text: professional wrestler

text: Impact Wrestling

text: ring name

text: WWE

text: producer

text: one-time

text: NWA World Heavyweight Champion

text: X Division Championship

text: Television Champion

text: tag team

text: NWA World Tag Team Championship

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text: A.J. Styles

text: TNA World Tag Team Championship

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text: James Storm

text: The Revolution

text: Crazzy Steve

text: Decay

text: Triple Crown Championship

text: Grand Slam Championship

text: storyline

text: Impact Hall of Fame

text: James Mitchell

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Cleveland, Ohio

text: football

text: Ohio University

text: offensive tackle

text: Bobcats

text: NWA Wildside

text: A.J. Styles

text: Jerry Lawler

text: Dutch Mantel

text: IWA Puerto Rico

text: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

text: Huntsville, Alabama

text: Gauntlet for the Gold match

text: character

text: Carolina, Puerto Rico

text: Shane the Glamour Boy

text: Savio Vega

text: IWA Hardcore Championship

text: IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship

text: IWA World Tag Team Championship

text: NWA World Heavyweight Champion

text: villain

text: Kid Kash

text: First Blood

text: Steel Chair on a Pole match

text: Don Callis

text: Raven

text: Kevin Northcutt

text: Legend

text: The Gathering

text: Steel Cage match

text: A.J. Styles

text: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: Falls Count Anywhere match

text: ladder match

text: Ron Killings

text: Goldy Locks

text: Erik Watts

text: Alex Shelley

text: Sonny Siaki

text: Desire

text: Six-Person Mixed Tag Team match

text: Monty Brown

text: Monster's Ball match

text: Victory Road

text: Serengeti Survival match

text: Turning Point

text: Final Resolution

text: Jeff Hardy

text: Full Metal Mayhem match

text: Against All Odds

text: Destination X

text: Lockdown

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text: Sean Waltman

text: James Mitchell

text: Steel Chain Dog Collar match

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text: Lance Hoyt

text: Sacrifice

text: Sabu

text: No Disqualification match

text: Unbreakable

text: Bound for Glory

text: Monster's Ball II match

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text: Planet Jarrett

text: Scott D'Amore

text: Final Resolution

text: Against All Odds

text: Destination X

text: Jeff Jarrett

text: America's Most Wanted

text: Ron Killings

text: Team 3D

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text: King of the Mountain match

text: Slammiversary

text: Sting

text: The James Gang

text: Team 3D

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text: Brother Runt

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text: No Surrender

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text: Tomko

text: Kurt Angle

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text: NWA World Tag Team Championship

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text: Black Hole Slam

text: Slammiversary

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text: Christian's Coalition

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text: Against All Odds

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text: Kaz

text: Johnny Devine

text: Matt Morgan

text: No Surrender

text: Bound for Glory IV

text: The Latin American Xchange

text: Beer Money, Inc.

text: Robert Roode

text: James Storm

text: Genesis

text: Lethal Consequences

text: Consequences Creed

text: Against All Odds

text: Destination X

text: Lockdown

text: Dr. Stevie

text: Sacrifice

text: Monster's Ball match

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text: Douglas Williams

text: Extreme Championship Wrestling

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text: Final Resolution

text: casket match

text: Genesis

text: TNA Television Championship

text: Crimson

text: Lockdown

text: Bully Ray

text: Matt Hardy

text: Christopher Daniels

text: Sacrifice

text: Triple Crown

text: Grand Slam Champion

text: gimmick

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text: The Art of War

text: Slammiversary IX

text: Brian Kendrick

text: Destination X

text: Ultimate X match

text: The Network

text: Hardcore Justice

text: Gunner

text: Turning Point

text: Wild Card Tournament

text: Rob Terry

text: Genesis

text: Slammiversary

text: Aces & Eights

text: Bound for Glory

text: DOC

text: Turning Point

text: Ohio Valley Wrestling

text: Genesis

text: Devon

text: Robbie E

text: Lockdown

text: Joey Ryan

text: D'Lo Brown

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text: 2013 Bound for Glory Series

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text: Hernandez

text: TNA Xplosion

text: Eric Young

text: Bound for Glory

text: Bad Influence

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text: TNA One Night Only: Hardcore Justice 3

text: Lockdown

text: heel

text: World Heavyweight Championship

text: Magnus

text: face

text: Mr. Anderson

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text: Bram

text: Bound for Glory

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text: Team 3D

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text: The Wolves

text: TNA World Tag Team Championship

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text: Jimmy Jacobs

text: Kongo Kong

text: Impact Hall of Fame

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text: The Embassy

text: Generation Next

text: Steel Cage Warfare match

text: Alex Shelley

text: Jimmy Rave

text: Austin Aries

text: Roderick Strong

text: Jack Evans

text: Matt Sydal

text: moonsault

text: ROH World Championship

text: OVW TV

text: OVW Heavyweight Championship

text: AAA

text: Triplemanía XII

text: Abismo Negro

text: Chessman

text: Gronda

text: Héctor Garza

text: Latin Lover

text: Verano de Escándalo

text: Konnan

text: La Legión Extranjera

text: La Parka

text: Octagón

text: Triplemanía XVIII

text: Cibernético

text: El Zorro

text: Vampiro Canadiense

text: La Sociedad

text: Super Crazy

text: Dr. Wagner, Jr.

text: Joe Líder

text: Nicho el Millonario

text: Triplemanía XIX

text: Extreme Tiger

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: Último Gladiador

text: Verano de Escándalo

text: Héroes Inmortales

text: Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match

text: Juventud Guerrera

text: L.A. Park

text: AAA Latin American Championship

text: Héroes Inmortales

text: producer

text: TNA Impact!

text: TNA Wrestling

text: TNA Wrestling Impact!

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

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text: Chessman

text: Chris Harris

text: Border City Wrestling

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text: International Wrestling Association

text: 1 time

text: IWA Hardcore Championship

text: 3 times

text: IWA World Tag Team Championship

text: 3 times

text: Miguel Pérez, Jr.

text: Glamour Boy Shane

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Wildside Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Florida Junior Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: Ohio Valley Wrestling

text: OVW Heavyweight Championship

text: 2 times

text: OVW Heavyweight Title Tournament

text: One Pro Wrestling

text: 1PW Heavyweight Championship

text: 2 times

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: Ring Ka King

text: RKK Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Scott Steiner

text: Ring of Honor

text: Trios Tournament (2006)

text: Alex Shelley

text: Jimmy Rave

text: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/Impact Wrestling

text: NWA World Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: TNA X Division Championship

text: 1 time

text: TNA Television Championship

text: 2 times

text: TNA World Tag Team Championship

text: 2 times

text: James Storm

text: Crazzy Steve

text: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: A.J. Styles

text: Gauntlet for the Gold

text: Fight for the Right Tournament

text: Fourth TNA Triple Crown Champion

text: Second TNA Grand Slam Champion

text: Impact Hall of Fame

text: Class of 2018

text: Wrestling Observer Newsletter

text: Best Gimmick

text: Worst Worked Match of the Year

text: Official website

text: Abyss' TNA Profile

text: Joseph Park's TNA Profile

text: Canoe.ca biography

categories: Impact Hall of Fame,American male professional wrestlers,Masked wrestlers,Ohio Bobcats football players,Fictional lawyers,Fictional characters with multiple personalities,Professional wrestlers from Washington, D.C.,Immortal (professional wrestling) members,NWA World Heavyweight Champions,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Abyss (wrestler)

paragraph: Christopher Joseph Parks (born October 4, 1973) is an American professional wrestler, best known for his time with Impact Wrestling (originally Total Nonstop Action (TNA) Wrestling) under the ring name Abyss. He is currently signed to WWE as a producer. He became a one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, being the first of only two men to hold the title while competing under a mask. He is the heaviest wrestler to hold the X Division Championship and was the longest reigning Television Champion. In the tag team division, he held the NWA World Tag Team Championship once with A.J. Styles, and the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice, once with James Storm as The Revolution, and once with Crazzy Steve as Decay.

paragraph: Having won all the required championships, he was the fourth man to complete the Triple Crown Championship and the second to complete the Grand Slam Championship. He also wrestled in Impact Wrestling as Abyss' storyline brother/split personality, Joseph Park. He was also the longest-tenured member of the Impact Wrestling roster, having remained with the company from 2002 to 2019. In 2018, he was inducted into the Impact Hall of Fame by his longtime manager, James Mitchell.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Christopher Joseph Parks was born in Washington, D.C. He attended high school in Cleveland, Ohio, where he played football. He attended Ohio University, where he played offensive tackle for the Bobcats and eventually earned two degrees, the latter being a master's degree in sports administration.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Early career (1995–2002).

paragraph: Parks was trained by Roger Ruffin of the Northern Wrestling Federation (NWF). He won his debut match by disqualification. For the first few years of his career, Park worked in the NWF as the Original Terminator, Chris Justice, and then Prince Justice. In 2001, Parks worked for NWA Wildside, where he won the NWA Wildside Tag Team Championship with A.J. Styles. He also wrestled Jerry Lawler in Memphis Power Pro Championship Wrestling.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:IWA Puerto Rico, WWC (2002–2004).

paragraph: Park was then discovered by Dutch Mantel, who at the time was booking the IWA Puerto Rico, when Mantel attended the first ever Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) pay-per-view in Huntsville, Alabama on June 19, 2002. Park appeared at the pay-per-view in the Gauntlet for the Gold match under the ring name Justice. Mantel then booked Park to appear in the IWA. The Abyss character was given by Mantel and first appeared in IWA at Golpe de Estado in July 2002 in front of 13,000 fans at the Roberto Clemente baseball park in Carolina, Puerto Rico, when he attacked and disabled Shane the Glamour Boy, who was scheduled to appear in the main event that night versus Savio Vega. While working for the company, Park held the IWA Hardcore Championship, IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, and IWA World Tag Team Championship. Park worked in the IWA under Mantel for approximately one year until he rejoined TNA in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Early feuds (2002–2005).

