text: Legend of a Cowgirl

text: Hot 100

text: UK Singles Chart

text: Chupacabra

text: Columbia Records

text: Heatseekers Albums

text: You All Dat

text: Ipecac Records

text: The Black & White Album

text: Little Jackie

text: Adam Pallin

text: The World Should Revolve Around Me

text: New York Goes to Hollywood

text: Pop 100

text: The Stoop

text: S-Curve

text: Queen of Prospect Park

text: Long Island

text: welfare

text: jazz

text: bass

text: Bessie's Blues

text: violin

text: Michael Mangini

text: Digable Planets

text: recording contract

text: Columbia Records

text: MTV

text: Torn

text: De La Soul

text: Neneh Cherry

text: Soul Kitchen

text: Lilith Fair

text: Sarah McLachlan

text: Baha Men

text: You All Dat

text: Michael Mangini

text: Coppola's debut album

text: UK Singles Chart

text: Irish Singles Chart

text: Sandra Bernhard

text: off-Broadway

text: The Love Machine

text: Staten Island

text: Maia Sharp

text: Fine Upstanding Citizen

text: Out

text: Alice Russell

text: Peeping Tom

text: Late Night with Conan O'Brien

text: Ipecac Recordings

text: Faith No More

text: Mike Patton

text: The Black & White Album

text: AllMusic

text: Reverbnation

text: Bandcamp

text: Tim Myers

text: Butter

text: Tarka Cordell

text: Lily Allen

text: Alice Temple

text: Alice Smith

text: Blackalicious

text: Chief Xcel

text: Hip Hop DX

text: West Hollywood

text: Meghan Trainor

text: Yahoo! Music

text: Rachel Platten

text: Coney Island

text: Mermaid Parade

text: S-Curve Records

text: Little Jackie

text: Adam Pallin

text: Gnarls Barkley

text: Blues & Soul

text: The Stoop

text: S-Curve Records

text: The World Should Revolve Around Me

text: UK Albums Chart

text: Queen of Prospect Park

text: I Don't Know How She Does It

text: Grey's Anatomy

text: Bedford-Stuyvesant

text: Afrodite

text: CD Baby

categories: 1978 births,American female rappers,American alternative rock musicians,American punk rock singers,21st-century American rappers,Ipecac Recordings artists,American hip hop singers,Female punk rock singers,American violinists,21st-century women singers,Women in hip hop music,State University of New York at Purchase alumni,African-American female rappers,Alternative hip hop musicians,American people of Italian descent,Living people,African-American female singers

paragraph: Imani Coppola

paragraph: Imani Francesca Coppola (born April 6, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter and violinist. Her debut single "Legend of a Cowgirl" reached the top 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart in 1997. Her debut album, "Chupacabra", released by Columbia Records, was praised by critics and appeared on the US Heatseekers Albums chart. In 2001, Coppola appeared as a guest artist on the Baha Men single "You All Dat", which broke the top 10 in Australia and gave Coppola her second entry on the "Billboard" Hot 100 to date.

paragraph: Coppola released several independently-recorded albums in the early 2000s as well as starring in the musical film, The Singing Biologist where she wrote the music for the movie. In 2007, she was signed to Ipecac Records, and the same year released "The Black & White Album". The album was met with favorable reviews from music critics and marked a comeback for Coppola. The following year, she formed the pop/R&B duo Little Jackie with programmer Adam Pallin. Their debut single, "The World Should Revolve Around Me", reached the top 40 in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The song was used as the theme for the VH1 reality TV series "New York Goes to Hollywood", and peaked at number 90 on the "Billboard" Pop 100 airplay chart. The duo's debut album, "The Stoop", was released by S-Curve in 2008, though it peaked outside of the top 100 in the United Kingdom, and the duo were dropped from the label. Following "The Stoop", Coppola released two more solo records: "The Glass Wall", in 2012, and "Hypocrites", in 2017. In addition to her solo work, Coppola has recorded two further albums as part of Little Jackie: "Made4TV", in 2011, and "Queen of Prospect Park", in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Coppola grew up as the second-youngest of five children in Long Island, New York. Coppola's lower-income family, headed by a black mother and Italian father, did not fit in, and she and her family were picked on. Her circumstances encouraged her independence and also her creativity, as her family, who received welfare, had little money to pay for entertainment. Her mother, a teacher, was the primary income earner, while her carpenter father was often out of work and refused to earn an income from his art.

paragraph: Coppola grew up surrounded by music, as her father is a jazz musician, her mother plays bass, and all of her siblings are musicians as well. She recalled, in an interview with "Amplifier" magazine, that her first musical memory is of her father, who was her biggest musical influence, playing the song "Bessie's Blues" "on a severely out of tune piano". She began playing violin at the age of six, eventually studying studio composition at the State University of New York at Purchase. She was not happy and left after one year.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1997–1999: Early success.

paragraph: During her time at college, Coppola made some demos and played them to music publisher Ross Elliot, the boyfriend of her older sister Maya. Elliot connected Coppola with producer Michael Mangini, known for his work with Digable Planets. While still in college, Coppola cut three demo tracks with Digable Planets that resulted in a bidding war for the artist among other labels. Coppola accepted a recording contract with Columbia Records in 1997.

paragraph: In 1997, Coppola released her debut single, "Legend of a Cowgirl". The song entered the top 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 within weeks of its release, eventually peaking at number 36 and spending a total of 20 weeks in the top 100. The single also achieved some success internationally, peaking within the top 40 in New Zealand and the United Kingdom and also charting in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. The song's accompanying music video became a hit as well, going into rotation on MTV and earning a nomination at the 1998 "Billboard" Music Video Awards, in the category of Best New Artist Clip: Pop. (The video eventually lost to Natalie Imbrulia's "Torn".)

paragraph: Coppola's debut album, "Chupacabra", was released in October 1997. The album elicited rave reviews from music critics, who favorably compared Coppola's music to that of De La Soul and Neneh Cherry. The album achieved a peak of number 47 on the "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums chart dated January 17, 1998, three months after the album's release. it spent a total of one week on the chart. The album also charted in the UK, where it peaked at number 138 on the UK Albums Chart. The album spawned a second single, "I'm a Tree", which samples The Doors' "Soul Kitchen". The song was unsuccessful, peaking only in Australia, where it reached number 201. That year, Coppola played Lilith Fair, although she was vocal about her opinion of Lilith founder Sarah McLachlan before the tour, indicating that she felt McLachlan was "boring to watch live". Coppola remarked that "I think she's a good songwriter, at times, and singer. She's boring to watch live, though."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2000–2006: Independent career.

paragraph: Columbia Records dropped her in 2000, subsequently shelving her second studio album, "Come and Get Me... What?!" Coppola had expressed frustration with the label's desire for her to sample other artists when she wanted to compose her music entirely by herself. Then 22, Coppola felt she needed to learn considerably more about music and art. Never having performed beyond high school musical theater, Coppola felt she had achieved success too easily, without truly working for it.

paragraph: In 2001, she was featured on a single by the Baha Men, titled "You All Dat". The song, which was produced by Michael Mangini (who had previously produced Coppola's debut album), was successful upon its release, becoming a top 10 hit in Australia, where it peaked at number 8, giving Coppola her first top 10 hit in that region; it achieved a peak of 21 in New Zealand. In the United States, the song entered the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it peaked at number 94. It became Coppola's last US chart entry as a solo artist.

paragraph: The single also achieved success throughout Europe: it became a top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart, where it achieved a peak of number 14, and on the Irish Singles Chart, on which it peaked at number 26. The song also charted in Austria, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland.

paragraph: Without a major label behind her, Coppola started recording music at home in 2001; that same year, Coppola was part of the band supporting Sandra Bernhard in her off-Broadway production of "The Love Machine". During this time, Coppola also starred in a movie, " The Singing Biologist", playing Rose, the titular character. In 2004, Coppola released "Afrodite", a neo-funk record that "Vibe" retrospectively deemed "excellent." By 2004, Coppola was playing acoustic guitar in small clubs like Forum in New York City with her drummer Alex Elana, in the Two Shadow Posse. These performances were not well-attended, and Coppola hated performing them. During this time period, Coppola fell into poverty and was forced to move to Staten Island.

paragraph: In 2005, she launched her own website and opened an online music store where she sold her independent albums; she decorated and packaged each copy of the album by hand. In that year, she also co-wrote the title track on Maia Sharp's "Fine Upstanding Citizen", which "Out" Magazine deemed the album's strongest track. The following year, she contributed a song, titled "Woodstock", to American vocalist Alice Russell's debut album, "For Lovers, Dreamers, and Me". In May of that year, Coppola performed with Peeping Tom on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Subsequently, she went on tour with the band. In an interview with Erin Broadley in November 2007, Coppola indicated that she had enjoyed the experience of working with Patton and other artists, which she found artistically open.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2007–2009: "The Black & White Album".

paragraph: In 2007, Coppola was signed to Ipecac Recordings, which was started by Faith No More frontman Mike Patton. In November of that year, the label released Coppola's eighth studio album, "The Black & White Album", her first "easily-available release" since her debut album, released a decade before, according to AllMusic. Upon its release, the album received favorable reviews from music critics, earning a score of 75 out of 100 on review aggregate site Album of the Year. The album spawned two singles: "Raindrops from the Sun (Hey, Hey, Hey)", which appeared in an episode of Grey's Anatomy (titled "Kung Fu Fighting"), and "Woke Up White", which "Spin" included on their list of "Songs You Need to Download Now!" in their October 2007 issue. In November 2007, Coppola said in interview that she was unsure if she was going to tour to support "The Black & White Album", citing financial concerns. She said, "I don't even have a car. I don't know, I would love to put together at least one banging show together for this album. Definitely, it deserves that."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2010–2016: "The Glass Wall" and collaborations.

paragraph: Coppola took a break from her solo work to focus on Little Jackie; in 2010, Coppola released a new EP via Reverbnation, titled "Imani's Magic Chicken Soup EP". It included one single - "Over It", which had an accompanying music video.

paragraph: In 2012, Coppola released her ninth solo studio album, "The Glass Wall", via Bandcamp. The album is named for the New York City studio at which it was recorded.

paragraph: That year, she also contributed "Celebrate", recorded with Tim Myers, to the soundtrack for "Butter". Two years later, in 2014, Coppola recorded a song titled "Perfect Days", which was written by Tarka Cordell. The song was featured on a charity compilation honoring the songwriter; other contributors included Lily Allen, Alice Temple, and Alice Smith. The following year, in 2015, Coppola collaborated with Blackalicious on "The Sun", performing the song's chorus. Regarding the collaboration, Chief Xcel told Hip Hop DX that "she’s just a genius, Imani Coppola. She’s one of the most brilliant writers I’ve ever worked with [...] We’d done quite a few versions actually of that, and all were really, really dope. But when Imani heard it and she put her thing on it, I was like, 'That was it...'" In 2015, Coppola traveled to West Hollywood to work on her singing career.

