text: Latin Catholic

text: priest

text: confessor

text: Stridon

text: Emona

text: Dalmatia

text: Pannonia

text: Bible

text: Latin

text: Vulgate

text: Gospel

text: Pope Damasus I

text: Christian moral

text: Jesus

text: senatorial families

text: saint

text: Doctor of the Church

text: Catholic Church

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Lutheran Church

text: Anglican Communion

text: Stridon

text: Illyrian

text: Illyrian languages

text: baptized

text: Rome

text: Bonosus of Sardica

text: rhetoric

text: philosophical

text: grammarian

text: Aelius Donatus

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: conscience

text: sepulchres

text: martyr

text: Apostles

text: hell

text: Virgil

text: classical

text: pederasty

text: converted

text: Gaul

text: Trier

text: Tyrannius Rufinus

text: Hilary of Poitiers

text: Aquileia

text: Thrace

text: Asia Minor

text: Syria

text: Antioch

text: vision

text: secular

text: Bible

text: Apollinaris of Laodicea

text: Antioch

text: heresy

text: ascetic

text: penance

text: Chalcis

text: Antioch

text: Thebaid

text: eremites

text: Hebrew

text: Jew

text: Jewish Christians

text: Gospel of the Hebrews

text: Nazarenes

text: Gospel of Matthew

text: Bishop Paulinus

text: ascetic

text: Constantinople

text: Gregory Nazianzen

text: Pope Damasus I

text: synod

text: schism

text: Latin Bible

text: Greek

text: New Testament

text: Septuagint

text: Vulgate

text: patrician

text: Lea

text: Marcella

text: Paula

text: Blaesilla

text: Eustochium

text: secular clergy

text: Pope Damasus I

text: consecrated virgin

text: Holy Land

text: Bishop Paulinus of Antioch

text: Jerusalem

text: Bethlehem

text: Galilee

text: Egypt

text: Catechetical School of Alexandria

text: catechist

text: Didymus the Blind

text: Hosea

text: Anthony the Great

text: Nitria

text: Origen of Alexandria

text: Palestine

text: Eustochium

text: Pelagians

text: polemic

text: Origenism

text: Bishop John II of Jerusalem

text: Pelagianism

text: deacon

text: Bethlehem

text: Prosper of Aquitaine

text: Bethlehem

text: basilica

text: Santa Maria Maggiore

text: Nepi

text: Escorial

text: translation project

text: Jerusalem

text: Vetus Latina

text: Hebrew Bible

text: Septuagint

text: Rabbinical Judaism

text: Hellenistic

text: heretical

text: Old Testament

text: Augustine

text: inspired

text: Hexapla

text: patristic

text: allegorical

text: mystical

text: Philo

text: protocanonical books

text: Vulgate's prologues

text: canonical

text: apocrypha

text: Baruch

text: Wisdom

text: Jesus, the Son of Sirach

text: Shepherd

text: Eustochium

text: Book of Jeremiah

text: Book of Ezekiel

text: Origen of Alexandria

text: Song of Solomon

text: Gospel of Luke

text: Book of Isaiah

text: Onomasticon

text: Eusebius

text: Philo

text: Book of Daniel

text: Philemon

text: Galatians

text: Ephesians

text: Titus

text: Matthew

text: Mark

text: Luke

text: Revelation

text: Gospel of John

text: Chronicon

text: Chronicon

text: Eusebius

text: Prosper

text: Cassiodorus

text: Victor of Tunnuna

text: De viris illustribus

text: Bethlehem

text: Suetonius

text: Saint Peter

text: Historia ecclesiastica

text: Arnobius

text: Lactantius

text: hagiographic

text: Vita Pauli monachi

text: Antioch

text: Saint Paul of Thebes

text: Vita Malchi monachi captivi

text: ascetic

text: Malchus of Syria

text: Vita Hilarionis

text: Epiphanius

text: oral tradition

text: Martyrologium Hieronymianum

text: apostolic times

text: epistle

text: sexual immorality

text: ascetic life

text: world

text: breaking a lance

text: Rome

text: hortatory

text: epitome

text: pastoral theology

text: Moses

text: Kadesh-barnea

text: Arabah

text: Rhinocolara

text: Taurus Mountains

text: Antioch Hippos

text: Tiberias

text: dogma

text: polemic

text: Didymus the Blind

text: Holy Spirit

text: apologetic

text: Arians

text: Pneumatomachoi

text: Meletius of Antioch

text: Lucifer Calaritanus

text: Trinity

text: baptism

text: Helvidius

text: perpetual virginity of Mary

text: Jovinianus

text: Against Jovinianus

text: Pammachius

text: piety

text: ascetic

text: ethics

text: presbyter

text: Vigilantius

text: cultus

text: Pope Damasus I

text: Gaul

text: Quadi

text: Vandals

text: Sarmatians

text: Alans

text: Gepids

text: Saxons

text: Burgundians

text: Allemanni

text: Pannonians

text: Porphyry

text: Antiochus IV Epiphanes

text: Neo-Babylonian Empire

text: Medes and Persians

text: Macedon

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Catholic Church

text: patron saint

text: translators

text: librarian

text: encyclopedist

text: Hebrew

text: Jew

text: Martin Luther

text: Protestant

text: Augustine

text: ecclesiastical

text: theological

text: Latin

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Ambrose

text: Pope Gregory I

text: anachronistically

text: cardinal

text: anchorite

text: Renaissance

text: Baroque

text: lion

text: hagiographical

text: Androcles

text: Saint Gerasimus

text: artists often depict him in a "wilderness"

text: vanitas

text: Pieter Coecke van Aelst

text: Last Judgment

text: owl

text: Writing material

text: final judgment

text: iconography

text: Bible translations

text: Church Fathers

text: Ferdinand Cavallera

text: Genesius of Arles

text: International Translation Day

text: Letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus

text: Order of St. Jerome

text: Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

text: St. Jerome

text: pdf

text: Fr. Alban Butler

text: "Lives of the Saints"

text: The Life of St. Jerome, Priest, Confessor and Doctor of the Church

text: Jewish Encyclopedia: Jerome

text: St. Jerome – Catholic Online

text: St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium

text: synaxarion

text: Further reading of depictions of Saint Jerome in art

text: Saint Jerome, Doctor of the Church

text: Christian Iconography

text: Here Followeth the Life of Jerome

text: Works of Saint Jerome

text: Somni

text: "Beati Hyeronimi Epistolarum liber"

text: "Epistole de santo Geronimo traducte di latino"

text: "Hieronymi in Danielem"

text: "Sancti Hieronymi ad Pammachium in duodecim prophetas"

text: Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square

text: Chronological list of Jerome's Works with modern editions and translations cited

text: Lewis E 82 Vitae patrum (Lives of the Fathers) at OPenn

text: Lewis E 47 Bible Commentary at OPenn

text: Migne volume 23 part 1 (1883 edition)

text: Migne volume 23 part 2 (1883 edition)

text: Migne volume 24 (1845 edition)

text: Migne volume 25 part 1 (1884 edition)

text: Migne volume 25 part 2 (1884 edition)

text: Migne volume 28 (1890 edition?)

text: Migne volume 30 (1865 edition)

text: Jerome's Letter to Pope Damasus

text: English translation of Jerome's "De Viris Illustribus"

text: The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary

text: "Lives of Famous Men" (CCEL)

text: Apology Against Rufinus (CCEL)

text: Letters

text: Audiobook of some of the Letters

categories: 4th-century Latin writers,Translators of the Bible into Latin,Christian hagiographers,347 births,Roman Catholic theologians,Church Fathers,Chronologists,Latin letter writers,Illyrian people,Doctors of the Church,420 deaths,Christian apologists,5th-century Romans,4th-century Christian theologians,Translation scholars,4th-century Romans,5th-century Latin writers,Jerome,People from Roman Dalmatia,5th-century translators,5th-century Christian saints,Hieronymite Order,4th-century historians

paragraph: Jerome

paragraph: Jerome (; ; ; c. 347 – 30 September 420) was a Latin Catholic priest, confessor, theologian, and historian, commonly known as Saint Jerome. He was born at Stridon, a village near Emona on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. He is best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin (the translation that became known as the Vulgate), and his commentaries on the Gospels. His list of writings is extensive.

paragraph: The protégé of Pope Damasus I, who died in December of 384, Jerome was known for his teachings on Christian moral life, especially to those living in cosmopolitan centers such as Rome. In many cases, he focused his attention on the lives of women and identified how a woman devoted to Jesus should live her life. This focus stemmed from his close patron relationships with several prominent female ascetics who were members of affluent senatorial families.

paragraph: Jerome is recognised as a saint and Doctor of the Church by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Lutheran Church, and the Anglican Communion. His feast day is 30 September.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus was born at Stridon around 347 AD. He was of Illyrian ancestry, although his ability to speak the Illyrian languages causes controversy. He was not baptized until about 360–366, when he had gone to Rome with his friend Bonosus of Sardica (who may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic) to pursue rhetorical and philosophical studies. He studied under the grammarian Aelius Donatus. There Jerome learned Latin and at least some Greek, though probably not the familiarity with Greek literature he would later claim to have acquired as a schoolboy.

paragraph: As a student in Rome, Jerome engaged in the superficial escapades and sexual experimentation of students there, which he indulged in quite casually but for which he suffered terrible bouts of guilt afterwards. To appease his conscience, he would visit on Sundays the sepulchres of the martyrs and the Apostles in the catacombs. This experience would remind him of the terrors of hell:

paragraph: Jerome used a quote from Virgil—"On all sides round horror spread wide; the very silence breathed a terror on my soul"—to describe the horror of hell. Jerome initially used classical authors to describe Christian concepts such as hell that indicated both his classical education and his deep shame of their associated practices, such as pederasty which was found in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Christianity.

