text: American football

text: quarterback

text: placekicker

text: American Football League

text: National Football League

text: John Carney

text: Bear Bryant

text: George Halas

text: John Madden

text: Kentucky

text: Paul "Bear" Bryant

text: Southeastern Conference

text: Alabama

text: Chicago Bears

text: George Halas

text: quarterback

text: placekicker

text: linebacker

text: 1958 NFL season

text: American Football League

text: Houston Oilers

text: NFL Reject

text: All-AFL

text: AFL Player of the Year

text: Y. A. Tittle

text: New York Giants

text: Dan Marino

text: Buffalo Bills

text: Titans of New York

text: touchdown

text: Buffalo Bills

text: AFL

text: Oakland Raiders

text: Los Angeles Chargers

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Super Bowl II

text: AFL Championship

text: Daryle Lamonica

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Cleveland Browns

text: Bill King

text: Fred Biletnikoff

text: Denver Broncos

text: San Diego Chargers

text: Baltimore Colts

text: NFL

text: Bert Bell Award

text: Pittsburgh

text: Three Rivers Stadium

text: Steelers

text: Brett Favre

text: New York Titans

text: PAT

text: Buffalo Bills

text: Drew Bledsoe

text: All-Time All-AFL Team

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame

text: University of Kentucky

text: most professional football games played

text: Morten Andersen

text: most consecutive games played

text: Jim Marshall

text: Lou Groza

text: Gary Anderson

text: U.S. Route 119

text: Youngwood, Pennsylvania

text: The Sporting News

text: fantasy football

text: Slovak

text: Pittsburgh

text: coal miner

text: Green Bay Packers

text: Monday Night Football

text: Soldier Field

text: Happy Days

text: Richie Cunningham

text: Ron Howard

text: Ralph Malph

text: Donny Most

text: Ed Brown's

text: Harlon Hill

text: Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame

categories: American Football League players,Baltimore Colts (1947–50) players,American football placekickers,2010 deaths,American Football League All-League players,American Football League Most Valuable Players,American Football League All-Time Team,American Football League All-Star players,American football quarterbacks,Chicago Bears players,American Football League champions,Oakland Raiders players,Kentucky Wildcats football players,Houston Oilers players,American people of Slovak descent,1927 births,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

paragraph: George Blanda

paragraph: George Frederick Blanda (September 17, 1927 – September 27, 2010) was an American football quarterback and placekicker who played professionally in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). Blanda played 26 seasons of professional football, the most in the sport's history, and had scored more points than anyone in history at the time of his retirement. Blanda retired from pro football in 1976 as the oldest player to ever play at the age of 48. He was one of only two players to play in four different decades (John Carney, who played 1988–2010, is the other), and he holds the record for most extra points made (943) and attempted (959). During his career, he played under head coaches Bear Bryant, George Halas, and John Madden.

paragraph: Section::::Collegiate career.

paragraph: Blanda was a quarterback and kicker at Kentucky. Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant, who later won fame and set countless records at Southeastern Conference rival Alabama, arrived in his sophomore year, following a 1–9 season. The Wildcats lost three games in each of the next three years.

paragraph: Blanda was the starting quarterback his last two seasons at Kentucky (1947–1948), compiling 120 completions in 242 passes (49.6 percent completions), 1,451 yards and 12 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Blanda was signed by the Chicago Bears for $600 in 1949, an amount owner George Halas demanded back when he made the team, as Blanda was given a lucrative contract for much more money. While primarily used as a quarterback and placekicker, Blanda also saw time on the defensive side of the ball at linebacker. It was not until 1953 that Blanda emerged as the Bears' top quarterback, but an injury the following year effectively ended his first-string status. For the next four years, he was used mostly in a kicking capacity. Later commenting on his testy relationship with Halas, Blanda noted, "he was too cheap to even buy me a kicking shoe." Blanda later reflected that by the 1950s the pro game had moved beyond Halas, who seemed to lack the interest he had earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Oilers.

paragraph: Blanda retired after the 1958 NFL season because of Halas' insistence on only using him as a kicker, but returned in 1960 upon the formation of the American Football League. He signed with the Houston Oilers as both a quarterback and kicker. He was derided by the sports media as an "NFL Reject", but he went on to lead the Oilers to the first two league titles in AFL history, and he was the All-AFL quarterback and won AFL Player of the Year honors in 1961. During that season, he led the AFL in passing yards (3,330) and touchdown passes (36). His 36 touchdown passes in 1961 were the most ever thrown by any NFL/AFL quarterback in a single season, until matched by Y. A. Tittle of the NFL New York Giants two years later in 1963. Blanda's and Tittle's mark remained the record until surpassed by Dan Marino's 48 touchdown passes in 1984. Blanda's 42 interceptions thrown in 1962 is a record that still stands.

paragraph: During 1962, he had two 400-yard passing days for the Oilers: a 464-yard effort against the Buffalo Bills on October 29, with four touchdown passes (winning 28–16); and 418 yards three weeks later against the Titans of New York, this time with seven touchdown passes in a 49–13 victory. Blanda passed for 36 touchdowns that season. On 13 occasions, he connected on four or more touchdown passes during a game, and on November 1, 1964, unleashed 68 passes for Houston against the Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: From 1963 to 1965, Blanda led the AFL in passing attempts and completions, and ranked in the top ten for attempts, completions, yards and touchdowns during seven consecutive seasons. A four-time member of the American Football League All-Star team, Blanda's already-long career seemed over when he was released by the Oilers on March 18, 1967. However, the Oakland Raiders signed him that July, seeing his potential as a contributing backup passer and a dependable kicker.

paragraph: In later years, Blanda remained a strong supporter of AFL heritage, saying: "That first year, the Houston Oilers or Los Angeles Chargers (24–16 losers to the Oilers in the title game) could have beaten the NFL champion (Philadelphia) in a Super Bowl." Blanda said further: "I think the AFL was capable of beating the NFL in a Super Bowl game as far back as 1960 or '61. I just regret we didn't get the chance to prove it."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: In 1967, during Blanda's first season with the Raiders, his kicking skills helped him lead the AFL in scoring with 116 points. In two instances, his leg helped play a role in Raider victories: a trio of field goals helped upset the defending league champion Kansas City Chiefs on October 1; in the closing weeks of the regular season, Blanda booted four field goals behind a hostile Houston crowd in a 19–7 victory over his former team, the Oilers, helping gain a measure of revenge.

paragraph: The Raiders went on to compete in Super Bowl II, but lost the final two AFL Championship games in the 10-year history of the league.

paragraph: In 1970, Blanda was released during the exhibition season, but bounced back to establish his 21st professional season. During that season, Blanda, at age 43, had a remarkable five-game run. Against the Steelers, Blanda threw for three touchdowns in relief of an injured Daryle Lamonica. One week later, his 48-yard field goal with three seconds remaining salvaged a 17–17 tie with the Kansas City Chiefs. On November 8, he again came off the bench to throw a touchdown pass to tie the Cleveland Browns with 1:34 remaining, then kicked a 53-yard field goal with 0:03 left for the 23–20 win. Immediately after the winning field goal, Raiders radio announcer Bill King excitedly declared, "George Blanda has just been elected King of the World!" In the team's next game, Blanda replaced Lamonica in the fourth quarter and connected with Fred Biletnikoff on a touchdown pass with 2:28 left in the game to defeat the Denver Broncos, 24–19. The following week, Blanda's 16-yard field goal in the closing seconds defeated the San Diego Chargers, 20–17.

paragraph: In the AFC title game against the Baltimore Colts, Blanda again relieved an injured Lamonica, completing 17 of 32 passes for 217 yards and 2 touchdowns while also kicking a 48-yard field goal and two extra points, keeping the Raiders in the game until the final quarter, when he was intercepted twice. Aged 43, he became the oldest quarterback ever to play in a championship game, and was one of the few remaining straight-ahead kickers in the NFL.

paragraph: Blanda's achievements resulted in his winning the Bert Bell Award. Chiefs' owner Lamar Hunt said, "Why, this George Blanda is as good as his father, who used to play for Houston." Although he never again played a major role at quarterback, Blanda served as the Raiders' kicker for five more seasons.

paragraph: He played in his last game at Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium on January 4, 1976, at age 48, in the , in which he kicked a 41-yard field goal and made one extra point as the Raiders lost to the Steelers 16–10.

paragraph: Section::::Records and honors.

paragraph: Blanda finished his 26 professional football seasons having completed 1,911 of 4,007 pass attempts for 26,920 yards and 236 touchdowns. Blanda also held the NFL record for most interceptions thrown with 277, until Brett Favre broke it on October 14, 2007. He rushed for 344 yards and 9 touchdowns on the ground, kicked 335 of 641 field goals, and 943 of 959 extra points, giving him 2,002 total points. Additional stats include 1 interception, 2 kickoff returns for 19 yards, 22 punts for 809 yards, and 23 fumble recoveries.

paragraph: Blanda holds the following professional football records:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passing touchdowns in a game: 7 (Tied with 7 others) November 19, 1961 vs. New York Titans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most seasons played: 26 (1949–58, 1960–75)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most seasons scoring a point: 26

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of two players to play in 4 different decades (he played in the 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most PATs made (943) and attempted (959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most interceptions thrown, single season: 42 (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Held record of most pass attempts in a single game: 68 (37 completions, vs. Buffalo Bills on January 11, 1964) until 1994 when Drew Bledsoe had 70

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oldest player to play in an NFL game:

paragraph: BULLET::::- First player ever to score over 2,000 points

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oldest quarterback to start a title game

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most total points accounted for (including touchdown passes) in a career: 3,418 (not an official stat)

paragraph: He is the placekicker on the All-Time All-AFL Team, and was one of only 20 players to play all ten years of the AFL, as well as one of only three who were in every AFL game their teams played. Blanda was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1981, his first year of eligibility, and also was inducted into the University of Kentucky Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Blanda held the record for most professional football games played with 340 until September 26, 2004, when it was broken by another placekicker, Morten Andersen as well as the record for most consecutive games played until September 26, 1976 by defensive end Jim Marshall. He still holds the record for most games played by an AFL/NFL player who was not exclusively a kicker or punter. His 114 postseason points were an NFL record at the time of his retirement.

paragraph: Blanda broke Lou Groza's career scoring record in 1971, a record he held until 2000 when it was broken by Gary Anderson.

paragraph: U.S. Route 119 in Blanda's hometown of Youngwood, Pennsylvania was renamed George Blanda Boulevard in 1985.

paragraph: In 1999, Blanda was ranked number 98 on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.

paragraph: Blanda was the first ever recorded fantasy football draft pick when the game was first created in 1962 by The Greater Oakland Professional Pigskin Prognosticators League.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Blanda was the son of a Slovak-born Pittsburgh-area coal miner. Blanda was married to Betty Harris from December 17, 1949 until his death on September 27, 2010, ten days after his 83rd birthday. They had two children.

