text: Scottish

text: regent

text: Robert II

text: Robert III

text: James I

text: Earl of Menteith

text: Earl of Fife

text: Earl of Buchan

text: Earl of Atholl

text: Duke of Albany

text: Duke of Rothesay

text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: treason

text: Robert II of Scotland

text: Elizabeth Mure

text: House of Stewart

text: Robert the Bruce

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Earl of Carrick

text: Robert III

text: Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith

text: Murdoch Stewart

text: Doune Castle

text: Earl of Menteith

text: charter

text: Justiciar North of the Forth

text: Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles

text: Robert II

text: Lord Carrick

text: Chamberlain of Scotland

text: Kingdom of England

text: heir

text: David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay

text: Scottish Peerage

text: burgh

text: St Andrews

text: Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan

text: Falkland Castle

text: James I of Scotland

text: Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles

text: Northwest Highlands

text: Earldom of Ross

text: Battle of Harlaw

text: Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar

text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith

text: Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk

text: Lord of Lorne

text: Sir James Douglas of Balveny

text: Alexander Leslie

text: Earl of Ross

text: Walter de Haliburton

text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell

text: John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan

text: Hundred Years War

text: Battle of Verneuil

text: Earl of Ross

text: Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming

text: Stirling Castle

text: Dunfermline Abbey

text: Fife

text: Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany

text: executed

text: James the Fat

text: Ireland

text: James "Beg" Stewart

text: pardon

text: Stewarts of Ardvorlich

text: Lochearnside

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: A Legend of Montrose

text: Nigel Tranter

text: Stewart Trilogy

text: Scottish monarchs family tree

text: Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany

categories: 14th-century births,Earls or mormaers of Fife,1420 deaths,Regents of Scotland,Earls of Atholl,Earls of Buchan (1374),Heirs to the Scottish throne,House of Stuart,Dukes of Albany,Burials at Dunfermline Abbey,14th-century Scottish earls,Scottish princes

paragraph: Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany

paragraph: Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1340 – 3 September 1420), a member of the Scottish royal house, served as regent (at least partially) to three different Scottish monarchs (Robert II, Robert III, and James I). He also held the titles of Earl of Menteith (28 February 1361), Earl of Fife (1361; resigned in 1372), Earl of Buchan (1394; resigned in 1406) and Earl of Atholl (1403, for the duration of Robert III's life only), in addition to his 1398 creation as Duke of Albany. A ruthless politician, Albany was widely regarded as having caused the murder of his nephew, the Duke of Rothesay, and brother to the future King James I of Scotland. James was held in captivity in England for eighteen years, during which time Albany served as regent in Scotland, king in all but name. He died in 1420 and was succeeded by his son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, who would be executed for treason when James returned to Scotland in 1425, almost causing the complete ruin of the Albany Stewarts.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and ancestry.

paragraph: Robert Stewart was the second son of the future King Robert II of Scotland (1316–1390) and of Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan. His parents' marriage was deemed uncanonical at first, which in some circles, gave their children and descendants the label of illegitimacy, but the granting of a papal dispensation in 1349 saw their remarriage and their children's legitimisation. Robert's grandfather was Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (1293–1326) and his father was the first monarch of the House of Stewart. His great-grandfather was Robert the Bruce (1274–1329), legendary victor of the Battle of Bannockburn.

paragraph: Robert Stewart was raised in a large family with many siblings. His older brother John Stewart (1337–1406) became Earl of Carrick in 1368, and would later be crowned King of Scotland under the name Robert III.

paragraph: In 1361 Stewart married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith (1334–1380), a wealthy divorcee who took Robert as her fourth husband. His sister-in-law's claim to the Earldoms of Menteith and Fife allowed him to assume those titles, becoming Earl of Menteith and Earl of Fife. In 1362 the couple had a son and heir, Murdoch Stewart, (1362–1425) who would in time inherit his father's titles and estates.

paragraph: Stewart was responsible for the construction of Doune Castle, which remains largely intact today. When Stewart was created Earl of Menteith, he was granted the lands on which Doune Castle now stands. Building may have started any time after this, and the castle was at least partially complete in 1381, when a charter was sealed here.

paragraph: Section::::Politics and war.

paragraph: Scottish politics in the late 14th century was unstable and bloody, and much of Albany's career would be spent acquiring territory, land and titles, often by violent means. In 1389 his son Murdoch Stewart was appointed Justiciar North of the Forth, and father and son would now work together to expand their family interest, bringing them into violent confrontation with other members of the nobility such as Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles.

paragraph: During the reign of their infirm father as King Robert II (1371–1390), Robert Stewart and his older brother Lord Carrick functioned as regents of Scotland, kings in all but name, with Albany serving as High Chamberlain of Scotland. He also led several military expeditions and raids into the Kingdom of England.

paragraph: In 1389, the Earl of Carrick became incapacitated in an accident and, though he nevertheless acceded to the throne as King Robert III in 1390, this "sickness of the body" caused control of the kingdom eventually to devolve in 1399 to his son and heir apparent, David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, who held the first dukedom created in the Scottish Peerage. Although in 1398 Robert was himself appointed Duke of Albany, bringing him still greater power and wealth, power had begun to shift away from Albany and towards his nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Politics and war.:Murder of the Duke of Rothesay.

paragraph: However, the English soon invaded Scotland, and serious differences emerged between Albany and Rothesay. In 1401, Rothesay was accused of unjustifiably appropriating sums from the customs of the burghs on the east coast and confiscating the revenues of the temporalities of the vacant bishopric of St Andrews. Rothesay had also in conjunction with his uncle, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, confronted Albany's influence in central Scotland—as soon his lieutenancy expired in 1402 Albany acted swiftly and ruthlessly. Rothesay was arrested and imprisoned in Albany's Falkland Castle where he died in March 1402. Rothesay's death probably lay with Albany and Douglas who would have looked upon the possibility of the young prince acceding to the throne with great apprehension. Albany certainly fell under suspicion but he was cleared of all blame by a general council, which found that" 'by divine providence and not otherwise, it is discerned that he [Duke Rothesay] departed from this life.' "

paragraph: However, even though Albany was exonerated from blame, suspicions of foul play persisted, suspicions which never left Rothesay's younger brother the future James I of Scotland, and which would eventually lead to the downfall of the Albany Stewarts. John Debrett, writing in 1805, was in no doubt of Duke Robert's motives and guilt:

paragraph: After Rothesay's death, the King began to fear for his second son James, who fled Scotland for his own safety. Debrett continues:

paragraph: Section::::Politics and war.:Regent of Scotland.

paragraph: After the death of his brother King Robert III, Albany ruled Scotland as regent. His young nephew, the future James I of Scotland, would remain in exile and imprisonment in England for 18 years. Perhaps unsurprisingly Albany made little effort to secure the young Prince's ransom and return to Scotland, focusing his energies instead on securing his own power and interest.

paragraph: Albany's political triumph did not settle his differences with the other members of the nobility, in particular Donald McDonald, 2nd Lord of the Isles, who in 1411 led an army of clansmen from the Northwest Highlands into open battle with the Stewarts. This conflict began when Albany had attempted to secure the Earldom of Ross for his second son John, despite McDonald's better claim. At the Battle of Harlaw (known as "Red Harlaw" on account of its savagery) on 24 July 1411, losses were heavy on both sides, though McDonald's eventual withdrawal allowed the Stewarts to claim a strategic victory. The Stewart army was led by Albany's nephew, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, who would later sit on the jury of knights and peers which convicted Albany's son Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany and two of his sons of treason, virtually annihilating the Albany Stewarts.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Albany married twice. Firstly, in 1361, he married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith, (1334–1380) a wealthy divorcee who took him as her fourth husband. His sister-in-law's claim to the Earldoms of Menteith and Fife allowed him to assume those titles after marriage. The couple had eight children, seven daughters and a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Janet Stewart (married Sir David de Moubray)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Stewart (married Sir William Abernathy, 6th of Saltoun)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Margaret Stewart (married to Sir John Swinton, 14th of that Ilk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Joan Stewart (married Sir Robert Stewart, 1st Lord of Lorne and had descendants)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Beatrice Stewart (married Sir James Douglas of Balveny)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Isobel Stewart (married to Alexander Leslie, 7th Earl of Ross and later to Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton and had descendants)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany (1362–1425) (Married Joan Douglas and later to Isabel, Countess of Lennox).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Margery (married Sir Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell and had descendants)

paragraph: Margaret died in 1380 and Albany subsequently married Muriella Keith, with whom he had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan (1381–1424); he fought in France against the English during the Hundred Years War, serving with distinction, but was killed at the Battle of Verneuil on 17 August 1424.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Stewart, Earl of Ross, died without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth Stewart (married to Malcolm Fleming, ancestor of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming)

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: The Duke of Albany died in 1420 in Stirling Castle and lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey in Fife. He was succeeded as Duke of Albany and Regent of Scotland by his son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany. But Murdoch would not enjoy his power for long. In 1425 the exiled King James, captive in England for 18 years, finally returned to Scotland, and executed Murdoch and most of his family for treason, causing the almost complete ruin of the Albany Stewarts.

paragraph: Murdoch Stewart's sole surviving male heir was his youngest son, James the Fat, who fled to Ireland after a brief rebellion against the King over the arrest of his father and brothers. James remained in Ireland, unable to return, and died there in 1429. He was never able to inherit his father's titles, since they had been declared forfeit.

paragraph: Albany's great-grandson, James "Beg" Stewart, (c. 1410-1470) would eventually secure a pardon from the King and return to Scotland, though the family would never recover their lost estates. James "Beg" Stewart is the ancestor of the Stewarts of Ardvorlich on Lochearnside, whose family history is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in A Legend of Montrose.

paragraph: Section::::Albany in fiction.

paragraph: Nigel Tranter's "Stewart Trilogy" covers the period when Albany was an important figure in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish monarchs family tree

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Debrett, John, p.233, "The peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland", London (1805) Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mackie, J. D., "A History of Scotland", Penguin Books, London (1964).

paragraph: BULLET::::- McAndrew, Bruce A., "Scotland's Historic Heraldry" Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, John L., p.16, "Feuds, Forays and Febellions: History of the Highland Clans 1475-1625" Retrieved November 2010