paragraph: Chris Park appeared on TNA's first ever weekly Pay-Per-View show on June 19, 2002 under the moniker Justice. He took part in the Gauntlet For The Gold match to crown a new NWA World Heavyweight Champion but was eliminated.

paragraph: Park returned to TNA as "The Monster" Abyss in June 2003, debuting as a villain and attacking Erik Watts, although the feud was short lived. Afterward, Park was brought in as a bodyguard to Kid Kash. They continued to be allies until October, when Kash betrayed Abyss for losing a match and Abyss turned on and attacked Kash. Abyss gained a victory over Kash, but then lost a First Blood Steel Chair on a Pole match to his former partner. Soon after the loss the feud between the two ended. Soon after, Abyss aligned himself with Don Callis. With this new alliance, Abyss soon feuded with Raven. The feud lasted for the rest of 2003, with the final match pitting Abyss and the "Red Shirt Security" (Kevin Northcutt and Legend) against Raven and The Gathering in a Steel Cage match. Abyss and his team came out victorious when the Gathering turned on Raven.

paragraph: Going into 2004, Abyss entered his first major feud with A.J. Styles. On one show, Abyss was forced to team with Styles in an NWA World Tag Team Championship match against champions Red Shirt Security, with Abyss and Styles winning the title. Abyss later defeated Styles to gain control of the title. Afterward, both men fought to a no-contest in a Falls Count Anywhere match. The next show, Abyss defeated Styles again, this time in a ladder match to become the top contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss lost the right to Raven in a match that also involved Styles and Ron Killings.

paragraph: About a month after the feud with Styles, Abyss received a new manager, Goldy Locks. She used Abyss to defeat her ex-boyfriend Erik Watts to win his contract. She kept using Abyss to win contracts for her, while also adding Alex Shelley to her group to assist. Watts later returned for revenge, with Abyss, Shelley, and Goldy Locks taking on Watts, Sonny Siaki, and Desire in a Six-Person Mixed Tag Team match. During the match, Abyss turned on his team by attacking Goldy Locks. Not long after separating from Goldy Locks, Abyss began to feud with Monty Brown and Raven. The feud escalated into the first-ever Monster's Ball match at TNA's first monthly pay-per-view, Victory Road. At Victory Road, Brown won the match when he pinned Raven. Abyss and Brown continued to feud until they met in a Serengeti Survival match at Turning Point, when Brown again came out victorious.

paragraph: Abyss then appeared at Final Resolution, attacking Jeff Hardy. This attack led to a Full Metal Mayhem match between the two at Against All Odds with the winner becoming the top contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss won the match. In the rematch at Destination X in a Falls Count Anywhere match, Hardy won. Abyss then set his sights on the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, and he wrestled A.J. Styles for the #1 contendership at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match. Styles won the match and the contendership, and Park suffered a separated shoulder. He, however, returned to action in the Gauntlet for the Gold match at Hard Justice. With this win, he gave himself entry into the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary, pitting him against NWA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles, Monty Brown, Raven, and Sean Waltman with the NWA title on the line, which Raven won.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Storyline with James Mitchell (2005–2008).

paragraph: Abyss, not happy with the loss, attacked Raven on the following "Impact!", and got Raven's old nemesis, James Mitchell as Abyss's new manager. After weeks of attacks, Raven attempted to gain revenge on Abyss in a Steel Chain Dog Collar match under No Surrender rules at No Surrender with the Championship on the line. In the end, Raven pinned Abyss to retain the title. Abyss was not happy, and showed it by attacking Lance Hoyt on the following "Impact", setting up a match at Sacrifice. Abyss defeated Hoyt at the event, and during the main event, attacked Sabu. With the war beginning, Abyss and Sabu met in a No Disqualification match at Unbreakable, with Abyss defeating Sabu. They battled again at Bound for Glory in the Monster's Ball II match that also involved Jeff Hardy and Rhino, with Rhino winning the encounter. During the match, Jeff Hardy gave Abyss a Swanton Bomb through a table from approximately 22 ft 0in. Abyss and Sabu continued to fight, leading to another No Disqualification match at Genesis, with Abyss again defeating Sabu. Due to interference from Sabu, Abyss lost to Jeff Hardy on the November 26, 2005 episode of Impact. A Barbed Wire Massacre match at Turning Point ended the feud. The match was voted TNA's 2005 Match of the Year. In the end, Sabu won the contest, getting his first pinfall over Abyss.

paragraph: To close out the year, Abyss and Mitchell joined Planet Jarrett. As a favor to Scott D'Amore, Mitchell agreed to have Abyss take care of Rhino. Abyss and Rhino wrestled at Final Resolution, with Abyss coming out victorious. They had another match at Against All Odds in a Falls Count Anywhere match, which Rhino won. The feud ended at Destination X, with Abyss teaming with Jeff Jarrett and America's Most Wanted against Rhino, Ron Killings, and Team 3D in an Eight Man Tag Team War match. Abyss and his allies won when Jarrett pinned Killings. Now that Rhino was out of the way, Abyss and Mitchell set their sights on NWA World Champion Christian Cage, including stalking his wife for several weeks. This storyline set up an NWA title match at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match in the main event. Cage won and retained the title, but Abyss attacked him and stole the belt. At Sacrifice in a Full Metal Mayhem match, Abyss lost to Cage, who regained his belt. Abyss got one more title shot, however, by qualifying for the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary by defeating Rhino in a qualifying match. The match also included NWA World Champion Christian Cage, Ron Killings, Jeff Jarrett, and Sting. At the event, Jarrett won the match.

paragraph: After Abyss dropped out of the title picture, his services were requested by The James Gang to help them take on Team 3D, which Mitchell accepted on Abyss's behalf. The two teams faced off at Victory Road in a Six-Man Tag Team match. Abyss and The James Gang won after Abyss pinned Brother Runt. Brother Runt continued to feud with Abyss, challenging him to a match at Hard Justice, which Abyss accepted. In the end, Abyss came out the winner. Abyss and Runt still battled after this match, with Abyss defeating Runt in a Thumbtacks match on "Impact!". After the match, Abyss was attacked by Raven, which led to a Hangman's Horror match on another episode of "Impact!", in which Abyss came out as the winner. Abyss went on to defeat Raven and Runt at No Surrender in a No Disqualification three-way match. Abyss continue to feud with Runt and Raven, while also going after Samoa Joe. Joe stole the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt, and Abyss' services were offered by James Mitchell to TNA Management to retrieve the belt, which they accepted. Abyss failed to retrieve the belt, but a match was set at Bound for Glory: a Monster's Ball match featuring Abyss, Brother Runt, Raven, and Samoa Joe. Soon after the announcement, Jake "The Snake" Roberts was announced as the special guest referee for the match. At the event, Abyss lost when Joe pinned Raven. Abyss once again had his eyes on the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, competing in the Fight for the Right Tournament, winning the tournament to face Sting at Genesis for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss defeated Sting at the event via disqualification to become the new NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Following the event, Sting tried to reason with Abyss and turn him away from Mitchell, referring to Abyss as "Chris". Christian Cage soon interjected himself into this, claiming to know a secret from Abyss' past and attacked both him and Sting. Abyss successfully defended the Championship at Turning Point against Sting and Cage in a three-way match.

paragraph: At Final Resolution, Abyss lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a three-way elimination match against Sting and Christian Cage, after being the first man eliminated from the match and afterwards cost Sting the match. On the January 24 episode of "Impact!", Sting revealed (after looking through public records, and once again using Abyss' real name) that Abyss had been in prison for shooting his father in the back three times, sending him into a coma which he survived. At Against All Odds, Abyss fell to Sting in a Prison Yard match, with Sting taking out Mitchell after the match. At Destination X, Abyss again lost to Sting in a Last Rites match. On the March 22 episode of "Impact!", Abyss teamed with Sting to face Christian Cage and A.J. Styles. During the match, Mitchell returned with a woman who Abyss recognized. Abyss left with Mitchell and the woman, leaving Sting alone to fight Cage and Styles. The following week on "Impact!", during a meeting between Sting and James Mitchell, it was revealed that the woman was Abyss' mother, and that she was the one who had actually shot Abyss's father, but Abyss took the blame to protect his mother. With Mitchell threatening to call the police and tell them the truth, Abyss was forced to obey him. As a result, at Lockdown, Abyss joined "Team Cage" (Christian Cage, A.J. Styles, Scott Steiner, and Tomko) to face Team Angle (Kurt Angle, Samoa Joe, Rhino, Sting, and Jeff Jarrett) in a Lethal Lockdown match, which Team Angle won. On the following "Impact!", after Abyss and Cage failed to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship from Team 3D, Abyss finally had enough, and turned face by giving James Mitchell a Black Hole Slam. But after Abyss got his bag of tacks and dumped them on the mat to chokeslam Mitchell on to them Cage, Styles, Steiner and Tomko attacked Abyss, beating him with a chair and a barbed wire baseball bat, which in the storyline, put him out of action.