paragraph: In 2016, Coppola co-wrote and co-produced Hailey Knox's debut single, "Geeks", which was praised by Meghan Trainor; Coppola also wrote another of Knox's songs, "Awkward", with Michael Mangini, whom she had previously worked with on her debut album and in Little Jackie.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2017–present "Hypocrites".

paragraph: On July 21, 2017, Coppola premiered a new single, "Just Feels Good", via Yahoo! Music. Coppola had originally written the song with Rachel Platten in mind, but after Platten passed on it, Coppola decided to record it herself. The music video was shot at Coney Island's annual Mermaid Parade. "Hypocrites", Coppola's twelfth studio album, which was crowdfunded using PledgeMusic, was released on the same day as the release of "Just Feels Good". Coppola produced the album, along with co-producer Josh Valleau.

paragraph: On September 25, 2017, Coppola released the album's second single, "Mixed Nut". Coppola stated that the song "poke(s) fun at some current social trends, such as speaking in a manner that makes it sound like you’re always asking a question when you’re actually making a statement. The term for it is ‘up speak,’ and I find it to be incredibly irritating even though I am sometimes guilty of doing it. Another pet peeve of the zeitgeist is this fixation people have with claiming not to be ‘one to judge.’ Please, if you are a human being, you judge." The accompanying music video filmed and edited by Vonesper Studios was shot in her apartment using her artwork as backdrops and premiered on Yahoo!Music.

paragraph: Section::::Little Jackie.

paragraph: In 2007, Coppola was signed to S-Curve Records as part of the duo Little Jackie, with whom she collaborated with producer and multi-instrumentalist Adam Pallin. Coppola sees Little Jackie as an opportunity to get back into pop and also to generate the income she needs to follow her dream of developing artists herself. She indicates that "genre-bending acts" like Gnarls Barkley enabled her to return to the music industry.

paragraph: Speaking in July 2008 to noted UK R&B writer Pete Lewis of "Blues & Soul", Coppola stated: "Whereas, in my opinion, Imani Coppola is a REAL artist, Little Jackie represents my 'POPULAR artist' side [...] And to me this is probably my last attempt at becoming a superstar! If it blows up — WONDERFUL! If I become a superstar — FANTASTIC!... And if I don't, I guess I'll stay very happy just being a crazy-lady artist — making art every day and having that be my food!"

paragraph: The duo has released three albums. Their first, "The Stoop", was released in July 2008 by S-Curve Records. The album's lead single, "The World Should Revolve Around Me", became a top 20 hit in the United Kingdom and was featured as the theme song for the VH1 reality TV series "New York Goes to Hollywood", in which Little Jackie make a guest appearance. The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics, earning a score of 64 out of 100 on review aggregate site Album of the Year. The album peaked at number 138 on the UK Albums Chart. In 2011, Little Jackie released their second album "MADE4TV" independently on their own Plush Moon Records. Their third album, "Queen of Prospect Park", was released on 30 September 2014. It featured two songs that appeared in "I Don't Know How She Does It"—"We Got It" and "Move to the Beat"—and "Lose It", which was featured in an episode of "Grey's Anatomy".

paragraph: Section::::Musical style.

paragraph: Coppola says her songwriting is fused through a "pop sensibility". She indicates that her tastes and musical influences are diverse, including classical, which she acknowledges can be a problem in an industry that wants its artists to be clearly defined. Coppola decided to write in whatever genre she wanted. She describes her focus on "The Black and White Album" as "more experimental, more punk, more rock".

paragraph: Coppola uses a different process when she is songwriting for herself from when she is songwriting for another artist or writing on speculation. She says, "My brain changes, my thought processes, my body language changes, the way I work changes...; When you do work for other artists, it’s definitely more of a job and it requires a lot of tools."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Coppola lives in Bedford-Stuyvesant. She has commented that she struggles with the modern demands for accessibility in the music world, such as online interviews and video blogs. In making choices in her own life, she has stated that she is torn between respect and resentment at the legacy left by her parents, explaining, "My parents are both artists and we starved, we went through a lot of difficulty growing up because of their choices in life [...] When it comes down to making important decisions about my life and my foundation, you know, their artistic side haunts me. Like maybe I should just do what they did."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afrodite at CD Baby

description: American singer and musician

wikidata_label: Imani Coppola

wikipedia_title: Imani Coppola


text:
Anglican
priest
bishop
Bishop of Lancaster
suffragan bishop
Diocese of Blackburn
Hoskyns baronets
Shrewsbury School
Royal Naval College, Osborne
Dartmouth
Naval
Lieutenant
Westcott House, Cambridge
ordained
deacon
priest
Neville Lovett
Bishop of Portsmouth
Portsmouth Cathedral
curate
chaplain
Shrewsbury School
Harrogate
Second World War
RNVR
Vicar
Aldershot
episcopate
Cyril Garbett
Archbishop of York
York Minster
Bishop suffragan of Lancaster
Diocese of Blackburn
honorary assistant bishop

categories: 20th-century Anglican bishops,Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II,World War II chaplains,1903 births,1982 deaths,Royal Navy chaplains,Anglican Bishops of Lancaster

paragraph: Anthony Hoskyns-Abrahall

paragraph: Anthony Leigh Egerton Hoskyns-Abrahall (13 October 19031 May 1982) was an Anglican priest and bishop who served as the Bishop of Lancaster (a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Blackburn) from 1955 until 1975.

paragraph: Son of Bennet and of Edith née Tapp, and descended from the Hoskyns baronets, Hoskyns-Abrahall was educated at Shrewsbury School and trained at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, and Dartmouth), serving as a Naval Lieutenant as a Lieutenant he was PT instructor at RNC Dartmouth. He played Cricket for the Navy, Soccer for the Navl Officers, Rugby for Portsmouth Combined Services, he boxed for the Navy and had a handicap of about 2 at golf; before training for the ministry at Westcott House, Cambridge. He was ordained a deacon on 27 September 1931 and a priest on 18 December 1932 (both times by Neville Lovett, Bishop of Portsmouth, at Portsmouth Cathedral), and was a curate at St Mary's Portsea before becoming a chaplain at Shrewsbury School. He served St Wilfrid's Harrogate as chaplain, married Margaret Storey in 1937 — they had two sons and one daughter.

paragraph: During the Second World War was a chaplain with the RNVR and was then Vicar of St Michael's Aldershot (and later also Rural Dean of Aldershot) before his appointment to the episcopate. He was consecrated and ordained a bishop on 1 February 1955 by Cyril Garbett, Archbishop of York, in York Minster, and served as Bishop suffragan of Lancaster (in the Diocese of Blackburn) until his retirement on 1 January 1975. In retirement, he continued to serve that diocese as an honorary assistant bishop.

description: British bishop

wikidata_label: Anthony Hoskyns-Abrahall

wikipedia_title: Anthony Hoskyns-Abrahall


text: Los Angeles, California

text: optical printer

text: Water and Power

text: National Film Registry

text: California Institute of the Arts

text: Adam Beckett

text: Larry Cuba

text: Star Wars

text: Robert Abel

text: The United States of America

text: Water and Power

text: The Decay of Fiction

text: Official website

text: Canyon Cinema

text: Review of Decay of Fiction

categories: American experimental filmmakers,Artists from Los Angeles,Guggenheim Fellows,1939 births,Living people

paragraph: Pat O'Neill (filmmaker)

paragraph: Patrick O'Neill (born 1939 in Los Angeles, California) is an American independent experimental filmmaker and artist who has also worked in the special effects industry. Although his work embraces an extremely wide technical and aesthetic scope, he is perhaps best known for his startling, surrealistic, and humorous film compositions achieved through a mastery of the optical printer. His films and other artworks often reveal a complex and mysterious interest in the connections and clashes between the natural world and human civilization. O'Neill has also produced a prodigious body of work in drawing, collage, sculpture, installation, and many other media.

paragraph: His early 16mm films include "Runs Good" (1970), "Easyout" (1971), and "Down Wind" (1973). His later 35mm films include "Water and Power" (1989), "Trouble in the Image" (1996), and "The Decay of Fiction" (2002). On December 30, 2008, "Water and Power" was added to the National Film Registry.

paragraph: Prints of O'Neill's films are held in numerous archives and museums around the world, and his complete collection resides at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Film Archive, where several of his short works have been preserved. In 2009, "Water and Power" was preserved by the Academy in collaboration with O'Neill.

paragraph: He has also taught at the California Institute of the Arts. He influenced a generation of CalArts students, who include Adam Beckett, Robert Blalack, Chris Casady, and Larry Cuba, who all later went on to work on the special effects of the original Star Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "By the Sea" (with Robert Abel) (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bump City" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "7362" (1965–67)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coming Down" (aka "Heresy") (1968) (promo film for The United States of America)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Screen" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Runs Good" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Easyout" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last of the Persimmons" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Down Wind" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saugus Series" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sidewinder's Delta" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foregrounds" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleeping Dogs (Never Lie)" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Sweeps" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let's Make a Sandwich" (1978–82)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Water and Power" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trouble in the Image" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coreopsis" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Squirtgun Step Print" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Decay of Fiction" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horizontal Boundaries" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Put Out my Hands" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Open the Window" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Starting to go Bad" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Painter & Ball 4-14" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojo Caliente" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where the Chocolate Mountains" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pat O'Neill: Views From Lookout Mountain" by Paul Arthur, Howard Singerman, Erika Suderburg, and Julie Lazar ed.Steidl/Santa Monica Museum of Art, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pat O'Neill: Another Kind of Record". Los Angeles: The Ice Plant, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Interview with Pat O'Neill" David James. "'Millennium Film Journal" No 30/31 Fall 1997.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canyon Cinema

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of Decay of Fiction

description: American filmmaker

wikidata_label: Pat O'Neill

wikipedia_title: Pat O'Neill (filmmaker)


text: Charles Martel

text: Ruodhaid

text: archbishop of Rouen

text: Pepin the Short

text: Bernard

text: Hieronymus

text: Pope Paul I

text: Desiderius

text: Genealogie der Franken (German)

categories: History of Rouen,Frankish bishops,Year of birth unknown,Archbishops of Rouen,8th-century Frankish saints,8th-century archbishops,771 deaths

paragraph: Remigius of Rouen

paragraph: Remigius (or Remedius) (died 771) was the illegitimate son of Charles Martel and probably Ruodhaid. He was also the third archbishop of Rouen from 755 to 762. Along with his brothers, he was denied any claim to the legacy of his father. He became archbishop during the reign of his half brother Pepin the Short.

