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categories: People from Covent Garden,1867 deaths,Artists from London,19th-century British male writers,19th-century British artists,1829 births,19th-century British writers,British illustrators

paragraph: Charles H. Bennett (illustrator)

paragraph: Charles Henry Bennett (26 July 1828 – 2 April 1867) was a prolific Victorian illustrator who pioneered techniques in comic illustration.

paragraph: Section::::Beginnings.

paragraph: Charles Henry Bennett was born at 3 Tavistock Row in Covent Garden on 26 July 1828 and was baptised a month later in St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden. He was the eldest of the three children of Charles and Harriet Bennett, originally from Teston in Kent. His father was a boot-maker. Nothing is known of Charles's childhood, although it is likely that he received some education, possibly at St. Clement Dane's School on nearby Stanhope Street. At the age of twenty, Charles married Elizabeth Toon, the daughter of a Shoreditch warehouseman, on Christmas Day 1848, also in St. Paul's Church. Their first son (another Charles) was born a year later and by 1851 the family was settled in Lyon's Inn in the Strand. At the time of their wedding, Charles was attempting to support his family by selling newspapers, but three years later, in the 1851 census, he described himself as an artist and portrait painter. Charles and Elizabeth's family kept growing and moving, and by 1861 they were living in Wimbledon with their six children. Charles, the eldest, was by this time at school, while the youngest, George, was just seven months old.

paragraph: Section::::The early life of an artist and a bohemian.

paragraph: As a child, Charles developed a passion for art, drawing for his inspiration the motley crowds he saw daily in the market. His father was unsympathetic and stern in his dismissal of what he considered a waste of time. As an adult, Charles became part of the London bohemian scene, and was a founder member of the Savage Club, each member of which was "a working man in literature or art". As well as socializing over convivial dinners, members of the club published a magazine, The Train. Charles Bennett contributed many illustrations, signed 'Bennett' rather than with his CHB monogram, but the magazine was short-lived. The middle of the nineteenth century saw the launch of many cheap, mostly short-lived periodicals in London. The Devil in London, The Penny Trumpet, The Whig Dresser and The Squib only lasted a few weeks, while The Man in the Moon survived for two and a half years. In 1847, James Hannay, novelist, journalist and protégé of Thackeray, founded Pasquin, followed in 1848 by The Puppet Show and The New Puppet Show (1849). Charles Bennett contributed small illustrations to these and other magazines, although identifying them is hindered by the absence of his distinctive monogram. By 1855 he was better known and was invited to design the masthead and front page cartoon for the first issue of the Comic Times (1855). He also contributed to Diogenes (1855) and Comic News (1863-1865) as well as mainstream illustrated magazines such as The London Journal (1858), Good Words (1861), London Society (1862-1865) and Every Boy's Magazine (1864-1865). His occasional full-page illustrations (such as the page of characters from Twelfth Night) appeared in Christmas and New Year editions of The Illustrated London News.

paragraph: Section::::Children’s books.

paragraph: 1858 saw the publication of the first of more than a dozen children's books illustrated by Charles Bennett. Old Nurse's Book of Rhymes, Jingles & Ditties (1858) was, as the title suggests, a collection of children's verse with colour illustrations on every page and a frontispiece illustrating ‘Old Nurse at Home.’ Among the children's books that followed were the very short Nine Lives of a Cat (1860), with its twenty rather crudely illustrated pages and The Adventurers of Young Munchausen (1863), the story of a young man whose fantastic adventures ranged from discovering the source of the Nile to travelling in space in a balloon. The Stories that Little Breeches Told (1863) is dedicated by the author to his daughters Harriet and Polly (Mary), with a suggestion that he was already ill, as follows:

paragraph: "DEAR HARRIET AND POLLY,

paragraph: "As soon as Little Breeches had told me these stories, I told them to you; but I am afraid I should soon have forgotten them, every one, if you had not so carefully treasured them up. Now when they are in print, and the pictures are all etched on copper-plates, I am made happy indeed, by your kindness in allowing me to dedicate them (in this new form) to you.

paragraph: "And remain,

paragraph: "All that is left of me,

paragraph: "Your affectionate Father,

paragraph: "CHARLES BENNETT"

paragraph: In addition to this dedication, the book has a strong family flavour, with comments from family members after each story. As well as Charles, Elizabeth and the children, there are also comments from Grandmamma, Grandfather, Uncle George (Toon) and an unnamed aunt. Similarly, The Sorrowful Ending of Noodledoo (1865) was dedicated to his son George who had been ill, although "as he got better his temper fell sick." Lightsome and the Little Golden Lady (1866), probably his best children's book, also begins with a family dedication. Charles thanks "my dear Charley" (by now 16) who had written down the story from his father's telling, a task which had given them both much enjoyment. In addition to his own children's books, Charles Bennett provided the illustrations for Tom Hood's Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks (1865) as well as for books of fairy tales by Henry Morley and Mark Lemon.

paragraph: Shadows and Fables

paragraph: Among Charles Bennett's best known and best loved books were his Shadows series. In Shadow and Substance (1860), Charles Bennett and Robert Barnabas Brough (with whom he had collaborated on the 1854 edition of Punch and Judy) describe the eidolograph, a magic lantern of which Charles Bennett is named as the "sole inventor and original patentee." The shadows cast by the eidolograph indicate the true character and personality of the sitter. Thus a fat schoolboy's shadow is portrayed as a snail while Charles Bennett becomes an ass. The collection of shadow pictures was reprinted several times in coloured versions without the accompanying text and seems to have been something of a best seller. The shadow of a man leaning on a post shows him to be "A Queer Fish" and that of a young woman servant depicts a black slave. The Shadows illustrations first appeared in the Illustrated Times, which also published his weekly series of Studies in Darwinesque Development in 1853. These circular drawings, in which various animal species evolve into human beings, were published posthumously in the book, Character Sketches, Development Drawings and Original Pictures of Wit and Humour, in 1872. The most reprinted of Charles Bennett's books has been his illustrated version of Aesop's fables. First published in 1857, it has reappeared many times, most recently in 1978, with a French translation in 1979 (Le renard qui avait la queue coupée et autres fables adaptées et dessinées par Bennett).

paragraph: Section::::Pilgrim's Progress.

paragraph: Towards the end of the 1850s, Charles Bennett prepared an illustrated version of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, for which he produced more than 120 drawings, including sparely drawn caricatures of all the characters. He initially had great difficulty getting this work published, until it came to the attention of Charles Kingsley, who provided a preface for the book, whereupon Longmans accepted it for publication. In his letter to Charles Bennett, Kingsley agreed that an appropriately illustrated version of the book was needed and offered his views on the style to be used. He cautioned against imaginative freedom at the cost of beauty of form and pointed to a strong German element in Bunyan, which should be expressed by a tendency to the grotesque. He concludes the letter by urging the artist to put the visions on paper as they appeared to the mind of the seer himself. “Now we know that Bunyan saw these people in his mind's eye, as dressed in the garb of his own century. It is very graceful and I should keep to it, not only for historic truth's sake, but because in no other way can you express Bunyan's leading idea, that the same supernatural world which was close to old prophets and martyrs was close to him; that the devil who whispered in the ears of Judas, whispered in the ears of a cavalier over his dice, or a Presbyterian minister in his Geneva gown.” Perhaps feeling that he was being too prescriptive, Kingsley concluded, “Take these hints as meant, kindly.”

paragraph: Charles Bennett added a small illustration at the end of the preface showing the writer (Kingsley) helping the artist (Bennett) up the hill of fame. The two became friends and Charles Bennett visited Kingsley at home in Eversley, where he was the rector, returning home with gifts for Elizabeth from Mrs Kingsley. His other two serious books from this period were Quarles’ Emblems (1861) and London People: Sketched from Life (1863). Francis Quarles was a seventeenth century poet who was a cupbearer to the future Queen Elizabeth and subsequently secretary to James Usher, the primate of all Ireland, who was best known for his biblical chronology which claimed to establish the date of the creation as the night preceding Sunday, 23 October 4004 BC. Quarles' Emblems (originally published in 1635) consisted of a series of paraphrases from the Bible expressed in ornate and metaphorical language, each concluding with an epigram of four lines. Originally popular, Emblems was panned by 17th and 18th century critics but the publication of a new edition illustrated by Charles Bennett and W Harry Rogers indicated that it may still have been popular in the 1800s. London People contains some of Charles Bennett's best illustrations. Co-authored with John Hollingshead, the book brings together sketches from the Cornhill Magazine, “designed to exhibit faithful delineations of physiognomies characteristic of different classes of LONDON PEOPLE as they appear, not aiming at humorous exaggeration on the one hand or ideal grace on the other. In 1865, Charles Bennett contributed a frontispiece and three illustrations to The Reverend John Allan's temperance tale, John Todd and How He Stirred His Own Broth-pot.

paragraph: Section::::The Punch years.

