text:
Mediaeval Gaelic
King of Scotland
Scottish history
Act of Union
England
James VI
David I of Scotland
Prince Henry
Ada de Warenne
Malcolm
heir apparent
Earldom of Northumbria
heir presumptive
Henry II of England
Northumbria
Arbroath Abbey
Declaration of Arbroath
queue fourchée
Royal Banner of Scotland
quartered
England
Ireland
John of Fordun
Revolt of 1173–74
Battle of Alnwick
Ranulf de Glanvill
Newcastle
Falaise
Normandy
Treaty of Falaise
York Castle
Galloway
Beauly
Cromarty Firth
Black Isle
Ederdour
Dunkeath
Cromarty
Norse
Earls of Orkney
Caithness
Meic Uilleim
Duncan II
Inverness
Richard the Lionheart
Third Crusade
silver mark
Northumbria
Alexander
Joan
a case of scrofula by his touching
York
Ermengarde de Beaumont
Henry I of England
Woodstock Palace
Edinburgh Castle
Margaret
Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent
Isabel
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk
Alexander II of Scotland
Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke
lay claim to the Scottish crown
Eustace de Vesci
Lord of Alnwick
Isabel d'Avenel
Patrick Galithly
Ada Fitzwilliam
Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar
Roger de Mandeville
Isabella Mac William
Robert III de Brus
Robert de Ros (died 1227)

categories: Monarchs imprisoned and detained during war,13th-century Scottish monarchs,People from Huntingdon,Earls of Huntingdon (1065),1214 deaths,House of Dunkeld,12th-century Scottish monarchs,1140s births

paragraph: William the Lion

paragraph: William the Lion (Mediaeval Gaelic: "Uilliam mac Eanric" (i.e. "William, son of Henry"); Modern Gaelic: "Uilleam mac Eanraig"), sometimes styled William I, also known by the nickname Garbh, "the Rough", (c. 1142 – 4 December 1214) reigned as King of Scotland from 1165 to 1214. He had the second-longest reign in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707. James VI (reigned 1567–1625) would have the longest.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: William was born circa 1142, during the reign of his grandfather King David I of Scotland. His parents were the King's son Prince Henry and his wife Ada de Warenne. William was around 10 years old when his father died in 1152, making his elder brother Malcolm the heir apparent to their grandfather. From his father William inherited the Earldom of Northumbria. David I died the next year, and William became heir presumptive to the new king, Malcolm IV. In 1157, William lost the Earldom of Northumbria to Henry II of England.

paragraph: Malcolm IV did not live for long, and upon his death on 9 December 1165, at age 24, William ascended the throne. The new monarch was crowned on 24 December 1165. In contrast to his deeply religious, frail brother, William was powerfully built, redheaded, and headstrong. He was an effective monarch whose reign was marred by his ill-fated attempts to regain control of his paternal inheritance of Northumbria from the Anglo-Normans.

paragraph: Traditionally, William is credited with founding Arbroath Abbey, the site of the later Declaration of Arbroath.

paragraph: He was not known as "the Lion" during his own lifetime, and the title did not relate to his tenacious character or his military prowess. It was attached to him because of his flag or standard, a red lion rampant with a forked tail ("queue fourchée") on a yellow background. This (with the substitution of a 'double tressure fleury counter-fleury' border instead of an orle) went on to become the Royal Banner of Scotland, still used today but quartered with those of England and of Ireland. It became attached to him because the chronicler John of Fordun called him the "Lion of Justice".

paragraph: William was a key player in the Revolt of 1173–74 against Henry II. In 1174, at the Battle of Alnwick, during a raid in support of the revolt, William recklessly charged the English troops himself, shouting, "Now we shall see which of us are good knights!" He was unhorsed and captured by Henry's troops led by Ranulf de Glanvill and taken in chains to Newcastle, then Northampton, and then transferred to Falaise in Normandy. Henry then sent an army to Scotland and occupied it. As ransom and to regain his kingdom, William had to acknowledge Henry as his feudal superior and agree to pay for the cost of the English army's occupation of Scotland by taxing the Scots. The cost was equal to 40,000 Scottish Merks (£). The church of Scotland was also subjected to that of England. This he did by signing the Treaty of Falaise. He was then allowed to return to Scotland. In 1175 he swore fealty to Henry II at York Castle.

paragraph: The humiliation of the Treaty of Falaise triggered a revolt in Galloway which lasted until 1186, and prompted construction of a castle at Dumfries. In 1179, meanwhile, William and his brother David personally led a force northwards into Easter Ross, establishing two further castles, north of the Beauly and Cromarty Firths; one on the Black Isle at Ederdour; and the other at Dunkeath, near the mouth of the Cromarty Firth opposite Cromarty. The aim was to discourage the Norse Earls of Orkney from expanding beyond Caithness.

paragraph: A further rising in 1181 involved Donald Meic Uilleim, descendant of King Duncan II. Donald briefly took over Ross; not until his death (1187) was William able to reclaim Donald's stronghold of Inverness. Further royal expeditions were required in 1197 and 1202 to fully neutralise the Orcadian threat.

paragraph: The Treaty of Falaise remained in force for the next fifteen years. Then the English king Richard the Lionheart, needing money to take part in the Third Crusade, agreed to terminate it in return for 10,000 silver marks (£), on 5 December 1189.

paragraph: William attempted to purchase Northumbria from Richard in 1194, as he had a strong claim over it. However, his offer of 15,000 marks (£) was rejected due to wanting the castles within the lands, which Richard was not willing to give.

paragraph: Despite the Scots regaining their independence, Anglo-Scottish relations remained tense during the first decade of the 13th century. In August 1209 King John decided to flex the English muscles by marching a large army to Norham (near Berwick), in order to exploit the flagging leadership of the ageing Scottish monarch. As well as promising a large sum of money, the ailing William agreed to his elder daughters marrying English nobles and, when the treaty was renewed in 1212, John apparently gained the hand of William's only surviving legitimate son, and heir, Alexander, for his eldest daughter, Joan.

paragraph: Despite continued dependence on English goodwill, William's reign showed much achievement. He threw himself into government with energy and diligently followed the lines laid down by his grandfather, David I. Anglo-French settlements and feudalization were extended, new burghs founded, criminal law clarified, the responsibilities of justices and sheriffs widened, and trade grew. Arbroath Abbey was founded (1178), and the bishopric of Argyll established (c.1192) in the same year as papal confirmation of the Scottish church by Pope Celestine III.

paragraph: According to legend, "William is recorded in 1206 as curing a case of scrofula by his touching and blessing a child with the ailment whilst at York". William died in Stirling in 1214 and lies buried in Arbroath Abbey. His son, Alexander II, succeeded him as king, reigning from 1214 to 1249.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Due to the terms of the Treaty of Falaise, Henry II had the right to choose William's bride. As a result, William married Ermengarde de Beaumont, a great-granddaughter of King Henry I of England, at Woodstock Palace in 1186. Edinburgh Castle was her dowry. The marriage was not very successful, and it was many years before she bore him an heir. William and Ermengarde's children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Margaret (1193–1259), married Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Isabel (1195–1253), married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Marjorie (1200 – 17 November 1244), married Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke.

paragraph: Out of wedlock, William I had numerous children, their descendants being among those who would lay claim to the Scottish crown.

paragraph: By an unnamed daughter of Adam de Hythus:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Margaret, married Eustace de Vesci, Lord of Alnwick.

paragraph: By Isabel d'Avenel:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Robert de London

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Henry de Galightly, father of Patrick Galithly one of the competitors to the crown in 1291

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Ada Fitzwilliam (c.1164–1200), married Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar (c.1152–1232)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Aufrica, married William de Say, and whose grandson Roger de Mandeville was one of the competitors to the crown in 1291

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Isabella Mac William married Robert III de Brus then Robert de Ros (died 1227), Magna Carta Suretor

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashley, Mike. "Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens". 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magnusson, Magnus. "Scotland: Story of a Nation". 2001.

alias:
William I
Guillaume le Lion

description: King of the Scots from 1165 to 1214

wikidata_label: William the Lion

wikipedia_title: William the Lion


text:
Nordic Bronze Age
Egtved
Denmark
dendrochronology
barrow
excavated
National Museum of Denmark
Copenhagen
bodice
birch bark
awl
hair net
blanket
yarrow
bog-myrtle
cowberries
Northern Europe
Bronze Age
National Museum of Denmark
Lejre Experimental Centre
chemical isotope
the Black Forest
agricultural lime
transhumance
Håga mound
Haraldskær Woman
The King's Grave
Skrydstrup Woman
The Mummies of Ürümchi
Girl Barrow
The Egtved Girl

categories: Human remains (archaeological),Black Forest,Mummies,Archaeological discoveries in Denmark,1390s BC births,Archaeology of death,Nordic Bronze Age,Collection of the National Museum of Denmark,Germanic archaeological artifacts,14th-century BC women,1921 archaeological discoveries,1370s BC deaths,Deaths in Denmark,German expatriates in Denmark

paragraph: Egtved Girl

paragraph: The Egtved Girl ("c". 1390–1370 BC) was a Nordic Bronze Age girl whose well-preserved remains were discovered outside Egtved, Denmark in 1921. Aged 16–18 at death, she was slim, 160 cm tall (about 5 ft 3 in), had short, blond hair and well-trimmed nails. Her burial has been dated by dendrochronology to 1370 BC. She was discovered together with cremated remains of a child in a barrow approximately 30 metres wide and 4 metres high. Only the girl's hair, brain, teeth, nails and a little of her skin remain preserved.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: The barrow was excavated in 1921, and an east-western aligned coffin was found. It was transported in sealed condition to the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, where it was opened and the Egtved Girl discovered.

paragraph: She was buried fully dressed on an oxhide in the coffin. She wore a loose bodice with sleeves reaching the elbow. She had a bare waist and wore a short string skirt. She had bronze bracelets and a woolen belt with a large disc decorated with spirals and a spike. At her feet were the cremated remains of a child age 5–6. By her head there was a small birch bark box which contained an awl, bronze pins and a hair net.

paragraph: Before the coffin was closed she was covered with a blanket and an oxhide. Flowering yarrow (indicating a summer burial) and a bucket of beer made of wheat, honey, bog-myrtle and cowberries were placed atop. Her distinctive outfit, which caused a sensation when it was unearthed in the 1920s, is the best preserved example of a style now known to be common in Northern Europe during the Bronze Age. The good preservation of The Egtved girl is due to the acidic bog conditions of the soil, which is a common condition of this locale.

paragraph: Section::::Reconstruction.

