text: Fulk II, Count of Anjou

text: Adele of Meaux

text: Robert of Vermandois

text: Robert I of France

text: Charlemagne

text: Guerech

text: Maine

text: see of Le Mans

text: Ermengarde-Gerberga

text: Conan I of Rennes

text: Conquereuil

text: Bishop of Le Puy

text: Adelaide-Blanche

text: Louis V of France

text: Vendôme

text: Adele of Meaux

text: Robert of Vermandois

text: Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou

text: Conan I of Rennes

text: William II of Angoulême

text: Fulk III of Anjou

wikipedia_title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay

categories: House of Ingelger,987 deaths,10th-century births

paragraph: Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou

paragraph: Geoffrey I of Anjou ( – 21 July 987), known as "Grisegonelle" ("Grey Gown" or "Greymantle"), was count of Anjou from 960 to 987.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Geoffrey was the eldest son of Fulk II, Count of Anjou and his first wife Gerberga.Detlev Schwennicke, "Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten", Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 1 (Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, Marburg, Germany, 1984), Tafel 116 He succeeded his father as Count of Anjou about 960,at the age of 20. He married Adele of Meaux (934–982), daughter of Robert of Vermandois. On her mother's side she was a granddaughter of king Robert I of France and on her father's side a direct descendant of Charlemagne. Through this marriage the Angevins joined the highest ranks of western French nobility.

paragraph: Geoffrey started by making his power-base the citadel of Angers strategically placing his "fideles" in key areas surrounding the city to protect his territories. The lands of the abbeys of Saint-Aubin and Saint-Serge in Angers provided the "beneficium" for his most faithful adherents. On this subject which became this family's theme, Geoffrey advised both his sons, Fulk and Maurice: "No house is weak that has many friends. Therefore I admonish you to hold dear those fideles who have been friends." Although one of the principal methods of Angevin expansion was by the creation of family connections Geoffrey exerted his control through various methods. His father had controlled Nantes through his second marriage to the widowed countess and Geoffrey continued this by making Count Guerech accept him as overlord. With an eye towards Maine, Geoffrey took advantage of the rift that developed between the Counts of Maine and the viscounts and Bishops of Le Mans. About 971 Geoffrey secured the see of Le Mans for his ally Bishop Seinfroy. In 973 Geoffrey had married his daughter Ermengarde-Gerberga to Conan I of Rennes but Conan began to oppose Geoffrey and in 982 the two met at the first battle of Conquereuil with Geoffrey defeating Conan.

paragraph: Geoffrey had influence in Aquitaine by way of his sister Adelaide-Blanche's first marriage to the powerful baron Stephen, Count of Gevaudan and Forez, after whose death the lands were ruled by Adelaide. His nephews Pons and Bertrand succeeded as counts there and his niece Adalmode married Adelbert, Count of Marche and Périgord. In 975 Geoffrey had his brother Guy appointed Count and Bishop of Le Puy. In 982 Geoffrey married his now widowed sister Adelaide-Blanche to the fifteen-year-old Louis V of France, the two being crowned King and Queen of Aquitaine. But the marriage to a woman thirty years his senior failed as did Geoffrey's plans to control Aquitaine through his young son-in-law. After the death of his first wife Adele, Geoffrey married secondly Adelaise de Châlon and for nearly a decade exerted control over the county of Châlons. Through the marriage of his son, Fulk III, to Elisabeth the heiress of Vendôme Geoffrey brought that county into the Angevin sphere of influence. At this time Geoffrey made his son Fulk Nerra his co-ruler since he died shortly thereafter while besieging the fortress of Marcon on 21 July 987.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Adele of Meaux (934–982), daughter of Robert of Vermandois and Adelais de Vergy. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou (b. 956), married Conan I of Rennes. She secondly married William II of Angoulême.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fulk III of Anjou (970-1040), he succeeded his father as Count of Anjou.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey of Anjou (971-977), died young.

paragraph: He married, secondly, to Adelaise de Châlons and had one child:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice of Anjou, Count of Châlons.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mabille, Emile. "Introduction aux chroniques des comtes d'Anjou" (Paris) 1871.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project on Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou

description: count of Anjou from 960 to 987

wikidata_label: Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou


text: French

text: Anjou

text: Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais

text: Ermengarde of Anjou

text: Fulk III of Anjou

text: Fulk

text: Geoffrey Martel

text: Saintonge

text: appanage

text: Count Guy-Geoffrey of Poitou

text: Maine

text: Archbishop Barthelemy

text: excommunicated

text: Pope Urban II

wikipedia_title: Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Burgundy

paragraph: Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou

paragraph: Geoffrey III of Anjou (in French "Geoffroy III d' Anjou") (1040–1096), called "le Barbu" ("the Bearded"), was count of Anjou 1060-68.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Geoffrey, born , was the eldest son of Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais and Ermengarde of Anjou, the daughter of Fulk III of Anjou. Both he and his younger brother Fulk, called "le Réchin", were taken under the wing of their uncle, Geoffrey Martel and both were knighted by him in 1060. Although well treated by his uncle, it is thought that Geoffrey Martel preferred his younger nephew, Fulk, but nonetheless left the countship to Geoffrey. Geoffrey III would serve as Count of Anjou until the Countship was taken from him by his brother, Fulk.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: He succeeded his uncle Geoffrey Martel in 1060, but it shortly became clear to his vassals he was not nearly as competent as his uncle had been. He had given his younger brother Fulk Saintonge as an appanage but in 1062, when it was attacked by Count Guy-Geoffrey of Poitou (aka William VIII), Geoffrey failed to come to Fulk's support and Saintonge was lost. In 1063 the county of Maine was lost to Anjou as well. In 1064 Geoffrey failed to come to the aid of one of his vassals, Rainaldus of Chateau-Gontier, who was captured by the Bretons. In 1065 Geoffrey alienated Archbishop Barthelemy by trying to force his own choice for Bishop of Le Mans on the church. In turn the archbishop excommunicated Geoffrey.

paragraph: As the situation in Anjou deteriorated Fulk IV quarreled with his brother Geoffrey. In 1067 Fulk rebelled and took the county from Geoffrey, briefly imprisoning him. In 1068 Geoffrey attacked Fulk, and once again was defeated. This time Geoffrey was imprisoned where he remained for 28 years. He was finally freed by the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096, but died soon after.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Julienne de Langeais before 1060. She died after 7 August 1067. They had no issue.

paragraph: Geoffrey and Fulk's sister, Hildegarde married Joscelin I de Courtenay, Sn de Courtenay and had issue.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou


text:
c.
American Revolutionary War
New York State
Walter D. Edmonds
novel
Drums Along the Mohawk
Joseph Brant
Tories
German Flatts, New York
Rhineland-Palatinate
Germany
America
Palatine
Mohawk River
British
Sir William Johnson
Declaration of Rights
Continental Congress
Tryon County Committee of Safety
Continental Army
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Iroquois
British
militia
Colonel
Nicholas Herkimer
General
Philip Schuyler
Brigadier General
Fort Stanwix
Fort Schuyler
Barry St. Leger
Tryon County militia
Fort Dayton
Peter Gansevoort
Tories
Joseph Brant
John Butler
Battle of Oriskany
Benedict Arnold
scouts
Unadilla River
Unadilla
Susquehanna River
raid
harvest
Percifer Carr
South Edmeston
Jordanville, New York
footwear
settler
Columbia
Fort Dayton
Peter Bellinger
Attack on German Flatts (1778)
house
grain
grist mill
horse
cattle
sheep
oxen
Lewis DuBois
Brutus
Cayuga County, New York
Edmonds'
Drums Along the Mohawk
John Ford
1939
film adaptation
Ward Bond

wikipedia_title: Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress

categories: New York (state) militiamen in the American Revolution,1830 deaths,People from Brutus, New York,1754 births,American people of German descent

paragraph: Adam Helmer

paragraph: Adam F. Helmer (c.1754 – April 9, 1830), also known as John Adam Helmer and Hans Adam Helmer, was an American Revolutionary War hero among those of the Mohawk Valley and surrounding regions of New York State. He was made nationally famous by Walter D. Edmonds' popular 1936 novel "Drums Along the Mohawk" with its depiction of "Adam Helmer's Run" of September 16, 1778, to warn the people of German Flatts of the approach of Joseph Brant and his company of Indians and Tories.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Adam Helmer was born in German Flatts, New York, to Maria Barbara Kast, and George Friederich Helmer, who was born on June 9, 1706, in Neustadt an der Weinstrasse a city in the Rhineland-Palatinate region in southwestern Germany. G.F. Helmer emigrated to America sometime before 1710 and eventually settled in one of the numerous Palatine farming communities on the south side of the Mohawk River in central New York.

paragraph: As late as 1774, this Palatine district and others in the area widely supported British control, but with the death of the powerful loyalist Mohawk Valley landowner Sir William Johnson and news of the Declaration of Rights by the Continental Congress, anti-British sentiments began to surface and a Tryon County Committee of Safety was organized. This and the news of Continental Army resistance at the Battle of Lexington and Concord encouraged the remaining Johnson family and other loyalists to fortify their properties and to recruit Iroquois to side with the British. This in turn prompted the colonists in 1775 to organize a militia under the command of Colonel Nicholas Herkimer. Early the next year, Herkimer aided General Philip Schuyler who was sent by Congress to disarm the Loyalists. Many of the loyalists and sympathizing Iroquois led by William Johnson's son Sir John Johnson escaped to Canada where they began to organize to take back their Mohawk Valley holdings.