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany

description: Duke of Albany

wikidata_label: Robert Stewart

wikipedia_title: Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany


text:
rock
The Strokes
The Voidz
Phrazes for the Young
The Lonely Island
Incredibad
Daft Punk
Random Access Memories
independent record label
Cult Records
Kobalt
The Growlers
Rey Pila
Karen O
New York City
John Casablancas
Elite Model Management
Miss Denmark
The Doors
Phil Collins
Nikolai Fraiture
Lycée Français de New York
Institut Le Rosey
Switzerland
Albert Hammond Jr.
Dwight School
Nick Valensi
Fabrizio Moretti
GED
Five Towns College
Nick Valensi
Fab Moretti
Albert Hammond Jr
Last Nite
The Modern Age
Rough Trade Records
NME
Last Nite
The Modern Age
Is This It
Room on Fire
First Impressions of Earth
"Angles"
Comedown Machine
RCA
Future Present Past
Bilbao BBK Live
Governors Ball Music Festival
Phrazes for the Young
Oscar Wilde
Bright Eyes
Mike Mogis
new wave
electronica
synthesizer
Jeff Kite
Danielle Haim
Alex Carapetis
Sirius XMU
Tyranny
George W. Bush
Henry Giroux
Oliver Stone
Chris Hedges
Jesse Ventura
Howard Zinn
Martin Luther King Jr.
Paul Robeson
Redacted Tonight
Marvin Gaye
Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)
Joshua Homme
Eddie Vedder
You Only Live Once
Albert Hammond, Jr.'s
Yours to Keep
Casio guitar
Sick, Sick, Sick
Queens of the Stone Age
Santigold
Pharrell
N*E*R*D
My Drive Thru
Converse
Boombox
Andy Samberg
Jorma Taccone
Akiva Schaffer
The Lonely Island
Incredibad
SNL Digital Short
Saturday Night Live
Jimmy Fallon
Horatio Sanz
Chris Kattan
Tracy Morgan
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
The Roots
Danger Mouse
Sparklehorse
Dark Night of the Soul
Digitalism
I Love You, Dude
electronica
Buddy Holly
Rave On Buddy Holly
The Velvet Underground
Lou Reed
Venus in Furs
Run Run Run
White Light/White Heat
HBO
Vinyl
Atlantic Records
Daft Punk
Random Access Memories
Instant Crush
Grammy Award for Album of the Year
Savages
Jehnny Beth
Boy/Girl
Sort Sol
Lydia Lunch
Warren Fu
Cult Records
Phrazes for the Young
Kobalt Label Services
AWAL
The Growlers
Har Mar Superstar
Songhoy Blues
Rey Pila
Karen O
Cerebral Ballzy
The Virgins
The Future Sugar
The Growlers
City Club
The Doors
Jim Morrison
Lou Reed
The Velvet Underground
Rolling Stone
Bob Marley
Nirvana
Pearl Jam
Yellow Ledbetter
Stevie Wonder
NME
Rolling Stone
LCD Soundsystem
James Murphy
Spin
The Killers
Arctic Monkeys
Franz Ferdinand.
Courtney Love
America's Sweetheart
Elizabeth Peyton
Phrazes for the Young
Is This It
Room on Fire
First Impressions of Earth
Angles
Comedown Machine
Future Present Past
Tyranny
Virtue

categories: American male singer-songwriters,Lycée Français de New York alumni,1978 births,The Strokes members,American rock singers,American people of Danish descent,American singer-songwriters,Singers from New York City,American people of Catalan descent,Grammy Award winners,American male songwriters,American rock songwriters,American baritones,American expatriates in Switzerland,Living people,Alumni of Institut Le Rosey

paragraph: Julian Casablancas

paragraph: Julian Fernando Casablancas (born August 23, 1978) is an American singer, musician, songwriter, and record producer. He is best known as the lead singer of the American rock bands The Strokes since 1998 and The Voidz since 2013.

paragraph: In the midst of The Strokes' hiatus between the release of their third and fourth albums, Casablancas embarked on his solo career, during which the album "Phrazes for the Young" was released in November 2009, as well as a multitude of collaborations with several other artists on their work, such as The Lonely Island's "Incredibad" and Daft Punk's "Random Access Memories".

paragraph: In conjunction with the release of his solo album, Casablancas founded the independent record label Cult Records in 2009. In June 2014, Cult Records entered a label services agreement with Kobalt, and currently represents artists such as The Growlers, Rey Pila, Karen O, and several others.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Julian Fernando Casablancas was born in New York City on August 23, 1978, the son of American business mogul John Casablancas, best known as the founder of Elite Model Management, and Danish former model Jeanette Christiansen, who was crowned the 1965 Miss Denmark. He has Spanish ancestry on his father's side. When Casablancas was eight, his parents divorced. He once stated that he wanted to be closer to his father, and this "translated into teenage rebelliousness". His mother subsequently married painter Sam Adoquei. Adoquei helped shape Casablancas' early musical taste by exposing him to music such as The Doors, which was markedly different from the mostly Phil Collins-influenced music he listened to as a child.

paragraph: Casablancas has known the bassist of The Strokes, Nikolai Fraiture, since they were six, while both were attending Lycée Français de New York. When he was 13, Casablancas' father sent him to Institut Le Rosey, a boarding school in Switzerland, where he met future Strokes member Albert Hammond Jr. Casablancas later returned to New York and attended Dwight School with two other future Strokes, Nick Valensi and Fabrizio Moretti. Casablancas never finished high school, but took a GED and continued to take music classes at Five Towns College, where he says he first enjoyed himself in class.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Strokes (1998–present).

paragraph: Upon meeting future guitarist Nick Valensi and drummer Fab Moretti at Dwight School in Manhattan, the three began to play music together. He reconnected with guitarist Albert Hammond Jr. when the latter moved to New York. The band was formed in 1998 when Hammond was accepted into the band, with Casablancas as the lead vocalist and main songwriter and Nikolai Fraiture on bass.

paragraph: The band began rehearsing a fourteen-song set which included "Alone, Together", "Barely Legal", "Last Nite", "The Modern Age", "New York City Cops", "Soma", "Someday", "Take It or Leave It" and "This Life" (an early version of "Trying Your Luck"). Most of these songs now feature different lyrics. A demo sent to the newly reformed Rough Trade Records in the UK sparked interest there, leading to their first release via the website of the UK magazine, "NME," who gave away a free mp3 download of "Last Nite" a week prior to the physical release as part of "The Modern Age EP" in 2001. The EP sparked a bidding war among record labels, the largest for a rock and roll band in years. Shortly after, The Strokes' critically acclaimed debut album "Is This It" was released.

paragraph: The band has received the highest of praise for "Is This It," and it set the stage for what people expected to “save rock” in the new millennium. Though some would argue that such statements left unreasonably sized shoes to fill, The Strokes are still highly recognized as one of the most influential garage rock bands of the early 2000s, paving the way for many new alternative bands to come.

paragraph: Statistically, all albums released following their debut were not nearly as successful or well-received by fans and critics. In an excerpt from Lizzie Goodman's "Meet Me in the Bathroom: Rebirth and Rock and Roll in New York City, 2001-2011-" named after The Strokes' track- Strokes guitarist, Nick Valensi, comments, """With "Room on Fire" [2003], people were giving us shit because they said we were sounding too much the same. With the third album ["First Impressions of Earth"], we were getting shit that we don’t sound like "Room on Fire". We got fucked by the same thing twice!"

paragraph: After the release of the two other albums and several major tours, the band took a 5-year break before returning with their fourth album "Angles" in 2011. The five-year hiatus was said to be the result of conflicting solo projects, sobriety issues, and unspoken emotions.The Strokes' drummer Fab Moretti claimed the band struggled to process such "subconscious volcanic emotions", partly because they were still "children" at the time.

paragraph: Though their creative processes has been critiqued by outside observers as “a democracy under a dictator”, Casablancas has encouraged each band member to contribute their own ideas and collectively sort through which ones will potentially turn into something more. Commenting on the meticulous nature of Julian's creative process, guitarist, Nick Valensi, has said, “his ear is so sharp. He’s the one with the ear for detail in this band. Creatively, he is a force to be reckoned with.” The 2011 release, "Angles," is said to reflect the beginning of the more collaborative nature of the band's creative process.

paragraph: The album release was followed by several headlining appearances at musical festivals, including Reading, Coachella, Lollapalooza and Austin City Limits. The band released "Comedown Machine" in 2013, as their last album under the contract with long-time label RCA, for which they did no promotion. The band released an EP, "Future Present Past", on Casablancas' own label Cult Records in 2016.

paragraph: In December 2018, it was announced that the band would headline at Bilbao BBK Live in 2019, kicking off their global comeback. Numerous dates for festivals and shows have been announced afterwards, including a show at the Governors Ball Music Festival, marking the band's return to New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo projects (2009–present).

paragraph: As a solo artist, Casablancas set out with an intention to say what was on his mind, both musically and lyrically. Speaking on his experience as a solo artist versus releasing music with The Strokes, the singer has put it simply, “it’s like touring with me or with five of me,” meaning that each member has their own opinionated state of mind. While such statements raised much concern for the relations between the band members, Casablancas claims that in pursuit of a solo career, he is protecting the integrity of the [Strokes] vibe. In having a musical project separate from The Strokes, he is able to “chase down any idea [he] wants”, which he would refrain from doing with the band.

paragraph: His first solo album, "Phrazes for the Young" (inspired by the Oscar Wilde book "Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young"), was released on November 2 in the UK and November 3, 2009, in the United States. Recorded in Omaha, Nebraska, and Casablancas' home city New York, the album was produced by Jason Lader, with additional production from Bright Eyes' Mike Mogis. The album was strongly influenced by new wave and electronica, with Casablancas utilizing synthesizers for many songs. He discussed his new influences by saying "I would've gone weirder with the music, but I wanted to be smart. I didn't want people to say, 'Okay, this is his weird abstract thing,' and dismiss the album. I worked too hard on it for that to happen...I wanted to be crazy original and bridge the gap between traditional music and modern music."

paragraph: Julian Casablancas made his live solo debut for a private party for fashion brand Opening Ceremony in Tokyo, Japan. To celebrate the release of the EP, Casablancas performed a series of shows in October 2009 at The Downtown Palace Theatre in Los Angeles with his live show band, The Sick Six. Members of The Sick Six include Jeff Kite (keyboard), Nelson London (synthesizer), JP Bowersock (guitar), Danielle Haim (percussion) and Alex Carapetis (drums). Casablancas then toured with The Sick Six in Europe, United States, Australia and Japan from November 2009 until July 2010.