paragraph: The outfit was reconstructed for the National Museum of Denmark by the Lejre Experimental Centre and is on display there. A reconstructed set of clothes, as well as details of the excavation, are on display in the Egtved Girl's museum at the excavation site.

paragraph: Section::::Origin and Life of Egtved Girl.

paragraph: Frei et "al." (2015) examined chemical isotopes of strontium (Sr) from The Egtved Girl's teeth, fingernails, hair & clothing, and based on these, proposed that she had likely come from the Black Forest region of Germany, but married and moved to Denmark, subsequently traveling back and forth between the two areas. However, Thomsen and Andreasen (2019) later demonstrated that the Sr isotopic data obtained from the area in which The Egtved Girl's remains were found, which were used by Frei et "al." for comparison with the data from The Egtved Girl's remains & personal effects had been contaminated by added Sr from agricultural lime, due to modern farming in the Egtved area. When Thomsen and Andreasen analyzed samples locally from places uncontaminated by modern farming, they found that the range of Sr isotopic values in the surrounding natural environment matched those in The Egtved Girl. Thus, it is most plausible that The Egtved Girl originated from-, and spent her entire life in the Egtved area, and did not come far abroad, as proposed by Frei et "al". Thomsen and Andreasen's results show that The Egtved Girl did live about half the year in one area—likely the river valley, in Egtved, and the other half of the year in another place—likely the local plateau, perhaps in the practice of transhumance farming.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Håga mound

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haraldskær Woman

paragraph: BULLET::::- The King's Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skrydstrup Woman

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barber, E.W. "The Mummies of Ürümchi". Macmillan, London, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hogan, C. Michael, "Girl Barrow", The Megalithic Portal, editor A. Burnham 4 October 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michaelsen, K.K. "Politikens bog om Danmarks Oldtid". Politiken, Denmark, 2002.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Egtved Girl on National Museum of Denmark website.

description: Bronze age girl found in a Danish burial mound

wikidata_label: Egtved Girl

wikipedia_title: Egtved Girl


text:
cricket
underarm era
John Woodcock
The Times
Wrecclesham
Hampshire
Surrey
Farnham
CricInfo
first-class cricket
James Pycroft
Hambledon
George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea
Hampshire
All-England
White Conduit Fields
Gentlemen v Players
William Lambert
all-rounder
James Pycroft
William Fennex
Harry Walker
cut
John Nyren
Hambledon
Tom Sueter
drive
James Pycroft
John Wells
Wrecclesham
The Times
Wisden
John Woodcock
Simon Wilde
John Nyren
Ashley Mote
David Underdown

categories: Surrey cricketers,St John's Wood cricketers,Colonel C. Lennox's XI cricketers,People from the Borough of Waverley,The Bs cricketers,Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,Hambledon cricketers,R. Leigh's XI cricketers,William Ward's XI cricketers,Kent cricketers,English cricketers of 1701 to 1786,Players cricketers,Brighton cricketers,E. H. Budd's XI cricketers,1766 births,Non-international England cricketers,Left-Handed v Right-Handed cricketers,Surrey and Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,1862 deaths,Godalming Cricket Club cricketers,People from Farnham,West Kent cricketers,English cricketers,English cricketers of 1787 to 1825,Hampshire cricketers,Middlesex cricketers,Lord Frederick Beauclerk's XI cricketers,Gentlemen cricketers,Epsom cricketers

paragraph: Billy Beldham

paragraph: William "Silver Billy" Beldham (5 February 1766 – 20 February 1862) was an English professional cricketer who played between the 1780s and 1810s. He is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest batsmen of the sport's underarm era. In 1997, he was selected by John Woodcock of "The Times" as one of his 100 Greatest Cricketers of All Time.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Beldham was born in the village of Wrecclesham, on the Hampshire/Surrey border just over south-west of Farnham. His family had a farm at Wrecclesham.

paragraph: He was the fourth of six children (and third son) of George Beldham (1728–1811) and Ann Benfil (or Bonfil) (1728–1793), and his ancestry in the area can be traced back at least seven generations to Allen Beldham (born mid-16th century). Nothing is known of his schooling but, as he was able to sign his name on his first marriage certificate as opposed to making a witnessed mark, it is likely he had a basic grounding.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career.

paragraph: Beldham's recorded career spanned the 1782 to 1821 seasons and is one of the longest on record by a top-class player. He is credited by CricInfo and CricketArchive with 189 first-class cricket appearances from 1787 to 1821.

paragraph: In his reminiscences to James Pycroft in 1836, Beldham said that, when he was eighteen years old in the 1784 season, he had played for Farnham against Hambledon and scored 43 runs. He was watched by George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea who was cricket's most influential patron at the time and, the following spring, Winchilsea visited Beldham at the farm where he worked and arranged with his employer for him to have time off in order to play cricket. Beldham was invited to play for Hampshire in June 1785 against All-England at White Conduit Fields, the start of his career in top-class cricket.

paragraph: Although his last recorded first-class match was in 1821 (aged 55), there is strong anecdotal evidence that he continued to play - in his "Oxford Memories", Pycroft stated "Beldham's was a green old age. Even when between sixty and seventy [1826–1836] he was barred in county matches".

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career.:Gentlemen v. Players.

paragraph: Beldham had the unusual record of playing for both the Gentlemen and the Players in the first two Gentlemen v Players matches in 1806. He and William Lambert played as given men for the Gentlemen in the first match and Beldham returned to the Players team for the second match.

paragraph: Beldham made further appearances in the fixture after it was resurrected in 1819. He played for the Players in 1819, 1820 and 1821.

paragraph: Section::::Style and technique.

paragraph: Although he was remembered primarily as a fine attacking batsman, Beldham was an all-rounder who took many wickets by operating as a change bowler. When he was interviewed by James Pycroft, Beldham claimed that he, William Fennex and Harry Walker had revolutionised batting by introducing the cut (Walker) and forward play (Beldham and Fennex). This is contradicted by John Nyren who says that the earlier Hambledon batsman Tom Sueter was noted for his cut shot and probably invented forward play, being the first player known to leave his crease and play the drive.

paragraph: In "The Cricketers of My Time", Nyren eulogised Beldham's batting prowess: "...(he was) safer than the Bank"; "...he would get at the balls and hit them away in gallant style. But when he could cut them at the point of his bat, he was in all his glory; and, upon my life, their speed was as the speed of thought"; "...one of the most beautiful sights that can be imagined, and which would have delighted an artist, was to see him make himself up to hit a ball. It was the beau ideal of grace, animation, and concentrated energy". Arthur Haygarth, writing in 1862, was of the opinion that Beldham was "an excellent judge of a short run, had a good knowledge of the game and was a very fine field". His bowling delivery was "high and well, pace moderate, yet bordering on the fast and getting up quick".

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Beldham was described by Nyren, who knew him personally, as "a close-set, active man, standing about five feet eight inches and a half". He was called "Silver Billy" because of his light-coloured hair and fair complexion.

paragraph: During a period of the game's history when betting and match-fixing was rife, Beldham was not immune to the lure of easy money. When interviewed by Pycroft in the late 1830s, he said: "You may hear that I sold matches. I will confess I once was sold myself by two men, one of whom would not bowl, and the other would not bat, his best, and lost ten pounds. The next match, at Nottingham, I joined in selling, and got my money back. But for this once, I could say I never was bought in my life ; and this was not for want of offers from C and other turfmen, though often I must have been accused. For where it was worth while to buy, no man could keep a character; because to be out without runs or to miss a catch was, by the disappointed betting-men, deemed proof as strong as Holy Writ".

paragraph: Section::::Family and personal life.

paragraph: Beldham retired to Tilford, where he was initially the landlord for some years of a public house, "The Barley Mow", and spent his last 41 years there. The census returns of 1841, 1851 and 1861 refer to him as, variously, a "bat maker" and an "old cricketer". In his seventies, he was interviewed by James Pycroft, author of "The Cricket Field". One of the common misconceptions concerning Beldham is that he fathered anything up to thirty six children by two wives. While he did marry twice, he was in reality far less prolific: by his first wife Ann Smith (1765–1800) he had one daughter whilst with his second wife, another Ann (1779–1869) he had eight children between 1804 and 1819.

paragraph: Beldham died in 1862 and is buried, althong with his second wife, in the local churchyard in unmarked graves which are thought to be in the north-west corner. Beldham's cottage still sits by the side of the pub, albeit with the later addition of an upper floor.

paragraph: Beldham's sister Hannah (1786–1842) married another leading cricketer of the day, John Wells. As late as 1861, forty years after his last important game and while he was still living, a wall of "The Cricketers" pub in Wrecclesham still bore the legend "Rendezvous of those Famous Cricketers Beldham & Wells" (another version has the sign as "Good Beer as drunk by those Famous Men Beldham & Wells").

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The July 1862 edition of "London Society" magazine reported that "Old Beldham died last winter (February) near Farnham, aged ninety-six. Not long before, the old man was invited to Lord's, and received with all honours in the pavilion: he was also advertised as expected at the Oval, to increase the attraction of a match between the old players and the young".

paragraph: In 1997, in an article in "The Times", former "Wisden" editor John Woodcock named Beldham in his "100 Greatest Cricketers of All Time". Simon Wilde rated him as the best batsman in the world for the period 1787 to 1805. He is the earliest cricketer for whom a photograph exists.

paragraph: Section::::Cited sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graham Collyer (1982) "Farnham Cricket Club Bi-Centenary 1782–1982", Farnham Castle Newspapers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Nyren (1998) "The Cricketers of my Time" (ed. Ashley Mote), Robson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Underdown (2000) "Start of Play", Allen Lane.

