenot

text: Waldensians

text: Waldensian

text: Charlottenberg

text: Charlotte of Nassau-Schaumburg

text: Lebrecht of Anhalt-Dernburg

text: cadet

text: Anhalt-Bernburg

text: Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

text: Charlotte

text: Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym

categories: 1640 births,1707 deaths,German countesses

paragraph: Elisabeth Charlotte, Countess of Holzappel

paragraph: Elisabeth Charlotte Melander (29 February 1640 – 17 March 1707), was Countess of Holzappel from 1648 to 1707 and Schaumburg from 1656 to 1707.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and background.

paragraph: Elisabeth Charlotte was the only child of Peter Melander, Count of Holzappel and Agnes von Efferen. Peter Melander was an imperial field marshal who had become rich due to his position in the Thirty Years' War and had been appointed Count of Holzappel in 1641. In 1643, he purchased the Lordship of Esterau along with the bailiwick of Isselbach from John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar, who was in considerable financial difficulty. Emperor Ferdinand III subsequently raised the small Lordship to the Imperial County of Holzappel as a reward for the services Melander had performed while in the imperial army.

paragraph: Section::::Countess of Holzappel.

paragraph: Melander died on 17 May 1648 in Augsburg, as a result of the wounds he had received in Battle of Zusmarshausen. The County of Holzappel was inherited by Elisabeth Charlotte as his only child, in spite of a suit by Melander's nephews.

paragraph: Peter Melander left a fortune that allowed his widow Agnes to purchase the Castle and Lordship of Schaumburg near Balduinstein in 1656. When Agnes died later the same year, the Lordship of Schaumburg was also inherited by Elisabeth Charlotte and merged with Holzappel, thus forming the County of Holzappel-Schaumburg.

paragraph: In 1658, Elisabeth Charlotte married Count Adolph of Nassau-Dillenburg. After the marriage he took the title "Count of Nassau-Schaumburg" and founded the cadet line of the House of Nassau with this name.

paragraph: In 1685, Elisabeth Charlotte changed the name of the county seat from "Esten" into "Holzappel". She allowed refugee Huguenots and Waldensians to settle in the county, and in 1699 founded the Waldensian settlement Charlottenberg near Holzappel which was named after her.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: As all her sons died in her lifetime, by a contract of 1 September 1690 concluded with Victor Amadeus, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, Elisabeth Charlotte left Holzappel to the youngest of her three daughters, Charlotte of Nassau-Schaumburg, who married Victor Amadeus' younger son Lebrecht of Anhalt-Dernburg in 1692. Thus, after the death of Elisabeth Charlotte in 1707, the county passed to a cadet line of the princely house of Anhalt-Bernburg, the Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes (b. and d. 13 June 1659).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Ludwig (b. 8 February 1661 - d. 5 April 1661).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernestina Charlotte (b. 20 May 1662 - d. 21 February 1714), married firstly on 6 February 1678 to William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1691) and secondly to Friedrich Philipp von Geuder genannt von Rabensteiner (d. 1727).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johanna Elisabeth (5 September 1663 – 9 February 1700), married on 16 June 1692 to Frederick Adolphus, Count of Lippe-Detmold (d. 1718).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise Henriette (b. 17 February 1665 - d. 17 April 1665).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Heinrich (b. and d. 6 September 1670).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte (25 September 1673 – 31 January 1700), married on 12 April 1692 to Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym (d. 1727).

description: Countess of Holzappel


text: 1960 Summer Olympics

text: Derby

text: County Cork

text: British Rail

text: Sherwood Foresters

text: British Army

text: Battle of Dunkirk

text: Doncaster

text: Sheffield

text: 1960 Summer Olympics

text: 1956 Summer Olympics

text: Košice Marathon

text: marathon

text: Ethiopia

text: Abebe Bikila

text: Rolls-Royce Limited

text: Derby County F.C.