paragraph: Remigius is also known as Saint Remigius. His feast day is January 19. He was instrumental in implementing the Roman rite and chant in the Gallic church.

paragraph: Remigius also accompanied Pepin to Italy in 760 with his two brothers (Bernard and Hieronymus) to mediate between Pope Paul I and Desiderius.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogie der Franken (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint of the Day, January 19: "Remigius of Rouen" at "SaintPatrickDC.org"

description: Archbishop of Rouen

wikidata_label: Remigius of Rouen

wikipedia_title: Remigius of Rouen


text:
Jew
Spanish
physician
writer
astronomer
polemic
converted to Christianity
al-Andalus
baptised
Huesca
Kingdom of Aragon
St. Peter's Day
godfather
Alfonso I
al-Andalus
Judaism
Islam
John Tolan
magister
liberal arts
Henry I of England
Arabic science
Walcher of Malvern
Arabic system of astronomical
eclipse
Latin
translated
Arabic
Arabian Nights
Sindibad the Wise
The Tale of Attaf
didactic
comparative literature
Disciplina Clericalis
fables
Disciplina Clericalis
Joseph Jacobs
Caxton
Æsop
apologue
Disciplina Clericalis
Douce
Gesta Romanorum
Hebrew
Book of Enoch
Hebrew language
Piques
August Pichard
Friedrich Wilhelm Valentin Schmidt
Mosaic ("Old") Law
Talmud
Latin West
Rabbinical Judaism
Islam
Mohammad
Cambridge
astrolabe
Jacob ben Reuben (rabbi)

categories: Spanish Jews,11th-century Al-Andalus people,Medieval Spanish physicians,Medieval Jewish physicians of England,Christian anti-Judaism,Medieval Jewish astronomers,11th-century Jews,12th-century deaths,Spanish Roman Catholics,11th-century physicians,Medieval English medical doctors,Medieval Jewish physicians of Spain,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism,12th-century English people,11th-century births,12th-century astronomers,English Jews of the Medieval and Tudor period,Medieval Spanish astronomers,12th-century Al-Andalus people,Jews of Al-Andalus,11th-century astronomers

paragraph: Petrus Alphonsi

paragraph: Petrus Alphonsi was a Jewish Spanish physician, writer, astronomer, and polemicist, who converted to Christianity in 1106. He is also known just as Alphonsi, and as Peter Alfonsi or Peter Alphonso and was born Moses Sephardi). Born in Islamic Spain, he mostly lived in England and France after his conversion.

paragraph: He was born at an unknown date and place in the 11th century in Spain, and educated in al-Andalus, or Islamic Spain. As he describes himself, he was baptised at Huesca, capital of the Kingdom of Aragon, on St. Peter's Day, 29 June 1106, when he was probably approaching middle age; this is the first clear date we have in his biography. In honor of the saint Peter, and of his royal patron and godfather, the Aragonese King Alfonso I he took the name of Petrus Alfonsi (Alfonso's Peter).

paragraph: By 1116 at the latest he had emigrated to England, where he seems to have remained some years, before moving to northern France. The date of his death is as unclear as that of his birth. He was famous as a writer during his lifetime, and remained so for the rest of the Middle Ages, with over 160 surviving medieval manuscripts containing works of his. The most common are his "Dialogi contra Iudaeos" ("Dialogue Against the Jews"), an imaginary conversation between a Jew and a Christian, and "Disciplina Clericalis" ("A Training-school for the Clergy"), in fact a collection of Eastern fables.

paragraph: Petrus was born a Jew while living in al-Andalus, and after he rose to prominence, he converted to Christianity. This environment gave him an advantageous knowledge of Christianity, Judaism and Islam that would later prove useful in his polemics. John Tolan mentioned in his book "Petrus Alfonsi and His Medieval Readers" that "Alfonsi’s texts were received enthusiastically—he became an auctor, an authority to be quoted. His success was due in large part to his ability to bridge several cultures: a Jew from the [Muslim] world of al-Andalus." His knowledge of these different religions is what makes Alfonsi unique and why he is essential to be studied when looking at anti-Judaic polemics.

paragraph: Petrus’ upbringing placed him in an atmosphere that provided a significant impetus to launch him as one of the most important figures in anti-Judaic polemics. According to Tolan, Petrus Alfonsi was reared in a society in turmoil: a place of chaos and political instability, where Judaism was in conflict with science, and Islam and Christianity were becoming a larger influence. His background was conveniently placed in the centre of contention between religions and circumstances that surrounded his upbringing, and provided the framework for polemics that would shape Medieval Judaic perception.

paragraph: Section::::In England.

paragraph: In the "Dialogus" Alphonsi relates that he traveled to England as "magister" in liberal arts. He spent several years there as court physician of Henry I of England (reigned 1100-1135).

paragraph: The presence of Alfonsi in the West Country in the years before that date may have contributed to the flowering of Arabic science in that region from the 1120s onwards. He discussed astronomy with Walcher of Malvern. Petrus passed on the Arabic system of astronomical graduation. They may have collaborated on a work on eclipses.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Disciplina Clericalis".

paragraph: Alfonsi's fame rests chiefly on a collection of thirty-three tales, composed in Latin at the beginning of the 12th century. This work is a collection of oriental tales of moralizing character, translated from Arabic. Some of the tales he drew on were from tales later incorporated into "Arabian Nights", including the "Sindibad the Wise" story cycle (not to be confused with Sindbad the Sailor) and "The Tale of Attaf". It established some didactic models that would be followed by other medieval authors.

paragraph: The collection enjoyed remarkable popularity, and is an interesting study in comparative literature. It is entitled "Disciplina Clericalis" (A Training-school for the Clergy), and was often used by clergymen in their discourses, notwithstanding the questionable moral tone of some of the stories. The work is important as throwing light on the migration of fables, and is almost indispensable to the student of medieval folk-lore. Translations of it into French, Spanish, German, and English are extant. At the beginning of the 13th century an anonymous versifier rendered some sentences and tales from the "Disciplina Clericalis" by Petrus Alphonsi (1110 circa) into the elegiac metre. This was the origin of the "Alphunsus de Arabicis eventibus". Joseph Jacobs discovered some of the stories at the end of Caxton's translation of the fables of Æsop, where thirteen apologues of "Alfonce" are taken in fact from the "Disciplina Clericalis".

paragraph: An outline of the tales, by Douce, is prefixed to Ellis' "Early English Metrical Romances." Nearly all the stories are adopted in the "Gesta Romanorum". Chapters ii and iii were done into Hebrew and issued under the title, "Book of Enoch,". An early French translation of this Hebrew language extract was made prior to 1698 by Piques, and August Pichard published another version in Paris, 1838.

paragraph: Friedrich Wilhelm Valentin Schmidt produced a scholarly edition in 1827.

paragraph: Like many converts of his time, Alfonsi was accused of bad faith by the Jewish community and to counter this, as well as to show his zeal for his new faith he wrote a work attacking Judaism and defending the truths of the Christian faith. It became one of the most widely read and used anti-Jewish polemical texts of the Middle Ages, as Tolan shows. Alfonsi wrote the Dialogues in 1110; he presents them as a disputation between his former Jewish self (Moses) and his current Christian self (Peter). He divides it into twelve "Dialogues" or chapters: and the first four attack Judaism, the fifth attacks Islam, and the last seven defend Christianity.

paragraph: Up until the "Dialogi contra Iudaeos", the Augustinian tradition was followed in Christendom which allowed relative tolerance to the Jewish people, and for the most part up until this point the attacks on the Jewish people were localized and more importantly, not organized. There was no literature before Petrus Alfonsi’s "Dialogi" condemning Judaism as a whole. There was no document for people to latch on to and group up against the Jewish people.

paragraph: Alfonsi attempted to prove Christianity by disproving Judaism. For Alfonsi, there existed a difficulty in proving Christianity through the invalidity of Judaism since the basic tenets of Christianity originate in the Old Testament. At the time, some believed if a polemicist proves the nullification of binding of the Mosaic ("Old") Law, then "ipso facto" he or she also proves the invalidity of Christianity. He attempted to avoid this problem by challenging the Talmud and rabbis.

paragraph: This work presented a point of view contrary to previous Christian philosophy because Christians claimed that the Jews were blindly practicing the Old Law. Petrus Alfonsi initiated a differing idea that “the Jews no longer followed the Old Law; they follow a new and heretical law, that of the Talmud.” Petrus’ belief was that the Jewish leaders were knowingly and willfully leading their flock astray. He believed that they purposely lied in order to conceal their sin of killing Jesus, in spite of the fact that they knew that he was the Son of God. Petrus Alfonsi also claimed that the Talmud was written to keep the Jewish people from seeing that Jesus was the Son of God; he called the Talmud “a fabric of lies” and a “heretical book.”

paragraph: What makes this doctrine so radically different from some previous Christian polemics of the time is that they tried to prove the validity of Christianity by pointing out scriptures in the Old Law that confirmed that Jesus was the Son of God. With this belief, it portrayed the Jews as a people who would eventually see the truth and would ultimately convert to Christianity. Petrus’ new concept claimed that the Jewish leaders were blatantly lying and had attempted to cover up the truth. This new concept obviously would create a new type of tension between Christians and Jews, and Alfonsi inadvertently affected Anti Semites to rebring [deicide] as a charge against all Jews.

paragraph: The Augustinian tradition afforded Jews in Europe a tolerance throughout the Latin West that was not shared among other religions. This tradition did not place any emphasis on Judaism being heretical, but rather pointed to the fact that the Jews had a pivotal part to play in the spreading of Christianity. This doctrine was originally written to explain why Jews were not converting to Christianity. Since the Jews were the ones who had kept the law, it would seem logical that they would know whether the savior had come, and this seemed to present a problem within Christian society. Daniel Lasker said of Petrus’ ideology that “These innovations signaled the beginning of the end of the relative Christian tolerance of Jews and Judaism inspired by the writings of Augustine.” Other authors before Petrus had used harsher rhetoric; there was seldom any deviation from the Augustinian tradition.

paragraph: The Augustinian tradition assumed that, once the Jews’ purpose was served, they would convert to Christianity, but Jews in general were not converting and people were looking for a new explanation. Alfonsi attempted to explain this discrepancy by stating that Judaism is heretical, and that the Jewish leaders have knowingly covered up the truth. He made his claim specific to the religion and Jewish leaders, but not to the people as a whole. He did this through pointing out scientific inconsistencies in the belief of Judaism.