paragraph: According to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Blanda died after a "short illness" on September 27, 2010. He was 83 years old. A moment of silence was held in Blanda's honor prior to the start of the September 27, 2010 game between the Green Bay Packers and the Chicago Bears on "Monday Night Football", from Soldier Field.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The 1970s TV series "Happy Days" was set in 1950s Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In the Season 3 episode "Football Frolics", Richie Cunningham (played by Ron Howard) and Ralph Malph (Donny Most) are watching the November 9, 1956, Chicago Bears – Chicago Cardinals televised game. After Ed Brown's pass to Harlon Hill is intercepted by the Cardinals, Richie wants "the other quarterback" put in. Ralph says that that quarterback is "washed up. He's old. He's 30. He's got no future." Richie argues back, "George Blanda has two or three good years left." The joke was that Blanda, 19 years after the date depicted in the show, was still playing.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American Football League players

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George Blanda: The Old Man". (1999). In "ESPN SportsCentury". Michael MacCambridge, Editor. New York: Hyperion ESPN Books. p. 228.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blanda's citation in the American Football League Hall of Fame

description: American football player

wikidata_label: George Blanda

wikipedia_title: George Blanda


text: Azeitão

text: Lisbon

text: Dom

text: Álvaro and Juliana of Lencastre

text: Dukes of Aveiro

text: Dukes of Aveiro

text: Marquis of Torres Novas

text: Philip I

text: Duke of Torres Novas

text: Madrid

text: Infante George of Lencastre

text: Duke of Aveiro

text: Duke of Torres Novas

text: Marquis of Torres Novas

categories: 1594 births,Portuguese nobility,Dukes of Torres Novas

paragraph: Jorge de Lencastre, or George of Lencastre (Azeitão, 1594 – Lisbon, 1632) was the older son of Dom Álvaro and Juliana of Lencastre, 3rd Dukes of Aveiro.

paragraph: As heir of the Dukes of Aveiro, he was 3rd Marquis of Torres Novas and, due to King Philip I’s special grant, he also became the 1st Duke of Torres Novas.

paragraph: However, he never inherited the Dukedom of Aveiro, once he died before his mother.

paragraph: He married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- in 1619, with Ana Dória Colonna (who died in 1620, daughter of André Dória, 3rd Prince of Melfi. They had no issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the 2nd marriage with Ana Manrique de Cádenas (who died in Madrid in 1660) daughter of the Spanish 3rd Dukes of Maqueda. They had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raimundo of Lencastre, 4th Duke of Aveiro;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria de Guadalupe of Lencastre, 6th Duchess of Aveiro;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luisa Tomásia Manrique de Lancastre (1632 – ? ), without issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- João Matias Manrique de Lancastre Cardenas (1633–1659), without issue.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante George of Lencastre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Aveiro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke of Torres Novas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marquis of Torres Novas

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of George of Lencastre, 1st Duke of Torres Novas, in Portuguese

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil” – Vol. III, page 446. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

description: 1st duke Of Torres Novas


text:
Parthian Empire
Ancient East
Achaemenid
King of Kings
Cyrus the Great
Phraates II
Greek
Iranian
theophoric name
Mithra
Old Persian
Modern Persian
Phriapatius
Arsaces I
Artabanus
Phraates I
Justin
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Sogdia
Drangiana
Indians
Eucratides I
Bactria
Seleucid
Media
Ecbatana
Timarchus
Babylonia
Mesopotamia
Seleucia
investiture
New Year festival
Babylon
Marduk
Esagila
Ishtar
Hyrcania
Elymais
Characene
Susa
Indus River
Hecatompylos
Ctesiphon
Nisa
Medes
Achaemenid Empire
Diodotus Tryphon
Antioch
Saka
Demetrius II Nicator
Rhodogune
Kings of Persis
Mesenians
Phraates II
Achaemenid Empire
Arsaces I
king of kings
Artaxerxes II
Mithridates II
bashlyk
satrap
diadem
Philhellene
Khuzestan
Ancient East
Syria
Mediterranean Sea
Iranologist
Cyrus the Great
Achaemenid Empire
Strabo
Geographica
Justin

categories: 132 BC deaths,Parthian kings,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia,190s BC births,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Mithridates I of Parthia

paragraph: Mithridates I ( "Mihrdāt"), also known as Mithridates I the Great, was king of the Parthian Empire from 171 BC to 132 BC. During his reign, Parthia was transformed from a small kingdom into a major political power in the Ancient East as a result of his conquests. He was the first Parthian king to assume the ancient Achaemenid title of King of Kings. Due to his accomplishments, he has been compared to Cyrus the Great (), the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Mithridates I died in 132 BC, and was succeeded by his son Phraates II.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: "Mithridates" is the Greek form of the Iranian theophoric name "Mihrdāt", meaning "gift of Mithra". The Old Persian version is "Miθradāta" (), whilst the Modern Persian version is "Mehrdād" ().

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Mithridates was the son of Phriapatius, the great-nephew of the first Arsacid king, Arsaces I (). Mithridates had several brothers, including Artabanus and his older brother Phraates I, the latter succeeding their father in 176 BC as the Parthian king. According to Parthian custom, the reigning ruler had to be succeeded by his own son. However, Phraates I broke tradition and appointed his own brother Mithridates as his successor. According to the 2nd-century Roman historian Justin, Phraates I had made his decision after noticing Mithridates' remarkable competence.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: When Mithridates ascended the throne in 171 BC upon Phraates' death, he first turned his sights on the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom which had been considerably weakened as a result of its wars against the neighbouring Sogdians, Drangianans and Indians. This proved beneficial for Mithridates, who undertook his first campaign against the Greco-Bactrian ruler Eucratides I (), whom he defeated and seized Bactria from, most likely sometime in the 150s BC.

paragraph: Turning his sights on the Seleucid realm, Mithridates invaded Media and occupied Ecbatana in 148 or 147 BC; the region had recently become unstable after the Seleucids suppressed a rebellion led by Timarchus. This victory was followed by the Parthian conquest of Babylonia in Mesopotamia, where Mithridates had coins minted at Seleucia in 141 BC and held an official investiture ceremony. There Mithridates appears to have introduced a parade of the New Year festival in Babylon, by which the ancient Mesopotamian god Marduk was led along parade way from the Esagila temple by holding the hands of the goddess Ishtar. Mithridates shortly afterwards retired to Hyrcania, whilst his forces subdued the kingdoms of Elymais and Characene and occupied Susa. By this time, Parthian authority extended as far east as the Indus River.

paragraph: Whereas Hecatompylos had served as the first Parthian capital, Mithridates established royal residences at Seleucia, Ecbatana, Ctesiphon and his newly founded city, Mithradatkert (Nisa), where the tombs of the Arsacid kings were built and maintained. Ecbatana became the main summertime residence for the Arsacid royalty — the same city which had served as the capital of the Medes and as summer capital of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Mithridates may have made Ctesiphon the new capital of his enlarged empire. The Seleucids were unable to retaliate immediately as general Diodotus Tryphon led a rebellion at the capital Antioch in 142 BC. However, an opportunity for counter-invasion arose for the Seleucids in c. 140 BC when Mithridates was forced to leave for the east to contain an invasion by the Saka.

paragraph: The Seleucid ruler Demetrius II Nicator was at first successful in his efforts to reconquer Mesopotamia, however, the Seleucids were eventually defeated and Demetrius himself was captured by Parthian forces and taken to Hyrcania. There Mithridates treated his captive with great hospitality; he even married his daughter Rhodogune to Demetrius. Mithridates then punished the Parthian vassal kingdom of Elymais for aiding the Seleucids–he invaded the region once more and captured two of their major cities.

paragraph: Furthermore, around this period he granted the Kings of Persis more autonomy, most likely in an effort to maintain healthy relations with them as the Parthian Empire was under constant conflict with the Saka, Seleucids, and the Mesenians. He was seemingly the first Parthian monarch to have an influence on the affairs of Persis. The coinage under the Persis king Vadfradad II shows influence from the coins minted under Mithridates. Mithridates died in , and was succeeded by his son Phraates II.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage and Imperial ideology.

paragraph: Since the early 2nd century BC, the Arsacids had begun adding obvious signals in their dynastic ideology, which emphasized their association with the heritage of the ancient Achaemenid Empire. Examples of these signs included a fictitious claim that the first Arsacid king, Arsaces I () was a descendant of the Achaemenid king of kings, Artaxerxes II (). Achaemenid titles were also assumed by the Arsacids; Mithridates I was the first Arsacid ruler who adopted the former Achaemenid title of "king of kings". Though Mithridates I was the first to readopt the title, it was not commonly used among Parthian rulers until the reign of his nephew and namesake Mithridates II, from c. 109/8 BC onwards. The early Arsacids had originally worn a soft cap, known as the "bashlyk", which had also been worn by Achaemenid satraps.

paragraph: The earliest coins of Mithridates I show him wearing the soft cap as well, however coins from the later part of his reign show him for the first time wearing the royal Hellenistic diadem. He thus embraces the image of a Hellenistic monarch, yet chooses to appear bearded in the traditional Iranian custom. A sculpted head broken off from a larger statue from Mithradatkert, depicting a bearded man with noticeably Iranian facial characteristics, may be a portrait of Mithridates, who laid the city's foundations. Mithridates I also titled himself "Philhellene" ("friend of the Greeks") on his coins, which was a political act done in order to establish friendly relations with his newly conquered Greek subjects. The other titles that Mithridates used in his coinage was "of Arsaces", which was later changed into "of King Arsaces", and eventually, "of the Great King Arsaces." The name of the first Arsacid ruler Arsaces I had become a royal honorific among the Arsacid monarchs out of admiration for his achievements. Another title used in Mithridates' coinage was "whose father is a god", which was also later used by his son, Phraates II.

paragraph: Section::::The Xong-e Noruzi relief.

