text: Swedish

text: Old Swedish

text: Archbishopric of Bremen

text: Olof Skötkonung

text: Edla

text: Slavic

text: Baltic Sea

text: Astrid

text: Estrid of the Obotrites

text: Anund Jacob

text: Ingegerd

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: Sigtuna

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Westrogothic law

text: Osmundus

text: Sigfrid

text: Polish

text: Gniezno

text: Archbishop of Bremen

text: Adalvard the Elder

text: Stenkil

text: Terra Feminarum

text: Scythia

text: Kvenland

text: Gulf of Bothnia

text: Finland

text: Värmland

text: Norway

text: England

text: Åsmund Kåresson

text: Uppland

text: Sweyn Estridsen

text: Harald Hardrada

text: Uppsala

text: Sweyn Forkbeard

text: Tiundaland

text: Hälsingland

text: Fjärdhundraland

text: Östergötland

text: Jutland

text: Sjaelland

text: Scania

text: Grimeton

text: Halland

text: Blekinge

text: Möre

text: Peter Sawyer

text: Sweyn Estridsen

text: High medieval

text: Hervarar saga

text: Astrid Njalsdotter

text: Hålogaland

text: Norway

text: daughter

text: Queen Consort

text: Stenkil of Sweden

text: Inge I

text: Halsten

text: cognomen

text: Adam of Bremen

text: House of Munsö

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Stenkil

text: Hervarar saga

categories: 11th-century monarchs in Europe,1060 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Swedish monarchs,Viking Age monarchs,11th-century Swedish monarchs,11th-century Swedish people

paragraph: Emund the Old

paragraph: Emund the Old or Edmund (Swedish: "Emund den gamle", Old Swedish: "Æmunðær gamlæ", "Æmunðær gammal", "Æmunðær slemæ") was King of Sweden from c. 1050 to c. 1060. His short reign was characterised by disputes with the Archbishopric of Bremen over church policies, and a historically debated delimitation of the Swedish-Danish border.

paragraph: Section::::Way to the throne.

paragraph: Emund was the son of Olof Skötkonung, the first Christian ruler of Sweden. His mother was a co-wife, Edla, daughter of a Slavic chief from the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. He had two uterine sisters called Astrid and Holmfrid. His half-siblings, born by Olof's legitimate Queen Estrid of the Obotrites, were Anund Jacob and Ingegerd According to the 13th-century historian Snorri Sturluson, Estrid was ill-tempered and treated her stepchildren poorly. King Olof later sent Emund to be raised with his mother's Slavic family. While staying there he failed to hold on to the Christian religion.

paragraph: Olof was succeeded by his other son Anund Jacob, who however did not have any known sons of his own. Snorri relates that Emund was ruling in Sigtuna, an important center in the Swedish realm, by 1035. However, other sources show that Anund Jacob was still alive then; the names Anund and Emund might have been mixed up. The German ecclesiastical chronicler Adam of Bremen, in his "Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum" (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church), says that Anund Jacob died in or shortly after 1049 and was succeeded by Emund; there is nothing to suggest that the succession was irregular.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Bremen.

paragraph: Our only near-contemporary source for Emund's reign is Adam of Bremen, who paints a very negative picture of the new ruler. This is mainly due to the self-willed attitude of Emund vis-à-vis the Archdiocese of Bremen. Adam relates that Emund was baptised but cared very little for the Christian faith. He also gives Emund the cognomen "pessimus" (worst), which is later reflected by the short chronicle of the "Westrogothic law" (c. 1240) which likewise knows the king as "Slemme", the bad. The "Westrogothic law" states that Emund was a disagreeable man when wanting to pursue a goal.

paragraph: The dispute with Bremen was triggered by Emund's insistence on maintaining a bishop called Osmundus. Originally a protegé of the Norwegian-based missionary Sigfrid, Osmundus had been raised at a school in Bremen but failed to be ordained bishop by the Pope. Eventually he was ordained by the Polish archbishop of Gniezno and proceeded to Sweden where he won the confidence of King Emund. In the mid-1050s the Archbishop of Bremen sent envoys to Sweden, headed by Adalvard the Elder who was intended as the new bishop. The delegation was highly offended when encountering Osmundus who sported the habits of an archbishop and "seduced the still recently converted wild peoples through incorrect education in our faith". On Osmundus' insistence, Emund turned the envoys away from an assembly. However, the Swedish magnate Stenkil, a relation of the king, escorted the delegation on its way back.

paragraph: Section::::Time of calamities.

paragraph: Some time after the schism, King Emund dispatched his son Anund with an army "in order to expand the realm". The Viking expedition crossed the sea and came, according to Adam, to Terra Feminarum, the Land of Women. Adam places this somewhere in Scythia. Modern scholars have assumed that the term alludes to Kvenland which was probably situated to the east of the Gulf of Bothnia in present-day Finland ("Kven" could have been mixed up with the Nordic word "kvinna", woman). "The women", says Adam, "immediately mixed poison in the springwater, and in that way brought death to the king himself and his army." The passage implies that Anund bore the title of king together with his father.

paragraph: The military disaster was paired with a severe drought and failed harvests. This crop failure can be dated to 1056 from other sources. Allegedly, the calamities caused the Swedes to turn to the Archbishop of Bremen and ask to receive Adalvard back as Bremen-appointed bishop. Adalvard duly arrived to Sweden where he devoted his efforts to the conversion of Värmland towards the border of Norway. Osmundus appears to have submitted to Adalvard in the end, but left Sweden for England some time before 1066. It has been assumed on very loose grounds that he was the same person as Åsmund Kåresson, a prominent carver of runic inscriptions in Uppland. One of the latter's inscription includes the passage "Åsmund Kåresson carved runes right. Then sat Emund". There has been much speculation that this refers to Emund sitting on the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Delimitation of the border.

paragraph: Little is known about the relationship between Sweden and its Nordic neighbours in King Emund's time. He may have continued his brother Anund Jacob's support for the Danish king Sweyn Estridsen against Harald Hardrada of Norway. A memorandum about an early delimitation of the Swedish-Danish border has been preserved in a large number of medieval Swedish manuscripts. The text states that "Emund Slemme was the King in Uppsala, and Sweyn Forkbeard in Denmark. They placed boundary-marks between Sweden [Sueriki] and Denmark. Now is enumerated Ragnvalde of Tiundaland, Botvid of Hälsingland, Bote of Fjärdhundraland, Grimalde of Östergötland, Tole and Tote and Tokke of Jutland, Gunkil of Sjaelland, Dan of Scania, Grimulf of Grimeton in Halland. They placed six stones between the two kingdoms. The first stone stands in Snutruase, the second in Danabäck, the third one is Kinna sten, the fourth in Uraksnaes, the fifth Vita sten, the sixth is Brömse sten between Blekinge and Möre." The memorandum is followed by a story about a meeting between the three Nordic kings on Danaholmen where the Danish king held the bridle of the Swedish king's horse, while the Norwegian king held his stirrups, thus seemingly acknowledging the precedence of the Uppsala king.

paragraph: In older historiography it was usually assumed that the province of Blekinge was transferred from Sweden to Denmark at this occasion. A late 9th-century source alleges that Blekinge belonged to the Swedes at that time, while medieval sources make clear that it belonged to Denmark. Modern scholarship has questioned this, since there is even doubt if Blekinge was considered Danish in the 1060s. Moreover, the veracity of the memorandum has been put into doubt by Peter Sawyer on various grounds. Emund the Old and Sweyn Forkbeard were not contemporaries (though the king at the time was another Sweyn, Sweyn Estridsen [1047-1074]), and some particularities might fit High medieval conditions better. According to Sawyer the memorandum may have been authored by Danish people in the first half of the 13th century, in order to prove the early origins of the Danish claims to Halland and Blekinge. Some other historians have nevertheless defended the genuine character of the text and dated it to c. 1050.

paragraph: Section::::Family and succession.

paragraph: Emund's wife is not explicitly mentioned in the sources. Through a combination of information from the "Hervarar saga" and Adam of Bremen, it has sometimes been assumed that he was married to Astrid Njalsdotter of Skjalgaätten (d. 1060). Astrid was the daughter of Norwegian nobleman Nial Finnsson (d. 1011), son of Gunhild Halvdansdotter of the Skjalga family in Hålogaland, Norway. Emund sired two known children with his consort: Anund who died before his father, and a daughter, whose name is not known but who was the Queen Consort of King Stenkil of Sweden and the mother of two more Swedish kings, Inge I and Halsten.

paragraph: The cognomen "Gamle" is known from Adam of Bremen, although he mistakes it as a proper name and mentions in one episode a "King Gamle" when it is in fact Emund. The name means "old" and could signify that he was old when he became king or that he was the older brother to his predecessor Anund Jakob. Emund was the last king of the ancient royal house of the Swedes (sometimes known in modern history writing as the House of Munsö). He is known to have been alive as late as the summer of 1060, and probably died shortly after. Adam of Bremen relates in his work that Emund was succeeded by his "nephew or stepson", in fact probably son-in law, Stenkil. With him began a new dynasty that would last until the 1120s.

paragraph: The "Hervarar saga" (13th century) says that Emund was king only a short time:

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sawyer, Peter (1997), "The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings". Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohlmarks, Åke (1973), "Alla Sveriges drottningar". Stockholm: Gebers.

description: King of Sweden

wikidata_label: Emund the Old

wikipedia_title: Emund the Old


text:
Chiba
Chiba Prefecture
judo
aikido
kendo
black belt
Gichin Funakoshi
Gigō Funakoshi
Genshin Hironishi
Imperial Japanese Navy
Kamikaze
dojo
Senshu University
Japan Karate Association
kumite
Keinosuke Enoeda
Hiroshi Shirai
Hirokazu Kanazawa
West Germany
American Hospital of Paris
Père Lachaise Cemetery
List of karateka
List of Shotokan organizations
Sensei Kase

categories: Martial arts school founders,People from Paris,1929 births,2004 deaths,Karate coaches,Martial arts writers,Japanese military personnel of World War II,Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture,People from Chiba, Chiba,Japanese male karateka

paragraph: Taiji Kase

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kase was born on 9 February 1929 in Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. His father was Nobuaki Kase, who held the rank of 5th "dan" in judo. He began learning judo before he turned 6 years old, and later in boyhood also studied aikido and kendo.

paragraph: In 1944, at the age of 15 years, Kase attained the rank of 2nd "dan" black belt in judo. That same year, he read a book on karate by Gichin Funakoshi, and was inspired to begin studying that art under Funakoshi himself. He also trained under Funakoshi's son, Gigō Funakoshi, before the latter's death in 1945. Genshin Hironishi took on most of the teaching duties from that point. Along with Hironishi, Tadao Okuyama also influenced the young Kase's development in karate. Of his four instructors, Hironishi taught him the longest—six years. Kase had been due to be tested for his 3rd "dan" in judo, but elected to focus on karate instead.

