text: Fianna Fáil

text: second President of Ireland

text: Tánaiste

text: Minister for Finance

text: Vice-President of the Executive Council

text: Minister for Irish

text: Ceann Comhairle

text: Dáil Éireann

text: Teachta Dála

text: Dublin

text: Sisters of Charity

text: O'Connell School

text: National Library of Ireland

text: Gaelic League

text: An Claidheamh Soluis

text: Sinn Féin

text: Arthur Griffith

text: Sinn Féin

text: Dublin Corporation

text: Thomas Kelly

text: Pope Pius X

text: Irish Volunteers

text: County Wicklow

text: New York City

text: Clan Na Gael

text: Patrick Pearse

text: Mountjoy Prison

text: University College Dublin

text: Athenry

text: County Galway

text: Liam Ó Briain

text: Limerick

text: Shannon

text: Bulmer Hobson

text: GPO

text: Easter Rising

text: HM Prison Eastwood Park

text: Britain

text: Member of Parliament

text: Dublin College Green

text: 1918 general election

text: Dáil Éireann

text: Ard Fheis

text: UK House of Commons

text: Ceann Comhairle

text: First Dáil

text: Thomas Johnson

text: US President

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Versailles

text: France

text: US Senate

text: Irish Republic

text: World War I

text: Paris Peace Conference

text: Clemenceau

text: Paris

text: George Gavan Duffy

text: Italy

text: Pope Benedict XV

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Éamon de Valera

text: President of Dáil Éireann

text: President of the Republic

text: Anglo-Irish Treaty

text: United States

text: Fianna Fáil

text: The Nation

text: June 1927 Irish general election

text: that year's general election

text: President of the Executive Council

text: James McNeill

text: Frank Aiken

text: Knights of Columbanus

text: Domhnall Ua Buachalla

text: County Kildare

text: a new constitution

text: Tánaiste

text: Leinster House

text: President of Ireland

text: Constitution of Ireland

text: Knights of Columbanus

text: Lord Mayor of Dublin

text: Alfie Byrne

text: Fine Gael

text: Douglas Hyde

text: Conradh na Gaeilge

text: Irish language

text: Minister for Finance

text: Central Bank of Ireland

text: President of Ireland

text: Vatican City

text: protocol

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Joseph Stalin

text: Europe

text: United States Congress

text: Taoiseach

text: Éamon de Valera

text: Supreme Court

text: Constitution of Ireland

text: Council of State

text: Mother and Child Scheme

text: John A. Costello

text: Secretary to the President

text: President

text: Dwight Eisenhower

text: Congress

text: Joe Lee

text: Knights of Saint Columbanus

text: Republic of Ireland

text: Vatican City

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Order of Christ

text: Éamon de Valera

text: Monsignor

text: Pádraig Ó Fiannachta

text: Guinness

text: Áras an Uachtaráin

text: Croke Park

text: Irish Times

text: Glasnevin Cemetery

text: Taghmon

text: County Wexford

text: Fianna Fáil

text: James Ryan

text: Mary Josephine

text: Fine Gael

text: Richard Mulcahy

text: List of people on stamps of Ireland

text: Biography at Áras an Uachtaráin website

categories: UK MPs 1918–1922,Members of the 2nd Dáil,Early Sinn Féin TDs,Members of the 3rd Dáil,Ministers for Education (Ireland),People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side),Fianna Fáil TDs,Members of the 1st Dáil,Members of the 6th Dáil,Members of the 10th Dáil,Members of the 11th Dáil,Members of the 9th Dáil,Ministers for Finance (Ireland),Presiding officers of Dáil Éireann,Members of the 12th Dáil,Tánaistí,1882 births,Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery,Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood,Members of the 5th Dáil,Ministers for Health (Ireland),Members of the 7th Dáil,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922),Members of the 8th Dáil,Members of the 4th Dáil,Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1966 deaths,Politicians from Dublin (city),Presidents of Ireland

paragraph: Seán T. O'Kelly

paragraph: Seán Thomas O'Kelly (; 25 August 1882 – 23 November 1966), originally John T. O'Kelly, was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as the second President of Ireland from June 1945 to June 1959. He also served as Tánaiste from 1937 to 1945, Minister for Finance from 1939 to 1945, Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1932 to 1939, Vice-President of the Executive Council from 1932 to 1937, Minister for Irish from 1920 to 1921 and Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1919 to 1921. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1923 to 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: O'Kelly was born in inner-city Dublin, although his exact place of birth is disputed. Baptised as John, he was the eldest son of Samuel O'Kelly, a boot and shoemaker of Berkley Road, by his marriage to Catherine O'Dea, and had three sisters and four brothers, two of whom were educated by Patrick Pearse at St Enda's school.

paragraph: O'Kelly's first school was the Sisters of Charity, in Mountjoy Street (1886–90), then the Christian Brothers School in St Mary's Place (1890–94). His senior school education was at O'Connell School, a Christian Brothers school in North Richmond Street (1894–98). O'Kelly joined the National Library of Ireland in 1898 as a junior assistant to T. W. Lyster, remaining there until 1902, and becoming a subscriber to the Celtic Literary Society. The same year, he joined the Gaelic League, becoming a member of the governing body in 1910 and general secretary in 1915. He was appointed manager of An Claidheamh Soluis, which included amongst its editors the revolutionary leaders of Sinn Féin.

paragraph: He went to work almost immediately for Arthur Griffith, at the Gaelic League on the organization's administration papers. He came to Griffith's notice the previous years joining the IRB as a member of the esoteric Bartholomew Teeling Circle from 1901. O'Kelly joined Sinn Féin, then a small dual-monarchist, capitalist party, immediately at its inception in 1905 as one of its founders. He became a joint-honorary secretary of the movement from 1908, remaining in the post until 1925. In 1906, he was elected to Dublin Corporation, and retained the seat for Inns Quay Ward until 1924. One acolyte campaigner was Thomas Kelly, who joined him in pressing the government for improved municipal drainage schemes for Dublin's slums.

paragraph: Like Father O'Flanagan, O'Kelly was chosen to make an Irish language address to the Pope Pius X, in 1908. Both men were bilingual party members promoting Irish culture. O'Kelly was one of the establishing members of the Irish Volunteers in 1913. In August 1914, he agitated to suppress the landing of arms at Kilesole, County Wicklow.

paragraph: In March 1915, O'Kelly went to New York City, to inform Clan Na Gael of the plans for a rising in Dublin by the IRB. Patrick Pearse appointed O'Kelly to be his Staff Captain in preparation for whenever the insurrection would take place.

paragraph: Section::::Active revolutionist in Sinn Féin.:Easter Rising.

paragraph: It was during the Easter Rising that O'Kelly met Mary Ryan. She was arrested on 18 May 1916, with her sister Nell for unspecified offences to be incarcerated in Mountjoy Prison. Historians have argued that she may have been confused with her sister, Min Ryan. Kit, as Mary Ryan was known, was Professor of French at University College Dublin. She shared her house with her sisters at 19 Ranelagh Road, Dublin, which O'Kelly visited. They were married in 1918.

paragraph: O'Kelly was at the heart of the party operation. He was one of a handful of men who might have known of the "All-Ireland" Volunteer HQ at Athenry, County Galway, according to Liam Ó Briain involved in marshalling the rebellion in the western hills from Limerick across the Shannon. He was also responsible for springing Bulmer Hobson from the custody of the IRB. Thereafter Hobson mysterious "disappearance" became the moment when "a devoted son" of Ireland was excluded from the movement; but O'Kelly may have saved his life. During the Rising he was in and out of the GPO, and was requested to set up as "Civil Administrator of the Government of the Republic" with four others. The project never proceeded, as perhaps no attempt was made to anticipate preparations for a political structure free from Britain.

paragraph: After the Easter Rising in 1916, O'Kelly was gaoled, released, and re-arrested. He was sent to Reading Gaol, and then escaped from detention in HM Prison Eastwood Park in Britain, and returned to Ireland. "Sinn Fein became a cloak for Volunteer meetings" Sinn Féin won a landslide victory.

paragraph: Section::::1918 general election.