paragraph: On the last "Impact!" before Slammiversary, Abyss returned, losing a King of the Mountain qualifying match to Cage by disqualification. Following the match, Abyss attacked the referee, security, and several members of TNA staff while Cage escaped. At Slammiversary, Abyss gained a measure of revenge on Cage, defeating his ally Tomko in a No Disqualification match that ended after he gave Tomko the "Black Hole Slam" onto glass. After Slammiversary, Abyss aligned himself with former rival Sting and spoke for the first time in TNA, saying "Tomko... Styles... 3 days... Click... DOOMSDAY!", the phrase used by former manager James Mitchell. Abyss and Sting defeated Tomko and A.J. Styles at Victory Road, but not without receiving a message from James Mitchell himself, telling the two that his son, Judas Mesias, was coming to TNA. Abyss and Sting continued to feud with Christian's Coalition after the event. On the July 26 episode of "Impact" Abyss battled Styles in a No Disqualification match. During the match Abyss was dragged under the ring and when he re-appeared, he was covered in blood. Styles pinned Abyss after Tomko had slammed him onto a pile of thumbtacks and broken glass. The following week Abyss and Sting defeated Cage and Styles in a ladder match, after an assist from the debuting Andrew Martin. By winning the match, Abyss could make a match against Cage, picking a Doomsday Chamber of Blood match at Hard Justice with Abyss teaming with Sting and Martin to face Cage, Tomko, and Styles. At Hard Justice, Abyss' team would win the match when Abyss pinned Styles, thus earning Abyss the number one contendership to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. The following "Impact!", Abyss successfully defended his contendership against Cage in a First Blood match, but was attacked by TNA World Heavyweight Champion, Kurt Angle. The last "Impact!" before the event had Abyss score a pinfall victory over Angle in a tag team match, where he teamed with Jay Lethal to face Angle and Sting. At No Surrender, Abyss fell to Angle after tapping out to the ankle lock. Following the bout, James Mitchell appeared, and a hand ripped through the ring and dragged Abyss into the ring. Abyss faced Angle in a rematch on the following "Impact!", this time in a Six Sides of Steel match. Abyss had Angle in Angle's ankle lock maneuver, when Judas Mesias appeared, coming out through the ring and attacking Abyss. Angle escaped, while Mesias choked out Abyss with barbed wire in the ring. Two weeks later Abyss returned to attack Mesias and Angle, who were assaulting Sting and Rhino.

paragraph: Mesias then suffered an injury outside TNA, leaving Mitchell to enlist the aid of Raven and Black Reign to feud with Abyss and Rhino. The four battled at Bound for Glory in a Monster's Ball match, with Abyss picking up the victory with a pinfall over Raven. Following the event, Abyss battled against Mitchell and Black Reign, with Black Reign and Abyss attacking each other on several occasions. Black Reign, after an attack by Abyss, challenged Abyss to a Shop of Horrors match at Genesis, which Abyss accepted and won. After the match, Abyss was attacked and thrown off the stage by Black Reign and a mysterious wrestler, later identified as Rellik. Following the event, Abyss continued to feud with Black Reign and Rellik and brought in Rhino to help him even. This rivalry led to a Match of 10,000 Tacks with Abyss and Rhino teaming up to take on Black Reign and Rellik booked for Turning Point. Rhino could not make the event due to a legitimate neck injury caused by Rellik during a match on "Impact", so Abyss chose Raven as his new partner. Abyss and Raven won the match after Abyss performed the "Black Hole Slam" on Rellik on the thumbtacks.

paragraph: During the weeks following Turning Point, Mitchell threatened to reveal "a dark secret" of Abyss's past. When Mitchell demanded Abyss tell the world the dark secret of his past, Abyss refused stating "The secret lives with me and it dies with me!". Abyss then went to chokeslam Mitchell, which prompted the return of Judas Mesias. Following this event, Abyss and Mesias had a hardcore match at Final Resolution, which Mesias won after a Straight to Hell onto a steel chair wrapped in barbed wire. After the match, Father James Mitchell ordered Mesias to restrain Abyss. Mitchell again demanded Abyss tell the world the dark secret of his past. Abyss refused yet again, and Mitchell attempted to set him on fire. The storyline continued when Mitchell revealed on the January 17 episode of "Impact!" that he was Abyss's father and Judas Mesias was his half-brother. The next week, Abyss issued a challenge to face Mitchell and Mesias in a Barbed Wire Massacre at Against All Odds, where Abyss defeated his on-screen half-brother by performing a "Black Hole Slam" onto a barbed wire board.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Teaming and feuding with Matt Morgan (2008–2009).

paragraph: On the February 14 episode of "Impact!", Abyss, who was scheduled for a match against Scott Steiner, left the ring before the match, because of the beating he took at Against All Odds, but before leaving through the tunnel, Abyss, without showing his face, took off his mask. The official TNA website then took Abyss off the roster list. In the following weeks, vignettes of Abyss were shown where he was locked in an asylum. Abyss returned to action at Slammiversary after the X Division Championship match wearing a white asylum uniform with his inmate number and his last name 'Park' on the back and a new gray and black mask. He came to the ring attacking X Division Champion Petey Williams, Scott Steiner, and Rhaka Khan by performing a Black Hole Slam on each of them, and then carrying Kaz out of the arena.

paragraph: Subsequently, Abyss did not have any matches, but made after-match run-ins to save other faces from assaults by heels. He issued an open challenge on the September 4 episode of "Impact!" to anyone in the locker room, which was accepted by Team 3D on behalf of Johnny Devine in a hardcore match. After nailing Devine with a chokeslam, Team 3D attacked Abyss, which caused Matt Morgan, whom Abyss had previously saved, to make a rescue. He handed Abyss a chair to attack 3D, but Abyss threw it away and left the ring. Abyss and Morgan though would unite as a team to counter the attacks of 3D. The two teams met at No Surrender in a match, which Morgan and Abyss won. At Bound for Glory IV he and Morgan competed in a four-way tag team Monster's Ball for the Tag Team Championship against Team 3D, The Latin American Xchange and Beer Money, Inc. (Robert Roode and James Storm), but came up short after Roode pinned Hernandez. During the match Abyss was powerbombed through a flaming table by Team 3D, which in storyline, caused Abyss to have third-degree burns and was sent to the hospital later that night and was treated for the burns. On the November 6, 2008 episode of "Impact!", Abyss along with Matt Morgan won a four-team ladder match to earn a future shot at TNA World Tag Team Champions Beer Money, Inc. At Genesis, they lost in a three-way title match, which also included new champions Lethal Consequences (Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed), when Abyss accidentally hit Morgan with a chair. On January 23, Matt Morgan hit Abyss in the head with a steel chair, which allowed Beer Money Inc. to retain the tag team title, thus ending their partnership. Abyss defeated Morgan in a match at Against All Odds, but lost the subsequent rematches: a Match of 10,000 Tacks at Destination X, and a Doomsday Chamber of Blood Match at Lockdown.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Feud with Dr. Stevie (2009–2010).

paragraph: The latter ended in a loss when Abyss' 'therapist', Dr. Stevie, interfered in the match, by attacking Abyss when he was on the verge of using weapons against Morgan. Dr. Stevie had appeared in many therapy segments with Abyss up to that point, in which he would attempt to help Abyss get over his addiction to violence; sometimes going as far as to beat him. At the following pay-per-view, Sacrifice, Dr. Stevie booked the first ever Knockout's Monster's Ball match, in which Abyss would be in the corner of Daffney, another patient of Stevie's, opposite Taylor Wilde, the best friend of Abyss' "girlfriend", Lauren. Abyss turned on Dr. Stevie after the match, after Stevie first told him to attack Wilde and then threatened Lauren, at which point he grabbed Dr. Stevie and chokeslammed him onto a pile of tacks. Abyss went on later to team up with Taylor Wilde at Slammiversary to defeat Raven and Daffney in the first ever mixed tag team Monster's Ball match. Over the following month the feud between Abyss and Dr. Stevie continued, with Stevie kidnapping Lauren and shocking Abyss with a taser. At Victory Road, Abyss came to the ring in a new costume, having discarded the Asylum patient attire. Abyss went on to defeat Dr. Stevie by hitting a Shock Treatment, a Black Hole Slam and by shocking Stevie with his own taser. On the July 30 episode of "Impact!" enraged Stevie announced that he was not done with Abyss and placed a $50,000 bounty on his head. After Lethal Consequences and Jethro Holliday tried and failed to collect the bounty, Kevin Nash successfully defended his TNA Legends Championship against Abyss at No Surrender and claimed the $50,000 bounty in the process. On the September 24 episode of "Impact!" Abyss' mentor Mick Foley turned on him during and after a TNA World Tag Team Championship match against Booker T and Scott Steiner. Foley revealed Abyss as the one who tore up his picture and beat him to a bloody pulp with a video tape and the baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire. Abyss then challenged Foley to a Monster's Ball match which Foley accepted, but only after adding Dr. Stevie as the referee of the match. At Bound for Glory Abyss defeated Foley in the Monster's Ball match after counting the pinfall with the hand of the unconscious Dr. Stevie. Two weeks later Abyss defeated Dr. Stevie via pinfall. After the match Dr. Stevie attacked Abyss with a kendo stick when Mick Foley came to the ring to assist Dr. Stevie. Foley had Stevie hold up Abyss while Foley aligned himself up with a shot at Abyss with a kendo stick when Foley intentionally hit Dr. Stevie instead. Foley walked up the ramp without any reasoning for assisting Abyss. The following week, Foley explained that he had played Dr. Stevie all along and had challenged Abyss to a match at Bound for Glory in order to test how tough he really was, seemingly returning to being a face. Afterwards Foley booked a match between Abyss and Stevie for the following week with the added stipulation that if Stevie lost the match, he would have to leave TNA. On the November 12 episode of "Impact!" Raven returned to TNA, saved Stevie's future in the company, by costing Abyss a match against him and threw a fireball on Foley's face. During Abyss' and Foley's feud with Stevie and Raven TNA shot an angle, in which Stevie set Abyss on fire, that Spike wouldn't let them air on the channel and therefore had to be aired on the company's website. At Final Resolution Abyss and Foley defeated Stevie and Raven in a "Foley's Funhouse" tag team match to end the feud.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Immortal (2010–2012).