paragraph: One of the most famous Parthian reliefs is a scene with six men at Xong-e Noruzi in Khuzestan. In the middle of the figure, the main character is in frontal view in Parthian costume. To the right are three other men, though slightly smaller carved into the stone. On the left is a rider on a horse. The figure is shown in profile. Behind the rider is followed by another man, again in profile. The stylistic difference between the Hellenistic style portrayed in more riders and reproduced in the Parthian style in other characters led to the assumption that the four men were later carved into the rock on the right side. The rider probably represents a king, and has been identified as Mithridates I, who conquered Elymais in 140/139 BC. Accordingly, the relief is celebrating his victory. This interpretation was originally accepted by many scholars. However, more recently this view has been challenged and other theories have been proposed, including one that the rider is a local ruler of the Elymais.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Of all Mithridates' accomplishments, his greatest one was to transform Parthia from a small kingdom into a major political power in the Ancient East. The reason behind his conquests in the west seems to have based on a plan to able to reach Syria, making the Parthians able to gain entry to the Mediterranean Sea. Schippmann emphasises this, stating "Certainly, the exploits of Mithridates can no longer simply be classified as a series of raids for the purpose of pillaging and capturing booty." The Iranologist Homa Katouzia has compared Mithridates to Cyrus the Great (), the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Ancient works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strabo, "Geographica".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Modern works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: Parthian king

wikidata_label: Mithridates I of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Mithridates I of Parthia


text: poet

text: literary critic

text: Meiji period

text: haiku

text: tanka

text: Matsuo Bashō

text: Yosa Buson

text: Kobayashi Issa

text: Matsuyama City

text: Iyo Province

text: Ehime Prefecture

text: samurai

text: Confucian

text: Mencius

text: Freedom and People's Rights Movement

text: Matsuyama Middle School

text: Matsuyama Middle School

text: Freedom and People's Rights Movement

text: Teikoku Daigaku

text: Natsume Sōseki

text: Tokyo Imperial University

text: Hongō

text: tuberculosis

text: western

text: haiku

text: tanka

text: Meiji period

text: serialized

text: Takahama Kyoshi

text: Buson

text: tanka

text: tuberculosis

text: pen-name

text: lesser cuckoo

text: Chinese characters

text: First Sino-Japanese War

text: Treaty of Shimonoseki

text: Dalian

text: Lüshunkou District

text: Mori Ōgai

text: Kobe

text: Matsuyama city

text: Natsume Sōseki

text: Hototogisu

text: Pott's disease

text: morphine

text: Meiji period

text: kigo

text: baseball

text: Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame

text: tanka

text: Haiku

text: Shiki Memorial Museum

text: Samukawa Sokotsu

text: Rutland, Vermont

text: Aozora bunko

text: fan site with bio and poems

text: National Diet Library bio and photos

categories: Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame inductees,People of Meiji-period Japan,People from Matsuyama, Ehime,Japanese baseball players,Tuberculosis deaths in Japan,20th-century deaths from tuberculosis,Japanese literary critics,University of Tokyo alumni,1902 deaths,1867 births

paragraph: Masaoka Shiki

paragraph: , pen-name of Masaoka Noboru (正岡 升), was a Japanese poet, author, and literary critic in Meiji period Japan. Shiki is regarded as a major figure in the development of modern haiku poetry. He also wrote on reform of "tanka" poetry.

paragraph: Some consider Shiki to be one of the four great haiku masters, the others being Matsuo Bashō, Yosa Buson, and Kobayashi Issa.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shiki, or rather Tsunenori (常規) as he was originally named, was born in Matsuyama City in Iyo Province (present day Ehime Prefecture) to a samurai class family of modest means. As a child, he was called Tokoronosuke (処之助); in adolescence, his name was changed to Noboru (升).

paragraph: His father, Tsunenao (正岡常尚), was an alcoholic who died when Shiki was five years of age. His mother, Yae, was a daughter of Ōhara Kanzan, a Confucian scholar. Kanzan was the first of Shiki's extra-school tutors; at the age of 7 the boy began reading Mencius under his tutelage. Shiki later confessed to being a less-than-diligent student.

paragraph: At age 15 Shiki became something of a political radical, attaching himself to the then-waning Freedom and People's Rights Movement and getting himself banned from public speaking by the principal of Matsuyama Middle School, which he was attending. Around this time he developed an interest in moving to Tokyo and did so in 1883.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: The young Shiki first attended his hometown Matsuyama Middle School, where Kusama Tokiyoshi, a leader of the discredited Freedom and People's Rights Movement, had recently served as principal. In 1883, a maternal uncle arranged for him to come to Tokyo. Shiki was first enrolled in Kyōritsu Middle School and later matriculated into University Preparatory School. (Daigaku Yobimon) affiliated with Imperial University (Teikoku Daigaku). While studying here, the teenage Shiki enjoyed playing baseball and befriended fellow student Natsume Sōseki, who would go on to become a famous novelist.

paragraph: He entered Tokyo Imperial University in 1890. But by 1892 Shiki, by his own account too engrossed in haiku writing, failed his final examinations, left the Hongō dormitory that had been provided to him by a scholarship, and dropped out of college. Others say tuberculosis, an illness that dogged his later life, was the reason he left school.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: While Shiki is best known as a haiku poet, he wrote other genres of poetry, prose criticism of poetry, autobiographical prose, and was a short prose essayist. (His earliest surviving work is a school essay, "Yōken Setsu" ("On Western Dogs"), where he praises the varied utility of western dogs as opposed to Japanese ones, which "only help in hunting and scare away burglars.")

paragraph: Contemporary to Shiki was the idea that traditional Japanese poetic short forms, such as the haiku and "tanka", were waning due to their incongruity in the modern Meiji period. Shiki, at times, expressed similar sentiments. There were no great living practitioners although these forms of poetry retained some popularity.

paragraph: Despite an atmosphere of decline, only a year or so after his 1883 arrival in Tokyo, Shiki began writing haiku. In 1892, the same year he dropped out of university, Shiki published a serialized work advocating haiku reform, "Dassai Shooku Haiwa" or "Talks on Haiku from the Otter's Den". A month after completion of this work, in November 1892, he was offered a position as haiku editor in the paper that had published it, "Nippon", and maintained a close relationship with this journal throughout his life. In 1895 another serial was published in the same paper, "A Text on Haikai for Beginners", "Haikai Taiyō". These were followed by other serials: "Meiji Nijūkunen no Haikukai" or "The Haiku World of 1896" where he praised works by disciples Takahama Kyoshi and Kawahigashi Hekigotō, "Haijin Buson" or "The Haiku Poet Buson" (1896–1897) expressing Shiki's idea of this 18th-century poet whom he identifies with his school of haiku, and "Utayomi ni Atauru Sho" or "Letters to a Tanka Poet" (1898) where he urged reform of the "tanka" poetry form.

paragraph: The above work, on "tanka", is an example of Shiki's expanded focus during the last few years of his life. He died four years after taking up "tanka" as a topic. Bedsore and morphine-addled, little more than a year before his death Shiki began writing sickbed diaries. These three are "Bokujū Itteki" or "A Drop of Ink" (1901), "Gyōga Manroku" or "Stray Notes While Lying on My Back" (1901–1902), and "Byōshō Rokushaku" or "A Sixfoot Sickbed" (1902).

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Shiki suffered from tuberculosis (TB) much of his life. In 1888 or 1889 he began coughing up blood and soon adopted the pen-name "Shiki" from the Japanese "hototogisu"—the Japanese name for lesser cuckoos. The Japanese word "hototogisu" can be written with various combinations of Chinese characters, including 子規, which can alternatively be read as either ""hototogisu"" or ""shiki"." It is a Japanese conceit that this bird coughs blood as it sings, which explains why the name "Shiki" was adopted.

paragraph: Suffering from the early symptoms of TB, Shiki sought work as a war correspondent in the First Sino-Japanese War and, while eventually obtaining his goal, he arrived in China after the April 17, 1895 signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Instead of reporting on the war, he spent an unpleasant time harassed by Japanese soldiers in Dalian, Luangtao, and the Lüshunkou District, meeting on May 10, 1895 the famous novelist Mori Ōgai, who was at the time an army doctor.

paragraph: Living in filthy conditions in China apparently worsened his TB. Shiki continued to cough blood throughout his return voyage to Japan and was hospitalized in Kobe. After being discharged, he returned to his home town of Matsuyama city and convalesced in the home of the famed novelist Natsume Sōseki. During this time he took on disciples and promulgated a style of haiku that emphasized gaining inspiration from personal experiences of nature. Still in Matsuyama in 1897, a member of this group, Yanigihara Kyokudō, established a haiku magazine, "Hototogisu", an allusion to Shiki's pen name. Operation of this magazine was quickly moved to Tokyo. Takahama Kyoshi, another disciple, assumed control and the magazine's scope was extended to include prose work.

paragraph: Shiki came to Tokyo, and his group of disciples there were known as the "Nippon school" after the paper where he had been haiku editor and that now published the group's work.

paragraph: Although bedridden by 1897, Shiki's disease worsened further around 1901. He developed Pott's disease and began using morphine as a painkiller. By 1902 he may have been relying heavily on the drug. During this time Shiki wrote three autobiographical works. He died of tuberculosis in 1902 at age 34.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Shiki may be credited with salvaging traditional short-form Japanese poetry and carving out a niche for it in the modern Meiji period. While he advocated reform of haiku, this reform was based on the idea that haiku was a legitimate literary genre. He argued that haiku should be judged by the same yardstick that is used when measuring the value of other forms of literature — something that was contrary to views held by prior poets. Shiki firmly placed haiku in the category of literature, and this was unique.

paragraph: Some modern haiku deviate from the traditional 5–7–5 sound pattern and dispensing with the kigo ("season word"); Shiki's haiku reform advocated neither break with tradition.

paragraph: His particular style rejected "the puns or fantasies often relied on by the old school" in favor of "realistic observation of nature". Shiki, like other Meiji period writers, borrowed a dedication to realism from Western literature. This is evident in his approach to both haiku and "tanka".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Baseball.

paragraph: Shiki played baseball as a teenager and was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002. A group of 1898 "tanka" by him mention the sport.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haiku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masaoka Shiki International Haiku Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shiki Memorial Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samukawa Sokotsu

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masaoka, Shiki, "Songs from a Bamboo Village: Selected Tanka from Take no Sato Uta", translated by Sanford Goldstein and Seishi Shinoda, Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co. © 1998 pbk [488 pp. 298 tanka]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masako, Hirai, ed. "Now, To Be! Shiki’s Haiku Moments for Us Today / Ima, ikiru! Shiki no sekai". U-Time Publishing, 2003,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- e-texts of Shiki's works (Japanese only) at Aozora bunko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected Poems (haiku and tanka) of Masaoka Shiki, Translated by Janine Beichman at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative poem translations from 'Masaoka Shiki' by Janine Beichman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ehime University site on Masaoka Shiki with photos, poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- fan site with bio and poems

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Diet Library bio and photos

alias:
Shiki Masaoka
Masaoka Noboru
Noboru Masaoka

enwikiquote_title: Masaoka Shiki

wikidata_label: Masaoka Shiki

wikipedia_title: Masaoka Shiki


text: James A. Garfield

text: Pioneer Monument

text: Native Sons of the Golden West

text: San Anselmo, California

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,1932 deaths,American people of German descent,Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area,19th-century American sculptors,American male sculptors,1859 births

paragraph: Frank Happersberger

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Happersberger's father, Frank Happersberger, Sr, was a Bavarian immigrant who moved from New York to San Francisco to join the Gold Rush. In his youth, Frank Jr. worked for the San Francisco firm of Kemp and Hoffman as a wood-carver. For eight years, he studied at a German art academy, and while still in Europe he entered and won a competition to build a monument to the assassinated James A. Garfield. The Garfield sculpture was completed in 1885, and established Happersberger's reputation.