paragraph: O'Kelly was elected a Sinn Féin Member of Parliament (MP) for Dublin College Green, in the 1918 general election. In his role as Secretary, O'Kelly was tasked with preparing the Sinn Féin Executive Council for the Dáil Éireann Constituent Assembly, which had been agreed at the Ard Fheis in October 1918. Along with other Sinn Féin MPs he refused to take his seat in the UK House of Commons. Instead they set up an Irish Parliament, called Dáil Éireann, in Dublin. O'Kelly served as Ceann Comhairle (chairman) of the First Dáil. O'Kelly published the Democratic Programme, he himself had edited. It appealed to a wider mission statement for independence and separatism, which was not sanctioned by the electorate. In fact, it was a skeleton document borrowed on the back of Pearse's martyrdom, written in the late leader's style, from the Labour leader Thomas Johnson.

paragraph: O'Kelly's approach to US President Woodrow Wilson to visit Dublin in 1919 on his way to Versailles, France, was roundly rejected. Wilson was already withdrawing from the Self-Determination League, making his critics label O'Kelly as 'pompous.' Despite the US Senate resolution in June, the President would not break his commitment to the Big Four for unanimity. He also served as the Irish Republic's envoy, demanding recognition of the Republic and its admittance to the post-World War I peace treaty negotiations at Paris Peace Conference. While this request to Clemenceau was sincere, it naively ignored the fact that France and Britain had been allied for the previous four years. O'Kelly was followed to Paris as envoy by the eminently better-qualified George Gavan Duffy, who was from a titled family of barristers and diplomats. In 1920, O'Kelly relocated to Italy, where he met with Pope Benedict XV, briefing the pontiff on the political situation in Ireland. At the same time, O'Kelly met with the future dictator of Italy, Benito Mussolini, who helped the Irishman and other Sinn Féin emissaries to source weapons for use by the IRA.

paragraph: Section::::Close friend of de Valera.

paragraph: O'Kelly was a close associate of Éamon de Valera, who served variously as President of Dáil Éireann (Prime Minister from April 1919 to August 1921) and President of the Republic (from August 1921 to January 1922). As with de Valera, he opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by representatives of the British and Irish governments in December 1921.

paragraph: When de Valera resigned as President of the Republic on 6 January 1922, O'Kelly returned from Paris to Dublin, to try to negotiate a compromise, whereby de Valera could return to the presidency. A furious de Valera turned down the offer and ordered O'Kelly to return to Paris.

paragraph: During the Irish Civil War, O'Kelly was in jail until December 1923. Afterwards he spent the next two years as a Sinn Féin envoy to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::A founder of Fianna Fáil.

paragraph: In 1926, when de Valera left Sinn Féin to establish Fianna Fáil, O'Kelly returned to Ireland and was appointed a vice-president of the new republican party. In March 1927, he became editor of The Nation and played a significant role building up support for the new party before the June 1927 Irish general election.

paragraph: In 1932, when de Valera, having won that year's general election, was appointed President of the Executive Council (Prime Minister of the Irish Free State) he made O'Kelly his deputy, as Vice-President of the Council from 1933. He was also named Minister for Local Government. O'Kelly earned a controversial reputation over his key role in attempts to publicly humiliate the then Governor-General of the Irish Free State, James McNeill. Stunts such as withdrawing the Irish Army's band from playing at diplomatic functions which the Governor-General attended, or in one notorious case the sight of O'Kelly and Defence Minister Frank Aiken storming out of a diplomatic function at the French Legation when McNeill, the guest of honour, had arrived, damaged O'Kelly's reputation and image, particularly when the campaign backfired.

paragraph: McNeill published his correspondence on the issue with de Valera, making de Valera appear foolish, before resigning and leaving de Valera with the task of choosing a new Governor-General, an embarrassing situation for a politician who had tried his best to avoid any association with the office. To the surprise of many, O'Kelly's was not among the names considered for the office. It is not known for certain, but suspicion rests on O'Kelly's membership of a Catholic fraternal organisation, the Knights of Columbanus, which de Valera suspected had a source in the cabinet. O'Kelly matched the bill, perhaps through indiscretions rather than deliberate actions. However O'Kelly was not made Governor-General, the post instead going to the former Fianna Fáil TD, Domhnall Ua Buachalla from County Kildare, who would be the last Governor-General of the Irish Free State.

paragraph: Section::::Considered for President of Ireland in 1938.

paragraph: With the enactment of a new constitution in 1937, O'Kelly remained the second in command in the government, with the new title of Tánaiste.

paragraph: In 1938, again O'Kelly's position in cabinet became a focus for speculation, as rumours swept Leinster House (the seat of Parliament) that de Valera intended making O'Kelly the Fianna Fáil choice to become President of Ireland, the office which had replaced the governor-generalship in the new Constitution of Ireland. Again the justification for de Valera nominating one of his senior ministers for the presidency, were rumours that someone in cabinet was, either deliberately or accidentally, letting information slip to the Catholic Church through the Knights of Columbanus. It came as anger and surprise to De Valera to find out that O'Kelly was a member of this masonic-type organization.

paragraph: De Valera had on a number of occasions ordered O'Kelly to resign from the Knights, only to find that he would rejoin later. However, the apparent entry of the popular Lord Mayor of Dublin, Alfie Byrne, into the presidential race (in fact he eventually failed to get nominated) and the belief that neither O'Kelly nor any other politician could beat Byrne (ironically a close friend of O'Kelly) led to all party agreement, on the opposition Fine Gael's suggestion, that the office go to Douglas Hyde, a Protestant, as an appreciation for his contribution to Irish society. An Irish language enthusiast, Hyde had founded the Conradh na Gaeilge, known in English as the Gaelic League, a cultural organisation promoting the preservation of the Irish language, music, dancing and traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Minister for Finance.

paragraph: O'Kelly was appointed Minister for Finance in 1941. He secured the passing of "The Central Bank Act" in 1942. On 17 July 1942, at the fifth and final stage of the Dáil debate on the "Central Banking Bill", he argued that the owner of the credit issued by the Central Bank of Ireland, should be the private property of the joint stock banker and not the property of the people of Ireland. This debate was carried out when only five Deputies were present in the Dáil.

paragraph: Section::::President of Ireland.

paragraph: O'Kelly was the Fianna Fáil candidate for President of Ireland in 1945. He defeated two other candidates. However, he came up just short of a majority on the first count.

paragraph: O'Kelly's most famous faux pas occurred during a state visit to the Vatican City, when in a breach with standard protocol, he told the media of Pope Pius XII's personal opinions on communism. The resulting row strained relationships between Pope Pius and Joseph Stalin.

paragraph: O'Kelly was reelected on 25 June 1952, this time unopposed. During his second term he visited many nations in Europe and addressed the United States Congress in 1959. He retired at the end of his second term in 1959, to be replaced by his old mentor and former Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera.

paragraph: O'Kelly did not refer any Bills to the Supreme Court, under Article 26 of the Constitution of Ireland. He convened a meeting of the Council of State in 1947, to consider whether Part III of the Health Bill, 1947 – which provided the basis for the Mother and Child Scheme — should be referred, but he decided against doing so.

paragraph: He dissolved the Dáil on four occasions (in 1948, 1951, 1954 and 1957). On each occasion the Taoiseach who advised him to do so (de Valera in the first and third cases, and John A. Costello in the other two) had not been formally defeated in a Dáil vote in a manner showing a loss of support by a majority of TDs. Therefore, under Article 13.2.3° of the Constitution, O'Kelly had no discretion to refuse to act on their advice to dissolve. A more complex case occurred however in 1949, when the First Inter-Party Government was defeated in a snap Dáil vote on a financial measure due to the absence of a number of Government TDs. O'Kelly was advised by the Secretary to the President, Michael McDunphy, that had Costello requested a dissolution, he could have refused it–thus forcing Costello to resign. However Costello considered that the vote failed by accident (due to a mistake by the party whips), and opted to reintroduce the measure the following morning, rather than seek a dissolution. With all TDs present this time, the vote carried. McDunphy later changed his mind and in the files on the event concluded that O'Kelly could not have refused a dissolution because the loss had merely been a technical loss, not an actual decision by the Dáil to vote against the government.

paragraph: Section::::President of Ireland.:Visit to United States.