paragraph: Casablancas composed an original song, "I Like The Night", as part of his endorsement deal to represent Azzaro's new men's fragrance, Decibel, dB. The Azzaro Decibel television commercial featuring Julian aired in France on September 1, 2011.

paragraph: Casablancas also hosted a monthly music show "Culture Void" on Sirius XMU between May 2016 and February 2017, where the singer curated and shared some music across genres.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Voidz (2013–present).

paragraph: Casablancas’ most recent project of focus, The Voidz, formerly known as Julian Casablancas + The Voidz, was formed in 2013. Along with Casablancas as lead vocalist, the band consists of Jeramy "Beardo" Gritter and Amir Yaghmai on guitar, Jacob "Jake" Bercovici on bass (as well as synthesizer), Alex Carapetis on drums and percussion, and Jeff Kite on keyboard. Wanting to earn a greater sense of respect as a band, rather than be perceived as a “side-project” of Julian's, the band officially changed their name from "Julian Casablancas + The Voidz" to simply "The Voidz" during an 'initiation' video on the band's YouTube page on December 8, 2017. Julian performed with Carapetis and Kite throughout the tour for his solo album, "Phrazes for the Young". Through Carapetis, Casablancas met Gritter and Bercovici. Bercovici, having played music with Yaghmai for several of years, then connected him to Casablancas, forming what is now known as The Voidz.

paragraph: Though the band's sound has not always been well received, The Voidz aim to “bridge the gap” between music that is both aggressive and complex. They share the goal of “representing things unseen” and "exploring [music] from the margins”, as Jake [Bercovici] has said. Inspired by the complex nature of Middle Eastern music scales, Casablancas claims to be more interested in “the in between notes” than the traditional 7 note scale of Western music. The band is bound by a mutual love for powerful music that does not gain much attention in mainstream media, which is embodied in Julian's record company, Cult Records, as well. Julian claims that his work with The Voidz is simply an “evolution of the same mission” [as with The Strokes], but The Voidz are more aligned with the type of music with which he would like to experiment, moving forward. Though the Voidz remain a more active musical entity, both bands are still currently represented under Cult Records.

paragraph: In June 2014 Casablancas announced he would be releasing the debut album, "Tyranny." The album would be released on his own label, Cult Records and coincided with his move to Upstate New York. On September 23, 2014, the album was released, followed by a tour in the United States and United Kingdom. The album features the 11-minute single "Human Sadness", a song whose demo was originally composed for the soundtrack of "The Unseen Beauty", a short documentary film which profiled Casablancas' stepfather, artist Sam Adoquei. The group revealed dates for a South American tour in August 2017.

paragraph: On March 30, 2018, The Voidz released their second album, titled "Virtue". The album takes on a more political stance, dissecting universal concepts such as the paradox between what is perceived as “truth” and “lies”, when taking multiple perceptual view points into consideration. The album features track, “Pyramid of Bones”, which was featured on Adult Swim in April 2018, along with their single “Coul as a Ghoul” on the Adult Swim's Singles Program.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Music & Politics.

paragraph: In recent years, Julian has become increasingly more vocal about his political interests, and has concluded that there is a direct parallel between politics and music. Though he claims the reelection of George W. Bush was the catalyst for his political intrigue, this link between political thought and music became much more evident upon the 2018 release of The Voidz’ album, "Virtue," through which he more explicitly expresses politically-charged ideas. Doing so, Casablancas explains, is using his music as a “means to an end to make the world a better place.” The music industry, according to Casablancas, operates quite similarly to the political world, where “whoever’s propaganda’s the loudest” is what is popular, regardless of its quality.

paragraph: In 2016 Casablancas interviewed Henry Giroux, during which they discuss the idea of whether or not the average American identifies that there are still existing struggles and conflicts that need to be addressed within the country. Amongst various other issues impending on society today, Casablancas is most concerned with the idea that institutions have become more powerful than democratic government. He proposes that there is a perpetual conflict between those who understand that the democratic nature of the U.S. is lost and those who seek to keep it that way. It is in this way that the music industry reflects the nature of politics- quality and integrity is compromised under the control of capitalist greed.

paragraph: Casablancas cites some of his most politically influential figures as Oliver Stone, Chris Hedges, Jesse Ventura, and Howard Zinn. He notes Martin Luther King Jr. as his favorite philosopher, whose work, Casablancas claims, held truth as an important standard value. He recognizes Paul Robeson as someone who used his musical platform to help further his serious political intrigue and as someone who, therefore, serves as a role model for politically engaged musicians.

paragraph: Casablancas has been a guest on the Russian sponsored program "Redacted Tonight", as well as included its host, Lee Camp, as an opener for a Voidz show in Houston, Texas in October 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Collaborations.

paragraph: Casablancas, along with the Strokes, provided vocals on a cover of Marvin Gaye's "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" with Joshua Homme on drums and Eddie Vedder on backup vocals. The cover was released in 2006 as the B-side to "You Only Live Once". Casablancas also provided bass guitar and backing vocals on Albert Hammond, Jr.'s "Scared" on his solo album "Yours to Keep". He subsequently played a Casio guitar and provided backing vocals on "Sick, Sick, Sick" by Queens of the Stone Age.

paragraph: In 2008, he recorded a song with Santigold (then known as Santogold) and Pharrell of N*E*R*D called "My Drive Thru" for a Converse advertising campaign. During his solo phase, he recorded "Boombox" with Andy Samberg, Jorma Taccone, and Akiva Schaffer of The Lonely Island for their 2009 debut album "Incredibad", and was featured in an SNL Digital Short for the same song. In addition, he also recorded "I Wish It Was Christmas Today", a festive song based on a "Saturday Night Live" skit made popular by Jimmy Fallon, Horatio Sanz, Chris Kattan and Tracy Morgan. Casablancas performed the song live on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" on December 21, 2009, together with The Roots, Horatio Sanz and Jimmy Fallon. He also appeared in the 100th Digital Short, which aired on May 12, 2012.

paragraph: Casablancas also collaborated with Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse on the song "Little Girl" on the 2010 album, "Dark Night of the Soul", contributing the lyrics, lead and backing vocals, and guitar solo. Aside from vocal collaborations, he also contributed to a song, "Forrest Gump", on Digitalism's sophomore album "I Love You, Dude" in 2011. The electronica duo initiated a collaboration with Casablancas through his manager, and Casablancas contributed 'a 30-second recording with him on guitar' via email.

paragraph: Casablancas also lent his vocals to the title track, "Rave On", on a 2011 tribute album to Buddy Holly, "Rave On Buddy Holly". In 2016, Casablancas contributed three specially recorded The Velvet Underground and Lou Reed covers – "Venus in Furs", "Run Run Run" and "White Light/White Heat", under the title "White Light White Heat (rock n roll animal live era version)" – to the HBO television series, "Vinyl". The songs were subsequently released on various soundtracks to the series by Atlantic Records.

paragraph: Casablancas worked with Daft Punk on their 2013 album "Random Access Memories" by contributing lyrics, vocals, and a guitar solo to their song "Instant Crush". The album won the 2013 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, with Casablancas as one of the co-recipients of the award.

paragraph: In April 2015, it was revealed that Casablancas had worked on a song with Savages' Jehnny Beth. The collaboration was later announced to be a cover of "Boy/Girl", a 1983 duet by Danish punk band Sort Sol and Lydia Lunch. The music video, directed by Warren Fu, was released on December 4, 2015. The 7" was released through both Cult Records and Pop Noire Records on December 18, 2015. Casablancas also wrote the song "Youth Without Love" for Har Mar Superstar's 2016 album "Best Summer Ever", and is featured on "No One There", a song by Indian-born musician, Hammarsing Kharhmar (Exhibition).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Cult Records.

paragraph: In 2009, Casablancas founded Cult Records, the creative imprint for his solo album "Phrazes for the Young". The label subsequently signed a partnership agreement with Kobalt Label Services in 2014, which includes representation and product management, physical distribution across multiple territories, digital distribution through AWAL, marketing and sync licensing services. Cult currently represents The Growlers, Har Mar Superstar, Songhoy Blues, Rey Pila, Karen O, Promiseland, The Strokes, The Voidz, Exhibition and Cerebral Ballzy. The label has also released works of Albert Hammond Jr., The Virgins, Reputante, INHEAVEN, Exclamation Pony and Nelson London (C O L O R).

paragraph: Casablancas served as a co-producer on Rey Pila's album released on Cult, "The Future Sugar". In August 2016, Cult Records announced a new album with The Growlers, a Southern California-based band. It was also announced that Casablancas himself was producing the album, later known as "City Club".

paragraph: Section::::Musical influences.

paragraph: Casablancas claims that one of his earliest musical influences was The Doors- musically and instrumentally, in particular, rather than through the identity of Jim Morrison as a frontman. He has also cited Lou Reed of The Velvet Underground as a major influence on his lyrics and singing style. "The way Lou Reed wrote and sang about drugs and sex, about the people around him — it was so matter-of-fact," Casablancas stated in a "Rolling Stone" interview. "Reed could be romantic in the way he portrayed these crazy situations, but he was also intensely real. It was poetry and journalism."

paragraph: Additionally, he has stated that Bob Marley, Nirvana and Pearl Jam are major influences on his work, the latter being the reason he started making music, upon hearing the song "Yellow Ledbetter". Julian, in agreement with several members of The Voidz, has named Stevie Wonder as being a composer with a “next level mind".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Julian has several half-siblings, including an elder sister from his father's first marriage, and three other siblings from the third marriage.

paragraph: In 2005, Julian married Juliet Joslin, who was the assistant manager of The Strokes at the time. Their son, Cal, was born in January 2010. Their second son, Zephyr, was born March 27, 2015.

paragraph: Julian's father died of cancer in July 2013.

paragraph: Julian maintains a sober lifestyle since 2009, after drinking was interfering with his work.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and Influence.

paragraph: The Strokes' debut album "Is This It" was named number one album of the year by NME and number two by "Rolling Stone," "Is This It" earned Casablancas and The Strokes tremendous respect across various artists in the alternative music scene"." Lead singer of LCD Soundsystem, James Murphy, has said, " "Is This It" was my record of the decade." The album won Best International Album in 2002, nominated by NME, and ASCAP College Vanguard Award.