alias:
William Beldham
Silver Billy

description: early English professional cricketer

wikidata_label: Billy Beldham

wikipedia_title: Billy Beldham


text: paleontologist

text: geologist

text: hominin

text: Homo erectus

text: Berlin

text: rhinoceros

text: Mauer, Germany

text: geology

text: Tübingen

text: Cologne

text: Munich

text: Ferdinand Broili

text: Dutch

text: Karl Martin

text: Reinout Willem van Bemmelen

text: Java

text: Carnegie Foundation

text: calvarium

text: Mojokerto

text: Pithecanthropus erectus

text: Eugène Dubois

text: Meganthropus paleojavanicus

text: Pleistocene

text: Franz Weidenreich

text: Peking, China

text: Homo

text: World War II

text: Japan

text: prisoner-of-war camp

text: American Museum of Natural History

text: New York City

text: Rijksuniversiteit

text: Utrecht

text: Netherlands

text: South Africa

text: Philippines

text: Thailand

text: Borneo

text: Pakistan

text: Sivapithecus

text: Ramapithecus

text: Graecopithecus

text: Greece

text: Kenyapithecus

text: Fort Ternan

text: Kenya

text: pongid

text: India

text: Hominidae

text: Frankfurt

text: Germany

text: J. L. Franzen

text: Bad Homburg

text: Frankfurt-am-Main

text: List of fossil sites

text: List of hominina (hominid) fossils

text: Schwartz, Jeffrey

text: Biography of von Koenigswald (in Dutch)

categories: Scientists from Berlin,German paleoanthropologists,World War II civilian prisoners held by Japan,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,1982 deaths,Utrecht University faculty,Dutch paleontologists,1902 births,Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,German paleontologists

paragraph: Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald

paragraph: Gustav Heinrich Ralph (often cited as G. H. R.) von Koenigswald (13 November 1902 – 10 July 1982) was a German-Dutch paleontologist and geologist who conducted research on hominins, including "Homo erectus". His discoveries and studies of hominid fossils in Java and his studies of other important fossils of south-eastern Asia firmly established his reputation as one of the leading figures of 20th Century paleo-anthropology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Von Koenigswald was born in Berlin in a period of intense interest and rapid growth in the study of evolution. He began his fossil vertebrate collection when he was fifteen with the acquisition of a rhinoceros molar during an excursion to Mauer, Germany. He subsequently studied geology and paleontology at Berlin, Tübingen, Cologne and Munich.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Java.

paragraph: Von Koenigswald's teacher Ferdinand Broili had good contacts with the Dutch geologists Karl Martin and Reinout Willem van Bemmelen. Through these contacts Von Koenigswald could join the Geological Survey of Java as paleontologist in late 1930. Financed in part through the Carnegie Foundation, he began a systematic survey of the country. Von Koenigswald made his most significant finds in this area of Asia between January 1931 and 1941. At age 33, he announced the discovery of a juvenile calvarium from Mojokerto and assigned it to "Pithecanthropus erectus". This identification was criticized by the respected paleontologist Eugène Dubois, but von Koenigswald did not change his identification. Between 1937 and 1941, a number of important hominid specimens emerged from Java. One of von Koenigswald's assistants brought him a piece of a "Pithecanthropus" skull in 1937. Unfortunately, an offer to pay for additional fossils by the piece led to specimens being broken into splinters by native helpers. One skull cap, the first Sangiran calvarium, was an exact duplicate of Dubois' "Pithecanthropus calvarium". Other well-known fossils include the Sangiran B mandible, Sangiran 4 including the well-known maxilla with the diastema, and the 1939 and 1941 jaws assigned by von Koenigswald to "Meganthropus paleojavanicus".

paragraph: His work on the fossils of Central Java, particularly from Sangiran, led him to claim that the mammalian remains of the area could be assigned to all three levels of the Pleistocene. All Javanese hominid fossils recovered emerged from three major sets of beds:

paragraph: Von Koenigswald pointed out that these and other fossil discoveries since 1917 contradicted the 19th century idea that humans had an ancestor with a modern brain and ape jaw, and actually suggested the opposite relationship. The Java fossils are currently housed in the Senckenberg Museum with the financial support of the Werner Reimers Foundation of Bad Homburg.

paragraph: In 1937, von Koenigswald hosted paleontologist Franz Weidenreich's visit to Java to examine recent discovery sites.

paragraph: Also in 1937, von Koenigswald became a Dutch citizen.

paragraph: In 1938 von Koenigswald and Weidenreich together announced the discovery of a new skull of "Pithecanthropus" ("P. robustus"). Early in 1939, von Koenigswald took several Javanese hominin specimens to Weidenreich in Peking, China. Comparing the Sangiran and Choukoutien hominids led the two scientists to conclude that the specimens were closely allied. They decided to abandon the genus "Sinanthropus", combining all the specimens into the earlier-named genus "Pithecanthropus". Later, Pithecanthropus was incorporated into the genus "Homo" as "Homo erectus".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:World War II.

paragraph: World War II brought difficulty and danger to von Koenigswald in Java. He managed to hide his fossils from the invading Japanese, and although he, being a Dutch citizen, was interned in a prisoner-of-war camp, only one fossil skull was confiscated by the Japanese soldiers. It was presented to Emperor Hirohito but was recovered after the war.

paragraph: During the war years, Weidenreich's description of Sinanthropus was published. In a borrowed office at the American Museum of Natural History, Weidenreich added to their earlier work and reviewed the fossil record of human evolution, merging "Sinanthropus" and "Pithecanthropus" into a new taxon, "Homo erectus", with various geographic sub-species. He published descriptions and assigned scientific names to some of von Koenigswald's discoveries, as he and others presumed that von Koenigswald was dead at the hands of the Japanese. After the war, von Koenigswald worked with Weidenreich at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City for eighteen months.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Netherlands.

paragraph: For the next twenty years, von Koenigswald filled a Chair of Palaeontology created for him at the Rijksuniversiteit at Utrecht, Netherlands. During his academic career, he visited sites in North and South Africa (1951–52), the Philippines, Thailand and Borneo (1957), and Pakistan (1966–67). In Pakistan, von Koenigswald and his students found specimens which included a palate assigned to a new species of the hominoid genus "Sivapithecus" and teeth considered to belong to "Ramapithecus".

paragraph: In 1950 he became member, and in 1968 foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

paragraph: von Koenigswald studied the relationships between African, Asian and European hominoid fossils attributed to "Ramapithecus" or its close allies such as "Graecopithecus" of Greece and "Kenyapithecus" of Fort Ternan, Kenya. It was his opinion that the Indian form was a hominid and the African form a pongid. This later led him to strongly press the claim of India as the original home of the Hominidae.

paragraph: After retiring from the Chair at Utrecht, the Werner-Reimers Foundation provided him with facilities at the Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum in Frankfurt, Germany. He, with the support of J. L. Franzen, directed this paleontological research center for the remaining fourteen years of his life. von Koenigswald died at his home in Bad Homburg near Frankfurt-am-Main in West Germany on July 10, 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evolution of Man" University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor Paperback Series, Revised edition, 1976. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meeting Prehistoric Man" Lowe & Brydone (printers) LTD, London, Scientific Book Club Edition, 1956.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fossil sites "(with link directory)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of hominina (hominid) fossils "(with images)"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tattersall, Ian and Schwartz, Jeffrey. ""Extinct Humans"". Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado and Cumnor Hill, Oxford, 2000. (hc)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of von Koenigswald (in Dutch)

alias:
von Koenigswald
Koenigswald
G.H.R. von Königswald
Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Königswald

description: German paleontologist

wikidata_label: Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald

wikipedia_title: Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald


text: Desilu Productions

text: Whirlybirds

text: Oakland, California

text: United States Census of 1930

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: New York's

text: Neighborhood Playhouse

text: Gregory Peck

text: Eli Wallach

text: Tony Randall

text: United States Army Air Forces

text: Broadway

text: summer stock

text: Hollywood

text: Hopalong Cassidy

text: Dangerous Venture

text: Twelve O' Clock High

text: sentry

text: I Was a Male War Bride

text: Howard Hawks

text: Howard Hawks

text: The Thing from Another World

text: sci-fi

text: United States Air Force

text: James Arness

text: Gunsmoke

text: The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms

text: It Came from Beneath the Sea

text: CBS

text: Biff Baker, U.S.A.

text: Alan Hale, Jr.

text: legal drama

text: The Public Defender

text: Reed Hadley

text: NBC

text: western

text: anthology

text: series

text: Frontier

text: Jim Bowie

text: ABC

text: Davy Crockett

text: Walt Disney

text: Fess Parker

text: Battle of the Alamo

text: syndicated

text: anthology series

text: Crossroads

text: The Sheriff of Cochise

text: The Whirlybirds

text: syndicated

text: adventure

text: Desilu Studios

text: helicopter

text: Craig Hill

text: Jeff Richards

text: Jefferson Drum

text: Overland Trail

text: William Bendix

text: Doug McClure

text: Death Valley Days

text: ABC's

text: The Rebel

text: Nick Adams

text: Perry Mason

text: Lawman

text: nitroglycerin

text: Laramie

text: Wyoming

text: Jack Lord

text: Stoney Burke

text: Lassie

text: "Daniel Boone"

text: Gibbsville

text: MV "Klickitat"

text: Emergency!

text: Night Court

text: I Spy

text: Christian Nyby

text: Rockford Files

text: The Vampire

text: Mark of the Vampire

text: John Wayne

text: Maureen O'Hara

text: John Ford

text: The Wings of Eagles

text: Metrocolor

text: United States Army Air Service

text: Stark Fear

text: Marlowe

text: Billy Jack

text: Walking Tall

text: The Howling

text: MacArthur

text: Admiral "Bull" Halsey

text: Airplane!

text: Gremlins

text: Big Top Pee-wee

text: Broadway

text: Sammy Davis, Jr.

text: Clifford Odets

text: Golden Boy

text: As You Like It

text: The Cherry Orchard

text: Truckline Cafe

text: Joe Dante

text: stock company

text: sitcom

text: Night Court

text: The Naked Monster

text: L.A. Law

text: Rancho Mirage, California

text: The Man of the Ferry

text: Dangerous Venture

text: This Time for Keeps

text: Beyond Glory

text: He Walked by Night

text: The Stratton Story

text: Illegal Entry

text: The Great Sinner

text: I Was a Male War Bride

text: The Stratton Story

text: Task Force

text: The Doctor and the Girl

text: Free for All

text: Twelve O'Clock High

text: The File on Thelma Jordon

text: When Willie Comes Marching Home

text: One Way Street

text: Love That Brute

text: The Gunfighter

text: My Friend Irma Goes West

text: Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye

text: Right Cross

text: Three Secrets

text: The Flying Missile

text: The Company She Keeps

text: Up Front

text: Rawhide

text: The Thing from Another World

text: Angel Face

text: The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms

text: Fighter Attack

text: The Bigamist

text: Ring of Fear

text: Down Three Dark Streets

text: The Steel Cage

text: Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier

text: Jim Bowie

text: Rage at Dawn

text: It Came from Beneath the Sea

text: Davy Crockett and the River Pirates

text: The Steel Jungle

text: The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit

text: The Great Locomotive Chase

text: The Search For Bridey Murphy

text: The Wings of Eagles

text: Gunfight at the O.K. Corral

text: The Vampire

text: Jet Pilot

text: Cry Terror!

text: Seven Ways from Sundown

text: Sea Hunt

text: Stark Fear

text: 40 Guns to Apache Pass

text: A Man Called Adam

text: A Time for Killing

text: Marlowe

text: Billy Jack

text: Terror in the Sky

text: Ben

text: The Candidate

text: Rage

text: Walking Tall

text: Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry

text: Homebodies

text: The Missiles of October

text: The Wild McCullochs

text: W.C. Fields and Me

text: Baby Blue Marine

text: Gus

text: MacArthur

text: Goodbye, Franklin High

text: Hero at Large

text: Airplane!

text: The Howling

text: Strange Invaders

text: Gremlins

text: The Lost Empire

text: Innerspace

text: Big Top Pee-wee

text: Freeway

text: Desire and Hell at Sunset Motel

text: Honey, I Blew Up the Kid

text: Single White Female

text: The Naked Monster

text: Kenneth Tobey at Film Buff Online.com

categories: American people of Irish descent,2002 deaths,Male actors from Oakland, California,American male television actors,American male film actors,1917 births,American male stage actors,20th-century American male actors,Male actors from Los Angeles

paragraph: Kenneth Tobey

paragraph: Kenneth Jesse Tobey (March 23, 1917 – December 22, 2002) was an American stage, film, and television actor, who performed in hundreds of productions during a career that spanned more than half a century, including his role as the star of the 1957-1960 Desilu Productions TV series "Whirlybirds".

