text: California

text: Hunt's Foods

text: Norton Simon Museum

text: Pasadena, California

text: Jennifer Jones

text: Portland, Oregon

text: Seaside, Oregon

text: type 1 diabetes

text: San Francisco

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Fullerton, California

text: Hunt Food and Industries

text: World War II

text: Vogue

text: Life

text: ConAgra Foods, Inc.

text: McCall's Publishing

text: Saturday Review of Literature

text: Canada Dry

text: Max Factor

text: Talent Associates

text: Avis Car Rental

text: Esmark

text: Beatrice Foods

text: ConAgra

text: Impressionists

text: Old Masters

text: 18 East 79th Street

text: Duveen Gallery

text: Clement Greenberg

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Charles IV of Spain

text: Rembrandt in Southern California

text: LA County Museum of Art

text: Nataraja

text: Tamil Nadu

text: New York Times

text: Los Angeles Times

text: Norton Simon Museum

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: Jennifer Jones

text: David O. Selznick

text: Reed College

text: Alliant International University

text: U.S. Senator

text: George Murphy

text: Republican

text: primary

text: general election

text: Democrat

text: John V. Tunney

text: Ronald Reagan

text: governor

text: Guillain–Barré syndrome

text: Norton Simon Museum

text: Hunt's Foods

text: Norton Simon Museum

categories: University of California regents,Museum founders,Jewish American philanthropists,American food company founders,American chief executives of food industry companies,Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon,1993 deaths,Philanthropists from California,Art in the Greater Los Angeles Area,Jews and Judaism in Portland, Oregon,People from Beverly Hills, California,American company founders,California Republicans,Businesspeople from Los Angeles,American art collectors,1907 births,American billionaires,People associated with the Norton Simon Museum

paragraph: Norton Simon

paragraph: Norton Winfred Simon (February 5, 1907 – June 2, 1993) was an American billionaire industrialist and philanthropist based in California. Norton, at that time, was one of the richest men in America. He was the founder of Val Vita Food Products, which later acquired Hunt's Foods. His significant art collection is housed in the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, California. After his death in 1993, Simon's wife, actress Jennifer Jones, remained an emeritus of the Museum until her death in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Simon was born February 5, 1907 in Portland, Oregon, to Myer and Lillian Simon (née Gluckman). He had two younger sisters, Evelyn and Marcia. Simon's father was a businessman who operated his own wholesale goods store, Simon Sells For Less. though the family's financial situation fluctuated. When he was a child, his parents purchased a cottage in Seaside, Oregon, where he spent time during his youth. His mother died in Seaside when Simon was fourteen of complications stemming from type 1 diabetes.

paragraph: When he was sixteen, Simon and his family relocated to San Francisco, where had graduated from high school in 1924. In 1925, at his father's insistence, he enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley, but left his pre-law studies within the first six weeks to start a sheet metal distribution company. He enjoyed early success and invested $7000 in 1927 in an orange juice bottling plant in Fullerton, California, which was insolvent, and renamed it Val Vita Food Products Company. He soon added other fruit and vegetables to the product lines and purchased canning equipment.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: As one of the first of his significant corporate moves, Simon sold Val Vita to Hunt's Foods in return for a controlling interest in the combined business. By 1943 he changed the company's name to Hunt Food and Industries and ran it with strict cost-controls and an unorthodox approach to marketing. During and after World War II, Simon focused on product visibility. Uncharacteristically for a food company at the time, he acquired full page advertisements in "Vogue" and "Life" magazines with full-color photos of Hunt's ketchup bottles and tomato sauce cans. His aggressive advertising ensured the company's slogan "Hunt for the best" was prominent. His marketing strategy worked, and by 1945 Hunt Foods became a household name and one of the largest food processing businesses on the West Coast. Hunt's is now part of ConAgra Foods, Inc..

paragraph: With the growing profits from Hunt Foods, he began buying stock in other undervalued companies with growth potential, many of which were still undervalued following the loss of confidence in equities after the Great Depression. He diversified through acquisition into well known businesses such as McCall's Publishing, the "Saturday Review of Literature", Canada Dry Corporation, Max Factor cosmetics, the television production company Talent Associates, and Avis Car Rental, through his holding company Norton Simon Inc. (Norton Simon Inc. was formed in 1968 through the merger of Hunt Foods, McCalls Publishing and Canada Dry Corporation.) Many of these businesses had extensive interests outside the United States. Norton Simon Inc. was later acquired by Esmark in 1983, which merged with Beatrice Foods the next year. Beatrice was sold to ConAgra in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Art collection.

paragraph: Simon accumulated a significant private art collection which included works of the Impressionists, Old Masters, modern and native art. In the 1960s, he spent $6 million on artworks – an inventory of slightly less than 800 objects – and real estate – a building at 18 East 79th Street – from the Duveen Gallery in Manhattan, which specialized in old masters. Scholars including the critic Clement Greenberg and the Metropolitan Museum of Art curator Theodore Rousseau studied the Duveen purchases for Simon and were able to identify numerous misattributions. Simon ended up selling much of the collection and only kept around 130 objects, primarily paintings, a handful of sculptures, a few porcelains, and a cape purportedly worn by Charles IV of Spain. However, his collection holds three autographed Rembrandt paintings, considered highly important works of Rembrandt in Southern California.

paragraph: Simon served as a trustee of the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science and Art and supported the development of the LA County Museum of Art. Simon initially lent most of his art collection to that Museum although as it expanded he pioneered the "museum without walls" concept by actively lending his collection to different museums around the world.

paragraph: In 1972, Simon bought a tenth-century South Indian bronze Nataraja, or dancing Shiva, from New York dealer Ben Heller for $900,000. The Indian government declared that the statue had been stolen from a temple in Tamil Nadu and smuggled abroad. Although Simon was quoted ("New York Times", 12 May 1973) as saying that he had knowingly bought smuggled art ("Hell yes, it was smuggled. I spent between $15 and $16 million in the last two years on Asian art, and most of it was smuggled") he vehemently denied the quote ("Los Angeles Times", 13 May 1973), declaring that the work had been legally imported into the United States. In the same "Los Angeles Times" article, he stated, "As a collector deeply and emotionally involved in art, I deplore the rape of art treasures of any country." In 1976 Simon reached an amicable agreement with the Union of India whereby he agreed to return the Nataraja. In exchange, the Indian government agreed that Simon could keep and display the bronze in his museum for nine years first.