paragraph: The Strokes have been said to be, "as influential to their era as the Velvet Underground or the Ramones were to theirs,” by Lizzie Goodman in her book on the New York City music scene, claiming that, "almost every artist I interviewed for this book — from all over the world — said it was the Strokes that opened the door for them." The band was named Band of the Year in 2002 by "Spin" and have heavily influenced bands like The Killers, Arctic Monkeys, and Franz Ferdinand.

paragraph: Courtney Love's song "But Julian, I'm a Little Bit Older Than You", from her debut solo album "America's Sweetheart" (2004), was written about Julian Casablancas.

paragraph: He has also served as inspiration for several other musicians and the painter Elizabeth Peyton.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Solo studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phrazes for the Young" (2009)

paragraph: With the Strokes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Is This It" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Room on Fire" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Impressions of Earth" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angles" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedown Machine" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Future Present Past" EP (2016)

paragraph: With the Voidz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tyranny" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virtue" (2018)

description: lead singer and frontman for The Strokes & The Voidz

wikidata_label: Julian Casablancas

wikipedia_title: Julian Casablancas


text:
Carl Reinecke
Leipzig Conservatory
Copenhagen
Weyse
Niels Gade
Hørsholm
Gewandhaus
Louis Gurlitt
Accademia di Santa Cecilia
Augustenburg
Schleswig-Holstein war
military band
cantata
Altona
Schleswig-Holstein
Biography in "Deutsche Biographie"

categories: German Romantic composers,19th-century German musicians,German classical composers,Gurlitt family,1901 deaths,German male classical composers,Honorary members of the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia,1820 births,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Cornelius Gurlitt (composer)

paragraph: Cornelius Gurlitt (10 February 1820 – 17 June 1901) was a German composer. He was a classmate of Carl Reinecke, whose father was head of the famous Leipzig Conservatory. Gurlitt studied with Reinecke's father for six years. His first public appearance at the age of seventeen was well received, and he decided to go to Copenhagen to continue his studies. There he studied organ, piano, and composition under Curlander and Weyse. While in Copenhagen he became acquainted with the Danish composer Niels Gade, and they remained friends until Gade's death.

paragraph: In 1842, Gurlitt moved to Hørsholm, where he resided as organist and music teacher for four years. He then moved to Leipzig, Germany, where Gade was musical director for the Gewandhaus concerts. Gurlitt next traveled to Rome, where his brother, Louis Gurlitt, a well-known painter, was studying. Cornelius Gurlitt's abilities as a musician were quickly recognized in Rome, and the papal Accademia di Santa Cecilia nominated him an honorary member, graduating as a Professor of Music in 1855. While in Rome he also studied painting with excellent results. On his return to Altona, the Duke of Augustenburg engaged him as teacher for three of his daughters. When the Schleswig-Holstein war broke out in 1849, Gurlitt became a military band master. His output was prodigious in quantity and breadth, ranging from songs and teaching pieces to operas, cantatas, and symphonies. He was born in Altona, Schleswig-Holstein and died in Altona.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography in "Deutsche Biographie" (in German)

description: German composer

wikidata_label: Cornelius Gurlitt

wikipedia_title: Cornelius Gurlitt (composer)


text:
Robert II of Scotland
Elizabeth Mure
Earl of Buchan
John Comyn
Euphemia I, Countess of Ross
Mairead inghean Eachainn
Justiciar of Scotia
Scotland
royal burgh
Elgin
letters patent
Ruthven Castle
Bishop of Moray
Badenoch
Steward
David II of Scotland
Loch Leven Castle
Robert's
Lord of Badenoch
Earldom of Moray
John Dunbar
John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles
Inverness
David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn
Inverness
Aberdeenshire
Perthshire
Pentland Firth
Earldom of Caithness
Earl Malise
jure uxoris
Lewis
Skye
Dingwall
cateran
Alexander Bur
Bishop of Moray
Moray
Robert I of Scotland
Thomas Randolph
Badenoch and Strathspey
John Comyn
John
Earl of Carrick
David Lindsay
Great Glen
Loch Ness
Justiciar North of the Forth
Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany
Mairead inghean Eachainn
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar
Alexander Kylquhous
Avignon
Alexander Leslie, Earl of Ross
Dundonald Castle
Ayrshire
Wyntoun
Scone
Robert III
Laich of Moray
Richard II of England
Forres
Robert III of Scotland
Walter Trail
Bishop of St Andrews
Red Douglas
earl of Angus
Black Douglas
Pitlochry
Stirling Castle
Spynie Castle
Baillie
Cathedral of Dunkeld
Perthshire
effigy
Dunkeld Cathedral
Mairead inghean Eachainn
Iye Mackay, 4th of Strathnaver
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar
Latin
Robert II of Scotland
Angus Du Mackay, 7th of Strathnaver
Battle of Dingwall
Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles
Scottish monarchs family tree

categories: 15th-century Scottish people,Burials at Dunkeld Cathedral,Peers jure uxoris,Medieval Gaels from Scotland,1405 deaths,Prisoners and detainees of Scotland,Earls of Buchan (1374),14th-century Scottish earls,House of Stuart,Lords of Badenoch,1343 births,Scottish princes

paragraph: Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan

paragraph: Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, Alasdair Mór mac an Rígh, and called the Wolf of Badenoch (1343 – 20 June 1405), was the third surviving son of King Robert II of Scotland and youngest by his first wife, Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan. He was the first Earl of Buchan since John Comyn, from 1382 until his death. Alexander married the widowed Euphemia I, Countess of Ross, but they had no children. He did have a large family by his longtime mistress, Mairead inghean Eachainn. Alexander was Justiciar of Scotia for a time, but not an effective one. He held large territories in the north of Scotland before eventually losing a large part of them. Alexander is remembered for his destruction of the royal burgh of Elgin and its cathedral. His nickname was earned due to his notorious cruelty and rapacity, but there is no proof that it was used during his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Power and influence.

paragraph: Known in charters as Alexander "Senescalli" (Latin for Steward), first noted when, on 14 August 1370, he issued letters patent from Ruthven Castle undertaking to grant protection to the Bishop of Moray and all of his lands, men and property in Badenoch. His father, Robert the Steward, had acquired the lands of Badenoch probably from Euphemia, Countess of Moray who had become his second wife. Robert had a petulant relationship with his uncle, King David II of Scotland. In 1368 he and his sons were required by David's parliament to take an oath that they would keep their undisciplined followers in check—later that year, Robert and Alexander were imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle possibly as a result of these oaths having been broken. Following Robert's accession to the throne, Alexander was formally made Lord of Badenoch on 30 March 1371.

paragraph: Alexander's possession of Badenoch was unaffected by the restoration of the Earldom of Moray to John Dunbar in March 1372, nor were the territories of John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles, in Lochaber—similarly with the lands of Urquhart (south of Inverness) which had been granted to David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn and King Robert's eldest son with his second wife, Euphemia. Alexander further extended his territorial gains in 1371 by leasing the Urquhart lands from his younger half-brother and then obtained possession of the Barony of Strathavon bordering his Badenoch lands. In October 1372, Alexander was given the Royal Lieutenancy for those lands outwith the Earldom of Moray north and west of Inverness and added lands in Aberdeenshire and north Perthshire. In the same year, he was Royal Justiciar in the Appin of Dull in Perthshire which meant that Alexander held crown authority from north Perthshire to the Pentland Firth.

paragraph: Alexander de Ard, a principal claimant for the Earldom of Caithness as the eldest grandson of Earl Malise, resigned his territories to the crown in favour of both Alexander and his half-brother David. However Alexander effectively doubled his land holdings when he married Euphemia Countess of Ross, in June 1382. Alexander became the "jure uxoris" Earl of Ross and this provided him the Ross lands (but only during his own lifetime). Other lands belonging to his wife — including Lewis, Skye, Dingwall and Kingedward in Aberdeenshire — he held in joint ownership with her. His possession of the Barony of Kingedward, a large part of the former Earldom of Buchan allowed King Robert to give Alexander the title of Earl of Buchan only days after his marriage. Alexander ruled these territories with the help of his own private cateran forces, building up resentment among other land owners and this included Alexander Bur, Bishop of Moray.

paragraph: Section::::Church defiance.

paragraph: There was no dominant potentate in Moray during the 12th and 13th centuries and the bishops ruled their territories with a great deal of independence, but this ended when King Robert I of Scotland elevated his nephew Thomas Randolph to the Earldom of Moray sometime between 12 April and 29 October 1312. The Randolph family did not hold the Earldom for long and it reverted to the crown on the death of Thomas's son John, in 1346, and lay vacant for the next 26 years. In 1365 bishop Bur persuaded David II that his lands in Badenoch and Strathspey should be governed as if in regality. To emphasise this, Bur, when he entered into the protection agreement with Alexander in 1370, ensured that the "de facto" Lord of Badenoch would have no hold on him, nor on his lands and people. A few months later in March 1371, on his father's accession to the throne, Alexander was officially made Lord of Badenoch. Robert II's charter gave Alexander the lands of Badenoch seemingly in regality with, presumably, authority over the church lands however, bishop Bur possibly protested at this, as the details of the grant of Badenoch contained in the Register of the Great Seal has no reference to regality. Alexander was therefore to hold the Badenoch lands with no greater authority than John Comyn had a century before. The bishop continued to come under pressure from Alexander either directly or from his caterans possibly acting independently. Boardman explains that both the bishops of Moray and Aberdeen were in dispute with Alexander regarding the strain that his cateran followers were putting on church lands and tenants. Boardman also theorises that it was this occupation of church lands, virtually rendering them worthless in terms of income, that may have been the reason for Bur 'voluntarily' giving up his rights to estates such as Rothiemurchas, on 20 April 1382. Complicating matters was the fact that neither of the bishops could appeal to the 'legitimate secular authority' as that authority was Alexander himself in his positions of Lord of Badenoch and Royal Lieutenant and was the reason why they appealed directly to the King.

paragraph: Section::::Increasing pressure.