paragraph: Charles Bennett’s drawings appeared in Punch from time to time and in 1865 he was invited to join the Punch Council, which included Mark Lemon (Editor), Shirley Brooks and John Tenniel. By March 1866 Charles was a regular attendee and another member of the Council, Henry Silver, recorded in his diaries some of Charles Bennett’s contributions to discussion and reported that he was deaf in his right ear and smoked cigars. Silver also mentions that Charles was left handed although he sometimes drew with his right hand. In a discussion of recurring nightmares, Shirley Brooks’ was swimming in a sea of butter, while Charles Bennett described how he had to tie up a parcel but was unable to find a piece of string the right length, despite cutting a hundred bits. His regular contributions began in February 1865 at the beginning of a new parliamentary session with a cartoon of Mr Punch opening parliament. Over the next two years he contributed nearly 200 drawings, identified by his characteristic CHB monogram from March 1865 onwards. He specialised in very elaborate initial letters, such as the letter Z at the beginning of Punch's Essence of Parliament in April 1866. He occasionally contributed political cartoons, and in September 1866 he depicted the Pope as a turnip propped up by a musket, about to be knocked away by Louis Napoleon. Charles Bennett's bohemian appearance, apparently the result of his financial straits, seems to have been the cause of comment even around the Punch table. In October 1866, therefore, the Council passed the following resolution:Resolved"• That this meeting deeply sympathises with C. H. Bennett on the state of his hair" "• That this meeting appreciates the feeling which detains the said Bennett from the Council until his hair shall have been cut" "• That this meeting deplores the impecuniosity which prevents the said Bennett from attending a barber" "• That this meeting, anxious to receive the said Bennett to its bosom once again, organizes a subscription to enable him to attend the said barber" "• That this meeting, having (limited) confidence in Mr. Mark Lemon, entrusts him with the following subscriptions in aid of the above object, and requests him to communicate with the aforesaid Bennett, to the end that he may have his damn hair cut, and rejoin the assembly of the brethren."This resolution was signed by ten members of the Council, who each contributed one penny by attaching a penny red stamp to the letter. It seems unlikely that the state of his hair was the true reason for Charles's absence from Council meetings, it being more likely that his deteriorating health was already keeping him away. His final attendance at the table was apparently on 12 December 1866 and Henry Silver recorded his absence the following week, but made no further reference to his subsequent presence.

paragraph: Section::::An early death.

paragraph: By the beginning of 1867, Charles and Elizabeth were living in Caversham Road, Kentish Town. His health was failing and his final cartoon appeared in Punch on 23 March. Shirley Brooks visited him on 31 March, recording in his diary: "Went off to enquire about Bennett, who has just got into a new house in the Kentish Town wilds ... Never having been in the region, I managed to forget the directions of the map and found myself in the Holloway Road, but soon worked my way round to the spot, which is pleasant enough. Saw his son only, a very nice boy, who said Bennett was "a little better"." Charles Bennett died on 2nd April between eight and nine in the morning. His death certificate recorded the cause of death as neuralgia and atrophy (although his widow subsequently asserted that he had died of consumption) and his occupation was given as "Draftsman on wood." Brooks recorded in his diary: "I am very sorry. Bennett was a man one could not help loving for his gentleness. Such a wonderful artist", and Henry Silver wrote the following day: "Intelligence of poor Bennett’s death yesterday. So we didn’t dine." An obituary appeared in Punch on 13 April.

paragraph: Charles Bennett was buried in Brompton Cemetery on 8 April. His wife and one of his sons were later buried in the same grave. Two days later the Punch Council discussed the needs of his widow, Elizabeth, with eight children and another on the way, "although no debts." Because of his long illness, his life had been too hazardous for insurance. They agreed that there was a case for a public appeal and that they would press their private channels as well. The published appeal, over the names of Charles Kingsley, Mark Lemon and John Everett Millais as well as Brooks himself, was distributed widely and appeared as a letter in the Times. With the help of Charles's friends at Punch, his widow also approached the Artists’ Benevolent Institution and the Royal Literary Fund. As well as soliciting donations through advertisements and personal contacts, the Punch Council decided to stage a benefit performance for the family. The Adelphi Theatre in London was duly booked for the afternoon of Saturday, 11 May 1867, just five weeks after Charles Bennett's death. The afternoon included the first public performance of "Cox and Box", Arthur Sullivan's first opera, given by the Moray Minstrels, along with performances by Kate Terry, Florence Terry and Ellen Terry and others. The afternoon was clearly a success and another benefit performance was arranged in Manchester at the end of July. There is no record of the total amount raised for his family, but by the time of the 1871 census Elizabeth (who described herself as an "Annuitand") and the children were living in Gainford Road, Kentish Town. In 1881 she was able to claim to have "Means derived from dividends"’ despite having considered taking lodgers at the time of Charles’s death.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: In his obituary of Charles Bennett for Punch, Shirley Brooks records that "he was a very able colleague, a very dear friend. None of our fellow−workers," it continues in the generous style of obituaries, "ever entered more heartily into his work, or laboured with more earnestness to promote our general purpose. His facile execution and singular subtlety of fancy were, we hoped, destined to enrich these pages for many a year. It has been willed otherwise, and we lament the loss of a comrade of invaluable skill." The reference to his "earnestness" contrasts with his nickname of "Cheerful Charley" and his reputation as an eccentric bohemian. In the History of Punch, M H Spielmann reports that, in the words of Augustus Sala, Charles Bennett was "sober, industrious, and upright, and scarcely a Bohemian; but throughout his short life he was ‘Murad the unlucky'." The Dalziel brothers, noted 19th century engravers, also described him as an "earnest man concerning his work … time should never be allowed to enter into the question; the task should be defined but never trammelled by 'How long will it take?' " His prodigious output - well over 1000 illustrations in his short working life - is an indicator of how hard he worked and suggests an earnest approach to every project. A fuller description of his nature appeared nearly thirty years after his death in The Magazine of Art (1895), where M H Spielmann described him as "one of the best known, and most keenly appreciated amongst the humorous artists of the century." Spielmann asserted that his nature "was largely made up of that love & pity, of that breadth of sympathy and depth of emotion which are to be found in the heart of all true humourists. He was, moreover, a man of deep religious thought, profoundly moved by the love of children; and accordingly religion and childhood inspired much of his art and produced most of his happiest works. The strength of the man’s nature, too, declared itself in its technique, which, however halting at the beginning, was always firm in touch and resolute in design; and to these qualities he owes it that we forgive much of the obvious lack of training with which his earlier work was tainted." Charles Bennett's love of children comes out clearly in his children's books, with their family dedications and references. Many of the wonderful, beguiling ideas in these books were the outcome of happy morning walks with his children in Wimbledon. He considered walking a profitable pastime and would trudge for miles thinking up new characters and imagining fresh faces. The same Magazine of Art article asserts that "most of the roads of Kent knew him as a familiar figure, and Canterbury, Ashford & Maidstone were his constant goal when he started, knapsack on back, with no other companion than his sketchbook, pipe & stick." Opinions of his work vary, from those who consider Charles Bennett to have been among the leading illustrators of the 19th century to other critics who have found his drawings outdated and over-characterised. It is clear, however, from the few written observations that survive, that he was affectionately respected by colleagues and revelled in his family life, telling stories to his children and illustrating them for publication. He combined an earnest single-mindedness in his work with a cheerful and sympathetic manner, which justified the assertion in the Punch obituary that Charles Bennett was "one of the kindliest and gentlest of our associates, the power of whose hand was equalled by the goodness of his heart."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Illustrated books by Charles H Bennett.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fables of Aesop (1857)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Nurse's Book of Rhymes, Jingles and Ditties (1858)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Faithless Parrot (1858)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birds, Beasts and Fishes (1859)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proverbs with Pictures (1859)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nine Lives of a Cat (1860)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Breeches (1863)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Blockheads (1863)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nursery Fun: the Little Folks’ Picture Book (1863)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Frog who Would A-Wooing Go (1864)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sorrowful Ending of Noodledoo (1865)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventures of Young Munchausen (1865)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sad History of Greedy Jem (1865)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lightsome and the Little Golden Lady (1867)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Wind and Madam Rain (1867)"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Other books illustrated by Charles H Bennett.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wonderful Drama of Punch and Judy" (1854)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Umbrellas and Their History" (1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Cargill Brough's "The Fairy Tales of Science" (1859)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pilgrim's Progress" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadow and Substance" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Morley's "Fables and Fairy Tales" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Games of Skill and Conjuring" (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Morley's "Oberon's Horn" (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Quarles' "Emblems" (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. H. Wills' "Poets' Wit and Humour" (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "London People: Sketched from Life" (1863)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darcy W Thompson's "Nursery Nonsense" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Allan's "John Todd & How He Stirred His Own Broth-pot" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darcy W Thompson's "Fun and Earnest" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Hood's "Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Morley's "The Chicken Market and other stories" (1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Lemon's "Fairy Tales" (1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Lemon's "The Chronicles of the Three Sisters" (1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Character Sketches, Development Drawings ..." (1872)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Magazine contributions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comic News"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comic Times"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diogenes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Every Boy's Magazine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Words"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Illustrated London News"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Illustrated Times"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "London Society"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punch"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punchinello"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The London Journal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Puppet Show"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Penny Illustrated Paper"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Puppet Show"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Train (magazine)"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanchard, E.L. (1891) Theatrical Obituaries from 1844 to 1889

paragraph: BULLET::::- Briggs, Julia, et al. (2008) Popular Children's Literature in Britain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everitt, Graham (1893) English Caricaturists and Graphic Humourists of the Nineteenth Century

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingsley, Mary Lucas (Ed) (1890) Charles Kingsley, His Letters and Memories of His Life

paragraph: BULLET::::- Layard, G.S. (1907) Shirley Brooks of Punch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Charles H Bennett