paragraph: Seeking a permanent home for his collection of over 4,000 objects, in 1972 he welcomed an overture from the financially troubled Pasadena Museum of Modern Art. He ultimately assumed control and naming rights, and in 1974 it was renamed the Norton Simon Museum. In 1987, the University of California, Los Angeles, announced an "agreement in principle" with Simon for the transfer to the university of the art collection owned by two Simon foundations – the Norton Simon Foundation and the Norton Simon Art Foundation. The plan was to keep most of collection in Pasadena, administered by UCLA, the Simon board and the Norton Simon Foundation. The university was to build a separate museum facility on campus for part of the collection. However, Simon withdrew his offer three months after the announcement was made.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In 1969, his son Robert Simon committed suicide. Leaving Donald (Norton's other son), Lucille, and Norton shocked. In 1970, he and his wife Lucille Ellis were divorced. In 1971, he married actress Jennifer Jones, the widow of David O. Selznick. He retired from active involvement in his business in 1969. He accepted appointments to the University of California Board of Regents, the Carnegie Commission on the Future of Higher Education, the boards of Reed College (in his hometown of Portland), the Los Angeles Music Center, the California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University, and the Institute for Advanced Study.

paragraph: In 1970, Simon opposed U.S. Senator George Murphy's bid for a second term in the Republican primary. Murphy won renomination, but lost the seat in the general election to the Democrat John V. Tunney, as Republican Ronald Reagan was winning a second term as governor.

paragraph: He was diagnosed in 1984 with the neurological disorder Guillain–Barré syndrome, although he remained active in the Norton Simon Museum until his death in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt's Foods

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton Simon Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forbes.com: 2004 article on Norton Simon's Art Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Yorker Magazine.com: 2007 article about Asian Art collecting in the US, and Norton Simon's collection

alias:
Norton simon fdn
norton Simon
Norton Winfred Simon

description: American art collector

wikidata_label: Norton Simon

wikipedia_title: Norton Simon


text:
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Gediminas
Algirdas
Kęstutis
pagan
Orthodox
sons of Gediminas
Teutonic Knights
Ludolf König
Mozhaysk
Livonian Order
Pskov
Liubartas
Galicia–Volhynia
Bychowiec Chronicle
Jewna
queen mother
Narimantas
Jani Beg
Golden Horde
Vilnius
Simeon of Russia
Aigusta
Duke of Zasłaŭje
Battle of the Vorskla River
Family of Gediminas
Gediminids

paragraph: Jaunutis

paragraph: Jaunutis (, ; literally "young man"; baptized: Ioann, "Jawnuta", "John" or "Ivan"; ca. 1300 – after 1366) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from his father Gediminas' death in 1341 until he was deposed by his elder brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis in 1345.

paragraph: According to Jan Tęgowski, a Polish historian, he was born probably between 1306 and 1309.

paragraph: Jaunutis was not mentioned in any written sources prior to Gediminas' death. There are many theories why Gediminas chose Jaunutis, a middle son, as his successor. Some suggested that he was an acceptable compromise between pagan (Algirdas and Kęstutis) and Orthodox (Narimantas, Karijotas, Liubartas) sons of Gediminas. Others claimed that Jaunutis was the eldest son of Gediminas' second wife; thus the tradition that Gediminas was married twice: to a pagan and to an Orthodox duchess. Another claim is that he was living with Gediminas at the time of his death, and so he was naturally a successor to rule Vilnius and Lithuania.

paragraph: Very little is known about the years when Jaunutis ruled. Those were quite peaceful years, as the Teutonic Knights were led by the ineffective Ludolf König. His brothers were much more active: Algirdas attacked Mozhaysk, Livonian Order, defended Pskov, Kęstutis was helping Liubartas in succession disputes in Galicia–Volhynia. The Bychowiec Chronicle mentions that Jaunutis was supported by Jewna, presumed wife of Gediminas and mother of his children. She died ca. 1344 and soon after Jaunutis lost his throne. If he was indeed protected by his mother, then it would be an interesting example of influence held by queen mother in pagan Lithuania. However, a concrete stimulus might have been a major "reise" planned by the Teutonic Knights in 1345. Jaunutis was supported by his brother Narimantas, who traveled to Jani Beg, Khan of the Golden Horde, to form an alliance against Algirdas and Kęstutis. Jaunutis was imprisoned in Vilnius, but managed to escape and went to his brother-in-law Simeon of Russia in Moscow. There Jaunutis was baptized as Ioann, but failed to solicit help (possibly because his sister Aigusta, wife of Simeon, died the same year). Both Jaunutis and Narimantas had to reconcile with Algirdas. Jaunutis became the Duke of Zasłaŭje. He is presumed to have died ca. 1366 because he is mentioned for the last time in a treaty with Poland in 1366, and not mentioned in a treaty with Livonia in 1367. He had three sons, Symeon Zaslawski, Grzegorz Słucki and Michal Zaslawski. Michal ruled Zasłaŭje until his death on August 12, 1399 in the Battle of the Vorskla River.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family of Gediminas – family tree of Jaunutis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gediminids

description: Lithuanian politician

wikidata_label: Jaunutis

wikipedia_title: Jaunutis


text:
Lithuania
Duke of Trakai
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Algirdas
Jogaila
Lithuanians
Ruthenians
name
Gediminas
Jaunutis
Algirdas
Duchy of Trakai
Samogitia
Teutonic Knights
military
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Clement VI
Christianization of Lithuania
Algirdas
Casimir III
Volhynia
Brest
Louis I of Hungary
Christianity
Kingdom of Hungary
crown
Buda
Malbork Castle
Jogaila
Uliana of Tver
Andrei of Polotsk
Maria of Vitebsk
Trakai
Grand Master
Winrich von Kniprode
Treaty of Dovydiškės
Vaidila
Dmitry of Bryansk
Dmitri Donskoi
Golden Horde
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Battle of Kulikovo
Duchy of Trakai
Samogitia
Komtur
Osterode
Polotsk
Skirgaila
Vilnius
Kreva
Vitebsk
Warmia
Jurbarkas
Dymitr Korybut
Novhorod-Siversky
Hanul of Riga
Livonia
Samogitia
Hrodna
Liubartas
Galicia–Volhynia
Kreva Castle
Šventaragis' Valley
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis
Marienburg Castle
Prienai
Lithuanian Land Force
House of Kęstutis
Gediminids

categories: 1382 deaths,1297 births,Gediminids,People from Trakai District Municipality

paragraph: Kęstutis

paragraph: Kęstutis (, ; c. 1297 – 3 or 15 August 1382) was a ruler of medieval Lithuania. He was the Duke of Trakai and governed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1342–1382, together with his brother Algirdas (until 1377), and with his nephew Jogaila (until 1381). He ruled over the Lithuanians and Ruthenians.