paragraph: Alfonsi’s polemical work did not signify that the twelfth century was filled with violence between religions, or that many who professed to be Christians were actively crusading against the Jews for conversion. At this time, the Augustinian tradition remained and Christians assumed that the Jews would just progress towards becoming Christians. During Alfonsi’s life, his work set the stage and afforded the language that would enable later persecutions, rather than his polemics developing out of Jewish persecution. Although Alfonsi may not have been the man who was forcibly converting Jews, his writings did enable later polemicist to fabricate even bolder claims of the Talmud including that it was satanic. These new writings and ideals influenced the thought of many others in the Latin West for years to come.

paragraph: Petrus Alfonsi’s "Dialogi contra Iudaeos" was not an entirely new polemical concept; he used the same arguments and cited the same Old Testament prophecies that polemicists before him had been using. Before Alfonsi’s "Dialogi contra Iudaeos", Medieval Latin knew very little about the religious beliefs and practices of the Jews living within their own city. Most Christians did not know the contents of the Talmud, and some did not even know of its existence. This lack of knowledge provided a problem for Christians who were trying to prove the superiority of Christianity over Judaism, and they were doing this without even knowing the basics of Judaism.

paragraph: What made Petrus Alfonsi’s work unique and gave him a level of influence that was unmatched by any of the preceding polemicists was his knowledge of Judaism combined with his new concept on how to perceive it. As stated earlier, Petrus’ unique upbringing gave him a particular advantage to be an authority on polemics. Because Petrus came from Iberia, a place where polemics were initiated from actual dialogue and actual knowledge of rival religions, he was able to bring his Andalusian polemic with his firsthand knowledge of Judaism out of Iberia to Latin Europe, and transform the Latin polemical tradition.

paragraph: The "Dialogi contra Iudaeos" represented a turning point in not only polemical strategy, but also the perception of Judaism. In the "Dialogi", Alfonsi argued with himself as his old Jewish self (Moses) and his new converted Christian self (Peter). What made this particular strategy of polemics so influential was the ability to control the argument legitimately without the need of a second party. Since the argument was between Judaism and Christianity, and Alfonsi was once a Jew and then a Christian, he was able to argue both sides with accuracy. By arguing against himself in the "Dialogi", he was able to set the parameters of the argument without any unforeseen issues from a second party. Petrus was able to make each side say what he wanted; because of this, it was authoritative, and became a damaging piece to the perception of the Jews.

paragraph: The polemics between Moses and Peter seemed to have a friendly tone in their voices, but the arguments that the "Dialogi" presented were a radically new way to attack Judaism. It was far more negative than any of the Latin works influenced by the Augustinian tradition. Alfonsi viewed Judaism as a conspiratorial, anti-Christian sect. Although he claimed that Judaism did follow the Old Law, he said that it is “only in part, and that part is not pleasing to God.” He also challenged the general idea that the Jews unknowingly killed the son of God, and said that they killed Jesus out of envy. He said that, “God revealed to their priests the Temple would be destroyed and the Jews scattered as punishment for the Crucifixion; the priests, out of malice and envy, hid this revelation from their people.”

paragraph: This was a clear deviation from the Augustinian tradition, and was only successful because of the unique position as a Jewish convert that Petrus Alfonsi occupied. Because of his knowledge of the Talmud and Judaism, that until then was unprecedented by Christian polemicists, it validated his anti-Judaic position. This knowledge made him an authority, and allowed some people to begin to question the longstanding Augustinian tradition of tolerance, which was problematic for the Jews on many different levels. This not only became a threat to Jewish communities in creating new contentions between Jews and Christians that had not previously existed, but also Jews had to worry about the possibility of losing their position of tolerance with Christendom. With these new polemical works came the issue of what was the purpose of the Jew. If the Jews’ position no longer fell in line with acceptance within Christendom, then they would be forced into a new role, that of intolerance.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Dialogi contra Iudaeos.:Various Arguments of the "Dialogi contra Iudaeos".

paragraph: Alfonsi’s claim that was the most deleterious to Jewish-Christian relations was that the Jews knew that Christ was the Son of God and still killed him. John Tolan says that “Alfonsi was the first Latin writer of anti-Jewish polemic to assert that the Jews were guilty of deicide .” In the tenth titulus of the Dialogi contra Iudaeos, Alfonsi declares “that Christ was crucified and killed by the Jews of their own spontaneous will.” He claimed that the Jewish leaders were a deceitful people that should not be trusted, and since he used to be a Jew whom followed Rabbinical Judaism, he was qualified to reveal their thinking process.

paragraph: When the Jews were accused of killing the Son of God, there were three responses given in an attempt to justify why this action was done. The first response was that the Crucifixion was necessary, according to Moses, for it “fulfilled his will.” The second point that Moses makes is that many of the Jews’ ancestors were not a part of the Crucifixion and were already living elsewhere in the world; Judah killed Christ, not Israel. The last point Moses makes is that the Jews had a right to kill him because they had a just judgment of Jesus being a magician. Peter retaliates with valid counterpoints that are clearly better constructed than Moses’ points. This is not to say that Moses’ arguments were not well thought out; it is merely that Peter puts together a better articulated argument. Once Moses conceded that Peter was making valid points, he questioned then why the Jews would kill Jesus, because there were many Jews that were known for their wisdom. Peter then says that “since they denied him and slew him from envy, this is why they are guilty of such a great crime". He said they decided to kill Christ “not in order to fulfill his will, but from the poison of hatred and envy.” Previous polemicists have claimed that the exile of the Jews was due to the Crucifixion, but what was new was the idea that at least a small number of rabbis knew that Jesus was the Son of God before they killed him and that the rabbis also knew this was the reason they were in exile.

paragraph: Petrus’ attack, although directed at Judaism, does not attempt to challenge the Jewish people; he reserves his polemics for the rabbis and rabbinical Jewish writings. This is particularly interesting because his polemics demonstrate that the Jewish people were not impenitently heretical but rather misguided by envious rabbis who wanted to retain power over the Jews. If this was the case, then there was hope for the Christians that the Jews could convert.

paragraph: This perception of the Jews being capable of conversion if they were just enlightened of the truth about the deceitful rabbis was not injurious to the Jews in the immediate future, but rather to Judaism as a whole over a long period of time. These concepts that flipped the Augustinian tradition upside-down laid the groundwork and afforded the language that would enable Christians to persecute the Jews for the purpose of conversion. According to Christians, once the Jews had discovered the truth that Alfonsi had, they would convert because the truth was self-evident. However, this was not the case and it gave Christians and later polemicist the impetus for developing a culture that would require a new position for the Jews.

paragraph: When Alfonsi used the Talmud in his arguments, his goal was to expose it as “devoid of divine inspiration” and he did this through proving the Talmud was “contrary to logical and scientific fact.” The way that Alfonsi used the Talmud was completely different from how Christians in the past had used it. Previously Christians would merely peruse the Talmud for inflammatory references to Jesus in order to invoke Christian disdain towards the Jews. When Petrus Alfonsi quoted from the Talmud, he ignored any such slanderous language, and focused on references that would contradict philosophical logic or scientific fact. He proved philosophical fact in his polemics by discussing how the corporeality of God could not exist because it contradicted the dominant Aristotelian theory, and that the Talmudic rabbis saw such scriptures as “God created man in his own image,” as literal. In the Dialogi contra Iudaeos Petrus attacked the mystical tradition called Shi’ur Qomah. He showed how science of his day clearly contradicted the Talmudic claim in hopes of discrediting the validity of it being divinely inspired.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Dialogi contra Iudaeos.:The Fifth "Titulus".

paragraph: As stated earlier, what made Alfonsi’s polemics unique is that he was born a Jew in al-Andalus and converted to Christianity. He not only had an immense knowledge of Christianity and Judaism, but he was also very well versed in Islam. He was the first Christian polemicist to have a well-rounded knowledge of the Islamic faith. Some Iberian scholars like Daniel Blackman have made ground breaking arguments that Alfonsi’s polemical work against Islam was not primarily meant to disprove it, but rather to use Islam as a means for disproving Judaism to Christians through association. This is not a claim that Alfonsi’s only goal in his Islamic polemics was to oppose Judaism, but rather that it was a strong underlining goal.

paragraph: Petrus established in the beginning of the fifth titulus that he was very knowledgeable in Islam, and it is evident that he wanted his readers to know that he had the authority to write about Islam. Since there was no real polemics about Islam at this time, it was important to make it known to his readers that he had the authority to write about Islam. To accomplish this, Petrus so arrogantly says that he “is not less convincing than if Mohammad himself were present…” This confidence in his knowledge of the Islamic faith allows the opportunity for the Dialogi to make a difference in the perception of Christians in Latin Europe.

paragraph: The fifth titulus in the Dialogi contra Iudaeos dealt specifically with polemics against Islam, and out of all twelve tituli, the fifth titulus was the only one that mentioned anything of Islam. Tolan argued that the fifth titulus was shorter and less developed than the other anti-Judaic tituli because he was just trying to convince a Jew of the invalidity of Islam; so there was no need to fully develop this titulus. Blackman argues differently about the fifth titulus, that it was written to associate Judaism with Islam. The fact that Petrus associated Moses with defending the Islamic faith makes this an argument against Judaism. Petrus does not directly say that this is his reason, but the Dialogi was written for Christians to read, not Jews. This document was one of the most important polemics written for Christians’ perception of Judaism. The Dialogi portrayed Judaism as defending Islam, so if Petrus could show Islam as invalid, then he could, through association, expose the invalidity of Judaism.

paragraph: Although Blackman believes that Petrus was motivated in part to write the Dialogi to help explain to Christians why Islam is false, if he really wanted to articulate a complete argument against Islam, he could have written a separate work that was against a Muslim and not a Jew. It seems very illogical for Petrus to write such an extensive work against Judaism, and then write one of the twelve titulus about Islam in the middle of the Dialogi. If the purpose of the fifth titulus is to be against Islam, it does not coincide with anything else in the Dialogi, and it is placed in the middle of it. If Petrus’ true intention of the fifth titulus was to prove the invalidity of Islam then he most certainly would have written an entirely different polemic and included the fifth titulus in that work.

paragraph: When one contrasts Alfonsi’s Judaic polemics to his Islamic polemics, there is much revealed about his thoughts on each religion. Petrus’ polemics against Judaism did not focus on how the religion was created or the people that were the original followers of the religion, but that is exactly how Alfonsi sought to defame Islam. He would use a different method of attack against Judaism by associating Judaism with Islam to the Christians.

