text: Alexander III

text: Alexander I

text: Napoleon

text: Pavel Strogonov

text: Elizabeth Alexeievna

text: French Academy

text: University of Berlin

text: Moscow University

text: Imperial Russian Historical Society

text: Pomology

text: Russian Geographic Society

text: Nicholas II

text: Empress Alexandra

text: Vologda

text: Bolshevik

text: Petrograd

text: St Peter and St Paul Fortress

text: Grand Duke George Mikhailovich

text: Grand Duke Dimitri Konstantinovich

text: Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich

text: Alexander Palace

text: Tsarskoye Selo

text: Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna of Russia

text: Tiflis

text: Viceroy of the Caucasus

text: Georgia

text: Romanov

text: Tiflis

text: Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878

text: pacifist

text: Grand Duke Friedrich I of Baden

text: Victoria of Baden

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: Alexander II

text: Amélie of Orléans

text: Prince Philippe, Count of Paris

text: Catholic

text: convert

text: Carlos I of Portugal

text: Caucasus

text: pomology

text: Dolgoruki

text: Catherine the Great

text: Paul I

text: Nicholas II

text: Alexander I

text: Elizabeth Alexeievna

text: Vasily Klyuchevsky

text: Great Soviet Encyclopedia

text: Frédéric Masson

text: First World War

text: aide-de-camp

text: Alexander II

text: Jacques-Louis David

text: Napoleon

text: Tauride Palace

text: Princess Nina

text: socialist

text: Leo Tolstoy

text: Nicholas I

text: Empress Maria

text: Michael

text: Anastasia

text: Monte Carlo

text: Francophile

text: anti-German political views

text: Alexander III

text: Khodynka Tragedy

text: Marie Antoinette

text: Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna

text: Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich

text: Mikhailovichi branch

text: Georgia

text: Ukraine

text: Grand Duke Sergei

text: Nicholas II

text: Empress Alexandra

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: Tolstoy

text: World War I

text: Austro-Hungarian Empire

text: Kiev

text: Rovno

text: East Prussia

text: Battle of Tannenberg

text: Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich

text: Stürmer

text: Petrograd

text: October Revolution

text: Bolsheviks

text: Petrograd

text: his niece

text: Cheka

text: Vologda

text: George

text: Grand Duke Dimitri Konstantinovich

text: Nicholas II

text: Moisei Uritsky

text: black bread

text: Maxim Gorky

text: Lenin

text: Field of Mars

text: Peter and Paul Fortress

text: Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich

text: Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia

text: Chavchavadze, David

text: George, Grand Duchess of Russia

categories: Lepidopterists,Russian grand dukes,Murdered Russian royalty,1919 deaths,1859 births,People from Pushkin, Saint Petersburg,People from Saint Petersburg Governorate,Imperial Russian biologists,19th-century Russian people,House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov,Russian entomologists,Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences,Russian military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia (, 26 April 1859 – 28 January 1919) was the eldest son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III.

paragraph: A scholar and an eminent historian, he made many valuable contributions to the study of Russian history in the reign of Tsar Alexander I. His works, published in Russian and French, include: diplomatic documents of Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon; a life of Tsar Alexander's close friend, Pavel Strogonov; and biographical studies of Alexander I and his wife Elizabeth Alexeievna.

paragraph: A political liberal, he veered towards what he called "authoritarian republicanism". He fought tirelessly for reform from within the system. His reformist views made him an oddball within his own family, and contemporary recognition of his accomplishments came more from abroad than at home. He was a member of the French Academy, Honorary Doctor of History and Philosophy from the University of Berlin, Honorary Doctor of History from Moscow University, and President of the Imperial Russian Historical Society, the Society of Pomology and the Russian Geographic Society.

paragraph: He fell from favour during the last part of the reign of Nicholas II, as Empress Alexandra disliked him for his liberal views. As the political situation in Russia worsened, he urged the Tsar to implement reforms, and he even participated in discussions of a palace coup. After the fall of the monarchy, he was exiled to Vologda. He was later imprisoned by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd and shot outside the St Peter and St Paul Fortress along with his brother Grand Duke George Mikhailovich and his cousins Grand Duke Dimitri Konstantinovich and Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich was born on 26 April 1859 at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, the eldest of the seven children of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and his wife Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna of Russia, born Princess Cecilie of Baden. Known in the family as "Bimbo", he was three years old when in 1862 the family moved to Tiflis when his father was named Viceroy of the Caucasus.

paragraph: Nicholas spent his childhood and youth in Georgia, where the family lived for twenty years. He received a Spartan upbringing. His father was preoccupied with governmental and military matters and remained a distant figure. His mother was a strict disciplinarian and the dominating figure in the family. Nicholas was his mother's favorite son; they had a close relationship as reflected in their surviving letters, which have Oedipal overtones. Growing up in the Caucasus, the Mikhailovichi, the junior branch of the Romanov dynasty, were raised in an atmosphere far removed from their cousins in the Imperial capital, and would later be regarded as more progressive and liberal minded than the other Romanovs.

paragraph: The sons of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich were educated by private tutors and Nicholas, a gifted student, soaked up their instruction. From his youth he was interested in art, literature, architecture and scientific matters. However, as with all male members of his family, Nicholas was expected to follow a military career. In Tiflis, he commanded a battalion of the Caucasian Archers in 1877, and fought alongside them in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878. This experience was traumatic and made him a pacifist for the rest of his life. When his father was appointed President of the Council of the Empire in 1882, the whole family returned to Saint Petersburg. Nicholas was assigned to Marie Fyodorovna's Horse Guards Regiment.

paragraph: Section::::Prospective brides.

paragraph: In 1879, when Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich was 20 years old, he visited the court of his maternal uncle, Grand Duke Friedrich I of Baden, and fell in love with his cousin, Princess Victoria of Baden. "She is charming and pleases one immediately", he wrote, adding, "She kisses you and makes you say a thousand things". The Russian Orthodox Church, which prohibited first cousins to marry, would not permit any thought of marriage. Nicholas nevertheless asked his uncle Alexander II to allow the wedding, threatening that if he were not allowed to marry Victoria of Baden, he would never marry. Permission was not granted; Princess Victoria eventually became Queen of Sweden.

paragraph: Nicholas tried to find a royal bride for a second time in the 1880s. He was interested in Princess Amélie of Orléans, the eldest daughter of Prince Philippe, Count of Paris. Nicholas described her as "beautiful and large of stature, beautiful eyes, but not very pretty all the while a beautiful person". He asked his parents' permission to marry her, but she was Catholic and her family was unwilling to allow her to convert and they were also eager to marry her to King Carlos I of Portugal.

paragraph: Nicholas Mikhailovich never came close to marriage again. Instead he channeled his energy into scholarly pursuits and the management of his several grand residences and estates, which gave employment and lodging to thousands. He was highly conscientious of his responsibility for the welfare of those who relied upon him for their livelihood. In his mature years little of his attention seems to have been directed toward women save that he mentions in a letter of 1910 that he had fallen in love again, as if by some miracle, "imagine that, in love at fifty one". But this one and only mention of anything of the kind in all of his correspondence suggests this flight of fancy did not go far, and that his feelings were unrequited. One of his greatest female friends was Princess Elena (Nelly) Mikhailovna Baryatinskaya. She was older than he was and was typical of the highly dignified and platonic relationships that were the norm among most of the Imperial family.

paragraph: Section::::Imperial scholar.

paragraph: Nicholas Mikhailovich had no real military talent or inclination towards army life. He loved education and begged his father to allow him to enter the University, but Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich was firmly opposed. To please his father Nicholas entered the Academy of the General Staff (War College) where he excelled in his studies. Military life was not for him as he much preferred studying butterflies and historical research. Entering the military, as all Romanovs did, the grand duke eventually became hostile towards it and was in fact the only family member ever to formally leave military service.

paragraph: From his youth in the Caucasus, Nicholas developed an interest in botany. He also gathered a highly regarded collection of rare butterflies, which he later gave to the Academy of Sciences, and at that same time published a ten-volume work entitled "Discussions on the Lepidoptera". Other natural scientific interest drew his attention, pomology in particular. He was named President of the Russian Society of Pomology and developed a seedless tangerine. During World War I, Nicholas Mikhailovich also published a book on hunting, demonstrating his scientific interest in geese and ducks.

paragraph: Soon he became more interested in historical research. His first book, "The Princes Dolgoruki, Collaborators to Emperor Alexander I", appeared in 1890. Many other books would follow, including five volumes of Russian portraits from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It consist of portraits of figures from the reigns of Catherine the Great, Paul I, and Alexander I. This monumental work of original photographs from palaces, museums and galleries is an important source of information as many of the originals have been destroyed by war and revolution.

paragraph: In 1905, Nicholas left the military and pursued his research interests full-time. Nicholas II happily granted him unlimited access to the Romanov Family Archives and Library. The grand duke soon published multi-volume works (over fifteen in all), in both Russian and French, on the reign of Tsar Alexander I. This important work brought him international recognition across Europe. His works include: diplomatic documents of Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon; a life of Tsar Alexander's close friend, Paul Strogonov and biographical studies of Alexander I and his wife Elizabeth Alexeievna.

paragraph: Section::::Historian.

paragraph: While Nicholas Mikhailovich's scholarly works were admired by professional historians and French literary figures, he did not find the same reception among the great Russian historians of his day, such a Vasily Klyuchevsky. However, even the future Soviet scholars valued his works: he is the only one of three non-ruling members of the Imperial family to receive an entry in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. His historical works were never far from his mind no matter what he was doing. His letters, especially those to the French historian Frédéric Masson are mainly reports of his historical endeavors, which were never ending. During the First World War, he finished a seven volume study of "Relation Diplomatiques 1808–1812" as well as the second Russian edition of Alexander I in two volumes in 1915. He had an almost childlike energy about his research and new discoveries, and his enthusiasm knew no bounds. Because his education was not the most conventional, his first work in history was dilettantish. He dabbled in topics, but he improved considerably with time. When the Imperial Historical society called him to write several articles for their bibliographic dictionary, he developed a passion for writing.

paragraph: His position in the ruling family gave him access to archival materials that were inaccessible to the public, and he had the privilege of having these items delivered from the state archives to his home where he could work on them in the comfort of his own study. He also accumulated an extensive library, both in his St Petersburg palace and in his rural estate, Borjomi, where he liked to work undisturbed. His great wealth enabled him to have a number of research assistants, a luxury seldom available to most historians. His most valuable helper with his historical work was Constantine Brummer, his aide-de-camp since the earliest years of his military career who was his loyal friend until the end.