paragraph: The name "Kęstutis" is a derivative from the old form of the name "Kęstas", which is a shortened version of such Lithuanian names as "Kęstaras", "Kęstautas" (there "kęs-ti" means "to cope"). Historic writing sources reflect different Lithuanian pronunciation.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and division of power.

paragraph: Kęstutis was the son of the Grand Duke Gediminas. His younger brother, Jaunutis, succeeded his father as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Together with his brother Algirdas, Kestutis conspired to remove Jaunutis from power. They were successful in their efforts. They divided their holdings into an eastern and western sphere of influence. The Duchy of Trakai was established in 1337 as a result. Kęstutis's efforts were concentrated in the west, while Algirdas' were concentrated in the eastern part of these territories. Kęstutis organized the defence of western Lithuania and Samogitia against the Teutonic Knights, and organized raids against the German Order. During Kęstutis's rule Teutonic raids into Lithuania reached the peak.

paragraph: Section::::Co-ruler of Lithuania.

paragraph: Kęstutis employed different military as well as diplomatic means in his struggle on the western borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1349, to avoid further clashes with the Teutonic Order, he started negotiations with Pope Clement VI for the Christianization of Lithuania, receiving promises for royal crowns for him and his sons. Algirdas willingly remained aside of the business and was concerned with the order in the Ruthenian part of the state. The intermediary in the negotiations, Polish King Casimir III, made an unexpected assault on Volhynia and Brest in October 1349 that ruined the Kęstutis's plan. During the Polish-Lithuanian war for Volhynia, King Louis I of Hungary made a peace agreement with Kęstutis on 15 August 1351, according to which Kęstutis obliged himself to accept Christianity and provide the Kingdom of Hungary with military aid, in exchange for the royal crown. The agreement was approved with a pagan ritual by Kęstutis to convince the other side. In fact, Kęstutis had no intentions to comply with the agreement and ran away on their road to Buda.

paragraph: Section::::In crusaders' captivity.

paragraph: In March 1361, Kęstutis was captured by the crusaders after a battle near the Masurian lakes and was then detained in Malbork Castle. Kęstutis, being 60 years old at the time, was only defeated by three experienced knights. Negotiations regarding Kęstutis's liberation were arranged two times but without results. The ransom, which crusaders asked for Kęstutis, was most likely too high. Kęstutis managed to escape from captivity about half a year later. He, with the help of his servant Alfas, broke a hole in a three meter-thick wall and left the castle by horses dressed up as Teutonic knights. The escape was well planned and it is assumed that Algirdas and Birutė, Kęstutis's wife, greatly contributed to the planned escape.

paragraph: Section::::Civil war and death.

paragraph: Algirdas died in 1377 and left the throne to Jogaila, his eldest son from the second marriage with Uliana of Tver. Kęstutis and Vytautas continued to recognize Jogaila's authority even when his right of inheritance was challenged by Andrei of Polotsk, Algirdas' eldest son from the first marriage with Maria of Vitebsk. The Teutonic Knights continued their crusade against pagan Lithuania and both Jogaila and Kęstutis looked for opportunities to establish a truce. On September 29, 1379, a ten-year truce was signed in Trakai. It was the last treaty that Kęstutis and Jogaila signed jointly. In February 1380, Jogaila, without Kęstutis, made a five-month truce with the Livonian Order to protect his Lithuanian domains and Polotsk.

paragraph: On 31 May 1380, Jogaila and Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode signed the secret Treaty of Dovydiškės. Based on the terms of the accord, Jogaila agreed not to intervene during attacks by the Teutonic Knights against Kęstutis or his children. However, if providing aid to Kęstutis would be necessary to help to avoid any suspicions, it would not be a violation of the treaty. It remains controversial as motives behind the treaty are not entirely clear. Some historians blamed Uliana, mother of Jogaila, or his adviser Vaidila, while others pointed out generational differences: Kęstutis was about 80 years old and determined not to accept Christianity while Jogaila was about 30 years old and was looking for ways to convert and modernize the country. Still others suggested that the treaty was primarily directed against Andrei and his allies – brother Dmitry of Bryansk and Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitri Donskoi. Jogaila, having secured his western front, allied himself with the Golden Horde against the Grand Duchy of Moscow for the upcoming Battle of Kulikovo.

paragraph: Without violating the Treaty of Dovydiškės, the Teutonic Knights raided the Duchy of Trakai and Samogitia twice. In August 1381, Komtur of Osterode informed Kęstutis about the secret treaty. In the same month Kęstutis took advantage of Polotsk's rebellion against Skirgaila. Jogaila was away to subdue the rebellion and his absence provided a good opportunity to capture Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy. Kęstutis became the Grand Duke while Jogaila was taken prisoner on his way back to Vilnius. Jogaila pledged his loyalty to Kęstutis and was released. He received his patrimony, Kreva and Vitebsk. Kęstutis resumed war with the Teutonic Knights: his army raided Warmia and attempted to capture Georgenburg (Jurbarkas).

paragraph: On 12 June 1382, while Kęstutis was away to fight Dymitr Korybut of Novhorod-Siversky and Vytautas was away in Trakai, residents of Vilnius, led by merchant Hanul of Riga, let Jogaila's army into the city. The merchants were dissatisfied with Kęstutis's policies as they were hurting the economy, especially trade with Livonia. Jogaila recaptured the throne and allied with the Teutonic Knights. In the meantime Kęstutis rallied his supporters in Samogitia, his son Vytautas sought soldiers in Hrodna, and his brother Liubartas recruited in Galicia–Volhynia. In August 1382 armies of Kęstutis and Jogaila met near Trakai for a decisive battle, but it never began. Both sides agreed to negotiate. Kęstutis and Vytautas arrived to Jogaila's camp, but were arrested and sent to a prison in the Kreva Castle. Their army was disbanded. On 15 August, five days after imprisonment, Kęstutis was found dead by Skirgaila. Jogaila claimed that he hanged himself, but few believed him. Jogaila organized a large pagan funeral to Kęstutis: his body was burned with horses, weapons, and other treasures in Vilnius, presumably in Šventaragis' Valley. Vytautas managed to escape and continued to fight Jogaila to become Grand Duke in 1392.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Kęstutis is a popular male name in Lithuania. Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis wrote a symphonic overture "Kęstutis" in 1902. Petras Tarasenka, Lithuanian historian and archeologist wrote a short story "Pabėgimas" ("The Escape") in 1957, depicting Kęstutis's escape from the Teutonic Order captivity in Marienburg Castle. The monument to Kęstutis was erected in Prienai in 1937, and was then restored in 1990. The "Grand Duke Kęstutis Motorized Infantry Battalion" of the Lithuanian Land Force was named after Kęstutis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Kęstutis – family tree of Kęstutis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gediminids

paragraph: Section::::References.