paragraph: Although initially skeptical of Christianity, he was eventually converted. After several years in Rome, he travelled with Bonosus to Gaul and settled in Trier where he seems to have first taken up theological studies, and where, for his friend Tyrannius Rufinus, he copied Hilary of Poitiers' commentary on the "Psalms" and the treatise "De synodis". Next came a stay of at least several months, or possibly years, with Rufinus at Aquileia, where he made many Christian friends.

paragraph: Some of these accompanied Jerome when about 373, he set out on a journey through Thrace and Asia Minor into northern Syria. At Antioch, where he stayed the longest, two of his companions died and he himself was seriously ill more than once. During one of these illnesses (about the winter of 373–374), he had a vision that led him to lay aside his secular studies and devote himself to God. He seems to have abstained for a considerable time from the study of the classics and to have plunged deeply into that of the Bible, under the impulse of Apollinaris of Laodicea, then teaching in Antioch and not yet suspected of heresy.

paragraph: Seized with a desire for a life of ascetic penance, Jerome went for a time to the desert of Chalcis, to the southeast of Antioch, known as the "Syrian Thebaid", from the number of eremites inhabiting it. During this period, he seems to have found time for studying and writing. He made his first attempt to learn Hebrew under the guidance of a converted Jew; and he seems to have been in correspondence with Jewish Christians in Antioch. Around this time he had copied for him a Hebrew Gospel, of which fragments are preserved in his notes, and is known today as the Gospel of the Hebrews, and which the Nazarenes considered to be the true Gospel of Matthew. Jerome translated parts of this Hebrew Gospel into Greek.

paragraph: Returning to Antioch in 378 or 379, Jerome was ordained there by Bishop Paulinus, apparently unwillingly and on condition that he continue his ascetic life. Soon afterward, he went to Constantinople to pursue a study of Scripture under Gregory Nazianzen. He seems to have spent two years there, then left, and the next three (382–385) he was in Rome again, as secretary to Pope Damasus I and the leading Roman Christians. Invited originally for the synod of 382, held to end the schism of Antioch as there were rival claimants to be the proper patriarch in Antioch. Jerome had accompanied one of the claimants, Paulinus back to Rome in order to get more support for him, and distinguishing himself to the pope, took a prominent place in his papal councils.

paragraph: Jerome was given duties in Rome, and he undertook a revision of the Latin Bible, to be based on the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. He also updated the Psalter containing the Book of Psalms then in use in Rome, based on the Septuagint. Though he did not realize it yet, translating much of what became the Latin Vulgate Bible would take many years and be his most important achievement (see Writings – Translations section below).

paragraph: In Rome Jerome was surrounded by a circle of well-born and well-educated women, including some from the noblest patrician families, such as the widows Lea, Marcella and Paula, with Paula's daughters Blaesilla and Eustochium. The resulting inclination of these women towards the monastic life, away from the indulgent lasciviousness in Rome, and his unsparing criticism of the secular clergy of Rome, brought a growing hostility against him among the Roman clergy and their supporters. Soon after the death of his patron Pope Damasus I on 10 December 384, Jerome was forced to leave his position at Rome after an inquiry was brought up by the Roman clergy into allegations that he had an improper relationship with the widow Paula. Still, his writings were highly regarded by women who were attempting to maintain a vow of becoming a consecrated virgin. His letters were widely read and distributed throughout the Christian empire and it is clear through his writing that he knew these virgin women were not his only audience.

paragraph: Additionally, Jerome's condemnation of Blaesilla's hedonistic lifestyle in Rome had led her to adopt ascetic practices, but it affected her health and worsened her physical weakness to the point that she died just four months after starting to follow his instructions; much of the Roman populace were outraged at Jerome for causing the premature death of such a lively young woman, and his insistence to Paula that Blaesilla should not be mourned, and complaints that her grief was excessive, were seen as heartless, polarising Roman opinion against him.

paragraph: Section::::After Rome.

paragraph: In August 385, Jerome left Rome for good and returned to Antioch, accompanied by his brother Paulinian and several friends, and followed a little later by Paula and Eustochium, who had resolved to end their days in the Holy Land. In the winter of 385, Jerome acted as their spiritual adviser. The pilgrims, joined by Bishop Paulinus of Antioch, visited Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and the holy places of Galilee, and then went to Egypt, the home of the great heroes of the ascetic life.

paragraph: At the Catechetical School of Alexandria, Jerome listened to the catechist Didymus the Blind expounding the prophet Hosea and telling his reminiscences of Anthony the Great, who had died 30 years before; he spent some time in Nitria, admiring the disciplined community life of the numerous inhabitants of that "city of the Lord", but detecting even there "concealed serpents", i.e., the influence of Origen of Alexandria. Late in the summer of 388 he was back in Palestine, and spent the remainder of his life working in a cave near Bethlehem, the very cave where Jesus was born, surrounded by a few friends, both men and women (including Paula and Eustochium), to whom he acted as priestly guide and teacher.

paragraph: Amply provided for by Paula with the means of livelihood and for increasing his collection of books, Jerome led a life of incessant activity in literary production. To these last 34 years of his career belong the most important of his works; his version of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew text, the best of his scriptural commentaries, his catalogue of Christian authors, and the dialogue against the Pelagians, the literary perfection of which even an opponent recognized. To this period also belong most of his polemics, which distinguished him among the orthodox Fathers, including the treatises against the Origenism later declared anathema, of Bishop John II of Jerusalem and his early friend Rufinus. Later, as a result of his writings against Pelagianism, a body of excited partisans broke into the monastic buildings, set them on fire, attacked the inmates and killed a deacon, forcing Jerome to seek safety in a neighboring fortress in 416.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: It is recorded that Jerome died near Bethlehem on 30 September 420. The date of his death is given by the "Chronicon" of Prosper of Aquitaine. His remains, originally buried at Bethlehem, are said to have been later transferred to the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, though other places in the West claim some relics, the cathedral at Nepi boasting possession of his head, which, according to another tradition, is in the Escorial.

paragraph: Section::::Translation of the Bible (382–405).

paragraph: Jerome was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek. He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to Jerusalem to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, funded his stay in a monastery in Bethlehem and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the Vetus Latina. By 390 he turned to translating the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew, having previously translated portions from the Septuagint which came from Alexandria. He believed that the mainstream Rabbinical Judaism had rejected the Septuagint as invalid Jewish scriptural texts because of what were ascertained as mistranslations along with its Hellenistic heretical elements. He completed this work by 405. Prior to Jerome's Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint, not the Hebrew. Jerome's decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the previous translated Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who thought the Septuagint inspired. Modern scholarship, however, has sometimes cast doubts on the actual quality of Jerome's Hebrew knowledge. Many modern scholars believe that the Greek Hexapla is the main source for Jerome's "iuxta Hebraeos" (i.e. "close to the Hebrews", "immediately following the Hebrews") translation of the Old Testament. However, detailed studies have shown that to a considerable degree Jerome was a competent Hebraist.

paragraph: Section::::Commentaries (405–420).

paragraph: For the next 15 years, until he died, Jerome produced a number of commentaries on Scripture, often explaining his translation choices in using the original Hebrew rather than suspect translations. His patristic commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of Philo and the Alexandrian school. Unlike his contemporaries, he emphasizes the difference between the Hebrew Bible "apocrypha" and the "Hebraica veritas" of the protocanonical books. In his Vulgate's prologues, he describes some portions of books in the Septuagint that were not found in the Hebrew as being non-canonical (he called them "apocrypha"); for "Baruch", he mentions by name in his "Prologue to Jeremiah" and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews, but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or "not in the canon". His "Preface to The Books of Samuel and Kings" includes the following statement, commonly called the "Helmeted Preface":

paragraph: This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a "helmeted" introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings. Wisdom, therefore, which generally bears the name of Solomon, and the book of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, and Judith, and Tobias, and the Shepherd are not in the canon. The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style.

paragraph: Although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha, it is said that he later viewed them as Scripture. For example, in Jerome's letter to Eustochium he quotes Sirach 13:2, elsewhere Jerome also refers to Baruch, the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture.

paragraph: Jerome's commentaries fall into three groups:

paragraph: BULLET::::- His translations or recastings of Greek predecessors, including fourteen homilies on the Book of Jeremiah and the same number on the Book of Ezekiel by Origen (translated c. 380 in Constantinople); two homilies of Origen of Alexandria on the Song of Solomon (in Rome, c. 383); and thirty-nine on the Gospel of Luke (c. 389, in Bethlehem). The nine homilies of Origen on the Book of Isaiah included among his works were not done by him. Here should be mentioned, as an important contribution to the topography of Palestine, his book "De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraeorum," a translation with additions and some regrettable omissions of the "Onomasticon" of Eusebius. To the same period (c. 390) belongs the "Liber interpretationis nominum Hebraicorum", based on a work supposed to go back to Philo and expanded by Origen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Original commentaries on the Old Testament. To the period before his settlement at Bethlehem and the following five years belong a series of short Old Testament studies: "De seraphim", "De voce Osanna", "De tribus quaestionibus veteris legis" (usually included among the letters as 18, 20, and 36); "Quaestiones hebraicae in Genesim"; "Commentarius in Ecclesiasten"; "Tractatus septem in Psalmos 10–16" (lost); "Explanationes in Michaeam", "Sophoniam", "Nahum", "Habacuc", "Aggaeum." After 395 he composed a series of longer commentaries, though in rather a desultory fashion: first on Jonah and Obadiah (396), then on Isaiah (c. 395 – c. 400), on Zechariah, Malachi, Hoseah, Joel, Amos (from 406), on the Book of Daniel (c. 407), on Ezekiel (between 410 and 415), and on Jeremiah (after 415, left unfinished).