text: greyhound racing

text: Derby Telegraph

text: Derby Museum and Art Gallery

text: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal

text: University of Derby

wikipedia_title: Athletics at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games,Olympic athletes of Great Britain,Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics,British people of Irish descent,2016 deaths,Sportspeople from Derby,1921 births,Commonwealth Games competitors for England,British male long-distance runners

paragraph: Arthur Keily

paragraph: Arthur Patrick Keily (18 March 1921 – 2 March 2016) was a British marathon runner. Originally an amateur footballer, Keily served during the Second World War and, upon his return to England, was placed on the reserve list of his former team and never again made it to the field. He took up long-distance running at the age of 28 and finished twenty-seven marathons during his career, finishing first in eleven of them and on the podium in six more. He set nine world records. After unsuccessful appearances at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and the 1960 Summer Olympics, he retired from active competition, but re-entered the sport at the master's level in the 1990s.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Keily was born on 18 March 1921 in Derby, England, the eldest surviving child in a family of twelve from County Cork, Ireland. He got his first job at the age of 14 as an apprentice blacksmith with British Rail (then British Railways) and also held a position at Derby's Grand Theatre to help provide for the family. As a youth his first athletic interest was football, where he helped lead local team Osmaston Rangers to six league and cup final victories. His career was interrupted by the Second World War when he enlisted with the Sherwood Foresters and fought in France and, although he soon returned to England after ending up on the sick list, he was placed on the reserves of his former squad and never again saw active play. His father, a sergeant with the British Army, was killed at the Battle of Dunkirk.

paragraph: Section::::Competitive career.

paragraph: Keily did not take an interest in competitive running until he was 28, after one of his brothers joined the Derby and County Athletic Club. In 1949 Arthur joined the club as well (as did, eventually, all six of his male siblings), but did not participate in his first marathon until 1953, finishing 12th in an event that spanned from Doncaster to Sheffield. One year later, however, it was in this race that he recorded his first victory, completing the course in 2:30:45, five seconds ahead of the previous year's champion. Between his first victory and his appearance at the 1960 Summer Olympics, he competed in twenty-seven local and international marathons, winning eleven of them and placing within the top three in an additional six. He was soon chosen as club captain and helped them become national champions in 1960 after instituting a more difficult training routine. He was stricter still with himself and, in his prime, ran more than 130 miles a week as part of his training regimen.

paragraph: After failing to qualify for the 1956 Summer Olympics, Keily participated in the Košice Marathon twice, finishing 12th in 1956 and 6th in 1957, and then attended the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games as a representative for England, completing the marathon in 12th position after falling ill shortly before the race.

paragraph: His final stop was the 1960 Summer Olympics marathon in Rome, and he led the pack through twelve miles. The fast start resulted in an eventual world record for winner, Ethiopia's Abebe Bikila, though Keily faded to place 25th in a field of 69 competitors in the marathon. He blamed his performance on the team's arrival too late to acclimate to Rome's conditions. During this period Keily also participated in twenty-one British national road relays, helping set new records in thirteen of them, but he retired from active competition following his sole Olympic appearance. He had set nine world records during his career: the half marathon, the track marathon, 15, 30, and 45 miles, 45, 50, and 60 km, and the furthest distance run in three hours.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Following two decades with British Rail, Keily found a job with Rolls-Royce Limited in 1957 and worked there until 1962, when he joined the promotions department of Derby County F.C.. His final position was that of a greyhound racing adviser with the "Derby Telegraph". Following his retirement he wrote several books on health and fitness and returned to long-distance running at the master's level. In 1991 he set a world record for his age class in the event at 3:24:22 and in 2001 he was the British master's champion in 80+ category of both the 400 m and 3000 m. The Derby Museum and Art Gallery has a display showing medals and awards from his career and he has also been honoured with numerous awards for his charity work including the Derby Civic Award (1992) and the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002). For his sporting achievements, he was presented with the Lifetime Achievement in Sport Award in 2008 from the city of Derby and an Honorary Degree of Master of the University from the University of Derby in 2011. He died 2 March 2016 at the age of 94.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Légende du Sport Marocain: Feu Abdeslam Radi (1960 Olympic Marathon YouTube video)