paragraph: During the summer of 1776 Colonel Herkimer allowed his regular militia to return to their farms; however, about one out of every fifteen soldiers, including Lieutenant Adam Helmer, was assigned to ranger duty. Helmer was assigned as a scout in Captain John Breadbake's company.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Oriskany.

paragraph: In the summer of 1777, Herkimer, by then a Brigadier General in the provincial militia, was warned by friendly Oneidas of the impending siege of Fort Stanwix (known to the Americans as Fort Schuyler) by British Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger. General Herkimer ordered Tryon County militia to assemble at Fort Dayton to go to the aid of Colonel Peter Gansevoort at Fort Stanwix. G.F. Helmer and Adam Helmer's brother Johan Fredrich Helmer, as part of the Tryon County militia were called up. Herkimer sent three scouts, Captain Hans Mark Demuth, Hans Yost Folts, and Lieutenant Adam Helmer to Fort Stanwix to relay the news to Colonel Gansevoort. Pressured by his subordinate commanders on August 6, General Herkimer reluctantly and prematurely set out to attack St. Leger's army. While passing through a ravine, they were ambushed by British regulars, Tories, and Indians under the command of Joseph Brant and John Butler, thus starting what would become known as the Battle of Oriskany, Adam Helmer lost both his father G.F. Helmer, and his brother Johan Fredrich Helmer in the Battle.

paragraph: Helmer, the fittest of the three scouts, reached Fort Stanwix with the message ahead of the other two, having traversed swampy terrain and floated down river when a severe storm flooded his route. News of the Oriskany battle arrived shortly after Helmer's did, and Ganesvoort ordered an attack on the British encampments. Some combination of the weather and Gansevoort's attack contributed to the retreat of the British from the Oriskany battlefield back to their camps surrounding the fort. In any case, Herkimer's troops were able to escape to await reinforcements. Herkimer himself was wounded in the fight, returned to his home and died soon after. Gansevoort refused to submit to the siege, and the British withdrew from the area with the news that Benedict Arnold had arrived at Fort Dayton with reinforcements.

paragraph: Section::::Adam Helmer's run.

paragraph: In September 1778, Lt. Helmer and eight scouts under his command were sent to the Unadilla River Valley to spy on Joseph Brant's company of Indians and Tories who were encamped at Unadilla near the confluence of the Unadilla and Susquehanna Rivers. It was feared that Brant would send a raiding party north to the Mohawk Valley during the harvest season to forcefully obtain stores for the winter ahead. When Helmer's scouts reached Edmeston Manor, the farm of Percifer Carr, just north of what is now South Edmeston, they were attacked by a large group of Brant's men, apparently part of the feared raiding party on its way north. Several of the scouts were killed, but Helmer managed to escape.

paragraph: Helmer took off running to the north-east, through the hills, toward Schuyler Lake and then north to Andrustown (near present-day Jordanville, New York) where he warned his sister's family of the impending raid and obtained fresh footwear. He also warned settlers at Columbia and Petrie's Corners, most of whom then fled to safety at Fort Dayton. When Helmer arrived at the fort, severely torn up from his run, he told Colonel Peter Bellinger, the commander of the fort, that he had counted at least 200 of the attackers en route to the valley. (see Attack on German Flatts (1778)). The straight-line distance from Carr's farm to Fort Dayton is about thirty miles, and Helmer's winding and hilly route was far from straight. It was said that Helmer then slept for 36 hours straight. During his sleep, on September 17, 1778, the farms of the area were destroyed by Brant's raid. The total loss of property in the raid was reported as: 63 houses, 59 barns, full of grain, 3 grist mills, 235 horses, 229 horned cattle, 279 sheep, and 93 oxen. Only two men were reported killed in the attack, one by refusing to leave his home when warned.

paragraph: Three days later Helmer led another group of militia back to the Carr farm on the Unadilla, discovered the bodies of three of his scouts, and buried them at that site. The fate of the other five scouts is not known.

paragraph: Helmer also served in the New York State Levies under Colonel Lewis DuBois.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Helmer married Anna Bellinger (1757–1841) and sired ten children: Frederick (1777), Margaret (1778), Anna (1781), Adam (1783), Peter (1786), Elizabeth (1788), Catharine (1790), David (179?), Maria Barbara (1795), and Eve (1800).

paragraph: Adam Helmer died on April 9, 1830, in the town of Brutus in Cayuga County, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Helmer in novel and film.

paragraph: Adam Helmer was an important but fictionalized character in Edmonds' novel, "Drums Along the Mohawk". Although Helmer's military actions were generally portrayed with accuracy, including his famous run, Edmonds' description of his person varies from historic description. The book pictures Helmer as a large, unschooled, bachelor womanizer with long blonde hair, while historic descriptions indicate he was a lean , married farmer, seeming to have more in common with the book's main character, Gil Martin.

paragraph: In John Ford's 1939 film adaptation of the novel, Helmer is portrayed by Ward Bond as "Adam Hartman". Helmer's run was omitted from the film and replaced with a run by Gil to get reinforcements from the nearest fort. The run is the heroic highpoint of the film.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adam Helmer's Famous Run" by Mildred R. Staunton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adam Helmer's Incredible Run, A Story for Young Readers" by Dorothy Loyte Blackman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adam Helmer, 1754-1830, Ranger, messenger" by Gregory F. Ketcham

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battles of the United States by Sea and Land" (Ch. 21) by Henry B. Dawson, 1858

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gazetteer and Business Directory of Herkimer County, N.Y." 1869-70

description: American Revolutionary War hero

wikidata_label: Adam Helmer

wikipedia_title: Adam Helmer


text: outfielder

text: Major League Baseball

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: home run

text: Robin Yount

text: Ryan Braun

text: Prince Fielder

text: Peoria Explorers

text: Freedom Pro Baseball League

text: Cordova High School

text: Rancho Cordova

text: California

text: football

text: basketball

text: baseball

text: USC

text: batted

text: RBI

text: slugging percentage

text: runs

text: Rich Dauer

text: Mark McGwire

text: total bases

text: College World Series

text: Orel Hershiser

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Brant Brown

text: Chicago Cubs

text: MVP

text: Houston Astros

text: third base

text: National League

text: All-Star

text: All-Star Final Vote

text: strike out

text: left field

text: right field

text: Carlos Lee

text: Corey Hart

text: platoon

text: Kevin Mench

text: free agent

text: Miller Park

text: walk

text: stolen base

text: World Series ring

categories: Sportspeople from Olympia, Washington,USC Trojans baseball players,Louisville Redbirds players,National League All-Stars,Tucson Toros players,Living people,Major League Baseball right fielders,Baseball players from Washington (state),El Paso Diablos players,Helena Brewers players,Milwaukee Brewers players,Beloit Snappers players,Major League Baseball left fielders,Philadelphia Phillies players,Huntsville Stars players,Stockton Ports players,1974 births

paragraph: Geoff Jenkins

paragraph: Geoff Jenkins (born July 21, 1974) is a former outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Milwaukee Brewers from 1998 to 2007 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 2008. Jenkins is fourth on the Brewers all-time career home run list trailing only Hall-of-Famer Robin Yount, former MVP Ryan Braun, and former first baseman Prince Fielder. He was previously on the coaching staff of the Peoria Explorers in the Freedom Pro Baseball League.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.:High school.

paragraph: Jenkins attended Cordova High School in Rancho Cordova, California, where he played football, basketball, and baseball. He was selected for the all-state baseball team as a junior and senior before graduating in 1992.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.:College career.

paragraph: At USC, Jenkins had a standout career from through . In his final season, he batted .399 with 78 RBI and a .748 slugging percentage in 70 games, also scoring 75 runs to tie the school record held by Rich Dauer and Mark McGwire; his 23 home runs and 193 total bases ranked second in school history behind McGwire's totals of 32 and 216. He led the Trojans to the College World Series, where they reached the championship game; Jenkins was named to the all-CWS team, and also earned team co-MVP honors and was named a consensus All-American. In , the year of the CWS' 50th tournament, Jenkins was named to the all-decade team for the 1990s. He finished his USC career with a .369 batting average, 45 home runs (second only to McGwire's 54), a .652 slugging percentage, 180 runs, and school records for runs batted in (175) and total bases (444).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: Jenkins was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the first round (9th overall) in the 1995 amateur draft. He spent the 1995–98 seasons within the Milwaukee farm system, and made his Major League debut with the Brewers as an early season call-up in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: On April 24, 1998, he singled off Orel Hershiser, in his first career plate appearance against the San Francisco Giants and hit a fifth-inning home run off Hersheiser in his third career plate appearance. On September 23 that same year, in the midst of a tense Wild Card race, Jenkins hit the routine fly ball that Brant Brown of the Chicago Cubs dropped allowing three runs to score and the Brewers to win. Jenkins would go on to bat over .300 in his 2nd and 3rd seasons, driving in 90 or more runs three times for one of the perennially weaker teams in the league.

paragraph: In , he was the Brewers' team MVP. He led the Brewers in batting average (.303) and home runs (34). His season was cut short when on June 17 in a game against the Houston Astros he suffered a horrific-looking dislocated ankle when sliding into third base feet first during a game. He was safe on the play. He was selected to the National League's All-Star team in via the MLB's All-Star Final Vote contest where a player is selected from both leagues by fans to join their respective team after the initial roster is announced.

paragraph: On June 8, , he became the 8th player in Major League history to strike out six times in a single game. After playing in left field for virtually his entire career, he moved to right field for the and seasons when Milwaukee acquired Carlos Lee.

paragraph: In 2006, Jenkins experienced a prolonged offensive slump, struggling in particular against left-handed pitching. In August 2006, the Brewers benched Jenkins, one of their highest-paid players at the time, in favor of the younger Corey Hart.

paragraph: In 2007, Jenkins returned to left field to platoon with Kevin Mench. On October 30, 2007, the Brewers officially declined their $9 million option on Jenkins' contract, making him a free agent for the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On December 20, 2007, he signed a two-year, $13 million deal with a vesting option for 2010 with the Philadelphia Phillies. Jenkins returned to Miller Park in a Phillies uniform on April 23, 2008, to a crowd of just over 30,000. He was welcomed back with a tribute video, highlighting his ten-year career with the Brewers, and the standing ovation that followed. He received a second ovation while leading off the second inning. Philadelphia would go on to lose the game, 5–4. He went 0 for 3, with a walk and a stolen base. In the postseason, his only hit came on a leadoff double in the bottom of the 6th in Game 5 of the World Series. His hit set the tone for the finale of the World Series as the Phillies won the World Series and earned Jenkins his first World Series ring of his ten-year career.

paragraph: Jenkins was released by the Phillies at the end of spring training on March 31, .

