text: alpine skier

text: Eritrea at the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: alpine skiing events

text: Winter Olympics

text: Eritrean War of Independence

text: Winter Youth Olympics

text: Innsbruck

text: 2022 Winter Olympics

text: bobsleigh

text: Alpine Skiing

text: Rocky Mountains

text: Banff Sunshine

text: 2014 Winter Olympics

text: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: South Korea

text: anterior cruciate ligament

text: Giant Slalom

text: Super-G

text: Downhill (ski competition)

text: TedX

text: WinSport

text: Bobsleigh

text: olympic weightlifting

text: University of Lethbridge

text: Computer Science

text: Business Administration

text: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: Independence Day (Eritrea)

text: Eritrean National Olympic Committee

text: William Aberhart High School

text: Eritrea at the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Olympic.org athlete profile

categories: Eritrean male alpine skiers,Canadian people of Eritrean descent,Competitors at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics,1996 births,People from Fort McMurray,Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people,Sportspeople from Calgary

paragraph: Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda

paragraph: Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda (born 15 May 1996) is a former Eritrean-Canadian alpine skier turned bobsledder. Abeda competed for Eritrea at the 2018 Winter Olympics in the alpine skiing events. Abeda became the first athlete to compete for Eritrea at the Winter Olympics. He finished 61st in the Giant Slalom event, and did not finish the first run of the Slalom event. Abeda's parents fled the Eritrean War of Independence in the 1980s and emigrated to Canada. Abeda also represented the country at the inaugural Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 in Innsbruck, Austria. Abeda announced his intentions to take the 2018/2019 season off and attend university after the 2018 Winter Olympics Games. He hinted that he would return for the 2022 Winter Olympics games, but also at the possibility of retirement. On July 22, 2019 Abeda officially retired from Alpine and stated that he will compete in bobsleigh instead.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Abeda was born in Fort McMurray, Alberta to Eritrean Immigrants, Walday Abeda and Ariam Abeda. His parents settled in Fort McMurray after his father received an entry level engineering job. His father is a geological engineer who works in the Oil and Gas industry. He started skiing at the age 3 after his sister took a day trip to the local ski hill and convinced his parents to enroll his siblings into the team. Abeda and his brother wanted to try hockey, but his parents were reluctant and afraid of injuries that might occur. Abeda's family moved to Calgary in 2003 and he started to develop a passion for Alpine Skiing when he started training in the Rocky Mountains at Banff Sunshine. While Abeda enjoyed the different environnment, it wasn't until he was 10 years old that he thought about pursuing an Olympic Career when his coach TJ pushed him outside of his comfort zone. Subsequently, Abeda went on to achieve high rankings in regional races and qualify for national events.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2011, he made the decision to compete for Eritrea in the hopes of competing in the 2012 Youth Olympic games in Innsbruck, Austria. Having two parents of Eritrean descent, Abeda was granted Eritrean citizenship and a passport. He made his first international appearances in 2012 and competed in many regional races in the US and Canada. In 2014, he attempted to qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics however he missed the cut-off by four FIS points. He subsequently tried again and qualified for 2018 Winter Olympics. Abeda did not compete in an international event until 2018 when he returned to compete in South Korea. After the Olympics, Abeda took a year off to focus on his education and to elect a surgery to fix his jaw. Leading up to the Olympics in December 2017, Abeda partially fractured his jaw and lost two teeth in a training accident. He also sustained a significant injury while training in February 2016 where he tore his anterior cruciate ligament, several other ligaments and partially fractured his tibia. After two surgeries and year of rehabilitation, he returned to competition in March 2017 and successfully met the qualification standards for the games. He is returning for the 2019/2020 season after a hiatus where he plans to compete in Giant Slalom, Super-G and Downhill (ski competition) events.

paragraph: After his failure to qualify for Sochi, Abeda was invited to a TedX conference where he discussed his struggles and his methodology to overcome his obstacles. He gave a further explanation as to why he failed to qualify and the toll that it had on his physical, mental and emotional well-being. Abeda also discussed about the negative impact of attending the 2012 Youth Olympic games and how it damaged his moral and reputation.

paragraph: In July 2019, Abeda posted a video on his LinkedIn account showing him training in WinSport's ice house. He hinted at the possibility of switching to Bobsleigh for 2022. On July 22, he confirmed the switch and that stated that he no longer will compete in alpine.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Abeda is an avid weightlifter and coder. He dedicates most of his off-snow time to his training which includes a extensive amount of olympic weightlifting, boxing, running and programming. Abeda is a strong advocate for Bulgarian style training and heavy lifting. He credits Cory Gregory's SquatEveryDay program as the catalyst behind his training regiment and a vital tool that helped him rehabilitate his knee. He is undertaking his studies at the University of Lethbridge double majoring in Computer Science and Business Administration.

paragraph: His brother, Metawee accompanied him to the games and walked into opening stadium during the 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony.

paragraph: Abeda's family also joined and stayed in the village with him to provide support. His father, Walday was the chef de mission.

paragraph: In May 2019, he returned to Eritrea for the Independence Day (Eritrea) to announce his candidancy to compete in 2022 and with the goal of bringing another athlete along with him. He is working with the Eritrean National Olympic Committee to recruite athletes in the diaspora and build a future Winter Olympic team.

paragraph: He resides and trains in Calgary for 4 months of year and the remainding time he lives in Lethbridge where he attends university.

paragraph: He attended and graduated from William Aberhart High School where he received his French diploma.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eritrea at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eritrea at the 2018 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic.org athlete profile

description: Eritrean-Canadian alpine skier

wikidata_label: Shannon-Ogbani Abeda

wikipedia_title: Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda


text:
mosaics
Baptistery
Jacobus
Buonamico Buffalmacco
Frederic Leighton
Giorgio Vasari
Cimabue
Santa Maria Novella
Florence
Lives
demon

categories: 1294 deaths,Italian male painters,1213 births,Italian artists,13th-century Italian painters

paragraph: Andrea Tafi (artist)

paragraph: Andrea Tafi (1213–1294) was an Italian artist. He is probably best known for his work on the mosaics of the Baptistery in Florence, which were started in 1225 by Jacobus. His pupils included Buonamico Buffalmacco.

paragraph: Tafi is shown in Frederic Leighton's "Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna" (1853–1855); the subject matter of this painting is based on Giorgio Vasari's account of how the "Rucellai Madonna" was carried from Cimabue's home to the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence.

paragraph: Vasari includes a biography of Andrea Tafi in his "Lives"; the biography includes a tale of how Buonamico di Cristofano stopped Tafi from rising so early by pretending to be a demon.

description: Artist from Italy

wikidata_label: Andrea Tafi

wikipedia_title: Andrea Tafi (artist)


text: Anglo-Norman

text: King Stephen

text: civil war

text: Empress Matilda

text: King Henry I

text: Marlborough

text: Ludgershall, Wiltshire

text: Hamstead Marshal

text: River Kennet

text: Wiltshire

text: Empress Matilda

text: Battle of Lincoln

text: Winchester

text: Wherwell Abbey

text: Newbury Castle

text: William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke

text: medieval

text: Becket Controversy

text: King Henry

text: Becket

text: Lord Marshal

text: Ralph de Somery

text: Salisbury

text: Patrick of Salisbury

text: King Richard the Lionheart

text: William

text: soldier

text: Henry

text: Bishop

text: Exeter

text: Count of Perche

text: Barlow, Frank

text: Elizabeth Chadwick

categories: People from Newbury, Berkshire,High Sheriffs of Yorkshire,12th-century English people,English soldiers,1105 births,Lord Marshals of England,1165 deaths,People from Hamstead Marshall,English people with disabilities,People from Marlborough, Wiltshire

paragraph: John Marshal (Marshal of England)

paragraph: John FitzGilbert the Marshal of the Horses (c. 1105 – 1165) was a minor Anglo-Norman nobleman during the reign of King Stephen, and fought in the 12th century civil war on the side of Empress Matilda.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Since at least 1130 and probably earlier, he had been the royal marshal to King Henry I. When Henry died, John FitzGilbert swore for Stephen and was granted the castles of Marlborough and Ludgershall, Wiltshire during this time. Along with Hamstead Marshal, this gave him control of the valley of the River Kennet in Wiltshire. He also held lands in Somerset, Berkshire, and owned some buildings in Winchester. When Empress Matilda and her supporters landed in Sussex in 1139 to press her claim for the throne, John seems to have only been a nominal supporter of Stephen. His loyalty to the king seems to have been in sufficient doubt that his castle at Marlborough was briefly besieged. When Stephen was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, John switched allegiance to Matilda. In September 1141, Matilda fled the siege of Winchester and took refuge in the Marshal's castle at Ludgershall. While covering her retreat from Winchester, John Marshal was forced to take refuge at Wherwell Abbey. The attackers set fire to the building, and John lost an eye to dripping lead from the melting roof.

paragraph: In 1152, John had a celebrated confrontation with King Stephen, who had besieged him at Newbury Castle. After John had broken an agreement to surrender, Stephen threatened to kill his son, whom John had given as a hostage. John refused, saying he could make more sons, but Stephen apparently took pity on the young boy and did not kill him. The boy grew up to be William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, a legendary figure in medieval lore, and one of the most powerful men in England.

paragraph: Later in his life, John briefly became entangled in the Becket Controversy. Having unsuccessfully tried to assert a claim over the archbishop's land in Pagham in 1164, John then appealed to the king. Although John's claims were dubious at best, King Henry used the affair to his advantage against Becket, who had refused to appear in person at the appeal. The resulting Council of Northampton in October 1164 led to further charges being aimed at Becket, such as embezzlement during his time as chancellor, and he would soon flee to the continent.