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray, Gordon Norton (1992) The Illustrator and the Book in England from 1790 to 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver, Henry (1858-1870) Diary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Jonathan (2006) Charles Darwin and Victorian Culture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solly, Henry Shaen (1898) The Life of Henry Morley Ll.D

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spielmann, M.H. (1895) The Artistic Works of Charles Bennett, The Magazine of Art, October 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spielmann, M.H. (1895) The History of Punch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strauss, Gustave (1883) Reminiscences of an Old Bohemian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swain, Joseph (1888) Charles Henry Bennett Good Words XXIX 589

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worth, George J (1964) James Hannay: His Life and Works

paragraph: Section::::Further bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Papernose Woodensconce". 1854

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fables of Aesop and Others, Translated into Human Nature". W. Kent & Co., 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Faithless Parrot", Routledge, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The sad history of Greedy Jem and all his little brothers", 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nine Lives of a Cat", Griffith and Farran, 1860

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Wind and Madame Rain", 1864.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hair-Dressing by Electricity". "Punch", 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The origin of species, dedicated by natural selection to Dr. Charles Darwin" (caricatures series, included in "Character Sketches and Development Drawings", 1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aesop's Fables and Others, Designed and Drawn on Wood by Charles H. Bennett, with Additional Fables Designed and Drawn by Randolph Caldecott". London: Bracken Books, 1986.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles H. Bennett at Lambiek "Comiclopedia" (lambiek.net)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Faithless Parrot" at Images of the Victorian Book, British Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennett search at Historical Children's Literature Collection, University of Washington – 4 images from "The Sad Story of Greedy Jem" (selection of any one retrieves text on Bennett)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books by Bennett at ChildrensLibrary.org (4): "Fables of Æsop and Others" (1857); "The Faithless Parrot" (1858); "Proverbs with Pictures" (1859); "Mother Goose's Chimes, Rhymes and Jingles" (1875);

alias:
Charles Henry Bennett
Charles Bennett

description: illustrator

wikidata_label: Charles H. Bennett

wikipedia_title: Charles H. Bennett (illustrator)


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categories: Saudi Arabian princes,Saudi Arabian racehorse owners and breeders,1937 births,Owners of Epsom Derby winners,Saudi Arabian billionaires,Saudi Arabian businesspeople,Living people

paragraph: Khalid ibn Abdullah

paragraph: Khalid bin Abdullah Al Saud (born 1937, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia) () is a member of the House of Saud. He has extensive business interests, run through Mawarid Holding, but is probably better-known as the owner of Juddmonte Farms. As such, he is one of the leading figures in the world of thoroughbred horseracing and the list of outstanding horses to have competed in Prince Khalid's racing-colours includes the greats: Dancing Brave, Enable, Frankel and Arrogate.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prince Khalid is one of the sons of Abdullah bin Abdul-Rahman a younger half-brother of King Abdulaziz.Prince Khalid is a half first cousin to all the sons of King Abdulaziz and the six siblings who have ruled modern Saudi Arabia in succession to their father the founder.

paragraph: Prince Khalid's wife, Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz, is herself a daughter of King Abdulaziz, by his wife Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. She is therefore a full sister of the group of sons known as the Sudairi Seven, who include King Fahd and the present monarch, King Salman.

paragraph: Prince Khalid was born in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, in 1937. He studied history in the United States and Riyadh, was employed for a time at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He then embarked on an extremely successful career in business, serving an apprenticeship under the guidance of Sulaiman Olayan.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Khalid Abdullah's main business vehicle is Mawarid Holding, one of Saudi Arabia's largest and most diversified private businesses, with extensive dealings in financial services, manufacturing, construction, medical supplies, catering, telecommunications and the media. A study of the commercial activities of members of the House of Saud published in 2001 listed 65 separate entities in which Prince Khalid held an interest. He is the owner of Orbit Communications Company. Until 8 February 2009 he served as chairman of the Saudi Chemical Company's board of directors and as chairman of Saudi Arabian Amiantit Company.

paragraph: By the early 2000s responsibility for running his business had passed, in part, to Prince Khalid's four sons.

paragraph: In 1990, Prince Khalid's wealth was estimated by "Fortune magazine" at $1.0 billion.

paragraph: Section::::Horseracing career.

paragraph: Section::::Horseracing career.:Development.

paragraph: Although Prince Khalid's father had owned horses, he had not kept them for racing. Prince Khalid's introduction to the sport came on a trip to Longchamp with friends in 1956. Even so, he did not start owning racehorses himself until the late 1970s. Prince Khalid's purchases of yearlings at that time heralded the start of the large scale investment in horseracing by owners from the Middle East that was to transform the sport.

paragraph: In 1977 Prince Khalid's first racing adviser, the former trainer Humphrey Cottrill, bought for him four yearlings at the Newmarket sales. The following year Prince Khalid bought the top two lots in the Houghton Sales at Newmarket, although the top-priced yearling, Sand Hawk, for whom he paid a record 264,000 guineas, proved largely a disappointment; as would Convention, for whom he paid 1.4 million guineas in 1983. However, Cottrill and the trainer Jeremy Tree had also paid $225,000 for a dark bay colt by In Reality at the Keeneland Sales of 1978, their single purchase, who as Known Fact won the Middle Park Stakes in the autumn of 1979 and then, after Nureyev's disqualification, the 2,000 Guineas of 1980, following up his victory with a win in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes.

paragraph: Known Fact's victory in the 2,000 Guineas was not only Prince Abdullah's first victory in an English Classic race but was also the first by any Arab owner. His first winner of any kind had come the previous season, when Charming Native came home first at Windsor, while Abeer had provided his first victory at Royal Ascot with her win in the Queen Mary Stakes.

paragraph: Section::::Horseracing career.:Success.

paragraph: Prince Khalid's colours, of green silks with white sleeves and a pink sash and cap, soon became a regular feature of the winner's enclosure in all the Classic races of the world. In 1985, Rainbow Quest won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. The following year, Dancing Brave repeated that success and also won the 2,000 Guineas and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. Furthermore, Dancing Brave failed only narrowly to add a victory in the Derby to this remarkable season.

paragraph: In 1982 Prince Khalid had his first homebred winner with Fine Edge at Newmarket. His Juddmonte breeding operation soon produced Warning, by Known Fact out of the broodmare Slightly Dangerous, who became Europe’s Champion Miler in the 1988 season. Remarkably, Prince Khalid went on to win all five British Classic races with homebred horses: Quest For Fame, sired by Rainbow Quest, won Juddmonte's first Epsom Derby in 1990, followed by Commander In Chief (a son of Dancing Brave) in 1993, and finally the fourth-generation Juddmonte-bred Workforce, who broke the course record at Epsom with the victory in 2010. Toulon won the St Leger of 1991 and Zafonic carried off the 2,000 Guineas brilliantly two years later, as did Frankel in 2011. Reams of Verse won The Oaks in 1997 and Enable won The Oaks in 2017. Wince won the 1,000 Guineas in 1999, followed by Special Duty's victory in the same race in 2010.

paragraph: The winner of not just the 2,000 Guineas, but also of multiple Group One races, including the Juddmonte-sponsored International Stakes at York, Frankel was bred by Prince Khalid through three generations via his mare Kind. He is named after Bobby Frankel, who had trained Prince Khalid's horses in America. Many regard him to be one of the greatest racehorses of all time.

paragraph: Juddmonte also bred a clean sweep of French Classic winners. Sanglamore won the Prix du Jockey Club in 1990 and New Bay won it in 2015, whilst Houseproud, Zenda and Special Duty won the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches in 1990, 2002 and 2010. Jolypha and Nebraska Tornado won the Prix de Diane, in 1992 and 2003 respectively, and Raintrap and Sunshack were the winners of the Prix Royal-Oak in 1993 and 1995, before American Post took the Poule d'Essai des Poulains in 2004. Finally, there was victory for Rail Link in the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe of 2006, a success repeated by Workforce in 2010 (making this horse only the sixth horse in history to win both the Derby and the Arc ) and Enable in 2017 and 2018.

paragraph: In Ireland, the list of Juddmonte-bred successes includes Irish Oaks winners Wemyss Bight and Bolas in 1993 and 1994 and Irish 2,000 Guineas winner Kingman in 2014. In North America, the winning horses include Empire Maker, winner of the Belmont Stakes of 2003 and Flute, the Kentucky Oaks winner in 2003. Juddmonte-purchased Arrogate, winner of four Grade One races including the Dubai World Cup, was crowned Longines World's Best Horse for 2017. Eclipse Award champion mares include Ryafan in 1997, Banks Hill in 2001 and Intercontinental in 2005. The last two of these both won the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf, which was also won in 2009 by Midday, a three-time winner of the Nassau Stakes at Goodwood.

paragraph: At the Breeders' Cup in 2018, homebreds Enable and Expert Eye won the Breeders' Cup Turf and Breeders' Cup Mile respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Horseracing career.:Recognition.

paragraph: In North America, Prince Khalid was the recipient of an Eclipse Award as Top Owner in 1992, 2003, 2016 and 2017, and received five awards as the Top Breeder: in 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2009. In 2003, Prince Khalid finished third in the American owners' championship.