paragraph: Happersberger established a studio in San Francisco at 51 Park Avenue. In 1894 he completed the Pioneer Monument, also in San Francisco. Happersberger was a member of California Parlor No. 1 of the Native Sons of the Golden West.

paragraph: In 1899, Happersberger moved to New York, hearing that there was more work for sculptors there. He left his wife Evangeline in San Francisco. She alleged that he had deserted her and sought a divorce.

paragraph: He died on October 11, 1932 in San Anselmo, California at age 74.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pacific Coast Architecture Database (PCAD)

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Frank Happersberger

wikipedia_title: Frank Happersberger


text:
Catholic
Bishop
Oloron
France
Limousin, France
Castle "Faye"
Flavignac
Haute-Vienne
Bishop of Oloron
Occitan
French
Basque

categories: 1792 deaths,1739 births,18th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops of Oloron

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste-Auguste de Villoutreix

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste-Auguste de Villoutreix (3 November 1739 - 12 March 1792) was a Catholic Bishop of Oloron in France.

paragraph: He was born in Limousin, France, a member of the Villoutreix Faye family who derived their name from the Castle "Faye" in the parish of Flavignac (Haute-Vienne).

paragraph: He was appointed Bishop of Oloron on 18 July 1783, and was ordained to that office on 17 August.

paragraph: A keen scholar, he wrote in Occitan, French and Basque, and his written works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plan de travail du Comite´, pour l'extinction de la mendicite"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catechisma oloroeco diocesaren cerbutchuco

paragraph: He died in Oloron.

alias: Jean-Baptiste-Auguste de Villoutreix de Faye

description: French catholic priest and politician (1739-1792)

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste-Auguste de Villoutreix

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste-Auguste de Villoutreix


text: Bangladesh

text: Chittagong

text: Karnaphuli

text: Kaalo Boropher Pratibeshee

text: Ardhek Roechi Jale, Ardhek Jale

text: Pariser Neelruti

text: Amar Astey Akto Deri Hotey Parey

text: palatok pendulam

text: ময়ুখ চৌধুরীর কবিতায় প্রসঙ্গ

text: Dainik Azadi

text: Moyukh Chowdhury

text: Amazon.com

text: books of Moyukh Chowdhury

text: Rokomary.com

categories: Bengali-language literature,20th-century Bengali poets,21st-century Bengali poets,1950 births,Bengali writers,Bangladeshi male poets,University of Chittagong alumni,20th-century Bangladeshi poets,Bengali male poets,20th-century male writers,Bengali-language writers,People from Chittagong,Living people,21st-century Bangladeshi poets

paragraph: Moyukh Chowdhury

paragraph: Moyukh Chowdhury (; born 22 October 1950) is a Bangladeshi poet, critic, researcher and professor. He has published poetry and research. He has drawn attention from readers since the 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Moyukh Chowdhury was born in Chittagong in 1950. He spent his childhood in bank of the Karnaphuli south of Chittagong.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaalo Boropher Pratibeshee" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ardhek Roechi Jale, Ardhek Jale" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomar Janalay Jege Aachhi Chandramallika" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pariser Neelruti" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amar Astey Akto Deri Hotey Parey" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "palatok pendulam" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Researches.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unish Shatoker Nobocetona O Bangla Kabber Goti-Prokriti" (1996)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Editorials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asobhyo Swabda" (1973)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Literary magazine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prateeti" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kabita" (1970)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ময়ুখ চৌধুরীর কবিতায় প্রসঙ্গ - Dainik Azadi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moyukh Chowdhury in Amazon.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- books of Moyukh Chowdhury in Rokomary.com

description: Bangladeshi poet, critic, researcher, and professor

wikidata_label: Moyukh Chowdhury

wikipedia_title: Moyukh Chowdhury


text:
École Militaire
Lord Byron
Allan Cunningham
Thomas Gaspey
Vincent George Dowling
Peter Lionel Courtier
Spencer Perceval
Abraham Goldsmid
Marshalsea Prison
Sir Francis Burdett
seditious libel
Tower of London
The Morning Post
John Stoddart
William Mudford
George Canning
Bloomsbury
Fraser's Magazine
Frederick Knight Hunt
melodrama
William Tell
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian
Alfred R. Roche
Colonial Society
Harriet A. Roche

categories: French male dramatists and playwrights,French male poets,British male journalists,1829 deaths,British poets,French journalists,British male writers,British dramatists and playwrights,British newspaper editors,1786 births

paragraph: Eugenius Roche

paragraph: Eugenius Roche (1786–1829) was an Anglo-French journalist. He is often identified as Irish: his background was certainly Irish, but in the 19th century his own version of his background, that he was born in Paris, was widely accepted.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Roche was born on 23 February 1786 in Paris, where his father who educated him was professor of modern languages in the École Militaire. At age 18 he went to London, where he began work as a journalist.

paragraph: Section::::Journalist.

paragraph: In 1807 Roche started a periodical "Monthly Literary Recreations", for Ben Crosby, then Lord Byron's publisher. It was not a financial success, but published Byron, Allan Cunningham, and other poets. Cunningham wrote in it as "Hidallan": Roche offered to make him a partner in the publication, but was turned down. Another contributor was Thomas Gaspey. In 1808 Roche began "The Dramatic Appellant", a quarterly journal whose object was to print rejected plays of the period; it was not a conspicuous success.

paragraph: In 1809 Roche became parliamentary reporter of "The Day", of which he was appointed editor the same year. His reporting position was filled by Vincent George Dowling. The poet Peter Lionel Courtier became a protégé of Roche's, and followed him to his later publications.

paragraph: "The Day" was highly complimentary in 1810 about the integrity of Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister from October 1809, and very understanding about the financial panic of 29 September of that year, caused by the suicide of the financier Abraham Goldsmid. While editing it, however, Roche was sentenced to a year's imprisonment in the Marshalsea Prison, in 1811, for an attack on the government over the case of Sir Francis Burdett. The charge was seditious libel; Roche argued that he had not seen the offending material. The language used included the phrase "wanton desire of shedding blood", of soldiers dispersing crowds when Burdett was being taken to the Tower of London, enough to convict the proprietors of "The Day" even at a time when the judicial attitude to libels was softening.

paragraph: On his release Roche became editor of the "National Register", a weekly paper. He sold it to the émigré Jacques Regnier; but Regnier had serious financial difficulties, and they affected Roche also. In August 1813 he accepted a position on "The Morning Post", becoming its subeditor, a position he held from 1817 to 1827, under Nicholas Byrne.

paragraph: Roche edited the "New Times" 1827–8, as successor to its founder John Stoddart. He then edited "The Courier" 1828–9, after William Mudford had been removed for his support of George Canning.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Roche died, heavily in debt, on 9 November 1829 in Hart Street, Bloomsbury. His obituary in "Fraser's Magazine" described the circumstances: he had paid heavily for a small share in "The Courier", and had remarried about 18 months before. No support from the government could be expected. Frederick Knight Hunt gave a different version, the debts being associated to those of the "New Times", into which he had bought, and secured against the freehold of his house.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In the "Dramatic Appellant" were two of Roche's own dramas, "William Tell" and "The Invasion". The former was a dark-toned melodrama, based on the version of the William Tell story in Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian's rendition. It was being rehearsed when Drury Lane Theatre was destroyed by fire on 24 February 1809.

paragraph: A sum was subscribed for Roche's widow (second wife) and family, and his poems were collected and published by subscription, with a memoir and portrait, as "London in a Thousand Years" (1830). The title poem, a long work touched by apocalyptic thought, has been described as "not so much a Last Man narrative as a promenade among ruins".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1809 Roche married Mary Jane Oliver, who died in 1827. His second wife was also from the Oliver family: he left her a widow, with nine children, one being her own. The sons included the barrister Henry Philip Roche. Another son was Alfred R. Roche (died 1876), in business and a figure of Canadian history, who was the first secretary of the Colonial Society, and husband of Harriet A. Roche the writer.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Attribution

description: Anglo-French journalist

wikidata_label: Eugenius Roche

wikipedia_title: Eugenius Roche


text:
Doge
Venice
Henry of Navarre
Pope Sixtus V
Catholicism
ducats
coronation
Rialto Bridge
Grand Canal of Venice
Michelangelo
Antonio da Ponte
dogaressa

categories: 16th-century Doges of Venice,Year of birth unknown,Italian Renaissance people,1595 deaths,16th-century Italian people

paragraph: Pasquale Cicogna

paragraph: Pasquale Cicogna was the Doge of Venice from 1585 to 1595. He supported the claim of Henry of Navarre to the French throne, and convinced Pope Sixtus V to support Henry in exchange for his conversion to Catholicism.

paragraph: He broke with tradition by scattering silver coins, rather than gold ducats, to the crowd during his coronation procession. These coins were known from then on as "cicognini". As his reign of Doge continued his popularity increased because he was very diplomatic and able to tackle major problems with great success.