paragraph: In the start of the fifth titulus, Moses conceded that Peter did not agree with Judaism, but then made the insinuation that Islam is a just religion, and that it is preferred over Christianity. Moses says that “Indeed [their] law is generous. It contains many commands concerning the pleasures of this present life, by which fact divine love is shown to have been greatest toward them… If you should investigate the basis of this law, you will find that it is grounded on an unshakable foundation of reason.” What Petrus attempted to do here is have Moses defend Islam. This was particularly important because he wanted a strong association in his readers’ minds between Judaism and Islam. His goal was to create a link in the minds of his readers so that they perceived Judaism and Islam to be synergistically working together against Christianity.

paragraph: Alfonsi never directly made this claim, but rather wanted his readers to think that Christianity was correct, and that opposing religions would work together before ever conceding that Christianity was the valid choice. He wanted the readers to believe that Judaism is only interested in disproving Christianity, and would even defend Islam if necessary. This was an effective method, because the readers of the Dialogi were Christians, and they would assume that since Christianity was correct, all other “false” religions would work together for the downfall of Christianity.

paragraph: By equating Judaism with Islam, Alfonsi helped strengthen his argument that Judaism is heretical. As stated earlier, Judaism had enjoyed the benefit of the Augustinian tradition, but by placing Judaism on the same level as Islam, it made Judaism as heretical as Islam.

paragraph: This association of Judaism with Islam may not have been as directly condemning as Alfonsi’s claims that Judaism was heretical, but this does in fact damage the perception of Judaism. Alfonsi’s purpose was to degrade the character of the Arabs and the origins of the Islamic faith to order to dismiss it as invalid. Petrus said of the Arabs that “the greater portion of the Arabs at that time were common soldiers and farmers, and almost all were idolaters, except for some who embraced the law of Moses in a heretical way…” He also said of Muhammad that, “Once he was transformed from the humblest pauper into a very rich man by this wealth, he burst forth into such arrogance that he expected that the kingdom of the Arabs would be offered to him…” This insinuation of the Arab people being idolaters and Muhammad being an arrogant man due to his wealth was meant to debunk the Islamic faith. Petrus was able to come out against Islam in a different way than Judaism because Christianity in no way bases its faith on Islam, so going after its history was the simplest task to accomplish. This was to show the Christian readers that there was no reason to defend Islam, and that anyone who did defend it must be doing so only to attempt to dismantle the validity of Christianity.

paragraph: Although it is not possible to prove with empirical evidence, Blackman believes that Petrus Alfonsi converted to Christianity because he honestly believed that it was right and the most logical choice to make. His surroundings suggested that his conversion was merely the product of opportunism and chaos, but when one begins to delve into the "Dialogi contra Iudaeos" it becomes apparent that he deeply believed what he wrote. Funkenstein agrees saying that he believes that Petrus’ motives for the writing of the Dialogi were fairly sincere. It is my belief that Petrus supposed that all Jews simply needed to see the truth and that the rabbis were lying out of envy to keep the populace subordinated. He saw himself in the Jews, and as long as they were being led by deceitful rabbis, they had no reason to convert. It was this ubiquitous ideal that was his greatest weakness when writing the Dialogi. Although this document was written for Christians, he intended it to help the Christians understand why the Jewish people were not converting. According to Alfonsi, as long as the rabbis of the present day remained in power, they were able to keep the Jewish people from seeing the truth. Alfonsi’s Dialogi was the single most important work in polemics for shifting the perspective of the Christians, and he assumed that his work would be able to convert the Jews. This was not the case. Although he was successful in changing the mindsets of the Christians toward the Jews, there was not the desired result of conversion but rather something he was against, a greater persecution of the Jews.

paragraph: A manuscript from the 12th century containing the work an be found at the Cambridge Historic Parker Library.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De dracone", in which he calculates movements of the stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Astronomia", contains an astronomical grid according to the Arab, Persian and Latin calendars. With them and the aid of an astrolabe it was possible to find out, with accuracy, the ascending positions of the sun, moon, and the five known planets.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carta a los peripatéticos franceses".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob ben Reuben (rabbi)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Divizia, "Novita per il volgarizzamento della Disciplina Clericalis", Milan: Unicopli, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David A. Wacks, "Framing Iberia: Maqamat and Frametales in Medieval Spain", Leiden: Brill, 2007. pp. 17–40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryan Szpiech, "Conversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic", Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. pp. 61–90. http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15053.html

paragraph: Editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petri Alfonsi Dialogus". Kritische Edition mit deutscher Übersetzung. Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann, Darko Senekovic, Thomas Ziegler (eds.), Peter Stotz (transl.), Firenze : SISMEL - Edizioni del Galluzzo 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. HILKA-W. SÖDERHJELM (edd.), "Petrus Alfonsi, Disciplina Clericalis", Heidelberg 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The scholar's guide. A translation of the twelfth-century Disciplina Clericalis of Pedro Alfonso", by Joseph Ramon Jones and John Esten Keller, Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pietro Alfonsi, "Disciplina clericalis. Sapienza orientale e scuola delle novelle", Cristiano LEONE (ed.), Laura MINERVINI (pref.), Roma: Salerno Editrice, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristiano Leone, "Alphunsus de Arabicis eventibus. Studio ed edizione critica", Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2011 (Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Anno CDVIII - Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche. Memorie. Serie IX - Volume XXVIII - Fascicolo 2). .

description: Spanish writer, astronomer

wikidata_label: Petrus Alphonsi

wikipedia_title: Petrus Alphonsi


text:
MOMO company
24 Hours of Daytona
Ferrari 333SP
Mauro Baldi
Arie Luyendyk
Didier Theys

categories: Italian racing drivers,Sportspeople from Milan,1940 births,2012 deaths,12 Hours of Sebring drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,24 Hours of Daytona drivers,Deaths from cancer in Italy

paragraph: Giampiero Moretti

paragraph: Gianpiero Moretti (20 March 1940 – 14 January 2012) was an Italian racing driver and the founder of the MOMO company in the 1960s. He was born in Milan.

paragraph: Moretti won the 24 Hours of Daytona, in 1998, driving a Ferrari 333SP with co-drivers Mauro Baldi, Arie Luyendyk and Didier Theys. Moretti died on 14 January 2012 in Milan of cancer. He was 71.

description: italian racecar driver

wikidata_label: Gianpiero Moretti

wikipedia_title: Giampiero Moretti


text: Tang dynasty

text: salt smuggler

text: Wang Xianzhi

text: Guangzhou

text: Chang'an

text: Emperor Xizong of Tang

text: Shatuo

text: Li Keyong

text: Zhu Wen

text: Shang Rang

text: An Lushan Rebellion

text: Sogdia

text: An Lushan

text: jiedushi

text: Wang Xianzhi

text: Yuanqu

text: Mudan District

text: Heze

text: Shandong

text: imperial examination

text: Emperor Yizong

text: Wang Xianzhi

text: Xinxiang

text: Henan

text: Tai'an

text: Shandong

text: Emperor Xizong

text: chancellor

text: Wang Duo

text: Huanggang

text: Hubei

text: Linyi

text: Shang Rang

text: Zhumadian

text: Shangqiu

text: Wuhan

text: Bozhou

text: Anhui

text: Huanggang

text: Chang'an

text: Kaifeng

text: Henan

text: Puyang

text: Pingdingshan

text: Xuchang

text: Luoyang

text: Yangzi River

text: Ganzhou

text: Jiangxi

text: Ji'an, Jiangxi

text: Shangrao

text: Xuancheng

text: Wuhu

text: Shaoxing

text: Zhejiang

text: Fuzhou

text: Gao Pian

text: Zhenjiang

text: Qin Yan

text: Bi Shiduo

text: Li Hanzhi

text: Lingnan

text: Jingzhou

text: Changsha

text: Guangzhou

text: Guangdong

text: Yu Cong

text: Abu Zayd Hasan of Siraf

text: Guilin

text: Guangxi

text: Xiang River

text: Tan Prefecture

text: Changsha

text: Changde

text: Jiangling

text: Liu Hanhong

text: Xiangyang

text: Yangzhou

text: Changzhi

text: Xuzhou

text: Baoding

text: Ma'anshan

text: Anhui

text: Chuzhou

text: Nanjing

text: Shaying River

text: Qi Kerang

text: Jining

text: Zhou Ji

text: Huai River

text: Doulu Zhuan

text: Cui Hang

text: Chen Jingxuan

text: eunuch

text: Tian Lingzi

text: Tong Pass

text: Baoji

text: Shaanxi

text: Zhang Zhifang

text: Lady Cao

text: Jiaozuo

text: Henan

text: Wang Jingwu

text: Weifang

text: Wang Chongrong

text: Yuncheng, Shanxi

text: Zheng Tian

text: Baoji

text: Wang Chucun

text: Tuoba Sigong

text: Yulin, Shaanxi

text: Pingliang

text: Gansu

text: Li Changyan

text: Weinan

text: Zhu Wen

text: Shatuo

text: Li Keyong

text: Qin Zongquan

text: Zhoukou

text: Zhao Chou

text: using them for food

text: Shi Pu

text: Kaifeng

text: Taiyuan

text: Yellow River

text: Zhengzhou

text: Laiwu

text: Boye

text: New Book of Tang

text: li

text: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

text: Buddhist monk

text: Song dynasty

text: Huizhu Lu

text: Zhang Quanyi

text: Luoyang

text: Curse of the Golden Flower

text: Hongwu Emperor

text: Taiping Rebellion

text: Yellow Turbans

text: Zhu Wen

text: Emperor Ai of Tang

text: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

text: Empress Cao (Huang Chao's wife)

text: Shang Rang

categories: Qi (Huang Chao),Tang dynasty poets,Generals from Shandong,9th-century births,Chinese emperors,Jewish Chinese history,Poets from Shandong,884 deaths,Writers from Heze,Chinese smugglers

paragraph: Huang Chao

paragraph: Huang Chao (835 – July 13, 884) was a Chinese smuggler, soldier, and rebel, and is most well known for being the leader of a major rebellion that severely weakened the Tang dynasty.