alias: Кейстут Kestutis

description: monarch of medieval Lithuania

wikidata_label: Kęstutis

wikipedia_title: Kęstutis


text: Lithuania

text: Lithuanians

text: Ruthenians

text: Kęstutis

text: Baltic states

text: Black Sea

text: Gediminas

text: Jaunutis

text: Vilnius

text: Kęstutis

text: East Slavic

text: Teutonic Order

text: Golden Horde

text: Poland

text: Muscovy

text: Slavic

text: Kievan Rus'

text: Andrew

text: Pskov

text: Novgorod Republic

text: Smolensk

text: Bryansk

text: Orthodox

text: besieged

text: Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)

text: Battle of Blue Waters

text: Southern Bug

text: Kipchaks

text: Crimea

text: conversion

text: Hermann von Wartberge

text: Jan Długosz

text: Nicephorus Gregoras

text: pyre

text: Maišiagala

text: Trubetzkoy

text: Czartoryski

text: Sanguszko

text: glorified

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: Bychowiec Chronicle

text: Kiev Monastery of the Caves

text: baptismal name

text: Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz

text: Macarius I

text: Volodymyr Antonovych

text: Cathedral of the Theotokos

text: Andrei of Polotsk

text: Polock

text: Pskov

text: Demetrius I Starszy

text: Battle of the Vorskla River

text: Bryansk

text: Czartorysk

text: Koriat

text: Vladimir Olgerdovich

text: Kiev

text: Kopyl

text: Sluck

text: Olelkovich

text: Belsky

text: Fiodor

text: Rylsk

text: Ratnie

text: Bryansk

text: Jogaila

text: Skirgaila

text: Kiev

text: Trakai

text: Kiev

text: Dymitr Korybut

text: Novhorod-Siverskyi

text: Lengvenis

text: Mstislavl

text: Novgorod Republic

text: Karigaila

text: Mstislavl

text: Vygantas

text: Kernavė

text: Švitrigaila

text: Lutsk

text: Volynia

text: Agrypina

text: Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania

text: Vladimir the Bold

text: Vaidila

text: John II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard

text: Alexandra of Masovia

text: Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia

text: Jadwiga

text: Jan III of Oświęcim

text: Lithuanian

text: Ruthenian

text: pagan

text: Roman Catholicism

text: Jogaila

text: the dynasty

text: Belarus

text: Vitsebsk

text: Duke of Vitebsk

text: Gediminids

text: House of Algirdas

categories: Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from paganism,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lithuania,1296 births,1377 deaths,Grand Dukes of Lithuania,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,Gediminids,Lithuanian former pagans

paragraph: Algirdas

paragraph: Algirdas (, , ;  – May 1377) was a ruler of medieval Lithuania. He ruled the Lithuanians and Ruthenians from 1345 to 1377. With the help of his brother Kęstutis (who defended the western border of the Duchy) he created an empire stretching from the present Baltic states to the Black Sea and to within fifty miles of Moscow.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Algirdas was one of the seven sons of Grand Prince Gediminas. Before his death in 1341, Gediminas divided his domain, leaving his youngest son Jaunutis in possession of the capital, Vilnius. With the aid of his brother, Kęstutis, Algirdas drove out the incompetent Jaunutis and declared himself Grand Prince in 1345. He devoted the next thirty-two years to the development and expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

paragraph: Two factors are thought to have contributed to this result: the political sagacity of Algirdas and the devotion of Kęstutis. The division of their dominions is illustrated by the fact that Algirdas appears almost exclusively in East Slavic sources, while Western chronicles primarily describe Kęstutis. Lithuania was surrounded by enemies. The Teutonic Order in the northwest and the Golden Horde in the southwest sought Lithuanian territory, while Poland to the west and Muscovy to the east were generally hostile competitors.

paragraph: Section::::Expansion of Lithuania.

paragraph: Algirdas held his own, also acquiring influence and territory at the expense of Muscovy and the Golden Horde and extending the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Black Sea. His principal efforts were directed toward securing the Slavic lands which were part of the former Kievan Rus'. Although Algirdas engineered the election of his son Andrew as Prince of Pskov and a powerful minority of Novgorod Republic citizens supported him against Muscovy, his rule in both commercial centres was (at best) precarious.

paragraph: Algirdas occupied the important principalities of Smolensk and Bryansk in western Russia. Although his relationship with the grand dukes of Muscovy was generally friendly (demonstrated by his marriages to two Orthodox Russian princesses), he besieged Moscow in 1368 and 1370 during the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372). An important feat by Algirdas was his victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Blue Waters at the Southern Bug in 1362, which resulted in the breakup of the Kipchaks and compelled the khan to establish his headquarters in the Crimea.

paragraph: Section::::Religion and death.

paragraph: According to modern historians, "For Gediminas and Algirdas, retention of paganism provided a useful diplomatic tool and weapon ... that allowed them to use promises of conversion as a means of preserving their power and independence". Hermann von Wartberge and Jan Długosz described Algirdas as a pagan until his death in 1377. Contemporary Byzantine accounts support the Western sources; Patriarch Neilos described Algirdas as "fire-worshipping prince" and another patriarch, Philotheos, excommunicated all Ruthenian noblemen who helped the "impious" Algirdas. His pagan beliefs were also mentioned in 14th-century Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras' accounts.

paragraph: After his death, Algirdas was burned on a ceremonial pyre with 18 horses and many of his possessions in a forest near Maišiagala, probably in the Kukaveitis forest shrine located at . His alleged burial site has undergone archaeological research since 2009. Algirdas' descendants include the Trubetzkoy, Czartoryski and Sanguszko families.