paragraph: When Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff took over TNA at the beginning of 2010, Abyss' TNA career was thrown into question by Bischoff, when Mick Foley refused to work with him. When Foley finally agreed to work with Bischoff, he was booked to face Abyss at Against All Odds in a No Disqualification match as part of the 8 Card Stud Tournament, with the added stipulation that if a barbed wire baseball bat was not used during the match, Abyss would lose his mask on the following episode of "Impact!". Abyss defeated Foley with the Black Hole Slam, just as he was going to use the bat. In the semifinals of the tournament, Abyss was defeated by Mr. Anderson.

paragraph: On the following episode of "Impact!" Bischoff, with help from Desmond Wolfe, Homicide, Raven, Rhino and Tomko, tried to remove Abyss' mask, only for him to be saved by Hulk Hogan. An exasperated Hogan took Abyss to his office, gave him a pep talk about how he once was the most feared man in the company, and how sick he is of him being a neurotic mess. He offered his guidance and then his Hall of Fame ring and said that it would make Abyss a god of wrestling. On the March 8 Monday night episode of "Impact!" Abyss teamed up with Hogan in his in-ring TNA debut, a tag team match against Styles and Flair, who was also making his in-ring TNA debut. Abyss won the match by pinning Styles with a Black Hole Slam. Afterwards, the returning Jeff Hardy saved Abyss and Hogan from a beatdown at the hands of Styles, Flair and Desmond Wolfe. At Destination X Abyss failed in his attempt to win the World Heavyweight Championship from Styles, when referee Earl Hebner threw the match out after Abyss chokeslammed Styles through the ring.

paragraph: The following day on "Impact!" Abyss was announced as the captain of Team Hogan in the annual Lethal Lockdown match, where they would meet Team Flair, captained by Sting. At Lockdown Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy defeated Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm. On the April 26 episode of "Impact!" Abyss defeated Ric Flair in a match, where Flair's and Hogan's Hall of Fame rings were at stake and as a result Flair lost possession of his ring to Hogan. On the May 3 episode of "Impact!", Abyss aided Jay Lethal, who had been given possession of Flair's ring, Rob Van Dam, Team 3D, and Hulk Hogan fight off Ric Flair, AJ Styles, Beer Money, and Desmond Wolfe. Later that night, Abyss lost a Monster's Ball match to AJ Styles, after Flair and Desmond Wolfe's valet Chelsea interfered in the match. The following week Abyss was given a shot at the TNA Global Championship, but was unable to compete after being arrested for allegedly assaulting Chelsea. Later in the night it was revealed that Chelsea and Wolfe, who was scheduled to face Abyss at Sacrifice, had set Abyss up. At Sacrifice Abyss defeated Wolfe to win Chelsea's services for 30 days. The following month at Slammiversary VIII Chelsea turned on Wolfe and helped Abyss defeat him in a Monster's Ball match.

paragraph: On the following episode of "Impact!", Abyss was forced to give Chelsea's custody back to Desmond Wolfe, much to the reluctance of Chelsea. Later in the night, he competed in a three–way match against Mr. Anderson and Jeff Hardy to determine a number one contender to Rob Van Dam's TNA World Heavyweight Championship, which ended in a triple countout. After the match, Abyss turned heel by destroying both of his opponents and having a heated confrontation with Hogan. The following week Abyss revealed that he was being controlled by an entity, who was coming to TNA, before returning Hogan's Hall of Fame ring to him, shoving it down his throat. On the July 15 episode of "Impact!" the new top ten rankings were revealed with Abyss picking up the top spot to become the new number one contender to Rob Van Dam's TNA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss then began going after Van Dam with a new weapon, a board filled with nails, which he named Janice, which led to Eric Bischoff booking him and Van Dam to face each other in a Stairway to Janice match for the World Heavyweight Championship, with Bischoff himself serving as the referee of the match. The match took place on the August 12 episode of "Impact!", when Van Dam defeated Abyss to retain the title. After the match Abyss joined Fourtune members A.J. Styles, Kazarian, Robert Roode, James Storm, Douglas Williams and Matt Morgan in assaulting Van Dam and the rest of EV 2.0, a stable consisting of former Extreme Championship Wrestling performers, during which he apparently hit Van Dam with Janice. As a result of the attack Van Dam was sidelined with a storyline injury, which forced him to vacate the TNA World Heavyweight Championship the following week. This led to people like Jeff Hardy, Hulk Hogan and members of EV 2.0 targeting Abyss in order to avenge their fallen friend. At No Surrender Abyss defeated EV 2.0 member Rhino in a Falls Count Anywhere match. Rob Van Dam returned on the September 23 episode of "Impact!", confronting Abyss and demanding a match against him at Bound for Glory, which Eric Bischoff agreed to give him. Later that same night Abyss attacked Jeff Hardy, trying to make an example out of him, while also beating down the heavily taped up Van Dam, when he tried to make the save. On the October 7 live episode of "Impact!" Abyss was about to be fired by Bischoff for manhandling TNA president Dixie Carter, but was saved by Van Dam, who threatened to quit the company if he wasn't allowed to face Abyss at Bound for Glory. Later in the night Carter agreed to let Van Dam face Abyss, but signed papers to have Abyss fired from TNA the day following the pay–per–view. At Bound for Glory Van Dam defeated Abyss in a Monster's Ball match, after using Janice on him. At the end of the event it was revealed that the entity, who had been controlling Abyss, was an alliance of Hulk Hogan, Eric Bischoff, Jeff Jarrett and the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy, all of whom turned heel and aligned themselves with Abyss. On the following episode of "Impact!" the stable was named Immortal, as it formed an alliance with Ric Flair's Fortune. Afterwards, Abyss began attacking planted fans, which led to D'Angelo Dinero challenging him to a Lumberjack match. The match took place at Turning Point, where Dinero's own brother and the rest of his lumberjacks turned on him, after being bought out by Eric Bischoff, and helped Abyss pick up the win. The following month at Final Resolution Abyss defeated Dinero in a casket match. On January 9, 2011, at Genesis Abyss replaced an injured A.J. Styles and defeated Douglas Williams, with help from an interfering Styles, to win the TNA Television Championship for the first time. On the January 20 episode of "Impact!", as Immortal was attacking Kurt Angle, Crimson made the save for him and hit Abyss in the back with Janice, causing him storyline injuries, which indefinitely sidelined him from TNA.

paragraph: During his time away from TNA, Abyss was stripped of the TNA Television Championship on March 14 at the tapings of the March 17 episode of "Impact!". Abyss returned at the following day's tapings of the March 24 episode of "Impact!", attacking Fortune, who had recently turned on Immortal. On the April 14 episode of "Impact!", Abyss took revenge on Crimson, interfering in his match and chokeslamming him onto a guardrail. On April 17 at Lockdown, Immortal, represented by Abyss, Bully Ray, Matt Hardy and Ric Flair, was defeated by Fortune members James Storm, Kazarian and Robert Roode and Christopher Daniels, replacing an injured A.J. Styles, in a Lethal Lockdown match. The following month at Sacrifice, Abyss was defeated by Crimson in a singles match. On May 16 at the tapings of the May 19 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss defeated Kazarian to win the TNA X Division Championship for the first time, continuing Eric Bischoff's war on the X Division. The win also made him a Triple Crown and Grand Slam Champion. With his new title, which he dubbed the Xtreme Championship, Abyss dropped Janice, claiming to no longer need it, and started a new gimmick, which involved him reading and quoting Sun Tzu's "The Art of War". On June 12 at Slammiversary IX, Abyss successfully defended the title in a three–way match against Kazarian and Brian Kendrick. On July 10 at Destination X, Abyss lost the X Division Championship to Brian Kendrick. Abyss received his rematch for the title in an Ultimate X match on the July 28 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but was unable to regain the title. Abyss' X Division storyline concluded two weeks later on "Impact Wrestling", when Eric Bischoff, at the orders of "The Network", ended his war with the division and introduced a weight limit to it. Abyss' losing streak continued on August 7 at Hardcore Justice, where he was pinned by A.J. Styles in a six-man tag team match between Immortal and Fortune, after which his stablemates abandoned him in the ring. On the October 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss turned on Immortal and was afterwards beaten down by his former stablemates.

paragraph: Abyss wrestled his first match back as a face on the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeating former stablemate Gunner via countout, when he fled the ring. On November 13 at Turning Point, Abyss and Mr. Anderson defeated their former Immortal stablemates Bully Ray and Scott Steiner in a tag team match. In December, a random draw placed Abyss and Steiner in the same team for the Wild Card Tournament. After defeating Hernandez and Rob Terry in their first round match, the team was eliminated from the tournament, after Abyss turned on Steiner in their semifinal match against A.J. Styles and Kazarian. Afterwards, Abyss agreed to rejoin Immortal, should Bully Ray be able to defeat him in a Monster's Ball match. On January 8, 2012, at Genesis, Abyss defeated Ray in the Monster's Ball match, but was assaulted backstage following the victory.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Joseph Park (2012–2014).