paragraph: In 1892 when the presidency of the Geographic Society fell vacant, Nicholas Mikhailovich became its president. He never published any scholarly works in this discipline. In 1909, he became president of the Historical Society; by then, he was already a well-regarded historian. He took this post seriously and his involvement was extensive even during the war years. In May 1914, Grand Duke Nicholas created an Archival Commission to coordinate and give assistance to local historical archives; but World War I intervened, and archival reorganization had to await Soviet efforts. In 1916, he was occupied with the jubilee of the society and was planning the centennial celebration of the birth of Tsar Alexander II, which was going to take place in April 1918.

paragraph: Nicholas Mikhailovich gathered an important collection of historical artifacts, mainly pictures and miniatures of prominent figures. He also collected French objets d'art and took a special interest in the works of Jacques-Louis David. He acquired, among others, one of David's portraits of Napoleon, which remained with him until after the revolution. He first hid it in the basement wall of his palace and then smuggled it out of Russia from Finland to the West. The grand duke also planned art shows like one he organized in 1905 in the famous Tauride Palace, with pieces never before displayed.

paragraph: Section::::Russian Grand Duke.

paragraph: Nicholas Mikhailovich was tall at 6' 3" (190 cm), and a beefy frame, with dark eyes and a short dark triangular beard. He became bald early in life and, in later years, heavy set.

paragraph: He loved children, and although he never married, according to his niece, Princess Nina, he fathered several illegitimate children. Moody and eccentric, he had an acerbic and cynical nature. He also had a sharp wit and a keen, sometimes childish, sense of humor. His pranks and jokes endeared him to his family.

paragraph: He considered himself as a socialist, holding liberal political views. His behavior, along with his stubborn insisting on always speaking his mind, did not endear him to the Imperial family, and it was his charm and humor which often alleviated their anger toward his beliefs. This label of "liberal" was only further supported by his open and easy nature. The grand duke considered the men in his regiment to always be his equals, and addressed them as "my friends". He was uneasy about class pretensions and especially the idea of being "above" the men, yet his soldiers loved him deeply and praised him loudly. He would receive intellectuals from across the political spectrum and have long engaging discussions and correspondence with them.

paragraph: His passion for Russian history and butterflies, his genuine scholarship, along with his love and respect for France and its political systems made him an atypical Romanov. His liberalism did not prevent him from writing to Leo Tolstoy to protest a pamphlet the famous writer was distributing containing what the grand duke considered an unfair and inaccurate criticism of his grandfather Nicholas I. Widely considered an eccentric, he was well regarded by many family members including Empress Maria, who valued his opinions.

paragraph: Nicholas traveled extensively; he often visited Paris and the south of France where he reunited with his brother Michael and sister Anastasia. Nicholas was fond of gambling and lost large amounts at the casino in Monte Carlo. He was famous for his indiscretions, disclosing confidential information about politics in Russia to his friends or in conversation at reunions. These got him into trouble more than once. An ardent Francophile, he offended Germany during a visit to Paris when he expressed his anti-German political views, which caused a diplomatic protest. Upon his return to Russia, Alexander III exiled him for some months to Borjomi, his family's rural state.

paragraph: Section::::Political leanings.

paragraph: Very outspoken about his ideas, he begged Nicholas II to cancel the coronation ball at the French embassy in Moscow following the Khodynka Tragedy, warning him that holding it would create a perception of monarchical indifference such as had made Marie Antoinette unpopular. When it was held nevertheless, he arrived with his brothers, then departed soon after in protest. His manner could turn caustic. The Imperial family always said he had a mean and critical tongue. He loathed Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna and her family, the Vladimirovichi. A vehement critic of most of his male cousins, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich in particular, Nicholas Mikhailovich was a divisive figure among the Romanovs.

paragraph: At the death of his father in 1909, he became the head of the Mikhailovichi branch of the Romanov family and inherited great wealth. He received all of the lands and houses of his father: Borjomi, his large rural estate in Georgia where he enjoyed living and preferred to work; Mikhailovskoe outside St Petersburg; an enormous palace on the Neva in St Petersburg, and the great estate Grushovka in southern Ukraine. His primary residence was the palace on the Neva, which was so large that his brother Grand Duke Sergei, who lived with him, used a bicycle to go from one side to the other. Between his two residences in the capital region, he employed more than 400 servants.

paragraph: Nicholas Mikhailovich was initially on good terms with Nicholas II, both when he was heir to the crown and later as an emperor. However, the Grand Duke's liberal political views placed him at odds with Empress Alexandra, who regarded him as her personal enemy. A pessimistic man, Grand Duke Nicholas became increasingly worried about the political situation, especially after the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and the subsequent unrest. He wrote to Tolstoy, with whom he had carried on a friendly correspondence, on 1 October 1905: "I suffer all the more from my silence because every one of the government's flaws is so blindingly clear to me and I see no remedy except in a radical change from everything that now exists. But my aged father is still alive and, out of respect for him, I must be careful not to offend him by my views or my behavior."

paragraph: Section::::War and revolution.

paragraph: At the outbreak of World War I, Nicholas Mikhailovich joined the war effort with the formal title of aide-de-camp general, which was an honorific post. He had not been in active service for a decade and was not given a field command. Instead, he was sent to the southwest front facing the armies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Stationed in Kiev in August 1914, he moved later to Rovno. He did not interfere with military matters but was assigned to make visits to hospitals. Within just a few days, at the end of August 1914, 6,000 wounded soldiers passed through Rovno alone. Nicholas was horrified by the slaughter "I have seen such suffering, such abnegation", he wrote, "that my heart has stopped, suffocated by the horrible spectacle of human suffering". His work with the army had a profound impact. "The suffering of the injured tears my heart," he wrote. Daily he visited the hospitals and "the masses of wounded". He remained in this position until his hospital visits became less necessary in 1915. However, this experience left him embittered: "there is every reason to become socialist after these massacres", he said. After the terrible Russian defeat in East Prussia in the Battle of Tannenberg, the Grande Duke prophetically wrote "in all Russian military disasters comes a gigantic uprising, which would bring to an end many monarchies and the triumph of international socialism".

paragraph: During the war, his opinions in military matters were in the antipodes of his cousin Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich, who was commander in chief of the Russian armies between 1914 and 1915. Nicholas Mikhailovich disliked his cousin from their youth when they were rivals in their military careers. He was a pacifist and was against the war in a time of uppermost patriotism. He criticized his cousin's strategy and tactics, particularly the sacrificing of the Imperial guard and a large part of the regular army in the ill-fated advance on East Prussia. He foresaw that Russia would not win the war with only half-trained reservists and draftees.

paragraph: Worried with what was happening in the Russian government, the grand duke sent a letter to Nicholas II begging him to deprive Empress Alexandra of power and a sixteen-page tract on the misdeeds of the prime minister, Stürmer. Horrified by the actions of the Government at this time, he publicly lambasted their actions. So much so that by the end of 1916 Nicholas II finally lost his patience with him and exiled Nicholas Mikhailovich to his rural estates. The grand duke did not return to Petrograd until he freed himself from exile after the fall of the monarchy. He had little faith in the provisional government, feeling that nothing short of a miracle could save Russia. After the October Revolution he was initially undisturbed by the Bolsheviks. He remained in Petrograd thinking, as many did at the time, that they would not last in power. He hesitated about escaping from Finland to Denmark, where his niece was queen. This would ultimately cost him his life. In January 1918, the Bolsheviks occupied his palace. He was initially allowed to continue living in his own apartments at the palace, but soon after he was expelled.

paragraph: Section::::Captivity.

paragraph: The following month all members of the Romanov family still living in Petrograd were ordered to register with the dreaded Cheka, the Soviet secret police. It was then decided that they would be sent to internal Russian exile. Nicholas Mikhailovich was sent to Vologda. On 30 March 1918, the grand duke departed by train to his destiny in the company of his personal cook and his close friend and assistant Brummer, who had insisted on going with him in spite of the Grand Duke's protestations. The following day they arrived at Vologda. Nicholas Mikhailovich and Brummer were lodged with a young couple in a two-room house.

paragraph: Initially he could move freely around town. His brother George and his cousin Grand Duke Dimitri Konstantinovich had also been exiled to Vologda and they visited each other frequently. Allowed to do as he pleased so long as he remained within the city limits, the grand duke occupied his time reading.

paragraph: On the morning of 14 July, two days before the murder of Nicholas II and his family, a car with four heavily armed men arrived and collected the Grand Dukes from their lodgings. They were arrested and interned in a small, walled village prison where they could be more easily guarded. Brummer was not allowed to accompany them.

paragraph: Nicholas Mikhailovich's cell was a large room with windows that looked out onto the courtyard. He had a camp bed that he had brought with him. He was treated well by his jailors. The French government tried to intercede on his behalf as a member of the French Academy. Brummer, his faithful assistant, tried also to gain the grand duke's release, but he could only visit him in prison. On 20 July, Brummer informed the prisoners of Nicholas II's assassination. This seemed to indicate the worst. The following day, 21 July, all of the exiled grand dukes in Vologda were transferred back to Petrograd. In the former Imperial capital, the men were quickly imprisoned with six other detainees in a cell at Cheka Headquarters.

paragraph: Upon arrival, the grand dukes were questioned at length by Moisei Uritsky, the Chairman of the Petrograd Cheka. The prisoners were photographed and then moved to the Kresty prison. Shortly thereafter, they were transferred to Shpalernaya prison, where they would remain for most of their incarceration. Here each had his own private cell, if only seven feet long and three feet wide. Their only furniture was a hard iron bed. The grand dukes were permitted to exercise a half-hour to forty-five minutes twice a day, although the personal contact allowed in Vologda was denied them here at first. Their wardens, all of whom were soldiers, treated them well. After several days, the prisoners were allowed to gather in the courtyard and were permitted some provisions from the outside such as fresh linens and cigarettes. Their day began at 7:00 am when they were awakened by the steps in the hall of their jailors and the clank of their keys in the door. Lunch was served at noon, which consisted of dirty hot water with a few fish bones in it and black bread. The lights were turned on in the cells at 7:00 pm, although as the winter approached the prisoners had to sit in darkness until that time. The meetings of the Grand Dukes during exercise gave them opportunity to exchange a few words.