paragraph: Arguably, one of his greatest successes was converting the Rialto Bridge, one of Venice's major landmarks and the only bridge over the Grand Canal of Venice, from wood to stone between 1588 and 1591. Although greater names such as Michelangelo had submitted designs, Pasquale chose the more humble architect Antonio da Ponte and his nephew Antonio Contin to design and rebuild the Rialto Bridge. After Pasquale Cicogna died of a fever in 1595 a memorial was in scribed on the bridge to the Doge. His dogaressa was Laura Morozini.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Pasquale Cicogna

wikipedia_title: Pasquale Cicogna


text: landgrave of Brabant

text: Brussels

text: Leuven

text: duke of Lower Lorraine

text: Godfrey of Bouillon

text: margrave of Antwerp

text: Henry II

text: Everard of Orthen

text: Henry III

text: tournament

text: Gertrude

text: Theodoric II, Duke of (upper) Lorraine

text: Otbert, Bishop of Liège

text: Brunengeruz

text: Emperor Henry IV

text: Albert III, Count of Namur

text: Henry III of Luxembourg

text: Arnold I, Count of Loon

text: Sint-Truiden

text: Robert II of Flanders

text: Cambraisis

text: Henry V

text: Duke Henry of Lower Lorraine

text: Aachen

text: Pope Paschal II

text: Baldwin VII of Flanders

text: William of Ypres

text: Charles the Good

text: Adeliza

text: Henry I of England

text: Conrad of Hohenstaufen

text: duke of Franconia

text: Lothair of Supplinburg

text: duchy of Lower Lorraine

text: Waleran

text: Limburg

text: Duke of Brabant

text: William Clito

text: Theodoric of Alsace

text: Liège

text: Namur

text: Affligem

text: Otto II, Count of Chiny

text: Adelaide of Namur

text: Adeliza of Louvain

text: Henry I, King of England

text: William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel

text: Godfrey II of Louvain

text: Landgrave of Brabant

text: Count of Brussels

text: Louvain

text: Lutgardis of Sulzbach

text: Berenger I of Sulzbach

text: Affligem

text: Arnold I, Count of Cleves

text: Joscelin of Louvain

text: Clementia of Burgundy

text: William I, Count of Burgundy

text: Robert II, Count of Flanders

text: Dukes of Brabant family tree

text: S.E. Brydges

categories: Dukes of Lower Lorraine,Margraves of Antwerp,Counts of Louvain,1139 deaths,1060s births

paragraph: Godfrey I, Count of Louvain

paragraph: Godfrey I (German: "Gottfried", Dutch: "Godfried"), born c. 1060, died 25 January 1139, called the Bearded, the Courageous, or the Great, was the landgrave of Brabant, and count of Brussels and Leuven (Louvain) from 1095 to his death and duke of Lower Lorraine (as Godfrey VI – n.b. Godfrey of Bouillon, d. 1100, was Godfrey V, but numbering is uncertain) from 1106 to 1129. He was also margrave of Antwerp from 1106 to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Godfrey was the son of Henry II (c. 1020–1078) and Adela of Orthen (or Betuwe), a daughter of Count Everard of Orthen. He succeeded his brother Henry III who died wounded in a tournament in 1095, and only had young daughters. His widow Gertrude married Theodoric II, Duke of (upper) Lorraine.

paragraph: He first came into conflict with Otbert, Bishop of Liège, over the county of Brunengeruz that both claimed. In 1099, Emperor Henry IV allotted the county to the bishop, who entrusted it to Albert III, Count of Namur. Godfrey arbitrated a dispute between Henry III of Luxembourg and Arnold I, Count of Loon, over the appointment of the abbot of Sint-Truiden.

paragraph: Godfrey was in favour with the emperor and defended his interests in Lorraine. In 1102, he stopped Robert II of Flanders "the Crusader", who was invading the Cambraisis. After the death of the emperor in 1106, his son and successor, Henry V, who had been in rebellion, decided to avenge himself on his father's partisans. Duke Henry of Lower Lorraine was imprisoned and his duchy confiscated and given to Godfrey. After Henry escaped from prison, he tried to retake his duchy and captured Aachen, but ultimately failed.

paragraph: In 1114, during a rift between the emperor and Pope Paschal II, Godfrey led a revolt in Germany. In 1118, the emperor and the duke were reconciled. In 1119, Baldwin VII of Flanders died heirless and Flanders was contested between several claimants, one of whom, William of Ypres, had married a niece of Godfrey's second wife. Godfrey supported William, but could not enforce his claim against that of Charles the Good. Also dead in that year was Otbert. Two separate men were elected to replace him and Godfrey again sided with the loser.

paragraph: By marrying his daughter Adeliza to Henry I of England, who was also the father-in-law of the emperor, he greatly increased his prestige. However, Henry V died in 1125 and Godfrey supported Conrad of Hohenstaufen, the duke of Franconia, against Lothair of Supplinburg. Lothair was elected. Lothair withdrew the duchy of Lower Lorraine and granted it to Waleran of Limburg (c. 1085 – 1139), the son of Henry, whom Henry V had deprived in 1106. Nonetheless, Godfrey maintained the margraviate of Antwerp and retained the ducal title (which would in 1183 become Duke of Brabant).

paragraph: After the assassination of Charles the Good in 1127, the Flemish succession was again in dispute. William Clito prevailed, but was soon fraught with revolts. Godfrey intervened on behalf of Theodoric of Alsace, who prevailed against Clito. Godfrey continued to war against Liège and Namur.

paragraph: Godfrey spent his last years in the abbey of Affligem. He died of old age on 25 January 1139 and was buried in the left aisle of the abbey church. He is sometimes said to have passed in 1140, but this is an error.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: He married Ida of Chiny (1078–1117), daughter of Otto II, Count of Chiny, (c. 1065 – after 1131) and Adelaide of Namur. They had several children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adeliza of Louvain (b. 1103 – d. abbey of Affligem, 23 April 1151) married Henry I, King of England and later William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel (1109 – before 1151).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Godfrey II of Louvain (b. 1107 – d. 13 June 1142), Duke of Lower Lotharingia (Lower Lorraine), Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Brussels and Louvain. He married Lutgardis of Sulzbach (d.a. 1163), daughter of Berenger I of Sulzbach.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarissa (d. 1140).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry (d. in the abbey of Affligem, 1141), monk.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ida (d. 1162) married to Arnold I, Count of Cleves (d. 1147).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joscelin of Louvain, married Agnes De Percy and had issue.

paragraph: Later, he married Clementia of Burgundy (c. 1078 – c. 1133), daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy, and widow of Robert II, Count of Flanders. They had no children.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Brabant family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronique des Ducs de Brabant, Adrian van Baerland, Antwerp (1612).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collins's Peerage of England", ed. S.E. Brydges IX vols, London 1812.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Académie royale de Belgique, "Biographie Nationale", v. 7, Brussels, 1883.

description: Belgian noble

wikidata_label: Godfrey I, Count of Louvain

wikipedia_title: Godfrey I, Count of Louvain


text:
1515
1584
Irish
Lord Mayor of Dublin
Dublin Castle
martyr
beatified
Irish Catholic Martyrs
townland
Skryne
County Meath
Earl
Thomas Radclyffe
Protestant Reformation
Edward VI
Bartholomew Ball
alderman
City of Dublin
River Dodder
Ballsbridge
Ballygall
Merchant's Quay
1553
Lady Mayoress
Queen Elizabeth I
Queen Mary
Religious Settlement
papacy
papal bull
Regnans in Excelsis
Walter
1577
Dermot O'Hurley
Archbishop of Cashel
Mass
1580
chaplain
Dublin Castle
Oath of Supremacy
Nicholas
arthritis
St. Audoen's Church
will
Francis Taylor
Irish House of Commons
Dermot O'Hurley
Pope John Paul II
Santry
Columbanus
Mary MacKillop
RSJ
patron saint

categories: People of Elizabethan Ireland,Victims of anti-Catholic violence in Ireland,Irish beatified people,1584 deaths,Women of the Tudor period,People from County Meath,Ballygall,People from County Dublin,16th-century venerated Christians,Irish people of English descent,1515 births,16th-century Irish people,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,16th-century Roman Catholic martyrs

paragraph: Margaret Ball

paragraph: Margaret Ball (1515–1584) was a prominent member of 16th-century Irish society, who, despite being the widow of a Lord Mayor of Dublin, was arrested for her adherence to the Catholic faith and died of deprivation in the dungeons of Dublin Castle. She was declared a martyr for the faith by the Catholic Church and beatified in 1992, one of a group of 17 Irish Catholic Martyrs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was born Margaret Bermingham in Corballis, a townland now part of the village of Skryne in County Meath, where her father, Nicholas, had purchased a farm when he emigrated from England. The family later became politically active; her brother, William Bermingham, protested in London against Earl Thomas Radclyffe, when he imposed the Protestant Reformation on behalf of the boy-king Edward VI. When she was 16 years old, Margaret Bermingham married Bartholomew Ball, an alderman of the City of Dublin, whose wealthy family operated the bridge over the River Dodder, which is still known as Ballsbridge. She then moved to the city, where the couple lived at Ballygall House in north county Dublin and had a town house on Merchant's Quay. They had ten children, though only five survived to adulthood. Bartholomew Ball was elected Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1553, making Margaret the Lady Mayoress of the city. She had a comfortable life with a large household and many servants, and she was recognised for organising classes for the children of local families in her home.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest and death.

paragraph: In 1558 Queen Elizabeth I reversed the policy of her sister Queen Mary and imposed her Religious Settlement upon her realms. In 1570 the papacy responded with the papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis", which declared Elizabeth to be an illegitimate usurper. During this time of religious persecution, it was well known that Ball provided "safe houses" for any bishops or priests who might be passing through Dublin.

paragraph: Margaret Ball's eldest son, Walter, who wanted to follow in his father's footsteps and advance his political career, embraced the "new religion" and was appointed Commissioner for Ecclesiastical Causes in 1577. Margaret was disappointed with her son's change of faith and tried to change his mind. On one occasion, she told him that she had a "special friend" for him to meet. Walter arrived early with a company of soldiers, and found that the "special friend" was Dermot O'Hurley, Archbishop of Cashel. He was celebrating Mass with the family.

paragraph: Immediately after his installation as Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1580, Walter had his mother and her personal chaplain arrested and taken to the dungeons of Dublin Castle. Due to her advanced age and severe arthritis, she had to be transported there by a wooden pallet.

paragraph: When the family protested, Walter declared that his mother should have been executed, but he had spared her. She would be allowed to go free if she "took the Oath", which probably referred to the Oath of Supremacy. Her second son, Nicholas, who supported her, was elected Mayor of Dublin in 1582. However, Walter was still Commissioner for Ecclesiastical Causes, which was a royal appointment. He outranked Nicholas and kept him from securing their mother's release from prison. Nicholas visited her daily, bringing her food, clothing and candles.

paragraph: Ball died in 1584 at the age of sixty-nine, which was an advanced age at the time. She was crippled with arthritis and had lived for three years in the cold, wet dungeon of Dublin Castle with no natural light. When she died she was buried in the cemetery at St. Audoen's Church in Dublin. Although she could have altered her will, she still bequeathed her property to Walter upon her death.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Ball had remained in the dungeon when she could have returned to a life of comfort at any time by simply "taking the oath." Two generations later this pattern was repeated when Francis Taylor, who was Mayor of Dublin (1595–1596) and was married to Gennet Shelton, a granddaughter of Ball, was condemned to the dungeons after exposing fraud in the parliamentary elections to the Irish House of Commons. He likewise refused to "take the oath" and died in Dublin Castle in 1621.

paragraph: Ball and Taylor could not have known each other, but they were beatified together, along with Dermot O'Hurley and 14 other Catholic martyrs, on 27 September 1992 by Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Blessed Margaret Ball Chapel in Santry is dedicated to her.

