text: Dublin

text: Isles

text: Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles

text: Fergus, Lord of Galloway

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway

text: Kingdom of Norway

text: England

text: Scotland

text: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht

text: John de Courcy

text: Affrica

text: Kingdom of Ulaid

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Óláfr svarti

text: Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Lǫgmaðr

text: Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway

text: Henry I, King of England

text: King of the Isles

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Fergus, Lord of Galloway

text: David I, King of Scotland

text: Meic Somairle

text: Wimund, Bishop of the Isles

text: Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway

text: Norway

text: Gallovidians

text: Malcolm IV, King of Scotland

text: high-kingship of Ireland

text: Inishowen

text: naval battle

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Galloway

text: Arran

text: Kintyre

text: Mann

text: Dublin

text: Dubgall

text: inconclusive sea-battle

text: attacked Mann

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: Sveinn Ásleifarson

text: Pipe rolls

text: Worcester

text: Gloucester

text: Gwynedd

text: Normandy

text: Kelso Abbey

text: Holyrood Abbey

text: Hákonar saga herðibreiðs

text: Heimskringla

text: Icelandic Annals

text: vassal

text: battle at Oslo

text: Sigurðr

text: Eysteinn

text: Hákon Sigurðarson

text: Magnús Erlingsson

text: king

text: coronation

text: unsuccessful invasion

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Meic Torcaill

text: Áed Méith Ua Néill

text: Uí Catháin

text: Uí Néill

text: John de Courcy

text: Ulaid

text: place names

text: Boyne Valley

text: Leinster

text: Mide

text: Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster

text: papal legate

text: St Stephen in Celio Monte

text: Mac Scelling

text: King of Dublin

text: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht

text: Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke

text: Waterford

text: Aífe

text: Ascall mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin

text: Expugnatio Hibernica

text: Orkney

text: Hebrides

text: Mann

text: La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande

text: Liffey

text: Affrica

text: County Antrim

text: County Down

text: Downpatrick

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Meic Lochlainn

text: Cenél nEógain

text: Uí Néill

text: abbey of St Mary of Furness

text: Cistercian

text: Bishop of the Isles

text: priory of St Bees

text: Benedictine

text: abbey of Rievaulx

text: abbey of St Mary of Rushen

text: monastery of Holm Cultram

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: imperium

text: Dublin

text: Archdiocese of Canterbury

text: Archdiocese of York

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: archdiocese

text: Archbishop of Dublin

text: an ecclesiast of his own choice

text: Archbishop of York

text: episcopal see

text: Orkney

text: Archdiocese of St Andrews

text: metropolitan

text: Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano

text: papacy

text: Archdiocese of Niðaróss

text: Peterborough

text: see

text: William I, King of Scotland

text: Mont St Michel

text: Óláfr svarti

text: concubine

text: St Patrick's Isle

text: Iona

text: St Oran's Chapel

text: Irish influences

text: kingship

categories: 12th-century monarchs in Europe,Crovan dynasty,Burials in Iona,Monarchs of the Isle of Man,Monarchs of Dublin,12th-century Irish monarchs,12th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,1187 deaths

paragraph: Guðrøðr Óláfsson

paragraph: Guðrøðr Óláfsson (died 10 November 1187) was a twelfth-century ruler of the kingdoms of Dublin and the Isles. Guðrøðr was a son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles and Affraic, daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. Throughout his career, Guðrøðr battled rival claimants to the throne, permanently losing about half of his realm to a rival dynasty in the process. Although dethroned for nearly a decade, Guðrøðr clawed his way back to regain control of a partitioned kingdom, and proceeded to project power into Ireland. Although originally opposed to the English invasion of Ireland, Guðrøðr adeptly recognised the English ascendancy in the Irish Sea region and aligned himself with the English. All later kings of the Crovan dynasty descended from Guðrøðr.

paragraph: In the last year of his father's reign, Guðrøðr was absent at the court of Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway, forging closer ties with the Kingdom of Norway. When Óláfr was assassinated by rival members of the Crovan dynasty in 1153, Guðrøðr returned to the Isles, overthrew his usurping cousins, and seized the throne for himself. Guðrøðr evidently pursued a more aggressive policy than his father, and the following year appears to have lent military assistance to Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain in the latter's bid for the high-kingship of Ireland. Not long afterwards, Guðrøðr faced a dynastic challenge from his brother-in-law, Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll, whose son, as a grandson of Óláfr, possessed a claim to the throne. Late in 1156, Guðrøðr and Somaile fought an inconclusive sea-battle and partitioned the kingdom of the Isles between them. Two years later Somairle stuck again and forced Guðrøðr from the Isles altogether.

paragraph: Guðrøðr appears to have spent his exile in the kingdoms of England and Scotland before journeying to Norway. In about 1161, Guðrøðr distinguished himself in the ongoing Norwegian civil wars at the final downfall of Ingi. Guðrøðr made his return to the Isles in 1164, in the aftermath of Somairle's defeat and death at the hands of the Scots. Although he regained the kingship itself, the territories ceded to Somairle in 1156 were retained by the latter's descendants. At some point in his career, Guðrøðr briefly held the kingship of Dublin. Although he was initially successful in fending off Muirchertach, the Dubliners eventually settled with the latter, and Guðrøðr returned to the Isles. This episode may have bearing on Guðrøðr's marriage to Findguala ingen Néill, Muirchertach's granddaughter. In 1170, Dublin fell to an Anglo-Irish alliance. The following year the ousted King of Dublin attempted to retake the town, and Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht attempted to dislodge the English from Dublin. In both cases, Guðrøðr appears to have provided military assistance against the English. In succeeding years, however, Guðrøðr aligned himself with one of the most powerful English conquerors, John de Courcy. Guðrøðr's assistance to John, who had married Guðrøðr's daughter, Affrica, may have played a critical role in John's successful conquest of the Kingdom of Ulaid. Guðrøðr died in 1187 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Rǫgnvaldr. Although Guðrøðr may have attempted to avert any succession disputes between his descendants, Rǫgnvaldr and his younger brother, Óláfr svarti, eventually fought each other over the throne, and the resulting conflict carried on into later generations.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Guðrøðr was a son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles and his wife Affraic ingen Fergusa. The men were members of the Crovan dynasty, a Norse-Gaelic kindred descended from Guðrøðr Crovan, King of Dublin and the Isles. Following Guðrøðr Crovan's death in 1095, there is a period of uncertainty in the history of the Kingdom of the Isles. Although the latter's eldest son, Lǫgmaðr, appears to have succeeded to the kingship, he was soon forced to contend with factions supporting his younger brothers: Haraldr, and Óláfr. Although he successfully dealt with Haraldr, foreign powers from Ireland intruded into the Isles, and Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway seized control of the kingdom. At some point, Óláfr was entrusted to the protection of Henry I, King of England (died 1135), and spent his youth in England before his eventual restoration as King of the Isles in the second decade of the twelfth century.

paragraph: The thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann" reveals that Guðrøðr's mother, Affraic, was a daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. Several contemporary sources concerning Fergus' descendants suggest that he was married to an illegitimate daughter of Henry I, and that this woman was the mother of at least some of his offspring, including Affraic herself. Although the union between Guðrøðr's parents is not dated in contemporary sources, it appears to have been arranged in the 1130s or 1140s. The marital alliance forged between Óláfr and Fergus gave the Crovan dynasty valuable familial-connections with the English Crown, one of the most powerful monarchies in western Europe. As for Fergus, the union bound Galloway more tightly to a neighbouring kingdom from which an invasion had been launched during the overlordsship of Magnús. The alliance with Óláfr also ensured Fergus the protection of one of Britain's most formidable fleets, and further gave him a valuable ally outwith the orbit of the Scottish Crown.

paragraph: Another alliance involving Óláfr was that with Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll. Perhaps at about 1140, during a period when the latter was an apparent dependant of David I, King of Scotland, Somairle married Ragnhildr, one of Óláfr's illegitimate daughters. There is reason to suspect that the alliance was an after effect of the Scottish Crown's advancing overlordship. The marriage itself had severe repercussions on the later history of the Isles, as it gave the Meic Somairle—the descendants of Somairle and Ragnhildr—a claim to the kingship through Ragnhildr's royal descent. In the words of the chronicle, the union was "the cause of the collapse of the entire Kingdom of the Isles".