paragraph: Huang was a salt smuggler before joining Wang Xianzhi's rebellion in the mid-870s. After splitting with Wang, his army turned south and conquered Guangzhou. In 881, his troops captured the capital Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xizong of Tang to flee. Huang proclaimed himself the Qi emperor, but was defeated by the Tang army led by the Shatuo chieftain Li Keyong in 883 and forced to desert Chang'an. Following successive defeats, including to former subordinates Zhu Wen and Shang Rang who had surrendered to Tang, Huang was killed by his nephew Lin Yan.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The Tang dynasty, established in 618 A.D., had already passed its golden age and entered its long decline beginning with the An Lushan Rebellion by Sogdian general An Lushan. The power of the jiedushi or provincial military governors increased greatly after imperial troops crushed the rebels. The discipline of these generals also decayed as their power increased, the resentment of common people against the incapacity of the government grew, and their grievances exploded into several rebellions during the mid-9th century. Many impoverished farmers, tax-burdened landowners and merchants, as well as many large salt smuggling operations, formed the base of the anti-government rebellions of this period. Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao were two of the important rebel leaders during this era.

paragraph: It is not known when Huang was born, but it is known that he was from Yuanqu (within the present-day Mudan District of Heze, Shandong). His family had been salt privateers for generations (with the salt trade officially monopolized by the state ever since the Anshi Rebellion), and the Huang family became wealthy from smuggling. It was said that Huang was capable in swordsmanship, riding, and archery, and was somewhat capable in writing and rhetoric. He used his wealth to take in desperate men who then served under him. He had at least one older brother, Huang Cun (黃存), and at least six younger brothers, Huang Ye (黃鄴) or Huang Siye (黃思鄴), Huang Kui (黃揆), Huang Qin (黃欽), Huang Bing (黃秉), Huang Wantong (黃萬通), and Huang Sihou (黃思厚). He repeatedly participated in the imperial examinations, but was not able to pass them, and thereafter resolved to rebel against Tang rule.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.:Joining forces with Wang Xianzhi.

paragraph: Late in the "Xiantong" era (860–874) of Emperor Yizong, there were severe droughts and floods that caused terrible famine. Despite this, the Tang imperial government largely ignored the victims of these natural disasters—instead of granting tax exemptions for effected areas, taxes were increased to fund Emperor Yizong's luxurious lifestyle and military campaigns. As a result, survivors grouped themselves into bands and rose to resist Tang rule.

paragraph: In 874, Wang Xianzhi (who, like Huang Chao, was a salt privateer) and Shang Junzhang (尚君長) rose an army at Changyuan (長垣, in modern Xinxiang, Henan). By 875 he had repeatedly defeated Xue Chong (薛崇) the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) in battle. Huang had by this point also raised several thousand men, and joined forced with Wang's now veteran troops. By this time Emperor Yizong had died and his young son Emperor Xizong ruled.

paragraph: Late in 876, Wang was sought to parlay his victories into a peaceful submission to Tang authority, in which he would be generously treated by the throne. This was being mediated by Tang official Wang Liao (王鐐), a close relation to chancellor Wang Duo, and Pei Wo (裴偓) the prefect of Qi Prefecture (蘄州, in modern Huanggang, Hubei). Under Wang Duo's insistence, Emperor Xizong commissioned Wang Xianzhi an officer of the imperial Left Shence Army (左神策軍) and delivered the commission to Qi Prefecture. However, Huang, who did not receive a commission as part of this arrangement, angrily stated:

paragraph: He battered Wang Xianzhi on the head, and the rebel soldiers also clamored against the arrangement. Wang Xianzhi, fearing the wrath of his own army, turned against Pei and pillaged Qi Prefecture. However, afterwards, the rebel army broke up into two groups, with one group following Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang, and one group following Huang.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.:Subsequent departure from Wang.

paragraph: Huang Chao subsequently roamed throughout central China, and his campaign took him into many engagements with Tang forces:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In spring 877, Huang captured Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture (鄆州), killing Xue Chong, and then captured Yi Prefecture (沂州, in modern Linyi, Shandong).

paragraph: BULLET::::- In summer 877, he joined forces with Shang Junzhang's brother Shang Rang at Mount Chaya (查牙山, in modern Zhumadian, Henan). He and Wang Xianzhi then briefly joined forces again and put the Tang general Song Wei (宋威) under siege at Song Prefecture (宋州, in modern Shangqiu, Henan). However, the Tang general Zhang Zimian (張自勉) then arrived and defeated them, and they lifted the siege on Song Prefecture and scattered.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In winter 877, he pillaged Qi and Huang (黃州, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) Prefectures. The Tang general Zeng Yuanyu (曾元裕) defeated him, however, and he fled. He soon captured Kuangcheng (匡城, in modern Xinxiang) and Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Heze).

paragraph: In spring 878, Huang was sieging Bo Prefecture (亳州, in modern Bozhou, Anhui), when Wang Xianzhi was crushed by Zeng at Huangmei (黃梅, in modern Huanggang, Hubei) and killed. Shang Rang took the remnants of Wang's army and joined Huang at Bo Prefecture, and he offered the title of king to Huang. Huang, instead, claimed the title of "Chongtian Dajiangjun" (衝天大將軍, "Generalissimo Who Charges to the Heavens") and changed the era name to Wangba, to show independence from the Tang regime. He then captured Yi and Pu Prefectures again, but then suffered several defeats by Tang forces. He thus wrote the new military governor of Tianping, Zhang Xi (張裼), asking Zhang to ask for a Tang commission on his behalf. At Zhang's request, Emperor Xizong commissioned Huang as a general of the imperial guards, but ordered him to report to Yun Prefecture to disarm before he would report to the capital Chang'an. Faced with those conditions, Huang refused the offer. Instead, he attacked Song and Bian (汴州, in modern Kaifeng, Henan) Prefectures, and then attacked Weinan (衛南, in modern Puyang, Henan), and then Ye (葉縣, in modern Pingdingshan, Henan) and Yangzhai (陽翟, in modern Xuchang, Henan). Emperor Xizong thus commissioned troops from three circuits to defend the eastern capital Luoyang, and further ordered Zeng to head to Luoyang as well. With the Tang forces concentrating on defending Luoyang, Huang marched south instead.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.:March to Lingnan and alleged Guangzhou massacre.

paragraph: Huang Chao crossed the Yangzi River southwards and captured several prefectures south of the Yangzi—Qian (虔州, in modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi), Ji (吉州, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi), Rao (饒州, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi), and Xin (信州, in modern Shangrao). In fall 878, he then headed northeast and attacked Xuan Prefecture (宣州, in modern Xuancheng, Anhui), defeating Wang Ning (王凝) the governor of Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered at Xuan Prefecture) at Nanling (南陵, in modern Wuhu, Anhui), but could not capture Xuan Prefecture, and therefore further headed southeast to attack Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and then, via a mountainous route, Fujian Circuit (福建, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian) in winter 878. However, during this march, he was attacked by the Tang officers Zhang Lin (張璘) and Liang Zuan (梁纘), who were subordinates of Gao Pian the military governor of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and defeated several times. As a result of these battles, a number of Huang's followers, including Qin Yan, Bi Shiduo, Li Hanzhi, and Xu Qing (許勍), surrendered to the Zhenhai troops. As a result, Huang decided to turn further south, toward the Lingnan region.

paragraph: By this point, Wang Duo had volunteered to oversee the operations against Huang, and Wang was thus made the overall commander of the operations as well as the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei). In reaction to Huang's movement, he commissioned Li Xi (李係) to be his deputy commander, as well as the governor of Hunan Circuit (湖南, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan), in order to block a potential northerly return route for Huang. Meanwhile, Huang wrote Cui Qiu (崔璆) the governor of Zhedong Circuit and Li Tiao (李迢) the military governor of Lingnan East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), to ask them to intercede for him, offering to submit to Tang imperial authority if he were made the military governor of Tianping. Cui and Li Tiao relayed his request, but Emperor Xizong refused. Huang then directly made an offer to Emperor Xizong, requesting to be the military governor of Lingnan East. Under the opposition of the senior official Yu Cong, however, Emperor Xizong also refused, instead, at the chancellors' advice, offering to make Huang an imperial guard general. Huang, receiving the offer, was incensed by what he perceived to be an insult. In fall 879, he attacked Lingnan East's capital Guang Prefecture, capturing it after a one-day siege and taking Li Tiao captive. He ordered Li Tiao to submit a petition to Emperor Xizong on his behalf again, but this time, Li Tiao refused, so he executed Li Tiao. The Arab historian Abu Zayd Hasan of Siraf reports when Huang Chao captured Guang Prefecture, his army killed a large number of foreign merchants resident there: Muslims, Jews, Christians, and Parsees. The ethnicity of the killed were reported to be Persians, Arabs, and Jews.

paragraph: The death toll could have ranged from 120,000 to 200,000 foreigners. However Chinese sources do not mention the alleged massacre. Mulberry groves were ruined by his army.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.:March back north.

paragraph: However, as Huang Chao's army was in the Lingnan region, his soldiers were stricken by illnesses, and some 30-40% died. His key subordinates suggested that he march back north, and he agreed. He thus made rafts at Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin, Guangxi) and took them down the Xiang River, reaching Hunan's capital Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha, Hunan) in winter 879. He attacked Tan Prefecture and captured it in a day, and Li Xi fled to Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern Changde, Hunan). Shang Rang then attacked Jingnan's capital Jiangling Municipality, where Wang Duo was. Wang panicked and fled as well, leaving the city to be defended by his officer Liu Hanhong, but as soon as Wang left the city, Liu mutinied, pillaged the city, and took his soldiers to become bandits.

paragraph: Huang himself followed Xiang's advance and went through Jiangling to attack Xiangyang, the capital of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道). He was, however, defeated by the joint forces of Shannan East's military governor Liu Jurong (劉巨容) and the imperial general Cao Quanzhen (曹全晸), who further pursued him all the way to Jiangling. However, Liu, concerned that if he captured Huang, the imperial government would no longer value him, called off the pursuit, and Cao also broke off his pursuit. Huang then headed east and attacked E Prefecture (鄂州, in modern Wuhan), and pillaged the 15 surrounding prefectures. As he did, however, he was repeatedly repelled by Zhang Lin. As a result of Zhang's successes, the imperial government put Zhang's superior Gao Pian, who had by that point been transferred to Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), in charge of the overall operations against Huang, replacing Wang. Many circuits thus sent troops to Huainan

paragraph: With his forces repeatedly defeated by Zhang and also suffering from plagues, Huang, then stationed at Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern Shangrao), decided to try to bribe his way out of his predicament. He thus submitted much gold to Zhang and wrote letters to plead with Gao, offering to submit to Tang imperial authority. Gao, who also wanted to use trickery himself to capture Huang, offered to recommend Huang as a military governor. Further, Gao, in order to monopolize the achievement, decided to return the supplementary troops from Zhaoyi (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), Ganhua (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) Circuits. As soon as he returned those troops, however, Huang broke off negotiations and challenged Zhang to a battle. Gao, in anger, ordered Zhang to engage, but this time, Huang decisively defeated Zhang in spring 880 and killed him in battle, throwing Gao into a panic.