paragraph: On the March 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park made an appearance without his mask, introducing himself as Joseph Park, Abyss' brother, and saying he was looking for his brother, who had not been seen since Genesis. Park continued making appearances during the following weeks, eventually blaming Bully Ray for his brother's disappearance, which led to Abyss making his return on the May 10 episode of "Impact Wrestling" and warning his brother that he was "getting too close to the fire". On the June 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park agreed to wrestle Bully Ray at Slammiversary for his brother, which led to Abyss making an appearance through a video, threatening both Park and Ray. Three days later at Slammiversary, Park defeated Ray in an Anything Goes match, following interference from Abyss. Park and Ray had a rematch on the July 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling" in an Anything Goes match, which Ray won after hitting his opponent with a chain. After the match, Park, at the sight of his own blood, attacked Ray and hit him with Abyss' signature "Black Hole Slam". On the September 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park was kidnapped by the Aces & Eights stable, who used him to force Hulk Hogan into allowing the group to wrestle for TNA roster spots at Bound for Glory. On the October 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park and Hogan had a discussion in which Park wanted revenge on Aces & Eights, even going so far as showing Hogan a legal contract that allowed him to take whatever measures he feels are necessary against the group. On the November 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park got a measure of revenge of his kidnappers by unmasking one of the members of Aces & Eights during a brawl between the stable and the TNA locker room. However, immediately afterwards, the now unmasked DOC put Park through a table, which led to Park asking for a match against a member of the stable the following week. Park received his match against DOC on November 11 at Turning Point, where he was unsuccessful. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park announced he was going to Ohio Valley Wrestling and train to become a wrestler. Park returned on the January 10, 2013, episode of "Impact Wrestling", asking Hulk Hogan for a match against a member of Aces & Eights, which he was granted. Three days later at Genesis, Park was defeated by Aces & Eights member and Television Champion Devon in a non-title match. On the January 31 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park won his first televised match when he defeated Robbie E. On March 10 at Lockdown, Park defeated Joey Ryan in a singles match.

paragraph: Park returned under his Abyss persona on the May 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", joining Sting and Kurt Angle as their partner in the main event six-man tag team match against Aces & Eights' Bully Ray, Devon, and Mr. Anderson; Abyss chokeslammed Anderson through a table before hitting the "Black Hole Slam" on Devon and pinning him for the victory. The following week, Hulk Hogan called out Abyss to thank him for his services, however, Joseph Park came out and claimed he was continuing the search for his brother. During his promo, Devon interrupted and claimed he was out for Abyss. Later that night, Park defeated Aces & Eights' D'Lo Brown to earn a shot at Devon's TNA Television Championship. On June 2 at Slammiversary XI, Park was attacked by Aces & Eights before his scheduled match with Devon, who was then awarded a count-out victory. Following this, Abyss returned and defeated Devon to win his second Television Championship. However, he never defended the title and was retired one year later, on July 3, 2014. On the June 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park defeated Crimson to qualify for the 2013 Bound for Glory Series. On the July 4 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park lost to Jeff Hardy in a BFG Series match via disqualification, after he started bleeding from the mouth, causing him to snap and attack the referee, which also cost Park ten points in the tournament. Park claimed that he had no recollection of the incident. On the August 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park defeated Jay Bradley via pinfall to earn seven points in the tournament. On the August 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park defeated Christopher Daniels, Hernandez, and Jay Bradley in a street fight to earn twenty points in the series, after again snapping at the sight of his own blood. Park's participation in the tournament ended on the August 28 episode of "TNA Xplosion", when he was defeated by Bradley, leaving him outside a spot in the semi-finals. After failing to win the BFG series Park formed a tag team with Eric Young. On October 20, 2013 at Bound for Glory Abyss made his return coming to the aid of Eric Young after he was attacked by Bad Influence. On October 31, 2013 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss came to the aid of Eric Young again after he was attacked by Bad Influence, and proved he is no threat to Eric Young. However, on December 5, 2013, Bad Influence revealed the Park' Law Firm closed 15 years ago. Next week, Park and Young defeated Bad Influence. After the match, Young said to Park that he was Abyss. On December 26, 2013, Young booked a Monster Balls match between Bad Influence and Park and gave Janice to Park. Joseph won the match when he turned into Abyss. At the TNA One Night Only: Hardcore Justice 3 event, Park and Young defeated Bad Influence in a Full Metal Mayhem match and later on in the main event, Abyss was revealed as the fourth and mystery member of Team Angle in the Lethal Lockdown, which his team would go on to win.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Various alliances (2014–2015).

paragraph: On the February 6, 2014 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss defeated Eric Young in a Monster's Ball match. However, Young ripped off Abyss' mask during the match, revealing that Abyss and Joseph Park are the same person. On the February 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss confronted Young while saying that he was leaving to fix Young's mistake. On March 9 at Lockdown, Abyss turned heel again upon emerging from beneath the ring and attacking Samoa Joe during Joe's World Heavyweight Championship match against Magnus, allowing Magnus to defeat Joe and retain the title. It was revealed on the following episode of "Impact Wrestling" that Abyss, now wearing a new mask, was Magnus' new "insurance policy". On the April 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss broke up with Magnus and was later attacked by Magnus with a chair after he defeated him by DQ, Abyss turned face again. The pre-match stipulation for this match was that if Abyss could beat Magnus, then he would gain a TNA contract, but due to the DQ result, it has been left unclear as to whether he earned a contract or not. Abyss returned on the July 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling" where he saved Mr. Anderson and Samuel Shaw from a beatdown and clearing the ring. On the August 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Bram defeated Abyss in a hardcore match. Two weeks later, at Hardcore Justice, Bram beat Abyss in a 'Stairway to Janice' match. At Bound for Glory, Abyss teamed with Tommy Dreamer, but they were defeated by Team 3D.

paragraph: On the November 12, 2014 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss turned heel again by joining The Revolution and teaming with James Storm and they defeated The Wolves to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. On January 30, 2015, The Revolution lost the titles against The Wolves. On September 23, 2015, Abyss announced that he left The Revolution. At Bound for Glory, he participated at the Bound for Gold, but was eliminated by the eventual winner Tyrus. During October and November, he participated in the TNA World Title Series. Abyss ended third of his block, failing into advance to the finals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Decay (2016–2017).

paragraph: On the January 26, 2016 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss, once again as a heel, returned to side with Crazzy Steve and Rosemary to form a new stable called Decay. They attacked TNA World Tag Team Champions The Wolves and stole their titles. On March 19, 2016, Decay defeated Beer Money to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. This is Abyss's second reign individually. On the May 3, 2016 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rosemary spit green mist into his face before his match with James Storm. It was also that night that Abyss revealed his new look, with zombie-style face paint after removing his mask. Decay received an invitation from the Broken Hardys, to go to the Hardy Compound for a plotted brawl dubbed, "Delete or Decay." At Bound for Glory, Decay lost the titles against The Hardys. Decay would have their rematch the following episode of "Impact Wrestling" taking on the Hardys in a "Wolf Creek cage match," in a losing effort. On the December 15 episode of Impact Wrestling dubbed "Total Nonstop Deletion," Decay was one of the many tag teams to answer The Broken Hardys open invitational known as Tag Team Apocalypto. Losing to The Broken Hardys as the last eliminated tag team. After defeating The Helms Dynasty on the January 5, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Decay's celebration was cut short by the sudden arrival of the DCC, who ambushed Abyss and Crazzy Steve by smashing beer bottles over their heads, with Bram issuing a threat to Rosemary afterwards. On the January 6 One Night Only: Live PPV, Abyss and Crazzy Steve would ambush the DCC after James Storm's victory over Jessie Godderz, misting Storm and Bram, incapacitating them while Abyss chokeslammed Kingston. On April 20, 2017, Crazzy Steve announced that he was no longer with Impact Wrestling, and Decay disbanded soon after with Rosemary focusing on defending the Knockouts Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Return of Joseph Park (2017–2018).

paragraph: On April 23, 2017, at the taping for the May 18, 2017, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Joseph Park made his Impact Wrestling return, interrupting Josh Mathews to announce that he would be the tag partner of Jeremy Borash at Slammiversary XV in his match against Mathews and Scott Steiner. At Slammiversary, Park turned into Abyss midway through the match through the help of a returning Father Mitchell, and went on to win the match for his team. Park subsequently returned multiple times to help Grado stay in the United States, only to turn heel for the first time as Joseph Park by revealing that he had taken advantage of Grado by skimming most of his earnings. The feud between Park and Grado culminated at Bound for Glory in a Monster's Ball Match; at the event, Park, in his Abyss persona, defeated Grado, who was forced to leave the country due to the match's stipulations.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling.:Impact Hall of Famer (2018–2019).

paragraph: In early 2018, Jimmy Jacobs brought Kongo Kong to Impact, calling him the "new monster of Impact", calling out Abyss. After refusing for weeks to "let out Abyss" as Joseph Park, leading to increasing attacks on Park's law office and family, Abyss returned, accompanied again by James Mitchell, leading to a Monster's Ball match on the March 22 episode of "Impact!". Kong won the match. On October 18, Mitchell inducted Abyss into the Impact Hall of Fame. On January 23, 2019, it was reported that Abyss had been granted his release from Impact Wrestling, ending his 17 year tenure with the promotion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2004–2019).