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Although the "Chronicle of Mann" portrays Óláfr's reign as one of tranquillity, a more accurate evaluation of his reign may be that he adeptly managed to navigate an uncertain political climate. By the mid part of the twelfth century, however, the ageing king's realm may well have begun to buckle under the strain, as perhaps evidenced by the depredations wrought on the Scottish mainland by Óláfr's leading ecclesiast, Wimund, Bishop of the Isles. Confirmation of Óláfr's concern over the royal succession may well be preserved by the "Chronicle of Mann", which states that Guðrøðr journeyed to the court of Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway in 1152, where Guðrøðr rendered homage to the Norwegian king, and seemingly secured recognition of the royal inheritance of the Isles. According to Robert's "Chronica", the kings of the Isles owed the kings of Norway a tribute of ten gold marks upon the accession of a new Norwegian king. This statement could indicate that Guðrøðr rendered Ingi such a payment upon his visit to the Norwegian court in 1152.

paragraph: The following year marked a watershed in the history for the Kingdom of the Isles. For not only did David die late in May, but Óláfr himself was assassinated about a month later, on 29 June, whilst Guðrøðr was still absent in Norway. According to the chronicle, Óláfr had been confronted by three Dublin-based nephews—the Haraldssonar—the sons of his exiled brother, Haraldr. After hearing the demands of these men—that half of the kingdom should be handed over to them—a formal council was convened in which one of the Haraldssonar slew Óláfr himself. In the resulting aftermath, the chronicle relates that the Haraldssonar partitioned the island amongst themselves. Once in control, the chronicle reveals that the men fortified themselves against forces loyal to Guðrøðr, the kingdom's legitimate heir, by launching a preemptive strike against his maternal grandfather, Fergus. Although the invasion of Galloway was repulsed with heavy casualties, once the Haraldssonar returned to Mann the chronicle records that they slaughtered and expelled all resident Gallovidians that they could find. This ruthless reaction evidently reveals an attempt to uproot local factions adhering to Guðrøðr and his mother. Within months of his father's assassination, Guðrøðr executed his vengeance. According to the chronicle, he journeyed from Norway to Orkney, enstrengthened by Norwegian military support, and was unanimously acclaimed as king by the leading Islesmen. He is then stated to have continued on to Mann where he overcame his three kin-slaying cousins, putting one to death whilst blinding the other two, and successfully secured the kingship for himself. Whether Guðrøðr succeeded to the throne in 1153 or 1154 is uncertain. The chronicle itself states that he overcame the Haraldssonar in the autumn following their coup.

paragraph: Guðrøðr's reliance upon Norwegian assistance, instead of support from his maternal-grandfather, could suggest that the attack upon Galloway was more successful than the compiler of the chronicle cared to admit. Additionally, the account of incessant inter-dynastic strife amongst the ruling family of Galloway, as recorded by the twelfth-century "Vita Ailredi", suggests that Fergus may have struggled to maintain control of his lordship by the mid 1150s, and may also explain his failure to come to Guðrøðr's aid following Óláfr's death. Óláfr and Guðrøðr's turn to Ingi occurred at about the same time that Norwegian encroachment superseded roughly thirty years of Scottish influence in Orkney and Caithness, and could be evidence of a perceived wane in Scottish royal authority in the first years of the 1150s. In November 1153, following the death of David, Somairle seized the initiative and rose in revolt against the recently inaugurated Malcolm IV, King of Scotland. The dynastic-challenges faced by Malcolm, and the ebb of Scottish influence in the Isles, may partly account for Guðrøðr's success in consolidating control of the kingdom, and may be perceptible in the seemingly more aggressive policy he pursued as king in comparison to his father.

paragraph: Section::::Contested kingship.

paragraph: Midway through the twelfth-century, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain pressed forth to claim to the high-kingship of Ireland, an office then held by the elderly Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht. In 1154, the forces of Toirrdelbach and Muirchertach met in a major conflict fought off the Inishowen coast, in what was perhaps one of the greatest naval battles of the twelfth century. According to the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters", Muirchertach's maritime forces were mercenaries drawn from Galloway, Arran, Kintyre, Mann, and "the territories of Scotland". This record appears to be evidence that Guðrøðr, Fergus, and perhaps Somairle, provided ships to Muirchertach's cause. Although Toirrdelbach's forces obtained a narrow victory, his northern maritime power seems to have been virtually nullified by the severity of the contest, and Muirchertach soon after marched on Dublin, gained overlordship over the Dubliners, and effectively secured himself the high-kingship of Ireland for himself.

paragraph: The defeat of forces drawn from the Isles, and Muirchertach's subsequent spread of power into Dublin, may have had severe repercussions concerning Guðrøðr's career. In 1155 or 1156, the "Chronicle of Mann" reveals that Somairle conducted a coup against Guðrøðr, specifying that Þorfinnr Óttarsson, one of the leading men of the Isles, produced Somairle's son, Dubgall, as a replacement to Guðrøðr's rule. Somairle's stratagem does not appear to have received unanimous support, however, as the chronicle specifies that the leading Islesmen were made to render pledges and surrender hostages unto him, and that one such chieftain alerted Guðrøðr of Somairle's treachery.

paragraph: Late in 1156, on the night of 5/6 January, Somairle and Guðrøðr finally clashed in a bloody but inconclusive sea-battle. According to the chronicle, Somairle's fleet numbered eighty ships, and when the fighting concluded, the feuding brothers-in-law divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves. Although the precise partitioning is unrecorded and uncertain, the allotment of lands seemingly held by Somairle's descendants in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries could be evidence that he and his son gained the southern-most islands of the Hebrides, whilst Guðrøðr retained the northern-most. Two years later the chronicle reveals that Somairle, with a fleet of fifty-three ships, attacked Mann and drove Guðrøðr from the kingship into exile. According to the thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga", the contemporary Orcadian warlord Sveinn Ásleifarson had connections in the Isles, and overcame Somairle in battle at some point in the twelfth century. Although this source's account of Sveinn and Somairle is clearly somewhat garbled, it could be evidence that Sveinn aided Guðrøðr in his struggle against Somairle. With Guðrøðr gone, it appears that either Dubgall or Somairle became King of the Isles. Although the young Dubgall may well have been the nominal monarch, the chronicle makes it clear that it was Somairle who possessed the real power. Certainly, Irish sources regarded Somairle as king by the end of his career. The reason why the Islesmen specifically sought Dubgall as their ruler instead of Somairle is unknown. Evidently, Somairle was somehow an unacceptable candidate, and it is possible that Ragnhildr's royal ancestry lent credibility to Dubgall that Somairle lacked himself.

paragraph: Section::::Exile from the Isles.

paragraph: Contemporaneous sources reveal that, upon his expulsion, Guðrøðr attempted to garner royal support in England and Scotland. For example, the English Pipe rolls record that, in 1158, the sheriffs of Worcester and Gloucester received allowances for payments made to Guðrøðr for arms and equipment. Guðrøðr may have arrived in England by way of Wales. The English Crown's recent use of naval forces off the Gwynedd coast, as well as Guðrøðr's own familial links with the king himself, may account for the Guðrøðr's attempts to secure English assistance. In any case, Guðrøðr was unable to gain Henry II's help, and the latter proceeded to busy himself in Normandy. Guðrøðr next appears on record in Scotland, the following year, when he witnessed a charter of Malcolm to Kelso Abbey. The fact that the Scottish Crown had faced opposition from Somairle in 1153 could suggest that Malcolm was sympathetic to Guðrøðr's plight. Although the latter was certainly honourably treated by the Scots, as revealed by his prominent place amongst the charter's other witnesses, he was evidently unable to secure military support against Somairle.