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: On July 9, 2010, Jenkins retired from baseball as a Milwaukee Brewer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Geoff Jenkins

wikipedia_title: Geoff Jenkins


text:
blacksmith
nembutsu
Amida Buddha
Pure Land Buddhism
folk dance
sexual innuendo
Kamo River
kabukimono
kabuki
cacophonous
brothel
prostitutes
Tokugawa Iemitsu
Minami-za
Kamo River
hanamichi
"Izumo no Okuni"
Izumo no Okuni
"Izumo no Okuni"

categories: History of theatre,Japanese dramatists and playwrights,Kabuki,17th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights,17th-century Japanese actresses,17th-century Japanese women writers,Japanese entertainers,Kabuki playwrights,16th-century Japanese writers,17th-century clergy,16th-century clergy,1610s deaths,Women dramatists and playwrights,16th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights,1570s births,People of Sengoku-period Japan,Miko,People from Shimane Prefecture,16th-century Japanese women writers,Year of death uncertain,17th-century Japanese writers,16th-century Japanese women

paragraph: Izumo no Okuni

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Early years.

paragraph: Okuni grew up in the vicinity of the Izumo shrine, where her father, Nakamura Sanemon, worked as a blacksmith, and where several other family members served. Eventually Okuni joined as a "miko", where she was known for her skill in dancing and acting, as well as her beauty. As it was a custom of the time to send priests, "miko" and others to solicit contributions for the shrine, she was sent to Kyoto to perform sacred dances and songs.

paragraph: It was during her performances in Kyoto that she also became known for her performances of "nembutsu odori" (or "nembutsu" dance) in honor of the Amida Buddha. Though this dance traces its origins to Kūya, a tenth-century evangelist of Pure Land Buddhism, by Okuni's time it had become a largely secular folk dance, and her particular adaptation tended to be known for its sultriness and sexual innuendo. Other popular themes for Okuni's acts included humorous skits about lover's trysts at various public establishments and meetings between men and prostitutes. Between these and other dances and acts, she garnered much attention and began to draw large crowds wherever she performed. Eventually she was summoned to return to the shrine, a call she ignored, though she continued to send money back.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Founding of kabuki.

paragraph: Around 1603, Okuni began performing on the dry riverbed of the Shijōgawara (Fourth Street Dry Riverbed) of the Kamo River and at Kitano Shrine. Gathering up the female outcasts and misfits of the region, particularly those involved in prostitution, Okuni gave them direction, teaching them acting, dancing and singing skills in order to form her troupe. Several theories exist as to the etymology of the word "kabuki," one being that it is derived from those who, oddly dressed and swaggering on the street, had been dubbed "kabukimono" (from "kabuku" "to lean in a certain direction", and "mono", "people"). Another possible origin is "katamuki," which means "slanted" or "strongly-inclined." In either case, others labeled Okuni's troupe's performances kabuki due to their eccentricity and social daring. The earliest performances of kabuki were dancing and song with no significant plot, often disdained as gaudy and cacophonous, but equally lauded as colorful and beautiful.

paragraph: As mentioned above, Okuni's troupe was exclusively female. Thus, she required her actresses to play both male and female roles. As her troupe gained fame, she was emulated by many others, particularly brothels, which offered such shows to amuse wealthy clients, as well as to gain prostitutes who had marketable acting and singing skills. This new style of exclusively female troupes became known by the alternative names of "shibai, onnakabuki," (from "onna," the Japanese word for "woman" or "girl") and "Okuni kabuki."

paragraph: Section::::History.:Later years.

paragraph: Eventually, with the aid of Nagoya Sansaburō, who supported Okuni financially as well as artistically, kabuki evolved into a more dramatic style. On a more personal level, Sansaburō was also said to be Okuni's lover, though they never married. After his death she continued without him, continuing to merge the drama with the music and dance. Eventually, her fame and that of her kabuki troupe spread throughout Japan.

paragraph: Okuni retired around 1610, and after that time she disappeared. In 1629, due to public outcry for moral reform, those under the shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu forbade women from performing in kabuki. They were quickly replaced by young men as actors/"actresses," though this was soon banned as well due to some of the same issues of prostitution and corruption of morals, restricting the performances to those by older men, which is a standing practice in the official theatres even today.

paragraph: There are several theories of Okuni's year of death: some say in 1613, others in 1640 or 1658.

paragraph: In November 2002 a statue was erected in her honor and to commemorate 400 years of kabuki. Diagonally across from the Minami-za, the last remaining kabuki theater in Kyoto, it stands at the east end of a bridge (Shijō Ōhashi) crossing the Kamo River in Kyoto.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural impact.

paragraph: In addition to her founding of kabuki, Okuni contributed to Japanese theatre in general. She is said to have introduced the forerunner of the "hanamichi" (path of flowers), a runway leading from the rear of the theatre and crossing between the audience to the stage. This has been incorporated in several Japanese theatre arts beyond that of kabuki. In addition, she has also influenced modern musical theatre.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Izumo no Okuni", at Distinguished Women

paragraph: BULLET::::- Izumo no Okuni, Japanese Art and Architecture Net Users System

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Izumo no Okuni", at Drama Archives

description: Japanese actor and dancer

wikidata_label: Izumo no Okuni

wikipedia_title: Izumo no Okuni


text: Canadian

text: ice hockey

text: National Hockey League

text: Vancouver Canucks

text: Hay River

text: Northwest Territories

text: Brandon, Manitoba

text: Brandon Wheat Kings

text: WHL

text: Canucks

text: 2002 NHL Entry Draft

text: AHL

text: Manitoba Moose

text: ECHL

text: Columbia Inferno

text: Victoria Salmon Kings

text: Edmonton Oilers

text: Utah Grizzlies

text: CHL

text: Arizona Sundogs

text: TOTEMPO HvIK

text: Hamburg Freezers

categories: Living people,People from Hay River,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States,Columbia Inferno players,Ice hockey people from the Northwest Territories,Arizona Sundogs players,Canadian ice hockey goaltenders,Brandon Wheat Kings players,Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players,Vancouver Canucks draft picks,Manitoba Moose players,Utah Grizzlies (ECHL) players,Vancouver Canucks players,Victoria Salmon Kings players,1982 births

paragraph: Rob McVicar

paragraph: Robert McVicar (born January 15, 1982) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goalie who played one game in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005–06 season.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Born in Hay River, Northwest Territories, McVicar grew up in Brandon, Manitoba, where he played junior hockey for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL for the four seasons 1999-2000 to 2002-2003. He was the 151st overall pick of the Canucks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. For most of three seasons, from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, McVicar played in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose; with the exception of 19 games played in the ECHL with the Columbia Inferno during the 2003-2004 season; 33 games played in the ECHL with the Victoria Salmon Kings during the 2005-2006 season; and one game played in the NHL with the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005-2006 season. In McVicar's only NHL appearance, on 1 December 2005 against the Edmonton Oilers, he played 3 minutes without facing a shot.

paragraph: During the 2006-2007 season he played in the ECHL with the Utah Grizzlies, and during the 2007-2008 season he played in the CHL with the Arizona Sundogs. He signed with TOTEMPO HvIK for the 2008-2009 season.

paragraph: On February 2, 2009, McVicar joined the Hamburg Freezers. His contract was confirmed after bankruptcy from Totempo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of players who played only one game in the NHL

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Rob McVicar

wikipedia_title: Rob McVicar


text: Conservative

text: St Albans

text: James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam

text: Repton School

text: City and Guilds

text: University of London

text: World War I

text: RGA

text: Thessaloniki

text: Palestine

text: Member of Parliament

text: Westbury

text: Wiltshire

text: Lord of the Treasury

text: Whip

text: Vice-Chamberlain of the Household

text: Treasurer of the Household

text: Assistant Postmaster-General

text: Chairman of Ways and Means

text: General Assembly

text: United Nations

text: Baronet

text: peerage

text: Westbury

text: County of Wiltshire

categories: Grimston family,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,1979 deaths,Alumni of the University of London,UK MPs 1959–1964,1897 births,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1935–1945,UK MPs 1945–1950,British Army personnel of World War I,Royal Artillery officers,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1950–1951,UK MPs 1931–1935,People educated at Repton School,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Treasurers of the Household,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Robert Grimston, 1st Baron Grimston of Westbury

paragraph: Robert Villiers Grimston, 1st Baron Grimston of Westbury (8 June 1897 – 8 December 1979) was a British Conservative politician.