paragraph: O'Kelly was the first President of Ireland to visit the United States of America, when from 16–31 March 1959, he was the guest of President Dwight Eisenhower. He was invited to address both houses of Congress. This was important to Ireland as it showed that the new republic and its head of state were recognised by the United States. Historian Joe Lee has stated that the visit signified an end to a period of distrust between Ireland and the United States, following World War II. Both Ireland and America had been neutral countries when the war began, but the US joined the conflict in 1941. But Ireland continued to remain neutral, which annoyed American politicians during the war, and afterwards. The invitation to President O'Kelly to address Congress meant that Ireland had been forgiven by the larger power.

paragraph: Section::::O'Kelly and Catholicism.

paragraph: O'Kelly was known to be a devout Catholic. At key times he was criticised by de Valera of being the "Church's man" in the cabinet, either deliberately or accidentally leaking information to the Knights of Saint Columbanus. O'Kelly made a point of ensuring that his first state visit, following the declaration of the Republic of Ireland in 1949, was to the Vatican City to meet Pope Pius XII, a visit which, as mentioned, created controversy when the famously talkative O'Kelly inadvertently revealed the Pope's private views on communism. Consequently, he was not awarded the papal Order of Christ which he coveted.

paragraph: Section::::"A model President".

paragraph: Éamon de Valera worried about O'Kelly's drinking habits, which were much commented on during his career. O'Kelly drank a lot, and often, yet his behaviour remained dignified and above reproach and he never caused any scandal. The author, Monsignor Pádraig Ó Fiannachta, reported that President O'Kelly kept barrels of draught Guinness stout on tap in Áras an Uachtaráin.

paragraph: O'Kelly was a short man with a tall second wife. When attending a football match once in Croke Park, he was on the field to throw in the ball. A member of the crowd shouted, "Cut the grass, we can't see the President!"

paragraph: On his retirement as President of Ireland in 1959, he was described as a "model President" by the normally hostile Irish Times newspaper. Though controversial, the diminutive O'Kelly was widely seen as genuine and honest, albeit tactless.

paragraph: He died on 23 November 1966, at the age of 84, fifty years after the Easter Rising that first brought him to prominence. He is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: In 1918, O'Kelly married Mary Kate, known as Kit, the daughter of John Ryan, a farmer of Tomcoole, near Taghmon, County Wexford. Kit was an assistant professor of modern languages at the National University. They remained married until her death in 1934, aged 55. They had no children. In 1936, O'Kelly married his late wife's younger sister, Philomena Frances Ryan (1895–1983), known as Phyllis, after gaining a papal dispensation to do so. A chemist and public analyst, she was forty-three when they married. She lost her first child and was unable to have any more.

paragraph: One of Mary Kate and Phyllis's brothers was the Fianna Fáil Minister James Ryan, while another sister, Mary Josephine, known as Min, was married to the Fine Gael leader General Richard Mulcahy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaughan, J.A., "Thomas Johnson 1872-1963: First Leader of the Labour Party in Dáil Éireann" (Mount Merrion 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hickey, D.J. and Doherty, J.E "A Dictionary of Irish History 1800–1980" Gill & Macmillan (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keown, Gerard, 'The ideas and Development of Irish Foreign Policy from the Origins of Sinn Féin to 1932', DPhil thesis, Oxford University 1997 (2010).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timmons, Martin, "Seán T. O'Kelly", Roundwood and District Historical and Folklore Society, No 2 (1989)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Áras an Uachtaráin website

description: second President of Ireland

wikidata_label: Seán T. O'Kelly

wikipedia_title: Seán T. O'Kelly


text:
English law
New Natura Brevium
Ralph Fitzherbert
Norbury
Gray's Inn
serjeant-at-law
king's serjeant
knight
Archbishop Warham
La Novelle Natura Brevium
Year Books
English law
common law
new Natura Brevium
John Claudius Loudon
Walter Harte
Virgil
Columella
Constantine IV
Henry VIII
Agostino Gallo
Camillo Tarello
Francesco Sansovino
Norbury, Derbyshire
La Novelle Natura Brevium

wikipedia_title:
English law
La Novelle Natura Brevium
Ralph Fitzherbert
Norbury, Derbyshire
Gray's Inn
Serjeant-at-law
Serjeant-at-law
Knight
William Warham
La Novelle Natura Brevium
Year Books
English law
Common law
La Novelle Natura Brevium
John Claudius Loudon
Walter Harte
Virgil
Columella
Constantine IV
Henry VIII of England
Agostino Gallo
Camillo Tarello
Francesco Sansovino
Norbury, Derbyshire
La Novelle Natura Brevium

categories: Justices of the Common Pleas,English legal writers,16th-century male writers,1538 deaths,1470 births,People from Derbyshire Dales (district),16th-century English lawyers,16th-century English judges,16th-century English writers,15th-century English people,English judges,Burials in Derbyshire,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Anthony Fitzherbert

paragraph: Sir Anthony Fitzherbert (147027 May 1538) was an English judge, scholar and legal author, particularly known for his treatise on English law, "New Natura Brevium" (1534).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fitzherbert was the sixth son of Ralph Fitzherbert of Norbury, Derbyshire, and Elizabeth Marshall. His brothers died young so he succeeded his father as Lord of the manor of Norbury, an estate granted to the family in 1125. Wood states that he was educated at Oxford, but no evidence of this exists; nor is it known at which of the inns of court he received his legal training, though he is included in a list of Gray's Inn readers.

paragraph: Fitzherbert was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law, 18 November 1510, and six years later he was appointed king's serjeant. In 1514 he published "La Graunde Abridgement", described below. In 1522 he was made a judge of common pleas and was knighted; but his new honours did not check his literary activity and in the following year (1523) he published three works: one on law, "Diversité de courtz et leur jurisdictions" (tr. by Hughes in 1646); one on agriculture, "The Boke of Husbandrie"; and one of law and agriculture combined, "The Boke of Surveyinge and Improvements". All three were frequently reprinted and though Sir Anthony's authorship of the "Boke of Husbandrie" was formerly questioned it is now regarded as established. Meanwhile, his integrity and ability caused much business to be entrusted to him.

paragraph: In 1524 Fitzherbert was sent on a royal commission to Ireland; Archbishop Warham appointed him by will sole arbitrator in the administration of his estate; and in 1529 when Wolsey fell, he was made a commissioner to hear chancery causes in place of the chancellor, and he subsequently signed the articles of impeachment against him. As one of the judges he unwillingly took part in the trials of the martyrs Fisher, More, and Haile, but he strongly disapproved of the king's ecclesiastical policy, particularly the suppression of the monasteries and he bound his children under oath never to accept or purchase any abbey lands.

paragraph: In 1534 he published "La Novelle Natura Brevium", and his last works "L'Office et Auctoryté des justices de peas" (1538), the first complete treatise on the subject, and "The Offices of Sheryffes, Bailliffes, Escheatours, Constables, and Coroners".

paragraph: Sir Anthony was twice married, first to Dorothy Willoughby who died without issue, and secondly to Matilda Cotton by whom he had a large family. His descendants have remained Catholic and still own his estate of Norbury as well as the family seat at Swynnerton.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"La Graunde Abridgement", 1514.

paragraph: Fitzherbert in 1514 published "La Graunde Abridgement", a collection of cases compiled out of the Year Books. This was the first systematic attempt to provide a summary of English law.

paragraph: It was known as "La Graunde Abridgement" and has often been reprinted, both entire and in epitomes, besides forming the foundation of all subsequent abridgments. He also brought out an edition of "Magna charta cum diversis aliis statutis" (1519).

paragraph: It was held by Fitzherbert J, as early as 1536 (YB 27 Hy VIII Mich pl 10) that a member of the public could sue for a common or public nuisance if he could show that he had suffered particular damage over and above the ordinary damage suffered by the public at large. To the present day, causing a public nuisance has been treated as both a crime and a tort, the ingredients of each being the same.

paragraph: Attributed in Year Book 26 Hen 8 TT, p 4 c 15 (ed 1679) to Fitzherbert J: "for one can create common appurtenant at this day, and one can alienate it, and sever it from the land to which it is appurtenant ..." The author comments, at p 273, that "the passage ... must be understood as applying only to common appurtenant for a certain number".

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"La Novelle Natura Brevium", 1534.

paragraph: "La Novelle Natura Brevium" was a treatise on English law by Fitzherbert, described as "that exact work, exquisitely penned", It is often cited in judgments today across the common law world, and represents an important tract on the rules of common law in the 16th century. It remained one of the classical English law books until the end of the 18th century.

paragraph: Fitzherbert, in his new Natura Brevium (1534) 94D, says that:"If a smith prick my horse with a nail, I shall have my action on the case against him, without any warranty by the smith to do it well"; and he supports it with an excellent reason: "for it is the duty of every artificer to exercise his art rightly and truly as he ought".