description: Olympic athlete

wikidata_label: Arthur Keily

wikipedia_title: Arthur Keily


text:
Lannoy
County of Hainaut
Burgundian Netherlands
Battle of Agincourt
Jean I de Croÿ
Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Lorraine
Electorate of Cologne
Philip the Good
stadtholder
County of Holland
Zeeland
Antoine I de Croÿ
Walloon Flanders
Order of the Golden Fleece
Louis XI of France
Charles the Bold
Maximilian I of Austria
Chamberlain
Tournai
Cambrai
Holy Roman Empire
Treaty of Arras (1482)

wikipedia_title:
Lannoy, Nord
County of Hainaut
Burgundian Netherlands
Battle of Agincourt
Jean I de Croÿ
Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Duchy of Lorraine
Electorate of Cologne
Philip the Good
Stadtholder
County of Holland
County of Zeeland
Antoine I de Croÿ
Walloon Flanders
Order of the Golden Fleece
Louis XI of France
Charles the Bold
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Chamberlain (office)
Tournai
Cambrai
Holy Roman Empire
Treaty of Arras (1482)

categories: Medieval Flemish nobility,Knights of the Golden Fleece,1493 deaths,15th-century diplomats,1410 births,15th-century soldiers

paragraph: Jean de Lannoy

paragraph: Jean II de Lannoy or Jan van Lannoy (1410–1493), lord of Lannoy, Lys and Sébourg, was a nobleman from the County of Hainaut who played a prominent role in the politics of the Burgundian Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jean was a member of the noble de Lannoy family. He was the son of a Jean I de Lannoy who died in the Battle of Agincourt and of Jeanne de Croÿ, whose father, Jean I de Croÿ, also died at Agincourt.

paragraph: As a young man, Lannoy had a military career, fighting against the Prince-Bishopric of Liège (1430), England (1436), Lorraine (1440) and the Electorate of Cologne (1447). In later life he wrote to his son that when called upon to speak in sessions of the council he could feel self-conscious about his lack of education.

paragraph: In 1448 he was appointed by Philip the Good as stadtholder of the County of Holland and Zeeland, a function he held until 1462. He probably owed his appointment to his uncle, Antoine I de Croÿ. Between 1459 and 1463, he was also stadtholder of Walloon Flanders.

paragraph: In 1451 he became a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In 1452–53 he participated in the suppression of the Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453).

paragraph: He became an ally of the Dauphin, the future Louis XI of France, during his exile in the Burgundian domains (1456–1461), and helped him claim his throne in 1461. His closeness to the new king of France led to his deprivation from office in the Low Countries in 1462–1463, and in 1468 to open conflict with Duke Charles the Bold, who for a time forced him into exile.

paragraph: In 1477 he served Maximilian I of Austria as Chamberlain and conducted several diplomatic missions. In 1478 he negotiated with cities of Tournai and Cambrai, episcopal lordships of the Holy Roman Empire then under French protection. He played a very important role in negotiating the Treaty of Arras (1482).

paragraph: He died on 18 March 1493.

description: Flemish diplomat

wikidata_label: Jan van Lannoy

wikipedia_title: Jean de Lannoy


text:
Roman Emperor
Trebonianus Gallus
Decius
Herennius Etruscus
Hostilian
augustus
caesar
Sasanian Empire
Goths
Aemilian
Rome
Trebonianus Gallus
Herennius Etruscus
Goths
Cniva
Battle of Abritus
Hostilian
caesar
Aurelius Victor
Epitome de Caesaribus
Zosimus
Valerius Maximus
persecution of Christians
Pope Cornelius
Novatian
rescript
Sassanids
Mesopotamia
Battle of Barbalissos
Barbalissos
Euphratensis
Syria
Antioch
Moesia Inferior
Aemilian
Thracia
Asia Minor
Ephesus
Danube
Valerian
Rhine
Interamna
Umbria
Chronography of 354
aurei
bust
obverse
reverse
Aequitas
Aeternitas
Apollo
Juno
Victoria
Radiate
Concordia
Felicitas
Libertas
Providence
Salus
Virtus

categories: 253 deaths,3rd-century murdered monarchs,Vibii,Imperial Roman consuls,3rd-century Roman emperors,Crisis of the Third Century,Murdered Roman emperors