paragraph: Section::::Karate career.

paragraph: In March 1945, during the closing stages of World War II, Kase enlisted in the Imperial Japanese Navy and joined the Kamikaze corps. The war ended, however, before he was required to give up his life for his country. One of his biographers, Martin Fernandez, wrote: "[Kase] usually says that since he could have died in the war and is alive, he never has a reason to be sad. And this is so, because you can always see him smiling or with a special inner mood" (p. 4). The Shotokan "dojo" (training hall) had been destroyed by bombing, and he was unable to find another karate "dojo", so he returned to training in judo for a while. When the Shotokan students regrouped under Funakoshi, however, he rejoined them.

paragraph: In 1946, Kase was promoted to 1st "dan" in Shotokan karate. He began studying economics at Senshu University and, in 1949, became captain of the university's karate team. That same year, he attained the rank of 3rd "dan". He graduated from Senshu University in 1951. Kase joined the newly formed Japan Karate Association (JKA) with the aim of becoming a professional karate instructor, and would later become Chief Instructor for the European branch of the JKA. One of his duties in the JKA was to train instructors in "kumite" (sparring); amongst his students were Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai. Following Funakoshi's death in 1957 and a subsequent division in the JKA, Kase maintained ties with both factions.

paragraph: In 1964, Kase left Japan to introduce karate overseas. That year, he taught for three months in South Africa, and continued teaching there the next year with Enoeda, Shirai, and Hirokazu Kanazawa. From 1965 to 1966, he taught in the United States of America, West Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium. In 1967, he taught with Shirai in Italy for several months, and then travelled to France, where he settled in Paris. In 1968, Kase was coach of the French Karate Federation. He went on to teach karate there for almost 20 years in France before deciding to close his "dojo" in the mid-1980s. Amongst his European students was Steve Cattle, who founded the English Shotokan Academy. He then began travelling around the world to teach karate. Kase was frequently a guest of the former Yugoslav Karate Association, and almost all of the senior Yugoslav karate instructors gained their "dan" ranks through examinations in which he was involved.

paragraph: During his time in France, Kase wrote books on his martial art, including "5 Heian: Katas, Karaté, Shotokan" (1974), "18 kata supérieurs: Karate-dô Shôtôkan Ryû" (1982), and "Karaté-dô kata: 5-Heian, 2-Tekki" (1983).

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1989, Kase and Shirai founded the World Karate-Do Shotokan Academy (WKSA). Kase has called his style of karate "Shotokan Ryu Kase Ha," meaning Shotokan with Kase's personal touch. Although he was travelling around the world promoting his style of karate, Paris remained his home. Kase suffered a heart attack on 31 May 1999, but recovered at the American Hospital of Paris. Following his recovery, he returned to teaching karate.

paragraph: On 6 November 2004, Kase became critically ill, and was hospitalised. He returned home later on, and appeared to be recovering, but on the morning of 19 November his wife was unable to wake him. Kase had lapsed into unconsciousness, and was brought to hospital, but his condition only deteriorated. Kase died at 5:25 on 24 November 2004, leaving behind his wife and two daughters, and his mother (then 101 years old) and two brothers. His funeral was held at the crematorium of Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, on 30 November 2004. Kase held the rank of 9th "dan" at the time of his death.

paragraph: In June 2005, Kase's widow, Chieko Kase, became honorary President of the Kase Ha Shotokan Ryu Karate-Do Instructors' Academy. One of their daughters, Sachiko, was in attendance at the ceremony.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of karateka

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Shotokan organizations

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: a. Most sources give 9 February as Kase's date of birth, but some sources give 9 January instead.

paragraph: b. One source lists some of Kase's family: Chieko Kase (wife), Yumiko and Kumihiko Inaba (daughter and son-in-law), Sachiko Kase (daughter), and Yusuke (grandson).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sensei Kase

description: martial artist

wikidata_label: Taiji Kase

wikipedia_title: Taiji Kase


text: conceptual art

text: Slade School of Art

text: London

text: conceptual art

text: Pop art

text: surreal

text: collage

text: postcard

text: Julian Stallabrass

text: punch clock

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Young British Artists

text: Royal College of Art

text: The Photographers' Gallery

text: Ridinghouse

text: Koenig Books

text: Whitechapel Gallery

text: David Campany

text: The Saatchi Gallery: John Stezaker

text: The Whitechapel Gallery: John Stezaker

categories: 1949 births,British conceptual artists,People from Worcester,Academics of the Royal College of Art,Living people,Alumni of the Slade School of Art

paragraph: John Stezaker

paragraph: John Grenville Stezaker (born 1949), is a British conceptual artist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.

paragraph: Stezaker attended the Slade School of Art in London in his early teens, he graduated with a Higher Diploma in Fine Art in 1973. In the early 1970s, he was among the first wave of British conceptual artists to react against what was then the predominance of Pop art.

paragraph: Solo exhibitions for Stezaker have been rare, however, in the mid-2000s, his work was rediscovered by the art market; he is now collected by several international collectors and museums.

paragraph: His work is surreal in tone and is often made using collage and the appropriation of pre-existing images such as postcards, film stills, and publicity photographs. Art historian Julian Stallabrass said, "The contrast at the heart of these works [by Stezaker] is not between represented and real, but between the unknowing primitives of popular culture, and the conscious, ironic artist and viewer of post-modern images." One work included in an exhibition at Salama-Caro Gallery, London, in 1991, depicted an image of a punch clock together with the caption "Why Spend Time on an Exhibition Like This?" Colin Gleadell wrote in "The Daily Telegraph" in 2007 that Stezaker "is now being hailed as a major influence on the Young British Art movement," in reference to Young British Artists.

paragraph: Until 2006, Stezaker was Senior Tutor in Critical and Historical Studies at the Royal College of Art in London.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Works, 1969–1971," Sigi Krauss Gallery, London, 1970. Catalogue available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond Art for Art’s Sake: a Propus Mundus," Nigel Greenwood Gallery, London, 1972. Catalogue available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Modern Art Oxford, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigel Greenwood Gallery, London, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Decembre, Munster, 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galleria Lia Rumma, Rome, 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galleria Lia Rumma, Naples, 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigel Greenwood Gallery, London, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Éric Fabre, Paris, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigel Greenwood Gallery, London, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trois Oeuvres [Three Works]," Galerie Éric Fabre, Paris, 1976. Catalogue available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dream Allegories. John Stezaker Collages 1976-1977." Nigel Greenwood Gallery, London, 1977. Catalogue available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Éric Fabre, Paris, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schema Gallery, Florence, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spectro Arts, Newcastle, UK, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fragments," The Photographers' Gallery, London, 1978. Catalogue available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collages, 1977–1978," Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, 1978. Catalogue available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southampton City Museum, Southampton, UK, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Éric Fabre, Paris, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Werke 1973-1978," Kuntsmueum Luzern, Kunstmuseum, Lucerne, Switzerland, 1979. Catalogue available.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker: Marriage." Ridinghouse, 2007. With an essay by Cecilia Järdemar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker: Masks." Ridinghouse in association with The Approach, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 3rd Person Archive, John Stezaker." Koenig Books, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker: Tabula Rasa." Ridinghouse in association with The Approach, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker: Silk Screens." Ridinghouse, 2010. Caoimhín Mac Giolla Léith.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker." Ridinghouse, 2011. Published to accompany an exhibition at Whitechapel Gallery, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker: Film Still." Ridinghouse, 2011. With text and interview between David Campany and the artist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker: Nude and Landscape." Ridinghouse in association with Rosenwald-Wolf Gallery, Philadelphia, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stezaker: One on One." Ridinghouse in association with Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stezaker's profile at his gallery, The Approach

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Saatchi Gallery: John Stezaker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guardian": Artist of the week 72 (02/2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with John Stezaker by Andrew Warstat : "Parallax", Volume 16, Issue 2 May 2010 , pages 68 - 78

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Newman on John Stezaker : "Parallax", Volume 16, Issue 2 May 2010 , pages 79 - 86

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Whitechapel Gallery: John Stezaker

description: English artist

wikidata_label: John Stezaker

wikipedia_title: John Stezaker


text:
Iran
prince
Qajar dynasty
Mozaffar al-Din Shah
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Tabriz
Neshan-e Aqdas
Order of the Lion and the Sun
Tehran
Persia
Order of Neshan-e Aqdas
Persia
Order of the Lion and the Sun
Order of the Crown
Order of Leopold
Austria
Turkey
Qajarpages

categories: Iranian Shia Muslims,Qajar princes,Recipients of the Order of the Lion and the Sun,Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Iran),1922 deaths,Recipients of the Neshan-e Aqdas,People from Tabriz,Iranian Azerbaijani politicians,Iranian royalty,Ethnic Azerbaijani Shia Muslims,1880 births,People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution

paragraph: Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh

paragraph: Prince Malek Mansur Mirza (1880–1922) Iranian prince of Qajar dynasty, was Mozaffar al-Din Shah's second son, brother of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Abul-fat'h Mirza Salar-ed-Dowleh and Abul-Fazl Mirza.

paragraph: He was born at Tabriz, 30 March 1880 and educated by private tutors. He was governor of 1897, Governor-General of Fars 1901-1902 and 1904. He received the Decoration of the Imperial Portrait, the Neshan-e Aqdas 2nd class and Order of the Lion and the Sun 1st class from his father. He died at Tehran, 6 November 1922.

paragraph: He is the progenitor of "Malek-Mansur" Family.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Royal Portrait (Temsal-e-Homayoun) of Persia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Class of the Order of Neshan-e Aqdas of Persia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Class of the Order of the Lion and the Sun of Persia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st class of the Order of the Crown of Persia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand cross of the Order of Leopold of Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exalted Order of Honour (Nishan-i-Ali-Imtiaz) of Turkey

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictorial biography of Malek Mansour Mirza, Qajarpages

description: prime Minister of Iran

wikidata_label: Malek Mansur Mirza Shao es-Saltaneh

wikipedia_title: Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh


text:
Bishop of Toulouse
Saint Sylvius
St. Saturnin
Basilica of St. Sernin
Saint Jerome
Palestine
Egypt
Libya
Vandals
Alans
Suevi
Sacred Offering
osier
Precious Blood
Zacharias
Canon of the Sacred Scriptures
Pope Innocent I
Baronius
Hannibalianus
Dalmatius
Constantine the Great
Saint Paulinus
Amandus of Bordeaux
Rome
Bordeaux
Spain
Vigilantius
Gregory of Tours
Saint Saturninus
Usuard
Catholic Encyclopedia: Exuperius
Catholic.org: Exuperius

categories: 5th-century bishops,Bishops of Toulouse,4th-century births,410 deaths,5th-century Christian saints,Gallo-Roman saints,History of Toulouse

paragraph: Exuperius

paragraph: Saint Exuperius (also Exsuperius) () (died c. 410) was Bishop of Toulouse at the beginning of the 5th century.