paragraph: The office of Lord Marshal, which originally related to the keeping of the King's horses, and later, the head of his household troops, was won as a hereditary title by John, and was passed to his eldest son, and later claimed by William. John also had a daughter, Margaret Marshal, who married Ralph de Somery, son of John de Somery and Hawise de Paynell.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: John was the son of Gilbert, Royal Serjeant and Marshal to Henry I, and his wife Margaret. After his father died in 1129 John inherited the title of the king's marshal. John married Aline Pipard whose father Walter Pipard had been a friend of John's father. John repudiated his wife, Aline, about 1141; she subsequently married Stephen de Gay. John married (2nd) Sibyl of Salisbury, the sister of Patrick of Salisbury, who had been a local rival of his, and a supporter of King Stephen, up to that point. John had two sons by Aline Pipard - Gilbert (died 1166) and Walter (died before 1165). Walter predeceased his father and Gilbert died shortly after inheriting his father's lands.

paragraph: John's eldest son by Sibyl of Salisbury, also called John Marshal (1145–1194), inherited the title of Marshal, which he held until his death. The title was then granted by King Richard the Lionheart to his second son by Sibyl, William (1147–1219), who made the name and title famous. Though he had started out as a younger son without inheritance, by the time he inherited the title his reputation as a soldier and statesman was unmatched across Western Europe. John Marshal had four sons in total by his second wife. As well as John and William, there was Henry (1150–1206), who went on to become Bishop of Exeter, and Anselm, who served as a knight in the household of his kinsman, Rotrou, Count of Perche. There were also two daughters, Maud (wife of Robert Ponte de l'Arche) and a daughter of unknown name (wife of William le Gras).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700" by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines 55-28, 66-27, 81-28, 122A-29

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barlow, Frank. "The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216" London: Longman Group Limited, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Marshal, Knighthood, War and Chivalry 1147-1219 Longman 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Marshal (David Crouch) - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

paragraph: Section::::Historical fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John fitz Gilbert the Marshal is the subject of Elizabeth Chadwick's novel "A Place beyond Courage" (2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Marshal is a prominent character in Sharon Kay Penman's novel, "When Christ and His Saints Slept" (1995).

description: Anglo-Norman nobleman

wikidata_label: John Marshal

wikipedia_title: John Marshal (Marshal of England)


text: Colonial

text: ironmaster

text: United States

text: Declaration of Independence

text: Pennsylvania

text: George Taylor House

text: Catasauqua

text: Lehigh County

text: National Historic Landmark

text: Borough of Catasauqua

text: Ireland

text: American colonies

text: Philadelphia

text: biographies

text: Protestant

text: Bucks County

text: James Logan

text: Penn

text: William Allen

text: Allentown

text: justice of the peace

text: Easton

text: Northampton County

text: Easton House

text: Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly

text: Biery's Port

text: Catasauqua

text: Lehigh River

text: George Taylor House

text: Joseph Galloway

text: First Continental Congress

text: Second Continental Congress

text: Committee of Safety

text: Continental Army

text: Supreme Executive Council

text: Navy

text: Gen. William Howe

text: England

text: Warren County, New Jersey

text: Wiltshire

text: England

text: Chester County

text: Society of Friends

text: Parsons-Taylor House

text: The George Taylor House- Catasauqua

categories: 1781 deaths,Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly,Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence,American Presbyterians,Presbyterians from Pennsylvania,People of colonial Pennsylvania,1716 births,People from Lehigh County, Pennsylvania,18th-century American politicians,Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies,Foundrymen,Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania

paragraph: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)

paragraph: George Taylor (c. 1716 – February 23, 1781) was a Colonial ironmaster and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Pennsylvania. Today, his former home, the George Taylor House in Catasauqua, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, is a National Historic Landmark owned by the Borough of Catasauqua.

paragraph: Section::::Early years in the Pennsylvania colony.

paragraph: Born in Ireland, Taylor immigrated to the American colonies at age 20, landing in Philadelphia in 1736. According to early 18th century biographies of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, he was the son of a Protestant clergyman. To pay for his passage, Taylor was indentured to Samuel Savage, Jr., ironmaster at Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge. He started as a laborer, but it is believed that when Savage discovered Taylor had a certain degree of education, he promoted him to bookkeeper.

paragraph: In 1742, Savage died, and later that year, Taylor married his widow, Ann. Over the next 10 years, Taylor managed the two ironworks. When the Savages’ son Samuel III reached legal age in 1752, the son assumed ownership of the mills under the terms of his father's will.

paragraph: The Taylors continued to live at Warwick Furnace until 1755, when Taylor formed a partnership to lease the Durham Furnace in Upper Bucks County. The ironworks, built in 1727, was started by a group of investors who were among Pennsylvania's wealthiest and most influential men, including James Logan, proprietor of the colony for the Penn family, and William Allen, later Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and founder of Allentown (then Northampton Town).

paragraph: Section::::Public life, private estate.

paragraph: Shortly after becoming ironmaster at Durham, Taylor entered public life for the first time, serving as a justice of the peace in Bucks County from 1757–63. When the lease for the Durham mill expired, the Taylors relocated to Easton, the county seat of Northampton County. He obtained the Bachmann's Tavern, later known as Easton House in 1761. The next year, 1764, Taylor was commissioned as a justice of the peace in Northampton County and with William Allen's backing, was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly.

paragraph: During this period, Taylor purchased near Allentown at Biery's Port (now part of the borough of Catasauqua). Employing Philadelphia tradesmen, he built an impressive two-story Georgian stone house on a bluff overlooking the Lehigh River. The house was completed in 1768, but shortly after the Taylors moved in, Ann died.

paragraph: Taylor continued living here for the next several years, and for a time, leased half of the property for farming. In 1776, two years after moving back to Durham, he sold the estate. Two centuries later, on July 17, 1971, the George Taylor House was designated as a National Historical Landmark. One of his political theories challenged the leading French revisionist Francois Furet. Taylor believed ideology was the determinant of political behavior - not economic class. He believed 1789 was a political revolution with social consequences.

paragraph: Section::::Ironmaster in service of the Revolution.

paragraph: In 1774, while still at Biery's Port, Taylor arranged another lease to operate the Durham ironworks, which had just been acquired by Joseph Galloway, a Philadelphia attorney and speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly (1766–74). After failing to gain support in the First Continental Congress for his plan to avert a break with England, Galloway resigned as speaker and refused to attend the Second Continental Congress in 1775.

paragraph: Taylor, meanwhile, was re-elected to the Assembly in 1775 and attended the Provincial Convention on January 23. In July, as colonial forces prepared for war, he was commissioned as a colonel in the Third Battalion of the Pennsylvania Militia.

paragraph: Two weeks later, on August 2, Taylor secured a contract with Pennsylvania's Committee of Safety for cannon shot. On August 25, with a shipment of 258 round balls weighing from 18 to 32 pounds each, Durham Furnace became the first ironworks in Pennsylvania to supply munitions to the Continental Army.

paragraph: Section::::Signer of the Declaration of Independence.

paragraph: In 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence on July 2 and adopted the Declaration of Independence two days later, July 4. Before the vote for independence, five of Pennsylvania's delegates, all loyalists, were forced to resign. On July 20, Taylor was among the replacements appointed by the Assembly.

paragraph: One of his first duties as a member of Congress was to affix his signature to the Declaration of Independence, which he did on August 2, along with most delegates. Of the 56 signers, he was one of only eight who were foreign born, the only one to have been indentured and the only one to hold the position of ironmaster.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: Taylor's service in the Congress was brief, just over seven months. On February 17, 1777, when the Assembly appointed a new Pennsylvania delegation, Taylor was one of seven signers from Pennsylvania who were not among those re-nominated. Instead, in March, he was appointed to Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council, which was formed to govern the province under its new constitution. Taylor attended all of the council's daily meetings from March 4 through April 5, but fell ill and was bedridden for more than a month. He subsequently retired from the council, calling an end to his public career.

paragraph: Taylor continued to oversee production of cannon shot and shells at Durham Furnace for the Continental Army and Navy. Not long after independence was declared, however, Joseph Galloway fled Philadelphia, first seeking refuge with British Gen. William Howe and later escaping to England. Galloway was subsequently convicted by the Assembly as a traitor, and his properties, including the Durham mill, were seized.

paragraph: Taylor filed an appeal with the Supreme Executive Council that enabled him to finish out the first five years of his lease, but in 1779, the Commissioner of Forfeited Estates sold Durham Furnace to a new owner. Forming yet another partnership, Taylor leased the Greenwich Forge in what is now Warren County, New Jersey. In failing health, however, he moved back to Easton in April 1780 and died there on February 23, 1781, at the age of 65.

paragraph: Section::::The Taylors' personal lives.

paragraph: Almost nothing is known of George Taylor's life before his arrival in Philadelphia in 1736, although there is general agreement regarding northern Ireland (possibly Ulster) as his birthplace. Ann Taylor's lineage, however, is well documented. Her grandfather, John Taylor, came to Pennsylvania from Wiltshire, England, in 1684, and became Surveyor General of Chester County, which then accounted for about one-third of the colony. Later, her father, Isaac Taylor, served as Chester's Deputy Surveyor General. Ann's family belonged to the Society of Friends, but she was disowned as a Quaker in 1733 for her marriage "outside the circle" to Samuel Savage, Jr.