paragraph: The eldest son of the Rev. and Hon. Robert Grimston, Canon of St Albans, and grandson of James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam, Grimston was educated at Repton School, the City and Guilds Engineering College, and the University of London.

paragraph: During World War I, he was commissioned into the RGA (6th Howitzers) in 1916 and served in Thessaloniki and Palestine from 1916–1919.

paragraph: Grimston was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Westbury, Wiltshire in 1931, holding the seat until 1964. He served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury and Assistant Whip (unpaid) in 1937, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1938–1939, Treasurer of the Household from 1939–1942. He then held junior ministerial office as Assistant Postmaster-General from 1942–1945 and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply in 1945.

paragraph: He was later Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means from 1962–1964, and was a member of the UK Delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1960.

paragraph: Grimston was created a Baronet on 11 March 1952 and was raised to the peerage being created Baron Grimston of Westbury, of Westbury in the County of Wiltshire on 11 December 1964.

description: British politician


text: Poland

text: have sailed

text: single-handed

text: Joshua Slocum

text: Canary Islands

text: circumnavigation

text: Polonia Restituta Commander's Cross

text: sloop

text: Poland

text: beam

text: sail

text: Canary Islands

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Barbados

text: Caribbean Sea

text: Panama Canal

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Tahiti

text: Fiji

text: Australia

text: Indian Ocean

text: Mauritius

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

text: Naomi James

text: Francis Chichester

text: clipper route

text: great capes

text: English Channel

text: Kay Cottee

categories: 1936 births,Single-handed circumnavigating sailors,Living people,Polish female sailors (sport)

paragraph: Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz

paragraph: Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz (born 15 July 1936, in Poland) is the first woman to have sailed single-handed (i.e. solo) around the world, repeating the accomplishment of Joshua Slocum. She sailed from the Canary Islands on 28 March 1976, and returned there on 21 April 1978, completing a circumnavigation of 31,166 nautical miles (57,719 km) in 401 days.

paragraph: Orders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polonia Restituta Commander's Cross

paragraph: Section::::The boat.

paragraph: Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz carried out her westabout (east to west) voyage on "Mazurek", a Conrad 32 sloop built in Poland. "Mazurek" was 9.51 metres (31.2 ft) long, with a beam of 2.70 metres (8.86 ft) and a sail area of 35 square metres (376.7 ft²). "Mazurek"'s construction team was headed by Chojnowska-Liskiewicz's husband.

paragraph: Section::::The voyage.

paragraph: She set sail from the Canary Islands on 28 February 1976, crossing the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados. She then sailed through the Caribbean Sea to the Panama Canal, and hence to the Pacific Ocean.

paragraph: After crossing the Pacific, Chojnowska-Liskiewicz sailed via Tahiti and Fiji to Australia, and then west across the Indian Ocean via Mauritius. After passing the Cape of Good Hope, she sailed north, and crossed her outbound track on 20 March 1978 at latitude 16° 08.5' north and longitude 35° 50' west.

paragraph: Chojnowska-Liskiewicz completed her voyage when she entered the port of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria on 21 April 1978, having sailed in 401 days. On 18 June 1978, she returned to Poland, where she is still seen as something of a national hero.

paragraph: Section::::Other contenders for the title.

paragraph: In completing her voyage, Chojnowska-Liskiewicz only narrowly beat Naomi James, who completed her own single-handed circumnavigation on 8 June 1978. James' voyage is itself notable, however; she completed a fast (although not non-stop) circumnavigation in just 272 days, thus improving on Sir Francis Chichester’s solo round-the-world sailing record by two days. She also became the first woman to single-handedly sail the clipper route, eastabout and south of the three great capes, starting and finishing in the English Channel (a requirement for speed records).

paragraph: In 1988, Kay Cottee of Australia became the first woman to complete a "non-stop" single-handed circumnavigation, on "Blackmore's First Lady".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz - Polish Sailing Encyclopedia

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information on the yacht Mazurek - Polish Sailing Encyclopedia

description: Polish yacht racer

wikidata_label: Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz

wikipedia_title: Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz


text: applied

text: organic chemistry

text: Louis Pasteur

text: Béchamp reduction

text: aniline dye

text: Perkin

text: synthetic-dye

text: organic arsenic

text: arsanilic acid

text: Ehrlich

text: the first chemotherapeutic drug

text: fermentation

text: pebrine

text: germ theory

text: cell theory

text: alternative medicine

text: Bassing

text: Bucharest

text: University of Strasbourg

text: University of Montpellier

text: Université Lille Nord de France

text: Index Librorum Prohibitorum

text: Sorbonne

text: Victor Galippe

text: British Medical Journal

text: alternative medicine

text: germ theory denialists

text: Antoine Bechamp and Pleomorphism

categories: French microbiologists,1908 deaths,19th-century biologists,Germ theory denialists,University of Strasbourg faculty,Scientific controversies,French chemists,University of Strasbourg alumni,Université Lille Nord de France faculty,1816 births,University of Montpellier faculty

paragraph: Antoine Béchamp

paragraph: Pierre Jacques Antoine Béchamp (October 16, 1816 – April 15, 1908) was a French scientist now best known for breakthroughs in applied organic chemistry and for a bitter rivalry with Louis Pasteur.

paragraph: Béchamp developed the Béchamp reduction, an inexpensive method to produce aniline dye, permitting Perkin to launch the synthetic-dye industry. Béchamp also synthesized the first organic arsenical drug, arsanilic acid, from which Ehrlich later synthesized the first chemotherapeutic drug.

paragraph: Béchamp's rivalry with Pasteur was initially for priority in attributing fermentation to microorganisms, later for attributing the silkworm disease pebrine to microorganisms, and eventually over the validity of germ theory. Béchamp also disputed cell theory.

paragraph: Claiming discovery that the "molecular granulations" in biological fluids were actually the elementary units of life, Béchamp named them "microzymas"—that is, "tiny enzymes"—and credited them with producing enzymes and were the builders of cells while "evolving" amid favorable conditions into bacteria. Denying that bacteria could invade a healthy animal and cause disease, Béchamp claimed instead that unfavorable host and environmental conditions destabilize the host's native microzymas, whereupon they decompose host tissue by producing pathogenic bacteria.

paragraph: While cell theory and germ theory gained widespread acceptance, granular theories became obscure. Béchamp's version, "microzymian theory", has been retained by small groups, especially in alternative medicine and those competent in the use of darkfield microscopy.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Béchamp was born in Bassing, France in 1816, the son of a miller. He lived in Bucharest, Romania from the ages of 7 to 18 with an uncle who worked in the French ambassador's office. He was educated at the University of Strasbourg, receiving a doctor of science degree in 1853 and doctor of medicine in 1856, and ran a pharmacy in the city. In 1854 was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, a post previously held by Louis Pasteur.

paragraph: In 1856, after receiving his medical degree, Béchamp took a position at the University of Montpellier, where he remained until 1876 when he was appointed Dean of the Catholic Faculty of Medicine at Université Lille Nord de France. Béchamp's time in Lille was stormy, as his dispute with Pasteur led to efforts to have his work placed on the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" (the index of books prohibited by the Catholic Church). Béchamp retired under this cloud in 1886, briefly ran a pharmacy with his son, and ultimately moved to Paris, where he was given a small laboratory at the Sorbonne. One of his students was Victor Galippe, a physician who studied micro-organisms in plants and their role in human health. He died at the age of 91, his work having faded into scientific obscurity and Pasteur's version of germ theory dominant. A brief obituary in the "British Medical Journal" noted that Béchamp's name was "associated with bygone controversies as to priority which it would be unprofitable to recall."

paragraph: In the modern day, Béchamp's work continues to be promoted by a small group of alternative medicine proponents (also known as germ theory denialists), including advocates of alternative theories of cancer, who dismiss Pasteur's germ theory and argue that Béchamp's ideas were unjustly ignored. They accuse Pasteur, as did The French Academy of Sciences, of plagiarising and then suppressing Béchamp's work, citing work such as Ethel Douglas Hume's "Béchamp or Pasteur: A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology" from the 1920s.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antoine Bechamp and Pleomorphism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Béchamp Synthesis of para-substituted arylarsenous acids and Transformation of nitro aromatics into amino aromatics

description: French scientist

wikidata_label: Antoine Béchamp

wikipedia_title: Antoine Béchamp


text: Darmstadt

text: Karlsruhe

text: descriptive geometry

text: Brownian motion

text: Thompson, D W.

text: John Tyler Bonner

text: Online in Google Books

text: Otto Wiener

categories: University of Giessen alumni,1826 births,19th-century German mathematicians,1896 deaths,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty

paragraph: Christian Wiener

paragraph: Ludwig Christian Wiener (7 December 1826 Darmstadt – 31 July 1896 Karlsruhe) was a German mathematician who specialized in descriptive geometry. Wiener was also a physicist and philosopher. In 1863, he was the first person to identify qualitatively the internal molecular cause of Brownian motion.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lehrbuch der darstellenden Geometrie", 2 Bände, Teubner, Leipzig 1884, 1887, online at archiv.org: ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die ersten Sätze der Erkenntniß, insbesondere das Gesetz der Ursächlichkeit und die Wirklichkeit der Außenwelt", Berlin, Lüderitz 1874