paragraph: Brummer, Nicholas’ faithful adjutant, followed Nicholas Mikhailovich to Petrograd and visited him at Shpalernaya prison. The secretary of the French embassy was also concerned with his well being. Some of the grand dukes' relatives made frantic efforts to obtain their release through Maxim Gorky who was sympathetic and asked Lenin to set them free. Gorky ultimately obtained Lenin's signature for the grand duke's release. He rushed to return to Petrograd to have them freed. On the platform however, he picked up a newspaper whose headline rang out, "Romanovs Shot!". Brummer, who had heard rumors that the grand dukes had been condemned to death, only learned the tale of the grand duke's murder years later. In exile in Paris, he encountered the grand duke's bailiff who told him what had happened.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: At 11:30 pm on the night of 27–28 January 1919, guards awoke Nicholas Mikhailovich, his brother George and his cousin Dimitri in their cells at Shpalernaya prison, telling them they were to be moved and had to pack their belongings. They initially assumed that they were going to be transported to Moscow. Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich even thought that they might be set free, but his brother assumed that they were heading to another place to be shot. They had an ominous hint of what was going to happen to them when at the time of departure they were told to leave their luggage.

paragraph: The grand dukes were taken outside and loaded into a truck that already held four common criminals and six Red Guardsmen. At 1:20 am on 28 January, they left the prison. They drove towards the river by the Field of Mars, where the truck stalled. While the driver was trying to restart it, one of the convicts tried to run and was shot in the back as he fled. The truck eventually began running again, and they drove to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The prisoners were roughly pushed from the truck into the Trubetskoy bastion. They were told to remove their shirts and coats, despite the fact that it was almost -20 °C. By then they had no doubt about what was about to occur and the grand dukes embraced each other for the last time.

paragraph: Different soldiers appeared carrying another person, whom the grand dukes finally recognized as their cousin Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich. They were then each escorted arm in arm with a soldier on each side towards a trench that had been dug in the courtyard. As they passed the cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul where their ancestors were buried, the grand dukes crossed themselves. The prisoners were lined up before the ditch, in which there were already thirteen bodies. Nicholas Mikhailovich, who had been carrying his cat, handed it to a soldier, asking him to look after it. All of the grand dukes faced death with the greatest courage. George and Dimitri prayed quietly. Grand Duke Paul, who was very sick, was shot on a stretcher. Grand Dukes Nicholas, George and Dimitri were killed by the same blast. The fusillade of shots sent them reeling into the ditch.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia, "Once a Grand Duke", Cassell, London, 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chavchavadze, David, "The Grand Dukes", Atlantic, 1989,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cockfield, Jamie H. "White Crow: The Life and Times of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov, 1859-1919". Praeger, 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- George, Grand Duchess of Russia, "A Romanov Diary", Atlantic International Publications, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall, Coryne, "Little mother of Russia", Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King, Greg, Wilson, Penny, "Gilded Prism", Eurohistory, 2006,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Troyat, Henri, "Tolstoy ",Doubleday, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeepvat, Charlotte, "The Camera and the Tsars", Sutton Publishing, 2004, .

description: Russian noble


text: Salvadoran

text: football

text: referee

text: FIFA

text: 2007 FIFA Under-20 World Cup

text: Canada

text: United States

text: South Korea

text: New Zealand

text: Gambia

text: Austria

text: Chile

text: 2010 FIFA World Cup

text: 2011 CONCACAF Champions League Final

text: Rayados de Monterrey

text: Real Salt Lake

text: Monterrey, Mexico

text: 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: the Final

text: Rose Bowl Stadium

text: Pasadena, California

text: 2014 World Cup

text: Brazil

text: 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: CONCACAF

text: 2015 Male Referee of the Year

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup

text: Salvadoran League finals

text: Friendlies

text: 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup

text: 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup

text: 2007 North American SuperLiga

text: 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: 2010 FIFA World Cup

text: 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: Final

text: 2011 CONCACAF Champions League Final

text: 2011 FIFA Club World Cup

text: 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup

text: 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: Final

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup

text: 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: Final

text: 2015 CONCACAF Cup

text: 2016 Copa América Centenario

text: 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup

text: List of football referees

text: List of FIFA international referees

text: FIFA profile

text: Soccerway profile

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup Officials

categories: Salvadoran football referees,2010 FIFA World Cup referees,Copa América referees,CONCACAF Champions League referees,1975 births,CONCACAF Gold Cup referees,2014 FIFA World Cup referees,Living people

paragraph: Joel Aguilar

paragraph: Joel Antonio Aguilar Chicas (born July 2, 1975) is a Salvadoran football referee. He has been a FIFA listed international referee since 2002.

paragraph: Aguilar was selected as a referee for the 2007 FIFA Under-20 World Cup in Canada, where he refereed the matches between the United States and South Korea on June 30, 2007, New Zealand and Gambia on July 5, 2007, and Austria and Chile on July 8, 2007. Aguilar was selected as a reserve official for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Therefore, he did not officiate in any matches during the tournament except as a 4th official.

paragraph: Aguilar was selected as a referee for the first leg of the 2011 CONCACAF Champions League Final, contested by Rayados de Monterrey and Real Salt Lake in Monterrey, Mexico. Also in 2011, he was selected for the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup including the Final at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California. On January 14, 2014, the FIFA Referees Committee appointed Aguilar as one of the referees to officiate at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. He was once again selected to referee matches at the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup, and for the third Gold Cup in a row, he was selected to referee the final match. On January 22, 2016, he was named CONCACAF 2015 Male Referee of the Year.

paragraph: Aguilar was named as one of the match referees for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

paragraph: Aguilar has officiated in various international tournaments at both the club and international level, such as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11 Salvadoran League finals

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Friendlies

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 North American SuperLiga

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 FIFA World Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup (including the Final)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 CONCACAF Champions League Final

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 FIFA Club World Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup (including the Final)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 FIFA World Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup (including the Final)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 CONCACAF Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Copa América Centenario

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 FIFA World Cup

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of football referees

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of FIFA international referees

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIFA profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soccerway profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 FIFA World Cup Officials

description: Salvadoran football referee

wikidata_label: Joel Aguilar

wikipedia_title: Joel Aguilar


text: American

text: prelate

text: Catholic Church

text: Bishop of Rochester

text: Bishop of Burlington

text: Providence, Rhode Island

text: La Salle Academy

text: bachelor's degree in philosophy

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: James Hickey

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome

text: Licentiate of Sacred Theology

text: Doctorate in Canon Law

text: pastor

text: Johnston

text: professor

text: alma mater

text: Diocesan

text: Chancellor

text: graduate studies

text: Vicar

text: secretary

text: American

text: nuncio

text: Agostino Cacciavillan

text: Vicar General

text: Moderator of the Curia

text: pastoral

text: Lecturer

text: Undergraduate

text: Theology

text: Providence College

text: Archbishop Gabriel Montalvo Higuera

text: Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

text: Protonotary Apostolic

text: Coadjutor Bishop

text: Burlington

text: Vermont

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Seán Patrick O'Malley

text: OFM Cap

text: Kenneth Angell

text: co-consecrators

text: Bishop of Burlington

text: Board of Trustees

text: St. John's Seminary

text: Brighton

text: Massachusetts

text: Burlington

text: clerical abuse affairs

text: Matthew H. Clark

text: Diocese of Rochester, NY

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: Religious leaders from New York (state),Living people,American Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester,Providence College faculty,Clergy from Providence, Rhode Island,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1946 births,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,Roman Catholic bishops of Burlington,Religious leaders from Rhode Island,Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence

paragraph: Salvatore Ronald Matano

paragraph: Salvatore Ronald Matano (born September 15, 1946) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church serving as the Bishop of Rochester. He previously served as Bishop of Burlington.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Salvatore Matano was born in Providence, Rhode Island to Salvatore and Mary (née Santaniello) Matano. After attending La Salle Academy and Our Lady of Providence Seminary College, where he obtained his bachelor's degree in philosophy, he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop James Hickey on December 17, 1971, in St. Peter's Basilica. From the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Matano earned his Licentiate of Sacred Theology (1972) and Doctorate in Canon Law (1983).

paragraph: He served as assistant pastor in Johnston (1972–1973) and a professor at his "alma mater" of Our Lady of Providence Seminary College (1972–77) before becoming Diocesan Director of Priests' Personnel in 1977. Matano was diocesan assistant Chancellor in 1980. He pursued his graduate studies in Rome until 1983. Upon his return, he served as Vicar for Administration and Co-Chancellor until 1991, when he was made secretary to the American nuncio, Archbishop Agostino Cacciavillan.

paragraph: Matano was Providence's Vicar General and Moderator of the Curia from 1992 to 1997, when he returned to pastoral work, serving as a parish priest until 2000 at St. Sebastian's Church in Providence, RI. From 1995 to 2000, he served as a Special Lecturer in the Undergraduate and Graduate Departments of Theology at Providence College. In January 2000, Matano returned to his service in the American nunciature as secretary to the Nuncio, Archbishop Gabriel Montalvo Higuera. He was raised to the rank of Honorary Prelate of His Holiness in 1985 and Protonotary Apostolic in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Burlington.

paragraph: On March 3, 2005, Matano was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Burlington, Vermont, by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following April 19 from Archbishop Montalvo Higuera, with Archbishop Seán Patrick O'Malley, OFM Cap, and Bishop Kenneth Angell serving as co-consecrators. Matano later succeeded Angell as the ninth Bishop of Burlington on November 9 of that same year. Matano currently sits on the Board of Trustees of St. John's Seminary in Brighton, Massachusetts.

paragraph: In December 2008, he attended a trial in the city of Burlington in order to hear about unresolved clerical abuse affairs that occurred within the diocese in the 1970s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Rochester.

paragraph: On November 6, 2013, he was named to succeed Bishop Matthew H. Clark as bishop of the Diocese of Rochester, NY. His installation took place on January 3, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester Official Site

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Salvatore Ronald Matano

wikipedia_title: Salvatore Ronald Matano


text: PC

text: Conservative Party

text: Essex

text: City of London

text: Bank of England

text: Deputy Governor

text: Governor

text: St Alban's Church, Holborn

text: JP

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Canon Nathaniel Woodard's

text: Woodard Schools

text: Buckingham

text: 1859 general election

text: 1868 general election

text: House of Commons

text: 1874 general election

text: City of London

text: Baron Addington

text: Addington

text: Privy Counsellor

text: William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier

text: Egerton Hubbard, 2nd Baron Addington

text: Evelyn Hubbard

text: Radley College

text: Montagu Norman

text: Governor of the Bank of England

text: Trevor, George

categories: Members of Parliament of the United Kingdom for the City of London,UK MPs 1880–1885,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,1805 births,1889 deaths,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1859–1865,UK MPs 1885–1886,UK MPs 1865–1868,Deputy Governors of the Bank of England,Deputy Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire,UK MPs 1874–1880,UK MPs 1886–1892,Governors of the Bank of England,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

paragraph: John Hubbard, 1st Baron Addington

paragraph: John Gellibrand Hubbard, 1st Baron Addington PC (21 March 1805 – 28 August 1889) was a City of London financier and a Conservative Party politician.