paragraph: King Robert's reputation declined because of his backing Buchan's methods and so in November 1384, John, Earl of Carrick with the backing of the general council, took executive authority from his father with lawlessness in the north being a major issue. The Lordship of Strathnairn had been administered by Buchan with the approval of the King, but now under Carrick's leadership, Sir David Lindsay was able to reassert his right to Strathnairn. In April 1385, at the council, Buchan's brother David claimed that Buchan was holding Urquhart unlawfully, while Sir James Lindsay of Crawford reinstated his claim to the Lordship of Buchan and finally, the Earl of Moray demanded that some of Buchan's men be prosecuted for the killing of some of his men. Despite these early attacks on his position, Buchan significantly strengthened his territorial position especially in the Great Glen where he retained Urquhart after his brother's death and then in the autumn of 1386 he gained the lands of Bona at the head of Loch Ness from the Earl of Moray and the adjoining lands in Abriachin from Sir Robert Chisholm. Buchan's increased influence in Scottish affairs was again furthered when sometime before February 1387, he was appointed Justiciar North of the Forth Carrick's guardianship of Scotland had not been a success and certainly failed to rein in Buchan and so late in 1388, King Robert's second son, Robert, Earl of Fife (Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany) became the effective ruler of the Kingdom. Within days Fife removed Buchan from the Justiciarship and, it is assumed, the Royal Lieutenancy and the Sheriffdom of Inverness and later installed his own son, Murdoch as Justiciar North of the Forth. Fife was very uncompromising towards Buchan, who had been described as 'useless to the community' at a previous general council meeting. Buchan had long deserted his wife and lived with Mairead inghean Eachainn with whom he had a number of children, including Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar. Marital law was the prerogative of the Church and so on 2 November 1389, Bishop Alexander Bur of Moray and Bishop Alexander Kylquhous of Ross, ordered his return to his wife, Euphemia. Buchan agreed to this, but didn't live up to his promise and so Fife encouraged Euphemia of Ross during her divorce proceedings against Buchan and in 1392 Euphemia was successful in her appeal to the Avignon papal court and his marriage was annulled. Following the annulment, Buchan lost all claim to Euphemia's lands which returned to her and to her son Alexander Leslie, Earl of Ross who was also contracted to marry Fife's daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Burning of Elgin and aftermath.

paragraph: King Robert II died at Dundonald Castle in Ayrshire on 19 April 1390 and the chronicler Wyntoun informs that Robert was not buried at Scone until 13 August 1390, only a day before his son John, Earl of Carrick was crowned King as Robert III. Fife was retained as Guardian of Scotland probably much against Buchan's hopes as he must have looked at some sort of volte-face on some of Fife's actions, particularly as Buchan reached his zenith of possessions under Carrick. On top of this, Bishop Bur turned to Thomas Dunbar, Sheriff of Inverness and son of the Earl of Moray to provide his protection. The events of May and June 1390 in the Laich of Moray were perhaps the result of a combination of factors that presented themselves to Buchan. Firstly, John Dunbar, Earl of Moray and his fellow northern landowner Sir David Lindsay of Glenesk both absented themselves from Moray to attend a substantial tourney at Richard II of England's court. In addition, Bishop Bur's involvement with Buchan's estrangement with his wife and then Bur's alignment with Moray presented an opportunity for revenge culminating in the destruction of Forres in May and then Elgin with its cathedral in June. His destruction of the church possessions in Elgin was complete—as well as the cathedral, the monastery of the Greyfriars, St Giles parish church and the Hospital of Maison Dieu were all put to flame. Church and state now came together to oppose him—excommunicated by Bur, Buchan had to appear at the Church of the Friars Preacher, in Perth in the presence of his brothers, King Robert III of Scotland and the Earl of Fife, and the council-general to plead for forgiveness—absolution was granted by bishop Walter Trail, Bishop of St Andrews.

paragraph: Buchan's brutal assault on Moray in 1390 was to some extent intended to extricate himself from Fife's domination but turned out to be unsuccessful—Alexander was to lose his Lordship of Urquhart in 1392 and then his claim on Ross following his wife's divorce in 1392. Fife's influence waned during the mid-1390s while that of King Robert and his son David, Earl of Carrick increased—the King took back responsibility for Scottish-English relations and had manoeuvred the Red Douglas earl of Angus into a dominating position in southeastern Scotland at the expense of Fife's ally, the Black Douglas. Although Fife's authority over Scottish affairs had lessened he still exercised considerable power in government. Fife and Carrick both campaigned against Buchan and his sons and other lawless elements in the west and north. Although, Buchan appeared to have halted his violent traits after this, his sons did not. A fight ensued near Pitlochry involving Duncan and Robert Stewart at the head of a band of caterans, when Sir Walter Ogilvie and Walter de Lychton and followers were killed. Later it is recorded that three sons of Buchan's were imprisoned in Stirling Castle from 1396 to 1402 and Alexander Grant theorises that Buchan's low profile during the 1390s might have been because of his sons' incarceration.

paragraph: Buchan is again mentioned at Spynie Castle on 3 May 1398 being ordered to deliver it up to William, bishop of Moray by Robert III. Buchan appears to have left the north in his latter years appearing as Baillie of the Earldom of Atholl in 1402 and a mention in 1404 in Perth.

paragraph: Buchan having acquired vast territories in the north lost a large part of them during his own lifetime (lands of Ross and Urquhart). He held royal appointments only to have them removed (Justiciar of Scotia and Royal Lieutenant north of the Moray Firth.) He was unsuccessful in maintaining law and order and this seen alongside his inability to hold onto his Ross territories demonstrated his ineffectiveness. He died in 1405, and was buried at Cathedral of Dunkeld, Perthshire. His chest tomb, topped by an effigy in armour, is one of the few Scottish royal monuments to have survived from the Middle Ages.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Stewart was buried in Dunkeld Cathedral with a handsome and somewhat defaced monument, with the description:

paragraph: Section::::Mairead inghean Eachann (Mariota Mackay).

paragraph: According to historian Angus Mackay, Alexander Stewart the Wolf of Badenoch's mistress, who is given in this article as Mairead inghean Eachainn, was in fact Mariota Mackay, daughter of Iye Mackay, 4th of Strathnaver, and they had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar

paragraph: BULLET::::2. James Stewart, of Fortingall & Garth

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Duncan Stewat

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Sir Andrew Stewart, of Strathaven

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Robert Stewart, of Athol

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Margaret Stewart

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Walter Stewart

paragraph: The Mackay historian explains that Mariota Mackay who is described in Latin as "Mariota filia Athyn", being the "handfasted" wife of Alexander Stewart the Wolf of Badenoch, would explain Stewart's friendship with Farquhar Mackay who was Mariota Mackay's brother and physician to Robert II of Scotland. It would also explain why a party of Mackay's supported Stewart the Wolf of Badenoch in a raid into the Braes of Angus in 1391. It may well also have served as a motive for Angus Du Mackay, 7th of Strathnaver having supported Alexander Stewart the Earl of Mar, son of the Wolf, at the Battle of Dingwall in 1411 against Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles, as Mackay and Stewart the Earl of Mar would have been cousins.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish monarchs family tree

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrow, G W S, 'The Sources for the History of the Highlands in the Middle Ages' in "The Middle Ages in the Highlands" ed L McLean, Inverness, 1981 [Barrow, "History of Highlands in Middle Ages"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boardman, Stephen, "The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371-1406," Edinburgh, 1996. [Boardman, "Early Stewart Kings"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. I. Boardman, 'Robert II (1316–1390)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2006, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26451, accessed 17 May 2007) [S. I. Boardman, "Robert II", ODNB]

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. I. Boardman, ‘Robert III (d. 1406)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23714, accessed 14 February 2008) [S. I. S. I. Boardman, "Robert III", ODNB]

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. I. Boardman, ‘Stewart, Robert, first duke of Albany (c.1340–1420)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2006 (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26502, accessed 17 May 2007 [S. I. Boardman, "Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany", ODNB]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burns, C: ed., Calendar of papal letters to Scotland of Clement VII of Avignon, Scottish History Society, 4th ser., 12 (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cramond, William: The Records of Elgin, Aberdeen, 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duncan, A A M, ‘Randolph, Thomas, first earl of Moray (d. 1332) ’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26451, accessed 17 May 2007) [Duncan,"Thomas Randolph", ODNB]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grant, Alexander: "The Wolf of Badenoch" in W.D.H. Sellar (ed.), Moray: Province and People. Scottish Society for Northern Studies, Edinburgh, 1993. [Grant, "Moray: Province and People"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Grant, 'Stewart, Alexander, first earl of Buchan (c.1345-1405)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2005, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26451, accessed 17 May 2007) [Alexander Grant, "Alexander Stewart", ODNB]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oram, Richard, (Ed.), "The Kings and Queens of Scotland", Stroud, 2001. [Oram,"Kings and Queens"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simpson, W D: The Palace of the Bishops of Moray at Spynie, Elgin, 1927 [Simpson, "Spynie Palace"]

paragraph: br

wikidata_label: Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan

wikipedia_title: Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan


text: Kassel

text: Düsseldorf

text: Romantic

text: Düsseldorf School

text: Oswald

text: Mannheim

text: Rhine Province

text: Kunstakademie Düsseldorf

text: Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow

text: Heinrich Christoph Kolbe

text: Johann Wilhelm Schirmer

text: Cologne

text: Rhine Province

text: Prince Frederick

text: Bavaria

text: Tyrolia

text: Frankfurt

text: Alfred Rethel

text: Städelsche Kunstinstitut

text: Ostend

text: Max Alvary

text: Pempelfort

text: Albert Flamm

text: Marcus Larson

text: Apollinary Goravsky

text: William Stanley Haseltine

text: Order of leopold

text: Order of Saint Stanislaus

text: Order of St. Olav

text: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts

text: Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera

text: honorary citizen

text: Karl Janssen

text: Bettina Baumgärtel

text: More works by Achenbach

text: Art by Achenbach

text: Andreas Achenbach

text: Andreas Achenbach Paitings Gallery

categories: German male painters,German romantic painters,1815 births,German landscape painters,Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni,Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class),German marine artists,People from the Electorate of Hesse,People from Kassel,19th-century German painters,1910 deaths,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Andreas Achenbach

paragraph: Andreas Achenbach (29 September 1815, Kassel - 1 April 1910, Düsseldorf) was a German landscape and seascape painter in the Romantic style. He is considered to be one of the founders of the Düsseldorf School. His brother, Oswald, was also a well known landscape painter. Together, based on their initials, they were known as the "Alpha and Omega" of landscape painters.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father, Hermann,(1783-1849) was a merchant by trade, but worked at a number of professions. In 1816, he became the manager of a metal factory in Mannheim. Two years later, they moved to St.Petersburg, where his father wanted to set up a factory with money that his mother had received as an inheritance. It was here that Andreas took his first drawing lessons. The project failed and they returned to Rhine Province in 1823. Soon, his father had established a brewery in Düsseldorf, with an inn that was frequented by the local art community.