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Freiheit des Willens", Darmstadt, Brill 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Grundzüge der Weltordnung", Leipzig, Winter 1863,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über Vielecke und Vielflache", Teubner 1864

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, D W., 1992. "On Growth and Form". Cambridge Univ. Press. Abridged edition by John Tyler Bonner, p. 45. , .Online in Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Wiener, "Christian Wiener zum 100. Geburtstag", Naturwissenschaften Bd.15, 1927, Issue 4.

description: mathematician

wikidata_label: Christian Wiener

wikipedia_title: Christian Wiener


text:
poet
Awadhi language
Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh
India
Pratapgarh
Uttar Pradesh
poetry
List of Indian poets
List of people from Pratapgarh
List of Awadhi-language poets

categories: 2013 deaths,20th-century Indian poets,People from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh,Indian male poets,Poets from Uttar Pradesh,1930 births,20th-century Indian male writers

paragraph: Jumai Khan Azad

paragraph: Jumai Khan Azad (5 August 1930 – 29 December 2013) was an Indian poet of Awadhi language from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. He received the Awadhi Academy Award and Lokabandhu Rajnarayan Memorial Award.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Azad was born in Gobri village in Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh to father Siddiqui Ahmed and mother Hameeda Bano.

paragraph: Azad published 21 books of poetry.

paragraph: He died on 29 December 2013.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Indian poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people from Pratapgarh

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Awadhi-language poets

description: Indian poet and writer

wikidata_label: Jumai Khan Azad

wikipedia_title: Jumai Khan Azad


text:
Celtic
Roman Catholic
bishop
saint
Wales
post Roman times
Eisteddfa Gurig
Saint Ilid
St Dona
Llangurig
chapels
Porthkerry
Langstone, Newport
Llanilid
Wales

categories: 7th-century births,Welsh Roman Catholic saints,Year of death unknown,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Curig

paragraph: St Curig was a Celtic Roman Catholic bishop and saint of Wales during post Roman times. St Curig, settled in Wales in the 7th century AD, "having landed at Aberystwyth, he travelled inland, and rested upon the summit of a high mountain, which still bears the name of Eisteddfa Gurig, or Curig's seat."

paragraph: He is sometimes associated with Saint Ilid or St Dona. He is remembered in the church of St Curig in Llangurig and the chapels called Capel Curig in Porthkerry, Langstone, Newport and Llanilid, all in Wales.

paragraph: He is commemorated on 16 June.

description: Welsh saint

wikidata_label: St Curig

wikipedia_title: Curig


text:
Digambara
acharya
Anekantavada
Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra
Umaswami
Pujyapada
Chola dynasty
Jainism
Sallekhana
monasticism
Kundakunda
syādvāda
Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra
Śrāvaka
Tattvartha Sutra
Āpta-mīmāṁsā
omniscience
Tirthankara
Mahāvīra
Jinasena
Ādi purāṇa

categories: 2nd-century Jain monks,2nd-century Indian Jains,Indian Jain monks,Jain acharyas

paragraph: Samantabhadra (Jain monk)

paragraph: Samantabhadra was a Digambara acharya (head of the monastic order) who lived about the later part of the second century CE He was a proponent of the Jaina doctrine of Anekantavada. The "Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra" is the most popular work of Samantabhadra. Samantabhadra lived after Umaswami but before Pujyapada.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Samantabhadra is said to have lived from 150 CE to 250 CE. He was from southern India during the time of Chola dynasty. He was a poet, logician, eulogist and an accomplished linguist. He is credited with spreading Jainism in southern India.

paragraph: Samantabhadra, in his early stage of asceticism, was attacked with a disease known as "bhasmaka" (the condition of insatiable hunger). As, digambara monks don't eat more than once in a day, he endured great pain. Ultimately, he sought the permission of his preceptor to undertake the vow of Sallekhana. The preceptor denied the permission and asked him to leave monasticism and get the disease cured. After getting cured he again joined the monastic order and became a great Jain Acharya.

paragraph: Section::::Thought.

paragraph: Samantabhadra affirmed Kundakunda's theory of the two "nayas" - "vyavahāranaya" (‘mundane') and "niścayanaya" (ultimate, omniscient). He argued however that the mundane view is not false, but is only a relative form of knowledge mediated by language and concepts, while the ultimate view is an immediate form of direct knowledge. Samantabhadra also developed further the Jain theory of syādvāda.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Jain texts authored by "Acharya Samantabhadra" are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra (150 verses)- The "Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra" discusses the conduct of a Śrāvaka (Jain laity) in detail.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gandhahastimahabhasya, a monumental commentary on the Tattvartha Sutra. The Gandhahaslimahahhasya, with the exception of its "Manglacharana" (salutation to the deity), is extant now. The Manglacharana is known as the 'Devagama stotra' or "Āpta-mīmāṁsā".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Āpta-mīmāṁsā- A treatise of 114 verses, it discusses the Jaina concept of omniscience and the attributes of the Omniscient.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svayambhustotra- An adoration of The Twenty-four "Tirthankaras" - 143 verses

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuktyanusasana- Sixty-four verses in praise of "Tirthankara Vardhamāna Mahāvīra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jinasatakam (Stutividyā)(116 verses)- Poetical work written in Sanskrit in praise of twenty-four Jinas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tattvanusasana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vijayadhavala tika

paragraph: Section::::Praise.

paragraph: Jinasena, in his celebrated work, Ādi purāṇa praises the Samantabhadra as

description: Indian Jain monk

wikidata_label: Samantabhadra

wikipedia_title: Samantabhadra (Jain monk)


text:
Colby College
Maine
United States
Nashua, New Hampshire
Woburn High School
Brown University
Delta Upsilon
Newton Theological Institution
Somersworth
Bowdoin College

categories: 1941 deaths,Bowdoin College alumni,Colby College faculty,1863 births,People from Somersworth, New Hampshire,Brown University alumni,Presidents of Colby College

paragraph: Charles Lincoln White

paragraph: Charles Lincoln White (January 22, 1863 – 1941) was the 13th President of Colby College, Maine, United States from 1901–1908.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: White was born in Nashua, New Hampshire, to George and Harriet Richardson White. He was educated at Woburn High School and graduated from Brown University in 1887 where he was a member of Delta Upsilon, and Newton Theological Institution in 1889.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was pastor at Somersworth Baptist Church, New Hampshire from 1890-1894, and the First Church of Nashua from 1894-1900.

paragraph: Section::::Presidency.

paragraph: He was called to the presidency of Colby College in June 1901, having served as the general secretary of the New Hampshire Baptist Convention the year previous. He remained at the head of the college until 1908.

paragraph: Foss Dining Hall was built in 1904, named after Eliza Foss Dexter, from whom he coaxed the money.

paragraph: Section::::Post-Presidency.

paragraph: He received the degree of D. D. from Bowdoin College in 1902. After his presidency, he moved to Brooklyn, NY with his family and worked as a manuscript secretary.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (still in print)