paragraph: Abyss first appeared in Ring of Honor (ROH) in 2004, brought in as a bodyguard to the stable Special K, but was limited to a single appearance as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling subsequently pulled all of their contracted talent from ROH. Abyss returned in the summer of 2005, this time as a member of Prince Nana's heel stable The Embassy as they feuded with Generation Next. The feud between the Embassy and Generation Next lasted through the rest of 2005, with several matches and brawls taking place between both teams. The feud culminated in a Steel Cage Warfare match at December's "Steel Cage Warfare", where Abyss teamed with Alex Shelley, Jimmy Rave, and Prince Nana to take on Austin Aries, Roderick Strong, Jack Evans, and Matt Sydal. Abyss was eliminated in the match by Jack Evans after a moonsault, and Generation Next eventually won the match and the stables' war. In January 2006, Abyss teamed with fellow Embassy members Jimmy Rave and Alex Shelley to win ROH's Trios Tournament, with all three Embassy members earning ROH World Championship shots; however, Abyss left ROH before he could use the privilege.

paragraph: On the July 25, 2018, episode of "OVW TV", Abyss defeated Amon to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship. On August 1, 2018, Abyss was stripped of the championship by Dean Hill. On October 10, Abyss defeated Justin Smooth to win the OVW Championship for the second time. On the January 30, 2019, episode of "OVW TV", Abyss lost the OVW Heavyweight Championship to Tony Gunn.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2004–2012).

paragraph: From April to June 2004, Abyss made four appearances for Mexican promotion AAA, which included a six-man tag team match at Triplemanía XII, where he, Abismo Negro and Chessman were defeated by Gronda, Héctor Garza and Latin Lover.

paragraph: Abyss returned to the promotion on September 17, 2006, at "Verano de Escándalo", where he and fellow TNA workers Jeff Jarrett and Konnan, representing "La Legión Extranjera" ("The Foreign Legion"), were defeated via disqualification by the team of Gronda, La Parka and Octagón.

paragraph: Abyss' following appearance for AAA took place four years later on June 6, 2010, at Triplemanía XVIII, where he, now working as a face, teamed with Cibernético to defeat El Zorro and Vampiro Canadiense in a tag team match.

paragraph: In May 2011, AAA started a storyline, where wrestlers from TNA, led by Jeff Jarrett, announced their intention of taking over the promotion. The first major development of the storyline took place on May 18, when Jarrett and Abyss invaded a AAA event and eventually revealed that they were working together with the heel group "La Sociedad", whose leader Dorian Roldán announced his intention of replacing the letters AAA with TNA. Later that same show, Abyss teamed with Jarrett and fellow "La Sociedad" member Super Crazy in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Dr. Wagner, Jr., Joe Líder and Nicho el Millonario. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Abyss and Mr. Anderson unsuccessfully challenged Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match. On July 20, Abyss teamed with Chessman and Último Gladiador in a six-man tag team match, where they faced Joe Líder, Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans. Abyss won the match for "La Sociedad" by pinning Líder after Black Hole Slamming him onto a pile of thumbtacks and afterwards also slammed Tiger onto them. This led to a Monster's Ball match on July 31 at "Verano de Escándalo", where Chessman defeated Abyss, Líder and Tiger. On September 11, "La Sociedad" co-leader Konnan announced that on October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, Abyss and Chessman would challenge Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship. At the pay-per-view, Abyss and Chessman defeated Tiger and Evans in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to become the new AAA World Tag Team Champions. Abyss and Chessman made their first successful title defense on May 6, 2012, defeated the Mexican Powers (Joe Líder and Juventud Guerrera).

paragraph: Abyss returned to AAA on July 13, unsuccessfully challenging L.A. Park for the AAA Latin American Championship. On October 7 at "Héroes Inmortales", Abyss and Chessman lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Joe Líder and Vampiro, ending their reign at 364 days. Following the loss, Abyss turned on Chessman, ending the partnership between the two. This would be the final appearance for Abyss for the promotion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:WWE (2019–present).

paragraph: In early January 2019, it was reported that Park had left Impact and signed with WWE as a producer.

paragraph: Section::::Other media.

paragraph: Abyss has appeared in the video games "TNA Impact!", "TNA Wrestling" and "TNA Wrestling Impact!".

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chessman

paragraph: BULLET::::- American States Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- ASWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Chris Harris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Border City Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buckeye Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- BPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compound Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- ComPro Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Intense Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICW Heavyweight Champion (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWA Hardcore Championship (3 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Miguel Pérez, Jr. (2) and Glamour Boy Shane (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mid South Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- BCW Buzzsaw Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monster Factory Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- MFPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Iowa Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Wildside Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Florida Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohio Valley Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- OVW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- OVW Heavyweight Title Tournament (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- One Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1PW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked No. 23 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the year in the "PWI 500" in 2007 and 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ring Ka King

paragraph: BULLET::::- RKK Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scott Steiner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ring of Honor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trios Tournament (2006) – with Alex Shelley and Jimmy Rave

paragraph: BULLET::::- River City Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- RCW Champion (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Superkick'D

paragraph: BULLET::::- Superkick'D Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/Impact Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- TNA X Division Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- TNA Television Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- TNA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with James Storm (1) and Crazzy Steve (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with A.J. Styles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gauntlet for the Gold (2005 – Heavyweight)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fight for the Right Tournament (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth TNA Triple Crown Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second TNA Grand Slam Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impact Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Match of the Year (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who to Watch in 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universal Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- UWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Gimmick (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abyss' TNA Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Park's TNA Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canoe.ca biography

alias:
Chris Parks
Christopher Joseph Parks
Christopher Parks
The Monster Abyss

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Abyss

wikipedia_title: Abyss (wrestler)


text:
William IV, Marquess of Montferrat
Montferrat
Italy
Margrave of Montferrat
Aleramici
Cistercian
Santa Maria di Lucedio
Trino
Emperor Henry V
Turin
Via Francigena
Oberto I of Occimiano
Chapter
Saint Evasius
Casale
San Martino di Zenzano
Occimiano
Langiano
San Secondo di Terra Rossa
Abbey of Fruttuaria
Celle
Frassinello
Fubine
Cuccaro
Conrad
Gisela
William I, Count of Burgundy
Humbert II of Savoy
Adelaide of Maurienne
Louis VI of France
Joanna
William Clito
Count of Flanders
Alberto Zueta
Margrave of Parodi
Guido, Count of Biandrate
William V
‘Ranieri’

categories: 1135 deaths,Marquesses of Montferrat,1080s births,12th-century Italian people

paragraph: Rainier, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: Rainier or Renier (; c. 1084 – May 1135), son of William IV, Marquess of Montferrat, was the sixth ruler of the state of Montferrat in north-west Italy from about 1100 to his death, and the first such to be identified in contemporary documents as Margrave of Montferrat.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Renier was a powerful lord in his own time, appearing extensively in the contemporary documentation. With him the Aleramici of Montferrat first begin to throw off the shroud of obscurity and demonstrate a degree of influence in Italian politics. The beginning of his reign, nevertheless, is not clearly known, as he first appears in a document of 23 March 1111 as "Raynerius de Monteferrato marchio". He appears with this same title years later in 1126 and 1133 when, with other members of his family, he founded the Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria di Lucedio near Trino.

paragraph: Around the time of his appearance in the pages of history, c. 1111, Renier was a follower of the Emperor Henry V. In that year he obtained an imperial concession for the citizens of Turin: a diploma regarding the Via Francigena which passed through the town. Also that year, with his cousin Oberto I of Occimiano, he donated to the Chapter of Saint Evasius of Casale the church of San Martino di Zenzano "infra castrum Aucimianum" (in the castle of Occimiano). That this act took place in Occimiano testifies to the importance of that locality, which had in the past been the seat of kings.

paragraph: In 1113, Renier donated his portion of the Langiano to the monastery of San Secondo di Terra Rossa, affiliated with the Abbey of Fruttuaria. On 23 May 1116, Renier was present with the Emperor when the latter bestowed the castles of Celle, Frassinello, Fubine, and Cuccaro on his nephew Conrad and Guido Cane.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1105, Renier married Gisela, daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy, already the widow of Humbert II of Savoy and mother of Adelaide of Maurienne, who, in 1115, became the second queen of Louis VI of France. She and Renier had three or four daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanna, who married William Clito, Count of Flanders, in 1127, and was widowed a year later

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda, who married Alberto Zueta, Margrave of Parodi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelasia, who became a nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- one possibly named Isabella, who married Guido, Count of Biandrate (although it is possible that this may be a second marriage of Joanna)

paragraph: They also had a son, William V, who succeeded to the march.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Usseglio, Leopoldo. "I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII". 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Ranieri’, freely adapted by Roberto Maestri from Aldo di Ricaldone, "Annali del Monferrato (951–1708)", and published online by the "circolo culturale" I Marchesi del Monferrato.