paragraph: Although Algirdas was said to have ordered the death of Anthony, John, and Eustathius of Vilnius, who were later glorified as martyrs of the Russian Orthodox Church, the 16th-century Bychowiec Chronicle and 17th-century maintain that he converted to Orthodox Christianity some time before his marriage to Maria of Vitebsk in 1318. Several Orthodox churches were built in Vilnius during his reign, but later assertions about his baptism are uncorroborated by contemporary sources. Despite contemporary accounts and modern studies, however, some Russian historians (such as Batiushikov) claim that Algirdas was an Orthodox ruler. The Kiev Monastery of the Caves' commemorative book, underwritten by Algirdas' descendants, recorded his baptismal name as Demetrius during the 1460s. Following Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz and Macarius I, Volodymyr Antonovych writes that Algirdas took monastic vows several days before his death and was interred at the Cathedral of the Theotokos in Vilnius under the monastic name Alexius.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Algirdas had the following sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrei of Polotsk (1325 – 12 August 1399), Duke of Polock (1342–1387), Pskov (1342–1348)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Demetrius I Starszy (1327 – 12 August 1399 in the Battle of the Vorskla River), Duke of Bryansk (1356–1379 and 1388–1399)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantine (died before 30 October 1390), Prince of Czartorysk. According to J. Tęgowski, he may be son of Koriat.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Olgerdovich (died after October 1398), Prince of Kiev (1362–1394), Kopyl, Sluck. Ancestor of Olelkovich and Belsky families.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiodor (Theodore; died in 1399), Prince of Rylsk (1370–1399), Ratnie (1387–1394), Bryansk (1393)

paragraph: with Uliana of Tver

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jogaila (c. 1351 – 1 June 1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1381, 1382–1392), King of Poland (1386–1434)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skirgaila (baptized Ivan; c. 1354 – 11 January 1397 in Kiev), Duke of Trakai (1382–1395), Kiev (1395–1397), regent of Lithuania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dymitr Korybut (after 1350 – after 1404), Prince of Novhorod-Siverskyi (1386–1392/93)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lengvenis (baptised Simon; died after 19 June 1431), Prince of Mstislavl, regent of Novgorod Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karigaila (baptized Cassimir; after 1350–1390), Prince of Mstislavl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vygantas (baptized Alexander; after 1350 – 28 June 1392), Prince of Kernavė

paragraph: BULLET::::- Švitrigaila (baptized Boleslaw; c. 1370 – 10 February 1452 in Lutsk), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1430–1432), ruler of Volynia (1437–1452)

paragraph: Algirdas had the following daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiedora, wife of Sviatoslav of Karachev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agrypina (baptized Mary; died in 1393), wife of Boris of Suzdal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenna (baptized Joan; c. 1350 – 27 April 1368), wife of Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen (after 1350 – 15 September 1438), wife of Vladimir the Bold

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria (born after 1350), wife of Vaidila and David of Gorodets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilheida (baptized Catherine; after 1350 – after 4 April 1422), wife of John II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandra of Masovia (after 1350 – 19 June 1434), wife of Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jadwiga (after 1350 – after 1407), wife of Jan III of Oświęcim

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: Algirdas balanced himself between Muscovy and Poland, spoke Lithuanian and Ruthenian (among other languages) and followed the majority of his pagan and Orthodox subjects rather than to alienate them by promoting Roman Catholicism. His son Jogaila ascended the Polish throne, converted to Roman Catholicism and founded the dynasty which ruled Lithuania and Poland for nearly 200 years.

paragraph: Algirdas (, "Alhierd") is also widely honoured in Belarus as a unifier of all Belarusian lands within one state, a successful military commander and ruler of medieval Belarus. A monument to him has been erected in Vitsebsk in 2014, as part of the celebration of the city's 1040th anniversary. Algirdas was Duke of Vitebsk for over 20 years before becoming Grand Duke of Lithuania.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gediminids

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Algirdas – Algirdas' family tree

description: Grand Duke of Lithuania

wikidata_label: Algirdas

wikipedia_title: Algirdas


text:
Beja, Portugal
Sintra
Portuguese Army
Afonso, Duke of Porto
Portuguese India
Order of the Tower and Sword
Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva
Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP)
army corps
Allies
Western Front
World War I

categories: 1854 births,1937 deaths,Governors-General of Mozambique,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,Portuguese military personnel of World War I,19th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese generals,People from Beja, Portugal

paragraph: Tomás António Garcia Rosado

paragraph: Tomás António Garcia Rosado, (4 March 1854 in Beja, Portugal – 30 August 1937 in Sintra, Portugal) was an infantry officer and general of the Portuguese Army.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1895, after accompanying Afonso, Duke of Porto to Portuguese India, he received the 344th Grand Cross in the Order of the Tower and Sword.

paragraph: He stayed in Mozambique in 1897-1898, and returned there to be Governor between 1902 and 1905.

paragraph: As a general, he replaced on 25 August 1918 Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva as commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP), a 55,000 men army corps that fought with the Allies in the Western Front, during World War I.

paragraph: After his return, he became chief of the General Staff of the Portuguese Army between 1919 and 1924.

paragraph: Between 1926 and 1934, he was Portuguese Ambassador to the United Kingdom.

description: Portuguese Army general

wikidata_label: Tomás António Garcia Rosado

wikipedia_title: Tomás António Garcia Rosado


href: Turku Finland Finland dressage 2012%20Summer%20Olympics London

text:
Turku
Finland
Finnish
dressage
2012 Summer Olympics
London

categories: Sportspeople from Turku,1969 births,Olympic equestrians of Finland,Living people,Finnish female equestrians

paragraph: Mikaela Fabricius-Bjerre

paragraph: Mikaela Fabricius-Bjerre (née Lindh) (born 17 December 1969 in Turku, Finland) is Finnish dressage rider. She represented Finland in 2012 Summer Olympics in London finishing 30th.

description: Finnish equestrian

wikidata_label: Mikaela Lindh

wikipedia_title: Mikaela Fabricius-Bjerre


text:
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Soundcloud
hip hop
YouTube
went viral
WorldstarHipHop
Noisey
Consequence of Sound
Complex
Doc McKinney
Psymun
SOB's
DJ Khaled
Soundcloud
Twitter
Shlohmo
D33J
Shlohmo's
Janet Jackson
State of the World Tour

categories: Rappers from Minnesota,21st-century American rappers,1998 births,21st-century American singers,Musicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota,American contemporary R&B singers,Living people

paragraph: Corbin (musician)

paragraph: Corbin Smidzik (born February 20, 1998) better known as Corbin (previously known as Spooky Black and Lil Spook) is an American singer-songwriter from Saint Paul, Minnesota and a member of the hip hop/R&B collective the Stand4rd.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Smidzik gained popularity on the internet through a series of solo releases on the website Soundcloud. His first release "Forest" was put out in late 2013 and featured more of a hip hop sound with Smidzik rapping on every song, in contrast to his later and more recognized R&B-stylized singing.

paragraph: By 2014, Smidzik was gaining mass exposure with the help of Soundcloud and YouTube. The video for the song "Without You", from the mixtape "Black Silk" (released in February 2014), went viral, attaining more than a million views on video-sharing websites YouTube and WorldstarHipHop. Noisey declared the video an "instant classic" and published an article titled "Is Spooky Black Going to Take Over the R&B Game?", while Consequence of Sound and "Complex" magazine named "Without You" one of the best songs of 2014.