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Boke of Husbandry", 1523/34.

paragraph: Fitzherbert's "Boke of Husbandry", published in 1523/34, is one of the classics of English agriculture, and justly, for it is full of shrewd observation and deliberate wisdom expressed in a virile style, with agreeable leaven of piety and humour. Fitzherbert anticipated a modern poet, Henley, in one of his most happy phrases: "Ryght so euery man is capitayne of his owne soule."

paragraph: The book contains directions for draining, clearing, and enclosing a farm; and for enriching and reducing the soil to tillage. Lime, marl, and fallowing are strongly recommended. The landlords are advised to grant leases to farmers who will surround their farms, and divide them by hedges into proper enclosures; by which operation, he says,

paragraph: Another reason is, that it will preserve the corn without the expense of a herdsman. From the time of the appearance of this work, in 1534, Harte dates the revival of husbandry in England.

paragraph: The author does not speak of husbandry only, but of other points. The other points are the breeding of horses (not a necessary part of a farmer's business), the selling of wood and timber, grafting of trees, a long discourse upon prodigality, remarks upon gaming, a discussion of "what is riches," and a treatise upon practical religion, illustrated by Latin quotations from the fathers, and occupying no small portion of the work. This is not the work of a practical farmer, in the narrow acceptation of the term, meaning thereby one who farms to live ; but it is clearly the work of a country gentleman, rich in horses and in timber, acquainted with the extravagant mode of life often adopted by the wealthy, and at the same time given to scholarly pursuits and to learned and devout reading.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"The Boke of Surveying and Improvements", 1523/39.

paragraph: While "The Boke of Husbandry" gave a clear and minute description of the rural practices of that period, from "The Boke of Surveying and Improvements", may be learned a good deal of the economy of the feudal system in its decline. The first 1523 editions of the books are very rare. The 1523 edition of the "Boke of Husbandry" is remarkable for the engraving upon the title page, representing two oxen drawing a plough with drivers. The author writes from his own experience of more than forty years; and, if we except his biblical allusions, and some vestiges of the superstition of the Roman writers about the influence of the moon. Early 19th century John Claudius Loudon explained:

paragraph: There is very little of his work that should be omitted, and not a great deal of subsequent science that need be added, with regard to the culture of corn, in a manual of husbandry adapted to the present time. It may surprise some of the agriculturists of the present day, an eminent agricultural writer remarks, to be told that, after the lapse of almost three centuries, Fitzherbert's practice, in some material branches, has not been improved upon; and that in several districts abuses still exist, which were as clearly pointed out by him at that early period, as by any writer of the present age. His remarks on sheep are so accurate, that one might imagine they came from a storemaster of the present day: those on horses, cattle, etc., are not less interesting; and there is a very good account of the diseases of each species, and some just observations on the advantage of mixing different kinds in the same pasture. Swine and bees conclude this branch of the work.

paragraph: The book further points out the great advantages of enclosures; recommends "quycksettynge, dychynge, and hedgyng;" and gives particular directions about the "settes", and the method of training a hedge, as well as concerning the planting and management of trees. We have then a short information "for a yonge gentylman that intendeth to thryve," and a "prolouge for the wive's occupation," in some instances.

paragraph: Among other things, she is to "make her husband and herself some clothes;" and "she may have the lockes of the shepe, either to make blankettes and coverlettes, or both." This is not so much amiss; but what follows, according to Loudon (1825) will bring our learned judge into disrepute, even with our most industrious housewives:

paragraph: The rest of the book contains some useful advice about diligence and economy; and concludes, after the manner of the age, with many pious exhortations.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Fitzherbert's treatise on English law, particularly "La Novelle Natura Brevium", remained classical English law books until the end of the 18th century. His last works "L'Office et Auctoryté des justices de peas" (1538), and "L'Office de Viconts Bailiffes, Escheators, Constables, Coroners", were the constantly reprinted.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.:Agriculture.

paragraph: In the late 18th century Walter Harte (1764) observed, that from the multitude of books published on the subject of cultivating the earth, one would have imagined the art to have been more studied than it really has been. Since upon the whole it continued in a sort of declining condition from the days of Virgil and Columella till the time of Constantine IV, and then lay in a kind of dormant state till about the middle of Henry VIIIth's reign, when it was rather revived than improved.

paragraph: About the time Anthony Fitzherbert in England published his "Natura Brevium", authors as Agostino Gallo, Camillo Tarello, Francesco Sansovino and others in Italy, published several considerable books in agriculture. These Italian writers on husbandry, made the ancients of their country their text and model, and are looked upon to be excellent in language, and no ways defective in experience and knowledge. But Fitzherbert was the first, if we except "Crescenzio dell Agricoltura" (whose fine performance was printed at Florence in 1478) and "Pier Marino", the translator of "Palladius de Re Rustica", who made his work public in the year 1528.

paragraph: Fitzherbert's books on agriculture soon raised a spirit of emulation in his countrymen, and many treatises of the same kind successively appeared. The two treaties on husbandry were republished in 1534 and 1539, and many times beyond, but these versions became the most known. Over time the authorship of the "Boke of Husbandry" and the "Boke of Surveying" have been questioned, whether it was Anthony Fitzherbert or his eldest brother, John Fitzherbert of Norbury, Derbyshire. In the 1882 reprint by the English Dialectic Society the editor professor Walter W. Skeat clearly argued in favour of the former.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Fitzherbert. "La Graunde Abridgement", 1514

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Fitzherbert. "Diversité de courtz et leur jurisdictions", 1523 (tr. by Hughes in 1646)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Fitzherbert. "The Boke of Husbandry", 1523/34 ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Fitzherbert. "The Boke of Surveyinge and Improvements", 1523/39

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Fitzherbert. "La Novelle Natura Brevium," 1534

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Fitzherbert. "L'Office et Auctoryté des justices de peas" 1538

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

description: English judge, scholar and legal author

enwikiquote_title: Anthony Fitzherbert

wikidata_label: Anthony Fitzherbert

wikipedia_title: Anthony Fitzherbert


text: Canadian

text: Canadian Confederation

text: Saskatchewan

text: Royal Canadian Air Cadets

text: House of Commons

text: minister of the Crown

text: Prime Minister of Canada

text: Brian Mulroney

text: Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé

text: viceroy

text: Roméo LeBlanc

text: Rideau Hall

text: Ukrainian Canadian

text: Queen's Privy Council for Canada

text: Carleton University

text: pancreatitis

text: Ukrainian Canadian

text: Saskatoon

text: Saskatchewan

text: John

text: John Diefenbaker

text: Nutana Collegiate Institute

text: Royal Canadian Air Cadets

text: University of Saskatchewan

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Bachelor of Law

text: Karen Gerda Nygaard Andreasen

text: Ottawa

text: Senate

text: College of Law

text: Progressive Conservative Party

text: 1974 federal election

text: Saskatoon—Biggar

text: House of Commons

text: 1979 election

text: Saskatoon West

text: election of 1988

text: Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing

text: New Democratic Party

text: Chris Axworthy

text: Cabinet

text: Joe Clark

text: Minister of Energy, Mines, and Resources

text: Brian Mulroney

text: Minister of Justice

text: bar of Ontario

text: Queen

text: royal sign-manual

text: Great Seal of Canada

text: Prime Minister

text: Brian Mulroney

text: Jeanne Sauvé

text: Rideau Hall

text: the royal park in which it sits

text: the Prince

text: Princess of Wales

text: President of Russia

text: Boris Yeltsin

text: King Hussein

text: Queen Noor of Jordan

text: state visits

text: Ukraine

text: at Her Majesty's pleasure

text: Monarchist League of Canada

text: Vincent Massey

text: Reform Party

text: Carleton University

text: Christmas

text: pancreatitis

text: lay in state

text: Ukrainian Orthodox

text: state funeral

text: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

text: Peter Mansbridge

text: Adrienne Clarkson

text: Persian Gulf

text: Beechwood Cemetery

text: Canada Post

text: widow

text: postage stamp

text: Vancouver

text: Canadian Press

text: coat of arms

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Member of Parliament

text: Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Honorary Life Member of the Law Society of Saskatchewan