paragraph: In Europe, Prince Khalid's 78 winners in Britain and 58 winners in France made him the champion owner in both those countries in 2003, and he was British flat racing's champion owner again in 2010, with 74 winners and prize money of more than £3 million. He took the British title once more in 2011, when he had 63 winners and won more than £3.4 million in prize money.

paragraph: In 1983 he was made an honorary member of The Jockey Club.

paragraph: Section::::Horseracing career.:Trainers.

paragraph: Prince Khalid's horses were initially trained mainly by Jeremy Tree, to whom he was introduced by Humphrey Cottrill, and by Guy Harwood, who trained Dancing Brave. The circle of European trainers widened to include Henry Cecil, Barry Hills and Criquette Head-Maarek, and now comprises Andre Fabre, Pascal Bary, David Smaga and Henri-François Devin in France, Dermot Weld and Ger Lyons in Ireland and John Gosden, Sir Michael Stoute, Hugo Palmer, Roger Charlton, Charlie Hills, Amanda Perrett and Ralph Beckett in England. In the US, his horses were for a long time in the care of Bobby Frankel. and are now with Bill Mott, Bob Baffert, Brad Cox and Chad Brown.

paragraph: Section::::Horseracing career.:Juddmonte Farms.

paragraph: In 1982, Khalid bin Abdullah purchased Cayton Park Stud at Wargrave in Berkshire, renaming it Juddmonte Farms. That property was sold in 2017. From the early 1980s he built up a collection of carefully selected mares, in the early days buying from Robert Sangster. By 2011 these represented, according to Lord Grimthorpe in an interview given to the "Financial Times", "one of the greatest brood-mare bands in the history of breeding”.

paragraph: The British arm of the Juddmonte operations came to include Estcourt Estate in Gloucestershire, as well as Juddmonte Dullingham, Side Hill Stud and Banstead Manor Stud in Newmarket in Suffolk. There, Prince Khalid stood a number of leading stallions, notably Dansili, Oasis Dream, Frankel and Kingman.

paragraph: Juddmonte also owns Ferrans Stud and New Abbey Stud in Ireland, as well as Juddmonte Farm in Lexington, Kentucky.

paragraph: The Juddmonte Group's CEO is Douglas Erskine Crum. The studs in England are managed by Simon Mockridge, in Ireland by Barry Mahon and in the USA by Garrett O'Rourke. Teddy Grimthorpe is Racing Manager.

paragraph: Prince Khalid was responsible for the allocation of horses to trainers and for approval of mating lists. In a rare interview in 2010 he told "The Racing Post": "When I was at the sales I realised that it would be easier to buy horses and race them, but I got the feeling that this was not enough, that it would be more fun to do what people like the Aga Khan and Lord Howard de Walden did and build up your own families." He said that he had his stud book with him all the time.

paragraph: In 2017, the Juddmonte operation employed around 250 people and extended to 700-800 horses around the world, with a racing stock of about 250.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prince Khalid is married to Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz, daughter of King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. They have four sons and three daughters.

paragraph: Prince Khalid is father-in-law to the late Prince Fahd, son of King Salman, who married his daughter Nuf bint Khalid bin Abdallah. The son-in-law Prince Fahd owned Generous, winner of the Epsom and Irish Derbies in 1991.

paragraph: Prince Khalid was one of the closest friends of the late King Fahd, his brother-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::Homes.

paragraph: Prince Khalid has homes in Saudi Arabia and overseas, close to his various stables or to the Classic racecourses. In the United States, he has a home in Kentucky, in Europe, a townhouse in France, on the Parc Monceau in Paris, and, in the United Kingdom, houses in London, Newmarket and Kent, where he owns the 1,000-acre Fairlawne Estate, adjoining Plaxtol, near Shipbourne.

paragraph: He is widely reported to be studiously courteous and personally unassuming.

paragraph: His son Saud serves as Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of Al-Mawarid Holding Company and as Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juddmonte Farms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mawarid Holding

description: Saudi businessman and royal

wikidata_label: Khalid ibn Abdullah

wikipedia_title: Khalid ibn Abdullah


text: ébéniste

text: Freiburg

text: Jean-François Oeben

text: Faubourg Saint-Antoine

text: marchands-merciers

text: Dominique Daguerre

text: Sèvres porcelain

text: Marie Antoinette

text: the comte de Provence

text: the comte d'Artois

text: Madame du Barry

text: neoclassical taste

text: Chinese lacquer

text: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Louis XVI furniture

text: (Getty Museum): Martin Carlin

text: (Royal Collection) Commode

text: pietra dura

text: (Waddesdon Manor): Martin Carlin

categories: Furniture makers,1730s births,1785 deaths

paragraph: Martin Carlin

paragraph: Martin Carlin (ca 1730 – 1785) was a Parisian ébéniste (cabinet-maker), born at Freiburg, who was received as Master Ebéniste at Paris on 30 July 1766. Renowned for his "graceful furniture mounted with Sevres porcelain", Carlin fed into the luxury market of eighteenth-century decorative arts where porcelain-fitted furniture was considered among "the most exquisite furnishings" within the transitional and neoclassical styles. Carlin's furniture was popular amongst the main great dealers, including Poirier, Daguerre, and Darnault, who sold his furniture to Marie Antoinette and many amongst the social elite class. He died 6 March 1785.

paragraph: Section::::Work life.

paragraph: Carlin worked at first in the shop of Jean-François Oeben, whose sister he married. The marriage contract reveals that "Carlin was still a day-worker living on the quai des Célestins". Yet soon after Oeben's death, Carlin started to sell furniture to the marchands-merciers when setting up independently in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. This was however an unfashionable quarter of Paris, where few of his wealthy clientele would have penetrated. Therefore, Carlin found it necessary to sell his works exclusively to "marchands-merciers" such as Simon-Philippe Poirier and his partner Dominique Daguerre, who acted as decorative-designers. It was only through these entrepreneurs that Carlin could acquire the Sèvres porcelain plaques that decorated many of his pieces. His earliest such pieces can be dated by the marks on their porcelain to 1766; they followed designs supplied by the dealer Poirier. The great dealers also possessed an expansive network of the monarchy and much of the nobility, and thus sold Carlin's furniture to figures such as, Marie Antoinette, the comte de Provence, the comte d'Artois, Louis XV's daughters, the mesdames de France, Madame du Barry, and the duchesse de Mazarin.

paragraph: For 12 years after becoming Master Ebéniste,he made porcelain-mounted furniture for Poirier and after 1778, he fed into the popular taste for exotic, 'oriental' designs and materials, and therefore started to produce sumptuous pieces in Japanese lacquer.

paragraph: Section::::Collection.

paragraph: Although Martin Carlin made some larger pieces— "secrétaires à abattant" (drop-front secretary desks), tables, and commodes— he is best known for refined small furnishings in the neoclassical taste, some of them veneered with cut up panels of Chinese lacquer, which he would also have received from the hands of the "marchands-merciers".

paragraph: Section::::Collection.:Coffret à bijoux.

paragraph: Coffret à bijoux, c. 1775, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, United States

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svend Eriksen, "Early Neo-Classicism in France" pp 159 (bio.)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (see index: p. 127-128; illustrations: p. 28, 50, 60-61)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis XVI furniture

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Getty Museum): Martin Carlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Bonheur-du-jour with Sèvres plaques, 1768

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Detroit Institute of Arts) Jewel Cabinet, about 1774, accession #71.196

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Royal Collection) Commode, ca 1778, with panels of pietra dura.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Waddesdon Manor): Martin Carlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- YouTube, Combined music stand and writing table made by Martin Carlin, 1775

description: French master cabinetmaker of German origin

wikidata_label: Martin Carlin

wikipedia_title: Martin Carlin


text:
Claudio Acquaviva
Pope Paul III
San Martino ai Monti
Itri
Giulio Acquaviva d'Aragona
Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, senior
Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, iuniore
Francesco Acquaviva d'Aragona
Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona
Pasquale Acquaviva d'Aragona

categories: People from Naples,1546 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Italian cardinals,1490s births,House of Acquaviva,Bishops of Melfi,16th-century Italian people

paragraph: Giovanni Vincenzo Acquaviva d'Aragona

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Belonging to an illustrious and powerful noble family from the south, Giovanni Vincenzo Acquaviva d'Aragona was born in Naples, the son of Andrea Matteo III Acquaviva d'Aragona, eighth duke of Atri, 15th Count of Conversano and Count of Caserta, and his wife Isabella Piccolomini. His nephew, Claudio Acquaviva, son of his brother Giannantonio Donato, 9th Duke of Atri, was the fifth General of the Jesuits.

paragraph: In February 1537, he was elected bishop of the diocese of Melfi and Rapolla; and in June that same year, Archpriest of Santa Maria in Platea di San Flaviano. He was made cardinal by Pope Paul III on 2 June 1542 and Prefect of Castle Sant'Angelo. Ten days later, he was given the titular seat of San Martino ai Monti. He died August 16, 1546 in Itri.

paragraph: Grand-uncle of Cardinals Giulio Acquaviva d'Aragona (1570) and Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, senior (1591). Other cardinals of the family are Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, iuniore (1654); Francesco Acquaviva d'Aragona (1706); Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona (1732); and Pasquale Acquaviva d'Aragona (1770).