paragraph: Ball, along with St. Columbanus and St. Mary MacKillop RSJ, was named a patron saint of the 50th International Eucharistic Congress held in Ireland in June 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: December 2004 – Corish and Millett – ""The Irish Martyrs""

description: Lady Mayoress of Dublic and Catholic martyr

enwikiquote_title: Margaret Ball

wikidata_label: Margaret Ball

wikipedia_title: Margaret Ball


text: Perugia

text: Italian

text: Artemisia Gentileschi

text: Perugia

text: Rome

text: furrier

text: Livorno

text: Florence

text: Pietro Ciafferi

text: galley

text: oar

text: Paul Bril

text: Orazio Gentileschi

text: Pope Paul V

text: Artemisia Gentileschi

text: Claude Lorrain

text: Taddeo Barberini

text: Leonaert Bramer

text: Artemisia Gentileschi

text: Artemisia

text: Agnès Merlet

text: Valentina Cervi

text: Miki Manojlovic

text: "The Embarkation of a Queen"

text: "Landscape with Tobias and the Angel"

text: "Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi"

text: Agostino Tassi (paintings)

categories: 1578 births,Italian landscape painters,Italian male painters,1644 deaths,17th-century Italian painters,16th-century Italian painters,Umbrian painters,People from Perugia

paragraph: Agostino Tassi

paragraph: Agostino Tassi (Perugia, 1578– Rome, 1644) was an Italian painter of landscapes and seascapes, who is now best known as the rapist of Artemisia Gentileschi.

paragraph: Because he aspired to nobility he modified the details of his early life. Though he was born in Perugia he claimed to have been born in Rome. His family name was Buonamici, but Agostino adopted the surname Tassi to give substance to his story that he was adopted by the Marchese Tassi. He was actually the son of a furrier named Domenico.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Tassi may have worked for a time in Livorno, as well as in Florence. Among his followers or pupils in Livorno is thought to be Pietro Ciafferi. During his sojourn in Florence it is believed that he was made a galley slave in the Grand Duke's convict galleys for some unspecified crime. However, he was allowed to move about freely on the ship instead of pulling on an oar. More importantly, he was able to paint and draw on the galley, and was thus provided with ample material from which to execute his seascapes and images of ports, ships, and fishing scenes.

paragraph: Regarding his artistic formation, Tassi is said to have been a pupil of Paul Bril, from whom he derived some of his images of the sea. He later worked in Rome with Orazio Gentileschi, who painted figures, after being commissioned by Pope Paul V. During his stay, he raped Orazio's daughter, the painter Artemisia Gentileschi.

paragraph: Considered a master of perspective and a good painter of illusionistic architectural decoration, Tassi painted in several Roman palaces including the Quirinale (1611–12), the Rospigliosi and the Doria Pamphili (1637).

paragraph: In Rome, Tassi also served as the master (from April 1625) of French painter Claude Lorrain. Tassi hired Lorrain to grind his colors and to do all of the household work.

paragraph: Though better known as a painter of frescoes, Tassi also painted some canvases, which include "Arrival of the Queen of Sheba before Solomon" (c. 1610) and "Entry of Taddeo Barberini from the Porta del Popolo" (1632). His depictions of night scenes had a certain influence on the Dutch Leonaert Bramer.

paragraph: Section::::Rape conviction.

paragraph: In 1612, Tassi was convicted of raping Artemisia Gentileschi, Orazio Gentileschi's daughter and a talented painter. Tassi originally denied the accusation, stating, "Never have I had carnal relations nor tried to have it with the said Artemisia... I've never been alone in Artemisia's house with her." He afterwards claimed that he had visited her house in order to safeguard her honor. Tassi had already run afoul of the law, and had earlier been accused of raping both his sister-in-law and one of his wives. His wife had been missing for a time, and it was believed that Tassi had hired bandits to kill her.

paragraph: In the ensuing 7-month rape trial, it was discovered that Tassi had planned to murder his wife, had committed incest with his sister-in-law and planned to steal some of Orazio’s paintings. At the end of the trial Tassi was imprisoned for two years. His verdict was later annulled and he was at liberty in 1613. The trial has subsequently influenced the feminist view of Artemisia Gentileschi during the late 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: In the 1997 film "Artemisia", directed by Agnès Merlet and starring Valentina Cervi, the role of Tassi is played by Serbian actor Miki Manojlovic. The movie, contrary to accepted historical knowledge, depicted the relationship between Agostino Tassi and Artemisia Gentileschi as one of mutual passion. Tassi was, however, actually convicted of and briefly imprisoned for the rape.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stormy Seascape with Jonah and the Whale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Embarkation of a Queen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Landscape with Tobias and the Angel"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi", a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on Agostino Tassi (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agostino Tassi (paintings)

alias:
Agostino Tassy
Agostine Tassi
Agostino Buonamici Tassi
Agostini Tassi
Agostino Buonamici
Agostino Buonamico
Augustus Tassi
Agostino Tasso
Agostino Tosci
Augustin Tasse
tasso
Augustin Tassi
Agostino tasso
Agos Tassi
sig. Agostino
Aug. Tassi
August. Tasso
Maestro di Claudio Lorenese
Tassi
Agostino Romano
Tasse
A.go Tassi
Taso
Buonamico
Agostin Tassie
Agostin Tasso
Tassa
Tosci
Agos. Tassi
Tasol
Agost.o tassi
A. Tasso
A. Tassi
Ag. Tassi
Augustino Tasso
A. Tassie
Agostino Tasse
Tassie
of Perugia Agostino Tassi

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Agostino Tassi

wikipedia_title: Agostino Tassi


text: turntablist

text: Beastie Boys

text: San Francisco

text: German

text: Filipino

text: turntablism

text: DMC World DJ Championships

text: DJ Qbert

text: Invisibl Skratch Piklz

text: DJ Apollo

text: Beastie Boys

text: Hello Nasty

text: To The 5 Boroughs

text: Hot Sauce Committee Part Two

text: DJ Hurricane

text: Doctor Dré

text: Dr. Dre

text: Rick Rubin

text: Wave Twisters

text: DJ Q-bert

text: Grand Wizzard Theodore

text: International Turntablist Federation

text: Red Hot + Riot

text: Red Hot Organization

text: Fela Kuti

text: Fela Kuti

text: wah-wah pedal

text: SSX Tricky

text: NTSC

text: PAL

text: Jet Grind Radio

text: thetruth.com

text: Yo Gabba Gabba

text: Frank Zappa

text: Willie the Pimp

text: Darryl McDaniels

text: Talib Kweli

text: Ahmet Zappa

text: Travis Barker

text: Give the Drummer Some

text: Jimmy Kimmel Live!

text: Travis Barker

text: Game

text: Swizz Beatz

text: Conan

text: Travis Barker

text: Transplants

text: Elvis Cortez

text: Lil Wayne

text: Xfm

text: Cypress Hill

text: Juko

text: Anti-Theft Device

text: Spin Psycle

text: Bangzilla

text: NaPALM ROCKETS (DubStep)

text: The Magma Chamber

text: Hang the DJ

text: Cannes Film Festival

text: beatLawrence.com Interview

categories: American hip hop DJs,American hip hop musicians,West Coast hip hop musicians,American people of German descent,American musicians of Filipino descent,Beastie Boys members,Musicians from San Francisco,1970 births,People from the San Francisco Bay Area,Living people

paragraph: Mix Master Mike

paragraph: Michael Schwartz (born April 4, 1970), better known by his stage name Mix Master Mike, is an American turntablist best known for his work with the Beastie Boys.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born in San Francisco, California, Mix Master Mike is of German and Filipino descent. Mix Master Mike came to prominence upon winning the 1992 New Music Seminar/Supermen Inc. DJ Battle for World Supremacy in New York City, becoming the first West Coast DJ ever to do so. In the same year, his turntablism collective Rock Steady DJs won the DMC World DJ Championships, establishing Mix Master Mike as one of the pre-eminent DJs in the industry. This success was followed by triumph in the 1993 DMC Championships, this time as part of a duo with DJ Qbert.

paragraph: Mix Master Mike and DJ Qbert subsequently founded the turntablist group The Invisibl Skratch Piklz with DJ Apollo.

paragraph: Mix Master Mike's most high-profile work has been with hip-hop group the Beastie Boys. Mix Master Mike worked with the band on "Hello Nasty" (1998), "To The 5 Boroughs" (2004), and "Hot Sauce Committee Part Two" (2011). He also appears on the Beastie Boys single "Alive", which was released in 1999 in support of "" retrospective anthology. From the studio to world tours, Mix Master Mike is now effectively the Beastie Boys' resident DJ, having replaced DJ Hurricane, who was preceded by Doctor Dré (not to be confused with Dr. Dre) who replaced Rick Rubin known as DJ Double R.

paragraph: In 1994, after winning three consecutive DMC World Championships, it was rumored that Mix Master Mike and Q-Bert were asked to retire from further competition, so as to avoid monopolizing the title. This claim is disputed by the DMC World Championship Website. After retiring from the world of competitive turntablism, Mix Master Mike and Qbert became judges for the 1995 DMC Championships.

paragraph: Mike has also helped fellow DJs produce their own albums, most notably, "Wave Twisters", by DJ Q-bert.

paragraph: In 1995, he was honored with The Grand Wizzard Theodore lifetime achievement award from the International Turntablist Federation. He has collaborated with Ozzy Osbourne, Tommy Lee, Rob Zombie, Fela Kuti and Joss Stone, and a number of other artists.

paragraph: Mix Master Mike is known for his heavy-hitting bass and intricate scratch routines. His solo album "Eye of the Cyklops" won best electronic album in 2000 at the California music awards. In 2001 he released the album "Spin Psychle".

paragraph: In 2002, Mix Master Mike contributed two tracks to "Red Hot + Riot", a compilation CD created by the Red Hot Organization in tribute to the music and work of Nigerian musician, Fela Kuti, that raised money for various charities devoted to raising AIDS awareness and fighting the disease and featured many other contemporary hip-hop and R&B artists. He remade classic Fela Kuti songs, "Interlude: Gimme Shit" and "Water No Get Enemy."

paragraph: Mix Master Mike is often credited with inventing the Tweak Scratch. The scratch is performed by moving the record back and forth while the platter motor is stopped. The inertia of the platter causes the sounds to slow and drop in pitch in an unusual manner. He is also well known for the unusual technique of using a wah-wah pedal, an effect most commonly used by guitarists, with his turntables.

paragraph: Mix Master Mike is featured as a secret character that can be obtained through a cheat code in the 2002 snowboarding game "SSX Tricky". He also contributed the song "Patrol Knob" to the soundtrack of the NTSC and PAL versions of the 2000 game Jet Grind Radio.

paragraph: Mix Master Mike is one of 9 artists who participated in thetruth.com's Remix Project, in which he remixed the Sunny Side song "Tough Love".

paragraph: On March 9, 2010 Mix Master Mike was a guest on the Cool Tricks segment of Yo Gabba Gabba. In December, Mix Master Mike provided scratches for a cover of Frank Zappa's "Willie the Pimp", which appeared on the iTunes compilation "The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAAA Birthday Bundle 2010", featuring rappers Darryl McDaniels and Talib Kweli and singing by Zappa's son, Ahmet Zappa.