paragraph: Huang, after defeating Zhang, then captured Xuan Prefecture, then, in summer 880, crossed the Yangtze River north at Caishi (采石, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui), and put the Huainan defense outposts Tianchang (天長, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui) and Liuhe (六合, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu) under siege, not far from Gao's headquarters at Yang Prefecture (揚州). Bi Shiduo, who was then serving as an officer under Gao, suggested that Gao engage Huang, but Gao was terrified of engaging Huang after Zhang's death, and instead sent urgent requests for aid to the imperial government. The imperial government, which had hoped that Gao would be successful in stopping Huang, was very disappointed and thrown into a panic itself. Emperor Xizong ordered the circuits south of the Yellow River to send troops to Yin River (溵水, a major branch of the Shaying River) to block off Huang's further advance, and also sent Cao and Qi Kerang the military governor of Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong) to intercept Huang. However, Cao was only given 6,000 men, and although he fought hard, he was ultimately unable to stop Huang's 150,000 men.

paragraph: At this point, a mutiny among the imperial armies further ended any imperial resistance at Yin River. This occurred as some 3,000 Ganhua soldiers were heading to Yin River to participate in the defense operations there, and they went through Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern Xuchang), the capital of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武). Despite the Ganhua soldiers' reputation for lack of discipline, Xue Neng (薛能) the military governor of Zhongwu, because he had been Ganhua's military governor before, believed that they would be obedient to him, so he allowed them to stay in the city. But that night, the Ganhua soldiers rioted over what they perceived to be the lack of supplies given to them. Xue met them and calmed them down, but this in turn caused the Zhongwu soldiers and the populace of Xu Prefecture to be angry at his lenient treatment of them. The Zhongwu officer Zhou Ji, himself then taking Zhongwu soldiers toward Yin River, thus turned his army around and attacked and slaughtered the Ganhua soldiers. His soldiers also killed Xue and Xue's family. Zhou then declared himself military governor. Qi, concerned that Zhou would attack him, withdrew from the area and returned to Taining Circuit. In response, the troops that other circuits had stationed at Yin River scattered, leaving the path wide open for Huang. Huang thus crossed the Huai River north, and it was said that starting from this point, Huang's army stopped pillaging for wealth, but forced more young men into the army to increase its strength.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.:Capture of Luoyang and Chang'an.

paragraph: As winter 880 began, Huang Chao headed toward Luoyang and Chang'an, and issued a declaration that his aim was to capture Emperor Xizong to make Emperor Xizong answer for his crimes. Qi Kerang was put in charge of making a final attempt to stop Huang from reaching Luoyang. Meanwhile, though, the chancellors Doulu Zhuan and Cui Hang, believing that imperial forces would not be able to stop Huang from reaching Luoyang and Chang'an, suggested that Emperor Xizong prepare to flee to Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), where Chen Jingxuan, the brother of the powerful eunuch Tian Lingzi, was military governor. Emperor Xizong, however, wanted to also make one last attempt to defend Tong Pass, between Luoyang and Chang'an, and therefore sent the imperial Shence Army (神策軍) officers Zhang Chengfan (張承範), Wang Shihui (王師會), and Zhao Ke (趙珂)—whose soldiers were ill-trained and ill-equipped, as the Shence Army soldiers' families were largely wealthy and were able to pay the poor and the sick to fill in for them—to try to defend it. Meanwhile, Luoyang fell quickly, and Qi withdrew to Tong Pass as well, and submitted an emergency petition stating that his troops were fatigued, hungry, and without supplies, with no apparent imperial response.

paragraph: Huang then attacked Tong Pass. Qi and Zhang initially resisted his forces for more than a day, but thereafter, Qi's troops, hungry and tired, scattered and fled. Zhang's final attempts to defend Tong Pass were futile, and it fell. Meanwhile, Tian had recruited some new soldiers, who were also ill-trained but relatively well-equipped, and sent them to the front, but by the time they reached there, Tong Pass had already fell, and the troops from Boye Army (博野軍) and Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), also sent to the front to try to aid Zhang, became angry at the good equipment (including warm clothes) that Tian's new soldiers had, and mutinied, instead serving as guides for Huang's forces. Emperor Xizong and Tian abandoned Chang'an and fled toward Xichuan Circuit on January 8, 881. Later that day, Huang's forward commander Chai Cun (柴存) entered Chang'an, and the Tang general Zhang Zhifang welcomed Huang into the capital. Shang Rang issued a declaration proclaiming Huang's love for the people and urging the people to carry on their daily affairs, but despite Shang's assurance that the people's properties would be respected, Huang's soldiers were pillaging the capital repeatedly. Huang himself, briefly, lived at Tian's mansion, moving into the Tang palace several days later. He also ordered that Tang's imperial clan members be slaughtered.

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor of Qi.

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor of Qi.:In and around Chang'an.

paragraph: Huang Chao then moved into the Tang palace and declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi. He made his wife Lady Cao empress, while making Shang Rang, Zhao Zhang (趙璋), and the Tang officials Cui Qiu (崔璆) and Yang Xigu (楊希古) chancellors. Huang initially tried to simply take over the Tang imperial mandate, as he ordered that the Tang imperial officials of the fourth rank or lower (in Tang's nine-rank system) continue to remain in office, as long as they showed submission by registering with Zhao, removing only the third-rank or above officials. The Tang officials who would not submit were executed en masse. Huang also tried to persuade Tang generals throughout the circuits to submit to him, and a good number of them, including Zhuge Shuang (諸葛爽) (whom he made the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan)), Wang Jingwu the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong), Wang Chongrong (whom he made the military governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), and Zhou Ji (whom he made the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit) — although each of those generals eventually redeclared loyalty to Tang and disavowed Qi allegiances. He also tried to persuade the former Tang chancellor Zheng Tian, the military governor of nearby Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), to submit, but Zheng resisted, and when he sent Shang and Wang Bo (王播) to try to capture Fengxiang, Zheng defeated Qi forces that he sent in spring 881.

paragraph: In light of Zheng's victory over Qi forces, Tang forces from various circuits, including Zheng and his ally Tang Hongfu (唐弘夫), Wang Chongrong (who had turned against Qi by this point and redeclared his loyalty to Tang), Wang Chucun the military governor of Yiwu Circuit, and Tuoba Sigong the military governor of Xiasui Circuit (夏綏, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), converged on Chang'an in summer 881, hoping to quickly capture it. With the people of Chang'an waging street warfare against Qi forces as well, Huang withdrew out of the city — but as Tang forces entered Chang'an, they lost discipline and became bogged down in pillaging the city. Qi forces then counterattacked and defeated them, killing Cheng Zongchu (程宗楚) the military governor of Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu) and Tang Hongfu, and forcing the other Tang generals to withdraw out of the city. Huang reentered Chang'an and, angry at the people of Chang'an for aiding Tang forces, carried out massacres against the population. With Zheng subsequently forced to flee Fengxiang due to a mutiny by his officer Li Changyan, Tang forces in the region became uncoordinated and did not make another attempt to recapture Chang'an for some time.

paragraph: In spring 882, Emperor Xizong, then at Chengdu, commissioned Wang Duo to oversee the operations against Qi, and Wang positioned himself at LInggan Temple (靈感寺, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi). With Wang overseeing the operations, Tang forces began to converge again in Chang'an's perimeter area, and the areas controlled by Qi forces became limited to Chang'an and its immediate surroundings, as well as Tong (同州) and Hua (華州) Prefectures (both in modern Weinan). With farming completely disrupted by the warfare, a famine developed in the region, such that both Tang and Qi forces resorted to cannibalism. By fall 882, the Qi general Zhu Wen, in charge of Tong Prefecture, had become unable to stand to Tang pressure and surrendered to Tang. By winter 882, Hua Prefecture also surrendered to Tang under the leadership of the officer Wang Yu (王遇), limiting Qi territory to Chang'an.

paragraph: However, Tang forces were still not making a true attempt to recapture Chang'an by this point. However, the ethnic Shatuo general Li Keyong — who had been a Tang renegade for years but who had recently resubmitted to Tang and offered to attack Qi on Tang's behalf, arrived at Tong Prefecture in winter 882 to join the other Tang forces. In spring 883, Li Keyong and the other Tang generals defeated a major Qi force (150,000 men) commanded by Shang and approached Chang'an. In summer 883, Li Keyong entered Chang'an, and Huang was unable to resist him, and so abandoned Chang'an to flee east. With Tang forces again boggled down in pillaging the city, they were unable to chase Huang, and Huang was able to flee east without being stopped.

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor of Qi.:March back east and death.

paragraph: Huang Chao headed toward Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian) and had his general Meng Kai (孟楷) attack Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture. The military governor of Fengguo, Qin Zongquan, was defeated by Meng, and reacted by opening the city gates, submitting to Huang, and joining Huang's forces. Meng, after defeating Qin, attacked Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhoukou, Henan), but was surprised by a counterattack by Zhao Chou, the prefect of Chen Prefecture, and killed in battle. Angered by Meng's death, Huang led his and Qin's forces and put Chen Prefecture under siege, but could not capture it despite a nearly 300-day siege. With his army low on food supplies, he allowed them to roam the nearby countryside, seizing humans and using them for food.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in spring 884, fearing that they would become Huang's next target, Zhou Ji, Shi Pu, the military governor of Ganhua Circuit, and Zhu Wen (whose name had been changed to Zhu Quanzhong by that point), the Tang military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), jointly sought aid from Li Keyong, who had been made the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Li Keyong thus headed south to aid them. After Li Keyong joined forces with those sent by Zhou, Zhu, Shi, and Qi Kerang, they attacked and defeated Shang Rang at Taikang (太康, in modern Zhoukou) and Huang Siye at Xihua (西華, in modern Zhoukou as well). Huang Chao, in fear, lifted the siege on Chen and withdrew. With his encampments being destroyed in a flood, Huang Chao decided to head toward Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture. While Zhu was able to repel Huang's initial attacks, he sought emergency aid from Li Keyong. Li Keyong, catching Huang when about to cross the Yellow River north, launched an attack at Wangman Crossing (王滿渡, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan) and crushed his army. Shang surrendered to Shi, while a large number of other generals surrendered to Zhu. Li Keyong gave chase, and Huang fled to the east. During the chase, Huang's youngest son was captured by Li Keyong. Li Keyong's army became worn out during the chase, however, and he broke off the chase and returned to Bian Prefecture.