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Tobey was born in 1917 in Oakland, California. According to the United States Census of 1930 for Oakland,13-year-old “Kenneth J.” was the eldest of three sons of Jesse V. Tobey and his wife Frances H. Tobey. That census also documents that Tobey's father was an automobile-tire salesman and that young Kenneth was of Irish and Russian ancestry. Following his graduation from high school in 1935, Kenneth entered the University of California, Berkeley with intensions to pursue a career in law until he began to dabble in acting at the school’s theater. His stage experience there led to a drama scholarship, a year-and-a-half of study at New York's Neighborhood Playhouse, where his classmates included fellow actors Gregory Peck, Eli Wallach, and Tony Randall.

paragraph: During World War II, Tobey joined the United States Army Air Forces, serving in the Pacific as a rear gunner aboard a B-25 bomber. Throughout the 1940s, with the exception of his time in military service, Tobey acted on Broadway and in summer stock. After appearing in a 1943 film short, "The Man of the Ferry", he made his Hollywood film debut in the 1947 Hopalong Cassidy western "Dangerous Venture". He then went on to appear in scores of features and on numerous television series. In the 1949 film "Twelve O' Clock High", he is the negligent airbase sentry who is dressed down by General Frank Savage (played by Gregory Peck). That same year Tobey performed in a brief comedy bit in another film, "I Was a Male War Bride". His performance in that minor part caught the attention of director Howard Hawks, who promised to use the thirty-two-year-old actor in something more substantial.

paragraph: Section::::"The Thing from Another World".

paragraph: In 1951, Tobey was cast in Howard Hawks' production "The Thing from Another World". In this classic sci-fi film he portrays Captain Patrick Hendry, a United States Air Force pilot, who at the North Pole leads a scientific outpost's dogged defense against an alien portrayed by James Arness, later the star of the television series "Gunsmoke". Tobey's performance in Hawks' film garnered the actor other parts in science fiction movies in the 1950s, usually reprising his role as a military officer, such as in "The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms" (1953) and "It Came from Beneath the Sea" (1956).

paragraph: Section::::Television.

paragraph: Tobey appeared in the 1952 episode "Counterfeit Plates" on the CBS series "Biff Baker, U.S.A.", an espionage drama starring Alan Hale, Jr. He was cast too in the 1954-1955 CBS legal drama "The Public Defender", starring Reed Hadley. He guest-starred in three episodes of NBC's western anthology series "Frontier". His "Frontier" roles were as Wade Trippe in "In Nebraska" (1955) and then as Gabe Sharp in "Out from Texas" and "The Hostage" (1956). In 1955, he also portrayed legendary frontiersman Jim Bowie on ABC's "Davy Crockett", a Walt Disney production, with Fess Parker in the title role. After Bowie's death in the series at the Battle of the Alamo, Tobey played a second character, Jocko, in the two final episodes of "Davy Crockett".

paragraph: Tobey then, in 1957, appeared in the syndicated religion anthology series "Crossroads" in the role of Mr. Alston in the episode "Call for Help" and as Jim Callahan in "Bandit Chief" in the syndicated western series "The Sheriff of Cochise". Later that same year, Tobey starred in the television series "The Whirlybirds", a successful CBS and then-syndicated adventure produced by Desilu Studios. In it he played the co-owner of a helicopter charter service, along with fellow actor Craig Hill. "The Whirlybirds" was a major hit in the United States and abroad, with 111 episodes filmed through 1960. It remained in syndication worldwide for many years.

paragraph: In 1958, Tobey also appeared as John Wallach in the episode "$50 for a Dead Man" in Jeff Richards's NBC western series "Jefferson Drum". In 1960, he guest-starred in the episode "West of Boston" of another NBC western series, "Overland Trail", starring William Bendix and Doug McClure. Also in 1960, he also appeared as Colonel Lake on "Death Valley Days" and on ABC's western "The Rebel", starring Nick Adams. Tobey made three guest appearances on "Perry Mason", twice in 1960 and once in 1962 as Jack Alvin, a deputy district attorney. On the long-running western series "Gunsmoke," he portrayed a cruel, knife-wielding buffalo hunter in the 1960 episode titled "The Worm". Tobey in 1962 also guest-starred on another Western series, "Lawman", playing the character Duncan Clooney, an engineer who seeks to move a shipment of nitroglycerin through Laramie, Wyoming. When the town is evacuated to allow passage of the explosives, two of Clooney's employees decide they will take advantage of the situation to rob the bank.

paragraph: Tobey guest-starred as well in Jack Lord's 1962-1963 ABC adventure series about a rodeo circuit rider, "Stoney Burke". In 1967 he performed on the series "Lassie", in the episode "Lure of the Wild", playing a retired forest ranger who tames a local coyote. He also appeared as a slave owner named Taggart in "The Wolf Man", a 1967 episode of "Daniel Boone", starring Fess Parker. A few of the many other series in which Tobey later performed include "Adam-12" (1969), "Gibbsville" (1976), MV "Klickitat" (1978), "Emergency!" (1975), and "Night Court" (1985).

paragraph: He became a semi-regular on the NBC series "I Spy" as the field boss of agents Robinson and Scott. Christian Nyby, director of "The Thing From Another World", often directed those episodes. Tobey also portrayed a ship's captain on the "Rockford Files", in an episode titled "There's One in Every Port".

paragraph: Section::::Other films.

paragraph: In 1957, Tobey portrayed a sheriff in "The Vampire" (a film that some sources today often confuse with the 1935 production "Mark of the Vampire"). That year he also appeared in a more prestigious film, serving as a featured supporting character with John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara, the co-stars of John Ford's "The Wings of Eagles". In that film, Tobey—with his naturally red hair on display in vibrant Metrocolor—portrays a highly competitive United States Army Air Service officer. In one memorable scene he has the distinction of shoving a piece of gooey cake into the face of John Wayne, whose character is a rival United States Navy aviation officer. Not surprisingly, a room-wrecking brawl ensues.

paragraph: Tobey's work over the next several decades was increasingly involved in television productions. He did, though, continue to perform in a range of feature films, such as "Stark Fear", "Marlowe", "Billy Jack", "Walking Tall", "The Howling", the war movie "MacArthur" (in which he portrays Admiral "Bull" Halsey), "Airplane!", "Gremlins", "Big Top Pee-wee", and "".

paragraph: Section::::Broadway.

paragraph: Although Tobey had a busy acting career in films and on television, he also periodically returned to the stage. In 1964 he began a long run on Broadway opposite Sammy Davis, Jr., in the musical version of Clifford Odets' play "Golden Boy". Some of his other Broadway credits are "As You Like It", "Sunny River", "Janie", "Sons and Soldiers", "A New Life", "Suds in Your Eye", "The Cherry Orchard", and "Truckline Cafe".

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: As his long career drew to a close, Tobey still received acting jobs from people who had grown up watching his performances in sci-fi films of the 1950s, particularly Joe Dante, who included the veteran actor in his stock company of reliable players. Two appearances on the sitcom "Night Court" came the same way, through fans of his work. Along with other character actors who had been in 1950s sci-fi and horror films (John Agar, Robert O. Cornthwaite, Gloria Talbott, etc.), Tobey starred in a spoof originally titled "Attack Of The B Movie Monster". In 2005, Anthem Pictures released the completed feature version of this spoof on DVD under the new title "The Naked Monster". Tobey's scenes in that release were actually shot in 1985, so "The Naked Monster" is technically his final film credit, being released three years after his death. He had, however, continued to act throughout most of the 1990s. One of those notable roles is his performance in the 1994 "" episode "" as Rurigan, an alien who recreates his dead friends as holograms. Among other examples of Tobey's final decade of work are his two appearances as Judge Kent Watson on the series "L.A. Law".

paragraph: In 2002, Tobey died of natural causes at age 85 in Rancho Mirage, California.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man of the Ferry" (1943, Short)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dangerous Venture" (1947) - Red

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Time for Keeps" (1948) - Redheaded Soldier at Pool (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond Glory" (1948) - Bit Role (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He Walked by Night" (1948) - Detective Questioning Pete (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stratton Story" (1949) - Detroit Player (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Illegal Entry" (1949) - Dave (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Sinner" (1949) - Cabbie (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Was a Male War Bride" (1949) - Red - Seaman (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stratton Story" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Task Force" (1949) - Capt. Ken Willliamson (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Doctor and the Girl" (1949) - Surgeon at Bellevue (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Free for All" (1949) - Pilot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twelve O'Clock High" (1949) - Sgt. Keller - Guard at Gate (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The File on Thelma Jordon" (1950) - Police Photographer (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When Willie Comes Marching Home" (1950) - Lt. K. Geiger (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Way Street" (1950) - Cop at Second Accident (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love That Brute" (1950) - Henchman #1 in Cigar Store (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gunfighter" (1950) - Swede (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Friend Irma Goes West" (1950) - Pilot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" (1950) - Det. Fowler

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Right Cross" (1950) - Ken, the Third Reporter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Secrets" (1950) - Officer (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flying Missile" (1950) - Crewman Pete McEvoy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Company She Keeps" (1951) - Rex Fisher (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Up Front" (1951) - Cooper (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rawhide" (1951) - Lt. Wingate (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thing from Another World" (1951) - Captain Patrick Hendry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angel Face" (1952) - Bill Crompton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms" (1953) - Col. Jack Evans