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Testament commentaries. These include only Philemon, Galatians, Ephesians, and Titus (hastily composed 387–388); Matthew (dictated in a fortnight, 398); Mark, selected passages in Luke, Revelation, and the prologue to the Gospel of John.

paragraph: Section::::Historical and hagiographic writings.

paragraph: Jerome is also known as a historian. One of his earliest historical works was his "Chronicle" (or "Chronicon" or "Temporum liber"), composed c. 380 in Constantinople; this is a translation into Latin of the chronological tables which compose the second part of the "Chronicon" of Eusebius, with a supplement covering the period from 325 to 379. Despite numerous errors taken over from Eusebius, and some of his own, Jerome produced a valuable work, if only for the impulse which it gave to such later chroniclers as Prosper, Cassiodorus, and Victor of Tunnuna to continue his annals.

paragraph: Of considerable importance as well is the "De viris illustribus", which was written at Bethlehem in 392, the title and arrangement of which are borrowed from Suetonius. It contains short biographical and literary notes on 135 Christian authors, from Saint Peter down to Jerome himself. For the first seventy-eight authors Eusebius ("Historia ecclesiastica") is the main source; in the second section, beginning with Arnobius and Lactantius, he includes a good deal of independent information, especially as to western writers.

paragraph: Four works of a hagiographic nature are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Vita Pauli monachi," written during his first sojourn at Antioch (c. 376), the legendary material of which is derived from Egyptian monastic tradition;

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Vitae Patrum (Vita Pauli primi eremitae)," a biography of Saint Paul of Thebes;

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Vita Malchi monachi captivi" (c. 391), probably based on an earlier work, although it purports to be derived from the oral communications of the aged ascetic Malchus of Syria originally made to him in the desert of Chalcis;

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Vita Hilarionis," of the same date, containing more trustworthy historical matter than the other two, and based partly on the biography of Epiphanius and partly on oral tradition.

paragraph: The so-called "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" is spurious; it was apparently composed by a western monk toward the end of the 6th or beginning of the 7th century, with reference to an expression of Jerome's in the opening chapter of the "Vita Malchi," where he speaks of intending to write a history of the saints and martyrs from the apostolic times.

paragraph: Section::::Letters.

paragraph: Jerome's letters or epistles, both by the great variety of their subjects and by their qualities of style, form an important portion of his literary remains. Whether he is discussing problems of scholarship, or reasoning on cases of conscience, comforting the afflicted, or saying pleasant things to his friends, scourging the vices and corruptions of the time and against sexual immorality among the clergy, exhorting to the ascetic life and renunciation of the world, or breaking a lance with his theological opponents, he gives a vivid picture not only of his own mind, but of the age and its peculiar characteristics. Because there was no distinct line between personal documents and those meant for publication, we frequently find in his letters both confidential messages and treatises meant for others besides the one to whom he was writing.

paragraph: Due to the time he spent in Rome among wealthy families belonging to the Roman upper-class, Jerome was frequently commissioned by women who had taken a vow of virginity to write them in guidance of how to live their life. As a result, he spent a great deal of his life corresponding to these women about certain abstentions and lifestyle practices. These included the clothing she should wear, the interactions she should undertake and how to go about conducting herself during such interactions, and what and how she ate and drank. The letters most frequently reprinted or referred to are of a hortatory nature, such as "Ep. 14", "Ad Heliodorum de laude vitae solitariae"; "Ep. 22", "Ad Eustochium de custodia virginitatis"; "Ep. 52", "Ad Nepotianum de vita clericorum et monachorum," a sort of epitome of pastoral theology from the ascetic standpoint; "Ep. 53", "Ad Paulinum de studio scripturarum"; "Ep. 57", to the same, "De institutione monachi"; "Ep. 70", "Ad Magnum de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis"; and "Ep. 107", "Ad Laetam de institutione filiae".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter to Dardanus (Ep. 129)

paragraph: You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers (ch. 34): as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina, between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh-barnea, [which is located with the Arabah to the east] and continues to the west, as far as the river of Egypt, that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine, Phoenicia, Coele‑Syria, and Cilicia; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath, called Epiphany‑Syria; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret, now called Tiberias, and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea, now called the Dead Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Theological writings.

paragraph: Practically all of Jerome's productions in the field of dogma have a more or less vehemently polemical character, and are directed against assailants of the orthodox doctrines. Even the translation of the treatise of Didymus the Blind on the Holy Spirit into Latin (begun in Rome 384, completed at Bethlehem) shows an apologetic tendency against the Arians and Pneumatomachoi. The same is true of his version of Origen's "De principiis" (c. 399), intended to supersede the inaccurate translation by Rufinus. The more strictly polemical writings cover every period of his life. During the sojourns at Antioch and Constantinople he was mainly occupied with the Arian controversy, and especially with the schisms centering around Meletius of Antioch and Lucifer Calaritanus. Two letters to Pope Damasus (15 and 16) complain of the conduct of both parties at Antioch, the Meletians and Paulinians, who had tried to draw him into their controversy over the application of the terms "ousia" and "hypostasis" to the Trinity. At the same time or a little later (379) he composed his "Liber Contra Luciferianos", in which he cleverly uses the dialogue form to combat the tenets of that faction, particularly their rejection of baptism by heretics.

paragraph: In Rome (c. 383) Jerome wrote a passionate counterblast against the teaching of Helvidius, in defense of the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary and of the superiority of the single over the married state. An opponent of a somewhat similar nature was Jovinianus, with whom he came into conflict in 392 ("Adversus Jovinianum", Against Jovinianus) and the defense of this work addressed to his friend Pammachius, numbered 48 in the letters). Once more he defended the ordinary practices of piety and his own ascetic ethics in 406 against the Gallic presbyter Vigilantius, who opposed the "cultus" of martyrs and relics, the vow of poverty, and clerical celibacy. Meanwhile, the controversy with John II of Jerusalem and Rufinus concerning the orthodoxy of Origen occurred. To this period belong some of his most passionate and most comprehensive polemical works: the "Contra Joannem Hierosolymitanum" (398 or 399); the two closely connected "Apologiae contra Rufinum" (402); and the "last word" written a few months later, the "Liber tertius seuten ultima responsio adversus scripta Rufini." The last of his polemical works is the skilfully composed "Dialogus contra Pelagianos" (415).

paragraph: Section::::Theological writings.:Eschatology.

paragraph: Jerome warned that those substituting false interpretations for the actual meaning of Scripture belonged to the "synagogue of the Antichrist". "He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist," he wrote to Pope Damasus I. He believed that "the mystery of iniquity" written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when "every one chatters about his views." To Jerome, the power restraining this mystery of iniquity was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noble woman of Gaul:

paragraph: "He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ "shall consume with the spirit of his mouth." “Woe unto them," he cries, "that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days."... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun run all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni, and—alas! for the commonweal!—even Pannonians.

paragraph: His "Commentary on Daniel" was expressly written to offset the criticisms of Porphyry, who taught that Daniel related entirely to the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and was written by an unknown individual living in the second century BC. Against Porphyry, Jerome identified Rome as the fourth kingdom of chapters two and seven, but his view of chapters eight and 11 was more complex. Jerome held that chapter eight describes the activity of Antiochus Epiphanes, who is understood as a "type" of a future antichrist; 11:24 onwards applies primarily to a future antichrist but was partially fulfilled by Antiochus. Instead, he advocated that the "little horn" was the Antichrist:

paragraph: We should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the Christian Church, that at the end of the world, when the Roman Empire is to be destroyed, there shall be ten kings who will partition the Roman world amongst themselves. Then an insignificant eleventh king will arise, who will overcome three of the ten kings... after they have been slain, the seven other kings also will bow their necks to the victor.

paragraph: In his Commentary on Daniel, he noted, "Let us not follow the opinion of some commentators and suppose him to be either the Devil or some demon, but rather, one of the human race, in whom Satan will wholly take up his residence in bodily form." Instead of rebuilding the Jewish Temple to reign from, Jerome thought the Antichrist sat in God's Temple inasmuch as he made "himself out to be like God."

paragraph: Jerome identified the four prophetic kingdoms symbolized in Daniel 2 as the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Medes and Persians, Macedon, and Rome. Jerome identified the stone cut out without hands as "namely, the Lord and Savior".

paragraph: Jerome refuted Porphyry's application of the little horn of chapter seven to Antiochus. He expected that at the end of the world, Rome would be destroyed, and partitioned among ten kingdoms before the little horn appeared.

paragraph: Jerome believed that Cyrus of Persia is the higher of the two horns of the Medo-Persian ram of Daniel 8:3. The he-goat is Greece smiting Persia. Alexander is the great horn, which is then succeeded by Alexander's half brother Philip and three of his generals.

paragraph: Section::::Reception by later Christianity.

paragraph: Jerome is the second most voluminous writer (after Augustine of Hippo) in ancient Latin Christianity. In the Catholic Church, he is recognized as the patron saint of translators, librarians and encyclopedists.

paragraph: Jerome acquired a knowledge of Hebrew by studying with a Jew who converted to Christianity, and took the unusual position (for that time) that the Hebrew, and not the Septuagint, was the inspired text of the Old Testament. The traditional view is that he used this knowledge to translate what became known as the Vulgate, and his translation was slowly but eventually accepted in the Catholic Church. The later resurgence of Hebrew studies within Christianity owes much to him.

paragraph: Jerome showed more zeal and interest in the ascetic ideal than in abstract speculation. It was this strict asceticism that made Martin Luther judge him so severely. In fact, Protestant readers are not generally inclined to accept his writings as authoritative. The tendency to recognize a superior comes out in his correspondence with Augustine (cf. Jerome's letters numbered 56, 67, 102–105, 110–112, 115–116; and 28, 39, 40, 67–68, 71–75, 81–82 in Augustine's).