description: cardinal

wikidata_label: Giovanni Vincenzo Acquaviva d'Aragona

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Vincenzo Acquaviva d'Aragona


text: PC

text: British

text: Ballarat, Victoria

text: Ballarat College

text: University of Melbourne

text: Trinity College

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Bachelor of Civil Law

text: Vinerian Scholarship

text: Gray's Inn

text: bencher

text: Ministry of Food

text: HM Treasury

text: Board of Trade

text: Attorney General for England and Wales

text: Knight Bachelor

text: Lord of Appeal in Ordinary

text: life peerage

text: Privy Council

text: Sandwich, Kent

categories: People from Ballarat,People from Sandwich, Kent,Law lords,Australian Knights Bachelor,1949 deaths,Members of Gray's Inn,Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,Queen's Counsel 1901–2000,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,1879 births,People educated at Trinity College (University of Melbourne),Australian life peers,Chancery Division judges

paragraph: Augustus Uthwatt, Baron Uthwatt

paragraph: Augustus Andrewes Uthwatt, Baron Uthwatt PC (25 April 1879 – 24 April 1949) was an Australian-born British judge.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in Ballarat, Victoria, he was the son of Thomas Andrewes Uthwatt and his wife Annie Hazlitt. He was educated at Ballarat College and the University of Melbourne where he resided at Trinity College from 1896. In his final year Law examinations, he received only second-class honours, but was still the best performing student, and was the recipient of the fourth-year scholarship. He then proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Civil Law, receiving the Vinerian Scholarship. After his admission to Gray's Inn in 1901, he was called to the bar three years later and became a bencher in 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Uthwatt served as legal adviser to the Ministry of Food from 1915 until 1918 and became a member of the Council of Legal Education in 1929. He was junior counsel to HM Treasury, the Board of Trade and the Attorney General for England and Wales in 1934. Uthwatt was nominated a Judge of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice in 1941 and subsequently created a Knight Bachelor. On 9 January 1946, he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and received thereby additionally a life peerage with the title Baron Uthwatt, of Lathbury, in the County of Buckingham. Following his appointment, he was sworn of the Privy Council in February of the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1927, he married Mary Baxter Bonhote. Their marriage was childless. Uthwatt died, aged 70, of a heart attack at his home in Sandwich, Kent.

description: British lawyer and Baron

wikidata_label: Augustus Uthwatt, Baron Uthwatt

wikipedia_title: Augustus Uthwatt, Baron Uthwatt


text: consul

text: Roman Republic

text: Lucius Junius Brutus

text: overthrew the Roman monarchy

text: Arruns Tarquinius

text: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus

text: King of Rome

text: Latin

text: Collatia

text: Lucretia

text: Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus

text: Sextus Tarquinius

text: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

text: Lanuvium

text: Junia gens

text: Publius Valerius Poplicola

text: Marcus Horatius Pulvillus

text: Livy

text: Dionysius of Halicarnassus

text: Cassius Dio

text: Cicero

text: Collatinus on pbmstoria.it

categories: 6th-century BC Romans,Roman Republican consuls

paragraph: Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus

paragraph: Lucius Tarquinius Ar. f. Ar. n. Collatinus was one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, together with Lucius Junius Brutus. The two men had led the revolution which overthrew the Roman monarchy. He was forced to resign his office and go into exile as a result of the hatred he had helped engender in the people against the former ruling house.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Collatinus was the son of Arruns Tarquinius, better known as "Egerius", a nephew of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth King of Rome. Through an accident, Arruns had been born into poverty, but when his uncle subdued the Latin town of Collatia, he was placed in command of the Roman garrison there. The surname "Collatinus" was derived from this town.

paragraph: Collatinus married Lucretia, daughter of Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus. According to legend, while Collatinus was away from home, his cousin, Sextus Tarquinius, son of the king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, came to his house by night. Forcing himself upon Lucretia, Sextus threatened to kill her, together with a slave, and tell her husband that he had caught her in the act of adultery with the slave, unless she should accede to his desire. After his departure, Lucretia sent for her husband and father, and recounted the events to them. Despite their entreaties and protests of her innocence, Lucretia then plunged a dagger into her breast in expiation of her shame.

paragraph: Section::::Revolution.

paragraph: Enraged by his cousin's deed, Collatinus and his father-in-law brought news of the crime before the people. They were supported by Brutus, the king's nephew, and others who had suffered various cruelties at the hands of the king and his sons. While the king was away on a campaign, the conspirators barred the gates of Rome and established a republican government, headed by two consuls, so that one man should not be master of Rome. Brutus and Collatinus were the first consuls, and set about the defense of the city.

paragraph: Collatinus' ascendency was short-lived; although he himself had suffered at the hands of the king, and ushered in the Republic, he soon became the object of revulsion from those who would not abide any of the Tarquins in power at Rome. Collatinus was dumbstruck when Brutus, his colleague and cousin, called upon him to resign, but resisted until his father-in-law, Lucretius, added his voice to the chorus. Fearing what might become of him should he refuse the popular demand, Collatinus laid down the consulship and went into exile at Lanuvium.

paragraph: Brutus, who as the king's nephew was even closer to the royal house, was spared the same indignity, as a part of the Junia gens; but he fell in battle the same year against the king's forces. Publius Valerius Poplicola was appointed consul "suffectus" in the place of Collatinus, and the elderly Spurius Lucretius in place of Brutus; but he died soon after, and Marcus Horatius Pulvillus became consul in his place, the fifth and final consul of the first year of the Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy, i. 38, 57–60, ii. 2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dionysius of Halicarnassus, iv. 64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Dio, Frag. 24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicero, "De Republica", ii. 53, "De Officiis", iii. 10.

paragraph: BULLET::::- as quoted in the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" (1870).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collatinus on pbmstoria.it

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collatinus in William Smith: "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" (1870)

description: politician

wikidata_label: Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus

wikipedia_title: Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus


text:
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
St. Helena Island, South Carolina
abolitionist
freedmen's schools
Laurel Hill Cemetery
American Civil War
William Henry Furness
First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia
Hampton Institute
National Historic Landmark
Robert Smalls
Martin Luther King Jr.
Laura Towne:Biography
About

categories: People from Pittsburgh,1825 births,1901 deaths,Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia),American educators,People from South Carolina,People from Saint Helena Island, South Carolina,American Unitarians

paragraph: Laura Matilda Towne

paragraph: Laura Matilda Towne (May 3, 1825 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – February 22, 1901, in St. Helena Island, South Carolina) was an abolitionist and educator. She was best known for forming the first freedmen's schools (schools for newly freed slaves). Laura Towne was buried at the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Laura Matilda Towne, the daughter of John Towne and Sarah Robinson was born on May 3, 1825 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Education & Influences.

paragraph: Laura Towne originally studied medicine when the American Civil War broke out. She was raised in Philadelphia hearing sermons about the abolition of slavery by her minister, William Henry Furness at the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia. Influenced by these teachings, Towne answered the call for volunteers when the Union captured Port Royal and other Sea Islands area of South Carolina. With the help of her Quaker friend Ellen Murray (January 31, 1834 – April 7, 1908) they founded the Penn Center on St. Helena Island, the first school for newly freed slaves in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::The Penn Center.

paragraph: The school started with nine students and operated out of the back room of a plantation house. Towne and Murray spent the next forty years of her life ministering to the freed slaves, developing their trust, providing them with medical care, teaching them to read and write, and fighting for their land rights. Towne and Murray eventually adopted several African American children and raised them as their own.

paragraph: She took care of the school for the rest of her life and eventually gave up practicing medicine. After her death, Penn School was transferred to Hampton Institute, at which time it began operating as the Penn Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural School.

paragraph: Recognized as a National Historic Landmark, the Penn Center trained generations of students, including U.S. Congressman Robert Smalls (1839-1915). During the Civil Rights era the Penn Center served as a training ground for non-violent civil disobedience by welcoming Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.. Now a National Historic Landmark, the Penn Center celebrated 150 years education, leadership and service.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Towne:Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- About

description: American educator

wikidata_label: Laura Matilda Towne

wikipedia_title: Laura Matilda Towne


text:
Somali
Somali music
Qolobaa Calankeed
expatriate
Moshi
Garhajis
Isaaq
Aden
Yemen
western film
Indian
Arabic music
lute
Somali language
Ali Feiruz
oud
theatrical
Mogadishu
Hargeisa
Patrice Lumumba
Somali National Anthem
Radio Mogadishu
Waaberi
Waaberi
Music of Somalia

categories: Somalian music,Somali culture,1924 births,Somaliland poets

paragraph: Abdullahi Qarshe

paragraph: Abdullahi Qarshe (, ) (1924–1994) was a Somali musician, poet and playwright known as the "Father of Somali music". In 1957 he wrote and composed the Somali National Anthem, Qolobaa Calankeed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Qarshe was born in 1924 in the Somali expatriate community in Moshi, Tanzania. He belonged to the Habar Yoonis sub clan of (Garhajis) Isaaq that mainly inhabits Sanaag region of Somaliland. In 1931, at the behest of his family, he left Tanzania and settled in Aden, Yemen for his education. It is in Aden where Abdullahi had his first encounter with cinema and radio playing western films and Indian and Arabic music, which inspired him to buy a lute to accomplish his new goal of creating music in the Somali language. He was married to Adaiya Qarshe whom he had four children with, Rukiyo Qarshe, Safiyo Qarshe, Anab Qarshe and Mahad Qarshe.