paragraph: His place and date of birth are unknown. Upon succeeding Saint Sylvius as bishop of Toulouse, he ordered the completion of the basilica of St. Saturnin, a part of which was incorporated into the Basilica of St. Sernin. Saint Jerome praised Exuperius "for his munificence to the monks of Palestine, Egypt, and Libya, and for his charity to the people of his own diocese, who were then suffering from the attacks of the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi." On behalf of the poor in his diocese he sold the basilica's altar vessels and was therefore compelled to carry the Sacred Offering in an osier basket and the Precious Blood in a vessel of glass. In respect of his virtues and in gratitude for his gifts, Saint Jerome dedicated his "Commentary on Zacharias" to him.

paragraph: Exuperius is best known in connection with the Canon of the Sacred Scriptures. He had written to Pope Innocent I for instructions concerning the canon and several points of ecclesiastical behaviour. In reply, the pope honoured him with the letter "Consulenti Tibi", dated February 405, which contained a list of the canonical scriptures.

paragraph: The opinion of Baronius, that bishop Exuperius was the same person as the rector with the same name, is usually rejected, as the rector was a teacher of Hannibalianus and Dalmatius, nephews of Constantine the Great, and therefore from an earlier period than the bishop. From Jerome's letter to Furia in 394, and from the epistle of Saint Paulinus to Amandus of Bordeaux in 397, it seems probable that Exuperius was a priest at Rome, and later at Bordeaux before he was raised to the episcopate—though it is possible that in both of these letters reference is made to a different person.

paragraph: The precise date of his promotion to the bishop is unknown. Evidence suggests that he occupied the See of Toulouse in February 405 (as is evident from the letter of Innocent I mentioned above). It is sometimes said that Jerome reproached him in a letter to Riparius, a priest of Spain, for tolerating the heretic Vigilantius; but as Vigilantius did not belong to the diocese of Toulouse, Jerome was probably speaking of another bishop.

paragraph: Exuperius was venerated as a saint from early times. In the time of Gregory of Tours he was held in equal veneration with Saint Saturninus. His feast occurs on 28 September. The first martyrologist to assign it to this date was Usuard, who wrote towards the end of the 9th century.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: Exuperius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic.org: Exuperius

description: Bishop of Toulouse

wikidata_label: Exuperius

wikipedia_title: Exuperius


text:
Brazil
Petrópolis
1945 presidential election
Brazilian Communist Party

paragraph: Yedo Fiúza

paragraph: Yedo Fiúza (15 September 1894 – 12 February 1975) was a Brazilian politician. He served as mayor of Petrópolis. He contested the 1945 presidential election as an antimilitarist independent, with the support of the Brazilian Communist Party. Fiúza surprised political analysts by polling half a million votes.

description: Brazilian politician

wikidata_label: Yedo Fiúza

wikipedia_title: Yedo Fiúza


href: Italy jurist abbot Roman%20Rota Vallumbrosan%20Order vicar pieve Montemignaio Bologna invective Girolamo%20Savonarola Ilario%20Alcei

text:
Italian
jurist
abbot
Roman Rota
Vallumbrosan Order
vicar
pieve
Montemignaio
Bologna
invective
Girolamo Savonarola
Ilario Alcei

categories: Italian abbots,1530 deaths,16th-century jurists,Italian jurists,15th-century jurists,15th-century Italian writers,1455 births

paragraph: Angelo da Vallombrosa

paragraph: Angelo da Vallombrosa or Angelus Anachorita Vallombrosa (1455–1530) was an Italian jurist and abbot.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a counsellor of the Roman Rota and was ordained on January 15, 1488 in the monastery of S. Prassede (Rome), by the general of the Vallumbrosan Order, Biagio Milanesi.

paragraph: He was appointed vicar at the pieve Montemignaio (Toscany) and the santa Cecilia della Corvara abbay in Bologna

paragraph: He then obtained the Perpetual Vicar of the Montemignaio Pieve in Tuscany, and the Abbey of Santa Cecilia of Corvara near Bologna, but settled in Vallombrosa (Florence) in 1496.

paragraph: He wrote numerous invectives, many of which against Girolamo Savonarola theories.

paragraph: When he died in 1530, Ilario Alcei wrote an epigram in couplet that was engraved on his grave.

description: m. 1530 abbot, jurist

wikidata_label: Angelo da Vallombrosa

wikipedia_title: Angelo da Vallombrosa


text:
Florence
Italian
religious
Paolo Benivieni
Girolamo Benivieni
Antonio Benivieni
Aristotle
Marsilio Ficino
University of Pisa
Girolamo Savonarola

paragraph: Domenico Benivieni

paragraph: Domenico Benivieni or Dominicus Benivenius (Florence, 1460 ca. – 1507) was an Italian religious .

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Florence, his father was Paolo Benivieni. Girolamo Benivieni and Antonio Benivieni were his brothers.

paragraph: He was known for his works on logics, theology and his studies about Aristotle. He was praised by Marsilio Ficino. From 1470 to 1481 taught logics at the University of Pisa.

paragraph: From 1492 he became one of the main defenders of Girolamo Savonarola and his theories. From February 16 1498, he was forbidden to attend the sermons of Savonarola and was no longer dispensed with the participation in the choir of his church, from which he was then suspended. He died in 1507.

description: circa 1460-1507

wikidata_label: Domenico Benivieni

wikipedia_title: Domenico Benivieni


text:
tennis
Herbert Chipp
Ernest Renshaw
Ernest Renshaw
Herbert Wilberforce

categories: 1861 births,19th-century male tennis players,English male tennis players,1892 deaths,Tennis people from Bristol,British male tennis players

paragraph: Charles Lacy Sweet

paragraph: Charles Lacy Sweet (1861–1892) was a British tennis player in the early years of Wimbledon.

paragraph: Herbert Chipp wrote the following about C. Lacy Sweet: "Lacy Sweet, to whom I have already referred, was another fine player. His style was a commanding one, and his game was marked by all-round excellence. Possessed of a powerful and accurate overhand service, a severe ground-stroke, formidable volleying and smashing powers, and great activity, he ought to have reached the very top of the tree. But from one cause or another he was never able to give that serious and unremitting attention to the game which successful tournament play exacts from its votaries. Consequently his performances, good though many of them were, never quite equalled the promise held out. He was very successful in Doubles with Ernest Renshaw. His death in 1892 was as unexpected as it was deeply regretted. For a more popular man the lawn tennis world did not possess".

paragraph: Lacy Sweet played in the Wimbledon singles three times. In 1887, Sweet reached the semi finals before handing Ernest Renshaw a walkover into the all comer's final. In 1888 Sweet lost his opening match to Herbert Wilberforce. In 1890 he lost in the opening round to David Chaytor.

description: British tennis player

wikidata_label: Charles Lacy Sweet

wikipedia_title: Charles Lacy Sweet


text:
O.F.
Évora
Lisbon
Luís Vaz de Camões
Chiado

categories: 1591 deaths,People from Lisbon,16th-century Portuguese poets,Portuguese male poets,16th-century births,People from Évora

paragraph: António Ribeiro Chiado

paragraph: António Ribeiro O.F. (Évora, 1520? – Lisbon, 1591), known as "O Chiado" or "O Poeta Chiado" was a Portuguese poet.

paragraph: O Chiado was a satirical poet of the sixteenth century, contemporary of Luís Vaz de Camões.

paragraph: He was known as Chiado for having lived many years in Chiado, Lisbon, in the street so called already in the sixteenth century (today Rua Garrett).

description: Portuguese playwright

wikidata_label: António Ribeiro Chiado

wikipedia_title: António Ribeiro Chiado


text: French

text: military officer

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: Caraman

text: Haute-Garonne

text: Cessales

text: Haute-Garonne

text: alderman

text: Caraman

text: Caraman

text: Lauragais

text: Toulouse

text: Jean-Marie Calès

text: Haute-Garonne

text: National Convention

text: Council of Five Hundred

text: revocation of the Edict of Nantes

text: King Louis XIV

text: wars of the French Revolution

text: Lieutenant

text: 5th battalion of volunteers

text: Haute-Garonne

text: Toulouse

text: Rieux

text: Villefranche

text: Castelsarrasin

text: Muret

text: Saint-Gaudens

text: Revel

text: Grenade

text: Ancien Régime

text: demi-brigade

text: line infantry

text: 4th Infantry regiment of line

text: First Consul

text: Army of the Alps

text: French Revolutionary armies

text: Captain

text: battle of Valmy

text: National Convention

text: proclaimed the French First Republic

text: reign of Terror

text: Army of the Eastern Pyrenees

text: Convention

text: Kingdom of Spain

text: King Louis XVI of France

text: Battle of the Black Mountain

text: Chasseur

text: Jacques François Dugommier

text: Larrey

text: Figueres

text: Siege of Roses

text: Peace of Basel

text: Prussia

text: Spain

text: First Coalition

text: Figueres

text: Army of Italy

text: Bonaparte

text: Directory

text: Council of Five Hundred

text: Army of the Eastern Pyrenees

text: Bonaparte

text: 4th line infantry regiment

text: Augereau

text: the bridge of Lodi

text: Castiglione

text: Bassano

text: the bridge of Arcole

text: Rivoli

text: Battle of Castiglione

text: Bonaparte

text: Massena

text: Augereau

text: Habsburg Austria

text: Italian campaign

text: war of the First Coalition

text: 4th regiment

text: Bonaparte

text: campaign of Egypt and Syria

text: Army of the West

text: Army of Batavia

text: Army of the Rhine

text: campaign of Switzerland

text: Engen

text: Biberach

text: war of the Second Coalition

text: Battle of Engen

text: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

text: Paul Kray

text: Battle of Biberach

text: Grenadier

text: Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr

text: Habsburg Austrian

text: Paul Kray.