paragraph: Despite the criticisms already mentioned, Jerome has retained a rank among the western Fathers. This would be his due, if for nothing else, on account of the great influence exercised by his Latin version of the Bible upon the subsequent ecclesiastical and theological development.

paragraph: Section::::In art.

paragraph: In art, Jerome is often represented as one of the four Latin doctors of the Church along with Augustine of Hippo, Ambrose, and Pope Gregory I. As a prominent member of the Roman clergy, he has often been portrayed anachronistically in the garb of a cardinal. Even when he is depicted as a half-clad anchorite, with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank as cardinal is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture.

paragraph: During Jerome's life, cardinals did not exist. However, by the time of the Renaissance and the Baroque it was common practice for a secretary to the pope to be a cardinal (as Jerome had effectively been to Damasus), and so this was reflected in artistic interpretations.

paragraph: Jerome is also often depicted with a lion, in reference to the popular hagiographical belief that Jerome had tamed a lion in the wilderness by healing its paw. The source for the story may actually have been the second century Roman tale of Androcles, or confusion with the exploits of Saint Gerasimus (Jerome in later Latin is "Geronimus"). Hagiographies of Jerome talk of his having spent many years in the Syrian desert, and artists often depict him in a "wilderness", which for West European painters can take the form of a wood or forest.

paragraph: From the late Middle Ages, depictions of Jerome in a wider setting became popular. He is either shown in his study, surrounded by books and the equipment of a scholar, or in a rocky desert, or in a setting that combines both themes, with him studying a book under the shelter of a rock-face or cave mouth. His attribute of the lion, often shown at a smaller scale, may be beside him in either setting.

paragraph: Jerome is often depicted in connection with the "vanitas" motif, the reflection on the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits. In the 16th century by Pieter Coecke van Aelst and workshop the saint is depicted with a skull. Behind him on the wall is pinned an admonition, "Cogita Mori" ("Think upon death"). Further reminders of the vanitas motif of the passage of time and the imminence of death are the image of the Last Judgment visible in the saint's Bible, the candle and the hourglass.

paragraph: Jerome is also sometimes depicted with an owl, the symbol of wisdom and scholarship. Writing materials and the trumpet of final judgment are also part of his iconography. He is commemorated on 30 September with a memorial.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bible translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church Fathers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Cavallera

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genesius of Arles

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Translation Day

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of St. Jerome

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. N. D. Kelly, "Jerome: His Life, Writings, and Controversies" (Peabody, MA 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Rebenich, "Jerome" (London and New York, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biblia Sacra Vulgata", Stuttgart, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This article uses material from the Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Jerome, "Three biographies: Malchus, St. Hilarion and Paulus the First Hermit Authored by Saint Jerome", London, 2012. limovia.net.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letters of Jerome Dataset – corpus as structured data, with sender, receiver, and letter-type classification

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Jerome (pdf) from Fr. Alban Butler's "Lives of the Saints"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Life of St. Jerome, Priest, Confessor and Doctor of the Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia: Jerome

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Jerome – Catholic Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium Orthodox synaxarion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Further reading of depictions of Saint Jerome in art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Jerome, Doctor of the Church at the Christian Iconography web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Here Followeth the Life of Jerome from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Saint Jerome at Somni

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beati Hyeronimi Epistolarum liber", digitized codex (1464)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistole de santo Geronimo traducte di latino", digitized codex (1475–1490)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hieronymi in Danielem", digitized codex (1490)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sancti Hieronymi ad Pammachium in duodecim prophetas", digitized codex (1470–1480)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Latin texts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronological list of Jerome's Works with modern editions and translations cited

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opera Omnia" (Complete Works) from Migne edition ("Patrologia Latina", 1844–1855) with analytical indexes, almost complete online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis E 82 Vitae patrum (Lives of the Fathers) at OPenn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis E 47 Bible Commentary at OPenn

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Latin texts.:Facsimiles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne volume 23 part 1 (1883 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne volume 23 part 2 (1883 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne volume 24 (1845 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne volume 25 part 1 (1884 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne volume 25 part 2 (1884 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne volume 28 (1890 edition?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne volume 30 (1865 edition)

paragraph: Section::::External links.:English translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translations of Biblical Prefaces, Commentary on Daniel, Chronicle, and Letter 120 (tertullian.org)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerome's Letter to Pope Damasus: Preface to the Gospels

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of Jerome's "De Viris Illustribus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lives of Famous Men" (CCEL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apology Against Rufinus (CCEL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letters, The Life of Paulus the First Hermit, The Life of S. Hilarion, The Life of Malchus, the Captive Monk, The Dialogue Against the Luciferians, The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary, Against Jovinianus, Against Vigilantius, To Pammachius against John of Jerusalem, Against the Pelagians, Prefaces (CCEL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audiobook of some of the Letters

alias:
Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus
Saint Jerome
St. Jerome
Hieronymus
ヒエロニムス
Saint Gerolamo
Saint Jerōnimos
Saint Heronimos
Saint Iheronimus
Saint Gerónimo
聖ヒエロニムス
Saint Hieronymus
Sophronius
Saint Hieronim
Stridonskiĭ, Saint Ieronim
Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus
Saint Girolamo
Saint, Jerónimo
Saint Jerónimo
di Stridone, Saint Girolamo
Eusebius Hieronymus
Saint Gérome
Stridonensis, Saint Hieronymus
Saint Geronimo
Saint Jeronimo
Saint Gerome

description: Catholic saint and Doctor of the Church

enwikiquote_title: Jerome

wikidata_label: Jerome

wikipedia_title: Jerome


text:
Versailles
Grasse
chess
French Chess Championship
French Resistance
Moscow
Vera Menchik
Women's World Championships
Vrnjacka Banja
9th Chess Olympiad
Dubrovnik
Paris
chess club
grandmasters
Joël Lautier
FIDE
Woman International Master
Woman Grandmaster
Henri Grob

categories: Chess woman International Masters,1919 births,French female chess players

paragraph: Chantal Chaudé de Silans

paragraph: Chantal Chaudé de Silans (9 March 1919, Versailles – 5 September 2001, Grasse) was a French chess player and a pioneer of women's chess.

paragraph: She learned how to play the game when she was nine along with her brother the Baron de Silans, who later became a strong amateur. In 1932, at age thirteen, she entered her first women's French Chess Championship. In 1936, she won the championship at age seventeen.

paragraph: In 1939, she married Bernard Chaudé and followed him to Morocco due to World War II. They returned to France in 1942 and soon entered French Resistance nets.

paragraph: In 1949-50, she represented France at the Moscow tournament, which had to decide who would succeed Vera Menchik as the woman World Champion. Chantal Chaudé de Silans was leading the field for a good part of the tournament but tired at the end, ending up being tied for fifth place out of sixteen players. Despite having to take care of four children, she participated again to the Women's World Championships in 1952 and 1955 (Moscow), and again in 1961 (at Vrnjacka Banja), ending up respectively tied for eighth place, tied for 10th and in 12th place. She was part of the national French team at the 9th Chess Olympiad held in Dubrovnik in 1950, becoming the first woman ever to participate in this competition. She was also the first woman to ever take part to the French Chess Championship (men's section), finishing seventh in 1947. Her shared third place in 1951 is still to this day the best result by a woman at the French Championship.

paragraph: In 1970, shortly after the demise of Jeanne Le Bey-Taillis, she became the President of the Paris Caïssa chess club. She voluntarily managed it for more than thirty years; meanwhile, the club produced several young talents who would later become strong grandmasters, such as Olivier Renet, Eloi Relange, Manuel Apicella, Igor Nataf and Joël Lautier.

paragraph: She was awarded by FIDE the title of Woman International Master, at the creation of the title in 1950 and later the (honorary) title of Woman Grandmaster.

paragraph: Section::::Illustrative game.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This game is typical of her attacking style and was played during the match she drew against Henri Grob in Zurich 1951.

description: French chess player

wikidata_label: Chantal Chaudé de Silans

wikipedia_title: Chantal Chaudé de Silans


text: Ardooie

categories: People from Ardooie,Belgian male cyclists,Sportspeople from West Flanders,1971 births,Living people

paragraph: Wim Feys

paragraph: Wim Feys (born 16 December 1971 in Ardooie) is a former Belgian cyclist. He was forced to retire in 2000 because of heart problems.

paragraph: Section::::Palmarès.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999

description: Belgian bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Wim Feys

wikipedia_title: Wim Feys


text:
American football
wide receiver
Arizona Cardinals
National Football League
college football
University of South Carolina
South Carolina Gamecocks
South Carolina Gamecocks football
Carolina Panthers
Super Bowl 50
Denver Broncos
2016
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
South Carolina Gamecocks bio
Carolina Panthers bio

categories: South Carolina Gamecocks football players,African-American players of American football,American football wide receivers,Players of American football from New Jersey,Sportspeople from Camden County, New Jersey,Carolina Panthers players,People from Gloucester Township, New Jersey,1993 births,Living people

paragraph: Damiere Byrd

paragraph: Damiere Byrd (born January 27, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of South Carolina for the South Carolina Gamecocks.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Byrd played wide receiver for the South Carolina Gamecocks football team as a true freshman in 2011. After his senior season in 2014, Byrd had amassed 1265 yards on 68 receptions (18.6 yards/catch) with 10 touchdowns.