paragraph: Qarshe, along with other first generation artists such as Ali Feiruz and Mohamed Nahari, was among the pioneers of modern Somali music.

paragraph: An innovative musician, Qarshe often employed a wide variety of instruments in his art, such as the guitar, piano and oud. He was also known for his poems and his theatrical work at Mogadishu and Hargeisa venues.

paragraph: Matters began to change following World War II as musicians and composers, like Abdullahi qarshe, popularly known as the father of somali music, began to pioneer a new genre- that of Balwo and Heello, both of these terms refer to forms of lyrical verse, the difference between the two being that balwo is four lines only while heello is considerably longer. Both styles broke new grounds in style and content. the subject matter differed radically from the past, as compositions focused in on love and nationalism, rather than the epic tales of war and adversity as in the old hees, at least some of this shift can be accredited to Elmi Boodhari, a baker who composed during the 1930s. he is said to have recited his compositions describing his unrequited love for a woman named hodan until he wasted away and perished in 1941.

paragraph: Qarshe introduced a new and shorter form of Heello by combining traditional Somali poetry with song. In the 1940s he created his first song "Ka ka'ay" (Arise). Qarshe utilized many of his Heello songs to express Pro-indpendence and anti-colonial sentiments. In tribute to Patrice Lumumba he wrote the song "Lumumba ma noole mana dhimane" (Lumumba is not alive neither is he dead) in 1960 . In 1957 he composed the current Somali National Anthem "Qoloba Calankeeda waa cayn" (Every nation has its own unique flag). In 1955 Qarshe founded the Walaalo Hargeisa troupe which performed various plays around Somalia, one of them being "Soomaalidii Hore iyo Somaalidii dambe" (Somalis present and past). Qarshe's 1961 song "Aqoon la'aan waa iftiin la'aan"(to be without knowledge is to be without light) was the signature tune of Radio Mogadishu. In addition, Qarshe was a member of the pioneering Somali musical ensemble Waaberi.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waaberi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Somalia

description: Musician, poet and playwright

wikidata_label: Abdullahi Qarshe

wikipedia_title: Abdullahi Qarshe


text:
Sergente Maggiore
World War I
flying ace
Locana
Kingdom of Italy
Field Artillery
Pisa
sheet metal
corporal
Sergente
Austro-Hungarian
Hansa-Brandenburg
Medal for Military Valor
Loque
Marziale Cerutti
Gastone Novelli
Mario Fucini
Cosimo Rennella
Cesare Magistrini
Croce di Guerra
Sergente Maggiore
sortie
military intelligence
Regia Aeronautica
Torino
Franks, Norman

paragraph: Antonio Chiri

paragraph: "Sergente Maggiore" Antonio Chiri was a World War I flying ace credited with six confirmed and seven unconfirmed aerial victories.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Antonio Chiri was born in Locana, the Kingdom of Italy on 26 August 1894.

paragraph: On 9 September 1914, Chiri was conscripted into the 17th Field Artillery Regiment of the Italian Army. On 18 April 1915, he was accepted for pilot's training at Pisa. He was suspended from training early in the course, but kept on hand as a sheet metal mechanic. In November 1915, he resumed pilot's training. On 1 April 1916, he was promoted to corporal. On 8 June 1916, he finally went on flying service with the "77a Squadriglia". After some months service there, he was transferred to "78a Squadriglia" on 11 October 1916. He was promoted again, to "Sergente", on 31 October.

paragraph: On 19 March 1917, Chiri shot down an Austro-Hungarian Hansa-Brandenburg C.1 over Gallio Bassano for his first aerial victory; the feat earned him a Silver Medal for Military Valor. On 26 August 1917, he shot down his second enemy aircraft, over Loque, and was given his second in the field award of the Silver Medal for Military Valor. Chiri submitted victory claims through 27 October 1918. These claims were shared with several other Italian aces, such as Marziale Cerutti, Gastone Novelli, Mario Fucini, Cosimo Rennella, and Cesare Magistrini. War's end brought a third award in the field of the Silver Medal for Military Valor. Chiri had also won the "Croce di Guerra" at some point. He had received his final promotion to "Sergente Maggiore" on 15 September 1918. He had flown over 250 combat sorties.

paragraph: Shortly after war's end, on 21 December 1918, Chiri suffered a flying accident that resulted in his being invalided from military service. On 1 February 1919, an evaluation committee from Italy's military intelligence branch released its evaluation of Italy's World War I aerial victories. The report listed six aerial victories by Chiri, but somehow he has subsequently been listed with five.

paragraph: Chiri managed to rejoin the military to serve in the "Regia Aeronautica" reserves. At some point he was raised to the officers' ranks, as he reached the rank of "Capitano" on 8 June 1942.

paragraph: Antonio Chiri died in Torino, Italy on 6 January 1971.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory. "Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI". Grub Street, 1997. , .

description: Italian flying ace

wikidata_label: Antonio Chiri

wikipedia_title: Antonio Chiri


text:
Theobald the Troubador
King of Navarre
Count of Champagne
Agnes of Beaujeu
John I, Duke of Brittany
Otto III, Count of Burgundy
John I, Duke of Brittany
Navarre
John II, Duke of Brittany
Peter of Brittany
Paris
Alix of Brittany, Dame de Pontarcy
Hennebont

categories: Navarrese infantas,13th-century people from the Kingdom of Navarre,1283 deaths,1226 births,Duchesses of Brittany,House of Blois,13th-century French women,13th-century Breton people

paragraph: Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany

paragraph: Blanche of Navarre (1226 – 12 August 1283), also known as Blanche of Champagne, was the daughter of Theobald the Troubador, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne, and his second wife Agnes of Beaujeu. She was a member of the House of Champagne. By her marriage to John I, Duke of Brittany, she became Duchess consort of Brittany.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Blanche was firstly betrothed to Otto III, Count of Burgundy; the marriage contract was signed on 16 January 1236. However, the engagement was broken.

paragraph: Blanche was instead married in 1236 to John I, Duke of Brittany: the main reason he married Blanche was so he could get Navarre, and Theobald did make John heir to the throne. However, John renounced the claim after Margaret of Bourbon bore Theobald two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Blanche and John had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John II, Duke of Brittany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter of Brittany (2 April 1241–Paris, 19 October 1268), Lord of Hade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alix of Brittany, Dame de Pontarcy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theobald (1245–1256), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theobald (died soon after birth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor (1248), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas (1249–1261), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert (1251–1259), died young

paragraph: Of their eight children, only their eldest three lived to adulthood.

paragraph: In 1270 Blanche founded the Abbey de la Joie near Hennebont; she was later buried there. She died in 1283; her husband outlived her by three years. Blanche outlived six of her eight children.

description: Duchess of Brittany

wikidata_label: Blanche of Navarre

wikipedia_title: Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany


text:
courtesy name
pseudonym
mathematician
Yuan Dynasty
Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
mathematics in Japan
Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
Southern Song
Qin Jiushao
Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections
William Horner
Pascal triangle
Jia Xian
linear equation
diagonal form
Blaise Pascal
Wu's method of characteristic set
Yoshio Mikami
"Zhu Shijie"
Encyclopedia of China

categories: 1314 deaths,Medieval Chinese mathematicians,Educators from Hebei,1249 births,14th-century mathematicians,13th-century mathematicians,Yuan dynasty science writers

paragraph: Zhu Shijie

paragraph: Zhu Shijie (, 1249–1314), courtesy name Hanqing (), pseudonym Songting (), was one of the greatest Chinese mathematicians living during the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu was born close to today's Beijing. Two of his mathematical works have survived. "Introduction to Computational Studies" ("Suanxue qimeng"), and "Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns".

paragraph: Section::::Suanxue qimeng.

paragraph: "Suanxue Qimeng" (算学启蒙), written in 1299, is an elementary textbook on mathematics in three volumes, 20 chapters and 259 problems. This book also showed how to measure different two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional solids. The "Introduction" had an important influence on the development of mathematics in Japan. The book was once lost in China until Qing dynasty mathematician Luo Shilin bought a Korean printed edition, and re-published in Yangzhou. Since then this book was reprinted several times.

paragraph: Section::::"Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns".

paragraph: Zhu's second book, "Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns", written in 1303, is his most important work. With this book, Zhu brought Chinese algebra to its highest level. The first four of the 288 problems for solution illustrate his method of the four unknowns. He shows how to convert a problem stated verbally into a system of polynomial equations (up to 14th order), by using up to four unknowns: 天Heaven, 地Earth, 人Man, 物Matter,and then how to reduce the system to a single polynomial equation in one unknown by successive elimination of unknowns. He then solved the high order equation by Southern Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao's "Ling long kai fang" method published in Shùshū Jiǔzhāng (“Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections”) in 1247 (more than 570 years before English mathematician William Horner's method using synthetic division). To do this, he makes use of what is currently known as the Pascal triangle, which he labels as the diagram of an ancient method first discovered by Jia Xian before 1050.

paragraph: The final equation and one of its solutions is given for each of the 288 problems.

paragraph: Zhu also found square and cube roots by solving quadratic and cubic equations, and added to the understanding of series and progressions, classifying them according to the coefficients of the Pascal triangle. He also showed how to solve systems of linear equations by reducing the matrix of their coefficients to diagonal form. His methods pre-date Blaise Pascal, William Horner, and modern matrix methods by many centuries. The preface of the book describes how Zhu travelled around China for 20 years as a teacher of mathematics.