description: Italian Marquess

wikidata_label: Rainier, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: Rainier, Marquess of Montferrat


text: Comines

text: Latin

text: Flemish

text: herbalist

text: Austrian monarchs

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Constantinople

text: Crimean Gothic

text: Crimea

text: Seigneur

text: Bousbecque

text: Nord

text: France

text: Wervik

text: Spanish

text: West Flanders

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: University of Leuven

text: Italy

text: Venice

text: Ferdinand I

text: England

text: Winchester

text: Mary Tudor

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Constantinople

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Sultan

text: Transylvania

text: Rustem Pasha

text: vizier

text: Semiz Ali Pasha

text: Hungarian

text: Nicholas Michault

text: Flanders

text: travel literature

text: primary source

text: Crimean Gothic

text: Crimea

text: Res Gestae Divi Augusti

text: Augustus

text: Monumentum Ancyranum

text: Ancyra

text: Suetonius

text: Dioscorides

text: De Materia Medica

text: Vienna Dioscorides

text: tulip

text: Charles de l'Écluse

text: Low Countries

text: lilac

text: Angora goat

text: Emperor Ferdinand

text: Vienna

text: Emperor Maximilian II

text: Elisabeth of Austria

text: Charles IX

text: Austrian monarchy

text: French Wars of Religion

text: Rudolf II

text: Mantes

text: Paris

text: West Flanders

text: Catholic League

text: Rouen

text: Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly

text: Bousbecque

text: Rudolf II

text: Vol 1

text: Vol 2

text: Minuscule 218

text: Minuscule 222

text: Minuscule 421

text: Minuscule 434

text: Minuscule 425

text: Minuscule 719

text: Minuscule 722

text: Biography of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

text: An extract from "Turkish Letters"

categories: 1592 deaths,1520s births,People from Comines, Nord,16th-century Latin-language writers

paragraph: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

paragraph: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522 in Comines – 28 October 1592; Latin: Augerius Gislenius Busbequius; sometimes Augier Ghislain de Busbecq) was a 16th-century Flemish writer, herbalist and diplomat in the employ of three generations of Austrian monarchs. He served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople and in 1581 published a book about his time there, "Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum", re-published in 1595 under the title of "Turcicae epistolae" or "Turkish Letters". His letters also contain the only surviving word list of Crimean Gothic, a Germanic dialect spoken at the time in some isolated regions of Crimea.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: He was born the illegitimate son of the "Seigneur de Busbecq", Georges Ghiselin, and his mistress Catherine Hespiel, although he was later legitimized. He grew up at Busbecq Castle (in present-day Bousbecque, Nord, France), studying in Wervik and Comines - at the time, all part of Spanish West Flanders, a province of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Busbecq's intellectual gifts led him to advanced studies at the Latin-language University of Leuven, where he registered in 1536 under the name "Ogier Ghislain de Comines". From there, he went on to study at a number of well-known universities in northern Italy, including taking classes from in Venice.

paragraph: Like his father and grandfather, Busbecq chose a career of public service. He started work in the court of the Austrian monarch Ferdinand I in approximately 1552. In 1554, he was sent to England for the marriage in Winchester of the English queen Mary Tudor to Philip II of Spain.

paragraph: Section::::At the Ottoman court.

paragraph: In 1554 and again in 1556, Ferdinand named him ambassador to the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent. His task for much of the time he was in Constantinople was the negotiation of a border treaty between his employer (the future Holy Roman Emperor) and the Sultan over the disputed territory of Transylvania. He had no success in this mission while Rustem Pasha was the Sultan's vizier, but ultimately reached an accord with his successor Semiz Ali Pasha.

paragraph: During his stay in Constantinople, he wrote his best known work, the "Turkish Letters", a compendium of personal correspondence to his friend, and fellow Hungarian diplomat, Nicholas Michault, in Flanders and some of the world's first travel literature. These letters describe his adventures in Ottoman politics and remain one of the principal primary sources for students of the 16th-century Ottoman court. He also wrote in enormous detail about the plant and animal life he encountered in Turkey. His letters also contain the only surviving word list of Crimean Gothic, a Germanic dialect spoken at the time in some isolated regions of Crimea.

paragraph: Busbecq discovered an almost complete copy of the "Res Gestae Divi Augusti", an account of Roman emperor Augustus' life and accomplishments, at the Monumentum Ancyranum in Ancyra. He identified its origin from his reading of Suetonius and published a copy of parts of it in his Turkish Letters.

paragraph: He was an avid collector, acquiring valuable manuscripts, rare coins and curios of various kinds. Among the best known of his discoveries was a 6th-century copy of Dioscorides' "De Materia Medica", a compendium of medicinal herbs. The emperor purchased it after Busbecq's recommendation; the manuscript is now known as the Vienna Dioscorides. His passion for herbalism led him to send Turkish tulip bulbs to his friend Charles de l'Écluse, who acclimatized them to life in the Low Countries. Busbecq has also been credited with introducing the lilac to northern Europe (though this is debated) as well as the Angora goat.

paragraph: Section::::Life after Turkey.

paragraph: He returned from Turkey in 1562 and became a counsellor at the court of Emperor Ferdinand in Vienna and tutor to his grandchildren, the sons of future Emperor Maximilian II. Busbecq ended his career as the guardian of Elisabeth of Austria, Maximilian's daughter and widow of French king Charles IX. He continued to serve the Austrian monarchy, observing the development of the French Wars of Religion on behalf of Rudolf II. Finally, in 1592 and nearing the end of his life, he chose to leave his residence in Mantes outside of Paris for his native West Flanders, but was assaulted and robbed by members of the Catholic League near Rouen. He died a few days later. His body is buried in the castle chapel at Saint-Germain-sous-Cailly near where he died, and his heart was embalmed and sent to the family tomb in Bousbecque.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum" (1581), later published as "A. G. Busbequii D. legationis Turcicae epistolae quattor" - Known in English as "Turkish Letters". An early 20th-century English translation is available as .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistolae ad Rudolphum II. Imperatorem e Gallia scriptae" (1630) – Posthumous publication of Busbecq's letters to Rudolf II detailing the life and politics of the French court.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vier brieven over het gezantschap naar Turkije" (Legationis Turcicae epistolae quatuor), Ogier Ghiselin van Boesbeeck. Translation Michel Goldsteen, Introduction and Notes Zweder von Martels. Available (uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum, Netherlands)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les écritures de l'ambassade: les Lettres turques d'Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. Traduction annotée et étude littéraire". PhD Thesis of Dominique ARRIGHI, Sorbonne, Paris, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. Les Lettres Turques", translation into French by Dominique ARRIGHI, Honoré Champion, Champion Classiques collection, , introduction by Gilles Veinstein, Ottoman history professor at Collège de France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- translated into English as, The Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, 1881, by Forster and Daniell available on-line free Vol 1 Vol 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turkish Letters", English, translated by E.S. Forster. Eland Books (2005)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Busbecq brought some manuscripts from Constantinople:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 218

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 222

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 421

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 434

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 425

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 719

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minuscule 722

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- An extract from "Turkish Letters"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch translation of the Turkish Letters

description: Flemish scholar

wikidata_label: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

wikipedia_title: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq


text:
Paris
René Lalique
Musée D'Orsay
Metropolitan Museum

categories: French metalsmiths,1861 births,People from Paris,1942 deaths,French jewellery designers,French goldsmiths

paragraph: Lucien Gaillard

paragraph: Lucien Gaillard (1861 – 1942, both in Paris, France) was a French goldsmith and jeweller, who worked in the art nouveau style.

paragraph: Lucien Gaillard was born into a family of jewellers. His grandfather Amédée Alexandre Gaillard (1811-1882) founded a jewellery firm in Paris in 1840, which he then passed on to his son Ernest (1836-1909). Lucien Gaillard trained as an apprentice under his father, before taking over the business in 1892. His brother Ernest was also a well known art nouveau furniture designer.

paragraph: He was a contemporary of René Lalique.

paragraph: He won a prize for his jewellery at the 1889 Universal Exposition. He was also a judge at the 1893 Universal Exposition in Chicago. In 1902 he was made a knight of the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: He was deeply interested in Japanese art. His workshop included artists who travelled from Japan to work in ivory and lacquer. He also worked in copper.

paragraph: His workshop produced vases, cane heads, hair combs, pins and pendants as well as more traditional jewellery, often inspired by floral or animal motifs. The animal motifs included bees, butterflies, dragonflies and snakes. He was known for using only a single motif per item.

paragraph: Around 1910, the Gaillard workshop began to work in glass, including collaborations with several perfume houses, including Geldy and Corday.

paragraph: The work of Gaillard and his workshop are on display in the Musée D'Orsay and the Metropolitan Museum.

description: French jeweller and silversmith (1861-1942)

wikidata_label: Lucien Gaillard

wikipedia_title: Lucien Gaillard


text:
fl.
King of Alba
King of Strathclyde
Siward, Earl of Northumbria
Mac Bethad mac Findlaích
Kingdom of Alba
kingship of Alba
kingship of Strathclyde
Owain Foel, King of Strathclyde
Gaelic
Alpínid dynasty
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Solway Plain
floruit
Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Chronicon ex chronicis
Owain Foel, King of Strathclyde
Battle of Carham
Kingdom of Alba
Siward, Earl of Northumbria
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Gesta regum Anglorum
Mac Bethad mac Findlaích, King of Alba
Máel Coluim mac Donnchada
King of Alba
Donnchad ua Maíl Choluim
Northumbria
Lulach mac Gilla Comgáin
Alpínid dynasty
Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba
puppet
David
Melrose Abbey
Chronicle of Melrose
Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose
×
Historia regum Anglorum
1173 and 1174
King of Scotland
King of England
Treaty of Falaise
Historia ecclesiae Eboracensis
Bishops of Glasgow
Cynesige, Archbishop of York
Glasgow Cathedral
Cumberland
Solway Firth
Solway Plain
Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria
power vacuum

paragraph: Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians

paragraph: Máel Coluim (fl. 1054) was an eleventh-century magnate who seems to have been established as either King of Alba or King of Strathclyde. In 1055, Siward, Earl of Northumbria defeated Mac Bethad mac Findlaích, the reigning ruler of the Kingdom of Alba. As a result of this military success against the Scots, several sources assert that Siward established Máel Coluim as king. It is uncertain whether this concerned the kingship of Alba or the kingship of Strathclyde.

paragraph: The fact that Máel Coluim is described as the son of a "King of the Cumbrians" suggests that he was a member of the Cumbrian royal dynasty of Strathclyde, and could indicate that he was a close relative of Owain Foel, King of Strathclyde, the last known King of Strathclyde. Máel Coluim's Gaelic personal name could indicate that he was maternally descended from the royal Alpínid dynasty of Alba, which would have in turn endowed him with a claim to the Scottish throne.