paragraph: Volusianus

paragraph: Volusianus (; died August 253), also known as Volusian, was a Roman Emperor from November 251 to August 253. His father, Trebonianus Gallus, became Roman Emperor after being elected in the field by the legion, following the deaths of the previous co-emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus. Trebonianus Gallus raised Hostilian, the son of Decius, to "augustus", making him his co-emperor in June 251. Volusianus was elevated to "caesar" in the same month. After the death, or murder, of Hostilian in November 251, Volusianus was raised to "augustus", co-ruling with his father. The short reign of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus was notable for the outbreak of a plague, which is said by some to be the reason for Hostilian's death, the invasion of the Sasanian Empire, and the raids of the Goths. Volusianus was killed alongside his father in August 253 by their own soldiers, who were terrified of the forces of the usurper Aemilian which were marching towards Rome.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Vendumnianus Volusianus was born in about 230AD to future Roman Emperor Trebonianus Gallus. Trebonianus Gallus had become emperor after the previous emperors, Decius and Herennius Etruscus, were both killed in July 251 by the Goths, led by Cniva, at the Battle of Abritus. The troops in the field elected Trebonianus Gallus as emperor. Trebonianus Gallus was forced to sign a treaty, which contemporary historians decried as "shameful", with the Goths, promising them tribute if the Goths abstained from raiding them. After Trebonianus Gallus became emperor, he made Hostilian, the son of Decius, "augustus" (emperor) with him, in order to improve the opinion of the people. He then elevated Volusianus to "caesar" (heir-apparent) in about July 251. Volusianus was wed to Hostilian's sister, of an unknown name.

paragraph: Hostilian died in November 251, though the reason for his death is disputed. Aurelius Victor and the author of the "Epitome de Caesaribus" both say that Hostilian died of a plague, however Zosimus claims that he was killed off by Trebonianus Gallus, so that Volusianus could become "augustus". Trebonianus Gallus elevated Volusianus to "augustus" in November 251. He was made consul in 252, alongside Trebonianus Gallus, and in 253, alongside Valerius Maximus. The same plague that killed Hostilian devastated the rest of Rome, although Trebonianus Gallus gained much popularity by ensuring that all of the plague victims were given proper burials, regardless of their social status. During the reign of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus, the persecution of Christians was not as extreme as it was under Decius, although Pope Cornelius was exiled in 252AD. Novatian was also forced to flee Rome during this period of persecution. Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus issued only two imperial rescripts during their reign.

paragraph: During the shared reign of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus, the Roman Empire was invaded by both the Goths and the Sassanids. Both co-emperors chose to stay in Rome rather than confront the invasions themselves. The Sassanids attacked in 252, quickly overrunning Mesopotamia, and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Barbalissos, near Barbalissos in the province of Euphratensis (modern day Syria). They advanced into Roman territory as far as Antioch, which was captured in 253 after a prolonged siege. In 253, the Goths invaded Moesia Inferior, as the new governor, Aemilian, had refused to pay the tribute to them. The Goths split into two bands, with one raiding the cities of Moesia Inferior and Thracia, and the other crossing into Asia Minor as far as Ephesus.

paragraph: Aemilian succeed in repelling the Goths, slaughtering many and forcing the rest back across the Danube. The prestige of this victory was so great that Aemilian's soldiers spontaneously declared him emperor, in opposition to Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus. Upon hearing this news, they sent word to Valerian, the future emperor, who had been strengthening Rome's defences on the Rhine, to send reinforcements. Aemilian marched to Italy at a rapid pace, such that Valerian did not reach Rome in time to provide assistance. The co-emperors mustered what troops they could and prepared to defend, but made it less than two days before being killed by their own troops in August 253, at Interamna, in Umbria, because they feared fighting the much stronger forces of Aemilian. The Chronography of 354 says they ruled for a total of two years, four months, and nine days.

paragraph: Section::::Numismatics.

paragraph: The "aurei" of Volusianus fell into two types. There were 5 styles of coins which featured his bust on the obverse, with the reverse showing: Aequitas sitting, Aeternitas standing, Apollo standing, Juno sitting inside a rounded temple, or Victoria standing. There were a further six styles of coins which featured his bust with a Radiate on the obverse, with the reverse displaying: Concordia sitting, Felicitas standing, Libertas standing, Providence standing, Salus standing, or a helmeted Virtus standing. The coins of Volusianus occasionally bore the inscription "Saeculum nouum" (new age), alongside the traditional inscriptions "Romae aeternae" (eternal Rome) and "Pax aeternae" (eternal peace).