text: Companion of the Order of Canada

text: Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada

text: Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit

text: Chief Scout of Canada

text: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada

text: Honorary Life Member of the Law Society of Upper Canada

text: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal

text: Canadian Forces Decoration

text: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal

text: Ukrainian World Congress

text: Hebrew University

text: the Governor General's Horse Guards

text: Governor General's Foot Guards

text: the Canadian Grenadier Guards

text: University of Saskatchewan

text: Doctor of Laws

text: Royal Military College of Canada

text: Queen's University

text: University of Ottawa

text: Carleton University

text: McGill University

text: University of Manitoba

text: Memorial University of Newfoundland

text: University of Alberta

text: University of Northern British Columbia

text: Law Society of Upper Canada

text: Osgoode Hall

text: British Columbia Open University

text: University of Victoria

text: Doctor of Canon Law

text: Royal Roads Military College

text: Bishop's University

text: Doctor of Civil Law

text: Yonsei University

text: Doctor of Philosophy

text: Saskatoon

wikipedia_title: University of Saskatchewan College of Law

wikipedia_title: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada

wikipedia_title: Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada)

wikipedia_title: Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada

wikipedia_title: List of state and official visits by Canada

categories: Politicians from Saskatoon,Chief Scouts of Canada,Lawyers in Saskatchewan,Chancellors of Carleton University,Canadian Queen's Counsel,Governors General of Canada,Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs,2002 deaths,Commanders of the Order of Military Merit (Canada),Members of the 21st Canadian Ministry,Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada,Canadian people of Ukrainian descent,Knights of Justice of the Order of St John,Lawyers in Ontario,1934 births,Companions of the Order of Canada,Deaths from pancreatitis,Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan,Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry

paragraph: Ray Hnatyshyn

paragraph: Ramon John Hnatyshyn ( "Roman Hnatyshyn") (; March 16, 1934December 18, 2002), commonly known as Ray Hnatyshyn, was a Canadian statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 24th since Canadian Confederation.

paragraph: Hnatyshyn was born and educated in Saskatchewan and served in the Royal Canadian Air Cadets prior to being elected to the House of Commons in 1974, whereafter he served as a minister of the Crown in two non-successive governments until 1988. He was in 1989 appointed as governor general by Queen Elizabeth II, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney, to replace Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé as viceroy, and he occupied the post until succeeded by Roméo LeBlanc in 1995. As the Queen's representative, Hnatyshyn proved to be a populist, reversing some exclusive policies of his predecessor, such as opening up Rideau Hall to ordinary Canadians and tourists alike, and was praised for raising the stature of Ukrainian Canadians.

paragraph: On June 4, 1979, Hnatyshyn was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. He subsequently practised law and sat as Chancellor of Carleton University before dying of pancreatitis on December 18, 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and political career.

paragraph: Hnatyshyn, a Ukrainian Canadian, was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to Helen Hnatyshyn and her husband, John, whose political links and friendship with John Diefenbaker, the future prime minister, would provide his son with frequent exposure to high-calibre political debate. Hnatyshyn attended Victoria Public School and Nutana Collegiate Institute, and enrolled in the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, where he was a member of 107 Spitfire Squadron in Saskatoon. After graduation from high school, went on to attend the University of Saskatchewan, earning there in 1954 a Bachelor of Arts and, two years later, a Bachelor of Law. On January 9, 1960, Hnatyshyn married Karen Gerda Nygaard Andreasen, eventually having and raising two sons with her.

paragraph: Two years after he was called to the bar of Saskatchewan in 1957, Hnatyshyn's family moved to Ottawa upon his father being summoned to the Senate. There, Hnatyshyn worked for his father's law firm while also lecturing at the University of Saskatchewan's College of Law. However, he eventually set these jobs aside in order to make a successful bid as a Progressive Conservative Party candidate in the 1974 federal election from Saskatoon—Biggar in the House of Commons. When that seat was abolished ahead of the 1979 election, Hnatyshyn followed most of his constituents into Saskatoon West for another two terms. Saskatoon West was abolished before the election of 1988, and Hnatshyn attempted to follow most of his constituents into Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing, but lost to New Democratic Party challenger Chris Axworthy.

paragraph: During his time in Parliament, he was appointed first, on April 2, 1979, to the Cabinet chaired by Joe Clark (as Minister of Energy, Mines, and Resources), and then to that headed by Brian Mulroney (as Minister of Justice) on June 30, 1986, the same year he was called to the bar of Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::Governor General of Canada.

paragraph: It was on December 14, 1989, that Queen Elizabeth II had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and Great Seal of Canada, appointed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's choice of Hnatyshyn to succeed Jeanne Sauvé as the Queen's representative. He was subsequently sworn-in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on January 29, 1990.

paragraph: Hnatyshyn thereafter made an effort to open up Rideau Hall—the monarch's and governor general's residence in Ottawa—to the public, establishing a visitors' centre and initiating guided tours of the palace and the royal park in which it sits. These moves marked a complete reversal of the policies of Hnatyshyn's predecessor, who had closed Rideau Hall to the general public. In 1991, Hnatyshyn staged on the grounds the first of the annual Governor General's Summer Concert Series and, the year after, mounted His Excellency's Most Excellent Rock Concert and re-opened the skating rink to the public. These events blended with some of Hnatyshyn's self-imposed mandates during his viceregal tenure, which included a desire to engage Canadian youth and focus attention on education and to encourage the arts. In these veins, he established in 1992 the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Arts, and the Governor General's Flight For Freedom Award for Lifetime Achievement in Literacy. Further, he founded the International Council for Canadian Studies, the Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law, and the Governor General's International Award for Canadian Studies.

paragraph: Among numerous other official and ceremonial duties, the Governor General presided over celebrations to mark the 125th anniversary of Confederation and welcomed to Rideau Hall the Prince and Princess of Wales, along with a host of foreign dignitaries such as President of Russia Boris Yeltsin and King Hussein and Queen Noor of Jordan. Further, Hnatyshyn undertook a number of state visits, including one to Ukraine, before his time serving at Her Majesty's pleasure ended on February 6, 1995.

paragraph: Throughout his tenure as the Canadian viceroy, Hnatyshyn was both defended and criticised by the Monarchist League of Canada. In their final summary of Hnatyshyn's years in office, though, the former governor general was generally viewed to have not stood up for the Canadian Crown that he represented, choosing to follow, instead of Vincent Massey's example, that of Sauvé, who was herself seen as a republican. This lack of loyalty, it was argued, left Hnatyshyn with few defenders when he was targeted by members of the Reform Party for his salary and taxes. It was thought by John Pepall that Hnatyshyn's name had been selected by Mulroney to put forward to the Queen for appointment as governor general because Hnatyshyn, who had just recently been a member of the Cabinet headed by Mulroney until losing his parliamentary seat in the 1988 election, was someone Mulroney could "hardly feel any deference for", allowing Mulroney to continue to show the "juvenile extreme of the politician's craving for publicity and centre stage" he had while Jeanne Sauvé was governor general.

paragraph: Section::::Post viceregal career and death.

paragraph: After his departure from Government House, Hnatyshyn returned to practicing law at the firm of Gowling, Strathy & Henderson, where he had previously worked between 1989 and 1990. In 2002 he was installed as Chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa, however, only months later, shortly before Christmas, Hnatyshyn died of pancreatitis. Per tradition, and with the consent of his family, Hnatyshyn lay in state for two days in the Senate chamber, and, though he was Ukrainian Orthodox, he was commemorated in his state funeral in a multi-faith ceremony on December 23, 2002, at Ottawa's Christ Church Cathedral. The service included the funeral rite of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—officiated by Archbishop Yurij, Bishop of Toronto, and the clergy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—and a eulogy from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's chief correspondent, Peter Mansbridge, and Adrienne Clarkson, by that time the sitting governor general, paid tribute to one of her predecessors via video, as she and her husband were en route to spend Christmas with Canadian troops stationed in the Persian Gulf. Hnatyshyn was then buried at Beechwood Cemetery in Ottawa.