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fighter Attack" (1953) - George

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bigamist" (1953) - Tom Morgan, Defense Attorney

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ring of Fear" (1954) - Shreveport

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Down Three Dark Streets" (1954) - FBI Agent Zack Stewart

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Steel Cage" (1954) - Steinberg, Convict Painter (segment "The Face")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier" (1955) - Colonel Jim Bowie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rage at Dawn" (1955) - Monk Claxton

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Came from Beneath the Sea" (1955) - Cmdr. Pete Mathews

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Davy Crockett and the River Pirates" (1956) - Jocko

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Steel Jungle" (1956) - Dr. Lewy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit" (1956) - Lt. Hank Mahoney (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Locomotive Chase" (1956) - Anthony Murphy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Search For Bridey Murphy" (1956) - Rex Simmons

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wings of Eagles" (1957) - Capt. Herbert Allen Hazard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" (1957) - Bat Masterson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vampire" (1957) - Sheriff Buck Donnelly

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jet Pilot" (1957) - Sergeant (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cry Terror!" (1958) - Agent Frank Cole

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Ways from Sundown" (1960) - Texas Ranger Lieutenant Herly

paragraph: BULLET::::- "X-15" (1961) - Col. Craig Brewster

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sea Hunt" (1961), Season 4, Episode 33

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stark Fear" (1962) - Cliff Kane

paragraph: BULLET::::- "40 Guns to Apache Pass" (1966) - Corporal Bodine

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Man Called Adam" (1966) - Club Owner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Time for Killing" (1967) - Sgt. Cleehan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marlowe" (1969) - Sgt. Fred Beifus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Billy Jack" (1971) - Deputy Mike

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terror in the Sky" (1971) - Capt. Wilson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ben" (1972) - Engineer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Candidate" (1972) - Floyd J. Starkey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rage" (1972) - Col. Alan A. Nickerson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walking Tall" (1973) - Augie McCullah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry" (1974) - Sheriff Carl Donahue

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homebodies" (1974) - Construction Boss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Missiles of October" (1974) - Adm. George W. Anderson Jr., Chief of Naval Operations

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wild McCullochs" (1975) - Larry Carpenter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W.C. Fields and Me" (1976) - Parker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baby Blue Marine" (1976) - Buick Driver

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gus" (1976) - Asst. Warden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MacArthur" (1977) - Admiral Halsey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goodbye, Franklin High" (1978) - Police Captain

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hero at Large" (1980) - Firechief

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Airplane!" (1980) - Air Controller Neubauer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Howling" (1981) - Older Cop

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strange Invaders" (1983) - Arthur Newman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gremlins" (1984) - Mobil Gas Station Attendant (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lost Empire" (1984) - Capt. Hendry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Innerspace" (1987) - Man in Restroom

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Top Pee-wee" (1988) - Sheriff

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freeway" (1988) - Monsignor Kavanaugh

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost Writer" (1989) - Cop #2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1990) - Projectionist

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desire and Hell at Sunset Motel" (1991) - Capt. Holiday

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honey, I Blew Up the Kid" (1992) - Smitty

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Single White Female" (1992) - Desk Clerk

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Body Shot" (1994) - Arthur Lassen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1996) - Hologram-Priest (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Naked Monster" (2005) - Col. Patrick Hendry (final film role)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth Tobey at Film Buff Online.com

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Kenneth Tobey

wikipedia_title: Kenneth Tobey


text: French

text: revolution

text: States General

text: Cherbonnières

text: Saint-Jean-d'Angély

text: Poitiers

text: Bordeaux

text: Battle of Rossbach

text: Cross of St Louis

text: Maréchal de camp

text: French parliament (States General)

text: French revolution

text: Ancien Régime

text: Liège

text: Revolutionary army

text: the Duke of Brunswick

text: war of territorial conquest

text: First Consul

text: Bourbon Restoration

text: Napoleon's brief return to France

text: the king

text: Maréchal de camp

text: Saint-Jean-d'Angély

text: Liège

text: Austrian Netherlands

text: François-Charles de Velbrück

text: Antoine-Augustin Renouard

text: prominent Paris dynasty

categories: Exiled French politicians,19th-century French military personnel,Knights of the Order of Saint Louis,18th-century French military personnel,French exiles,French generals,1731 births,People of the Bourbon Restoration

paragraph: Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps

paragraph: Charles-Grégoire, the Marquis of Beauchamps (25 July 1731 - 5 May 1817) was a French military general and politician. During the run up to the revolution he sat as a "second estate" member of the States General in the summer of 1789.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Charles-Grégoire was born and baptised at Cherbonnières, roughly 19 km (13 miles) to the east of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, between Poitiers and Bordeaux in rural western France. He was a younger son of Henri-Charles de Beauchamps (1701-1777), lord of the manor at Cherbonnières. His mother, Madeleine-Dorothée de Lescours, was probably also of aristocratic provenance. He embarked on his military career late in 1757 when he took part in the disastrous (for France) Battle of Rossbach, receiving but surviving fourteen injuries, and retaining his "colours", albeit in a badly shredded condition. He was awarded the Cross of St Louis for his valour and progressed with a military career that took him, eventually, to the rank of a Maréchal de camp.

paragraph: In April 1789, with the government in financial crisis, the French parliament (States General) was summoned for the first time since 1614 in order to come up with ideas for solving the government's cash shortage. As matters turned out, delegates arrived with their own agendas and the French revolution broke out a couple of months later. The parliament was divided into three classes (estates): Church, Nobility and Commoners. The Marquis of Beauchamps, by now a cavalry colonel, had been elected in March to the Second Estate and proved a passionate supporter of the threatened Ancien Régime. Mindful that his skills were better suited to fighting with a sword than with words, he persuaded his friend Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély to present a powerful protest on his behalf against the actions of the States General, which d'Angély duly did, even though Beauchamps's conservative views were contrary to his own position.

paragraph: The early years of the French Revolution found the Marquis of Beauchamps on the wrong side of events, and he emigrated to Liège where he had property and family connections. His wife was the sister of one mayor of that city and had been the widow of another. However, as the Revolutionary army rolled across into what later became Belgium his estates in Liège were confiscated and he was driven into a remoter exile, staying with the Duke of Brunswick who was another (more distant) relative. By 1802 much of the earlier revolutionary savagery had been diverted into a more conventional war of territorial conquest and he had been able to return home, greatly impoverished but alive.

paragraph: At the start of 1802 he was still banned from France, and Beauchamps again requested a favour of his former neighbour and friend, Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély, who by now held a senior government position and was on excellent terms with the First Consul. Initially, however, d'Angély reported that he had been unable to have Beauchamps' name removed from the banned list, because of information found in police files. Beauchamps quickly expressed his conviction that his name must be on the police list because of the passionate protest which d'Angély had himself composed on his behalf thirteen years earlier, against the actions of the States General. Regardless of whether or not this was indeed the cause of the problem, by the end of 1802 d'Angély had succeeded in getting the ban on Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps lifted.

paragraph: With the Bourbon Restoration in 1814 the Marquis of Beauchamps lost no time in rediscovering his enthusiasm for the monarchy, and early in 1815, before Napoleon's brief return to France, the 84 year old Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps had written a letter of eye-watering but presumably appropriate obsequiousness to the relatively youthful the king. He was promoted to Maréchal de camp on 29 February 1816 and died fifteen months later. Sources differ as to whether he died at his Paris home at Rue St-André-des-Arts 55, or at Saint-Jean-d'Angély, close to his birthplace in rural western France. It was in any event at Saint-Jean-d'Angély that his body was buried.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps married, as his first wife. Marie Anne Jeanne Françoise van Buel (1710-1778) on 7 June 1761 at Liège, at that time in the Austrian Netherlands. She came from a leading family in the city. His second marriage, which took place around 1785, was to Louise-Hélène de Rosen (ca. 1749-1789), who came from another leading Liege family.

paragraph: Outside his marriage he had a daughter with Ferdinande de Horion, the young third wife of (and a niece of François-Charles de Velbrück). His paternity was freely acknowledged by all concerned and the girl, known as Catherine de Saintes, later went on to marry Antoine-Augustin Renouard and become the matriarch of a prominent Paris dynasty.

description: French soldier, politician and officer

wikidata_label: Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps

wikipedia_title: Charles-Grégoire de Beauchamps


text:
genre
Pimlico
Pre-Raphaelite
Arthur Hughes
Edward Robert Hughes
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Tom Brown's School Days
Hastings Cemetery
Brighton Museum & Art Gallery

categories: 1856 births,English watercolourists,People from Pimlico,1934 deaths

paragraph: Arthur Foord Hughes

paragraph: Arthur Foord Hughes (1856–1934) was an English genre and landscape artist.

paragraph: Hughes was born in Pimlico, London, England, the son of the Pre-Raphaelite painter Arthur Hughes, and his wife and former model, Tryphena Foord.He was the cousin of Edward Robert Hughes, also an artist.

paragraph: A page containing four figure studies, made by Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1857, including one of Hughes as a baby, is in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. He was also the model for the title character in his father's illustrations for "Tom Brown's School Days".

paragraph: He had four siblings, including a sister, Emily, who survived him. He is buried at Hastings Cemetery.

paragraph: His works feature in several public collections, including "Ringmer Windmill" (late 19th century watercolour) and "Bexhill Downs Mill" () at Brighton Museum & Art Gallery.

alias:
Arthur Ford Hughes
Arthur Hughes (junior)

description: English painter

wikidata_label: Arthur Foord Hughes

wikipedia_title: Arthur Foord Hughes


text:
American
United States House of Representatives
4th congressional district
Tennessee
Sparta, Tennessee
White County
bar
Crossville, Tennessee
Democrat
Fifty-sixth
Fifty-seventh Congresses
interred
Henry C. Snodgrass
World War I
Milo Lemert

categories: Tennessee state court judges,1936 deaths,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee,1866 births,Tennessee Democrats

paragraph: Charles Edward Snodgrass

paragraph: Charles Edward Snodgrass (December 28, 1866 – August 4, 1936) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 4th congressional district of Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Snodgrass was born on December 28, 1866 near Sparta, Tennessee in White County, son of Thomas and Eliza Jane Evans Snodgrass. He attended the common schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He commenced practice in Crossville, Tennessee in 1888. He married Lola Adel Webb on June 30, 1889, and they had nine children.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses, Snodgrass served from March 4, 1899 to March 3, 1903, and was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1902.