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Volusianus

wikipedia_title: Volusianus


text: American

text: voice actor

text: Hanna-Barbera

text: cartoon

text: Scooby-Doo

text: Bamm-Bamm Rubble

text: The Flintstones

text: Astro

text: The Jetsons

text: Muttley

text: Wacky Races

text: Boo-Boo Bear

text: Ranger Smith

text: The Yogi Bear Show

text: Sebastian the Cat

text: Josie and the Pussycats

text: The Transformers

text: Papa Smurf

text: The Smurfs

text: Hamton J. Pig

text: Tiny Toon Adventures

text: Benton Quest

text: Jonny Quest

text: Buffalo, New York

text: Baltimore

text: ventriloquist

text: WBOC

text: Salisbury, Maryland

text: Baltimore

text: WCAO

text: Baltimore accent

text: Mutual Broadcasting

text: Raggedy Andy

text: Raggedy Ann

text: MGM

text: Tex Avery

text: Droopy

text: Bill Thompson

text: Daws Butler

text: William Hanna

text: Joseph Barbera

text: Hanna-Barbera

text: Ruff and Reddy

text: Spunky and Tadpole

text: Boo Boo Bear

text: Ranger Smith

text: Major Minor

text: Pixie Mouse

text: Astro

text: Benton Quest

text: The Huckleberry Hound Show

text: Yogi Bear

text: Ricochet Rabbit

text: Mel Blanc

text: Precious Pupp

text: Hillbilly Bears

text: The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show

text: Atom Ant

text: The Magilla Gorilla Show

text: Howard Morris

text: Dr. Benton Quest

text: Multi Man

text: Scooby-Doo

text: Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!

text: Josie and the Pussycats

text: Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space

text: Scrappy-Doo

text: Lennie Weinrib

text: A Pup Named Scooby-Doo

text: Hong Kong Phooey

text: Balin

text: The Hobbit

text: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: Yogi's Gang

text: Laff-a-Lympics

text: Yogi's Treasure Hunt

text: The New Yogi Bear Show

text: Papa Smurf

text: The Smurfs

text: Ratchet

text: Autobot

text: Gears

text: Constructicon

text: Scavenger

text: The Transformers

text: The Jetsons

text: Mr. Spacely

text: Masters of the Universe

text: The Pound Puppies

text: I'm Gonna Git You Sucka

text: The New Adventures of Jonny Quest

text: MTM Enterprises

text: Duck Factory

text: Frank Welker

text: Hamton J. Pig

text: Amblin

text: Tiny Toon Adventures

text: Droopy

text: Tom & Jerry Kids

text: Droopy, Master Detective

text: Freakazoid!

text: Jonny Quest

text: London

text: stroke

text: Hanna-Barbera

text: Joe Barbera

text: Janet Waldo

text: Henry Corden

text: Casey Kasem

text: Lucille Bliss

text: Maurice LaMarche

text: Gregg Berger

text: Neil Ross

text: June Foray

text: Greg Burson

text: Walker Edmiston

text: Marvin Kaplan

text: Gary Owens

text: Howard Morris

text: Teresa Ganzel

text: Jean Vander Pyl

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Point Lobos State Reserve

text: Hadley Kay

text: Scott Innes

text: Neil Fanning

text: Frank Welker

text: Scooby-Doo

text: Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island

text: Jonathan Winters

text: Grandpa Smurf

text: Papa Smurf

text: The Smurfs

text: 2013 sequel

text: Don Messick Tribute (archived)

categories: Male actors from Buffalo, New York,American male radio actors,1997 deaths,People from Baltimore,American male voice actors,20th-century American male actors,Hanna-Barbera people,1926 births,Ventriloquists

paragraph: Don Messick

paragraph: Donald Earle Messick (September 7, 1926 – October 24, 1997) was an American voice actor, best known for his performances in Hanna-Barbera cartoons.