paragraph: Byrd was considered the fastest player on the team while at South Carolina and also competed for the South Carolina track team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: On the South Carolina Pro Day, Byrd only ran the 40-yard dash once, since his left calf muscle tightened up on him. Byrd, having a track & field background, was able to put up impressive numbers, completing the short shuttle in 4.03 seconds, the three-cone in 6.6 seconds and the 60-yard long shuttle in 10.90 seconds, faster than any other time posted at the 2015 scouting combine.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On May 8, 2015, Byrd was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Carolina Panthers. On September 5, 2015, he was released by the Panthers. On September 7, 2015, Byrd was signed to the Panthers' practice squad, where he spent the rest of his rookie season. On February 7, 2016, Byrd's Panthers played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2016.

paragraph: Byrd signed a reserve/futures contract with the Panthers on February 9, 2016.

paragraph: Byrd made the initial 53-man roster in 2016 but was inactive for the first five games before being released on October 14, 2016. He was re-signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted back to the active roster on December 29, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017.

paragraph: On October 1, 2017 during the second quarter of a game versus the New England Patriots, Byrd broke his left arm on a reverse play. He was subsequently placed on the injured reserve two days later. He was activated off injured reserve to the active roster on December 2, 2017. In Week 16, Byrd returned a kickoff 103 yards, a franchise record, and scored the Panthers' first kickoff-return touchdown since 2011 which was crucial in the 22-19 win over the Buccaneers, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week. However during the second half of the game, Byrd suffered a lower leg injury and subsequently was placed on injured reserve on December 26, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018.

paragraph: Byrd entered the 2018 season as the Panthers primary punt returner. He played in eight games before suffering a broken arm in Week 12. He was placed on injured reserve on November 27, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: On March 26, 2019, Byrd signed with the Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- South Carolina Gamecocks bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carolina Panthers bio

description: American Football wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers

wikidata_label: Damiere Byrd

wikipedia_title: Damiere Byrd


text:
JP
unofficial member
Executive Council
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Constantinople
Cornish
Union Insurance Society of Canton
Viceroy of Nanking
Tuchun of Szechuen
Shanghai Municipal Council
Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
Justice of the Peace
Henry Pollock
Henry Pollock
Prince of Wales
University of Hong Kong
Young Men's Christian Association
First World War
Regent Street
Order of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium
Albert I of Belgium
Wongneichong village
Hongkong Land
Kowloon Tong
Yaumati
St. John's Cathedral
Charles Richard Montague Ede
Folio Society

categories: Hong Kong businesspeople in insurance,British people of Cornish descent,Hong Kong people of Cornish descent,Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong,British expatriates in China,British expatriates in Hong Kong,Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong,1865 births,British expatriates in Japan,British businesspeople in insurance,1925 deaths

paragraph: Charles Montague Ede

paragraph: Charles Montague Ede, JP (7 October 1864 – 22 May 1925) was a Hong Kong businessman and unofficial member of the Executive Council and Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Ede was born at Constantinople in a Cornish family. He joined the Union Insurance Society of Canton in March 1884 where his uncle N. J. Ede was the secretary for many years and then the manager of the company.

paragraph: He worked for the insurance company for 40 years and was manager of the Shanghai branch and had also stationed in North China and Yokohama. He became the general manager of the company in 1908 in succession to W. J. Saunders. Under his leadership, the Union Insurance Society of Canton expanded as a global insurance company, opened up new branches at Tokyo, Hankow, Tientsin, Scurabaya, Bombay, Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Vancouver, Toronto, Buenos Ayres, Cario and Johannesburg and numerous other agencies.

paragraph: The company merged with the North China Insurance Co. in 1911 and the China Fire Insurance Co. in 1915. The capital of the company increased to $4,000,000 in 1915 and four years later to £2,000,000. When Ede retired due to ill health and replaced by Paul Lauder in May 1924, the total assets of the company had already exceeded over five millions.

paragraph: Section::::Public services.

paragraph: During his time in China he involved in the Chinese politics as being an adviser to the Viceroy of Nanking when in Shanghai and adviser to Tuchun of Szechuen. He helped set up the China Consortium to draw agreements with various governments. He also served in the Shanghai Municipal Council and organised a famine relief fund in the 1890s.

paragraph: After he moved to Hong Kong, he joined the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce and was on the committee of the Chamber. He was made Justice of the Peace since February 1908and appointed as unofficial member of the Legislative Council for the first time in April 1911, When Henry Pollock, unofficial member of the Legislative Council elected by Justices of Peace February 1913, Ede was nominated by the Justices of Peace to the Legislative Council. He was also an unofficial member of the Executive Council appointed in 1922 during the absence of Henry Pollock. He was appointed to the Executive Council twice again in 1924 after his announced his retirement from the company.

paragraph: Besides his services in the Executive and Legislative Councils, Ede was also member of the Executive Committee of the Peace Celebration and War Memorial Committee and later on appointed chairman of the Reception Committee for the Prince of Wales visit to Hong Kong.

paragraph: Among other public services, he was member of the court of the University of Hong Kong when the university was newly established and founding director of the Young Men's Christian Association of Hong Kong.

paragraph: During the First World War, Ede was the chairman of the War Propaganda Committee for the Allied Powers. On the foundation of his propaganda works he established the publishing house Publicity Bureau for South China at 10 Regent Street, London in 1919. His wife Mrs. Gertrude Ede also received the Order of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium by the Albert I of Belgium for her personal assistance to Belgian charities during the war.

paragraph: Section::::Housing and industrial relations.

paragraph: Realising the poor housing conditions and soaring rents of the Portuguese clerks were facing in Hong Kong, Ede proposed a scheme of establishing a Garden City on a large area of land at the back of Wongneichong village known as "Cidades Cameons" project. Despite considerable opposition, Ede's proposal was approved by the Secretary of State however was eventually dropped and replaced by a block of residences developed by the Hongkong Land and Savings Society. After that, Ede turned his attention to Kowloon Tong and became general manager of the Kowloon Tong and New Territories Development Co.. The company spent $8,000,000 on the Kowloon Tong estate scheme of building 250 houses to relieve the pressing house storage. Ede Road in Kowloon Tong is named after him in memory of his contribution to the development of Kowloon Tong.

paragraph: He also concerned about the labour relations in Hong Kong at the time the colony was burdened by the trade unionist movements. He suggested a series of solutions to prevent strikes, forming the Hong Kong Industrial Security Association and the project of building a trades building at Yaumati where there would be training facilities for the Chinese workers and an Association store, a restaurant, a hospital and a gymnasium.

paragraph: Section::::Death and family.

paragraph: Ede had been in bad health during his later years and became ill for weeks before his death and had to cancel his health trip to California. He died at about 10 o'clock at his residence Derrington, No. 8, Peak Road on 22 May 1925 at the age of 60. The funeral service was held in St. John's Cathedral at 5 o'clock on the same day. He left property in England and Hong Kong of net value of £185,775, £152,837 at Hong Kong and £32,938 in England. His wife and son returned to England on 30 June 1925 after Charles Montague Ede's death. Ede had a son and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonel Bertram Montague Ede, whose son Charles Richard Montague Ede (1921–2002), was the founder of the publishing house Folio Society.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Violet Montague Ede, married Major Austen Morgan Rotheram, third son of E. Rotheram of Crossdrum, Oldcastle, Co. Meath, Ireland at St John's Cathedral on 12 April 1922.

description: British merchant

wikidata_label: Charles Montague Ede

wikipedia_title: Charles Montague Ede


text:
Cantonese opera
China
Hong Kong
Guangzhou
Hong Kong
World War II
Ma Si Tsang
Premier
Zhou En-lai
Cultural Revolution
Mao Zedong
heart attack
Guangdong General Hospital
Guangzhou
struggle sessions
Chinese Communist
Beijing Opera
Kunqu
Avenue of Stars
Guangzhou

categories: 2013 deaths,People's Republic of China politicians from Guangdong,Actresses from Guangzhou,Cantonese opera performers,1924 births,Chinese stage actresses,Victims of the Cultural Revolution,Musicians from Guangzhou,Members of the National People's Congress

paragraph: Hung Sin-nui

paragraph: Kuang Jianlian (; 25 December 1924 – 8 December 2013) better known by her stage name Hung Sin-nui or Hong Xiannü (), aliases Hong Sin-lui, Hung Hsien-nü, Hong Sin-loi, was a national treasure level Cantonese opera master and movie actress in China and Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hung was born in Guangzhou as Kuang Jianlian or Kwong Kin-lin in 1924. Her ancestral hometown is Kaiping, Guangdong. With her aunt Ho Fu-lin as her mentor, she began to sing Cantonese opera at the age of 12. She started from "Mui Heung" and her first stage name was Siu Yin Hung. She took to the stage from 1939, adopting the stage name Hung Sin Nui (Red Line Girl). Red line in Chinese folk legend signifying connecting relationships, especially marriage.

paragraph: Hung moved to Hong Kong during World War II which would be the beginning of her golden years. She played alongside Ma Si Tsang, her then husband and well-known Cantonese opera singer and actor in productions including "The Spoiled Brat and Her Groom", "Bitter Phoenix, Sorrowful Oriole" and "Wang Zhaojun Marries beyond the Great Wall". She established her official diva status during the period and began her movie career. Her screen debut was "Unforgettable Love" in 1947. Hung made 105 films in her career from 1947 to 2009, but the bulk was during the late 1940s and 1950s. Her notable movies included "The Judge Goes to Pieces", "A Mother's Tears", "Everlasting Love", "Wilderness", "The Pretty Tigress", "Searching the School" and "Guan Hanqing".

paragraph: In 1955, Hung gave up her career in Hong Kong and joined the Guangdong Cantonese Opera Troupe in mainland on invitation by Premier Zhou En-lai, where she performed until 1961. She also founded the Hongdou Cantonese Opera Troupe where she trained and mentored a large number of Cantonese Opera actors and actresses. During the Cultural Revolution Hung's career was halted. She was branded as "Black Line Girl" and banished to the countryside as a street sweeper. She and her family were sent to labour camps. She recalled she would sing inside her heart at time when she was not able to sing. She would hold a note and practice when she raised chickens and no one was looking she would practice and would sing in high pitch during thunder. After the death of Mao Zedong, Hung slow re-emerged to the Cantonese opera scene, but she appeared in two films in 1990 and 2009 before her career came a close.