paragraph: Various memorials followed Hnatyshyn's death: On March 16, 2004, Canada Post unveiled at a ceremony, attended by Hnatyshyn's widow, a $0.49 postage stamp designed by Vancouver graphic artist Susan Mavor, and bearing the formal portrait of Hnatyshyn taken by Canadian Press photographer Paul Chaisson on the day Hnatyshyn became governor general, along with a tone-on-tone rendering of part of Hnatyshyn's coat of arms. Two years later, a 48-minute documentary DVD examining the life of Hnatyshyn, "A Man for all Canadians" was released in Canada by IKOR Film.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.:Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- June 4, 1979 – January 29, 1990: "The Honourable" Ramon Hnatyshyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: "His Excellency the Right Honourable" Ramon Hnatyshyn, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 8, 1995 – December 18, 2002: "The Right Honourable" Ramon Hnatyshyn

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.:Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appointments

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 – December 18, 2002: Queen's Counsel for Saskatchewan (QC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- September 30, 1974 – October 1, 1988: Member of Parliament (MP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- June 4, 1979 – December 18, 2002: Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (PC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 – December 18, 2002: Queen's Counsel for Canada (QC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 – December 18, 2002: Honorary Life Member of the Law Society of Saskatchewan

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 10, 1990 – January 29, 1990: Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 8, 1995 – December 18, 2002: Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 8, 1995 – December 18, 2002: Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)

paragraph: BULLET::::- February 8, 1995 – December 18, 2002: Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: Chief Scout of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 – December 18, 2002: Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 – December 18, 2002: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada (FRHSC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Honorary Life Member of the Law Society of Upper Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medals

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Commemorative Medal for the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foreign honours

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Ukrainian World Congress St. Volodymyr Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Hebrew University Mount Scopus Award

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.:Honours.:Honorary military appointments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: Colonel of the Governor General's Horse Guards

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: Colonel of the Governor General's Foot Guards

paragraph: BULLET::::- January 29, 1990 – February 8, 1995: Colonel of the Canadian Grenadier Guards

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.:Honours.:Honorary degrees.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 23, 1990: University of Saskatchewan, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 17, 1991: Royal Military College of Canada, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: Queen's University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: University of Ottawa, Doctor of the University (DUniv)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Carleton University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- June 15, 1992: McGill University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- October 23, 1992: University of Manitoba, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- October 29, 1994: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: University of Alberta, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: University of Northern British Columbia, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Law Society of Upper Canada at Osgoode Hall, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : British Columbia Open University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : University of Victoria, Doctor of Canon Law (JCD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Royal Roads Military College, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Bishop's University, Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Yonsei University, Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil)

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Chernivtsi University, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.:Honours.:Monuments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Statue, Saskatoon

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.:Honours.:Honorific eponyms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Ramon John Hnatyshyn Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Organisations

paragraph: BULLET::::- : The Hnatyshyn Foundation

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Ramon Hnatyshyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation: installation of Ramon Hnatyshyn as governor general

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation: obituary of Ramon Hnatyshyn

description: Canadian politician of Ukrainian descent

wikidata_label: Ray Hnatyshyn

wikipedia_title: Ray Hnatyshyn


text: pen-name

text: duchess

text: Romanian

text: Albanian

text: Romantic

text: feminist

text: Albanian national cause

text: Bucharest

text: Ghica family

text: Mihai Ghica

text: Prince of Wallachia

text: Grigore IV Ghica

text: Dresden

text: Vienna

text: Venice

text: Berlin

text: Ancient Greek

text: Alexander Von Humboldt

text: Russia

text: duke

text: Russia

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Russian nationalist

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: bigotry

text: Court of the Despotic

text: Emperor

text: Nicholas I

text: Central Europe

text: Switzerland

text: Greece

text: Anatolia

text: Italy

text: villa

text: Florence

text: France

text: Ireland

text: United States

text: French

text: Romanian

text: Italian

text: German

text: French

text: Latin

text: Modern Greek

text: Russian

text: liberal

text: cosmopolitan

text: Western Europe

text: Eastern Europe

text: emancipation

text: Florence

text: Brussels

text: Paris

text: monastic order

text: Geneva

text: Zürich

text: Mönch

text: Levant

text: Latin Europe

text: Germany

text: Rumelia

text: Morea

text: Ancient Greece

text: Livorno

text: dukes of Ghica

text: Revue des Deux Mondes

text: Belgian

text: painter

text: Italian academy

text: Greek parliament

text: mountaineer

text: Mont Blanc

text: Mönch

text: nom de plume

text: Balkan people's emancipation struggle

text: Hellenophile

text: Gregorios Pappadopoulos

text: Hohenzollern

text: Albanian history

text: Western Europe

text: Albanian cause

text: Serbian

text: Dhimitër Kamarda

text: Jeronim de Rada

text: queen

text: Albert Ghica

text: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon

text: Armand Pommier

text: Charles Yriarte

text: Bartolomeo Cecchetti

text: François Buloz

text: Fragment

text: Observator Cultural

categories: Albanian feminists,Ghica family,19th-century Albanian people,Romanian essayists,Russian women essayists,1888 deaths,Feminist writers,Russian nobility,1828 births,Russian women artists,Romanticism,Women travel writers,19th-century Russian people,Albanian writers,People from Bucharest,Russian people of Romanian descent,Russian women painters,19th-century Russian women,19th-century Romanian women,Romanian mountain climbers,19th-century women writers,Romanian travel writers,Russian people of Albanian descent,19th-century Albanian women,Romanian writers in French,19th-century Albanian women writers,19th-century Romanian people,Romanian women writers,Romanian feminists,Activists of the Albanian National Awakening,Russian feminists,19th-century Russian women writers

paragraph: Dora d'Istria

paragraph: Dora d'Istria, pen-name of duchess Helena Koltsova-Massalskaya born Elena Ghica (Gjika/Xhika) (January 22, 1828, Bucharest – November 17, 1888, Florence) was a Romanian and Albanian Romantic writer and feminist, most notable for having emblematized the Albanian national cause of the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born in Bucharest in 1828 as a member of the Ghica family and was the daughter of Mihai Ghica and the niece of the reigning Prince of Wallachia Grigore IV Ghica. She received a thorough education that was continued abroad - first in Dresden, then in Vienna, then in Venice, and finally in Berlin where she gave a sample of her mastery of Ancient Greek to Alexander Von Humboldt.

paragraph: D'Istria returned to her home country in 1849 and married the Russian duke Alexander Koltsov-Massalski making her the duchess Helena Koltsova-Massalskaya. They lived for several years in Russia, mostly in Saint Petersburg, but Dora never cherished the Russian nationalist views of her husband or the Eastern Orthodox bigotry of the Court of the Despotic Emperor Nicholas I. As her health decayed in the Russian climate, she took her husband's advice and travelled to Central Europe. She first went to Switzerland for several years and then journeyed through Greece and Anatolia. Finally, she returned to Italy and lived in a villa in Florence, while occasionally traveling to France, Ireland and the United States.

paragraph: As a writer she was first noticed in 1855 while she was writing mostly in French under the name "d'Istria". She published a number of works that not only showed her proficiency in Romanian, Italian, German, French, Latin, Ancient and Modern Greek, and Russian, but also her knowledge of scientific topics, her liberal views on religious and political topics, as well as a talent for presenting her points. Her general world view was cosmopolitan, but she also worked hard to bring the resources and technologies available in Western Europe to Eastern Europe, and worked towards the emancipation of her gender.

paragraph: She died in Florence on November 17, 1888.

paragraph: Section::::In culture.

paragraph: Her first work was "La vie monastique dans l'Église orientale" ("Monastical Life in the Eastern Church") (Brussels 1855; 2.ed., Paris 1858), in which she called for the abolishment of monastic orders. It was followed by "La Suisse allemande" ("German Switzerland") (Geneva 1856, 4 vols.; German, 2. ed., Zürich 1860, 3 vols.), a description of Switzerland and its people with a passage describing a climb up the Mönch.

paragraph: In the tract "Les femmes en Orient" ("Women in the Orient") (Zürich 1859, 2 vols.) she spoke out for the emancipation of women in the Levant; in "Des femmes, par une femme" ("About Women, by a Woman") (2. ed., Brussels 1869, 2 vols.) she compared the situation of women in Latin Europe with that in Germany and demanded with strong words the equal treatment of men and women. Before this volume, "Excursions en Roumélie et en Morée" ("Excursions in Rumelia and Morea") (Zürich 1863, 2 vols.) was published, in which she tried to show that 19th-century Germany had the same civilizing task as Ancient Greece.