paragraph: On Dec 2nd 2010, Skullcandy and Mix Master Mike launched the official Mix Master Mike headphones, released in all major marketplaces including Apple stores, worldwide.

paragraph: In 2011, Mix Master Mike has joined Travis Barker for a few performances promoting Travis' debut album "Give the Drummer Some" - On February 10, 2011, performing "Can a Drummer Get Some?" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! with Travis Barker, Game and Swizz Beatz, and On March 7, 2011, performing "Saturday Night" on Conan with Travis Barker, Transplants and Elvis Cortez. It was then confirmed that Mix Master Mike will be performing with Barker again, joining Barker on his I Am Music Tour supporting Lil Wayne, through March–April 2011.

paragraph: In June 2011 it was announced that he was to present a Saturday night show on the alternative radio network Xfm from 6pm-7pm for an initial 13-week period commencing July 9.

paragraph: In May 2012 Beastie boys along with Mix Master Mike were inducted into the Rock n roll Hall of fame in Cleveland Ohio.

paragraph: In December 2013 Mix Master Mike became the first turntablist to perform at The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts for The Kennedy Center Honors in honor of Herbie Hancock, performing "Rockit"

paragraph: In 2018, it was announced by BReal of Cypress Hill that Mix Master Mike would be joining Cypress Hill.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juko" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anti-Theft Device" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eye of the Cyklops" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spin Psycle" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Return of the Cyklops" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bangzilla" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "NaPALM ROCKETS (DubStep)" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magma Chamber" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs, singles, and Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neck Thrust One"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescue 916"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terrorwrist Delivery Service"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoirs of a Serial Wax Killer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mixmasterpiece: Muzik's Worst Nightmare" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surprise Packidge" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "30 Minute Massacre" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plazma Ryfle" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live! Beatdown volume 1" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neckthrust One"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescue 916"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bolt-117" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Awards and credentials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Featured in "Hang the DJ" by Marco & Mauro La Villa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cannes Film Festival, France

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mix Master Mike official fanclub and website

paragraph: BULLET::::- beatLawrence.com Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meeting with Mix Master Mike on OC-TV.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixmaster Mike featured in HHC Digital's DMC retrospective

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Mix Master Mike

wikipedia_title: Mix Master Mike


text: Gotha

text: German

text: Munich Academy of Fine Arts

text: Mercury

text: Argus

text: Welfenschloss

text: Hannover

text: Scheherezade

text: Arabian Nights

text: Ali Pasha

text: Kira Vassiliki

text: Philhellene

text: Greek War of Independence

text: Lithograph

text: Goethe

text: Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider

text: Döring

text: altarpiece

text: Calvary

text: St. Augustine's Church

text: Gotha

text: Hohenleuben

text: University of Freiburg

text: List of Orientalist artists

text: Orientalism

categories: German male painters,1802 births,1866 deaths,Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni,19th-century German painters

paragraph: Paul Emil Jacobs

paragraph: Paul Emil Jacobs (August 20, 1802 in Gotha – January 6, 1866) was a German painter, noted for Orientalist themes, portraits and nudes.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Jacobs, son of the philologist Frederick Jacobs, received his art training at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts and first became known for his painting of Mercury and Argus (from Classical mythology). In 1824 he went to Rome, where he attracted critical attention by painting "The Raising of Lazarus". In 1836 he made a series of historical paintings at the Welfenschloss in Hannover.

paragraph: Jacobs was noted for his mastery of nudes, expressed particularly in the representation of such Orientalist themes as "A slave market" or of sleeping and waking naked boys.

paragraph: Graceful depictions of the female body include his ""A Harem Beauty At Her Toilette"" and ""Zither-playing Turk"". His image of Scheherezade from "Arabian Nights" is noted for its light effects. The famous Ali Pasha was depicted by Jacobs in a moment of relaxed intimacy with his favorite mistress (or wife) Kira Vassiliki.

paragraph: Like many Europeans of his generation, Jacobs shared in the Philhellene sympathy for the Greek War of Independence, which took place when he was in the early stage of his artistic career. This was manifested in his painting very sympathetic pictures of "Greek Freedom Fighters".

paragraph: Jacobs was also a portrait painter. Lithographed portraits by him include those of Goethe, Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider and Döring.

paragraph: In 1844, Jacobs created the monumental altarpiece "Calvary", for St. Augustine's Church in Gotha. It was removed from St. Augustine's in 1939, and since 1998 the altarpiece has been located in the church of Hohenleuben.

paragraph: Jacobs was married to Louise Jahn, and his grandson Emil Jacobs (1868–1940) was a librarian and head of the library at the University of Freiburg.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Orientalist artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orientalism

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacobs' "Ali Pasha and Kira Vassiliki" auctioned by Sotheby's London on April 17, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacobs paintings including: "The Pasha’s Favourite" (Ali Pasha And Kira Vassiliki);"A Harem Beauty At Her Toilette"; "Archangel Gabriel"; "Archangel Michael With Sword And Scale"; "Praying Roman Lady"; "Mount Calvary"; "Judith And Holofernes", "Ali Pasha" and "Two Greek Freedom Fighters"

alias:
Emil Jacobs
Paul Emil
paul emil jacobs

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Paul Emil Jacobs

wikipedia_title: Paul Emil Jacobs


text:
voice actress
Japanese
Central Park Media
NYAV Post
tribute band
Lez Zeppelin
Hedwig and the Angry Inch
Ah! My Goddess
Urd
Pokémon: Diamond & Pearl
Queen's Blade Rebellion
Virus Buster Serge
As Told By Ginger
Astonishing X-Men
Abigail Brand
Cutie Honey (film)
Ellen's Acres
Kappa Mikey
Newbie and the Disasternauts
Ratatoing
Official Website

categories: American voice actor stubs,Songwriters from New York (state),Actresses from New York City,American female singer-songwriters,American singer-songwriters,21st-century American singers,21st-century American actresses,21st-century American women singers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),American voice actresses

paragraph: Shannon Conley

paragraph: Shannon Conley is an American actress, voice actress, and vocalist based in New York City. She has done voice work in English dubs of Japanese anime for Central Park Media and NYAV Post. She is also the former lead vocalist for the all female tribute band, Lez Zeppelin. She made her Broadway debut in "Hedwig and the Angry Inch" as the understudy for the role of Yitzhak.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Anime roles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ah! My Goddess" - Urd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pokémon: Diamond & Pearl" - Pokemon Hunter J

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen's Blade Rebellion" - Annelotte, Dark Annelotte

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virus Buster Serge" - Erika Tinen

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Non-anime roles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As Told By Ginger" - The Little Seal Girl

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astonishing X-Men: The Motion Comic" - Abigail Brand

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cutie Honey (film)" - Gold Claw

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ellen's Acres" - Connie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kappa Mikey" - Orie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Newbie and the Disasternauts" - Newbie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ratatoing" - Powlo the Cat

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: American actress and vocalist

wikidata_label: Shannon Conley

wikipedia_title: Shannon Conley


text:
tabla
All India Radio
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
Bhimsen Joshi
Sawai Gandharva
Pandit D. V. Paluskar
Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan
Ali Akbar Khan
Ravi Shankar
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

categories: 1992 deaths,20th-century Indian musicians,20th-century drummers,Indian male classical musicians,All India Radio people,Tabla players,Indian percussionists,People from Maharashtra,20th-century singers,1916 births

paragraph: Shaik Dawood Khan

paragraph: Shaik Dawood Khan (16 December 1916 – 21 March 1992)also known as Ustad Shaik Dawood & Ustad Sheik Dawood & Daud Khan was a performer on the Indian tabla. He was formerly a staff artist in All India Radio.

paragraph: Ustad Shaik Dawood Khan was born in Sholapur. His father Hashim Sahib was a draughtsman in the PWD (Public Works Dept.), Bijapur.

paragraph: Shaik Dawood received his training under several notable masters. These include Mohammad Kasim of Sholapur, Ustad Alladiya Khan of Hyderabad, Ustad Mohammad Khan of Hyderabad, Ustad Chote Khan of Hyderabad, and Ustad Mehboob Khan Mirajkar.

paragraph: In his lifetime he accompanied most of the great musicians of the era. These include Aftab-e-Mausiki Ustad Fayyaz Khan, Ustad Vilayat Hussain Khan (vocal), Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Ustad Barakat Ali Khan, Roshanara Begum, Abdul Wahid Khan (Begum Akhtar's Guru), Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, Pandit Sawai Gandharva, Pandit Basawaraj Raj Guru, Nazakat Salamat, Mushtaq Hussain Khan, Pandit D. V. Paluskar, Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan, Ustad Allaudin Khan, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan Girija Devi, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Ustad Vilayat Khan.

paragraph: In his life he received numerous awards. These include the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award - 1991. Unfortunately he was too ill to attend the award ceremony and died shortly after the awards ceremony.

description: Indian musician

wikidata_label: Shaik Dawood Khan

wikipedia_title: Shaik Dawood Khan


text:
Swedish
inventor
industrialist
adjustable spanner
Vårgårda
crofter
steam engine
peat
Motala
navvy
military
Eskilstuna
Bolinder-Munktell
Västerås
workshop
blacksmith
United States
Enköping
adjustable spanner
plumber wrench
B.A. Hjorth & Company
Bahco
pendulum
The J.P. Johansson Museum
Johan Petter Johansson
Nationalencyklopedin
Official Bahco website

categories: Swedish inventors,1853 births,Swedish businesspeople,1943 deaths

paragraph: Johan Petter Johansson

paragraph: Johan Petter Johansson (December 12, 1853 – August 25, 1943), sometimes known as JP, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He invented a modern adjustable spanner (patents in 1891 and 11 May 1892). He obtained over 100 patents in total.

paragraph: He was born in Vårgårda in western Sweden, the oldest of six children in a crofter's family. His was first employed as an assistant operator of a steam engine at a local peat factory. He left Vårgårda at age 19, in 1873, for Motala to work as a navvy. Following military service in 1874, he moved to Eskilstuna where he worked for the Bolinder-Munktell factory, and in 1878 he moved to Västerås where he found employment at a mechanical workshop. Following that, he worked as a blacksmith at a nearby farm.

paragraph: At this time, he had made a decision to leave Sweden for the United States. This never happened; he was instead offered a more esteemed job by his former employer Munktells, and the offer changed his mind.

paragraph: He eventually decided to start his own business and, in 1886, moved to Enköping where he started "Enköpings Mekaniska Verkstad" (the Mechanical Workshop of Enköping) which quickly became a successful venture. It was during the years in his workshop that he invented the adjustable spanner and the plumber wrench. In 1890, B.A. Hjorth & Company agreed to distribute his tools worldwide under the "Bahco" trademark. The Bahco tools became greatly successful, and the company is still in operation and has manufactured over 100 million wrenches to date.