paragraph: It is uncertain why Guðrøðr did not turn to his grandfather, Fergus, for aid. One possibility is that the defeat of the Gallovidian fleet in 1154 severely weakened the latter's position in Galloway. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that Galloway endured a bitter power struggle later that decade. According to the twelfth- to thirteenth-century "Chronicle of Holyrood", Malcolm overcame certain "confederate enemies" in Galloway in 1160. Although the exact identities of these opponents are unknown, it is possible that this source documents a Scottish victory over an alliance between Somairle and Fergus. Before the end of the year, Fergus retired to Holyrood Abbey, and Somairle came into the king's peace. Although the concordat between the Scottish Crown and Somairle may have taken place after the Malcolm's subjugation of Somairle and Fergus, an alternate possibility is that the agreement was concluded in the context of Somairle having aided the Scots in their overthrow of Fergus. Somairle's deal with Scottish Crown may also have been undertaken not only in an effort to ensure that his own authority in the Isles was recognised by Malcolm, but to limit any chance of Guðrøðr receiving future royal support from the Scots.

paragraph: Having failed to secure substantial support in England and Scotland, Guðrøðr appears to have turned to Ingi, his nominal Norwegian overlord. In late 1160 or early 1161, Guðrøðr distinguished himself in the ongoing civil war in the Norwegian realm, as evidenced by "Hákonar saga herðibreiðs" within the thirteenth-century saga-compilation "Heimskringla". The fact that the Icelandic Annals allege that Guðrøðr assumed the kingship of the Isles in 1160 could be evidence that, whilst in Norway, Ingi formally recognised Guðrøðr as king in a public ceremony. There is reason to suspect that Guðrøðr's support of Ingi may have been undertaken in the context of fulfilling military obligations as a vassal. Be that as it may, "Hákonar saga herðibreiðs" reveals that Guðrøðr played an important part in Ingi's final downfall in battle at Oslo in 1161. Up until 1155, Ingi had shared the kingship with his brothers Sigurðr and Eysteinn. With both of these brothers dead by 1157, Ingi was forced to contend with Hákon Sigurðarson, who had been elected to the kingship within the year. In regard to Guðrøðr himself, the saga relates that during this final battle against Hákon, Guðrøðr, at the head of one thousand, five hundred men, went over to Hákon's side. Guðrøðr's decision to abandon his embattled overlord tipped the scales in favour of Hákon, and directly contributed to Ingi's defeat and death. The young Magnús Erlingsson was elected king after Ingi's death, and following the fall of Hákon, was crowned king in 1163/1164. It is likely that Guðrøðr was present at Magnús Erlingsson's coronation, and possible that Guðrøðr rendered homage to him as well.

paragraph: Section::::Return to the Isles.

paragraph: Somairle was slain in an unsuccessful invasion of mainland Scotland in 1164. The declaration in the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster", of Somairle's forces being drawn from Argyll, Kintyre, Dublin, and the Isles, reveals the climax of Somairle's authority and further confirms his usurpation of power from Guðrøðr. Despite the record preserved by the Icelandic Annals—that Guðrøðr regained the kingship of the Isles in 1160—it appears that Guðrøðr made his actual return to the region after Somairle's fall. Although it is possible that Dubgall was able to secure power following his father's demise, it is evident from the "Chronicle of Mann" that the kingship was seized by Guðrøðr's brother, Rǫgnvaldr, before the end of the year. Almost immediately afterwards, Guðrøðr is said by the same source to have arrived on Mann, ruthlessly overpowered his brother, having him mutilated and blinded. Guðrøðr thereafter regained the kingship, and the realm was divided between the Crovan dynasty and the Meic Somairle, in a partitioning that stemmed from Somairle's strike against Guðrøðr in 1156.

paragraph: In an entry dated 1172, the chronicle states that Mann was invaded by a certain Ragnall mac Echmarcacha, a man who slaughtered a force of Manx coast-watchers before being slain himself in a later engagement on the island. Although the chronicle claims that Ragnall was of "royal stock", his identity is otherwise uncertain. One possibility is that this man's final adventure was somehow related to the dramatic fall of Norse-Gaelic Dublin in the preceding years. He could have possessed a connection with the former rulers of the town, as a distant relative of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. Alternately, Ragnall's name could indicate that he was a member of the Meic Torcaill, a family that possessed royal power in Dublin as late as the English conquest, and evidently possessed some lands afterwards.

paragraph: Another possibility is that Ragnall's attack was somehow related to events in northern Ireland, where the Meic Lochlainn lost hold of the Cenél nEógan kingship to Áed Méith Ua Néill. In fact, it is possible that the invader himself was a member of the Uí Catháin, a branch of the Uí Néill who were opponents of John de Courcy, Guðrøðr's English ally and son-in-law. Although the chronicle specifically dates Ragnall's invasion to 1172, the chronological placement of the passage positions it between events dating to 1176 and 1183. This could indicate that the incursion took place in the immediate aftermath of John's conquest of Ulaid in 1177. Therefore, it is conceivable that Ragnall embarked upon his invasion whilst Guðrøðr was absent from Mann assisting John in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::King of Dublin.

paragraph: For a brief duration of his career, Guðrøðr appears to have possessed the kingship of Dublin. The chronology of his rule is unclear, however, as surviving sources concerning this episode are somewhat contradictory. According to the "Chronicle of Mann", the Dubliners invited Guðrøðr to rule over them as king in the third year of his reign in the Isles. If correct, such an arrangement would have almost certainly provoked Muirchertach, the Dubliners' Irish overlord. In fact, the chronicle reveals that Muirchertach indeed took exception to such overtures, and marched on Dublin with a massive host before forming up at """". Whilst in control of Dublin, Guðrøðr and the defending Dubliners are stated to have repulsed a force of three thousand horsemen under the command of a certain Osiblen. After the latter's fall, Muirchertach and his remaining host retired from the region.

paragraph: The chronicle's version of events appears to be corroborated by the "Annals of Ulster". Unlike the previous source, however, this one dates the episode to 1162. Specifically, Muirchertach's forces are recorded to have devastated the Ostman lands of "'" before his host of horsemen were repulsed. Despite the difference in their chronologies, both accounts refer to similar military campaigns, and the uncertain place names of "'" and """" may well refer to nearby locations roughly in the Boyne Valley. Another source documenting the conflict is the "Annals of the Four Masters". According this account preserved by this source, after Muirchertach's setback at Dublin and subsequent withdrawal in 1162, he left the forces of Leinster and Mide to campaign against the Dubliners. In time, the source states that a peace was concluded between the Irish and the Dubliners in which the latter rendered a tribute of one hundred forty ounces of gold to Muirchertach. According to the "Annals of Ulster", this peace was reached after Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster plundered Dublin and gained dominance over the inhabitants. The payment reveals that the Dubliners recognised Diarmait's overlord, Muirchertach, as their own overlord, which in turn suggests that the price for peace was Guðrøðr's removal from the kingship.

paragraph: In the winter of 1176/1177, the chronicle reveals that Guðrøðr was formally married to Muirchertach's granddaughter, Findguala Nic Lochlainn, in a ceremony conducted under the auspices of the visiting papal legate, Vivian, Cardinal priest of St Stephen in Celio Monte. The precise date when Guðrøðr and Findguala commenced their liaison is unknown, and the two could have been a couple for some time before their formal marriage. It is possible that the union was originally brokered as a compromise on Muirchertach's part, as a means to placate Guðrøðr for withdrawing from Dublin. The demonstrable unreliability of the chronicle's chronology, and the apparent corroboration of events by the "Annals of the Four Masters" and the "Annals of Ulster", suggests that the Guðrøðr's adventure in Dublin date to about 1162. Such a date, however, appears to contradict the fact that Guðrøðr seems to have endured Norwegian exile in 1160/1161, and apparently only returned to the Isles in 1164. If the chronicle's date is indeed correct, Guðrøðr's inability to incorporate Dublin into the Kingdom of the Isles could well have contributed to his loss of status to Somairle.