paragraph: Huang headed toward Taining's capital Yan Prefecture. Shi Pu's officer Li Shiyue (李師悅), along with Shang, engaged Huang at Yan Prefecture and defeated him, annihilating nearly the remainder of his army, and he fled into Langhu Valley (狼虎谷, in modern Laiwu, Shandong). On July 13, 884, Huang's nephew Lin Yan (林言) killed Huang, his brothers, his wife, and his children, and took their heads to prepare to surrender to Shi. On his way to Shi's camp, however, he encountered Shatuo and Boye Army irregulars, who killed him as well and took the heads to present to Shi. (However, according to an alternative account in the "New Book of Tang", Huang, believing that it was the only way that any of his army could be saved, committed suicide after instructing Lin to surrender with his head.)

paragraph: Section::::As Emperor of Qi.:Conspiracy theory of possible escape.

paragraph: Some speculate that Lin Yan bringing the alleged heads of Huang Chao and others to Shi Pu was only a decoy to allow the real Huang Chao escape. It was noted that Langhu Valley was over 500 "li" or 3–4 days away on a horseback from Shi's camp in Xu Prefecture, and decomposition would have already kicked in during the hot summer to make the faces unrecognizable. Moreover, Huang Chao had a number of brothers following him and the siblings likely resembled each other.

paragraph: Legends popular during the ensuing Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period claim that Huang became a Buddhist monk following his escape. The Song dynasty scholar Wang Mingqing (王明清), for example, alleged in his book "Huizhu Lu": "When Zhang Quanyi was the mayor (留守) of the Western Capital (i.e. Luoyang), he recognized Huang Chao from among the monks."

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: He wrote a few poems, lyrical even when expressing anger and violence, one line that reads:

paragraph: "Capital full of golden armored soldiers" (滿城盡帶黃金甲)

paragraph: This poem was used to describe his preparations for rebellion in an angry spirit, this phrase was used for the Chinese name of the 2006 film Curse of the Golden Flower. The Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), wrote a similar poem.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Although Huang Chao was one of many rebel leaders in Chinese history, the impact of his rebellion can be compared to that of Taiping Rebellion or the Yellow Turbans. Huang Chao's rebellion greatly weakened Tang and it eventually led to the demise of the Tang dynasty in 907, by Huang Chao's former follower Zhu Wen, when he usurped the throne from Emperor Ai of Tang and initiating several decades of civil war called the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Cao (Huang Chao's wife)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shang Rang

alias:
Huang Liu
Huang di
Chongtian dajiangjun

description: Chinese emperor

wikidata_label: Huang Chao

wikipedia_title: Huang Chao


text:
Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Burmese history
Buddhist
monk
kingdom of Ava
Shin Sawbu
heir apparent
Mon
Theravada Buddhism
Ceylon
Buddhagaya
Yunnan
Binnya Ran II
Great Bell of Dhammazedi
Kalyani Inscriptions

categories: Hanthawaddy dynasty,1492 deaths,Burmese monarchs

paragraph: Dhammazedi

paragraph: Dhammazedi (, ; c. 1409–1492) was the 16th king of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in Burma from 1471 to 1492. Considered one of the most enlightened rulers in Burmese history, by some accounts call him "the greatest" of all Hanthawaddy kings. The former Buddhist monk, educated in the rival kingdom of Ava in his youth, was a trusted adviser and son-in-law of Queen Shin Sawbu. At age 48, he left the monkhood after he was selected by Shin Sawbu as the heir apparent, and was married to one of the queen's daughters. He immediately became the de facto ruler of the kingdom as Shin Sawbu handed over all administrative duties to him.

paragraph: During Dhammazedi's long reign, the Mon-speaking kingdom reached the peak of its golden age. Under his wise rule, the kingdom, unlike the rival Ava Kingdom, was peaceful, and profited greatly from foreign commerce. His reign was a time of peace and he himself was a mild ruler, famous for his wisdom. A collection of his rulings, "Dhammazedi Pyatton", survives. The kingdom also became a famous center of Theravada Buddhism, with strong ties to Ceylon, and resumed the practice of sending missions to Buddhagaya. His religious reforms later spread throughout the country. He maintained friendly relations with Yunnan.

paragraph: According to DGE Hall, ""He was a Buddhist ruler of the best type, deeply solicitous for the purification of religion. Under him civilization flourished, and the condition of the Mon country stands out in sharp contrast with the disorder and savagery which characterized the Ava kingdom.""

paragraph: He died in 1492. He was honored as a saint and a pagoda was erected over his bones. He was succeeded by his eldest son Binnya Ran II.

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.

paragraph: Various Burmese chronicles report different dates for the key events of his life.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Bell of Dhammazedi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kalyani Inscriptions

description: king of Hanthawaddy in Burma

wikidata_label: Dhammazedi

wikipedia_title: Dhammazedi


text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Milwaukee Braves

text: Chicago Cubs

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Oshkosh, Wisconsin

text: Detroit Tigers

text: immaculate inning

text: Harmon Killebrew

text: starting pitcher

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Dave Sisler

text: Ted Lepcio

text: Jack Harshman

text: relief pitcher

text: Earned Run Average

text: Jimmie Coker

text: Jack Fisher

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Stu Miller

text: Mike McCormick

text: John Orsino

text: earned run average

text: Milwaukee Braves

text: Felipe Alou

text: Ed Bailey

text: Del Crandall

text: Bob Shaw

text: Bob Hendley

text: Ernie Bowman

text: free agency

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Major League Baseball

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Canadian Lakes, Michigan

text: Baseball Library

text: The Deadball Era – Obituary

categories: Boston Red Sox players,San Francisco Giants coaches,1932 births,Milwaukee Braves players,Sportspeople from Oshkosh, Wisconsin,2010 deaths,Detroit Tigers players,Chicago Cubs players,Baseball players from Wisconsin,Richmond Tigers players,Salt Lake City Bees players,Baltimore Orioles players,Major League Baseball pitchers,American League All-Stars,Miami Marlins (IL) players,San Francisco Giants players,Deaths from cancer in Michigan

paragraph: Billy Hoeft

paragraph: William Frederick Hoeft (May 17, 1932 – March 16, 2010) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball whose career spanned 15 seasons with the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, Milwaukee Braves, Chicago Cubs and San Francisco Giants. He was born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

paragraph: Section::::Detroit Tigers (1952–1959).

paragraph: Hoeft was signed by the Detroit Tigers as an amateur free agent in 1950. He made his major league debut on April 18, 1952 for the Tigers, and went on to pitch seven full seasons in Detroit.

paragraph: On September 7, 1953, Hoeft struck out three batters on nine pitches in the seventh inning of a 6–2 win over the Chicago White Sox. Hoeft became the fourth American League pitcher and the ninth pitcher in Major League history, as well as the first since 1928, to thrown an immaculate inning.

paragraph: On June 24, 1955, Hoeft surrendered the first home run in the career of Harmon Killebrew, who would eventually hit 573 home runs in his career. He was chosen to be part of the American League All-Star squad in 1955 (in his only baseball all-star selection).

paragraph: He was primarily used as a starting pitcher in Detroit, starting in 176 games during his time there. His best season came in 1956 when he won 20 games and pitched 18 complete games. He also showed occasional potential as a power hitter, once tying an American League record for consecutive home runs by a pitcher with two to begin a game.

paragraph: Section::::Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles (1959–1962).

paragraph: In May 1959, Hoeft was dealt to the Boston Red Sox for Dave Sisler and Ted Lepcio. He was the losing pitcher in three of his five appearances for Boston and was dealt to Baltimore for Jack Harshman after a little more than a month.

paragraph: Hoeft remained in Baltimore through the 1962 season, where he was primarily used as a relief pitcher, although he did start 16 games for the Orioles. During the 1961 season, Hoeft posted a career-best Earned Run Average of 2.02 in 12 starts and 23 relief appearances.

paragraph: Section::::San Francisco, Milwaukee and Chicago (1963–1966).

paragraph: After the 1962 season, Baltimore traded Hoeft, as well as Jimmie Coker and Jack Fisher to the San Francisco Giants for Stu Miller, Mike McCormick and John Orsino.

paragraph: In 23 appearances for San Francisco during the 1963 season, Hoeft saved four games and posted an earned run average of 4.44. After the season ended, he was dealt to the Milwaukee Braves, along with Felipe Alou, Ed Bailey and a player to be named later for Del Crandall, Bob Shaw and Bob Hendley. San Francisco ended up sending Ernie Bowman to Milwaukee to complete the deal.

paragraph: In Milwaukee, Hoeft put up slightly better numbers than he did in San Francisco, appearing in 42 games and posting an ERA of 3.80. He saved four games for the Braves in the 1964 season.

paragraph: After the 1964 season, Hoeft entered free agency, and was re-signed by his original team, the Detroit Tigers. He was released during spring training for the 1965 season. Shortly afterward, the Chicago Cubs signed Hoeft to a contract for the 1965 season, where he posted an ERA of 2.81 in two starts and 29 appearances for the Cubs.

paragraph: Hoeft's last season in Major League Baseball was 1966, as he appeared in 36 games for the Cubs, before being released in August. In August, he was signed by the San Francisco Giants initially as a coach and batting practice pitcher before being activated in September when playing rosters increased to 40 men. He posted a 0–2 win-loss record in four games pitched during his second tour with the Giants, before announcing his retirement at the end of the 1966 season.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hoeft died from cancer in Canadian Lakes, Michigan, at the age of 77.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pitchers who have struck out three batters on nine pitches

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Deadball Era – Obituary

description: Major League Baseball player

wikidata_label: Billy Hoeft

wikipedia_title: Billy Hoeft


text:
Oslo
Ellef Ringnes
Associated Press
Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation

categories: 2008 deaths,1928 births,Norwegian journalists,Norwegian writers,Writers from Oslo,Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation people

paragraph: Haagen Ringnes

paragraph: Haagen Ringnes (10 August 1928 – 23 April 2008) was a Norwegian television journalist and non-fiction writer.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ringnes was born in Oslo to pianist Inge Rolf Ringnes ans Anne Johanne Prior Bergh. He was a grandson of brewer Ellef Ringnes. In 1960 he married social worker Betty Frisak.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He worked for the news agency Associated Press from 1956 to 1959, was a radio reporter for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1959, and worked with television from 1962. He received the award Humanistprisen in 1995. Among his books are "Tanker om tvil og tro" from 1969, "I skyggen av solkorset" from 1981, and "Samtaler med dronningen" from 1997.

description: Norwegian writer

wikidata_label: Haagen Ringnes

wikipedia_title: Haagen Ringnes