paragraph: George and Ann Taylor had two children: a daughter Ann, who was called Nancy and died sometime during childhood, and a son James, who was born at Warwick Furnace in 1746. James studied law after his parents moved to Easton in 1763. In 1767, he married Elizabeth Gordon, the 17-year-old daughter of Lewis Gordon, Easton's first resident attorney. The couple initially lived in Easton, but moved to Allentown, where James practiced law until his death in 1775. The Taylors had five children: George, Thomas, James, Jr., Ann and Mary.

paragraph: Section::::Taylor’s will and final resting place.

paragraph: George Taylor's will was filed in January 1781, the month before his death, and was entered into probate in Northampton County on March 10. Taylor bequeathed ₤500 to George, his eldest grandchild, and another ₤500 to Naomi Smith, his housekeeper, "in Consideration of her great Care & Attendance on me for a Number of Years."

paragraph: The remainder of Taylor's estate was to be divided equally between the grandchildren and five children he fathered with Naomi Smith in the years following his wife's death: Sarah, Rebecca, Naomi, Elizabeth and Edward. Apparently, these bequests were never fulfilled. Taylor had been experiencing financial difficulties in the last few years of his life, and legal entanglements over the Durham and Greenwich forges dragged on until 1799, at which point his estate was judged insolvent.

paragraph: George Taylor was buried in St. John's Lutheran Church cemetery across from his residence at Fourth and Ferry Streets in Easton. The house he leased in his final days is now known as the Parsons-Taylor House. It was built by Easton founder William Parsons in 1753 and is today the city's oldest house. When the church property was sold in 1870 for construction of a public school, Taylor was re-interred at Easton Cemetery. Local residents dedicated a monument there in Taylor's honor in 1855, and his body now rests in front of the memorial.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The George Taylor House- Catasauqua

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durham Historical Society Official Web Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Historic Landmarks Program, National Park Service

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historic Catasauqua Preservation Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Marker database-HMdb George Taylor Marker

description: representative of Pennsylvania who signed the Declaration of Independence

wikidata_label: George Taylor

wikipedia_title: George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)


text: Odo (or Eudes)

text: Robert I of France

text: Robertians

text: missus dominicus

text: Charles the Bald

text: West Francia

text: Hugh Capet

text: Capetians

text: Robert III of Worms

text: Hesbaye

text: Chrodegang of Metz

text: Robert III of Worms

text: Louis the German

text: East Francia

text: West Francia

text: Charles the Bald

text: lay abbacy

text: Marmoutier

text: Maine

text: Anjou

text: Touraine

text: ducatus Cenomannicus

text: Le Mans

text: regnum Neustriae

text: Rorigonids

text: Viking

text: Breton

text: Salomon

text: Frankish

text: Erispoe

text: King of Brittany

text: Louis the Stammerer

text: Autun

text: Nevers

text: Burgundy

text: Orléans

text: Count of Anjou

text: Saint Martin of Tours

text: Seine

text: Mediterranean

text: tributary

text: Danegeld

text: Lay abbot

text: St. Martin

text: Tours

text: Battle of Brissarthe

text: Salomon, King of Brittany

text: Hastein

text: Maccabaeus

text: Annales Fuldenses

text: Adelaide of Tours

text: Hugh of Tours

text: Odo of France

text: Western Francia

text: Robert I of France

categories: Counts of Anjou,830 births,Dukes of Maine,Counts of Orléans,Robertians,866 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Robert the Strong

paragraph: Robert the Strong ( – 866) was the father of two kings of West Francia Odo (or Eudes) and Robert I of France. His family is named after him and called the Robertians. In 853 he was named "missus dominicus" by Charles the Bald, King of West Francia. Robert the Strong was the great-grandfather of Hugh Capet and thus the ancestor of all the Capetians.

paragraph: Section::::Origins and rise to power.

paragraph: The parentage of Robert "le Fort" is obscure. According to the following data, Robert was a son of Robert III of Worms. While very little is known about the beginnings of the Robertian family, historians have been able to adduce evidence that the family of nobles had its origins in Hesbaye (approximately present-day eastern Belgium), or perhaps had descended from the family of Chrodegang of Metzand that Robert was the son of Robert III of Worms. However there is much that is contradictory of his parentage in the record. There is nothing that is proven beyond this person in the records known. Much is assumed.

paragraph: During the reign of Louis the German in East Francia, the Robertian family emigrated from East Francia to West Francia. After their arrival in his realm Charles the Bald rewarded the family defecting from his enemy by assigning to Robert the lay abbacy of Marmoutier in 852. And in 853 he granted the position of "missus dominicus" in the provinces of Maine, Anjou, and Touraine to Robert, giving him "de facto" control of the ancient "ducatus Cenomannicus", a large duchy centred on Le Mans and corresponding to the ancient realm of "regnum Neustriae". Robert's rise came at the expense of the established family of the Rorigonids and was designed to curb their regional power and to defend Neustria from Viking and Breton raids.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt.

paragraph: In 858 Robert joined a rebellion against Charles the Bald. With the Bretons under Salomon he led the Frankish nobles of Neustria and invited Louis the German to invade West Francia and receive their homage. The revolt had been sparked by a marriage alliance between Charles and Erispoe, King of Brittany, and by the investment of Charles’ son, Louis the Stammerer, with the "regnum Neustriae", all which significantly curtailed the powers of both Salomon and Robert. Charles had given Robert the counties of Autun and Nevers in Burgundy; and in 856 Robert had defended Autun from Louis the German. But following Erispoe's assassination in November 857, he and Salomon rebelled against Charles.

paragraph: Robert’s Neustrians chased Louis the Stammerer from Le Mans in 858. Later that year, Louis the German reached Orléans and received delegations from the Breton and Neustrian leaders, as well as from Pepin II. In 861, Charles made peace with Robert and appointed him Count of Anjou. Thereafter Robert successfully defended the northern coast against a Viking invasion.

paragraph: In 862 Charles granted Louis the Stammerer, his son, the lay abbacy of Saint Martin of Toursa worthy benefice but small in comparison with the kingdom he had received in 856, and lost in 858. The young Louis rebelled and, befriended by Salomon who supplied him with troops, mounted war against Robert.

paragraph: In 862 two Viking fleets converged on Brittany; one had recently been forced out of the Seine by Charles the Bald, the other was returning from a Mediterranean expedition. Salomon hired the Mediterranean fleet to ravage the Loire valley in Nuestria. Robert captured twelve of their ships, killing all on board save a few who fled. He then hired the former Seine Vikings to attack Salomon’s realm for 6,000 pounds silver.

paragraph: Robert’s apparent purpose was to prevent the Vikings from serving Salomon. He presumably collected a large amount in taxes for a (non-tributary) Danegeld to pay for keeping the Vikings out of Neustria. But peace between the Franks and the Vikings did not last long: in 863 Salomon made his peace, but the Vikings, now deprived of enemy lands to loot, proceeded to ravage Neustria. Charles now made Robert Lay abbot of the influential abbey St. Martin at Tours.

paragraph: Robert warred with Pepin II in his later years. In 863 he again defended Autun from Louis the German; he campaigned in Neustria in 865 and again in 866, shortly before his death, dealing with Bretons and Vikings ravaging the environs of Le Mans.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: On 2 July 866, Robert was killed at the Battle of Brissarthe while defending Francia against a joint Breton-Viking raiding party led by Salomon, King of Brittany and the Viking chieftain Hastein. During the battle the Viking commander was entrapped in a nearby church. Robert removed his armour to start to besiege the church; the Vikings then launched a surprise attack and Robert died in the subsequent melee. He left behind a nine-year-old son, Odo (who would later be King of France), as his heir. His heroic successes against the Vikings led to his characterization as "a second Maccabaeus" in the "Annales Fuldenses".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Robert married Adelaide of Tours, daughter of Hugh of Tours. They had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odo of France (c.857-898), King of Western Francia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert I of France (c.866-923), King of Western Francia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:General references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Julia M. H. "Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians". Cambridge University Press: 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hummer, Hans J. "Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm 600 – 1000". Cambridge University Press: 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin, Stewart (26 July 2008). "Robert 'le Fort' (Rotbertus Fortis, Robert 'the Strong')". Henry Project.

description: Frankish noble

wikidata_label: Robert the Strong

wikipedia_title: Robert the Strong


text: Columbia Pictures

text: Picnic

text: The Man with the Golden Arm

text: Pal Joey

text: Alfred Hitchcock

text: Vertigo

text: James Stewart

text: Fred MacMurray

text: William Holden

text: Frank Sinatra

text: Tyrone Power

text: Kirk Douglas

text: Laurence Harvey

text: The Mirror Crack'd

text: Falcon Crest

text: Liebestraum

text: Golden Globe Award

text: Honorary Golden Bear Award

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categories: American female models,People from Jackson County, Oregon,20th-century American actresses,American television actresses,1933 births,American people of Czech descent,American film actresses,People with bipolar disorder,Wilbur Wright College alumni,Actresses from Chicago,American painters,School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni,Breast cancer survivors,American Roman Catholics,Catholics from Oregon,New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners,Living people

paragraph: Kim Novak

paragraph: Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (born February 13, 1933) is a retired American film and television actress.

paragraph: She began her film career in 1954 after signing with Columbia Pictures. There she starred in a string of movies, among them the well received "Picnic" (1955). She later starred in such films as "The Man with the Golden Arm" (1955) and "Pal Joey" (1957). However, she is perhaps best known today for her performance as Madeline Elster/Judy Barton in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller "Vertigo" (1958) with James Stewart. Novak enjoyed box-office success and starred opposite several prominent leading men of the era, including Fred MacMurray, William Holden, Frank Sinatra, Tyrone Power, Kirk Douglas, and Laurence Harvey.