paragraph: There may be reason to suspect that Guðrøðr's defeat to Somairle was partly enabled by an alliance between Muirchertach and Somairle. For example, Argyllmen formed part of the mercenary fleet utilised by Muirchertach in 1154, and it is possible that the commander of the fleet, a certain Mac Scelling, was a relation of Somairle himself. If Muirchertach and Somairle were indeed allied at this point in time it may have meant that Guðrøðr faced a united front of opposition. If correct, it could also be possible that Þorfinnr participated in Somairle's insurrection as an agent of Muirchertach. On the other hand, the fact that Somairle and Muirchertach jostled over ecclesiastical affairs in the 1160s suggests that these two were in fact rivals. Furthermore, the fact that Þorfinnr may have been related to a previous King of Dublin could reveal that Þorfinnr himself was opposed to Muirchertach's foreign overlordship. If Guðrøðr's difficulties in Dublin indeed date to a period just before Somairle's coup, the cooperation of men like Þorfinnr could be evidence that Dubgall—on account of his mother's ancestry and his father's power—was advanced as a royal candidate in an effort to counter Muirchertach's overlordship of Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::Opposed to the English in Ireland.

paragraph: Later in his reign, Guðrøðr again involved himself in the affairs of Dublin. In 1166, the slaying of Muirchertach meant that two men made bids for the high-kingship of Ireland: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht and Diarmait. The latter had possessed the overlordship of Dublin since Muirchertach's actions there in 1162. Within the same year as Muirchertach's fall, however, Diarmait was overcome by Ruaidrí and his allies, and forced him from Ireland altogether. Although Ruaidrí thereupon gained the high-kingship for himself, Diarmait made his return the following year enstrengthened with English mercenaries, and reclaimed the core of his lands. In 1170 even more English troops flocked to Diarmait's cause, including Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, who successfully stormed the Norse-Gaelic enclave of Waterford. Richard soon after married Diarmait's daughter, Aífe, and effectively became heir to kingship of Leinster and the overlordship of Dublin. Later that year, the combined forces of Diarmait and Richard marched on Dublin, and drove out the reigning Ascall mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin.

paragraph: According to the twelfth-century "Expugnatio Hibernica", Ascall and many of the Dubliners managed to escape by fleeing to the "northern islands". On one hand, this term could well refer to Orkney. On the other hand, it is also possible that the term refers to the Hebrides or Mann. If so, this source would appear to be evidence that the Dubliners had retained close links with the Isles. Whatever the case, within weeks of Diarmait's death early in May 1171, Ascall made his return to Dublin. The account of events recorded by "Expugnatio Hibernica" and the twelfth- to thirteenth-century "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande" indicate that Ascall's forces consisted of heavily armoured Islesmen and Norwegians. The invasion itself was an utter failure, however, and Ascall himself was captured and executed. Amongst the slain appears to have been Sveinn himself, Guðrøðr's apparent ally in arms.

paragraph: The successive deaths of Diarmait and Ascall left a power vacuum in Dublin that others sought to fill. Almost immediately after Ascall's fall, for example, Ruaidrí had the English-controlled town besieged. "Expugnatio Hibernica" records that he and Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Archbishop of Dublin sent for Guðrøðr, and others in the Isles, asking them to blockade Dublin by sea. Whilst it is possible that Guðrøðr may have been enticed to assist the Irish through the promise of financial compensation, and perhaps the possession of any vessel his fleet captured in the operation, there is reason to suspect that the Islesmen were disquieted by prospect of permanent English authority in the region. Certainly, "Expugnatio Hibernica" states that "the threat of English domination, inspired by the successes of the English, made the men of the Isles act all the more quickly, and with the wind in the north-west they immediately sailed about thirty ships full of warriors into the harbour of the Liffey". Although the operation was one of the greatest military mobilisations that the Irish mustered in the twelfth century, the blockade was ultimately a failure, and Dublin remained firmly in the hands of the English. Ascall was the last Norse-Gaelic King of Dublin; and before the end of the year, Clare relinquished possession of Dublin to his own liege lord, Henry II, who converted it into an English royal town.

paragraph: Section::::Aligned with the English in Ireland.

paragraph: With Dublin's defeat at the hands of English adventurers, and the ongoing entrenchment of the English throughout Ireland itself, the Crovan dynasty found itself surrounded by a threatening, rising new power in the Irish Sea zone. Despite his original opposition to the English in Dublin, Guðrøðr did not take long to realign himself with this new power, as exemplified though the marital alliance between his daughter, Affrica, and one of the most powerful incoming Englishmen, John de Courcy.

paragraph: In 1177, John led an invasion of Ulaid (an area roughly encompassing what is today County Antrim and County Down). He reached Down (modern day Downpatrick), drove off Ruaidrí Mac Duinn Sléibe, King of Ulaid, consolidated his conquest, and ruled with a certain amount of independence for about a quarter of a century. Although the precise date of the marriage between John and Affrica is unknown, the union itself may well have attributed to his stunning successes in Ireland. Certainly, decades later in the reign of Guðrøðr's son and successor, Rǫgnvaldr, John received significant military support from the Crovan dynasty, and it is not improbable that Guðrøðr himself supplied similar assistance. In the 1190s, John also received military assistance from Guðrøðr's kinsman Donnchad mac Gilla Brigte, Earl of Carrick. Like Guðrøðr, Donnchad was a grandson of Fergus, and it possible that John's marriage to Affrica accounts for Donnchad's cooperation with him.

paragraph: Although the promise of maritime military support could well have motivated John to align himself with Guðrøðr, there may have been a more significant aspect to their alliance. The rulers of Ulaid and those of Mann had a bitter past-history between them, and it is possible that the binding of John to the Crovan dynasty was actually the catalyst of his assault upon the Ulaid. In fact, Guðrøðr formalised his own marriage to Findguala in 1176/1177, and it was by this union that Guðrøðr bound his own dynasty with the Meic Lochlainn, another traditional foe of the Ulaid. Another contributing factor to the alliance between Guðrøðr and John may have been the Meic Lochlainn's loss of the Cenél nEógain kingship to the rival Uí Néill dynast Áed Méith in 1177. The latter certainly clashed with John before the end of the century, and the strife between the Uí Néill and Meic Lochlainn continued on for decades. In any case, the unions meant that John was protected on his right flank by Guðrøðr, through whom John shared a common interest with the Meic Lochlainn, situated on his left flank. John would have almost certainly attempted to use such alignments to his advantage, whilst Guðrøðr may have used John's campaigning against the Ulaid as a means of settling old scores. The marriage alliance between Guðrøðr and John partly exemplifies the affect that the English conquest of Ireland had upon not only Irish politics but that of the Isles as well.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical activities.

paragraph: There is reason to regard Óláfr, like his Scottish counterpart David, as a reforming monarch. Guðrøðr continued Óláfr's modernising policies, as evidenced by surviving sources documenting the ecclesiastical history of the Isles. For example, Guðrøðr confirmed his father's charter to the abbey of St Mary of Furness, in which the monks of this Cistercian house were granted the right to select the Bishop of the Isles. Guðrøðr granted the English priory of St Bees the lands of "'" (Dhoon Glen) and "'" (Ballellin) in exchange for the church of St Óláfr and the lands of """" (perhaps near Ballure). In the reigns of Guðrøðr's succeeding sons, the Benedictine priory of St Bees continued to receive royal grants of Manx lands. The "Chronicle of Mann" reveals that Guðrøðr gave lands at Myroscough to the Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx in England. The chronicle also notes that a monastery was constructed on these lands, and that the lands eventually passed into the possession of the abbey of St Mary of Rushen. Guðrøðr also granted certain commercial rights and protections to the monks of the monastery of Holm Cultram, another Cistercian house in England.