paragraph: Hubbard was born at Stratford Grove, Essex, the son of John Hubbard and his wife Marianne Morgan. He was a merchant in the City of London being head of the firm 'J. Hubbard & Co.', Russian Merchants.

paragraph: He was by profession a banker, his family had a business in St Petersburg, which was not strictly commercial, but had an operation in London. It was enough for him to become a director of Guardian Fire and Life Assurance Co. In 1838 he joined the elite as a director of the Bank of England, later rising to become successively Deputy Governor and then Governor.

paragraph: Convinced capital and income should be treated differently he lobbied parliament to recognise the legal treatment of income tax on earned income only, which was eventually achieved in 1907. He was of Chairman of the Public Works and Exchequer Loan Committee between 1853 and 1875.

paragraph: Hubbard was deeply interested in religion and the High Church in the Puseyite tradition, yet he rejected ritualism. In 1863 he built and endowed St Alban's Church, Holborn where he was also churchwarden. Father Mackonochie, an Irish priest, used a Catholic ritual not to his liking which prompted a stiff letter to the Bishop of London in 1868.

paragraph: Hubbard was a JP and Deputy Lieutenant for Buckinghamshire and the City of London. In his lifetime Hubbard was active in funding Canon Nathaniel Woodard's national network of Woodard Schools.

paragraph: Hubbard was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham at the 1859 general election. He was re-elected in 1865 but when Buckingham's representation was reduced to one MP at the 1868 general election he was defeated. He returned to the House of Commons at the 1874 general election when he was elected as one of the four MPs for the City of London, and held the seat until he was created 1st Baron Addington, of Addington, Buckinghamshire on 22 July 1887. He was invested as a Privy Counsellor in 1874.

paragraph: Hubbard died at Addington Manor, Buckinghamshire at the age of 84.

paragraph: Hubbard married Hon. Maria Margaret Napier, daughter of Captain William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier of Merchistoun and Eliza Cochrane-Johnstone, on 19 May 1837, and they had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Alice Eliza Hubbard (1841–1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egerton Hubbard, 2nd Baron Addington (1842–1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Lucy Marian Hubbard (1845–1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Cecil John Hubbard (1846–1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Arthur Gellibrand Hubbard (1848–1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Rose Ellen Hubbard (1851–1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Evelyn Hubbard (1852–1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Clemency Hubbard (1856–1940)

paragraph: His three sons, Egerton, Cecil John, and Evelyn were educated at Radley College. Hubbard played a decisive role in rescuing the school's finances when they collapsed in 1860. He effectively refounded the school using his acumen to raise the fees, boost numbers, and fund the debts. In the same year that he was elevated to the peerage, the school paid the last installment. Baron Addington was a friend of Montagu Norman, a Governor of the Bank of England, who also had a strong connection to the school.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Trevor, George, (1866)

description: British financier and politician

wikidata_label: John Hubbard, 1st Baron Addington

wikipedia_title: John Hubbard, 1st Baron Addington


text: hajduk

text: Herzegovina

text: Dalmatia

text: Piva

text: Ottoman Empire

text: brigand

text: Republic of Venice

text: Venetian Dalmatia

text: Trebinje

text: Bay of Kotor

text: renewed conflict

text: Scutari

text: Serbian epic poetry

text: Montenegro

text: Ottoman

text: Sanjak of Herzegovina

text: Plužine

text: Plužine

text: Ruđić

text: protect children from evil

text: Ruđić

text: Tadić

text: kula

text: Vuk Karadžić

text: hajduk

text: Drobnjaci

text: Morača

text: Kazanci

text: Pasha

text: Gacko

text: devshirme

text: Constantinople

text: Travnik

text: Agha

text: whip

text: decapitated

text: Montenegrin Highland tribes

text: Republic of Venice

text: Dalmatia

text: Serbian Orthodox

text: metropolitan

text: Vasilije (Basil) Jovanović

text: Trebinje

text: Nikšić

text: Cavtat

text: Republic of Ragusa

text: Bey

text: Novi

text: Rijeka Dubrovačka

text: Morača

text: Kolašin

text: Grbalj

text: Perast

text: Bay of Kotor

text: Gacko

text: Popovo

text: Romanija

text: Kolašin

text: Republic of Ragusa

text: Vukosav Puhalović

text: Doge of Venice

text: Sohrab Mehmed Pasha

text: Grdijevići

text: Koločep

text: Venice

text: provveditore

text: Venetian Dalmatia

text: Mosko

text: Banjani

text: groschen

text: Šipan

text: Nevesinje

text: Počitelj

text: Jevto Dedijer

text: Korjenići

text: Mostar

text: Slivlja

text: Klis

text: Priuli

text: Grujica Žeravica

text: Vukosav Puhalović

text: Kotor

text: Ravni Kotari

text: Risan

text: Paštrovići

text: Grbalj

text: Antonio Barbaro

text: Istria

text: Uskok War

text: Buzet

text: Pula

text: malaria

text: Ližnjan

text: Premantura

text: Peroj

text: Senj

text: Uskoks

text: Habsburg Monarchy

text: Karlovac

text: Klis

text: Stojan Janković

text: Suhovare

text: Battle of Vienna

text: Kninska Krajina

text: provveditore

text: Kula Atlagića

text: Šibenik

text: Klis

text: Lorenzo Donà

text: Herceg Novi

text: Livno

text: sequins

text: commissary

text: Republic of Ragusa

text: Zupci

text: Glavska

text: Cavtat

text: Trebinje

text: Montenegrin

text: Morlachs

text: Cetinje

text: Vrtijeljka

text: Primorci

text: Grbalj

text: Morača

text: war flag

text: Mehmed IV

text: war trophy

text: seraglio

text: pasha

text: palisade

text: Vlah Church

text: Herceg Novi

text: Petar II Petrović-Njegoš

text: eulogy

text: The Mountain Wreath

text: Ilarion Ruvarac

text: Bajovo Polje

text: Yugoslav Partisan

text: KMF Bajo Pivljanin

text: slava

text: Šumadija

text: Ljuljaci

text: Takovo

text: St. George

text: Vuk Karadžić

text: Nevesinje

text: Vasojevići

text: Novi

text: Korita

text: Hadžija

wikipedia_title:
Hajduk
Herzegovina
Dalmatia
Piva (tribe)
Ottoman Empire
Brigandage
Republic of Venice
Venetian Dalmatia
Trebinje
Bay of Kotor
Morean War
Sanjak of Scutari
Serbian epic poetry
Montenegro
Ottoman Empire
Sanjak of Herzegovina
Plužine
Plužine
Ruđić
Apotropaic magic
Ruđić
Tadić
Tower houses in the Balkans
Vuk Karadžić
Hajduk
Drobnjaci
Morača (tribe)
Kazanci
Pasha
Gacko
Devshirme
Istanbul
Travnik
Agha (title)
Whip
Decapitation
Tribes of Montenegro
Republic of Venice
Dalmatia
Serbian Orthodox Church
Metropolitan bishop
Basil of Ostrog
Trebinje
Nikšić
Cavtat
Republic of Ragusa
Bey
Herceg Novi
Rijeka Dubrovačka
Morača
Kolašin
Grbalj
Perast
Bay of Kotor
Gacko
Popovo field
Romanija
Kolašin
Republic of Ragusa
Vukosav Puhalović
Doge of Venice
Sohrab Mehmed Pasha
Grdijevići
Koločep
Venice
Provveditore
Venetian Dalmatia
Mosko
Banjani
Groschen
Šipan
Nevesinje
Počitelj, Čapljina
Jevto Dedijer
Korjenići
Mostar
Slivlja
Klis
Priuli
Grujica Žeravica
Vukosav Puhalović
Kotor
Ravni Kotari
Risan
Paštrovići
Grbalj
Antonio Barbaro
Istria
Uskok War
Buzet
Pula
Malaria
Ližnjan
Premantura
Peroj
Senj
Uskoks
Habsburg Monarchy
Karlovac
Klis
Stojan Janković
Suhovare
Battle of Vienna
Kninska Krajina
Provveditore
Kula Atlagića
Šibenik
Klis
Lorenzo Donà
Herceg Novi
Livno
Sequin (coin)
Commissary
Republic of Ragusa
Zupci
Glavska
Cavtat
Trebinje
Süleyman, sanjak-bey of Scutari
Old Montenegro
Morlachs (Venetian irregulars)
Cetinje
Vrtijeljka
Montenegrin Littoral
Grbalj
Morača
War flag
Mehmed IV
War trophy
Seraglio
Pasha
Palisade
Vlah Church
Herceg Novi
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
Eulogy
The Mountain Wreath
Ilarion Ruvarac
Bajovo Polje
Yugoslav Partisans
KMF Bajo Pivljanin
Slava
Šumadija
Ljuljaci
Takovo
Saint George
Vuk Karadžić
Nevesinje
Vasojevići
Herceg Novi
Korita, Bileća
Hajj

categories: Venetian Slavs,Serbian military leaders,Cretan War (1645–1669),Characters in Serbian epic poetry,Venetian period in the history of Croatia,17th-century births,Republic of Venice military personnel,Serbs of the Ottoman Empire,Serbs of Montenegro,Republic of Venice military personnel killed in action,1685 deaths,17th-century Serbian people,Venetian period in the history of Montenegro,Hajduks

paragraph: Bajo Pivljanin

paragraph: Bajo Pivljanin ( – 7 May 1685) was a "hajduk" commander mostly active in the Ottoman territories of Herzegovina and southern Dalmatia. Born in Piva, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire, he was an oxen trader who allegedly left his village after experiencing Ottoman injustice. Mentioned in 1654 as a brigand during the Venetian–Ottoman war, he entered the service of the Republic of Venice in 1656. The hajduks were used to protect Venetian Dalmatia. He remained a low-rank "hajduk" for the following decade, participating in some notable operations such as the raid on Trebinje. Between 1665 and 1668 he quickly rose through the ranks to the level of "harambaša" ("bandit leader"). After the war, which ended unfavourably for the Venetians, the hajduks were moved out of their haven in the Bay of Kotor under Ottoman pressure. Between 1671 and 1684 Pivljanin, along with other hajduks and their families, were refugees in Dalmatia. Upon renewed conflict, he was returned to the Bay of Kotor and placed in charge of defending the frontier; in 1685 he and his band fell in battle against the advancing Ottoman governor of Scutari. Regarded as one of the most distinguished hajduks of his time, he is praised in Serbian epic poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dragojlo Nikolić, nicknamed Bajo Pivljanin, was born around 1630 in Piva (modern-day northwestern Montenegro), at that time part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina. According to oral tradition he was born in the village of Rudinice (in Plužine), while there are two versions as to which family he belonged. According to one tradition, found in Kosta Radović's novel "Vrtijeljka" (1922), he was born in the village of Rudinice (now in Plužine) in Piva to his father Nikola and his mother Ruža, of the Ruđić brotherhood. Radović claims that he was born on 22 May 1622, while it is estimated that he was born in 1630. His godfather, the monk Ivanović, named him "Dragojlo", while the nickname "Bajo" (derived from "baja", "snake", a common nickname in Piva which was thought to protect children from evil) was given to him by his grandfather Simo. This version was also mentioned by Blagojević, who stated that Bajo Pivljanin belonged to the Nikolić family in Gornje Rudinice, descending from the old brotherhood of Ruđić. The Ruđić brotherhood from Rudinice, which later dispersed elsewhere, is one of two family trees in Piva from which many Pivan families descend.