paragraph: Hung died on 8 December 2013 of a heart attack at the Guangdong General Hospital in Guangzhou, where she had retired to in her last years. Her tomb is located in the Yinhe Revolution Cemetery in Guangzhou.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hung married twice, first to well-known Cantonese opera actor Ma Si-tsang from 1944 to 1955 and then to a writer Hua Shan from 1970 to his death in 1985. Hung had two sons and a daughter from her first marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ma Ting-cheong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ma Ting-sing (born 1949), military commentator and academic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hung Hung, daughter, a Cantonese opera star, during the Cultural Revolution she named her mother in struggle sessions. In 1981 she escaped to Taiwan and criticized the Chinese Communist government. Later she made up her relationship with Hung Sin-nui. When she immigrated to Canada she wanted to take her mother with her, but Hung Sin-nui declined.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: She was regarded as one of the greatest treasures of Cantonese opera and Hong Kong cinema. She was famous for her unique sweet, crisp, smooth and coquettish "Hung tone" (紅腔) of singing which incorporated the techniques of Beijing Opera, Kunqu, and Western opera singing method. She was invited to leave a handprint at the Avenue of Stars in Hong Kong. Much of Hung's work and documents of her career are preserved at the Hung Sin-nui Arts Center in Guangzhou, which was opened 1998 by the Guangzhou city government to commemorate and preserve her contribution to the art of Cantonese opera.

paragraph: Her son Ma Ting-sing said "mother can be described as 'never abandoning or wavering, with neither complaint nor regret' toward Cantonese Opera. Whether it was in the midst of war or when the market was light, she still insisted on performing and teaching. Even when she faced 70% empty seats she still performed at will and persisted on that passion for Cantonese Opera."

description: Cantonese opera performer

wikidata_label: Hung Sin-nui

wikipedia_title: Hung Sin-nui


text:
German
rower
1900 Summer Olympics
1912 Summer Olympics

categories: Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,German male rowers,Olympic medalists in rowing,1874 births,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for Germany,Olympic rowers of Germany,Olympic bronze medalists for Germany,Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics,1941 deaths,Rowers at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Hermann Wilker

paragraph: Hermann Wilker (24 July 1874 – 28 December 1941) was a German rower who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: In 1900 he was a crew member of the German boat, which won the bronze medal in the coxed fours.

paragraph: Twelve years later he won the gold medal in the coxed fours as part of the German team.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Hermann Wilker

wikipedia_title: Hermann Wilker


categories: Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,German male rowers,Olympic medalists in rowing,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for Germany,Olympic rowers of Germany,1963 deaths,Olympic bronze medalists for Germany,1879 births,Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Rowers at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Otto Fickeisen

paragraph: Otto Fickeisen (24 December 1879 – 15 December 1963) was a German rower who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1900 he was a crew member of the German boat, which won the bronze medal in the coxed fours. Twelve years later he won the gold medal in the coxed fours as strokeman of the German team.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Otto Fickeisen

wikipedia_title: Otto Fickeisen


text:
bishop
heresy
saint
bishop of Tongeren
Belgium
Council of Clermont (535)
Fifth Council of Orléans
polemic
Meuse Valley
famine
relic
Huy
Belgium
patron saint

categories: Belgian Roman Catholic saints,Huy,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,Bishops in Gaul,6th-century Gallo-Roman people,560 deaths

paragraph: Domitian of Huy

paragraph: Domitian of Huy (; also, of Maestricht) was a Gaulish bishop of the sixth century who is noted for both his generosity and writings against heresy. He is venerated as a saint.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Domitian was the bishop of Tongeren, now in modern-day Belgium. He was present at the Council of Clermont (535). Domitian is notable for speaking out convincingly against heretics, especially at the Fifth Council of Orléans in 549.

paragraph: He encouraged the development of polemic against heresy in the early church, and worked to evangelize the Meuse Valley. He is occasionally referred to as the Apostle of the Meuse Valley for his efforts there.

paragraph: Domitian also constructed churches and hospices in order to care for people spiritually and physically. He was well known for his generosity, as well as his ability to procure money via fund-raising, a talent that once helped to ease a famine in his bishopric.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Domitian's relics are kept and venerated at Huy, Belgium, the city of which he is now the patron saint. He is also invoked against fevers.

description: Gaulish bishop

wikidata_label: Domitian of Huy

wikipedia_title: Domitian of Huy


text: rower

text: 1912 Summer Olympics

text: Newport-on-Tay

text: Robert Fleming

text: Eton College

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: World War I

text: Valentine Fleming

text: Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars

text: Oxford

text: Boat Race

text: Leander Club

text: strokeman

text: eight

text: rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics

text: New College, Oxford

text: Robert Fleming & Co

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: High Sheriff of Oxfordshire

text: Philip Hunloke

text: sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics

text: Rory Fleming

text: Ian Fleming

text: James Bond

text: Woodstock, Oxfordshire

text: profile

categories: Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain,British Army personnel of World War I,Anglo-Scots,Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars officers,People educated at Eton College,Rowers at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Scottish Olympic medallists,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,Scottish male rowers,Members of Leander Club,Olympic rowers of Great Britain,1971 deaths,Oxford University Boat Club rowers,Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in rowing,Scottish bankers,People from Newport-on-Tay,Fleming family,1889 births,Scottish soldiers

paragraph: Philip Fleming (banker)

paragraph: Philip Fleming (15 August 1889 – 13 October 1971) was a British merchant banker and rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Philip Fleming was born on 15 August 1889 at Newport-on-Tay, Fife, Scotland. He was a son of Robert Fleming, a merchant banker. Fleming was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. During World War I, he and his brother Valentine Fleming, joined the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, in which his brother was killed.

paragraph: Section::::Boating.

paragraph: Fleming made one appearance for Oxford in the Boat Race rowing in the winning boat of 1910. He joined Leander Club and in 1912 he was strokeman of the Leander eight which won the gold medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics. The Leander eight beat the crew from New College, Oxford, by one length in the Olympic final at Stockholm. The 2003 Oxford blue boat, which won the Boat Race by 1 foot, was named 'Philip Fleming'.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was a partner of Robert Fleming & Co, the merchant bank and he held many directorships. Fleming rode with the Bicester and the Heythrop Hunts. He was Deputy Lieutenant of Oxfordshire and High Sheriff of Oxfordshire in 1948. In 1951 he founded the PF Charitable Trust.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Fleming married Jean Hunloke, the daughter of Philip Hunloke who had won a bronze medal sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Fleming is the grandfather of Rory Fleming and uncle of Ian Fleming, the creator of James Bond.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Fleming died at Woodstock, Oxfordshire, at the age of 82.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Oxford University Boat Race crews

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile

description: British merchant banker and rower

wikidata_label: Philip Fleming

wikipedia_title: Philip Fleming (banker)


text: racing driver

text: Formula Renault 2.0 NEC

text: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

text: Championnat VdeV

text: Formula Renault 2.0 Alps

text: European F3 Open

text: Championnat VdeV

text: MP Motorsport

text: NEFIS By Speed Factory

text: European Le Mans Series

text: Barnaul

text: Rotax Max karting

text: Tatuus

text: MP Motorsport

text: Caparo

text: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

text: Hockenheimring

text: Spa-Francorchamps

text: Aragon

text: Championnat VdeV

text: Zandvoort

text: Silverstone

text: Monza

text: Barcelona

text: MP Motorsport

text: Manor Motorsport

text: Hockenheim

text: Oschersleben

text: Moscow

text: Fortec Motorsports

text: Red Bull Ring

text: Autodrom Most

text: Formula Renault 2.0 Alps

text: Barcelona

text: Team Torino Motorsport

text: European F3 Open Championship

text: Emilio de Villota Motorsport

text: European F3 Open Winter Series

text: Paul Ricard

text: Alexandre Cougnaud

text: European F3 Open Winter Series

text: Jerez

text: Emilio de Villota Motorsport

text: Barcelona

text: European F3 Open

text: Paul Ricard

text: Portimao

text: Jerez

text: European F3 Open Winter Series

text: Tatuus F4-T014

text: Team Torino Motorsport

text: Adria International Raceway

text: Italian F4

text: 6 Hours of Vallelunga

text: Wolf GB08

text: Avelon Formula

text: Vallelunga

text: European F3 Open Championship

text: Emilio de Villota Motorsport

text: Barcelona

text: European F3 Open Winter Series

text: Emilio de Villota Motorsport

text: Paul Ricard

text: Championnat VdeV

text: Mugello

text: Championnat VdeV

text: European F3 Open Championship

text: European F3 Open Championship

text: Estoril

text: European F3 Open Championship

text: Estoril

text: Silverstone

text: Red Bull Ring

text: European F3 Open Championship

text: Championnat VdeV

text: Assen

text: Championnat VdeV

text: Barcelona

text: Championnat VdeV

text: MP Motorsport

text: Tatuus

text: Paul Ricard

text: Championnat VdeV

text: European F3 Open Winter Series

text: Fortec Motorsports

text: Fortec Motorsports

text: Spa-Francorchamps

text: Paul Ricard

text: Spa-Francorchamps

text: European Le Mans Series

text: NEFIS By Speed Factory

text: Timur Boguslavskiy

text: Ligier JS P3

text: Nissan

text: European Le Mans Series

text: European F3 Open Winter Series

text: Fortec Motorsports

text: Paul Ricard

text: Alexey Chuklin

text: Wasteland 2

text: inXile

categories: Formula Renault 2.0 Alps drivers,Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers,1985 births,Russian racing drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Video game characters based on real people,Euroformula Open Championship drivers,Sportspeople from Barnaul,Living people

paragraph: Aleksey Chuklin

paragraph: Aleksey Chuklin (, born 11 August 1985) is a Russian racing driver, since 2015 competing under Ukrainian racing license while living in Kiev.