paragraph: The methods of "Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns" form the foundation for Wu's method of characteristic set.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshio Mikami Development of Mathematics in China and Japan, Chapter 14 Chu Shih-chieh p89-98. 1913 Leipzig. Library of Congress catalog card number 61-13497.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du, Shiran, "Zhu Shijie". "Encyclopedia of China" (Mathematics Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LAM Lay-yong: Chu shih-chieh's Suan hsüeh ch'i-meng, "Archive for the history of sciences", Vol 21, Berlin, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guo Shuchun (tr. modern Chinese), Chen Zaixin (English tr.), Guo Jinhai (annotation), Zhu Shijie: "Jade mirror of the Four Unknowns", Chinese and English bilingual, vol I & 2,Liaoning education Press, China, 2006. https://www.scribd.com/document/357204551/Siyuan-yujian-2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoe, J.: "The jade mirror of the four unknowns", Mingming Bookroom, New Zealand, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoe, J.: "Les systèmes d'équations polynômes dans le Siyuan Yujian (1303)", Paris, Collège de France (Mémoires de l'Institut des Hautes Etudes Chineoises, Vol VI),1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MARTZLOFF, J-C.: "A history of Chinese Mathematics", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GRATTAN-GUINNESS, I.: "The Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences", 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KONANTZ, E.L.:The Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, "China journal of Science and Arts", Vol 2, No 4, 1924.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HO Peng-Yoke: Article on Chu Shih-chieh in the "Dictionary of Scientific Biography", New York, 1970.hi

description: Chinese mathematician

wikidata_label: Zhu Shijie

wikipedia_title: Zhu Shijie


text: Italian

text: Grand Prix

text: motorcycle

text: road racing

text: World Champion

text: Benelli

text: Dutch TT

text: Maico

text: FIM

text: MBA

text: Kreidler

categories: Italian motorcycle racers,50cc World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,1945 births,125cc World Championship riders

paragraph: Eugenio Lazzarini

paragraph: Eugenio Lazzarini (born March 26, 1945) is an Italian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion.

paragraph: Lazzarini began his Grand Prix career in 1969 in the 250 class on a Benelli. He won his first Grand Prix at the 1973 Dutch TT on a Maico. He captured the FIM 1978 125cc world championship riding an MBA. He followed that up with two 50cc world championships in 1979 and 1980 riding a Kreidler. His riding career spanned 15 seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Complete Grand Prix motorcycle racing results.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 onwards:

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Eugenio Lazzarini

wikipedia_title: Eugenio Lazzarini


text:
Admiral
KCB
Royal Navy
Royal Navy
World War I
Admiralty
Battle of the River Plate
Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station
"The Battle of the River Plate"
Ian Hunter

categories: Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,Royal Navy officers of World War II,Royal Navy admirals,1893 births,1978 deaths

paragraph: Charles Woodhouse

paragraph: Admiral Sir Charles Henry Lawrence Woodhouse KCB (9 July 1893 – 23 September 1978) was an officer of the Royal Navy.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Woodhouse joined the Royal Navy in 1906. He served in World War I and specialized in gunnery. In 1935 he was appointed Assistant Director of Naval Equipment at the Admiralty.

paragraph: He captained in the Battle of the River Plate in December 1939. In October 1940 he became Director of the Local Division at the Admiralty and in April 1942 he assumed command of . In March 1944 he went on to be Director of Naval Ordnance at the Admiralty.

paragraph: After the War he became Second-in-Command of the Carrier Fleet and in 1948 he was made Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station; he retired in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In the 1956 film "The Battle of the River Plate", Woodhouse was played by Ian Hunter.

description: British admiral

wikidata_label: Charles Woodhouse

wikipedia_title: Charles Woodhouse


text:
English
cricketer
association football
Stafford
Highgate School
Cambridge University
football
Nottingham Forest
Middlesex
Cambridge University
England
leg-break bowler
Middlesex County Cricket Club
County Championship
Wisden's Cricketers of the Year
Don Bradman
Ashes
Gubby Allen
Test
New Zealand
Marylebone
Charles Robins
Kenneth Came
British Army
William Robins

categories: Cambridge University cricketers,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,England Test cricket captains,English cricketers of 1919 to 1945,Free Foresters cricketers,1906 births,H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers,People from Stafford,Gentlemen of England cricketers,Sir Julien Cahn's XI cricketers,England Test cricketers,Non-international England cricketers,North v South cricketers,People educated at Highgate School,1968 deaths,Nottingham Forest F.C. players,Association footballers not categorized by position,Middlesex cricket captains,English cricketers,English footballers,Middlesex cricketers,England cricket team selectors,Gentlemen cricketers,Wisden Cricketers of the Year

paragraph: Walter Robins

paragraph: Robert Walter Vivian Robins (3 June 1906 – 12 December 1968) was an English cricketer and association football player.

paragraph: Walter Robins was born in Stafford and was educated at Highgate School and Cambridge University. He played football for Nottingham Forest and first-class cricket for Middlesex, Cambridge University and England. He was a useful right-handed batsman and a capable leg-break bowler, who played in 258 first-class matches for the county, taking 669 wickets at an average of 22.28, with a personal best of 8/69. He was an adventurous captain who was prepared to take risks, in order to gain a positive result. He captained Middlesex County Cricket Club during three spells (1935–1938, 1946–1947 and 1950) and led them to the County Championship in 1947. He stood down from the captaincy in 1948 due to his business interests and may have contemplated retirement from cricket but he remained an occasional first-class player until 1958.

paragraph: Robins was named one of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year in 1930.

paragraph: He took 217 first-class catches, and 12 in Test matches, yet he infamously dropped Don Bradman during the third Test of England's 1936/37 Ashes tour. Captain Gubby Allen placed Robins at square leg with instructions to run to long leg as soon as the fast bowler sent down a bouncer. Bradman duly hooked and Robins, running before the ball was struck, got under the catch only to fumble and drop it. He apologised only for Allen to reply "Don't give it a thought Walter, you've probably cost us the Ashes, but don't give it a thought." Bradman went on to make 270, Australia won the match by 365 runs and took the series 3:2.

paragraph: Robins captained England for the three Test series at home to New Zealand in 1937, winning it 1–0. He later became Chairman of the England Test Selectors. He died in Marylebone, following a long illness, aged 62. His son Charles Robins became a first-class cricketer, as did his son-in-law, Kenneth Came who was also a career officer in the British Army. His brother William Robins was also a first-class cricketer and decorated Army officer.

description: Cricket player of England.

wikidata_label: Walter Robins

wikipedia_title: Walter Robins


text: American

text: immunologist

text: Oswald Avery

text: polysaccharide

text: pneumococcus

text: antigen

text: antibodies

text: protein

text: Columbia University

text: New York University

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: National Medal of Science

text: Lasker Award

text: New York City

text: Central Park

text: Ethical Culture School

text: Humanist

text: clarinet

text: Columbia University

text: organic chemistry

text: quinazoline

text: Marston Taylor Bogert

text: phthalic acid

text: Rockefeller Institute

text: Phoebus A. T. Levene

text: Donald D. Van Slyke

text: Walter A. Jacobs

text: postdoctoral

text: Richard Willstätter

text: cyclooctatetraene

text: Walter Abraham Jacobs

text: hexamethylene tetramine

text: polio

text: World War I

text: Lake Kezar

text: League of Women Voters

text: United Nations

text: syphilis

text: African sleeping sickness

text: trypanosome

text: tryparsamide

text: oxyhemoglobin

text: Karl Landsteiner

text: antigen

text: hemoglobin

text: Oswald Avery

text: Alphonse R. Dochez

text: polysaccharide

text: Mount Sinai Hospital

text: precipitin

text: Elvin A. Kabat

text: meningitis

text: Rutgers University

text: New York University School of Medicine

text: Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

text: National Medal of Science

text: Michael Heidelberger

text: Michael Heidelberger Papers (1901-1990)

text: The Michael Heidelberger Papers

categories: Foreign Members of the Royal Society,Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research,Jewish American scientists,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,20th-century American chemists,Guggenheim Fellows,Columbia College (New York) alumni,Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award,American immunologists,American centenarians,American people of German-Jewish descent,National Medal of Science laureates,1991 deaths,1888 births,Malariologists,Columbia University faculty

paragraph: Michael Heidelberger

paragraph: Michael Heidelberger (April 29, 1888 – June 25, 1991) was an American immunologist. He and Oswald Avery showed that the polysaccharides of pneumococcus are antigens, enabling him to show that antibodies are proteins. He spent most his early career at Columbia University and comparable time in his later years on the faculty of New York University. In 1934 and 1936 he received the Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1967 he received the National Medal of Science, and then he earned the Lasker Award for basic medical research in 1953 and again in 1978. His papers are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Heidelberger was born in 1888 in New York City to a Jewish couple, David and Fannie Campe Heidelberger, a traveling salesman and a homemaker respectively. An older brother had died shortly after birth; a younger brother, Charles, was born 21 months after Michael. His paternal grandfather, also named Michael, was a German Jew who had emigrated to the United States in the early 1840s.