paragraph: According to the priest Toma Lješević (1897), Bajo was the son of Jovan Ivanović and a mother of the Tadić brotherhood; belonging to the Ivanović brotherhood in Donje Rudinice, in a place named after them. This family, as many other families in Piva, either left or was absorbed by other families. In the Ivanovići hamlet of Donje Rudinice, there was a "kula" (tower house) belonging to Pivljanin; this tower house, and the village church, were later destroyed by the Ottomans after his operations became well known. Pivljanin was an oxen trader, a common occupation in the 17th and 18th centuries,

paragraph: and often exported through Risan market, becoming quite wealthy.

paragraph: According to the epic poem "Sa šta Pivljanin Bajo ode u uskoke" collected by Vuk Karadžić, written in the form of a confessional monologue of Pivljanin, he left Piva and became a "hajduk" (bandit) after he murdered Asan-aga Kopčić, an Ottoman leader in Drobnjaci who had assaulted him. With Limo "Limun" Srdanović from Drobnjaci, another trader whom he met at the start of the Cretan war, he led a band of 30 hajduks.

paragraph: Folk tradition has it that Bajo first left Piva for Drobnjaci, and eventually Drobnjaci for Morača. Bajo was originally engaged to Milica, daughter of a local knez Bogdan Papović from Kazanci. Bogdan was, however, pressured by the recently appointed Pasha of Gacko to hand his daughter to him. Pasha, originally Tepavčević, was taken through devshirme, islamized, educated and served in Constantinople and Travnik. They arranged for a meeting on which Milica was supposed to break the engagement, and choose Pasha instead of Bajo. Bajo, who prepared himself for a wedding, came to the meeting, and after questioning the girl about her choice, asked for his ring back. Milica handed it to him, at which moment Bajo killed her as well as Pasha and two of his bodyguards. Knez Bogdan took shelter in his house, which Bajo burned, together with a mosque Pasha erected not long ago, killing with his kinsmen and grooms all the Ottomans who served the Pasha in the process. This action forced him to abandon his tribe, losing all his wealth, and relocate to Drobnjaci, where he planned to lay low for a certain amount of time. There, he presented himself as Spasoje Sokolović, and found a job as an employee of Knez Tomić. Since it was the mowing part of the year, Hasan-Aga Kopčić ordered all of the local knez's to send him their workforces to Bukovica. Bajo was among these people, and he broke his mowing blade one day while working. Taking a break to fix it, he enraged the Agha, who started hitting him with a whip. Bajo then decapitated him with his fixed blade, took his horse and weapons and ran to Morača, which at the time was hajduk's nest and the most defiant of all the Montenegrin Highland tribes towards Ottomans. Bajo lived in Morača for several years, his exploits from this period (like the killing of Hafiz-bey, saving his sister Jela from Muslim marauders and protecting his cousin Sekula from wealthy and vain Pejović family) are preserved in collective memory of the population of North Montenegro. Morača was razed by the Ottomans sometime in the late 1640s, after which Bajo took shelter in Venetian controlled territories.

paragraph: Section::::Cretan War.

paragraph: The hajduks, who were Ottoman subjects, were recruited by the Republic of Venice as guerilla forces to co-operate in the defence of the Venetian–Ottoman frontier in Dalmatia during the Cretan War (1645–69). They crossed into Venetian territory from which they conducted raids into Ottoman-controlled lands.

paragraph: Pivljanin was first mentioned in 1654 as one of 1,500 hajduks operating from Venetian territory. During the Cretan War he mostly fought in the southern parts of Dalmatia and Herzegovina, where the population was predominantly anti-Ottoman. Pivljanin was a close friend and favourite of Serbian Orthodox metropolitan (bishop) Vasilije (Basil) Jovanović during the war. He is believed to have begun organizing his own band in ; according to an epic poem, Pivljanin, Cvjetko Vlastelinović and Đurko Kapetanović established a band which operated in Herzegovina.

paragraph: The hajduk bands carried out one of their most successful operations in Herzegovina in March 1655, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying away considerable loot. This raid was commanded by Terzić from Nikšić, and left Herzegovina through Cavtat (part of the Republic of Ragusa). The raids led to conflict between Ragusa and the Beys of Novi led by Omer-beg Begzadić, whose villages had suffered the most. In February 1656 the hajduk bands broke through Rijeka Dubrovačka into Herzegovina and returned with more loot. In the same year, Pivljanin began to work for the Venetians. After their defeat at Morača in 1649, and the building of the Kolašin fortress (1647–51) by the Ottomans, the Venetians brought offensive operations to a halt. From 1655 to 1657, the Ottomans made several attacks on the Venetian territory around Grbalj. The main hajduk centre became Perast in the Bay of Kotor, which they used as base to raid Ottoman territory. By 1658, the hajduks had mastered Herzegovina to the extent that they "forced taxes on all villages towards Gacko". Taxes were collected by groups of 10–12 hajduks, while disobedience was punished. Pivljanin and his hajduks also operated in Popovo and Romanija. Refugees from Ottoman Herzegovina were gladly accepted into the Republic of Venice. According to the historian Ljubo Mihić, the most distinguished of the hajduks in this period were Pivljanin and Stevo Popović.

paragraph: Pivljanin rose quickly in the hajduk ranks; in 1664 and 1665 he was mentioned simply as "Bajo hajduk" in Ragusan documents, but by 1666 he was referred to as a "buljubaša" (captain), and by 1668 as a "viši (higher) harambaša" (bandit leader).

paragraph: Pivljanin's tactics included quick raids and destroying bridges as he retreated. For example, the stone bridge on the Tara in Šiplje was destroyed after his band had raided Kolašin. In 1664, Pivljanin is mentioned as a hajduk commander active in the Republic of Ragusa. At the beginning of August 1664, hajduk leaders Stevo and Nikola Popović, Vukosav Puhalović, Pivljanin, Dijete, Čauš, and others, destroyed a merchant caravan on the border with Ragusa, and took 150 cargoes of very expensive goods; Armenian merchants, to whom the goods belonged, complained to the Doge of Venice. The Venetian government warned the hajduks against further provocations of the Ottomans, fearing new attacks from Sohrab Mehmed Pasha, the sanjak-bey of Herzegovina. In ca. 1665, Pivljanin suffered a great defeat by the Ottomans at the village of Grdijevići, losing most of his band and being forced to leave his home region. One hundred and fifty years later, rebels on the Tara used this event, among others, as justification for a revolt. At the beginning of May 1666, Pivljanin raided a Ragusan ship off the coast of Koločep that was bound for Venice with merchandise, unloading eight wagons of wax and freeing captured merchants, among whom were four Turks, in return for a high payment and a written statement that the wax and money had been given to him voluntarily. The Ragusans claimed that at the time of the raid, Pivljanin had shouted that the "provveditore" (district governor) of Venetian Dalmatia had given him the order to take all that he came across, both on the sea and the land. Five days later, Pivljanin raided a large and unusually rich caravan carrying Venetian merchandise through Ottoman territory. In September 1666, Pivljanin and Mato Njegošević attacked an Ottoman caravan in Mosko then retreated to Banjani.

paragraph: On 25 March 1669, Pivljanin, living in Stoliv (near Kotor), was recorded in Kotor as having acknowledged a debt of 62.5 "real" (40 "groschen" being 1 "real") to Gierolamo Cazalieri. In early April 1669 Pivljanin and Puhalović raised and looted in Herzegovina, and retreated towards Šipan. According to legend, he burnt down a mosque in Nevesinje, and another one in Počitelj. There are accounts recorded by the anthropologist Jevto Dedijer that several Muslim families left their homes after cruel treatment by Pivljanin; the Šehović left Korjenići and moved to south Herzegovina after he and Limun burnt down their house; the Kajtaz and Rorić left Nevesinje and moved to Mostar, and a large number of the families of Slivlja left their homes. The war ended with Ottoman victory in 1669, with Venice being forced to relinquish all of the territory taken over by the uskoks and hajduks during the war, with only Klis becoming a new Venetian possession. The Venetian–Ottoman border delineation act was signed on 30 October 1671.

paragraph: Section::::Inter-war period.

paragraph: After the war, the southeastern Venetian possessions (the Bay of Kotor) were destituted. War, hunger and frequent epidemics had decreased the population. As soon as the peace had been signed, the uskoks and hajduks became a nuisance to Venice; up until then frontiersmen defending Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor from Ottoman invasion, they were now a potential cause to new conflicts with the Ottomans, which Venice wanted to avoid. The hajduks were accustomed to living on war booty, thus they had a hard time coping with peacetime. The "provveditore generale" Antonio Priuli, who was very favourable towards the frontiersmen, called uskok and hajduk leaders to Zadar to discuss ways to "create conditions for a normal life".

paragraph: In December 1669 Antonio Priuli brought from Perast to Venice hajduk leaders including Bajo Pivljanin, Grujica Žeravica, Vukosav Puhalović and "buljubaša" Milošević. Earlier, in June, the Venetian "provveditore" issued the termination of duty of the "chiefs that protect the Kotor area", the first three mentioned, and had them included in the list of soldiers having the right of pay and bread. Pivljanin's bravery and sacrifice to the Republic of Venice is especially outlined. The four leaders asked the Doge if the hajduks could be granted Vrana in Ravni Kotari or Risan in the Bay of Kotor as a district for them to settle, and benefits already given to Paštrovići, Grbalj and Perast, due, among other issues, to the fact that "the number of hajduks that fled to the Perast area in 1654 had risen to 1,500, of whom 500 were militarily able, and now, in peacetime, their livelihood was under threat". The issue was finally settled after several months with the arrival of Antonio Barbaro as the new "generale provveditore".