paragraph: Although still only in her mid-30s, Novak withdrew from acting in 1966, and has only sporadically worked in films since. She appeared in "The Mirror Crack'd" (1980), and had a regular role on the primetime series "Falcon Crest" (1986–87). After a disappointing experience during the filming of "Liebestraum" (1991), she permanently retired from acting, stating she had no desire to return.

paragraph: Her contributions to world cinema have been honored with two Golden Globe Awards, an Honorary Golden Bear Award, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame among others. She works as a visual artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Novak was born in Chicago, Illinois on February 13, 1933. She is the daughter of Joseph and Blanche (née Kral) Novak. Both her parents were of Czech descent. Her father was a history teacher who took a job as a freight dispatcher on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad during the Depression, and her mother was a factory worker. She was raised Catholic.

paragraph: She attended William Penn Elementary, Farragut High School, and Wright Junior College. She won two scholarships to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and during the summer break in her last semester of junior college, Novak went on a cross-country tour modeling for a refrigerator company at trade shows.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Early work and success (1953–58).

paragraph: While stopping by Los Angeles, Novak was crowned "Miss Deepfreeze" by the refrigerator company. While there, she and two other models stood in line to be extras in two RKO films: "The French Line" (1954), starring Jane Russell and "Son of Sinbad" (filmed in 1953, not released until 1955). There she was discovered by an agent, who signed her to a long-term contract with Columbia Pictures. From the beginning of her career, she wanted to be an original and not another stereotype. Therefore, she fought with Columbia's chief, Harry Cohn, over the changing of her name. He suggested the name "Kit Marlowe", arguing, "Nobody's gonna go see a girl with a Polack name!", but she insisted on keeping her name, saying, "I'm Czech, but Polish, Czech, no matter, it's my name!" The two sides eventually settled on the name "Kim Novak" as a compromise.

paragraph: Columbia intended for Novak to be their successor to Rita Hayworth, their biggest star of the 1940s, whose career had declined; also, the studio was hopeful that Novak would bring them the same box-office success Marilyn Monroe brought 20th Century-Fox. Novak's first role for the studio was in the film noir "Pushover" (1954), in which she received third billing below Fred MacMurray and Philip Carey. She then co-starred in the romantic comedy "Phffft" (1954) as Janis, a character who finds Robert Tracey (Jack Lemmon) "real cute". Both films were reasonably successful at the box office, and Novak received favorable reviews for her performances. In her third feature film, "5 Against the House" (1955), a gritty crime drama, she received equal billing with Guy Madison. It was only a minor critical and box-office success.

paragraph: She then played Madge Owens in the film version of "Picnic" (1955), from the William Inge play, co-starring William Holden and Rosalind Russell. Its director, Joshua Logan, felt that it would be more in character for Novak to have red hair; she agreed to wear a red wig during filming. "Picnic" was a resounding critical and box-office triumph, and Novak won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She was also nominated for BAFTA Film Award for Best Foreign Actress, but did not win. She appeared as a mystery guest on the game show "What's My Line?" on February 5, 1956, to promote the film's opening at the Radio City Music Hall. Director Otto Preminger then cast her in "The Man with the Golden Arm" (1955), in which she played Frank Sinatra's sultry ex-girlfriend. In a cast which included Eleanor Parker, Novak received praise for being one of the film's bright spots, and the film was a box-office hit

paragraph: Novak's next project, "The Eddy Duchin Story" (1956), cast her as Marjorie Oelrichs, the wife of pianist Eddy Duchin, played by Tyrone Power. Because the two leads did not get along during filming, Novak nearly considered backing out of the production, but decided against it. At the time of its release, the film was a critical and box-office hit, with many suggesting that Novak's advertisements for No-Cal diet soda contributed positively to the film's success. Offered a choice for her next project, she selected the biopic "Jeanne Eagels" (1957), in which she portrayed the stage and silent-screen actress who was addicted to heroin. Co-starring Jeff Chandler, the film was a largely fictional account of Eagels' life. Eagels' family sued Columbia over the way Eagels had been depicted in the movie.

paragraph: After appearing in a series of successful movies, Novak became one of the biggest box-office draws of 1957 and 1958. Columbia then placed her in a film adaptation of "Pal Joey" (also 1957), based on the 1940 novel and Broadway play, both written by John O'Hara. Playing Linda English, a naive showgirl, she again co-starred opposite Frank Sinatra and Rita Hayworth. Released in October, the film received favorable reviews; "Variety" called the film "strong, funny entertainment," although Novak's performance has generated a mixed reaction, partly because of noticeable lack of on-screen charisma. The movie was a box-office hit and has been considered one of Novak's better performances.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:"Vertigo".

paragraph: Director Alfred Hitchcock was working on his next film, "Vertigo" (1958), when his leading actress, Vera Miles, became pregnant and had to withdraw from the complex role of Judy Barton. Hitchcock approached Harry Cohn to offer Novak the female lead without even requesting a screen test. Though Cohn hated the script, he allowed Novak to read it because he considered Hitchcock to be a great director. Novak loved it, as she could identify with the character and agreed to take part in the film without meeting Hitchcock. At the same time, she was striking for more money from Columbia, and refused to show up for work on the "Vertigo" set to protest her salary of $1,250 a week. Novak hired new agents to represent her and demanded an adjustment in her contract. Cohn, who was paid $250,000 for Novak to do "Vertigo", suspended her, but after a few weeks of negotiations, he relented and offered her a new contract worthy of a major star. She was now receiving $3,000 a week and explained to the press, "I don't like to have anyone take advantage of me."

paragraph: Novak finally reported for work, and according to Hitchcock, she had "all sorts of preconceived notions" about her character, including what she would and would not wear. Before shooting began, she told the director she did not like the grey suit and black shoes she was slated to wear, thinking them too heavy and stiff for her character. Novak later recalled, "I didn’t think it would matter to him what kind of shoes I wore. I had never had a director who was particular about the costumes, the way they were designed, the specific colors. The two things he wanted the most were those shoes and that gray suit." Indeed, Hitchcock explained to Novak that the visual aspect of the film was even more important to him than the story, and insisted on her wearing the suit and the shoes that he had been planning for several months. Novak learned to make it work for her, as she saw it a symbol of her character. Nonetheless, Hitchcock allowed Novak the freedom to develop the character herself. As she later recalled: "It excites me to work on dual personalities because I think I have many myself. And I think that I was able to use so much of me in that movie. At first I was feeling insecure because I kept saying, "Is this right? How do you want me to play this character?" Hitchcock said: "I hired you and that's who I want, what you bring to this role. But what I do expect from you is to stand where I want you to, wear what I want you to and speak in the rhythm that I want you to." And he worked a long time with me to try to get the right rhythm." The role took on a personal significance for her, as she felt she went through the same thing as her character when she arrived in Hollywood: From my point of view, when I first read those lines where she says, "I want you to love me for me," and all the talking in that scene, I just identified with it so much because going to Hollywood as a young girl and suddenly finding they want to make you over totally, it's such a total change and it was like I was always fighting to show some of myself, feeling that I wanted to be there as well. It was like they'd do my hair and go and redo a bunch of things. So I really identified with the fact of someone that was being made over with the resentment, with wanting to. Needing approval and wanting to be loved and willing, eventually, to go to any lengths to get that by changing her hair and all of these different things. And then when Judy appears, it's another story and then when she has to go through that change. I really identified with the movie because it was saying, "Please, see who I am. Fall in love with me."

paragraph: Novak described Hitchcock as a gentleman, but found the experience of working with him to be strange. "I don't know if he ever liked me. I never sat down with him for dinner or tea or anything, except one cast dinner, and I was late to that. It wasn't my fault, but I think he thought I had delayed to make a star entrance, and he held that against me. During the shooting, he never really told me what he was thinking." The director was actually frustrated to have her instead of Vera Miles, as Novak learned later. "Hitchcock didn’t like having me in his picture and he felt I was ruining it. It was only after the film was finished that I heard how much he thought I’d wrecked his picture. I felt I did a lot of good work in that movie, and I got some of the best notices of my career. But Hitchcock couldn’t blame himself, so he blamed me." Novak got along well with her co-star, James Stewart, who supported her during the filming of the movie. "He treated me so well. I learned a lot about acting from him. When we had emotional scenes, he had to prepare himself first by somehow going deep inside of himself, and you knew to leave him alone when he was like that. And when it was over, he wouldn't just walk away. He allowed himself to slowly come out of it. He'd hold my hand and I would squeeze his hand so that we both had time to come down from the emotion."

paragraph: The film was poorly received at the time of its release in 1958, and failed at the box office, but has since been re-evaluated and is widely considered one of the director's best works. In the 2012 British Film Institute's "Sight & Sound" critics' poll, "Vertigo" was voted as the best film of all time, displacing Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane" from the position it had occupied since 1962. Novak received mixed reviews for her performance, but she managed to surprise film critics. While Bosley Crowther, writing for "The New York Times," described her as "really quite amazing," the "Variety" review noted that she was "interesting under Hitchcock’s direction" and "nearer an actress than she was in either "Pal Joey" or "Jeanne Eagles."" The consensus regarding her performance also changed with time. Film critic David Thomson thought it was "one of the major female performances in the cinema" and film director Martin Scorsese called it "extraordinary," adding that Novak's work was "so brave and emotionally immediate." However, Novak was disappointed by her performance when she watched the film in 2013. "I was really disappointed. Both characters were exaggerated. They'll always remember me in "Vertigo", and I'm not that good in it, but I don't blame me because there are a couple of scenes where I was wonderful."