paragraph: There, in 1827, he began his artistic education in earnest, attending the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, where he studied with Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow and Heinrich Christoph Kolbe. In 1831, aged only sixteen, he participated in a local exhibition and sold one painting. The following year, he studied landscape painting with Johann Wilhelm Schirmer.

paragraph: He then took a study trip to the Netherlands and had his first real success in 1836, at an exhibition in Cologne, where one of his paintings was purchased by the Governor of Rhine Province, Prince Frederick. After a tour of Bavaria and Tyrolia, he settled in Frankfurt and, with the assistance of Alfred Rethel, opened a studio at the Städelsche Kunstinstitut. He travelled continuously, however, often in the company of his brother, throughout Scandinavia and Italy. They both became regular visitors to Ostend. He returned home on family business in 1846.

paragraph: That year, he took over the brewery and inn. His father, although technically retired, became a free-lance accountant. In 1848, he married Marie Louise Hubertine Catharine Lichtschlag (1827–1889), known as Luise. They had five children. Their second child, Maximilian, became an opera singer, known under the name Max Alvary.

paragraph: He was one of the founding members of an art association known as "" (The Paint Box) and helped them acquire the former estate of the Jacobi family in Pempelfort, which was turned into the ""; now a National Monument. He took very few students other than his brother, notably Albert Flamm, Marcus Larson, Apollinary Goravsky and William Stanley Haseltine.

paragraph: He received many honors throughout his life; including the Order of leopold (1848), Order of Saint Stanislaus (1861) and the Order of St. Olav (1878). He became an honorary member of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1853 and a member of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in 1862. In 1885, he was named an honorary citizen of Düsseldorf.

paragraph: When he died, he was a given a grand viewing and ceremony at the Malkasten house. He was buried in a magnificent tomb with a sculpture by Karl Janssen. There is a street, the "Achenbachweg" named after him in .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bettina Baumgärtel, Wolfgang Peiffer, Matthias Winzen (alle Hrsg.): "Andreas Achenbach. Revolutionär und Malerfürst." Athena-Verlag, Oberhausen 2016, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Peiffer: "Andreas Achenbach – Das druckgraphische Werk." Athena-Verlag, Oberhausen 2014, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Peiffer: "Andreas Achenbach – Italienreise." Baden-Baden 2009, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martina Sitt (Ed.): "Andreas und Oswald Achenbach. „Das A und O der Landschaft“." Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf exhibition catalog, Hamburg and Linz 1997/98. Wienand, Cologne 1997, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- More works by Achenbach @ ArtNet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Achenbach in Google Arts & Culture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art by Achenbach (museumsyndicate.com)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Achenbach (Works in art museums and image archives worldwide – artcyclopedia.com).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Achenbach Paitings Gallery (Public Domain Paintings – www.art.onilm.com)

alias:
Achenbach André
Achembach
a. achenbach
professor andreas achenbach
prof. andr. achenbach
Andr. Professor Achenbach
andr. achenbach
A. Achenbach
And. Achenbach
Achenbach A.
and. achenbach
Aud. Achenbach
professor a. achenbach
André Achenbach
prof. andreas achenbach
achenbach andreas
Achenback

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Andreas Achenbach

wikipedia_title: Andreas Achenbach


text:
history of law
Autonomous University of Madrid
Constitutional Court
ETA
Felipe González
PSOE
history of Law
autonomous communities
autonomy
Bartolome Clavero

categories: People killed by ETA (separatist group),Spanish jurists,1932 births,1996 deaths

paragraph: Francisco Tomás y Valiente

paragraph: Francisco Tomás y Valiente (8 December 1932 – 14 February 1996) was a Spanish jurist, historian, and writer. He was professor of history of law in the Autonomous University of Madrid. He presided Spain's Constitutional Court from 1986 to 1992. He was assassinated by ETA in 1996.

paragraph: His killing led to between 850,000 to 1 million people marching in protest through Madrid, headed by the then Prime Minister, Felipe González (PSOE), and the leaders of all mainstream political parties.

paragraph: Regarding the definition of "state", Tomás y Valiente declared that without a state there could be neither Law nor rights, only chaos ("Sin Estado no hay ni Derecho ni derechos, solo hay caos"). Likewise, as an expert in the history of Law, he was convinced that the Law does not suffice without goodwill, and he was especially concerned about two particular risks, of four, that he perceived in Spain's political system: the lack of goodwill in co-operating and the autonomous communities' haste in reaching their maximum degree of autonomy.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El derecho penal de la monarquía absoluta: (siglos XVI - XVII - XVII)" (Ed. Tecnos, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El marco político de la desamortización en España" (Ariel, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Tortura Judicial en España" (Ariel, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Tortura en España" (Ariel, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manual de historia del derecho español" (Técnos, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gobierno e instituciones en la Espana del Antiguo Regimen" (Alianza Editorial, 1999)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartolome Clavero

description: Spanish jurist

wikidata_label: Francisco Tomás y Valiente

wikipedia_title: Francisco Tomás y Valiente


text:
Akechi Mitsuhide
Oda Nobunaga
Oda Nobutada
Shibata Katsuie
Oda Nobutaka
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Takayama Ukon
Nakagawa Kiyohide
battle of Shizugatake
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
battle of Shizugatake
Maeda Toshiie
Sassa Narimasa
Takigawa Kazumasu
Oichi

categories: People executed by Japan by decapitation,1554 births,Samurai,1583 deaths

paragraph: Sakuma Morimasa

paragraph: After the betrayal of Akechi Mitsuhide which led to the death of both Oda Nobunaga and his heir Oda Nobutada, Morimasa sided with Shibata Katsuie over making Oda Nobutaka (the third son of Nobunaga) as heir to the Oda clan whereas Hashiba Hideyoshi (later Toyotomi Hideyoshi) supported Lord Sanboshi. Sanboshi was the heir to Oda Nobutada and was still an infant at that time. This argument led to the split of the Oda clan retainers into the two main factions led by Shibata Katsuie and Hashiba Hideyoshi.

paragraph: Armies of the two factions eventually came to war. In 1583, Morimasa led an offensive against Takayama Ukon in Iwasakiyama.

paragraph: Morimasa then proceeded against Shibata Katsuie's orders, killing Nakagawa Kiyohide in the early stages of the battle of Shizugatake in 1583. Ignoring orders by Shibata Katsuie to fall back led to his defeat as Toyotomi Hideyoshi's forces approached the next morning. Morimasa was captured and beheaded.

paragraph: The charge by Morimasa was the spark necessary for the battle of Shizugatake where Hideyoshi's troops were able to suppress any resistance led by Maeda Toshiie and prevented the support of Sassa Narimasa and Takigawa Kazumasu. In all, Hideyoshi's troops swelled to 120,000 whereas Shibata Katsuie's troops had only reached 25,000. This eventually forced Shibata Katsuie to commit "seppuku" along with his wife Lady Oichi (younger sister of Nobunaga) following the betrayal of Maeda Toshiie.

description: A retainer and one of the top generals of Shibata Katsuie

wikidata_label: Sakuma Morimasa

wikipedia_title: Sakuma Morimasa


text:
stage name
East Bay
San Francisco Bay area
Dead Kennedys
surf music
jazz
rockabilly
Jello Biafra
Dead Kennedys
rockabilly
doo-wop
Dead Kennedys
Ennio Morricone
spaghetti western
Dick Dale
George Tomsco
The Fireballs
Pink Floyd
Jello Biafra
Klaus Flouride
Syd Barrett
The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
Ohio Players
Elvis Presley
Scotty Moore
Klaus Flouride
Jello Biafra
spaghetti western
Raï
Cheikha Rimitti
Sidi Mansour
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea
D.H. Peligro
Robert Fripp
Pearl Harbor
Johnny Feelings
Frenchy
The Deep End
Hed PE
Broke
Alternative Tentacles Records
Jello Biafra
CD
Mutiny on the Bay
Klaus Flouride
D.H. Peligro
Police Truck
Holiday in Cambodia
Neighbors
"Class"
The Dresden Dolls
Amanda Palmer
Who Killed Amanda Palmer
2007 Interview with East Bay Ray

categories: Guitarists from California,Alternative Tentacles,Dead Kennedys members,1958 births,Musicians from Oakland, California,American punk rock guitarists,Living people,American male guitarists,Alternative Tentacles artists

paragraph: East Bay Ray

paragraph: Raymond John Pepperell (born November 17, 1958), better known by his stage name East Bay Ray, is a guitarist best known for his membership in the San Francisco Bay area-based punk band Dead Kennedys. His guitar work was heavily influenced by surf music, jazz and rockabilly. Alongside Jello Biafra's astute lyrics and unique vibrato-based vocal style, East Bay Ray's playing was one of the defining factors of the music of the Dead Kennedys, and by extension, of the "second wave" of American punk. He is also the only Dead Kennedy to remain a constant member of the band since its formation.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Before the Dead Kennedys, East Bay Ray played guitar with a San Francisco Bay Area based rockabilly/doo-wop bar band Cruisin', releasing one single, "Vicky's Hickey", sold primarily at their shows.

paragraph: The Dead Kennedys were a notably idiosyncratic punk rock band. Although they kept their music for the most part loud, fast, and aggressive, they threw in eclectic flourishes that were easy for casual listeners to miss. These experiments were represented most prominently in the guitar playing of East Bay Ray, who took cues from sources such as film music (spy movie scores and Ennio Morricone spaghetti western scores), instrumental surf rock (the guitar stylings of Dick Dale and George Tomsco of The Fireballs), as well as the psychedelic music of the 60s (especially early Pink Floyd) with his trademark echo effects. With help from Jello Biafra and Klaus Flouride, East Bay Ray crafted a distinct and driving guitar style and sound.