paragraph: The ecclesiastical jurisdiction within Guðrøðr's kingdom was the Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of its early history, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair imperium. Ecclesiastical interconnection between the Isles and Dublin seems to have been severed during a period of Irish overlordship of Dublin, at about the beginning of Guðrøðr Crovan's reign in the Isles. Before the midpoint of the twelfth century, Óláfr firmly established the Diocese of the Isles to correspond to the territorial borders of his kingdom, and seems to have initiated the transfer the ecclesiastical obedience of the Isles from the Archdiocese of Canterbury to Archdiocese of York. Such changes may have been orchestrated as a means to further distance his diocese from that of Dublin, where diocesan bishops were consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1152, steps were undertaken by the papacy to elevate the Diocese of Dublin to an archdiocese. Dublin's political and economic ties with the Isles could have meant that the Bishop of the Isles was now in danger of becoming subordinate to the Archbishop of Dublin. For Óláfr, such an event would have threatened to undermine both his ecclesiastical authority and secular power within his own realm. As a result of Óláfr's inability to have an ecclesiast of his own choice formally consecrated as bishop, and his own refusal to accept one favoured by the Archbishop of York, the episcopal see of the Isles appears to have been vacant at the same time of Dublin's ecclesiastical ascendancy. In consequence, without a consecrated bishop of its own, Óláfr's diocese seems to have been in jeopardy of falling under Dublin's increasing authority. Moreover, in 1152, David I attempted to have the dioceses of Orkney and the Isles included within the prospective Scottish Archdiocese of St Andrews.

paragraph: Despite the ecclesiastical reorientation, the next Bishop of the Isles known from Manx sources was consecrated by Roger de Pont l'Evêque, Archbishop of York. This bishop, an Englishman named Gamaliel, may have been consecrated between October 1154 and early 1155, possibly before news of the diocesesan realignment reached the Isles. Although it is possible that Gamaliel was consecrated without Guðrøðr's approval, the bishop appears to have witnessed at least one of the latter's charters. The fact that Gamaliel was buried in Peterborough could suggest that he was removed from his see at some point.

paragraph: The next known bishop was Reginald, a Norwegian who witnessed the bitter struggles between Guðrøðr and Somairle, and who seems to have died in about 1170. It is possible that Reginald was consecrated in Norway in 1153/1154, and that the York-backed Gamaliel was compelled to resign the see to him. Reginald is the first Bishop of the Isles to be attested by the Icelandic Annals, which could indicate that he was the first such bishop to recognise the authority of Niðaróss. Either Gamaliel or Reginald could have been the unnamed Bishop of the Isles who is stated by Robert's "Chronica" to have met with William I, King of Scotland and Henry II at Mont St Michel. Robert's account of the meeting indicates that the kings of the Isles were obligated to render tribute to newly crowned kings of Norway. It is possible that Reginald followed Guðrøðr into exile after the latter's defeat to Somairle. Reginald's successor was Cristinus, an Argyllman who appears to have been appointed by either Somairle or his descendants. The fact that Cristinus did not receive acknowledgement from the Archbishop of Niðaróss could be evidence that Reginald remained in Norway. The apparent antipathy between Guðrøðr and Cristinus may be evidenced by the fact that it was Silvanus, Abbot of Rievaulx—and not Cristinus—who conducted the marriage ceremony of Guðrøðr and Findguala during Vivian's visit in 1176.

paragraph: Section::::Death and descendants.

paragraph: According to the "Chronicle of Mann", Guðrøðr had four children: Affrica, Rǫgnvaldr, Ívarr, and Óláfr svarti. Although the chronicle specifically states that Findguala was Óláfr svarti's mother, and that he had been born before his parent's formalised marriage, the mothers of the other three children are unknown or uncertain. According to the anonymous praise-poem "Baile suthach síth Emhna", Rǫgnvaldr's mother was Sadb, an otherwise unknown Irishwoman who may have been a wife or concubine of Guðrøðr. As for Ívarr, nothing further is recorded of him, although it is possible that his mother was also the product of an uncanonical liaison. During the twelfth century, the Church sought to emphasise the sanctity of marriage, and took steps to combat concubinage. As such, the record of Vivian's part in the marriage ceremony of Guðrøðr and Findguala may be evidence of an attempt by the papal representative to personally reinforce a stricter rule of marriage in the region. In any case, there may be evidence to suggest that Guðrøðr had another son, Ruaidrí, who appears in a royal charter recorded as Rǫgnvaldr's brother ("""").

paragraph: Guðrøðr died on 10 November 1187 on St Patrick's Isle. The following year, he was finally laid to rest on Iona, an island upon which the oldest intact building is St Oran's Chapel. Certain Irish influences in this building's architecture indicate that it dates to about the mid twelfth century. The chapel could well have been erected by Óláfr or Guðrøðr. Certainly, their family's remarkable ecclesiastical activities during this period suggest that patronage of Iona is probable. In any case, upon Guðrøðr's death the chronicle claims that he left instructions for his younger son, Óláfr svarti, to succeed to the kingship since he had been born "in lawful wedlock". On one hand, this record could be evidence that Guðrøðr continued to advance the institution of kingship in the Isles. For example, this episode appears to be the earliest record of a ruling member of the Crovan dynasty designating a royal successor. If so, such an arrangement may have been borne out of Guðrøðr's own bitter difficulties with rival claimants to the throne. On the other hand, it is uncertain if the chronicle has preserved an accurate account of events, as the Islesmen are stated to have chosen Rǫgnvaldr to rule instead, because unlike Óláfr svarti, who was only a child at the time, Rǫgnvaldr was a hardy young man fully capable to reign as king. One possibility is that Guðrøðr may have intended for Rǫgnvaldr to temporarily rule as a lieutenant of sorts until Óláfr svarti was able to hold sway himself. Although Rǫgnvaldr appears to have later forged an alliance with the Meic Somairle, and may have temporarily reunited the entire Kingdom of the Isles under his own leadership, he was later opposed by Óláfr svarti, and the ensuing violent conflict between Guðrøðr's descendants carried on to further generations.

alias:
Guthfrith
Gofraid
Guðrøðr Ólafsson
Guðröðr Óláfsson
Gofhraidh mac Amhlaíbh
Gofraidh mac Amhlaoibh
Gofraid mac Amlaíb
Godfrey
Gothred
Gudrødr
Gofraid Mac Amlaíb
Godred Olafsson
Godhfhraidh
Godred
Goðrøðr
Gofhraidh
Gofraidh
Gottred
Guðrøð
Guðrǫðr
Guðröðr
Guðrøðr
Godfrey mac Aulay
Godhfhraidh mac Amhlaoibh
Godred Óláfsson
Guðrøð Óláfsson
Guðrǫðr Óláfsson
Godred the Black
Gofhraidh mac Amhlaibh
Gofraid mac Amlaib
Guthred

description: King of Dublin and the Isles

wikidata_label: Guðrøðr Óláfsson

wikipedia_title: Guðrøðr Óláfsson


text:
Lahti
Finnish
football
goalkeeper
Tampere United
Veikkausliiga
Veikkausliiga
Ilves
Kuusysi
HJK Helsinki
Motherwell F.C.
Scotland
Vålerenga I.F.
Norway
Finnish national team

categories: Expatriate footballers in Norway,Scottish Premier League players,Association football goalkeepers,Finland international footballers,Tampere United players,Finnish expatriate footballers,1975 births,Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players,Motherwell F.C. players,Finnish footballers,Sportspeople from Lahti,Vålerenga Fotball players,Eliteserien players,Expatriate footballers in Scotland,Living people,Veikkausliiga players

paragraph: Mikko Kavén

paragraph: Mikko Juhani Kavén (born 19 February 1975 in Lahti) is a retired Finnish football goalkeeper who used to play for Tampere United in Finland's Veikkausliiga.

paragraph: He is currently acting as goalkeeping coach in Veikkausliiga side Ilves.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: Kavén has also played for Kuusysi and HJK Helsinki in Finland and for Motherwell F.C. in Scotland and Vålerenga I.F. in Norway.

paragraph: Section::::International.

paragraph: Kavén played 15 times for Finnish national team before retiring from international games in January 2008.