paragraph: In 1670, Barbaro decided that the hajduks would be permitted to settle in Risan and a number of neighbouring villages. Soon after the decision was made, the hajduks and frontier Ottomans came into conflict, resulting in many Ottoman casualties. The Ottoman government then demanded that the Venetian official ("bailo") in Constantinople remove the hajduks from Risan. The Venetian government decided to move the hajduks of the Bay of Kotor to Istria on the northern Adriatic coast. Colonisation began in May 1671, with the Venetian captain in charge of Istria being informed of the pending arrival of 1,300 hajduks. By the beginning of June 1671, all hajduks from Risan had been transported by sea to Istria. Istria had been depopulated by epidemics and the Uskok War (1615–18); and it therefore made sense to relocate the hajduks to eliminate the frontier clashes between the hajduks and Ottomans, which were disturbing the peace between Venice and the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians also wanted to repopulate Istria, so the Venetian Senate made the decision to resettle the hajduks there. Barbaro guaranteed the hajduks tax exemptions and appropriations, the appointment of four judges to mediate their disputes, and the allocation of livestock and agricultural tools. Apart from Puljština in southern Istria, the hajduks requested grants of land on the Buzet karst. Friction between the hajduks and Venetians was evident in the negotiations between the hajduk leaders and captain Lunardo Mercella; as a significant part of the promised benefits were not forthcoming, four hajduk representativesNikola Popović, "buljubaša" Milošević, Pivljanin and Petar Babićappealed directly to the Doge of Venice to confirm "Barbaro's chapters". Barbaro calmed the hajduks down by regulating their status. The Venetian government initially sought to disperse the hajduks across the Venetian–Ottoman frontier in order to prevent conflict with other Venetian subjects, but they were temporarily settled at Pula in Istria.

paragraph: In the summer of 1671 a malaria epidemic broke out, leading to additional complications. The epidemic was devastating to numerous hajduk families, the natives being more resistant to malaria; thus, part of the settlers moved to Ližnjan and Premantura, while others left to return to Dalmatia. Pivljanin and Njegošević lived in Premantura. In 1673, Pivljanin and his followers included 34 households, 18 of which lived in towns; 8 in Premantura ("Promontore"), 8 in Mutvoran ("Momorano") and one in Peroj ("Peroi"); his followers consisted of a total of 157 individuals, 89 adults and 68 minors, 75 males and 82 females.

paragraph: Financial aid and incentives did not deliver the expected results for the hajduks, as they did not wish to settle in the assigned lands. Conflicts ensued between the hajduks and local people in Puljština, with kidnappings, hajduk attacks on fishermen and boats, and also revenge killings. The hajduks were enraged, and could not cope with the Istrian climate. Many of them moved to Senj, where the Uskoks were still active. During this time, Pivljanin and Njegošević were the most active in moving hajduks into the Habsburg Monarchy, and they travelled to Karlovac to negotiate. Some hajduks independently returned to the Bay of Kotor, where the "provveditore" of Kotor put some on galleys, imprisoned some at Klis, and exiled some, after killing others using old convictions as a pretext. When "harambaša" Njegošević was persecuted, the hajduks again sent Pivljanin to Venice as their envoy. In his plea to the Doge of Venice, dated 27March 1673, Pivljanin asked that the persecution of hajduks cease, stating that they had all been pardoned by an amnesty issued by Barbaro. The request was partly met, and some hajduks were freed.

paragraph: Pivljanin, Jovo Sikimić, and Njegošević settled Zadar in 1674, where they "came into contact with Serb leaders of the [Ravni] kotari "uskoks" (rebels)", but many hajduks remained in Istria. During 1675 the issues in Istria decreased, and by the next year, as more hajduks left the area, there are no further records regarding hajduks in Istria. While in Zadar, Pivljanin befriended Stojan Janković, a veteran hajduk from Ravni Kotari, who had been active in Dalmatia during the Cretan War. On 17January 1675, Pivljanin's brother Dimitrije married Ana ("Anna Giacovichi", also called Anka and Janja), Stojan Janković's sister. In a letter to the Venetian government dated 3December 1675, Pivljanin offered to receive and hold the goods of Omer Mustafa Čehajić, which were part of a dispute with Vučić Kajić, and suggested Stojan Janković as a guarantor. On 5February 1676, the birth of Pivljanin's son Simeon by his wife Manda was registered in the Orthodox parish. According to the historian M.Jačov, Pivljanin's wife was another sister of Stojan Janković. The godmother of Pivljanin's son Simeon was Mato Njegošević's wife Ana. Dimitrije's baby son Nikola was baptized on 1October 1677. On 3 May 1680, "provveditore" G. Cornaro prohibited some Venetian subjects to cause damage to the meadow in Suhovare rented by Pivljanin from Turks. On 9 January 1680, Dimitrije's wife Ana fell and broke her neck, being 25 years old at the time of death.

paragraph: After the Ottoman failure at the Battle of Vienna (11–12 September 1683), the people of Ravni Kotari and Kninska Krajina assembled under the leadership of Stojan's brother Ilija Janković and attacked the Ottomans. Pivljanin and his brother joined the band. The Venetians, in order to avoid a war, recalled Stojan Janković to Venice in October, calming Ilija, who is described as very restless and unmanageable. Dalmatian "provveditore" Lorenzo Dona sent colonel Ivan Radoš to the hajduks to calm them down and return them home. Radoš informed Dona on 10 November 1683 that he had met with Pivljanin, Vid Kalinić and Andrija Gilim at Kula Atlagića, who asked him to forward their request of forgiveness to the "provveditore", then summoned Ilija Janković and Jovan Baljak. They all promised to follow Dona's command and stop hostility against Ottomans. When the hajduks calmed down by which time much of northern Dalmatia was in their handsthe Venetians returned Stojan to Ravni Kotari in December. In a letter dated 8December 1683, "provveditore" Dona forgave Pivljanin for desertion, and ordered his return in the list of cavalry bands which he had been part of, and gave him back wages for the intervening time.

paragraph: Venice entered into an alliance with Austria and declared war on the Ottomans in the spring of 1684. When hostilities began, Pivljanin was again in active Venetian service, finally returning to the Bay of Kotor.

paragraph: Section::::Morean War.

paragraph: Section::::Morean War.:Return to service.

paragraph: Between January and the end of April 1684, the Republic of Venice accepted 4,200 families as settlers on the Venetian–Ottoman frontier, including 20,000 warriors. The Venetians provided them with food and 1,800 rifles, and their leaders were given monthly pay. The families were settled in the territory of Zadar and Šibenik, and around Klis. Pivljanin and his brother Dimitrije served in the cavalry bands in Zadar until Antonio Zeno, the extraordinary "provveditore" of Kotor, requested that they be sent for service in the Bay of Kotor. This was approved by Lorenzo Donà, the "provveditore" of Dalmatia, on 12April 1684. In September 1684 Pivljanin was documented as having been with his band in Herceg Novi, and in October in the area of Livno. The Venetian Senate thanked Pivljanin and Jovan Sikimić for their victory at Jezero, and approved Zeno's decision to reward them medals and sequins, on 12October 1684. Marino Mikiel, a Venetian commissary, writing of the state of the Venetian cavalry in Dalmatia on 26January 1685, highlighted that Stojan Janković and Pivljanin received the wages of cavalry soldiers due to their merit and by grace of the state, without having to effectively serve as soldiers. In March 1685 Pivljanin informed the Venetian extraordinary "provveditore" about his band's operations in the territory of the Republic of Ragusa; his band numbered 130 fighters and had three "harambaša"s: Miho Kolumbara; Miloš Lepirić; and Božo Lučić. In February, they had captured a caravan with wheat in Zupci, stolen some cattle and burnt down the village of Glavska, attacked Cavtat and returned to Trebinje.

paragraph: Section::::Morean War.:Battle of Vrtijeljka.

paragraph: Süleyman, the Ottoman sanjak-bey of Scutari sent word to the Montenegrin people that, "due to their relations with Morlachs (Venetian irregular troops) and hajduks", he would exterminate them all. Historiography is divided as to whether the Montenegrins really betrayed the hajduks in the ensuing battle; some believe that in order to avoid retaliation, the Montenegrins promised the head of Pivljanin, then betrayed the hajduks on the battlefield. The Ottoman forces under Süleyman approached Cetinje, and the two forces met at the hill of Vrtijeljka on 7May 1685.

paragraph: The hajduk force consisted of fighters, including also Montenegrins, Mainjani and Primorci, commanded by over-intendant Bošković, "harambaša" Pivljanin, and the "guvernadur" of Grbalj. The large Ottoman force crossed the Morača and headed towards Cetinje. The hajduks carried a war flag with Venetian symbols. The hajduks were defeated by the Ottomans, and Pivljanin was killed in battle. Süleyman had Pivljanin's head sent to the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed IV, as a great war trophy. The importance of the battle is evident in the fact that the heads of Pivljanin and his hajduks decorated the entrance hall of the seraglio in Constantinople, and that Süleyman was elevated to "pasha" following the victory. The severed heads were taken to Constantinople as proof of finishing the task and that the enemy was triumphally defeated. Only heads of worthy, more prominent outlaws, of names and work that was well-known, had this treatment. Heads of hajduks were otherwise put on town palisades or on poles beside the road or crossroads. The fact that multiple other hajduk heads were sent to Constantinople along with Pivljanin's could primarily be explained as that the Ottomans wanted to visibly display the defeat of a notable movement, which had brought much grief to them. The news of the battle was recorded in Rome on 27May 1685, in this way: "two courageous leaders, one named Bajo, friend of captain Janko, and the other, captain Vuković the Arbanas, died"; the source states that the defeat was due to a betrayal by Montenegrins in the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Morean War.:Aftermath.

paragraph: Pivljanin's importance is evident in Antonio Zeno's evaluation: "since the death of harambaša Bajo, the frontier is left without leaders able to control the hajduks bands". It has been claimed that Pivljanin was buried by the Vlah Church in Cetinje. In 1685, Pivljanin's brother Dimitrije, on behalf of Pivljanin's widow and two sons, requested that Pivljanin's pay be transferred to one of the sons. The request highlighted that Pivljanin had left his home in Herzegovina to fight for the Republic of Venice, to whom he had great value as a fighter.

paragraph: It was decided on 20 September 1689 that his brother Dimitrije and two sons be admitted into the Venetian cavalry. Mentioning Pivljanin as having "proved himself worthy", dealt "damage to the Turks", and suffered "many received wounds", the decision was made to carry out an earlier plan that Pivljanin's sons be admitted into the cavalry. As Pivljanin had died, his brother Dimitrije, who had "given proofs of righteousness and loyalty on several occasions", and his two mature sons, Vuk and Sima (Simeun), were admitted into the band of Soliman in Herceg Novi, "thus, every one of them received wages of a soldier in the cavalry".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: There are many epic poems and stories about his life. Metropolitan Petar II Petrović-Njegoš included a eulogy to him in "The Mountain Wreath" (1847). Serbian Orthodox priest and historian Ilarion Ruvarac (1832–1905) called him a "glorious knight".