paragraph: Smidzik is noted for releasing his material without promotion, and has frequently declined requests for interviews. In August 2014, he released the EP "Leaving" and a music video for its track "DJ Khaled Is My Father". By October, Smidzik was being managed by Canadian producer Doc McKinney. In December, he premiered a new song, "Worn", under the new name Corbin. On Twitter, Smidzik's reason for the name change was because “Spooky Black is a dumb name.”

paragraph: Also in 2014, Smidzik and fellow Minnesota musicians Allan Kingdom, Psymun, and Bobby Raps formed the hip hop/R&B group the Stand4rd. They released their self-titled debut album, "The Stand4rd", in November 2014, produced entirely by the group and Doc McKinney. During November 2014, Corbin and the Stand4rd embarked on a US tour, which included a gig at SOB's in New York City where they were introduced by DJ Khaled. The group ended up selling out all seven of the shows on their debut headlining tour.

paragraph: After the release of "Couch Potato" with Bobby Raps in 2015, Smidzik remained quiet and rarely did performances for 2 years. On January 16, 2017, Smidzik unexpectedly uploaded a song, ""destrooy"" onto his Soundcloud. On June 25, 2017, he announced on Twitter that himself, Shlohmo, and D33J would be going on a North American tour later in the year. Later, on August 24, Smidzik announced his debut album, "Mourn", which was released on September 5, 2017 on Shlohmo's "WeDidIt" label.

paragraph: In American recording artist Janet Jackson's State of the World Tour, she uses the song "Idle" from Corbin's Leaving EP as a video interlude before playing the song "What About".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mourn" (2017)

paragraph: Mixtapes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forest" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Silk" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stand4rd" (2014)

paragraph: EPs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leaving" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Couch Potato" (2015)

alias:
Corbin
Lil' Spook
Corbin Smidzik

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Spooky Black

wikipedia_title: Corbin (musician)


text:
French Resistance
World War II
Heroes of the Resistance
Dijon
"PTT"
French Air Force
French Resistance
Ernest Pruvost
Simone Michel-Lévy
cutting telephone cables before D-Day
codebooks
Joseph Darnand
Milice
Gare Montparnasse
Gestapo
Rue des Saussaies
Fresnes Prison
Pantin
Buchenwald
Mittelbau-Dora
V-1 flying bomb
V-2 rocket
Kapo
SS-Oberscharführer
Niedersachswerfen
SD
Bergen-Belsen
Champs-Élysées
Pierre Dejussieu-Pontcarral
Suresnes
Les Invalides
Légion d'honneur
Order of Liberation
War Cross 1939–1945
Medal of Freedom

categories: Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp survivors,Companions of the Liberation,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),1959 deaths,People from Dijon,Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors,1906 births,French military personnel of World War II,Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,French Resistance members,French torture victims

paragraph: Edmond Debeaumarché

paragraph: Edmond Debeaumarché (15 December 1906 – 28 March 1959) was a French postal worker who joined the French Resistance during World War II. For his service Debeaumarché was highly decorated. In 1960 Debeaumarché received the posthumous distinction of being depicted on a postage stamp in the series Heroes of the Resistance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Debeaumarché was born on 15 December 1906 in Dijon, and first wanted to become a pilot, but his eyesight was too weak and he joined the French postal service, "PTT". He was mobilized in September 1939 as a sergeant in the French Air Force and after June 1940 joined the French Resistance.

paragraph: Debeaumarché was in charge of the transportation of mail, a position he used to smuggle mail for the resistance. From the summer of 1943 on, he was on the staff of the "Action-PTT", a clandestine organisation within the French postal service, and worked with Ernest Pruvost, its national leader, and directly under Simone Michel-Lévy, establishing postal communications with London. When Michel-Levy was arrested in November 1943, Debeaumarché took over as head of the "Action-PTT". Traveling throughout France he created networks of resistance, and organized the sabotage of the enemy's telecommunications (the plans "Potard" and "Violet"—the latter involved cutting telephone cables before D-Day). In addition, he managed to procure the codebooks of the three secret codes used by Joseph Darnand and the Milice and used them to decipher copies of telegrams obtained from the central telegraph office in Paris. The deciphered texts were then passed on to Allied intelligence.

paragraph: He was arrested on 3 August 1944 at the Gare Montparnasse, and questioned harshly by the Gestapo at the Rue des Saussaies. He lost consciousness under the beatings but did not divulge any names; he was subsequently held at Fresnes Prison. Debeaumarché was one of the so-called "77,000" (named for the prisoners' numbers, between 76,000 and 78,000), Fresnes prisoners who were transported by train from Pantin to Buchenwald on 15 August 1944. He was moved to the underground factory of Mittelbau-Dora which produced V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets, and posing as an electrical engineer was put to work in the manufacture of the V-1. Maurice Naegelé, a Kapo in the tunnel assembly section, gained the trust of Debeaumarché by relating details of the resistance movement in France. In fact Naegelé had been an agent of the Gestapo, before his deportation. Naegelé denounced Debeaumarché to SS-Oberscharführer Sander, head of surveillance at Mittelbau-Dora. Debeaumarché was arrested with others (including Naegelé) on the night of 3–4 November 1944. They were taken to the Niedersachswerfen SD headquarters, where Naegelé attempted to beat confessions out of the other prisoners. Debeaumarché was sentenced to death on 11 November 1944, but the sentence was not carried out. Instead Debeaumarché was held in solitary confinement, accused of anti-Nazi plotting. In April 1945 he was moved to Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated during the advance of Allied troops on 15 April 1945 and repatriated to France. On 1 May 1945 he marched down the Champs-Élysées alongside fellow Buchenwald-captive Pierre Dejussieu-Pontcarral.