paragraph: He started his car racing career in the Formula Renault 2.0 NEC, and has also competed in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0, the Championnat VdeV, the Formula Renault 2.0 Alps, and the European F3 Open. In 2016, Chuklin finished 3rd in the Championnat VdeV with MP Motorsport. In 2018, Aleksey Chuklin joined NEFIS By Speed Factory team to compete in European Le Mans Series.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Chuklin, from Barnaul, had a brief Rotax Max karting career in Russia before moving to car racing. He spent several months in England and Western Europe testing the Formula Renault 2.0 Tatuus car.

paragraph: In December 2010, Chuklin tested for the MP Motorsport team in a FR 2.0 Caparo car. For 2011, he signed with MP Motorsport for the complete season in Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup as well as several rounds in Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 series. He made his racing debut for the team in the opening round of the Formula Renault NEC, which was held at Hockenheimring, and finished twelfth in the first race, retired from the second, and eighteenth in the third. Having entered the next two rounds of the Formula Renault NEC, with his best finish being twelfth in the second race at Spa-Francorchamps, Chuklin raced in the Aragon of the Championnat VdeV, taking three poles, and two race victories; also setting the fastest lap in all three races. He then returned to the Formula Renault NEC, and took his first top-ten finish in the series in August, in the second race held at Zandvoort. Following that race, he entered the Silverstone round of the Eurocup Formula Renault, finishing 24th in race one, and 32nd in race two. Chuklin then returned to the Formula Renault NEC, finishing the remaining races, and took his best result of the season in the penultimate round at Monza; a sixth place. He ended the season having entered the final race of the Eurocup Formula Renault season, held at Barcelona; finishing 23rd in race one, and 27th in race two. He was classified 13th in the Formula Renault NEC, with 113 points, and 22nd in the Championnat VdeV, with 104 points after the one race weekend competing.

paragraph: In 2012, Chuklin remained in the Formula Renault NEC with MP Motorsport. The team had joined up with Manor Motorsport, and were competing under the "MP Manor Motorsport" name. The season did not start successfully; Chuklin retired from four of his first six races, with his best finish in that time being twentieth in the third race at Hockenheim. After finishing 16th in the second race at Oschersleben, and retiring from the third, he entered the Moscow round of the Formula Renault Eurocup with Fortec Motorsports; he finished 28th in the first race, and 23rd in the second. Chuklin returned to the Formula Renault NEC at the Red Bull Ring round of the series, finishing 25th in the first race, and retiring from the second. The following round, held at Autodrom Most, saw Chuklin take his only top-10 finish of the season; he finished tenth in the second race. Following that event, Chuklin had a viza issues and could not compete in the Formula Renault NEC for the rest of the season. Chuklin switched to the Formula Renault 2.0 Alps for its season finale, held at Barcelona; Chuklin was entered by Team Torino Motorsport. He retired from the first race, and finished 22nd in race two. He was classified 34th in the Formula Renault NEC, with 23 points.

paragraph: After successful testing before the season-2013, it was announced that Chuklin would be entering the European F3 Open Championship with Emilio de Villota Motorsport. He made his first appearances for the team in the European F3 Open Winter Series. Being fourth in his first qualifying in Formula 3, Chuklin had to retire from the first race at Paul Ricard after the crash with Alexandre Cougnaud. Chuklin finished third in the second race of European F3 Open Winter Series, held at Jerez. His pace was close to top three during all three rounds of European F3 Open Winter Series. After successful European F3 Open Winter Series and being the fastest driver of Emilio de Villota Motorsport in all testing sessions at Barcelona, Chuklin was looking forward for a successful season. On his debut in the European F3 Open series, which came in the opening round of the season, held at Paul Ricard, he finished fifth in race one, and 23rd in race two. Chuklin was hoping to have a better season after a tough start. Having taken a sixth in the first race at Portimao, he did not finish above 20th for five races. Chuklin was in top ten after the first qualifying session at Jerez. Then he took a ninth in the first race at Silverstone, and a sixth in the second. Chuklin's pace at the end of 2013 was around 20th. However from time to time he was in top ten. Chuklin finished the season in eleventh overall, with 28 points.

paragraph: Before the start of the season-2014 Aleksey Chuklin was considering to miss the season due the lack of sponsorship. However, he had some tests in the European F3 Open Winter Series in March. At the end of October Chuklin tested Tatuus F4-T014 car with the team Israel F4, in collaboration with Team Torino Motorsport at Adria International Raceway during Italian F4 Winter Trophy. In November 2014, he took part in the 6 Hours of Vallelunga. Chuklin drove Wolf GB08 for Avelon Formula along with Ivan Bellarosa and Luca Pirri Ardizzone. They started from the pole position but had to retire due the engine failure before the stint of Chuklin. It was his first time in Vallelunga, first experience in prototype, and first taste of endurance racing. Later in December Chuklin tested Formula 3 car of European F3 Open Championship with Emilio de Villota Motorsport at Barcelona and showed fifth time.

paragraph: Chuklin started the season-2015 in the European F3 Open Winter Series with Emilio de Villota Motorsport. He took part in two races at Paul Ricard.

paragraph: Later, he tested and raced with RC Formula in Championnat VdeV. Chuklin scored one pole, one victory and three podiums in nine races. At Mugello, Aleksey Chuklin finished every race on podium and won one race. He did not participate in Championnat VdeV after he was proposed to race in European F3 Open Championship with Corbetta Competizioni. Chuklin returned to European F3 Open Championship in Estoril. Chuklin was in top ten on the first day on his comeback to the European F3 Open Championship. He competed in six races with the team Corbetta Competizioni. After Estoril, where he finished 12th in both races, Chuklin entered the Silverstone round, finishing first race on 11th place and the second on 16th. He did not finish at both races at Red Bull Ring. Chuklin did not score points in European F3 Open Championship in 2015. The season of Championnat VdeV Chuklin finished on the 13th place with 210 points.

paragraph: In 2016, Chuklin started from some tests at Assen and then started the season in Championnat VdeV with RC Formula at Barcelona. He achieved two pole positions and two podiums during this weekend. Then Chuklin back to Championnat VdeV with MP Motorsport in a Tatuus FR 2.0 2013 car. He did not compete at Paul Ricard and achieved 3rd place in the Championnat VdeV with twelve podiums, one victory, one pole, one fastest lap, and 717 points. This season was the first after 2013 where Aleksey Chuklin could compete in almost all rounds of certain championship.

paragraph: Aleksey Chuklin started the racing season-2017 in the European F3 Open Winter Series with Fortec Motorsports. During the season-2017 he was invited by the team Fortec Motorsports to substitute for other drivers when they could not race because of school or other commitments. He competed at Spa-Francorchamps and at Paul Ricard. He scored one point during the second race at Spa-Francorchamps.

paragraph: In February 2018, it was announced that Aleksey Chuklin will compete in European Le Mans Series with NEFIS By Speed Factory team along with Timur Boguslavskiy and Danil Pronenko in the LMP3 class on Ligier JS P3 with the Nissan VK50VE 5.0 L V8 engine.

paragraph: Before the season in European Le Mans Series started, Chuklin took part in the European F3 Open Winter Series with Fortec Motorsports at Paul Ricard.

paragraph: Section::::Games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The character of Alexey Chuklin in the 2015 video game, "Wasteland 2" is a tribute from inXile to Aleksey Chuklin, who has made a significant Kickstarter contribution to the game.

description: Russian racing driver

wikidata_label: Alexey Chuklin

wikipedia_title: Aleksey Chuklin


text:
Troy, New York
Brown University
Johns Hopkins University
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Western Reserve University

categories: 1853 births,1919 deaths,Johns Hopkins University alumni,Case Western Reserve University faculty,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty,Scientists from New York (state),Brown University alumni,People from Troy, New York

paragraph: Frank Perkins Whitman

paragraph: Frank Perkins Whitman (1853–1919), was an American physicist

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Whitman was born in Troy, New York on July 29, 1853. He was graduated at Brown University in 1874 and took his A.M. there in 1877, later studying at Johns Hopkins University. He was professor of physics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, in 1880–1886, and from 1886 occupied the same position at the Western Reserve University. He was a contributor to scientific periodicals.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Born in Troy, New York, USA on 29 Jul 1853. Frank Perkins married Charlotte Webster Wheeler and had 2 children. He passed away on 15 Jun 1919".

description: American physicist

wikidata_label: Frank Perkins Whitman

wikipedia_title: Frank Perkins Whitman


text: Roman Catholic

text: Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh

text: Vatican Secretariat of State

text: Airdrie, North Lanarkshire

text: Uddingston

text: Hamilton

text: St Mary's College, Blairs

text: Aberdeen

text: St Mary's College, Blairs

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Diocese of Motherwell

text: Joseph Devine

text: Pontifical Scots College, Rome

text: Wishaw

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Holy See

text: Portugal

text: United Nations in New York

text: South Africa

text: Benedict XVI

text: appointed

text: Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh

text: Cardinal O'Brien

text: Saint Matthew

text: James Michael Harvey

text: Antonio Mennini

text: Philip Tartaglia

text: Glasgow

text: victim of child sex abuse

text: Tina Beattie

text: Francis

text: poor people

text: destitute people

text: unemployed people

text: drug addicts

text: the Observer

text: Churches' Mutual Credit Union

text: credit union

text: Keith O'Brien

text: The Scotsman

text: BBC

categories: Archbishops of St. Andrews and Edinburgh,1961 births,People from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,21st-century Roman Catholic priests,Living people,Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni

paragraph: Leo Cushley

paragraph: Leo William Cushley (born 18 June 1961) is the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh in Scotland. He previously served as head of the English language section of the Vatican Secretariat of State.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Leo Cushley was born on 18 June 1961 in Wester Moffat Hospital, Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, the first child of Bill and Eileen Cushley; he has a younger brother, Kenneth, and a younger sister, Carey.