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Career slowdown and other early ventures (1958–65).

paragraph: Novak again worked with Stewart in Richard Quine's "Bell, Book and Candle" (also 1958), a comedy tale of modern-day witchcraft, that proved to be a box-office success. She starred opposite Fredric March in the acclaimed "Middle of the Night" (1959), which she has described as not only her favorite of her films, but also cites her performance in "Middle of the Night" as her best.

paragraph: Novak starred opposite Kirk Douglas in "Strangers When We Meet" (1960). Richard Quine was the director, as well as her fiancé at the time. The studio planned to give them the house that was built as part of the story line during the filming as a wedding gift, but their wedding never occurred. Instead, during the last film that Quine and she made together, "The Notorious Landlady" (1962) with Jack Lemmon, she discovered and purchased her future home by the sea near Big Sur, California. It became her retreat and salvation after leaving Hollywood.

paragraph: She made an independent five-picture deal, with Martin Ransohoff and Filmways Pictures to co-produce, but it proved to be a bad choice due to clashes with personalities over scripts. Their first endeavor, "Boys' Night Out" (1962), was unsuccessful. After her Hollywood house survived the big Bel Air fire of 1961, it was finally lost a few years later when it was swept away with most of her belongings in a mudslide in 1966. During the interim, she made W. Somerset Maugham's drama "Of Human Bondage" (1964) with Laurence Harvey in Ireland.

paragraph: "Kiss Me, Stupid" (1964) followed for director Billy Wilder. Actor Peter Sellers had originally been selected, but he had suffered a heart attack, so Ray Walston substituted. Also co-starring was Dean Martin. The film had problems getting released because of conflicts with the Legion of Decency. Later it was rediscovered and acclaimed for its forward thinking and got rave reviews, particularly for Novak’s performance as "Polly the Pistol". Novak made "The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders" (1965) in England with British actor Richard Johnson. Novak married Johnson in 1965 and divorced him in the spring of 1966. They remained good friends.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Acting sporadically (1966–91).

paragraph: By the end of 1966, she was emotionally drained and no longer wanted to live the life of a Hollywood movie star, in the glare of the spotlight with the press criticizing her every move. When the mudslide took her Bel Air home and cost her entire life’s savings in bulldozer fees, she moved away from Hollywood to discover herself anew.

paragraph: From then on, acting became a job and was no longer a career of choice. Novak preferred to concentrate on her first love, the visual arts, often writing poetry to accompany her paintings, and even writing some song lyrics. Harry Belafonte and The Kingston Trio recorded some of her folk songs in the 1960s.

paragraph: Novak returned to the screen for "The Legend of Lylah Clare" (1968), starring Peter Finch and Ernest Borgnine, and directed by Robert Aldrich. She played a dual role, portraying a person who becomes possessed by a look-alike film actress who gets made over by her obsessive-compulsive director lover. Robert Aldrich asked Novak to do a German accent for that role, but she felt it was unbelievable and over the top, so she did not want to do it, and he never insisted. At the premiere, Novak was totally shocked to hear her voice had been dubbed by a German actress in many scenes. Aldrich had never told her, nor had he given her the opportunity to dub it herself. She was extremely upset. The last film Novak made in the '60s was "The Great Bank Robbery" (1969), opposite Zero Mostel, Clint Walker, and Claude Akins.

paragraph: After spending nearly four years she described as a "self-imposed vacation", Novak agreed to take part in two projects. She returned to the screen with a role in the horror anthology film "Tales That Witness Madness" (1973). Novak also starred as Las Vegas chorus girl Gloria Joyce, a character with whom she could identify, in the made-for-TV movie, "The Third Girl From the Left" (1973), with her real-life boyfriend at the time, Michael Brandon. Novak admitted a preference for TV films as she thought they were faster to shoot than features. She described scripts of that time as offensive, saying she disliked the unnecessary sex she found in most of them. In 1975, Novak took part in the ABC movie "Satan's Triangle" because she liked the story which dealt in the supernatural. Novak had a small role in "The White Buffalo" (1977), a Western starring Charles Bronson. She ended the decade by playing Helga in "Just a Gigolo" (1979), opposite David Bowie.

paragraph: In 1980, Novak played fictional actress Lola Brewster in the British mystery-thriller "The Mirror Crack'd", based on the story by Agatha Christie. She co-starred alongside Angela Lansbury, Tony Curtis, Rock Hudson, and Elizabeth Taylor.

paragraph: Novak did not appear in any feature films during the remainder of the 1980s. Her acting credits during the decade included the ensemble television movie "Malibu" (1983) and the pilot episode of "The New Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1985).

paragraph: Producers of the successful primetime soap opera "Falcon Crest" offered Novak a role in their series similar to her character in "Vertigo". She appeared as the secretive "Kit Marlowe" in 19 episodes from 1986 to 1987. It was Novak's idea to name her character Kit Marlowe, as it was the stage name that Columbia had wanted her to use when she started in the business. The former Marilyn Pauline Novak wryly described this turn of events as effectively being Cohn's revenge on her from beyond the grave.

paragraph: In 1989, Novak appeared along with James Stewart as a presenter at the 61st Academy Awards. Asked in the press room about a possible comeback, Novak said that if someone sent her a script she really wanted to do, with a part she felt she could not turn down, she would be happy to go back to work on the big or little screen. At the same time, Novak turned down plenty of offers for movies, as well as an opportunity to appear in a second season of "Falcon Crest", to write her autobiography, tentatively titled "Through My Eyes". Novak decided to re-establish contact with her agent and seek challenging roles after she realized she was not satisfied artistically. She said at the time, "I feel that I didn't live up to what I should have done with it. In other words, I'm glad I made the move away from Hollywood: I don't regret that. I know that was a major thing and a good thing. But by the same token, it was like unfinished business." She returned to film with the leading role of Rose Sellers in "The Children" (1990) opposite Ben Kingsley. A British-German coproduction, the film premiered at the London Film Festival and received good reviews. Leonard Maltin praised the acting and felt Novak's performance was "excellent". However, following disputes between the director Tony Palmer and the distributor over editing and music, the film was pulled from release and never distributed.

paragraph: Director Mike Figgis offered Novak the role of a terminally ill writer with a mysterious past in his thriller "Liebestraum" (1991) opposite Kevin Anderson and Bill Pullman. Novak loved the script and thought it was going to be an important picture. However, her collaboration with Figgis was tense and the two had conflicts from the beginning. Novak agreed to do the film under the impression she was going to play the whole character, but Figgis felt she was unable to play the flashback role the way he wanted, and hired actress Sarah Fearon for those scenes. The two clashed on the set, as their visions of the script differed and were in many ways diametrically opposed. Although she considered him to be a brilliant director, she felt the story was too personal for him, as it was about his own life, and Novak was playing his mother. She was also unhappy, as she felt he wanted her to act like a puppet. "He wanted what he thought Hitchcock had made over. But Hitchcock didn’t do that. Figgis didn’t know Hitchcock. So he treated me the way he thought Hitchcock must have, tried to manipulate me into doing exactly... I went crazy." Novak later said she was hurt and distraught, as "It was such a painful thing for me because it took me right back to Harry Cohn and all that time. And back into saying, Look, for god’s sake, haven’t you heard it enough? We don’t want you to do anything. Just be 'Kim Novak.' That movie pained me more than any movie in the world could do." Novak later told "Movieline" in 2005 she felt she had been "unprofessional" not to obey her director. "I know he thinks I'm a total bitch. That role was fabulous, full of depth. When I interpreted it the way I thought was evident in the incredible script, he said, 'We're not making a Kim Novak movie, just say the lines. If you continue to play the role this way, I'm going to cut you out of the movie,' and he pretty much did that."

paragraph: Novak was supposed to do a comedy with the French director Claude Berri, also starring Peter Falk, and a remake of "Bell, Book and Candle" with Sharon Stone. Neither film was made, and following the difficult experience with "Liebestraum," she has usually cited that experience as the reason for her decision to retire from the film industry. In 2004, she told the Associated Press:I got so burned out on that picture that I wanted to leave the business, but then if you wait long enough you think, "Oh, I miss certain things." The making of a movie is wonderful. What's difficult is afterward when you have to go around and try to sell it. The actual filming, when you have a good script—which isn't often—nothing beats it.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Retirement (1992–present).

paragraph: After her retirement from acting, Novak has made only rare public appearances and turned down most offers she received. In 1996, "Vertigo" was given a restoration by Robert A. Harris and James C. Katz and re-released to theaters. Novak loved their work so much, she agreed to make appearances at screenings of the film, something she originally refused when Universal asked her in 1984. She also took part in "Obsessed with Vertigo," a documentary retracing the making and restoration of the film. In 1997, Novak received an Honorary Golden Bear Award for lifetime achievement at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraph: In 2003, Novak was presented with the Eastman Kodak Archives Award for her major contribution to film. Prior honorees include Greta Garbo, Audrey Hepburn, James Stewart, Martin Scorsese, and Meryl Streep. During that time, Novak received several offers to do some major films and to appear on high-profile television shows. She made an appearance on "Larry King Live" in 2004, where she stated she would consider returning to the screen "if it was the right role." In 2010, Novak was the recipient of a special tribute from the American Cinematheque in Hollywood, where her films were shown at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre. She made a rare personal appearance with a Q&A onstage between showing of "Pal Joey" and "Bell, Book and Candle", earning a two-minute-long standing ovation upon her entrance.