paragraph: The village of Bajovo Polje ("Bajo's field") was named after Bajo Pivljanin, it is said, after he killed his first Turk at the field. The poet Vukašin Gagović used the alias Bajo Pivljanin. A Yugoslav Partisan battalion was named after him. There are streets in cities and towns in former Yugoslavia named after him, as well as a Montenegrin futsal club, KMF Bajo Pivljanin.

paragraph: There are several brotherhoods and families that claim ancestry or kinship with him or his brothers.

paragraph: The Bajovići, having the "slava" (patron saint day) of St. Nicholas, with tens of houses in Bezuje, and one house in their original village of Rudinice (1971), have several versions of their origin: the first that they descend from a brother of Bajo Pivljanin; the second, from a villager called Čepur that took over Bajo Pivljanin's estate after the family left; the third, that the Bajovići who were really called Čepuri until 1887 descend from a branch of a family tree also including the Vračari and Taušani, closely related to the Gagovići, in line with their "slava" in common. Based on the presumed connection with Pivljanin, King Nikola I accepted member Đorđija Bajović into officer school. When S. Tomić did field research in Piva in 1912–13 and 1924, however, he recorded the Bajovići, called Čepuri in Gornje Rudinice with two houses, as hailing from Bajovo Polje and being direct descendants of Bajo Nikolić Pivljanin. Meanwhile, Tomić had recorded four or six houses of Bajovići in Bezuje that belonged to the Vračari brotherhood, itself descending from the Gagovići brotherhood.

paragraph: Other families claiming descent from his nephews are spread through Stara Raška and Šumadija in Serbia. There was a tale that Pivljanin put a curse on his family after seven of his brothers and cousins declined to join him in the hajduks. The Markovići brotherhood in Ljuljaci, Serbia, with the "slava" of St. John, settled in the first half of the 18th century, descending from one of Pivljanin's children. The Bajić brotherhood in Takovo, with the "slava" of St. George, numbering 30 households in 1960, also claim descent from him.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Epic poetry.

paragraph: The Cretan War is considered an "epical period of Serb history". Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864), the Serbian philologist and linguist, recorded several poems which mention Pivljanin which he published in his folklore collections. The poems fall into what is known as the "hajduk epic cycle".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajo Pivljanin i beg Ljubović", ("Bajo Pivljanin and Bey Ljubović", best known poem about him, recounting his victory in duel with Ljubović bey in Nevesinje, and his killing of Mato Njegošević who betrayed him).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Šta čini osveta", ("What does vengeance does", recounting how Bajo and Limun justifully aid Tašo Nikolić from Vasojevići in avenging the betrayal done by his brother-in-law Knez Ivaniš).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sa šta Pivljanin Bajo ode u uskoke" ("Why did Pivljanin Bajo became a uskok", recounting the early episode in his life when he killed Hasan-Aga Kopčić).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajo Pivljanin i Ale Novljanin", ("Bajo Pivljanin and Ale from Novi", same topic as "Bajo Pivljanin and Pasha of Zagorje", but with different characters).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pivljanin Bajo i Ferat kapetan", ("Bajo Pivljanin and captain Ferhat", Bajo retaking the flock of sheep abducted by Muslim captain Ferhat somewhere around Golija mountain, losing one of his best men in the process).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajo Pivljanin i Marić alajbeg"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajo Pivljanin i paša od Zagorja" ("Bajo Pivljanin and Pasha of Zagorje", recounts how Bajo and Limun assaulted the wedding of Hadžija Rizvanbegović from Risan in Korita for tricking them, and killing his bride, the daughter of Čengić Pasha of Zagorje, in the process. The other version of the song is known as "Rišnjanjin Hadžija i Limun trgovac" ("Hadžija from Risan and Limun the trader")).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hamza Mijatović i Pivljanin Bajo" ("Hamza Mijatović and Pivljanin Bajo")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zulum bez Baja"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ženidba Grbljičića Zana" ("The wedding of Zane Grbičić")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boj na Vrtijeljci" ("Battle of Vrtijeljka")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do tri harambaše"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Journals

description: Serbian military leader

wikidata_label: Bajo Pivljanin

wikipedia_title: Bajo Pivljanin


href: Boston Massachusetts Iowa

text: Boston Massachusetts Iowa

wikipedia_title: Boston Massachusetts Iowa

categories: Painters from Iowa,19th century in Boston,American male painters,Painters from Massachusetts,American portrait painters,19th-century American photographers,1819 births,Photographers from Massachusetts,19th-century American painters,1904 deaths

paragraph: Isaac Augustus Wetherby

paragraph: Isaac Augustus Wetherby (1819-1904) or I.A. Wetherbee was an American painter and photographer. He worked in Boston, Massachusetts, and in Iowa. Examples of his work are in the Beverly Historical Society, Massachusetts; Fruitlands Museum; New York Historical Society; and the State Historical Society of Iowa.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slonneger, Marybeth. Wetherby's Gallery: paintings, daguerreotypes, & ambrotypes of an artist. Iowa City, Iowa: Hand Press, c2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wetherby Cottage holds historic charm." The Gazette (Cedar Rapids, Iowa), ca.2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Historical Society: Portrait of Catherine M. Thayer, 1845 image by Wetherby.

paragraph: BULLET::::- State Historical Society of Iowa Library, Isaac A. Wetherby Collection: Old Capitol, Iowa, ca.1854 image by Wetherby.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Isaac Augustus Wetherby

wikipedia_title: Isaac Augustus Wetherby


text:
American football
defensive tackle
college football
Central Oklahoma
St. Louis Rams
Kansas City Chiefs
New York Giants
University of Central Oklahoma
Cactus Bowl
Kansas City Chiefs
Detroit Lions
St. Louis Rams Bio

categories: Kansas City Chiefs players,Detroit Lions players,St. Louis Rams players,Players of American football from Oklahoma,1986 births,Sportspeople from Lawton, Oklahoma,Central Oklahoma Bronchos football players,American football defensive tackles,Living people

paragraph: Jermelle Cudjo

paragraph: Jermelle Cudjo (born September 28, 1986) is an American football defensive tackle who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Central Oklahoma. He has played for the St. Louis Rams, Kansas City Chiefs and New York Giants.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Cudjo was a standout at Lawton MacArthur High School (Oklahoma). He was a Two-time Lawton Constitution All-Area pick and an All-State selection as a senior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: At the University of Central Oklahoma Cudjo was a three-time All-Conference selection (twice First-team, once Second-team). He finished with 198 tackles (38.5 for losses) and 12 sacks.

paragraph: As a freshman (2005) at the University of Central Oklahoma, Cudjo redshirted. In 2006 as a redshirt freshman he made 33 tackles with four for loss in 11 games played. He blocked a total of six kicks on the season while adding half of a sack and two fumble recoveries (one for a touchdown). In 2007, as a sophomore, Cudjo made 47 tackles, 6.5 tackles for loss, and had 3.5 sacks and was named First-team All-Lone Star North. In 2008, during his junior year, he broke through with 60 tackles, 15.5 for loss with 4.5 sacks and was named First-team All-Lone Star North. He followed that up with 58 tackles with 12.5 for loss and 3.5 sacks as a senior in 2009 and was voted as a Second-team All-Lone Star North.

paragraph: After his senior season Cudjo played at the Cactus Bowl, the NCAA Division II All Star game in Kingsville, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: Cudjo was signed as a free agent and made the Rams 53-man opening day roster. He was released on May 15, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: Cudjo signed with the Kansas City Chiefs during the 2014 offseason, but was released on August 25, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: Cudjo signed with the Detroit Lions on January 9, 2015. Cudjo made the 53 man roster out of training camp.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: On July 29, 2016, Cudjo signed with the Giants.

paragraph: On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Giants.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Rams Bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Jermelle Cudjo

wikipedia_title: Jermelle Cudjo


text:
literary executor
Bram Stoker
Nosferatu
Dracula
Clontarf
Oscar Wilde
Dublin
Henry Irving
Lyceum Theatre, London
Golders Green Crematorium
horror film
Nosferatu
Dracula
Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau
Berlin
Berlin Zoological Garden
handbill
literary executor
copyright infringement
Society of Authors
Hamilton Deane
Dracula
Derby
Horace Liveright
John L. Balderston
Dracula's Guest (Hachette Audio, 2013)
WorldCat

paragraph: Florence Balcombe

paragraph: Florence Balcombe (17 July 1858 – 25 May 1937) was the wife and literary executor of Bram Stoker. She is remembered for her legal dispute with the makers of "Nosferatu", an unauthorised film based on her husband's novel "Dracula".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel James Balcombe of 1 Marino Crescent, Clontarf, and of Phillippa Anne Marshall, she was a celebrated beauty whose former suitor was Oscar Wilde. She married Stoker in Dublin in 1878. He had known Wilde from their student days, and had proposed Wilde for membership of the university’s Philosophical Society while he was president. Wilde was upset at Florence's decision, but Stoker later resumed the acquaintanceship and after Wilde's fall visited him on the Continent.

paragraph: The Stokers moved to London, where he became acting-manager and then business manager of Henry Irving's Lyceum Theatre, London, a post he held for 27 years. Their only child was born on 31 December 1879 and christened Irving Noel Thornley Stoker.

paragraph: Florence Balcombe outlived her husband by 25 years and died in 1937 at the age of 78. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, and her ashes scattered at the Gardens of Rest there. The original plan had been to keep her ashes and those of her husband together in a display urn. After Irving Noel Stoker's death in 1961, his ashes were added to those of his father's in that urn.

paragraph: Section::::"Nosferatu".

paragraph: Balcombe is remembered for her legal dispute with the makers of the 1922 German horror film "Nosferatu", which was based without attribution or permission on Stoker's novel "Dracula". She was unaware of the existence of Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau's "Nosferatu" until she received an anonymous letter from Berlin. The document included the program of a lavish cinematic event held in 1922, complete with full orchestral accompaniment, that had taken place in the Marble Garden at Berlin Zoological Garden. The film was described in the handbill as "freely adapted from Bram Stoker's "Dracula"." ("Nosferatu" screenwriter Henrik Galeen had changed the names of the main characters and made some liberal changes to certain key points. However, the resemblance to Stoker's novel is unmistakable.)

paragraph: Balcombe was struggling financially and, as Stoker's literary executor, had never given permission for the adaptation, nor received payment for it. Her furious response to this copyright infringement was prompt and uncompromising; not only did she want the financial reparation she felt was due to the estate, she demanded that the negative and all prints of the film (which she would never actually see) be immediately destroyed.