text: Moreau

text: Kray

text: 4th demi-brigade

text: Nancy

text: Camp of Boulogne

text: Boulogne-sur-Mer

text: Bonaparte

text: First Consul "for Life"

text: Grande Armée

text: Army of the Ocean Coasts

text: plan an invasion of the United Kingdom

text: member of the Legion of Honor

text: Knight

text: Napoleon Ier

text: battalion Commander

text: 4th Infantry regiment of line

text: Grande Armée

text: IV Corps

text: Marchal Soult

text: Joseph Bonaparte

text: Napoleon

text: King of Naples and Sicily

text: of Spain

text: Louis-Léger Boyeldieu

text: Austria (1805)

text: Ulm

text: Austerlitz

text: Nancy

text: Schiltigheim

text: Strasbourg

text: Prussia (1806)

text: Poland (1807)

text: battle of Jena

text: Auerstedt

text: Leval

text: 4th regiment

text: 4th regiment

text: battle of Eylau

text: Division Leval

text: Colonel

text: 96th Infantry Regiment

text: Guillaume Apollinaire

text: I Corps

text: Marchal Victor

text: 96th Regiment

text: battle of Friedland

text: Levin August von Bennigsen

text: treaties of Tilsit

text: Emperor Napoleon I

text: Tzar Alexander I

text: war of the Fourth Coalition

text: "Officer" of the Legion of Honor

text: regiment

text: I Corps

text: Marchal Victor

text: Spanish War

text: Battle of the Sommosierra Pass

text: 96th Infantry Regiment

text: Madrid

text: Battle of Talavera

text: Madrid

text: Spanish War

text: Baron of the Empire

text: Emperor Napoleon I

text: Colonel

text: retirement

text: Cessales

text: Haute-Garonne

text: abdication of the Emperor Napoleon I

text: island of Elba

text: King Louis XVIII

text: 1st Restoration

text: Napoleon

text: Baron

text: Chamber of Hundred Days

text: Villefranche-de-Lauragais

text: Haute-Garonne

text: Napoleon

text: Battle of Waterloo

text: second abdication

text: Chamber

text: King Louis XVIII

text: Cessales

text: Legion of Honour

text: "Chevalier" de la Légion d'Honneur

text: Knight

text: "Officier" de la Légion d'Honneur

text: "Officer"

text: Baron of the Empire

text: Jean-Marie Calès

text: regicide

text: National Convention

text: Council of Five Hundred

text: Godefroy Calès

text: Constituent National Assembly

text: Second Republic

text: Jean Jules Godefroy Calès

text: Chamber of Deputies

text: Third Republic

text: Robert

text: French National Assembly

text: Archives of Jean-Chrysostôme Calès

text: Soldiers of the Grande Armée

text: 96th Infantry Regiment

categories: 1853 deaths,French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,1769 births

paragraph: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès

paragraph: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès () was a French military officer who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was born on January 27, 1769 in Caraman (Haute-Garonne) and died on April 21, 1853 in Cessales (Haute-Garonne).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès, "« son of Jean Calès, alderman of Caraman, and of damsel Jeanne Rochas »" was born on January 27, 1769 in Caraman, a small village in the region of Lauragais near Toulouse. Jean-Chrysostôme was the fourth brother of 10 siblings, and had two sisters and seven brothers. Several of his siblings were also prominent, including Jean-Marie Calès (1757-1834), the eldest, who became deputy of Haute-Garonne at the National Convention and at the Council of Five Hundred, the second oldest, Jean Calès (1764-1840), who became Inspector-General of military hospitals, and the fifth oldest, Jean Joseph Etienne Victorin Calès (1772-1853), who became a military officer. His parents were landowners of the region, from old Protestant families rooted in the region and forced to convert to Catholicism after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes issued by King Louis XIV in 1685.

paragraph: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès entered military service at the beginning of the wars of the French Revolution, at the age of 23, on 10 March 1792 , as "Lieutenant" in the 5th battalion of volunteers of Haute-Garonne. This battalion, formed by 455 volunteers from the districts of Toulouse, Rieux, Villefranche, Castelsarrasin, Muret, Saint-Gaudens, Revel and Grenade, and gathered in Toulouse, was amalgamated on 1st Messidor Year III (19 June 1795) with Regiments of the Ancien Régime within the 130th demi-brigade of line infantry, itself reformed as 4th demi-brigade of line infantry on 22 Ventôse Year IV (12 March 1796) to put order in the confusion of the infantry corps, and then finally renamed 4th Infantry regiment of line on 1st Vendémiaire an XII (24 September 1803) by decree of the First Consul. Lieutenant Jean-Chrysostôme Calès served this 5th battalion of volunteers within the 7th Company of Villefranche with his younger brother, Captain Jean Joseph Etienne Victorin Calès.

paragraph: Lieutenant Calès left Toulouse with his battalion of volunteers in May 1792 for the Army of the Alps, one of the French Revolutionary armies, and was appointed "Captain" on 19 September 1792, the day before the victory of the French troops at the battle of Valmy (20 September), and two days before the inaugural parliamentary session (21 September) of the National Convention, in which his elder brother Jean-Marie was elected and which proclaimed the French First Republic (22 September).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Service in the French Revolutionary Armies (1792-1804).:In the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees (1794).

paragraph: Captain Calès entered on Year II (during the reign of Terror), the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, formed by the Convention after the invasion of France by the Kingdom of Spain in April 1793 in retaliation for the execution of King Louis XVI of France just three months before. Calès particularly distinguished himself the 27 Brumaire Year III (17 November 1794) at the Battle of the Black Mountain ("also called" "Battle of the" "Sierra Negra") against the allied armies of the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal: at the head of two companies of Chasseurs, captain Calès overthrew 800 Spaniards. General Jacques François Dugommier died during the battle, but he defeated the allied armies. The famous surgeon Larrey also distinguished himself during this battle practicing in one day not less than 200 amputations. This decisive French victory led to the capture of Figueres, then to the victorious Siege of Roses and to the escape of the Spanish troops by sea, and finally to the signature of the Peace of Basel between France and Prussia (April 5, 1795) and between France and Spain (July 22, 1795 - 4 Thermidor Year III), by which the two countries signed peace with the victorious revolutionary France, thus abandoning the First Coalition. However, Calès got wounded during the blockade of Figueres on November, 29 by the explosion of a gunpowder magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Service in the French Revolutionary Armies (1792-1804).:In the Army of Italy (1796).

paragraph: At the beginning of 1796, captain Calès was sent to the Army of Italy commended by the young General in Chief Bonaparte, invested on the 2nd of March 1796 by the Directory, the new republican regime, in which his elder brother Jean-Marie was elected a few months before representative at the Council of Five Hundred. In September 1795, this Army of Italy had received four divisions (16,000 men) of reinforcements from the victorious Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. With these reinforcements, this small army, with a strength of 50,000 men, was composed in large majority of battalions of volunteers coming from Southern France. It was intended in principle to open a simple front of diversion, while the two more powerful armies of the Rhine were sent to circumvent the Austrians by the north.

paragraph: Following the plan of a lightning offensive meditated by General Bonaparte for a long time, the 4th line infantry regiment of Calès (General Augereau's Division) fought at the battles of the bridge of Lodi (10 May 1796), Castiglione (5 August), Bassano (8 September), the bridge of Arcole (15-17 November) and Rivoli (13-14 January 1797). At the Battle of Castiglione, captain Calès got shot at the right arm : the enemy was on the point of breaking on the left, when Calès succeeded in rallying the 3rd battalion he commanded, repulsed the Austrians, and the French troops took back their positions. Although this battle, won by the French commanded by Generals Bonaparte, Massena and Augereau against three Austrian armies of Habsburg Austria, was not decisive, it is nevertheless considered by historians to be the most important battle regarding the victorious fate of the Italian campaign during the war of the First Coalition.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Service in the French Revolutionary Armies (1792-1804).:In the Armies of the West, of Batavia, and of the Rhine (1800).

paragraph: The 4th regiment returned to France at the beginning of the year 1798, but did not, however, follow General Bonaparte in his campaign of Egypt and Syria conducted between 1798 and 1801. From Year VI to Year IX, captain Calès served in the Army of the West, the Army of Batavia and the Army of the Rhine. Specifically, Calès served during the campaign of Switzerland, on May 3 and 9, 1800, at the battles of Engen and Biberach (during the war of the Second Coalition). On 13 Floreal Year VIII (3 May 1800), at the Battle of Engen, while his demi-brigade was being enveloped by the enemy's cavalry, captain Calès succeeded in opening a passage, and, although wounded, he did not leave his service. This battle, fought between France and Austria, resulted in the victory of the French army commanded by General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians commanded by General Paul Kray. Six days later, on 19 Floreal Year VIII (9 May 1800), at the Battle of Biberach, Calès commanded the battalion of the reunited Grenadiers: he repulsed the enemy, and seized two pieces of cannon. The French corps commanded by General Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr won the battle against a part of the Habsburg Austrian Army commanded by General Paul Kray. On 15 July 1800, Moreau signed with Kray the armistice of Parsdorf. Recalled to France, the 4th demi-brigade crossed the Rhine at Kehl and arrived in Nancy in August 1801.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Service in the Great Army (1804-1810).:In the Camp of Boulogne (1804).

paragraph: The captain Calès was sent to the Camp of Boulogne (established near Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1803), where General Bonaparte, now head of the government since 1799 and First Consul "for Life" since 1802, assembled for the first time his famous "« Grande Armée »" (or Army of the Ocean Coasts), to plan an invasion of the United Kingdom.

paragraph: There, captain Calès was appointed member of the Legion of Honor ("Légionnaire", renamed "Chevalier (Knight") a few years later) on 25 Prairial Year XII (14 June 1804). Napoleon Ier, newly proclaimed "Emperor of the French" (18 May 1804), decorated Calès in the camp of Boulogne the 16 August 1804, at the occasion of the very first military "légion d'honneur" decoration ceremony in French history. Captain Calès was also promoted "battalion Commander" in the 4th Infantry regiment of line of the Grande Armée on 3 Germinal Year XIII (24 March 1805).

paragraph: He served in the famed IV Corps commended by Marchal Soult, under the orders of Colonel Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon's elder brother, and later King of Naples and Sicily and of Spain) first, and soon later, under the orders of Colonel Louis-Léger Boyeldieu (). At the head of the 3rd battalion of reserve Calès did not take part, however, to the first battles of the campaign of Austria (1805) (Battles of Ulm and Austerlitz) and stationed in the camps of Nancy (June 1805), Schiltigheim (March 1806) and Strasbourg (January, May, July 1806).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Service in the Great Army (1804-1810).:Campaigns of Prussia (1806) and of Poland (1807).

paragraph: Batatalion Commander Calès was finally sent to combat in October 1806 and fought during the campaigns of Prussia (1806) and Poland (1807). He did not however participate neither to the famous battle of Jena, nor to that of Auerstedt (both conducted in parallel on 14 October 1806, and where the Prussian army was literally swept by the French troops), because the Division Leval, which included his 4th regiment, could not arrive on time at Jena. He distinguished himself however at the "fight of Bergfried" (3 February 1807), a prelude to the battle of Eylau:

paragraph: Colonel Boyeldieu, wounded by a shot on the left buttock in the course of the affair, continued to command the 4th regiment until nightfall; however, the next day, he was obliged to leave its direction to Commander Calès, who commended it «"with bravery"» at the famous battle of Eylau (7-8 February 1807). The arrival of his regiment (within Division Leval) proved decisive and forced the Russians to withdraw from the first day of the battle.