paragraph: In interviews East Bay Ray has cited the playing of Syd Barrett on Pink Floyd's first album "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn", as well as the music of the Ohio Players, and the guitar playing of Elvis Presley side-man Scotty Moore (with his trademark echo), as influences. East Bay Ray claims that he has never been consciously influenced by surf music, and attributes the recognizable elements of surf in the Kennedys music to "having grown up in California," although it could certainly be the influence of Klaus Flouride or Jello Biafra. East Bay Ray's fondness for spaghetti western music is evidenced by a 7" single he recorded in 1984 called "Trouble in Town"/"Poison Heart."

paragraph: After Dead Kennedys stopped touring in February 1986, East Bay Ray formed the band Kage with female vocalist Bana Witt. He played guitar on a range of projects including an Algerian Raï music album for Cheikha Rimitti called "Sidi Mansour", which also featured Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea (coincidentally, D.H. Peligro later became a drummer for RHCP for a short time) and Robert Fripp, to garage-pop with Pearl Harbor, retro-jungle-surf with Johnny Feelings, and exotica lounge music with Frenchy. He composed and recorded a sound track for an early independent film by David Siegel and Scott McGhee, who later made the film noir movie "The Deep End". In the early 90's, Ray formed the funk/rock band Skrapyard and released "Sex is Sex" on Alternative Tentacles featuring Ron West, Robert Ball, Andy Kaps and Jason Collins. In 2000, Ray appeared on Hed PE's second studio album, "Broke", performing guitar on the song "Waiting to Die".

paragraph: East Bay Ray was involved in all the band’s early studio recordings and is credited for mixing and producing the band's first single, "California Uber Alles"/"Man with the Dogs," the band's first LP "Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables" with Oliver Dicicco, the EP "In God We Trust, Inc." and he mixed "Holiday in Cambodia"/"Police Truck." Ray was one of the founders of the original Alternative Tentacles Records, set up for other artists and Dead Kennedys, and was a partner in it until the mid-1980s. Ray recently mixed and produced two CDs of live Dead Kennedys recordings, "Mutiny on the Bay" and "Live at the Deaf Club".

paragraph: East Bay Ray headed the legal struggle to win ownership of Dead Kennedys' intellectual property and to secure royalties withheld from the band by Jello Biafra. Biafra was found civilly liable for defrauding the band. Ray authorized and had a production credit for a CD of live Dead Kennedys recordings, "Mutiny on the Bay", which Biafra claims is of poor quality. However, several reviewers disagree. Jello Biafra, proclaiming his abiding disdain of nostalgia, maintains a live album released 15 years after the break-up of the band is nothing but an attempt to make more money on the parts of his former bandmates. East Bay Ray was responsible, along with his ex-bandmates Klaus Flouride and D.H. Peligro, for licensing songs such as "Police Truck" and "Holiday in Cambodia" to major corporations for use in video games and films. However, earlier in their career, Biafra, along with the other band members, approved the use of Dead Kennedys' songs in the major film corporation releases "Neighbors" (1981), and "Class" (1983). Fairly recently, Biafra himself approved the license to Tony Hawk's video game  (May 5, 1999 Fax from Uli Elser, previous manager of Alternative Tentacles).

paragraph: Ray was a featured artist in the April 2006 edition of "Guitar Player" magazine talking about recording production techniques and in the January 2006 issue of "Guitar World".

paragraph: Ray guests on the track "Guitar Hero" on The Dresden Dolls lead singer/pianist Amanda Palmer's solo debut, "Who Killed Amanda Palmer".

paragraph: Ray also released "Trouble in town" 7" single in 1984 (Alternative Tentacles Records), featuring "Poisoned heart" and "Trouble in town", with guest vocalists Vince and Steve One.

paragraph: The origin of his nickname as 'East Bay Ray' comes from an advertisement sent out for band members which he signed with that name only, leading to the initial lineup of The Dead Kennedys and to his nickname.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Interview with East Bay Ray

description: American musician

wikidata_label: East Bay Ray

wikipedia_title: East Bay Ray


text: Takeda clan

text: Takeda Shingen

text: Toyotomi

text: Tokugawa

text: Hojō

text: Uesugi

text: Siege of Ueda

text: Sanada Yukitaka

text: Nobutsuna

text: Masateru

text: Takeda Shingen

text: Kōyō Gunkan

text: Twenty Four Generals

text: Tōtōmi Province

text: Nobuyuki

text: Nobushige

text: Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima

text: Battle of Mimasetōge

text: Oda

text: Battle of Mikatagahara

text: Takeda Katsuyori

text: Yukitaka

text: Sanada Nobutsuna

text: Battle of Nagashino

text: Oda

text: Kōsaka Masanobu

text: Shinano

text: Uesugi Kenshin

text: Kōzuke

text: Hojō

text: Numata Castle

text: "Awa-no-kami"

text: Nirasaki

text: Numata Kageyoshi

text: Kai Province

text: Oyamada Nobushige

text: Tenmokuzan

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Takigawa Kazumasu

text: Takigawa Masushigue

text: Incident at Honnō-ji

text: Mori Nagayoshi

text: Kawajiri Hidetaka

text: Tokugawa

text: Hōjō

text: Uesugi

text: Kōzuke

text: Kai

text: Tenshō-Jingo Conflict

text: Battle of Kannagawa

text: Suwa

text: Yazawa Yoritsuna

text: Iwabitsu Castle

text: Uesugi Kagekatsu

text: Shibata Shigeie

text: Yoda Nobushige

text: Kasuga Castle

text: Hōjō Ujinao

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Ueda Castle

text: Battle of Komaki and Nagakute

text: Hashiba Hideyoshi

text: Hōjō Ujinao

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Uesugi Kagekatsu

text: Hashiba Hideyoshi

text: Ueda Castle

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Osaka

text: Sunpu

text: Tone River

text: Inomata Kuninori

text: Nagurumi Castle

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: daimyō

text: Siege of Odawara

text: Ishida Mitsunari

text: Battle of Sekigahara

text: Tokugawa Hidetada

text: Kudoyama

text: Kii province

text: Sanada clan

text: Edo period

text: Sanada Nobuyuki

text: Sanada Yukimura

text: Sanada Taiheiki

text: Sanada Maru

paragraph: Sanada Masayuki

paragraph: Along with his father and brothers, Masayuki served the Takeda clan during its heyday, when it was led by Takeda Shingen. After its downfall, Masayuki took the lead of his clan and, despite little power, he managed to establish himself as an independent "daimyō" under the Toyotomi regime through skillful political maneuvers amidst the powerful Tokugawa, Hojō and Uesugi clans.

paragraph: Known for having defeated the powerful Tokugawa army in the Siege of Ueda on two separate occasions, Masayuki is now considered one of the greatest military strategists of his era. In recent times, a number of portrayals in novels, films and other forms of media have contributed to his increased popularity.

paragraph: He was born the third son of Sanada Yukitaka in 1547, but the exact date is unknown. His childhood name was Gengorō (源五郎). At birth, he had no right to succeed his father because of his two older brothers, Nobutsuna and Masateru.

paragraph: Section::::Takeda retainer.

paragraph: In 1553, at seven years old, he was sent to the Takeda clan's headquarters in Kai as a hostage. There he becomes part of the "Okukinjūshū" (奥近習衆), a group of six young servants close to Takeda Shingen. According to the "Kōyō Gunkan", Shingen favoured him as he soon recognized that Masayuki's talents and insight rivaled those of his father Yukitaka. As such, he is sometimes included among the Twenty Four Generals, alongside his father and two older brothers.

paragraph: In 1558, he became the foster son of the Mutō family, a branch of the Ōi clan, of which Shingen's mother descended from, and adopted the name Mutō Kihei (武藤喜兵衛). Towards 1564, he married Yamanote-dono (山手殿), a daughter of Uda Yoritada, who was a local lord of Tōtōmi Province. Later she gave birth to his two sons Nobuyuki and Nobushige. During this period, he participated in many battles under the Takeda clan, including the Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima (1561) and the Battle of Mimasetōge (1569). Also most importantly, from 1572 onwards, he joined Shingen in his campaign towards Kyoto against the Oda and Tokugawa clans and took part in the Battle of Mikatagahara (1573).

paragraph: In May 1573, Shingen died amidst his campaign and so Masayuki continued to serve his heir Takeda Katsuyori.

paragraph: In 1574, his father Yukitaka died. At that point, his eldest brother Sanada Nobutsuna had already succeeded his father as the head of the Sanada clan. However, during the disastrous Battle of Nagashino (1575) against the Oda clan, both his older brothers, Nobutsuna and Masateru, were killed, so he came back to Sanada clan and claimed his inheritance. In this, Masayuki supposedly had the support of Kōsaka Masanobu, who held Kaizu Castle in Northern Shinano and was also a chief retainer of the Takeda clan. Katsuyori accepted his claim without any qualms.

paragraph: In 1579, a year after Uesugi Kenshin's death, an alliance between the Takeda and Uesugi clans was established. The following year, ordered by Takeda Katsuyori, Masayuki invaded western Kōzuke, which was a Hojō domain at the time, and seized Numata Castle, putting it under control of the Takeda clan. The same year, he was appointed the title of "Awa-no-kami" (従五位下・安房守).

paragraph: In 1581, he was ordered by Katsuyori to supervise the construction of the new Shinpu Castle at Nirasaki. In the same year, Numata Kageyoshi, former lord of Numata Castle, attempted to retake his old fief, but Masayuki schemed to assassinate him and thwarted his plans.

paragraph: In April 1582, Oda and Tokugawa allied forces started an invasion of the Takeda territory. It is said that Masayuki had intended to shelter Katsuyori and advised him to abandon Kai Province and flee towards Sanada's domain in Kōzuke. Instead, Katsuyori decided to take shelter at Oyamada Nobushige's Iwadono Castle, but was betrayed and ultimately died at Tenmokuzan. After the fall of the Takeda clan, Masayuki yielded to Oda Nobunaga and was put under the orders of one of Nobunaga's chief commanders, Takigawa Kazumasu. Masayuki managed to retain most of his domain, but had to abdicate Numata Castle to Takigawa Masushigue, Kazumasu's relative.

paragraph: Section::::Tenshō-Jingo Conflict.