paragraph: Máel Coluim's fate is unknown. The fact that Siward died in 1055, and Mac Bethad retained authority in Alba, suggests that Máel Coluim was quickly overcome. There is evidence indicating that the southern reaches of the Kingdom of Strathclyde—the territories upon the Solway Plain—fell into the hands of the English during Siward's "floruit". The more northerly lands of the realm seem to have been conquered by Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba sometime between 1058 and 1070, and it is uncertain whether an independent Kingdom of Strathclyde still existed by the time of this conquest. In any event, Máel Coluim appears to be the last member of the Cumbrian royal dynasty on record.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Máel Coluim seems to have been a member of the Cumbrian royal dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde. The twelfth-century "Chronicon ex chronicis" identifies him as a "son of the king of the Cumbrians" (). He was likely closely related to—and possibly descended from—Owain Foel, King of Strathclyde, a monarch attested in 1018 assisting the Scots against the Northumbrians at the Battle of Carham. Not only is the fate of Owain Foel uncertain following this Scottish victory, so too is the fate of the Cumbrian kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Son of the king of the Cumbrians.

paragraph: In 1054, the Kingdom of Alba was invaded by Siward, Earl of Northumbria in an campaign noted by the ninth- to twelfth-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". According to the twelfth-century "Gesta regum Anglorum", and "Chronicon ex chronicis", Siward set up Máel Coluim in opposition to Mac Bethad mac Findlaích, King of Alba.

paragraph: One possible interpretation of these sources is that this Máel Coluim refers to Mac Bethad's opponent Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, a man who reigned as King of Alba from 1058 to 1093. If correct, the episode would seem to be evidence that the latter's father, Donnchad ua Maíl Choluim—a man who had reigned as King of Alba from 1034 to 1040—had once been King of Strathclyde as well.

paragraph: Against this hypothetical succession is the fact that it rests solely upon "Chronicon ex chronicis" and "Gesta regum Anglorum". In fact, there is otherwise no evidence that Donnchad was ever a Cumbrian king. If "Chronicon ex chronicis" and "Gesta regum Anglorum" truly refer to Donnchad's son, it is unclear why these sources describe this man as aon of a mere Cumbrian king as opposed to that of a Scottish king—which Donnchad most certainly was—or why they fail to simply identify him as a son of Donnchad himself. In fact, there is otherwise no firm evidence that Máel Coluim mac Donnchada was in Alba or Northumbria in 1054, or that he had any connection with Siward's victory over Mac Bethad. Mac Bethad seems to have held onto the Scottish kingship until 1057, only to be succeeded by Lulach mac Gilla Comgáin.

paragraph: In fact, the events of 1054 more likely refer to Máel Coluim. Rather than being a member of the royal Alpínid dynasty of Alba, Máel Coluim is more likely to have been a member of the Cumbrian royal family. He could have been a son, or grandson of Owain Foel himself. Certainly, a previous member of the family is known to have borne the same name. If Máel Coluim was indeed a member of this kindred, one possibility is that the Scots had deprived him of the Cumbrian kingship following Owain Foel's demise, and that Siward installed Máel Coluim as king over the Cumbrians following the English victory against Mac Bethad. Another possibility, suggested by the account of events given by both "Chronicon ex chronicis" and "Gesta regum Anglorum", is that Siward installed Máel Coluim as King of Alba. Certainly, Máel Coluim's name could be evidence of an ancestral link with the ruling Alpínids—perhaps even a matrilineal link to Owain Foel's confederate at Carham, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba. If Máel Coluim was indeed a maternal grandson of a Scottish king, he would have certainly possessed a claim to the Scottish throne. Although nothing is known of Máel Coluim's possible reign in Alba, there is reason to suspect that he would have probably functioned as an English puppet, with little support from the Scottish aristocracy.

paragraph: Although the accounts of 1054 given by both "Chronicon ex chronicis" and "Gesta regum Anglorum" can be interpreted as entries about events concerning Máel Coluim, there is a possibility that the compilers of these sources mistakenly assumed that they were actually referring to Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, since the latter's son, David, possessed Cumbria as a principality in the early twelfth century. Nevertheless, there is evidence indicating that the composer of "Gesta regum Anglorum" was aware that Máel Coluim was not identical to his Scottish namesake. For instance, this source clearly differentiates between the Scottish and Cumbrian kings that assembled with their English counterpart at Chester in 973. The monks of Melrose Abbey, who compiled the twelfth- to thirteenth-century "Chronicle of Melrose", also seem to have been aware of Cumbria's geopolitical history, as evinced by the recognisance of the Cumbrian kingdom by the twelfth-century "Vita sancti Kentegerni", a work commissioned by Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose.

paragraph: The first phase in the composition of the "Chronicle of Melrose" dates to 1173×1174. It was at this point that the chronicle's account of Siward's invasion was compiled from the twelfth-century "Historia regum Anglorum". Since the latter source observes that Máel Coluim mac Donnchada unlawfully held Cumbria by force in 1070, the Melrose scribe appears to have been aware that this king was not identical to the Cumbrian Máel Coluim. This may in turn explain why the scribe did not copy over the clause "son of the king of the Cumbrians" from "Historia regum Anglorum". The "Chronicle of Melrose" may therefore be the earliest source to explicitly associate Máel Coluim mac Donnchada with the events of 1054. As as result of this identification, this Scottish monarch was portrayed as a man who only possessed his throne on account of English assistance.

paragraph: The catalyst behind the monks' misrepresentation of Siward's invasion appears to have been an English revolt dating to 1173 and 1174, when the reigning King of Scotland—a great-grandson of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada—backed a failed rebellion against the King of England. As a result of this Scottish monarch's capture in the course of the uprising, English lordship over Scotland was conceded by the Scots, with conclusion of the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. The conditions imposed upon the Scots date to the very time the scribe compiled his account of 1054, and it is possible these concessions inspired the Melrose monks to concoct an eleventh-century royal precedent for twelfth-century Scottish subservience.

paragraph: Section::::Disintegration of the Cumbrian realm.

paragraph: It is uncertain if the Kingdom of Strathclyde even existed by the time of the events of 1054. There is evidence to suggest that Siward and the Northumbrians exerted a significant amount of influence over the Cumbrian realm by the mid eleventh century. For example, the twelfth-century "Historia ecclesiae Eboracensis" records that two Bishops of Glasgow—a certain Johannes and Magsuen, whose names could be evidence that they were Cumbrians—were consecrated by Cynesige, Archbishop of York. Although it is uncertain if Glasgow was indeed a diocesan seat in the eleventh century, the fact that an eleventh-century stone cross, decorated in the Northumbrian style, has been recovered from the site of the Glasgow Cathedral, suggests that this site was increasing in importance before the construction of the cathedral in the twelfth century. This cross may, therefore, corroborate the consecrational claims of "Historia ecclesiae Eboracensis", which could in turn indicate that Siward and (the senior Northumbrian cleric) Cynesige were indeed exerting influence over the Cumbrians. Another piece of evidence for Northumbrian expansion is a particular eleventh-century charter detailing the grant of certain rights and lands from a certain Gospatric to several individuals. According to this contract, the grantees received various lands in what came to form the English county of Cumberland, and they also gained a guarantee of protection from Gospatric and Siward. The likelihood that Siward would have only granted territories within his own sphere of influence, coupled with the fact that the charter specifically states that the granted lands were "once Cumbrian", suggests that most (if not all) of the Cumbrian territories south of the Solway Firth had been gained by Siward sometimes before his death in 1055.

paragraph: It may have been in the course of Siward's campaign against the Scots that the English gained control of the Solway Plain. Pressure from external forces north of the Solway Firth—such as the contemporaneous expansion of the —could have meant that the Cumbrian leadership allowed the southerly territories fall under Siward's authority. Whilst these lands indeed seem to have fallen under English authority in the eleventh century, the more northerly Cumbrian territories appear to have been conquered by the Scots. In 1070, for example, Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria is recorded to have led an invasion into Scottish-controlled territory in an effort to counter certain devastating Scottish raids into England. According to "Historia regum Anglorum", Gospatric directed his counter-strike into , the former lands of the Cumbrian realm. In fact, this source alleges that Máel Coluim mac Donnchada's royal authority in these lands was unlawful since the Scots had only seized the lands "through violent subjugation".

paragraph: Whilst the record of bishops Johannes and Magsuen seems to reveal that the Cumbrians were independent of the Scots during Cynesige's episcopacy (1055–1060)—albeit possibly under Northumbrian domination—the evidence from "Historia regum Anglorum" reveals that the northernmost portion of the Cumbrian realm had fallen to the Scots by the time of Gospatric's invasion. Although the events noted by "Historia regum Anglorum" are corroborated by the twelfth century "Historia post Bedam", the Scottish conquest is unrecorded. Nevertheless, the takeover seems to have occurred at some point between Máel Coluim mac Donnchada's accession in 1058 and Gospatric's invasion of 1070. One possibility is that the Scots overthrew the father of the Cumbrian Máel Coluim. Another is that Máel Coluim and his dynasty were overcome in the power vacuum left by Siward's demise in 1055. The fact that "Historia regum Anglorum" questions the legitimacy of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada's possession of could reveal that the compiler of this source regarded the region as rightfully Northumbrian. In any case, Máel Coluim appears to be the last known member of the Cumbrian dynasty.

description: Possible King of Strathclyde or King of Alba