paragraph: Battalion Commander Calès was consequently promoted "Colonel" on 14 February 1807, the day following Colonel Boyeldieu's return, and took over command of the 96th Infantry Regiment (the historic "Régiment de Nassau", in which celebrated French poet Guillaume Apollinaire will fight a century later, in 1915 during WWI, as a sous-lieutenant). Calès then served in the famed I Corps commended by Marchal Victor, and was commanding three "battalions" and about 4,000 soldiers in this 96th Infantry Regiment.

paragraph: Colonel Calès notably commanded the 96th Regiment at the famous battle of Friedland on 14 June 1807, where the French army commanded by Napoleon obtained a spectacular victory over the Russian army led by Count Levin August von Bennigsen. This decisive victory marked, by the signature of the treaties of Tilsit (7 and 9 July 1807) by Emperor Napoleon I and Tzar Alexander I, the end of the war of the Fourth Coalition and the beginning of a short period of peace in Europe.

paragraph: Colonel Calès was made "Officer" of the Legion of Honor ("Officier de la Légion d'Honneur") on the following 11 July (1807).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Service in the Great Army (1804-1810).:Campaign of Spain (1808).

paragraph: In September 1808, Colonel Calès and his regiment were reassigned to the "Army of Spain", still within the I Corps commanded by Marchal Victor, to take part to the Spanish War. At the Battle of the Sommosierra Pass on 30 November, the 96th Infantry Regiment was one of the most severely tested corpses, with about ten soldiers killed, forty wounded, and three wounded officers, including Colonel Calès, who got shot at his right leg. The victory of the French troops opened the road to Madrid. Calès got severely shot a second time at his leg during a deadly assault on 28 July 1809 at the Battle of Talavera (some 120 kilometers southwest of Madrid), one of the most bloody battles of the Spanish War, which costed about 7,000 lives in total to each camp.

paragraph: He was created "Baron of the Empire" by the Emperor Napoleon I, on 15 August 1809. A very small number of Colonels was appointed to this nobility rank, which was generally reserved for Generals, Mayors of large cities, and Bishops. Between 1808 and 1814, 1,090 titles of baron were created.

paragraph: Admitted to retirement on 15 May 1810, he left the Army on the following 1 July, and retired to Cessales (Haute-Garonne), from where he witnessed the abdication of the Emperor Napoleon I, his forced exile on the island of Elba, and the return of King Louis XVIII (1st Restoration) in April 1814.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Election at the Chamber of Hundred Days (1815).

paragraph: After Napoleon's return to Paris in March 1815, and the organization of parliamentary elections on 8–22 May 1815, the Baron Calès was elected, on 16 May 1815, at the Chamber of Hundred Days by the "arrondissement" of Villefranche-de-Lauragais (Haute-Garonne). He was one of the eleven colonels of the "Grande Armée" seating in this chamber. But following Napoleon's severe defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, and his second abdication four days later, the Chamber was dissolved on 13 July 1815, by order of King Louis XVIII.

paragraph: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès definitely retired from public life and came back to Cessales, where he died on 21 April 1853, at the age of 84.

paragraph: Section::::Decorations and Honors.

paragraph: Legion of Honour:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chevalier" de la Légion d'Honneur ("Knight") on 25 Prairial, Year XII - June 14, 1804

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Officier" de la Légion d'Honneur ("Officer") on July 11, 1807

paragraph: Baron of the Empire: on August 15, 1809.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès is:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the young brother of Jean-Marie Calès (1757-1834), regicide and deputy at the National Convention (1792-1795) and at the Council of Five Hundred (1795-1798).

paragraph: BULLET::::- the uncle of Godefroy Calès (1799-1868), deputy at the Constituent National Assembly (Second Republic) (1848-1849).

paragraph: BULLET::::- the great-uncle of Jean Jules Godefroy Calès (1828-1889), deputy at the Chamber of Deputies (Third Republic) (1885-1889).

paragraph: Section::::Annexes.

paragraph: Section::::Annexes.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Lievyns, Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre Bégat, vol. 5, Bureau de l'administration, 1847, 2 éd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Chrysostôme Calès, in Robert et Cougny, "Dictionnaire des parlementaires français", 1889

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Jean-Chrysostome Calès on the website of the French National Assembly: http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/14325

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ordre de la Légion d'honneur: Archives of Jean-Chrysostôme Calès on the Léonore database.

paragraph: BULLET::::- « History of the 4th Infantry regiment of line (1796 - 1815) »(« "Historique du 4e de ligne de 1796 à 1815" »)on the website Soldiers of the Grande Armée.

paragraph: BULLET::::- « History of the 4th Infantry regiment of line (1791 - 1815) » (« "Historique du 4e de ligne de 1796 à 1815" »)on the website Histoire du Consulat et du Premier Empire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- « History of the 96th Infantry Regiment » (« "Historique du 96e régiment d'infanterie" »),Capitaine Jean-Baptiste Bouvier, 427 pages, editions A. Storck, Lyon (1892). "In french". Read on line ("digitized by Google") on the site of "Internet Archive": https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6mmqiRwUXZwC

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès

wikipedia_title: Jean-Chrysostôme Calès


text:
c.
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mayombe
Belgian Congo
Kongo people
Cabinda
baptised
Scheutist
Tshela
minor seminary
major seminary
Kasai Province
Léopoldville
Alliance des Bakongo
Dendale district
Léopoldville riots
African nationalism
from Belgium
Patrice Lumumba
Mouvement National Congolais
Jean Bolikango
Fulbert Youlou
Congo-Brazzaville
Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
Moise Tshombe
Katanga
Simba Rebellion
Armée Nationale Congolaise
Mayombe
Boma
Justine M'Poyo Kasa-Vubu
Zaire
Laurent Kabila
Order of Leopold
Lumumba
Maka Kotto

categories: Leaders ousted by a coup,People from Kongo Central,1915 births,Democratic Republic of the Congo Roman Catholics,Democratic Republic of the Congo nationalists,1969 deaths,Democratic Republic of the Congo anti-communists,Évolués,People of the Congo Crisis,Kongo people

paragraph: Joseph Kasa-Vubu

paragraph: Joseph Kasa-Vubu, alternatively Joseph Kasavubu, ("c." 1915 – 24 March 1969) was the first President of the Republic of the Congo (1960–65), today the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Joseph Kasa-Vubu was born in the village of Kuma-Dizi in the Mayombe district of the Belgian Congo. Different sources list his year of birth as 1910, 1913, 1915, or 1917, though 1915 is the most probable date. He was the eighth of nine children in a family of the Yomba ethnic group, a subset of the Kongo people. His father was a successful farmer who, as an independent entrepreneur, traded with street merchants in Cabinda and built his house at the outskirts of the village. This earned him the animosity of the villagers and in an attempt to assuage their hostility he volunteered to undergo a "poison test" with a substance extracted from a kasa tree. The word "Kasa" was appended onto his name in commemoration of the event. Kasa-Vubu's mother died four years after his birth, and his father died in 1936. On 31 January 1925 he was baptised under the Christian name of Joseph at the Scheutist Catholic mission of Kizu, near Tshela.

paragraph: In 1927 Kasa-Vubu enrolled in primary school at the third-year level. The following year he transferred to a minor seminary in Mbata-Kiela, 50 kilometers away from Tshela. There he completed his primary studies and began learning Latin and humanities in preparation for instruction at major seminary. An industrious student, Kasa-Vubu graduated second in his class in 1936 and was admitted to the Kabwe seminary in Kasai Province. He intended to study three years of philosophy and five years of theology before becoming an ordained priest. But following the completion of the former courses in 1939 he was expelled by the bishop.

paragraph: Kasa-Vubu subsequently returned to Mayombe and took up work as a bookkeeper for the Kangu mission. Dissatisfied with his salary of 80 francs per month, Kasa-Vubu passed the instructor's exam and became a sixth-grade teacher at the mission school in early 1941. However, his pay was not increased and he left the mission in open disagreement with the superior and the local bishop. In May he found a new job at Agrifor, an agricultural and logging company. With a monthly pay of 500 francs, he felt financially secure enough to marry; on 10 October Kasa-Vubu wedded Hortense Ngoma Masunda in a Catholic ceremony at the Kangu mission. They had nine children.

paragraph: In June 1942 Kasa-Vubu earned a job as a clerk in the finance department of the Belgian colonial administration in Léopoldville, the capital of the Congo. He worked there for 15 years, attaining the rank of chief clerk, the highest level of employment available to Congolese civil servants under Belgian rule. In 1956 he was in charge of accounting for all of the administration's general stores.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Political activities.

paragraph: Kasa-Vubu began semi-clandestine political organising work while he was still employed by colonial authorities.

paragraph: Following the resignation of its leader on 21 March 1954, Kasa-Vubu was elected president of the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO). Under his leadership, the group swept the first open municipal Leopoldville elections in 1957 and he was elected mayor of the Dendale district of the city.

paragraph: Kasa-Vubu quickly became known as one of the first Congolese leaders to call for independence. At first, he advocated for independence from Belgium on a 30-year timeline, but he shortened the timetable as the ABAKO movement gained in strength. In his inauguration speech as mayor of Dendale, Kasa-Vubu reiterated his demand for independence, drawing a reprimand from Belgian colonial authorities, which only strengthened his image as a Congolese leader.

paragraph: On 4 January 1959, an ABAKO political gathering organised by Kasa-Vubu erupted into violence, sparking the Léopoldville riots, a pivotal moment in the Congolese struggle for independence. Kasa-Vubu was set to address the crowd on African nationalism, but colonial authorities banned the meeting. They were unable to calm the crowd and thousands of Congolese began rioting. Kasa-Vubu was arrested, along with several other leaders, and imprisoned for inciting the riot. He was released two months later.

paragraph: Section::::Presidency.

paragraph: Upon Congo's independence from Belgium, the ABAKO won a significant number of votes in the new parliament but not an outright victory. In a political compromise, it was agreed that Patrice Lumumba, of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) would be prime minister, and Kasa-Vubu would face Jean Bolikango, a former mentor in the ABAKO, for the presidency. The election of Kasa-Vubu brought about wide-ranging acceptance of the Congo's new administration. The Belgian press reacted positively to the development, while the Léopoldville's daily newspaper "Courrier d'Afrique", edited by a Kongo, showed much warmer approval of the government. International opinion expressed satisfaction at the striking of a proper balance in leadership. Belgian politicians hoped that Kasa-Vubu would check Lumumba's impulses and personal disdain for Belgium. He was officially sworn in as President on 27 June.

paragraph: The new republic was immediately disrupted by political and military strife and regional secessionist movements, and the central government was paralyzed by conflict between the more conservative Kasa-Vubu and leftist Prime Minister Lumumba. While Lumumba advocated for a stronger central government, Kasa-Vubu preferred a more decentralised form of government that gave autonomous powers to provinces under a federal system.