paragraph: Snodgrass was a judge of the fifth judicial circuit of Tennessee. He was appointed and subsequently elected judge of the court of appeals upon the reorganization of that court and served from 1925 to 1934 when he retired to private life in Crossville, Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On August 4, 1936, Snodgrass died in Crossville at age 69 years, 219 days. He is interred at Crossville City Cemetery. He was the nephew of fellow Tennessee congressman Henry C. Snodgrass, and father-in-law of World War I Medal of Honor recipient Milo Lemert.

paragraph: The building on the courthouse square in Crossville where Snodgrass and his son practiced law has been renamed in his honor.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Charles Edward Snodgrass

wikipedia_title: Charles Edward Snodgrass


text: British

text: Member of Parliament

text: Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves

text: Irish peerage

text: House of Lords

text: House of Commons

text: Okehampton

text: Windsor

text: Milborne Port

text: Lord of the Bedchamber

text: Henry Bayly Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge

text: William Graves, 3rd Baron Graves

text: Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough

text: Benjamin Hobhouse

text: Isabella Letitia Graves

text: Stephen Woulfe

text: Henry Richard Graves

text: Page of Honour

text: William

categories: UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1812–1818,1830 deaths,UK MPs 1818–1820,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,Suicides by sharp instrument in the United Kingdom,British politicians who committed suicide,1775 births,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies

paragraph: Thomas Graves, 2nd Baron Graves

paragraph: Thomas North Graves, 2nd Baron Graves (28 May 1775 – 7 February 1830) was a British peer and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Graves was the son of Admiral Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves. He succeeded his father as second Baron Graves in 1802, but as this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to an automatic seat in the House of Lords. He was instead elected to the House of Commons for Okehampton in 1812, a seat he held until 1818, and then represented Windsor from 1819 to 1820 and Milborne Port from 1820 to 1827, when he retired from the Commons to become one of His Majesty's Commissioners of Revenue of Excise. He was also a Lord of the Bedchamber and Comptroller of the Household to His Royal Highness Ernest Augustus, 1st Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale.

paragraph: Lord Graves married Lady Mary Paget, daughter of Henry Bayly Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge, in 1803. They had twelve children, five sons and seven daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Graves, 3rd Baron Graves (1804–1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Jane Anne Graves (4 January 1805 – 14 September 1881), married Capt. James William Cuthbert (1805–1874) on 15 December 1829

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Caroline North Graves (18 April 1807 – 27 October 1861), married Maj-Gen. Hugh Percy Davison (1788–1849), on 18 January 1844

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Louisa Elizabeth Graves (June 1808 – 30 June 1868), married Charles Fieschi Heneage on 28 August 1827 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Mary Elizabeth Charlotte (30 November 1810 – 25 December 1827)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Augusta Champagne Graves (May 1812 – 16 October 1844), married Hon. Rev. William Towry Law, son of Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough, on 15 March 1831 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Hester Charlotte Graves (4 January 1814 – 30 January 1880), married Edward Isaac Hobhouse, son of Benjamin Hobhouse, on 4 January 1832 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lt Hon. George Augustus Frederick Clarence Graves (17 February 1816 – 19 November 1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Isabella Letitia Graves (11 May 1817 – 26 October 1870), married Stephen Roland Woulfe, son of Stephen Woulfe, on 9 June 1853

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Henry Richard Graves (1818–1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capt. Hon. Adolphus Edward Paget Graves (26 January 1821 – 1 September 1891), Page of Honour, married Caroline Glubb Wriford in 1858 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Paget Trefusis Graves (6 September 1825 – 26 June 1826)

paragraph: He committed suicide in February 1830, aged 54, after reports that his wife was having an affair with the Duke of Cumberland. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son William. Lady Graves died in 1835.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thorne, R.J. "The House of Commons, 1790-1820, Volume 1". Boydell & Brewer, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.anatpro.com/index_files/Thomas_North_Graves.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/graves-thomas-1775-1830

alias:
Thomas Graves
Thomas North Graves

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Graves, 2nd Baron Graves

wikipedia_title: Thomas Graves, 2nd Baron Graves


text: Maximilian Karl Albert

text: Prince-Bishop of Bamberg

text: Landgravine Christine of Hesse-Wanfried

text: Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried

text: Haid

text: Bohemia

text: Kleinheubach

text: Baden

text: Venice

text: Carnival

categories: 1690 births,1738 deaths,People from Wertheim am Main

paragraph: Dominic Marquard, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (7 November 1690 – 11 March 1738) was the second Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort.

paragraph: He was the sixth son and ninth child of Maximilian Karl Albert, last Count and first Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1656 - 1718), and his wife Countess Maria Polyxena Khuen von Lichtenberg und Belasi (1658 - 1712). He was named after Marquard Sebastian von Schenk von Stauffenberg, (1644–1693) Prince-Bishop of Bamberg, who was his godfather.

paragraph: On 28 February 1712, he married Landgravine Christine of Hesse-Wanfried (1688 - 1728) a daughter of Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried by his second wife Countess Juliane Alexandrine of Leiningen-Dagsburg. Since his older brother had already died, unmarried and without children, at that time he was already Hereditary Prince. Dominic Marquard and Christine had thirteen children, nine of whom survived to adulthood:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Marie Christine zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (born and died in 1713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Thomas, 3rd Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1714 - 1789) married Princess Maria Charlotte von Holstein-Wiesenburg and had only a daughter Princess Leopoldine of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort who married her cousin, Charles Albert II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst; as widower he married morganatically Maria Josephine von Stipplin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Johann Philipp Ernst Karl zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1715 - 1734) unmarred

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Leopold Constantin zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1716 - 1770) unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Franz Carl Wilhelm Konrad zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1717 - 1750) married Baroness Josepha Schirndinger von Schirnding and had one son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Christian Philipp Josef Alexander zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1719 - 1781), married in 1773 Baronesse Franziska d'Humbert without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Johann Joseph Wenzel zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1720 - 1788) married Baroness Dorothea von Hausen und Gleichenstorff and had a son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Sophie Wilhelmine Marie zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1721-1749) married Charles Albert I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (1719-1793)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Theodor Alexander zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1722 - 1780) married in 1751 Countess Luise of Leiningen-Dachsburg-Hartenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- A son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Maria Leopoldina zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (1726 - 1759) married Conte Johann Josef Thomas de Giovanni Verclos

paragraph: BULLET::::- A son

paragraph: In 1718, he succeeded his father, and acquired various possessions that should influence the history of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim; in 1720 the Lordship of Haid and its castle in Bohemia, in 1721 the small market town Kleinheubach from the possession of the Counts of Erbach and 1730 the Lordship of Rosenberg in Baden, which derived the Catholic line of the family.

paragraph: On 17 July 1728, the wife died in childbirth. Dominic died ten years later, in Venice, where he had gone to attend the Carnival in disguise, and was buried there, but his heart was moved to the church of Wertheim.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martina Heine: "Dominik Marquard heiratete Hessin". In: "Wertheimer Zeitung" vom 28. Februar 2012

description: German nobleman


text: Delhi

text: miniatures

text: Jahangir

text: Herat

text: Afghanistan

text: Aqa Reza

text: Jahangir

text: Mughal empire

text: Ustad Mansur

categories: Mughal painters,17th-century Iranian people,17th-century deaths,1589 births,17th-century Indian painters

paragraph: Abu al-Hasan (Mughal painter)

paragraph: Abu al-Hasan (1589 – c. 1630), from Delhi, India, was a Mughal painter of miniatures under the reign of Jahangir.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abu al-Hasan was the son of Aqa Reza of Herat in western Afghanistan, a city with an artistic tradition. Aqa Reza had taken up employment with Jahangir before the latter's accession to the throne of the Mughal empire.

paragraph: Abu al-Hasan was initially trained by the emperor himself in his large studios and workshops but soon surpassed his father and his employer. Jahangir said of him that he had no equal and bestowed the title "Nadir-uz-Saman" ("Wonder of the Age") on him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The works.

paragraph: Abu al-Hasan's main task was the documentation of events at the imperial court, which resulted in many superb portraits. Not many of Abu al-Hasan's paintings survived, but those that identify him as the artist show that he also worked on a range of subjects including some everyday scenes.

paragraph: The most famous painting associated with his name, "Squirrels in a Plane Tree", is a masterful depiction of animal posture and movement that could only have been derived from direct observation. Since the painting depicts European squirrels unknown in India his work suggests that Jahangir's zoo may have held a few of these animals. Alternatively Abu al-Hasan may have accompanied Jahangir on one of his travels. The signature on the painting is confusing; "Nadir al-Asr" ("Miracle of the Age") is the title of Ustad Mansur, not of Abu al-Hasan, but the painting is definitely not Ustad Mansur's style. It is possible that both painters collaborated on this painting.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Abu al-Hasan

alias:
Abu’l-Hasan
Abu'l-Hasan
Abu'l Hasan

description: Mughal painter

wikidata_label: Abu al-Hasan

wikipedia_title: Abu al-Hasan (Mughal painter)


text:
British
Taunton
Somerset
India
Ceylon
London
William Knox D'Arcy
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Stanbridge Earls
Charles
Thomas John Greenway

categories: 1857 births,Grand Officers of the Order of the Lion and the Sun,1934 deaths,British businesspeople in the oil industry,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Anglo-Persian Oil Company,English businesspeople

paragraph: Charles Greenway, 1st Baron Greenway

paragraph: Charles Greenway, 1st Baron Greenway (13 June 1857 – 17 December 1934), known as Sir Charles Greenway, 1st Baronet, from 1919 to 1927, was a British businessman.

paragraph: Greenway was the son of John David Greenway of Taunton in Somerset. He was a Senior Partner in the firm of Shaw Wallace & Co of India and Ceylon and of R. G. Shaw & Co of London.

paragraph: He became associated with the Burmah Oil Company, and later joined forces with William Knox D'Arcy, of the Mount Morgan Mining Company, in developing the oil concessions d'Arcy had won from the Persian government. Together, and with capital from the British Government, they founded the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which made the Empire largely independent of other powers in the supply of petroleum, which had become of vital strategic importance. He resisted post-War pressure to privatize the company, to the great benefit of the Treasury.