paragraph: Balcombe launched a lawsuit in which she was represented by the lawyers of the British Incorporated Society of Authors. The suit took some time to resolve; at one point, the German production company Prana-Film declared bankruptcy to avoid paying for the adaptation. Finally, she won the case, with the final ruling in July 1925 stating that the negatives and all prints of the film should be handed over to her to be destroyed.

paragraph: Despite this ruling, prints of the film slowly began to resurface in the late 1920s, with the first American screenings taking place in New York City and Detroit in 1929.

paragraph: Balcombe did grant the rights to the stage adaptation of "Dracula" to Hamilton Deane, who had been a neighbour of hers in Dublin. Deane's play, "Dracula", premiered in Derby in 1924. In 1927 Horace Liveright bought the American dramatic rights from Florence and hired John L. Balderston to edit it for the New York stage. The show ran for a year on Broadway and for two more years on tour, breaking all previous records for any show put on tour in the United States. However, Liveright failed to pay Florence all her entitlements for the show – he died shortly afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (September 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dracula's Guest (Hachette Audio, 2013) at WorldCat – summary suggests she was Stoker's literary executor as "Florence Bram Stoker"

alias:
Florence Bram Stoker
Florence Anne Lemon Balcombe

description: Wife and literary executor of Bram Stoker (Dracula)

wikidata_label: Florence Balcombe

wikipedia_title: Florence Balcombe


text:
Bengali
Patiya Upazila
Chittagong District
Bengali Literature
puthi
University of Dhaka
Daulat Qazi
Alaol
Syed Sultan
Government of Bangladesh
Independence Day Award
University of Dhaka

categories: 1871 births,Bengali writers,1953 deaths,Bengali-language writers,People from Chittagong,Recipients of the Independence Day Award

paragraph: Abdul Karim Sahitya Bisharad

paragraph: Abdul Karim (1871 – 1953), known as Abdul Karim Sahitya Bisharad, was a Bengali littérateur, historian of Bangla literature and collector and interpreter of old Bangla manuscripts.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Karim was born in Suchakradandi village, Patiya Upazila, Chittagong District. He passed his Entrance Examination in 1893 from Patiya High School. He served as a teacher in few schools. He later joined the office of the Divisional Commissioner of Chittagong and became Divisional Inspector of schools. He retired from the position in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: Karim had a special research interest in Muslim contribution to Bengali Literature in the medieval period. He collected puthis (old Bangla manuscripts). The Bangiya Sahitya Parisad published his catalog of Bengali manuscripts titled "Bangala Prachin Puthir Bivaran" in two volumes in 1920-21. The Department of Bengali of the University of Dhaka published a catalog of the manuscripts preserved in the University Library under the title "Puthi Parichiti".

paragraph: Karim edited and published eleven old Bengali texts and a book on the history and culture of Chittagong, titled "Islamabad". Daulat Qazi, Alaol, Syed Sultan and Muhamad Khan were notable Bengali poets. Karim discovered about a hundred Muslim poets whose names and works were not known before.

paragraph: Literary Association of Nadia honored him with the title of "Sahitya Sagar" and Chattal Dharmamandali Sabha gave him the title of "Sahitya Visharad".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Government of Bangladesh conferred Independence Day Award to Karim posthumously in 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golpo Songroho" (Collected Stories), the national textbook of B.A. (pass and subsidiary) course of Bangladesh, published by University of Dhaka in 1979 (reprint in 1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bangla Sahitya" (Bengali Literature), the national textbook of the intermediate (college) level of Bangladesh published in 1996 by all educational boards.

description: writer

wikidata_label: Abdul Karim

wikipedia_title: Abdul Karim Sahitya Bisharad


text:
Bahamas
Golden Age of Piracy
Kingdom of England
Henry Jennings
1715 Treasure Fleet
Florida
Republic of Pirates
Nassau
Edward England
Jack Rackham
Benjamin Hornigold
Samuel Bellamy
Bay Islands
Port Royal
Henry Jennings
1715 Treasure Fleet
Nassau
King George I of Great Britain
Jacobite
Benjamin Hornigold
Thomas Nichols
Edward England
Calico Jack Rackham
Woodes Rogers
fireship
Charles Yeats
William Rhett
located and captured
Stede Bonnet
careened
Abaco
Nicholas Woodall
John Cockram
Ocracoke Inlet
Blackbeard
Eleuthera
frigate
French
Robert Deal
Bay Islands
Spanish Town, Jamaica
Gun Cay
W. Morgan Sheppard
Ralph Ineson
Zach McGowan
Starz
Black Sails

paragraph: Charles Vane

paragraph: Charles Vane (1680 – 29 March 1721) was an English pirate who operated in the Bahamas during the end of the Golden Age of Piracy.

paragraph: Vane was likely born in the Kingdom of England around 1680. One of his first pirate ventures was under the leadership of Henry Jennings, during Jennings' attack on the salvage camp for the wrecked Spanish 1715 Treasure Fleet off the coast of Florida. By 1717, Vane was commanding his own vessels and was one of the leaders of the Republic of Pirates in Nassau. In 1718 Vane was captured but agreed to stop his criminal actions and accepted a King's Pardon; however just months later he and his men, including Edward England and Jack Rackham, returned to piracy. Unlike some other notable pirate captains of the age like Benjamin Hornigold and Samuel Bellamy, Vane was known for his cruelty, often beating, torturing and killing sailors from ships he captured. In February 1719, Vane was caught in a storm in the Bay Islands and was marooned on an uncharted island. Upon being discovered by a passing British ship, he was arrested and brought to Port Royal where he was eventually tried and hanged in March 1721.

paragraph: Section::::Pirate career.

paragraph: Little is known of Vane's early life. He lived in Port Royal before becoming a pirate, but he was most likely not born there.

paragraph: Vane worked with Henry Jennings during Jennings' attack on the salvage camp for the wrecked Spanish 1715 Treasure Fleet. Vane first operated as an independent captain in the summer of 1717. By the winter of that year he was one of the leaders of the pirates operating out of Nassau.

paragraph: When word reached the pirates that King George I of Great Britain had extended an offer of pardon to all pirates who wished to surrender, Vane led the pirates who opposed taking the pardon, which included many with Jacobite leanings. On 23 February 1718, Captain Vincent Pearse arrived at Nassau in , in an attempt to get the pirates on the island to surrender. Vane was captured along with his sloop, the "Lark". Benjamin Hornigold, Thomas Nichols, and others urged Pearse to release Vane as a show of good faith, which he did; Vane afterwards took the King's pardon. But on 21 March, Vane and his men (including Edward England and Calico Jack Rackham) turned pirate again, capturing a Jamaican sloop. Vane sailed back to Nassau and harassed Pearse repeatedly, trading their sloop for the "Lark". Vane left Nassau on 4 April; four days later Pearse left with HMS "Phoenix", and Nassau was again controlled by the pirates.

paragraph: After leaving Nassau, Vane raided ships around the Bahamas. He gained a reputation for cruelty; he and his crew would often beat or torture captured sailors to force them to surrender their valuables. Around this time Vane's crew renamed the "Lark", calling it the "Ranger".

paragraph: Vane cruised again in May and June, capturing, among other ships, a twenty-gun French ship that became Vane's new flagship.

paragraph: Vane was back at Nassau on 22 July 1718 when Woodes Rogers reached Nassau to take office as the new governor. Rogers' ships trapped Vane in the harbor; Vane's ship was too large to pass one of the harbor's two entrances, and the other was blocked by Rogers' fleet. That night, Vane turned the French ship into a fireship, setting it on fire and sailing it towards Rogers' ships. The fireship failed to damage all of Rogers' fleet except one, but the ships were forced to pull away, unblocking the channel. Vane commandeered a small 24 gun sloop, the "Katherine", and escaped out the smaller entrance as Rogers' ships returned.

paragraph: Vane took ships off the Bahamas in July, working with Charles Yeats, the original captain of the "Katherine". A brigantine that Vane captured became his new flagship. In August he sailed to Charleston and took eight ships there. After seizing a slave ship, he put the slaves aboard Yeats' ship; Yeats sailed off with the slaves and surrendered to the governor of South Carolina in exchange for a pardon. The merchants of Charleston outfitted two sloops to hunt Vane, under the command of William Rhett. Rhett failed to find Vane, but his ships located and captured the pirate Stede Bonnet.

paragraph: In August Vane careened his ship near Abaco, where his accomplice Nicholas Woodall smuggled him supplies and ammunition. Hornigold had turned pirate-hunter along with his associate John Cockram and followed Vane, who escaped; Hornigold and Cockram instead captured Woodall, who was imprisoned by Rogers.

paragraph: Vane returned to Nassau in September to marry, threatening to retake the city. In October Vane sailed to Ocracoke Inlet, and met with Blackbeard, perhaps attempting to convince Blackbeard to join forces with him; the two crews celebrated for several days, but split up afterwards.

paragraph: In October Vane raided Eleuthera, carrying away liquor and livestock. On 23 November, Vane spotted a large frigate, but when he hoisted the Jolly Roger the frigate replied by raising a French naval ensign and opening fire. Vane's brigantine and sloop were outgunned, and he ordered a retreat. Vane's crew saw this as an act of cowardice. He was voted out of command in favor of Calico Jack Rackham. Vane and sixteen others who supported him, including his first mate Robert Deal, were put on the sloop.

paragraph: Vane sailed to the Bay Islands, capturing sloops along the way, one of which Deal took command of. In February 1719, Vane and Deal were caught in a hurricane and separated; Vane was wrecked on an uninhabited island. When English ships arrived to collect water near the island, Vane tried to join one of the crews under a false name. He was recognized by an old acquaintance, and arrested.

paragraph: Vane was taken to Spanish Town, Jamaica and held in prison for some time. On 22 March 1721, he was tried for piracy and found guilty. Vane learned that Deal had been tried, convicted, and hanged some time earlier. Vane was sentenced to death, and on 29 March he was hanged at Gallows Point in Port Royal. His corpse was hung in chains at Gun Cay.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: W. Morgan Sheppard portrayed Vane in the 1999 family film "Treasure of Pirate's Point".

paragraph: Vane also appears as a secondary character in the 2013 video game "", in which he was voiced by Ralph Ineson.

paragraph: Zach McGowan portrayed Charles Vane in the 2014 Starz television show "Black Sails".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Menefee, S.P. "Vane, Charles," in "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography," vol. 56 (2004): pp. 94–95.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pickering, David. "Pirates". CollinsGem. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY. (2006):p-75.

description: English pirate

wikidata_label: Charles Vane

wikipedia_title: Charles Vane