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Mikko Kavén

wikipedia_title: Mikko Kavén


text:
suo jure
Countess of Blois
France
Theobald V of Blois
Alix of France
Otto I
Count of Burgundy
Joanna I, Countess of Burgundy
Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy
Walter II of Avesnes
Mary, Countess of Blois

categories: Countesses of Burgundy,12th-century French women,12th-century French people,Countesses of Luxembourg,Counts of Blois,Year of birth unknown,13th-century French people,House of Blois,1170s births,1230 deaths,13th-century French women

paragraph: Margaret, Countess of Blois

paragraph: Margaret of Blois (French: "Marguerite"; died 1230) was "suo jure" Countess of Blois from 1218 to 1230, in what is now France.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was daughter of Theobald V of Blois and Alix of France.

paragraph: Margaret married three times. Her first marriage was to Hugh of Oisy, Lord of Montmirail. Her second husband was Otto I, Count of Burgundy, with whom she had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanna I, Countess of Burgundy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice II, Countess of Burgundy

paragraph: Finally, she married Walter II of Avesnes, they had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theobald, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary, Countess of Blois

description: French noblewoman

wikidata_label: Margaret of Blois

wikipedia_title: Margaret, Countess of Blois


text:
count of Blois
Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
Louis I of Blois
Catherine of Clermont
Geoffrey VI, Viscount of Châteaudun
Moors
Castile
leprosy
La Ferté-Villeneuil
Margaret
Isabelle
Blois
County of Chartres
County of Blois

categories: Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis,Counts of Blois,1218 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Theobald VI, Count of Blois

paragraph: Theobald VI of Blois (French: "Thibaut") (died 1218) was count of Blois and Clermont-en-Beauvaisis from 1205 to 1218.

paragraph: He was son of Louis I of Blois and Catherine of Clermont.

paragraph: Theobald married twice: with Maud of Alençon and with Clemence of Roches, but remained childless. Clemence married Geoffrey VI, Viscount of Châteaudun, as her second husband.

paragraph: Theobald fought the Moors in Castile. During the campaign he contracted leprosy and returned home. After living withdrawn in his castle in La Ferté-Villeneuil for a few years he died in 1218, leaving his possessions to his aunts Margaret and Isabelle. The northern part of Blois was erected into the County of Chartres for Isabelle; Margaret received the remainder of the County of Blois, and he sold Clermont to the crown before he died.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Theobald VI, Count of Blois

wikipedia_title: Theobald VI, Count of Blois


text:
Umayyad
Khurasan
Zubayrid
Banu Sulaym
Khurasan
Abdallah ibn Amir
Sarakhs
Uthman
Nishapur
Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami
Basra
al-Tabari
Ali
Balkh
Sijistan
Qarin
Ziyad ibn Abih
Arab
Salm ibn Ziyad
Basra
Yazid I
Mu'awiya II
Mecca
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Herat
Marw al-Rudh
Banu Bakr
Banu Tamim
Abd al-Malik
Mus'ab
Bukayr ibn Wisha al-Sa'di
Tirmidh
Mudar
H. A. R. Gibb
Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi

categories: 692 deaths,Umayyad governors of Khurasan,Banu Sulaym,People of the Second Fitna

paragraph: Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami

paragraph: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Khāzim ibn Ẓabyān al-Sulamī (died 692) was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 662–665 and late 683/84, before becoming the nominal Zubayrid governor of the same province between 684 and his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early career.

paragraph: Abd Allah ibn Khazim was the son of a certain Khazim ibn Zabyan of the Banu Sulaym tribe and the latter's wife Ajla. In 651/52, during the first Muslim campaign into Khurasan, Abdallah ibn Amir put Ibn Khazim in command of the Arab army's advance guard and the latter captured the town of Sarakhs. He was later appointed by Caliph Uthman (r. 644–656) governor of Nishapur, alongside Ibn Khazim's paternal cousin Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami. Toward the end of his reign, Uthman combined the administrative districts east of Basra into the single province of Khurasan, though it remained a dependency of Basra, under the governorship of Qays. The latter made Ibn Khazim his envoy to the governor of Basra, Ibn Amir. According to historian al-Tabari, Ibn Khazim acquired a document from Ibn Amir that declared Ibn Khazim governor of Khurasan should Qays depart the province. Indeed, when Uthman was assassinated in January 656, Qays departed Khurasan to probe the situation in Iraq and Ibn Khazim was given authority over the province until being dismissed by Caliph Ali (r. 656–661) later that year. Abdallah ibn Amir was reinstated as governor of Basra that year, he dispatched Ibn Khazim and Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura to restore Muslim rule to Balkh and Sijistan (Sistan), while Qays was made governor of Khurasan. When the latter proved incapable of controlling the province, he was replaced by Ibn Khazim, who put down a rebellion in Qarin in 662. He remained governor of the province until being dismissed in 665 by Ziyad ibn Abih, who had since replaced Ibn Amir as governor of Basra.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Governor of Khurasan.

paragraph: Ibn Khazim was later part of a group of Arab tribal commanders that accompanied Salm ibn Ziyad to Khurasan in 681 from Basra when Salm was appointed governor of Khurasan by Caliph Yazid I (r. 680–683). Salm left Ibn Khazim in charge of the province after fleeing in the wake of the successive deaths of caliphs Yazid and his son Mu'awiya II in 683 and 684, which caused the collapse of Umayyad rule. Ibn Khazim gave his allegiance to the Mecca-based caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. Early on, he contended with mutinies by troops from the Rabi'a tribe and the military governors of Herat and Marw al-Rudh, who both hailed from the Banu Bakr tribe. He was assisted in their suppression by troops from the Banu Tamim, another large tribal faction from which many Khurasani Arab troops hailed. He installed his son Muhammad at Herat while he took up his headquarters at Marw al-Rudh. Afterward, the Tamim revolted, captured Herat and killed Muhammad before turning their attention toward Ibn Khazim. However, before they could move against him, dissension developed among them and their rebel army disbanded.

paragraph: Ibn Khazim's position in Khurasan was strong when the Umayyads under Caliph Abd al-Malik defeated and killed Ibn al-Zubayr and his brother Mus'ab in Mecca and Iraq. Thus, he refused to pay allegiance to Abd al-Malik when the latter demanded it, despite being offered the governorship for a further seven years. In response, Abd al-Malik allied with a factional leader of the Tamim, Bukayr ibn Wisha al-Sa'di, who agreed to eliminate Ibn Khazim in return for the governorship of Khurasan. By the end of the year, Ibn Khazim had been confronted on his way to his son Musa's fortified stronghold at Tirmidh, but was intercepted and killed by Bukayr's troops. According to al-Tabari, the troops of a rival Tamimi commander, Bahir ibn Warqa, killed Ibn Khazim in the village of Shahmighad, north of Marw, but Bukayr seized Ibn Khazim's severed head and sent it to Abd al-Malik taking credit for the slaying. Before he died, Ibn Khazim reportedly spat at his killer, a tribesman whose brother Ibn Khazim had previously executed, exclaiming defiantly that he was chief of the Mudar tribal confederation, while his killer's brother was a mere peasant. A poet from his tribe lamented his loss, declaring "Now only barking dogs remain. After you there is no lion's roar on Earth". Indeed, Ibn Khazim's career was posthumously chronicled in epics that extolled his military prowess, which historian H. A. R. Gibb asserts "makes it difficult to establish many details with precision." Ibn Khazim's grandson, Salim ibn Sulayman, was a lieutenant commander in the army of Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi, governor of Khurasan in 722–724.