paragraph: In April 2012, Novak was honored at the TCM Classic Film Festival, where she introduced a screening of "Vertigo". She joined in conversation with Robert Osborne for a Q&A session in which she discussed her career and personal life. The hour-long interview aired on TCM as "Kim Novak: Live from the TCM Classic Film Festival" on March 6, 2013. Novak broke down in tears while discussing "Liebestraum." As she nearly sobbed in front of the audience, Novak said, "I couldn't do a movie after that. I've never done a movie after that. I just couldn't do a movie after that." The interview was an eye-opener for many fans who had wondered why Novak made so few films. Acknowledging that she never reached her potential as an actress, Novak revealed to the audience that she was bipolar and explained, "I was not diagnosed until much later. I go through more of the depression than the mania part." "I don't think I was ever cut out to have a Hollywood life," Novak also commented. "Did I do the right thing, leaving? Did I walk out when I shouldn't have? That's when I get sad." On the possibility of acting again, Novak said in another interview, with the fashion website "LifeGoesStrong," "Who knows what the future holds? It would take an awful lot to lure me out there, but I would never say never." Also during the TCM Festival, Novak was honored in a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. That same year, Novak received the San Francisco Cinematic Icon Award from the San Francisco Museum and Historical Society.

paragraph: After years of seclusion, Novak started to make public appearances more frequently as she felt her body of work was being more appreciated.

paragraph: In 2013, she was recognized as the guest of honor by the Cannes Film Festival and attended the 2013 Festival, where she introduced a new restored version of "Vertigo". She also took part in the festival’s closing ceremony as a presenter, earning a standing ovation upon her entrance.

paragraph: In 2014, she was a presenter at the 86th Academy Awards. That same year, she appeared at the TCM Classic Film Festival, where she unveiled her painting "Vertigo / Vortex of Delusion" commissioned by the TCM network as part of their 20th anniversary.

paragraph: In 2015, Novak attended the 22nd Febiofest international film festival, where she received the Kristián Award for her contribution to world cinema and also had an exhibition of her paintings at the Strahov Monastery. She hosted special screenings of "Vertigo" featuring live performances of Bernard Herrmann's score by members of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and by members of the San Francisco Symphony at the Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall in 2016. Also in 2016, Novak was invited by Turner Classic Movies to be a guest on their Caribbean Cruise where she sold five of her paintings and was able to raise nearly $7,000 for the prevention of teenage suicide with the auction of a framed giclée of her.

paragraph: In 2018, Novak joined in conversation with Larry King for a Q&A session at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, in celebration of "Vertigo"'s 60th Anniversary. That same year, she was the recipient of a special sold-out tribute from the Castro Theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: In 1955, Novak won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female. Two years later she won another Golden Globe for World Favorite Female Actress. On February 8, 1960, Novak was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6332 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1995, Novak was ranked 92nd by "Empire Magazine" on a list of the 100 sexiest stars in film history. Novak was honored with a Golden Bear for Lifetime Achievement at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 and was presented with the Eastman Kodak Archives Award for her major contribution to film in 2003. In 2012, Novak was honored in a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. That same year, she received the "S.F. Cinematic Icon Award" from the San Francisco Museum and Historical Society for her screen contributions in San Francisco with "Pal Joey" and "Vertigo". Her contribution to world cinema was also rewarded with the "Kristián Award" she was given at the 22nd Febiofest international film festival in 2015.

paragraph: Novak influenced many actors, as well as fashion designers with the roles she played. Naomi Watts stated that her character interpretation in "Mulholland Drive" (2001) was influenced by the look and performances of Novak in "Vertigo". Renée Zellweger said that Novak was "pure magic" and dressed up as her character from "Vertigo" for a photo shoot for March 2008 issue of "Vanity Fair". Nicole Kidman wrote Novak a letter saying she was "an inspiration to me and to women everywhere. Your cinematic body of work speaks for yourself, but so does the other side of Kim Novak – the free spirit who left Hollywood to live atop the hills of Big Sur. Kim Novak the painter and llama farmer. You are an icon whose screen presence is unmatched, and yet you’ve lived your life with dignity and authenticity, and the courage to follow your heart wherever it takes you." In 2005, British fashion designer Alexander McQueen named his first It Bag "The Novak," saying, "I'm drawn to Kim Novak in the same way that Hitchcock was. She had an air of uptightness you wouldn't want to cross."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Novak's first marriage was to English actor Richard Johnson. It lasted 13 months, from March 15, 1965, to April 23, 1966. The two remained friends afterwards.

paragraph: After her engagement to director Richard Quine, much was made of her relationships with Sammy Davis, Jr., and Ramfis Trujillo, the adopted son of the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. She dated Frank Sinatra, Richard Beymer, and actor Michael Brandon. A BBC documentary claimed that to end her relationship with a black man Columbia Studios chief Harry Cohn had mobsters threaten Sammy Davis, Jr., with blinding or having his legs broken if he did not marry a black woman within 48 hours.

paragraph: In the 1960s, Novak left Hollywood for Big Sur, where she raised horses and painted, making an occasional film. In 1974, she met her present husband, equine veterinarian Robert Malloy, when he made a house call after one of her Arabian mares suffered colic. They have been together ever since, and married on March 12, 1976. As a result of her marriage, she has two adult stepchildren.

paragraph: The couple built a log home along the Williamson River near Chiloquin, Oregon.

paragraph: In 1997, Novak bought a 43-acre ranch in Sams Valley, Oregon, which they made into their home. Novak took classes in painting with pastels from artists Harley Brown and Richard McKinley. In July 2000, their home burned to the ground, and she lost all her art and the only draft of the autobiography she had been working on for 10 years.

paragraph: In 2006, Novak was injured in a horse-riding accident. She suffered a punctured lung, broken ribs, and nerve damage, but made a full recovery within a year.

paragraph: In October 2010, her manager, Sue Cameron, reported that Novak had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Cameron also noted that Novak is "undergoing treatment" and "her doctors say she is in fantastic physical shape and should recover very well." Upon completion of treatment, Novak was declared cancer-free.

paragraph: In 2014, after Novak's rare public appearance at the 86th Academy Awards, the media and social commentary indicated she was hardly recognizable, which resulted in speculation that she had undertaken substantial cosmetic surgery. Novak was devastated by the criticism — "It really did throw me into a tailspin and it hit me hard," and wrote an open letter in which she stood up to all of her Oscar-night "bullies." Novak admitted that she "had fat injections in my face" as she felt "they seemed far less invasive than a face-lift," but later regretted it, "So why did I do it? I trusted somebody doing what I thought they knew how to do best. I should have known better, but what do you do? We do some stupid things in our lives."

paragraph: Novak continues her creative endeavors today as a photographer, poet, and visual artist who paints in watercolor, oil, and pastel. Her paintings are impressionistic and surrealistic.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Controversy about Novak's "The Artist" ad in "Variety"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Was In Life: Kim Novak Remembers (photo feature) "LIFE"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim Novak at the American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kim Novak Official Artist Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs and literature

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Kim Novak

wikipedia_title: Kim Novak


text: Mohawk

text: Iroquois

text: Continental Army

text: Abenaki

text: Schuylerville, New York

text: Kahnawake

text: Mohawk

text: French and Indian War

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Native American

text: Continental Army

text: Oneida

text: Oneida

text: Seven Nations of Canada

text: Akwesasne

text: Abenaki

text: Schuylerville, New York

text: slave

text: Kahnawake

text: Mohawk language

text: Jesuit

text: Mohawk nation

text: French and Indian War

text: Seven Years' War

text: Eleazer Williams

text: Braddock expedition

text: George Washington

text: General Montcalm

text: Battle of Fort Oswego

text: Rogers' Rangers

text: Fort Ticonderoga

text: Battle of Carillon

text: Battle of Sainte-Foy

text: Chevalier de Levis

text: Akwesasne

text: St. Lawrence River

text: Iroquois

text: George Washington

text: Benedict Arnold

text: expedition into Quebec

text: Battle of Oriskany

text: Saratoga Campaign

text: Oneida

text: Robert Van Rensselaer

text: Battle of Klock's Field

text: Sir John Johnson

text: Tory

text: Valley Forge

text: Peter Stephen DuPonceau

text: Philip Schuyler

text: Continental Congress

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Continental Army

text: American Indian

text: Marinus Willett

text: Battle of Johnstown

text: Joseph Brant

text: Seven Nations

text: Six Nations Reserve

text: Sterling, New York

text: Oneida tribe

text: Onondaga

text: Kahnawake

text: George Clinton

text: Treaty of Fort Schuyler

text: Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario

text: Akwesasne

text: War of 1812

text: Fort Niagara

text: Battle of Lundy's Lane

text: Buffalo, New York

categories: African Americans in the American Revolution,Native American military personnel,People from Quebec,People from Sterling, New York,People from Onondaga, New York,People from Montgomery County, New York,Year of birth missing,Native American leaders,Native Americans in the American Revolution,1814 deaths,Continental Army officers from New York (state),American people of the War of 1812,American Mohawk people,Indigenous people of the French and Indian War

paragraph: Joseph Louis Cook

paragraph: Joseph Louis Cook, or Akiatonharónkwen (died October 1814) (Mohawk), was an Iroquois leader and commissioned officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Born to an African father and an Abenaki mother in what is now Schuylerville, New York, he and his mother were taken captive in a French-Mohawk raid and taken to Kahnawake, a Mohawk village south of Montreal. They were adopted by a Mohawk family. His mother soon died and he served Catholic missionaries, learning French. He became an influential leader among the Mohawk and distinguished himself as a warrior for their allies the French during the French and Indian War.