paragraph: Johansson transferred the then-large enterprise to his son, Hannes Brynge, and the B.A. Hjorth & Company in 1916. He started experimenting with electrical armature and in 1919 opened a new factory, Triplex, which manufactured electrical pendulums and various devices.

paragraph: He died 89 years old after having been productive for the most of his life.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The J.P. Johansson Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skiftnyckelns Vänner. "Johan Petter Johansson". (Retrieved February 25, 2005.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nationalencyklopedin. "Johan Petter Johansson".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Bahco website

description: Swedish inventor

wikidata_label: Johan Petter Johansson

wikipedia_title: Johan Petter Johansson


text: Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

text: Great Schism

text: Constantinople

text: Pope Leo IX

text: Eucharist

text: papal supremacy

text: filioque

text: Donation of Constantine

text: Leo of Ohrid

text: Bulgaria

text: Leo

text: Metropolitan of Achrida

text: Trani

text: Apulia

text: primacy

text: Humbert of Silva Candida

text: Frederick of Lorraine

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: Santa Maria in Domnica

text: Archbishop of Amalfi

text: Charter

text: Excommunication

text: Leo of Ohrid

text: Hagia Sophia

text: anathematized

text: Great Schism

text: Papacy

text: Normans

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Patriarch Athenagoras

text: communion

text: Empress Theodora

text: Michael Psellus

text: Michael VI Stratiotikos

text: Isaac I Komnenos

text: Constantine Doukas

text: "Patrologia Latina"

text: Epistolae Et Decreta

categories: 1059 deaths,People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,11th-century patriarchs of Constantinople,Keroularios family,East–West Schism,People from Istanbul,1000 births

paragraph: Michael I Cerularius

paragraph: Michael I Cerularius or Keroularios (; 1000 – 21 January 1059 AD) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD. He is most notable for his role in the events that led to the Great Schism in 1054.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Michael Cerularius was born in Constantinople around 1000 AD, being ordained into the Church from a young age. He is noted for disputing with Pope Leo IX over church practices in respect of which the Roman Church differed from Constantinople, especially the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. Notable disagreements were also exchanged over other theological and cultural issues, ranging from the issue of papal supremacy in the Church to the "filioque" clause and other disagreements between the Patriarchates.

paragraph: In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent a letter to the Patriarch, citing a large portion of the Donation of Constantine believing it genuine.

paragraph: Some scholars say that this letter of September 1053, the text of which is available in Migne, "Patrologia Latina", vol. 143, coll. 744-769, was never actually despatched, but was set aside, and that the papal reply actually sent was the softer but still harsh letter "Scripta tuae" of January 1054.

paragraph: Leo IX assured the Patriarch that the donation was completely genuine, not a fable or old wives' tale, arguing that only the apostolic successor to Peter possessed primacy in the Church.

paragraph: This letter of Pope Leo IX was addressed both to Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and Leo of Ohrid, Archbishop of Bulgaria, and was in response to a letter sent by Leo, Metropolitan of Achrida to John, Bishop of Trani (in Apulia), that categorically attacked the customs of the Latin Church that differed from those of the Greeks. Especially criticized were the Roman traditions of fasting on the Saturday Sabbath and consecration of unleavened bread. Leo IX in his letter accused Constantinople of historically being the source of heresy and claimed in emphatic terms the primacy of the Bishop of Rome over even the Patriarch of Constantinople, who would have none of it. It can be argued that in 1054, the Patriarch's letter to Pope Leo IX initiated the events which followed, because it claimed the title "ecumenical patriarch" and addressed Pope Leo as "brother" rather than "father."

paragraph: Pope Leo IX sent an official delegation on a legatine mission to treat with the Patriarch. Members of the papal delegation were: cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, papal secretary Frederick of Lorraine, who was Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica, and Peter, Archbishop of Amalfi. Soon upon their arrival in Constantinople, news were received that pope Leo IX had died on 19 April. Since official position and authority of papal legates was dependent upon the pope who authorized them to represent him, the news of Leo's death placed his envoys in an awkward position. In spite of that, they decided to proceed with their mission, but even before any religious discussions were held, problems arose regarding some basic formalities and ceremonies. During the initial audience, Patriarch refused to meet with papal envoys in their official capacity and left them waiting with no further audience for months.

paragraph: During that time, from April to July 1054, cardinal Humbert and his colleagues continued with their activities in Constantinople, taking part in informal religious discussions on various issues. Their behavior was seen as inappropriate by the Patriarch. Despite the fact that their legatine authority officially ceased after popes death, cardinal Humbert and his colleagues decided to engage in open confrontation with the Patriarch. On Saturday, 16 July 1054, they produced a Charter of Excommunication (lat. "charta excommunicationis"), directed against Patriarch Michael of Constantinople, Archbishop Leo of Ohrid, and all of their followers. On the same day, cardinal Humbert and his colleagues entered the church of the Hagia Sophia during the divine liturgy and placed the Charter on the altar.

paragraph: Soon after that, Patriarch decided to react. On 20 July 1054, a synod of 21 metropolitans and bishops was held in Constantinople, presided by Cerularius. The council decided to excommunicate cardinal Humbert and his colleagues. Only the three men were anathematized, and a general reference was made to all who support them, but there was no explicit excommunication of the entire Western Christianity, or the Church of Rome. On Sunday 24 July the conciliar anathema was officially proclaimed in the Hagia Sophia Church.

paragraph: The events of 1054 caused the Great Schism and led to the end of the alliance between the Emperor and the Papacy, and caused later Popes to ally with the Normans against the Empire. Patriarch Michael closed the Latin churches in his area, which exacerbated the schism. In 1965, those excommunications were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras, when they met in Jerusalem. Although the excommunication delivered by Cardinal Humbert was invalid, this gesture represented a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople.

paragraph: The short reign of the Empress Theodora saw Michael intrigue against the throne. Michael Psellus notes that while their initial relations had been cordial, once Theodora took the Imperial throne, they entered into open conflict, as Michael "was vexed because the Roman Empire was being governed by a woman", and on this topic "he spoke his mind freely.". The historian suggests that Theodora would have deposed Michael for his open effrontery and sedition, had she lived longer.

paragraph: Cerularius had a hand in negotiating the abdication of Michael VI Stratiotikos, convincing him to step down on 31 August 1057, in favour of the rebellious general Isaac, for whom the army declared on 8 June. The emperor duly followed the patriarch's advice and became a monk. Having had a role in bringing him to the throne, Cerularius next quarrelled with Isaac I Komnenos over confiscation of church property. Michael went so far as to take the highly symbolic step of donning the purple shoes ceremonially reserved for the Emperor. Michael apparently planned a rebellion, to overthrow the Emperor and claim the Imperial Throne for himself or for his relative Constantine Doukas. Isaac exiled Michael to Proconnesus in 1058 and, as Michael refused to step down, had Psellus drew up the "Accusation" of heresy and treason against him. Cerularius died before coming to trial.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Migne's "Patrologia Latina", Vol. 143 (cxliii), Leo IX Epistolae Et Decreta .pdf - 1.9 Mb. See Col. 744B-769D (pgs. 76-89) for Leo IX's letter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Psellus, "Fourteen Byzantine Rulers" ("The Chronographia"), E.R.A. Sewter, "trans". New York: Penguin, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skylitzes, John (John Wortley, trans. and J-C. Cheynet, notes). Cambridge: University Press, 2010.

description: Ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Michael I Cerularius

wikipedia_title: Michael I Cerularius


text:
Prime Minister
Beylik of Tunis
Tunisia
Greek
Chios
Samos
independence
Ottoman Empire
massacred
sailor
Smyrna
Husainid Dynasty
Islam
Mustapha Bey
Ahmad I Bey
treasurer
bey
president
Mejba Revolt
Greece
riyals
Paris
Tourbet el Bey
Medina of Tunis
Chios Massacre
Greek Muslims
Prime Minister of Tunisia
The Mejba Revolt

categories: Greek former Christians,Former Greek Orthodox Christians,People of the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent,Greek slaves of the Ottoman Empire,Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy,People from Chios,1817 births,1878 deaths,Prime Ministers of Tunisia

paragraph: Mustapha Khaznadar

paragraph: Mustapha Khaznadar ( ,1878–1817), was Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1837 to 1873. He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Mustapha Khaznadar was born of Greek ancestry as Georgios Kalkias Stravelakis on the island of Chios in 1817. In January 1822, rebels from the neighboring islands of Samos arrived on Chios and declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman sultan soon sent an army of about 40,000 to the island of Chios, where roughly 52,000 Greek inhabitants were massacred and tens of thousands of women and children were taken into slavery. During the Chios massacre, Georgios's father, the sailor Stephanis Kalkias Stravelakis, was killed, while Georgios along with his brother Yannis were captured and sold into slavery by the Ottomans. He was then taken to Smyrna and then Constantinople, where he was sold as a slave to an envoy of the Husainid Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Religious conversion and political career.

paragraph: While a slave Stravelakis converted to Islam and was given the name Mustapha. He was raised by the family of Mustapha Bey, then by his son Ahmad I Bey while he was still crown prince. Initially, he worked as the prince's private treasurer before becoming Ahmad's state treasurer ("khaznadar"). He managed to climb to the highest offices of the Tunisian state, married Princess Lalla Kalthoum in 1839 and was promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, made bey in 1840 and then president of the Grand Council from 1862 to 1878. In 1864, Mustapha Khaznadar, then Prime Minister, attempted to squeeze more taxes out of the Tunisian peasants; the countryside rebelled and rose in the Mejba Revolt, nearly overthrowing the regime. However the government was swift to act and ultimately suppressed the uprising through a combination of brutality and guile. Mustafa Khaznadar retained memories of his Greek origin and contact with his native Greece, even sending ten thousand riyals from the state treasury to pay for his two Greek nephews he was educating in Paris. Khaznadar died in 1878 and is buried in the mausoleum of Tourbet el Bey, in the heart of the Medina of Tunis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chios Massacre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Muslims

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prime Minister of Tunisia

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mejba Revolt

description: Tunisian politician

wikidata_label: Mustapha Khaznadar

wikipedia_title: Mustapha Khaznadar


text:
Italian
Madonna della Misericordia, Petriolo
Monte Urano

categories: Italian male painters,Year of birth unknown,Gothic painters,15th-century Italian painters,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Pier Palma da Fermo

paragraph: Pier Palma da Fermo (15th century) was an Italian painter in the provinces of Fermo and Macerata. He painted a venerated image (1475) of the Madonna della Misericordia for the church of the Madonna della Misericordia, Petriolo. The municipality of Monte Urano restored his fresco of the "Madonna delle Nevi".

wikidata_label: Pier Palma da Fermo

wikipedia_title: Pier Palma da Fermo