wikidata_label: Abdallah ibn Khazim

wikipedia_title: Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami


text:
rower
two events
1900 Summer Olympics

categories: Sportspeople from Menorca,1872 births,Olympic rowers of Spain,Spanish male rowers,1950 deaths,Rowers at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Antonio Vela

paragraph: Antonio Vela (20 March 1872 – 20 January 1950) was a Spanish rower. He competed in two events at the 1900 Summer Olympics.

alias:
Antonio Vela Vivó
Antoni Vela Vivó

description: Spanish rower

wikidata_label: Antonio Vela

wikipedia_title: Antonio Vela


text:
rower
men's coxed four
1900 Summer Olympics

categories: 1974 deaths,1884 births,Olympic rowers of Spain,Rowers from Barcelona,Spanish male rowers,Rowers at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Ricardo Margarit

paragraph: Ricardo Margarit (8 December 1884 – 30 December 1974) was a Spanish rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1900 Summer Olympics.

description: Spanish rower

wikidata_label: Ricardo Margarit Calvet

wikipedia_title: Ricardo Margarit


categories: Olympic rowers of Spain,1881 births,1954 deaths,Rowers from Barcelona,Spanish male rowers,Rowers at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: José Fórmica

paragraph: José Fórmica (11 April 1881 – 5 November 1954) was a Spanish rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1900 Summer Olympics.

description: Spanish rower

wikidata_label: José Fórmica Corsi

wikipedia_title: José Fórmica


categories: 1909 deaths,Olympic rowers of Spain,Rowers from Barcelona,Spanish male rowers,1880 births,Rowers at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Orestes Quintana

paragraph: Orestes Quintana (1880 – 4 April 1909) was a Spanish rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1900 Summer Olympics.

description: Spanish rower

wikidata_label: Orestes Quintana

wikipedia_title: Orestes Quintana


categories: Olympic rowers of Spain,Rowers from Barcelona,1921 deaths,Spanish male rowers,1883 births,Rowers at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Juan Camps

paragraph: Juan Camps (1883 – 21 April 1921) was a Spanish rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1900 Summer Olympics.

description: Spanish rower

wikidata_label: Juan Camps Mas

wikipedia_title: Juan Camps


text: Simla

text: British India

text: London

text: Desmond Jeans

text: Isabel

text: The Play's the Thing

text: Ferenc Molnár

text: P. G. Wodehouse

text: Gerald du Maurier

text: Henry Daniell

text: New York

text: Robin Irvine

text: Roger Livesey

text: The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp

text: ENSA

text: World War II

text: St Paul's, Covent Garden

text: A Gipsy Cavalier

text: The Virgin Queen

text: The Fake

text: Quinneys

text: The Passing of Mr. Quin

text: S.O.S.

text: The Flying Fool

text: The Love Habit

text: The Crooked Lady

text: Once Bitten

text: The Barton Mystery

text: Friday the Thirteenth

text: I Lived with You

text: On Thin Ice

text: Cavalcade

text: The Man in the Mirror

text: Dark Journey

text: Storm in a Teacup

text: Over the Moon

text: The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp

text: Mr. Emmanuel

text: Gaiety George

text: The Woman in the Hall

text: The Weaker Sex

text: The Dam Busters

text: The Night My Number Came Up

text: North West Frontier

text: The Green Helmet

text: The Queen's Guards

text: The Battle of the Villa Fiorita

categories: English stage actresses,Deaths from cancer in England,1973 deaths,English film actresses,English silent film actresses,Actresses from London,1906 births

paragraph: Ursula Jeans

paragraph: Ursula Jeans (born 5 May 1906 – 21 April 1973) was an English film, stage, and television actress.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ursula Jeans was born in Simla, British India, to English parents, and brought up and educated in London. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Desmond Jeans was a boxer and actor, and her elder sister, Isabel, was also an actress.

paragraph: Ursula Jeans made her stage debut in London in 1922, before joining the cast of the London production of "The Play's the Thing", an adaptation of Ferenc Molnár's play, "The Play at the Castle" by P. G. Wodehouse. The cast included Gerald du Maurier, Ralph Nairn, Henry Daniell (before he went to Hollywood), and Henry Forbes-Robertson.

paragraph: She made her stage debut in New York in 1933. Her first marriage was to actor Robin Irvine (1931–1933). Her second marriage was to actor Roger Livesey from 1937 until her death. (Livesey's sister Maggie was already married to Desmond Jeans.) She appeared in one film with her husband, 1943's "The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp". She entertained troops with ENSA during World War II, sometimes working with her husband. After the war, she continued acting, including a stage tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1956–1958.

paragraph: Section::::Last years and death.

paragraph: She continued to act into the 1970s and died of cancer in 1973, aged 66, some 18 months after her diagnosis. She shares a memorial plaque with her husband Roger in the actors' church St Paul's, Covent Garden.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gipsy Cavalier" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Virgin Queen" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fake" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quinneys" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Passing of Mr. Quin" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S.O.S." (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flying Fool" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Love Habit" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crooked Lady" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once Bitten" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Barton Mystery" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Friday the Thirteenth" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Lived with You" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Thin Ice" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cavalcade" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man in the Mirror" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dark Journey" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Storm in a Teacup" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Over the Moon" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Emmanuel" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gaiety George" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woman in the Hall" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Weaker Sex" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dam Busters" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Night My Number Came Up" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "North West Frontier" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Green Helmet" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Queen's Guards" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle of the Villa Fiorita" (1965)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Performances listed on the Theatre Archive University of Bristol

description: British actress

wikidata_label: Ursula Jeans

wikipedia_title: Ursula Jeans


text: Columbia, South Carolina

text: Columbus, Mississippi

text: chess

text: Alabama

text: Attorney General

categories: Lawyers from Columbia, South Carolina,American chess players,Politicians from Columbia, South Carolina,19th-century American male writers,1814 births,Alabama Attorneys General,19th-century American politicians,1865 deaths,19th-century chess players,19th-century American poets,American male poets

paragraph: Alexander Beaufort Meek

paragraph: Alexander Beaufort Meek (July 17, 1814 (Columbia, South Carolina) – November 1, 1865 (Columbus, Mississippi) was an American politician, lawyer, judge, chess player, writer and poet. He served as Alabama's Attorney General in 1836.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Americanism in literature. An oration before the Phi Kappa and Demosthenian societies of the University of Georgia, at Athens, August 8, 1844", Charleston, Burges and James, printers, 1844, 39 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A digest of the laws of the state of Alabama", with John Gaston Aikin, 2nd edition. Tuscaloosa, Ala., D. Woodruff, 1836, 664p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Red Eagle. A poem of the South", New York, D. Appleton & company, 1855, 108 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montgomery, Ala., The Paragon press, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romantic passages in southwestern history; including orations, sketches and essays", New York, Mobile, S.H. Goetzel & co., 1857, 330p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spartanburg, S.C. : Reprint Co., 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs and poems of the South", New York, Mobile, S. H. Goetzel & co., 1857, 282 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The South west: its history, character, and prospects", Tuscalossa, C. B. Baldwin, p’r., 1840, 40 p.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online biography by the state of Alabama

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Red Eagle, A Poem of The South, at Books.Google.com

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Alexander Beaufort Meek

wikipedia_title: Alexander Beaufort Meek


text: Italian

text: Salerno

text: Sorrento

text: Il Novellino

text: Index of Prohibited Books

text: Mariotto and Ganozza

text: Luigi da Porto

text: Matteo Bandello

text: Arthur Brooke

text: Shakespeare's

text: Romeo and Juliet

categories: 1475 deaths,People from Salerno,15th-century Italian poets,1410 births

paragraph: Masuccio Salernitano

paragraph: Masuccio Salernitano (1410–1475), born Tommaso Guardati, was an Italian poet.