description: President of Colby College, Maine

wikidata_label: Charles Lincoln White

wikipedia_title: Charles Lincoln White


text: baseball

text: infielder

text: Houston Astros

text: Major League Baseball

text: USA Baseball

text: Player of the Year Award

text: home run

text: college baseball

text: Louisiana State University

text: Brooks Wallace Award

text: All-American

text: Houston Astros

text: 2015 MLB draft

text: AA

text: Team USA

text: 2017 World Baseball Classic

text: 2017 World Series

text: MVP

text: 2018 MLB All-Star Game

text: Albuquerque, New Mexico

text: Congregation Albert

text: 2018 MLB Draft

text: University of New Mexico Lobos

text: NBA Development League

text: New Mexico Thunderbirds

text: Russian Jewish

text: Washington Senators

text: Ted Williams

text: general manager

text: anti-Jewish pogroms

text: boxing card

text: Joe Louis

text: Billy Conn

text: Bob Foster

text: George Preston Marshall

text: Boston Redskins

text: Washington Redskins

text: tee-ball

text: unassisted triple play

text: line drive

text: second base

text: batboy

text: University of New Mexico

text: Arizona State University

text: Dustin Pedroia

text: Albuquerque Academy

text: Blake Swihart

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Louisiana State University

text: first baseman

text: catcher

text: shortstop

text: Isotopes Park

text: Class AAA

text: COPABE

text: gold-medal

text: USA Baseball

text: International Baseball Federation

text: bad hop

text: ground ball

text: Boston Red Sox

text: 2012 Major League Baseball Draft

text: sports administration

text: LSU Tigers baseball

text: Southeastern Conference

text: hitting streak

text: Brooks Wallace Award

text: All-America

text: Baseball America

text: American Baseball Coaches Association

text: Jewish Sports Review

text: Collegiate Baseball

text: Aaron Nola

text: College World Series

text: Golden Spikes Award

text: Andrew Benintendi

text: strike zone

text: bat

text: baserunning

text: Houston Astros

text: 2015 MLB Draft

text: pitcher

text: Ben McDonald

text: Jim Kremmel

text: Duane Ward

text: Ron Blomberg

text: Harold Reynolds

text: Paul Mainieri

text: Jeff Luhnow

text: signing bonus

text: Quad Cities River Bandits

text: Class A

text: Midwest League

text: Lancaster JetHawks

text: Class A-Advanced

text: California League

text: Corpus Christi Hooks

text: Texas League

text: Fresno Grizzlies

text: USA Today

text: Minor League Player of the Year

text: 25-man roster

text: New York Yankees

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Cardinals

text: Minute Maid Park

text: Carlos Correa

text: Team USA

text: World Baseball Classic

text: gold medal

text: Puerto Rico

text: Opening Day

text: New York

text: Yankee Stadium

text: grand slam

text: Masahiro Tanaka

text: extra-base hit

text: Richard Hidalgo

text: AL West

text: major league playoff

text: Chris Sale

text: ALDS

text: Red Sox

text: ALCS

text: Yankees

text: Greg Bird

text: Todd Frazier

text: World Series

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Austin Barnes

text: Kenley Jansen

text: walk-off single

text: Amos Otis

text: AL Player of the Month

text: Art Howe

text: AL Player of the Week

text: 2018 MLB All-Star Game

text: Home Run Derby

text: Ross Stripling

text: All-Star Game MVP

text: Carlos Correa

text: George Springer

text: Jose Altuve

text: Tyler White

text: Carlos Lee

text: Albert Pujols

text: Jeff Bagwell

text: power-speed number

text: runners in scoring position

text: Mike Trout

text: Gold Glove

text: American League Most Valuable Player

text: 2018 American League Division Series

text: arthroscopic surgery

text: bone chip

text: free agent

text: List of Jewish baseball players

text: LSU Tigers bio

text: Alex Bregman on YouTube

categories: American people of Russian-Jewish descent,Corpus Christi Hooks players,Jewish American baseball players,2017 World Baseball Classic players,Houston Astros players,Jewish Major League Baseball players,Lancaster JetHawks players,Quad Cities River Bandits players,Sportspeople from Albuquerque, New Mexico,Major League Baseball infielders,Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs,1994 births,Fresno Grizzlies players,LSU Tigers baseball players,American League All-Stars,Baseball players from New Mexico,Living people,All-Star Futures Game players

paragraph: Alex Bregman

paragraph: Alexander David Bregman (born March 30, 1994) is an American professional baseball infielder for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB). As a 16-year-old high school sophomore in 2010, Bregman became the first high school player to win the USA Baseball Player of the Year Award. As a junior the following year he batted .678, while setting a New Mexico season record with 19 home runs. In three years of college baseball for Louisiana State University (LSU), Bregman was voted the 2013 National Freshman of the Year by "Baseball America", won the 2013 Brooks Wallace Award as the country's best college shortstop, and was a two-time All-American. Toward the end of his junior year of college, he was selected by the Houston Astros with the second pick in the first round of the 2015 MLB draft.

paragraph: In the minor leagues he was named a 2016 AA mid-season All Star, and the 2016 "USA Today" Minor League Player of the Year, MLB Pipeline Hitter of the Year, and ESPN Prospect of the Year. Bregman made his MLB debut in July 2016. Bregman started 2017 as the youngest member of Team USA, which won the gold medal in the 2017 World Baseball Classic, and ended the season winning the 2017 World Series with the Astros. He was named MVP of the 2018 MLB All-Star Game, and led the American League in doubles in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bregman is Jewish and was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He was a member of Albuquerque's Congregation Albert growing up and lived in the Northeast Heights section of Albuquerque. His father, Sam Bregman, and his mother, Jackie Bregman (née De Oliveira), are both lawyers, and he has two younger siblings, Jessica and Anthony (A.J.). Bregman's brother A.J. is also a baseball player, and was selected by the Astros in the 35th round of the 2018 MLB Draft. His father played baseball as a freshman for the University of New Mexico Lobos in 1982, a team for which his uncle Ben Bregman also played; they both originally moved to Albuquerque to play baseball for the college on baseball scholarships. His father was also a part owner, starting in 2006, of the NBA Development League’s New Mexico Thunderbirds.

paragraph: His grandfather Stan Bregman was the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. His grandfather was general counsel for the Washington Senators from the late 1960s until the team moved to Texas in 1971 in a sale that he negotiated, and he helped the club sign Hall of Famer Ted Williams as the team's general manager. His grandfather saw all of his games in high school. His great-grandfather Samuel "Bo" Bregman immigrated from Russia to Washington, D.C., around 1900 at age 11 to escape Russian anti-Jewish pogroms, and ultimately married Sadie Hurwitz. He promoted boxing cards that featured, among others, Joe Louis, Billy Conn, and Bob Foster. He was also part of the ownership group with George Preston Marshall that moved the Boston Redskins to Washington, D.C., to become the Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Bregman began playing tee-ball at age 4. In his first game, he turned an unassisted triple play by catching a line drive, tagging a runner, and then stepping on second base. He was a batboy for the University of New Mexico baseball team, and in 2004 served as a batboy for a game against Arizona State University and his then favorite baseball player, Dustin Pedroia. Bregman attended Albuquerque Academy. His best friend is Blake Swihart, who plays for the Arizona Diamondbacks. Bregman and Swihart played travel ball together growing up.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Bregman was coached on travel baseball teams during his high school years at the Albuquerque Academy by Ryan Kellner and Jason Columbus, who in 2002 played for Louisiana State University (LSU) as a reserve first baseman. Bregman primarily played catcher.

paragraph: In 2009, Bregman led his high school team to a state championship as a freshman playing shortstop. He batted leadoff in a lineup loaded with home run power, hitting for an average of .514 with three home runs, including one during the championship game that left Isotopes Park, the Dodgers' Class AAA team park. At the October 2010 COPABE Pan American Baseball Championships in Lagos de Mareno, Mexico, while he was a sophomore, he batted .564 for the gold-medal-winning 16-and-under USA National Team, and was named the MVP. That year, at the age of 16, he became the first high school player to win the USA Baseball Richard W. "Dick" Case Player of the Year Award.

paragraph: In 2011, he batted .678 as a junior in high school, and established a season record in New Mexico with 19 home runs. Bregman was named first team All-State, and received All-Metro honors and All-District honors. In the fall of that year he led the 18-and-under U.S. National Team to a gold medal at the International Baseball Federation World Championships.

paragraph: Bregman was originally projected to be a first-round draft pick out of high school. That changed, however, when he shattered the second knuckle on his right throwing hand in the fifth game of his high school senior season, while using his bare hand to deflect a bad hop on a ground ball. The injury made him miss most of his senior season. He was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 29th round of the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft as a second baseman, after he made clear that he would not sign with any team unless it picked him in the first round. He elected not to sign with the Red Sox. Instead, he chose to attend LSU.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: At LSU, Bregman majored in sports administration. He also played shortstop for the LSU Tigers baseball team in the Southeastern Conference (SEC). He wore number 30 as a freshman, reflecting the 30 teams that had passed on him in the first round of the 2012 draft.

paragraph: In 2013, he batted .369/.417/.546 with 104 hits (second in the nation), 18 doubles (third in the SEC), seven triples, six homers, 52 RBIs, 59 runs, and 16 steals in 17 attempts, and had a 23-game hitting streak. Bregman won the 2013 Brooks Wallace Award as the country's best college shortstop. He was also voted first-team All-American by "Baseball America", the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA), Perfect Game, and the "Jewish Sports Review". In addition, he was named the 2013 National Freshman of the Year by "Baseball America", "Collegiate Baseball", and the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association (NCBWA), and was voted 2013 SEC Freshman of the Year and first-team all-SEC by the league coaches. Moreover, he was named 2013 ABCA First-Team All-South Region, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Baton Rouge Regional Most Outstanding Player, Louisiana Freshman of the Year, and SEC Player of the Week (March 25, 2013), and named to the 2013 USA Collegiate National Team (for which he batted .361).

paragraph: In 2014, he batted .316/.397/.455 with 16 doubles, 6 home runs, 35 runs, and 12 stolen bases. Bregman was voted 2014 second-team all-SEC, NCAA Regional All-Tournament Team, SEC All-Tournament Team, Second-Team All-Louisiana, and named to the 2014 USA Collegiate National Team. He shared an apartment that season with teammate and future fellow major league All Star Aaron Nola.

paragraph: In 2015, Bregman batted .312/.406/.534 with 22 doubles (tops in the SEC), 9 home runs, 49 RBIs, 37 stolen bases (leading the SEC, and the second-most steals in a season in LSU history), and 206 assists (leading the conference), led the nation's No. 1-ranked baseball team to the College World Series, and won LSU's Skip Bertman Award, which goes to the player who best exemplifies the spirit of the LSU Baseball program. He was also voted the Rawlings Gold Glove winner at shortstop by the ABCA, and voted first-team All-American by both "Baseball America" and the NCBWA for the second time, First Team D1Baseball, First Team Perfect Game, and Second Team Collegiate Baseball.

paragraph: He was one of four finalists for the 2015 Golden Spikes Award, presented annually to the nation's top college player and won by outfielder Andrew Benintendi. Also, he was a candidate once more for the Brooks Wallace Shortstop of the Year Award that he had won in 2013.

paragraph: In 190 career games at LSU, Bregman batted .338/.412/.520, with 66 strikeouts and 87 walks in 761 at bats.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: Going into the draft, Bregman was lauded for his sense of the strike zone, bat speed, and ability to make frequent contact and strike out infrequently. He was also praised for his good range to both sides, first-step quickness, and instincts at shortstop, strong arm, good speed, and smart baserunning.

paragraph: The Houston Astros selected Bregman with the second overall selection in the first round of the 2015 MLB Draft. He became the fifth LSU Tiger to be drafted in the first round in seven years, the highest-drafted position player in LSU's history, and the second-highest overall behind pitcher Ben McDonald (1989). He is the highest-ever-drafted player from New Mexico, ahead of 9th-picked pitchers Jim Kremmel (1971) and Duane Ward (1982), and the second-highest-ever drafted Jewish player, behind Ron Blomberg (1967).