paragraph: He attended All Saints' Primary School, Coatdyke (1966–1967), before finishing his primary education at St John the Baptist's Primary School, Uddingston (1967–1973). He went on to attend Holy Cross High School, Hamilton (1973–1975), and St Mary's College, Blairs, Aberdeen (1975–1979).

paragraph: Cushley first began studying for the priesthood at St Mary's College, Blairs, Aberdeen. From 1980 to 1985 he studied philosophy and theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Motherwell on 7 July 1985 at the Church of St John the Baptist, Uddingston, by Bishop Joseph Devine. From 1979 to 1987 he attended Pontifical Scots College, Rome. He continued his studies in Rome being granted a Licence in Sacred Liturgy (SLL) at the Pontifical Liturgical Institute in 1987.

paragraph: He returned to the Diocese of Motherwell that year as an assistant priest at the Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Good Aid, where he remained until he was appointed curate at St Serf's Parish, Airdrie and concurrently chaplain to St Margaret's High School in 1988. He remained there until 1992 when he was sent to St Aidan's Parish, Wishaw as well as serving as chaplain to St Aidan's High School, Wishaw and chaplain to Our Lady's High School, Motherwell.

paragraph: Section::::Formation, studies and priesthood.:Diplomatic career.

paragraph: In 1994 Cushley was summoned to the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, studying diplomacy at the same time as studying for a doctorate in canon law (JCD) at the Pontifical Gregorian University, which he earned in 1997. He formally entered the Diplomatic Service of the Holy See on 1 July 1997. Cushley has served in the nunciatures of Egypt, Burundi, Portugal and the United Nations in New York and South Africa.

paragraph: From 2009 until 2013, Cushley was head of the English-language section of the Vatican Secretariat of State. In that capacity, he was responsible for accompanying the pope during all his visits to English speaking countries, such as the visits by Benedict XVI to Malta, Cyprus and the United Kingdom in 2010. In 2012, he took on an additional role in the Vatican when he was appointed to the ceremonial position of "prelate of the anticamera", with duties that include assisting when the pope receives visits from prominent dignitaries such as heads of state.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal appointment.

paragraph: On 24 July 2013 Cushley was appointed as the Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh, less than a year after Cardinal O'Brien resigned over sexual misconduct. On appointment, Cushley stated:

paragraph: Cushley was consecrated and installed on 21 September, the Feast of Saint Matthew, where the principal consecrators were Cardinal James Michael Harvey of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls; the Papal Nuncio, Antonio Mennini; and Archbishop Philip Tartaglia of Glasgow.

paragraph: Cushley's assistant responded to one victim of child sex abuse with, "While the archbishop sympathises with your situation, he regrets that he is unable to assist you."

paragraph: Under guidance from the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cushley banned theologian Tina Beattie from lecturing to a lay Catholic group, the Newman Society, saying that "Beattie was known frequently to have called into question the church’s teaching".

paragraph: In Lent 2015, Cushley outlined his vision for the future of the Archdiocese in a Pastoral Letter entitled "We Have Found the Messiah". The document's stated aim was to "respond to the mission entrusted to him [Cushley] by Pope Francis: to bring the joy of the Gospel to contemporary society."

paragraph: Following the publication of the letter, Cushley embarked upon 32 public meetings across the Archdiocese to discuss his ideas, which include the possibility of creating larger parish units through either mergers or closures.

paragraph: Cushley planned to restart a dormant office dealing with poor and marginalised people. He noted that Francis wants more done for poor people. Cushley wanted to find out fast what the archdiocese does for destitute people, unemployed people, drug addicts and others who are traditionally helped. Cushley wanted to see if improvements were possible.

paragraph: In February 2015 Cushley came under attack in an op-ed article published in "the Observer" newspaper which noted that the Catholic Church in Scotland had not corporately joined Churches' Mutual Credit Union, a new credit union co-founded by other Scottish Christian denominations. It also called upon Cushley to sell his official residence, St Benet’s, to provide funds for poor people.

paragraph: Section::::Keith O'Brien.

paragraph: Keith O'Brien stood down as archbishop after three priests and a former priest accused him of predatory and unwelcome sexual contact in the 1980s. In September 2013 "Cushley...suggested that O’Brien will not be permitted to return to Scotland and is likely to spend his remaining years in exile." according to "The Scotsman". By contrast the BBC claimed "Cushley conceded it was "not impossible" that the cardinal would one day return. But he made it clear he did not believe that possibility was likely or desirable." Cushley also said he did not believe an independent investigation into O'Brien was necessary.

paragraph: Talking about the situation with O'Brien, Cushley denied that the church was at its lowest ebb though the church and had taken a battering. Cushley said that the people of the Archdiocese wished to leave the matter behind. He also said, "Cardinal O’Brien’s behaviour distressed many, demoralised faithful Catholics and made the church less credible to those who are not Catholic." but called for forgiveness.

description: Archbishop-elect of St Andrews and Edinburgh

wikidata_label: Leo Cushley

wikipedia_title: Leo Cushley


text: Cuban American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of Newark

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Havana

text: Cuba

text: United States

text: revolution

text: Florida

text: Union City, New Jersey

text: emergency department

text: Newark

text: Seton Hall University

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Philosophy

text: Master of Arts

text: Sacred Scripture

text: Archdiocese of Newark

text: parochial vicar

text: Elizabeth, New Jersey

text: Cathedral of the Sacred Heart

text: Newark, New Jersey

text: Theodore Edgar McCarrick

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Chaplain of His Holiness

text: Monsignor

text: New Jersey Medical School

text: John J. Myers

text: Institutional Review Board

text: ethics committee

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Newark

text: Titular Bishop

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: episcopal consecration

text: Archbishop John Myers

text: Archbishop Peter Gerety

text: David Arias Pérez

text: OAR

text: co-consecrators

text: motto

text: coat of arms

text: Latin

text: healthcare

text: Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart

text: Newark, New Jersey

text: Protestant

text: repose of the soul

text: MLB

text: Roberto Clemente

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Archdiocese of Newark

categories: Cuban emigrants to the United States,People from Havana,1953 births,American titular bishops,Living people

paragraph: Manuel Aurelio Cruz

paragraph: Manuel Aurelio Cruz (born December 2, 1953) is a Cuban American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Newark. He was appointed to the position by Pope Benedict XVI on June 9, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Manuel Aurelio Cruz was born in Havana, Cuba on December 2, 1953 to Juan and Caridad Cruz. He fled to the United States with his parents in 1966 to escape the revolution, living in Florida before settling in Union City, New Jersey. In his youth, he spent eight years as a member of the emergency department staff at Saint James Hospital in Newark. He attended Seton Hall University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy and a Master of Arts in Sacred Scripture. He studied for the priesthood at the Immaculate Conception Seminary School of Theology.

paragraph: Cruz was ordained a priest in the Archdiocese of Newark on May 31, 1980. He was the first Cuban-born priest ordained in the Archdiocese. Following his ordination, Cruz served as parochial vicar at Holy Rosary Parish in Elizabeth, New Jersey. In 1982, he was appointed a parochial vicar at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Newark, New Jersey. In 1986, he was appointed to the Archdiocesan Vocations Committee by then Archbishop Theodore Edgar McCarrick. He served as Dean of Deanery from 1991 to 1993. In 2000, Pope John Paul II bestowed upon Cruz the honorary title Chaplain of His Holiness, with the title Monsignor.

paragraph: Since 1995, Cruz has been a faculty member in the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at the New Jersey Medical School. In 2005, Archbishop John J. Myers named Cruz vice president for Mission and Ministry for Catholic Health and Human Services. Cruz has served on the Institutional Review Board of various New Jersey hospitals, the ethics committee of Saint Michael's Medical Center, and the New Jersey Catholic Conference's Committee on Ethics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Newark.

paragraph: On June 9, 2008, Cruz was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Newark and Titular Bishop of "Gaguari" by Pope Benedict XVI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following September 8 from Archbishop John Myers, with Archbishop Peter Gerety and Bishop David Arias Pérez, OAR, serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: Cruz choose a single word for his motto: "Caritas". His coat of arms is composed of a shield and a scroll with his motto and external ornamentation. "Caritas," the Latin word for charity, is the mission toward which Cruz has directed his work, especially via his pastoral mission in the healthcare. Cruz’s arms, which occupy the entire shield, are composed of a silver field on which is placed a red Latin cross and is completed by external ornamentation.

paragraph: Section::::Incident.

paragraph: On January 29, 2017 during an afternoon service at the Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Newark, New Jersey, when a Protestant man, who later claimed he was a pastor, approached Cruz while he was praying in the sanctuary and punched him in the face, knocking him on the ground. Police on the scene immediately apprehended the perpetrator. The assailant was identified as Charles Miller, aged 48 and an African-American citizen of Newark. Miller, who had no criminal history prior to the attack, was charged with simple assault by the Essex Sheriff's County. On the other hand, several of Cruz's teeth had reportedly been loosened in the attack, which resulted in 30 stitches on his mouth.

paragraph: The Mass was being offered for the repose of the soul of the late MLB player Roberto Clemente.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Newark

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Manuel Aurelio Cruz

wikipedia_title: Manuel Aurelio Cruz