paragraph: Kasa-Vubu was regarded as rather mysterious in his motivations and his actions, frequently preferring to stay silent or give ambiguous answers when he was confronted. His role as head-of-state was theoretically ceremonial and far less influential than Lumumba's role as prime minister. During the immediate upheaval following independence, Kasa-Vubu took few steps and made few definitive statements, even as Lumumba appealed for international assistance to the Americans, the United Nations and the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Kasa-Vubu faced criticism from ABAKO and President Fulbert Youlou of Congo-Brazzaville for not curbing Lumumba's authoritarian actions. He resisted their pressure, and on 13 August he broadcast an appeal for unity and support for the government. Nevertheless, he cautioned the government against arbitrariness and excess:

paragraph: If I am under a moral obligation to support and defend the government within the limits set by the law, the members of the government themselves have a duty to work together as a team. Their policy must be the policy of the government and not that of one party, one race, or one tribe. It must be a policy which reflects the interests of the nation and which allows humanitarian values to flourish in freedom. This imperative excludes all feelings of hatred, suspicion, and bad faith towards those who have collaborated loyally with us. It is also the duty of the government to respect the institutions which have been set up and to abide by the normal rules of democratic practice.

paragraph: On 5 September, Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba, who was accused of communism. Lumumba refused to accept that but announced Kasa-Vubu's dismissal, creating a stalemate that endured until 14 September, when Army Commander Joseph-Désiré Mobutu seized power and arrested Lumumba. Lumumba was later handed to Moise Tshombe's secessionist forces in the southern province of Katanga and killed.

paragraph: Over the next five years, Kasa-Vubu presided over a succession of weak governments. In July 1964, he appointed Tshombe as prime minister, with a mandate to end the Simba Rebellion. Tshombe recalled the exiled Katangese gendarmerie and recruited white mercenaries, integrating them with the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC). Many of the mercenaries had fought for Katanga while Tshombe was the leader of that breakaway province. Despite the successes against the Simba rebels, Tshombe's prestige was damaged by his use of white mercenaries and western forces. He lost the support of Kasa-Vubu, who dismissed him from the post of prime minister, in October 1965.

paragraph: Mobutu seized power for a second time on 25 November 1965, now deposing Kasa-Vubu and subsequently declaring himself head of state.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mobutu placed Kasa-Vubu under house arrest before eventually allowing the deposed president to retire to his farm in Mayombe. Kasa-Vubu died in a hospital in Boma four years later in 1969, possibly after a long illness.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Following his death, Kasa-Vubu's family went into exile, first to Algeria and then Switzerland. One of his daughters, Justine M'Poyo Kasa-Vubu, eventually returned to the Congo (then called Zaire) in the 1990s. In 1997, she was appointed a cabinet minister by Laurent Kabila and then ambassador to Belgium.

paragraph: Kasa-Vubu's role in Congolese history has been overshadowed in literature by Lumumba and Mobutu. Anthropologist Yolanda Covington-Ward wrote that, contrary to Lumumba's "privileged" position in historiography on Congolese nationalism, Kasa-Vubu and ABAKO were the primary "driving force" behind the independence movement.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 2000 film "Lumumba", Kasa-Vubu was played by Maka Kotto.

description: President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

wikidata_label: Joseph Kasa-Vubu

wikipedia_title: Joseph Kasa-Vubu


text: Byzantine

text: typikon

text: Iberians

text: Tao

text: Tayk

text: Bagratids

text: kouropalatate of Iberia

text: annexed

text: theme of Iberia

text: Anna Comnena

text: Armenian

text: Matthew of Edessa

text: Iberians

text: Georgian language

text: Chalcedonian Armenian

text: Anna Comnena

text: Byzantine army

text: Ani

text: Seljuk

text: Alp Arslan

text: Strategos

text: theme of Iberia

text: Anatolia

text: Kars

text: Tao

text: George II of Georgia

text: Georgian-Seljuk wars

text: Michael VII Doukas

text: Nikephoros III Botaneiates

text: Alexios I Komnenos

text: megas domestikos

text: Balkans

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Normans

text: Battle of Dyrrachium

text: Moglena

text: Pechenegs

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: Holy Monastery of Iviron

text: Mount Athos

text: Greek

text: Armenian

text: Georgian

text: Armenian

text: Bachkovo Monastery

text: Chanidze, A.

text: Comnena, Anna

text: Marr, Nicholas

text: Shanidze, A.

text: Toumanoff, Cyril

categories: Nobility of Georgia (country),Byzantine people of Armenian descent,1086 deaths,Domestics of the Schools,Byzantine people of Georgian descent,Bachkovo Monastery,Founders of Christian monasteries,11th-century people from Georgia (country),11th-century births,Byzantines killed in battle,Armenian nobility,Generals of Alexios I Komnenos,Byzantine generals

paragraph: Gregory Pakourianos

paragraph: Gregory Pakourianos (, "Grigol Bakurianis-dze"; , "Gregorios Pakourianos"; , "Grigor Bakurian"; ) (died 1086) was a Byzantine politician and military commander. He was the founder of the Monastery of the Mother of God Petritzonitissa in Bachkovo and author of its "typikon". The monks of this Orthodox monastery were Iberians.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Background.

paragraph: Gregory's origins are a matter for scholarly dispute. He is believed to have hailed from the region of Tao or Tayk, which had been ruled by Georgian Bagratids of kouropalatate of Iberia, later annexed by the Byzantines to the theme of Iberia in 1001. According to the contemporary historian Anna Comnena, who knew Pakourianos personally, Gregory was "descended from a noble Armenian family," while the Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa, from the 12th century, notes that he was of Georgian (Vrats) origin had in mind Pakourianos' religious affiliation. Gregory himself proclaimed that he belonged to "the glorious people of the Iberians" and insisted his monks to know the Georgian language. In her study on Byzantine administration over the provinces of Armenia, Armenian historian Viada Arutjunova-Fidanjan believes that Pakourianos was born into a Chalcedonian Armenian family.

paragraph: Taking into account all the evidence available on Pakourianos, the scholar Nina G. Garsoïan proposed that "the most likely explanation is that [the Pakourian family] belonged to the mixed Armeno-Iberian Chalcedonian aristocracy, which dwelt in the border district of Tayk/Tao."

paragraph: According to Anna Comnena, Pakourianos was tiny of body but a mighty warrior.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Byzantine service.

paragraph: Since 1060 Gregory served in Byzantine army. In 1064 he had achieved a significant position among the Byzantine military aristocracy, but failed at defending Ani against the Seljuk leader Alp Arslan, King Bagrat IV of Georgia and Albanian King Goridzhan in the same year. Since 1071 he was appointed as a "Strategos" (governor) of the theme of Iberia. As the Seljuk advance forced the Byzantines to evacuate the eastern Anatolian fortresses and the theme of Iberia, Gregory ceded control over Kars and Tao to King George II of Georgia in 1074. This did not help, however, to stem the Turkish advance and the area became a battleground of the Georgian-Seljuk wars.

paragraph: Afterwards he served under Michael VII Doukas (1071–78) and Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078–81) in various responsible positions on both the eastern and the western frontiers of the empire. Later Gregory was involved in a coup that removed Nikephoros III. The new Emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, appointed him ""megas domestikos" of All the West" and gave him many more properties in the Balkans. He possessed numerous estates in various parts of the Byzantine Empire and was afforded a variety of privileges by the emperor, including exemption from certain taxes. In 1081, he commanded the left flank against the Normans at the Battle of Dyrrachium. A year later he evicted the Normans from Moglena. He died in 1086 fighting the Pechenegs at the battle of Beliatoba, charging so vigorously he crashed into a tree.

paragraph: Gregory was also known as a noted patron and promoter of Christian culture. He together with his brother Abas (Apasios) made, in 1074, a significant donation to the Eastern Orthodox Holy Monastery of Iviron on Mount Athos and commissioned the regulations ("typikon") for this foundation. He signed the Greek version of the Typikon in Armenian. He also signed his name in Georgian and Armenian characters rather than Greek. It is assumed that Pakourianos did not know Greek.

paragraph: Gregory Pakourianos and his brother Abas were buried in a bone-vault house near the Bachkovo Monastery. The portraits of the two brothers are painted on the north wall of the bone-vault house.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory_Pakourianos. ""Typicon Pacuriani (Regula monasterii Petriconi)"" (in Old Georgian, written in 1083)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chanidze, A., "Au sujet du batisseur de monastere de Petritsoni Grigol Bakourianis-dze (en Bulgarie)," "BK" 38 (1980), 36; idem, "Le grand domestique de l'occident, Gregorii Bakurianis-dze, et le monastere georgien fonde par lui en Bulgarie," "BK" 28 (1971), 134

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arutiunova-Fidanian, V. A. "Типик Григория Пакуриана. Введение, перевод и комментарий". Ереван, 1978, с. 249 (The Typikon of Gregorius Pacurianus, Yerevan, 1978, p. 249.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comnena, Anna, “The Alexiad”, Translated by E.R.A. Sewter, Pengium Books Ltd., London, 1969, (reprinted in 2003), pp. 560.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petit, L., Typikon de Grégoire Pacourianos pour le monastère de Pétritzos (Bachkovo) en Bulgarie, texte original, Viz. Vrem., XI, Suppl. no 1, SPB 1904, XXXII+63 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gautier, P. Le typikon du sébaste Grégoire Pakourianos. - Revue des études byzantines, T. 42 (1984), pp. 5-145

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marr, Nicholas. Н. Я. Марр. "Аркаун – монгольское название христиан в связи с вопросом об армянах-халкедонитах (Византийский временник”, т. XII, С. Петербург, 1905. Отдельный оттиск)." ( Arkaun, the Mongolian name of Christians in connection with the question of the Armenians-Chalcedonian. Saint-Petersburg, 1905, pp. 17–31 ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obolensky, D., "Nationalism in Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages": Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 22, (1972), pp. 1–16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ostrogorsky, G., "Observations on the Aristocracy in Byzantium": Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 25, (1971), pp. 1–32

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shanidze, A., ""The Georgian Monastery in Bulgaria and its Typikon: the Georgian Edition of the Typikon"" (in Georgian and Russian)," "Works" 9 (1986), Tbilisi: Metsniereba. pp. 29-36

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toumanoff, Cyril. "Caucasia and Byzantium." "Traditio" 27 (1971), pp. 111–152.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents. Typikon of Gregory Pakourianos for the Monastery of the Mother of God Petritzonitissa in Backovo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory_Pakourianos. "Typicon Pacuriani (Regula monasterii Petriconi)" (in Old Georgian, written in 1083).