paragraph: TV analyst and former major league second baseman Harold Reynolds said he believed Bregman projected as a major league second baseman, rather than a shortstop. However, Bregman believes he can play shortstop in the majors, and said that every team that contacted him leading up to the draft had said the same. LSU head coach Paul Mainieri opined: "If you don’t think Alex Bregman can play shortstop at the Major League level, you don’t know the first thing about baseball." Mike Elias, the Astros' Director of Amateur Scouting, said Bregman would remain a shortstop, and that he thought Bregman would play shortstop through Houston's minor league system and into the major leagues. Similarly, Astros General Manager Jeff Luhnow said that there was "no question" that Bregman has the skills to play shortstop.

paragraph: Bregman signed with the Astros in June 2015 for a $5.9 million signing bonus. He made his professional debut with the Quad Cities River Bandits of the Class A Midwest League in late June. In late July 2015, the Astros promoted Bregman to the Lancaster JetHawks of the Class A-Advanced California League. Playing shortstop for the two teams, he batted an aggregate .294/.366/.415.

paragraph: Bregman started 2016 with the AA Corpus Christi Hooks in the Texas League, hitting .297 with 14 home runs and a .975 OPS, was named the league's Player of the Week on April 17, and was named a AA mid-season All-Star. In AAA with the Fresno Grizzlies, in 18 games he hit .333/.373/.641/1.015. Between the two teams, in 80 games he hit .306/.406/.580 with 20 home runs and 61 RBIs, while playing 64 games at shortstop and 13 at third base.

paragraph: "USA Today" named Bregman the 2016 Minor League Player of the Year. Bregman was also named MLB Pipeline 2016 Hitter of the Year, and was selected as the third baseman for the MLB Pipeline 2016 Prospect Team of the Year. In addition, Bregman was named the 2016 Astros Minor League Player of the Year, ESPN.com Prospect of the Year, and a "Baseball America" Minor League All-Star.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Astros.:2016.

paragraph: On July 25, 2016, the Astros purchased Bregman's contract from the Grizzlies, adding him to their 25-man roster. He made his major league debut at third base against the New York Yankees that same day. He was the first position player from the 2015 Draft to debut in the Major Leagues. After he was hitless in his first 17 major league at bats through five games, the Astros moved him up to second in the batting order, to get him better pitches and demonstrate their confidence in him.

paragraph: Bregman recorded his first major league hit on July 31 against the Detroit Tigers, with a single into center field. His first home run came at home on August 16, tying the game against the Cardinals in the first inning with a two-run home run to right field at Minute Maid Park. For the 2016 season, he batted .264/.313/.478 with 8 home runs and 34 RBIs in 49 games. His slugging percentage was the seventh-best of any Astros rookie all-time. With 2015 AL Rookie of the Year Carlos Correa at shortstop, Bregman played 40 games at third base and 4 at shortstop.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Astros.:2017.

paragraph: At age 22, Bregman started his 2017 baseball season as the youngest member of Team USA in the World Baseball Classic (WBC), which won its first gold medal in the WBC by defeating Puerto Rico 8–0 in the final. He had been invited as well to play for Team Israel which finished sixth at the 2017 World Baseball Classic, as WBC rules allow all Jewish ballplayers to play for the team, and he later said that in retrospect "I probably should've" played for Team Israel "because I got [just] four at-bats" playing as a backup for Team USA.

paragraph: He was the youngest Opening Day third baseman in team history, at 23 years and 4 days old. During the May 14, 2017, game versus New York at Yankee Stadium, Bregman hit his first major league grand slam off Masahiro Tanaka in a 10–7 Astros win. On August 10, Bregman tied the Astros' record for extra-base hits in consecutive games at 10 games, first accomplished by outfielder Richard Hidalgo.

paragraph: For the 2017 season, he batted .284/.352/.475 with 39 doubles and five triples (the latter two both ninth in the AL), 19 home runs, 88 runs, 71 RBIs, and 17 stolen bases (tied for the lead among all major league third basemen). His .331 batting average against left-handers was 9th in the AL. Bregman played third base primarily (132 games), and led AL third basemen in fielding percentage (.970; the 4th-highest fielding percentage by a third baseman in team history), while also playing 30 games at shortstop. Houston won the AL West division with a 101–61 record, thus advancing Bregman to his first career major league playoff.

paragraph: Bregman was a major force for the Astros throughout the 2017 postseason. His home run off of Chris Sale, his second off of Sale in the series, in the 8th inning of Game 4 of the ALDS tied the game 3-3 and jump-started the Astros' rally that led them to a 5-4 win over the Red Sox and propelled them to their first appearance in a Championship Series since 2005. Bregman also showcased his defensive skills throughout the postseason, but especially during the ALCS against the Yankees. In Game 7, with the Astros up 1-0 with Yankees on first and third in the top of the 5th, Bregman threw out Greg Bird at home on a chopper to third off of the bat of Todd Frazier to help preserve the lead. It was considered one of the best plays of the postseason and helped led the Astros to a 4-0 victory in the pennant-clinching game.

paragraph: Bregman would once again throw out a runner at home from third base in Game 4 of the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers when he gunned down Austin Barnes at the plate in the top of the 6th inning to preserve a 0-0 tie. Bregman also homered off of Kenley Jansen in the bottom of the 9th, but the Astros ultimately fell 6-2. His biggest contribution came during Game 5 when, after a back-and-forth game in which the Astros came back from two separate 3-run deficits, Bregman hit a walk-off single in the bottom of the 10th inning off Jansen to give the Astros a 13-12 victory and a 3–2 series lead. It was Bregman's first career walk-off hit. Bregman became the second player to drive in a run in each of his first five World Series games, joining Amos Otis. The series lasted seven games, and the Astros won the World Series for the first time ever.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Astros.:2018.

paragraph: In 2018 the Astros renewed Bregman's contract at $599,000 – an increase of $60,000. In June he was named AL Player of the Month, after batting .306/.372/.713 in 108 at bats, with 11 home runs and 30 RBIs (a new Astros record for June). He became the second Astros third baseman to win the award, along with Art Howe (May 1981). Bregman was also named the AL Player of the Week for the week of June 25-July 1, during which he batted .464/.516/1.179 in 28 at bats with five doubles, five home runs, and ten RBIs.

paragraph: Batting .284 with 17 home runs, 57 RBIs, and 29 doubles, he was named to the 2018 MLB All-Star Game. Bregman was also selected to participate in the 2018 Home Run Derby. After he hit a go-ahead home run in the 10th inning off of Ross Stripling, he was named the Astros' first All-Star Game MVP.

paragraph: In the second half of the season, Bregman became the focal point of the Astros offense as injuries to Carlos Correa, George Springer, and Jose Altuve took all three of them out of the lineup for most of July and early August. Bregman helped carry the Astros offense through a rough skid in which he batted .342 with 6 home runs and 18 RBIs. During this stretch, the Dugout Stare, a home run celebration that Bregman had begun performing during the 2017 postseason, became popular among his teammates and on social media. In a game against the Seattle Mariners on August 22, Tyler White hit a solo home run in the top of the 9th inning of a 10-7 win. A large group of Astros players, including Bregman, performed a synchronized dugout stare into the camera, eventually becoming their new team home run celebration. The moment gained social media buzz with local Houston businesses and news outlets.

paragraph: On September 8, Bregman became the youngest Astro ever to hit 30 home runs in a season, at 24 years old. On September 12 he picked up his 50th double of the season as well as his 100th RBI and 100th run scored. Bregman became the first Astro to log 100 RBIs in a season since Carlos Lee in 2009, and the first primary third baseman in Major League history to record 50 doubles and 30 home runs in a season. He also became the first player since Albert Pujols in 2012 to hit 30 home runs and 50 doubles, and drive in 100 runs. Bregman also extended his on-base streak to 39 games (the longest in team history since 1999), and tied Jeff Bagwell's franchise record of reaching base in 51 consecutive games on the road (established in 2001).

paragraph: For the 2018 regular season, he batted .286/.394 (4th in the AL)/.532 (6th in the AL) with 31 home runs and 51 doubles (leading the AL; the 3rd-most in Astros history), 83 extra base hits (2nd in the league), 96 walks (3rd), 105 runs and 103 RBIs (each 5th in the AL), 7.0 at bats per strikeout (9th), and a 15.1 power-speed number (10th). Bregman batted .386/.488/.735 with runners in scoring position, the highest slugging percentage in the major leagues and the second-best OPS (behind Mike Trout). He demonstrated plate discipline, as he was 2nd in the American League in lowest swinging strike percentage (4.3%) and O-Swing percentage (20.0%), and 3rd in contact percentage (88.5%), and 3rd in the major leagues in walks/strikeout (1.13). He reached career numbers of 50 home runs, 100 doubles, and 200 RBIs in the fourth-fewest games by any player since 1920 (behind only Ted Williams (341 games), Chuck Klein (317 games), and Hank Greenberg (315 games)).

paragraph: On defense, Bregman was a finalist for the Gold Glove Award at third base. The Houston chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America named him the Astros' most valuable player. Bregman came in 5th in the voting for American League Most Valuable Player.

paragraph: In the 2018 American League Division Series Bregman batted .556, and his .714 OBP was the third-highest all-time in a division series, while his 1.333 slugging percentage was fourth-highest all-time.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Astros.:2019.