paragraph: Greenway was created Baronet of Wenhaston in the County of Suffolk, in 1919, and in 1927 retired as chairman of Anglo-Persian Oil, and in recognition of his service to the nation was raised to the peerage as Baron Greenway, of Stanbridge Earls in the County of Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Greenway married Mabel, daughter of Edwin Augustine Tower, in 1883. He died in December 1934, aged 77, and was succeeded in his titles by his son Charles. Lady Greenway died in 1940. Thomas John Greenway, a prominent mining metallurgist in Australia, was a brother.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

description: British businessman

wikidata_label: Charles Greenway, 1st Baron Greenway

wikipedia_title: Charles Greenway, 1st Baron Greenway


text:
Giovanni Battista Bottrigari
Bologna
Ferrara
Torquato Tasso
Gioseffo Zarlino
Annibale Melone
Iain Fenlon
Grove Music Online
grovemusic.com

categories: Italian male composers,Italian music theorists,1612 deaths,Italian composers,1531 births

paragraph: Ercole Bottrigari

paragraph: Ercole Bottrigari (1531–1612) was an Italian scholar, mathematician, poet, music theorist, architect, and composer. The illegitimate son of Giovanni Battista Bottrigari, he was legitimized in 1538 and raised in his household in Bologna. He distinguished himself by reciting poetry at a court function and was rewarded with the orders of Knight of the Holy See and Lateran in 1542.

paragraph: Bottrigari published books of madrigals, including "Il primo libro di madrigali a quattro voci" (Venice, 1558) and "Libro terzo de madrigali a cinque voci" (Venice, 1583). In 1546 with the help of his father Bottrigari established a small private press, but very few works from it survive. In 1551 he married Lucrezia Usberti (died 1591). In 1576 he fled to Ferrara, where he got to know Torquato Tasso, and where he gathered information for his 1594 treatise "Il Desiderio, overo de' concerti di varii strumenti musicali". In 1586 he moved back to Bologna, where he was in touch with intellectuals such as Gioseffo Zarlino and Annibale Melone. His first musical treatise, "Il Patricio" (1593), dealt with classical subjects and was written in the form of a dialogue. "Mascara, overo della fabbrica de' teatri" (1598), never published, is an important work for modern scholars, describing theatrical structures and practice.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iain Fenlon. "Ercole Bottrigari", "Grove Music Online", ed. L. Macy (accessed May 20, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).

paragraph: Section::::Links.

paragraph: Massimo Redaelli's edition of Ercole Bottrigari's manuscript works and their English translations are available online at www.mimtt.co.uk. Il Trimerone was published in saggi musicali italiani http://www.music.lsu.edu/~smi/index.html.

alias:
E. Bottrigari
Hercole Bottrigari

description: Italian Renaissance man

wikidata_label: Ercole Bottrigari

wikipedia_title: Ercole Bottrigari


text: track and field athlete

text: 1938 British Empire Games

text: Hastings

text: Hastings High School

text: same event

text: British Empire Games

text: Sydney

text: Barbara Burke

text: netball

text: basketball

text: lawn bowls

text: 1979 Queen's Birthday Honours

text: Havelock North

categories: Burials at Hastings Cemetery, New Zealand,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,New Zealand netball players,Sportspeople from Hastings, New Zealand,Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand,2016 deaths,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand,New Zealand female sprinters,New Zealand women's basketball players,New Zealand female hurdlers,1916 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1938 British Empire Games

paragraph: Rona Tong

paragraph: Rona Iris McCarthy (née Tong, 22 August 1916 – 31 January 2016) was a New Zealand track and field athlete who won a bronze medal at the 1938 British Empire Games.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Born in Hastings on 22 August 1916, McCarthy was the daughter of funeral director Charles Oswald Tong and Florence Susannah Tong (née Jarden). She was educated at Hastings High School and then worked in the dressmaking trade. On 7 November 1939 she married Leslie James McCarthy at St Matthew's Church, Hastings, and the couple went on to have one daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Athletics.

paragraph: She won the New Zealand national 80 yards hurdles title in 1937, and went on to represent her country in the same event at the British Empire Games in Sydney the following year. She finished third in the final, 0.1 seconds behind the winner, Barbara Burke from South Africa. Competing in the 100 yards sprint at the same games, McCarthy finished last in her heat and did not progress.

paragraph: Section::::Other sports.

paragraph: McCarthy represented Hawke's Bay in both netball and basketball and was selected to play for New Zealand. However, planned internationals against Australia never took place. She coached both netball and basketball for almost 40 years, and was made a life member of the Hastings Netball Umpires' Association in 1967. She later took up lawn bowls, and served as president of the Kia Toa Bowling Club in Hastings.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In the 1979 Queen's Birthday Honours, McCarthy was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to sport, especially netball. She was inducted into the Hawke's Bay sporting legends hall of fame in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: McCarthy was widowed by the death of her husband in 1993. She died in Havelock North on 31 January 2016, and was buried at Hastings Cemetery.

description: New Zealand hurdler

wikidata_label: Rona Tong

wikipedia_title: Rona Tong


text:
track and field athlete
1938 British Empire Games
Blueskin Bay
Dunedin
1938 British Empire Games
Sydney
1950 British Empire Games
Auckland
World War II
Home Guard
second lieutenant
Sawyers Bay

categories: New Zealand military personnel of World War II,New Zealand male hammer throwers,1903 births,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,1982 deaths,Sportspeople from Dunedin,Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand,Athletes (track and field) at the 1938 British Empire Games

paragraph: Jim Leckie

paragraph: James George Leckie (9 October 1903 – 25 June 1982) was a New Zealand track and field athlete who won a bronze medal at the 1938 British Empire Games.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Born at Blueskin Bay, north of Dunedin, on 9 October 1903, Leckie was the son of William Gunn Leckie and Helen Cameron Leckie (née Farquharson). He married Daisy Isabella McIntyre on 22 August 1934, and they went on to have three children.

paragraph: Section::::Athletics.

paragraph: Leckie was a four-time winner of the New Zealand hammer throw title at the national amateur athletics championships, in 1932, 1945, 1946, and 1948.

paragraph: Selected to represent New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games in Sydney, Leckie was his team's flagbearer at the opening ceremony. He won the bronze medal in the men's hammer throw, with a best distance of . Leckie was also entered for the men's discus, but did not start.

paragraph: Twelve years later at the 1950 British Empire Games in Auckland, Leckie was the New Zealand team captain. He placed seventh in the men's hammer, recording a best throw of .

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: During World War II, Leckie was a member of the Home Guard, and was appointed as a temporary second lieutenant in February 1943. In civilian life, he was a schoolteacher, and was headmaster at Sawyers Bay School.

paragraph: Leckie died in Dunedin on 25 June 1982.

description: New Zealand hammer thrower

wikidata_label: James Leckie

wikipedia_title: Jim Leckie


text:
Labor Zionist
Mandate era
Knesset
Dukla
Austria-Hungary
Poland
Gymnasium
University of Cologne
aliyah
Haganah
Histadrut
gar'in
Mizra
Hapoel Hatzair
HaMerkaz HaHakla'i
Hashomer Hatzair
Solel Boneh
World War II
Yishuv
independence
first Knesset
Mapam
1951 elections
Ministry of Development

categories: Polish Jews,People from Dukla,Haganah members,Jewish socialists,Mapam politicians,German Jews,1895 births,University of Cologne alumni,Austro-Hungarian emigrants to Germany,1985 deaths,Zionists,German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine,Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine),Members of the 1st Knesset (1949–1951),Jews in Mandatory Palestine,Hashomer Hatzair members

paragraph: Menachem Bader

paragraph: Menachem Bader (, 20 September 1895 – 31 January 1985) was a Labor Zionist activist during the Mandate era, and later a politician who served as a member of the Knesset.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Dukla in Austria-Hungary (today in Poland), Bader's family moved to Germany during his youth. He studied in a Gymnasium, before studying economics at the University of Cologne. In 1920, the family made aliyah to Palestine.

paragraph: The year after immigrating, Bader became a member of the Haganah planning committee. A member of the Histadrut trade union, and later its Actions Committee, he was amongst the founders of the gar'in which established kibbutz Mizra. He was also a member of Hapoel Hatzair and HaMerkaz HaHakla'i, and in 1930 joined Hashomer Hatzair.

paragraph: He was amongst the founders of the Solel Boneh construction company and was involved in developing industry in kibbutzim. He also served as a delegate to several Zionist congresses, and was a deputy member of the Zionist Actions Committee. During World War II he served as an emissary of the Yishuv's rescue committee.

paragraph: Following independence in 1948 he worked as Director General of the Ministry of Labor and Construction. In 1949, he was elected to the first Knesset on the Mapam list, but lost his seat in the 1951 elections. Between 1955 and 1962 he worked as Director General of the Ministry of Development.

paragraph: He died in 1985 at the age of 89.

description: Israeli politician

wikidata_label: Menachem Bader

wikipedia_title: Menachem Bader


text:
pope
Western Schism
Catholic Church
antipope
Neapoli
Crete
Republic of Venice
Franciscan order
Oxford
Paris
Western Schism
Pope Urban VI
Lombardy
Giangaleazzo Visconti
Duke of Milan
Piacenza
Vicenza
Novara
Archbishop of Milan
cardinal
Pope Innocent VII
Council of Pisa
Pope Gregory XII
prelate
Kingdom of Aragon
Scotland
France
Duke Louis II of Anjou
investiture
Kingdom of Sicily
Ladislaus of Naples
canonical election
mendicant order
Bologna
the church of St. Francis
John XXIII
Greyfriars
Oxford
Regent's Park College, Oxford
Rodrigo Borgia
Pope Alexander VI
Papal selection before 1059
Papal conclave
The Peter of Candia Homepage

categories: 14th-century births,University of Paris alumni,Franciscans,1410 deaths,Burials at San Francesco (Bologna),Bishops of Novara,15th-century antipopes,Bishops of Piacenza,Archbishops of Milan,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Western Schism,Greek religious leaders,Greek cardinals,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Greek popes,Year of birth uncertain,People from Crete,Antipopes,Bishops of Vicenza

paragraph: Antipope Alexander V

paragraph: Peter of Candia or Peter Phillarges (c. 1339 – May 3, 1410) as "Alexander V" () () was a nominal pope elected during the Western Schism (1378–1417). He reigned briefly from June 26, 1409, to his death in 1410 and is officially regarded by the Catholic Church as an antipope.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alexander V was born near present-day Neapoli in Crete, then part of the Republic of Venice, in 1339. He was baptised Pietro Filargo, but is often known by the names Pietro di Candia and Peter Philarges.

paragraph: He entered the Franciscan order, and his abilities were such that he was sent to study at the universities of Oxford and Paris. While he was in Paris the Western Schism occurred; Philarges supported Pope Urban VI (1378–89). He returned to Lombardy, where, thanks to the favour of Giangaleazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, he became bishop, first of Piacenza (1386), then of Vicenza (1387), then of Novara (1389), and finally Archbishop of Milan (1402).