paragraph: Born in Salerno or Sorrento, he is best known today for "Il Novellino", a collection of 50 "novelle" or short stories, each prefaced by a letter of dedication to a famous person and with an epilogue containing the "moral" of the story.

paragraph: The stories have a strongly anti-clerical bent, which caused "Il Novellino" to be included in the first "Index of Prohibited Books" in 1557.

paragraph: The 33rd of these stories is the story of "Mariotto and Ganozza", which was apparently adapted by Luigi da Porto (1485–1529) first as "Giulietta e Romeo" and later as "Historia novellamente ritrovata di due nobili amanti" ("Newly retrieved story of two noble lovers"). These three stories, plus another later version by Matteo Bandello and the English translation by Arthur Brooke in the poem "Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet" (1562) appear to be the sources for Shakespeare's famous play "Romeo and Juliet".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shakespeare in Love"—The Supressed Italian Connection by Nicholas A. Patricca

alias:
Tommaso Guardati
Masuccio da Salerno

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Masuccio Salernitano

wikipedia_title: Masuccio Salernitano


text: sculptor

text: facial expression

text: Wiesensteig

text: Swabian Jura

text: Munich

text: Johann Baptist Straub

text: Graz

text: Philipp Jakob Straub

text: Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

text: Baroque

text: Maria Theresa of Austria

text: Gerard van Swieten

text: Neo-Classic

text: Franz Anton Mesmer

text: paranoid

text: hallucination

text: Count Kaunitz

text: Vienna

text: Bratislava

text: Friedrich Nicolai

text: lower rib

text: 64 "canonical grimaces"

text: necromancy

text: arcane

text: Hermes Trismegistus

text: Golden ratio

text: Messerschmidt, Franz Xaver.

text: Entry for Franz Xaver Messerschmidt

text: Union List of Artist Names

text: Biography of Franz Xaver Messerschmidt

text: Web Gallery of Art

text: Website concerning Messerschmidt

categories: 1783 deaths,18th-century Hungarian people,18th-century German sculptors,18th-century Austrian people,People from Göppingen (district),Austrian sculptors,Hungarian people of German descent,People from Bratislava,People with schizophrenia,Austrian male sculptors,1736 births,German male sculptors,Austrian people of German descent

paragraph: Franz Xaver Messerschmidt

paragraph: Franz Xaver Messerschmidt (February 6, 1736 – August 19, 1783) was a German-Austrian sculptor most famous for his "character heads", a collection of busts with faces contorted in extreme facial expressions.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born February 6th 1736 in the southwestern town of Wiesensteig, located in the region of the Swabian Jura Germany. Messerschmidt grew up in the Munich home of his uncle, the sculptor Johann Baptist Straub, who became his first master. He spent two years in Graz, in the workshop of his other maternal uncle, the sculptor Philipp Jakob Straub. At the end of 1755 he matriculated at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, and became a pupil of Jacob Schletterer. Graduated, he got work at the imperial arms collection. Here, in the building's salon in 1760-63 he made his first known works of art, the bronze busts of the imperial couple and reliefs representing the heir of the crown and his wife. With these works he joined the Late Baroque art of courtly representation, which was under the determining influence of Balthasar Ferdinand Moll. To this trend belong two other, larger than lifesize tin statues representing the imperial couple, commissioned by Maria Theresa of Austria and executed between 1764 and 1766. Besides some other portraits he also made works with a religious subject. A number of statues commissioned by the Princess of Savoy have survived as well.

paragraph: Section::::Maturity.

paragraph: The Baroque period of his oeuvre ended in 1769 with a bust of the court physician Gerard van Swieten, commissioned by the Empress. At the same time his first early Neo-Classic works appeared, made—characteristically—for the Academy. To these and later works he applied many experiences gained in 1765 during a study trip to Rome. One of these early, severe heads from the years 1769-70, influenced by Roman republican portraits, represents the well-known doctor Franz Anton Mesmer. At about the same time, in 1770-72 Messerschmidt began to work on his so-called character heads, which it has been argued (notably by Ernst Kris) were connected with certain paranoid ideas and hallucinations from which, at the beginning of the seventies, the master began to suffer. Messerschmidt found himself increasingly at odds with his milieu. His situation worsened to such an extent, that in 1774, when he applied for the newly-vacant office of a leading professor at the Academy, where he had been teaching since 1769, instead of getting it he was expelled from teaching. In a letter to the Empress, Count Kaunitz praised Messerschmidt's abilities, but suggested that the nature of his illness (referred to as a "confusion in the head") would make such an appointment detrimental to the institution.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Bitter, he left Vienna, moved to his native village, Wiesensteig, and from there in the same year, following an invitation, to Munich. Here he waited two years for a promised commission and for a permanent employment at the Court. In 1777 he went to Pressburg (now Bratislava) where his brother, Johann Adam worked as a sculptor. Here he spent the last six years of his life almost in retirement, on the outskirts of the town. He dedicated himself primarily to his character heads.

paragraph: Section::::The heads.

paragraph: In 1781, German author Friedrich Nicolai visited Messerschmidt at his studio in Pressburg and subsequently published a transcript of their conversation. Nicolai's account of the meeting is a valuable resource, as it is the only contemporary document that details Messerschmidt's reasoning behind the execution of his character heads. Messerschmidt devised a series of pinches he administered to his right lower rib. Observing the resulting facial expressions in a mirror, Messerschmidt then set about recording them in marble and bronze. His intention, he told Nicolai, was to represent the 64 "canonical grimaces" of the human face using himself as a template.

paragraph: During the course of the discussion, Messerschmidt went on to explain his interest in necromancy and the arcane, and how this also inspired his character heads. Messerschmidt was a keen disciple of Hermes Trismegistus (Nicolai noted that among the few possessions that littered Messerschmidt's workshop was a copy of an illustration featuring Trismegistus) and abided by his teachings regarding the pursuit of "universal balance": a forerunner to the principles of the Golden ratio. As a result, Messerschmidt claimed that his character heads had aroused the anger of "the Spirit of Proportion", an ancient being who safe-guarded this knowledge. The spirit visited him at night, and forced him to endure humiliating tortures. One of Messerschmidt's most famous heads ("The Beaked") was apparently inspired by one of these encounters.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Krapf, Almut Krapf-Weiler, "Franz Xaver Messerschmidt", Hatje Cantz Publishers, , 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Pötzl-Malíková. "Messerschmidt, Franz Xaver." In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online, (accessed January 10, 2012; subscription required).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Pötzl Malikova, "Franz Xaver Messerschmidt", Jugend and Volk Publishing Company, 1982. . Translation into English: Herb Ranharter, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodor Schmid, "49 Köpfe", Theodor Schmid Verlag, , 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Franz Xaver Messerschmidt 1736-1783. From Neoclassicism to Expressionism", edited by Maria Pötzl Malikova and Guilhem Scherf, Officina Libraria/Neue Galerie/Musée du Louvre, , 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric R. Kandel,"The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present", Random House Publishing Group, , 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry for Franz Xaver Messerschmidt on the Union List of Artist Names

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Xaver Messerschmidt, A Documentary Film by Hakan Topal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of busts held in Slovak national gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Franz Xaver Messerschmidt from the Web Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website concerning Messerschmidt with extended bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forbes article on Messerschmidt at the Getty Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information on the 2010-11 exhibition of Messerschmidt's work at the Neue Galerie and the Louvre

alias:
F. X. Messerschmidt
fr. x. messerschmidt
Messer Schmid
Messerschmidt
Franz-Xaver Messerschmidt

description: German sculptor

wikidata_label: Franz Xaver Messerschmidt

wikipedia_title: Franz Xaver Messerschmidt