paragraph: Heidelberger's father had only an elementary school education, and was on the road for six months out of the year selling window curtains. It fell to Heidelberger's mother to take charge of the household and of Michael's education. She had attended a private girls' school in Norfolk, Virginia, and after graduation had stayed with relatives in Germany for a year. Until Michael was twelve, she taught him and his younger brother at home. They attended classical concerts, had to speak German at the table, and were taught French by a nanny during outings to nearby Central Park. Later in life he came to appreciate his early training in languages that were central to scientific discourse during the first half of the twentieth century.

paragraph: Heidelberger decided at age eight that he wanted to be a chemist, for reasons he could never quite articulate or recall, but which he later judged no more than a "pigheaded idea". He experimented at home by mixing medicines and the very basic ingredients included in children's chemistry sets of the time, until he began his formal training in botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry at the Ethical Culture School, a private high school on New York's Upper West Side founded by the Ethical Culture Society, a Humanist religious movement of which his parents were members. He maintained a connection with the school throughout his life, inviting student groups to visit his laboratory every year.

paragraph: Heidelberger loved music and started playing the clarinet in the high school orchestra. Heidelberger was talented enough that concert musicians encouraged him to consider a professional career in music. Instead, it became his "chief relaxation." He played the same two handmade wood instruments, a B flat and an A clarinet, all of his life, taking them with him wherever he went to join in chamber music performances at conferences or at the homes of friends.

paragraph: Section::::Education and early research career.

paragraph: When Heidelberger entered Columbia University in 1905, his family moved to the Upper West Side so that he could live nearer to the school. He resided there for the rest of his long life. He received all of his academic degrees from Columbia, culminating with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1911. His dissertation dealt with quinazoline analogs, alkaloids that his adviser, Marston Taylor Bogert, hoped—wrongly, as Heidelberger proved—would produce useful dyes when combined with phthalic acid. As a student he supported himself by selling Virginia hams to hotels and wholesale grocers around the city on Friday afternoons, earning up to $50 per week, and by teaching analytical chemistry under Irving Langmuir at Stevens Institute in Hoboken, New Jersey.

paragraph: Urged on by his parents, Heidelberger after graduation with his Ph.D. arranged for a visit with his former family physician, Samuel J. Meltzer, who had seen him through typhoid fever as a young child and who had since become the first chair of the Department of Physiology at the newly founded Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. Meltzer curtly advised Heidelberger that he ought not to go into science, because "science is no profession for a poor man's son." Heidelberger quickly realized that Meltzer was testing his commitment to science, and he insisted that he wanted to become a chemist. Meltzer relented, and sent him on to meet with the Institute's chemists, Phoebus A. T. Levene, Donald D. Van Slyke, and Walter A. Jacobs, whom Heidelberger found assembled over tea. They advised him to go to Europe for postdoctoral training, then a requirement for any scientist who wanted to find a position at a leading research university in the United States.

paragraph: Heidelberger took their advice and in 1911 went to Zurich to work for a year in the laboratory of the organic chemist and future Nobel Laureate Richard Willstätter at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. There he perfected the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene, an important intermediate in organic research. Willstätter helped his somewhat impecunious American student by sharing the cost of laboratory supplies with him, arranging that when expensive materials, such as silver nitrate, were to be bought, it was his turn to pay, while Heidelberger took turns buying cheaper materials like sulfuric acid. "Better training than that you couldn't have," Heidelberger summed up his experience with Willstätter. They remained friends for three decades, through Willstätter's flight from Germany in 1938 and until his death in Switzerland in 1942.

paragraph: While visiting relatives in Germany on his return from Zurich, Heidelberger received a telegram from his father relating an offer of a position of Fellow of the Rockefeller Institute, conditional upon a personal interview and approval by the Institute's director, Simon Flexner.

paragraph: Section::::Rockefeller Institute.

paragraph: Heidelberger passed muster, and in September 1912 began working in Walter Abraham Jacobs' laboratory on a derivative of hexamethylene tetramine, a complex that seemed to prolong the life of monkeys suffering from polio, and that Flexner hoped could be adapted for use in humans. Results appeared promising at first, but Heidelberger and Jacobs later attributed them to loss of virulence of the virus.

paragraph: In the summer of 1915, after attending officer training camp in Plattsburgh, New York, for a proposed volunteer army (an outgrowth of the movement to prepare the United States for entry into World War I) and earning a commendation as a marksman, Heidelberger traveled to Lake Kezar in Maine for a vacation. After performing Pergolese's Nina there, his piano accompanist exclaimed, "meet Nina," and in walked a young lady, Nina Tachau. They were married in 1916 to the strains of a wedding march composed by Heidelberger. She was a writer and activist for the New York chapter of the League of Women Voters and, during the 1940s, for the American Association for the United Nations. After her death from cancer in 1946, Heidelberger continued her work on behalf of the United Nations, and was a member of the U.S. delegation to meetings of the World Federation of United Nations Organizations in Prague, Bangkok, and other cities. He met his second wife Charlotte Rosen at a concert. She was the violist in a Mozart trio in which Heidelberger performed. They married in 1956. For ten years prior to her death in 1988, he took care of her at home while she suffered from Alzheimer's disease.

paragraph: After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, Heidelberger was commissioned in the Sanitary Corps and assigned to the Rockefeller Institute. He continued to work with Jacobs, a collaboration that lasted more than nine years and produced 44 papers. They synthesized many chemotherapeutical drugs, namely aromatic arsenicals, for the treatment for infectious diseases, in particular syphilis and African sleeping sickness. In 1919 they developed a variant of Paul Ehrlich's "magic bullet" for syphilis, Salvarsan, which proved effective against trypanosomes, the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness. Variants of tryparsamide, as Flexner named it, continue to be administered today. In 1953 the king of Belgium, colonial ruler of parts of Africa in which African sleeping sickness had been endemic, honored Heidelberger and Jacobs for their discovery.

paragraph: In 1921 Heidelberger transferred to the laboratory of Donald D. Van Slyke at the Rockefeller hospital, where he spent the next two years developing a method for preparing large quantities of purified oxyhemoglobin, with its oxygen-carrying capacity intact, for Van Slyke's studies of the uptake and release of oxygen in the blood. When Karl Landsteiner, the famous Austrian immunologist and discoverer of human blood groups, arrived at the Institute in 1922, Heidelberger embarked with him on studies of the antigenic properties of different types of hemoglobin. Throughout his life Heidelberger was proud to state that he first learned immunology from Landsteiner.

paragraph: During this time Heidelberger was approached by the bacteriologist Oswald Avery to help him elucidate the chemistry of the "specific soluble substance" Avery and Alphonse R. Dochez had found in the spherical capsule that envelops pneumococcus and many other species of bacteria. In 1923, Heidelberger and Avery reported that this capsular substance, which determined the specific type of pneumococcus and, with it, its virulence, consisted of polysaccharides, carbohydrate molecules made up of more than three monosaccharide units. Their discovery for the first time established a relationship between chemical constitution and immunological specificity of antigens, thereby putting the field of immunology on a firm biochemical footing. It also disproved prevailing assumptions among scientists that only proteins could act as antigens.

paragraph: Heidelberger devoted the rest of his career largely to pursuing the consequences of his and Avery's seminal discovery. He identified and analyzed the structure of different pneumococcal polysaccharides—over one hundred have since been found—as well as of other microorganisms, and studied their role in immune reactions. In 1927 he left the Rockefeller Institute to become head of the chemical laboratory at Mount Sinai Hospital. A year later he moved to the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.

paragraph: Section::::Columbia University.

paragraph: His role as consulting chemist in its Department of Medicine suited his generous temperament. The door to his office, which he likened to "42nd Street and Broadway" because of its traffic, was open for anyone, especially junior researchers, to stop by, discuss matters of science or politics, and seek his advice. During his 27 years there he used his unique knowledge of polysaccharide antigen chemistry to develop methods, in particular the precipitin reaction, for isolating pure antibodies, which he proved were protein and which he measured in absolute units of weight for the first time.

paragraph: He and his collaborators Forrest E. Kendall and Elvin A. Kabat formulated a quantitative theory of precipitin and other immune reactions, which showed that such reactions unfolded in three distinct stages and which posited that antigens and antibodies were bi-or multivalent, meaning that they could combine in varying proportions. These findings enabled Heidelberger to develop a much more potent antiserum to meningitis in infants, as well as a simple but effective vaccine against several forms of pneumonia, which was successfully tested among Army Air Force recruits in 1944.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Upon his retirement from Columbia in 1954, Heidelberger moved to the Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University, and in 1964 to the New York University School of Medicine. There he continued his research on pneumococcal polysaccharides and their cross-reactions with various types of antisera, always in pursuit of his lifelong objective to relate chemical structure to immunological specificity, until his death in 1991.

paragraph: Heidelberger received fifteen honorary degrees and 46 medals, citations, and awards for his work, including two Albert Lasker Awards in 1953 and 1978, the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1977, the National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967, and the Bronze Medal of the City of Paris in 1964. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the New York Academy of Medicine, as well as an officer of the Légion d'honneur of France. He served twice as president of the American Association of Immunologists, in 1947 and 1949. Both times his presidential addresses urged scientists to resist nuclear armament and restrictions on free exchanges among scientists across national boundaries imposed in the name of national loyalty and security.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eisen, H. N. Michael Heidelberger, "Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Heidelberger Papers (1901-1990) - National Library of Medicine finding aid

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Michael Heidelberger Papers - Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine

description: American immunologist

wikidata_label: Michael Heidelberger

wikipedia_title: Michael Heidelberger