paragraph: On being created cardinal by Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406) in 1405, he devoted all his energies to the reunion of the Church, in spite of the two rival popes. He was one of the promoters of the Council of Pisa and his political maneuvers incurred the displeasure of Pope Gregory XII (1406–1415), who ordered Philarges deprived of both his dignities as archbishop and cardinal.

paragraph: At the Council of Pisa (from March 25, 1409), the assembled cardinals chose Philarges as the new prelate for a chair they presumed was vacant. He was crowned on June 26, 1409, as Alexander V, making him in reality the third rival pontiff. Following his election, most polities in Europe recognised him as the true pontiff with the exceptions of the Kingdom of Aragon and Scotland, which remained loyal to the Avignon pope, and various Italian states, which adhered to the Roman pope.

paragraph: During his ten-month reign, Alexander V's aim was to extend his obedience with the assistance of France, and, notably, of Duke Louis II of Anjou, upon whom he conferred the investiture of the Kingdom of Sicily, having removed it from Ladislaus of Naples. He proclaimed and promised rather than effected a certain number of reforms: the abandonment of the rights of "spoils" and "procurations", and the re-establishment of the system of canonical election in the cathedral churches and principal monasteries. He also gave out papal favours with a lavish hand, from which the mendicant orders benefitted especially.

paragraph: Alexander V suddenly died while he was with Cardinal Baldassare Cossa at Bologna, on the night of 3–4 May 1410. His remains were placed in the church of St. Francis at Bologna. A rumour, though now considered false, spread that he had been poisoned by Cossa, who succeeded him as John XXIII (1410–1415).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The "Popes drinking society at Greyfriars, Oxford, is traditionally held to have been founded by Philarges during his time at the university. With the closure of Greyfriars in 2008, the society is now populated mainly by students of Regent's Park College, Oxford.

paragraph: Alexander V is still numbered with subsequent popes since his official status as an antipope was not asserted until the 20th century. Because of this Rodrigo Borgia took the name Pope Alexander VI in 1492.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal selection before 1059

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal conclave (since 1274)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Peter of Candia Homepage

description: Catholic cardinal and antipope

wikidata_label: Antipope Alexander V

wikipedia_title: Antipope Alexander V


text: Slovak

text: motorcycle speedway

text: FALUBAZ Zielona Góra

text: Polish Speedway Ekstraliga

text: Polish

text: Polish

text: Toruń

text: Individual U-21 World Championship

text: Pardubice

text: Speedway European Championship

text: Individual European Championship

text: Individual U-19 European Championship

text: Częstochowa

text: Tarnów

text: Slovakia national speedway team

categories: Polish people of Slovak descent,People from Žarnovica District,Polish speedway riders,1990 births,Slovak speedway riders,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Martin Vaculík

paragraph: Martin Vaculík (born 5 April 1990) is a Slovak motorcycle speedway rider who is riding for the FALUBAZ Zielona Góra in the Polish Speedway Ekstraliga.

paragraph: Vaculík has a Polish citizenship also. On the 6 May 2008 he gained a Polish speedway licence ("Licencja "Ż"") at Toruń. Since 4 June he has taken part in the Polish Championships as a Polish domestic rider (as Martin Vaculik).

paragraph: Section::::Career details.

paragraph: Section::::Career details.:World Championships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individual U-21 World Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2007 - 12th place in the Semi-final 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 - Pardubice - 5th place (9 pts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2009 - 16th place in the Semi-Final 1"

paragraph: Section::::Career details.:European Championships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speedway European Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - European Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individual European Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2008 - withdrew from the Qualifying Round 3"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individual U-19 European Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - Częstochowa - 6th place (10 pts + 4th in Rune-Off)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - Tarnów - 3rd place (13 pts + 2nd in Run-Off)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slovakia national speedway team

description: Slovakian speedway rider

wikidata_label: Martin Vaculík

wikipedia_title: Martin Vaculík


text:
New Zealand
swimming
1938 British Empire Games

categories: Swimmers at the 1938 British Empire Games,New Zealand female swimmers,1915 births,2002 deaths,Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand

paragraph: Mona Leydon

paragraph: Monica "Mona" Annie Leydon-Smith (22 January 1915 – 2 April 2002) was a New Zealand swimming representative. She represented New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games where she won the bronze medal in the women's 440 yards freestyle.

description: New Zealand swimmer

wikidata_label: Mona Leydon

wikipedia_title: Mona Leydon


text:
American football
running back
kickoff returner
Arizona Cardinals
2009 NFL Draft
college football
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Steelers
Robert Morris Colonials football
Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Greater Johnstown High School
football
baseball
wrestling
track
college football
University of Pittsburgh
Panthers
LeSean McCoy
2007
Arizona Cardinals
2009 NFL Draft
Kurt Warner
Carolina Panthers
Rob Bironas
Tennessee Titans
Oakland Raiders
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Dallas Cowboys
Kevin Kolb
restricted free agent
Pittsburgh Steelers
Tennessee Titans
Arizona Cardinals bio
LaRod Stephens-Howling

categories: Sportspeople from Johnstown, Pennsylvania,1987 births,American football return specialists,American football running backs,Pittsburgh Panthers football players,Players of American football from Pennsylvania,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: LaRod Stephens-Howling

paragraph: LaRod Stephens-Howling (born April 26, 1987) is a former American football running back and kickoff returner. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the seventh round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Pittsburgh. He was also a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Stephens-Howling now serves as the running backs coach for Robert Morris Colonials football.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Stephens-Howling is a native of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He attended Greater Johnstown High School, where he competed in football, baseball, wrestling, and track.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Stephens-Howling played college football for the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. He was the starter for the Panthers before being replaced by future NFL Pro Bowl running back LeSean McCoy in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Stephens-Howling was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the seventh round of the 2009 NFL Draft with the 240th overall pick. In addition to playing running back, Stephens-Howling returned kickoffs for the team. On November 1, 2009, Stephens-Howling recorded his first NFL touchdown on a 14-yard reception from quarterback Kurt Warner against the Carolina Panthers. On November 29, 2009, Stephens-Howling returned a Rob Bironas kickoff 99 yards for a touchdown against the Tennessee Titans. On September 26, 2010, Stephens-Howling returned the opening kickoff 102 yards for a touchdown against the Oakland Raiders. On October 31, 2010, he scored his first rushing touchdown after bouncing out near the sidelines and running 30 yards against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On December 4, 2011, Stephens-Howling scored the game-winning touchdown in overtime against the Dallas Cowboys on a 52-yard reception from Kevin Kolb. He became a restricted free agent following the 2011 season, but was re-signed by the Cardinals on April 16, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Stephens-Howling signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers on April 26, 2013. At the beginning of the 2013 season against the Tennessee Titans, he tore his ACL and missed the rest of the season after undergoing surgery.

paragraph: After his time with the Steelers, Stephens-Howling did not sign with another NFL team.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arizona Cardinals bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- LaRod Stephens-Howling

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: LaRod Stephens-Howling

wikipedia_title: LaRod Stephens-Howling


text:
American football
defensive end
Mission Viejo High School
Los Angeles Times
Orange County Register
Long Beach Press-Telegram
University of Oregon
All-American
Lott Trophy
Ted Hendricks Award
Pac-10
2009 NFL Draft
Seattle Seahawks
Lawrence Jackson
Jacksonville Jaguars
Philadelphia Eagles
Pittsburgh Steelers
Chicago Bears
Tim Crowder
Minnesota Vikings
Oregon Ducks bio
Seattle Seahawks bio

categories: Minnesota Vikings players,Seattle Seahawks players,1987 births,American football defensive ends,Sportspeople from Orange County, California,Chicago Bears players,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Oregon Ducks football players,Living people,Sportspeople from Oakland, California

paragraph: Nick Reed

paragraph: Nicholas Matthew Reed (born September 1, 1987) is a former American football defensive end.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: As a senior at Mission Viejo High School, Reed was credited with 65 tackles, 10 quarterback sacks and two fumble recoveries as a senior to earn All-Orange County Region by the Los Angeles Times and defensive player of the year accolades by the Orange County Register. He was also honored as First-team All-CIF Southern Section, CIF Southern Section Division II co-defensive player of the year, South Coast League defensive MVP and received votes on the Long Beach Press-Telegram Best in the West balloting.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Reed finished at the University of Oregon with a school-record 29.5 sacks, which ranks fourth in Pac-10 history. His 51.5 tackles behind the line of scrimmage also is a school record. He was also a two-time First-team Academic All-American. Reed was an All-American in 2008 after totaling 53 tackles (35 solo) with 20 going for losses and 13 sacks and forcing two fumbles and leading the nation with five fumble recoveries. He was also one of eight semi-finalists for the Lott Trophy and one of six finalists for the Ted Hendricks Award and was First-team All-Pac-10. In 2007, Reed played in and started all 13 games and had 60 tackles (30 solo) and 22.5 of them being for a loss. He also had 12 sacks and was a Second-team All-American (SI.com) and a First-team All-Pac-10 selection as well as a finalist for the Ted Hendricks Defensive End of the Year Award. In 2006, he played in 13 games and started 10 and had 30 tackles (15 solo) and six went for losses and 3.5 sacks. In 2005, he played in 12 games and totaled 5 tackles, three for losses and one a sack.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Reed was selected in the seventh round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Seattle Seahawks. He made the final roster after an impressive performance in his rookie preseason and served primarily as Seattle's situational pass rushing specialist. On October 11, 2009, he returned a fumble forced by defensive end Lawrence Jackson 79 yards for a touchdown against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Reed also recorded his first NFL sack during that game. On September 4, 2010, the Seahawks announced that the team had reached an injury settlement with Reed and that he would be released.

paragraph: On November 9, 2010, Reed worked out for the Philadelphia Eagles but was not offered a contract. During the week of November 21, 2010, Reed worked out for the Pittsburgh Steelers but was not offered a contract.

paragraph: On January 20, 2011, Reed signed a futures contract with the Chicago Bears. He made the team's 53-man roster in the final rounds of cuts on 3 September 2011.

paragraph: On November 14, 2011, Reed was waived by the Bears.

paragraph: On December 13, 2011, Reed was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On March 22, 2012 Tampa Bay Buccaneers announced the release of Reed along with teammate Tim Crowder.

paragraph: On May 15, 2012, Reed was signed by the Minnesota Vikings to a 2-year contract. On August 31, 2012 as the Vikings reduced their roster down to league maximum of 53 players, he was released.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oregon Ducks bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Seahawks bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Nick Reed

wikipedia_title: Nick Reed