paragraph: His best-remembered vocal creations include Scooby-Doo, Bamm-Bamm Rubble and Hoppy in "The Flintstones", Astro in "The Jetsons", Muttley in "Wacky Races" and "Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines", Boo-Boo Bear and Ranger Smith in "The Yogi Bear Show", Sebastian the Cat in "Josie and the Pussycats"; Gears, Ratchet, and Scavenger in "The Transformers", Papa Smurf and Azrael in "The Smurfs", Hamton J. Pig in "Tiny Toon Adventures" and Dr. Benton Quest in "Jonny Quest".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Messick was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Binford Earl Messick, a house painter, and Lena Birch (née Hughes). He was raised by his maternal grandparents on Linden Avenue in the Bolton Hill neighborhood of Baltimore, where he received his early training as a performer at the Ramsay Streett School of Acting.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early work.

paragraph: At first, Messick wanted to be a ventriloquist and even supported himself as one for a time. At age 15, Messick performed in front of the program manager and chief announcer at radio station WBOC in Salisbury, Maryland, and was given his own weekly show, for which Messick performed all of the character voices and sound effects.

paragraph: Messick moved back to Baltimore a year later, after graduating high school and approached radio station WCAO about getting his one-man show on the air. As Messick worked to reduce the Baltimore accent identified by the manager of WCAO as an impediment to his radio career, Messick's father was killed, along with two other men, in an accident at the Nanticoke School. He and two other workers were taking down a flagpole when it came into contact with electric power lines, electrocuting all three men.

paragraph: In 1944, Messick joined the U.S. Army, performing for troops as a part of the Special Services, Messick's first big break came when he was hired by the Mutual Broadcasting radio station in Los Angeles, where he played Raggedy Andy and Farmer Seedling on the radio series "The Raggedy Ann Show".

paragraph: At MGM, Tex Avery was producing the "Droopy" cartoons. The regular voice actor Bill Thompson was not available. Avery hired Messick after Daws Butler, who voiced characters for MGM, suggested him.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early Hanna Barbera voice work.

paragraph: When William Hanna and Joseph Barbera formed their own animation studio Hanna-Barbera in 1957, Messick and Butler became a voice acting team for the company. Messick's and Butler's first collaboration was "Ruff and Reddy". Messick was Ruff the cat and the Droopy-sounding Professor Gizmo, while Butler played the dog Reddy. Messick also narrated the show, which had a serialized storyline. From 1958–1959, Messick played Tadpole in the animated television series produced by Beverly Hills Productions, "Spunky and Tadpole".

paragraph: From 1957–1965, Butler and Messick gave voice to a large number of characters. Always the sidekick, Messick's characters were not headliners. His notable roles in this era were Boo Boo Bear, Ranger Smith, Major Minor, Pixie Mouse, Astro and Dr. Benton Quest.

paragraph: He was used primarily for his narration skills, which were heard on many of those cartoons in which Daws Butler starred. In narrating "The Huckleberry Hound Show"'s Yogi Bear cartoons, he played Ranger Smith in something close to his natural voice.

paragraph: Messick would eventually feature as Ricochet Rabbit in "Ricochet Rabbit" (1964–65), while Deputy Droop-a-Long was voiced by Mel Blanc. He did the voices of the title character in "Precious Pupp" and Shag Rugg from "Hillbilly Bears", and both segments from "The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show". In 1966, Messick took over the roles of Atom Ant and Mr. Peebles of "The Magilla Gorilla Show" from Howard Morris who had left Hanna-Barbera.

paragraph: In outer space cartoons, Don Messick created noises and sounds for weird space creatures and aliens. His Ranger Smith voice was often heard as various space villains. His narrator voice was given to Vapor Man, Dr. Benton Quest, The Perilous Paper Doll Man, and Multi Man.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Scooby-Doo" and later roles.