description: Byzantine general

wikidata_label: Gregory Pakourianos

wikipedia_title: Gregory Pakourianos


text: Dano-Norwegian

text: theologian

text: missionary

text: Lutheran

text: Kalaallit people

text: Greenland

text: Hans

text: Kabelvåg

text: Vågan

text: Norway

text: Austvågøy

text: Hans Egede

text: Gertrud Rask

text: lost Greenland colony

text: Catholic

text: Reformation

text: Danish Mission College

text: Bergen Greenland Company

text: Bergen

text: Island of Hope

text: Nuuk

text: Inuit

text: superintendent

text: Moravian missions in Greenland

text: Jacob Severin

text: General Trade Company

text: Vartov Lutheran Church

text: provost

text: Bishop of Greenland

text: kalaaleq

text: Arnarsaq

text: New Testament

text: Kalaallisut

text: catechism

text: Copenhagen

text: Nansen, Fridtjof

text: Map of Greenland

text: Paul Hansen Egede, Missionær i Grønland

text: Paul Hansen, Missionær i Grønland

categories: Norwegian emigrants to Greenland,Greenlandic Lutheran clergy,Norwegian Lutheran missionaries,18th-century Lutheran clergy,1708 births,Lutheran missionaries in Greenland,1789 deaths,Danish Lutheran missionaries,Linguists of Eskimo–Aleut languages

paragraph: Paul Egede

paragraph: Paul or Poul Hansen Egede (9 September 1708 – 6 June 1789) was a Dano-Norwegian theologian, missionary, and scholar, principally concerned with the Lutheran mission among the Kalaallit people of the Greenland established by his father Hans in 1721.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Egede was born in Kabelvåg, a village in Vågan, Norway, on the southern shore of Austvågøy. He was the older son of the village minister Hans Egede and his wife Gertrud Rask. Hans became dedicated to the cause of restoring contact with and missionizing among the Norsemen of the lost Greenland colony, who were presumed to have remained Catholic following the Reformation. He parlayed support among Norwegian merchants and the Danish Mission College into the establishment of the Bergen Greenland Company, which equipped three ships which left Bergen in 1721. A few months later, the Egede family and about forty other colonists landed on the Island of Hope (modern Kangeq) at the mouth of the fjord which houses today's Nuuk. Scurvy broke out and most returned home as quickly as possible, but the natives proved generally curious and helpful. No Norse survivors were found and Hans's company went bankrupt in 1727, but he and his family learned the local Inuit dialect and began a Christian mission among them.

paragraph: Paul assisted his father in his work and, when his mother died and Hans returned to bury her in Denmark after a smallpox outbreak, he took over the mission for an additional six years, accepting to forgo his own desire to become a Danish naval officer. He succeeded his father as superintendent of the Greenland mission. The Lutheran mission was not as successful as the Moravian missions in Greenland, but the expansion of colonies and trading outposts under Jacob Severin's company and the General Trade Company was always eventually followed by a chapel or church at the site. Egede was also an accomplished botanist.

paragraph: In 1742, Egede was appointed Minister of the Vartov Lutheran Church in Copenhagen. In 1747, he became a professor of theology at the Greenland Mission Seminary established in Denmark by his father and then, in 1758, its provost. In 1779, he was elevated to Bishop of Greenland and, in 1785, made a fellow of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.

paragraph: Egede and a kalaaleq woman named Arnarsaq translated the New Testament into Kalaallisut, the language of the West Greenland Inuit. He went on to publish a Kalaallisut–Danish–Latin dictionary (1750), a revised Kalaallisut catechism (1756), and a Kalaallisut grammar (1760), as well as a number of other books concerning the language.

paragraph: Paul Egede died in Copenhagen in 1789, having published in that year his journal of his life in Greenland.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andersen, Jan: "Poul Hansen Egede, en grønlandsforsker i 1700-tallet", Aalborg Universitetsforlag, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ostermann, H. "Poul og Niels Egede" (Continuation of "Hans Egedes relationer fra Grønland samt Niels Egede: Beskrivelse over Grønland"), Copenhagen: 1939 (Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nansen, Fridtjof. "Eskimo Life" (William Archer, translator. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gjerset, Knut. "History of the Norwegian People" (Macmillan, 1915)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Map of Greenland by Paul Egede

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Hansen Egede, Missionær i Grønland, Project Runeberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Hansen, Missionær i Grønland, Project Runeberg

description: Dano-Norwegian theologian

wikidata_label: Paul Egede

wikipedia_title: Paul Egede


text: Kabaka

text: Kingdom of Buganda

text: Uganda

text: Mulago Hospital

text: Kampala

text: Sussex

text: Bradfield College

text: West Berkshire

text: Magdalene College, Cambridge

text: rusticated

text: United Kingdom

text: African National Congress

text: Obote II

text: Buddo

text: Godfrey Serunkuma Lule

text: Mengo

text: Sylvia Nagginda

text: Nnabagereka

text: Saint Paul's Cathedral Namirembe

text: London

text: King's College, Budo

text: England

text: East Africa

text: Luweero District

text: Muteesa I Royal University

text: Muteesa I of Buganda

text: Order of the Shield and Spears

text: "Kabaka Ronal Muwenda Mutebi II"

text: Genealogy of the Kabakas of Buganda

text: List of The Kings of Buganda

categories: Ganda people,1955 births,Ugandan emigrants to the United Kingdom,Buganda,Kabakas of Buganda,Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge,African monarchs,Living people

paragraph: Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda

paragraph: Ronald Edward Frederick Kimera Muwenda Mutebi II (born 13 April 1955) is the reigning Kabaka (also known as king) of the Kingdom of Buganda, a constitutional kingdom in modern-day Uganda. He is the 36th "Kabaka" of Buganda.

paragraph: Section::::Claim to the throne.

paragraph: He was born at the Mulago Hospital, Kampala. He is the son of Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Muteesa II, "Kabaka" of Buganda, who reigned between 1939 and 1969. His mother was "Nabakyala" Sarah Nalule, Omuzaana Kabejja, of the Nkima clan.

paragraph: He was educated at Budo Junior School, King's Mead School in Sussex and Bradfield College, a public school in West Berkshire. He then entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read social anthropology and law but was rusticated before he earned a degree. At the age of 11, he was appointed as Heir Apparent by his father on 6 August 1966. While in exile with his father, he reportedly worked as a double-glazing salesman in the United Kingdom, and as a journalist, was Associate Editor of the magazine "African Concord" and a member of the Executive Committee of the African National Congress (ANC) in London. On 21 November 1969, upon the death of his father, he succeeded as the Head of the Royal House of Buganda.

paragraph: He returned to Uganda in 1988, following the removal of the Obote II regime and the military junta that briefly replaced Obote II. He was proclaimed at Buddo on 24 July 1993 upon the restoration of the Ugandan Kingdoms, following the intervention of Godfrey Serunkuma Lule. On 31 July 1993, he was crowned at Buddo. He assumed the style of "His Majesty". He maintains his capital at Mengo.

paragraph: Section::::Married life.

paragraph: Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II is married to one wife, whom he wed on 27 August 1999. The official title of the Kabaka's wife is the Nnabagereka. Her full name and title is Sylvia Nagginda, the Nnabagereka, daughter of John Mulumba Luswaata of Nkumba, Kyaddondo, a member of the Omusu clan and Rebecca Nakintu Musoke who currently lives in New York. She is the granddaughter of George William Musoke and Nora Musoke of Nazzigo, Kyaggwe; and Omutaka Nelson Nkalubo Sebugwawo and Catherine Sebugwawo of Nkumba. The royal wedding was held at Saint Paul's Cathedral Namirembe, in Kampala, on 27 August 1999. Together, they have one daughter, Sarah Katrina Mirembe Ssangalyambogo Nachwa, born on 4 July 2001 in London, United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: The children of Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II include the following: (1) Prince (Kiweewa) Jjunju Suuna, whose mother is Vénantie Sebudandi. He was born in London, United Kingdom, in 1986. He attended King's College, Budo, before moving to England for further studies. (2) Princess (Omumbejja) Joan Nassolo. (3) Princess (Omumbejja) Victoria Nkinzi. (4) Princess (Omumbejja) Katrina Sarah Kirabo Ssangalyambogo. She was born in London, UK, on 4 July 2001. She attends private school in Kampala, Uganda. She is an excellent swimmer and has won awards at competitions in East Africa, within her age group. (5) Prince (Omulangira) Richard Ssemakookiro, born in July 2011. On 17 January 2012 the Katikkiro (Prime Minister) of Buganda Kingdom at that time, "Engineer John Baptist Walusimbi", confirmed that Prince Ssemakookiro′s mother is a Muganda lady from the Enseenene (Grasshopper) clan. Later, the prince's mother was revealed as Rose Nansikombi, who hails from Luweero District in Buganda (Central Uganda).

paragraph: Section::::Other responsibilities.

paragraph: On 15 April 2011, he was installed as the first chancellor of Muteesa I Royal University. The university was founded in 2007 and named in memory of Muteesa I of Buganda, in recognition of his foresight in promoting education in Buganda and Uganda and of his superior diplomatic skills in juggling the influences of the British, the French, and the Arabs in the late 1800s. As the head of the Buganda kingdom, he owns Nkuluze Trust, which runs the following kingdom properties: Buganda Land Board, which is responsible for kingdom land and other land matters, K2 Telecom, which is a telecommunication company, BBS Television, which is a kingdom TV, CBS FM, Majestic Brands, which deals in selling royal products, Ngule beer in collaboration with Uganda Breweries Ltd, Muganzirwazza Plaza, a commercial building in Katwe, a suburb of the Ugandan capital Kampala, Masengere building another building, which also houses Kingdom Television.

paragraph: Section::::Patronages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron and Chief of the Trustee Buganda Cultural and Development Foundation [BUCADEF] (since 1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron of the Kabaka Foundation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron of the Buganda Development Agency (BDA).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron of the Monkton Foundation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chairman of Rexba Ltd.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:National honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sovereign of the Order of the Shield and Spears.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Cultural honours.

paragraph: The peaceful lion,

paragraph: The Ssabalongo (head of twin parents)

paragraph: Hammered legs (magulu nyondo)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kabaka Ronal Muwenda Mutebi II", Buganda Royal Family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of the Kabakas of Buganda