paragraph: However, Nobunaga soon died at the Incident at Honnō-ji on June 21st, 1582. Upon Nobunaga's death, Oda clan's grasp over former Takeda territories weakened. Amidst the chaos, Oda retainers who were assigned by Nobunaga to govern those territories, such as Mori Nagayoshi and Kawajiri Hidetaka amongst others, either fled or were killed by local insurrection. Seeing this, neighboring Tokugawa, Hōjō and Uesugi clans all started to contest this vacuum of power in Shinano, Kōzuke and Kai provinces. This was called the Tenshō-Jingo Conflict.

paragraph: On July 5th, Takigawa Kazumasu lost decisively against the invading Hōjō army at the Battle of Kannagawa. In that occasion, Masayuki actually escorted back Kazumasu's remaining forces through Suwa, in Shinano. Though, seeing this chance, Masayuki sent his uncle Yazawa Yoritsuna and took back Numata Castle. Also, he put his oldest son Nobuyuki in charge of Iwabitsu Castle, further reinforcing eastern Kōzuke.

paragraph: On July 10th, Uesugi Kagekatsu invaded Northern Shinano. Masayuki sided with the Uesugi initially, but a couple of weeks later he defected to Hōjō's side. Both Uesugi and Hojo's armies came to face each other at Kawanakajima on July 30th, but direct combat was avoided as the Hōjō army turned back and advanced south towards Kai province, which was in turn invaded by Tokugawa forces. Meanwhile, one of Uesugi clan's major retainer, Shibata Shigeie, revolted and Uesugi's forces also had to turn back from Northern Shinano to deal with it. At one point, the Hōjō had come close to controlling most of Shinano province, but then in October, Masayuki suddenly betrayed them, providing help to Yoda Nobushige, a local lord who had been resisting against Hōjō's advances under the Tokugawa banner at Kasuga Castle. He then officially defected to the Tokugawa's side. Faced with this development, Hōjō Ujinao saw his position in the conflict weaken and decided for a peace treaty and further alliance with the Tokugawa clan. This event marked the end of the conflict which lasted for roughly 5 months after Nobunaga's death. Masayuki was now a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

paragraph: Section::::Confrontation with the Tokugawa.

paragraph: In 1583, Masayuki started the construction of Ueda Castle and the surrounding town. It became the headquarters of the Sanada clan in the following years.

paragraph: In 1584, Tokugawa Ieyasu lead his army west towards Owari province in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute against Hashiba Hideyoshi. Masayuki was left in northern Shinano to keep the Uesugi clan in check and took this opportunity to subjugate small, neighboring landlords and consolidate his power in the region. In December, as Ieyasu made peace with Hideyoshi and returned to his territory, he was pressed by Hōjō Ujinao to act on the terms of their treaty.

paragraph: In that treaty, among other terms, Tokugawa Ieyasu agreed to transfer Numata Castle and its adjacent lands in Kōzuke province to the Hōjō clan. In April 1585, Ieyasu advanced his army into Kai province in a move to pressure Masayuki into abdicating Numata Castle. Masayuki however, resisted having to hand it over, having conquered it with great effort years before. Ultimately, he decided to cut relations with Tokugawa Ieyasu and once more switched allegiances by sending his second son Nobushige to Uesugi Kagekatsu as a hostage. With this move, he effectively joined Hashiba Hideyoshi's side, which opposed the Tokugawa-Hōjō alliance.

paragraph: Months later, Tokugawa forces invaded Sanada clan's territory in northern Shinano province with 7,000 men and laid siege to Ueda Castle, which was defended by only 1,200 soldiers. However, Masayuki was able to inflict 1,300 casualties on Tokugawa's side and won a decisive victory. Meanwhile, Hōjō Ujinao attacked Numata Castle, but was also rebuffed by Sanada forces. This was the First Battle of Ueda Castle, a victory that earned Masayuki national prominence. Following this, Masayuki went from being just a former Takeda retainer to become recognized as an independent "daimyō".

paragraph: Section::::Under Toyotomi regime.

paragraph: Following his victory over the Tokugawa clan, Masayuki became a vassal to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In doing so, he sent his son Nobushige (at the time a hostage to Uesugi clan) as a hostage to Osaka.

paragraph: In 1586, the Hōjō clan try to take Numata Castle once more, but again are repelled. Tokugawa forces also gather and march towards Ueda Castle again, but Toyotomi Hideyoshi interposes. At this point, Hideyoshi's political presence in Japan is too strong for the Tokugawa clan to oppose, and at his mediation, the attack is called off. However, he also designates Masayuki as a back-up power to the bigger Tokugawa forces in the region. This effectively means that Masayuki now responds to Tokugawa Ieyasu in all military matters.

paragraph: The following year, 1587, sees Masayuki travelling to Sunpu to meet with Tokugawa Ieyasu. Then, he goes to Osaka to be received in audience by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and thus formally become a vassal of the Toyotomi regime.

paragraph: Two more years would pass until the dispute between the Sanada and Hōjō clans involving Numata Castle and adjacent areas would be mediated by Hideyoshi and resolved. In 1589, Hideyoshi decides the Sanada clan would relinquish all of its domain east of Tone River, including Numata Castle, to the Hōjō clan. In turn, he granted them some territory in southern Shinano. However, by the end of that year, Inomata Kuninori, a retainer from the Hōjō clan who was now holding Numata Castle, is deceived into attacking the nearby Nagurumi Castle, located west of Tone River and defended by Sanada forces. The attack is successful and the castle is seized by Hōjō forces, but by this time, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had sanctioned a rule which prohibited "daimyōs" from engaging in battle over private disputes. This incident fully breached this rule and it would go on to become the reason of the Siege of Odawara in 1590, and the subsequent fall of the Hōjō clan.

paragraph: After Hideyoshi's death in 1598, Masayuki joined Ishida Mitsunari's side during the Battle of Sekigahara. Masayuki sent his eldest son, Nobuyuki, to the eastern side, while Masayuki and his younger son, Nobushige, fought on the western side, a move that ensured the Sanada clan's survival. Fortifying Ueda Castle, Masayuki fought against Tokugawa Hidetada's 38,000 men with only 2,000 soldiers. This was the Second Battle of Ueda Castle, and, whilst it was not exactly a victory, Masayuki was able to deliver a heavy blow to Hidetada and delay his forces for long enough that they were unable to show up at the main battlefield on time.

paragraph: However, the western side, led by Ishida Mitsunari, lost the main battle, and the victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu was able to redistribute fiefs at will. Masayuki and Nobushige were initially going to be executed, but, given Nobuyuki's participation in the eastern army, they were instead exiled to Kudoyama in Kii province. The Sanada clan was inherited by Sanada Nobuyuki.

paragraph: Sanada Masayuki died of an illness in Kudoyama in 1611.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Even though Masayuki was never able to expand his territories as well as other "daimyōs", he is nevertheless often considered a talented "daimyō", doomed by misfortune and the inconvenient terrains which surrounded his home domain. Toyotomi Hideyoshi had called Masayuki a person whose inside did not match his outside, that his allegiance was fickle and not to be trusted. Nevertheless, it was exactly his drifting alliances that helped the Sanada clan survive the onslaught of hostile clans, and, since the Edo period, he has been more extolled than vilified.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: See People of the Sengoku period in popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanada Nobuyuki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanada Yukimura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanada Taiheiki a Japanese drama

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanada Maru a Japanese drama

paragraph: BULLET::::- a hack and slash video game that focuses on the Sanada clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sansom, George (1961). "A History of Japan: 1334–1615". Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 325.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turnbull, Stephen (1998). "The Samurai Sourcebook". London: Cassell & Co. p. 76.

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Sanada Masayuki

wikipedia_title: Sanada Masayuki


text:
ancient Rome
Rome
Spurius Maelius
etiological myth
Servilian
cognomen
Ahala
Etruscan
Livy
magister equitum
Cincinnatus
dictator
king
garrison
patrician
heroism
Cicero
murder
exile
Livy
tribune
Marcus Junius Brutus
Julius Caesar
Lucius Junius Brutus
consul
tyrannicide
Plutarch
Brutus
Servilia
Julius Caesar
Servilia (gens)

categories: Ancient Roman Masters of the Horse,5th-century BC Romans,Ancient Roman exiles,Ancient Roman assassins

paragraph: Gaius Servilius Ahala

paragraph: Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala was a 5th-century BC politician of ancient Rome, considered by many later writers to have been a hero. His fame rested on the contention that he saved Rome from Spurius Maelius in 439 BC by killing him with a dagger concealed under an armpit. This may be less historical fact and more etiological myth, invented to explain the Servilian cognomen "Ahala"/"Axilla", which means "armpit" and is probably of Etruscan origin.

paragraph: As related by Livy and others, Ahala served as magister equitum in 439 BC, when Cincinnatus was appointed dictator on the supposition that Spurius Maelius was styling himself a king and plotting against the state. During the night on which the dictator was appointed, the capitol and all the strong posts were garrisoned by the partisans of the patricians. In the morning, when the people assembled in the forum, with Spurius Maelius among them, Ahala summoned the latter to appear before the dictator; and upon Maelius disobeying and taking refuge in the crowd, Ahala rushed into the throng and killed him.

paragraph: This is mentioned by several later writers as an example of ancient Roman heroism, and is frequently referred to by Cicero in terms of the highest admiration; but was regarded as a case of murder at the time. Ahala was brought to trial, and only escaped condemnation by going into voluntary exile. Livy passes over this, and only mentions that a bill was brought in three years afterwards, in 436 BC, by another Spurius Maelius, a tribune, for confiscating the property of Ahala, but that it failed.

paragraph: A representation of Ahala is given on a coin of Marcus Junius Brutus, the murderer of Julius Caesar, but we cannot suppose it to be anything more than an imaginary likeness. Brutus claimed (perhaps baselessly) that he was descended from Lucius Junius Brutus, the first consul, on his father's side, and from Ahala on his mother's, and thus was sprung from two tyrannicides. The head of Brutus on the annexed coin is therefore intended to represent the first consul.

paragraph: Plutarch says, in his life of Brutus, that Brutus' mother Servilia was a descendant of Servilius Ahala, and the ancestral example was an inspiration for his assassination of Julius Caesar.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Servilia (gens)

wikidata_label: Gaius Servilius Ahala

wikipedia_title: Gaius Servilius Ahala