paragraph: In 1969, he was cast as the cowardly canine Scooby-Doo on "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!". He voiced him through all of the various versions of "Scooby-Doo": on television in numerous formats from 1969 to 1985, four television films, and a number of commercials as well. In 1970, he voiced Sebastian on "Josie and the Pussycats", and reprised the role in its spin-off "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space" two years later, as well as voicing the new alien character, Bleep. From 1980–1988, he voiced Scooby's nephew, Scrappy-Doo, having taken over the role originated by Lennie Weinrib in 1979 and was still voicing Scooby-Doo when "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo" came along from 1988–1991.

paragraph: In "Hong Kong Phooey", he was the voice of Spot the cat, a faithful sidekick who was the one who foiled the villain's plans, though he let the clueless title character take the glory. In 1977, he voiced Balin and a few incidental characters in the first animated adaptation of "The Hobbit" by J. R. R. Tolkien.

paragraph: By the 1970s, the popularity of "Yogi Bear" led to several spin-off TV series and television movies featuring the character. Messick reprised his roles of Boo-Boo and Ranger Smith from the 1970s up until 1994 on "Yogi's Gang", "Laff-a-Lympics", "Yogi's Treasure Hunt" and "The New Yogi Bear Show".

paragraph: He played Papa Smurf on "The Smurfs" from 1981–1989 and Ratchet (the Autobot doctor), Gears, and Constructicon Scavenger on "The Transformers". In 1985, new episodes of "The Jetsons" were produced and Messick returned as Astro, RUDI, Mac and Uniblab, a pesky robot that worked for Mr. Spacely.

paragraph: He also starred in the Masters of the Universe Golden Book video as He-Man. In 1985, he voiced Louie and Snichey in "The Pound Puppies" TV Special, in 1988, he had an uncredited role as the Pimp of the Year pageant announcer on "I'm Gonna Git You Sucka", and he returned to his role of Benton Quest on "The New Adventures of Jonny Quest" (1986–1987).

paragraph: Messick also played a rare on-camera role on the MTM Enterprises sitcom "Duck Factory", playing a cartoon voice actor named Wally Wooster. In one episode, frequent collaborator Frank Welker guest-starred as a rival voice artist angling for his job. Don Messick said of his character on the show: "Wally was never quite sure whether he was Wally or Dippy Duck".

paragraph: From 1990–1995, he voiced Hamton J. Pig in Amblin's "Tiny Toon Adventures" and its spin-offs. Around that time, he also returned as the voice of Droopy for "Tom & Jerry Kids" and "Droopy, Master Detective". On the 1995 "Freakazoid!" episode "Toby Danger/Doomsday Bet", a spoof of Jonny Quest, he played Dr. Vernon Danger, a parody of his own Dr. Benton Quest.

paragraph: At a charity speaking engagement in London, shortly before his death, he performed many of his characters, except Scooby-Doo. He claimed that giving up smoking had robbed him of the rasp in the voice that he needed.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement and death.

paragraph: In late September 1996, Messick suffered a stroke while recording voices at Hanna-Barbera.

paragraph: On October 12, 1996, he had a "retirement party" at his favorite Chinese restaurant (Joe Barbera personally sent a limo to Messick and his wife, Helen M. McHugh, to chauffeur the couple to the party). Many of his companions and peers during his career who had come to pay tribute to him included Janet Waldo, Henry Corden, Casey Kasem, Lucille Bliss, Maurice LaMarche, Gregg Berger, Neil Ross, June Foray, Sharon Mack, Greg Burson, Walker Edmiston, Marvin Kaplan, Gary Owens, Howard Morris, Teresa Ganzel, Jean Vander Pyl and Myrtis Martin Butler (Daws' widow).

paragraph: Messick suffered a second stroke and died on October 24, 1997. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean at the Point Lobos State Reserve.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Since Messick's death in 1997, Hadley Kay, Scott Innes, Neil Fanning, and Frank Welker have all voiced the role of Scooby-Doo. In 1998, "Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island" was dedicated to his memory. In 2011, Jonathan Winters (who voiced Grandpa Smurf in the television series) became Messick's successor as the voice of Papa Smurf in "The Smurfs" and its 2013 sequel. Winters died after finishing his work on the latter film.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don Messick Tribute (archived), includes short biography

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Don Messick

wikipedia_title: Don Messick