paragraph: In early January 2019, Bregman had arthroscopic surgery to remove bone chips in his right elbow. He returned to action in spring training on March 2.

paragraph: In March, Bregman and the Astros agreed to a six-year, $100 million contract extension. The deal covers the 2019 season, the three years he would have been eligible for arbitration, and the first two years he could have been a free agent. It was the second-highest contract in club history. The contract was also the third-largest ever for a player with between two and three years of major league service time.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Jewish baseball players

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LSU Tigers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Bregman on YouTube

alias:
Alexander David Bregman
Alexander Bregman
Alexander David "Alex" Bregman

wikidata_label: Alex Bregman

wikipedia_title: Alex Bregman


text:
Chinese
astronomer
mathematician
mechanical engineer
Buddhist monk
Tang dynasty
celestial globe
escapement
astronomical clock
terrestrial-astronomical survey
solar eclipse
calendar system
meridian arc
Eratosthenes
Jiaozhou
Vietnam
latitude
17°N
Lake Baikal
50°N
polaris
go
Liang Lingzan
Zhang Heng
Han Dynasty
Ma Jun
Three Kingdoms
Southern and Northern Dynasties
hydraulic
waterwheel
water clock
equatorial
armillary sphere
water clock
astronomical
clock tower
Su Song
Joseph Needham
Zhang Sixun
Song dynasty
Mahavairocana Tantra
Kūkai
Shingon Buddhism
Tiantai
Guoqing Temple
Mount Tiantai
Zhejiang
Chinese pagoda
List of Chinese people
List of inventors
List of mechanical engineers
Verge escapement
Villard de Honnecourt
"Yixing"
Encyclopedia of China
Yi Xing at Chinaculture.org
Yi Xing's Tomb Tiantai Mountain
Yi Xing at the University of Maine

categories: 727 deaths,Writers from Puyang,Tang dynasty philosophers,Tang dynasty Buddhist monks,Hydraulic engineering,8th-century astronomers,683 births,Medieval Chinese mathematicians,Chinese mechanical engineers,Scientists from Henan,Ancient Chinese astronomers,Philosophers from Henan,Chinese inventors

paragraph: Yi Xing

paragraph: Yi Xing (, 683–727), born Zhang Sui (), was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, mechanical engineer and Buddhist monk of the Tang dynasty (618–907). His astronomical celestial globe featured a clockwork escapement mechanism, the first in a long tradition of Chinese astronomical clockworks.

paragraph: Section::::Science and technology.

paragraph: Section::::Science and technology.:Terrestrial-astronomical survey.

paragraph: In the early 8th century, the Tang court put Yi Xing in charge of a terrestrial-astronomical survey. This survey had many purposes. It was established in order to obtain new astronomical data that would aid in the prediction of solar eclipses. The survey was also initiated so that flaws in the calendar system could be corrected and a new, updated calendar installed in its place. The survey was also essential in determining the measurement of the length of meridian arc. This would resolve the confusion created by the earlier practice of using the difference between shadow lengths of the sun observed at the same time at two places to determine the ground distance between them. This was the same process used by the ancient Greek Eratosthenes (276–196 BC).

paragraph: Yi Xing had thirteen test sites established throughout the empire, extending from Jiaozhou in Vietnam — at latitude 17°N — to the region immediately south of Lake Baikal — latitude 50°N. There were three observations done for each site, one for the height of polaris, one for the shadow lengths of summer, and one for the shadow lengths of winter. The latitudes were deciphered from this data, while the Tang calculation for the length of one degree of meridian was fairly accurate compared to modern calculations. Yi Xing understood the variations in the length of a degree of meridian, and criticized earlier scholars who permanently fixed an estimate for shadow lengths for the duration of the entire year.

paragraph: Section::::Science and technology.:The escapement and celestial globe.

paragraph: Yi Xing was famed for his genius, known to have calculated the number of possible positions on a go board game (though without a symbol for zero he had difficulties expressing the number). He, along with his associate Liang Lingzan (a government official), is best known for applying the earliest-known escapement mechanism to a water-powered celestial globe. However, Yi Xing's mechanical genius and achievements were built upon the knowledge and efforts of previous Chinese mechanical engineers, such as the statesman and master of gear systems Zhang Heng (78–139) of the Han Dynasty, the equally brilliant engineer Ma Jun (200–265) of the Three Kingdoms, and the Daoist Li Lan (c. 450) of the Southern and Northern Dynasties period.

paragraph: It was the earlier Chinese inventor Zhang Heng who was the first to apply hydraulic power (i.e. a waterwheel and water clock) in mechanically-driving and rotating his equatorial armillary sphere. The arrangement followed the model of a water-wheel using the drip of a clepsydra (see water clock), which ultimately exerted force on a lug to rotate toothed-gears on a polar-axis shaft. With this, the slow computational movement rotated the armillary sphere according to the recorded movements of the planets and stars. Yi Xing also owed much to the scholarly followers of Ma Jun, who had employed horizontal jack-wheels and other mechanical toys worked by waterwheels. The Daoist Li Lan was an expert at working with water clocks, creating steelyard balances for weighing water that was used in the tank of the clepsydra, providing more inspiration for Yi Xing. Like the earlier water-power employed by Zhang Heng and the later escapement mechanism in the astronomical clock tower engineered and erected by Su Song (1020–1101), Yi Xing's celestial globe employed water-power in order for it to rotate and function properly. The historian Joseph Needham states (Wade–Giles spelling):

paragraph: In regards to mercury instead of water (as noted in the quote above), the first to apply liquid mercury for motive power of an armillary sphere was Zhang Sixun in 979 AD (because mercury would not freeze during winter). During his age, the Song dynasty (960–1279) era historical text of the "Song Shi" mentions Yi Xing and the reason why his armillary sphere did not survive the ages after the Tang (Wade–Giles spelling):

paragraph: Earlier Tang era historical texts of the 9th century have this to say of Yi Xing's work in astronomical instruments in the 8th century (Wade–Giles spelling):

paragraph: Section::::Buddhist Scholarship.

paragraph: Yi Xing wrote a commentary on the "Mahavairocana Tantra". This work had a strong influence on the Japanese monk Kūkai and was key in his establishment of Shingon Buddhism.

paragraph: Section::::In his honor.

paragraph: At the Tiantai-Buddhist Guoqing Temple of Mount Tiantai in Zhejiang Province, there is a Chinese pagoda erected directly outside the temple known as the Memorial Pagoda of Monk Yi Xing. His tomb is also located on Mount Tiantai.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese people

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of inventors

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of mechanical engineers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verge escapement

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villard de Honnecourt

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development," "Imago Mundi" (Volume 45, 1993): 90-100.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ju, Zan, "Yixing". "Encyclopedia of China" (Religion Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3". Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2". Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boscaro, Adriana (2003) "Rethinking Japan: Social Sciences, Ideology and Thought". Routledge. 0-904404-79-x p. 330

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Xing at Chinaculture.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Xing's Tomb Tiantai Mountain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi Xing at the University of Maine

description: 8th-century Buddhist monk and astronomer

wikidata_label: Yixing

wikipedia_title: Yi Xing


text: French Resistance

text: Ian Garrow

text: Albert Guérisse

text: Allied

text: Cahors

text: French Third Republic

text: Ian Garrow

text: Pyrenees

text: Albert Guérisse

text: United Kingdom

text: Perpignan

text: United Kingdom

text: George Medal

text: United States

text: Medal of Freedom

text: Legion of Honour

text: Croix de Guerre 1939-1945

text: Médaille de la Résistance

text: Order of Leopold II

text: Croix de Guerre

text: George Medal

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Medal of Freedom

categories: Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium),Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France),Recipients of the Resistance Medal,Honorary Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),Female resistance members of World War II,1957 deaths,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,Officers of the Order of Leopold II,Date of death missing,1881 births,French Resistance members,Recipients of the Medal of Freedom,Recipients of the George Medal,People from Cahors

paragraph: Marie Dissard

paragraph: Marie-Louise Dissard (6 November 1881 – 1957) was a member of the French Resistance during the German occupation of France in World War II who took over the escape network of Ian Garrow and Albert Guérisse and arranged for over 250 Allied airmen to return to Britain.

paragraph: Marie Louise Dissard was born in Cahors. After the fall of the French Third Republic, Dissard joined the French Resistance using the code name "Françoise". Initially she worked with Ian Garrow arranging his escape route over the Pyrenees. When Ian Garrow and later Albert Guérisse were arrested, Dissard became the new leader of the escape network.

paragraph: Dissard traveled all around France to arrange escape of Allied airmen back to the United Kingdom. She escorted several of them herself to Toulouse where she found them temporary accommodation and then escorted them to the Pyrenees where they were handed over to local guides.

paragraph: One of the Pyrenees guides was arrested in January 1944 in Perpignan and he had Dissard's name in his notebook. Dissard went underground in Toulouse until Allied troops liberated France. She still helped 110 more men to escape in this period.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: After the war, the United Kingdom awarded her the George Medal, a very senior decoration, and the United States awarded her the Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the U.S. In Toulouse, the "Lycée professionnel Marie Louise Dissard Françoise" was named in her honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer of the Legion of Honour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 with palms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Médaille de la Résistance with rosette (May 17, 1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belgium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer of the Order of Leopold II, with palms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belgian Croix de Guerre with palms, 1940–1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- United Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm

description: French resistance fighter

wikidata_label: Marie-Louise Dissard

wikipedia_title: Marie Dissard