paragraph: After the war, he was a member of the "" and had a number of high administrative functions with the "PTT". He served as president of the "Union Nationale des Associations de Déportés, Internés et Familles de disparus". He died on 28 March 1959 in Suresnes, and was honored with a service in Les Invalides; his remains were buried in Dijon.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.:French.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur – 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Liberation

paragraph: BULLET::::- War Cross 1939–1945 with Palm and Silver Star

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.:Foreign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of Freedom (United States)

description: French Resistance member

wikidata_label: Edmond Debeaumarché

wikipedia_title: Edmond Debeaumarché


text: punk rock

text: Ramones

text: countercultural

text: Queens

text: New York

text: Jewish

text: Forest Hills, Queens

text: New York

text: Forest Hills High School

text: obsessive–compulsive disorder

text: Mickey Leigh

text: the Beatles

text: the Who

text: David Bowie

text: the Stooges

text: oldies

text: Phil Spector

text: girl group

text: Pete Townshend

text: glam punk

text: Sniper

text: Mercer Arts Center

text: Max's Kansas City

text: New York Dolls

text: Suicide

text: Queen Elizabeth III

text: punk rock

text: Ramones

text: John Cummings

text: Douglas Colvin

text: Paul McCartney

text: the Beatles

text: Steve Miller

text: Brave New World

text: Thomas Erdelyi

text: Ramones Mania

text: Rolling Stone

text: Spin

text: the Beatles

text: Lollapalooza

text: tenor

text: Allmusic.com

text: Somebody Put Something in My Drink

text: Dee Dee Ramone

text: David Johansen

text: the New York Dolls

text: Mick Jagger

text: Steven Van Zandt

text: Artists United Against Apartheid

text: Sun City

text: Bob Dylan

text: Bruce Springsteen

text: Keith Richards

text: Lou Reed

text: Run DMC

text: Sun City

text: Helen Love

text: Mr. Punchy

text: Youth Gone Mad

text: the Independents

text: Blackfire

text: Ronnie Spector

text: She Talks to Rainbows

text: Ramones

text: ¡Adios Amigos!

text: lymphoma

text: New York-Presbyterian Hospital

text: In a Little While

text: Radio 538

text: Bono

text: Don't Worry About Me

text: What a Wonderful World

text: Louis Armstrong

text: MTV News

text: Dee Dee Ramone

text: CBGB

text: Hillside Cemetery

text: Lyndhurst, New Jersey

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: CJ

text: Marky Ramone

text: Jed Davis

text: Blondie

text: The Curse of Blondie

text: Social Distortion

text: Sloppy Seconds

text: Raimundos

text: Sleater-Kinney

text: Moler

text: Corin Tucker Band

text: Frank Black

text: Rammstein

text: Pet Sematary

text: Associated Press

text: NBA

text: ...Ya Know?

text: Record Store Day

text: Joel David Moore

text: CBGB

text: club of the same name

text: Songs of Innocence

text: The Miracle (of Joey Ramone)

text: HBO

text: Vinyl

text: Sniper

text: Don't Worry About Me

text: ...Ya Know?

text: Holly Beth Vincent

categories: Deaths from lymphoma,American punk rock singers,Jewish singers,People with obsessive-compulsive disorder,Ramones members,20th-century American singers,American punk rock guitarists,American punk rock drummers,People from Forest Hills, Queens,Guitarists from New York (state),1951 births,Deaths from cancer in New York (state),American rock songwriters,American male singer-songwriters,American tenors,Burials at Hillside Cemetery (Lyndhurst, New Jersey),Jewish American musicians,Jewish rock musicians,Jews in punk rock,American male guitarists,Forest Hills High School (New York) alumni,20th-century American guitarists,Singers from New York (state),American singer-songwriters,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,2001 deaths,Record producers from New York (state)

paragraph: Joey Ramone

paragraph: Jeffrey Ross Hyman (May 19, 1951 – April 15, 2001), known professionally as Joey Ramone, was an American musician, singer-songwriter, and lead vocalist of the punk rock band the Ramones. Joey Ramone's image, voice, and tenure as frontman of the Ramones made him a countercultural icon.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jeffrey Ross Hyman was born on May 19, 1951, in Queens, New York to a Jewish family. His parents were Charlotte ("née" Mandell) and Noel Hyman.

paragraph: The family lived in Forest Hills, Queens, New York

paragraph: where Hyman and his future Ramones bandmates attended Forest Hills High School. Though happy, Hyman was something of an outcast, diagnosed at 18 with obsessive–compulsive disorder. He grew up with his brother Mickey Leigh. His mother, Charlotte Lesher, divorced her first husband, Noel Hyman. She married a second time but was widowed by a car accident while she was on vacation. Joey was born with a parasitic twin, which was a malformed Siamese twin growing out of his back. The twin was incomplete and thus it was surgically removed.

paragraph: Hyman was a fan of the Beatles, the Who, David Bowie, and the Stooges among other bands, particularly oldies and the Phil Spector-produced "girl groups". His idol was Pete Townshend of the Who, with whom he shared a birthday. Hyman took up the drums at 13, and played them throughout his teen years before picking up an acoustic guitar at age 17.

paragraph: Section::::Sniper.

paragraph: In 1972 Hyman joined the glam punk band Sniper. Sniper played at the Mercer Arts Center, Max's Kansas City and the Coventry, alongside the New York Dolls, Suicide, and Queen Elizabeth III. Hyman played with Sniper under the name Jeff Starship.

paragraph: Hyman continued playing with Sniper until early 1974, when he was replaced by Alan Turner.

paragraph: Section::::Ramones.

paragraph: In 1974, Jeffrey Hyman co-founded the punk rock band the Ramones with friends John Cummings and Douglas Colvin. Colvin was already using the pseudonym "Dee Dee Ramone" and the others also adopted stage names using "Ramone" as their surname: Cummings became Johnny Ramone and Hyman became Joey Ramone. The name "Ramone" stems from Paul McCartney: he briefly used the stage name "Paul Ramon" during 1960/1961, when the Beatles, still an unknown five-piece band called the Silver Beetles, did a tour of Scotland and all took up pseudonyms; and again on the 1969 Steve Miller album Brave New World, where he played the drums on one song using that name.

paragraph: Joey initially served as the group's drummer while Dee Dee Ramone was the original vocalist. However, when Dee Dee's vocal cords proved unable to sustain the demands of consistent live performances, Ramones manager Thomas Erdelyi suggested Joey switch to vocals. Mickey Leigh: "I was shocked when the band came out. Joey was the lead singer and I couldn't believe how good he was. Because he'd been sitting in my house with my acoustic guitar, writing these songs like 'I Don't Care', fucking up my guitar, and suddenly he's this guy on stage who you can't take your eyes off of." After a series of unsuccessful auditions in search of a new drummer, Erdelyi took over on drums, assuming the name Tommy Ramone.

paragraph: The Ramones were a major influence on the punk rock movement in the United States, though they achieved only minor commercial success. Their only record with enough U.S. sales to be certified gold in Joey's lifetime was the compilation album "Ramones Mania". Recognition of the band's importance built over the years, and they are now regularly represented in many assessments of all-time great rock music, such as the "Rolling Stone" lists of the 50 Greatest Artists of All Time and 25 Greatest Live Albums of All Time, VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, and Mojo's 100 Greatest Albums. In 2002, the Ramones were voted the second greatest rock and roll band ever in "Spin", trailing only the Beatles.

paragraph: In 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played their final show and then disbanded.

paragraph: Section::::Vocal style.