paragraph: During the American Revolutionary War, Cook supported the rebel colonists and joined their fight against the British. He became the highest-ranking Native American officer in the Continental Army, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. He led Oneida warriors, who were allied with the rebels, against the British in some actions. After the war, he settled in central New York State, where he became an important adviser to the Oneida. He represented them and the Seven Nations of Canada to negotiate with the government of New York state in trying to achieve more justice in postwar land deals. He later settled at Akwesasne, eventually a formal Mohawk reserve that straddles the New York, USA-Quebec, Canada borders.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Cook was born as "Nia-man-rigounant" to an Abenaki mother and black father; while living in what is today Schuylerville, New York, the family was taken captive in a French-Mohawk raid in 1745. A French officer planned to keep the boy as a slave, but the Mohawk intervened and saved him. They took the boy and his mother with them when they returned to their village of Kahnawake south of Montreal. Cook was formally adopted by a Mohawk family and assimilated into the tribe; he grew up learning their culture and language. In the Mohawk language, he was named "Akiatonharónkwen", translates as "he unhangs himself from the group." Over the years, Cook also learned French, as he was educated by Jesuit Catholic missionaries in the village.

paragraph: Later he learned English as well. Among English-language records, he is most often referred to as Louis Cook or Colonel Louis.

paragraph: Section::::French and Indian War.

paragraph: Cook lived in the Mohawk village of Kahnawake. He fought with the Mohawk nation on the side of the French against the British colonists in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. A friend and minister, Eleazer Williams, later wrote that Cook was at the battle against the Braddock expedition in 1755 (the Braddock party included the young George Washington), and served under General Montcalm at the Battle of Fort Oswego in 1756. The same year, he was wounded in a skirmish with Rogers' Rangers near Fort Ticonderoga.

paragraph: Cook was given his first command in the 1758 Battle of Carillon, where he was praised by General Montcalm. He was also present at the Battle of Sainte-Foy in 1760, serving under the Chevalier de Levis.

paragraph: Following the war, Cook returned to Caughnawaga and married Marie-Charlotte. As he never fully accepted the British victory and found his homeland increasingly overrun by British colonists, he moved with his family to Akwesasne, a Mohawk village along the St. Lawrence River in what was then Quebec.

paragraph: Section::::American Revolution.

paragraph: Although the Mohawk and three other of the Iroquois nations sided with the British during the American Revolution, hoping to expel the colonists from their lands, Cook allied with the Thirteen Colonies, as did the Oneida and Tuscarora. As early as 1775, he offered his services to General George Washington. Cook was with Benedict Arnold on his expedition into Quebec, when he was already known as "Colonel Louis." Washington met again with Cook in 1776.

paragraph: In New York, Louis Cook was present at the Battle of Oriskany, and participated in the Saratoga Campaign. He led a large body of Oneida warriors under General Robert Van Rensselaer. Following the Battle of Klock's Field, Cook forded a river in pursuit of Sir John Johnson while General Rensselaer delayed. Infuriated, Colonel Louis shook his sword at Rensselaer and accused him of being a Tory.

paragraph: Cook was with the Continental Army at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777. In spring 1778, Peter Stephen DuPonceau wrote of meeting Cook, dressed in American regimentals, after hearing the officer singing a French aria. In March of that year, General Philip Schuyler sent Cook to destroy British ships at Niagara in order to prevent another Canadian expedition.

paragraph: The nickname of "Colonel Louis" was made fact on June 15, 1779, when Cook received a commission from the Continental Congress as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Continental Army. This commission was the highest rank awarded to an American Indian during the Revolution. It is the only known Continental Army commission given to a man of known African descent. Colonel Louis was with Lieutenant-Colonel Marinus Willett at the Battle of Johnstown in 1781, one of the last North American battles of the Revolution.

paragraph: During the war, Cook became a personal enemy of Captain Joseph Brant, a Mohawk who supported the British. When each returned to their homes after the war, their personal conflict divided the Mohawk nation. The Seven Nations of Canada and the Iroquois at what would be the Six Nations Reserve, who were mostly emigrants from the New York colony, were brought to the brink of war.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Cook settled in the area of Sterling, New York following the war. He became an influential adviser to the Oneida tribe because he could speak both French and English in addition to Oneida. While living at Onondaga, Cook married Marguerite Thewanihattha. They had several children.

paragraph: Cook convinced the Oneida to lease their lands, using the example of the Mohawk tribe at Kahnawake. The Oneida leased nearly to Colonel John Livingston for 999 years. Conflicting claims were made on many of the Iroquois lands, and much of the land was lost to the state of New York because the Iroquois were forced to cede land, as the majority had been allies of the defeated British.

paragraph: The Oneida named Cook and Peter Otsequette to negotiate with Governor George Clinton for a return of, or compensation for, their land. Governor Clinton made some minor concessions to the Oneida in the Treaty of Fort Schuyler, but generally did not yield much to the Oneida representatives. Today, Cook has been criticized for negotiating bad land deals for the Oneida.

paragraph: Despite his shortcomings in the Oneida land negotiations, between 1792 and 1796 Cook was selected by the Seven Nations of Canada on six separate occasions to represent them in land negotiations with New York state. The negotiations were related to lands sold by the people of two villages, Grand River and Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario, who were led by Joseph Brant. The Mohawk peoples of Akwesasne and Kahnawake, then considered two of the Seven Nations, denied that those villages had the right to sell what was common Mohawk land in New York. Ultimately, New York prevailed in keeping control of the land, and the division between Cook and Brant was deepened.

paragraph: By 1789, Cook had settled at Akwesasne, where he became an influential chief. The Mohawk reserve eventually established there spans the New York (US)-Quebec (Canada) border and the St. Lawrence River. He argued that the St. Regis Indians (as they were called in New York) and the Seven Nations should remain neutral in the War of 1812 between the US and Great Britain. The United States forgot Cook's earlier service and detained the Mohawk at Fort Niagara; he was released after producing proof of his commission in the Continental Army, as well as letters from George Washington.

paragraph: Although too elderly to participate in the War of 1812, Cook followed the United States Army into Canada during the war; he was present at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. He was involved in a skirmish and fell from his horse. The injuries proved fatal; he died in the American camp in October 1814. Cook was given a military salute at his funeral, and was buried near Buffalo, New York.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonaparte, Darren. "Too Many Chiefs, Not Enough Indians. The History of the Three Chief System and the Constitution of the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe." 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jefferson, Thomas "To Colonel Louis Cook and Jacob Francis of the St.Regis Indians, 5 May 1808", Questia

description: Iroquois leader

wikidata_label: Joseph Louis Cook

wikipedia_title: Joseph Louis Cook


text: Ponce de Cervera

text: Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona

text: Barisone II of Arborea

text: Hugh I of Bas

text: Hugh I of Arborea

text: Peter de Serra

text: throne of Arborea

text: Alfonso II of Aragon

text: Republic of Genoa

text: Rome

categories: 12th-century Catalan people,Judges (judikes) of Arborea,Medieval Catalan women,12th-century Italian people,Medieval Catalan nobility,12th-century Italian women,Italian untitled nobility,12th-century Spanish women

paragraph: Agalbursa

paragraph: Agalbursa (or Agalburga, Galbors), born 1148/55, died after 1186; was the daughter of Ponce de Cervera, viscount of Bas (a Catalan magnate), and Almodis, daughter of Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona. She married Barisone II of Arborea as his second wife.

paragraph: She was the mother of possibly one daughter, Susanna.

paragraph: Her stepdaughter Ispella married her brother Hugh I of Bas (c1150-c1179) and was the mother of Hugh I of Arborea. When Barisone died in 1186, Agalbursa signed a charter as "Dei gratia Arboree Regina". She opposed her husband's eldest son by his first wife, Peter de Serra, and instead tried to impose her own nephew Hugh on the throne of Arborea with the help of her cousin Alfonso II of Aragon and the Republic of Genoa.

paragraph: She was possibly married secondly with the Catalan magnate, Ramon de Montcada, lord of Tortosa and Lleida.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghisalberti, Alberto M. (ed) "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: VI Baratteri – Bartolozzi". Rome, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moore, John C. "Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State." "Speculum", Vol. 62, No. 1. (January, 1987), pp 81–101.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tola, Pasquale. "Codex diplomaticus Sardiniae". Turin, 1868.

description: Judge consort of Arborea

wikidata_label: Agalbursa of Bas

wikipedia_title: Agalbursa


text: Derby

text: England

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: art historian

text: Giles Constable

text: John Constable

text: Derby School

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: Inner Temple

text: First World War

text: Sherwood Foresters

text: shell shock

text: Slade School of Art

text: Wallace Collection

text: National Gallery

text: New Statesman

text: Saturday Review

text: Courtauld Institute of Art

text: University of London

text: Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham

text: Roger Fry

text: University of Cambridge

text: Boston Museum of Fine Arts

text: United States

text: Smithsonian Archives of American Art

text: St John's College library

text: Paul Mellon Centre

text: Richard Wilson

text: Papers of William George Constable

text: W. G. Constable Papers 1905-1981

text: The W. G. Constable Archive

text: Art and Economics in Cambridge

categories: Academics of the Courtauld Institute of Art,American art historians,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,People educated at Derby School,British emigrants to the United States,Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge,1976 deaths,English art historians,1887 births,Alumni of the Slade School of Art

paragraph: William George Constable

paragraph: William George Constable (born Derby, England, 27 October 1887, died Cambridge, Massachusetts, 3 February 1976, was an art historian and gallery director. He was the father of Medieval Historian Giles Constable.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Distantly related to the landscape painter John Constable, William George Constable was educated at Derby School, where his father was headmaster, and St John's College, Cambridge, where he read history, law and economics. In 1909, he was awarded the Whewell Scholarship for International Law. After gaining a First in economics in 1910, he was awarded the McMahon Law Studentship by St John's for four years, then entered the Inner Temple and was called to the Bar in May, 1914.