paragraph: She also published the narrative "Au bord des lacs helvétiques" ("Sailing the Swiss Lakes") (Geneva 1861), the novels "Fylétia e Arbenoré prèj Kanekate laoshima" (Livorno 1867) and "Gli Albanesi in Rumenia", a history of her own family the dukes of Ghica from the 17th to the 19th century (2. ed., Florence 1873), and "La poésie des Ottomans" (2. ed., Paris 1877), as well as numerous writings on literary history, poetics, political social and religious questions, history, art and more in renowned journals including the French "Revue des Deux Mondes", the Belgian "Libre Recherche", and the Italian "Diritto", "Antologia nuova", "Rivista europea" and more, as well as various Swiss, Greek, Romanian, and American journals.

paragraph: D'Istria was also a painter. She was a member of several scholarly societies, such as the Italian academy; she was also named honorary citizen by the Greek parliament and many Italian cities.

paragraph: She was also a mountaineer, making an early female ascent of Mont Blanc on June 1, 1860. As noted, she wrote a description of her climb of Mönch in "La Suisse allemande".

paragraph: Section::::In culture.:The Albanian cause.

paragraph: Her family's history and fame, as well as its putative Albanian origins, are mostly known to the Western readers from Princess Elena Ghica's memoirs "Gli Albanesi in Rumenia. Storia dei principi Ghika" ("The Albanians in Romania. The history of the Ghica Princes").

paragraph: For Dora d'Istria (Elena Ghica's "nom de plume"), the crumbly theory of the Albanian origin of the family's founder, resurrected after several centuries of latent existence, proved to be very lucrative; it gave a new reason for her Romantic involvement in the Balkan people's emancipation struggle (she had previously adopted - and later abandon - a Hellenophile attitude courtesy of her Greek maternal ancestry and the influence of her Greek tutor Gregorios Pappadopoulos), as well as in her anti-establishment attitude generated by the entrenching of the Hohenzollern in the Romanian Principality to the detriment of her family who had high hopes for a return on the throne.

paragraph: She started learning Albanian history and in 1866 she became the main advocate in Western Europe for the Albanian cause, despite the fact that she never learned the Albanian language.

paragraph: Her book "Gli Albanesi in Rumenia" was preceded by a series of articles on the nationalities from South-Eastern Europe and their struggle for independence. After articles on the Romanian (1859), Greek (1860) and Serbian (1865) ethnic identities came out, Dora d'Istria published in 1866 an article entitled "The Albanian nationality according to folksongs". The study was translated into Albanian in 1867 by the Italo-Albanian patriot Dhimitër Kamarda, and was prefaced by a revolutionary poem written by an Albanian author and addressed to his countrymen urging Albanians to rise up against the Ottomans.

paragraph: Henceforth Dora d'Istria became known in Albanians nationalist circles that used her name to gain support for their cause. This situation was mutual and nurtured her writings (most notably her correspondence), and she cultivated relationships with notable Albanian patriots such as Kamarda and Jeronim de Rada. After the publication of "Gli Albanesi in Romania..." the Albanian nationalists in Italy declared Elena Ghica as the uncrowned queen of Albania.

paragraph: These speculations were tacitly entertained by Elena Ghica; soon other members of the family were drawn into this Albanian nationalistic tradition. At the end of the century another member of her family, Romanian writer and socialite Albert Ghica, would likewise encourage vocal demands for the Albanian throne.

paragraph: Ghika is an Albanian name Gjika is used today in Albania.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio D'Alessandri, "Il pensiero e l’opera di Dora d’Istria fra Oriente europeo e Italia" (Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano, Biblioteca scientifica, Serie II: Memorie, vol. 54), Roma, Gangemi, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meyers Konversations-Lexikon". "In turn, it cites as references:"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armand Pommier, "Madame la comtesse Dora d'Istria" (Brussels 1863)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Yriarte, "Portraits cosmopolites" (Paris 1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartolomeo Cecchetti, "Bibliografia della Principessa Elena Gjika, Dora D’Istria" (6. Ed., Florence 1873).

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Buloz, "Revue des deux mondes", 1875. Fragment.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures and texts of "La Suisse allemande et l'ascension du Moench" by Dora d'Istria can be found in the database VIATIMAGES.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liviu Bordas, Dor de Dunăre şi alte nostalgii cosmopolite - Preţul cosmopolitismului in Observator Cultural (in Romanian)

alias:
Elena Ghica
Helena Koltsova-Massalskaya

description: Romanian writer

wikidata_label: Dora d'Istria

wikipedia_title: Dora d'Istria


text:
Patriarch of Alexandria
Council of Chalcedon
Dioscorus of Alexandria
Schism
Coptic Orthodox
Greek Orthodox
anti-Chalcedonian
Chalcedonian
Timothy Aelurus
Evagrius Scholasticus
Zachariah of Mitylene
Roman province
Byzantine emperor
Leo I the Thracian
Saint
Eastern Orthodox Church
Coptic Orthodox
St Proterius of Alexandria

categories: 457 deaths,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,5th-century Egyptian people,Year of birth unknown,5th-century archbishops,5th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Proterius of Alexandria

paragraph: Hieromartyr Proterius of Alexandria (died 457) was Patriarch of Alexandria from 451 to 457. He had been appointed by the Council of Chalcedon to replace the depose Dioscorus.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Proterius was elected by the Council of Chalcedon in 451 to replace Dioscorus of Alexandria, who had been deposed as Patriarch by the same council.

paragraph: His accession marks the beginning of the Schism of 451 between the Coptic Orthodox and the Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Alexandria, which has never been completely resolved. Because the church of Alexandria was largely anti-Chalcedonian, the deposition of Dioscorus, an anti-Chalcedonian, from the Patriarchate, and the elevation of Proterius, a Chalcedonian, to it, was violently opposed. Finally in 457 the anti-Chalcedonian party in Alexandria elected Timothy Aelurus as Patriarch of Alexandria, in opposition to Proterius, who was either subsequently martyred by a Coptic mob (Evagrius Scholasticus, 2, 8 ) or murdered by the Byzantine garrison in Alexandria (Zachariah of Mitylene, 4,1-3 ).

paragraph: The murder was commented in several letters by groups of bishops from various Roman provinces (e.g. Galatia Prima) or larger regions to Byzantine emperor Leo I the Thracian (457-474).

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: He is regarded as a Saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is not recognized as a Pope by the Coptic Orthodox, who instead recognize Dioscorus and Timothy as having been the legitimate Popes during this time. (Coptic Orthodox Church Network, Popes Chronology ).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Proterius of Alexandria Orthodox Synaxarion

description: Patriarch of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Proterius of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Proterius of Alexandria


text:
badminton
England
1983 IBF World Championships
Mike Tredgett
European results
English statistics

categories: 1959 births,Living people,English female badminton players,Badminton players at the 1982 Commonwealth Games,Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England

paragraph: Karen Chapman

paragraph: Karen Chapman (born 21 May 1959) is a retired female badminton player of England.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: She won the bronze medal at the 1983 IBF World Championships in mixed doubles with Mike Tredgett.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- European results

paragraph: BULLET::::- English statistics

alias:
Karen Puttick
Karen T. Chapman

description: badminton player

wikidata_label: Karen Chapman

wikipedia_title: Karen Chapman


text: swimmer

text: 1936 Summer Olympics

text: men's 100-meter backstroke

text: Adolph Kiefer

text: World War II

text: flip turn

text: Princeton University

text: Princeton Tigers

text: International Swimming Hall of Fame

text: List of Princeton University Olympians

text: List of Princeton University people

categories: Sportspeople from New York City,American people of Dutch descent,Olympic swimmers of the United States,2002 deaths,American military personnel of World War II,Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics,American male backstroke swimmers,Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics,Princeton Tigers men's swimmers,American people of Flemish descent,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming,1916 births

paragraph: Al Vande Weghe

paragraph: Albert Joseph Vande Weghe (July 28, 1916 – August 13, 2002) was an American competition swimmer and Olympic silver medalist.

paragraph: As a 20-year-old high school senior at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, he won the silver medal in the men's 100-meter backstroke. Vande Weghe finished second behind fellow American Adolph Kiefer and recorded a time of 1:07.7. Like Kiefer, Vande Weghe never achieved his full potential as a swimmer after his competition career was interrupted by military service during World War II.