paragraph: Ramone's voice was within a tenor range. His signature cracks, hiccups, snarls, crooning and youthful voice made his one of punk rock's most recognizable voices. Allmusic.com claims that "Joey Ramone's signature bleat was the voice of punk rock in America." As his vocals matured and deepened through his career, so did the Ramones' songwriting, leaving a notable difference from his initial melodic and callow style—two notable tracks serving as examples are "Somebody Put Something in My Drink" and "Mama's Boy". Dee Dee Ramone was quoted as saying "All the other singers [in New York] were copying David Johansen (of the New York Dolls), who was copying Mick Jagger... But Joey was unique, totally unique."

paragraph: Section::::Other projects.

paragraph: In 1985, Ramone joined Steven Van Zandt's music industry activist group Artists United Against Apartheid, which campaigned against the Sun City resort in South Africa. Ramone and 49 other recording artists – including Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Keith Richards, Lou Reed and Run DMC — collaborated on the song "Sun City", in which they pledged they would never perform at the resort.

paragraph: In 1994, Ramone appeared on the Helen Love album "Love and Glitter, Hot Days and Music", singing the track "Punk Boy". Helen Love returned the favor, singing on Ramone's song "Mr. Punchy".

paragraph: In October 1996, Ramone headlined the "Rock the Reservation" alternative rock festival in Tuba City, Arizona. 'Joey Ramone & the Resistance' (Daniel Rey on guitar, John Connor on bass guitar and Roger Murdock on drums) debuted Ramone's interpretation of Louis Armstrong's "Wonderful World' live, as well as Ramone's choice of Ramones classics and some of his other favorite songs; The Dave Clark Five's "Any Way You Want It", The Who's "The Kids are Alright" and The Stooges' "No Fun."

paragraph: Ramone co-wrote and recorded the song "Meatball Sandwich" with Youth Gone Mad. For a short time before his death, he took the role of manager and producer for the punk rock band the Independents.

paragraph: His last recording as a vocalist was backup vocals on the CD "One Nation Under" by the Dine Navajo rock group Blackfire. He appeared on two tracks, "What Do You See" and "Lying to Myself". The 2002 CD won "Best Pop/Rock Album of the Year" at the 2002 Native American Music Awards.

paragraph: Ramone produced the Ronnie Spector album "She Talks to Rainbows" in 1999. It was critically acclaimed but was not very commercially successful. The title track was previously on the Ramones' final studio album, "¡Adios Amigos!".

paragraph: Section::::Death and influence.

paragraph: Joey Ramone died following a seven-year battle with lymphoma at New York-Presbyterian Hospital on April 15, 2001, a month before he would have turned 50. He was reportedly listening to the song "In a Little While" by U2 when he died. In an interview in 2014 for Radio 538, U2 lead singer Bono confirmed that Joey Ramone's family told him that Ramone listened to the song before he died, which Andy Shernoff (The Dictators) also confirmed.

paragraph: His solo album "Don't Worry About Me" was released posthumously in 2002, and features the single "What a Wonderful World", a cover of the Louis Armstrong standard. MTV News claimed: "With his trademark rose-colored shades, black leather jacket, shoulder-length hair, ripped jeans and alternately snarling and crooning vocals, Joey was the iconic godfather of punk."

paragraph: On November 30, 2003, a block of East 2nd Street in New York City was officially renamed Joey Ramone Place. It is the block where Hyman once lived with bandmate Dee Dee Ramone and is near the former site of the music club CBGB, where the Ramones got their start. Hyman's birthday is celebrated annually by rock 'n' roll nightclubs, hosted in New York City by his brother and, until 2007, his mother, Charlotte. Joey Ramone is interred at Hillside Cemetery in Lyndhurst, New Jersey.

paragraph: In 2001, the Ramones were named as inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, prior to the ceremony held early the following year.

paragraph: Several songs have been written in tribute to Joey Ramone. Tommy, CJ and Marky Ramone and Daniel Rey came together in 2002 to record Jed Davis' Joey Ramone tribute album, "The Bowery Electric". Other tributes include "Hello Joe" by Blondie from the album "The Curse of Blondie", "Don't Take Me For Granted" by Social Distortion, "Here's To You" by Minus3, "You Can't Kill Joey Ramone" by Sloppy Seconds, "Joey" by Raimundos, "I Wanna Be Your Joey Ramone" by Sleater-Kinney, "Red and White Stripes" by Moler and "Joey" by the Corin Tucker Band, "I Heard Ramona Sing" by Frank Black, and Amy Rigby's "Dancin' With Joey Ramone". Rammstein ended several shows of their Mutter tour in 2001 with a cover of "Pet Sematary" in honor of the passing of Joey Ramone.

paragraph: In September 2010, the Associated Press reported that "Joey Ramone Place," a sign at the corner of Bowery and East Second Street, was New York City's most stolen sign. Later, the sign was moved to 20 feet above ground level. Drummer Marky Ramone thought Joey would appreciate the fact that his sign would be the most stolen, adding "Now you have to be an NBA player to see it."

paragraph: After several years in development, Ramone's second posthumous album was released on May 22, 2012. Titled "...Ya Know?", it was preceded on Record Store Day by a 7" single re-release of "Blitzkrieg Bop"/"Havana Affair".

paragraph: Joel David Moore portrayed Ramone in the 2013 film "CBGB", about the club of the same name.

paragraph: The opening track of U2's 2014 album "Songs of Innocence" is called "The Miracle (of Joey Ramone)", paying tribute to the Ramones' influence on U2 from a show which the band members had attended in the late 1970s. Bono claimed that Ramone showed him how to sing.

paragraph: In the HBO television series "Vinyl", James Vincent Boland appears as Joey Ramone—then using the pseudonym "Jeff Starship"—during his stint as lead singer of the pre-Ramones band Sniper.

paragraph: In 2018, Aaron Stingray and the Brooklyn Apostles released an EP of Ramones songs called "Songs in the Key of Joey".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Worry About Me" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "...Ya Know?" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In a Family Way" – Sibling Rivalry (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ramones: Leathers from New York" – The Ramones and Joey Ramone (solo) (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christmas Spirit...In My House" (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Got You Babe" (1982) (Duet with Holly Beth Vincent)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Merry Christmas (I Don't Want To Fight Tonight) (Revised)" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What a Wonderful World" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rock and Roll Is the Answer" / "There's Got to Be More to Life" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Merry Christmas (I Don't Want To Fight Tonight)" (2017)

alias:
Jeffrey Ross Hyman
Jeff Starship

description: American musician and singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Joey Ramone

wikipedia_title: Joey Ramone