paragraph: Section::::War Service.

paragraph: During the First World War, Constable served in the Sherwood Foresters for two years, but he suffered severe shell shock when a shell exploded in a trench a few feet from him, burying him alive. He then spent a long period in a nursing home while recovering.

paragraph: Section::::Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

paragraph: While convalescing, Constable reworked and resubmitted an existing thesis to St John's and was elected a Fellow of the College, a position he held from January 1919 to the end of 1921.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.

paragraph: From 1921, Constable attended the Slade School of Art in London, worked at the Wallace Collection. In 1923, he joined the National Gallery, where he stayed for eight years, the last two as assistant director, and became an art critic for the New Statesman and the Saturday Review. In 1931, he moved to the newly formed Courtauld Institute of Art at the University of London, having been recruited as its first Director by Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham. In 1935, he succeeded Roger Fry as Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cambridge, while continuing as Director of the Courtauld. In 1937, he resigned both positions and in 1938 left England to become Curator of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. He remained in the United States until his death in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Papers of W. G. Constable.

paragraph: The papers of Constable are held in multiple repositories. The Smithsonian Archives of American Art holds biographical material as well as personal and professional correspondence and research papers belonging to Constable. Its collection also includes an oral history of Constable conducted in July 1972 - June 1973 by Robert Brown. Some material kept and created by Constable is also held at St John's College library. The Paul Mellon Centre archive holds the research notes, correspondence and photographs of Constable mainly relating to his work on the artist Richard Wilson, as well as other seventeenth-and-eighteenth-century artists.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Constable married Olivia Roberts in 1926.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Flaxman 1755-1826" (University of London Press, 1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art History and Connoisseurship" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Painter's Workshop" (Oxford University Press, 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Richard Wilson" (Routledge & Paul, London, 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art Collecting in the United States of America: an Outline of a History" (Nelson, London, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canaletto: Giovanni Antonio Canal, 1697-1768" (2 vols., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1962)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papers of William George Constable held at St John's College library, Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. G. Constable Papers 1905-1981 held at Smithsonian Archives of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The W. G. Constable Archive held at the Paul Mellon Centre, London

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "W. G. Constable" by J.G. Links in "Burlington Magazine" no. 118 (May 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terisio Pignatti in "Arte Veneta 30" (1976) 277-278

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of National Biography, 1971-1980", pp. 171–2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art and Economics in Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- William George Constable at arthistorians.info

description: art historian and gallery director

wikidata_label: William George Constable

wikipedia_title: William George Constable


text:
Bristol
Bristol Aeroplane Company
national service
Royal Navy
Bath Academy of Art
St Bartholomew's Hospital
John Moores exhibition
Venice Biennale
Bodington Hall
University of Leeds
Haymarket Centre
Leicester Haymarket Theatre

categories: Academics of the Leeds College of Art,Academics of the Central School of Art and Design,People from Bristol,English contemporary artists,Members of the 56 Group Wales,1976 deaths,1924 births,Royal Navy personnel,British male sculptors,20th-century British sculptors,Geometry of Fear

paragraph: Hubert Dalwood

paragraph: Hubert Cyril "Nibs" Dalwood (2 June 1924 – 2 November 1976) was a British sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dalwood was born on 2 June 1924 at 78 Whiteladies Road, Clifton, Bristol. He was apprenticed to the Bristol Aeroplane Company (1940–44), and attended the Bristol School of Art part-time. After national service in the Royal Navy, he studied at Bath Academy of Art. He was a teacher of sculpture at several institutions over the years. He married Mary Nicolson and they had two daughters. They divorced in 1963 and he married Caroline Gaunt, who produced two sons. They divorced in 1974. He died 2 November 1976 in St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: In 1959 he won first prize at the John Moores exhibition in Liverpool for his ovoid "Large Object" and won the David Bright prize at the 1962 Venice Biennale. From 1959 to 1962 he was engaged on a commission to construct a large cast aluminium relief mural (6.4 x 6.1 m) for the new Bodington Hall student accommodation complex at the University of Leeds. The significance of this work was considered such that the building was scheduled Grade II listed on grounds that he was a leading sculptor; it represented his first large scale output in his great period, and its high aesthetic quality. When the Hall was demolished, the mural was transferred to another University of Leeds building.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Standing Draped Figure 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucca 1958

paragraph: BULLET::::- Large Object 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- O.A.S. Assassins 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maquette for 'Arbor' 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Metal Tree, Haymarket Centre and Leicester Haymarket Theatre, Belgrave Gate, Leicester, Leicestershire. 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sculpture of Hubert Dalwood" by Chris Stephens (1999) published: The Henry Moore Foundation in association with Lund Humphries .

description: British sculptor

wikidata_label: Hubert Dalwood

wikipedia_title: Hubert Dalwood


text: Rostock

text: Halle an der Saale

text: University of Göttingen

text: August Ludwig von Schlözer

text: University of Halle

text: Johann Reinhold Forster

text: slave trade

text: Falkland Islands

text: Philippines

text: Connecticut

text: Revolution in North America

text: Maratha empire

text: ethnography

text: East India

categories: German geographers,1746 births,University of Göttingen alumni,People from Rostock,University of Halle faculty,1803 deaths,University of Göttingen faculty

paragraph: Matthias Christian Sprengel

paragraph: Matthias Christian Sprengel (24 August 1746, in Rostock – 7 January 1803, in Halle an der Saale) was a German geographer and historian. He was notably the author of works on North American history, the American Revolution and Maratha history.

paragraph: He studied history at the University of Göttingen as a pupil of August Ludwig von Schlözer. In 1778 he became an associate professor, and during the following year, relocated to the University of Halle as a full professor of history. At Halle he worked closely with Johann Reinhold Forster, who in time, became Sprengel's father-in-law.

paragraph: From 1800 onward, he was editor of "Bibliothek der neuesten und wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen" ("Library of the latest and most important travelogues").

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vom Ursprung des Negerhandels: Ein Antrittsprogramm", 1779 – From the origin of the slave trade.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschichte der Europäer in Nordamerika", 1782 – History of Europeans in North America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschichte der Falkland-Inseln", 1781 – History of the Falkland Islands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschichte und Beschreibung der Philippinischen Inseln", 1782 – History and description of the Philippines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neuester Zustand von Connecticut", 1782 – The recent state of Connecticut.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschichte der Revolution von Nord-Amerika", 1785 – History of the Revolution in North America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschichte der Maratten", 1786 – History of Maratha empire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschichte der wichtigsten geographischen Entdeckungen bis zur Ankunft der Portugiesen in Japan 1542" (2nd edition, 1792) – History of the most important geographical discoveries until the arrival of the Portuguese in Japan in 1542.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auswahl der besten ausländischen geographischen und statistischen Nachrichten zur Aufklärung der Völker- und Länderkunde" (14 volumes, 1784–1800) – Selection of the best foreign geographical and statistical notices for the explanation of geography and ethnography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mathias Christian Sprengels Erdbeschreibung von Ostindien", 1802 – Sprengel's geography of East India.

description: German historian

wikidata_label: Matthias Christian Sprengel

wikipedia_title: Matthias Christian Sprengel


text:
Maya
Quiriguá
Guatemala
Kinich Ahau
stela

wikipedia_title:
Maya civilization
Quiriguá
Guatemala
Kinich Ahau
Stele

paragraph: Tutuum Yohl Kʼinich

paragraph: Tutuum Yohl Kʼinich (c. 455) was the second known king of Maya city-state Quiriguá in Guatemala.

paragraph: He was named after the Sun god, Kinich Ahau.

paragraph: It is recorded that a stela, as yet undiscovered, was erected in 455 by Tutuum Yohl Kʼinich.

description: Mayan King

wikidata_label: Tutuum Yohl K'inich

wikipedia_title: Tutuum Yohl Kʼinich


text:
king
ajaw
Maya
Quiriguá
Guatemala
Jade Sky

wikipedia_title:
King
Ajaw
Maya civilization
Quiriguá
Guatemala
Jade Sky

paragraph: Sky Xul

paragraph: Sky Xul was a king (ajaw) of Maya city-state Quiriguá in Guatemala, who ruled 785 – c. 795.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sky Xul became the reigning lord of Quiriguá 78 days after the death of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, who is thought to have been his father.

paragraph: His reign lasted from 10 to 15 years and was a period of continued activity. In most of the Maya region cities already were suffering terminal decline, engulfed by the Classic Maya collapse, but in Quiriguá Sky Xul dedicated three great zoomorph sculptures and two altars, considered marvels of Maya stoneworking. Sky Xul died some time between 795 and 800.

paragraph: Jade Sky succeeded Sky Xul and was the last ruler of Quiriguá.

description: Mayan king

wikidata_label: Sky Xul

wikipedia_title: Sky Xul


text:
Maya
Guatemala
Sky Xul

wikipedia_title:
Maya civilization
Guatemala
Sky Xul

categories: Kings of Quiriguá,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Jade Sky

paragraph: Jade Sky (ruled c. 800 – c. 810) was a king of the Maya city-state Quirigua in Guatemala, a successor of Sky Xul, who was maybe a son of great king K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat.

paragraph: He was the last recorded ruler of Quirigua. The city's power already was waning. Jade Sky did build two of the largest structures in the acropolis, however.

description: King of a Maya civilization

wikidata_label: Jade Sky

wikipedia_title: Jade Sky