paragraph: He was known for being the first man to swim the 100-yard backstroke in under a minute, and for the competitive advantage he gained in the turn by inventing the flip turn.

paragraph: After the Olympics, Vande Weghe attended Princeton University, where he swam for the Princeton Tigers swimming and diving team.

paragraph: He swam for four years without ever losing a college dual meet, and won the NCAA national championship in the 150-yard backstroke three consecutive years. He graduated from Princeton with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1940.

paragraph: Vande Weghe was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an "Honor Swimmer" in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Princeton University Olympians

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Princeton University people

description: American swimmer, Olympic silver medalist

wikidata_label: Al Vande Weghe

wikipedia_title: Al Vande Weghe


text:
Fleetwood
Thornton-Cleveleys
Rossall School
Fleetwood
William Beechey
King George III
Ann (née Jessop) Beechey
John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent
Frederick William Beechey
Richard Brydges Beechey
Sidcup
Caius College, Cambridge
Aylesford
Hilgay
Fleetwood
Thornton-Cleveleys
Worsley with Ellenbrook
Canon of Manchester
Hilgay
Manchester Photographic Society
North Euston Hotel
Fylde
Rossall School
Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood
The Earl of Derby
Duke of Devonshire
Archbishop Sumner
Worsley
Gale and Polden

categories: 1806 births,1899 deaths,Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

paragraph: St. Vincent Beechey

paragraph: St. Vincent Beechey (7 August 1806 – 19 August 1899) was a nineteenth-century vicar of Fleetwood and Thornton-Cleveleys, Lancashire and later of Worsley, Lancashire. He is known for founding Rossall School in Fleetwood, Lancashire in 1844 and was also President of the Manchester Photographic Society. At the time of his death, it was believed that Beechey was the oldest clergyman in England, being 93 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: St. Vincent was born in London the twenty-first child of William Beechey, court painter to King George III and Ann (née Jessop) Beechey. He was also named after his godfather, John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, in recognition of his great naval victory in 1797. There is a painting of his godfather by his father. St. Vincent Beechey was also brother to Frederick William Beechey the great naval commander and Richard Brydges Beechey, painter and Admiral. He was educated in Sidcup under a Mr. Knowles and at Caius College, Cambridge.

paragraph: He married Mary Ann Ommaney in 1836. They had seven children.

paragraph: Section::::Appointments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1829 – Curate of Aylesford, Kent

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1831 – Curate of Hilgay, Norfolk

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1841 - Vicar of Fleetwood and Thornton-Cleveleys

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1850 – Vicar of Worsley with Ellenbrook

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1869 – Honorary Canon of Manchester

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1872 - Rector of Hilgay

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1876 - Rector of Newton

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of the Manchester Photographic Society

paragraph: Section::::Rossall School.

paragraph: St. Vincent was called to a meeting at the North Euston Hotel in 1844 by a young Corsican by the name of Zenon Vantini who was looking to make money through an educational insurance scheme. He had proposed two schools of five-hundred pupils in the Fylde area - one for boys, the other for girls. St. Vincent soon rose to prominence in the scheme when it became apparent that any schools founded would be of Anglican foundation. The idea for a girls' school was dropped and it was decided that a school of 200 students was to open under the name of the North of England Church of England School - this later became Rossall School.

paragraph: Beechey had to raise funds for the opening of the new school and got the financial support of Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood, The Earl of Derby as patron, the Duke of Devonshire as vice-president and Archbishop Sumner, then Bishop of Chester and later Archbishop of Canterbury, as visitor. The school opened on 22 August 1844 in the grounds of Hesketh's Rossall Hall, with a 21-year lease on the aforementioned property and an option to purchase after ten years for £7000. Beechey remained on the board of governors until 1856 at which point his association became a more informal supervisory one. He continued this role until his death in 1899. His views on the early days of the school can be read in his book - "Rossall School Its Rise and Progress". There is a memorial to him in St Mark's churchyard, Worsley, Lancashire.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canon St Vincent Beechey, "Rossall School, Its Rise and Progress", 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Frederick Rowbotham, "History of Rossall School", First ed. 1895, John Heywood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Furness, "The Centenary History of Rossall School", 1945, Gale and Polden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bennett, "A Very Desolate Position", 1977, Rossall Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bennett, "Rossall Will be What You Make it", 1992, Rossall Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derek Winterbottom, "The Tide Flows On", 2006, Manx Press)

description: British priest

wikidata_label: St. Vincent Beechey

wikipedia_title: St. Vincent Beechey


text:
Kingdom of Zaachila
Teotzapotlan
Oaxaca
Spanish colonization
Cosijoeza
tlatoani
Ahuízotl
Zaachila
Guiengola
Mixtecos
Tehuantepec
Pedro de Alvarado
Catholic Encyclopedia
Convent of Santo Domingo

categories: 1563 deaths,People from Oaxaca,Zapotec people,1502 births

paragraph: Cosijopii I

paragraph: Cosijopii I also Cosiiopii I (December 30, 1502–1563) was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Zaachila, that was named by the Aztecs as Teotzapotlan. Such kingdom was located in the west side of the current Mexican state of Oaxaca and during the last period reached the Pacific coast of the current Chiapas and Guatemala, the Zaachila Kingdom fell after the Spanish colonization. Cosijopii was the son of Cosijoeza, Zapoteca king, and Coyolicaltzin, daughter of Aztec tlatoani Ahuízotl. His siblings were Bitoopa, Natipa, Pinopia, Cosijopi, and Donají.

paragraph: Cosijopii succeeded his father Cosijoeza to the throne in 1529. Cosijopii moved his capital from Zaachila city to Guiengola at some point in the mid-sixteenth century. His sister, Donají Sicasibí was kidnapped by the Mixtecos and taken to Tehuantepec. He formed an alliance with the Spanish, commanded by Pedro de Alvarado when he arrived in Tehuantepec, and together they fought the Mixtecos. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Cosijopii II subsequently "embraced the Catholic Faith," baptized as Juan Cortés Sicasibí.

paragraph: Between 1543 and 1555 Don Juan Cortés Sicasibí built the Convent of Santo Domingo in Tehuantepec.

description: King of Zaachila

wikidata_label: Cosiiopii II

wikipedia_title: Cosijopii I


text:
Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Archbishop of Rouen
cardinalate
Orléans
Bordeaux
French Army
World War I
ordained
pastoral
Archdiocese of Bordeaux
vicar general
Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay
Pope Pius XII
episcopal consecration
Archbishop Maurice Feltin
Clément Mathieu
Louis Liagre
co-consecrators
Cathedral of Bordeaux
Archbishop of Rouen
Second Vatican Council
Pope Paul VI
Cardinal Priest
S. Teresa al Corso d'Italia
consistory
vernacular
Mass
schism
papal conclave
Rouen
metropolitan cathedral of Rouen
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: French military personnel of World War I,1891 births,Archbishops of Rouen,1976 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,French cardinals,Bishops of Le Puy-en-Velay

paragraph: Joseph-Marie Martin

paragraph: Joseph-Marie Martin (9 August 1891 – 21 January 1976) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Rouen from 1948 to 1971, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Joseph-Marie-Eugene Martin was born and baptised in Orléans. He later dropped the name "Eugene". He studied at the seminary in Bordeaux before serving in the French Army during World War I, during which he was seriously wounded. Martin was ordained to the priesthood on 18 December 1920, and then did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Bordeaux until 1940. He was vicar general of Bordeaux from 1937 to 1940 as well.

paragraph: On 9 February 1940, Martin was appointed Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 2 April from Archbishop Maurice Feltin, with Bishops Clément Mathieu and Louis Liagre serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Bordeaux. Martin was later promoted to Archbishop of Rouen on 11 October 1948, and attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962–65.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI created him Cardinal Priest of "S. Teresa al Corso d'Italia" in the consistory of 22 February 1965. Cardinal Martin believed that the reaction of conservative Catholics to the introduction of the vernacular to the Mass could possibly result in a schism. He resigned as Archbishop on 29 May 1968, after nineteen years, and lost the right to participate in a papal conclave upon reaching the age of eighty on 9 August 1971.

paragraph: Joseph-Marie Cardinal Martin died in Rouen, aged 84, and was interred in the metropolitan cathedral of Rouen. He had earlier survived several days buried in snow in the Pyrenees.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Roman Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Joseph-Marie Martin

wikipedia_title: Joseph-Marie Martin