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of The Kings of Buganda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patterns of Marriage Among Baganda Kings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Royal Wedding of Kabaka Mutebi and Lady Sylvia Nagginda 29 August 1999

description: Kabaka of Buganda

wikidata_label: Mutebi II

wikipedia_title: Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda


text: composer

text: guitarist

text: pianist

text: vocalist

text: Squirrel Bait

text: Bastro

text: Gastr del Sol

text: Codeine

text: The Red Krayola

text: Bitch Magnet

text: The Wingdale Community Singers

text: punk

text: new wave

text: hardcore punk

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: Squirrel Bait

text: Homestead Records

text: post-punk

text: power trio

text: Bastro

text: Gastr del Sol

text: Jim O'Rourke

text: Crookt, Crackt, or Fly

text: Upgrade & Afterlife

text: Camoufleur

text: Codeine

text: The White Birch

text: Palace Music

text: Will Oldham

text: Royal Trux

text: Dirty Three

text: Matmos

text: Richard Buckner

text: Tony Conrad

text: Pauline Oliveros

text: Arnold Dreyblatt

text: Gastr del Sol

text: Drag City

text: The Spectrum Between

text: Sunday Times

text: Creep Mission

text: Luc Ferrari

text: Derek Bailey

text: Noël Akchoté

text: Workshop

text: Van Oehlen

text: Mats Gustafsson

text: Susan Howe

text: Rick Moody

text: Kenneth Goldsmith

text: Anthony McCall

text: Angela Bulloch

text: Stephen Prina

text: Cosima von Bonin

text: Angela Bulloch

text: Z Point

text: Horizontal Technicolour

text: Hybrid Song Box.4

text: Doug Aitken

text: Matmos

text: Les Invisibles

text: Red Krayola

text: Japan in Paris in LA

text: Augusto Contento

text: Parallax Sounds

text: Strade Trasparenti

text: Onibus

text: John Boskovich

text: North

text: Hal Hartley

text: The Book of Life

text: Doug Aitken

text: The Diamond Sea

text: Peter Weiss

text: Die Ästhetik des Widerstands

text: Alexander Kluge

text: Chronik der Gefühle

text: School of the Art Institute of Chicago

text: Brooklyn College

text: CUNY

text: Performance and Interactive Media Arts

text: University of Chicago

text: Texte zur Kunst

text: Chicago Review

text: Süddeutsche Zeitung

text: Foundation for Contemporary Arts

text: Duke University Press

text: Steve Albini

text: Ken Vandermark

text: Damon Locks

text: Ian Williams

text: Augusto Contento

text: Parallax Sounds

text: Brooklyn

text: Creep Mission

text: Drag City

text: Prismrose

text: Drag City

text: Borough of Broken Umbrellas

text: Drag City

text: The Plain Where The Palace Stood

text: P-Vine

text: Hybrid Song Box.4

text: Blue Chopsticks

text: An Optimist Notes the Dusk

text: Two Soundtracks for Angela Bulloch

text: Semishigure

text: Åke Hodell

text: Kning Disk

text: Håll Tjäften

text: A Guess at the Riddle

text: Fat Cat

text: Comic Structure

text: David Shrigley

text: En/Of

text: Avey Tare

text: Fat Cat Records

text: Rickets & Scurvy

text: Act Five, Scene One

text: Thirty-Minute Raven

text: Rectangle

text: The Spectrum Between

text: Aux Noctambules

text: The Coxcomb

text: The Thicket

text: Table of the Elements

text: Taku Unami

text: Frolic Architecture

text: Susan Howe

text: Blue Chopsticks

text: Souls of the Labadie Tract

text: Susan Howe

text: The Harmless Dust

text: Nikos Veliotis

text: Headz

text: Thiefth

text: Susan Howe

text: Off-Road

text: Mats Gustafsson

text: Arbovitae

text: Loren Connors

text: Häpna

text: Apertura

text: Mats Gustafsson

text: Drag City Page

text: MP3s at UbuWeb

text: 77 Boadrum Site Profile

text: Flash

text: David Grubbs interview

text: Discogs page

categories: Bastro members,Brooklyn College faculty,20th-century American guitarists,Guitarists from Chicago,1967 births,Squirrel Bait members,Boxhead Ensemble members,Drag City (record label) artists,Gastr del Sol members,American punk rock guitarists,Codeine (band) members,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: David Grubbs

paragraph: David Grubbs (born September 21, 1967), composer, guitarist, pianist, and vocalist, was a founding member of Squirrel Bait, Bastro, and Gastr del Sol. He has also played in Codeine, The Red Krayola, Bitch Magnet and The Wingdale Community Singers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Grubbs' first band was a brief-lived punk/new wave group called The Happy Cadavers that released the four-song 7" record "With Illustrations" in 1982. Grubbs then formed a hardcore punk band called Squirrelbait Youth that later evolved into the influential Louisville, Kentucky group Squirrel Bait, releasing a 12" EP and an album on Homestead Records. Grubbs's next group was the post-punk power trio Bastro, which released and EP and two albums on Homestead. In 1991 Bastro morphed into the more avant-garde Gastr del Sol. This project soon became essentially a partnership between Grubbs and Jim O'Rourke after the band's first album. The albums released by the duo include "Crookt, Crackt, or Fly", "Upgrade & Afterlife", and "Camoufleur". In this period, Grubbs also contributed to other projects, including guitar for two tracks on Codeine's 1994 album "The White Birch" and guitar, piano, and harmonium on recordings by Palace Music, Will Oldham, Royal Trux, Dirty Three, Matmos, Richard Buckner, Tony Conrad, Pauline Oliveros, Arnold Dreyblatt, and many others.

paragraph: Since the breakup of Gastr del Sol in 1997, Grubbs has released numerous solo and collaborative records, mostly on the Drag City label, for which he co-directed the Dexter's Cigar sub-label. In 2000, his album "The Spectrum Between" was named "Album of the Year" in the "Sunday Times".

paragraph: His 2017 album "Creep Mission" was described by The Quietus as "a typically playful and intellectually ambitious set – and is as good an entry into the world of Grubbs as any."

paragraph: In 2018, Grubbs released "Failed Celestial Creatures", a collaboration with Japanese guitarist and electronic musician Taku Unami. According to Pitchfork, the album "feels of a piece with Grubbs’ last two records under his own name, "Creep Mission" and "Prismrose", both nominal solo releases that each features a handful of guests. On all three albums, Grubbs uses the presence of collaborators to play with drones, repetition, and improvisatory interplay, taking his style to a more intuitive place."

paragraph: He operates his own label, Blue Chopsticks, which has released new and archival recordings from Luc Ferrari, Derek Bailey and Noël Akchoté, Workshop, Van Oehlen, and Mats Gustafsson. Grubbs is also known for his collaborations with writers Susan Howe, Rick Moody, and Kenneth Goldsmith, and with visual artists including Anthony McCall, Angela Bulloch, Stephen Prina, and Cosima von Bonin. He has composed the soundtracks for Angela Bulloch's installations "Z Point", "Horizontal Technicolour", and "Hybrid Song Box.4", and his music appears in two installations by Doug Aitken. Grubbs's sound installation "Between a Raven and a Writing Desk" was included in the 1999 group exhibition "Elysian Fields" at the Centre Pompidou.

paragraph: Grubbs's soundtrack work includes music with Matmos for Thierry Jousse's feature film "Les Invisibles". Grubbs has also contributed music to the Red Krayola's soundtrack to Norman and Bruce Yonemoto's film "Japan in Paris in LA" and to three films by Augusto Contento ("Parallax Sounds", "Strade Trasparenti", and "Onibus"), to Braden King and Laura Moya's film "", and to John Boskovich's film "North". Music by Gastr del Sol appears in the PBS television series "The United States of Poetry", Hal Hartley's film "The Book of Life", and Doug Aitken's film "The Diamond Sea". Grubbs composed the score for Karl Bruckmaier's radio adaptation of Peter Weiss's "Die Ästhetik des Widerstands" (Hessischer Rundfunk Hörbuch des Jahres 2007) and contributed music to Bruckmaier's adaptation of Alexander Kluge's "Chronik der Gefühle" (Deutscher Hörbuchpreis 2010, "Best Fiction").

paragraph: From 1997 to 1999, Grubbs was a part-time instructor in the Liberal Arts and Sound departments at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He is currently Professor of Music in the Conservatory of Music at Brooklyn College, CUNY. He teaches in Brooklyn College's MFA program in Performance and Interactive Media Arts (PIMA) and Brooklyn College's MFA program in Creative Writing, and is a member of the faculty of the Brooklyn College Center for Computer Music (BC-CCM).

paragraph: Grubbs received a Ph.D. in English from the University of Chicago. His criticism has appeared in "Texte zur Kunst", "Chicago Review", "TDR", "Conjunctions", "Bookforum", and "Purple", and from 1999-2007 he regularly contributed music criticism to the Munich newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung". Grubbs received a 2005–2006 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.

paragraph: Grubbs is the author of two books for Duke University Press: "Records Ruin the Landscape: John Cage, the Sixties, and Sound Recording" (2014) and "Now That the Audience Is Assembled" (2018). "Now That the Audience Is Assembled" was described by The Washington Post as "a new book-length poem [that] reminds us that listening can feel stranger than dreaming."

paragraph: He is one of five musicians (with Steve Albini, Ken Vandermark, Damon Locks, and Ian Williams) profiled in Augusto Contento's 2012 documentary film "Parallax Sounds".

paragraph: Grubbs lives in Brooklyn with his wife, Cathy Bowman, and their son Emmett Bowman-Grubbs.

paragraph: Section::::Selected solo discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Creep Mission" LP/CD (Drag City/Blue Chopsticks, 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prismrose" LP/CD (Drag City/Blue Chopsticks, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borough of Broken Umbrellas" EP (Drag City, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Plain Where The Palace Stood" LP/CD (Drag City/P-Vine, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hybrid Song Box.4" CD (Blue Chopsticks, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Optimist Notes the Dusk" CD/LP (Drag City, P-Vine, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Soundtracks for Angela Bulloch" CD (Semishigure 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yellow Sky" split 12" picture disc with Åke Hodell (Kning Disk/Håll Tjäften, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Guess at the Riddle" CD/LP (Drag City/Fat Cat/P-Vine 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comic Structure" LP with artist's edition by David Shrigley (En/Of, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crumbling Land" split 12" with Avey Tare (Fat Cat Records, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rickets & Scurvy" LP/CD (Drag City/Fat Cat/P-Vine, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Act Five, Scene One" (Blue Chopsticks/P-Vine, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thirty-Minute Raven" CD (Rectangle/P-Vine, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spectrum Between" CD/LP (Drag City/P-Vine, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aux Noctambules" 3" CD (Rectangle, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Coxcomb" LP/picture disc (Rectangle, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thicket" CD/LP (Drag City, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Banana Cabbage, Potato Lettuce, Onion Orange" CD (Table of the Elements, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::Selected collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Failed Celestial Creatures" with Taku Unami (Empty Editions, 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frolic Architecture" with Susan Howe CD (Blue Chopsticks, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souls of the Labadie Tract" with Susan Howe CD (Blue Chopsticks, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Harmless Dust" with Nikos Veliotis CD (Headz, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thiefth" with Susan Howe CD (Blue Chopsticks, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Off-Road" with Mats Gustafsson CD (Blue Chopsticks, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arbovitae" with Loren Connors CD (Häpna, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apertura" with Mats Gustafsson CD (Blue Chopsticks, 1999)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drag City Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- MP3s at UbuWeb

paragraph: BULLET::::- 77 Boadrum Site Profile Viva Radio, September 2007. (Flash)

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Grubbs interview on Ràdio Web MACBA - Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn College Center for Computer Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discogs page

description: American musician

wikidata_label: David Grubbs

wikipedia_title: David Grubbs